LIPPtNCOTT'S P'BONO UNTOCIfNrfG GAZETTEEItc
A
COMIPL'ETE
PRONOUNCING  IAZETTEE-,
OR
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY,
OF THE
nWO__RLD
CONTAINING A NOTICE AND THE
0 &n  ndttdizn of +te'ames
OF NEARLY ONE HUNDRED  THOUSAND PLACES.
WITH
THE MOST RECENT AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION RESPECTING THE
COUNTRIES, ISLANDS, RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, CITIES, TOWNS, &c.
IN EVERY PORTION OF THE GLOBE.
INCLUDING THE LATEST AND MOST RELIABLE STATISTICS
OF POPULATION, COMMERCE, ETC.
ALSO,
A COMPLETE ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, AND MANY
OTHER VALUABLE FEATURES, TO BE FOUND IN NO OTHER
GAZETTEER IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
EDITED BY
J. THOMAS, M.D. AND T. BALDWIN,
ASSISTED BY SEVERAL OTHER GENTLEMEN.
PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1856.




Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1855, by
J. B1. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON AND CO.
PHILADELPHIA.




PREFACE.
THE recently increased facilities for travel, and the unexampled extension of commercial
relations, which, within a few years, have been established between the remotest portions of
the globe, give at the present time an extraordinary interest and importance to every thing
relating to the science of Geography. Hence, a Geographical Dictionary-a work to which
the reader may refer, not merely to ascertain the position of any place he may be in search
of, but also, if occasion require, to inform himself of its advantages as a place of residence,
or of its importance as a centre of commerce or manufactures-becomes a desideratumalmost a necessity-to every intelligent person.
The value of a work of this class, it is obvious, must depend entirely-first, on the fulness
and accuracy of the information which it contains, and secondly, upon the facility of reference, or, in other words, upon the convenience with which the information sought for may
be obtained. In both of these respects the present Gazetteer will be found, it is believed,
far superior to every other.
In preparing this work, it has been the aim of the editors not merely to supply the
more obvious deficiencies of previous gazetteers, but, if possible, to produce a geographical dictionary as comprehensive in its plan, as perfect in its arrangement, and as complete and accurate in its execution, as the best dictionary of the English language. WBith
this object, they have used, as the basis of their work, the best and most recent of the English
gazetteers, two of which are conspicuous for their superiority over all other works of this
class that have yet appeared-JoIHNsToN's GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, and the IMPERIAL
GAZETTEER. The former has the merit of great completeness, as well as extraordinary
general accuracy; and-what is no small praise —to almost every article is given a space
and prominence very nearly proportioned to its real importance. On the other hand, the
IMPERIAL GAZETTEER possesses the great advantage of being not only far more extensive, but
more recent by several years: we should hazard little in saying that since the publication
of Malte Brun's great work, there has been no single contribution to geography of anything
like equal importance, whether we regard the amount of valuable and original matter contained, or the eminent ability with which most of the important articles have been written.
While freely and cordially acknowledging our great obligations to the above works, we
may remark that the present gazetteer will be found to embody, it is believed, whatever is
most valuable in both, and, at the same time, to comprise a vast amount of important matter
not contained in either, but derived from a great variety of sources, including publications
in all the principal European languages. In regard to the number of names, it may be
observed that our work contains about two and a half times as many as the IMPERIAL
GAZETTEER, and more than twice as many names and nearly three times as much matter
as JOHNSTON'S GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
In regard to every thing that relates to our own country, the GAZETTEER OF THE UNITED
STATES, by the editors of the present volume, has been adopted as the principal authority.
It is, however, important to observe, that, in the preparation of this work, the Gazetteer




iv                                  PREFACE.
of the United States has undergone a complete revision, and a vast amount of new matter
has been added, especially in relation to commerce, railways, &c.
Particular attention has been given in the present work to the subject of statistics, which,
from the late unparalleled extension of commerce, and various other causes, has recently
acquired an interest and importance which it never possessed before. Never at any former
period has so much been done by governments, or by societies established for this express
object in all civilized nations, to promote this branch of knowledge, and bring statistical
information of every kind within the reach of all who may feel an interest in such inquiries.
Of the vast amount of materials thus accumulated, the editors have assiduously labored to
embody in their work all the most interesting and important results; and in this respect,
whether we regard fulness, accuracy, or recentness of information, the present gazetteer
will be found, it is believed, far superior, on the whole, to every other work of the kind
yet published.-It may be observed, in this connection, that, in preparing this gazetteer,
all foreign measures have been changed into English, and foreign currencies into Federal
and sterling money-the use of the latter being, with but few exceptions, limited to
Great Britain and her colonies.
In addition to its great distinguishing characteristic, PRONUNCIATION, (which will be
treated of at length in another place,) the present work will be found to possess several
other important features, either entirely original, or else exhibited here in a form far more
complete than in any other gazetteer. Amlong others, we would particularly call attention
to the following:First. The adjective and appellation of the inhabitant, derived from the names of the
countries, cities, &c., have been added, whenever these appeared to be sanctioned by usage,
or by the authority of some writer of established reputation. Thus, from DENMARK we
derive the adjective Danish and the noun Dane; from BOOTAN we have Booteea as the
name of the inhabitant; from Scio, Sciot or Sciote, &c. This feature is essential to the
character of a COMPLETE gazetteer, and is the more indispensable, because the greater
number of this numerous class of words (which with the progress of geographical knowledge are daily coming into more frequent use) are not to be found in the most complete
dictionaries of the English language, nor in any other book of reference whatever. In
order to add as much as possible to the utility of this part of the work, whenever the
adjective or appellation of the inhabitant would, in their proper alphabetical place, be
materially removed from the name to which they belong, a reference has been inserted;
thus, from Dane and Danish the inquirer is referred to' DENMARK; from Singhalese and
Cingalese, to CEYLON, &C. &C. It may be remarked that words of this class are invariably
added at the end of the article treating of the countries, cities, &c. to which they belong.
Secondly. The ancient or classical names of places in the Eastern continent have been
added, in the present work, to the modern or popular name, whenever we have found them
supported by good authority. Names of this class, it is true, are frequently given in other
gazetteers; but, so far as we are acquainted, no care has been taken to distinguish between
those which are merely conjectural, and those which are generally recognised by the best
classical authorities. The former are often given without any qualification or mark of
doubt, even when there is the strongest reason to believe them erroneous; while the latter,
though supported by the most unquestionable authority, are not unfrequently omitted
altogether. Great attention has been bestowed on this subject in the present gazetteer.
The best classical works have been carefully consulted, and many ancient names, not to be
found in the best English geographical dictionaries, have been inserted in this; while all
those which appeared to be in anywise doubtful have been marked with a point of interro



PREFACE.                                      v
gation. A reference, moreover, has been inserted from every important classical name to
the modern name; thus, from Agrigentum there is a reference to GIRGENTI; from Athesis,
to ADIGE; from C'csaeraugusta, to SARAGOSSA; from Eboracum, to YORK; from Tamesis, to
THAMES, &c. &c. Hence, so far as regards ancient geography, this gazetteer will be found
to supply, in a great measure, the place of a classical dictionary.
Thirdly. The signification of the names of places has very often been given, more
especially in cases where by such signification the name would be associated in the mind
of the reader with some important geographical or historical fact; for example, BOMBAY,
signifying " good harbor;" PUERTO BELLO, " beautiful port;" SALADO, (RIO,) " salt river;"
KIN-SHA-KIANG, "river of golden sands;" TA-SIEUE-SHAN, " great snow mountain;" SANGUINETTO, "bloody" rivulet; Oesterreich, (AusTRIA,) "eastern kingdom;" TRIPOLI, "three
cities." Such explanations will be found useful not merely by aiding the memory through
the power of association, but, by imparting to the study of geography the charm of greater
variety, will render the impressions received more pleasing and more vivid, and therefore
less likely to be forgotten.
For the greater convenience of those who may feel a particular interest in this subject, a
very full etymological vocabulary has been added at the end of the Gazetteer, exhibiting,
in a compact form, very convenient for consultation, all or nearly all the most interesting
words of this class. With the exception of a very short list (without any examples, or other
explanation than the simple signification of the words) in the IMPERIAL GAZETTEER, this is, so
far as we are acquainted, the only vocabulary of the kind in the English language, and
will be found, it is believed, not only much fuller in respect to the number of names, but
more complete and satisfactory in the illustrations, than the best French or German vocabularies of this class.
In every part of the work it has been the earnest endeavor of the Editors to combine
completeness of information with the greatest possible facility of reference. Thus, for
example, "A Table of Colleges and Professional Schools in the United States" has been
added at the end of the volume, whereby the reader is enabled at a glance to compare the
relative importance, date of foundation, &c. of all our more prominent collegiate institututions. Besides this, a reference has been given, in the body of the work, from the name
of each college to that of the town or place where it is situated, (except in those cases where
the name of the college would at once indicate its situation, as AMHERST COLLEGE, located
at Amherst, Massachusetts.)  Thus, from  ANTIOCH COLLEGE the reader is referred to
YELLOW SPRINGS, under which head a notice of the institution will be found; from BowDoIN
COLLEGE he is referred to BRUNSWICK; from DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, to HANOVER; from YALE
COLLEGE, to NEW HAVEN, &C. &C.
In regard to the second great feature-cONVENIENCE OF REFERENCE-the present work will
be found, it is believed, immeasurably superior to all other gazetteers hitherto published.
Nor will this language appear exaggerated, when it is remembered that this whole subject,
though of the highest practical importance, has, for some unaccountable reason, been heretofore almost entirely overlooked. Even the proper mode of spelling geographical names,
so essential to a clear and convenient alphabetical arrangement, appears to have received
scarcely any attention from those writers whose works are acknowledged to be among the
most valuable contributions to geographical science.
That the reader may be satisfied that we have not overestimated the importance of this
subject, we propose to devote a brief space to its consideration.
Geographical names may properly be divided into two great classes. The first division
comprises those which, in their native language, are written either in Roman letters, or else




vi                                        PREFACE.
in characters (like the German and Greek) which can readily be converted into corresponding
Roman letters.  (See INTRODUCTION, X.)  The mode of spelling such names is generally
uniform, and the same in each of the different European languages. Thus, ETNA-the
name by which the great volcanic mountain of Sicily is known to the Italians-is also the
English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese name for the same mountain.
So LAYBACH, the capital of Illyria, is not only the German, but the English, French, Italian,
and Spanish name. Thus, also, YORR, a city of England, is not merely the English name,
but the French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, &c.  The same rule holds true with
regard to a large majority of the names of Western and Southern Europe.  The exceptions
(which are very few, compared with the whole number of names) will be spoken of in another
place.
The other division of geographical names, embraces those, which, in their native language,
are neither written in Roman letters, nor in characters that can be converted into correspond-.ing Roman letters: such are the Russian, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, &c.  Names of this
class, with few if any exceptions, are written differently in the different European languages,
each nation aiming to express the sound or pronunciation of the foreign name by the letters
of its own tongue. Thus, for example, an Englishman visiting the capital of Fezzan, in
Northern Africa, and wishing to indicate the sound of the name as pronounced by the
inhabitants, would naturally write it MooRzoou; a Frenchman would write MOURZouK; a
German, MuRSuK; these various spellings being intended to represent precisely the same
sound. Again, if an Englishman wished to represent the native pronunciation of a certain
city of Persia, he would write it SHOOSTER Or SHUSTER; a Frenchman would spell it CHOUSTER; a German, SCHUSTER; an Italian, SCIUSTER; a Portuguese, CHUSTER Or XUSTER, &C.;
these being, in fact, the correct spellings of the above name in those different languages
respectively.
This mode or rule of writing African and Oriental names is, generally speaking, very
strictly adhered to by the greater number of French and German writers;* but, unfortunately,
* It is worthy of remark that the French not only spell the names of those Asiatic countries which have not submitted
to European domination-as Persia, China, &c.-according to the rule above given, but even the names of British India,
although these might be considered, in some sense, as belonging to the same class as those of Western Europe. Accordinglyg, we have not merely
French.                  English.                   German.
Badakhchan,     for     Budukhshan,               (Badakhschan)
Beloutchistan,    "     Beloochistan,             (Beludschistan)
Caboul,         "       Cabool,                   (Kabul)
Chiraz,:       Sheeraz or Shiraz,        (Schiras)
Kirmanchah,     "       Kermanshah,               (Kermanschah)
Mechhed,        "       Meshed,                   (Mesched)
Recht,          "       Reshd,                    (Rescht)
Thian-chan,    c"       Thian-shan,               (Thian-schan)
Chan-si,        "       Shan-see or Shan-si,      (Schan-si)
but we also find in the most popular French geographical works, examples like the following:French.                            English.
Adjmir,         instead of        Ajmeer or Ajmere.
Djelalabad,         "             Jelalabad.
Djeypour,           "             Jeypoor.
Djessalmir,         "             Jessulmeer.
Djoudpour,          "             Joodpoor.
Hindou,             "             llindoo.
Ilaiderabad,        "             Hyderabad.
Hougli,             "             Hoogly.
Maissour,           "             Mysore.
Pounah,             "             Poonah.




PREFACE.                                           eii
the English geographers have, for the most part, pursued a very different course. Instead
of conforming to a rule which has the double merit of being simple and easy for the writer,*
and clear and satisfactory to the reader, they have, by sometimes writing in the French and
sometimes in the German mode, and not unfrequently combining the two in the same name,i
involved the department of Oriental geography in a confusion which is most perplexing to
all, and is absolutely inextricable to those who have not made this subject one of long and
laborious study.
Many of the foreign spellings found in the writings of English geographers have doubtless been taken from  French and German works, the copyist neglecting to translate the
names, while making a translation of the rest of the book.
From  these different causes, the evil in question has grown to such a magnitude, as not
merely to involve in hopeless perplexity those unacquainted with the theory of spelling such
names, but, in countless instances, to embarrass and mislead our ablest and most accurate
writers on Geography.  In some remarks on this subject immediately following the Preface
of the IMPERIAL GAZETTEER, this language occurs: "The result of ALL THIS CONFUSION
necessarily is that the Gazetteer is often consulted in vain, in consequence of the name being
looked for under a different spelling from that which has been adopted by the compiler."
But the most decisive testimony on this point is to be found in the evident misapprehensions and errors contained in the works of those who are justly considered to stand in the
very foremost rank of English geographers.  On WORCESTER'S School Atlas, SHENDY and
CHANDI are given as two distinct towns of Abyssinia, while, in fact, the one is a French
and the other an English spelling of one and the same name. Similar errors are to be
found on other maps, remarkable for their general accuracy.  In the IMPERIAL GAZETTEER
we find a description of a peculiar people of Persia under the head of EELS, while the same
people are again described under ILIYATS. (See FRASER'S "Khorasan," from which the
first article is taken, where "Illeyaut" is given as one of the forms of their name.) A
multitude of instances might be cited from our very best gazetteers, in which the same
place is described under two different heads, the error arising solely from adopting two
different modes of representing one and the same pronunciation.  A few examples, selected
from a great number, will suffice to illustrate and establish our assertion; In JOHNSTON's
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, (which is especially full in regard to Oriental and Russian names,)
we find, among others, the following:-BOUZOULOu Uand BUSULUK, (the first being the French,
the second the German spelling-the two representing precisely the same sound,) described
under two distinct heads; also BooRo  and BouRo; GOONONG TELLA and GUNONG TELLA;
GRiUZEL HISSAR and GHIEUZEL HISSAR; HADJYPOOR and HAJYPOOR; LUTZK and LUCK, (the
former being the German, the latter the Polish mode of representing the same sound or
pronunciation-lootsk;) JERIm  and YERIM, (j in German being exactly equivalent to y in
It may be remarked that the French names in the foregoing list, with one or two exceptions, represent the same
sound as the English, and are evidently only a French translation of the English name.
It should be further observed, that, while the German geographers spell the names of other parts of Asia (see the last
column in the first of the foregoing lists) according to the principle above stated, (that is, representing the sound of the
foreign name by the letters of their own language,) they generally write the names of British India after the English
mode; as, HYDERABAD, JEYPOOR, MYSORE, &c. They usually write, however, Hugli instead of HoocLY.
* Of course, reference is here made to an English traveller writing the name for the first time. It certainly would be
quite as easy, to say the least, for an Englishman to represent any given sound in such a name by the letters of his
mother tongue as by those of a foreign language.
t Xs Abutige, (more properly ABuTISCH or ABOUTIGE; better ABOOTIZH;) Hourzu7c, (more properly MTlrs;K, MOURZOUR
or MooRzooxi;) UTrghendj, (more properly URGENZ, OURGHENDJ or OORGHENJ;) Voronesch, (more properly VORONEJ, WonoNEscH or VORONEZu.)




viii                                PREFACE.
English;) JALUTROVSK and YALUTO1OVSK; JIZDRA and SHISDRA, (j in French and sh in
German being employed to indicate the sound of zh in English;) MENSELINSK and MENZELINSK, (S in German being used to denote the same sound as z in English or French;)
MOOTAPILLY and MOUTAPILLY, OUGLITCH and UoLITCH, OUMAN and UMAN, OUSTIOUJNA and
USTIUSHNA, OUST SYSOLSK and UST SYSOLSK, RJEV and RSEEV, SENKOV and ZENKOV, &C.
In the IMPERIAL GAZETTEER, among others, we find the following: LOUGA and LUGA, LOUGAN
SKOE and LUGANSKOE, LOEBOE (LOiEHOE) and LOUBOU, (oe in Dutch being exactly equivalent
in sound to ou in French, both these spellings are to be pronounced loo-boo.) In WORCESTER'vGazetteer we find CIARA, SEARA, and SIARA, given under different heads, as if they were
three distinct places in Brazil, whereas they are but different spellings of one name.
It is scarcely necessary to say that, in the foregoing remarks, not the slightest reflection
is intended against the works which we have cited. On the contrary, it is because of their
acknowledged superiority that we have cited them. Had we chosen to have recourse to
works of a mediocre character, we might probably have offered statements still more striking.
But our object has been to show, that inasmuch as the ablest geographical writers in the
English language, have beers perplexed and misled by the present preposterous system
which prevails with respect to Oriental names, it has become a matter of imperative necessity to introduce some reform into this department of geography.
The plan adopted by us has the approval of the most eminent Oriental scholars; it will,
moreover, we believe, be found sufficiently simple for convenient use, and fully adequate to
correct the evil in question. This plan is to write all Oriental names (except a very few,
the orthography of which may be considered as fixed) representing, as nearly as possible by
English letters, the native sound or pronunciation of the name. It is by their having adopted
such a system, adapted to the sounds of their respective languages, that the French and
German geographers have escaped all that embarrassment and confusion in which we are
so unfortunately involved; and it is only by our conforming to some similar UNIFORM
method, that we can ever hope to bring any order out of the present chaos. This obvious
position being conceded, it only remains to determine whether we shall adopt an English,
French, or German orthography, or some other arbitrary system of spelling, differing from
them all. We think the reasons for preferring the first are so cogent as to leave no room
for a moment's hesitation.
In the first place, it is obviously an immense advantage, in an English work intended
for general readers, to write names in such a manner that they can without difficulty be
pronounced correctly by the ordinary English scholar. Another very strong argument in
favor of the use of English in such cases, is that it is capable of conveniently expressing or
representing a greater variety of sounds than any other European language.  There is no
sound, we believe, that is extensively used in Oriental names which we cannot express
as well as the French, and there are several which we can express much better than
they; while there are some sounds, perfectly familiar to our tongue, which they cannot
express at all. Take, for example, the sound of our j-a very common one in the names
both of Asia and Africa: what we express by a single letter is indicated less perfectly in
their language by two-dj, (as, Djidda for JIDDA, Djoulamerk for JOOLAMERK, &C.;) so, also,
the sound of ch, one of continual occurrence both in the names of Asia and Eastern
Europe, is represented in French by three letters-tch, (as!ichanda for CHANDA, Tchambal
for CHUMBUL, &C.) True, the English often use (especially at the end of a syllable) tch in
order to denote the same sound; it is, however, important to observe that this sound, as
well as that of j, is one of the most common and familiar to the English tongue, while both
are foreign to the French language, since neither of them is to be found in any genuine




PREFACE.                                    ix
French word. Again, our w expresses a sound (common in the Oriental languages) which
is not nearly so neatly nor so well expressed by the French ou, the latter being the proper
equivalent of our oo. This defect in their language is so obvious, that some of the most
eminent French writers (PAUTHIER, for example, in his works on CHINA) make use of the
English w in writing certain foreign names. Thus, instead of employing ouou to express
the sound of woo, they write wou; instead of ouen, wen, &c. Lastly, there are sounds expressed in our tongue with the utmost facility which they cannot represent at all; among
these are the sounds of the Greek 0 (th) and 8 (d), common in Turkey and the Grecian
Islands-the former exactly corresponding to our th in thin, the latter to TH in THIS.
With respect to the German language, there is, if we mistake not, but one frequently
occurring sound in Oriental names (that of kh-represented by the German ch) which can
be represented by it better than by the English, while there are many which can not only
be expressed in English more conveniently, but more correctly, than in German. Thus, the
Germans employ four letters (dsch) to indicate the sound of our j, and, after all, represent
it most imperfectly; for example, they write Dschulamerk, Dschidda, Dschilolo, for JOOLAMERK, JIDDA, and GILOLO. Their four letters tsch do not represent correctly the sound of
our ch, nor does their sch convey even a tolerable idea of our zh, (that of s ir pleasure or
occasion.) Like the French, they have no letter or combination of letters equivalent to our
w, nor can they in any manner represent the sound of the modern Greek 0 or 8.
Another mode of writing Oriental names, adopted by some of the best English geographers, is to employ the English consonants in conjunction with Italian or German vowels,
those vowels which have a long or full sound being marked with an accent, thus: Shap9r, for
SHAPOOR or SHAPOUR; Tabriz, for TABREEZ, &c. Such a system uniformly adhered to, would
doubtless be far preferable to the prevailing want of system: it has, however, no advantage
over that which we have recommended, and is moreover attended with several very serious
objections. 1st. It is far less simple and intelligible to the mere English scholar, and,
therefore, not well adapted to general and popular use; in the next place, the accent is very
apt to be omitted either through an oversight in the writer or printer, or what is still more
likely to happen, through a want of the proper kind of type. This, in fact, is found continually to occur in popular works on geography; and let it be remembered that the omission of the proper accent in such a name is really equivalent to the omission of a letter,
with this great disadvantage, that the former error would be much less likely to attract
attention, and, therefore, be less readily corrected. In fact, such a method would in popular
use be nothing more than to adopt the Italian vowels without the accent.
The general rule which we have adopted for writing Oriental names has necessarily been
somewhat modified by those great practical laws of language, founded on usage, which
overrule all considerations of mere theoretical propriety. Accordingly, we have never attempted to change any spelling which universal usage appears to have established. Not
only have the common English names of the great countries of Asia and Africa (as PERSIA, HINDOSTAN, CHINA, EGYPT, MOROCCO, &c.) been retained, but the ordinary spelling of
names of far less note, when sanctioned by the universal or almost universal practice of the
best English writers, has been scrupulously adhered to. Thus, we write OUDE, and not Ood;
DELHI, and not Delhee or Dellee; KHIVA, and not K7heeva; CAIRO, not Kahera, &c. In short, it
is only when there has appeared to be no settled usage among geographical writers, that
we have taken the liberty of selecting out of many forms, that which we deemed preferable
to the others. Happily for the cause of science, the establishedl IRREGULARITIES are but a
very few out of a vast multitude, and scarcely constitute a perceptible blemish on the uniform simplicity of the general system.




x                                       PREFACE.
The method adopted in this work will, it is believed, be found not only to possess the
merit of great simplicity, but the additional advantage of extraordinary completeness. Thus
Oriental names being uniformly written according to the English sounds of the letters,
their pronunciation is rendered easy to the English reader, and all danger of embarrassment
from the different spellings of the same name is obviated. At the same time care has
been taken with regard to every name of any importance, to give ALL the different spellings
with a reference to that spelling under which the place is described.
That this system, or one similar to it in all essential points, is destined ultimately to prevail wherever the English language is spoken, we have not the slightest doubt.*  It is easy
to perceive a gradual progress towards such a consummation, in all those countries where
the English have established themselves, whether by conquest or for purposes of trade. A
number of names in Southern Asia, formerly written in the French or German mode, as
Oztjein or Ougein, AMoultan, Cabul, &c., have now almost universally an English spelling —
OOJEIN, MOOLTAN, CABOOL, &C. A very obvious change in the mode of writing many Chinese names has taken place since the recent English war with China; whereas we had
formerly Chan-si and Chan-tong or Chan-toung, (which to the English reader were calculated to convey a most erroneous idea-or none at all-of the real pronunciation,) we now
find in the most recent geographical works, SHAN-SEE and SEANTOONG or SHANTUNO; instead
of Kicrng-sou (or Kiang-su,) -Hounan, &c., we have KIANG-SOO, HOO-NAN, &c. It is worthy
of remark that in the IMPERIAL GAZETTEER, the most recent publication of this class, we find
a larger number of Oriental names spelled according to the English sounds of the letters,
than in any other Gazetteer that has yet appeared. Thus it has HoO-NAN, KOORDISTAN,
KIANG-soo, KOEICHoo, KIANo-SEE, QUANG-SEE, PECHELEE or PETCHELEE, SHANSEE, TABREEZ,
&c. &c., instead of the more common but far less appropriate spellings, osounan, Kurdistan,
Kiang-su (or Kiang-sou,) Koeitcheou, Kiang-si, Quang-si, Pechilt (or Petchili,) 7Chansi (or
Shansi,) and Tabriz. It would be difficult to say in what respect these last spellings are preferable to those before given, unless it be an advantage to write names in such a manner
that none can pronounce them except those who have made them a subject of particular
study. If it be said, as we have sometimes heard it alleged, that they at least will have the
advantage of being understood by foreigners, we would ask why not then throw aside the
English language altogether, and write for the especial accommodation of foreign nations?
But, in fact, the ordinary mode adopted in English works is far from possessing the single
advantage claimed. It is, if possible, still more perplexing to them than to us, for the simple reason that it has no uniformity or consistency. In the Introduction to the admirable
"Dictionnaire Geographique" of ADRIAN GUIBERT, published in Paris in 1850, the editor, in
speaking of the difficulty in writing the different foreign names according to a uniform system, says, that French geographers have been obliged in a great measure to derive this class
of names through the English language;-" la langue dont la prononciation est peut-Stre
la plus incertaine, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit des nonms propres;"-" the language whose pronunciation is perhaps the most uncertain of all, especially in regard to proper names."
PRONUNCIATION.-It is scarcely necessary to dwell upon the essential importance of this
great feature, since it enforces its own claims upon " all who talk or read." In fact the
need of some uniform system of geographical pronunciation, appears now to be universally
felt and acknowledged. Among other proofs of this, we may cite the following passage
* The fact that the English language seems destined to be the mother tongue of a larger portion of the human race
than that of any other civilized nation, ought undoubtedly to have some influence in determining our choice in a
question of this kind. On the American principle of consulting the interest of the majority, we should, without
hesitation, decide in favor of writing such names after the English system.




PREFACE..xi
from the IMPERIAL GAZETTEER: "Numerous requests have been made that the pronunciation of the names of places in the Imperial Gazetteer should be given. This would, indeed,
have been a very useful addition to the work, and under this impression it has been carefully considered. The difficulties, however, which stand in the way of carrying out a scheme
of pronunciation to anything like a satisfactory result, have been found insuperable."  (The
grounds of our dissent from the judgment expressed in the last sentence, will be fully stated
in another place.)
To those who have given any attention to the subject, it is scarcely necessary to say that
the only rational system of geographical pronunciation, is that which is based on the principle to pronounce all names of places as nearly as possible as they are pronounced by the educated people of the respective countries to which they belong, with the exception of those few
well-known foreign names which appear to have acquired a fixed English pronunciation, as
PARIS, NAPLES, FLORENCE, VENICE, MUNICH, &C.; these exceptional names being pronounced
according to the usage of the best English speakers.
It is admitted that cases not unfrequently occur, in which it is impossible to convey, with
any great degree of precision, the native pronunciation of other countries by means of
English letters; but something is undoubtedly gained by such an approximation to the
true sound, as would enable one more readily to understand, and to be understood by, those
who are familiar with the names of places as spoken by the inhabitants themselves.
Some, indeed, have maintained the propriety of pronouncing foreign names as they are
written, giving to every letter its proper English sound. But such a system would obviously lead to the greatest confusion, and be attended with inextricable difficulties. What,
for example, would be the proper English pronunciation of Seine? Should the ei be pronounced like ee, as in the words seize, ceiling, receive, &c.; or like ai, as in vein, weight, inveigh; or like i long, as in height, sleight, &c.?  Should SEINE then be pronounced seen, sain,
or sine? or should we sound the final e, and make it see-nee, sai-nee, or si-nee?
This one instance, out of a multitude, may perhaps serve to show the endless diversity
and confusion into which such a system, or rather want of system, must of necessity lead.
But this is not all; there are innumerable cases wherein it is very difficult, if not impossible, to pronounce the names of other countries according to the English sound of the letters, e. g., CZERNIGOW, CSONGRAD, HJELMAR, HJORING, LJUSNE, SZEGEDIN, TJIRINGIN, &C.,
while there is no difficulty whatever, in pronouncing them according to the native sound.
A multitude of instances also occur, in which the English manner of pronouncing names,
though not difficult, is far less euphonious than that of the inhabitants of the country to
which such names belong. MIN1O, (meen'yo,) a river, and BATALHA, (bk-tkl'yiA,) a town of
Portugal, and BACCHIGLIONE, (bkk-keel-yo'nl,) a river of Italy, may serve as examples.
For a fuller exposition of some of the more important principles and features of our system, and also for an explanation of the elements of the different European languages, the
reader is referred to the Introduction. It may, however, be proper here to offer some remarks on the "insuperable difficulties" alluded to in the passage already quoted. Undoubtedly the obstacles in the way of carrying out satisfactorily a system of geographical
pronunciation are very great; but they are, we would respectfully submit, not altogether insurmountable. It is all-important to observe that the only formidable difficulties
to be encountered in such a work, are for the author, and not for the reader. The former, in
order to the proper fulfilment of his task, has not merely to make himself master of the
general principles of pronunciation in each of the different languages, but he must likewise
inform himself respecting the exceptions to each general rule, whether those exceptions
relate to the accent or to the sounds of the letters.  One who is perfectly familiar with the




xii                                 PREFACE.
elements of Spanish pronunciation, if unacquainted with the exceptions referred to, would
often be in danger of pronouncing names in such a manner as to render them unintelligible
to an ear which has always been accustomed to the true pronunciation. CARDENAS, for example, according to the general rule of Spanish accentuation, would be pronounced karday'nas, as in fact we not unfrequently hear it; it should, however, have the accent on the
first syllable, CAR'DENAS. GUINES, by one acquainted only with the general rules of Spanish
pronunciation, would almost certainly be pronounced ghee'nes or ghe-ness', while the true
pronunciation is gwee'nes, almost wee'nes; this being a rare instance in which u in the
Spanish syllable gui, is not silent, taking a sound almost like that of our w. To search
out and mark correctly all these exceptions, is a task of immense labor; but after this labor
has once been adequately performed, it is no more difficult for the reader to pronounce such
names correctly, than those which have no peculiarity in accent or in the sound of the letters. We repeat, then, that the only serious difficulty is for the author who is engaged in
the preparation of such a system of pronunciation.
The acquisition of ten or twelve new sounds, which might be easily learned by persons
of ordinary aptitude in a few hours, would enable any one who can read correctly the English pronunciation as marked in Walker's or Worcester's dictionary, to pronounce with tolerable correctness all the names of PORTUGAL, SPAIN, ITALY, FRANCE, BELGIUM, the NETHERLANDS, GERMANY, DENMARK, SWEDEN, NORWAY, and perhaps of HUNGARY. The difficulties
in regard to the names of Poland, Bohemia, and the Slavonian countries generally, are
confessedly much greater —but of this hereafter.
Persons who view the different European languages separately, are apt to regard the mastering of the difficult sounds in all, as a much more formidable task than it really is. They
forget that a large proportion of the most difficult sounds are common to several different languages, and after being once thoroughly learned, can, of course, present no further obstacle.
Of this class is the French and Dutch (or Flemish) u, equivalent to the German and Hungarian i, and to the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish y. Here it will be seen that the same
sound occurs in SEVEN different languages. The German ce or 6 is likewise found in Danish,
Norwegian, Swedish, and Hungarian, and nearly corresponds to one of the most difficult
Dutch sounds, that of eeue as in LEEUWARDEN; the German ch in ach or noch is almost
exactly equivalent in sound to the Spanish j or x, and is essentially the same as the Polish,
Dutch, Scotch, and Welsh ch, and the Dutch g.
It is worthy of remark that in all the thousands of Italian names, there is not a single
sound which an Englishman cannot utter with perfect ease. We do not mean to deny that
there are combinations of letters, as cia, (pronounced cha,) giut, (pronounced joo,) and sciu,
(pronounced shoo,) which, without any explanations, might appear difficult to the mere
English scholar; but when these combinations, as shown above, are represented by their
proper English equivalents, there is obviously no difficulty whatever. What has been said
of Italian, is substantially true of Portuguese; the nasal sounds in such words as alem, Sc7o,
though having no exact equivalent in English, are by no means difficult for an Englishman
to acquire; and, indeed, unless great nicety- be called for, might very well be supplied by
the English ng, (thus alem might be pronounced &-ling', and Sdo, sowng.)  In Spanish there
is but one difficult sound, that of j or x, corresponding, as already remarked, to the German
ch in ach. So that by the acquisition of one, or, at most, of two foreign sounds, an Englishman or American will be enabled (if the pronunciation be properly marked) to pronounce correctly the FIFTY THOUSAND or more names of Italy, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, and
Spanish America. It would, we think, be well worth while to give the pronunciation of
these names, even were it impossible to give correctly those of any of the other European




PREFACE.                                              xiii
countries.  But no such impossibility exists.  With the exception of the Slavonic  languages, the pronunciation of the French is by far the most difficult for the English scholar
to acquire.  Yet any child with an average capacity for acquiring language, will master all
the French sounds in a few lessons.  The German comes next in point of difficulty, and
after it scarcely any thing more remains to be done so far as regards the languages of Western
and Northern Europe.
Although we have spoken as if the pupil was expected to learn the difficult sounds of
foreign languages, in order to enable him to pronounce geographical names according to
the system  adopted in this work, we do not consider this as absolutely essential.  If he
pronounce according to the English sound of the letters employed in marking the pronunciation, (see Introduction, V.) he will in most cases approximate very nearly to the true
standard; and such a system of orthoepy, imperfect as it might be deemed by some, would,
beyond all question, be immensely preferable to no system at all.
As to the Slavonic languages, we freely admit that a number of the Polish and Bohemian
names are absolutely unpronounceable; but as Poland is a part of Russia, we could with
perfect propriety adopt in such cases the Russian name and pronunciation, which, with-few
exceptions, are sufficiently easy for the English speaker.  So, also, if we find it impossible
to pronounce some of the names of Bohemia, Galicia, &c., we might in like manner substitute the German names in those instances-the German being the official language of the
Austrian government, to which Bohemia and Galicia belong.
In this connection it may be proper to remark that the pronunciation of the names of the
class first mentioned (those belonging to Western Europe, Germany, &c.) will generally be
found, it is believed, very correctly represented in the present work, both as regards accent
and the sound of the letters. There is, in regard to such names, little or no difficulty in
ascertaining the correct spelling, because, as a general rule, there is but one mode of writing
them recognised in the respective countries to which they belong. The true spelling once
settled, to determine the correct pronunciation in languages in which the rules of orthoepy
are, generally speaking, remarkably uniform  and exact,* is a work of diligence and care,
rather than of difficulty or perplexity.t
* This observation is especially true of the Spanish, German, and Italian, in which languages, the spelling may he
said always to represent correctly the pronunciation of the educated classes. Doubtless, instances may be found wherein
the local pronunciation differs considerably from that which is generally recognised by the most correct speakers. It
may well be a question with us-as it is with some of the most intelligent natives of the countries alluded to-whether
in such cases we ought not to adopt those local pronunciations, when they are sanctioned by the practice of the best
speakers of the respective districts. Through our anxiety to avoid unnecessarily complicating the subject of geographical pronunciation, as well as from a wish to conform to the rule already laid down, "to pronounce all names, as
nearly as possible, as they are pronounced by the EDUCATED people of the respective countries to which they belong," we
nave, for the most part, adhered to the pronunciation GENERALLY RECOGNISED by the men of learning throughout the
country.
In French, the irregularity is considerably greater than in the languages before mentioned; in all cases, however, we
have sought to be guided by the usage of the best educated classes, although these, it must be confessed, do not always
agree among themselves. Thus, it will be found that some of the most correct and accomplished French scholars are, in
many instances, inclined to adopt-the local or provincial pronunciation of the names of places in France; while others
are in favor of strictly conforming to those general rules which are recognised throughout the whole country. It is,
however, undoubtedly true that the opinions of the former class are more and more gaining ground. Many accomplished scholars now advocate the pronunciation of the final consonants, not only in such names as Aix, DAx, GEX, but
also in DOUBS, LOT, &c.
t The same general observations are true —though not quite to the same extent-in regard to the names of those
parts of the world that have been colonized from the countries above referred to; for example, the names of PERU, NEW
GRANADA; and MIEXICO, colonized from Spain; of BRAZIL, settled from Portugal; and of part of JAVA, a colonial possession
of the Netherlands, would, as a general rule, be written and pronounced according to the language of those countries
respectively.




xiv                                      PREFACE.
With regard, however, to the languages of Russia, Turkey, &c., the case is very different.
The names of the places in these countries, as we meet with them, being not really Russian
or Turkish names, but only French, German, or English transcripts of those names, there
is often much greater difficulty in determining the correct spelling and pronunciation.
Even scholars the most thoroughly acquainted with those languages, often feel uncertain as
to the best mode of representing names of this class in the languages of Western Europe.
Hence it follows that it is next to impossible, in such cases, to attain that correctness, or
rather exactness, in spelling, and precision in marking the pronunciation, which can be
attained with comparative ease in names written in Roman or German characters. This
being the case, we have not attempted to mark the pronunciation of the names of Eastern
Europe, Asia, &c. with minute exactness, but have merely aimed to represent those obvious
elements or features of pronunciation which are indicated in the spelling of such names as
given in the most accurate French, German, or English works on geography.  To make
our meaning more clear, we may cite an example. There are two letters in the Russian
and Polish languages (XXII. 15, 16,) with sounds quite distinct, though somewhat resembling each other; both are indicated in French by the letterj.  We have represented them
in English by zh,* this being their nearest equivalent in our language; and as we have made
no distinction between them in writing the names, we have not thought it necessary to,
mark any distinction in the pronunciation. To have marked all the nice differences of
sound in Russian and Oriental names, in pronunciation, when such differences could not be
represented in the spelling, could have no other effect than to hopelessly embarrass this
whole subject, and must rather retard than advance the study of Oriental geography. If,
in the languages of Western Europe, (in French and German, for example,) we have sometimes noted distinctions even nicer than those above referred to, let it be borne in mind
that, as there is, in such cases, a difference in the spelling, it would be manifestly proper
to mark the difference in pronunciation also; at the same time, the fact that French and
German are studied in this country by a thousand persons where the Oriental languages
are studied by one, seems to render necessary a greater exactness in marking the pronunciation of the former.
From what has already been said, it will be perceived that to write Oriental names properly and to pronounce them correctly, are essentially one and the same thing.t In accomplishing this twofold task, we have availed ourselves of every accessible source of information, whether this information was to be obtained from the oral communications of intelligent travellers and eminent Oriental scholars, or from the numerous valuable publications
on these subjects that have made their appearance within the last few years. Among the
works of this class to which we are especially indebted, may be mentioned "(CHESNEY'S
Expedition to the Euphrates," and the successive contributions to that invaluable publication, the "JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY" of London.
* It is somewhat remarkable that English geographical writers have not generally made use of zh in representing
these sounds, as there appears to be a manifest propriety in employing this combination, which is purely English,
rather than the French j or the German sch; more especially as in Polish the sounds referred to are both indicated by
the letter z, distinguished, however, by different marks-the one by a dot (k), the other by an accent (z); both may be
said to be an aspirated form of z. It is undoubtedly because they have considered those letters as modifications of z,
that even some French writers have employed 7h as their appropriate representative; thus, for example, instead of the
ordinary French form Nijnzes or Nijni, they write Nizhnei. The same sounds are commonly represented in German by
sch, (equivalent to our sh;) but some German writers, aiming to indicate them more exactly, use sh, s in German being
the nearest equivalent for our z.
j This would be literally and strictly true, if we possessed, in all instances, information so complete as to warrant our
determining positively the form of the name according to the English system. In a number of doubtful cases, however
we have thought it better to preserve the spelling as we have found it, and wait for fuller and more definite information, before deciding positively on the correct mode of writing it according to the general plan which we have adopted.




PREFACE.                                         xv
The names of Great Britain and the United States may be considered to constitute still
another class; while in the fixedness of the spelling they resemble those of Spain, France,
&c., in difficulty of pronunciation they almost exceed those of Russia or Poland.  This
characteristic of English and American names is evidently to be attributed to the same
cause-the introduction of new and incongruous foreign elements into the language, after
this has been to a certain extent formed and fixed. The existence in the same country of
several entirely distinct nations, Welsh, Saxons, Danes, &c., each tenacious of its own
national peculiarities, which have been in a measure protected and fostered by the freedom
of the government, has doubtless been the principal cause of the great irregularity and
incongruity of the English language. We find, indeed, as regards English names, scarcely
one general rule of pronunciation, either in relation to accent or to the sounds of the letters,
on which we can with confidence rely: the actual practice of the best speakers is, therefore,
our only safe guide.  With respect to all the more important names of Great Britain and
Ireland, we flatter ourselves that the pronunciation given in this work will be found very
correct; but in regard to those of little note, we have sometimes found it impossible to
determine satisfactorily the true pronunciation. In some instances there can be said to
be no recognised pronunciation among the best speakers, and to adopt, as a universal rule,
the local mode of speaking such names, would, it appears to us, be a step of more than
doubtful propriety. In those equivocal cases, we have not only diligently sought to ascertain
the practice of the best speakers residing in the vicinity of the places in question, but have
made it a point, whenever it has been possible, to compare the local pronunciation with
that of speakers of acknowledged authority in matters of this kind.
Anomalies similar to those which prevail in England, (though modified by varying circumstances,) are not unfrequently to be met with in our own country.  TERRE BONNE, (pronounced tar bon or tar b6nn,) NATCHITOCHES, (usually called nak-e-tush',) TERRA HAUTE,
tbr'rah hot, tar hbt or tr'rah huit,) and SAULT SAINT MARIE, (SO0  sent mhtree,) are remarkable examples of this class.  Settled originally and named by the French, although afterwards chiefly inhabited by those speaking English, the names of those places are neither
English nor French, nor even a mixture of the two, but a strange corruption produced, it
would seem, by each of the American settlers imagining that if he was careful to utter a
sound which none could suspect of being English, he must as a matter of course speak very
good French.
In the present work, great care has been taken, especially in regard to the languages
of Central, Southern, and Western Europe, not only to give the accent correctly, but also
to notice all important peculiarities of pronunciation.*  In performing this arduous task,
it has been our earnest endeavor to consult in every instance the very best authorities in
each of the different languages. In most of the languages above referred to, the accent is
the principal difficulty, since the best general scholars in any country will frequently be
unable to determine the correct accent of a name, when this belongs to some remote or
obscure place. Hence it becomes important to seek information from individuals who have
resided in different portions of the same country. It would be in vain for us to attempt
* We ought perhaps to notice here one or two slight exceptions to the above statement. We have not represented
the sound of the initial s in German names by z, although nearly all educated Germans pronounce it in this manner, because we seldom, if ever, hear English speakers adopt this sound in German names, even when they follow the
German pronunciation in every other respect. Nor have we represented the Italian s, when occurring between two
vowels, by z, though many of the best Italian speakers recommend this mode of pronouncing it. Our aim has been
to avoid as much as possible complicating the subject of geographical'pronunciation. We have, accordingly, omitted
every thing that seemed to savor of excessive nicety, more especially when such nicety did not appear to be u niver
sally recognised by all good speakers.




xvi                                  PREFACE.
to cite the names of all the different persons whom we have consulted in regard to questions of this kind. It is, however, due to justice and to the character of our work, that we
should express our particular obligations to a number of gentlemen to whom we are deeply
indebted, not merely for important information respecting the names of different foreign
countries —unattainable from any other source-but also for the unfailing courtesy and kindness with which our oft-repeated applications have ever been received.
Justice, however, requires us to state distinctly, that these gentlemen are in nowise responsible for any errors that may occur in our gazetteer; it being impossible, in a work
like the present, (in which the names of each country are scattered through the entire
volume,) to avail ourselves of the benefit which might result from their revision.
Signor V. DE AMARELLI,
Professor of the Italian language and literature in the Uni-  FOR THE NAMES OF ITALY AND THE ITALversity of Pennsylvania; also Professor of the French and   IAN SETTLEMENTS OF DALMATIA AND
Spanish languages and literature in the Polytechnic College    GREECE.
of Philadelphia.
Herr TORBEN BILLE,
Charge d'Affaires of Denmark.            FOR DENMARK.
C. S. BUXTON, ESQ.,
Many years an officer in the British service in India.  FOR INDIA.
M. F. DROUIN,
Formerly Professor of Rhetoric in the University of France.
FOR FRANCE
M. GARDEL,
Professor of French in the city of Philadelphia.
Senhor Jozi DA SILVA MAIA FERREIRA.          } FOR PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL.
El Sefior Don FELIX MERINO,
Formerly Professor of Spanish in the University of Penn-   FOR SPAIN AND SPANISH AMERICA.
sylvania. 
HENRY KULUSSOWSKI, ESQ.,
Interpreter of languages at Washington, D. C.   FOR RUSSIA AND POLAND.
DANIEL L. KURTZ.                   } FORITHE NETHERLANDS.
EDWARD MIUHLENBRUCH,                    FOR GERMANY.
Professor of Ancient and Modern languages.   }
For the pronunciation of names of Great Britain and of the various colonies of the
British empire, as well as of the anglicized forms of well-known foreign names, and for
other important information of a more general character, we cannot forbear to express our
great obligations to
G. B. MATTHEW, ESQ.,
Her Britannic Majesty's Consul for the State of Pennsylvania.
It may be remarked with regard to those names which are written in Roman letters, but
spelled differently in the different European languages, (as AVIGNON, VIENNA, VENICE, &C.,)
that the diversity of spelling is to be attributed to the same cause as the diversity in the
mode of writing Oriental names, that is, to each nation endeavoring to represent the sound
of the foreign name according to the letters of its own language. Names -of this class, as
might be expected, will be found nearly always to belong to places of note, since it is only
those well known to foreign nations, that would be likely to become thus corrupted. The
various spellings in question originated in those ages when but a very small proportion of
the people could read and write, and men learned the names of places by the ear only,




PREFACE.                                  xvii
Afterwards, the sound of the foreign name, which had necessarily become more or less
corrupted in passing into another language, was represented in writing according to the
power of the letters in the respective languages of the different nations. We frequently
meet with names of this class, which, although written variously, represent precisely the
same sound, thus exactly corresponding to the different modes of writing Oriental names.
This will be found to be the case where the pronunciation is easily imitated, and perhaps
almost equally familiar to the people of two different nations; for example, MINHO in
Portuguese and Xi&ifo in Spanish, (both pronounced meen'yo,) Catalufa, (CATALONIA,) in
Spanish and Catalunha in Portuguese, (both pronounced kA-tA-loon'y.,) CorunLa, (CORTUNNA,)
Spanish, and Corunlsa, Portuguese, (pronounced ko-roon'yS,) PAGLIA, Italian, and Palla,
Spanish, (both pronounced pil'yt,) &c. &c. Avin-on and Bullon, the Spanish representations of the French names AVIGNON and BOUILLON, are exactly equivalent to the latter,
with the exception of the nasal N, the sound of which is not found in the Spanish language.
We cannot close these prefatory remarks without expressing our grateful acknowledgments to our many friends, both in this city and in other portions of the Union, to whose
kindness and zeal in promoting the cause of knowledge we are indebted for much valuable
information of various kinds, without which our work would have been defective in many
respects. Confident that the desire of notoriety formed no part of the incentives to their
liberality, we doubt not this general expression of our sincere and cordial thanks for their
disinterested kindness, will be far more acceptable than a more particular and open acknowledgment of our gratitude.
There are, however, others whose contributions to our work have been so extensive and
important, that justice to the public, to them, and to ourselves, alike demand that we should
state more fully and explicitly the nature of our obligations. Our heartfelt acknowledgments are especially due to Dr. ROBLEY DUNGLISON, to whose great general knowledge and
accurate taste in all that relates to orthoepy, we are indebted in no slight measure for
whatever merit our work may in this respect possess. His high and long-established reputation, both at home and abroad, renders almost superfluous any praise which we have it
in our power to bestow. To those, however, who have known him only or chiefly in his
professional character, we may be permitted to say, that his varied and extensive attainments, not merely in his particular profession, but also in the wide field of general science,
are only equalled by the thoroughness and accuracy of his knowledge, and by his courtesy
and liberality in imparting it.
It is with cordial pleasure that we embrace this opportunity to express our deep sense
of obligation for the many and important contributions furnished to our work by Mr. JAMES
IH. YOUNG, to whose extensive and accurate geographical knowledge and eminent skill as
an engraver, the public are indebted for one of the best and most popular series of school
geographies and atlases ever published in this or any other country.
Gratitude and justice alike demand that we should here acknowledge the important
assistance we have received from Mr. NELSON GRISWOLD, for more than two years associated
with us as collaborator in our arduous undertaking. To his untiring diligence and welldirected research, the present work owes no small share of its completeness and accuracy
in almost every respect; but more especially in regard to the department of statistics in
its various branches.
Nor must we omit to mention our great obligations to Mr. WILLIAM S. WASHBURN, whose
indefatigable perseverance, during the entire year for which we enjoyed his invaluable services, has only been equalled by his conscientious fidelity and watchfulness in whatever
relates to the accuracy of the work, in every particular, and in all its departments.
B2




xviii                               PREFACE.
Among the great multitude of works that we have freely consulted, there are a few
(in addition to those that we have mentioned in the foregoing pages) which we cannot pass
without an expression of our especial obligations. In the foremost rank of these stands
HUNT'S "Merchants' Magazine," a commercial journal of the highest character, treating
of almost every subject related either directly or indirectly to trade finance, internal improvements, &c. A pretty extensive and thorough acquaintance with this publication, has
satisfied us that it is fully equal, if not superior, to any other journal of the kind, either
in this country or in Europe.
We should withhold a just tribute from one of the ablest and most interesting periodicals published in our country, did we omit to acknowledge the important assistance we
have derived from  DE Bow's "Commercial Review;" nor are we less indebted to the
"Internal Resources of the South and West," a work comprising an immense amount of
geographical and statistical information respecting a vast region whose resources have till
recently been almost unexplored.
We gladly embrace this occasion to express our heartfelt thanks to the Hon. J. GUTHRIE,
Secretary'of the Treasury, to the Hon. J. C. DOBBIN, Secretary of the Navy, and to the
Hon. J. CAMPBELL, Postmaster-General, for the courtesy and kindness manifested in furnishing us from their respective departments the various documents necessary to the completion of our work.
PHILADELPHIA, August 1, 1855.




INTRODUCTION.
IT is proposed, under this head, to set forth   and GENOAt are pronounced by all the great
more fully some of the arguments alluded to  poets who use these names, from  CHAUCER
in the Preface, by which the propriety of our  and SHAKSPEARE down to the present time,
system of pronunciation is supported, as well  with the native accentuation; that is, GRAas to explain the particular method in which   NADA has the accent on the penultima, and
this system has been carried out in the work   GENOA on the antepenultima, though the gebefore us.                                     nerality of English-or at least of American
I. It has already been intimated, that not  -speakers, who have not heard these names
only the present practice of the best speakers,  pronounced, but merely follow  analogy, or
but the usage of our more distinguished poets,  their own notions of propriety, reverse the
is clearly in favour of the system which we  accentuation, making GRANADA rhyme with
have chosen.  If any might be allowed to   Canada, and GENOA with boa.
pronounce foreign names without regard to         No poet, perhaps, employs foreign names
the peculiar sounds of the letters, or to the  so frequently as BYRON, and yet-though he
accents, which prevail in other countries,  often writes very carelessly-it would be
this privilege might surely be claimed by the  difficult, in all the poetry he has written, to
poets, who, in the use even of English words,  point out half a dozen instances where he
are considered to enjoy a special license. It  has not conformed to the foreign accentuais very evident, however-as every one who  tion, excepting always those few  well-known
will take the trouble to examine the works  names which have acquired  an established
of the better class of them, must admit-   English_ pronunciation, and in these cases he
that, as a body, they have neither claimed   appears invariably to adopt the pronuncianor used this privilege.  On the contrary,  tion of the best English speakers. The same
our more distinguished poets have usually   may be said of SCOTT; though he writes with
exhibited a classical-we might almost say   great freedom, he rarely, if ever, violates the
a punctilious-accuracy, in the employment  strictest rules of geographical pronunciation.
of foreign names, whether of places or per-  In the poetry of ROGERS, SOUTHEY, MOORE,
sons. To illustrate by example's:-GRANADA*   CAMPBELL, and MONTGOMERY, we have met
with scarcely a solitary example of departure
* "In Lithuania had he served and Russe;    from the native accentuation of names, which
No Christian man so oft of his degree.     does not properly come within the exception
At Algezi'ras, in GRANADA, he
Mad join'd the siege;-" —CQnAUCER.         j "Signior Baptista may remember me
"The Moorish king rides up and down           Near twenty years ago, in GENOA, where
Through GRANADA'S royal town "  -            We were lodgers at the Pegasus."-SHAESPEARE.
"And GRANADA must be won,                   "Were GENOA'S galleys riding in the ports-" —BRON.
And thyself with her undone."-BYRoN.       "How quick they carved their victims and how well,
" GRANADA caught it in her Moorish hall,     Let Saxony, let injured GuENOA tell."-M-GooRE.
Gaicia bade her children fight or fall."-SCOTT.  "That noble haven, where, when GENOA reign'd,
"There was crying in GRANADA when the sun was going    A hundred galleys shelter'd~  " —ROGaERSr
down." —                                   My native GENoA, if with tearless eye
"Farewell, farewell, GRANADA, thou city without peer."  Prone in the dust thy beauteous form I see."
LOCKHART.                                    MONTGOMERY,.
9




10                               INTRODUCTION.
above stated. WoRDswoRTH takes the liberty  on the last syllable of PARIS, ST. DENIS, and
of changing the accent in a single instance-   ST. QUENTIN, —in all of which he aliffers from
CHAMOUNY-but acknowledges the authority  the English and conforms to the French ac.of the law by apologizing in a note for its  centuation. (See "Remarks on the French
violation.  (See Descriptive Sketches of a  Accent," page 18.)
Tour among the Alps.)                         But perhaps the most remarkable illustraAmong the principal languages of conti-  tion of this tendency to adopt the native pronental Europe, the German, in its accent  nunciation of foreign names is found in his
and in the metre of its verse, has the nearest  drama of " Mary Stuart;" where the poet,
affinity to the English; and it is worthy of  with the obvious intention of obliging his
remark, that precisely the same general usage  countrymen to pronounce the English names
prevails with respect to foreign names in Ger-  correctly, invariably in his verse spells LEIman poetry, as in that of our own tongue.  CESTER "LESTER," although in the explanaIt may be observed, however, that the Ger-  tory (prose) parts of the play he as invariably
mans conform  more exactly to the native  writes it LEICESTER, as we do in English.
accentuation of the names of other countries,  For the same reason, doubtless, he writes
than the English.  Any one may satisfy  BOLEYN  "BOULEN," as this spelling would
himself of the correctness of these statements,  lead his countrymen to pronounce the name
if he will take the trouble to consult the  "Boo'len," nearly as it is spoken in Engpoems of SCHILLER, who appears to have had  land. HIad he written it BOLEYN, the Geroccasion to use foreign names far more fre-' mans would be in danger of placing the
quently than almost any other German poet.  accent on the last syllable, as we frequently
In his drama of " Don Carlos," MADRID occurs  hear it pronounced in the United States.
near twenty times, and always with the accent    What has been  said above respecting
on the last syllable. This one fact (even were  the usage of the poets refers principally to
there no other) may show how sparingly the  accentucation, which, for the most part, can
"poetical license," so often alluded to, is  be readily determined by the metre of the
used by the most popular, and perhaps the  poetry. Their manner of pronouncing the
most careless in versification, of all the great  letters of a foreign name is far less easily
poets of Germany.*-MIRANDOLA (a town in  ascertained, since it can only be known when
Italy) occurs twice, and in both instances  the name ends a line in rhyme; and even
has the accent on the antepenultima. This  then it is often extremely uncertain, as they
is the more remarkable, because MIRANDOLA  appear to consider themselves entitled, in
is an exception to the general rule of Italian   such cases, to much greater license than i]-.
pronunciation, which places the accent on the  the accentuation of words. Thus we ofte,
penultima of words ending in a vowel. If  see associated, in rhyme, words which corrK
our poet is not equally correct in regard to  spond but very imperfectly in sound, a.
ALCALA, (a small town of Spain,) it was  enemy and lie, mourn and burn, &c. Neverowing, doubtless, either to the difficulty of  theless, by comparing a number of exammaking such a name "lie smooth in rhyme,"  ples, and especially by observing the usage
or to his being ignorant of its true accentua-  of those poets who are most remarkable for
tion. The latter is by no means improbable,  the correctness of their rhymes, we shall freinasmuch as the Spanish language is far less  quently be enabled to ascertain the true prostudied by the generality of European scho-  nunciation of a word or name.
lars than the Italian.  That it was not the    Now it will be found that the system which
result of carelessness is shown by the fact  we have adopted is supported by the practice
that LCALAC is always pronounced inthe poem   of the poets in this respect also. In other
in the same manner, and according to the ge-  words, it will be found that while foreign
neral rule of Spanish accentuation;  that is,  names that are in familiar use in our own
with the accent on the penultima.  It will  language, have an English pronunciation,
be perceived that Schiller places the accent  those not very well known are generally
pronounced with the foreign sound of the
* Schiller has been accused of being very careless in his
rhymes, but he can scarcely be charged with carelessness in    t The two former names occur in the "Maid of Orleans,"
the metre of his verse.                     (" Die Jungfrau von Orleans,") the last in "Don Carlos."




INTRODUCTION.                                                ll
letters, as will be seen from  the following   representation.  With this view of the subpassages:                                            ject, we have occasionally cited in the body
"Not now to while an hour away,                    of our work passages from  the poets, in supGone to the falls in Valombre!."-                 port of the pronunciation there given. These
"'Tis Jacqueline!'tis Jacqueline,"                citations, for the most part, are not intended
Her little brother laughing cried;              to be decisive of any doubtful question, but:
"I know her by her kirtle green,
She comes along the mountain side."             rather to illustrate and confirm what is be"De Courcy, lord of Argentiere                     lieved, on other grounds, to be the correct
pronunciation.   The  supreme  tribunal to
Thy thirst for vengeance sought the snare."-ROGERS.    which we would on all occasions appeal is
*."Winding between Alpine trees;         the authority of the best speakerst in England
Spiry and dark around their house of prayer,          ath
and this country.  To the former we geneBelow the icy bed of bright Argentiere."-WO-RDSWORTH.
rally give the preference when the question
"This circumstance may serve to give a notion        rally give the preference when the  uestion
Of the high talents of this new Vauban,*          relates to names belonging to the old contiBut the town ditch below was deep as ocean,         nent-to the latter, when it relates to those
The rampart higher than you'd wish tohang."-BYRON.                   t  since it is impossible to
of America.  But since it is impossible to
"For many an age remember'd long
e  produce oral evidence in  a book, we have
Shall live the towers of lougoontd,
And fields of Waterloo."-ScOTT.        availed  ourselves of the  authority  of the
poets, as the only one at our command, to
It would be easy to cite a multitude of such   prove  or illustrate  what we  have, in  all
examples; but these will perhaps be sufficient   cases, studiously  endeavoured  to  learn, by
to illustrate our positilon.'actual  hearing, from  those  who. are  conOn the other hand, we shall find the poetsfied  to determine   estios
pronounce foreign names of some celebrity,   of orthoepy.
such as NILE, PARIS, LYONS, CADIZ, POITIERS
o      sr POICTIERS, &PC   with  the  English sound of  OBS. We sometimes hear it' objected to the
or Pc, &c., with the English sound of   authority of the poets, that well-known names.
the letters, as may be seen from  these and   are occasionally pronounced, even by those
-similar examples:                                    who rank among our best poets, quite differently from the prevailing practice of the best
"Deep in those solitary woods                      speakers.  GOLDSMIvsTH,   for example, accentwhere oft the genii of the floods.nuates the penultima of NIAGARAJ, and CAMPDance round the cradle of their ile,nultima  of 
BELL the antepenultima of W o.YOMING,     just
And hail the new-born Giant's smile." —Moo        reversing  the correct pronunciation,  which
"Oh never talk again to me                         places the accent on the third syllable from
Of northern climes and British ladies;          the end in NrAGARA, and on the second in WYl It has not been your lot to see,                 OMING.  But this discrepancy is readily ex-:  Like me, the lovely girl of Cdiz."-BYvOr.       plained by the fact that neither of these poets
"And Courtenay's pride and Percy's fame            was ever in  this country, and probably had'DBazed broader yet in after years,               no opportunity to learn the practice of the
i At Cressy red and fell Poitiers."-ScoTT..         est speakers in the United States.  It may be...',So the shaft         observed, however, that Goldsmith gave what
O-f victory mounts high, and blood is quaff'd,    was probably the correct accentuation of NIAIn fields that rival Cressy and Poictiers-        GARA in his day. (See ~ IX. Obs. 2; also NIAPride to be wash'd away by bitter tears." —WoRDswoRT.
II. Instead of saying that the poets con-    t By this phrase, we do not mean those who, from their'
superior knowledge and judgment on general subjects, may
form  to  the native  accentuation  of proper   be presumed to be qualified to decide questions of orthoepy.
names, except in cases where these are well  In order to deserve a place among the best speakers, it is not
known, we might, perhaps, with more pro-   enough that one should have what is commonly termed a
good education and good sense; he must have paid particupriety, say that they merely follow the prac-  lar attention to the subject of pronunciation-unless he has
tice of the best speakers, of which their own   been surrounded during the whole period of his education
may generally be regarded  as the written   with none but correct speakers, which is seldom or never
the case, at least in this country.
T' "Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around,
$ In these names the letter n is similar in sound to rng. And NI wh Rs stun s with thnd'ring s ound."
The t at the end of Hougomont is silent. The rhymes,he tavein                                      r.
Trhe!havelles.
however, are not quite perfect; the o in the last syllable of
Hougomont should be sounded like o in won't. The latter   " On Susquehanna's side fair wYroanre."
syllable of Vctuban sounds like bong.-Vauban was a noted  A"nd scarce had WYOMING of war and crime
French military engineer, who flourished in the reign of   Heard but in transatlantic story rung."
Louis X1V.                                                                     Gertrude  of Siyoming, Part I.




12                                 INTRODUCTION.
GARA, in the body of the work.)  Scarcely a  nearer idea of the German sound; but it
single instance can be pointed out, wherein  seemed less eligible than the other mode,
any good English poet has misaccentuated aersons might differ in the proname with the sound of which he was fami-   both because persons might differ in the proname with the sound of which he was familiar * we are therefore warranted in conclud-   nunciation of it, or perhaps be at a loss to
ing that when a name in a region remote or  pronounce it at all, and because the estararely visited, is mispronounced, it is owing  blished mode of anglicizing the German ch
rather to the want of knowledge than to the
carelessness or license of the poet.          seems to be to change its sound to that of k,
as in the instances, BLUCHtER,t BLUMENBACH,
ITII. There is one difficulty in carrying out  METTERNICH, &c.  The Scotch and Dutch
the system  of geographical pronunciation   sounds of ch, so similar to the German, when
adopted by us, which it may be proper to  anglicized, assume invariably, if we mistake
notice here, viz. that of drawing the line be-  not, the sound of k. The ordinary mode of
tween foreign names which are, and those  pronouncing the Greek X tends to the same
which are not, well known. With respect to  result. We have not, however, represented
the more obvious in each division there can-  the sound of the German g, at the end of a sylnot be the slightest hesitation; but the two   lable, in the same manner as the ch, though
classes meet and pass into each other by im-  it has the same sound, because it is not customperceptible gradations, so that sometimes the  ary to anglicize it by the sound of k, except in
question whether they should be pronounced   a few instances.: Were the pronunciation of
according to the foreign or the English mode  such a word as berg represented by berK, it
can only be settled by arbitrary decision. In   would have the effect to lead the English
these doubtful instances, we have spared no  scholar to pronounce it differently from the
pains in order to ascertain the prevailing   ordinary mode, while he would be in no repractice of the best speakers, as well as the   spect nearer the German than those who
usage of the poets: when these have been   pronounce the word according to the English
found unsatisfactory, nothing has remained   sound of the letters.  Another consideration
for us but to decide according to the best of  may, perhaps, be allowed to  have sonme
our ability. We have, in these cases, usually   weight, viz. that though the more approved
given both pronunciations, placing that first  mode of German pronunciation requires that
which, in our judgment, is to be preferred.    g, when it does not begin a word, should be
IV. It should be observed, that although we  pronounced like ch, yet in some parts of Gerhave endeavoured to give the native pronun-  many it is pronounced in every case like g
ciation of the names of other countries with   hard in English.  In a similar manner, and
minute accuracy, we have aimed to avoid,  for similar reasons, we have usually repreas much as possible, the use of sounds which   sented the German w by a W, and not by a
cannot readily be uttered by the mere English   v, though this is nearer the sound of the Ger
scholar-more especially in regard to those  man letter.
geographical names which are  commonly          With regard to French names, however,
taught in schools.                            a different plan  has been pursued, both
V. In those cases where it is impossible  because it is less easy, so to speak, to anglito express the sounds of other languages by   cize the French letters, and because, from the
means of English letters, we have endea-  circumstance of this being far more studied
voured to employ a mode of indicating those  than any other foreign language, it is much
sounds, which, if it does not afford any effec-  more usual to adopt all the peculiar sounds
tual assistance to the mere English scholar,
may at least be in 3no danger of embtarr~ass-   Ft Although, in America, we very frequently hear this
name pronounced Blu'tcher by intelligent speakers, the ch
ing or leading him  astray.  Thus we have  should unquestionably be hard, as is indicated by the fol.
represented the sound of the German ch by  lowing passage from MOORE'S Padge Family in Paris:
K, distinguished by being a small capital.;A fine sallovw sublime sort of Werter-faced man,
With mustachios that gave (what we read of so oft)
Perhaps  a  strongly  aspirated  h-which         The dear Corsair expression, half savage, half soft;
might be indicated by hh-would convey a          As Hyenas in love may be fancied to loo7c, or
A something between Abelard and old Blucher."
* The instance of CnAMoUNY, referred to on page 10 in the    t DANTZIc, or DANTZICK, (German, Danzig,) LEIPSIC, or LEIPIntroduction, is hardly an exception to this statement, on ac-  SICK, (Ger. Lepzig,) SLESWICK, (Ger. S&hleswig; Dan. Slesvig,)
countofthe equivocal natureof the French accent. (See p.18.)  are the only examples that we now recollect.




INTRODUCTION.                                         13
of the letters in pronouncing French words   definite, at the same time that it obviates
or names.                                       both of the difficulties just mentioned.
VI. In  giving the pronunciation of the          VII. With a view to simplify as much as
geographical names contained in the present  possible, we have rejected Walker's second
work, we have adhered, in the main, to the   and third sounds of o, (the former being
method of Walker, not only from a desire to  equivalent to oo, the latter to ate,) and his
avoid all unnecessary innovation upon a sys-  third sound of u, (corresponding with oo in
tem  which has been so generally received,  good, a sound which we have represented by
but also because we regard it, on the whole,  65.)  From  the same motive, we have disas superior to any other system  which has  pensed with the figured  vowels, whenever
hitherto been given to the public.*  As, how-  their use has not appeared to be necessary
ever, a multitude of instances occur, wherein  in order to avoid ambiguity.  Thus (as althe ordinary spelling of geographical names  ready observed) we write simply TIL'-SIT,
indicates exactly or very nearly the proper  and not TILSIT, til/-sit, as Walker would
manner of pronouncing them, it has been   have done.  All marks or figures which
thought unnecessary in such cases to give a   are not needed in order to  indicate  the
different spelling in order to show the exact  exact pronunciation, must tend rather to
pronunciation.  Thus, in giving the pronun-  embarrass than to aid the learner.
ciation of such names as Tipton, Tilsit, &c.,    VIII. The Latin names of foreign countries
we have not rewritten them, as Walker would  are nearly always to be pronounced with the
"have done, till-slt, tipt-tfin, or tip-t'n, but  English sounds of the letters.  Thus, in BAmerely given TIP'-TON, TIL/-SIT.                VA/R!Aj BULGA/RIA, LUSA/TIA, and TRANSYLIn several other respects we have differed  VAtNIA, the accented A should have its first
from Walker in marking the pronunciation;  sound.
thus, in such names as BERKSHIRE, BERN,    OBS. In PRUSSIA and RUssIA, however, the
&c., instead ofwriting, after Walker's method,  u, instead of being pronounced short, as it
berk'-shlr, brn, we write berk'-shir, bern,  would unquestionably be in  ancient Latin
&c., the point under the e and i denoting that  names of this kind, is usually sounded like
oo, assuming in these instances the character
this vowel has an obscure sound nearly like  of the' German or Russian ut.  In like manshort ui.  We have not represented the sound  ner, the first syllable of BULGARIA is to be proby the short u, (btirk'-shtir, bmrn,) since our  nounced bloI, and not bll.
most celebrated orthoepists make a decided         IX. In  the anglicized forms of foreign
distinction between the sounds of e and u in a  names, and in most well-known names of
syllable ending with r.t  To represent, on the  foreign countries, the same rules of pronunother hand, the sound of e in BERN by &, (e in  ciation, generally speaking, obtain, as in
terror or herring,) or that of i in BERKSHIRE   genuine English words, e. g. SPAIN, ITALY,
by I, (i in spirit,) would obviously be still  NAPLES, &C.
wider from  the mark.  The mode adopted            OBs. 1. At the same time, we may observe
by us will, it is hoped, be found sufficiently   a general tendency to adopt those sounds of
the English  vowels which approach most
nearly to the foreign sounds: thus the a in
* It may not be improper to observe, that with respect to   the foreign sounds
actual pronunciation we have differed from Walker in a  the first syllable of ADRIATIC and PARIS has
number of particulars. Thus, we pronounce ASIA, a-he-a,  its fourth sound, which is much nearer to the
number of pa lars  Thus, we pronounce AsIA, a'- hea,
according to the practice of the best English speakers,  French and Italian a than its first sound,
though Walker gives a'-zhe-a as the true pronunciation.  thoh this would probably be given to these
(See Principles of Pronunciation, 453.) In a few instances  names by  the mere English  scholar, who
we have departed from his practice in the accentuation of  should  be guided by analogy solely.  In
classical names, e.g. we have, with the sanctionofthehigh-  like manner, the i in MILAN is made short,
est authorities of the present day, given the name of the an-  SO as nearly to correspond to the Italian i,
cient capital of Egypt with the accent on the penultim.a,  which is like our & or ee.
thus —ALEXANDoI'A-though Walker accentuates the ante-    OBS. 2. In the pronunciation of foreign
penultima, as we do, in pronouncing the modern ALEXAN-  names that have become thoroughly angliDRIA. (See ALEXANDRIA, in the body of this work.)  cized, it is interesting to observe the tendt Walker says that "Derby is pronounced NEARLY as if  ency of our language to throw  the accent
written Dsurby"-and that "fir-, a tree, is perfectly similar  as far as possible from  the termination.
[in sound] to the first syllable in ferment, though often   Thus PARIS is pronounced with the accent
CORRUPTLY pronounced like fei, a skin." (See Principles of  on the first syllable, though the French apPronunciation, 100 aud 109.                     pear to place it on the last; and the Ger-:   J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I




1-4  INTRODUCTION.
mans, who have not the same aversion to the  the map of Persia, published by the Society fir
ultimate accent that we have, lay the stress  the Diffusionof Useful Knowledge, names wrlt.
of voice distinctly on the final syllable, thus,
p*1A-riss.  HANvR  whc  mih  b  p        ten according to these three different modes
padregs.   HANOVER, which might be pronounced with the native accentuation (HA-  occur promiscuously in almost every part.
No/vER) without the slightest offence to the  Even the same name is frequently spelled
genius of our tongue,* has become irrecover-  differently in different parts of the same
ably IIAN'/OVER. Thus, also, we pronounce
ANDAL.'SIAN, (in   Spanisho, ANDALUcuI'A)  work. Thus, on the map just mentioned,
ANYDALU/SIA,   (in  Spanish, ANDALUCI/A,)
AR'AGON, (in Spanish, ARAGCN',) &C. So, in  OORFA is written " Ofa or Ourfa," while on
our own country, the old NIAGA/RA has be-  another of the same set it is spelled Urfa. In
come Unalterably fixed as NIAG/ARA; and  the Penny Cyclopiedia we find Boossa and
IHURONt has given place to HU/RON.
Boussa, Soodan and Sudan, Toorkistan and
X. It may be observed that with respect  Turkistan, &c.  McCulloch gives SHUMLA
to foreign names, not only in the French,  (Shoomla) under its proper head, but men
Italian, and other languages that are written  tioning the town in another place, writes it
in the Roman letters, but also in Germant  Schumla: in the same article, AFRICA, he
and Greek, (the characters of which may be  has both Soodan and Soudan, each occurring
readily converted into corresponding Roman  several times: under MOGADORE he gives
letters,) it is generally customary in English  Shwera (more properly Sweera) as the Moorto retain the literal spelling, e. g. ANSPACl,  ish name of this town; afterward, in enume(German, gtugpadi),) KOiNIGSBERG, (Gierman,  rating the principal fortified and garrison.61ni06Ferg,) CmIos, (Greek, XLoS,) &c.,  towns of Morocco, he gives Suira, (proexcepting a very few well-known names, as  nounced Sweera,) without so much as menLYONS, (French, Lyon,) NAPLES, (Italian,  tioningthe name of MOGADORE. As neither
NajYpo~i,) MUNICEH, (German, iRunlteen,) Schlumla nor Suira are to be found in his
DANTZIc, (German,  an3intg,) LEIPSIC, (Ger-  Gazetteer under their respective heads, it is
man, ~eiPt9i;) we often find, however, the  scarcely possible that any one unacquainted
last two names spelled literally Danzig and  with the different modes of writing these
Leipzxig.                                  names should know what places are meant
XI.  1On the other hand, names in lan-  by them, or in what part of his work to look
guages of which the characters cannot be  for information respecting them.
readily converted into Roma-n letters, or    XII. In order to avoid the perplexity and
which are but little known as written lan-confusion resulting from the diversity which
guages, are usually spelled  according to  prevails in the mode of writing oriental names
their sound in some well-krnown European  and others of the same class, we have made it
tongue. Thus the name of one of the cities  a point always to spell them after the English
of Persia is written, in English, Slhooster or  manner, except in a few instances where a
Shuster, in German, Schuster, and in French,  different spelling appears to have become
Chouster, precisely the same sound being  thoroughly established by usage.  Accordexpressed by these different spellings.   ingly, we have given OORFA, SOODAN, ToonVW7e find, in English works of the highest;  KISTAN, &c., as the preferable mode of writing
character, these various modes of writing  such names; at the same time, under the
oriental and other names employed indiscri-  headsof OURFA and URA, SOUDAN and Suminately. Thus in McCulloch's Geographi-  DAN, and TURKISTAN, the reader will find a
cal Dictionary, under the article SlIUSTER,  reference to the names as spelled in the Engse find within the space of eight lines d ble-   lish manner, to which he must look for a dezista~n, (KHoozIsTAN,) Karloon, and Dezphoul,  scription of those places. By adopting this
(DEZFOOL;) the first name being, as regards  plan, it is believed that the correct pronunthe sound of the vowels, German or Italian,  ciation of oriental names will be taught in
the second English, and the third French. On  the simplestand easiest manner; the perplexity and error into which the prevailing
* We have a multitude of words similar in accent, as  inconsistent mode of writing such names has
pr oter, devotion, &c.                     sometimes led even well-informed geograf It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to remark, that Roman
letters are not unfrequently employed in writing and print-  phers, will be avoided; and the apparent
ng German.                                contradictions which are so often met with




INTRODUCTION.                                                 1Z
in our most popular geographical works will  ish, and Persian.  At all events, those best
be accounted for and reconciled.*                      acquainted  with  these  languages  are  not
XIII. In giving the pronunciation of this   unfrequently  at a loss, when they wish to
class of geographical names, to represent the   represent accurately in English the accentuaccent correctly  is the  principal difficulty   ation of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian words.
to be encountered.  Those acquainted with   Nevertheless, it will be found that here, as in
French are aware that this language has no   the French and Hungarian, there is something
accent, in the sense in which we employ the   analogous to our accent, which will generally
term.  The same may be said of the Hunga-   serve to guide us in marking in English the
rian, and perhaps also of the Arabic, Turk-   accentuation  of names in  these languages.
The different syllables of oriental names,
* There can be little doubt, that the practice which pre- o
vails among the English, of writing oriental names after the
manner of other European nations, has sometimes led geo-  unfrequently  pronounced  with  a  stress of
graphers of the highest character into error. Thus Man-   voice so nearly equal, that it has been deemtchoo, the name of a tribe of Tartars inhabiting the north d proper, n a number of instances to use
part of the Chinese empire, is written, by some of the most
respectable authorities, _sMachow. It is probable that in  the  secondary  accents, in  order to  indicate
the first place some English writer or writers spelled it  more precisely the true pronunciation. (See
Maintchou, after the French manner, and that others, sup-   Remarks  on  the  French  accent,  Section
posing it to be English, and wishing to adopt a mode of
spelling less equivocal, wrote it Manchow. It may be, how-  X I.)
ever, that the latter indicates the true pronunciation, and
that the name was originally written correctly Maintchou,
the ou having its genuine English sound; and that some   mind the reader, that the accents which we
English writer, naturally supposing it to be French, (for   often  see upon  oriental names  are by no
many, if not most, of the English appear to prefer the   means to be understood as always indicating
French mode of spelling such names to their own,) without   the manner in which an Englishman should
investigating the subject, converted the name, as they   accentuate these names in pronunciation, as
thought, into English, by writing it Mantchlioo. As Mlan-  they are often employed to denote some partchooria (the country of the Mauntchoos) is rarely visited by   ticular sound in the vowels over which they
Europeans, this question may long remain undecided. At  are placed.  Thus some authors place an acpresent, _Mantchoo appears to have become almost universal.  cent upon a, when they wish merely to sigIn one of the earlier numbers of the Penny Cyclopaedia   nify that this letter has the clear full sound
(article CHINA) we find it written Manchow, but in other   of a in far.  In the same manner, an accent
parts of the work, MMaldshoo, which does not differ mate-  iS placed upon u, in order to show that it has
rially in sound from Nantchoo.                         the Italian  or German  sound, or, in other
Had the English uniformly adopted the practice of writ-   words, is to be pronounced like oo.
ing oriental names according to the sounds of their own   OBS. 2. The sound of a in  several of the
language, it is probable that CA4sux would never have lost   oriental languages is often very broad, apits native sound (K'-b'l) so far as to be generally pronounced   proaching nearly to that of au in English.
by the English and French, Chbool or Cbboul. (See CABOOL,  Hence  we often  see  AFGHAUN  instead  of
in the body of'this work.) It is true that it was formerly   AFGHAN, CAUVERY instead of CAVERY, sdZllaun
written correctly, in English works, Cabul or Cauzbzu; but   instead of sultan, &c. In writing NEPAUL and
the practice of spelling oriental names according to the   BHOPAUL, the improper diphthong ac appears
German or Italian mode is so common among English wri- to be   almost universally   employed  by the
ters, that analogy would naturally lead us to adopt or con-  English.   The  French  indicate  the  same
firm that pronunciation of Cabul, which appears to be now   sound  by using a  with  a  circumflex, e. g.
so thoroughly established. Had it been the uniform prac-  NEPAL, B OPAL  &c.  This method is, pertice of English travellers and geographers to write such   haps preferable to ours the sound of X being
names as Srmul, Dezful, (or Dezphoscl,) according to the    intermediate  between  that in  the  English
intermediate  between  that in  the  English
sounds of their own tongue, viz. Soormool and Dezfool, no   word far and that in fall.
English reader would have thought of pronouncing the u
11                          OBS. 3. The Arabic article al or el is often
in Cabul like oo. The erroneous pronunciation of a single   changed in pronunciation,     as to coiespond
name may, perhaps, justly be regarded as of little moment;       in     on
with the initial consonant of the word to which
but the embarrassment and error into which the prevailing
practice of English writers on geography is continually- itisprefixed; thus, EL-RASHEED,(Rahid,)  Lliable to lead both the ignorant and learned, appear to us   SHAl, (the Arabic name of Syria,) and ELto involve considerations of the highest importance to the   SIOOT, are pronounced, and should be written
interests of geographical science. From a sincere wish to  in English, Er-Rasheed, Esh-Shan, Es-Sioot.
add as much as possible to the utility of the present work,   The vowel sound of the article  also varies
we have had recourse to the system of writing oriental   considerably, sometimes  approaching that of
names which has already been explained. It may be re-  00; thus the "Country of Dates," is usually
marked, that though this system is frequently at variance   pronounced Beled'ol Jer-eed'.  So Es-SioOT
with common usage, it is s.anctioned by the example of the   (or SIOOT, without the article) is sometimes
most distinguished French geographers, as well as of several  written Assyouct and Osioot.
English writers of the highest character.                OBS. 4. G&h, in the Arabic and some other




16                                         INTRODUCTION.
oriental tongues, is not merely a hard g, as   have not attempted to distinguish it in  pro
in the Italian, nor an aspirate like the Ger-   nunciation, having represented it merely by
man ch, as in the Irish language, but a harsh   a hard g.
guttural, bearing  the  same  relation  to  the            OBS. 5. Kh is equivalent to ch in  German,
German ch that g bears to k.  As it has no   and  accordingly has been represented by K,
equivalent in  any  European  language, we   distinguished as a small capital.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION OF THE MORE
IMPORTANT EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.
IT may, perhaps, be proper to remark that                                    DUTCH.
this brief exposition of the peculiar sounds                                      XV.
of the different European languages has been                1. The vowels a, e, i, o, and u are similar to the French.
2. Y is like long i in English, as in nigh.
prepared solely with reference to the pronun-              OBs. Ij is sometimes made use of instead of y; thus, Ov,ciation of foreign geographical names.  The   nRSSE is notunfrequentlywritten Ovesijssel
3. Ae is equivalent to/i& or A.
object has been twofold: first, to enable the               3 Acis equivalentto a or
4. Ie sounds like ee in English.
reader more fully to understand  the system                 5. Oe sounds like oo.
of orthoepy adopted  in this  Gazetteer;  se-               6. Oo sounds like o long.
condly, to furnish some general hints for the               7. i or uy is similar to oi in English, or eu in German.
8. The consonants b, c,f, h, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, x, a,
proper pronunciation of those European names   are similar to the English.
which are not found in the presentwork. Some                9. D, at the end of a word, is like t; in other cases it is
explanation of the kind has been deemed in-   the same as in English.
10. G resembles in sound a strongly aspirated h7, or the
dispensable; and, brief and imperfect as this   Geerman ch.
may be, it is hoped that it will be found to               11. Jis equivalent to the Engli sh y, (consonant.)
answer the particular obj ect proposed.                    12. V, at the beginning of a word or name, usually sounds
likef, as in German.
13. TVW is somewhat like the German, but softer. In the
BOHEMIAN.                            word Nieuw, (" new,") followed by a consonant, as NIEUw[See OBSERVATION at the end of Section XXII.]      POORT, (written also NIEUPOORT,.) it is silent.
14. C/h is similar to the German ch/. (15.) Sc7, however,
DANISH.                            has not, as in German, the sound of the English sh, but
XIV.                            the pure sound of s, followed by the guttural ch, resembling
1. A is pronounced generally as in the English word far,  s7 in English.
though it frequently approaches the sound of a in fat.     OBS. The FLEMIsa    is so closely allied to the Dutch, that it
may be regarded as essentially the same language.
2. E, at the end of an accented syllable, usually has a
sound like that of i in pin; in other cases it is sometimes                   FRENCH.
like e in imet, and sometimes like e in battery.,VI.
3. I is like ee, or like i in/pin.                       1. A, in French, is generally considered to have two
4. O is like the English o.                           sounds: the first long, as in the English word far, e. g. in
5. Uis lilke oo.                                      pas; the second short, almost like a in fat, e. g. in bal. A
6. Yis equivalent to the French u or Gs.              circumfiexed, (0,) however, has a sound broader than the a
7. Aa sounds like o.                                  inpas, being intermediate between that in far and that in
8. Ae sounds like a in fate.                          fall. In giving the pronunciation of French names con9. Ae sounds like ee in English                       taining an d, we have used the same letter, as we have no
10. Oe or b' is the same as in German.                 equivalent in English.
11. The consonants b, c, f, h, k, 1, m, n, p, q, s, t, x, z, are  OBs. The French a would frequently seem to be intermelike the English.                                        diate between its second English sound and that of short u.
12. D, between two vowels, or at the end of a syllable in   However this may be, the French writers often employ a in
spelling oriental names, when the English make use of a,
which. it follows a vowel, sounds like th in this; in other  e. g. in CUTCH, (Fr. Catch;) FURRUCKABAD, (Fr. Fas-rakdbdd;)
situations it is usually the same as in English.         MusKAT, (Fr. Miascate.)
13. G is always hard; at the end of a word it is sounded  2. E has three sounds: (1.) close, like a infate, e. g. in
very slightly, so as to resemble h; e. g. AALBORG is pro-  Ite; (2.) open, nearly as in met, but more prolonged, e. g. in
nounced nearly ol'-bor'h.                                procns and tete;* (3.) obscure, as in battery, e. g. in retou;,
14. J is like the English y, (consonant.)              devrait.t
15. R is similar to the German.
16. V is usually like the English, but it sometimes ap    ~* In pronouncing this sound, the mouth must be freely opened,
whence the name.
pears to have a vowel sound; (hus, havn is pronounced
apearsto haveoauvowel sound; thus, tenon is pronounced      The e in these and similar cases is often scarcely sounded at
almost hasen. a sound similar to the Geraall, and appears to pass imperceptibly into e mute; retour and
17. WF has a sound similar to the German.             deswait may be pronounced r'toor and d'vray.
-~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~du~itmyb  rnucdrto  n'ry




INTRODUCTION.                                                       17
3. I has two sounds: the first nearly as in the English   nant in the middle of a word, they have what "s termed the
word fig, e. g. in it, ami; the second like ie in field, or ee,   nasal sound, which resembles that of ng, as in long, pang,
e. g. in gfte.                                               &c., but is somewhat softer;T thus, m and n are nasal in
4. O has three sounds: (1.) nearly as in robe, e. g. in   such words as coieparer, coNteNte, but have their natural
tr6ne; (2.) as in rob, e. g. in parole; (3.) as in lord, e. g. in   sound in such as commune, connsu. MELUN, before a consocops.                                                      nant, or standing by itself, would be pronounced almost
OBS. 0 circumflexed, in French, has a deeper and fuller   m'luNa; but if followed immediately by a vowel, as in the
sound than o long in English: in giving the pronunciation   sentence, NJelsn a six mille habitans, "Melun has six thouof French names containing this letter, we have used the   sand inhabitants," the final n is sounded distinctly like nn:
same, as no English vowel or vowels could accurately indicrate its sound, e. g. PrVu  DE IDOE, pwee d'deome.         the pronoun sien, when not followed by a vowel, is pronounced nearly se-lNza; but when it takes the feminine
5. The sound of the French u has no equivalent in Eng-, being doubled, has the same sound as
termination, the n, being doubled, has the same sound as
lish. It may be said to be intermediate between ee and oo;   in English, so that sienne is pronounced sen
in English, so that sienne is pronounced se-ennt.
but it can be learned from an oral instructor only. In the
20. M or e, nasal, when preceded by e, usually causes this
present work it is represented by the German i, (or ue.)
nvowel to assume the broad sound of a: thus, dents, sens, are
OBs. U. before e, nasal, has its second English sound   pronounced like the French words dans and sans, almost as
nearly, un being pronounced almost                          if written in English d    and 
if written in English d6No and sONG.
6. Yis similar to the French i.
21. In, im, ain, aim, ein, oin, and en, preceded immediately
7. Ai is like e, or e open.                              by i, when nasal, have a sound nearly resembling that of
8. Aut is like o.                                        ang in the English word pang. In such cases, in, ime, ains,
9. HB is like 8.                                         aint, ein, and en are pronounced alike, aNG; the o in oin has
OBS. In giving the pronunciation of French names in   the sound of our cw, so that loin and soin are pronounced
which ai or ei (not followed by n nasal) occur, e. g. LnO-   almost lwANe, swINe.
ZRAINE, SEINE, &C., we have sometimes represented the sound   22. In om and on, nasal, the o is long, as in won't.
of these diphthongs by A or ai, because this is the usual
mode of anglicizing such names. But with regard to places      OBS. The French nasal sound is represented in the present
less known, ai and ei are rendered by 6, (e in met,) as BAR-   work by NG, and sometimes by N or ai distinguished as a small
TENaEIM, baRt'eh-nem'. In these instances the sound of S   capital, e. g. CHAUMONT, shO'-m6NG'; QUImnPER, kWI'-pAIce'.
should be somewhat prolonged, the mouth at the same
time being freely opened.                                      23. Q or qe, in French, always sounds like Ic, e. g. quel is
pronounced  iel; qui, kee.
10. Ee is similar to the English u in tub, but the sound     O1e. Q, in'rencls words, (except when terminal, as in coq
is more prolonged, nearly resembling u infur.                and cinq,) is always followed by u, though it is sometimes
employed without this letter in writing certain foreign
OBS. Eu, in the different parts of the verb avor, " to have,"   names. Thus Balbi and several other authors, both French
always has the sound of simple u.     Jand English, write Qeni for KENEH; Qoum for KoOM, &c.
11. Ie is like ee in English, or                          In such cases, q is used to denote a sound like that of ic,
but somewhat more guttural.
12. Oi ususally sounds like w, e. g. moi is pronounced
mweA or mwdh.                                                 24. R is like the English, but is trilled more strongly, especially when it precedes another consonant, or stands at
Ons. Oi was formerly used in the termination of the: in similar cases, the
French verbs, e. g. avois, avoit, avoeent; also in the final                                       n smlar cases, the
syllable of a number of adjectives, as Polonois, " Polish,"   English r is but very slightly sounded. This sound is inand Lyonnois, "belonging to Lyons."  The oi in these   dicated by a small capital n.
words-which are now usually written avais, avait, avaient,
Polonais, Lyonnais-sounds like ai, (or e.)                     25. S, when single and between two vowels, sounds like
z: in other cases it is the same as in English.
13. Ou sounds like oo in English.
26. Xgenerally has the same sound as in English, but is
14. B, c,* d, f, k, p, t, v, and z, are thesame as in English.  26. Xgenerally has the same sound as in English, but is
sometimes sounded like s, e. g. in six, pronounced seece, and
15. C, before a, o, and uc, is hard, as in the English word 
Br-ccxelles, (Brussels,) pronounced bri' sell'; and occasionally
gap; before e, i, and yp it is soft, having the sound of zh, or  es ainiise, d         c-e. aindc ol
like z. as in dixfzge,  dee'-ze-ainz/.
of s in pleasure.  Get sounds like g hard; thus, getz, guide,     like      sh in  English: t is ike t.
27. Ch is like sh in English: th is like t.
are pronounced gle, gheed.
16. H is never pronounced in French sgo forcibly as in       28. Gn (the same as in Italian) has a sound which blends
16. H is never pronounced in French so forcibly as in
that of n and y, (consonant,) or, in other words, is equivaEnglish.  Some orthoepists say that h has no sound in,,
lent to the sound of ni in minion. Thus, AVIGNON is proFrench.]'
nounced /-veen'-ytNsa.
17. J sounds like soft g in French, or zhl in English.
18. L has usually the same sound as in English; but          OBS. This sound is represented in Spanish by C, and bears
the same relation to n that the liquid I (1) does to the ordiwhen it ends a word, being preceded by i, or when 11 follows   nary 1. In Hungarian it is expressed by ny, and in Portui, in any situation, it usually has what is called its liquid   guese by nh.
sound. This may be said to answer nearly to the sound of       When it occurs in the middle of a word, we have represented it by n and y, as in the example above given; but
lli in million, the sound of l in such cases being blended   when it stands at the end of a word, as it cannot then be
with that of y, (consonant;) e. g. papillon is pronounced   expressed by any letter or combination of letters in English,
p1'-peePl-y6Ga'; CHANTILLY, sh8Ns-teel'-yee', &c. It should,   it has been indicated by the Spanish g: accordingly, the
French pronunciation of such names as COLOGNE  and Bouhowever, be observed that, according to the present practice   LOGNE are thus given-ko-loio', boo'-lol'.
of the more polite French speakers, the sound of I is scarcely
heard at all in such words, so that their pronunciation might                SILENT  LETTERS.
rather be indicated thus-p'-pee'-y6NG'; sh8NG'-tee'-yee'.
an wenfllwebavoeorwhen u   29. The vowel e at the end of a word, when not marked
19. Mend N, when followed by a vowel, or when double,
with an accent, is invariably mute,  e.g. in pfarle, conhave the same sound as in English; but when at the end
of a word, (not immediately followed by another word be- e
ginning with a vowel,) or when followed by another conso-       In uttering this sound, care should be taken not to press the
b. ack part of the tongue against the palate, as is done in pro* C, with a cedilla, (Q,) before a, o, and u, sounds like s; thus   nouncing the English ng.
va, go, su, are pronounced sa, so, su.                        1 The particles le, ne, and the pronouns je, me, te, &e., are
t See Bolmar's Fables-Remark on the letter hs, page 4.     perhaps, strictly speaking, exceptions; but though the e in
B




18                                             INTRODUCTION.
30. The French consonants, when occurring at the end of       3. I, long, sounds like i in marine, (or ee in English,)
a word, are generally not pronounced, unless they are imme-  i, short, like i in pit.
diately followed by a word beginning with a vowel, e. g. in     4. 0, long, is like that in no; o, short, like that in on.
contenT, Bordeaux, and dents. If, however, they are followed    5. U, long, is like oo in cuckoo; u, short, like oo in good.
by a mute e, or any other vowel, they must always be arti-      6. Ysounds like the German i.
culated, e. g. in contenTe, dente &c.                          7. Ae, or ii, is similar to the German e, or to the English
Ons. 1. The letters c,f, 1, and r are, when final, very often    a in fate.
pronounced; e. g. in avec, neuf, it, andpeenir.                 8. Oe, or U, nearly resembles the eu in French, but has
Gs3s. 2. The French articulate the final consonants in'no parallel sound in English; the sound in our language
almost all foreign and classical names, e. g. in AMSTE RDAnM,
(nm not nasal,) V~NUS, &c.                                   nearest to it is that of e in her, or u in fur: the German
poets often rhyme it with e, (A or 8.)
SRELIMARKS  ON  THE  FRENCH  AC!C(:ENT.                     9. Ue, or i/, is like the French u.
10. Au is equivalent to the English ou in our.
It may be observed that the French language has no ac-       11.      and   resemble in sound the Enlish    as in oi
cent, in the sense in which we employ this term. The
arks caldcnsha repacdoerteifeet             12. Ei and ey have the sound of i in mine, as pronounced
marks called accents, that are placed over the different    y theAerics, (the Enlish dr  the corners of the mouth
by the Americans, (the English draw the corners of the mouth
vowels, serve only to indicate some particular sound of   farther back)
these letters, and not that peculiar impulse of the voice      13. Ai is simiarto the preceding, but somewhat broader.
13. Ai is simllar.to the preceding, but somewhat broader.
which characterizes an accented syllable in the English and
most other European tongues. Thus, the accent over the e       OBS. It may be observed that ai and an, in German, as
in Jpare serves to show that this vowel has its first French    well as in several other languages, are proper diphthongs,
the vowels preserving their distinct and proper sound; thus,
sound, and at the same time distinguishes it from parle,   ai is equivalent to a'-e, and au to i-oo, in English.
another form of the same verb, in which the e is mute. The                     x
circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is placed a     14.  i sounds like oo-e.
longer and deeper sound than ordinary; e. g. in hdte, temrnpt, Xie and15. Ie is equivalent to ee in English.
pete, gate, and alodtre.
It, is commonly said that the French prono  ce all the       16. The consonants f, 7c, 4, m, n,p, q, t, and x are proIt is commonly said that the French pronounce all the
syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that   nounced as in Englbsh.
17. B and d, at the beginning of a word, have the same
they seem, to an English ear, to accentuate the last, because,   sound an Englsh; at the end of a word,   is ponounced
sound as in English; at the end of a word, b is pl'onounced
in our language, the universal tendency is to throw the aclike p, and d like t.
cent toward the beginning of the word. (See IX. obs. 2.)
18. C, before a, o, and u, sounds like kc; before e, i, and y,
Others, on the contrary, maintain that in pronouncing   like is.
words of a number of syllables, the voice of a native French          has a sound unknown in our language, and which,
19. CGh has a sould  unknown in our language, and which,
speaker almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and
ker almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and    consequently, can be learned from an oral instructor only.
that this peculiar terminal intonation is very analogous,
It somewhat resembles that of our h, with a strong aspilraand nearly equivalent, to our accent. This last opinion aption: after a, o, and u, it is guttural; for example, in the
pears to us to be not without a real foundation. But, how-     or
word ach.*  When  it follows e, i, a/, U,/~, A/c, or ezu, it seems
ever the question may be settled, the fact that the English,
to be sounded more in the palate, as in lc.b*:  We have rewho have learned the pronunciation of namres from hearing
presented this sound in the present work by E, distinguished
them spoken by the French themselves, almost invariably
throw  the accent on the final syllable, furnishes, in our
judgment, sufficient ground for establishing a general rule    OBS. Ch, before s, radical, (i. e. forming a part of the root
of the word,) has the sound of Ik; e. g. Ochs is pronounced
on this subject. Accordingly, in the present work, we have,  o0cs; Sachsen, sAk'-sen, &c.
with very few exceptions, placed the principal accent on the
20. G, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in the Englast syllable of French geographical names; at the same time                          
lish word get. In other situations, it should be pronounced
it has been thought proper to mark the others with second-  nearlylikethe German chinwhich cases it is represented by
nearly like the German ch,in which cases it is represented by a
ary accents, in order to prevent them from being pronounced
small capital. (See Section V.) In some German dialects, howtoo slightly or indistinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in English. The pronunciation of  ever, it is sounded, in all cases, nearly like g hard, in English
conted syllables in English. The pronunciation of OnL Sxers,
21. His pronounced only when it begins a word.
for example, has been thus given-oR'-lW-5,~at.
OGs. 1. When g and h occur in the middle of a compound
OBS. Particular care, however, should be taken not to   word, they have the same sound as when they are initial,
break such names into as many isolated sounds as there are   provided they begin any part which is a complete word in
different syllables; but, while pronouncing these syllables   itself; thus, in the participle gegeben, (given,) the latter 
*with a stress of voice nearly equal, to let each glide smoothly   has the same sound as the former, because it begins the
into that which follows it. It may be observed, that the   verb geben, (to give,) from which that participle is derived.
French, in uttering short sentences, usually make the dif-   It is sounded in like manner in anfgeben. (to give up,) and
ferent words run into each other, as if they were parts of   vegeben, (to forgive,) &c. H, in similar instances, is pro
the same word.                                               nounced; e. g. in gehabt, atsfhaltesn, &c.
OBs. 2. Gand h, occurring after a vowel, lengthen its sound;
GERMAN.                               e. g. in hig, Zah7l, Fi'loh, pronounced tlg, ts-l, fi6, &c.
XVII.                                22. J has the sound of the English y, (consonant.)
1. A, in German, usually sounds as in the English word      23. Q is only used before u, and sounds as in the English
far, though sometimes approximating the a in fat.            word quit.
2. E, when long, sounds like a in fate; when short, like   24. R is pronounced like rr in the English word teIrror,
e in net: frequently, however, it has an obscure sound, like   but somewhat more strongly. (See XVI. 24.)
e in battery.
OBS. Care should be taken to pronounce the r, in Germar,
these words is not always absolutely mute, it is very often so;
thus, the sentence vous me trouverez le se/me, is pronounced   * Those who have no opportunity of acquiring this souni
voosc troov rel zmamne, the vowel in me and ne being entirely   from a German, might perhaps learn it from a Scotchmas,:s
suppressed, and the consonants attached to the preceding   the Scotch ch is essentially the same with the German, thougli
words.                                                      pronounced somewhat more strongly.




INTRODUCTION.                                                       19
distinctly and forcibly. In such words as berg and wertih,
the learner should be particularly on his guard against al-.
lowing the e to become like short u, as in similar words in                            XIX.
English. The e, in such cases, should have the same sound       1.    unaccented is like o in not  with an accent () it
as in our word merit, so that berg should be pronounced           
almost as if written bairg, (not burg;) wedth, as wairt, (not   has the sound of a infor, and is always long; tnus, Aba
wart,) but somewhat shorter.                                Uj-var, the name of a town, is pronounced ob-6h oo-e vaR.
2. E, unaccented, is like e in met; with an accent, (6,)9
25. S, at the beginning of a word, or between two vowels,
it has a sound intermediate between e in net and i in pit,:s like z; in other cases it is sharp, as in this. Ss is always
but more prolonged.
sharp.                                                         3. I, and y when a vowel, are similar to e in me, or i in
26. Sch sounds like the English sh; sz like ss.
1fig.
27. Thi is pronounced like t, as in most other languages.    4    -
28. Vounds like in English except when between  4. 0, without an accent, is the same as in English; when
28. Vsounds likef in English, except when between two
accented, (6,)* it has a longer and deeper sound.
vowels; it is then usually pronounced like our v.
5. U, without an accent, is like oo in English; with the
29. TWresembles our v, but in pronouncing it the upper
accent, (fz,)* its sound is fuller and deeper.
teeth should not be allowed to touch the lower lip, as is   accent, (o) its sound is fnller and deeper.
6. Oe or / and i, are the same as in German.
done in uttering the English v. This sound is indicated by
a w markedthus, Z.                       y       7. The consonants b, c, f, h, k, 1, m, n, p, t, v, z, are like
a w marked thus,'.
30. Z and tx sould like ts.
8. C is not used without being joined with some other
OBS. No general rule can be given for the accent of German   consonant; cs is sounded like ch in English; cz like ts.
words or names: it may be remarked, however, that the           9.    except when followed byj or y is always hard, as
penultimate accent occurs much less frequently than in the
Spanish or Italian languages.                               in the English word get. Gh sounds like a simple g.
10. J is usually like e in English; uj is pronounced oo-e.
Dj and gj are equivalent to dy and gy, and tj to ty. (See 16,
GREEK, (MODERN.)                             17, and 20 of this Section.)
11. R is like the German; in other words, is to be trilled
more strongly than the English.
1. A a (alpha) is like a in far.                            12. S is like the English sh.
2. E ~ (epsilon) is like a in fate.                         13. Sc is like s sharp, or ss.
3. tH e (eta) is like ee in English.                        14. Ts is equivalent to cs, or chl in English.
4. I t (iota) is like c in me, or i in pin.                 15. Tz is like cz, or ts in English.
5. O o (omicron) is like o in English.                      16. Y, in Hungarian, is nearly always a consonant. When
6. Y v (upsilon) is nearly like the French u, (or iL.)   it follows d, g 1, n, and t, it seems to be blended with these
7. i o (omega) is like o in English, there being no dif-  letters, so as to form but one consonant sound.
ference between this and oneicron in prose; in poetry c is    17. Dy and gy are alike. Mlagyar is pronounced m6d-ybr,.
longer.                                                       18. /Ly is like I in Spanish, or lli in the English word
8. AL is like a in fate.                                 million.  VAserhely is pronounced in three syllables9. Et and or sound like ee in English.                   v&-shhR-h1T.
10. Ov is like our oo.                                       19. Ny is like the Spanish /, or ni in minion. MArtony
11. B S (b6ta) is like v in English.                      is pronounced in two syllables —mAR-toi.
12. I' y (gamma) is like g hard, as in get.                  20. Ty approximates the sound of our ch, bearing the scame
13. A d (delta) is like th in this.                        relation to t that dy does to d.
14. Z r (zeta) is like the English z.                        21. Zs sounds like the Frenchj, or zh in English.
15. e0    (theta) is like th in thin.                        OBS. The Hungarian language cannot be said to have any
16. K K (kappa) is like k.                                accent, in the sense in which we employ this term: the syllables of words, however, are distinguished fiom each other
17. A A (lambda) is like 1.                                by quantity. As quantity in Latin and Greek is converted
18. I ja (mu) is like m.                                   into accent by the usage of English pronunciation, so, in
giving Hungarian names, we have aimed to place, as ftlr as
19. N v (nu) is like Vt.                                  practicable, the accent according to the quantity: e.g., Cson20. B [ (xi) is like x.                                   grld, chon'grAdl; or else according to the mode adopted
21. II -r (pi) is usually like the English p  but after p, (m)  with regard to French names-that of placing the accent
(with few exceptions) on every syllable. This plan, though
it is like b; e. g. E'tiropoS is pronounced cra'be-res.     perhaps open to some objections, has appeared to be, on the
22. P p (rho) is similar to the German r.                 whole, the best that can be adopted.
23. 2 a C (sigma) is like the English s.
24. T 7 (tau) is usually like the English t; after v, (n,)
however, it is sounded like d; e g. ivrdg is pronounced                            ITALIAN.
en-dos'.
25. I v, (consonant,) when before a vowel, or the liquids    1.
25. Y v, (consonant,);hen before a vop el, or tde liquids   1. A, in Italian, is like the English a in far, though its
mI,,,,,is like our vt; e.hr. ac w   is proouced v-      sound varies somewhat in different situations.f
ao5s, &v-los', av'ptov, &v-re-on: in other cases it is likef;
e. g. nAtCsxaelJ  (Lencadia) is pronounced lef-k~a-THee'.      z The peculiarity of these sounds cannot be indicated by Eng26. el el (phi) is equivalent to ourf.                    lish letters; in giving the pronunciation of Hungarian names,
27. X % (chi) is similar to ch in German.                  we have merely distinguished them as being long.
28. I 4' (psi) is lilkeps in English.                       t There are a number of niceties in Italian pronunciation,
which, however interesting to a thorough linguist, cannot proOBS. Recently it has become the practice to give all, or
nearly all, the islands, towns, &Kc. of modern Greece, their   perly be noticed in a work like the present. The difficulty of
ancient names; and it is probable that at no distant period   giving a brief, and, at the same time, a satisfactory exposition
such modern corruptions as Theat7i for Ithaca, Scio for Chios,  of the principles of this language, is increased by the existence
may be regarded as obsolete. But? as the modern names are   of different dialects in different parts of Italy.  It has been
employed in nearly all our books on geography, and in the
writings of the English travellers and poets, it has been
thought proper in a work like the present, which is intended    principles of pronunciation which appear to be recognised by
for popular use, to assign to them their accustomed place.    the Italians generally.




20                                             INTRODUCTION.
2. E has two sounds: (1.) close, as a in fate; (2.) open,                    NORWEGIAN.
like e in met.
3. Iis like e in me, or i infig.                                                    XXI.
4. 0 has two sounds: (1.) close, as in note; (2.) pen, i-   As a written language, the Norwegian may be said to be
milar to o in not, but rather broader.                       identical with the Danish, since not only the grammar, but,
5. Uis like oo in English.                                with very few exceptions, the words of both, are precisely
6. Ai and au, in Italian, are pro2per diphthongs. (See   the same.  In pronunciation, however, the Norwegians
XVII. 13, Obs.) Accordingly, CAIRO is to be pronounced    differ widely from the Danes, while these, again, differ conkI'-ro, and AusA., ow'-s&r, &c.                              siderably among themselves. Under Section XIV. we have
7.- The consonants, d, f, 1, m,, p, q, s, t, and v are simi-   given the elements of Danish pronunciation, as the language
lar to the English..    is spoken by the educated classes in Copenhagen. The principal points of difference between this and the Norwegian
Os. K, w, x, and y are not used by the Italians, except
in spelling foreign names.                                   appear to be the following: (1.) d, in the latter tongue,
always has its proper sound, while in the Danish it is often
8. Cand cc, before ac o, and u, are sounded like k; before   pronounced like the English thc; (2.) g, at the end of a word,
e, i, and y, like ch or tsh.                                 in Norwegian, is to be sounded distinctly as g hard in English; (3.) o, ending a syllable, is pronounced like our oo;
OBs. Cc should be pronounced more strongly than a single
c. This remark will apply to all double letters in Italian, as   (4.) e, at the end of a word, always retains its distinct sound;
well as in most other languages.                             thus, ODENSE would be pronounced oo'-den-sSh/, and not
9. As c, when immediately before a, o, or u, is never pro-   o-den-seh, as in Danish.
nounced like ch, in order to express this sound in such
cases, the vowel i is inserted; thus, -cia, cio, ciu, are pro-                      POLISH.
nounced cht, cho, choo. (See table at the end of this Sec-                             XXII
tion.)                                                          1. A sounds as a in the English wordfar.
10. Ch7 is employed to express the sound of k before e        2,  
2. E, without an accent, like e in met; with an accent,
~~~~~~~~and z.~~~(i,) like a infate.
11. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word    3. las;ine.
3.  / as in marine.
get; before e, i, and y, it sounds like the English j: gia, gio,
4. O, unaccented, as in note; with an accent, like oo in
gie, are pronounced ja,jo, joo. (See table at the end of this   good, or 00.
Section.)                                                       5. U is like oo in moon.
12. Gh is used to express the sound of hard g, before e
12.      is used to express the sound of hard g, before  6. Yresembles e in see, but is more guttural, being simiand i.
di.r to i in pin.
13. /li has the sound of the liquid 1, (i,) or of Wli in million;
7. The consonants b, df, g, (always hard,) h; i, I, m, s,
thus, BOGLIo is pronounced bole'-yo, or bol'yo.
14s, oGa has thersamensound   asinFrench;or,,oinother   p, s, (always sharp,) t and z, are essentially the same as in
14. Gn has the same sound as in French; o, in other   English
English.
words, is like the Spanish?t; e. g. BOLOGNA is pronounced
8. C in all cases, even before a or o, sounds like ts in Engbo-lsn'yt', (bo-lone'-y.')                                  lish; cz is equivalent to our ct; ch7 is like the German ch.
15. His never sounded in Italian.
9. J is like the German, being equivalent to y, (conso16. J. at the beginning of a syllable, is like the English y, nant.)
(consonant;) at the end of a word it is equivalent to ii,      10. R is like the German.
(Italian.)                                                     11. W is similar to the German, resembling our v.
17. X resembles the French, but is trilled somewhat more
12. N, with an accent over it, (n',) sounds like the Spastrongly. (See XVI. 24.)                                     nish
18. &S, before e and i, is like the English sih; e. g. ScIo is
13. S. marked in a similar manner, (s',) has a sound blendpronounced Shee%-o.
~~pronon~~unced  S~hc~.                      ing that of s and y, (consonant.)  Sic' has a sound which
19. Z commonly has the sound of dz in English; zz is pro-        t 
cannot be given in English: its nearest approximation in
nounced like ts.
our language is sts.
The following table will perhaps enable the reader more      14. & is equivalent to sh in English.
readily to understand the mode in which c and ch, g and gh     15. Z, with a point over it, is like the French j, or zh in
are employed by the Italians:                                English.
ca is pronounced ki.        ga is pronounced gA.           16. Z, with an accent (z',) is somewhat similar to the
che.................. kA.  _ghe.........1......... g  above, but has no equivalent in our language.
chi..................ke.   ghi.................ghe.      OBS. 1. The accent in Polish words or names of more than
co.....        ko.        go                           one syllable, is always on the penultima. In Russian, how-...................o..     go.ever, it is almost always on the last syllable.
cu.................. koo.  gu..................goo.      Os. 2. The sounds of the letters in Slavonian, Bohemian,
cia............chit.       gia.................. jA    and Illyrian correspond, with very slight exceptions, to
ce.................. c.  ge..................       those of the Polish language.
ci.................. che.  gi..................je.
cio.................. cho.  gio.......     jo.   -                        PORTUGUESE.
ciu..c................hoo.  gin..................joo.
XXIII.
OBS. 1. In Italian, the accent of words ending in a vowel    1. The vowels a, e, i, o, u, and y, and the diphthongs ai,
is usually on the penultima; but to this general rule there   a, a, are essentially the same as in Spanish.
*sre many exceptions.                                        ay, au,* are essentially the same as in Spanish.
aire many exceptions.
OBs. 2. It may be observed that, in consequence of the posi-  2. AO is pronounced almost owng.
tion of Italy, and its former extensive and intimate com-       3. The consonants b, d,f, 1, m, n, p, s, t, v, and z are simimercial relations with the Levant, a great number of the
geographical names of Greece, Syria, and Egypt, as well as   lar to the English.
many of those along the southern shore-of the Mediterranean, are writtenr in the Italian mode, and should be pronounced according to the principles of this language; e. g.   * Ei and ey are almost the same as in Spanish, but have a
0ORFU, TRIPOLIZZA. SCIo, JAFFA, CAIRO, &C.                  sound sometimes approaching to the English long i.




INTRODUCTION.                                                       21
4.'is the same as in French, differing from the English    11. H, in Spanish, is never pronounced, except in words
only by sometimes having the cedilla.                        beginning with hue, and then very slightly.
5. Ch is the same as in French; or, in other words, is      12. J: for this letter, see 9 and 18 of this Section.
like our s7h.                                                  13. Ul (now sometimes written 1) has a sound which com6. G and j are the same as in French. (See XVI. 15 and   bines that of 1 and y, (consonant,) and is similar to the liquid
17.)                                                        1 in French; e. g. villa or viia is pronounced veel'-y&; LLE7. H;, in Portuguese, is always silent. When, however,  nENA, lyA-rA'-n.
it follows l or n, it renders these letters liquid; thus, filho  14. N;, in similar manner, unites the sounds of n and y, and
(son) is pronounced feel-yo; senhora, (lady,) sane-yo'-rA, &c.  is like gn in French; thus, pesa is pronounced ppn'y&, or
8. A, frequently, and n, sometimes, has a nasal sound.   pAnetyg.
Sam, like slo, is pronounced almost soung; alem or alen       15. Q, in Spanish, is always followed by u.  Qu, before a
sounds like &-leng'.                                        and o, is sounded as in English, or, in other words, is equiva9. Qu is pronounced as in French, the u in this case not   lent to kw; before e and i, it is pronounced like k, unless the
being sounded.                                              u be marked with a direresis, in which case it is like kw. (See
10. R is like the French. (See XVI. 24.)                  table at the end of this Section.)
11. Xis sounded like ch in Portuguese, or sh in English.    16. R is similar to the French, but is trilled more strongly.
Ons. In Portuguese, the general rules of accentuation are   (See XVI. 24.)
similar to those in the Spanish language. (See XXIV. Obs. 1.)    17. T is to be pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue
against the upper teeth,
RUSSIAN.                                18. X is usually sounded like the Spanish j, which letter,
As the Russians neither employ Roman characters, nor   according to the present mode of spelling, has been genethose which can be readily converted into corresponding   rally substituted for it; thus, instead of the old spelling,
Roman letters, we have, in writing the geographical names   XIMENES, XUCAR, &c., we now see Jimenes, Jucar, &c.- I,
of Russia, followed the mode adopted with respect to orion-  before a consonant, or before a vowel marked with this
tal names. (See XI. and XII.; also, XXII. Obs. 1.)          sign ^, is sounded as in English: Example —Exterior
Exdmsinar.
SPANISH.                                19. z is to be pronounced like th in thin.
XXIV.                                The following table may serve to show more clearly the
1. The Spanish a sounds as in the English wordfar; e   manner in which c, g, j, q, x, and z are used in Spanish.
like a in ale; i like e in mete; o as in English; u like oo; a -   is pronounced ki.    cua or qua is pronounced quA.
and y lilke Spanish i.                                      que.........k....... kA.   cue or qUe................... quA.
2. Ai and ay are like long i in English. Azs sounds like o    qi................... ke.   cui or qi........ que.
in our. (See XVII. 13, Obs.) Ei and ey are pronounced       co -.........     o.   cu  or quo...........-e...... quo.
3. The consonants f, 1, (single,) m, n, p, s, t, and v are pro-  cu-................... koo.
nounced nearly as in English.                               ga      is pronounced ga.   gua is pronounced gw& or wA.
4. B, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in English;  gue....................    ge.           g   or w.
but when between two vowels, its sound somewhat regut...................ghe.  gut................... gwe or we.
sembles that of v, but with this difference —v is pronounced
go................... go.  guo................... gwo or wo.
with the upper teeth placed against the under lip, while the
sound of the Spanish b is formed by bringing the lips loosely
or feebly into contact. This sound seems to be between  ja or xa- is pron'ced.   as -           is pronounced thi.
that of b and the English w. It is represented by B or v.    je, xe, orge.............. H.    e or ce..... t..........
5. C, before a, o, and u, is pronounced as in English;  ji, xi, or gi.............. He.   zi or ci................... the.
before e and i, it has the sound of th in the word thin. In  jo or xo -............... o.  zo -............... tho.
the Catalan dialect it is the same as in English.           ju or xu............... H.  zu-............. thoo.
6. Ch has the same sound as in English, except in the      OBs. 1. Spanish words or names ending in a consonant.
dialect of Catalonia, where it is pronounced like 7.        have the accent almost always on the last syllable: those
ending in a vowel are generally accentuated on  the
7., at the beginning of a word, is sounded nearly as in   penultima. If a word or name be an exception to either of
English, but is pronounced with the tip of the tongue  these rules, in correctly printed Spanish works the accent is
against the upper teeth, while in pronouncing the English   usually marked; as, C6RDOVA, ALCA, JtCAR, CiCaaES.  It
should be observed that the s in the plural does not change
d, the tongue is made to touch the roof of the mouth. At  theaccent; hence, casas, "houses," though ending in a consothe end of a syllable, or between two vowels, d, in Spanish,  nant, has the penultimate accent as well as casa, " a house."
sounds like the English th in this, but is somewhat softer.    Ons. 2. The Spanish language, as spoken in Mexico and
South America, differs in some points materially firom the
This sound is usually represented, in the present work, by   true Spanish. Thus, z (and c, before e and i) instead of
a small capital D.                                          having the sound of th, are generally pronounced like s.
Among the uneducated classes, II is universally sounded
8. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in English.        l      t
like y; thus, gallo is pronounced almost gilyo.
9. G, before e and i, and j before every vowel, are pronounced like a strong guttural h, similar to the German ch
SWEDISHI
in ach. This sound is indicated by H, distinguished as a
small capital.                                                                         XXV.
10. Gua and guo sound somewhat like gwil, gwo, but the        1. The vowel a, e, i, a, and h are similar to the German.
g is so soft that it is scarcely perceived; so that in these    2. 1 sounds like the English o. LuleA is pronounced
cases the sound of gu seems to approximate very nearly to  lool.-5; Torned, tortnSA-, &c.
that of the English w. Gu, before e and i, is usually sounded   3. 0. at the end of a syllable, is like our oo; in other
like g hard; thus, GUIANA is pronounced ghe-A'ni.  When,   cases, like o in not.
however, the u is marked with a dioeresis, thus, giii, these   4. UT appears to blend the sounds of short e and of oo,
two letters have the same sound as when before a or o, and   being somewhat similar to'-oo. It has been represented,
consequently giii is pronounced gwe or we. (See table at the   in the present work, by oo, this sound being the nearest to
end of this Section.)                                       it of any in our language.
__




22                                            INTRODUCTION.
5. Yis the same as in Danish; or, in other words, is simi-   The English word sundry will serve to exemplify its sound,
lar to the French u.                                        both in the penultima and ultima.
6. The Swedish consonants are, for the most part, pronounced like the English, with the exception of j, and g,
C~   s,,~~~~ ~  Ai sounds like long Z in English; ca wlike ow, as in now;.
(before e, i, d, 6, and ii,) which are equivalent to y consonant,,uw, like e-oo or u, &C;
and of z, which sounds like ts.
7. Kj sounds like the Englis ch in child; thus, Kjuping     9. The consonants b, d, h, 7c, 1,s, n, p, r, s, t, are the same
(written, also, simply KpTinsg) is pronounced Chlop'-ing.   as in English.
10. C is always hard, like 7c.
11. F (single) is like our v.
WELSH.                                 12. G is always hard, as in get.
13. Ch/ is similar to the German ch, or to the Greek X.
XXVI.                                14. Dd has the sound of th in this.
1. A. is pronounced as in the English word far, and        15. f is like the Englishf.
sometimes as infat. When circumflexed, it has the same        16. LI is I aspirated, and has no equivalent in English.
sound as infarte.                                           It bears a resemblance (though somewhat remote) to the
2. E sounds as in met; when circumflexed, as in bear,   sound of t7d. "It is pronounced by fixing the tip of the
fele.                                                        tongue to the roof of the mouth, and breathing forcibly
3. Isounds as infig or marine.                           through the jaw-teeth on both sides, but more on the right,
4. 0, with an acute accent, as o in gone; when circum-   as if written in English llh."  This sound (except at the beflexed, as in note.                                          ginning of names) is usually anglicized by thl: e.g. LLANELLY
5. U has the sound of i in pin; circumfiexed, as ee in   lan-ethllee, LLANGOLLETN, laan-gothllen, &c.
seen.-                                                         17. Ph is the same as in English, or likef.
6. W sounds like the English oo.                            18. Th, in Welsh, is the same as in the English words
7. Y, in the penultima or antepenultima, has the sound   thin, meouth, &c.
of u2 in fur or tab; in the final syllable, or in a monosyl-   OBs. The accent, in all Welsh words, is either on the pelable, it sounds as in pin; when circumfiexed, it is like ee.   nultimaor onthe last syllable-never on the antepenultima..,~~~~~~~~~~~~..~~~nutm o r                    o           n the last.,,,  s y llable — never o the  anepennlima.



ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
A VERY few  abbreviations (those only which are  sanctioned by general usage) are employed in
the descriptive portion of this Gazetteer.   They are as follow-:E....................... east or eastern.                  co. or cos................. county or counties.
N.................... north or northern.                   lat................... latitude.
S......................... south or southern                 ion.................. longitude..
W............w........ est or western.                        P. orPop............, Population.
The following abbreviations relate to pronunciation, &c.:
Adj................................Adjective.                 u Int....... Introduction.
anc.................................. anciently.             It...............................  Italian.
Arab., Ar................................  c.              L..................................  Latin.
Arab.................................. Arabic.
Dan..................................Danish.                   ort................................ Portuguese.
OFr.................................French.                 pron................................ pronunciation.
FGer...  Geron..................................  eRussiann.
Ger.................................. German.
Gr. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I Grees. Sp.......................Sp.. Spanish.
Hun.Hungarian.un~~~~~S...T................. Sedish.
Hun..................................    Hungarian.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~inhab~~~Tu........... Tuk............................... Turkish.
inhab..................................inhabitant.
To avoid a repetition of the same name, an ellipsis like the following is frequently employed:'LEEDS, a town of England, county, and 23 miles W.S  W.  of York;" meaning, "in the county of
York, and 23 miles W.S.W. of the city of York."
SIGNS, ETC. RELATING TO ORTIHOEPY.
A has five sounds, represented as follows:                     ii is like the French u, being intermediate between ee and
a as a in fate, fable, &c.                                   oo. (XIX. 5.)
A as a inffatlier, far, or in the last syllable of mama.       D, (small capital,) in the pronunciation of a name, indi.
A as a in fall, all, being equal to aw.                      cates that its sound is nearly similar to Tn in this.
I as a in hat, fat, &c.                                        G and K (small capitals) indicate the sound of the German
a, obscure, as in organ, oval.                               ch, or one similar to it. (V. and XX. 19, 20.)
ah is used to denote a sound intermediate between & and        H (small capital) has a sound nearly similar to the preA, as al-a-bahlma.                                             ceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h.
l (I liquid) is to be pronounced like Ill in million: it blends
E has three sounds:
~~~E has three sounds:                        the sounds of I and y consonant. (XXIV. 13.)
6 (or simple e, when it ends a syllable) as e in me.                      the sounds of'  in like manner blends the sounds of n and y consonant.
o as           e in ntet, merray.  l                           M and N (small capitals) and Na are nasal, being similar in
e, obscure, as e in berthsravel.                            sound to ng. (XVI. 19.)
I has three sounds:                                            R (small capital) has the sound of c2 in terror. (XVI. 24.)
as i in pine, mine.                                          v (small capital) indicates the sound of the French ecu. I1 t
I or 1 as i in pin, pit,                                     is pronounced nearly as u in tub or in fur.
], obscure, as infirm, evil.                              ~I   indicates a sound similar to our v.
O has three sounds:                                            Yand ey, at the end of an unaccented syllable, sound
6 (or simple o, when ending a syllable) as o.in note, no.    like e in me.
o as o in not, hot, &c.                                        Ai and ay are considered to be equivalent to a in fate.
o, obscure, as in sermon, hacbor.                              Ass and aw have the sound of a in fall.
Uhas two sounds:                                              ie'e indicates a sound similar to i in pit or in the first sylu (or u, ending a syllable) as u in tube, hue.able of spirit.
w or ous, as in now or our.
G,   is employed in pronunciation for g hard, before e and i.
Th has two sounds:
th as in thin.                                                 Sometimes different modes are adopted to indicate the
Tr (small capitals) as in this.                              same sound; e. g. ee instead of e or e. The object has been
i has a sound similar to the French eca, or nearly like   to mark the true pronunciation in a manner most likely
that of e in her. It may be anglicized by e. (See Intro-   to be clearly understood.  This is believed to be of more
duction, XVII. 8.)                                            importance than absolute uniformity.
23




24                               EXPLANATIONS, ETC.
D~F The primary or principal accent in any name is marked thus (/); the secondary thus (\);
as, PAS\SAMAQUOD/ DY.
v&  When the right or left bank of a river is spoken of, the speaker or reader is supposed to be
looking down the stream, or in other words, going with the current.
When two or more names with the same spelling occur in succession, and the pronunciation of
the first only is given, it is intended, as a general rule, that all shall be pronounced alike.
The pronunciation of a name is distinguished from the name itself by its NOT beginning with a capital.
When, immediately after a name, there occurs one or. more names in capitals, or beginning with a
capital, enclosed in a parenthesis, these are to be understood as different modes of writing the first;
but if the word enclosed begins with a small letter, it is merely the pronunciation of the first name.
&        Every letter, or combination of letters, occurring in the pronunciation of a word or name, is
to be pronounced with its proper English sound; for example, g must be hard, as in get, give, soft
g being always represented in the pronunciation by j; ch must be sounded as in chill, choose, &c.,
and NEVER as sh.
In the pronunciation of foreign European names, care should be taken not to allow i to fall into
the third or broad sound of this vowel-an error to which American and English speakers are very
prone. It would be much less a fault, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It should,
however, be observed that a preceding the nasal NG in French is usually broad, almost like o in not.
(See Introduction, XVI. 19 and 20.)
When e or o end a syllable in the pronunciation of a word, they are always to be pronounced
distinctly with their first sound, (as in me or no.)
O marked long, (5,) though often employed in English names in order to show merely that this
letter has it first sound, when it occurs in the pronunciation of foireign words or names, always indicates that the sound of the vowel is to be prolonged.  In like manner, 5 indicates that this letter has
a sound like o in not, to be pronounced distinctly, but very short.
The sound of u before a vowel, in Spanish words, is usually represented by w. Thus, nuevo is
pronounced nwa/vo, which is nearly equivalent to noo-a/vo.  In Italian, the u before a vowel appears
to be sounded more distinctly: accordingly, we have indicated the pronunciation of nuovo, duomno,
by noo-o/vo, doo-o/mo. In these cases, noo-o and doo-o are to be pronounced almost in one syllable.
Persons who have not had considerable practice, are frequently at a loss to understand the pronunciation of names, as indicated by letters and accents. In determining the pronunciation of a
difficult name, it is important, first, to sound the separate syllables distinctly, going over the word
cCAREFULLY several times; and, lastly, to pronounce the whole name continuously and smoothly,
without separating the syllables at all, at the same time taking care to sound, with the proper force
and fulness, those which are marked with accents.
It is believed that the inexperienced will be materially aided in acquiring the art of reading pronunciations, by seeing the same pronunciation expressed in two or three different modes, as exhibited in the following examples:Alameda-ah-lah mayldah, or A-l-matd.          Nueva-noo-ayrvah, noo-viA, nwaytvah, or nwAtva.
Nevada-nay-vahtdah, or nA-vfd.'Nuovo-noo-olvo, nwo'vo, or noo-6/v&.
Apache —ah-pahtchay, A-plcha, or t-pAtchfl    Chiana-ke-Afng, ky nAt, or ke-ahlnah.
America —ah-merfre-kdUh, or A-mlrte-ka.       Lacchiarella-l,-ke-i-rAlfll or lAk-yA-rl/1lah.
Canada-kantuh-dHih, or ktnla-d%.              Argenti1re-azlizh6SGate-aia, arlzhiAG'tyAar, or ar'zh6Na'Chihuahua-che-wlwwA, tchee- wtw, or chee-wah!wah.  te-airl.
Chiquitos-chee-kee/toce, or che-keeftts.      Juan (Sp. pron.) —roo-An! or Hwan.
Lanching-ltn-ching/ or I&n-tcheel/.           Joao-zho-V/6a, zho-6wNGI, zho-ahlooN, zhw6wNG, zhw6NI.
In the above examples, each of the several pronunciations of a name are intended to convey
nearly the same sound. In Alameda, Nevada, Apache, &c., the pronunciation is given at first
without figured vowels; by comparing this with the second, the pupil will more readily understand the signification of the figured vowels.
In the second list, Nueva, Nuovo, &c., noo-A-, noo-o-, ke-a-, la-ke-A —, and -te-aiR are
to be pronounced almost like nwA, nwo, kya, la'k-yaa, and tyaiR respectively.  Were the first
pronunciation only given, the reader might be in danger of separating the syllables (noo —A-,
ke-A, &c.) too much; if only the latter, he might not sound them with sufficient distinctness,
the true pronunciation being between the two. To one, however, at all acquainted with the
languages to which those names belong, either mode of representation would be quite sufficient
to indicate the proper pronunciation.




PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER
OF TIlE
Ffte, far, fll, tat, mi, mit, pine or pine, pill, n, not; a, equivalent to A&, or A long; oo, as in moon; *t, as in good; 6w, as
in now; a   e, short and indistinct; gh is equivalent to g hard; N nasal, as in won't.-See EXPLANATIONs on page 23.
AA                                                     ABA
A, Ai, a contraction of the old German Ahha, and the  a canton of Switzerland, bounded by the cantons of Zurich.
same with Aac7h or Aich, signifies "flowing water."  It Zug, Lucerne, Bern, Soleure. Basel, and the Rhine. which seprobably has the same root with the Latin Aqua. (See AIx- parates it from Baden. Area, 503 square miles. Pop. in 1850,
L.-CIHAPELLE.) AA is the name of a multitude of little streams 199,720, 107,194 being Protestants-91,096  Roman Catholics.
in Germany, Netherlands, France, &c., the principal of which  Surface undulating, and traversed by the Aar, Reuss, and
are the following:                                         Limmat. Soil well cultivated. Vineyards extensive.  PrinAA, AA or A, an affluent of the Ems, which it joins at cipal manufactures, cottons, silks, and linens woven by hand;
Miinster.                                                 these, with straw hats, cattle, cheese, land corn, form the
AA, a river of European Russia, government of Livonia, chief exports. The name, which is German, signifies the
flowing W. into the gulf of Riga.                          "country or district of the Aar."  Capital, Aarau..
AA, a river of France, department Nord, flowing into the    AARIIUUS, onfhooce, a seaport-town of Denmlark, North
North Sea near Gravelines.                                Jutland, on the Cattegat, at the mouth of the Molle-Aue, 37
AA, a river of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, forms the  miles S.E. of Viborg. Lat. 56~0 9' 27" N., ion. 100 12' 46" E.
lakes of Baldegg and Hallwyl, and joins the Aar below  Pop. 8000. It has a cathedral, a lyceum, museum. and
Aarau.                                                     library, various manufactures, and a regular steani-communiAA, a river of Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, traverses  cation with Kallundborg and Copenhagen: 49 vessels belong
the lakes of Lungern and Sarnen, and -falls into the Lake  to its port.
of Four Cantons near Alpnach.                                AARLANDERVEEN,?JIn-der-vaint, a town ofthe NetherAA, a river of Holland, in Brabant, passes Helmond, and  lands, province of South Holland, 17 miles S.S.E. of Haarlem.
joins the Dommel at Bois-le-Duc.                           Pop. 2688.
AACII, AK, a small town of Baden, 15 miles N.E. of Schaff-    AARLE, Rnl.eh, a village of the Netherlands, province of
hausen, on the river of the same name, which falls into Lake  North Brabant, on the Aa, 18 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc.
Constance.                                                   AAROE, (Aarse,) 61rl'eh, a small island of Denmark,
AACHIEN, Il'en. See AIX-LA-CHAPELTEX.                    Sleswick. in the Little Belt, 10 miles E. of IIadersleben.
AAGARD, 0!gaRd, a village of Denmark, North Jutland, 25  Opposite the island, on the E. coast of Sleswick, is AAROEmiles W.N.W. of Aalborg, celebrated for the battle of St. SUND, (Aaroesund,) otrd'eh-soondl, a post and ferry station,
Jiirgens Berg, A.D. 1441.                                 with steam-communication between Sleswick and Funen.
AAKIRKEBY, o-kler/keh-bi', a town of Denmark, island    AARON, a peninsula of France. See SAINT iVALO.
of Bornholm, near the S. coast, with a church built of black    AAIRONS-BURG, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania,
marble, quarried in its vicinity.                         on an affluent of Penn's creek, 89 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg.
AAL, ol or aul, a town of Norway, on the Ustedal, 120 miles   AARONSBURG, a post-office of Clinton co., New York.
N.W. of Bergen.                                             AARON'S RUN, a post-office of Mont(gomery co., Kentucky.
AALBORG, ol/boRc, i. e. "Eel Castle," (L. Albeurfucnm,)a city    ARWANGEN, &-Rt'ng-en, a village of Switzerland, on the
and seaport of Denmark, province of Jutland, on the S. shore  Aar, 24 miles N.N.E. of Bern.
of the Lymfiord, near its mouth in the Cattegat. Lat. 570 2'   AAS, as, a village of France,Basses-Pyrin6es,S.E. of Ol0ron.
46" N.; Ion. 90 55' 38" E. Pop. 7500. It has a school of ina- Frequented for its baths and mineral waters.
vigation, with manufactories, and a large herring fishery.   AASY, EL, a river of Syria.  See ORONTEs.
From 400 to 500 vessels annually enter its harbor.  Aal-   AATH. See ATIm.
borg is in direct communication by steam and packet-boats    AATYL, or ATIL, Sctll, a town of Syria, pashalic of Damaswith Copenhagen; 74 vessels, including 2 steamers, belong  cus; with extensive ruins. Population chiefly Druses.
to its port.                                                ABABDE, S-bibhdeh, or SHIEIK ABADEH, shlik 5-b,/deh,
AALEN, alen, a fortified town of Wdirtemberg, on the Ko- a village of Middle Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 8 miles
cher, 40 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2800.                 S. of Benni 1assan. Lat. 270~ 43' N.; Ion. 300~ 57 E. Near it
AALESUND, alleh-soond', (i. e. e" Eel Sound,") a small sea- are the ruins of the ancient Asotinoe, or As tinoopoeis, a city
port town of Norway. Lat. 620 24' N.; ion. 6~ 5' E.       built by the Emperor Adrian, and named from his favorite
AALSMEER, alsemain, a village of North Holland, 8 miles  Antinous, who was drowned in the Nile. These remains,
S.W. of Amsterdam. Fishing, especially of eels, is carried on  which are entirely Roman, are supposed to occupy the site
to some extent, whence the name Aalsmeer, signifying 1" Eel of a still more ancient city, named Besa, famed for its oracles,
Sea."                                                     and mentioned by Abulfeda under the name of Ansisa, or
AALST, Alst, a village of the Netherlands, province of Ansineh, by which the place is still sometimes designated.
North Br3abant, 3 miles S. of Eyndhoven.                  Little of it now remains except its theatre, the substructure
AALST, a town of Belgium. See ALosT.                    of various buildings,.and the hippodrome without the walls.
AALTEN,  /llten, a village of the Netherlands, province of    ABACAXIS,&-b5-kSl-sheest, a river of Brazil, passes through
Guelderland, on the Aa, 29 miles E. of Arnhem. Pop. 3524.  Lake Guaribas, and falls into the Furo or Mauhe, an affluent
AAMIODT, or AAMADT, olmott, a town of Norway, on the  of the Amazon.
Glommen, 86 miles N.N.E. of Christiania. Pop. 2729.          ABACII, Pbcht, (nnc. Abucdiacctm?)a town of Bavaria, on the
AAR, Ra,(anc Obrinzea,) a river of Switzerland, rises inthe  Danube, 5 miles S. of Ratisbon. It has mineral springs.
Grimsel and Schreckhorn, canton of Bern, forms the remark-   ABACO, sb&-ko, or LUCAYA, loo-kiyA, the largest of the
able fall of Handeck, traverses the lakes of Brienz and Thun, Bahama islands, N. point in lat. 260 30' N., lon. 76~ 57' W., 80
passes Thun, Bern, Soleure, and Aarau, and falls into the  miles in length by about 20 in breadth. A natural perforniRhine opposite Waldshut. It is navigable from the Rhine  tion of the rock at its S. E. point forms a landmark well
to Thun.-AAR is the name of several small German rivers.   known to seamen as the Hole isz the  Oa71l. Lat. of lig;hthouse,
AARAU, or ARAU, l/rdw, a town of Switzerland, capital of 250 51' 30" N.; Ion. 770 10' 45" W.; elevation, 160 feet.
the canton of Aargau, on the Aar, 41 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop.   LITTLFF ABAC, 28 miles long, lies immediately W. of the N.
4627. It has a cantonal academy and library, manufactories  extremity of the above, which is called, for the sake of disof silks, cotton cloth, mathematical instruments, leather, and  tinction, " Great Abaco."
vitriol, and a cannon foundry.                               ABAD,'bldt, a village of Beloochistan, on the Naree or
AARBERG, _AflbuRG, a town of Switzerland, on the Aar, 9   Nari, 22 miles S.E. by E. of Gundava.
miles N.W. of Bern, with a bridge on the Aar, defended by    ABADEEH, a-bdegh, a town of Persia, 110 milesN.ofSheeraz,
fortifications, constructed since 1830.                    to which city it sends fruit. Pop. 5000. (?)
AARBJ3URG, or ARBURG, AnrbOJORn, a town of Switzerland,    ABADES,?-bVD/es. a town of Spain, 8 miles W. of Segovia.
on the Aar, 6 miles S.W. of Aarau.                           ABAI, or ABAY, S-bht, a town and harbor on the N.W.
AA;RDENBURG, Arlden-b6ora', a town of the Netherlands, coast of Bogneo, about lat. 6~ 21' N.
province of Zeeland. 4 miles S.E. of Slus.                  ABAI, or ABAY, -bi,! a river of Abyssinia, tributary
AARGIAU, 4rgotw, (Fr. Argovie,  n'gohveet; L. Argotvia,) of the Nile, rises about lat. 110 N., Ion. 370 E., at an eleva
25




ABA                                                      ABE
tion of 8700 feet, passes through the S. part of Lake Dembea, the most populous districts in the N.W. part of the state
and joins the Nile in lat. 150 32' N.                      Capital, Abbeville. Pop. 32,318.
ABAITE, ~a-bMti, a river of Brazil, flows into the Sio Fran-    ABBEVILLE, a small town, capital of the aforesaid district,
cisco.                                                     situated on an affluent of Little river, 97 miles W. by N
ABAKAN, or ABAKANE, ~-bg-knf, a river of Siberia, flows  of Columbia, (with which it is connected by railroad,) and
into the Yenisei.                                          529 miles S.W. of Washington. It contains a court-houseq
kBAKANSK,/-b~-k&nskf, a fortified town of Siberia, govern- jail, arsenal, magazine, and anewspaper office. P. about 400.
ment of Yeniseisk, on the Abakan, near its junction with the    ABBEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Henry co., Alabama,
Yenisei. Lat. 540 N.; Ion. 910 30' E. It is remarkable for on Yattayabba creek, 211 miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa. It was
the ancient tombs discovered in its vicinity, which contain  chosen as the county seat in 1834. Present pop. about 300.
ornaments of silver and gold, and on which are to be seen    ABBEVILLE, a post-office of Vermilion parish, Louisiana.
statues of men from seven to nine feet high, with carved    ABBEYFEALE, ab'be-failf, a parish and village of Ireland,
work of an extraordinary chardcter. It appears that this  Munster, co. of Limerick, on the Feale, 12 miles S.W. of Rathcountry, at present so imperfectly civilized, was once inha- keale. Pop. 5492.
bited by a people acquainted with writing and other arts.   ABBEYLEIX, a    b'be-lscef, a town and parish cf Ireland, 9
This is regarded as the mildest and most salubrious spot in  miles S.S.W. of Maryborough. Pop. of parish, 6719.
Siberia.                                                     ABBEYVILLE, ab'be-vil, a post-village of Medina co., Ohio,
ABALAK, A-b~-l-kP, a town of Siberia, S.E. of Tobolsk, on  on a branch of Rocky river, 123 miles N.E. of Columbus.
the Irtish, It is a celebrated place of pilgrimage.          ABBIATEGRASSO, Ab-be-Yt,4-grs'stso, or BIAGRASSO, beABALLABA. See APPLEBY.                                   A-grusmso, a town of Northern Italy, on the Canal di BereABANCAY, A-ban-kf, a town of Peru, capital of a province  guardo, 14 miles W.S.W. of Milan. Pop. 4000.
and on a river of its own name, 65 miles W.S.W. of Cuzco. It   ABBITIBBE, or ABBITIBBIE, ab-be-tib/bee, the name of
has important sugar-refineries. Pop. estimated at 5000.    a lake, river, and trading station in British North America,
ABANILLA, a-ba-neellya, a fortified town of Spain, 18 miles  near Hudson bay. Let. of station, 490 N.; Ion. 780 10' PW.
N.E. of Murcia. Pop. 3794.                                   ABBONDANZA,,b-bon-dan/za, or ABONDANCE, A'baN'ABANO, 1-bh/no, atown of Lombardy, 5 miles S.W. of Pa- dg-sl, a town of Savoy, 12 S.S.E. of Thonon.
dua. Pop.2600. It is famous for its sulphureous waters and    AB/BOT, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, 76 miles
mud baths, much resorted to in chronic cutaneous diseases, N. by E. of Augusta, on the Piscataquis river. Pop. 747.
gout, &c.                                                    ABBOT, a township of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
ABANY, A-bafil, a town of Hungary, 50 miles S.E. of Pesth.   ABRBOTS-ANNE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
Pop. 7784, comprising many Jews.                             AB/BOTS-BIOKIINGTON. a parish of England, co. of Devon.
ABARAN, &-bI-rln/, a city of Asiatic Russia, Georgia, 30    ABBOTSBURY, ablbots-be'r-, a town and parish of Engmiles N.N.W. of Erivan.                                    land, co. of Dorset, 8 miles W.S.W.ofDorchester. Somevestiges
ABASA, ABASIA, or ABASCIA, Caucasus. See ABKASIA.  remain of a large abbey founded here in the time of Canute;
ABATIS VILLA. See ABBEvlLLE.                             and a swannery originally belonging to the abbey is still proABATZKAYA, A-bits-kaly, a town of Siberia, on the Ishim, served.
40 miles E. of Ishim.                                        AB'BOTSFORD, the celebrated seat of Sir Walter Scott, in
ABA UJ VAR, (Aba Uj V&r,) 6h'b6h' ooze vrI' a co. or dis- Scotland, co. of IRoxburgh, on the S. bank of the Tweed, near
trict of Upper Hungary. Area 1117 sq. m. Pop. 166,195.     Melrose Abbey, 28 miles S.E. of Edinburgh.
ABAY. See ABAL                                             AB/BOTSFORD, a post-office of Westchester co. New York.
ABB, ibb, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 80 miles E. of Mocha.    AB/BOTS-I-AL!], a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
ABBADIA, 9b-ba-dee]d, a town of Italy, Piedmont, 2 miles    ABRBOT-SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
W. of Pinerolo.                                              AB/BOTSIDE, two townships of England, in Aysgarth paABBADIA, ab-bi-dee', a town and port of Brazil, on the  rish, co. of York, North riding.
Areguitiba, near the Atlantic, 25 miles S. P1. of Sergipe.   ABIBOTS-KERSIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
ABBADIA SAN SALVADORE, I-ba-dee/a stn sel-vI-docrA,    ABRBOTS-LANGLEY, (lang/lee,) a parish of England, co. of
a town of Tuscany, 17 miles S.W. of Chiusi. Near it is the "Ab- Herts. This is the birthplace of Nicholas Breaklspear, afterbey of San Salvadore," whence the name is derived.         wards Adrien IV., the only Englishman who ever became
ABBA-JARET. See ABBA-YAnET.                              pope.
ABBASABAD, ab-bas-sa-bidl, a fortified town of Asiatic    ABBOTS-LEIGHI, ab/bpts-leel, a parish of England, co. of
Russia, on the Aras, (Araxes,) 8 miles S. of Nakchivan.    Somerset.
ABBASABAD, an insignificant town of Persia, in the pro-   ABR/OTSLEY, or ABBOTS-LEIGH, a parish of England,
vince of Khorassan.                                        co. of IHuntingdon.
ABBA-SANTA, ab-ba san/tA, or AQUA  SANTA, Ak/w,            AB/BOTS-MOR/TON, a parish of England, co. of WIVorcester.
san/tA, a town in the island of Sardinia, province of Busachi.   ABIRBOT-STONE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
ABBA-YARET or ABBA-JARET,.lbba yir/t, a moun-    ARBiBOTT'S CREEK, NorthCarolina, flows into the Yadkin.
taim of Abyssinia. Elevation, 14,918 feet.                   AB/BOTTSTOWN, a post-village of Adams co., PennsylABBAYE/ POINT, in the upper peninsula of Michigan,  vania, 16 miles W.S.W. of York, amd 29 miles S. of Harrisbum.
is situated between Iluron Bay and Keweenaw Bay, on Lake    AB/BOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.
Superior.                                                    ABB'S VALILEY, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
ABBAZACCA, Ib-bi-zlk/kk, a town of Western Africa, on    ABCOUDE, ab-kow'deh, a village of the Netherlands, on
the Quorra.                                                the Vecht, and on the Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Arnhem
ABIBENBROEK, Ab/ben-brc5kI, a village of the Nether-  Railway, 14 miles N.W. of Utrecht.
lands, province of South Holland, 6 miles S.E. of Briel.     ABDA, lb/dl, a province in the W. part of Morocco, and
ABBEOKOOTA, db-be-o-koold, or ABBEKUTA,,lb-be-koo- bordesing on the Atlantic.
t, a large town of Western Africa, capital of the province of    ABDATZK, ab-datsk/, a town of Asiatic Russia, government
Egba, kingdom of Yarribah or Yoruba, 60 miles N.E. of Ba- of Tobolsk, on the Ishim.
dagry, in the Bight of Benin. It is built on granite hills    ABlD-EL-CURIA, Ibd-tl-koore-Ai, or ABD-UL-K00'REE, (or
of moderate elevation, the highest not exceeding 500 feet. KOURI,) an island, Indian Ocean, let. 110 55' N., Ion. 520 30'E.
Its streets are narrow and irregular. Its population is com-   ABD-EL-KOOREE, ABD-EL-KOURI, ABD-UL-KURI, lbdposed of the inhabitants of a number of towns and villages  el-koofreex, or PALINUIRUS SHOAL, is the name of a danwhich were destroyed during a war that took place in 1817; gerous reef of rock and coral, lying off the S. coast of Arabia,
and it is since that period that Abbeokoota has become the  in let. 140 54' 50'. N., and ion. 500 45' 20"t E.; discovered by
important place it now is, being about 2 miles long, and  Captain Harris so lately as 1835. It extends 1850 yards
nearly as broad, with a pop. of 50,000.                   from N.N.E. to S.S.W., with a breadth of from 300 to 600
ABBERLEY, abtber-lee, a parish of England, co. of Wor- yards; its highest point, at the time of its discovery, being a
cester.                                                    pointed rock, was only 17 feet below the surface. It is 81
AB/BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            miles distant from the nearest land, bearing N. by WV.; the
ABBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         soundings in its neighborhood vary suddenly, and are not
AB/BERVILLE, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi.  to be relied upon. Between the shoal and the shore, there
ABBEVILLE, abb'veelf, (L. Abatis Villa,)a fortified town of  is a depth of 120 fathoms, but the safest navigation is to
France, department of Somme, on the Somme, 12 miles from  seaward.
the English Channel, 25 miles N.W. of Amiens, on the Rail-    ABDERA. See ADRA.
way du Nord and the Canal de la Somme. Pop. (1852) 19,158.   ABDIE, ab/dee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. The battle
It is well built, but dirty, with houses mostly of brick, some  of Blackearnside,   between the Scots, under Wallace, and the
fine public edifices, especially the cathedral, a large cloth  English, was fought in this parish.
factory founded under Colbert in 1669, and manufactories.    ABIDON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Vessels of 150 tons come up the Somme to Abbeville.         ABDULPOOR/, a town of India, 45 miles N.E. of Bejapoor.
ABBEVILLE,ab/be-vil,a district in theW.N.W. part of South    ABEAKEUTA H. See ABBEOCOOTA.
Carolina, bordering on Georgia, has an area of about 960 square    ABENBERG, l'ben-blc', a small town of Bavaria, 16 miles
miles. The Savannah river (navigable by small boats) forms  S.S.W. of Nuremberg.
the entire boundary on the S.W., and the Saluda  river on    ABENHEIS, I'ben-hhlme, a village of IHesse Darmstadt,
the N.E. The soil is generally fertile, well watered, and ex- 4 miles N.W. of Worms.
tensively cultivated. It is intersected by the Greenville  and    ABENSBERG, lbefne-b c', (anc. Abbucsia?)a small manuColumbia Railroad, lately constructed. Abbeville is one of facturing town of Bavaria, on the Abens, 18 miles S.W. of
20




ABE                                                        ABI
Ratisbon.  It has a castle and mineral baths. I-Here Na- productive. Two or three newspapers are published in the
poleon defeated the Austrians, 20th April, 1809.           town. An active emigration has been directed to this vici.ABER, Vber or abler, a parish of Wales, co. of Caernarvon.  nity during the last ten years. First settled in 1836. Pop
ABERAERON, or ABERAYRON, ab-er-Afron, a seaport town  in 1853, about 3500.
of Wales, co. and on the Bay of Cardigan, at the mouth of    ABERDEEN, a post-office of Monroe co., Arkansas.,
the Aeron, 13 miles S.W. of Aberystwith.                     ABERDEEN, a small village of Monroe co., Tennessee.
ABERAYVON, or ABERAFON, ab-er-A/von, a parliamentary    ABERDEEN, a post-village of Brown co. Ohio, 123 miles S.
and municipal borough, and parish of Wales, co. of Glamor- W. of Columbus. It is situated on the Ohio river, opposit
gan. It returns, along with Swansea, Neath, Liounghor, and  Maysville in Kentucky. Pop. about 800.
Klenfig, one member to the House of Commons.                 ABERDEEN, a post-office of Ohio co., Indiana.
ABERBROTIIWICK, a parish of Scotland. See ARBROATI.    ABERDEENSIIIRE, a co. of Scotland. See ABERDEEN.
ABIER-CORN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow.      ABERDOUR, ab'er-doorl, (rhyming with pLoor,) a parish of
ABERCROMBIE, abler-krom-b, or ST. MONANCEa pa- Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
rish of Scotland, co. of Fife.                               ABERDOUR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Frith
ABERDALGIE, a bVer-dal1ghee~parishof Scotland, co.Perth.  of Forth, 6 miles S.W. of Kirkcaldy. It has a tidal harbor,
AB'ERDAREI, a parish of 5Wales, so. of Glamorgan.       an ancient castle1 and some remarkable antiquities.
AB/ERDA'RON, a parish of Wales. ed. of Carnarvon.         ABEREDW,ab er-'dioo, or ABEREDWY, aber-6dtwe, a
AB'ERBEENI, or ABERDEENSHIRE, ab'er-deen/shir, a  Iarish of Wales, co. oflladnor.
county of Scotland, having on the N. and E. the North Sea,   ABERERCH, ab'9r-6ro'l, a parish of Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
anld on other sides the counties of Forfar, Perth, Kincardine,   ABERFELDIE, ab1pr-f6ltdee, a village of Scotland, co. of
Banff, Elgin, and Inverness. Area, 1,260,800 acres. Pop. in  Perth, on the Tay.
1851, 212,032. In the S.W. are some of the highest moun-    ABERFFRAW, a'ber-frtwl, a seaport and parish of Wales,
tains in Scotland, including Ben Macdhui, 4305 feet. Nearly  co. of Anglesea, 5 miles W.N.W. of Newborough.
two-thirds of surface waste; arable land mostly in E. Chief    ABIERFORD, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
rivers, Dee and Don. More cattle are bred in this than in  York, West Riding, 5 miles S.W. of Tadcaster.
any other Scotch county. Extensive salmon fisheries on the    AB'ER-FOII, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama, 158 miles
coast and in the Bee. Principal manufactures, woollen, cot- S.E. of Tuscaloosa.
ton, and linen goods. This county returns one member to    ABERFOYLE, ab'er-foill, a village, parish, and defile of the
the House of Conmmons.                                     Gramplans, in Scotland, co. of Perth. This is the scene of
AB'ERDEENf, (L. Aberdolnia, or Devacus,) a parlia-  much of Sir Walter Scott's Rob Roy.
mentary  and municipal borough and  seaport of Scot-    ABERGAVENNY, ab'Vr-gtne, (L. Gobaniuzc,) a marketland, capital of the county of the same name, on the  town of Wales, co. of Monmouth, on the Usk, joined here by
Great Northern Railway of Scotland, between the Don and Dee, the Gavenny, and crossed by a bridge of 15 arches, 13 miles
at their entrance into the North Sea, 90 miles N.N.E. of Edin- W. of Monmouth.
burgh.  Lat, of observatory, 5670 8' 9" N.; Ion. 20 5, 7" W.   ABERGELEY, ab'er-ghee/le, a town of Wales, co. of DenPop. of parliamentary borough, (1851,) 71,973. The parlia- bigh, 0 miles W.N.W. of St. Asaph.
mentary borough consists of the following towns, about 1    ABERGWILLY, ab'er-gwith/le, a parish of Wales, co. of
mile apart, viz.:                                          Caermarthen.
ABERDEEN, OLD, on the Don, here crossed by two    ABERHAVESP, ab'er-havtpsp, a parish of Wales, co. of
stone bridges.  Its old parish, now subdivided into five  Montgomery.
parishes, had an area of 16 square miles, with a popula-   ABIER-LATDY, a village of Scotland, on the Frith of Forth,
tion of 31,993; but the population of this city, as distinct co. and 5 miles N.W. of IPaddington.
from the parish, is only about 2000. Chief buildings-the    AB'ER-LEMiNO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
cathedral, erected about 1357, King's College, founded in    ABERLOUR, ab'er-loorl, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.
1505, a neat town-house, the trades' hospital, &c. The haven    ABIER-NANTI, a parish of Wales, co. of Caermarthen.
at the mouth of the Don admits only small vessels, and Old    ABERNETIJY, abler-neth-e, a town and parish of Scotland,
Aberdeen, having little trade, depends mostly for support on  cos. of Perth and Fife, at the estuary of the Tay, 61 miles S.
its university.                                           E. of Perth. It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient
ABERDEEN, NEw, on rising ground upon the N. bank of metropolis of the Picts: a curious round-tower of remote date
the Dee, near its mouth, I. mile S. ofOld Aberdeen. Pop. 41,470; stands in the churchyard.
including parliamentary boundaries, 73,400. It is a hand-   ABERNETHY, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Elgin and Insome city, with spacious streets, and houses built of granite. verness.
Here are a town-house, court-house, and prison, a cross   ABERNETIIY, abler-neth-e, a post-vilage of Perry co.,
erected in 1686, a spacious new market, two bridges across Missouri, about 10 miles S. W. of Mississippi river.
the Dee, and one over a ravine within the city, several   ABERNYTE, a ab'pr-nitel, a parish of Scotland, co. of
churches, schools, and hospitals, the county-rooms, and Ma- Perth.
rischal (martshal) College-all elegant edifices, besides nume-   ABERPORTH, ab'gr-ptrthf, a parish of Wales, co. of Carrous other public buildings. The construction of a granite  digan.
pier, 1500 feet in length, and a breakwater, has made the    AB'ER-TARFFI and BOLESKINE, united parishes of Scotharbour one of the best in this part of Scotland. At its en- land, co. of Inverness, extending along the S. side of Lochtrance is Girdleness lighthouse, with two lights. New Aber- ness.
deen has flourishing maaulfactories of cotton, linen, and wool-   ABERT (,Albert) LAKE, Oregon, in lat. about 420 45' N.,
len goods, carpets, machinery, rope, leather, paper, soap, and  Ion. 1200 W., is about 20 miles long, and 5 miles wide.
sail-cloth, with extensive iron-foundries, breweries, and dis- Named in honor of Colonel J. J. Abert, chief of the Topotilleries; and a considerable foreign and coasting trade, the  graphical Bureau at Washington.
latter especially with London, to which it sends salmon,   ABERYSCIR, ab'er-isekir, a parish of Wales, co. of Brecon.
provisions, and granite.-It has regular steam-commnunica-   ABDER-YSTIWITI-H, a parliamentary and municipal botion with London, Leith, and Orkney. Exports estimated  rough, market-town, and seaport of Wales, co. and 33 miles N.
at from one and a half millions to two millions pounds ster- of Cardigan, on the Ystwith, at its mouth in Cardigan bay.E.
ling yearly. Customs revenue, (1846,) 81,4331. In 1849 the  Lat. of lighthouse, 520 25' N.; lon. 40 5, W. Pop. of municinumber of sailing vessels belonging to Aberdeen was 340; pal borough, 5189; of parliamentary borough, 5231. It has
tons, 65,559. Aberdeen sends one member to the House  steep but well-paved streets, a theatre, and remains of an
of Commons.  King's College, Old Aberdeen, was char- ancient castle; is now a falshionable watering-place.  It
tered by papal bull in 1494, has spacious buildings, a library  unites with Cardigan, &c. in sending one member to the
of 30,000 volumes, a museum, 9 professors, and 128 bursaries  I-ouse of Commons.
of from 51. to 500. each. It is governed by a chancellor and    AB'ER-YST-RUTH, a chapelry of Wales, co. of Monmouth,
senate. Average number of students, 365. Marischal Col- 9 miles SW. of Abergavenny.
lege, in New Town, was founded by George Keith, 5th Earl   ABE SPRING, a post-office of Calhoun co., Florida.
Marischal, in 1593, and is also governed by a chancellor and    ABIIA, Atb/h, a large trading village of Abyssinia, Tigr6,
senate; has elegant new buildings, numerous professors and  50 miles N.E. of Axoom.
lecturers, and 106 bursaries of from 51. to 261. Average num-   ABIIIER,orEBIiIER, a walled town of Persia, 110 miles N.E.
her of students, 250.                                     of Hamadan. Near it is the ruined fort of Dara or Darius.
AB'ER-DEENI, a flourishing town, capital of Monroe co.,   ABILIN,  a'be-leenl, a village of Syria, 10 miles SE. of Acre.
M5ississippi, is situated on the right bank of Tombigbee    ABIMES, LES, (Les Abfmes,) lAlze'tbeemt, a town of the
river, 165 miles N.E. of Jackson, 28 miles N. of Columbus, French colony of Guadeloupe, on the S.W. coast of Grand:
and about 540 miles by water from Mobile. It is the largest Terre.
town on the Tombigbee, and one of the most flourishing and    ABIINGDON, a parliamentary and municipal borough and
commercial places in the state. Steamboats navigate the market-town of England, co. of IBerks, on the Ock, where it
river regularly firom Mobile to Aberdeen during the greater joins the Isis, 4 miles N. of the Great Western Railway, and
part of the year, and about 30,000 bales of cotton are shipped  51 miles WV.N.WV. of London. Pop. 5954. It sends one memeannually from the latter town. It was formerly considered  her to the House of Commons.               a
the limit of steam  navigation on this river, but recently    ABDINGDON, a post-village of Harford co., Maryland, about
boats have ascended 40 miles farther during high water. 25 miles N.E. of Baltimore, and 52 N.N.E. of Annapolis.
The projected railroad from Mobile to the Ohio river passes   A3INGDON,  a handsome town, capital of Washington co.,
5 miles W  from Aberdeen. The adjacent country is highly  Virginia, is pleasantly situated in a valley between the main
2.7




ABI                                                       ABY
forks of HIolston river, about 7 miles from each, 304 miles W. from  the Red Sea. Lat. 170 40' N.; Ion. 400 25' E.  Pop
by S. of Richmond, and nearly 8 miles from the boundary of 5000. (?)
Tennessee. It is the most considerable and flourishing town    ABO0-GIRGEHI, ABOUGIRGEII, or ABTJGIRGEH, /boo%in the S.W. part of Yirginia. The situation is elevated, the  j6In/jeh, a large Fellah town of M3!iddle Egypt, about 2 miletown is well built, and the principal street is macadamized. W. of the Nile, r d 50 miles S. of Beni Sooef. Lat. 280 30' N.
It contains 6 churches, 2 academies, 2 printing-offices, and  ion. 30~ 50' E. It is situated on a rich plain at a spot where
mnanufactories of leather, saddles, and harness. Abingdon  several extensive mounds point out the site of an ancient city,
is on the route of the great railroad which is in progress of  the name of which is unknown.
construction between Lynchburg on one hand, and Knox-    ABOOKEER, ABOUKIR, or ABUKIR,'boo-lrkeef, a village
ville, Tennessee, on the other, which, when finished, will of Egypt, with a citadel, on a promontory at the W. extreform part of the most direct route from New York to New  mity of the bay of the same name, 15 miles N.E. of AlexanOrleans. Pop. in 1854, about 1500.                         dria. Lat. of tower, 310 19' 44" N.; lon. 290 4' 28/" E. Near
ABINGDON,  a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 4 miles S. it are the ruins of the ancient Canolpus or Canoebus.
W. of Waukegan, and 243 N. by E. of Springfield.             ABOOKEER (or ABOUKIR) BAY, N. coast of Egypt, beABINGDON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.          tween the promontory of Abookeer on the W. and the RoABINGER,  ablin-jer, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.   setta mouth of the Nile on the E., celebrated for Nelson's
ABtINGC-IIALL/,  a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.  victory over the Frerich fleet, 1st of-August, 1798. There is
AB'INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.      generally fiom 6 to 8 fathoms of water in the bay, but it
ABINGTON,  GRE.T, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. encloses a dangerous bank, a reef of rocks called the CulloABINOGTON,  LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- den's Reef, and the small island of Abookeer, or Nelson
bridge, adjacent to the last.                              Island.
ABINGTON PIG/OTTS, a parish of England, co. of Cam-   ABOOLONIA, ABOULONIA, A-boo-lone-A, or ABULLIbridge.                                                    ONTE, A-boo-le-ont., (anc. _Apolloeznia ad Rhynjdacdc m,)avillage
AB3INGTON, a village of Scotland, co' of Lanark, near which  of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, on a small island in the
some gold mines were wrought in the reign of James VI.     Lake of Aboolonin, 20 miles W. by S. of Brusa. It has about
AB'INGTON, a post-township of Plymouth co., Massachu- 300 houses, a Greek church, and several remains of antiquity.
setts, on the Old Colony Railroad, 20 miles S. by E. of Boston.   ABOOLONIA LAKE, of Asia Minor, 18 miles in length, by
The manufacture of boots and shoes is probably carried on  12 in breadth, 30 miles W~. of Brusa. It is studded with sevehere more extensively than in any other town in the state  ral small islands, is traversed by the Rhyndacus, and supplies
of equal population. Nails are also manufactured. P. 5269. Brusa with fish.
ABINGTON, a post-villageof Windham  co., Connecticut,   ABOO-SABEL, or ABUSABEL, a-boo-slbel, a town of Mid30 miles E. by N. of Hartford.                             die Egypt, 18 miles N. of Cairo.
ABINGTON, a post-township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl-    ABOOSHEI1R. See BUSHIRE.
vauia, about 10 miles N. of Philadelphia, and 109 E. of Hlar-    ABOOTIZH, d-boo-teezh/, ABOUTIJ, ABUTIGE, or ABUrisburg. The post-office is at the village of Mooretown, on  TISCII, (anc. Abotis, or.butis,) a town of Upper Egypt, on
the Philadelphia and Doylestown Turnpike. Pop. 1836.       the Nile, 13 miles S.E. of Sioot, noted for its opium.
ABINGTON, a post-village and township of Wayne co.,   ABORRIIAS. See KHABoon.
Indiana, on the E. fork of Whitewater river, 72 miles E. of    ABOU-ARISCIt. See ABoo-AcISn.
Indianapolis.  Pop. of the township, 836.                    ABOUGIRGEIH.  See Aso0-GIRGEn.
ABINGTON, a thriving village in the S.W. corner of Knox    ABOUKIR. See ABOOKEERa.
co., Illinois.                                               ABOULONIA.  See AOOLoN0IA.
ABINGTON, a township in the N.E. part of Lnzerne co.,   ABOU SABEL. See Ano0-SABEL
Pennsylvania, about 25 miles N.N.E. of Wilkesbarre. P. 2880.   ABOUTIGE. See ABOOTIZH.
ABINGTON  CENTRE, a flourishing post-village in the    ABOYNE, A-boint, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
above township, 135 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. It is a place    AIBRA-HAM-TOWN', a post-office of Marion co., Florida.
of active business, and is rapidly improving. It is connected    ABRAM'S CREEK, a small stream of Columbia co., New
by railroad with the New York and Erie Railroad at Great  York, falling into the Hudson river, 4 miles above Hudson
Bend. The name of the post-office has been changed to Wa- city.
verley.                                                      ABRANTES, a-bru'tts, (L.Abraestiumi,) a fortified town of
ABIQUIU, abe-ke-oof, a post-town of Rio Arriba co., New  Portugal, Estremadura, with a citadel on the Tagus, 80 miles
M)exico, on the left bank of the Rio de Chama, about 60 miles  N.E. of Lisbon., Pop. 5000. Its inhabitants send a great
N.W. of Santa Fe, in lat. about 360 5' N.; lon. 1060 40' W.    deal of grain, oil, and fruit down the Tagus to Lisbon.
ABISTADA (Ab-is-t/dA) LAKE, in Afghanistan, 65 miles    ABRANTES, A-brinutss, a town of Brazil, 20 miles N.E. of
S. by W. of Ghuznee, in lat. 320 35' N., and lon. 680 E. It is  Bahia, near the Atlantic. Pop. 2000.
about 18 miles in length, 8 in breadth, 44 in circumference,    ABRESCIIWILLER, ab-rish-4il1ler, (Fr. pron. a'brlsh'vil'and supposed to be 7076 feet above the sea. It is shallow  lai!R/,) a village of France, department of Meurthe, 6 miles
and salt: it receives the Ghuznee river, and several smaller  S.S.E. of Sarrebourg. Pop. 2000.
streams.                                                     ABRIES, (Abrius.) atbre-,/,  a village of France, department
ABKASIA, ab-kicshlc-A, ABASIA, or ABASCIA, a-bash- of Iautes-Alpes, 24 miles S.E. of Briancon.
e-I, an Asiatic territory subordinate to Russia, bounded S.   ABRIOLA, 5-bre-o/lg, a town of Naples, province of Basiliand W. by the Black Sea, and N. by the Caucasus. Area, cata, 10 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 3000.
estimated at nearly 3000 square miles. Pop. about 52,000.   ABROLHOS,'-brole/yoce, a group of low rocky islands off
-Adj. ABKASIAN, ab-ki/she-an. Inhab. ABKAsiAN, or ABKAS, the coast of Brazil.  Lat. 170 58' S.; Ion. 380 42' W.
(Abkase,) ab-kasf.                                           ABRUD-BANYA, ob-rood-blnfy6h, a town of Transylvania,
AB-KET/TLE-BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.    commune of Unter-Weissenburg, 27 miles N.W. of Karlsburg.
ABLA, abla, a town of Spain, Granada, province of Alme- Pop. 4100. Celebrated for its gold mines.
ria, 33 miles N.WV. pf Almeria. Pop. 2117.                   ABRUZZO, a-broot/so, a country and former division of the
ABO, Yio, (Sw. Abo, Wboo,) a city and seaport of Russia in  kingdom of Naples, forming the present provinces of Abruzzo
Europe, until 1819 the capital of Finland, on the Aurajoki, Citra (chee/tra) and Abruzzo Ultra (oolltrg) I. and II., benear its entrance into the Gulf of Bothnia. Lat. 600 26' 58" N.; tween lat. 410 40' and 420 55' N., on the Adriatic. Area,
ion. 220 19' E. Pop. 14,000, mostly of Swedish descent. It is  about 5000 square miles; and pop. (1850) 871,458. Surface,
an archbishop's see. It was formerly the seat of a university,  mostly mountainous etnd rugged, or covered with forests.
removed to Helsingfors, after a destructive fire at Abo in  Monte Corno, 9,519 feet high, the loftiest of the Apennines,
1827. The Aura intersects the city, and its mouth, 3 miles  is in Abruzzo Ultra. Along the coast are some well-watered
distant, fbrims a good port, protected by a fortress. Abo has  lands: cattle-rearing employs most of the rural population.
a few manufactures, and some trade with Sweden and South- It has no good ports, or any manufactures of consequence.
ern Europe.                                               Chief towns, Chieti, Aquila, Teramo, Sulnmona, Lanciano,
ABO, ARCIITPELAGO  OF, an extensive group of low  and Civita Ducale.
rocky islands in the Baltic Sea, spread along the S. and W.   ABSCOITA, a post-office of Calhoun co., 120 miles WV. of
coasts of Finland, opposite the city of Abo, rendering the  Detroit.
navigation difficult and dangerous.                         ABSEMCUM, (written, also, ABSECOMBE, ABSECOM, and
ABOI, Ntbo, IB0, or EBOE, ee/bS, a town of Africa, capital ABSECON,) a post-village of Atlantic co., New Jersey, on a
of the state, on the Niger, (Quorra,) 80 miles from the ocean,  creek of the same name, 95 miles S. of Trenton, and 2 miles
and 60 miles S.E. of Benin. Lat. 50 40' N.; Ion. 60 25' E.    above Absecom bay. It is connected with Camden by the
ABOITE, a-boit/, a river,Allen co., Indiana~joins Little river. Camden and Atlantic railroad.
ABOITE, a post-township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 539.   ABTHORPE, ab/thorp, a parish of England, co. of NorthABOIT E, a post-village of Allen co., Indiana, on the canal ampton.
connecting Fort Wayne with Peru.                            ABU-ARISCIL.  See Asoo-Arisi.
ABOMEY, ab'o-mt, a town of Africa., capital of Dahomey.   ABUDIACUM. See ABAcn.
Lat. 70 30' N.; lon. 1~ 40' E. Pop. 24,000. ()              ABUKIR. See AB00KEER.
ABONY. Spe NAGv-ABONv.                                    ABULLIONTE.  See ABOLoNTIA.
ABROO, a town of Western India, province of Ajmeer, 50    ABUBY, a par. of England. See AvEBut.
wiles W. by S. of Odeypoor.                                 ABIU-SIIEIHR. See BunsnrE.
AB0r-ARISIi  cr ABU-ARISCH, a-boo-arIsh, a town of    ABUSINA. See ArENSERG.
Arabia. capital of the petty state of the same name, 24 miles    ABUTISCII, or ABUTIGE. See AnooTIZR.
28




ABY                                                       ACH
ACHI
ABYIDOS, (Gr. AgvhoS, Abiid6s,) an ancient city of Asia   ACADEMITA,  a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee.
Minor, on the IHellespont, on the site of the modern fort   ACADEMY,a post-office of Ontario co., New York.
Nagara. Near this place Xerxes and his army crossed over   ACADEMY, a poet-office of Pocahontas co., irginia.
to Europe on a bridge of boats. The story of Hero and    ACDIA, the oiginl name of NOVA SCOTIA, which see.
Leander has also given an enduring celebrity to Abydos.      ACAP A,    k   a                  oNSIA   wn    e
ACPNT, /T1   -ki-p-n~tl, a considerable town of the
ABYSSINIA, ABESSIN/A, ab-is-sinfe-a, or IHABESIH, hIt- Mexican C onfederacy, 175 m   iles NW. of Guadalajara.
b~sh', (Fr. Abyssinie, /[~bees'see'neet; Geer. Abessinien, A-b~sACAPULCO, p-ka-poolkoo,    a seaport town of MexicoState
seeine-en, or Habessifien,) a country of East Africa, between  of Guerrero, on the Pacic, a, miles s.w.w of Mexico.  tat.
lat 70101and16040 N. an  Io. 30 ad 30 01.; ounedof Guerrero, on the Pacific, 185 miles S.S.W. of Mexico. Lat.
t. 7b4A   and 160 40' Ny., ant d ion. y 30  and  S430 20 E.; bounded 160 50' N,; ion. 990 48 WV. The harbor is nearly landlocked,
E. by Adel, N.E. by the  Red Sea, NW. by Nubia, and S. and  and is one of the best and most extensive in the world. The
S.E. by the country of the Gallas. It forms an elevated  townisill builtandveryunhealthy. it formerlyengrossed
table-land, and contains many fertile valleys watered by  the whole trade between the Spanish dominions in America
numerous river courses, the chief of which are the Abail, and those in the East; and was long famous for being the
(Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile,) the Tacazze, and the IHawash. resort of the celebrated Manilla galleons. Under the reMany of its rivers are lost in the sands, or only reach the public, its trade greatly declined ill th  dscery of the
sea during the rainy season. Lake Dembea, or Tzana, about public, its tr        d ral elned ai  he discovery of the
sea dureingt the rainy season. Lake Demea, ory Tehi, ghout  California gold-mines, since which it has become the most
50 miles in length, is the largest in the country. The high- important port in Mexico, and the principal point for the emest mountain rage is in the SW. table-land, where the barkation ofpassengers between the Atlantic and Pacific ports
peak of Amban Iai (14mb hi) attains a height of 15,000 feet, of the United States. Of the 256,692 tons of shipping which
and Mount Buahat 14,0364feet; the ulpper part of these moun- entered Mexico in 1852-3, 131,330 were entered at Acapulco,;
tains is covered with snow, and their sides are clothed with  and of the 219 steamers arrived, 145 entered at this port.
trees and fine grass.                                       The total number of passengers which arrived in Mexico
The temperature of Abyssinia is much lower than that of was 4,81  of which  1,242 lnded at capulc; and of the
was 43,816, of which 31,242 landed at Acapulco; and of the
Nubia or Egypt, owing to the elevation of the soil, the nu- 40,113 which left, 28,540 embarked at the same port. Near
merous rivers, and the abundant summer rains. The mine- the town stands the castle and fort of San Diego, capable of
ral products of the country are iron-ore, rock-salt, and a small mounting 00 guns. Pop. 5000.
quantity of gold. The cultivated grains are wheat, barley,   ACARI, A-k&-reel, a town of Peru. tat. 150 15' S.; lon. 740
oats, maize, rice, millet, and teff;* fruits, cotton, and coffee 45' W., 20 miles firom the Pacific. Pop. 6000.
are also produced.                                            ACARNATNIA, a department of Greece, chiefly between
Animals.-The domestic animals consist of horses, cattle, lat. 380 20' and 390 N., and ion. 200 45' and 210 30' E., haysheep, goats, mules, and asses. The horses are small, but ing N. the Gulf of Arta, and W. the Ionian Sea. Pop.
strong and active; the cattle and goats are generally small 25,083.-Adj. and inhab. ACARNANIAN, ak-ai-n4'ne-a
in stature, of all colours, and have very large horns; the    ACASABASTLAN, A-KA-sA-bis-tl n1, a town of Central
sheep have a white body, black head and neck, are covered  America, 78 miles N.E. of Guatemala.
with hair, and have thick, short, fat tails-male without   ACASITER-MIALIBIS, a parish and township of England,
horns. Mules, camels, and asses are the usual beasts of  co. of York, East Riding.
burden, the horses being generally reserved for warn and the    ACATLAN, -k-tlAul, a village of the Mexican Confede
chase. Vast herds of oxen, often amounting to many thou- racy, 50 miles S. of La Puebla, on the Nasca.
sands, are met with throughout the country. The oxen    ACBARABAD.  See AGRA.
reared on the low grounds, called the Galla ox, have horns    ACCADIA, - k-k-deefa, a town of Naples, 5 miles S. of Boof immense size. The wild animals are the lion, elephant,   vine. Pop. 3615.
hippopotamus, rhinoceros, crocodile, buffalo, hyena, leopard,   ACCATINKT, a post-village of Fairfax co., Virginia.
boar, antelope, zebra, quagga, giraffe, and gazelle. Lions are    ACCETTURA, Atch-6t-toofrA, a town of Naples, 19 miles
not numerous, being but rarely met with. Elephants abound  S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3140.
in the N. and S. borders of the country, particularly in the ox-   ACCIANO, At-chfno, a town of Naples, Abruzzo Ultra, 19
tensive forests lying N. of Tigr6. The hippopotamus abounds miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 773.
in Lake Dembea, where great numbers are killed annually for   ACCIDENT, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.
their flesh and hides. The rhinoceros is numerous in certain    AC'COMACKx, a county in the E. part of Yirginia, borderdistricts. A two-horned rhinoceros is met with but rarely. ing on Maryland, has an area of about 480 square miles.
Crocodiles are found in various rivers in Abyssinia; but the It forms part of a peninsula lying between the Chesapeake
largest and most dreaded by the natives are those that in- Bay and the Atlantic, and comprises numerous low sandy
habit the Tacazze: these are of a greenish colour, and of for- islands along the sea-coast. Formed in 1672, and named
midable size. The buffalo, a comparatively harmless animal from a tribe of Indians who once frequented this region.
in other countries, is here extremely ferocious, and will often  Surface level; soil moderately fertile. Capital, Accomack
attack travellers. Hyenas and leopards are numerous, espe- Court-House, or Druimond Town. Pop. 17,890, of whom
cially the former, but, according to the account of Isenberg 12,903 were free, and 4987 slaves.
and Krapf's guide, they never inhabit the same region, the   ACCOMACK COURT-HOUSE,  or DRUMIMOND TOWN, a
leopard dreading the superior strength and ferocity of the small poet-village, capital of the above county, 193 miles
hyena: although the former will attack man, the latter flees E. by N. of ichmond. Pop. about 100.
from  him. Serpents are numerous, and some of them  of   ACCONBURY, aklon-ber-e, or ACORNBURY  a parish of
great size. Among the latter is the boa, which often attains England,co.ofItereford. HersaresomeRomanantiquities.
the length of 20 feet. The varieties of birds are also great,   ACCORD, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.
and include eagles, vultures, Alpine ravens, parrots, herons,   ACCRA, ACCRAII or ACRA, Akfkra or IkrA, a country
Guinea fowls, partridges, quails, snipes, larks, and pigeons. of Af-ica, on the Guinea coast, about let. 50355 N., Ion. 90 12'
Bees are numerous, honey being a general article of food; W., belonging to England, Holland, and Denmark. British
locusts often lay the land waste; and saltsalyac-a fly a Accra consists of Fort St. James, in lat. 50 32' N., olen. 0 12'
little larger than a bee —causes whole tribes to change their  V., with a smallterritory. Pop. 3000, (?) mootly blacks. One
residence through terror of its sting, of which even the lion, mile E. of James Fort is the Dutch fort of Creveccur, deit is said, standsin dread.                                 stroyed by the English in 1782, and partially restored in 1839.
In industry and commerce the Abyssinians have made   AC/CRINGTON, New, a township, England, co. Lancaster.
some progress; they manufacture tanned skins for tents,   ACCUMOLI, Ak-koofmo-lee, a town of Italy, in Naples, 27
shields of hide, agricultural implements, coarse cotton and  miles N.N.W. of Aquila. Pop. 3700.
woollen cloths, and pottery-ware. The imports include raw    ACE.  See ACnE.
cotton, pepper, blue and red cotton cloth, glass, and tobacco.   ACEBO, A-thbo, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, 48
Abyssinia, comprised in the ancient Ethiopia, appears to have  miles N. of Cceres. Pop. 2356.
been the cradle of African civilization, but the early history    ACERENZA, -chl-rinrzA. (auc. Acheronltia,) a city of Naof the people is merely traditional: they were converted to  pies on the Bradan, 16 miles N.N.E. of Potenza.  P. 3420.
Christianity in the time of Constantine, and their first rulers    ACERNO, -ch8n/no, a town of Naples, 14 miles.N.E. of
seem to have possessed great influence: in the sixth century  Salerno, on the sits of the ancient Picenltia. Pop. 2500.
they conquered part of Yemen in Arabia. The present inha      ACEtRA, A-chiR/RN, (ane. 4cecifrve,) a town of Naples, on
bitants  have preserved nothing of their former power; the  the Agno 7 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 0100.
Turks on the one side, and the ferocious Gallas on the other,   ACESINES. See CHENAUB.
have almost entirely separated them  from  other nations.      CHAGUAS, A-chi/gwis, a town of South America, VeneFor more than a century the princes of the ancient dynasty  zuela 50 miles SW. of San Fernando. Pop. 2000.
have been deprived of their authority, and the empire has    ACHAIA, a-klyp or 4-ki/y4 (Cr. AXaE,) a department of
been divided into several petty states, the chief of which are  the kingdom  of Greece, in the Morea, extending about 65
Shoa, Tigr6, and Amhara. Ankober, the capital of the king- miles from E. to  V., with an average width of from 12 to 20
dom of Shoa, is the only place deserving the name of a town  miles along the S. side of the Corinthian gulf. The interiow
in Abyssinia.-A- dj. and inhab., ABeniANm-, ab'be-einfe-an. is mountainous, and the coast low, with few good ports.
ACADEMfIA, ak-a-dee/me-a, a post-office of Junitaa co.
ACADEMIIR a   ak adee/in,   a poet-office  of Juniata co., Chief town, Patras.-Adj. and inhab. ACIAIaN, a-klmsan.
Pennsylivania.                                                ACIIEEN, ATCHEEN, ACHEN  or ATCIIIN, at-cheen/,
The tef or tafo is a grain smaller than mustard-seed, and  (properly ATJIIL:) a town of Sumatra, near its N.W. extrewell tasted.  Bis hop Gobat speaks of the bread mnade of it as mity, capital of an independent kingdom of the same naime,
"excellent."-Blumnenbach thinks that teff is the same with  on the river Acheen, near the sea. Lat. 50 34' N.; ion. 950
the 1'on Abyssinica. — M rLT, BauN.                         34' E. It is built on piles of wood, and is said to comprise
29




ACH                                                      ADA
8000 houses. The kingdom of Acheen extends from the river for its great antiquity, and for the remains of a Romal
Sinkel, Ion. 980 E., to the W. end of the island. It was once aqueduct. It is much frequented for its sulphur baths.
a powerful state.-Adj. and inhab. AcIINeESE, atch'in-eerz.  ACQUINUTON, a post-office of King William co., Virginia.
ACIIHEEN or ACHEN HEAD, is the name of the N.W.   AC/RA, a post-village of Greene co., New York, 47 miles
point of Sumatra.                                         S.S.W. of Albany.
ACHIELOUS, ak-e-l16us. See AsPRo-POTAMo.                  ACRE, Iker or 4fker, AKKA, Ak/kA, or ST. JEAN D'ACRE,
ACI-IEN, lKewN, a river of Bavaria, falls into Chiem See.   saNa zh&SG dlk/r, (anc. Acc, or Acico? or.tolemaeis,) a city
AC-IERN, Acegrn, a town of Baden, on a river of its own  and seaport of Syria, capital of the pashalic of its own name,
name, and on the railroad from Carlsruhe to Freiberg, 30 on a promontory at the foot of Mount Carmel  Lat. 320 551
miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1938.                     N.; ion. 350 5' E. Pop. 10,000. (1) Acre is famous for the meACIIERON, akle-ron. See MAVRoPorTAMoS.                  morable sieges which it has sustained. It was taken by the
ACHERONTIA. See ACERENZA.                               first Crusaders in 1104, retaken by the Saracens in 1187, and
ACHIGAN. See SAINT RoCo Dr L'AonIoAN.                   recovered by the Christians under Richard Coeur de Lion
ACHILL, alkil, or EAGLE ISLAND, an island off the W. in 1191, and given to the Knights of St. John (in French,
coast of Ireland, co. of Mayo. Circumference about 30 miles. Mt. Tean) of Jerusalem, whence it received the name of St.
Pop. of parish, 6392. Its W. point forms Achill I-ead, 2222 Jean D'Acre. In 1291 it again fell in the hands of the Sarafeet in elevation. Lat. 530 59' N.; Ion. 100 12' W.        cens. Bonaparte attempted to storm this place in 17990, but
ACHILL BEG is an island immediately S. of the foregoing. retreated after a siege of 61 days. It was taken by Ibrahim
ACHIIMI. See AKHMY~M.                                    Pasha in 1832, and again by the combined English and AusACHIOUNEYN. See OsiMooNLsYN.                            trian squadrons in 1840. The bay of Acre is much frequented
ACHO. See AcRE.                                          by French, Italian, and Austrian vessels. Acre has been celeACIONRY, ak-on-rIP, a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo.    brated from remote antiquity. Strabo calls it ACE, (Ax8.)
ACHOR, Alkor, or ACHORTOWN, a post-village of Colum-   ACRI, f5kree, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Citra,
biana co., Ohio, about 3 miles W. of the Pennsylvania line.  capital of the canton, 15 miles N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 7861.
ACI-IRAY, Locm, loK aK-rlf, a small picturesque lake of   ACRISE, l/kriss, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Scotland, co. of Perth, 15 miles N.W. of Stirling.           AC'RO-CORINITIHUS, or ACIRO-COR/INTI-I, a precipitous
ACHIRIS (iakris) HEAD, a headlsand on the W. coast of and somewhat conical rock near the city of Corinth, in
Ireland. Lat. 530 33' N.; ion. 100 10' WV.                 Greece, on which stood the ancient acropolis, or citadel of
ACHSAI. - See AKSAL.                                    the place, and a temple of Venus. It is about 2000 feet
ACIITYRKA or AKIITIRKA, &K-tR5r/k9, a town of Euro- above the level of the sea, and is the site of a modern fortipean Russia, 60 miles N.W. of Kharkov, on a small river of fication, which is considered one of the strongest in Greece.
the same name. Pop. 14,205.                                  ACROTIRION, l-kro-teelre-on, a smalltown of the Grecian
ACI, Y/chee, or ACI REALE, d/chee rA-lIA, a town and sea- archipelago. on the S.W. side of the island of Santorini.
port of Sicily, well built on a height at the month of the Acl,   ACS, tctfi, a town of Hungary, 6 miles S.W. of Komorn.
7 miles N.E. of Catania. Pop. 19,800. It is built mostly of Pop. 3237, employed in rearing sheep.
lava, and has many fine edifices, and an active trade. It is   ACSA. See AKc HISSAn.
celebrated for its mineral waters, and for the cave of Poly-   ACT!EtON ISLANDS, a group of three low, wooded islands
phemus and grotto of Galatea in its vicinity.             in the Pacific Ocean, discovered 1837. The central island is
ACKEN, lkfken, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, on in lat. 210 23' S.; ion. 1360 32' W.
the Elbe, 22 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 4100.          ACTIUM, ak/she-um or ak/te-um, a promontory and town
ACK/LAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of York, East of ancient Greece, situated near the entrance of the gulf of
and North Ridings.                                         Arta, on the N. coast of Acarnania. Celebrated for the vicACKLAM, WEST, parish, England, co. York, North Riding.'tory won by Octavius Cesar over Mark Antony, B. c. 30.
ACI{LIN ISLAND, a small island in the Bahama group,   AC/TON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. Dorfold Hall,
120 miles N.E. of Cuba.                                   a fine building of the seventeenth century, is in this parish.
ACK/WORTH, a parish, England, co. York, West Riding.   ACTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. AcToNe is the
A large school was established here by the Friends in 1777. name of several townships in the cos. of Chester, Gloucester,
ACLE, akel, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        Northumberland, Salop, Stafford, and York.
AC-METCtET. See SIFRsROPOL.                                ACTON, a village and parish of England, co. of Middlesex,
ACOBAMIBA, A-ko-blm'bA, a small town of South Peru, about 8 miles WV. of London, on the road to Oxford.
42 miles S.W. of Huamanga.                                   ACTON, a post-township of York co., Maine, 90 miles S.W.
ACOMA,,-komA,,  a pueblo or village in Socorro co., New  of Augusta, on the head waters of the Salmon Falls river
Mexico, on a small branch of the Puerco River, about 60 miles Pop. 1350.
W.S.W. of Albuquerque.                                       ACTON, a post-township of Middlesex co., Massachusetts,
ACOMB, Vkokm, or AKEHIAM, A/kam, a parish of Eng-  situated on the Boston and Fitchburg Ralroad, 22 miles N.
land, co. of York.                                        NV. of Boston, and intersected by Assabet river. Pop. 1605.
ACOINA, a post-office of Holmes co., Mississippi.          ACTON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Halton, 40
ACONCAGUA., d-kon-kftgwd, a mountain of South Ame- miles W.by N.ofToronto. It contains a tannery, a cabinetrica, in Chili, the loftiest of the Andes, being 23,910 feet shop, and several stores.
above the level of the sea, situated in lat. 320 38' 30" S., Ion.   ACITON CORINER, apost-village of York co., Maine, about
700 0' 30" W.  It has been erroneously called a volcano.   90 miles S.W. of Augusta.
ACONCAGUA, a river rising on the S. side of the above,   ACTON BEAUCHAMP, (beelchftm) a parish of England,
flows S.W., and joins the Pacific 12 miles N. of ~alparaiso.  co. of Worcester.
ACONCAGUA, a province in the central part of Chili.        A(TON-BUR1NELL,a small village and parish of England,
ACONCAGUA, a town of Chili. See SAa'\ FELIPE.            co. of Salop, 7' miles S. of Shrewsbury. Here are the remains
ACOONO-C00OOINO, a town and district of Africa, on the E. of an ancient castle, where Edward I., in 1283, held a parliabank of the Old Calabar or Cross River; lat..60 29' N.. Ion. ment.
80 27' E. Pop. 4000. (?)                                     ACTON-ROUND, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
AQORES, islands of the Atlantic Ocean. See Azoaws.        ACTON-SCOTT a parish of England, co. of Salop.
ACQS, a town of France. See DAx.                           ACTOPAN, Ak-to-pinl, a town; valley, and district of
ACQUACIKANONCKW, a post-township of Passaic co., New  Mexico; the former 70 miles N.N.E. of the city of Mexico:
Jersey, 13 miles S.W. of New York, and about 80 N.EIof lat. 200 17' 28" N.; Ion. 980 48' 52" W. Its population conTrenton. A village of the same name is situated on the sists chiefly of Othomies Indians, of whom there are between
Passaic River, at the head of sloop navigation. Pop. 2925.  2000 and 3000 families.
ACQUA, 9ktkw9, a village of Tuscany, province of Pisa, 16    ACUL, glktilt, a town and seaport of Hayti, N. coast, 10
miles E. of Leghorn.                                       miles WV. of Cape Frangais. Lat. 190 47' N.; ion. 720 27' WV.
ACQUAL AGNA, Ak-kwhl anlya, a village of Italy, on ahill,   ACULCO, At-koollko, a lake in Chili, 38 miles S.S.W. of San8 miles S. of Urbino.                                      tiage; it is about 9 miles in length, and 3 in breadth.
ACQUA-NEGRA, AktkwA-nAgrA, a village of Northern Italy,    ACULA. See AcQAPENDENTE.
16 miles W. of Mantua.                                       AC/WORTHI, a post-township of Sullivan co., New HampACQUAPENDENTE, AklkwA-p;n-den1tU, (ane. A.ucuac, or shire, 46 miles W. of Concord, has manufactures of bobbins,
Acula?) a town of Italy, 12 miles N.W. of Orvieto. Pop. 2400. starch, and leather. Pop. 1251.
It is a bishop's see. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, the cele-   ACWORTH, a post-village of Cobb co., Georgia, situated on
brated anatomist, was born here in 1537.                   the WVestern and Atlantic Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of MariACQUA SANTA. See ABeeA SANTA.                            etta. Pop. about 100.
ACQUA-SPARTA, Ak-kwA-spAnrtA, a town of Italy, Ponti-   ADA, ah/da, a post-township of Keat co., Michigan.
fical States, 10 miles S.W. of Spoleto.                      ADA, a village in the above township, situated at the conACQUAVIVA, AkkwA-veelvl, a town of Naples, 16 miles  fluence of Thornapple creek with Grand river, on the route
5.S.W. of Bari. Pop. 5400.                                of the proposed railroad from Port Huron to Grand Haven.
ACQUAVIVA, a town of Naples, 22 miles N.N.E. of Campo-   ADAFOODIA, dA-footde-dA, a town in the Foolah coun
basso.                                                    try, Vest Africa: lat. 130 6' N.; Ion. 1~ 3' E. It is said to
ACQUT, Aktkwee, (anc. Alqszcr, or Afquoc AS[atiellea,) a walled  be as large as Abomey, and its trade in native merchandise
town of the -Sardinian States, Piedmont, division of Alles- nearly equal. Pop. 24,000.
sandria, capital of the province, on the left bank of the Bor-   ADAHUESCA, A-D-wlsfkl, a town of Spain, Aragon, 15
mida, 18 miles S.S.W. of Allessandria. Pop. 7800. Celebrated  miles E.S.E. of Huesea
3sO




ADA                                                      ADA
ADAIES, a post-office of Nachitoches parish, Louisiana.    ADAMS, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1123.
ADAIRI, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, has an area of   ADAMS, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 869.
450 square miles. It is intersected by Green river, and also    ADAMS, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1419.
drained by Little Barren river and Russell's creek. The    ADAMS, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1416.
soil is moderately fertile. Organized in 1801, and namnled in    ADAMS, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 432.
honor of John Adair, United States senator from Kentucky.   ADAMS, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 860.
Capital, Columbia. Pop. 9898; of whom 8191 were free, and    ADAMS, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1092.
1707 slaves.                                                 ADAMS, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 998.
ADAIR, a county in the N.N.E. part of Missouri, has an    ADAMS, a post-township of Seneca co., Ohio, on Green creek,
area of 570 square miles. It is intersected by Chariton river 99 miles N. of Columbus. Pop. 1416.
and by the North fork of Salt river. The soil is generally fer-   ADAMS, a township of Washington co., Ohio. Pop. 1293.
tile, adapted to grain and grass. Organized about the year    ADAMS, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 1012.
1840. Capital, Kirksville. Pop. 2351; of whom 2298 were    ADAMS, a township of CG.rroll co., Indiana. Pop. 671.
free, and 53 slaves.                                        ADAMS, a township of Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 474.
ADAIR, a county in the S.W. central part of Iowa, has an    ADAMS, a township of Decatur co., Indiana. Pop. 1257.
area of 576 square miles. It is drained by Middle river, an    ADAMS, a township of HIamilton co., Indiana. Pop. 861.
affluent of Des Moines, and by the head streams of Nodaway    ADAMS, a township of Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 1309.
river. The state road from Fort Des Moines to Council   ADAMS, a township of Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 879.
Bluffs passes through the county. Adair county is not in-   ADAMS, a township of Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 1524.
cluded in the census of 1850.                               ADAMS, a post-township in the central part of iHillsdale
ADAIRS/VILLE, athriving post-village of Cass co., Georgia, co., Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Southern railon the Western and Atlantic railroad. It is situated in the  road, 93 miles S.W. of Detroit. Pop. 1129.
midst of a fine farming region, 156 miles N.WV. of Milledgeville.    ADAMS, a post-office of Adams co., Illinois.
ADAIRSVILLE, a post-village of Logan co., Kentucky,I80    ADAMS, a post-township of Greene co., Wisconsin. P. 275.
miles S.W. of Frankfort.                                     ADAMS, a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin,
ADAJA,.A-DiYHn, a river of Spain, in Old Castilb, rising    ADAMS, a township of Sank co., Wisconsin. Pop. 504.
near Piedrahita, in the Sierra de Avila, falls into the Duero,   ADAMS' BASIN, a post-village of Monroe co., New York,
after a course of between 80 and 90 miles.                 on the Erie Canal, about 230 miles W. by N. of Albany.
ADALIA, A-d0/lee', SATALIEH, si-t9/leeyfeh, or ATTA-   ADAM'S BRIDGE, a chain of shoals extending across the
LIYEH,aseaport of Anatolia, Asiatic Turkey, on the gulf of Gulf of Manaar, between Ceylon and the peninsula of Hinthe same name. Lat. 360 52' 2" N.; Iou. 300 45' E. It is  dostan. See MANAAR.
pleasantly situated on the slope of a hill, rising to the height   ADfAMSBURG, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Pennof 70 feet above the sea. The houses being built circularly  sylvania, on the road from Greensburg to Pittsbmurg, 183
around the harbour, the streets appear to rise behind each  miles W. of Harrisburg.
other like the seats of a theatre. Pop. of the town, 8000.   ADAMSBURG, a post-village of Gasconade co., Missouri, on
ADtALINE, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.       the road between St. Louis and Jefferson City, about 50 miles
ADAM BAY, on the N.W. coast of Australia, stretches 6  E. by S. of the latter town.
miles inland, and is 10 in breadth at the entrance, with 9    ADAMS' CENTRE, a post-village of Jefferson co., New
fathoms of water.                                          York, on the N. branch of Sandy creek, 162 miles N.W. of
ADIAMS, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, border- Albany.
ing on Maryland, has an area of 530 square miles. Cone-   ADAMS' MILLS, a post-office of Pulaski co., Kentucky.
wage creek and its branches, Latimore, Bermudian, and.   ADAMS' MILLS, a post-village of Muskingum  co., Ohio,
Opossum creeks; Rock, Marsh, and Middle creeks, and the  on the Ohio Canal, 61 miles E. of Columbus.
head streams of Monocacy river, rise in the county; the ridge    ADAMS' MOUNT, New Hampshire. See MoNJr AeAaIS.
called South Mountain extends along the N.W. border. This    ADAMS' MOUNT, a mountain in Oregon, 30 miles N. of
county was settled by Scotch and Irish, about 1740, and or- the Columbia river, and about 100 miles due E. of its
ganized in 1800. Named in honor of John Adams, second  mouth: it is detached from the Cascade Mountains, being
President of the United States. Capital, Gettysburg. Pop. about 25 miles E. of that range.
25,981.                                                     ADIAMSON'S HARBOR, or PORT ESPERANCE, a small
ADAMS, a county in the S.W. part of Mississippi, has an  arm of the sea, on the S. coast of Van Diemen's Land.
area of about 440 square miles. The Mississippi river bounds    ADAM'S PEAK, a lofty mountain of Ceylon, in the centre
it on the W., dividing it from Louisiana, and the IHomochitto  of the island. Lat. 60 52' N.; lon. 800 32' E. Height, about
on the S. Adams county is important on account of contain- 7000 feet.
ing the city of Natchez, the largest town of the state, as well   ADAMS, POINT or CAPE, in Oregon, on the S. side of the
as the county seat. Pop. 18,601.                           mouth of Columbia river. Lat. 460 12' N.; Ion. 1230 56 W.
ADAMS, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area of 500    ADAMS' RUN, a post-office of Colleton district, South Casquare miles. The Ohio river forms its entire boundary on  rolina.
the S., dividing it from Kentucky, and Brush creek flows    ADAMS' STORE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., North
through it from N. to S. Organized in 1797. Capital, West Carolina.
Union. Pop. 18,833.                                          ADAMS' STORE, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.
ADAMS, a county in the E. part of Indiana, bordering on    AD/AMSTOWN, a village and parish of Ireland, co. of WexOhio, contains 324 square miles. It is drained by the Wabash  ford, and 17b miles W.N.W. of Wexford.
and St. Mary's rivers. The surface is nearly level; the soil   ADAMSTOWN, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylproductive. Organized in 1836. Capital, Decatur. P. 5797. vania, 20 miles N. of Lancaster.
ADAMS, a county in the extreme W. part of Illinois, bor-   ADAMSTOWN, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.
dering on the Mississippi river, which separates it from the    ADAMSVILLE, adlamz-vil, a post-village of Franklin co.,
state of Missouri, has an area of 760 square miles. The soil Massachusetts, 104 miles WV. of Boston.
is exceedingly rich, and extensively cultivated. A railroad is    ADAMSVILLE, a post-office of Newport co., RhodeIsland.
in progress through the county, designed to connect Quincy    ADAMSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., New
with Clayton and other towns in the interior.  Adanms  York, 58 miles N. of Albany.
county is the most populous in the state, excepting Cook,   ADAMSVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Pennsylvaand is rapidly improving. Capital, Quincy. Pop. 26,508.    nia, about 250 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.
ADAMS, a county in the S.W. part of Iowa, has an area of   ADAMSVILLE, a post-office of Harrison co., Virginia.
432square miles; drained by the Nodaway river and several   ADAMSVILLE, a village of Case co., Georgia, about 150
of its head streams. This county is not included in the cen- miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
sue  of 1850.                                               ADAMISVILLE, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.
ADAMS, a county toward the W. part of Wisconsin, has an    ADAMSVILLE, a post-village of Morgan co., Kentucky.
area of 1350 square miles. The Wisconsin river flows through    ADAMSVILLE, a post-village of McNairy co., Tennessee,
it from N. to S.; it is also drained by the Lemonweir river. 139 miles S.W. of Nashville.
The surface is mostly covered with forests, from which large    ADAMSVILLE, a post-village in Salem township, Musquantities of lumber are procured and rafted down the Wis- kingum co., Ohio, about 10 miles N.N.E. of Zanesville.
cousin river. The streams above named furnish extensive    ADAMSVILLE, a post-village of Case co., Michigan, 172
water-power. Pop. 187.                                    miles W. by S. of Detroit.
ADAMS, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachusetts,    ADAMUZ, A-Dn-moothb, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 21
120 miles W.N.W. of Boston, comprising two villages, North  miles N.E. of Cordova, with 2640 inhabitants.
and South Adams, is intersected by the Hoosack river, and    ADANA, Atldgln[, (anc. Bathlnerl)a city of Asia Minor, capiPittsfield and North Adams railroad. This township is noted  tal of the pashalic of Itch-Elee, on the rightbank of the
for its great number of mills andfactories, and is also remark- Sihoon, 30 miles from the sea. Lat. 370 10' N.; lon. 350 12'
able as containing Saddle Mountain, and a natural bridge  E. Pop. about 10,000. It is well built, and has a castle,
on Hudson's brook. Pop. 6172.                              several remains of antiquity, a~bridge over the Sihoon, said
ADAMS, a post-village and township of Jefferson co., New  to have been built by Justinian, with a trade in wool, cotton,
York, on the Watertown and Rome Railroad, 156 miles corn, wine, and fruit.
W.N.W. of Albany. It contains a bank. Pop. 3106.    ~        ADANAD, &-dg-n~df, or ADINATIHA, A-de-n/t'hl, a town
ADAIMS, a post-village of Irwin co., Georgia, ou the S.W. of Hindostan, province of Ilalabar, 25 miles S.S.E. of
side of the Ocmulgee RLiver, 97 miles S. of Milledgeville.  Calicut.
51




ADA                                                        ADE
ADARE, a-dairl, a decayed town and parish of Ireland, shops and hotels, numerous places of worship, a government
co. of Limerick.                                          house, barracks, and theatre. A chamber of commerce, inADARIO, a-dahlre-o, a post-office of Richland co., Ohio.  surance company, assay office, and different banks, have
ADARIO, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.       been established. In 1852 there were in the city 27 public
ADBAS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.        schools. attended by 1497 pupils, besides the Collegiate School
ADDA, &ddA, (anc. Adidua,) a river of Northern Italy, rises  of St. Peter's, incorporated in 1849. The assay office was
near Bormio in the Valtellina, flows generally S., traversing  opened in 1852. The quantity of gold introduced into it
Lakes Como and Lecco, and, after a course of 80 miles, joins  by overland escort during the year ending February 15, 1853,
the Po; 7 miles W. of Cremona.                             was 412,066 ounces, valued at 1,462,8361.
ADIDA, a Danish province and negro village of Africa,   PoRr ADELAIDE is situated about 6 miles N.N.W. of the
near the coast, on the W. bank of the river Volta.         town, and communicates with it by a railway. It is a free
ADDERlBURY, adfder-ber-, a parish of England, co. of port, and the centre of all the commerce of the colony. The
Oxford.                                                   exports increased from 465,8781. in 1848 to 736,267/. (not inADDERGEY, &d-der-g4! or gd-dgr-ghif, a small town of  cluding bullion) in 1852; and the imports from 346,1371. to
Abyssinia, kingdom of Tigr6, on the route followed by Bruce  538,9731. The harbor is accessible for vessels drawing about
on his journey from Axoomto Gondar. Lat. 130 355 N.; ion. 18 feet of water. The railway is in course of construction
38" 31 E.                                                  to North Ann IHtarbor, which has a much greater depth.
ADDERLEY, adlder-lee, a parish of England, co. of Salop.   ADELAIDE ISLANDS, or QUEEN ADELAIDE ISLANDS,
AD1DINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.   a chain of islands off the S.W. coast of Patagonia. The westADDINGHIAM, a parish of England, co. of York.            ernmost is called Adelaide Island. Lat. 520 S.; ion. 750 W.
ADIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             ADELAIDE, a river in the N.W. of Australia, falls into
ADDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             Adam bay, and is navigable 50 miles for vessels drawing 12
ADDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.           feet of water.
ADDINGTON, a county in the S.E. part of Canada West,   ADELEBSEN, or ADELEPSEN, i'deh-llpse n, a village of
bordering on Lake Ontario, has an area of 576 square miles. Hanover, 7 miles N.W. of GUttingen, on the right bank of
It is drained by the Nepanee river and other streams, the Schwtiilme. Pop. 1400.
and contains several small lakes, the principal of which is    ADELFORS, a'c11-fors', a village of Sweden, lsen Jbnk'lBeaver lake, having an outlet through Salmon river. The  ping, on the Amman, 20 miles S.E. of  keseji, with a gold
chief staples are lumber, wool, and the productions of the  mine nearly abandoned.
dairy. This county is traversed by the routes of two pro-   ADELIE, 4'dA'lee, a tract of barren land in the Antarctic
posed railroads, one leading from Kingston to Toronto, and  Ocean. Lat. 660 30' S.; ion. 1360 to 1420 E. Discovered by
the other from Pittsburg to Peterborough.  Chief town, D'Urville in 1840.
Bath. Pop. 15,165.                                           ADELINE, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois.
ADDINGTON, GRAET, a parish of England, co. of North-    AD-EL-JIVAZ, Ad-81-jeelvast, a walled town of Asiatic Turampton.                                                    key, 14 to 16 miles from Akhlat, on the N.W. shore of Lake
ADDINGTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of North- Van. Coarse cotton cloths are manufactured, there being
ampton.                                                    about 20 looms in the town employed in the production of
AD/DISON, a county in the W. part of Vermont, has an  these fabrics.
area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by    ADELLI, a post-village, capital of Dallas co., Iowa, 150 miles
Lake Champlain, and' is drained principally by Otter creek  W. of Iowa City.
and its tributaries, which afford most valuable water-power.    ADELL, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
The surface is level or slightly undulating near the lake, but    ADELNAU,  /del-nlw', a town of Prussia, 40 miles N.E.
in the E. part rough and mountainous, and more adapted to  of Breslau
grazing. The soil is fertile, particularly along the lake shore.   ADELPHI, 9-d11fee, or FRATELLI, frA-tAl1ee, (i. e. the
There are in this county quarries of white and variegated  "Brothers,') two small islands in the Grecian archipelago,
marble, which are largely worked. Lake Champlain is navi-  about 40 miles W. of Scarpanto. Lat. 399 5' 8" N.; ion. 23"
gable along its W. border, and sloops can ascend Otter creek 7  59' 2" E.
miles to Vergennes. The railroad connecting Bellows Falls    ADELIPHI, a post-village in Colerain township, Ross coe
with Burlington passes through this county. Organized in  Ohio, 67 miles S. of Columbus. Pop. 500.
1787, and named in honor of Joseph Addison, the cele-   ADELSBERG, i/dels-bbno', a market town of Illyria, Carbrated English writer. Capital, Middlebury. Pop. 26,549.  niola, 22 miles N.E. of Triest. It is remarkable for the staADDISON, a township of Washington co., MIaine, 135 miles  lactite caves that exist in the limestone rock in the vicinity,
E. by N. of Augusta, between Indian and Pleasant rivers. which are the largest hitherto discovered in Europe.
Pop. 1152.                                                   ADELSIEIMi, Adels-hime', a town of Baden, 32 miles E.
ADDISON, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, 43  of Heidelberg. Pop. 1476.
miles W.S.W. of lontpelier. Pop. 1279.                       ADEMUZ, A-DA-fmoothf, a town of Spain, 62 miles N.W. of
ADDISON, a post-township of Steuben co., New York, on  Valencia. Pop. 3033.
the Canisteo and Tuscarora Creeks, and on the Erie Railroad,    ADEN, lVd~n or A/ddn, a town and seaport of Arabia, which
302 miles from New York.  It has an academy. Pop. 3721. since 1839 has belonged to the British, on the E. side of Cape
ADDISON, a post-township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania, Aden. Lat. 12" 46' 15" N.; Ion. 45" 10' 20" E. The popula:
on the Youghiogheny, 153 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. P.1665.  tion, which in 1839 was said to be under 1000, amounted in
ADDISON, a post-township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 924.  1842 to 19,938. Its fortifications, which had fallen into deADDISON, a post-office of Lenawee co., Miichigan.        cay, are now being greatly extended and improved; and,
ADDISON, a township of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop. 424. with the natural advantages of its situation, it will most
ADDISON, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1917.  probably become the Gibraltar of this part of the East. NuADDISON, a post-township of Du Page co., Illinois.       merous mosques and other buildings attest its former magADDISON, a post-township of Washington co., Wisconsin, nificence. Opposite the shore is the rockcy island Seerah, at
36 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1092.                    low water joined to the mainland. Aden is well supplied
ADDISON CORNERS, a village of Canada West, co. of with water, and before the rise of Mocha, was the chief tradLeeds, 12 miles from Brockville, which is on the St. Law- ing port of Arabia. It was fortified by the Turks during
rence. There are in the village and vicinity several mills, the reign of Solyman the Mlagnificent; but before its occu(including flour and saw mills,) manufactories of carriages, pation by the British, it had shrunk into  comparative
potash, shoes, &c. The post-office is called simply Addison. insignificance.  In 1839, the town and the peninsula on
Pop. 200.                                                  which it stands wmere purchased by the East India Company,
ADDISON POINT, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. to be made a depOt for coals and a calling station for the mn)ail
ADDLE, adld'l, a parish of England, co. of York.         steamers between India and Suez; and the result is, that
ADIDLE-THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.      not less than 24,000 tons of shipping visit the port annually
AD'D001, or ADOU, A/doos, one of the Maldive Islands, 10  to supply the dep^ts with coals. The harbors, two in num.
miles in length, and 7 in breadth.                         ber, are considered the best in Asia.
ADDUA. See ADDA.                                           ADEN, CAPE, a rocky peninsula on the S. coast of Ari
ADEGHEM, AdA-ghlm, a village of Belgium, province of bin, rises to 1776 feet in height, stretches into the ocean
East Flanders, 3 miles W.N.W. of Eecloo. Pop. 3534.        about 5 miles, varying in breadth from 2 to 3. miles, is conADEL, -dli/, or SOMAULI,so-mawflee, a country of Africa, nected with the mainland by a sandy isthmus J of a mile
extending along its N.E. coast from Abyssinia to Cape Guar- broad, and has a harbor on either side, both of which are
dafui, between lat. 8" and 12" N., and lon. 43" and 510 E. good, especially that on the N.W.
Pop. IvMohammedan, and subordinate to an imam.  It is    ADEN, GULF OF, the name now given tothat portion of sea
marshy and unhealthy, but exports wax, myrrh, ivory, lying between the north coast of Adel, termninating E. with
gold-dust, and cattle. Chief ports, Zeila and Berberan.    Ras Jerdaffoon, (Cape Guardafui,) and the S. coast of Arabia,
ADELAIDE, ad'e-ld, a municipal city, the capital of between Rae Arrah and Ras Agab; the former in lat. 120 40'
South Australia, on the Torrens River, near its mouth in  N., hon. 440 E.; the latter in 150 15' N., lon. 51" 30' E. Its
Gulf St. Vincent. Lat. 34" 55' S.; lon. 138" 38' E. Pop. in  length frem E. to W. is thus about 480 miles, its breadth
1855, estimated at 20,000. It stands on rising ground, from N. to S. varying from 160 to 200 miles.
backed by woods, and divided by the Torrens into South    ADENARA, or ADANARA, A-da-nAr&, an island in the
and North Adelaide. It was founded in 1836, and in 1843 Malay Archipelago, belonging to the Dutch; lat. 8" 17' S.,
already covered 1000 acres. Is has regular streets, good  lon. 123"' 14' E.; about 35 miles long, and 15 broad.
82
i;.                                                ~I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



ADE                                                         ADR
ADENAU, &fden-~w', a town of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles    ADIPAR, a town and parliamentary borough of Wales, co.
W. of Cobleutz. Pop. 1330.                                    of Cardigan, parish of Landyfiiog, on the Teifi, a bridge across
ADERNO, &-d6s/no, a town of Sicily, at the S.E. foot of  which joins it to Newcastle Emlyn, S$ miles E.S.E. of CarM~ount Etna, near the Simeto, 17 miles N.W. of Catania. Pop.  digan. Pop. 1746. It has 11 anunual cattle fairs, with a re6623.  It has remains of old walls, and the ruins of the  tail trade for the supply of an extensive district. Adparancient Adralnum.                                            Emlyn unites with Cardigan, Aberystwith, &c. in sending
ADERSBACII, Oders-bNKW, a village of Bohemia, circle of  one member to the House of Commons.
Kbniggritz, 9 miles W.N.W. of Braunau, celebrated for a col-    ADRA, AIori, (anc. Abdelra,) a town and seaport of Spain,
lection of detached rocks, covering a surface of several square  Andalucia, province and 60 miles S.E. of Grenada, on the
miles, and rising to a great height.                         Mediterranean. Pop. 7400. Chiefly employed in the extenADIAMAN, A-de-I-mIn/, a small town in Asiatic Turkey,  sive lead mines in its vicinity, the greater part of the ore
132 miles N.E. by N. of Aleppo; lat. 370 451' N., ion. 380 32 E.  from which is exported to Marseilles.
It contains several mosques and 1100 houses.                   ADRA lYTI,'drl-meeftee, (anc.Adcrnsyt/tiuts,) atownaud
ADIGE, adle-je, (It. pron. i/de-jA; Ger. Etsch, Itch; L.  seaport of Asia Minor, 4 miles from the head of the Gulf of
Atlhesis,) a river of Northern Italy, formed by numberless  Adramyti, and 83 miles N. of Smyrna. Pop. 5000. (?) It is
streamlets from the Helvetian Alps, which unite at Glurns,  ill built and dirty. Exports large quantities of olives and
where it takes the name of the Etsch. Near Bolsano it is  wool to Constantinople, and gall-nuts to other parts of
called the Adige, and, receiving the Eisach, it becomes navi-  Europe.
gable. It enters Lombardy 13 miles S. of Roveredo, and,    ADRANOS, Iadfra-nos', or EDIRENOS', an ancient town of
flowing S. and E., enters the Gulf of Venice at Porto-Fossone,  Iurkey in Asia, on a river of the same name, at the foot of a
13 miles N;E. of Adria, after a course of 220 miles. Affluents  limestone hill, 10 miles S.W. of Olympus, and 135 N.N.E.
on the left, the Passer, Eisach, Avisio, and Alpone; onthe right,  of Smyrna; lat. 390 59' N., ion. 280 55'E.  It is now in ruins,
the Nos. The cities of Glurns, Trent, Roveredo, and Verona  but these are of a very imposing and interesting character.
are on its banks. It is navigable from Trent to the sea; but    ADRANUM. See ADRnEo.
its velocity renders the navigation difficult.                  ADRARA, A-drlir, a village of Lombardy, 14 miles E. of
ADIGETTO, -de-jlt/t6, is a canal which commences near  Bergamo, with an ancient castle, celebrated in the wars of
Badia, passes Rovigo, and, by means of the canals of Scortico  the Guelphs and Guibelines. Pop. 2000.
and Bianco, connects the Adige with the Po.                     ADRIA, idre-&, (ane. Haidr/ia, Hcaltria, or Attrica,) a town
ADINKERKE,,din-k6a0keh, a village of Belgium, pro-  of Lonhbardy, government of Venice, between the Ps and
vince of West Flanders, 18 miles S.W. of Ostend.             Adige, 13 miles E. of Rovigo. Pop. 10,000. It has remains
ADINJEEK, or ADINJIK, I-din-jeekt, a small town of  of fine edifices, and was anciently a seaport of such conseAsiatic Turkey, on the S. shore of the Sea of Marmora, from   quence as to give its name to the Adriatic, from which it is
which it is distant about 1  miles.  Lat. 400 20' N.; ion.  now 14 miles distant. Its port is quite obliterated. Adria
270 50' E.                                                    is the see of an archbishop.
ADIRONDACK, ad'e-rontdak, a post-village in Newcomb           AD'RIAMPATAM/, a maritime town of British India,
township, Essex co., New York, near 2000 feet above the sea,  presidency of Madras, district and 34 miles S.E. of Tanjore.
and 100 miles N.N.W. of Albany, contains a bank.                ADRIAN, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, a group in the state of New             ADRIAN, Idre-an, a flourishing town, capital of Lenawee
York, W. of Lake Champlain, included chiefly within IHamil-  co., Michigan, is situateed on a branch of the Raisin river,
ton, Essex, Franklin, and Clinton counties. The highest  and on the Michigan Southern railroad, 37 miles W. of Monsummit, Mount Tahawus, (or Marcy,) has an elevation of  roe, 80 miles S.E. of Lansing, and 70 miles W.S.W. of Deabout 5460 feet above the sea.                               troit. The Erie and Kalamazoo railroad, which was opened
ADJYGHUR, ad-j1-gftr1, a town of British India, presi-  in 1836, connects the town with Toledo, 32 miles distant;
dency of Bengal, province of Allahabad, with a hill fortress,  and the Southern railroad was extended westward to Chitaken by the British in 1809.                                cago in 1852. Since the construction of these improvements,
ADKINSVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Virginia.         Adrian has increased rapidly, and become the centre of trade
ADMIRALTY (ad/me-ral-t8) INLET, a bay on the S. side of  for a fine farming region of large extent, which is chief-y
Barrow Strait, North America, lat. 730 49' N., lon. 830 W. The  appropriated to the growth of the different kinds of grain.
name Admiralty Inlet has also been given to a deep indenta-  It has 2 banks. Its extensive water-power is employed in
tion in the land recently discovered in the Antarctic seas by  mills of various kinds. Adrian has public buildings of a
Captain Ross, about lat. 640 15' S., and lon. 500 WV.        superior order, among which are several places of worship
ADMIRALTY ISLAND, an island of Russian America,  and high-schools. This place is the east terminus of a planklat. 580 N., ion. 1340 W. It is about 90 miles in length, N.  road 20 miles long. Pop. between 3000 and 4000.
to S., by 25 in breadth.                                       ADRIANCE, /dre-ance, a post-villageofDutchess co., New
ADMIRALTY ISLANDS, a cluster of islands in the Paci-  York.
fic, N.E. of Papua, the largest nearly 60 miles in length, and    ADRIANOPLE, ad-re-an-olpel, or ADRINOPLE, (Turkish,
in lot. 20 S.. lon. 147 19' 52" E. They were discovered in  EDRENE H, IdorI-n eh, asc..Adiae2sssois c or Hadriaoopeolis,)
1616 by an experienced navigator, named Cornelius Schooten.  a city of EuropeanTurkey,province of Room-Elee,builtpartly
ADMIRALTY ISLANDS, a number of small islands at  on a hill and partly on the banks of the Tundja, near its conthe entrance of Admiralty Bay, in New Zealand. Lat. 400  fluence with the Maritza, 137 miles N.W. of Constantinople.
48' S., lon. 1740 2' W.                                      Lat. 410 41' 26" N.; Ion. 260 35, 41" E. Pop. 160,000. It is
ADMIRALTY SOUND, Terra del Fuego. It extends in-  considered as the second capital of the empire. Formerly, the
land 43 miles S.E., having a width of 7 miles at the entrance,  suburbs were surrounded by a strong wall, commanded by
which gradually diminishes to 3.                             12 towers and a citadel; but these are now in ruins. It has
AD/MISTON, or ATHELIAMP/STONE, a parish of Eng-  an arsenal, a cannon foundry, and numerous caravanseries
land, co. of Dorset.                                         and bazaars. The mosque of the Sultan Selim is a splenADMONT, Id/mont, a town of Austria, UJpper Styria, on the  did structure, with four lofty minarets and a richly decoEnns, 56 miles N.W. of Gritz, with a populatidn of 800 and  rated interior. This edifice is considered the finest Moslem
an extensive abbey.                                          temple extant. The aqueduct which supplies the city founADOLtPI1USTOWN, a post-village and township of Canada  tains is also a noble structure. Adrinople is the see of a
West, co. of Lenox, 32 miles W. by S. of Kingston.           Greek bishop, dependent on the patriarchate of ConstantinoADONI, -dounee, a town of British India, presidency of Ma-  pie. On the right bank of the Tundja, which is crossed by a
dras, 42 miles N.E. of Bellary; taken and ruined by Tippoo  fine stone bridge, is situated the Eski-Serai, the old palace
Saib in 1787.                                                of the sultans, now much decayed. Adrianople possesses
ADONY, I-do&V, a town of Hungary, Stuhlweissenburg, on  important manufactories of silks, woollens, and linens, has
the right bank of the Danube, 28 miles S. of Pesth. Pop. 3000. celebrated dye-works and tanneries, and an active commerce
ADORF, /doaf, the southernmost town of Saxony, on the  in manufactured goods and the products of a fertile district.
Elster, 29 miles S.S.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 2800. It has manu-  The chief outlet for this commerce is the port of Enos, which
factories of cotton and woollen cloths, and musical instru-  was taken by the Russians on the 20th August, 1829. Adriments.                                                       anople was the capital of the Ottoman empire from 1366 to
ADORP, 1/doap, a village of the Netherlands, province and  1453. Hadrianopolis was founded by the Emperor Hadrian.
4 miles N.N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 1008.                        ADRIATIC, ad're-at/ic, (anc. A/dria and Meare Adriatficum;
ADOUR,,d'oor, (anc.At/eurus,) a riverof France, rises inthe  It. Moare Adscatico, mIri A-dre-Itte-ko; Ger. Ad/cat/scches
Tourmalet Pyrenees, near Bar6ges, passes Bagnbres-de-Bi-  Mee, I-dre-ittish-es maia; Fr.  fer-Adriactique, maiR I'dregorre, Tarbes, S. of Sever and Dax, where it becomes naviga-  I'teek/,) or GULF OF VEN/ICE, an arm of the Mediterrable; and after a course of 200 miles, falls int6 the Bay of Bis- nean, extending from lat. 400 to 450 46' N., between Italy,
cay N..of Bayonne. Affluents, Midouze, Gabas, Luy, and  Illyria, and Albania. Length, 500 miles; mean breadth, 100
Gave de Pan.                                                 miles. It is named from the city Adria, and forms on the WV.
ADOWA, Ido-wI, or ADOVA, a town of Abyssinia, capital  the Gulf of Manfredonia, on the coast of the kingdom  of
of the state of Tigr6, at the foot of a hill, 145 miles N.E. of  Naples. The name Gulf of Venice is more properly given to
Gondar.  Lat. 140 12' N.; Ion. 390 5' E. Pop. 8000.  It is  the N.W. part. On the E. are the Gulfs of Triest, Fiume, and
regularly laid out; houses conical, and interspersed with  Cattaro, on the coastof Austria, and of Drino, in Albania. The
trees.  It has manufactories of cotton and woollen cloths,  shores of this sea are generally lowonthe Venetian side; itbhas
and is the chief entreplt of trade between the interior of  many shoals, and its muddy shores are covered with unwholeTigr6 and the coast.                                         some marshes. On the Dalmatian side, the waves dash against
C'                                                              33




ADR                                                      AFG
enormous rocks, or ripple among beautiful strands formed   2EGYPTUS. See EGYPeT.
by the numerous islands which environ the coast, affording    AELTERE, Vltt'-reh, a village of Belgium, province of E.
to vessels a secure retreat from storms. During summer, Flanders, on tie railway from Ghent to Bruges, 12 usiles
the navigation of the gulf is safe and simple, because the  N.N.W. of Ghent.
prevailing wind is very favorable for leaving it, but in win-   2EMOINA. See LAYvAct.
ter the S.E. winds cause much destruction. The Adriatic    AENG, NIngx, a frontier town in Farther India, presireceives few rivers of importance, except the Adige and the  dency of Bengal, 80 miles S.E. of Aracan.
Po. Its depth, between Dalmatia and the mouths of the    NENARIA. See IscHIx.
Po, is 22 fathoms; but a large part of the Gulf of Triest,    EOLIZE INSULE. See LIPARI IsLANDS.
and the Adriatic, opposite Venice, is less than 12 fathoms   AERNEN, aiRlnen, a considerable village of Switzerland,
deep. Farther to the S., where it is less affected by the in- canton of Valais, on the Rhone, 7 miles N.E. of Brieg.
flux of great rivers, the gulf'deepens considerably. It has    AEROE, (Aerte or AErbe,) Alr6'eh, or ARROE, an island of
little or no perceptible tide, except at Venice, where there is Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, in the Baltic, 10 miles S. of
a rise of a few feet. Notwithstanding the present shallowness  Funen, 14 miles in length by 5 miles mean breadth. Pop.
of the Adriatic,there canbe little doubt thatits original depth  10,200. It is fertile and well cultivated.
was much greater than it is now, as was also its extent; the    AEROESKIOBING, A/r6-es-kyb/bing, (i.e. "the mart of
former being affected by the deposits of sand, marl, and terta- Aerile,') a town and seaport, capital of the above island, on
ceous incrustations-strictly analogous to the strata of which  the N.E. side. Pop. 1600, with ship-building docks, and an
the subapennine and other hills of the Italian peninsula are  active navigation.
composed-which are rapidly accumulating at the bottoni;    AERSCHOT, or AARSCIHIOT, Iraskot, a town of Belgium,
and the latter by the low alluvial tracts forming along its bor- province of S. Brabant, on the Demer, 23 miles N.E. of Brusders. The most remarkable instance of these accessions of sels, with distilleries and commerce in grain. Pop. 3900.
land occurs on the W. coast, where a series of lagIoons, formed    AERBTItYCKE, hattri-keh, a village of Belgium, province
by long lines of sandbars, are rapidly filling up and being  of WV. Flanders, 8 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2687.
converted into meadows by newly deposited mud brought    AERZEELE, irtzA-leh, a village of Belgium, W. Flanders,
down by the streams. Between the N. point of the Gulf of  15 miles N.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 3192.
Triest down to the S. of Ravenna, there is an uninter-    ESIS. See Ies.
rupted series of recent accessions of land more than 100    AERZEN, aiRt/sen, a town of Hanover, Kalenberg, 5 miles
miles in length, which, within the last 2000 years, have in- S.W. of HameIn, with powder-works. Pop. 1000.
creased from 2 to 20 miles in breadth. It is calculated that    ASTUARIUM VAVARIS. See MoRAY FRITH.
the mean rate of advance of the delta of the Po on the Adri-   2ETHIOPIA. See ETRIOPIA.
atic, between the years 1200 and 1600, was about 27 yards a    IETOLIA, etofie-a, a government of the kingdom of Greece,
year; whereas, the mean annual gain, from 1600 to 1804, on the continent, between lat. 380 17/L and 380 50' N., and
was 76 yards. (Lyell's Geology.)                          ion. 210 10' and 22~ 5/ E., having E. the governments of
ADRO, &/dro, a town and capital of Venetian Lombardy, 12  Phocis. and Phthiotis, W. Acarnania, N. Burytania, and S.
miles W.N.W. of Brescia. Pop. 2214.                       the Gulf of Patras. Pop. (1840) 25,144. It is mostly mounADISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             tainous, but along the Corinthian gulf barley, rye, and olives
ADUR, A/dfir, a river of England, co. of Sussex, rising a  are raised. IHighest point, Mount Oxeaon, its N. frontier,
little S.W. of Horsham, flowing S., and entering the English  4636 feet high.  Chief river, the Phidainris. Capital, MisChannel at Shoreham, after a course of 25 miles. Its mouth is  solonghi,-Adj. and inhab. Etolian, e-tole-an.
supposed by some to have fosmed the ancient Portus Adurni.   AFFOGADOS, Af-fo-g'doce, a village of Brazil, province of
ADU/LIS, ADULE, i-doolleh, or ZULLA, zooltll, the ruins Pernambuco, near the sea, on the left bank of one of the
of an ancient town of Abyssinia, territory of the Dankali, mouths of the Capibaribe, and 31 miles S. of Recife, or Pernear the head of Annesley hay, on the W. coast of the Red  nambuco. It has a harbor suitable for large vessels, and
Sea, 30 miles S.S.E. of Arkeeko. Lat. 150151 N.; lon. 390 55'E. carries on some trade in cotton and sugar. Pop. 1000.
ADVEN/TURE, a post-office of Ontonagon co., Michigan.      AFFOLTERN, Af-fol/tern, a village of Switzerland, 8 miles
ADVENTURE BAY, a large semicircular bay in Brune  S.WV. of Zurich. Pop. 1794.
Island, off the S.E. coast of Van Diemen's Land. It is well   AFGHANISTAN, Af-gnlis-tan', (" Afghan-land," or'" Afsheltered, the anchorage good, and an abundance of wood  ghan-country,") an extensive inland country of Asia, lying beand water to be found on its shores.                       tween lat. 280 50' and 300 30' N., and ion. 620 and 720 30 E.,
ADVENTURE SOUND and HARBOR, E. of Falkland  having E. the Punjab, S. Bhawlpoor, Sinde, and Beloochistan,
Island. The former is a bay 20 miles in length, and from 3  W. the Persian dominions, and N. Independent Toorkistan,
to 4 miles in breadth. The latter is in the S. part of the  (Balkh,Khoondooz, Kafiristan,) from which it is separated by
Sound, and is one of the best in it.                      the HIindoo Koosh and its prolongations. Area estimated at
AD/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            225,000 square miles, and the population at about 5,000,000.
ADIWICK-LE-STREET, a parish of England, co. of York. From the table-land in the N., varying from 15,000 to 16,000
ADI/WICK-UPON-DEARNE —(dern,) a parish of England, feet in height, (the highest part being the lindoo Koosh,
co. of York.                                              20,493 feet,) many mountain ranges proceed to the S., E., and
IEGADES, ee/gh-dhz, a group of islands off the W. coast W. Although by far the greater portion of Afghanistan is
of Sicily, from 15 to 35 miles W. of Trapani; the principal a land of deserts, rocks, and mountains, and some of the last
being Favignana, Levanzo, and Maritimo.                   of the most inhospitable character, there are yet a number of
JEGAE. See AiSs.                                        fertile valleys, well watered, covered with clover, thyme, vioEGEAN (e-jee/an) SEA, or GR_/CIAN ARCIIIPEIVAGO, lets, and many odoriferous plants, and remarkable for their
is a name given by the Greeks and Romans to that part of the  picturesque beauty. In these favored spots grain is grown in
Mediterraiean lying between Asia Minor on the E., Greece abundance, and, as elsewhere mentioned, fruits of all kinds,
and part of Turkey on the W., andfthe shores of Room-Elee  including oranges, citrons, grapes, pomegranates, apricots,
in the latter country on the N. Its length, fiom N. to S., is apples, quinces, peaches, pears, plums, almonds, and walabout 400 miles; its breadth, generally, upwards of 200, ex- nuts.  The most extensive of these valleys or plains are
cepting at Cape Doro, at the S. extremity of the island  of those of Cabool and Peshawer; but there is also an exceedNegropont, where it narrows to 90 miles, but afterwards  ingly rich, level tract in the vicinity of Herat. A great part
widens to nearly its former width. Its depth is very great, of Seistan is a mere desert, as is likewise a large portion of
there being, in many places, at less than a mile from the  the S. and S.W. part of the country, extending over a space
shore, no bottom to be found with a 200-fathom line. It of about 300 miles in length by 100 in breadth.
contains numerous islands, many of which are of volcanic    The climate of Afghanistan is various, depending more on
origin; others are composed entirely of pure white marble. the difference of elevation than on that of latitude, the cold
Most of them are high, their mountain elevations having being very severe in the higher regions, and the heat inan average height of from 1500 to 1800 feet.              tense in the lower. These extremes ire strikingly illus2EGILIA. See CEaRIc0To.                                 trated by the circumstance of the summits of the mountains
ZEGINA, EGINA, e-j/na, or BNGIA, entje-., an island of being often covered with snow, while the heat of the plains
Greece, in the Gulf of Egina, (Saroniccs Sisus,) 16 miles S. by  below is all but intolerable.  Sewee, situated in SewisW. of Athens. Lat. of Mount Elias, on the S. part, 370 41' 9"  tan, the territory forming the S.E. portion of Afghanistan,
N.; ion. 230 30' E. It is 8 miles in length, and about the  and in lat. 290 20' N., and ion. 670 58' E., is regarded as the
same in breadth. This island was anciently celebrated for hottest place in the territory. It is also extremely hot at
the splendor of its buildings, among which was the famous  Candahar, the thermometer, in the summer, being fietemple of Jupiter, (now in ruins,) situated on Mount St. quently above 1100 in the shade; while in winter the inhaElias. Pop. about16,000.                                  bitants suffer from cold, fuel being extremely scarce. At
~EGINA, a comparatively recent town of Greece, situated  Cabool, the snow lies for several months together, during
on the island of Egina. For some time it was the residence which the people remain in their houses, and sleep, like the
of the Greek senate and governor, but the removal of the  Russians, close to the stoves, the thermometer falling to 50
court to Athens, along with the library and other stores of or 60 below zero. The prevailing winds are from the west,
the town, has caused it greatly to decline. Pop. about 10,000. and are in general cold; while the easterly winds are hot.
2EGINA, GULF OF, (anc. Saron/icus Si/nus,) on the E. side  The climate, on the whole, however, is favorable to the huof Greece, between Attica and Peloponnesus, is near 50 miles man constitution, and in some parts highly salubrious;
in length, and perhaps 30 in breadth.  It contains the  diseases are few-the principal are fevers, agues, small-pox,
islands of Salamis, Egina, and several islets.            and ophthalmia.
34




AFI                                                    AFR
Afghanistan was formerly a monarchy,   the crown being  on the S., and IRas Jerdaffoon, or 0ape Guardafui, on the
hereditary in a branch of the house of Suddazye: it is now  E: coast.
divided into three chiefships, Herat, Cabool, and Candahar.   ~Populaction.-The    inhabitants of this immense region arc
lhe revenue of the first is about 200,000/., the one-half in  generally of an inferior physical conformation, and in a low
money; the other in produce. Cabcol is believed to have  state of intellectual development. Probably the want of
yielded, under a system  of grinding  taxation,  about  great gulfs or navig,~ble rivers penetrating the interior, by
240,0001., and Kandahar about 80,000/. The whole Afghan  shutting out commerce, that great civilizer, may have had
force, which is chiefly cavalry, amounts to about 16,000 men. something to do with this result; to which  the torrid cliThey are imperfeetly disciplined, and are embarrassed by the  mate, by its enervating influence, has no doubt largely.~onmultitude of their arms, which  consist of a long, heavy  tributed. When  transferred to contact with  civilization,
matchlock, with  a bayonet, a sabre, a blunderbuss, and  they rapidly acquire its customs and manners.  In the
three long pistols, a couteau de chcLsse, a dagger, and four or  United States, the peculiarities  of feature which characterize
five knives, besides a shield.                                some of the most barbarous tribes, are gradually modified,
The chief rivers are the Cabool, Helmund, Gomul, Lora, - and approach  the European  conformation.  As to the
&c., but none is of great size. The morass Hamcon, in -he  amount of population of this vast continent, we have no
S.W., scarcely belongs to Afghanistan:  the only lake of con- certain data on which to form estimates. Balbi states it at
sequence is that of Abistada. The vegetation in the lowlands  60,000,000, and M~alte   Brun and the WVeimar Almanac at
is like that of India; rice, cotton, the sugar-cane, millet,  101,000,000.  With  the exception of the N. portions, and
maize. and turmeric are raised. In the uplands, the timber- those on the Red Sea, and the-settlements recently made at
trees, herbs, and fruits of Europe grow wild, and wheat,  and N. of the Cape of Good Hope, Africa has been ifihabited
barley, beans, turnips, mustard, and artificial  grasses are  from  the earliest times by barbarous  or semibarbarous
cultivated. Cabcol is supposed to excel all other cities in  tribes and nations, mostly with a black skin and woolly
the variety and  excellence of its fruits. Tobacco is exten- hair, but with different degrees of intellectual development.
sively produced; and India is mostly supplied with madder  In some tribes, the lips are very large and prqjecting,   the
from hence. Gold, silver, mercury, iron, lead, copper, anti- nose flat, and the forehead low and receding; while in others
mony, coal, sulphur, and naphtha are met with. Arts and  the features approach in conformation those of the Cauca-sian
husbandry are in a very low condition; carpets are made at  race. The region N. of Senegal, and W. of Egypt, is inhabited
Herat, but other manufactures are few, and mostly confined  by Arab races; Egypt is inhabited by Copts. The Hottento cotton, woollen, and silk stuffs for home use, with sad- tots, once occupying the country at present called  Cape
dlery, harness, and cattle-trappings. Sheep and goats are  Colony, now inhabit the tract extending N. of that colony
abundant, producing a fine wool, used in the manufacture  and washed by the Atlantic, up to 240 S. lat.  They are of a
of shawls. -Imports, coarse cottons, indigo, muslins, silks, yellowish color, with high cheek-bones, flat, broad noses,
and brocade, ivory, wax, sandal-wood,  sugar, and spices, small eyes, and hair in separate tufts. They are short in stafrom India; horses, gold and silver, cochineal, and broad- ture, the men being about 4., and the women 4 feet high.
cloth, from Toorkistan; with some cutlery hardware, and  Their language is guttural, ending with a peculiar click.
other European goods, from Russia, through Bokhara; silks, Though an inoffensive  race, they have made but little procottons, embroidery, and chintz, from  Persia; slaves, from tress towards civilization. Those nearest Cape Colony have
Arabia and Abyssinia; silks, tea, porcelain, dyes, and pre- become subject to European influence;  but the interior
cious metals, overland from  China; and dates and cocoa- tribes live in dirty huts or kra-als built of mats or sticks,
nuts, from  Beloochistan.  Altogether, the imports may  wear sheepskin dresses, live on the milk of their cattle, and
amount to 500,000/. a year.  The exports consist of madder, migrate from place to place. Mohammedanism and Fetishism
assafoetida, tobacco, fruits, and horses, with furs, shawls, are the prevailing religions of Africa, except in Abyssinia,
and chintz, to India; shawls,  turbans, indigo, and other In- where a corrupt form of Christianity exists. A fetish may be
dian produce, to Toorkistan; and the same articles, with  any thing, a rock, stick, or stone, that the individual chooses
Herat carpets, to Persia. The demand for British manufac- to invest with the attributes of divinity; which, from  the
tures has lately increased, so as nearly to supersede the im- moment he sets it apart, is feared and adored as an agent of
portation of manufactured  goods overland from Russia. The  good or evil. Some have serpents and lizards as their sutransit trade is considerable, and wholly conducted by means  preme fetish; others worship the sun, moon, stars, and idols
of camels and horses, the employment of wheeled vehicles  in human form.  Human sacrifices are practised among some
being impracticable.  The population comprises Belooches,. of the negro nations, but rarely, except on great occasions.
0osbek~s, Huzm'ehs, ~Eimazuks, Persians, and Hindcos; but  The victim  must be brought from a distance, and his fate
the great mass are of the Afghan race, and Mohammedans  concealed from him till the moment the blow is struck.
of the Soonite sect. Chief cities, Cabcol, Candahar, Herat,    La?,kung   es. —As    in all barbarous countries, the languages
Peshawer,  Jetalabad, and Ghuznee.-m-Adj. and inhab., and dialects are numerous. The Arabic; Berber, and 3ianAFGHAN, Af-gInf, or Af-ghaunt.                                dingoe are the most widely diffused; the last prevailing over
AFIOO3", AFIOUM, AFIUIVI, d-fe-oomfj or AFIUMI-XA tA- nearly the whole W. coast, and the other two over the N. and
IITSSAR, kftrfhis-sarl, (Black Castle of Opium,) a city of Asia   N.E. parts of the continent. In South Africa the Hottentot
Minor, in Anatolia, capital of a sanjak, on a mountain side, 50  and Kaffir tongues are best known. The number of lanmiles S.S.E. of Kutaieh.  Pop. estimated at 60,000. (?) It is  guages has been estimated, for the whole continent, at 150.
pretty well built; has a citadel crowning a lofty rock, numer- The social condition of Africa, as compared  with Europe, is
ous mosques, chapels, baths, khanis, manufactures of black  low, but yet not so debased as it has often been represented.
felts, carpets, arms, saddlery, stirrups, and a large trade in  The black population are generally kind, cheerful, and huopium, grown near it, whence its name. Afioom is the rest- mane, and show an raptness  to receive the advantages of
de-ce of a pasha, and the seat of an Armenian bishop.         civilized life. The African black has none of the moodiness
AFRAGOLA, Vf-r-gollg, a town of Naples, province, and 6  and ferocity of temper of the savages of the South Sea and
miles N.N.E. of Naples.  Pop. 13,000. It has extensive manu- Pacific islands; nor has he the Stern cruelty and reserve of
factures of straw bonnets.                                    the American Indian.  Both in the E. and W. coasts, traAFRICA, affre-ka, (called also Libfya by the ancients, who, vellers represent them as exhibiting warm  affections, ~aterhowever, appear to have been familiar with the N. part only; hal feelings, and generous hospitality. The Foolahs, on
Fr~. -Afriiclze, 61freek; Ger. A~ika, N~e-kd~; It., Sp., and Port., the W. coast, exhibit the nearest approach to the customs
".'Aica  We-k~t,)  one of the great divisions of the globe, and  of civilized life; while the Ash.tees, who are among the
the third in superficial extent, lies between 370 201 N. lat. and  most intelligent of the races of Africa, are the most cruel and
3&~ 50( S. lat., and between 51~ 221 E. and 170 321 W. lon., ferocious, and, it is believed, practise cannibalism. Some of
being about 5000 miles in extreme length, from Cape Bianco  the tribes have made quite respectable advances in mann-a
on the Mfediterranean  to Cape Agulhas, 100 miles S.E. of the  factories, but their agriculture is of the rudest kind.  Lea.
Carte of Good  [ope; and 4800 in its greatest breadth, be- thor, wrought  metals, and cotton cloths are among their
tween Cape Guardafid (11as Jerdaffoon) on the Indian Ocean  manufactiures.
to Cape Verde on the Atlantic; including an area of about'Eitropean Settlements. —The principal British settlements
12,000,000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the  a-re at Sierra Leone, Cape Coast Castle, and the Cape of Good
Mediterranean; on the N.E. and S.E. -by the Isthmus of  Hope, with several unimportant establishments'on the Gold
Suez, Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean; on the S. by the  and Slave coasts. The Dutch have possessions on the Gold
Southern, and on the S.W. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean; coast, as also have the Danes, besides some on the Slave
being wholly surrounded by sea, excepting where the Isth- coast. The Portuguese have several possessions on both the
mus  of Suez connects it with Arabia, approaching, how-  W~. and E. coasts; and the French on the Senegal and Gamever, within a few miles of Europe at the Straits of Gib- bia rivers. The Colonization Society of the United States
raltar, and of Asia at the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Though  have founded the native republic of Liberia, for the recepit presents a coast line of upwards of 15,000 miles, it is tion of free negroes.
nowhere  indented by any great gulf or bay, if we ex-   XI=ce   of the Country,  3fountains, dec. —A  greater portion
cept the Gulf of Guinea on the W. coast, which is rather  of the interior of Africa is desert than of either of the other
a trending inward of the shore, than a gulf opening into  grand divisions of the globe. The desert of Sahara, (see SAHAthe land. The other principal indentations are the Gulf  RA,) the largest in th e world, extends from the Atlantic ocean
of Sidra on the N. coast, Bights of Benin and Biafra on  nearly to the Red Sea, a distance of upwards  of 3000 miles,
the W. coast, and Delagoa  and Sofala bays on the E. coast. having an average breadth of frona 600 to 900 niles, and
Its most remarkable  capes  are Capes Bianco and Spar- covering an area of 2,000.000, square miles, or a space double
tel on its N. shores, Cape Verde on the N.W, Cape Agulhas  the superfices of the 3iediterranean.  The desemts of Nubia,
35




AiFR                                                         AFR
Lybia, and Southern Africa will be described under their  ans as the Niger,) and the Nile. The former has attracted
several heads. Africa is believed, from what imperfect know- the attention of geographers for many centuries, from  the
ledge we have of it, to rise in successive terraces from  the  mystery that hung over its source and course, which has so
coast to the interior. This is known to be the case in South  long baffled the efforts of explorers; and the latter, from its
Africa and Abyssinia, where the features of the country are  banks having beenthe seat of acivilization antedating that of
the grandest, and is inferred from the fall of the rivers in  Greece and Rome. It was reserved for Richard and John Lanother parts. Little is known of the interior, however, few   der, former servants of Capt. Clapperton, to remove the vail,
points having been reached by explorers.  The Mountains  and to proclaim to the world that the ancient Niger has its
of the Moon, the most extensive known range, commence at  exit in the Bight of Benin. It was in 1830 that the brothers
Kissi-Kissi, about 200 miles S.E. of Sierra Leone, in lat. 90  Lander, by descending from Boossa to the gulf just named,
N., and Ion. 90 20' W., and running in a S.E. direction  on the bosom of this stream, set this vexed question for ever
nearly parallel with the coast (but at distances of from 80 to  at rest. The principal rivers in West Africa, beginning at
1.50 miles) to ion. 260 E., turn suddenly to the NE., and  the Straits of Gibraltar and proceeding S., are the Senegal,
have been generally supposed to cross the entire continent  Gambia, Casamanza, Cacheo, the Jeba or Geba, the Rio
to Cape Guardafui, at a distance of 4000 miles from  their  Grande, the Nunee, the Sierra Leone, theAdirri orVolta, the
place of beginning. In Guinea this range has the name of  Quorra Joliba or Niger, theCongo or Zaire, the Coanza, and
the Kong mountains. At about 120 E. ion., a branch chain, the Gariep or Orange river.  On the E. coast, the largcalled the Cameroon mountains, shoots off in a S.W. direc- est rivers are the Zambeze, or Quillimane, and  the Juba
tion to the Bight of Biafra, attaining, near the sea, an eleva- or Fumbo. The former of these is said to be 900 miles in
tion of 16,000 feet. North of the Kong mountains are various  length, and to be navigable, during the wet season, from 200
lofty ranges, running in a N. direction; among which are  to 300 miles above its mouth, which is in the channel of Mothe Dombori and Batake. Between 70 and 110W.V. ion. and  zaiubique. The Juba enters the Indian ocean nearly under
110 and 140 N., another chain of rocky heights, rising to an  the equator, and is represented to be navigable for boats far
elevation of from  2000 to 3000 feet, and cleft by tremen- into the interior. The other principal rivers on the E. coast
dous ravines, skirts the Joliba or Niger. The other more  are the Hawash, flowing into the straits of Bab-el-mandeb,
remarkable mountains of Africa are those comprising the  and the Atabara, Bahr-el-Abiad, (White Nile,) and the BahrMount Atlas range, (which see,) beginning at Cape Geer-or  el-Asrek, (Blue Nile,) all branches of the Nile, which is the
Ghir, 100 W. Ion., and extending E. as far as 500 W. ion., only large river which enters the Mediterranean from Africa.
where it approaches the 320 N. lat. The distance from one  See NILE.
side tothe other of this range has been estimated at from        Although much of Africa is yet unexplored, it is known
30 to 40 miles, and the altitude of the highest summit,  to contain several large lakes.  Of these, Lake Tchad, situMount Miltseen, 27 miles S.E. of the town of Morocco, at  ated in Bornoo, nearly in the centre of the continent, is the
11,380 feet above the level of the sea. The higher regions  largest. The 14th parallel of N. lat. and the 15th meridian
of these mountains are seldom entirely free fromnt snow. A  of E. ion. intersect this lake, which is about 220 miles in
mountain of great height has recently been discovered in  length, and, in its widest part, about 140 miles in breadth.
East Africa, by the Rev. Mr. Rebmann, a missionary, who  About 100 WV. of this, the Niger flows through Lake Debo, in
places this mountain, which he calls Kilimandjaro, or Kill-  Soodan; and some 200 to the E. of it,. the Bahr-el-Azrek,
ma-dja-aro, " Mountain of Greatness," in 30 40' S. lat., and  or E. branch of the Nile, traverses Lake Bembea, in Abyssinia.
360 E. ion.; and represents it as being covered with perpetual South of the equator are Lake Nyassi, intersected by the 12th
snow, which, being so near the equator, would indicate a  parallel of S. lat. and the 34th meridian of E. ion., and the
height of at least 20,000 feet. The mountain is described  recently discovered Lake Ngami, between 200 and 210 S. lat.
as having two summits rising to the limit of snow, of  and 230 and 240 E. Ion., reported to be about 70 miles long.
which the eastern is the lower, and terminates in several Of Lake blaravi, (or Zewa,) in East Africa, (supposed by some
peaks, covered, during the rainy season, far down with  to be the same as Nyassi,) little is known. S.E. of Tunis, on
snow; but which, in the dry season, sometimes melts en- the slopes of Mount Atlas, is Lake Lowdeah, or Sibkah-eltirely away.  The western, or higher summit, is in the  Lowdeah. For a full description of the rivers and lakes, see
form of an immense dome. The two summits are 10 or 12  separate articles.
miles apart. If the position of Kilimandjaro be correctly    Climate.-Taken as a continent, owing to its situation in or
laid down by Mr. Rebmann, it lies about 600 miles due W. near the torrid zone, Africa has a higher temperature than
of Mombas, on the coast of Zanzibar, and just so far into a  either of the other grand divisions of the earth; though
hitherto unexplored country, of which nothing was pre- even here the variety is great. The desert plains, marshes,
viously known. In the province of Shea, the mountains  swamps, and the alluvions of the river banks, with their
attain a considerable elevation; that portion of it called Effat  pestilential exhalations, give it a fatal distinction. The S. and
being entirely surrounded by lofty bnd craggy hills. Recent  N. extremities, being within the teniperate zone, are modeexplorations seem to show that the Mountains of the Moon  rately healthy; but even here the temperature is heightdo not extend so far N. as had hitherto been supposed, or, at  ened by their proximity to the torrid zone, and yet more,
least, that about the-sources of the Nile (the head waters of  perhaps, by the hot winds from the deserts. The E. coast,
which were not reached by Mr. RollS, who approached with-  with some exceptions, is generally healthy; but the W.
in 4~0 of the equator from the N.) the mountains make a  coast is most destructive to the white race of any region
great bend to the S.                                          yet visited by the European; especially between 100 and
lizecrals. —Africa has long been famous for her gold; and  110 N. lat., in  Senegambia, being, perhaps, the hottest
though now eclipsed by the newer goldfields of California  place on the globe. The whole of the Gold coast is likewise
and Australia, full explorations of the country and scientific  very unhealthy, owing, it is supposed, to the geeat contrast
mining may restore to Africa its former pre-eminence in this  between the temperature of midday and midnight, and to
respect. The richest gold-mine known on this continent is-that  sulphurous exhalations which rise from the valleys every
of Natakoo, a small, round, isolated hill, about 300 feet high  morning; and this in the midst of most delightful scenery,
and 9000 in circumference, situated on a plain of alluvial for- varied by rock, still water, and forest.  The appalling
mation, being composed of argillaceous earth, containing gold  mortality attending the different expeditions that have
in all the forms of lumps, grains, and spangles. Every cubic  gone tothe W. coast and ascended its rivers, bear full testifoot, it is said, is charged with metal. The hill is perforated  mony to its reputation. About one-third of the Europeans
in all directions with holes 6 feet in diameter and 40 feet in  who have endeavored to ascend the Senegal river have
depth. The gold is met with at about 4 feet below the sur- perished in the attempt; and nearly half of those composing
face, becoming more abundant with the depth. Forty miles  the expedition sent out by the English government in 1816 to
N. of Natakoo are the gold-mines of Semayla; next to these  explore the river Congo, shared a similar fate. On the Niger
in respect to richness is the mine of Nambia, situated near  expedition in 1841, out of 145 Europeans, 41 died in less than
the Tabaoura mountains. Large quantities of this precious  two months. River water, formerly supposed to be the fatal
metal are also found on the banks of the Barra river, where  agency, from  containing sulphuretted hydrogen, was care10,000 slaves are said to be employed searching for it. The  fully analyzed by this expedition, without finding the gas to
gold region (except Barra) lies in Bambook, S. of the Sene-  exist in any excess, either in the air or water. Sierra Leone
gal river, and occupies 1200 square miles.  Iron is found  is, perhaps, the most unhealthy spot in these unhealthy rein Morocco,Algeria, Abyssinia, and in various mountainous  gions. The mortality is generally caused by violent fever
districts of Central and South Africa. Salt is abundant, of the intermittent kind; and yet the climate, to all outward
both as a residuum and a fossil, though there are large dis- appearance, is delightful.  And in the case of Captain
tricts destitute of it. iManganese is common; and extensive  Tuckey's expedition-in which he himself was a victimdeposits of nitrate of potash and soda are found near Angra  the thermometer never sank below 600 at night, and seldom
Pequena, on the W. coast of South Africa. Copper of the  rose above 760 in the daytime. There are but two seasons
richest description is found beyond the Orange river, and  in Africa, the wet and the dry; the former extending from
lead in the district of Uitenhage, Cape Colony. Recent ad- May to October, inclusive of both; the dry season occupying
vices state that gold has been found in great abundance in  the remaining months. The wet season commences and terSouth Africa, especially in the district of Caledon, and be- minates with tornadoes and tremendous storms of thunder
tween Table bay and Orange river. It is found associated  and lightning. Sir James Alexander, speaking of the W.
with topper-ore, and also with quartz.                        coast of North Africa, says that, from  5I till 8 o'clock, the
Bays, Gulfs, and Rivers. —Africa is not traversed by such  mornings were delightful; but that after the latter hour the
Immense rivers as America and Asia. Among its principal  sun shone forth with intense fierceness, vegetation drooped,
btreams are the Joliba, or Quorra, (better known to Europe- and men withdrew to their huts or tents, and the animals
36




APR                                                           AFS
to the forest. Though many parts of Africa are deluged  tion, and destructive ants in myriads, whose habitations at
with rain, in the deserts and in Egypt it seldom or never  a distance present the appearance of villages. They move
falls; one of the causes, no doubt, of the higher tempera- in large bodies, consuming every substance, animal or vege.
ture of this continent. The range of the thermometer on  table, that comes in their way.
the W. coast, in 1819, was at the highest only 950, mean 760,   Commerce.-The commerce of Africa, owing to its barbanot higher than an ordinary American summer, in lat. 400  rous state, unhealthy climate, and want of great gulfs, bays,
N.; while the average heat at Sierra Leone was 820; at Cape  and rivers permeating the interior, has never been at all in
Coast Castle from 85~ to 900; and at the Cape of Good Hope  proportion to the area of this vast region. To the disgrace
from 800 to 900 in the warm season. The highest it was ever  of humanity, one of its largest items of commerce has been
observed at the last place was 1020, and it is never below 500. that of human beings; and according to the Imperial GazetVegetable Productions.-Perhaps nothing can better cha-  teer, amounts to more than 100,000 slaves per annum. At
racterize the vegetation of this region than the fact that the  present, Brazil and Cuba are the great recipients of this unpalm is found, in one or other of its varieties, throughout its  righteous traffic. The internal slave-trade is probably not
whole extent, except in its S. extremity. Along the shores  less than the external. Slave-marts are established for their
of the Mediterranean, wheat and maize are cultivated; the  disposal, and they are moved about in caravans of from 100
olive, the orange, the castor-oil plant, the fig-tree, and the  to 3000, chiefly boys and girls. Slavery  in Western Africa
dwarf and the date palms, are plentiful; the lotus, so famed  is said to exist in a much milder form  than in other parts
in ancient history, is abundant, and still eaten to some ex-  of the world, the slaves being rarely subjected to corporal
tent. South of the Atlas mountains, the date-palm (Phoenix  punishment, and among the Foolahs the children of slaves
dactylifera) is so abundant as to give its name to the coun-  are never sold. The principal articles exported are palm-oil,
try.  Rice, maize, plantains, yams, manioc, pulse, and  gold, gold-dust, ivory, gums, timber, wax, hides, and feaearth-nuts (Arachis hypogea) are cultivated along the whole  thers, from Western Africa,  The gum-senegal is exported
WV. coast, within the tropics. On the E. coast, within the  in large quantities by the Moorish tribes, who possess the
same parallels, the products are similar, but rice is more and  gum forests of Sahara.  The annual produce of these forests
maize less cultivated; to which may be added tamarinds  is estimated at 1,200,000 pounds. The Moors exchange blue
and cotton in great abundance. The baobab-tree, sometimes  calicoes for the gum. Gold, fashioned into trinkets, is a
30 feet in diameter, though but 10 or 15 feet'high, was first  considerable article of commerce, and salt is a very importdiscovered in Senegambia, but is also found in Nubia, and  ant article of internal traffic.  The cowrie, a small shell imas far as 200 S. lat. It has a bushy head, and forms an im- ported from the Maldive islands, is the principal circulating
portant article of native food. In the same region grows the  medium  of Interior and Southern Africa. From  4000 to
acacia, which furnishes the gum-senegal.  Along the W.  5000 of these are equivalent to about $5. Among the excoast likewise, but especially on the coast of Guinea, are  ports to Western Africa in 1842, there were, from  England,
found the _Eleais Guineensis, from which palm-oil and wine  haberdashery, &c. between 12,000/. and 13,0001.; brass and
are obtained; the' cabbage palm, the wax palm, and the Shea  copper manufactures, 13,850/.; cotton manufactures, 220,564/.;
butter-tree, all yielding products important to man.  To  books, 3621.; and arms and ammunition, 96,0001.
these may be added the African oak and -the mangrove.  Of         tliistMey of Discovery.-It is supposed that the peninsular
fruits, the best are the banana, pawpaw, custard apple, form of Africa was known to the ancients, and that the Phelemon, orange, and tamarind.  At the Cape of Good Hope, nicians and Egyptians had circumnavigated it. The Carwheat and other cereals are cultivated; but the most cha-  thaginians trafficked regularly on the W. coast, and made
racteristic vegetation of this district is the heaths, which  settlenments there; but their accounts are very brief and
grow in wonderful profusion, in great variety, and of sur- indefinite, as are those of the Romans who followed them.
passing beauty. Geraniums and various bulbous and orchi- No definite knowledge of Central and Southern Africa was
daceous plants are also abundant.  The N.E. part of Africa, obtained till the commencement of the fifteenth century,
in the vicinity of Cape Guardafui, is rich in frankincense,  when Portuguese enterprise revealed the regions beyond
myrrh, cinnamon, and numerous other spices. The high-  Cape Bojador, having doubled that point in 1433; but they
lands of Ethiopia are the native place of the coffee-plant,  did not discover the Cape of Good Hope till 54 years afterwhich gives its name to the province of Kaffa.  In many  wards, nor did Vasco de Gama double it till 1498. In 1588,
parts, this tree forms thick woods. Abyssinia, though with- Queen Elizabeth granted a patent to some merchants to carry
in the tropics, has, on account of its elevation, more the  on the trade of the Senegal and Gambia.  In 1618, Paez, a
vegetation of the temperate than the torrid zone, (part of it, Portuguese, visited the sources of the Bahr-el-Azrek, and
however, is in the spice region,) while Nubia, which is farther  the same year the Gambia was ascended as far as Tenda.
from the equator, is much more tropical in its vegetation. In 1650 the Dutch formed a colony at the Cape of Good
The palm-oil tree and Indian cotton are among its promi-  Hope. In 1761, Captain Henri Hop, a Dutchman, traversed
nent plants. Egypt, from early times, has been celebrated  the country of the Namaquas. In 1770, Bruce travelled
for its wheat, and also produces rice, beans, peas, sesamum,  through Abyssinia.  In 1795, Park traced the source of the
cotton, senna, and other cassias. Here, too, are the date, Niger. In 1793-6, Browne visited Darfoor and Bornoo. In
dwarf, and doum palm.                                         1797, Barrow penetrated as far as the snow mountains in
Zoology. —Africa is remarkable for the variety of her ani-  South Africa. In 1801, Trutter and Somerville reached Latmals, especially of those of the carnivorous and ferocious  takoo, the capital of the Bechuanas. In 1805, Park again
kind. Of 300 mammals that inhabit this continent; 242 are  attempted to trace the Niger, but never returned. In 1822,
pesuliar to it. The lion, the largest and most ferocious of  Denham and Clapperton crossed the Sahara, discovered Lake
his species, the leopard,. panther, hyena, (two varieties, Tchad, and travelled through  Borneo and the Fellatab
spotted, and strand or coast-wolf,) civet, and ichneumon are  country. In 1826, Laing penetrated to Timbuctoo. In 1830,
among its carnivora; the hare, rabbit, jerboa, squirrel, rat, Lander explored the Niger or Joliba, and ascertained its outand mouse, among its rodentia; the ground-hog, sloth, and  let to be in the Bight of Benin. In 1844, Duncan penetrated
long-tailed pangolin, (lianis tetradactyla,) among its eden-  into the interior from the Bight of Benin, to lat. 130 6' N.;
tata; the elephant, the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, wild-boar,  ion. 10 3' E. In 1845-6, Richardson traversed a great part
the zebra, and quagga, among its pachydermata; 50 species  of the Desert of Sahara; and the Rev. Mr. Rebmann discoof antelope, the giraffe, buffalo, (in several varieties,) among  vered a lofty mountain, covered with perpetual snow, in
its ruminantia; and the chimpanzee, baboon, ape, and mon-  Eastern Africa, about 285 miles W. of Mombas.  In 1849,
key, anmong its quadrumana, comprising, in all, 55 species  Mr. Livingstone discovered a large lake called Ngami in South
of the last, of which 48 are peculiar; 30 of bats, of which 26  Africa. Dr. Knoblicher reached about lat. 40 N. on the White
are peculiar; of carnivora  66, of which 52 are peculiar; of  Nile in 1850, without arriving at its source, or reaching the
rodentia 48, of which 38 are peculiar; edeutata 3, all pecu- supposed Mountains of the Moon.. In 1850-51, Drs. Barth
liar; pachydermata 15, peculiar 12; ruminantia 73, peculiar  and Overweg explored Lake Tchad, and visited several im63; and whales (Cetacecr) 10, peculiar 8. Of horned cattle  portant places (hitherto little known) in Central Africa.there are inany different varieties: the oxen of Abyssinia  Adj. and inhab. ARaIcAN, aflre-ken; (Fr. AsaFICAIN, A[freeand Borneo, both having horns of immense size-the former  kast feminine,  ArazCAmNo, afreelkAn!; Ger. adj. AFaRIKANISC,
4 feet in length and 2 feet in circumference at the base; the   -fi.e-ekt'nish;   inhab. AsaKANERa, A-fre-kltne r.)
broad-tailed sheep of Barbary, the Cape of Good Hope, and    AFRICA. a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 7 miles
other parts of Africa; and the long-legged, small-tailed  E. of Chambersburg.  Pop. 200, mostly negroes.
sheep of Egypt, Sennatr, and Nubia. The domestic cat is    AFRICAN, APRICAIN, or AFRICAINE.  See AsRICA.
rare, but dogs are numerous. Among reptiles, are the cro-   AFRICAN  ISLANDS, a group of low islets in the Indian
codile, (found in all the tropical countries, and in the Nile  Ocean, N. of the Amirante Islands. Lat. 40 55 S., ion. 530 33/ E.
below the first cattaract,) lizard, serpents, and variout species   AFRIKA, AFRIKANISCt, AFRIKANER. See AmrecA.
of voracious reptiles.  Among birds are the ostrich, now        AFRIKIAH  or AFRIKIYAH, A-free'keesyf, or MAHAalmost confined to Africa; vultures, found among the lofty  DIAH, mg-h5Idee', a decayed town and seaport of Tunis, on
mountains of Central Africa, in the most inaccessible places the Mediterranean, 115 miles S.S.E. of Tunis. Pop. about 3000.
towards the Red Sea, in Northern Africa, and in Cape Colony.   AFRIQUE. See AFRIcA.
There are two species, the Vueltur Kolbi and the  utir/se- aus'i-   APSHARS or AFSCIHARS, Afsharzl, one of the many tribes
culeris, or social vulture. The latter is of gigantic size, and  of Persia, of foreign descent, forming distinct classes apart f-om
extremely useful in devouring carcasses and refuse matter, the original Persians. The Afshars, who trace their origin
The Guineafowl is the only indigenous gallinaceous fowl. to the Toorkomans, are divided into two principal branches,
Among the many thousand varieties of insects are the  Shamloo (Shamlu) and Kirkloo, (Kirklu.) It is a numerous
locust, so unfavorably known for its devastations on vegeta- tribe, inhabiting altogether about 20,000 houses. They prin37




[AFV                                                          AGO
eipally reside in towns, and are to befound in'greatest num-  way, situated between lat. 580 56' and 620 58' N., and Ion. 8D
bers at Abiverd and Helat.                                    and 12~.  Capital Christiania. Pop.(1845)592,581.  Florits
AFVESTADT or AFVESTAD. See AVESTAD.                         agriculture, its' mines, and its commerce, it is the most imAF'ZUL-GIUIUR, a town of Hindostan, province of Delhi, portant province in the kingdom.
presidency of Bengal, near the Kiumaon mountains. Lat.    AGGERISHUUS, the name of an old fort, which served as
290' 25t N.; lon. 780 40' E.                                   a citadel to Christiania, and which gives its name to the proAGABLY, or AGHABLY, AtgJblee, a town of Africa, oasis  vince of Aggershuus.
of Tooat, on the route from  Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat. 260    AGGERSOE, (Aggerse,) Aglgers-bleh, a small island of Den40' N.;, ion. 00 58/ E. It is built of stone, said to be well mark, in the Great Belt, 5 miles from the S.W. point of Seeprovided with water, and is a station where the merchants  land.
of Morocco meet with those of Tripoli, Tunis, and Fezzan.       AGGIUS, Ad/je-ooce, a village of the island of Sardinia,,5
AGADEZ, AGADES, lg/l-dHz' AGDES, or AGI)AS, Ag'dis,n miles N.E. of Sassari.,  Pop. 2026.
a considerable city of Central Africa, capital of the kingdom   AGI-TABOE, aG/a-bo, a parish ofIreland,Leinster, Queen's co.
of Asben, in an oasis of the Sahara. Lat. 180 10' N.; Ion. 130    AGIIADES.  See AGoDEZ.
E. It has a fortified palace.  Here the merchants of Soodan    AGHADOE, AGta-do, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 27
meet at stated periods those of the North African states. miles S.W. of Castlemaine.  The ruins of an ancient castle
Agadez was formerly a large city, with a population of from   and the cathedral still remain.
50,000 to 60,000. Dr. Barth estimates the inhabitants at pre-    AGIHAROON, or AGIIARUN, A-ga-roonl, or KHANZIR,
sent at 7000 or 8000.                                          kan/zeer, (i.e. "hog,") a village of Turkey in Asia, pashalic of
AGADIR, AGABEEB, [-gatdeerf, orSANTA CRIUZ, a for- Iiarbekir, finely situated in a gorge of the mountains of Bartified town, and the most southern seaport of Morocco, pro- kfish-Bagh, and surrounded by magnificent walnut-trees.
vince ofSoos,on the Atlantic, 23 miles S.E. of Cape Ghir. Lat.   AGHMAT,  &tn'nAtC, a fortified town of Morocco, on the
300 26/ 35" N.; Ion. 90 35' 56' E. Pop. 600. (?) It stands on  river of the same name, and on the N. declivity of Mount
a declivity overlooking a large and safe harbor, and has  Atlas, 24 miles S. of Morocco. Pop. 6000, including about
some trade with Mlarseilles.                                   1000 Jews.
AGALEGAS,,-gP-lA/g s, or GALEGA, giA-WLgA, a small    ATHIOR, A/Gor, or HIIN-GOL/, a river of Beloochistan, fallisland in the Indian Ocean, about 485 miles N.W. of the N. ing into the Arabian sea, and dividing the provinces of Loco
extremity of M[adagascar. The N. end of the island is in lat. and Kelat.
10~ 21' 30"t S.; lon. 560 38' E. It is 11 miles in length, and    AGHRIM, or AUGHRIM, awgrinm  or awH/rim, a parish of
little more than 1 mile in breadth.                            Ireland, co. of Galway, 13 miles N:E. of Loughrea.  It is
AGAME,,-g/mah, a province of Tigrr, in Abyssinia, in  famous in British history for the great victory obtained here
the N.E. part of that territory, and W. from  the great salt  in 1691 by the troops of William III. over those of James II.
plain in which the country terminates N.E.                       AGINCOURT, A'zhNG'koor), or AZINCOURT, A/ztosGkooir,
AGAMENfTICUS-MOUNTAIN; in York co., Maine, about  a village of France, department of Pas de Calais, 13 miles N.
4 miles from the ocean. It is important as a landmark for  WV. of St. Pol., near which, on the 25th October, 1415, the
seamen. The summit is 673 feet above the level of the  English, under Henry V., totally defeated a vastly superior
sea.                                                           French force.
AGANA, A-gg/ng, a fortified town, and capital of Guahan,    AGIO STRATI, ALjo stretee, an island of the Grecian arone of the Ladrones, on its WV. coast. Pop. 3000.              chipelatgo, 20 miles S. of Lemnos, and 46 miles W.N.W. of
AGARRIB, a mountain of Egypt.  See AGREF.                    Mitylene, lat. 390 311' N., Ion. 25~ 1' 7// E.
AG/ATE HIARBOR, in the N. part of the upper peninsula    AGLASOON, or AGLASOUN,'glI-soon/, (anc. Sbaglaslsus,           )
of 3iichigan, on Keweenaw Point.                               a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on a mountain, 55 miles N.
AGATHA.  See AnDE.                                           of Sataliah.
AGATtAPOLIS.  See SANT AOATA.                                  AGLIE, Il/yt, or AGLIA, Al/yi, a town of Piedmont, and
AGATTOG, &-glt/too, or AGAT/TA, a small island of the  0 miles S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 4300. It has a splendid royal
Aleutian group, whose centre is in lat. 520 43' N., ion. 173~  palace, with extensive parks and gardens.
37' W.                                                           AGLY, lglee/, a small river of France, departments of
AGAWVAWA!1 a post-village of Hampden co., Massachusetts,  Aude and Pyrdndes-Orientales, falls into the Gulf of Lyons.
on the W. side of Connecticut river, 98 miles W.S.W. of    AGNADELLO, An-yL-d6lllo, a village of Venetian LomnBoston.                                                        bardy, 10 miles E. of Lodi. Ihere, in 1509, Louis VII., IKing
AG'AWAN/IRIVER, a small stream of Plymouth co., in the  of France, gained a complete victory over the Austrians; and
E. part of Massachusetts, which unites its waters with But- here, in 1705, Prince Eugdns was defeated by the Duke of
termilk bay.                                                   Vendome.  Pop. 1600.
AGDAS, or AGDASS.  See AGnADEz.                                AGNANO,'n-yl/no, a village of Tuscany, 3- miles N.E. of
AGDE, tgd, (anc.Agtatha,) a town of France, department of  Pisa.  It has mineral springs and a cavern of mephitic
I1ldrault, port on left bank of the Htirauclt, (which is here  vapour in its vicinity.
crossed by a suspension bridge,) and Canal du Midi, 2 miles    AGNANO, LAKE, in the kingdom  and 3 miles W. of Nafrom  the Mediterranean, and 30 miles S.W. of Montpelier.  ples. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano, and is
Pop. (1852) 9115. It is pleasantly situated, but being built  about half a mile in diameter. Near it are the Grotta del
of black basalt, has a grim  appearance, and is populasly  Cane and the sulphur baths of San Germano.
called the Black town. It is surrounded by strong walls,   AGINEW'S MILLS, a post-office of Venango c., Pennsyland has a college, a school of navigation, and an active coast- vania.
ing trade.  Its port is defended by Fort Brescau.                AGNO, Anlyo, a river of Lombardy, an affluent of the
AGDEII, Ag/doh, or AUGDEIH, a town of Persia, 70 miles  Adige from the left. Length, above 50 miles.
W.N.WV. of Yezd, to which city the inhabitants send goats'   AGNO, An/yo, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino,
hair for the manufacture of shawls.                            in a fertile valley of the same name, at the mouth of the
AGEN,,lzhNcG/,*(anc. Aginsnusn,) a town of France, capi- Bedagio, 3 miles WV. of Lugano.  Pop. 726.
tal of the department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the right bank    AGNONE, ln-vyo/ni, a town of Naples, province of Molise,
of the Garonne, here crossed by two bridges, 73 miles S.E. of  on a hill, 20 miles N.W. of Campobasso.  Pop. 7000. Said to
Bordeaux. Pop. (1852) 16,027. It is most agreeably situated, produce the best copper wares in the kingdom.
and has some good public edifices, including the prefecture,    AG'NUR/, or AK'NURt, a town of the Punjab,b. on the right
seminary, public library, with 15,000 volumes, and several bank of the Chenaub, 35 miles above where it is joined by the
churches.  It has a royal court, large sail-cloth factory, and  Tauhi or Makkati river, 95 miles N.N.WV. of Lahore; lat. 320
manufactures of serge, cotton prints, starch, leather, &c., and  52' N., lon. 740 58' E.
is an entrep6t for the trade between Bordeaux and Toulouse.    AGO, igoo, a small island of Sweden, in the Gulf of BothA/GENCY, orAGENCY CITY, a post-villageof Wapello co., nia; lat. 610 32' N., Ion. 170 22' E.
Iowa, about 4 miles N.E. of the Des MIoines river.               AGOA FRIA, ~/gw~-fr.ee/A, (i.e. "cold water,") a town of
AGENCY, a village of Winnisheik co., Iowa, on Turkey  Brazil, province and 100 miles N. by Iv~. of Bahia.
river.                                                           AG)A BE PRO, A/gwA dA pl/6NG, a mountain peak of the
AGENDICUMH.  See SENs.                                      island of St. Michael, Azores, nearo its centre, 3066 feet in
AGENOIS, (Agdnois,) A'zhAnwl, an ancient district of  elevation.
~-France, in Guienne.  It constituted part of the old kingdom    AGOA BE PAO, a village on the S. shore of the above
of Aquitaine, and is now comprised in the department of  island, 15 miles E. of Ponta Delgada.  Pop. 3000.
Lot-et-Garonne.                                                  AGOA-QUENTE, s/gwA kin/tl, (i. e. "hot water," or "hot
AGER, 9-jairs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 25 miles  spring,") a town of Brazil, province of Goyaz, near the mouth
N.N.E. of Lerida, in a valley. Pop. 2200.                     of the Bio das Almas, 190 miles N.E. of Goyaz.
AGEROLA, ~-jL-ro/lI, a town of Naples, in Principato Ci-   AGOAS-DOCES,'/gw6s dcld's, (i.e. "sweet water,") a town
tra, on a mountain, 10 miles W.S.W. of Sa lerno.  Pop. 3470.  of Brazil, province of M)inas-Geraes, on a tributary of the Sio
AG/GER, canal, a natural communication between the  Francisco.
Lymfiord and the North Sea, in Benmark, N. of Jutland;    AGO/GEBIC LAKE, in the N. part~ of the upper peninsula
formed during a storm in 1825.                                of Michigan.  Its outletjoins Ontonagonriver. Length, folAGGERSHUUS, Ag/gers-hooss', a stift or province of Nor- lowing the bend of the lake, about 15 miles; breadth, 2 miles,
AGOGNA,,-gonlyA, or GOGNA, g6n/yA, a river of Pied* This is an exception ao a general rule: the regular pronun-  mont, rising in Lake Orta, and flowing S. to the Po, 16 miles
oiation would be almost ah'zShbng.                            N.E. of Alessandria.
38




AGO                                                          AGU
AGOGNA, a castle of Italy, in Piedmont, near the left  Banat; and has a royal academy, a gymnasium, society of
bank of the Agogna river, 4 miles S.W. of Mortara.            music, manufactures of silks and porcelain, and a large
AGON, i'0gdNG/, a small seaport of France, department of  trade in corn and tobacco. Two journals  are published in
Manche, at the mouth of the Seine, on the coast, opposite  the town, which also contains 2 libraries, a theological semiJersey, and 5 miles W. of Coutances. Pop. 1561.               nary, civil and military hospitals, and an institution for
AGOONA, i-goolne, a small state of Western Africa, on the  sisters of charity.
Gold Coast, territory of Ashantee, between lat. 50 25' and 50    AGRAMUNT, A-gr&-moontl, a town of Spain, Catalonia,
451' N., ion. 10, and 40' W. It is thus about 30 miles from E. 30 miles N.E. of Leoida, on the Sio. Pop. 2680. It has a
to W., and about 20 from N. to S. There are one Danish, one  cathedral school of primary instruction, and a square in
Dutch, and one British settlement on the coast of this dis- which is an artesian fountain.
trict, named, respectively, Christiansborg, Crevecoeur, and    AGRAPHA, Aigrt-fl, a village in the Isle of Corfu.
Port James.                                                     AGIRAPHTO, Igrd-fo, a part of the Pindus range of mounAGORDO, A-goc/do, a town or Northern Italy, government tains, in Greece, between Thessaly and Epirus.
of Venice, in a fruitful plain, 12 miles N.WV. of Belluno. It    AGREDA, Ag-r8D.&, a town of Spain, Old Castile, at the
possesses, in the valley of Imperina, the richest copper mines  foot of Moncaldo, 23 miles N.E. of Soria. Pop. 3847. It is
in Italy. Pop. 3500.                                          divided by the Queiles, which is crossed by a magnificent
AGOSTA,'-gos'tA, orAUGUSTA, 3w-goostl, afortified city  stone bridge of one arch. Commerce in grain and fruit.
of Sicily, province of Catania, on a peninsula in the Medi-    AGREDA, Ag-rAid., a town of South America, New Gra:
terranean, 14 miles N. of Syracuse. Pop. 10,000. Its port is  nada, province of Popayan, with gold-mines.
defended by a tower, and by forts Garcia and Vittoria. In    AGRIEEB, AGRIB,  -greebl, AGARBRIB,  1gair-reel', or
1693 it was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, on which  GRARIB, gri-reebl, MOUNT, a remarkable mountain of
occasion more than one-third of the inhabitants were buried  Central Egypt, about 16 miles inland from the coast of the
under its ruins. Exports salt, oil, wines, and honey.         Gulf of Suez.  Lat. 280 12' N.; ion. 320 42/ E.  It is of a
AGOWS, lgswz, a people of Abyssinia, divided into three  conical form, and of so great a height that it can be seen at
distinct tribes, one of which inhabits the fertile country  a distance of 100 miles.
lying immediately WV. of the sources of the Blue Nile, in the    AGRIA.  See ERLAU.
territory of Amhara; another, called the Gualin Agows, in-    AGRIGENTUM.  See GmIR Nc.r.
habit the district, on the E. bank of the Tecazze, in Tigr6;    AGTELEK, dg'\t&l\k, a village of IHungary, county of
the third occupies a tract on the N. bank of the same river,. GJmlr, celebrated for the stalactite grotto of Baradla.
also in Tigr6.                                                  AGUA CALIENTE, A1gwA kg-le-nItA, (i. e. "warm water,"
AGRA, fgr', a government, province, and district of HIin- or "warm spring,") a small settlement in San Diego co., Cadostan. The government includes the N.W. provinces of  lifornia, about 60 miles N.E. of San Diego. It is namedfrom
Delhi, Megrut, lohilcund  Agra, Allahabad, and Benares. a warm spring in the vicinity.
Area, 85,571 square miles; population, 23,800,549. The pro-    AGUAS CALIENTES, Algwts k4-le-inftls, a town of Mexico,
vince of Agra is situated chiefly between lat. 250 and 280 N. state of Aguas Calientes, 270 miles N.W. of the city of Mexico.
It is about 250 miles long and 180 broad. Watered by the  Lat. 229 N., lon. 1010 45 V. It stands in alevel plain upwards
Ganges, the'Jumna, the Chumbul, and various smaller  of 6000 feet above the sea, and is very favorably situated for
streams. It is generally flst, and destitute of wood. In many  trade, the great road from Zacatecas to Sonora and Durango
parts there is a deficiency of water, the smaller streams being  crossing here the highway from  San Lnis Potosi to Guadalaeither absorbed by the heat or turned aside for the purpose  jara. It has numerous churches, three convents, and a hosof irrigation; wells are therefore the only resource of the in- pital, and is surrounded by rich gardens, with olives, vines,
habitants. The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of figs,pears, &c. Ii the vicinityare two warm mineral springs,
indigo, cotton, tobacco, and sugar; wheat and barley, how- from which the town takes its name. Estimated pop. 20,000.
ever, form the principal crops, and rice is cultivated in the    AGUAS CALIENTES, a recently organized stats in the
vicinity of the rivers. Cotton is the staple product.         S.E. central part of Mexico. Capital, Aguas Calientes. Pop.
AGRA, tigre, or AKBARABAD, Ak-btr'11-b~df, a city of in 1854, 81,727.
HIindostan, capital of the province of the same name, on the    AGUACHAPA,?Ogwl-ch,/pA, a town of Guatemala, proright bank of the river Jumna, 115 miles S.S.E. of Delhi, vince of San Salvador.  It lies about 30 miles firom  the
740 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta, 630 miles N.N.E. of Bombay, Pacific, on the road between the city of Guatemala and
and 1000 miles N. by W. of Madras. Lat. 270 11' N.; ion. Sonsonate. Lat;. 140 N., ion. 890 40' W.
780 E. A great part of the city is now in a ruinous state, but    AGUADILLA, A-gw3-DeelfyA, a town and seaport of the Anit still maintains much of its original splendor. The houses  tilles, island of Porto Rico, on its N.W. coast, 65 miles W. of
generally are lofty, consisting of several stories; the streets  San Juan. Pop. 2500. (?) The anchorage is good.
are extremely narrow. It contains no modern buildings    AGUA BULCE, Algw9 doolfs4, (i.e. "sweet water,?')a creek
of any note, but some of its more ancient structures are on  of Nueces co., Texas, flows into Laguna del Madre.
a scale of great magnificence. Of these, the most celebrated    AGUA FRlIA,  fgwa free'4, (i. e. "cold water," or "cold
is Tauje or Taje Mahal, a mausoleum  built in the seven-  spring,") a small village of New Mexico, in Santa Fe co.,
teenth century by the Emperor Shah Jehan, in commemo- about 6 miles S.W. of Santa Fe.
ration of Noor Jehan, his favorite queen. This superb edi-    AGUA FRIA, a post-town in Mariposa co., California, in
fice, the finest in India. and probably in the world, stands on  the mining district, at the WV. base of the Sierra Nevada. It
the banks of the Jumna, is enclosed on three sides by a high  is about 70 miles S.E. of Stockton, on a creek of its own
redstone wall, and forms a quadrangle of 190 square yards, name, flowing into Mariposa river.
with a lofty dome of 70 feet diameter in the centre, and tall    AGUAPEIHTII, 1gww-p-heel, a river of Brazil, rises near lat.
minarets rising from the angles in the terrace. It is built 160 15' S., and after a course of about 100 miles, dlls into
of white marble; and the great central hall, in which are the  the Jauru, an affluent. of the Paraguay.
tombs of the emperor and the queen, is paved with alter-    AGUA, VOLCAN BE, vol-k u! dA'Tgw&, (i.e. " volcano of
nate squares of various-colored marble, while the walls, water,") a mountain of Central America, state and 25 miles
tombs, and screens are ornamented with the most exquisite  S.W. of Guatemala; its crater is 15,000 feet above the sea.
mosaic-work, chiefly of cornelian, lapis lazuli, and jasper.    AGUEDA, A-ge,',     a river of Spain, affluent of the Douro,
The chambers and corridors which surround the hall are  forming part of the fiontier of Portugal, on the N.E. of Beira.
finished with similar elegance.  The whole cost of the    AGUILA, abe-l, or agtwil-4, a smell creek of'ictoria co.,
building is said to have been 3,174,8021. sterling.,It is  Texas, falling into Lavacca bay.
surrounded by a beautiful garden, adorned with fountains    AGUILAR, A- he-laa/,  a town of Spain, in Navarre, in a
of white marble, and containing a profusion of fine trees and  valley of the same name. Pop. 516.
flowering shrubs. It is now in charge of the British govern-    AGUILAR DE CAMPO, ~-ghe-leae dA klmlpo, a town of
ment, and is kept in the highest order. The fort of Agra is  Spain, 59 miles N.N.E. of Palencia, on the Pisuerga, sunlarge, and strongly built of red sandstone, with a ditch, a  rounded by ruined walls; with a school of primary instrucdouble rampart, and bastion.  It has been repaired and  tion and a public hospital. Pop. 618.
much improved for the accommodation of the British garri-    AGUIILAR DE CAMPOS, -ghlie-lae! dlt k.mfpoce, a town
son. Thetrade of Agra, carried on partly by land and partly  of Spain, province and 34 miles N.W. of Valladolid, with an
by water, consists chiefly in the exportation of indigo, silk, ancient castle. Pop. 775.
and sugrr, and the importation of horses, camels, grain,        AGUILAR  DE LA  FPONTEBA, 4-ghe-laR d?    1 1  fronfresh and dried fruits, and manufactured silk and cotton. tri, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, capital.
Pop. in 1837, 96,507. Prom 1504 to 1647, Agra was the seat of the judicial district, on the Cabra, is remarkable for the
of the Mohammedan empire in India. It was taken by the  whiteness of its houses and the cleanliness of its streets
British in the Ma'Ihratta war, 17th of October, 1803.         It has, besides three elegant public squares, a new townAGRAKHI-IAN, g-r4t-kimnl, a cape in the Caspian Sea, tus- hall, several chapels, a hospital, a dismantled Moorish cassian territory, lat. 430 40' N., Ion. 480 10' E., with a bay of  tie, and several schools. Trades in corn and wine. Pop.
the same name on the N. side.                                 11l836.
AGRAM, 6g'raml or ZAGRXAB, z&grblb, (L. Zgroabia) a    AGUILAS, 41ghe-l1s, a town of Spain, province of Murcia.
city of the Austrian empire, capital of Croatia, on a hill near on'the Mlediterranean, 37 miles S.W. of Cartagena, with a
the Save, 160 miles S.S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 14,800. It is  small but very secure port; residence of vice-consuls of Enghandsome; has many good buildings, including a cathedral land, PFrance, and Portugal.  It is regular and well built,
and the governent house. It is the residence of the ban, with a castle and a fortress garrisoned by 100 men. Chief
and seat of the superior courts of Croatia, Slavonia, and the  commerce, export ofgrain. Pop. 4832, including garrison.
39




AGU                                                           AIG
AGUILLA  or AGUILA (a-gwillqa?) CREEK, Texas, flows Rhine near Sinzig, and opposite the town of Lintz, after a
southward, and enters the B3razos in MacLennan county.    course of about 30 miles.
AGUIMES, (Agtiimes,) A-gwee'mes, a town of the Grand    AIIRENSBOK, (Ahrensbsk,) frens-bk',,  a village of DenCanary Island, at the foot of Mount Guayadeque, and about  mark,'in Holstein, 10 miles N.E. of Lubeck.  Pop. 1200.
1100 feet above the sea-level. Pop. 3073.                       AHRENSBURG, Nrens-bda'Gl, a village of Denmark, in
AGULENITZA, &-goo-l.-nitfse,   a town of Greece, in the  Holstein, 13 miles N.E. of Hiamburg. Pop., with adjacent viiMorea, government pf Triphylia, near the mouth of the  lage of Woldenhorn, 1000.
Roophia, 20 miles S.E. of Gastooni.  It has some trade in    AHRWEILER, AN/i'ler, a walled town of Rhenish Prnswine, &c.                                                     sia, 23 miles N.W. of Coblentz, on the Ahr, the centre of the
AGULI-ITAS, A-gool/y/s, (sometimes improperly written  wine trade of the Ahr valley. Manufactures woollens and
LAGULLAS,) CAPE and BANK. The former is in lat. 340  leather. Pop. 2600.
51' 30" S., Ion. 19i 56' 30" E., being the southernmost point    AHUN,   boNG/ or &hliNG1, (anc. Agedulsnum, ) a town of
of Africa, is situated about 100 miles E.S.E. from  the Cape  France, department of Creuse, 11 miles S.E. of Gu6ret. Pop.
of Good Hope. Its highest part is 455 feet above the level 2242. In its vicinity are extensive coal-mines. It was forof the sea. A lighthouse has been recently erected on the  merly important, and has several interesting ruins.
cape, the light of which was exhibited for the first time    AHUS or AIIUIS, o/hooss, a maritime village of Sweden,
March 1, 1849. The structure stands on an elevation of  canton of Christianstad, on the Baltic,12miles,S.E. of Chrisabout 52 feet above high water.                               tianstad, of which it is the port, having a good harbor at
AHADKOI, A-had-koyl, a village of Asiatic Turkey, Ana- the mouth of the Ielged.
tolla, 6 miles  from  Ushak. It has ruins supposed to be    AHWAZ, Wh'wizl, or AHIWUZI. (written also HAWAZ,) a
those of ancient Trajanopolis.                                small town of Persia, province of Khoozistan, 48 miles S.
AIIAGUAY, Ah-&-gwV, a slave-port on the E. coast of Gui- of Shooster, on the Karoon.  Lat. 310 22' N., Ion. 490 E.
nea, about lat. 60 0' 15" N.; Ion. 10 45' E.                     AI, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
AtIANTA, -h&n/ta,  a kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa,    AI, i, a river of Russia in Europe, province of Orenboorg,
extending  from Ancobra to the Chama; bounded on the W. rising in the W. slopes of the Ural mountains, flows geneby Apollonia, and on the E. by the Fantee territories. It is  rally N.W., and falls into the river Oofa, after a course of
the richest, and, in every respect, most improved district on  about 170 miles.
this coast. It is now, like the whole of the Gold Coast, sub-    AI, a town of France. See AY.
ject to the kingdom of Ashantee.                                 AIAS, (Aias,) i'ts, (ans. E/#gte,) a town and seaport of Asia
AIIAR, b-har/, a town of Persia, provinceofAzerbaijan, on  Minor, on the N.W. shore of the Gulf of Iskanderoon, 35
an affluent of the Koor, 60 miles N.E. of Tabreez. It has  miles S.E. of Adana.
700 houses enclosed by a ruined wall.                            AIASALUK, or AIASALOUIK.  See AYASoLo 0K.
AIHIASCRAGHI, is/krA or &s/krirn, a town and parish of    AICII-A or AYCHA, i/Kg, a village of Bohemia, 19 miles N.
Ireland, co. of Galway.  The town is neat and clean-a rare  by E. of Buntzlau.
occurrence in this part of Ireland.                              AICHACHII, i/KiK, a town of Bavaria, on the Paar, 11 miles
AIIAUS, ihowss, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, en the  N.E. of Augsburg.  Pop. 1570.
Aa, 27 miles W.N.W. of Miinster, with a castle, the residence    AID, a post-township of Lawrence co., Ohio, about 100 miles
of the prince of Salm-Kyrburg.  Manufactures of linen and  S.S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 884.
tobacco. Pop. 1672.                                             AIDAB, i'dbf, or DJIDYD, je-deed/, a seaport town of NuAIII, lee' or i/yees, or PEACOCK ISLAND, a small unin-  bia, on the Red Sea, 171 miles N.W. of Berenice; lat. 220 3N
habited island in the Low Archipelago, or Panmotu group,  N., Ion. 370 10' E.
South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 140 35' S.; ion. 1430 85 W. It is    AIDIN, i-deen/, or GUZEL-HISSAR, gu'zil, his'sain, writsurrounded by a coral belt from 200 to 500 feet in breadth.   ten also IDEN, (anc. Tro/lies,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, paAHIOLO, A-Hee'o-lo, AKIIIOLI, a-hee'o-lee/, or AKIALEE,  shalic of Anatolia, on the Mender, about 60 miles S.E. of
a-kee'-lee/, (anc. Anchilale, Anchilalus,) a town and seaport  Smyrna. It is 4 miles in circuit, and is the residence of a
of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Black Sea, 48  pasha, and a place of great trade, being next in commercial
miles S.S.W. of Yarna. It has some trade in salt, procured  rank to Smyrna. Bazaars, shaded by trees, line the streets.
from springs in the neighborhood.                             It contains many fine mosques, churches, and synagogues.
AHLEN, Olen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 18 miles    AIDINJIK, t'din-jeek/, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of
S.E. of MtIinster, on the Werse. Pop. 2350; with distilleries, Anatolia, near the peninsula of Cyzicus and Sea of Marmora,
oil-mills, and linen weaving.                                  60 miles W. by N. of Brusa. It has 400 or 500 houses.
AI-ILFELD, or ALFELD, al/flit, a town of Hanover, on the    AIDONE, i-do/n., a town of Sicily: province of Catania, 35
Leine and Warne,   27 miles S. of the city of IIHanover. P. 2370. miles S.W. of Catania. Pop. 3800.
AHLTEN, al/ten, a town of Hanover, Luneburg, on the    AIDOS, i/dos', a town of EuropeanTurkey, in Room-Elee,
Aller, 7 miles E. of IIanover, with a castle. Pop. 800.        on a river of the same name, 75 miles N.E. of Adrianople.
AHIIMAR or EL-ARMAR, el-ah/mer, (the "red mound,")  It has extensive ruins.
called also EL-KOM, the site of Hieraconposis, a very ancient    AIGASH, b'gash/, or AIGAS, a-gassf, a small but beauticity of Upper Egypt, which stood on the W. bank of the Nile, ful isla,,l in Iverness-shire, Scotland, formed by the river
about lat. 250 10' N, ion. 320 40' E., nearly opposite El-Kab.  Beauly.
AHMEDABAD, Enesd-b.-bid/, (i.e. "abode of Ahmed,") capi-    AIGEN, /ghben, the name of numerous small places in
tal of a district of the same name, in the province of Guzerat,  Austria, Bavaria, and WTiirtemberg.
on the Subbermuttee, 120 miles N.N.W. of Surat. Lat. 230 1'    AIGLE, A/g'l, a town of Switzerland, canton of  eaud, 21
N.; lon. 720 48' E. Pop. estimated at 100,000. The city is 6  miles S.E. of Lausanne. Black marble is quarried in its
miles in circumference, strongly walled, and was formerly  vicinity.
noted for its magnificence, but is now much decayed, having    AIGLE, a cape of France. See LZAIoLE.
been nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1822.  The    AIGRE, aiga or 8ga, a small town of France, department
mosque and tomb of Ahmed deserve notice. Here are the  of Charente, 20 miles N.N.W. of Angoul~me.
head-quarters of the N. division of the Bombay army.             AIGREFEUILLE, aig'r'fu1 or 8g'r'fufye, the name of two
AIIMEDNUGGUR, athmed-nflgfgflr, a city and fort, capi-  villa-es of France; one in the department of Charente Intel of a district of the same name, on the Seena, 64 miles N.E. fd]riiure, and the other in Loire Infdrieure.
of Poonah.  Pop. 20,000. (?) The city, enclosed'by a wall, is    AIGUEBELLE,  aignb~1/, a small but prosperous town of
half a mile from the fort, which is stone built, 1 mile in cir-  Savoy, on the left bank of the Arc, 15 miles E. of Chambdry.
cult, and occupied by a British garrison. It was taken by  Celebrated for the victory gaindd by the French and Spathe British under General Wellesley, August 12, 1803. Near  niards over the troops of the king of Savoy, in 1742. Near it
it is a fine palace of the former native princes.             begins the road constructed by Napoleon over Mont Cenis.
AHMIEDNUGGUR, a town in the province of Guzerat,    AIGUEBLANCHHE, aig'blcNsh/, a village of Piedmont,
on the left bank of the Subbermuttee.  Lat. 230 40' N.; lon. Savoy, birthplace of Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Here730 10' E.                                                    ford.
AIH'MEDPOOR/, a town of British India, 11 miles S.W. of    AIGUEPERSE, aig'p6Rsse, (L. Aqua Spar/sa,) a town of
Juggernaut.                                                   France, department of Puy-de-DOme, 11 miles N.N.E. of Riom.
AHMIEDPOOR-BARRA, br/rA, (i.e. " the great,") a town  Pop. about 2700. It has manufactures of linen, and mineral
of Bhawlpoor, Hindostan, in a well-irrigated and fertilized  springs.
tract, 30 miles S.W. of Bhawlpoor.  Pop. 20,000. (?)  It is    AIGUES-MORTES, aig'mostf, (L. A4/quce Mor/tsuce,) a town
meanly built, but has a large mosque, a fort, and manufac-  of France, department of Gard, in a marshy tract, 3 miles
tures of matchlocks, gunpowder, cotton, silks, and scarfs,    from the Mediterranean, and 21 miles S.W. of N'imes.  Pop.
AHMEDPOOR-CHUTA, choo/ta, (i.e. " the little,") a town  4046. It was founded by St. Louis in 1248, and still retains
in Rindostan, Bhawlpoor, near the Indus.  It is large, and  its ancient fortifications, which present a perfect specimen
enclosed by mud walls mounting a few cannon.                  of a feudal fortress. The town is poor and mean, but has
AH'MOOD/, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay,  considerable trade in fish, fresh and salted, exported' by
district and 12 miles N. by WV. of Baroach. Pop. in 1832, the canal of Beaucairs and the Grand Roubine canal.
13,144.                                                         AIGUES-VIVES, aigw'veev/, (L. A/qzuce Yilveec,) a village of
AHOGIILL, a-han/il, almost a-boil', a parish of Ireland,  F'rance, department of Gard, S.S.W. of Nimes.  Pop. 1687;
Ulster, co. of Antrim.                                        with considerable distilleries of eau-de-vie.
AIIR or AAR, ba, a river of Prussia, province of Lower    AIGUILLE, L',ligheel or lI'gheefyg, (the needle,) a mounRIhine, rising in the Eiffelberg mountains, and falling into the  tain of France, formerly reckoned one of the seven wonderi
40




AIG                                                           AIX
of Dauphin6, on the left of the great road from Grenoble to    AIR, a town of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, on Big Cove
Gap, 6562 feet above the level of the sea.                     creek.
AIGUILLON, Aghee'y&sOs, a town of France, department    AIR, a post-office of Johlnson co., Missouri.
of Lot-et-Garonne, at the confluence of the Lot with the Ga-   AIR or AHIR, a-eelt, or a-heenr.  See ASBEN.
ronne, 15 miles N.W. of Agen. Pop. 4020. It has a corn-    AIR, POINT OF, in North Wales, co. of Flint, at the W.
mrunal college, and was formerly a place of great strength; entrance of the river Dee; lat. 530 21' 26" N., ion. 30 19' 14"
its fortress was successfully held by the English in 134i5  WV. There is here a round tower, having two fixed lights.
against a numerous French army.                                  AIRAINES, Pr~lne/ or Atrin/, a commune and towh of
AIGIURANDE, Agii'r1Nd/, a town of France, department  France, department of Somme, 16 miles N.W. of —niiens,
of Indre, 13 miles S.W. of La Chktre., Pop. (1852) 2330.       with important manufectures of vegetable oils. Pop. 2061.
AIIIA, Fiha, a walled town of Mantchooria, province of    AIRASCA, I-rds/ka, a town of Piedmont, 5 files E.N.E.
Ieaotong, 100 miles E. of Nieu-tehuang.                      of Pinerolo. Pop. 1700.
AIJERBANGIS, I/yer-bang/ghis, a town of the Dutch Eat    AIRDRtIE, airldree, a parliamentary and municipal boIndies, capital of the district of the same name, on the WV. rough and market-town of Scotland, co. of Lanark, parish of
coast of the island of Sumatra, 30 miles S. E. of Natal.      New Monkland, 11 miles E. by N. of Glasgow, with which it
AI/KEN, a post-office of Barnwell district, South Carolina. is connected by canal and railway. The town is divided
AIKTON, aik/ton, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.  into two parishes. Pop. in 1851, 14,435. It is well built,
AILAIH, illah', or ELANA, a-lana, a decayed town of Ara- paved, and lighted with gas; has a neat town-house, branch
bia, in the Iejaz, at the N. extremity of the Gulf of Akabah, banks, and several schools and charities. It owes its rapid
and 130 miles E. of Suez.                                     growth to the iron and coal of its vicinity, now very extenAILOCI-IE, AOlosh/, a small town of Piedmont, province of  sively wrought, and to its proximity to Glasgow, in the maVercelli, in a rich territory. Pop. 727.                      nufactures of which city its weavers are engaged. It unites
AILSA (ale/sa) CRAIG, a remarkable insulated rock of co- with Lanark, HIamilton, &c. in sending one member to the
lunnnar basalt, at the entrance of the Frith of Clyde, in Scot- iHouse of Commons.
land, rising to an elevation of 1000 feet above the level of the    AIRDS, airdz, THE, a district of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
sea. Lat. 550 15' N.; ion. 50 7/ W.                            remarkable for itspicturesque scenery.
AILU, f/loo', a small island in the North Pacific ocean; lat.    AIRD'S MOSS, a tract of moorland in Scotland, co. of Ayr,
100 27' N., ion. 1700 E.                                      between the Ayr and Lugar.
AIMARAEZ, 1-mt-ra-esl, almost i-ma-ricef, a province of    AIRE, aia, or AIRE-SUR-LA-LYS, AR-stir-]-leece, a fortiPeru, department of Cnzco, at the foot of the Cordillera de  fled town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the
Huambo, extending about 130 miles from  N. to S., and 26  Lys, (which communicates with the Beule by the Canal
from E. to W., and comprising 50 villages. Pop.1850,18,258. of Aire and La Bassde,) 10 miles S.E. of St. Omer. Pop.
AIMARGUES, iAmang/, a town of France, department of  in 1852, 8781. It is well built, has a Gothic church and
Gard, 12 miles S.W. of Nfmes. Pop. 2651.                       belfry, barracks for 6000 men, manufactures of woollen
AIMIE or AY1E, aim or 6m, (anc. Axima,) a village of the  stuffs and yarn, hats, soaps, &c.
Sardinian  States, Savoy, province of Tarantaise, 9 miles    AIRE, Sn, or AIRE-SULt-L'ADOUIR, An-sili-la'door', (anc.
N.E. of Moutiers.  Pop. 1050. It has remains of ancient  Vicues Judlius, afterwards Atufres,) an  ancient episcopal
edifices.                                                      town of France, situated near the E. boundary of the de- AIN, SNG, (anc. DcnuZse?) a river of France, rises in the Jura  partment of Landes, on the left bank of the Adour, 20 miles
mountains, near Nozeroy, and joins the Rhone on the right,  S.E. of Mlont de Marsan. It is well and regularly built, and
18 miles above Lyons.                                          contains a college and cathedral.  It was at one time imAIN, a frontier department in the E. of France, bordering  portant as the capital of the Visigoths.  Pop. in 1852,
on Savoy. Area, 2258 square miles. Pop. (1852) 372,939. On  4817.
the E. it is mountainous, and in the S. and WV. marshy.    AIRE, air, a river of England, co. of York, joins the Onuse
The Rhone bounds it on the S., and the Saene on the W.;  5 miles N.W. of Goole. Chief affluent, the Calder.
the Ain traverses its centre.  Chief town, Bourg.  The whole    AIR  or AYRE, air or Ar, PoINes  OF, Isle of Man, the
number of lakes in the department-the largest not above  most northerly point of the island. Lat. 540 25' N.; ion. 40
2 miles long-exceeds 1600. It forms the diocese of Belley.  20' W. There is a lighthouse on this point, with a single
AIN,,4ne, or ine, an Arabic word signifying "' fountain,"  revolving light, 106 feet above the level of the sea.
forming a part of the names of numerous places in Arabia    AIRLIE, air/lee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
and North Africa.                                               AIR MOUNT, a post-villago  of Clark co., Alabama, 118
AINAD, I'nad', or AINAUD, i'naud/, a town and district miles S. of Tuscaloosa.
of Arabia, province of HIadramaut, on the right bank of the    AIROLA, 1-ro/la, a town of Naples, province of Terra di
Wady Ilagger, about 207 miles N.E. of Aden; lat. 150 12/ N., Lavoro, 23 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 4260.
Ion. 470 10' W.                                                  AIROLO, 1-reolo, a village of Switzerland, canton of Tessin,
AINADA.  See INADA.                                         on the S. side of Mount St. Gothard, 26 miles N.W. of BelAIN-AMER, ane amer, a village of Algeria, Sahara desert, linzona.  Pop. 850.  This was the scene of a sanguinary
10 miles S.E. of Oorgla; lat. 310 N., Ion. 30 8' E.           battle between the Russians and French, in which the forAINDERBY-STEEPLE, ace/der-bA, a parish of England,  mer were victorious, 13th of September, 1799.
co. of Yorlk, North Riding.                                     AIRTHI, Arth, a parish and village of Scotland, co. of StirAIN-MABDI, Sne-m/dee', a town of Northern Africa, Alge- ling, on the Frith of Forth, 4 miles N.E. of Falkirk.
ria, built on a hill, about 40 miles WV. of El-Aroot, (or El-    AIRVAULT, ain'vbT, a well-built town of France, depart.
Arout;) lat. 330 53' N., ion. 20 48' WV.                      mentof Ieux-Sevies, on the Thouet, 23 miles N.N.E. of ParAIN-SALAII, Se (or Ins) sSlah, a town of Africa, in the  thenay. Pop. (1852) 1942.
Sahara, district of Tooat. In this region are forests of date-    AISNE, ain or Sn, (anc. Axlona,) a river of France, rises
palms, grain, cattle, and sheep.                              at Somme-Aisne, department of Moeuse, passes Chateau PorAIN-SEFRA, Sine sIfrA, a village of Algeria, 151 miles  cien, where it becomes navigable, flows by Soissons, and is
S.SW. of Oran; lat. 330 30' N.; ion. 10 W.                   joined by the Oise on the left, near Compiegne.  Long-th,
AIN-SEFISIFIA, ane  sA-fe-se-fee/a, or simply SEFISIFIA,  20 miles.  The canal of Ardennes connects it with the
a village of Algeria, 161 miles S.S.W. of Oran, lat. 330 25' N., Meuse.
ion. 10 15' W., on a small stream of the same name, and on the    AISNE, a department in the N. of France. Pop. (1852)
S. slope of the Merad hills.                                  558,989. Area, 2322 square miles. Snurface, flat; soil, fertile;
AINSTABLE, Sne/sta-b'l, a parish of England, co. bf Cum- agriculture, good. Chief rivers, Marne in the S., Oise in the
berland.                                                      N., and Aisne  in the centre-all navigable. Mlanufactures
AINSTY, Ane/stee, a district of England, co. of York, West  very important. Principal town, Laon.
Riding.                                                         AISTHORPE, As/thorp, or EAST THORPE, a parish of
AINTAB, ine-t&b, (anc. Antiocthict-ad-Tcaurums,) a town  England, so. of Lincoln.
of Asiatic Turkey, on the S. slope of Mount Taurus, 60    AITIKIN LAKE, in the N. part of MIinnesota Territory, N.
miles N.N.E. of Aleppo. Pop. 20,000. (?) It is well built,  of Sandy Lake.
and abu.dantly supplied with water. It has large bazaars,    AIT/KIN'S FERRY, in Minnesota Territory, on the Misa fortress, manufactures of goatskins,,leather, and woollen  sissippi river, near the Fourth Rapids.
cloths.                                                         AITIISTING, 4th/sting, a maritime parish of Shetland,
AIN-TACAZZE, Ine-td-kat'sal (i.e. the " fountain or source  mainland. The Bay of Aith affords good anchorage.
of the Tacazze,") a small lake in Abyssinia, S. part of the    AIX, aSks, (anc. 4/quzce Sex/ticc,) a city of France, departprovince of Tigrg, from which flows the river Tacazze, one  ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, capital of the arrondissement, in
of the largest streams in Abyssinia.                          a plain, 17 miles N. of larseilles. Pop. (1852) 27,255. It
AINUNAR, i-noo/nA, or AINUNE, i-noofneh, a haven of  still retains its feudal walls and gates. The modern town is
Arabia, on the Red Sea, E. of the entrance to the Gulf of  well built, with squares, fountains, and boulevards. It is
Akabah; lat. 280 3' N., Ion. 350 18' E.  The interior of the  the seat of an archbishop, and has a fine  cathedral, palace,
haven is about 12 miles long, 6 broad, and from 12 to 13  town-hall, royal court, royal academy, a library of 100,000
fathoms in depth, and is the only secure place of shelter in  volumes, museum, royal college, barracks, public granaries,
the N. end of the Red Sea.                                    and numerous public buildings. Aix is denominated the
AlOU, 115wx, (or YOWL) ISLANDS, a circular group of low  Athens of the S. of France. The hot saline spring used by
isles in the Malay Archipelago, about 100 miles N. by W. the Romans exists in a suburb, where are several remains
from the N.W. extremity of Papua or New Guinea.               of antiquity. Aix has cotton-thread and silk factories, cloth41




AIX                                                      AKI
printing works, and an active trade in fine olive-oil and    AJOFiIN,  r-Ho-freenf, a town of Spain, New Castile, pro.
fruits.                                                   vince and 9 miles S. of Toledo. Pop. 2833.
AIX, (anc. Atqucse 6ratialnce,) a very ancient town of Sar-.   AJUNITAH, (the "strong pass,") a large fortified town
dinia, province of Savoy, 8 miles N. of Chambzry, in a fer- of British India, 53 miles N. by E. of Aurungabad.
tile and delightful valley near the Lake of Bourget. Pop.   AJURIUOCA,'A-zhoo-roo-olk&, a town of Brazil, province of
3500. It is celebrated and much resorted to for its thermal Minas  Geraes, on the Ajuruoca river, here crossed by a
waters, and has numerous remains of antiquity.            bridge, 117 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro.  The district is
AIXE, aix, a town of France, department of Haute Vienne, rich in tobacco, millet, mandioca, sugar-cane, dnd coffee;
capital of the canton, 6 miles S.W. of Limoges, on the left and, with the town, contains a population of 12,000.
bank of the Vienne. Pop. (1852) 2863.                       AKABAI, Aikg-bA, a fortified village of Arabia, on the E.
AIX D'ANGILLON, aix dtaG zheefy6NG/, a town of France, side of the Gulf of Akabah inear its N. extremity. Lat. 290 24'
department of Cher, 12 miles N.E. of Bourges.             30" N.; lon. 350 6, E.
AIX-EN-OTHE, aix-6n-ot, a town of France, department    AKABAII, O/kA-ba, GULF OF, (anc. Silnus ZElanif/icus,)
of Aube, capital of the canton, 15 miles W.S.W. of Troyes. ad inlet forming the E. horn of the Red Sea, after its bifurPop. of commune, (1852) 2310.                             cation in lat. 280 N., extends N.N.E. to lat. 290 36' N., boundAIX, ILE D', eel daix, a small island off the W. coast of ing the peninsula of Sinai on the E. Average breadth, 12
France, department of Charente Inf~rieure, 14 miles N.W. of miles. It has lofty and precipitous shores.
Rochefort.  Pop. 260. It has a strong military fort. There    AK'ALIGUR', atown of the Punjab, betweenthe Chenaub
are villages of this name in the departments of Nord, Cor- and Navee. Lat. 320 17' N.; Ion. 730 37' E.
r~ze, Cher, and Pas-de-Calais.                               AKALZIK.  See AKEALZIKII.
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, Aks-l.-sh['pellf, (L. Aquis G-anum,   AKARAO, A-kI-r&o, a harbor or inlet in the island of New
Ger. Aachen,,A/ken, i. e. the "waters" or "fountains," corre- Munster, New Zealand. Lat. 430 54/ S.; ion. 1730 1/ E.
sponding to the Latin Aquce, a name often given by the Ro-   AKASSA, d'kls-se, NOON, NOUN, or NUN, noon, a town
mans to warm springs; see AA,) a frontier city of Rhenish  or village of Morocco, on the banks and near the mouths of
Prussia, capital of the government, 40 miles W.S.W. of Co- the river Noon.
logne, on the railway from Liege to Cologne. Pop. 45,600.   AKASSA, a river bf Africa. See NOON.
It is surrounded by a wall with ramparts and fosses, and is    AKASEE or AKASI, — kI-seel, a town of Japan, island of
well built and handsome, with a cathedral founded in 796, Niphon.
a large town-hall on the site of Charlemagne's palace, several   AKATO, A-il/to, a town of Jrapan, island of Niphon.
fine churches, celebrated mineral baths, (temperature from   AKASIIANSK or AKASCIHIANSK, t-klsh-Inskl, a town
1110 to 1140 Fahr.,) many hospitals, a public library, gym- of Asiatic Russia, government of Irkootsk on the Onon.
nasium, chamber of commerce, and an elegant theatre. As    AK-BASIII-LIMAN, the ancient estos. See SeST0os.
the chief station of the Belgo-Rhenish railway, (-cnnecting    AKBARABAD. See AGRA.
with Antwerp, Ostend, and Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle affords    AK-DEYAYIN, Aik-dA-yA-veen/, a village of Asia SIinor, 40
an extensive mart to the commerce of Prussia, and is the  miles S.E. of Aleppo, with some remarkable ruins.
seat of commercial and factory courts. It was formerly emi-   AKEER, or AKIR, A-keerl, a village in the S. part of Palesnent as a manufacturing city, especially of cloth and needles, tine, near the right bank of Wady-es-Surar.
and its prosperity in this respect seems of late to be reviving.    AKEIHAM, a paris h of England. See Acoac.
Its woollen cloths are highly esteemed on the continent of   AKELEY, alk/lee, a parish of England, co. of Buckingham.
Europe. In 1846, there  were 2362 hand and power looms    AKEN, Nklen, or ACKEN, Ak/ken, a town of Prussian
employed in this manufacture; 62 spinning factories, with  Saxony, on the left bank of the Elbe, 25 miles S.E. of Magde62,699 spindles, for carded, and 7 mills, with 6570 spindles, burg. Pop. 4290.
for combed wool.                                             AKENIHAM, aik/num, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
In the market-place is a bronze statue of Charlemagne,    AKEREH, A/kA-reh, a town or large village of Asiatic Turwhose favorite residence was here, and whose successors in  key, Koordistan, on the S. sitde of the Zebari range, 35 miles
the empire were crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle until the six- N.E. of Mosul. It has about 500 houses.
teenth century. Two celebrated treaties of peace were con-   AKENSLOOT, Nkcer-selte,  a village of the Netherlands,
cluded here: (1) between France and Spain, by which France  North Holland. Pop. 964.
secured possession of Flanders, in 1688; and (2) in 1748, which    AKERIMAN, /ker-]n3n, (anc. Tyfras,) a fortified town of
terminated the war of succession in Austria. A congress the Russian dominions, province of Bessarabia, on the right
was held here in 1818.                                     bank of the Bniester, near its mouth in the Black Sea, oppoAIZENAY,,izeh-nYl, a town of France, department of  site Ovidiopol, 20 miles S.W. of Odessa. Lat. 460 11' 51" N.;
Vendse, 5 miles N.W. of Bourbon-vend~e. Pop. of com- Ion. 300 21' 52" E. Pop. with 2 suburbs, 26,000. It has a
mune, (1852) 3793.                                         port, and an extensive trade in salt from adjacent lakes.
AJACCIO, -ydt/cho, or AJAZZO, 9-yft/so, a seaport, the  The famous. treaty concluded at Akerman in 1820, exempted
capital of Corsica, is situated on its W. coast, at the N. of the Danubian provinces finom all but a nominal dependence
the gulf of the same name, in lat. 410 54' N.; ion. 8~ 44' E. on Turkey.
Pop. (1852) 11,944. It is built in an agreeable situation,   AKERSUND, A/ker-soond',  a town of Sweden, on the N.
with a good port defended by a citadel. It is the see of a  shore of Lake Wetter, 112 miles W.S.i~. of Stockholm.
bishop, and has a cathedral and a royal court, a library of    AKHAII SItIEHNR,  AKA shlhr, (AKHISSAr?) a small
18,000 volumes, and an active trade in wine, oil, and coral. seaport town of Asia Mhinor, Anatolia, on the Black Sea,
Napoleon Bonaparte was born here on the 15th of August, 15 miles S.W. of Ereglee. Some ship-building is here car1769: tlie house is still standing, and is dne of the best on  ried on.
the island.                                                  AKIIALKALAKI, A-xal-k-l-//kee, or AKIIALKALAK, a
AJAN, d-zhtnu, a country of Africa, extending along its  town and fort of Russian Armenia., on a tributary of the
E. coast from Cape Guardafui to Zanguebar, between lat. 40  Koor, 30 miles S.E. of Akhalzikh.
and 11~ N., bounded N. by Adel, E. by the Indian Ocean.   AKHIALZIKIt or AKALZIK, A-Kl-zeexf, called also AKISChief towns, Brava, MIagadoxo, and iMelinda.               KA,`-kisekA, a city of Asiatic Russia, province of Georgia,
AJASALUK. See AYASOOLOOK.                               and formerly capital of a Turkish pashalie, on an affluent of
AJAZZO. See AJAccI.                                     the Koor, 103 miles W. of Tiflis. Lat. 410 40' N.; lon. 430 1' E.
AJEI-HO0,!'y-ho/, (?) a town of the Chinese Empire, terri- Pop. in 1838, 10,000, of whom two-thirds were Armenians.
tory of MIantchooria, 120 miles N. of Kirin, and 75 miles WV. It has a castle and mosque, with a college and libary, many
of Soongaree. It is of recent formation, and is inhabited  churches and a synagogue. Its slave-market has been supsolely by immigrants from China. The population amounts pressed; it has an active trade in silk and honey.
to 60,000, and is daily increasing.                          AK-HISSAR, i:k'his-saa, (i. e. "white castle,") or EK-IIISAJELLO, A-y1llo, a town of Naples, province of Calabria  SAl, (anc. Thyotilra,) a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of AnaCitra, 9 miles S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 4000. It has a fortress, tolia, 58 miles N.E. of Smyrna. Pop. 6000. (?) It stands on
and is supposed to replace the ancient Tilesio.            a slight eminence; has about 1000 Turkish, 300 Greek, and
AJELLO, a small town of Naples, province of Principato  30 Armenian dwellings, several khans and bazaars, a Greek
Citra, 4 miles N.N.E. of Salerno.                          school, and many remains of antiquity. It exports cotton
AJELLO, a small town of Naples, Abruzzo Ultra II., S.S.E. goods.
of Aquila.                                                   AKHILAT, Ak'lit/, dr ARDISH,aa'deesh', a town of Asiatic
AJELLO, a town of Illyria, 12 miles S.WV. of Gorizia.   Turkey, on the WV. shore of Lake Van, 35 miles N.W. of Van.
AJETA, -yAltA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria  Pop. 5000.
Citra, 8 miles N. of Scalea. Pop. 3490.                     AKI-IMYM or ACIIMII, &K-meeml, sometimes EI1HMIYTM,
AJISTAN, &jis-ttn/, a town of Persia, province of Irak- (anc. Chemes/is and Paeno2polis,) a town of Upper Egypt, on the
Ajemee,80 milesE.S.E. of Kashan. It is large and straggling,  E. bank of the Nile. Lat. 260 40' N.; lon. 310 50' E.
is surrounded by gardens, and has a royal palace.           AKHTIAR, a town of Russia. See SEvAsrTOPOL.
AJMEER, AJMERE, Aj-meer, or RAJPOOTANA, rj-poo-   AKHITIRKA. See ACHITYRnA.
tA/nA, a city, capital of a province of the same name, formerly    AKI, ikee, a principality of Japan, in,the WV. portion of
the capital of Agra, is situated on a hill-slope, crowned by a  the island of Niphon.
fortress, 220 miles S.W. of Delhi. Pop. estimated at 25,000.   AKINBA, A-kin/da, a town of Japan, in the island of
It is regularly built and handsome, has a large bazaar, and  Niphon.
is one of the most flourishing towns of the British dominions    AKINDATORI, i-kin-dc,-tolree, a town of Japan, in the
in the East.                                              island of Niphon.
42




AKh                                                          ALA
AKIN'S (AJkinz)  STORE, a post-office of Montgomery co.,  river flls into the Keoofrom the right, about 32 miles S.S.E.
Arkansas.                                                     of Tiflis. The valley is volcanic, and is occupied with Arms
AKIR.  See AxcEEc.                                          nian villages.
AKISKA.  See AKIIALZIKI].                                     AKSU. See AKsoo.
AKKA, Ak/kA, a town or village of Sahara, on the borders    AKTEBOLI, Ak-te-boflee, a small haven of European Turof Morocco, in lat. 280 30' N.; ion. 10' W. It is a station for  key, on the SW. coast of the Black Sea.
the caravans between Morocco and Timbuctoo.                     AKUN.  See AKoo0N.
AKKA. Se.Acae.                                                AKUSCHA. See AK0osHA.
AKKKRUM, Alkkrflim, avillage of Holland, provinceof Fries-    AKIUTAN. See AKoOTAN.
land. 8 miles N.W. of Ieesenveen, and 7 miles E. of Sneek.      AKURIKA. See ACHTYRKA.
AKLANSK, Jk-lnskl, a garrisoned town of Siberia, govern-    AKYAB, Ak'yhbl, a town and seaport of Farther India,
ment of Okhotsk. Lat. 620 50' N., Ion. 1670 E.                presidency of Bengal, province of Aracan, on the E. side of
AKMETCHET or AKMEDSIID. See SaIMFROPOL.                     the island of Akyab. It is built of wood, and is the residence
AKNUR. See AGNUR.I  of a British commissioner, with a garrison of sepoys.
AKOLAI, 9-ko/l, a city of Hindostan, 55 miles S.W. of    ALA, MA, a town of Piedmont, island of Sardinia, proEllichpoor. It is enclosed by walls, and surrounded by ex- vince of Ozieri. Pop. 950.
tensive ruins.                                                  ALA, Mgl, a town of Austria, Tyrol, on the left bank of the
AKOON or AKUN, Akoon/, one of the Aleutian islands, is  Adige, 10 miles S.S.W. of Roveredo. Pop. 3600, employed in
an active volcano. Lat. 540 17' N.; Ion. 1650 32' W.          manufactures of silks and velvets.
AKOOSHA or AKUSCHA, &-koo/sha, a territory and town    ALABAMA, al-.a-bahlma,  a river of Alabama, is formed
of Russia, province of Daghestan. The former occupies the  by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, which unite 10 nmiles N. of the
E. slope of the Caucasus. The town, capital of the district, city of Montgomery. It then flows W. to Selma; below that
is situated 55 miles W.N.W. of Derbend.                       point it pursues a very tortuous course towards the S.W.,
AKOOTAN or AKUTAN, A-koo-tUn/, an island and active  until it unites with the Tombigbee, about 45 miles N. of the
volcano of the Aleutian series, 3332 feet in height.          city of Mobile.  The river formed by this confluence is
AKORA, d-ko'rA, a town of Afghanistan, on the Cabool  called the Mobile.  The Alalbma is an excellent stream for
river, 10 miles N.W. of Attock.                               steamboat navigation, being navigable for the largest class
AKOUCIHA. See AKoOSHA.                                      of boats through its whole extent, and at all seasons of the
AKOWAAY,,-ko-w&I or.-ko-wil, a town and independent  year, except in instances of extraordinary drought. The
settlement onthe Guinea coast. The former is well built for  length of the main stream  is about 300 miles, and the disa town in this part of Africa. Pop. 7000 to 8000.             tance from Mobile to Wetumpka, which is at the head of the
AKRAUINAY, a fortified town of British India, presiden-  navigation for large boats, is about 460 miles. The region
cy of Bombay, district of Candeish.                           through which it flows is occupied by plantations of cotton,
AKREE or AKRI,,tklree, a small Moslem village of Pales- extensive savannas, and forests of valuable timber.
tine, 15 miles W.N.W. of Jerusalem; probably the ancient    ALABAMA, one of the Southern States of the American
El roe.                                                       confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Tennessee, E. by GeorAKREYRI, Ak-rilree, a town of Iceland, on the Eyiafiord; gia, S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and WV. by Missislat. 650 40' N. It has a good harbor, and is, next to Riykia- sippi. It lies between 300 10' and 350 N. lat., and between
vik, the most important trading place in Iceland.              859 and 880 30' WV. lon.; being about 330 miles in extreme
AKIRON, a post-village of Erie co., New York, about 270  length from N. to S., and 300 miles in its greatest breadth;
miles W. of Albany.                                           including an area of 50,722 square miles, or 32,462,080 acres,
AKIRON, a beautiful and flomurishing town of Portage  only 4,435,614 of which were improved in 1850.
township, and capital of Summit co., Ohio, on the Ohio and    Face of the Coubntry, lleousntains, dc. —The Alleghany MlounErie Canal, at its junction with the Pennsylvania and Ohio  tains have their termination in the N. part of Alabama,
Canal, and on the Cleveland and Zanesville Railroad, 36 miles  where they become depressed to little more than elevated
S. of Cleveland. It occupies the highest ground on the line  hills. The state gradually declines from the N. to the Gulf
of the canal between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, and is  of Mexico, being hilly and broken in the centre, and level for
400 feet above the lake. By means of the canal and Little  50 or 00 miles from the coast. All the rivers of any magniCuyahoga river, the town is amply supplied with water- tude, except the Tennessee, (which makes a bend into the
power, which is employed in a variety of manufactures; and  N. part of the state,) descend towards    the Gulf of Mexico.
its mercantile business is extensive. Immense quantities.Uinerals. —Alabama is rich in mineral treasures, particuof wheat are shipped here. Akron was laid out in 1825. In  larly in coal. iron, limestone, and marble. Red ochre, lead,
1827 the Ohio and Erie Canal was constructed to this point, (scattered about the state in various parts,) and manganese
and in 1841 Akron was chosen as the county-seat. The ca-  ire also met with. Iron is found extensively in Shelby, Bibb,
nal was finished in 1832; cost, $5,000,000. The same year, Jefferson, and Tuscaloosa counties.  Bituminous coal of a
the canal which connects it with Beaver, Pennsylvania, was  superior quality abounds.  "A vein of this coal is first seen
opened, and a new impetus given to its improvement. It  in the bed of the Black Warrior river, near Tuscaloosa, and
has a union  school, I bank, 2 woollen factories, 5 large  pursues a N.E. direction till it crosses the Alabama and
flouring mills, a steam-engine factory, 1 blast-furnace, and  Coosa rivers at or just above their falls, and thence probably
1 mineral-paint mill, 1 extensive stove manufactory, and 1  passes into Georgia." (De Bozo's Ivcsdestrial  sesourcces.) There
card manufactory, besides various other establishments; all are salt, sulphur, and chalybeate springs in different sections
of which are propelled by water-power. Immense beds of ofthe-state. Gold has been found in St. Clair county, and a
Ohio mineral fireproof paint are found in the vicinity, and  mine was worked there for a short time. Beautifully vanlethe article is exported to all parts of the Union. Pop. in  gated marbles exist near the head of navigation on the
1850, 3266; ~ ~ ~~~~Po in gated marblseitnrthhadof 500
1850, 3266, in 1853, about 4500.                              rivers, particularly on the Cahawba, and in Talladega county.
AKSAI, ik-sa,  a river of Circassia, rising on the N.E. Some of these marbles are buff-colored, filled with organic
slopes of the Caucasus, falls into the Torek, after a course of remains, some white and crystalline, and some are black.
about 120 miles.                                                         a
ab~~~~out l1  miles.~ ~Statuary granite, said to be the best in the United States,
AKSAI, a village on the right bank of the above river, 35  and marble of a superior quality, are found in Coosa county.
miles S.S.W. of Kizlisa.                                      A more particular notice of these, however, will be given
AK-SERAI,  5-se-ker, (i. e. "white palace,") a town of Asiatic  under the head of CoosA.
Turkey, pashalic of Karamania, on the Kizil-Irmak, 80 miles      civers, Bays, sc.-The principal bays in Alabama are MoN.E. of Konieh.   Pop. 5000. (?) It has a castle, and many  bile bay, extending N. 30 miles from  the Gulf of Mexico;
Saracenic remains.                                            Bonsecour bay, (an eastern arm of Mobile bay,) and PascaAK-SERAI, aik-serc, a village of Afghanistan, 22 miles N. goula bay, or sound, west of Mobile bay. All these open into
of Cabool.                                                    the Gulf of Mexico. Perdido bay lies on the boundary line
AKSIHEI-IR, AKCI-IEiI, AKSCIIEIIER, or AK-SHEHER, between Alabama and WVest Florida. All the rivers of AlaAkisheh'rx or Ak-sh.hgr, (i. e.'white city,") a city of Asiatic  bama, with the exception of the Tennessee, which makes a
Turkey, pashalie of Karamania, 10 miles S. of the salt lake of sweep into the northern part of the state, and some smaller
the same name, 05 miles N.W. of Konieh. It contains about  rivers passing into West Florida, unite their waters in the
1500 houses. Alk-shehr is the ancient Philomelion of Strabo.  Mobile river and bay. The Tombigbee comes iito Alabama
AKSOO, AKSOU, or AIKSU, hk'rsoof, a toan of Chinese'from the N.E. part of Mississippi, receives the Tuscaloosa or
Toorkistan, on a river, S. of the Thian-Shan n mountains, 250   Black Warrior from  the former state, and unites withf the
miles N.E. of Yarkund; lat. 410 7' N., Ion. 790 E. Pop. 6000, Alabama to form the Mobile. The Alabama, in its turn, is
besides a Chinese garrison of 3000 men, (it being the mili- formed by the Tallapoosa and Coesa firom the N. of Georgia,
tary head-quarters of this part of the empire.) It has nmaan-   and flows S.W. till it meets the Tombigbee. The Chattafactures of woollien stuffs and jasper, and is resorted to by  hoochee forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama
trading caravans from all parts of Central Asia.              for about 150 miles. The Mobile river throws off an arm
AKSOO, AKSOU, or AKSU, Itk'soo', a smalltown of Asiatic fsom itsE. bank, which Soas intothe bay atBlakely.  The
Turkey, 18 miles E. by S. of Br-Lusa.                         Cahawba joins the Alabama frolmn the middle of the state.
AKSOO or AKSU ("white river,") the name of several The Bscambia, Blackwater, Yellowwater, and ChoctawhaAsiatic rivers, the principal of which traverses Chinese Toor- tchee flow from the S,.  of Alabama into West Florida.  The
kistan; but it is doubtful whether it is an affluent of the Tombigbee is about 500 miles long, and all its course in Alairtish or of the Hoang-ho.                                   bascma is navigable for steamboats.  The Alabama, including
AKSTAFA, Ak/stiifa', a river and valley of Georgia. The i its head waters, is about 600 miles long, and may be ascended
43




ALA                                                           ALA
by steamboats to Wetumpka, on th; Coosa branch, 460 miles ary, 1854, 221 miles of railroad completed. and 659 in course
from the gulf. The Tuscaloosa is about 150 miles long, and  of construction. One connecting Montgomery with West
is navigable for steamboats to Tuscaloosa. The Tennessee Point; another extending from Tuscumbia to Decatur; and
has 130 miles of its course in Alabama, but its nivigation is 33 miles of the projected railway from Mobile to the mouth
here obstructed by the Muscle Shoals, above which impedi- of the Ohio are completed. Those that are projected or in
ment it is, however, again navigable.  See lMuscLE SHoALS.   course of construction are designated as the Memphis and
Objects of Interest to bourists.-Though Alabama has no  Charleston, running principally-in this state, along the valmountains of great elevation or stupendous cataracts, she is ley of the Tennessee; the Alabama Central, from  Selma W.
by no means deficient in objects of interest to the curious to Vicksburg; the Girard and Mobile, (Girard is opposite Coand inquiring mind. De Kalb county is noted for wild and  lumbus, on the Chattahoochee,) and the Tennessee and Alapicturesque views; and in Walker county there is a natural bama, intended to pass ultimately from Mobile through Selbridge, said to be equally curious with the famous one in  ma and Gunter's Landing, on the Tennessee, to some road
Rockbridge county, Virginia, while many wild and romantic  connecting with Nashville, but at present only to unite Solgorges lie among its hills, which are the highest S. of the  ma and Gunter's Landing. This road is now (1854) finished
mountains.  There are in Alabama a number of mineral to the Coosa river.
springs for the resort of those seeking health or pleasure:    Commsserce.-This state enjoys great advantages for both
Blounut's Springs, in Blount county, a fashionable watering- foreign and internal commerce, her ports being open to the
place, contains several different varieties of sulphur waters  sea through Mobile bay, and having more than 1500 miles
within the space of twenty feet. Chalybeate waters occur at of steamboat navigation on her rivers, giving an outlet not
the same place; and other sulphur springs are found in Tal- only to her own productions, but also to some of those of
ladega and Shelby counties.  Bladen Springs is also a fa- Mississippi and Georgia.  According to De Dow, there were
shionable watering place. There are salt springs in Clarke  549,499 bales of cotton brought to Mobile in 1851-2, besides
county, now abandoned.  At Tuscumbia there is a spring  what was sent to New Orleans and the ports of Florida.
issuing from a huge fissure in the limestone rock; it is said  The exports of Alabama in 1851 were $18,528,824, imports
to discharge 20,000 cubit feet of water per minute, forming a  $413,446.  Tonnage owned in 1852, 28,533; number of yeslarge stream, which falls into the Tennessee, 2' miles below. sels built in the state, 5, whose tonnage was only 354'62.
Climate, boit, and lProductioezs.-Approac hing to within 70  Considerable quantities of sawed lumber and staves are exof the tropics, Alabama is allied in its climate and produc- ported from  Mobile to Cuba, to Mexico, and to domestic
tions to the torrid zone. The rivers here seldom freeze in  ports. The sawed lumber exported in 1850-51 amounted to
winter, and the summer heats are mitigated by the breezes 6,816,054 feet, and of staves 360,779.
from the Gulf of Mexico. According to meteorological obser-   d'taecction.-,-According to the census report, there were, in
vations made at Eutaw, in Greene county, in the years  1850, in Alabfma, 5 colleges, with 567 students, and $41,225
1850-51, the maximum  temperature of the three winter income, of which $5900 was from  endowments; 1152 public
months was 820, the minimum  180; the mean temperature  schools, with 28,380 pupils, and $315,802 income, of which
at 3 o'clock P.M. 480 25'. The maximum of the spring months  $56,367 was from  the public funds; and 166 academies and
was 930, minimum 220, average 620 20'. The maximum of  other schools, with 8290 pupils, and $164,165 income, of which
the summer months was 1040, minimum 600, mean 810 49g. $4949 was from public funds. Attending school during the
The maximum of November 820, the minimum  190, mean  year, as returned by families, 62,846 pupils, of whom 68 were
510 90,. The bottom  lands are unhealthy near the rivers free colored. Adults who could not read or write, 33,992, of
and the Muscle Shoals, but the climate in the uplands is  whom 235 were free colored. The state university of Alaba.
salubrious. Alabama has, in many parts, a soil of exuberant ma, located at Tuscaloosa, is in a very flourishing condition,
fertility; yielding more cotton, the great staple of the South, with an annual income of $15,000.  The free school system
than any other member of the confederacy. Even the low  in Alabama went into operation early in 1854.
mountains of the N. have fine grazing lands, while the fiats    Periodicals.-In 1850, there were in Alabama 60 periodbetween them  are very rich in soil.  The central part is  icals, 6 of which were issued daily, 5 tri and semi-weekly, 48
occupied by fertile prairies; and the southern, though often  weekly, and 1 semi-monthly. Of these, 11 were literary and
sandy and inferior in productiveness, has many fertile miscellaneous, 1 neutral and independent, 45 political, 2 relialluvial bottoms, which yield rice. In Minrengo and Greene  gious, and 1 scientific.  Annual circulation of daily papers,
counties were formerly extensive canebrakes, which are now  869,201; oftri and semi-weekly, 266,500; ofweeklies, 1.509,040;
nearly cleared, disclosing some of the best lands in the state. and of semi-monthly, 18,000 copies. Total, 2,662,741.
Sugar-cane grows in the S.W. neck, between Mlobile bay-and    Religious  Desnominations.-Of the 1373 churches in AlaMississippi. Besides the great staple already named, Ala- bama in 1850, 579 belonged to the different divisions of Bapwbama produces large quantities of Indian corn, oats, live  tists; 17 to the Christians; 17 to the Episcopalians; 577 to
stock, sweet potatoes, and butter; a considerable amount of the Methodists; 162 to the Presbyterians; 5 to the Roman
wheat, rye, rice, wool, hay, peas, beans, Irish potatoes, fruits, Catholics; 5 to the Free Church. The rest were owned by
market vegetables, and sugar; and some tobacco, barley, Independents, Lutherans, Unionists, Unitarians, and Unibuckwheat, wine, cheese, grass seeds, hops, flax, and silk are versalists.
raised. Indigo was formerly cultivated, but being under-   Public fnstitutions. —There is a state penitentiary at Wesold by the foreign article, its culture was given up, though  tumpka, which had 151 prisoners on October 1st, 1851. Pronot from want of adaptibility in the soil. According to the vision has been made by the state for the establishment of a
census of 1850, there were in Alabama 41,964 farms, contain- state lunatic asylum  at Tuscaloosa. A blind asylum  has
ing 4,435,614 acres of improved land, producing 294,064 been recently established at Mobile, and $5000 have been
bushels of wheat; 28,754,048 of Indian corn; 2,965,697 of appropriated by the legislature for organizing and sustainoats; 892,701 of beans and peas; 261,482 of Irish potatoes; lug an institution for the deaf and dumb. The buildings
5,475,204 of sweet potatoes; 225,771,600 pounds of cotton; of the Alabama university, near Tuscaloosa, are very fine,
8,242,000 pounds of sugar; 83,428 gallons of molasses; 164,990 and cost $150,000. There were in Alabama, in 1850, 4 pubpounds of tobacco; 657,118 pounds of wool; 4,008,811 pounds lic libraries, with 3848 volumes; 32 school libraries, with
of butter; 2,311,252 pounds of rice; 897,021 pounds of bees- 3500 volumes; 15 Sunday-school libraries, with 5775 volumes;
wax and honey; 32,685 tons of hay; live stock valued at and5 college libraries, with 7500 volumes. Total, 56libraries,
$21,690,1.12; orchard fruits worth $15,408; market goods with 20,623 volumes.
worth $84,821; and slaughtered animals worth $4,823,485.   Government.-The governor of Alabama is elected for two
Value of farming implements and machinery, $5,125,663.        years by the people, and receives an annual salary of $2500.
Forest Trees. —In the central and northern parts of the The senate consists of 33 members, elected for four years,
state, oak of different varieties, poplar, hickory, chestnut, and the house of representatives of 100 members, elected for
and mulberry are the principal woods, while in the south are two years, both by the people. The pay of members of both
cypress and loblolly; pine is abundant S. of the mountains. branches is $4 per diem. One-half of the senate is elected
Animalsa.-Wild deer and turkeys are plentiful, and bears, every second year.  The legislature meets biennially.  The
wolves, and foxes are still met with,                         judiciary consists —i. Of a supreme court, composed of one
listnsfactures.-But little attention, comparatively speak- chief and four associate judges, elected by the legislature for
ing, has been paid to manufactures in Alabama; but accord- six years, and receiving $2250 per annum; 2. Of a court of
ing to the census of 1850, there were in the state 1022 establish- chancery, composed of three chancellors, elected in the same
ments, each producing annually S500 and upward; of which mannBr; 3. Of nine circuit courts, holding two sessions a
12 were cotton factories, employing capital to the amount of year in each county; 4. The city court of Mobile. The
$651,900, with 346 male and 390 female hands, consuming judges of probate, who are also clerks of the court and regisraw material worth $237,081, and producing 3,081,000 yards ters of deeds, are, as well as the circuit judges and the judges
of stuffs, and 790,000 pounds of yarn, valued at $382,200; 14 of the Mobile court, elected by the people for six years.  All
forges, furnaces, &c., employing capital to the amount of these judges receive $1500 per annum, except the judge of
$230,125, and 266 male hands, consuming raw  material the Mobile court, who receives $2000. The assessed value of
worth $111,855, and producing 2537 tons of castings, pig and property in Alabama, in 1850, was $219,476,150; estimated
wrought iron, valued at $280,876.  Capital invested in dis- value, $228,204,332.  Public  debt, $6,742,339, of which
tilleries, $500; hands employed, 2; product 3000 gallons. $1,087,501 was contingent. Ordinary annual expenses, exThere were also 149 tanneries in  Alabama, employing elusive of debt and schools, about'100,000.  The number of
$200,570, consuming raw material worth $158,247, and pro- banking institutions, January, 1852, was only 2, with a caduringo leather valueSd at $335,011.                         pital of $2,000,000, a circulation of $3,500,000, and $1,800,000
Internal Improvements.-There were in Alabama, in Janu- in coin.
44




ALA                                                          ALA
Popuatio. —The number of inhabitants in the state in    ALACRiANE (al-a-kran)  ISLANDS, a group in the Gulf
1820 was 127,901; 309,527 in 1830; 590,756 in 1840; and  of Mexico, about 70 miles N. of Yucatan, on a reef 15 miles
771,623 in 1850; of whom 219,483 were white males, 207,031  in leng th N. and S., by 12 miles in breadth.
white females, 1056 free colored males, 1209 free colored    ALACULISA CREE K, Cherokee co., Georgia, a branch of
females, and 171,804 male and 171,040 female slaves. There  Little River.
were 73,786 families, occupying 73,070 dwellings.  Repre-    ALA-DAGH, Pl/-dAgf, (i. e. "beautiful mountain,") a
sentative population, 634,514. There were 9084 deaths in the  mountain chain of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 390 and 40~
year ending June, 1850, or 12 persons in every 1000. Of the  N., and lon. 390 and 440 E. It extends WV. from  Mount
free population in 1850, 236,332 only were born within the  Ararat, separating the twvo heads of the Euphrates.
state; 183,913 in other states; 941 in England; 3639 in Ire-    ALADAN, (A4-l-dAn/,) or ALADINE (A-1]-deen/) ISLANDS,
land; 584 in Scotland; 67 in Wales; 49 in British America; a cluster of small islands in the Bay of Bengal, forming part
1068 in Germany; 503 in France; 787 in other countries, and  of the Mergui Archipelago.
1109 whose places of birth were unknown. -Of the male    ALAEJOS, 4-1]-A/hoce, a town bf Spain, Leon, 30 miles
population in the leading pursuits, 66,610 were farmers; 7281  S.WV. of Yalladolid, near the left bank of the Trabancos,
laborers; 2468 merchants; 2269 students; 2156 clerks; 1976  Pop. 3255.
carpenters; 1905 planters; 1849 overseers; 1292 black and    ALAGHEZ, A-Il-ghlzt, or ALI-GHEZ, /lee-ghzf, a volcanic
whitesmiths; 1264 physicians; 1109 teachers; 154 engineers;  mountain and mountain range, bordering on the N. side of
702 clergymen; 570 lawyers; 316 boatmen; 395 mariners; the basin of Armenia. It lies on the N. side of the great
396 wheelwrights; 338 masons; 237 cabinet and chair makers;  plain of the Araxes.  The highest peak rises 13,628 feet
156 coachmakers; 537 shoemakers; 220 grocers; 117 inn- above the level of the sea.
keepers; 372 millers; 146 millwrights; 196 painters and gla-   ALAGOA, 4-l14go/a, a town and district on the S. shore of
ziers; 174 printers; 394 tailors, &c. &c., amounting, in all, to  the island of St. Miichael, Azores. Pop. of district, 7800.
100,467 males. There were 296 blind, of whom 156 were    ALAGOAS, 4-14-go/As, a maritime province of Brazil, derivwhites, 2 free colored, and 138 slaves; 210 deaf and dumb, of ing its name from  various intercommunicating lakes for
whom 151 were whites, 1 free colored, and 58 slaves. The which it is noted. It lies between lat. 90 and 100 30' S., is
number of paupers who, had received support in the year bounded N. and W. by the province of Pernambuco, S. by
ending June 1,1850, was 363, of whom 11 were foreigners; 233 the province of Sergipe del Rey, and comprises an area of
insane, of whom 201 were white, 2 free colored, and 30 slaves; 15,036 square miles. Pop. 220,000.
and 476 idiotic, of whom 343 were whites, and 133 slaves.       ALAGOAS, VILLA DO FOlTE DAS, veel/lA dofoaftA dAs
Counties.-There are in Alabama 52 counties, viz. Autauga, -l4-go/As, a city of Brazil, in the above province, on the N.
Baldwin, Barbour, Benton, Blount, Bibb, Butler, Chambers, extremity of Manguaba, 140 miles N.E. of Sergipe del Bey.
Clarke, Choctaw, Cherokee, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Coving-  Ithas 8 churches and 2 convents. Pop. 4000.
ton, Dale, Dallas, De Kalb, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Han-    ALAGON, A-l4-gon/, a river of Spain, falls into the Tagus
cock, Henry, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Lowndes, Lau-  about 2 miles N.E. of Alcantara. It is about 120 miles in
derdale, Limestone, Macon, Madison, Marion, Marengo, Mar- length, and noted for the size and flavor of its trout and
shall, Iobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Perry, Pickens, other fish.
Pike, Randolph, Russell, Shelby, St. Clacir, Sumter, Talladega,   ALAGON, a town of Spain,, near the confluence of the
Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washington, and Wilcox.    Ebro and the Jalon, 15 miles N.W. of Saragossa.  Pop. 1932.
Cities and Towns. —Mobile is the commercial metropolis   ALAIIEDON, a township of Ingham co., Michigan, about
of Alabama, with a population of 20,515; the other principal 70 miles W. by N. of Detroit. Pop. 377.
towns are Montgomery, the capital of the state, population    ALAIS, Xtl/, (anc. Alelsia,) a town of France, department
8728; Iluntsville, population 2863; Selma, population 1728; of Gard, on the Gardon, at the foot of the Civennes, 25 miles
Marion, population 1544.                                      N.V. of Nimes, with which it is united by railway. Pop.
History.-The famous exploring expedition of De Soto  (1852) 18,871. It is situated in a productive coalfield, and
across the southern part of the (present) United States, about  has extensive manufactures.
the year 1541, is believed to have been the first visit of the    ALAJAHISSAR, ALADJAHISSAR,  a-l5jA-his'saR;, or
white man to the wilds of Alabama. De Soto met with  KRUSCIIOVATZ, atown of European Turkey, capital of the
fierce opposition from  tribes of savages, who appear to  sanjakofKruschovatz, province of Servia, on the right bank
have been more populous and less rude than the northern  of the Morava, about 95 miles S. of Semendria.
aborigines. The houses of these people evinced less barba-    ALAJAN or ALADJAN, A-lA-jtnl, a town of Asia Minor,
rism, than many other Indian tribes. "The chief's house  pashalic of Anatolia, near the Black Sea, 37 miles S.E. of
was, in one instance, 120 feet by 40, and included small  Sinope.
buildings like offices. A remarkable temple found upon the    ALAJUELA, A-l4-ntoo-/la a city of Central America. state
Savannah river, at Silver Bluff, was 100 feet long, 40 feet  of Costa Rica, 35 miles W. by S. of Cartago.  Pop. 10,000, inwide, and proportionably high."  (De Bow's Industrial Re- cluding suburbs.
sources of the Souc/i and West.) In 1702, Bienville, a French-    ALAKANANDA,,-l-ka-nan/dA, a small river, which, isman, built a fort on Mobile bay. The present site of Mobile, suing from the Himalaya Mountains, unites with the Rhahowever, was not occupied till nine years after. At the  girathi at Devaprayaga, and forms the main source of the
peace of 1763, Alabama, with all the French possessions E. Ganges.
of the Mississippi (except New Orleans) fell to the English.    ALA-KOI, /l4'koiP, (i. e. "beautiful village,") a village of
This state formed a part of Georgia until 1802; from  this  Asiatic Turkey, on the E. side of Lake Van.
date it was included in Mississippi Territory till 1817, when    ALAKT00O-K00OL or ALAKTOU-KOUL, A-l1k/too-koolf, a
it was organized into a separate government, and in 1819  lake in Chinese Toorkistan, lat. 450 17' N., ion. 820 27' E.,
became an independent member of the great American con- has in its centre an extinct volcano.
federacy, and now ranks fourth in population of the South-    ALAMAKEE.  See ALL0oMAIKEE.
ern States.                                                     ALAMANCE, 4lt8-mance, a creek of North Carolina, flows
ALABAMA, a post-township of Genesee co., New York, 12  into the Haw river from the W., in Alamance co.
miles from Batavia, and 263 miles W. of Albany. It is in-    ALAMANCE,  a county in the N. central part of North
tersected by the Tonawanda Creek. Pop. 2054.                  Carolina, has an area of about 500 square miles. Ilaw river,
ALABAMA, a smeall bayou of Iberville par., Louisiana,  a branch of the Cape Fear, flows through the middle of the
communicating in time of floods with the Atchafalaya.         county, and Alamance Creek, from  which the name is deALABAMA or BIG SANDY CREEK, Texas, flows on the  rived, flows through the WV. part into the Haw River. The
S.W. border of Tyler county, and falls into the Neches 15  surface is undulating; the soilproductive. The Centre Railmiles above Beaumont.                                         road, now in progress, passes through the county, and a
ALABAMA, a village of Leon co., Texas, on the right  plank-road is projected from  the county-seat to the coalbank of Trinity river, about 60 miles in a straight line  mines on Deep river. Formed out of the W. part of Orange,
N.N.E. of Washington, the former capital of the state.        in 1848. Capital, Graham. Pop. 11,444, of whom 8248 were
ALABASTER ISLAND. See ELEUTHERA.                            free, and 3196 slaves. 
ALABAT, A-l4-bgtf, one of the smaller Philippines, on the    ALAMEDA, 4-]1-mnAdA, (i.e. "a row of poplar-trees,") a
E. coast of the island of Luzon. near the head of the exten- village of Spain, in Old Castile, province of Sopia.
sive inlet at the S. end of the island, which terminates at the    ALAMEDA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 54 miles N.W.
Gulf or Bay of Lamon or Lampon. Lat. 140 N., lon. 1220 13'E. of Malaga, on the road from Seville to Granada. Pop. 3690.
The inhabitants are described as a savage race.                 ALAMEDA, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 8 miles from
ALABLEE, ALABLI,  -14/blee, or HALABLI, h-i  blee, Madrid.
a small village of Asiatic Turkey, Anatolia, on the Black Sea,    ALAMEDA, a village of Spain, in Leon, about 16 miles
4 miles S.W. of Ereglee.                                      from Ciudad Rodrigo.
ALACHUA, a-latch/u-a, a county in the N.W. of part of the    ALAMEDA,,-14-mA/dA, a new county in the W. central
peninsula of Florida, has an area of about 1000 square miles. part of California, formed since 1852 out of Contra Costa and
The Santa Fe river forms its northern, and the Suwanee its  Santa Clara counties.  Area, about 820 square miles.
western boundary.  Orange lake is partly included in its    ALAMEDA, 4-14-mAdA, a town of Bernalillo county, New
limits, and it contains several ponds. Surface rolling or level; Mexico, on the left bank of the Bio Grande, 6 miles above
soil generally fertile. Capital, Newnansville. Pop. 2524; of  Albuquerque.
whom 1618 were free, and 906 slaves. It was named from          ALAMEDA, SANTA MARIA.DE  LA, Scnht4 mA-reeAt dA 1l
Alachua savanna, a grassy and marshy plain in the county,  -l4-mA/dA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 36 miles W. of
N. of Lake Orange.                                           Mladrid.
45




ALA                                                          ALB
ALAMEDA DE LA SAGRA,i-li-mAldl di l slgrd, a town comprising an area of 1292 sqluare miles. Pop. in 1849,
of Spain, in Old Castile, 8 miles from Illescas.              81,397. The surface is mountainous.
ALAMEDA DEL VALLE, -li-md/cdi dil vil/yi, a town of    ALAYA, A-li/yi, (anc. Cbracdsisums,) a decayed town of
Spain, in Old Castile, 10 miles from Buitrago.                Asiatic Turkey, on a promontory in the Mediterranean, 109
ALAMO, Texas. See Feart ALAMo.                             miles S.S.W. of Konieh. Pop. 2000. It has a good anchor
ALAMO, all/-mo, a post-village of Montgomery co., Indiana, age, but no harbor.
65 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis.                                ALAYOR, -li-yon], or ALEYOR, A-li-yftn, a town in the
ALAIMO, apost-township of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, 70  island of Minorca, belonging to Spain, situated  in the
miles W.S.W. of Lansing.                                     interior, and about 10 miles W.N.W. of Port Mahon. Pop.
ALAMO, a post-village of Contra Costa co., California.      4722.
ALAMODE/, a post-office of Reynolds co., Missouri.            ALAZON, i-li-zonf, a river of Georgia, joins the Koor 125
ALAMOOT or ALAMU.T, i',1-'moot, a district of Persia, miles S.E. of Tiflis, aftel' a S.E. course of 140 miles.
N.WV. of Teheran.                                               ALB or ALP, Alp, called also the SWAIBIAN  ALPS, a
ALAMOS, LOS, loce NlI-moce, (i. e. "the poplar-trees,")  chain of mountains appertaining almost exclusively to
a town of Mexico, province of Sonora, 140 miles N.W. Wiirtemberg, extending S.W. to N.E., from  the source of
of Cinaloa, in a district celebrated for its silver-mines. the Neckar, a total length of 84 miles, and having a breadth
It has some well-paved streets, and the houses are gene- varying from 15 to 20 miles.
rally built of stone or brick, laid over with stucco. Pop.   ALBA, DUbi, (anc. Allba.Pogeeia,) a town of Piedmont, on
about 10,000, 3000 or 4000 of which are employed in the  the Tanaro, 30 miles S.E. of Turin.  Pop. 8286.
mines.                                                          ALBA, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., at
ALAMUTCII/A, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Missis- thre foot of Monte Velino, 4 miles N. of Avezzano.  It is the
sippi, about 80 miles E. of Jackson.                          Allba Fiscenltia of the Romans.
AL/AN or CAM/EL, a river of England, co. of Cornwall.         AL/BA, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvanfia, 143
ALAND, tland, or OILAND (Sw. A/and, /lrind) ISLANDS, miles N. by E. of Harrisburg.
an archipelago of about 80 inhabited islands, and a vast num-    ALBACETE, il-bl-thAti, a town of Spain, Murcia, 138
her of rocks and islets, Russia, province of Abo, in the Gulf of  miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 13,143.  It manufactures steel
BothniAn, at its entrance, between lat. 590 55' and 600 32' N., goods, and has large cattle-fairs in September.
and Ion. 190 and 210 E. Pop. 15,000. These islands, taken    ALBA DE TORMES, ilfbA di tor/mis, a town of Spain, 14
from Sweden in 1809, are of great political and military im-  miles S.E. of Salamanca, on the Tormes. Pop. 2166.
portance to Russia, and contain several fortified ports, gene-    ALBA JULIA.  See KacLSBUGc.
rally the station of apart of the Baltic fleet. Near this Peter    ALBALA, il/bi-li, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 20
the Great gained his first naval battle over the Swedes, in  miles S.S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2133.
1714.                                                           ALBALATE  DEL  ARZOBISPO, il-bh-liti dl aa-thoALAND, i/lint, a river of tHanover joins the Elbe.          bees/po, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 46 miles S.E. of ZaraALANNO, ti-lun/no, a town of Naples, 11 miles S. of Civita  goza, on the left bank of the Martin, an affluent of the Ebro.
di Penne. Pop. 2200.                                            ALBA LONGA. See ALBANo.
ALAN/THUS GROVE, a post-office of Gentry co., Missouri,    ALBANCHEZ, Al-bln-chith/, a town of Spain, in Andaluabout 200 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.                       sin, 28 miles N.E. of Almeria.
ALAPAEVSK, A-la-p'lvslkl, a town of Russia in Asia,    ALBANCHEZ, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 16 miles E.
government of Perm, on the Alapaika, 48 miles N.W. of  of Jaen.
Irbit.                                                          ALBAN DES URTIERES, il'b8Ns/ dize iiatte-air, a village
ALAPAHA, ah-lap/8-haw, a river of Georgia, flowing into  of Italy, Sardinian States, 6 miles S. of Aiguebelle.
the Suwanee. Length, about 100 miles.                           ALBANELLA, il-bA-nil/ll, a town of Naples, 4miles N.N.E.
ALAPAIIA, a post-village of Lowndes co., Georgia, 262  of Capaccio.
miles S. of Milledgeville.                                      ALBANIA, al-bi3ne-a, (moderp Gr. pron. il-bi-neesg; Turk.
ALAQUA, alA-quaw, a small river of Florida, flowing into  Arnaoodlil, Ar-naootleek, or A-rnaoutlik, aRlni-oot'leek,) called
Choctawatchee bay.                                            SIIKIPERI (shkip.e-ree') by the natives, (fiom  Shkipele, "a
ALAQUA, a post-village of Walton co., Florida, on the  rocki,") a mountainous country of European Turkey, between
above river, about 125 miles W. by N. of Tallahassee.         lat. 390 and 430 N.,, and Ion. 190 5' and 210 28' E. Extreme
AL-ARAISCH.  See Ec-AaIcsH.                                 length, about 290 miles; breadth, varying from  40 to 90
ALAR/KA, apost-office of Macon co., North Carolina.         miles. Bounded W. and S.W. by the Adriatic and Ionian
ALARM FORK, a village of Oregon co., Missouri, 15 miles  Seas. It is composed of as many as nine ridges of mountains,
S. of Thomasville.                                            nearly all of which have a direction N.W. and S.E. Of these the
ALARO, i-liro, a town of Spain, island of Majorca, 12  principal heights vary from about 2500 to 8500 feet above the
miles N.N.E. of Palma. Pop. 4081.                             sea. Albania has no great rivers. It partakes of the peculiar
ALASEA, i-li-sitV, written also ALASEY and ALASEJ,  system of subterranean streams that characterizes the waters
i-li-s/, an important river in the N.E. of Siberia, rises in  of Greece. In this respect, the province of Epirus is espelat. 670 N., and falls into the Arctic Ocean.                 cially remarkable for its circular basins, its cavities without
ALA-SREHR or ALASCTIEIR, &i'i-shlh'rlor i'li-shi/hgr.  water, its ponds and watercourses that disappear at certain
(i.e." tile exalted city," anc. P/iladelphi/a, founded 200 years  seasons, and also for its gulfs and subterranean rivers. In
s. c. by Attalus  PFleade7lph us a walled city of Asia Minor, the import and export trade of Albania, vessels under the
at the N.E. base of Mount Tmolus, 83 miles E. of Smyrna.  British and Ionian, the Greek and Ottoman flags, are almost
Pop. 15,000.(?) It is a Greek archbishop's see, has nume- the only ones engaged. The exports are shipped chiefly at
rous remains of pntiquity, 5 Christian churches, and an  Prevesa, at the entrance to the Gulf of Arta. The other
active trade.                                                 ports are Parga, Avlona, Durazzo, &c. The internal trade
ALASHGERD, Armenia.  See TornAI-KULAH.                     is carried on by means of pack-horses, four or five of which
ALASKA. See ALIAsKcA.                                      are attached to each other by cords, and guided by one man.
ALASSIO, i-ls/se-o, a seaport town of the Sardinian states, Albania is under the government of the different Turkish
division of Genoa, on the  lediterranean, 4 miles S.W. of Al-  pashas in whose country it is situated.  Population estibenga. Pop. 6500.                                             mated at 1,600,000.-Adj. and inhab. ALBANIAN, al-bhineALASSONA, a-ls-so/ni, a town of European Turkey, 35  an, or AniNAoOT, (Arnaout,) R/nI-oot\; native, SnHKIP'TAv    or
miles N.E. of Trilhala. Pop. 3000.                            SKIP'ATARt.
ALATA, i-lit/, a small river in Abyssinia, a tributary of    ALBANO, il-bhno, (anc. Albce/snm,) an episcopal city of
Bahr-el-Azrek, near its confluence with which occurs the  Italy, Pontifical States, Comarca di Roma, on the Via Apcelebrated cataract of Alata.                                 pin, 14 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 5600. It is built on the
ALATA, i-li/t, a village in the island of Corsica, about 6  site of Pompey's Villa, and being celebrated for beauty of
miles N. of Ajaccio.                                          scenery and purity of air, is a favorite summer resort of the
ALA-TAGIH.  See ALA-DAGr.                                   Roman nobility. It comprises the ruins of Domitian's paALATAMAHA. See ALTAIAIHA.                                   lace and of a preotorian camp, with the modern villas of the
ALATEEIR or ALATYR, i-1i-teet, ariver of Russia, rising  princes Barberini, Altieri, &c. It has a museum  of anti.
in the government of Penza, falls into the Soora, after a  quities fiom Alba Longea.
course of upwards of 125 miles.                                 ALBANO, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 11
ALATEER, or ALATYR, a town of Russia, 80 miles N.W.  miles E.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2700.
ofSimbeerslk, atthe junction of the Alateer and Soorn rivers.    ALBANO, a lake and mountain of Italy, 13 miles S.E. of
Pop. 4407.                                                   Rome. The lake, 6 miles in circumference, being the crater
ALAITRI, i[-litree, (ane. Alratrium,) a town of Italy, Pon-  of an extinct volcano, is enclosed by high banks, around
tifical States, 6 miles N. of Frosinone, on a mountain.  Pop. which are many elegant villas and several grottoes, with
9000. It has a manufactory of woollen goods, and is of high  the Castel Gandolfo, the summer residence of the pope.
antiquity, its walls exhibiting some perfect remains of Cyclo- There are many historical monuments in its vicinity:
pean architecture.                                            among others, an ancient aqueduct cut in the flank of the
ALATYR. See AL&Tcsc.                                      mountain by the Romans, during their contest with the
ALAUSI, i-16ww-seee, a valley of the Andes, and town of the  Velentes in the year 394 B. c., to drain off the waters of the
republic of Ecuador, on the Alausi, 7980 feet above the sea.  lake, and prevent it from  overflowing its banks. —A/ba
ALAVA, i/li-vi, a province of Northern Spain, (one of  Lsngc  stood on its N.E. margin. —MOuNT ALBANO or MoNTE
the three Basque provinces,) between lat. 420 20' and 430 N., CAvo,on the E., and 2046 feet above the lake, has on its
46




ALB                                                           ALB
summit the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Latiais, corn- library of 700 volumes. The Albany Academy, onthe E. side
manding a magnificent prospect over the scene of the last  of the public square, opposite the Capitol, and the Albany Fesix books of the dEneid, and of the early history of the Ro- male Academy, in Pearl street, enjoy a high reputation as inman state.                                                     stitutions of instruction. The former, which is incorporated,
ALBANY, [lba-ne, a district of Scotland, more usually  is for the education of boys, and had [in 1853] 394 students;
called BREADALBANE, which see. According to some authori-  they are fitted for any class in college or for business purties, Albany is originally tlhe same as ALY.ov, the ancient  suits. The latter, also incorporated, has about 300 pupils.
Celtic name of Scotland. The second son of the sovereign  There are also 11 public schools in the city, where a good,
of England is usually styled the Duke of Albany.              English education can be obtained free of expense. BelongALBANY, llhba-ne, a county in the E. part of New York, ing to them  are libraries numbering in all 8050 volumes.
has an area of about 483 square miles. It is bounded on  The Albany Institute, having for its object the collection
the E. by the Hudson, and partly on the N. by the Mohawk;  and diffusion of scientific information, possesses a valuable
and is principally drained by Normanskill and Catskill  mineralogical cabinet, and a library of 5000 volumes: it is
Creeks, which afford valuable water-power.  The surface in  in a flourishing condition. The Young Men's Association,
the W. and N. is rough and mountainous, but along the  established for mutual improvement, has a valuable library
Hudson and other streams nearly level. The soil along the  of 8000 volumes, and sustains annually, during the winter
River is fertile, but in the interior sandy, and in some places  season, a course of lectures upon literary and scientific sulbquite sterile. Iron ore, gypsum, marl, and water limestone  jects. Besides the libraries mentioned, there are the State
are found, although not in great abundance.  The Hudson  Library, open to the public, containing 27,000 volumes, and
river is navigable to Troy, and by means of lockage to Lan-  an Apprentices' Library of 3000 volumes.
singburg. The Erie and Champlain  Canals terminate in the    The State Agricultural Rooms, in the old State House
N.E. part of the county, which is also intersected by the  building, on State street, contain a valuable and most interailroad connecting Albany with Utica. Organized in 1683, resting collection in natural history and agriculture; above
and named in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, after- them are the Geological Rooms. In the same building are
wards James II. Capital, Albany.  Pop. 93,279.                the valuable collections made in the progress of the prepa,
ALBANY, the capital of New York, and the second city  ration of the magnificent State Natural History.
in importance in that state, is situated on the W. bank of    Among the benevolent institutions may be named the
the Hi dson River, 145 miles N. of New York city, 164 W. by  Orphan Asylum, which is liberally endowed, and provides
N. of Boston, and about 370 N.E. of Washington: lat. 420 39' for all the destitute orphans of the county: the building is
N.; Ion. 730 44' 49" W. As viewed fiom  some parts of the  a fine structure, situated one mile W. of the City Hall.  St.
Hudson, the appearance of the city is highly picturesque and  Vincent's Orphan's Asylum, incorporated in 1849, is a Cathoimposing.  A low alluvial fiat, from 15 to 100 rods wide, ex- lic institution, under the direction of the sisters of charity.,ends along the margin of the river, but W. of this the  The Emigrant's Friend Society furnishes protection and inground rises about 220 feet in the distance of a mile. formation to emigrants. A society under the direction of a
Albany, compared with most other American cities, is not  number of benevolent ladies was organized in December,
remarkable for the regularity of its streets, nor, generally  1850, for the purpose of giving fair and liberal prices to
speaking, for the neatness or elegance of its houses; n4fer-  seamstresses: large numbers have been employed by the
theless, it contains many handsome, and several splendid  society, which is now in a most flourishing condition. Nine
edifices.  The principal street is State street, extending  or ten newspapers are published in the city.
froma the Hudson to the Capitol; from  the river to Broad-    Albany is advantageously situated for commerce, at the
way it is quite narrow, but on reaching that street it widens  head of the sloop navigation on the Hudson, and communito 150 feet or upwards, and continues of this breadth to its  cates by means of canals with Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and
W. extremity.  The city contains a number of public  Lake Champlain.  It is also the centre in which a number
squares, the most important of which is situated at the end  of very important railroads meet, connecting it with New
of State street. Among the principal edifices of Albany may  York, Boston, Buffalo, and other less prominent places.
be mentioned the Capitol, a substantial and handsome stone  The value of property arriving here by canal in 1852 was
building, 115 feet long and about 90 feet wide; the walls are  $27,439,180, being an increase over that of the preceding
about 50 feet high, consisting of two stories and a basement year of $4,982,625. The value of property cleared the same
story of 10 feet; it is faced with brown fieestone from  the  year amounted to'$31;476,375, exceeding that of 1851 by
quarries on the Hudson below the Highlands.  The co- $8,613,748. One of the most important articles in the comlumns, pilasters, and other decorations are of marble, chiefly  merce 6f Albany islumber.  The clear pine of Michigan and
from Berkshire, in Massachusetts.  The edifice is crowned  Canada, the oak, cherry, and poplar of Ohio, the common
with a dome, on which stands a statue in wood of the god- pine of Pennsylvania and New York, meet here, furnishing
dess Piemis, (Justice,) 11 feet high, with a sword in her one of the largest lumber markets in the world. The quanright hand and a balance in her left. The Capitol contains  tity of lumber received at Albany in 1854, amounted to
an assembly chamber 56 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 28  311,571,151 feet of boards, 24,003 thousand shingles, 28,909
high, and a senate chamber 50 feet long, 28 feet wide, and  cubic feet of timber, and 135,805,091 pounds of staves,/the
the same in height, besides various other apartments.  The  whole valued at $6,200,000. There were received here, in 1852,
Capitol stands on the W. side of the public square already  1,651,789 barrels of flour, 4,145,970 pounds of wool, 2,911,938
alluded to. On the opposite side of the square, facing the  bushels of corn, 1,495,714 bushels of wheat, 1,386,678 bushels
W., is the state hall, a splendid edifice of marble, containing  of barley, unmanufactured tobacco valued at $1,303,698, bethe different offices of the state government: on the same  sides other articles of less amount. The number of arrivals
side is situated the City Hall, a large and handsome build- of'river craft in 1854 was 849, (tons, 88,216.)  Albany coning, also of marble, with a gilded dome. Albany has about  tains 10 banks. The total assessed value of real estate in
40 churches, many of which are handsome buildings. The  1852 was $15,831,630, and of personal property, $4,078,671.
Catholic cathedral, not yet finished, will probably be one of    The Dutch first established a trading-post on Castle Island,
the most splendid as well as largest church edifices in the  immediately below the present site of Albany, in 1614. Fort
United States. It fronts on Eagle street, having its N. and  Orange, was erected where the city now stands in 1623. The
S. sides on Lydius and Jefferson streets. Standing on an  place was subsequently known as Beaver Wyck and Williameminence, it presents thqe, whole of its magnificent propor-  stadt.  It received the name of Albany, in honor of,the
tions as the most prominent object to one approaching the  Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II., at the
city from the S. and E.                                       time when it came into the possession of the English, in
Albany is distinguished for her educational and literary  1664. It was chartered a city in 1686.
institutions, among which may be mentioned the University    Pop. in 1810, 9356; in 1820, 12,630; in 1820, 24,238; in
of Albany, incorporated in 1852. This is intended to be na- 1840, 33,721; in 1850, 50,763; in 1855, about 60,000.
tional in its character, and of a higher order than any simi-    ALBANY, a river, fort, and district of British North AmeLar institution in the country: its object is to furnish the  rice: the river, connected by a series of lakes with Lake
graduates of American colleges the means of completing an  Winnipeg, flows E.N.E. through 8 degrees of ion., and eneducation without going abroad; its departments are of  ters James' Bay near Fort Albany.
law, medicine, scientific and practical agriculture, civil and    ALBANY, a small maritime division of the Cape of Good
mechanical engineering, the mechanic arts, physical geo-  Ihope, about 550 miles E. of Cape Town. Whole length,
graphy, political economy, history in its relations to civiliza- about 65 miles; its breadth, from  30 to 40 miles. The N.
tion, chemistry in its application to the arts, and astronomy. portion of the division is intersected by Great Fish river.
A splendid observatory, connected with the university, to  The other streams of any note are the Kareega and the
be called the Dudley Observatory, is now being erected at a  Kowie.  The surface is agreeably diversified, presenting in
cost of $25,000. The Albany Medical College was founded  some parts the rugged features of African scenery, in others
in 1839, and is furnished with the most ample means of in- the softness of the champaign districts of England or the
struction.  It has one of the best museums of the kind in  continent of Europe. The climate also is extremely healthy.
this country, and a well-selected library of 3000 volumes, The cotton-tree, though not cultivated to any extent, suc500 of which are set apart for the use of students free of  ceeds well, and produces cotton of good quality. The mosts
charge: number of students in 1852, 114; professors, 8. productive of cereals is maize; wheat is successfully cultiThe State Normal School, a flourishing institution, under  vated, but is subject to rust near the coast. Barley and
the control of the state, was established in 1844, "for the  oats are abundant. Great solicitude is entertained for the
instruction and practice of teachers of common schools in  improvement of live-stock. The stock of sheep amounts to
the science of education and the art of teaching:" it has a  about 311,000; goats, 84,963; horned cattle, 46,429; horses,
47




ALB                                                       ALB
8014. Capital, Graham's Town. Pop. of division, 14,723, of    ALBEMARLE, a post-village, capital of Stanton cc., North
which 6132 are colored.                                    Carolina, 120 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.
ALBANY, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 15 miles    ALBEMARLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.
W. by N. of Paris. Pop. 747.                                 ALBEMARLE (al-be-marlt) ISLAND, the largest of the
ALBANY, a post-township of Carroll co., New Hampshire, Galapagos, in the Pacific ocean; lat. 00 56' S., ion. 910 381 W..
about 60 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 455.              Summit, 4700 feet in elevation.
ALBANY, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, 6    ALBEMARLE SOUND, situated in the N.E. part of North
miles S. of Irasburg. Pop. 1052.                           Carolina, extends from the Atlantic westward about 60 miles,
ALBANY, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. and is from 4 to 15 miles wide. It communicates with CurPop. 1406.                                                 rituck Sound and with Pamlico Sound by narrow inlets.
ALBANY, a township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. The water is nearly fresh, and not affected by the tide wave
Pop. 1043.                                                 of the sea, from which it is separated by a narrow island.
ALBANY, a flourishing town of Baker co., Georgia, on the    ALBENDORF, allben-dorf', a village of Prussian Silesia,
right bank of Flint River, at the mouth of Kinchafoonee  8 miles W.N.W. of Glatz. Near it is the sanctuary of New
Creek, 110 miles S.W. of Milledgeville.  It is the largest Jerusalem, said to be visited annually by 80,000 pilgrims.
town in the county, and is a place of much activity. Steam-    ALBENGA,   -l-bln/gA, (anc.A1biumelngslauenum,) a seaport
boats ascend the river from the Gulf of Mexico to this place. city of Sardinia, at the mouth of the Centa, in an unhealthy
The cotton which is annually shipped here amounts to  spot of the Riviera, 44 miles S.W. of Genoa. Pop. 4735. It
about12,000 bales. The South-Western Railroad, which now  has Roman antiquities and feudal edifices. Albenga was
terminates at Oglethorpe on Flint river, will probably be ex- the head-quarters of Napoleon in 1796.
tended to Albany, and increase its importance. The adja-    ALBENS, AlUblNG, a town of Sardinia, in Savoy, 6 miles
cent country is considered as fertile as any part of the state. N.N.E. of Aix.
Albany is incorporated, and contains 2 or 3 churches, 18    ALBERBURY,'tl1ber-ber-e, a parish of England and Wales,
stores, and a newspaper office. Pop. 1000.                  cos. of Salop and Montgomery. Old Parr was born in this
ALBANY, a post-office of Caddo parish, Louisiana.         parish in 1483.
ALBANY, a post-village of Henry co., Tennessee, 106 miles    ALBERCA, 9l-blskli, a town of Spain, 4 miles S. of MurW. of Nashville.                                            cia. Pop. 2406. The name ALBERcA is also given to a river
ALBANY, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Kentucky,  in Alicante, a mountain in Avella, a town in New Castile,
126 miles S. of Frankfort.                                  and a village in Leon.
ALBANY, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.             ALBERCIIE, il-bais/chlt, a river of Spain, which rises in
ALBANY, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, about 10  Old Castile, and after a course of about 148 miles, Sells into
miles N.E. of Muncie.                                       the Tagus.
ALBANY, a flourishing post-village of Whitesides co., Illi-    ALBERES (lhbaile) MOUNTAINS, the name of the E. pernois, on the Mississippi River, 177 miles N. by W. of Spring-  tion of the Pyrenees.
field. It carries on an active trade on the river.            ALBERIQUE, al-bi-reelkt, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 11
ALBANY, a post-village of Albany township, Greene co., miles N. of San Felipe, on the high road to Madrid. P. 3101.
Wisconsin, on Sugar River, about 26 miles S. of Madison;    ALBERONA, Al-b;-rolng, a town of Naples, in a valley, 22
was settled since 1846. The river furnishes fine water- miles W. of Foggia. Pop. 2900.
power, which gives motion to several mills.                   ALBEROBELLO, l'bA-rio-bSl1/lo, a town of Naples, province
ALBANY, a township of Marquette co., Wisconsin. P. 494. of Terra di Bari. Pop. 3800.
ALBANY, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on the right    ALBERSDORF, [llbers-donf, a village of Denmarlk, Holbank df the Willamette, at its junction with the Callapooya  stein, 19 miles S.W. of Rendsburg; near it is a remarkable
river, about 25 miles S. of Salem.                          heathen altar.
ALBANY, a town and seaport of W. Australia, capital of    ALBERT, Al'bai!R, (formerly called Ancre,) a town of
the co. of Plantagenet, on King George Sound; lat. 350 3, S., France, department of Somne, on the Railway du Nord, 18
Ion. 1170 52' 40"t E.                                       miles N.E. of Amiens. with woollen and cotton factories, and
ALBANY ISLES, on the N.E. coast of Australia.  There  paper mills. Pop. (1852) 3,507.
are six in number, but only one of considerable size. In    ALIBERT LAKE, in South Australia, Russell co., joins Lake
the S.W. of the great island there is a harbor suitable for  Victoria by a strait at its N. extremity.
large vessels, where drinking water may be obtained.          ALBERTON,'l/ber-ton, a post-office of Howard co., MaryALBAREDO, Al-bA-rAVoo, a village of Northern Italy, 15  land.
miles S.E. of Verona, near the Adige.                         ALIBERTON, a town of North Australia, on the banks of
ALBARRACIN,1l-b;- -i-theenl, a town of Spain, on the  the Albert River.
Guadalaviar, Aragon, 19 miles W.N.W. of Teruel, at the S.   ALBERTOPOLI.  See ALBERT-VILLE.
declivity of a mountain. It is a bishop's see, and has some    ALBERT RIVER, North Australia, falls into the Gulf of
manufactures.                                              Carpentaria.
ALIBATROSS ISLAND, a small island of Bass's Strait,    AI/BERTS, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
Australia; lat. 400 22' S., ion. 1440 39' E.                 ALBERTSON, 41/bert-son, a village of Tippah co., MissisALBAY, al-bIf, a town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, capi- sippi, 16 miles S. of Ripley, and about 200 miles N. of Jacktal of the province, and residence of a governor; the province  son. It is surrounded by rich plantations of cotton.
is fertile, but subject to frequent volcanic eruptions.  Pop.   ALBERTSON'S, a post-office of Duplin co., North Carolina,
13,115; of the province, 123,695.                          about 80 miles S.E. of Raleigh.
~ ALBAY BAY or GULF, on the coast of the island of Lu-   ALBERT TOWN, a village of South Australia, about 1
zon, one of the Philippines. It is large and secure, and  mile distant from Adelaide, and connected with it by a good
almost landlocked.                                         road, constructed at an expense of 14,0001.
ALBAYJDA, 1l-bVYDf, a town of Spain, Valencia, 12 miles    ALBERT-VILLE, albairsveel, (It. AlbertopoZi, Al-ble-toptoS.W. of San Felipe. Pop. 3130.                             le,) a city of Sardinia, Upper Savoy, near the confluence of
ALBEGNA, tl-bintyt, or ALBANIA, l-baintyd, (anc. Al- the Isero and Arly, formed by the union of the two towns
binia,) a river of Tuscany, rises in Monte Labro, flows S.W.,  Ospitale(L'IIpital)and Conflans, in 1835. Pop. 3406.
and enters the Mediterranean, 5 miles N. of Orbitello, after a    ALBI. See ALBY.
course of 30 miles.                                          ALBIA, al/be-a, a new and thriving town, capital of MonALBEMARLE, a town of France. See AMAL-E.                 roe co., Iowa, about 90 miles W.S.W. of Iowa city, and about
ALBEMIARLE, al-bemarll, a countyinthe E. central part of  30 miles from Oskaloosa. It is situated in a fertile farming
Virginia; area about 700 square miles. The James River  district, diversified by prairies and woodlands. Pop. 500.
forms its southern boundary, and it is drained by the Ri-   ALBIANO, tl-be-Vno, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, provyna and HIardware Rivers, affluents of the James, which  vince of Pisa, 16 miles S. by E. of Pontremoli.
rise by several small branches in the W. part of the county.   ALBINEN, /l-bee/nen, a village in Switzerland, canton of
The Blue Ridge forms its N.W. boundary, and a ridge called  Valais.
Southwest Mountain, or Carter's Mountain, extends across    ALBIGA. See ALBy.
the county in a N.E. and S.W. direction. The surface is    ALBIGEOIS or ALBIGENSES. See ALBY.
beautifully diversified, and the scenery in all parts of the    ALBINO, l-bee/no, a town of Northern Italy, 8 miles N.E.
county is exceedingly picturesque. The soil of the valleys  of Bergamno, on the Serio. Pop. 2200.
and rlver bottoms is remarkably fertile, and a large portion    ALBION, llbe-on, the ancient name of Great Britain, said
of the highlands is susceptible of cultivation. In 1850 it to have been given to it on account of the lofty white cliffs
produced 798,351 bushels of corn; 278,575 of wheat; 191,549  on the S. shores of the island.
of oats; 4328 tons of hay; 1,456,300 pounds of tobacco, and    ALBION, Ml/be-on, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine,
164,882 pounds of butter. The produce of corn was greater 26 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1604.
than that of any other county in the state. Rivanna River    ALBION, a post-village of Providence co., Rhode Island, 18
is navigable in the eastern part of the county, which is in- miles from Providence, has manufactures of prints.
tersected by the Central Railroad of Virginia, lately con-    ALBION, a stopping-place on the New York and Erie Railstructed, while the James River Canal passes along the S. road, in the township of New Albion, 314 miles E.S.E. of
border. Albemarle is distinguished as the native place of  Dunkirk.
lThomas Jefferson, third President of the United States.   ALBION, a post-village and township, capital of Orleans co.,
Capital, Charlottesville. Pop. 25,800; of whom 12,462 were New York, is situated in Barre township, on the Erie Canal,
fiee, and 13,338 slaves.                                   and the Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls Railroad,
48




ALB                                                          ALj
about 40 miles N.E. of Buffalo. The village contains 5 churches,    ALiBULA, al;boo-l], a mountain pass of Switzerland, Gri1 academy for boys, 1 female seminary, 7 steam-engines for  sons, loads across Mount Albula from  the valley of Bergtin
driving machinery, 1 court-house, 1 jail, 2 stove-foundries, 2  to the Upper Engadine, and from the basin of the Rhine to
banks, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. of the township, 2251. that of the Inn. Its culminating point is 7713 feet above
ALBION, a township of Oswego co., New York, on the  the level of the sea.
Watertown and Rome Railroad, 30 miles from  Watertown.    ALBUNOL, SI-boon-yFl, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
Pop. 2010.                                                    proviece of Grenada, 35 miles W. by S. of Almeria, near the
ALBION, or JACKISONVILLE, a thriving post-village of coast of the Mediterranean. It is well built, has clean, paved
Erie co., Pennsylvania, on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 26  streets, a good squase, and several convents. Pop. 6764..
miles S.W. of Erie. It owes its growth to the navigation of    ALBUQUERlQUE, l-boo-klr/ka, a town of Spain, in Estrethe canal, which was completed in 1845. Pop. 300.             madura, near the Portuguese frontier, 20 miles N. of Badajos.,
ALBION, a post-village of Ashland co., Ohio, about 88 miles  Pop. 5i470. It has a castle, and manufactures of cotton and
in a straight line N.N.E. of Columbus.                        woollen cloths.
ALBION, a post-township of Calhoun co., Michigan, 97    ALBUQUERQUE, al-boo-kin/ka, almost Al-boo-kairkI,  a
miles W. of Detroit.  Pop. 1665.                              post-town of Bernalillo co., New Mexico, on the left bank
ALBION, a flourishing post-village of Calhoun co., Michi- of the Rio Grande, about 60 miles S.W. of Santa Fe. Camp
gan, in the above township, on the Kalamazoo River and  Vigilance, a United States military post, garrisoned by draMichisan Central Railroad, 97 miles WV. of Detroit, 12 miles  goons, is in the immediate vicinity.
E. of Marshall, in the midst of an undulating and fertile    ALBUQUERQUE, 6l-boo-kUrJkl, a village of. Brazil, procountry.  It is a place of considerable importance, and one  vince of Matto Grosso on the Paraguay, 88 miles N. of Fort
of the principal villages in the county. Pop. about 1200.     Nova Coimbra.
ALBION, a thriving town, capital of Noble co., Indiana,    ALBUQUERQUE ISLANDS, or SOUTIH-WVEST KEYS, a
125 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis, and 26 miles N.W. of Fort  group of islands in the Caribbean Sea, 110 miles E. of the
Wayne, was laid out in 1847. The county has a fertile soil,  Mosquito coast. Lat. 120 4' N.; Ion. 810 50' E.
and is settling rapidly.                                        ALBURG, SAI/btg., a post-township of Grand Isle co., VerALBION, a post-village, capital of Edwards co., Illinois,  mont, situated on a peninsula between thd Canada line, Mis170 miles S.E. of Springfield, has a high and healthy situa-  sisque Bay, and Richelieu  River, communicating with Lake
tion. A plank-road about 13 miles long connects it with  Champlain. Pop. 1568.
Graysville, on the Wabash river, and is to be extended 20    ALBURG SPRINGS, a post-village of Grand Isle co., Vermiles westward.  Albion contains a brick court house.         mont, 87 miles N.W. of Montpelier.
ALBION, a post-township of Dane co., Wisconsin.  The.   ALBURGH, Sl/bro' or Shlbcr-fih, a parish of England, co.
village is about 25 miles S.E. of Madison.                    of Norfolk.
ALBION, a small village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, about 56    ALBURY, Ad/ber-e, a parish of England, co. of Ierts.
miles W. of Madison.                                            ALBURY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
ALBION GORBE, a small district or township in Kennebec    ALBURY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
co., Maine. Pop. 110.                                           ALBY  or ALBI, allbee or Sl'bee/, (L. Albiga, Al.ba AsALBIS. See ELse.                                            guslta,) a city of France, capital of the department of Tarn, on
ALBIS, d'Pbee/, mountains in Switzerland.  See ZuneC.    the left bank of the Tarn River, on a hill in the midst of the
ALBISOLA MARINA, Al-be-sol& mS-reelnS, atown of Pied- plain of Languedoc, 338 miles S. of Paris, and 42 miles N.E.
mont, province of Savona, with extensive manuiactures of  of Toulouse.  It is the seat of an archbishop.  It is very ill
porcelain vases. Pop. 1563.                                   built, the streets being narrow, irregular, and dirty, and the
ALBISOLA SUPERIORE, Al-be-so'l. soo-pre-o/bs/, a town  houses all of brick. Besides a tribunal of commerce and a
of Piedmont, province of Savona.  Pop. 2317.                  commercial college, there are in the town a museum of naALBLASSERDAMI, 51-bl's/s r-dum/,.avillagSe of the Nether-  tural history, a society of rural economy, trade, and statislands, South Holland, 9 miles S.E. of Rotterdam. Here is a  tics, and a public library of more than 12,000 volumes; also,
dam on the little stream Alblas, whence the name. Pop. 2046. a theatre and barracks. The manufactures are of coarse
ALBOCACER, l1-bo-k0/ther, a town of Spain, in Valencia, linen cloths, sacking, cottons, table-cloths, kandkerchiefs,
32 miles N.W. by N. of Castellon de la Plane.                 and wax candles. The town suffered much in- the religious
ALBOLODREY, S1-bo-lo-dr,/e, a town of Spain, in Andalu-  wars of France; and from it the Protestant reformers of the
cia, 20 miles N.N.W. from Almeria, on the left bank of the  twelfth and thirteenth centuries, called in French Albigeois,
river Almeria. Pop. 2067.                                     (beezhw; Latin,   bienses, a-be-jnsz,) took the
ALBONA, I-bofn/, a town of Istria, near its E. coast, 42  name. Pop. in 1852) 13,788i ee  al —jn/s,)  too  their
miles S.E. of Triest, with a college.                           ALBY or ALBI, al/bee, (Fr. pron. ilbeef,) a town of Sardinia,
ALBON,'bdsNc/, a town of France, department of Drome, in Savoy, on the Cheran, 9 miles S.E. of Annecy. Pop. 1092.
5 miles N.N.E. of St. Vallier, near the Rhone, with ruins of    ALBY  or ALDBY,  ll/bee, a parish of England, co. of
the ancient castle of the Comtes d'Albon.                     Norfolk.
ALBORAN, Al-bo-rin/, a small island in the Mediterranean,    AIBYN or ALBINN, the ancient (Celtic?) name of Scotbelonging to Spain, half a mile long and one-fourth of a mile  land, from  ALe or ALP, signifying "highland" or "mounbroad.  Lat. 350 56' N.; Ion. 30 0' 40" W. Inhabited by  tain."
fishermen.                                                      ALCACER DO SAL, al-k ss/er do sil, (i. e.; salt castle,")
AL-BOSTAN, cl-bos-tan/, (i.e. "the garden,") a town of  (anc.Salacia,) a town of Portugal, province of'stremadura,
Asiatic Turkey. See BosTrAN, EL.                              on the Sadao, 46 miles S.E. of Lisbon.  It has manufactures
ALBORG, a town of Denmark.  See AALBORnG.                   of mats and trade in salt.
ALBOURN, lI/burn, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         ALCALA DE CIIVERT, al-ka-la/ di che-vaiRta, a town of
ALBOX, Al-bol', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 40 miles  Spain, in Valencia, 29 miles N.E. of Castellon.  Pop. 4954.
N.N.E. of Almneria, on the banks of the Bambla de Oria,    ALCALA DE GUADAIRA, Sl-ka,-lS dAi gwa-Di/rA, a town
which divides the town into the two quarters of San Fran-  of Spain, 7 miles E. of Seville; with a Moorish castle, and an
cisco and La Lema. It has several good streets, and a fine  extensive trade in grain. Pop. 6702.
square.  Pop. 7425.                                             ALCALA DE tIRNARES, SI-k&-I  dS In-S/as,  a walled
ALBREDA, lt'brS'd/, a town of Africa, in Senegtamabia, on  city of Spain, in New Castile, 17 miles E.N.E. of Madrid, on
the Gambia, below the British Fort James. The French have  the right bank of the Ienares.  Since the removal of its
a trading station here.                                       university to Madrid, it is in a state of rapid decay. The
ALBRIGI-ITON, Sllbrl-ton, a parish of England co. of Salop. printing establishment founded by Ximenes, and which proALBRIGHTS, illbrites, a post-village of Des Moines co., dueed his polyglot bible, no longer exists. Alcala has a
Iowa about 3 miles N.W. of the Mississippi River, and 65  military academy, 2 public libraries, and 3 schools of primary
miles S.S.E. of Iowa City.                                    instruction.  Cervantes was born here in 1547. Pop. in
ALBRIGH-ITSVILLE,'lbrites-vil', a post-village of Carbon  1768, 22,000; now, 3500.
co., Pennsylvania.                                              ALCALA DEL JUCAR, S1-kSh-I! dSl roo/kaR, a town of
ALBUERA, al-boo-SYrS, a river of Spain, province of Ba- Spain, in IMurcia, in a rocky locality, on the left bank of the
dajos, rising in the mauntains, empties itself into the Gun- Jucar, 19 miles N. by WV. of Albacete. Pop. 2883.
diana after a course of about 50 miles.                         ALCALA DE LOS GAZULES, l-kS-l! d'A loce o5g-thoolls,
ALBUERA, LA, 15 11-boo-Sr/c  or 15a 5l-bwS/rS, a town of  a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the slope of the Ronda
Spain, in Estremadura, 13 miles S.E. of Badejos, on the left Mountains, 37 miles E. by S. of Cadiz. It is situated at a
bank of the river of the same name. On the 16th of Nay, 1811, height of 2530 feet above the sea, and comprises an old and
the British and allies, under General Beresford, here gained  new town. Pop. 6120.
a victory over the French, commanded by Marshal Soult.          ALCALA DEL RIO, al-k —1// d5l reec, a town of Spain, in
ALBIFEIRA, tl-boo-fS/e-rS, a seaport town of Portugal, Andalusia, 8 miles N. of Seville, on the Guadalquiver.
province of Algarve, on the Atlantic, 46 miles E. of Cape  Pop.2820.
St. Vincent. Pop. 2800. Its harbor, which admits the largest    ALCALA-LA-REAL, 9I-kS-1t-ll5-rS-Sl/t,  a city of Spain, in
vessels, is defended by a citadel and batteries.              Andalusia, 30 miles S.W. of Jaen, in a glen, on the N. side
ALBUFERA, 91-boo-fA/rc, a lake of Spain, on the coast, 7  of the Granada Mountains, at a height of about 2700 feet
miles S. of Valencia, 11 miles in length by 4 in breadth. above the sea level. It is irregularly built, with steep and
It communicates by a narrow channel with the Mediterra-  narrow streets, but has a large square, ornamented with a
nean, and abounds in fish and wild fowl. Rice is cultivated  fountain. The chief public buildings are a town and court
on its banks.                                                 house, a civil hospital, formerly a fine abbey, several coo
D                                                                                 49




ALO                                                       ALD
vents, and a tower containing the first clock made in Spain.   ALCONBURY, I~koin-b.r-~, two parishes of England, co
Pop. 11,521.                                              of Huntingdon.
ALCAMO, &lck&-mo, a town of Sicily, 22 miles E. of Tra-   ALCONCHEL, &l-kon-chult, a town of Spain, in Estrema.
pani, capital of the district, picturesquely situated on a hill, dura, 25 miles N.N.E. of Badajos.  Pop. 2020.
with towers and edifices of a Moorish origin. Pop. 15,500.   ALCORA, 9i-ko/rA. a town of Spain, 45 miles N.N.E. of Va.
Near it are the ruins of a theatre, and other interesting re- lencia. Pop. 5609. Exports fruit.
mains of the ancient Segeslta.                               ALCORN'S, avillage of Adair co., Iowa, 160 miles W. by
ALCANADRE, il-ki-na/drA, a river of Spain, in Aragon, S. of Iowa City.
rises in the Sierra de Guara, and joins the Cinca after a    ALCOUTIM or ALCOTIM, l-ko-teeaG1, atown of Portugal,
course of about 60 miles.                                 province of Algarve, on the Guadiana, 25 miles N.E. of
ALCANAR, Al-ki-naal, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 19  Tavira.
miles S. of Tortosa. Pop. 3022.                              ALCOVE, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin,
ALCANEDE, l-kl-nj dA, a town of Portugal, province of about 70 miles N.E. of Madison.
Estremadura, 12 miles N. of Santarem. Pop. 2500.             ALCOVER, Al-ko-vaia, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 10
ALCAiIZ, Al-kIn-yeethl, a walled town of Spain, in Ara- miles N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 2812.
gon, province of Ternel, on the right bank of the Guadalupe,    ALCOVY RIVER, Georgia. See ULCOFAUnACHEE.
60 miles S;E. of Saragossa. Pop. 5100.                       ALCOY, il-lcole, a town of Spain, 24 miles N.N.W. of AliALCANTARA, il-kin/ti-r&, (Arab. "the bridge," anc. Norf- cante. Pop. 27,000. It has many new buildings, numerous
ba Ccesareal,) a fortified town of Spain, in Estremadura, on  paper and woollen factories, and considerable commercial
the left bank of the Tagus, near the Portuguese frontier, 35  activity; 200,000 reams of paper are annually made.
miles N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 4273. The city derives its name    ALCOY, il-kole, the name of a small river of Spain, in
from the magnificent bridge over the Tagus, which was  Valencia, flowing Ni.E. about 45 miles into the Mediterburned by the national troops in 1836, and remains in a  ranean.
ruined state.                                                ALCUDIA, il-kooDe-i, a fortified town of Spain, in MaALCANTARA, il-kkn t-ri, a river of Sicily, which sepa- jorca, on a peninsula at its N. extremity, between the
rates the districts of Messina and Catania, and falls into the  bays of Puerto Mayor and Puerto Menor, 31 miles N.E. of
Mediterranean S. of Taormina.                              Palma.
ALCANTARA, il-kn/ti-   r, a seaport town of Brazil, pro-   ALCUDIIA DE CARLET, Al-koo/oe-i dA kaRn-lt/, a town of
vince of MaranhSo, on the W. side of the estuary of the  Spain, 22 miles S.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1759. Alcudia is
IaranhFo, near its mouth.                                  the name of several other Spanish towns.
ALCANTARILLA, il-kin-ti-reellyi, ("the little bridge,")   ALCUESCAR, il-kwsl/kic, a town of Spain, in Estremaa town of Spain, 5 miles S. of Murcia. Pop. 3481.          dura, 28 miles S. of Cdceres. Pop. 3560. It was founded by
ALCANTARILLA, an inn and a Roman bridge in Spain, the Moors of Granada in 830.
18 miles S. of Seville.                                      ALDABRA, il-d/bra, an island in the Indian ocean, comALCARAZ, Al-ki-rithb, a town of Spain, in New Castile, posed of three separate parts connected by coral rocks, N. of
34 miles W.S.W. of Albacete, at the foot of the Sierra de Al- Madagascar; lat. 90 26' S., Ion. 460 351 E.
caraz. It has ruins of an ancient castle, and manufactures    ALDAN, il-donl, a river of Siberia, government of Yaof woollens, and mines of copper and zinc. Pop. 7325.      kootsk, the principal tributary of the Lena, rises in the Aldan
ALCASAL/ICA CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Ocmulgee  Mountains, near the Chinese frontier, and joins the Lena in
in Irwin co.                                               lat. 630 12' N., ion. 1290 40' E., after a course of about 300
ALCASSAR CEGUER, al-kisfser thi-gaia, a small fortified  miles.
village of Morocco, on the Strait of Gibraltar, at its narrow-   ALDAN (Cl-dint) MOUNTAINS, a chain of mountains in
est part.                                                  E. Siberia, branching off northwestward from the Stanovor
ALCATRAZ or ALCATRAS, il-ki-tris/, a small rocky  Mountains, frol-m lat. 610 20' to 670 30' N. Total length, above
islet on the N.W. coast of Africa; lat. 100 37' N., ion. 150  900 miles. The elevation varies from 2000 feet to upwards
21' W.                                                     of 4000 feet. Mount Kapitan, the most elevated summit, is
ALCATRAZES or ALCATRASSES, il-ki-trisIs~s, a group  4263 feet high. According to some geographers, the Aldan
of barren rocks on the E. coast of South America, 20 miles Mountains comprise the whole mountain system in the N.E.
from the mainland; lat. 240 6' S., lon. 450 40' W.         part of Asia, including the Kamtchatka chain.
ALCAUDETE, 1I-klw-d/tA, (anc. U5nditulnum?) a town of    ALDAYA, il-dil, a town of Spain, 7 miles W. of ValenSpain, Andalucia, 24 miles S.W. of Jaen. Pop. 6242.        cia. Pop. 1975.
ALCAZAR (or ALCACER) DE SAN JUAN, il-k/ther dA    ALDBOROUGI or ALDEBURGT-H, Ild/btir-tih, a seaport
sin-hoo-in! (almost sIn-Hwin/,) a town of Spain, in New'Cas- town of England, co. of Suffolk, between the sea and the
tile, 46 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 7540. It has mann- estuary of the Aide, 9. miles S. of Dunwich. It has lately
factures of soap, gunpowder, and nitre.                    become a place of resort for Sea bathing.  Crabbe, the poet,
ALCAZ/AR KEBEER (or KEBIR,) kg-beea', (" the great was born here in 1754. Pop. (1851) 1627.
palace,") a city of Morocco, 80. miles N.W. of Fez. Pop. 5000.   ALDBOROUGH, a market-town and parish of England, co.
Near it is a bridge (Alcantara) where Sebastian, king of Por- of York, West Riding, wapentake of Claro, on the Ure, 16
tugal, was defeated and killed, August 4, 1578.           miles W.N.W. of York. It is irregularly built on the North
ALCESTE, Al-slst', a small island in the Gulf of Pe-chee- Watiling  Street, and is supposed to replace the ancient Isulee, (Yellow Sea,) 3 miles N.W. of the N.E. point of Shan-toong. riun  Brigantium. Pop. (1851) 2438.
ALCESTER, pronounced and sometimes written AWL'-   ALDBOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk
STER or AW/STER, a market-town of England, co. of War-   ALDBOURNE, ildlbtirn, or AUBOUtRNE,aw/bfirn, a parish
wick, at the junction of the Alne and Arrow, 13 miles W.S.W. of England, co. of Wilts.
of Warwick. Pop. in 1851, 2339. It has a fine church, and    ALDBROUGHI, ildfbrih, (?) a parish of Engl/nd, co. of
is the principal seat of the needle manufacture. Alcester York, East Riding, contains a flourishing village. One of
is supposed to have been a Roman station, and was a place the finest Roman pavements in Britain was discovered here
of note before the Conquest. Traces of its ancient abbey  in 1848.
are still visible.                                          ALDBROUGII, a township of England, co. of York, North
ALCIRA, L-thee/ri, (anc. Stcabicula,) an ancient walled  Riiding.
town of Spain, 25 miles S.W. of Valencia, on an island in the    ALDBURY,'ild/ber-e, a parish of England, co. of He-ts.
Jucar.  Pop. 13,000, mostly agricultural.  It has 2 fine    ALDBY, a parish of England. See ALBY.
bridges, and near it is a remarkable stalactitic cavern.     ALDE. ld, a river of England, co. of Suffolk, rises near
ALCISTON, ilsis-ton, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.  Framlingham, runs generally south-eastward, and near
ALCOBA, SERRA DE, saIc/idi l-ko/bi, a chain of moun- Aldobrough dilates into a long and winding estuary, which
tains in Portugal, province of Beira.                     joins the North Sea at Orford.
ALCOBAqA, il-ko-bisi, a town of Portugal, province of    ALDEA DAVILA DE DUERO, il-d04 dive-li dA doo-A/ro,
Estremadura, on the small river Alcoa, 20 miles S.W. of Lei- a town of Spain, 43 miles W. of Salamanca, on the left bank
rina. Pop. 2000, with an ancient abbey, in which are the  of the Duero. Pop. 1490.
tombs of many kings of Portugal.                             ALDEA DEL CANO, il-dAi dil k~lno, a town of Spain, 15
ALCOBENDAS, tl-ko-bln/dis, a town of Spain, in New Cas- miles S. of CiAceres. Pop. 1205.
tile, 10 miles N.N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1052.                  ALDEA DEL OBISPO, il-d0li d~I o-beestpo, a town of
ALCOCER, il-ko'thaict, a town of Spain, 29 miles S.E. of  Spain, province of Salamanca. Pop. 506.
Guadalajara. Pop. 1350.                                     ALDEA DEL REY, il-dAiA dil ri or rs/e, a town of Spain,
ALCOENTRE, il-ko-,n/tri, a small town of Portugal, 20  New Castile, 12 miles S.S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1650.
miles S.W. of Santarem.                                     ALDEA GALEGA, tl-dA/ gA-lYgi, a town of Portugal, EsALCOLEA DEL RIO, il-ko-li/i dil ree/o, a town of Spain, tremadura, on the estuary of the Tagus, 10 miles E. of Lis25 miles N.E. of Seville, near the right bank of the Guadal- bon. It is a ferry station on the way from Lisbon to Baqulvir, with ruins of an ancient castle. Pop. 1747. Many  dajos. Pop. 4000.
small Spanish towns are named ALCOLEA.                      ALDEA VELHA, il-dllt villyl, a seaport town and harALCO/NA, a new and unorganized county in the E.N.E. her of Brazil, on the Bay and 8 miles S.E. of Espirito Santo.
part of Michigan. bordering on Lake HIuron, contains about    ALDEBY, ilIde-be, or ALDEBURGIT, ildfbtr-fih, a parish
630 square miles. It is drained by the Au Sable River. The of England, co. of Norfolk.
census of 1850 gives no returns of the population or produe-   ALDEN, il/dgn, a post-township of Erie co., New Yorlo
tions of this county.                                     22 miles E. of Buffalo, and 220 W. of Albany. Pop. 2520
50




ALD                                                       ALE
Tne village is situated on the RocEhester and Buffalo Rail-   ALEKSANDROV, European Russia. See ALEXANDROV.
road.                                                       ALEKSANDROVKA  or ALEXANDROVKA, A-lSk-sun.
ALDEN, a. post-village and township in the N. part of drovlki, the name of a great number of small towns in
McI-Ienry co., Illinois, 70 miles N.W. of Chicago.        Russia, there being no fewer than four in the government
ALDENHAM, atden-am, a parish of England, co. of ierts. of Kherson.
ALDENIOVEN, glfd.n-ho'ven, a town of Rhenish Pruns-   ALEKSANDROVSK, a town of European Russia. See
sia..3  miles S.W. of Jiilich. Pop. 1206.                ALEXANDR.0VSK.
ALDENVILLE, Alfden-vil, a post-office of Wayne co., Penn-   ALEKSIEPSKOE, A-llk-se-iplsko-.A, a town of Russia,
sylvania.                                                 government, and 110 miles N.E. of Saratov.
ALDERBROOK, Allder-br66k, a post-office of Independence    ALERSIN or ALEXINE, -llx-eenu, written also ALEno., Arkansas.                                            SEINA, a town of European Russia, government of Toola,
ALDERBURY, Altder-ber-6, a parish of England, co. of on the Oka, about 100 miles S. of Moscow. Two great fairs
Wilts.                                                    are held here annually. Pop. 2500.
ALDER (11fder) CREEK, a post-office of Oneida co., 107    ALEMANIA, the Spanish name of GERMaANY, which see.
miles W.N.W. of Albany.                                     ALEMOUTH, AILMOUTH, or ALNEMOUTH, a seaport
ALDERFORD, Al/der-ford, a parish of England, co. of town of England, co. of Northumberland, at the mouth of
Norfolk.                                                  the Alne in the North Sea, 4 miles S.E. of Alnwick. P. 488.
ALDERLEY, M/der-l1, a parish of England, co. of Glou-   ALEMQUER or ALENQUER, &1-lN-kaiRI, a fortified town
cester. In the church is the tomb of Sir Matthew Hale, of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the river of the same name,
born in this parish November 1, 1609.                     25 miles N.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 3200, with extensive paperALDERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Chester. It is mills.
the station of the Manchester and Birmingham Railway.       ALEMQUER or ALENQUER, -I6oNG-kais!, a town of BraALDERMASTON, dllder-mas'ton, a market-town and pa- zil. 60 miles W.S.W. of Montalegre.
rish of England, co. of Berks, on the Kennet, 8 miles E. of   ALEMTEJO or ALENTEJO, A-lc-o-tA/zho, (i.e. "beyond the
Newbury. Pop. 783.                                        Tagus," the speaker being supposed to stand in Lisbon,) a proALDERMINSTER, llder-min'stqr, a parish of England, vince of Portugal, between lat. 370 20' and 390 40' N.; having
co. of Worcester.                                         Beiraon the N., Algarve on the S., Spain on the E., and the
ALDERNEY, Allder-n6, or AUJRIGNY, (anc. Ridnrta,) an  Atlantic Ocean and part of Estremadura on the W. Area.
island in the English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, 10,024 square miles. Pop. (1850) 284,8311 Climate extremely
belonging to Great Britain, diocese of Winchester, 10 miles  hot and dry; surface undulating. Chief rivers, the Tagus
W. of Cape la Hogne. Lat. of telegraph, 490 41/ 5" N.; ion. (Tejo) in the N., Guadiana in the E., and Sado in the S. Lis2 131' 7" W. Circumference, about 8 miles. Pop. 1030. It bon is mostly supplied with corn from hence, and rice is
is well cultivated, and noted for its breed of small cows, but grown in the low grounds. There are manufactures of
has no good harbor, and little trade. In its centre is a town  woollen cloth and earthenware. Principal towns, Evora,
of the same name.                                         (the capital,?) Beja, Yilla-Yiqosa, Portalegre, Elvas, and EsALDERNEY, RACE OIr, a strait between the above island  tremoz.
and Cape la Hogue, dangerous from the strength and rapid-    ALENq0N,,-lln/eson, (Fr. pron. l'aIs'sING'/,) a city of
ity of its tides. See CASKETS.                            France, capital of the department of Orne, in a plain on the
tALDERSIOLT, Vllders-hdlt, a parish of England, co. of Sarthe, 105 miles W.S.W. of Paris. Pop. (1852) 14,760. It
Hants.                            V                       is well built, with promenades on the site of its ancient
ALDERTON, Al'der-tfn, a parish of England, co. of Glou- walls, a cathedral, court-house, public library, and a church
cester.                                                   built in the eighth century. The industry of this town has
ALDERTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    greatly changed within twenty years; it now consists of
ALDERTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          tanneries, cider distilleries, bleaching, spinning, and printALDERTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.            ing. The manufacture of the celebrated lace called point
ALDFORD, ld/ford, a parish of England, co. of Chester.    d'Alengon still occupies five or six principal houses; the
ALDUAM, Al/damn, a parish of England, co. of Essex.     produce is distinguished in the exhibitions of national inALDIJAM, a.parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           dustry. The crystals called Alengon diamonds are found in
ALIDIE, a small post-village of London co., Virginia, Little  its vicinity.
River, 149 miles N. of Richmond. A slackwater navigation    ALEP/PO, called by the natives (Arabs) HALED, or
is in progress of construction, which will extend from this  HALEB ES SHIABBA, h/l1b Is shab/bI, (anc. Chiallyboln
village to the Potomac, a distance of 17 miles.           and Bera/a,) a city of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a paALDINGBOURNE, ild/ing-burn, a parish of England, co. shalic, in the N. of Syria, and one of the principal
of Sussex.                                                emporiums of the Ottoman Empire, on the Kowek, (anc.
ALDINGRAM,  ldling-am, two united parishes of En(g- Chacluss,) 70 miles E. of the Mediterranean. Lat. 360 11' N.;
land, co. of Lancaster, 58 miles S. of Ulverstone. The area  Ion. 370 10' E. Pop. estimated at from 60,000 to 85,000; but
of these parishes has been much diminished within the last previously to the earthquake of 1822 it is said to have been
three or four centuries by encroachments of the sea.      upwards of 200,000. In ancient times the city rose to imALDINGTON, Ald/ing-ton, a parish of England, co. of portance on the destruction of Palmyra, and became the
Kent.                                                     great emporium of trade between Europe and the East. It
ALDEIDGE, ild/nj, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.   is encircled by Saracenic walls, outside of which are large
ALDRINGHAM, ild/ring-p.m, a parish of England, co. of suburbs, the whole being about 7 miles in circumference.
Suffolk.                                                  Its appearance, on approaching it, is striking and pictuALDSTONE, ld/ston or Allstgn, or ALSTON-MOOR-, a  resque.  Numerous mosques, cupolas, and minarets-the
market-town and parish of England, co. of Cumberland, 19  last of dazzling whiteness-crowd on the eye; the fiat roofs
miles E.S.E. of Carlisle. More than 1000 persons are em- of the houses on the hills rise, one behind another, in a sucployed in the lead-mines in the vicinity.                 cession of hanging terraces; while a profusion of cypress an d
ALDSWORTH, llds'worth, a parish of England, co. of poplar trees imparts beauty and animation to the whole.
Gloucester.                                               But on entering the gates, much of this pleasing illusion is
ALDWINCKLE, (ild/win-kl,) ALL SAINTS, a parish of dispelled. The streets are found to be gloomy and silent;
England, co. of Northampton. Dryden was born here in  the shops mean-looking, and the baths and fountains heavy,
1631.                                                     unadorned structures. The houses, however, are well and
ALDWINCKLE, Sr. PETER'S, a parish of England, co. of substantially built of stone, two or three stories in height;
Northampton.                                              mostly in the Saracenic style, with spacious apartments, large
ALDWORTIHI, ld/worth, or ALLDER, Al/der, a parish of windows, and richlyornamentedwalls and ceilings, thelatter
England, co. of Berks.                                    being often beautifully painted and gilded. An abundant
ALEDO, l-ldoo, a town of Spain, 17 miles S.S.W. Murcia; supply of water is furnished from springs about 8 miles diswith ancient Roman walls. Pop. 1029.                      taut, by means of an ancient aqueduct. The celebrated garALEGRETE, t-lA-grc/ti, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- dens, 12 miles in length, are situated to the S.E. of the city.
vince of Alemtejo, 8 miles S.E. of Portalegre.            Aleppo has a castle, a Mohammedan college with numerous
ALEGRIA, -l4-gree/l, a village of Spain, province of Gui- pupils, many Christian schools and churches, several large
puzcoa, in a plain on the Oria, at the foot of Mount Aldaba, inns, and many extensive warehouses and bazaars. Silks,
2 miles S.W. of Tolosa. Pop. 857. Chief industry, agricul- cottons, and gold and silver thread stuffs are prepared here
ture, and iron-forges on the Oria.                        for the supply of the Turkish provinces; and here are also
ALEI, t-liV, a river of Siberia, an affluent of the Obi, in the  extensive soap-factories, dye-works, and rope-walks, the last
government of Tomsk.                                      in some vast caverns outside the city. Aleppo has numerous
ALEISKOI-LOKTEVSKOI,  l-lWl/-skoy'-lok-tlv/skoy',  a  mercantile houses, and its position for trade is very advantown of Asiatic Russia, government of Tomsk, 137 miles tageous.  Principal imports, galls, silk, wool, goats'-hair,
S.W. of Bijsk, and near one of the richest copper-mines in  India piece-goods from England; cotton yarn and fabrics,
Siberia.                                                  cochineal, sugar, indigo, sillks; woollens, and colonial goods,
ALEKSANDRIA, 9-llk-skn/dre-A, a town of Russia, govern- from  France; woollens, cups, glass, coral, paper, velvets,
meut of Caucasus, 10 miles S. of Georgievsk.              steel, &c., from Germany and Italy. Large caravans arrive
ALEKSANDROV or ALEXANDROV., l-lIk-sln-drov/, a from  Bagdad, Bosra, Diarbekir, Mosul, Koordistan, and
town and fortress of Russia, government of Caucasus, Armenia.  Consuls of most European nations reside at
situated 43 miles N.W. of Georgievsk.                     Aleppo. About 30 miles N.W. is ANGoIo  TAGH, a mountain
51




ALE                                                           ALE
with ruins of a convent, and a number of deserted villages,    ALEXANDERSBAD, i-lMx-antders-biti, minera. sprlngp
which indicate its former populonsness. — Adj. and inhab.  and baths, in Bavaria, province of Upper Francona, 17 miles
ALEPPINE, -lep-peent; native IArsLEBE, hg/leb-ee.             N.E. of Baireuth.
ALEPIPO, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. Pop.    ALEXAN/DERSYILLE orALEXANIDERVILLE,apost-vil1176.                                                         lage of Montgomery co., Ohio, on the Miami Canal, and near
ALERIA, A-lA-rees', a decayed town of Corsica. It derives  the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, 7 miles S. of Dayton,
its name from the Roman colony of Aleoin.                     and 75 miles W.S.W. of Columbus.
ALERT/, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio.                   ALEXANDRAPOL FORT, Russia. See GoosisEs.
ALES, Bils, an episcopal town in the island of Sardinia, 30    ALEXANDRETTA, al-ex-an-dret/ta. See IssNuenoeN.
miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. It has a small but elegant cathe-    ALEXANDRIA, al-ex-an/dre-a, (ane. Alexardri a; CGr. AXedial, and mineral springs. Pop. 1135.                         avdpEca; Arab. and Turk. Iskanderepyeh; named firom  its
ALESHK, A-ltshkf, a town of Russia, government of Tan- founder, Alexander the Great,) a celebrated city and seaport of
rids, on the left bank of an estuary of the Dnieper, opposite  Egypt, near thewesternmost branch of the Nile, on the MediKherson. Pop. 1500.                                           terranean, 112 miles N.W. of Cairo, with which it communiALESIA.  See ALAIS.                                         cates by the Mahmoodeeyeh Canaland the N ile. Lat. of Pharos,
ALESIUM.  See ALISE-SAINTE-REINE.                           310 12' 9/' N.; Ion. 290 53' E. The modern city is built on a
ALESSANJRIA, 1l-ks-sldre-A, (called "Della Paglia,"  peninsula, (anciently the Island of Pharos,) and on the isth— dgl-lA p llyA, from  its first houses having been roofed  mus connecting it with the continent; the ancient city was
with  straw,) a fortified city of Piedmont, in  a sterile  on the mainland, where its ruins cover a vast extent of surplain on the Tanaro, and on the railway from Turin to Genoa, face. Alexandria has a new  palace of the pasha, a large
56{f  miles E.S.E.  of Turin. Pop. of the town, 18,955; with  naval arsenal, naval and military hospitals, a custom-house,
the suburbs, 39,853, exclusive of a garrison of 4039 men. tribunal of commerce, primary school of instruction, mediIt is well built, is the see of a bishop, has a cathedral, a  cal, naval, and other schools.  In the new  streets and
royal college, and a theological seminary, several hospitals  squares it has more the aspect of a European than of an
and orphan  asylums, a gymnasium, and very extensive  African or Asiatic city. The Turkish quarter is irregular
barracks. The formidable fortifications constructed during  and dirty, but the Frank quarter has many good streets,
the domination of the French rendered it one of the strongest and a fine square outside of the city. Country houses line
places in Europe; but these are demolished, and only the  a part of the ancient canal leading to the W. arm of the
citadel is left. It has fabrics of silk, linen, and woollen  Nile, which was restored by Mohammed All. There are two
goods, stockings, and hats, with a large trade, and two  ports, in the western and best of which ships anchor in from
great annual fairs. Two miles S.E. of Alessandria, in an  22 to 40 feet of water. A castle called Farillon, and serving
extensive plain, is the village of Marengo, celebrated for the  as a landmark to sailors, replaces the famous  Pharos of antigreat victory gained here by Napoleon over the Austrians, quity. Alexandria is the great emporium of Egypt. The
14th of June, 1800.                                           principal exports are corn, cotton, wool, gums, rice, dates,
ALESSANDRIA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria  senna, and hides. The principal imports are cotton, woollen,
Citra, 14 miles N.E. of Castrovillari. Pop. 1500.             and silk goods, hardware, and machinery, with timber, coal,
ALESSANO, A-ls-suo, a town of Naples, 19 miles S.W. of drugs, and colonial products. The total value ofexports in
Otranto. Pop. 1745.                                           1847 was $11,659,765, ($5.,322.339 to Great Britain,) and of
ALESSIO, A-l8s/se-o, (ance. is/sus,) a town of European  imports, $6,744,085, of which $2,216,255 was from  Great
Turkey, in Albania, on the left bank and near the mouth  Britain.  The number of foreign arrivals in 1849 was 1499,
of the Drin, 17 miles S.E. of Scutari. Pop. 3000. Scander- clearances, 1460. Alexandria is an important station in the
beg was buried in its fortress.                               overland route to India. A railroad has recently been conALET or ALETII,'l1t/, (L. Alec/ta,) a small town of structed to Cairo; a connection which must contribute
France, department of Aude, on the river Aude, 6 miles S.E. greatly to the prosperity of both cities. It has regular steam
of Limoux.                                                     communication with Constantinople, Triest, Marseilles, and
ALEUTIAN (p-lu/she-u) norALEUTAN (p-lulta) ISLAN- DS, England. Consuls of the chief European countries reside here.
a group of islands belonging to Russia, in the North Pacific,    The ancient city of Alexandria was founded in the year 332
extending between Kamtchatka and the peninsula ofAliaska, i. c. Under the liberal sway of the Ptolemies it rose to great
in Russian America, from lat. 520 to 530 N., and from  hon. eminence as a seat of learning, becoming not more famous for
1720 W.to 1710 E. They include several groups, viz., the true  the extent of its commerce an d wealth than for its philosophy
Aleutian, Andreanov, and Fox Islands, and are rocky and  and literature. Even after its subjection to the Roman Emvolcanic, having some volcanoes in constant activity. The  pire, Alexandria scarcely lost any of its splendor. It was
inhabitants, estimated at 8700, subsist mostly by hunting  considered second only to Rome, and still engrossed, as it
and fishing, vegetation being scanty, and agriculture almost  had done before, the trade of India. Itslibrary, founded by
unknown. Chief exports, otter, fox, and other skins, the  Ptolemy Philadelphus, surpassed all others of which antitrade in which is monopolized by the Russo-American Con-  quity could boast, numbering 700,000 volumes, of which
pany.                                                         400,000 were in the library of the Museum, and the remainALEXANIDER (IsrAeN,) a small island in the Atlantic  ing 300,000 in the library attached to the temple of Serapis.
Ocean, about lat. 690 30, S..; Ion. 75~ 0/ W.                 The former was accidentally destroyed by fire during the
ALEXAN/DER, a county towards the WV. part of North  war with Julius Caesar, and the latter by command of the
Carolina, has an area of perhaps 300 square miles. It is  Calif Omar, in the year 140. From this period the city fell
drained by the South Yadkin.  The surface is elevated and  into decay, till its ruin was completed by the discovery of
hilly; a portion of the soil is fertile. The county was formed  the passage to India by the Cape of Good I-ope. Its popuin 1846, from Wilkes, Caldwell, and Iredell counties. Capi-  lotion, once numbering 600,000 souls, is said to have been
tal, Taylorsville. Pop. 5220, of whom  4677 were free, and  reduced to 6000. But, under the goverment of Mohammed
543 slaves.                                                   All, it greatly recovered; and at present its population is
ALEXANDER, a county forming the S. extremity of Illi- computed to amount to 80,000, including the garrison of
nots, has an area of 245 square miles. It is situated at -the  6000 or 8000 men, and the sailors of the fleet, reckoned at
confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi River, the latter  12,000. The ancient city of Alexandria was of great extent,
of which forms its boundary on the S. and S.W., and sepa- having a circumference of 15 miles. Of the entire area, onerates it from Missouri. Cash River flows along the E. border  fourth was covered with temples, palaces, and public buildof the county until it enters the Ohio a few miles from  the  ings. Pompey's Pillar, Cleopatra's Needles, and the catamouth of the latter. The surface islow, and some parts are  combs at the Necropolis, are now  the most interesting
subject to inundation; the soil is fertile. The Central Rail- remains.-Adj. and inhab. ALEXANDRIAN, al-ex-ant/dre-an;
road of Illinis has its S. terminus at Cairo, in this county.  Arab. SNANDEANEE,, skin-dfr-unee.
Capital, Thebes. Pop. 2484.                                      ALEXANIDRIA, Piedmont.  See AnEssANNDRIA.
ALEXANDER, a post-township of Washington co., Maine,    ALEXAN/DRIA, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton,
25 miles N. of Machias. Pop. 544.                             parish of Bonhill, on the Leven, 31 miles N. of Dumbarton.
ALEXANDER, a post-township of Genesee co., New York.  Pop. 3039, mostly employed in cotton printing.
Pop. 1927.                                                      ALEXAN/DRIA, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia,
ALEXANDER, a post-village in the above township, on  bordering on the Potomac River, opposite Washington City,
Tonawanda Creek and the Batavia and Attica Railroad, 258  has an area of about 36 square miles. The surface is hilly;
miles W. of Albany. It contains 6 stores, 3 churches, and a  the soil thin.  The Orange and Alexandria Railroad termiflourishing seminary. Pop. 350.                               nates at Alexandria, the capital of the county; and a canal
ALEXANDER, a post-village of Burke co., Georgia, near  has been made from that city to Georgetown, in the District
the source of Beaver Dam  Creek, about 90 miles E. of Mil- of Columbia. Pop. 10,008, of whom 8626 were free, and 1382
ledgeville.                                                  slaves. This county formerly constituted a part of the DisALEXANDER, a small village of Cannon co., Tennessee.   trict of Columbia. It was retroceded to Virginia by an act of
ALEXANDER, a township of Athens co., Ohio, about 80  Congress passed July 9th, 1844.
miles S.E. of Columbus. Thevillage is nearly in the centre    ALEXANDRIA, a post-township of Grafton  co., New
of the township, on the road which runs  S. from Athens to  Ilampshire, 34 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1273.
the Ohio River.                                                 ALEXANDRIA, a village towards the S.E. extremity of
ALEXANDER, a village of Licking co., Ohio, on the Rac- Essex co., New York, nuar the N. end of Lake George.
coon Fork of Licking River, about 12 miles W. of Newark.    ALEXANDRIA, a post-township of Jefferson co., New
Pop. 350.                                                     York, on the river St. Lawrence; it comprises within its
52




ALE'                                                       ALG
limits a portion of the Thousand Islands in that river. below its cataracts, government and 40 miles S. of ~ekatePep. 3178.                                                 rhrioslav. Pop. 4000. It is the place of embarkation for all
ALEXANDRIA, a village in the above township, about a  the products exported by this river to the Black Sea. There
mile from the St. Lawrence, and 27 miles N. of Watertown.   are towns and stations of the same name in the governments
ALEXANDRIA, a township in Hunterdon co., New Jer-  of Orenboorg, Caucasus, and in Russian America.
sey. Pop. 3811.                                               ALEXANDROVSKY, M-lex-n-drovlskee, or ALEKSANALEXANDRIA, a  post-borough  in  Morris township,  DROVSKAYA, 4-lIx-dn-drov-sktiyA, a manufacturing depat
Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Canal, of Russia, government and 5 miles S.E. of St. Petersburg, on
and on Frankstown branch of the Juniata, 98 miles W. hy  the left bank of the Neva, with cotton, flax, and yarn factoN. of Harrisburg. It is a place of active business, and one  ries, sail-cloth, machinery, and a government porcelain facof the largest towns in the county. Pop. in 1850, 601.      tory. It was destroyed by fire January 1, 1840; hut has
ALEXANDRIA, a city, port of entry, and capital of Alex- since been restored.
andria co., Virginia, on the right bank of the Potomac, 7    ALEXISBAD, t-l6xfis-bYf,I  a resort for mineral waters, ir
miles below Washington. Lat. 380 49' N.; ion. 770 4' W. Anhalt-Bernburg, 2 miles W. of Harzgerode.
The river, here one mile wide, forms a commodious harbor,   ALEXOPOL, -18x-olpol, or ALEXINE, A-16x-eenl, a town of
sufficiently deep for the largest ships. The city is pleasantly  Russia, government and 40 miles S. of Poltava, on the Crel,
situated on undulating ground, with a fine view of the Capi- having a large annual fair.
tol at Washington and of the broad Potomac. The streets    ALEYBEH, A-liljbeh, a village of Western Africa, near the
cross each other at right angles, and are generally well left bank of the Senegal. Lat. 100 50, N.; ion. 140 4/ W. It
paved and lighted with gas. The public buildings are a  is a large and populous place.
court-house and about 12 churches. There are 3 banks, 2    ALEYOR.  See ALAYOR.
newspaper offices, and several excellent schools. The water    ALFACAR, &l-f1-k~al, a town of Spain, in Granada, at the
of the river has recently been introduced into the city by  foot of a mountain of the same name.  Pop. 1049.  The
means of machinery; A considerable amount of shipping. is  houses of this town retain all the peculiarities of Moorish
owned here, in which corn, tobacco, and stone-coal are ex- architecture.
ported. A canal has been opened to Georgetown, intersect-    ALFAQUES, al-fIfkts, a seaport of Spain, in Catalonia,
lug the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and a railroad 90 miles  province of Tarragona, on the Bay of Alfaques, (i.e. "the bay
long extends firom this city to Gordonsville on the Central of the sandbanks,") in the Mediterranean, at the mouth of
Railroad. These improvements were finished in 1852, and  a branch of the Ebro, and joined to it by a canal, 14 miles
have attracted considerable trade to this port. The ship- S.E. of Tortosa, of which it is the entrepdt. It has extensive
ping of the district, June 30, 1854, amounted to an aggre- salt-works.
gate of 3771 tons registered, and 8644 tons enrolled and    ALFARO, al-f/ro, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, on the
licensed. Of the latter, 7629 tons were employed in the  Ebro, 37 miles S.E. of Logroeo. Pop. 4084.
coast trade,and 1560 tons in steam navigation. The foreign    ALFELD, ltlfflt, a town of Germany, 27 miles S. of Hanarrivals for the year were 57, (tons 20,886.) and the clear- over, on the Leine. Pop. 2600.
ances for foreign ports 61, (tons 17,565.) During the same    ALFIDENA, Al-fe-dni/, (anc. AJitdedna,) a town of Naples,
year 3 vessels (tonnage 88)- were built. The manufacture  province of Abruzzo Citra, 23 miles S. by E. of Sulmona,
of cotton cloths has recently been introduced here, and is  on the Sangro. Pop. 2500.
carried on quite extensively, a number of mills being in suc-    ALFOLD, Al1fold, or AWIFOLD, a parish of England, co.
cessful operation. Pop. 8752.                               of Surrey.
ALEXANDRIA, a post-village of Benton co., Alabama,    ALFONT',    a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, 24 miles
about 136 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa.                         N.E. of Indlianapolis.
ALEXANDRIA,     a post-village; capital of. Lapides parish,   ALFORD, ilfford, a market-town and parish of England,
Louisiana, on Red River, 350 miles by water W.N.W. of New  co. of Lincoln, 24 miles N.N.E. of Boston. -Pop. 1945.
Orleans, and 150 miles by the course of the river from its    ALFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
mouth. Steamboats ply frequently at all seasons between    ALFORD, Itfgrd, a district and parish  of Scotland, co. of
this town and New Orleans, and they can also ascend many  Aberdeen.
miles further. The villagQeis pleasantly situated on a plain    ALFORD, llford, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massain the centre of a rich cotton-growing region. Pop. about 600. chusetts, on Green river, an affluent of the IHousatonic, 130
ALEXANDRIA, a post-village of De Kalb co., Tennessee, miles W. of Boston. Pop. 502.
45 miles E. of Nashville.                                    ALFORDSTVILLE, il/fords-vil, a post-village of Robeson
ALEXANDRIA, a post-village, capital of Campbell co., co., North Carolina, 107 iiles S.S.W. of Raleigh.
Kentucky, on the state road leading from Newport (the for-    ALFOlIDSVILLE, a village of Daviess co., Indiana, near
mer capital of the county) to Lexington, about 13 miles  the East Fork of White river, and 15 miles S.E. of WashingS.S.E. of Newport, and 60 niles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop., ton, the county seat.
about 1000.                                                   ALFORT, Il'fosR, a hamlet of France, department of Seine,
ALEXANDRIA,  a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio, near the  5 miles S.E. of Paris, with a royal veterinary college, estamouth of Scioto River, 4 miles W.S.W. of Portsmouth.        blishment of rural economy, and a botanical garden.
ALEXANDRIA, a flourishing post-village of Madison co.,   ALFORJA, A1-fore/n, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15
Indiana, on Pipe Creek, about 45 miles N.N.E. of Indianapo- miles W. by N. of Tarragona. Pop. 2230.
lis. This place has several steam  saw-mills and stores, and    ALFRED, Mlfreid, a post-village and township, capital of
is improving rapidly.                                      York co., Maine, 78 miles S.W. of Augusta. The village conALEXANDRIA, a thriving town of Clarike co., Missouri, tains a court-house, jail, 4 churches, and an academy. P. 1319.
situated on Fox River, near its entrance into the Mississippi.   ALFRED, a township of Alleghany co., New.York, interIt contains some 20 stores or upwards, and would doubtless  sected by the New York and Erie Railroad, about 250 miles
rise to be a place of much importance, was it not unfortu- W.S.W. of Albany. It contains an academy. Pop. 2679.
nately subject.to inundations.                               ALFRED, a post-village in Orange township, Meigs co.,
ALEXAN/DRIA, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Glen- Ohio, about 100 miles S.E. of Columbus.
garry, 70 miles W. of Montreal. It contains a carding-mill    ALFRED CENTRE, a post-village in Alfred township, Aland tannery; also manufactures of cloth, pearl-ash, wagons, leghany co., New York, 250 mles W.S.W. of Albany.
and other articles. Pop. about 500.                          ALFRETON, AIlffre-tgn, a market-town and parish of EngALEXANDRIA CENTRE, a post-village of Jefferson co., land, co. of Derby, 12 miles N.N.E. of Derby. It is supposed
New York.                                                  to derive its name from Alfred the Great. The town is irreALEXANDRIA, (I-lx-Inldre-I,) Sr. PAUL, a village of  gularly built, and many of the houses are very old. Pep. 8326.
Russian America, in the island of Kodiak, with an excellent    ALtRISTON,,llfris-ton or llfris-ton, a parish of England,
port.                                                      co. of Sussex.
ALEXAN/DlRIA TROIAS, called by the Turks ESKEE    ALGAJOLA, Il-gI-yofla, a small fortified town and seaport
STAMBOOL, (i. e. "old city,") a small town on the coast of  of Corsica, 6 miles N.E. of Calvi.
Asia Minor, 4 miles S.E. of Tenedos.                         ALGAN/SEE or ALGANSI, a post-township of Branch co.,
ALEXANDRIANA, a post-village of Mecklenburg  co., Michigan. Pop. 609.
North Carolina, 160 miles S.W. of Raleigh.                   ALGARINEJO, Il-gI-re-nI/no, a town of Spain, 48 miles W.
ALEXANDRINA, LAKE, South Australia. See VICTORIA. of Granada. Pop. 4383, mostly agricultural.
ALEXANDROPOL. See Gooe0sEE.                                ALIGARKIRK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
ALEXANDROV or ALEKSANDROV, A-1lx-an'drovi, a town    ALGARROBO, Il-gsam-no!bo, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
of Russia, government, and 55 miles W.N.W. of Vladimeer, 18 miles E.N.E. of Malaga. Pop. 2914.
on an affluent of the Kliasma. It has an imperial stud, and    ALGARVE, il-gaisvA, or ALGARIBIA, the southernmmost
a convent founded by Ivan IV., who established here the  province of Portugal, with the title of a kingdom, having N.
first printing-press known in Russia.                      the province Alemtejo, E. Spain, and S. and W. the Atlantic.
ALEXANDROV, a new town of Russian Poland, govern- Area, 2151 square miles. Pop. (1850) 141.027. On its N.
ment, and about 60 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 3200.          frontier is the Sierra de Monchique, rasnificatiolas of which
ALEXANDROV, a Russian fortress, government of Can- cover most of its surface. In the S. are plains yielding aloes,
casus. See ALEKSANDROv.                                    dates, and other tropical prodsicts. Some wine is grown, but
ALEXANDROVKA. See ALEKSANDOneVKA.                       little corn or forage. Chief exports, dried fruits, kermes,
ALEXANDROVSK, I-18x/an'drovskf, a fortified town of  wine, salt, and tunny-fish. Chief towns, Tavira, F'aro, and
Russia, cap eal of a circle, on the left bank of the Dnieper, Lagos.
53




ALG                                                          ALG
ALGATOCIN, l-g1-to-theenl, a town of Spain, in Andalun-  are N., varying from  due N. to N.E. and N.W.  At certair
sis, 46 miles'W. by S. of Malaga. Pop. 2348.                  seasons the karmseen, (khamsin,) or hot wind of the Sahara.
ALGAYDA, Al-ghl/dA, a town of the island of Majorca, 6  blows for a few days in succession, considerably increasing
miles SE. of Palma. Pop. 2859.                                the temperature, and even blightiug vegetation.
ALGECIRAS or ALGEZIIRAS, al-jez-eefras, (Sp. pron. of    When duly irrigated, the soil of Algeria is as fertile as in
both, Al-nA-thee'ras,) a seaport town of Spain, in Andalusia, the southern territories of Europe. Many of the hills' are
province of Cadiz, on the W. side of the bay of Gibraltar,  clothed with  wood to the summit, the forests forming, inopposite to and 6 miles W. of Gibraltar. Lat. 360 8i N; Ion. deed, a chief portion of the natural wealth of the country.
50 26' 5"T W. Resident pop. about 11,000. It is well built,  The fig-tree, in some districts, is cultivated to a great extent,
and has a well-frequented harbor. The fort is guarded by a  and pomegranates are abundant.  From  the fiuit of the
battery called Fuerte de Santiago, and it has a military hos- jujubetree, which is very common, an agreeable kind of
pital of the first class. The town is supplied with water from   cider is made. The orange and lemon groves are very exsprings by means of an aqueduct, carried over the Miel, 45  tensive. The carob or locust-tree is found wild on the hills.feet above the water. Chief trade, export of charcoal and  Cherry-trees are also met with in the wild state. The datetanned leather. It was the scene of a sanguinary naval en- palm is cultivated in the interior only. The black mulberry
gagement between the English and French squadrons, 4th  and wild olive trees are the largest in the country, and the
July, 1801.                                                   latter is among the most common, especially in the vicinity
ALGEMESI, Ai-rA-niA-see], a town of Spain, province of  of Algiers.  Vines are grown in several places, from the proValencia, near the Jucar, 21 miles S.S.W. of Valencia. Chief  duce of which good wines are made. The principal cereal
products, rice and silk. It has a celebrated annual fahir in  crops are barley and red wheat, the fiomer cut in May, and
September. Pop.4492.                                           the latter in June. A little rye is also cultivated by the
ALGER.  See ALGIErs.                                       French colonists. The sugar-cane has been tried, but withALGERIA, al-jeelre-a, (Fr. Algyrie, 4l'zh'ree',) a territory  out success, owing to the winter's frost. With indigo  and
of Northern Africa, once the Turkish regency or pashalic of  cochineal the result has been more favorable. Tobacco has
Algiers, but since 1830 a French colonial province; bounded  been tried, and with such success as to lead to the hope that
on the N. by the Mediterranean Sea, E. by the regency of  it may become a staple article of produce. But one of the
Tunis, S. by the great Sahara Desert, and W. by the empire  most useful vegetable productions of the country is the
of Morocco; being comprised between Ion. 20 W. and 80 45' dwarf-palm, which covers large districts. Its leaves are made
E., and between 370 5/ N. lat. seaward, and an irregular line  into baskets, cords, fans, sacks, sleeping mate, &c., and the
stretching S. as far as the 34th N. parallel. Its greatest tender footstalks of the leaves and the young flowers forma
length from E. to W. is about 000 miles; its greatest breadth  principal article of food for the Arabs. The culinary vegeabout 160 or 170 miles; and its superficial area has been  tables comprise peas, beans, potatoes, artichokes, onions,
vaguely estimated at 90,000 square miles, much of which, carrots, lettuce, gourds, cucumbers, parsley, basilic, sweethowever, is only nominally under the dominion of the  savory, chervil, fennel, mint, marjoram, &-c., all of which are
French. The country, under the Turks, was divided into  in great demand. The flora of Algeria is nearly identical
the four provinces of Algiers, Oran, Constantina, and Titte-  with that of the S. of Spain. The French government has
rie; but, since 1843, the French have comprised it within  done much to improve the agriculture of the country, and
the three of these first named. Algiers is subdivided into  early established a model garden, orchard, and nursery at
four departments, Oran into four, and Constantina into  Algiers, which has now several dependent establishments in
three. The zone or stripe of cultivated land lying between  other parts.
the mountains and the sea is called the Tell; it varies in    Besides the animals which are found in the opposite
breadth, from 50 miles in the provinces of Oran and Titterie,  southern regions of Europe, the lion, leopard, jackall, and
to 120 miles in the province of Constantina.                  hyena are occasionally seen in the fastnesses of the upper
The Algerian territory is mountainous, consisting princi-  Atlas. There are also antelopes, jerboas, &c., and a few monpally of the ridges or slopes of Mount Atlas, which ramifies  keys; and near the Sahara, vultures and ostriches are met
throughout Algeria, enclosing several plains and valleys  with. There are some chameleons and a few scorpions and
sloping towards the Mediterranean Sea. The principal of  serpents, but most of the latter are harmless. Locusts occathese are the Wanashrees, in the province of Oran, and the  sionally visit the country, and are sometimes destructive to
Jusjura, S.E. of Algiers, both of which are capped with  the harvests. The coasts abound with fish, including fine
snow in winter; the chain of the lesser Atlas, which termi- tunny.
nates W. of Bona, being the extreme slope of the last longi-    The indigenous population  comprises Berbers, Mloors,
tudinal terrace of the Northern Atlas. A few peaks of the  Arabs, Turks, Koloughs, and Jews.  The Berbers (called
greater Atlas rise between 9000 and 10,000 feet, whereas only  also IKabyles) form  nearly a half of the whole; they inhabit
one peak in the lesser Atlas attains a height of 4500 feet. the mountains lying towards the Desert of Sahara, where
Several low plains lie between the lesser Atlas and the coast,  they live in small villages. The Berbers are the most anthe longest being that of Metidjah, or Blidah, S. of Algiers;  cient inhabitants of Northern Africa,. The Moors are a
it is nearly 44 miles long and 16 broad, and rises towards  mixed race, formed by the union of various races; the
the Atlas range from  a sandy flat, covered with grass and  majority of their ancestors being invaders or immigrants
brushwood, to the beautiful green slopes of the mountains,  from  Morocco or other regions of the W. The Arabs were
diversified by meadows, fields, and woods, closely resembling  originally Asiatics, and have preserved their distinctive
the scenery of Europe. The coast line, which is about 600  habits for perhaps thirty centuries; but it is probable that
miles in length, consists nearly of an uninterrupted succes-  at one period they greatly intermixed with the Berbers.
sion of cliffs.                                                The Turks, during three centuries masters in the land,
None of the rivers of Algeria, most of which flow into the  have dwindled to a handful since the French conquest. The
Mediterranean, are navigable for any great distance above  Koloughs, or "children of soldiers," are a mixed race, firom
their embouchures. The country is everywhere intersected  Turkish men and Moorish women. There are likewise many
by watercourses, which, although dry for a part of the year, Jews, especially in Algiers and Oran, and carrying  on a conbring down, during the rains, a quantity of water which  siderable foreign trade. The nature of the religion of the
floods and fertilizes the plains. These streams are divided  Berbers is nearly unknown; but Islamism  is the creed of
by the Atlas range into those which flow N. to the Mediter- all the other native races, except the Jews. The general
ranean, and those that run S., and are lost in the lakes,  language of the country is Arabic, adulterated by foreign
swamps, or sands of the Sahara. The primary formations, words, and others from the IBerber or Kabyle dialect.
which are found chiefly on the ranges of Mount Atlas, com-    The total indigenous population of Algeria is estimated
prise gneiss and micaceous schist, with smaller patches of  by some at about 2,000,000, and by others at double that
granite. The secondary rocks consist of liHas and calcareous  amount; but the exact numbers cannot yet be satisfactorily
beds, containing few organic remains; and those of the telr- ascertained. The progress of the increase of the European
tiary period are chiefly of a yellow-gray limestone, or sand  population, as will be seen from  the following figures, has
and tertiary clay, enclosing beds of gypsum, iron, and salt. been rapid:-In 1840 it was 28,736; in 1844, 75,420; in
As regards mineral products, iron is most abundant, espe-  1845, 96,190; 1852, 119,264.
cially in the province of Oran. Copper is found also in con-    In 1845 there were 12,000 Roman Catholics in Algeria,
siderable quantities; and there are rich lead-mines in the  having 24 churches and 23 chapels, with a bishop and 55
Jebel Wanashrees and near Mascara, which are said to yield  priests. The Protestants also have consistories at Algiers
80 per cent. of pure metal. Cinnabar, also, is wrought in  and  Oran.  The Moslem  and Jewish town  population
small quantities, and there are extensive quarries of nitre,  amounts to about 82,000. The public education is under
salt, talc, and potter's clay. Salt and thermal springs are  an inspector appointed by the French ministers. A college
numerous.                                                     at Algiers has 15 professors, who give instruction in Arabic
The climate of Algeria, on the table-lands of the lesser  and French, as well as mathematical and practical science,
Atlas, is salubrious and temperate, being unhealthy only  to about 150 students.  Oran, Bona, Philippeville, and Bounnear the marshy plains, or on the coasts at the outlets of  giah have also their respective schools, attended by about
flooded valleys. The average annual temperature may be  1600 pupils, of whom three-fourths are European, and onestated at 50~ or 600 Fah.; but, during the hot season, it fre- sixth Jews; and in all the leading towns are communal
quently rises to 1000; and, during the cold season, it falls as  and primary schools. The ignorance of the natives, howlow as 360. The barometer varies but little amidst all the  ever, is deplorable; and hitherto, owing partly to indolence,
changes of the weather, and the annual average fall of rain  partly to religious prejudice, they have rejected all attempts
at Algiers may amount to 28 inches. The prevailing winds  at theirh' mental improvement. Algiers has likewise a thee54




ALG                                                          ALG
logical seminary, and a college for Arabs of high rank. first time, to entertain a due respect for the British flag; and
Nuns also, of several orders, have formed schools for the  he was followed, about a half century later, by Admiral Mat
natives in various districts.                                 thews, who compelled them to submit to humiliating terms,
The value of imports into Algeria in 1844 was, from   and to pay a heavy fine. In 1815, the Americans captured
France, 2,228,3801.; other foreign countries, 973,3901.: and  an Algerine frigate, and compelled the dey to renounce all
the exports to France, 100,550i.; to other countries, 224,0001. exactions and to pay an indemnity of $60,000. But the en
Of the imports the principal were, cotton goods, valued at  tire abolition of Christian slavery in the Barbary States was
480,300L.; woollen goods, at 259,2001.; silk goods, at 128,0001.; accomplished July 26,1816, by bombarding the town and
grain and flour, at 600,2001.; lime, at 259,500i.; and refined  port of Algiers with 13 English and 6 Dutch ships, when
sugar, at 116,0001.; and of these, 84 per cent. are taken by  the fleet and arsenal of the Algerines were utterly annihithe cities of Algiers, Oran, and Philippeville.  The exports  lated, and the liberation of 1008 captives effected, together
of the same year comprised coral, valued at 50,840/.; animal with  the repayment of ransom  to Sicily and Sardinia,
skins, at 30,8601.; wheat, at 13,8901.; olive-oil, at 13,3401.; amounting t? $383,500. Besides this, the dey was compelled
and raw wool, at 54301., with smaller amounts of wax, to sign a treaty by which the practice of enslaving Chrisleeches, tan-bark, bones, horns, and dressed feathers. In  tians was abolished. Eleven years after this period, an inthe same year (1844) France employed in trade with Algeria  suit offered by Hussein Pasha, the last dey, to the French
900 ships, of 154,000 tons; England, 190 ships, of 22,550  consul, whom he struck in a moment of irritation, induced
tons; and all other countries, 3030 ships, of 316,000 tons. the government of France to send an expedition against AlThe manufactures of Algeria are exceedingly backward,  giers.  General Boursont was chosen to command the army,
owing alike to the indolence and ignorance of the natives.  Admiral Duperre the fleet, and Captain Hougon the convoy.
The Jews take the higher branches of handicraft, as jewelry,  All set sail from  Toulon, May 25, 1830. On the 14th the
watchmaking, tailoring, &c.; the Arabs are employed prin- troops landed at Sidi-Feruch, 15 miles W. of the city of Al.
cipally as carpenters and tanners; the negroes as masons, giers.  After some fighting, in which the French always had
bricklayers, &c.; and the Berbers manufacture gunpowder, the advantage, Algiers opened its gates, July 13, when the
and work in the iron, lead, and copper mines. The chief  dey gave up his city, government, and treasure; the latter
manufactures comprise linen, woollen, and silk fabrics, sad- estimated at 48,000,000 francs, (about 2,500,000 dollars,) exdlery, carpets, firearms, hardware goods, coarse pottery, and  elusive, it may be added, of what was taken away privately
gunpowder.  The textile fabrics are wholly made by the  or hidden from  the French. A few years after the nominal
women, who are employed also in grinding corn.                conquest of Algeria-for it was little else, in reality, for
The roads, previous to the conquest, were exceedingly de- many years subsequent to that event-a formidable enemy
fective; indeed, there was not a regularly formed road in the  to the French arose, in the person of Abd-el-Kader, the Bey
whole territory.  It now appears, however, by the docu- of Mascara, who, placing himself at the head of all the rements accompanying the French general budget of 1845, fractory Arabs in the W. part of the country, kept the French
that the government engineers had completed, up to the  at bay for upwards of 14 years. In 1845, and during this
close of the fifteenth year of occupation, 4500 miles of new  protracted warfare between Abd-el-Kader and the French,
road.                                                         the latter barbarously destroyed 500 or 600 Moors, by sufGovernment.-Algeria, which is divided into the three  focating them with smoke in the cavern of Dahra, in which
provinces of Algiers, Oran, and Constantinn, was, before  they had taken refuge. In retaliation for this dreadful atro1830, under a Turkish dey, or pasha, of absolute authority,  city, Abd-el-Kader, in the following year, put to death 300
elected by and ruling over the army; but it is now under  French prisoners. Latterly, the war in Algeria had been carthe supreme power of a governor-general appointed by the  oied on by the French against the person of Abd-el-Kader
French government; and under him are a secretary and in- alone, who now resided entirely in the mountain tracts of
tendant, the latter of whom  is termed the director of Ara-  Morocco. Here, hemmed in by the French, and by the forces
bian affairs. The governor occupies also the post of com- of the Emperor of Morocco, who was in the French interest,
mander-in-chief. There is likewise a council of management, and  exhausted by numerous reverses, Abd-el-Kader at
composed of three members, the director of the interior, the  length surrendered (December 22, 1847) to the French genenaval commandant, military intendant, attorney-general,  ral, Lamoriciere; and thus terminated the war, leaving the
and director of finances, nominated by the government, who  conquerors in quiet possession of their conquest, and at full
advise upon and confirm the acts of the governor-general.  leisure to follow out those plans for the civilization and iraAll the civil provinces, besides, have their mayors, justices  provement of the country which they seem to have earnestly
of the peace, and commissaries of police. The annual sala-  entertained.-Adj. and inhab. ALCGERIAN, al-jeelre-an.
ries of the chief government officers are estimated by Qu6tin    ALGERIA  DE ALAVA,  l-n/re-A dA &l,-viA, a town of
at 149,000 francs, or 59606. sterling; but the entire actual  Spain, province of Alava, 9 miles E. of Vittoria. Pop. 857.
expense to France, of the civil government of Algeria,    ALGETE, il-ni/ti,   a town of Spain, province of Madrid,
amounted, in 1845, to 2,526,000 francs, or 101,0401.; while  near the river Jarama. Pop. 1500.
the public works and improvements cost 105,8001., and main-    ALGEZARES, Ail-i-thi/ris, a town of Spain, province of
tenance of the army 366,0001.; making a grand yearly total of  Murcia. Pop. 2117. Exports grain and fruit to Gibraltar.
573,3006. It appears, however, from the Almanach de France    ALGEZEERAHI  or ALGEZIRAHI. See MesorTAMIa.
for 1845, that the annual cost of Algeria to France amounts,    ALGEIINE, ALGERIN, ALGERIVO.  See ALGIEnS.
in fact, 1,210,0006.; while the gross receipts of customs and    ALGEZUR or ALJEZUR, il-zh'-zoon', a small town of
dues from the colony amount yearly only to 4,808,000 francs, Portugal, in Algarvo, 23 miles NI.N.E. of Cape St. Vincent.
or 191,7006. The military force kept up by the French com-   ALGHERO, Al-glro, or ALGIIERI, t lgtiree, a fortified
prises about 100,000 men, one-tenth of whom  are natives; town and small port of the island of Sardinia, capital of the
and the principal military posts are at Algiers, Bone, Callsa, province, on the W. coast, 14 miles S.W. of Sassari. Pop.
Guelmna, Misserghin, and Masagram; besides which there  8000. It is well defended next the sea, but is commanded
are garrisons of French troops, to overawe the natives, in all by the surrounding mountains. It has a cathedral, conthe larger towns.                                             vents, and public schools. The port for large vessels is at
History.-The country now called Algeria, after having  Porto Corte, 9 miles N.W. of Alghero. In 1837, 395 vessels
reached an extraordinary degree of prosperity and greatness  (aggregate burden, 10,863 tons) entered and left the port.
under the Carthagenians for 700 years, and again under the  Exports wine, grain, wool, skins, tobacco. anchovies, coral, &c.
Romans for 600, fell afterwards into the power of the Van-    ALGIERS, il-jeerzl, (Arab. Al-Jezair, li-j-zaiJ;;'Fr. Alger,
dals, and after these came the Arabs. These last, newly con-  lPzhai!rJ: Sp. A' gel. au-nil; Port. Argel, an-zhil; Ger. A/gier,
verted to Mahommedanism, and commanded by skilful lead- ilfgheen'; It. Algier-i, il-je-/ree,) a seaport and city of North
ors, had formed, in 1068, a vast empire, which, in the sequel, Afirica, on the WV. side of a bay of its own name, on the Mediwas broken up into petty monarchies; and then the pro- terranean.  Let. 360 47/3" N.,lon. 30 4' 5' E. Itwas once the
vince of Algiers made part of the kingdom  of Telemsan, or  capital of the regency or pashalic of the same name, long
Tlemsen. In after days, the brothers Moudji and Kain-ed- nominally dependent oet the Ottoman Empire; but, since
din, noted corsairs, who were the terror of mariners, aided  1831, has been the capital of the French colonial province
by a band of Turkish pirates, established themselves as sove- of Algeria. It is built on the N. slope of Mount Boujarin,
reign masters of the city of Algiers; and, from that time, which rises about 500 feet above the bay, and the houses
(A.D. 1506,) it became the seat of Barbary piracy, and so con- are arranged amphitheatrewise, terminating in the esplatinned for more than three centuries, to the disgrace of all nade on which stands the Kasbah, or old citadel.  It is
Christian nations. The Turkish military at no time ex- wholly enclosed by an embattled wall 12 feet thick and 30
ceeded a total of from  13,000 to 18,000 in the region of'Al-  feet high, the strength of which is vastly increased by four
giers. At all times they dwelt apart, as an alien caste, dis- castles and casemated batteries. The external aspect of the
daining to intermarry among the people of the country. In  city is exceedingly imposing, owing not only to its form and
the city of Algiers alone, in the year 1576, it was ascertained  position, but also to the dazzling whiteness of its houses,
that there were 25,000 Christian slaves held in rigorous  which are visible at a great distance. The streets are mostly
bondage. Finding it in vain to attempt to subdue these  narrow, tortuous, and extremely dirty, as in all Moorish
pirates by force of arms, the Christian powers gradually  towns; but there have been recentlyconstructed, to connect
adopted the less troublesome expedient of paying a regular  the principal quarters of the town, three long thoroughfares,
tribute to the Pasha (now  called Dey) of Algiers, to enable  which are tolerably wide, and comprise the principal bazaars
their subjects to traverse the European seas in peace. Mat-  and markets.  These improvements are constantly progresters remained in this state till 1655, when Admiral Blakle, by  sivo; and Algiers, which has already three well built, open
a well-administered castigation, taught the Algerines, for the  squares, bids fair to have its character wholly changed, and
55




ALG                                                           ALI
to be one of the handsomest cities on the Mecditerranean.  bon.  Po  1800. It has a safe port, a fishery, and extensive
The houses, whether of stone or brick, are annually white  tile and brick works.
washed; and, in consequence of the earthquakes, they are    ALtIANDRA, il-hinfdr, a town of South America, in
seldom  built of more than one story above the basement, Brazil, 15 miles S.S.E. of Paranahiba.
each tenement being fiat-roofed, and provided with a tank at    ALHAURIN  IE LA TORRE, TAl-6w-reen! dA lb to/Rlb.,  a
the top to catch the rain-water; besides which, Algiers has  town of Spain, in Granada, 15 miles S.W. of Mialaa. P. 271.7
nlumerous fountains, supplying an abundance of water from       ALITAURIN EL GEANDE, l-t6w-reenl 6l-griindus, a town
the aqueducts and reservoirs above the town. - Among the  of Spain, in Andalusia, 20 miles W. from  Malaga.  There
public buildings and establishments, are 10 large mosques, a  are 4 squares, 2 churches, a town house, public store, hospihandsome cathedral, several. Roman  Catholic churches, a  tal, numerous fountains, and some remains of an Arab fortiProtestant chapel, a number of Jewish synagogues, six col- fication, and of a Roman aqueduct.  The people are chiefly
leges, and some convents, used as girls' schools, a govern-  employed in working the marble, freestone, and granite
ment house, exchange, bank, 4 courts of justice, a bishop's  quarries in the vicinity. Pop. 5514.
palace, pubic library and museum, observatory, several hos-    ALItENDIN, l-6n-deenl, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,
pitals, and most extensive barracks for cavalry and infantry.  on the Dilar, 6 miles S.WV. of Granada.  Pop. 2275.
Algiers is the residence of the governor-general and all the    ALHUCEMAS, Al-oo-thefm[s, a small island and fortress
leading officers of the Algerian colony. The harbor of Algiers  belonging to Spain, in the Mediterranean, on the coast of
is a work of immense habour, first formed by Rarbarossa in  of Morocco, 5 miles S.E. of Cape iorro.  Lat. 350 15, N., ion.
1530, having a mole 580 feet in length by 140 in width, ex- 40 1'2' E.  It was taken possession of by the Spaniards
tending from the mainland to an islet, on which are a strong  in 1673.
castle with batteries, and a lighthouse exhibitiung a revolv-    ALI, balee, an ancient town of Sicily, 15 miles S.S.W. of
ing light. The bay offers no safe anchorage against the  Messina, with sulphur baths.  Pop. 1300.
severe weather of winter. T'he extensive jetty, or brealk-    ALIA,,Ale-a, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 miles S.W.
water. however, which is to be 2400 feet long, and was com- of Logrosan.  Pop. 3122.
menced in 1836, has produced a sensible alteration for the    ALI-ABAD, Aslee —bbtdl, (i.e. "the abode or city of All,")
better.  The commerce of Algiers, which was wholly insig-  a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 85 miles N.E. of
nificant in the time of the regency, has risen to great im- Kashan, with 500 houses.'ear it is a royal residence, built
portance; and it has become the entrepdt of four-fifths of the  by Shah-Abbas.
trade with France and other European countries, as well as    ALI-ABAI, a seaport town of Persia, province of Mazanwitoh Blidah, Milianah, and other towns of the province. deran, on the Caspian Sea, 30 miles N.W. of Amol.
Steam vessels leave Toulon and Marseilles three times each    ALI-ABAD, a village of Persia, province ofAzerbaijan, 65
month, and the passage is performed in 48 or 50 hours. miles N.E. of Tabreez. ALI-ABAD is the name of several other
Steasmers also f-equently run between Algiers, Bona, Oran,  villages in Asia.
Bouetah and Philippeville.  Algiers is the healthiest ofall   ALIAGA, i-le-1gi, a town of Spain, in Aragon, capital of
the cities in the colony. Pop. 94,600, of whom  45,000 are  a judicial district of its own name, on the Guadalupe, 23
EurLopeans.   Adj. and inhab. ALGERINE, al-jer-een; (Fr. miles N.E. ofTe rue.  Pop. 1122. It was greatly injured by
ALcders,  Pl'zhb'rbNd; Gere ALGroeISon, bulfghee-rish; It. AL-  the troops of Don Carlos, in 1840.
GERIaNO, bl-jie-ree/no; Sp. AoGELINO, anR-H&-leno.)             ALIASKA, bi-ybs/kb, or ALIASHKA, a peninsula of BusALGIERS, Louisiana. See New ORLEANS, page 1318.             sian America, in the Pacific, between lat. 500 and 550 N., ion.
ALGINET, Al-je-nSff or bl-ne-nbt/, a town of Spain, 16 miles  1550 W., 350 miles in length from  N. to S. by 25 miles in
S. by W. of Valencia.,                      average  breadth; having several active volcanoes.
ALGOA (al-go/a) BAY, an extensive bay on the SE. coast    ALI-BOGHAN, lflee-bo'gbnt, a town of Afghanistanin the
of Africa, Cape C;olony, between Capes Recife and Padron, 425  valley and 10 miles E. of Jelalabad, at an elevation of 1900
miles E. of the Cape of Good Hope. It is open to S. winds, feet.
but has good anchorage.  The Sunday and Baesher rivers    ALI-BUNDER,,/lee-bfsn/der, a town of  Sinde, on the
flow into the bay, and at the mouth of the latter is Fort  Gonnee, a branch of the Indus, in its delta,i 76 miles S.S.E.
Elizabeth. Fort Frederic is on a hill adjacent. Lat. of Crios   of Iydersabad. A dam  erected here in 1799 has rendered
Island, in the bay, 330 47' 6" S.; ion. 250 46' 70 I.         the Gonnee innavigable  even for boats.
ALGODONALES, il-go-bDo-n/!s, a town of Spain, is Anda-    ALICANTE,   A-Ie-kbnttb or al-e-kantl/ (anc.  sctcestItum,) a
lusia, at the'foot of the Sierra de Lijar, 40 miles N.E. of Cadiz. city and seaport of Spain, in Valencia, capital of the proPop. 3338.                                                     vince of the same name, at the head of an extensive  bay
ALGODONES, il-6odo/nhz, a small village of New Mexico, having Cape la Iuertas at its N.E. extremity, and Cape Santa
on the left bank of the Rio del Norte5 38 miles S.W. of  Pola on the S., 12 miles apart. It lies in lat. 380 20' 7/ N.,
Santa  Fe.                                                    ion. 00 26' W., (R.) at the base of a rocky eminence 400 feet
ALGO!IA, a post-village of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, high, surmounted by a strong castle, which overlooks it., and
about 80 miles N.N.E. of Madison.'                            commands the bay. It is surrounded by walls, entered by
ALGONAC, al'go-nakl, formerly MAN/CHESTER% a post,  four gates; is well built; ha-s clean, well-paved streets, and
village of St. Clair co., ISMichigan, on St. Clair River, 40  lofty and substantial stone houses, provided with terraces
miles N.E. of Betroit.  It has several churches and stores.   and v-erandas.  It has three general hospitals, a military
ALGON/QUIN, a nation of Indians, once very powerful, hospital, a lying-in hospital., orphan asylum, and house of
who, on the first settlement of the Europeans, possessed an  mercy; a college, a theatre, several extensive storehouses,
extensive domain along the N. bank sf the St. Lawrence, public baths, and eight fountains; but the water is not
about 300 miles absove Trots Rivibees. The entire Algonquin  good, being impregnated with the salts of magnesia.  Its
nation at present does not number abnove 600. The princi- manufactures are comparatively insignificant,  consisting
pal tribe now is the Chippewas.                                chiefly of esparta cordage and nmatting; much reduced, howALGONQUIN, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.              over, of late years, owing to the. unmanufictured rushes exALGONQUIN, a post-village of IHoughton co, Michigan,  ported and sent back in a manufoctured state. The governabout 400 miles in a straight line N.W. of Detroit.            ment has here a cigar factory, which employs more than 2200
ALGONQUIN, a post-township of Mcttenry co., Illinois,  women; and a British company has established in the neiiabout 50 nilos N.W. of Chicago, inte-seocted by the Illinois  borhood, at the foot of Mount Molinet, works for smelting
and Wisconsin Railroad.                                        and refining the ores from  the mines of Murcia.  Though
ALGUADA or ALGOADA (li-gwb!dl) POINT, on the coast  the city is considered the chief commercial port of Valencia,
of Malabar, forming the N. extremity of Goa Bay; lat. 15~  and has many French and English resident merchants, its
29' N., lon. 730 50/ E.                                       trade has greatly declined of late, in consequence of the hiulh
AL-HAI.HR, bl-hbd'r/, (anc. lcatra,)cc a ruined city of Asi- import duties, which have given rise to an extensive system
tic Turkey, in Mesopotamia, 60 miles S.S.W. of Mosul,  of smuggling, connived at by the authorities. The harbor
having a circular space 1 mile in diameter, enclosed by a bas-  of Alicante is only a roadstead in a deep bay, small vessels
tioned wall, and many perfect remains and traces of build-  alone being able to approach the quay. The mole has been
ings and tombs.                                               greatly extended, and a fixed light has been placed on the
ALHAMA, -     F-bm mg or bl-hblm[, ("the bath,") a town of  mole head. Pop. 19,021.
Spain, in Andalusia, 26 miles S.W. of Granada, on the little    ALICANTE, a province of Spain, formed in 1834 of the S.
stream Marchan, (mar-chbn/.)  Pop. 6284. It has ruins of  part of the ancient kingdom Of Valencia, and a small part
Moorish walls, and near it are the celebrated warm  baths, of Murcia. Area, 2868 square miles.  The soil is fertile, prowhence its Arabic name.                                       ducing wine, sugar,  rice, oranges,  citron, figs, and other
ALHAMIA, a town of Spain, 13 miles S.W. of Murcia, with  fruits. Pop. 1849, 363,219.
69135 inhabitants, -hospi-ala  ruined castle, and warm baths.    ALICATA, b-lekb/ti, or LICATA, le-1ktb, a seaport town
ALHAMBRA, the Moorish palace.  See G-ANADA.                 of Sicily, province of Girgenti, capital of the cahton, on the
ALKAMBRA, il-hbmfbir,  a town of Spain, in New Castile, Mediterranean, 25.miles S.E. of Girgenti.  Pop. 13,465. It
48 miles E.S.E. of Ciudad Roal.  Pop. 760.                    exports corn, macaroni, fruit, sulphur, soda, and excellent
ALHAMBRA, a town of Spain, 62 miles S.WV. of Saragossa,  wines. Vessels load about 1I mile from  the town. Near it
on the Jalon. Pop. 558; with celebrated mineral springs  are the ruins of the ancient Gela.
and baths, the Alquce Eilbilitalnce of the Romans.              ALICE, al/iss, a lately erected and rising town in the exALHAM/BRA, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois.         treme E. of Cape Colony, division or district of Victoria, on
ALHANDRA, S:i nfdre,  a town of Portugal, in Estrema- a small affluent of the Chumie, 41 miles N.E. of Graham's
dura, on the right bank of the Tagus, 18 miles N.E. of Lis-  Town.
56




ALI                                                          ALL
ALICE-IJOLT  (Ilfiss-h6lt) FORIEST, in England5 co. of  in 1634. In 1595, damask weaving was invented here by
lants, on the  border of Surrey. Area, with Woolmer Fo- Paschiers Lammertyn.  Pop. about 9000.
rest, 15,000 acres, of which 8700 are crown lands.              AL-KOSIH,'ll-koshl, a walled, fortified town of Asiatic
ALIOUDI, A-le-kooi dee, (can. Ericulsa,) the westernmost  Turkey, in Koordistan, 15 miles N. of Mdsul.  Near it is a
of the Lipari Islands.  It is conical in form, 6 miles in cir- Chaldean convent, the monks of which live in caverns.
cumference, and rises abruptly from  the sea.  It produces  Po2. 3000.
sulphur, fruits, and palms. Pop. 1000.                          ALLAHAIBAD, Al-lih-hS-bbdf, (i. e. the "city of God,") an
ALlI/DA, a post-office of Stephenson co., Illinois.         ancient city of IHindostan, capital bf a province of its own
ALIFE, A-leelfi, (ane. AHisfcc or.A4fi/pha,) a town of Naples, name, situated near the junction of the Ganges anid Jumna,
province of Terra di Lavoro, 16 miles N.N.E. of Capua,  450 miles N. by W. of Calcutta. Lat. 250 25, 26" N.; Ion. 810
nearly deserted on account of the insalubrity of its atmo- 51' 1, E. The town was originally built of brick, but now
sphere. Pop. 1643.                                            consists principally of mud houses raised on the foundatioln s
ALIGAUM,,l-e-gaumf, a town of British India, Nizam's  of the old buildings. Its antiquity and former extent are
dominions, 68 miles S.W. of Ellichpoor.                       attested by the falct that, for several miles around the cort,
ALIGHITJUR/ or ALLYGI-IURf, a fort in British India, in a  the soil consists of mortar, broken pottery, and brickdust.
district of the same name, 50 miles N. of Agra, was taken by  The only remarkable buildings are the fort, the Jummau
the British on the 4th of September, 1803. The chief civil Musjid, or principal mosque, the serai of the Sultan Rihusro,
officers of the district reside at Coel, 2 miles southward.   and the imperial tombs, or mausoleums.  The fort conALIKE ISLANDS, three small islands in the strait of Ma-  pletely commands the navigation, cand its site has been
cassar, lat. 30 41' S., Ion. 1160 54' E.                      selected as the chief military dep~t for the upper provinces.
ALIMENA, b-le-mb/nb, a town in the island of Sicily, 52  Allahabad is the seat of a superior court of justice, and lus
miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 3400.                             a school, established by some English gentlemen in 1825, in
ALI-MUSJEED or ALI-MUSJID,  lee-mts- -jeed/, a ruined  which native pupils are taught Persic, Hindostanee, and
fort of Afghanistan, in the Khyber pass, on a peaked rock, several common branches of education. Pop. in 182, 64,785,
2433 feet high, and 25 miles W. of Peshawer.  In the late  of which 20,669 wvere Mussulmen, and 44,116 Hindoos.
war, it was held alternately by the British and Afghans, and    ALLAHABAD, a town of North-western Hindostan, in
was destroyed by Sir W. Nott, November, 1842.                 Bhawvlpobr, 25 miles S.W. of Ahmedpoor.
ALINE LOCHI, b-leen/ loK, a small arm of the sea, in Ar-   AL-KSAR, a town of Morocco. See ALCAZAr. IKEcEEsu.
gyleshire, Sound of Mull, Scotland, about 3. miles long, and    ALLAGNA DI SESIA, dl-ldinty  dee sYse —, a town of the
half a mile broad.                                            Sardinian States, in the valley of the Sesia, 15 miles W.N.W.
ALINGSAES, slling-sbs', a town of Sweden, 32 milesS.8.E.   of ~arallo.  Pop. 2000.
of Wenersborg, with mineral springs, and manufactures of    ALLAH-I-SHEIIR. See ALA-SuEsn.
hosiery, woollen cloths, and tobacco pipes.                      ALLAIRE.  &Phus, a village of France. department of M~orALIO-AMBA, bile-o bmfba, a market-town of Abyssinia,  bihan, 26 miles E. of Vannes.  Pop. 2018.
kingdom of Shoa, 5271 feet above the level of the sea, and 5    ALLAMUCI-IY, al-la-mootchlee, or ALLAM'IUCHEE, a postmiles E. of Ankober.                                          village of Warren co., New Jersey, about 60 miles N. of
ALIPEE, bl'e-peel, or ALVLAPEE/, a seaport town of Hin-  Trenton.
dostan, state of Travancore. Lat. 90 30' N.; lon. 760 25' E.    ALLAN, allan, a river of Scotland, co. of Perth, joining
30 miles S. by E. of Cochin. It carries on a considerable trade  the Forth 2 miles above Stirling, after a course of 18 miles.
in teak-timber, betel-nut, coir, and pepper.  Pop. about    ALLAN, a small river of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.
13,000.                                                         ALLAN, BRIDGE OF, a beautiful village of Scotland, co.
ALISE-SAINTE-REINE, bleez/-stNt-rbne, a village of  of Stirling, on the Allan, 3 miles N. of Stirling. Near it
France, department of CSte-d'Or, 8 miles N.E. of Semur, with  is a mineral spring, which of late years has been much reiron-mines and mineral waters in its vicinity. This is the  sorted to.
ancient Alefsiuoi, described by Cusar, (Bell. Gallic. lib. vii.    ALLAN, bl'b1siG a commune and village of France, departsect. 693) and tasken by him from Yercingetorix.              ment of DrOme, arrondissement of Mlont6limart, celebrated
ALISONIA. See ALLsSOcNI.                                    for its excellent wine, (rouses d'orrdisais-e.)  Pop. 600. The
ALIWAL, bl-e-wbl/, a village and "grassy plain" in North- first mulberry-trees brought to France  were planted in this
western India, near the S.E. balnk of the Sutlej, N.W. of Loo-  commune.
dianah. Here, on the 28th of January, 1846, General Sir H.    AL/LANBURG, a post-village of Canada West, co. of WelSmith, with about 12,000 troops, totally defeated a Sikh army  land, at the N. end of the deep cut on the Welland Canal, 7
of double that number.                                        miles from  St. Catiarine's.  It contains a grist mill, a saw
ALIXAN, b'lixS NGi, (L. Alexia/nuse,) a village of France, mill; also, manufactures of cloth and other articles. P. 300.
department of Drome, 7 miles N.E. of Valence. Pop. 2400.        ALLANCHE, bl'l8Nshl, a town and commune of France,
ALJEZUR.  See ALoEZUR.                                      department of Cantal, 8 miles N.E. of Murat.
ALJUBARROTA, Al-zhoo-bba-no/tb, a town of Portugal,    ALLANDALE,  a post-village of Habersham co., Georgia.
province of Estremadura, 15 miles S.W. of Leiria, on the    ALLAPAIIA.  See ALA-mAA.
summit of a mountain. In the neighborhood, John I. of    AL'LAPU T/TY, a small island off Jaffnaopatanm, at the N.
Portugal,  surnamed the Great, obtained-a signal victory  extremity of Ceylon; Lat. 90 45/ N.; lon. 30 2' B.
over John I., King of Castile, August 14, 1355, when 12,000    ALLARIZ, bl-yi-reeth/, a walled towvn of Spain, in Galicia,
Castilians were slain.                                        13 miles S.E. of Orese. Pop. 2756.
ALJUSTREL, bl-zhoo-strsll, a town of Portugal, province    ALLARMONT, bl'lassm6lo/, a commune and village of
of Alemtejo, 77 nmiles S.E. of Lisbon.                        France, department of Vosges, 13 miles N.N.E. of St. Diu,
AL-KAISAREEYEH or AL-KiAISSERIA,.l-ki-ser-eesyah,  with paper-mills.  Pop. 754.
a town in the N.W. part of Morocco, not far from A1-Caz'ar.    ALLASS (al-lbss) STRAIT, a.channel between the Islands
Pop. about 8000, of which 500 are Jews.                       of Lombok  and   Sumbawa, in the  MIalay Archipelago.
ALKEN, b1lken, a vilhlge of Belgium,  province of Lirna- Length, about 50 miles; breadth, at the narrowest part, 9
bourg, on the railway finom Landen to H-asselt, 4 miles S. of  miles.
Hasselt. Pop. 2711.                                             ALLASSAC, bl'ls'esbk/, a town of France, department of
ALKERTON, lllker-ton, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.  Corrbze, 15 miles W. of Tulle.  Pop. 1151.
ALKIHAM, Ilfkam   a' parish of England, co. of Kent.          ALLAT0OONA, a post-village of Cass co., Georgia, on the
ALKINGTON, a parishof England.  See WHITCcnURC.    Western and Atlantic IRailroad, 130 miles N.W. of MilledgeALKMIAAR or ALCKMAER, allk-msal, (L. Alcmaeria,) an  ville.
old and important town of Holland, province of North HIol-    ALLAUCHI, bl'lSsh/, a town anad commune of France. deland, 20 miles N.N.W. of Amsterdam, and 5 miles fi-om the sea, partment of Bouches-du-RhSne, on a hill, 6 miles N.E. of
on the Great Amsterdam Canal. Lat. 520 37' N.; Ion.400441 E. Marseilles.  Pop. 1606.
Alikmaar is a clean, well and regularly built town. intersected    ALLA-YAR-KA-TANDA, bl-lb-yar-kb- -bn/d,     a town of
by various grachten, (grbKsten,) or small canals,'the banks  Sinde. 20 miles E. of Hyderabad. Pop. 5000. It has cotton
of which are planted with trees. It is the seat of a court of  manufactures and dye-works.
first resort, and of a tribunal of commerce; is well supplied    ALL/BRIGHT, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.
with educational and scientific institutions, having, besides    ALLCANNINGS, al-kan/nings, a parish of England, co. of
public schools, a Latin school, a drawing school, a school of  Wilts.
2linical medicine, a natural history and literary society, a    ALLE, bllleh, a river of East Prussia, having its sources
society of science and art, &c. Alkmaar possesses a roomy  in sonme small lakes on the S. borders of Polish Prussia, falls
maven, and carries on a considerable export trade in butter  into the Pregel 27 miles above Kbnigsberg. Its whole length
and cheese. It is indeed, for cheese, the greatest mart in  is about 115 miles.
Holland, or even in the world; the quantity sold annually    ALLI~E BLANCHE, b1I'b, bl8Sesh, (i. e. the "white passin the town being upwards of 4000 tons. This cheese is ex-  age,") a valley of Sardinia, in Piedmont, which owes its
ported to all pasts of Europe, to the West Indies, and to  name to the deep snow with which it is always covered,
South America.    The manufactures consist of salt, soap, more or less, in the greatest sumaner heats.
vinegar, earthenware, leather, and parchment.  Its success-    AL/LEGAN, a county in the WV.S.W. part of Michigan,
ftal defence asainst the Spaniards in  57i3, gave rise to the  bordering on Lake Michigan, has an area of 840 square miles.
saying, " Yictory bewins  at Alkmiiaar."  ~arious eminen.t  It is intersected by Kalamazoo River, (navigable by small
men a'ere natives of this tovwn, of whom  may be niamed  steamboats,) and also drained by Black and Rabbit R ivers.
Cornelius Drebbel, the inventor of the thermometer; he died  The surface is generally undulating; the soil on the margins
57




ALL                                                          ALL
of the rivers is a deep, black alluvion, and in some other  by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Capital, Cumberland
parts sand and clay predominate. The county is mostly  Pop. 22,769, of whom 22,045 are free, and 724 slaves.
covered with forests, from which large quantities of lumber    ALLEGIIHANY, a county situated a little S.W. firom  the
are procured. A limestone quarry has been opened in the  centre of Virginia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It
S.W. part of the county. Capital, Allegan.  Pop. 5125.        is intersected by Jackson's River, which unites with the
ALLEGAN, a thriving post-village, capital of Allegan co., Cow  Pasture River on the E. border to form  the James
Michigan, on both sides of the Kalama'zoo River, 160 miles  River; and it is also drained by Potts and Dunlap Creeks.
W. by N. of Detroit. It is situated at the head of navigation  The main Allegheny chain forms its boundary on the N.W.;
fcq small boats, and has an active trade. Lumber is the  a ridge called Middle Mountain extends along the S.E. borchief article of export. Laid out in 1835. A bridge crosses  der, and the Warm  Springs and Peters Mountains stretch
the river at this place. Pop. of the township, 752.            across the middle of the county. The scenery of this county
ALLEGANY.  See ALLEAvNY.                                     is remarkably fine, particularly at'the passage of Jackson's
ALLEGHANY,* al-le-g~fnee, a river which rises in Potter  River through one of the mountains. The soil of the valco., in the N. part of Pennsylvania.  After making a circuit  leys is fertile. Iron oreis found in the county. The James
in New York, it returns again into Pennsylvania, and unit- River Canal is designed to terminate at Covington, the
ing with the Mlonongahela at Pittsburg, forms the Ohio. It  county seat. A railroad is projected from this point to the
flows through  a hilly country, in which pine timber and  Ohio River at Guyandotte.  The Red Sweet Springs of this
stone coal are abundant, and is navigable for small steam- county have some celebrity, and have been finely improved.
boats nearly 200 miles from Pittsburg. The principal towns  Capital, Covington. Pop. 3515, of whom  2821 were free,
on its banks are Warren, Franklin, and Kittaning.              and 694 slaves.
ALLEGHANY, a county in the W.S.W. part of New York,   ALLEGHANY, formerly called BURITON, a post-village
bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 1050 square  and township of Cattaraugus co., New York, on the N. bank
miles. It is intersected by the Genesee River, and princi- of the Alleghany River, and on the New York and Erie Railpally drained by its tributaries, which turn numerous grist  road, 408 miles from  New York City. The village contains
and saw mills. The Genesee Falls at Portage, in the N. part  a bank, and receives the business of the valley of the Fiveof the county, produce an immense water-power. The coun- mile Run. Pop. 1037.
try on each side of the Genesee Valley rises, and in the E.    ALLEGRANY, a post-ffice ofAlleghany co., Pennsylvania.
and W. parts the surface consists of table-land.  The soil is    ALLEGIANY, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvagenerally fertile; in the N. part best for grain, although the  nia. Pop. 2506.
whole county is better adapted to grazing than tillage. Bog    ALLEGHANY, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania.
iron ore and limestone are found. The New York and Erie  Pop. 2352.
Railroad and the Genesee Canal traverse this county.  Or-   ALLEGHANY, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.
ganized in 1806, having been formed from a portion of Gene- Pop. 14188.
see county.  Capital, Angelica. Pop. 37,808.                    ALLEGHANY, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
ALLEGHANY, a county in theW.S.W. part of Pennsylvania,  Pop. 381.
has an area of about 750 square miles.  The Alleghany and    ALLEGIANY, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
Monongahela Rivers unite near the centre of the county, and  Pop. 948.
form  the Ohio, which flows towards the S.W. It is also    ALLEGHANY, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
drained by the Youghiogheny River, and  by Chartiers, Pop. 1174..
Turtle, and Pine Creeks. The surface in the vicinity of the    ALLEGHANY, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylrivers is much broken, and furrowed into deep ravines; a  vania. Pop. 3329.
large portion of the upland is rolling or hilly, and presents    ALLEGHANY  BRIDGE, a post-office of McKean  co.,
a beautiful variety of landscape. The soil of the S.E. part is  Pennsylvania.
excellent, having a basis of limestone; in the N.WV. part the    ALLEGHANY CITY. See PITTSBcr G.
soil is clayey, and nearly all of the county is arable land.    ALLEGHANY COLLEGE, Pennsylvania. See MEADVILLE.
Large quantities of bituminous coal are procured from the    ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS, or ALLEGHANIES, a desighills near Pittsburg. The manufacture of iron, glass, wool, &c. nation sometimes used as synonymous with APPALACHIAN
is carried on very extensively; a more particular account of  MOUNTAINS, and employed to denote the great mountain
this branch of industry will be found under PIoTSBURG. The  chain or system which extends south-westerly, nearly paralcounty is liberally supplied with water-power. The Penn- lel to the Atlantic coast, along the south-eastern side of the
sylvania Canal follows the course of the Alleghany and Ohio  North American continent. (See APPALACHIIAN MOUNTAINS.)
Rivers through the county; the Central Railroad has its  This name is, however, more commonly, though rather
western terminus at Pittsburg; the Ohio and Pennsylvania  loosely, applied to that portion of the Appalachian system
Railroad extends westward to Indiana, &c., and others are  lying S.W. of the Hudson River, and constituting the line
in progress towards Erie and Steubenville.  In respect to  which divides the waters that flow into the Atlantic on the
population and manufacturing industry, Alleghany county  E. from those which descend the Mississippi on theW.
is the second in the state. Organized in 1788, and named    The term AZLEGHANv Mountains, in a still more restricted
from the Alleghany River. Capital,Pittsbiirg. Pop.138,290.  sense, is applied to a broad range or mass of mountains in
ALLEGHANY, a county forming the WV. extremity of Mary- Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, forming the western
land, bordering on Pennsylvania and Virginia, has an area  portion of the great Appalachian system  in those states.
of about 800 square miles. The extreme length is 65 miles; The ridges which form the Alleghany are not very distinctly
the breadth varies from 7 to 35 miles. The southern bound-  defined, although the entire chain is so remarkable a feature
ary is formed by the Potomac River and its north branch; in the geography of our country. The length of this mounthe county is intersected in the western part by the Voughi-  tain range may be stated at 300 miles; the mean height is
ogheny River, and also drained by Town, Evils Wills, and  about 2500 feet. The Alleghanies, like most of the other
Glade Creeks. It is traversed by the main Alleghany Moun- chains of the Appalachian system, do not rise into peaks, bust
tain, and by several minor ridges, and the surface is exceed-  stretch in parallel ridges, exhibiting the appearance of gently
ingly broken and rocky. The mountainous districts present  rounded knolls, or of easy curves, marking the line of the
broad valleys called glades, the soil of which is fertile, and  distant horizon. The highest summits of this range are the
peculiarly adapted to grazing and dairy farms. They fur-  peaks of Otter, in Virginia, 4200 feet above the sea.
nish the celebrated glades butter and mountain mutton.    ALLEGHiENY.  See ALLEGIIANY.
The prevailing rocks are limestone and variously colored    ALLEGRANIZA, (Sp. A.le-ranza, A-l-grSantth&,) the most
sandstones. Iron ore abounds in many parts of the county; northern of the Canary Islands, 10 miles N. of Lanzarote.
large quantities of stone-coal are procured from the mines a  Lat. 290 26' N.; ]on. 130 311 W.
few miles W. from Cumberland.  The beds of coal are from         ALL]GRE, Alllaig'rf, a town and commune of France, at
3 to 14 feet in thickness, and extend from the Potomac River  the foot of a volcanic mountain, department of Haute
to the boundary of Pennsylvania. The county is intersected  Loire, 12 miles N.W. of Le Puy. Pop. (1851) 2048.
* It is much to be desired that a uniform orthography of this  ALLEMAGNE and ALLEMANNI. See GaAN.
name should be adopted. In New York it is commonly written    ALLEMANCE, Al-leh-minst, a post-office of Guildford co.,
Allegany; in Pennsylvania, Allegheny; and in Virginial and  North Carolina.
the Southern States, Allegheny. As nearly all of the works on    ALLEMANCE COUNTY. See ALAoANCE.
general geography, even those published in New York and Penn-    ALLEMOND-EN-OYSANS, AR'mMNG1-daze-wAzazON, a vilsylvania, spell the name ALLEGoIAN, the citizens of those states  lage of France, department of Issre, in a beautiful valley,
might, it is believed, without any unmanly concession, or with-  about 18 miles SE. ofenoble.
out the slightest abandonment of what is due to the dignity of  abu   8mlsS ofGebe
sovereign states, conform  in this respect to the usage of the    ALILEN, the name of two small rivers and several
majority.  The impropriety, not to say absurdity, of this dis-  streams in England.
crepany in the spelling, will be seen by referring to a represent-    ALILEN, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering
ation of New York and Pennsylvania on the same map. We  on Tennessee, has an area of 300 square miles. Big Barren
shall there find one and the same river named Allegheny near  River forms its boundary on the N.E., and it is traversed
its source; while lower down, for the distance of some 48 or 50  by Trammel's Creek. The surface is generally level; the
miles, it is Allegany, and then again Allegheny for the rest of its  soil moderately fertile. Several caves have een found in the
couse.lfwhavoccsiontspekofheiouittiiis~i~entitsoil moderately fertile. Several eaves have been found in the
course. If we have  osion to spal of te mountis,       mst,  limestone formation of this county,  ut they hve not been
according to this method, call them Alleqany in a description of
New York; Allegheny in an article on Pennsylvania; and Alle-  explored to any great extent. Salt springs are found. The
ghmany in treating of Virginia or any of the Southern or Western  county was formed in 1815, and named in memory of Colo.
States.                                                       nel John Allen, who fell at the battle of the river Raisin.
88




ALL                                                       ALL
Capital, Scottsville.  Pop. 8742, of whom  7428 were free,   ALLENSTEIN, llen-stine', a town of East Prussia, on
and 1314 slaves.                                          the Alle, 65 miles E. of Kbuigsberg. Pop. 3360.
ALLEN, a county in the W.N.W. part of Ohio, has an    ALILENSTOWN, a post-township of Merrimac co., New
area of 405 square miles. It is intersected by Auglaize and  Hampshire, 10 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 526.
Ottawa Rivers, and also drained by Riley and Sugar   ALfLENSVILLE, apost-village of Mifflin co.5Pennsylvania,
Creeks. The general surface is level; the soil is fertile, 76 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.
and well timbered with hard wood. Wheat, Indian corn,   ALLENSVILLE, a post-village of Todd co., IKentucky,
oats, hay, potatoes, cattle, and swine are the staples. The  about 180 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
county is intersected by the Miami Canal, and by the Ohio    ALLENSVILLE,    a post-village of Vinton co., Ohio, about
and Indiana Railroad, which has been recently constructed. 60 miles S.S.E. of Columbus.
The canal affords valuable water-power.  Capital, Lima.   ALLENSVILLE, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana,
Pop. 12,109.                                              about 100 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.
ALLEN, a county in the E.N.E. part of Indiana, border-   ALILENTON or ALLIVINTON, a parish of England, co. of
ing on Ohio, has an area of 638 square miles. The St. Jo- Northumberland.
seph and St. Mary Rivers, which rise in Ohio, unite at the    ALILENTON, a post-office of Washington  co., Rhode
county seat, and form the Maumee; the county is also  Island.
drained by the sources of the Aboits and Little Rivers,   ALLENTON, a post-village of Wilcox co., Alabama, about
and by Cedar and Crooked Creeks. The surface is nearly  110 miles S' by E. of Tuscaloosa,
level; the soil is excellent, well watered, and extensively    ALfLENTOWN, a post-village in Upper Freehold township,
cultivated. Excepting some wet prairies and "oak open- Monmouth co., New Jersey, 12 miles E. by N. of Trenton.
ings" of moderate extent, the county is well timbeired with  It has 3 churches and about 600 inhabitants.
oak, hickory, beech, maple, ash, &c. In 1850, this county    ALLENTOWN, formerly NORTHAMP/TON, a thriving
produced 189,500 bushels of wheat, more than any other in  borough, capital of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, on Jordan
the state, except La Port. It is intersected by the Wa- Creek, an affluent of the Lehigh, half a mile from the latter,
bash and Erie Canal, and by several plank-roads. The  85 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg, and 51 miles N. by W. of
Ohio and Indiana Railroad, recently finished, extends from  Philadelphia. It is pleasantly situated on an eminence; the
Crestline, Ohio, to Fort Wayne, the capital of the county. streets are wide and straight, and the dwellings are substanAllen county was organized in 1824, and named in honor of tially built of bricki and stone. It contains a court-house,
Colonel William Allen, of Kentucky. Pop. 16,919.          an academy, 2 public libraries, 5 churches, a bank, and 6
ALLEN, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York, 250  newspaper offices. A substantial stone bridge crosses the
miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 955.                         Jordan Creek, and another the Lehigh, near this place. The
ALLEN, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania.    canal of the Lehigh Coal Company, which passes through
ALLEN, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania. Allentown, contributes largely to its prosperity. The proPop. 1156.                                                posed railroad leading from Easton to Mauch Chunk, will,
ALLEN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 290.         when completed, pass through this town. The adjacent
ALLEN, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 747.       country is fertile, and highly improved, and contains extenALLEN, a township of Union co., Ohio, intersected by Big  sive beds of iron ore and roofing-slate. There are in the town
Darby Creek. Pop. 979.                                    and its vicinity some 15 flomurishing mills, and 8 or 9 large
ALLEN, a township of Hillsdale co., Mlichigan. Pop. 1033.  anthracite furnaces. Pop. in 1853, about 6000.
ALLEN, a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa, about 160 miles    ALLENTOWN, a post-village of Allen co., Ohio, on Ottowa
W. of Iowa City.'                                         Creek, 6 or 7 miles W. of Lima, and 90 N.W. of Columbus.
ALLEN, BoG or, the general name applied toanumerous Pop. about 200. First settled about 1843.
series of bogs in Ireland, stretching across the centre of the    ALLER, Al/ler, a river of Germany, rises near Magdeburg,
country from Wicllow Head to Galway on the S., and from  Prussia, flows N.W., and joins the Weser on the right.
Howth Head to Sligo on the N., having thus a breadth of Length, about 130 miles. Principal affluents, the Ocker and
about 27 miles at the E., and of 80 at the W. extremity. Leine on the left.
The bogs, however, all lie on the E. side of the Shannon, and    ALILER, a parish and village of England, co. of Somerset,
are for the most part of that kind called red bog.        6~ miles W. by N. of Somerton.
ALLENBURG, Alfl.en-b55RbGo a town of East Prussia, on the    AL/LERDALE, the name of two of the five wards into
Aile, 30 miles S.E. of Kinigsberg. Pop. 1370.             which the county of Cumberland, England, is divided;, they
ALLEN CENTRE, a post-village in Allen township, Alle- together return two members to the House of Commons.
ghany co., New York, about 260 miles W. by S. of Albany.    AL'LERSTON, a ptrish of England, co. of York.
ALLEN CENTRE, a post-village in Allen township, Union    ALLERTHORPE, Al/ler-thorp, a parish of England, co. of
co. Ohio, about 36 miles N.W. of Columbus.                York.
AL'LENDALEt, a town and parish of England, co. of North-   ALILERTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
umberland, 33 miles E. of Carlisle, on the East Allen. The    ALILERTON, a township of England, co. of York.
inhabitants are employed principally in the lead-mines in    ALLERTON CHAPEL, a parish of England, co. of Sothe vicinity.                                             merset.
ALLENDALE, a post-office of Barnwell district, South    ALLERTON  MAULEVERER, mal-evfer-er, a parish of
Carolina.                                                 England, co. of York.
ALLENDALE, a post-office of Greene co., Kentucky.         ALLESLEY, Dtlzclee, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
ALLENDALE, a post-township of Ottowa co., Michigan,   ALLESTAR, AllQ6s-tal;, a town in the peninsula of Ma20 miles S.E. of Grand Haven. Pop. 168.                   lacca, kingdom of Queda or Kedda, on the Queda River. It
ALLENDORF, Alllen-doRf', a town of Hesse-Cassel, in a  was once the residence of the king, and, in 1832, contained
pretty valley on the Werra, where it receives the Altehains- 2000 houses.
bach, 24 miles E. of Cassel. Some wine and silk are pro-   ALLESTREE or ALLESTREIY, Mlles-tree or alzftree, a
duced, and a good deal of tobacco is raised and manufactured. parish of England, co. of Derby.
Pop. 3200.                                                  ALLEVARD, bl'vaRn, a town and commune of France, deALLENDORF, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 miles N.E. of partment of Isbre, 23 miles N.E. of Grenoble, on the Ozeins.
Giessen.                                                  It is celebrated for its important iron-mines, yielding about
ALLENDORF is likewise the name of four villages in  4500 tons annually. Near it are the ruins of the chateau
Hesse-Cassel, of three villages in Hesse-Darmstadt, and of Bayard, where was born, in 1476, the chevalier "sans peur
ten others in Prussian Hanover, Nassau, &c.               et sans reproche," (without fear and without reproach.)
ALILEN'S, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio, 62 miles W. of    ALILEXTON or ALLIXTON,a parish of England, co. of
Columbus.                                                 Leicester.
ALLEN'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Marion district, South    ALLEY'S MILLS, a post-office of Cass co., Texas, about
Carolina, about 130 miles E. of Columbia.                 300 miles N.E. from Austin.
ALLEN'S BRIDGE, a smallvillage of Marion co., Alabama.   ALLGOISA, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South
AL'LENSBURG,a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, 8 miles Carolina.
W. of Hillsborough.                                         ALLHALILOWS, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
ALLEN'S CREEK, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.    ALLI, IPlee, a small river of Naples, Calabria Ultra, rises
ALLEN'S FRESIH, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland.  in Mount Callstro, and after a course of about 18 miles falls
ALLEN'S GROVE, a village of Scott co., Iowa, about 50  into'the Gulf of Squillace.
miles E. of Iowa City.                                      ALLIANCE, al-liains, a post-village of Lexington townALLEN'S GROVE, a post-village of Walworth co., Wis- ship, Starke co., Ohibo, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railcousin.                                                   road, where it is crossed by the Cleveland and Pittsburg RailALLEN'S HILL, a post-village of Ontario co., New York, road, 82 miles N.W. of Pittsburg, and 136 miles N.E. of Codelightfully situated 8 miles S. of the Niagara Falls Railroad  lumbus. It was laid out in 1850, and seems destined to
at Bloomfield, with which it communicates by a plank-road. become a place of great importance.
ALLEN'S ISLE, an island at the head of the Gulf of Car-   ALLIER, Plse-A/, (anc. Elalver,) a river of France, the most
pentaria, in North Australia. Let. 170 5' S., ion. 1390 25' E. importantaffluent of the Loire. It rises in the forest of Mor
AL/LENSMORE, a parish of England, co. of H-lereford.    coeur, and flowing N.N.W., falls into the Loire about 4 miles
ALLEN'S SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Claiborne parish, W. of Nevers. Its entire length is about 260 miles, for a
Louisiana, about 400 miles N.W. of New Orleans.           third of which it is navigable.
ALLEN'S SPRING, a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky.     ALLIE,,   a departmut inthe central partof France, bor.
59




ALL                                                         ALM
dtiering on the Loire, and intersected by the river Allier, from  ALL-SAINTS, a parishofEngland. See ErLuAsl,~,o aUT
which it takes its name. The surface is undulating, and the    ALL-SAINTS BAY, or BAHIA DE TODOS OS SANTOS,
soil generally fertile, producing more grain than is consunmed.  ba-eeof dl toldoce oce sAn/toce, a bay on the coast of Brazil,
Small proprietors here, as well as throughout France, have  province of Bahia, lat. 130 10' S., ion. 380 50' W.  It has
much increased since the first revolution. The vine is but  two entrances, the principal of which, 8 or 9 miles wide, is
little cultivated. Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats  formed on the E. coast by the promontory of St. Antonia,
are reared, and horses of a strong breed. Various mines  on which is situated the town of Bahia; and on the W. by
of iron, coal, and antimony, marble and granite quarries,  the island of Itaparica. The least breadth of the chaamel
and porcelain-clay pits are worked. Two canals, and one  here is little less than 41 miles; the other entrance, called
of the great roads leading from  Paris to Lyons, cross the  Barra Falsa, (false bar,) is less than 2 miles in width. The
department. Ares,2762 square miles. Pop. in 1852 336.758.  bay, taken in its whole extent,,forms a very deep gulf,
ALLIFE.  See ALIMFE.                                        which bears the name of Reconcavo, and is from 90 to 100
ALLIGATOR,a river of North Carolina, is an inlet which  miles in circuit. The largest fleet may ride in it in safety.
extends from  Albemarle Sound  southward  into Tyrrell   ALLSIBOROUGII-I, a post-village of Franklin co., Alabama.
county, and into the Alligator Swamp.                           ALLSTMDT, (Allstidt,) Allfstltt, a town of Germany, in
ALLIGATOR, a post-village, capital of Columbia co., Flo- Saxe-Weimar, 25 miles W.S.W. of Halle. Pop. 2476.
rida, on the road from Tallahassee to Jacksonville, 120 miles    ALILUM  BAY, a harbor of the Isle of Wight, England.
E. of the former. It contains 6 stores, a steam saw mill, a  Lat. of Needles light-house, 50~ 39' 54/' N., lon. 1 33o 55" W.
tannery, and about 300 inhabitants.                             ALLYGHUR.  See ALIGIuR.
ALLIGATOR, a post-office of St. lMary's parish, Louisiana.    ALMA, Al1m[, a little river of Russia, in the Crimea, flows
ALLIGATOR'S RIVERS,'SouvT  and EAST,) two rivers W., and fials into the sea about 20 miles N. of Sevastopol.
of North Australia, both of which flow into Van Diemen's  September 20, 1854, after a severe contest for an hour and a
Gulf, at a distance from each other of about 20 miles.        half, the passage of this river, disputed by the Russians, was
ALLIGATOR  SWAMP, an extensive marshy tract in  forced by the allied English, French, and Turkish troops.
North Carolina, occupying a great part of the peninsula be    ALMACI-IAR, Al-m'l-chas!, a town of Spain, in Granada, 18
tween Peamlico and Albemarle Sounds.                          miles N. by WY. of Malaga.  Pop. 2081.
ALLIGNY, dllleenyeef, a market-town of France, depart-    ALMADA, Al-mdd;, a town of Portugal, province of Estrement of Nilvre, 12 miles N.E. of Chateau Chinon.              madura, on the estuasy of the Tagus, opposite Lisbon.  It
ALLINGE, Al/ling-gheh, a village of Denmark, with a  has a strong castle on a rock, a hospital for British seamen,
small haven, on the N.E. coast of the island of Bornholm.   a Latin school, and several dep ts for wine. Pop. 4538.
ALILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.               ALMA-DAGI-I, All/ml-dlGo, (anc..Ama/nus,) a range of mounALLINGTON, a parish of Ehgliand, co. of Kent.  Alling- tains in Asiatic Turkey, is a branch of the Mount Taurus
ton Castle, on the Medway, is one of the most perfect feudal  system, forming the N. boundary of Syria.  Length, about
remains in Kent.                                              160 miles; width, 30 miles.
AL/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.  See    ALMADEN, dl-m'~Dnn/, or ALMADEN DEL AZOGUE, IlATHELINGTON.                                                 m1a-on/ dil A-thoegA, (i.e. "the mines of quicksilver,") a town
ALLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.               of Spain, in New Castile, capital of the judicial district in the
ALLINGTON,EAST, a  parish of England, co. of Devon.  Sierra Morena, 55 miles S.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 86452 It
ALLINGTON, WEST, or AL/VINGTON, a parish of Eng- has an extensive practical school of mines, established in
land, co. of Devon, adjoining the preceding.                  1835, 2 Latin schools, and 3 hospitals. The quicksilver-mines
ALLINGTON, WVaEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.  of Almaden are considered the most productive in existence;
ALILISON, a township of Clinton  co., Pennsylvania. they are " the most curious for their natural history, and the
Pop. 411.                                                     most ancient in the known world."  About 5000 men are
ALLISON, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky.              employed in and about the mines, and those who work beALLISONIA, al-lis-so/ne-a, a thriving  post-village of  low are employed only six hours a day. The average amount
Franklin co., Tennessee, on Elk River, and on the railroad  of quicksilver annually produced is about 2,000,000 pounds.
between Nashville and Chattanooga, 77 miles S.E. of the    ALMiADEN DE LA PLATA, Il-mi-Den/ dl I1 pl!/tI, (i.e.
former, and 74 miles from  the latter. It is an important  "the mines of silver;" anc. iSs/acoon or SsIoapo,)a town of
station on the railroad, and has a large cotton factory, Spain, in Andalusia, 30 miles N.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 485.
which cost about $100,000, including  machinery.  The  Silver-mines were formerly worked in its vicinity..
water-power is said to be unsurpassed by any in the state.    ALMADIA (l-in-dee/l) ISLETS, a ledge of black rocks
Laid out about 1850.                                          running out firom the extreme point of Cape Verde; lat. 140
ALLISON'S CREEK, of York district, South Carolina, 44' 30" N., ion. 170 35' W.
flows into Catawba River from the right.                         ALMAGELL, Al-mI-gh 11/, PAss OF, Switzerland, in YaALLOA, al/loa, a seaport, market-town, and parish of  lais, between the valleys of Zermatt and Visp, 11,663 feet in
Scotland, co. of Clackmannan, on the Forth, at the head of  elevation, being the highest pass in Europe.
its frith, 25 miles W.N.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of town (1841)    ALMAGRERA, SIERRA  DE, se-erIr dl  1-mI-grotri, a
5434. The town is irregular, but lately improved. Its older  clay-slate mountainu range of Spain, in the E. of Andalusia,
portion is built around the remains of an old castle of the Mar  celebrated for its mines of silver and lead.
family.  In the harbor, ships lie beside a stone quay in 24    ALMIAGRO,,l-mI/gro, a city of Spain, in New Castile, 12
feet water at spring tides. IIere are ship-building yards, a  miles E.S.E. from  Ciudad Real. It is extremely well built,
drydock, tile-works, glass-works, and extensive collieries, has spacious, well-paved streets, a fine square, a town hall,
distilleries, and breweries, the last producing excellent ale, two hospitals, a barrack, formerly the palace of the grandWoollen goods and castings are produced in the town. masters of Calatrava; it has Latin, normal, and primary
Chief imports, flax, linseed, grain, timber, iron, from  Ilol- schools. The inhabitants are engaged in distilling brandy,
land and the Baltic coasts, with which countries it has a  manufacturing soap, gypsum, and earthenware, and in malkconsiderable trade.  Steam  communication  daily  with  ing lace for the markets of iMadrid and Paris; this last trade
Edinburgh and Stirling. Tonnage of vessels belonging to  occupying no less than 8000 females, in this and the neighthe port, about 16,000. It is supposed to be on the site  bonring towns and villages.  Pop. 12,600.
of the Alaninn of Ptolemy.                                       ALMAGUER,:i'ma'gaiil, a town of South America, in
AL'LOMIAKEE, a county forming the N.E. extremity  New Granada, 40 miles S.S.W. of Popayan, on a table-land
of Iowa, bordering on M1innesota, and on the Mississippi  7440 feet in elevation.
River, which separates it from Illinois, has an area of about    ALMAIIADIA, or MAIIADIA.  See AFRIKIAI,
660 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Yellow River,   ALMALEE, or ALMALI, 41-mi-leel, a large town of Asiatic
and intersected by the Upper Iowa. The surface is undu-  Turkey, pashalic of Anatolia, on the small river Mlyra, 25 miles
lating, diversified by prairies and woodlands; the soil is  from its junction with the sea, and 57 miles W.S.W. of Adaproductive. Capital, Columbus. Pop. 777.                      ain. Lat. 360 47/ N.; ion. 290 50' E. It is beautifully situALLONBY or ALANBY, li/Ion-be, a chapelry of England,  ated in a little valley or natural amphitheatre of the Mlasco. of Cumberland, parish of Broomfield, on a bay of Sol- sacytus mountains. The whole appearance of the town is
way Frith 9 miles N.N.W. of Cockermouth.  Allonby is re- exceedingly pleasing and picturesque, being at once finely
sorted to for sea bathing.                                    set off and relieved by numerous tall poplars and lofty miALLOS, Illos/, a town of France, depasrtment of Basses  narets; and further adorned by gardens with which it is
Alpes, 10 miles S. of Barcelonette. Pop. (1852) 1426.         surrounded.  It is well supplied with water, having not
ALILOWAY, a post-village of Lyons township, Wayne  only enough for domestic purposes, but for the propulsion
co., New York, on the Canandaigun Outlet, 3 miles S. of  of numerous mills, and the accommodation of several tanLyons.                                                        yards, dye-works, and factories. Many Frank  merchants
ALLOWAY'S CREEK, of Salem  co., New Jersey, flows  resort to this city to make purchases. Pop. about 20,000.
into the Delaware'River 6 miles S. of Salem.                    ALMANSA, Il-mln/se, a city of Spain, in oMurcia, 37 miles
ALILOWAY  KIRK, RUoNs  OF, the  scene of Burns's  E. of Albacete. It is a flourishing place, and has manufacpoem of Tam O'Shanter, near the cottage in which the poet  tures of linen, cotton, and hempen fabrics, brandy, leather,
was born, 21 miles S. of Ayr. On the banks of the Doon, and soap. Near this is a monument on the spot where the
about one-fourth of a mile from  the ruin, is an elegant  French, under the Duke de Berwick, gained a victory over
monument in honor of Burns.                                   the British and Spanish troops, April 25, 1707.
ALILOWVAYSTOWN, a post-village of Salem co., New Jer-    ALMAANSOR, It-mIRn-son/, Portugal, an affluent of the Tasey, 60 miles S.S.W. of Trenton.                              gus, which it joins after a course of 24 miles.
6O




ALM                                                           ALN
ALITANZA,  l-mdn/thA, a town of Spain, province of Leon, Spalatro, at the mouth of the Cettina in the sea, is renowned
on the Cea, 33 miles E.N.E. of Leon.                          for the wines produced in its vicinity.
ALMANZORA, al-man-tholrea, a river of Spain, Andalusia,    ALMKERK, Aglm'klrtk, a village of the Netherlands, in
falls into the Mediterranean after a course of about 50  North Brabant, on the Aim. Pop. 1589.
miles.                                                           ALMODOVAR, Al-mo-do/var, a town of Portugal, province
AL'MARAZI, or al-ma-rth', a town of Spain, Estremadura, of Alemtejo, 73 miles S.S.W. of Evora. Pop. 2600.
48 miles N.E. of Caceres. The Tagus is crossed by the cele-    ALMODOVAR  DEL CAMPO, Atl-mo-dolvar' dil kdampo, a
brated bridge of Almaraz, built in 1552. On the 18th of May, town of Spain, in New Castile, 16 miles S.W. of Ciudad Real.
1812, Lord Ilill gained a victory over the French, from which  It has a mint, cathedral, and oil-mills. Pop. 5620.
he took the title of Almaras. Pop. 500.                         ALMODOVAR  DEL PINAR, Al-mo-do/var dl pe-nat/l, a
ALMAS, 61Om6shl, alarge market-town of HIungary, co. of  town of Spain, province of Cuenca. Pop. 934.
Bics, about 22miles E. of the Danube. Lat. 460 7' N.; ion.   ALMODOVAR DEL RI0, al-mo-do/var d~l reelo, a town of
190 23' E. Pop., chiefly Roman Catholics, 8500.  Almas,  Spain, province of Cordova.  Pop. 1292.
either singly or with various prefixes, is the name of not    ALMOGIA, Al-mo-uee/, a town of Spain, 10 miles N.W. of
fewer than 39 places in Hungary, and of numerous places in  Malaga. Pop. 4068.
Transylvania.                                                   ALMOGUERA, al-mo-gA/rc, or UCERO, oo-th/ro, a river
ALMAS, alfmas, a village of Brazil, province of Goyaz, 60  of Spain, in Old Castile, falls into the Douro.
miles E. of City of Natividade.                                 ALMOIIARIN, al-mo-a-reen/, a town of Spain, in Estrema.
ALMAS, RIo Dos, a river of Brazil, falls into the Maranhao  dura. 32 miles S.S.E. of Caceres.  Pop. 2191.
after a course of about 90 miles.                               ALMONAOID DE ZORITA, l-mo-n-theeD! da tho-ree/ta,
ALMAZAN, a~l-m-than/, a walled town of Spain, in Old  a town of Spain, 19 miles S.E. of Guadalajara.  Near this the
Castile, on the Doumo, here crossed by a fine bridge, 15 miles  French gained a victory over the Spaniards, 11th of August,
S. of Sofia. Pop. 2400.                                       1809.
ALMIAZARRON, al-ma-thaR-Run/, or MAZARRON, mA-    ALMONASTER LA REAL, Al-mo-nas-tait/ ia r.A-Al, a town
thia-rOn/, a town and port of Spain, 20 miles W. of Carta- of Spain, 43 miles N.W. of Seville. Pop. 2007.
gena. It is well built with wide, though crooked and steep    ALMIOND, almond, a small river of Scotland, co. of Edinstreets, and comprises two parish churches, a convent, school, burgh, filling into tlhe Frith of Forth at Cramond.  The Edtown and session house, prison, &c. The trade of Almazar-  inburgh and Glasgow Railway crossees it near Kirkliston.
ron is small, being chiefly coasting. Pop. 6814.                 ALMOND, a small river of Scotland, co. of Perth, flowing
ALMAZORA, al-mi-tho/ra, a town of Spain, in Valencia, E. to join the Tay, near Perth.
3 miles S. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 3636,                  ALMOND, al/mond, a post-township of Alleghany co.,
ALMEIBY, Am/bee, or ALMIERLEY, Am!er-le, a parish of  New York, on the iCanisteo River. Pop. 1914.
England, co. of Hereford.                                        ALMOND, a prettily situated village in the above townALMEIDA, al-mfe-da, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- ship, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 123 miles E. of
vince  of Beira, on the Coa, 95 miles N.E. of Coimbra.  Pop. Dunkirk.  Pop. about 1200.
6200. Almeidan.is one of the most important strongholds in.   AL3iMOND, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
the kingodom.  It was taken by the Spaniards in 1762, again    ALMOND, a post-village of Portage co., Wisconsin, about
by the French in 1810. On the 5th of August, 1811, the  90 miles N. of Madison.
allies tunder Wellington here defeated the French under    ALMONDBURY, amonfd-be r-e, a large village, township,
Massena.                                                       and parish in England, co. of York, West Riding. The vilALMIEIDA, al-mAte-dA,  a town of Brazil, province of Espi- lage lies on the river Calder, 35 miles S.W. of York. The inrito-Santo, agreeably situated on a height fronting the, sea, habitants of both the village and parish are chiefly employed
at the mouth of the Reis-Magos, about 20 miles N. of Yic- in cotton, woollen, and silk mills. Pop. in 1841, 37,315; of
toria, possesses a church, an extensive market-place, and a  township, 8828.
large edifice erected by the Jesuits, (who founded the town    ALMOND GROVE, a post-office of Red River co., Texas.
in 1580,) which is now used as the town-hall, the jail, and    ALMONDSBUIRY, Alnmnz-ber-e, a parish of Enggland,  co.
the curate's dwelling-house. Pop. 4000.                       of Gloucester.
ALMEIRIIM or ALMEYRtIM,  Al-mnA-reeng/, a town of Por-   AL'MONT, a township of Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 1452.
tugal, province of Estremadura, 5 miles S.E. of Santarenm.      ALMONT, a post-village in the above township, on an
ALMIELEY, aim/lee, or ALMERLEY, atm/er-le, a parish of  affltuent of Clinton Rivers 50 Miles N. of Detroit.
England. co. of Hereford.                                       ALMONTE, alln/on/tA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, in a
ALMELO, Al-mA-l1/, a town of the Netherlands, on the Al- fertile district, 21 mailes E. of Hluelva.  Pop. 3779.
melo Aa, 25 miles E.S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 3238. It has a    ALMONTE, a river of Spain, in Estremadura, falls into
Latin school, and manufactories of cotton and calico.         the Tagus; entire length about 75 miles.
ALMENDRALEJO, al-mlin- h.-lVi/no, a town of Spain, in    ALMORA, Al-nuosri, a town and fortress of Northern HinEstremadura, 28 miles S.E. of Badajos.  It comprises one  dostan, presidency of Bengal, on a ridge 5337 feet above the
grand square, with numerous, generally well-constructed, sea, 85 miles N. of Bareily.
paved, and clean streets, ornamented with arcades and wa-    ALMORADI, al-meo-ra-dee,  a town of Spain, in Valencia,
tercourses. The inhabitants are employed in agriculture,  on the Segura, 28 miles S.S.W  of Alicante. Pop. 3095.
weaving, expressing oil, and distilling brandy on an exten-    ALMSORITIA,al- mc-reef she-a,orBALLYMOrtAN, bal-le-molsivre scale. Pop. 5810.                                       ran, a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath.
ALMENNO SAN SALVATORE, Al-mlnno san sAl-vA-tolra,    ALMSFORD, amz/ford, or ANSFORD, a parish of England,
a town of Venetian Lombardy, capital of district of same  co. of Somerset.
name, 7 miles N.W. of Bergarno, on the river Brembo.            ALMUDEYVAR, Al-moo-dA-va5I, a town of Spain, Aragon,
ALMER, AImer, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           12 miles S.W. of Huesca.
ALMERIA, limA-nree/A, (ane. MIur/gis,) a city and port of    ALMUNECAR, Al-moon-yA-kau/, (anc. Sexli,) a seaport town
Spain, in Andalusia, on the Mediterranean, capital of a pro- of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Mediterranean, 33 miles S.
vince of its own name, 104 miles E. of Malaga.  It stands S. of Granada.  Pop. 5000. Chief trade in cotton, sugar, and
of the Sierra de Enix, in an extensive and fertile plain. It  export of fruit.
is in great part enclosed by Moorish bastioned walls, about    ALMUNIA  DE DONA GODINA, Al-moolne-  dA d6n/yA
2 miles in circuit, and is defended seaward by the two forts  go-dee/nA, a town of Spain, on the right bank of the Gri, 25
of Trinidad and Tire. The streets are narrow, tortuous, and  miles S.W. of Saragossa.  Pop. 3563.
ill built, but tolerably well paved and clean, lined princi-    ALMWYCI1, a town of Wales.  See AAILwcH.
pally with houses erected round small internal squares,    AL/NA, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine,' 20 miles
forming court yards. Almeria has a cathedral, a theologi-  S.S.E1. of Augusta, on the Sheepscot River.  Ship-building is
ca!, a classical, and a femnale college. In the bay there is  carried on here. Pop. 916.
good and safe anchorage, in 12 and 14 fathoms. About 130    ALNE, Aln? the name of three small rivers of England, in
Spanish, and about 355 foreign vessels enter and leave the  the counties of Cumberland, Northumberland, and Warwick.
port annually, besides which it has between 700 and 800    ALNE, a parish of England, in the co. of York, North
coasters. The average value of exports amounts to $248,298. Riding.
Its imports comprise coal, fire-bricks, and woollen, cotton,   ALNEIOUTHI, a town of England. See ALEzouro.
and silk fabrics. Pop. 17,800.                                  ALNESS, Al-ness/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross.
ALMERIA, GuLF OF, Spain, in Granada, about 25 miles    ALNEY, Al/nee, an island in the river Severn, England,
in width at the entrance, and in depth inland about 10 miles. co. and half a mile from Gloucester.
ALMERODE, lP-mer-oldeh, a town of Germany, 13 miles    ALNHAM, Al/nam, a parish and township of England,
E.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 2107.                                  co. of Northumberland.
AL)EYDA, Portugal. See ALTImDA.                              ALNO, Alno, an island in the Gulf of Bothnia, about 9
ALMEYDA (al-m4/d) BAY, on the E. coast of Africa, Mo- miles long, by 4 miles broad. Lat. 620 25' N.; ion. 170 20' E
tambique, is in lat. about.130 30' S.; lon. 400 30' E. It has    ALNWICK  or ALNEWICKI, an/nik, a" market-town and
safe and Aheltered anchorage.                                 parish of England, co. of Northumberland, on the river Alne,
ALMIRANTE, almre-rant/, a post-village of Walton co., from  which it derives its name, 32 miles N. of Newcastle,
Plorida, near the Yellow  WVater River, about 140 miles  connected by a short branch with the Berwick and NewcasW.N.W. of Tallahassee..                                     tie Railway. The streets are in general spacious, well paved,
ALMIdRANTE ISLANDS.  See AInANeE ISLANDS.                 and lighted with gas, and the town throughout abundantly
ALMISSA, al-mis/sa, a town of Dalmatia, 15 miles S.E. of  supplied with water. The houses are mostly of fireestone,
61




ALN                                                       ALP
many of them handsome, and nearly all of modern erection.  way, by which timber from Mont Pilate was formerly con
Pop. in 1852, 7327.                                       veyed down to the lake.
ALNWICK CASTLE, the seat of the Duke of Northum-    ALPS, Ips, a range of mountains the most remarkable 
berland, adjoining the above town on the N., is supposed to  in Europe, whether in regard to extent or elevation; they
have been founded by the Romans. It covers five acres, is form a crescent-shaped chain, culminating in Mont Blanc,
one of the noblest mansions in England, and has belonged  and covering the greater part of Switzerland, and part of
to the Percy family since the reign of Edward II. In 1830, France, Northern Italy, Bavaria, Austria, and Turkey,
it was repaired at an expense of 200,0001.                forming the central portion of the great mountain system
ALONIA, A-lotnee', or LIMAN PASIIA, le-m n! pish x, of Southern Europe, which, in a manner more or less con(ane. Halofne,) a small island of Asiatic Turkey, in the Sea  nected, extends from Cape Finistgrre, on the Atlantic, to
of Marmora.                                               the Black Sea. Descriptively, the Alps may be said to oriALOOSSITA or ALUSCHTA, A-loosh/tA, sometimes written  ginate on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, between
ALOUCIITA, a town of European Russia, on the S. coast of Lyons and Nice; when, separating the basin of the Rhone
the Crimea, beautifnlly situated, 22 miles S.E. of Simferopol. from  the affluents of the Po, the chain stretches across
It appears to have been a place of considerable importance. Switzerland and the Tyrol to the sources of the Drave and
The first mention made of it is in the sixth century, when  the Salzach, where it bifurcates. The N. branch covers the
its castle, which bore the name of Alouston, was repaired  country round Salzburg, Styria, and Austria, and proceeds
by the'Emperor Justinian. The ruins of the castle still N.E. to Brody, in Galicia; while the S. branch, after having
crown the rock on which the town is built.                separated Carinthia from the Venetian territory, subdivides
ALOOTA, ALOUTA, or ALUTA, A-looftl, called also ALT, on the frontiers of Illyria into two branches, including the
Alt, a rapid river of Transylvania, rises in the W. Carpathian  basin of the Save, and appears to terminate at the head of
Mountains, crosses Wallachia, and falls into the Danube at the Gulf of Quarnero, at the banks of the Kulpa.  From
Nicopolis, after acourse of about 270 miles.               this river, however, a chain stretches S.E. through Dalmatia
ALORA, il-lolri, a city of Spainin Andalusia, 24 miles N.W. and Bosnia, lowering down at the river Narenta, (an affluent
of Malaga. Agriculture, pressing of oil, and the manufac- of the Adriatic,) which is now conventionally assumed as
ture of soap are the chief employments of the people. Pop. the S.E. boundary of the Alps.'From  the slopes of the
6794.                                                      Alps flow, directly or by affluents, the great rivers of CenALORE, A-1lrf, a large village of British India, presidency  tral Europe, the Danube, Rhine, Rhone. and Po. From the
of Madras, 17 miles N.W. of Nellore.                       Jura Mountains, the Alps are separated by the narrow gorge
ALOIRIE,  -ofree, a large town of Western Africa, in  through which the Rhone.passes below Geneva, fisom the
Guinea, territory of Varriba, E. of the Kong Mountains, 40  Apennines by the valley of Savona, E. of the Col-de-Tende.
miles S.S.W. of Katunga, and 180 miles N.E. of Lagos; lat.   The Alps comprise the following divisions: —the Western
80 151 N., ion. 50 46' E.                                  Alps, (consisting of 14 branches,) which have a general
ALOSNO, P-lostno, a town of Spain, 19 miles N.W. of Hu- direction from S. to N., and extend, under the names of the
elva. Pop. 2884.                                          Maritime Alps, from the sea to Monte Vise, near the sources
ALOST, A1lost, or AALST, 1lst, a town of Bel'iumn, pro- of the Ps; the Cottian Alps, (consisting of 9 branches,)
vince of East Flanders, near the confines of South Brabant, which prolong the chain to Mont Cenis, and include Mont
15 miles W.N.W. of Brussels, and 3 miles S. of the Audegem  Genlvre; and the Grecian Alps, (L. Allpes Grai(ce,) which instation of the Ostend and Brussels Railway. It is sur- elude Little St. Bernard, and terminate at Mont Blanc. The
rounded with walls, which have five gates, and is traversed  Eastern Alps, or these chains which extend from W. to E.,
by the Dender, which has been converted into a canal, from  having much greater breadth, are separated into a northern
Alost to its junction with the Scheldt at Termonde  or Den- and southern series; the former comprise the Bernese Alps,
dermonde, 8 miles below. The handsomest building in the on the N. of the valley of the Rhone, the Alps of St. Gall, on
town is the church of St. Martin, one of the largest and finest the N.W. of the valley of the Rhine, the Noric Alps, which
in Belgium. The chief public institutions besides the college, may be considered as extending from Lake Constance to
a handsome structure, are the hospital, the academy of de- the Kahlenberg, near Vienna, and the Styrian Alps, a
sign, the chamber of commerce, and the horticultural so- small chain between the Noric and Camrnic Alps.  The
ciety. Both the trade and manufactures of Alost are of  southern series is composed of the Pennine Alps, between
considerable importance. The former is in corn, oil, and  Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa; the Lepontine Alps, thence
particularly hops, which are extensively grown in the neigh- to Mont Bernardin, near the sources of the Upper Rhine;
bourhood. The latter are chiefly lace, leather, tobacco, and  the Rhetian Alps, which terminate at IMonte Croce, near
the various products of numerous breweries, distilleries, salt the sources of the Piave; and the Carnic Alps, extending
refineries, flax, and cotton mills, dye-works, copper and iron  to the lowest part of the river Mur, which separates them
foundries. Alost, of which the earliest mention in charters from the mountains of Bakony.  Mont Blanc, which atis A. D. 870, was anciently the capital of what was called Im- tains an elevation of 15,810 feet, is the culminating point
perial Flanders. Pop. 15,000.                              of the Alps and of all Europe; the other principal summits
ALOUCIHITA. See ALOOSI1TA.                              are Monte Rosa, 15,208 feet, Finsteraarhorn, in the BerALOUTA. See ALOOTA.                                      nese Alps, 14,026 feet, Monte Viso, 12,585 feet, the Ortler
ALOZAYNA, A-lo-thItnI, a town of Spain, in Granada, N.E. Spitz, in the Rhetian Alps, 12,821 feet, the Gross Glockner,
of Coin. Pop. 2432.                                        in the Noric Alps, 13,100 feet, the Terglou, in the Carnic Alps,
ALPEN, 1lpgn, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 9 miles N.E. 9380 feet, and the Eisenhut, in the Styrian Alps.
of Geldern. Pop. 779.                                        The passes of the Alps, called in French cos, that is, deALPEtNA, originally called ANAMICKEE, a new county  pressions, are the roads by which communication is effected
in the N.E. part of Michigan, bordering on Lake Huron and  between districts on opposite sides of the mountains.' They
Thunder Bay. The area is estimated at 700 square miles. may be divided into three classes: 1. Those practicable for
It is drained by Thunder Bay Rivesr. The census of 1850  wheeled carriages; 2. Those practicable for horses or mules;
furnishes no returns for this county.                     3. Those suited only for foot passengers. Of the first class,
ALPERA, Al-psiri, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 30 miles  by far the most frequented, is the Mont Cenis, 6775 feet
N.E. of Albacete. Pop. 2432.                              high, forming the principal route from France to Italy; the
ALPES-BASSES, ALPES-IAUTES.  See BASSES-ALPES, Simplon, 6592 feet high, from Valais into Piedmont; and
I-IAUTMs-ALPFs.                                           the Spliigen, 6939 feet high, and Bernardino, leading from
ALPHA, Il/f., a post-office of Clinton co., Kentucky.   the Grisons into Lombardy. According to their altitude,
ALPHA, a post-office of Greene co., Ohio.               the Alps are sometimes divided into Low, Middle, and
ALPHIAMSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        High. In the first of these divisions are included all from
ALPHEN, Alffen, a town of the Netherlands, in South  2000 to 5500 feet high; in the second, those fronm 5500 feet
Ilolland, on the old Rhine, 7 miles E. of Leyden. Pop. 2794, to 8000 feet, where the snow line commences; and, in the
with manufactures of linen and tobacco pipes.             third, those from 8000 feet to 15,000 feet, whose summits
ALPIIEN-EN-RIEL, Al/fen-6n-reel, a village of the Nether- are covered with perpetual snow.  The other principal
lands, in North Brabant, 11 miles S.E. of Breda. Pop. 1725. passes are the Col de Tende, in the Maritime Alps, 5890
ALPtIETON, al'fe-ton or dllfe-ton, a parish of England, co. feet; the pass of Mont Genlvre, in the Cottian Alps, 6560
of Suffolk.                                               feet; the pass of the Great St. Bernard, 8150 feet; the pass
ALPIIEUS, a river of Greece. See RoU1sIA.               of Mount St. Gothard, in the Lepontine Alps, 6976 feet; the
AL/PIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         Loiblberg, in the Carnic Alps, and the Semmering, in the
ALPHIONSE (al'fonz/) ISLANDS, two small islands sur'- Noric Alps. The Stelvio, in the Empire of Austria, 9100
rounded by extensive reefs, situated in the Indian Ocean. feet, is the highest carriage  pass in the Alps, and that of
The N. point is in bat. 60 59' 30"t S.; ion. 52~ 41' E. -  St. Gothard is the only one which is carried over the crest
ALPIGNANO, Al-peen-yl/no, a town of Piedmont, pro- of the mountains; the others generally cross by the beds
vince of Turin. Pop. 1600.                                of torrents.
ALfPINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          The higher Alps are covered pith perpetual snow, and
ALPIRSBACII, Vl/plns-b~IK, a town of Wiirtemberg, on  present, with their magnificent glaciers, the innumerable
the Kinzig. Pop. 1680.                                    cascades which are precipitated from their summits, and tho
ALPNACII, ilp/nKI, or ALPNACHT, ilp/nbKt, a village  forests and meadows which cover their flanks, the most im.
of Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, on the S.W. arm of posing and picturesque scenery in Europe. It is calculated
the Lake of Four Cantons, 8 miles S.S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. that in the range of the Alps there are fields of ice covering
1100.  The Slide of Alpsasch /was a remarkable wooden rail- an area of 1500 square miles, of 100 feet in thickness. Gla.
62




ALP                                                      ALT
ciers are to be met with in various Alpine regions, but those    ALREWAS or ALDERWAS, Allder-was, a parish of En
of the Alps have been more minutely investigated than any  land, co. of Stafford.
others. They consist of masses of snow-ice formed in val-   ALROE, (Alrie,) llfrO'eh, an island of Denmark, at the
leys above the line of perpetual congelation, whose prolonga- mouth of HIorsens-flord. Lat. 5510 50' N.; ion. 10~ 5I E. It
tions extend to those lower down, reaching frequently to  contains a village called Alroe-By, which, with the district
the borders of cultivation. They present the appearance of around, forms the Danish parish of the same name.
a frozen torrent, frequently several miles in length, tra-   ALSACE,  lesessf, (L.  tlsaetia, al-slshe-a; Ger. Elscass, 1!
versed by deep rents called crevasses, and are composed of sess,) one of the old German provinces, having the Rhine
snow melted by solar heat, and frozen into granular ice, on the E., and the Vosges Mountains on the W. It was
constituting a compound of ice and water more or less yield- ceded to France in 1648, and now forms the departments of
ing, according to the state of wetness or infiltration. Gla, Hi-Laut and Bas Rhin, (Upper and Lower Rhine.)
ciers are constantly subject to the laws of fluids, and,   ALSACE, lltsass, a township of Berks co.; Pennsylvania.
therefore, by no means stationary, except probably during  Pop. 2697.
winter, but continually moving, their rate of progression    AL-SALIK, Al-slleekl, or AL-SALITH, a town of Arabia,
during summer being from 18 to 24 inches in 24 hours. On  about 2 miles from its S. coast, and 10 miles N.E. of Cape
their surface they bear large quantities of stones, some of Res Seilan. It has 200 houses.
them of enormous size, brought down from the mountain    ALSDORF, ilsfdoaf, avillage of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles
recesses where the glaciers originate.  These heaps are  N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1095.
alternately deposited at the foot of the glaciers, and form ter-   ALSEN, Allsen, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic,
minal moraines, presenting the geologist with excellent ma- duchy of Sleswick, and separated from the mainland by a
terials for studying the structure of the mountains whence  narrow channel, between lat. 540 511 and 559 5' N., and ion.
they have been derived. In thickness, glaciers range from  90 37' and 10~ 7' E. Pop. 22,500.
a few feet to several hundreds. In the winter of 1818-19,   ALSENO, Al-sttno, a town of Italy, duchy of Parma, 18
some Swiss glaciers increased so greatly, and came so far miles E.S.E. of Piacenza.
down into the lower valleys, as to sweep away whole villages.    ALSFELD, Alslfflt, a town of Hesse Darmstadt, on the
In the valleys above the glaciers, deep lakes are sometimes  Schwalm, 26 miles E.N.E. of Giessen. Pop. 3700.
formed which, at times bursting their barriers, rush down    ALSi, LOCH, loK tlsh, is on the W. coast of Scotland,
the gorges and lower valleys with destructive fury. Small co. of Ross, opposite the S. end of the Isle of Skye.
lakes frequently occur in the Alps of great altitudes and of    ALSLEBEN, Alsflliben, a town of Prussian Saxony, in
considerable depth. They are to be met with near the  MIerseburg, on the Saale, 29 miles S. ofMagdebnrg. P.1945.
summit of many of the coZs or passes, at the top of the    ALSLEBEN, ALTDORF, an adjoining village, with a
water sheds, and form the natural sources of streams, which  castle and fief of the duchy of Anhalt Dessau. Pop. 1424.
sometimes havetheir courses in opposite directions.         ALSO-KUBIN, bl'sho'koo'beenl, a town of Hungary, in
Among the most remarkable of the phenomena connected  Arva, on the river Arva, 32 miles N.N.E. of Neusohl.
with the Alps, are the whirhvinds, called tourmentes (toona-   ALSTAI-IOUG, llstta-hoog', a maritime village of Norway,
mNt!) by the French and Gixez (gxrlen) by the Germans. province of Nordland, the most northern bishopric in EuThey arise with great violence, often accompanied by thun- rope, on the S. shore of the island of Alsten. Lat. 640 55i N.
der and lightning, tossing thie snow in eddying clouds,   ALSTEAD, Illsted, a posttownship of Cheshire co., New
which blind or, perhaps, overwhelm the traveller; and fre- IHIampshire, 50 miles W. by S. of Concord. It has several
quently setting in motion the still more formidable AVA- foundries and paper mills. Pop. 1425.
LANCHRE. The last (called in French Lavanciche, lIv8Nshl, or   ALSTEN, 1l/sten, an island of Norway, province of NordLavange, ll'v8Nzh!; German, Lawise, ll&-eelneh, or Leeuzoise, land. Lat. 660 N.; ion. 130 E. The island is mountainous;
lw-fleetngh) maybe described as enormous masses of snow, one of the Seven Sisters attains an elevation of 4379 feet.
which, detached by various causes from their original posi-   ALSTER, llster, a river of Denmark, in Holstein, flows
tion, roll with tremendous noise and fbrce over rock and  into the Elbe.
precipice, down to the plains below, overwhelming man and    ALSTON, a town of England. See ALDSTONE.
beast, forest and dwelling, in one common destruction. A    ALSTON, a post-office of Fairfield district, South Carolina.
touch of the foot, or the slightest motion of the air, even    ALSTONFIELD, Allston-feeld, a parish of England, co. of
that produced by the sound of a small bell or other instru- Stafford.
ment, is often sufficient to set the avalanche in motion.   ALSTON-MOOR, a parish of England. See ALDSTONE.
The most destructive are those which are composed of   ALT, Alt, or ALTEN, Allten, a German word, signifying
hardened snow, and which, rolling or sliding down from the  "old," forming the prefix of numerous names in Central
mountains, carry all before them. From the frequent oc- Europe, as ALT-OsFN, "1Old Ofen or Buda."  Such compounds
currence of avalanches, some parts of the Alps are entirely  are usually given under the name to which they are prefixed.
uninhabited; and, in others, large patches of the tallest and    ALTAFULLA, ll-tl-fooltyl, a town of Spain, 6 miles E. of
strongest trees are left standing, in order to arrest their pro- Tarragona, near the mouth of the Gaya. Pop. 1119.
gress; houses are built under the shelter of rocks, and all   ALTA GRACIA, lltl gr/se-A, a town of South America,
other available means adopted to avoid the effects of these de- in New Granada, on the Orinoco, 40 miles S. of Bogota.
structive visitants.                                        ALTA GRACIA, a town of La Plata, in the province of CorThehigher ridges oftheAlps consist of granite, gneiss, and  dova, 25 miles S.W. of Cordova. Pop. 4000.
other primitive rocks, flanked by a wide extent of limestone,   ALTA GRACIA, a town of South America, in Venezuela,
sandstone, and slate. The summits ascend considerably  at the mouth of the Maracaybo Strait.
above the line of perpetual snow, (in this latitude about   ALTAI, Il-ti, more correctly ALTA YEEN OOLA, (i. e.
8900 feet above the sea:) glaciers descend as low as 3400 feet "golden mountain,") the name of a group of mountains
above the sea. Wheat is raised at an elevation of 3600 feet; projecting into the plains of Siberia from the N.W. angle
oats, at 4900 feet; barley, at 5100 feet: the oak is found to  of the elevated table-land of Central Asia, and lying between
the height of 4500 feet; pines and larches as high as 6500 the sources of the Irtish on the W. and the Yenisei on the
feet above the sea; and the Alpine rose reaches the limit E. The literal appropriateness of the name borne by a
of perpetual snow. The mineral products are chiefly iron, group of mountains so distinguished at the present day for
copper, and lead; but quicksilver, rock-salt, and some gold  its mineral riches is probably but accidental. The country
and silver are met with. In the French Alps, near Gre- in question was formerly the seat of the Mongolian tribe,
noble, small veins containing  native gold have been  called the Golden Horde, (ortae atent,) and it is consonant
worked; after being neglected for half a century, the  with their usages to suppose that they dignified with the
works were resumed in 1837.-Adj. Alpine, llp1n.           title of golden the residence of their chief, or the locality in
ALPS, a post-village in Nassau township, Rensselaer co., which he fixed his camp; and that the name, ALTA YEEc OOLA,
New York, 24 miles E. by S. of Albany.                    or Golden MIountain, (alta signifying "golden," in MongoALPS, LOWER, or ALPES, BASSES. See BAssreS-ALPES. lian,) which denoted at first only the court, or royal resiALPS, SWABIAN. See AL-B.                                dence, came at length to be applied to the whole territory of
ALPS, UPPER, or ALPES, HAUTES. See HAuTrs-ALPrs.  the tribe. At the present day the name Altai is given excluALPUENTE, Il-poo-pnltu  or il-pwln'tl, a town of Spain, sively, both by natives and Russian settlers, to the country
48 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2356. It was a Roman sta- actually occupied by the Kalmuks, and is thus confined in
tion, and has many ancient remains. The name signifies its application within comparatively narrow bounds. Eu"at or near the bridge," referring perhaps to the bridge in  ropean geographers, on the other hand, have hitherto used
the vicinity over an affluent of the Guadalaviar river.   it as a general denomination for a supposed chain of mounALPUJARRAS, Al-poo-nlaH as,   a mountainous region of tains extending continuously from the upper waters of the
Spain, in Granada, extending from the Mediterranean to  Irtish W. to Lake Baikal. The Altai Mountains, taken acthe Sierra Nevada, divided in 1834 between the provinces cording to the widest acceptation of the name at the preof Granada and Almeria.                                   sent day, extend through 610 of latitude, viz. from the
ALQUIINA, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, 62 miles  vicinity of Tomsk, at the N. foot of the Alatoo, or from. lat.
ES.E. of Indianapolis.                                    560 N. to the neighborhood of Bookhtarminsk, at the conflnALIRESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          ence of the Bookhtarma and Irtish, in lat. 490 30' N.; and
ALRESFORD, Naw, a market-town of England, co. of through 70 of longitude, from the mountains of Kolyvan,
IIants, 7 miles N.E. ofWinchester. Pop. 1578.             in the W., (lon. 820 E.,) to the Sayan chain in the E. The
ALRESFORD, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Haunts, several ranges embraced within these limits are, pi-ceeding
sdjoining the above.                                     from N. to S. and from W. to E. as follows:-The Alatoo
63




ALT                                                          ALT
winding very irregularly from N.W. to S.E., a-d sending   Mountain, 80 miles S.E. of Niashville, was laid out ir 1848,
dows  copious streams both to the Obi and Yenisei; the  in the midst of the woods.
chain of Salair, (sa-lt-eerf,) separated from  the Alaetoo by    ALTAMURA, 1!-t14-moofr., a town of Naples. in Terra di
the valleys of the Tom and Inya.                             Blari, at the foot' of the Apennines, 28 miles S.W. of Bari.
To the S. and W. of these mountains lies the wide valley  It is handsome, has a fine cathedral, a hospital, and a
of the Obi, to the southward of which we find the following  university, founded by Charles of Anjou.  It is defendied
Alpine ranges, viz. the Bashalatsk, Chechuliha, Tegeretsk,  by a good castle, and is built on the ruins of the ancient
and Kolyvan Mountains, all striking nearly N.W. and S.E.;  Letpatia. Altamura is the residence of the royal governor.
then the Alps of KIorgone, Koksoo, Oobinsk, Toorgoosoon, Pop, 16,000.
(Turgusune,) and Oolbinsk; and, bordering on the left bank    ALITA SPRINGS, a post-village of Limestone co., Texas.
of the Katoonya, the Alps of Oorsool (Ursfil) and Teretinsk;    ALTAVILLA,  l'ta-vilfla, a town of Naples, province of
on the right bank, the chains of Kholsoon, (Kholsune,)  Principato  ltra, 6 miles N. of Avellino.  Pop. 2t00.
Katoonya, and Arghyte; S. of these, the Shebenooha (Sche-    ALTAVILLA, a town of Naples, province of Principato
benudha) chain presents to the N. a concave outline, pro- Citra, 9 miles S. of Campagna. Pop. 2400.
longed towards the N.E.; and this direction of the moun-    ALTAY, al-tI/, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
fain chain becomes more frequent on the E. of the Ka-    ALTAY  MOUNTAINS.  See ALTAI.
teonya.  The Saljar, Kurai, and Toboshok Alps still stretch    ALTDAMM, dltl/dmm, a fortified city of Prussia, province
firom  N.W. to S.E., but the Karagai and Moongoontaiga  of Pomerania, 4 miles E.S.E. of Stettin, where the river
chains, and part of the Sayan, extend in a S.W. to N.E.  P15ne flows into Dammsche-see.  Pop. 2419.                  c
direction. The mountainous region thus described ocen-    ALTCAR,,lt/kar, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
pies an area of about 40,000 geographical square miles,    ALTDORF, Switzerland.  See ALTORF.
which is nearly equal to that of England: it is all comprised    ALTDORF, lt/doeRf, or ALTORF, Alftotf, a town of Bavain the government of Tomsk, with the exception of the val-  ria, on the river Schwarzach, in a beautiful and fertile
ley of the Abakean, towards the N.E., which belongs to the  country, 13 miles E.S.E of Nuremberg.  Pop. 2700.
government of Yeniseisk. The S.W. slopes of the 0obinsk, Ool-   ALTDORF, a town of Wriirtemberg, 2 miles N.N.E. of
binsk, and Toorgoosoon ranges pour some streams into the  Ravensburg.  Pop. 2407, (Roman Catholics.)
Irtish, while the N.E. face of the Alatoo range contributes    ALTDORF, a village in the Grand Puchy of Baden, in
to swell the Yenesei; but with these few exceptions, the  a fertile district, on the high road from Ofienburg to Freiwaters of this extensive region, the rivers of which are large  burg. Altdorf is also the name of numerous other localities,
as well as numerous, all flow into the main branch of the  all unimportant.
Obi. The Altai group has been described by a geological    ALT.E, h!ftA, or ALTA, Al/ti, a village of Portugal, prowriter of great authority as a vast promontory, connected  vince of Algarve, N. of Loule, in a basin-like valley, on the
on the S. with the mainland of primitive rocks, and sur-  border of a mountain ridge.
rounded on the other three sides by an ocean of diluvial    ALTEA, Al-tIA,  a seaport town of Spain, on a bay of the
deposits. This opinion requires some modification, perhaps,  same name, 27 miles N.E. of Alicante, on the Alger, and on
as far as regards the E. district of the Altai, of which only  the Mediterrsanean. Pop. 5502.
the N. portion presents to view diluvial formations. The    ALTEN, Allten, a river of Norway, province of Finmark,
physiognomy of the Altai Mountains, in their W. and S. rising in two sources, falls into the Altenfiord after a course
divisions, is generally grand and interesting.  The rivers, of about 50 miles.
which arevery numerous, flow rapidly with full streams; and    ALTENA, il/ftenu, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, IS 
the various forms of the stratified  and nmetamorphosed  miles S.W. of Arnsberg, on the Lenne. Pop. 4100. It has
rocks, of the limestones, porphyry, and granite, with the  manufaictnres       of iron and steel.
Dielki (white or snowy mountains) in the distance, lend to    ALTENA,  Denmark.  See AL'TOxA.
the scene  the charm of perpetual novelty.  The banks of    ALTENAU, ll/ten-iw', a mining-town of tHanover, in the
the Katoonya, in the heart of the mountains, presents a  lIarz Mountains, Ei. of Kilausthal.  Pop. 1620.
landscape of the most impressive character, an immense    ALTENAU   is also the name of several other villawes, one
wall of rock extending from  V. to E. supports fields of per-  in Prussia, and one in Bavaria.
petual snow and glaciers, from the midst of which rise nu-    ALTENBERG, Vi/ten-bgP,-, (old hill,) thes name of numerous rocky points, pyramids, and truncated cones; while  merous towns, villages, and districts throughout Gersmany,
in the distance are seen the two towering peaks named the  of which the only one worthy of being named is in Saxony,
Pillars of the Katoonya.  These peaks, which are supposed  20 miles S. of Dresden, capital of thle bailiwick of the same
to be the highest summits oftheAltai Mountains, stand on  name. It is the seat of local cou-rts of justice. Pop. 2036.
a wide and elevated table-land lying  betwveen the sources    ALTENBRUCH, Al/ten-brOOKx, a town of HIanover, 4 miles
of the Katoonya, the Bielaya, (falling into the Tchuya or  S.E. of Cuxhaven.  Pop. 2500.
Chuya,) and  the Berell, which  joins the Boolhtarma.    ALTENBU  G, Allten-b6uoR, or SAXE-ALTENBURG, sax
Glaciers, spreading from  the bases of the Bielookha (Bie-.l/ten-bOrGo, (Ger. iSac/isen-Altenburtg, -sk/lsen-al/ten-booco,)
lukha,) or "snowy cones," supply the fountains of these  a duchy of West Germany, consistiug of two divisions,
three  rivers.  The absolute height of the Pillars has  which are separated from each other by the interposition of
been estimated by Dr. Gebler at 11,723 feet, and by Tchi- Reuss-Gera.  The area of the divisions is nearly equal, that
hatcheft at 12,790 feet.  The area covered by perpetual  of Altenburg containing about 240 square miles, -and that
snow in the Altai is very considerable, but the height of  of Saal-Eisenberg, nearly 270 square miles, but the populathe snow line, which is very irregular, does not appear to  tion of the former far exceeds that of the latter, the one behave been yet ascertained for any locality by exact observa- iug 85,400, and the other only 47,450. The difference of
tion. It is supposed to be relatively high, owing, probably,  population is accounted for by the different  characters of
to the great mass of the highland, and to the contighity of  the surface of the countries.  Altenburg is one of the most
the mountains, as well as to the peculiar condition of the  fertile and best-cultivated districts in Germany; while Saulatmosphere,; and in the S. and more elevated portion of the  Eisenberg, particularly in the S.E., is covered with mounAltai, its general elevation does not, perhaps, fall much  tains and forests.
short of 8000 feet. The glaciers of the same region occupy    ALTENBURG, ("old castle,") a city of Germany, capital
a large extent, but tihey never descend fSr below tlhe snow  of the duchy of Saxe Altenburig, 26 ciles S. of Leipsic, with
line; and it is a remarkable fact, that though in the gra-  which it is connected by a railwcay; lat. 500 56' N,, ion. 120
nitic districts of the Altai, valleys are to be found strewved  27' E. It is walled, and though irregularly built upon seveover with blocks of granite, which in some places occur in  ral hills, has some fine streets and many handsome edifices.
great numbers even on the crests of the mountains, yet  It is the seat of the higher courts and government offices,
boulders, properly so called, the distribution of which is  and contains 7 churches, a gymnasium, a considerable
generally ascribed to the agency of the glaciers, are never  library, 3 hospitals, philosophical, horticultural, historical,
met with either in the Alpine regions of the Altai or the  and antiquarian societies, a drawing academy, a theatre,
plains surrounding them. The Altai Mountains owe their  &c.  The chief mnu/facturres are of linen, worsted, brandy,
reputation and importance chiefly to their mineral trea- starch, porcelain, optical instruments, &c.  Pop. 13,697.
sures, rich silver, copper, and iron ores, to which gold has    ALTENBURG, (Hun.  lacsgyar Over, mld'y6S. o'vaie,) a
been recently added.  A variety of porphyry, commonly  market-town of Hungary, 47 miles S.E. of Vienna, in a
styled jasper, which is formed in the lathe into handsome  marsh, on an island of the Leytha. Pop. 3400. At least 48
vases, and takes a fine polish, may be enumerated among  places in Germany have the common name of Altenburg.
the valuable minerals of the Altai.                             AL/TENBURG, a village of Perry co., Missouri, about 5
ALTATAHIA, Al/ta-m,-haw/, a river of Georgia, formed  miles W. of the Mississippi.
by the union of the Oconee and Ogeechee, in the S.E. central    ALTENDORF, Al/ten-doufR, ("old village,") the name of
part of the state. It flows south-eastward through sandy  numerous villages in Germany, Bavariat Hesse, fHanover,
plains, which are partly occupied by pine barrens, and  Holstein, Austria, Prussia, and Saxony. The largest is a
empties itself into the Atlantic, 12 miles below Darien, and  village in Moravia, on the Podelskybache, near 01mOuntz.
about 00 miles S.W. of Savannah. It is navigable for vessels Pop. 2020
sf 30 tons through its whole extent, which is about 140 miles.   ALTENGAARD,!fiten-gond', a seaport town of Norway,
ALTAM'IIRA, Al-t-meelsr, a town of Mlexico, state of Ta- capital of the province of FEinmark.  on the Alten, at the
maulipas, 10 miles N.W. of Tampico.                          head of a fiord, 53 miles S.S.W. of Rammerfest, lat. 690 55'
ALTAMONT,,Alta-mont', a small post-village, capital of  N., lon. 230 6' 20" E., near the N. limit of the cultivation of
Grundy co., Tennessee; situated on the top of Cuaebeinland  barley. In 1842, 195 vessels, mostly Russian and Nor61




ALT                                                      ALT
wegian, entered its port, with cargoes valued at 68,7291., corn, and is well supplied with timbsr. The county is traand 185 cleared with cargoes of an aggregate value of 72,4001. versed by the large forests called the "Cross Timbers." Alton
ALTEN-GOTTERN, Fllten-got/tern, a village of Prussian  has sprung up since 1846.
Saxony, 24 miles N.W. of Erfurt.                            ALTON, a post-village of Frankilin co., Ohio, cn the National
ALTENHIEIMI, Al/ten-hime', a village of the Grand Duchy  Road, 9 miles W. of Columbus, has about 50 inhabitants.
of Baden, situated in a rich champaign country.             ALTON, a post-office of Kent co., Mlichigan.
ALTENHIOP, Allten-h6fl, a village of Denmark, duchy of   ALTON, Al/ton, a city and port of entry Madison co., 11iiSleswick, 3 miles S.E. of Eckernflirde.  Pop. 500.        nois, on the Mississippi River, 21 miles above St. Louis, 3
ALTENKIRC.IEN, Allten-kerekilen (i. e. "old churches,") miles above the mouth of the Missouri, and 76 miles S.S.V.
a fortified town of Prussia, psovince of Lower Rhine, 16  of Springfield.  It has a favorable position for trade, and
miles N. of Coblentz, on the Wied. There are several other. its landing is one of the best on the river. A railroad has
places in Germany named Altenkirchen.                     been completed from this place to Springfield, and two others
ALTENMARKT, Alften-maektN, (i. e. "old market,") the  are in course of construction, which will connect it with
name of numerous uniuportant places in Germany.           Jacksonville, and with Tes-e  Iante, Indiana. Alton conALTENPLATIHOW,  /ltten-plg/tov,   a village  of Prussian  tained but few houses until the penitentiary was located
Saxony, regency of Magdeburg, circle of Jerichow.  Pop. here in 1832, since which it has increased rapidly. It has
1565.                                                     wide streets, several public squares, and a large space along
ALTENSTADT, l1iten-st'tt', (i.oe.  old town,"') the name  the ma-gin of the river reserved for a public landing and
of seven unimportant places in Bavari-a, two in Hesse, one promenade.  It contains about 6 churches, a lyceum, a
in Wiirtemberg, and one in Austria.                       theological seminary, and a newspaper office. Upper Alton,
ALTENSTEIG or ALLTENSTAIG, Allten-stiox, a town of 1- or 2 miles to the E., is the seat of Shurtleff College, unWFiirtemberg, on the Nagold, 28 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. der the direction of the Baptists. Large quarries of fine
Pop. 2000. It has a castle and various manufactories.     limestone have been opened near Alton, and stonecoal and
ALTERI-DO-CIHAM (or CiTO,) Al-tair/do-shVgNg, (almost timber are abundant in the vicinity. Pop. 3875.
showng,) a walled town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo,   ALTONA or ALTENA, aifto-nA, the second city in the
on the Ariz, 14 miles S.W. of Portalegre. Pop. 2000.      kingdom of Denmark, and though the most recent, yet the
ALTER-DO-CI-HAII or CIAO, &l-taierdo-sh:Nt'g, a town of largest and most populous in the duchy of Holstein, on the
Brazil, on the Tapajos, at its junction with the Amazon, 10  right bank of the Elbe, a little below IIamburg. Of its six
miles S. of Santarem.                                     churches, the only one deserving of notice is the high
ALTERNON or ALTARNUN, a!ltar-non, a parish of Eng- church, which has two towers, -and is considered the flunest
land, co. of Cornwall.                                    in the duchy. Among other buildings may be mentioned
ALT-GRADISKA, Alt-gria-dis'ki, a fortress of Austria, Sla- a gymnasium, with a library of 12,000 volumes, an orphan
vonia, on the Save, opposite Berbir, or Turkish Gradiska, hospital, and a large infirmary. The trade and manunfaand 24 miles S.W. of Poschega. Pop. 2300.                 tures of Altona are extensive, and have been carefully fosALTHALDENSLEBEN, Alt-hAlldens-l\ben, atown of Prus- tered by the Danish government, which has endeavoured,
sia. in Saxony, on the Bever, 13 miles N.W. of Magdeburg.  by special privileges and immunities, to attract to it part of
ALTHORNE, al/thorn, a parish of England, co. of Essex.  the extensive commerce previously monopolized by HlamALTIORP (Allthorp) MiANOR, in the co. of Northampton, burg.  Notwithistandin g the rapid and, for a European
England, about 6 miles N.W. of Northampton. It has been  continental town, almost unprecedented rise of Altona,
possessed by the Spencer fimily for upwards of three centu- Hamburg mintains its pre-eminence, and has even conries, and is famous for its noble library.                verted the former into a kind of suburb where the merALTHORP MANOR,,a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, chants of the latter reside, not to carry on but to retire from
on the Trent, where joined by the Stamford and IKeadby  business.'Perhaps the most important manufacture of
Canal.                                                    Altona is that of tobacco. One single factory employs 120
ALTIN or ALTYN, al-tin', or TELETSKOI or TELET- persons, and works up 600,000 pounds per annum. The othe'
SKOR, t-lt-ltskoeS, alake of Siberia, 320 miles S.S.E. of Tomsk. public works are soap and oil works, dye-works for woolleL
It is of irregular shape, 75 miles in length friom N. to S., by  goods, chemnical-works, vinegar-works, a type foundry, an ex20 miles in average breadth, and traversed by a head stream  tensive linen and cotton printfield, roperies, tanneries, and
of the Obi.                                               breweries, famous for their beer. The railways recently
ALTKIRCII, 1t6k6Rk/, (i. e. "old church,") a manufac- completed in the neighborhood have added greatly to the
turing town of France, department of Haut Rhin, (Alsace,) importance of Altona, both in a commercial and military
17 miles W. of Basel. Pop. in 1852, 3611.                 point of view. Its harbor is only a winter haven of the
ALTMUHIL, (Altmiihl,) alt/miil, a river of Bavaria, rises 7  third class; but the largest merchant vessels once over the
miles N.E. of Rothenburg, passesLeutersbausen, iinfzenhau- bar of Blankenese, can unload at the W. end of the town.
sena and Eichstidt, and joins the Danube at Keilheim. The  The number of vessels belonging to Altona is 238; and that
project of Charlemagne to join the Altmiihl with theRegnitz, of the vessels of all kinds that visit the port annually has
and so unite the Rhine with the Danube, has been recently ex- been stated as high as 5000. Pop. of Altona proper in 1S45,
ecuted by the Bavarian government; and the Lsldwigs Canal, 32,200; but includingOttensen and Neumfihl, which ought
or canal of the Maine and Danube, between Bamberg on the  to be regarded as its suburbs, 37,000. Other three places in
Regnitz,,and Dietfurt on the Altmiihl, thus connects the  I-Iolstein and eleven in different parts of Germany have the
Black Sea with the German Ocean. The iron boat Asssterdam  name of Altona.
en hFesnese performed the first voyage direct from Amsterdam  ALTON BAY, a post-office of Belknap co., New IHmnpshire.
to Vienna in August, 1846.                                  AL/TON BARNES, a parish of England, co. of WYilts.
AL/TO, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia.             AL/TON HIILL, a post-office of Macon co., Tennessee.
ALTO, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas.               AL'TON PAN/CRAS,a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
ALTO, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.                ALI/TON PRI/ORS, achapelry of England, co. of Wilts, 1
ALTO, a post-office of Howard co., Indiana.             mile S. of Alton Barnes.  See ALVEToN.
ALTO, a post-township forming the south-western extre-   ALT01NA, a thriving post-village of Blair co., Pennsylmity of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.                       vania, on the Central Railroad, 244 miles WV. of PhiladelALT-(ETTING, lt-it/ting, (/. e. "Old (Etting,") a market- phia, and 150 miles E. of Pittsburg.  It stands near the E.
town of Bavaria, 41 miles S.W. of Passau. Pop. 1500. In  base of the Alleghany Mountain, where the railroad begins
one of its numerous religious edifices, is the tomb of the  to ascend it, and contains a bank, a newspaper office, a large
famous Austrilan general Tilly. See (ETrrsN.              hotel, and extensive engine houses, and machine shops of
ALT-OFEN, alt-6lfen, (i.e. "Old Ofen or Buda,") a muni- the railroad company, who employ about 1500 operatives.
cipal town of Hungary, forming almost a suburb of Buda. Locomotives and railway ta:s are manufactured here. Laid
It is supposed to occupy the site of the Sicesbriei of the Ro- out in 1849. Pop. about 2500.
milans. Pop. 9150.                                          ALTOON-KUPREE  or ALTUN-KIUPRI, al/toon' kyoo/pree,
ALTOMONTE, apto-monltA, or ALTAMONT, alpa-montf, a  (/. e. "golden bridge,") a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Altown of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 12 miles S.WV. of toon-soo, (gold-river,) 60 miles E.S.E. of Mosul. It is said
Cassano. In the neighbourhood are mines of gold, silver, to have 8000 inhabitants, but its population has been much
and iron, and a salt spring. Pop. 4600.                   reduced by plague and famine.
ALTON,'/to;n, a market-town and parish of England, co.   ALTORF or ALTDORF, Ailltoof, a town of Switzerland,
of HIants, on the Wey, 16 miles E.N.E. of Winchester. It is near the S. extremity of the Lakse of Lucerne and 9' miles
the polling place for the county. Pop. 3130.              S. of Schwytz. It has a decorated tower, said to mark the
ALTON, Al/ton, a post-office of Penobscot co., lMaine.  place where Tell shot the apple off his son's head. Burglen,
ALTON, a post-township of Belknap co., New Ilampshire, the reputed birthplace of Tell, is a village in the immediate
on the Cocheco Railroad, 22 miles N.E. 6f Concord. Pop. vicinity.
1795.                                                       ALTORF, Bavaria. See ALTDonF.
ALTON, a post-village of Sodus township, Wayne co., New    ALTORFF, Al'tooff/, a village of Prance, department of
Yo'k, is situated on a branch of the Syracuse and Rochester  Meurthe.
Railroad, 10 miles N. of Lyons.                             ALTRINGISAM,,lltring-am, or ALTRINCISAM, a marALTON, a post-village, capital of Denton co., Texas, is ket-town and chapelry of England, co. of Chester, on Bowdon
about 240 miles N. by E. of Austin City, and a few miles W. Downs, S miles S.W. of Manchester. Pop. of chapelry, 4458.
of the main fork of Trinity River. It is situated iA a rich  It has some manufactories.
iarming district, which produces cotton, wheat, and Indian    ALTSOL,'lt/sl, or ZOLIUIM, an old imperial free towna
E                                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~65




ALT                                                        AMA
of Hungary, 72 miles N. of Pesth, on the Gran, where it is    ALYISO, Al-veelso, a smalil town of Santa Clara co., Cali.
joined by the Szalatna. On a rocky height is the remains  fornia, at the head of San Francisco Bay. A steamboal
of a castle, supposed to have been built in 1457, once the  runs regularly between this place and San Francisco.
favorite hunting seat of King Mathias I., called by the    ALVITO, l-veelto, a town of Italy, in Iaples, 7 miles S.E.
Ilungarian peasants, "the good King Mathias," now prin- of Sore. Pop. 3200.
cipally used as a prison. Pop. 2000.                           ALVOR, A1-v6n', a town of Portugal, province of Algarve,
ALTSTIETTEN, (Altstitten,) Altestlt'tgn, a town of Swit- on a streamlet of the same name, 8 miles N.E. by E. of
zerland, 8 miles S.E. of St. Gall, near the Rhine. Pop. 1000. Lagos.
ALTSTRELITZ, Alt-str/llits, a walled town of Mecklen-    ALVORNINIA, l-voR-neenlyA, a town of Portugal, proburg, circle of Stargard, in a plain, near the Miiihlbenbach, vince of Estremadura, 54 miles N. of Lisbon.
which here forms a lake, 58 miles N.N.W. of Berlin. Pop.   ALIWALTON or AL/LERTON,   a parish of England, co. of
2943.                                                        Huntingdon.
ALTUN-KUPRiI.  See ALTOON-KUPRSEE.                           ALWINGTON, Allwing-ton, a parish of England, co. of
ALTURA, dl-toofrl, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on the  Bevon.
right bank of the Palencia, 25 miles W.S.W. of Castellon de    ALYTTH, llith, a market-town and parish of Scotland,
la Plana. Pop. 1305.                                         cos. of Perth and Forfar, 12 miles W. of Forfar. Pop. 2910.
ALTWARP, AlUt'atp, a village of Prussia, Pomerania,    ALZANO-MAGGIOIE,  al-ze/no-md-J;iol/r, a village of
on the Great Haff. E. of Uckermtinde. Pop. 1200.             Northern Italy, 4 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2100.
ALTWASSEIR, Alt-W8s/ser, a village of Prussia, 35 miles    ALZENAU, Iftlse-nRw,  a iearket-town of Bavaria, on the
S.W. from Breslau.                                           Kahlbach, 20 miles E. of Frankfortfon-the-iaian.  It is the
ALTZEY. See ALzEY.                                         seat of a local court, and has a royal castle. Pop. 1041.
ALUM BANK, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.    ALZEY, 8lt/se, a walled town of Hesse Darmstadt, on
ALUMI CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Belaware co., and flows  the  BSelz, 19 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 4583. It has
into Big Walnut Creek, about 8 miles from Columbus.          some trade in leather.
ALUM CREEK, a post-office of Bastrop co., Texas.             ALZONNE, Al'zonnl, a town of France, department of
ALUM CitEEIK, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.         Aude, 8 miles N.W. of Carcassonne, on the Canal du Midi.
ALVUMI-POOR!,   a town of Hindostan, in the Deccan, on  Pop. (1852) 1598.
the Kistna.                                                    AM, am, a frontier stronghold of Afghanistan, on the
ALU-I ROCK, a post-office of Alleghany co., Virginia.      Indus, between that river and the Mlabeen Hills, 50 miles
ALUM  SPRINGS, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virginia. N.E. of Attock.
ALUSITA. See ALseSnTA.                                       AMACET/TA a post-office of Wayne co., Virginia.
ALUTA. See ALoOTA.                                           AMACURA, A-ma-koo/rA, a river of South America, fallALVA, Aflva, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Stir- ing into the great southern mouth of the Orinoco, in lat. $0
ling, 7 miles N.E. of Stirling. Pop. 2092.                   34' N., and Ion. 600 7' W.; and in the lower part of its
ALVAH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.                 course forming the boundary between British and ColomALVAN, Olfvan, a post-office of Jefferson co., Pennsyl-  bian Guiana. It is navigable for small vessels to the influx
vania.                                                       of the Yarakita, lat. 80 N.
ALVAt, AIPvarl, ALVUR/orAL'WUR1, a principality of    AMADEEYEI, AMIADIA:I, or AMADIEI, a-ma-des/ya,
Upper iindostan, between lat. 270 and 280 N., N.W. of the  a fortified town of Asiatic Turkey, in Koordistan, ona tridistrict of Agra, and S.W. of Delhi.  Area, 3000 square  butary of the Tigris, 65 miles N.N.W. of Mosul. There is
miles. In Mohammedan histories it is sometimes called  here a tomb much friequented by Mohammedan devotees.
Mewat, and its inhabitants Mewaties.                           AM AGANISETT, a post-village of East Itampton townALVARADO, al-va-rca/o, a small town and port of Mexico,  ship, Suffolk co., New York, near the E. end of Long Island,
40 miles S.E. of VeraCruz. The port is caplable of admitting  about 25 miles from  Biverhead.
vessels of 12 and 13 feet draught. There is a dockyard at    AMAGER, A/ml-gher, sometimes erroneously  called
Alvarado.                                                    AMAK, an island of Benmark, separated from  the island 
ALVARADO, a river of Mexico, formed by the union of  of Seeland and city of Copenhagen merely by the harbor of
several streamns, rising in the mountains of'the state of  the latter; indeed, part of the city and suburbs of ChrisOajaca, falls into the Gulf of MIexico through the lagoon or.tianshavn are built on it. Area, about 20 square miles. It
harbor of Alvarado, after flowing a direct distance of 120  is flat, well cultivated, and may be regarded as the kitchen
miles from the junction of the head streams.                 garden of the capital, with which it is connected by means
ALVARADO. a small town of Alameda co., California.         of bridges across the harbor.
ALVAYAZERE, al-vi-a-zs/ra, a town of Portugal, province    AMAKOOSA, AMACUSA, or AMAKOUSA,  a-mva-kooels,
of Beira-Baixa, 31 miles S. of Coimbra. Pop. 1343.           an island in the Japauiese El mpire, off the W. coast of the
ALVECHIURCH, Alv/churcli,  a parish of England, co. of  island of Kioosioo or Kiusiu. The centre of Amakoosa is in
Worcester.                                                   about lat. 320 20' N.; Ion. 1300 151 E.
ALYEDISTON, commonly pronounced aslton, a parish of   AMAKOOTAN or AMAKUTAN. See KoorLE IslAnDs.
England, co. of Wilts.                                         AMAKOSA. See KArcrAmAA.
ALVELEY, alv/lee, a parish of England, co. of Salop.         AMAL, /nmal, a town of Sweden, 50 miles N.N.E. of WeALVERCA, al-vhaska, a town of Portugal, province of  nersborg.
Estremadura, on the Tagu, with a small port, 16 miles    AIALFI, a-mal/fee,  (L. AmaYphis,) a decayed city and
N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 1275.                                   seaport of Naples, province of Principato Citra, on the Gulf
ALVERCA, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 17 miles  of Salerno, and 23 miles S.E. of Naples. Lat. 400 38' N.; Ion.
N.N.E. of Guarda. Pop. 780.                                  140 37' 10" E. The position of the city is extremely pioALVERDISCOTT, pronounced and sometimes written  turesque, extendinfg over the summits of a series of lofty
ALSCOTT, l/scot, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          rocks, still crowned with  embattled walls and ruined
ALVE]NIA,'g1-vrnae-', a village of Tuscany, on a moun- towers-memorials of its former greatness.  Its trade,
tain of its own name, 2 miles N. of Chiusi. Its monastery,  which at one time comprehended that of all the Levant,
founded A.D. 1218 by St. Francis d'Assisi, was the cradle of  has now  almost entirely disappeared; and with it the
the PFranuciscan order.                                      greater proportion of the population, which has fallen from
ALVEIISON, a post-office of Ingham co., Miichigan.         50,000 to less than 4000.  Amalfi. rose early into importALVERSTOKE, Ol/ver-stoke, a parish of England, co. of  ance, having attained the height of its prosperity during
HIants.                                                     the eleventh century, at which time it was the great mart
ALVES, al/yez, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin.         of all kinds of Eastern merchandise. It assumned the form
ALIVESCOTT, or Al/scot, a parish of England, co. of Ox- of an independent republic, and continued to retain its
ford.                                                        rank as a commercial and maritime city for several centuALIVESTON, or alseton, a parish of England, co. of Glen- ries, when it fell into a decay from which it never aftercester, 9 miles N. by E. of Bristol. In this parish are yes- wards recovered. Amalfitook an active part in the Crusades.
tiges of two Roman camps.                                    It is the birthplace of Flavia Gioja, to whom the invention
ALVESTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.             of the mariner's compass has been assigned, and of MisaALIVETON or ALTON, Al1tgn, a parish of England, co. of  niello, the fisherman of Naples.
Stafford.                                                      AMBAL'LAPOORAM/, a town of Hindostan, in the Circars,
ALVIE, altvee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness.    on one of the outlets of the Godavery, 65 miles E.N.E. of
ALVIGNANO, al-veen-ya/no, a town of Naples, 5 miles N. Masulipatam.  Its inhabitants, who exceed 5000, are enof Cajazzo. Pop. 2000.                                      gaged in weaving cotton fabrics.
ALVINCZ, P1vints/, a town of Austria, in Transylvania,   AMAMBAHI, a-mam-baee', or AMAMBAY, a-mim-bi/, a
on the right bank of the Maros, 6 miles S.W. of Karlsburg. mountainous range and river of South America.  The
Pop. 3300.                                                  mountain range, about 200 miles long, forms the waterALVINGIIAM, alfving-ham, a parish of England, co. of  shed between the Parana and the Paraguay Rivers; and
]lincoln.                                                   from its eastern slope flows the river of the same name E.,
ALVINGTON, ai/ving-tgn, a parish of England, co. of  to the Parana, which it joins after a total course of about
Gloucester.                                                 100 miles.
ALVINGTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         AMANA, a-ma-na!, a river of Venezuela, province of CuALVINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   mane, ises a little W. of Urica, and falls into the Gulf of
ALVI/RA, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.    Parla, its entire course being about 140 miles.
66




AMA                                                         AMA
AMANA, a-m -n&/,  a lake in Brazil, formed by a bifnrca-  toes and samboes, are active, industrions, and enterprising.
tion of the Tijuaca. It lies in lat. 20 15' S., ion. 640 38' W.,  Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000.
and is about 20 miles long by 10 miles broad. About 8 miles    AMATRICE, L-m-t'ree/ch,&, a town of Naples, province of
N. of the lake is a village of the same name.                 Abruzzo Ultra II., 22 miles N. of Aquila.  Pop. 5000. It
AMANAPOOI, A-min-A-poorf, a military station in the  has a manufactory of woollen stuffs, and a school of bellesisland of Ceylon. Lat. 70 15' N.; ion. 800 45' E.             lettres.
AMANCE, i'mScss/, a village and commune of France,    AMAXICHI, i-mix-eefkee, a seaport town, and the capldepartment of Aube, 12 miles from ]ar-sur-Aube.               tal of the Ionian island of Santa Manra or Leucadia, on its
AMANCE, (ane. Amentstia?)avillage of France, department  E. coast, and separated from  the castle of Santa Mauna,  st
of Menrthe, 37 miles N.W. of Nancy.                           the N. extremity of the island, by a lagoon about 1 mile
AMANC!E, a small river of France, department of Ande, across. Pop. of town and citadel, 6000. The harbor, isofalls into the Aude below Basse-Fontaine.                     proved by a mole, is adapted only for small craft.  Amaxichi
A:IANIDA, a post-office of Greenup co., Kentncky, on the  is the residence of a Greek archbishop and of a British goOhio River, 138 miles E.N.E. of Frankfoirt.                   vernor. Opposite the town is an aqueduct. remarkable for
AMANDA, a township of Allen co., Ohio, 90 miles N.W.  its length, nearly destroyed by the late earthquake, and
of Columbus.  Pop. 607.                                       near it are remains of Cyclopean walls, probably those of
AMIANDA, a village of Butler co., Ohio, in Lemon town- the ancient Leu/cas.
ship. on the MIiami Canal, 12 miles N.E. of Hamilton.           AMAY, A'mY,  a town of Belgium. province of Liege, on the
tAMANDA. a post-village and township of Fairfield co., Meuse, and on the railway from Namur to Liege, 144 miles
Ohio, on the Zanesville and Maysville Turnpike, 8 miles S.W. S.W. of Liege.  Pop. 2470, many of whom are brickmakers.
of Lancaster, the county seat, and 1180 miles from Cincinnati.    AMAZON, am/a-zon, (Sp. pron. i-min-thZn,) sometimnes
Pop. 1536.                                                    called MARANOlN,'ni-rmu-yrnn, ORELLANA, o-rll-yilnq,
AMANDA, a township of Haucock co., Ohio, about 10  or SOLIMOI/EN S, the largest  river not only of South Amet
miles S.E. of Finley. Pop. 1162.                              rica, but of the globe, (though the Mississippi is longer,) has
AMANDA, a township of Alien co., toward the N.W. part  its sources among the Andes, in the interior of Peru, and
of Ohio, intersected by the Big Auglaize River, about 10  pursuing first a N.W., and then a slightly N.E. course
miles W.S.W. of Lima. Pop. 607.                               almnost across the entire continent, empties the drainage of
AMAN/DAYILLE, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia,  more than half of South America into the Atlantic Ocean,
about 90 miles N.W. of Augusta.                               by two great months, the southern, called Para River,
AMANLIS, i'm8NoGlee], a village of France, department of  which enclose on three sides the lerge island of Joannes
Ille-et-Vilaine.  Pop. (1852) 2721.                           or Marajo.  The outlets of this giant stream  are almost
AMANTEA, A-min-ti/i, a fortified seapoot town ofT Naples,  directly under the equator,,and in about 500 W.. ion. Its
15 miles S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 3000.                          entire length is about 4000 miles, and such is its volume
AMANUS. See ALMA-DAGII.                                     and  impetus, that it carries its waters unmixed  into
AMARANTE, i-mi-rin/tA, a town of Portugal, province  the sea to the distance of above eighty leagues.  The
of Minho, on the Tamega, a tribhtary of the Douro, 38  breadth of the largest  mouth, according to the Imperial
miles N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 4000. It is a very ancient town, Gazetteer, is 96 miles; but the two arms, with the island
and has a fine bridge, which was frequently contested dun-  included, cover a width of perhaps 250 miles. Geograihes
ing the war in 1809.                                          are not agreed as to which stream  shall be entitled to the
AMARAPOORA, AMIAAPURA, in —r.a-pooern,  or IPM-  parentage of this great flood of waters; some assigning it to
IMERAPOOIRA, a fortified city, and formerly the capital of  the Tunguragna, and others to the Ucayale and Apnrimac.
the Burmese domihiions, on the Irrawadi, 6 miles N.E. of  Our own opinion inclines to the first named as the most
Ava. In 1800, the popalation was estimated at 175,000, but  western branch, and most direct in its course, though not the
the seat of government having been transferred to Ava in  largest; but the same principle decides in the case of the Mis1819, it has since rapidly declined. Most of its houses are  sissippi, which is also the more direct in its course, though
of bamboo, and near it is the temple with the great bronze  much inferior in length and in volume of water to its grea.t
statue of Gaudama, brought from  Aracan on its conquest  tributary the M:issouri. BUt great as is the MIississippi, it
by the Burmese in 1784.                                       must yield both in quantity of water and the number and
AMARGURA, A-man-goo/ra, an island,and volcano in the  magnitude of its tributaries, to the Amazon, the king of
South Pacific Ocean, one of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 170  rivers.  The Amazon has its sources among the slopes
58' S.; Ion. 1740 16' W.                                      of the Andes, in the interior of Peru, and between 100
AMARIBO, i-mi're-bol, or IMANA, min'ni, a river in  and 1410 S. lat. and 700 and 779 W. ion. The TunguraFrench Guiana, rises about lat. 30 35' N., and, after a course  gua or Upper MIaras.on, the most western branch. rising in
of 146 miles, falls into the Atlantic.                        Lake Lauricocha, in lat. 100 30' S., and ion. 760 25' WV.,
AMASIA, AMASIEI{, or AMASIYAII, A-mis/e'a, a city  flows N.W. to a little N. of 60 S. lat., and nearly 790 WV. ion.,
of Asia Minor, on the Yeshil-IrmakL, (anc. Iris,) 05 miles  where it bends to the N.E., which course it maintains, with
N.W. of Seevas, and 63 miles S. by WV. of Samsoon. It has  slight variations, to its exit under the equator; so that in
nearly 4000 houses, of which 3500 are Turkish, 350 Arme- crossing the continent from  its most western curve, its
nian, and 120 Greek; whence its population may be esti- windings deviate within 60 of a direct eastern course, in a
mated at from 20,000 to 25,000. It stands on both banks of  flow of about 3000 miles. Passing E. on the southern side,
the river, between'almost perpendicular rocks; a handsome  there enter the Amazon, in the order named, the Huallaga,
stone bridge connects its two divisions. Many of the houses  the Ucayale, the Jabany or Yavary-all from Peru; the Juare built of stone; it has a strong citadel, a fine mosque,  tay, Jurui, Teff6 or Tefi, Chary, Purus, Madeira, Tapajos,
well-supplied bazaar's, and a considerable trade in silk, of  Xingu, and Tocantins, from  Brazil; while from  the N.,
which 48,000 ekes, or 132,000 pounds, (an unusual crop,)  commencing at the Nape, in Ion. 730 80' W., and following
were produced in its vicinity in 1840. It exports silk and  the same order, there are the Putumayo or Iqa from  qiquasalt. Outside of -the city are the excavated "tombs of the  dor, the Japura or Caqueta, the Rio Negro and Trombetas
kings," described by Strabo, a native of Amasia.              from  New CGranada, Venezuela, and Northern Brazil. IeAMASTRA,  -minsltri, AMAS/ERAII, or- AMASREH, sides these main tributaries, there are smaller affluen ts and
i-mis/rrh, (anc. Asooasftris,) a fortified seaport town of Asia  sub-tributaries, that elsewhere would be classed as large
Minor, on a rocky peninsula in the Black Sea, 60 miles N.E.  rivers, numbering, according to some geographess, more
of Ereglee. Pop. about 800.  It has a bay on its E. side, than 200. The sources of the Tunguragnua or Upper TN/arawhere vessels anchor in3 or 4 fathoms of water.              fNon, of the Huallaga and the Montana —one of the main
AMATAKA. See YoRK IsrAx.                                   confluents of the Ucayale-are all within a few miles of each
AMATHONTE, i-nin-thon/ti, (anc. Anitathus,) a village of other; so that assume which we may of the three riners
the island of Cyprus, near its S. coast, apparently the same  just named as the parent stream, its origin will be nearly
place as Old Limiasol. See LIMsASoL.                          the same. The Apurimac, however, another, and the largest
AMATITLAN,  -mi-tee-tlint, or AIITITAN, i-mn-tee-  confluent of the head waters of the Ucayale, rises in a small
tin/, a town of Central America, state of Guatemala, about  lake in lat. 150 38' S., and ion. 750 WV., nearly 50 farther S.
15.miles S. of the city of Guatemala.  Lat. 140 30' N.; Ion. than the other sources of the Amazon. Of the great tri900 17' WV. It is irregularly built, and none of the houses  butaries, the Madeira has a course of about 2000 miles. the
have more than the ground story; they are principally con- Rio Negro of 1500, and the Ucayale, Tapajos, Xiugu, Tocanstructed of mud, beaten hard with a wooden mallet after  tins, and Caqueta or Japura, perhaps fiom 1000 to 1200 miles
being put into a wooden box of the dimensions of the  each. These affiuents, with their sub-tributaries, pour into
walls; which box is moved from place to place until the  the parent stream the drainage of the greatest river basindesired height, length, and breadth are attained, Each  area estimated at from 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 square miles-in
house has a large yard and a plantation of cactus attached  the kinown world, finding its outlet into the ocean through
to it, the leaves of which are cut and ranged in long, nar-  one main channel. The Amazon or Orellana is called by
row sheds, to preserve the cochineal insect in the winter  the ~nhabitants of the country Tunguragua or Upper Maraseason. The wells in the town are all brackish; and most  Non to the junction of the Ucayale; and frlom thence to its
of those in the vicinity, particularly in low situations, are  junction with the Rio  Negro it is frequently called the
boiling hot, but perfectly clear and free from impurities. Solimoens; and from this point to the ocean it receives the
Amatitlan is a place of some antiquity, having been one of  same appellation as that by which it is known to foreigners.
the principal seats of the Jesuits, who had large s.ugar  According to Lieutenant Herndon, of the United States
estates in the vicinity. The inhabitants, nearly all mulat-  Navy, who explored this river in 1852, fronm  its sources to,67




AMA                                                      AMB
its mouth, by order of his government-the Amazon is a1tion in 1798 was 4000; it afterwards rose to 8000, and nol
inavigable on the Ucayale branch to a point, at high wa- has sunk below 3000.
ter, distant 3360 miles from the ocean, on the Huallaga    AM/BER or AMTBIHEER', a town of Ilindostan, Rajpoo
branch to 2815 miles, and on the main stream to San Borja, tana, 5 miles N.E. of Jeypoor, and formerly capital of the
about 3000 miles for vessels of 5 or 6 feet draught at low  Jeypoor dominions.
water. It is probable that, if the same system of boating    AM/BEE, a post-village of Otisco township, Onondaga co.,
were adopted as in the Western United States, these streams New York, is situated near Otisco Lake, about 14 miles S.S.E.
might be ascended by steamboats to points still higher than  of Syracuse.
those named above. In connection with its innumerable    AMBERG, Am/blnC, a walled town of Bavaria, formerly
branches, this river opens to the ocean perhaps not less capital of Upper Palatinate, on both sides of the vils, 35
than 10,000 miles of interior navigation for large vessels, miles E. of Nurembsrg.  It is well built, has broad and
independent of its singular union with the  Orinoco, clean streets, and contains a lyceum, gymnasium, theologithrough the Cassiqldare and Rio Negro rivers. The Ama- cal seminary, normal school, public library, and several enzon is 500 yards wide at the mouth of the Huallaga, about dowed hospitals. It has a royal manufactory of arms, which
2830 miles from its mouth; at Nanta, 2325 niles from the  produces yearly from 10,000 to 20,000 muskets of the best
sea, it is * of a mile; * of a mile at Loreto; 1 mile at the  quality; and also manufactures of cotton stuffs. Here, on
mouth of the Jabary; from 4 to 5 miles opposite the mouth  August 24, 1796, the Archduke Charles defeated the rearof Japurft; 1 mile above Coary; 10 miles at Gurup&;  guard of the French army under General Jonrdan. Pop.
about 35 miles above the separation of its channels of exit, 11,000.
where it is perhaps 150 miles wide. According to Hern-    AM/BER-GATE, a station on the North Mlidlan Railwvay,
don's table of distances, it is 3944 miles from Oroya, at the  England, co. and 104 miles N. of Derby.
head of the Hulallaga branch, to the Para mouth. The    AMiBERGRIS (am/ber-grees') KEY, an uninhabited island
Amazon is studded with islands (some of them quite large) of Central America, Yucatan, off the N.E. shore of British
throughout its course; it flows with a current varying  Honduras. Length, 20 miles firom N.E. to S.WV.; average
from 1 mile to 3.7 miles an hour, with a general average of breadth, 3 miles. Its name is derived from the ambergris
about 2' miles, and with a depth of from 42 feet at the  found on its shores.
mouth of the Huallaga, to 312 feet in the Para branch, just    AMBII4RIEUX, 8nsb4re-uhl, a town of France, department
at the commencement of the Delta. These measurements, of Ain, 18 miles S.S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 2458.
as well as most of the more recent facts in this sketch, are    AMBERLEY, amnber-le, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
taken from Lieutenant ilreeNDON'S  Explorations down the    AMBEESON'S YALLEY, a post-office of Franklin co.,
Valley of the Amazon. The Amazon is perceptibly affected  Pennsylvania.
by the tides as far as Obidos, a distance of about 400 miles   AMBERT, 8zsbaier, a town of France, department of Puyfrom its mouth. During the rainy season it overflows its  de-DOme, on the Dore, 35 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop.
banks, submerging the country for hundreds of miles. The  (1852) 8133, with extensive paper-works and manufactures
Amazon abounds in fish, turtle, and alligators. It traverses of ribbons.
a region of almost inexhaustible fertility, covered with dense    AMBIALET, 8bi'bel-lY, a village of France, department
and lofty forests. "If the name of primeval forest," says  of Tarn, 10 miles E.N.E. of Alby. Pop. 3206.
Humboldt, "can be given to any forest on the face of the    AMBIL, 4m-beelf, one of the smnaller Philippine islands,
earth, none can claim it perhaps so strictly as those that 70 miles S.W.of  Manila, Containing a lofty volcanic mounfill the connected basin of the Orinoco and the Amazon."    tain.
A remarkable feature of this river is the boee, which occurs    AMIBIJ, bn-bif, a village of Netherlands, province of Limat its mouth, two days before and two days after full moon.  burg. Pop. 685.
On these occasions the waters of tile ocean rush into the river    AMBLAU  or AMBLAUW, Amb'lwl, an island of the
in huge waves of from 10 to 20 feet in height, three or four Malay Archipelago, 12 miles S.E. of Booro.  Lat. 30 52'
of which follow each other in succession with irresistfible  S., lon. 1270 16 E. It is 10 miles long, and dependent on
force. These are sometimes very destructive to small craft the Dutch government of Amboyna. Pop. 733.
on the river, whence originated probably the Indian name    AMIBLECOAT or AMBLECOTE, an/lbel-kote, a hamlet of
of the stream-AezkassoNA, i-mds/so-11n, signifying "boat de- England, co. of Stafford, half a mile N. of Stourbridge.
stroyer."  The mouth of the Amazon was discovered in the  Pop. 1633.
year 1500 by Yiscount Yanez Pinion; but the first Euro-   AMIBLER'S MILLS, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia.
pean who descended the stream was Francis d'0rellana, a    AMIIBLESIDE, a market-town and chapelry of England,
Spaniard, who, in 1539, sailed from the mouth of the Rio  co. of Westmoreland, near the N. extremity of Lake WinNapo to the ocean. With this adventurer originated the  dermere, 124 miles N.W. of Kendal.
story of a community of femm4e warriors whom he saw (as    AMIBLESTON, amtbelz-ton, a parish of South Wales, co.
he relates) in great numbers'n the river banks in the in- of Pembroke.
terior of the continent, and whom he represents as similar    AMBLETEUSE, 8xb'l-tuzf, a decayed seaport of France,
in their customs to the Amazons of antiquity. It is not department of Pas-de-Calais, on the English Channel, 6
improbable that the Indian name of the river (Amassona)  miles N. of Boulogne. Pop. 581. Here James II. landed
may have suggested to Orellana the fable of the Amazons.  after his abdication in 1689; and near it is the celebrated
AMIIAZON, a village of Boone co., Illinois, about 15 miles granite column which Napoleon erected. to the grand army
N.E. of Belvidere.                                        in 1805.
AMAZONAS, A-m~-sofnis, a department in the N. part of   AIBLEYE, Am/bl&-veh, a river in Prussia, flows W., and
Peru, divided into the provinces of Chachapoyas and Maynas. falls into the Ourthe 10 miles N.of Dnrbuy. Ithas acourse of
AMAZUMA, A-mg-zoofma, a large town of West Africa, on  about 50 miles, of which the last 7 are navigable.
the left bank of the Wiger, about lat. 50 10' N., Ion. 60 10' E.   AMBOISE, 5lb'waz/, (anc. Ambalcia,) a town of France,
AIMIBABIKOI, Am-bt-be-koy! a village of Lower Egypt, 58  department of Indre-et-Loire, on the Loire, and on the rallmiles N.W. of Cairo.                                      way from Orleans to Tours, 14 miles E. of Tours. Pop. (1852)
AMBACIA. See AzosISE..                     4762. Its ancient castle, memorable in history as the reAMBALEGA, Am-bA-I/g*, a town in the island of Ma- sidence of many French kings, has been lately modernized
dura, Malay archipelago. It lies near the centre of the  and improved. Amboise is celebrated for the "cojueration
island, and is surrounded by fine wood, has a temple, and  d'Amboise," formed against the Guises, in 1560. It has ex4000 inhabitants.                                         tensive manufactures.
AMBARhS, 8 5bl'rrf, a village of France, department of    AMBOISE, am'boiz or 9mb'wmz1, a cape, island, and anGironde. Pop. (1852) 2701.                                chorage of Africa, coast of Benin; lat. 30 58' N., Ion. 90 15/ E.
AMIBATIKI, Am-bA-tee/kee, an island in the South Pa-   AM'BO/LO or AMBOULE, Am-bool/, a town of the island
cific, one of the Feejee group, of a dome shape, and rising  of Madagascar; lat. 240 15' S., Ion. 470 0' E, in a rich and
to the height of 750 feet. Lat. 170 47' S.; lon. 1790 10' WV.   beautiful valley, on a stream of the same name.
AMBATO or ITAMBATO, m-bIto, a nevado or snowy    AMBOLON, Am-bo-l6un, one of the Philippine Islands,
summit of the Andes, W. of Cordillera, immediately N. of  S.W. of Mindoro; lat. 120 9/ N., Ion. 1210 12' E.
Arequipa.                                                   AMIBON, 6zzbdNG1, a town of France, department of MorAIBAT0. Am-bito,  or 1AMBATO, ASIENT0 D', -se  bihan. Pop. 2175, with a small port on the Penerf.
Antto dgm-b*lto, a town of Ecuador, 100 miles S.E. of    AM'B0011OOI, a town of British India, presidency of, and
Quito. It was destroyed in 1698 by an eruption of Cotopaxi. 108 miles WV.S.WV. of Madras.
It was rebuilt shortly afterwards, and soon became more    AMBOW or AIBAU, Am'bowl, a small island in the South
flourishing than befbre.  It has some good buildings,  Pacific, one of the Feejee group; lat. 160 30' S., Ion. 1780 E.
and an active htrade in grain, sugar, and cochineal. Pop. It is only one mile in length, and about half a mile in
12,000.                                                   breadth, but is of importance, having a large town of the
AMBAZAC, 8b41bAzik1, a town of France, department of  same name, and being the seat of a kind of sovereign
Haute-Yienne, 10 miles N.N.W. of Limoges. Pop. 3021.      authority.
AMBELAKIA, Am-bA-l'ke6e/:, or AMPELAKIA, a town    AMBOY/, a post-township of Oswego co., towards the N.
of European Turkey, province of Thessaly, on the S. slope of part of New York, about 17 miles S.E. of Pulaski. Pop. 1132.
Mount Ossa, above the pass of Temnpe, 15 miles N.E. of La-   AMBOY, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 460.
rissa. It was at one time famous for its cotton and yarn    ASIBOY, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio.
Epinning and dyeing, but the former has been nearly anni-   AMIBOY, a post-office of Lapeer co., Michigan.
Uiated by the cheaper productions of England. The popu-   AMIBOY, a post-office of Washington co., Iowa.
68




AMB                                                      AME
AM3BOY CENTRE, a post-office of Oswego co., New York. and Danville Railroad. Organized in 1734. Capital, Amelia
AMBOY, PERTH, New Jersey. See PEIRTI AiIBOY.             Court House. Pop. 9770; of whom 2951 were free, and 6819
AMBOYNA  or AMBOINA, Am-boifn., (Malay, Adeebun, slaves.
" dew,") an island in the Malay Archipelago, the most inm-   AMELIA, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, in Batavia
portant, though not the largest of the Moluccas, lying E. of  township, 25 miles E. by S. from Cincinnati.
Booro. lat. (Allavy Point) 30 416 S., ion. 1270 59' E. The    AMELIA COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Ameisland is about 30 miles long, by about 10 miles in breadth  ail co., Virginia, 47 miles S.W. of Richmond. It contains
at its broadest part, though generally it is not above 5 or 6  very few dwellings.
miles; area, 282 square miles. It is subject to earthqunakes;' AMELIA ISLAND is situated on the coast of Nassau co.,
is of a primitive formation, granite in some localities rising  in the N.E. part.of Florida. It is about 16 miles in length,
even to the summits of the mountains, while in others it and 4 in breadth, and is separated fi'rom the mainland by a
underlies serpentine and recent calcareous deposits; in the  channel of from 2 to 4 miles wide. The soil is generally
valley the soil is of a reddish clay, mixed with sand. Cloves fertile.
are the staple product, the annual quantity produced being    AM]hLIE-LES-BAINS, AsmA'leefhl'bAaoI, or ARLES-LESfrom 500,000 to 600,000 pounds. In 1796 the island was cap- BAINS, aal1,AbbNg!, a village of France, department of
tered by the British. and restored to the Dutch in 1801, at Pyrdn6es-Orientales, 3 miles W. of C6ret.
tihe peace of Amiens; but was again taken in 1810, and    AMEND, V/m~nt, a village of Rhenish Prussia. Pop. 840.
finally restored to Holland in 1814, at the treaty of Paris.   AMENI or AMENY,,'mA,/neex, one of the Laccadive'The government of Amboyna includes, besides the above, Islands; lat. 110 6' N., ion. 720 41' E. It is of a circular
Zooroo, Amblau, Ceram, and several smaller islands. Pop. form, 1 or 11 miles in diameter.
(1841) 29,592.                                              AMENIA, a-mee/ne-a, a post-village and township of
AMIBOYNA, AMBOIANA, or AMBOYANA, Am-boi-ini, Dutchess co., New York, on the Harlem  Railroad, 88 miles
capital of the above island, and of the Dutch residence or  N.N.E. of New York. It contains several churches, a bank,
government of Amboyna, Moluccas; lat. of Fort Victoria, an academy, and a few stores. Pop. of the township, 2229.
30 41' 7" S., lon. 1280 10' E., on the S.E. side of the Bay of    AMENIA UNION, a post-village of Armenia township,
Amboyna. It is of a triangular form, is clean and neat, and  Dutchess co., New York, 25 miles E.N.E. of Poughkeepsie.
regularly built, with straight and wide streets, intersected    AMERICA, a-mrfe-ka, (Fr. Anmriqsue, Atm4reek!; CGer.
11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..,i
by numerous streams, planted on either side with shrub- Amerieka, A-mnr e-kA; It., Sp., and Port. Aveerica, 4n-mtAre-kh;
bery. A public garden is attached to the town, and a row  named from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who visited
of houses, adorned with a double row of nutmeg-trees, and  South America in 1499, and published, in 1500, an interestoccupied by the principal inhabitants, terminates in a long  ing account of his voyage,) one of the great divisions of the
esplanade, leading to the citadel of Fort Victoria. The Bay  globe, and, with the exception of Asia, the largest, extends
of Amboyna is about 20 miles long and from 2 to 7 broad, from Point Barrow, in lat. 710 24' N., to Cape Forward, the
the roads secure and commodious, and the anchorage good, most southerly point of the continent, on the Straits of
with a depth of from 20 to 45 fathoms. Pop. of the town  Mlagellan, lat. 530 531 71/ S. Horn Island, on which Cape
in 1841, 8966.                                             Iorn is situated, and the other islands constituting the
AMBIRACIA, and AMIBRACIUS SINUS. See ArTA.              archipelago of Terra del Fuego, and which are considered
AMBRIIURES, birsbre-aird, a town of France, department as forming part of South America, extend between 20 and
and 6 miles N. of Mayenne, on the Varenne. Pop. 1221.    30 further south. America consists of two vast peninsulas,
AMBRIMI,.m-breemf, an island in the Pacific Ocean, New  called respectively NouLrn and SouTo AMERICA, connected by
Hebrides, lat. 160 9' 30" S., lon. 1670 50' E. It is 50 miles in  the Isthmus of Panama or Darien, which, at its narrowest
circumference, fertile, and cultivated.                   part, is only 28 miles in breadth, its general width being
AMBRIZ; amtbriz or im-breez!, a small independent Ne- about 40 miles. The near approach to entire separation begro kingdom of Africa, S. of Guinea, with a port at the  tween the two peninsulas is effected by the Gulf of-Mexico
mouth of the river Ambriz, on the Atlantic Ocean, about and the Caribbean Sea, which form a vast recess, bounded
70 miles N. of Loanda. Slavery is unknown in this little  on the S. by the northern shores of South America, on the
territory, and among its singular customs is the prohibi- N. by the United States, and extending WV. more than 600
tion of horses and beasts of burden. Its capital is Que- beyond the most eastern point of South America. The
branza. At the port there are Portuguese and American  entire American continent, stretching, as it does, from the
stores, and it has an extensive trade in gum and ivory.   Northern icy ocean to the cold region of the south, a disAMIBRIZETTE, 4m-bre-zett/or 4m-bre-z6ttA, a kingdom of tance, in a st aight line, of about 9000 miles, constitutes
Africa, in South Guinea, between the Congo and Ambri- the longest continuous body of land on the globe.  Its
zette Rivers, with a town on the coast, about 30 miles N. greatest breadth, S. of the equator, is between Cape St.
of Ambritz.                                               Roque in Brazil, and Cape Parina in Peru, between lat. 40
AMBROOIK ISLAND, a small island of Russia, in the Bal- and 70 S., where it is more than 3250 miles wide. North
tic Sea, about 21 miles N.E. of Domesnes Point. -         of the equator, the greatest breadth is near the parallel of
ALIBRONAY, Amzbro'nV, a town of France, department 450, between Cape Canso in Nova Scotia, and Cape Lookout
of Ain, 15 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 1737. It has an an- in Oregon, where it is more than 3100 miles in width. It
cient Benedictine abbey.                                  is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, which sepaAM/BROSDEN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         rates it from Europe and Africa, and on the WV. by the PaAM/BROSETOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.   cific Ocean, which divides it from Asia and Australia. From
AMBROSIA, am-brotzhe-a,  a post-office of Lee co., Iowa.   Siberia, however, it is separated only by Behring Straits,
AM/BRYN, an island of the New lebrides, in the South  not more than 48 miles in width at the narrowest part.
Pacific, lat. 160 14i' S., lon. 1680 24 E.                The extent of surface has been variously estimated. Hassel
AMBUKOL, 4m'boo'kol/, a village of Nubia, on the Nile. has given it at 17,303,000, and Balbi at 14,622,0000 square
Lat. 180 4' 3111 N.; lon. 310 314 46" E., about 8 miles WV. of miles; but in every estimate allowance must be made for
which is a waste named Haagbarlak, the superficial stratuum  the uncertainty of the northern limits. Berghaus makes
of which is coarse sandstone, containing many silicious  the area about 14,219,967 square miles, not reckoning the
fossil trees, parts of which are splintered off by the pea- islands, to which he assigns an area of about 98,660 square
santry and used as gun-flints.                            miles, which, without doubt, is too little.  The physical
ATMED or AMIID. See DIaDEKzz.                           features of this great division of the globe are on the most
AMEENANA, t-mee'n/nI, a town of Sinde, on an island  gigantic scale. Here are the greatest rivers and lakes, the
formed by the Narra and Indus, 12 miles N. of Sehwan.    largest valleys, the loftiest mountains, (with the exception
AMEIDE, &-mitdeh, a village of Netherlands, on the Lek, of the Himalayas, which, however, they greatly exceed in
with a brewery. Pop. 1070.                                length,) and the most magnificent forests in the world.
AMELAND, 4/me4-ut', an island of the Netherlands, in  Here, also, is exhibited the greatest development of volthe North Sea, 4 miles N. of the coast of Friesland; lat. 530  canic phenomena, the chain of the Andes furnishing the
30! N., Ion. 60 15' E. The island is 13 miles in length friom  most remarkable example of linear volcanoes of any region
E. to W., by 2 miles in width.                            on the globe. Out of 270 active volcanoes, the estimated
AMHELIA, 4-mlie-A, or AMERIA, 9-m4/re-t, a town of the  number of all that are in that state on the surface of the
Papal States, delegation of and 22 miles S.WV. of' Spoleto; it earth, in the world, 190 are on the shores and islands of
is the see of a bishop, having a cathedral, 3 churches, and  America, being upwards of two-thirds of the whole.
some convents. It was the ancient Ame/ria, one of the oldest   In bodily conformation, the aboriginal tribes of America
cities of Usmbria, and the birthplace of Roscins, the cele- present remarkable similarities; buttheir languages, though
brated Roman actor, so frequently mentioned by Cicero. containing many roots in common, are exceedingly various,
Pop. 5500.                                                amounting in number to no fewer than 600.
AMELIA, a-mee/le-a, a county towards the S.E. part of    Although differing considerably in general contour, the
Virginia, has an area of 300 square miles. The Appomattox  two great peninsulas present some remarkable points of reriver forms about half of the boundary, enclosing it on  semblance. Both taper towards their southern extremities,
nearly all sides excepting the S.; it is also drained by the  and the form of both seems to have been in a great meaNamazinc, Flat, and Deep Creeks. The surface is somewhat  sure determined by a range, and by a system  of moundiversified; the soil of the valleys is naturally fertile, but tains; on the W. by the Andes, and their continuations
impoverished by long cultivation. A portion of the land  the Rocky Mountains, stretching fi-om Terra del Fuego to
has been " turned out," and can be bought at a merely no- near the Arctic Ocean; and on the E. by the Br-azilian Mounm qas  rate. The. county is intersected by the Richmond  tains, and the Alleghany or Appalachian chain.  A sub,
69




AME                                                          AME
division called CENTRAL AmRICOA comprises part of North  and Northern Europe.  Gneiss, mica-schist, and granitk
America. This division will be noticed after NORTTI AMERICA. I prevail over wide areas in the.Alleghanies; on the Atiantic
-Adj. and inhab. AMERICANam, a-m kr-e-kan, (Fr. A.discIcAIN. slope and the N. latitudes of the American continent, and
Alinkreelk$Mef; Ger. adj. AeEREIKANISscR, A -mt-re-klnish; in- on the high and middle latitndes, the silurian strata exhab. AMaERIKaxNISCHER, A-mA-rE-lkcnish-as )                  tend over 2000 miles. Crystalline and silurian rocks form
AMERICA, NORTH. (Fr. Anri iqpe-oecptcntii'coocae,'m.L-  the substratum  of Mexico, for the most part covered with
reek! sUt'ttNGatre-o'nAl!, or _zicqeicirr,  N m'rheek! di  plutonic and volcanic formations and secondary limestone.
noR; Ger. Nord Amcrilca, noRt i-mnlre-ki;; Sp. America Seten-  The Rtocky Mountains are mostly silurian,  except the E.
t.rional, -mAre-ka sA-tln-tre-o-nAl/,) exclusive ofCentralAmiu- ridge, which is of stratified crystalline rocks, amygdaloid,
rice. lies between the 16th degree of N. lat. and the Arctic  and ancient volcanic productions. The Coast Chain has the
Ocean. It is bounded on theN.by the Arctic Ocean, E.by the  same character. with immense tracts of volcanic rocks, both
Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, and S. by the Gulf of Mexico  ancient and -modernm  especially obsidian. In North Amand Central America, and W. by the Pacific Ocean.  It is  rica, volcanic action is entirely confined to the coast and
more irregular in form  than South America, being deeply  highlands along the Pacific. The principal minerals are
indented with gulfs, bays, and inlets. It8 length from   gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and coal. The first two are
Hudson's Straits to the Florida channel, following the wind- found in the greatest abundance in the S.W. part of the
ings of the coast, is probably 4800 miles, and from  thence  continent, in California, New Mexico, and Mexico; but the
to Panama about 4500 more. The whole length on the Pa- Alleghany  Mountains contain gold in considerable quanticific side, including the coasts of the Gulf of California, has  ties, especially  between  Maryland  and  Alabama.  The
been computed at 10,500 miles. Of the extent of the N. amount of precious metals produced annually in Mexico
and N.E. shores, no conjecture has yet been hazarded, but  previous to the revolution was nearly $25,000,000; but
it is probably not less than 3000 miles; thus making an  since that time it has sunk to about half that amount.
entire coast line of perhaps 22,800 miles. Of so irregularly  From the discovery of gold in California in December, 1847,
shaped a region, any estimate of its. area must be exceed- down to the close of 1853, the amount received at the difingly conjectural; but it is'generally computed to be about ferent United States mints was $219,144,919; but it is esti8.000,000 square miles.  J. D. B. De Bow, Superintendent  mated that $70,000,000 more was either exported to foreign
of the census bureau  at Washington, states the  area  countries, manufactured, or remained in California. About
to be 8,373,648 square miles, assigning 3,050,398 square  $17,000,000 had been sent to the United States mints fromn
miles to British America, 3,306,865 to the United States, the Alleghany mines between 1828 and 1854. Copper exists
1,038,834 to Mexico, 394,000 to Russian America, 384,000  in great abundance, particularly in Mexico and on tho
to Danish America, (Greenland,) and 203,551 to Central shores of Lake Superior.  In the latter locality it is chiAmerica.                                                       selled from  its native bed, in masses of 150 tons of nearly
Political Divisions.-North America, including Greenland,  pure metal.  Quicksilver is found in California and Mexico.
is divided into six political organizations, viz. Danish Ame- Perhaps the richest lead district in the world is to be found
rica or Greenland; British America, occupying all the ter- between lat. 410 and 440 N., on both banks of the Iissisritory N. of the great lakes and 490 of N. hat., and E. of  sippi.  In one year, 54,000,000 pounds have been mined at
about 1320 W. ion.; Russian America, including all the  this point. The coalfields of North America are prodigious,
N.W. portion of the continent W. of 1320 WV. ion.; the  covering, in the United  States alone, an area of about
United  States, occupying the territory between British  133,000 square miles; besides extensive beds in New BrunsAmerica on the N., and the Gulf of Mexico and the re- wick, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver's Island. Bituminous
public of Mlexico on the S.; Mexico, lying between 150  coal is the most abundant; but Eastern  Pennsylvania
30' and 320 N. lat., and between the Pacific on the WV. alone sends to markret above 5,000,000 tons annually of
and the Gulf of Mexico on the E.; and Central America,  anthracite.  Iron exists in profusion. Zinc, cobalt, antiwhich occupies all the noathern peninsula S. of Mexico. mIny, arsenic, titanium, chrome, &c. are found in greater
The unsettled political condition of Mexico and Central or less abundance.  Salt is widely diffused.
America makes it difficult to  class them, as civil con-   ]Bays, Gzcls, Lakes, cand Pivers. —North  America,  like
tentions and divisions are constantly taking  place.           Europe, is indented with great bays, gulfs, and lalkes,
Face of the Counatry, Mlountains, rc.-r-The  mountain ranges  opening her interior to commerce, and thus promoting
of North America comprise two principal systems, viz. the  early  settlement, civilization, and advancement.  ComChippewayan or Rocky Mountains, a continuation of the  mencing on the N.lE. are Baffin's Bay, separating British
Andes, stretching along the W. coast at a distance varying  America from  Greenland; Hudson's Bay, a great interior
from 50 to 600 miles from the Pacific, and the Appalachian,   sea, opening into the Atlantic by three wide channels; the
which extends in a N.E. and S.W. direction along the Atlan-  Gulf of St. Lawrence, giving entrance to the great lakes
tic coast. Several peaks of the former system rise far above  or fresh-water seas of North America; the Bays of Fundy,
the line of perpetual snow, of whvich the highest ascertained  and Massachnsetts,  Cape Cod, Delaware, and Chesapeake
are Popocatapetl and Orizaba in Mexico, the former 17,720  bays;  Loug Island. Albemarle, and Pamlico Sounds; the
feet, and the latter 17,380 feet -above the sea-level;  Fre- Gulf of Mexico, and Bay of Honduras-all on the E. coast.
mont's Peak, in the United Stktes, 13,570 feet, and Mount  The indentations on the Pacific are not so numerous or so
Brown and Mount Hooker in British America, which have  large: the principal are, the Gulf of California, the Bay of
an elevation of 15,990 and 15,700 feet respectively. A range  San Francisco, Straits of Juan de Fuca, (leading into Puwhich may be considered as a part of the same system, ex- get'$ Sound, Admiralty  Inlet, and St. George's Gulf or
tends between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific, corm- Channel,) Queen Charlotte's Sound, Cook's Inlet, and Bristol
mencing in the S.E. of Russian America, and terminating  Bay. Five of the largest fresh-water lakes on the earthin the peninsula of California. This chain is called in Ore-  viz. Superior, covering 32,000 square  miles; Michigan,
gon and Washington Territories the Cascade Range, and in  22,000; Huron, 20,400; Erie, 9600; and Ontario, 6300-lie
California the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Still nearer to  between 410 and 490 N. lat., and between 760 and 930 of WV.
the sea, which in many places it borders, is the Coast Range. hon., all connected with each other by straits or channels;
The highest summits of the Cascade Mountains vary from   and, by means of their common outlet, the St. Lawrence,
10,000 to 17,900 feet, the latter being the altitude of Miount  open the commerce of the interior of North America to the
St. Elias, in Russian America, believed to be the highest  Atlantic Ocean. Winnipeg, Athabasca, Slave, and Great
land in North America. The Cordilleras, of Mexico and  Bear Lakes, in British America; Lake Nicaragua, in Cen'tral
Central America, have several of the most active volcanoes  America; Lake Chapala, in Mexico, and Lake Champlain
on the globe. The other mountain system, the Appala-  and Great Salt Lakle, in the United States, are of various
chian, on the Atlantic side of the continent, takling its rise  lengths of from 70 to 300 miles. Besides these, North Amein' the extreme N.E. of the United States, extends nearly  rica abounds in beautiful sheets of water, from the size of
parallel to the coast, at a distance varying from  less than  ponds up to that of lakies of from 10 to 50 or 60 miles in
100 to near 300 miles, to the state of Alabama, culminating  length, particularly N. of 420 N. hat. No portion of the
in Mount Mitchell (6470 feet high) in North Carolina.  It  world is more favored with large rivers than North America,
comprises several ranges nearly parallel, which have a mean  rendering almost every portion of the continent accessible
elevation of about 2500 feet. Between these two mountain  to the sea. From  the great table-land of the interior, the
systems lies an immense. plain, the largest (if we except  Mackrenzie River runs N. into the Arctic Ocean, the Sasthe desert plain of Africa) in the world, stretching from   katchawan, E. into Hudson's Bay, the St. lawrence into
the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, a distance of about the Atlantic, and the Mississippi, Missouri, and Rio Grande
2800 miles. Much of this vast region is covered with im- del Norte S. into the Gulf of Mexico. The Columbia, emptymense forests; a large portion is no doubt doomed to ever-  ing into the Pacific, and the Colorado of the W. into the
lasting sterility on account of the severity of the climate;  Gulf of California, have their sources in the western debut the region S. of the 45th parallel of N. latitude, corm- clivities of the Rocky'" Mountains.  The Atlantic slope is
prising an area of about 1,500,000 square miles, is one of  drained by a large number of rivers from  200 to 600 miles
almost unexampled fertility.  In this plain are situated  in length, many of which are navigable for'from  50 to
the great American lakes, and over its level surface flow   200 miles. The Mlissouro-Mississippi has a course of 4349
the majestic rivers Mississippi, Mackenzie, and St. Law- miles; while its great tributaries, the Arkansas and Red
rence, the one forming the southern, the other the north-  from  the W., and the Ohio from  the E., have courses of
ern, and the third the eastern outlet for its waters.         from  1000 to 2500 miles each, and these, again, have triGeology, M1inZeraloyg,  c. —A  remarkable analogy exists in  butaries and sub-tributaries of large size.  The St. Law.the structure of the land in North America and Central  rence, from the head of the St. Louis, one of the most ia
70




AME                                                         AME
portant affuinents of Lake Superior. to its mouth in the  America, and is found principally in the regions adjacent
Gulf of St. Lawrence, is 2250 miles long. The Columbia is  to the Rocky Mountains, from  New Mexico to at least 610
about 1200; the Colorado of the West, 1000; and the Rio  N. lat.  The white or polar bear is seldom seen S. of 550 N.
Grande, 1800 miles long. There are a number of important  lat. The bison or American buffalo, the largest native
streams not enumerated, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico  quadruped of the New World now existing, roams in imfrom the United States. Mexico and Central America have  mense herds on the prairies W. of the Mississippi, but is
no large rivers.                                              fast diminishing in numbers before the advance of t.he
Islasds.-Between North and South America, in the great  white man, as well as by the hand of the Indian. The bufrecess formed by the narrowing of the continent at Central falo sometimes attains a weight of 2000 pounds. The musk
America and the Isthmus of Darien or Panama, and be- ox is a small animal, weighing little more than 300 pounds,
tween the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, lies an exten-  with a strong scent of musk. There are several varieties
sive archipelago called the West Indies, which extends E. of deer, the most remarkable of which, as well as the largest,
from the mouth of the Gulf Of Mexico to about 600 WV. lon.,  is the moose, attaining a height of 0 feet, and with antlers
whence it turns almost directly S., stretching to the mouth  weighing more than 50 pounds. The reindeer is also found
of the Orinoco River, and enclosing the Caribbean Sea on  here. Among the Rocky Mountains are a peculiar race
the N. and E. The largest of these islands are Cuba, (also  of sheep and goats, the former much larger than the dothe most western,) Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, which,  mestic sheep, with short, fine, and flexible wool; and the
with a great number of smaller ones, include, in the whole, latter, which, frequents the highest peaks of the mountains,
an area of perhaps 90,000 square miles. About the mouth  is covered with a long hair, beneath which is a fine wool.
of the St. Lawrence is the large island of Newfoundland,  The wolves and dogs of America are peculiar, and some of
with the smaller islands of Cape Breton, Prince Edward,  them numerous. The prairie wolves inhabit both sides of
Anticosti, &c.; while off thecoast of the United States-ex-  the Rocky Mountains, are very swift, and hunt in packs.
cept a number of small islands on the shores of Maine and  Among the domestic dogs are the well-known Newfoundland
Massachusetts, the Bahama Isles off Florida and the Ber- dog, and the Mackenzie River dog, a small and playful animudas, 700 to 900 miles E. of Georgia-the only considerable  mal.  Foxes are numerous, and of several varieties; among
island is Long Island.  On the Pacific coast, the largest  them are the red, kit, and Arctic fox. The red fox is much
islands are Vrancouver's, Queen  Charlotte's, and  IKing  hunted for his skin. Of beasts of prey, the most feroGeorge III.'s Archipelago, WV. of British America; and  cious are the grizzly bear, the cougar or panther, lynx,
Prince of Wales, Sitka, Admiralty Island, and the Aleutian  and wildcat. Among the smaller quadrupeds  are beavers,
Islands on the coast of Russian America. The latter extend  otters, racoons, badgers, opossums, weasels, hares, muskW. toward'the shores of Asia. In theArctic Ocean are a  rats, marmots, squirrels, porcupines, gophers, and prairie
number of large but barren islands, of which almost nothing  dogs. The latter two are burrowing animals. Reptiles are
is known.                                                     numerous, and some dangerous; of the latter class is the
Clioate.-In general, North America has a temperature  rattlesnake, the bite of which is fatal, unless an immediate
100 lower than in the same parallels in Western Europe, remedy is applied;' it attains a length of 6 feet. The pikeand is subject to greater extremes and more sudden changes; muzzled cayman   (a species of crocodile) is a native of the
In lat. 400 N., in summer, for a few days, the heat is as  Southern United States and Mexico, is ound in the Missisgreat as at Calcutta, and in winter, for short periods, the  sippi, and grows to the length of 14 or 16 feet. Frogs and
cold' is as severe as that of Russia. The Pacific coast is  toads are rnumerons. Tortoises of seaeral varieties, and sea
as mild in'climate as the western  portion  of Europe. turtles abound on the S. coasts. Of birds, there are 471
In  the northern  part of British America' almost per- known species in North America, 371 of which are peculiar.
petual winter reigns, and in the southern the winters are  Of these, the wild turkey formerly existed in great nuna —
long and severe, but the air is still, and the temperature  bers, but it diminishes as the settlements advance. V'ild
not so variable as further S.; so that the cold is not felt as  pigeons go in such immense flocks as to darken the air, and
keenly as in some lower latitudes.  The want of any great  when they roost, to break the branches from  the trees.
chain of mountains to the N., and the great breadth of land  Among the rapacious birds are the bald and Washington
untempered by the influence of approximate seas, render  eagle, the sparrowhawk, swallow-tailed hawk, lflcon, vuleven the temperate regions subject to frequent spells of  ture, turkey buzzard, and omvl.  Among gallinaceous birds,
fierce cold N. and N.W. winds. In the. middle and on the  turkeys, pigeons, grouse, quails, and pheasants. Among
E. side of the continent N. of 500, the cold is so intense as  grallle, crows, herons, flamingoes, speonbills, rails, and
to make the country almost uninhabitable; while in  purple gallnules.  Among wasterfowls, swans, wild geese
Southern Mexico and Central America, the usual climates  and ducks, (including the canvasbackiand eider duck,) peltof the torrid zone prevail, varied, however, to a considerable  cans, &c.; and among the smaller bii ds, larks, orioles, buntdegree by the mountains and the proximity of the seas, ings, magpies, jays, cedar-birds,  shrikes,  mockingbirds,
the former occasionally producing frosts even between 150  thrushes, robins, bluebirds, grosbeaks, parrots, woodpeckand 250 N. lat. The table-lands of Mexico, with the excep-  ors, humming-birds,      kingfishers, chuckwills-widow,.whip-'tion of their liability to great droughts, form  a delightful  poorwill, and turtle-doves.  Of fish, there are innumerable
climate.  In the Canadas, the transition from  winter to  varieties; among them  are the sturgeon  salmon, salmon
summer is very sudden, leaving a very short spring.           trout, whitefis h, (peculiar to the great lakes,) mackerel,,
Vecgetable Procdlctions.-North  America is characterized  shad, herring, halibut, sheepshead, trout, perch, bass, pike,
both by the immensity of its forests and the value and size  char, &c. &c.
of its timber; especially a species of pine or fir in Oregon,    Pouloati'o.-The aboriginal races in Central America and
which attains a height of from  200 to 300 feet, and a girth  Mexico still form an important element of the population,
of from 60 to 80 feet. The forests of Canada contain pine,  and number, probably-including the mestizoes, (white and
oak, ash, hickory, red beech, birch, and the lofty Canadian  Indian,) and the Indians of North Amrerica-8 000,000 perpoplar. In the United States are several varieties of oakc,  sons.'While in the West Indies and the United States,
chestnut, walnut, several varieties of maple, (among them   about 5,000O000 are Africans and their descendants, mostly
the sugar-maple,) hickory, cedar, spruce, hemlock, bass-  in a state of slavery. In the West Indies the Afiican race
wood, palmetto, dogwood, willow, catalpa, wild  cherry,  constitutes much the larger part of the population, while
birch, ash, tulip or American poplar, elm, scycamore, locust,  in some of the Southern United States it nearly equals, and
gum, magnolia, cypress, &c. In California there is a species  in one instance surpasses the white inhabitants in numof cypress called redwood, that attains an enormous size,  bers.  The entire population of North America in 1854 may
sometimes 20 feet in diameter.                                be safely stated as exceeding 40,000,000. The wvhite popuMaize, or Indian corn, which is the only important fari-  lation in the United States and in British America is innaceous plant peculiar to the New World, has an extensive  creasing in a ratio hitherto unexampled in the world.
range in North America; but is most successfully cultivated     Raccs of Moe. —The origin of the American race is wholly
in the CentralUnited States. Millet, cocoa, pimento, vanilla,  unknown, although there has been no want of conjecture on
copuiba, cinchona, jalap, sassafras, nux vomica, tobacco, and  the subject, most of it more plausible than satisfactory. This,
the cochineal plant (cactus cochinilifer) are also indigenous. however, is certain, that America was inhabited by a people
So likewise is the potato, now widely diffused throughout  who lived long antecedent to the races or tribes by which
Europe. Wheat, barley, oats, peas, and rice succeed well  the continent was occupied when first visited by Columbus,
throughout large portions of the continent; so also do va- but' concerning whom  history has preserved no record;
rious kinds of fruit-trees. such as oranges, peaches, lemons, although many evidences remain, not only to prove the fact
and apples; but the native fruits are mostly of the nut'kind.  of their having existed, but to show that they had attained
Sugar, coffee, and cotton are among its staple vegetable  a degree of civilization altogether unapproached by the abproductions. The vine hitherto has not been so successfully  origines of the present day. Among these evidences are
cultivated, probably more owing to defect of culture than of  stone walls of regular masonry, and hearths of brick, medals
uncongeniality in the soil or climate.  There are several  of copper and silver, swords, and implements of iron. The
species of wild or indigenous vines.                          Indian tribes of America, with the exception, perhaps, of the
Zoooqy. —The animals found in America at the conquest, more westerly Esquimaux, have all so strong a resemblance
of' the larger kind, were; in general, fewer in number and  to each other in physical formation, and also, though in a
inferior in ferocity to those' of the eastern continent, with, less obvious degree, in intellectulal character, as to leave no
however, striking exceptions, among which are the polar  doubt of their being of one family, and of their having a
bear and the grizzly bear, the largest of their species, as  comnmon origin. The most generally received opinion is,
welf as the most ferocious. The latter is peculiar to North  that they sprang originally from  the neighboring tribes of
il




AME                                                         AME
Asia, who inhabited the extreme eastern portion of the old  age of Francis I. of France, in 1524 surveyed upwards of
world, and whom accident or adventure had wafted across  2000 miles of coast, including all the United States, and
Behring Straits. Indeed, it is said that tradition assigns  part of British America.  Some years afterwards, Jacques
the first origin of the American race to a migration of their  Cartier performed several voyages, surveying Newfoundfathers from beyond the Western Ocean, and that a simi- land, and was the first to ascend the St. Lawrence. Not many
larity of language may be traced between the tribes that in- years subsequent to this, a French fortress was erected neal
habit the Caucasian range, and those of the Cordilleras of  the present site of Quebec. Previous to that, in 1519, Mexi.
M exico and Peru. The American Indians, with the excep- co had been discovered and conquered by Cortes. In July,
tion above made, are of large size, robust, and well-proper- 1850, Captain McClure, of the British navy, entered Behrtiened, of a bronze or reddish complexion; hence the name  ing's Straits, and was seen, on the 31st of that month,
"red men" which they have bestowed upon themselves; oil Cape Lisburne, steering in a N.E. direction.  I-e was
ccarse, long, black, and shining hair, thin beard, low fore- next seen in the Bay of Mercy, on the 6th of April, 1853,
head high eyebrows, prominent cheek-bones, nose a little  by Lieutenant Pim, coming from the east, thus establishfiatened, but well marked. The head is of a square shape, ish the flct of a conmunication by water between the Atfhce broad and tapering toward the chin, features viewed in  lantic and Pacific, through the Arctic seas. This passage
profile prominent and deeply sculptured. Their moral cha- has never been entirely made by vessels, the journey  in
racter has been variously represented-sometimes better  question having been performed partly on ice by sledges,
and somnetimes woise than it really is. Excepting extra- and partly by sailing.
ordinary powers of endurance, they seem to possess precisely    Aa'eieCA, CENTRAL, is the  narrow, tortuous strip ol
the virtues and vices common to all savages, along with  land uniting North and South America, but belonging pro
some good qualities, somewhat rare, perhaps, among uncivil- perly to the former, lies between about 70 and 180 of N.
ized tribes. They are grateful, hospitable, and capable some- lat.; but as different limits are assigned to it by different
times of a savage magnanimity; but they are also vindictive  authorities, these cannot be said to be exactly determined.
and cruel. They are patient in suffering, heroic in death, Its entire length is between 800 and 900 miles, and its
but wavering in temptatidn, and without honor in the field; breadth vasying firom  about 20 to 30 miles in the narand the man who can bear, without flinching, the most ex- rowest part of the isthmus, to 300 to 400 miles in its
quisite tortures, will often perish beside a barrel of spirits  widest parts; including an area of about 200,000 square
which he wanted the resolution to resist. An idea very  miles. Taking  the limits above stated, Central Americq
generally prevails that the aborigines of America are singu- will be found to comprise the Isthmus of Panama, Guate
larly grave and taciturn. But Washington Irving repre- mala, British IlHonduras, and parts of Mtexico; some ansents them as " taciturn only when in company with white  thorities also include Yucatan.  It is bounded N. by
men, whose good-wvill they distrust, and whose language  Mexico and the Carilbbean Sea, E. by the Caribbean Sea,
they do not understand; and that when among themselves, and S.W. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Tihe political states
there cannot be greater- gossips. Half their time is taken  generally known as Central America, including Guate
up in talking over their adventures in war and hunting,  mala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica,
and in telling whimsical stories. They are great mimics  lie between about 80 and 170 N., excluding the narrowest
and buffoons also; and entertain themselves excessively at  part of the isthlmus on the S., (which belongs to New Grathe expense of the whites with whom  they have associated, nada,) and Balize, Yucatan, and part of Mexico on the N.;
and who have supposed them  impjressed with profound re- though, geographically, the limits seem  to be fixed by
spect for their grandeur and dignity. They are curious ob- nature at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on the N.W'., and
servers, noting every thing in silence, but with a keen and  the entranc6 into the Isthmus of Panama fromn New Grawatchful eye; occasionally exchanging a glance or a grunt  nada, on the S.E.
with each other when any thing particularly strikes them,    VAce of the Countrylt, 2~osustcinss, dc.-The topographical
but reserving all comment till they are alone. Then it is  features of Central America are very striking. The Rocky
that they give full scope to criticism, satire, mnimicry, and  Mountain chain, or the Andes, traverses the whole country
mirth. In the course of my journey along the frontier, I  near the Pacific border; and though not rising to the greathave had reheated opportunities of noticing their excitability  est altitudes, its numerous volcanoes, which are frequently
and boisterous merriment at their games; and have occa- in action, give it an interest greater than that felt in coullsionally noticed a group of Osages sitting around a fire until tries whose mountains are even more lofty. The great
late at night, engaged in the most animated and lively con- range is divided, in Central America, into three distinct
versation, and at times making the woods resound with  groups, viz. the Honduras and Nicaragua group, the Costa
peals of laughter."  The Indians of North America have  Rica group, and the group of Guatemala.  The latter, in
been considered an inferior race intellectually, and they  the N.W. of Central Amnerica, has more active volcanoes
have not, perhaps, made advances in civilization and tlhe  than any other country of equal area, except the island of
arts Commenseurate wi ith their opportunities; yet it may be  Java, on the globe.  Of these, the Volcan de Agua, so
doubted whether it is not owing to their unconquerable  called from  emitting torrents of water and stones, instead
love of liberty, and their impatience of the restraints which  of fire, is said to be 151000 feet in elevation, being'the highcivilization imposes, rather than to any want of capacity.  est land in Central America; but the general height of
The Indians of Mexico and Central America, still forming  the range, taken as a whole, averages only from 3000 to 5000
the larger part of the inhabitants, have amalgamated to a  feet. Some parts of the Costa Rica group, in the Isthmus
considerable extent with the wvhites, and to some degree  of Panama, attain a height of 9000 feet, and the volcano of
have adopted their habits. The more barbarous tribes of  Irasu is 11,478 feet above the sea. On the N. side of Lake
the United States, however, seldom  mix with  the whites,  Nicaragua, the border of the plateau forming its W. limit
and are already pushed by the advancing tide of civilization  rises suddenly to a height of 8200 feet. On the western
beyond the Mississippi, while a counter tide of emigration, slope the mountains often come down to the very verge of
from the Pacific shores is hemming them in on the W., and  the sea. The E. or N.E. portion is a vast forest, generally
they seem to be rapidly diminishing before the power, the  known as the Mosquito shore.
cunning, and the diseases of the white man. Still a large    Geology/y asd Ainserals.-The greater part of the rocks in
portion of the continent is in possession of aborigines con-  the Isthmus, near Puerto Bello, are porphyritic or hornprising,hbesides the W. central portion of the United States, blendic.  Limited lines of granite and schistose fornations
the N. part of Mexico, and the N.W. part of British America.  occur; but silica is deficient, quartz rare, and limestone
Their entire number is supposed to anmount to rather more  very scarce. Iron is abundant, and lime and building
than half a million, of which about 300,000 are within the  stone are obtained from coral rocks on the Atlantic; on the
federal territory.  On the borders of the United States and  Pacific, shells alone afford lime.  A kind of aluminous
MIexico are the Comanches and the Apaches, two of the  magnesia is found on the same side, but argillaceous depomost powerful and warlike tribes of all the North Anerican  sits and aluminous rocks are rare; stratification is seldom
Indians.                                                      seen, except in the valleys between the ridges of the mounfiistory.-If we except the reputed early visits of the  tains, or near the sea. Granite, gneiss, and mica-slate form
Danes and Norwegians to Greenland in the ninth and tenth  the substrata of the country, but the abundance of ignecenturies, the coasts of North America were first made  ous rocks bear witness to volcanic action, both in ancient
known to the civilized world by the discoveries of John  and recent times.  An earthquake, so lately as April,
Cabot and his son Sebastian, in 1497, one year before Co- 1854, at San Salvador, caused the loss of 200 lives and some
lumbus discovered the mainland of South America. The  millions of property. Gold, silver, lead, and mercury are
Cabots sailed under a patent of Henry VII. of England, and  found. Jasper and marble are worked in Hlonduras; and
it is believed the first year touched at Labrador, and the  sulphur is collected near the volcano of Quezaltenango.
next year at Newfoundland. Gaspar de Cortereal, a Portu-  There are also many salt springs; and salt is procured in
guese nobleman, followed in 1500, and surveyed 600 or 700  large quantities on the shores of the Pacific.
miles of the coast of Labrador.  Ile sailed again in a few      Bays, Gulfs, Lakes, ad  Rivers. —The rivers of Central
years afterward, but never returned; it is supposed he was America are sufficiently numerous, but necessarily short in
murdered by the natives, in revenge for having carried off  their courses from  the narrowness of the country. They
o number of the natives as slaves in his first voyage. Two  have, however, become an object of much interest from the
expeditions which sailed in search of him were never heard  general desire of the civilized world to open a ship connmmuof afterwards. In 1512, S. Cabot visited Hudson's Bay, and  nication between the two oceans at this place.  Of the
in the sanse year Ponce de Leon discovered Florita.  Gio- rivers, the Usumasinta, flowing into the Ray of Campeachy.
vanni Verr zzano, a Florentine navigator, under the -.atron-  is the largest; but the San Juan, the outlet of Lake NNicu7




AME                                                       AME
ragua, is best known and most traversed, as it forms a part the former is particularly destructive.  The rivers, lake.%
of the overland route of one of the lines of California  and seas abound in fine fish.
steamers, and firom  its having been accurately surveyed    Conbsesrce.-The commerce of Central America is very
with reference to the canal alluded to above. The former trifling, and the value of its exports has declined since the
is perhaps about 200 and the latter 100 miles in length, revolution.  Trade, however, is perfectly free in all the
All the longer streams are on the N. and E. sides of the  states, and foreigners possess all the privileges enjoyed by
mountains, and discharge their waters into the Atlantic  natives. The ordinary revenue in the different states is
seas or gulfs. Of these the most important are, proceeding  derived from  duties and imposts, a duty of 5 per cent. on
N. from the mouth of the San Juan, the Bluefields or Es- the transfer of real property, and a monopoly on the sale of
condido, Wanks or Cape, Tinto or Poyais, the Ulna or Ulna, spirits and tobacco. The discovery of gold in California,
Motagua or Molagua, and Cajabon. The most important since it has led to much travel through this territory, will
bays, beginning at the isthmus on the Pacific side, are the  very probably awaken the slumbering energies of the peon
Bay of Panama, Gulf of Dnlce or Dolce, Gulf of Nicoya, and  pie, and dispose them to commercial intercourse. Most of
Bay of Fonseca or Conchagua; and on the Atlantic side the  the travel between the Eastern United States and CaliforBay of Honduras (occupying the angle between Balize and  nia passes through this territory, and a railroad from
Honduras) and Gulf of Darien or Uraba. The portion of Aspinwall to Panama was opened February 17, 1855. The
the Caribbean Sea bounding Central America on the E. is idea of opening a passage for vessels through the Isthmus
often called the Bay of Guatemala. The principal lake is of Panama has long agitated the civilized world.  Two
Lake Nicaragua, near the W. coast, which is about 90 miles  different routes have- been proposed, both within Central
in length and 30 in breadth, with a depth varying from 12  America-one across the Isthmus, from Chagres or Puerto
to 240 feet, and an elevation of 125 feet above the Pacific. Bello, to Panama; and a second from Port San Juan, on the
The other lakes are Managua or Leon, a little N.W. of Nica-  Caribbean Sea, up the -San Juan Biver, across Lake Nica,
ragua; Lake Atitlan or Atitan and Peter's Lake, in the N. ragua, and from thence to the Pacific by different routes.
of Central America; and'several salt lakes or lagoons on the  Two other lines are proposed, not strictly within the limits
Caribbean shores. Lake Atitan is 24 miles in length by 10  here assigned to Central America: one from the mouth of
in breadth, and is surrounded by mountains, which are so  the river Coatzacoalco  to Tehuantepec; and a second from
precipitous that there is little gradation of depth near the  the Bay of Choco along the Atrato and Naipi, one of its
margin. Bottom has not been found at 300 fathoms.          branches, and thence by canal to Cupica Bay on the Pacific.
Clismate.-In Central America, says Captain Fitz Roy, An attempt to explore a route by way of the Chucanaque
there are two seasons, one of which, though called winter, River, by a corps under the direction of the United States
is when the sun is nearly vertical; and the opposite period, government, in 1854, resulted in a complete failure, and in
when the sun is not so high at midday, is the summer, in  great suffering to all, and death to several of the party.
which hot and dry weather prevails, accompanied by a clear    Governaesen.t.-The five states of Guat.emala, San Salvador,
and healthy atmosphere.  In the northern parts of the  Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica associated, in 182:1, in
isthmus the dry season lasts longer than that about Darien  a confederation similar to that of the United States; but
and Choco, where there are only short intervals without  this being dissolved in 1839, the different states, thonghl
some rain. About three months in the year can alone be  nominally republican, have since been in reality ruled by
depended on as dry and truly fine weather in the vicinity  a succession of military despots, whose reign has usually
of the Gulf of Darien. At that time regular breezes prevail been as lawless as brief. Attempts have been madeto form
from the northward and eastward, interrupted occasionally  other and partial confederations, whose duration, when
by gales from the N. In the season called winter the sun  formed, was but short. The state of Guatemala has prois seldom  seen, so clouded is the sky and so frequent are  bably had the most stable government, under the despotic
the torrents of rain. The air is then extremely sultry.  and sanguinary Carrera, an ignorant mestizo of the lowest
Lightning and thunder are very frequent, and westerly  birth, of whom  Squiers has said, "He exercised a power
winds, with hard squalls, are prevalent. There is a short never controlled by justice or tempered with mercy."
interval of fine weather in the middle of the rainy season,   Populaion. —The population of Central America consists
near the end of June, (called the Little Summer of St. of three classes: whites and creoles; mestizoes, or the offJohn;) but the regular and continued summer, a very dry  spring of whites and Indians; and aboriginal natives. The
and parching time in the northern parts of the isthmus,  proportions of this population have been estimated a-t onelasts from December to April or May. In low places, near twelfth whites, four-twelfths mixed races, and seven-twelft-hs
rivers especially, where fresh and salt waters mix, where  Indians. The total population is stated at 2,146,000. The
mangrove-trees abound, and decomposition is raflid, the  moral condition of the whites and creoles is represented to
climate is very unhealthy-often fatally so; contagious  be in a low state, while ignorance and superstition pervade
miasmata being abundant. But in higher regions, where  nearly all classes, and many of the aborigines still practise
the ground is less hidden from  the sun and wind, and  in secret their pagan rites, and venerate their ancient
noxious vapors are not generated, there is nothing in the  idols.
climate to injure a healthy European who lives temperately    Hisorpy.-Columbus visited the' E. coast of Central Ameand avoids extremes.  In the low  districts fevers and  rica in 1502, passing along the shores of IIonduras, the
agues and yellow-fever prevail, and strangers are particu-  iMosquito Territory, Costa Rica, and Veragua.  In 1523,
larly liable to be attacked by them. Besides storms from   Cortez despatched Pedro Alvarado to subdue Central Alnmethe N.W. during the rainy season, gales from the N.E. are  rica, which he effected in two years. From  that period it
experienced during the dry period. Panama Bay is ex- remained subject to Spain until 1823, when it threw off the
posed during the long rainy season to westerly winds, yoke and formed itself into a federal republic, composed of
which cause heavy swells and do much mischief to the  the states of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Salvador,
shipping. The dry season lasts from October to May; and  and Costa Rica.  This confederation lasted till 1839. Since
though the rest of the year is called the rainy season, the  then the country has been in a continual state of disturbance.
rain fills mostly at night, the days being generally fair,   AMERICA, SOUTH-I, (Fr. Ase6reique-36ridionaol, Ptm treehk!
and the air pure and refreshing. The thermometer rises m  reeOde-o'olI,or /amgerique-des-iud, AmatLreek/ dii sid; Ger.
occasionally to 860 in March and April, but usually ranges  Stld Amerika,  siid -mAre- k;  Sp. America lceridional n-mAI'
between 740 and 820 at midday.                             re-kH  mA-re-de-o-njll,) is a vast trianoular peninsula, extendVegetable Pro-ductions.-The   grains, vegetables, and fruits ing from Point Gallinas, in lat. 120 30' N.. to Cape I-Horn, in lat.
of Europe grow on the'higher parts of the table-lands, 550 59 S.  Its greatest length, from N. to S.,is 4800miles, and
while in the lower and warmer districts Indian corn, sweet its greatest breadth, from E. to W., 3230 miles. including an
potatoes, sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco, cocoa, cochineal, ha- area of about 6,500,000 squame  miles. About three-fourths of
anans, mandioca, and almost every species of tropical fruits  it lie within the tropics, and the remainder in the S. tomflourish, including the cherimoya, said to be the most ex- perate zone. Its coast lines are comparatively little broken by
quisite of fruits. The forests, which are very extensive, indentations, particularly on the W. side, excepting towards
produce mahogany, logwood, lignumvito, pimento, sarsa- the southern extremity, where there are considerable bays
parilla, vanilla, and black-balsam, together wvith Various and gulfs on both shores. At the southern extremity there is
gums, drugs, and valuable woods. The forests of Panama a group of mountainous islands, forming the Archipelago of
contain at least 97 different kinds of trees fatal to animal Terra del Fuego, which are penetrated in every direction by
libfe. The coffee crop of Costa Rica in 1852 was 90,000 quintals. bays and narrow inlets, ending often in glaciers formed from
Zoolbgy.-The only animals peculiar to Central America the snow on the summits of mountains 6000 feet high.
are the manati or manatee, found at the mouth of the Rio    Political Divisions.-South America comprises the followJuan, the winged squirrel, and various kinds of quadru- ing states, viz. the republics of Now Granada, Venezuela,
mana.  The manati is something between a quadruped  and Ecuador, (formerly constituting the republic of Coand a fish, with the forefeet, or rather hands, of the former, lombia,) British, French, and Dutch Guiana, the republics
and the tail of the latter. It is from 8 to 12 feet long, and  of Peru, Bolivia, Chili, the United Provinces of La Plata(or
weighs from  500 to 800, and even 1500 pounds.  Among  Argentine Republic,) Paraguay, Uraguay, orBanda Oriental
the birds the mnost remarkable are humming-birds; the  the Empire of Brazil, Patagonia, Terra del Fuego, and the
L quezal, whose feathers are of a bright emerald green; the  Falklansd and other islands.
great macaw, and several others of the most beautiful pl-    Fcmce of the Counstry, Afoustains, dc.-A  great chain of
mage. Serpents are numerous, and some of them dangerous,  mountains under the name of the Andes, which connects
especially on the thickly wooded coast of the Pacific. Two  with the Cordilleras and thie Rocky Mountains of North
species of locusts are known here, a brown and a green; America, stretches from the Isthmus of Panamna 4180 mileg
73




AME                                                         AME
ong thle W. coast, in one continued chain, to the Straits  in America above 14,500 feet; while basalt, which is found
of Magellan or Magalhaens. The Andes run nearly parallel  in Europe only at the height of 4225 feet, in the Andes
with the Pacific, and at no great distance from  it. The  reaches the altitude of 15,500 feet. Coal has been found at
highest known peak is that of Aconcagua, being 23,910 feet  8650 and 14,700 feet above the sea-level. South America,
in elevation above the sea, and only inferior to the highest  like Mexico, has from the earliest period after its discovery
peaks of the Himalaya in Asia.  Another range or rather  down to the present time, been highly productive in the
two ranges in Brazil, run parallel to the coast of the Atlan-  precious metals, and especially in silver. Peru has yielded
tic, at various, but not very great distances, and with ani- most largely of gold, Bolivia (formerly Upper Peru) of silmerous branches stretching far into the interior.  The  ver, and Brazil of diamonds.  Chili is also famous for its
mountains of the coast extend in a N. and S. direction, and  gold, silver, and copper. Rumors have reached us of recent
those in the interior from  E. to W. The highest peak in  discoveries of gold in Peru.  The province of MBinas Geraes,
Brazil is Itambe, which is 5900 feet high. Another chain, in Brazil, is rich in mines as its name imports. Besides the
called the Parine or Parina, also the highlands of Guiana,  mines there are also rich gold and silver ocwashiys in Brazil
and sometimes theAcaray lMountains, extend in an E. and' and other parts of South America.  Bell gives the total
Wi. direction about 600 or 700 miles, separating the plains  product of all the silver and gold mines in South America,
of the lower Orinoco from those of the Rio Negro and the  down to 1803 and 1806, at $3,635,730,769.  Though t;he
Amazon.  The highest points are the Mlaravaca, about  mines have been much less productive in the last half cen10,500 feet high, and the Duida, 8,500 feet high. A branch  tury than.formerly, the fact is believed to be more owing to
of the Andes, under the name of the Coast Chain of Yene-  the disturbed state of the South American governments,
zuela, stretches in a N.E. direction from  New  Granada,  and to an inefficient system  of mining, than  to an exthrough Venezuela to and along the Caribbean Sea. The cul-  hanustion of the sources of supply.
minating point of this chain is the Silla de Caracas, which    Rives-s, Lakes, and  ulfs. —The rivers of South America
attains an elevation of 8700 feet. There are upwards of 10  are on a scale no less grand than its mountains —there are
volcanoes in South America in a state of activity, and all three great river basins. On the N. is the Orinoco, with a
belonging to the Andes. The highest of these is Gualatieri  very winding course of about 1380 miles. Draining the
or Sehama, one of the Peru and Bolivian series, in lat. 200  central regions is the Amazon, a river of near 4000 miles in
13' S.; Ion. 690 17' W.; height, 22,000 feet. The heights of  length, some of whose tributaries surpass the largest rivers
the others vary from  13,000 to 18,000 feet. The last erup- in Europe. Having its sources in the Andes, it receives the
tion occurred in 1831, in the volcano Pichincha, one of the  waters of their eastern slope from the S. of New Granada to
Quito series, in let 00 121 S.; Ion. 830 30' 30' W.V  The inte- the S. of Bolivia, and crossing almost the entire continent,
rior of South America is occupied by vast plains, stretching  carries to the ocean under the equator the drainage of perfor many hundred miles without exhibiting the slightest  haps, the greatest river basin on the globe. On the S.
perceptible inequality. In the rainy season they display a  is the La Plata, (with its great branches the Paranaanzd Pa- 
surfiace of beautiful green; but in the dry season the soil  raguay,) which, through its many tributaries, receives the
crumbles into dust, and the surface is rent in cracks. Cro- waters of Central and Southern Brazil, Southern Bolivia,
codiles and larger serpents remain imbedded in the dried-  Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, and Uraguay, and empties into
up mud till the first showers of spring arouse them  from   the ocean by a channel 150 miles wide, in about 350 S. lat.
their torpidity, when, says Humboldt, on the authority of  Among the great tributaries of the Amazon are the'Rio
the aborigines, "the moistened clay on the margin of the  Negro and Japura from the N., and Ucayale, Madeira, Tapaswamps is sometimes seen to blister, and rise slowly in a  joe, Xingu, and Tocantins from the S. The Sao Francisco,
kind of mound; then with a violent noise, like the out- inll Eastern Brazil, is a river of, perhaps, 1200 miles in leng h.
break of a small mud volcano, the heaped up earth is cast  The Rio de la Plata is rather an estuary than a river; its
high into the air, and forth issues a gigantic water-snake  navigation, owing to its shoals and strong irregular  curor scaly crocodile."  These great plains are called Llanos in  rents, is difficult. Its waters are so turbid that they  tinge
Venezuela, and on the Orinoco, where they occupy 153,000  the sea visibly for 200 miles from its mouth. Theobasins of
square  miles; Pampas, in  Buenos Ayres, where  they  the Amazon and Orinoco are singularly connected by the
stretch over a surface of 315,000 square miles, elevated  Cassiquiare, which at high water unites the waters of the
about 1000 feet above the level of the sea; and Silvas, in  Rio Negro with the Orinoco.
the valley of the Amazon, where they cover an area of 1500    For so great an extent of country, South America is sinmiles in length, by 350 to 800 in breadth, densely covered  gularl!y deficient in large bays and great lakes, but the defiwith wood. The Pampas of Buenos Ayres in some parts  ciency in bays and gulfs is amply compensated by the three
are covered with thistles and lucerne, in some with long  great rivers Amazon, Orinoco, and La Plata, which are nagrass, and in others with bushes and dwarf trees, or occu-  vigable far into the interior. On the N. are the Gulfs of
pied with swamps and bogs, and overrun by thousands  of  Darien, and Venezuela or Maracaybo, (the latter opening
wild cattle and horses. In the dry season, however, viz. into Lake Maracaybo,which, however, is more properly a
between November and February, these plains are converted  gulf,) and the Gulf of Paria; on the E. are -the Bays of
into desolate wgstes, when all vegetation is destroyed, the  Bahia or Sao Salvador, Rio Janeiro, St. Matthias, and Bay
waters dried up, and the earth rent in deep crevices. The  of St. George; and onthe W. the GulfsofPenas, Guaytecas,
deserts of Patagonia occupy a table-land which appears to  Guayaquil, and the Bay of Choco. None of these are,.howrise by successive steps from the sea-level towards the into-  ever, of the first magnitude.  The largest lake in South
rios.  They cover an area of 1,620,000 square miles, com- America is Lake Titicaca, which is situated on the frontiers
posed of sandy sterile dunes, intermixed with stones and  of Bolivia and Peru, and covers an area of about 4000 square
gravel; occasionally diversified by huge boulders, tufts of  miles. It is said to be 120 fathoms deep, and is elevated
brown grass, low bushes, armed' with spines, brine lakes,  12,800 feet above the level of the sea. Some of the tempoincrustrations of salt, white as snow, and by black basaltic  rary lakes of South America, alternately inundated and
platforms.  In some parts the Andes spread out to a  dry, or in a marshy state, cover, when flooded, vast tracts
great breadth, forming S. of Quito, a table-land sometimes  of country; that of Xarayos, on both sides of the Paraguay,
150 miles in width, divided into three parallel chains united  extends over 36,000 square miles. In the elevated mounby transverse ranges.  These plains are often flanked by  tain valleys and table-lands of the Andes, there are many
lofty ranges on the E. and WV., that rise from them as from   small lakes of the purest blue and green colors, and some
a base, forming a great valley nearly equal in elevation to  of them are intensely cold, being near the line of perpetual
the highest mountains of Europe.  One of the grandestfea-  congelation.
tures of the Andes is the quebsradas, ka-br/dts-imme nse    Zoology.-South America does not; abound in the large
"breaks," or valleys, frequently 2000 feet deep, with a stream   and fiercer quadrupeds; the jaguar, (fells oncea,) an animal
running at the bottom. Two ofthebomost remarkeble, Chota  larger than the panther, but inferior in strength and
and Cutace, measured by Humboldt, were respectively 4920  ferocity to the Bengal tiger, is the most important. The
and 4260 feet in depth, while their floors were many thou-  puma or American lion, the Ocelot, and tifer-cat are found
sand feet in elevation above the sea. The tropical Andes,  in South America, as are also the anteater, sloth, armadillo,
however, with all their grandeur, lack one source of sub- tapir, deer, and antelope. The lama, alpaca, and vicuva
limity, namely, glaciers like those of Switzerland or of the  are peculiar to South America. Apes and monkeys abound
HIimalayas.                                                   within the tropics; and the winged vampire, an enormous
Geology acd Mine'a/ogy.-Granite forms the base of the  bat, is almost wholly confined to Guiana, Colombia., and
whole continent, having gneiss here and there associated  Brazil. This dangerous creature sucks the blood of animals,
with it, but mica schist is the most common of.the crystal-  and even of man, when asleep. In the marshes of tropical
line rocks. Quartz rock is much developed, generally mixed  America coils the huge boa constrictor, and large centiwith mica, and rich in gold and specular iron. The pampas  pedes, scorpions, and spiders abound.  Ants, termites, and
of Buenos Ayres are entirely alluvial-the deposit of the  locusts also swarm, -the latter to an alarming extent, coverLa Plate and Parann Rivers. Granite prevails to the extent ing the ground, especially in Buenos Ayres, for 200 miles,
of 2000 miles along the coast of Brazil; and, with the sy- and eating up every green thing, consuming even the roots
enite, forms the base of the table-land. The superstructure  of the grass, furniture, clothes, curtains, &c. The mosquito
of the latter consists of metamorphic and old igneous rocks,  is also a sore grievance, particularly in Venezuela.  In the
sandstone, clay-slate, limestone, (in which are large caverns,  same localities is the chegre, another dreaded insect. In
with bones of extinct animals,) and alluvial soil. Porphyry  Brazil is the beautiful diamond beetle. The condor, the
and red sandstone abound all over the Andes.  Granite,  largest bird of flight known, frequents the most inaccessiwhich forms the loftiest summits in Europe, is not found  ble parts of the Andes. It is a species of vulture, and has
74




AME                                                         AME
been known to measure from 3 to 34 feet from  the end of  stature and ill made, but muscular and athletic. They are
the beak to the extremity of the tail, and 14 feet from  tip  expert horsemen, do not cultivate the ground, and are of a
to tip of the wings. Among the birds are vultures, eagles, cruel and ferocious disposition, settling their disputes with
falcons, and other birds of prey; and many birds of beau- the knife. Of the Indians of Brazil there are said to have
tiful plumage, among which are a great variety of humming-  been no fewer than 200 distinct tribes, the principal of
birds, parrots, macaws, the couroucoui (trogon pavoninus)  which are the Tapuyas, said formerly to have been canniwith its splendid robe of green, toucans, orioles, shrikes, bals; the Tupis or Tupinambas, inhabiting the coast from
thrushes, umbrella chatterer, &c.  Among gallinaceous  the Camana to the Sio Francisco, paint their bodies; the
birds are the  curassow, penelope, guan, and  tinamon. Cafusos, a mixture of Indians and negroes, remarlable for
Grouse, bustards, and pheasants are unknown, and par- their straight hair, which rises perpendicularly firom  the
tridges rare.  Waterfowls are few, but water-hens, tiger-  forehead to the height of 12 or 18 inches; the Purls, the
bitterns, and a few ducks, unknown in the Northern States,  most revengeful and vindictive of the races of Brazil; and
frequent the marshes. The seas abound in fish, and in the  the Botocudos, also a cruel and savage race, between the
tropical regions are enormous lizards and alligators.  The  Rio Doce and the Rio  Pardo. The Indians of Brazil are
electrical eel is found in the lakes of Caracas.              generally of a short or middle stature, and mostly of a
Climate.-There are no parts of South America so hot as  robust, broad make. The Patagonian Indians are remarkwe should be led to expect from its geographical position-  able for their high stature, being, on an average, about 6
a result produced by the operation of the trade winds, the  feet; they lead a nomadic life, living in tents formed of
influence of high mountains, and other physical causes. In  poles and skins. The entire population of South America,
the steppes of Venezuela, the hottest region of South Ame- of all races, is estimated at 16,000,000.
rica, the temperature of the air during the day is only 980    flistoesy.-Christopher Columbus himself discovered the
in the shade; while it rises to 1120 in the sandy deserts  continent of South America, on his third voyage, in 1498,
around the Red Sea. Throughout the whole basin of the  landing near the mouth of the Orinoco River, and thus reAmazon, though under the equator, the climate is not ex-  ceived some small compensation for his great enterprise,
cessively hot. This arises from its immense forests, and a  and for th-e severe labors of body and mind he had undercool easterly breeze, (a branch of the trade wind,) which  gone, not unmixed withI the galling sting of ingratitude.
ascends the channel of the Amazon to the foot of the Andes.  IIs recorded words show the great pleasure he enjoyed in
Brazil, and the country extending westward from  it, also  beholding'the beauty of the new land," which made him
enjoys an equable and temperate climate. At Rio Janeiro  feel as though "he could never leave so charming a spot."
the annual mean temperature is only about 730; 760 at  I-ie also visited the Gulf of Darien in 1502. Alonzo  de
LimAe, and 680 at Buenos Ayres. The narrowness of the  IHoIeda sailed along the coast of Venezuela as far as Cape
continent toward the S., and its exposures to the rigors of  Vela, and returned to Spain in 1508. In the same year,
the Polar regions, produce at the Straits of 1Magellan, a  Vincent Yanez Pingon, a companion of Columbus on his
temperature which never exceeds 460, while snow fdlls  first voyage, discovered the coast of Brazil, and explored the
almost daily. On the W. coast there is a district of nearly  mouths of the Amazon, beholding with amazement its
1000 miles in length, between 70 and 320 S., where it seldom   vast width, and the immense body of water it rolled into
rains.                                                         the ocean. At the close of 1500, Roderigo de Bastedas exJ'getable Proctiorlsctis.e-Extending through  so large  a  plored the coast from  Cape Vela, where Ifojeda's progress
space, and possessing, in consequence, so great a variety of  terminated, to Puerto del leterte,'where that of Columbus
climate, no special character can be given to the vegetation  closed. In 1507, Pingon and Juan Diaz de Solis, explored
of South America. Its most distinguishing feature is its  the coast to the 40th degree of S. lat. About 1511, the gallant
prodigious forests, which cover about two-thirds of the  Vasco Nueisz de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darien,
whole continent, and are so dense in many places as to  discovered the Pacific, and opened the way to Peru for the
make it necessary to clear the way with a hatchet. The  cruel conqueror Pizarro, who followed  about 1524.  In
trees are much more various and graceful than in the old  1519, Magellan  or  MIagallhaen s  discovered  and  sailed
world —many even of the largest being adorned with the  through the straits now  bearing his name, passing WV.
most brilliant flowers. Vegetation presents a great number  across the Pacific, and thus first circumnavigating  the
of gradations: at about 3000 feet above the sea, we meet  globe.
with magnificent palms, odoriferous lilies, balsams, cin-    AIER/ICA, a post-village of'WVabash co., Indiana, about'
chonas, and jessamines. A single variety of the palm  in- 80 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.
habits heights of from 5400 to 8700 feet above the sea. The    AMIER ICAN CREEK, a small stream  of Marin co., in
arborescent ferns do not grow beyond 4800 feet; while the  the W.N.W. part of California, falls into the Pacific Ocean.
cinchona extends to 8700 feet above the sea. In the same    AMIERICAN FORK0, a post-office of Utah Territory.
region grows the passion-flower tree, as lofty as the Eu-    AIERICAN RIVER, in the N. central part of California,
ropean oak, besides a number of beautiful flowers. The  is formed by the union of its North and South forks at the
oaks do not commence in the tropics at a lower elevation  W. extremity of El Dorado co., and after flowing in a genethan 5000 feet; and the trees with large trunks do not  ral S.W. course between Placer and Sacramento counties,
grow beyond the level of 9000 feet, and at 10,800 feet almost falls into the Sacramento River near the city of this name.
all vegetation disappears. A broad zone of from  6000 to  It has lately been rendered navigable for small steamboats
12,600 feet presents us with the region of alpine plants, for about 6 miles.
which is succeeded for 2400 feet by grasses.  Sugar-cane,    Br,'asches.-North fork, (considered by some as the true
wheat, barley, Indian corn, and potatoes flourish at various  American  River,) rilsing among the hills at the foot of the
points between 3000 and 11,000 feet. Among the firuits,  Sierra Nevada, flows in a general W.S.W. direction, marking
oranges, limes, cocoa-nuts, pine-apples, mnangoes, bananas,  the greater part of the boundary between Placer and El
ppmegranates, mammnons, goyabas, jambas, aracas, and  Dorado counties, and after a course of near 100 miles, unites
mangabas flourish in those regions where there is a due pro-  with the South fork fieom 25 to 30 miles above Sacramento
portion of heat and moisture. South of the tropics are found  City. South fork takes its source from  Bonpland lalke, in
the bitter quassia, tingza-bean, rosewood, indigo, coffee, El Dorado co., and flowing first in a W.S.V. and then in a
suigar-cane, maize, and cacao.  " Individual plants," says  nearly W. course, forms part of the boundary between E1
Humboldt, "langnishing in hot-houses, can give us but a  Dorado and Sacramento counties. Gold is abundant on
fauint idea of the majestic vegetation of the tropical zone."    these streams, which pass through one of the principal
Coism.erce.-South America abounds in pioductions to  mining districts.
stimulate commerce, including the precious metals and    AMER/ICUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Sumter co.,
stones coveted by all nations and peoples, the most deli-  Georgia, on the iMuckalee Creek, 100 miles S.WV. of Milledgecious fruits, the most useful grains, and some of the most  yille, istthe centre of an active retail trade.  It contains 3
efficient medicinal plants, among which latter may be  churches, 2 academies, and several stores and mechanics'
named the Peruvian or Jesuit's bark.  The coffee and sugar  shops. Incorporated in 1832. Pop. in 1854, about 1700.
of Brazil and Venezuela, and the hides. horns, and tallow       AMIIERIICUS, a post-village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, on
of the same countries and Buenos Ayres, have long been  the Wabash River and Canal, 10 miles N.E. of Lafayette, is
extensively exported, as well as oranges, cacao, rosewood, &c. surrounded by a rich farming district which is improving
P)pulgtion.-There exists a very striking physical resem-  rapidly.
blance  between the native inhabitants throughout the    AMIERIKOTE, Am'r-lkt/, or OMIERKOTEI, a town and
whole continent of America; being almost all of a reddish-  fort of India, in Sinde, 90 miles E. of Hyderabad.  Lat. 250
brown or copper color, with long, black hair, deep-set black  19' N.; lon. 690 471 E. in the Eastern desert. It is celeeyes, aquiline nose, and often handsome slender forms. In  brated as the birthplace of the Emperor Akbar.  The fort is
South America many are half civilized, but- the greater  about half a mile from the town.
number are still in a state of utter barbarism.  The Arau-    AMERONGEN, &/mer-ong'qn, a village of the Netherlands,
canos are more advanced in civilization than the Indians  province and 21 miles S.E. of Utrecht.  Pop. 1500.
of the Pampas, and associate in small communities, have    AMEERSFOttT or AMERSPOORT,  nmiers-ftat', a town of
fixed residences, cultivate the ground. and manufactrre  the Netherlands, province of Utrecht, with a port on the
quite a finre species of woollen cloth; they are also slkilful  Eem, 12, miles N.E. of Utrecht. Pop. about 13,000. It has
in working  metals, especially gold and silver. The Pampas  a court of primary jurisdiction, a Latin school, and school
Indians are of a very dark complexion, with long, thick,  of industry, manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, and
coarse, black hair; black, scowling eves; low, broad foreheads;  an active trade in dried herrings, tobacco, and corn, of which
laces fiat; high cheek-bones and large jaws; no beard; low  the two latter are extensively cultivated in the vicinity.
75




A ME                                                       AMI
AMERSHIAM, amefri-sham,  or AGMtONDESHAM, a mar-   AMHERST COURT HOIJSE, a post-village, capital of Amket-town and parish (and until the Reform Act, a parlia-  herst co., Virginia, about 15 miles N. by E. of Lynchburg.
mentary borough) of England, co. of Bucks, 27 miles S.E. of    AMHIERST FOUR CORNERS, a village in Amherst townBuckingham. The poet Waller, who twice sat for the bo- ship, Lorain co., Ohio, about 35 miles S.W. by W. of Cleverough in Parliament, was born in Coleshill, in this parish,  land.
in 1605.                                                     AMHERST ISLANDS, a group lying WV. of the S.W. exAMES, aimz, a post-village of Canajoharie  township,  tremity of the Corean peninsula. Lat. 340 25/ N.; ion. 1260
Montgomery co., New York, about 13 miles nearly S.W. of  10, E.
Fonda. It has an academy.                                    AMHIERST ISLES, off the S.W. coast of Aracan, beAMES, a post-township of Athens co., Ohio, about 30  tween the island of Cheduba and the mainland. Lat. 18~
miles W. of sarietta. Pop. 1482.                           45/ NI'.; lon. 940 E.
AMESBURY,  aimzfbei e, a post-township of Essex co.,   AMHERST ROCKS, in the Tong Hai, or Eastern Sea, off
Massachusetts, extending from the N. bank of the Merri- the coast of the Chinese province of Kiang, in lat. 310 10' N.
mack to Neow Hampshire, about 40 miles N. of Boston, has    AMICALOILA, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia.
some manufiactures.   One company for making flannels has    AMICU, A-me-kool, or AMUCU, A-moo-koof, a lake in
a capital of $200,000.   Pop. 3143.                        South America, in Venezuela, province of Cumana, situated
AMESBURY, aimzlbei-e, (formerly AMBROSEBURY or  on a level tract between the rivers Rupununy  and Tocoto.
AMBIRESBUItY,) a town and parish of England, co. of  It is of small extent in the dry season, being scarcely three
Wilts. It is of high antiquity. has the remains of a cele- miles in length. The country in which this lake is situbrated  abbey; near it ase Stonehenge, and Amesbury  ated was the El Dorado of the days of Queen Elizabeth. and
House. Addison was born at Milston, near Amesbury, on  was known as "the great lake with golden banks;" and
the lst of May, 1672.                                       within a few miles of it was supposed to stand the far-famed
AMIESBURY SILLS, a manufacturing village of Essex  imperial and golden city of Manoa, the object of the unforco., Massachusetts, about 7 miles N.W. of Newburyport.      tunate expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh.
AMESVILLE, aimzfvill, a post-office of Ulster co., New    AMIENS, ame-enz, (Fr. pron.,tme-lof; anc. bamearabrifvc,
York,                                                       afterwards AmbiYszi.) a town of France, capital of the depaitAMIESVILLE, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, in Ames  ment of Sommie, on the railway from Boulogne to Paris. in
township, on the road from Marietta to Athens, 11 miles  the centre of a pleasing and fertile district, and traversed
N.E. of the latter, in the midst of a rich farming district.    by the Somme, which within the town is subdivided into 11
AIESVILLE, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, onthe  canals, and affords great facilities for its numerous manuChicago and Galena Railroad, 70 miles W.N.W. of Chicago.  factures. It was once a place of strength, and still posAMIFREVILLE, ur'fireh-veell, a village of France, depart-  sesses a regular citadel; but its other fortifications have
ment of Seine Inf6rienre.                                   been dismantled, and the ramparts have been replaced by
AMIGA, im-giV, a river ofSiberia, government of Yakootsk.  boulevards lined with trees, which encircle the town, have
It rises in the offshoots of the Yablonoi Hrebet Mountains,  a circumference of about 3 miles, and form not the least
about lat. 590 N., ion. 1260 30' E., flows N.E., and falls into  important of its decorations. Amiens is divided into the
the Aldan in lon. 1350 E., after a course of about 460 miles. upper and lower town. The former has wide and regular
At Amginsk, where it flows between steel) rocks 30 feet in  streets, lined with houses, with a few exceptions, built on
height, it is 3000 feet broad.                              a uniform  plan, and generally of two stories. The latter
AMGINSK, 4m-gheensk/, a village of Siberia, on the  has narrow streets, houses old without being properly anAmga, which is here about 3000 feet wide. It is a posting  cient, and is throughout so intersected by the ramifications
station and ferry on the way between Yakootsk and Okhotsk.  of the Somme, and the numerous bridges over them, as to
Lat. 610 N.; ion. 1320 E.                                   have made Louis XI. give it the name of his "little Ve-.AMHARA, im-hi'ra, a kingdom  of Abyssinia. It com- nice."  The most magniificent edifice of Amiens is its catheprises all the country W. of the Tacazze, and was formerly  dral, of European fame. It was founded ii 1220, and not
one of the most powerful states of Abyssinia.  The capital  completed till 1288. Its W. front, which is said not to have
is Gondar.-Adj., AMHARIc, a m-har/ik.                       been finished till a century later, is flanked by two quadAMHIIERST, aml/erst, a seaport town of the British terri- rangular towers, and decorated in the richest Gothic style.
tory in Farther India, capitol of the most N. of the Tenas- The spire, of a light and airy form, is 420 feet high. The
serim provinces, and their chief military station, on Amherst  length of the edifice from E. to W. is 415 feet; length of the
peninsula, 30 miles S.W. of Manlmein. Lat. 160 4' 48"t N.; transept from N. to S., 182 feet; breadth of the nave with its
hon. 970 45' 24"t E. Pop. in 1838, 5000. (?) It was founded  aisles, 78 feet 9 inches; breadth of the transept, 42 feet 9
in 1326. The harbor is spacious and secure, and ships may  inches. Other buildings of note are the Hotel de Ville; the
lie within 100 yards of the shore, in 3 fathoms water at  royal college, formerly the abbey of St. John; the Hotel
low tide.                                                   Dien, or general hospital, in the Rue St. Leu; the grand
AMHERST, a county in the S. central part of Virginia, has  seminary, with its magnificent stair and columned chapel;
an area of 418 square miles. The James River flows along its  the Chlteoau d'Ean; lalmaison, occupied by the exchange
S.W. and S.E. borders, forming in its course almost a right  and school of design; the theatre; and the Bibliotheque
angle, and constituting about half of the entire boundary. Communale, a handsome edifice, with a peristyle of Doric
The Blue Ridge forms the boundary of the county on the  columns, containing 40,000 printed tand 400 muanuscript
N.W., and the surface is beautifully diversified by mnoun- volumes. Amiens having an opening to the sea by the
tatins and valleys. The passage of James River through  Somme, which is navigable for vessels of 40 or 50 tons, is
the Blue Ridge is a sublime feasture in the scenery of this  well situated for trade, and has numerous important mannregion. The soil is naturally fertile. A caual has been  factures. Fronm  70,000 to 80,000 pieces of cotton velvet —
opened along James River, on the border of the county. the peculiar species of it called velvet of Utrecht-alone
Formned from Albemarle in 1761. Capital, Amherst Court employing 400 looms, and 130,000 pieces of fine kerseymere,
House.  Pop. 12,699, of whom  6746 were free, and 5953, wvith considerable quantities of serges, plush, drugget, camslaves.                                                     bric tapestry, and other cotton, linen, and woollen stuffs
AMIHERST, a post-township of hancock co., Maine, 25  in great variety, are annually produced. The spinning of
miles E. of Bangor. Pop. 323.                               flax and worsted is also one of the great staples of Amiens.
AHIIERST, a post-township of Ihillsborough co., New  The former employs 3000 looms, while the wool worked up
IIamnpshire, 23 miles S. of Concord, on the Souhegan River, by the latter amounts to 450,000,000 kilogrammes, equal,
which affords fine water-power.   Pop. 1613.                nearly, to1,000,000,000 English pounds, or 40,000,000 packs.
AMHIERST, a post-township of Hampshire co., Massachu- Among the miscellaneous works in which numerous hands
setts, 82 miles W. of Boston, intersected by two branches of  are employed, may be mentioned dye, soap, and beet-root
the Connecticut River, affording good water-power.  It  sugar works, bleachfields, and paper-mills. Among historicontains manufactories of machinery, edge-tools, cotton  cal recollections may be mentioned that here St. Louis gave
goods, &c. Amherst College, a very flourishing institution, judgment as arbiter in the quarrel between IHenry III. of
incorporated in 1821, is situated in this township; the  England and his barons, relative to the statutes of Oxford;
buildings are on an elevation commanding a beautiful view  and that here, during the struggles to regain the Holy
of the surrounding country. The town has also an academy  Land, the kings of England, Franc, Aragon, Navarre, and
%nd two newspapers. Pop. 3057.                              Bohemia met to concert a new crusade. Here too, to come
AMPHERST, a township of Erie co., New York. Pop. 4153. down to more recent times, was signed in 1802, b tween
AMHERST, a village of Allen co., Ohio.                   Great Britain and France, a short-lived peace, which bears
AIIIIERST, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 1399. the name of Amiens. Pop. (1852) 52,149.
- AMHIIERST, a post-village in the above township, about    AMIRANTE (am'e-rant) ISLANDS (Port. 117eas do Aeli33 miles S.W. by W. of Cleveland.                           r'ante, eelltys do All-me-raunfta, i.e. "Admiral's Islands,")
AMHERSTBURGH, amferst-birg, a garrison town of  an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, S.W. of the Seychelles.
Canada West, Essex co., on the Detroit River, 5 miles  Lat. of the southernmost island, 60 53' 15" S.; Ion. 530 8'
above its junction with  Lake Erie, 225 miles WV.S.W. 24" E. They consist of two groups composed of eleven
of Toronto. Lat. 420 7/ N.; lon. 830 9' W. The town con- small, low islands, united by banks of sand and coral.
tains a court house, 5 places of worship, a reading room and    AJSIISfA or ASIISIIUS.  See R/ss.
market place, a newspaper office, 3 assurance agencies, a    A1ISSIVILLE, a post-village of Rappahannoclk co., Vii
good hotel, (the British North American,) various manufac- ginia, 121 miles N.W. of Richmond, has about 100 inha.
tories, and above 15 stores of different kinds. Pop. 1300.  bitants.
76




AMI                                                      AMO
AMISUS. See SAMSOON.                                      AM0OO, AMOU, or AMIU, g-mool, a name of the Oxus RBivs
AMIITE, am-eet, a river of Mlisissippi and Louisiana, See Oxus.
rises in the S.W. part of the former, and passing into Lou-   AMOOR, AMOUR, AMUR, a-moori, or SAGHALIEN,
siana, pursues a southerly course until it reaches Ascension  s~-gd-lee/nn, or sL-gd-leen/, a large river of Eastern Asia,
parish, where it turns to the E. and enters Lake Maurepas. formed near lat. 530 N., ion. 1220 E., by the union of tile
Small steamboats navigate it for a distance of 60 miles.  Shilka and Argoon; the first rising in the Russian governAM1TE, a county in the S.W. part of Mississipi, border-  ment of Irkootsk, and the latter near Oorga in Miongolia,
ing on Louisiana, has an area of about 700 square miles. and forming for about 400 miles the boundary line between
The Amite River, firom which it derives its name, flows the Russian and Chinese Empires. Both streams flow
nearly through the middle, and the lIomochitto washes its  mostly N.E. to their junction, from which point the Amoor
N.W. border. The surface is uneven, and the soil fertile. has a general E. course, making, however, an extensive
A large part of the county is occupied by plantations of  bend to the S., to traverse the centre of Iautchooria.  It
cotton, and by forests. Capital, Liberty. Pop. 9694, of  enters the Gulf of Saghalien, opposite the island of the
whom 3644 were free, and 6050 slaves.                     same name, in lat. 520 27'/ N; Ion. 1400 E. Entire course,
AMITITAN. See AMATITLAN.                                from the head of either the Argoon or Shilka, estimated at
AM/ITY, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, about 2200 miles. Chief tributaries, the Tcheekeeree (Tshikiri)
100 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 256.                       from the N., Soongari and Oosoori fronm the S.  The reAMITY, a townshipof Alleghanyco., New York. Pop.1792.  gion round its source is arid and barren; but in its
AMITY, a-post-village of Orange co., New York, about lower part it waters a fertile country. The towns of Yaksa
120 miles S. of Albany.                                   and Saghalien-Gola (one of the principal towns of MantAMITY,a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1566. chooria) are on its banks. See SIBmEIA
AMITY, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 739.   AMOORANG or AMOURANG,.-moo-r1ngl, a bay and
AMITY, a post-village of Washington co., Pennsylvania, village of the island of Celebes. The bay is on the N.W.
Ibout 35 miles S.W. of Pittsburg.                         coast, in lat. 1 11' S.; Ion. 1240 36' E. It is about 14 miles
AMITY, a small post-village of Clarke co., Arkansas.    long inland, and 6 miles broad, having an anchorage for
AMITY, a post-village of Johnson co., Indiana, on the  vessels. The village lies at the head of the bay 25 miles
railroad from Madison to Indianapolis, 6 or 7 miles S.E. of  S.W. of Menado.
Franklin, the county seat.                                  AMORBACHI, Aimor-bgKx, a town of Bavaria, at the conAMITY, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa.                fluence of the Mudau and Bilbach, 44 miles S.S.E. of
AMITY, a post-office of Yam Hill co., Oregon.           Frankfort-on-the-Main.   Lat. 490 381 N.; ion. 90 12' E.
AMITY HILL, a post-office of Iredell co., North Carolina. Pop. 2900.
AMIITYVILLE, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.      AMORGO-POULO, ~A-morlgo-poollo, a small island in the
AMJERAH, Amljpr-Ah, a town of Hindostan, province of Grecian Archipelago, S. of Amorgo, about lat. 360 361' N., ion.
Mahwah, 56 miles S.W. of Oojein, situated in a large valley  250 40' E.
1890 feet above the sea. Lat. 220 231' N.; ion. 750 13' E.   AMOR/GOS or AMORGO, a-moe/go, an island in the GreAMLA, Am/l/, one of the Andreanov Islands, North Paci- clan Archipelago, kingdom of Greece, 18 miles S:E. of Naxos.
fic Ocean, immediately E. of Atcha. Length from E. to W., Lat. of capital, 036 52' N.; Iou. 250 56 E. Length, 13 miles;
40 miles; breadth, 10 miles.                               breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 2800. It is mountainous, and proAMLAI,,m-lW/, or AMLIA, one of the Aleutian Islands,  duces good oil, but not sufficient corn for its inhabitants.
in the Fox group. Lat. of E. point, 520 6' N.; lon. 1720  Chief town, Amorgos, with the port of Santa Anna on tObe
50, W.                                                    N.E. shore; besides which it has 4 villages, and a renarkaAMLWTCHI, amllook, a seaport town, parliamentary bo- ble monastery. Simonides was born here, B. e. 660.
rouh, and parish of North Wales, co. Anglesey, on its N.   AMOSKEAG, am'os-kegf, an important manufacturing
coast, 15 miles N.W. of Beaumaris  Lat. 530 25' N.; lon. 40  post-village of Hillsborough co., New Hampshire, 17 miles S.
19' W. Pop. of borough 3169. The rise of the town since  by E. of Concord. The Merrimack River here falls 54 feet in
1768 has been wholly due to the Parys and Miona copper- a mile and a'half; affording extensive water-power. See
mines. Amlwch returns, along with Beaumaris, &c., one  MANNcHEs TE.
member to the House of Commons.                             AMOU, ~Amool, a town of Prance, department of Landes,
AMMALAPOOR1, a town of British India, presidency of on the Luy, 13 miles S.W. of St. Sevier. Pop. 2197: It has
Madras, 65 miles N.E. of Masulipatam.                     a fine chqteau and Gothic church.
AMIMAN or AM/MON, (anc. Rab/baT, the capital of the    AMOU or AMOU DARI. See Oxus.
Ammonites, rebuilt and called Plhiadelpdctc iae by the Greeks,)   AMOUR. See Asoon.
a ruined city of Syria, pashalic of Damascus, on theZurka,    AMOY, t-moi, or EMOUI, a seaport town of China, on an
an affluent of the Jordan, 55 miles E.N.E. of Jerusalem. island of the same name, province of Fokien, lat. 240 10' 3/
Its numerous remains of Greek edifices are now only used  N., ion. 1180 131 5" E., nearly opposite the centre of the
as places of shelter for halting caravans.                island of F'ormosa. The name is a corruption of the Chinese
AMMERI, Am/mer, a small river of Germany, in Wiirtem- word 1Jceasmsn, pronounced by the natives iea-moy. It is
berg, a tributary of the Neckar, which it joins near Tii- situated at the S. end of the island, at the mouth of two
bingen.                                                   united rivers, one of which communicates with the city of
AMIMER or AMPER, ~mfper, a small river of Germany,  Chang-choo-foo, containing, it is said, upwards of 800,000
in Bavaria, rises in the Tyrol, and joins the Isar 2 miles N. inhabitants, and of which Amoy, though itself a large and
of Mosburg, after a N.E. course of 75 miles.              populous city, is considered merely the port. Amoy is built
AMIMER, LAKE, which the above river traverses in its  on a declivity, sloping to the harbor, and, including its
progress, is 10 miles in length from N. to S., by 4 miles in  suburbs, is supposed to be about 9 miles in circumference.
its greatest breadth.                                     The streets are narrow and dirty, but many of the buildAMMERSCHWIHR, lm'mln'shveeid, a town of Prance, ings are of an extraordinary size. The native imports are
department of laut-Rhin, 3 miles N.W. of Colmar. Pop. rice, sugar, and camphor from  Formosa  and  Foo-choo,
(1852) 2205.                                              alum and cotton from Shanghai, and grain, pulse, oilcake,
AMIMERSTOL,?mmmers-tolf, a village of the Netherlands, and a coarse description of cotton goods from the northern
14 miles E. of Rotterdaim, on the Lek. Pop. 502.          ports. The foreign imports are Bengal and Bombay cotton,
AMiMITOK', an island off the N.E. coast of Labrador, be- cotton goods, cotton yarn, iron, lead, steel, betel-nut, liquid
tween 70 and 80 miles S.E. of the entrance into Hudson's  indigo from  Manila, pepper, rattans, rice, grain, blcheStraits. Lat. 590 286 N., ion. 6370' W.                  de-muer, sharks' fins, and buffalo and deers' horns.  The
AMMON, Ammmon, avillage of Switzerland, 8 miles W.N.W. native exports are camphor, sugar, sugar-candy of the finest
of Wallenstadt. Pop. 1500.                                quality, earthenware, paper umbrellas, paper, joss-paper,
AMMON, Syria, See AmiMAN.                               joss-stick, &c. The merchants of Amoy are distinguished
AMMOI0NIA, a posteoffice of Shelby co., Tennessee.      for their enterprise, and are considered among the wealthiAMMONOOSUCK, LOWIER, a river of New Hampshire, est in the Chinese Empire. They own upwards of 300 junks,
rises in Coos co., near Mount Washington, and running  some of them 800 tons bierden. On the British taking posthrough Grafton co., falls into the Connecticut Rilver. session of the island of Amoy, on which the town stands,
Length, 100 miles. One of its principal branches is called  they found a battery 1100 yards long, mounting 90 guns, and
the WILD AuIMONOOSsucK.                                   constructed with extraordinary skill. There were several
AMMON00OO/SUCK, UP/PER, a river of Coos co., New  other smaller forts and batteries, one of which mounted 42
Hampshire, enters the Connecticut at Northumberland, after guns. Amoy was captured by the British on August 26,
a course of about 75 miles.                               1841, and by the treaty of Nanking, dated August 29, 1842,
AMOAS, Nmo-Asx, or AMWAS, iiiuw  s', (anc. Eeilmauos and  that port, with others, was opened to their trade, and a jri
pNscospolis,) a village of Palestine, about 10 miles N.W. of tish consul established there. A supplementary treaty,
Jerusalem.                                                dated October 8, 1843, established a tariff of exports and
AMIOL, amol/, a city of Persia, province of Mazanderan, imports, and admitted other foreigners to the same privien the HIeras, over which is a bridge of 12 arches, 12 miles leges as British subje'cts. Opium is sold in every part of
hbove its entrance into the Caspian, and 20 miles W. by S. Amoy, and is hawked through the streets. The consumpof Balfurosh. Pop. in winter, when it is greatest, estimated  tion is estimated at 150 chests per month, the average value
at from 35,000 to 40,000.                                 being 1701. sterling per chest. The population-mostly emAMONEBURG, (Amineburg,) ~-m31neh-bd6aox, a town of ployed in the coasting trade-amounts to about 250,000 to
Ilesse-Cassel, 7 miles E.S.E. of iMarburg.  Pop. 1143.    300,000.
77




AMP                                                      AMIS
AMPANAM,  im-pa-n.nml, a town of the Malay Archi- by the same chief firom Amritseer To the Ravi, a distance or
pelago, on the W. coast of the island of Lombok; lat. 8~ 25/ about 30 miles, but is little used. The staple manufactures.
S., Ion. 1160 E. It has an indifferent harbor, but consider- are shawls, inferior silks, and woollen and cotton cloths.
able trade.                                               Amritseer has also an extensive transit trade with various
AMPAZA, Am-p/zA, a seaport town of East Africa, Zan- parts of India, and is, in turn, an emporium for many of
guebar, at the mouth of the Patta, in lat. 20 S., ion. their productions, including large quantities of rock-salt,
400 50/ E.                                                brought on camels, from a mine 120 miles N. of Lahore.
AMPELAKIA. See AivBELAKIA.                              Pop. of town, 115,000; of which 9000 are Sikhs; the rest
AMPEZZO, Im-pit/so, a village of Northern Italy, 11 miles  being Hindoos and Mohammedans.
W. of Tolmezzo. Pop. 2000.                                  AMIROM, AM/RON, or AMlRUM, m-n/rb6m, a crescentAMPFING, nmplfing, a village of Bavaria, 5 miles W. of  shaped island of Denmark, in the German Ocean, about 17
Miihldorf. Here the Emperor Louis of Bavaria vanquished  miles from the mainland; lat. 540 40/ N.
Frederick of Austria in 1822; and here MIoreau commenced      AMROOAH, im-roo/S, a town of British India, presidency
his famous retreat in 1800.                               of Agra, 85 miles E. by N. of Delhi.
AMPIHILA, am-feell4, a bay and island in the Red Sea,   AM/ROTH or AM/BROTH-, a maritime parish of South
Abyssinia; the bay in -lat.,14~ 42/ N., ion. 400 22/ E.   Wales, co. of Pemlroke, 7 miles S.E. of Narbeth.
AMPHINOME (am-finl/o-me) SHOALS, on the N.W. coast   AMSTEG, Am!stTo, a village of Switzerland, on the Reuss,
of Australia; lat. 190 41/ S., ion. 1190 24/ E.           and on the route of the St. Gothard.
AMPHISSA, a town of Greece. See SALONA.                   AMSTEL, Am/stel, a small river of the Netherlands, North
AMPHITRITE (am-fe-tri/tee) ISLANDS, a part of the  Holland, formed  by  the union of the Drecht and Mvygroup known by the name of the Paracels, in the China Sea, drecht, traverses the city of Amsterdam, and enters the Y
lying to the S.E. of the island of Hainan, near 160 N. lat. after a northward course of about 10 miles.
and 1120 E. ion. The Amphitrites are in two groups, to the    AMSTEL, NIEUWER, nytiUer Am/stpi, a town of NetherN.N.W. and S.S.E. of each other, and having a deep-water lands, priovince of North H-olland. Pop. 5084.
channel between them.                                        AMSTEL,OUDER, 6w/der am/stel, a town of Netherlands,
AM/PLEFORD or AMPLEFORTI-I, am/pel-fortb, a parish  province of North Holland, on the Amstel, 4 miles S. of Amof England, co. of York.                                   sterdam. Pop. 2016.
AMPLEPUIS, 8mspleh-pwee/, a town of France, depart-   AISTELYEEN, Am/stel-vainu, (" turf or turf-lands of the
ment of RhOne, 19 miles W. of Villefranche.  Pop. (1852) Amstel,") a village of North Holland, near the.Amstel, 5
4,982.                                                    miles S.S.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 5050.
AMPNEY, amp'nee, a parish of England, Co. of Glou-   AM/STERDAM, (Dutch pron. hm'ster-dm/t,) formerly AMtester.                                                    STELREDAtI   ME or AMSTELDAMME, (" the dike or dam of
AMP/NEY CRU/ICIS, a parish of England, co. of Glou- the Amstel';" L. Anesteliodalsum,) an important commercial
cester.                                                    city, capital of the kingdom and province of Holland, at the
AMPNEY, DOWN, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. confluence of the Amstel with the Y or Ij, (pronounced eye,)
AMPNEY, ST. MARY or ASHBLORKE, a. parish of Eng- an arm of the Zuyder Zee, connecting with the lake of
land, co. of Gloucester.                                   I-aarlem; lat. 520 22' 5i/ N., ion. 40 53/ 2" E. It is the
AMPNEY, ST. PETER, or EASINGTON, a parish of Eng- largest and most important town in Holland, constitutionland, co. of Gloucester.                                   ally its capital, (in it the ceremony of coronation is perAS/PORT, a parish of England, co. of lants.             formed,) but the seat of government and residence of the
AMPOSTA, Am-posta, a town of Spain, on the Ebro, 47  sovereign is at the Hague. Amsterdam stands on soft, wet,
miles S.S.W. of Tarragona.                                 morass ground, under which, at the depth of 50 feet, is a
AMPT/HILL, a market-town and parish of England, with' bed of sand. Into this sand, piles are driven, on which
a station on the London and Northwestern Railway, co. and  buildings are reared. The sea front of the city forms n6arly
8 miles S. by W. of Bedford. Pop. 2001.                   a direct line along the Y, flanked at either end by extensive
AMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            docks, and near the centre intersected by the Dam-Rak.
AMPUDIA, am-poo/de-A, a town of Spain, 18 miles S.W. The principal mouth of the Amstel, which, entering the city
of Palencia. Pop. 1836. It was the head-quarters of Wel- on the S.E., takes a winding course through it, dividing it
lington's army, 6th June, 1813.                           into old and new sides, (Onde enNiserwe Zijle,) and falls into
AMPUIS, 8mfpwe/, a village of France, department of the Y by this and numerous other courses. Towards the
Rh~ne, on the Rhone.                                      land, the walls of the city form a semicircle, surrounded by
AMPURDAN, Am-poon-dan1, a district of Spain, province  a ditch 30 yards wide, bordered by a row of trees. The
of Catalonia, between the river Ter and the town of Rosas. ramparts have been pulled down, and on the eight-andIt is the most fertile district in the province.          twenty bastions have been erected as many windmills fbr
AMPURIAS, CASTELLO DE SAN MARTIN DE, kas-t4lyo  grinding corn and other purposes. In the walls are 8 handda sin man'teen da Am-poo/re-As, a poor hamlet and castle  some stone gates named from the towns to which they lead.
of Spain, in Catalonia, on the site of a flourishing city, (the  Outside the walls the city is surrounded by grassy meadows,
anc. Empoe-ire,) with a small harbor on the gulf of Rosas, and on the W. are upwards of 50 saw-mills. Towards the
(an inlet of the Mediterranean,) 24 miles N.E. of Gerona.   sea, on both sides of the Amstel, the streets are narrow and
AMRAN, Am'ran/,  a walled town of Arabia, Yemen, 25  irregular, but behind this portion there are five main lines
miles N.N.W. of Sana.                                     of streets, following the direction of the walls, and thus deAMRAN, am'rin/, a town and fort of Hindostan, in Gui- scribing a semicircle. Of these, the principal three, Heeren.
cowar's dominions, Guzerat, 18 miles N.E. of Jooria.      Keizer, and Prinzensgraacht, for length, breadth, and general
AMRAN (am'rla) MOUNTAINS, a range in the S.E. part elegance, may vie with the streets of any capital in Europe.
of Afghanistan, the highest summits of which attain an  In the centre of each, as in most of the streets in Amsterelevation of 5000 feet.                                   dam., is a canal, either side of which is lined with broad,
AMRAWUTTI, am-ra-wit/tee, or AMARAYATI, am-a-ra- brick-paved quays, planted with rows of trees. The houses
va/tee, a considerable town of India, in the Deccan, Nizam's  ale mostly constructed of brick, almost all approached by
dominions, 28 niles S.E. of Ellichpoor. It has an active  flights of steps; many are six and seven stories high, pointed
trade; and much excellent cotton, grown in the neighbor- at the top, with the gable towards the street, and decorated
hood, was formerly sent hence to Bengal by land.          above with a forked chimney-stack. The city is cut up into
AMRAWUTTI or AMARAYATI, a town of British India, 90 islands by the canals, over vwhich there are 250 bridges,
presidency of Madreas, 10 miles N.N.W. of Guntoor, with  mostly of stone, generally provided with a draw in the centre.
some Hindoo antiquities, on the S. bank of the Kistnah.    The vessels to be seen in all parts of the city, loading and
AMK/REE', a village of Sinde, on the right bank of the In- unloading, and passing to and fro along the canals; the
dus, 18 miles S.S.W. of Sehwan. It was formerly a large  lifting and lowering of drawbridges; the transit of merchantown, but portions of it have been swept away by the river, dise on sledges, and the general stir of business, give the
and it is now greatly diminished.                         streets of Amsterdam a cheerful and lively appearance.
AMRITSEER, AMRITSIR, Am-rlt-seerl, or UIRITSIR,   Among the most remarkable buildings in Amsterdam, is
fim-ret-seer/, a large and populous city of the Punjab, in the  the palace, formerly the town-hall. It is a stone edifice, in the
Baree Doab, 40 miles E. of Lahore. Lat. 310 40/ N; Ion. 740  form of a pasrallelogram, 262 feet long, 206 feet broad, and
56' E. It is of a compact, circular form, about 9 miles in  108 feet high, (roof inclusive,) resting on 13,659 piles, driven
circumference, and contains 399 Iindoo and 49 Moham- 70 feet into the ground. It is chiefly remarkable for the
medan places of worship. The shops and bazaars exhibit, great hall, 111 feet long, 52 feet wide, and 90 feet high, lined
in great abundance, the richest products of India.  An  with white Italian marble-an apartment of great splenample supply of excellent water is obtained from 650 wells. dor. The justiciary hall, next to the palace, is the finest
Amritseer has been long celebrated as a holy place, in conse- building in the city. It is of modern erection, in imitation
qnence of its possessing a sacred temple situated on an  ofa Grecian temple. It was opened in 1836. The churches
island in the centre of a reservoir or tank about 150 paces of Amsterdam are generally characterized by plainness and
square, constructed in 1581, by Ram'Das, the fourth gura, simplicity of structure. The finest in the city, and accordor spiritual leader of the Sikhs, who gave to the work the  ing to the Dutch, one of the finest in Europe, is the New
name of" Amrite Saras," or " fount of immortality." But the  Church, (Nieuwe Kert-,) N. of the palace, founded in 1408. It
most remarkable object in the town is the large fortress of is 350 feet long, by 210 feet wide across the transepts;.the
Govindghur, built by Runjeet Siugh, surrounded by a deep  upper part rests on 52 stone pillars, and the church is
ditch of about 2 miles' circuit. A canal was constructed  lighted by 75 large windows, some of which are finely
7/I




AMS                                                          ANA
painted  It contains the tombs of Admiral de Ruyter, who  stel. In 1482 it was walled and fortified. Its career of real
sailed up the Mecdway and burned the English fleet at Chat- prosperity commenced about the year 1578, when it became
ham; of the famous Dutch poet, rondel, and of various  a part of the United Provinces, although, previously to that
other notable individuals. The Old Church, (Oude Kerk',,)  period, it had nearly monopolized the trade of the Baltic~
founded in the fourteenth century, contains the tombs of  Additional privileges were granted by the Prince of Orange,
several Dutch admirals, and an organ, said to be second  in 1581, while the siege and. consequent decline of Antwerp
only to that of iHaarlem. Besides these two, the Calvinistic,  in 1585, and the shutting of the navigation of the Scheldt
recognised as the state church, possesses eight other chapels  in 1648, were the means of raising Amsterdam to the rank
and churches.  The Evangelical Lutherans, numbering   of the first commercial city in Europe. But the French revoabout 32,000, have 2 churches; the Scotch Presbyterians,  lution, iud the compulsory alliance and complete incorporaFree Church of Scotland Eunglish Episcopalians, Moravians,  tion of Holland with France, had almost aniihilated the
Baptists, Friends, and Greeks have their places of worship. commerce of Amsterdam, both foreign and domestic. After
The Roman Catholics,  numbering about 45,000, have 16  the changes which took place in 1811, it began to revive, and
churches, and the Jews, numbering in all about 21,500, have  has since steadily improved. Among the nunerous famous
2 principal and 7 subsidiary synagogues.  Amsterdam  is  individuals to whom  Amsterdam  has given birth, may be
remarkable for the number and excellence of its benevolent  named the philosopher Spinosa, the naturalist Swammerand charitable institutions.  There are above forty of them,  dam, the painters Adrian and William Fan de Welde, and
many possessing buildings of considerable elegance. Among  John and Michael Van Iluisum, and Admiral de Ruyter.
these are hospitals for the poor, the infirm, the aged of both  Pop. 1852, 228,800, of whom 20,000 were Jews.
sexes, orphans, widows, foundlings, the insane, &c., and in-    AMISTERDAiM, a township of Montgomery co., New York.
stitutions for blind and for deaf mutes. Many ofthese, being  Pop. 4128.
devoted to the members of one religious community, the    AMSTERDAM, a post-village in the above township, on
result is several hospitals of the same description; thus, the  the left or N. bank of the Mohawk River, and on the Utica
Calvinists, Lutherans, and Baptists have each their hos- and Schenectady Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Albany, and 62
pital for old men and women; the Roman Catholics have  miles E. by S. of Utica. It contains churches for the Presvarious similar institutions for their own members; and  byterians, Baptists, Methodists, and Universalists; a bank,
the Jews, in like manner, have hospitals for the sons of  an academy, a printing office, and manufactories of several
Israel.                                                       kinds. A bridge crosses the river at this place. Population
Educational Isstitutions, &c. —Amsterdam  possesses nu- in 1852, estimated at 2000.
merous and excellent primary schools, and other educa-    AMSTERDAM, a post-village of Botetourt co., Virginia,
tional institutions, both of'a general and special kind. Like  181 miles W. of Richmond, contains I brick chinch and sevethe benevolent institutions, some of them are for particular  ral trademen's shops.
religious denominations.  Among the most important may    AMSTERDAM, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, in
be named the Athenecsum 111ustre, with library, botanic gar-  Springfield township, 21 miles W.N.W. of Steubenville.
den, school of anatomy, and chairs of art, law, medicine,    AMSTERDAM, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, on the
and theology; the city Latin school; the seminaries for  Wabash and Erie Canal, 9 miles W. by S. of Logansport.
educating preachers belonging to the Remonstrants, Evan-    AMSTE IDAM, a village of Marion co., Iowa, on the Des
gelical Lutherans, Baptists, and Dutch Israelites; and the  Moines River, 88 miles WV. by S. of Iowa City.
medical and clinical school. Of institutions of literature,    AMSTERDAM  ISLAND, an island in the. S. of the Inscience, and art, there are the royal academy of fine arts, dian Ocean, about 60 miles N. of the island of St. Paul; lat.
founded in 1820, and having 450 pupils; the music school, 180 531 S.; Ion. 770 37' E. It is 4~ miles in length, 21 miles
founded in 1784; the naval school; the royal Dutch insti-  in breadth, 2760 feet in elevation, and evidently the crater
trtion for science, literature, and fine arts; and the society  of an extinct volcano, having numerous hot springs.
of literature and fine arts caled Felix 3leritis. This last    AMSTERDAM, NEW.  See New A-oSTEnRAsM.
society has 400 members, all merchants and citizens, and    AMSTETTEN, /mlstltten, a village of Austria, near the
divided into four sections:-I. Literature, commerce, navi-  Ips, 28 miles E.S.E. of Lintz.  The French here defeated the
gation, agriculture, and architecture.  2. Natural history.  Austrians and Russians, November 5, 1805.
3. Drawing and designing. 4. Music. 5. Last, but not least,    AMTCHITKA  or AMTSCHITKA, Am-chit'kB, one of the
must be named the museum of pictures, founded in 1798. most westerly of the Aleutian Islands, let. 510 43' N.; ion.
It contains a fine collection of works of Dutch masters, and  1780 45' E.
one of the most remarkable collections of prints in Europe,    AMTZELL,?mtlsell, a village and castle of WFiirtenmburg,
occupying 200 portfolios.                                     circle qf Danube, 41 miles W.N.W. of Wangen.  Pop. 2130.
icfanefactures, cmmersce, cfc.-The principal manufac-    AMOOKHTA  or AMUCI-HTA, A-mooe/tt, or AMOUGHITA,
tures include tobacco, soap, oil, canvas, cordage, the refining  one of the Aleutian Islands, Fox group; lat. of the centre,
of salt, sugar; and other substances, glass-blowing, brew-  520 331 N.; ion. 1700 45' W.
ing, and distilling; gas, commenced in 1846, steam-en-    AMU. See Oxus.
gines and machinery, iron steamers, and ship-building.    AIMUCU.  See Amcor.
Amsterdam, however, ranks much higher as a trading than    AMULGAWEIN, A mnil-ga wbn', a small town of Arabia, at
a manufacturing town. The total value of its exports in  the entrance of the PersianGulf, lat. 250 15' N.; Ion. 550 42' E.
1840 was 6,225,0831.; of its imports, 7,944,9581. Among the    AMUR. See Amooi.
articles of export, two of the most important are butter and    AiMUSCO, g-moos/ko, a town of Spain, 11 miles N. of Vacheese. The amount of the former, exported in 1843, was  lencia.  Pop. 1743.
423,5201.; of the latter, 508,491Z., being somewhat more than    AMITWELL, GREAT, a parish of England. co. of Herts.
that of the preceding year, though less than that of 1841.    AMWELL, LITTLEn, a liberty in the parish of All-Saints,
On the general trade of the place, however, there was, a few  co. of I-Herts, England. 11 miles S.S.E. of Ware.
years ago, an average increase of about 15 per cent. The    AM;WELL, a former township of IHuiunterdon co., New
exports consist of refined sugar, (in 1847, 311,174 cwt.,) raw  Jersey, now divided into East and West Amwell.  Pop. 2505.
sugar, (in 1847, 718,835 cwt.,) coffee, spices, thread, cheese,    AMWELL, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania.
butter, oil, dyes, colors, corn, and meal.  The exports to  Pop. 1754.
Germany and the Rhine amount to nearly one-third of    AMIYOON or AMIPUN, Am-yoonh, a town of Syria, 10 miles
the whole, or upwards of 2,000,000Z., but from  these locali-  S.S.E. of Tripoli.
ties the imports are very limited. The number of yes-    ANABARA, &-n'blyra/, a river of Siberia, in the governelso  that entered Amsterdam  in 1840 was 4177; tonnage,  ment of Tobolsk.  It rises in about lat. 660 30' N.; Ion. 1070
437,695: cleared, 3981; tonnage, 423,060. In 1848, the ar-  E., and falls into the Arctic Ocean in let. 720 40' N.; Ion.
rivrms were 1572. This great falling off is attributed to the  1120 10' E. The Anabara is joined at its embouchure by the
limited intercourse with the Baltic, in consequence of the  Olen or Olia, which runs nearly parallel with it for be.tween
war in Sleswick-Holstein.  The approach to the po-t by the  200 and 100 miles. The entire course of the former is about
Zuyder Zee being impeded with sand-banks, a canal, called  400 miles.
the Nienwe Diep, was completed in 1825, leading from Bulk-    ANABON. See Aoe3oNo.
sloot to the North Sea, at the Holder, a distance of 50 miles.    ANACAPRI, A-ng-klpree, a town and castle of Naples,
It is 125 feet broad at its surface, 30 feet at the bottom, island of Capri, at its N.W. extremity, on Mount Solaro, aswith a depth of 20 feet 9 inches. By the Amstel, the Zuyder  cended by more than 500 steps cut in the rock. Pop. 1600.
Zee, and various canals,Amsterdam has water communication    ANACHUANA, -nA2-choo-bst/n,   a village and bay on the
with all parts of Holland; and by railway, it communicates  N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, lat. 60 41' N.; ion. 770
on the one sidd with Hiaarlem, the Hague, and Rotterdam;  38' W.
and on the other with Utrecht, Arnhem, and Prussia.             ANACLACHIE, &-n&I-kldchA, a nevado or snowy peak of
The government is vested in a senate or a council of 16  the Bolivian Andes, supposed to be upwards of 22,000 feet
memraers, and 12 burgomasters. The members of the corn- high, in lat. 18~ 12' S.; Ion. 690 20' W.
cil sit during life, and fill up the vacancies that occur in    ANACOICA, a post-office of Sabine co., Louisi ua.
their number by their own suffrages.                            ANACOSITIA, a post-office of Washington co., District of
Fistory.-Early in the thirteenth century, Amsterdam   Columbia.
was a mere fishing village, with a small castle, the residen'ce    ANADARICO, a post-office of Rush co., Texas.
of the lords of Amstel. Towards the middle of that con-    ANADEER, ANADIR, or ANADYR,  -n&-deeot, a river
tury it was constituted a town, and in 1296 it was wrested,  of N.E. Asia, in Siberia, traversing the centre of the Tchooktby William III., Count of Holland, from the lords of Am- chee country, N. of Kiamtchatka.  It rises in Li1ke Ivachno
79




ANA                                                         ANA
about lat. 660 30' N.; ion. 1730 E.; flows first W., then E., and    COCHIN CHINA Proper, lying between lat. 120 and 180 30' N,
falls into an inlet of the Sea of Anadeer, (North Pacific,) ion. is about 90 miles in breadth; bonunded on the W. by a range
1750 E. Course about 450 miles. Anadyrsk, the only sta- of lofty barren mountains, hitherto  unexplored by any
tion on it, is in lat. 650 10' N.; ion. G1670 10' E.         European. The country is for 10 miles inland a complete
ANADIA, A-nb-dee/, a small town of Brazil, province of  desert, and is generally sterile, but contains many fertile
Alagoas, 45 miles E. of a city of that name. Pop. 1200.       spots. Its sandy soil also bears productions peculiar to this
ANADOLI or ANADOLIA.  See ANATOLIA.                        region, including the eagle-wood, which attains greater perANADYt or ANADIR. See ANADEER.                             fection here than anywhere else.  In the more favored
ANAGNI, d-nin/yee, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical  districts, grain, leguminous plants, and all the articles of
States, 37 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 5450. It is the seat of a   sustenance used by man are produced in great abundance,
bishopric, efected in 487, and the birthplace of Popes Inno- including sugar and cinnamon, the latter of snperior quacent III., Gregory IX., Alexander IV., and Boniface VIII.   lity.  The coast is beautiful and grand, being indented
ANAGUA, 9-nd/gwb, a post-office of Victoria co., Texas.    with numerous bays, backed by mountains which rise
ANAH or ANNA, &nA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the  to a height of several thousand feet, and are broken into
Euphrates, 155 miles N. W. of Hillah.  Pop. about 3000. It  innumerable valleys and  ravines.  There are a num
is picturesquely enclosed by rocks and date-groves. On an  ber of rivers, but none of much importance.  Cochin
island in the river are remains of a castle, built after that  China is destitute of metals so far as yet known. The capi
destroyed by the Emperor Julian.                              tal is Hu6.
ANnAIILTf, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.                  CasBODIA or KAiBOJA; about one-half only of this terri
ANAH'UAC, 4n-4-wlk/, the great central table-land of  tory is within the limits of the Empire of Anam, the other
MIexico, between lat. 150 and 300 N., and ion. 950 and 1100  portion being in Siam. The former is a continued fiat of
XW.; comprising three-fifths of the territory of the Mexican  rich alluvial soil, full of navigable rivers, one of which, the
confederation, and elevated from 6000 to 9000 feet above the  Mekong,is among thelargest in Southern Asia. Agriculture is
sea. It is bounded E. and W. by the two great mountain  much behind here, yet such is the fertility of the land, that
chains into which the cordillera of Central America subdi-  Cambodia is considered the granary of Cochin China. It
vides in its progress northward.  Many lofty mountains,  produces vast quantities of rice, betel-nuts, anisese-seed, and
including Jorullo, Popocatepetl, (17,720 feet high,) and other  cardamomns, all esteemed of the best qualitsy.  The areca
volcanoes, rise out of this plateau, but much of its sn-lfae  palm, teak-tree, and various dye and hard woods, also grow
is tolerably level. North of Mexico, in the Sierra iladre, here-some of the latter are susceptible ofa beautiful polish.
are the silver-mines of Zimapan, the richest in the world.    Gamboge  and a variety of sweet-smelling resins, are  pecuANAHUAC (an-A-wack/) MOUNTAINs, a mountain chain  liar to this country. Sticklac, a substance usqd in dyeing
Wr. of the upper portion of the Rio del Norte, and running  red, is also among the products of Cambodia. The mulnearly parallel to it from 400 N. lat., to join the plateau of  berry-tree is in some regions extensively cultivated, to
Anahuac in Mexico.    It may be regarded as a branch of  furnish food for the silkworm, the management of which is
the Rocky MIountains.                                         well understood by the natives. The climate is in general
ANAHUAC, a post-villa~e in Liberty co., Texas, near the  temperate, excepting during the rainy season, May and
N.E. extremity of Galveston Bay, opposite to the mouth of  September, when it is often very sultry. From  October to
Trinity River, about 35 miles N.E. by N. of Galveston.        January the weather is extremely boisterous, and typhoons
ANAJAZ, A-nA-zhgz/, a river of Brazil, island of Joannas  occasionally occur, but are neither so freluent nor so vioor Marajo, falls into the estuary of the Amazon after a WV. lent as in Tonquin.
course of about 80 miles, in lat. 00 52/ S.; lon. 51~ 30' WV.    CHAMIPA or TSIAIPA, occupies the S. portion of the AnaANAKLIA, 9-ni/kle-A, a fortress and seaport of Abkasia, mese empire. It is extremely sterile, consisting in great part
on the E. shore of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the In- of sand-hills without any vegetation, peaks with stunted'
goor, 60 miles W.N.V.  of Kootais.                             shrubs, granite formations of every description, and a redANAK-S0OONGI,'ngki-soonlghee, a small state on theW.  dish, disintegrated mass of stones.  Its coast, however,
coast of the island of Sumatra, between the rivers Manjoota  abounds in excellent harbors, and yields at least one valuaand Urie. Its capital is Moco-moca.                            ble product-the eagle-wood, (.l1exylummAgaloclhsm,) which
ANALATIVOE, an-al-a-tee-vtf, a small island WV. of Jaffna-  is much esteemed all over Asia for its pungent fiagrancy,
patam, on the island of Ceylon.                                and is, on this account, in constant use in burning incense
ANALSOMINK, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.  to idols.
ANA-A  or ANNAM, An'nbmf, E3MPIRE  OF, called also    The geology of Anam presents little variety, its prevailing
COCIHIN CHIINA, from the name of one of its mpst im- formations being primitive, and consisting mainly of granite
portant provinces, a country of South-eastern Asia, oc- or sienite, with the occasional occurrence of quartz, marble,
cupying the E. portion of the great promontory N.E. of  limestone, and hornblende.  Although nominally patriartheS Malay peninsula, from  which it is separated by the  chal, the government of Anam is actually despotic, even the
Gulf of Siam, between lat. 00 40' and 230 22' N., and lon. nobility deriving their name and power from the sovereign.
1020 and 1090 30' E.  It is 965 miles in length from  N. There are two classes of mandarins-civil and militaryto S.; the breadth is irregular, being at the narrowest  divided into ten orders, two of which compose the king's
part, which is in the centre, only 85 miles, expanding N. to  council. The general administration is conducted by that
upwards of 400 miles, and S. to about 270 miles. It com- council as supreme, and six ministers of state, viz. the
prises three  distinct territories and a part of a fourth.  minister of teremonies and religion, the keeper of the reThese are Tonquin,(which occupies the whole N. part of the  cords, the minister of war, the treasurer, the minister of
empire;)Cochin China Proper, Champa, and the  E. portion  justice, and the minister of woods and forests. Each proofCanebodia, together occupying the centre and S. extremity.  vince  is governed by a military mandarin, and two civil
It is bounded IV. by Lao or Laos and Siam, N. by China, and  mandarins as deputy and sub-governor, and is divided into
on all othe~ sides by the sea. The whole of the coast is con- three departments, termed kwoeen, each of which is subdisiderably indented, especially at the mouths of the rivers, vided into various districts, named too, and comprehends
where it affords many safe and commodious harbors; the  an indefinite number of villages.  In military affairs the
view which the country presents from  the sea is that of  government claims the service of every male inhabitant
a varied landscape, composedof bold headlands, picturesque  fromn 18 to 60 years of age. The entire army cotsists of
valleys, well-cultivated slopes, extensive downs, and low  about 60,000 men; but has occasionally amounted to more
plains, frequently terminating  in sand-hills, with a back- thae  double that number.  The soldiers all wear uniground of rather lofty mountains in the distance. Along  form-a red tunic; but the officers wear the ordinary
the coast there are numerous groups of islands.                dress.
TONqUiN is mountainous on the N., but in the E. is level,    The mass of the people do not care for supernatural worterminating  towards the sea in an alluvial plain. it is  ship, and are subject to the most abject superstition. The
fertile, yielding good crops of rice, cotton, fruits, ginger, doctrines of Boodha are professed by a few, but they have
and spices, with a great variety of varnish trees, areca  hardly either temples or priests. Veneration for the depalms, &c. The principal river is the Sang-koi, which flows  parted dead is general; and the temples containing their
from  the interior in a S.E. direction, and falls into the  tablets are the most sacred spots of worship.  This reGulf of Tonquin by several outlets. It has numerous tri-  verence for the dead is manifested by an interminable
buttaries, and several branches are joined together by canals,  series of solemnities and observances, and a reckless expendboth for irrigation and commerce. Its periodical overflow-  iture. The language resembles the Chinese, firomn  whonm,
ing fertilizes the ricefields within the reach of its waters. as they have no national literature, they receive all their
The other principal streamns are the Koa-gok or Tonquin,  books. It is without inflection, and shows a great mass of
and the Rok-bok.  The climate' resembles that of Bengal,  monosyllabic words. It is by no means mellifluous, arid is
but participates in the oppressive heats and very disagree-  spoken with extraordinary rapidity by the natives. In
able cold of China. It is peculiarly subject to typhoons,  writing, they use the Chinese character; with considerable
w hich sweep the land with inconceivable violence. Ton- difference, however, in some of their combinations.  Marquin is the only part of the empire that is rich in metals, riage is a matter of traffic.  Polygamy is allowed, but the
producing large squantities of gold, silver, copper, and iron. first espoused is considered the wife. The population of
k great deal of gold is found also in the sands of the rivers,  Anam is supposed eo be betwreen 12,000,000 and 15,000,000.
thousands  of people being employed in collecting it. The  - Adj. and inhab., ANAMESEE.  an-am-eez/.
principal town or capital is Ketcho on the Sanug-koi, about    ANAMIBAS, 1-ntm'ias, a group of 15 islands in the China
100 miles NAV. fron the Gulf of Tonlquin.                     Sen% off the E. coast of the Malay peninsula, and belonging
s0




ANA                                                          ANA
to the kingdom of Johore.  They lie between lat. 20 30' and rain system-the Taurus and Anti-Taurus, running E. and
3c 30' N.; Ion. 1040 and 110~ E.                               W. not far firom  the shores of the Levant and Black Sea
ANAMABOE, ani-ma-b1s, a Blritish fort of Africa, on the  respectively. The S. range, or Taurus, commences close to
Guinea coast, 11 miles E.N.E. of Cape Coast Castle. Lat. 50  the Euphrates, where Akjah-dagh reaches an elevation of
10' N.; ion. 10 51 W.  Pop. 4500. It is the residence of a  about 10,000 feet, and running VW., with a very irregular
governor, has a small native garrison, and exports palm-  course, generally speaking  parallel to the Levant, fermioil, gold-dust, ivory, antd grains.                           nates in the islands of, the Grecian Archipelago. It has
ANAMIRAPUCU, 3-nA-me-rA-poo-lkoo, a river of Brazil,  numerous offsets, both N. and S., which, as well as various
province of Para, falls into the estuary of the Amazon, in  portions of the main range, are known by special names,
lat. 00 15, S.; ion. 500 551 W. Its whole course is about 200  as Allah-dagh, Bul-har-dagh, Jebel-Gooreen, (Gurin, or Kumiles.                                                        rin,).&c.  The N. or Anti-Taurus range stretches from  the
ANAMO/SA, a post-village, capital of Jones -co., Iowa. on  Tchoruk WV., parallel to the Black Sea, and at no great disthe W:apsipinicon River, 40 miles N.E. of Iowa City. It is  tance from its shores, and terminates at the Bosphorus; an
situated in a fertile farming region, which is occupied by  offset, tending S.W., comprising  Mount Olympus, (8800
prairies and forests of hard timber. The latter are distri-  feet,) and terminating in Mount Ida, (1400 feet high,) at the
buted along the large streams.                                Gulf of Adramyti.  Between these two main ranges there
ANANA, A-nil/nl, a town of Spain, province of Alava, 17  are many smaller ones, some of which attain a great elevamiles W.S.W. of Vitoria.                                      tion; and, indeed, everywhere lofty mountain masses, more
ANAN'APOORI, a townof British India, in the presidency  or less connected, are to be met with.  Of the loftier suqlof Bengal, 52 miles N.N.E. of Cuttack.                        mits may be named the volcanic  peak of Mount Argeus, or
ANAN'ATAPOORI. a town ofBritish India, in the presi- Arjish-Dagh, 13,000 feet, the highest in Anatolia, situated
dency of 3Madras, 58 miles S.E. of Bellary.                   13 miles S. of Kaisareeyeh, (or  Kaisalia;) besides wvhich
AN/ANDALE', a small post-village'of Butler co., Pennsyl- there are various others, attaining an elevation of from
vania.                                                        7000 to 10,000 feet. The centre of this peninsula independANANDALE,a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.            ently of the mountains on it, is an extensive plateau,
ANANOOR or ANANUR, A-ni-noor/, a town of Georgia, averaging about 5000 feet in height, about 250 miles in
on an affluent of the Koor, and on the great road from Teflis  length from N.E. to S.W., and about 160 miles in breadth;
across the Caucasus, 32 miles N. of Teflis.                   partly drained by the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, but
ANAPA, A-na-pl, a seaport and fortified town of Russian  covered also with salt lakes, marshes, and rivers having no
Circassia, on the Black Sea; lat. 440 54' 1,. N; ion. 370 181 visible outlets. The largest rivers of Anatolia flow into the
5N' E. The port is tolerably good for small vessels, but the  Black Sea, but their courses have been very imperfectly exouter road is unsheltered, and is safely accessible only in  plored.  The largest are the Kizil-Irmak, (anc.Eicalys.) the
the fine seasons.                                             Yeshil-Irmak, (anc.I/-is,) and Sakareeyahb (anc. Sengalf'ius.)
ANAPHI, A-n/fee, or'NAN/PI-IIO, an island in the Gre- The only important rivers flowing towards the Grecian Arclan Archipelago, lat. 360 23' N.; ion. 250 47' E. It is about  chipelago are the Bakeer-cebai, (anc. Caicus,)theKodoos-chai,
7 miles lon-, and from 1 to 2 miles broad. It is composed  (ane. HIerlmns,) and the Bojuk-chai, (anc..Inanfder.)
chiefly of rocky, barren mountains, and it has no port.         It may be said, generally, that granite, serpentine,
ANAPLI.  See NAUPLIA.                                       and  schist form  the  substance  of  the  upper,  and
AN'AQUJASSICOOKi, a post-officeof Washington co., New  limestone of the lower regions of Anatolia, trachytic
York.                                                          rocks being also found E., which are succeeded on the
ANARAJAPURA, ANURADHIAPU RA, or ANOOIRAAD- W. and partly overlaid by black volcanic breccia. interIJAPOORA. See ANARAJAPOORA.                                    spersed with  angular blocks of trachyte;  while  the
ANAS. See GuADoIANA.                                        extreme W. part of the peninsula and its S. coasts consist
ANASTASIA, an-a-stashe-a, an island on the E. coast of  almost wholly of calcareous rocks, belonging to'the chalk
Florida, is 18 miles long and 13 broad. Lat. about 290 40' formation; volcanic cones, and other unquestionable traces
N.; Ion. 810 W.                                               of igneous action, extend over a considerable space; and
ANATA,,l/nAt3, (anc. Anltahotls,) a village of Palestine,  earthquakes still occasionally occur, such as those that
4 miles N.E. of Jerusalem, the reputed birthplace of the  destroyed Laodice_, Apamaea, Cibotts, Sarc'dis, and other
prophet Jeremiah.  It appears to  have been  once  a  cities of antiquity.  Anatolia contains also numerous therplace of strength, having remains of ancient walls and  meal and sulphurous springs; some of these springs deposit
columns.                                                      pure salt round their orifices, others pure sulphur, and
ANATOLIA, an-a-tofle-a, or ANADOLIA, A-n.-dolle-i, wri   t-  others. sulphate of lime or gypsum. There is also much
ten also ANAPO)Li and NATO/LIA,a pashalic of Turkey in  difference in the heat of the springs, some being quite cool,
Asia, forming the W. portion of the peninsula called Ana- and others nearly 1600. Marble exists in great abundance,
tolia orAsia Minor. It extends over about a half of Ana, an advantage which the sculptors and builders among the
tolia or Asia Minor, in the description of which the physical  early Greek colonists turned largely to account.  Coal has
features, products, &c. of the pashalic are included.  (See  recently been discovered along the coast of the Black Sea,
the following article.) It is the largest and richest province  but has not hitherto been worked to much extent.
in the emiire, and the most populous in Asia. The capital    The climate of Anatolia, so much lauded by the ancients,
is Kutaieh.                                                   adnits of no general description, owing to the diversity in
ANATOLIAA, ANADOLIA, ANADOLI, (probably from the  the elevation of its surface, which presents winter and sumGreek Aasrobl, isato) e, i. e. the "rising-," 1"Orient," or  mer within one day's journey. The W. shores have been cele"East,") or NATOLIA, a nanme given to the peninsula  brated in all ages for their genial wvarmth. The coast facing
forming the WV. extremity of Asia, and in its most extensive  the Black Sea is almost equally favored as to temperature,
application identical with Asia Minor. It comprehendsthe  and enjoys the additional advantage of frequent rains. The
Turkish pashalics of Anatolia, Itchelee, Karamania, Marash,  elevated plains of the interior, which rise about 3000 feet
Seevas or Iloomu,andTrebizond. Anatolia isincludedbetween  above the sea, exclusively of mountains towvering  some
the 36th and 42d parallels of N. lat., and betwveen the 26th  thousands of feet yet higher, are extremely cold in winter,
and 41st meridians of E.lon.; bounded N. by the Black Sea, but salubrious. The climate of Karanaanipa, nnlike that of
Sea of Marmora, and the Bardanelles, W. by the Grecias  the N. part, is oppressively hot in summer; very little rain
Archipelago, and S. by the Mediterranean Sea; while its  falls, and hence, from April to November, the inhabitants
eastern boundary, which is more arbitrary, is usually de- have little water, except whLat is preserved in tanks and
finued by a line connecting the Alma-dagh, near the Bay of  cisterns. The cold in the passes of the Taurus is intense.
Islkanderoon, with the Euphrates, and thence up to its    The N. slope of the central plateau so abounds writh forests
source, wrhence it runs down the Tchoruk to the Black Sea.  of oaks, beeches, plalnes, ashes, and almost all other buildIts greatest length, from the Gulf of Adramyti, E. to the  ing timber, that the Turks have called one of its ibrests
Euphrates, somewhat exceeds 700 miles, and its greatest  the Agatch-Deng/is, or Sea of Trees. It is 120 miles long by
breadth, from  Cape Anamoor, ina Karamania, to Cape Ke- 40 miles in breadth, and is the chief and all but inexhaustrempe, in Anatolia, is about 420 miles; estimated area,  ible source of supply to the Turkish navy. The trees here
about 270,000 square miles. The N. coast, facing the Black  are of a larger growth than in most other countries under
Sea, which presents few striking irregularities, is bold and  the same parallel, especially in the sheltered valleys of the
steep, with very deep water close to the shore eastw'ard, but  S.W.  Sugar-canes grow in Panaphylia'; and wine, olives,
gradually fills as it approaches the Bosphorus. The WV. and figs are abundantly raised in the S. valleys, especially
coast, from the Bosphorus downwards, presents an outline  throughout Lycia. The poppy also is grown in very large
as jagged and irregular, with cliffs nearly as high and pre-  quantities. The flora of Western and Southern Anatolia
cipitous, as almost any coast in the world; including the  in all the valleys is extremely beautiful, and will bear comGulfs of Adramyti, Fouges, Smyrna, Scala-Nuova, Mandel- parison with that of Sicily and the South of'Spain. Shrubs
yah, and Kos, within which, however, there are low all-  and evergreens are abundant-the latter including the
vial shores; while the S. coast presents a bold, irregular  myrtle, which here attains an immense size, bay, daphne,
outline, wvith steep and lofty rocks\closely approaching the  laurel, and a variety of holly. In strong contrast with all
shore, its chief bays or indentations being the Gulfs of Ma- these countries are the vast and frigid plains of the intekree, (or Makri,) Phineka, Adalia, and Iskanderoon.           rior, which produce only stunted shrubs, saline plants,
The surface of Anatolia may be termed an elevated plateau  wormwood, sage; and some of the ferns. There are other
supporting still higher elevations, dotted with salt laktes, and  tracts, the only vegetation on which is two species of broom.
enclosed by two ranges or offshoots of the Armenian moun-  The wheat of Anatolia is of the bearded kind; oats are sel~                                                                                   8, 1




ANA                                                       AND
dom seen; the grain supplied to horses and other animals  Ayacucho, on an affluent of the Apurimac, 50 miles E.S.F,
is usually barley. Maize is raised to some extent.        of Huamanga.
The Ottoman Turks, who form about nine-tenths of the po-   ANCO/BER, a river of Africa, on the Gold Coast, lat. 4c
pulation, are not only the original branch of the Turkish  54' N., lon. 20 16, 15" W., forming the W. limit of the Dutch
family, but also the most numerous and most civilized; nor possessions on this coast.
have they, for many centuries, varied to any considerable ex-   ANCOBER, a town of Abyssinia.  See ANKOBER.
tent from their primitive type. There are many thousands   ANCOLAN (n'kko-lan/) ISLANDS, a group of small islands
of so-called Turks, who are not so really, but are descended  in the North Pacific Ocean, off the N.W. coast of the S. end
firom Greek ancestors. About one-twentieth part are Greeks, of Luzon.
an unprincipled, dishonest race; and the remainder com-   ANCONA, An-kofna, (ane. Ascolna, Gr. AyXwv,.4scns, i.e.
prise Jews, Armenians, Koords, and some few Zingari or "elbow," "bend," or " angle," in allusion to its position in an
Gypsies, the last of whom are itinerant jobbers and tinkers, angle of the coast.) one of the most important cities of the
as in many countries of Europe. The total population can- Papal States, on the Adriatic, 132 miles N.E. of Rome. Lat.
not be exactly ascertained, but it has been estimated to be  430 371 7/ N.; ]on. 130 30' 5" E. It is built on the slope of
about4,500,000. Agriculture, as apractical art, is wholly un- a hill, in the form of an amphitheatre between two hills, on
known. Irrigation, manuring, and cropping are little prac- one of which stands the citadel, and on the other the cathe
tised, and all the implements of husbandry are in the most dral. It is divided into two parts, the Citt'k Vecchia (chitrude and primitive state. The principal industry of Ana- tit v~ktke-t) and the Citth Nuova, (chit-tit noo-ofrvd:) the fortolia consists in growing wine and oil, and in weaving car- mer occupies the higher ground, and is inhabited by the
pets, shawls, and making fez caps, &c. Asia Minor was so  poorer classes; the latter is situated along the shores of the
well known to the Romans, that it wastraversed by them in  gulf  Ancona is the seat of a civil tribunal, of a tribunal
almost every direction. Of these roads, however, by far the  of primary jurisdiction, of a court of appeal, and a bishop's
most important were the two that led into Syria. There  see; and is governed by a delegate, who is a prelate of the
was a well-frequented road, likewise, by Nicomedia(Ismeed)  Roman Church. It has a college, 2 hospitals, 10 churches,
to Bagdad, and another led S., near the shore of the Pro- 16 convents, and a lazaretto. Among the most remarkable
pontis, to Smyrna, Ephesus, &c. In all these lines there  buildings are the government palace, the town-house, the
are ruins, bridges, &c., clearly marking their former exist- merchants' hall, the cathedral, and on the mole the trience and consequence. As respects the present time, roads, umphal Corinthian arch of Trajan, built of Parian marble.
as understood in Europe, are wholly unknown; but relays  In 1732, Ancona was declared a free port; and, with the exof horses are maintained, as in the days of Xerxes, at dis- ception of Venice, it has a larger trade than any other port
taut intervals, and are stationed at the large towns on the  on the same coast. In 1843, its exports, consisting of wool,
leading routes. The most frequented road is that from  skins, silk, sail-cloth, tow, grain, alum, sulphur, fruit, and
Smyrna to Constantinople. Anatolia, or Asia Minor, was Venetian soap, amounted to $2,072,479. The imports of the
the seat of "the seven churches which are in Asia"-Ephe- same year amounted to$',940,526. In 1846, the number of
sus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and  vessels that arrived at Ancona was 1455; tonnage, 103,970.
Laodicea. These were all places of great note in apostolic  Value of total imports,$4,746,031;exports,$2,142,222. Ancona
times, though only some of them are so now, and that only  is an entrep6t for European goods for the Levant, and the
in a modified sense. The principal cities of Anatolia are  chief point for the steam communication between the latter
Smyrna, Trebizond.Iskanderoon, Adramyti, Angora, Seevas, and the Adriatic. The port, which is the only good one on
Sinope, Samsoom, Konieh, Kaisareeyeh, andAflioom-Kara- this side the Adriatic, between Venice and Manfredonia, is
Ilissar.-Adj. and inhab. ANATOLIAN, an-a-tole-an.         formed by a mole and a breakwater. On the extremity of
ANATOLICO, &-nd-tol/e-lko, an island of Greece, govern- the former is a battery and a lighthouse. A new beacon
mentof.,Etolia, 6 miles N.W. of Missolonghi, in the Gulf of was erected in 1842 on the Volpe or Wolf Rock, near the
Patras, and wholly covered by a town of 400 houses.        enteance to the harbor. Ancona is supposed to have been
ANAVA, a-na-via, or GUANAHAU, gwA-nI-hsw/, a river of founded by a Doric colony, or by a band of Syracusan patriots.
Brazil, in Portuguese Guiana, a tributary of the Branco or who fled from  the tyranny of Dionysius, about 400 years
Parima. Its whole length is about 200 miles.               B.c. In the time of Cesar it fell into the hands of the RoANAVELHANA, a-nit-v6I-yln&, a river of Brazil, in Por- mans. The Emperors Trajan and Clement XII. improved
tuguese Guiana, an affluent of the Rio Negro. It flows and beautified the harbor. In 1798 it was taken by the
nearly due S., and falls into that river near Toroma; length  French; and, in the following year, it surrendered to the
about 220 miles.                                           allied Russian, Turkish, and Austrian army, after a long
ANAZO, -n-i/zsO, or IIANAZO, a considerable river of resistance. In 1832 it was retaken by the French, who reAbyssinia, formed by the junction of the Melee and the  tained possession of it until 1838. All religious sects enjoy
united streams of Ancona and Sabalatte; from which point here complete toleration. Pop. 36,000.
the Anazo flows nearly due E., taking the name of the Yasso    AN/CONA, MARCH OF, (It. Moarca d'Ancona, mni/ka d~nlyes/s5') latterly, till it comes within 10 miles of the Sea of ko/nu,) an old division of territory in Central Italy, which
lab-el-Mlandeb,  when it sinks into the sand.              in the Middle Ages included the country between the
ANBAR, {u-bar/, a fortified town of Independent Tartary, duchy of Urbino and the march of Fermo.
20 miles N.E. of Khiva.                                      ANCRE. See ALBRav.
ANBAR, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See FELOOJAn.             ANICRAM, a post-township of Columbia co., New York.
ANA,  1uA nsa, a town of Portugal, province of Do-ro, about Pop. 1569.
8 milds from Coimbra.                                        ANCRAM LEAD-MINE, a post-village in the above townANCACIT, An-kltchl, a department of North Peru, on the ship, 50 miles S.S.E. of Albany. Lead ore of a good quality
Marafion, divided into 5 provinces. Capital, Iluaraz. Pop. is found in the vicinity, but itis not worked to any extent.
in 1850, 219,145.                                            AN/CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
ANCASTERI,,ng/kas-ter, a parish of England, co..Lincoln.    AN/CRUMi, a parish and village of Scotland, co. of RoxAN/CASTER, a post-village and township of Canada West, burgh. In this parish was fought the battle of Ancrum
co. of Wentworth, 8 miles W.S.W. of Hamilton. It con- Moors, in 1544, between the Scotch and English, in which
tains a mill, an iron foundry, and various manufactories.   the latter were defeated.
ANCENIS, 8Nc'seh-nee/, (anc. Andee/siunt?) a town of    AN/CRUM, a parish and'village of Scotland, co. of RoxFrance, department of Loire-Infdrie ure, on the Loire, 21 burgh, on the Teviot. HIere are traces of a Roman camnp,
miles N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852. 3689.                  and other antiquities.
ANCERVILLE, 8N' s'auveel/, a town of France, depart-   ANCY, 8Nosseel, a village of France, department of Rhine.
ment of Meuse, 11 miles S.W. of Bar-le-Duc. Pop. 2233.     Pop. 949. It has manufactures of silk stuffs.
ANCROLME, an/cholm, a river of England, co. of Lin-   ANCY, a village of France, department of Moselle. Pop.
coin, rises near Market Rasen, flows at first WV. past that 1164.
town, and then northward to join the Humber, 9 miles N. of    ANCY-LE-FRANC,  a'see/-lleh h-fr8NG/, a town of France,
Glanford Brigg, to which town it has been made navigable.  department of Yonne, on the Canal of Bourgogne, and on
ANCIIOR (ang/ker) ISLAND, a small island of New Zea- the Armangon, 10 miles S.E. of Tonnerre. It has the ruins
land, on the N. side of the entrance into Dusky Bay.       of a noble ch.teau.
ANCHOR ISLANDS, two islands off the E. coast of Brazil,   ANCYRA. See ANGORA.
province of Rio de Janeiro, 3 miles E. of Cape Frio.         ANDAD-KIIAN; [n-dld-klnf, or ANDEJAN, in-de-jnf,
ANCIIORITES, an/kor-ites, a group of small islands in the  a town of Independent Tartary, in Khokan, on the Jaxartes,
South Pacific Ocean, about 280 miles N. of Papua.         55 miles E.S.E. of Khokan. The town is large, surrounded
ANCIAENS, ANG-se- Ns, a walled town of Portugal, pro- with gardens, and a moated fort.
vince of Tras-os-Montes, near the Douro, 70 miles E.N.E. of   ANDAIPUAYLAS, An-di-wi/lds, a town of South America,
Oporto, with thermal springs. Pop. 2000.                  in Southern Peru, department of Ayacucho, on an affluent
ANCIAO, (Anciio,) An-se-A/ng, or almost An-sewngf, a  of the Apurimac, 50 miles S.E. of Huamanga.
small town and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, 13    ANDAIA. See ANDAYA.
miles S.S.E. of Coimbra.                                    ANDALUCIA. See ANDALUSIA.
ANCIENT, Antshent, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.    ANDALUSIA, an-da-lu'she-a, (Sp. Andalucia, an-d'l-looANICLIFF, a hamlet of England, co. of Lancaster, 2 miles thee/a; Fr. Andalusie, 8N d'ti'e/; Ger. Andaluses, An-dfrom WVigan, with a remarkable well, which emits inflam- lootze-en.) the largest of the ancient divisions of the S. of
rmable gas.                                               Spain, bounded S.E. and S. by the Mediterranean and
ANCO, In/ko, a town of Southern Peru, department of  the  Straits of Gibraltar, S.W. by the Atl, antic, and. by
82
82eSrisoHirlaS.b   h    tatc  n.b




AND                                                      AND
Portngal. It is now divided into the following provinces, from Georgia, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is
which are named from their chief towns: Almeria, Granada, bounded on the N.E. by the Saluda, intersected by Kiowee
Jaen, Malaga, Cadiz,'Cordova, Huelva, and Seville. Anda- River, a branch of the Savannah, and also drained by
lusia is traversed by the Sierras Morena and Nevada, the  Rocky River and Deep Creek. The surface is diversified by
latter being, with the exception of the Alps, the most ele- hill and dale: the soil is generally fertile, well watered, and
vated range in Europe, several of its summits attaining a  extensively cultivated. The district is intersected by the
height of f'om 10,000 to 11,500 feet; the climate on the coasts Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Anderson was formed
is extremely warm; its chief minerals are lead, copper, iron, out of a part of the former district of Pendleton. Pop. 21,475.
and mercury. It is very fertile in grain, wines, olives, figs,   ANDERSON, a county in the E. central part of Texas,
sugar, and cotton, and furnishes a considerable quantity  contains 900 square miles. The Trinity and Neches Rivers
of silk and cochineal. On its pasture is raised a celebrated  wash its western and eastern borders. The surface is tnbreed of horses and sheep which yield fine wool. The ma- dulating, and the soil is generally fertile.  The Trinity
nufictures, formerly important, have greatly declined. The  River, which is navigable for steamboats as high as this
Vandals were established in this country during several county, flows through a rich valley which is well supplied
years in the fifth centnry, whence it was called Vandalu- with timber. An active emigration has been directed to
sia, afterwards corrupted into Andalusia. After the dis- this region for a few years past. Capital, Palestine. Pop.
memberment of the empire of the caliphs in 1030, Andalu- 2884, of whom 2284 were free, and 600 slaves.
sin formed the kingdoms of Cordova, Seville, Jaen, Almeria,   ANDERSON, a county in the I0.E. part of Tennessee, has
M1alaga, and Granada, which were all successively conquered  an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the
by thekings ofCastile. Pop. (1849) 2,745,858.-Adj. and in- Clinch River, navigable by smnall boats, and also drained
hab. ANDALUSIAN, an-da-slushe-an. (Sp. ANDALUZ, An-da-loothf.) by Powell's River. The greater part of the county consists
ANDA)LUSIA, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.    of a deep and fertile valley between Cumnberland Mountain
ANDALUSIA, a post-village of Covington co., Alabama.    on the N.W. and Chestnut Ridge on the S.E. The land is
ANDALUSIA, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.      well timbered and well watered.  Stone-coal is found in
ANDALUSIA, a village of Rock Island co., Illinois, on the  some parts of the county; also valuable salt springs and
S. bank of the Mississippi River. 10 miles S.W. of Rock Island. sulphur springs at Estabrook.  Capital, Clinton.  Pop.
ANDALUSIE, ANDALUSIEN, ANDALUZ. See ANDALUSIA.  60938, of whom 6432 were free, and 506 slaves.
ANDAMAN  (an-da-manf) ISDANDS, a group of densely    ANDERSON, a county in the N. central part of Kenwooded islands'in the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 100 and  tncky, has an area of about 300 square miles.  It is
130 N., and nearly under the 93d degree of E. ion., 1S0/miles  bounded on the E. by Kentucky River, intersected by Salt
S.W. of Cape Nesrats, and the same distance N. of the Nicobar River, and also drained by Crooked, Stony, and I-lammond
Islands. The Great and Little Andaman Islands. are sepa- Creeks. The surface is generally rolling, though some porrated by Duncan's Passage. Total area estimated at about tions are level; the soil is fertile. The Kentucky River is
3000 square miles. Population sapparently very scanty, and  navigable on the border of the county. A railroad is in
in the lowest state of barbarism. In 1703, a British settle-  progress through  it from   Frankfort to  Iarrodsbnrg.
ment was established at Port Cornwallis, in the N.E. of  Named in honor of Richard C. Anderson, former member
Great Andamtan, but the station was abandoned in 1796.    of Congress from Kentucky.  Capital, Lawrenceburg. Pop.
ANDAYA,.n-dtlya, or ANDAIA, An-dIVA, a river of Bra- 6260, of whom 4978 were free, and 1282 slaves.
zil, rises in the Sierra Matta Gorda, and falls into the Fran-    ANDERSON, a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey, 60
cisco at lat. 180 10' S., its whole course being about 120  miles N. of Trenton.
miles.                                                       ANDERSON, a post-village, capital of Anderson district,
ANDAYE or HENDAVE, both pronounced 8Ns'd/, a  South Carolina, 148 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. A branch
small seaport town of France, department of Basses-Pyr-  railroad extends from this place to the Greenville and Co:
uses, 12 miles S.W. of Bayonne, on the Bidassoa.           lumbia Railroad. It contains several churches and stores,
ANDECAVI or ANDEGAVI. See ANGERS.                       and a newspaperoffice.
ANDEER, Sn/daile, a town of Switzeiland, canton of Gri-    ANDERSON, a post-office of Walker co., Georgia.
sons, on the Rhine, 14 miles S.S.W. of Chur. Pop. 549.      ANDERSON, a post-village, capital of Grimes co., Texas,
ANDEJAN. See ANDAo-KUAN.                                about 140 miles E. by N. of Austin City.
ANDELFINGEN, Sn/del-fing.en, a town of Switzerland,   ANDERSON, a township of IHamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 3048.
17 miles N.E. of Zurich, on the Thur, here crossed by a co-   ANDERSON, a township of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1433.
vered bridge. Pop. 2400.                                    ANDERSON, or AN/DERSONTOWN, a flourishing postANDELLE, 8NG'dtll/ a river of France, rises W. of Forges- village, capital of Madison co., Indiana, on the left bank of
les-Eaux, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, passes Charleval White River, and on the railroad from Belfontaine, Ohio, to
and Romilly, and ftlls into the Seine above Pont-de-l'Arche. Indianapolis, 34 miles N.E. from the latter. It is beautiLength, 24 miles.                                         fully situated on a bluff 50 feet above the river. The ferANDELOT, 8N'deh-lo/, a town of France, department of tility of the adjoining land and the facilities for transportaHaute-arne, 12 miles N.E. of Chaumont, on the Rognon,  tion render this a place of active business, which is rapidly
Pop. 1077. This is a very ancient borough, having existed  increasing. A dam has been thrown across the river a few
in the sixth century.                                     miles above, by which a fall of 34 feet is obtained, and the
ANDELYS, LES, ize 8cN'dleel, a town of France, formed  water-power is very extensive. Pop. of the village, about
by the union of Great and Little Andely, department of  500; of the township, 990.
Eure, 20 miles N.E. of Evreux, and near the Seine. Pop.   ANDERSON, a post-office of Clark co., Illinois.
5161. Near Petit Andely are the ruins of the Chftteau    ANDERSONBURG, a post-office of Perry co., PenusylGaillard, an old fortress built by Richard Coeur de Lion.  vania.
ANDEMATUNUM. See LAtxcTsGe.                               ANDERSON RIVER, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana.
ANDENNES, 8Nsdinnt, a town of Belgium, province of    ANDERSON'S CREEK, of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania,
Namur, on the Meuse, and on the railway firom Namur to  enters the W. branch of Susquehanna River.
Liege, 11 milesE  E. of Namur. Pop. 4990. It has manufac-    ANDERSON'S CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Crawford co.,
tures of porcelain and tobacco pipes.                     and forms the boundary between Spencer and Perry counANDERAB, An'der-Sb/, or INDERAB, in-der-Sb/,  a town  ties, until it falls into the Ohio near Troy.
of Tartary, in Budunkhshainabout 85 miles N.N.E. of Cabool,    ANDERSON'S INLET, in Australia, S. of Bass's Strxaits,
at the junction of the rivers Anderab and Kiasan. It is a  between Capes Liptrap and Patterson.
populous place, and contains the storehouses in which are    ANDERSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Butler co., Pennkept the silver brought from IIariana and Bendjehir.      sylvania.
ANDERAVIA, Sn-der-&-vee/, or INDERABIA, in-der —   ANDERSON'S STORE, a post-office of Caswell co., NoRth
bee/', a small island in the Persian Gulf. Lat. 260 41' N.; Carolina.
lon. 530 39' E.                                             ANDERSON'S STORE, a small post-village of McNairy co.,
ANDERBY, an/der-be, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. Tennessee.
ANDERLECHT,'n/der-leKt', a town of Belgium, province    ANDERSON'S STORE, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.
of Brabant, arrondissement of Brussels, of which city it   ANDERSTOWN, Madison co., Indiana.  See ANDERsoN.
forms a suburb on the S.W. Pop. 2500.                       ANDERSONVILLE, an/der-son-vil', a post-village or AnANDERMATT, tn/der-intt, a village-of Switzerland, in  derson district, South Carolina, at the confluence of the
the valley of Ursern, 18 miles S. of Altorf. Near it is the  Tugaloo and Kiowee Rivers, which form the Savannah, 145
celebrated Devil's Bridge, crossing the Reuss, and forming  miles W.N.WV. of Columbia.
part of the route across Mount St. Gothard into Italy.      ANDERSONVILLE, a post-village in the N.W. part of
ANDERNACH, Snlder-nK1, (anc. Asntunacum or Antonia- Franklin co., Indiana, about 50 miles S.E. by E. from Inceiv,) a town of Prussia, province of the Lower Rhine, 10  dianapolis.
miles N.W. of Coblentz, in a plain on the Rhine. Ander-   ANDES, an/diz, (Sp. Cordillera de los Andes, kon-deel-ySrA
nach has long been famous for the production of two pecu- dS lote Sn/dis,) a range of mountains of such vast extent
liar articles-millstones, and trass or cement.            and altitude as to render it one of the most remarkable
ANDEROT. or ANDEROV. See UNDERaoo.              physical features of the globe. Commencing at Cape Horn,
AN/DERSON or ANDERSTONE WINTERBOURNE, a pa- it extends nearly parallel to the Pacific coast, throughout
rish of England, co. of Dorset.                           the entire length of South America to the Isthmus of Pa,
AN/DERSON, a district in the N.W. part of South Cars- nama, a distance of about 4500 miles. From this point the
lina, bordering on the Savannah River, which separates it  same range is continued; and, under different names, tra, 
83




AND                                                           AND
verses the whole North American continent from  S. to N., of Paramo, from  which extend three separate chain.s —,
terminating in Point Barrow on the Arctic Ocean; extend-  That of Suma Paz, running N.E. past Lake Maracaybo.
ing in all through near 1300 of latitude, or about 9000 miles. and terminating near Caraccas, on the Caribbean Sea; 2.
The Andes consist, for the most part, of a series of lofty  The chain of Quindiu, extending N.N.E. between the rivers
ridges running' more or less parallel to each other, and  Cauca and Magdalena; and, 3.-The chain of Choco, which
covering, with  their plateaux and declivities, nearly a  follows the Pacific coast to the Isthmus of Panama, where
sixth part of South America. From  its S. extremity the  it forms the connecting link between the Andes and th.e
main chain runs along the W. shore of Terra del Fuego,  Chippewayen system  of North America. North of the 5th
and consists of rocky summits, rising in many places to  parallel, the only summits within the line of perpetual
2000 or 3000 feet, the culminating point of this portion  snow are those belonging to the E. chain. The volcano of
(3ount Sarmiento) being 6910 feet above the sea. The  Tolima, in lat. 40 46' N., ion. 750 37' W., rises to the heiglht
Patagonian Andes, which succeed those of the S. insular  of 18270 feet. The coast chain is comparatively low: never
district, run directly northward as far as let.. 420 S., flanked  attaining an elevation of above 9000 feet.
by rocky and mountainous islands in the Pacific, that seem       Passes.-This gigantic mountain chain is traversed in
to have been disunited from  the mainland by volcanic  different parts by numerous passes or roads, at heights
ageacy.   The extreme height of the Andes in this division  almost equal to those of the extreme summits of the Euis 8000 feet. The Andes of Chili, which follow, extend from   ropean ranges. - Most of these are narrow, rugged, steep,
let. 420 to lat. 210 S., and form  a single chain as far as the  and sometimes slippery and dangerous, passing through
35th parallel of S. lat., having an average width of about 130  gorges,. across yawning chasms, up nearly perpendicular
miles. The principal peaks are the volcanoes of Antuco,  rocks, and often winding along the brinks of enormous
(10,000 feet high,) Maypu, (15,000 feet high,) and Tupun-  precipices.  The pass from Yalparaiso to Otendoza is 12.450
gato, (15,000 feet high;) but tihe cutlninating point, not only  feet high; that from La Paz to the valley of the Beni, 15,349
of this portion, but of the entire raezge of the Atdes, is the  feet; that from Arequipa to Puno, 15,590 feet; and the one
giant posphjritic levcade of AconcaCgua, which, according to  leading from Lima to Tarma and Pasco is 15,760 feet, being
Captains Fitzroy and Beechey, rises 23,910 feet above the  the highest known pass of the Andes.  There are numerous
sea, and is distinctly visible from Valparaiso, a distance of  other passes across the Andes, many of which exceed 15,000
100 miles. The line of perpetual snow in these latitudes is  feet in height. There are/'said to be six passes over the
about 14,003 feet above the sea. Between the Chilian Andes  Choco; but these are for 9he most part practicable only by
and the Pacific —a distance varying. from  80 to 150 miles-   ca'iasge on the backs of natives. A great commercial road
are extensive plains elevated from  1000 to 1500 feet above  runs longitudinally along, the Andes the whole distance
the sea: these are mostly clothed with forest-trees and a  from  Trujillo to Popayan, not much less than 1000 miles.
rich vegetation;  but the more elevated mountain regions    The Andes are composed partly of granite, gneiss, mica,
are rocky and nearly destitute of plants.  The Bolivian  aid clay-slate, but chiefly of greenstone, porphyry, and baAi-des, forming the central division (formerly supposed to  salt, with limestone, red sandstone, and  conglomerate.
be the most elevated portion) of the system, extend north-  Salt and gypsum  are also found, and seams of co-l  at a
ward from lat. 210 to 140 5., presenting one immense mass  great elevation.  The topaz, amethyst, and other gems are
of rocks, stretching in length over 70 of latitude, and in  abundant.  Volcanoes are numerous in the Chilian PAndes,
breadth fioom  200 to 250 miles. In this section, the chain  where there are no less than nineteen in a stfate of activity;
separates, about lat. 100 S., into two great longitudinal  and the mountains of Ecuador consist almost altogetlher of
ridges, the E. called the Cordillera Real, and the W~. the  volcanic summUits, either now or formerly in active ignition.
Cordillera of the Coast. These run parallel to each other,  Of these the most dreaded is Cotopaxi. In some of its erupenclosing the table-land of Desaguadero, elevated 12,000 feet  tions flames rise 3000 feet above the edge of its crater, and
above the sea, extending 500 miles in length, and from 30  the sound of its explosions is heard at a distance of 550
to 60 in bresadth along the top of the Andes, and enclosing  miles. Its form is most regular and beautiful, the summit
the Lake of Titicaca.  These parallel Cordilleras, situated  forming a perfect cone, covered with an enormous bed of
at a distance of about 230 miles from each other, are united  snow.  Earthquakes  generally  accompany  the volcanic
at various points by enormous transverse groups or monn-  eruptions, and are felt over all the adjacent continent. No
tain knots, or by single ranges crossing them  like dikes. portion of the globe is subject to such frequent and destrucThe descent to the Pacific is exceedingly steep; the dip is  tive earthquakes as the countries embosomed within the
also very sudden to the E., whence offshoots diverge to the  range of the Andes, and those lying between them and the
lower plains. The following are some of the principal sum-  Pacific Ocean.  The cities and towns of Bogota, Quito, liomits in this portion of the Andes:-                            bamba, Callao, Copiapo, Yalparaiso, and Conception have
all at different times been more or less devastated by their
1    Noses I       ItWion.                  agency. The Andes are celebrated for their mineral riches,
ame_-5 Slao.          Feet. ~producing gold and silver in large quantities, with platina,
Sahiana........8..  1  7 0680 52'     22,150  mercaury, copper, lead, tin, and iron.  Humboldt estimated
Parinacote.......s 18 10' 690 11'   22,030  the annual product of the mines of the New World, at the
I. CosLLe RA OF  Gualateiri....... 20 13' 690 1' 1e22,000  commencement of the present century, at 43,5005000 do]o lSTc.    Poaerapa...... I  8' 690 3'      1,700  lars, about 8,700,000. Glaciers are of rare occurrence in the
V~olc. of Arequipa' 160 19' 710 23'  20,300
Chipic.ani........ 1A7~ 43' 69a  4'   19,740  Andes, being found only in the nasrow ravines which fur
tChipicasi..... 170 43 690 47'         174
(  illiuanti(ili,snow) 160 38' 67e 49' N. Peak 21,060  row the sides of some of its great summits.  The limit of
Do........................... S.Peak. 21,149  perpetual snow reaches the height of 13,800 feet in the W
Aecohume..a..15~ 5l' 6c 33' N. Peak. 00,0413s
us.....150 52'68 33'N.e. 2se,043  Cordillera of Chili; near the equator it is 15,000 feet, and
Do...........................  S. Pe ak. 21,'286
OL Chaceonisaniao... 16e' 68 25' N.Peak. 20,235  in the Bolivian Andes, (lat. 210 S.,) 17,000 feet abl)ove the
II. Caons.. OSN  Suawas       or                             sea. The potato is cultivated in the Andes at an elevation
BOLIrvrortAN-.:  ~i~uaynaoosi
cn Peak...........  3                                  1      f
CUNIA..........19o 80'168~               1 0'  of 9800 to 13,000 feet.  Wheat growls luxuriantly'at a
Iesda N.ss...ada.. 190 3050   0 10- 520,270  height of 10,000 feet, and oats ripen in the vicinity of Lake
An-el Peak.....10 1~0' 680 514'      19,060  Titicaca, at an elevation of 12,795 feet.
ICaacca..........o 16 25'i8~ 58s'   18,210    The name ANDES is derived from the Peruvian word Anti,
I!Cololo...........0140 57'169~ 10'  17,930  signifying "copper."  It -was first given to a rangeof siountains near Cuzco, but afterwards applied to the entire chain.
From  the above, which are taken from  3Mr. Pentland's oh-    ANIDES, an/diz, a post-township of Delaware co., New
servations, it will be seen that the highest summits are W.,  York, 70 miles S.W. of Albany.  Pop. 2872.
not B. of the Desaguadero, as was long supposed by the    ANIDESVILLE, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania.
most eminent geographers.  North of this the two main    ANDEVOORON/TO or ANDEVOURANTE, Ain-de-voo-rjnlCordilleras reunite in the group of Vilcafiota, lat. 150 S. ta, a large village or town on the E. coast of iadagascar,
The Peruvian Andes, separated from the Pacific by a desert, near the mouth ofa river ofthe same name. Pop. about 2000.
from 60 to 100 miles broad, extend from  nlat. 140 to 50 S., and    ANDIARY, iin-de-ifree, the name of two villages of W5estdetach two eastern offsets; one of which runs N.W. be- ern Afiica, in the Bondoo country, near lat. 140 6' N., ion.
tween the Masafion and Ituallaga Rivers, and the other  130 W. One of them  is a large and thriving place, with
between the Huallaga and the Ucayale, enclosing a plateau  neat houses.
11,000 feet high, called Pasco or Huanuco. The main range,    ANDIKHOO, And'kool, ANKKOUI, an-koole, or ANKOIV,
termed the Cordillera of the Coast, runs W.N.W. in a di- a town of Independent Tartary, capital of a small khanat of
rection parallel to and about 70 miles distant fo-om the  the same name, on the N. slope of the lluzareh Mountains,
Pacific. The Andes of Quito commence at lat. 50 S., and  about 70 miles iV. of Balkh.  It is advantageously situated
run nearly due N. to the table-land of Quito, which is 200  on one of the great commercial routes between Bokhara
miles long, 30 miles broad, elevated 9600 feet above the sea, and Afghanistan, but the district is scantily supplied with
and surrounded by the most magnificent series of volcanoes  water.  Pop., composed of Soonee Mohalmmedans, friom
in the world. The E. range comprises the volcanoes of  25,000 to 30,000.
SIangay, (16,138 feet,) Tunguragua, (16,424 feet,) Cotopaxi,    ANDLAU, gnd'l15, a small town of France, department
18,875 feet,) Antisana, (19,140 feet,) and Mount Cayambe,  of Bas-Rhin, on the Andlau, an affluent of the Ill, 9 miles
(19,535 feet high,) On the W. range stands Mount Chim- N.N.W. of Sch6lestadt.  Pop. (1852) 2110.
borazo, 21,424 feet above the sea. About lat. 10 N. is the    ANDOAIN, An-do-lne, a small town of Spain, province of
mountain knot of Los Pastes, contaisinsg several active  Biscay, 6 miles from  St. Sebastian, on the Orin. It is one
v.olcanoes. On the E. side, lot. 2~ N. is the mountain knot  of the stopping-places of the French mail.
____   4 __             __________________________________




AND                                                       AND
ANDOEN, (Andaen,),ndft-.en, (ie..' Duck Island,") one    ANDO0ER, a post-oice  of Henry co., Illinois, about 75
of the Loffoden Islands, off the W. coast of Norway, 20 miles  miles N.W. of Peoria.
long, and 10 miles broad. Lat. 690 201 N.; Ion. 150 15' E.    ANDRAIX, An-dr/('i, ANDRACHE, An-drach, or ANANDOLSIEITI, bn/dols-hime'. (Fr. pron. &N'xdol'zcm/,) a  DRAIG, a seaport town on the S.W. coast of the island of
village of France, department of laut-Rhin, 3(- miles S.E. of  lIMajorca, 8 miles S.S.Wt. of Palma. Pop. 4609.
Colinar. It has a consistorial Protestant church. P. 1092.   ANDRAUI, tnldrTlwm, a town of Southern Sweden, 24
ANDORA., in-dof/lra, or MARINA D'ANDORA, m'-reelna  miles S. by W. of Christianstad, with extensive alnmdbn-do/r1, a town of the Sardinian States, territory of Ge- works.
noa, on the WV. coast of the Gulf of Genoa, 3 miles S.S.W. of    ANDRAVA, (,n-drtv,) BAY, iadagascar, B. coast, about
Alassio.                                                    60 miles S.E. of Cape Amber. Lat. (Berry Head) 120 56'
ANDOIRA, a post-office of Philadelphia co., Pennsylvania.  8// S.; lon. 490 561 5/ E.
ANDORNO  CACCIORNA, An-doaluno  kit-chors/na, a town    ANDREANOV  (An-drA-an-ov/) or ANDRENO0VIAN  It.
of the Sardinian States, province of Biella, 13 miles N.E. of  LANDS, a group of volcanic islands in the North Pacific.
Ivrea, on the Cervo. It was the birthplace of the painter   elonging to Russia, and forming the W. division of the
Cagliari.                                                   Aleutian islands. Lat. 520 571 N.
ANDORRA, an-dorl/, (VALLEY OF) a neutral country    AN/DREAS, a parish, Isle of Malan.
with the name of a republic, situated on the S. slope of the    ANDREASBE RG, in-drt/ls-bRaG', a town of Hanover, 12
Pyrenees, between the French department of Ari6ge and  miles S.W. of Elbingerode, on the declivity of the Andreasthe Spanish province of Lerida, extending from lat. 420 22' berg, at the S. foot of the Brocken, 1936 feet above the sea.
to 420 43' N., and front ]on 10 25/ to 10 55' E., surrounded  It is the second in importance of the niountain towns of tihe
by high mountains, on which the snow lies for six months  Upper HIarz, and owes its origin to the valuable mines of
in the year. Its climate is cold, but healthy; soil unpro- iron, silver, lead, copper, cobalt, and arsenic, which exist in
ductive in grain, but contains many rich mines of iron, and  the neighborhood, and were first opened at the commenceone of lead. The government, a mixture of monarchy and  nment of the sixteenth century. Pop. 4500.
democracy, is vested in twenty-four consuls, elected by the    ANDREEVA, [n-drA's-v/l or ENDERI, hntder-eeI, a town
whole population. Its constitution was, till 1848, subject  of Russia, government of Caucasns,principality of IKoomook,
to the mutual sovereignty of the King of the French and  (Koumuke,) 40 miles S. of Kizliar.  It is the principal town
the Bishop of Urgel, and under the protection of the Queen  of a Tartar district, loosely governed by chiefs, really or
of Spain. The inhabitants,  mostly shepherds, speak the  nominally subject to Russia. There are here some Mioslem
Catalan language. The population of the valley, which has  seminaries for Circassian youths.  Pop. of town, about
been annually increasing, was in 1845 estimated at from   12,000.
5000 to 6000. The independence of this little state dates   A&NDRETTA, &n'drZt/t.      a town of Naples, in the Apenfrom Charlemagne, in 790-Adj. and inhab. AiDoOnnEss, an-  nines, 7 miles E. of St. Angelo. Pop. 4450.
doa- eez/.                                                    AN/DREW. a county in the N.W[. part of Missouri, borderANDORRA, gn-dosIeb, (Fr. Andorre, &cNdorat,) a small, ing on the Missouri River, which separates it from Indian
ancient town, capital of the above republic, at the foot of  Territory, has an area of 425 square miles. It is bounded
Mount Montelar, 12 miles N. of Urgel. Pop. 2800.            on the W. by the Nodaway River, and intersected by the
AN/DOVER, a parliamentary and municipal borough,  Platte and One Hundred and Two Rivers, which flow firor
mnu.ket-town, and parish of England, co. of Hants, 12 miles N. to S. The soil is fertile. Capital, Savannah. Pop. 9533,
N.W. of Winchester, and 63 miles W.S.W. of London. of whom 8871 were free, and 662, slaves.
Pop. in 1851, 5187.                                           ANDREW, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa,. about 12
ANIDOVER., a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, about miles S.W. of Bellevue, the county seat.
30 miles N.W. of Paris, is well watered by Ellis's River, an    ANDREW  CH-APEL, a post-office of Mladison co. Tenaffluent of the Androscoggin.  Pop. 710.                    nessee.
ANDOVER, a post-township  of Mierrimack  co., New    ANDREWVS, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Virginla.
liampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 21 miles N.WT. of    ANDREWS, a post-vllage in Congress township, Mlorrow
Concord.  Andover Academy, incorporated in 1848, had, in  co., Ohio, about 46 miles N. by E. of Columbus.
1853, 9 instructors and 217 pupils. Pop. 1220.                ANDREW'S MILL, a village in Loran township, SteANDOVER, a post-township of Windsor co., Yesmont, 68  phenson co., Illinois, about 15 miles WV. by S. of Freeport.
miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 275.                       AN/DREWSVILLE, apost-office of Franklin co.. New York.
ANDOVER, a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts,    ANDRIA,  al/dre-b, a town of Naples, province of Terra di
on the S. bank of the MIerrimack River, and on the Essex  Bari, 30 miles W.N.W. of Bari. It is built on a plain, is the
County, the Lawrence and Lowell, and the Boston and  seat of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, founded in 1046
lMaine Railroads, 21 miles N. of Boston, and 16 miles N.E. by Peter Normanno, Count of Trani. It possesses also a
of Salem. The situation of the village is elevated and plea-  college aid three stoszts de piete. Its supply of water is very
sant. The streams in the vicinity afford excellent water-  deficient, it has a good trade in almonds. Pop. in 1842,
power, which is extensively employed in manufacturing. 21,852.
Flannels, linen, and shoe-thread are the principal articles.   ANDRINOPLE, a corruption of ADRIANOPLE.
Andover is the seat of Phillips Academy, one of the oldest    ANDRITZENA, An-drit-st/n', a town of Greece, 3lorean 20
and best-endowed academical institutions in New England; miles N.E. of Kyparissia, said to afford better accomneodaand of Andover Theological Seminary, founded in 1807. tion for travellers than most places in the SIorea.
Phillips Academy was instituted  in  1788, principally    ANDRO, ln/dro, or AN/DROS, an island of the Grecian
through the efforts of the lIon. Samuel and John Phillips, Archipelago, the most northern of the Cyclades, S.E. of Enfrom whom it derives its' name. It has a valuable chemical been, 25 miles long, 6 nmiles broad, and formcing, with Tenos,
and philosophical apparatus, and libraries containing   2500  a government of Greece. Pop. 15,200. (?)  The island is
volunes. The buildings are on a range with those of the  mountainous, and the soil fertile.
Theological Seminary, about 40 rods distant.  The large    ANDROS, the capital of the above island, on its E. coast,
income arising from the funds, amounting to about $60,000, has 5000 inhabitants, and a harbor for small vessels; but
enables the trustees to secure the services of distinguished  the best port in the island is that of Gaurlo, on the W. coast.
teachers, and at the same time make but a moderate charge     ANlDROS, one of the Bahama islands. Lat. of S. point,
fortuition.  Abbott's Female Academy, a flourishing insti-  240 4' N.: lon. 780 415 W.
tution, was founded here in 1829. The Andover Theological    ANDROSCOGGIN, an'dros-cog/ghin, or AlISERISCOG/GIN
Seminary, under the direction of the Congregationalists,  RIVER, is formed by the junction of the Margallaway
stands on a pleasant elevation, commanding a fine prospect. River and the outlet of Umbagog Lake, in Coos co., New
A president and five professors compose the faculty. Tui-  IHampshire, and flowing southerly for sonme distance, turns
tion and room-rent are free to all, and additional aid is fur- into Maine.  After constituting  the boundary between
nished to indigent students.  Number of graduates up to  KIennebec and Oxford, and Cumberland and Lincoln conn1852, 1066.  Number of students the same years, 87. ties, it falls into the Kennebec River, about 20 miles fromVolumes in the library, 21,259. Andover contains a bank  its month. Its whole length is about 140 miles.
and a savings institution. A religious periodical of the    ANDROSCOGGIN, a county of Maine, in the S.W. central
highest character,'the Bibliotheca Sacra, is published here  part of the state, bounded N. by Oxford, E. by Kennebec, S.
quarterly. Incorporated in 1646. Pop. in 1810, 4540; 1840, by Lincoln, and WV. by Cunmberland counties: area, about
5207; 1850, 6945.                                          4000 square  miles. The Little Androscoggin and the AnANDOVER, a post-village in Hebron township, Tolland  droscoggin River unite at Lewiston, the county seat, and
co., Connecticut, about 18 miles E. by S. of IHartford.    afford extensive water-power.  The railroads by which conmANDOVER, a post-village and township of Alleghany co.; nunication is had with other parts of the state are the
New York, on a tributary of the Genesee River, where it is  Kennebec and Penobscot, the Androscoggin, the Atlantic
crossed by the New York and Erie, Railroad, 258 miles from   and St. Lawrence, and a road in course of construction
Nev York city. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1476.    fromn  Lewiston to Bath. Androscoggin is one of the best
ANDOVER, a post-village near the S. extrenmity of Sussex  agricultural counties in the state. It was organized ia
co., New Jersey, about 55 miles N. of Trenton.             1854. According to the census of 1850, the population of
ANDOVER, a post-village and township of Ashtabula co., the towns included within its limits was 257,146.
Ohio, 205 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. oftownship 063.       ANDROY, An-droi!, a territory of Madagascar, occupying
ANDOVER, a village of Calhoun co., Michigan, about 140  the S. extrenmity of the island.
miles W. of Detroit.                                         ANDRUSA, An-droossa, a town of Greece, department oS
85




AND                                                       ANG
Messenia,7 miles N.W. of Kalamata, in the MIorea, formerly    ANGERMANNLAND, ong/er-m  n-land, or ANGERMAimoortant; but destroyed during the late war of independ-  NIA, an old province of Sweden, now part of the province
ence.                                                      of Iernbsand.
ANDRYCHOW, An-dreel-xov, or ANDRICIIAU, An'dre-   ANGERMUNDE, (Angermiinde,) Angler-mfinfdeh,  a town
seiSwx, a town of Austria, in Galicia, W. of Wadowice, on the of Prussia, 42 miles N.E. of Berlin, on Lake Miinde, and on
Wieprz. Pop. 3000, with manuactiures    of linen cloth.    the Berlin and Stettin Railway. Pop. 4300.
ANDUJAR or ANDUXAR, an-doofar, (ance. Illiturlgis,) a    ANGE1RN, Angtern, a village of Prussian Saxony, 17 miles
town of Spain, 20 miles N.W. of Jaen, at the foot of the  N.N.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1150.
Sierra Morena. on the Guadalquivir.  A fine road, lined with    ANGEROINA, a post-office of Jackson co., Virginia.
trees, leads to the river, and in the vicinity are several    ANGERS, an/jerz formerly written ANGIERS,* Fr. pron.
alamedas. Some export trade is done in grain, fruit, and   NcG'zhA/, (aunc. JTuiolesa/gzs,) a fortified city of France, capital
cattle, and in immense numbers of porous pitchers, bottles, of the department of Maine-et-Loire, formerly capital of the
and jars, for the purpose of cooling water. It is an un- province of Anjou, on the Mayenne, 4 miles N. of its junchealthy town, experiencing great extremes of heat and cold. tion with the Loire, and on the railway from  Tomurs to
Pop. 9353.                                                 Nantes, 161 miles S.W. of Paris. Lat. of cathedral, 470 28'
ANDUZE, 8NsGdiid, a town of France, department of Gard,  17t" N.; ion. 00 331 10" W. It is generally ill built, but has
on the Garden d'Anduze, 5, miles S.W. of Alais. Pop. (1852) recently been much improved. Among its ancient struc5399, mostly Protestants. It is ill built, but its environs  tures are. the ruins of a castle, once the stronghold of the
are fine, and it has a commercial tribunal and manufac- Dukes of Anjon, now a prison and powder magazine, the
tories of hats, silk, twist, and leather.                   cathedral in which Margaret of Anjou was buried, vestiges
ANEGADA, A-nA-g/d3, the most N. of the Antilles, Bri- of a Roman aqueduct, the Hlospice St. Jean, founded by
tish West Indies, 18 miles N. of Virgin Gorda. It is low, Henry II. of England, and the tower of St. Austin. The
and of coral formation; at its S.E. extremity is a dangerous  Mayenne divides Angers into an upper and lower town, and
reef extending for 10 miles outwards, and has, together with  its old walls are converted into extensive boulevards, planted
the island, an unhappy celebrity for shipwrecks.            with trees, and lined with handsome houses; It has a muANERLEY, anfer-le, a station on the London and Brigh- seum, a library of 35,000 volumes, a school of arts and trades,
ton Railway, England, co. of Surrey, 9 miles S. of London.   a riding school. and an academy of belles-lettres. The miliANET,'nf, a village of France, department of Eure-et- tary college, where Lord Chatham and the Duke of WellinLair, 9 miles N.E. of Dreux, between the Eure and Vesgre. ton studied, is now removed to Saumnur. Angers is the seat
Pop. 1409. Here are the ruins of a castle built by Ilenry II., of a royal college, university, and academy, has a sailclothl
for Diana of Poitiers; and near it is the plain of Ivry, where  factory, manufactories of linen and woollen stuffs, cotton
Itenry IV., in 1590, gained a decisive victory over the armies  and silk twist, and hosiery, sugar and wax yefineries, tanof the League under Mayenne.                                uer-es, and a considerable trade in wine, corn, and slates
ANET,'n&, a village of Switzerland, 17 miles W.N.W. quarried in the neighborhood.  Bernier the traveller and
from Berne.                                                 David the sculptor were natives of Angers.  The population
ANEY, A-n4/, a parish and village of Ireland, co. of  was, in 1670, about 50,000. After the revocation of the edict
Limericlk.                                                  of Nantes, it gradnually declined; and, in 1789, before the reANFE,'nff~h, a small port of Morocco, S.W. of Salle.     volution, was only 27,596. Since 1815 its prosperity has reANGAM.  See ANeAnUs.                                      vived. Pop. in 1852,46,599.
ANGARA, Ang-gd-r3/, a large river of Siberia, which issues    ANGERSLEIGH, Angfgers-le, a parish of England, co. of
from Lake Blaikal, at 1at. 510 30/ N., lon. 1020 45' E., and  Somerset.
passing the town of Irkootsk, pursues a N. and W. course    ANGERVILLE, &NazhI tveelf,  a town of France,  departifor about 750 miles, when it is joined by the river Tchado- ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the railway from Paris to Orleans,
bets. and flowing 300 miles fisrther, fhlls into the Yenisei.    11 miles S.W. of Etampes. Pop. 1534.
AN'GAIIRAES, n-gA-rA/s, a town of Peru, capital of a pro-   ANGERVILLE, a town of France, department of Seine Invince of its own name, in the department of tLuancavelica. f.rieure,near Lavre.  Pop.1028.
Pop. of the province in 1850, 20,300.                         ANGERVILLE, a village of Francs, department of Seine
ANGAUM, An-gawmf, or ANGAM,  an-gsml, an island at Infirieure, near Yvetot. Pop. 1835.
the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Lat. 260 37' N.; Ion. 550    ANGHIARI, An-ghe-Aire, (anc. Casftrum.An/.gleisre?) a town
54' E. It is from 5 to 8 miles long.                        of Tuscany, 10 miles N.E. of Arezzo.  Pop. 3000.
ANGAZIYA or ANGAZIJA, in-gs-zeelyA, the largest of    ANGH-IARI, a village of Lombardy, on the Adige, N.N.W.
the Comoro Islands. See Cosec.o.                            of Legnago.
ANGECOURT, 6,Nzh'kooas, a town of France. department    ANGICOS, an-zhee/koce, a town of Brazil, province of Rio
of Ardennes, SW. of Sedan.  Pop. 431.                       Grande-do-PNorte, near the Conchas, about 30 miles from its
ANGEJA, tn-zhA/zhA, a town of Portugal, Beira. Pop. mouth. Pop. of the district, 2000.
1600.                                    0ANGISTRI, injisftree, a small island in the Gulf of
ANGELES, LOS. See Los ANoELES.                            PEgina, 5 miles S.W. of the island of that nanme.
ANGELIICA, a post-village of Angelica township, capital    ANGLAIS. See ENGLao.).
of Alleghany co., New York, on Angelica Creek, 262 miles    ANGLE, 6NGlg'l  a mountain of France, department ofPuyW. by S. from Albany, and about 3 miles N. from the Erie deo-Dme, at the foot of which are the celebrated mineral
Railroad. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 2 printing offices, a  springs of Mont d'Or.
bank, and numerous stores. A large quantity of lumber is   ANG/LE or NAN/GLE, a parish.of Wales, co. of Pembroke.
- procured in the vicinity. Pop. of the township, 1592; of   ANGLUIS, SNc'gles/, a town of France, department of Tar-n,
the village, about 1200.                                    15 miles S.E. of Castres. Pop. 2861. Many French cornANGELINA, an-je-leelna, a small river of Texas, rises in  munes have this name.
Smith co., toward the N.E. part of the state, and enters the    ANGLESEY or ANGLESEA, angg'l-see, (anc. eoesna,) an
Neches a few miles from Bevilport, Jasper co. The upper island and county of North Wales, in the Irish Sea, connected
portion is called Slud Creek, until it passes the mouth of with the county of Carnarvon, across Menai Stralit, by the
Shawnee Creek.                                              Menai bridge. It is20 mileslong, and 17 mnilesbroad.  Pop.
ANGELINA, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area 50,891. Surface little diversified, nost of the land unenclosed,
of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by An- and timber scarce. Soil mostly fertile, and tolel-ably  well ciilgelina River, from which the name is derived, and on the  tivated for wheat, barley, and oats, which, with cattle, fish,
S.W. by Neches River. The surface is diversified by prairies  copper, and lead, are exported to Liverpool, &c. Its copperand groves. Capital, larion. Pop. 1165, of whom 969 were  mines, discovered in 1768, were, until 1800, the most profree, and 196, slaves.                                      ductive in the kingdom; but they have since greatly deAN/GEL'S CAMIP, a very prosperous mining camp, of  dclined. The principal road through the island commences
Calaveras co., California, on the main road from Sacramento  at the Menai   Strait, which is crossed by a magnificent susCity to Sonora, about 7 miles from the Stanislaus River. pension bridge. 580 feet between the piers, and 100 feet above
Water for mining is scarce.                                 low-water mark, allowing the largest vessels that navigate
ANGERA, An-jA/rA, a town of Northern Italy, on the E. the strait to sail under it. The great Britannia tubular
seore of Lago Maggiore, 38 miles N.W. of Milan, with ruins  bridge, for the conveyance of railway trains across the Menai
of an ancient castle, and numerous Roman antiquities. Strait, was opened for the first time, with great ceremony,
The vicinity furnishes the delicious wihe called r6cca.     on March 5,1849. Aunglesea is the Mlbofna of Tacitus, who reANGERAP, An/ga-rpp' a river of Eastern Prussia, rises in  presents it as the chief seat of the Druids in Britain, and it'he MIauersee, passes Angerburg, and at Insterburg joins  has numerous Druidic remains.
the lInster to form the Preoel.                               ANGLESEYVILLE, angfg'l-se-vil, a chapelry of England,
ANGERBURG, Ang/er-b5aR', a town of Eastern Prussia, co. of Hants.
30 miles S.W. of Gumbinnen, on the Mauersee and the    ANGLET, 8NG'gl/, a town of France, department of BassesAngerap. Pop. 3620.                                         Pyrenues, near Bayonne. Pop. (1852) 3223.
ANGERLO, IAngl/er-loa, a village of the Netherlands, 9    ANGLETERRE.  See ENcoAND.
miles E. of Arnhem.   Pop. 1593.                              ANGLEY'S (angfglSz) BRANCH, a post-office of Barnwel'
XNGERMANN, ongler-m.tnn, a navigable river of Sweden, district, South Carolina.
rises in the mountains between Norway and Sweden, collects                men of A eS, pn wide yr gats
the waters of several lakes, and, flowing S.E., empties itaself    "Aed lay this A.coemees scan with tie roeeed.
into the Gulfof Bothnia, N. of Hernusand. Length, 120 oiles.                                Kiing John, act ii. scene 2.
86




ANG                                                          ANIhl
ANGIMERING, a pai ish of England,. co. of Sussex.           dral, court-house, theatre, public librarb; hospitals, a royal
ANGOISSE, 6No'gwice/, a village of France, department of  college,' numerous paper-mills, distilleries, a cannon founDordogne, 24 miles S.E. of Nontron.                           dry, manufactures of serges and earthenware, and an exANGOLA, ang-go/la, formerly DONIGO or AMBONDE, Am- tensive trade, facilitated by a small port on the Charente.
bon/dA, a country on the VW. coast of Africa, commencing  The naval school, formerly here, has, since 1830, been transabout lat. 80 20' S., and extending to. the river Coanza, in  ferred to Brest.  Angoulme is the birthplace of Margaret
lat. 190 20' S. Along the coast, the country is flat and ste- de Valois, Belzac, and Montalembert.
rile, but mountainous in the interior, though nowhere at-    ANGOULE ME, CANAL D', klt-n l dlNsGgoo'ltm1, a canal
taining any great elevation. It is copiously watered by  in the North of France, extending firom  the canal of St.
various rivers, with their numerous tributaries. Among  Quentin (in Aisne) to the English Channel at St. Valery. 
the former are the Coanza, the Bengo, and the Danda. The  Course, mostly parallel to, or identical with, the Somme.
nights are cool, and'the dews sufficiently copious to pro- Length, 76 miles. It passes Htam,Amiens, and Abbeville.
mote vegetation. Iron ore is found in various parts of the    ANGOUMIOIS, Nas'goo'mwA/, an old province of France,
country  gold and copper also exists. Here are met with  of which the capital was Augoulme, now forming the denearly all the specimens of the known wild animals of  partment of Charente and part of Dordogne.
Africa, including lions, tigers, hyenas, elephants, rhinoce-    ANGOXA or ANGOZHA.  See ANGOSTA.
roses, hippopotami, &c. Angola has long possessed an in-    AN'GOY/, a territory of Lower Guinea, about lat. 60 S.,
famous notoriety for the extent of its slave trade, which  bounded S. by the Zaire or Congo River, and W. by the AB
still appears to be  as  active as ever, notwvithstanding   all laune.
the efforts that have been made for its suppression. Many    AYCG1A, tng/gr,~. a Portuguese word signifying a "creek,"
thousands of slaves are annually shipped to Brazil. In  "bay," or "station for ships."
1840, not less than 70 or 75 vessels, each capable of carrying    ANGRA, in/gri, a seaport town belonging to Portugal,
from  300 to 500 slaves, visited this part of the African  on the S. side of Terceira, one of the Azores, of which it is
coast, each vessel performing 4 or 5 voyages in the year. the capital; lat. of custom-house 380 38/ 90' N., lon. 270 13' 7"
The coast of Angola was discovered in 1486, by the Portu- WV. It is well-built, and regular, and its situation beautiguese, who soon after began to form  settlements on the  ful. There are here magazines of stores for the use of the
Congo, and at various points S. of that river. They still royal navy, and for merchant vessels in distress.  Angra
occupy the country, having a number of forts and commer- is the seat of the local government, of a bishop's court,
cial establishments at different places; in some instances  which extends its jurisdiction over all the Azores, and is
extending many hundreds of miles into the interior, where  the residence of English, French, and Dutch consuls. Its
the Portuguese colonists and natives meet for the purpose  harbor is the the only good one in the island. Its chief
of trading.  The religion is Fetishism. Pop. estimated at  exports are wine and grain. Pop. 10,000.
2,000,000.                                                       ANGRAB,?In-gr-Abl, a river of Abyssinia, taking its rise
ANGO/LA, a post-office of Erie co., New York.               in Dembea, falls into the Tacazze in lat. 140 20' N. Its
ANGOLA, a post-office of Sussex co., Delaware.              whole course is about 120 miles.
ANGOLA, a post-office of Onslow co., North Carolina.          ANGRA DE CINTRA (ung/gr  dA seentrn) BAY, on the
ANGOLA, a post-village, capital of Steuben co., Indiana, N.W. coast of Africa. The S. part of the bay is in lat. 220
144 miles in a straight line N.E. of Indianapolis, is sur-  58i  N., ion. 160 30/ W. The opening into it is about 7 miles
rounded by a fertile region, which is rapidly improving. wide, and from 7 to 9 fathoms deep. Its extent inland is
The village has an active trade, and about 500 inhabitants. about 4 miles.
ANGOLA,'a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, about 45    ANGIA DOS REIS,,eng/gr doce rc/Is (or rAze,) a seaport
miles N.W. by N. of Chicago.                                   of Brazil, on a bay of the same name, 70 miles W. of Rio
ANGOLALLA, an-go-lil/ti, a town of Abyssinia, in Shoa, Janeiro. Lat. 230 4' S.; ion. 440 30' E. The port in front
in which it holds the second rank as the favorite residence  of the town forms a semicircle, the extremities of which arei
of the sovereign; on a hill, 17 miles W.S.W. of Ankobar.    defended by forts; and the roadstead, which is shut in
ANGORA, an-go/ra or an-goolra, (Turk. Esyoor or Emgour,  from  the Atlantic by the Ilha Grande, affords anchorage
An-goon/; anc. Adzcy/lrc,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, 215 miles  for the largest vessels. Angra dos Reis carries on an extenE.S.E. of Constantinople; lat. 400 29' N., lon. 330 20/ E. It  sive trade  with  Rio Janeiro, principally in coffee. Pop.
is surrounded with ruined walls, and contains an old,' above 3000.
dilapidated castle. There are 17 or 18 khans, 3 hamlms,    ANGRA DOS REIS, a bay of Brazil, province of Rio de
and a market-place, once handsome, but now in ruins, con- Janeiro, in that part of it called Ilha Grande, from the
siderable remains of Byzantine architecture belonging to  island of that name, which shelters the bay from  the Atthe ancient city, and a few relics of earlier times, both  lantic. It extends from E. to V. about 75 miles, and affords
Greek and Roman. Angora is celebrated for the long-haired  anchorage for the largest vessels.
goats bred in its vicinity, called by the Arabs the chamal or    ANGRA PEQUENA,  Antgr   p-h-k /nI, (i.e. "little bay,")
camel-goat, meaning "silky or soft." The quantity of goat's  or SANTA CRUZ, sfnlnta-crooce. a bay on the W. coast of
wool exported was estimated by Mr. Ainsworth at 1,250,000  Africa, lat. 260 38' 18" S., Ion. 15~ 0' 12" E. In the vicinity
pounds. The items of export next in importance are me-  are extensive deposits of the nitrates of potash and soda.
rino twist and goats' hides, dyestuffs, mastic, tragacanth,    ANGRI, [n/gree, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of
and other gums; also honey and wax. British manufac-  Principato Citra, on the railway from Naples to Nocera, 111
tures are imported to some extent.  Angora is the seat of  miles N.W. of Salerno.  Pop. 6400.
a Greek bishop. The population has been variously esti-    ANGROGNA,'&n/gron/yA, a town of Italy, in Piedmont,
mated, but is probably about 35,000, of whom nearly 10,000  37 miles S.WV. of Torino. Pop. 2600.
are Greeks and Armenians.                                        ANGUJILLA (ang-ghillla, Sp.Aigusila gn-gheell&) or SNAKE
ANGORNOU  or ANGORNU, in-gor-noof, written also AN- ISLAND, one of the British W~est India islands, Leeward
GORNOWV, a town of Bornoo, Central Africa, 15 miles S.E. Group, 8 miles N. of St.'Martin.  Area, 35 square miles.
of Kooka, near the W. bank of Lake Tchad.  Stationary  Pop. (1842) 2934. It is low  and wooded; cotton, tobacco,
population, 30,000. Though only a straggling collection of  and. sugar are its chief products. Off its N.E. coast is the
mud cabins, it is the centre of a laige trade in slaves, cot-  little island ANGoUILLETTA.
ton, amber, coral, metals, &c.                                   ANGUILLARA, In-gwil-l'r/, a village of Northern Italy,
ANGOSTA, In-gosltI, ANGOZ/IIA or ANGOXA, In-go/shb,  19 miles S. of Padua, on the Adige. Pop. 2300.
a district and three islands S.E. of Africa, in Mozambique    ANGUILLARA, a village of the Pontifical States,comarChannel. The district is extremely fertile, and is watered  ca  of, and N.V. of RIome.
by a river of the same name.                                     ANGUS, anglgus, the old name of Forfarshire co., ScotANGOSTURA, in-gos-toosrI, now  generally known  as land. Its titular earldom now belongs to the Duke of HaBOLIVAR CITY, an important commercial town of Vene-  milton.
zuela, South America, capital of the province of Guiana,    ANIHALT,  nf/hilt, three contiguous duchies of Central
on the right bank of the Orinoco, 240 miles from the sea. Germany, mostly between lat. 510 and 520 N., and Ion. 11
There is here a college, an hospital, and a magnificent hall, and 13 E., surrounded by Prussian Saxony. The S.W. porin which the second congress, commonly called the Con- tion, approaching the Harz, is hilly; the centre is a fertile
gress of Angostura, was installed, February 15, 1.819, the  plain, watered by the Saale and Nlbe, E. of which the soil
ninth year of the independence of Venezuela. The pass  is sandy and poor..  Population chiefly Protestants, and
in which Angostura lies is defended by Fort San Rafe!l, employed in agriculture.  The fertile districts, which are
situated on a hill, across the river from the town.  From the  well cultivated, produce a sni-plus of corn over consumpmouth of the Orinoco to this city the voyage occupies from  tion, with wine, tobacco, flax, hops, and fruits.  The forests
20 to 25 days; back again, from 5 to 15 days. Angostura ex- in Bernburg occupy 50 square miles; there are iron, lead,
ports cotton, indigo, tobacco, coffee, cattle, &c. Value of ex- and copper mines. Manufactures of woollen goods, metallic
ports in 1844, 92,364/. Pop. in 1840, 8500.                    and earthen wares are carried on; but the chief exports
ANGOULEME, (Angoullme,) 5Na'goo'llm/ or 8Nagoo'laim/,  are the raw products. The duchies are distinguished by
(nc. Incsdistma or Icuisfma,) a city of France, capital of the  the names of their chief taowns.
department of Chanente, on the Charente, and on the rail-   I. Azn-MLu-B'nsERoNurG, Athlt-blaJn/bfb65G, in the IV. Arei
way from  Paris to Bordeaux, 66 miles N.E. of Bordeaux.  339 square miles.  Pop in 1852 52,611
Pop. (1852) 21,155. It is situated on an isolated hill, 200 feet    II. AnHABLT-DESSAU, Itn/h:lt-dssws', in the E. Area, 360
above the river, and, being built of white stone, has a  square miles. Pop. in 18532 68,082.
clean, cheerful appearance. It has an old castle, a cathe-    III. ArsIAIt-KoTHEN, n/lhilt-kF'ten, in the centre.  Area5
87




ANH                                                    ANN
318 square miles.  Pop. 43,677.  See note  under the article     AN'KAPILTLY, a considerable town of British India, pro
C nnIANHUY, page 755.                                         sidency of Mladras, 24 miles W. of Viztgapatam.
ANHIANDITI-IY-M11TiIM, gn-y~n-doo-eel mie-reeN4, and AN-    ANKARA, Sn-kitrA, a country or kingdom in the N. end
tIANDUHY-GUAZU, n-yitn-doo-ee gwl-zoo/, the names of  of the island of Madagascar, extending on the E. side of
two rivers in Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso, rising in the  the island from Cape Amber to lat. 140 25' S., and on the W.
Serra Galhano, within 22 miles of each other, and falling   side to the river Samberanoo. The country is generally
into the Rio Vermelho; the former about lat. 200 30' S., the  elevated, formed by small hills and plateaus, disposed like
latter in lat. 210 205 S.; the course of one being about 150  an amphitheatre, and cut up by deep ravines. The whole
miles in length, and the other about 200 miles.                coasts are deeply indented with extensive well-sheltered
ANIHOLT, Anfh8lt, an island of Denmark, N. of Jut-  bays. The country is now subject to the Iovas, and is
land, in the Cattegat.  Lat. of the lighthouse at its N.E.  nearly depopulated, the shores and the banks of the streams
extremity, 560 44' 17" N.; lon. 110 39' 8" E. It is 7 miles in  being almost the only parts inhabited.
length, by 4 miles in breadth, and is surrounded by dan-    ANKASSGERRY, An-kls-gherfree, or ANKOSGERRIY, a
gerous shoals. Pop. 200, who mostly live by fishing. Since  town of IHindoostan, in the Mysore territories, 40 miles S.E.
1842 a floating light-vessel is stationed S.E. of the island,' of Bangalore.
from March to December.                                          ANKLAM[ or ANCLAM, &n.klam, a town of Prussia, proANHIOLT, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, on the Alt  vince of Pomerania, 47 miles N.W. of Stettin, capital of the
Yssel, an affluent of the Yssel, near the Netherlands frontier,  circle, on the Peene, 7 miles from its mouth, in the Kleine
13 miles N.E. of Cleves. Pop. 1950. It is the residence of  IIaff. Pop. 8410, who manufacture linens and woollens.
the princes of Salm-Salm.                                        ANKOB ER or ANKOBAR, An-kolber, a town of Abyssinia,
ANIANE, A'ne-ant, a town of France, department of II&   capital of the state of Shoa, on a mountain, near lat. 90 34t
rault, on the Corbitres, 16 miles W.N.W. of Montpellier.  N., and lon. 390 53' E., at an elevation of 8108 feet. Pop.
Pop. 2615. Chief industry, cotton-spinning and manufac-  estimated at from 12,000 to 15000. It is said to consists of
tories of leather. Iere are ruins of an ancient monastery,  clusters of thatched houses, enclosed by stockades, and infounded by St. Benoit.                                         terspersed with trees. Chief buildings, a royal residence,
ANIBA, A-ne-bS, a small river of Portuguese Guayana;  and several churches.
after a course of about 100 miles, it forms with other small    ANKOVA, dn-kolvl, a kingdom  of M'adagascar, occupyaffluents of the Amazon, the island of Ramos, in lat. 20 36/ S.  ing nearly the precise centre of the island, and the most
ANICHE,'ineeshf, a village of France, department of  powerful of all thestates in it. It is destitute of wood, and
Nord, E.S.E. of Douai, with extensive coal-mines. Pop. 1818.  is without roads, canals, or other means of conveyance,
ANICUNS, &-ne-koons', a small river of Brazil, province  rendering its capabilities unavailing, and confining the
of Goyas, rises in the Sierra Escalvada, and after a course of  consumption of its own produce, chiefly rice and cotton, to
about 200 miles flalls into the Curumba.                       the inhabitants.
ANIEIt.  See ANizE.                                            ANLOO, An-lti, a town of the Netherlands, province of
ANILORE, A-ne-lofr, a small river of Brazil, province of  Drenthe, 7 miles N.E. of Assen. Pop. 2216.
Para, falls into the Madeira, lat. 50 10' S.; ion. 600 40' W.,    AN/MER, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
after a N.N.W. course of about 130 miles.                        ANNA, AnfnA, or ANA, Pn&; a town of Spain, 41 miles
ANIMALLY, an-e-mal/lee, or ANIMALAYA, 9-ne-mA-liyl,  S.W. of Yalencia. Pop. 884.
a town of British India, presidency of Madras, district of    ANNA. See ANNAH.
Coimbatoor, 23 miles S.E.of Paulghautcherry.                     ANNA, (SANTA,) several places in South America, &c. See
ANIO. See TEVEROoNE.                                         SANTA ANNA.
ANI0, &ine-o, or AGNO, Ain/yo, a river of Naples, which        ANINABERG', (Ger. proen. Anln-b8nG',) a mining-town of
traverses Terra di Lavere, and falls into the Gulf of Gaeta.  the kingdom of Saxony, in Erzgebirge, 18 miles S. of ChemANIO00Y,  -ne-ooec, or ANIUJ  or ANIUY,  dn-yoo/e,  nitz. Pop. 6780. It has mines of silver, tin, and cobalt,
GREAvER, and  LEssER, two rivers in the N.E. of Siberia,  manufactories of fine lace and silk ribbons, a lyceum, and a
country of the Tchooktchees.  The former rises about lat. 670  good librariy. ANNAnERG is also the name of numerous places
10' N., and, after a W. course of 270 miles, falls into the  throughout Germany.
Klolyma by three outlets, at lat. 680 N. The latter rises in     ANNABONA.  See ANNOBON.
lat. 660 30' N., and after a N.W. course of about 250 miles,    ANNABURG. SAtnun-b66-ng',   a market-town of Prussian
also joins the Kolymna, at nearly the same point with the  Saxony, 12 miles N. of Torgan, with 1600 inhabitants, and
Greater Aniooy, the rivers gradually converging until they   an asylum for soldiers' children.
meet at their embouchures.                                       AN'NADUFFI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim.
ANIZEH, FuneelzSh, or HANIFAI;  ha-neeffah, a town of    ANNAGH, Sn-nu,  two islands of Ireland, province of
Arabia, -rovince of Nedjed Proper; let. 260 34' N.; lon. 430  Connaught, co. of Mayo; one between the island of Achil
25' E.; beautifully situated in a valley. It is extensive,  and the mainland, and the other in Loch Conn.
amply supplied with water, and well built. Being situated        AN/NAGOON/DY, a small district of British India. in Bein the heart of Arabia, and at the junction'of many prin-  japoor, province of Deccan, extending along the N. bank of
cipal caravan routes, it is a place of great commercial im-  the Toombuddra River. Surface wild and hilly, and covered
portance. It is the birthplace of Abd-ul-Waheb, founder of  with wood. Chief town, Bijanagur.
the sect of Wahabees.                                            ANNAH, In/na, a town-of Turkey, capital of a sanjak, on
ANJAR, n';jar/, an uninhabited island of the Persian  the Euphrates, and on the caravan route firom Bagdad to
Gulf, S.W. of Kishm. Lat. 260 41' N.; ion. 550 66' E.          Aleppo, about 160 miles N.W. of the former. Pop. 5000.(?)
AN'JABI, a district and fortified town of West Ilindoostan,  The number of houses is about 1800.
province of Cutch, the town and fort situated on the side of    ANNAMABOE. See ANAzABOsE.
a hill, 10 miles from the Gulf of Cutch.                         AN'NAMOO/KO, one of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 200
ANJE-DIVA, An-jgh-dee/va or ANJADEE/PA, an island  15' S.; ion. 1750 2 WV.
on the Malabar coast, Hindoostan, in lat. 140 45' N.; ion.    AN/NAN, a river ofScotland, falls into the Solway Fith.
740 15' E.                                                       AN/NAN, a parliamentary borough, seaport town, and
ANJENGA, An-jeng/ga or ANJUTENGA,  un-joo-tengtga,  parish of Scotland, 15 miles E.S.E. of Dumfiries, on a river
a small seaport of South Itindoostan, province of TraVan'-  of the same name, 1-n miles fitom the Solway Frith. Pop. of
core, about 70 nmiles N. by WV. of Cape Comorin, in lat. 8~ 39'  parliamentary borough in 1851, 4570.
9"1 N., ion. 760 45' E. In 1684, the East India Company    AN/NANDALE/, the valley of the Annan, Scotland, co. of
obtained  Permission to fortify Anjenga and establish a  Dumfries, a tract of country about 30 miles in length and
fiactory; but it was abandoned in 1813. It exports good  from 15 to 18 in breadth.
coir cables, spices, and piece goods.                            ANNAPIOLIS, a city and port of entry, capital of the
ANJER, Sn'yer, a town and seaport of the Dutch East  state of Marylhnd and of Anne Arundel co., on the right
Indies, on th-e WV. coast of Java, in the Straits of Sunda,  bank of Severn River, 2 miles from its entrance into Chesadefended by a fort. Let. 60 3' 10,S., Ion. 105~ 56' 43" E.     peake Bay, 25 miles S. by E. fiom  Baltimore, and 37 miles
ANJOS,  enlzhoce, a village of Brazil, province of Sao:  E. by N. of Washington.  Lat. 380 58' 50// N., Ion. 760 290
Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, on the Butucarahi.  Pop. 2653.            WV. The Annapolis  and Ellk  Ridge Railroad, 21 miles
ANJOP,  n/joe, or a-jo/ (Fr. pren. s'zhoo)  an old  long, connects it with the  Baltimore  and Washington
province of France, intersected by the' Loire, and now form-  Railroad.  Annapolis contains a fine state-house, a bank,
ing the department of Maine-et-Loire, and parts of Sarthe   2 or 3 churches, a market-house, and 2 printing  offices.
iMayenne, and Indre-et-Loire.  Its capital was Angers.         It is the seat of St. John's College, founded  in  1784
ANJOUAN, one of the Comoro Islands.  See JOHANNA.    by the Roman Catholics, but at present supported and
directed by Protdstants.  Three newspapers are issued at
Annapolis.  A United States naval academy, to qualify
This accentuatien ef Asnjou, when anglicised, is sanctiocl  young men to become officers in the navy, was established
by tie autlhority of Shakspeare and other poets, as well as by the  here in 1845. It had, in 1853, 116 students.  Pop. is 1850,
gaenis of our language.
~~geni~s ef s~~oc laseage.                     3011. Annapolis was founded about 1649. The settlement
Cmnand in AN     whal yor h r pleases.   was at first called Providence; afterward Anne Arundel" Command in A-~ou whal your honor pleases."
town; and lastly, having received a city charter in 1708.
Upo condition I may ietly              Annapolis, (i. e. "the city of Anne,") in honor of Quscn
Enjoy mine ewe, the county Maise asd ANxou."          Anne, who had bestowed several valuable presents on ths
~~88          ]Vfessry VI., part i. act v. scene 3. town, given an organ for one of their churches,  &c.




ANN                                                        ANS
ANNAPOLIS, a village of Crawford co., Ohio, 68 miles N.    ANNEYOYE, ann'vwavl, a village of Belgium, province ol
of Columbus.                                                Namur, on the Meuse, N. of Dinant, with important fur,
A NNAPOLIS, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 15 miles  naces, producing annually iron valued at 800,000 francs.
W. of Steubenville.                                           ANNEYRON, dn'nd'iir6Na/, a town of France, department
ANNAPOLIS, a flourishing post-village of Parke co., In- of Drsme.  Pop. 2891, with ruins of an ancient castle.
diana, 75 miles W. of Indianapolis, is surrounded by a fer-   ANNI or ANI, An/nee, (L. Abnicunn,) a ruined city of
tile country, which is mostly well cultivated.              Asiatic Turkey, 28 miles E. by S. of Kars, on the Arpa-Chai.
ANNAPOLIS, a river of Nova Scotia, North America, at Its walls, about 6 miles in circumference, and some fine Arits mouth expands into a wide estuary, and falls into the  menian churches, are still nearly perfect; remains of its
Sea of Annapolis, after a course of about 70 miles. Naviga- ancient palace, a citadel, and numerous stone buildings,
ble about 30 miles.                                        exist. Until taken by Alp Arslan, in 1064, it was the capiANNAPIOLIS, formerly FORT ROYAL, a fortified seaport  tal of the Pakiradian (Bagratian) kings of Armenia.
town of Nova Scotia, at the mouth of the river Annapolis,    ANININ CREEK, apost-officeofMcKean co., Pennsylv nia.
in a fine inlet of the Bay of Fundy, 95 miles WV. of Halifax.    AN'NISQUAMi, a post-office of Essex co., Massachusetts.
Though the first European settlement in this part of North    ANNIVIERS, VAL D', vAl ddn-nee've-AI, (Ger.  nfiischthal,
America, having been founded in 1604, it is neither popu.-  ne/fish-tAl,) a valley of Switzerland, canton of Valais.
ions nor flourishing. The harbor is excellent, but the en-   ANNOBON, An'no-btn/, (Port. Anno  Bocn, Anino-bdNal)
trance is through a difficult strait. The place was originally  a small but beautiful island on the W. coast of Africa, lat.
settled by the French, but they were soon after expelled by  10 24' S., lon. 50 35/ E. It is 4 miles long, and 2 wide, and
the English, who founded the town in the time of Queen  rises, from an unfathomable depth, to the height of 3000 feet.
Anne, whence the name Annapolis, or "City of Anne."        It is covered with rich vegetation. Vessels often stop heri
ANNAPOLIS, a county of Nova Scotia, North America, for refreshments.
extending along nearly the whole coast of the Bay of Fundy.    ANN(EULIN, Annunh'lact, a town of France, department
The soil is chiefly marsh and upland. Pop. in 1827, 14,661. of Nord, arrondissement of Lille. Pop. 3405.
ANNAPOLIS JUNCTION, a post-office of Anne Arundel   ANNONAY, An'no'nA'/, (L. Annoneun or Annoniascum,) a
co., Mayrland.                                             town of France, department of Ard6che, at the junction of
ANN ARBOR, a flourishing city, capital of Washtenaw  the Cance and the D6aume, here crossed by a suspension
co., Michigan, on HIuron River, and on the Mlichigan Cen- bridge, 37 miles S. of Lyons. Pop. (1852)13214. It has
tral Railroad, 40 miles W. of Detroit. It has the reputation  thriving manufactures of glove leather, (350,000 dozen skins
of being one of the most pleasant and healthy places in the  being prepared here annually,) and is noted for its paper,
state. The site is elevated and dry, and the town is regn- made at the mills erected by the Montgolfers, inventors of
larly laid out. The state university, established at this  the air-balloon, who were natives of this town.
place in 1837, is a flourishing and liberally endowed insitu-   ANNONE, in-nofnd, a walled town of Piedmont, on the
tion; attended by over 200 students. The buildings are  Tanaro, and on the railway fiom Turin to Genoa, 15 miles
large and pleasantly situated. A fund has been commenced  W.S.WV. of Alessandria.  Pop. 1990.
by the citizens of Detroit for the erection of an observatory    ANNOT, un'nol, a small town of France, department of
here; and the citizens of Ann Arbor have made liberal do- Basses-Alpes, 24 miles S.E. of Digne. Pop. 1178.
nations for the increase of the university library. Ann    ANNS/BURG, a township of Washington co., iMaine, about
Arbor is situated in an excellent firmingisrict, has an  45 miles E. by S. of Bangor. Pop. 126.
active trade, and contains manufactories of~ ool, iron,    ANN S/VILLE, a township of Oneida co., New York, about
ploughs, and flour, for which the river furniAhes motive- 40 miles N.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 2086.
power. The city also contains a bank, an academy, and    ANNSVILLE, a village of Dinwiddie co., Virginia, about
several churches. In respect to population, it is probably  75 miles N.W. by WV. from Norfolk.
the second town in the state. The tosvnship contained, in    ANNYILLE, a post-office of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania.
1850, 4868 inhabitants.                                       ANNWVEILEt, Ann/*i'ler, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on
ANN ARUNDEL. See ANNer AuNceEL.                          the Queich, 7 miles W. of Landau. Pop. 2696. It was forANONATOM! an island in the Pacific Ocean, New I-Iebrides, merly a free, importing city, and has ruins of the castle of
lat. 210 S., ion. 1700 bE.                                 Triefels, in which Richard Coeur de Lion was confined in 1139.
ANNAWAIPKA, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama.         ANOIKA, a thriving post-village of Minnesota, on the
AN'NAWUT/TY, a small town of India, Mlysore territory, left bank of the Mississippi, at the junction of Rum River,
51n miles N. of Bednore.                                    about 25 (miles in a direct line) N.WV. of St. Paul. A dam
ANNE ARUNDEL, ann A-run/del, a county in the cen- has been constructed across Rum  River at this place, by
tral part of Maryland, on the W. shore of Chesapeake Bay, which means a valuable water-power has been secured for
about 5 miles S. of Baltimore, has an area of 750 square  mills. The streamn  is crossed by a  suspension bridge of 137i'
miles. The Patapsco River forms its boundary on the N. feet span, costing w4000. Anoka contains a hotel, 1 store, 1
and N.E., the Patuxent on the S.WV., and the eastern part is  mill, a blacksmith's shop, and about 500 inhabitants.  The
traversed by South and Severn Rivers. The surface varies  surrounding country is very fertile.
from  undulating to'hilly'; the soil is generally fertile.   ANOPSHEIIR, an-op-shair/, or ANAPASI-TEIERE  t-n-nWheat, Indian corn, oats, tobacco, hay, and butter are the  sh-rlhhr, a populous town of British India, in Agra, on thoe
staples. In 1.850 it produced 925,448 bushels of corn, (more  Ganges, 65 miles E.S.E. of Delhi.
than any other county in the state excepting Prince George;)    ANOR, inord, a town of France, department of Nord, 10
and4,523,340 pounds of tobacco, (morethan any other county  miles S.E. of Avesnes. Pop. 3066. It has important ironexceptQueen Anne.) The principal rocks are red sandstone,  works.
gneiss, and serpentine; copper and iron are found.  The    ANOST, -Inost/, a town of France, department of Sa6necounty is intersected by the Baltimore and Washington  et-Loire, near Autun. Pop. (1852) 3863.
Itaihoad, and in part by the Annapolis Branch Railroad.    ANOT/TA, a bay and town on the N. coast of Jamaica lat.
Anne  Arundel is the third county in the state with respect 180 19' N., lon. 760 33' WV.
to population, and is important as containing Annapolis,    ANOVER DE TAJO, i-no-vaiRl dl, tI/Ho, a town of Spain,
the capital of Maryland. Named in honor of Lady Anne  in New Castile, 18 miles N.E. of Toledo. Pop. 1554.
Arundel, afterwards the wife of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore.   ANRATHI, ti/rlt, a village of Rhenish'Prussia governPop. 32,393; of whom 21,144 were free, and 11,24-9 slaves.   ment of Dusseldori, circle of Crefeld. Pop. 1000.
ANNECY, lnn'seee, atown of the Sardinian dominions, in    ANItOCHITE, (Anrtchte,) lntriK'teh, a village of Prussia,
Savoy, capital of the province of Genevese, at the N.WV. ex- in WVestphalia, 16 miles N.E. of Arnsberg.  Pop. 1000.
tremity of a lake of the same name, 22 miles S. of Geneva.    ANS, 6Na or Ans, a village of Belgium; 1' miles N.V. of
Pop. 9000. Chief edifices, a cathedral, bishop's palace, and  Liege. Pop. 3852. It is a station on the WVarenmme  Railway.
old castle.                                                   ANSE, Nxs, a village of France, department of tRhone,
ANNECY, LA-KE OF, ill Savoy, province of Genevese, 22  near the Salne, 13 miles N. of Lyons, in a district remarkamiles S. of Geneva, is 9 miles in length from N.W. to S.E., bsle for its fertility. Pop. (1852) 2050.
fiom 1 to 2 miles in breadth, and 1426 feet above the sea.   ANSE-BERTRAND, 5Ns-brp.troNzG, a commune of GuadeAt its N.W. extremity it discharges its surplus waters into  loupe-, Antilles, on the coast, N.W. of Grand Terre.
the Fieran, an affluent of the Rhone.                         ANSE-D'ARLET, kNs-dao'l/, a commune of the above
ANNECY LE VIEUX, lnn'see! 1eh ve-uh!, (anc. Boautce?) island. It produces the best coffee in the island.
avillage 2' miles N.E. of Annecy. Pop. 1320. It appears    ANSE, LA GRANDE,  eNs IA gr8Nd, a commune of Marto have been an important place under the Romans, and  tinique, Antilles, on the N. coast of the island. Pop. 4500.
has many remains of antiquity.                                ANtSELMI, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
ANNEMASSE, -nn'iuss/, a town of Piedmont, in Savoy,   ANS-ET-GLAIN, eNS-i-gl  NG, a commune of Belgium, proon the Asrve, 6 miles E. of Carouge, with many Roman re- vince of Liege, on the railway between Waremnme and Liege,
mains. Pop. 1040.                                           2 miles N.N.W. of the latter town. Pop. 4071.
ANNESLEY, an/nes-le or anzalee, a parish of England, co.   ANSLEY, anzelee, a parish of England, co. of Wtarwick.
of Notts.                                                     ANSLEY BAY or GOB DUC!NO0', an inlet of the Red
ANNESTOWN, ans/town, a maritime village of Ireland, Sea, Abyssinia, extending S. from  eissee, or Valentia Island,
cr,. of and 10- miles S.WV. of WVaterford, on a small bay. (lat. 150 6') for about 25 miles S.
Pop. 149.                                                     ANSO, nitso, a town of Spain, province of IHuesca, 21
AN/NEIT, one of the Scilly islands, on the S.W. coast of miles N.W. of Jaca. Pop. 1416. It exports excellent wol.
EIngland, off the Land's End.                                 AN/SON, a county in the S. Jart of North Carolina, be —
89




ANS                                                          ANT
dering on South Carolina, has an area of 650 square miles. from 200 to 300. One of the most remarkable discoveries of
Rocky ]iver forms its entire boundary on the N., and the  this expedition was that of the permanently low barometric
Yadkin or Pedee on the E. It is also drained by Brown's  pressure in high southern latitude over the whole AntarceandLane's Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly; the  tic Ocean; a pressure inferior, by more than one inch ofsoil mostly fertile. In 1850 this county produced 10,804  mercury, to what is found between the tropics.  The posibales of cotton; the greatest quantity produced by any  tion of the southern magnetic pole, Sir James places in Viccounty in the state, except Surry.  Granite underlies a por-  toria Land, in lat. 750 5' S., ion. 151~ 8' E. It was the opition of the county. The Yadkin furnishes motive-power for  nion of Captain Cook, and is now ascertained beyond a
several cotton factories.  It is intersected by a plank-road  doubt, that the ice of the antarctic greatly predominates
leading to Cheraw, South Carolina. Capital, Wadesborough.  over the arctic regions; that encircling the South Pole conmFormed in 1749, and named in honor of Admiral Anson, the  ing 10~ nearer the Equator than the ice around the North
famous navigator. Pop. 13,489; of whom  6657 were free,  Pole.  The extreme points which have been reached by
and 6832 slaves.                                               navigators are lat. (Biscoe, February 1, 1831,) 680 51/ S.;
AN/SON, a post-township of Somerset co., lMaine, on the  ion. 120 B.; lat. (Ross, February 2, 1841,) 780 10' S.; ion.
W. side of the KIennebec, 40 miles N. by W. of Augusta.  1610 27' WV.
Pop. 848.                                                        ANTAREE  or ANTARI, An-tOree~, a small village of
AN/SON BAY, in the Canton River, China, on the right  South-eastern Africa, on the Zambeze.
bank of the Boca Tigris, at its entrance, between the pro-    ANTAS,.lnltts, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 40 miles
montories of Chuenpee and Annunghoy. Here a Chinese fleet  N.E. of Almeria. The population, almost exclusively agriwas defeated and destroyed by the British, January 7, 1841. cultural, is 2300.
ANSON BAY, on the N.W. coast of Australia, lat..130 30/    ANTEQUERA, An-tA-kA/r, (anc. Antiqsaftria,) a city of
S., lon. 1300 E.                                               Spain, in Andalusia, capital of the judicial district of the
ANSONIA, an-so/ne-a, a flourishing manufacturing post- same name, 28 miles N.N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 17,031. The
village of Derby townshlip, New Haven county, Coinecticut,  city, which is clean and well built, has eight squares, of
on the Naugatuck Railroad and River, 5 miles N. of Derby,  various sizes and degrees of elegance, six churches, an inand 16 miles N. of Bridgeport.  This village, which has  firmary, poor-house, a foundling hospital, a general hospital,
grown up within the last 4 or 5 years, owes its prosperity  two collegiate schools, in which all branches of education are
entirely to manufactures, which are here extensively car- taught, a theological seminary, numerous convents, several
ried on. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and a fine school.       hermitages, and an extramural cemetery. In the old town,
ANISON'S ISLAND  or LORD  ANSON'S ISLAND, an  which lies higher up the hill than the modern city, there
island in the South Pacific Ocean, called by the natives  is a MIoorish castle, built on Roman foundations.  The city
Bouka; lat. of the northernmost point, 50 0' S., ion. 1540  is well supplied with good water. There are in this city
34' E.                                                         eight water-mills for' spinning and weaving woollen fabrics,
ANSPACIH, AnslpgK, or ANSBACHI, a fortified city of Ba- ten tanneries, with an equal number of erathenware factovaria, on the Rezat, 25 miles S.W. of Nuremberg.  Pop. ries, and several dyers.
16,000. It has a royal castle, ancient residence of the mar-    ANTERRIEUX, ~AG't1t-Re-nh/, a village of  rance. degraves of Anspach-Baireuth, a public library of 15,000 vo- partment of Cantal.  It replaces the ancient.Anderituem,
lumes, and manufactures of cotton and half-silken stuffs, capital of the Gabals.
tobacco, earthenware, playing-cards, cutlery, and white-lead.    ANTEY or ANTARI, An'ta-ree/, a considerable town of
ANSTEY, an/stee, a parish of England, co. of IIerts.        Hindostamo, 15 miles S.S.E. of Gwalior.
ANSTEY, a parish of.England, co. of Warwick.                   AN/TES, a post-township in the N.W. part of Blair co.,
ANSTEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                  Pennsylvania. Pop. 2452.
ANSTEY, EAsT, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               AN/TESTOWN or ANTISTOWN, a post-office of Blair co.,
ANSTEY, WESv, a parish of England, co. of Devon, ad- Pennsylvania.
joins the above on the N.                                       ANTHONY, an/to-ne, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
AN/STON a parish of England, co. of York.                      ANTHONY, an/to-ne, a post-office of Kent co., Rhode
ANISTRUTHER, EASTER  and WEsTvS, two  contigu- Island.
ous parliamentary boroughs and parishes of Scotland, co.    ANTHONY, a township of M!ontou{r co., Pennsylvania.
of Fife, forming, with Kilrenny, a continuous narrow town  Pop. 962.
along the Frith of Forth, 131 miles S.E. of Cupar. United    ANTHONY, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
pop. 1446. There is a good harbor.  These boroughs unite  Pop. 1076.
with Cupar, Crail, &c. in returning one member to the    ANTHONY, a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana.
House of Commons. Anstruther-Easter was the birthplace    AN/TIHONY'S CREEK, post-office of Greenbrier co.,Yirginia.
of the Rev. Dr. Chalmers, who died in aEdinburgh, May    ANTHONY'S HILL, (Span. Monte Sazt Antonio, mon/ti
31, 1847.                                                     sin in-to/ne-o,) a mountain and port of North Spain, 17
ANTA, nutti, a town of Peru, 25 miles N.WV.  of Cuzco. miles W. of Bilboa.
Lat. 130 25' S.; Ion. 700 35' W.                                ANTHIONY'S (or ST. ANTHONY'S) NOSE, in Montgomery
ANTA, in/ti, a small lake of Brazil, province of Rio de  co., New York, the extremity of a hill or mountain called
Janeiro, near Cabto Frio.                                      the Klips, (i. e. "rock or cliff,") on the N. bank of the MoANTAKIA, the modern name of ANTIOCH, which see.             hawk, resembling a nose 300 or 400 feet long.
ANTALO  or ANTALOW, in-ti15, a town of Abyssinia,    ANTHONY'S (or ST. ANTHONY'S) NOSE, in Putnam co.,
capital of the state of Tigre, on a declivity, 160 miles E.N.E. New York, a bold promontory on the E. side of the Hludson,
of Gondar, said to comprise about 1000 houses.                projecting from the S. side of Breakneck Ihill, at the N. enAN/TALON, a township of Berks co., PennsylVania. Pop. trance to the highlands, 57 miles from New York.
1045.                                                           ANTHONY'S SHOALS, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.
ANTANG, in'ting/, a village and district at the E. end    ANTIBES, ONc'teeb/, (anc. Antp/polis,) a strongly fortified
of the island of Java, lat. 70 43' S., ion. 1190 0, E., about 2000  seaport town of France, department of Var, at the terminafeet above the sea. In its vicinity are numerous Hindoo  tion of a peninsula in the Mediterranean, 10 miles S.E. of
antiquities, consisting of figures of Brahma, Ganessa, &c. Grasse. Lat. 430 35' 9" N.; ion. 60 67' 55" E. Pop. (1852)
Population variously stated at 7627 and 10,000.               6133, mostly employed in fishing, curing fish, and trading
ANTARCITIC Ocean, the name given to the expanse of in dried fruits and oil. It has some structures of high antiwater around the South Pole, within the limit of the Ant- quity. Its port, small but deep, is enclosed by a mole, and
arctic Circle, but frequently used in a more extensive sense  defended at its entrance by Fort Carr6 on a rocky islet, on
to designate the cold, oceanic regions in high southern la-ti- which a light-house was erected in 1834. On every side, the
tudes, without any very positive regard-to the limits of the  town is environed by olive, orange, and vine plantations.
Antarctic Circle. The mystery inwhich these allbut wholly  Antibes was founded by a Greek colony from  Marseilles,
unknown regions were shrouded, had invested them with  B. c. 340.
an interest which prompted many a daring adventure, but,    ANTICOSTI, an-te-kos/tee, a large desertisland of Canada
until recently, without any good result. It is now other-  East, in the  estuary of the St. Lawrence, between lat. 490
wise, although there is yet much to learn; a space ecual to  and 500 N., and ion. 620 and 650 W. Area estimated at
double the area of Europe being still unexplored. The Ant-  2600 square miles.  Interior mountainous and wooded;
arctic Ocean was long considered impenetrable for ships, on  climate severe. The N. coast is high, and without harbors;
account of the ice, which extends much further from the pole  the S. shore low, and very dangerous. The light-house on
than in the Arctic Ocean. January 28,1841, Sir James Ross, its S.W. point is in lat. 490 231' 53/ N.; lon. 630 38' 47"/ W.;
in lat. 770 32' S., and ion. 1670 E., discovered a volcano 12,400  100 feet high, and lighted from March to December.
feet above the sea, which he named Mount Erebus, after one    ANTIETAM  (an-tee/tam) CREEK, rises in the S. part of
of the ships of the expedition. A little further E. another, Pennsylvania, and flowing S. into Mlaryland, falls into the
but extinct volcano was seen, and named Miount Terror, Potomac River.
after the other ship of the expedition.  Sir James is of the    ANTIGNANO, in-teen-yiVno, a town of Ist-ia, 32 miles
opinion that no vegetation exists in this high southern lati-  N.WV. of;Fliume. Pop. 1200, who trade in wine and oil.
tude, no trace of it having been visible on Franklin Island,    ANTIGNANO, a town of Piedmont, province of Asti.
(12 miles long and 6 broad,) in lat. 760 8' S., lon. 1680 12' E. Pop. 1750.
It would also appear that the seas are comparatively shallow    ANTIGNANO, a town of Tuscany, with a fort on the coast.
in these regions, the soundings of the Erebus and Terror    ANTIGNY, Ocso'teen'yeel, a village of France, department
rarely exceeding 400 fathoms, and being more frequently  of Vienne, 2 miles S.W. of St. Savin. Pop. 1126.
90




ANT                                                          ANT
ANTIGUA, an-teelga, a British West India Island, in the  same name, on the E. side of the island, has a small military
Leeward Group. Lat. of St. John's, 170 8' N.; ion. 610 52/ W.; port.
22 miles S, of Barbuda, and 50 miles N. of CGuadeloupe. Area,    ANTIOQUIA, ln-te-o-keeol, or SANTA FE DE ANTIOabout 108 square miles. Pop. (1847) 36,190. First settle- QUIA, sbnt.a faI da Ain-te-o-keeld, a town of South America,
ment of British toolk place in 1632. Coasts deeply indented  in New  Granada, department of Antioquia, on the river
and rugged; interior rich and highly diversified.  Climate  Cauca, 190 miles N.W. of Bogota. Pop. 4000. It is the chief
remarkable for dryness. In fatvorable years sufficient grain  commercial town in the department, having an active trade
is produced for home consumption.  Total value of expo rts  in maize and sugar.
In 1844, $1,282,450, of which sugar amounted io $998,085, and    ANTIP/AtlOS, OLIAROS, or OLEARiOS, o-leel-ros, an
molasses to $257,318; value of imports in the same year, island of the Grecian Archipelago, government of Naxos, 1I
$774,550, of which British and Irish produce amounted to  miles W. of Paros. Lat. of summit, 360 59' 40" N.; ion. 250
-422.,615. Legislature intrusted to a governor, a council of  3, 27/" E.; 10 miles long, and 2 miles broad.  Pop. 500,
12, and an assembly of 25 members. Public revenue, (1842,)  mostly occupied in fishing. It is celebrated for a stalactite
$82,512; expenditures, $76,859. Chief towns, St. John's,  cavern near its S. extremity.
which is the capital, Falmouth, and Parham.                     ANTI-PAXO, an/tte-paxlo, a small unculti ated island in
ANTIGUA, an-teelgl, a station in the Philippine Islands, the Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, 1- miles S.E. of Paxo.
with a fort, and the only good, anchorage on the island of    ANTIPHELLUS,  an-te-ftl/lits,   now  ANDIPIILO,  InPanay.                                                        deelfe-lo or ANTIPHILO, in-tee'f-lo, a small seaport town
ANTIGUA, LA, I1 An-teeogg, a town of the island of Fuer- of Asiatic Turkey, territory of Lycia, on the M[editerranean,
teventura, in the Canaries, in a fertile plain. Pop. 1780.    39 miles S.E. of Telmissus or Mlakree. Lat. 360 15' N.; Ion.
ANTIGUEDAD, In-tee-gA-%DlD, a town of Spain, 15 miles  290 40' E.
N.E. of Palencia. Pop. 988. Chief commerce in grain.            ANTIPODES, an-tiplo-dez, a small island in the South
AN/TI-LIB/ANUS or ANTI-LEBIANON, a mountain range  Pacific Ocean, S.E. of New Zealand, so called from being the
of Palestine, running parallel to and E. of Lebanon, the two  land most nearly opposite to Great Britain. Lat. 490 32/ S.;
ranges enclosing the valley of Cblo-Syria. It becomes de- ion. 1780 42' E.
tached from  Mount Lebanon about lat. 340 N., extends    ANTIPOLIS.  See ANTIBES.
southward to nearly opposite where Lebanon terminates,    ANTISANA, an-te-si/na, a volcano of the Andes, in Ecuaand there subdivides into two chains, which bound the  dor, 20 niles N.E. of Cotopaxi, and 35 miles S.E. of Quito;
valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea, and El Ghor, to the head  19,140 feet in elevation. Thiere is a hamlet of the same
of the Gulf of Akabah.                                        name on the mountain, 13,455 feet above the sea.
ANTILLES, (An'teei/,) GREATER and LEssEa.  See WEsa           ANTI-TAURUS, anlte-tau/rus, a mountain chain or series
INUIs ISLANDS.                                                 of chains of Asiatic Turkey, extending for some distance
ANTI-MELOS, An-te-meeflos, a petty island of the Grecian  parallel to the Taurus chain, whence its name. It comArchipelago, 5 miles N.W. of Melos or Milo.                   mnences at Mount Arjlsh, (auc. A'P/tues,) and proceeds northAN/TINGHIAMI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          eastward into Armenia, whsre its ranges intermix with
ANTIOCH, an/te-ok, (L. Alztiochlta; Gr. AvrsoXcea; Turk. offsets from  the Caucaseus, and separate the basin of the
Anztafcia, in-ti'kee/a,) a city, and the ancient capital of  Euphrates on the S. fom the re-ion watered by the KizilSyria, in its N. part, 57 miles W. of Aleppo, on the left bank  Irmak, and other revers flowing N. into the Black Sea.
of the Orontes, about 20 miles above its mouth. Lat. 360    ANTIUMI.  See ANzo, PoRTO'. 
11' N.; lon. 0360 9 30"' E. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Its an-    ANTIVARI, An-tee~aI-ree, a town and the most northern
cient walls, varying from 20 to 70 feet in height, enclose an  seaport of Albania, 14 miles N.W. of Scutari, on the Adriatic.
area of uneven ground several miles in circumference, much  Its citadel contains 400 houses, and there are 700 more in
of which is now  taken up by gardens. The houses are  the town and suburbs. The harbor is shallow, and admits
mostly mean and of slight nmaterials; they differ from those  only small vessels.  It exports oil, &c., and its bazaar has
of Eastern towns in general, in having sloping roofs. It  100 retail shops.
has about a dozen mosques;  but in this town, where the   AANTOIN/, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas.
designation of Chistia'ns was first given to the followers of    ANTOING, NeG'tWANG/, a town of Belgium, province of
Jesus Christ, there is not at present a single Christian  I-ainault, on the Scheldt, 3 miles S.S.E. of Tournay. Pop.
church. Baths and bazaars are numerous, and there are  2152.
mnanufatctures of coarse pottery, cotton stuffs, and leather;    AN/TON, a river of England, co. of Htants, rises near Overbut the culture of silk is the chief branch of industry. ton, flows southward, and enters the head of Southampton
About 9,000,000 drachms of silk were the average yearly  Water, 4 miles WV. of Southampton.  Total course, above 30
produce of the neighborhood in the three years ending with  miles. On it are the towns of Andover, Whitchurch, and
1837, of which 6,750,000 were annually exported, chiefly to  Romsey; from  the former of which to the sea it is accorm.
France.  Other exports are goat's-wool, yellow berries, and  panied by the Andover Canal.
salted eels. The city walls, a ruined aqueduct, two bridges,    ANTONGIL, In-ton-zheel/, a bay on the F. coast of Madaand a portion of pavement are almost all the remaining  gascar, 50 miles in length from S. to N., and about 25 miles
vestiges of ancient magnificence.  Antioch was founded  in width at the entrance. Lat. 160 S.; Ion. 500 E.
about 300 B. c., by Seleucus Nicator, and named in honor    ANTONINA, In-to-uneefn, a town of Brazil, province of
of his father Antiochus, a Miacedonian, who was an officer  Sao Paulo, on the bay, and 18 miles N.W. of Paranagua.
underPhilip; and, though it suffered severely by successive    ANTONIO, in-to/ne-o, a fort and harbor, of Jamaica, 23
earthquakes, it maintained its importance till talen by the  miles S.E. of Anottabay. Lat. 180 14' 40" N.; ion. 7 60 311'.
Saracens in 638. Its ancient population has been estimated    ANTONIVALD or ANTONIWALD, in-to/ne-vllt', a village
at 400,000, in its most flourishing state. Chrysostom  com- of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, on the IKamenitzbach, 30
putes the population in his time at 200,000, more than one- miles N.E. of Buntzlau. It is noted for its manufactures of
half of whom  were Christians. It was the capital of a  fine glass.
Christian principality from  1098 to 1269, since which time    ANTOOAH,,  ANTOURAH, or ANTURIA, In-too/ra, a
it has constantly declined. Some ruins, about 8 miles  town of Syria, on the WV. slope of Mount Lebanon, 14 miles
south-westward, on the S. bank of the Orontes, mark the  N.N.E. of Beyroot.
site of the ancient celebrated grove of Daphne and temple    ANTOOR/LEE or ANTURLI, a village of Hlindostan,  proof Apollo.                                                    vince and district of Candeish, 10 miles S.W. of BoorhanANTIOCIHI, a post-office of York district, South Carolina.   poor, formerly surrounded by a mud wall with brick basANTIOCIH, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia.             tions.
ANTIOCH, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.               ANTRAIGUES, aNG'trlg/, a village of France, department
ANTIOCH, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.            of Ard~che, on a volcanic height, 11.  miles W. of Privas.
ANTIOCIH, a small post-village of Mlonroe  co., Ohio, 128  Pop. 1443. Near this is the singular causeway called the
miles E. of Columbus, contained, in 1850, 107 inhabitants.   Chacssie-des-Geants, (i. e. " giants' causeway,") formed by
ANTIOCIH, a small post-village of Lake co., Illinois, about  colonnades of basalt, 700 yards in length.
50 miles N.W. by N. of Chicago.                                 ANTRAIN, 8NGctrAzso, town of France, department of IlleANTIOCH, BAY oF, a bay of the Mediterranean, between  et-Vilaine, 25 miles N.N.E. of Rennes.  Pop. (1852) 1648.
lat. 350 50' and 360 20' N., and in ion. about 360 E., over-    ANTRIM, an/trim, the north-easternmost county of Irelooked on the N. and S. by mountains upwards of 5000 feet land, in Ulster, having the Atlantic on the N.; the North
in height. It is free from rocks, is generally well sheltered, Channel, dividing it from  Scotland, on the E.; the counties
and has deep water almost to the beach. The Orontes enters  of Down and Londonderry on the S. and VW.; and Lough
it near its centre. On the N. side are some ruins described  Neagh, separating it from  the counties of Tyrone and Aras those of Seleucia Pieria. the ancient port of Antioch.     nmagh on the S.W. Area, 1164 square miles. Pop. in 1851,
ANTIOCH  COLLECGE, Ohio. See YELLOW SPRINGS.                352,264. A third part of the surface near the coast is mounANTIOCIHIE PERiTUIS, 6Nc'te-osh pea'twee/, a channel on  tainous, and rises in some places to 1600 feet in height.
the W. coast of France., between the islands of 01ron and  In the S.W. much of the surface is boggy. Chief rivers, the
1t. Light-house is in lat. 460 2' 52" N.; ion. 320 15' E.     Bann, forming the WV., and the Lagan, the S. boundary.
ANTIOCHETTA, In-te-o-kt/tI., a port of Asia Minor, in  The famous Giant's Causeway is on the N. coast of this
Karamania, on the Mediterranean, 88 miles S. of Konieh.    county. Antrim county returns two members to the House
ANTIOCO, In-tee/o-ko, an island in the Mediterranean,  of Commons.
near the S.W. coast of Sardinia, 8 miles long, and 3 miles    AN/TRIM, an inland town and parish of Ireland, in the
broad. Pop. 2219. Its soil is fertile, and its capitial of the  above county, on Six Mile Water, near its mouth in Lough
91




ANT                                                           AO!
NeagI,, 14 miles N.W. of Belfast..  Pop. of the town, includ-  basin is 17 acres, and that of the small one 7 acres. They
ing'Massarene, 2605.  It has two good streets, with a  are now converted into commercial docks, and are lined with
church, several dissenting chapels, a union work-house, a  capacious warehouses. The harbor thus'formed is one of the
court-house in which general and petty sessions are held, finest in the world: it admits vessels of any size, and can
and numerous schools. There are manufactures of linen, easily hold 1000. The principal manufactures of the city
calico, hosiery, and paper; bleaching'and malting are car- are black silks and velvets, for which it is particularly
ried on here; meal and malt are sent to Belfast by Lougeh  faned. Cotton, linen, lace, carpets, hats, and cutlery are
Neagh and the Lagan.  Near it are Antrim  Castle, the  also manufactuied to a considerable extent.  There are also
seat of Lord Massarene; Shane's Castle, the residence of  sugar refineries, and a good deal of ship-building. -The trade
the O'Neills, and one of the most perfect of the round towers  and commerce of Antwerp are extensive, and for hides it is
of Ireland.                                                   one of the most important markets in Europe. The number
AN/ITRIMA, called also MIEGISISEE,an unorganized county  of foreign vessels that arrived there in 1846 was 1970; tonof Michigan, in the N.W. part of' the lower peninsula, bor- nage, 286,474. The passenger traffic in Antwerp is also very
derins on Grand Traverse Bay, of Lake Michigan. The area  considerable, between 4000 and  5000 arriving  annually
is estimated at about 700 square miles. The census of 1850  from  England by the steana-packets, of which there are 9
furnishes no returns for this county.                          plying between Antwerp, IHull, and London. It has, more
ANTRITIM, a post-township  of   illsborough  co., New   over, become an important point of embarkation for emiHamxpshire, 25 miles S.W. of Concord, on the E. side of Con- grants, 15,170 having sailed from this port in 1840. Anttoocook River. This township has a number of valuable  werp is a very ancient city, and had a much larger populamill-seats; also several tanneries.  Pop. 1143.                tion and  a much more extensive foreign trade  in the
ANTRITh, a post-office of Allegheny co., Pennsylvania, 209  fifteenth and sixteenth centuries than now.  It was then
miles W. of Harrisburg.                                        the great centre of European commerce; its inhabitants
ANTRIM, a township in the S. part of Franklin co., Penn-  numbered 200,000, and if we may believe the concurrent
sylvania. Pop. 3005.                                           testimony of different writers, 500 vessels daily entered its
ANTRIM, a  small post-village of Miadison  township,  port, and about 2500 ordinarily lay at anchor there. —Balbi.
Guernsey co., Ohio, 91 miles E. by N. of Columbus.             Present population about 79,000.
ANTPIM, a post-township in the S. part of Shiawassee    ANTWERP, a frontier province of Belgium; bounded
co., Michigan, about 60 miles N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 282.       N. by IHolland, E. by Limbourg, S. by South Brabant, V. by
ANTRII, a township in the S.E. part of Wyandott co., East Felanders. Area, 1094 square miles. Pop. (1849)413,821.
Ohio, about 58 miles N. by WV. of Columbus.' Pop. 757.         Surface mostly level; principal rivers, the Scheldt and its
ANTPODOCO, Itn-tro-dolko; a town of Naples, province of  affluents the Nethe and the Dyle. In the N. are extensive
Abruzzo Ultra II., 7' miles E. of Civita Ducale.  Pop. 3450.  heaths; elsewhere the soil is fertile. Products comprise
ANTITOS, 5NGatros', a small island or rock on the W. coast  corn, hemp, hops, madder, pine timber, and turf.  lanufacof France, at the mouth of the Gironde, on which is the  tures comprise lace, cotton, silk, and tobacco. It is divided
well-known light-house called the Tower of Cordouan. Lat.  into the three arrondissements of Antwerp, Mechlin, and
450 35' 2" N.; lon. 10 10' 2/ W.                               Turhnbout, its chief cities; besides which, the town of Lierre
ANTUCO, an-tooeko, a volcano asid valley of the Chilian  is in this province.
Andes, 140 miles E. ofConcepeion.  Lat. 260 50' S.; Ion. 700    ANTWERP, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
40' W. The volcano, according to Lyell and Mrs. Sommer- of Jefferson co., New York, with a village of the same name.
ville, is 16,000 feet high.                                    Pop. 3665.
ANTUNACUL. See A'nMRNACi.                                      ANTWERP, a post-village of Paulding co., Ohio, on the
ANTURA, a town of Syria.  See ANToRiAr.                      Wabash and Erie Canal.
AN\TURLI, a village of I indostan.  See ATrooOesRE.            ANTWERP, a township of Van Buren co., Mlichigan.
ANTWERP, ant/werp. (Dutch, iAntwerpen, znt'dlrp-.en;  L.  Pop. 614.
Antlerrlpia;   Fr. Anve's tN  veisi; Sp. issbises, ba-ords,) a    AN-UNG-HOYI, an island of China, in the Canton River.
city of Belgium, capital of a province of its own name, on  opposite Tycocktow Island, bounds with Chucupee Island;
the right bank of the Scheldit, 27' miles by railway N. of  the entrance of the Boca Tigris, on the E. It was strongly
Brussels, and 32 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Lat. of the cathedral,  defended by the Chinese during the late war, but, with the
510 13 2" N., Ion. 40 24 2" E. It is strongly fortified, its walls  rest of the Bogue forts, its strongholds were taken by the
and other defences completely encompassing the city on the  British, February 25, 1841; and its works were subsequently
land side, from the river on the N. to the citadel on the S., destroyed.
a distance, following the line of fortification, and including    ANURADPHAPURA,,-noo-r:-d'hA-poo'rA,  ANARAJAthe citadel, of about 21 miles. The last-one of the finest  POORA,,l-ni-rA-jI-poroo  s, or ANURAJAPOORA, the anand most complete defences of the kind anywhere existing  dcent capital of the island of Ceylon, now a mass of ruins.
-was built by the Dulke of Alva in 1567. Outworks and  It lies 45 miles S.E. ofArripo, and 48 miles N. of Dambool,
forts extend along both sides of the river to near the Dutch  on the road between these two places.
frontier.  The general appearance of the city is exceedingly    ANYERS, the French name of ANaWERP, which see.
picturesque-an effect produced by its nunmerous churches,    ANVIL, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas.
convents, magnificent public buildings, its elaborate and    ANWICK, an/ik or an/wick, a parish of England, co. of
extensive fortifications, the profusion of beautifnl trees with  Lincoln.
which it is adorned, and in no small deg-ee also by the    ANWOTIH, an/oth or an/woth, a parish of Scotland, 7 miles
stately, antiquelooking houses which line its older thorough-  W.N.W. of Kirkcudbright.
fares. The entire breadth of the city at its widest part-        ANXIOUS BAY, South Australia. Let. 320 12' S.; Ion.
which is between the walls and the river, or froes E. to W. 1340 15' E.
-is about three-quarters of a mile; its oseatest length, be-    ANXUR. See TERnACINA.
tween the citadel on the W. and the fortifications on the E.,    ANZA,;n/sz, a river of Piedmont, in Ossola, rises on the
is about 1' miles, including the esplanade or Place d'Armes  E. side of Monte Rosa, and falls into the Tosa.
on the one hand, and the great and small basins on the    ANZARBA, In-zaelbnA, (anc. Cresareea Ansguslta,) a town
other. Nearly all the streets, of which there are altogether  of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Adama, on the Jyhoon, (ane.
about 200, are exceedingly tortuous and irregular, so much  PZyrfavus,) 35 miles N.E. of Adana, and formerly a residence
so that a stranger has great difficulty in finding his way; of the Christian princes of Antioch.
still many of them, from the clecansce of their buildingo-s, are  ANZASCA, YAL D', vil din-zesl/i, a valley of Piedmont,
imposint. The principal one, called Place de Meir, will bear  province of  nomo d'Ossola. It is picturesque in all its excomparison with any street in Europe. The squares, of  tent, and remarkable for its vegetation, its magnificent caswhich there are several, are also fine. At the head of the  cades, and its views of Monte Rosa. The beauty of the
numerous public buildings with which the city is adorned, women of this valley has been remarked by all travellers.
stands the cathedral, one of the largest and most beautiful Gold-mines have been worked in it since the time of the
specimenss of Gothic architecture in Belgium. It is believed  Romans.
to have been commenced in the middle of the thirteenth    ANZERMA or ANCERMA, In-sItnmI, a town of South
century, and to have taklsen 84 years to finish. The other  America, New Granada, 170 miles N.N.E. of Popayan, near
churches of note are St. James's, St. Andrew's, and St. the river Cauca.
Paul's. Among the other edifices are the Exchange, built in    ANZI, In/zee, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, on.1583, the HOtel de Ville, a splendid structure of marble, the  a mountain, 11 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3297.
Mlaison Anseatic, or hall of the Ilause Towns. and the palace    ANZIN, 8NGzzNGl,  a town of France, department of Nord,
intended for the king and royal family when they reside in  on the railway from Ioual to Valenciennes, 1 mile N.W. of
Antwerp. Its institutions comprise'academies of paint-  Valenciennes.  Pop. (1862) 5006. It is the centre of the
ing, of the fine arts, and of the sciences, a gallery of sculp-  greatest coal-works in' France, and has iron foundries and
ture, a picture gallery with 200 pictures, many of them the  glass-wvorks.
finest works of the first masters of the Flemish school, a    ANZO, PORTO D', pon/to dln/zo, a small seaport on the
public library with 15,000 volumes, a botanical garden,  Mediterranean, 34 miles S.S.E. of Roome.  On a promontory
numerous learned societies and schools, and several hospi-  overlooking the port are the ruins of the Roman  tsntiusm,
tals, asylums, and work-houses.  Of the docks, dock-yards,  birthplace of Nero and Caligula.
and basins constructed by Bonaparte, at an expense, it is    ANZOOAN, ANZOUAN, or ANZUAN, or IHIINZUAN, an
said, of 2,000,0001., the last only re-main, the former having  island in Mozambique  Channel. See JOIaNNA.
been demolished after his downfall; the area of the great    AOIZ, I-o-eeth/, almost iweethl, a town of Spain, Nayvire,
92




AON                                                            APP
on the right bank of the Irati, 16 miles I.S.E. of Pamplona.  varied vegetation, of which the orange, citron, olive, and
Pop. 88, chiefly agricultural.                                palmn form the lower zone; but forests are rare in the ApenAONIA, a-o/ne-a, a post-office of Wilkes co., Georgia, 44  nines. Above 3200 feet, the mountains are generally arid
miles W. by N. of Augusta.                                     and devoid of vegetation.
A0R, i/or, or AU-, 6twr, or POO/LO-AUR, a small island in     General IAspect. —The Apennines do not present the pyrathe China Sea, off the E. coast of Malay peninsula, from   midal peaks of the Alps, the cloudy tops of the 1Pyrenees,'or
which it is about 47 miles distant. Lat. 2~ 29' N.; ion. 1C040  the scarped walls and horizontal lines of the Jura.  The
04/1.                                                       forms presented by them are, however, agreeable  to the eye.
AOSTA, A-osti, (ance. Alnguslta Pacetolria,)0 a town of Pied- The sub-Apennines are undulating and rounded in theimont, capital of the division on the right bank of the Dora, contour, while the main chain is distinguished by features
49 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 7120. It is well built, and its  much more marked and irregular.
houses are interspersed with gardens. Among its buildings    APEN.RADE, 4A-pen-r tdeh, a seaport town of Denmari,
are a Gothic cathedral, the remains of a Romuan amphitheatre,  duchy of Sleswick, on a fdoad of the same namn]e in the Little
and a fine triumphal arch. Trade ii cheese, leather, hemp, Belt, S5 miles N. of ileswick.   Eat. 550 2' 46"   le.; lon.
and wine. A meteorological observatory has recently been  90 251' 12" E. Chief industry in agricultural produce, shipestablished at Aosta, in lat. 450 44' 10" N., Ion. 70 20' 12"  huilding, and the transport of goods.  76 vessels belong te
9'I E. The rich valley of Aosta is celebrated for its immense  the port. In 1846, 30 ships fronm Apenrade entered the poetas
forests of pines, extensive mines of iron, copper, lead, and  of Rio Janeiro and Montevideo.  Pop. 4100.
silver, and marble quarries.                                     APESTHOI-RPE, aipsfthorp or APPLESTHO0PE, ap/pe z.
AOUS. See VoYvussi.                                         thorp: a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
AOUSTE, aloost/, (anc. Asiglssta,) a town of France, depart-    APiHRODITOPOLIS.  See AFIEwz.
ment of Drtme, on the )r~me, 17 miles S.W. of Di8, with    APIA, i/pe-4, a village and harbour  in the island of Upolu
oil and paper-mills. Pop. 1148. This was a Roman colony  or 0ahtooah, one of the Samoan  group in the SouthPacific
in the time of Augustus.                                      Ocean. Lat. 14 2/ S.;  lon. 171 21/ W. The harboris smalla
APACHE (a-pi/cha) INDIANS, a predatory tribe inhabit-  but safe. It is much resorted to by whalers.
ing the W. part of Texas, and the S. part of New Mexico.         APICE, /pee-chA,  a market-town of Naples, province of
APAE, ipee, or APEE, a small island of the New HIebrides,  Principato Ultra, 16 miles N.N.E. of Avellino.  Pop. 3500.
in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 160 36/ S.; lon. 1680 10' It.    APLEBRECK,  ipoler-bk    ~ a.illvage  of Prussia, in Wes t
APALACHIEE. See APPALACHEE.                                 phalia, 5 miles E.S.E. of Dortmund. Pop. 1118.
APALACHIICOLA.  See AesAACcaICOLA.                            APLEY, aptlee, a parish of eIngland, co. of Lincoln.
APAMI,  p mtl,  a province of Africa, Gold Coast, belonging    APO, i/po, or AP/PO, an island anid shoal, Strait of 1iato  -lolland, with the fort of Lijdzaamheit, in lat. 50 12' 30// doro, Malay Archipelago, both situated between the island
N., lon. 00 41' 1" IV. Pop. of district estimated at 350 able  of Mlindoro and that of Busvagon, the N. point of the for- 
to bear arms.                                                  uer being in lat. 120 39' N., ion. 1200 28' E.
APAMAMA  A-p -ma/mi, an island in the North Pacific    APO, i/po, a small island off the S. extremity of Negro s
Ocean, one of the Gilbert Isles, or Kiagsgmill group, in lat. Island, one of the Philippines, in lat. 90 N., Ioln. 123 E'.
00 S0' S., lon. 1730 54i W.                                      APOLAC/ON, a township of Susquehanna  co.,Peinn sylania.
APANOIiIiA,  -pa-nor-meefdi, or APONOR-MEIA, at-po-    APOLDA, at-pol/dA,  a town of Central Germany, Saxe-)Veinor-ma-reel, a town on the N.W. coast of the island of San- nar, 9 miles N.E. of  Weimar, on the railway firom  Weimar
torin, in the Grecian Archipelago, 7 miles N.W. of Scauro. to Berlin. Pop. 4000.  Ithas nainerel sprigse, and mannisfcLat. "36 38' N.; Son. 25" 28' E.                              tories of hosiery.
APAICI, 1-pi-ree', a town in the island of Luzon, in the       APOLIMA, p-po-leeln/a, one of the smallest of the Na-sigaPhilippines, at its N. extremity on the coast.                tor's Islands;lat. 13" 49' S., lon. 172" 3' W.
APATIN, I-pateen', a town of IHungary, co. of Bacs, on    APOLLINOPOLISMA-5 GNA.   See EDFoo.
the left bank of the Danube, S. of Baja. Pop. 7i100, who trade    APOLELO, a post-borough of Armstrong co., Pennsylvan ia,
in hemp, madder, woad, and silki.                             on the Kiskiminetas Itiver, 42 miles N.E. of Pittsburg.  The
APEE or API. See APAE.                                      Pennsylvania Canal passes through the place.  PIop. in
APELDOORiN, a/-pel-di6n',  a village of the Netherlands,  850, 331.
in the province of Gelderland, on the Grift, an affluent  of    APOLLONIA, a-pol-lotne-a, or ABMANAIEA,   Iml-na-h/IA,
the Yssel, 17 miles N.E. of Arnhem, has extensive paper  a district, cape, and fort in North-west Africa, on the Gold
mills in the vicinity. Pop. 750.                              Coast, Ashantee  country. The district between the rivers
APENNINES, apen-nfnz', (It. Alnejzicso, oip-pas eetno. Ankober and Assinee is about 53 miles in length fi-om  E. to
sanc. Apeisni/nuzs Msons:) a mouncitain. chain whiich detaches  WI., and from 10 to 15 miles in breadth.  Its coast lihe conitself from the Maritime Alps, in about leon. 9c0., havin g a  sists of a straight, sandy beach, behind which is an undugeneral direction first from W. to E., Dearly parallel  with the  lating range of highland.  Cape Apollonia is in lat. 40 59t
P'ennine  and Leopontine Alps, from which it is separated by  N., lon. 20 35' W.  Fort Apollonie, a  British settlement, and
the valley of the Ps. In about lon. 12" E. the chain turns  the first European fort met with after leaving Sierra Leone,
towar'ds the S., and traverses the Italian peninsula throuh- slands on the  beach  about 4 miles friom the cape.
out its entire length to the Strait of Messina, separating    APOLO BAMBAIR        -po-lo-bdimlbA, or APOLABA3MBA, a town-n
near the S. extremity so as to embrace the Gulf of Taran- of Bolivia, capital of a province or district of its own namns
to. The principal branch traverses the kingdom  of Na- on a tributary of the Beni, 165 miles N. of La Paz.
ples, separating the waters which flo-s to the Mediterranean    APONORIMERIA.  See APANOReieA.
from those which fall into the Adriatic and the ionian Seas.    APOS/TLES' ISLANDS, in the Straits of Magbllan, where
The entire length of the chain is about 800 miles. The  it joins the Pacific Ocean, near Cape Deseado; lat. 52" 34' S.,
Apennines often present rounded tops and a uniform crest, lon. 750 60 W~. They are twelve in number, a circumstance
whence branches descend to the coasts, between which, val-  from which they have obtained their name.
leys, such as that at the mouth of the Tiber, open into ex-    APPALACIIEE, ap-pa-lahtchee, a small river of Georgia,
teasive plains. But the S. slope of that part of the chaain  rises in Gwinnett county, and, flowinig S.E., enters the Oco 
which hounds the Gulf of Genoa, is composed of escarpments  nee about 5 miles S.IV. of Greuesborough.
which rise abruptly fiom  the sea. Among the detached    APPALACHEE or APALACHEE (ap-a-lah/chee) RIER,
portions of the Apennines are the mountains of Piombino in  a name sometimes given to an arm of Appalacheo  Bay.  See
Tuscany, Mount Albano near Home, and  [ount Vesunvius  Sv. MAmey's.
near Naples.  Mi. Bruguilre proposes to distinguish the    APPALACHEE BAY, a large, open bay on the S. coat of
mountains in Sicily by the nanme of the Insular Apennines.  Florida; slat. 30 N., olen. 840 15/ WI. Breadth, about 90 miles;
None of the summits attain the limit of perpetual snow, extent inland, 50 miles.
although snow lies on Monte Corno during  9 months in the    APPALACHIAN (ap-pa-difche-,n) MOUNTAINS, also call.year. Mount Etna, (which may justly be regarded as form- ed ALLEGIHANY MOUNTAINS, the general appellation of
ing a part of the Apennine system,) and Monte Corio, in  the vast mountain system in the south-eastern part of North
Abruzzo Ultra, are the highest points of the chain; the  America, extending, under various names, firom Maine southformer haviung an  elevation of about'10,875 feet, the  westward to the'northern part of Alabanma. In New Iamp-p
latter of 9519 feet.  The other principal summits are  shire, near the.-Northern termination of this chain, it is less
Monte Cimone, in  the N. Apennines, 6975 feet, and  than  t00 miles from  the Atlantic coast, but it gradually
Monte Am'aro, summit of the   lonte  Iajella in the S. diverges as it advances southward, so that towarids  its
Apennines, 9131 feet, but the chain in general is of much  southern extremity it is about 300 nmiles from  the sea. Ins
lower elevation. The S.W. part is a vast volcanic region  New -England and New Yorlk, the chain is somenwhat broken
comprising Yesuvius, the only active volcano on the conti- and irregular, many of the ridges of which it is conposed
neat of Europe, and many thermal springs.  On the N. is  running nearly N. and S. But in Pennsylvania and the
the volcanic mass of Voltore near Melfi. The constitution  Southern States, the different ranges are more continuous,
of the chain is chiefly calcareous; primary rocks aae found  and, for the most part, nearly parallel to the general direconly at the two extremities, in Piedmont and Calabria.  It  tion of the entire chain. The name Alleghbany Mlountains
is poor in metals; iron occurs in small quantities, and ex- is more commonly applied to that portion of the Appalachlasa
tensive saliferous deposites occur near Cosenza; but tlhe cele- systenm lying S. of the northern boundary of Pennsylvainia,
brated marble of Carrara, Seravezza and Sienna constitutes  although it is often extended to the mountains in the N.W.
the chief riches of the Apennines. Below 3200 feet in eleva- part of New Jersey, and the S. and ]i. parts of Nomw  ork,
tion the flanks of the principal chain are covered with a   aincluding the Catskill.  Baut as the chain is scarcely less in
93




APP                                                       APP
terrupted by the Delaware than by the Hudson, it seems the Earl of Thanet;) the church of St. Lawrence, the toeW
difficult to assign any reason why the mountains of New  and shire halls, a grammar school, founded in 1574, and St,
England should not be included under this general appella- Anne's Hospital for Widows, founded, in 1654, by Lady Pem.
tion as well as those of New York. To avoid conifusion of broke. Previous to the Reform Act, by which it was disnames, it would be better always to use APPALACHIAN to franchised, it sent 2 members to the House of Commons. It
denote the entire mountain system.                         is the seat of the assizes for the county, and of quarter and
The highest summits of the Appalachian chain are Mount petty sessions. 
MITCHELL. in North Carolina, 6470 feet, Mount WASHcNGTON,   APPLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
in New Hampshire, 6220 feet, and Mount THANawUS, (or Mount   APPLEBY, a parish of England, cos. of Derby and LeiMary,) in New York, 5467 feet above the sea. These will be cester.
more fully noticed under their respective heads.              APPLE CREEK, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio, 99 miles
APPALACHICOLA, appa-lah'ch-kofla, a river of Florida, E. of Columbus.
formed by the Chattahoochee and Flint, which unite at the    APPLE CREEK, Illinois, falls into the Illinois River in
S.W. extremity of Georgia. It flows southward through  Green county.
Florida. and, after a course of about 100 miles. empties itself   APPLE CREEK, a post-village of Cape Girardeau co., Mlisinto the Gulf of Mexico through a bay of its own name. It souri, 170 miles S.E. of Jefferson City.
is navigable for steamboats through its whole course.         APPLE CREEK, a small stream of Henry co., in the W.
APPALACHICOLA BAY, of Florida, between St. George's part of Missouri, falls into Grand River, an affluent of the
Island and the mainland. The entrance is indicated by a Osage River.
fixed light at the N.W. point of George Island.               APIPLECROSSI, a very extensive maritime parish of ScotAPPALACHICOLA, a post-town, port of entry, and capi- land, co. of IRoss.
tal of Franklin co., Florida, at the mouth of the river of the    APIPLEDOREf, a small seaport of England, co. of Devon,
same name, (which flows through Appalachicola Bay into  parish of Northampton, on the Torridge, at its mouth in
the Gulf of Mexico,) 135 miles S.W. of Tallahassee. The  Barnstaple Bay, 21 miles N. of Bideford. It is resorted to in
harbor is accessible by steamboats from the gulf, and large  summer as a bathing-place, and has a harbor subordinate to
quantities of cotton are shipped here. It contains 2 churches, the port of Barnstaple.
1 newspaper office, and numerous stores and warehouses.       APPLEDORE, a market-town and parish of England, co.
APPALACHIN or APALACHIN, ap-plaahlchin, a post- of Kent, 6 miles S.E. of Tenterden.
office of Tioga co., New York.                                APPLEDRAM, apfp'l-dram, a parish of England, co. of
APPANOOSE, ap\pa-noosl, a county in the S. part of Iowa, Sussex.
bordering on Missouri, has an area of 492 square miles. The    APPLEDURWELL, ap'p'l-durfwel, a hamlet in the Isle of
Chariton River flows diagonally  through the county. It is Wight, parish of Godshill, 7 miles S.S.E. of Newport. A
drained, also, by the South fork of Chariton, and by Walnut noble mansion here, built by Sir R. Worsley, contains a fine
and Cooper Creeks. The surface is rolling or nearly level; collection of paintings and antiquities.
the soil is fBrtile, but mostly uncultivated. Large beds of    APPLEGARTH, ap'p'l-garthl, a parish of Scotland, co. of
stone coal are found in several places.  The county contains  Dumfries.
numerous prairies, and many of the streams are bordered by    APPLE GROVE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
tracts of timber. Chariton River furnishes ample water-   APPLE GROVE, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.
power. First settled about the year 1845. Capital, Centre-    APPLE GROVE, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.
ville. Pop. 3131.                                             APPLE GROVE, a post-office of Polk co., Iowa.
APPANOOSE, a village of Hancock co., in the W. part of    APPLE RIVER, in the N.W. part of Illinois, rises in Jo
Illinois, on the Miississippi River, about 6 miles N.E. of Daviess county, and flowing in a southerly course with a
Nauvoo.                                                     very winding channel, falls into the Mississippi River in
APPELTERN, Aplpel-t tn', a village of the Netherlands, C'arroll county.
province of Gelderland, 41 miles S.S.W. of Druten.  Pop.   APPLESIAW, aplp'l-shaw, a parish of E ngland, co. of
2326.                                                       Hants.
APPENWEIER, &ppefpn-4ipr.   a town of Baden, on the    AP/PLETON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
railway between Kehl and Carlsruhe, 8 miles E. of Kehl.   APPLETON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Pop. 1364.                                                    APPLETON, a township of Waldo co., Maine, 25 miles E.
APPENZELL, ip-plnt-slll1, a canton in the N.E. of Swit- by S. of Augusta. Pop. 1727.
zerland, wholly surrounded by the canton St. Gall. Area,   APPLETON, a post-township in Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 66.
153 square miles, Pop. (1850) 54,869. It is subdivided into    APPLETON, a small post-village of Perry co., Illinois, 12
the Outer and Inner Rhodes, the former having 43,599 inhla- miles N.E. of Pinckneyville.
bitants, nearly all Protestants, and the latter 11,270, nearly    APPLETON,or GRtAND CHUTE, a post-village, capital of
all Roman Catholics. Surface mountainous, especially in  Outagamie co., WVisconsin,'on the Neenah  or Fox River, 30
the S., where Mount Sentis has an elevation of 8232 feet, miles from its mouth, 95 miles N.E. of Madison, and about
and the lowest part of the surface is 1300 feet in height. 4 miles from the foot of Winnebago Lake. It is situated
Chief river, the Sittern, which runs through its centre. The  near the rapids called the Grand Chute, where the river deinhabitants of Inner Rhodes are mostly agriculturists; i   scends about 30 feet in the course of one mile and a half,
Outer Rhodes, cotton and linen weaving, embroidering, and  affording immense water-power. Five dams have been built
dyeing are the principal branches of industry. Capital of  across the river, which render it navigable for steamboats
Inner Rhodes, Appenzell.  Pop. 3200. Capital of Outer  through its whole course. By this means steamboats can
Rhodes, Trogen. Pop. 2500. The goverunment, in both sub- pass from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. The county
divisions, is vested in a grand council, which meets the  was organized in 1850.
assembled population once a year for legislative business.   APPLETON, a post-office of WVinnebago co., Wisconsin.
Appenzell holds the 13th place in the Swiss Confederation,    APPLETON-LE-STREET, a parish of England, co. of York.
and contributes 972 men to its armny. Chief towns, Tro-   APPLETON-ON-WISK, a parish of England, co. of York.
gen, Gals, and Herisau in Outer, and Appenzell in Inner    APIPLING, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, has an area
Rihodes.-Inhab. APPIRNZELLER, ap-p~nt-s~l'ler.              of 1060 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.E. by
APPENZELL, a town of Switzerland, capital of Inner  the Altamaha River, and drained by Little Santilla River
Rhodes, in the above canton, on the left bank of the Sittern, and Hurricane Creek. The surface is level, and the soil
6 miles S. of St. Gall. Pop. 2,910, mostly Roman Catholics. sandy and poor. Named in honor of Colonel Daniel Appling,
It is dirty, and ill built; has many religious edifices, a coun- an officer in the war of 1812. Capital, IHolmesville. Pop.
ell-house, an arsenal, baths, bleaching grounds, and a trade  2949; of whom 2545 were free, and 404, slaves.
in linen fabrics.                                             APPLING, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.
AP/PERSONS, a post-office of -Charles City co., Virginia.   APPLING, a post-village, capital of Columbia co., Georgia,
APPIANO, Ap-ps-h/no, a town of Northern Italy, 20 miles  23 miles W. of Augusta, is in a declining condition. It has
N.N.W. of Milan.  Pop. 2117.                                a court-house, academy, and a few shops.
APIPIN, a wild district of the Scottish HIighlands, Argyle-   APPIODI, hp-po-deef, a river of Brazil, province of Rio
shire, on Loch Linnhe, formerly the country of the Stew- Grande-do-Norte. It rises in lat. 60 25' S., flows N.N.E., and
arts, 26 miles N.WV. of Inverary.                          falls into the Atlantic in lat. 40 32/ S. after a course of 150
APPINGEDAMAi, Ap'ping-ha-daml, a town of Netherlands,  miles.
14 miles N.E. of Groningen, on a canal which joins it to the    APPOLONIA. See APOLL6ONA.
estuary of the Ems, 3 miles distant. Pop. 1900.               APPOMATTOX, ap-po-matltox, a river in the S.E. part of
APPLEACHSLLCH SI   E, aplpel-baksfviP, a post-office  of  Virginia, rises in Appomattox county, and flowing in a
Bucks co., Pennsylvania.'                     general eastward direction, forms the boundary between
APPLEBY, apfp'l-be, (probably the auc. Aballaba,) a muni- several counties on each side, passes by the city of Peterscipal borough and market-town of England, capital of the  burg, and enters the James River at City Point. Large yesco. of Westmoreland, on the Eden, 13 miles S.E. of Penrith. sels ascend to Petersburg, about 20 miles from its mouth,
Pop. 2509. The town is on a hill-slope, crowned by a castle, and batteaus to Farmville, perhaps 100 milas further.
and almost encircled by the river, over which an old stone  Length estimated at 150 miles.
bridge leads to the suburb Bondgate. It is irregularly built,.   APPOMATTOX, a county in the S.E. central part of ~irbut has many good houses. Chief edifices, the castle, (which, ginia, has an area of 260 square miles. It is bounded on the
under the heroic Lady Pemnbroke, long held out against the  N.WV. by the James River and Canal, and drained by the
Parliamentary army, and n1ow IeClongs to her descendant, sources of the Appomattox River, fryom which the name is
94




APP                                                           ARA
derived.  The surface is diversified by several small ranges    AQUTIA, aklwe-a, a pt.st-office of Stafford co., Virginia.
of mountains, and covered with extensive lbrests.  Tie soil    AQUIA CREEK, in the E. part of Virginia, flows throug'
is generally fertile. It is intersected by the South Side Rail-  Stafford co. into the Potomac. It is navigable for schooners
road, extending from  Petersburg to Lynchburg.  A plank-  several miles from its mouth.
road has lately been laid in the county. Capital, Clover    AQUILA, lkwe-lv, a fortified city of Naples, capitl, of
I-Jill. Pop. 9193; of whom 4394 were firee, and 4799 slaves.  the province of Abruzzo Ultra, on the Aterno, 58 miles
APPOiMATTOX  DEPOT, a post-office of Powhatan co., N.E. of Rome. Pop.11,169. This is one of the best built
Virginia.                                                     and most commercial cities in the kingdom.  It was much
AP'PONG! or PADANG, p'd~ngf, one of the three large  injured by earthquakes in 1688, 1703, and 1706; on its
islands N.E. of the coast of Sumatra, in the Straits of Ma- reconstruction only 1 bastion of the ancient fortification
laces, about 90 miles S. by W. of Singapore.                  was preserved. It has manufactures of linens, and 6 yearly
APPOQUININIMINK,:a small creek of New  Castle co., fairs. Aquila was built by the Emperor Frederick II. from
Delaware, flows eastward into Delaware Bay.                   the ruins of the ancient Amiuiternum, the birthplace of SalAPPOQUINNIMINK, a hundred of Newcastle co., Dela- lust, some vestiges of which city are still traceable.
ware, has a population of 3126.                                 AQUILA, a-kwilfa, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia.
APRICENA, A-pre-ch,4/n&, a town of Naples, province of    AQUILEJA. [-que-l10yA, a town of Northern Italy, go
Capitanata. 23 miles N.N.W. of Foggia. Pop. 4560.             vernment of Triest, at the head of the Adriatic, 22 miles
APRIGLIANO, A-preel-y'/no, a town of Naples, province  N.N.W. of Triest.  Pop. 1600. In the time of the Romans,
of Calabria Citra, 5 miles S.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 1000.        this was the centre of commerce between the N. and S. of
APS, Aps, (anc. A4ba Augusfta?) a village of France, Europe; its population was reckoned at 10,000 before it was
department of Ardlche, 12 miles S. of Privas. It was for- taken and burned by Attila. It was then called the second
merly important, and has many Roman antiquities.              homen, and the Emperor Augustus often  resided in  it.
APSHERON, Ap-shA-ron!, written also APCHERON and  Many remains of antiquity are found in its vicinity.
ABCIIERON, a peninsula  in  the Russian  dominions,    AQUINO, A-kweelno, (anc. lAquinum, a town and bishop's
Georgia, extends for 40 miles into the Caspian Sea, and  see of N'aples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 5 miles N.E. of
terminates in Cape Apsheron. Lat. 400 32' N.; ion. 500 12' Pontecorvo. Pop. 1100. It was the birthplace of Juvenal
E. It forms the E. extremity of the Caucasian chain, and  and Thomas Aquinas.
is of calcareous formation.. Its soil is impregnated with    AQUIRAS,'-kee/ris, a small, poor village of Brazil, but
sulphur and inflammable gas, and it is famous as the place  the oldest in the province of Ceara, on the Pacoti, between
D f the sacred flame, so highly venerated by the fire-wo'- Lake Aquiras and the ocean. Pop. of district, about 5000.
shippers of Asia. See ATESHGA. About 237,000 poods of    AQUIS-GRANUM.  See AIx-LA.-CHArPELLE.
black naphtha, and 864 of white naphtha are obtained an-    AQUITAINE, akwe-t4,nel, (Fr. pron.,'lkee't~nt, L..Aquinually in this peninsula; besides 1000 poods of saffron, 300  tafnia,) one of the four great divisions of Gaul as known to
of madder, and 150,000 of salt. On its S. coast is the port  the Romans. It subsequently took the name of Guienne,
of Bakoo.                                                     and at present forms the departments of Gironde and LotAPSLEY (apsllee) RIVER, East Australia, N. of the co- et-Garonne.
lony of New South Wales, rises near lat. 510 S., and Ion.    AQUITANIA. See AQUITAINE.
1510 40' E., flows generally eastward, and enters the ocean    AQUOKEE  tRIVER. See TocoA.
under the name of McLeay River, 40 miles N.E. of Port    AQUO!NE, a post-office of Mason co., North Carolina.
Macquarrie.                                                      ARA, Ora, a-small river of Spain, in Aragon, rising on the
APISLEY STRAIT, Timer Sea, is between Melville and  S. side of the Pyrenees, in the province of IHuesca, and uniting
Bathurst Islands, off the N. coast of Australia. Length, 46  with the Cinca, 2 miles S. of Ainsa, -after a ceurse of about
miles; breadth varies from 1' to 4 miles; and depth of chan- 45 miles.
nel, feom  8 to 24 fathoms. Shores on both sides low, and    ARABAT, ir' -b\tf, a fortress of the Crimea, on the sea
bordered by mangroves.  A British settlement, now aban- of Azov, 70 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. It was originally
doned. was made at Fort Douglas, on the strait, in 1824.      fortified by the Turks.
APSORUS.  See LossINI.                                        ARABG HEER, ARABGIR, &-rARb-gheer!, or ABABKIR.
APT, Apt, (anc. A4plta Jullia,) a town of France, depart- A-rgb-keer, (anc.Arabrace?) athrivingtownofAsiaticTurkey;
ment of Vaiucluse, on the Calavon, 29 miles E.S.E. of Avig-  pashali of Seevas, (Sivas,) near the Euphrates, and on the
non. Pop. (1852) 5770.'It is enclosed by old walls, and has  route between Trebizoud and Aleppo, lea  miles 5.SW. of
a curious cathedral and many Roman antiquities, with  Trebizond. It is enclosed by a forest of fruit-trees, and is
manufactures of woollen and cotton stuffs, earthenwmare,  reputed to have 6000 houses, 4800 being occupied by Moand confectionery. It was embellished by Csesar, whence  hammedais, and 1200 by Armenians.   The latter are mostly
its surname Jultia.                                           engaged in the manufactire of cotton goods from  British
APULIA, I-pulle-a, or LA PUGLIA, l1 pooliyA, an ancient  yarn. In 1835, they had nearly 1000 looms at work.
province of Southern Italy, one of the principal divisions of    ARABIA, a-rI/be-a, called in poetical language ARABY
Grecia Magna, now forming the three Neapolitan provinces  aria-be, (Arab. ez-eeret or Jeziret-el-Arab,.e-zeelrt el A/rb,
of Capitanata, Bari, Otranto, and part of Basilicata.  A por- i.e.' c  the Isle or Peninsula of the Arabs;" Turk. and Persian~
tion of the territory is still called LA PUGLIA.            -Arabistan, A-rAb-e-stAnf, i.e. "Arab country"   Fr. Arabic,,
APULIA, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York, 124  Ar&A/beel; Ger. Arabien, A-rg'be-en;  L.  abia,)   the S.W.
miles W. of Albany.                                           part of Asia. is encompassed on three sides by the sea;
APURE, t-pootrA, a river of Venezuela, and one of the  namely, on the N.E. by the Persian Gulf on the S.E. by the
chief tributaries of the Orinoco, rises in the Andes of New  Indian Ocean, and on the S.W. by the Red Sea. Its most
Granada, near lat. 70 N., and lon. 720 W., flows generally  S. point —IRts'Arah, (the Cape St. Anthony of some maps,) —
eastward, and joins the Orinoco in lat. 70 40' N., and Ion. stands in lat. 120 35' N., ion. 430 56/ E.  The shoals and
660 451 AW. Affluents, including the Portuguese  and Gus- patches of rock stretching E. from  this cape render its
rico, are mostly from the N. On it are the towns of Nutrias  vicinity dangerous to mariners. Thirty miles to the W. of
and San Fernando.                                             it are the Straits of IBab-el-Mandeb.  The most eastern point
APURIMAC, A-poo-re-m[k!, a river of South America, of Arabia-Reas-al-Hlad-stands in lat. 220 23' N., ion. 590 555
rises in a lake in the Andes of Peru, in lat. 150 38, S., Ion. E. A line drawn fromn the head of the Gulf of Suez to that
760 25' W., among the savannas of the plain of Condoroma.  of the Persian Gulf, and marking the limits of the Arabican
It flows through a mountainous country in a N. direction, peninsula on the N., will be found to run nearly in the 30th
and joining the Ucay or Vilcamayu, in lat. 90 151 S., ion. 720  parallel of N. latitude. But beyond, or N. of this line, ex30' W., forms the Ucayale, one of the principal tributaries of  tends a vast and desert region, which, being now occupied
the Amazon. Its whole course, till it meets the Ucay, is be- chiefly by Arab tribes, is also called Arabia: it is bounded
tween 500 and 600 miles.                                      on the E. by the valley of the Euphrates, on the W. by the
AQUACKANOCK, New Jersey.  See ACqUACAaNONCK.                depressed tract in which lie the valley of the Jordan and
AQUYE AUGUST E. See DAx.                                    the Dead Sea, while towards the N. it gradually contracts,
AQUE  LATIE. See IGUALADA.                                  till it terminates in the vicinity of Tadmor or Palmyra, in
AQUAE  SEXTIE. See AIx.                                     about lat.. 340 N.; so that Arabia extends in length firom N.
AQUAMBO  or AQUAMBOE, A-kwam'b5f, written  also  to S. through 210 of latitude, or nearly 1300 geographical
AKAMBOE, a country of Africa, Upper Guinea, E. of the  miles, while its average breadth may be assumed to be about
tiver Volta, with a town of the same name.                    600 miles. It includes also the peninsula of Sinai, between
AQUAPIMI, A-kwt-peemf or t-kwF- peeNol, a maritime state  the Gulf of Suez and that of Akabah.  The whole ares of
of Africa, Upper Guinea, in about lat. 60 N., and ion. 00, the vast country thus described does not probably Sell much
having S. the Gulf of Guinea.  Soil rather barren near the  short of 750,000 geographical square miles, or about eight
coast, but fertile inland. It is, however, very little culti- times that of the British L.slands.
vated, and the inhabitants live mostly on yams and dried    Notwithstanding the early reputation of Arabia, and the
fish. They have some domestic manufactures, but most of  interest attaching to a country, the inhabitants of which
the woven fabrics in use are of English manufacture, and  have enacted most important parts in the early commerce
are paid for in palm-oil and gold dust.                       and general history of mankind, we still remain very imperAQUARA, At-kw4rg, a village of Naples, province of Princi-  fectly acquainted with it. European travellers have hitherto
pato Citra, 16a miles S.S.E. of Campagna. Pop. 2030.          penetrated but partially, and to a short distance only from
AQUASICO, a post-office of Prince George's co., Maryland.   its coasts. We know, however, that Arabia, taken collecAQUI. See AcquI.                                           tively, is an arid, sunburnt wild.rness-the hills, naked
95




ARA                                                          ARA
rock:  the plains, rough stone or drifting   sand. In this  able degree of cold occasionally felt in Arabia,  and which ha
dreary waste may be traced, here and there, particularly  given rise to very erroneous conjectures respecting the elenear the mountains in the S. half of the peninsula, some  vation of that country.  At Tayef, not above 3200 feet in
green spots which receive the benefit of the annual rains;  absolute elevation, and only in lat. 210 12' N., snow is said
and the wadies or valleys, descending from the rain-collect- to fall once in every four years; and the mountains in the
ing heights, figure only as so manly green lines, more or  neighbourhood, from  5000 to 6000 feet high, ale annually
less strongly marked in the dazzling, sunburnt prospect.  covered with snow'. Further S., ice and snow are of frequent
But it is seldom that the tracts of cultivated land, even in  occurrence on mountains ranging from 6000 to 8000 feet in
the plains, attain a wvidth of 20 miles; so that all the irri- height; while in Abyssinia, on the opposite side of the lied
gated tehamas or lowlands, and all the green wadies of  Sea, they are hardly known at the height of 12,000 feet. On
Arabia taken together, bear but a small proportion to the  the S. coast, in like manner, we hear of snow  and ice at
whole peninsula.                                              moderate elevations; and in Omein, the Jebel Akhdar, only
Arabia is commonly divided into three parts:-ARABIA  6000 feet high, and lying nearly under the tropic, is f'eFELIX, or oap2py; PETrlJA, or stony; and DESr.TA, or desert.  quently crowned with snow in winter.  Yet Muscat, on the
Arabia Felix borders on the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, sea-coast ofOman, is, perhaps, the hottest, inhabited place on
and the S. part of the Red Sea; Arabia Petrice lies on the Red  earth —a distinction which it owes in a great measure to its
Sea, N. of Arabia Felix, and is understood to include the terri- situation beneath bare cliffs, which reverberate the heat.
tory N.W. of Arabia Deserta: Arabia Deserta includes all the  At this place, the thermometer in the shade in June, genecentral portion of the country.  Among the Arabians these  rally rises above 1000 Fah. in the afternoon.  The heat
names are not known.  They call Arabia Desert.a, Nedjed or of M'locha, also, and the adjacent tehilma, is to Europeans
Nej'd; Arabia Petrtea, Hejaz; Arabia Felix is divided into  insupportable in summer. In general, the violent changes
Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman, and Lahsa; which will be treated  of temperature which occur frequently in Arabia, are prejuof under their respective heads. It may be observed that the  dicial to health. The humid S. wind, the cold, and dry N.
above divisions are very loosely laid down by Arab writers; awind, and the storms from the E., attended with clouds of
and the limits have varied considerably at different periods.  fine sand, all bring with them the seeds of disease. The N.
The cultivated tracts of Arabia are generally in the vici- wind alone is regarded as salubrious and refreshing   The
nity of the mountains, the torrents firom  which, in the  coast of the Hlejz is thought to be particularly unhealthy,
rainy season, collect soil, and endow it with fertility. The  and of late yeas, since the campaigns of the Egyptian army
proximity of the green felds, however, to the rocky heights,  against the Webhby, the plague, from  which Arabia predepends on the rapidity of the streams, and the configura-  viously boasted to be exempt, has been added to the list of
tion of the country. There are also some oases or produc-  endemic diseases.  HIere it is as well to remark, that the
tive spots in the interior, surrounded by deserts, and which  imminent danger supposed to attend the occurrence of
seema to indicate that the waters of streams lost in the  storms of wind in the desert, the sherky (sirocco) or east
sands higher up, are here again collected and brought to- wind loaded with fine sand, and -the simoom  or hot poisoi
wards the surface. The mountains exercising this benefd- wind firom the South, exists only in the tales of credulous
cent influence on the land, rise, as far as we have any know-  travellers. Whatever inconveniences must be endured on
ledge of them, at no great distance from these. -shore, and  such occasions by men and cattle, it seldom if ever happens
form, with their ridges, a kind of elevated frame, which en-  that they are suffocated by the pestilent blasts, nor are the
closes the greater part of the peninsula. On the W., along  caravans ever buried in overwhelming sands.
the shores of the Red Sea, from  the Gulf of Akabah to the    The flora of Arabia presents but little novelty; it seems to
Straits of Bab-el-Manideb —a distance of 1000 miles-the  be made up of contributions from Africa, India, and ArArabiacn mountains are conspicuous throughout, presenting  menia. The sea-shore, where it is not absolutely barren,
peaked summits of naked rock, f'om  5000 to 8000 feet in  exhibits general plantations of the date-palm, which thrives
height, and varying from  12 to 60 miles in distance from   even where the ground is covered with incrustations of salt
the coast.                                                     On the S. coast towards Omnin, the mango and cocoa-nut are
The sterility of Arabia is sufficiently proclaimed when it  occasionally met with.  Further inland grows the fig-tree,
is stated that that vast country has no considerable, and  the tamarind, the almond, and in Onin, the orange, lemon,
scarcely any permanent rivers. A few small streams, in- and citron.  The wild bushes are chiefly eei'osce, esplhoerdeed, in Omaln, as the Massora and Sib, are said to be con- biacece, and the sidr or lotus nebachn. With these grow levenstant, that is, to contain water, and to flow throughout the  der, wormwood, jasmine, and other scented plants. As the
year from  their sources to the sea; but these, supposing  mountains are ascended, the vegetation  assunes a more
their permanence  established, form, after all, but rare  European character.  Apricots, plums, pomegramnates, and
exceptions.                                                    grapes are found at the height of from  3000 to 4000 feet;
Arabian rivers, in general, are either consumed in irriga-  and above these, the sides of the moun.tains are covered with
tiou or absorbed by the sands. even in crossing the narrow   forests of juniper, less properly called cypress. The cotton-,
tehnimas or lowlands of Iej'z and Yemen, before they reach  plant and the sugar-cane grow in the tehfama; the sumachr
the sea-shore. The lakes of Arabia are, like the rivers,'but of  or gum  arabic, the aloe, and the cassia fistulae prefer the
-hort duration. After heavy rains, pools are formed, which, hills; and the tree which yields the oliban'ees   or firankinbeing raptidly evaporated, leave the ground incrusted with  reuse abounds in the mountains of Shej er or Shehr, in
salt. Arabia may/be regarded, collectively, as a desert, and  Mahrah.
the cultivated tracts throughout as so many oases, sur-    The Arabs cultivate for food, wheat, rice, bailey, and
rounded by sterile and irreclaimable wastes. The desert of  doorrctti (di-Traoh) or leolczcs eilgare, (thejow ri of India,) beAhkaf, (i. e. "the waves of sands,") however, is of a peculiar  sides bananas, water-nmlons, and other garden prod-uce; but
character, swallowing every thing which falls on it, and is  their chief dependence is on their date plantations. These
supposed by the natives to be the abode of demons, or of  occupy everywhere the irriguous land, the level margin of
the children of Ad.                                            the stream, the low sea-maarsh, or the hollow moistened by
In considering the climate of Arabia, it is necessary to  land-springs. The borders only of these favored spots, if
bear in mind, first, the position of that country, between the  they admit of having water occasionally led to them, are
burning deserts of Africa on one side, and those of Western  given up to the cultivation of grain.  Near every lar.pe date
India on the other. Not that we can suppose the climate  plantation there is ordinarily a fort, with high walls and
of the interposed peninsula to depend on those of the ad — dry ditch, round which is collected nearly the whole popujacent countries, but because it is evident that Arabia comes  letion of the district or wady. The cultivation of coffee wvis
under the influence of those meteorological conditions which  introduced into Arabia from  S. Abyssinia; and it is neohave consigned to drought and sterility a wide belt of coun- well known that the best coffee exported firom Mocha, even
try across the Old World, from  the shores of the Atlantic  at the present day, is, in flct, the produce of Abyssinia. The
nearly to those of the Pacific Ocean. This tract of desert, it  khat, also, a kind of tea-plant, is originally Abyssinian; but
is true, lies for the most part beyond the tropic, aned towards  the use of it as a stimulant seems as yet hardly to extend
Central Asia, it bends much to the N.; the Arabian penin- beyond Yemen; yet there, such is the passion for it, that it
sula, on the other hand, extends several degrees S. of the  bears a very high price.
tropic. Bet, secondly, the intertropical position of Arabia    The Bedouain procures his supplies of cloth, oil, and other
falls into the domain of the monsoons or periodical winds  luxuries, in exchange for civet, musk, ostrich-feathers, and
peculiar to the Indian Seas. Now, the monsoons not only  other trifles, but chiefly for his horses and camels. The
interrupt the ordinary course of the trade winds, (which  trade in coffee, khat, almonds, balsam, senna, and gums,
blow from the E., with an inclination to the equator,) but  enriches a few  proprietors; but, generally speaking, the
they also interfere with that general law  of intertropical  chief mercantile wealth of Arabia is, and always has been,
climate, by virtue of which the' rain falls soon after the sun  derived from  the carrying  trade. The Arab is the active
has passed the zenith, and the hottest season is also the  factor who distributes the cotton cloth of India throughout
rainy season. In S. Arabia, on the other hand, the hottest  half-civilized Africa, and carries back ivory, ghee, gums, and
months of the year are comparatively dry and cloudless;  dyeawoods, in return.  The productions of Arabia are, as a
and the scanty  rain falls chiefly in the winter, when the  source of wealth, quite insignificait in comparison with the
tmosphere, being less heated, is also less loaded with  edvantages of occupying the  coasts'shich connect India
aqueous vapours.                                              with Africa and Europe.  There are, however, treasures on
To the extreme dryness of the atmosphere, and its freedom   the Arabian coasts, which, thoueah not absolutely largo,
from cloud or vapour —conditions tending to accelerate ecape-  whei considered as sources ofnational reveane. are yet iention and the radi ation of heat —may be ascribed the remark-  portent w-hen compaied swith the much vaunted sweets and
06'




ARA                                                        ARA
perfumes of the interior. The pearl banks in the Persian  ardently to mercantile pursuits, and dwell in towns; they
Gulf extend from Bahre'in E. above 300 miles. These give  seek the advantage of social combination, and cherish the
employment to nearly 30,000 men, in above 3000 boats, memory of their ancient kings. It would appear that Jews
and yield abont ~80,000 yearly. The pearls are nearly all were always numerous in Arabia. Subsequent to the disbought by the Banyans, who engross still more completely  persion, they possessed Ythrib, (Jathkrip ja of Ptolemy,)
the produce of the pearl fishery in the Red Sea, on the  afterwards named  ledineh, (the city;) and in Southern
-coasts of the Hejilz. On the S. coasts of Arabia, the fisher- Arabia, with which they were connected, perhaps, by commen collect much ambnerris and tortoise-shell. They take  merce, they seem to have been settled in a still earlier age.
immense quantities of fish, particularly on the line of coast Their Scripture lore found favor with the people, who were
between Mahrah and Omdfn, with which they supply the  quite willing to believe themselves the posterity of Yoktan,
interior.                                                  or of Abraham; and even kings were numbered among the
Although the carrying trade between India and the  converts. Hence we may reasonably conclude that of the
shores of the Mediterranean Sea has long since sunk into  Arabian Jews of later times, the great majority are probably.
comparative insignificance, yet enough remains to show the  not Israelites by descent, but only Judaizing Arabs. A few
importance and the foundation of the monopoly of it, once Jews, mostly silversmiths or distillers, are to be found in
enjoyed by the Arabs.                                      all the chief market-towns of Arabia, except in lejdz, where
While navigation was in its infcy, that patient and en- they are forbidden. In iMuscat alone they are exempt from
during animal, the camel-so justly entitled "the ship of the  insult and vexation. It is believed that in early ages the
desert"-offered the most convenient and economical mode  chief objects of adoration in Southern Arabia were the sun
of conveying goods from the Persian Gulf and South Arabia to  and moon, but with these there were certainly other deities
Egypt and Phenicia, whence they were distributed through  of a more popular character. In the recently deciphered
the West. It seems certain, that the trade routes of the  ilamyaritic inscriptions occurs the name of Athor, who was
Arabs, in the earliest ages-in the flourishing days of Tyre  probably the same as Ashtoreth, the Venus of the Pheniand Sidon-nearly coincided with those followed in the days  cians. The northern tribes seemin to have borrowed from
of the caliphs, when the caravans started from Bahre'n for the pantheons of all the nations with whom they came in
Bagdad, and thence crossed the Syrian deserts to Aleppo, contact; and the Kaaba is said to have contained at one
Damascus, or Egypt; or, from Dhofar and the ports of IHad- time 300 idols. But Mohammned put an efid to this accuramaut, they passed through Yemen on their way N. The  mulating superstition, by establishing a system of pure
establishment of the Mohammedan religion had the effect of monotheism, with which he associated as much ritual oTreviving this truly Arab branch of industry, for the Hcadji or servance as sufficed, without being wearisome, to connect
pilgrimage to Mecca, which was enjoined on all true be- his doctrines with the habits of the people. The Ishmaellievers, drew crowds annually to the sacred shrine from all its, the fellow-countrymen and companions of Mohammed,
parts of the Mohammedan world. This conflux of strangers  hastened to rally round him  as soon as success began to
required large supplies, and gave great activity to trade; gleam on his c-areer, and willingly exchanged their waverbut besides, the pilgrim caravans to Mecca being deemed  ing superstitions for doctrines at once grand, simple, and
sacred, experienced favor and protection in all Mohammedan  decisive; but in the S., where Judaism, and Christianity
countries; and hence, the Hadji merchants, taking ad- too, had gained a firmer footing, the new Ishmaelitic creed
vantage  of the security thus enjoyed, always united coo- met with an obstinate resistance; and it is said that some
oercial speculation with the work of piety. These caravans  tribes in Asir, at the S. side of Nedjed, remained unconverted
(or fkd:.mIfhs, as the Arabs call them) are at times exceed- till the early part of the last century, when they were overingly numerous. There are authentic accounts of caravans.  powered by the ianatical WahAby.
to Mecca which numbered 120,000 camels.  Now-a-days the    The Ishmaelites  appear to have always retained the
ordinary commercial caravans rarely exceed from 500 to  habits of Bedouinsn  they were wild Arabs; the possession
1000 loaded camels.                                        of M!ecca and the sKaaba was their sole boast; and they
H1istory. —In early times, Arabia was called by the I-ie- made no figureo in history till the time of Mohammed:  The
brews simply KCedem, or the "East.' and its inhabitants  sons of Yoktan, on the other hand, in Southern Arabia, adBcrnii  KCedem, or people of the East. The name Arabia, vanced in civiizaetion, engaged in commerce, and had a
when it first occurs in the Scriptures, (as in Ezekiel xxvii., regal form ofq government. In the fourth century of our
"Arabia and the princes of Kedar,") is evidently not ap- era, a king of Yemen embraced Judaism, and persecuted the
plied to the whole peninsula, but only to the territory of Christians within his dominions, putting several thousands
some pastoral tribes. The doctors of the Koran ascribe the  of them to the sword. This awakened the hostility of the
first origin of the Arab nation to the sons of Iram, (Aram,) Abyssinians, (the Axunmites,) and at length, in A.D. 530, an
Ad, Thameed, Jorhum, &c., whose posterity are styled  Ethiopian army crossed the Fed Sea into Yemen, and put
Arab-el-Arabah, or thorough-bred Arabs. These have long  an end to the Hamyarite dynasty. The year 571 gave birth
since vanished from  the page of authentic history, and  to Mohammed, whose fiery genius was no doubt worked
figure only in legends of remote antiquity. The sons of  upon by the contest of religious doctrines which agitated
Kahtan (Yoktan) are entitled iebotarabot   (Mfitarabah) or  Arabia in that age. With the diffusion of the new ltiin.  a
Arabs by adoption  and the Ishnaelites are named, in a  new destiny-seemed opened to the Arabs. The continued
similar sense, Mustarabah. But it maybe inferred from the  success of their arms has no parallel in history.  Within
Hebrew Scriptures that some of the posterity of Ham, also  the course of a few generations, Arab dynasties were estaSeba, Havilah, Sabtah, and other sons of Cush, settled in  blished fronm Central Asia and the firontiers of India, in
Southern Arabia, which was thus closely connected with  Samarcand, Balkh, and Cabool, to the shores of the Atlanthe land of Cannan, (Phenicia;) and this connection is also  tic, in Morocco and Spain. In the flourishing days of the
testified by profone historians. It is reasonable to suppose  caliphs (i. e. "successors'" of Mlohammed) the Arab userthat the different branches of the Semitic race, who thus chant visited China, the interior of Africa, the shores of
-occupied at an early epoch the Arabian peninsula, spoke the Baltic, and Northern Siberia. In truth, Arab commerce
different dialects; but the prevalence since acquired by the  at one time embraced nearly the whole of the Old World.
language of the Koran has for the most part effaced such  But this wide-spread superiority was in its nature transient.
distinctions. It has, however, been recently discovered that The power of the caliphs w-as extinguished,'after many a
the upper classes in M[ahrah, and especially in Ihofdr, speak  struggle, by that of the Ottomans, and in trade the Arabs
a peculiar language called Ehlili, which many circum- were gradually and completely supplanted by Western uastances combine to identify with the ancient Hamyaritic. tions. — Adj. AnAIAtN,  1-i''nbe,an, AnRABIC,  r/.a-bik, and
At Mareb also, where remains of the celebrated dam are still An.mBESQUE, qra..-beelsf; inlab. AiBn,,rlab, and AiBLAsN.
traceable, as well as at several places along the S. coast, in-    ARABIAN GULF. See REn SEA.
scriptions in the Hamyaritic tongue and characters (proba-   ARAIBIAN SEA, a large expanse of sea on the S.W. coast
bly the unknovwn  character described by Arab writers of Asia, lying between'the peninsulaof 1-indostan on the E.,
under the name of Mfesrand) have been copied; and from  and Arabia on the WI. The distance from the Arabian to the
the study of them it has been found that the Hamyaritic Indian coast may be, at the broadest part, about 1500 miles.
language bore a close resemblance to Syriac and Iebrew,   AKABICUS SINUS. See RlE SEA. 
and still more to Ethiopic, which last may be considered,   ARABIE and ARABIEN. See ARABIA.
perhaps, as its immediate offspring. Anterior to M[oham-   ARABIS, a river of Southern Asia. See PooALLY.
med, IHamyaritic was the general language of Southern    ARABY. See ARABIA.
Arabia; but the language of the Koran quickly displaced    ARACAN or ARR.ACAN, ar'ra-kanf or 9-r-k nf, (called by
it; and, in the first ages of religious fervor, it fell into disuse. the natives RaL7ehaing, r&-eing/ or rli-kiNG/,) a British proThe tribes of Mahrah and ]hofdr, therefore, who now speak  vince  of Farther India, presidency of Bengal, extending
lhkeelee (Ehkili) are not to be considered on that account as  along the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 160 and
a separate race, but only as the descendants of that portion  220 30' N., and ion. 920 and 940 E., having on the E. the
of the population who rejected the proffered Islom in the first Burmese dominions, from which it is separated by a high
instance, and have since received it tardily, and perhaps  mountain range, and on the N. the British district of Chit,
incompletely. The others lost, with their language, a chief tageng. Area estimated at 16,500 square miles. Pop. (18139)
mark of race, but they retained, and still retain, ancient 247,765. The chief rivers are the Aracan, Mlyoo, Aeng, and
habits and dispositions which broadly distinguish them   Sandoway, all in some degree navigable. Along the coasts
from their Ishmaelite neighbors further N. While the let- axe numerous islands. The soil of the higher grounds is a
ter are unalterably attached to a pastoral, roving life, to  rich loam; that of the lower and most extensive portion is
arms, and rude independence, the former devote themselves  chiefly argillaceous, while on the rivers and on the coasts
G                                                                           97




ARA                                                         ARA
there are large accumulations of sand. Elevated forests, Saragossa, (Zaragoza,) and Teruel. It forms a basin encormwooded valleys, rivers, and small lakes form  the general passed by thePyrenees, the Sierras ofMosella, Albarracin, Mofeatures of the interior mountain district.  Between the lina, and Soria, while offsets of these chains traverse the intemountains and the sea, it is covered with thickly wooded  rior in all directions.  Several peakls of the Pyrenees rise upjungles, which are so intersected by rivers, lakes, creeks, wards of 11,000 feet above the sea, their tops covered with per
and inlets, as to render communication from town to town  petual snow. Their sides are clothed with forests of oak, beech,
exceedingly difficult. The chief products are rice, indigo, and pine; while lower down are rich and extensive pastures,
cotton, timber, salt, oil, buffalo hides and horns, ivory, with many beautiful and fertile valleys. The largest level
tobacco, silk, and fruits, which are exported to Bengal and  tract is formed by the valley of the Ebro, which, entering on
Chittagoung, in return for betel and British and Indian  the W., flows S.E., dividing the province into two nearly equal
manufactures.  Iron, coal, and naphtha are found along  parts.  The Guadalaviar, the Jucar, and the Tagus. have.the coast. Aracan is subdivided into the districts of Ak- their sources in the extreme S., and the Aragon, an affluent
yab, Ramree, Aeng, and Sandoway; chief town, Aracan; of the Ebro, in the NW. part of this kingdom. The climate
chief military station, Kyook Phyoo. This province was  is variable, though generally healthy. On the mountains,
conquered by the Burmese in 1784, and taken from them   and especially among the Pyrenees, it is extremely cold, but
by the British  in 1824.-Adj. and inhab. ARACANESE, becomes much warmer in the valleys near the Ebro and
ar'a-kan-eezf.                                                Cinca. High and piercing winds from  the N.W. and S.E.,
IiRACAN or ARRACAN, a town of British India, beyond  however, frequently prevail; those which come sweeping
the Ganges, province of Aracan, of which it was formerly  down from the hills of Montcayo being peculiarly penetrating.
the capital, situated on a river of the same name, 50 miles  The flora of Aragon is varied and extensive; but, like that
from  the  sea, about lat. 200 45o  N.; ion. 93r   10h E.  It was  of the rest of Spain, little known. Its minerals are marbles,
at one times a place of considerable implortance, having had  jaspers, pit coal, copper, iron, lead, quicksilver, cobalt, and
a population of 95,000; but it is now so much reduced that, alum. Extensive tracts are wholly Stony and barren, while
in 1835, its population was estimated at from 8000 to 10,000. others, though capable of cultivation, are entirely neglected.
ARACAN (or KULADYNE) RIVER rises in the Burmese  Still, where proper means are employed, excellent crops are
dominions, lat. 230 N. and Ion. 940 E., and after a generally  obtained of grain and fruit, saffron, flax, and hemp.  Silksouthward course of 200 miles, enters the Bay of Bengal in  worms are reared in considerable numbers. The commerce
Aracan, 15 miles N.E. of Akyab. It is navigable in its latter  is limited, the principal means of transport being by the
part for vessels of 250 tons burden.                          way of the Ebro, and the great canal of Aragon, which, comARACATI or ARACATY, A-r0-kd-teef, a river-port, Brazil,  mencing near Tudela, in Navarre, joins the Ebro 30 miles
about 55 miles S.E. of Ceara, on the Rio Jaguaribe,(" river of  below Saragossa.  Pop. 847.105.  The kingdom  of Aragon
Jaguars,") 10 milesfrom the sea. Lat. 40 31' S.; lon. 370 481' was founded in 1034, and was united to the crown of Castile
W. It contains a handsome town-hall, a prison, 3 schools, by Ferdinand the Catholic, who married Isabella in 1474.and 5 churches.  The principal exports are cotton and  Adj. and inhab. AscAGONESE, Vra-go-neezI.
hides, nearly all brought from the interior. Of the former    ARAGON a river of Spain, rises in the Pyrenees, and
about 5000 bags, or 25,000 arrobas of 32 pounds each, are  flowing through Navarre, joins the Ebro opposite Alfaro,
exported annually; and of the latter, 2000. In the rainy  after a S.W. course of 80 miles. Chief affluent, the Arga.
season the river, which runs close to the town, often rises  On it are the towns Verdun and Sanguesa.
12 feet above its ordinary level. The bar at the mouth of    ARAGON,  IMRPEaIAL  CANAL  OF, in  Spain, Aragon,
the river, which has a depth of 8 feet at low water, is nar- extends in the direction of the Ebro, from Tudela to near
row and dangerous.   Pop. about 5000.                         Sastago and Tauste. Length opened 80 miles, average width
ARACATI or  ARACATY, a river of Brazil, province of  09 feet, depth 9 feet. It is mostly lined by high, massive
Ceara, enters the At lanticbytwomouths. Length, 120miles. walls, is navigable for boats of from  60 to 80 tons, and
ARACENA, A-ra-thifn,   a town of Spain, in Andalusia, crosses the Jalon River by an aqueduct 4800 feet in length..
province of Iluelva, 33 miles N.W. of Seville. Pop. 2370.    Begun by Charles V. in 1528, it remained in an unfinished
ARACHAS. Sc e AAXAS.                                        state for nearly 200 years. It is now in active operation, but
ARA9UAIII,  l-rc-swA-hee/, a river of Brazil, province of  the revenue in 1841 and 1844 was considerably under the
Mlinas Gedaes, rises in the Serra Esmeraldas, flows N.E., expenditure.
and fills into the Jequitinhonha, after a course of upwards    ARAGONA, a-rn-go'nu, a town of Sicily, 71 miles N.N.E. of
of 200 miles. It is tolerably deep, and might be rendered  Girgenti. Pop. 6530. It has a castle, with fine paintings
navigable for more than half of its course,                   and antiquities.  Near it is the mud volcano of Maccaluba.
ARAB, 6r'td/, a market-town of Hungary, on the Maros,   ARAGONA. ARAGONIA, ARAGON2ESE, &c. See AnAeeN.
145 miles S.E. of Pesth, divided by the river into Old Arad    ARAGUARI, i-rd-wAi-reel, a river of Braxil, province of
and New Arad.                                                 Pari, in Brazilian Guiana, rises in the Sierra de Tumncaraque,
ARAD, OLD, (Hun. O Arad, 6 6rod/; Ger. AZl Arad, ilt- in lat. 450 N., ion. 520 302' W., and falls into the Atlantic in
i&rlt,) an open town, capital of the county or district of  lat. 10 50' N. Total course, about 160 miles.
Arad, is a bishop's see, and contains a Greek theological    ARAGUAY, Ar-A-gwl, or ARAGUAYA, A-r-1gw'It, a large
seminary, a Roman Catholic gymnasium, and Wallachian  river of Brazil, rises, with many branches, in the mountains
normal school. Manufactures tobacco and snuff. It has an  near lat. 180 10' 5., ion. 510 30' W. It flows northward beimportant fair, second only to the fairs of Pesth and Debrec- tween the provinces of Goyaz and Matto-Grosso, and joins the
zin, and a considerable amount of trade is carried on in  Tocantins at S7o Jo0o, after a total course of at least 1000
cattle. Pop. 16,400.                                          miles, about the middle of which it separates into two arms,
ARAD, NEw, (Hun. Uj Arad, oote 6r'6d/; Ger. NPeu Arad, enclosing the island of Santa Anna, 200 miles in length.
noi Yrat;) lies across the river from  Old Arad, in the banat  This river flows through about 130 of latitude, 11 of which
of Temesvar; a bridge which connected the two was de- are navigable. The east branch is called the Fmuo.
stroyed during the late revolution. New Arad is chiefly re-   ARAGONIA. See AaAe0N.
markable for its extensive fortress, one of the strongest in    ARAIIAL, I-rI-hl1, a town ofSpain, in Andalusia, 22
Austria, and used also as a prison for political offenders. miles E.S.E. from  Seville. It has 2 squares, 3 churches, a
Pop. 4000.                                                    Latin school, 7 other schools, philosophical society, hospital,
ARAD, besides the above, is the name of 4 small places in  and cemetery. It has manufactures of felt hats, soap, gypIHungary, not deserving a separate notice.                    sum, earthenware, oil, and wine. Pop. 6988.
ARAD  ISLAND, Persian Gulf, near BAHREYniN ISLAND.            ARA JOVIS. See AnANJUEZ.
ARAFAT,('r-f It) MOUNT, or JEBEL-ER-RAHIME, jib-    ARAKAN. ARACAN.
81-6r-rulmtiM,(i.e.." the mountain of mercy,") a granite hill of    ARAKHOVA, A-rA-kolvA,  a village of Greece, government of
Arabia, 15 miles E. of Mecca. It is about 1 or 11 miles in  Boeotia, on the S. declivity of Mount Parnassus, 15 miles
circuit, and its summit is nearly 200 feet above the level of W.N.W. of Livadia.
the plain. It is one of the principal objects of pilgrimage to'ARAL (rl/al) SEA, an extensive but imperfectly known
Mohammedans, who affirm that it was the place where Adam  lake or inland sea, in Independent Tartary, between about lat.
first received his wife Eve, after they had been expelled from   420 20' and 470 00 N., and ion. 570 25'and 61l 0' E. Excepting
Paradise, and separated from  each other 120 years. On the  the Caspian, from which it lies from 150 to 200 miles E., and
summit the spot is shown where Mohammed used to take  from which it is separated by the Khassaks Isthmus, or plahis station during the pilgrimage. The mountain not being  teau of Oost-Yoort, (Ust-Urt,) it is the largest inland sea of
large enough to accommodate all the devotees that go annu- the Eastern Hemisphere. It is composed of two portionsally on pilgrimage to Mecca, the law declares that the plain, the broad expanse, or Sea of Aral proper, about 270 miles long
in the immediate neighborhood of the mountain, may be re- by 130 miles broad; and Lake Laudan at its S.W. extremity,
garded as comprised under the term Mount of Arafat.           about 100 miles long, and firom 10 to 25 miles broad, being.
ARAFURA, SEA OF, N. of Australia. See PAPUA.                properly speaking, the estuary of the river Laudan, from
ARIAGO,a cape of Oregon, S. of the mouth ofUmpqua River. which it is named. A similar, but less known and less exARAGON or ARRAGON, Ar/ra-gon, (Sp. pron. ii-RaI-gtn!; tensive expanse exists at the S.E. extremity, called the DauFr. Aragon, I'r&'g6a!;  It. Acragcc, i-rI-gofnI; G er. Ara- kara Sea or Lake. Both the Laudan and the Baukara Lakes
gonien, a-r-gofne-.n; L. Aragogfn',) an ancient kingdom  of are shallow, and overgrown with reeds; the depth of the
Spain, bounded N. by France, E. byCatalonia, S. by Valencia  former not being more, on the E. shore, than a single inch,
and NewCastile, andW. bytheCastiles and Navarre. Length, and its deepest part, as far as yet known, not exceeding 4
about240miles; averagebreadth,90 miles; area, 15,988 square  feet 10 inches. The W. shore of the Aral Sea is formed by
miles. It is now divided into the three provinces of Huesca, the Oost-Yoortplateau, which rises upwards of 600 feetl above
98




ARA                                                          ARA
the level of the lake, but shelves gradually down to the  of the Great Ararat lies in lat. 390 42' N., Ion. 430 38' E., and
water. The bed of the sea on this shore is beautiful sand, is 17,323 feet above the sea-level, and 14,320 feet above the
and sinks so gradually that one may advance into the water  plain of the Aras.  The N.E. slope of the mountain is about
a distance of 200 paces. No rivers enter the sea on its W.  14 miles in length, and the S.W. about 20 miles. On the
"hore; those that enter from the E. are the Sihon or Jax- former, visible even from Erivan, 32 miles distant, is a deep,
artes, the Kuwandaria, and the Jandaria.  The Aral Sea is  gloomy, crater-like chasm. The mountain is covered with
supposed not to be deep, though probably having water  perpetual snow and ice, from about 3 miles from its summit
sufficient to admit of being navigated by small vessels. The  downward in an oblique direction. On the entire N. half,
nomadic tribes on its banks resort to it for the fish with  from  about 14,000 feet above the sea, it shoots up in one
which it abounds, (similar to those found in the Caspian,)  rigid crest to its summit, and then stretches downward, on
more especially sturgeons. Seals are also met with. The  its S. side, to a level not quite so low, forming what is called
water is saltish, though not unpleasantly so; it may be used  the Silver Crest of Ararat. Little Ararat rises 13,093 feet
for culinary purposes, and is drunk freely by horses. In  above the sea-level, and 10,140 feet above the plain of the
winter it freezeS, the ice attaining a thickness of at least 11  Aras, and is free from snow in September and October. Its
inches. The W. shore is infested with scorpions, which find  declivities are greater and steeper than those of the Great
shelter under the numerous small limestones with which  Ararat, and its almost conical form is marked with several
the ground is there strewed. The Aral Sea lies between the  delicate furrows, that radiate downward from  its summit.
steppesofKiegheez and.Khiva,inthe great depression of West-  The top of the Great Ararat was first reached, October 9,
ern Asia, Its elevation is uncertain, having been variously  1829, by Professor Parrot. All doubt as to the volcanic uaestimated; but, in Humboldt's opinion, it may be esteemed  ture of the two Ararats was put an end to on July 2, 1840,
on the same level as the Caspian, of which, in times remote, when an eruption took place fromn the head of the great
it doubtless formed a part. Humboldt supposes the sea to  chasm, which destroyed the monastery and chapel of St.
have been at first only an enlargement of the Oxus, now its  James, the village of Arguri, and their inmates.  That
principal tributary, but then an affluent of the Caspian; and  Noah's ark rested on the top of IMlount Ararat is not to be
formed a lake which now has no visible outlet, and as its  credited; the difficulty of the descent, and the low temperaaffluents do not furnish a supply of water equal to the amount ture of the atmosphere, which must have killed many of
of evaporation that takes place, the lake is supposed to be the animals, alike preclude the supposition; and, moreover,
decreasing in size.                                           Scripture does not say it rested on the top, but merely "on
This lake is called by the Kirgheez, ARaA-TENGx EE Z, i.e. the mountains of Ararat."  If this be the mountain there
"island sea," (aral, A-rll, signifying "island,") from  the  referred to, which is somewhat doubtful, seeing that the
multitude of islands it contains,                             olive does not grow near it, the ark must have rested on one
ARAMIENGO, -r4-mlntgo, an ancient town of the Sar-  of its lower slopes. The name Ararat is said to be derived
dinian States, in Piedmont, province of Asti. Pop. 1080.    from AraL, a king who lived 1750 years B. c. He fell in batARAMINIGO, formerly a district of Philadelphia co., Penn- tie, in an Armenian plain, which was hence called Arsisylvania, but now included within the limits of the city, Arat, "the fall of Arai."  Before him  reigned Amassis, the
about 4- miles N. by E. of the state-house.                   sixth from Japhet, who called the country Aenasia; hence
ARAMON, &h'rXmtNG/, a town of France, department of  the name Massis, by which alone Armenians in the present
Gard, on the right bank of the Rhone, 15 miles E.N.E. of  day know the mountain. By the Persians and Turks it is
Nimes.  Pop. (1851) 2,727.  It has manufactures of salt- called Agridagh; the third syllable, dagh, means mounpetre, &c.                                                    tain, but philologists are not agreed on the signification of
ARAN, 9-rn5l, a valley of Spain, province of Lerida, sur- Agri.
rounded by the elevated summits of the Pyrenees, and    ARIARAT, a small river of North Carolina, which enters
liable to dangerous avalanches.                               Yadkin River from the N.W., a few miles E. of Rockford.
AItANDA-DE-DUERO, a-r;ntdt-dA-dwA/ro,     a town of Spain,    ARARAT, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania.
capital of the judicial district of the same name, in Old Cas-    ARARAT, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia.
tile, 48 miles S. of Burgos, on the right bank of the Duers.   ARARAT MOUNTAIN, North Carolina. See PILOT IeOUNIt was in ancient times a fortification of some importance,  TAIN.
and still retains part of its walls, which were made availa-    ARARAUlMA, 4-r&-r-rwfmns, a'alt-water lake of Brazil,
ble in the late civil wars. When the court is held at this  province of Bio de Janeiro; length, from E. to W., 22. miles;
place, the population sometimes numbers 20,000; at other  greatest breadth, 71 miles. It communicates with the sea.
times it does not exceed 4000.                                to which it lies parallel, and has a depth, according to the
ARANJUEZ, &-rlZrn-uwrth,  (enc. Afrao Jovise,) a town and  state of the tide, of from 26 to SO feet.
royal residence of Spain, on the left bank of the Tagus, in    ARARIPE, SERRA  BE, slrain   df  9 —rireefps, an eleNew Castile, 28 miles S.S.E. of Madrid. It is the S.S.E. ter- vated table-land of Brazil, between 4 and 6 miles S.W. of the
minus of the Madrid and Aranjuez Railway. Elevation, 1640  town of Crate or Cratto, in about lat. 60 30t S.; Ion. 380 30'
feet. Ordinary pop. 3639. As a place of recreation for the  W. It forms a semicircle round the undulatory plain on
court, this town combines all that is useful and agreeable: which Crato is situated, and is the source of a great many
palaces, hotels, cafls, and numerous public gardens, spacious fertilizing streams.
streets, and elegant squares, theatres, and bull-rings. It has    ARAS,'rhsl, (anc. Araxes, A-rax/z,) a river of Armenia,
also an hospital, and an institution for public instruction,   rises in the Turkish pashalic of Esrzroom, near laet 410 30' N.,
ARANSAS, ar-anfsas, a small river of Texas, rises near  and Ion. 410 10' E.; flows eastward, dividing the territories
the S.E. border of Bexar county, and flowing south-east-  of Russia and Persia, and joins the Koor, within the Russian
ward, forms the boundary between San Patricio county on  dominions, 60 miles W. of its mouth in the Caspian.  Total
one hand, and Goliad and Refugio on the other, until it  course, upwards of 500 miles, very rapid, but often fordable.
empties itself into Aransas Bay.                              Chief affluents Arp-pa-Chai   nd Kara-Soo. On it are the towns
ARANSAS BAY, otherwise called ARANSAZUA, and  of Abbasabad and Terri-Kala.
ARANSASO BAY, on the coast of Texas, immediately N. of    ARASAIG, Vr'ra-sAgl, a village and district of Scotland,
Corpus Christi Bay.  Length, about 18 miles; greatest co. of Inverness, on the W. coast; the name also of a probreadth, 8 miles.                                             montory S. of Loch-na-Gaul.  Steamers call regularly off
ARANSAS, a small post-village of Refugio co., Texas, on  this place.
Aransas Bay.                                                    ARASSUAHAY or ARASUAHI. See A  A0AUAH.
ARANYOS,6h-rnufyosh', a river of Austria, in Transylva-    ARATICA, A-ra-teelka, one of the Society Islands, in the
nia, which passes Thorenburg, and joins the Mares on the  Pacific Ocean, in lat. 150 26' S., Ion. 1450 39' 46" W. It is 8
left.  Grains of gold are found along this river, whence its  miles in length, by 5 miles across.
name, arany signifying " gold."                                 ARAITOR or ARRATOR, a post-village of Pettis co., MIisARANYOS, a town of IIungary, N.W. of Buda. Pop. 1800. souri, 58 miles WI. by N. of Jefferson City.
ARAPAHIOE (a-rapal-hS) INDIANS, a tribe dwelling be-    ARAU.  See AAa.U.
tween the South fork of Platte River and the head waters    ARAUCANIA, A-raw-kitne-i, or ARAUCANA, a.raw-kVof the Arkansas.                                              n~, (Sp. prou. 5-rsw-kn/nS,) an independent territory in the
ARAPILES, A-r -peefls, a village of Spain, 4 miles S.E. S. part of Chili, between lat. 370 29' and 40 18' S., having the
of Salamanca. Pop. 336. This was the scene of the san- Andes on the E., and the Pacific on the XV. Its entirelength,
gninary engagement called the battle of Salamanca, in  according to the above limits, is about 200 miles; its breadth,
which the allies under Wellington defeated the French  from  90 to 180. As it differs little in its physical features,
under Marmtont, 22d July, 1812.                                climate, or productions, from other parts of CHILI, (which see.)
ARAR, a river of France.  See SAhl.                         this article will be limited to an account of its inhabitants,
ARARAT, trfa-rat', a celebrated mountain of W'estern Asia, who, though greatly overrated by the Spanish write's, are
in Armenia, forming the point of contact of Russia with Tur- one of the most remarkable, perhaps, of all the uncivilized or
key and Persia, to each of which it partly belongs. It lies  semi-barbarous races.  With some of the vices common to
in the S. portion of the extensive plain of the Aras, about 35  all savage nations, the Araucanians possess many noble
miles broad, and of whose length about 70 miles can be  qualities. They are generous and humane toward the vantaken In by the eye. It consists of two mountains, the  quished, courteous, hospitable, benevolent, and grateful;
Great Ararat on the N.W., and the Little Ararat on the S.E.,  enthusiastic lovers of liberty, and ever ready to sacrifice
their summits, in a direct line, being about 7 miles apart, their lives in the service of their country, the independence
and their bases insensibly blending into each other by the  of which they have miaintained for centuries by their ininterposition of a wide, level, upland valley. The summit  domitable courage, and singular aptitude for war. Seeing
99




ARA                                                          ARC
the evils of which gold is the cause, the Araucaniane, after  on the Cuisance, 6 miles N.E. of Poligny; elevation, 940
they had expelled the Spaniards from their country by force  feet. Pop. (1852) 6901. It is celebrated for its wine, and
of arms, closed their mines, avowing the most profound  has fiatting mills, manufactures of earthenware and paper,
contempt for that precious metal, as a source of infamous  and several Roman and Medieval remains.
cruelty, unmanly avarice, and degrading servitude.  They    ARBOLEAS, an-bo-liTas, or ARBOLEDAS, aR-bo-l]i)As, a
are highly susceptible of mental culture, but despise the re- town of Spain, in Andalusia, 41 miles N.N.E. of Almeria,
straints of civilization. They cultivate poetry and rhetoric. near the Almanzora, on adeclivity, 20 miles from  the sea.
Their style of oratory, as might be expected in the case of a  Pop. 2378.
semi-barbarous people, is highly figurative and allegorical;    ARBOLETES, an-bo-lAtls, a small seaport town of New
at the same time lively, bold, and original.  Their most pro- Granada, on the Gulf of Darien. Lat. 80 55' 1N.; Ion. 76025' W.
minent vices are drunkenness, debauchery, and presump-    AIRBON, an'6banc, (L. A4r/bor Fellix,) a town of Switzerland,
tion. The Araucanians have divided their country into four  canton of Thurgau, 15 miles S.E. of Constance, on its lake,
tetrarchies or districts, corresponding to the natural divi- with 1000 inhabitants, employed in cotton manufactures.
sicns of the territory, namely, the "maritime country," the    ARBON, Afirica.  See Arseo.
"plain country," the "foot of the Cordilleras," and "the    AI/BORFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
Andes."  Each of these is governed by a toqui or tetrarch.    ARBORIO, aR-bolre-o, a village of Piedmont, 10 mileo
The Araucanians have little commerce of any kind, and all N.N.W. of Vercelli.  Pop. 1200.
their tranactions are conducted by barter.  The articles    ARBDORVIITE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.
which they usually give in exchange for goods are horses    ARBOS, ac/boce, a town of Spain, on the Foix, 22 miles
and horned cattle.                                             N.E. of Tarragona. Pop. 1200. It was burned by the French
Polygamy obtains among the Araucanians, and celibacy  in 1808, in revenge for its brave resistance.
is considered ignominious.  Their marriage ceremonies have    ARBROATH, artbrath, formerly ABIERBROTIPOCK, a
little formality, consisting in little more than carrying off  seaport and manufacturing town of Scotland, co. of Forfar
the bride by pretended violence. The women pay great at- or Angus, at the month of a small stream  called the Brothtention to cleanliness in their houses, which are swept seve-  ock, whence the name of the town; the prefix Aber (Gaelic)
ral times a day, and all their utensils carefully washed im- designating the mouth of a river, or its point of junction
mediately after being used. They are equally cleanly in  with the sea. Lat. 560 33' 7' N.; Ion. 20 351' W. It is 16
their persons, as are also the men, and all are partial to  miles Ni.E. of Dundee, on the Dundee and Arbroath line of
frequent bathing. Their religion is simple. They acknow-  railwfay, now connected with the railways to the North and
ledge a Supreme Being, whom they believe to be attended  South of Scotland. The houses are generally well built, and
by some inferior deities, who execute his behests. They  the whole town has a cleanly and prosperous appearance.
believe also in the immortality of the soul, but have some  There are public reading-rooms in the town, with a wellabsurd notions regarding the future state.  The pop. of  snpported publiclibrary, and severalexcellent scientific, ed-LAraucania has been estimated at 70,000.- Adj. and inhab.  cational, and charitable institutions. The principal mannof A~AacUAIATN, A-raw -kanean.                                 factures areyarn spun from flaxandhemp, canvas, brown and
ARAUCO. A-r6w/ko, a mnaritime fortress of Chili, on the  bleached linen, leather, cast-iron, and hone-dust.  Areroath
Bay of Arauco, 35 miles S.S.W. of Concepcion, built to re-  is a free port, and owns about 13,000 tons of shipping, being
strain the incursions of the Araucanians.                      an increase of 500'0 tons since 1841. A new harbor has been
ARAUCO,  -raowfko, a district of the department of La  constructed within the last ten.years. The town owes its
Rioja, of the La Plata Confederation,                         rise, if not its origin, to an important monastic institution
ARAURE, a-r6w/re, a city of Venezuela, pleasantly situated  planted here in 1178 by William the Lion, who was subseon the Acarigua, an affluent of the Portuguesa, 00 miles  quently interred within its precincts. Arbroath unites with
E.N.E. of Trujillo.   Lat. 90 17' N.; Ion. 690  28' W. The  Brechin, Bervie, Forfar, and Montrose in sending a member
streets are straight and the houses well-built.  It contains  to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1851, 8302.
a handsome square and church. It is the capital of a well-    ARBUS, an/booce, a village in the island of  Sardinia, 30
watered, fertile district, which yields cotton and coffee, and  miles N.W. of Cagliari.  Pop. of commune, 2000, employed
pastures numerous herds of cattle. Pop. 10,000.                ta adjacent lead-mines, and manufactures of cloth.
ARAUSIO. See ORANGE.                                           ARBUTIINOT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.
ARAVULLI (ar'a-vul/lee) MOUNTAINS, a range of monu-n-   ARC, auk, or ARCO, ar/ko, a river of the Sardinian States,
~tains, which, traversing the territory of Ajmeer, ifi the N.W. rises in Mount Iseran, and joins the I.re near Aiguebelle,
part of India, from SS.W. to N.N.E., extend from lat. 240 to  after a N.V. course of 40 miles. It passes the towns of Lans280 N., or about 300 miles. It nowhere attains any great lebourg, St. Jean de Miauriennee, and Aiguebelle.
elevation, the highest summit not exceeding 5000 feet above    ARC, aik, a river of France, department of Bouches-dunthe level of the sea.                                         RhOne, enters the Etang de Berre after a W. course of about
ARAWAN, EL, I1 6-r6-wtn/, or AL AROT-PAN, 6l 9-roo- 30 miles.
wan?, a town of Sahara, territory of Zawat, 125 miles N. of    ARC is also the name of several villages of France, departTimbuctoo.  Lat. 180 55' N.; ion. 30 W.                        ments of Doens, Haute-Saene, and COte-d'Or.
ARAXAS, a-r/shls, a town of Brazil, formerly in the    ARCABUT/LA, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.
province of Goyaz, but by decree of April 4, 1816, transferred    ARCACIION, BASSIN D', bhs's" G/ dgak'sh6o/, a bay of
to the province of Minas Geraes. It lies W. of the Matto  France, formed by the ocean on the coast of the department
Gordo mountains. Pop. of town and district, the latter  of Gironde. It is much frequented by foreigners, who thee
being extensive, 5000.                                        load cargoes of resin and pitch. The river Leyre falls into
ARAXES, a river of Armenia.  See A-As.                      this bay. On its S. side is the Port de la Teste, which comAR/BA, a post-office of Randolph co., Indiana.              municaetes by railway with Bordeaux.
ARBACOOICIiEE, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabnama.    ARCADE/, a village in China township, Wyomning  co.,
ARBE,'atbAi, an island in the Adriatic, Gulf of Quarnero,  New York, about 35 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It contains 2
belonging to Austria, 11l miles in length; and, at the  flouring mills, 2 woollen factories, 3 stores, and 1 academy.
broadest part, near the centre, 4 miles across. The princi-    ARCADIA, ar-kA/de-a, (modernGr. Ar/cadia, aRa-k-dee/l6,) an
pal town is on the S.W. side of the island; it is built on a  ancient province of Greece, in the centre of the Morea, now
hill, and contains a cathedral and collegiate church. Pop. divided into the departments of Mantinea and Gortynos.
between 4000 and 5000.                                        The country is mountacinous, and affords excellent pasturage.
ARBE/LA, a village of Palestine, E. of the Jordan, and  -Adj. and inhab. AncADIAN, ar-k/ldean.
28 miles S.E. of Tiberias.                                       ARCA/DIA, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode Island.
ARB.E/LA, a post-office of Scotland co., Missouri.             ARCADIA, apost-village andtownship of Wayne co., Nbw
ARBELA  OF GALILEE, in Palestine, identified by Ro- York, on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester and Syracuse
binson with Irbid, (Arab. Irbil,) is on the W. side of the  Railroad, 185 miles W. by N. of Albany.  It contains 1 or 2
Lake of Tiberias, 33 miles N.W. of Tiberias.  Adjoining are  churches, and several stores. Pop. of township, 5145.
some remarkable caverns.                                         ARCADIA, a post-office of Bienville parish, Louisiana.
ARBIL, ar-beel/, or ERBIL, er-beel!, (ans. Arbe/la,) a town    ARCADIA, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.
of Asiatic Turkey, 40 miles E. by S. of Mosul.  Pop. 6000.    ARCADIA, a post-office of Hamilton co., Indiana.
The modern  town, enclosed by a bastioned brick wall,    ARCADIA, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois, 40 miles
mounting some cannon, is on a mound 60 or 70 feet in  S.W. of Springfield.
height, at the foot of which is a ruined suburb. It has    ARCADIA, a post-village of Madison co., Missouri, on one
some large mosques, baths, and bazaars. Here Alexander  of the sources of St.'rancis River, 120 miles S.E. of Jefiferthe Great obtained his final and decisive victory over Da- son City.
rius, B.c. 331.                                                  ARCADIA, GULF OF, Greece, in the Morea, on the W
ARtBIRLOT, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. coast. It is shallow and open; has Cape Katacolo on the N.,
ARBOE, ar-bol, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Londonderry  and Cape Konello on the S., distant f-om  each other 35
and Tyrone.                                                   miles.
ARBOGA, au-bho'g6 a town of Sweden, 30 miles S.W. of    ARCA/NUM, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.
Westerds. Pop. 2013. It is famous for its ber, and has an    ARCAS, arkts, a group of small islets or rocks in the
active general and transit trade with Stockholm  by the Ar-  Gulf of Mexico. Let. 200 12' 6 N.; lon. 910 59' 2" W.
boga River and Mselar Lake.  The Arboga Canal unites the    ARCAS, aaJkis, a small island of Western Africa, Senslakes of Ma lar and 1Ijelmar.                                 gambta, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Lat. 110i 40( N.;
ARBOIS,,'bwd/, a town of France, department of Jura,  lon. 150 38' W.
100




-=:                                                                                        1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ARC                                                       ARC
ARCE, ar/chs, a town of Naples, province of Terra di La- MIurcia, with extensive w'arm  baths, (temperature, 126c
voro, 10 miles S.S.W. of Sora. Pop. 4356.                 Fah.,) and Roman antiquities. Pop. 2000.
ARC-EN-BARROIS, atk-6a,-bla'aw4/, an ancient town of    AR/CHER, a post-township in the central part of Harr3France, department of Haute-Marne, 13 miles S.W. of Chan- son co., Ohio, about 110 miles N.E. by E. of Columbus.
mont on the Anjou. Pop. 1545, who manufacture woollens. Pop. 875.
ARCENE, am-chA/nA, a village of Lombardy, province of    ARICHIBALD, a thriving post-village of Blakely townBergamo, in a fertile district. Pop. 1250.                 ship, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on the Lackawanna River,
ARCHAIG, Loo, 1oK ar-kaigf, a beautiful lake of Scotland, 4 miles S.S.W. of Carbondale, and 26 miles N.E. of Wilkesco. of Inverness, district of Lochaber, 1 mile W. of Loch  barre. The Delaware and Hudson Railroad, 17 miles long,
Lochy. Length, about 17 miles; breadth, from 1 to 1I miles. connects it with IHonesdale. The village owes its importIt is highly picturesque, though little visited by tourists.   ance and rapid growth to the rich coal-mines which are
ARCHANGEL, ark-kAnjel, (Russ. pron. aRk-angfgh~l,) or  worked in the vicinity by the Delaware and Itudson Canal
ARKIIANGHELSK, aa-ksAng-ghlskt,  a government of Rus- Company. The iron business is also carried on extensively.
sia in Europe, extending from the Ural Mountains on the  The Lackawanna River flows through a fertile and populous
E. to Finland on the VW., comprising Russian Lapland, a  valley, bounded on each side by high ridges. Pop. 1500.
distance of about 920 miles, and firom Yologda and Olonetz    ARCHIDONA, at-che-dolni, a town of Spain, in Andaluon the S. to the Arctic Ocean, about 400 miles. It is thus, sina, 34 miles N. of Mlalaga, built on the S. slope of a rugged
including the White Sea, which occupies a large  space  and lofty mountain, 10 miles W.N.W. of Loga. The houses
nearly in its centre, about 400 miles longer than Great are good, and there are several churches, a medical college,
Britain, and more than twice its width, except where the  a church seminary, two primary schools, a large hospital, a
latter is broadest. It comprises, besides, the large island of  prison, and the remains of an ancient fort. Inthe neighborNova Zembla, in lat. 760 N. The entire province is nearly  hood are rich orchards, giving occupation to many of the
one continuous fiat, and nearly, also, an unvaried scene of  inhabitants, who are also employed in weaving, expressing
desolation and sterility, especially in the northern parts, oil, and curing bacon, which they export in large quantities.
where the ground remains frozen for nine months in the  Pop. 7610.
year. Nor are the southern portions much more inviting.    ARCHIDONA, a town of South America, in Ecuador, 90
HIere meagre pastures, marshes, swamps, and extensive  miles E.S.E. of Quite.
forests occupy nearly all the surface, leaving but little for    ARCHIIPELAGO, ar-ke-pella-go, a name which, although
cultivation.  Almost the only crops raised are hemp, flax, neither its origin nor precise signification have been ascerand some rye, neither the climate nor soil admitting of the  tained, is now generally undeistood to mean a sea intercultivation of oats or wheat. The climate is excessively  spersed with numerous islands or islets: but formerly
cold in winter, and oppressively hotin summer, with sud- applied, more especially, to the 2Egean Sea, (which see.)
den transitions between the two extremes. The timber of    ARCHIPELAGO, EASTERN.  See M.Ln.A  AncuIPELAGo.
the forests is valuable, and forms the principal wealth of    ARCHUDI or ARKUDI, art-keoo/dee, one of the smallest
the government. The government is partitioned into eight of the Ionian Islands, 4 miles N.N.E. of the most N. point
districts, Archangel, Kem,  Kholmogpry, Kola, Mezen, of Ithaca. Lat. 380 371' N.;   Ion. 200 42 E.
Onega, Pinega, and Shenkoorsk.  The mieans of land com-   ARCIDOSSO, an-che-dosfso, atown of italy, inTuscany,promunication in all parts of the territory are very imperfect;  vince of-Grossetto S miles W. by N. of Radicofani. Pop. 5000.
but a great government road was in 1.839-40 constructed    ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, an see/siin-6b, a town of PFrance, dealong the borders of the White Sea, through Kem  to Tor- partment of Aube, capital of the arrondissement, on the
neo, which has since been prolonged to the frontiers of  Aube, 16 miles N. by E. of Troyes.  Pop. (1852) 2652. It is
Norway. Pop. in 1851, 234,064, all Russians, with the ex- pretty well built, has manufactures of cotton stockings and
ception of about 7000 Samoieds, 600 Syxiaenese, and about yarn, and is an entrepot for iron, and for the wooden wares
1700 or 2000 Laplanders.                                   made in the Vosges. On March 20, 1814, Napoleon defeated
ARCHANGEL, a seaport town of Russia in Europe, capi- a division of the allied army near this place.
tal of the above government, on the Dwina, 20 miles from     ARCO, a river of Northern Italy. See ARe.
its embouchure in the Bay of Archangel, and 670 miles    ARCO, aR/ko, a town of Austria, Tyrol, 8 miles W. of
N.E. of St. Petersburg. Lat.(Trinity Church) 64 32' 1/ N.;  Roveredo, on the Sarca, with  2100 inhabitants, an old
lon. 400 33I 5//E. It is ill built, and consists of two princi- castle, and manufactures of silk.
pal and very irregular streets, connected by narrow lanes,   ARCOLA, ac-ko/l, an ancient town of Piedmont, proand paved with wood.  The houses are mostly of wood, vince of Levante, celebrated for its wines. Pop. 2350.
and two stories in height; those of the wealthier classes    ARCOILA, or GUM SPRING, a post-village of Loudon co.,
being handsomely and comfortably furnished. The most'Virginia, 146 miles N. of Richmond, contains a few stores.
remarkable buildings in the town are the great bazaar or    ARCOLA, a post-office of Warren co., North Carolina.
mart, surrounded by high walls, and a marine hospital.    ARCOLA, a village in the E. part of Lake co., Ohio, about
There are 11 churches, an ecclesiastical seminary with 9  36 miles N.E. of Cleveland.
professors, a gymnasium, and schools for navigation and    ARCOLE, ac-koflla, a village of Northern Italy, 15 miles
engineering. In or near the town there area sugar refine- E.S.E. of Verona, on the Alpone, an affluent of the Adige.
ry, a royal dock-yard, some ship-yards for building mer- Pop. 1600. Arcole is celebrated for the victory gained by
chant ships and coasting vessels, rope-walks, &c. The har- Napoleon over the Austrians, November 17, 1796.
bor is at the island of Sollenbole, about 1 mile from the    ARCONA. See AnsKONA.
town, and is usually free from ice only from July to Sep-   ARCOS DE LA PRONTERA, ac/koce dA 11 firon-trcl, a
tember. The trade of Archangel extends as fir as Siberia,  town of Spain, Andalusia, 30 miles N.E. of Cadiz, on an
and along the coasts of the White Sea, E. and W., but is elevated rock near the right bank of the Guadalete. The
greatly dependent on the demand from the more southerly  name is derived from  its being built in the form  of a
ports of Europe, and especially from England, for corn;  "bow."`  Pop. 11,272. It was formerly strongly bfortified,
accordingly, in the years of scarcity, 1846-47, the quantities  but now only a part of its walls remain. Chief manuifacshipped were very great, amounting in the latter to 33,300  ture, that of tanned leather, which is celebrated in the
quarters of wheat, 155,258 quarters of rye, 10,430 quarters  country, having been the first established in Andalusia;
of barley, and 198,170 quarters of oats. The other exports  thread and ropes are also manufactured. There are several
consist principally of linseed, flax, tow, tallow, train-oil, inats, villages in Spain and Portugal named Ancos.
deals, battens and ends, pitch and tar. The imports chiefly    ARCOT, ar'cot/, (NoRnT, and  Sourr,) two contiguous
consist of articles of domestic use, such as coffee, spices, maritime districts of British India, presidency of Madras,
salt, woollens, hardware, &c. This is one of the oldest  comprising the whole country from Coleroon River on the
ports in Russia, having been founded in 1584, and was  S., to the frontier of the Nellore district, on the N. and E.
long the only one. It is the seat of an archbishop, and the  of Cuddapah, Mysore, and Salem, with the exception of the
residence both of a civil and military governor. Pop. exclu- Chingleput district, lying round Madras.  United area,
sive of the garrison, 24,500.                             13,400 square miles. Pop. (1l51) 2,491,878,  Surface, low
ARCHANGEL, BaY or, in Russia, opens to the White  near the sea; inland, hilly, with extensive jungoles. Chief
Sea, having Cape Reretzkoi on the N.E., and Cape Onega  rivers, the Coleroon and Palaur; and on the N.E. coast is
on the S.W., distant from each other 85 miles. It pene- the Pulicat lake. Chief city and towns, Arcot, Vellore, and
trates inland about 65 miles.                             Cuddalore. Arcot was ceded in 1801 to the East India
ARCHANGEL, 1Ra w, Russian America. See SsTKA.           Company; since which it has been greatly improved in
ARCHIANGELSK or ARKHANGELSK, ar-klng-gh6lsk/,a  every respect.
mining town of Russia, government of Orenboorg, 150 miles    ARTCOT/, ARUCOATI, or AROOKATEE, 9-roo-kogtee, a
S.E. of Menselinsk.                                       city of South Hindostan, the Mohammedan capital of the
ARCHANGELSK  or ARKIIANGELSK, markettowns  Carnatic, on the Palaur, 70 miles W'. by S. of Madras. Lat.
in the goverments of Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, and Sim- (fort) 120 54' 14" N.; lon. 790 22' 231/ E. It was first estabbeersk.                                                   lished as capital of the Carnatic in 1716. It was ceded to
ARCHANGELSK, MALO, ml-15! ac-klng-ghllskf, a town  the East India Company in 1801, along with the whole disof Russia in Europe, government of Olonets, 55 miles N.E. trict. The town, which is inhabited chiefly by MohamIKargopol.
ARCHIANGELSK, MALO, a town of Russia in Europe,     The addition de la Erostera (" of the frontier or limit") may
government and 85 miles S. E. of Orel. Pop. 1510.         refer to its position towards the frontier of Spain, or possibly te
ARCIHENA, as-ch,/nl, a town of Spain, 14 miles N.W. of  the limit of some local province.            1
101




ARC                                                          ARD
medans, is of modern erection, enclosed by walls, and con-  proceedings, gives positive facts in proof or the formation of
tains a few buildings worthy of notice. The fort of Arcot  icebergs, by the breaking off of glaciers projecting over the sea.
-was an extensive structure, but the greater part of it has  The second Grinnell expedition was sent out in 1853. Mr.
been demolished. Pop. about 40,000.                           Kennedy's expedition, also in search of Sir John Franklin.
ARCS, LES, lees aRk, (L. Chsl/trsa de dArlcs.bes,) a con-  which left England in 1851, discovered a passage fronm  emune and village of France, department of Var, 5 miles S. gent's Inlet into Victoria Channel. Another expedition, in
of Dragnuignan, near the Argens.  Pop. (1851) 2769.           1852, on the same errand, under Commander Inglefield,
ARCTIAS, ark/she-as or ark/te-as, a small island of the  surveyed for the first time the coast N. of Cape Parry, and
Black Sea, off the coast of Asia Mlinor, 2 miles W.N.W. of  on the same shore. Speaking of the larger icebergs in the
Keresoon.                                                     seas on both sides of Greenland, Dr. Rink, in a paper read
ARCITIC HIGHLANDS, a country situated in the N.E.  before the Royal Geographical Society, observes, they rise
part of Baffin's Bay, on the W. coast of Greenland, between  above the surface of the sea to the height of from 100 to 150
lat. 760 and 770 40' N., and ]on. 620 20' and 740 20' WV.; dis-  feet and upwards, and some are 4000 feet in circumference.
covered, in 1818, by Captain Ross, who gave it the name it  The part above can scarcely be  considered more than onenow bears. The coast trends S.E. and N.W., extending 110  eighth of that below the surface of the water, so that tihe
miles. On the N. and E. hills are seen rising to the height  cubic contents of such an iceberg may amount to about
of upwards of 1000 feet, covered with ice, and separated by  66,000,000 cubic yards.  All agree that the icebergs of these
ravines filled with snow. The coast also is icebound, and it  arctic seas are originally formed on terra firma from the
is only about the bases of the rocks, chiefly granite and  snow and rains, which are never able to reach the ocean in
gneiss, close by the sea, that a stunted and scanty vegeta- a fluid state; but which, in the course of years, are transtion is to be seen. In the interior nothing is found gTow- formed into masses of ice, and are then, through  soume
ing but moss and lichens, a thin, wiry sort of grass, and  physical agency, thrust forward into the sea. The same
furze.                                                        authority says the principal ice-f-iths are those of Jacob's
ARCTIC OCEAN, (named from  Arc/tos, Gr. ApK-os, the  Haven, Tossukatek, Kariak, Kanyeidbursoak, and of Uper"Bear," the constellation of which is principally included  nivik-all on the W. side of Greenland, and betw-een 690
within the celestial Arctic Circle,) that portion of the North- and 730 N. lat.  Most icebergs. says a commentator on
ern Sea extending from  the Arctic Circle (lat. 660 32fN.) to  Dr. Rink, are 1600 feet thick, and draw more than 1200 feet
the North Pole. The Arctic Ocean enters deeply, in the form  water. Captain Ross measured one, the summit of which
of gulfs, bays, &c., into the N. parts of the continents of  was 325 feet above water.
Europe, Asia, and America. The chief of these indenta-    ARCUEIL, aR'kuil, avillage of France, depaitmentof Seine,
tions are the White Sea, in Europe; Sea of Kinara, Gulfs of  3 miles S. of Paris, on the railway from  Paris to Sceaux.
Obi and Yenisei, in Siberia; and Baffin's Bay, in North Ame- Pop. (1852) 3071. Afine aqueduct, constructed by ilary de
iica. It is united to the Pacific by Behring's Straits, and to  Medicis, conveys water from Rungis to Paris. There is also
the Atlantic by a wide sea, extending from Greenland on the  the remains of a Roman aqueduct.
W. to Norway and Lapland on the E. This portion of the    ARCY-SUR-CURE, ar'sei/siia-kiir, a village of France;
Arctic Ocean contains one of the largest archipelagos on the  department of Yonne, 14 miles S.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 1495.
glolbe. The middle of it is occupied by Greenland, and on  Near it are stalactitic caverns of great beauty. -
the E. is an extensive group of islands known under the    ARD, LOCH, lbK ard, a small and fine lake of Scotland,
name of Spitzbergen, the small island of Jan Rayen, amd  co. of Perth, 2 miles W. of Aberfoyle, and one of the sources
Iceland. West of Greenland, and divided firom it by Davis' of the river Forth.
Straits and Baffin's Bay, there are a considerable number    ARDABEEL or ARDABIL, ar-da-beel, a town of Persia,
of islands of great size, with which we are yet but imper-  province of Azerbaijan, on the Karca-soo, 90 mailes E. by N.
fectly acquainted.  The regions embraced by the more re-  of Tabreez.  The houses are mean and small, built of mud
stricted limits of the Arctic Ocean (namely, from lat. 700 N.)  or bricks, and suriounded by a mud-wall. The fortress is
are, perhaps, the most dreary and desolate on the face of the  built in the European style.
globe. Their shores are covered with eternal snows, and    ARDA GHBB, G       /drr, a village and parish of Ireland, co. of
the entire surface of their seas with large fields and huge  Longford.
masses of floating ice, in perpetual motion, and whose con-    ARDAGH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Corkr.
stant and tremendous collisions are attended with the most    ARDAGIH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.
appalling sounds. Dense fogs, violent storms, and endless    ARDAGH, a parish  of Ireland, co. of Mayo.
nights add to the horrors of the scene. There is but one    ARDAGH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath.
month in the year (July) in which snow  does not fall.    ARDALES, an-dfl~s, a town of Spain, 30 miles N.W. of
The Arctic Ocean freezes even in summer; and, during the  Malaga.  Pop. 2890, employed entirely in agriculture. This
eight winter months, a continuous body of ice extends in  vicinity was devastated by destructive storms in 1836 and
every direction from the pole, filling the area of a circle of  1840.
between 3000 and 4000 miles in diamneter.  Some of the    ARDARA, ar-dirlra, a town of Ireland, co. of Ulster, 15
masses of ice that line the shores of this ocean, extend many  miles N.W. of Donegal, head of Lochrus Bay.  Pop. 603.
miles in length, and present sea-fironts of 200 feet in height;    ARDATOY, an-dA-tov/, a town of Russia, government of
while fields of ice, 20 or 30 miles in diameter, and from  10  Simbeersk, on the Alateer, (Alatyr,) 14 miles W. of Alateer.
to 40 feet in thickness, are frequent, and sometimes extend  Pop. 3872. It has two cathedrals.
over 100 miles, so closely packed together, that no opening    ARDATOV, a town of Russia,' 8 miles S.W. of Nizhnee
is left between them. They are also often found to have a  Novgorod.
violent rotary motion, by which they are dashed against    ARDBRAC/CAN, a village and parish of Ireland, co. of
one another with tremendous force. The icebergs, of which  ileath, 2$ miles W. of Navan, and formerly a bishop's see.
vast numbers are seen floating about, vary from a few yards    ARDCIHATTAN, ard-Kat/t3a, a district of Argyleshire,
to miles in circumference, and rise to several hundreds of  Scotland, consisting of the united parishes of Ardchattan
feet in height. The ice in these regions is very transparent  and Muclkairn.
and compact, and remarkable for the variety and beauty    ARDCLACH, arVklca,  a pasish of Scotland, co. of Nairn.
of its tints. The water of the Arctic Ocean is extremely         ARDEA, a           y-dt, a village of Ittly, in thePontifical States,
pure, shells being distinctly visible at a depth of 80 fathoms. 20 miles S. of Rome, and 3 miles from the Mediterranean.
The pressure of its water, at a depth of 1$ mile, was found  This ruined capital of the ancient Reltidi, having only 100
to be 2809 pounds on a square inch of surface. In the year  inhabitants, occupies the rock on which stood its ancient
1848, Captain Roys, of the United States whale-ship Supe-  citadel, and  where some Cyclopean  remains are still
rior, by penetrating through Behring's Straits into the  traceable.
Arctic Ocean, opened a new field to the whale-fishers.  Cap-    ARDEIBYL, a town of Persia. See ARoDABEEL.
fain Roys filled his ship in a few Weeks, and his success led    ARDBCHE, an'daish/ or aa'dR sh/, a river of France, the
more than 300 American whale-ships to follow his example  largest stream in the department to which it gives its name.
in the two following years. These vessels procured oil of  Its source is among the mountains of Cdvennes; and, after
the value of $17,412,453.  In the same year, Dr. Rae ex- a course of 45 miles, falls into the Rhone about a mile from
plored Boothia Inlet, and found that Wollastan and Victoria  Pont St. Esprit.  It is navigable only 5 miles from  itfs
Land were continuous for 1100- miles, and that they were  mouth. Nothing can exceed the magnificence of the scenery
separated from  North Somerset and Boothia by a strait.  on the Ardiche in the earlier part of its course. In the lower
An expedition, sent out fi-om New York under the patronage  part it plunges over a precipice, called Ray-Pic, which is
of Henry Grinnell, Esq., in 1850-1, in search of Sir John  almost perpendicular, and is above 100 feet high.  Below
Franklin, was imbedded in a mass of ice for 8 months, and  this cataract is the Bridge of Arc, justly regarded as one of
drifted about with it, a mere inert body. Captain De Haven, the most remarkable natural curiosities in France.
of the United States navy, who commanded this expedition,    ARD] CHE, a department in the S.E. of France, between
discovered and named Maury's Channel, leading W. from   the departments of Loire, Islre, Drlme, Vaucluse, CGarid, LoWellington Channel, and between Cornwallis and hamil- zSre. and Haute-Loire.  Area,2,110 squaremiles. Pop. (1852)
ton's Islands.  North of these he discovered and named  386,505.  The whole department is of a mountainous chaGrinnell's Land, above lat. 760 N., and W. of the 92d degree  racter.  Numerous volcanoes must have been in active opeof longitude.  Through Maury's Channel, it is the inten-  ration throughout the department at no very remote geotion of the second Grinnell expedition, now (1854) to seek the  logical period. Several of the craters still exhale mephitic
supposed open polar sea. Dr. Kane, surgeon of the former  vapors, and waarm springs issue from their sides. The streams
expedition, and author of a very interesting narrative of its  are the Ardlche, the Erieux, and the Doux. They have all
102




ARD                                                       ARD
an E. course, andbelong to the basin of the Rhone. Among    ARDENTES ST. VINCENT, atadSNt/ s*Na V'~GaoNG1SN, a
the mountains various metals have been found-silver, (a  town of France, on the right bank of the Indre, 51 miles
mine of which gives its name to the town of Argenti6re,)  S.E. of Chhttauroux. Pop. 2480.
antimony, several mines of lead, and iron, which is now    ARDERSEIR, arlder-seerl, a maritime parish of Scotland,
extensively wrought, and, in connection with the limestone  co. of Inverness.
and valuable coalfields of Ardbche, supplies blast-furnaces    ARDES, a d, a town of France, department of Puy-deand forges, which rank as the most important work of the  DWme, on the Couza, 10 miles S.W. of Issoire. Pop. 1793.
kind in France. The prevalence of basalt makes it the    ARDESE, ar-dsIi., a large village of Venetian Lombardy,
chief building-stone in the district, but the calcareous 18 miles N.N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2118.
rocks contain good marble, which is extensively quarried.   ARDESIO, an-dJse-o, an ancient village of Lombardy,.
The most valuable tree is the Spanish chestnut, which  province of Bergamo. Pop. 1800. It has extensive marble
covers extensive tracts, and yields excellent chestnuts, quarries.
known in commerce as the chestnuts of Lyons. The an-    ARDESTAN or ARDISTAN, au'de-stanf, a town of Persia,
nual produce is estimated at 400,000 bushels. In the S., 86 miles N.E. of Ispahan.
both the fig and olive thrive; and the whole department    ARD'FERTI, a village and parish of Ireland, in Munster,
abounds with mulberry-trees, which supply food for silk- co. of Kerry, 4 miles N.W. of Tralee.
worms, the rearing of which is carried on to a great extent.   ARDFIN/NAN, a village and parish of Ireland, in MunThe vineyards are numerous, and a large quantity of wine  ster, co. of Tipperary, on the Suir, 61 miles S.W. of Clonmel.
is produced. Agriculture has its chief seat in the S. in  IHere are the ruins of a castle built by Prince John
the extensive valley of Ardlche; and in the N., in the val- in 1184.
ley of Erieux. Along the valley of the Phone are rich pas-   ARDGLASSI, a seaport town and parish of Ireland, co. of
tures, covered with cattle and sheep. The department is  Down, on the Irish Sea, 6 miles S.E. of DIownpatrick.  Pop.
divided into the arrondissements of Privas, Largentibre, and  of town, 1066. It stands on elevated ground, between two
Tournon; Previous to 1790, this territory formed a portion  hills, and has many new residences frequented by visitors
of Vivarais, a dependence of Languedoc. Capital, Privas.   in the bathing season. It is the centre of the Irish fishARDEEI, (Atherdee, "town on the Dee,") a municipal be- eries on this line of the coast, and from 300 to 400 vessels
rough, town, and parish of Ireland, co. of Louth, on the  from various parts of England and Ireland are frequently in
Dee, 12 miles N.W. of Drogheda. Pop. of town, 3679. It the harbor at one time. Several vessels ply between Ardconsists mostly of wretched cabins, but has some good  glass and the Isle of Man. The pier has a light-house. A
houses, with two old castles, one now a court-house, a  castellated mansion of the chief proprietor is erected on a
church of the thirteenth century, a spacious Roman Ca- range of what were formerly spacious warehouses. This
tholic chapel, union work-house, a savings bank, dis- town enjoyed a flourishing commerce during the Lancaspensary, and several schools; and at one end of the town  trian dynasty.
is a remarkable mound called the castle-guard.               ARDILLATS, L:Es,  Inze.aitdee~y&, a village of France, deARDEKOO or ARDEKU, ar'de-kool, written also ARDE- partment of Rhhne, arrondissement of Villefranche. Pop.
KAN, a town of Persia, province of Khorassan, two days' of commune, 1112.
journey N.W. of Yezd. It has 1000 houses, and a good    ARDINGLEY, arfding-le, a parish of England, co. of
bazaar.                                                    Sussex.
ARDELAN, ar-deh-l3nf, a district of Persia, in Koordis-    ARDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Perks.
tan, forming a part of the province of Irak-Ajemee. Chief    ARDISH or ARJISI. See AKrILA.
towns, Sinna and Kermanshah.                                 ARD'KEENI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.
ARIDEN, a township of England, co. of York, North    ARD'KILLI, a parish of Ireland, co of Kildare.
Riding.                                                      ARDLEIGH, ardllee, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
AR/DEN, a post-office of Berkeley co., Virginia.           ARDLEY (or AUDLEY) STRET/TON, a parish of EngARDENNES or AR/DEN, aRld~n* or ant-d~n, FoREsT  OF, land, co. of Oxford.
(anc. Arduensna Syllva.) This region, familiar to the read-   ARDMIAYLE, ard'mAlel, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipers of Shakspeare, is a vast system of heights and forests, perary.
embracing a part of Belgium, the grand-duchy of Lower    ARDMORE,! a maritime town and parish of Ireland, in
Rhine, and the N. of France; extending W. to the sources  Munster, co. of Waterford, on Ardmore Head, 4 miles N.E.
of the Somme, the Oise, the Scheldt, and the Sambre, and E. of Youghal. There is here a greatly venerated stone, bearto the Moselle. The Ardennes of Caesar's time extended to  ing the name of St. Declan, reputed in early Christian times
the Rhine, and consisted of an immense forest. At present to have founded a monastery here.
the name is confined to the chain of wooded heights, which,   ARDMORE HEAD, a promontory on the S. coast of Ireextending N.W. to S.E. on each side of the Meuse, in the N. land, co. of Waterford. Lat. 510 52' N., ion. 70 40' W.
of the department of Ardennes, descend between Sainte    ARDMULCIIAN, ard-mulfkan, a parish of Ireland, co. of
Menehould and Luxembourg, and are finally lost in the  Meath.
plains of the ancient Champagne.                             ARDNAGEEHY, ardna-gheelhee, a parish of Ireland, in
ARDENNES, a frontier department in the N.E. of France, Munster, co. of Cork.
formed of the N. part of the old province of Champagne,   ARD'NAGLASSI BAY, an inlet on the W. coast of Ireland,
and a small part of the provinces of Picardie and Flandre, in Connaught, co. of Sligo. It extends inland for 6 miles,
named from the mountains and wooded country of which  with an average breadth of 2 miles. It receives the Owen
it forms a part, having N. the grand-duchy of Luxem- beg River, and at its head is the town of Ballysadore.
bourg, WV. the department of Aisne, S. Marne, and E.   ARDNAMURCHAN, ard-na-mhirfKan, a very extensive
Moeuse.  Area, 1955 square miles.  Pop. (1852) 331,129. parish of Scotland, cos. of Inverness and Argyle.
Rivers, the Meuse and its affluents, the Bar, the Vence, and    ARDNAMURCHIIAN, PoINs  OF, a cape or headland in
Sermone; the Aisne, and its affluents, the Aire, the Vaux,  Scotland, the westernmost point of the mainland of Britain
and the Retourne. The climate is generally cold and hu- A light-house has been recently erected here. Lat. 560 43'
mid; the soil mountainous, and much wooded in the N. 45" N., lon. 60 13' 30" W.
The department contains numerous iron-mines, slate and    ARD]NAREEI, in Ireland, co. of Mayo, is that part of the
marble quarries, potter's clay, and sand. Abundance of  town of Balline E. of the river loy. See BALLINA.
corn is raised in the rich valleys of the Aisne; cider and    ARDNURCIHIER, ardnurl/Kfr, or HORSELEAP, a parish
beer are made, with a little wine. Industry is very active  of Ireland, in Leinster, WVestmeath, and King's cos.
in ironware. It has royal manufactories of fire-arms, and    ARDOCH, an/doK, or BRACO, brO/ko, a village of Scotland,
metallic wares generally; earthenware, glass, marble goods, co. of Perth, 4 miles S.S.W. of Muthill, near which are
woollen cloths, shawls, clockworks, and chemical products, traces of a Roman camp, supposed to be the most perfect
Trade is carried on in the agricultural and manufactured  existing in Britain.
articles of the department. The Meuse, the Aisne, and the    ARDORE, an-dofra, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
Canal of Ardennes, which connects the two rivers, furnish- Ultra I., near the Mediterranean, 7 miles S.S.W. of Gerace.
ing great facilities for intercommunication. Ardennes is di- Pop. 2959.
vided into the arrondissements of Mlzilres, Rethel, Rocroy,   ARDOYE, ar'dwml, a market-town of Belgium) province
Sedan, and Vouziers, its chief towns. Capital, MDziSres.   of West Flanders, 16 miles S. W. of Bruges. Pop. (with
ARDENTES SAN MARTIN, ae'dhNt! sANe mantOtNMe, a  commune) 7400, engaged in linen bleaching, brewing, and
commune and village of France, department of Indre, on the  manufactures of wax and tallow candles.
left bank of the Indre, 6 miles, S.E. of Chhteauroux. Pop.   ARDOYNE; ar-doin!, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Wicklow
2000. It has important manufactures of scythes and tools. and Carlow.
ARD'PATIRICK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.
* "And ARDENNES waves above them her green leaves,       ARD'QUIN!, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.
Dewy with nature's tear-drops, as they pass." —Byron.  AIDRATI, arldrab, or AZEM, a town of Africa, capital
In the works of some of the poets, this name is spelled Arden,  of a province of the same name, kingdom of Dahomey, let.
In which case it is invariably to be accentuated on the first 60 35' N., Ion. 30 42' E., about 20 miles from the sea-coast,
syllable                                                  on the shores of a lake. Pop. 10,000.
"Beyond old ARDEN, in his sister's home"-            ARDIAHIAN,  s-ar'drh han, a parish of Ireland, in Con"The warrior who from ARDEN'S fated fount          naught, so. of Gnlway.
Drank of the bitter waters of aversion."           ARDREA or ARDREE, ard'reef, a parish of Ireland, in
SouTrHY's Joan of Arc, books i. and iv.    Leinster, Queen's co.
103




ARD                                                          ARE7
ARDRiEA or ARDREE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,  N.E. of Christiansand on tile Skamer-, ack   at. 580 25' N.;
co. of Kildare.                                               Ion. 8~ 32' tE. It lies at the mouth of the Nid River, and is
AlllDRdES, and'r, a fortified town of France, department built on rocks projecting out into the commodious haven,
of Pas-de-Calais, on the railway firom  Calais to Paris, 10  formed within the islands Troimde and HiserSe. The buildmiles S.E. of Calais. Pop. 1129. Near this was held, in 1520, ings are of wood, clustered in declivities, and scattered up
the celebrated interview of the "Field of the Cloth of Gold,"  the surrounding heights, one of which is crowned by a handbetween Henay VIII. and Francis  I. of France.                some church. The town has a commercial and two other
ARDRISTAN, as parish of Ireland, co. of Carlow.            schools, a custom-house, and three yards for ship-building.
ARDROSSAN, ar-droslsan,  a seaport town and parish of  N. of the town are some celebrated iron-mines. Arendal posScotland, co., and 16 miles N.W. of Ayr, on the Firth of  sesses nearly 200 sea-going ships, chiefly employed in export,
Clyde, opposite the Isle of Arran. It is now a fashionable  ing timber, and in importing grain and other kinds of food.
bathing-place, with good hotels and handsome villas; and  About 4 miles from the port, on the island of Torungen, is
it communicates by a branch railway with the Glasgow and  a fixed light, 130 feet high. Lat. 580 23' 21 N.; Ion. 80 52'
Avr lines at IKilwinning, and by steam-packets with Arran, 5" E. In 1846, the town proper had increased to 3562, inBI;lftast, and Liverpool.  The harbor, formed at an immense  eluding suburbs, 4500.
expen5se     by the late Earl of Eglintoou, is sheltered by a    ARENDONCK, ~sren-dbnkf a town of Belgium, 29 miles
piei and Horse Island, and has a light-house on the N.E. N.E. of Antwerp.  Pop. 3488, employed in stocking and linen
of the Breakwater, with a fixed light. Lat. 550 385 27" N.;  weaving, and in distilling.
ion. 50 49' 280, W. Export of coal from  this port has been    ARENDSEE.  lrknt-sPt,     a town of Prussian Saxony, 53
rapidly increasing. Pop. of town in 1851, 2677.               miles N. of Mlagdeburg. Pop. 2016.
AtDSALLAGII, ard'sallass, or ARDSAL'LA, a parish of    ARENDTSIVILLE, a post-office of Adams co., PennIre Tnd, co. of Meath.                                        sylvania.
ARDSKEAGII, ard'skil', a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.      ARENSBURG, frens-b3i6nro, a seaport town of Russia, goARDSLEY, ardztlee, a township of England, co. of York,  vernment of Livonia, capital of the island of Oesel, on its S.
W est Riding.                                                 coast, in the Gulf of Riga. It has an active commerce. Its
sARDSLEY,    EAST, a parish of England, co. of York, West  harbor being shallow, vessels anchor at the "Kettle," 5 miles
Riing.                  W. of the town, where from 20 to 30 arrive annually, mostly
A RiDSLEY.   YVEST, or WOO'DIKIRK, a parish of England,  from Lubeck, Sweden, and Holland.
co. of York, West Riding.                                        ARENTHON, -r6NG~t6NG/, a- village of the Sardinian States,
RDISTRAW, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, in the province of Faucigny.
cormprising the town of Newtown-Stewart, (See NEWTOWN-    ARENYS DE MAR, l-rA-nees! dA  man, a seaport town of
S'AWAnT,) and villages of Aridstraw and Douglas Bridge.      Spain, on the Mediterranean, in Catalonia, 25 miles N.E. of
ARDITREA or ARTREA, art-reel, a parish of Ireland, in  Barcelona.  Pop. 4784. With a few manufactories of silk,
Ulster. cos. of Tyrone and Londonderry.                       cotton, hosiery, and lace. Chief exports, wine, timber, and
A tDYAR,   LOCn, 10oK ard-var, an arm of the sea in Scot- charcoal.
-t-'d, on the W. coast, co. of Sutherland.  Lat. 580 16' N.;   ARENYS DE MIIUNT, a-rA-nees/ dA moont, a little N. of
lon. 5'I V. It is a small, but safe hareor for smallvessels.  the foregoing.  Pop. 1233.
A1DllDUENNA SYLVA.  See AnDE sNES.                            ARENZANO, A-rin-,zno, a village of the Sardinian States,
AiD/W1CIK.  a suburb of Manchester, England, and within  15 miles W. of Genoa. Pop. 3250.
the sounds of its borough.  The Sheffield Railway joins that   ARENZ!VILLE, a post-village of Cass co., Illinois, on Inof Birmingham in this  suburb. Pop. in 1851, 15,777.          dian Creek, about 48 miles W. from Springfield.
ARDZ-R00O   or ARDZ-fRUM.   See ERzE.oosr.                   AREQUIPA, A-rl-keefpA, the most S. department of Peru,
AREtAS. [5-1r4 its, or S40 MIGUELt  DAS AREAS, se9'Ax.extending along the Pacific, between lat. 150 and 210 S., and
me-girhelf dos A-r'jas, a small town of Brazil, in the province of  ion. 69~ and 750 IV., having on the E. and S. Bolivia. Pop.
S:o Paulo. 150 miles N.E. of Santos, and 110 miles N.W. of in 1850, 119,337.
Rio Janeiro, on the confines of the province of that name,    AREQUIPA, a city of Peru, capital of the department of
and on the road to the city of S-ao Paulo. The principal  the same name, 450 miles S.E. of Lima, and about 40 miles
commerce consists in coffee and fowls. Pop. of town and  firom the shores of the Pacific. Lat. 160 30' S.; ion. 720 20'
district, 6000.                                               WV. It is finely situated, 7850 feet above the sea level, on
ARIEBO', AR/OB0, or ARIBON, an-b6NG1, a town of Africa,  the plain of Quilca, on the river Chili, which is here crossed
in Guinea, 30 miles S.W. of Benin, on the river of Formosa,  by a handsome stone bridge. It enjoys a delightful climate,
40 miles from its mouth.                                      and is esteemed one of the best built and most beautiful
ARECHAVALETA,  -r A-cbcA-vA-lA/tA, a town of Spain, in  towns of South America. It has a square ornamented with
the province of Guipuzcoa, 27 miles N.E. of Vittoria, on the  an elegant bronze fountain, -a cathedral, several churches,
high road from Madrid to Bayonne. Pop. 2430.                  3 nunneries, 6 convents, a college, and a hospital.  The
ARECiFE, p -rA seefft, (, e. the " reef,") a seaport town of  houses and public edifices are all of stone, generally only of
the Canaries, in the island of Lanzarote, on its S.E. coast, one floor, with thick walls and vaulted roofs, to resist the
nimediately S. of the small but secure port of Naos. Pop. shocks of earthquakes, which are frequent here, and so de2500, mostly fishermen. In winter its harbor is resorted to  structive as to have laid the city in ruins on four different
by nearly all the island boats,                                occasions, besides the damage done by less violent conARED, rrid, E:AAAR-IEDIH1I, 1-1red', JEWEL ARIDII, vulsions. It has manufactures of woollen and cotton stuffs,
mid,oMA o     t 1 ilEE;YEi, H(IMARIYEH,) e-mos-reefych, a moun-  and gold and silver tissue, with an active and flourishing
tain  range in Arabia, traversing Nedjed from S.W. to N.i. from   trade. In the neighborhood are several gold and silver
Mecca to Bassorah,   a total distance of upwards of 550 miles. mines, and the district round the town is fertile and well
ARELAS,  ARELATE or ARELATUM.  See AnE:s.                  cultivated. Pop. about 35,000.
ARELEY or ARLEY: UPPsEs,; parish of England, co. of    AREQUIPA, VOLCANO  OF, the most celebrated volcano
Stafford.                                                     of the Andes next to Cotopaxi, in Peru, about 14 miles E. of
ARELEtY, KITN GS,  a parish of England. co. of Worcester.  Arequipa. Height, 20,300 feet, for the upper 500 of which it
AREMiBERGMEPPEN, (t'rem-blsax miplpen,) DUCHIY  is commonly covered witlh snow. It forms a regular cone
OF, a political division of hranover, between Oldenburg and  truncated at the summit, and has a deep crater from which
Holland, comprising an area of 740 sqiare miles. It is tra- ashes and vapor continually issue.
versed  fiom  S. to N. by the Ems, and consists chiefly of    ARES, sirts, a seaport town of Spain, 9 miles N.E. of Cosandy waters. moors, and heaths. In 1826 it was erected  runna, with ruins of extensive fortifications. Pop. 1850.
into a duchy, by George IV. of Great Britain. Pop. 49,000.    AR'ETHU/SA, a celebrated fountain of Sicily, in the city
ARENA, iA-riAn- a town of Abyssinia, on Howakel:Bay, on  of Syracuse. It springs from  the earth under a natural
the W. shore of the Red Sea, 50 miles S.E. of Arkeeko.        arch in the rock within a short distance from the sea, from
ARENA, A-r/n', a town of Piedmont, in the province of  which it is separated by the city wall only. The water deVoghera, 184 miles N.E. of Voghera, with an ancient castle. scribed by the ancient writers as pure and sweet, is now
Pop. 3090.                                                    brackish from the sea having found access to it.
ARENA, A-riAnA, a town of Naples, in the province of    ARETTE,'rktt/, a town of F'rance, department of BassesCalabria Ultra, II.                                           Pyrlnoes, canton of Aranaitz.  Pop. 1172.
ARENA, a-reefna, a post-village  of Iowa co., Wisconsin,    AREVALO, A-rA-vi:lo, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 28
on the S. bank of Wisconsin River, about 30 miles W. by N. miles N.of Avila, on the Adaja, with remains of ancient forof Madison.                                                  tifications.  Pop. 2201.
AR'ENAC!, a new county in the E. part of Michigan,    AREZZO, A-r~t/so, (anc. Arre'ltium,) a city of Italy, Tusbordering on Saginaw Bay, contains about 544 square miles. cany, capital of the province of its own name, on the
It is drained by Sandy River. The surface is mostly covered  Chiana, am affluent of the Arno, 38 miles S.E. of Florence.
with forests. The county is not yet organized, and is  Pop. 11,716.  Its walls are evidently Etruscan, adci  it
attached to Saginaw county for judicial purposes. It is not abounds in architectural remains of the middle ages; but
named in the census of 1850.                                 except the ruins of an amphitheatre, its Ioman a iantiquitises
ARENACUM. See AaNuxEma.                                    are scanty. Chief edifices, a cathedral, and several other
ARENAS, i-rAnas, a Spanish word signifying "sands,"  churches rich in works of art; the famous lo#ie of Vasari,
the name given to various islands, capes, sand-banks, &c. in  in the principal square, comprising a theatre, customdifferent parts of the world.                                house, town-hall. hospital, a museum, a library, and the
ARENDAL, /ren-dMi', a seaport town of Norway, 36 miles  house in which Petrarch was born, July 20, 1304. Ancieni
104




ARG                                                           ARG
Zrretiine was famous for its manufacture of terra-cotta  4Argentomfeogus,) a town of France, department of Indre,
vases; the principal manufactures of modern Arezzo are  on the Creusze, 17 miles S.W. of ChAteauroux. Pop. (1851)
woollen stuffs and pins. The city is celebrated for the  5332. It has ruins of an ancient castle, and manui'factorie
great number of eminent men who were born in it; among  of woollen cloths.
whom may be mentioned Maecenas, Petrarch, Yasari, Guido    ARGENTOEATUTI.  See ScnASBOuro,.
the inventor of musical notationsand the physiologist Iledi.    ARGENTRI,   ar'zh8NG'trA/, a village of'rance, departlMichael Angelo was born in its immediate vicinity, in 1474. ment of Ille-etVilaine, 5 miles S.S.E. of Vitr6. Pop. 2163.
AI{GA. ap.AA, a river of Spain, in Navarre, rising in the    AR1GENTR]I  S08 LAYAL, ar'              GzhdeGtrn/ soo tv0fl/, a
Pyrenees, falls into the Aragon.   Total course, 60 miles.    village of France, department of Mayenrne, 6 miles E. of
AitGfr]US (ar-ieefus) MOUNT, (Turk. ALish-Dogh, ar- Laval. Pop. (18151) 1702.
jeeshl-dkn or Ercljsh or Eish-Dagh, er-jeeshflduo) the lofti-    ARGHlANA-MABEN, arleg-n —ma/den, a town of Asiatic
est mountain of Asia Minor, pashalie of IKariamania, about  Turkey, 33 miles N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Tigris, near
12 miles S. of Ka'fsareeyeh.  Circumference, about 60 miles;  its source. Pop. about 4000. It has some copper-mines, (zacarea, 300 squaire miles; and height, 13s100 feet. It is isolated, cden signifies " mines,") but charcoal has to be brought from
except on the S.E. side, where it is connected with a branch  a distance for smelting the ore, the coal of its vicinity being
of the Taurus chain. Its flanks are studded all round with  of very inferior quality.
volcanic cones. The lower line of perpetual snow is ele-    ARGIIURI.  See AR0oonEE.
vated 10,700 feet.                                              ARGlGO.  See AnKEEO..
ARIGAM or ERIGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York,    ARGISH.  See AKHLAT.
East Riding.                                                    ARG:IRO-KASTRIO. See ARGYRO-CASTRO.
ARGAMASILLA DE ALBA, aa-gA-mg-seellya d  VltbA, a    APJGO, (anc. Gaogodes  or Gore-?) an island in the Ni'e,
town of Spain, in Nwv Castile, 84 miles S.S.E. of Madrid, on  Nubia, between lat. 190 10' and 190 32' N. Length, from N.
the Guadiana. Pop. 1600.                                      to S., 25 miles; breadth, 5 miles.
ARGAMASILLA BE CALATRAVA, an-ga-mn-see          el'yl dA    AR/GO, a post-office of -Hall co., Georgia, 120 miles N. of
kA-]i-trAvA, a town of Spain, 13 miles S. of Ciudad Real.  Milledgeville.
Pop. 2020.                                                      ARGO, a small post-village of Carroll co., Illinois, 200
ARGANA MADEN. See AtRGHANA MqADEN.                          miles N. from Springfield, and 6 miles E. from the MissisARGANDA  DEL REY, aa-gAn/dl  dtl ri/e, a town of  sippi Riiver.
Spain, 16 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 2772. An elegant iron    ARGO, a post-village of Crawford co., Missouri, 60 miles
bridge over the Jariama, W. of the town, was opened in Oc- S.E. from Jeffeirson City.
tober, 1843.                                                    AlRGO, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa.
ARGANIL, ac-ga-neelf, a town of Portngal, in Beira, capital   AR'GOLt, a village of France, department of Finist/re, 11
of the comarca, 28 miles E.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 1675.        miles N.W. of Chateaulin.
ARlGAUMI, a village of Central India, Berar dominions,   ARGOL, a hamlet of Francs, department of Finistbire,
38 miles W.S.W. of Ellichpoor.  H-/ere the troops under the  arrondissemenat of Brest, with a small harbor on the GerDuke of Wellington (thenGeneral Wellesley) totally defeated  man Ocean.
the Nagpoor forces, November 28, 1803.                          ARGOL, a commune and town of France, department of
ARGEL. ARGELINO. See AoIEn.s.                              Deux-Sdvres, with ruins of an ancient castle.
ARGEL/IS,  aitzh'ld/ or anzhchh-l,   a town of France,    APRGOLIS, a department of the kingdom of Greece, Morea,
department of /tantes-Pyrdn6es on the Gave d'Azun, 17  forming a small part of the ancient Ars-golis, and extending
miles S.S.W. of Tarbes. Pop. (1851)'1589.                     along the N. shore of the gulf of the same name.
ARGELES, a village of France, department of Pyrdnues-    ARGONNE, (aicgonnl,) FORESe  0F, the former name of a
Orientales, 12 miles S. of Perpignan. Pop. 2325. Formerly a  country of France, departments of Meuse and Ardennes.  It
fortified town.                                               forms a small plateau still partly covered  with waood, exARGENS, asnzhlNOf, a river of France, with three differ- tending from  Toul to M/dilres, and separating the basins
ent sources. Course, about 60 miles; falls into the Mediter- of the Aisne and Heuse.
ranean about 21 miles S.W. of Frdjus.                           AR'GOONI or ARGUN, a river in the Russian dominions,
ARGENTA, aa-j/n/t, a town of Italy, pontifical states, 18  government of Irkootski, rises in a lake in Chinese Tairtary, 
miles S.E. of Ferrara. Pop. 2600.                             and flowing from S. to N., separates the Russian and Chines,
ARGENTAN, aa'zhlNastNG/, (L. Argenuce and Asgentoniume  Empires, and joins the Shillka to form the Amoor. A-eooO:sYCastrw-sm,) a town of France, department of Orne, capital of  is a palisaded fort of Russia, government of Irkootsk, on the
the arrondissement, 22 miles N.N.W. of  lnlengon.  Pop. left boank of the Argoon, in lat. 510 51' N., lon. 119~ 50 E.
(1852) 5673. It is well built and clean, and has manufac-    ARGOON or ARGUN, a river in the Russian dominions,
tures of linens and lace called point d'Airgienta, with bleach- Circassia, district of Tchetchentsi, rises in the Caaucasus,
ing grounds and tanneries,                                    flows N.N.E., and joins the Terek, in lon. 460 10' E.
ARGENTARIA.  See ARGENoTIERA.                                 ARGOOREE or ARGUIRI, as-goolree, a village of Russian
ARGENTARO, aa;j/n-tAlro, or EGRISOO-TAG/I, egfre-sool-  Armenia, 186 miles S. of Tiflis, on the level gronund at the
tUg, a mountain of Turkey in Europe, one of the highest of  end of the great chasm on the N.E. slope of Mount Airsia,
the Balkan range between Servia and Macedonia.                about 5400 feet above the sea. This was formerly one of the
ARGENTARO, (aR-jin-ti/ro,) MOUNT, a mountain pro- largest and most beautiful villages in Armenia. On Julyj 2,
montary, Western Italy, projecting into the Mediterranean  1840, an eruption of Ararat overwhelmed, in one common
at the S. extremity of Tuscany, immediately W. of Orbitelio.  destruction, the village of Argooree, and the monastery and
Lat. 420 24' N.; Ion. 110 10' E.; culminating point, la Cima   chapel of St. James, with their inhabitants and  inmates,
delle tre Croci, 1700 feet in elevation.                      cnisisting   of 1500 Armenians,  400 Koordish servants, and
ARGENTAT, an'zh6NGetdt, a town of France, department  8 monis.  Only 114 individunls escaped, who were  engaged
of Corrze, on the Dordogne. Pop. (1851) 3535.                 in the field, and otherwise at a distance from the scene of
ARGENTEAU, aa'zhd'\i'tie  a village of Belgium, on the  the calamity.  Since the eruption, the wells of the village
IMeuse, 6 miles N.E. of Lige. -Pop. 800.                      have riven forth discolored water of a sulphurons taste.
*  ARGENTEUIL, aet'zha,?tultl/, (L. _Aigeitoslnum, a town of    ARGOS, arigos, a tow-i of Greece, department of Argolis,
France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, 11 miles  60 miles N.N.~.  of Nauplia, near the head of its gulf, and
N.E. of Versailles. Pop. (1852) 4767. It was to a monastery  20 miles S.S.W. of Corinth.  Pop. about 8000.  it is conin this town that H-eloise retired in 1120, after the misfor-  sidered the most ancient city of Greece, and was long the
tunes of Abelard.                                             capital of -Argolis. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, was killed in its
ARGENTIERA, ar-jin-te-~rA,  ARGENTARIA, aat-jln-t- streets 272 n.c. The  ruins of AArgos Anlehiioclc nciec, Acarreels, or KIIIi/OLI, Keetmo-lee,  (anc. Ginotlis  or CimsTlus, nania, exist at the S.E. corner of the Gulf of Arta, 15 miles
and Echinuclsa, or the isle of vipers,) an island in the Gre-  E.S.E. of Vonitza.
cian Archipelago.  Lat. 360 49, 3' N.; Ion. 240 33' 5" E. It    ARGOSTOLI, an-gos/to-le, a seaport town, lonianIslands,
is about 18 miles in circumference, and of volcanic formation. capital of the island of Cephalonia, on its S.W. side, with an
ARlGENTIliRE,  _EnazhG't-te-.aiRT, or L'ARGEN TIERE, lart- excellent port in the Gulf of Argostoli. Lat. 380 10' N.; ion.
zhte- tsaiR/,  a commune and village of France, department  190 59' 33/ E. Pop. 8000. "The improvements of Colonel
of IHautes-Alpes, 9 miles S.E. of Briangon, on the right bank  Napier have given to this town  the air of an English
of the Durance.  Pop. 1233.                        n          watering-place."  It is the residence ofthe Bmitish go'ernor
ARGENTIERE, COL D', kol daa'zhatN'te-aiat, a neountain  and Greek bishop, and is the seat of justice of the island.
pass, Maritime Alps, on the road fromnaqrcelonnette tofoni,    ARItGOSVILLE, a post-office of Schoharie co., New York,
7200 feet above the sea level. Lat. 440 27' N.; ion. 6~ 55' E. 46 miles W. from Albany.
ARGENTINA,  am-Hine-tee/nu, a small port and settlement    ARGOUGES, aa`-goozhl, a town of France, department of
of La Plata, at the head of Blanco Bay, 390 miles S.S.W. of  Manche, arrondissement of Avranches. Pop. of coem., 1576.
Bueneos  Ayres.  Lat. 380 20' S.; ion. 620 10' W.               ARGOUN. See AtGooN.
ARGENTINE  (ar/jen-teen) REPUBLIC, (Sp. mepubica Ar-    ARGOVIE or AIRGOVIA. See AAnoAu.
gectina, ret-poob/le-kai aR-nHn-tee/n0,) South America.  See    ARGUENON, an'glt'h-n6NdI, a river of France, departnment
PLATA.                                                        of C~tes-du-Nord, passes Jugon, and Iflls into the English
ARGENTINE, arm-en-tine, a post-township in the S. part  Chanuel  at the port of Guildo, 10 miles W.S.W. of St. Malo,
of Genesee  co, Michigan, about 55 miles N.W. of Betroit.  navigable with the tide to Planccdt, 4 miles from its mouth.
Pop. 436.                                                      ARIGUIN, atm-goo-een! or aa-gween/, an island off the W.
A1/t-E -NTON-SUTP - COREUSE, aarzh,'hL't6.-s'mao-krUZ, (anc. of Afriica, 25 miles S.E. of Cape Blanco, and about 8 mileq
105




ARG                                                         ARK
from the shore. Lat. 200 27/ N.; Ion. 160 371 W. It is from   the other by the Salat, both navigable.  In the N. the clil
30 to 40 miles long and 1 mile broad. The island is formed  mate is mild and temperate; but in S. the heat is oppres.
of a white rock covered with shifting sand; it produces do  sive in summer, and the cold extreme in winter. The higher
wood, but has abundance of excellent water. The danger-  lands in the S. furnish principally wood and pasturage, withl
onus bank of Arguin extends N. to S. through 1- degrees  some medicinal plants; the lower are remarkable for their
of latitude from near Cape Blanco to Cape Mirik.              fertility. The vine is cultivated up to the middle of the
ARGUIN, a town of Western Africa, on the coast S.E. of  higher mountains. Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and
Cape Blanco, with large markets in. June and December.        goats are reared. The staple trade of the department is in
ARGUN. See AsooN.                                           iron, the principal mines of which are in the Vicdessos, and
ARGURI. See ARGOOREE.                                       supply nearly 60 furnaces in this department alone. Lead
AR/GUS, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama.           and copper are procured in various places; also small quanARGYLE or ARGYLL, ar-gtlIle, a maritime county of  titles of silver. Marble, jaspar, gypsum, slates, and coal are
Scotland, on its W. side, greatly indented by arms of the  worked.  Chief commerce in iron, wood for building, grain,
sea, and having on the N., Inverness-shire, E., the counties  and cheese; and manufactures of steel wares, paper, cotton,
of Perth and Dumbarton, and W. and S. sides, the Atlantic  and woollen cloth. It is divided into the three arrondisseand Irish Channel.  It includes the islands of Mull, Is- ments of Foix, Pamiers, and St-Girons.
lay, Jura, Tiree, Coil, Iona, &c. Area, about 3180 square    ARIEL. /re-el, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.
miles, of which 2735 belong to the mainland, and 1063 to    ARIELLI, A-re-el/lee, a town of Italy, kingdom of Naples,
the islands. Pop., in 1851, 89,298. Surface mostly rugged  province of Abruzzo Citra, 9 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 1400.
and mountainous, and 1,524,000 acres unprofitable; of the    ARIENZO, A-r e-n/zo, a town of Naples, province of Terra
remainder, 308,000 acres are under culture, and 600,000 acres  di Lavoro, 18 miles N.E. of Naples, on Mount Tifati, between
uncultivated. Loch Awe is in this county, and the total Naples and Benevento. It has 7 parish churches, an hosarea of fresh water is estimated at 52,000 acres. Great num- pital, and a mont-cd-lji t. Pop. between 10,000 and 11,000.
bers of cattle are reared here fbr export to Southern mar-    ARIET/TA, a township of Hamilton co., New York.  Pop.
kets. Manufactures unimportant; but steam  navigation  108.
has lately given impulse to all branches of industry. Chief    ARIGAL, Are-g'l,, a mountain of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
towns, Inverary, Campbelton, and Oban. Itreturns 1 mem- Donegal, 71 miles E. of Guidore Bay. Height, 2462 feet.
her to the House of Commons. Argyle gives the title of duke    ARIG/NA, a coal and iron district in Ireland, in the N. of
to the head of the Campbell family.                            co. of Roscommon, on the stream of the same name.
ARGYLE, ar-ghile, a county of New South Wales, between    ARIMINUM,  See RIiI.I.
lat. 340 and 350 S., and Ion. 1490 and 1500 E., enclosed by    ARINOS, A-ree/noce, a river of Brazil, province of Mlattothe counties of Camden, Georginiana, St. Vincent, King, and  Grosso; rises in the Parecis mountains, takes a N.W. course,
Murray. Its rivers are affluents of the Warragamba.  It  and falls into the river Tapajos, an affluent of the Amazon, in
sends 1 member to the legislative council. Pop. 5000.         lat. 90 301 S., lon. 5SO 20' W., after a course of about 700 miles.
ARGYLE, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, about    ARINTI-IOD, AIrANe'tol, an  ancient town of France, de90 miles N.E. of Augusta.  Pop. 338.                          partment of Jura, 19 miles S. of Lons-le-Saulnier, near the
ARGYLE, a post-village and township of Washington co., Valouze. Pop. (1852) 1426.
New York, on Moseskill Creek, 45 miles N. from  Albany.    ARIP/PO, a maritime village of Ceylon, on its WV. coast,
Pop. 3274. It has an academy.                                  35 miles N.N.E. of Calpentyn. It is the residence of governARGYLE, a post-village in Cumberland co., North Caro- ment authorities during the pearl-fishing season.
lina, 74 miles S.S.W. from Raleigh.                              ARISI. See  Es A)Ies.
ARGYLE, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia.                 ARISPE, -risepA, a town of the Mexican Confederation,
ARGYLE, a post-office of lMcDonough co., Illinois, 92 miles  capital of the department of Sonora, on the Sonora River, in
N.W. from Springfield.                                         the Sierra Madre.  Pop. variously computed from  3000 to
ARGYLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Missouri.            7600. There are extensive ruins N.W. of the town, and nuARGYLE, a post-village of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, on the  merous mines in its vicinity.
Wassemon river, about 45 miles N.E. from Galena.                 ARIS/PE, a post-village of Bureau county, Illinois, about
ARGYRO-CASTRO, antghe-ro kAsltro, (modern Greek  2s — 60 miles N. from Peoria.
gurol-kas-t'on; Turk., Erg/oee  Kastree,) a town of Albania,    ARITHI, Areet', a town of Piedmont, in Savoy Proper,
sanjak I)elvino, on the Deropuli, a tributary of the Voyus- near the river Chdran.  Pop. 1220.
sa, 47 miles N.W. of Yaninn.  Pop. estimated at from  4000    ARIZA, iA-reethb, a town of Spain, 70 miles S.W. of Sato 9000, comprising 2000 Albanian and 200 Greek families. ragossa.
It is picturesquely situated, and has many mosques, a cas-    ARIZE,,reez/, or LARIZE, IA'lreez/, a river of France,
tie (the residence of its governor,) and a good bazaar.        which rises aniong  the mountains of Esplas, a branch of
ARIA, the ancient name of eastern provinces of Persia. the Pyrenees, and, after a course of about 25 miles, falls inSee PERSIA.                                                    to the Garonne, opposite Carbonne, in lat. 430 5i N., Ion. 10
ARIANO, A-re-Ano, a town of Italy, kingdom  of Naples, 20' E. It traverses Roche-du-Mas, one of the most remarkprovinceof Prineipato-Ultra, capital of district, in the Apen- able caverns of the Pyrenees.
nines, 17 miles of E. Benevento. Pop. 11,718. It has a    ARIZU or ARITZU, A-rit-sool, a village in the island of
mountain fortress, a cathedral, a diocesan school, manufac-  Sardinia, 40 miles N. of Cagliari, on a mountain. Pop. 2200.
tures of earthenware, and an export trade in wine, and in  Chief trade in cattle, cheese, and snow.
butter, preserved in hollow cheese rinds.                        ARJA, at/jA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of BagARIANO, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, 25 miles E.N. dad, on the Euphra tes, 92 miles N.W. of Bassorab.
B. of Ferrara.  Pop. 2000.                                       ARJE PLOG, Ataye-plog', a town of Swedish Lapland, Pited
ARICA, A-reekA, a maritime town of Peru, capital of a dis- Lappmark, on the Horn Lake, 175 miles N.N.E. of Umeii.
trict of its own name, 200 miles S.S.E. from Arequipa. Let.   ARJISHI, aa'jeeshl, a river of European Turkey, Wal180 28' 1/ S.; lon. 700 24' W. It was formerly a much more  aInchia, rises in the East Carpathian Mountains, and joins
important place than now, being the port from which the  the Danube 42 miles S.S.E. of Busiharest, after a S. eastward
produce of the celebrated mines of'Potosi were shipped. It course of 150 miles.
has manufactures of glass beads, and is the principal port    ARJISH, a town on the above river, 90 miles N.W. of
through which the foreign business is carried on with Bo- Bucharest, with a rich convent, many churches, and a forlivia.  The district is about 480 miles long, and averages  tress.
about 40 miles in breadth, Pop. of the town, though once    ARJISIH or ERJISIL.  See ArneeUs.
estimated at 30,000, is now only about 3500.                     ARJONA, ae-Ho/n, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 15 miles
ARICATI. See AsAcATI.                                       N.W. of Jaen.  Pop. 3598.
ARICIAT,  -re-shkt/, a flourishing seaport of the Cape    ARJONILLA  asc-Ho-neellyA, is a market-town of Spain, 5
Breton Islands, about lat. 450 28/ N.; ion. 610 3/ W. It con- miles N.W. of A-jona.  Pop. 2398.
tains several considerable establishments for carrying on    ARJUSANK, Ar'-zhiiW-s6NG/, a village of France, departthe fishery.  Pop. 2000.                                      mont of Landes, 18 miles N.W. of iMont de Marsan. Pop. 630.
ARID, Atrid, a small island in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 460    ARK  or ARCHI, aek, a small island off Van Dieman's
56 S.; Ion. 470 30' E.                                       Land.  Lat. 430 17/ S.; lon. 1470 19' E.
ARIE~GE, lre-aizhf, a river of France, rises in the Eastern    AR'KADEL/PIIIA, a post-village, capital of Clark county,
Pyrenees, traverses the department of Aridge, and Hlaute-Ga- Arkansas,  on the right bank of Washita river, about 75
ronne,passes Ax, Tarascon, oix,~arilles, Pamiers,'Saverdun, miles S.W. from  Little Rock. It has one newspaper office.
and Cintegabelle, where it becomes navigable. It joins the  Small boats navigate the river above and below this place.
Garonne on the right.                                           ARKADIA or ARCADIA. See KYPAnssIA.
ARI]~3E, a department in the S. of France, having S. the    ARKANISAS, (formerly pronounced Ar/kansaw',) a river
Pyrenees and Spain; W.,.Haute-Garonne; N.E., Aude; and  of the United States, next to the Missouri, the largest afS.E., Pyrdne s-0rientales. Area, 1738 square miles. Pop. fluent of the Mississippi. Rising in the Rocky Mountains,
(1852) 267,435. Two-thirds of the province is covered with  near the boundary between Utah and the Indian Territory,
mountains, which rise from N. to S., and reach their greatest it pursues an easterly course for several hundred miles.
elevation on the extreme frontier in the Pyrenees. The  Near the 98th degree of W. longitude, it turns and flows
principal summit is Montcalm, 10,611 feet high. The vari- south-eastward to Fort Smith on the western boundary of
onus branches, stretching from E. to W., separate the depart- Arkansas.  Continuing in the same general direction, it
ment into two vallies; the one watered by the Aridge, and  traverses that State, dividing it into two nearly equal por.
106




ARK                                                          ARKj
tions. and empties itself itself into the Mississippi in lat. Macon, and Tensas, are all tributaries of the Washita, and
330 54' N.; ion. 910 10' W.                                   have an aggregate of 635 miles of navigable water.  They
The whole length exceeds 2000 miles. The current is not  all rise in the S. part of Arkansas, and flow into Louisiana,
obstructed by considerable falls or rapids. It is navigable  where they join the Red River. The Little Missouri and
by steamboats during nine months of the year for a dis-  Bayou D'Arbonne  are western branches of the Arkansas,
tanice of 800 miles from its mouth. The difference between  the former navigable 60, and the latter 50 miles, for light
high and low water in this river is about 25 feet. It is  steamboats. There are no considerable lakes in Arkansas.
firom three-eighths to halfi a mile wide throughout the last    Objects of Interest to Tourists. —Under this head stand
600 miles of its course. Stone coal is found in many places  prominent the i-lot Springs,'situated in a county of the.
along its banks between Little Rock and Van Buren.  In  same name, about 60 miles S.W. of Little Rock.  From  a
the former part of its course it flows through sterile plains  point or ridge of land forming a steep bank from 150 to 200
of great extent, but after entering the State of Arkansas  feet high, projecting over I-lot Spring Creek, an affluent of
the soil of the. regions which it traverses is generally very  the Washita, more than 100 springs issue, at different eleproductive.                                                   vations and of different temperatures, from  1350 to 1600
ARKANSAS, generally classed as one of the Western  of Fahrenheit.  A considerable portion of this bank conStates, but having, for the most part, the soil and products  sists of calcareons deposites, formed from the water as it is
of the Southern, is bounded on the N. by Missouri, E. by  exposed to the air. These springs are visited annually by
the Mississippi River, (which separates it from  the States  thousands of people.  The waters are esteemed particularly
of Tennessee and Mississippi,) S. by Louisiana and Texas, beneficial to persons suffering from the chronic effects of
and W. by Texas and Indian Territory. It lies between 330  mercury; also in rheumatism, stiffness of the joints, &c.
and 360 30' N. lat., and between 890 i5/ and 940 40' W. ion.;  &c. Near the top of the bank above alluded to, there is a
being about 240 miles in length from  N. to S., and 224 in  fine cold spring, so near to the warm  springs that a person
breadth from R. to W.; and including an area of near 52,198  can put one hand into cold; and the other into hot water
square miles, or 33,406,720 acres, only 781,531 of which were  at the same time. The creek below the springs is rendered
improved in 1850.                                             warm enough to bathe in, even in the coldest season. The
abc of tlhe Country.-The eastern part of Arkansas, for  mountains on the western border of the state abound with
about 100 miles back from  the Mississippi, is generally a  picturesque  and  romantic  scenery.  There  is in Pike
vast plain covered with marshes, swamps, and lagoons, but  county, on the Little Missouri River, a mountain of alabasoccasionally interspersed with elevations, (some of which  ter, said to be of the finest quality, and white as the driven
are 30 miles or more in circuit,) which, when the rivers are  snow. In the same county also there is a natural bridge,
overflowed, form temporary islands.  A plank-road is about  which is regarded as a great curiosity.
to be made through a part of this region. A bill having re-   CUissate.-The climate of the northern and western parts
cently been passed by Congress, giving to the Southern and  of Arkansas is allied to that of the North-western  States,
Western States all the overflowed swamp-lands within their  while the southern and eastern portion partakes of that of
respective limits, the State of Arkansas is now constructing, Louisiana.  The lowlands are unhealthy, but the uplands
along the whole eastern boundary, levees of great strength,  will compare favorably with the most healthful regions of
by means of whish extensive tracts that have hitherto been  the Western States. According to a meteorological table
entirely worthless, will be converted into cultivable land  kept in Pulaski  county, near Little Rock, the mean temof extraordinary fertility.  The Ozark Miountains, which en-  perature of the year, from the 16th of December. 1850, until
ter the N.W. part of the State, are of uncertain height;  the 15th of December, 1851, inclusive, was 620.66.  Mean
they do not, however, exceed 2000 feet, and are generally  temperat-ure of the months of December, January, and Femuch below that elevation. These mountains divide the  brUary, for the years 1849 and 1850, 450.82.  Mean temState into two unequal parts, of which'the northern has  perature for the corresponding months for the years 1850
the climate and productions of the Northern States, while  and 1851, 440.52.  lMean temperature for the months of
the southern portion, in the character of its climate and  June, July, and August for the year 1850, 790.66.  Mesan
productions, resembles Mississippi or Louisiana. The Black  temperature for the corresponding months for the year
Hills in the north, and the Washita Hills in the west, near  1851, 800.26.  There were 47 days during the summer of
the Washita River, are the only other considerable elevations.  1850 when the mercury rose to 900 and upwards; 51 days
The central parts of the State, as well as the regions north  during -the summer of 1851 when the mercury rose to 900
of the Ozark Mountains, are broken and undulating.             and upwards. The greatest elevation of the mercury, 1850,
1~lnerals.-Arkansas gives indications of considerable af- was the 24th of Aulgust, when it rose to 990. The greatest
fluence in mineral resources, which are principally coal, iron, elevation for 1851 was the 16th of August, when it rose to
lead, zinc, manganese, gypsurn, and salt. The coal field of  990.  The lowest depression of the mercury duing the
Arkansas commences 40 miles above Little Rock, and ex- year 1850 was 80 on the 8th of December. The lowest detends on both sides of the river beyond the western- bonn-  pression during the year 1851 was 120, on the 19th of Jadary of the State.  Cannel, anthracite, and bituminous coal nuary.  From  the 1st of March, 1850, until the 30th of
are all found in the State. Gold is said to have been disco-  November, 1851, inclusive, there fell in  rain and snow
vered in White county. Near the I-lot Springs is a cele-  79066 inches of water, making an average of about 3'79
brated quarry of oil stone, superior to any thing else of  inches per month, and 45-52 inches in 12 months.  The
the kind in the known world: the quantity is inexhausti-  greatest amount of rain during one month was in April,
ble: there are great varieties, exhibiting all degrees of fine- 1850, when there fell 7'53 inches of water; the least that
ness. According to a writer in De Bow's " Resources of the  fell in any one month was in September, 1851, when there
South and West," there is manganese enough in Arkansas  fell -02 of an inch.
to supply the world; in zinc it excels every State except    Soil and Preoductions.-There is a great variety in the soil
New Jersey; and has more gypsum than all the other States  of Arkansas; along the river intervals it is of the richest
put together, while it is equally well supplied with marble  black mould, (yielding from 50 to 80 bushels of Indian corn
and salt. The lead ore of this State is said to be particu- to the acre,) but much of it unfit for cultivation for want
larlv rich in silver.                                         of a system of drainage.  On the White and St. Francis
Rivers, Latcs, &c.-Arkansas has no sea-board, but the  Rivers there is some land of especial excellence; while in
Mississippi River (which receives all the waters of this State)  the country back from  the rivers there are some sterile
coasts the almost entire eastern boundary, and renders it  ridges.  Grand Prairie, between White and  Arkansas
accessible to the sea frolm  many points. Probably no State  Rivers, about 90 miles long and 30 broad, is badly supin the Union is penetrated by so many navigable rivers as  plied with water, but most of the other prairie lands are
Arkansas: owing, however, to the long-continued droughts  well watered. The region N. of the Ozark Mountains, inwhich prevail in the hot season, none of these streams can  cluding about two tiers of counties, is well adapted to grazbe ascended by vessels of any size more than about nine  ing; it produces also abundance of excellent wheat, and,
months in the year. The Arkansas is the principal river  perhaps, the finest apples in the world. This section of the
that passes wholly through the State. It enters the west- country is elevated, hilly, or rolling, interspersed with
ern border from the Indian Territory, and sweeping almost  prairies, and abounds with fine springs of excellent water.
directly through the middle of the State for about 500 miles, Grain and stock are the staples.  The tops of the hills and
(the whole distance navigable for steamboats,) after receiv-  mountains are often flat or rolling, and covered with a good
ing a number of small tributaries, discharges its waters in-  soil and a heavy growth of timber. The staple products of
to the Mississippi.  The White River and the St. Francis,  Arkansas are Indian corn, cotton, and live stock, and conwith their affluents, drain the N.E. part of Arkansas.  They  siderable quantities of wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas,
have their sources in Missouri, and their outlet in the Mis- beans, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, fruits, garden vegesissippi River. The White River, which debouches by one  tables, butter, hay, rice, beeswax, and honey, with some
channel into the Arkansas, and into the Mississippi by the  rye, barley, buckwheat, wine, cheese, grass-seeds, hops,
other, is navigable for steamboats 500 miles, the Big Black  hemp, fla-x, silk, and maple sugar. There were in ArkanRiver for 60, and the St. Francis for 300 miles. The Red River  sas, in 1850, 17,758 farms, occupying 781,531 acres of imruns through the S.W. angle of the State, and receives some  proved land, and producing live stock worth $6,647,969;
small tributaries within its limits.  It is navigable for  199,639 bushels of wheat;  8,893,939 of Indian corn; 656,183
steamboats beyond Arkansas.  The Washita and its hume-  of oats; 285,738 of peas and beans; 193,832 of Irish potatoes;
rous affluents drain the southern part of the State. The  788,149 of sweet potatoes: 63,179 pounds of rice; 218,936 of
main stream  is navigable for 375 miles, and its tributary,  tobacco; 25,137,600 of cotton; 182,595 of wool; 1,854,239 of'he Saline, for 100 miles. The Bayous Bartholomew, Boeuf, butter; 3977 tons of hay; i92,33S  pounds of beeswax and
107




ARK                                                         ARK
honey; orchard products valued at $40,041; and market, the people for 4 years, and receives a salary of $1800 per
vegetables at $17,150.                                        annum and the use of a house. The Senate consists of 25
Forest-Trees.-In Arkansas the bottom  lands are gene- members, elected for 5 years; and the House of Represenrally covered with a heavy growth of cotton-wood, ash, cy- tatives of 75 members, elected for 2 years, both by the
press, and gum. The mountains or hilly portions have  people. The members of both these bodies receive $3 per
hickory and the different kinds of oak.  Pine is found in  diem during the session, and $3 for every 20 miles travel.
considerable abundance on the Arkansas River, near the  The judiciary consists, lst, of a Supreme Court, composed
centre of the state, and from this southward to Red River. of a chief justice and two associates, elected by the legislaBeech is found in great abundance on the St. Francis  ture for 8 years, and receiving a salary of $1800 per annum;
River. Immense quantitiesof these different kinds of tim-  and, 2d, of six Circuit Courts, held twice a year in each ciroer are sent down the Mississippi River to New Orleans.  cult.  The circuit judges are elected by the people for 4
From theletter of a highly intelligent correspondent we ex- years, and the prosecuting  attorney for 2 years.  The cirtract the following passage:-" The principal forest-trees  cult judges receive $1250 per annumn. Arkansas sends two
are the oak, (white,) found in remarkable abundance and  members to the national HIouse of Representatives, and is
of good quality: the other oaks are also abundant and  entitled to four electoral votes for President of the United
very fine. White oaks, 5 feet in diameter and 60 or 80 feet  States. The state debt in 1852 was $1,506,562; school fund,
without a limb, are common. Ilickory, ash, black walnut,  none; annual expenditure, inclusive of debt and schools,
gum, cherry, pine, red cedar, dogwood, cypress, maple,,35,000.  The assessed value of real and personal property
beech, cotton-wood, poplar, sugar-maple in the N. parts;  in 1850 was $36,428,675.
bois d'arc, (pronounced bo-dark,) sassafras, and black lo-    Popsulation.-Arkansas had in 1820, 14,273 inhabitants;
cust; all these are found in abundance, and are very valu-  30,388 in 1830; 97,574 in 1840; 209,877 in 1850; of whom
able. The pecan is included in hickory, and is also very   85,874 were white males, 76,315 white females; 314 free
abundant."                                                     colored males, 294 fiee colored females, and 23,658 male, and
Aeiemals.-Arkansas is still the home of many wild ani-  23,442 female slaves; in 1854, 253,117, of whom 199,224 were
mals, and the bear, buffalo, (a few of which are still found  white, and 60.279 slaves, and 614 free colored. There w.ere
in the Mississippi Swamp in Crittenden county,) deer, wolf,  also, in 1850 28,416 fiamilies,  occupying 28,252 dwellings.
catamount, wildcat, beaver, otter, raccoon, and gopher yet  Representative population, 190,846; pop. to the square mile,
infest its forests, prairies, and savannas. The gopher is- a  4'02. There occurred in the year ending June 1st, 1850, 3021
little animal found chiefly, it is said, WV. of the Mississippi.  deaths, or nealy 15 in every 1000 persons. Of the free populaIt is rather larger than a rat, and has pouches on each side  tion at the last census, 61,289 were born in the State; 99,247
of its head and neck, in which, it carries out the dirt it  in other States of the Union; 1471 in foreign countries; and
makes while excavating its burrow.  It is very destructive  790 whose places of birth were unknown. The number of pauto trees by gnawing their roots. Of birds there are found  pers who received aid in the year' ending June 1st, 1850,
wild geese, turkeys, and quails.  The streams abound in  was 105, of whom 8 were foreigners; of 84 deaf and dumb,
fish, particularly trout.                                      4 were slaves: of 92 blind, 2 were free colored and 13 slaves;
d4'snsfacctures.-c This state is not extensively engaged in  of 63 insane, 3 were slaves; of 115 idiotic, 2 were free comanufactures. According to the census of 1850, there were  lored, and 10 slaves.  Of the population, 41 were engaged in
only 271 manufactories producing each $500 and upwards,  mining; 26,355 in agriculture; 215 in commerce; 1173 in
annually.  Of these, 3 were engaged in the manufacture of  manufactures; 3 in navigating the ocean; 39 in internal
cotton, employing $16,500 capital, and 13 male and 18 fe- navigation, and 301 in the learned professions.
male hands, consuming  raw  material worth $8975, and            Cosunties —-There are in Arkansas 514 counties, viz:-Arproducing 81,250 poun-ds of yarn, valued at $16,637; but  kansas, Ashley,.enton, Bradley, Carroll, Chicot, Clark,
no wooden or iron manufactories or distilleries reported.  Conway, Crawford, Crittenden, Dallas, Desha, Drew, FrankThere were also fabricated in 1850 home-made manufac-  lin, Fulton, Greene, HIempstead, Hsot Spring, Independence,
tures valued at $646,938, and 51 tanneries, employing  Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Lafayette, Lawrence,
$42,100 capital, consuming raw material worth $35,230, and  Mladison, Mlarion, iMississippi, Monroe, Montgomery, Newproducing leather valued at $78,734.                           ton, Perry, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk, Pope, Prai'ie,
InternalImps eovems-entes. Arkansas is so well supplied with  Pulaski, Randolph, St. Francis, Saline, Scott, Searcy. Sevie',
river navigation, that she will scarcely feel the want of  Union, Van Buren, Washington, Washita, White, and Yell.
other means of communication till her back country is  The th'ee following have been formed since 1850: Calhoun,
more settled. IHowever, she too has been seized with the  Columbia, and Sebastian.
spirit of the age, and though no railroads have actually    lohsizs. — There are hut fewlarge towns in Arkansas. The
been commenced, several have been projected, viz. one fitom   principal are Little Itock, the capital of the State, with a
Little Rock to Memphis, one to Fulton, and one to Fort  population, in 1853, of 3000; Van Buren, the most commercial
Smith. A railroad is also proposed from St. Louis, through  town in the State, with a pop. of 1500; Fort Smith, pop. 1500;
Arkansas, to New Orleans.                                      Camden, pop. 1400; Batesville, pop. about 1700.
Ceosmercc.-This state has no foreign commerce, though          1:iistory.-Arkansas was settled by the French at Arkanit has considerable boating  trade with New Orleans,' en-  ses Post as  carly as 1685, and formed a part of the great
gaged in the export of its productions. The rivers of Ar-  tract purchased from  France in 1803, under the name of
kansas afford an interior navigation of more than 1000  Louisiana. It made little progress until after its formation
miles, bringing a large portion of the  state withina the  into a territory  of theUnited States in 1819. It became a
reach of navigable waters. It is stated that the White  member of the American Union in 1836.
River is more easily navigated than the Ohio; in ad-    ARKANSAS, ar-kan/sas, a county in the E.S.E. part of
dition  to  this, the Arkansas  is navigable  the entire  Arkansas, contains 1200 square miles. It is intersected by
breadth of the state, the St. Francis for 300, and the Big  the river of its own name, and the White River flows along
Black River foe 100 miles. The southern and south-west- its E. border. The surface is generally level, and about
eru portions of the state may be approached by steamboats  one-thlird of it is occupied by Grand Prairie, the largest in
through the Red River, the Washita, and their branches. the State. The soil of this part is fertile, and adapted to
Lumber, cotton, slaughtered animals, and Indian corn are  corn and cotton.  The rivers are navigable by steamboats
the great articles of export.                                  nearly the whole year. Capital, Arkansas Post. Pop. 3245,
fMctucation.-According to the census of 1850, there were  of whom 1707 were free, and 1538 slaves.
in Arkansas 3 colleges, with 150 students. and an income of    ARKANSAS POST, a post-village, capital of the above
$3100; 353 public schools, with 84983 pupils, and $43,763 in- county, is situated on the left bank of Arkansas River,
come, of which $8959 were from the public funds, and $1720  about 50 miles from its mouth, and 117 miles S.E. of Little
from  endowments; 90 academies and other schools, with  Rock. It has a lauding for steamboats, and contains seve2407 pupils, and $27,937 income. There were 23,361 pupils  rial stores.  It was settled by the French in 1685, and was
attending school during the year, as returned by families. for many years the depository for all the peltriies of this
Of 16,935 adults who could not read and write, 116 were  region.
free colored persons and 27 foreigners.                          ARIKEEKO or ARKIKO, ar-kee'ko, writtten also ARGEEPeriodclicals. —By the census of 1850, 9 weekly newspapers,  GO, a seaport town of Abyssinia, state of Tigrr, on a bay of
with an aggregate circulation of 377,000 copies per annum,  the Red Sea, opposite the island of Mlassowah, lat. 1501351 N.,
were published in Arkansas.                                    ion. 390 258 E. It is ill built, and Dr. Beke advises travellers
fheligious  Denominstions.-Of the 362 churches in Arkan-  to avoid it, " with all its annoyances and extortions."
ses, the different sects of Baptists owned 114; the Episco-    ARI/KENGAIRTIT-DALE, a parish of Englanud, county of
palians, 2: the Free Church, 1; the Mlethodists, 168; the  York, North Ridin.
Presbyterians, 52; the Roman  Catholics, 7; the Union    ARIKESDEN, a parish of England, county of Essex.
Church, 5; and minor sects, 13.                                  ARRIJOURI.  See ARcoo0EE.
Posblic Insuttuions.-As yet Arkansas has no institutions    AR'KINSK/, a Cossack settlement in Siberia, about 30
for the insane, or for the deaf and dumb, or blind.  There  miles WV. of Okhotsk, on the Oklihota.'
is at Little Rock one state penitentiary, which has been    ARiKLOW, arkrlS, a maritime town and parish of Ireland,
once or twice burned down by the convicts.  According to  co. of Wicklow, on the Avoce, 39 miles S.S.E. of Dublin. A
the census of 1850, Arkansas had one public library, with  bridge of 19 arches here crosses the river, which falls intc
250 volumes, and two Sunday-school libraries, with 170  the sea about 500 yards below the town. Pop. of town im
volumes.                                                      1851, 3300.
Government, Fionances,.c.-dThe governor is elected by    AItKLOW, a barony of Ireland, co. of Wicklow, in Lein:
108




ARK                                                         ARM
ster, including nine parishes. It gives the title of baron to    ARPMAQO, an-m-1-satiNG, a town of Brazil, in the pro
the House of Ormond.                                          vince and island of Santa Catharina.  Lat. 270 30' S., Ion,
ARKONA or ARCONA, an-kolcns, a promontory on the N. 480 40' W.
coast of the island of Riigen, in the Baltic.  There is here    ARMACOLOPLA CREEK, in Georgia, enters the Etowah
a fixed light.  Lat. 540 40' 9" N., Ion. 130 26' 2"t E.       from the right, near the S.W. corner of Lumpkin county.
ARKIPORT, a post-village of Steuben co., New York, on    ARMADA, ar-mahlda, a post-township of Macoubh Co.,
the Canisteo River, 246 miles W. by S. of Albany.             Michigan, about 35 miles N. by E. of Detroit. Pop. 1146.
ARKISEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.    ARMAGHI, ar'ml, an inland county of Ireland, in Ulster.
ARKUDI.  See ARCHUnI.                                        Area, 512 square miles. Pop. 196,085.  Surface mountainARK! VILLE, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.        ous in the S.W., where Slieve-Gallion rises to 1893 feet in
ARK/WRIGHT, a post-township of Chautauque co., New  height; elsewhere fiat or undulating.  Chief rivers, the
York, 18 miles N.E. of Maysville. Pop. 1283.                  Callan, Blackwater, Bann, and Newrywater.  Soil rather
ARLA, asl.!, a town of France, department of Jura, 6  fertile. It returns 2 members to the I-louse of Commons.
miles N. of Lons-le-Saulnier.  Pop. 1638.                       ARMAGII, ar'mI, (Adrd-maegao, "the lofty field,") a city,
ARLANC or ARLANT, aR'l1NC/, a town-of France, depart-  parliamentary and municipal borough and parish of Irement of Puyde-D)6me, 40 miles S.E. of Clermont.  Pop. land, capital of the above county, and the archiepiscopal
(1852) 4,288.                                                 seat of the Primate of "all Ireland," near the Callan and
ARLANZA, aan-lUn.th, a river of Spain, in Old Castile,  the Ulster Canal, 70 miles N. by W. of Dublin.  It is conrising in the Sierra de Neilar, flows, W., and joins the Ar-  nested by railway with Belfast, is well built, chiefly of hard,
lanzon after a course of about 60 miles.                      red marble; the streets diverge from  the cathedral down
ARLANZON, an-lRn-th6tnl, a river of Spain, in Old Cas- the sides of a hill, and are clean, lighted with gas, and well
tile, rising in the Sierra Pinela, and flowing S.W., fialls into  supplied with water. It has a Protestant chapel of ease, 2
the Pisuerga, after a course of about 70 miles.               Roman Catholic, 2 Methodist, an Independent, and 3 PresARLBERG, aallbG'x, or ADLERSBERG, Idlers-blroG,' byterian chapels, a county court-house, prison, county in(" eagle's mount,") a branch of the Rhe/tian Alps, in the  firmary, lunatic asylum, 5 banks, a public library with
W. of the Tyrol and the Yorarlberg.                           14,000 volunmes, observatory with fine apparatus, and barARILECDON or ARILESDON, a parish of England, co. of  racks for 800 men. The city has a large inland trade in
Cumberland.                                                   corn, linen, and yarn. Assizes, and quarter sessions are
ARLES, arlz, (Fr. pron. a-l; ans. Asrleas, Arelefte, or Are- held here, besides a manorial court by the archbishop for
Zaltust,) a city and riverport of France, department of Bou-  pleas of 100. and under. Pop. (1851) 8.849.
ches-du-RhgOe, on the left bank of the principal branch of    ARMAGH, ar'mah!, a post-borough of Indiana co., Pennthe Rhone, where it subdivides to form its delta, and at the  sylvania, on the turnpike from  Blairsville to-Ebensburg,
head of the canal from  Aries to Bout, 15 miles from  the  52 miles in a direct line E. from Pittsburg.  Pop. 152.
Mediterranean, and 44 miles N.W. of Marseilles.  It is en-    ARMAGH, a township of Mifilin co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
closed with old walls, and has streets tolerably regular and  1742.
spacious. Around the Palace Royale, are a series of public    ARMIAGNAC, a-'mbc'yak/, a small territory of FPrance,
buildings, viz: the  -Iatel de Yille, containing a public  in the old province of Gascony, now forming part of the delibrary of 12,000 volumes, the museum, a Gothic monas- partrcents of Gers, Iautes-Pyr&n6es, and Tarn-et-Garonce.
tory, and in the centre is an ancient obelisk, the only one    ARMANs0N, aimase' cls,, a river of France, rises in the
executed outof Egypt. The celebrated statue of the" Venus  Cate d'Or, and falls into the Yonne 5 miles above Joign".
of Aries" was discovered in the theatre. The other build- The canSal of Burgundy accompanies it for some distance.
ing- of note are a cathedral of the seventh century, and the  Length, 57 miles.
church of Notre Dame. Among its nunmerous Roman anti-    ARIMENIA, ar-meelne-a, (Turk. Ermiseelyclh; the M/oin'
quities is comprised an amphitheatre, which, both as re- of the Scriptures,) a mountainous country of PWestern Asia,
spects size and magnificence, is supposed to have surpassed  not now politically existing, but of great historical intserest.
that of Nimes.  Aries is the chief place of a sous-prefect- It varied in extent at different epochs, and its precise
ure, and has a chamber of commerce, an agricultural so- boundaries are not now known; but it may be regarded as
ciety, a college, and a school of hydropathy.  The chief  lying between lat. 360 50' and 410 40' N., and lon. 360 201
manufactures are hats and sausages. Aries enjoys excel- and 480 401 E. It was almost universally known as Armelent facilities for trade. Its quays are very spacious, and  nia Major and Armenia Minor, or the Greater and the Less
serve as an entrepat for all the merchandise which passes  Armenia.  The boundaries of eaeth, according to Colonel
betweenLyons and Marseilles. The great railway which is  Chesney, the latest authority on the subject, and probably
to pass through Paris, and connect the Mediterranean with  the best, are as follows: Armenia Major, commencing at
the English Channel, has been completed froom  Marseilles  Samisat, (Sumeisat,) stretches along the Euphrates, which
to Aries, while a branch of the same unites the town to  bounds it on the W., till near Erzengan, a few miles to the S.
Nines.  In addition to its steam  communication on the  of which it leaves the river and keeps the direction of TreRhone; two canals terminate in the town; one connecting  bizond as far as the mountains S. of Goomish Khaneh. It
it with Durance, and the other with Port de Bonuc. Aries  proceeds N.E. along this range, then skirts the N. extremity
is the birth-place of the Emperor Constantine the younger,  of the district of Karts, and passing onward to near Tiflis, runs
and it has been the seat of many celebrated ecclesiastical  along the right bank of the Koor, whose course it follows to
councils. Pop. in 1852, 23,208.                               its estuary in the Caspian, which now becomes the bokcdary
ARLES, CANAL D', k3Xn'l/ daRl, a canal df France, de- on the E. Leaving the Caspiaun, it turns S.W. in the direcpartment of Bouches-du-Rhdne, commences on theRhone,  tion of Tabreez, and passes through the districts of Yan
at Aries, and extends to Port du Bone, on the Mediterra-  and Diarbekir, on the frontiers of which it again meets the
nean, 25 miles. It was constructed to evade the dangerous  Euphrates at Samisat. Armenia Mlinor, or, as it might be
passage of the Delta of the Rhone.                            called, the territory WV. of the Euphrates, lies along the
ARLESHEIM, aRfles-hlme', a small town of Switzerland,  range of the Kof-tagh, which runs W'. almost parallel to the
about 5 miles S. of the town of Basel, in a fertile district,  Black Sea, and forms its N. boundary as far as a point on
on the Birs, 1154 feet above the sea.                         the river Halys, or Kizil-Irmak, not far from its estuary in
ARLES-SUR-TECI, aal'silasteshl, a town of France, de- the Black Sea. Armenia ieMinor follows the course of this
partment of PyrSnes-Orientalses,     20 miles S.W. of Perpignee. river for about 180 miles, and continuing S.W., meets the
ARLEUF, a.sluf`, a town of France, department of Ni~vre,  Taurus, which becomes its boundary anlmost to the sea near
arrondissenent of Chlteau Chinon. Pop. 3036.                  Ayas, on the W. side of the Bay of Iskanderoon.  Prom
ARLEUX, azlouhl, a town of France, department of Nord, this point it sweeps round the S. side of the districts of
6 miles S. of Douani. Pop. 1721.                              Adana and Marash, and meets the Euphrates, which thus
ARLEY, anilee, a parish of England, co. of WVarwick.        intersects Armenia almost centrally, and forms the natural
ARILINGRAM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    boundaries between the two divisions now described.
AR'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                According to the native historians, the name Armenia is
ARLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.              derived from Aram, the seventh king of the first dynasty,
ARLINGTON, a post-ownship of Bennington co., Yes- who, about 1800 B. C., gave a settled character to the kingmont, 106 miles S.W. of Mentpelier. This township con- dom. The Armenians call themselves Haiks or Haikans,
tains an abundance of white, gray, and clouded marble, a  and trace their origin, in their traditions, to I-Haic or Haieo,
medicinal spring, and a large cave. Pop. 1084.                the father and patriarch of the people, a contemporary of the
ARLINGTON, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio.              Assyrian king, Belus. Of the cities of ancient Armenia,
ARLINGTON, a post-office of Van Buren co., Michigan.   some ruins are yet to be seen, which display a good style
ARLINGTON, a post-oflice of Bureau co., Illinois.           of architecture.  The chief towns are Erivan, Erzroom,
ARLINGTON, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.    Nakhchivan, Van, and Akhalzikh. Ofancient capitals there
ARLON, a i'16Ie, (anC. Orosacnlnusw,) a firontier town of  were several, the most important of which was Artaxata,
Belgium, 16 miles MV.N.W. of Luxembourg. Pop. 4193. It  on the Aras. The greater partof the surfice cocstitutes an
has an extensive trade in grain.                              elevated table-land. Mount As-raat, near the centre, rises
ARLSEY, arlsee, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.    to an elevation of 17,323 feet. It is watered by the rivers
ARMA, as/mn, or SANTIAGO DE ARMA, s'n-te-lgo dSt  Koor, Aras, Tchoruk, (anc. Akcanjolsis,) and the two heads
atemtc, a town of South America, in New  Granada, 220  of the Euphrates, and contains the sources of the Tigris,
miles N.N.E. of Popayan, on the Arma, an affluent of the  and the three large lakes of Van, Ooroomeoeyah, (Urumiyah,)
Cauca.                                                        andGookeka. oThe climate inc the highesr regoiones is vcry cold~
103




ARM                                                      ARNIt
while the valleys in summer are scorched with heat. Soil ment of C~te dOr, 29 miles S.W. of Dijon. Pop. 2473,partly
very various; it has many fertile corn-lands and pastures, employed in a woollen factory.
and its valleys produce excellent cotton, rice, tobacco,   ARNAU, asJnbw, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow,
grapes, and other fruits. Copper, lead, alum, and some sil- on the Elbe, 17 miles N.E. of Gitschin.
ver mines are wrought. The manufactures are unimport-    ARNNAOUTS or ARNAOUTLIK. See ALBANIA.
ant. The native Armenians, estimated at one-seventh of    ARNCLIFFE, arn/kliff, a parish of England, co. of York.
the whole population, are distingnished for enterprise in    ARNE, a maritime parish of England, co. of Dorset.
commercial and banking transactions.  The Armenian    ARNEBURG, arlneh-bl5me, a town of Prussian Saxony,
Christians mostly belong to.an ecclesiastical establishment  45 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 1590.
of their own, similar, in many respects, to the Greek    ARNEDO, au-n4lDo, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 29
church; but many have adhered to the Roman Catholic  miles S.E. of Logroflo. Pop. 3335. It has a school of prichurch ever since the fifteenth.century. —- Adj. and inhab. mary instruction, and a considerable trade in fruit and
ARMENIAN, ar-meelne-an.                                   wine.
ARMENIA, (Russ. Ar'menya, a -min-ya',) a trans-Cauca-    ARNEEP, a town of British India, presidency, and 22
sian government of Russia, comprising that part of Arme- miles N.W. of Madras.
nia S. of Georgia, and N. of the Aras and Mount Ararat.      AIRNEE, a town of British India, presidency, and 74
ARMENIA, ar-meetne-a, a township of Bradford co., Penn- miles S.W. of Madras, and 20 miles S. of Vellore.
sylvania. Pop. 310.                                          AllNEMUYDEN, a -neh-moitden, almost ar-neh-mildgh,
ARMENIA, a post-village of Scriven co.,, Georgia, on the  or ARtMUIJEN, au-meoien. a town of the Netherlands, proCentral Railroad, 46 miles N.W. of Savannah.               vince of Zealand, island of Walcheren, 21 miles E. of MidARMENIERSTADT. See SzAssos UJvAR.                        delburg. Pop. 1340.
ARMENO, aR-mA/no, a town of the Sardinian States, 29    ARNESBY. arnztbee, aparish of England, co. of Leicester.
miles N.N.W.. of Novara. Pop. 1420.                          AR/NETTSVILLE, a post-office of Monongalia co., YirARMENT, ar'mont/, ER'MENT/, or HERNMONTTI, (ane. ginia.
Hermonslthis,) a village of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, about    AR/NEYTOWN, apest-village in Hanover township, BurS miles S.WV. of Thebes. It was the capital of the Ilermon- lington co., New Jersey, about 15 miles S.E. of Trenton. It
thite nome; and in Christian times it was an episcopal see. contains a large Friends' meeting-house.
ARMENTI]R ES, aRam8NGte-ailR, a town of Prance, de-   ARNGASK/, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and
partment of Nord, on the Lys, and on the railway from  Kinross.
Calais to Paris, 9 miles N.W. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 8340,   ARNItEIM, arn/hIme or arn/him, a post-village of Brown
employed in manufactures of cotton, linen, lace, thread, and  co., Ohio, 100 miles S.S.W:  of Columbus. It has about 100
sail-cloth. It has an active trade in cotton goods and agri- inhabitants.
cultural produce.                                            ARN/JIEM, written also ARNIIEIM, arnthime, a fortified
ARMENTO, an-mln/to, a town of Naples, province of Basili- town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of Geldercata, on a mountain, 27 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2800. land, on the right bank of the Rhine, here crossed by a
AR'MIANS/ROI-BAZAR, orBAZAR OF THE ARMENI-  bridge of boats, 50 miles S.E. of Amsterdam, with which,
ANS, a large village in the S. of Russia, government of  and with Utrecht, it is connected by railway.  Pop. 16,758,
Taurida, lat. 460 9' N., ion. 330 431 E., 81 miles S.E. by E. including 468 military. It is a very ancient town. and is
of Kherson, on the principal road from  Russia to the Cri- well built, surrounded by country houses and gardens, and
mea. It is a great thoroughfare during the summer; up- has a governor's palace, an extensive new barrack, a church,
wards of 20,000 cartloads of salt, from the salt-lakes of the  in which the dukes of Gelderland are buried, -a grammarCrimea, annually passing through it, for the supply of the  school, learned societies, courts of assize and commerce,
S. of Russia.                                              manufactures of woollen, cotton, paper, and tobacco; a
AR/MIESBURG, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.        good port on the river, and an active general trade. Ie
AR/MINGHIALL', a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   1586, Sir Philip Sydney died at Arnhem, firom a wound reARIMINGTON, a post-village of Tazewell co., Illinois, 45  ceived in the battle of Zutphen. In 1795, the town was
miles N.N.E. from Springfield.                             taken by the French, who were driven out by the PrusAR/MITAGE, a perish of England, co. of Stafford, 2 miles  sians in November, 1813. It has several times suffered
E.S.E. of Rudgeley. The grand trunk canal passes through  severely by fire.
a large tunnel, and joins the Trent' in this parish.         ARN/HEM BAY, Australia, is a deep inlet on the N.E.
ARMLEY, arm/lee, a chapelry of England, co. of York.    coast of Arnhem's Land, near lat. 120 S., and ion. 1360 E.
AIRMONK, a post-office of Westchester co., New York.      ARNHEM'S LAND, on the N. coast of Australia, comprises
ARMOYI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.             all the region between the Gulf of Carpentaria and Anson
ARM/STRONG, a county in the W. central part of Penn- Bay, and is so named from having been discovered by the
sylvania, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is in- crews of the Arnhem and Pera, in 1618.
tersected by Alleghany River; the Kiskiminetas River    ARNIS, an island and fishing village of Denmark, on the
forms its S.W. boundary; the Red Bank Creek washes its  Schlei, 2 miles S. of Kappeln. Pop. 800.
northern border; it is also drained by Mahoning, Cow-   ARtNO, (anc. Arlzsus,) a river of Tuscany, rises in Mount
anshannock, and Crooked Creeks. The surface is gene- Falterona, (Apennines,) at an elevation of 4,430 feet above
rally hilly or rolling; the soil is mostly fertile, especially  the sea, 25 miles N. of Arezzo, flows at first S.E. and then
on the river bottoms; nearly one-fourth of the county is  N.W., almost describing a circle, until it receives the Sieve,
unfit for cultivation. Iron, salt, and stone coal are the  10 miles E. of Florence; after which its course is W. to the
principal mineral products of the county; limestone is also  Mediterranean, which it enters by an artificial mouth, 7
abundant.  The Pennsylvania Canal extends along the  miles below Pisa. Distance from source to mouth, 75 miles.
southern border, and the turnpike from Indiana to Butler  Chief affluents, the Sieve, Chiana, Pesa, Elsa, and Era. Its
passes through the county. Organized in 1800, and named  valley is one of the richest and most beautiful tracts in
in honor of General Armstrong. Capital, Kittaning. Pop. Italy. The Arno communicates with the Tiber by means
29,560.                                                   of the Chiana, which formerly was an affluent of the latter,
ARMSTRONG, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. but now empties itself into the Arno. Florence, Figline,
Pop. 1185.                                                Empoli, and Pisa, are situated on or near the banks of the
ARMSTRONG, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylva- Arno, which is navigable naturally firom the sea to Flonia. Pop. 428.                                            rence.
ARMSTRONG, a post-village of Wabash co., Illinois, on    AR/NOLD, a village and parish of England, co. of, and
the Wabash River, 9 miles N.N.E. of Mount Carmel.          4 miles N. by E. of Nottingham.  Pop. in 1851, 4704.
ARMTSTRONG ACAD/EMY, a post-office of Choctaw Na-   ARNOLDS CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the Ohio 2
tion, Arkansas.                                            miles below Bising Sun.
ARMSTRONG MILLS, a pest-office of Belmont co., Ohio.   ARNOLDSDORF, aR/nolts-doRf', a town of Prussia, in SileARMTHORPE, arm/thorp, a parish of England, co. of  sia, S.E. of Neisse, with'paper mills. Pop. 1410.
York, West Riding.                                           AR/NOLDSYILLE, a post-office of Buchanan co., Missouri.
ARMIUCHEE, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia.            ARINOLDTON, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.
ARIMUIJEN, a town of Netherlands. See AtsNEUYvDEN.    AR/NOLDTON. a village in the S.W. part of Campbell cO.,
ARMYROS, aR-mee/ros, a town of European Turkey, pro- Virginia, about 110 miles W.S.W. of Richmond.
vince of Thessaly, 3 miles N.W. of the Gulf of VYol.         ARNON, a'n6Na/, a river of France, falls into the Cher
ARMYROS, a mountain and village of Albania, 17 miles  after a N. course of 84 miles.
S.W. of Arta, on the E. side of the Gulf of Arta.           ARl/NON, a small post-village of W~ill co., Illinois.
ARtNA, a village of the Grecian Archipelago, on the N.WV.    ARNSBERG, aRnslblEt, or ARENSBERG,?/rens-bnos',
shore of the island of Andros.                            capital both of a circle and government of its own name, and
ARNA, ar/na, a town of the W. limit of the Libyan desert, at one time capital of the whole duchy of Westphalia, is
on the KeooGoo, (Kuku,) 420 miles N.E. of Lake Tchad.     situated on the spur of a hill half encircled by the Ruhr,
ARNAC-POMPADOUR, aa'nnk/-p6mpA'tdooa/, a village of  and immediately below the ruins of an old castle of the
France, department of Corrlze, 18 miles N.W. of Brives.  same name, 44 miles S.S.E. of Mitnster. It is divided into
Pop. 1386. It has a chateau, built in 1026, and given by  the old and new town, and has three churches, (one ProLouis XV. to Madame d'Etioles, who thence took the name  testant and two Roman Catholic,) a normal and an aagriof Marquise de Pompadour.                                 cultural school, and a gymnasium with eight professors.
AliNAY-LE-DUC, eaannA/-leh-duik,. atown of France, depart-  In the Middle Ages, Arnsberg was one of the principal seath
110




ARPN                                                      ARR
of the Vehmic court, (Vehm-ogericht,) which exercised a    ARPAJON, a villae of alice in the department of Can.
powerful sway throughout Germany. Pop. 4000.               tal, 2 miles S.S.E. of Aurillac. Pop. (1852) 2271.
ARNSDORF, aRns/douf, a village of Prussian Silesia, cir-   ARPINO, ant-pee/no, (anc. Arpinum,) a town -of Naples,
dle of Hirschberg, with a castle and paper mills.           province of Terra di Lavoro, 6 miles S.W. from  Sora, agreeAURNSTADT, ann/start, a town of central Germany, prin- ably situated on rising ground. It has a royal college, with
cipality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, on the Gera, 10  six professors, several churches and convents, and manumiles W. of Erfurt. Pop. 5000, with various manufactories.  factories of cloths and woollen stuffs, the best in the kingIt has a castle of the prince of Schwarzburg, and ruins of  dom; also, tanneries, and in the environs is an extensive
the ancient fort of Kiisernburg.                            paper-mill. It was founded by the Volsci, and erected into
ARNSTEIN, apn/stine, a town of Bavaria, on the Werra,  a municipal town by the Romans, who wrested it from the
11 miles N. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1396.                        Samnites. Arpino is celebrated as having been the birthARNSWALDE, aRnsfv*l-deh, a town of Prussia, province  place of Caius Marius and Cicero. The surrounding scenery
of Brandenburg, on the Stettin and Posen Railway, 20  is singularly beautiful.  Pop. 11,060.
miles S.E. of Stargard. Pop. 4622.                            AlQUA, az-kw&/, or ARQUATO, aa-kwAIto, (anc. ArALOA, A-roeI, a small town of Venezuela, province of  qucotumo,) a village of Northern Italy, 121 miles S.W. of
Carabobo, 30 miles from the Gulf of Triste. The Area river  Padua, among the Euganean hills, worthy of notice as the
rises in the sierra, about 50 miles S.S.W. of the town, and  place where Petrarch died (July 19, 1374) apd is buried.
after a course of eighty miles falls into the Gulf of Triste.   His house and tomb are well described by Byron, (Childe
AItOCIIE, A-rolchi, (anc. Asacrci PVeltus,) a town of Spain, Harold, cant. iv, stanza 31, and note 16.)
in Andalusia, on a hill, 44 miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 2705.    ARQUA, aRlkwl, a village of Northern Italy, 5 miles
AROK-SZALLAS, d/rok'sal~llshf, a village of Hungary, 44  S.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 2800.
miles E.N.E. of Pesth, and an entrepdt for the trade between    ARQUA, au/kwg, a town of Mexico, state of Zacatecas,
that city and Upper Hungary. Pop. 9106.                     formerly prosperous, but now falling into decay. It was
AlROLSEN, A/rol-sen, a town of W. Germany, capital of  well built, and contained numerous squares and churches.
the principality of Waldeck, on the Aar, 21 miles N.N.W. Pop. about 4000.
of Cassel.  Pop. 2050.  It has manufactories of woollen    ARQUATA, an-l]wItI, a town of Italy, Pontifical States,
cloth and leather; and a beautiful castle, residence of 17 miles W.S.W. of Ascoli. Pop. 1550.
the prince, with a library of 30,000 volumes, valuable    AIRQUATO, an-kwi/to, a town of Northern Italy, duchy of
paintings, &c.                                              Parma, on the Arda, 17 miles S.E. of Piacenza. Pop. 2000.
ARC0MA, a post-village of Will co., Illinois.               ARQUATO, a town of Italy, near Padua. See ARQUA.
ARON, I'-rhoso/, a river of France, department of Nilvre,    ARQUENNES, aaklnn!  a village of Belgium, province of
joins the Loire near Decize, after a course of 25 miles, the  Hainault, on the Senne, and the Charleroi Canal, 17 miles
last 10 of which are navigable.                             N.E. of Mons.
ARON, a village of Prance, 2 miles E. of Mayenne. Pop.   ARQUES, aRk, a river of France, department of Seine-In1722.                                                       f~rieure, is navigable from Arques to the English Channel.
ARONA, A-ro/nI, a town of the Sardinian States, in Pied-   ARQUES, a town of France, department of Seine-Inmont, 23 miles N.N.W. of Novara, on the S.W. shore of Lago  flrieure, on the Arques, 3 miles S.E. of Dieppe, with ruins
Maggiore. Pop. 5000. It is well built, and has a high- of an ancient castle, an important stronghold in the Middle
school, several churches, a port and a dockyard on the lake,  Ages. In 1589, Henry IV. here conquered the leaguers
with an active trade. On a hill in its vicinity is a colossal under the Duke of Mayenne. Pop. (1851) 900.
statue of San Carlo Borromeo, born in the vicinity of the    ARQUES, a village, department of Pas de Calais, 2 miles
town, in 1538.                                              S.E. of St. Omer. Pop. 1854.
ARONA, i-ro/n&, a town in the island of Teneriffe, Ca-   ARRACAN.  See AItACAN.
nmies, situated at the foot of Mount Escalona.                ARRAQCIIES, R'Rmoshl, a village of Italy, in Savoy.
AROOAN, a town of Sahara. See ARAwAN.                       ARRAGON. See ARAsoN.
AROOAT, AROUAT, ARUAT, I'roo-It/, or EL AROOAT, a    ARIRAll, a populous town of British India, presidepncy
town of North Africa, capital of a state of its own name, in  of Bengal, capital of the district of Shahabad, 36 miles W.
the Sahara, lying 300 miles inland. Lat. 330 48' N., olen. 10 of Patna.
38' E. It is built on the N. and E. slopes of a hill, at the    ARRAN, arlran, an island in the W. coast of Scotland,
foot of which flows the Wady-Mzi, and contains about 800 Frith of Clyde, co. of Bute, between the peninsula of Canhouses, surrounded by a wall, forming nearly a square.      tyre and the coast of Ayrshire. It is 20 miles in length
ARGO  ISLANDS. See Amcoo ISLANDS.                         f-om N. to S."and about 10 miles in breadth. Its appearance
AR00ND0O  or AROUNDOU, I'roon'dool, a village of W. is very remarkable, the N. part being crowned with lofty
Afirica on the Senegal.                                     granitic mountains of a conical form, connected by sharp,
AROOS/TOOK, a river of the United States, rises in Pis- serrated ridges, and intersected by deep gullies and ravines.
cataquis co., in the N. part of Maine, and flowing in a gene- The highest summit, Goatfell, is 2900 feet above the sea.
ral north-easterly course through Penobscot and Aroostook    ARRLAN, NoaRTH ISLAND or,) the largest of the group
counties, falls into the St. John's River in New Brunswick. of islands called the Itosses, lying off the N.W. coast of
Length, about 120 miles.                                    Ireland.
ARt00STOOK, a county forming the N.E. extremity of    ARRAN, (SouTr  ISLANDS or), a group of islands on the
Maine, has an area of about 4950 square miles. The St. WV. coast of Ireland, at the mouth of Galway Bay.
John's River forms its northern boundary, and it is drained    AR/RAN-FOWIDY, a mountain of North Wales, co. of
by the Aroostook, Mlatawamkeag, and other smaller streams. Merioneth, 9 miles S.W. of Bala, 2955 feet in height.
A great part of this county is still a thickly-wooded wilder-   ARRAN ISLES, a sea-girt barony in Ireland, co. of Galness, the southern districts only being settled. The surface  way, Connaught, consisting of a group of small islands.
is undulating, with a few mountain peaks, the principal of  Lat. of light-house on Inishmore, the largest and most
which are Chase's Mount and Mars Hill. The soil in the  northerly, 530 71 38" N.; bon. 90 42/ 22" W.
cultivated portions is fertile, and it is said to be also of    ARRLAS, (Fr. pron.aR'Rlss/;  anc. Ne~metacu  and Nemeneoexcellent quality in the northern part, especially along the  cenna,) a fortified city of France, capital of the department of
banks of the Aroostook and other streams. The St. John's  Ps-de-Calais, and formerly capital of the province of Artoies,
River is navigable along the border of this county, and  on the Scarpe, and on the Railway du Nord, 35 miles N.E. of
from thence to its mouth, (two short carrying-places ex- Amiens, and 100 miles N.N.E. of Paris. Lat. 50~ 17' 31" N.;
cepted,) for vessels of fifty tons burden. Organized in 1839. ion. 20 46' 50" E. It was strongly fortified by Vauban, and
Capital, Hloulton. Pop. 12,529.                             stands tartly on a declivity and partly on a fCat, and conAROOSTOOK, post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.          sists of four parts, the city, the high town, the low town,
AROSA, (I-roese,) BAy OF, Spain, in Galicia, on the W. coast, and the citadel. The citadel, though enclosed within the
16 miles S.E. of Cape Finistlre. Lat. 420 30' N., lon. 80 50' WV. same wall as the other parts of the town, is separated from
AIROSBAJA. I-ros-bt/yI, or I-ros-bi/I, a market-town on the them by an esplanade; it is capable of making a vigorous
Ni.W. coast of the island of Madura, in the Malay Archipelago. defence. Arras is well-built, and has the appearance of a
AROUAN, a town of Sahara. See ARAWAN.                    Flemish city; chief edifices, a citadel, a cathedral, townAROUAT. See AnooAT.                                      hall, theatre, arsenal, barracks, a curious belfry tower, &c.
AROUCA, 1-roloo-kt or 1-roolka, a town of Portugal, pro- It is the seat of the court of assize, a royal society, diocesan
vince of Douro, 28 miles S.W. of Lamego. Pop. 2515.         seminary,, schools of design, belles-lettres, and an instituARPA-CHAI or ARPATCIIAI, arlpi-ch/, a river of Ar- tion for deaf mutes. It has a botanic garden, museums, and
menia, tributary to the Aras, which it joins about 50 miles  public library of 36,000 volumes. Chief manufactures, cotN. of Mount Ararat, after a course from N. to S. of about 80  ton thread, calico, hosiery, lace, coarse woollens, beet-root
miles.                                                     sugar, earthenware, and soap; it has an extensive general
AtPAIA, aa-pi/, a village of Naples, province of Terra di trade. Arras is the birthplace of Lebon, Robespierre, and
Lavers, 21 miles E.N.E. of Arienzo,, supposed to occupy the  Damiens. Pop. in 1846, 24,321.
site of the ItRoman Caudium, near which their army suffered    ARRAYAS, Ia-RV/es, a small town in South America,
the humiliating defeat of the "Caudine forks."             Brazil, province of Goyaz. P('x. about 300.
ARPAJON, at'pi'zhaNa/, (formerlyCliATRES,) atown of    ARRAYOLOS, ia.-ti-o/loce, e town of Portugal, province
France, department of Seine-et-Gise, on the Seine, 1 mile  of Alemtejo, 11 miles N.N.W. of Evora. Pop. 2200.
frome the Paris and Orleans Railway, and 15 miles S.S.E of    AIRREAUT, Iasr'b, an aucient town of France, department
Versailles. Pop. of commune; 2017.                         of Iiautes-Pyr6nles, 15 miles S.E. of llagnlres-de-ligorre.
111




ARR                                                          ART
ARRECIFE. See ARECIFE.                                      end of'Lakie Miunchar, on. tie X~. confines of Sinde, atier a
ARIRENIG, a mountain of Wales, co. of MIerioneth, 5.  course of 20 miles, joins the lndus.
miles W. of Bala, 2809 feet in elevation.                       ARSACIDEIS, a group of small islands in the Pacific.
AILRETIUM.  See AREzzo.                                     See SOLOMON  ISLES.
ARP]]JSEE. A'e ah-s'J, a lake of Denmark, Seeland. Lat.   AXSAGO, ait-s.!go, a village of Lombardy, 5 miles S.S.W.
550 571 N. Formerly a bay of the Cattegat, communicating  of Milan, with ruins of a very ancient temple.
with Stoeskilde-fiord by a small canal.                         ARSAMAS or A lZAMAS, fa-zt-massf,. a town in  Russia,
AIEStSOY S~E cliestr  kov  sFi a lake of Denmark,  Tn- governmentof Nizhnee-Novgorod, capital of a district of its
nen, the largest in the island.                               own name, on the Tiosha, 250 miles E. of Moscow. Lag.
ARIRETON, a pa'ish of the Isle of Wight.                    550 251 N.; Ion. 430 20' E. Pop. 9000.
AIRRIATE, sa~Re-a at, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,    ARISENAL, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
province of MSalaga, in the vicinity of Ronda. Pop. 5024.       ARS-EN -R, arz-eGa-ra, a town of France, department of
ARRIFANA,  AR-Ref-/n4,   a fort, bay, and island on the  Charente-Inf@rieure, on the W. coast of the island of E1, 17
S.W. coast of Portugal, province of Algarve, the first in lat. miles W. of La Rochelle.  Pop. (1852) 4043.
370 15' N., Ion. SO 529 W.                                      ARS-SUR-MOSELLE, an -scii-mo zelI, a commune and vilAR/RINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Camnbridge.         lage in the department of Moselle, canton of Gorze.
Al/RINGTON, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee.    ARSIEtO, ar-so-Aro, a village of Venetian Lonmbardy, 6
ARROAS (Air-ro1 s) ISLANDS, a group of small islands  miles N. of Schio. Pop. 2800.
and rocks in the Straits of Malacca, about 35 miles from the    ARISOLI, asfso-lee, a village of Italy, Papal States, 13
coast of Suimatra.                                             miles N.E. of Tivoli. Pop. 2000.
ARROE   ir-rol, (or HIARNISH, har/nish') ISLANDS, a    ART, ant, a village of Switzerland, 7 miles W.N.W. of
cluster of islands in the Red Sea, about 30 miles NW.. of  Schwytz, at the S. extremity of the lake of Zug, and where
locha.  The S.W. end of the largest called Great Arroe, or  guides are obtained for the ascent of the adjacent iMocunt
1ar.nish Island, is in lat. 130 39' N., Ion. 420 39' E.        Righi. Pop. 2200.
ARROESKIOBING.  See AsROESKIOBING.                             ARTA, aR/tA, (anc. Arsacltious,) a river of European Turkey,
ARRONCHES, use-aon/shs,. a town of Portugal, province  Albania, rises in Mount Mezzovo, and flows to the Gulf   of
of Alemtejo, on the Cayan, 18 miles N.N.W. of Elvas.  Arta. Total course, about 60 miles.
Pop. 1200.                                                       AtTA, an/t4, (anc. Ambroalcia,) a town of Albania, 42 miles
ARRO  AROO  or ARRU, (ar'roof,) ISLANDS, a group  S. of Yanina, in a finely wooded tract on the left bank of the
N. of Australia, lying between lat. 50 20' and 60 551 S., and  Arta, here crossed by a remarkable bridge, 200 yards in
lon. 1340 10' and 1340 45' E., 80 miles S.W. of Papua, the  length, 7 miles firom  its mouth. Pop. estimated at fronm
largest being 70 miles long and 20 miles broad. They are  5000 to 9000, mostly Greeks.  It has a large cathedral, a
separatedl by narrow straits. To the E. of the group is an  ruined convent of the ninth century, now a caravanserai, a
extensive coral reef, where pearls and trepang abound. The  citadel, and traces of its Hellenic walls, with msantfatctories
inhabitants are a mixture of the Malay and Polynesian  of coarse cottons and woollens, leather; capotes, and emnegro  races, and many have adopted Christianity.  The  broidery, and an active general trade.
products comprise pearl, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, birds    AltTA  or NAR/DA, a town of Mlajorca, near the N.W.
of paradise and trepang, which, with various other articles, part of the island, oh a range of hills which extend E. to
are brought hither by Bugis traders, to be exchanged for  Cape Pera, the point of which is defended by a castle. Pop.
British calicoes, iron, hardwares, arms, and gunpowder,    4000. Chief industry, manufactures of coarse linen, dyeing,
from Singapore. Dobbo, a town on the island of WTarud, in-  and fishing. Commerce in fruit.
habited by some Dutch and Chinese merchants, is at present   ARTA,  GULF OF, (anc. Silnus nAmbralcts,) a gulf of the
the greatest mart in the N. of Australasia, and it is esti- Ionian Sea, in the Mediterranesn, forms part of the N. fronmated that British goods to the amount of at least. $150,000  tier of the kingdom oGfiGreece, in lat. 390 N., and Ion. 210 E.
are imported yearly into this entrepat of the Arroo Islands. It is nearly landlocked, having Acarnania on the S. and E.,
Pop. of the group estimated at 60,000.                        and Albania on the N. Length from N.W. to S.E., 25 miles;
ARROO ISLANDS, a group on the N.W. coast of Wash- breadth, from  4 to 10 miles. The famons naval battle of
ington Territory, E. of Vancouver's Island. They are much  Actiume was fought near the entrance of this gulf. s. c. 29.
resorted to on account of their fisheries.                       ARTAINE, artain/. a parish of Ireland, co. f Dublin.
ARROQUIIAR or ARROCHAI-, ar/ro-Kar, a parish of Scot-    ARTAJONA, a -tfi-ne/n, a town of Spain, province of
land, co. of Dumbarton.                                       Navarre, 18 miles S. of Pamplona.  Pop. 1911. It consists
ARROUX, ARaRoof, a small river in France, in the depart- of a walled town and an open suburb.
ments of CSMe d'Or and SaSne-et-Loire, being an affluent of    ARTAKEE or ARTAKI, an'tl-keef, (anc. 4srltace,) a marlthe Loire. Length, about 65 miles.                            time town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the WV. shore of the
ARIROW, a river of Wales and England, rises in the co. peninsula of Cyzicus, in the Sea of Marmora, 70 miles S.W.
of Radnor, and flows into the Lugg, near Leominster.  of Constantinople.  It has the remains of an ancient mole.
Total course, 30 miles.                                       Its vicinity produces wine greatly esteemed in the Turkish
ARltROW, a stream of England rising in the Lickey Hills, capital.
co. of Worcester, and joining the Alne at Alcester.              ARTANA, aa-t6i4n, a town of Spain, Valencia, 11 miles
AR/ROW, a lake and river of Ireland, Connaught, co. of  S.W. of-Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2077.
Sligo. The lake, 4 miles in length by from  1 to 2 miles    ARTAS, aetlossl, or AR'TOSS/, a beautiful and fertile valacross, and 181 feet above the sea, is studded with islands, ley of Palestine, near Bethlehem. It is supposed to occupy
and highly picturesque. The river flows from  its N. ex-  the site of the gardens of Solomon. The name is not imtremity, and after a N.T. course of about 20 miles, enters  probably a corruption of the Latin Heorsts, a "1garden."
lallysadare Bay.                                                ARTAXATA, Ar-tax-9/tl, a former capital of Armenia,
ARIROW, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.                now a mass of ruins, on the Aras, 68 miles S.S.E. of Erivan.
ARtROWOOD, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South  About A. D. 370, it was taken by the Persians, who burned it
Carolina.                                                     and carried its inhabitants into captivity.  At this time  it
ARROW  ROCK, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, on  contained 9000 Jewish, and 40,000 Armenian houses, with a
the Missouri River, 72 miles by water N.W. of Jefferson  population of about 190,000.
City, It stands on a high bluff, and has a good landing    ARTEIJO, as-t~le-no, a village of Spain, in Galicia, with
and a ferry.                                                  mineral springs, on the Bolano, at its mouth, near Corunna.
AR/IRtOWSIC, a township in Sagadahoc co., Maine, occu-'ARTENARA, as-tA-nO/ra, a town of the Canaries, near the
pying an island at the mouth of Kennebec River. Pop. 311. centre of the island Gran Canaria.
AR/'ROWSM:ITII, MOUNT, Van Diemen's Land. Lat. 420    ARTENAY, astinA, a town of France, department of Lot7' S.; ion. 1460 3' E., and 4075 feet in elevation.            ret, on the Paris and Orleans Railway, 13 miles N. of Orleans.
ARIROWSMITH RIVER, in Western Australia, rises in    ARTERN, aa/tern, a town of Prussian  Saxony, in the
Herschell range, and fitlls into the sea in lat. 290 30' 5.   government of Merseburg, 30 miles W.S.W. of Halle.  Pop.
AR'ROWSMITHS, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio.          3052, employed in refining salt and nitre.
ARROYO DEL PUERCO,  AR-Rofyo dfl pwTssko, ("pig    ARTH, a village of Switzerland.  See ART.
brook,") a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 10 miles W.   ARTIIEZ, ta'tA/, a town of France. department of Passesof Caceres; in an elevated and extensive plain enjoying a  Pyrtn6es, 8 miles E.S.E. of Orthez.
temperate climate. The houses are generally two stories    ARTIIEZ D'ASSON, ao'tA! dAs'sWNtl/ a village  of France,
high, and the streets clean and well paved. The town con-  department of Basses-Pvr6nees, arrondissensent of Pan.
tains a parish church, in which are preserved several fine  Pop. 1692, engaged in mining and iron-forging
pictures by Morales, 6 endowed schools, an hospital, a    ARITHINGWORTH, a parish of England, co: of North
palace of the ancient Dukes of Benevente. Pop. 7395.          anipton.
ARROYO MOLINOS DE MONTANCHES; AO-mooyo  mo-   AR/TI-IHUR,, a river of Van Diemen's Land, rises in the
lee/nocs dl mon-t~ndchls, or ARROYO DEL IMOLINO. R-1ooP-  Surrey H-ills, and, after a N.W.  course of between 50 and 60
yo dfl mo-lee/no, a town of Spain, in Est.remadura, 27 miles miles, falls into the sea, in lat. 410 10' S., Ion. 1440 40' E.
S.S.E. of Caceres, on the edge of the ridge of Montsanches,   ARTHUR,, GREAT and LITTLE,  two of the SCILLY ISLANDS,
the scene of the surprise and defeat of the French by Lord  (which see.)
Iill. October 28, 1811. Pop. 3286.                              AI/TI-IiUR, PORT, a penal settlement in Van Dienen's
APRU  ISLANDS. See AP.soo.                                  Land,  at the S. extremity  of Tasman's Peninsula, with
A!l/IULL.  a river of india, in Sinde, emerging firom the S. anchoi'age and shelter for large vessels..112




ART                                                           ASO
ARITIHUi ISLANDS, a small group in the Mulgrave Archi-  AlZAW', (anc. Arsena.ria,) a seaport town of Algeria, 23
pelar-o.                                                       miles E.N.E. of Oran, on the Mzediterranean, with fine Ilo.
ARTIITHURET, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.        man remains, and vast cisterns. It is a military station of
APITIItUSBU SBURG, a  post-office of Dutchess co., New  the French troops.
York.'                                                           ARZIGNANO, aad-zeen-y/no, a town of Lombardy,.10 miles
ARITTUR'S SEAT, a famous hill in Scotland, immedi-  IV. of Vicenza.  Pop. 4000, who manufacture woollen cloths,
ately S.E. of Edinburgh, 822 feet above the sea.               leather, and silk twist. Near it are brick fields and coal
AR/THUR'S SEAT, a hill on the S. coast of Australia, be- mines.
tween Port Philip acid the ocean.                                ARZILLA, an-zil/l1 or aa-zeelll, a small, fortified seaport
AR/THUR'S STONE, a cronmlech on the top of Cefn Bryn,  town of Morocco, province of Fez, on the Atlantic, 23 miles
a hill of Wales, Glamorganshire, 9 miles W. of Swansea.  It  S.S.W. of Cape Spartel.
donsists of a block of mill-stone, 14 feet in length, and 7 feet    ARZO, aRnd/zo, a village of Switzerland, in Ticino, near the
2 inches in thickness, resting on 8 supporters, and it is re-  frontier of Lombardy, with quarries of excellent marble.
forred to in the Welsh triads as one of the three most stu-    ARZOBISPO ISLAND, Pacific Ocean. See BoNIN ISLANDS.
dendons works in Britain-Stonehenge, and probably Ave-    ASAB. See AssAB.
bury, being the others.                                          ASAHAN  or ASSAHAN, As-sA-hun/, a town on the N.E.
ARTITHURSTOWN, a hamlet and seaport of Ireland, in  coast of the island of Sumatra, capital of a district, and situLeinster, co. of Wexford, on the E. shore of Waterford har-  ated on a river of the same name, about 20 miles from the
bor, 7 miles E. by S. of Waterford.                           Straits of Malacca.
AR/TIC, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana.                ASAL.  See AssAL.
ARTLENBURG, aat/len-b65ao', a town of IHanover. on    ASAM.  See AssAM.
left bank of the Elbe, 9 miles N.N.E. of Liinebusg. Pop. 800.    ASABIA-YAMA, a-sL,/m1-y~t-ma, or ASAMA-NO-DAKE, AARTOIS, aastw~t, (anc. Atrebaltes,) an old province of  sA/-mA-no-dak/, a lofty and very active volcano in Japan, in
France, which, with part of Picardy, forms the present de- the interior of the island of Niphon.
partment of Pas-de-Calais; Arras was its capital. ARTESIAN       ASANGARO, As'n-gIro, a town and district of Peru, N.
wells derive their name from ARTOIS.                          bank of Lake Titicaca.  The town lies on a river of same
AR/TON, a township in Penobscot co., Maine. Pop. 252.   name, about 10 miles from  its embouchure in the lake; lat.
ARTREA. See AmDerEA.                                        150 30, S., ion. 710 30' W.
ARTVEEN or ARTVIN, aat-veen/, a town of Asiatic Tur-    ASARO, A-slro, a town of Sicily, Catania, 9 miles N.E. of
key, pashalic of Trebizond, capital of district, in aeravine near  Castro-Giovanni. Pop. 2968.
the Tchoruk river, here crossed by a bridge, 34 miles S.E. of    ASBA CII; slblo, (Gioss, grtce, and KLREIN, kline. i.e.,
Batoom. Estimated pop. 5500. It is mostly built of wood,  "great"' and "little,") two contiguous villages of Wttrtembut has some good stone residences belonging to the Turks,  burg, circle of Neckar, 17 miles N.E. of Stuttgart.
interspersed with olive and mulberry plantations, and a new      ASBACIT, Ise/bAK, a village of lRhenish Prussia, circle of
and large Roman Catholic church. Chief exports, butter, Coblentz.
wax, honey, olives, and oil, the products of its neighborhood.    ASBECK, Islblk, a town of Prussia, 4 miles S.E. of Ahaus.
ARUBA, I-roolbI,or ORUIBA, an island, one of the Dutch    ASBEN, ds\benl, a considerable kingdom of Central Africa.
Antilles, near the coast of Venezuela. Lat. (of Fort Zout- about lat. 200 N., lon. 70 E. Asben is also the name of the
man)120 28 30"N.; lon. 70011' W. Pop.(1846)2621, of whom   chief town, or caravan station in the kingdom..
561 were slaves.                                                 ASBURY, as'ber-e, a post-village in Mansfield township,
ARUCAS, I-roo'kls, a Spanish town on W. shore of Go-  Warren co., New Jersey, about 40 miles N.N.W. of Trenton.
mere, one of the Canaries, on the slope of a mountain which      AS/BURY, a post-office of Troup co., Georgia.
is upwards of 3000 feet in height; having a church, chapel,    ASIBURY, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
school, and spacious public granary.  Pop. 4370.                 AS/BURY, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.
ARUDY,'-rtiitdee, a town of France, department of Basses-    AS/BURY, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio.
Pyr6n6es, 14 miles S.S.W. of Pan. Pop. (1852) 2026.              AS/BURY, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
ARUMI or AARUM, iYrflm, a village of Iolland, province    AS/BY or ASH/BY, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreof Friesland, between Harlingen and Bolsward, and 5 miles  land.
distant from either place.                                      ASCALON, as/ka-lon,ASCULAN, As\koo-lgn!,orASCALAAN,
ARIUN, a river of England, co. of Sussex, enters the Eng-  As'k-l-In',(anc. A4shkelon,) a ruined city and seaport of Syria,
lish Channel at Little Hampton, after a course of nearly 40  40 miles W.S.W. of Jerusalem, and about 14 miles N. by W.
miles.  It is connected by a canal with Chichester harbor,  of Gaza; lat. 310 39' N., ion. 340 31' E. Ascalon was oriand with the Wey and Thames.                                   ginally a city and lordship of the Philistines, but afterwards
ARUNDEL, Arlun-del, a municipal and parliamentary bo-  fell into the hands of the Jews, and of various other nations
rough, market-town and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on  in succession. A little to the N. is a small modern village,
the Arun, 50 miles S.S.W. of London, with station on South  named   calolna, with a harbor for vessels employed in the
Coast Railway. Pop. 2748. Its castle, the splendid residence  coasting trade.
of the Dukes of Norfolk, confers the title of earl on its pos-    ASCENSION, as-sln/shFn, an island in the Atlantic, besessor. Arundel returns one member to the House of Con- longing to Great Britain, 280 miles N.W. of St. IHelena.  It
mons.                                                         is of a triangular shape, 8 miles long, and 6 miles broad at
ARVA, anRIv,, a river of Spain, in  Aragon, falls into the  the W. end. Lat. of the fort, 70 55t 55"t S.; lon. 140 25' 5"
Ebro near Tauste.                                              W. Pop. about 400. It is of volcanic origin, and generally
ARVA, Ar/vthb, a village of Hungary, N.E. of Also-Kubin,  mountainous, especially in the S.E., where one peak is 2870
on the Arva.                                                  feet in elevation. Named from having been discovered on
ARVA, satv6h\, a co. or district of Hungary, N. of the Da- Ascensioen Day, 1501.
nube.                                                            ASCENSION, as-sln/sh-in, a parish situated towards tlce
ARVA, a river in the N. part of Hungary, flows through  S.E. part of Louisiana, on both sides of the Mississippi, conthe above district into the Waag.                             tains about 420 square miles. The surfice is an alluvial
ARVA or ARVAGIT, ar/vlh, a (quoad sacra) parish of Ire-  plain, the highest parts of which are the banks of the
land, co. of Cavan.                                           river, and a portion of the land is subject to inundation.
ARVE, anytv, (It. Arvo, anvso,) a river of Sardinia, rises in  The soil near the river is fertile, and is occupied by plantsthe Col-de-Balne, and joins the Rhone immediately after  tions of sugar-cane and maize. Bayou La Fourche, a naviit has emerged from the Lake of Geneva. Length 45 miles. gable outlet of the Mississippi, commences at DonaldsonIt is very rapid, and often inundates the country.            ville, which is the seat of justice. Pop. 10,752, of whom
ARVYERNI. See AUVEnRGNE.                                    3486 were filee, and 7266 slaves.
ARVERT. an\vairl, a town of France, department of Cha-    ASCENSION BAY, on the E. coast of Yucatan, Central
rente-Inf6rieure, in the middle of a peninsula, between the  America, N. of Espiritu Santo Bay.
Seudre and the sea, 18 miles S.W. of Rochefort.  Pop. 2539,    ASCH, Ash, the westernmost town of Bohemia, 13 miles
who trade in salt, cured fish, and wine.                      N.W. of Eger.  Pop. 5000. It has manufactures of cotton
ARVEYRON, Ia/vArlce,!  a streamlet in Sardinian States,  hosiery, woollen fabrics, and wire.
Savoy, an affluent of the Arve.                                 ASCIIACH, IshloK, a town of Upper Austria, on the right
ARVILLARD, a'\vee-yaat, a village of Savoy, near the  bank of the Danube, 13 miles N.W. of Lintz. It is a mart
French territory, with iron foundries.                        for laths, timber, fruit, and linens.
ARVOREDO (aR-vo-rI/do) ISLAND, on the S.E. coast of    ASCI-IAFFENBURG, ash-af/fen-burg, (Ger. pron. I-shff'Brazil. Lat. 270 17' N.; lon. 480 22' iV.                     fen-b566Rc',) a flourishing town of Bavaria, circle of Lower
ARYS, A[r=s, a town of East Prussia, on the Lake of Arys,  Franconian, in which it holds the second rank, on the right
55 miles S.S.W. Gumbinnen. Pop. 1120.                         bank of the Maine, 23 miles E.S.E. of Fraukfort. Pop. 8400.
ARZAMAS. See ARSAMAS.                                       It has a royal residence, collections of art, and a library
ARZANA, aad-z/nI, a town on the islandof Sardinia, pro-  of 22,000 volumes; a Gothic  church, with the tombs
vince of Lanusei, N. of Cagliari, with iron mines. Pop. 1380. of its princes; a gymnasium  and public schools; mannuARZANO, aRd-zIno, a village of Naples, 3 miles N. of that  factures of soap, woollens, straw  goods, paper, and tocity. It has some beautiful villas; flax and hemp are much  bacco; ship-building yards, and a considerable transit
cultivated in the neighborhood.  Pop. 4143.                  trade.
ARZEN. See EnzaooMs.                                          ASCHE or ASSCIIE, &sfeKh, (Fr. pron. Ash,) a town of
ARZEW, ar\-ze-yoo, or ARZEO, ar-z/-o, sometimes written  Belgium, province of Brabant, 6 miles N.W. of Brussels
113




ASC                                                      ASIH
it has breweries, distilleries, tanneries, and soap-works.  general form  being compact. It is well watered, particu,
Pop. of town and commune, 5300.                            larly towards the coast, where the country is intersected
ASCHENDORF, Ash/en-doef', a village of Hanover, 26  by  several considerable streams besides those  named.
miles N. of Meppen, near the Ems. Pop. 1400.               The country is in general mountainous, though it has no
ASCHERSLEBEN, Ash'grs-liA/ben, a town of Prussia, capi- systems, nor any great elevations. It is covered with dense
tal of the circle of the same name, 27 miles S.S.W. of Magde- forests from  the coast to a distance of 200 miles inland.
burg, on the Eine, near its junction with the Wipper. It These are wholly impenetrable, excepting by paths which
is surrounded by a strong wall with five gates, and has six  have been opened in various places with  great labor.
churches, (five Protestant and one Roman Catholic,) a sy- Ashantee abounds in gold: the richest mines are in Ganagogue, a gymnasium, a poor-house, and a foundling hos- man, and its provinces of Baman, Safoy, and Showy. In
pital.  The chief articles produced  are frieze, flannel, these places the precious metal is found in large pieces,
worsted stockings, leather, earthenware, brandy, beer, and  some of about 4 pounds weight, called rock-gold. The ore
vinegar. Pop. of town, 10,100; of circle, 40,700.          is of a deep color., and is dug out of pits firom 5 to 9 feet in
ASCIANO, A-shl-Ino, a village of Tuscany, 13 miles S.E. depth. About 10,000 slaves are employed on the banks of
of Sienna, in the Val d'Ombrone.  Pop. 2460.               the Barra, for two months in the year, collecting gold-dust.
ASCOLI, eslko-le, (anc. Asfculucm  FPicenuvos,) an ancient The Ashantees are warlike and ferocious, with a love for
episcopal city of Italy, in the Pontifical States, on a hill, on  shedding human blood, and inflicting violent and sanguithe right bank of the Tronto, 53 miles S. of Ancona, and 16  nary deaths, amounting to a passion. In war they spare
miles W. of the Adriatic. Pop. 13,000. It is well built, neither age nor sex; and human teeth and human jawhandsome, and has old walls and a citadel. Chief edifices, bones are worn as personal ornaments. Human sacritices
a cathedral and numerous other churches; a modern  are made to an extent, with a frequency, and accompanied
pclazzo, containing a museum, library, and theatre; a Je- by an atrocity of circumstances hardly credible.  The
suits' college, governor's residence, and many private  Ashantees excel in the manufacture of cotton cloths, asd
palaces. Its harbor, (Porto d'Ascoli, poR/to ddsfko-le,) at the  in the brilliancy of their dyes.  They also make good
mouth of the Tronto, is frequented by coasting vessels, and  earthenware, tan leather, and work in iron, making sworddefended by two forts.                                      blades of superior workmanship;  But it is in the fiabricaASCOLI DI SATRIANO, 9s/ko-le dee sA-tre-A/no, (anc.  tion of articles in gold that they display the greatest skill,
Asoczmlsum,) a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 18  these often exhibiting a combination of fine taste with dexmiles S. of Foggia. Pop. 5500. It has a castle, a fine cathe- terous manipulation.  The chief article of export is gold,
dral, and a diocesan school.                                with a little ivory and some dye-woods.  They also export
ASCONA, As-kofni, a village of Switzerland, canton of  great numbers of slaves.  Their principal imports areTicino, on Lago Maggiore, 2 miles S.S.W. of Locarno. Pop. muskets, gunpowder, spirituous liquors, tobacco, iron, tin,
1000.                                                       copper, lead, with cotton and Indian goods, the latter
AS/COT-HEATH, England, co. of Berks, parish of Wink-  chiefly for the extraordinary purpose of being  nnravelled,
field, is about 31  miles N. of the South-western Railway,  on account of their colors, to be remanufactured in the
and 6 miles S.W. of Windsor. It is known for its races.     native looms.  The currency is gold in dust and lumps,
AS/COTT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.              and the well-known cowrie-shell.  The government of
ASCULUM. See AscoLI.                                      Ashantee is a despotism, alleged to be controlled by an
ASCUTNEY (As-kfmt'nee) MOUNTAIN, a huge'mass of  aristocracy consisting of four persons, and an assembly of
granite in Windsor co., Vermont. From the summit there  cabouers or captains.  The capital is Coomassie.  Populais a fine view of the Connecticut River.                    tion of the whole empire estimated at 3,000,000.-Adj.
ASCUTNEY~I]LE, a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont. and inhab., ASH'AN'TsEEd.
ASDOOD, ASDOUD, or ASDUD, is'doodl, (ane..4sl1dod and    ASH'APOO! or ASHFEP001, a small river of Colleton dieAzo/tus,) a village and seaport of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, trict, South Carolina, which flows into the sea through an
on the Mediterranean, 21 miles S. of Jaffa. It has no re- estuary called Coosaw River.
mains of antiquity, and would be unworthy of notice, but    ASHAPOO  FERRY, a post-office of Colleton  district,
for the figure it makes in sacred history as one of the five  South Carolina.
principal cities of the Philistines. The sea is gradually re-   ASHI/AWAY, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode
ceding from its now shallow harbor.                        Island.
ASEER or ASIR, Aeseen/, an independent state of Arabia,    ASH-BOCKIING, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
occupying the highland on the confines of HIejaz, Yemen,    ASHBOROUGH, ashbtirr-rh, a post-village, capital of
andNedjed. Itappear tobe of recent origin. The limits of  Randolph co., North Carolina, is situated on the plankAseer are formed by deserts or impassable mountains; and, road from Fayetteville to Salem, 78 miles N.W. of the forlike the boundary lines of all other Arabian states, do not mer. One newspaper is issued here. Deep River, 5 miles
admit of being precisely defined. It is situated in the in- distant, affords fine water-power, which is employed in
terior of the country, near the 18th parallel of N. lat., and  several cotton factories.
comprises several fertile and well-watered valleys, the chain    ASHIBOURNE or ASHBURN, ash/bhirn, a market-town
of which may be presumed to extend about 80 miles in  and parish of England, 121 miles N.W. of Derby. Area of
length. They have probably an elevation of from 3000 to  parish, 12,800 acres. Pop. in 1851, 5087. The town is neatly
4000 feet, while the rocky crests around them  may rise  built, and has a large church erected in 1240, in which are
from 1000 to 1500 feet higher. In the lower valleys, the  some monuments of the Boothby family; a grammardate-palm  grows to a great height;, cotton is also cul- school, income 240/. a year, several other charities, manntivated.  Hi(gher up, the date groves are interspersed  factures of cotton fabrics and lace, and an active trade in
with almonds, figs, apricots, peaches, and vines; the sides malt and cheese.
of the hills, where they offer any soil, being clothed with    ASHBOURNE  or ASIIBURN, a village of Ireland, co. of
forests of sidr, or pine-like juniper. The people of Aseer are  Meath, 14 miles N.N.W. of Dublin. Races are occasionally
bigoted followers of Abd-el-Wahab, by whom, it is said, they  held near this place.
were first converted to Mohammedanism, in the beginning    ASHI/BRITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
of the last century.                                         ASHBURNHAM,' ash/btirn-am,   a parish of England, co.
ASEERGHUR, &'seer-girt, or HASSER, hs!ser, a town  of Sussex.
and fort of British India, presidency of Bombay, at its    ASIi/BURNI'IAM, a post-township of Worcester co., Maesnearest point of approach to the Bengal presidency, district  sachusetts, on the Cheshire Railroad, 55 miles N.W. of
of Candeish, 12 miles N. of Boorhanpoor.  The fort, strong  Boston. It has extensive manufactures of matches; also
and well supplied with water, was taken in 1803, and again  of boots, cabinet ware, &c. Pop. 1875.
in 1819, by the British; who have held it ever since the    ASHBURNIHAM DEPOT, a post-village of Worcester co.,
latter period.                                             Massachusetts, on the Cheshire Railroad.
ASELE, A-smld, a parish and village of Swedish Lapland,   ASIIIBURTON, a parliamentary borough, market-town,
110 miles N.W. of Umed, capital of Asele Lappmark, on the  and parish of England, co. of Devon, 16 miles S.W. of ExeXngermann River.                                           ter, and 192 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 3432.
/AS/GARBY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln.       The town is surrounded by hills, dnd consists mostly of
ASII, a township of Monroe co., Michigan, about 27 miles  one long street; it has woollen mills, a venerable church,
S.W, by S. of Detroit. Pop. 1229.                          a grammar-school endowed with two scholarships, and nuASIAFAS or ASCHIAFAS, Ash-AfWs, a group of small merous charities. It was, in 1838, constituted one of the
islands in the Red Sea. The 16th parallel of N. lat. passes 4 stannary towns of Devon. The borough returns one mernthe southernmost,                                           her to the House of Commons. This is the birthplace of
ASIHANGEE, Ash-ntgheex, a lake of Abyssinia, in Tigr6. the celebrated lawyer Dunning, afterwards Lord AshburGreatest length, about 25 miles; breadth, about 14 miles. ton, and of the critic and poet Gifford.
Lat. 120 18, N.; ion. 390 33, E.                             ASIHIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
ASHANTEE, AshWn'tee!, an  extensive and powerful    ASHBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
kingdom of Western Africa, on the Gold Coast, Upper Gui-    ASHBY, ash/bee, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
nea, extending from lat. 50 0, to 90 30f N., and from ion.   ASIIBY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
00 55, E. to 40 71 W.; bounded N. by the Kong Mountains,   ASHBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
and S. by the Atlantic, and W. by the Assinie river, and    ASHBY, ash/bee, a post-township of Middlesex co.. MasE. by the Volta and Loka rivers. It is thus about 310  sachusetts, 50 miles N.W. of Boston.  It contains some
miles fiom E. to W., and nearly the same fiom  N. to S.; its  manulfactories of carriages, boots, &c. Pop. 1218.
114




ASIIH                                                    ASH
ASI1BY, a small village of Coles co., Illinois.          and several other turning shops. The town has 2 tanne,
ASHIBYBURG. a small village of HTopkins co., Kentucky, ries, 1 steam  saw-mill, and an eaxthenware manufactory.
on Green River, about 200 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It Pop. in 1850, 1394; in 1854, about 1700.
is a shipping point for a portion of the county.             ASHFIELD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk,
ASiVIBY-BY-PARTINEY, a parish  of England, co. of  61 miles N.N.W. of Stowmarket. Lord Thurlow was born
Lincoln.                                                   in this parish in 1732.
ASHBY CANONS, a parish of England, co. of North-   ASHtPORD, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
ampton.                                                    Kent, 12. miles S.W. of Canterbury, and 53 from London.
ASIHIBY  CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of North- The South-eastern Railway has a station here. Pop. in
ampton.                                                   1851, 5007. The principal street, nearly half a mile in
ASHBY, COLD, a parish of England, co. of North- length, is paved and lighted. The church, once collegiate,
ampton.                                                   is large, and has some superb monuments. The gramnmarASHBY-DE-LA-LAUNDE, ashrfbee-deh-la-lauLnd, a parish  school was founded in 1638 by one of the Knatchbull family..
of England, co. of Lincoln.                                  ASIHFORD, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH, ashlbe-dl-.a-zoochl, a market-    ASHFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
town and parish of England, 15i miles N.W. of Leicesters.    ASHFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby, 2 miles
Pop. 6230. It has a ruined castle, in which Mary, queen of N.W. of Bakewell. The village is beautifully situated on
Scots, was once confined; an ancient church, in the decorated  the Wey, here crossed by three stone bridges.
style; a grammar-school, in Emanuel College, Cambridge; a    ASHFORD, a post-township of Windham co., Connecticut,
theatre; salt-water baths, resorted to by visitors; manufac-  30 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It has several tanneries.
tures of hosiery, hats, and bricks; and iron smelting-works.  Pop. 1296.
ASIHBY FO/VILLE,  a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   ASHFORD, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., New
ASTIBY {MAGNA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   York, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1658.
ASIHBY PUTJEROIRUM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    ASHFORD, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.
ASHIIBY ST. LEGER'S, ashlbee sillFe-jrz, a parish of Eng-    A SHFORD BOWDfLER, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
land, co. of Northampton. The church has a richly orna-   ASI-HFORDBY, dshlfford-be, a parish of England, co. of Leimented screen and roodloft, and contains the tombs of the  cester.
Catesby family.                                             ASH/FORD CARIfBONELL, a parish of England, co. of Sa.
ASHIBY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       lop, adjoining the above.
ASHBY-WTITHI-IENfBY, a parish of Enlgland,. so. of Lin-    ASH GSIOVE, a post-office of Iroquois co., Illinois.
coin.                                                        ASH GROVE, a post-office of Green co., Missouri.
ASH-IBY-WITH-OfBEY, a  parish  of England, co. of    ASH/ILL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Norfolk.                                                     ASHtILL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ASHICHURCI-I, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      ASHIINGDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
ASItICOMBE, a parish, of England, co. of Devon.            AStIIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ASI-HCOTHI, a chapelry of England, co. of Somerset.        ASHIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
ASIH CREEK. a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi.   ASHIKIRK, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Roxburgh and
ASiIDALAG,Ash-dA-lag/, a large and beautiful village in  Selkirk,
Russian Armenia, about 35 miles N.W. of Erivan, high up    ASHILAND, a county in Ohio, situated in the N.E.
on the S. slope of the Alaghez Mountains. It is inhabited  central part of the state, contains about 390 square miles.
exclusively by Christians, enjoys a very mild climate, and  It is watered by the Black fork and Lake fork, which,
is surrounded by rich gardens.                             shortly after crossing the S. line of the county, unite and
ASI!DOD. See Asnoon.                                     form the Mohiccan or Walhonding Risie. The surface in
ASHIDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             the S. is hilly, and the remainder rolling.. The soil is not
ASHE, ash, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the  surpassed in fertility by any in the state, and it is particuStour, 5 miles E. by N. of Wingham. The ruins of Rich- larly well adapted to wheat, grass, or fruit. The Ohio and
borough Castle, (aunc.  Jsshutuissm,) on the brow of a hill, Pennsylvania Railroad passes through the county. The
near Sandwich, in this parish, consist of a wall from 12 to 30  streams above named afford extensive water-power. Formed
feet high, and 12 thick, enclosing an area of about 5 acres, in 1846. Capital, Ashland. Pop. 23,811.
where various antiquities have recently been discovered.     ASHLAND, a post-township in Middlesex co., MassachuASIHE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                setts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 24 miles W. by
AStIE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.               S. from Boston, has manufactures of carriages, bobbins, and
ASIE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.                paper. Pop. 1304.
ASH-E, a hamlet of England, co. of Devon, 7 miles E.S.E. of   ASIHILAND, a post-township in the N.W. part of Greene
Oakhampton. It was the birthplace of the Duke of Marl- co., New York, 40 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. 1290.
borough.                                                     ASHLAND, a village of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on
ASHE, ash, a county forming the N.W. extremity of North  the road from  Pottsville to Catawissa, 12 miles N.W. of
Carolina, bordering on Virginia and Tennessee, has an area  Pottsville. It owes its rapid growth to the coal business.
of about 600 square miles. The Watauga and New Rivers  Pop. about 500.
rise in it. This county consists of a mountainous region,   ASHLAND, a village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, on the
situated between the Blue Ridge on the S.E. and Stone  Honesdale and Delaware Plank-road 170 miles N.E. of HarMountain on the W. The soil in many parts is fertile, and  risburg. It is half way between Honesdale and the Eric
produces good pasture.  Organized about 1800. Capital, Railroad.
Jefferson.  Pop. 8777, of whom  8182 were free, and 592    ASHLAND, a post-office o0 Cabell co., Virginia.
slaves. Named in honor of Samuel Ashe, former governor    ASHLAND, a post-office of Bertie co., North Carolina.
of the state.                                               ASHLAND, a post-office of Forsythe co., Georgia.
ASII1ELDHA3M, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          ASHLAND, a small post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee.
ASIIELORTIIIT, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    ASHLAND, the residence of the late Henry Clay, the disASHIEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              tinguished orator and statesman, is situated in Fayette co.,
AStIENDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.           Kentucky, about 2 miles S.E. of Lexington.
ASHIERY, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio.              ASHLAND, a handsome town of Montgomery township,
ASHE'S CREEK, a post-office of Spencer co., Kentucky.   and capital of Ashland, county, Ohio, 85 miles N.N.E. of
ASHEVILLE, ash/vil, a small village of Lancaster co., Columbus, and 55 miles in a direct line S.WV. of Cleveland.
Pennsylvania.                                             It is situated in a fine farming country, and is the centre
ASHEVILLE, a flourishing  post-village,  capital of of an active trade. There is a large woollen factory in opeBuncombe co., North Carolina, is situated on the Bun- ration here. The town contains an academy, 5 or 6 churches,
combe Turnpike, 11 miles E. of the French Broad River, and many elegant residences. A railroad is projected from
and 255 miles TWV. of Raleigh. It is on the route of the  this town to join the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad at
Western Turnpike, which is now in process of construction  New London. Pop. 1344.
from the S.W. extremity of the state to Salisbury. It con-   ASHLAND, a thriving post-village of Fayette co., Inditains a bank, an academy, 2 newspaper offices, and several ania, on the Whitewater River and Canal, 7 miles below
churches. Pop. about 1000. The site of Asheville is ascer- Connersville, the county town, and 65 miles E. by S. of Intained to be 2200 feet above the level of the sea.        dianapolis. It is a place of active business, and has valuaASHEVILLE, a small post-village, capital of St. Clair co., ble water-power.
Alabama, 120 miles N. of Montgomery, has a few stores,   ASHLAND, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.
and about 250 inhabitants. The county contains extensive    ASHLAND, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa, 72 miles
beds ofbituminous coal, which will probably be worked when  S.W. of Iowa City.
the railroad is finished from Selma to the Tennessee River.   ASHLAND FURNACE, a post-office of Cambria co., PennASHFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         sylvania.
ASHIFIELD, a post-township of Franklin co., Massachu-    ASHLEY, ashflee, a parish of England, co. of Northsetts, 40 miles N,W. of Springfield. Several small tributa-  ampton.
ries of the Deerfield and Westfield Rivers afford water-   ASHLEY, a parish of England, co. of IHants.
power, which is used in part for driving 12 saw-mills, a    ASHLEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
manufactory of Gardner's mincing knives, a wool factory,   ASHLEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
a grist-mill, a pill-box and wood-turning establishment,    ASHLEY, ashllee, a small river of South Carolina, which
115




ASH                                                        ASI
rises in Colleton district, and flowing south-eastward, unites the lake steamers. A railroad connects Ashtabula with
with Cooper River at Charleston to form Charleston harbor. Cleveland, and with Erie in Pennsylvania. The village
ASHLEY, a county in the S.E. part of Arkansas, border- contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, and 1 bank
ing on Louisiana, contains 870 square miles. It is inter- This place was settled by descendants of the Puritan stock.
sected by Bartholomew Bayou, (navigable by steamboats,)  Pop. in 1850, 821.
and bounded on the W. by Saline and Washita Rivers.    ASHTAROTH-, ashfta-roth, an  ancient city of Syria,
The surface is nearly level or undulating, and is occupied  named in Scripture as the capital of " Og, king of Bashan,"
by several small prairies. The chief productions are cot- identified with the foleZc Ashtcreh, in the pashalic of Damaston, Indian corn, and tobacco. In 1850 there were raised  cus, in the plain of Hauran, 5 miles W. of Mezareeb
42,130 pounds of tobacco, the greatest quantity produced in  (Mezarib.)
any one county of the state. Capital, Fountain Hill  Pop.    ASIITEAD, ashtfed, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
2058; of whom 14114 were free, and 644 slaves.               ASTITO/LA, (the Carine of Nearchus,) an uninhabited
ASHLEY, a small village of Carroll co., Arkansas.        island of the Indian Ocean, lat. 250 8' N., ion. 630 48' E., 12
AStHLEY or OXFORD, a flourishing village of Oxford  miles fi-om the Mekran coast, in Beloochistan. It abounds
township, Delaware co., Ohio, on the railroad from Cleve- with turtle, and was formerly the haunt of the Jowasimee
land to Columbus, 104 miles S.W. of the former, and 31  pirates.
miles W. of the latter. It is an important depot on the    ASHTON, ash/ton, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
railroad, and is a place of active business. Laid out in    ASIITON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
1850. Pop. near 500.                                         ASHTON. a mining village of Carbon Co., Pennsylvania,
ASHLEY, a post-office of Pike co., Missouri.             10 miles W/of Mauch Chunk, 1V miles from  Summit Hill
ASIILEY, a lake in Iron co., Utah Territory, in lat. about coal mines, and 115 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. The inha380 251 N., Ion. 1140 10' WV. Length, about 25 miles; great-  bitants are mostly employed in the coal business.
est breadth, 10 miles. It has no known outlet.               ASHITON, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana.
ASHLEY CITY, or NEW BALTIMORE, a small village    ASHTON, a post-office of Clark co., Missouri.
of Macomb co., MIhichigan, on Lake St. Clair, 7 miles N. of    ASHTON, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.
the mouth of Clinton Diver, and a few miles N.E. of Mount    ASHTON, COLD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Clemens. The harbor is accessible for lalrge steamboats.    ASHTON-KEYNES, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
The village was laid out in 1851, and is improving rapidly.    ASHITON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ASIILEY-CUJ'I-SYL/VERLEY, a parish of England, co.   ASHTON'S, a post-office of Shelby co., Texas.
of Cambridge.                                                ASHTON'S MILLS, a post-office of Frederick co., Virginia.
ASIHILEY FALLS, a post-office of Berkshire co., IMassa-   ASHTON, STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
chusetts.                                                    ASHTON-UINDER- LYNE,       a parliamentary borough, meASHLEY'S FORK, a tributary of the Green River of the  nufacturing town, and parish of England, co. of Lancaster,
Colorado, in Salt Lake and Utah counties, Utah Territory;  on the Tame, 61 miles by railway E.N.E. of Manchester.
it enters the river on the left, about 50 miles below  Pop. of borough, (l1851) 29,791. The town is mostly ill built,
Brown's IIole.                                             but it has a large church of the time of Henry V., a good marASIILEYVILLE, ashihe-vil, a post-office of Hamden co., ket-house lately erected at a cost of 10,0001., various schools
Massachusetts.                                             and charities, assembly-rooms, a theatre, and mechanics'
ASI-ILEYVILLE, a small village of Sheffield township,  institute, with a new and large Independent chapel, and
Berkshire co., Massachusetts.                              places of worship for Methodists, Baptists, Unitarians, Ro
ASHLEYVILLE, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan.   man Catholics, Moravians, and Jews. It is well situated
ASIHIIIANIAUGIIH, ash/m.n-haw, a parish of England, for manufacturing industry, coal being plentiful, and canals
co. of Norfolk.                                            from Manchester, Huddersfield, and Derbyshire meeting in
AS1H/MORE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           the parish. The principal manufactures are cotton-aarn
ASHIMUNEIN. See OSHRMOONEYN.                             spinning, and weaving calicoes by the power-loom.  The
ASH/OLT or AISHIOLT, a parish of England, co. of So- number of factories existing within the borough is 84,
merset.                                                    working 3533 horse-power, and giving employment to 14,377
ASHTIOVER, a parish and village of England, co. of Derby, work-people, the weekly wages of whom amount, usually,
5b miles S.W. of Chesterfield.                             to about 79001. The consumption of raw cotton is estiASIIOW, ash,/6, a parish of England, co. of Warwiclk.    mated at 1,400,000 pounds weekly. In 1843, a barrack was
ASHI PARK, a post-office of Cattaraugns co., New York.  erected near the town, at a cost of 42,5001., in which a batASH\PETUCK/ RIVER, a small stream of Fairfield co., in  talion of infantry and a troop of horse are permanently stathe S.W. part of Connecticut, flows into Saugatuck River.  tioned.  Ashton-under-Lyne sends one member to the
ASHIPORT, a village in the IV. part of Lauderdale co., House of Commons. The increase of the wealth and popunTennessee, on the E. bank of the Miississippi River, about lation of this town within the last half century, but par170 miles W.S.W. of Nashville.                             ticularly within the last twenty years, has been very reASIIPRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         nmarkable. In 1821, its population was 9222; in 1841, 22,689;
ASH-PRIIORS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       in 1851, 30,676.
ASH1TA]/, a town of Persia. See AsitRUFF.                   ASHTON-UPON-IMERSEY, a parish of England, co. of
ASI:REIGNEY, ash/A-ne, or RING'S AStI, a parish of  Chester.
England, co. of Devon.                                       ASHUELOT (ash/we-lot) RIVER, Cheshire co., New HampASIU1RIIDGE, a hamlet of England, parish of Pittstone, 2  shire, falls into the Connecticut River about 3 miles from the
miles N.W. of Chesham.  A parliament was held here by  S. boundary of the state.
Edward I.. and Princess Elizabeth lived here in 1554.        ASHIURST, a parish of England, co. of IKent.
ASh RI DGE, a post-ocice of Brown co., Ohio.               ASH/VILLE, North Carolina and Alabama. See ASHEASI RIDGE, a post-office of Pulaski co., Illinois.       VILLE.
ASHRUFF, Ash'rfif, AStIRAF, ashraft, or USHRUFF,   ASHI/VILLE, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.
flsh'rtflt, a town of Persia, province of Mazanderan, 50    ASH/VILLE, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio.
miles W. of Astrabad. Ashruff is said to have formerly    ASH/WATER, a parish of England, co of Devon.
contained 300 baths within its walls; but it has now    ASH/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
only 500 houses, thinly scattered through an extensive    ASHWELL, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
jungle. Lot. 360 41' 45"' N.; ion. 530 331' 5311" E.         ASHWELTHIORPE, ash/wel-thorp, a parish of England,
ASTI RUN, a post-office of Pendleton co., Kentucky.      co. of Norfolk. This manor is the property of Lord Berners,
AShI SPIRING, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.      whose ancestors owned it in the reign of Henry VII.
ASHITA, a town of Hindostan, Gwalior dominions, 63    ASHI/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
miles E. by S. of Oojein.                                    ASH/WICKEN, a parish of England, co of Norfolk.
ASHTABULA, ash'ta-bu/la, a river of Ohio, enters Lake    ASH/WOOD, a post office of Tenses parish, Louisiana.
Erie in the county of itsown name.                           ASHI/WOOD, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.
ASIITABULA, a county forming the N.E. extremity of    ASH/WORTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
Ohio, bordering on Pennsylvania and Lake Erie. It is    ASIA, Ashe-a, (not Pzhe-a,) (Fr. Asic, tzee/; Ger..Assien,
drained by Grand and Conneaut Rivers. The surface is  ze-en; L., It., Sp., and Port., Asia, A/se-S,) the largest of the
level; the soil contains a large portion of clay, and is great divisions of the globe. Its mainland is bounded N. by
adapted to grazing. Hay, Indian corn, oats, butter, cheese, the Arctic Ocean, S. by the Indian Ocean, E. by the North
wool, and cattle are the staples. It is intersected by a rail- Pacific, W. by Europe, and S.W. by Afirica. Its greatest
road leading from Cleveland to Erie. The county was first length is from the Dardanelles to Behring's Strait, a distance
settled in 1796, by natives of New England. Capital, Jef- of about 7500 miles: its greatest breadth from  Cape Severoferson. Pop. 28,766.                                      Vostchnoi,in Siberia, to Point Romania, at the S. extremnity of
ASHTABULA, a post-township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. the Malay Peninsula, about 5166 miles. Asia isjoined to EuPop. 2177.                                                 rope throughout the whole length of its western limit, being
ASIHITABULA, a thriving post-village in the above town- separated from it by an arbitrary line only, part of which is
ship, on the river of same name, about 3 miles from Lake  formed by the Ural Mountains; it is connected with Africa by
Erie, 213 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 60 miles E.N.E. of  the Isthmus of Suez. On the E. it is separated fiom Anmerica
Cleveland.  It is pleasantly situated, and many of the  by Behring's Strait, where the two continentsl approach withhouses are neatly built; it is a place of considerable bush-  in 36 miles of each other. The coasts of Asia are singulasly
ness. The harbor at the mouth of the river is visited by
116                                                            See note to NEWCASTLe-U-naDEz-L]siE.




ASI                                                             ASI
irrTegular, especiallyon the S. and E., where it is indented by  2000 miles.  The mean height has been estimated at from
immense bays and gulfs, forming projections of correspond-  16,000 20,000 feet. The highest sammit yet ascertained with
ing magnitude. The principal of the former are the Persian  any degree of certainty,is that ofKunchainjunga, in Sikkim,
Gulf, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Siam, on the S. which is 28,178 feet in height.
coast; the Gulf of Tonquin, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Gulf of    Dhawalagiri ranks next to it. But there are several other
Tartary, Sea of Okhotsk, and Gulf of Anadeer, onthe E. coast. peaks said to be of equal, and some of even still greater eleOn the N., the indentations are equally numerous, but, with  vation. There are more than 40 rising above 21,000 feet.
exception of the Gulf of Obi, not of the same extent. The  Most of the passes are above 15,000 feet in height, and some
more remarkable peninsulas are those of IHindostan, Malac- of them 18,000 and 19,000.  The line of perpetual congelaca, Cochin China, Corea, and Anadeer, on the S. and E. coasts. tion is at an elevation, on the S. side, of 12,981 feet; on the
The principal islands and island groups within the limits of  N., of 16,620 feet; a result precisely the reverse of what
this division of the globe are, on the S. and E., the Lacca-  would would, a priori, be expected, but which is supposed
dives, Maldives, the Chagos Archipelago, Ceylon, the An- to be owing to the greater serenity of the sky on the N. side,
daman, and Nicobar Islands; the Mergui Archipelago, Su- the less frequent formation of snow in very cold dry air, and
matra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the Sunda and Banda  the radiation of heat from the neighboring plains, which are
Islands; the Moluccas, Sooloo Islands, Philippines, the island  much nearer than those on the S. The crest of the Himalayas
of HIainan, Formosa, Chusan, HIong-Kong, the Japanese Em- consists of stratified, crystalline rocks, especially gneiss, with
pire, Saghalien or Tarakai, and the Kooriles.  On the N., Ko- large gra,-nitic veins, and immense beds of quartz.  The zone,
telnoiFadievskoi,New Siberia,Liokoy,ancd(according to Hum-  between 15,000 and 18,000 feet above the level of the sea, is of
boldt) Nova Zembla. The mainland of Asia is comprised be-  silurian strata; granite is firequent at the base, and strata
tween lat. 10 11' and 780 20' N., and ion. 270E. and 170 W. If its  of comparatively modern date occur at great elevations.
islands are included, its southern limit will extend to lat. 110  Vegetation is prolonged on the Himalayas to the height of
S., the most S. point of Rotte, a small island S. of Timer. upwards of 18,000 feet. These magnificent mountains are
The countries comprised within its limits are, Asiatic Tur- intersected by valleys and ravines of tremendous depth,
key, Arabia, Persia, Beloochistan, Cabool, Punjab, Sinde, through many of which rivers and torrents rush with inIindostan, Burmah, Siam, Laos, Anam, Malacca, China,  conceivable impetuosity.  The system  of the Altai sur-.Mantchooria, Corea, Mongolia, Thibet, Tartary, and Asiatic  rounds the sources of the Irtish and Yenisei. The Altai
Russia; to these, and to the islands above enumerated, re- proper forms little more than a fourth part of the entire
spectively, the reader is refe-red for such details as may be  system; extending from  WV. to E., from  the confluence of
missed in this article, which, to avoid unnecessary repeti-  the Ooba (Uba) and Irtish to Mount Goorbee, and the S. of
tion, is intended to be merely general.                        Lake Baikal. Its branches or'continuations stretch, under
The vast extent of Asia, the diversity of its surface, and  various names, first to the Gulf of Okhotsk, and afterwards
the conflicting accounts given of the physical structure of  to East Cape, where it terminates; the whole length being
large portions  of its interior, particularly in Central Asia, about 4500 miles; the breadth varying from  400 to 1000
renders it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to give such  miles. The highest known summit, Bielukha, in the RIusa view of its general conformation as should be at once accu- sian Altai, attains an elevation of 11,000 feet above the sea.
rate and intelligible. It may, however, be characterized,  The common distinction of "Great' and "Little" Altai is
generally, notwithstanding its enormous elevations, as a  founded on error, both the name and chain of the Great Alflat country, its mean level above the sea not exceeding  tal being, according to IHumboldt, imnaginary.  The Thian1150 feet, while a third part has not more than 255 feet of  Shan, or Celestial Mountains, run nearly along the 42d0 pamean height. The whole of that portion lying N.W. of the  railel of N. lat., rising in Tartary, and terminating  in the
Thian-Shan Mountains, or of lat. 450 N., and N. of the Al- Desert of Gobi, in Mongolia. Their highest summit, Bogda
tal, or of let. 500 N., is one prodigious plain or tract of low-  Cola, or "Holy Mountain," is always covered with snow.
land, a third larger.than Europe, the elevation of which is  Little is known of the country between the Thian-Shan
little morethan from 200 to1200 feet. Thesouthernportion, Mountains and those of the Altai-a space of about 400
which stretches along the Indian Ocean, is composed, like- miles in breadth. The Kuen-lun Mountains run nearly
wise, of comparatively level regions; so is also a great part parallel with the former range, and in some parts with the
of the interior, where the elevations do not exceed from 2000  Hindoo Koosh also. They rise a little to the E. of the 100th
to 4000 feet above the sea; though formerly believed to be  degree of E. longitude, and, under the various names o0
more than double the height of the latter amount, or 9000  Koolkoon, Aneuta,  Kuen-Lun, Hindoo Koosh, Elbrooz,
feet; a supposition contradicted by the fact, that grapes, and Taurus, running W. and N.W., closely skirt the Casvines, oranges, and cotton grow there readily and in great  plan and Black Seas on the S., terminating  to the W. of
abundance. It may be added, that the heights of several of  the latter, thus forming, with the exception of the American
the other plateaus of Central Asia have been greatly over-es- Cordillera of the Andes, the longest line of elevation on the
timnated; and that there is little doubt that, if carefully mensa- globe. The numerous other chains, of greater or less exsured, most, if not all of them, would be found to fall far  tent, existing over this great continent, will be found
short of the heights at present assigned to them. Still, noticed in the articles on the countries in which they occur.
while a large portion of Asia is comparatively but little    Volcaezoes,  fcarthquaces, d-c. —!The  continent of Asia has
above the level of the sea, many extensive tracts have a  few volcanoes in a state of activity, though its islands are
great elevation, and no small past of the Continent is ac- crowded with them, Java containing a greater number than
tually below sea level. The extensive country N. and E. of  any other region of equal extent on the globe. In Western
the Caspian Sea, and around the Sea of Aral, form a vast  Asia, the only active volcano existing is Demavend, 70 miles
cavity of about 55,000 square miles, all of which is below   S. of the S. shore of the Caspian Sea.  It is 14,695 feet
the sea level. The prodigious mountain-systems of Asia are  in height, covered with snow, and is constantly smoking.
no less remarkable than its vast plains and deserts. With  The table-land of Western Asia was at one time the seat of
the exception of the Ural Mountains, none of any note occur  intense commotion, now restricted to the mnountain just
throughout the whole of Northern Asia N. of lat. 500, and  named, to Seiban-dagh, and Ararat.  In the table-land of
WV. of ion. 1200 E.; but E. of that meridian, the Aldan  Eastern Asia, the only instance of igneous explosion that
MIountains, and the Yablonoi and Stanovoi Krebit, attain a  occurs is in the volcanic chain of the Thian-Shan, where
considerable elevation. S. of lat. 500, and N. of lat. 310, are  there are two active volcanoes at the distance of 670 miles
to be found the principal mountain-systems of Asia, consist- from  each other, Peshan, and IHIo-cheoo.  These are the
ing of four great ranges, nearly parallel to each other and  centre of an extensive volcanic district, extending N. to the
to the Equator; the largest extending, in an almost un- Altai Mountains.  Fire-hills and fire-springs are numerous
broken line, under the various names of Taurus, Elbrooz, in China, but, so far as is known, there are no mountains
IHindoo Koosh, and Kuen-lun, from the Bosphorus to China  that eject lava. In Kamtchatka, however, there are no
Proper, E. of the 100th meridian, forming, as it were, the  fewer than 9 volcanoes in a state of activity. Earthquakes
backbone of the Continent. The subsidiary systems lie at  are frequent and violent in many parts of Asia. The places
various angles to the Equator; but, generally speaking, they  most subject to these visitations are Asia Minor, the Perrun parallel to the coasts, the greater number, however, hay-  sian Mountains, Cabool, the regions between Lake Baikal
ing a direction S.E. to N.W., as in Arabia, Persia, the coast and the volcano of Ho-cheoo, in the S.E. of Tartary, and in
of Malabar, the peninsula of Burmah, Anam, and lMalacca; the province of Cutch, in Hindostan.
while, on' the coast of Coromandel, in  Northern  India,    Table-lands, Plains, or Stefpes and Deserts.-The tableChina, Mantchooria, and N.E. Siberia, the general direction  lands of Asia, like all the other physical features of that
is S.W. to N.E.                                               vast continent, are upon the most gigantic scale. That of
lfousntains.-The great mountain-systems of Central Asia  Iran, in Persia, occupies an area of 1,700,000 square miles,
atre the I-Iimalaya, the Altai, the Thian-Shan or Celestial and is generally from 4000 to 7000 feet above the sea; while
IMountains, and the KIuen-lun, all, generally speaking, pa- that of Thibet comprises 7,600,000 square miles, at a mean
rallel to the Equator.  The Himalaya range,' the general altitude of 11,600 feet. The table-lands of the interior are
course of which is from N.W. to S.E., consists of three parts, frequently fertile, and enjoy genial climates, but in some
the Hlindoo Koosh or Indian  Caucasus, which extends  instances, as in that of the table-land of Thibet, are cold
from the Paropamisan range, in Afghanistan, to Cashmere. and sterile, snow falling through every month of the year.
The Himalaya, or Imaus of the ancients, which stretches  Among the less extensive table-lands are those of Taxila, in
from the Valley of Cashmere to Bhotan, with a semi-circular  the Punjab, of Malwah or Central India, of the Deccan,
inflection, and, lastly, the mountains of Bhotan and Assam. and of Mysore. Nearly the whole of North-western Asia is
The entire length of the range of the Himalayas is about  one vast plain or undulating surface, occupying upwards
lr7




ASI                                                            ASI
of 7,000,000 square niles; and in Western Asia, around the  severity, the mean temperature being but little above zero
Caspian, there are extensive tracts of country many feet be- The greatest heat experienced in Asia occurs in the prc(
low the level of the sea. The great plain or steppe of Ishim,  vince of Mekran, in Beloochistan, where, according to the
in Siberia, extends from the E. slope of the S. extremity of  natives, the unburnt bricks are made red by the scorching
the Ural Mountains, across the Tobol to the Irtish, a dis- rays of the sun. But the remarkable varinety of climate
tance of about 700 miles. It is covered in part with dense  for which Asia is distinguished, is not manifested by its
forests, and abounds in game. Next to this plain is the  larger regions alone, but is equally exhibited within the
steppe of Baraba, occupying the space between the Irtish  limits of its different countries, down to their provinces and
and the Upper Obi. To the S. of these steppes is another of  districts. Thus, in  Afghanistan, the snow  lies in some
several hundred miles in extent, lying between the Altai places for three months in winter; and the thermometer
Mountains and the I. confines of Tartary, and including  sinks to from  100 to 150 below zero; while, in sumnier, it
Lake Tengheez (Tenghiz.)  In the IE. of China, again, there  ranges from 900 to 940. At Delhi, the winter's cold is someis an alluvial plain of 210,000 square miles, most of it pro- times 30 or 40 below freezing; while at Calcutta the therductire and highly cultivated; and in Hindostan there are  mometer rises to 1100. The violent winds called typhoons
plains that extend 2000 miles along the S. slope of the  prevail in South-eastern Asia between lat. 40 and 400 NT.;
Himalayas. The steppes of Asia generally consist of rich  their sphere of action diminishing westerly to a space inpastcres, intermingled with woods, barren sands, muriati-  cluded between 130 and 260 N. lat. They thus comprise
Iferous clay,.and abounding in lakes, pools, and streams of  all China and the empire of Anam  and Cochin China, to
salt and bitter waters. Deserts are numerous in Asia, and  which countries, indeed, and neighboring seas, they seem
many of them of great extent. The most remarkable is that  to be almost exclusively limited. These destructive winds
of the Great Gobi or Shamo, (i. e., "sea of sand,") its whole  blow at all seasons, but rarely between iMay and December.
length being probably not under 1200 miles.  The great  The monsoons, which also prevail in this quarter of the
salt desert of Irak-Ajemee, in Persia, is about 390 miles in  world, extend into Asia, from  their central region in the
length anid 210 miles in breadth.  There are, besides, four  Indian Ocean, as far as lat. 300 N., including China, all
other deserts in this division of the globe, the whole ocuen-  lindostan, the Punjab, and  part of Thibet. They blow
pying three-tenths of its entire surface.                      regularly from  the S.W. from  April to October,, and from
Riverss  and Lakes. —Asia contains some of the largest  the N.E. from October to April; the change being accomparivers in the world.  Those in Western  Asia are the  nied by heavy rain, and violent storms of thunder and
Euphrates and Tigris; in Eastern Asia, the Amoor, the  lightning. The rainless regions of Asia ase of vast extent:
IHoang-io,  the Yangtse-iiang, the Hong-Kiang, and the  one of these extends fromI Delhi, in Northern Hindostan, to
Sang-Koi or Tonquin Rivers; in Northern Asia, the Obi (or  near Nertchinsk, in South-eastern Siberia, a distance of
Ob,) the Irtish, the Yenisei, the Lena, thelndighirka, and  about 25,000 miles, with a width of about 12,000 miles.
the Kolyma; in Southern Asia, the Indus and its con- It thus includes part of Thibet, the great desert of Gobi,
fluauts, the Attok, Jhylum, Chenaub, ant Sutlej; the  and a part of Mongolia —a space estimated to comprise
Ganges, the Brahmapootra, the Irrawaddy, the Martaban,  2,000,000 square miles. The other is a continuation of the
the Menam, and the Cambodia. Some of the basins of these  vast rainless region  which, commencing on the borders of
rivers are of vast extent. That ofthe Obi iS above 1,355,000  Morocco, terminates  in Beloochistan, of which it includes
English square miles, which is the largest in the world  the greater part, with a large portion of Persia, the N. part
with the exception of those of the Amazon and Mississippi.  of Asabia, and the S. of Syria.
The basin of the. Yenisei is above 1,045,000 square miles;    Vregetation. —The vegetation of Asia is as various as its
that of Lena, 792,500 square miles; while those of Amoor, climate; and is further  diversified by geographical position,
Yang-tse-Kiang and Iloang-IHo, are all above 650,000 square  and by the higher or lower elevations on which it is exmiles. The river of greatest length in Asia is the Yang-tse-  hibited. The extreme  S. portions only present the characKiaung, the entire length of which is 2900 milas; that of the  teristic features of tropical vegetation, excepting in partial
Yenisei, 250O miles.                                           instances;  the other parts display those of temperate
The largest lake or inland sea of Asia is the Caspian: it  regions, extending N. into those of the arctic zone. No
has no outlet, is -/bout 750 miles in length from  N. to S., cereals are cultivated in Asia N. of about lat. 620 N. From
and about 230 miles in breadth. Next in extent is the see  that parallel, S. to the Altai, there are two regions; the
of Aral, in Tartary: area 20,000 square miles; it is shallow,  northern characterized by the cultivation of barley, oats,
and, like the Caspian, has no outlet. The other principal  and rye; and She southern by that of rye and wheat; over
lakes to the E. are Lake Tengheez or Balkash, and Lake  both, buckwheat and potatoes are raised. The W. part of
Baikal, in Irkootskl. There are, besides, a number of snaller  the continent S. of the Altai to about lt. 260 N., is wholly
lakes dispersed over the continent. A great many of them   a wheat region. The tea-plant is cultivated a ier the whole
are salt, some of them intensely so, and also bitter.          of China and Cochin China, between lat. 170 and 350 N.;
J/teeoaL. —All the precious and useful minerals are found  ion. 940 and 1200 E., which includes Uppee Assam; but is most
in Asia. Diamonds are found in Bausdelcund, Sumbhul-  successful between the parallels of 250 and 330 N., which
poor, Gundur, the Deccan, the Ural Mountains, Borneo,  comprehends the principal tea districts. It is also cultiCeylon,.and various otherplaces. Lock-crystals, amethysts,  vated in the Japanese Islands.  Cotton is grown in Central
rubies, turquoises, cornelians, agates, onyxes, beryl, lapis  and S. India, Burmsah, Siam, Ansm, and China. Sugar in
lazuli, topazes, and various other precious stones, are found  Bengal, and the other countries to the E. just named; also,
in many different quarters.  Gold is found in a great  in Malacca and Java. Ceylon and Java are famed for their
many of the countries, but is, perhaps, most abundant in  coffee, which also grows on the coast of Malabar, in Sumatra,
Siberia, in the Altai chain, called emphatically the Gold  and the Philippines. Cinnamon luxuriates in Ceylon, proMountains. Silver is a product of China, Asiatic Russia,  bably its native seat, and is grown in Anam;  and nutmegs,
Anam, and the Japanese and Ottoman Empires; mercury  cloves, and pappers, have long been known as the products
of China, Thibet, Japan, India, and Ceylon. Tin is met  of the fanmed Spice Islands of the Malay Archipelago.  In
with over all the Malay peninsule, in Bm.umah, China, and  these latter localities, also, the sago-palm attains the highest
some of the islands of the Malay Archipelago; copper and  perfection; and in many of them, as well as on the contiiron in Japan, Asiatic Russia, Thibet, Hindostan, Aeam,  nent of India, the valuabla indigo-plant is grown.
Persia, and Asiatic Turkey; in most of which countries    Zoology.-Asia has 288 moamualia, of which 102 are pelead also is found. Coal has been discovered in Northern  culiar; 64 species of ruminating animals, of which 46 are
China, Bengal, and in some of the islands of the Malay  peculiar; 60 genera of carnivorous animals, and 180 species
Archipelago, and doubtless exists in many other localities  of apes and monlkeys, all of which are entirely Asiatic. The
not yet explored.  Salt is very generally diffused over the  quadrupeds of the continent and islands include the elecontinent, few extensive districts being altogether destitute  phant, rhinoceros, camel, lion, tiger, leopard, panther,
of salt-lakes or springs; but our knowledge of the distribu-  hyena, tapir, wolf, bear, wild boar, hog, dog, antelope, deer,
tion of the mineral wealth of Asia, as well as on many other  chamois, stag, ox, buffalo, horse, goat, sheep, wild ass,
points, is still exceedingly imperfect.                       monkey, ape, fox, hare, squirrel, jackal, elk, mnartin cat,
Cti.eate.-Asia, as a natural consequence of its vast ex- wild cat, and weasel. The habitat of the elephant, extends
tent, stretching from  the polar circle to the equator, pos- from the S. point of Sumatrsa, lat. 60 S. through that island,
sesses every variety of climate, from  excessive heat to the  across the peninsula of Malacca, over the S. province of
most intense cold; being exceeded, as regards the former, China, throughout all India, including Ceylon.a to nearly
by the tropical deserts of Africa alone. This variety of  let. 300 N. It is also met with on the Himnlayas, at a
climate is further increased by local inflauences,   particen- height of from  5000 to 6000 feet, and roams wild in immense
laely by the great heights of its table-lands and mountains, herds through the forests and jungles at the ltst of these
by its comparatively compact configuration, not being deeply  mountains. The habitat of the rhinoceros is nearly the
penetrated by gulfs, and by the great extension of land it  same, only extending a little further north in  China.
presents towards the pole, and regions of perpetual ice. Be- The camel is a native of Asia, where, from  the earliest
yond the 56th parallel of N. latitude, which includes all ages, it has formed the chief means of communication
Siberia, the ground is permanently frozen, in some places to  between the different regions of the East. The Asiatic lion
a great depth; and a degree of cold, exceeding 900 below the  has no mane, and is confined to a comparatively limited
freezing point, is here of annual occurrence; while in other  region. The tiger of Asia (royal tiger) has its chief habitaparts of the same region, such as Tobolsk, Barnaul, and  tion in the sultry jungles of Bengal, and the islands of Java
Irkootsk, the summers are equal to those of Berlin, Mun   and Sumatra, but it occasionally wanders as fltu as the Altai
ster, and Cherbourg, but are succeeded by winters of great  and Himalaya MIountains, which it ascends to a height of
118




ASI                                                        ASI
9600 feet in search of i)rey. The leopard, panther, and Imoral state of society. It has givena tone to all succeeding
hyena are common, and are met with everywhere,  with the  history, and, apart from its blessed results to our race,
exception, as regards  the last, of the Burmnan enspire, in  must, even in a mere historical point of view, be regarded
which there are neither hyenas, wolves, foxes, nor jackals. as the most Important event that has ever occurred, not
Among the nmost remarkable of the Asiatic bears are the  only in the history of Asia, but of the whole world.
Syrian bear, the Thibet bear, and the sun-bear of Sumatra.   During this long period geography had made little proThe buffalo is a native of China, India, Borneo, and the  tgress. By Ptolemy's account, it would appear that not
Sunda Islands. The greatest number of species of the goat more than about one-fourth of the continent of Asia was
family occurs in Asia, one of the most celebrated being the  known to the ancients, who divided it into Asic Citerior
goat of Cashmere, which is also spread over Thibet, where  and Asic Ulterior, the former corresponding with the mothey browze at elevations of firom 10,000 to 13,000 feet.  dern Anatolia or Asia Minor, and the latter with the rest
The reptile fauna of Asia, so far as known, comprises only  of Asia, then known.
44 species, but there is little doubt that many more remain    The next division of Asiatic history is that which cornto be added to the list. At the head of this class of animals prehending what is usually termed the Middle Ages, exstands the crocodile; the Asiatic genera of which the gavial, tending from the commencement of the Mohammedan era
(gavialis Gangeties,) frequenting the Ganges and other great to the end of the fifteenth century. In less than  a century
Indian Rivers. The crocodile with the helmet, (crococfilus  after the flight of Mohammed from Mecca in 622, his imgalcatus,) and the double crested crocodile, (crocodilus bi- posture, which was destined to exercise so great an inplorcatus,.) are numerous in various quarters, both conti- fuence in the Eastern world, had been spread over a ternental and insular. There are 10 species of frogs peculiar  ritory extending S. and N. from the Red Sea to the Cas.
to Asia, and 9 species of toads. Among the serpents of Asia  pian, and E. and WV. from the confines of Tartary and India
are theCobra de Capello, and aspecies Trigonocephalus, both  to the shores of the Atlantic. In 1037, the Tartars, under
among the most dangerous snakes in existence; vipers, 2  Togrul Beg, subdued Persia, and his successors conquered
species of which are peculiar to Asia. Tree-serpents, in- India, Tartary, Syria, and Egypt.  They also took and
habiting the great tropical forests; boa constrictors, py- plundered Jerusalem, and by their cruelties tQward the
thons, the largest snake of the Eastern World; chameleons, Christian pilgrims to that city, aroused throughout Eufresh-water tortoises, of which 8 are peculiar to Asia. Sea  rope a feeling of indignation that led to the Crusades.
and fresh-water snakes are also numerous; the former These memorable expeditions were undertaken in sucswarm  in the Indian Ocean, and many of them are ex- cession during a period of 200 years, commencing about
tremely venomous and ferocious.                            1095; they drew into their cause some of the most powerful
The number and variety of birds in Asia is too great to at- kings and most noted warriors of the Middle Ages. After
tempt either enumeration or description; theyinclude eagles, various changes, the dominion of the Saracens, under the
vultures, filcons, buzzards, quails, pheasants, partridges, sway of Kublai Khan, was extended, about the niddle of
starlings, herons, storks, cranes, swans, wild-ducks, pelicans, the thirteenth century, over all Western Asia. The Crunightingales, &c. In South-eastern Asia and the islands of  sades, and other contemporary cir cmstances, had contrithe Malay Archipelago, birds of the most gorgeous plumage  buted, in a more remarkable degree than formerly, to direct
abound; while several of those above mentioned, though  the mind of Europe towards Asia; and the result was the
bearing European names, here present themselves in the  establishment of pernanent commercial relations between
splendid hues of the tropics. Asia is peculiarly prolific in  them.
gallinaceous fowls, some of them possessing most brilliant   In 1498, Xasco de Gama, a Portuguese navigator, doubled
plumage. Among these may be named the horned pheas- the Cape of Good Hope, and opened a new channel of interants of the Himalaya, a species of Tragophans, the gold and  course with the East; and at the death of Albuquerque,
silver pheasants of China, and the argus  pheasant of Su- their famous naval commander, in 1515, the Portuguese
matra and Borneo. A large gallinaceous fowl (Megavoodises) had established colonies at various points on the Asiatic
of remarkable habits, is found in some of the islands of the  coast, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Empire of Japan,
Malay Archipelago; and to this region, or to the S. part of a distance of at least 12,000 miles. In 1600, the Portuguese
continental Asia, we are indebted for that most valuable  encountered a new competitor and formidable enemy in the
of domestic fowls, the common cock and hen.                Dutch, who sent several commercial expeditions to the East
Races of Asia. Laznguage eszd Ieligion.-Asia is supposed  by the Cape of Good Hope, and by 1640 had made themto have been the cradle of the human race. It contains a  selves masters of all the Eastern islands and seas, with the
vast variety of tribes and nations. The great divisions or  exception of some British settlements on the coast of Sufamilies consist of the Caucasian group, the Mongol-Tartar  matra. The attention of Britain had long. been directed to
group, and the Malayan, and Ethiopian nations. The first Asia, and the discovery of the passage by sea had given a
occupy nearly the whole of WV. Asia, the Himalaya to the  new impulse to their views in that quarter. For many
Brahmapootra, and all India between these mountains and  years after that event, firequent voyages of discovery were
the ocean. The Mongol-Tartar family occupies all Asia N. made by British navigators, and several embassies and
of the Persian table-land and of the Himalayas, the whole of other journeys were performed by British subjects on land.
EasternAsia fromthe Brahmapootra to Behring's Strait. It But the formation of the East India Company in 1600, which
includes the Mongol and Tartar tribes, the Chinese, Indo- ultimately established British authority in the East, has
Chinese, and Japanese. The Malay nations occupy the  done more than any other event to extend our geographical
whole of Malaisia. The Ethiopian, Ceylon, Borneo, Sum- knowledge in that quarter. At first, the new information
bawa, Timor, and, exclusively, or partially, numerous  obtained was scanty; but, from 1740, during the wars with
other islands. The most numerous of the great Asiatic  the French in the Deccan, and more especiallyfrom 1757,
races is the Mongolian, next the Caucasian, then the Malay, after the conquest of Bengal, it rapidly increased; many
and, lastly, the Ethiopian, frequently now called the Papuan  expeditions, both military and exploring, have been made,
race, which is estimated at a million only. The. languages  and the quantity of unknown territory is at length circumof Asia are nearly as numerous as its tribes, there being  scribed within comparatively narrow limits.
according to Aderburg, no fewer than 937 differentdialects.    Populaition.-The entire population of Asia is estimated
The prevailing religions of Asia are Brahmanissn and Bood- at 480,000,000, which is considerably more than half the
hism; the former being professed in HIindostan, the latter  entire population of the globe. It is thus divided: Canin China, Japan, Anam, Siam, the Burman Empire, Ceylon, casian race, 164,000,000; Mongolian, 291,000,000; Malay,
and among the Mongols and Toongooses.  In the S.W. of 21,000,000; Ethiopian, 1,000,000, of which the islands are
Asia Islamism prevails; and Mussulmen are numerous in  supposed to contain 50,000 or 60,000. —-.Adj. ASIATIC, AsheIndia, Malacca, and many parts of the Malay Archipelago.  at'ik, and ASIAN, elshe-an, (poetical;) inhab. ASIATIC; (Fr.
There are multitudes of these sects in various parts of  Asiatiqsle,,'zeei'teek/; Ger. adj. ASIATISCI, d-ze-Attish, inhab.
the continent.                                             ASIA'rF, -ze-Alteh.)
History.-The term Asia, the origin of which is unknown,    ASIAGO, -seel,-go, a town of Northern Italy, in Vicenza,
was first applied to a small province of the peninsula now  capital of the district termed the "Seven Communes," imhacalled Anatolia on Asia Minor; but has since been gradually  biled by a race of German descent, 22 miles N. of Vicenza.
extended to the whole Asiatic continent. The early his- Pop. of the district, 23.500; of the town, 4670.
tory of Asia may be regarded as that of the world. Here    ASIA  ISLES, a low and thickly-wooded group in the
the human race is supposed to have been first planted; and  Malay Archipelago, E. of Gilolo. Lat. 1 N., lon. 1310 17' E.
here also, from  the few survivors of the deluge, arose the    ASIA MINOIR. See ANATOLIA.
primitive families, tribes, nations, and dynasties, of whose    ASIATIC ARCHIPELAGO. See MALAY ARncIPELAGe.
history only a few fragments remain. The ancient history of    ASIE, ASIEN, ASIAT'IC, ASIATIQUR. See ASIa.
Asia is thenceforth divisible into four great epochs, of un-   ASIMAGOMY, A-se-ml-golmee, a lake in Upper Canada,
equal duration, corresponding with the existence of four the centre in lat. 480 351 N., ion. 85~ 30' W. It is about 12
great dynasties-the Assyrian or Babylonian, the Medo- miles in length, with a breadth varying from 2 to 4 miles,
Persian, the Grecian, and the Roman, which last may be  and discharges itself into the E. extremity of Lake Supeconsidered as extending to the period of the Iohammedan  rior by a stream about 36 miles long.
conquest, in A.D. 638. It was during this latter period, and    ASINALUNGA, A-see'ni-loon/gg, or SINA LONGA, seehaa
when its power was at its height, that the introduction and  lonlgS, a town of Tuscany, on the E. slope of the hill which
establishment of Christianity took place. This event formed  separates the Val-di-Chiana and Val d'Ombrone. Pop. 206S.
a new era in the history of man, and became the source of    ASINARA, A-se-nu lr,.  a small island off the N.W. extregieat and fayonrable changes, both in the physical and  mity of the island of Sardinia, lat. 410 5, N., lon. 80 15':
119




ASI                                                           ASS
It is about 10 miles long by 2 miles broad; mountainous,  Na.poleon and the Austrians  nnder the Archduke Charle.
but fertile. It has a good lighthouse, and an excellent pert,  in which the former suffered severe losses.
called Trabuccato, (trA book-kgto.)                             ASPET,,s'pAl, a town of France, department of HIaute,
ASIR. See ASEER.                                            Garrone, 50 miles S.WV. of Toulouse.  Pop. 2573.
ASIRMINTAR, A-seer-min-trl, an active volcano. in the    ASPHALTITES, LAKE.  See DEAD SEA.
island of Onekotan, orAmakootan, one of the most northerly    ASPINWALL, an important seaport of Central America,
of the Koorile Islands; lat. 490 40' N., ion. 1550 85 EI.     situated on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, 49
ASK, Ask, or ASEK, Aslek, a town of Persia, province of  miles from  Panama on the Pacific, about 2000 miles from
liazanderan, at the S.E. foot of Mount Demavend; in a nook  New York, and nearly equidistant from  San Francisco and
shut in by its spurs, 5900 feet above the sea, and 60 miles S.W.  Yalparaiso, being about 3300 miles from  each place. The
of Saree. It is saidto comprise from 1000 to 1500 houses, and. harbor here is one of the best on the coast; it has a depth of
is the principal of 72 villages within the district of Larijan.  water sufficient for the largest ships, and anchorage ground
ASKALON, See AssAoN.e                                       to accommodate half the commerce of the United States.
ASKEATON, as-kstton, a town and parish of Ireland, co. Aspinwall is the great thoroughfare, and principal entreplt
of Limerick, on the Beel, 2 miles from  its confluence with  between the Atlantic States and California. It has semithe Shannon, and 17 miles W.S.W. of Limerick.  The Deel monthly communication both with New  York and San
is navigable up to the town for vessels of 60 tons.            F'rancisco by the independent line of steamers and by the
AS'KERN. or ASKERNE, a township of England, co. of  Pacific mail line, a steamer sailing fromn  New York on the
York, West Riding, 7 miles N. by WV. of Doncaster, and re- 5th and 20th of each month, and from San Francisco on the
sorted to by visitors for the sake of its sulphur baths.       Ist and 15th. British mail steamers have a landing here,
ASKE..SUND, Aslker-soond', a town of Sweden, 27 miles  and also on the opposite side at Panama, the British mail
S.W. of Orebro, at the N. extremity of Lake Wetter.  Pop. being transported across she Isthmus at this point.  A
871. It has a port, and an active trade in grain, fish, and  railroad 49 miles in length, connecting Aspinwall with Patobacco.                                                       nama, (on the opposite side of the isthmus,) was opened
ASIKEttSWELL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.            February 17, 1855. The unavoidable detention hitherto exASKHIAM, asklam, a parish of England, co. of Westmore-  perienced by persons arriving at Panama or Aspinwall is
land.                                                          thus obviated, and  the tedious process of crossing the
ASKI-IAM  BRYIAN, a parish and township of England, co.  isthmus with mules, is exchanged for a comfortable trip by
of York.                                                       railway. A large dep~t has been built near the centre of
ASKITAII RICHARD, a parish of England, co'. of York.   the town; the track communicates with the wharf at'which
ASKOE, (Aske,) Askl-o'.h, a small island of Dennark, in  the steamers land.  Aspinwall is well supplied with hotels,
the Great Belt, 2 miles off the N. coast of Laaland.  Lat. 540  one of which has accommodations for 600 visitors.  A news55'*17" N., Son. 11029/ 40" E.                                 paper has recently been established here. This town was
ASKIRIGG, a market-town of England, co. of York, North  founded about 1850, by the well-known enterprising  merRiding.                                                        chant whose name it bears; and, in May, 1855, it is estimated
ASLA, as/lli, or ASS: LA, /s/seh-l11, a village of Algeria, 149  to contain 2500 inhabitants.
umiles S. of Oran. Lat. 330 32/ N.; Ion. 00 30' WV. It is situ-    ASPLEY-GUISE, asp/lee-ghiz, a parish of England, co. of
ated on a small stream of the same name, which waters -the  Bedford. 
little gardens that compose the principal riches of the in-    ASPRIERES, as'pre-aier, a village of France, department
habitants.                                                    of Aveyron, 14 miles N.N.E. of Villefranche.  Pop. 1464.
ASLACKBY, astsak-be, a parish of England, co. of Liocoln.    ASPROMONTE,'s-pro-mon/tA, a town of the Sardinian
ASLACTON, astlak-ton, a parish of England, co. of  States, 0 miles N. of Nice. Pop. 1500.
Norfolk.                                                         ASPROPOTAMO, es-pro-pot/A-mo, (i. e. "White Biver;"
ASLACTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Notts.  Arch-  anc..Achelolts,) the largest river of the kingdom of Greece,
bishop Cranmer was born here in 1489.                         rises near Mezzovo in Albania. flows S.S.W., separating
ASMANSIIAUSENorASSMiANNSIISHAUSEN, sfmnes-hl6wf-  Acarnania on the W:. from Eurytania, Thessaly, and 2Etozen, a village of Germany, in Nassau, on the right bank of  lie on the E., and enters the Ionian Sea (Mediterranean) 15
the Rhine, 2 miles N.W. of B.iidesheim.                       miles WV. of Missoloughi; length, 100 miles. On the Greek
ASMILDKLOSTER, As-mild-klos/ter, a village of Den- frontier it receives the Platanies, immediately after which
mark, in North Jutland, on the E. side of Viborg Lake.        it is crossed by the bridge of Korakos, 180 feet in length.
ASNA.  See EsNee..                                            ASIPULL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
ASNIERES,'sne-airl, the name of several villages of    ASPUZI, ds-poo'zeee, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of
France; one of which, agreeably situated on the Seine, as-  Marash, 5 miles S. of Malateeyeh. It is surrounded by garden s
rondissement of St. Dennis, aind about 4 miles from Paris,  and orchards, and is resorted to as a summer residence by
forms a station of the railway from  Paris to St. Germain.  the inhabitants of Malateeyeh.
The Versailles Railroad here branches off to the left, and    ASSAB, (As'sAb0,) BAY or, in Abyssinia, about 40 miles
the Rouen Railway to the right.                               N.W. of the narrowest part of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb.
ASO, Aso, or ASONE, i-solnA, (anc. Asosna,) a river of  Lat. 120 55' N.; Ion. 420 45/ E. It is 16 miles in length, and
Central Italy, enters the Adriatic 7 miles S.E. of Fermo,  upwards of 5 in width.
after a course of 30 miles.                                      AS/SABET, a small stream near the centre of MassachuASOLA, A-so/it, a fortified town of Northern Italy, 1.9  setts, rises in Worcester co., and running N.E., unites with
miles W.N.W. of Mantua, capital of the district, on the  the Sudbury at Concord to form the Concord River.
Chiese. Pop. 4000, with manufactories of silk twist.            ASSABET, a thriving post-village of Sudbury township,
ASOLO, A-sollo, a fortified town of Northern Italy, 19  Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the Assabet River, affordmiles N.W. of Treviso.  Pop. 3400. It is a very ancient  ing valuable wate —power, and on a branch of the Fitchplace, and has several Roman antiquities.                     burg Railroad, about 22 miles W. by N. of Boston.  It. has a
ASOPH. See Azor.                                            church, a store, a carpet factory, and a large building in
ASOPO, 4-so/po, or ASOIPUS, a river of Greece, depart-  which are annually packed about 40,000 tons of ice, taken
ment of Thebes, rises S. of Thebes, flows eastward, and en- from Factory Pond.  Pop. 125.
ters the Channel of Euboea, 23 miles E. of Thebes; length,    ASSACA, Is-s/ki,  a province of Africa, on the Gold
about 24 miles.                                               Coast, with a town of the same name, 5 miles W. of Fort
ASPALAGA, as-pa-lah/ga? a small village in the N.E. part  Orange. Pop. estimated at 2000 men.
of Gadsden co., Florida, about 45 miles N.W. of Tallahassee.    ASSAL, As'ssl/, an extensive salt lalke of Eastern Africa,
AS/PALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.               25 miles S.W. of Tajoora, about lat. 110 40' N., and ion. 420
ASPAT/RIA, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.          40' E. It is, according to D'l6ricourt, upwards of 700 feet
ASPE, dstpA, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 17 miles W. of  below the level of the sea, and of an oval form; 8 miles in
Alicante.  Besides flour mills, there are here 18 oil.mills, 5  length from  N. to S., and about 4 miles in breadth.  The
soap factories, and 10 brandy distilleries.  The commerce  shores are covered with a thick salt crust resenbling ice,
consists chiefly of oil, wine, and brandy. Pop. 6744.         which in most places rests on the ground, the waters havASPE, Asp, a valley of France, department of Basses-Py-  ing subsided; the incrustation is frequently found to be
rbnues, extending about 27 miles from S. to N., from Mount  about half a foot thick.  Numerous caravans from  AbysAspe to the ridge of the Pyrenees, near 016ron.               sinia resort to this lake, to carry away the salt.
ASIPEDEN, a parish of England, co. of Herts.                  AS'SA.I8 or ASAM, a large district or country of India
AS!PENGROVE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.  beyond the Ganges, in the valley of the Brahmapootra,
AS/PENGROVE, a post-office of Calhoun co., Florida.         between lat. 250 45' and 280 15' N., and lon. 900 35' and 960
AS/PENWALL, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia.       50' E1. Its limits, however, esiecially on the E., are not
ASPEREN, s/pt-ren, a tbwn of the Netherlands, in South  well defined; but its extreme length may be estimated at
Iolland, on the Linge, 20 miles E. by N. of Doret. Pop. 1127. 400 miles, with a breadth varying from  40 to 70 miles;
ASPERG, lIspeRG, or ASBERG, a town of WFiirtemberg,  area, about 22,000 square miles.  It is divided by the Brahcircle of Neckar, 8 miles N. of Stuttgart, on the railway  mapootra into three parts: Outerkole, comprehending the
from Stuttgart to Heilbronn. Pop. 1500. Near it is the cas- province on the N. of that river; Deccancole, comprehendtie of.Iohen-Asperg, on a steep rock.                        ing those on the S.; and the Majuli or Great Island, formed
ASPERN or GROSS ASPERN, groce Is/pe rn, a village of  by the separation of the streamn into two branches, named
Austria, 5 miles E.N.E. of Vienna, celebrated for a battle  the Lohit and the Dihing.  It is otherwise divided into
fought Mlay 21st and 22d, 1809, between the French under  Camroop, Assam Proper, and Sodiya; or Lower, Middle, and
120




ASS                                                           ASS
Upper Assam.  The country has the appearance of a perfect    ASSCILE. See ASCHE.
fiat, studded over with little conical green hills, rising ab-    ASSEN, ssoesn, a town of the Netherlandse capital of the
ruptly from the level plains to the height of from 200 to  province of Drenthe, on the Hoorn-diep, 15. miles S. of
700 feet, bounded on the N. and E. by lofty mountains. It  Grooningen.  Pop. 2500. It has a gymnasium, and trade in
contains several extensive tracts of well-cultivated land, stone and peat, and communicates with the Zuyder Zee, by
among which are some districts of primitive soil above the  the Smilder Canal.
reach of inundation, and suited for crops of all kinds.   ASSENDELFT, 3isfsen-dhlft', a village of the Netherlands,
Though the. country is generally swampy, and intersected  in North Holland, 90 miles N.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2711.
with half-filled channels and stagnant lakes, yet in the dry    ASSENEDE, As-sen/e-deh, or ASSENDE,,{s'exdl, a viiseason it is very susceptible of cultivation, and amply re-  lage of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 121 miles N.N.E.
pays any labor and expense bestowed upon it. The soil is,  of Ghent.  Pop. with commune, 3984, with woollen and
for the most part, composed of rich black mould, though  cotton manufactures, dye and soap works, and breweries.
occasionally of red stiff clay.                                 ASSENI-IEIM, Astsen-hime', a town of Germany, in HesAssam has no fewer than 61 rivers, of which 37 flow from   se-Darmstadt, province of Ober Hiessen, on the Nidda, 14
the northern, and 24 from  the southern mountains. Of  miles N.N.E. of Frankfort, with a castle of the Count of
the former the principal is the Brahmapootra.  Gold is  Solms-Rltdelheim.  Pop. 764.
found in nearly all the mountain streams that flow into    ASSENS, Astsens, a maritime town of Denmark, island of
the Brahmapootra, and also in the latter river itself. But  Funen, 20 miles S.W. of Odense, with a small harbor on
the best is found in the most winding waters with tho  the Little Belt, which is the ordinary port for the traffic
strongest currents. Iron abounds in most of the hill coun- between  Funen and Sleswick.  Pop. 2700.
tries. Coal has been discovered in several places, and lime-    ASSERIA, As-sc-reel, or PODGRAJE, a town of Dalmastone and shell-lime are found in considerable quantities.  tin, with ruins which show that it has once been a splendid
There are also mines of precious stones, and several amber- city. It is the Asisiar of Ptolemy.
mines, which are wrought with considerable advantage.  In    ASSEY, astsee, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath.
the Naga Hills are numerous brine-springs, and petroleum        ASSIN, as'seen/, a small state in the Ashantee territory,
is found in small quantities in some parts of Upper Assam.  on the Amissa.
Very violent storms are frequent during April, May, and    ASSINEE,.s'see'neef, ac river and village-of Guinea, on the
June, accompanied with tremendous thunder and light- N.W. coast of Africa.
ning, hail showers, and torrents of rain. The rainy season    ASISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
lasts six months, commencing in April and ending in Octo-    ASSIN/IBOIN, a large river of North America, within
oer. During this season one universal deluge prevails, and  the I-Hudson's Bay territory, which, after a sinuous course
all the labors of the field are necessarily suspended.        of about 480 miles, having been previously joined about lat.
Rice is the principal crop; sugar-cane grows well, but  500 by the Red lRiver flodws into the S.W. end of Lake Windoes not attract much attention.  Mustard, cotton, and  nipeg. It gives its name to an Indian tribe of the Sioux
opium  are extensively cultivated.  The tea-tree, which  nation, residing in the W. part of North America, near the
grows wild on the mountains in great abundance, has be-  Rocky Mountains.
come an important article of cultivation acld  commerce.    ASSINIE, As~se'neef, a country of Africa, Upper Guinea
Coffee, in its natural state, also grows luxuriantly, but  at the W. extremity of the Gold Coast. The French took
attracts little attention, and is, in consequence, not very  possession of a part of this coast, and founded a factory on
fruitful. The betel-nut palm is cultivated to a large extent  the river Gaboon orAssinie in 1843.
about most villages.  Fruit-trees, with very few exceptions,    ASSISICUNK  CREEK, Burlington co., New Jersey, falls
do not -thrive in Assam. The ratan grows wild throughout  into the Belaware River a little above Burlington.
the country, and even forms impenetrable jungles. The    ASSISI, A-see/see, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, 13
plantain grows abundantly on most of the hills. India-  miles S.E. of Perugia.  Pop. 6000.  It is picturesquely
rubber, or caoutchouc, is an indigenous production of As- situated on a steep hill, surrounded by battlemented walls,
sam, but is inferior to the American. Many valuable gums  and a long line of aqueducts.  Its churches are adorned
are found in the forests, including, gum-copal; and fig-trees  with early specimens of Italian painting. The cathedral is
form a large proportion of the vegetation.                    a structure of the eleventh century. There are 20 other
Wild elephants are numerous, moving about in large  churches, and 12 monasteries for mendicant friars.  Assisi
herds; and the densest parts of the forests are inhabited by  has been a bishop's see ever since A. D. 240. It has mannthe rhinoceros.  Tigers, leopards, bears, and buffaloes also  factures of needles and files.
abound.  Wild hogs and wild game are numerous, but    ASSMANNSHAUSEN.  See AsMANsrAus EN.
poultry is scarce. Porcupines, flying squirrels, iguana, ot-    ASSO, As/so, a village of Northern Italy, 8 miles N.E. of
ters, pangolin, civet-cat, and an infinite variety of monkeys  Come.
and snakes, are common to the country. The white ant is    ASSO, a town and fort, N.W. coast of the island of Cephavery destructive.  Crocodiles swarm  in all parts of the  Ionia, 15 miles N. of Argostoli.                                 -
Brahmapootra, and tortoises are also numerous.                   ASSOFOODAIA, as-so-footdh, a town of the Foolab conn
There are few manufictures in Assam, and, with the ex- try,. West Afirica, about lat. 100 25/ N., Ion. 20 355 E. The
ception of potters and coppersmiths, all kinds of artisans  natives are Mohanmmedans.  Pop. 12,000.
are brought from  other parts of India. There are three    ASSOOR, ASSOUR, or ASSUR, as'soorl, a town of Nubia,
different qualities of silk made: called, respectively, Path, kingdom  of Dongola, on the Nile, about 10 miles N.W. of
Moonga, and Judy; the first is a fine and costly fabric;  Itero6, celebrated for the numbers of its pyramids.
the others are of an inferior description.  Large quantities    ASSOUAN, ASSOWAN, or ES-SOUAN   See ASSWAN.
of lac are prepared for export.  There is little or no trade.    ASSUAPMOU SSOIN, As'swAp'nioo sswtNc/,a lake inCanada
What there is consists in exchanging salt for lac, gold-dust,  East.  Lat. 490 22' N.; lone. 730 55' W. It is from S to 10
and ivory. Nankins, silks, lacquered and china ware, lead, miles in length, and about 4 in breadth.
copper, and silver are imported from China and Burmah.          ASSUAY. See Asuxy.
The towns of Assam are numerous, but are composed of    ASSUMPTION,as-sfmcipshbmn, one of the Ladrone Islands,
long, straggling ranges of huts, which scarcely deserve the  Pacific Ocean. Lat. 190 41' N.; olen. 1450 27/ E.; and 10 miles
name of towns.  The country contains many ancient tem-  in circuit. Altitude of summit, 2026 feet.                 -
ples, and several large and substantial causeways. Pop. in    ASSUMPTION, one of the Seychelles Islands, Indian
1836, 602,500. Assam was ceded to the British by the Bur- Ocean. Lat. 90 461 S.; lon. 400 34' E.
mese in 1826, and is subdivided into three districts; chief    ASSUiPTION, a village and river of Canada East. The
towns, Ghergong, Joorhath, and  Goahati.  Brahminism   river joins the St. Lawrence, 14 miles N.N.E. of Montreal,
has superseded  Boodhism  in  this province.-Adj. and  having passed the village of Assumption, 8 miles above their
inhab., ASSAMESs, as'sam-eez/.                                confluence.
ASSAMAREII, As-sl-minreh, a large village of Western    ASSUMPITION, (Sp. Assncion,  -soon-se-Sn?, Port. AsAfrica, on the Niger, about lat. 50 58' N.; lon. 60 45' E. su' Vdso,   a    s-soom-sV/.NL,) a city of South America, capital
Cam-wood abounds in the vicinity, and is a staple article of of the state of Paragunay, on a height on the Paraguay, 650
commerce.                                                     miles N. of Buenos Ayres.  Lat. 250 18' S.; lon. 570 30'
AS'SAM00   1NICK, a post-office of Southampton co., Vir- W. Founded in 1535 by a colony of Spaniards, and though
glinia.                                                       ol iginally but a small fort, from its advantageous position it
ASSARLO, As-saP/lo, a town of Turkey in Europe, in  became in a few years a city of some importance.  It has 5
Room-Elee onthe left bank of the lMaritza, N.W. of Adrian- churches, a cathedral, built in 1845, and dedicated to iVouesople.                                                         tra Seor ea de la Asuncion, a government palace, a house of
ASSATCIINSKAYA  or ASSATCIIINSKAJA  SOPKA,  representatives, a public library, a custom-house, a mili-,s-slt-chin-skIlyA soplkA, an active volcano in Kamtchatka. tary hospital, and a college. The city was much improved
Lat. 520 2' N.; Ion. 1570 43' E.                              during the rule of the dictator Francia.  The houses are
ASSAYE or ASSYE, As-si, a small town of Iindostan, genereally built of brick, one story high, and covered with
province of Berar, in the Nizam's dominions, 28 miles N. of tiles. Some of the streets are paved; and, on the whole,
Jaulnah. It is memorable as the place where the Duke of  the place pi esents a neat and cleanly appearance. The inWellington (then General Wellesley) commenced his catreer     habitants carry on a considerable trade in tobacco, hides,
of victory, September 23, 1803, by defeating: with 4500 men, nmandoca, cedar planks, and especially in yerba mate, or
the combined forces of Scindia and the Nagpoor Rai-nj, Paraguay tea grown abundantly in the surrounding disamounting to 30,000 men.                                      tricts, and exported to Buenos Ayres, Tucuman, Chili, Peru,
121




ASS                                                             AST
and other parts of South America. The government has  Gauls. It subsequently formed alliance with the Romans,
prohibited the export of rosewood and other valuable kinds  and was afterwards again destroyed by the Gauls, but was
of woods. The air is temperate, and the climate healthy; the  rebuilt by Pompey the Great.  After a series of vicissitudes,
adjacent country is fertiIe, and abounds in rich pastures.  extending through many centuries, and including many
Wheat, maize, sugar, tobacco, cotton, mandioca, and pota-  sanguinary visitations, it fell into the hands of the French,
toes are extensively cultivated, and honey and wax are pro- with whom  it remained till about the middle of the sixduced in abundance. Pop. about 12000.                         teenth century, when it passed into the hands of the Duke
ASSUMPTION, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana,  of Savoy, to whose dominions it is still attached. Pop. 20,000.
contains 320 square miles.  It is bounded on the W. by    ASTLEY, ast/lee, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
Grand Liver, and intersected by Bayou La Fourche, de-    ASTLEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 4 miles
rived fronm  Mississippi Liver. The surface is nearly level, W.S.W. of Nuneaton.  The church is very ancient; and the
the soil is alluvial and fertile. In 1850 it produced 930,185  castle, once the abode of the Marquis of Dorset, father of Lady
gallons of molasses, a quantity greater than was produced  Jane Grey, is still habitable.
by any county or parish in the United States except Iber-    ASTLEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
ville, Louisiana. Lake Yerret, which is situated in this    ASTLEY-AB'BOTS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
parish, is about 10 miles long and 3 miles wide. Bayou La    ASITON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Fourche is navigated by steamboats. Capital, Assumption    ASTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
Court I-louse. Pop. 10,538, of whom  5197 were free, and    ASTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.
5347, slaves.                                                  The poet Mason was rector of this parish.
ASSUMIPTION, a post-village in the central part of As-   ASTON, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
sumption parish, on the W. side of Bayou La Fourche, 1558.
about 38 miles S. by E. of Baton Rouge.                          AS'TON-AB!BOTS, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
AS/SUNPINK, or ASISANPINK  CREEK, of New Jersey,    ASTON-BLANK, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
rises in the W. part of Monmouth co., and flowing first    ASITON-BOTITERIELL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
north-westerly and then south-westerly, falls into the Dela-    ASITON-CANITLOW, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
ware at Trenton.                                                 AS/TON-CLINITON, a parish of England, co. of BuLcks.
ASSWAN, ASSOUAN, or ASSUAN,'s-swidnl, a  small    ASITON-FLAMiVILLE, a parish of England, co. of Leitown of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, re- ~ester.
markable for its commerce, its picturesque situation, and    AS/TON-INGIA AM, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
the monuments of antiquity which are found in its neigh-    ASTON-LE-WALLS, a parish of England, co. of Northborhood. Close to it, on the south, may be seen the ruins  ampton.
of the town built by the Arabs on the site of the ancient    ASTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Syene. Near it are extensive granite quarries. Lat. 240 5,   ASITON-ROW/ANT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
N.; ion. 320 55i E. —Adj. and inhab., ASswANEE, as-sw'2n/ee.    AS/TON-SAND/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
ASISYNT, a very extensive maritime pirish of Scotland,  Scott, author of the Commentary on the Bible, was rector
co. of Sutherland.  In this district the MIarquis of Montrose  of this parish.
was defeated and taken prisoner.                                AS/TON-SOMIERYILLE, a parish of England, co. of GlenASSYRIA, as-slrle-a, a name which is usually appro- cester. The manor has belonged to the Somerville family
priated to the first of what are known as the four great em- for upwards of six centuries.
pires of the world, but which in geography is more correctly     ASTON, STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
confined to what was called Assyria Proper, and nearly cor-    ASTON-suB-EDGE, a parish of England, co. of Glouenresponds with the modern Koordistan.  Its capital was  cester.
Nineveh, of which the ancient ruins may still be traced,   ASiTON-TIRtROLD, a parish of England, co. of Beris.
(see NINEVEIv;) but though it had many other important    ASTON-uso.c-TREONT,  a  parish  of England, co. of
cities, even the sites of the greater number iare  unknown. Derby.
-Adj. and inhab. ASSYRIAN, as-ssrle-an.                          AS/TONYILLE', a village of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania,
ASSYR'IA, a post-office of Barry co., lich/gan.             on Lycoming Creek, about 18 miles N. of Williamsport.  It
ASTA POIPEIA,  See ASTlI.                                   has mines of coal and iron in the vicinity, and an iron
ASTABEL SHIEER   ANTAR, as-t/bel sheem,Ln'taeI or  furnace in operation.
ISTABL ANTAR, is-tab'l antaa/ I, a town of Arabia, in    AS/TOR or I-IASARA, hIs hr,   a river and fort of Central
IIejaz, on the coast of the Red Sea. Lat. 260 24' N. Nesar it  Asia, the river a tributary of the Indus N.ofthe Iimalayas,
is a good anchor station, in a deep bay formed in coral rocks.  joining it after a north-westward course; the fort is situated
ASTABORAS, a river of Nubia. See ATyanA.                    on it, in lat. 350 16, N.; ion. 740 44i E.
ASTAFFORT, ts'tMf'fol/, a town of France, Lot-et-Gar-    ASTOR, a village of Brown co., Wisconsin, at the S.W. end
rone, on the Gers, 9 miles S.E. of Agen.                       of Green Bay.
ASTARA, Asotd-rV, a fi-ontier town of Russia, government    ASTORGA, sYs-tofigS, (anc. AstsdrSica AAugus/ta,) a walled
of Georgia, province of Shirvan, upon the river Astara, town in Spain, 26 miles W.S.W. of Leon, on the Tuerto.  Pop.
which formns the boundary between Russia and Persia, a  3000. It has an old castle, and fortifications in ruins, a
quarter of a mile from its outlet into the Caspian Sea.        Gothic cathedral, convents, manufactories of linen,cloth, and
ASTBURY, ast/ber-e, a parish of England, co. of Chester.   yarn, and some Roman antiquities.  Near it is the Lake of
ASTELL'S (as'tellz/) ISLAND, off the N. coast of Australia,  Sanabria, with the insular castle of the Counts of Benavente.
N.W. of the Gulf of Carpentaria.                                 ASTORIA, as-to/re-a, a post-village of Queen's co. New
ASTEN or ASTIHEN, as/ten, a village of Holland, province  York, on HIallett's cove, just below ILurl Gate, about 6 miles
of North Brabant, 12 miles E.S.E. of Eindhoven.  It is a  fi'rom New York city. It contains several churches and 500
large, beautiful village. Pop. 2800.                           inhabitants.
ASTERABAD. See AsTRABAO.                                       ASTORIA, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, about 18
ASTERBY,  as/ter-be, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   miles S.W. of Lewistown, the county-seat, contains a few
ASTFELD,  ostfitft, a village of Germany, Brunswick, in  stores, &c. The adjacent land is highly productive, formuing
the district and vicinity of Wolfenbiittel, in  the  HIarz  part of the valley of Illinois River.
MIountains.                                                     ALTORIA, a post-village of Wright co., Missouri, 96 miles
AST'HALL, a perish of England, co. of Oxford.               S. of Jefferson City.
ASTI, as/tee, (anc. Astta Pompelia,) a city in the Sardinian   ASTORIA, a post-village and port of entry in Clatsop co.,
States, government of Alessandria, capital of the province  Oregon, on the S. side of Columbia River, about ten miles
of Asti, near the Tanaro, and on the Turin and Genoa Rail- firom its mouth. It was formerly an important dep6t of the
way, 351 miles E.S.E. of Turin. The town is surrounded  fur trade, and was named in honor of its founder, John
with  decaying walls, formerly celebrated for their 100  Jacob Astor. A custom-house is being erected here.
towers, although few of these now remain. It is in general    ASTRABAD, As'trh-bad/, (anec. Hyrcalnia,) ASTERABAD,
badly built, although it contains many noble mansions;  tsL-ter-A-bad/, a city of Persia, capital of a province of its own
the streets are wide, but little frequented. It is the seat of  name, situated at the foot of the N. slope of the Elbrooz
a bishop, suffragan to Turin, has a royal college, a court of  range and on a small stream which falls into Astrabad Bay
justice, a school of jurisprudence, and a tlheological semi- in the SE. part of the Caspian, about 20 miles below. It has
nary, a rich, picturesque building. The original cathedral  a circuit of about 3 miles; and is surrounded by a dry ditch
fell in 1323, and was replaced shortly thereafter by the pro- and a mud wall, which, though once lofty and flanked by
sent fine venerable Gothic building, in which are numerous  numerous towers, has mouldered down  to an earthen
fine paintings. Besides the cathedral, there are other three  mound, on which a low parapet, loop-holed for musketry,
fine churches in Asti, which, moreover, possesses a printing  has been erected. A great part of the town is in ruins, but
office, carried on continuously since its establishment in  the parts still standing have a lively or picturesque ap1479.  There are likemwise in the town several mills for pearance.  The large extent of open space within the town,
spinning silk, and several silk manufactories; but it has  generally planted or laid out in fine gardens, is one of its
otherwise little trade, and no great appearance of prosperity.  peculiar and most attractive features.  None of the buildThe vineyards in the vicinity supply the best wines pro-  ings are deserving of particular notice. The manufactures
duced in Piedmont, and a considerable trade is carried on in  are chiefly confined to a few silk and cotton stuffs; and
them. Alfieri was born here in the year 1749. Asti is a  though the locality seems well fitted to make it the key of
town of high antiquity, having been in existence long  commerce between the East and the Caspian, the trade is
previous  to B. c. 400, when  it was devastated  by the  inconsiderable. The greatest obstacle to its prosperity, is
122




AST                                                          ATA
its pestilential atmosphere which has procured for it the  pire, Spain was overrun by the Goths and iahndals, who
ominous surname of City of the Plague. During  the sum- were opposed by the Afturians with a courage that long
mci rains, no inhabitant whose circumstances enable him  resisted all their effbrts, but they wiere at last compelled tc
to depart, remains within it. Astrabad is thebirthplace of  yield. Upon the Mloorish invasion, at the beginning of tihe
Kujurs the reigning family of Persia, and is always go-  eighth century, the mountains of Asturia again became tho
verned by a royal prince.                                     refuge of those who still struggled against the enemies of
ASTRAKHAN, ts-trA-kin/, a city of Russia, capital of a  Spain; Pelayo was elected king, and shortly after defeated the
government of its own name on an elevated island in the  Mxoors at Covadonga, in a battle vwhich may be considered as
Volga, about 30 miles from its embonchere in the Caspian  the inauguration of the sanguinary struggle which lasted for
Sea. Lat. 460 251 N.; ion. 480 0' E. It is irregularly built,  eight centuries, and ended in the final expulsion of the
streets crooked, mostly unpaved and dirty. In the upper  Moors. In 1388, it became a principality, and was appart of the town stands the cathedral, from the towers of  pointed appanage of the heir to the Spanish throne, who
which a fine vieNt of the city is obtained, with its streets  also has the title of Prince of Asturias.  A  remnarkable
and canals bordered by trees, the haven covered with ships,  security of person and property has long existed in this
and of the broad majestic Volga, with its beautiful green  country; and one consequence is, that the peasantry, inislands. There are, besides, 31 stone and 3 wooden churches  stead of congregating in walled towns for protection, live in
and 15 mosques. The other public buildings of note are  small farms, and often own the land which they cultivate.
the archiepiscopal palace, the government-offices, and the 3  The patois spoken by the peasantry differs from the Galician,
factory halls for the Russian, Asiatic, and Hindioo dealers  and is called Bable. Travelling in Asturias is performed on
or merchants. Astrakhan is the seat of a Greek and Ar- mule or horseback, the roads being impassable to carmenian ecclesiastical eparchy, also of Greek and Armenian  riages.-Adj. and inhab., ASTURIAN, aS-too!re-a5n.
archbishoprics. It contains a high court of civil and crimi-    ASUAY or ASSUAY, As-soo-1, or iis-swi, a department of
nal jurisdiction, a Greek theological seminary, a botanic  Ecuador, length about 644 miles; breadth about 276 miles.
garden, a gymnasium, and upward of 20 schools. The  It lies on the E. slope and to the E. of the Andes, and
manaufactures are inconsiderable, not giving employment  stretches  E. over the immeasurable plains of the Amazon
to more than 200 working people. The fisheries form the  to the Orinoco and the confines of Brazil.  The whole of its
staple trade of the city, immense quantities of fish, caviar,  Wr. part is covered by the Paramo or desert of Asuay, whence
and isinglass being exported to foreign countries.  In the  the department is named. This paramo is a desert mass of
fishing season from 20,000 to 30,000 persons connected with  mountains running E. and WY., joining the two N. and S.
the fisheries resort to the city. The haven of Astrakhan is  parallel ranges of mountains, and forms the S. boundary of
now so sanded up as to leave only 6 feet depth of water; so  the plateau of Quito.  The department is watered by numethat large vessels have to land their cargoes on an island  rous streams, all affluents of the Amazon.
nearer the Caspian.  A few steam tug-boats are employed in    ASUNCION, A-soon-se-6nf, a town of the republic of Venetaking  vessels up and down the river. In 1846, three iron  zuela, on the N. side of the island of lMarguerite.
steamers were started, to ply between Astrakhan and the    ASUNCION.  See AssuomPTION.
other ports of the Caspian. Previous to that period, there       ASIWARBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
was but one steamer on the Volga, and it was of only 40    AS/WARDBY, a parish of England, co of Lincoln.
horse-power. Fresh water being scarce in the city, some    ASWATADA.  See QuEumaIre ISLANoS.
attempts were lately made to obtain an increased supply by    ASYLUM, a-sil/Im, a post-township  of Bradford  co.,
artesian wells, but none was found at a depth of 400 feet. Pennsylvania, on the S. side of the Susquehanna River,
The resident population of the town in 1842 was 45,703.-    about 38 miles N.W. by N. of Wilkesbarre.  Pop. 820.
Adj. and inhab. ASToAKAHNESE, iAs-tr5-kan-eez1.                  ASYLUM, a post-office of Granville co., North Carolina.
ASTRAKIIAN,,s-tr5-KenI,     a government of Russia in    ASYR.  See AsEzn.
Europe, on the N.W. coast of the Caspian Sea between lat.    ASZALO, 6s'st-lol, a market-town of iungary on the
440 40' and 490 45' N.; lon. 430 53 and 510 5' E., having the  Theiss, 3 miles N.E. of Szisko.
Maloi Gozen for its N.E. boundary, and the Mlanitch for its    ASZOD, as/sod', a town of Hungary, 22 miles N.E. of
S.W.  It is divided into two neacnrly equal parts by the Volga,  Pesth, on a tributary of the Theiss.  Pop. 2740, many of
which traverses it from  N.W. to S.E. Its coast line, ex- whom are occupied in preparing sheep-skins.
cluding minute senuosities, is about 520 miles in length, and    ATABAPO, -tA-b?/po, a considerable river of Venezuela,
is crowded throughout its whole extent with small islands, rises in lat. 30 10' N.; Ion. 660 4-14' W., whence it flows nearly
rocks, and shifting sand-banks.  The entire length of the  due W. for about 70 or 50 miles; then turning N. falls into
province is 370 miles, its greatest breadth 250. Area 61,197  the Orinoco at San  Fernando; length  about 140 miles.
square miles, or 39,166,080 English   acres. It consists wholly  The Atabapo is one of the most beautiful rivers in that
of two vast steppes or plains, separated from each other by  part of the world.  Its waters are dark, clear, agreeable to
the Volga, the greater portion of which are arid, sterile  the taste, and singularly cool; and so great is their transdesert. The whole of Astralhan was  at one period sub- pareucy, that the smallest fishes are distinguishable at the
merged by the Caspian, as is evident from the saline nature  depth of 20 or 30 feet, and the bottom, which consists of
of the soil, and the shells it contains. The soil consists  white quartzy sand, is usually visible.
generally of mud, salt, and sand intermixed, and in some    ATACAMA, A-tS-k!mu, a thinly peopled province of Beparts of extensive salt marshes, rendering it almost wholly  livia, occupying the whole of the seaboard possessed by that
one wide and sterile waste, destitute of wood. A few fertile  country, and extending from  the confines of Peru to those
tracts are met with on the skirts and delta of the Volga,  of Chili; length about 290 miles; breadth from the Andes
including some excellent pastures. Here some corn is grown,  to the shores of the Pacific, about 150 miles. It is divided
with some firuits, herds, vines, tobacco, and cotton. Salt  into the upper and lower country.  The former comprelakes and pools are numerous thrioughout the province, the  bends the part on the N.E. within the chain of the Andes;
largest of the former, Baskoochatskoe, is situated E. of the  and contains some fertile valleys.  In the S. part is the
Volga, and is about 12 miles in, length and 5 in breadth. desert of Atacama. Vicu-Ras and American ostriches are nuThe fisheries of the Volga are of great value, no stream in  merous. The province yields gold, silver, copper, and iron,
the world beiongmore abundantly stocked with fish.  Mlany  salt and alum; and, in its upper parts, has many warm
thousand persons are employed in spring, autumn, and  medicinal springs.  The volcano of Atacama, 18,000 feet
winter, in taking fish, chiefly sturgeon; firom  the roes and  high, is the southernmost of the Bolivian series. Lat. 210 35  -
bladder, lam'sge quantities of isinglass  and caviare are manu-  S., lon. 690 15' YV.
factured.                                                        ATACAMES, 4-t-lk&Fmss, a small seaport town of EcuaASTROS, ts/tros, or ASTRO, asltro, a town of Greece,  dor, 15 miles S.W. of Esmeraldas.
Morea, 15 miles S. of Argos, on the Gulf of Argolis. Here       ATALAIA, a-t4-lIG1, a town  and  parish  of Portugal,
the second national congress of the Greeks was held in  province of Beira-Baixa, 7 miles S. of Thomar. Pop. 2200.
April, 1823.                                                    ATALAN/TA, a post-office of Logan co., Illinois.
ASTUDILLO, As-too-Deellyo, a walled town of Spain, in    ATALAYA,,-tt-li/A, a town of Brazil, 15 miles S.S.W.
Leon, 22 miles N.N.E. of Palencia. The public buildings  of Alagoas, at the mouth of the Alagoas River.  Pop. 2000.
are 3 parish  churches, a town-hall, parish, convent, 2        ATALAYA, a fort of Brazil, 80 miles N.E. of Pars, on the
well-attended schools, and an hospital. Pop. 4151.            Atlantic, near the mouth of the Para River.
ASTURA, As-too/-rA, a maritime  village of italy, Pontifical    ATALAYA, J-ta-lilV, a singular town of the island of
States on a peninsula in the Mediterranean, (anc. Inlsuia  Canary, near Las Palmas, the habitations of which are ex.
Aslturce,) at the mouth of the river Astura, 39 miles S.E. of  cavated on the sides of Mount St. Antoine, and disposed in
Rome. It has a small harbor, and a lofty tower, supposed  regular terraces. Pop. 2000.
to occupy the site of the villa of Cicero, and near which he    ATARAIPU, A-t[-ri-pool, (the   devil's rock,") a remarkawas put to death by order of Antony, B.c. 43. IHere Con- ble isolated pyramidal granitic peak in British Guiana, lat.
radin, the last of the I-ohenstauffen family, was betrayed  20 55' N., lon. 58~ 48/ W. For 350 feet above its base the
after the battle of Tagliacozzo, in 1268.                     mountain is wooded, and for 550 feet more it rises in a pyraASTURIAS, se-too/re-es, an ancient division of Spain, now  midal form, destitute of vegetation, forming a striking conprovince of Oviedo, (which see,) formerly the kingdom  of  trast to the luxuriant growth at the base and in all the surAsturia, and the only part unconquered by the Moors. It  rounding country.
was inhabited by a race who maintained their independence    AT'ASCO/SA CR.EEK, Texas, rises in Bexar co., and, flowagainst the Carthaginians, but were subdued by the Romans   uIng south-e.asterly, enters Rio Frio a few miles from  its
in the time of Augustus.  After the fall of the Roman er- mouth.
123




ATA                                                           ATH
ATAUAT, a-tw-1i, or TAJUAI, also written ATOOI and  Citra, 12 miles W.S.W. of Vasto d'Ammone.  It has a
ATUI, one of the Sandwich Islands, lat. 220 8' N., Ion. 1590  beautiful collegiate church, 4 parish churches, several con20' W., about 240 miles N.N.W. of Hawaii or Owyhee. It is  vents, a hospital, and 3 emonts-le-pidtd. Pop. 7526.
of an oval form, 40 miles long, and more than 24 miles wide    ATESTE.  See EsTE.
at the broadest part. Area, between 600 and 700 square    ATFEH, &t'fGhf, a village of Lower Egypt, on the left bank
miles. It slopes on all sides from an elevated centre to the  of the W. branch of the Nile, at the mouth of the MIahmoosea, where it terminates in a high coast. Numerous wide, deeyeh Canal, where passengers fronm Alexandria embark
fertile, and cultivated valleys run from  the shore inland. in steamers for Cairo, distant 88 miles S.S.E.
Pop. 1853 6,726.                                                ATFIEII or ATFEM, &t-fee/, a town of Middle Egypt, on
ATAUN, 4-t4wnf, a decayed town of Spain, province of  the right bank of the Nile, 40 miles S. of Cairo, supposed to
Guipuzcoa, on the Argaunza, 8 miles S.S.W. of Tolosa. Pop. be near the site of the ancient Aphroditopfolss.     Pop. 4000.
2000. It had formerly an important fortress.                    ATI1 or AATIHI, it, a fortified town of Belgium,  province
ATAX. See AnDE.                                             of Hainaut, on the Dender, and on the railway firom Brussels
ATBARA, At-bfr&,  a territory and river of Nubia, the for- to Lille, 20 miles E. by S. of Tournay.    Pop. 8789. It is well
mer sometimes called the island of Meroe, from its being par- built, and has a remarkable church and college, school of
tially insulated by the river Atbara on the N.E., the Bahr- design, orphan asylum, town-hall, and barracks; also, various
el-Azrek on the W. and S.W., and the Nile on the N.W. manufactures, bleaching and dyeing-works, &c.
Linant describes it as a very flat country, with mountains    ATHIABAS'CA or ATHAPES'COW, a lake and river of Briscattered here and there, like stones placed on a floor. The  tish North America. The lake, lat. 590 N., Ion. fronm 1060 to
surGfce, for the most part, is thickly covered with trees and  1120 W., is 230 miles in length from E. to W., with a breadth
glrass, but in some places entirely destitute of vegetation. averaging 20 miles. Near its S.W. extremity it receives the
The whole course of the Atbara River from Sofie, the point  Athabasca River, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and
of its formation, to Ed-D]amer, (Adamel,) where itjoins the  flows north-eastward to join it after a long and tortuous
Nile, is about 270 miles. This river is the Astabsoras of  course. Lake Athabasca discharges its waters  northward
Strabo and Ptolemy.                                            ly Slave River, and it communicates, both through the
ATCHA, &tich&, written also ATCHU, ATCIIAM, AT- Slave Lake and Mackenzie River with the Polar Sea, and
CHAK, ATSCIAK, or ASKIIA, one of the Aleutian islands  through Wollaston and Deer Lakes, and Churchill River,
of the Andrenovian group, lon. 175 WV., about 75 miles long  with H-udson's Bay.  A shoal of several miles in extent
by 10 miles broad. At its E. point is a harbor, near which  is formed on its S. shore by the drift timber and vegeis a volcano which throws out a considerable quantity of  table debris brought down by the rivers.   On Athabasca
sulphur, and at the foot of which there is a hot spring.  River is Fort Assiniboine,  in lat. 540 20' N., Ion. 114 3' E.
Pop. 50 or 60.                                                 This laie is sometimes called Lake of the Mountains; (Fr.
ATCH4AFALAYA (atch-af-a-l;ai) BAYOU, Louisiana, an  Lac-dce-es-Mtafnes, likr dt m6,'c.tinl.)     )
outlet of Red River, commences a few miles from the mouth    ATIIASfSEL,   oir RFELCKMURL RY, a parish of Ireland,
of the river, at the N.'extremity of Pointe Coupfe parish. in Munster, co. of Tipperary.
It flows nearly southward through Chetimaches Lake, and    ATfI'BOY', (the  yellow ford,") a town and parish of Ireenters Atchafatlaya Bay, on the Gulf of Mexico. The whole  land, in Leinster, co. of Meath, on an afliuent of the Boyne,
length is estimated at 250 miles.  The channel is obstructed  6 miles N.W. of Trim. Pop. of the towrn, 2000.
by driftwood; but, in high water,; steamboats navigate it    ATII/ELINGTON or ALILINGTON, a parish of England,
from the gulf to its head. Its name, in the Indian dialect,  co. of Suffolkr.
signifies "lost water."  There are strong reasons for belier-    ATIH'ELNY, IsLE OF, a small tract of about 100 acres in
ing that this bayou was formerly the main channel of Red  England, co. of Somerset, 7 miles S.E. of Bridgewater, and
River.                                                         formerly an island at the junction of the Tone and Parrot
ATCIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Salop.                 Rivers. Here Alfred the Great found a refuge during the
ATCIHEEN.  See AcsEEN.                                      Danish invasion, and founded an abbey, about the year 888.
ATCIIE!RA, it-ch~',r,  a town of British India, in Bombay,    ATHIELSTANEFORD, a parish of Scotland co., and 3l
on the Malabar coast, 55 miles N. of Goa. It was formerly  miles N.E. of I-Iaddington.  It is the birth-place of Ilome,
~ notorious depOt for goods obtained by piracy.               author of the tragedy of "Douglas," and of Blair, the author
ATCHINSK, A-cheensk/, a town of Siberia, government  of the  "Grave."
of Yeniseisk, 75 miles WV. of Krasnoyarsk, on the Tchoolim       ATIIENE.   See ATHENS.
(Tchulym,) an affluent of the Obi.                               ATHENRY, ath'en-ril, a town and parish of Ireland, in
ATCIINSK, a town of Russia, government of Perm, and  Connaught, 13o miles E. of Galway. It has some historical
in the vicinity of the city of that name.                     interest, and in early times sent two representatives to the
ATC;II!SON, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Mis-  Irish Parliamene.
souri, bordering on Iowa and the Missouri River, has an    AT'CHENS,  athenz, (anc. Atlie/ncc. Gr. AO6vat, pronounced
area of 700 square miles. The Missouri separates it from   by tfhe modern Greeks 4-theelnA,) the capital of Greece, and
Nebraska on the WV., the Nodaway forms its boundary on  not only for several ages the centre of European civilization,
the E., and it is intersected by the Tarkeo  and Nishnaba- but still, in many respects, particularly to the scholar and
tona Rivers. Capital, Linden. Pop. 1678; of whom  1648  the artist, the most interesting city in the world. Its site,
were free. and 30 slaves.                                     equally magnificent for scenery and advantageous for conmATCHiSON CITY, a town of Kanzas Territory, on the Mis- merce,s is about 4 miles N.E. of the Saronic Gulf, or Gulf of
souri River, 20 miles above Fort Leavenworth. It has a saw  YEgina, in an extensive plain of its own name, watered by
mill, a newspaper office, and about 30 hlouses.               the Ilissus  and Cephisus, and surrounded by hills on all
ATCHUJEFF, 4t-choo-zhiff', or ATCIIU, At~chool, an island  sides, except towards the sea, where it lies open, and gives a
of Russia, in the Strait of Yenikale, in lat. 45c 15' N., lon. fine view, both of the gulf and the numerous islainds which
36~ 40' E.                                                    seem  to float on its surface. This plain, instead of being
ATECA, At-'ka,  a lown of Spain, in Aragon, 5 miles WV. by  uniformly level, is broken by numerous ridges of limestone,
S. of Catalayud, on the Jalou. Pop. 3600.                     several of which, with their intervening valleys, are partly
ATEF, EL,  1 A'tff, a town of North Africa, in the Sahara, occupied by the city; while the highest of them rises up prelat. 320 28' N. Ion. 2018' E, Ilis composed of from 500 to 600. cipitously, and forms the Acropolis or citadel. The chief
houses, including 6 mosques.                                  approaches to Athens are one on the W. by way of Eleusis,
ATEGERAT,  -te-gher-AtU, a town of Abyssinia, state of  over a well-made carriage road, in a plain remarkable for the
Tigre, on amountain 8180 feet in elevation, 65 miles N.N.W.  luxuriant beauty of its oleanders; and another on the S.W.,
of Antalo, with a royal residence, and 2200 inhabitants.      by the celebrated harbor of Pirnus, along a tract which,
ATELLA, 4tel111,  a town of Naples, province of Basilicata,  though once a mere swamp, is now covered with vine6 miles S. of Melfi, on a river of its own name, an affluent  yards, oliveyards, and fig plantations.  In its most prosperof the Ofanto.                                                ous days, Athens enclosed a large space, including not only
ATELLA. See AvERs.A.                                        the city proper, but a long, narrow suburb, stretching conATENA, 4-t4n., avillage of Naples, province of Principato  tinuously to the Pirweus, and was surrounded by walls
Citra, 45 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 3400.                   which had a circuit of nearly 20 miles. Parts of these walls
ATERNO, 4-tBr/no, (ane. Ater/szus,) a river of Naples, rises  still remain, particularly on the S. and WV.; but within a
in the Apennines, and flows into the Adriatic at Pescara. comparatively modern period, a wall of about 4 miles in cirLength, 80 miles. In the latter half of its course it is called  cult had been built, enclosing a space which, during the
the Pescara River.                                            possession of the city by the Turks, was more than suf
ATESIIGA, a/tishg4', ATESCII-JAII, d/tlsh`-jA',AT/ESHi'  ficient to accommodate its inhabitants.  Since 1834, when
CAU,orATASI1K-UDDA, A/tash-ud/dA, (the "place of fire,")  Athens again became the seat of government, this wvall,
a spot on the peninsula of Apsheron, on the W. coast of the  which wavs in a ruinous state, has been pulled down to
Caspian Sea, the object of numerous pilgrimages by the  makire way for new streets and edifices, which are rapidly
Guebers, who regard it as sacred, and worship the fire which  springing up on all sides, and promise to give the city at
issues from it by the ignition of the naphtha. with which  least the appearance of a modern capital, how much soever
the soil is throughlyimpregnated.  The Atesch-Jah is about  they may fail to rival its ancient splendor.
one mile in diameter, and flom its centre, when the weather    The Acropolis, or ancient centre of Athens, on which most
is dry, emits a yellowish-blue flame, visible by day, but, of  of its noblest monuments are placed, is an isolated, rocky
reonrse, much increased in intensity during night.            height, rising 150 feet above the adjacent plain, and 1138 feet
ATESSA, A-tls/sI, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  above the level of the sea. Its summit is enclosed by walls
124i




ATHI                                                          ATIJ
2330 yards in circuit. The modern city is built mostly on  posite the city of Hudson.  It contains 5 or 6 churches and
its W. and N.sides. in which directions many new thorough-  numnerous stores. Incorporated in 1S05. Estimated poputhres have been laid out, the principal being Minerva, Eso-   lation in 1852, 1400.  A  steam  ferry-boat plies between
Ins, Hermes, and Market streets. Since the establishment of  Athens and Hudson.  Pop. of the township, 2986.
the seat of government here in 1835, the old walls which,    ATHENS, a thriving post-borough of Bradford co., Pennduring the Turkish rule, surrounded Athens, have been  sylvania, on the right bank of the N. branch of Susquehanna
taken down, and well-built houses are springing up on every  River, 15 miles N. of Towanda.  The Tioga or Chemniung
side. The new palace, built between 1836 and 15843, at the  River flows along the W. side of the borough and enters the
foot of Mount Lycabettus, and about oneofourth of a mile  Susquehanna 2 miles below. The confluence of these
5rom the centre of the city, is a quadrangular building, 300  streams forms an elliptical peninsula, the lower extremity
feet in length by 280 in breadth, with two internal courts, a  of which is known as Tioga Point, which was formerly a
portico of Pentelic marble, and richly decorated apartments.  noted station of Indian traders. Athens is delightfully
In front is a square, in which the bloodless revolution of Sep- situated in the narrowest part of the peninsula. It contember 15th, 1844, was enacted. The university (founded  tains several mills and factories, and carries on an active
1836) is the finest modern building, containing an anatomi-  trade by means of the North Branch Canal. Incorporated
cal theatre, a libmary  of 28,000 volumes, with 34 professors  in 1831. Pop. in 1853, from 1200 to 1500. Pop. of the townand teachers, and (in 1845) 195 st{idents  There are, besides,  ship in 1850, 2127.
a gymnasium, with upwards of 500 pupils, a military and    ATHENS, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, about
an ecclesiastical academy, polytechnic, American mission- 20 miles E.N.E. of Meadville.  Pop. 928.
ary, infant, and Laucastertian schools, a seminary for teach-    ATHENS, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.
ers, a botanic garden, and society of natural history. The    ATIIENS, a flourishing town of Clarke co., Georgia, is
cathedral is a handsome Byzantine structure, with a modern  situated on the Oconee ItRiver, at the terminus of the Athens
steeple. Other chief modern edifices are the barracks, civil  Branch  lailroad, 92miles W.N.W. fronm Augusta, and 7lmiles
and military hospitals, a new cathedral in progress of con-  N. ofMilledgeville. The situation is healthy and the climate
struction, an Enaglish chapel, Protestant and Greek cemete- delightful.  Since the construction of the railroad the town
ries, royal mint, chamber of representatives, theatre, anc   has increased rapidly, and has becone the market for an
observatory.  It is the residence of the sovereign, the seat  extensive cotton-growing region. Among the public buildof a university, and supreme courts of the Archbishop of  ings are 5 churches, a town-hall, a bank, and several large
Attica.                                                       hotels. There is a cotton manufactory in this town and 3
Athens has no manufactures, and as yet cannot be said  others within a few miles. The PFranklin College of this
to have any important trade, though it has an excellent  place is a flourishing institution. Pour or five newspapers
harbor,-which seems to invite the commerce both of the E. tiare issued in Athens.
and the W. This harbor, called in modern times Porto Le-    ATHENS, a post-village, capital of Limestone co., Alabama,
one, from the marble colossal lions which once stood upon  154 miles N.N.E of Tuscaloosa, and 25 miles IV. by N. of
it, but still better knowvn by its ancient name of Pirenes, is  IIuntsville.  It contains a court-house, 3 churches, 1 printabout 4 miles to the S.W. of the city, and was brought  ing-office, several stores, and a female institute, the buildwithin its enclosure by means of what was called the Long  ing of which is one of the handsomnest in the village.
Walls. It is very deep and capacious, forming a large basin,    ATHENS, a post-village of Monroe co., Missssippi,  5 miles
which is somewhat difficult of entrance, but within which, E. of Aberdeen, the county-seat, and 170 miles N.E. of Jackin its best days, 1000 triremes have rode. To the trade of  son, in the midst of a highly productive  country, which is
this port, and the naval superiority connected with it, being settled rapidly.
Athens was mainly indebted for the pre-eminence which    ATHENS, a post-village  of Claiborne parish, Louisiana, on
she held among the states of Greece; and, apparently, to  the road firom I-Homer, the seat of justice to Sparta.
the same sources must she still look, if she is again to be-    ATHENS, a post-village, capital of HIenderson co., Texas,
come great. Of this the government seems fully aware; and,  20 miles E. of the Trinity Biver, and 220 miles N.E. of Austin
accordingly, one of its earliest labors was to fill up a marsh,  City. It is situated in a beautiful undulating country,
and commence the construction of a quay, at which several  which is supplied with good water, and is well adapted to
hundred merchant vessels may lie. Pirus itself, instead  the cultivation of cotton and maize. Laid out in 1851. In
of being a mere suburb, is rapidly rising into a town. It  1852 it had 3 stores and several dwellings.
has been almost entirely built since 1834, and already con-    ATHENS, a village in Izard co., Arkansas, on the N.
tains 1000 houses,                                            bank of White,iver, at the mouth of Pine Bayou, about 6
The city is reputed to have been founded by Cecrops, B. c. miles N. by E. of Mount Olive.
13036; it fell to Rome,. c. 86; since then, it has belonged    ATHENS, a post village, capital of MeMinn' co., Tennessee,
successively to Goths, Byzantines, Burgundians, PFranks,  on the E. Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, 55 miles N.E. from
Catalans, Florentines, Venetians, and Turks. Principal an-  Dalton, and 154 miles E.S.E. from  Nashville.  It contains a
tiquities, the Acropolis,or ancient citadel, surmounted by  court-house, 3 churches, several seminaries, 1 printing office,
the Parthenon, an edifice of white marble, 228 feet in length  2 banlks, and numerous stores.
by 100 feet in breadth, and still tolerably perfect; the Erech-    ATIENS, a handsome post-village of Fayette co., IKentheium, a building 90 feet in length; remains of the Tem-  tucky, on the turnpike from  Lexington to Richmond, 11
ple of the Wingless Victory, recently restored in a judicous  miles S.E. from the former, is surrounded by rich, well-culmanner by the government; the Propyiea, or grand entrance  tivated farms, and a prosperous community.  It has 2
in front of the foregoing temples; and the theatre of Herodes  churches, several stores, and about 500 inhabitants.
Atticus, at the S.W. angle of the Acropolis.  N. of the Are-    ATHENS, a post-townaship of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 2360.
opagus is the Temple of Theseus, one of the most perfect    ATHENS,  a post-village, capital of Athens co., Ohio, is
monuments of ancient Athens, having 34 remaining Doric  pleasantly situated on the Ilockhocking River, 72 miles
columns outside, and containing a rich museum of antiquli-  S.E. ifrom  Columbus. It is the seat of the Ohio University,
ties. Areopagus, or Mars' Hill, where St. Paul addressed  the oldest college in the state, (founded in 1804.) The lIockthe Athenians, the Pnyx, where popular meetings were  ing Canal connects this village with the Ohio Canal. tiere
held, the Eleusisium, the prison of Socrates, and Tower of  is a branch of the State Bank.  Pop. near 1000.
the Winds, vestiges of the Temple and Theatre of Bacchus,    ATIHENS, a toawnship of Harrison co,, Ohio. Pop. 1416.
the Grotto of Apollo and Pan. Outside of the city, 16 Co-    ATHENS, -a post-township of Calhoun  co., Slichigan,
rinthian columns, 00 feet in height, on a raised platform, about 20 miles S.W. from MIarshall.  Pop. 532.
remain of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius, and near the    ATHENS, a post-village of Menard co., Illinois, 12 miles
Ilissus the Stadium, or ancient race-course, is still trace- N.N.W. from Springfield.
able. Athens became the seat of the Greek government (re-    ATHENS, a village of St. Clair so., Illinois, on the IKaskasmoved hither from Nauplia) in 1835. Pop. about 30,000. kis River, 33 miles S. E. of St. Louis.  The river is navigaAthens is said to have been named in honor of Mlinerva, (in  ble for small boats to this point.
Gr. AOeYa, Athena,) who was regarded as the tutelary god-    ATHENS, a post-village of Clarke co., hiissouri. on the
dess of the city.-Adj. and inhab. ATHENIAN, A-theefne-an.  Des Moines BRiver, 25 miles from its month; has 3 stores and
ATHIENS, a county in Ohio, situated in the S.E. part of  a flourinu-mill.
the state, on the Ohio River, contains about 430 square miles.   ATHENS, a post-office of Dodge co., WVisconsin.
It is watered by the Hockhocking River. The surface is    ATHIENSYILLE, a small village of Delaware co., Pennsyhilly, with intervals of rich bottom lands, and the hills are  vania, about 8 miles WY. firom Philadelphia.
covered with fertile soil and a heavy growth of trees. Iron    ATHENSVILLE, a small post-village of Greene co., Illinois.
ore is found in many places, coal is abundant, and salt is    ATHERINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
manufactured extensively'in the county. The Hocking    ATHERINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. It is
Canal extends from the centre of the county to the Ohio  supposed to have been the Poreftus _Adtldim of the Romans.
Canal. Capital, Athens.  Pop. 18,215.                           ATHIERSTONE, a market-town and chapelry of England,
ATHENS, a post-township  of Somerset co., Maine, 45  co. of Warwick, on the Roman  Watling-street, 12 miles
miles N. of Augusta, intersected by a branch of the Kenne-  N.N.W. of the Coventry Station of the London and Birming.
bee River. Pop. 1460. ~                                       ham Bailway. Pop. in 1851, 3819.
ATHIENS, a post-township of Windham  co., Vermont,    ATHIERSTONE-ON-STOUR, a parish of England, co. of
about 100 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 350.                   Warwick, on the Stour.
AThIENS, a post-borough of Greene co.,' New York. on the    ATHIERTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster,
W. bank of Hudson River, 29 miles below Albany, and op- 7 miles N.E. of Newton. Pop. in 1851, 4C55,niostly employed
125




AT1I                                                       ATL
in collieries. cotton factories. and iron-works. It has a butter, and malt. Athy is one of thile chief stations on the
station on the Bolton and Kenyon railway.                 Carlow  branch of the Southern and Western Railroad
ATTItH1SIS. See ADIGr.                                   Woodstock castle, built in the fifteenth century, is in a
ATHIS, ARteel, a lown of France. department of Orne, on  state of tolerable preservation. The town stands partly in
the Paris and Corbeil lRailway, 10 miles S. of Paris. Pop. in  the two parishes of St. John and St. Michael. Pop. in 1841,
1852, 4605. Manufactures woollen stuffs and ribbons.       4698.
ATIILEAGUE, a parish  and village of Ireland, Con-   ATIBAIA, A-te-bP~, a town of Brazil, in the eastern part
naught, counties of Rescomnmon and Galway.                 of the province of Sao Paulo, on a river of its own name, 110
ATHLONE, ath-1nef, (Athluan, "ford of the moon,") a  miles S.S.E. of Santos.
town and barony of Ireland, on both sides of the Shannon,    ATIENZA, A-te-in/tht, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 48
about 67 miles W. by N. from Dublin. The two divisions miles SW. of Sosia. Pop. 2000.
were formerly called English town'and Irish town, but are    ATINA, -tee/nt, a town of Naples, province of Terra di
now known as the Leinster side and Connaught side. On the  Lavoro, 11 miles S.E. of Sora, near the Melfa.  It has
latter side is the castle of Athlone, erected in the reign of  a cathedral, a convent, and a hospital; was formerly a
King John, and enlarged and strengthened in that of Queen  bishopric, and is one of the most ancient towns of Italy,
Elizabeth, and now strongly fortified in the modern style. being named by Virgil amopg the cities that took part in
The town was incorporated by a charter from James I., and  the war between Atineas and Turnus, prince of the Nutuli.
received a further charter from  Charles II. It derives its  It was a Roman colony during the reign of Nero, and then
importance from. being one of the chief stations or govern- considered one of the most populous and important in the
ment depots for troops and military stores in Ireland. The  empire. It has some manufactories of carpets. Pop. 6768.
barracks, N.W. of the castle, can accommodate 2000 men; to    ATITLAN,,-tee-tlhnl, a lake, town, and volcano of Canit an ordnance-yard, magazines, armory, with muskets for tral America, 80 miles N.W. of Guatemala.  The lake is 24
15,000 men, and hospital, are attached, all occupying an ele- miles in length from E. to W., by 10 miles in breadth, very
vated position on the river, above the bridge, and, with the  deep, and surrounded by lofty mountains. The town, Santhree large squares for parade and exercise, cover at least 15  tiago de Atitlan, is on its S. side, between two volcanoes.
English acres. N.W. of the barracks, and outside the town, Rlevation of the volcano of Atitlan, 12,500 feet.
are extensive outforts and batteries, commanding the main    ATKARSK, Alt'kanskf, a town of Russia, 50 miles N.W. of
road from Galway and Ballinasloe. By means of a canal at  Saratov.y, on the Atkara River, an affluent of the Medvieditsa.
Athlone, a mile long, constructed for the purpose of avoid- Pop. 1300.
ing some fords,'the Shannon is rendered navigable for 71    ATKHIIA. See ATreA.
miles above the town. The facilities for carrying on trade    AT/KINSON, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine,
here are further augmented by the grand canal from Dub  about 80 miles N.E; of Augusta, has an academy which may
lin, which joins the Shannon 17 miles below the town. The  claim its origin from John Adams. Pop. 895.
first bridge in Ireland is said to have been one built across    ATKINSON, a post-township of Ilockingham  co., New
the Shannon, at Athlone, by Turlough O'Connor, King of  Hampshire, about 35 miles S.S.E: of Concord. Pop. 600.
Connaught, in 1140.  Athlone sent two members to the    ATKINSON, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky.
Irish Parliament, but sends only one to the British House    ATKINSON'S MIILLS, a post-office of Mifflin co., Pennsylof Commons. Pop. of town, (1841,) 6393.                     vania.
ATHLUMNEY, ath-lunfnee, a parish of Ireland, co. of    ATLANTA, at-anutsa,  a faourishing city of De Kalb co.,
Mieath..                                                   Georgia, is situated about 7 miles S.E. of the Chattahoochee
ATHNASSEY, ath-nas/se,  a parish of Ireland, co. of River, and on the line of railroads leading from  Savannah
Limerick.                                                   to Chattanooga and Nashville, Tennessee, 101 miles N.W.
ATHNOWVEN, ath-nolen, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork. of Macon, 171 I. of Augusta, tnd 291 miles fiaom NashATtIOZ, ATHOLE, or ATIIOLL,.thol, a district of Scot- ville. The situation is elevated and remarkably healthy.
land, comprising the N. part of Perthshire. Area, about 450  Four of the principal railroads of the state terminate at this
squaremiles. The country is elevated, and very picturesque. town, and render it a place of great activity in business,
Gairn Gower Mountain is 3690 feet, and the Searscock 3400  and a depat for the cotton and grain of several adjoining
feet in. elevation. Blair-Athol, a fertile vale on the Gar-ry, counties. The Georgia Railroad extends from Atlanta to
and the forest of Athol, 100,000 acres, are stocked with red  Augusta; the Macon and Western Railroad to the city of
deer and game.  It gives the title of duke to the head of  Macon; the Atlantic and Western Railroad, which was
the Mur-ray family, its chief proprietor.                   opened in 1850, leads to Chattanooga, Tennessee; and tihe
AITIJOL, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachusetts, La Grange Railroad, which was finished in 1852, connects
about 65 miles W.N.W. of Boston, intersected by Miller's  Atlanta with West Point, 72 miles distant. Atlanta was
River, which affords abundant water-power, and by the Ver- laid out in 1845, since which it has increased with great
mont and Massachusetts Railroad. It has manufactures of  rapidity, and become one of the most populous and importboots and shoes, scythes, and cotton goods. Pop. 2033.      ant towns in the northern part oftle state. In 1847 it was
AITI-HOL, a post-village and township of Warren co., New  incorporated as a city. It has 5 or 6 churches, 6 schools, 2
York, on the S. bank of a small tributary of the Hudson, newspaper offices, and a bank. The surrounding country
about 60 miles N.N.W. of Albany.  Pop. of the township,  contains  gold, iron, and other valuable minerals. Pop. in
1390.                                                       1850, 2572; in 1853, about 4000.
ATIHOL DEPOT, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachu-    ATLAN/TIC, a connty in the S.S.E. part of New Jersey,
setts, on the Vernon and Massachusetts Railroad, 33 miles has an area of about 620 squame miles. It is bounded on
WV. of Fitchburg.                                           the N.E. by Little Egg Harbor River, on the S.E. by the AtATIJIOS, MOUNT, called I:[lofeon Oaros, Monte Santo, lantic Ocean, and partly on the S. by Tuckahoe Creek, and
or the holy Mountain, by the modern Greeks, a celebrated  intersected by Great Egg Harmbor River, which dells into a
mountain of Greece, at the extremity of the peninsula of  bay of the same name. It is indented by Great Bay, AbseChalcis, 80 miles S.E. of Salonica, culminating point 6778  cumn Bay, Grassy Bay, and Lakes Bay, which contain beds
feet in elevation. Lat. 400 16' N., ion. 240 10' E. Previous of oysters and other shell-fish. The surface is level, the
to the late Greek insurrection, the flanks of this mountain  soil near the sea-coast marshy, but in the interior light and
were occupied by several villages, and 22 convents, besides sandy. The Camden and Atlantic Railroad passes through
500 chapels, cells, and grottoes, which served as the habita- the county.  Formed in 1837 from  a part of Gloucester
tion of more thos 4000 monks; those called hermits lived  county, and named fi-oni the ocean on which it borders.
in caves. In the intervals of their religious duties, these Capital, Cape Mlay Landing. Pop. 8961.
monks were employed in preparing the soil, cultivating    ATLANTIC, post-township, Monmouth co., N. J. Pop. 1493.
vines and olives, and rearing many bees, which enabled    ATLANTIC  CITY, a village and fashionable wateringthem  to export annually a great quantity of wax. They  place of Atlantic co., New Jersey, on the Atlantic ocean, at
also made numerous images and other objects in wood, the S.E. terminus of the Camden and Atlantic Railroad,
which were shipped at the port of Alvara, a fortified village  (opened July 1, 1854.) Extensive and costly buildings, with
on the E. side of the mountain, inhabited by 500 monks. every accommodation,  have recently been erected here for
This was the seat of the first ecclesiastical seminary of the  the reception of visitors seeking sea air and bathing.
Greek Church, and its most celebrated theological school;   ATLAN/TIC OCEAN, (L. Atlanlticzs Oce/saniu's,) one of the
here, also, were preserved the remains of the famous libra- five great hydrographical divisions of the globe, occupies an
ries which furnished to learned Europe the MSS. of so many  immense longitudinal valley, and extends from the Arctic
masterpieces of ancient Greek literature. The ancient geo- Circle on the N. to the Antarctic Circle on the S., bounded
graphers  assigned an extraordinary elevation to Mount  WV. by the coast of America to Cape HIorn, and thence by a
Athos, and asserted that the sun was visible from its sum- line continued on the same meridian to the Antarctic Circle,
mit three hours earlier than on the shores of the Egogean  and E. by the shores of Europe and Africa to the Cape of
Sea. Vestiges of the canal cut by Xerxes, to avoid the dan- Good IIope, and thence prolonged on the meridian of Cape
gers of circumnavigating the promontory, have recently  Agulhas till it meets the Antarctic Circle. Its extreme
been discovered.                                           breadth is about 5000 miles, and its area is computed at
ATHY, ath-il, (anc. Athlegar, "the western ford,") a mar- 25,000,000 square miles. It is naturally divided into three
ket-town of Ireland, and the largest in the county of Kil- portions: Ist, the N.; 2d, the S.; and 3d, the intertropical
dare, Leinster, on the Barrow, here crossed by a bridge, and  Atlantic. The North Sea or German Ocean, the Caribbean
on an arm of the Grand Canal, 331 miles S.W. of Dublin. It  Sea, and the Irish Sea, form portions of the Atlantic; hut the,s the seat of county summer assizes, and has trade in corn, Baltic and the Mediterranean, which communicale with.ths.1216
L)   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _                            _ _  _  _ _ _ _ _ _  _  _ _ _




ATL                                                          ATO
North Sea by narrow  channels, are properly considered  on every side. Sometimes they acquire a rotary motion of
separate seas. The principal gulfs of the Atlantic are, in  great velocity, and dash against each other with tremendous
Europe, the Bay of Biscay, or Golfe de Gascogne; in Africa,  violence. The floe-ice is of comiparatively small size, seldom
the Gulf of Guinea; in America, the Gulf of Mexico anid  extending to a quarter of a mile in circumference.
the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The chief islands are, in Europe,    Fish are met with in greater variety and abundance in
ihe British Isles and Iceland; in Africa, the Azores, Ma-  the North Atlantic than in the S. In the latter there are
deira, and Canary Islands, and the Archipelago of the Gulf  only whale fisheries, while in the former there are the cod,f Guinea; in America, the Antilles, Newfoundland, and the  fisheries of Newfoundland, the herring fisheries of Great
islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.  The Atlantic, with its  Britain, the pilchard fisheries in the British Channel, and
branches, drains nearly the whole of Europe W. of the basin  the whale fisheries of'Greenland, &c.
of the Volga; nearly all North America E. of the Rocky Menu-    There is no reason to believe that the ancients had any
tains and the mountains of Mexico; and the whole of South  definite or adequate idea of the extent of the Atlantic Ocean,
America E. of the Andes. Its cfiefaffluents are, in Europe, the  though, doubtless, in very early times, they were familiar
Rhine, Loire, and Tagus; in Africa, the Senegal, Niger, and  with the existence of a great western sea, which-in order
Congo; and in America, the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, Ori-  to distinguish it from the Mediterranean-the Greeks named
noco, Amazon, and La Plata.  The bed of the Atlantic is  AT7avrTers7 Oaaraca, (Atlantik  thalassa,) or ArXavrLKcov
very unequal in elevation, in some places rising in immense  ercbayos, (Atlanticon29elagos,) the "Atlantic sea" or the sea
sand-banks to within a few fathoms of the surface, and in  beyond Mount Atlas.  Horace calls it, (Lib. I. Ode 31,) Atothers sinking to unfathomable depths. The most extensive  lanticsess Afqsor, the "Atlantic ['watery] plain."
banks are theose of Newfoundland, the Doggerbank in the Ger-    ATILAS, a township of Lapeer co., Michigan.
man Ocean, and the Agulhas (A-goollyhs) bank off the S. point    ATLAS, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, about 12 miles
of Africa. The minimum  depth on the bank of Newfound-  S.W. of Pittsfield.
land is 60 feet. The German Ocean varies in depth from 66    ATLAS MOUNTAINS, an extensive mountain system in
to 500 feet. In many places the Atlantic is upwards of  North Africa, theS. extremity of which commences neat Cape
15,000 feet deep, and in lat. 15~ 3' S., lon. 230 14 W., (150 E. Noon, in lat. 280 46' N., on the Atlantic Ocean, and, after' traof the coast of Brazil,) Sir James Ross had no soundings  versing the territories of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis, termiwith a line of 4600 fathoms, (27,600 feet, or nearly 5} miles.)  nates on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, about ion. 110
In the Antarctic Ocean, Sir James Ross found the depth to  E. The general course of these mountains is from W.S.W.
be generally about 2000 feet; but on one occasion a line of  to E.N.E.; but they do not, like most other systems, consist
24,000 feet failed to reach the bottom. The saltness snd  of one continuous and definite range, but of a congeries of
specific gravity of the Atlantic are greatest near the equator,  elevations, sometimes isolated and sometimes connected,
diminishing gradually toward the poles, where they are  with endless branches and offsets, irregularly diffused over
affected by the melting of the ice. The degree of saltness  nearly the whole N.W. extremity of Africa.  The Atlas
is greater in the Southern Hemisphere than in the North- Mountains have been divided generally into two principal
ernu, and greater in the Atlantic than in the Pacific. The  and pasallel ranges, running nearly E. and W., the one called
tempefature is higher in the Northern than in the Southern  the Greater,  and the other the Lesser Atlas; the latter lying
Hemisphere, and is highest between 50 45k and 60 15 N. lat., toward the Mediterranean, and the former cadjoining the
where it has been found to be from  820 51 to 840 51 Fahren- Sahara  or Great Desert, from which it is separated by low,
heit; but in the Gulf of Mexico it attains a temperature of  sandy hills. The entire course of the principal chain may
880 52'. The maximum temperature of the Atlantic, there- be reckoned at about 1500 miles, measured from Cape Noon,
fore, does not correspond with the terrestrial equator, the  on the Atlantic, to Cape Ben or Ras Adder, on the Mediterlifie of greatest warmth being invariably found N. of it.     ranean.  Little  is known  of the heights of the Atlas
The trade-winds blow regularly in the intertropical por- Mountains; in somne places, however, they rise above the
tion of the Atlantic; beyond these limits the winds are vanrl- line of perpetual congelation, and, in many, approach it.
able. From the prevalence of S.W. winds in the North At- The highest ascertained elevation is that of Miltseen, in Molantic, the voyage from  Europe to America, on an average  rocco, stated, by Captain Washington, to be 11,400 feet high;
of six years' sailing between Liverpool and New York, re- but their general altitude is moderate, as they do not shoot
quires 40 days, while the return voyage is performed in 23  up into lofty peakls, like the Alps, but consist principally of
days. The principal currents of the Atlantic are the equa- broad ridges and rounded summits. Of the geology, botany,
torial currenn t, which flows from  the coast of Africa to the  and mineralogy of the Atlas range, we know hardly any
Caribbean Sea, with a velocity of from 30 to 70 miles a day, thing. As respects its geology, our information supplies
and the Gulf Stream, which, leaving the Gulf of Mexico, only the fact that granite, gneiss, and schist appear on the
flows through the Strait of Florida with a velocity of 80  higher peaks, and the lower parts of the ridges are formed
miles a day, and a temperature  of 860 Fahrenheit, and ex- by secondary limestone; while, as to botany, the few traveltends, with a gradually decreasing velocity and diminished  lers who have penetrated these regions tell us that on the
temperature, to the Azores. Its mean breadth is about 350  S. side, or side next the desert, the lower ranges are covered
miles, its broadest part being between 400 and 600 N. lat., with palm-trees, more especially date-palm-intrees;  hence the
where it is upwa:ds of 400 miles wide; its narrowest part is  name of this region, Beled-el-Jeseed, ("the land of dates.")
in the Strait of Florida, where it does not exceed 60 miles, IHigher up, gum-trees, almonds, olives, and other tropical proand is often much narrower.  On issuing from the Gulf of  ductions abound; while, on the table-lands, apples, pears,
Mexico it is of a dark, indigo-blue color, and for many hun- cherries, walnuts, apricots, &c. are grown in great quantities.
dred miles it is distinguaishable from the green waters of the  Higher up still, occur forests of immense pines. The mineAtlantic. In the centre of the Atlantic is a vast eddy or ral riches of the Atlas, so far as known, are silver, antimony,
whirl, caused by the revolution of the current, which is  lead, copper, iron, rock-salt, saltpetre, &c. The precious methickly covered with sea-weed called sargasoo, or gulf-weed,  tels, however,  are confined to the ps-vince of Sooz, in Mo(PFocus natans,) in many places so closely matted as to retard  rocco, but even there they do not appear to abound; the
greatly the progress of vessels. The space  covered by this  principal silver-mine is situated about 150 miles S.W. of
weed is upwards of 260,000 square miles, extending from   Mlorocco.  Three hundred miles N.E. fi-om the same place are
the meridian of 300 W. to the lBahama Islands, between the  mines of antimony and lead; copper is also plentiful in tbe
parallels of 200 and 450 N. Much of this weed is floated  same vicinity, though there seems but little activity on the
down the Gulf Stream from the Mexican Sea. It was for-'pa-rt of the inhabitants in availing themselves of these remerly supposed to have been torn from  the bottom of the  sources. From  the N. and W. slopes flow the principal
ocean, but there is now good reason to believe that it propa- rivers of Miorocco and Algeria to the Atlantic Ocean and
gates in the sea, and vegetates floating.                     Mediterranean Sea; and from their S. slopes flow nume'ous
In the South Atlantic there are evident signs of volcanic  streams, nearly all of which are absorbed in the sands of
action, rocks and'islands having from time to time appeared  the Saharsa.
and disappeared.                                                The name Atlas is said to have been derived from Atlas,
At both extremities of the Atlantic, vast masses of ice  King of Mauritania, who, according to ancient fable, having
are accumulated. in a variety of shapes and sizes, forming  been transformed into a mountain, was feigned to support
icebergs, icefields, and icefloes. The first are often seve- the heavens on his shoulders. From thename of this mounral miles in circumference, and rise from 180 to 200 feet tain region came thename of the adjoining or Atlantic Ocean.
above the sea, with seven times as much below, as float-   These mountains also possess a classical celebrity, from
ing ice shows only one-eighth of its bulk above the sun- the fitequent mention made of them by the ancients, pa,face of the water. The icebergs come to a lower latitude  ticularly Herodotus, and the exaggerated notions which
by 10~ from the South Pole than from the North, being often  they seem  to have entertained of their  elevation. The
seen near the Cape of Good I-lope. They appear also to be  Atlas, however, of the writer just named, was a single, isolarger-one observed by Captain D'Urville was 11 miles long, lated hill, probably the highest of those at Cape Gheer or
with perpendicular sides 100 feet high —bet they are more  Ghir, as seen firom the Atlantic; although several Greeke
rare in the South than in the North Atlantic.  The icefields  authorities give the name to the branch terminating at Caps
are generally of much greater extent than the bergs, though,  Spartel, at the Strait of Gibraltar.
as their names would imply, not nearly so thick, seldom         ATLIXCO, at-lix/ko, a town of Mexico, state of Puebla, in
exceeding from  10 to 40 feet.  Some of them  extend 100  a very fer-tile district, celebrated for its fruits and its fine
miles in length, with an average breadth of 50 miles. These  clisate, 20 miles S. of Pueblo de los Angeles.
immense masses of ice chill the winds that blow from them,    ATOKO.,-ttolko, one of the smallest of the Ionian Islands
and cool the surrounding seas to a distance of 40 or 50 miles I lat. 380 30' N., Ion. 200 431 E.
127




ATO                                                          ATT
ATOLL, 1-tollf, or ATOLLON, A-tol-lin;, the name applied  in the form of a triangle, two sides of which are washed by
to the several groups of coral islands composing the Mal  the IEgean Sea, while the third is separated from Beeotia by
dive Islands, in the Indian Ocean. An atoll or laoeoon  the mountains of Citheron and Parnes.  The principal
island is a circular reef of coral formation, rising out of  streams are the Cephissus and Ilissus, both very small.
the sea, and enclosing a lagoon.                              AMonet Pentelicun, about 10 miles N.E. of Athens, and 3500
AT00I.  See ATAUAI.                                         feet high, has inexhaustible quarries of excellent marble,
ATORK0OO  or ATORKOU, &-tor'kool, one of the Koorile  and silver in considerable supplies was anciently obtained
Islands. See I ROO.                                           fiom the mines of Lauriuns, near dSsniue.  The chief vegeAT'OQUICA,  s-oo-keJ4,  a maritime town of Portugal, table productions are the vine and olive.
with a castle, in Estremadura, 42 mile. N. by W. of Lisbon.    ATTICA (atte-k) and B(EOTIA, (be-ooshe-a,) a province
ATRA.N, A/trn, a river of Sweden, rising in a small lake  of Greece, inRoom-Eleo,partly insular and partly m.ainland.
and flowing N. for a few miles; and then turning rapidly to  The insular part consists principally of the islands of SalaS.S.W., it forms Lake Asunden, and, after receiving several  mis and'Egins.   The mainland part joins Phocis  and
affluents, falls into the Cattegat at Falkenberg.              Phthiotis on the W. and N., and is connected with the
ATRANI, A-trilnee, a maritime village of Naples, province  Morea on the S. by part of the narrow tract which forms the
of Principato Citra, on the Gulf of Salerno, 1 mile N.E. of  Isthmus of Corinth. See ATTICA and BaO0TIA.
Amalfi. Pop. 2000. It has manufactures of woollens and    ATTICA, at/te-k, a post-township of Wyoming co., New
maccaroni.                                                    York. Pop. 2363.
ATRATO.  -treto,  a river of South America, in New             ATTICA, or ATTICA  CENTRE, a post-village in the
Granada, department of Choco, which, after a northward  above township, on Tonawanda Creek, and the Buffalo and
course of about 200 miles, enters the Gulf of Darien W. of  New York City Railroad, about 31 miles E. of Buffalo.  It
the Bay of Choco. It is navigable for small vessels to Ci-  contains 1 large flour mill, 1 saw mill, 3 churches, 1 carriage
tarB, 140 miles from  its source. It has been proposed to  manufactory, and 5 or 6 stores.
connect this river with the San Juan, which flows S., and    ATTICA, a post-village of Yenice township, Seneca co.,
thus, by means of a canal, to unite the Atlantic with the  Ohio, 90 miles N. of Colunmbus, and 27 miles in a direct line
Pacifeic Ocean.                                                from Lake Erie. It has an active trade, supported by a poATRI,'/tree, or ATRIA, Ntre-A, (ansc. fllicdria  or Haltrio  pulous and well-improved country.
Picefna,) a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 18    ATTICA, a township of Lapeer co., Mlichigan.  Pop. 462.
miles S.E. Terramo, and 5 miles from the coast of the Adri-    ATTICA, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan.
attic.  The Emperor Adrian was originally from  this city.    ATTICA, a flourishing post-village of Fountain co., IndiPop. 6000.                                                     ana, is finely situated on the Wabash River and Canal, 14
ATRIPALDA, A-tre-ptldi, a town of Naples, province of  miles above Covington, the county seat, and 75 miles N'.W.
Prin'cipato Ultra, near the Sabato, 2 miles E.N.E. of Avel-  of Indianapolis. The surrounding country is diversified by
line. Pop. 4000. Manufactures of woollen stuffs.              majestic forests and beautiful prairies, and possesses a soil
ATRISCO, -trislko or A-trees/ko, a village of Bernalillo  of extreme fertility.  Since the canal was completed to this
co., New Mexico, on the righst bank of the Rio Grande, about  point, (1846,) Attica has rapidly increased in trade and poa mile below Albu queSrque.                                    pulation, and a large amount of grain, pork, &c. is received
ATSE/NA O/TIE, a post-office of Levy co., Florida.          here annually.  There is a valutable water-power ih the
ATSION, af/se-on,  a river of New Jersey, forming a part  vicinity. Pop. in 1852, about 1500.
of the boundary between Atlantic and Burlington counties,    ATTICA, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa.
unites with the Little Egg IHarbor River.                        ATTICA, a post-officd of Green co., Wisconsin, about 25
ATSION, a post-village in Galloway township, Burlington' miles S. of Madison.
co., New Jersey, about 27 miles S.E. of Camden.                  ATTICA CENTRE, New York. See ATTIcA.
ATTAit, at/tlh, or IDDAHI, id/da, a town of Africa, in    ATTIGNY, At'teen'yee/, (anc. Attis/iacums,) a town of
Guinea, on a high bank near thle Quorra, 100 miles N.E. of  France, department of Ardennes, 7.n miles N.AV. of YouAboh. Lat. 70 6'N. It is surrounded by plantations, and  ziers, on the left bank of tlhe Aisne. Pop. 1397. It was the
has an appearance of cleanliness and prosperity.              summer residence of many early kings of F'rance, and the
AT&TAIR/, a town of Isindostan, S. of the Chumbul, 46  seat of several ecclesiastical councils.
miles S.E. of Agra.                                              ATTINGHAUSEN, t'ting-hw/mzen, a village of SwitzerATTAKAPAS, pronounced at-tftckla-paw, an extensive and  land, canton of Uri, on the left bank of the Rleuss, 2 mioes
fertile district in the S. part of Louisiana. It produces great  S.W. of Altorf. It was the birthplace of Walter Fiirst, one
quantities of sugar and molasses, which are shipped at  of the liberators of Switzerland.
Franklin in St. Mlary's p'rish. The section called Attakapas,    ATTLEBOROUGHI-I, attl-bfir-rfih, a market-town  and
comprises, according tothe old maps, several parishes; but,  parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 14t miles SW. of Noralthough often named in conversation and in commercial  wich, with a station on the Eastern Counties Railway.
reports, it has no legal existence, and is not mentioned in  Pop. in 1851, 2324.
the census.                                                      ATTLEBOROUGI, atthel-bte'-rfth, a post-township  of
ATTAKEMBO, At-tA-klbmlbo, one of the smallest of the  Bristol co., Massachusetts; on the Boston and Providence
Feejee Islands.  Lat. 180 25' S.; lon. 1790 0' W.              Ilailroad, 31 miles S.S.E. of Boston, and 11 miles N.N.E. of
ATTALA, at-tahlqa, a county in the central part of Missis-  Providence.  It is intersected by Mill River, which affords
sippi, contains about 630 square miles. It is bounded on  fine water privileges.  The manufacture of jewelry is prothe W. by the Big Black River, and intersected by the  bably more extensively carried on here than in any other
Yukamokluna.  The suriface is undulating or nearly level;  town of equal population in the United States. It has also
the soil in some parts is fertile. The name is said to be de- numerous cotton mills, manufactories of printed calicoes,
rived firom ATALA, the heroine of an Indian romance by M. metal buttons, clocks, straw bonnets, &c. Attleborough has
Chateaubriand.  Capital, Kosciusko.  Pop. 10,991, of whom   a bank and an insurance office. A branch railroad, 4 miles
15790'ere free, and 3412 slaves.                             long, extends to the Providence and Worcester Railroad, at
ATTALIAVILLE, a post-office of Attala co., Mississippi.    Yalley Falls.  Pop. 4200.
ATTAMI, iAtimt, a considerable town of Africa, on the    ATTLEBOROUGH, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyk
Old Calabar River, near lat. 6~ 37' N.; Ion. 90 5, E.         vamaia, 120 miles E. of IIHarrisburg, and 8 miles N.W. of the
ATTAPULtGUS, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia.         Delaware at Bristol.  Pop. about 1000.
ATTARAMI, at-t&-riml, a river in the Tenasserim  pro-    AT/TLEBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
vinces, having its source in the lofty range of mountains    ATTLEBURY, at/tel-ber-re, a post-office of Dutchess co.,
that separate the Tenasserim  coast from Siam Proper. It  New York.
falls into the Gulf of Martaban, after a course of about 90    AT'TOCK/, a fort and small town of Hindostan, in the
miles.                                                         Punjab, on the Indus, immediately after the influx of the
ATTAWAL, At-tl-willl, (Arab. Al-tawat, i. e. "the long  Cabool River, and where it becomes navigable, and  is
island,") an island of the Red Sea, with a large fishing village,  crossed by a bridge of boats 537 feet in length, 40 miles
near the Arabian coast, about 120 miles N.W. of Yembo.         E.S.E. of Peshawer.  Elevation  above the sea, 799 feet.
AT/TENBOROUGH, a parish  of England, co. of Not- Pop. 2000. The fort, erected by the Emperor Akbar in 1581,
tingham.                                                      is strongly built of stone, but commanded by neighboring
ATTENDORN,,then-donn', a town of Prussia, Westpha-  heights; the town within it has gone greatly to decay'.
lia, 20 miles S.S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 1537.                   The three conquerors -of India, Alexander, Timur, and
ATITERCLIFFE, a town of England, co. of York, West  Nadir Shah, appear to have crossed the Indus by means of
Riding, 1} miles N.E. of Sheffield, in which borough it is  a bridge at this place, which is supposed to have been the
comprised.  Pop. in 1551 4873, chiefly colliers and artisans.  ancient Ihxeua.
ATTERSEE, at/ter-sA/, or KAMMERSEE, kIamlmer-sA/, a    ATTOO, ATTOU, or ATTU, At-tool, the largest of the
lake in Upper Austria, 40 miles S.W. of Lintz; about 12  Aleutian Islands, in the Pacific Ocean.  Lat. 520 57' N.;
miles in length from  N. to S., and 3 miles in breadth.  The  lon. 1720 15/ W.
riyer Ager flows firom its N. extremity. The decaying vil-    ATTOOR, At-toor!, a fortified town of British India, presi.
lage of Attersee, once capital of the district, is situated on  dency of Madras, 25 miles E. of Salem.
the N.W. side of the lale.                                      AT5TOYACI. a small river of Texas, rises in Rusk co., suand,
ATTERT, &Vtai'/, a village of Belgium, on a small river of  flowing southtward, enters Angelina River at the S.E. ex.
the same name, in Luxembourg, 4n miles N. of Arlon. P. 2216.  tremity of Nacogdoches county.
ATTICA. aXtte-k.a, (Gr. r A TLKYI, Atti,) a division of Greece,    AT'RI, at/treee, a large river of Rindostan, which has its
128




ATT                                                        AUB
source in the S. confines of Thibet, whence it flows, under  "Deserted Village," is supposed to have been the village of
the name of the Teesta, due S., through a passage in the  Lishoy, in Ireland, co. of Westmeath, near Lough Ree, 6
iimalayas; and finally falls into the main branch of the  miles N. of Athlone, and which, since the poet's time, has
Ganges at Jafferege, its whole course being upwards of 100  generally received the name by which he rendered it
miles.                                                      famous.
AT'TRUCKI, or ATTRAK, &t'trtk/, a river of Persia, in    AU/BURN, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine,
Rhorassan, near the frontier of Khiva, has a W. course, and  on the Androscoggin River and the An droecoggin and Kenenters the Caspian Sea on the E. side, 45 miles N. of Astrabad. nebec Railroad, about 30 miles N. of Portland.  It has
ATTYMASS, r at'tee-massl, or ALTIMASS, al'te-massl, a  manufactures of boots and shoes, shoe-pegs, sash and
parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo.               blinds, and bobbins.  About 300 persons are engaged in
AT URES, A-too/res, atown of South America, in Venezuela,  the boot and shoe business. The outlets of two beautiful
on the Orinoco, 105 miles N.N.E. of San Fernando.           sheets of water afford fine mill privileges, employed for
ATIWATER, a post-township of Portage co., Ohio, about  grinding, sawing, &c. The village on the railroad contains
12 miles S. by E. of Ravenna, and intersected by the Cleve- 2 churches and about 200 inhabitants. Pop. in 1850, 2540;
land and Pittsburg Railroad. Pop. 1119.                     in 1854, about 3500.
AT/WICK, a parish of England, co. of York.                 AUBURN, a post-township in Rockingham  co., New
ATIWOOD, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama.          H-ampshire. Pop. 810.
ATIWOOD'S KEY, a small island of the Bahama group,   AUBURN, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachuin the West Indies, 33 miles N. by E. of Acklin: Island, its  setts, about 5 miles W. by S. of Worcester. It is intersected
centre hill being in lat. 230 5' N.; lon. 730 43/ W.       by the Western Railroad and Norwich and Worcester RailATZENDORF, At/sen-donfx, a village of Prussian Saxony,  road. Pop. 879.
15 miles S.S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1235.                      AUBURN, a beautiful city, capital of Cayuga co., New
ATZGERSDORF, Atsfghers-do  fI, a village of Austria, 5  York, on the line of railroad connecting Albany and Bufmiles S.S.W. of Vienna, on the railway from  Vienna to  falo, 174 miles W. of the former, and 152 miles E. of the
Baden. Pop. 1900, with manufactures of chemical products. latter. It is 21 miles N. by W. of Owasco Lake, the outlet
AU, Ow, many villages in Bavaria, Baden, Upper Austria,  of which flows through the town. Lat. 420 531 N.; ion. 760
Switzerland, &c.; and one in Hungary, co. of Honth, 4 miles  40' WV. The site of this town is somewhat uneven, and the
S.E. of Schemnitz, with a seat belonging to Prince Ferdi- streets present somne deviations from a rectangular plan.
nand of Saxe Coburg Gotha.                                  They are generally wide, well shaded, and furnished with
AUBAGNE, 0'bifil, (anc. Albalnia?) a town of France, de- good sidewalks. The city, on the whole, is very handsomely
partment of Bouches-du-Rh6ne, 10 miles E. of Marseilles.  built, and adorned with beautiful gardeng as well as with
Pop. (1852,) 6482, with manufactures of pottery ware and  ornamental shrubs and trees. The principal public buildpaper; tile-works, tanneries, &c. It was -the birthplace of the  ings and mercantile houses are on Genesoee street.  They
AbbO Barth8lemy.                                            are mostly built of bricki oi stone, and have 3 or 4 stories.
AUBE, Ob, a river of France, rises in the plateau of Lan- Auburn is the seat of a theological seminary, founded in
gres, Haute-Marne, passes Clairvaux, Bar-sur-Aube, and  1821, under the direction of the Presbyterians, with  a liArcis in the department of Aube, and joins the Seine 23  brary of 6000 volumes.  The whole number educated in
miles N.N.W. of Troyes, after a course of 90 miles. It is  this institution is 580. The city contains 8 churches, viz.  2
navigable from Arcis, 28 miles.                             Presbyterian,l Episcopalian, 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 UiiverAUBE, a department of France, on the Seine, between  salist, 1 Second Advent, and 1 iRoman Catholic, the Auburn
the departments of Marne, Iaute-Marne, CSte-d'Or, Yonne, Academy, 3 banks, and 6 or 7 newspaper offices. The Auand Seine-et-Marne; between lat. 470 55' and 480 45/ N.; burn State Prison has acquired much celebrity for its pecuformed of the S. part of the province of Champagne and a  liar system of prison discipline. The busilding  is a large
small part of Burgundy. Area, 2351 square miles. Pop. and costly stone structure, enclosed by a wall, which me(1852) 265,247. Climate mild and humid. Surface mostly  sures 500 feet on each side, and about 30 feet in height.
level. The soil in the N.W. part is poor and sterile; in the  The number of convicts sometimes amounts to more than
S.E. it is much more productive, especially in cereals and  600. They are employed in a variety of nmanufactures, the
fruits. The rivers are the Seine, the Aube, (an affluent of  annual proceeds of which are generally sufficient, it is said,
the Seine,) the Armance, and the Vannes, (an affluent of  to defiray the expenses of the establishment.  The Auburn
the Yonne.  Many work-horses, cattle, and  sheep, are  Academy has from 75 to 100 students, and is furnished with
reared. The manufacturing industry is active in pottery, good apparatus and cabinets of natural history. There are
cotton stuffs and yarn, hosiery, woollen fabrics, glass, 5 public free-schools, all in a flourishing condition. The
and tiles. The department is divided into the arrondisse- principal hotels are the American, the Auburn House, and
ments of Treyes, Arcis-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-  the Western Exchange. The Owasco outlet furnishes exSeine, and Nogent-sur-Seine.                               tensive water-power, which is employed in the town or its
AUBEL, o'btlI, a town of Belgium, 13 miles N.N.E. of immediate vicinity in manufitctories of cotton, wool, carLiege. Pop. 3156. It has a large weekly market, which  pets, iron, and paper, and in mills of various kinds.  A
has been held from time immemorial.                         railroad is in  course of construction  from  Auburn to
AUBENAS,tb'nA.1, or O'beh-nts/, a town of France, depart-  Ithaca, a distance of 40 miles. Pop. in 1850, 9548; in 1854,
ment of Ard~che, near the Ardlche, 14 miles S.W. of Privas. about 11,000.
Pop. (1852) 7410. Situated inamagnificentbasin, surrounded    AUBURN, a village of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on
by the volcanoes of the Vivarais. It has an old castle, with  the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 83 miles N.W. of
silk mnills and manufactures of woollen' cloths, handker- Philadelphia, and 9 miles S.E. of Pottsville. Pop. 100.
chiefs, and paper.                                            AUBURN, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.
AUBENTON, O'b6i't6NGi, a market-town of France, de-    AUBURN, a post-office of Wake co., North Carolina.
partment of Aisne, 32 miles N.E. of Laon, with 1134 inha-    AUBURN, a post-office of Gwinnett co., Georgia.
bitants, a cotton-yarn factory, and 3 annual fairs.           AUBURN, a thriving post-village of Macon co., Alabama,
AUBERVILLIERS, O'bln'vee'yY, a village of France, de- on the railroad between Montgomery and West Point, Georpartment of Seine, 5 miles N. of Paris, with sugar refineries. gia, 60 miles N.E. of the former. It has a healthy situation,
Pop. 2611.                                                  and is a place of some importance, on account of its instiAUBETERRE, Obhtalff, a small town of France, depart- tutions for learning. A fire occurred here in the winter of
ment of Charente, on the Dronne, 25 miles S. of Angorillme.  1851-2, by which a number of houses were consumed.
It is remarkable for its picturesque position, and for its    AUBURN, a post-office of Hinds co., S:ississippi.
church hewn out of the mountain.                              AUBURN, a post-office of Cannon co., Tennessee.
AUBIERE, 6Nbe-aiiY, a market-town of France, depart-   AUBURN, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 951.
ment of Puy-de-DSme, 2 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 3780.   AUBURN, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 026.
AUBIERS, LES, lAZ 5'be-aisl, a market-town of France,   AUBURN, a post-townaship of Geauga co., Ohio, about 27
department of Deux Slvres, 9 miles NW. of Bressuire. Pop. miles S.E. by E. of Cleveland. Pop. 1184.
2121. It has manufactures of linens, handkerchiels, and    AUBURN, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, on
cotton yarn.                                                Clinton River and the canal between Clinton River and
AUBIGNY, O'been'yee/, a town of France, department of  Lake Michigan, 75 miles E. by S. of Lansing, and 4 miles E.
Cher, on the NTre, 27 miles N. of Bourges. Pop. (1852) 2530, of Pontiac, the county seat. It contains 1 or 2 churches, an
engaged in woollen weaving, tanning, and an active trade  academy, aiid several stores and mills.
in wool and hardware. It confers a ducal title on the Eng-    AUBURN, a post-village, capital of De Kalb co., Indiana,
lish Duke of Richmond. There are several villages of this  on Cedar Creek, 134 miles N.E. of Indianapolis, and 22
name in France.                                             miles N. of Fort Wayne. It was first settled in 1836.
AUBIN, 6'bJNo/, or ALBIN, 9lbtsN, a town of France,    AUBURN, a post-village, capital of Moultrie co., Illinois,
department of Aveyron, 16 miles N.E. of Villefranche. 2 or 3 miles N. of the Kaskaskia, and 65 miles in a direct
Pop. (1852) 4413.                                           line E. by S. of Springfield.
AUBONNE; O'bonn/, a town of Switzerland, canton of    AUBURN, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, 17
Vaud, with fine views of the Alps and the Lake of Geneva, miles S.S.W. of Springfield. It is situated in a rich farming
12 miles W.S.W. ofLausanne. Pop. 1600.                      district, which is rapidly increasing in population.'AUBOURNE, aw/bftrn, a parish  of England, co. of    AUBURN, a village in the N. central part of Lincoln co,
Lincoln.                                                    Missouri, about 56 miles N.W. ofSt. Louis.
AUBURN, aw/btbrn, immortalized by Goldsmith in his    AUBURN, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, on the N
I                                                                          -129




AUB                                                      AUE
bank of Des Moines River, about 73 miles S.W. by W. of  Zealand.  Lat. 500 48' S.; Ion. 1660 421 E.  The largest
Iowa City.                                               island is about 30 miles long and 15 miles broad, has twc
AUBU.RN, a post-village and township of Fond du Lac co., good harbors, and is covered with the richest vegetation.
Wisconsin, about 50 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 248.   These islands have been granted by the English governAUBURN, a post-town of Placer co., towards the N. part ment to the Messrs. Enderby, (by one of whose ships they
of California, is situated on the main road firom Sacramento  were discovered in 1806,) as a central whaling station.
to Nevada, near the junction of the N. and S. forks of Ame-   AUCKILAND  (OAKILAND) ST. ANDREW, a parish of
rican River, and 97 miles N.E. of San Francisco. Pop. in  England, co. of Durham.
1853, about 1400.'                                       AUCKLAND, WEST, a township of England, co. of DurAUBURN CENTRE, a post-office of Susquehanna co., ham, 4 miles S.W. of Bishop-Auckland.  Pop. in 1851, 2303,
Pennsylvania.                                             employed in various manufactures. It gives the title of earl
AIUBURNDALE, a post-office of Middlesex co., Massa-  to the Eden family. Within a short distance is Raby Castle,
chusetts.                                                 the noble seat of the Duke of Cleveland.
AUBURN FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Susquehanna    AU(OIS, NswJ, a village of Savoy, 7693 feet above the
co., Pennsylvania.                                        level of the sea. It is celebrated as the most elevated viiAUBUSSON, 5'biis's6.aG, a town of France, department of late in Em-ope, a distinction formerly conferred on Saint VeCreuse, 20 miles S.E. of Gu6ret, on the Creuse. Pop. (1852) ran, in the department of Hautes-Alpes, (6688 feet in height.)
5666. It has an active trade, a celebrated carpet factory,   AUCUTITA, one of the Laccadive Islands, off the Malabar
and manufactures of woollen stuffs and yarn, velvet, and  coast. Lat. 100 51/ N.; ion. 720 17' E. It is about 31 miles
cotton thread.                                            in length, and half a mile in breadth.
AUCIH, sh, (anc. Augusfta, afterwards Austci,) a city of    AUDE, 6d, (anc. Altax,) a river of France, rises in the
France, capital of the department of Gers, on the right bank  Eastern Pyrenees, near the village of Anglbs, flows at first
of the Gers, 42 miles W. of Toulouse. Pop. (1852)12,141. It N. to Carcassonne, and then E. to the Mediterranean, which
stands on the slope of a hill, crowned by a Gothic cathe- it enters 6 miles E.N.E. of Narbonne, after a course of 130
dral; the upper and the lower town are connected by a cu- miles, almost wholly within the department to which it
lious bridge of stairs across the river. The archbishop's gives its name.
palace, prefecture, town-hall, seminary, public library, and    AUDE, a maritime department of the South of France,
barracks are fine edifices. Auch is the seat of courts of as- formed of part of ancient Languedoc. Capital, Carcassonne.
size aad commerce, a royal college, &c.; it has manufac- Bounded on the N. by the departments of Itrfault and Tarn,
tures of cottons, linens, coarse woollens, and leather, and a  on the E. by the Mediterranean, on the S. by Pyrln6estrade in wool, wine, and Armagnac brandy. In the times Orientales, and on the W. by Arilge and Haute-Garonne.
of Coesar, this city was the capital of the Ausci.         Area, 2340 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 289,747. Climate
AUCHEERACIIEE, aw'chee-hatchlee, or AUCHENE- variable, and subject to violent winds during several months
HATCHEE, a small river of Georgia. It is sometimes  of the year. Soil generally fertile; surface broken up by
called LITTLE OCsMULrEE, which see.                        mountains and hills; it contains iron-mines, marble quarAUCHENAIRN, Kfen-ainf, a village of Scotland, co. ries, and mineral waters. The rivers and canals are the
of Lanark, about 3 miles N.E. of Glasgow. At a short dis- Aude, the Lers, and the Berre; the Orbiel, Orbieu, and
tance S.W. of Auchenairn is Robroyston, where Wallace was Cesse, affluents of the Aude: the Canal of Languedoc, or
betrayed by the "fause Menteath."                          Canal du Midi, intersects this department from W. to E.,
AUCIINBLAE, Jkain-blA, a village of Scotland, co. of  and the Canal of Robins or Narbonne traverses the E. porKiincardine.                                              tion from N. to S. Corn and wine are ~raised beyond the
AUCHINBOIR  (Kuin-doir/) and KEARN, a parish of  demand for home consumption, and form important objects
Scotland. cb. of Aberdeen.                                of commerce. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, paper,
AUCHINLECK, Wain-leckt, a parish of Scotland, co. of  and ironware, brandy distilleries, salt-works, and potteries.
Ayr. Here are the mansion and old castle of the Boswell The department is divided into the arrondissements of Carfamily, visited and described by Dr. Johnson in 1773.     cassonne, Castelnaudary, Limoux, and Narbonne.
AUCHIMITHY, 5Klmith-e, a fishing village of Scotland,    AUDENARDE, S'den-aadl,  or OUDENARDE, sw/den-ais
co. of Forfar, on the North Sea, 3, miles N.E. of Arbroath. deh, a town of Belgiunm, province of East Flandiers, on the
AUC-TERARDER, Water-ai'der, a town and parish of  Scheldt, 14milesS.SW. of Ghent. Pop. in 1842, 6262. It is
Scotland, 12 miles S.W. of Perth. Pop. of town, in 1851, generally well built, and has a fine Gothic town-hall. Chief
2520, The town, once a parliamentary borough, is on the  industry, tanning and brewing.  It'is celebrated for the
Ruthven, an affluent of the Earn, and onthe road between  victory gained by Prince Eug-ne of Savoy over the Duke of
Glasgow and Perth. It has an endowed school, and many  Burgundy, 11th of July, 1708.
handlooms employed for Glasgow houses in the weaving of    AUDENGE, 5'dSNzhl, a village of France, with a fishing
cotton goods. In this parish originated the dispute regard- port, department of Gironde, 23 miles S.W. of Bordeaux, on
uing the Veto Act, which terminated in' the secession of  theBassin d'Arcachon. Pop. 1178.
the Free Church of Scotland.                                AUDENHAIN, dw/den-hine', a village of Prussian SaxoAUCITERDERRAN, Ia'ter-dlrfr.n*     a parish of Scot- ny, circle of Torgan. Pop. 1070.
iland, co. of Fife.                                          AUDIENSHAW, a township of England, co. of Lancaster,
AUCHTERGAYEN, 8Kter-gavfen, a parish of Scotland, parish of Ashton-under-Lyne, on the Ashton Canal, 45 miles
co. of Perth.                                             E. by S. of Manchester. Pop. in 1851, 5427, employed in hatAUCITEIRHOUSE, f'tfer-hSwce', a parish of Scotland, making, cotton-printing, and silk-weaving.
co. of Forfar.                                              AUDIERNE, 6Ode-aianl, a town of France, department of
AUCIHTERLESS, &kter-less, a parish of Scotland, co. of Finistlre, with a port on the Bay of Aude, at the mouth
Aberdeen.                                                 of the Goyen, 20 miles WV. of Quimper. Pop. 1485.
AUCIITERMUCHTY, 58Kt9r-muKltee, a royal burgh and    AUDINCOURT, S'd&N'koomeJ, a town of France, departparish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 8 miles W.S.W. of Cupar, on  ment of Doubs, 3 miles S.S.E. of Montbhliard, on the right
theroadtoKinross. Pop.oftown in 1851, 2673. Thetown  bank of the Doubs. It has a consistorial Protestant church,
is irregularly built on a rapid streamlet, which is used to  iron foundries, and cotton-spinning. Pop. (1851) 2144.
turn flax and other mills. Immediately on its S. side is the'   AUDILEM, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
fine old castle of Myers.                                   AUDLEY. awdtllee, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
AUCIHTERTOOL, Wa'ter-toolt, a parish of Scotland, co. of   AU'DRAINI, a county in the N.E. central part of MisFife.                                                     souri, has an area of 680 square miles. It is drained by the
AUCILLA, a post-office of Jefferson co., Florida.      North Fork and Long Branch of Salt River, and by the
AUCKILAND, a maritime county of New South Wales, 60  sources of Rivilre au Cuivre. The surface is level or undinmiles in length and 40 in breadth.                        lating; the soil fertile. A large portion of the county conAUCKLAND, Awk/land, sa port and thriving settlement in  sists of prairies, well adapted to pasturage. Capital, Mexico.
New Zealand, island ofNewUlster. Lat. 360 51 S.; ion. 1750451/ Pop. 3506, of whom 3049 were free, and 457 slaves.
E. The general appearance of the town is not prepossessing.   AUDRUICK, 5'dr'weekt, a town of France, department of
The harbor is good and safe, and the water of great depth; Pas-de-Calais, on the railway from Paris to Calais, 12 miles
but the landing-places are exceedingly bad, and at low  E.S.E. of Calais. Pop. in 1852, 2263.
water, and even half-ebb, are unapproachable, from the ex-   AUDUBON, aw/ldf-bon, (Fr. pron. S'dii'b6%f,) a new
tent of soft mud that stretches far out into the sea. The  county towards the S.W. part of Iowa, has an area of about
customs' duties in 1848 exceeded 20,0001., being nearly  630 square miles. It is traversed by the Nishnabatonu
70001. more than they were in 1847. The country around  River, an affluent of the Missouri. This county is not inis not remarkable for fertility, but yields sufficient for the  cluded in the census of 1850, and has few if any inhabitants
present population of the settlement. Pop. in 1844, 2754; Named in honor of John J. Audubon, the distinguished
in 1847, 5217.                                            ornithologist.
AUCKLAND, BISHIIOP, a market-town ofEngland, co., and    AUDUBON, a post-office of Hardeman co, Tennessee.
10- miles S.W. of Durham. The name is derived from the    AUDUBON, a small post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois
vicinity of the bishop's palace, originally built in the thir-    AUE, 6wfeh, a town of Saxony, 12 miles S.E. of Zwicka.
teenth century, but since almost entirely renewed.  Pop. in  has an old town-house, a knitting-school, and a tin-furnace
1851, 5112.                                               and stamping-mill.  In the neighborhood are tin-mines
AUCKLAND ISLANDS, a group of one large and seve- beds of porcelain earth, and stone quarries. Pop. 1130.
tal small islands in the South Pacific Ocean, S. of New    AUE, the name of several rivers in Germany, particularl]
130




AUJE                                                     AUG
of two in Hanover; the one of which joins the Aller, near  480 2!' 42" N.; Ion. 100 54, 16t E. Augsburg has been long
Celle, and the other falls into the Elbe, a few miles below  distinguished by its commercial spirit and by the activity
Jorneburg.                                                 and industry of its inhabitants, and, although not now so
AUERIBACH, 6wter-b/Ae, a town of Germany, in Saxony, important a place as formerly, is still the seat of extensive
15 miles S.S.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 3117. It has manufac-  manufactures. The principal public works are 4 cotton factures of muslin, calico, lace, needles, and potash.        tories, spinning and weaving, one of them having 40,000
AUERBACH, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, on a hill spindles, a flax-mill, silk factory, machine factory, paperabounding with caverns, 18 miles S. of Baireuth. Pop. 1750. mills, brass foundry, and the military foundry, containing
AUERBACH, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt,  the principal cannon foundry in Bavaria. An extensive
province of Starkenburg, 12 miles S. of Darmstadt, on  trade is done in printing, engraving, and bookbinding, and
the railway from Darmstadt to Heidelberg, with a sum- the celebrated Algemeinec Zeitung, the leading journal of
mer residence for the grand-duke, and mineral springs re  Germany, started in 1798, is published here. But the prinsorted to by numerous visitors. Pop. 1600.                 cipal branch of business to which the city owes much of its
AUERSBERG, Owlers-bng', (anc. Arspium?)) avillage and  modern importance are banking and stock exchange opecastle of Austria, Illyria, 12 miles S.S.E. of Laibach.    rations-Augsburg, next to Frankfort, being one of the most
AUERSTADT, (Auerstiidt,) Owler-stftt', a village of Prus- influential money markets on the continent. It is also the
sian Saxony, government of Merseburg, 10 miles W. of  emporium of the merchandise, and the chief mart for the
Naumburg. - Here the French under Davoust vanquished  sale of wines of Italy, Switzerland, and the S. of Germany,
the Prussians under the King of Prussia, October 14, 1806. and hence has an extensive transit trade. Its mercantile
AUFIDENA. See ALaFIDENA.                                establishments are above 200, and its annual circulation in
AUFIDUS. See OFANTO.                                    bills and merchandise varies in value from $14,000,000 to
AUGEROLLES, 5'zher-ollf, a town of France. department  $18,000,000.  It is connected by a railroad wsth Muof Puy-de-DBme, canton of Courpibre. Pop. (1852) 2592.     nich, and, in the opposite direction, with Nuremberg, BamAUGE, VALLEL4 D', v&l'lAdczh/, a country of France, de- berg, and Saxony. Augsburg is a place of great antiquity,
partment of Calvados. It is fertile in grain, fruit, and flax, the Emperor Augustus having established a colony there
and has excellent pasturage, in which the finest horses and  about 12 years B. c. Augsburg early took a conspicuous part
cattle' of Normandy are reared.                            in the Reformation, with which, for a long series of years,
AUGGUR, awg'gtfr/, a town of Ilindostan, province of its history is closely connected. Augsburg is the birthplace
Malwah, 40miles N.E. of Oojein, lat. 230 43' N., Ion. 760 1' E., of Holbein the elder, and other eminent artists.  Pop.
between two artificial lakes, on a rocky height 1598 feet 38,000, including 13,000 Protestants.
above the sea. It is surrounded by a stone wall, and con-    AUGST,  weast, two contiguous villages of Switzerland,
talns a well-built native fo-tification, but chiefly composed  cantons of Basel and Aargau, on the Rhine, at the influx
of mud houses, in 1820, 5000 in number.                    of the Ergolz, 6 miles E. of Basel, supposed to occupy the
AUGHABEY, aw'nH&-b', an important coal district of Ire- site of the ancient Augusctn Raus-acofrum.
land, in Connaught, on the N. border of/the co. of Roscom-    AUGSTHOLZ, 6wGstfh6lts, or AUGSTHOLZBAD, iS6wstmon.'h6lts-btt, a bathing-place of considerable resort, in SwitzerAUGHALOO, aw'Ha-lool, or AUGHLOE, awn-161, a parish  land, prettily situated near the S. side of Baldegger Sea, in
of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone.                         the N.E. of Luzerne.  On a gentle rising ground in the
AUGI{AVAL, aw-Hovtal, or OUGHEVAL, 6w-nevlal, a  neighborhood stands an ancient castle, once a commandery
parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Mayo, comprising the  of knights, supposed to have been founded in the eleventh
towns of Westport and Westport-quay, (which see.)          century.
AUGIIAVEA, aw'an-v', a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of    AUGUSITA, a county in the central part of Virginia,
Fermanagh.                                                 forming part of the Great Valley which extends along the
AU'GHER, awlner, a town and castle of Ireland, Ulster, N.W. base of the Blue Ridge. The area is about 900 square
co. of Tyrone, 2 miles N.E. of Clogher. Pop. 753.          miles. The Shenandoah and Calf Pasture Rivers rise in the
AUGIHMIACARiT, awn'ma-kart/, a parish ofIreland, Leins- county. The S.E. boundary is formed by the Blue Ridge;
ter, Queen's co.                                          the surface of the valley is elevated and hilly; the soil is
AUGUNACLOY, awE'na-kloyt, a market-town of Ireland, calcareous, and very productive of grain and grass. The
Ulster, co. of Tyrone, parish of Carreteel, 11 miles N. of MIo- quantity of hay raised in 1850 was 15,285 tons-greater
Jiawhan. Pop. 1841.                                        than was produced in any other county of the state, except
AUGITNAMIULLEN, awH-na-mul/len, a parish of Ireland, Rockingham county; and that of butter, 275,483 poundsUlster, co. of Monaghan.                                  greater than in any except Loudon county. Fine limestone
AUGIINISI or AGINISII, a-nfnish, a parish of Ireland,  underlies a great part of the valley, and extensive beds of
Ulster, co. of Donegal.                                    anthracite coal have been opened. The Central Raihoad of
AUGHRIIM. See AaHRIMa.                                   Virginia (lately commenced) will pass through this county,
AUGHTON, awlton, a parish of England. co. of Lancaster. and connect it with Richmond. Augusta county was formed
AUGIITON, a parish of England co. of York, East Riding. firom Orange in 1738. Capital, Staunton.  Pop. 24,610, of
AUGILA, or AUJILA, a town of North Africa.  See  whom 19,557 were free, and 5053, slaves.
AUJEELA.                                                     AUGUSTA, a city, seat of justice of Kennebec county,
AUGLAIZE aw-gltzel, a river of Ohio, rises in the N.W.  Maine, and capital of the state, at the head of sloop navigacentral part of the state, and flows into the Maumee River  tion, on the Kennebec River, 43 miles from its mouth. By
at Defiance. It is navigable for keel-boatstoWapahkonetta.  railroad it is 60 miles N.N.E. of Portland, 67 miles S.W. of
The largest affluents of this river are Blanchard's Fork and  Bangor, and 175 N.N.E. of Boston. Lat. 440 19' N.; Ion. 690
Ottawa River.                                             50' W. The city is situated principally on the right bank
AUGLAIZE, a river in the W. central part of Missouri,  of the Rennebec River, which is here crossed by a bridge
formed by the union of two branches, termed the Wet and  520 feet long. About a quarter of a mile above this, a rail-i
Dry Auglaize, falls into the Osage a few miles below Erie, road bridge, about 900 feet in length, has just been corn.in Camden county. The main stream is also termed the  pleted. A short distancewestward from the river the ground
Grand Auglaize, and the Grand Glaze. Branches.-The Dry  suddenly rises to a considerable elevation, after which the
Auglaize, named firom the circumstance that a part of its  ascent is very gradual. On this elevation are most of the
sources are in the tract called the "Dry Glaze," in La Cleds  residences and several of the hotels. The business portion
county, after intersecting Camden county, joins the other  of the city is principally along the bank of the river under
branch to form the Grand Auglaize. The Wet Auglaize is the hill. The state-house-a noble structure of whitish
chiefly comprised in Camden county, and derives its name  granite, at the southern extremity of the city-occupies an
from the tract called the "Wet Glaze," through which it eminence commanding a wide and varied prospect. Immeflows.                                                    diately in front is a spacious park, handsomely adorned
AUGLAIZE, a county in the W. part of Ohio, contains  with walks and shade-trees. On the E. side of the river is
399 square miles. It is drained by the head streams of the  the United States Arsenal, surrounded with extensive
Auglaize and St. Mary's Rivers, from the former of which  grounds, tastefully laid out and enclosed by a neat iron
the name is derived. The surface is nearly level, and partly  fence. The arsenal contains about 2000 stand of arms, becovered with forests of hard timber; the soil is good. The  sides cannon and other munitions of war. The hospital for
county is intersected by the Miami and Erie Canal.  Near  the insane, on the same side of the river, occupies an elethe W. border is a reservoir, 9 miles in length, formed to  vated position, overlooking a landscape of almost unrivalled
supply the canal, and occupying the summit level between  beauty. Augusta has 9 or 10 churches of the various denothe Ohio River and Lake Erie. Auglaize county was formed  minations, 4 newspapers, and a flourishing female academy.
a few years ago by a division of Allen and Mercer counties. It contains several manufactories, among which may be menCapital, Wapahkonetta. Pop. 11,338.                       tioned a large cotton-mill, 4 banks, and 8 or 9 hotels, the
AUGLAIZE, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 1344.    principal of which are the Stanley House, the Augusta Houase,
AUGLAIZE, a township of Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 504. and the Mansion House. By the construction of a dam, 584
AUGLAIZE. a post-office of Van Wert co., Ohio.          feet in length, across the Kennebec, about one-third of a mile
AUGSIBURIG, (Ger. pron. 6wgstb656RL anc. Augusuta Yin- N. of the city, a vast hydraulic power has been created for
dclicos-sm,) a city of Bavaria, capital of the province of Swa- manufacturing purposes. By this means, the navigation
bis and Neuburg, on a rising ground in a fertile plain, at of the river above has been greatly improved, so that during
Lech, 15 miles N.W. of Munich. Lat. (St. Ulric's Tower) I Augusta and Waterville. A railroad is also about being
i81




AUG                                                      AUM
opened to connect Augusta with Bangor. The railroad con-   AUGUSTA, a village of Noble co., Indiana, about 128
nectinug Portland with Bangor passes through Augusta. miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis, was formerly the county seat,
Settled in 1754, and incorporated as a town in 1797. Pop. and still contains the jail and recorder's office.
in 1830, 3980; 1840, 5314; 1850, 8225; in 1854, about 10,000.   AUGUSTA, a'post-village of Hancock co., Ilinois, about
AUGUSTA, a post-village and township of Oneida co., New  95 miles N.W. from Springfield, is situated in a rich prairie,
York, on Sknanndoa Creek, about 100 miles WV. by N. of and has some trade.
Albany. The village has 3 or 4 churches, an academy, and    AUGUSTA, a post-office of St. Charles co., Missouri.
several stores. Pop. of township: 2271.                     AUGUSTA or NORTH AUGUSTA, a post-village of Des
AUGUSTA, a post-village in the central part of Sussex  Moines co., Iowa, on the left bank of Skunk river, about 11
co., New Jersey, about 65 miles N. of Trenton.            miles W.S.W. of Burlington, and opposite the village of
AUGUSTA, a thriving village of Potter county, Pennsyl-  South Augusta in Lee county.
vania, on Kettle Creek, an affluent of the Susquehanna.    AUGUSTA, called also SOUTH AUGUSTA, a post-village
The township is said to be connected by water (not navi- of Lee county, Iowa, on Skunk River, about 10 miles N.N.E.
gable) with the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, and Chesa- of Fort Madison, the county seat. The river affords waterpeake Bay. Pine timber abounds in the vicinity, and forms power for a few mills. Pop. about 200.
the chief article of export.                                 AUGUSITA or AGOSITA, a settlement of Western Austra,
AUGUSTA, a handsome city of Georgia, and capital of lia, capital of the district of Sussex, on the WV. side of FlinRichmond county, on the Savannah River, 231 miles from  ders' Bay, in a fertile country; founded by Governor Stirits mouth, 120 miles N.N.W. from Savannah, and 136 miles ling in 1830.
N.W. from Charleston. Lat. 330 28' N.; lon. 810 54' W. It   AUGUSTA BONA. See TRovhs.
is the second city of the state in population and importance.   AUGUSTA EMERITA. See M   IcaA.
The Georgia Railroad, of which Augusta is the eastern ter-   AUGUSTA SPRINGS, Augusta county, VTirginia, 12 miles
minus, extends to Atlanta, and the South Carolina Railroad  N.W. of Staunton, the county seat. The situation of this
connects it with Charleston. The following extract from a  medicinal fountain is highly picturesque and delightful,
letter received from a highly intelligent gentleman of this and the accommodations for visitors are ample.
place, will be interesting, as explaining the causes of its for-   AUGUSTA STATION, a post-office of Marion eo., Indiaa.
mer and present prosperity:-" Situated at the head of navi-   AUGUSTA SUESSIONUM. See Soissons.
gation on Savannah River, it was for many years the chief    AUGUSTA TAURINORUM. See TuoIN.
and, indeed, only inland town of the state of any commercial   AUGUSTA VEROMANDUORUM. See ST. QoENTI.
importance, and so continued until that spirit of internal    AUGUSTA VINDELICORUM. See Aun suse.
improvement was aroused in the people of Georgia, which    AUGUSTENBORG, 6wlgoos-ten-boag', a ducal castle and
has acquired for our state the enviable fame of the empire  village of Denmaxk, island of Alsen.
state of the South. For some years after the construction    AUGUSTENBORG, bwlgoos-ten-boaG', a Danish factory of
of the Georgia Railroad, Augusta visibly declined, as was  Africa, Accra, Guinea coast, 9 miles from Christiaccsborg.
manifested by the tenantless houses, empty streets, and de-   AUGUSTINUSGA, 6w-giis-tin-tis1a, a village of Holland
crease in population. This decline was owing to the fact province of Friesland, 17 miles E. of Leeuwarden.
that the peculiar kind of trade (the wegon trade) on which    AUGUSTIODUNUM. See AUrsN.
the prosperity of the city had depended, was entirely taken    AUGUSTOMAGUS. See SEaLIS.
away from her. This blight, however, was not of long dura-   AUGUSTONOMETUM. See CaLEaamo -FrarAN.
tion. The character of our business has altogether changed.   AUGUSTORITUM. See LIMoGes.
The upper country of Georgia has been densely settled, the    AUGUSTOWO, 6w-goos-to'vo, written also AUGUSTOW,
advance in improvement and civilization has created new  the northernmost province of Poland, between lat. 520 40'
wants where none before existed; villages have sprung  and 550 5/ N. The surface is partly mountainous, marshy,
mushroom-like into life, and the merchants of these country  and densely wooded. Chief rivers, the Niemen and Bug.
villages have become to those of Augusta what the uer- Chief towns, Suwalki, the capital, Wysztynie, Wladislawow.
chants of Augusta were to those of Charleston, New York.   AUGUSTOWO or AUGUSTOW, a town of Poland, in the
and Philadelphia. In a word, our merchants have esta- above province, on the Netta, 140 miles N.E. of Warsaw.
blished a wholesale business, and now sell tens of thou- Pop. 7321. It has manufactures of woollen and cotton goods,
sands where before they sold but thousands. Another cause and a considerable trade in horses and cattle. It was founded
of prosperity is the Augusta Canal, which was constructed  by Sigismund in 1557.
in 1845. It is 9 miles in length, and brings the waters of   AUGUSTOWO, CANAL OF, a canal of Poland, which
the Savannah River some 35 or 40 feet above the level of the  unites the Vistula with th~ Niemen River, and connects it
city. By the water-power thus furnished, factories, machine  with the Batic at Memel, tlrough the rivers Narew, Bobr,
shops, and other such establishments, have been erected, and Netta, extending from   Vizna, on the Narew, to the
and are now in successful operation. Now there are no  Niemen, 14 n-miles N. of Grodno, a distance of 150 miles; it
houses tenantless, and none to be procured at any rent. is from 5 to 6 feet deep, furnished with 17 locks, and was
New buildings are going up every day for the accommoda- completed between 1821 and 1831.
tion of our increased population. Augusta has increased in    AUJEELA, AUJILA, or AUGILA, aW-jeeflA, or 5w-jeell.,
population wonderfully in the last 5 or 6 years, and we now  an oasis and town of Africa, Sahara, on a route between Feznumber, by a recent city census, over 12.000."  The streets  zan and Lower Egypt, 150 miles S.E. of the great Syrtis, (a
are wide, straight, and lighted with gas. Among the re- gulf of the Mediterranean.) Lat. about 290 20' N.; lon. 221E.
markable public buildings are the city-hall, which cost   AUKBOROUGH, awkvbhr-e~h, a parish of England, co. of
$100,000, the Richmond Academy, a masonic hall, and a  Lincoln.
medical college. Augusta also contains about 14 churches,   AULA, 6wOl, a village of Northern Italy, duchy of Moa hospital, arsenal, 6 banks, (including a branch of the  dena, on the Aula, 10 miles N.W. of Massa. Pop. 1800.
state bank,) and 4 or 5 newspaper offices. A line of steam-   AULA, the name of several villages in Germany and
boats communicates with Savannah. A bridge crossing the  Spain.
river connects the city with Hamburg in South Carolina.     AULDEARN, owlfdairn, a maritime parish and village of
AUGUSTA, a post-office of Benton co., Florida.           Scotland, co. of Nairn. E. of the village, in May, 1645, Mo.nAUGUSTA, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Mississippi, trose gained the battle of Auldearn.
on the Leaf River, a branch of the Pascagoula, 173 miles    AULETTA, 6w-15ttt, a town of Naples, province of PrinS.E. of Jackson.                                          cipato Citra, on the Calore, 25 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop.
AUGUSTA, a village of De Soto parish, Louisiana, 11  2100.
miles N.E. of Mansfield.                                     AULLAGAS,  LAGUNA  DE  l-goofna dA 6wl-y/ga's, a'
AUGUSTA, a flourishing post-village of Jackson co., Ar- lake of Bolivia, in the valley of Desaguadero, which lies bekansas, on White River, and on the route of the projected  tween two lofty ranges of the Andes, at an elevation of
railroad from Little Rock to St. Louis.                    about 12,800 feet.
AUGUSTA, a post-village of Bracken county, Kentucky,   AULNAY-SUR-ODON, 6l1n&/-siia-o'd6:Ns-, a town of France,
is beautifully situated on the Ohio River, 45 miles above  department of Calvados, 18 miles N.E. of Vire, on the Odon.
Cincinnati, and 74 miles N.E. of Frankfort. It has a good  Pop. 2102, who manufacture cotton goods. Several villages
landing, and is the most important town in the county, on  of France are named Aulnay.
account of trade and manufactures. It contains a town-hall,   AULNE, 6n, a river of France, depamtment of Finistise,
3 brick churches, several tobacco warehouses, large steam  passes Chqteauneuf (whence it is navigable) and ChL eaulin,
fieuring-mills, and a tannery. This place is the seat of and enters Brest Road at Landevenec. It forms part of the
Augusta College, which was founded in 1825. Pop. about canial from Nantes to Brest.
1000.                                                       AULONA. See AvLosA.
AUGUSTA, a post-village  of Carroll co., Ohio, 135 miles    AULPS. ke Anus.
E.N.E. of Columbus.                                         AULT, 5, a town of France, department of Somme, on the
AUGUSTA, a post-village of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, on  English Channel, 17 miles W. of Abbeville. Pop. 1371.
the Kalamazoo River, and on the Central Railroad, 130 miles    AULT-HUCKINALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
W. of Detroit, and 12 miles E. by N. of Kalamazoo village.  AUMA, 5wfmi, a town of Germany, duchy of Sese WeiAUGUSTA, a township of Washtenaw  co., Michigan. mar, on the Orla, 7 miles S.E. of Neustadt. Pop. 1600.
Pop. 808.                                                   AUIMACKSTOWN, a village of New Jersey. See C  At
AUGUSTA, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, on the  CREcEK.
Michigan  road, 9 miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis.             AUMALE, 5'mil, (formerly ALBESIARLE, &l'beh-maJY,)
132




AUM                                                        AUS
a town of France, department of Seine-nfdrieure, on the  Episcopal, 1 Mlethodist, and 1 Catholic, and several stores.
Bresle, 13 miles E.N.E. of Neufchftel. In 1592, it was the  It has an active business in shipping produce. A steamboat
scene of a combat with the Spaniards, in which Henry IV. regularly stops here in its passage from  Ithaca to Cayuga,
was wounded.                                               and on its return. Pop. about 600.
AU/MAN'S HILL, a post-office of Montgomery co., North    AURORA, a township of Erie co., New York. Pop. 3435.
Carolina.                                                    AURORA, a thriving village in the above township, on
AUIMINIER, awm-neerf, a populous town of India, 50 miles Cazenove Creek, contains 5 or 6 churches and 6 stores. Pop.
W.N.W. of Nagpoor, on the Wurndab.                         near 2000.
AUNAY, 51n], a town of France, department of Charente-    AURORA, a postoffice of Marshall co., Kentucky.
Infirieure, 16 N.E. S. of St. Jean d'Ang6ly.                  AURORA, a post-township of Portage co., Ohio, about 25
AUNAY, avillage of France, department of Nilvre. P. 1114. miles S.E. of Cleveland. Pop. 823.
AUNAY, a village of France, department of Eure-et-Loir,    AURORA, a beautiful town of Dearborn co., Indiana, on
Pop. 1021.                                                 the Ohio River, 26 miles below Cincinnati, and 86 miles S.E.
AUNEAU,'n6/l, a town of France, department of Eure-et-  of Indianapolis, is surrounded by a rich farming region,
Loin   Pop. 1699.                                           which has been settled partly by immigrants from Germany.
AUNEUIL, 6nulc/, a village of France, department of Oise, It is a place of considerable business, and communicates
Pop. 1303.                                                  daily with Cincinnati by steamboat. It contains 3 or 4
AUNIS 6'neece/ or 5Fneel, an old province in the W. of  churches, and near 20 stores. Incosrporated as a city inlS 1848.
France, between Saintonge, Poiton, and the Atlantic, form- Pop. 2500.
ing, with Saintonge, the modern department of Charente-    AURORA, a thriving post-village of Kane co., Illinois, on
Infgrieure.                                                Fox River, and on the Chicago and Aurora Railroad, 43 miles
AUNSBY, awnslbee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. W. by S. of Chicago, is rapidly increasing in business and
AUPS, ups, or AULPS, a town of France, department of population. The river affords a fine water-power, which is
Var, 15 miles N.W. of Draguignan. Pop. 2568.                extensively employed.
AURARIA, aw-raht/re-a, a post-village of Lumpkin co.,   AURORA, a post-office of Washington co., Wisconsin.
Georgia, 135 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville, is surrounded    AURORA, an island in the Red Sea, in let. 250 15', and
by a hilly region containing valuable gold-mines.          inhabited by Bedouin Arabs.
AURAS, ow/ris, a town of Prussian Silesia, 11 miles N.N.W.    AURORA, an island in the Pacific, one of the New Heof Breslau, with a castle. Pop. 1020.                       brides, in lat. 15~ 2 35" S., ion. 1680 25' 15" E.
AURAY, o rs/, a river-port of France, department of Mor-    AURUNGABA), 6-rtng-ga-bdl, an old Mohammedan probihan, on the Auray, 10 miles W. of Vannes. Pop. (1852) vince of India, mostly between lat. 180 and 210 N., and ion.
3882. It is neatly built, and has an excellent port, with  730 and 770 E., and now divided among the Nizam's terrifisheries, and cotton spinning. In 1364, Da Guesclin was tory and the British districts Poonah, North Concan, and
made prisoner here.                                         Ahmednugger, in the Bombay presidency.
AURE, 6a, a river of France, department of Calvados, an    AURUNGABAD,I (i.e. the "abode of Aurungzebe,") a
affluent of the Drome. Total course, N.N.WV., 20 miles.     city of Hindostan, capital of above province, 180 miles
AURE, a river of France, department of Eure-et-Loir, an  E.N.E. of Bombay; lat. 190 54' N.; ion. 750 335 E.; in a holaffluent of the Eure from the left. Course, E.N.E., 32 miles. low, in the immediate neighborhood of an exteuisive marsh,
AURE, VAL ]', vil d6R, one of the four valleys of Upper  and of a large tank overgrown with rank aquatic vegetaArmagnac, department of Hautes-Pyrgntes, in France.         tion; both of which, in conjunction with a very variable
AURELIUS, aw-ree/le-tis, a post-township of Cayuga co., climate, render the locality unfavorable to health. It is
New York, about 170 miles W. by N. of Albany, is situated  separated from its principal suburb by the Kowlah, across
at the N. end of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 2831.                    which there are two substantial bridges. When approached
AURELIUS, a post-township in the N. part of Washing- from the N., the view of Aurungabad is imposing; its Large
ton co., Ohio, about 15 miles N. of Marietta. Pop. 1251.    white domes with gilded points, and its lofty minarets apAURELIUS, a township of Ingham  co., Michigan, about pearing to rise from the midst of beautiful groves; the whole
80 niles N.W. by W. of Detroit. Pop. 500.                   city, with its terraced houses, covering a space of about 7
AURIAC, 6're-k/, a small town of France, department of  miles in circumference. It is surrounded by a stone wall
Haute-Garonne, 19 miles S.E. of Toulouse.                   with round towers, but is incapable of withstanding a reguAURICH, Ow/riK, a town of the kingdom of IHanover, capi- lar assault. The streets are broad, some of them paved, and
fal of the principality of East Friesland, 13 miles N.E. of  there are many large and good houses; but signs of rapid
Emden, with which it is connected by a canal. Pop. 3600. decay are everywhere visible. The principal street is about
It is well built, and has a castle in which the provincial coun- 2 miles long; having at one end a spacious quadrangle, and
cil meets, Lutheran and Calvinistic churches, a, gymnasium   near it a handizome modern bazaar. The mosques, earaand public library; also distilleries, manufactures of ropes  vanseries, and other public buildings, are of good and suband tobacco, and an active trade in horses.                 stantial construction, but, in point of architectural beauty,
AURIESVILLE, aw/lreez-vil, a post-ofice of Montgomery  much inferior to those of Delhi and Agra. One of the most
co., New York.                                              important edifices, and also in the best state of preservaAURIGNAC, 5'reen'yilek, a small town of France, depart- tion, is the tomb or mausoleum  erected by Aurungzeeb
ment of Haute-Garonne, 38 miles S.W. of Toulouse.           (Aurungazebe) to the memory of his daughter. Its domes
AURIGNY, 5'reen'yeel, one of the Channel Islands.  See  are of white marble, and clustered like those of the Taje
ALsrtoNEYv.                                                 Mahal, but inferior in size, fulness, and splendour. OrigiAURILLAC, 6'reel'yrkI, (anc. Anreiacucm,) a townv of  nally a small village, Aurungabad, in 1634,became the seat of
France, capital of the department of Cautal, (Aivergne,) 269  the Mogul government, and was afterwards a favorite resimiles S. of Paris. It is agreeably situated in a valley, on  denceofAunrungzeeb, fromwhom itreceivedits present name.
the bank of the Jourdanne, is well built, and walled. The  When the Nizams became independent of Mlogul authority,
houses are covered with slates, obtained from  quarries in  it continued their capital till the invasions of the Mahrattas
the vicinity, and the streets, though irregular, are wide and  forced them  to remove to Hyderabad.  It is now the resiclean, being constantly irrigated by the overflowings of a  deuce of a British political agent, and the head-quarters of
large reservoir at the top of the town, into which two foun-  a battalion of the Nizam's army under British officers. Pop.
tains pour their copious supplies. At the lower part of the  60,000.
town, along the side of the river, is the public walk, called    AUSA. See AussA.
Cours-Montyon, or, commonly, Le Gravier, at one end of    AU SABLE, 5-seb'l, a river of Essex co., New York, falls
which is an elegant bridge of three arches over the Jour-  into Lake Champlain about 15 miles S. of Plattsburg, after
danne, and at the other a beautiful fountain, surmounted  forming part of the boundary between Clinton and Essex
by a column. Among the ancient buildings of Aurillac may  counties.
be mentioned the castle of St. Stephen, the church of St.    AU SABLE, a township of Clinton co., New York. Pop.
Gerand, that of Notre Dame of the thirteenth century, and  4492.
the college, an extensive pile of buildings, containing a valu-   AU SABLES a post-office of Kendall co., Illinois, 50 miles
able library and a cabinet of mineralogy. The principal ma- S.W. of Chicago.
nufactures are kettles, and other utensils of copper, jewelry,    AU SABLE FORKS, a small manufitcturing post-village
woollen stuffs, carpets, blondes, lace, and paper. Pop. 10,917. in Jay township, Essex co., New York, on Au Sable River,
AURIOL, O're-ol/, a village of France, department of Bou- about 128 miles N. of Albany.
ches-du-Rhane, 14 miles N.E. of Marseilles. Pop. 3323. It    AUSCHE, Ow/sheh, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles N.E. of
has coal, and copper-works.                                Leitmeritz. Pop. 1500.
AURONZO, Ow-ron/zo, a town of Northern Italy, 30 miles    AUSCHWITZ, Ow/shOIts, or OSWIECIN, o-swe-A/tsin, a
N.E. of Belluno, with rich zinc-mines. Pop. 3100.          town of Austrian Gallicia, on the Sola, near its influx into
AUR0/RA, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, about  the Vistula, 33 miles Wi.S.W. of Cracow. Pop. 2000.
100 miles E.N.E. of Augusnta. Pop. 217.                       AUSCI. See AucH.
AURORA, apost-village of Ledyard township, Cayuga co.,   AUSEJO, Sw-s/iio, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 23
New York, on the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 170 miles W. of  miles S.E. of Logroflo, on -the' side of a steep hill.  The
Albany. It is delightfully situated, and has many elegant  parish church, town-hall, a small castle, an insecure prison,
residences and gardens, overlooking a broad and beautiful and a group of well-built mercantile ansd dwelling-houses,
expanse of water. The village contains the Cayuga County  form the main body of the town. Pop. 2050.
Academy, with about 70 pupils, 1 Presbyterian church, 1    AUSONIA. See IraLY.                            13
12.2




AUS                                                          AUS
AUSPITZ, 6w/spits, a town of Mioravia, 18. miles S.S.E. of  Pacific Oceans, S. or a little S.E. from Asia; between lat. 10'
Briinn, near the railway from Vienna to Briinn, with large  39' and 390 11' S.; and ion. 1150 5' and 1530 16' E.; being
cattle-markets. Pop. 2330.                                    bounded on the N. by the Sea of Timer and Torres' Straits,
AUISSA, 6w/sl', or HOUSSA, hbwlsA, written also HAWA-  (which separate it from the islands of Papua, Timer, Flores,
SA, a decayed but formerly important town of East Africa,  and other smaller islands,) on the E. by the Pacific, on the
in Adel, about 85 miles S.W. of Zeyla, on the Sea of Bab-el-  S. by Bass's Straits, which separate it from  Yan Diemen's
Mdandeb, still the seat of some traffic, rnd the residence of  Land and the Pacific Ocean, and W. by the Indian Ocean.
the "learned doctors" of the Miudaito tribes. Pop. from 5000  Its greatest length from E. to W. is about 2400 miles, and
to 6000.                                                      its greatest breadth from N. to S. from 1700 to 1900 miles,
AUSSEE, 6w'sA/, a town of Austria, in Styria, 8 miles N.E. having a coast line of nearly 8000 miles, and including an
of Hallstadt. Pop. 1200. Its rich mines of rock-salt have  area of perhaps 3,000,000 square miles.
been worked for more than 1000 years.                           General Aspect, Frace of the Countryi, leiountains, d-c.-AusAUSSEGG, 6w/s6G, or AUSSIG, w/asic, a town of Austria,  tralia is singularly compact, and, when its vast extent is
in Bohemia, on the railroad from  Dresden to Prague, 11  taken into account, presents no great variety of surface, or
miles N.W. of Leitmeritz, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop.  irregularity of outline; there being no remarkable indenta1800. The painter, Raphael Mengs, was born here in 1728.   tions except the Gulf of Carpentaria, on the N.E.; though
AUSSEGG or AUSSIG, a village of Prussian Saxony, go-  there are several good harbors and capacious bays. A ridge
verncient of Merseburg, the headquarters of the Emperor  of rugged mountains, none of whose elevations have been'Charles V. before the battle of Mtihlberg.                    ascertained to exceed 7000 feet, runs parallel to a great porAUSSEN, Owlsen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government  tion of the E. and part of the S. coast, at distances varying
of Treves, with iron-works.  Pop. 1164.                       from 30 to 90 miles; while the S. coast, from Cape Leuwin to
AUST, a village and chapelry of England, co. of Glouces-  Spencer's Gulf, presents a low and swindy  surface. The N.
ter, 4 miles W.S.W. of Thornbury, on the Severn, across  and Wi. coasts, so far as have been yet explored, are genewhich is the "Old Passage" to Chepstow.                        rally low, with some moderate elevations at intervals. The
AUSTERLITZ, awslter-litz, (Ger. pron. 6ws/tr-lts, Morav. interior is also believed to consist of an immense plain, the
Slawkow; slgv/kov,) a' small seignorial town of Moravia,  hilly districts rising from  it like islands. Captain Sturt,
12 miles E.S.E. of Briinn, on the Littawa, with 2400 inhabi- who penetrated the interior in 1845 to 1380 E. ion., and 250
tants, and the splendid castle of Prince Kaunitz Rittberg.  338 S. lat., describes the country he traversed as consisting
It is celebrated for the victory gained by Napoleon over the  of alternate sand hills and fiates, with no trace of vegetation
Emperors of Austria and Russia, December 2d, 1805.             as far as the eye could reach.  Passing the level country,
AUS/TERLITZ, a post-village and township of Columbia  says Sturt, we found ourselves among sand ridges perfectly
co., New York, 31 miles S.S.E. of Albany. Pop. 1873.           insurmountable, and so close that the base of one touched
AUSTERLITZ, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan, 178  the base of another; and beyond this stretched a boundmiles WV. by N. of IDetroit.                                  less stony desert. Nor is it much better, according to Captain
AUSITIN,  a county in the S.E. central part of Texas, con-  Stokes, on the S.W., N, and N.W. coasts, which he explored
tains 950 square miles. It is drained by the Brazis River.  between 1837 and 1843, and found generally  fat and sterile.
The soil in the N. is fertile; the S. part is sandy and infe-    There are no very lofty mountains in Australia.  The
rior. The Brazos is navigated by steamboats throiugh this  most elevated, principal and known range extends along
county when the water is high. Capital, Belleville.  Pop. the E. coast, at distances, as before stated, of from 30 to
3841; of whom 2292 were free, and 1549 slaves.                90 miles, named by the natives Wasrragongs, and by the
AUSTIN, a post-village, capital of Tunica co., Mississippi.  settlers, Australian Alps  These have three  subdivisions,
AUSTIN, capital of Texas, and seat of justice of Travis  viz. the Liverpool Range, Blie Mountains, and a third, as
county, on the left or N. bank of the Colorado River, about  yet nameless, stretching far to the N. of 320 of S. lat. The
200 miles by land from its mouth, and 230 miles W.N.WV. of  chain commences near Cape Wsilson,  the most southern
Galveston.  Lat. 300 15' N., hon. 970 47' WV. The scenery  point of the continent, and probably extends with little inaround Austin is highly picturesque, and the view from the  terruption to the northern shore. The highest peaks, viz.
president's house remarkably fine. The Colorado is navi-  Mount Kosciusko, 6500 feet, Mount Sea View, 6000 feet;
gable by steamboats to this point during high water-that  Mount Lindesay, 5700 feet; Mount iargal, 5490 feet; MIount
is, in the winter. Austin contains, besides the state and  Canoblas. 4010 feet; Mount Mitchell, 4100 feet; Mount Pincounty buildings, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, and numerous  nabar, 4100 feet; and Mount Bathurst, 4000 feet, areall in New
stores.  A  fine state-house has just been erected. The  South Wales, except Mount Kosciusko, which is on the border
supreme court is held here once in the year.  The seat  between New South XWales and Victoria.  These mountains,
of government was established at Austin about the year  though not attaining the altitude of the great summits of
1844. Pop. in 1853 estimated at 3000.                         the other grand divisions of the world, on account of their
AUSTIN, a post-office of Ross co., Ohio.                    abruptness, present scenes of great wildness and grandeur,
AUSTIN, a post-office of Oaklland co., Michigan.           exposing to view immense precipices and gigantic fissures,
AUSTIN, a post-office of Scott co., Indiana.                with nearly perpendicular walls of from  1700 to 3000 feet.
AUSTIN, a small village of Atchison co., Missouri.          Some summnits, from  being perpetually covered with snow,
AUSTIN, a post-villagse in S. part of Fremont co., Iowa, are believed to be higher than any whose elevations have
about 8 miles E. of the Missouri Iliver.                      yet been measured.  Another range, commencing near the
AUSTIN, a bay and town on the S.E. point of the island  S. coast, at Portland Bay, in lat. 360 52' S., Ion. 1420 25' E.,
of Barbadoes, West Indies.                                    after a N. course for some distance, sinks into grass hills,
AUS/TINBURG, a pleasant a.nd thriving post-village of  which connect it with the Australian,Alps.     Another chain
Ashtabula co., Ohio, 50 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland, and 10  runs N. from Cape Jervis and S. Australia -to Lake Torrens.
miles from  Ashtabula Harbor, on Lake Erie. It is sur- Besides which, there are several detached ranges and isolated
rounded by a community of prosperous farmers, who are  peaks.  On the S. W. runs a range, under various local
mostly employed in the dairy business, and is a place of ac- names, none of which are believed to exceed 3000 feet in altive trade. The village contains 3 churches, and the Grand  titude.
River Institute. a flourishing seminary, which has about    Geology.-The geology of Australia is exceedingly simple.
150 pupils of both sexes. First settled in 1799.              The strike and the direction of the principal chain of hills
AUS/TINTOWN, a towvnship of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. is, with one exception, from N. to S. Tertiary rocks prevail
1174.                                                         on the S., N. and W. coasts, expanding in the SE. into a
AUS/TINVILLE, a post-office of Wythe co., Virginia.         vast tertiary plain, traversed by the Murray and Darling
AUSTINVILLE, a post-village of Livingston co., Missouri,  Rivers.  Two other immense tertiary plateaux occur on the
140 miles N.WV. of Jefferson City.                             S. and N. coasts; the former lining the great Australian
AUSTONLEY, aws/ton-lee, a township of England, co. of  Bight, and the latter the Gulf of Carpentaria, both spreadYork, West IRiding.                                           ing horizontally for unknown distances into the interior.
AUSTRALASIA, aws-tral-Alshe-a, a division of the globe  On the E. coast, paleozoic rocks, basalt, and granite occur in
forming  a part of Oceanica, extending between the equator  alternate patches, along the whole coast from Bass's Strait to
and lat. 470 S., consisting of the continent of Australia, Van  Cape Flattery, in lat. 15~ S.; the last constituting the entire
Diemen's Land, (Tamania,) New Zealand, and those parts  floor of the W. portion of New South Wales, and extending
of the Malay Archipelago, and Polynesia, between ion. 1300  far into the interior of the continent.
and 1700 E., viz. Papua, the Arroo Islands, Timor-Laut, New.lineroals. —In 1851, ere the world had recovered from the
Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, and the Admiralty,  surprise occasioned by the discovery of gold in California, it
Solomon, New H-ebrides, and Queen Charlotte's Islands.  was again startled by the announcement, that a region equalAustsalasia is called Jhdlanosie by the French geographers,  ly rich in the much-coveted and precious ore lay among the
on account of its inhabitants being chiefly blacks.  Austra-  mountains of the Australian Continent. A steady and ralasia, signifying "Southern Asia," was formerly regarded  pid emigration to the new El Dos-ado immediately set in, and
as belonging to Asia. By some geographers, the term is not  continues to flow to the present time, (1854,) giving no indiused. See POLYNESIA, MALAY ARCHIPELAGO.                       cation of decline, but, on the contrary, new discoveries are
AUSTRALIA. aws-trA/lee-; (Fr. Asetralie, Os'trA'hee; Ger. perpetually stimulating a fresh appetite for gold-seeking.
AeStralien, Ows-trSVie-en,) (i.e. the "southern" region or  Professor Murchison had many years previously intimated
continent,) or NEW  HOL/LAND,  the largest island in the  the probability that the Australian Alps would be found to
world, but, on account of its -ast extent, more properly  abound in gold; but his predictions were not verified till
regarded as a continent, lies between the Indian and  April, 1851, when Edward Hargreaves announced to the co134




A-US                                                          AUS
ionial authorities of New South Wales, that he had discovered  Brisbane, on the E. coast; and the Fitzroy, Victoria, Adegold near Bathurst, 140 miles W. by N. of Sydney. This  laide, Flinders, and Albert, on the N. and N.W. coasts. The
was soon followed by still richer discoveries the next year in  latter is from  12 to 15 feet deep, and its shores afford the
Victoria, at Ballrat, Mount Alexander, Lake Omeo, and  finest specimens of river scenery. A peculiarity of some of
other places. By May, 1852, it was estimated that there  these rivers is their sudden rises-they being one day merely
were 30,000 or 40,000 men at MountAlexander. One lump was  a dry channel or series of sandy pools, and the next a deep
found at this place, weigising 27 pounds 8 ounces of perfectly  river. The Hawkesbury has been known to rise 95 feet in
pure gold; andanother, not so pure, which yielded 100 pounds  a few hours, converting fruitful plains into deeplakes, drownof the metal. In a short time, 3 tons of dust and ore lay at  ing people, and sweeping off cattle. A large river was disthe commissioner's tent, awaiting an escort. In precisely  covered in 1853, which flows into the ocean about 40 miles
12 months from the finding of the first gold, ~3,600,000, or  N. of Point Curtis. The Murray, especially above the mouth
about $17,300,000, were exported. There were brought to  of the Darling, is much obstructed by snags and fallen trees.
Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Van Diemen's Land, from   It is probably from 1200 to 1500 miles in length.
the different diggings in  1852, ~14,108,364,  or  about    Climate. —ln respect to climate, Australia is as anomalous
$70,000,000 in gold. In the first four months of 1853, the gold  as in its other features. Fron the sterile, burning plains of
brought down by escort exceeded by 529,000 ounces that  the interior, come sweeping hot winds, which ill the air
brought in the corresponding months of 1852. The amount  with a finue dust, that penetrates every thing, and raises the
exported from Sydney alone, in 1853, was nearly $9,500,000, temperature to 1100, 1200, and even 1300 in the shade, in
and from its discovery up to the end of that year, $30,000,000. the districts between 250 and 350 S. lat. Long droughts
Previous to April 1st, 1854, or in less than 3 months, 511.279  in New South Wales, coming at irregular intervals, and
ounces of gold had been shipped from  Melbourne.  But  lasting from  several months to as many years, destroy
the mineral resources of Australia are not confined to gold  all vegetation, convert the  streams into mere pools or
alone, as copper, tin, manganese, iron, argentiferous lead  sand gullies, and fertile lands into deserts, while the
ores are found, the first in great abundance, especially in  herds and flocks perish  by hundreds.  But, on a sudS. Australia, where mines were being successfully worked,  den, the rains fall in torrents, the dry channels are filled
when the discovery of gold led for a time to their almost en- with rushing floods, and the dusty plains in an incredibly
tire abandonment. In the year ending September, 1850, there  short space of time are converted into verdant pastures.
were raised18,692 tons of copper in the Burra Burra mine alone. But with all these inconveniences the climate is eminently
There are also rich copper deposits in Victoria. The earthy  salubrious, especially in New South Wales and south of the
minerals are marble, susceptible of high polish, and suitable  tropics.  North of the tropics much more rain falls, and the
for statuary and ornamental purposes; granite, limestone, diseases peculiar to that region prevail.'On the W. coast,
sanflstone, slate, potter's clay, coal, and sand suitable for  southerly winds prevail from  October to April, (the beginglass manufacturing.                                           ning of an Australian winter,) when violent gales from  the
Gulstf, Bas, Lakes, and Rivers.-The greatest indentation  N. and W. set in, accompanied by heavy rains.  On the N.W.
of the coast occurs at the Gulf of Carpentaria, on the N.E.  coast the winds are more various, but the westerly winds
of Australia, which extends inland for about 650 miles, with  seem to prevail, especially from September toDecember. This
a breadth of about 400 miles.  On the S. shore in S. Aus-  coast is subject to heavy squalls, of short duration however,
tralia, Spencer's Gulf projects 180 miles into the interior,  from E. to N. E. Monsoons blow with great regularity on the
with-a breadth varying from 80 to 10 miles. The other prin-  N. coast; the E. monsoon setting in about the beginning of
cipal bays are Shark's Bay on the W. coast, Harvey's Bay  April, and the W. in October. In a country of so great extent,
on the E., and St. Vincent's Gulf on the S., neither exceed-  and affected by such peculiar geographical positions and cirilug perhaps 60 miles in length.                               cumestances, the temperaturemust necessarily be various. In
The lakes possess no characteristics of any interest, indeed  New South Wales, the averagetemperatureof spring is G50 51;
they hardly deserve the name-the larger of them  being,  of summer, 720; of autumn, 660; and of winter, 55". Captain
in general, rather marshes than lakes, depending for their  Stokes found the thermometer, on the N.W. coast, at 980 in
supplies of water on the rivers that flow into them, instead  the shade in January, fluctuating during the day between
of being themselves the sources of rivers; the consequence  that and 940.  Captain Wickham  found the average range
is, that they are often so dried up by absorption and exhala- of the thermometer on the same coast,'between the N.W.
tion as to present the appearance of vast reedy swamps;  Cape and the meridian of 1200 E., on board ship, at midday,
and even when filled with water, more resemble submerged  to be 750, and in the night 600, in the months of May,
flats than  lakes, with low, muddy shores, so  soft, and  June, July, and August. At a height of 2000 or 3000 feet
of such extent as to render the water unapproachable.  above the sea, says Sidney, a temperate, and even a cold reSmaill lakes are numerous in all the level portions of Aus- gion is to be found where vegetables of Northern Europe
tralia; but they are all salt, as are also many of the largest  flourish. Victoria and South Australia, as far as experience
rivers, their muddy banks being incrusted with the same  goes, are not subject to the great heats and droughts of
substance.                                                     New South Wales. The winters everywhere are mild, and
Some conjecture the existence of a vast interior sea or  cattle seldom need housing.
lake. as many rivers have an inward flow; but these, as in    Soioand Productions.-As  a whole, Australia does not poeother hot, desert countries, may be evaporated, or absorbed  sess great advantages in the qualities of its soil; for, with
by the sand. The Macquarrie, rising in New South Wales, the exception of a margin round the coast of a few hundred
runs N.W. until it is lost in a morass.  The largest of the  miles, we have reason to believe that the great part of this
lakes or swamps yet discovered are Lake Torrens  and Alex- island-continent must be given over to hopeless sterility.
andrina, in Southern Australia, and iambeling in WV. Aus- Withisi this fertile rim, however-such is the extent of
tralia. The first is about 400 miles in length, by its cir- Australia-there is a capability of supporting a large popucuitous course, in the rainy season; but in the dry season  lotion; though, perhaps, with few exceptions, such as that
it isa mere salt marsh.                                        of Victoria and some of the best parts of New South Wales,
A scarcity of fresh water, whether in the form of rivers or  not a dense one. Of the habitable portions, it is estimated
lakes, is one of the prevailing characteristics of Australia.  that two-thirds are not adapted to agriculture, but only
Along a coast line of not less than 8000 miles, few rivers of  suited to pasturage.  With the exception of a few  rich
any considerable magnitude discharge themselves into the  tracts, most of New South Wales E. of the mountains is
sea-most of them  beinh  absorbed before they reach it;  poor and unproductive; but that portion W. of the dividwhile on the S. coast there is not a single watercourse to be  ing range, resting upon limestone, is lightly covered with
found fiom Port Lincoln to King George's Sound, a distance  immense trees of the eucalyptus order, and with abundant
of more than 1500 miles. Where the rivers have any con-  herbage; while nearly the whole of the Victoria district is
siderable length, they are either often absorbed before they  of a fertile character, and "the plough might be driven,"
reach an outlet, or, in the long droughts to which this land  says Sidney, "for 100 miles in a straight line, turning up a
is subject, form but a series of stagnant pools. Compared  rich mould along the whole tract."  "Between Port Mlacwith  its vast extent, Australia is singularly  deficient  quarrie and Moreton Bay," says the same authority, "are
not only in large and navigable rivers, but in the smaller  vast tracts of well-watered land, covered with heavy timwatercourses, necessary for watering animals, for irriga- ber. Pasture lands extend for hundreds of miles-now astion, and for mill-seats. Among the largest of the known  cending the mountain slopes to their very summits, here
rivers are the Hlawkesbury, Richmond, Iunter's, Murrum-  spreading out into vast plains, and there undulating gently,
bidgee, Miurray, Lachlan, Macquarrie, and the Darling.        or running over rough hills, or broken with rociy ranges,
The S3lurray, with its great branches, the Murrumbidgee  and  ending in deep gullies, sandy or stony deserts, ori
and the Darling, is the great river of Australia. As in the  marshes."  In short, the habitable portion of Australia concase of the Mississippi and Missouri, it might be questioned  taius enough of fertile land to support millions, but conwhich is the main stream; but, following the custom  of  tinually interrupted by barren ranges and forests of scrub
other geographers, we will concede it to the Murray, though  timber, valueless except for fuel.
the Darling appears to be the longer branch. The Murray    Wheat yields large returns in Victoria, and every species
and its branches, the Murrumbidgee, Lachlan, and Darling,  of corn flourishes in the settled parts of the country. Towith their sub-tributaries, run mostly in a W. and S.W. di- bacco of good quality is grown, but not extensively, as it
rection, and drain the western slope of the Australian Alps,  can be imported cheaper.  Australia has no indigenous
through a space of from 800 to 1000 miles from the sources  fruits, except some insignificant berries and a kind of chestof the Murray on the S. to those of the Darling on the N. nut, but oranges, lemons, figs, bananas, guavas, pine-apples,
The other rivers are the HIastings, Manning, Clarence, and I peaches, and the fruits of colder climates, thrive well.  Most
135




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)f the culinary vegetables of Europe  are raised success-  its fangs. The black snake, which is from 3 to 5 feet long
fully.  iThe vine, the mulberry, and the olive also flourish. is poisonous, as are also the whip, gray, and brown snakes;
Oats grow  wild on the WV. coast. But wool-growing and  but the most fatally venomous is the yellow  snake, whose
raising cattle had been the principal business of the Aus-  bite is almost certain death. Lizards and frogs are numertralian farmer np to the discovery of gold; which, by creat-  ous; and scorpions, centipedes, and tarantulas are found.
inog a home market, will doubtless tend to increase the  Of marine animals and fish, there are caught on the coast
culture of wheat and other staples of human food.             whales, seals, codfish, of very large size, sharks, and trepans.
Jobrest Trees.-The vegetation of Australia is very peculiar,  Bream  are caught in abundance, as well as a variety of
and shows itto be in a comparatively early geological period. other fresh-water fish, caught in the rivers, and eels, (weighAmuon" the trees are the stringy bark, iron bark, acacias, (in  ing 20 pounds,) in the lagoons. Insects are numerous, viz.
more than 100 varieties,) eucalyptus, cctsuarina, Norfolk Is-  locusts, three kinds of stingless bees, ants —one species an
land pine, the fern-tree, palm, grass tree, &c. The euca-  inch long,-that erect hills 13 feet high  and 7 wide at
lapti are called gum-trees by the colonists, and often attain a  base; very large spiders, and caterpillars, that, in some
height of 150 feet, with a girth at the base of from  25 to  seasons, blight the finest crops. Of the mammalia, 46 spe40 feet. Miost of these trees shed their bark annually-   cies are peculiar to Australia. There are 5 varieties of
hence they are called stringy bark. Nearly all the euca-  whales, and 4 of seals. The strong-winged bat of MLadagaslgp.ti are gum-trees, though one species only yields pure gum   car is indigenous here.
-the exudations of the others being merely resins; another    Com6b erce.-The commerce of Australia has received a
yields a substance called manna, of two kinds-one pure  great impetus since the gold discoveries, and must rapidly
white, the other yellow, but both sweet to lusciousness, and  extend, as there is very little manufacturing in the colonies,
waith the flavor of almonds.  The most remarkable and most  nor is the latter likely to advance so long as the "auri fames"
beautiful of the trees of Australia is the fern-tree, which  is gratified as it now is, thus enabling the rapidly increasing
grows to the height of 15 or 20 feet, when it suddenly  population to buy, and stimulating commerce to its highest
spreads out its enormous leaves, each 4 or 5 feet in length,  point. Wool, previous to the gold discoveries  in 1851, was
in every direction.  The palm  rises to the height of 70 or  the great product and staple of export, and had increased
100 feet; but these are limited to the N. and E. shores. The  from 1,9t67,309 pounds in 1830, to 30,034,567 pounds in 1848.
grass-trees have shrubby stems, resembling  small palms,  The total exports increased from  2,244,9291. in 1847, to
bear tufts of long, wiry foliage at their extremities, from   12,891,850L in 1852; and the imports, firom  2,4183111. to
the midst of which rise long spikes of flowers, which   6,600,4541.  The tonnage entered in 18i 0 was 173,310; and
furnish fodder for cattle. Portions of the leaves may be  in 1852, 722,908. The value of exports from  Victoria inused as food, asnd the natives eat the inner part of the top  creased from 1,422,9091. in 1851, to 7,451,5491. in 1852; and
of the trunk, both raw and roasted. The tree called the  the imports from i,056,4171. to 4,069,7421. The largest items
native cedar is that from which.furniture is mostly made.  in the exports  of 1852, were gold and wool; the former
The casuar-na (river oak) is a hard-grained wood, incapable  amounting to 6,135,7281., and the latter (20,047,453 pounds)
of being split. The myall (accaciac pendszla) is a small tree,  to 1,062,7871.  The value of the exports from  New  South
that emits an agreeable odor, and is used by the natives to  Wales, rose from  1,796,9121. in 1851, to 4,604,0341. in 1852;
make their war implements of. The myrtle, or tea-tree, is a  of the latter amount, 2,660,9461. was gold, 688,1171. wool,
shrub which is substituted for tea. Tulip aznd sassafras are  and 174,7311. tallow.  The total revenue of all the Ausbundant. Of the eucalypti, the blue gum gives a tough and  tralsan colonies in 1852, was 2,295,7661. The value of imheavy timber, of which wagons are constructed; the white  por ts from the United States in 1854, was about 640,0001. As
gum makes the best flooring-boards; and the species called  before stated, the internal commerce of Australia is not likely
stringy bark, which is the most abundant, affords bark in  to be much facilitated by river navigation; yet it is believed
large pieces, suitable for making huts.  There is a fine spe-  that theMurray and some of its tributaries may be navigated
cies of pine, around Moreton Bay, which is exported to Syd-  successfully and profitably by steamboats constructed with
sey and other places. Rosewood and sanidalwood are among  special reilrence to adaptability to these waters; while a
the hard timber. The lily, tulip, and honeysuckle grow to  number of rivers on the eastern coast may be accessible by
the size of trees. The mangrove  exists in the north. In   vessels drawing from 5 to 16 feet water, from 10 to 150 miles.
the interior, immense numbers of prickly plants cover the  Between Moreton Bay and Macquartie (270 miles) there are
ground. Among the vegetable anomalies are cherries with   9 rivers that may be entered by coasting vessels and sm-ali
their stones on the outside, and trees which shed their bark  steamers. A railway connects Melbourne with the shipping
instead of their leaves. There are 5440 species of plants pe-  in its harbor, and another connects Adelaide with its port,
culiar to Australia.                                           -and is to be extended to North Arm Harbor.
Anioalos. —In its zoology, Australia is more anomalous    Government.-The British colonies in Australia are dieven than in its other natural features. Iereare no ruminat-  rected by a governor appointed by the crown, and a legislaing animals, no monkeys, no elephants, rhinoceroses, hippo-  tive council, partly elective and partly appointed by governpitami, deer, lions, tigers, bears, wolves, hyenas, nor any  ment. The question of granting more liberal institutions
beasts of prey. The wild dog is the only carnivorous land  and greater independence to the Australian governments
animal.  But, on the other hand, it possesses a number of  was being agitated in Parliament in 1854, and probably ere
animals peculiar to itself. It has more than 40 species of  these sheets reach the reader, may have gone into operation.
marsupials, (animals of the opposum tribe,) the largest of  An upper House is proposed, based on a large property
which is the kangaroo, sometimes weighing 200 pounds, and  qualification.
the smallest the kangaroo rat. The wild dogs (called clin-    Pi-Poulatioso.-The aboriginal inhabitants of Australia were
VoeS) do not bark, but yelp, and are of a reddish brown co- represented by the early voyagers and settlers as among the
or. There are many varieties of opossum  similar to those  rudest and most debased of the human race; but recent and
of America; one species, found in the N. coast, is about half  less prejudiced travellers give a much more favorable chathe size of a full-grown rat, with the color and fur of the  racter of them, describing them  as graceful in form, with
chinchilla.  The most remarkable quadruped, however, is  the exception of a general prevalence of protuberant stothe ornithorhynchus, with the beak of a duck, and the body  machs, agile in movement, and, for savages, moderately
of an otter. It is an egg-laying mammal, frequenting rivers,  quick of apprehension. They ture below the average Eulakes, and their margins. It is about 11 inches in length. ropean height, with small heads, slender trunks, rounded
The foot is armed with a spur, through which exudes a  and muscular arms and legs, long, black, though coarse
dangerous poison.  Besides these quadrupeds, there are  hair, and the whole figure, with the exception mentioned
porcupines of two kinds, flying foxes, flying opossums, and  above, well proportioned. Their eyes are large, full, and peneflying squirrels, wombats, sloths, ant-eaters, &c. Among  trating, expressing their emotions with vivacity and energy.
the birds are eagles, falcons, and other species of hawks, The women are not so well formed as the men, in consequence,
owls, parrots, parroquets, cockatoos-many  of them  of  probably, of their performing nearly all works of drudgery.
beautiful plumage,-pigeons of most beautiful and -varied  There is, however, considerable difference in the different
hues, the emu or cassowary-the largest of Australian  tribes-those on the E. coast being generally superior in inbirds, sometimes 7 feet high, —birds of paradise, rifle birds,  tellect, habitations, and vestments, to those on the S. and
ring orioles, spotted grossbeaks-a splendid bird —the lyre-  W. coasts; some of the latter go naked, with the exception
bird, so called from the shape of its magnificent tail, quails,  of a coarse grass mat round the waist; while the more adgigantic cranes, ducks, teal, widgeons, pelicans, geese, and  vanced tribes wear cloaks made of opossum  skins. Some
black swans-the last a peculiarly graceful and stately  tribes are mild, gentle, and intelligent; while others are
bird. Captain Stokes met, on the N. coast, with a galli-  fierce and vindictive. Of the latter class are the natives
naceous bird, which erected large tumili, about'5 feet high  about Cape Villaret. Cannibalism is practised among the
and 30 feet long, in which they deposit their eggs, which  fiercer tribes. Infanticide prevails to a great extent. Capare hatched by the heat generated there, without maternal  tain Stokes found on the N. coast a great number of drawrcare. This bird is about the size of a moor fowl.             ings of animals on the rocks, which displayed  "much  abiThe reptiles are quite numerous; the most formidable -of  lity."  The canoes, too, on the same coast, were neatly and
these is the alligator, which abounds in the N. Of se'-  artistically made. The aborigines possess no regular habitapents there are, the diamond shake, the black, gray, brown,  tions, though at their fishing stations they erect rude huts.
whip, and yellow snakes. The diamond snake, the largest  The Australian belongs to the negro or Papuan race, is of a
of these, attains a length of b-om 10 tol15 feet, and a girth  chocolate color, and not so stoutly made as the African
of from 13 to 15 inches; it is beautifully marked, and,  negro, but much more lithe and agile.  A colony of aborithough not poisonous, its bite is dangerous, from the size of j gnlues has been formed at Flinders' Island, in Bass's Strait
136




AUS                                                               AUS
The white population of New South Wales, in March, 1851,  about 201) miles, and forming part of tiae great Australian
was 197,168, and of Victoria or Port Philip, 77,345.  At  chain from Wilson's Promontory to Cape York.
the same time,  South Australia  had 38,666, and West    AUSTRALIAN GRAMPIANS; a mountain system in VicAustralia, 4464, in December, 1848; making a total for the  toria or Port Philip, W. of the Pyrenees.
English colonies of Australia of 317,543. But these censuses    AUSTRALIA, NORTH.  See Nosni AusTRALsA.
were all taken previous to the discovery of gold, and, of    AUSTRALIAN  PYRENEES, a congeries of mountains in
course, before that great influx of immigration  caused  Victoria or Port Philip, N.W. of Melbourne, and connected
thereby, had set in.  In this year (1855) the population of  with the Australian Grampians.
the whole island cannot be much less than half a million.    AUSTRALI E, AUSTRALIEN. See AUSTasIA.
There arrived at Sydney in 1853, passengers to the number    AUSTinASIA or AUSTRASIE.  See OSTRASIA.
of 34,675, and 16,307 departed, leaving an accession to the    AUSTRIA, (awsftre-a,) E1MPIRE  OF, (Ger. Oesterreich,
colony, at that port alone, of 18,368 inhabitants.  The total  5stter-rii6,  or Oestreichl, 5st/iaKe, "the eastern kingdom;"
increase for 1853 is given at 81,656, and of Melbourne alone,  L. Ausetria; Pr. Aatriche,. 6'treeshl,) one of the most extenfor 3 months of 1854, at 13,397.                                   sire and most populous of the European monarchies, extends
Colonies or Divisions.-The settled portions of Australia  fronm about ]lat. 420 to 510 N., or, exclusive of Dalmatia and
are the colonies of Moreton Bay, New South Wales, Victoria,  the narrower part of Croatia, from  about lat. 440 301 to 510
Port Philip or Australia Felix, in the E. and S.E., South  N., and from aboutl Ion. 80 30'to 260 30' E.; comprising 258,000
Australia in the S., and West Australia in the S.W.  A   square miles, or 45,000 more than  France.  Its greatest
colony was formed on the N. coast in 1847, but was aban-  length, from E. to W., is about 860 miles; its greatest breadth,
doned, after an outlay of $70,000, by government.  None of  from N. to S., with the exclusions above stated, is about 400
these, however, have settlements more than 150 or 200 miles  miles; bounded S. by Turkey, the Adriatic Sea, and the infrom  the coast. A new  colony was established in 1853 at  dependent states of Italy; W. by Sardinia, Switzerland,
Port Curtis, on the N. coast, and a town, to be called Glad-  Bavaria, and Saxony; N. by Prussia and Russian Poland;
stone, laid out.                                                   and E. by Russia and Moldavia.  On the shores of the AdriCities and T sons.-The largest towns in  Australia are  atic, along the coasts of Dalmatia and Venetian Lombardy,
Sydney, (pop. 60,000;) Melbourne, (pop. 23,000;*) and Ade-  lies its only sea frontage, extending, exclusive of islands,
laide, (pop. 15,000.)  The other principal places are Pare   about 500 miles.
matta, Geelong, Bathurst, Windsor, Liverpool, Morpoth,    The Austrian Empire is composed of a union of different
5Maitland, Newcastle, Portland, and some others.                   states, some of them  at one time forming independent kingHistory.-To the Spaniards belongs the honor of having  doms, inhabited by races of people differing from each other in
first visited Australia, though in this, as in most of their  descent, language, customs, laws, and religion, held together
other colonies, the fruits of the enterprise of a former day  as one empire, by being under one sovereign and one central
have passed into the hands of others.  In 1605, Louis Vaez  government.  The following table exhibits the name and
de Torres discovered the straits which now bear his name,  area of the provinces of the empire, according to the arrangelying between Australia and Papua or New  Guinea; and  ment of March.4, 1849, with their population in 1850:though he coasted along the shore, he did not land. The
Dutch discovered North Australia about the same time,.mis-                       Provinces.              Area i    Pop. i   Pop.to
Provinces ~  ~     q..      1850.   sqi. m.
taking it for the W. side of New Guinea.  Between 1605 and                                               sq. m.       50.   sq 
the close of the seventeenth century, different Dutch naviLower Austria.....................    7,633  1,538,047 H   -ff
gators landed at several points on the island, giving names   Upper Austria.....................            4,616   706,316     13
to many localities, especially on the N. and W. coasts, which   Slzbr...........................            2,74    146,00       5
they still bear, as Arnhem, De Weitt, Edel, &c. But as with    Styria............                           8,664  1,006,901    116
Caithia..........................  3,981f  319,224      80
the indolent Spaniard, so with the industrious Dutch-    Cari9this                                          3000    3,'         0
Carniola...........................    3,84    463,956     121
their large colonial possessions have nearly all passed out   Litteorale (Ksteuland)............           3,065   50,016      165t
of their hands.  Iowever, in the case of New  Holland-as   Tyrol anld Vorarlburg...........               11,08    859,706      77
the D atch named Australia-there was no attempt made to   Boliemia.........................   20,012  4.4000                    0
colonize. Dampier visited New Holland thrice, coasted New    Moravia..............                         8,560  1,199,058     210
Silesia.............................  1,983   48,581      221
South Wales, and on the third  voyage in  1710, passed    Galicia............................    30,110  4,55 5,477            151
through Torres' Straits, and explored Shark's Bay. Captain   Bukowina, (Buclkowina)............            4,021   380,826       94
James Cook, the celebrated navigator, landed at Botany   Dalmatia........................                  4,928   33,715 
Bay in April, 1770, and afterwards touched at several points   Lonsberdv, (0 proinces)...8,313  2,125,740                      39
o ~ the coast, formally ta.~g  possess on of them  in the    Venice, (8 provinces)..............  9,19   2,281,732  248
on the coast, formally taking possession of them  in the   H,,ungal;y...........................    69,170  7,,8 641,'26 2    114
name of his sovereign,J King George III., King of Great   Waiwode ofServia, with Temesuar.    11,550  1,426,221                  l4
Britain;  and in January, 1788, Captain Arthur Phillips   Croatia and Slavonia..............               7,050  800,45       12
Transylvania......................  23,0 78  2,073,737     89
formed the first settleneut-not at Botany Bay, but about   T,-toslssess.23,070  2,013,157                                        00
wt, The Military Frontier..............    12,922.1,747,733  135
18 miles further N.-at Port Jackson, where he landed wit              he  tsry Fr er.9,747,3       1
Total.....................  2-56,559  136,514,466  4 
850 convicts, 250 of whom were females, 108 soldiers, with                    To.                         2,0   0104,
40 women, their wives, and 37 officers; in all, including te           itica  Diisions ad. ohestia            Cron Lnds, 1
governor, amounting  to 1096 souls.  In  1798, Surgeon
George Bass discovered the  straits separating  Australia                                                No. o   No. 
No. of  No. of Pp   n84
from Van Diemen's Land.  In 1806, a great flood occurred                         Provinces.             circles.         Pop. in 1854.
on the river Ilawkesbury, which swept off houses and crops,                                   ___
and caused a famine.  In 1808, an insurrection of the mili-   Lower Austri....................102    1,0,15
tary and colonists deposed Governor Bligh.  The Bathurst    lpper  stria.................                  46      563     717,4-1Salzburg...........................   120   --        148,5,23
district was discovered across the mountains in 1813.  Pan-   Sh.............................   64    -        941,1665
dora's Pass, leading to Liverpool I'lains, and said to be as    Carinthia........................          28    -          301.859
picturesque as any in the Alps, was discovered in 1825.    Carniola.........................             30    -          48,99
A legislative council was constituted in 1529, mostly com-   Littorle................                      28      64      54,01
posed of officials: it established jury trials.  The same year''yrol ssd Voranrlbug..............      75    1093       818,092?V10raZl~i ia............................   76  3142  1,851, f00'
Swan River was settled, and Captain Sturt descended the                atatia...........................   31      79      419,694
Murrumbidgee and the Murray.  The first steamboat was    Wuaiwsode of Servia, with Temesvar.                29      783    1,380,757
launched and the Australian College established in 1831.   Croatia and Slavonia..............               46               74,
79            2874,202
The first bishop of Australia arrived, and South Australia    Transylvania..........                                       2,074,23
was founded in 1836. Melbourne was laid out in  1837.                     Totln.                           62            311,667,15A
The sittings of the legislative council was first opened to
the public in 1838. Pop. in 1841, 131,700, of whom  43,500            Geneeral Aspct. —Although  presenting every variety of
were  bimales.  In 1843, the first popular legislative council  surface, the prevailing character of the Austrian dominions
met, 24 of whose members were elected.  The census was  is mountainous, there being but few districts where mountaken in 1846, pop. 189,500, of whom  74,800 were females. tains are not found; while the plains do not occupy more
Victoria was erected into a separate province, representative  than a fifth  part of the whole superficies.  The loftiest
institutions were  granted to it, and the privileges of South  ranges, and the most extensively ramified, are found in
Australia and New South Wales were enlarged-all in 1850.  Tyrol, Styria, Illyria,. and the S. parts of Austria Proper.
Gold was discovered in April, 1851. Since 1840, no convicts  In some of these regions the scenery is bold and romantic,
have been introduced into New South Wales. —Adj. and  and has been considered equal to that of Switzerland.   The
inhab., AUSTrtALIAN, aws-trsile-an.                                 most extensive tracts of low or flat land occur in Slavonia
AUSTRALIA, EASTERN.  See NEw Sourr WALES.                         and the S.E. and central parts of Hungary; much of this
AUSTRALIA, FELIX.  See PoRT PHILIP.                              level land is remarkably fertile, but it is met at various
AUSTRALIAN ALPS, a mountain range of Australia, in  points by vast morasses and arid steppes. The principal valthe colonies of Port Philip anti New South Wales, extend-  leys ave found in Tyrol, Salzburg, Styria, and Illyria. Extening from  lat. 380 S., Ion. 1460 36 E., in a N.E. direction for  sive phains stretch along the courses of the rivers, particularly
the Po, the Danube, and the 3arch.  The principal rivers
of Austria are the Danube, thu Elbe, the Save, the Drave,
Previous to ihe gold discovery in 1851; recent travellers state  the lMuhr, the March or Morawa, the Teiss or Theiss, acid
its populstion at 100,000, including the floating population ar-  the Maros.  The Danube, for upwards  of 300 miles, is naviricvii' irom and departing to the mines.                            gable for pretty large vessels, throughout the whole Austri m
137




AUS                                                          AUS
territory; while all the others, most of them  tributaries of  branch of the iron trade of Austria is the manufacture of
the Danube, are navigable for vessels of smaller size. All rails for railways.  The quantity of coal produced in 1842
of them abound in fish. The lakes are numerous; though  amounted to upwards of 11,054,805 tons, nearly double the
those in the lowlands, particularly in the plains of I-ungary,  amount of what it was five years previously. The quantity
are rather marshes than lakes, being collections of stagnant  of salt amounted to 882,000 tons. About half of the whole
water with swampy margins. Those in the more elevated  number of Austrian mines belong to private companies;
regions of Illyria, Tyrol, and the other mountainous dis- the others to government.
tricts, are pure lakes, surrounded with wood and rock, and    Industry, Commerce, dgc. —Among the textile manufactures
all the other attributes of picturesque scenery. The finest  silk holds a conspicuous place, although confined chiefly to
lakes are to be found in Upper Austria; of which the prin-  Vienna, Milan, Come, Prague, and Pesth.  The whole procipal are the Attersee, the Mondsee, the Traunsee, and seve-  duce of the silk manufactures  of the Austrian Empire
ral others. In Styria, the lakes are numerous, but small.   amounts to about 3,500,0001., employing altogether, in the
Climate, and Vegetable Productions.-Austria lies between  various processes, about 160,000 persons. The whole nurmthe isotherms of 600 and 500, and has a climate nearly as  her of silk manufactories in the empire is 5119.
various as its surface. In some parts, as in Hungary, the    In 1843, the entire annual produce of wool in the empire
annual fall of rain is comparatively small; while the W. and  was 771,875 hundred-weight, of which H-ungary produced
N.W. parts of the empire, in this respect, resemble the WV. nearly one-half.  The manufacture of woollen cloths is
of En-land; and the Alpine regions are probably the most  confined to Bohemia and Moravia chiefly.  The entire prorainy in Europe. The N. regions, between 490 and 510 N. lat.,  duction of Austria in woollen cloth  and worsted stuffs
have an average temperature resembling that of the N. of  may be reckoned at about 1,000,000 pieces; value about
Prance. Between lat. 460 and 490, the heat is considerable;  4,500,0OZl.
and between 420 and 460, which comprises the whole of    The whole quantity of linen produced is about 6,570,0001.,
Southern Austria, it is still greater, the winter lasting, two  employing 30,000 looms, and about 500,000 weavers. Though
or three months only, and being, in general, extremely mild. machinery for flax-spinning has recently been introduced,
In the first region, the principal products are wheat, barley,  this operation is still performed chiefly. by the hand.
oats, and rye; in the second, vines and maize. are added;    The cotton-weatving of Austria is also upon the increase.
and in the third, olives. The productive capabilities of the  In 1843, there were employed in this manufacture about
soil, however, are by no means rendered available to their  90,000 looms, giving occupation to about 150,000 hands, and
full extent. The cquantity of land under cultivation is equal  producing annually 3,500,000 pieces. The chief seat of the
to that in Great Britain, but the produce, even where the  cotton factories or spinning establishments is Bohemia and
soil is superior, is nearly a third less. The wines of Austria  Lower Austria.
are poor, with exception of a few choice kinds, including    The quantity of cotton and woollen goods printed in 1841
the well-known Tokay; and none, therefore, but such de- was, together, 2,035,000 pieces, value 2,181,0001., of which
scriptions are exported, and these in very limited quantity. about six-sevenths were cotton.  The principal esrablishA great portion of the worst wine is made into brandy. The  ments for Turkey-red dyeing are in the N. of Bohemia, in
average produce of wine is about 3,200,000,000 gallons, of  Vorarlberg, Schumberg, Moravia, Galicia, Lombardy, Trewhich Hungary yields by far the lasgest proportion. The  vise in Venice, Stein in Carniola, and one or two other
vineyards, by which the above quantity of wine is produced, places.  The united produce of the whole was, in 1841,
occupy 487,200 acres.  The quantity of arable land is  12,000,000 pieces. The entire quantity of goods-cotton, wool47,497,053 acres, producing, of wheat, maize, rye, barley,  len, and mixed fabrics-printed in Austria is rather more
and oats, 51,542,506 quarters.  The forests cover more than  than one-fifth of that. printed in England, nearly equal to
a fourth part of the productive soil of the empire, and form   that of France, upwards of one-fourth more than that of
no inconsiderable source of wealth. In 1844, the value of  Russia, and more than double that of Prussia and Switzerthe timber exported was 427,0001. Much of it is of excel-  land. The whole cotton manufacturesof the empire, includlent qesality, and well adapted for house and ship building,  ing spinning, weaving, and dyeing, may be estimated at
furniture, and for all other purposes.  In Upper Hungary, 4,500,0001.; the number of hands employed, at 360,000.
trees attain a vast size, but are much- neglected, forest    Austria is remarkable for the number of its breweries and
management being as far behind in Austria as agriculture.   distilleries.  Of the former there are 3165, which produce
Aimnals.-Wild deer, wild swine, chamois, foxes, lynxes,  about 100,000,000 gallons  annually, consuming  about
and a species of smallblack bear are found in many districts, 900,000 quarters of malt.  The number of distilleries in
the fox and lynx being particularly abundant.  Ierds of a  Austria, exclusive of Hungary, Transylvania, and the millnative breed of horses, of small size, roam  wild over the  tary frontiers, amounted, in 1842, to 16,502,  producing
plains of IHungary.  All the domestic animals of England  35,465,575 gallons of spirits, of which Galicia alone produces
are known throughout the empire.  Domesticated birds,  23,568,750 gallons. Austria has in all 123 sugasr-rsefineries,
especially ducks and geese, are abundant, and wild birds  of which number 25 work from  colonial sugar, and the remore numerous than in any other part of Europe.               maining 98, from  beet-root.  The former used, in 1843;
Geology, Ifineralogy, dc. —-A large portion of the countries  29,532 tons of sugar; the latter, 105,503 tons of roots, pronowv composing the Austrian Empire was' at one time sub-  ducing 8906 tons of refined sugar.
merged by the sea, particularly Hungary, where the gene-    In addition to her general import and export trade, Ausral appearance of its vast plains, the nature of their soil, tria carries on a very considerable amount of business in
and, above all, the occurrence of fossil sea-shells, leave no  the transit of goods through  her territories to  other
room to doubt the former dominionofthe ocean. Through-  countries-partly from  her central position in the contiout all Austria the tertiary formation prevails, with a mar-  nent, and partly from her numerous navigable streams  and
gin of the secondary formation, stretching to a greater or  excellent roads, and, inlater times, her partially completed
less extent into the surrounding countries, and divessified  railway system.
by patches of igneous rocks of the tertiary and alluvial    The following tables show the increase and extent of the
epochs. In mineral productions, Austria surpasses, proba- general commerce of the Austrian Empire:bly, every other country in Europe; possessing, it is said,                                                         Te.
mTnports.    E     xports.           Total
with the exception of platinum, all the metals. In Transylwith he eceptin ofplatnum~al th  metls. I  Trasyl-1832-3.......... ~C10,627,000........ ~11,662,420........ ~C22,289,420
vania, gold is obtained in large quantity; and in Hungary,  18334.......... 10,778,39........11,z........,4
18331........    1,778139.......11,109,291........  21,887,430
silver abounds.  Copper and lead mines exist in different  1843............ 18,911,100........ 18,039,300........ 36,950,400
parts of the empire. The repositories of iron are inexhaust-  184............ 19,144,900........  18,520,600........ 37,675,500
ible; but, from the high price of fuel, the quantity produced  C
11                           ~~~~~~~~~Custom Duties Collected on the Timports, Krp,'sts, and Transit
is far short of what it might be. Tin is found in Bohemia, 
but in no other part of the empire. Quicksilver is obtained                  I-odefor 1850, 1851, and 1852.
in many places; but the richest mine, not only in Austria,                      1850.             1851.             1852.
but in Europe, is that at Idria, in Carniola.  Calamine, zinc,  Imports........   ~1,4,0......... 1,939,700.......... ~2,17,7n0
cobalt, arsenic, antimony, chrome, bismuth, manganese, Exports........    109,600.........   111,100..........   109,500
olack tourmaline, alabaster, serpentine, gypsum, blacklead,  Transit trade..    6,600.........     5,900..........    7,-00
slates, and flint, abound in many portions of the empire,         Total........ 1,971,000........   2,056,700.......... 2,290,400
and coal in almost every province.  Salt, vitriol, alum, sulphur, saltpetre, and soda, are also arhong the mineral pro-  From the first table it will be perceived that there has been
ductions. In every part of the Austrian dominions, mineral  an increase in the total imports of 1844, above the average
springs are numerous. The precious stones are the Bohe-  of 1832 to 1834, of31 per cent. The increase on the imports of
minan carbuncle and Hungarian opal, both much esteemed;  manufactured and half-manufactured goods, was 61 percent.
the chalcedony, ruby, emerald, jasper, amethyst, topaz, cor-    Both the exportation of wine and the importation of rawy
nelian, chrysolite, and beryl. Marble, of every description  cotton have greatly increased of late years, the latter being
and variety of color, occurs in most of the provinces.        in amount nearly twice what it was in 1831. In timber a
The quantity of gold obtained in 1843 was 3817 ounices; of  similar improvement has taken place. In the iron trade
silver, 75,909 ounces; of quicksilver, 3635 hundred-wight; of  there has been an improvement, during the last 20 years,
tin, found chiefly in Bohemia, only 90 -tons. Copper is found  nearly equal to 400 per cent., and on coals to 700 per cent,
principally in I-Iungary.'he whole produce in 1843 was 2716  In the export of linen goods, there has been a gradual fall
tons; zinc obtained, 289 tons; lead, 6841 tons; antimony, 378  ing off, the result of the advance of cotton and woollen
tons; cobalt, 119 tons. But the largest produce of the metals  manufactures.  The shipping of the empire  in  1841,
is iron, which amounted to 2,726,526 tons. An important  amounted to 5574 vessels of all sizes: tons, 215,598; and
138




AUS                                                           AUS
In 1853, to 9511 vessels: tons, 311,763, employing 34,831 men.  56,0988.  The number of Romanu  Catholic communicants
The prinzipal ports or Austria are Triest, Venice, Chioggia,  in 1846, was 26,357,172; Greek communicants, 3,694,896;
and Flume-all in the Adriatic. The number of vessels  non-united Greek  communicants, 3,161,805; Calvinists,
that arrived at these ports in 1844 was 31,858. (tons,  2,161,765; Lutherans, 1,286,799; Unitarians, 50,441; other
1,276,376,) of which 3624 (tons, 421,783) were Austrian. The  denominations, 2350, and Jews, 729,005. The members of
clearances for the same year were 32,052, (tons, 1,267,307,)  the Greek church. and the Calvinists and Lutherans mostly
of which 3800 (tons, 427,679) belonged to Austria.            inhabit the eastern provinces; the Unitarians are nearly
Internal  Issprovemnents.-The means of communication  confined to Transylvania.  The administration of public
in Austria are extensive, and many of the great routes, as  instruction is under the direction of a separate commisthat of the Simplon, are remarkable as works of art. The  sion, and extends to all parts of education. The public
first railway opened in Austria extends from Liptz on the  schools are subject to uniform laws; they are classed into
Danube, N. to Budweis~on the Moldau, and S. to Wells and  high schools, gymnasiums and classical schools, and elementGmiinden; it is worked by horse-power. In 1848, the prin-  ary schools.  The number of national schools (exclusive of
cipal lines of railway in operation and progress were as fol- I-Iungary, Transylvania, and the military frontier) is 28,380,
lows: —I. From Vienna S. to Gritz; 2. Fronm Griitz to Cilly;  and pupils, 2,605,801, being nearly 1 to every 10 of the popula3. From Cilly to Triest, (in progress;) 4. From Vienna N.W.  tion. There were, in 1848, 9 universities, having their seats
to Stockerau, and E. to Bruck; 5. From YVienna N. to Brinn,  at Vienna, Prague, Padua, Pavia, Pesth, Lemberg, Gritz,
and N. and N.W. to Olmutz and Prague. In Northern Italy  Innspruck, and Olmutz, with 419 professors and 15,794
is the great trunk-line from Milan E. to Venice, opened for  students.
traffic nearly half its extent, and that firom  Milan N. to    Ilospitals. —Out of the 63 cities and principal towns of
Monza. In Hungary the principal lines are —i. From Pesth  Austria, 21 possess foundling hospitals, with lying-in estabE. to Szolnok, (or from the Danube to the Theiss;) 2. From   lishments attached.  The number of foundlings received
Pesth N. to Waltzen, and from  Presburg N.E. to Tyrnau.  into these hospitals in 1833 was 14,897, and in 1840, 17,410.
Ste'am-packets are established on the Danube and on the  From  1821 to 1840 there were in public keeping 986,345
lakes of the Lombardo-Vene tian Kingdom, in which pro-  children, with a yearly increase of numbers. The number
vinces canals are numerous.                                    of foundlings  claimed is very small proportionably. At LayGovernment, dc.-The whole legislative authority is vested  bach 242 only were sought back in the course of 81 years,
in the emperor, who exercises supreme control in all the  out of 5302 foundlings.  In the Prague Hospital, 2309 only
provinces, excepting Hungary and Trausylvania.  But a  were sought back from 1822 to 1841, out of 87,341 foundconstant tendency on the part of the various states to re- lings.  In Milan the proportion  sought back was much
sume their independence, and maintain their respective na-  greater, indeed remarkable, when the other cases are contonal distinctions, has the effect of tempering the exercise of sidered: it was 7623 out of 20,147 foundlings, or considerthis control, and thereby preventing what has been lately  ably more than a third.
threatened-the dismemberment of the empire. The pro-    Po2pulation. —The population of the Austrian Empire in
vincial states, whose business it is to receive and register  1816, was about 28,000,000; in 1826, 32,000,000; in 1842,
the laws framed by the emperor on financial matters, and  35,747,946; in 1846, 37,583,755; and in 1850, 36,514,466.  Acto allocate or apportion the amnount of supplies to be con- cording to sace and lauguage, the entire population is
tributed by the different districts, meet once a year, or  divided thus:oftener,if necessary. The executive government actsthrough  Germans..............  7,200,000  Armenians............  22,100
councils or boards, each having a chancellor, who cosmm -u  Slavoians............ 14,994,000  Jews.................. 641,000
nicates with the provincial councils and with the cabinet. Italians...............    7,500,000  Gipsies................   77,000
Hungary and Transylvania have each a separate chancery, Ilyrians..............        3,300  Magyar.............. 5,900,000
P'    Greeks................  6,600  T~aryars...............    1,90,000
and are governed by their own laws; as are, likewise, the    ee.6,600  Tarr.    0,000
Italian States.  The nobles form a separate order in the    In 1850, the number of towns was about 800, ofsrhicli (Vi
state, and are so disproportionately nunmerous as to make the  enna) had upwards of 400,000 inhabitants; 3 (Milan, Prague,
distinction appear ridiculous, the total number of nobility  and Venice) more than 100,000; 5 above 40,000; 7 above 30,000;
in the empire being no less than 400,000, or 1 to every 90  11 above 20,000; and 35 above 10,000; boroughs, 2320; and
inhabitants. Of these there are 259,648 in IHungary alone, villages, 69,000. The population belongs to four principal
or 1 for every 20 burghers. The privileges and prerogatives  families-the Deutsch or German, Slavonian, Italian,  and
of these last are seriously detrimental to the national nlute-  Hungarian or Magyars.  German is the language of the
rests in various respects; those of the nobles of the other  countries inhabited by the first-named family, and the
provinces are few and unimportant.                            idiom employed by the superior administration; the differThe administration of justice is under the superintend-  ent Slavonian dialects by the second; Italian and a mixed
ence of the superior ministry ofjustice, at the head of which  dialect by the third; and the Magyar  by the fourth.
there are two presidents. It is divided into two senates, French is the diplomatic language of the empire.
one at Vienna and one at Verona. All trials are conducted gHistory.-After the erection of the German Empire in the
with a great degree of secrecy, and those of criminals are  ninth century by Charlemagne, that prince subdued the
scandalously protracted, years often elapsing before their  district on the S. bank of the Danobe, to the E. of the river
trials are brought on, and years more before they are con-  Ens, and converted it into a military frontier, to repel the
eluded.  Sentence of death can be passed after confession  incursions of the IHuns and other barbarous istions.  It
only; a law which, whatever may be said of its humanity, was then called Oest-reich, or the  eeast kingdom" from its remust have a tendency to defeat the ends ofjustice.            lative position to Germany, but subsequently obtained the
The military force of the empire is composed of a standing  name of Lower Austria, and became the nucleus of the prearrmy and an  army of reserve.   The permanent force  sent Austrian Empire. The governors of this district or
in time of peace is 414,000 men, and during war, 639,659. province were appointed by the ]Emperors of Germany, to
Austria possesses a great many fortifications, of which  whom  they were subject, with the title of margrave, (Ger.
Josephstadt, Theresienstadt, Olmutz, MIantuna, Peschiera,  smark-grao-  lord of the marches,") which title was borne
and Comorn  belong  to  the first class; Peterwardein,  by. their successors for three centuries after. About the
Brod, Altgradisca, Arad, Eszek Karlstadt, Karlsburg, Mun-  middle of the twelfth century, Upper Austria was added
kacs, Temesvar, Ragusa, Cattaro, Zara, Legnago, Venice,  to Lower  Austria, and the title of margrave merged into
Kufstein, Salzburg, Prague, and Ktniggritz, to the second  that of duke.  Soon after, Styria came by bequest to the
class. Austrtiaalso maintains garrisons in Mentz, Piacenza,  Dukes of Austria, when the latter for the first time estaFerrara, and Comacehio. The naval armament, under anaval blished the ducal residence in Vienna.  Hitherto the Dukes
commander at Venice, consists of 6 frigates, 5 corvettes, 7  of Austria had been of the house of Bamberg; but, in 124-16,
brigs, 66 smaller vessels, 11 steamers, and 9 gunboats-in  the male branch became extinct when Itudolph of }Iapsburg
all, 104 vessels, carrying 742 guns. The public revenues  Emperor of Germany, vested the succession to the ducal
arise from direct taxes on property, industry, and incomes, throne in his son Albert and his descendants, and with
with personal and Jews' taxes, indirect imposts on tobacco  this prince commenced the Hapsburg dynasty over Austria.
and provisions, a salt nmonopoly, legacy and stamp duties, Various accessions of territory now rapidly increased the
post-office and customn dues, and the revenues from  the  ducal dominions, raising Austria from the rank of a mere
crown domains and mines; the whole estimated in 1853, to  province to that of an important state; and, in 1438, her
amount to 23,590,0001. The greater propoertion  was contri- Duke, Albert II., was elevated to the dignity of Emperor
buted by Bohemia, Galicia, Illyria, and the German and  of Germany. The imperial crown has since remained in
~Italian  provinces; Hungary contributes a certain sum   the uninterrupted possession of the Hapsburg line of Ausvoted by the Diet, and supports a fixed number of troops;  tian  sovereigns.  The political commotions of 1848, by
and in Dalmatia a tithe of the land produce is taken in  which the peace and prosperity of so many of the nations
lieu of taxes.  The expenditure the same year exceeded  of Emurope were wrecked for a time, extended to Austria,
the revenue to the amount of 5,800,0001.  Of the total  where a predisposition torevolt hadlong existed previously,
expenditures, 11,196,0001. was for the army, and 6,700,000l. being a necessary consequence of the association of the jarfor interest on the public debt, which, in 1850, amounted to  ring and incongruous elements of which that empire is
102;300,0001.                                                composed. In the year above named, a spark of the revolu
The Austrian Empire is ecclesiastically divided into 15  tionary fires of France ignited the combustible materials,
archbishoprics, 76 bishoprics, 19 Protestant superintenden-  and in a short time Austria was in a blaze. Lombardy recies, and 28,903 parishes, of which 19,503 are loman Catholic, volted. The Austrians were driven out of Milan, Venice,
cnd 9400 non-Catholic. The numiler of clergy in 1842 was  and many other towns, by their disaffected inhabitants
139




AUS                                                           AUT
who subsequently formed an alliance with Charles Albert,  both yielding most luxuriant crops of corn.  In Upper
King of Sardinia, who then invaded the Austrian territory   Austria, where pastures abounnd, the rearing of cattle is
at the head of a large army, and for a time victory seemed   general; and the horses bred in the S.W. parts of the.proto favor the Italians. In the following year, however, both   vince are noted for their size. Goats abound in the mounthe insurgents and their Sardinian ally were repeatedly de-  tainous regions. The lynx, wolf, and bear are also met
feated by the Austrian forces under Marshal Radetzky, and  with. Foxes, stags, deer, marmots, polecats, squirrels, marLombardy was again brought under the Austrian sway.  tens, hares, and wild fowl are numerous.
Taking advantage of this state of things, Hungary also           The commercial resources of the archduchy, and the accame forward with a demand for the reestablishment of her  tivity and enterprise of its, inhabitants, are greater, perancient constitutional rights. Austria resisted the demand  haps, than those of any of the other dominions of the emand appealed to the force of arms. For a time victory fa-  pire; Lower Austria and Lombardy, with little more than
vored the Hungarians, but Russia interfering, the contest ter-  a tenth of the population of the whole Austrian territory,
minated in lhvor of monarchy. -Adi. and iuhab. AUSTRIAN,  engrossing about a third of its entire trade.
aws'tre-atn; (FIr. Atsichien, 5'tree'she- NG-; Ger. adj. OESTER-    The quantity of spirits annually distilled in the archRiscnIscH, iister-rsikish, ionhb. OESEasEIiscnHR, oslter-ri'ker;   duchy is very considerable, being no less than 1,180,315 imIt. A.e.tAriaco, ews-treelI-ko;   Sp. Austriaco, Ows-tre-Alko.)'    poerial gallons; of which rather more than the half is made
AUSTRIA (awstltre-a) ARCHDUCHY OF. The AaCHDUnCH    in Upper Austria. To produce this quantity of spirits,
or AusTRIAs, or AUSTRIA PROPER, is the nucleus around which  there are 7326 distilleries, but most of these are on a very
has grown the vast empire known as the Austrian dominions.  small scale.
Its area is only about 12,250 English square miles; while the    The quantity of wine produced annually amounts to
area of the entire empire is estimated at 256,559 square  24,896,659 imperial gallons.  There are in Lower Austria 7
miles.  It is bounded N. by Bohemia and Moravia, S. by   sugar-refineries, and 3 manufactories of sugar from  beetSalzburg and Styria, E. by Iunsgary, and W. by Bavaria;  root. Both Austrias produce considerable quantities of iron
lying between lat. 470 28' and 4902/ N., and lon. 120 4i5 and   and wool. In 1845, the amount of wool was 4,446;000
170 5' E.  It is divided into two provinces by the Enns,  pounds.  Spinning machinery has been lately introduced
which, enters the Danube from  the S., near the town of  into the country; but flax is still spun almost exclusively
Enns, tihe line of separation N. of the Danube running from   by the hand, and forms a principal employment of the ina point on that river 4 miles WV. of Ips, N.W. to the Bohe-  habitants of the mountainous districts. The quantity of
mian frontier. The province W. of the Enns, also called  linen manufatctured in 1845, was 290,000 pieces of 30 ells
"Austria above the Enns," or "Upper Austria," (Ob-erbster-  each; value, 150,0001.  The cotton manufacture is also conreich,) has Lintz for its capital; bounded on the W. by the  siderable, and is rapidly increasing. In Lowel Austria
Inn: area, 4616 square miles. The province E. of the Enns,  there are 40 factories, with about 385,000 spindles; in Upper
also called " Austria below the Enns," or " Lower Austria,"   Austria, 4 factories, with 20,000 spindles.  Silk is likewise
(Usstes. or Niedefisterrseich,) has for its capital Vienna: area,  manufactured to a large extent, especially in Vienna; to a
7633 square miles; being bounded on the E. by the March;  more limited extent in Neustadt and some other towns.
and S.E., the Leytha, separating it from IHunga3ry.            The woollen manufactures have not been so prosperous.
Both provinces are mountainous, and abound in beautiful    In Upper Austria, the salt-works   afford employment to
and romantic scenery. The entire vale of the Danube, from   several thousand persons, the produce amounting -snnually
Passan to Vienna-a distance of not less than 130 miles-   to about 48,000 tons. The other manufactures are laces,
presents a continued series of the most picturesque views,  ironware,  and  cutlery;  tools, copperware,  brasswork,
equal, it has been asserted, to those on the far-famed Rhine;  jewelry, articles of wood, leather, porcelain, paper, glass,
while the scenery on the Enns, and several of the other  chemicals, beer, and spirits.  In Lower Austria are numnestreams, has been considered but little, if at all inferior.  rous tanneries, bleachfields, and also printfields, at which
The confines of the archduchy, on the S., are marked by a  254,000 pieces of woollen and cotton goods are printed
chain of mountains. including a range of the Noric Alps,  annually.
which spreads its branches over the whole country S. of the    The trade of the archduchy in 1845 was as follows:Danube. The N. portions, again, are traversed in all direc-                                 Imports.                Exports.
tiens by the Bbhssserwacl, or Bohemian Mountains. Be-  Upper Austria..................~1,976,065..................~1I 329,707
tween these N. and S. mountain ranges, lie the vale and  Lower Austria..................  306,348................  388,131
basin of the Danube, to which both provinces almost exclusively belong. The principal tributaries of the Danube                              etl...2,2,41.,,
from  the S. are the Inn, Traun, Eunns, Ips, Traisen, and   The internal traffic is much facilitated by the excellence of
Leytha-all Alpine streams, and remarkable for the green  the roads, the navigable rivers and canals, the steam navitinge of their waters-and numerous smaller streams; from   gation of the Danube, and by the introduction of railways,
the N. come the IKrems, Ramp, GbIller, March, &c.; the last,  of which there are three in the archduchy.
after the Danube, the largest stream  peritaining to the pro-    Education is an object of anxious solicitude to the governvince. The lakes, chiefly confined to Upper Austria, are  ment, which provides gratis instruction for all who cannot
numerous, and remarkable for the beauty of their scenery.  afford to pay for it. To secure an ample supply of teachers,
The principal are, the Gmiindensee or Traunsee, about 7  numerous normal schools have been established in various
miles long, and 2 broad at the widest part; the Hallstit-  parts of the country, particularly in Vienna, which furtersee, 6 miles long and about 1 broad; the Attersee, about  nishes from 1600 to 1700 teachers annually. Throughout
12 miles long and 3 broad; the Mlondsee; the Lake of St.  the whole archduchy. every child ms-vt go to school for a
Gilgen, and an immense number of smaller lakes. Swamps  certain number of years. A more questionable law enjoins
and morasses of great extent are of firequent occurrence.  that no person shall marry, or set up in any trade, who
The mineral wealth of the archduchy is not great. In Lower  cannot produce a written certificate of attendance at school.
Austria there are some iron-mines, while both provinces    The inhabitants of Austria Proper are almost all Gercontain quarries of marble and freestone, slate, alum,  and  mans. Pop. of Upper Austria, in 1845, 851,288; of Lower Auspotter's clay; and coal, alabaster, gypsum, rock-crystal, gar-  tria, 1,415,695; together, 2.266,993; of which, perhaps, 50,000
nets, beryls, topazes, and emeralds are obtained. A little  or 60,000 are settlers from other parts of the Austrian donmigold and silver, copper, lead, and iron are found in certain   nions and foreigners;  the remainder  are  native-born
localities; salt in the hills of Ischel; and sulphur in various  Germans.
quarters. The whole produce of the mines and furnaces of    AUSTRIA, CIRCLE OF, an old subdivision of Germany,
the archduchy amounted, in 1845, to 69,9151. Of this sum,  which comprised Austria Proper, or Lower Austria, Stysia,
271531. is the value of coal,' found only in Lower Austria.    Carinthia, Carniola, and the Tyrol, is bounded N. by Moravia,
The climate of the archduchy varies with the level of the  Bohemia, and the circles of Bavaria and Swabia; W. by
different localities; but neither the heat nor the cold is ex-  Switzerland; S. by Lombardy and Istria; and E. by Croatrome, though the lower province is subject to sudden  tie and IHIungary.
changes. The average annual temperature in Vienna is    AUSTRIAN: AUSTRIACO.  See AusTRIA.
about 51~ Fah. The maximum  heat does not exceed 970,    AUSTRIAN  ITALY  comprises the Lombardo-Veuetian
and- the winter cold ranges between 100 and 120 below the  kingdom, the Italian Tyrol, and a great part of the governfreezing point. At Lintz, the mean heat is 480 28'.            ment of Triest, in Illyria.
The soil is as various as the climate. In the hilly regions    AUSTRIAN POLAND, KINGDOiM OF. See GALiCIA.
there is little cultivation, but compensation is found in        AUSTRY, awsltree, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
valuable forests. Agriculture, however, is on the whole in       AUST/WICK, a township of England, co. of York, West
an improved and improving condition. But the cultivation  IRiding.
and general management of the vine is still defective. The    AUTAUIGA, a creek in Alabama, enters Alabama River
total productive superficies of the archduchy  comprise  from the N. about 12 miles W. from Montgomery.
9,005,092 acres; of which 3,180,710 acres are arable, 114,128    AUTAUGA, a county in the central part of Alabama, has
acres are planted with the vine, 1,392,654 acres are in gar-  an area of 1100 square nmiles.  The Alabama and Coosa
dens, 1,004,683 in pastures, and 3,222,917 in woodland.        Rivers form the entire boundaries of the county )n the S.
Throughout the territory, fruits and kitchen vegetables  and E. It is also drained by the Autauga and MIulberry
of all sorts are produced in great abundance, anid of excellent  Creeks, from the former of which the name is derived. The
quality. Flax is cultivated to some extent; and in Upper  surface is hilly or undulating; the soil is fertile, and finely
Austria, hops also.  The valley of the Enns, and  the  adapted to the production of grain or pasture.  The county
plain of Tulla on the Danube, are the most felrtile tracts,  is intersected by a plaik-road from Montgomery to Tusca140




AUT                                                  AVE
loosa, and by the route of the railroad lately commenced    AUZO_, N0'ebof, a village of France, department of Hautefrom Selma towards the Tennessee RLiver. Capital, Kings-  Loire, on the right bank of the Allier, 34 miles N.W.
ton. Pop. 15,023; of whom  6293 were firee, and  5730  of Puy.
slaves.                                                       AVA, Alva, (ane. Aeng-wa, "a fish-pond,") a city, formerly
AUTAUIGAYILLE, a post-office of Autauga co., Alabama.  capital of the Burmese dominions, on the Irrawaddy, 350
AUTERIVE, 50to-reevl, a town of France, department of  miles N. of Rangoon.  Let. 210 58, N., Ion. 950 58' 10" E. It
Haute-Garonne, on the right bank of the Ari6ge, 16 miiles S. consists of an outer and inner city, both fortified, and had
of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852 3,448.                            numerous temples, but its houses generally are mere huts;
AUTEUIL, 65tull, a village of France, department of Seine, and on March 23d, 1839, every substantial edifice was dS
3 miles WV. of Paris.  Pop. in 1852, 4274. It is enclosed  stroyed by an earthquake; since which period. the seat of
within the new walls of Paris, and agreeably situated be- government has been transferred to Mlonchoboo. The popu
tween the Bois de Bouiogne and the right bank of the Seine.  lation, in 1326, was between 25,000 and 30,000.
Boileau, La F'ontaine, Franklin, and other illustrious men    AVA, 4avd, a principality of Japan, on the island  of
had country houses here. In the square, there is a pyra- Niphon, with a capital town, 50 miles E.S.E. of Yeddo.
mid erected to the memory of d'Aguesseau.                     AVA, a principality of Japan, on the island of Sikoke, with
AUTHIE, 6'teet, and AUTHITON, 6'te-tNeG/, two small rivers  a town on its N. coast; lat. 330 53' N., ion. 1310 12' E., with
of France; the former flows N.W., between the departments  the best harbor in the island.
of Somme and Pas-de-Calais, and enters the English Channel    AVA, ah/va, a post-village and township of Oneida co., New
25 miles S. of Boulogne, after a course of 35 miles; the lat- York, about 50 miles N.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 1037.
ter, in the department of Maine-et-Loire, joins the Lohire 4    AVA, a post office of Lowndes co., Georgia.
miles S.E. of Angers, after a W. course of about 35 miles.   AVA, a post-office of Winnebago co., Illinois, 18 miles
AUTISSIODOIRU:M orAUTESSIODUtUM. SeeAuxuasE. W.N.W. of Rockford.
AUTRICHE, and A UTRICHIEN, See AUSTRIA.                     AVAILLES LIMOUSINE, vMt!/ (or Avliy?) leelmoo'zeen!,
AUTRICUM. See CHARTRES.                                  a commune and town of France, department of Vienne, on
AUTUN,-~6'ttN-N*,(anc.Bibraclte,ate erwards Augustodsfanum,) the Vienne, 17 miles E. of Civray. Pop. 2000. Its trade is
a city of France, department of Salne-et-Loire, on the Arroux, mostly in wine and millstones.
50 miles N.W. of Mqcon, and165 miles S.E. of Paris. Pop. in    AVYAL-ANCHE. See ALPS, page 63.
1852, 11,997. It is picturesquely seated at the foot of finely-    AVAL ISLAND, in the Persian Gulf. See BAsREIN.
wooded mountains, and has a lofty gothic cathedral, a col-   AVALLON, 4vllaNe,  (anc. Abaolo,) a town of Franco,
lege, library, museum, large seminary, and tribunal of com- department of Yonne. on the Voisin, 26 miles S.E. of Auxerre.
merce, with manufactures of carpets and paper, and a con- Pop. in 1852, 5922. The town is situated in a country residerable trade in timber, hemp, and cattle. Large masses  nowned for fertility and picturesque sites; it has an active
of its ancient walls remain, with two very beautiful and  trade, and manufifactures of woollen cloths and paper.
perfect gates, the ruins of an amphitheatre and of several    AVALON, avfa-lon, a large peninsula, forming the S.E.
temples, a pyramid, and numerous fragments of other Ro-  part of Newfoundland, having Trinity Bay on the N. and
man edifices; it has also a choice collection of ancient medals. Placentia Bay on the S.
The episcopal see of Autun was once held by Talleyrand.       AVIALON, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
AUTANCURRY.aw-tan-kfirlree, or AUTUNCARAY,a sea-    AYVANTI, a post-office of Freestone co., Texas.
port town of British India, presidency of MsLadras, 11 mi.s   AVAltRES, S-v rs, KHANAT  OF, a political division of
E. of Ramhad.  It has a coasting trade in rice and  Eastern Circassia, between the rivers Aksai  and Koisco,
tobacco.                                                    (Koisu,) and nominally subject to Russia.
AUVERGNE, 0'vaifiI, (anc. Arsverlni,) an old province of    AVARICUM. See BouncEs.
France, formingthe present departments of Cantal, Puy-de-   AVASI, A'v~seee, or AVADSI, Pv~dfsee', a town of Japan,
DOme, and a small part of Haute-Loire. It was divided into  capital of the island of Sikoke, S. of Niphon; lat. 340 21' N.,
Upper and Lower Auvergne, and had for capitals, respect- Ion. 1340 47/ E.
ively, St. Flour and Clermont.                                AVATCHA, A-v7atlchA, or AVATCUKA, 4-vftchlki,  a town
AUVERGNE. MOUNTAINS Fo, a branch of the C6vennes,  of Kamtchatka, on Avatcha Bay.
extending chiefly in the departments Puy-de-DSme and Can-   AVATCHA  or AVATCHIKA, a bay in the S.E. part of
tal, and separating the basins of the Allier, Cher, and  Kamtchatka, affording the best harbor on the coast. On it
Creuse from those of the Lot and Dordogne. These moun- are the towns of Avatcha and Petropaulovslki, at the latter
tains form extensive and very confused groups, which throw   of which it receives the waters of the Avatchka Ricer.
out considerable contreforts to the N. and S., and contain    AVATCHINSKAYA or AWATSCHINSKAJA, A-vatch-inthe culminating points of the intefior of France, viz. the  skilya, also called MiOUNT AVATCHA, an active volcano in
Mont Dor, 6188 feet, Cantal, 6093 feet, and Puy-de-Ddme, 4806  Kamtichatka, in lat. 530 15' N., lon. 1580 50' E.; elevation,
feet. They contain a great number of extinct volcanoes,  9055 feet. Atits summit is a crater several hundred yards
and present sites of the wildest and most picturesque gran-  in circumference, and on its E. side, at an elevation of 5000
deur. The cone of Mont Dor rises abruptly to a height of  feet, is another crater, similar in origin and appearance to
several thousand feet, and is composed of scoris, pumice-  Mount Somma, (Vesuvius.):In 1827, Avatchinskaya was in
stone, and fine detritus mixed with beds of basalt. The  violent eruption, and discharged, with lava and stones, a
numerous minor volcanoes form an irregular ridge, extend- vast quantity of water.
ing slong a platform 18 miles in length. They are generally    AYE, Oveh, a river of Belgium, joins the Lesse.
truncated at the top, and the crater is often entire.        AIVEBURY, AIV, or A/BURY, a village and parish of EngAUVERS, 5'vainf, a village of France, department of Seine- land, co. of Wilts, 6 miles W. of tMarlborough. Its church is
et-0ise, 3 miles E.N.E. of Pontoise, on the railway from  of high antiquity, and the village occupies the site ofa strucParis to Amiens. Pop. 2233.                                ture, ascribed to the Druids, similar to that of Stonehenge,
AUVILLAR or AUVILLARS, 6'veellyarJ or 6'vee'yanl, a  but which must have been on a scale still more stupendous.
town of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 23 miles W. Few traces of it now remain, the stones having been used
of NIontauban. Pop. in 1852, 2178.                         for repairing roads. In the parish is Silsbury hill, 170 feet
ATUX CAYES. a town of Hayti. See CAaes.                  in height, and reputed to be the largest barrow in Britain.
AUXERRE, 65sain, (anc. Auctissiodorumcn,) a city of France,    AVEIRAS DE CiIMA, A-vsbe-rPs  diA seelmi, a town of Porcapital of the department of Yonne, 93 miles S.W. of Paris, tugal, province of Estremadura, 20 miles S.W. of Santarenm.
on the left bank of the Yonne. Pop. in 1852, 14,166. It is  Pop. 1073.
surrounded by vineyards, and by planted boulevards, occu-   AVEIRO, 4-vse-ro, a seaport town of Portugal, province
pying the site of its ancient walls, and has some good streets,  of Beira, on the estuary of the Vouga, 31 miles N.W. of Coima quay along the Yonne, a fine cathedral and other Gothic  bra. Pop. 5000. It has extensive fisheries of anchovies, herchurches, a curious clock-tower, a public library of 25,000  rings, and oysters, and commerce in salt, fish, oil, wine, and
volumes, museum, college, tribunal of commerce, theatre, oranges.
hospital, &c., with a trade in wines, timber, and charcoal,   AVEIRO, 4-vle-ro, a town of Brazil, province of Para, on
and in hbsiery, counterpanes, barrels, and musical strings  the Tapajos, 70 miles S.E. of Santaremn; lat. 30 28/ S., Ion. 550
manufactured in the city.                                  25' WV.
AUXIMUM. See OsImo.                                        A/VELEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
AUXON, 6x6Ni!  or 5k'-s6Nrt, a town of France, depart-    AYELGIHEM or AYELOGEHEM, BIvel-ghe'm' or 4/vel-Hgm'
ment of Aube, 15 miles S.S.W. of Troyes. Pop. 2507. It has  a village of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the left
manufactures of cotton yarn and hosiery.                   bank of the Scheldt, 8 miles S.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 4711.
AUXONNE, 6k'sonnf, a fortified town of France, depart- Chief industry, brewing, and manufacture of tobacco and
ment of Cote d'Or, on the left bank of the SaGne, here crossed  candles.
by a long bridge, 17 miles S.E. of Dijon. Pop. in 1852, 6265. It    AVELLA, A-vl111l, a town of Italy, kingdom of, 20 miles
is generally well built; its ramparts, planned by Vauban, E.N.E. of Naples, of which city it commands a fine view.
now form public walks; and it has an arsenal, bnaracks, and  Pop. 5600. Near it are the remains of Abellla, celebrated
magazines, with manufiactures of woollen cloth and nails.  by Virgil, (.zseid, vii. 740.)
AUXY-LE-CItATEAU, (Auxy-le-Chkteau,) 6k'seesleh-shkl-    AVELLINO, 4-vl-leelno, (an~. Abell/ftmss,) a fortified epista, a town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the  copal city, 28 miles E. of Naples, capital of the province of
Authie, 15 miles S.W. of St. Pol. Pop. 2342.               Principato Ultra. Pop. 22,873. It has ia cathedral, eoveral
AUZANCES, 6'zSNssf, a town of France, department of  churches, a college, a public granary, manufftctures of woolireuse, 32 miles S.E. of Gu6ret. Pop.ofcommune, (1852)1343. len fabrics, paper, maccaroni, and sausages, and an exten141




AYE                                                          AVI
ave trade in hazelnuts, (termed noci A-velane,) chestnuts,. France, in the departmont of Nordr, 6 miles E.N.E. of Cam.
and corn. This city has hardly recovered firom the devasta-  bray. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 27S5.
tions of the earthquake of 1694.  Between Aveilino and    AVESTAD or AFVEYST.AD, -'vas- ad', a small town of SweBenevento is the Val di Gargano, the position of the Can-  den, on the Dal, 35 miles S.E. of Falun.  He-lre the ore fr'om:line Forks, famous for the victory of tlhe Samnites over the  the'copper mines of Falun is smelted; and the town has
Romans, who were there made to pass under the yoke, in  some iron-works.  The copper coin of the country was forthe year of Rome 433.                                         merly struck here. Lat. 600 71 N.; lon. 160 91 E.
AIVENBURY, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.             AVETON-GIFFORD, aivten-ghiffford, a parish of EngAVENCHES, Alv&Nshf, or WIFLISBURG, *if'lis-botig',  land, co. of Devon.
(anc. Aveticzsem,) a smill town of Switzerland, canton of    AVEYRON, AvAWNrG, (anc. Veronius?) a river of France,
Vaund, capital of the district of the same name, enclosed by  rises in the fountain of Veyron, near Slverac-le-Chfiteau, deFribourg, 1I  miles S. of Lake Morat.  Pop. 1800. This was  partment of Aveyron, passes into department of Tarne-etthe capital of the ielvetii, and afterwards a flourishing Ro- Garonne, where it becomes navigable, and joins the Tarn 7
man colony, destroyed by the I-Iuns in 447. Its ancient  miles N. W. of Mountauban, after a course of 90 miles.
walls may be traced for a circuit of more than 5 miles, and    AVEYRO0N, a department of South France, surrounded
it has many Roman remains.                                    by the departments of Cantal, Lozere, Gard, Ilrault, Tarn,
AVENDALE.  See AVONDAzE.                                    Tarn-et-Garonne, and Lot.  Capital, Rodez.  Area, 3340
AVENING,'ven-ing, a parish  of England, co. of Glou-  square  miles.  Pop. in 1852, 594,183. It is one of the
cester.                                                       most mountainous departments of France; traversed in the
AVENIO. See AvwoN.                                        East by branches of the La Margeride range which unites
AVEN, LOCH, lOK i/ven, a small lake of Scotland, co. of  the mountains of Auvergne  with the Cvennes.  The
Banif, and at its S.E. extremity, enclosed by the lofty moun- principal rivers are the Lot, the TruyBre, affluent of the Lot,
tauins Cairngorm  and Ben Macdhui. Aven or Avon is the  and the  ilaur, (affluent of the Aveyron,) Tarn, and Aveyname of several Scotch rivers.                                ron. The soil is not very fertile, and climate often severe,
AVENNTICUM.  See AVENCHES.                                  but sufficient corn is raised for home consumption. Many
AVENWEDDE, 4vgn-*WdSdeh, a village of Prussia. West-  cattle and sheep are reared, and the celebrated Roquefort
phalia. 32 miles S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1380.                    cheese forms an important article of export. The coal and
AVENZA,,-vbnlfz, or LAVENZA, li-vlnfza, a town of  iron mines here are among the most important in France.
Italy, duchy of Massa-Carrara, on the torrent Avenza, near  Manuductures   principally of metallic wares, with leather,
the sea, 3 miles S.W. of Carrara. It has the Mlodenese cus-  woollen stuffs, hosiery, and gloves, cotton yarn, and paper.
tons-house, and a splendid castle, built by Castruccio  degli The department is subdivided into the 5 arrondissemen ts of
Interminelli.  Pop. 2000.                                      Rodez, Espa!ion, Millau, Villefranche, and Saint-Aifrique.
AVEREEST, vvr-aisftf, a village of the Netherlands, pro-    AVEZZANO, A-vbt-sA/no, a town of Naples, province of
vince of Overyssel, 21 miles E.N.E. of Kampen. Pop. 30781.  Abruzzo Ultra, II., 22 miles S. of Aquila.  Pop. 2850. It
AVERIIAMI, parish of England, co. of Nottingham.           has a palace of the Colonna family.
AVERILL, l/ver-il, a township of Essex co., Vermont,    AVIANO, A-ve-kno, a town of Northern Italy, 30 miles W.
about 30 miles N. by E. of Guildhall. Pop. 7.                  of Udine, near Monte Cavallo. Pop. 4800.
AVERNAKOE, (Avernakbe,) -vbr/na-k6'eh, a small island    AVIEMORE, iv/em6r, a village of Scotland, co. of Mloray,
of Denmark, near the S. coast of Funen.                        on the Spey, 25 miles S.E. of Inverness.
AVERNO, (A-v~e/no.) LAKE 0F, (anc.Avernus; Gr. Aopvos,    AVIGLIANA, A-veel-y/na, a town of Piedmont, 14 miles
"without a bird,") a famous lake, 10 miles W. of Naples. near  WV. of Turin, with  2840 inhlabitants, who manufacture
the Bay of Banja. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano  woollen cloth, and silk twist.
about half a mile in diameter, is very deep, and has no out-    AVIGLIANO, A-veel-y/no, a town of Naples, province of
let. It was anciently surrounded by dense forest, and so  Basilicata, near the bifurcation of the Apennines, i. usiles
unhealthy that it was believed no bird could fly over it with-  NW. of Potenza. Pop. 09670. It has a fine collegiate church,
out being destroyed, whence its name. Its banks are now   and a royal college. It was partly destroyed by a landslip
occupied by gardens and vineyards. On its shores are the  in 1824.
remains of an octagon temple. Agrippa formed a canal be-    AVIGNON,'veen'ydNcG, (Sp. Avison,  i —veen-.ySnr; It.
tween Lake Averno and the sea, but the communication.Avesnone, A-veen-yotn;: anc. Avee/io,) a city of France, c'raitslI
was destroyed by an eruption of MIonte Novo in 1538.           of the department of Vaucluse, situated on the Rhone, here
AVERSA,/ -vie/sb, a town in Naples, province of Terra di  creaosed by awooden bridge, assd also by abricdge of boats;'403
Lavoro, 9 miles N. of Naples, on a delightful plain covered  miles S.S.E. of Paris, and 53 miles N.N.W.  of M.arseilles. Lat.
with orange-trees. It is a bustling  and lively place, spa-  430 57' N., Ion. 40 48'381' E. It is a verv anient city. built on
cidous and well built; the seat of a bishopric, one of the  a gentle undulating surface, and surrounded by lofty walls
richest in the kingdom; of a royal governor and a tribu-  which are crowned with battlements flanked with square
nal, and contains 9 churches, several convents, a well-con-  towers, and adorned with handsome gates, along the ramducted foundling hospital, and a lunatic asylum, celebrated  parts is ani excellent boulevard planted with elms, from the
for the excellence of its system. Averse is famed for its  lofty platform of which, particularly from the Doms-oa rock
almond cakes, called toerone, which are in great demand in  which starts up abruptly from the Rhone to a height of 180
Naples, with which city it communicates by a fine, broad  feet-a fine view is obtaiined of the rich surrounding connavenue. Averse was built by Rainalph, a Nornan chief. try. The town is, upon the whole, well built, but the streets
Andreas of Ilungary was strangled in a convent here by  are narrow, crooked, ill-paved, and extremely dirty. Avignon
some conspirators on September 8, 1345. Pop. 16,158.          is the seat of an archbishop, and has courts of primary juAVERY,  /ve-re, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois.    risdiction, and of commerce; a college, a primary normal
AVENRY, a post-village of'ionroe co., Iowa, about 100 miles  school, a public library of 42,000 volumes, an athensuneum  a
W.N.W. of Keokuk.                                             medical libray, a museum of natural history, a'collection of
AVERYSBOROUGI, Yve-rez-bUrtr[hh, a post village of  pictures and antiquities, a botanical garden, and a school of
Cumberland co., North Carolina, on Cape Fear River, about  design, with an agricultural  society, and an association
40 miles S. of Raleigh.                                       called the AcadQmy of Va-ucluse.  Among its charitable inAVERY'S CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North  stitutions are a subsidiary infirmary of the IStel des InvaCarolina.                                                     lides at Paris, for old and wounded soldiers, an orphan hosAVERY'S GORES. A number of tracts of land in Ver- pital, and a lunatic asylum.
mont, granted to Samuel Avery in 1791, have received the    Many of the public edifices possess great interest.  The
name of Avery's Gores. MIost of these have been annexed  cathedral, called Notre Dame des Dons, a building of great
to townships in the vicinity. Among them may be men- extent, is said to have been originally founded, in the first
tioned Avery's Gore, in Addison county, situated nearly on  ages of Christianity, on the ruins of a heathen temple,
the summit of the Green Mountain; the greater part of  and, after its destruction by the barbarians of the North,
which has been annexed to Granville; and Avery's Gore, a  was re-built by Charlemagne. The richly sculptured chapel
township in the E. part of Franklin co., Vermont, about 45  of the Resurrection is considered a masterpiece.  Several
miles N. by W. of Montpelier.  Pop. about 50.                 popes officiated in this cathedral, and Innocent VI., Urban
AVES,  /vis, or BIRD ISLANDS, a small group in the  V., and Gregory XI. were consecrated in it.  The former
Dutch West Indies, S.E. of the island of Buen Ayre, so  palace of the popes, near the cathedral, now used as a barnamed from the vast number of birds which frequent them. rack and prison, is a vast irregular gothic structure, built
The only inhabitants are a few Dutch fishers.                 at different periods, with walls of great thickness and height,
AVES, or BIRD ISLAND, an uninhabited island, 147  and  strong towers, some of them  150 feet high.  The
miles W. of Dominica. Let. 150 40' N.; ion. 630 38' W.        chamber of the Inquisition, established here in the thirAVESNES,'vain', a fortified town of France, department  teenth century, and several of the atrocious contrivances to
of Nord, on the Helpe, 51 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, subdue the minds by torturing the bodies of its victims, are
3,776. It is well built, and has.a cathedral, with a spire up- still shown. The church of the Cordeliers, of which nothing
wards of 300 feet in height. Manufactories of soap and  now remains but fragments of thetower, and side walls, was
leather, oil-mills; and a trade in flax, iron, timber, and  celebrated for containing the tomb of Petrarch's  Laura. The
stone.                                                        church was destroyed at the revolution, when the tomb of
AVESNES LE COMTE, (leh k6Nt) a town of France, in'Laura, with others, was broken up, and the contents scatthe department of Pus-de-Calais, 11 miles VW  by S. of Arras. tered to the winds.
AVESNES LEZ AUIBERT, b'vain',lzO'bain/         a town of    The silk manufacture is the principal source of employ1492




AVI                                                           AVR
ment at Avignon, and the rearing of silk-worms is carried    AVOLIA, s-vofla, a seaport town of Sicily, 13 miles S.W.
on extensively in the district. The city has also, manufac-  of Syracuse.  Pop. 6780. The town, which is on the suptures of velvet, woollen, and cotton goods, with a cannon  posed site.of ancient Ibla, communicates with a village and
foundry, a type foundry, iron-works, paper mills, &c.; and a  battery on a small bay of the Mediterranean. It has a
trade in wine, brandy, grain, and other articles, of which it is  tunny fishery, a refinery of home-grown sugar, and an acthe entrepdt, for Lower Dauphin6, Provence, and aJ1 Langue-  tive trade in corn, cattle, oil. and fruits. It was built after
doe. Two steamers ply daily to Lyonsi and two to Arles. The  the earthquake of 1693, which destroyed the ancient Aevolt.
railway connecting Avignon on the one hand with Montpel-  The exquisite honey which rendered Iebl (or tI/bla) famous
lier, and on the other with Marseilles, has been completed; is still furnished in great abundance in its vicinity.
while that which is to connect it with Lyons and the capital    AVON, a/vSx G, a village of France, department of the
i in rapidprogress. Avignonis supposedtohavebeenfounded  Seine-et-Marne, on the railway from  Paris to Lyons, 2 miles
by the Greeks, who settled at.Madssilia, now Marseilles. After  N.E. Fontainebleau.  Pop. 1216.
the Romans it passed under the domination of Goths, and    AVON, A/von, two rivers in Wales, one in Monmouth
otherNorthern barbarians. In 730 it was taken by Saracens  co., the other in Glamorgan co., falls into Swansea Bay.
who possessed it till 737, when it was wrested from them by  Several Scotch rivers of the same name are affluents of the
Charles Martel. After a variety of fortunes, during which  Clyde, Spey, and Annan, and one joins the Forth, 2 miles
it passed to the counts of Provence, it was sold by a countess  W. of Borrowstounness. See AvoN, LowER, and AvoN, UreRn.
of that name, in 1348, to Clement VI., who, as its price, not    AVON, A/von, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, on
only promised to pay her 80,000 crowns, but declared her  the S. side of Sandy River, about 40 miles N.W. of Augusta.
innocent of the murder of her busband, of which she was  Pop. 778.
almost universally believed to be guilty. From that time    AVON, a post-township in Hartford co., Connecticut, 9
Avignon continued to be possessed for more than four centu-  miles W. by N. of Hartford, intersected by the New Haven
ries by the popes, of whom not fewer than seven reigned in  and Northampton Railroad.  Pop. 995.
it, besides three others, generally regarded as schismatic    AVON, A/von or Atvon, a post-township of Livingston co.,
popes, who, on the deposition of Gregory XI., the last of  New York, 19 miles S. by W. from Rochester. Pop. 2809.
the seven, set up their throne here, and maintained it for    AVON, a post-village in the above township, delightfully
40 years. The popes latterly governed Avignon by legates,  situated on the right bank of the Genesee River, on an elethe last of whom  was expelled at the revolution of 1791. vated terrace 100 feet above the water, commanding a beauPop. in 1852, 35,890.                                          tiful and varied prospect. In the immediate vicinity are
AVIGNONET,  SveenlyonA/, a town of France, depart-  two celebrated mineral springs; which are a great resort folment of Haute-Garonne, near the Canal du Midi. 23 miles  invalids during the summer season.  The waters contain
S. E. of Toulouse. Here, in 1242, five inquisitors were mas-  sulphur and various salts, and are esteemed particularly
sacred by the Albigenses.                                      efficacious in cutaneous affections, rheumatism, and indiAVILA, Ave-l1, (anc. Obila,) an episcopal city of Spain, in  gestion.  The village has 3 or4 churches, several fine hotels,
Old Castile, capital of the province of the same name, on the  and a number of factories.
Adaja, 53 miles N.W. of Madrid.  Pop. 4000. It has a ca-    AVON, a post-township of Lorain co., Ohio, about 20 miles
thedral, Dominican convent, and manufactories of woollen  E. by S. from Cleveland. Pop. 1782.
and cotton fabrics, and it had formerly a flourishing univer-    AVON, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.
sity.                                                            AVON, a township of Oakland co., Michigan.  Pop. 1456.
AVILES, &-ve-1ss'(L.Flavioasvia,) a seaport town of Spain,    AVON, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.
in Asturias, 10 miles N.W. of Oviedo, at the mouth of the    AVON, a village in Kane co., Illinois, about 48 miles W.
chief branch of the Aviles. Pop. 6000. It has good private  from Chicago.
residences: but is gloomy. Harbour shallow. Trade prin-    AVON, a post-village of St. Genevieve co., Missouri, about
cipally in, copper wares, and in coal obtained in its vicinity. 15 miles S.W. of the Mississippi River.
AVILILA, a post-office of Noble county, Indiana.               AVON, a post-township of Rock co., Wisconsin, 38 miles
AVIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.               S. of Madison.  Pop: 579.
AVINGTON, it parish of England, co. of Hants.                  AVON, A/von, a river in Western Australia, Swan River
AVIO, A/ve-o, a town of the Tyrol, 12 miles S.S.W. of Rove-  Colony, has a N.W. comuse through the counties of Grantredo, on the Adige: Pop. 3200. M3anufactories of silk and  ham  and York, and joins the Swan River at Northam.
velvet, and flint-quarries.                                    Near this river a cavern with some curious carving  has
AVISE.  See H1,wEEzA.                                       been discovered.
AVIISTON, a post-village in the W. part of Clinton co.,    AVONDALE, a/von-dflle, or AVENDALE, a parlish of ScotIllinois, about 80 miles S. of Springfield.                    land, county of Lanark, 4 miles S.W. of Strathaven.  The
AVIZ, 9-veez/, (anc. Avisium?) a town of Portugal,  battle of Drumclog, in which Claverhouse was defeated by
province of Alemtejo, on the river Aviz, 27 miles S.W. of  the Covenanters, was fought here June Ist, 1697.  Sir W.
Portalegre. Pop. 1500. Its defences are in ruins; but it is  Scott has, in his "Old Mortality," described this action,
still the capital of the order of knights of Avis, founded by  which is commemorated by a Gothic monument, 23 feiet in
Alphonso I. in 1146.                                           height, recently erected at Drumclog.
AVIZE, Aveezl, a town of France, department of Marne,    AVONDALE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
6 miles S.S.E. of Epernay. Pop. 1800. It is an entrep~t for    AVON, IIAMPSHIRE, a river of England, which rises
the commerce in champagne wines, which are stored in vast  near Devizes, flows generally southward through Wilts and
caves cut in the rock.                                         Hants, and enters the English Channel after a total course
AVLONA, Av-lo/ng, or VALONA, vA-lon[, (aunc. Asleonsa)  of about 65 miles.
a town and seaport of Albania, on the Gulf of Avlona, in the    AVON LAKE, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.
Adriatic, 33 miles S.W. of Berat. Lat. of fort, 400 27' 51  N.;    AVON, LOWER, a river of England, which rises near TetIon. 190 26' 51' E.  Pop. with suburbs, from  8000 to 10,000, bury, flows W. through the counties of Gloucester, Wilts,
comprising Christians, Turks, and Jews. It stands on a  and Somerset, and, after a course  of 80 miles, enters the
hill, encircled by a wall, and on its S. side is the rock-fortress  Bristol Channel, 7 miles N.W. of Bristol; which city, with
of Canina. Its harbor, which is the best on the Albanian  Bath, Bradford, Chippenham, and Maimsbury, are on its
coast, is defended by Cape Linguetta on the S.W., and the  banks. It is navigable from the sea to Bath, and is consmall island of Sasseqo on the N.W.  The Turks manufac-  nested with the Thames by the Kennet and Avon canal.
ture woollen stuffs and arms; the Christian population is  Its valley is highly picturesque.
mostlj engaged in commerce.                                      AVON, A/von, UPPER, a river in England, which rises at
AVLONA,  GULr oF, an  inlet of the Adriatic Sea, ex- Avon-well. near Naseby, county of Northampton, flows
tending for 10 miles inland, by 5 miles in width, and sepa- mostly S.W. through the counties of Leicester, Warwick,
rated westward from  the Strait of Otranto, by Cape Lin-  and Worcester, past Stratford and Evesham, and, after a
guetta.                                                        course of nearly 100 miles, joins the Severn at Tewkesbury.
AVO, ah/vo, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia.         It is navigable from the Severn to Stratford for barges of 40
AVOICA, A-vofka, or OVOICA, a valley and river of Ireland,  tons. Its affluents are the Alaae, Leame, Stour, and Swift.
co. of Wicklow, celebrated as the scene and subject of one of    AVOYELLES, av-oi-lzf, vulgarly, a-vilel,  a parish  of
Aloore's songs.                                                Louisiana, at the mouth of Red River; area about 800 sqture
AVOICA, a post-village and township of Steuben co., miles. It is intersected by Red River, which also forms
New York, on the Conhocton creek, and on the Buffalo  part of its E. boundary; the Atchafalaya flows along the
and Corning railroad, 225 miles W. by S. from  Albany.  E., and Saline bayou along the N.E. border. The surface is
Pop. 1574.                                                     nearly level, and the E. part is subject to periodical overAVOCA, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama.               flow. The W. portion consists mostly of prairies, which are
AVOCA, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, on the S. moderately fertile. Capital, Marksville. Pop. 9326, of whom
fork of Vermilion River, 98 miles N.E. from Springfield.       4165 were free, and 5161 slaves.
AVOCA, a post-village in the S. part of Jefferson co.,    AVRANCH-ES, 9v'rlash1, (L. Abrasncce,) a town of France,
Missouri, about 14 miles W. S.W. from  the Mississippi  department of the Manche, near the S~ez, 32 miles S.W. of
River.                                                         St. Lo. It is remarkable for its beautiful situation on the
AVOCA, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin,  summit and slope of a hill, with the ruins of its cathedral,
80 miles N.E. from Madison.                                    in which is preserved the stone on which Ilenry II. of EngAVOCI, AVACH, A/vAk, or AUACII, ]wtk, a parish of  land knelt to receive absolution for the murder of Becket.
Scotland, county of Ross. containing the village of Seatown.  The town is mean, but the beauty of its position, the conti.
143




AWA                                                          AYR
guity of the Channel Islands, and the cheapness of living, I dowed hospital, and a prison. The chief occupation is fishhave made it the residence of numerous English families.  ing. Pop. 4675.
It has manufactures of lace, a salmon fishery, and a public    AYASOOLOOK, 1-4-soo-look/, written also AYASALOUE
library.  This city was taken and razed by the Bretons in  and AJASALUK, a miserable village of Asia Minor, on the
1203. In the l4th century it fell intothepowerof the Eng- site of the ancient Ephesus, with a mosque, castle, and
lish, who kept it till 1450. In 1562 the Protestants were  aqueduct constructed out of the ruins of that once magnifihere defeated by the Catholic party. Pop. in 1851, 8932.      cent city. Here have been discovered, asmnong other antiAVRANCIIIN, Av'r1aa'sh hNG. (Abricatilnss Palgus?) an  quities, the remains of the great temple of Diana, which is
ancient district of France, now comprised in the department  mentioned in the 19th chapter of the Acts. Lat. 370 5' N.;
of Manche.                                                   lon. 270 20' E.  See EPHEsus.
AWA, Japan.  See AvA.                                        AYBAR, i-balRI, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 35 miles S.E.
AWASI or AWADSI.  See AvAsI.                               ofPamplona, on the Aragon.  Pop. 1024.
AWATCHINSKAYA.  See AvATCHINSKAYA.                            AYCLIFFE, A/klif, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
AWATSKA.  See AVATCHA.                                     It has a station at the crossing of the Great North of EngAWE, LoCH, 1Kii aw, a lake of Scotland, co. of Argyle, land and Clarence Railways.
8' miles N. W. of Inverary.  Length, from  S.W. to N. Ei.,    AYERBE Y ALDEAS, I-Rsbi e sl-dies, a town of Spain,
23 miles; average breadth, 1 mile, but near its N. end it is  in Aragon, 2 miles N.W. of Huesca. Pop. 2500.
3 miles across. It contains an island with a ruined monas-    AYERSVILLE, airz/vil, a post-office of Stokes co., North
tery, and its whole scenery is most picturesque. It receives  Carolina.
the waters of the Urchan River and Lock Avich, and it    AYERSYILLE, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio.
discharges its own by the river Awe into Loch Etive. Benll    AY/ISII BAYOU, a small stream  of San Augustin co.,
Cruachan Mountain, 3670 feet in elevation, rises on the  Texas, intersects the county from  N. to S., and empties itN.W.                                                          self into Angelina River.
AWLISCOMBE, aw/lis-kom, a parish of England, co. of    AYLESBEARE, ailz/bAr, a  parish  of England, co. of
Devon.                                                        Devon.
AWRE, Ar or awr, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    AYLESBURY, ailzlber-e, (Sax. Acg/esber#,) a parliamentAX, Iks, a town of France, department of Aridge, 21 miles  ary borough, market-town, and parish of England, capital
S.E. of Foix, on the Anige. Pop. of commune, 1991. It is  of the co. of Bucks, 38 miles from  London by the London
much frequented for its thermal springs, of which it has  and Birmingham  Railway and branch. Pop. of parlinentamore than 30; temperature, from 750 to 1700 Fahrenheit.   ry borough in 1851, 26,794.  The town, situated in the rich
AX/BRIDGE, a municipal town and parish of England, tract called the Yale of Aylesbury, is poorly built, and only
co. of Somerset, S of the Mendip Hills, and 9 miles N.WV. of  noted for the great number of ducks which are reared here
Wells. The town, which is neat and improving, is the seat  and annually sent to the metropolis. Aylesbury gives the
of quarter and petty sessions. The Axe drainage, effected  title of marquis to the Brudenell-Bruce family, and reabout 40 years ago, improved so much the value of property  turns two members to Parliament.
in this parish, that land previously worth only 2s. t6d. per    AYLESBY, ailzsbee, parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
acre, is now rented at 51. Pop. in 1851, 939.                   AYLESFORD, ailz/ford, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
AXE, ax, a small river of England, flowing through the  The remarkable cromlech called Kitscoty-honse, in this paabove parish into the Severn.                                 rish, is supposed to mark the burial-place of Catigern, whoi
AXE, a small river of England, co. of Devon, entering the  with his opponenet Horsa, was killed here in the third reEnglish Channel at Axmouth, which, with Axminster, is  corded battle between the Britons and Saxons, A. D. 455.
on its banks.                                                   AYLESHAM, a parish of England.  See HAuLSnAM.
AXEL, Ix/el, a fortified town of the Netherlands, pro-    AYLESTONE, ailistone, a parish of England, co. of Lelvince of Zealand, on an island in the Scheldt, 22 miles W. of cester.
Antwerp.  Pop. 2250.                                            AY/LETTS, a post-office of King William co., Yisginia.
AXHOLME, (aks'Oim,)  eSLE  OF, England, co. of Lincoln,    AYLMiER, all/me, a lake in British North America, imin its N.W. part, formed by the rivers Trent, Don, and Idle. mediately adjoining Clinton Colden Lake, with which it is
It icomprises about 47,000 acres, and is crossed by the Stamn-   onnected by a small stream, and about 80 miles N. of the
forth and Keadby Canal.  Pop. including West Stockwith, N.E. extremity of the Great Slave Lake:  It is about 50
in 1.851, 12,522.                                             miles in length and 30 in breadth.
AXIM, i'sheeng! or Ax'iml, a town of Africa, on the Guinea    AYLMER, aillmer, a post-town of Canada East, capitd
Coast, belonging to Holland, adjacent to Fort Saint Antoine,  of Ottawa co., on the Chaudilre Lake, an expansiona of
73 miles W. of Cape Coast Castle. Lat. 440 52/ N.; ion. 20  Ottawa River, 8 miles above Bytown.  It contains several
14' W. It contains 500 armed men. Axim was taken from   lumbering establishments and a good public house, (the
the Portuguese in 1642, and confirmed to Holland by the  British Hotel.) Pop. 1100.
treaty of Westphalia.  There is a garrison with a Dutch    AYLMER, a post-village of Canada WVest, co. of Middlesex,
commander.                                                    137 miles W.S.W. of Toronto. and 30 miles from London. It
AXIMINSTER, a market-town and parish of England, co. contains a tannery and several stores.
of Devon, on the Axe, 24 miles E. by N. of Exeter.  Pop. in    AYLMERTON, ail/mer-ton, a parish of England, co. of
1851, 2769.  It is irregularly built, but has open streets.  Norfolk.
Its church or minster was founded by King Athelstan, in    AYLSIIAM, aillshnam, a market-town and parish of Eng.
memory of a battle fought with the'Danes in the vicinity.  land, co. of Norfolk, 12 miles N. by W. of Norwich.  Pop.
Axminster has a noted carpet factory, and produces also  of town in 1851, 218-. The church is a fine building of the
small quantities of woollen cloths and gloves.                fourteenth century. The town is well supplied with water,
AX/MOUTH, a parish of England. co. of Devon.                and lighted with gas, and is the residence of many weavers
AXOOM, AXOUM, or AXUM, Akfsoomf, written also AK-  employed by the Norwich woollen manufacturers.
SUM, (Gr. A*ouvl, itxsozssel, Aeovsct, Axoenuis, or Ak(s/A77,    AYLTON, aillten, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Axsiaj,) an ancieint and decayed town of Abyssinia, state of    AYMESTREY, ain/llstree, a parish of England, co. of Fleretigre, 85 miles N:W. of Antalo.  It has a Christian church,  ford.  Near the village are traces of Roman and British
in which the chronicles of Axoom are kept. Among its on-  encampments.
tiquities are a monolith obelisk, 60 feet in height and finely    AYNHIIOE, ain/ho, a parish of England, co. of Northsculptured, numerous prostrate obelisks, and an inscription  ampton.
of the fourth century. Adulis, its ancient port, is on Ans-    AYORA, 1-olrI, a town and river of Spain, province of YaleyBay, Red Sea, 100 miles north-eastward.-Adj. AxuMITIc  lencia.  The town is 52 miles S.W. of VYalencia.  Pop. 5412.
or AxoeomITi, ax-oo-mit'ik.  Inhab. Axumite, ax'oom-ltel.        AYOTHII (or AYOTT,) l/ypt, ST. LAWRENCE, a parish
AY or AI, (Al,) I, a town of France, department of Marne, of England, co. of Herts.
near the Marne, 14 miles S.. of Reims. It produces much    AYOTH(or AYOTT) ST. PETER, a parish of England, co.
esteemed wines. Pop. in 1852, 3302.                           of Herts.
AYACUCHIO, 1 —keoo/cho, a department of South Peru,    AYOTITAN; 1-o-to-tn!, a village of Mexico, department of
mostly between lat. 120 and 160 S., and lon. 720 and 760 W.;  Jalisco, 120 miles S.S.W. of Guadalajara.
having the department of Junin on the N., Cuzco on the E.,    AYOTLA, I-ot/ll, a town of North America, 20 mi.les E. of
and the Andes on the S. and W., shutting it off from tlcat  Iexico, on the route to Yera Cruz.
of Lima. Area estimated at 33,280 square miles.  Chief    AYR, Ar, (anc. Videogara,) a river of Scotland, rises on the
rivers, the Apurimac, and its tributaries, the Urubambna,  border of Lanarkshire, flows generally W., traversing the
Pampas, and Mantaro.  Principal towns, Hucamanga, (the  co. of Ayr near its centre, and enters the sea at Ayr, the
capital, containing 26,000 inhabitants,) IIuancavelica, and  harbor of which town it forms, after a course of about 30
Ayacucho. At this latter, on the 9th of December, 1824, miles. It is not navigable.
the combined forces of Colombia and Peru totally defeated    AYR, or AYRSIIIRE, Arlshir, a maritime  county of
those of Spain, and put an end to the Spanish dominion on  Scotland, having on the W. the Frith of Clyde, and land.
the American continent.  Pop. 1850, 131,921.                  wa-rd the counties of Renfrew, Lanark, Dumfries, KirkcudAYAMONTE, I-Amonttl, a seaport town of Spain, 80 miles  bright, and Wigton.  Area estimated at 1,024,000 acres, of
WV.S.W.of Seville, ontheGuadiananear itsmouth, whichhere  which 290,000 are  under culture.  Pop. in 1851, 183,858.
forms the boundary between Spain and Portugal. It has  Surface in the E. and S.E. mountainous; elsewhere hilly;
three public squares, all with well-planted walks. The pub- and along the coast, especially in the N., there is a good
lic buildings are two churches, a town-house, a well-en-  deal of fertile land. Oats and wheat are the principal crops.
14.4




AYR                                                          AZO
Agriculture has been vastly improved of late years; and    AZERBAIJAN, z-er-bI-j nl, or AZERBIJAN, (anc. Mo'dia
drainage, particularly on the estates of the Duke of Port-  Atrooatefne,) the most northerly province of Persia, between
land, has been carried to a greater extent in this than in  lat. 360 and 400 N., and ion. 440 and 480 40' E; bounded on
any other county of Scotland. There are extensive iron- the S. by Persian Koordistan and Irak; on the E. by Ghiworks at Muirkirk, and large quantities of coal are raised  lan; on the N.E. and N. by the Russian dominions; on[ the
and exported from Ayr, Troon, and other ports. The wool- WV. by Turkish  Koordistan.  Area estimated  at 30,300
len, cotton, and flax mills are of considerable extent, and  square miles, anid the population at 2,000,000.  The surface
employ upwards of 2100 hands. Ayrshire returns one mem-  is mostly mountainous, many ranges varying from 7000 to
her to the -Iouse of Commons.                                 9000 feet in height; it contains the mountaisi of SavaAYE, a parliamentary borough, seaport town, and parish  lany and Ararat.  Its valleys are very fertile, yielding
of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the Ayr, 30  wheat, maize, rice, cotton, hemp, madder, tobacco, and safmiles S.S.W. of Glasgow. Lat. of light-house, 550 28' 17" N.; fron, so that it is reckoned one of the most productive perIon. 40 38' 26" W. There is a fixed liglht on the north pier. tions of the Persian dominions.  The principal rivers are
Pop. in 1851, 9115, or, with its suburbs, Newton and Wal-  the Aras, (anc. Ara.tes,) forming all its N. frontier, and the
lace-town, included in the parliamentary borough, 17,624.  Kara Soo; the Lake Ooroomeeyah is wholly comprised in
The town, of late years, is much improved. The chief edifices  this province. The chief cities are Tabreez, Ooroomeeyah,
are a good county-hall, a town-house, with a spire 135 feet  (Oormiah,)Ardabeel,and Khoi.
high, assembly rooms, &c.; the new tower, a Gothic build-    AZILLE,'zeeP, or,{zeefyp, a small town of France, deing, 113 feet high, ornamented with a statue of Wallace; an  partment of Aude, 15 miles N.E. of Carcassonne. Pop. 1500.
arcade; an old and new church; the mechanics' institute;    AZ'IMGIIURI, a district of British India, presidency pf
a theatre; and two bridges communicating with the sub- Bengal, mostly enclosed by the districts of Goruckpoor,
urbs  across the Ayr Rtiver,-celebrated by Burns.  The  Ghaszipoor, and Juanpoor. Area, 2121 square miles. Pop.
harbor, formed by the mouth of the Ayr and two piers, is  779,555. The surface is generally fertile; it is watered by
shallow and exposed; but the town has a pretty extensive  the Goggra, Goomty, and Gauges.  The.chief products are
general trade, rope-works, saw  mills; manufactures of  sugar, indigo, and opium. The manufactures of cotton ad
Glasgow woven goods, carpets, blankets, leather; and several  silk goods are supposed to amount in annual value  to
banks.  Its exports of coal amount to between 60,000 and  230,0001.
70,000 tons annually; its imports consist of Irish, Baltic,    AZIMGIUR, the capital of the above district, province of
and American  produce, with general cargoes from  the  Allahabad, on a tributary of the Ganges, 56 miles N. by E.
English and Scotch ports. Registered shipping in 1848, 46  of Benares.
vessels; aggregate burden, 5443 tons. Ayr is a place of    AZINCOURT, a village of France. See AGIncounT.
fashionable resort, and S. of the town is a racecourse of    AZIO,'dlze-o, a district and promontory of Greece, govern90 acres. Alloway-kirk and Burns's monument are within  ment of Acarnania, on the S. side of the Gulf of Arta, sup2~ m-les of Ayr, on the S. It unites with Campbelton, In-  posed to indicate the site of the ancient Actioss  but of which
verary, Irvine, and Oban to send one member to the IIouse  city no remains exist.
of Commons.                                                      AZMERIGUNGE, Az-imsr-e-ghnjl, a town of Further India,
AYR, di, a township of F'ulton co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1055. presidency of Bengal, on the Soormah, a tributary of the
AfRA0, (Ayrao,) i-ri'aWG, alimost ilr.wNl3c/ a market-town  Bramahpootra, 76 miles N.E. of Dacca. It has a consideraof South America, in Brazil, province of Pard, 110 miles ble inland trade, with yards for building native boats.
N.W. of Rio Negro.                                               AZ'OF or AZ'O0, (anc. Tanlais;Russ.pron. [-zov/,) a town
AYR, (air,) POINT OF, the northern extremity of the Isle  and fort of Russia, in a detached part of the government
of Man. Lat. 540 24' 59" N.; Ion. 40 21' 59/" ~.   The light, of fekterinoslav, near the entrance of the Don, into the Gulf
house has a revolving light, 106 feet high.                    of Azov, 25 miles E. of Taganrog.  Pop. now reduced to
AYRSHIRE, a county of Scotland.  See AYe.                   about 1200, in consequence of the shallowing of its port.
AYRSHIRE, a post-office of Chenango co., New York.             AZIOF, AZIOPHI, or AZIGY, SEA Os, (called by the RusAYSGARTH, aisl/garth, a parish of England, co. of York.  sianis NMose Azovskoe, mo-rY/ -zov-skoet; anc. Pa/llus  Mosestis;
AYSTON, ais/ton, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.       Gr. AtIpY    Mat.Trl-j,) a large body of water in the E. part of
AYSVILLE, ais/vil, a post-office of Davis co., Indians.     Europe, forming the northern subdivision of the Black
AYTON, Alton, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.         Sea, with which it is connected by the Strait of Yenikale or
AYTON, EAsT, a township of England, co. of York.            Kertch,  (anc. Ciessnesians Bosphorus,) situated between the
AYTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of York.             parallels of 450 15' and 470 18' N., and between the meriAYTON, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of York.           dians of 350 and 390 E.; its length, from S.W. to N.E., being
AYTON, WVEST, a township of England, co. of York.            168 miles, its average breadth about 80 miles, and its area
AYUTHIA, the old capital of Siam. See YUTIsA.                about 14,000. The N. coast is, for the most part, bold and
AZA!LIA, a post-village of Bartholomew co., Indiana, on  craggy, rising about 100 feet above the water; the E. coast,
the E. fork of White River, 51 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.  inhabited by Cossacks, is very low, chiefly sandy, and interIt is situated in a rich farming district. Pop. 250.           sected with lakes and morasses; the W. coast is formed by
AZAMBUXEIRA, A-zbm-boo-sh- e-rA, a town of Portugal, the tongue of sand called the Tongue of Arhbat, which diprovince of Estremadura, 11 miles W. of Santarem.  Pop. vides it from  the Sivash  More, or Putrid Sea; while the
1650.                                                          Crimea and the territory of the Cossacks of the Black Sea
AZAMOR, -zA-morl, a fortified seaport town of Morocco,  form the S. shore, on which, here and there, are some hills
122 miles N.N.W. of Morocco, on the Atlantic, at the mouth  visible at a considerable distance. Its greatest depth, beof the river Morbeya,(Umm-er-r'bieh,)which forms its harbor, tween Yenikale and Bielosaria, on the N. side, is 71 fathoms,
8 miles N.E. of Mazagan. Lat. 330 17' 37" N.; ion. 8~ 15' W. and it diminishes considerably towards the Gulf of Don,
Pop. variously estimated from 600 to' 3000.                    several banks extending a great distance fiom  the shore.
AZANI, APzineex, a ruind city of Asia Minor, in Anato-  The water is muddy, and, from the numerous rivers runlia, on the Rhyndacus, across which are two ancient bridges, ning into it, almost fresh. The Sea of Azof has no remark73 miles S.S.W. of Brusa.  Its remains are extensive, and  able current, the strongest never running more thahl 1 mile
comprise a fine Ionic temple of Jupiter, a theatre 232 feet  an hour; the navigation is generally stopped firom Novemin diameter, a quay along the river, and numerous inscrip  ber to March by ice. Perhaps no body of water of equal
tions. A village of about 60 houses is formed of a portion  extent so abounds with fish; the principal fisheries are
of its ruins.                                                  along the S. coast, between Cape Dolgtava and the Strait of
AZAUGHAL, A-thtw-g~l/, a town of Spain, in Estrema- Yenikale; the sturgeon, sterlet, and other fish are prepared
durs, 24 miles S.S.E. of Badajos.  Agriculture, domestic  in large quantities, both caviare and isinglass. The extreme
weaving, oil pressing, and brandy distilling are the chief  VW. part of the Sea of Azof, called the Putrid Sea, is, during
occupations.  Pop. 2890.                                      the greater part of the year, little better than a noxious
AZAY LE FERRON, 1zVleh-flrnroN f,a townandcommune quagmire, and at all times wholly useless for navigation.
of France, department of Indre, 29 miles W. of Chlteauroux.  The Strait of Yenikale is about 11 miles long and 4 broad,
Pop. 2000.                                                     though the navigable  channel never exceeds 1 mile in
AZAY LE  BIDEAU, Pz/l eh ree'dtl, a town of France, breadth. A new  island was raised in the Sea of Azof in
department of Indre-et-Loire, 13 miles W.S.W. of Tours, with  1814, by volcanic eruption.  The chief towns are Taganrog,
one of the finest castellated manor-houses in France. Pop. Mariopol, and Keretch.
of commune, 1210.                                                AZORES, az/Ors or az-trz/; (Port. Aeores, A-sofrls; Yr. IlesAZAY-SUR-CHER,'t1A/siit-shaeir, a town of France, de- Aceres, eel'soi/; fGei. Azorische Inseln, At-solrish-eh inlseln)
partmentof Indre-et-Loire, 8 miles E.S.E. of Tours. Pop. 1296. or WESTERN ISLANDS, a series of islands in the North AtAZCOYTIA or AZCOITIA, As-koik-te-t, a town of Spain, lantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal, situated between lat.
on the Urola, province of Guipuzcoa, 16 miles S.W. of San  360 59',and 390 44' N., and Ion. 310 7' and 250 10' W. They
Sebastian, with mineral springs and marble and stone quar- are nine in number, and arranged in three groups-the
ries.  Pop. 3795, chiefly employed in agriculture and the  N.W. being composed of the islands of Flores and Corvo;
manufacture of nails and hardware.                             the central group, about 114 miles S.E. of these, consists of
AZEGLIO, Ad-zallyo, a town of Piedmont, 5 miles S.E. of  Terceira, St. George, Pico, Fayal, and Graciosa; and the
Ivrea Pop. 206. Exquisitewines are produced in its vicinity.  third group, 69 miles S.E. of the central, of St. Michael and
AZEITAG,  NoUEsIRa   DE, no-gA/e-rA dA A-zA-e-t6wNG1, a  St. Mary.  St. Mlichael is the largest of all the islands, being
town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 7 miles W. of Setubal.  50 miles long, and from 5 to 12 broad. St. Mary is distant
Pop. 1600.                                                    from it about 45 miles. The Azores, all of which are of volK                                                                                145




AZP                                                       BAB!anic origin, seemingly of a late period, present a very rug-  ocean. The last that appeared was in 1811, off the W. end
ged though picturesque aspect, being lofty, precipitous, and  of St. Michael. In June of that year, the crater of a volcano
generally of a conical form. The most remarkable of these  suddenly emerged from the sea, rose to the height of 300
mountain summits is the Peak of Pico, a conical mountain, feet, raged furiously for some tim'e, ejecting ashes, cinders,
which shoots up to the height of about 7613 feet. Though  and stones, and again gradually disappeared. Fountains
presenting a very unpromising appearance from  the sea, a  of boiling water also exist in many of the islands, affording
closer inspection discovers these islands to be covered with  further evidence of the presence of internal heat. The pethe most luxuriant vegetation, vineyards, cornfields, groves  riod of the first discovery of the Azores is not ascertained,
of lemon and orange trees; and rich, open pastures, skirted by  but they were known, and several of them were laid down
beautiful woods, meet the eye in every direction. The cli- in maps, in the fourteenth century. Little, however, was
mate, though somewhat humid, is delightful, and, combined  known of them till about the year 1431 or 1432, when a Flewith the natural fertility of the soil, brings every sortof vege- mish merchant of the name of Joshua Vanderberg, in a
table product to the utmost perfection.  The sugar-cane, voyage to Lisbon, was driven by stress of weather on their
coffee-plant, and tobacco grow  luxuriantly; and fruits and  coasts; having mentioned his discovery on his arrival at
plants of/all kinds, and from  all countries, could be here  Lisbon, the Portuguese government immediately fitted out
cultivated with greater success than, perhaps, in any other  an expedition, and took possession of them, giving them
part of the world. Unfortunately, however, the inhabitants  the name of the Agores, from the great number of hawks
have neither the energy nor intelligence necessary to turn  found on the islands-Aper- being the Portuguese for hawks
the natural advantages of their position to the best account. They were at this period totally uninhabited, and without
They know nothing of gardening, and very little of the  animals of any kind, excepting birds, which were numerous
science of agriculture. Their implements are of the rudest and various. A dangerous reef of rocks, on which the sea
description; and in sowing they throw the seed about at ran-  breaks heavily, has been recently discovered about midway
dom, calculating on the bounty of nature for a rich return, between the islands of St. Michael and Terceira. It is in
in which they are' never disappointed. The lupine, which  about lat. 380 16' or 380 181 N., and ion. 260 41' or 260 50' W.
grows to an extraordinary size in these islands, is one of its The population of the Azores is reckoned altogether at
most valued productions. It is raised in great quantities,  203,500: Terceira, 40,000; Santo Miguel, or St. Michael,
and the seeds, after being soaked in seawater to divest  80,000; Pico, 24,000; Fayal, 22,000; Flores, 14,000; Santo
them of their bitterness, constitute a favorite food of the  Jorge, or St. George, 10,000; Graciosa, 7800; Santa Maria,
poorer classes. The Azores produce annually upwards of  5000. Corvo, 700. —— Adj. and inhab., AZOItIAN, a-zore-an.
17,000 pipes of wine and brandy, and about 160,000 boxes    AZPEYTIA or AZPEITIA, As-p'e-te-A, a walled town of
of oranges and lemons; the greater part of which find their  Spain, on the Urola, province of Guipuzcoa, 15 miles S.W. of
way to Britain, the remainder being divided between Bra-  San Sebastian. It is well constructed, has paved streets and
zil, Hamburg, and the United States.  They also export  three squares, in the principal of which are the former conconsiderable quantities of coarse linen, salted pork, and  vents of St. Domingo and St. Augustine, now converted into
beef. Their imports are chiefly, from England, hardware, a primary school and public reading-room; in the same
cotton and woollen stuffs, wearing apparel, &c.; from the  square, bull-fights are held, at the festival of St. Loyola,
Brazils, rum, coffee, sugar, &c.; from  the United States, The marble from  the quarries of Mount Itzarriz is cut, in
fish, staves, timber, tar, oil, &c.; from Portugal, salt, tea, this town, in mills propelled by water power. Ignatius
images, crucifixes, indulgences, dispensations, relics, &c. Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, was born about a mile
These last are sold openly in the shops, at high prices.   firom  Azpeytia, in a house which is still preserved within
The great hinderance to the commercial prosperity of the  the marble walls of a convent that bears his name. Pop. 5300.
Azores is their want of good harbors; the only tolerable    AZITALAN, a post-village and township of Jefferson co.,
port being that of Angra, in the island of Terceira, and  Wisconsin, on the V. branch of Rock River, 50 miles W. of
even that is much exposed, and offers little safety excepting  Miilwaukee. Pop. 597.
in the fine season. All the rest are open bays or roadsteads,    AZUA, A-zoo'., a town of the island of Hayti, on the Bia,
affording hardly any protection whatever. The Azores, as near its S. coast, 55 miles W. of St. Domingo.
already remarked, are of volcanic origin, and many tremen-   AZUN, VALL]E  D', vAl-lY dlz[ING1, a valley of Prance,
dcus evidences of the activity ofthe subterranean fires have  department of Hautes-Pyrbnies. It is watered by the Gave
presented themselves at various times. In 1591, an earth-  d'Azun, and has excellent pasturages, flax, and millet.
quake, which continued 12 days, destroyed the town of Villa    AZURARA, A-zoo-rit/r, a town of Portugal, province of
Franca in theisland of St. Michael; and, in 1808, a volcano  Minho, on the.right bank of the Aye, at its mouth, opposite
rose up in the island of St. George to the height of 3500  Villa do Conde, and 23 miles S.W. of Braga. Pop. 2500.
feet, and became extinct after burning with great fury for    AZZANO, CASTEL D', kis-teltd t-sllno, avillage of Northsix days, and sending out a flood of lava which overflowed  ern Italy, 5 miles S.S.W. of Verona. Here the French dethe island, and covered it with ruin and desolation.  In  feated the Austrians, in May, 1799.
this archipelago, several rocks and volcanic islands have    AZZARA or ATZARA, it-s'ri, a village of the island of
from time to time been thrust up from the bottom of the  Sardinia, province of Busachi. Pop. of commune, 1228.
B
A, b9, a word signifying "river."  See SENEGAL, (note.)     BAAR, b~a, a village of Switzerland, 21 miles N. of Zug,
BAADEN, a town of Austria.  See BADEN.                on the road to Zurich.  Pop. 2200.
BAADSTED, a seaport town of Sweden. See BASTAD.             BAARDWIJK, blrdlwike, a pleasant village of Holland,
BAAGOE, (Baagse,) bofgijeh, or BOGOE, (Bogie,) a small province of North Brabant, 10 filies E. of Geertruidenberg.
island of Denmark, between Falster and Seeland.               BAARLAND, bbr/llnt, a village of Holland, province of
BAAGOE, (laagbe,) or BOGOE, (Bogae,) a small island of  Zealand, island of South Beveland, 14 miles S.E. of ArnDenmark, in the Little Belt, between Funen and Sleswick, muiden.
with a village called Baagtby, boglij-biil, (i.e. " Baagte-town.")   BAARLE, bralleh, BAARLE-NASSAU, br1Jleh-n[ststw,
BAALPBEC or BALIBEC, (the Baalath of Scripture. and Hle- or BAAL, bhl, a village of Holland, province of North Braliepoleis of theGreeks,) a ruined town of Syria, formerly a city  bant, 12 miles S.S.E. of Breda, on the Belgian frontier, so
of great size and magnificence, situated on the lowest decli- closely connected with Baarle-Hertog, in Belgium, that the
vity of Anti-Libanus, in a valley opening into the plain of  two, in fact, make but one village.
El-Bekaa, 43 miles N.W. of Damascus, lat 340 1' 30" N., Ion.   BAARN, blan, a village of Holland, province of, and
360 111 E. Its remains, more extensive than those seen any- 12 miles N.E. of Utrecht.
where else in Syria, except at Palmyra, comprise three tem-   BABA, bibi',(anc. Lecltum,)a seaport town of Asia Minor.
ples, two formed with immense stones, besides numerous  in Anatolia, near its W. extremity. Pop. of the town, 4000,
columns, altars, and the vestiges of the city walls, 3 to 4  partly employed in manufactures of cutlery.
miles in circuit. The date of its origin is lost in remote an-   BABA, bhI'hi, a town of European Turkey, in Thessaly,
tiquity.  A great temple, one of the wonders of the world, on the Salembria, (Peneus,) 14 miles, N.E. of Larissa. Pop.
was erected by Antoninus Pius. It continued to be a place  2000.
of great importance down to the time of the Moslem invasion;    BABA, bA/bh, a town of South America, in Ecuador, 42
it was sacked a. D. 748, and finally pillaged by Timur Bey, in  miles N. of Guayaquil. Pop. 4000. ()
1400. The present village, to the E. of the ruins, has fallen    BABABEG, bi-b-b-b g1, SHEHER-BABIC, shlhfhgr b bik`,
greatly into decay, and contains about 2000 inhabitants. or SHEIIER-E-BABEC, sh~h/hbrehb tb   k',a town of PerSome of its buildings were probably erected as late as the  sia, province of Kerman, lat. 290 53' N., ion. 550 3' E., forage of Hadrian or Antoninus Plus; but others are evidently  merly a flourishing city, but now much decayed. It has 4
of a much earlier date, and answer to the account given of gates, and from each a long street leads to the market-place
the "HRouse of the Forest of Lebanon," built by Solomon. in the centre, the dome of which is said to be the largest in
(1 Kings vii. 2-5, 8-12.) The Greek name of this city, HE- Persia. It is the residence of the deputy-governor of KerLIOPOLIs, has the same signification as BAALBEO, i.e. "city  man, and celebrated for its fruit gardens.
of the sun."                                                 BABA-DAGH, blgbl'ddgf, a town of EuropeanTurkey, proBAAMBRUGGE, blmlbrhg-gheh,   a village of Itolland, 12  vince of Bulgaria, on the W. shore of Lake Rassein, 93 miles
miles N.W. of Utrecht, on the Krommen Angstel.             N.E. of Silistria. Pop. 10,000. It has several mosques, salt
146




BAB                                                     BAD
Works, and a fishery, and is supplied with water by an aque-   BACALAR, b&-kA-laRa, a seaport village of Cs ntral Am.
duct from 2 to 3 miles in length.                        rica, in Yucatan, at the mouth of the river San Jos6, 80
BABA-DAGH, (anc. AJots Cadrmus,) a celebrated moun- miles N.N.W. of Balize. Pop. 4000, chiefly Inians and
tain in the S.W. part of Asia Minor; also the name of several English smugglers. The San Jos6 is innavigable for any
other mountains in European and Asiatic Turkey.          but the smallest vessels, and imported produce is conveyed
BABAHI-IOYO, ba-bl-o/yo, a town of South America, in Ecu- hence into the interior by canoes.
ador, 20 miles N. of Guayaquil, on the Caracol.            BACALHiAO, (BacalhBo,) b k&l-ykAlyN, an island off the
BABAKANDA, bi-bA-kin/d&, a town of the Foolah coun- S.E. coast of Newfoundland; lat. (N. point) 480 9' N., Ion.
try, West Africa, lat. 100 25 N., ion. 20 55' E. It contains a  520 52' V. It ishigh, nearly 4 miles long and 1l broad, and
royal residence, in which the king or chief of the district is distant about 1 mile from the mainland, with a good chanfrequently resides. Pop. 9000 or 10.000.                 nel between.
BABBA, blb/bA, an island of tlhe Asiatic Archipelago,   BACAMARTE, ba-kA-maatA, a village of Brazil, province
about 80 miles W. of Timor-Laut.; lat. 11~ 50' S., ion. 1290 40' of Parahiba, 16 miles from Campina-Grande. Its inhabitE. Length, 18 miles; average breadth, 6 miles.           ants are chiefly engaged in cultivating cotton.
BABCAIRY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          BACCARAT, b~k'kg'r/, a town of France, department of
BABICOCK IILL, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.  Meurthe, 15 miles S.E. of Luntville, on the Meurthe. Pop.
BABCOCK'S GROVE, a post-office of Du Page co., Illinois. 3520. Its crystal-works, the most extensive in France, emBABEK, b/btk/, a town of Persia, province of Fars, on the ploy upwards of 1000 men.
frontier of Kerman, 100 miles E.N.E. of Sheeraz.           BACCHIGLIONE, b&k-keel-yotnA, (anc. Medoeaczcs 4Minor
BABEL (bEb!el) ISLAND, an island in the Bass's Straits, or Medu/acue Milner,) a river of Northern Italy, rises near
contiguous to the E. point of Great Island; lat. 390 57t S., Vicenza, passes Padua, and enters the Adriatic 3 miles S. of
ion. 1480 20' E.                                         Chioggia, after a S.E. course of 55 miles.
BAB-EL-MANDEB, bEb-Al-m~n/dlb',(" the gate of tears,")   BACIARACI. b/KA-rKi', (anc. Baetc/hi Alra?) a walled
sometimes improperly called BAB-EL-MANDEL, a strait town of Ithenishl Prussia, 22k miles S.S.E. of Coblentz, on
uniting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean, and deriving the left bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1900. The vicinity proits name from the danger of its navigation. Distance across duces wine of a superior quality. Bliicher crossed the Rhine
from the cape on the Arabian shore to the coast of Africa, 20 here on the 1st of January, 1814.
miles. Perim, and other small islands, lie off the N. shore.   BACHELLERIE, LA, 11 bd'shll'ree/, a town of France, doPerim Peak is a conspicuous object.                      partment of Dordogne, 18 miles N.N.W. of Sarlat, on the
BAB-EL-MANDEB, SEA or GULF OF, is that part of the Cerne, with mineral springs and baths. Pop. 1446.
Arabian Sea between lat. 100 and 150 N., and ion. 430 and    BACHELOR'S GROVE, a post-office of Rock co., Wisconsin.
51~ E., having on the N. Arabia, and on the W. and S. Abys-   BACHELOR'S HALL, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virsinia and Adel, (in East Africa.)  Length, from E. to W., 550  ginia.
miles; breadth, from 100 to 200 miles.                     BACHELOR'S RETREAT, apost-office of Pickens district,
BABELTHUAP, b'b6l-too-4pf, the largest of the Pelew  South Carolina.
Islands, Pacific Ocean, 50 miles in circuit; let. 70 30k N., ion.   BACH/MAN'S MILLS, a post-office, Carroll co., Maryland.
1340 40' E.                                                BACIIOFEN, (BachVfen,) bis/8'fen, a market-town of BoBABENHAUSEN, b&ben-h5w/zen, a small town of Ger- hemia, on the bank of the Iser, 35 miles N.E. of Prague. In
many, in Hesse Darmstadt, 12 miles N.E. of Darmstadt. the Thirty Years' War it was pillaged by the Swedes.
Pop. 1650.                                                 BACH-YNYS,'bak-tin/is, or MACHUNIS, mk-tinlis, a
BABENHAUSEN, a small town of Bavaria, 34 miles S.W. small island of South Wales, in the Burry estuary, 11 miles
of Augsburg. Pop.1700. It is the residence ofthePrinces  S. of Llanelly.
Fugger von Babenhausen.                                    BACK  CREEK, in the N.E. part of Virginia, rises in
BABIACORA, b&-be-'-kotrA, a town of Mexico, in the state  Frederick co., flows north-eastward through Berkeley, and
of Sonora on the Sonora river, 50 miles S.S.W. of of Arispe. enters the Potomac about 10 miles N. of Martinsburg.
BABINAGREDA, bA-be-na-gra/dl, a large village of Aus-   BACK CREEK, of Indiana, flows into Guthrie's Creek in
tria, in Slavonia, about 30 miles E. of Bred, between the  Lawrence county.
morasses of Berava and Koniska. Pop. 4185.                 BACK CREEK VALLEY, a post-office of Frederick co.,
BABINGELEY, bab/ing-le, or BABURGHLEY, a parish  Virginia.
of England, co. of Norfolk.                                BACKERGUNGE, bak'gr-giinj/, a district of British India,
BABIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      presidency and province of Bengal, comprising a part of the
BABINOVITCHI, bi-be-no-vee/chee, a town of Russia, 65  Sunderbund, and mouths of the Ganges and Brahmapootra.
miles N.N.E. of Moheelev, on an affluent of the Dtina.     BACKERGUNGE, a town in British India, in the above
BA/BRAHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.    district, 120 miles E. of Calcutta.
BABUYAN ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean. See MADJI-   BACK/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
COSsnA.                                                    BACKNANG, b k/ntng, a town of WlUrtemberg, 16 miles
BAB/WORTIT, a parish of England, co. of Notts.          N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3600. It ha~ manufactures of wool
BABYE, b~tbF, a town of British India, presidency of  len cloth and leather.
Bengal, 15 miles E. of Hussingabad.                         BACK RIVER, a small stream of Stafford co., in the N.E.
BABIYLON, (L. Bablylon, Gr. BavXcov, BabuSic/,) one of  part of New Hampshire, unites its waters with the Piscataqua.
the oldest and most celebrated cities in the world, the ancient   BACK'S LAND, British North America, is a name applied
capital of the Babylonio-ChaldeanEmpire, was situatedin an  to the region around the Arctic Circle, between Ion. 950 and
extensive plain, on the Euphrates was 60 miles S. of Bagdad. 1080 W., explored by Captain Back, in 1831.
The modern town Hillah occupies a portion of its site. Lat.   BACK'S RIVER, in British North America, rises in Sue
320 28' 30" N., Ion. 440 9' 45" E. According to Herodotus sex Lake, N. of Lake Aylmer, flows N. and N.E. through a
the walls of Babylon were 60 miles in circumference, 87  granitic and sandy region, traverses Lakes Pelly and Garry,
feet thick, and 350 feet high, built of brick, and contain- and' enters a bay supposed to be the S.W. part of Boothia
ing 25 gates of solid brass, and 250 towers. The ruins  Gulf in lat. 67~07 31" N., Ion. 940 39 45" WV.
of Birs-Nimrod, on an elevated mount, are supposed to    BACK/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
be the Tower of Babel of the Sacred Scriptures, and the    BACOLOR, ba-ko-l1r/, a town on the island of Luzon, caTemple of Belus, minutely described by Herodotus. The  pital of the province of Pampanga, about 38 miles N.W. of
base of this tower measures 2082 feet in circumference; its  Manila, in a plain, and near the river Pampanga, with
remains, constructed of the most beautiful brick masonry, which it has communication by means of a canal. It was
are 28 feet in breadth. Babylon was in its glory in the time  the capital of the Philippines during the British invasion,
of Nebuchadnezzar. It was besieged and taken by Cyrus, in 1762. Pop. 8548.
e.C. 538, and afterward by Alexander the Great. Out of its   BA/CON'S CASTLE, a post-office of Surry co., Virginia.
ruins four great capitals, besides other cities, were built.   BACON'S COLLEGE. See HAaRoDsURGa, Kentucky.
The mdst prominent of the remaining ruins are Birs-Nim-   BACON'S MILL, a post-office of Washington co., Texas.
rod, the Kasr, on the supposed site of the palace of Nebu-   BAICONSTRORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
chadnezzar, and the Mujahlibah, on the river bank, 5 miles   BACQUEVILLE or BASQUEVILLE, blk'veel/, a town of
from Hillah.                                              France, department of Seine-Infdrieure, 10 miles S.W. of
BABIYLON, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, near Dieppe. Pop. 1494.
South Bay, 185 miles S. by E. of Albany. It has a church    BACS or BATSCH, bitch, a town of Hungary, in a county
and several stores.                                       of its own name, on a tributary of the Danube, 148 miles S.
BABYLONIA, bab-e-lo/ne-a, the ancient name of a pro- of Pesth. Pop. 2770.
vince in Middle Asia, now called Bagdad, bounded on the    BACS or BACSBODROGIIER, bltch-bo/dro'gher, a town
N. by Mesopotamia, E. by Tigris River, S. by the Persian  in the S. of Hungary, beyond the Danube.
Gulf, and W. by the Arabian Desert. The alluvial plains   BACTRA. See BALKm.
of Babylonia, Chaldea, and Susiana, at the head of the Per-   BAC/TON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
sian Gulf, occupy an extent of 32,400 square miles. The   BACTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
country, in ancient times, was famed for its fertility; now    BACTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
it is a desolate waste. See BAGDAD.                         BADAGRY, b9-d~g/ree, a town and port of Upper Guinea,
BABY POOLO, (or PULO,) blbee pooe/o; an island in the on the Gold Coast, 50 miles E.N.E. of Whydab.
Malay Archipelago, E. of the N.E. entrance into the Strait   BADAGRY, MOUNT, in Upper Guinea; is inlat. 60 26
of Sunda.                                                 N., Ion. 30 145 E.
147




BAD                                                       BAD
BADAJOS. bad-a-hocel, (Sp. Badcjoz, b-nDA-hoce'; ane. tutes the chief wealth of the state, and is conducted wilt
Pax Auguslta,)a fortified frontier city of Spain, capital of mnore skill than in any other part of Germany.
a province of the same name, (formed of part of Estrema-   Barley, wheat, maize, potatoes, fine hemp, flax, and to.
dura,) on the left bank of the Guadiana, at the mouth  bacco are raised. The cultivation of fruit trees is exten.
of the Rivillas, 132 miles E. of Lisbon, and 5 miles from   sively carried on, and fruit is grown in great abnndance.
the frontier of Portugal. Pop. in 1849, 11,715. The highest The produce of wine in ten recent years averaged upwards
part is crowned by a ruined Moorish castle, whence long  of 13,400,000 gallons annually. The meadows are irrigated
lines of walls descend to the river, here crossed by a noble  in the Italian style. Great attention has been bestowed on
granite bridge of 28 arches. It is strengthened by various  improving the breeds of sheep, and cattle are extensively
outworks, and by the fortified height of San Cristobal. The  reared. Produce of timber estimated at nearly one million
streets are narrow and crooked, but well paved and clean, cubic fathoms annually; masts of 150 feet in length, and
and the houses are good. Principal buildings, a cathedral, fine oak timber. are floated in rafts to the mouth of the
several hospitals, an arsenal, and within the citadel a lofty  Rhine.  Mineral products comprise salt from springs, alum,
tower, and the remains of a mosque. It has manufactures  vitriol. sulphur, and coal, iron, copper, lead, and a little silof soap, coarse woollens, and leather, and its inhabitants  ver; gold-washing, formerly pretty general along the Rhine,
carry on a brisk trade with Portugal. Badajos was taken  is now insignificant. The duchy is extremely rich in mineby the French under Soult, on the 10th of lMarch, 1811, and  ral springs.  Manufactures have, of late, materially inby the English troops under Wellington, on the 6th of  creased; the principal are cotton-spinning and weaving,
April, 1812. It is the birthplace of the painter Morales.   ribbon-manking, and the production of beet-root sugar. ImBADAKHSIHAN. See BUDUKIISHAN.                             portent branches of industry in the Schwarzwald are the
BADALONA, bA-D4-lo/nA, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 6  manufactures of straw-plait, wooden ornaments, watches,
miles N.E. of Barcelona. Pop. in 1846, 3775.                clocks, jewellery, musical boxes, and organs. Principal exBADAUMY, ba-dawfmee, a strong hill fort of British In- ports, timber, wine, corn, and kircheoasser, salt, linen, and
dia, in the presidency of Bombay, 58 miles N.E. of Darwar. cotton goods, wooden clocks, straw hats, and paper. PrinciIt was taken by assault by the British in 1818.             pal imports, colonial produce, drugs, wool, horses, fruits,
BAD AXE, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin, border- iron and steel, silk fabrics, and articles of luxury. The acing on the Mississippi Biver, contains 772 square miles. It  cession of the duchy to the Prussian Customs' Union in
is drained by the Bad Axe and Kickapoo Rivers, from the  1835, has greatly increased the transit trade, which is faformer of which the name is derived. The surface is un- vored by the creation of free ports at Constance, &c., and by
even. This county is not included in the census of 1850. Ca- steam  navigation on the Lake of Constance, the IRhine,
pital, Springville.                                         Neckar, and Main. The lines of road are in general excellent,
BAD AXE, a post-office of Bad Axe co., Wisconsin.         and a railway extends along the whole length of the territory
BAD AXE RIVER, a small stream  of Wisconsin, enters  from Basel to Mannheim, with branches to Kehl and Badenu.
the Mississippi in the county of its name.                    The government is administered by the grand duke, a
BADIBY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.          chamber ofpeers, and a chamber consisting of 22 deputies from
BADDESLEY (badze/lee) CLINTON, a parish of England, towns, and 41 from rural districts; it has the reputation
co. of Warwick.                                             of being  the most tolerant and liberal in Germany.  The
BADDESLEY ENSOR, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. majority of the population is Roman Catholic, but the reignBADDESLEY, NoarTH, a parish of England, co. of Hants. ing family is Protestant. The grand duchy possesses an
BADDESLEY, SOUTH, a hamlet of England, co. of Hants, excellent system of public instruction, and the schools are
in the parish of Boldre.                                    numerous.  Attendance at school is obligatory on all chilBADDILEY, bad/de-le, a parish of England, co. of Chester. dren; and each village has at least one primary school.. Baden
BADIDOW, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        has two universities, among the most ancient and celebrated
BADDOW, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        in Germany; that of Heidelburg has a faculty for Lutheran,
BADE. See BADEN.                                          and that of Freiburg for Catholic theology. The former had, in
BADEBORN, bldeh-bon'.   a town of Germany, duchy  1847, 05 professors and 955 students, and the latter 219 stuof Anhalt-Bornburg. 5 miles from Ballenstlidt. Pop. 1210.  dents. There are 4 public libraries in the grand duchy.
BADEN, bA/den or b.den, (Fr. Bade, bAd; Sp. and It. Circle judicial courts, subordinate to the supreme court at
Bsaden, bVdln; L. Ba/da.) GRAND Ducni  or, (Ger. Griossher- Mannheim, sit at Constance, Freiburg, Mannheim, and
zogtrum  Baden, groce heRt/sc-toom blden,) a state of the Rastadt. The standing army amounts during a part of the
German Confederation, situated between lat. 470 32' and year to about 15,000 men. Public revenue in 1854, $11,912,110,
490 52' N., and ion. 70 27' and 90 50' E., occupying the angle and the expenditures, $11,978,990; public debt the same
formed by the Rhine, on turning northward at Basel. year, $25,522,932. Baden lately held the seventh place in
Bounded N. by Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt, E. by Bavaria, the German Confederacy, and had 3 votes in the full counWilrtemburg, and the principalities of Hohenzollern; S. by cil, and 1 in committee. Contribution to confederate army,
Switzerland, and W. by France and Rhenish Bavaria. Area, 10,000.
population, and subdivisions, as follows:-                    BADEN, commonly BADEN-BADEN, b/l/dn bA/den, (ane.
Civitas Ma4realia Aquenesis,) a town and celebrated wateringplace in the Grand Duchy of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, in
CIRCLES.     Areainsq.m's. Pop.in1852. Chief towns.  a valley of the Schwarzwald, on the Oehlbach, 18 miles S.S.W.
ofCarlsruhe. Pop. 6000. In summer it is frequented by vlsiLae Constance)..      1303        199,075   Constance.   tors from  all parts of Europe; in 1845 these amounted to
Upper Rhine.....     1654        349,205    Freiburg.    32,000, of whom 5000 were English, and 4000 French. The
Middle Rhine.....       3        462,085    Carlsruhe.   town is situated 6 miles from the Rhine, and is conneced
Loewer Rhine          1314        346,578    Manoheim.   by a branch with the railway from Mannheim to Basel. It
_ Total. ——...- I_                  -    a nem is crowned by an old castle, a vast ruined edifice of the 10th
Tt-....   595,356,9-43-..            or 11th century. Principal buildings-a church, with the
I 1846 the entire ppulati  wa esimated at 1349474.  tombs of its former margraves; a new castle, with subterraIn 18t6 the entire population was estimated at 1,349,474.   e   vut     hl     aziris       pm-o         vr  e
nean vaults, a hall of antiquities, a pump-room over the
chief spring, the conversations-/haus, and other edifices, for
Surface mountainous, covered for four-fifths of its extent by  the convenience of visitors. The water is conveyed by pipes
the mass of the Schwarzwald (Black Forest) with the centre- to numerous hotels, in which baths are fitted up. There
forts which extend from it; the Alp, the Heiligenberg, and  13 springs, of a saline nature, varying in temperature from
the Randen, are on the E., and on the S. the Schwarzwald  1170 to 1540 Fahrenheit, containing also iron and free carand Odenwald, which bound the eastern Valley of the Rhine, bonic acid. This is generally allowed to-be the most beautifrom which they rise abruptly, and form a chain of plateaus fully situated of all the German watering-places. July and
gradually descending towards the North, and varying fiom  August are the months in which it is most frequented, but
2000 to 4000 feet in elevation. The culminating points are the  visitors arrive from May to October.
Peldberg, 4675 feet; the Kandel, 4160 feet; the Blauen, 3822    BADEN, (anc. Thermce HBle',etlicc,) a town and wateringfeet; the Kateenbuckel, summit of the Odenwald, 2300 feet; place of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, on the Liramat, 13
the Randen, 2600 feet; and the Kaiserstuhl, an isolated vol- miles N.E. of Aarau, and 14 miles N.W. of Zurich. Pop.
canic mass near Briesach, 1900 feet. The whole western part 1800. Its sulphur-baths (temperature 117? Fahrenheit) are
of the territory is a continuous plain, formed by the Valley  frequented chiefly by the Swiss.
of the Rhine, and extending between it and the mountains    BADEN or BA ADEN, b/den, (anc. Theri'/nei Ce/ti,) a town
from  Basel to Mannheim.  Principal rivers, the Rhine, and bathing-place of Lower Austria, 15 miles S.S.W. of Viwhich forms the S. and W. boundary of the state, the Murg, enna, on the Schwitchat, and on the railway from Vienna to
Kinzig, Weissmain, (" White Main,") Neckar, and Danube; Triest.  Pop. 4800. It has an imperial castle, many rich
the last rises in the Grand Duchy. The Lake of Constance  private mansions, and military baths for 200 men. It has
(Constans) forms part of the S.E. firontier, and there are  several hospitals and public charities, and has been freseveral small lakes in the interior. The climate is very mild  quented annually by 10,000 visitors. The springs are sulin all the Valley of the Rhine; rigorous in the mountain dis- phureous, and vary in temperature from 920 to 970 Fahrentricts, the summits of which are only free from snow during  heit. In the baths here persons of both sexes, "attired' in
the height of summer. The vine is cultivated at an eleva- loose flowing robes, promenade arm-in-arm, as if at a soiree."
tion of 1400 feet. The soil is in general very fertile, especially  In the vicinity is the castle of Weilbu-g, built by the Arch.n the valleys of the Rhine cnd b'eckar. Agriculture consti- duke Charles in 1823.
148




BAD                                                      BAG
BA/DEN, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, on the    BtETERRA. See BfZsRs.
Ohio River, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 21    BTIS. See GUADALQUIIVR.
miles N.W. from Pittsburg.                                   BAEZA  or BAEA, bi-A/th&, (anc. Bealtia,) a town of
BADEN-HAUSEN, b/iden-htw/zen, is a village of the  Spain, in Andalusia, 22 miles E.N.E. of Jaen, capital of the
duchy of Brunswick, in the Harz, 8i miles S. of Seesen.    district of the same name, amid rich and well-watered
BADENOCH, b&/den-noK', an extensive Highland district plains. When seen from a distance, its numerous churches
of Scotland, forming all the S.E. part of Inverness-shire, be- and monasteries, many of them of Gothic architecture, and
tween Athol and the Monadhlead mountains, and traversed  its lofty, steep-roofed houses, present a very striking apby the river Spey.                                         pearance. At one time it had a double enclosure of turBADENWEILER. btdden-fviller  a village of Baden, 2  reted walls, but of these only a few fragments now remain.
miles E. of'Millheim. Pop. 2050. It has alkaline thermal The principal edifices are the cathedral, now united to that
springs, (temperature 810 Fahrenheit,) and baths, frequented  of Jaen, the university, and the old monastery of St. Philip
annually by from 200 to 300 visitors, and veryperfect remains de Neri. Baeza contains 3 monasteries, and is the seat of
of Roman baths.                                            several district courts, and possesses a seminary, (seminaisso
BADESWUR, bd'es-wir/, or BAD)ESSUR, b~d-dts-sUr/, a  conciliaor,) in which both  theology and philosophy are
small, but neatly built town of Hindostan, province of Oris- taught, an economical society, and several endowed schools,
sa, picturesquely situated on the Mahanuddy, 32 miles S.W. chiefly for elementary instruction. The principal manufacof Cuttack. Lat. 200 17' N.; lon. 550 25' E.               tures are cloth, leather, and soap. The celebrated sculptor
BADG/ER, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              Gaspar Becerra was born here in 1520. Pop. 10,851.
BADGE/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    BAEZA, b-AJ/sA, a town of South America, Ecuador, 90
BADGE/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    miles E.S.E. of Quito, on the Coca River.
BADGIINGTON or BAD/DINGTON, a parish of England,   BAFFA, bfffla, (ue. Pa/phos, of which the modern name
co. of Gloucester.                                         is a corruption,) a town of Turkey in Asia, on the S.W. coast
BADIA, ba-dee/a, a town of Northern Italy, on right bank  of the island of Cyprus, 56 miles W.S.W. of Nicosia. Lat.
of the Adige, 11 miles W.N.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 3700, who  340 47' 20" N.; ion. 320 26' 20"t E. It is defended by a small
manufacture earthenwares, and trade in corn, flax, cheese, citadel; the port is accessible only for small boats. It is
leather, and silk.                                         now in ruins, and almost deserted. The territory is fertile
BADIA CALAVENA, ba-deef-g k&-l -vAn&,       a town of in grain, cotton, and silk. Baffa was an important place
Northern Italy, 14 miles N.N.E. of Verona. Pop. 2000.      under the Venetian rule, and occupies the site of the Nova
BADIA TEDALDA, bI-dee/d, ti-dAl/dg, a town of Tus- Pap/ius of the ancients, a famous shrine of Venus.  The
cany, 23 miles N.E. of Arezzo, on a skirt of the Alps. Pop. 2074. ruins of the ancient city occupy a considerable space.
BAD/INGI HAM, a parish of England, co. of'Suffolk.         BAFFA. See BAssA.
BADKU. See BAKOO.                                          BAFIFIN'S BAY, or BYLOT'S BAY, a large gulf or inland
BADLESMERE, badfdelz-meer, a parish of England, co. sea communicating with the North Atlantic by Davis's
of Kent.                                                   Straits, on the N.E. coast of America, between lat. 680 and
BAD/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            780 N., and ion. 520 and 800 W., extending from S.E. to N.W.
BADIMINTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Glon- about 950 miles, with a mean breadth of 280 miles. It was
cester. The Duke of Beaufort's residence, erected in 1682, first explored by William Baffin in 1616, in honor of whom it
stands in an extensive park within the parish.             was named, and more fully by Captain Ross in 1818, and CapBAD/MlINTON, LITTLE, is a tithing in co. of Gloucester, tain Parry in 1819. It is of great depth in many places, but
parish of Hawkesbury:                                      of extremely unequal bottom, the ascertained depth varying
BADOLATO, bi-do-1Ito, a town of Naples, province of Ca- from 200 to 1050 fathoms. Its shores are rocky and precipilabria Ultra II., 15 miles S. of Squillace. Pop. 3394.     tons, attaining a height in many places of 1000 feet, backed
BADONG, bhaidong/, the chief commercial state on S. side  by ranges of lofty mountains covered with perpetual snow,
of the island of Bali, Malay Archipelago. Area about 100  The coasts are rendered remarkable by the presence of pro-.
square miles. It has a seaport town of same name, with a  digious numbers of high, sharp, conical rocks, so artificial
Dutch settlement, and exports rice, coffee, tobacco, maize, in form and appearance that they are called monsisents.
cattle, and pigs to Singapore, Mauritus,  and Australia, Both sides of the bay are indented with numerous sounds
and receives in return European manufactures, opium, and  creeks, and inlets, few of which, however, have yet been exChinese coin.                                              plored. It abounds in black whales of a large size, and in
BADONVILLER, bA'd6e',veelelaiaR, a town of France, de- seals.
partment of Meurthe, on the BleJte, 19 miles S.E. of Lun6-   BAFFIN'S ISLAND, a small island in Fox's Channel, N.
ville. Pop. in 1852,2356, who manufacture nails, awls, and  branch of Hudson's Bay. Lat. 650 40' N.; ion. 830 290 W.
other tools, earthenwares, cotton, and woollen hosiery.      BAFFIN'S ISLANg)S, three small islands on the E.
BADOINY or BODOINY, LoWER, a parish of Ireland, in  shore of Baffin's Bay, and so called by Captain Ross. They
Ulster, co. of Tyrone.                                     are in lat. 740 4' N.; lon. 580 WV.
BADOINY or BODOINY, UPPERa a parish of Ireland, in    BAFFO, baflfo, a considerable town of the Mahee country,
Ulster, co. of Tyrone.                                     a district of Dahomey, Western Afirica, situated at the foot of
BADOOR, bW-doorl, or BHUGWAR, the principal river of one of the Kong Mountains.
Beloochistan, has a S.W. course, and, under the name of the    BAFLO, blf-lo/, a village of Holland, province of GroninDoostee, uent rs the Arabian Sea, in lat. 250 15/ N., Ion. 610  gen, 15 miles N.VW. of Appingedam.
50' E. The towns Kedje and Punjgoor are on its banks.        BAFRIA, b~affr,, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Seevas,
BADRACHELLUMI, b~-dr&-ch0llLm, (Sanscrit, iBhacdra- on the Kizil-Irmak, (anc. Ifallys,) 13 miles S. of its mouth in
cbconam, "the sacred mountain,")a town of India, Deccan, in  the Black Sea, and 49 miles S.E. of Sinope. It contains
Nizam's dominions, on the Godavery, 160 miles E.N.E. of 1160 houses, and has a fine bridge, 2 mosques, well-supplied
IHyderabad.                                                bazaars, and a trade in tobacco.
BAD RIVER, of Saginaw county, Michigan, falls into the    BAGACUMI. See BAvAY.
Shiawasseee.                                                BAGAGEN, bA-gA-zh6NGo, a river of Brazil, province of
BADSEY, bad/see, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.  Goyaz, rises in the Serra Viadeira, and falls into the MaBADSIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of York,W. Riding. ranhAo, about 20 miles above the junction of that stream
BADULRLA, a military pest in Ceylon, district of Ouva, 40  with the Tocantins. after a course of about 160 miles.
miles S.E.of Kandy, and 2100 feet above the sea. It has a    BAGANGA, bi-gitnggii, a seaport town and bay, Malay
fort, some good barracks, and an hospital, but it is so un- Archipelago, on the E. coast of the Island of Mindanao,
healthy that no European troops are now stationed there.   (Philippines.) Lat. 70 30' N.; Ion. 126~0 20' E.
BADIWELL-ASH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         BAGARIA, bit-gl-reela, or BAGRERIA, b&-gt-ree/i, a town
BAELEGEM, bleh-nm',,a-village of Belgium, province of  of Sicily, 7 miles E. of Palermo. Pop. 4000. It has many
E. Flanders, 9 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 2882.               fine residences of the Sicilian nobility,
BAELEN, b/len, a manufacturing town of Belgium, Ant-   BAG/BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
werp, 14 miles S.E. of Turnhout, on the Great Neethe. Pop.   BAGDAD, big-did/,* or bag/dad, sometimes written BAG3039.                                                      DAT, a large and celebrated city of Asiatic Turkey, formerly
BAELEN, a village of Belgium, in a province of Liege, capital ofthe empire of the caliphs, now capital of the pashalic
5 miles N.E. of Verviers, with iron-works. Pop. 1916.      of the same name, on the banks of the Tigris, about 190 miles
BAENA, bl-J/ni, or VAENA, v-i/ni, (ane. Castsa Vinial-  above its junction with the Euphrates. Lat. 330 190 50"
noa?) a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 miles S.S.E. of Cor- N.; Ion. 440 22/ 38" E. The city stands on both banks, twodova, on the Marbella: large quantities of grain and oil are  thirds being on the left, and the remainder on the right of
exported to Malaga, and the trade with the interior is ex- the river, which is here about 620 feet wide, the communitensive. Pop. 12,944.
BAEPENDI, bhi —p8n/dee, a town of Brazil, province of        Southey appears always to place the accent on the last sylMinas Geraes, 180 miles W.N.W. of Rio  Janeiro, on a  lable of this name, which accords with the native pronanciatios.
streamlet of the same name.
streamlet of the same name.                      ~~~~"The old man answered, I To BAGDAD I go."'
BAERUM, biroom, a village of Norway, 7 miles W. of               "The ld man nswered,'     BACA I g
Christiania,on a small stream of same name, with the oldest                          stands nt BA DAD
Iron forges in Norway.                                               Near to the site of ancient Babylon I"
BAESRODE, bis-roldeh, a village of Belgium, province of E.       "At length BAGDAD appeared,
Flanders, on the Scheldt, 3 miles E. of Termonde. Pop. 2910.        The city of his starch." —Thalaba, books i-r. and v
14'9




BAG                                                      BAG
sation being maintained by a long, narrow, and very incon-   BAGLEN, b'lgl6nf, or BAGALEEN, blg-laiu', a Dutcb
venient bridge of boats. It is of an irregular, oblong form, residency on the island of Java, near the centre, on the S.
and about 3 miles in circuit, and, as seen from a little dis- side; surface elevated, volcanic, and very fertile. Chief
tance, has a striking appearance, being surrounded by for- productions, rice and sugar. Pop. 300,000. Capital, Peer.
midable looking walls of furnace-burnt bricks, strengthened  woredjo.
with round towers and mounted with cannon. A forest of    BAGNA, btn'yA, or BAGNI, bAnlyee. a town of Turkey in
palm and date trees growing around and within the city, Europe, province of Room-Elee,40 miles W. of Philipopolis,on
adds to the picturesque effect. The interior, however, dis- the Maritza, with thermal springs.
appoints the high expectations which a distant view is cal-   BAGNACAVALLO, bln'yi-k -valAo, a town of Italy, Ponculated to excite. Bagdad was formerly a place of extensive tifical States, 11 miles W. of Ravenna. Pop. 3491.
trade, having been for many ages the great emporium for   BAGNAJA, btn-yd/yA, a village of Italy, 3 miles N.E. of
commerce of all the surrounding countries, but it has of  Viterbo. Pop. 1500.
late years much declined. The yearly trade between    BAGNA LOUKA. See BANIALKA.
Aleppo and Bagdad at present seldom exceeds one caravan    BAGINALSTOWN, a town of Ireland, Leinster, 10 miles
of 700 to 1000 camels; that between Damascus and Bag- S. of Carlow, on the Barrow. Pop. 2225. It has a handdad one of 1200 or 1500 camels.  The chief imports of some sessions-house, and trade in granite and flag-stones.
this trade are cotton twist, calicoes, shirtings, prints, imita-   BAGNAN, bWg'n nn, or BAGUAN, btg'wsnl, a small
tion shawls, woollen cloths, and dyes. -The returns, inde- island of the Malay Archipelago, off the E. coast of Borneo.
pendent of remittances in specie, in which the greater part Lat. 60 8' N., ion. 1180 30' E.
is paid, are Persian tombak, galls, buffalo hides, East India    BAGNARA, bcln-y'rA, a seaport town of Naples, province
indigo, pearls, cashmere shawls, some Mocha coffee, gums, of Calabria Ultra II., on the Gulf of Gioja, 16 miles N.E: of
myrrh, &c. Bagdad has few manufactures: the principal Reggio. Pop. 2800. Excellent wine is produced in the vicinity.
are red and yellow leather, both of which are much es-   BAGNARA, bln-yJra, a town of the Pontifical States, 20
teemed, and a kind of plush, of rich and beautiful patterns, miles W.S.W. of lRavenna..
which is used by the Turks for covering cushions and sofas.   BAGNAREA, bAn-yA-r4t, (anc. BaYlcuneu  Relgis,) a town
The climate of Bagdad is intensely hot in summer, but on  of Italy, Pontifical States, 20 miles S.S.W. of Orvieto.
the whole salubrious, although subject during part of the  Pop. 3000.
summer to a hot wind, known by the name ofxamiel, which    BAGNASCO, bln-y sfko, a town of Piedmont, 25 miles
is said to feel as if it had just passed over the mouth of a  E.S.E. of Coni, on the Tanaro. Pop. 1500, who trade in
lime-kiln. Rain rarely.falls later than the beginning of May, corn, wine, and silk.
or earlier than towards the end of September, after which it   BAGNPRES-DE-BIGORRE, bdn'yai1r-deh-bee'gorR/, (anc.
continues to fall copiously, though the winter on the whole  lTicues Aqucnls,) a town of Prance, department of Ilautesis dry. Two striking features of this far-famed Eastern city are  Pyr6n6es, on the left bank of the Adour, at the entrance of
theimmense numbers of ugly negro slaves andwhite donkeys the valley of Campan, 13 miles S.S.E. of Tarbes. Pop. in
that throng the streets. Only an imperfect approximation  1846, 6401. This is the best frequented watering-place in
can be made to the actual population. It once exceeded  France, and is a cheerful, clean town, with whitewashed
100,000: Fontanier makles it as low as 30,000. The probable  houses, shaded promenades, and channels of clear water
number does not exceed 65,000. The streets are narrow, running through its streets. It has excellent hotels, a
irregular, and the houses are in general meanly built; but public library, theatre, and concert-room, college, hospital,
some fine old structures remain, comprising the "gate of  and Protestant church; manufactures of woollens, linens,
the talisman," a lofty minaret built in 785, the tomb of Zo- and crape called " bartges." There are 20 bathing establishbeide, wife of the Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, the tomb of a  ments, the springs varying in temperature from 720 to 1240
Turkish saint of the twelfth century. The edifice of its fa- Fahr. Its waters were resorted to by the Romans, and are
moos college, founded in 1233, now serves for a caravan- annually visited from May to October by from 5000 to 6000
serai and the custom-house. A citadel, though of no great stranngers.
strength, here commands the passage of the Tigris. There    BA  GN]RES-DE-LUCIION, b~tn'yaiR-deh-lii'sh6Nef, (the
are about 100 mosques, many of them with lofty domes and  Alquce Convena/rum of the Romans,) a town of France, deminarets. The bazaars are large, and abound with most partment of Garonne, in the valley of the same name in the
of the goods sold in European markets. This city, built Pyrenees, 5 miles from the Spanish frontier, and 22 miles
out of the ruins of Ces.phon, was founded by Almanzor ini  S.S.W. of St. Gaudens. Pop. in 1846, 2415. It has cele763, and continued to flourish under succeeding caliphs, brated sulphureous thermal springs, (temperature, firom 880
until sacked by Hoolagoo in 1259. It has been held by the  to 1520 Fahr.,) and a handsome bath establishment, usually
Turks since 1638.                                         frequented from  May to October by from  1400 to 1500
BAG/DAD, a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee.          visitors annually.
BAGDAD, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri.          BAGNES-LE-CIHABLE, bAqleh-sh bh, a parish and vilBAGDAD, (bAg-dad/,) PAsRAcLI  or, (anc. Chalclcdrla,  e- lage of Switzerland, Yalais, on the left bank of the Dranss,
sopotam/ia,) an extensive territory forming the S.E. portion  7 miles S.E. of Martigny, in the valley of Bagnes. Elevaof Asiatic Turkey. Length from N.W. to S.E. 630 miles; tion, 2716 feet. Pop. of parish, which comprises the whole
greatest breadth, about 450 miles.  The Euphrates and  valley, 9000. The Val-de-Bagnes was twice inundated duTigris flow through the district, and unite at Korna, in lat. ring the sixteenth century, and again by the debicle of
310 N., and ion. 470 E. The country E. of the Tigris in- 1818, when the Dranse, having been blocked up by ice, a
eludes Koordistan and Rhoozistan; the plains of the former  lake half a league in length was formed, on the bursting of
are tertile, producing grain and fruit; the latter, though  which the torrent carried off 400 cottages: 34 lives were lost.
possessing a good soil, in some parts, is generally a desert   BAGNI, blnsyee, the name of several villages of Italy, all
waste: it is, however, famed for its dates. The country to  so called from their mineral baths.
the W. of the Euphrates is a fiat, sandy desert, without   BAGNI, a decaying town of Sicily, 12 miles W.S.W. of Sywater, and destitute of herbage, with the exception of the  racuse. Pop. 2300.
banks of the river, which are very fertile. The lower part   BAGNI DELLA PORRETTA, banlyee dfllla pon-nlt'tt, a
is healthy, producing abundant rice crops.                village of Italy, Pontifical States, 2 miles N.E. of Civita
BAIGDAT, bag'dat/. a small fortified town of Asiatic Rus- Vecchia, with mineral springs, called by Pliny the Afqucs
sic, territory of  Transcaucasia, district of Imeritia, 15  Tasr/i, and a remarkable aqueduct constructed by Trajan.
miles S.S.E. of Kootais.                                    BAGNI DI LUCCA, banlyee dee look/kA, a village of Italy,
BAGE, bh/zhA, a village of Brazil, province of Sao-Pedro- 11 miles N. of Lucca, in a beautiful situation, and visited
do-Rio-Grande, near Piratini, on the S. frontier of the pro- by numerous bathers.
vince. It has a church and 2000 inhabitants.                BAGNI DI PISA, ban/yee dee pee/za, a village of Italy, 4
BAGE-LA-VILLE, ba'zhAl-la-veell, a town of France, de- miles N.E. of Pisa.
partmest ofAin, near Bag6-le-Chttel. Pop. 2069.             BAGNI MORBA, ban/yee mor/bA, a village of Italy, in
BAGE-LE-CITITEL  bAtzh4/-leh-shAtil/, a village  of  Tuscany, 30 miles W.S.W. of Sienna, with mineral springs
France. department of Ain, 15 miles W.N.W. of Bourg. and baths established in the twelfth century.
Pop. 740.                                                   BAGNOLES, ban'yol, a village of France, department of
BAG/ENBUN HEAD, a cape of Ireland, co. of Wexford,  Orne, in a valley 13 miles S.E. of Domfront. It has hot
at the entrance ofBannow Bay. At this point Earl Strong- saline springs, (temperature, 820 Fahr.,) and cold ferrugi.
bow made his descent on Ireland in 1170.                  nous springs and baths much frequented. The military
BAGII orBAUGI, a town ofAfghanistan. See BOAC.    baths of Bagnoles contain 200 beds.
BAGTSCHE-SERAI. See BAKHTCHISSAMAI.                       BAGNOLET, ban'yoll/, a village of France, department
BAGHUL, b'gtlh, a Sikh state in North-western Hindos- of Seine, N.E. of Paris, has gypsum quarries. Pop. 1099.
tan, under British protection, pop. 40,000.(?)   Annual   BAGNOLI, ban-yo/lee, a town of Naples, 125 miles NW.
revenue, 50001., of which 3601. a year are paid to the Bri- of Campobasso. Pop. 4200.
tish as tribute. Armed force, 3000 men.                     BAGNOLI, a town of Naples, Principato Ultra, 9 miles
BAGILLT FAWR, bagtilt fdwler, and BAGILLT FECIIAN,  S.W. of St. Angelo-de-Lombardi. Pop. 4700.
bag/ilt feKman, two townships of Wales, co. of Flint, 21 miles   BAGNOLO, b n-yollo, a town of Northern Italy, 7 miles
E. of Holywell. United pop. 2300, employed in coal and  S.S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 2700.
lead-works.                                                 BAGNOLO, a town of Northern Italy, in Piedmont, 12
BAG/INTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.         miles N.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 5000. Many villages of Italy
BAG/LAN, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.           have this name.
150




BAG                                                      BAll
BAGNOLS, bAn'yolf, (ane. Balnea,) a village of France, vered by Columbus on hisfirst voyage in 1492. At this pe.
Jipartment of Card, on a rock near the CBze, 13 miles N.E. riod the larger Bahamas were densely peopled by a mild and
of Uz~s. Pop. in 1846, 3803. It has one good square adorned  inoffensive race of Indians, whom the Spaniards removed to
with a fountain, a communal college and hospital, and ma-  Hispaniola to work in the mines, or act as divers in the
nufactures of serge.                                      pearl fisheries of Cumana. By this cruel treatment the
BAGNOLS-LES-BAINS, bnyoll-lA-bAN%  a village of  race became entirely extinct in the course of about fourteen
France, department of Lozbre, 8 miles E.S.E. of Mende, years. The Bahamas now remained uninhabited for nearly
with warm baths.                                          a century and a half, when they were colonized by the
BAGNONE, bin-yo/nA, a town and commune of Tuscany, English in 1629, who were in turn expelled by the Spaniards.
province of Pisa, 7 miles S.E. of Pontremoli, at the S. base  The islands subsequently changed masters repeatedly, but.
of Mount Orsajo.  It contains a large square, a parish  were finally ceded to the British in 1783.  The principal
church, and a castle. Pop. 4855.                          islands are Grand Bahama, Great and Little Abaco, Andros
BAGOLINO, bA-go-leefno, a village of Northern Italy, 23  Islands, New Providence, Eleuthera, San Salvador, Great
miles N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 3650. With iron forges.       Exuma, Rum  Cay, Watling Island, Long Island, Crooked
BAGOOLEE, BAGOULY or BAGOOLY. See PACTOLUS.   Island, Ackiin Island, Atwood's Key, Mariguana Island,
BAGRADAS, a river of North Afirica. See MEWnEDA.        Great and Little Inagua, and the Caricos Islands.
BAGISHOT, a village and chapelry of England, co. of Sur-   The entire population in 1845 amounted to 26,500; in
rey, parish of Windlesham, 10 miles S.S.W. of Windsor. 1852 it was 28.092,
Bagshot-heath, formerly a royal enclosure, was broken up    BAHAR, bAihart, (17'har, "a monastery of Boodhists,") a
during the civil war. Adjoining are many handsome villas. town of British India, in the presidency of Bengal, in a ferBAGTHORPE, bagjthorp, a parish of England, co. of tile plain, 35 miles S.E. of Patna. Pop. 30,000. It is large,
Norfolk.                                                  straggling, and in a state of decay.
BAGUER-MORVAN, bA'gaiRa-mo0Rva6oN/,  a village of   BA'HARf', BEHAR, BEYHAR, bl'harl, written also VIFrance, department of Ille-et-Vilaine. Pop. of commune, HAR, formerly a Mohammedan province of India, occupying
1979.                                                     part of the valley of the Ganges, and intersected by that river,
BAGUER-PICAN, bAgainl-peesk8NoG, a village of France, is now divided into various districts of the Bengal presidency.
department Ille-et-Vilaine. Pop. of commune, 1654.          BAHARI, bViHa-ree', (i.e. the " sea" country,) the name of
BAGULCOT, bA-g#l-cot/, a town of British India, pre- the maritime or northern portion of Egypt, corresponding
sidency of Bombay, 80 miles N.E. of Darwar. Pop. 7500. (?) to the division commonly called lower Egypt.  See EGYPT.
BAHADURPOOR, bA-h&dar-poor/, a town of India, 22    BAHIAWALPOOR, Hindostan. See BuAwLeosa.
miles S;E. of Baroda.                                       BAHIA, bi-ee'A, or SAO SALVADOR, sl6ng sl-vg-dbrf,
BAHADURPOOR. a town of India, 133 miles S. of Gwalior. an important maritime city and seaport of Brazil, capital
BAHADRA, bl-hldra,  a town N.W. India, 120 miles of the province of the same name, beautifully situated in
W.N.W. of Delhi.                                          an elevated position on the W. side of a strip of land forming
BAHAILA CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Pearl River in  the E. side of the entrance to the Bahia de Todos-os-Santos,
Lawrence county.                                          or All-Saints Bay, immediately within Cape San Antonio,
BAHA/MACHANNEL. or THE GULF OF FLORIDA, the  on which is a revolving light 140 feet above the sea level; in
narrow sea between the Florida coast and the Bahama Islands, lat. 130 0, 42" S.; Ion. 380 311 42" W. It is 800 miles N.N.E.
near 40 mileslong, and about 45 wide. The currents here are  of Rio de Janerio, and the seat of the only archbishopric
violent, caused by a curve in the gulf stream, running  in the empire. Nothing canbe finerthan the view of Bahia
among the islands at a rate of from 2 to 5 miles an hour; when seen at a short distance from the sea: one part towers
many vessels have been wrecked in this strait.             above another, and whitened houses and red-tiled roofs conBAHAMA,(ba-hAlma) GRAND, one oftheprincipalislands  trast magnificently with the rich foliage interspersed beof the Bahama group, 57 miles E. from the coast of East tween. Itis composed of two parts,theupper (alta) andlower,
Florida. Lat. (W. end)260 41' N.; Ion. 79 001W. It is about (baixa.) The shore or town (Run da Draya,) consists of a
70 miles long by 9 broad, healthy and tolerably fertile, single, narrow, badly-paved, dirty street, with a gutter in the
but thinly inhabited.                                     centre, following the sinuosities of the shore, and in all
BAHIAMA ISLANDS, or LUCAYOS, loo-koce, a group  about 4 miles long. The buildings (of stone) are high, and
of about 500 islands or rocky islets, belonging to Great Bri- though old, have a cheerful exterior-those nearest the
tain, lying N.E. of Cuba, and E. of the coast of Florida, the  shore projecting considerably into the sea. In this part of
gulf stream of which passes between them and the main- the city dwell the mercantile agents, and here the great
land. They extend from the Grand Bahama or Mantanilla  business bustle exists. Recent alterations have, however,
Cays, in lat. 270 31' N., and ion. 790 5' W., to the Mouchoir greatly improved the appearance of the lower town, into
Bank, in lat. 210 N., and ion. 700 32' W., a distance of up- which omnibuses have been introduted; here likewise are
wards of 600 miles. Generally speaking, they present a fiat situated the custom-house, those stores or magazines called
appearance, and are mostly long and narrow. They are  trapicaes, for merchandise of all kinds, the granary, the
foimed of calcareous rock, which, by retaining the moisture, arsenal, and the ship-building yard. The upper town stands
is found well adapted to the growth of various kinds of  at'an elevation of several hundred feet above the lower
fruits. Of the whole group, not more than 12 or 14 are in- town, and the streets connecting the two parts are consehabited, and some of the largest are altogether uninhabited, quently very steep, following, in some instances, the zigzag
or but thinly peopled; while others, again, are mostly un- course of ravines, and in others slanting across the hillexplored.  Though generally sterile, some of tho islands  slope. This is the larger, finer. and more populous part of
produce oranges, limes, lemons, esculent vegetables, maize, the city. Here the wealthier classes dwell, and here are
&c., for the consumption of the inhabitants, and a little cot- situated the most important public buildings. The general
ton for exportation. The general wild vegetation of the  aspect of the upper city is antique; it is built on the crest
Bahamas is a close growth of trees, comprising the Madeira,  of a hill, and composed, chiefly, of one or two principal
horse-flesh mahogany, nmastic, lignumvitee, pigeon, alum, streets, which, in their direction, follow the outline of the
dyewoods, &c., withan entangledunderbrush. In the uore  hill, and are in all about 6 miles long. These streets are
southern islands there are natural salt-ponds of great value, well paved, more, however, with the view of preserving
the cultivation of which is increasing, but is capable of  them from injury by rain. than facilitating locomotion, which,
much further improvement.                                 indeed, in Bahia, except for foot passengers, appears to be
The value of exports in 1852 was 39,6381., of which 14,4401. a secondary consideration-the irregularity of the ground
was salt, 11,2751. sponge, and 10,8500. fruit. Value of im- rendering the use of wheeled carriages almost impracticaports, 139,5631., of which 59.7751. was from the United States, ble. Rome is not built on so many hills as Bahia, which,
and 26,3740. from Great Britain. Property offered for sale according to one writer, is so irregular in its surface as to
firom vessels wr-ecked on the coasts, 46,5151. Vessels entered, give it the appearance of having been thrown up by an
400, (tons, 41,138;) cleared, 409: 274 being to the United earthquake.  On one of the most commanding heights is
States. Total revenue for the year, 26,1041.; expenditures, situated the finely wooded promenade, (Passeio Publico,)
23,2131. The seat of governme.t is Nassau, island of New  from which a magnificent view can be obtained; it overlooks
Providence, one of the largest, and, from its geographical likewise, the city and bay, towards which latter it is bordered
position and natural advantages, the most important of the by a soeep precipice, protected by an iron railing.
group. Here, also, are the head-quarters of the troops. The   A marble monument, to commemorate the landing of
legislature consists of a governor and council appointed by Don John VI., the first royal governor of Brazil, decorates
the crown, and a house of assembly. Education is under the promenade. Bahia exceeds every other city in the emthe management of a Boassd of Education. The number of pire for the number and sumptuousness of its churches:
free schools in 1852 was 21, attended by 1874 pupils. There many of these are attached to monasteries and convents,
were also 13 church  schools, attended by 1079 pupils, which with their inmates are more numerous here than elsebesides 25 Sabbath-schools, with 1645 pupils.  Annual where, and all in the most excellent state of repair, such as
government grant for public schools, 11500. The present convents of Benedictes, Carmelites, shod and unshod, Franinhabitants are composed of two classes, residents and ciscans, Capuchins, &c. Bahia is abundantly provided with
wreckers; the former are chiefly the descendants of Ame- public buildings. Besides those mentioned as being in the
rican tories, great numbers of whom  repaired to these lower town, the more important are the governor's palace,a
islands, with the remains of their property, at the clos9 of quadrangular edifice of 600 feet, on each face; the achiepisthe American war.                                         copal palace, communicating with the cathedral; the mint,
San Salvador, one of the islands, was the first land disco- court-house, a public, and a military hospital, orphan semi.
151




BAH                                                           BAI
nary, theatre, and granary. The suburbs of Bahia are beau-  revenue of the province., for the financial year 1849-50, was
tiful-Victoria Hill being peculiarly so. IHIere are situated  estimated at about 74,0001. sterling. Pop. about 800,000.
the finest houses and gardens of the city, the residences cfthe    BAHIA BLANCA, bA-ee/ bl An/k4, an inlet of the Atlanprincipal British merchants, and the English cemetery. In  tic, on the E. coast of South America, 360 miles S.W. of
1811, a public library was established in the city, which  Buenos Ayres.  Many fossil remains have been found here.
likewise  has a surgical school, besides several private    BAHIIA  DE  TODOS-OS-SANTOS, bA-eetA di toldoce-oceschools. The upper town has some printing presses, and is  slnltoce.  See AL SAINTS' BAY.
the seat of the manufactures of the place, consisting of to-    BAHIA HONDA, bi-eed llWndA, (i.e. "deep bay,") a har.
bacco, glass, brandy, &c. Alternate land and sea breezes  bor of Cuba, on its N. coast, 60 miles W.S.W. of Havana,
render the climate of Bahia pleasant, though the tempera,  It is protected by a fort, and is resorted to. by privateers,
ture ranges between 750 and 85 Fah.                           and for landing slaves.
The harbor of Bahia is one of the best in America, and    BAI-ILINGEN, blling-9n, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the
suitable for vessels of any size. It is defended by seven  Eisach, 38 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3250. It has linen
foirts, and at its entrance is a light-house.  War vessels lie  and woollen manufactures, tanneries, and some trade.
in front of the city, S.E. of Fort Sao Marcello; merchant    BAIILINGEN, a village of Baden, N.W. of Freiburg. Pop.
vessels lie further N.W., towards Fort Monsterrat. The com-  1750.
merce of Bahia consists chiefly in the export of sugar, cot-    BAI-IN, bin, a town of Prussian Pomerania, on the Tube,
ton, tobacco, rum, and other articles of native product, but  23 miles S. of Stettin. Pop. 2150.
has fallen off considerably since the revolution of 1837, and    BAHINASA.  See BEnHNeSEH.
does not appear even now to be recovering itself'  One con-    BAHR7, blu'r, the Arabic name for a sea, lake, or river.
siderable branch, the importation of slaves, has been mate-    BAHREIN, blh-r.nel, or AYAL ISLAND, (anc. Tyllos or
rially  curtailed by the activity of British cruisers.  The'yfros,) in the Persian Gulf, is surrounded by several small
foreign arrivals for 1840 were 767, (tons, 109,261;) and the  islands and numerous shoals, in a bay in the district of
clearances for foreign ports were 764, (tons, 112,075.) In 1847,  Bahrein, near the coast of Arabia, 200 miles S. of Bushire.
the foreign arrivals were only 335, (tons, 76,230,) and an equal  The capital, Manama, is in lat. 260 14' N., ion. 500 36' 30" E.
number of vessels with a tonnage of 78,537, cleared for  Pop. 68,000 (?) (Mohammedans.)  Bahrein Island, 27 miles
foreign countries. The principal articles exported in 1846,  long, and 10 miles broad, is hilly in the centre, and only
were sugar, 67,565 cases, 1332 boxes, and 3425 bbls.; cotton,  half of it is cultivated; but it produces abundance of dates
10,913 bags; coffee, 20,443 bags; tobacco, 2674 rolls, 57,631  and other fruits, and a small quantity of wheat, barley, and
packages, and 18,678 bales; hides, 125,634, and piassava,  clover. The other chief islands are Arad, Maharay, and Ta38,802 bundles.  The value of foreign imports into the  mahoy.  The pearl fishery here employs, during the season,
Province of Bahia, in 1846, was 1,431,5481.                    1500 boats, and yields pearls to the value of 200,0001. annuBahia do Todos-os-Santos, or All Saints' Bay, was dis- ally-the total value of the pearl fishings in the gulf being
covered in 1503, by Americus Vespucius.  In 1510, a yes-  reckoned aft 300,0001. Principal exports, pearls, dry dates,
sel, commanded by Diego Alvares Corrla, was wrecked near  tortoise-shell, sharks' fins, mats, canvas, and colored cloths,
the entrance of the bay, and every one, himself excepted, was  sent to Bassorah, Persia, Arabia, India, and other counmurdered by the Tupinambas Indians.  Having secured a  tries, in return for rice, pepper, timber, iron, spices, coffee,
musket, and saved some powder and ball, CorrSa soon ac- dried fruits, and corn. About 20 Bahrein ships, of from
quired unbounded influence over the Indians, who knew   140 to 350 tons each, are employed in the India trade.
nothing of firearms; and, in process of time, he married    BAHIt-EL-ABIAD, bln'r-el-Ibe-Ad', ("'white river,) BAHIRParaquassu, daughter of the chief Itaparica, whose name  EL-AZEEK, baH'r-el-Az/rlkx, (" blue river,") rivers of Afeica.
was given to the island in front of the city.  He now began  See NILE.
a settlement, which he named Sbo Salvador, subsequently          BAIHR-EEL-MERJ, b9n'r-el-meRj, (i. e. " lake of the mearecognised by the Portuguese government as the capital of  dow,") called also Lake of Damascus, a marshy lake of Syria,
the Brazilian Empire, -and residence of the governor-general,  15 miles E.S.E. of Damascus. It receives the Barrada Diver,
the first one, Thomaz de Souza, landing in 1549. From this  but has no outlet.
time it continued to increase rapidly in size and importance,    BAHRENBURtG, bhren-bMaRG, a town of hanover, 20
but underwent many vicissitudes of fortune, having been  miles S.W. of HIoya, on the Aue. Pop. 612.
taken by the Dutch; and even aifter reverting to its original    BAI, bi, a town of Chinese Toorkestan, on the Moossoor,
possessors, it suffered from attacks of its former captors. It  (M1ousser?) 115 miles E.S.E. of Aksoo.
continued to be the capital till 1763, when the viceroyalty      BAIE, Italy.  See BAJA.
was transferred  to  Rio Janeiro.  In 1808, Don John, the    BAI, Syria. See BAAS.
first member of the rpyal iemily, landed, as stated above.    BAIAS, BAYASS, BYASS, bi'l.ssl, or PAYAS, pi'sl, (anc.
He was pressed to makehis court at Bahia, the citizens pro-  Bailce,) a small town of N. Syria, 65 miles N.W. of Aleppo,
mising to erect him a magnificent palace. The wide mouth  on the Gulf of Iskanderoon, at the mouth of a small river,
of the bay, and the difficulty of effectually fortifying the  probably the ancient Issue. It has a castle, and a harbor
harbor, formed a weighty objection to the city as a residence  adapted for small craft.  N. of it are ruins of the ancient
for royalty. The prince regent, therefore, resolved to pass  town  Issus; and between it and Iskanderoon, 14 miles
on  to Rio Janeiro; but before the fleet weighed anchor,  southward, was fought the second famous battle, in which
he communicated to Count de Ponte, the governor, that cele- Darius was defeated by Alexander the Great.
brated document, the Corta Regia, by which the ports of    BAIBOOT, BAIBOUT, or BAIBUT, bI\boot', a town of
Brazil were thrown open to the commerce of allnations. The  Asiatic  Turkey, 65- miles W.N.W. of Erzroom, on the
first printing press was established in 1811, and the first  road from Trebizond. Pop. 3000. It was formerly a strongsugar mill was introduced, fi-om England, in 1815. At the  hold of the Genoese, and has the remains of fortificaPortuguese revolution, in 1820, Bahia was plunged into the  tions erected by that people. The quantity of snow which
horrors of civil war, from  which it was freed in 1823. It  falls in its vicinity generally interrupts the communication
had a small revolution of its own in 1837, which did great  during several months of the year.
damage to the prosperity of the city, but was soon sup-    BAIERN.  See BAvARIA.
pressed by the supreme government. Pop. about 120,000.    BAIERSBRONN, bifers-bronn', a village of WViirtemberg,
The whale fisheries of this city were once the greatest in the  Black Forest, 40 miles W.N.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 4400.
world, and considerable numbers of whales are still caught    BAIERSDORF, blers-doRf', a town of Bavaria, on the Recin the neighboring seas, and brought here for flensing and  nitz, 4 miles N. of Erlangen.  Pop. 1546.
boiling.                                                        BAIKAL (blikil) LAKE, or HOLY SEA, the largest lake
BAHIA, bI-eell, a maritime province of Brazil, bounded  of Asia, (exclusive of the Caspian and Aral Seas,) in Siberia,
W. and N. by Pernambuco, from which it.is separated by  government of Irkootsk, between lat. 510 20' and 550 30' N.,'
the Rio Sao Francisco.  It is comprehended between lat. 90  and Ion. 1030 and 1100 E.  It is crescent-shaped, and is a
20' and 160 35' S., and ion. 370 20' and 440 505 W.; estimated  sinus or expansion of the bed of the Angara. Length, firom
area, 222,168 square miles; divided into 13 districts. The  N.E. to S.W., nearly 400 miles; average breadth, 45 miles;
province is traversed from  S. to N. by a mountain range,  estimated area, 14,0.00 square miles;- height above the sea,
under various names, Almas, Chapada, &c., at a distance of.1419 feet. Its depth is very great in the centre, but is not
rather more than 200 miles from the sea, forming the water-  ascertained.  Its basin is enclosed by the Baikal Mountains,
shed between the rivers that flow E. to the Atlantic, and  a spur of the Altai system. These mountains often rise up
those' that flow W. to the Rio Sbo Francisco. Numerous off- precipitously, in fantastic peaks, frone fhe shore of the lake,
sets of this main chain traverse the province in various di- and appear to be continued precipitously beneath its surface;
rections. The principal agricultural products are sugar, in some parts there is a depth of 100 fathoms; in others; no
cotton, tobacco, coffee, mandioca, rice, beans, and maizse.  bottom  has yet been found.  The prevalence of volcanic
Among its plants, and their products, are Brazil-wood of  rocks, and the violent twisting and upheaving of the more
different kinds, cedar, gum elemi and copal, dragon's-blood,  regular strata by their agency, together with the thermal
jalap, ipecacuanha, and saffron. The oranges, mangoes, and  springs which abound in the neighborhood, seem to justify
numerous other fruits, are excellent. - This province sends  the belief, generally entertained, that the bed of the lake is
14 deputies to the general assembly, and 7 senators to the  a crater of an extinct volcano. This belief derives additional
upper chamber.  Its own provincial legislative assembly  support from the fact that volcanic agency is still active
s composed of 36 deputies, who are paid both during the  throughout the surrounding  country.  Scarcely a year
session and its prorogations, and receive, besides, an indem-  elapses without an earthquake. The lake receives numerous
nity proportioned to tbe distuance they have to-travel. The  a-filuents, the principal of which are the Upper Augasa, Bar152




BAI                                                       BAJ,oozean, and Selenga Rivers, and gives origin to the Lower    BAINS, bUNs, (i.e. "the baths,") a village of France, deAngara, a chief tributary of the Yenesei. It contains several partment of Vosges, 13 miles S.W. of Epinal, much fre
islands, that of Olkhon, near the N. coast, being 30 miles in  quented for its baths. Pop. in 1851, 2646. The waters vary
length. Lower Baikal forms a part of the great commercial in temperature from 920 to 1220 Fahrenheit.  Here are eleline of communication between China and Russia, and  gant baths, saloons, and promenades; the season for resort.
trade is much facilitated by the establishment of steam- ing hither begins on the 15th of May, and continues to the
boats in 1844. Its two ports are Posolskaya and Listwinisch- 15th of September.
naya, the latter being an excellent harbor. The surface is    BAINS, a village of France, department of Pyr6n6es-0rifrozen from November to April. Its seal and sturgeon fishe- entales, 4 miles S.W. of C6ret. Pop. 1800.
ries are valuable, and about 100,000 poods of small herrings    BA INS, or BAIN, a village of France, department of Illeare taken in it yearly, besides large quantities of the go- et-Vilaine. Pop. (with commune) 1852, 3967.
lomynka, (Ciallionysns Baicalensis,) which yields a great    BAINS DE RENNES, baNo deh r~nn, a village of France,
amount of oil.-Adj. BIKAaLEAN or BAIKALIAN, bi-kalle-an.  department of Aude, 10 miles S.E. of Limoux.
BAIKUNTAPOOR, bI-klbn'ta-poorl, a town of British In-    BAINS-DU-MONT-D'OR, bANo-dii-m6No-don, a village of
dia, presidency of Bengal, 10 miles S.E. of Patna, on the S. France, department of Puy-de-DOme, 20 miles W. of Issoire.
bank of the Ganges. It is a famous place of iindoo worship. Pop. 1000.  It is situated in a picturesque valley, surBAILIDON, a village and chapelry of England, co. of York, rounded by mountains, abounding with minerals and meWest Riding, 7 miles N. of Bradford. Pop. in 1851, 3008.   dicinal plants, and celebrated for mineral waters.  The
BAILEN. See BAYLEN.                                    baths were erected in 1819, on a vast scale, at the public
BAIILEY CREEK, a poset-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. expense, and are built-entirely of lava.
BAI/LEYSBURG, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania.   BAINtTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
BAILEYSBURG, a post-village near the 8. extremity of   BAIOCUSSES and BAIROUT. See BE~noov.
Surry co., Virginia, about 50 miles S.S.E. of Richmond.     BAIRAMITSII, bI-r[-mitch? or bi-rg4-meetch!. a town of
BAILEY'S CREEK, a post-offlice of Osage co., Missouri.    Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Anatolia, 25 miles N.W. of AdraBAILEY'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Ala- myti. Roman antiquities abound in its vicinity.
bama.                                                       BAIRDSP'OWN, a flourishing post-village of Oglethorpe
BAILEYTOWN, a village of Porter co., Indiana, 14 miles  co., Georgia, on the Athens Branch of the Georgia Bailload,
N. by W. of Valparaiso.                                   83 miles W. of Augusta. It is surrounded by rich cotton
BAILEYVILLE, a post-township of Washington  co., plantations, and is one of the principal places in the county.
Maine, about 80 miles E.N.E. of Bangor, on the W. bank of  There is an extensive carriage factory here.
the St. Croix River. Pop. 431.                              BAIRDSTOWN, Kentucky. See BARDSTOWN.
BAILIEBOROUGH, baile-btir-tLh, a town and parish of    BAIREUTH, bi/ruth, (Ger. pron. bsFroit,) a city of BavaIreland, Ulster co., on the Blackwater River, 17 miles S.E. ria, capital of the circle of Upper Franconia, on the Redof Cavan. Bailieborough castle is on the site of the ancient Main, 126 miles N. of Munich. Lat. of castle, 490 56' 42"f
castle of Tonregie.                                        N., Ion. 110 38' E.  Pop. 17,000, mostly Protestants. It is
BAILIQIUE. See BAYLvQuz.                                 well built, and has public fountains and promenades, a new
BAILLEUL, btyuhl, a town of France, department of  palace, opera-house, riding-school, theatre, a Protestant conNord, near the Belgian frontier, 9 miles E. of Hazebrouck.  sistory, a college, grammar and diocesan schools, manufacPop. about 7000. It is well built, and has the general tures of cotton and woollen cloths, tobacco and pipes, parchaspect of an old Flemish town. It has manufactures of ment, leather, and porcelain. Baireuth was formerly the
woollens, cottons, lace, hats, beet-root sugar, and oil, and the  capital of a margraviate, and the seat of a court. In the
cheese of its environs is held in repute.                  neighborhood are three palaces, Fantasie, Sanspareil, and
BAILLEUL, a village of France, department of Sarthe, 6  Hermitage. The first is surrounded by gardens laid out in
miles N.W. of La Fldche. Pop. 1067.                       terraces and alcoves, which are a favorite resort of the inhaBAILY (bYlee) ISLANDS, the most southerly islands of  bitants of Baireuth. In the last, the grounds of which were
the Bonin group, in the North Pacific, in lat. 260 30' N., ion. laid out in the seventeenth century, are shown the alpart1420 E.                                                    ment and the bed of Frederick the Great, and here his sisBAIMOCZ or BAJMOCZ, bi'mots!, a walled town of Hun- ter, the margravine, wrote her memoirs. In a cemetery at
gary, 40 miles N.E. of Neutra. Pop. 890. It has well-fro- the entrance of the town, is a monument, erected by the
quented warm baths, and a castle of the Palffy family.    King of Bavaria to the celebrated writer Jean Paul FreBAIN, baNs, a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vi-  derick Richter, who died here in 1825.
lanine, 18 miles S. of Rennes. Pop. 1249.                   BAIROUT or BAIRUT. See BEYROOs.
BAIN!BRIDGE, a township of England, co. of York, North    BAIRRO, blVo, a village of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo,
BRiding, parish of Aysgarth, on the Ure, 1 miles S.W. of 4 miles N. of So Sebastibo. It has a convent of Franciscans,
Askrig-. In the neighborhood are 2 fine waterfalls, a lake, and the inhabitants. all Indians, are occupied in fishing.
and a Roman camp, where a statue of the Emperor Con-   BAIRRO DAS SILVEIRAS, bIpo dAs seel-vsAe-rAs, a villags
modus was discovered.                                     of Brazil, on the N.E. frontiers of the province of S~Z Paulo,
BAINBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Chenango  near the town of Lorena. Pop. 2000.
co., New York, On the Susquehanna Iliver, 104 miles W.S.W.   BAIS, bA, a viIlage of France, 12 miles E.S.E. of Mayenne.
of Albany. The village contains 3 churches, a bank, and 12    BAINS, a village of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 9
stores. A steamboat was built here in 1852. to run on the  miles S.S.W. of Vitr'.  Pop. 3728.
Susquehanna to Lanesborough, 30 miles distant. Pop. of   BAISE or BAYZE, bAze or bhz, a river of South-western
the village, about 900; of the township, 3338.             France, rises near Lannemezan, flows N. through the departBAINBRIDGE, a post-village in Lancaster co., Pennsylva-  ments of IHautes-Pyrindes, Gers, and Iaute-Garonne, and
nia, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, 20 miles.S.E.  joins tta Garonne near Aiguillon. Total course, about 145
of Harrisburg. Pop. 503.                                  miles. The towns of Miranide, Valence. Condom, and Nirac
BAINBRIDGE, a post-village, capital of Decatur co., G eor- are on its banks, from which last it is navigable to the Gagia, on the left bank of the Flint River, 188 miles S.W. of  ronne, a distance of 45 miles.
Milledgeville, contains a court-house and a few dwellings.  BAISIEUX, bAitze-uhf, a village of France, department of
BAINBPRIDGE, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky.   Nord. arrondissement of Lille. Pop. 1808.
-BAINBRIDGE, a township of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. 1014.   BAISY-THY, bA/zee-teel, a villageof Belgium, in Brabant.
BAINBRiIDGE, a thriving post-village of Paxton town- Pop. 1200. It has the ruins of a castle in which Godefroy
ship, Ross co., Ohio, on Paint Creek, 19 miles S.W. of de Bouillon was born.
Chillicothe, and 54 miles E. of Cincinnati. The adjacent   BAITtING HOLLOW, a post-village of Suffolk co., New
country is highly productive, and finely diversified in  York, 221 miles S.S.E. of Albany.
scenery, and the village has an active trade. It is on the    BAITMAHI, bitelmA, a town of India, in the Indore doroute of the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad. The village  minions, 54 miles S.S.W. of Gojein.
contains 2 or more churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 iron-   BAITOOL. b-tool', a fortified town of British India, preforge, and 750 inhabitants. It was laid out in 1805.      sideney of Bengal, 50 miles N.E. of Ellichpoor. Lat. 210 55t
BAINBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Berrien co., N.; lon. 780 E.
Michigan, about 15 miles N. by E. of Berrien.               BAIX, bhx or b.A, a village of France, department of ArBAINBRIDGE, a township in Du Bos co., Indiana. Pop. dbche. 7 miles E. of Privas. Pop. of commune, 1314.
1491.                                                       BAIXAS, blx'dst, a town of France, department of Pyr6BAINBRIDGE, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana, 36  nies-Orientales, 6 miles N. of Perpignan. Pop. 1960.
miles W. of Indianapolis.                                   BAJA. blhly/h', a market-town of HIungary, co. of Bacs,
BAINBRIDGE, a post-office of Williamson co., Illinois, on the Danube, 90 miles S. of Pesth. Pop. 14,537. It has
about 175 miles S. by E. of Springfield.                  Ronman Catholic and Greek churches, a synagogue, diocesan
BAINBRIDGE, a village in the E. part of Cape Girardeau  school, castle, county court, and a large market for hogs.
co.. Missouri, on the W. bank of the Mississippi Rliver, about    BAJA, bhyia, a town of Moldavia, on the lloldava, 65 miles
14 miles E. by N. of Jackson.                             W.N.W. of Yassy.
BAINDER. See BAYONDER.                                    BAJA. bAyt, (L. Brcilc,) an ancient city ofItaly, (now in
BAINDT, bint, a village of W~irtemberg, 5 miles N.N.E. ruins,) 10 miles WV. of Naples, on the famous bay cf the
of Ravensburg, with a castle of the Prince of Salm-Reiffer- same name, with a fort built by the Emperor Charles V., in
scheid-Dyk, formerly an imperial abbey of the Cistercians, lat. 400 51' N., Ion. 140 3' E., under which large ships can
founded in 1238.                                          anchor. Pop. o800. Baice, was a principal port and favorite
153




BAJ                                                      BAK
watering-place of the ancient Romans; the sites of several and lead mines, and cotton mills. Its old church contains
temples, villas, and baths are still traceable on its shore,  monuments of the Vernons and Foljambes. It has several
BAJADA-DE-SANTA-FE, bA-HA/dA-dA-s nltA-f1, a city of  small charities; also chalybeate springs, with handsome
the Plata Confederacy, capital of the province of Entre  bath-rooms and museum. Chatsworth, the princely seat of
Rios, on the E. bank of the Paran', opposite Santa F6, and  the Duke of Devonshire, is in this parish; and about 2 miles
now called ParanA. Pop. about 6000.                        southward is Haddon-hall, a mansion of the Duke of RutBAJA DE RAMA, b&yA dA rimnt, a town of Wallachia, 68  land, lord of Bakewell Manor.
miles N.W. of Krajova.                                       BAKHMOOT, BAKHIMOUT, or BAKHMUT, bgk'moot', a
BAJAZID. See BAYAZEED.                                   town of Russia, 120 miles E. of Yekaterinoslav.  Pop. 4000.
BAJIBO, or BAJIEBO, bl-jeelbo, OL. and NEW, two  It has coal-mines, and an extensive trade in horses and
towns of Western Africa, on opposite banks of the Niger, cattle, and was formerly very important and fortified. In
about 47 miles below Boossa,where Park, the celebrated  the vicinity are the remains of an ancient Tartar wall.
African traveller, was killed. Let. 90 31' N.; lon. 40 25' E.   BAKHOBA. a tribe of Africa. See NOAMI.
At this town Lander met with very large canoes, having a    BAKHTCIIISSARAI, bIK-chls-sa-ri, or BAGTCIIE-SEhut in the middle, which contained merchants and their  RAI, bcg-che-se-rI/, a town of Russia, government ofTaurida,
whole families.                                            (Crimea,) on the Tchoorook (Tschourouk) 15 miles in the
BAJMOCZ, or BOJNITZ. See BAIomcz.                        S.W. of Simferopol. It is the capital in which the khans
BAJOOR or BAJOUR, bl'joorl, a district of Northern  or Tartar sovereigns of the Tauridian peninsula long held
Afghanistan, in lat. 350 N., and between Ion. 710 and 720  sway as deputies or tributaries of Turkey, before Russia esE., separated from  the Hindoo Koosh range on the N. tablished herself in the Crimea. It is an interesting place,
by the territories of Kafiristan and Chitral.  Estimated  and pronounced by Doctor E. D. Clark " one of the most rearea, 370 square miles. Pop. about 120,000. It is a fertile  markable towns in Europe."  The Tartar impress is still
plain, enclosed by mountains covered with oak and cedar  strong upon it. It stands'at the bottom of a narrow valforests, and yielding iron ore of good quality.            ley, hemmed in by precipitous rocks and watered by a
BAJOOR or BAJOUR, bl'joorf, a town of Afghanistan,  rivulet, and consists almost entirely of a single street,
capital of the above territory, 130 miles N.E. of Cabool. built along the side of this rivulet, and lined with bazaars
Lat. 340 50' N.; ion. 710 30' E. Pop. about 5000. It is sup- and workshops, in which the Tartar toils, in primitive simposed to be the Bazira mentioned by the historians of  plicity, in the production of articles of the very same fornm
Alexander.                                                 and quality as were furnished by his forefathers two centuries
BAKABANYA, b~h'kdh'bFnlyoh', a royal mining town of ago. The town contains several mosques, which are usually
H-Iungary, co. of Honth. 10 miles S.W. of Schemnitz. The  erabosomed among trees, and whose minarets risehigh above
mining operations, once extensive, are now greatly reduced. the houses; and is adorned with numerous fountains. The
BAKANAIR. See BcKsrs Er.                                Karaim Jews, a peculiar section of that people, carry on consiBAKEER- (or BAKIR-) CIAI, bit'keerl-chl, i.e. "copper  derable trade in common stuff goods, mercery, and colonial
river," (anc. C~ailcus,) a river of Asia Minor, falling into the  produce. The old palace of the khans, a singular edifice, is
Gulf of Sandarlee, (or Sandarli,) let. 380 45' N., Ion. 270 E.   in good repair, and even suitably furnished. The buildBAKEER-K00OOREI-I-SEE or BAKIR-KUREH-SI, b/kreerf- ings present all the usual irregularity of Eastern mansions,
koo'reh-see, (i. e. "copper district,") a small town of Asia  but the wide galleries, brilliant paintings, pavilions of a
Minor, in Anatolia, in a district formerly containing pro- make so light that they seem hardly to belong to the body
ductive copper-mines, near the Black Sea, and 70 miles  of the edifice, and a profusion of great overshadowing trees,
W.S.W. of Sinope, with a handsome mosque. It is supposed  produce an effect seldom obtained by systematic regularity.
to be the Sandracursgium of Strabo.                        It first became the residence of the khans in 1475. In the
BAKEL, b'kel, a large, well-built, and thriving village  sixteenth century their dominion extended not only over
of Western Africa, Lower Galam country, on the Senegal. the entire Tauridian peninsula, but the contiguous terriLat. 140 54' N.; lon. 120 14' W. Here the French have a  tory, W., N., E., and S., firom the banks of the Danube to
factory, which is tolerably well fortified, and has a garrison  the foot of the Caucasus; but their rule, continually shaken
of about 50 black soldiers.                                by the Russian invasion and influence from the year 1736
BAIKER, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an  downward, ceased altogether in 1783, when the country was
area of 1400 square miles.  It is traversed by the Flint  incorporated with that empire. Pop. about 10,000, of which
River, (navigable by steamboats,) and also drained by Icha- a majority are of the Tartar blood; the rest are Russians,
waynochaway Creek. The surface is level; the soil excel-  Greeks, Armenians, and Jews.
lent.  The creek above named furnishes valuable water-    BAKHTEGAN or BAKHTEGHAN, baK'tA-g'n1, LAKE,
power.  Organized in 1825, and named in honor of Colo- in Persia, province of Fars, 50 miles E. of Sheeraz, is 60 miles
nel John Baker, an officer in the war of the Revolution.  in length from E. to W., with an average breadth of 8 niles.
Capital, Newton. Pop. 8120, of whom  4355 were free, and  It receives at its W. extremity the Bundemeer (Bundemir)
3765 slayes.                                               River, (ane. Araxes.)  The lake yields for traffic a large
BAKER or BAKER'S, a post-village of Champaign co., quantity of salt.
Ohio, 56 miles W. of Columbus.                               BAKHTIYARI (bitA-tee-yiree') MOUNTAINS, a range of
BAKER, a township of Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 670.    mountains in South-western Persia, extending parallel to
BAKER, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 335.   the rocky range of Awa and Laristan. The highest of these
BAKER BANK, a post-office of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. rise about 1000 feet above their base.
BAKER'S BRIDGE, a village of Alleghan37 co., New York,    BAKIR-CHAI.  See BAK EEs-CHAI.
on the New York and Erie Railroad, 15 miles E. by S. of    BAKONY-WALD, bfh'kofil/ (or bg-kolnee) *,olt, (Ger. BaAngelica.                                                 ksosyer-Wald, bit-,kntypr-wdlt, i.e. "Forest of Bakony,") a
BAKER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., In- mountain range of HIungary, S. of the Danube, between the
diana.                                                    Raab River and LakeBalatony,and separating the great and
BAKER'S FALLS, of the Hudson River, are situated on  little Hungarian plains, the former of which is on its S.E.
the border of Sandy Hill township, Washington co., in the  side. Average elevation, 2000 feet. It is densely wooded,
E. part of New York. The river here descends 70 feet in  and contains quarries of excellent marble, which is exported
about 100 rods.                                           by way of the Danube from Komorn, &c.
BAtKERSFIELD,a post-townshipin Franklin co.,Vermont,    BAKOO, BAKOU or BAKU, b3'koof, written also BADKU,
about40 miles N.N.W. of Montpelier, intersected by branches  a seaport town of Russia, capital of Shirvan,  in  TIransof the Missisque River. It has two academies and some  caucasia, on S. shore of the peninsula of Apsheron, and W.
manufactures. Pop. 1523.                                  coast of Caspian Sea, of which it is one of the most fre:
BAKER'S GAP, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee.   quented ports; lat. 400 21' N., lon. 490 51' 6" E.  The
BAKER'S RIVER, of Grafton co., near the centre of New  walls of the town were formerly washed by the Caspian, but
Hampshire, falls into the Pemigewasset River, a few miles  they are at present about five yards distant from it; the sea,
above Plymouth.                                           however, has gained upon the land in other places, the ruins
BAKER'S RUN, a post-office of Hardy co., Virginia.      of ancient buildings being found at the depth of upwards
BAlKERSTOWN, a post-village in West Deer township, of 18 feet. It stands on a declivity, the summit of which
Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, about 16 miles N. by E. of  is crowned by the palace of the former khans; is defended
Pittsbur,,.                                               by a double wall and deep ditch constructed in the time of
BAIKERSVILLE,   a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- Peter the Great, and has two strong forts, under whose procut, 32 miles W. of Hartford.                             tection vessels can anchor, in from four to six fathoms' waBAKERSVILLE, a village of Clinton co., New York, on  ter, within 80 yards of the shore, in a spacious road, shelSaranac River.                                           tered from all quarters. The town is ill built, streets narBAKERSVILLE, a post-office, Somerset co., Pennsylvania. row and crooked, the houses small, with fiat roofs, coated
BAKERSVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Maryland. with naphtha. The Virgin's Tower is the most striking obBAKERSVILLE, a small1 post-village in Yancey co., North  ject in the place. There are, however, several spacious
Carolina, about 200 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.            mosques, public squares, marts, and caravanserais, a Greek
BAKERSVILLE,  a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.     and an Armenian church, and some Tartar schools. The
BAKEWELL, btskkwell, a market-town and parish of Eng- chief exports of the town and neighborhood are naphtha,
land, co. of Derby, the town on the Wye, near its confluence  salt, and saffron; in return for which it receives, chiefly
with the Derwent, 8 miles N.W. of Matlock. Pop. in 1851, from Persia, raw silk and cotton, rich carpets and shawls.,
9897, many of whom are employed in stone quarries, coal rice, &c.; and from  Europe all kinds of ironware and cut154




BAK                                                       BAL,ery, cotton, linen, and woollen manufactured goods, thus  France, department of Hi6rault, with hot sulphur springs
becoming an entrepdt, through which an important trade  (temperature, 1260 Fah.) and baths. Rlesident pop. of comm
is carried on between the E. and W. Pop. 5500. The ad- mune, in 1852, 595.
jacent island of Salian has important fisheries. The penin-   I3ALASFALVA, b6'lshlf61lv6h', a town of Transylvania,
sula of Apsheron is celebrated for its mud volcanoes and  at the union of the Great and Little Kukel ilivers, 18 miles
naphtha springs, the latter yielding annually upwards of  N.E. of Karlsburg. It is the residence of a Greek bishop,
4000 tons. Near these springs is the Ateshaga, or "Field  and has one Lutheran and several Wallachian churches.
of Fire," nearly half a* square mile in extent, and from    BALASHEV or BALACHEF, bP-l~-shlf/, a town of Ruswhich inflammable gas is continually escaping. In ancient sia, government, and 125 miles W. of Saratov, onthe Khoper.
times it was held in the highest veneration by the Guebers  Pop. 2000.
of Parsees, and frequented by thousands of pilgrims. They    BALASORE, bAla-s0rl, a maritime district of British Inhave still several temples here, and many of them  spend  dia, presidency of Bengas, having E. the Day of Bengal, and
their days in worship, and in penitential exercises so se- landward the districts of Midnapoor and Cuttack.  Area,
vere as often to cost them theirlives. The khanateof Bakoo  1890 square miles. Estimated pop. 500,000. Rice and salt
was formerly attached to Persia, but wrested from it by Rus- are the chief articles of produce.
sia about 1723; restored in 1735, but retaken in 1801 by the    BALASORE, or VALESWARA, v-les-wAfrg, a large town
Russians, to whom it now belongs.                         and capital of the above district, on the Boorabullung, 8
BAKOO, BAKU, b&-kool, or BAKOVA, bg-kolvA, a town  miles from its mouth, and 123 miles S.W. of Calcutta. Pop.
of Moldavia, on the Bistritz, 60 miles S.W. of Yassy. It 11,500. It was formerly of some consequence, and has dry
was formerly important, but is now nearly in ruins.       and repairing docks; but is now only frequented by MalBAKOU or BAKU. See BAKOO.                                dive and coasting vessels.
BALA, bAl'1, a township and market-town of Wales, co.   BALASSA-GYARMATII, bh6lesh/shs6h-dyd6nm6t', a town
of Merioneth, near the N. end of the lake of same name. of Hungary, capital of the co. of Neograd, near the Eipel, a
Assizes and quarter sessions are held here and at Dolgelly  tributary of the Danube, 40 miles N.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 4580.
alternately.                                                 BALATONY, bA/16h'tofiS, or BALATON LAKE, (Ger. Plat.
BALABAC, bi-l-bgK/, an island of the Malay Archipe- ten-See, pldtqtgn-seM, anc.Pelso,) the largest lake in Hungary,
lago, Philippines, 30 miles S. of Palawan. Lat. 70 59' N., Ion. 55 miles S.W. of Pesth. Length from S.W. to N.E., about
1170 3' E. The Balabac Passage, between it and Banguey  48 miles; greatest breadth about 10 miles. Estimated area,
Island, is 35 miles across.                                420 square miles. Greatest depth 30 feet, but at its N. and
BALA-BAGH, bIl-banG, a fortified town of Afghanistan,  broadest end it is shallow. Its waters are slightly salt.
and the most important mart in the Valley of Jelalabad, This great lake, or submerged marsh, receives upwards of
from which town it is 13 miles W. It is famous for its fruits.  30 streams, the largest of which is the Szala; and its surNear it are numerous toes or mounds, supposed to be of  plus waters are carried to the Danube by the SiA and Sarviz.
Boodhic origin.                                            It is rich in fish, and its borders are marshy.
BALABALAGAN. See PATERNOSTEns, LITTLE.                     BALAYAN, b&-l9-yhnf, a bay in the Island of Luzon, opBALACHEF or BALACiIEY. See BALASHEV.                     posite the N. end of Mindoro Island, about 9 miles long by
BALACINA. See BALAKIUNA.                                 6 broad. A village of same name lies a little N. of the bay.
BALAGANSK, bdqlA-g~nsk/, a town of Siberia, on the An-   BALAZA, bl'lacz/, a village of France, department of
gara, 110 miles N.W. of Irkootsk. Pop. 372.                Loire, arrondissement of Roanne, canton of Vitr6. Pop. of
BALtA-GRAUTSt, an extensive district in the S. of India, commune, 1230.
so called from its being situated " above the Ghauts."  It   BALBEC. See BAALBEc.
forms a part of the presidency of Madras.                    BALBIRNIE, bil-bir/nee, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife,
BALAG UERI, b-ll-gaain. (anc. Be-rgcssia,) a fortified town  7 mtiles N. of Kirkaldy, on the Leven.
of Spain, 16 miles N.E. of Lerida, on the Segre. It is walled,   BALBRIGIGAN, -a maritime town and chapelry of Ireand has several squares, a college, hospital, and a castle of land, in Leinster, co. of Dublin, on the Irish Sea, 18' miles
considerable strength. Pop. 4642.                          N.N.E. of Dublin. Pop. 2959. It is a thriving commercial
BALAGUJRES, bdlA'gair,/, town and commune of France, town, and a favorite watering-place, and has a handsome new
department of Aridge. Pop. of commune, 1289.               church, Roman Catholic and other chapels, public baths. a
BALAKHNA, bA-lIA/nA, a town of Russia, government of, dispensary, saving's bank, coast-guard station, and two
and about 20 miles N.W. of Nizhnee Novgorod, on the right cotton-mills. The small harbor is protected by a quay, on
bank of the Volga, where it is joined by the Oosola, (Usola.) which there is a light-house with a fixed light. Lat. 530 36'
It was formerly surrounded by wooden towers and walls, 45" N., Ion. 60 11' W.
which were destroyed by fire; but it still has a rampart    BALBY, bAl/bee, a township of Elngland, co. of York, W.
of earth, with a deep fosse. It contains 15 churches and  Riding, I' miles S.W. of Doncaster. Here the first meetings
a convent, and has a considerable trade, chiefly in grain. of the Society of Friends took place.
Pop. 3500.                                                   BALCAR/RY, a small seaport of Scotland, on the W. side
BALAKLAVA or RALACLAVA, bP-l&-kIfvA, a town of  of the entrance to Auchincairn Bay and Solway Frith, 10
Russia, on the Black Sea, government of Taurida, 38 miles miles E.S.E. of Kirkcudbright.
S.S.W. of Simferopol; lat. 440 29' N., lon. 330 34' 40" E.   BALQAS or BALSAS, blisals, (from balsa, a ~ float,") a river
It has a good (but little frequented) port, completely shel- ofBrazil, rising in the Serra Corvados, which separatesMarantered by lofty hills. The general appearance of the town, hio from Goyaz, and falls into the Parnaiba or Paranahiba,
perched upon heights, is very picturesque. It has afortress, in lat. 70 15' S., ion. 450 10' W., after a course of upwards
placed immediately above the harbor, on an almost inac- of 200 miles, for 80 of which it is navigable for canoes, or
cessible rock, and is inhabited chiefly by Greeks. Balaklava  floats, (balsas,) whence the river is named.
is the port of the Lystrigonians,  at which Ulysses is said    BALCOMBE, bAl/klkm, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
to have touched; and the description of the bay given by  The London and Brighton Railway here passes tuhrough a
Homer is so graphic and correct, that Dubois de Monpereux  tunnel of 1139k yards in length.
says, (' Voyage autour du Caucase,") did he wish to give a    BALCOINY FALLS, a post-office of Rockbridge co., ~idescription of it he could not do better than borrow that ginia, on James River, 153 miles W. from Richmond.
of the old poet. Under the domination of the Genoese    BALD CREEK, a post-office in Yancey co., North Caroit was called Cembalo, a modification of the ancient appella-  lina.
tion (Symbalon) given it by Arrian.  In the environs is    BALD EAGLE, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania,
a wooden Greek convent, built, it is believed, on the site  a few miles W. from Lock Haven, borders on the W. branch
of the celebrated ancient temple of Diana Taurica. A num- of the Susquehanna, and is drained by Bald Eagle Creek.
her of churches and mosques in ruins attest the ancient Pop. 683.
magnificence of the town. Pop. about 2000.                  BALD EAGLE, a post-office of Yorkl co., Pennsylvania.
BALA (b:ll) LAKE, orPEM/BLEMERE, the largest lake    BALD EAGLE CREEK rises near the centre of Pennsylin N. Wales, co. of Merioneth.  Length about 4 mniles, vania, and empties itself into the W. branch of the Susquebreadth 1 mile. It belongs to Sir W. W. Wynn, who has a  hanna, at Lock Haven.
fishing-seat on its banks. The river Dee issues from this    BALD EAGLE MOUNTAIN, Pe-insylvania, situated S.E
lake; at the head of which are remains of a Roman sta- from Bald Eagle Creek, extends from  Huntingdon northtion.                                                     eastward, through the middle of Centre county, and through
BALAMBANGAN, b-lAm-b'ng-gan1, an island of the  Clinton into Lycoming county.
Malay Archipelago, off the N. extremity of Borneo. Let. 70    BALDEGG, bl/dldg, a village of Switzerland, on a lake of
19' N., ion. 1100 59' E. A settlement formed here by the  the same name, 9 miles N. of Lucerne. The lake is 31 miles
East India Company, in 1774, was destroyed by the Soo- long, 1 mile broad, and 1529 feet in elevation.
loos, and another planted in 1803 was afterwards aban-   RALDENBURG, bAlden-b65nG', a small town of W. Prusdoned.                                                    sia, 33 miles N.W. of Konitz. Pop. 1200.
BALAN, b'lSNhG, a village of France, department of Ar-    BALDERAS, bil-d/rAs, a town of Spain, 30 miles S.S.W.
dennes, 1i miles S.E. of Sedan, with cloth manufactures and  of Leon. Pop. 4320. It has manufactures of leather and hats.
extensive iron-works. Pop. of commune, 1068.                RALDERN, bAl/dern, a small town of Wiirtemberg, 9 miles
BALANGA, bA-lAngtgA, a town of Luzon, capital of the  S.E. of Elwangen. Pop. 594.
province of Batean, on the W. side of Bay of Manila.  It is    BALDERNOCK, billdpr-nock, a parish of Scotland, co. of
esteemed healthy, and is the residence of the alcalde.    Stirling.
BALARUC-LES-BAINS, bA'1'rik/-lA-bANs, a village of    BAI'DERTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
155




BAL                                                        BAL
BALD IIEAD, several promontories, capes, or headlands  several mills, and factories, and a flourishing academy.
iLU various parts of the world.                            Canal-boats are conducted to the village through the Seneca
BALD HEAD, a cape of Australia, on the S.W. coast,  River, firom the Oswego Canal. Pop. about 1200.
forming the S.W. entrance into King George's Sound; lat.   BALDWINSVILLE, a post-office of Edgar co., Illinois.
(of S. point) 350 7' S., lon. 118S 1' E.                     BALDWINSVILLE, a village of Mississippi co., Missouri,
BALD HEAD, a headland of the United States, in Maine; on the bank of. the Miississippi River, 3 or 4 miles above
lat. 430 13' N., ion. 700 34' 30" W.                       Wolf Island.
BALD HEAD, a headland atthe S.W. extremity of Smith's    BALE, a town of Switzerland.  See BASEL.
Island, off the coast of North Carolina; lat. 330 51' N., ion.   BALE or BATHLEY, bathllee, a parish of England, co. of
780 W.                                                     Norfolk.
BALD HILL, a post-office of Norfolk co., Massachusetts.    BALEARIIC ISLES, (anc. Balcalroes,) a group of 5 islands
BALD StILL, a post-office of Muscogee co., Georgia.      in the Mediterranean, between lat. 380 40' and 400 5' N., and
BALDISSERO, b~l-dis-sero, a village of Piedmont, pro- ion. 10 and 50 E., consisting of Majorca, Minorca, Iviqa, Pormvince of Ivrea, with an ancient castle on a hill. Pop. 600.  entera, and Cabrera, and forming an administrative province
BALI)ISSEIO, a village of Piedmont, province of Turin.  of Spain. Capital, Palma. United area, 2,200 square miles.
Pop. 1720.                                                 Pop. 232,753.  Climate temperate, and healthy; soil ferBALDISSEHO, a village of Piedmont, province of Alba. tile. In 1840, the total imports into these islands, prinPop. 2000.                                                  cipally fi-om France, Algeria, and the Spanish West Indies,
BALDISSERO DI ROLETTO, b~l-dis-siro dee-ro-lU/to, an  amounted to 91,4401.; the total exports, mostly to the same
ancient borough of Italy, in Piedmont, on a hill near Pine- countries, are stated to have amounted to 100,8401.
role. Pop. 1720.                                              BALERNA,, bA-ls/nA, a village of Switzerland, Ticieo, 5
BALDJIK. See BALTSIK..                                     miles N.W. of Como.  Pop. 762. It has a palace of the
BALD MOUNT, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. bishops of Como, and celebrated tile-works.
BALD MOUNTAIN, an isolated peak of Somerset co.,   BAL'FRON, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of StirMaine. -                                                    ling, 1.6 miles W.S.W. of Stirling.
BALD MOUNTAIN RIDGE, in the N.W. part of Somerset   BALFPUROSH, bAldffir-OshF, BALFROOSH, BALFPROUCH or
co., Maine.                                                 BALPIUSCIH, bil-friooshl, written also BALFR USH or BALBALDOCK, baltdock, a market-town and parish of Eng- FUPRUSH (originally Bcsf'ursh, the "mart of bsurdens,") a
land, co. of Herts, on the Great Northern Road, 34 miles W. town of Persia, province of Mazanderan, on the Bahbul, here
N.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 1920.                         crossed by a bridge of 9 arches, 12 miles from  its mouth in
BALDO, MONTE, monitA b lldo, a mountain of Lombardy,  the Caspian, and 20 miles WV. of Sari. Pop. estimated by Fraon the E. of Lake of Garda. It is composed chiefly of hori- zer in 1822, at 200,000 (?); but it has since been devastated
zontal strata of marble and calcareous tufa, and contains  by the plague and cholera. Itis builtinthemidst of a forest,
the green sand called the sand of Verona, and also beautiful is large, straggling, and interspersed with gardens. Streets
petrifactions. Elevation, 7100 feet.                        broad and straight, but unpaved; houses mostly of brick;
BALDONE, bIl/dA-neh, a town of Russia, government of  bazaars and caravanserais numerous, and firom 20 to 30 MoCourhlnd, 25 miles E. of Mitau, celebrated and frequented  hammedan colleges.  South of the town are the remains of
foir its hot baths.                                         a palace on an artificial island, formed by Shah Abbas. EalBALDON MARSII, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.   farosh has a large general trade, and communicates with its
BALDON  TOOT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         port on the Caspian by a good road for wheeled vehicles.
BALDOYLE, bal-doyll, a village and parish of Ireland, 6    BALGA, blIgA, a village of East Prussia, 24 miles S. W.
niles N.E. of Dublin, is resorted to in the summer months  of Kiuigsberg, on the Frische-haff.
as a watering place.                                          BALGACH, bAldgAaK, a village of Switzerland, 11 miles E.
BALDRASIIANE, bJl-drA-shine1, a parish of Ireland, Ul- of St. Gall, with sulphur springs and baths.
ster, counties of Antrim and Londonderry.                     BALGONIE, bgl-golnee, a village of Scotland, co. of Pife.
BALD SPRING, a post-office of PFranklin co., Georgia,     Here is an old castle of the Leslies.
BALDWIN, bAld/win, a county near the centre of Georgia;    BALGOUNIE, bil-goolnee, BRIG o, in Scotland, on Don
has an area of 257 square miles. It is intersected by the  River.
Oconeo, bounded on the N. by Little River, and also drained    BALI, bA/lee, BALLY, ballee, or LITTLE  JAVA, an
by Black Canmp and'ishing c reeks.   The surface is generally  island of the Malay Archipelago, immediately E. of Java.
hilly, excepting the southern part: the dividing line be- Lat.ofthetown, 8042'5"N.; ion. l16~33'E. This island is 70
tween the primary and tertiary formations passes through  miles in length, by 35 miles in breadth. Pop. in 1846, 700,000. 
the county in a N.E. and S.W. direction. The soil in the  Two mountain chains traverse it from E. to W. Culminatvicinity of the river is fertile, and in some other parts much  ing point, the volcano of Agoeng, which was in a state of
worn. A branch of the Central Railroad passes through the  activity in 1843. Estimatedheight, 11,326 feet. The island
county. Milledgeville is the county seat, and capital of the  is abundantly supplied with water from  numerous large
state. Namedin honor of Abraham Baldwin, United States rivers and lakes. Principal exports, rice, cotton, coffee, tosenator from Georgia. Pop. 8148, of 3566 were free, and  bacco, hides, oil, edible bird's-nests, catechu, with cotton
4602 slaves.                                                cloths and yarn; imports, opium, betel, gold, silver, and
BALDWIN, a county of Alabama, situated in the S. part ivory. A good deal of coffee is carried to Singapore from
of the state, at the mouth of Mobile River, bordering on  the N. coast, most of which, however, is smuggled from the
Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1900  E. of Java. The revenues of the ports are commonly lfrmed
square miles. The Mobile River forms its boundary on the  by Chinese settlers. Bali is subdivided among eight petty
W., the Alabama on the N.W., and the Perdido on the E. states; of these, Badong in the S. is the chief. The village
The surface is level and undulating; the soil sandy, and  system  prevails here as in Java and India, and Bali is the
unproductive.' Pine timber is abundant. A railroad is pro- only island ofthe Archipelago where the Hindoo is the prejected through this county from  Mobile Bay to Girard. dominant religion.  Principal towns, Badong in the S.,
Capital, Blakely. Pop. 4414, of whom 2196 were free, and  Bliling in the N., and Kavang-Assam on the E. coast. The
2218, slaves.                                    ~          Strait of Bali, between this island and Java, is, where oarBALDWIN, a township of Cumberland co., Maine, about rowest, only 3 miles across. A Dutch settlenment was founded
25 miles W.N.W. from Portland. The Saco River, which  at Port Badong in 1845.
flows through the township, has a fill of 80 feet in about 60    BALIABARDA.  See PArnAS.
rods, affording water-power probably equal to the best in the    BALIGROD, bAle-grod', a town of Austrian Galicia, 18
state. Baldwin has a bank, a newspaper office, several mills  miles S.S.E. of Sanok, in the Carpathians. In its vicinity
for the production of lumber, and two raike manufactories.  are numerous salt lakes and iron-mines.
A railroad was chartered in the autumn of 1853, to follow the    BALIKESR, bA-lee-lkesfs'r, BALU-KISSAR, bt-loo-kisesar,
course of the Saco River. Pop. 1100.                        or BALIK-SHEI-IR,  bAlik'shShhers, a town of Asia Mincer,
BALDWI. N, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.        Anatolia, in a fertile plain, 75 miles S.W. of Brusa. It is
BALDWIN, a            township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. meanly built of unburned bricks, and is said to be peopled
Pop. 1610.                                                  by 2000 Turks, and 200 Armenian ftmilies. It is governed
BALDWIN, a small post-village of Butler co., Pennsyl-  by an aga, with authority over 40 Tuekish villages; has
vania.                                                      trade in silk at a large annual fair, a recently established
BALDWIN, a village of Hinds Co., Mississippi, on the Big  manufactory of felt for military clothing, and the tomb of
Black River, about 35 miles from Jackson.                   a celebrated Mohammedan saint.
BALDWIN, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 20 miles    BALIQUATRO, bi-le-kw91tro, the N.W. point of the islan.
W. from St. Louis.                                         of Samar, one of the Philippines; also, a small island in St.
BALDWINSVILLE, bldlwinz-vil, a post-village of Tem- Bernardino Passage, between that point and the island of
pleton township, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, about 55  Luzon. Let. 120 40' N., ion. 1240 10' E.
miles W.N.W. from Boston.                                    BALIZAC, ba'lee'zAkI, a village of France, department of
BALDWINSVILLE, a post-village of Lysander township, Gironde. Pop. 1038.
Onondaga Co., New York, on the Seneca River, where it is   BALIZE, BELIZE, ba-leezf. or BRITISH HONDURAS,
3ros0ed by the Oswego and Syracuse railroad, 12 miles N. by  (Mexican-Spanish, Balizc, bA-lee'sA,) a British colony E. of
W..feros Syracuse, and 21 miles S. by E. fromn Oswego. The  Yucatan, in CentralAmerica, between lat. 150 54' and 180 30'
Seneca River affords good water-power, which is improved  N., and ion. 880 and 90' W.; bounded E. by the Gulf of Hionfotbr manufacturing purposes. It contains 10 or 12 stores, duras, N.E. by the state of Yucatan, and  V. and S. by
156




BAL                                                       BAL
Guatemala. Length about 170 miles, breadth 100 miles.   BALKII, bu[lk, a province of Central Asia, the ancient
The shores are studded with numerous small islands; along  kingdom  of Bactria, now  subordinate to the khanat of
the coast the landis swampy, interior wooded, and the soil of Bokhara, extending between lat. 350 and 370 N., and lon
the valleys fertile. Climate moist, but favorable to vegeta- 640 and 690 E., having on the N. the Oxus, on the E
tion, and not unhealthy; watered by the Balize River, Rio  Budukhshan, and on the S. the Hindoo Koosh Mountains,
Hondo, and Siboon. Country adapted for raising sugar, and W. the desert. Length about 250 miles; breadth 120
coffee, cotton, and indigo. Mahogany, cedar, sarsaparilla, miles.
logwood, fustic, brasileto, and other dyewoods are articles   BALKII, (anc. Za-iaslpoa and Bacdtra,) the capital city of the
of export; wild animals, birds, fish, and turtle abundant. above, is situated on the right bank of the Adirsiah or Balkh
The possession of the colony was long disputed by the Spa- River, 105 miles W. of Khoondooz. Pop. 2000. (?) The modern
niards, but finally yielded up to Britain in 1783. The river  town, enclosed by a mud wall, and having a citadel, ocBalize, which has generally a N.E. coarse, is said to be navi- cupies but a fraction of the surface embraced by the ancient
gable for 200 miles inland. Balize is a corruption of Wallz, city; the remains of which cover a space 20 miles in circuma name given by the Spaniards to the place from its having  ference, and comprise 18 aqueducts, besides buildings of
been discovered, and resorted to by an  English pirate  various ages, all in utter ruin.  Numerous canals inslnamed Wallace.                                            gate the vicinity, which is famous for its fruit and corn.
BALIZE or BELIZE, ba-leezf, a town of Central America,   BALKHAN (bulauInf,) BAY, an inlet of the Caspian Sea,
capital of the colony of British Honduras, situated at the between lat. 390 and 400 N., and Ion. 530 and 540 ].
mouth of a river of its own name, which is crossed by a   BALLA, bal/lA, a village of Ireland, co. of Mayo, 8 miles
substantial wooden bridge. Lat. 170 29' 18" N., Ion. 880 S.E. of Castlebar, frequently alluded to by ancient chroni12' W. It consists of a long street, running parallel to  clers, butnow having only 600 inhabitants, with a round
the sea-shore, from which three or four smaller streets tower, and ruins of a church.
diverge. The houses are constructed entirely of wood, and    BALLAGITADERIN, bal`1a-ua-dA/rin, a town of Ireland,
are raised 8 or 10 feet from the ground on pillars of mahoga- co. of Mayo, near the Lung, a tributary of the Shannon, 30
ny; they are well built, spacious, and convenient. The  miles E.N.E. of Castlebar. Pop. 1342. It has a small infantown seems almost entirely inhabited by blacks-the streets, try barrack.
stores, and market-places being thronged with them. They    BALLAGHMORE, ba-l'luh-morel, a village of Ireland,
are described by Mr. Stephens as a fine-looking race, tall, Queens co., near Roscrea, with the ruined abbey of Mostraight. and athletic, and well dressed-the men in white  naincha.
cotton shirts and trousers, with straw hats; the women in    BALLAHULISIH, b-lI-hoollish, or BALLACHIULISH,
white frocks and short sleeves, and broad red borders, and  b-lA-Koo'lish, a quoad sacra parish of Scotland, counties of
adorned with large ear-rings and necklaces. During the  Inverness and Argyle, in each of which it has a church, on
three dry months of the year, April, May, and June, fresh  Lochs Leven and Linnhe, I1I miles S.S.W. of Fort William.
water is extremely scarce here, and, indeed, throughout the  Pop. 1255. A large slate quarry has been  wrought here
whole settlement, there being no rivulets, and the waters of  since 1760. The annual produce, some years since, was
the rivers being brackish for several miles upward.        from five to seven millions of roofing slates, weighing about
An iron market-house has recently been erected in the  10,000 tons.
town, for which 40000. was voted. A savings bank has been    BALLAN, b'l'llNat, a village of France, department of
established under the guarantee of the local legislature.  Indre-et-Loire, 4 miles S.W. of Tours. Pop. of commune,'There are, also, a public hospital, a dispensary for the relief  1192.
of the poor, an asylum  for the reception of lunatics, and a    BALLANTRAE, bul`lan-trl/, a maritime parish and viigrammar school. This school, which is entirely supported  lage of Scotland, 28 miles S.S.W. of Ayr. It communicates
by the local government, has a department of girls annexed; with Glasgow by steam, thrice a week.
the Baptists and Wesleyans have chapels here, with schools   BAL/LARID, a county in the western part of Kentucky, borconnected. There are five judicial courts in Balize —the  dering on Missouri and Illinois, from which it is separated
court of ordinary, and the supreme, grand, summary, and  by the Ohio River. It is traversed by Mayfield's Creek.
police courts. The anchorage in front of the town is ex- The surface is undulatiihg, and well timbered; the soil of
cellont, being protected from the heavy swells of the open  the S. partis fertile, and ofthe N. part poor. The county was
sea by the numerous quays. Value of cochineal exported  formed out of parts of McCracken and IIickman counties in
in 1851, 169,1401.; indigo, 60,5500.; specie, 27,9761.; other 1842, and was named in honor of Capt. Bland Ballard, an
exports, 153,7770.: total, 411,4431.                       officer in the war of 1812. Capital, Blandville. Pop. 5496,
BALIZE, Louisiana. See NORTI-EAST PASS.                 of whom 4654 were free, and 842 slaves.
BALK, a village of the Netherlands, province of Fries-   BALLARD'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Chowan co., North
land, 8 miles S.E. of Hindeloopen. Pop. 1227.              Carolina.
BALKAN, bal-kun', (anc. Hcolmus,) an important moun-    BALILARDSVILLE, a post-village in the N. part of Boone
tain chain of European Turi-key, extending from the plain  co., Virginia, about 250 miles W. by N. from Richmond.
of Sophia, Ion. 230 E., to Cape Emineh on the Black Sea,   BALILARDSVILLE, a post-village of Oldham co., Kenand forming a series of peaks of little elevation, the highest of  tucky, about 30 miles E. by N. from  Louisville, has one
which are covered with grass and fruit-trees. Few of the  church and two stores.
peaks are distinguished by local names, and these are ge-   BALILARD VALE, a post-office of Essex co., Massachunerally derived from the nearest towns. The name Kodja  setts.
Ballran is limited to the portion of the ancient Hcemus, west   BALLAS, bal'lts', a town of Upper Egypt, on the Nile,
of the Balkan of Shipka. The western part of the Great about lat. 260 N.; lon. 320 42' E.; celebrated for its earthern
Balkan runs S.S.E. and N.N.W., and separates Bulgaria from  jars, called from the name of the town, Ballasee, which are
Upper Moesia on the N., while on the S. it serves to connect used all over Egypt for carrying water. Large rafts, made
the Haemus with Mt. Rhodope. The chain in general is  of Ballasee jars, are frequently floated down the Nile, to be
4900 feet in elevation, N.W. of Kalofe- it rises to 5325 feet' disposed of in the markets of the metropolis.
It slopes abruptly S. to the alluvial plain of Tatar-Bazardjik    BALLATER, bhllegt-er, a village of Scotland, co. of Aberand Philippopelis, but terminates more gently on the N. by  deen, on the Dee, 37 miles S.S.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. about
means of the crests of the Balkan of Etropol. Its waters 350. Its chalybeate springs are resorted to by numerous
flow chiefly in transverse valleys. Snow lies on the higher  visitors.
summits till the month of June, but entirely disappears in    BALLAUGH, balflu, a parish of England in the Isle of
July. The eastern part of the Balkan consists of a series Man.
of minor chains decreasing in elevation as they approach    BALL CAMP, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee.
the plains of the Danube on the N. and the Black Sea on    BALLENSTEDT, b'lllen-st~tt`, a town of Germany, duchy
the E. The Emineh Dagh is 2660 feet in elevation. The  of Anhalt-Bernburg, 15 miles S.E. of IHalberstadt. Pop.
Balkan is connected with the mountains of Middle Europe  3800. It is the residence of the Dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg,
by the ranges of Montenegro, Herzegovina, and the Dinaric  and the original seat of the house of Prussia.
Alps on the W., and the mountains of Greece on the S. The    BALLENY, (balle-he,) ISLANDS, a group of five small
deep and narrow  gorges afford paths difficult for beasts  volcanic islands in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 660 44 S.; lon.
of burden; and the range is traversed by only one great 1630 11' E. Discovered in 1839.
route, that of the gate of Trajan, by which the communi-   BALLEROY, b.lleh-rw4i, a town of France, department
cation is kept up between Vienna and Constantinople.       of Calvados, 9 miles S.W. of Bayenx.
BALKASH. bllkrsh', or TENGHEEZ, (TENGHIZ,) ten'-   BAL/LEW'S FERRY, a post-office of Land-y parish, Los
geezf, an extensive lake of Central Asia, on the borders isiana.
of Chinese Toorkistan and the Russian government of    BALL GROUND, a posteoffice of Cherokee co., Georgia.
Tomsk, between lat. 440 and 470 N., and lon. 770 and 810 E.   BALLIBAY. See BALLYBAv.
Il is situated near the north edge of the great central basin    BALLINA, bal'e-n.t, (formerly Ballee, " the ford of flags,")
of the continental streams, and receives the waters of the  a market-town of Ireland, province of Connaught, co. of
Eelee, (Ill,) and several smaller streams, but has no outlet. Mayo, in which it ranks third for extent, population, and
Length from N.E. to S.W. 150 miles; greatest breadth 75  trade, on the left bank of the Moy, 18 miles N.N.E]. of
miles. At its northern extremity is a wide reedy marsh.   Castlebar. Pop. 5313, exclusive of Ardnaree, which has a
BALKEE, bltkoee, a village, (once a town of importance,) population of 1206. It has several good streets, a parish
in India, Deccan, Nizam's dominion, 22 miles N. W. of  church, a Roman Catholic church, Baptist and Methodist
Beeder.                                                    chapels, a large union vrork-house, sessions-house. fever Ieos
157




BAL                                                       BAL
pital, dispensary, many public schools, barracks, and two    BAL'LINROBEI, a town and parish of Ireland, Connaught,
bridges across the Moy; with breweries, flour mills, mann- co. of Mayo, on the Robe, 3 miles from its entrance into
factories of snuff and coarse linen, a trade in cured provi- Lake Mask, and 16 miles S.S.E. of Castlebar. Pop. of town,
sions, fish, &c., and several branch banks.  Its salmon  2678. It is well built, has a small parish church, a large
fishery ranks next in importance to' that of the )3ann. Roman Catholic chapel, a Baptist meeting-house, several
General sessions in July.                                 schools, a union work-house, and bridewell, formerly a
BAL'LINABOY/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.         military station. General sessions in June and December.
BAL'LINACARIRIG, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of    BAL'LINTEM/PLE, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
Carlow.                                                   Cavan. Also the name of 5 other parishes.
BALLINACARRIG, a hamlet of Ireland, co. of Cork, 8    BAL'LINTOBIBER, a parish of Ireland, 12 miles N.W. of
miles W. of Bandon, with ruins of a castle of the sixteenth  Roscommon, with the ruins of a fine castle. This is also
century.                                                  the name of 2 baronies in the same county, and of a parish
BALLINACOURTY, bEl-liun,-karltee, a parish of Ireland, in the county of Mayo.
co. of Galway, at the head of Galway Bay, several islands in    BAL'LINTOfGHER,  a township of Ireland, province of
which it comprises, with a village 3' miles S. of Oranmore.   Connaught, 7 miles S.E. of Sligo. Pop. 234.
BALLINACOURTY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of    BAL'LINTOYf, a maritime village and parish of Ireland,
Kerry.                                                     co. of Antrim, 4 miles N. of Ballycastle. Pop. 4816.
BALNLINAIIAkGLISI,-, a parish of Ireland, Connaught,   BALL MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.
co. of Mayo.                                                 BALLON, bIl'l6Nof, a town of France, department of
BALLINAI-IAGLISH, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. Sarthe, near the left bank of the Orne, 12 miles N.N.E. of
of Kerry.                                                  Le Mlans. Pop. 2129. It has manufactures of linens. In
BAL'LINAHINCHI, a barony, parish, demesne, lake, ancient times, Ballon was one of the chief fortresses of the
river, seat, and ruined castle of Ireland, province of Con- province of Maine. It was taken by the English in 1417.
naught, district of Connemara. The seat of the proprietor    BALLON D'ALSACE, bA'l15ot dil'slssf, one of the loftiest
of the district (Martin) is 37 miles W.N.W. of Galway. The mountains of the Vosges chain in France, at the junction
barony comprises the mountain group of Binabola or the  of the departments of Haute-Salne, Vosges, and HIaut"Twelve Pins," and the seaport of Clifden. Pop. 32,465.    Rhin, 4688 feet in elevation.
BALLINAHIINCI, a small town of Ireland, Ulster, co.   BALLON DE GUEBWILLER, bAIl'6a.! deh gh~bveel'laif,
of Down, 10 miles E. of Dromore. Pop. 911. In June, 1698, a mountain of the Vosges chain, department of Haut-Rhin,
a battle was fought here between the Irish insurgents and  canton of Guebwiller, is 4300 feet in height.
the royal troops.                                            BALLOTS, b rlof, a village of France, department of
BAL'LINAKILLI, a town of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's Mayenne, arrondissement of Chlteau-Gontier. Pop. 1395.
co., 11 miles S. of Maryboro'. Pop. 1540, partly empldyed in    BALL PLAY, a post-office of Monroe co., Tennessee.
woollen weaving. It has the remains of an old castle.        BALL'S POND, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.
BALLINAKILL is also the name of several other parishes    BALLSITON, a post-township of Saratoga co., New York,
of Ireland.                                                25 miles N. from Albany, is intersected by the Schenectady
BAL'LINAMORE1, a village of Ireland, Connaught, co. and Saratoga Railroad. Pop. 2269.
of Leitrim. 13 miles N.E. of Carrick. Pop. 246.              BALLSTON CENTRE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New
BAL'LINAMUCK/, a village of Ireland, Leinster, 11 miles York, 25 miles N. of Albany.
N.N.E. of Longford. Here the French troops under General   BALLSTON SPA, a post-village, capital of Saratoga co.,
Humbert surrendered to the English forces, September 8, New York, on the Saratoga and Schenectady RIailroad, 30
1798.                                                      miles N. of Albany, and 7 miles S.W. of Saratoga Springs.
BALULINASCREEN1, a parish of Ireland., co. of London- The mineral springs at this place have considerable celederry.                                                     brity. The village contains a court-house, several churches,
B. L'LINASKELfLIGS (or BAL'LINSKEILIGS) BAY, a bank, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and the Sans Souci Hotel,
Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry; entrance between Hog  which is 160 feet long, with wings extending back 153 feet
Head on the E., and Bolus Head on the W. Breadth, 5  Pop. in 1852, about 2000.
miles.                                                       BALLSITOWN, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.
BALLINASLOE, baPllin-a-slS, a town of Ireland, Con-   BALLSIVILLE, a post-office of Powhattan co., Virginia.
naught, counties of Galway and Roscommon, on the Suck,   BALLSIVILLE. a village and township of Sandusky co.,
an affluent of the Shannon, 22 miles S. of Roscommon. Ohio, on the Sandusky River, 11 miles above Fremont.
Pop. 6,240. The Suck divides it into two portions, con- The falls of the river afford valuable water-power, which is
nested, across an island, by a causeway and two bridges. employed in 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, and several
The town is neatly built, and has a curious church, Roman  mills. Pop. 1556.
Catholic and Methodist chapels, several public schools, the   BALI'VILLE, a village of Orange co., New York, 23 miles
district lunatic asylum for the province, a court-house and  WV. by N. of Newburg.
bridewell, market-house, union work-house, and savings    BALLY, balllee, (i.e. a "town,") a prefix to about 120
bank; with flour-mills, tan-yards, breweries, coach-building  parishes in Ireland.
and hat manufactories. Iere the largest fair in Ireland for   BALtLY, a town in the Malay Archipelago, on the E.
the sale of cattle and sheep is held, from the 5th to the 9th  coast of the island of Lombok, in lat. 80 40' S., ion. 1100
of October annually.  About 12.000 head of black cattle, 30' E.
and 90,000 sheep, are annually brought to. this fair. Bal-   BALLY. See BALI.
linasloe is the station for the Galway militia staff.        BAL'LYBAYI, a town and parish of Ireland, Ulster, 8
BALLINCAI/LA or BAL'LINCIIOLA, a parish of Ire- miles S.S.E. of Monaghan, on the road from Dublin. It is
land, Connaught, cos. of Galway and Mayo.                  thriving, and has a public library of about 1000 volumes,
BAL'LINCOLILIG, a town of Ireland, province of Mun- and an active linen trade. Pop. of the town, 1768.
ster, co. of Cork, on the Lee, 5 miles W. of Cork. Pop. 1246.   BAL'LYBOIFEY, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of DoneIt has a large artillery barrack, and extensive gunpowder  gal, on the Finn, 14 miles W.S.W. of Lifford. Pop. 782. It
mills, and near it is a dismantled castle built in the reign  has a union work-house, and is the principal depit for the
of Henry III.                                             retail supply of the neighboring mountain district.
BAL'LINCUSLANE!  or BALLYCUSLANE, a parish of   BAL'LYBOY1, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, King's co.
Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry.                             BAL'LYBUNINION, a township of Ireland, Munster, co.
BAL'LINDERIRY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of of Kerry, on the estuary of the Shannon, 17 miles N. of TraAntrim.                                                   lee. Pop. 274. It is resorted to for sea-bathing; and near
BALLINDERRY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone. it are some maritime caves, one with a vault from 70 to 80
BALLINDERRY, a village of Ireland, Leinster, co. of feet in height.
Wicklow, 2 miles N.W. of Rathdrum.                           BALLYBURtLEY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, King's
BAL'LINDOONI, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of co., on the Grand Canal.
Galway.                                                      BAL'LYCALILEN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of
BAL'LINGAD/DY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kilkenny.
Limerick.                                                   BAL'LYCASITLE, a seaport town of Ireland, province of
BAL'LINGAR/RY, a parish of Ireland, co. and 17 miles Ulster, co. of Antrim, at its N. extremity, in a bay opposite
SW. of Limerick.  IHere are ruins of ancient religious Rathlin Island, and 5 miles S.W. of Fairhead. Pop. 1397.
houses.                                                   It is picturesque and well-built; but its harbor, after
BALNLINGARWRY, a village and parish of Ireland, co. of'150,0001. have been expended in the erection of a pier, is
Tipperary, 20 miles N.E. of Clonmel.  Pop. of toyn, 643, em- filled with sand.
ployed in the Slievedargy coal-mines. Two other parishes   BALLYCASTLE, a maritime village of Ireland, Conof this name are in the counties of Limerick and Tipperary. naught, co. of Mayo. Pop. 798. It is a coast-guard station,
BALtLINGDON or BRUNIDON, a parish of England, co. and is resorted to for sea-bathing.
of Essex.                                                   BAL'LYCLARE/, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
BALILINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.    Antrim, 11 miles N. of Belfatst. Pop. 847.
BAL'LINGRAYI, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.          BAL'LYCON/NELL, a town of Ireland, Connaught, co.
BAL'LINLAND/ERS, a parish'of Ireland, MIunster, co. of and 9 miles N.W. of Sligo. Pop. 553.
Limerick.                                                   BALLYCONNELL, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 13
B.L'LINOE!, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork.   miles N.W. of Cavan. Pop. 387.
1.58




BAL                                                      BAL
BAL'LYCOTITON,  a bay and village of Ireland, Munster, a market-house, with an assembly room, an artillery bar
co. and 20 miles S.E. of Cork. Pop. of village, 449.      rack, and union work-house, and ruins of the ancient castle
IBAL'LYDUFFf,apost-village in Manvers township, co. of of the Earls of Tyrconnell. B3allyshannon is the headDurham, Canada West, 55 miles N.E. of Toronto.  Pop. quarters of thq county militia, and the place where the only
about 100.                                                newspaper of t- e county is published.
BAL'LYEASITON, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of An-    BALLYSHANNON, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare.
trim, with a village 1 miles N. of Ballyclare. Pop. 265.   BAL'LYTOREI, a town of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 11
BAILYFER/RIS POINT, a headland in Ireland, on the  miles S.S.E. of Kildare.  Pop. 441. Here Edmund Burke
E. coast of co. Down. Lat. 540 39' N.; ion. 50 34' W.     received the rudiments of his education.
BALLYFINI, a chapelry of Ireland, and a seat of the Pole    BALLY'VOUR/NEY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork, with
family, 4 miles N. of Maryborough.                        a village 7N miles W. of Macroom.
BAL'LYGAW/LEY, a market-town of Ireland, co. of Ty-   BALILYWALITER, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down.
rone, 3' miles N.N.W. of Aughnacloy.  It manufactures    BAL'LYWILILIN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
linen and gloves to a considerable extent. Pop. 881.      Londonderry.
BAL'LYHAISE/, a market-town of Ireland, province of    BALMACLELLAN, bAl'ml-kllflaln, a parish of Scotland,
Ulster co., and 4 miles N.N.E. of Cavan. Pop. 701.        stewartry of Kirltcudbright.
BAL'LYHEIGH, balqe-hAl, or BALLYHEIGUE. a parish    BALMAGI-IIE, bAl-m-gbheef, a parish of Scotland, co. of
and township of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry, on Bally- Kirkcudbright.
heigh Bay, an inlet of Tralee Bay, 9 miles N.E. of Tralee.   BALME, balm, a village in Piedmont, division of Turin,
Pop. 4795.                                                on the Stura, at an elevation of 1620 feet. Pop. 400.
BALILYJAMESDUFFI, a market-town of Ireland, pro-   BALME, COL DE, kol dFeh balm, a pass of the Alps, which
vince of Ulster co., and 11 miles S.E. of Cavan. Pop. 1871.   forms the libfit between Savoy and the Valais, 7218 feet
BALLYKEANI, a parish of Ireland, King's co.            above the level of the sea. The pass is much frequented,
BAL'LYLONG1FORI, a town and harbor of Ireland, in  and has a refuge for travellers.
Munster, co. of Kerry, 5 miles W.S.W. of Tarbert, on the    BALMERINO, bAl-me-reefno, a parish and village of Scotestuary of the Shannon. Pop. 1143. The harbor  has 16  land, co. of Fife, on the Tay, 6 miles N. of Cupar. Pop. 993.
feet of water at high tide. In the vicinity are the ruins of    BALMORAL, bil-mofrAl, a castle of Scotland, on the river
Lislaghtin Abbey.                                         Dee, 44 miles W.S.W. of Aberdeen. It is now a royal resiBALLYLOUGHLOE, bl'le-loH-lo1, a parish of Ireland, dence. See CRATRHY.
Leinster, co. of Westmeath.                                 BALQUHIDDER, b l-kwidlder, a parish and village of
BAL'LYMACELILIGOTT, a parish of Ireland, Mlunster,  Scotland co., and 34 miles W. of Perth. Pop. 871. The parish
co. of Kerry.                                             is about 20 miles in length by 10 in breadth; and the famous
BAL'LYMAIIJON, a market-town of Ireland, Leinster,  Rob Roy, who performed many of his exploits within its
co. of Ldngford, on the Inny, 11 miles S. by E. of Longford. limits, lies buried in its church-yard.
Pop. 1229. It consists mostly of a single street, with a    BALISALL, or TEMIPLE-BALISALL, a chapelry of.Engchurch, a largq Roman Catholic chapel, sessions and mar- land, co. of Warwick, in Hampton-in-Arden. Pop. 1160.
ket houses, and a handsome bridge of 5 arches.             Here are the remains of the chapel of Balsall, built in the
BAL\LYMASCANILON, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. twelfth century.
of Louth.                                                    BALSHIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
BAL\LYME/NA, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co.   BALSORA. See BASSORAn.
of Antrim, on the Braid, here crossed by a stone bridge, 21    BALSTHAL, bAlsttAl, a town of Switzerland, canton, and
miles N.W. of Carridkfergus. Pop. with Harryville, 5549. 11 miles N.E. of Soleure, in a valley of the same name, on
It is well built and thriving, and has a good market-house,  the Diinnern. Pop. 1000 (Catholic.) Near it is the celea parish church, various chapels, the diocesan school of brated defile of Klus, with a village of the same name, and
Conner, other large public schools, a bridewell, and a union  extensive iron foundries and forges.
work-house. It exports linens and potatoes, and has nu-   BAL/TA, one of the Shetland Islands, in lat. 600 45' N.,
merous bleaching-grounds, a cotton spinning mill, a distil- ion. 00 45/ W., immediately E. of Unst, between which
lery, and several branch banks. General sessions in Ja- island and Balta is a harbor termed Balta Sound.
nuary and June, alternately with Ballymoney.                 BALTA, bhlltA, a town of Russian Poland, government
BAL'LYMO/NEY, a town and parish of Ireland, Ulster, of Podolia, on the Kodema, an affluent of the Bug, 132 miles
co. of Antrim, 17 miles N.W. of Ballymena. Pop. of town, E.S.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 7500. It is well built and thriv2490. It is irregularly built on an eminence, and has a  ing; contrasted with it is a miserable suburb beyond the
town-hall, various places of worship. and schools, a bride- river, in the government of Kherson.
well, union work-house, dispensary, and mendicity society.   BALTAR, bil-taat, a large village of Portugal, province
It has an extensive malting trade, and tallow and other  of Minho, 14 miles E.N.E. of Oporto.
factories.                                                   BALTIC, bawlttik, (Ger. Oestsee, ist/s,, "East Sea;" Fr.
BALLYMONEY, a parish and township of Ireland, county  Baltique, bAl'teekl; Sp. and It. Baltico, bAllte-ko; L. MakreBallof Cork.                                                  ticusn; anc. Silnus Codatnus,) an inland sea of N. Europe, enBAL\LYMORE!, a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath. closed on nearly all sides by Sweden, Russia, and Prussia, and
Pop. 3487.                                                 communicating with the Cattegat and the North Sea by the.
BALLYMORE,   a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford. Sound andtheGr-eatandLittleBelts. Itextendsfirom SwinePop. 568.                                                 miinde in the S. to Torneiin the N., about900 miles, and firom
BALLYMOIE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Armagh, with  Carlscrona in the W. to Memel in the E., about 180 miles. Its
market-town. Pop. 11,520.                                  area, including the Gulf of Bothnia, Finland, and Rigs, oc-cuBALLYMORE EUSTACE, a village and parish of Ire- pies a spaceof about 160,000 square miles; and its basin, which
land, co. of Kildare, on the Liffey, 19 miles S.W. of Sligo. receives the drainage of more than a fifth of the surface of
Pop. 2129; of the village, 936.                            Europe, is at least 900,000 square miles. Notwithstanding
BAL'LYMOTE1,' a village of Ireland, Ulster co., and 13  its great extent, the Baltic has all the characteristics of an inmiles S.W. of Sligo. Pop. 839. It has the ruins of a large  land sea or great lake. No sea has, in proportion to its size, so
castle built in 1300, and of a Franciscan monastery.      great an influx of fresh water; hence it contains but little salt.
BALLYMYAECK, balse-se-Akl, a parish of Ireland, Mun- In proportion to the North Sea, this is found to be as 194 to
ster, co. of Tipperary.                                   373. The N. part of the Baltic is generally called the Gulf
BAL'LYO5VEY, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of of Bothnia; on the E. are the Gulfs of Finland and Riga,
iMayo.                                                     on the S.E. the Gulf of Dantzit, and on the S.W. the Gulf
BAL'LYRAGTGET, a town of Ireland, province of Lein- of Lubeck. The depth of the Baltic on the W. is not more
ster, co. of Kilkenny, on the Nore, 10. miles N.N.W. of Kil- than 15 fathoms, and in general it is only from 8 to 10
kenny. Pop. 1577.                                          fathoms deep; on the S. it is nowhere more than 50 fathoms;
BAL'LYSADAREI, a thriving town and parish of Ire- but towards the N. it deepens to 100 fathoms. The Baltic
land, 5 miles S.S.W. of Sligo, finely situated on the Owen- receives the waters of the Motald-Ely, the lakes of Af-lar,
beg, at its mouth in Ballysadare Bay, a branch of Sligo  Onega, and Ladoga, the D1ina, Niemen, Vistula, and the
Bay. Pop. of town, 860. The river here rolls over shelving  Oder, besides numerous smaller streams. The great amount
rocks, turning several corn mills, and at the foot of its  of sand and mud carried down by the rivers has conside.lowest fall is a harbor with safe anchorage. Near the town  ably raised the bottom of this sea, and closed the mouths
are the remains of an abbey of the seventh century.        of many of its navigable streams, so that ships which forBAL'LYSAXI, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kildare. merly entered these rivers, must now be anchored at a conBAL'LYSCULILION, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of  siderable distance from their mouths. This, together with
Antrim.                                                    the numerous islands and sand-banks, and the gradual
BAL'LYSHAN/NON, a seaport town of Ireland, Ulster, upward movement of the bed of the sea, (at the rate of
co. of Donegal, in which it is the principal town, though  several feet in a century,) rs.:Aers navigation on the Danish
not the capital, on the Erue, at its mouth in Ballyshannon  shores of the Baltic troublesome and dangerous. The chief
Bay, 25 miles N.W. of Enniskillen. Pop. in 1841, 3513. It islands of this sea are those of the Danish Archipelago, be
consists of 3 steep and irregular streets on, one side of the  tween the coasts of Jutland and Sweden; the islands of
river, across which it communicates by a bridge of 14 Riigen, Bornholm, (iEland, Gottland. Dagle, and Oesel, the
arches, with the wretched suburb of Purt. It has a church, group of Oland, and that of Holmin. The Baltic has no
2 Roman Catholic, a Presbyterian, and 2 Methodist chapels, tides, or rather the effect of the tide is so little felt as not to
159




BAL                                                           BAL
be observable; but it is subject to changes of level, depend-  Baltimore stands. To the E.and S.E. across Jones's Faills (a
ing on the winds, retarding or accelerating the passage of  small creek which divides the city into two portions) lie the
the water through the sound and the belts. Thus, during  Old Town and Fell's Point; and to the W. the newer pora N.E. wind, the S.W. portion of the sea is often raised as  tions, which are extending rapidly.  The view is varied by
much as 4 feet above the usual level of the North Sea. the domes of the Catholic cathedral, the Unitarian church,
This has led to the erroneous opinion that the Baltic is  and the Exchange, by the shot-tower, by the Battle Menualways higher than the German Ocean; on the contrary,  ment, and by thesteeples and towers of the various churches
after N.W. gales and during spring tides, the Atlantic rises, scattered in all directions; the whole girt on the N.W. and
and pouring a flood into the Baltic, commits great havoc  E. by beautiful hills crowned with a natural growth of
among the islands of the Banish Archipelago.  The great  trees. Although the site of the city is such as to cause irreamount of water which flows into the Baltic, especially  gularity in some of the streets, the different sections are
during the melting of the snow in spring, occasions a gene- laid out with great uniformity. Baltimore street, the fashionral current in the direction of the ocean; and it has been  able promenade, and seat of the retail and jobbing busicalculated that the number of days in which the water  ness, divides the city into two nearly equal portions, the
flows into the Cattegat, is in proportion to those in which  larger part lying to the N. Charles street, crossing this at
it follows in an opposite direction, as 24 to 1. During win-  right angles, also divides the city into two nearly equal
ter this sea is usually frozen to a greater or less distance  parts, the portion called North Charles street being mostly
along the coasts; and in severe winters, not only the sound  occupied With elegant residences, and South Charles street,
and the belts, but a great part of its surface is covered with  between Baltimore and Lombard streets, with extensive
ice. In the reignof King Christopher, (1324,) the Baltic was  wholesale warehouses.
frozen so hard, that, for six weeks, the people travelled be-    From the number and prominence of its monuments,
tween Denmarlk and Germany on the ice. The Baltic con-  Baltimore has been denominated the "M onumental City."
tains abundance of fish, and a great quantity of amber is  The most remarkable of these is the Washington Monument,
gathered on its S. shores. The most important ports are  standing in a small, open area at the intersection of Charles
St. Petersburg, Riga, Khnisberg, Dantzic, Stralsund, Lu- and Monument streets.  Its base, 50 feet square and 20 high,
beck, Copenhagen, Carlscrona, Stockholm, and Christiania.  supports a Doric column 176. feet in height, which is sur.
BALTIC PORT, or BALTIISKOI, bll-te-is-koyl, a small mounted by a colossal statue of Washington,  16 feet high,
seaport of Russia, inEsthoniason the island of Roag, at the  giving  its summit an elevation of 3121 feet above the level
influx of the rivulet Padis, into the Baltic, near the entrance  of the harbor. The shaft, 20 feet square at thfe base, and 14
of the Gulf of Finland, 38 miles W. of Revel.                  at the top, is ascended by means of a winding stairway
BALTANAS, bAl-tnlus,  or VALTANAS, v1l-dtln[s, a  within. The whole is constructedof white marble, and cost
town of Spain, 14 miles E.S.E. of Palencia.  Pop. 2350.        $200,000. Battle Monument, also a beautiful structure of
BALTEE or BALTI, blftee, Asia.  See BULTI.                  marble, is situated in Monument Square, in Calvert street,
BALTIC PROVINCES is the name applied to the Russian  near Lexington street. From the base, which is sqllare and
governments of Con-land, Esthonia, Livonia, and St. Peters- ornamented with various devices, rises a facial column, 18
burg, with the principality of Finland, situated on the  feet high, on the bands of which are inscribed the names of
Baltic Sea.                                                   those who fell while defending the city from the attack of
BALTIIORE, bawllte-nmore or bawltie-mor, a seaport town  the British, September 12th, 1814. This is surmounted by
of Ireland, at its S. extremity, province of Munster, county  a beautiful statue of a female, 7$ feet high, makling the
)f Cork, on a small armn of the Atlantic, 47 miles S.W. of  entire height of the monument 52' feet. Another object of
Cork; Lat. 510 293 N., ion. 90 20' W.  Pop. 168. It has a  much interest to strangers is the Merchants'  Shot Tower,.onsiderable coast trade. Registered shipping belonging to  the highest, it is said, in the world, ]Laving an elevation of
the port in 1847, 120 vessels, 3926 tons.                      246 feet.
BALTIMORE, a county in the N. part of Maryland, bor-    Among the public buildings of Baltimore may be mendering on Pennsylvania, and on the Chesapeake Bay, has an  tioned the court house, a handsome brick edifice, 145 feet'
area of about 700 square miles. The Patapsco river forms  long, 65 wide, and two stories high, with a dome. It is situiits boundary on the S. and W., and it is intersected by  ated on Monument square and Lexington street, and cost
Gunpowder River. The surface is pleasantly diversified by  $150,000. The Exchange in Gay street is one of the largest
hills, some of which rise about 800 feet above the tide-water.  and most costly buildings  in the city. It is 240 feet in
The ledge of primitive rock which limits the ascent of the  length, 143 id depth, and three stories high above the basetide, traverses the south-eastern part of the county.  The  ment. The dome is 53 feet diameter, and 115 feet above the
land in many parts is rocky, but in general productive.  pavement. The S. end is occupied as the Custom-house, the
Granite, gneiss, hornblende, limestone, and soapstone are  N. by the Merchants' Bank, and in the rotunda is the city
the principal rocks of the county, which also contains mines  post-office. The reading-room is 50 feet square, and supplied
of copper, iron, and chrome, and beds of red and yellow   with newspapers from all parts of the world. The original
ochre and magnesia. The Baltimore and Ohio, the Balti-  cost of the Exchange  property was about $600,000.  The
timore  and Susquehanna, and the Philadelphia and Balti-  Maryland Institute, 355 feet lon' and 60 wide, situated on
more railroads all terminate in this county, which is by far the  Baltimore street, is said to be the largest building ever
most populous and important in the state. Capital, Tow- erected in the United States for the promotion of the usesontown.  Pop. 310,646.                                        chanic arts. It consists of a centre and two wings, the
BALTIMORE,'atownship of Windsorco., Vermont. P.124.  latter three stories each, with a cupola.  The first story is
BALTIMORE, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of  occupied as a market; and in the second is the main hall, 242
Baltimore co., Maryland, is situated on a small bay or estn-  feet in length, and 60 in breadth. The three-story edifice,
ary, which extends about two miles and a half inland from   fronting on Baltimore street, contains the library, readingthe N. side of Patapsco River, about 12 miles from  its en- room, offices, &c. The building has recently been completed,
trance into Chesapeake Bay. The city, by ship channel, is  and cost about $60,000. The Calvert street dep~t for the
about 200 miles from theocean.  It is 38 miles by railroad  Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, has a very imposing
N.E. from Washington, and 98 miles S.W. from Philadelphia.  front, and is 315 feet long and 120 wide.  Cost, $45,000.
Lat. 39017' N., lon.76037' V. Baltimore is admirably situ- The depot in consse of erection  at the intersection of
ated both for foreign and internal trade, having a spacious  Howard and Camden streets for the Baltimore and Ohio
and secure harbor, being in a central position as regards the  Railroad, when completed, will be one of the most extensive
Atlantic portions of the Union, and having direct communi-  buildings of the kind in the United States. Calvert Iall, at
cation with the Great WVest by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- the corner of Baltimore and Calvert streets, is a handsome
road to Wheeling; besides being connected by railway with  edifice, containing a spacious lecture and exhibition room.
the N.E. and S.W., it is united to various minor places, viz. A large and elegant iron building, the first ever erected ic
to IHIarrisburg, York, and Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania;  Baltimore, has recently been completed at the corner of
to Annapolis, Frederick City, and Cumberland, in Maryland,  South and Baltimore streets, by the proprietors of'the Baltiand to Winchester, in Virginia, while the extension of new  more Sun.
railroads in every direction is increasing her facilities for    The most imposihg clurch  edifice in Baltimore is the
trade almost daily.                                            Roman Catholic cathedral, on Mulberry street, between
General Aspect.-Perhaps no city in the United States has  Charles acnd Cathedral streets.  It is a massive granite
such a picturesque site as Baltimore, covering as it does a  structure, 190 feet long, 177 broad, and 127 feet fromn  the
number of eminences, which, however inconvenient they  ground to the top of the cross surmounting the dome.  At
may be for the residents, furnish a pleasant variety for the  the W. end of the building are two towers crowned withl
stranger. If thevisitor ascends the Washington Monument,  Saracenic cupolas, resembling the minarets of a Mohamin the N. part of the city, on a hill, itself 100 feet above tide, rmedan mosque. The original design was to place an Ionic
he has one of the finest panoramas furnished by any city in  portico between these towers.  The cathedral contains one
the Union. Immediately beneath and aroundhim are some  of the largest organs in the United States, having 6000 pipes
of the most capacious streets, lined with residences rarely  and 36 stops; and two beautiful paintings, one, "The Desequalled in elegance, size, and position. Tothe N. and N.W.  cent from the Cross," presented by Louis XVI of France;
are the newer and finer buildings, constituting the tons  the other, " St. Louis burying his officers and soldiers slain
quarter of the city, while to the S. lies the great centre of  before Tunis," presented by Charles X. Of the other Catrade; a little to the S.E. is the harbor, and beyond it Federal  tholic churches, St. Alphonsus' church, at the corner of
Hill; while far in the distance, but nearly in the same di- Saratoga and Parker streets, with a spire 200 feet high, and
rection, stretches the beautiful arm of the bay on which  St. Vincent de Paul's, in Front street, are both large and
160




BAL                                                            BAL
costly edifices. Grace church, (Episcopal,) recently erected  advantages for foreign commerce, while the numerous lines
at the corner of Monument and Park streets, is a magnifi- of railways that here have their termination, invite to it the
cent Gothic structure of red sandstone, with a lofty tower; agricultural and mineral wealth of a vast interior. The
near it is anothor Episcopal church, of gray sandstone, also  recent completion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to
in the Gothic style; and at the corner of Charles and Sara- Wheeling is a most important event, and destined to exert
toga streets stands St. Paul's church, (Episcopal,) in the  an immense influence on the commercial activity of this
Grecian style, at the time of its erection, cost $142,000. great emporium.  In the eloquent language of one of her
The Unitarian church, corner of Charles and Frankclin  citizens, "'e have reached the threshold and stepping-stone
streets, is an elegant building, 108 feet long and 78 wide, of our true commercial greatness, and there is nothing now
with a dome 65 feet in diameter, and supported by four  that can turn us back. The wide and far West has opened
arches, each 33 feet span. In front is a beautiful colonnade  her ample arms to receive us, and bids us God-speed in our
formed by four Tuscan columns and two pilasters. Cost, efforts to secure the prize which nature has so long and so
including  the organ, $100,000.  The First Presbyterian  patiently held out to us."  Baltimore has regular commnunichurch, at the intersection of Cathedral and  Franklin  cation with Charlestown by a line of ocean steamers, the
streets, is also, handsome edifice, built in the Gothic style, Palmetto and the Tennessee; the latter has been built
with two towers in front.  The whole number of churches  within the past year. The arrivals at the port exclusive
in Baltimore (1853) was as follows:-Methodist Episcopal, 34; of bay craft, in the year ending December 31st, 1853, were
Catholic, 15; Episcopal, 13; Presbyterian, 10; Lutheran, 10;  248 ships, 277 barks, 351 brigs, 1087 schooners: total. 1]63.
Methodist Protestant, 8; Baptist, 6; German Reformed, 3;  Of these, 100 ships, 102 barks, 161 brigs, and 90 schooners
Friends'meeting-houses, 3; Jewish synagogues, 3; Christian  were from  foreign ports.  During the same year the numchurches, 2; Evangelical Association, 2; Unitarian, 1; Uni-  ber of vessels engaged in foreign trade, clearing at this port
versalist, 1; Swedenborgian, 1; Total, 112.                   was 574. In the same period, 71 vessels, of 12,981 tons
Ilsnstitutions.-The educational and literary institutions of  burden, were built.  There were received at Baltimore in
Baltimore are numerous. Among these may be named the  1853, 406,000 tons of Cumberland, and 183,000 of anthraUniversity of Maryland, at the intersection of Green and  cite coal, (a large increase firom  former years,) 35,003 bales
Lombard streets; the medical department of the University, of cotton; coffee fronm  South America and West Indies,
founided in 107; Washington Medical College, situated on  208,702 bags; hides, do. 137,690, (a decrease from  former
Broadway, and the Theological school formerly rconnected  years;) Peruvian guano, 32,152 tons; sugar, 12,482 hogswith St. Mary's College. (See Table of Colleges, Appendix.)  heads and 14,350 barrels; West India molasses, 3820 hogsBuildings are also being erected at the corner of Calvert and  heads, 632 tierces, and 72 barrels —coasetwise, 192 hogsheads,
Madison streets, for an institution to be called the College  115 tierces, and 13,187 barrels; wool, about 900,0010 pounds,
of Loyola.  The Athenmum, at the corner of St. Paul and  of which some 300,000 pounds were of foreign raising;
Saratoga streets, is occupied jointly by the Mercantile  3,411,965 bushels of wheat; 3,006,494 bushels of Indian
Library  Association, which has a library of about 12,000  corn-the total of all kinds of grain and pulse, 8,275,459
volumes and extensive reading-rooms; the Baltimore Li- bushels; about 145,758 barrels of whiskey;  83,000,000 feet
brary of 15,000 volumes, with reading-rooms, and the Siary-   of lumber; and 60,627 hogsheads of tobacco.  There were
land Ilistorical Society.  The latter has a collection of about  also inspected in Baltimore, the same year, s:heat flour,
1000 volumes, and a gallery in which are held annual ex-  1.181,603 barrels; rye flour, 5394 barrels; corn meal, 38,478
hibitions of paintings and sculpture.  A Catholic Associa- barrels;  mackerel, 12,597 barrels; herring, 35,715 barrels;
tion, called the "Brothers of the Christian Schools," have a  and shad, 6208 barrels. The provision trade of Baltimore is
library in Calvert I-Hall, a Gothic edifice on Saratoga street. estimated at $8,000,000 annually. Foreign imports of BalConnected with the Convent of the Ladies of the Visita- timore, in 1852, $6,719,986; 1853, $6,330,078.  Exports, in
tion, is a flourishing seminary for young ladies, conducted  1852, $6,667,861; 1853, $7.906,459.  The registered tonnage
by the nuns. McKim's Free S&hool, in Old Town, is also a  of Baltimore for 1853, was 92,772; enrolled and licensed,
prosperous institution under the direction of the Society  65,706 —total. 158,478 tons. There were,, January 2nd, 1851,
of Friends.  The newspaper press comprises about 25 publi-  12 banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate capital of $7,592,380;
catious, 6 or 7 of which are dailies.                         circulation, $2,956,532, and $2,848,708 in specie. In 1853,
Baltimore contains three hospitals, viz. the Maryland  Baltimore     had 1 health and 10 fire and marine insurance
Hospital for the Insane, situated on an eminence in the  companies, besides many insurance agencies.  The total
eastern part of the city; Mount Hope }Iospital, under the  assessed real and personal property of the city of Baltimore.
management of the Sisters of Charity, in the western part in 1850, amounted to $80,237,960.
of Madison street; and the Baltimore Infirmary, occupying    Baltimore enjoys superior advanitages for manufactures.
a capacious building on the S. side of Lombard street, near  Jones's Falls and Patapsco riverafford iimmenese water-power,
the University. The latter is also under the supervision of  which is extensively employed for floueing mills, of which
the Sisters of Chasity, and has accommodations for 300 pa- there are over 60 within 20 miles of the city. Numerous
tients. A handsome edifice has recently been erected in the  cotton and other manufactories are also in operation. Mr.
western part of the city for an institution called the Aged  Ross Winans has here one of the largest engine establishWidows' Home.  Respectable indigent females, past sixty,  ments in the United States, where near 100 locomotives,
upon the payment of a small sum, are here talken care of  worth each about $10,000, ase made annually.
during the remainder of their lives. The other principal    Baltimore is principally supplied with water from Jones's
benevolent institutions are 2 Orphan asylums, and the  Falls. The reservoinr from which water is conducted to the
Almshouse. The latter is situated on the Franklin road,  upper portions of the city, occupy an eminence N. ofWashabout 2n- miles N.W. from the court-house. It is a noble  ington Monument, and are replenished by forcing pumps.
building, with a front of 375 feet, and two wings each 130  On Federal Hill is an observatory, which serves, in connecfeet by 40. The MIaryland Penitentiary, with the county  tion with another at Bodkin Point, to announce the opjail, occupies a square E. of Jones's Falls; it is an extensive  proach of'vessels.  Extensive improvements are being made
brick and stone building, separated from the jail by a wall in various portions of the city suburbs. At Locust Point,
20 feet high. In December, 1852, it contained 305 convicts, nearly opposite Fell's Point, a long pier has been extended
who were principally employed in the various mechanic  into the harbor, and extensive buildings have been, and are
artg, such as weaving cotton and woollen cloths, the making  still being erected for the receipt of the coal and produce
of hats, shoes, combs, &c., and in sawing marble.  The jail brought down the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and intended
is a large stone structure, surmounted by a cupola and  for transhipmeent.  It is contemplated to open avenues from
ornamented with an octagonal tower at each end. It was  250 to 300 feet in breadth oil the northern and western
erected in 1800, and cost $90,000.  A House of Refuge, boundaries of the city, and to plant thein with rows of trees.
intended as a place of discipline for juvenile delinquents, Their united length when completed will be about 12 miles.
has recently been completed.  The building is situated  Green Mount Cemetery, the principal burial-place, is situnear the Frederick turnpike, about two miles from the city.  ated about 1I miles N. by E. from Battle Mlonument.  It is
There is a large number of hotels in Baltimore, two of  a beautiful enclosure, comprising upwards   of 60 acres of
which are of the first class, viz. the City Hotel, or Barlnunm's,  ground, laid out and embellished in the most tasteful manat the corner of Fayette and Calvert streets, and the Eutaw   ner. The entrance is by an imposing gateway of stone,
House, corner of Baltimore and Eutaw streets. The public  having a front of 80 feet, with towers 40 feet high. A beauschools of the city, December 31, 1852, were as follows, viz. tiful chapel of brownstone is nearly completed, on the hill
3 high schools, 21 grammar and 26 primary schools; being  opposite the gate or entrance.  The first interment was on
an increase of from 36 to 50 schools during the year. These  the 7th of December, 1839.
were attended by 9081 pupils, 5280 of whom  were in the    History.-The present site of the city of Baltimore wasn
grammar and high schools. Number of teachers employed, first fixed upon for a town in 1729; the name Baltimore
173.  The whole amount expended for school purposes,  waes given to it in 1745. In 1768 it became the shire town
during the year ending December 31, 1852, was $75.308.89.  of the county. Its first newspaper, "The Maryland JourAttached to the high schools are normal classes, instituted  nal and Baltimore Advertiser," a weekly, was issued on the
with a particular view to qualify pupils to become thorough  20th of August, 1773. It became a port of ent;y, a customand competent teachers.                                       house was opened, and a naval officer appointed, in 1780.
Commerce, Finzaozces, &c.-In commercial impoitance, Bal-  None of the streets were paved till 1782, when a beginning
timere ranks amiong the first cities in the United States. was made on Baltimore street, which has always been reIts position is such as to render it a great centre of trade. garded as the main street of the city. In the same year
Situated near the head of Chesapeake Bay, it enjoys superior  the first regular communication with Philadelphia-a line
L                                                                                161




BAL                                                       BAM
of stage-coaches —was commenced; watchmenwere employed  250 feet long and 30 bread. The town is surrounded by
in 1784; an act of incorporation was obtained on the last walls, and well built. Its handsome houses, spacious, wellday of the year 1796, and the city government was organized  paved, and well-lighted streets, together with the pleasant
in 1797. A censns was taken in 1775, when the town was walks and the gardens of the environs, make it one of the
found to contain 564 houses and 5031 persons. In 1790, finest towns and most delightful residences in Bavaria.
there were in Baltimore 13,530 inhabitants; in 1800, 26,514; Among the public buildings of note are the Dom Kirche or
in 1810, 46,455; in 1820, 62,735; in 1830, 80,620; in 1840, cathedral, a dine structure in the Byzantine style, founded
102.513; in 1850, 169,054; in 1854, above 200,000.-Adj. in 1004, and containing, among other interesting monuand inhab. BALTrIMORIAN, bawl-te-molre-an.                ments, the curious and richly sculptured tonb of the EmBALTIMORE, a post-office of HIickman co., Kentucky.    peror Hlenry II. and his empress, Cunigunda; the church
BALTIMORE, a flourishing post-village of Liberty town- of St. James, founded in 1073; St. Gangolph's church; the
ship, Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 24  upper parish church, or St. Mary's, a handsome Gothic
miles in a direct line S.E. of Columbus. It is one of the  building of a quadrangular form; and the Jesuit church
principal business places in the county. Pop. in 1853, 700. of St. lMartin's, a massive structure, in which beauty and
BALTIMORE, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan.        grandeur are happily combined, and to which is attached a
BALTIMORE, a post-office of Warren co., Indiana, on the  library particularly rich in manuscripts. To these buildWabash River, 78 miles N.W. of Indianapolis.              ings may be added the old Benedictine monastery, occupyBALTIMORE, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 10  ing the height called St. Michael's Mount, arid now conmiles E.N.E. of sGalena.                                   vested into a work-house; the old palace of the bishops of
BALTIMORE, a small town near the boundary between  Bamberg, the theatre, and the town-hall. The educational
Tuolumne and Mariposa counties, California, on the left and literary institutions comprise a lyceum, in which full
bank of the Mercede River, about 1 mile from its junction  courses of divinity and philosophy are given by eight prowith the San Joaquin.                                      fessors, assisted by other teachers, and attended by 700
BALTIMORE HUNDRED, Sussex co., Delaware. Pop. pupils; a normal school, a mechanics' institute, a drawing
2910.                                                      academy, and a royal library, containing about 56,00
BALTINGLASS, bawlt-ing-glassl, a town of Ireland, Lein- volumes; a museum of natural history, and a cabinet of
ster, cos. of Wicklow and Carlow, on the Slaney, 12 miles natural and experimental philosophy. There are also surN.E. of Carlow. Pop. of town, 1928. The town has a bride- gical, anatomical, and other medical schools attached to the
well and infirmary, with some bleachfields, remains of an  general infirmary, founded in 1789 by Bishop Frank Ludabbey of the twelfth century, and a castle of the Earl of wig, of Erthal, and possessing a capital of upwards of
Aldborough, chief proprietor.                             30,0001. The principal manufactures of the town are of
BALTONSBOROUGIH, bAlftons-bdr-rtLh,  a parish of Elng- porcelain, gloves, jewelry, wax, tobacco, starch, musical inland, co. of Somerset.                                    strumuents, marble wares, &c. Large quantities of gardenBALITRUM, a' small low island of Hanover, in East Fries- seeds and of liquorice are raised in the vicinity;'of the
land, in the German Ocean, 3" miles from the coast, 3 miles latter, about 50,000 pounds are annually sent abroad. The
long, and three-fourths of a mile broad. Pop. 103, fishermen. beer of Bamberg is in much repute throughout the surBALTSHIK or BALTSCIIIK, blt'sheekl, written also  rounding country, and the demand for it is so great as to
BALDISHIK and BALDJIK, bal'jeekl, a town of European  employ upwards of 60 breweries. The environs abound in
Turkey, 18 miles N.E. of Varna, on the Black Sea, near picturesque scenery.  It is connected by railway with
the ruins of bomi, the place to which Ovid was exiled.    Nuremberg. Pop., exclusive of military, 19,312, of whom
BALU-KISSAR. See BALIKESR.                              400 are Jews.
BALU ISLANI), an island in the Indian Ocean, Gulf of   BAMBERG, NEW, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, with
Mlartaban, at the embouchure of the Salwin or Than-Lyeng  quicksilver mines, now abandoned.
River, which separates Burmah  from Siam. It is 17 miles   BAMiBOORA, b[m-boolrd,'a ruined city of Sinde, W. of
long and 8 broad, extending from lat. 160 14' to 160 31' N.  Tatta, in let. 240 40' N., ion. 670 41' E., bearing traces of
BALVANO, bal-vtno, a town of Naples, province of Basi- former importance, and supposed to have-been identical with
licmta, 15 miles WV. of Potenza. Pop. 4000.               BRAHMINABAD, the capital of a flourishing Hindoo kingdom
BALVASII (or POOLYASHI) BAY, Isle of IMan, at the S. in the tenth century.
end of the island. Lat. 540 71 N.; Ion. 40 451 W. The bay    BAMBOO( or BAMIBOUIK, b m-book!,  written  also
is spacious, and affords good anchorage and shelter.      BAMBUK, a country in the interior of North-western
BALWIERZISKI;  bflPveer-zis/kee, a town of Poland, in  Africa, in the angle formed by the Fal6m6 and the Senegal,
Augustow, 23 miles E. of MIariampol, on the Niemen. Pop. S. of the latter river, E. of Bondoo, and N. of Wooli and
1300.                                                     Dentila, between lat. 120 30' and 140 30' N., and between lon.
BALZAC, bal'zAcl, a village of France, department of Cha- 100 30' 15" and 120 15' W. Its precise extent has not been
rente, 3 miles N. of Angouleme. Pop. of commune, 1000.   ascertained, but is supposed to be about 140 miles in length,
BALZOLA, bil-zo/l, a town of Piedmont, 5 miles N.N.W. by 80 to 100 in breadth. It is, on the whole, a mountainous
of Casale, with a hospital. Pop. 2440.                    district, and in some parts rugged, though attaining no
BANIIBA, a considerable town, capital of a province of its  great elevation, the highest points never exceeding 600
own name in South-western Africa, in Congo, about 100  feet above the general level of the land, while the
miles N.N.E. of Ambriz. The province has mines of salt, ordinary heights are about 300 feet. The higher regions
silver, copper, lead, and iron.                            are sterile, being composed mostly of naked rock, but
BAMBARRA, bam-bar/ra, an independent state of West, the valleys and plains are remarkable for their fertility,
ern Africa, in Soodan, mostly between lat. 120 and 140 N., and for the luxuriance, or rather exuberance, of their
and lon. 50 and 90 W., having on the S. the Mandingo  vegetation, every sort of plant and tree attaining the
country, and elsewhere Kaarta, Beroo,(orBeeroo,) andother most gigantic  dimensions-among the latter, the enorstates. The surface is mostly a level table-land, traversed  mous baobab, the calabash, and tamarind, with a great
in its centre, from S.W. to'N.E., by the Niger, (Joliba,) on  variety of acacias and palm-trees, all of which reach here
which are all its principal towns, Sego, Sansanding, Yami- the utmost limits of their growth and fruitfulness. The
na, and Bammakoo. The heat of the climate is intense, rich soil produces likewise in abundance, and almost withbut more supportable than in the surrounding countries; out culture, maize, millet, cotton, water-melons, and an
the rainy season lasts from June to November. The shea  immense variety of leguminous plants.  The lowlands,
or butter-tree, bombax or cotton-tree, baobab, oil-palm, date, which are subject to inundation, yield large crops of rice
tamarind, &c. are indigenous; maize, millet, rice, and cas- of the finest description. Immense herds of wild oxen and
sava yield two crops a year. The Bambarras are negroes of cows rove through the forests or feed on the rich pasture
the Mandingo race, and tolerably advanced in agriculture; of the plains. Lions and elephants are also numerous, and'hey spin and dye various fabrics, work in iron and gold, birds and insects of all descriptions, while the rivers swarm
nanufacture leather, and carry on a pretty extensive trade  with crocodilies of the most formidable kind.  But the
with most of the countries from Timbuctoo to Guinea, ex- most remarkable feature of Bambook is its rich gold-mines.
porting iron, cloths, ivory, slaves, and grain, and importing  The principal one, an insulated hill of 3000 paces in cirsalt, hardware, arms, and Manchester goods. The govern- cumference, and about 300 feet high, is at the distance of
ment is oligarchical, and three-fourths of the population are  about 1 mile from the large and wealthy town of Natakoo.
slaves. The greater number are pagans, but the upper  The soil is almost wholly auriferous, every cubic foot conclasses profess Mohammedanism; the barbarities which are  taming gold in the shape of lumps, grains, or spangles.
enacted in Ashantoee do not prevail in this part of Africa.   There are also numerous other noted gold-mines in BamBAMBECQUE, b6si'btkf, a village of France, department book. Most of the gold found is given to the Moors in
of Nord, arrondissement of D)unkerque. Pop. of commune, exchange for salt-a scarce and much-coveted comumodity
1139.                                                     in this part of Africa, as in many others. Bambook is
BAMBERG, bamtiberg, (Ger. pron. bgmfb3RG,) a town of  densely peopled. The natives are Mandingoes, and so noBavaria, circle of Upper Main, beautifully situated at the  torious for their ferocity and cruelty, as to be esteemed the
foot of a range of slopes clothed with orchards, hop-gardens, type of barbarism. Bambook was at one time, during the
and vineyards, and traversed by the Regnitz, the branches  fifteenth century, in the possession of the Portuguese, who
of which divide the town into three districts, and give  had been tempted by its gold-mines to inyvade the country.
it a form very much resembling the letter K. The com- They do not appear, however, to have hkSd it long. The
munication between these districts is maintained by seven  ruins of ancient Portuguese forts and houses are still to be 
bridges, one of them an elegp ut suspension bridge, about seen in the country.
162




BAMI                                                       BAN
BAMBOROUTGH, bamfbir-r-h, or BAMBROUGH, btml-  rontal, and Krasso, and two military districts, called the
brtfih, a ward and parish of England, co. of Northumberland,  German Banat and the Wallacho-Illyrian Banat. Greatest
the parish on the coast, 16 miles S.E. of Berwick. Pop. 4545. length, from E. to W., 120 miles; greatest breadth, from N.
Bamborough Castle, founded about A. 0. 554, stands on a  to S., 98 miles. Bounded by the Danube, Theiss, and M"high rock projecting into the North Sea, and contains a  res, on all sides except the E., where it becomes hilly.
granary for supplying corn to the poor at a cheap rate, With this exception, the surface is flat, and on the W.'is
apartments for shipwrecked seamen. schools, a public li- partly covered with swamps.  The other rivers are the
brary, dispensary, and infirrmary, supported out of estates [Temes, the Nera, the Karasch, and the Alt Bega, so called
bequeathed for charitable purposes by Lord Crewe, Bishop  to distinguish it from the Neu Bega, a canal about 85 miles
of Durham, in 1715.                                        long, and wholly within the province. Taken as a whole,
BAMIAN, ba'meelnf, BAMIGAN, or BAUMEEAN, a  the Banat is one of the most fertile districts in Europe.
famnous valley and pass of Afghanistan, leading into Inde- Its wheat has long been famous for the great quantity and
pendent Toorkistan, (Khoondooz,) between  the Hindoo  excellence of the flour it yields, while its maize frequently
Koosh range and Paropamisan Mountains, and important gives 24, 48, or even 60 returns. The vine is extensively
as the only known pass across the Himalaya chain practi-  planted, and great attention is paid to the rearing of the
cable for artillery. Lat. 340 50' N.; Ion. 670 48' E.  Great- silk-worm.  Good cotton also is grown.  The minerals,
est elevation of pass, 8496 feet. Here are numerous caves, hitherto, have not been considered of very much importand some remarkable gigantic statues cut in the rock. The  ance, but an extensive coalfield has been recently discowhole valley is strewed with the ruins of the city of Gul- vered. Pop. nearly 1,000,000.
gula, destroyed  by the Mongols under Jenghis Khan    BANAUL, bn-awll, a village of Cashmere, 40 miles S.E.
about the year 1221.                                       of Serinagur.
BAMMAK00, bdm-mii-eool, a town of Western Africa,   BANAWARAM, ba-nA-wdr —ml, a town of Southern Instate of Bambarra, on the Niger, (Joliba,) 145 miles W.S.W. dia, in the Mysore dominion, 77 miles N.N.W. of Seringaof Sego.                                                   patam.
BAMOO. See BuAMso.                                         BANIBRIDGE, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
BAMPOORA. See BAANPOORA.                                 Down, parish of Seapatrick, on the Upper Bann, 7 miles
BiAMPfTON or BATHAMP/ITON, a market-town and pa- S.W. of Dromore. Pop. 3324. The town is neat and thrivrish of England, co. of Devon, 5 miles N. of Tiverton. Pop.  ing, and has a handsome new church, several dissenting
in 1851, 2102.                                             chapels, two market-houses, and a brown linen hall. It is
BAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. It  a principal seat of the linen trade of the county, and has
hastwo parish libraries and two endowed schools, besides  extensive cloth and thread factories, bleaching-grounds,
a grammar school.                                          and chemical-works.
BAMPTON-KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Cumber-   BANBURY, banrber-e, a parliamentary and municipal
land.                                                      borough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of OxBAMPTON, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of Cum- ford, on the Cherwell, 12 miles N.E. of Chipping-Norton, and
berland.                                                    17 miles WV. of the Wolverton station of the North-western
BAMPTON-WIsT-WEALD, a parish of England, co. of  Railway. Pop. 8715. It is remarkably neat and clean; has
Oxford, with a market-town.                                 a large church, built in imitation of St. Paul's Cathedral;
BAN, b~n, or BANOVITZ, bgn-d-vits, adtown of Northern  a blue-coat school, a brisk carrying trade by the Oxford
Hungary, 16 miles S.E. of Trentschin. Pop. 2300 Slowaks, and Birmingham Canal, and busy markets for agricultural
and 360 Jews. The chief trade is in cattle, wood, and iron.  produce. Banbury has long been noted for cheese of supeBANAGANPILLY, bun-&gan-pilllee, a town of British  rior quality, and for cakes which bear its name.' It sends
India, presidency of Madras, 70 miles N.N.W. of Cuddapah. one member to the House of Commons.
In a low range of hills near it diamonds are found.           BANCA, BANKA, or BANGKA, bank/ka,   a large island
BANAGHER, banla-her, a market-town of Ireland, near in the Malay Archipelago, belonging to Holland, between
its centre, in Leinster, King's co., on the Shannon, here  Sumatra and Borneo, celebrated for its tin. It is of irregucrossed by an old bridge 400 feet in length, and guarded by  lar shape, about 108 miles long by 64 broad at its N. end,
batteries, 21 miles WV.S.W. of Tullamore.  Pop. 2827. It the broadest part; area, 4340 square miles. It has several
consists mostly of one long street, with a modern church,  considerable bays, of which the most important are MunRoman Catholic chapel, a royal endowed school, national tok and Claba. The surface is hilly, but none of its elevaschool, and infantry barracks.                             tions much exceed 2000 feet. The higher hills are of granite,
BANAGHER, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster co. of London- the lower of red ferruginous earth. In black alluvium bederry,,                                                    tween these latter are found the tin deposits, discovered first
BANALBUFAR, ban-yal-boo-fatl, a town of the island of  by chance in 1710, and rarely more than 25 feet below the surMajorca, 14 miles N.W. of Palma, with marble quarries. faoe. Only a small portion of the island, in the N. end, near
Pop. 5000.                                                 the capital, Mintow or Mintao, has yet been explored for
BANALIMILITARGRENZE, (Banal-Militdirgrenze,) bh- this metal, the yield of which, in 1844, reached 4189 tons.
n-l me-le-taiR/grlntfseh, in Austria, a division in the S.E. part The Banca tin is the best obtained in the Malay Archipeof Military Croatia, between the rivers Save, Kulpa, and  lago, and is said to be equal, or nearly so, to that obtained
Una, subdivided into the two nearly equal districts of  in Britain. Besides this metal, the island yields iron, lead,
Banal-Grenz-Regiment I. and Banal-4renz-Eegiment II., copper, silver, and arsenic, rock-crystal and amethyst; and
each with an area of 400 geographical squaie miles.         in the NV. part there are beds of lignite. Among the vegeBANAM, b'n~imt,   a large village of Asia Minor, in Ana, table productions may be named dragon's-blood, sassafras,
tolia, 26 miles S.E. of Angora, between the mountains of  nutmegs, benzoin, sage, cassia, &c. Banca is inhabited by
Elma and Ura Tagh.                                         Malays, Chinese, and a small number of Bengal Cipays
BANANA (bi-nuna) ISLANDS, a group of small islands  and a still smaller number of Boogis from Celebes., The
N.W. of Africa, off the coast'of Sierra Leone, near Cape  Chinese, numbering 18,000, are the only'aborious race in
Shilling.  Lat. 80 8, N.; Ion. 130 11' 42" W.  The largest the island. Pop. in 1840, 35,000.
is 4 miles long and 1 broad.                                 BANCA, a small island group at the N.E. point of CeBANANAL, bA-ni-ni/, a village of Brazil, province of  lebes, separated from that island by a narrow strait of the
So Paulo, on the road from the city of that name to Rio  same name. The largest island, whence the group takes
Janeiro, in the district of Areas, and near the Parahiba  its name, is in lat. (E. point) 10 43' S.; ion. 1250 12' E.
do Sul.                                                      BANCALAAN, bin-ki-tAn1, a small island in the Malay
BANANAL, a village  of Brazil, province of Rio de Ja- Archipelago, near the S.W. coast of Palawan. Lat. 80 15' N.,
neiro, on a streamlet of the same name, which is an affluent ion. 1270 18' E.
of the Parahiba do Sul from the right, and navigable for   BANCALLAN, island of Madura. See BANKALAN.
about 5 miles.                                               BANCAPOOR, bin-k/-poorn, a town of British India, preBANANAL, a river island of Brazil, called, also, SANTA  sidency of Bombay, 38 miles S.E. of Darwar, and formerly
ANNA, formed by the river Araguay.  It lies in the pro- an important fortress.
vince of Matto-Grosso, is 200 miles long, by about 35 broad,   BANICA, STRAIT OF, between the islands of Banca and
covered with vast forests, and has in its centre a navigable  Sumatra, varies from 8 to 20 miles in breadth.
lake, said to be about 90 miles long by 30 broad. The soil   BANCE (banss) ISLAND, a small fortified island in the
of the island is extremely fertile. The name Bananial was  estuary of the Sierra Leone River. Western Africa.
given it from the remarkable increase in the bananatreas    BANCHORY-DEVENICK,ban-chotre-div/en-ik, a maritime
planted there by the discoverers in 1773.                   parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and Kincardine, interBANARA, bh-nt/ri, a large village of Persia, province of  sacted by the Dee, 5 miles S.W. of Aberdeen. In this parish
Laristan, 48 miles N.N.W. of Lar.                           are three fishing harbors, some large cairns, the remains of
BANAS-CHIAI, banls-chi, a river of Asia Minor, in Ana- a Druidic temple, and a foot suspension bridge, 305 feet in
tolla, flows S.W. to the Mender, (anc. AIancler,) which it length, across the Dee.
joins 45 miles E.S.E. of Alah-Shehr. Length, 70 miles.        BANCHOIRY-TERINAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of KinBAN ASSAC, bin'nis'sikl, a village of France, department cardine.
of Lozbre, arrondissement of Marvejols. Pop. of commune,   BANCOORAIH, or WEST BURD'WANt, a district of Bri1818.                                                       tish India, presidency of Bengal, formerly named the JunBANAT, bi-nitf, (Ger. Basater Gr-esnze,) a large province  gle Mehals.  Area, 3000 square miles.  Pop. 500,000 (?)
of Austria, consisting of the three counties of Temesvar, To- The surface is undulating; the valleys are cultivated, but
163




BAN                                                       BAN'
the hills covered with forests and jungles. Bancoorah, its I the Yallobusha River, at the head of keel-boat navigation,
principal town, is 55 miles W. of Burdwasi.                1.32 miles N. by E. of Jackson. It is surrounded by rich
BANCOOT/, or FORT VICTOR/IA, a town and fort of plantations of cotton, and has an active trade.
British India, 70 miles S.S.E. of Bombay, at the mouth of    BANRRAS, bln-ylrds, a town of Spain, 27 miles N.W.
BancootRiver. It has a smallharbor, and sometrade in salt. of Alicante, with an ancient castle. Pop. 2300.
BAN/CROFT, a new county in the N.N.W. part of Iowa,   BANEZA, LA, I1-btn-yAtha, a town of Spain, 26 miles
bordering on Minnesota, has an area of 450 square miles. S.W. Leon. Pop. 2270. It has celebrated weekly fairs.
It is principally drained by Manketo River and its tributa-    BANFF, bamf, or BANFFSIIIRE, bamf/shjr, a maritime
ries. Several small lakes are situated in and near the N. county of Scotland, having N. Moray Frith, Ei. and S. of the
border of this county. It is not included in the census of  county of Aberdeen, and W. of the counties of Inverness and
1850.                                                      Moray.  Area variously estimated at from 500 to 647 square
BANCROFT, a township in Aroostook co., Maine. Pop. 157. miles. Of 320,000 acres, about 120,000 are cultivated, 130,000
BANCROFT, a post-office of Hampshire co., Massachusetts.  uncultivated, and 70,000 unprofitable. Pop. in 1851, 54,171.
BANCROFT, a small village of Franklin co., Georgia, 110  The surface is mountainous or hilly, except on the coast,
miles N.W. of Augusta.                                      where it is level and pretty fertile. Cairngorm mountain,
BANDA or BANDAI, ban/da, a flourishing town of IIin- 4095 feet in height, is mostly in this county. Chief rivers, the
dostan, in Bundelcund, capital of a rajahship tributary to  Spey, Avon, and Doveron. Cattle breeding is the principal
the British, 95 miles W. of Allahabad.                      branch of rural industry; tillage farms are small, though
BANDA or BANDAI, a small town of iindostan, presi-  property is in few hands.  The fisheries are important.
deney of Bombay,: district of Surat.                        Chief towns, Banff, Cullen, and Portsoy. This county reBANDA (binldg) ISLES, a group of twelve small but im- turns one member to the House of Commons. Gordon Castle,
portant islands in the Molucca Archipelago, belonging to  one of the seats of the Duke of Eibhmond, is in this county.
the Dutch, 50 miles S. of Ceram. Lat. 40 30, S.; Ion. 1290    BANFF, sometimes written, and always pronounced,
50' E. Pop. in 1840, 4065. They are all lofty and volcanic, BAMFF, a royal and parliamentary borough, seaport town,
and the four larger are exclusively appropriated to the cul- of Scotland, capital of the above co., on the Doveron, at its
tivation of nutmegs and mace; 400,000 pounds of the for- mouth in Moray Prith, 38 miles N.N.W. of Aberdeen.  Lat.
mer and 130,000 pounds of the latter are produced here an- of pier, 570 40' 3" N., Ion. 20 31' 5" W. Pop. 6000. The " sea
nually, and form the chief exports. The harbor, which is  town" stands on an abrupt height, on the coast, the " inland
beautiful, well sheltered, and easy of access, lies N. of the  town" on the river, and the "castle" between the two.
island of Great Banda, and between it and the islands of  Banff is well built, and lias a town-house with a high spire,
Banda Neira and Goonong Apee, alofwhich approach close  jail, market-house, grammar school, several other public
to each other. It is defended by several forts, of which the  schools, and public baths.  A bridge over the Doveron
most important are those of Belgica and Nassau on Banda  unites the town with Macduff, and its hasrbor has a lowNeira, and Iollandia on Great Banda. On the former of  water pier. IHIerrings, salmon, cattle, and grain are shipped
thase islands is the governor's residence, and the small vii-  hence to London, and in 1846, 697 vessels (aggregate burlage or town of the same name, the houses in which are  den 38,120 tons) entered, and 573 (aggregate burden 31,080
built chiefly ofwood, and roofed with leaves, on account of  tons) cleared fl-om the port, which includes the creeks of
the frequent earthquakes to which the group is subject. Fraserburg, Gardenstown, Macduff, Portsoy, Port Gordon,
The island of GoonongApee rises 7880 feet above the sea, and Garmouth. Registered shipping (1847) 114 vessels; agand is one of the most active volcanoes in the Malay Archi-  gregate burden. 9396 tons. Banff unites with Elgin, Cullen,
pelatgo. The proximity of this volcano subjects the Banda  Inverary, Kintore, and Peterhead to send one member to
Islands to the ravages of firequent eruptions and earth- the IHIouse of Commons. Archbishop Sharpe was a native
quakes, some of which have been very destructive.           of Banff.
BANDA ORIENTAL. SeeURauouAY.                                BAN'GALLI, a post-bffice of Dutchess co., New York.
B13ANDA SEA, in the Malay Archipelago, the space of sea    BANGALORE, bang'ga-lore/, a large and strongly fortified
enclosed by the islands of Booro and Ceram on the N.; Timer town in Southern India, Mysore dominions, on a table-land
and the SerawattyIslands onthe S.; Timer Lant, Larat, and  nearly 8000 feet in elevation, 70 miles N.E. of Seringapatam.
other small islands on the E.; and the Flores Sea on the VW. It is enclosed by double walls, and has a citadel containing
BAN-DE-LA-ROCIE, b6QN-deh-lA-roshl, a valley of France, the palace of Tippoo Saib. It is the head-quarters of the
department of Vosges, celebrated as the scene of Oberlin's  British resident and Madras officers in Mysore. Owing to
labors. At the entrance to the valley, in the church-yard of its salubrity, it is a good deal frequented by Europeans, and
the quiet village of F'onday, is the tomb of Oberlin, a plain  is furnished with many European shops, with assembly and
stone, with his name engraved, and an incription, bearing, reading rooms, and good barracks. The temperature rarely
in terms equally true andtouching, "IHe was sixty years the  exceeds 820, or sinks below 560 Fahrenheit. The air is refather of this district."                                  fieshed by genial showers. The principal manufactures are
BANDER.  See BUNDER.                                      of silk and cotton fabrics. It was taken by the British,
BANDITTI (ban-dit'tee) ISLE, Malay Archipelago, in the  under Lord Cornwallis, in 1791. Pop. 60,000.
Strait of Lombok, between Lombok and Ball, 20 miles in cir-   BANGANAPILLY, btng-gtn-a-pi]/lee, a small town of Bricumference. Lat. 80 50 N., Ion. 1150 30' E.                 tish India, presidency of Madras, 69 miles S.S.E. of Adoni,
BANDOL, bNa'dol/, a villate of France, department of Var, on the Sooroo. In its environs, diamonds and. precious
delightfully situated on the shore of the Mediterranean, 9  stones are found.
miles W.N.W. ofToulon. Pop. 1814. It exports wines, and    BANGASSI, bing-gls'see, a large fortified town of Western
has 60 fishing-boats belonging to its port.                 Africa, in the Mandingo country, near the Woolima River.
BANDON, ban/don, a river in the S. of Ireland, co. of Cork,   BANGEY, or BANGAVI. See BONGAv.
rises in the Carberry mountains, near Dunmanway, flows   BANGIL, b n-gheell, a town of Java, 23 miles S. of Soeragenerally It. to Innishannon, and thence S.E. to the Atlan- baya, having good houses and a spacious market-place.
tie, forming the harbor of Kinsale. Length, 40 miles, for 15    BANGKA.  See BANOeCA.
of which it is navigable for vessels of 200 tons.             BANG'KOK! or BAN'KOKI, the capital city of Siam, and
BAN/DON or BAN/DONBRIDGE, a town of Ireland, 20  one of the most commercial places in Asia, on the Menam,
miles S.W. of Cork, on both banks of the Bandon, a beauti-  about 20 miles above its mouth. Lat. 136 58' N., Ion. 1000
ful streamn, celebrated by Spenser as "The pleasant Bandon, 34' E. The population, according to Neale, is not less than
crowned by many a wood."  There are several good streets  400,000, two-thirds of whom are Chinese. It stretches along
in the town, straight and well kept; houses of stone firom a  both banks of the river, and consists of three portions, viz.
quarry in the vicinity, generally well built, lighted, and  the palace or citadel, on an island enclosed by walls, and
amply supplied with water.  The principal public build- comprising the residences of the sovereign and court, with
ings are a court-house, market-house, and savings bank. many temples and gardens; the city proper; and the floatThere are two good classical schools, besides two parochial ing town, composed of movable bamboo rafts, each bearing
schools, in connection with the Church of England, two  rows of 8 or 10 houses. It has numerous Boodhic temples;
national and one Methodist school, for the instruction of  and in the palace is a spacious audience hall. Thle more
the lower classes. Bandon was, about 25 years ago, a flour-  solid buildings are of brick; but the majority of the dwellishing manufacturing town, but hardly a vestige of its for- ings are of wood, mounted on posts. Most of the intermer prosperity now remains. It is peopled by a colony of  course is carried on by water, and the Menam is navigable
English Protestants. It returns a member to the House of  to the city for vessels of 250 tons. Bang-kok has manufa.cGomreioens. Pop. 9049.                                      tures of tin and iron wares, and leather. The exports comoBANsDONGa, a town of the Dutch East Indies, on the W. prise sugar, (filom 10,000 to 12,000 tons yearly,) black pepper,
coast of Java. Near it is the volcano of Goenong Goentoer,  (4000 to 5000 tons,) tin, cardamoms, fine woods, ivory, cotby an eruption of which, in 1822, 80 villages were destroyed. ton, rice, hides, horns, skins, and feathers. The imports
BANDOOGJURt, a town of India, in Bundelcund, 58 miles  are tea, quicksilver, raw and manufactured silks, porcelain,
S.W. of Rewah.                                             and numerous manufactured articles from China; camphor,
BANDOIRA, a town of India, on Salsette Island, 6 miles  and edible bird's-nests filom the Malay Archipelago; and
N. of Bombay.                                              European and Indian piece-goods, opium, and glass wares
BANEC or BANNEC, biin'n.k/, an Island of France, de- from the British and Dutch settlements in the East.  The
partment Finist.lre, between Uslhant and the mainland, in  value of exports in 1846 amounted to 120.000/., and of imlat. 480 29' 7" N., ion. 50 11 42" W.                      ports to 160,0001. The country around is flat, but contains
BANEILA, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mississippi, on  rich mines of iron, and extensive forests of teakt.
164




BAN                                                           BAN
BANGOR, b3Noagonf, a village of France, department of  amounted to 199,389,422 feet. The aggregate burden of the
MIorbihan, in the island of Belle-Isle.  Pop. 1638.            shipping owned, June 30, 1854, of the same year,'amounted
BANGOR, bangfgher, ("white  choir,") a city, parlia- to 15,688 tons registered, and 23,751 tons enrolled and
mentry borough, seaport, and parish of North Wales, at the licensed: total, 39,439 tons. During the year, 28 vessels, (5
head of-Beaumaris   Bay co., and 9 miles N.E.of Carnarvon. of them  ships,) with an aggregate of 9146 tons, were adPop. of the parish, 9564; of the city, 6338. It lies in a ro- measured. The ship-building for 1853 amounted to 8532
mantic valley, and consists chiefly of one narrow  street, tons. Pop. in 1820, 1221; in 1830, 2868; in 1840, 8627; in
nearly a mile in length. The cathedral, date 525, (?) is an  1850, 14.432; and in 1854, 20,000.
embattled, cruciform structure, with a low, massive tower;    BANGOR, a post-township of Franklin co., New York,
its choir is appropriated to the cathedral service; its nave,  about 160 miles N. by W. of Albany, is intersected by the
141 feet in length, is used as the parish church; and in one  Northern Railroad. Pop. 2159.
of the transepts, service is celebrated in the Welsh tongue.    BANGOR, a township in Elkhart county, Indiana.  Pop.
Bangor has an episcopal palace and deanery, a firee school, 587.
founded in the reign of Elizabeth, almshouses, a town-hall,    BANIG\OR MONACHOIRIJ3M, a parish of North Wales, cos.
assembly rooms, and excellent accommodation for visitors, of Flint and Denbigh, on the Dee, 7 miles N. of Ellesmere.
many of whom, since the construction of the ienai bridge,  This is the supposed seat of one of the largest monasteries
and the establishment of steamers from Liverpool, have re- in Britaill, which, according to Lamnbard, was inhabited, in
sorted hither for sea-bathing. The bay admits vessels of 300  the sixth century, by 2100 monks, 1200 of whom were mastons, but the trade is small, consisting chiefly in the export  sacred early in the seventh century by the Northumbrian
of slates. The fairs held at the ienai bridge, are the  Saxons. Gildas, the earliest British historian, is Said to
largest cattle fairs in North Wales. The borough unites  have been a monk of this community.
with Carnarvon, Conway, Crickeith, Nevin, and Pwllheli    BANG-PA-KUNG, bhng-p,-kfngl, a river of Siam, having
in sending one member to the I-louse of Commons.  In  its sources in the mountains which separate Siam  from
the vicinity is the superb residence of G. H. D. Pennant,  Cambodia, flows into the Gulf of Siam. Length, about 200
Esq., a castle built in the Saxon style, at a cost exceeding  miles.
100,000/.                                                        BANG-PA-SO, bAng-p9-s6, a town of Siam, capital of a disBANGOR, a parish of North Wales, co. of Cardigan.           trict fertile in rice and sugar, near the mouth of the BangBANGOR, ban/gor, a seaport town and parish of Ireland,  pa-kung, lat. 130 30' N., ion. 101013'E., 47 miles E.S.E. of
in Ulster, co. of Down, on Belfast Lough, 12 miles E.N.E. of  Bangkok.  It is a considerable town, containing several
Belfast. Pop. of the town, 3116. It has various places of  thousand  inhabitarts, and  surrounded by  a wooden
worship, a market-house, savings' bank, public library, &c., stoclkcade.
with cotton factories, a trade in linens, and a fishery.  The    BANGUEY, b8ng-g'1, an island of the Malay Archipelago,
town is frequented as a bathing-place. Here was once a  off the N. extremity of Borneo. Lat. 709/ N., ion. 1170 6' E.
faitmous monastery, said to have been  destroyed by the  Turtle are plentiful on this island.
Danes in 820; and near the town is Bangor Castle, the seat    BANIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of the Earl of Bangor, chief proprietor.                         BANHO, bAn'yo, a town of Portugal, province of Beira,
BAN/GOR, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of Pe-  13 miles N.E. of Viseu. Pop. 2000.
nobscot co., Mlaine, on the right bank of Penobscot River,    BANIAK  (bA-ne-Akt) ISLANDS, a group in the Indian
about 60 miles from  its mouth. It is 66 miles E.N.E. of  Ocean, off the W. coast of Sumatra, in lat. 20 20' N., Ion. 960
Augusta, 116 WV. of Eastport, 126 N.E. of Portland, 231 N.E. 40' E. A conical-shaped hill, on Poolo Baniak Island, is a
of Boston, and 661 miles N.E. of Washington. Lat. 440 47/  conspicuous sea-mark.
50" N., ion. 680 47' W. It is situated on both sides of the      BANIALUKA, b&ne-a-loook, a fortified town of EuroKeuduskeag River, which here enters the Penobscot. This  pean Turkey, province of Bosnia, capital of a sanjak, on the
stream, about 190 yards wide, is crossed by several bridges,  Verbas, 94 miles S.W. of Bosna-Serai.  It is said to have a
uniting the two parts of the city. A fall in the Kendus-  citadel, 40 mosques, several colleges, public baths and bakeag, about half a mile fi-om  its mouth, affords extensive  zaars, and a manufactory of gunpowder; but it is rarely
water-power.  A short distance above the city, a bridge 1320  visited by travellers. Pop. 7800.
feet long extends across the Penobscot, connecting Ban-    BANIAS.  See PANEAS.
go- with Brewer. The harbor, which is at and below the    BANIAS, bi/ne-As, a village of Syria, 52 miles N.N.E. of
bridge across the Penobscot, is nearly 500 yards wide, and at  Tripoli, on the Mediterranean.
high tide (the tide rises here 17 feet) is of sufficient depth    BAN/ISTEIR, a river in the S. part of Virginia, rises in
for vessels of the largest size. Bangor is one of the greatest Pittsylvania county, and flowing in a south-easterly course,
lumber depots in the world. The great extent of country  enters the Dan Eiver in IIalifax county, about 10 miles bedrained by the Penobscot and its tributaries is heavily tim- low the village of Banister. It is navigable by bat eaus
bered with pine, spruce, hemlock, and cedar, the cutting  from its mouth to Meadsville.
and hauling of which to the numerous saw mills that    BANISTER, or HALIFAX COURT-HOUSE, a flourishing
everywhere line the banks of the rivers, afford one of the  post-village, c-pital of IHalifax county, Virginia, on Banischief occupations of the inhabitants. The vast amount of  ter River, 10 miles above its entrance into the Dan River,
lumber which these mills yearly produce is all brought to  and on the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 120 miles S.W.
Bangor for exportation, this port being at the head of navi- of Richmond.  The situation is elevated and pleasant. Bagationon the Penobscot. Nearly 2000 vessels are annually  nister has a very active mercantile business, in which a
employed in this trade during the season of navigation,  capital of $200,000 is invested. It is the terminus of three
which usually continues 8 or 9 months in the year. Bangor  lines of stages. The Banister  River is navigable for batis also extensively engaged in foreign commerce, in the  teaus from  its mouth to Meadsville, about 10 miles above
coast trade, and in ship-building. The city has a pleasant  the court-house.  A rich mine of plumbago has recently
location, commanding a fine view of the river and surround- been opened 6 miles from  this place. Pop. in 1853, about
ing country. The buildings are generally neat and well  1600.
constructed, while some exhibit a style of superior elegance.    BANJALUKA.  See BANIAALUKA.
A new custom-house is now in course of erection, the cost    BANJERMASSIN or BANJARMIASSIN, b&n-yfr-mAs-sin/
of which; when completed, it is estimated  will exceed  orbln-yer-m~s-sing/, (Baejer, water, msassin, salt,) an exten100,000; it is situated in the bed of the Kenduskeag  sive country of Borneo, occupying the S.E. part of the island,
Riiver, between two bridges, from  either of which it is en-  bounded W. by the river Banjer, and E. by the Strait of
tered. The Bangor Hiouse is a hotel of the first class, and   1acassar. It is intersected from N. to S. by a range of mounprobably inferior to none in the state.  The city contains  tains, some of which are upwards of 3000 feet in elevation,
12 or 13 banks, and 11 churches, 4 of which cost about  and watered on the WV. by the Banjer, and its tributary the
$25,000 each. The Bangor Theological Seminary is situated  Nagara, and E. by several large streams.  Pop. in 1846, estlin the more elevated portion of the town, commanding a  mated at 120,000, nearly all Mohammedans. It is governed
fine view of the Penobscot River. It was organized in 1816. by a sultan, whose power is absolute, except in so far as
being first established at Hampden, 6 miles S. of Bangor.  limited by treaties with the Netherlands government. All
Two daily and four weekly newspapers are published here. the diamonds above 5 carats, found in the mines of BanjerThe schools of Bangor are graded, comprising primary, massin, are considered the property of the sultan; but the
grammar, and high schcols, and are in a most prosperous  Netherlands government receives a tribute equal to onecondition. In the high schools, both for the boys and  tenth of the value. The inhabitants of Banjermassin are
the girls, the course of study comprises all the branches  celebrated for the manufacture of all kinds of arms, guns,
usually pursued preparatory to entering college. Among  pistols, swords. &c., which are finished in the most elaborate
the manufacturing establishments may be mentioned 4  style. The chief seat of this manufacture is Nagara, a dislarge foundries, with machine shops, 4 extensive steam fur- trict of 10,000 inhabitants, extending on both sides of the
nituse manufictories, and several steam  sawing and plan-  river of the same  Dame, N.E. of the Dutch fort of Marabaing mills.  Steamboats make regular trips fl-om Bangor to  han. The iron of Doussen (so called from the river of the
lBoston, Portland, and places along the river about two-  same name) is employed in the manufacture, and serves in
thirds of the year. The Penobscot and Kennebec Railroad  place of money with the aborigines; the gold, copper, and
connects it with Waterville, and another railroad is pro-  silver, used in decoration, is imported. The sultan imposes
jected to Lincoln, about 50 miles up the Penobscot valley. a tax of 10 per cent. on all the arnis exported. Excellent
Banogor  also has railroad communication with Old Town, 12  coal was discovered in this territory in 1846, and is extenmiles distant. The lumber surveyed at this port in 1852, sively worked by the Netherlands government.
165




BAN                                                      BAN
BANJ.ERMASSIN, in Borneo, the fortified capital of the  Forth, famous for the great victory gained here, 24th Juu,
Dutch residence, is situated on the left bank of the river 1314, by the Scots under Bruce, over the English, cons.
Banjer, about 15 miles from its mouth, in the Java Sea, lat. manded by Edward II. and his generals.  The latter are
30 23' S., ion. 1140 37' E. As the mouth of the river is oh- stated to have lost 50,000 men, and the Scots only 4000.
structed by a bar, large vessels anchor at Tabeniow, a port Near it, at Sauchie Burn, in 1488, James III. of Scotland
on the coast, aboutl50 miles S. of the town. Banjermassin  was defeated by his son. Bannockburn, with a population,
has an extensive trade with China: its chief exports consist of  in 1851, of 2627, is now noted for peacefiul industry. having
pepper and other spices, gold-dust,.diamonds, wax, camphor, manufactdres of tartan shawls, carpets, and hearth-rugs for
rattans, edible bird's-nests, and small arms. The imports the English markets, with some tweeds and leather; and all
are piece goods, opium, cutlery, and gunpowder. The Dutch  the tartan worn by the Highland regiments in the British
have had a factory here since 1748, and the territory was  army has, for the last half-century, been made here.
ceded to them in 1787; a German mission to the Dyaks was    BANINOW, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.
established here in 1837.                                   BANN, UPPER, a river of the N. of Ireland, rises in the
BANJOEMAS, b~n'yoo'mass1, a town of the Dutch East  Mourne Mountains, flows through the counties of Down
Indies, near the S. coast of the island of Java; lat. 70 33/ N., and Armagh, in a N.W. direction, and joins Lough Neagh
Ion. 1090 20' E. It is the residence of the governor, and  on its S. side. It communicates with the Newvry Canal, and
contains a fort and garrison. Pop. 9000.                  is navigable for vessels of 60 tons to Portadown.
BANJOEWANGI. See BANYUVWANG.                               BANOLAS, b[n-yo/lis, a town of Spain, 7 miles N. of GeBANKA. See BANcA.                                       rona, with mineral springs and baths, and manufactures of
BANKALAN, bln'kalqnf, a town of the Dutch East In- cotton fabrics, oil, and paper. Pop. 4600.
dies, on the W. coast of the island of Madura, 15 miles N.   BANROU, bNro'roo/, a village of France, department of
of Soerabaya, in Java. It is the capital of a small state of  Grne. Pop. of commune, 1054.
the same name, and seat of a Dutch vice-residency.           BANSTEAD, bln/stead,.a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
BANKEL, bln'k.l/, an island in the Malay Archipelago,    BANSWARA, ban-sw/rI, or BANSWARAII, a town of
at the entrance into the Bay of Tolo, on the E. coast of  Hindostan, capital of a small statmin the province of Guzerat,
Celebes; lat. 20 201 S., ion. 1220 50' E.                  tributary to the British, 110 miles N.E. of Baroda. It is
BANKS' ISLAND, of British North America, is in the  handsome, and has a large fortress, and several temples.
Pacific, in lat. 530 20' N., ion. 1300 W.                    BANTALLAN, bln'tal-lln/, an island in the Malay ArchiBANKS' ISLANDS, a group of 17 islands in the Pacific pelago, one of the smallest of the Philippines. Lat. 110 N.;
Ocean, in lat. 140 S., ion. 1690 W., and named in honor of Sir  lon. 1230 20' E.
Joseph Banks.                                                BANTAM, bn'tlam/, a residency, and former kingdom of
BANKS' ISLANDS, a group in South Australia, in Spen- the Dutch East Indies, forming the W. extremity of the
cer's Gulf, lat. 340 30' S., lon. 1360 20/ E.,             Island of Java. Lat. of fort, 60 1' 39" S., ion. 1060 10' 41/ E.
BANKS' LAND, British North America, in the Arctic  Pop. in 1838, 362,242. It isdivided into 3 regencies, CeOcean, lat. 740 N., ion. 1160 W., 70 miles S.W. of Melville  ram, (or Serang,) Lebak, Tjiringin.  The chief products
Island.                                                    are rice, pepper, coffee, sugar, cotton, ard indigo. Capita!,
BANKS' PENINSULA, in New Zealand, on New Munster  Serang.
or Middle Island, near the centre of its E. coast; lat. 430    BANTAM, an old and celebrated town of Java, capital of
40' S., ion. 1730 W.  Length, about 50 miles; greatest the former kingdom, and present province of same name.
breadth, 25 miles, forming a high table-land.              It is beautifully situated on a bay and river of same name,
BANKS' STRAIT, between Van Diemen's Land and Four-  and backed by lofty picturesque mountains. Lat. 60 1'42"
neaux Islands. Breadth, 15 miles.                          S.; lon. 1060 10' 42" E. The river of Bantam  divides into
BANKS' TOWN, in New South Wales, co. of Cumberland,  three arms, the centre one of which, not very deep, passes
W. of Sydney.                                              through the town, the other two bounding it right and left.
BANMIO. See BDnAMo.                                      The Sultan's palace, and the Dutch forts, (Spelwijk and DiaBANNA, b~n/nA, a river of Southern Guinea, having its  mant,) are in ruins; and the only building of note is the
sources in a mountainous region, about 80 miles from the  mosque or temple, surrounded by a lofty wall, and adorned
coast, falls into the sea in about lat. 30 30' S.          with a small tower or minaret. Bantam is one of the oldest
BAiOS bln/yoce, (i. e. "baths,") forms the name, or part and most famous towns in the East, and, at one time, was
of the name, of numerous towns and villages in Spain, of  the principal mart of the Dutch; but its trade has now been
which the following are the most important:                transferred to other channels.
BANDS, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 miles N. by E.   BAN/TAM, a post.office of Clermont co., Ohio.
of Jaen. Pop. 1770.                              ~           BANTAM FALLS, a post-office of Litchfield co., ConneeBANGS, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, 30 miles W. ticut.
of Pal-uncia. Pop. 1636.                                     BANTJAR, blntlyArJ, a town of the Dutch East Indies,
BAROS DE CERRATO, blnfyoce dr thu-RAl/to, or BANOS on the N. coast of the Island of Java, residency of Rembang,
DE RIG PISUERGA, bln/yoce dA reelo pe-swkt/g., a town  It has a fine port, with extensive ship-building docks.
of Spain, in Leon, 6 miles S. of Palencia. Pop. 272.         BANTRY, ban/try, a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Cork,
BANGS DE EBRO, bln'yoce di i/bro, a town of Spain, in  near the head of Bantry Bay, 44 mailes W.S.W. of Cork.
Old Castile,  5 miles W. by N. of Logroflo. Pop. 331.      Lat. 510 41' N.; Ion. 90 27/ W. Pop. 4082. It has little
BANK LICK, a post-office of Kempton co., Kentucky.       trade, and no manufactures. Close to it is Seacourt, the
BANKS, a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles  seat of the Earl of Bantry.
N.W. of Mauch Chunk. It contains the Beaver Meadow    BAN/TRY BAY, a large bay in S. of Ireland, Leinster, co.
coal-mines. Pop. 1745.                                     of Cork, and one of the finest harbors in Europe, extending
BANKS/TON, a post-office of Monroe co., Georgia.        for 25 miles inland. Within it are Bear and Whiddy's IsBANKS/TON, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.    lands, between which and the mainland the water is from
BANKS/VILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecti- 20 to 40 Ibet deep, and the anchorage is everywhere good.
cut, 60 miles S.W. of Hartford.                             BANTZENIJEIM'I, btn/sen-hime', (Fr. pron., blnt'sehBANK/TON, a post-village of Saline co., Illinois, about 10  numl,) a village of France, department of Haut-Rhin, arronmiles S.W. of Raleigh.                                    dissement of Altkirch. Pop of commune, 1133.
BAN'KYBAZAR/, a small town of British India, province    BAN/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. A fine
of Bengal, on the Iloogly, 13 miles N. of Calcutta.       park here belongs to the Bishops of Bath and Wells, whs
BANN, LOWER, a river of the N. of Ireland, issues  have held the manor since the time of Edward the Confessor.
from Lough Beg, flows N.N.W. between the counties of Lonu  Banwell has a station on the Great Western Railway, 3 miles
donderry and Antrim, and enters the ocean 4 miles SWAV. of  N.E. of Weston-super-Mare.
Portrush, after a course of 40 miles. Though impeded by    BANYA, FELSO, (Felso,) fPl'sh/blWIn/yh', (i.e. "; the upper
sand-banks, it is navigable for vessels of 200 tons from the  mnines,")a town of HLungary, 4 miles E. of Nagy-Banya. Pop.
sea to Coleraine. Its salmon and eel fisheries are important. 4536. It has a tribunal of mines, and mines of gold, silver,
Bann is also the name of a small affluent of the Slaney, in  copper, lead, and iron, with foundries, forges, and potteries
the county of Wexford.                                      BANYAR-MASSIN. See BANJArMASSrN.
BAN/NACKS, (incorrectly written BOONACKS,) a tribe    BANYA, NAoY. See NAGY BANYA.
sf Indians in the S.E. part of Oregon.                      BANYULIS DES ASPRES, bln-yii-leef-dAze-Ap'r, a comBANNALEC, bn'-n&'-l~ k/,  a town of France, department mune of France, department PyrSnes —Orientales.  Pop.
of Finistbre, 8 miles N.W. of QuimperiS. It is noted for its  472. Celebrated for the defence which its inhabitants made
wrestling-matches, which attract multitudes of spectators. in 1793, when attacked by 7000 Spaniards, who were cornDuring the wars of the League a bloody battle was fought pelled to surrender.
under the walls of the town. Pop. of commune in 1851,4174.   BANYULIS-SUR-MER, bln'-yii'lee/-siiR-mai,. (i.e. "BanBANNE, blnn, a village of France, department of Ardlche, yulis on the Sea,") a town of France, department of Pyr6arrondissement of Largentibre. Pop. of commune, 1755.    ules-Orientales, with a fishing port in the Mediterranean.
BANINER, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi.   Pop. of commune, 1357. Near it are four ancient towers,
BAN/NERMAN, a post-office of New IHanover co., North  one of which (the Ban de Caroch) marks the limit between
Carolina.                                                 France and Spain.  The district produces the celebrated
BAN/NINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      wines of Grenache and Rancio.
BAN/NOCKBURN, a town of Scotland, county, and 21    BANYUWANGYor BANJOEWANGI, bln-yoo-wing/-ghee,
miles S. of Sterling, on the Bannock, an affluent of the  a seaport town and military post on the EB. coast of the Is156




BAN                                                           BAR
land of Java, belonging to Holland, in lat. 80 15, S., ion. 1140    BAPANOW, a village of Prussian Poland, S.E. of Kern28' E., with a port for ships of 1000 tons, and an extensive  pen. Pop. 845.
trade.                                                           BARANQUILLA, bl-rbn-keellyg, a town of S. America,
BANZ, bunts, a village of Bavaria, 3 miles S.W. of Lich-  New Granada, 68 miles N.E. of Cartagena, with a port on the
tenfels, on the Main, with a palace of Duke Williamn of Ba- left bank of the Magdalena, at its mouth.
varia.                                                          BARItANTCIIINSK, bA-rn-chinsk!  or b-r~n-cheenslkI, a
BAN-ZARDAH, bhn'zan/dah, or KALAHI-YEZDIJTIRD,  village of Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, 58 miles
kP-I]-heeL-yezWde-jerdf, a strong mountain fortress of Per- S.S.W. of Verkhotoorie, with some extensive government
sin, province of Irak-Ajemee,in Mount Zagros, immediately  iron and steel works.
E. of Zohab, and identical with the stronghold of iolwan,    BARANYA, bb-rtni-yA, one of the most populous counties
to which the last Sasanian king, Yezdijird, retired after the  of Hungary, on the Danube.  Capital, Filnfkirchen.  Area,
capture of Caesiphon by the Arabs, in the seventh century. 1930 square miles. Pop. 233,850. It is partly monntainous,
BAOL, btolf, a state of Western Africa, Senegambia, hay-  and partly marshy, but very fertile. Chief products, wheat,
ing the state of Sin on the S., of Cayor on the N., the Jaloof tobacco, wine. and fruit.
territory on the E., and the Atlantic on the W.                  ]3ARANYA VAR, bfh-rA.nl-yvh-vba, a village of IHungaly,
BAONEE, bl-oenee, a rajahship of HIindostan, in Bundel- in the above county; has some traces of the ancient forticund, tributary to the British.                                fication of the same name.
BAPAUiJIE, bb'piml, (L. BacaZlma,) a fortified town of    BARATARIA (bar-ra-tahfre-.a) BAY, situated in the S.E.
France. department of Pas-de-Calais, 14 miles S.S.E. of Ar-  part of Louisiana, extends northward from  the Gulf of
ras. Pop. 2973. It has a communal college, and a hand- Mexico, between the parishes of Jefferson and Plaquemine.
some fountain supplied by an Artesian well; it is the seat  It is about 15 miles long, and 6 miles wide.
df extensive manufactures of lace, woollens, cottons, and    BARAU, bitir w, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles S.S.W. of
fine thread.                                                   Pisek. Pop. 1315.
BAPAUME, a village of France, department of Seine-    BARBACENA, bR ba-s/nA, a village of Portugal, proInf6rieure, 2 miles N.W. of Rouen, with manufactures of  vince of Alemtejo, 13 miles N.W. of Elvas.  Pop. 800.
linens.                                                          BARBACENA, bhR-b9-sAt-na, a town of Brazil, province of
BAPICIHILD, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile S.E. Minas Geraes, in the Sierra Mantiqueira, 125 miles N.N.W.
of Sittingbourne.                                              of Rio  Janeiro, and  3500 feet above the sea. The indusBAPITIST MIISISION, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, Ar- try is chiefly directed to extracting gold, and exporting large
~kansas.                                                       quantities of cotton and coffee to Rio de Janeiro.
BAPITISTTOWN', a post-village of Ringwood township,    BARBACOAS, bba-ba-kofios, a seaport town of South
in the W. part of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 8 miles, in a  America, New Granada, department of Cauca, on the Pacific,
straight line, W. by N. from Flemington.                       150 miles N.N.E. of Quito.
BAP/TIST  VAL'LEY, a post-office of Tazewell co., Vir-    BARBACOAS, a town of Venezuela, 68 miles S.S.W.of Caginia.                                                         racas.
BAR, bar, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,    BARBADOS or BARBADOES, bar-btdoz, the most eastern
22 miles N.E. of Bahar, on the right bank of the Ganges.  of the Caribbee Islands, situated about 78 miles E. from St.
Including Masargung, it is estimated to comprise 5000  Vincent, and equally distant S.S.E. from  St. Lucia. Its
houses, and is a place of considerable trade.                  capital, Bridgetown, situated at the S.W. corner of the
BAR, baa, a river of France, department of Ardennes. island, is in lat. 130 4 12"' N.; ion. 590 37' W. Barbados is
It rises near Buzancy, and falls into the Meuse below   21 miles in length, 11 in breadth, and 55 in circumference,
Donchery, forming part of the Canal of Ardennes.               excluding the sinuosities of the bays, and contains about
BAR, a village of France, department of Corrbze, 41 miles  166 square miles. It is nearly encircled by coral reefs, which
N. of Tulle, on the CorrBze. Pop. of commune, 1228.            in some places extend 3 miles to seaward, and render the
BAR, bai, a town of Russia, Podolia, 50 miles N.E. of Ka-  navigation dangerous. The surface is much diversified,
mieniec, defended by a citadel, built on a rock. Pop. 3000. and often picturesque, presenting, on a small scale, a sucIn 1768 the Poles here formed a confederacy against Russia.  cession of valleys, hills, table-lands, cliffs, gorges, and raBAR, a township in Deviess co., Indiana.  Pop. 1802.        vines, some of the latter exhibiting perpendicular walls of
BARA, blr, a river of Afghanistan, which joins the Ca- 150 feet. The lowlands are of limited extent, and are conbool river 8 miles N.N.E. of Peshawer, after a N.E. course of  fined to the N., S., and S.E. parts of the island.  About a
60 miles.                                                      seventh part of Barbados consists of tertiary sandstones and
BARABA, b, -r-bIa',(Russ.Barabin'ssa'a, bA-r&-bin-skli-yA,)  limestones, rising to considerable heights; the remainder is
a vast steppe of Siberia, extending between the Ohi and the  covered by raised coral reefs, divided by vertical walls of coIrtish, covered with numerous salt lakes and marshes.  It  ral rocks, some of them nearly 200 feet high, into 6 terraces,
was colonized by Russia in 1767,.and since then a consider- indicating as many periods of upheaval.  With the excepable portion of it has been cultivated.                        tion of the most minute forms of organic life, marine bivalve
BARItABO.   See BARABO00.                                   and univalve shells, no fossil remains of any kind have been
BARACOA, blrc-kolI, a seaport town of the Spanish  hitherto discovered in the rocks which compose the island.
West Indies, on the N.E. coast of the Island of Cuba. Lat.  It is not supposed that Barbados possesses any of the preof principal fort, 200 21 360" N.; lon. 740 29' 31zf W. Pop. cloneus metals. Bituminous coal is found in many places,
about 2000. In its vicinity is a remarkable table-mountain, and is used as fuel in furnaces. Petroleum, potter's clay,
termed the -Aevil of Baracoa, In 1841, its exports amounted  and ochres, yellow and brown, also abound. There are also
in value to $85,918, comprising tobacco to the amount of  several mineral springs on the island, but no streams de$76,811; aend its imports in 1841 to $81,852. Total value of  serving the name of rivers; although some are so called,
exports in 1842, $85,233; in which year 21 vessels, aggregate  they are mere streamlets, excepting during the tropical torburden 2224 tons, cleared from the port.                      rents, when they become impassable. The productive soil
BA ItAIIAT,  bi7ri-hgt! a town of North Hindostan, capital  of Barbados is of a reddish-brown hue on the higher tableof the British district of Gurhwal, on the Bhagirathi, 50 miles  land; in the lowlands it is black, and somewhat reddish in
N.W. of Serinagur.  It is a station of the Hindoo pilgrims  the parts where it is shallow. This black mould is the best
oin the route to Gangootri.                                   suited to the sugar-cane. It is considered one of the healthiBARAITCIIE,  blraitch!, a town of iindostan, Oude,  est islands in the West Indian Archipelago.  The heaviest
capital of district, on an affluent of the Goggra, 62 miles  rains fall in November and December. Barbados is subject
N.E. of Lucknow.  It is a place of great antiquity, and is  to hurricanes and thunderstorms of the most violent chadescribed by Aub Fazel, in 1582, as a large city.             racter.  There are now no woods or forests in the island,
BARAK, bh'-rik!, the principal river of Cachar, (in Farther  these having been all cut down to make way for agriculIndia,) the S. division of which territory it traverses with a  turaln! operations. Barbados possesses an unusual portion
very tortuous course. After a S.W. course through Sylhet,  of cultivable soil. Out of an area of 106,470 acres which it
it joins the Brahmapootra, 43 miles N.E. of Dacca. Total contains, no fewer than 100,000 are under cultivation,
length about 350 miles; width variable, but in some places  40,000 of which are annually planted with sugar-canes; the
in Cachar it is 200 yards across, and it has during the rains  remainder being either appropriated to provisions or usneed
a depth of 30 or 40 feet. Principal affluent the Soormah.    as pasture. The staple articles produced inthe island for exBAIRANCA,  NUEVA, nwl/v' bhi-rgnlka, a town in New  port, are sugar, arrow-root, aloes. and cotton. The quantity
Grmanada, at the junction of the MIahates with the Rio Mat-  of sugar produced in the island at different periods has been
daleina, 45 miles S.E. of Cartagena. It is a thriving place, as follows: —in 1842, 21,545 hogsheads, value, 671,5151.; in
and the point of embarkation of goods and travellers from   1847, 32,257 hogsheads, value, 653,9801.; and in 1852, 48,785
Cartagena, going up to Magdalena, and of debarkation for hogsheads, value, 739,8841., being nearly double the produce
those coming down that river.                                 of 1842.
BARANELLO, bhIriL-n8lo, a town of Naples, province of    Trade and NVavigation.-The imports, in 1852, amounted
Molise, capital of a district, 5 miles S.W. of Campobasso. to 767,9741.; the  exports, 951,7231.;  outward  shipping,
Pop. 2500.                                                    105,570 tons; inward, 108,377 tons. The trade with Great
BARANOW, bhi!-rInov`, a town of Austrian Galicia, Lem- Britain has always been, and continues to be, the most
berg, 42 miles N.N.E. of Tarnow, on the Vistula. Pop. 1000. important, surpassing  in  amount the whole commerce
The Poles were defeated hero by Charles Gustavus, in 1656.  of Barbados with all other parts of the world. The number
BARtANOW, a town of Poland, N.W. of Lublin, on the  of vessels belonging to the colony in 1843 was 41 —tonnage,
Wieprz.  Pop. 1300.'                                         1778; of these, 12 were above 50 tons. The revenue of the
167




BAR                                                          BAR
island, chiefly derived from the exports and imports, from    BARWBER, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.
duty on brandy and gin, and from  surplus tonnage and    BARBERINO DI MUGELLO, baR-bA-ree'no dee mki'-jclo,
crown duties, amounted, in 1852, to 54,0961., and the expen-. a town of Tuscany, 15 miles N. of Florence, on the Sieve. It
diture to 54,9781.. of which 11]3811. was for the civil govern- has extensive manufactures of straw hats.  Pop. about-2000.
ment, and 15,3581. for the police. The local government of In its environs is the royal villa of Caffegiolo, the ancient
Barbados consists of a governor-in-chief, assisted by a coun- residence of the Medicis.
cil. The governor is invested with the chief civil and mill-   BARBERINO DI) VAL D'ELSA, bgr-ba-reeln6 dee'v8l
tary authority.  The council is composed of 12 members, d6lts., a village of Tuscany, in which is the palace of the
who are appointed by mandamus of the sovereign. The Barberini, birthplace of Pope Urban VIII.  Pop. 855.
house of assembly is composed of 24 delegates, elected annu-   BARIBER'S, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.
ally, two for each parish, and two for the city of Bridgetown,   BARIBER'S CORNERS, a post-village of Will co., Illinois,
by the body of the people. The governor may, at any time, 15 miles N. of Joliet.
of his own authority, adjourn, prorogue, or dissolve the    BARBER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Isle of Wight
assembly.  In 1846, the militia of the island amounted to  co., Virginia.
1733 men, including officers, &c. The church accommoda-   BARIIBERSVILLE, a post-offiee of Jefferson co., Indiana.
tions comprised, in 1852, 25,264 seats, for a population of    BARBE IRRY (barfber-re) MILLS, a small village of Choc135.939. The schools for the education of the poor, in 1852, taw co., Alabama.
wese attendedby7077pupils. There are also Sunday-schools    BARBEZIEUX,  ioaRlbeh-ze-uhl,  a town of France, depart
attached to nearly all the churches and chapels. At the head  ment of Charente, 1.9 miles S.W. of Angoul6me.  Pop. of
of the educational establishments of the island stands Cod- commune, 2335. It is famous for truffled dapons.
rington College, founded by Colonel Codrington, a native of    BARBONA, bait-bofsta, a village of Northern Italy, 22
Barbados.  It is beautifully situated, and has a disposable miles S.S.W. of Padua, on the left bank of the Adige.  Pop.
annual revenue of36101. The benevolent and charitable is- 2500.
stitutions are nume-ouo, and on a scale highly creditable to    BARBONNE, ban'bonn/, a town of France, department of
the Christian feeling of the inhabitants. There are several Marne, 5 miles S. of Szanune.  Pop. of commune, 1276.
literary and agricultural societies, and five weekly news-   BARBSOUR, barcbur, a county in the N.W. part of Virpapers. one of which, The Barbadoes dercury, has existed for ginia, has an area of 330 square miles. It is intersected by
upwasrds of 114 years.                                         Tyga-rt's Valley aliver, a branch of the Monongahela, and
The early historyof the island is involved in uncertainty, also drained by Buchanan River and Elk Creek. The westand the events of the settlement variously related. It would  ern part is hilly, and the eastern mountainous.       A ridge
seemn, however, to have been known to geographers in the  called Laurel Mount forms the E. boundary. The soil in
early part of the sixteenth  century, as appears fsom  a  many parts is good, and particularly adapted to pasturage.
manuscsipt chart of the world, preserved in the British  Stone coal and iron are abundant. It was formed in 1843,
Museum, and believed to have been executed previous to  firom Harrison, Le:is, and Randolph, and derived its name
the year 1536, where it is shown in correct relative s osition  from a distinguished family of Virginia. Capital, Philippi.
to the other Caribbee Islands, under the name of Beernados.  Pop. 9005; of whom 8892 were free, and 113 slaves.
No settlement, however, was made in Barbados till 1625,    BARBOUR, a county in the E.S.E. part of Alabama, has
when Sir William  Courteen, a merchant of London, esta.  anarea of 825 square miles. The Chattahoochee River forms
blished a colony here, although it had been visited 20 years  the entire E. boundary, and it is also drained by Pea River.
befbre by an Eanglish vessel, called the Olive Blossom, the  The surface is undulating; the soil of the river bottoms is
first ship from  that country, it is supposed, that had ever  fertile. The county is-partly covered  by forests of pine.
touched its shores. It has remained in the possession of  The Chattahoochee River is navigable for steamboats. Capithe British ever since the founding  of the settlement.       tal, Clayton.  Pop. 23,632; of whom  12,852 were free, and
The population of Barbados is said to be, with the excep-  10,780 slaves.
tion of Malta, the most dense of any spot of land in the    BARBOUR, a post-office of Choctaw co., Alabama.
wvorld, and is believed to be fast increasing.  At present it    BARBOUR'S M1ILLS, a post-ofiice of Lycoming co., Pennis about 122,198, which gives 7348 individuals to each square  sylvanis.
mile; being  nearly threeo times that of England, Wales,         BARBOURSVILLE, barlbgrz-vil, a post-village, capital of
and Ireland, and nearly eight times that of Scotland.-        Cabell co., Virginia, on the Guyandotte River, 7 miles from
Inhab. BasOA]saN, bar-b/do-an.                                its entrance  into the Ohio, and 352 miles VW.N.W. of RichBARBADOS, baa-bildoce, an auriferous river of Brazil,  mend. The main road leading from the Virginia Springs to
province of iMatto-Grosso; falls into the Paraguay after a  the Ohio River passes through this village. Pop. abont 250,
S.E. course of 120 miles.                                       BARBOURSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Virginia,
BARBANA.  See BOJANA.                                       76 miles N.W. of Richmond, has a pleasant situation, and
BARBANIA, bArt-bA-nee/tia, a town of Piedmont on the tor-' contains several stores and mechanics' shops.
rent Fandaglia, 17 miles N. of Turin.  Pop. 1760.               BIARBOURSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Knox co.,
BAR/BARASVILLE.       a post-office of tIHardy co., Virginia.    Kentucky, on the Cumberland River, 122 miles S.S.E. of
BARBAREEN, bta~-bi-reen f, a small town and seaport of  Frankfort.   The road from  Frankfort to Tennessee, by the
Ceylon, on the W. coast, 3, miles S. of Cultur;a lat 60 258' Cumberland Gap, passes through it. Coal and iron ore are
N., lon. 800 31 E.  It has manufactures of cordage and iron,  abundant in the vicinity.  The village has 3 churches, seveand is a port of entry and export.                            ral stores, and nearly 200 inhabitants.
BARBARY, bar/ber-e, (anc. Jiurlauritatiae, Namaidtia, Aflri'    BARBOURSVi, LLE, a village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 13
ea Propria, and 6Cyrenalfca,) an extensive re-ion, compris-   miles N.N.E. of Madison.
ing all the northern portion of Africa, from ELypt to thle    BARBOURSVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., New
Atlantic Ocean, and from the Mediterranean to the Greater  York, about 30 miles E. of Binghamton.
Atlas, and extending between lat. 250 and 370 N.. and ion.    BARBOURVILLE, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia.
100 W. and 250 E. It is divided by the Atlas Mountains    BARBUDA, bar-boofda, one of the British West  ndia
into two regions, that on the N. comprising the four Bar- Islands, Leeward group, in the Atlantic, 22 miles N. of Anbary States, viz. the Empire of Morocco, the province of Algo- tiguna. The N. point is in lat. 170 47' N., ion. 620 2W. Area,
ria, and the beylics of Tunis and Tripoli, and the S. region  about 75 square  miles. Pop. 1.600. The greater part of the
called the Beled-el-Jereed, or count'y of dates. Barbary and  island is flat and fertile, producing corn, cotton, pepper, and
Egypt formed nearly all of Africa known to the ancients. It  tobacco, but no sugar. There is no port, but a roadstead
was peopled chiefly by Moors, Numidians, and Phoenician   with several forts on the W. side.
colonists; it attained great celebrity under the dominion    BARRY, ban/bee, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 15
of the Carthaginians; was afterward subject to the Romans, miles S.E. Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pep. 3400, employed in
and occupied for nearly a century by the Vandals.   The  linen and woollen manufiactures.
Arabs took it finally from the Romaus, (Byzantinesi) about    BARBY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
A. n. 697. The name BARBARv appears to have been derived    PARCA, bla/k-, a town of Portugal, province of Minho,
from  Berber, an appellation by which the Arabs designated  10 niles N. of Brag'a, on the Lima. Pop. 1900.
the people of this region beibre the  Saracesa conquest.    BARCA, (ane. Cyyrenasica,) a fiaritime region of North
Some, however, derive it from besbara-es, (barbarian.)        Aftieca, between lat.. 300 an d 330 N., and Ion. 200 and 250 E.,
BARBASTE, bau'btst/, a village of France, department of  forming the E. divisiona of Tripoli, and having W. the rest
Lot-et-Garonne, in the arrondissement of Nesac.  Pop. of  of that dominion, with the Gulf of Sidra, (anc. Syrtis Afajor,)
commune. 1852, 715.                                           N. the Mediterranean, E. Egypt, and S. the Libyan waste.
BARBASTRO, bit-bisltro, a walled town of Spain, in Ara-  On the S. and in the interior it is desert, but along the coast
gon, on the Cinca, 50 nmiles N.E. of Saragossa.  Pop. ins  the soil is fertile, though neglected. In many parts it yields
1845, 6043. It has a cathedral, with some paintings of the  crops of corn, and presents wide tracts of fine pasturage  on
sixteenth century, 3 convents, and philosophical, agricul- the mountain sides are forests of pines, date and olive trees,
tural, commercial, and other literary and beneficent asso-  and flowering shrubs.   It has no permanent rivers, but nun.
elations.                                                     mereus  mountain torrentsr, which flow to the arid plains of
BARIBEETOWN, a post-office of Ieardy Co., Vieginia.         the Libyan deserts. The population, estimated at 1,600,000,
BARBENTANNE, baaab8N'tAnunl, a town of France,  de-  consists of Bedouin  Aralbs, with a few Jews in the towns.
partment of Bouches-du-Rh6ne, 4 miles S.W. of Avignon.  This reoion was anciently the seat of the Pentapolis, (or
Pop. in 1852, 3051.  Its neighborhood produces e0xcellent  " five cities",) viz: Berenice,  Arsinoe, Barca, Apollonia, and
wine and fruit.                                               Cyrene.  Barca, (Gr. Ba,oiK,) so called-from the ancient city
168




BAR                                                          BAR
of Barca, was regarded  as one of the chief granaries on the  now preferred, on account of its greater cheapness; the fallAfrican coast. Tse Romans succeeded the Greeks; and tile  ing off of the traffic in Newfoundland fish, which has passed
remains of temples, aqueducts, and other great public un-  almost entirely into the hands of the Swedes and Norwedertakings, together with the discovery of numerous Greek  gians; and, lastly, an almost total cessation of the cotton
and iRoman coins, whose inscriptions identify them  with  trade with England, the Catalonians now importing their
the country, show at once the importance to which it had  cotton themselves direct from  Pernambuco,  The main
attained, and the amount of civilization introduced. All part of the trade now is coasting: the number of Spanish
this, however, has long passed away, and the Arab is again  vessels entered in 1846 was 2925; cleared, 3271; and for the
sole master of the country., The seat of the fabulous ies-  preceding years the proportion was similar. The port of the
perian gardens was placed here.                                city is commodious, but obstructed by a bar, which will not
AlI{CAiRROTA, baR-kaa-Roltd, a town of Spain, in Estre-  allow of vessels entering that draw more than 12 feet water;
madurn, 19 miles S. of Badajos, with a castle, and 4285 in- large ships are therefore obliged to anchor outside. On
habitants.                                                    the mole, which is 400 fathoms in length, thaere are two
BARCItELLOS, ban-s!l/loce, a town of Portugal, province  batteries, two redoubts, and a light-house.
of Minho, on the Cavado, 9 miles W. of Brags. Pop. 3892.   Barcelona is said to have been founded by the CarthageIt is enclosed by old walls.                                  niaus under Hamilcar Barca; hence its name. After the
IlAICELLOS, baa-sel/loce, a town of Brazil, province of  fall of Carthage, the Romans first became its masters, then
Pare, on the right bank of the Rio Negro.                     the Goths, who possessed it, with the rest of Catalonia, till
BARCELONA, baa-sA-lon&U, (L. Baer/cino; Gr. BapK-reoY,)  the year 714, when it was conquered by the Saracens. In
a seaport town of Spain, capital of the province of the same  805, it was retaken from them, and governed by French viename, in Catalonia, 312 miles E.N.E. of Madrid.  Lat. (Mole toys. In 874, it became  an independent earldom, and mainlight) 410 22' 36" N., Ion. 20 11' E. A railway connects it tained its independence till the annexation of Catalonia to
with Maitaro. It is surrounded with walls, and defended  the crown of Aragon, in the twelfth century. In 1714, it
by a citadel, which forms its N.E. boundary. It is not was besieged by the Duke of Berwick, for Philip V. of Spain,
strong, however, in itself, being commanded by the fort and taken, after a defence equalling, in desperate valor, that
of Montjoi, occupying a height of that name in the S. The  of Saragossa, in more' modern times. In 1786, when the
possession of this fort necessarily secures that of the town  population was one-third less than now, the number of
and citadel also. Barcelona is divided into two nearly equal  monks in the city was 1212; of secular priests, 1216; and
parts by a finely-planted promedade, called La Rambla, run-  of nuns, 654. Pop. 121,815. Area of the province, 2816 sq.
ning N.N.W. from the shore. The N.W. division forms the  miles. Pop in 1849, 533,095.
old, and the S.W. division the new town, the former con sist-    B AtR'CELO/NA, a post-aillage of Westfield township, Chan-Lr-:
ing of narrow, crooked, ill-paved streets, while those of the  tauque co., New York, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Chaulatter are more spacious and regular. To the E. of the town, tauque Creek, 57 miles S.W. of Buffalo. The Buffalo and
and S. of the citadel, is the extensive suburb of Barcelo- State Line Railroad passes through it. It has a steamboat
netta, laid out with great regularity, built chiefly of brick,  landing, and considerable business in shipping produce.
and occupied by sailors and other seafaring people. Many  The exports and imports in 1851 were rvalued at $339,183.
of the houses of Barcelona itself are also of brick, but most    BARCELONA, (b'R-s5A-lln6l,) NEw, a town and port of
of them, particularly in tke new town, are of hewn stone,  Venezuela, at the mouth of the Neveri, on tile Caribbean
several stories in height, and of an imposing appearance. In  Sea; lat. 100 10' N., Ion. 640 47' V. The houses are mostly
recent times, great improvements have been made; gas has  of mud, ill-constructed, and poorly furnished. The streets
been  introduced, and extensive sewers have been con- are unpaved, and, in wet weather, extremely filthy; while
structed; fountains of the finest water are found in every  in dry, the dust is intolerable. Its harbor and shipping are
quarter, and, in addition to La Rambla, already mentioned,  protected by a fortress, called El Morro de Barcelona, situthe Muralla de Tierra and the luralla del Mar form almost  ated on a hill which rises to about 400 feet above the level
unrivalled promenades. The principal public edifice is the  of the sea. In 1847, the number of vessels entered was 27,
cathedral, which stands in the highest part of the old town. (tonnage, 32411) cleared, 39, (tonnage, 4497.)  Barcelona is
Its origin dates from the first ages of Christianity, but its  a most unhealthy place, firom the excessive heat and molspresent form of Gothic architecture appears to belong to the  ture of the air.  The country around, however, is extremely
end of the thirteenth century. It is approached by a lofty  fertile. The chief trade of the town is in horned cattle,
flight of steps, and surmounted by'two towers. There are  jerked beef, and hides; and of agricultural produce in innumerous other churches, several of them ancient and hand-  digo, annotto, cotton, and cacao. Pop., 15,000, half whites,
some, but scarcely entitled to a separate notice. One of the  and half mulattoes and negroes.
most remarkable buildings of Barcelona is the Palacio de la    BARCELONETA, bam-su-lo-nA/tA, a town of South AmeDeputacion, where the cortes of the province used to hold  rica, in Venezuela, on the Paraguay, 100 miles S.S.E. of Antheir sittings. It is in the Greco-Roman style, and is now  gostura.
called the Audiencia, being occupied by the courts of law;    BARCELONNETTE, ban'seh-lon-nltt,  a-' town of France,
the records of Aragon and Catalonia are kept in it. Some  department of Basses-Alpes, 29 miles N.E. of Digne. Pop.
of them are of the ninth century, and the whole collection  in 1852, 2242. It is beautifully situated on the right bank
is said to be one of the most interesting  of the kind in exist- of the Ubaye, at the foot of the Alps, 3930 feet in elevation.
ence. Of the modern buildings. the principal are the cus-  It bass a college, normal school, and agricultural society, with
tom-house, the exchange, the theatre, and the prison. The  silk-looms, woollen manufactures, and large weekly mnarconventual establishments, though many of them  havae  kets.  It ives its name to a rich valley, in which many catbeen suppressed, are still, noninally, 22.  The principal  tie and sheep are reared.
educational establishnment is the university. In connection    BARICELORE?,      a maritime town of British India, presiwith it are numerous schools, in which elementary educa-  dency of Madras, district of Canara, on the Malabar coast,
tiou is provided for all classes.  Theological education is  N.N.W. of Mianalore.  It is the Bnrace of the ancients.
given chiefly in the Seminario Conciliar, while there are    BARt/CIIESTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
several separate establishments specially set apart for the    BARICHFELD. banRltlit, a market-town of Hesse-Cassel,
study of medicine. Charitable and beneficent institutions  33 miles N.E. of Fulda, on the right bank of the Werra.
am'e numerous; the chief being the Casa de Caridad, Casa  de  Pop. 1400. It has a mansion of the landgraves of HesseMisericordia, and the Hospital of the Holy Cross. Among  Philipsthal-Barchfeld.
literary institutions, may be mentioned 4 public libraries,    BARCINO.   See BARCoELONA.
and 2 museums, the Academy of Belles-Lettres, and the    BARtCLAY, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois.
Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, &c.                         BARCLAY'S FORK. a post-office of San Miguel co., New
Barcelona is the seat of various manufactures, the princi-  Mexico.
pal of which are sillks, woollens, flowered cottons, calicoes,    BARICLAYSVIILLE,  a post-office of Cunmberland co., North
lace, and shoes; and it also has a foundry for cannon. The  Carolina.
anmount of cotton and woollen goods manufactured in one    BAIRCOMB. a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
year has been estimated at 440.000/., and the number of    BAIRCUS, bmc'lkiicel, a village of France, department of
shoes annually exported at 700:000, valued at 70,2901. Its  Basses-Pyrsnues, in the arrondissement of Mlaullon.  Pop.
other chief exports are iron, copper, fire-arms, cork, fruit, of communee   in 1851, 2311.
wines, and brandies. Its principal imports are Baltic tim- B APRD. b-ed, a fortress and village of Piedmont, on the
her, mwax from Africa, stockrfish from  Noewfoundland in Bri- biank of the Dora Baltea. 23 miles S.S.E. of Aosta.  It cwas
tish bottoms, Swedish iron, Styrian steel, Riga and Peters-  razed by the French in 1800, but has been restored.
burg hemp, copper and iron ware from Germany, and varsi-    BARDEL, barud6l, a town of Japan, on the Bay of Totomi,
ous articles of French and  Italian  manufacture.  T'he  in the S.E. of the island of Niphon.
trade of Barcelona has greatly. fallen off firom what it used to    BARIDEN, a township of England, co. of Yorki, West II idbe in former times; more especially the decrease of inter-  ing, on tihe Wharfe, 14 miles N.E. of Skipton. Pop. in 1851,
course with Britain is very marked. -Half a century ago, 1208.  Her   e reremains of ams ancient toner, locally famous
many hundreds of British  vessels entered the port in the  a's the favorite residence of Henry Clifford, "the shepherd
course of a year; in 1841, the number was 57, which, in  loud," restored to the former possessions of his fatmily by
1846, had increased again to 90; the tonnage at the same  Henrvy VII.
dates being, r-spectively,   7469 and 15,080.  Anong the    IA':,.DESNBERG, ba.otden-biox, a village of Rlhenish Pruns.
causes assigned bfor this decay in the trade with Britain are, sia, 5 miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, with coal-mines. Pop
the non-importation of Euglish hardcware, the German being  1290.
169




BAR                                                       BARt
BARDIFIELD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.  canton, and 15 miles E.S.E. of Zurich, with extensive menu
BARDIFIELD, LITTLc, a parish of England, co. of Essex. factures of cotton and silk. Pop. 3462, Protestants.
BARD/FIELD SAILING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.    BAREIVILLE,     a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
BARDI, bar/dee, a town of Northern Italy, duchy of Par-    BARFLEUR, ban'flur/, an ancient seaport town of France,
ma, 103 miles N.N.W. of Borgotaro.  Pop. 700.              department of Manche, on the English Channel, 15 miles
BAItDIA, bda-deo'l, an island in the Gulf of Siam, on the  E. of Cherbonrg. Pop. of commune, 1185. It was formerly
E. coast of Lower Siam; lat. 100 50' N., ion. 990 50' E. It is  one of the best ports in Normandy, but now its harbor is
20 miles in length, 10 miles in breadth, very lofty, and is partly filled up with sand. It is asserted that William the
separated from. the mainland by a channel about 2 miles in  Conqueror set out from this port for the conquest of Engwidth.                                                     land. About 1 mile N. is a granite light-house, 271 feet
BARtDIS or BAR'DEES', a town of Upper Egypt, 3 miles  above the sea, on Cape Barfleur. in lat. 490 40' N.; ion. 10 161 W
S.S.E. of GirgeL. The French gave battle here on the 6th    BARFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of April, 1799.                                              BARFORD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
BAR.DNEY, bard/nee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln,   BARFORD, GRIEAT, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
5L miles S.S.W. of Wragby.  On a large barrow, in this   I3ARFORD, GReAT, A a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
parish, there is a cross to the memory of Ethelred, king of    BARFORD, LITTLE   a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
Mercia, said to be buried there.                              BARFORD  ST. MIARTIN'S, a parish of England, co. of
BARDOLINO, baa-do-lee/no, a town of Venice, 1 mile W. Wilts.
of Verona, with a port on Lake Garda. Near this village, at    BARFRESTON, bar/fres-ton, or BARS/TON, a parish of
the famous battle of Rivoli, January, 1797, the French  England, co. of Kent.
under Napoleon defeated the Austrians under Alvenzi. Pop.   BARGA, b'sr/g&, a village of Tuscany, province of Florence,
2200.                                                       on the Serchio, 16 miles N. of Lucca.  Pop. 2540. The
BARDONNECHIE, (Bardonnlche,) baa'don'nr shf, a village  coscunitcl of Barge, with a population of 6790, extends into
of Piedmont, 19 miles W. of Susa, with a trade in cattle. the Duchies of Parma and Modena.
Pop. 1060.                                                    BARBGAINTOWN, a post-village and port of entry in the
BARDOS, baa'dose, a village of France, department of  S.E. part of Atlantic co., New Jersey, about 55 miles S.S.E.
Basses-Pyr6n6es, in the arrondissement of Bayonne. Pop. of Camden.
of commune (1852) 2012.                                       BARGAR/RAN, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, paBARDOWIECK, bar/do-Week, atown of Hanover, 4 miles  rish of Erskine, 47 miles N.N.W. of Paisley. The manufacN.W. of Ltineburg, on the Ilmenau. Pop. 1400.               ture of fine thread was first established here in Scotland.
BARDSEY, bard/zee, (i. e. "Bard's Island," so called from   BARGAS, bapngA&s, a town of Spain, 5 miles N.W. of
having been the last retreat of the Welsh bards,) an island  Toledo. Pop. 3457. Commerce in grain and cattle.
of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon, in the Irish Sea, near    BARIGASVILLE, a post-office of Johnson co., Indiana.
the N. point of Cardigan Bay, 47 miles S.W. of Aberdaron.    BARGE, baa/jA, (Fr. pron. b~Izh,) a town of the Sardinian
Lat. of lighthouse, 520 45' N., lon. 40 48' W. Pop. 90. It is  States, in Piedmont, at the foot of Monte Monbracco, on the
accessible only at a small harbor, at the S.E. side. It has  Grandon, 28 miles S.S.W. ofTurin. It has a conmunal colno church, but the inhabitants meet to read prayers in  lege, manufactures offire-arms, and carries on a brisk geneits ruined abbey. The island is the property of Lord New- ral trade.  Slates are quarried in the neighborhood.  In
borough.                                                    1808 it suffered greatly from an earthquake. Pop. 7000.
BARDSEY, a parish of of England, co. of York, West    BARGEMONT, baazh'm6cNs/, a town of France, deparft
Riding, 5 miles S.W. of Wetherby.  It is considered the  ment of Var, 7 miles N.N.E. of Draguignan. Pop. of combirthplace of Congreve, the poet, baptized here in 1670.    mune, 1750.
BARDSITOWN, also written BAIRDSTOWN, a flourish-    BARGOOZEEN, or BARGOUZIN, bart-goo-zeent, a river of
ing town of Nelson co., Kentucky, on the turnpike firom   Siberia, government of Irkootsk, flowing into Lakle Baikal
Louisville to NashVille, 40 miles S.E. of the former, and 50  on its E. side, after a course of 200 miles.
miles S.W. of Franklfort. It is handsomely situated on an    BARGOOZEENSK or BARGOOZINSK, baR-goo-zinskl, is a
elevated plain, three-fourths of a mile N. of the Beech fork  modern town and capital of a circle, on the above river,
of Salt River, and is a place of some importance for its ma- 220 miles E.N.E. of Irkootsk. In its environs are thermal
nufactures and educational advantages.  It contains St. springs and baths.
Joseph's College, (Roman Catholic,) several churches, and 3    BARGOUZIN.  See BARGOOZEEN.
academies, which are in a flourishing condition.  It has    BARH-AM, a parish of England, co. of HIuntingdon.
also 1 cotton, 1 woollen, and 1 bagging factory, and 2 news-    BARHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
paper offices.  The railroad from  Louisville to Nashville,   BARHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
when finished, will probably pass through this town. Pop.   BAR/IIAMSVILLE, a post-office of New Kent co., Virginia.
near 2000.                                                    BARIHOLME, a parish ofEngland,  co. of Lincoln.
BARDT. See BART.                                            BARI, b ree, (anc. Bariucm,) a fortified city and seaport
BARDIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          of Naples, capital of the province of Terra-di-Bari, on a peBARIEGES.     See BARnacEs.                             niusula in the Adriatic, 140 miles N.N.E. of Naples.  Lat.
BAREILY, bar-Ale, a district of British India, presidency  410 7/ 52" N.; Ion. 160 535 4"I E. Pop. in 1850, 27,297. It is
of Bengal, Upper Provinces, having N., W., and S. the dis- defended by walls towards the sea; the Corso is a fine new
tricts of Rumaon, Moradabad, andFurruckabad,and E. the  street, but in general the town is mean and dirty. Princistates of Oude and Nepaul.                                  pal buildings, acitadel, cathedral, a college of nobles, lyceum,
BAREILY, a city capital of the above district, and of a divi- large diocesan seminary, new theatre, large arsenal, corn
sion of Upper Provinces, on a tributary of the Ganges, 118  magazines, and hospitals. It has civil and criminal courts;
miles N.E. of Agra. There are here several mosques, and an  manufactures of cotton, linen, and silk fabrics, soap, glass,
old fort in ruins. The civil and military servantsof the East and liquours; and it exports corn, oil, and fruits.- Its quay
India Company live in cantonments S. of the town, where a  and roadstead are good, but its harbor admits only of small
new and strong ~ quadrangular citadel, surrounded by a  vessels. Bari, conquered by the Normans in the eleventh cenditch, has been built. The townm contains above 130 Persian  tury, was for some time the capital of their Duchy of Apulia.
and Hindoo schools, and some hundreds of seminaries, besides   BARI, TERRA DI, trR&a dee basree, a province of Naples,
an English college, teachers of medicine, &c. The articles bounded E. by the Adriatic. N. by Capitanata. W. by Basimanufactured wholly by Mohammedans are cutlery of all licata, and S. by Otranto.  It is mostly fiat, and very fertile
kinds, chiefly warlike, such as swords, daggers, bows and  in grain, wine, and fl'uit. Climate dry, and very warm in
arrows, &c.; saddles and horse-trappings, fine carpetings, smnmer. Area, 2368 square nailes. Pop. in 1850, 497,432.
embroidery, jewelry, and leather.  The brazen water-pots    BARI, a village of Greece, government of Attica, 12 miles
of Bareily are very much valued, as well as the cabinet- S.S.E. of Athens, near it is a stalactitic cave in Mount
work. Bareily is the head-quarters of a civil establishment  ilymettus, with ancient inscriptions.
and circuit court, to which 9 other districts are subordinate.    BARI, a village of Sardinia, province of Lanusei, 55 miles
Pop. (one-third Mohammedans,) 65,796.                       N.N.E. ofCagliari. Pop. 1500.
BARE MIOUNTAIN, a peak in the N. partof the High-    BARIGAZZO, bi-re-gAt/so, a village of Italy, duchy of
lands, in Orange co., New York.                             Modena, province of Lunigiana.  Near this is observed a
BARENTIN, bArlNvstA'Nf, a village of France, department phenomenon similar to that at Pietramala.  Natural fire
of Seine-Inf6rieure, 10 miles N.W. of Rouen. Pop. of cor- issues fi-om the soil, ascends several feet, and continues for
mune(1852) 3073.                                            some days without intermission.
BARENTON, b&'r6hNcst6N0t, a town of France, department    BARIGIANO, bt-re-jl/no, a town of Naples, province of
of Manche, 7 miles S.E. of Mortain. Pop. of commune, 3009.  Abruzzo Ultra I., 12 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 1800.
BARESVILLE, bairz/vil, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.    BARILE, bg-reellA, atown of Naples, province of Basilicata,
BARETI, b-r,/Yta, a town of Naples, with celebrated  4 miles S.S.E. of Melfi, agreeably situitted on a hill. It was
baths, 8 miles N.W. of Aquila.  Pop. 1000.                 founded by a Greek colony of the Lower Empire, and the
* BARETOON or BARETOUN, AL Al1 bg're-toonf, (anc. Pa- rites of the Greek Church were practised as late as the
rceto/niuss,) a town of Egypt, on the Mediterranean, on the  seventeenth century. It has three churches.  Pop. 3730.
borders of the Desert of Barca. Lat. 310 30' N.; ion. 270 30'   BARIMA, bA-ree-ma, a river and headland of British
E. It is now, perhaps, better known by the name of Port Guiana. Point Barima, in lat. 80 46' N., ion. 60 W., forms
Mhaddra, or Berek Marsa.                                   the N. extremity of that colony, and immediately W. of it
BARtETSCIIWEIL, bOrltch — ile,  a village of Switzerland,  the river enters the estuary of the Orinoco.
170




BAR                                                       BAR
BARRING, a post-township of Washington co., Maine, on    BARLOW, a post-township of Washington co., Ohio, about
the S. side of the St. Croix River, about 150 miles N.E. by  12 miles W. of Marietta. Pop. 1062.
E. of Augusta.  Pop. 380.                                    BAR/ILOW, GREAT and LITTLE, two contiguous townBARTI, TERRA DI. See BARI.                               ships of England, co. of Derby, 3 miles N.W. of Chesterfield.
BARJAK, bAR'zhAk', a town of France, department of    BARMBECK, b&aim/bik, a village of Northern Germany,
Gard, 19 miles N.E. of Alais. Pop. in 1852, 2507.          3 miles N.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 1539, engaged in cotton
BARJOLS, bAn'zhol5, a town of Prance; department of Var, manufactures.
11 miles N.N.W. of Brignoles. Pop. in 1852, 3302.            BARMIBY-ON-)OR, a parish of England, co. of York,
BARKA. See BURKHA.                                       East Riding.
BARK/BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.            BARIREN, ban/men, a manufacturing town of Ehenish
BARIKEBO, baatklh-boo, a town of Sweden, 12 miles Prussia, circle of Elberfeld, district of Dusseldorf, situated
N.N.W. of Kalmar.                                          in the valley of the Wipper, 27 miles N.N.E. of Cologne. It
BARKEI}IDIEI,. bar-keh-deeleh, a populous village of is in fact a continuation of the town of Elberfeld, to which
Western Africa, Damga country, on the Senegal, inhabited  it is united by a bridge, and with which it forms one uninby a warlike and agricultural tribe, called Daliankes, whose  terrupted street of 6 miles in length; and is composed of
chief resides here.                                       an agglomeration of numerous places of different names,
BAR/KER, a townshipofBroome  co., New York. Pop. 1456. now constituted a town. Its situation is healthy and picBAR'KER'S SET/TLEMENT, a post-office of Barbour co., turesque, but the town itself is dirty, and not prepossessing
Virginia.                                                 The staple manufactures are ribbons and tapes, which are
BAR/KERSVILLE, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York. very widely diffused.  Silk is likewise manufactured, with
BAR/KERVILLE, a manufacturing village of Pittsfield  cotton and linen fabrics, linen and cotton thread, velvet,
township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 50 miles N.W. lace, steel and plated articles, hardware, chemical products,
of Springfield.                                           and earthenware, with establishments for calico-printing,
BARK/IARM. a parish of England, co. of Berks.           which have long been famous for the excellence of the dye
IBARKHAM/STEAD, a post-township of Litchfield co., Con- called Turkey red.  The town is surrounded by kitchen
necticut, 20 miles N.W. of Hartford, contains some very fine  gardens, the cultivation of which employs many persons.
water privileges. It has manufactures of forks and various  It contains four churches, one of which, the Protestant
kinds of hardware. Pop. 1525.                             church, is a very handsome building; a high school, a deaf
BARIK/ING, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  and dumb asylum, exchange, two banks, a police court, and
Essex, 7 miles E.N.E. of London. Pop. 9888. The town, on  a commercial tribunal. The district in which the united
the Rodney, about 2 miles above its junction with the  towns of Elberfeld and Barmen are situated is the most
Thames, has an embattled gateway, remnant of a convent, populous, the most industrious, and most thriving in the
the abbess of which held baronial rank; a church with cu-  Prussian dominions. Pop. in 1846, 34,932.
rious monuments, an ancient market-house, a school on    BAR MILLS, a post-office of York co., Maine.
Bell's system, and a considerable transit trade in coal and    BAR/MING, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
timber. In a house standing near the town, the Gunpow-   BAR/MOUTH  or ABIERMAW, a market-town and seader Plot is said to have been concerted.                   port of North Wales, co. of Merioneth, on the estuary of the
BAR/KING, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           Maw, 71 miles S.W. of Dolgelly. Pop. 930. It is frequented
BARK ISLAND, a township of England, co. of York, West for sea-bathing, and has an export trade in timber, bark,
Riding.                                                    slates, copper, lead, and yards for ship-building.
BARKOL, bar kol/, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 40 miles    BARMSTEDT. blm/sthtt, a market-town of Denmnark.
N.W. of Khamil. Residence of a milit ry governor.          H-olstein, 14 miles E. of Gliickstadt. Near it is the ancient
BARK RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Washington co., castle of Ralstzau.
and enters Rock River in Jefferson co.                       BARM/STON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
BARK RIVER, a post-office of Jefferson co., Wisconsin.     BARI/NACK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
BARKS/DALE, a post-village of Halifax co., Virginia, 132    BAR'NAGORE?, a town of British India, 5 miles N. of
miles S.W. of Richmond.                                    Calcutta, on the left bank of the Hoogly. Formerly a PortuBARK/STON, a parish of England, co. of Liecester.       guese settlement.
BARK/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           BAR/NARD, a group of islands on the N.E. coast of AusBARKITON, a village of Saline co., Illinois, 8 miles S.W. Itralia, within the Great Barrier Reef, extending in a
of Raleigh.                                                straggling direction for 6 miles to the S. of Double Point.
BARK/WAY, a parish of England, co. and 15 miles N.N.E. Lat. 170 40' S.; ion. 1460 30' E.:fliertford.                                                BAR/NARD, a township of Piscataquis co., Maine, about
BARK/WITH, EAsT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 85 miles N.N.E. from Augusta. Pop. 181.
BARKWITH, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    BARNAIID, a post-township of Windsor co., Vermont,
BARLASSINA, bMn-las-see/nI, a village of Lombardy, 14  about 35 miles S. of Montpelier, watered by several tributamiles N. of Milan, with a magnificent Dominican convent,  ries of White River. It has several carriage manufactories.
which now serves as a theological seminary.                Pop. 1647.
BAR/LASTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.          BAl/NARD  CASTLE, a market-town and chapelry of
BARILAVINGTON, or BARLPTON, a parish of England, England, co. of Durham, parish of Gainford, on the Tees,
co. of Sussex.                                             21L miles S.W. of Durham. Pop. in 1851, 4608. It has a
BARLIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Derby.         hospital for poor persons, founded in 1229 by John Baliol,
BAR-LE-DUC, ba'1eh-diilk/, or BAR-SUR-ORNAIN, baR- King of Scotland, (a native of this place,) and the ruins of
siia-oanaNIl, a town of France, department of Meuse, 125  the stately castle whence the town derives its name, built
miles E. of Paris, on the Ornain, on the new canal from the  by BarnarA, the grandfather of Baliol. It has manufactures
Mlarne to the Rhine, and on the railway (in progress) from   of hats, carpets, and thread; and one of the largest corn
Paris to Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 14,818. Tribunal of the  markets in the North of England is held here on W'ednescommune, capital of the arrondissement of Forestiera, com- day. Near it are the ruins of a church, the only remaing
prising the department of the Meuse. It has a communal of the town of  alsa-wood, formerly an important place; and
college, a normal school, and public library; an active in- extensive stone quarries
dustry, with manufactures of cotton and calicoes; a com- - BAR/NARDISTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
modious port, and an extensive commerce in timber from       BAR/NARDSVILLE. a post-village in Roan co., Tennessee,
the Vosges for the supply of Paris, and in wine, iron, and  about 130 miles E. by S. of Nashville.
wool. It was founded in the tenth century, and was for-   BARNAUL, ban-niwl/, the principal mining town  of
merly the fortified capital of the duchy of the same name. Western Siberia, government of Tomsk, on the Barnaul Obi,
Birthplace of the Duke of Guise and of General Excelnoans. at its junction with the Obi, 230 miles S.S.W. of Tomsk. Pop.
BARLETTA, ban-lt/ta, (anc. Barduli and B-aroluin?) a  9927. It is under the immediate authority of the cabinet
fortified seaport city of Naples, province and 33 miles  of St. Petersburg, and is the seat of a mining board, and
W.N.W.'of Bari, on a rocky island in the Adriatic, connect-  the capital of a mining district "as extensive as the whcle
ed by a bridge with the mainland. Lat. 410 19' 26" N.; ion. kingdom  of Hungary." (Ritter.)  The town is regularly
160 18' 10" E. Pop. 19,929. It is "hemmed in with regu- built, and has upwamrds of 30 public offices, including 4
lar built walls and angular towers;" streets wide and well Russian churches, magazines, and hospitals, geological and
paved, houses lofty and of fine stone.  It has a citadel, other museums, besides about 120 furnaces, at which large
cathedral, college, and a colossal statue  of the Emperor  quantities of auriferous silver, lead, and copper ores are
Hleraclius. Its harbor, formed by a mole on which is a  smelted. and a vast amount of cast iron is produced. A maglight-house, admits only small vessels; but it has a consi- netic and meteorological observatory was erected herein 1841.
derable trade with the other ports of the Adriatic and the    BARN/BROUGH  or BARNBOROUGH, a parish of Englonian Islands, exporting corn, wine, oil, fruit, wool, and  land. co. of York West Riding.
skins, and salt from lakes and springs in the vicinity.     BARN/BY. a plrish of England, co. of Suffolk.
BAR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of IHerts.               BARNBY-IN-THE-WILLOWS, a parish of England, co.
BAR/LING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             of Notts.
BARILINGS, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           BARNBY-ON-DON, a parish of England, co. of York, West
BARLOVENTO, ban-lo-von/-to, a town of the Canary Is- Riding.
lands, on the N.E. of the island of Palma. Pop. 2148. Occu-   BAR'NEGAT/, a small village of Dutchess co., New Yorlk,
pied in linen weaving.                                    on the Iludson River, 4 miles below Poughkeepsie.
171




BALR                                                      BAR
BAR'NEGATI, a post-town of Union township, in the S.   BARNSLEY, barnzflee, or BARNESLEY, ST. MARY, a
part of Ocean county, New Jersey, is situated on Double  market-town and chapelry of England, co. of York, West
Creek, nearly opposite the inlet of that name, 1 mile from   Riding, parish of Silkstone, 10 miles S. of Wakefield, and 
Barnegat Bay, and about 14 miles S. of Toni's River. It has miles N. of Sheffield, with a station on the North Midland
2 places of worship, an academy, a temperance hall, and 3  Railway. Pop. in 1851, 14,913. The houses are mostly of
stores. The inhabitants are largely engaged in navigation  stone. It has a spacious market-place, a free grammar
and the coasting trade, and about three-fourths of the capi- school, a national school, a subscription library, a scientific
tal owned here is invested in vessels trading firom New York  institution, and extensive manutkctures of linen yarn,
and Jersey City to the South. This place is much fre- damasks, and drills; a glass factory, iron foundries, needle
quented by gunners in quest of wild fowl, Which abound in  and wire works, bleaching, dyeing, and coal worklis. The
the bay, and the boarding-house on the beach opposite the  iBarnsley Canal connects the Calder and Don, and places
village is resorted to for bathing. Lines of stages connect B3arnsley in communication with Wakefield and Leeds.
this place with New York, Philadelphia, and Tuckerton.  About 1 mile distant are the remains of Monk Briton.
Pop. about 650.                                             Priory.
BARNEGAT BAY. on the E. border of Ocean county,   BARNSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
New Jersey, extends N. from Barnegat Inlet to the mouth    BARINSTABLE, barn/sta-b'l, the most eastern county of
of Metetecunk River, about 23 miles long, and from 1 to 4  Massachusetts, has an area of about 290 square miles. It
wide. It is separated from the ocean by Squam Beach and  consists of a peninsula and a number of islands, and inIsland Beach, narrow strips of land from a quarter of a mile  dludes Cape Cod, which extends in a northerly direction for
to a mile wide. It receives the waters of Metetecunk River, about 65 miles. The soil is generally light and sandy.
Kettle Creek, Tom's River, Cedar Creek, and Forked River. Large quantities of salt are man ufactured here from the
The inlet fi'oc  tiheocean is over a mile in width.         sea-water. The N.W. part of the county is crossed by the
BARNER V ILLE,,  a post-office of Schoharie co., New Yorlk.  Cape Cod Branch Railroad. Organized in 1685, and proBARNES, barnz, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the  bably named from Barnstaple, a seaport town of England.
Thames, 5 miles S.W. of London. At Barn-Elms, in this  Capital, Barnstable.  Pop. 35,276.
parish, WValsinghams  entertained Queen Elizabeth, Cowley    BARNSTABLE, a port of entry, and seat of justice of
the poet resided, and the Kit-Cat Club held its meetings.    Barnstable county, Massachusetts, on the S. side of BarnBARNES, a post-office of Richland co., Ohio.              stable Bay, which opens into Cape Cod Bay. The Old Colony
BARNESBOROUGI-, a post-village of Gloucester co., New  Railroad is intended to extend to this place, 65 miles S.E.
Jersey, 7 miles S. by W. of Woodbury.                       of Boston, and 28 miles S.E. of Plymouth. The township
BARNES'S CORNERS. a post-office ofLewis co., New York.  reaches entirely across the cape, including several villages
BARNES'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Dale co., withinitslimits. Atthe mouthofthe bayis a bar, having
Alabama.                                                    on it from  6 to 7 feet of water. Barnstable has a bank, a
BARNESIVIEW, a village in Clark co., Missouri, about 2  savings institution, and insurance company. One weekly
miles E. of Wyaconda River.                                 newspaper is published in the town. The inhabitants are
BARNES/VILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary- extensively engaged in the coast trade and the fisheries.
land, 38 miles N.W. of VWashington, and 4 miles E. of the  The aggregate burden of the shipping, June 30, 1854, was
Potomac River.                                              7515 tons registered, and 74,413 tons enrolled and licensed;
BARNESVILLE,  a thriving   post-village  of Pike co., total, 81,958. During the year, 19 schooners, with an agGeorgia, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 40 miles  gregate burden of 2063 tons, were admeasured. Packres
N.W. of Macon, and 18 miles of Griffin. The village has an  and steamboats are constantly plying between this port and
active business in cotton, &c., and contains a church and  Boston. Pop. 4901.
5 stores.                                                     BARNSTAPLE, barn/sta-p'l, a parliamentary and municiBARNESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Belmont co., pal borough, seaport, market-town, and parish of England,
Ohio, 18 miles S.W. of St. Clairsville. It contains 2 churches, in the county of Devon, on the Taw, 6 miles from its mouth
an academy, and several stores. Pop. in 1850, 823.          in Barnstaple Bay, here crossed by a stone bridge of sixteen
BAR/NET, a post-township of Caledonia county, Vermont, arches, 314 miles N.W. of Exeter.  Pop, in 1851, 1667.  The
about 25 miles E. by N. of Montpelier, at the junction of  town is said to have been founded by Athelstan, and was
the Passumpsic with the Connecticut River, and on the  incorporated by Henry I. It is well built, has a large anConnecticut and Passumpsic Rivers' Railroad. Its manu- cient church, and a grammar school, endowed in 1649, occufactures comprise leather, woollen goods, boots and shoes, pying part of an old monastery, in which Bishop Jewel and
&c. Pop. 2521.                                              and the poet Gay were educated; a charity school, an almsBARNET, a township ofForest co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 579. house, and numerous other charities; a mechanics' institute,
BARNET-BY-THE-WOLD, a parish of England, co. of  tanneries, potteries, an iron foundry, paper mill, and mannLincoln.                                                    factories of low broadcloths, patent lace, and fishing nets.
BAR/NET, CHIPPING, a market-town andparish of Eng- Chief import, timber. The shipping trade has declined,
land, co. of Hereford, on the Great Norther, Road, 11 miles owing to an obstruction caused' by the accumulation of sand
N.N.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 2380. The town stands in the river and harbor. In 1846, 492 ships, with an ag'greon a height, and has a church built in 1400, a grammar  gate burden of 37,305 tons, entered, and 473 ships, with a
school founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1573, and some well- burden of 25,343 tons, cleared from  the port; registered
endowed alms-houses.  An obelisk near the town con- shipping in 1847, 5010 tons. Barnstaplesends two members
memorates the battle fought there in 1471., between the  to the House of Commons.
York and Lancaster armies, when the latter were totally    BARNS/TEAD, a post-township  of Belknap co., New
defeated, and their leader, the great Earl of WVarwick, was  Hampshire, about 15 miles N.E. of Concord, has several
killed.                                                     starch mills and tanneries.  Pop. 1848.
BARNET, EAST, a parish of England, adjoining the above.    BARN/STON, a parish of England. co. of Essex.
BARNET, PRYERN, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.   BARNSTON, or BARNSTON CORNERS, a village and
BAR/NETT'S MILLS, a post-village of Ftauquier co., Vir- township in the county of Stanstead, Canada East, 14 miles
ginia, on the Rappahannock River, 93 miles N. by W. of  E. of Stanstead.
Richmond.                                                     BARNSTORF, bains/toaf, a village of IHanover, co. of
BARNEVELD, bastneh-vllt', a village of the Netherlands, Hoya, 9 miles N. of Diepholz.
province ofGelderland, 18 miles N.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 2390.    BARNYILLE-SUR-MERban'veel/siR-maia, (anc. CosciaBARNEVELD (baa/neh-vlt') ISLANDS, Southern Ocean, tonzem Psortues,) a small town and seaport of France, departoff Terra del Fuego. Lat. of N.E. extremity, 550 48' S.;  ment ofManche, 15 miles W.S.W. of Valognes. Pop. 1205.
ion. 660 451 W.                                               BARN/WELL, a parish and village of England, adjoining
BAR;NEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             the town of Cambridge, on the N.E., with a chapel built in
BARNEY'S, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas..      the eleventh century. Pop. 6909. It is a great mart for
BARNIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            leather, wool, cheese, and cattle.
BARINHAM, a parish of Englihnd. co. of Sussex.              BARNIWELL, a district in the S.W. part of South CaroBARNIHAM  BROOM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. lina, bordering on the Savannah River, which separates it
BARNIIHART'S MILLS,a small post-village of Butler co., from  Georgia, has an area of 1550 square miles. It is
Pennsylvania.                                               bounded by South Edisto River, and drained by the sources
BAI/NINGHA.M, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        of the Salkehatchie, which flows south-eastward. The surBARNINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, North  face is hilly; the soil moderately fertile, especially near the
Riding.                                                    rivers. The pine is one of the most common forest-trees.
BARNINGrAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of  The Savannah River is navigable for steamboats on the
Norfolk.                                                    border of the district, which is also intersected by the South
1IAR/NINGHAM NOR/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Carolina Railroad, extending to Charleston. Capital, BarnNorfolk.                                                   well Court IHouse. IPop. 26,608, of whom 12,600 were firee,
BARNINGHAM  WINTER or TOWN, a parish of Eng- and 14,008, slaves.
land, co. of Norfolk.                                         BARNWELL, or BARNWELL COURT-HOUSE, a postBAlRNOLDBY-LE-BECK, banc/nld-be-lph-b6k/, or BARl- village, capital of Barnwell district, South Carolina, near
NETIIY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.               Salkehatchie River, 55 miles in a direct line S.S.W. from
BAR/NOLDWICK, a parish of England, co. of York, West Columbia. It is situated in a fertile cotton district, and has
Riding.                                                    some trade. It contains a court-house and several churches
172




BAR                                                         BAR
BARNWELL, KING'S, a parish of England, co. of North-' BARRA-DO-RIO-NISRO, Nleh/tdo-ree/o-nA/gro,         capital of
ampton.                                                     the province on the Rio Negro, near its junction with the
BARN WELL, ST. ANDiREW'S, a parish of England, co. Amazon. Pop. of district, 00l, who subsist by raising toof Northampton.  It has a station on the Peterborough  bacco, coffee and cocoa, making turtle oil, and salting fish.
branch of the London and North Western Railway.            In 1842, all that part of the province of Pait to the left of
BARN/WOOD, a parish of England, county of Gloucester.  the Amazons was detached to form  the new province of
BARO, b'rO/, a river of Africa; rises in the country of the  Barra-do-iio-dos-Negros.
Wallegas, S.W. of Abyssynia, near lat. 80 N., in an extensive    BARRA-OI)0-RIO-GRANDE, bAeR/-do-.ee/o- grinn/d,,  a vii.
plateau, in which the tributaries ofthe Bahr-el-Abiad (White  lage of Brazil, about 350 miles West of Bahia, on the Sio
Nile,) have their source. The course of the Bare is not ex- Francisco.  Pop.4000.
plored yet, but the natives represent it as a very large river,    BARRAFRANCA, bNe-ss-fr'n/lca, a town of Sicily, district
the valley of which is inhabited by Shankalahs, and fre- of Piazza. and 10 miles S.E. of Caltanisetta.  Pop. 6600.
quented by herds of elephants.                               BARRAGII, br/rllh, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, the
BAROACH, bl-rotch/, or BROACIH, a district of British  county of Carlow.
India, in the presidency of Bombay, having on the S. Surat,    BARRA, (bAsrra or bir/rl, or BAR/RAY) ISLANDS, a
E. a part of the Guicowar's dominions, N. and W. the river group of upwards of twenty islands, forming a parish of the
hlhye and Gulf of Cambay. Area, 1351 square miles. Pop. same name, on the western coast of Scotland, county of In239,527.                                                   verness, forming part of the chain known by the name of the
BAROACI, (probably the ancient Barygaza,) capital of  Outer Hebrides. About ten of them are inhabited, and the
the above district, is on the Nerbudda, 36 miles N. of Surat. others used as grazings. The principal island, from which
Pop, estimated in 1812, at 32,700; but it has since greatly de  the group is named, is about 12 miles in length, varying in
clined, and is poor, mean, and dirty. Trade in cotton, grain, breadth firom 3 to 6 miles; its N. point is in let. 570 2' N.;
and seeds, exported to Bombay and Surat. Here is a Brah- ion. 70 34/ WV.  The ruins of several religious houses,
miniceal endowed hospital for sick animals, into which even  apparently of very old date, exist in Barra, the more reinsects are received.                                      mark able of which-two churches, said to have been built
BARODA, bar-olda, a city of Hindostan, capital of the Gui- by the monks of Icolmkill-are at a place called Killbar.
cowar's dominions, 78 miles N.N.E. of Surat. Pop. estimated  There are also numerous ancient watch-towers distributed
at 100,000. It is enclosed by a double wall with round tow- over the islands; and on every lake there is a dun or fort,
ers, and has four spacious and well-built streets, meeting in  supposed to have been built by the Scandinavians. Many
a central market-place.  A British resident, with a body of  druidical circles are also to be met with. The ancient castle
troops, is stationed at Baroda, which has a considerable  or stronghold of the MacNeils, the former proprietors of
trade. Near it are numerous gardens, mosques, and wells. Barra, a rude and lonely mansion, stands in the middle of a
Baroda was a large and wealthy town during the reign of  beautiful bay, upon a small rock, which is entirely covered
Aurun-zebe, and is still considered one of the richest cities  by the sea at high water.  lere, in times of old, they mainof its size in India. Here is a stone bridge over the Viswa- tained the  htate and authority of sovereign princes, ruling
mitra, remarkable as being the only one in Guzerat.         with despotic sway, and minmicking the pomp and dignity
BAROS, bhOros, a town of the Dutch East Indies, W. coast of royalty. The light-house on Barra Head, the highest in
of the island of Sumatra, 250 miles N.W. of Padaug.         Britain, is 680 feet above the sea.
BAROTSE, atown ofAfrica. See NGAeI.                        BARRACOA.   See BAeAOA.
BARQUESIMETO, baa-kS-se-mt/to, a city of Venezuela,    BARIRALLV ILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., MIaryland.
capital of the province, situated oft an affluent of the Portu-   BARRAMAHL,  bAst-r'i-mPll,  or bar'ra-maull, a district
guesa, 165 miles W.S.WV. of Caracas. Pop. with suburbs,  of British India, in the presidency of Madras, is a rich
12,000. It was entirely destroyed by an earthquake in 1802, and extensive table-land, in the province of Salem.  See
previously to which it had 15,000 inhabitants.              SALEn.
BARR, baa, a town of France, department of the Bas-Rhin,    BARRA HMANSA, ba-,aus-man sA, a town of Brazil, 70
at the foot of the Vosges, 18 miles S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. miles N.W. of Rio Janiero, on the right bank of the Paraoif' the commune in 1851, 4517. It has a Protestant consis- hiba-do-Sul.  Pop. 6000.
tory church, and was formerly fortified.                     BARRAN, blr.RsN/l, a town of France, in the department
BARR, baa, a parish of Scotland county, and 18 miles S. of  ofGers, 7 miles WV.S.W. of Auch. Population of commune, 1821.
Ayr. Some of its mountains are 2,700 feet in height, and it    BARRANCA, baR-RAn/kS, a town of South America, New
has several lochs and large morasses.                      Gitonada, on the Mlagdalena River, 50 miles S.E. of CarBARRA, baa/ne, a town of Naples, 3 miles B. of the capi- tagena.
tal, with 5900 inhabitants, and numerous country residences.    BARRANQUILLA. See BAsAq0eULLA.
BARRA, a town of Naples, 2~ miles S.E. of Reggio. Pop.   BARRATARIA BAY. See BuevxrATAtA BRe.
2600.                                                         BARRAUX, bhn5a', a village of France, department of
BARRA, b~r/rf, a petty state of N.W. Africa, at the mouth  Is~re, 22 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Population of commune
of the Gambia, extending about 54 miles along the coast, in 1852, 2029. Near it is a fort built in 1596.
with a breadth of about 42 miles. It is in general well   BARRAX, ba-Risdf, a town of Spain, 23 miles W.N.V.
cultivated, and contains a number of considerable villages, of Albacete.  Pop. 2576. Commerce in fruit.
with some pine forests.                                       BARRE, barlree, a post-township of Washington co., VerBAR'RAB00  or BARABOO, a river of Wisconsin, rises  mont. 6 miles S. by E. from Montpelier, is well watered by
near the N.W. corner of Sank co., and falls into the Wiscou-  two branches of the Onion River. which affords good mill
sin river, about 3 miles above Dekorra.                    privileges. The soil is perhaps the best in thle state. The
BARRABOO, a post-township in Sank co., Wisconsin, township contains a quarry of superior granite, ftom which
about 30 miles N.W. from Prairie du Sac. Pop, 707.         the stone used in building the state-house vwas taken. It
BARRABOO or BARAB00O, a post-village in Sank co., Wis- has several tanneries and manufactures of flannels, boots
consin, on Barraboo River. Pop. 255.                       and shoes, &c. Pop. 1835.
BARRACONDA, bar-r,{-kon/df, a town of Western Africa,    BARIRE, a township  of Yeorcester co., Massachusetts,
Senegambia, on the right bank of the Gambia, 190 miles  about 55 miles IV.  of Boston, well watered by the Ware
from its mouth.                                            River, which afifords many valuable mill-seats. It has exBARRACtKPOOR, bar-rak-poor/, a seat of the governor-  tensive manufacturies of woollen and cotton goods, scythes,
general of British India, presidency and province of Bengal, shoes, &c., and two weekly newspapers.  Pop. 2976.
on the IHoogly, 10 miles N. of Calcutta. Here is a fine park    BARRE, a township of Orleans co., New York, 44 miles of
four miles in circumference, and laid out in European style, N.E. of Buffalo.  The Erie Canal and the Rochester and
near which is a large military village. wvith cantonments.  Lockport Railroad pass through it.' Pop. 4186.
*BAR/RACKS~ ILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Virginia,    BARRE, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania.
on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.                        Pop. 1271.
BAR.RAIDA or BURADA, bar-r/d1, (anc. Chr?/sor'hoas,)    BARREAII, bsr-r3la/h,   a neatly built town of HIindostan,
a riverof Syria, rises near 330 50/ N.lat. and 360, E. ion. flows S. capital of a rajahship, 50 miles N.E. of Baroda.
along the Anti-Libanus, and then turning S.S.E. proceeds in    BARRE CENTRE, a post-village of Barre township, Ora tortuous course through a rich valley, bordered alternately  leans co., New York, 254 miles W. by N. of Albany, has 1 or
by bold rocks and wooded hills. On approaching Damascus  2 churches and several stores.
it is divided into two branches, one of which passes along    BARRIE FORGE, a post-office of Ihuntingdon co., Pennthe N. side of the city, while the other is diverted into eight  sylvania.,
different channels, for vetering  the city and irrigating its    BARBEGE.S, bbRaeaizh/, a village and celebrated wateringardens. The former braisch is supposedtobethe /Plarphlar, place of France, department of IIautes-Pyr6nles, on the
and the latter the Ab/ana of ancient times. The branches  Gave-de-Bastan, in the valley of the same namp. 3240 feet
shortly after unite, and the trunk, receiving two tributaries, above the sea, and 12 miles S.S.W. of Ragn6res-de-Bigorre.
enters the marshes and lake of Bahr-el-AMerj.              It consists of about 60 housesn most of them temuporary sheds,
BARRA-DO-RtO-DE-CONTAS, bds/irf-do-reeto-dA-kon/tas, abandoned during winter, on account of the cold and the
a town of Brazil, province, and 230 miles S.W. of Bahia. danger to which it is exposed from  avalanches.'tt is frePop. 3000.                                                 quented annually by abhout 1500 invalids, for the sake of its
BARRA-DO-RIO-DFE-S  0-J0, b&l/r&-do-ree/o-do-sMNco-  sulphurous springs,  which have a temperature varying
zho-4/daN, a town of Brazil, province, and 100 miles E.N.E. frosm 104 to 1220 Fahrentheit'the baths.v which for a cen'
of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 2000.                                 tury have eijoyed the hitfeset reputation, were founded by
173




BAR                                                      BAR
louis XV. There are government military baths for 500  of Uruguay, South America, 85 miles N.E. of MIontevdteo
men. In the vicinity is the beautiful cascade of Gavarnie.   In its district are large breeding estates, each stocked with
BARIREL-OF-BUT/TER ISLAND, a skerry or sinmall islet from 60t000 to 200,000 head of cattle.
of Scotland, Orkney, off the S. end of Pomona. It derives  IBARIINGTON, a parish of England, co of Cambridge.
its name from the circumstance of the tennant paying the    BARRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
proprietor a barrel of butter as rent for the privilege of    BARIRINGTON, a post-township of Strafford co., New.'ling  seals on it, the only thing of value it produces.    Hampshire, 30 miles E. of Concord; has many streams
BAR/REN, or BIG BARREN RIVER, rises in Smith and  affording excellent water-power. Pop. 1754.
Jackson counties, near the N. border of Tennessee. Passing    BARRINGTON, a post-township of Bristol  co., Rhode
into Kentucky, it flows westward and northwestward, until Island, about 8 miles S.E. of Providence, intersected by
it enters Greene River at the N.W. extremity of Warren co., Palmer's River. Pop. 795.
after a course of about. 100 miles. Steamboats of medium      BARRINGTON, a post-township of Yates co., New York,
size ascend about 30 miles to Bowling Green, in all stages  on Crooked Lake, about 54 miles S.E. of Rochester. Pop.
of water.                                                   1550.
BARREN, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, has an    BARRINGTON, a post-township in Cook co., Illinois,
area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by Little Bar- about 35 miles N.W. from Chicago. Pop. 676.
ren River, and by Beaver and Skeggs creeks. The surfaice is' BARRINGTON, GREAT, a  parish of England, co. of
generally rolling, and in some parts hilly; the soil is more  Berks and Gloucester.
fertile than the name would imply, though not of the first    BARRINGTON,  LIevlE, a parish of England, co. of
quality. The origin of the name may be traced to the  Gloucester.
thinly timbered tracts, which are called "Barrens" in this    BARRIOS, Los, loce-b efee-oce, a town of Spain, 48 miles
part of the West. The rock which underlies the surfiace is  S.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 2722, engaged in linen weaving.
a cavernous limestone. Sulphurous and saline springs are    BARROIS, bai:gRw?, an old division of France, in Lorraine,
found in the county, and several furnaces have been esta- now forming the greater part of the department of the
blished for the preparation of salt. Organized in 1798. Capi- MIeuse.
tal, Glasgow. Pop. 20,234, of whom 15,650 were free, and    BARROSA, b a-Ro'sA, a village of Spain, on the S.W.
4584 slaves.                                                coast of Andalusia, 16 miles S.E. of Cadiz.  Iere, in 1811,
BARREN, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee.      the British troops gallantly repulsed the French forces unBARREN, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana.           der Victor.
BARREN  CREEK SPRINGS, a post-office of Somerset co.,   BARROW, bArfr6, or BORRAGH, bor/r&H, a river of
Maaryland.                                                  Ireland, next in importance to the Shannon, rises in the
BARREN GROVE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, Slievebloom  mountains, Leinster, flows generally south20 miles W. by S. fi-om Princeton.                          ward, and, after a course of about 90 miles, joins the Suir to
BARREN HILL, a post-office of Mointgomery co., Penn- foerm the estuary of Waterford harbor. It divides the counsylvania.                                                   ties of Kildare, Carlow, and Wexford, on the E., from EilBARREN HILL, a post-office of Htenry co., Tennessee.    kenny and Queen's counties, on the W, Affluents, the Nore,
BABREN ISLAND, one of the Hunter Islands, off the  Blackwood, and Greese rivers. The towns Portasrlington,
N.E. extremity of Van Diemen's Land. Length from N. to  Monastereven, Athy, Carlow, Craig, and New Ross, are on its
S. 15 miles; greatest breadth 4 miles.                      banks. It is navigable foir large ships from the sea to Ross,
BARREN ISLAND, a volcanic island in the Bay of Ben- and for barges to Athy, 60 miles above its mouth, where it is
gal, E. of the Andaman Isles, with a cone 1848 feet in height, joined by a branch of the'Grand Canal.
and frequently in erqption.                                   BARROW, bar/rs, a parish of England, county of Salop.
BARRENJUEY, bar/ren-ju/ee, a point of New  South    BARROW, a parish of England, county of Suffolk.
Wales, Cumberland co. It is a rocky peninsula, joined to    BARROWBY, bAr/ro-be, a parish of England, co. of Linthe mainland by a narrow isthmus, bounded by the sea on  coin.
the E. and Pittwater, an inlet from Broken Bay, on the W.    BAR/ROWDALE, a village in Fairfield district, South
Lat. 330 371 S., Ion. 510 25' E.                            Carolina, about 25 miles N. of Columbia.
BARREN PLAIN, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennes-   BAR/ROWDEN. a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
see, 32 miles fiom Nashville.                                 BARIROWFORD, a township of England. co. of Lancaster.
BARRE (btr/ree) PLAINS, a post-office of Worcester co.,   BARROW, GREAT, a parish of England;  co. of Chester.
Massachusetts.                                                BARROW  GURNEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
BARREN RIDGE, a post-office of Vanzant co., Texas.          BAR/ROW  ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 200
BARIRET, a township in Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. 45' S., ion. 1390 3 WV. It is small, but well wooded, and afPop. 579.                                                   fords fresh water. It was named in honor of Sir J. Barrow,
BARRET'S, a small village of Ohio co., Kentucky.          by its discoverer, Captain Beechey, in 1826.
BARIRETSYILLE,     a post-village in Lumpkin co., Georgia,   BARROW, NORTII, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
about 110 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville.                      BARROW  ON TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
BARREVILLE, barsfe-vil, a post-village of McIIenry co.,   BARROW  ROCKS, off the S. coast of Arabia, about 50
Illinois, 46 miles N.W. of Chicago.                         miles N.E. of Aden.
BARR, GREAT, a chapelry of England, in the county of    BARROW, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Stafford.                                                     BARROW  STRAIT, the passage from nBaffin Bay, west.
BARRHEAD, bar-h~d/, a large manufacturing village of  ward, into Prince Regent Inlet, 1at. 740 N., and between ion.
Scotland, county of Renfrew, in the vale and on the banks  8,40 and 900 W., averaging 40 miles in breadth. Depth fireof the Severn, 7 miles S.W. of Glasgow. In the village and  quently upwards of200 fitthoms. Coasts rugged and mounits vicinity, there are 4 spinning factories with about 80,000  tainous.  Barrow is the name of several mountains, and of
spindles, and 2 weaving factories, 9 bleacheries, 7 print- a valley in East Australia.
fields, a flour mill, an iron foundry, and a machine shop, em-   BARROW  UPON IIUMBER, a parish of England, co. of
ployino in all about 5000 hands.  The railway to Barrhead, Lincoln.
opened in 1849, has greatly increased the prosperity of the    BARROW  UPON SOAR, a parish of England. county of
place. Pop. in 1851, 6069.                                  Leicester.
BARRIE, barfree, a parish of Scotland, county of Forfar,   BARII'S STORE, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.
on the German Ocean, N.W. of the Frith of Tay, having two    BARRY, bar/ree, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorlight-houses which form the leading lights for vessels enter- gan, on the British Channel, 71 S.W. of Cardiff. Pop. in
ing the Tay.                                                1851, 74. A small island of about 3000 arces. in this parish,
BAR/RIE, the capital'of Simeoe co., Canada West, on an  near the mainland. in Bristol Channel, is said to give the
arm of Lake Simcoe, 60 miles N.N.W. of Toronto, with which  name to the Barry family in Ireland.
it communicates by railway.  It hits a branch bank, agencies    BAR/RY, a county in the S.W. central part of Michigan,
of several fire and life assurance companies, numerous stores, contains 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Thor.aptwo schools for young ladies, and a printing-office, from  pie R.iver, and also drained by Fall and Muddy Creeks. The
which'a weekly newspaper is issued. A steamboat plies surface is undulating, and is diversified by numerous small
between Barrie and other ports on the lake. Pop. about 800. lakes, prairies, and forests of heavy timber, among which
BARtRIERS REEF, THE GREAT. The reef called erm- the sugar-maple, ash, beech, and tulip-tree are founed.  The
phatically the Great Barriers Reef, filom its vast extent, is  soil is mostly fertile.  The Thornapple Fiver furnishes
situated off the N.E. coast of Australia. It commences with  water-power.  Named in honor of William  T. Barry, postBreaksea, Spit, in lat. 240 30' S.; ion. 1580 20' E., and extends  master-general under President Jackson.  Capital, Ilastto Bristow Island on the coast of Papua, in let. 90 15' S.;  ings.  Pop. 5072.
lon. 143~ 20' E., being a distance, in a straight line, of about    BARRY, a county in the S.S.W. part of Missonri, border12(0 miles.' It stretches along the coast at a mean distance  ing on Arkansas, has an area of 7013 square miles. It is
of about 30 miles, being in some places not more then 10  traversed by White River, of Arkansas, and also drained by
or 15 miles from the land, and at others upward of 100. King's River and Flat Creek. The surface is hilly and diThis proligious reef is wholly composed of coral, and rises, in  versified by prairies and forests; the soil is generally fertile.
general, precipitonsly from a very greet depth, no bottom   Limestone is one of the principal rocks. The county conaving been reached, in some places on the outer side of the  tains mines of lead, which have not been explored to much
barrier, with a line of 285 fathoms.                       extent. It is liberally supplied with wate'-power. Capital,
BARRIGA NEGRA, baa-nec/ga ni/gsr, a town or village  Cassville. Pop. 3567, of whom 3317 were flee, and 150 slaves
174




BAR                                                     BAR
BARRY, a post-township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, trade in wine, linen, brandy, and earthenware. Its hot
8 miles N.W. of Pottsville, intersected by the Pottsville and  baths are the most frequented in Hungary.
Danville Railroad. Pop. 689.                                BARTH or BARDT, baut, a seaport town of Prussia, PoBARRY, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.        merania, on the Binnensee, at the mouth of the Barth, 17
BARRY, a post-village of Cuvahoga co., Ohio, 15 miles miles W.N.W. of Stralsund. Pop. 4643. It has ship-buildE.S.E. of Cleveland.                                      ing docks, and trade in corn and wool.
BARRY, a post-village of Jackson co., Michigan, on Sand-    BARTHE-DE-NESTE, LA, lR-basRt-dgh-ntst, a village of
stone Creek, and on the Central Railroad, 82 miles W. of France, depaitment of Hautes-Pyren6es, 12 miles East from
Detroit. It has some trade, and contains 1 or 2 mills. There Bagne'res-de-Bigorre.  Pop. 1045.
is a sandstone quarry in the vicinity.                      BARTIIO/OMEW, a bayou, of Arkansas and Louisiana,
BARRY, a township of Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 478.    rises in Jefferson county of the former state, and flowing
BARRY, a pleasant post-village of Pike co., Illinois, 83 nearly southward into Louisiana, enters the Washita at
miles W. of Springfield, and about 10 miles from the Missis- Washita City, near the S.W. extremity of Morehouse parish.
sippi River. It is situated in an undulating and fertile  It is navigable by steamboats 250 miles.
prairie, which is mostly under cultivation. The village has   BARTHOLOMEW, a county in the S.E. central part of Indireveral stores, and is improving. Pop. about 400.         ana, contains 400 square miles. It is drained by the Driftwood
BARRY, a post-village of Clay co., Missouri, 17 miles fork of White  River, and by Flat Rock and Clifty creeks.
N.W. of Independence.                                     The surface in the WV. is hilly, and in the other parts mostly
BARRY'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Vir- level. The soil is fertile. The county is largely supplied
ginia.                                                    with water-power. The Madison and Indianapolis Railroad
BARRYTON, bhr/re-ton, a post-village of Choctaw co., Ala- passes through it. Named in honor of General Joseph
bansa, 133 miles S. by W. of Tuscaloosa, and 5 or 6 miles W. Bartholomew, a senator of the state. Capital, Columbus.
of the Tombigbee River. It was formerly the capital of Pop. 12,428.
Washington county.                                          BARTHIOLOMEW, a post-office of Chicot co., Arkansas.
BARIRYTOWN, a post-village and railroad station of   BARTHOLOMEW, a township in Jefferson co., Arkansas.
Dutchess co., New York, on the IHIudson River Railroad, Pop. 147.
about 50 miles S. of Albany.                                BAR/TITIOMLEY, a parish of England, counties of Chester
BARIRYVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, and Stafford.
on the Hudson and Delaware Canal, 117 miles from New    BARTILETT, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire,
York city. The railroad station, formerly called Shohola, is 80 miles N.E. of Concord, intersected by the Saco River.
on the opposite bank of the Delaware Rtiver, in Pike co., Pop. 761.
Pennsylvania.                                               BARTLETT, a post-village of Washington co., Ohio, 20
BARRYVILLE, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 130 miles miles W. by S. from Marietta.
N.E. of Columbus.                                           BARTLETT'S ISLAND, of La Pointe co., Wisconsin, in
BARS. See BARScI.                                       Lake Superior, is about 7 miles in length, and 3 in its greatBARSAC, ba'sAikl, a town of France, department of Gi- est breadth. Lat. 47' N.; Ion. 900 30' W.
ronde, on the left bank of the Garonne, 19 miles S.E. of Bor-   BART/LETTSVILLE, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa.
deaux. Its vicinity produces the fine white Bordeaux    BARTLOF, GROSS, groce-baat'l16f, a village of Prussia
wine.                                                     10 miles S.E. of tteiligenstadt. Pop. 1100.
BARSCH, baush, (Hun. Bars, barsh,) a town of Hungary,   BART/LOW, a parish of England, co.. of Cambridge.
capital of the county, 57 miles N.N.W. of Pesth, and divided    BARtTON is the name of several townships and hamlets
by the river Gran into Old and New Barsch, formerly a free in England, and of a farm in the Isle of Wright, 1 mile from
fortified town, which gave its name to the province. The  East Cowes, the house on which, a structure of the Elizra
county of Barsch has 134,000 inhabitants. In the S. it is bethan period, has been restored as a summer residence forich in grain and fruit. The mountains in the N. formerly  her Majesty.
yielded gold and silver.                                    BARTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
BAR/SIHAM, a parish of England co, of Suffolk. Eachard,   BARTON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.
the historian, was born here.                              BAR/TON, a post-township of Orleans, co. of Vermont,
BARSHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   about 40 miles N.E. from  Montpelier, is drained by Barton
BARSHAM, NoRPv, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. River, and has fine water-power. Pop. 987.
BARSHAM, WvTr   a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.     BARTON, a post-township of Tioga co., New York, on the
BARSOE, (Barsee,) baR/ss'eh, a small island and village  New York and Erie Railroad, 259 miles from New York city,
of Denmark, in the Little Belt, 9 miles N.E. of Apenrade.    with a village of its own name. Pop. 3522.
BAR/STON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           BARTON, post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.
BAR-SUR-AUBE, baR-siiRa-b, (L. Bartrum ad.4lbulam,)    BARTON, a post-office of Lowndes co., Mississippi.
an ancient town of France, department of Aube, 28 miles   BARTON, a township in Gibson co., Indiana. Pop. 491.
E.S.E. of Troyes, on the Aube. Pop. in 1852, 4442. It has   BARTON, a post-office of Washington co., Wisconsin.
a considerable commerce in wine, wood, hemp, and wool.   BAR/TON BENIDISH, a parish of England, co. of Normfolk.
This little town, the environs of which are picturesque, was   BARTON BLOUNT, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
the scene of two battles between Napoleon and the allies in    BARTON, EARL'S, a parish of England, co. of North1814, in consequence of which it was nearly destroyed.   ampton.
BAR-SUR-ORNAIN. See BAR-LE-Due.                          BARTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
BAR-SUR-SEINE, baR-siia-slne, (L. Bars-lun  ad eq/ua-   BARtTON HARTS/IHORNE, a parish of England, co. of
swcm,) a town of France, department of Aube, 17 miles S.E. Buckingham.
of Troyes, on the left bank of the Seine. Pop. in 1852,   BARTON HILL, a post-office of Schoha-ie co., New York
2745. Commerce in grain, wine, brandy, and wool. This   BARTOINIA, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, S
was an important town in the Middle Ages, and often ruined  miles S.E. of Winchester, the county town.
during the wars of Burgundy. It was the scene of a severe   BARTON-IN-CLAY, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
engagement between Napoleon and the allies, 25th May,   BARITON-Ne-FA/BIS, a parish of England, co. of Notting1814.                                                    ham.
BART, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 14   BARTON MILLS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
miles S.E. of Lancaster. Pop. 2337.                        BARTON-oN-IRWELL, a township of England, co. of
BARTAN, baiitant, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on  Lancaster, on the Liverpool and Manchester railway, 51
the Bartan-Soo, (anc. Par-the/nius,) near its mouth, in the  miles W. of Manchester. The first aqueduct bridge conBlack Sea, 45 miles N.E. of Ereglee. It stands on two chalk  structed in England across a navigable river, here carries
hills, with an intermediate valley, and has about 650 houses the Bridgewater Canal over the Irwell, and consists of three
and 5 mosques. Near it some Roman remains have been  arches raised 40 feet above the river.
discovered.                                                 BARTON RIVER, a small stream of Orleans co., in the
BARTEN, bar/ten, a town of East Prussia, 47 miles S.E. N. part of Vermont, falls into Memphremagog lake.
of Kanigsberg. Pop. 1600. It is defended by a castle.       BARTON'S CREEK, of Tennessee, flows into Cumberlanl
BARTENHEIM, baRlten-hime', (Fr. pron. bartten-nml,)  River from the left, in the S. part of Montgomery county.
a village of France, department of Haut-Rhin. Pop. of corn-   BARTON'S CREEK, apost-office of Dickson co., Tennessee.
mune, in 1852, 2010.                                        BARTON SAINT DAVID'S, a parish of England, co. of
BARTENSTEIN, ban/ten-st1ne`, a town of East Prussia, Somerset.
33 miles S.S.E. of Klnigsberg, on the Alle. Pop. 3700, en-   BARTON SAINT MARY, or BARTON STREET, a hamlet,
gaged in manufacture of linens, woollens, and leather.   co. of, and adjacent to the city of Gloucester.
BARTENSTEIN, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jaxt,   BARTON SEAGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Northwith a population of 1100, and a castle, the residence of the  ampton.
princes of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein.                          BARTON STACEY, a parish of England, co. of Hantuls.
BAR/TER BROOK, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.    BARTON STREET, a parish of England, co. of York,
BARITERSVILLE, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Missis- North Riding.
sippi.                                                     BARTON, STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
BARTFA, bgtatlflh, or lBAUTFELD, bhnt/flt, a town of   BARTON TURFF, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.'
North Hungary, co. of Saros, on the Tepla, 155 miles N.E. of    BARTON'S LANDING, a thriving  post-village of Orlesnu
Peeth. Pop. in 1840, 4658. It has superior schools, and a  co., Vermont, in Barton township.
175




BAR                                                           BAS
BAR/ONSVTLLE, a post-village of Windham  co., Ver-  corner of the square in which the cathedral is situated, is
mont, 95 miles N. W. firom Montpelier.                        the public library, containing  50,000 volumes, with man.y
BAIRTONSVILLE, a post- office of Monroe co., Pennsylva-  important manuscripts, an interesting collection of paintic,
nia.                                                          and drawings by Holbein, and a number of antiquit ies ficom
IBAI/TON UNDE  NEEDIWOOD, a chapelry of England,  Augst, the site of the Roman AAugustca Rauracesorum.  Lieco. of Stafford.                                              hind the cathedral is a terrace, about CO feet above she level
BARTON, UPON  HEATIh, a parish of England, co. of  of the river, planted with chestnut-trees, and commanding
Wairwick, 5 miles S. of Shipton-on-Stour.  About 2 miles  a fine view  of the Rhine, the town, and the hills of the
frons the village is "Fourshire stone," marking the junction  Black Forest. The arsenal contains the armour  worn by
of the counties of Warwick, Worcester, Gloucester, and  Charles the Bold at the battle of Nancy. The universA.y,
Oxford.                                                       founded in 1459, by Pope Pius II., and reosrganized in 181'7,
BARITON-UPON-HIUMBER, a market-town of England,  with 24 professors, was the first great seminary    for thie adco. of Lincoln, at its northern extremity on the Humber, 6  vancement of learning established in Switzerland.  It once
miles S.W. of H-ull, with which town it has important steam   enjoyed a high reputation, and numbered Erasmus Bercommunication. The town near the banks of the river,  nouilli, and Euler, among its professors; the two latter were
here 6 miles across, consists chiefly of two spacious streets.  natives of Basel.  The town has also a normal school, a
St. Peter's church is a large ancient edifice, and there are  gymnasium with 12 professors, an elementary polytechnic
alms-houses and an endowed charity school. Trade princi- school, a theological institution, a school of practical agripally corn and flour; manufactures of ropes, sacking, bricks, culture, and the Erasmus college.  The library of the theoand tiles. About 3 miles south-eastward are the remains  logical institution contains 20,000 volumes; acd  a special
of Thornton Abbey, founded in 1139.                            library attached to the botanical garden is said to be the
BARfTON VIILAGE, a thriving village of Orleans co.,  richest of the kind in Europe.  As a commercial and mancuVermont, in Barton township, 43 miles N.E. of Montpelier,  facturing town, Basel is the most important in Switzerland.
contains a model school-house.                                 This is partly to be attributed to its position on the frontiers
BAR/TON WESTICOTT, a parish of England, co. ofOxford.  of France and Germany, a few miles below the spot whoere
BARTSCH, baRtch, a river of Prussia, rises in the S. of  the Rhine becomes navigable, and at the termination of
the province of Posen, and falls into the Oder on the right, the French and German railways on either side the river,
above Glogau. It passes Adelnau, Militsch, and Herrnstadt,  which naturally renders it the entrepat of the commerce of
and is navigable to Militsch.                                 Switzerland with France, Germany, and the Low Countries.
BART/VILLE, a post-orfice of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. Its ribbon manufactories are extensive; and it also produces
BARUGH or BARGH, btrfhh, a township of England, Co. paper, silks, gloves, leather, jewelry, printed cottons, and
of York. West Riding.                                          turnery ware. About a quarter of a mile beyond the gates
BARUTH, bVroot, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- a cross is erected, to commemorate the battle of St. Jacob,
denburg, 31 miles S.E. of Potsdam, with iron-works.  Pop. fought in 1444, when 1600 Swriss attacked a French army of
1570.                                                          twenty times their number, commanded by the dauphin,
BARUTIT, a village of Saxony, 7 miles N.E. of Bautzen.   afterwards Louis XI., and for 10 hours kept it in check;
BARVAS, baervys, a village and parish of Scotland, Isle  nearly all the Swiss fell, not more than 10, according   to
of Lewis, one of the Outer Hebrides, co. of Ross.              some accounts, escaping alive.  This exploit first spread the
BARWALDE, baer6iM'deh, a small town of Prussia, pro- fame of Swiss valour, and led to the enrolment of the Swiss
vince of Brandenburg, 31 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort-on-Oder.  body-guard of France. The vineyards near the field of batPop. 2260.                                                     tie produce a red wine called Schweizerblut, (Swiss blood,)
BARWALDE, a small town of Prussia, province of Pome- esteemed the best in the canton. Down to the end of last
rania, near Stettin.  Pop. 970.                                century, (1795,) the clocks of Basel were kept anhour in adBARWALLAH-I, bar.cr1lal.h, a large brick-built town, in  vance of those in other places of Europe-a singular custhe N.W. part of Hindostan, near Pattialah.                    tom, the origin of which is unknown. The treaties of peace,
BAR[WELL, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.             between France and Spain, and France and Prussia, were
BAR/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.               signed here, July 22,1795. Pop. 27,313, mostly Protestants.
BARWICK, a parish of England, co. of Somersot.                 BASEL, or BALE, since 1501, one of the cantons of the
BAR/WICK IN EL/MET, a parish of England, co. of York,  Swiss confederation situated in the N.W., on the frontiers of
West Riding, 16 miles N.E. of Leeds. It has traces of a  France, and the grand duchy of Ba.den.  Area, about 185
castle, said to have been a residence of the TNorthumbrian  square miles. Surface undulating.  Principal rivers, tle
king Edwin.                                                    Rhine and its tributaries, the Birz and Ergolz. Corn enough
BARYSZ, bltrish, a town of Austrian Galicia, 19 miles E.  is'raised for home consumption, and some wine is produced.
N.E. of Stanislawow.  Pop. 1900.                               Chief manufactures, ribbons, woollens, linens, leather, icon
BAS, bas, or BATZ, bits, a small island of France, de- and steel wares. In 1832 it was divided into two portions
partment of Manche, in the English Channel, off the N. entirely independent of each other; viz. Basel Town, (BDile
coast of the department of Finistire, 15 miles N.W. of Meor-  Ville,) which comprises the city and several surroundin,
laix.  Pop. 1132. It is 3 miles in length, by about 2 miles in  communes; pop. in 1850, 29,555; and Basel Country, (Bile
breadth; and has on it a few  small villages, and two forts.  Campagne,) the capital of which is Liesthal, with the reThe channel between this island and Roscoff is an excellent  maining communes of the canton. Pop. in 1850, 47.830.
roadstead.  A revolving light stands at an elevation of 923    BASE LAKE, a post-office of Washtenacw co., Michigan.
feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 480 41/ 4811; Ion. 40 1'   BASELE, ba-sA/leh or bazail/, a town of Belgium, province
30" W.                                                         of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 12 miles N.E. of DenderBAS or BATZ.  See BtS-EN —BssErT.                            monde. In the vicinity is a Gothic castle of the thirteenth
BASCIIUIICH, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              century, surrounded by a fine domain, with a lake and snsBAS/CO, a post-office of h-ancock co., Illinois.             pension bridge. In the commune from 60 to 70 millions of
BASICOBEL, a post-village of Jackson co., Georgia, 80 miles  bricks are annually made. Pop. 4918.
N. from Milledgeville.'BASELICE, bci-sille-chA, a town of Naples, on a mountain,
BASCOINA, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.                21 miles S.E. of Campobasso.  Pop. 4010.
BASCONS, baso'k6xo, a village of Friance, department of    BAS-EN-BASSET, bhz 8xi bo's's/t, a town of France, deLandes.  Pop. of commune, 1150.                               partment of Haute-Loire, 11 miles N. of Yssingeaux.  Near
BASEELAN or BASILAN,  ba-seoono, one of the largest it is the picturesque ruined castle of Rochebaron.  Pop. 3386
islands of the Sooleo Archipelago, off -the S.W. extremity of    BASENTO, a river of Italy.  See BAsIENTOe.
Mindanno, fi-om which it is separated by the strait of Basee-    BAS'FORD, a parish of England,. co. of Nottingham.
lan; about 15 miles broad, a safe channel, though having    BASFORD, a township of England, co. of Chester, with a
irregular tides. Lat. (E. point) 60 41' N.; ion. 1220 17' E. station on the London and North-Western Railcway, 24 miles
It is about 42 miles in length, by 6 averSage breadth.  Basee- S.S.W. of Crewe.
lan is a favorite resort of pirates calling themselves Illanos,    BASHIAM'S GAP, a post-office of horsgan co., Alabama.
(il-l10noce, or eel-y/noce.)                                     BAtS-IAN, a post-office of Meigs co., Alabama.
BASEL, bOzel, (Ger.. Basel, bNzel, Fr. Basoc  or BIle, bal.   BASH/EBA, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia.
L. Basilia or Bacsilea,) one of the largest towns in Swvitzerland,    BASHEE, BASI-h  (bO'shee/,) ISLANDS, or BATA'NIES,
capital formerly of the whole canton of Basel, but since the  b7-t/nls, a group of islands, in the archipelago  of t-hs
division of that canton, capital only of the canton of Basel  Philippines, between Luzon and Formosa, between lat. 200
Town. It is 43 miles N. of Bern, pleasantly situated on the  and 210 N.; and about ion. 1220 E., with a Spanish colonj
Rhtine, which is here crossed by a wooden bridge, supported  founded 1783. They were discovered by Dampier.
partly on stone piers. The river divides the town into two    BASHI, bashlee, a post-office of Clark co., Alabama.
parts —noss BasEL, or Great Basel, on the left bankl, and    BASHKEERS or BASHKIRS, bhsh/keerz', a peculiar peeKLEIN BASEL, or Little Basel, on the right bank; lat. 470 341 pie inhabiting  the plains adjoining the South  Uralian
N.; Ion. 70 36' E. Basel is surrounded by walls, and is toler- Mountains. on the confines of Europe and Asia, between
ably  well built; streets irregular but clean, and plentifully  the parallels of 520 and 550 30' N., lat. and the meridians of
supplied withfountains.  The cathedral, built by Heinry II.,  580 and 630 E. lon. The origin of these people is extremely
in 1019, has a tower 250 feet high, and is one Of the finest obscure; their language, which differs but littlefi-ous that of
churches in Switzerland. It contains the tombs of Eras-  the Tartars of IKazan, seems to connect them  wmith thi
mus,. Oicolanmpadius, Bernouilli, and Anne, wife of Rsudolph  Turkish race, while in looks and features they are s.id to
of Hlapsburg, mother of the line of Austrian priunces.  In a  bear a stronger resemblance to the Finnish tribes.  It is not
176




BAS                                                       B3AS
improbable that they are the descendants of Bulgarians,    BASOUDA, a town of Central India, dominion oi and 157
Nogays, and other Tartar adventurers who settled in the  miles S.S.E. of Gwalior, and having 500 houses.
Uralian valleys, partly expelling, partly mixing  with and    BASQUE (bask) PRIOVINCES, (Span. TVoscosradas, visabsorbing the original Finnish population. The Bashkeers  kon-gA]Ds S,) a country of Spain, bounded N. by the Bay of
are, at the present day, the only people within the limits of  Biscay, E. by Navarre, S. by the province of Logreoo, and
the Russian Empire who still clingto their ancient nomadic  W. by Burgos and Santander.  The three Basque provinces
habits.  Their territory, SW. ofSlatoost, (Slatoust,) is of  are Biscay, capital Bilbao; CGunipuzcoa, capital Tolosa; and
the finest kind, well watered, wooded, and abundantly  Alava, capital Vitoria. The Basques, who are nearly all
tertile; but these equestrians think only of pasture, and  shepherds, have always been celebrated for their bravery
never of their own accord engage in agricultural pursuits. and vivacity. They speak a language which has no analogy
They do not go beyondYekaterinboorg on the one side, nor  with any other living tongue, and which, in remote ages, apOrenboorg on the other. In 1770, they reckoned 27,000  pears to have been used over all the peninsula. The French
families, or probably about 160,000 souls; in 1838, they  part of the Basque country, which is now comprised in the
had increased to 195,000, of whom about 20,000 were in the  department of Basses-Pyrtn6es, was formerly dependent on
government of Perm, the remainder in that of Orenboorg.  the province of Gascony, and had for capital Bayonne. Adj.
BASIIT, b~sht, a citadel and village of Persia, province  and Inhab. Basque, bask.
of Fars, 80 miles W.N.W. of Sheeraz. It resembles the cas-   BASQUEVILLE.  See BAcquvIraLE.
ties of the old feudal barons in Europe, the chief's fort    BASRA. See BASSoRAn.
being surrounded by the habitations of his vassals.           BAS-R1IIN, btr$N.,, (i. e. "eLower R'hine,") a departr
BASIDOIH, bg-se-d0, or BAS'SABOIRE/, a decayed village  ment in the E. part of France, contiguous to that of IHIaute
at the west endof the island of Kishm, in the Persian Gulf. Rhin, (Upper Rhine,) on the N., Area, 1777 square miles.
Lat. 260 39, N.; ion. 550 22' E. Its vicinity is quite barren,  Pop. in 1852, 587,434. It is situated between the Vosges
and intolerably hot in summer. It has become the principal Mountains on the Wi., and the Rhine on the E., which sepastation for British ships in the gulf, and has a small bazaar, rates it from Baden, and which here receives the Ill, Moder,
a hospital, and subscription rooms supported by Indian  and Lauter; the last separates it on the N. from Rhenish
officers. Near it are the ruins of the old Portuguese town  Bavaria. The soil is rich in mines of iron and coal, is well
and fort of the same name. There is good anchorage in the  cultivated, and fertile in corn, wine, tobacco, beet-root, linroads, but the port is of difficult entrance.               seed, and hemp. One-third of its surface is covered with
BASIENTO, bA-s4-ln/t6/, or BASENTO, bt-sln/ti/, (anc. forests. It has numerous and various flourishing manufacCasuen'tus,) a river of Naples, province of Basilicata, rises  tures, and its commerce is facilitated by the canal of the
in the Apennines, W. of Potenza. flows E.S.E. and enters  Rhine and Rhone, and several other canals, and by the
the gulf of Taranto, 25 miles W.S.W. of Taranto. Length  Strasbourg and Bile Railway. The department is divided
50 miles. Near its mouth are the remains of the ancient  intothe arrondissements of Strasbourg, Saverne, Sch6lestadt,
_A/ttaenaoltuso                                             and Wissembourg.  Capital Starsbourg.
BAISIL, a village of Liberty township, Fairfield co., Ohio,    BASS, a large, insulated, greenstone rock of Scotland, at
on the Ohio Canal, 12 miles N. by W. of Lancaster. Pop. 200. the mouth of the Frith of Forth, 3 miles N.E. of North BerBASIILDON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. 7- miles  wick. Lat. 560 4' 53" N., Ion. 20 37/ 57" W. It is about a
N.W. of Reading. Near the village the Great Western Rail-  mile in chrcumference, and 420 feet elevation; a cavernway crosses the Thames.                                     ous passage penetrates through the rock from N.W. to S.
BASILIA or BASILEA. See BAsL.                            IE. On it are the ruins of a castle, and about 7 acres of fine
BASILICATA, bi-se-le-k/ti, (auc. Lucalnia,) a province  pasture land. In summer it is frequented by myriads of
of the kingdom of Naples, having on the N. Capitanata, on  solan geese.
the E. Bari, on the S.E. the Gulf of Taranto, on the S. Cala-   BASSA, bis/-si, BAFFA booff-fl, or BUFIFA, a harbor of
bria Citra, and on the W. Principato Ultra and Citra. Capi-  Guinea, on the Grain Coast, between the Capes of Mesurado
tal, Potenza. Area, 4162 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 501.222. and Palmas, in about lat. 70 N., ion. 100 20' WV.
It is mostly mountainous, being traversed by the Appen-    BASSAC, bds's kf, a village of France, department of Chanines, and is not very fertile. It has a fine plain on the  rente, 9 miles E. of Cognac. Pop. of commune, 806. Conmshores of the gulf, watered by several small streams. Chief  merce in wine and cognac brandy.
products, wine, cotton, lint, tobacco, and saffron. Princi-    BASSAIq, bias'-slne/ or bats'sine/, a principal sealort town
pal towns, Potenza, Francavilla, and Tursi.                 in the Burmese dominions, capital of a province, on the
BASILUZZO. See VACCHeLUcE.                                right branch of the Irrawaddy, 100 miles IV. of Rangoon.
BASING, bit/zing, OLR, a parish of England, co. of Hants, Lat. 160 49' N.; ion. 940 45' E. Estimated pop. 3000.
2 miles N.E. of Basingstoke. The magnificent castle built   BASISALEG, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
here by William Paulet, first Marquis of WVinchester, and    BASSAM, GRAND, grand bis'sitm/, or gr6zcN  bis's6aN/, a
lord treasurer to Queen Elizabeth, was, in the civil war, de- town of Africa, Upper Guinea, on the Gold Coast, near the
fended for two years against the Parliamentary forces by  mouth of the river of its own name. The French established
John, fifth marquis. It was finally stormed by Cromwell, a station here in 1844.
October 14th. 1645, and, after yielding rich plunder tp the    BASSAM, GRAND, called also RIO BE SUEIRO BA COSTA,
besiegers, was burned to the ground.                        reelo di sw/e-ro di kos/tA, a river of Western Africa, the
BA/SINGSTOKE, a municipal borough and parish of  embouchure of which is on the southern part of the Ivory
England, co. of Hants, on the S.Western Railway, 45. miles  Coast, in lat. 50 10' N., ion. 30 45 W..
W.S.WV. of London. Pop. in 1851, 42603. It has a church    BASSANO, bis-s/no, an episcopal city of Northern Italy,
built in the reign of Henry VIII., an ancient free school, province of Venice, and 19 miles N.E. of Vicenza, on a height
with an income of 2001. a-year; a bluecoat school, founded in  at the foot of the Alps, near the Brenta, in a country which
1646, several other charities, (including an estate left by Sir produces excellent wine and fruits. It is surrounded by
G. Lancaster, rent 2501. per annum;) a market-house, town- walls, is well built, and well paved, having marble foothall, and jail, and a large trade in corn and malt, greatly  paths. Pop. 12,000. The inhabitants are noted for their
facilitated by the Basingstoke Canal, by which it commu- industry, their manufactures, and trade in silk fabrics,
nicates with the Wey and the Thames. Near Basingstoke  woollens, and copper ware. In the private houses, the
is a tract of 108 acres, on which' every householder has a  communal palace, and the churches, are celebrated paintright of pasture; and immediately N. of the town are the  ings, especially those of Giacomo cda Ponte, surnamed Baspicturesque remains of the ancient chapel of the Holy  saco. It has a picture gallery a handsome theatre, and
Ghost.                                                     a magnificent botanic garden.   he printing establishment
BA/SIN  HAR'BOR, a village and port of Addison co., of  esosiondiisii ancient and celebrated. A handsome bridge
Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 20 miles S. from Burlington.  was built on the Brenta in the middle of last century, to'BASIN KNOB, a post-village ofJohnson co., Missouri, near  replace that by ePaliadio, destroyed in 1748. On September
a hill of its own name, 115 miles WI. by N. from Jefferson  9, 1796, the Austrians, under WVurmer, were here defeated
City.                                                      by the French, under Bonaparte.
BASINWERK, bitsin-werk, a village of North Wales, co.   BASNSARI, POO/LO, a small island in the Malay Archipeof Flint, containing ruins of an ancient abbey and chapel lago, N. coast of Ceram, a little W. of the entrance into Sawa
of the Knights Templars, erected by IHienry II.            Bay; lat. 20 45/ S., ion. 1290 10' E.
BASKAIHIEIGAN RIVER, in Maine, rises in a lake of its    BASSAS BA INBIA, bbsl-sIs dA inlde-, or eenldea, an
own name, and empties itself into the -Mata-wamkeag.       island in Mozambique Channel; lat. 220 28' S., lon. 400 360 E.
BASIKINGlRIDGE, a postivillage in the N.E. part of So- The name of Baxos da India, given it by the Portuguese
merset co., New Jersey, about 40 miles N.N.E. from Trenton. discoverers, it still bears in all European charts except the
It contains a Presbyterian church, a classical academy, and  English. It is of a circular shape, about three or four miles
several stores,                                            in diameter.
BASLE. See BAsEL.                                          BASSlE, LA, bWs'sEt, a town of France, department of
BAS/LOW, a chapelry of England, co. of Berby, 3- miles  Nord, on the canal of La Rassee, 13 miles S.WV. of ilRle.
X.E. of Bakewell.                                          Pop. of commune in 1852, 2755.
BAS/NETTSVILLE, a post-offce of Marion co., Virginia.    BASSEIN, bis-sitnef, a seaport-town of British India, preBAtSON SPRINGS, a post-office of Grayson co., Texas.    sidency, and 30 miles N. of Bombay, in the district of Concan.
BASOUBA, bit-sool-da, a town of Central India, dominion  It was taken possession of by the Portuguese in 1531, capof, and 150 miles S.W. of Gwalior, and said to comprise 2000  tured by the Mahrattas in 1750, and ceded to the British on
houses.                                                    the treaty of peace with the native powers in 1802.
nl['177




BAS                                                        BAS
BASSENTHWAITE, basf.sen-thwait, a parish of England, dia from Europe; shawls, assafoetida, and fruits from Per
ce,. of Cumberland.                                        sia; coffee, dates, and gums from Arabia; pearls from Bah.
BASSENTHWAITE, a lake of England, co. of Cumber- rein, and coral firom the Mediterranean, by way of Aleppo
land, is in a vale of much beauty, and flanked on either  Principal exports, horses to Bombay, the precious metals,
side by the mountains of Skiddaw and Winthorp Brows. dates, copper, gall-nuts, raw silk, gold fringe; and, amnong
Length 4 miles, by 1 mile in breadth.                      the returns to Persia are many English cotton prints reBASSERSDORF, bgsf-sers-donfx, a village and parish of  ceived by the Black Sea and Constantinople.
Switmerland, 61 miles N.N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 2200.           BASS RIVER HOTEL, a post-office of Burlington co., New
BASSES-ALPES, b ss'Alpf, (i. e. " Lower Alps,") a frontier  Jersey.
department of the S.E. of France, bordering on the Sardi-    BASS'S STRAIT separates Australia from Van Biemen's
nian states. Area, 2,600 scquare miles. Pop. in 1852, 152,070. Land. It was first explored by. Bass, a surgeon, in 1798.
It is chiefly mountainous.  The level portion is in the S., Average breadth 150 miles, and much encumbered with
but only one-fourth of the land is cultivated. Principal islands and coral reefs.
rivers, the Durance and Var. Soil generally sterile, but    BASSUM, bls/s00m, a town of Hanover, 18 miles W. of
between the mountains are valleys which are generally  Hoya. Pop. 1609, with manufactures of straw hats.
very fertile.  Numerous sheep from  neighboring depart-   BASTAB, (Blstad,) bost-aid, a town of Sweden, 60 miles
ments are fed on the mountains.                             W.N.W. of Christianstad, with a small port in the Gulf of
BASiSES, GREAT, a ledge of rocks in the Bay of Bengal, Laholm, in the Cattegat. Pop. 600.
sff the S.E. coast of Ceylon. The easternmost rock is in lat.   BASTAN, bhs-tanii,  a valley of Spain, in Navarre. It af6011' 48" N., lon. 810 39' 28" E., 8 miles from the mainland.  fords excellent pasturage, is well watered, and contains 14
BASSES, LITTLE, near the above, in lat. 60 52' 53" N., villages.
Ion. 81~ 58'25" E., is the more dangerous ofthe two groups.    BASTELICA, bgs-tflle-kA, a village of Corsica, 18 miles
A light-house is to be erected on Foul Point.               E.N.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. in 1846, 2528.
BASSES-PYR]N]ES, b~ss-pee6-rA'nY, (i. e. "Lower Pyre-   BASTIA, bds-teel, a fortified seaport town, and formerly
nees,") a frontier department of France, formed of part of  the capital of Corsica, on its N.E. coast, 67 miles N.N.E. of
the old province of B6arn, bounded E. by the department Ajaccio. This town, the wealthiest and most populous in
of lHautes-Pyrdndes, S. by the Pyrenees, W. by the Bay of  the island, is built in the form of an amphitheatre, amid
Biscay, on which are the ports of Bayonne and St. Jean-de- olive, orange, and citron gardens, and has a fine appearance
Luz, and N. by the departments of Landes and Gers. Area, as approached from the sea. Several of the churches are
2,862 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 446,997  Capital, Pau. handsome, with rich gilding and marble sculpture, resemNearly half the surface is covered with  pastures and  bling the churches of Italy. Bastia is the seat of a royal
marshes, one-sixth part is occupied by fine forests, and the  court of appeal for ths island, of a court of commerce, and
rest is fertile. Numerous torrents descend from the moun- of an inspector-general of forests. It has a royal college, a
tains, the chief of which are the Gave-de-Pan, Gave d'016- royal school of hydrography, and public library, with 6000
rion, and the Nive. The minerals comprise iron, copper, and  volumes, and is the residence of consuls from most of the
marble. The mineral springs of Eaux-Bonnes and Eaux- Europeanstates. The stapleofBastia is leather. Its numneChaudes are much frequented, and the salt from the springs  rous tanneries annually prepare, on an average, from 5000
of eSalies is in repute. Among the vegetable products are the  to 6000 bullock hides, 1000 calf, and 6000 sheep skins. The
oak, gall-nut, lint,and wine; and among animals, the bear, trade is chiefly in wine, oil, leather, goats' hair, and coral.
isard, a species of chamois. Manufactures unimportant; Coral fishing is also carried on to some extent. Of late
the chief are iron forging, and the production of linen and  years Bastia has greatly increased in importance, and has
paper.  The department is divided into thearrondissements  become a centre of an extensive traffic between France, Siof Bayonne, Maulcon, Oloron, Orthez, and Pan.               cily, Italy, and the Levant.  The former incommodious
BASOE-TERRE, blss'tairJ, a seaport, a town of West In- port is in process of being replaced by a new one, which
dies, capital of the French Island of Guadeloupe, on its S.W.  will enclose a surface of 26 acres, one-half of which will precoast, in lat. 150 59' 30" N., ion. 610 44' W.; it is the rbsi- sent a depth of 19 feet, and one-fourth of 26 feet; the whole
esnce of the governor, the seat of a royal court and courts  to be protected by a mole. Before the annexation of Cor.
ol assize, and has several schools and a botanic garden.  sica to France, Bastia was the capital of the island. Pop. in
T]here fs no harbor, and the roadstead is exposed. The  1846, 12,571.
cnmmune of Basse-Terre has a pop. of 12,414, of whom 7536    BASTIDE, bas'teedf, or LA BASTIDE, li bls'teedl, the
are:slaves, but the town has only 5500 inhabitants.        name of several small towns of France, among which the
BASSE-TERRE, bass'tair!, seaport, a town of West Indies, following are the principal:capital of St. Christopher, one of the British Antilles, on its    BASTIBE-CLAIRENCE, bis'teed' kl[ArWNssf, department
W. coast, in lat. 170 17' 30" N., ion. 620 42' W. Pop. 6500. of Basses-Pyrn n6es, 13 miles E.S.E. of Bayonne. Pop. 2000.
Its harbor is defended by several batteries, and it has an ac-   BASTIDE-B'ARMAGNAC, b s'teed! daR'm&n'ySkl. depaittive trade.                                                ment of Gers, 27 miles W. of Condom. Pop. of commune,
BASSE-TERRE, a town of W. Indies, in Marie Galante, 1763,
(an island 12 miles SE. of Guadeloupe,) on its W. coast.      BASTIDE-DE-SEROU, bas'teed! deh seh-roo!, department
BASSETT'S CREEK of Alabama flows south-westward. of Ari6ge, capital of the canton, 9 miles W.N.W. of Foix.
through Clarke co., into Tombigbee River.                   Pop. 1107.
BASSIGNANA, b~sl-seen-y/ng, a town of Piedmont, 8    BASTIDE-ROUAIROUX, blis'teed! roo'Prool, departmtent
miles N.E. of Alessandria, formerly fortified; excellent wine  of Tarn, 21 miles S.E. of Castres. Pop. 1496.
is produced in its vicinity. Pop. 2800.                       BASTION, bls'te-6N!l, a village of Algeria, near ConstanBASSINGBOURN, basfsing-burn, a parish of England, tine. Near it is the bastion built by the French African
co. of Cambridge.                                          Company in 1520, the first establishment of the French in
ASISINGS HAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.      Algiers. It was abandoned for Calle.
BASTSINGTIIORPE, bastsing-thorp, a parish of England,    BASTOGNE, bis'to~f, a town of Belgium, province of
co. of incoln.                                             Luxembourg, capital of the district, 25 miles N. of Arlon
BASS OF INVERURY, in ver-oolree, in Scotland, co. of  Pop. in 1842, 2265.
Aberdeen, is a mound near Inverury, believed to cover an    BAS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
ancient castle.                                               BASITROP, a county of Texas, in the central part of the
BASSOIRA, a small village of Franklin co., Missouni, on  state, contains 890 square miles.  It is intersected by the
the Missouri River, 50 miles W. from St. Louis.             Colorado River. The surface is undulating; the soil is geneBASSORIAH, bstslo-ri, BASRA, bUIstrah. BALSORA, bWll-  rally very fertile. The county is liberally supplied with
so-ri, or BUS'SORAH, (Arab." a margin,') a flonticr city and  water-power. Steamboats navigate the Colorado through
river port of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Bagdad, on the this county during six months or more of the year. Named
Shat-el-Arab, (i.e. River of the Arabs,) formedbythe junction  in honor of Baron de Bastrop, a Mexican. Capital, Bastrop.
of the Euphrates and Tigris, 70 miles from its mouth in the  Pop. 3099, of whom 2180 were free, and 919, slaves.
Persian Gulf, and 270 miles S.E. of Bagdad. Lat. 300 30 N.,   BASTROP, a post-village, capital of Morehouse parish,
ion. 470 34' 15" E. Pop. usually estimated at 60,000. Half  Louisiana, on Bayou Bartholomew, an affluent of Washtia
of these are Arabs, one-fourth Persians, and the rest Turks,  River, about 300 miles N. by W. of Baton Rouge.  It is
Jews, Koords, and Roman Catholics. It is enclosed by a  situated in a fertile district, and it has some trade. The
wall of sun-dried brick from 7 to 9 miles in circumference  navigation of the bayou has been opened for steamboats to
the space including ricefields, date groves, and gardens, this place.
and intersected by canals. The streets and houses are    BASTROP, a thriving post-village, capital of Bastrop co.,
mean, and, except the English factory, the governor's resi- Texas, on the left bank of the Colorado River, 35 miles E.S.
deuce, and a few of the mosques, there are no good edifices. E. of Austin City, and 141 miles N.W. of Matagorda. The
The bazaars are mean, but stocked with all kinds of goods, river flows through an undulating and fertile cotton-plantBassorah being the great emporium of the Turkish Empire  ing district, and is navigable by steamboats.
for Eastern produce. Ships of 400 tons burden can come    BARWICK, bar/wik, or BERKSWICK, burkslwik, a paris:
up to the city, the trade of which is mostly carried on in  of England, co. of Stafford.
Arabian bottoms.  Imports comprise muslins and piece    BATAAN. biat'-&nt or b&'t/nf, a province of Luzon, one
goods, spices, drugs, rice, sugar, indigo, silk, cotton yarn, of the Philippine Islands, forming a peninsula on the W. side
Burat manufactures, and other Indian and Chinese goods, of the Bay of Manila.  It is poor and little cultivated, ye['
with lead, tin, steel, &c., which have been exported to In- produces the best sugar in the Philippines, and good indigo
178




BAT                                                        BAT
BATABANO, ba -tfA-n-noF, or BATAVANO, ba-td-vA-no', a  $2,497,400. Batavia ha.s a bank, with branches at Samaseaport town of Cuba, on its S. coast, 35 miles S.S.W. of Ha-  rang and Soerabaya; also manufactures of leather and
vana, with which it communicates by a railroad. Pop. 2000. earthenware, mostly ccnducted by Chinese residents. It
BATAC (bl'tlk0) or BA'TAG! ISLANDS, Malay Archi- was founded by the Dutch in 1619; taken by the English in
pelago, N. coast of Samar, one of the Philippines. Lat. (N. 1811, and occupied by them till 1816. The district of Balta.
point) 120 43' N.; ion. 1250 5' E. Inside of this island is the  via, extending along the N. shore of the island, is flat and
port of Palapa, having 5 or,6 fathoms water, accessible  not so fertile as the other parts of Java. Pop. in 1845,
by two channels, one on each side of Batac.                 270,000. The residence of the governor-general was transBATAL-A, bi-tallyy, a town of Portugal, Estremadura, ferred firom Buitenzorg to Batavia in 1847.
7 miles S.S.W. of Leiria, with 1550 inhabitants, and a hand-    BATAIVIA, a post-township of Genesee co., New York.
some convent, founded by John I. to commemorate the vie- Pop. 4461.
tory of AIljubarrota in 1835.                                 BATAVIA, a handsome post-village in the above townBATALIN, ba-t!-linC or bt-ta-leenl, an island of the Malay  ship, capital of Genesee county, on Tonowanda Creek, and
Archipelago, off the E. coast of Celebes. Lat. 10 20' S.; Ion. on the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, 36 miles E. by N.
1240 E. Length, 25 miles; average breadth, 7 miles.         of Buffalo, and 32 miles W.S.W. of Itochester. It contains
BATAN, b-tinf, an island of the Malay Archipelago, the  churches for Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Episcoprincipal of the Bashee (Batanes) group, belonging to the  palians, and Catholics; 2 banks, over 40 stores, and the
Philippines. Lat. (cathedral of San Domingo) 200 27' 30"  office of the Holland Land Company. The streets are wide
N.; ion. 1290 59' E. It is about 12 miles long by about 4 and well shaded, and the houses neatly built. Batavia is
broad, covered with rich vegetation, and is mountainous, the terminus of the Batavia and Attica Railroad, and of
the highest peak being 5000 feet high, and apparently an  another line leading to Corning. Incorporated in 1823.
extinct volcano.                                            Two newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1853, about
BATAN, a town of Thibet.  See PA.                         3000.
BATANES. See BASHEE and AATAN.                              BATAVIA, a post-village of Batavia township, capital of
BATVANGI, a village and seaport on the E. side of the  Clermont co., Ohio, on the E. fork of Little Miami River, 21
island of Gilolo, Malay Archipelago.                        miles E. of Cincinnati, and 100 miles S.W. of Columbus. It
BATANGAS, bA-tinlgs, a province of the Philippines, was laid out about 1520.
island of Luson, southof Manila,intersected by lat. 140 N.,   BATAVIA, a township of Geauga co., Ohio.
and bounded S. by the Mindoro Strait. It is composed prin-    BATAVIA, a post-township of Branch  co., Michigan.
cipally of plateaux and fertile meadows, variegated with  Pop. 724.
beautiful and fragrant flowers, yielding ample food to in-   BATAVIA, a post-township of Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 892.
nume-able humming-birds and bees, the latter producing    BATAVIA, a thriving post-village of Kane co., Illinois,
large quantities of honey.                                  on the Fox River, 35 miles W. of Chicago, has an active
BATANGAS, atown, capital ofthe above province, situated  trade, and has advantages for manufacturing by watei'on a bay of the same name, 58 miles S. of Manila.  Lat. 130 35s power. It is connected by railroad with Chicago and Galena.
N.; ion. 1210 9' 23" E. It was founded in 1581, islarge, built    BATAVIA KILL, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.
with tolerable regularity, has spacious streets, an elegant   BATCHIAN. See BATSsIAN.
royal house, the dwelling of the alcalde, with several elegant    BATCOMBE, bat/kum, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
private houses. It is well situated for trade, the large bay    BATE ISLAND, an island of Western Hindostan, in the
on which it lies, being about 10 miles square, opens into the  Gulf of Cutch. Lat. 220 26' N.; Ion. 690 15' E. It has a
Strait of Mindoro, which is the track of a great number of  good harbor, and is the site of a famous Ilindoo temple.
vessels. Pop. of town and district, 17,330.                   BATEIMAN, or BATEIMAN'S STORE, a post-village of
BATTANG ISLAND. See BATTAAL                               Houston co., Georgia, 21 miles S.W. of Macon.
BAT'ANG! PASISA  and BAT'ANG!  LOIBO, two fine    BATEMAN (bait/man) BAY, Australia, on the S.E. coast,
streams of Sumatra, affluents of the Rokan or Rakan, 142 miles S.W. ofPort Jackson. Lat. 360 151 S.; ion. 1500 20' E.
which falls into the Straits of Malacca at Tanah Pooti,       BATEN, b-tkfnl, a town of Spain,'in Catalonia, 50 miles
BATANTA, bi-tln/tS. an island off the N.W. end of Papua. W. of Tarragona. Pop. 2444.
Lat. (W. end) 00 58' S., ion. 1300 30' E.                     BATENBURG, b5Iten-btag', a town of the Netherlands,
BATAVANAN, bA-ti-v&-nbn/, an island of the Malay Archi- province of Gelderlan'd, 9 miles W. of Nymwegen, on the
pelago. Lat. (N. point) 14 11' N., ion. 1230 30' E.        Meuse. Pop. 636. It is the O2ptpidcm  Batavolrume   of the
BATAVANO, a town of Cuba. See BATABANO.                  Romans.
BATAVIA, the Latin name of HoLLANDn, (which see.)          BATES, baits, a county in the W. part of Missouri, borBATAVIA, ba-tive-a, (Dutch pron. ba-tv/e-d,) a city and  dering on the KItanzas Territory, has an area of 1380 square
seaport of Java, capital of the Dutch possessions in the  miles. It is traversed by the Marais des Cygnes, or Osage
East and of the residency of the same name at the mouth  River, and also drained by the Little Osage and Marmiton,
of the Jakatra River, on the N. coast of the island. Lat. which unite and enter the first-named river within the
60 8' S.; lon. 1060 50' E.; with a free port, extensive and safe.  county. The surface is undulating, and consists mostly
Pop. 118,300; of whom  2800 are Europeans; 25,000, Chi- of prairie. Named in honor of Frederick Bates, former gonese; 80,000, aborigines; 1000, MIoors and Arabs; and 9500, vernor of Missouri.  Capital, Papinsville.  Pop. 3669, of
slaves. It is built on marshy ground, and intersected  whom 3528 were free, and 141, slaves.
by canals in the Dutch style; defended by a citadel and    BATESVILLE, baits/vil, a post-village of Habersham co.,
several batteries, and has a considerable garrison and m.   Georgia, 145 miles N. of Milledgeville.
cine arsenal. Batavia was long very unhealthy, but has    BATESVILLE, a thriving town, capital of Independence
been much improved by draining and by the erection of  county, Ark., on White River, about400 miles from its mouth,
handsome suburbs. Mean temperature of the year, 780.3;  90 miles N.N.E. of Little Rock, and 115 niiles from Memphis,
winter, 780.1; summer, 780.6 Fahr. Temperature at mid- Tennessee.  Small steamers can ascend the river to this
day, from 80~ to 90; at night, 700 Fahr. It has a stadt-house,  point at nearly all seasons. A great influx of emigration is
exchange, hospital, numerous churches, a mosque, a Chi- directed to this section of the state, which offers strong innese and 2 orphan hospitals, several Chinese temples, a  ducements in soil and climate.  Pine timber and waterlarge club-house termed the Harmonic, and a botanic gar- power are abundant in the county. Batesville is the most
den. It is the seat of a supreme commission of public in-  important town in the N.E. part of the state, and has an
struction for the Dutch East Indies, and has a school of arts active trade. It contains, besides the county buildings,
and sciences, and publishes a newspaper. The Jakatra is  several churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1854,
navigable by vessels of 40 tons, 2 miles inland. The bay or  about 1700.
harbor forms an open but small roadstead of great beauty,   BATESVILLE, a post-village in Guernsey co., Ohio, about
and may be entered by the largest vessels. It contains a  90 miles E. of Columbus.
number of islands, many of them named after towns in    BATESVILLE, a small village of Bates co., Mlissouri.
Holland. On Onrust is the naval arsenal, well fortified;    BATESVILLE, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.
on another island is a convict establishment; on a third, a    BATH, b t, a town of Hungary, N. of the Danube, co. of
hospital; and on a fourth, warehouses. Batavia is the great Honth, 58 miles N.N.W. of Pesth. Pop. 2358.
commercial emporium of the Malay Archipelago, and ab-    BATH, bbth, (anc. Aquse So/lis,) a city, parliamentary and
sorbs by far the greatest part of the trade of Java and Ma- municipal borough of England, capital of the county of Sodura; the exports of which islands, in 1841, amounted in  merset, on the Avon, here crossed by 2 stone, 2 iron, and 3
value to 60,290,688 florins, ($24,319,600,) and the imports to  suspension bridges, and on the Great Western Railway, 12
29,483,163 fiorins,($10,923,500.) The exports consist mostly  miles E.S.E. of Bristol, and 100 miles W.S.W. of London. Lat.
of coffee, sugar, pepper, indigo, hides, cloves, nutmegs. 510 23' N.; ion. 20 22' WV. Area of borough, 980 acres.
mace, tin, rice, rattans, and arrack. Chief imports, linen  Pop. in 1851, 54,240; but this number is said to be freand cotton goods, woollen stuffs, Drovisions, wines, metallic  quently augmented by 14,000 visitors. Bath was known to
wares, and manufactured articles of all kinds from Europe  the Romans under the name of Aquce Sols; and baths were
and America; with the products of the Archipelago, China, erected in the reign of Claudius. The earliest extant charSiam, Bengal, Japan, and the West Indies. In 1841, 1905  ter is that of Richard I., which was confirmed by Henry
ships, aggregate burden, 124,228 lasts, entered the port; of  III., and extended to its present form  in the reign of
which, 1454, aggregate burden, 97,142 lasts, were Dutch, George III. The city stands enclosed by an amphitheatre
and the rest chiefly Asiatic, English, American, and Portu-  of hills, on the W. declivity of which its finest quarters exguese.. Total customs revenue in 1841, 6,193,126 florins, tend in successive terraces; and being mostly built of white
179




BAT                                                        BAT
freestone, in a highly embellished style of architecture, is being the greatest amount of shipping constructed in any
admittedto be the handsomest city in Britain. The princip:al district in the United States, except New York and Boston.
edifices are the Abbey church, in the latest Gothic style, This district rankls the seventh in the United States in the
210 feet in length, and with a tower 170 feet in height; St. amount of shipping owned, which, according to the customJames's, St. Michael's, the guild-hall, city jail, a superb  house returns for the yearending June 30, 1854, was 124,923
theatre, the freemasons' lodge, subscription  club-house, tons registered, and 29,579 tons enrolled and licensed;
assembly and concert rooms, several large and flourishing  making a total of 154,502 tons. Of the latter, 25,193 tons
hospitals, and the buildings connected with its famous were employed in the coast trade, 2582 tons in the cod fishery,
baths. In the W. of the city is the Royal Victoria Park; and 1100 in the mackerel fishery. Bath enjoys superior
and it has numerous other favorite promenades and places  advantages for navigation, as the river here is seldom frozen
of public recreation, among which are the Sidney Gardens. in winter. The principal, imports are sugar, molasses, iron,
Bath has many educational and other establishments;  hemp, and salt. The manufactm'es of the place are such as
among which are a grammar school, founded by Edward  relate chiefly to shipbuilding.  Among these may be menVI., and to the mastership of which is attached the rectory  tinned an extensive cordage factory, a large establishment
of Charlcombe; blue-coat and national schools; Partis's Col-, for making ship blocks, and 4 steam  saw mills. Bath has
lege for 30 decayed gentlewomen; the Hospital of St. John  steamboat communication with Portland and Boston. It is
the Baptist, with an income of 11,3951.; a Roman Catholic  the terminus of a branch railroad which communicates with
collegiate establishment; the Bath and West of England  the Kennebec and Portland Railroad at Brunswick. A railSociety; Bath Literary and Philosophical Institution; a  road is to be commenced during the present summer (1854)
public subscription library, and a mechanics' institute. to connect Bath with the Androscoggin and Rennebec
The hot springs, to which this city owes its origin, are saline  Railroad at Lewiston; and another is also chartered which
and chalybeate, temperature from 900 to 1170 Fah.; they  will open railway communication between Bath and Rockrise immediately on the bank of the river, and supply five  land, a distance of 44 miles. Settled in 1756, and incorporadistinct establishments, the King's, Queen's, Cross, Hot, and  ted in 1780. Pop. in 1820, 3026; 1810, 1771; 1840, 5141;
Abbey Baths. The first four belong to the corporation, and  1850, 8020; 1854, about 12,000.
yielded, in 1839, a revenue of 16461. To the King's Bath is    BATH, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hampshire, on
attached the great pump-room, a saloon 85 feet in length, the E. side of the Connecticut River, about 80 miles N.E. of
48 feet in breadth, and 34 feet in height, and containing a  Concord,wateredbytheAmmonoosuck River, which affords
marble statue of the celebrated "Beau Nash," the arbiter  many fine mill-seats and abundant water-power. Pop. 1574.
of fashion at Bath for 50 years during the last century, and    BATH, a village of Rensselaer co., New York, on the Iudto whom the city owed much of its prosperity. The Abbey  son River, opposite Albany.
baths are the property of Earl Manvers, and are furnished    BATH, a thriving post-village of Bath township, capital
in a style adapted for the wealthy classes, by whom, how- of Steuben co., New York, on the left bank of Conhocton
ever, Bath has ceased to be frequented so much as formerly, Creek, and on the Buffalo Corning and New Ydrk Railroad,
having been superseded by Brighton, Cheltenham, &c. Its  219 miles W. by S. of Albany, and 20 miles N.W. of Corning.
former manufacture of coarse woollens, termed "Bath coat-  In contains, besides the county buildings, about 6 churches,
ing," has greatly declined; its shops, however, are generally  1 bank, and several newspaper offices. There are a number
as well supplied as those of London, which they rival in ap-  of mills and factories in the vicinity. Bath is surrounded
pearance. The city is well situated for general commerce, by a rich and populous country, and has considerable busiand communicates with Bristol and various other towns by  noes. Incorporated in 1836. Pop. of the township, 6185.
the Kennet and Avon Canal. Corporation revenue in 1846-7, Pop. of the village in 1853, about 3000.
21,3451.; expenditure, 19,9281. 12s.; assessed taxes, 30,8781.   BATH, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennsylva10s. Bath sends 2 members to the IHouse  of Commons.  nia, 100 miles E.N.E. of IHarrisburg, and 12 miles W. of
Registered electors in 1842-3, 2941. Bath, with Wells, form   Easton.
a bishopric, comprising all the county of Somerset, except a    BATH, or BERKILEY, SPRINGS, capital of Ilorgan co.,
part of Bristol; but the bishop's palace and cathedral are at Virginia, is situated about 3 miles from the Potomac River
Wells. Bath gives the title of Miarquis to the head of the  and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and 186 miles N.N.W. of
Thynne family.                                              Richmond.  The Berkley Springs, which rise in the midst
BATH, a county in the central part of Virginia, contains  of this town, are esteemed very efficacious in dyspepsia, neu725 square miles. It is intersected by the Cowpasture and  ralgia, chronic rheumatism, &c., and are frequented by
Jackson's Rivers, branches of James River. The surface is  large numbers of invalids. The temperature is 740 Fahientraversed by valleys and mountain ridges of the Alleghany  heit.  The accommodations are elegant, and sufficiently
chain, and displays a profusion of magnificent scenery. The  extensive for 700 persons.
highlands produce valuable timber and excellent pasture.   BATH, a post-village of Beaufort co., North Carolina, 143
Limestone and iron ore are abundant.' Bath county derives  miles E. by S. of Raleigh.
its name from the numerous medicinal springs which occur    BATH, a post-office of Edgefield district, South Carolina.
in it. Capital, Warm Springs. The county was organized    BATH, a village in Jefferson co., Georgia, about 60 miles
in 1791. Pop. 3426; of whom 2479 were free, and 947 slaves. E.N.E. of Milledgeville.
BATH, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has an    BATH, a post-village of Richmond co., Georgia, is delightarea of about 290 square miles. The Licking River forms  fully situated about 20 miles S.W. of Augusta and is a place
the entire boundary on the N.E., and it is also drained by  of resort for planters during the summer.
Slate Creek. The surface is diversified, being in some parts    BATH, a township in Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 2266.
level, in others undulating or hilly. The N.W. portion of    BATH, a township in Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 1647.
the county is based on limestone, and is very fertile; the    BATH, a post-township in Summit co., Ohio, about 22
soil of the other portion is inferior. Stone coal and iron are  miles W. of Ravenna. Pop. 1400.
abundant in the S.E. part. The county derives its name    BATH, a township of Clinton co., Michigan. Pop. 222.
from  the numerous medicinal springs found within it,   BATH, a township in Franklin co., Indiana. Pop. 797.
among which are the "celebrated Olympian, or Mud Lick    BATH, a village of Union co., Indiana, about 50 miles E.
Springs."  Capital, Owingsville. Pop.12,385; of whom9850  of Shelbyville.
were free, and 25315 slaves.                                 BATH, a post-village of Mlason co., Illinois. on the left
BATH, a city, port of. entry, and seat of justice of Sagada- bank of the Illinois River, 50 miles below Peoria. It is situhock county, Maine, is' situated on the right bank of the  ated in a fertile country, and has some trade. It was fomKennebec River, 12 miles from the ocean, 30 miles S. of An- merly the county seat.
gusta, 36 miles N.E. of Portland, and 147 miles N.E. of Bos-   BATH, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Addington,
ten. The city extends about 21 miles along the. bank of the  situated on the shore of Lake Ontario, 18 miles W.S.W. of
river, andnearlyl  mile back. It is not laid out with any great Kingston. It has an iron-foundry and several carriage
regard to regularity. The site slopes gradually towards the  manufactories. Pop. about 600.
E., and being quite uneven, the streets are generally ac-   BATH ALUM, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.
commodated to its inequalities. The town is well built,   BATH ALUM SPRINGS, a fashionable watering Ilace of
and is lighted with gas. It has a first-class hotel, 4 banks, Bath co., Virginia, situated at the eastern base of the'"Warm
a savings institution, and 9 churches, 1 of which-the Cen- Springs Mountain," 164 miles W.N.W. of Richmond, and 6
tral Congregational-cost about $10,000; The Beacon street miles S.E. of the Warm  Springs. The proprietor has exMethodist Church is also a handsome edifice. The schools pended above $30,000 in the erection of buildings and other
are graded, and are among the very best in the state. The  improvements.
high school is attended both by boys and girls. Six news-   BATHAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
papers are published in the city, viz. 1 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 3    BATHANG. See PA.
weekly, and 1 educational journal. In the business of ship-   BATH COURT-HOUSE, Bath co., Virginia.  See Wsaam
building, Bath is surpassed only by New York, Boston, and  SPRINGS. 
Philadelphia. Forty-eight vessels, with an aggregate bus-   BATHEALTON, bath-eel/tgn, a parish of England, co. of
den of 24,339 tons, were admeasured in the district during  Somerset.
the year ending June 10, 1852. Of these, 40 were ships, 5    BATHEASTON, bath-ees/ton, a parish of England, co. of
brigs, and 3 schooners. During the year 1853, the ship- Somerset, 2! miles N E. of Bath, with which it is connected
building of the district'amounted to 49,400 tons, of which  by uninterrupted lines of houses. An entrenchment on
about 30,000 tons were constructed at the city yards. In  Salisbury Hill, in this parish, is supposed to have formed
1854, 56 ships, and 13 other vessels, (tons, 58,414,) were built, the camp of the Saxons during the siege of Bath, A. D. 577.
180




BAT                                                       BAT
BATIIPFOTD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       luxuriant plantations of sugar-cane, and adorned by splem
BATIIIGATE, a town and parish of Scotland, co. of Lin- did villas and gardens; and groves of tropical fruit-trees,
lithgow, on the middle road between Edinburgh and Glas- To protect these from inundation, a levee or embankment
gow, 17 miles W.S.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the town, 3341. of earth has been raised to the height of 6 or 8 feet. The
The old town is built on a steep declivity; the new town is  seat of government was established here in 1847.  Since
regularly built on more level ground, and well paved, that period the business of the place has become more active,
lighted, and supplied with water. The church was erected  and the value of property has been greatly enhanced. It
in 1739; and there is a well-endowed academy; also branch  contains an elegant state-house, situated immediately on
banks, manufactures of cotton goods for Glasgow houses, the bank of the river, Baton Rouge College, 4 churches, an
and coal and lime works.                                  arsenal and barracks of the United States, 2 newspaper
BATIh SPRING, a post-office of Decatur co., Tennessee.    offices, and a penitentiary. Pop. in 1853, about 4500. The
BATHIURST, a seaport town of West Africa, capital of  following is said to be the true explanation of the origin
the British colony of Senegambia, on the small island of of the name Beton Rouge: —It appears that when the place
St. MIary's, at the mouth of the Gambia River, in lat. 130 28' was first settled, there was growing on the spot a cypress (the
N., ion. 160 351 W. Pop. in 1836, 2825, mostly blacks. In  bark of which tree is of a reddish color) of immense size and
the main street, facing the river, are some European dwell- prodigious height, entirely free from branches, except at its
ings and warehouses; the rest of the town consists of Afri- very top. One of the settlers playfully remarked that this
can huts. The principal buildings are the government house, tree would make a handsome cane; whence the place has
a large hospital for liberated Africans, and Wesleyan schools. since been called Baton Rouge, (i. e. the  "red staff or cane.")
The exports comprise, gum, wax, hides, ivory, gold, tortoise- See Gaycarre's tlistoire de Louisiane, vol. iR. p. 134, New
shell, rice, cotton, African teak, palm-oil, and country cloths. Orleans edition.
Registered shipping in 1846, 1574 tons. See also GAuBra.   BATOO, BATOU, BATU, or BATTOE, b'&t'too/, a volcanic
BATHIIRST, a town of South Africa, Cape Colony, dis- and densely wooded island of the Malay Archipelago, off
trict of Albany, 20 miles S.E. of Graham's town.          the W. coast of Sumatra, lat. 0~ 10' N., Ion. 980 40' E. EstiBATRURST, an inland county of New South Wales, about mated area, 400 square miles.
90 miles from the coast. Area, 1.190,400acres. This is one of    BATOO - (or BATOU-) BHARA, bitoo! b'hl/rA, written
the most flourishing counties in New South Wales. Pop. 4391. also BATU-BARU, b$too/-bI'roof, a town on the E. coast of
BATHIURST, a town of New South Wales, capital of the  Sumatra; let. 30 20l N., lon. 970 E. Its inhabitants car-ry on.
above co., on the Macquarrie, 98 miles W.N.W. of Sidney. an active maritime trade.
It is prosperous and improving. Pop. in 1848, 1883.         BATOOANI, BATOUANI, b$-too-&nee, or BATOAfNI, a
BATHURST, a port of entry, capital of Gloucester co.,New  town of South Africa, at the E. end of Lake Ngami, where the
Brunswick, on Bathurst Bay, which opens into the Bay of  river Zooga (Zouga) leaves it. Lat. 200 23' S., Ion. 230 30' E.
Chaleurs, about 175 miles N. by E. of St. John. Lat. 470    BATOOM, BATOUM, or BATUMI, bi-toom!, a seaport town
37' N., ion. 650 451 W. The bay is 3$ miles long, by 2 miles of Turkey in Asia, on the E. shore of the Black Sea, 4 miles
wide, and is sheltered from every wind. In 1851, the en- N. of the mouth of the Tchoruk; lat. of Cape Batoom 410 39t
trances were 89 vessels, (tons, 14,065,) and the clearances,  24" N., lon. 410 37' P. It is a safe port, and is capable of
79, (tons, 15,991.) Value of imports, $77,850; of exports, containing a great many ships of large size. Pop. 25,000.
$115,090. Pop. about 1800.                                   BATOORIN, BATOURIN, or BATURIN, b9-too-rin/ or baBATRURST, a tract of land discovered by Sir E. Parry, too-reen/, a town of Little Russia, 63 miles E. of Tchernigov,
in the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 750 N., Ion. 1000 W.          on the Seim. Pop. 9000. It was the residence of the het.
BATHIURST INLET, of British North America, is in lat. man of the Ukraine Cossacks, from 1699 to 1708.
670 30' N. Ion. 1090 W.                                      BATROON or BATRUN, bA-troonf, a small town and port
BATII/URST ISLAND, off North Australia, 120 miles W. of Asiatic Turkey, 12 miles S. of Tripoli.
of Port Essington, immediately W. of Melville Island.   BATSIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Shape, triangular; length, and greatest breadth, about 30    BATSIHIAN, BATCIHIAN, bAt-she-$nl, or BATSIAN, bAtmiles each. It is densely wooded, except at its W. extremity, se-An/, an island of the Dutch East Indies, Molucca Archiwhich is sandy and barren.                                pelago, in the Ternate group, S.W. of Gilolo; let. 0 35t S.,
BATHIURST LAKE, near the centre of Newfoundland, is Ion. 1270 35' E. Estimated area, 900 square miles. It is
40 miles in length from W. to E., by 6 miles across, and dis- mountainous and fertile. The Dutch took it from the Spacharges its surplus waters eastward by the river of Exploits. niards in 1610.
BATIPWICK, a parish Of England, co. of Somerset, form-   BATSTAD.  See BXsTAD.
ing an E. suburb of the city of Bath, with which it is con-   BATISTO, a post-village of Burlington co., New Jersey, on
nected by two bridges across the Avon. It has handsome  the Batsto River, about 40 miles S.E. of Camden.
streets and villas, and a Vauxhall or Sidney Gardens.       BAT/STO RIVER, of Bu-lingten co., New Jeisey, falls
BATICALO, bA-te-kA/lo, a town and seaport on the E. side  into Little Egg Harbor.
of the Island of Ceylon, capital of the district of the same    BATTA, bW/tA, or BATTAK, bbt'tdkt, a district of Sumaname, on an island about 3$ miles in circumference, called  tra, extending from/the Battu Barra Rive-, on the N.N.W.
by the natives Puliantive, close to the land. Lat. 70 42' 30/" to the Rackan on the S.S.E., and occupying the entire
N.; Ion. 810 42' E.  Being embosomed in cocoa-nut trees, breadth ofthe island.
it presents a very pleasing appearance. It is protected by a    BATTAGLIA, bAt-tAl/fy, a village of Naples, in Principato
small square fort, and is chiefly occupied by Dutch burghers  Citra, district of Sala. Pop. 1218.
and natives.                                                BATTAGLIA, LA, 1$ bdt-tAl/yA, a town of Northern Itely,
BATIGNOLLES-MIONCEAUX, bAtteen'yoll/-muN s',0   a  in Venice, 9$ miles S.S.W. of Padua.  Pop. 2700. It has
town of France, department of Seine, N.E. of Paris, of which  thermal springs, (temperature 158 Fahrenheit,) and well frecity it forms a suburb. Pop. in 1846, 19,380.             quented baths.
BATINDAH, b-tin/dA, a town of North-western India, in    BATTAIHATCHEE RIVER, Alabama. See BUTTA ACoM.
Rajpootana, 180 miles N.W. of Delhi. Its neighborhood was    BATTALAII, btt-tA/lAh, a town of the Punjab, 26 miles
formerly celebrated for its breed of horses.              N.E. of Amritseer, celebrated for its climate, which is conBATISCAN, bX'tisklNc / or bA-tis-kful, a river of Canada  sidered the most healthy in the Punjab.
East, falls into the St. Lawrence near a village of the same    BATTAM, bitt'tAmt, an island of the Malay Archipelago,
name, 5 miles above St. Anne.                             W.ofBingtang, and 20 miles S. of Singapore, in lat. 10 5/ N.,
BATISCAN, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Chamin- lon. 1040 E. It is about 28 miles long by 8 broad, and conplain, situated on the river St. Lawrence, 117 miles N.E. of  tains a good harbor, called Boobong Bay, which has lately
Miontreal. Pop. about 700.                                been much frequented by American ships trading with
BAT/LEY, a town and parish of England, co. of York, Singapore.  By discharging and receiving their cargoes
West Riding, 2 miles E. of Dewsbury. Pop. in 1850, about there, they avoid the duties exacted at the latter port.
10,000, mostly employed in woollen cloth and carpet mann-   BATTANTA, btt-tAn/td, an island of Australasia, off
factures, for which there are large and numerous mills. The  the N.WV. extremity of Papua; lat. 00 56, S., ion. 1300 251 E.
church, built in the reign of Henry VI., contains menu-  Estimated area, 200 square miles.
ments of the Savilles and Fitzwilliams.                     BATTASZEK, bAt-tes-sek/,  a market-town of Hungary, W.
BATON ROUGE, bat//n roozh, a post-office of Chester dis- of the Danube, county and 16 miles S. of Tolna. Pop. 5370.
trict, South Carolina.                                      BATTECOLfLAH, (anc. BaPuca/a, i.e. " the round town,")
BATON ROUGE, batlon-roozh, (Fr. pron. bA't6Nc! roozh,) town of British India, presidency of Madras, district of Caa city, capital of the state of Louisiana, and seat of justice of  nara, on the Indian Ocean, 115 miles S.S.E. of Goa.
tihe parish of East Baton Rouge, is situated on the left or E.   BATTENBERG, bhtlten-bRc?', a town of IIesse-Darmstadt,
bank of the Mississippi, 129 miles above New Orleans; lat. province of Ober-IIessen, 31 miles N. of Giessen, on the Eder.
30 28' N., Ion.851"'11 W. Itstandsonthe firstblufforhigh  Pop. 954. It has iron foundries.
bank which occurs in ascending the river. This bank is   BATTENFELD, b/thtn-1f1lt', a village of Hesse-Darmstadt,
elevated about 25 or 30 feet above the highest overflowings. province of Ober-Hessen. Pop. 561.
Baton Rouge has the reputation of being one of the healthiest   BATTENHEIM, (Ger. pron. bAt'ten-hImea; Fr. pron. bitttowns in the southern portion of the Mississippi valley. The tnhmnl, a village of France, department of IHaut-Rhin,
esplanade in front of the town presents a delightful view of arrondissement of Altkirch. Pop. 1092.
the majestic Mississippi, and the rich tracts of cultivation    BATITENKILL RIVER rises in Vermont, and flowing
which line its banks. Below Baton Rouge, the broad and  westwardly, falls into the Hudson River in Washington
deep river sweeps through a plain which is occupied by  county, in the E. part of New York.
181




BAT                                                      BAU
BAT/TENVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Now    BAUBELTHIIOUAP. See B1ABELTHUAP.
York, 38 miles N. by E. of Albany. It has several stores    BAUBULA, b6w-boolld, a river of Spain, in Aragon, joinu
and mills.                                                the Jalon.
BATTERSEA, bat'ter-see',   a parish of England, co. of    BAUCO, b6wlko, (ane. Bovillo/e??) a town of Italy, in ths
Surrey, on the Thames, 4 miles S.W. of London. In the  Pontifical States, 0 miles E. of Frosinone.  Pop. 3000.
church is a monument to the celebrated Lord Bolingbroke.    BAUD, bS, a town of France, department of Morbihan,
BATTICALOA, bPt'te-kdl-lo/A, a town and seaport on the  13 miles S.S.W. of Pontivy. Pop. of commune, (1852,) 5403.
E. coast of Ceylon, 70 miles S.S.E. of Trincomalee. It stands   BAUDMANN SDORF, bwwtfmuns.doofx, or BAUMSDORFF,
on a small island, and has a fort, and a harbor fit for vessels  bi6wmsdoRf, a village of Prussian Silesia, with a monument
of 80 tcns.                                               commemorative of the victory of the Prussians, 26th of May,
BATTICE, bftlteecel, a town of Belgium, province of  1813.
Liege, 4 miles N.W. of Verviers. Pop. 4280. It has manu-   BAIUDOUR, bSdoorl, a village of Belgium, province of Haifactnres of cloths.                                       naut, 7 miles V. of Mons, is noted for its pottery. Pop. 2946.
BATITICOT/I'A, a village of Ceylon, in Jaffna, contains a    BAUERWITZ, biw/er-Cvts', a town of Prussiau Silesia, on
seminary established by the American missionaries, into  the left bank of the Zinna, 38 miles S. of Oppeln. Pop. 2300.
which native youths only are admitted. There is here like-   BAUG, bawg, a town of HIindostan,  State  of  Indere,
wise a Bible association. Pop. of parish and village, 6841.   83 miles S.W. of Oojein. Near it are remarkable cave-tenmBAT/TISFOIRD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.      pies.  Pop. 5000.
BATITLE, a market-town and parish of England, co. of    BAUGIt, bSlzh/, a town of France, department of MaineSussex, 6 miles N.W. of Hastings.  Pop. in 1851, 3849. et-Loire, on theConesnon, 23 miles E.N.E. of Angers. Pop.
The town, enclosed on three sides by wooded hills, eon- in 1852,3329. It has a communal college, and man-ufactmures
sists mostly of a single street, half a mile in length, ter- of woollens and coarse linens. The English, under the Duke
minated by the fine gateway of its old abbey. In its church  of Clarence, were defeated here in 1421.
are numerous antique monuments and devices. It has a    BAUGP LE VIEIL,  bSzh'/leh ve-Al, a village of France,
school, a union work-house, and several gunpowder mills. department of Maine-et-Loire, S.WV. of BangS, with ruins of
It derives its name from the great battle (usually called the  a castle of the eleventh century.
battle of Hastings) fought on the heath between it and Epi-   BAUGHMAN, baw/man, a post-township in Wayne co.,
ton, October 14, 1066, by which the Saxon dynasty in Eng-  Ohio, about 15 omiles E.N.E. of Wooster. Pop. 1727.'land was finally overthrown by the Normans, under Wil-   BAUGIHURST, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
liam the Conqueror. Battle Abbey, founded by WVilliam on    BAUG/LEE, a town of British India, province ofMalwah,
the locality where Harold's banner had been planted, was of  on the Keiree-Nullah, 5 miles N. of Soondersee.
great extent, as is attested by its remains. On a part of its    BAUGO, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana.
site stands the mansion of the WVebsters, lords of the manor.   BAULE, b5l, a village of France, department of Loiret, 12
BATITLE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.        miles S.W. of Orleans. Pop. of commune, 2095.
BATTLEBOROUGH, bat/tel-btir'rhh, a post-village in    BAU/LEAH, a populous commercial town of British India,
Edgecombe co., North Carolina, about 60 miles E..of Raleigh. presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 35 miles NI.E. of
BATITLE BRIDGE, a suburb of London, on its N. side, Moorshedabad.
where Gray's Inn road joins the New Road, said to derive    BAULON, bS6iNal, a town of France, department of Illeits name from a conflict between the troops of Boadicea and  et-Vilaine, 16 miles S.W. of Rennes. Pop. of commune, 1416.
the Romans.                                                 BAUMA, 7cwvlma, a village of Switzerland, 16 miles E. of
BAT/TLE  CREEK, of Michigan, the largest tributa ry of  Zurich. Pop. 1550.
the Kalamazoo, rises in Eaton county, and enters the river   BAUMI/BER or BAMIBURGH, a parish of England, co. of
at the village of Battle Creek. It furnishes extensive water-  Lincoln.
power. The Indian name of this creek is Wapikis/ko.         BAUMEEAN or BAUMIAN.  See BAMIAN.
BATTLE CREEK, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee.    BAUiMES-LES-DAMES, blbm-la-dtm, a town of France,
BATTLE CREEK, a flourishing post-village of Battle  department of Doubs, on the Doubs, 18 miles N.E. of BeCreek township, Calhoun co., Michigan, on the Michigan  sangon. Pop. in 1851, 2587. It has rich quarries of gypCentral Railroad, at the junction of the Kalamazoo  River  sum, and paper and iron works.
and Battle Creek, 122 miles W. of Detroit, and 13 miles W.        E-ES-IES                       msse-h,  formerly
of Marshall. It is liberally supplied with water-power, and  BAUME-LES-MOINES, biUSe ib mw1n, a town of France,
is surrounded by a very productive country. The village  department of Jura, 6n1 miles N.W. of Lons-le-Saulnier. It
has an active trade, and contains 1 academy, 2 woollen fac- has a magnificent church, and was formerly noted for its
tories, 4 flouring mills, and several saw mills and machine  large monastery of Benedictine monks. Pop. 771.
shops. Pop. about 1800. There a-re quarries of fine sand-   BAUMGARTEN, bWwm/gar-ten, a village of Prussian Silestone in the vicinity.                                    sia, 13 miles N.E. of Glatz. Pop. 1250.
BATTLE FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Salop. It    BAUMGAIRtTEN, a village of Austria, near Vienna, with
derived its name from the great victory gained here in 1403  a castle of the Prince of Esterhazy. Baumgarten is the
by the troops of Henry IV. and the Prince of Wales over name of noany other villages in Germany.
those of the Earl of Northumberland, whose son, Hotspur,    BAIUMIIOLDER, biwm/hol-der, a town of Rhenish Pruswas killed in the battle, and his ally, the Earl of Douglas, sia, 12 miles N.E. of St. Wendel. Pop. 1370.
taken prisoner.                                             BAUMS/TOWN, a small post-village in Berks co., PennBATTLE FIELD, a post-village of Lauderdale co., 3'issis- sylvania.
sippi.                                                      BAUNACIH, bOwln/s, a town of Bavaria, 6.n miles N.N.W.
BATTLE GROUND, a village of Cherokee co., Georgia, 130  of Bamnberg. Pop. 1000. In its vicinity is the grotto of the
miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville.                            Magdalene, frequented as a place of pilgrimage.
BATTLE GROUND, a post-office of Emanuel co., Georgia,   BAUNI], bSonfl, a commune and village of France, deBATTLE GROUNJD, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. partment of Maine-et-Loire. Pop. of commune, 1197.
BAT/TLESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.         BAUNEI, 50w-note, a village of Sardinia, 76 miles N.E. of
BATTLE SNAKE, a post-office of White co., Illinois.     Cagliari, near the coast. Pop. 1460.
BATTLE SPRINGS, a post-office of Hinds co., Mississippi.    BAUNITON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
BATTLE SWAMP, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.       BAUNTWIAHT, a town of British India, Guzerat peninBATTOE, or BATTOU. See BAToO.                           sula, 27 miles W. of Joonaghur.
BATTS/VILLE, a post-office of Barbour co., Alabama.       BAU'PET/TAII, a town of British India, presidency of MaBATTUECAS, or LAS-BATTUECAS, las-bAt-twt/kAs, two  dras, 29 miles S. of Guntoor.
remarkable valleys in Spain, province of Salamanca, in the    BAURE, b6w/s-, BAURUS. bdw/rooce, or BAURES, h-wlmidst of high and rugged mountains, on the borders of Es- res, a river of Bolivia, rising in Lake Guazamire, lat. 150 181
tremadura. Spanish traditions had peopled these wild and  S., ion. 620 30' W., flowing N.W., and falling into the unapore
lonely glens with demons and other supernatural beings; after a course of about 300 miles.
but the establishment of a Carmelite convent there in 1599    BAUSIM. See VAusse.
tended to put an end to this absurd belief.                  BAUSKEA, bfwslke-A, a small town of Russia, governBATU. See BAyos.                                         ment of Courland, with a castle on the Aa, 23 miles S.E. of
BATUM. See BATOOI.                                      Mitau. Pop. 1200.
BATURITE, bA-too-reeotA, (formerly MONTEMOR VEL-    BAUSSAINE, LA, ld b'sAsnf, a village of France, departHO,) a town of Brazil, province of Ceara, 95 miles S.W. of ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, arrondissement of St. Malo. Pop.
Aracati.  It has a church, school, and electoral colleges.    of commune, 1223.
BATURSKA-WOLA, bA-toors/lk-9o/Ia, a large viliage of    BAUTSCIHI, bWwtch, a town of Moravia, 22 miles N.E. of
Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 9 miles W. of Bochnia. Pop. Olmutz. Pop. 2669, principally engaged in linen weaving.
2300.                                                       BAUTZEN, b6wt/sen, or BUDISSIN, booldis-sin, a town of
BATZ, bats, a village of France, department of Loire-In- Saxony, capital of a circle, on the Spree, on the railway fsom
f~rieure, in a marshy tract, on the Atlantic, 42 miles W.N.W. Dresden to Gbs-litz, 31 miles E.N.E. of Dresden.  Pop. about
Sf Nantes. Pop. of commune 1286, employed in adjacent  12,000. It has a cathedral common to Roman Catholics and
salt-works, and in fishing.                               Protestants, a gymnasium, 2 public libraries, and manufacBATZ. See BAs.                                          tures of woollen, linen, leather, and paper, and an active
BAUBAUIGO CREEK, of Indiana, flows into St. Joseph's  general trade. The battle of Bautzen, gained by Napoleon
River a few iles above Mishawaka.                         over the allies, was fought May 21 and 22, 1813. BLEIN182




BAU                                                          BAV
B.ATZEN, (i. e. " Little Bautzen,") is an adjacent village, with  further north. The soil is one of the most fertile in Coctral
200 inhabitants.                                              Europe; the mountains yield excellent pasturage, and are
BAUVECHIAIN-TOURRINES,  bdvlshaNlG-too~nIeenf, a  covered with vast forests of valuable timber. Grain is cultivillage of Belgium, province of Brabant, arrondissement of  vated at an elevation of 3280 feet; forests reach to 5300 feet;
Louvain.  Pop. of commune, 1852.                              and grazing extends to 8500 feet, or the line of perpetual
BAUZAC, bS'zgkl, a village of France, department of  snow, which occurs dnly on the higher Alps.
Haute-Loire. Pop. of commune, (1852,) 2626.                     The wealth of the country consists almost entirely in its
BAVARIA, (CIRCLE  OF,) an old  subdivision of Ger- agricultural produce. Besides the ordinary kinds of grain,
many, which comprised the southern and eastern portions  a small quantity of buckwheat and maize is cultivated.
of the modern kingdom of Bavaria, E. of the Rhine, with  The wines of Franconia, in the valleys of the Main, the
the archbishopric of Salzburg.                                Saal, and the Tauber, are much esteemed, especially those
BAVARIA, bl-vYre-a, (KINGDOM  OF,) (Ger. Baycrn or  called Steinwein and Leistenwein,  from  the banks of the
Baiern, bifern; Fr. Bavilre, bAve-aiRl; L. Bavaria,) a state of  Leiste, near Steinberg. Rhenish Bavaria also produces exCentral Europe, forming part of the German confederation. cellent wines, particularly those of the neighborhood of
This kingdom is composed of two isolated masses of territory, Diedesheim and Wachenheim.  The hops of Bavaria are esthe eastward and largest of which is situated between lat. teemed for their excellent quality. Fruit is cultivated in
470 20' and 50011 N., and ion. 90 and 130 48' E.,; bounded N. considerable quantities, as well as hemp, flax. linseed, beetby IHesse-Cassel, Saxe-MIeiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the  root, and liquorice. Cattle-rearing is the exclusive industry
principality of Reuss, and the kingdom of Saxony; E. by Bo- of the inhabitants of the Alps; sheep, of which the breed
hemia and Austria; S. by Tyrol; and W. by Wiirtemberg,  has been improved of late, are of great importance in MittelBaden, and Hesse-Darmstadt.  The westernmost, forming  franken, and pigs and goats are extensively reared in UnRhenish Bavaria, or the Palatinate, the original possession  terfranken. The rearing of silk-worms, which was recently
of the reigning family, is situated on the W. of the Rhine, be-  introduced, has not yet attained any importance.
tween lat. 480 571 and 490 50' N., and lon. 70 5/ and 80 27' E.,    Although the soil of Bavaria is rich in useful minerals,
bounded N. by Rhenish Prussia and IHesse-Darmstadt; E. they have never been extensively worked.  Salt, coal, and
by Baden, from which it is separated by the Rhine; S. by  iron are the principal products. Salt, which is a governFrance, and W. by Rhenish Prussia and H1esse-Homburg. ment monopoly, is produced by evaporation, and from  the
Munich (Miuinchen) is the capital. The state is divided into  rich mines of Berchtesgaden, Reichenhall, Traunstein, Roeight circles, (kreise,) the extent and population of which  senheim, Kissingen, Soden, Orb, Diirkheim, and Philipsare as follow:-                                               thai. Iron is worked everywhere throughout the territory.
Small quantities of copper, manganese, cobalt, and mer~~~~~~~I    I            IPop. Dec.   Pop., Dec.   cury are produced in Rhenish Bavaria. There are numerous
Oircles, (Kreis.)    Areain sq.m.  31,1846.   31, 18s52.    quarries of excellent marble, alabaster, gypsum, and build_ -              -                        lugyern,(U~~~~pe  ing stones; and the porcelain clay is reckoned the best in
1. Oberayern,(Upper 6614       705,544      73i,831
Bavarsaia,)   is 6604            305,144        33,831    Europe. Among the many mineral springs, with establish2. Neiderbayern,(Low-     4113       543,309      519,596     ments of baths, the most frequented are those of Kissingen,
er Bavaria,)                                             Briickenau, and Rosenheim.
2. Pfalz, (Palatisote,)   2226       606,430       611,456      Manufacturing industry is but little developed in this
4. Oberpfalz and Ratis-   49           6,0          6,7
4. Oberpfonlz sedsis-,o   4198       467,606      468,439    country. Its principal branch is the brewing of beer, which
I. Oberfranken, (up-        2226      101163       499,309    is much esteemed, and carried on to a vast extent, there
per Franconial,)                                          being upwards of 5600 breweries in the kingdom.  Linen
6. M~ittelfranken, (Mid- 
d. litielera s, (Mrno iad-  2798     527,866      533,830    weaving is carried on to a considerable extent; woollen and.die Frsnckssn                    9,8 9ial74             cotton are not manufactured in sufficient quantitfy for home
3    c. llstefrasenusod?     3684   192,080       591,348    consumption. The other chief manufactures are tanning,
8. Schwaben (Swabia)      388        58,436        56,83      paper-making, working in wood and straw, hardware, beetand Neuburg,         ~ ~           i~i45942 bradIuihi  uheteea r h  ahmi
3858       558,436.     565,783
~~~and Neuosbusrg,    2 ____ ~ root sugar; tobacco, and porcelain. The jewellery of AugsTotal,      29,637     4,504,87"  4- - 452
Te~al  29,63  4,04,87   4,15,452    burg and Munich is mooch esteemed, as are the mathematicral and optical instruments of the capital; the tpbacco and
toys of Nuremberg, the wooden clocks of the Rhliingebirge,
The total population of Bavaria, according to a recent the porcelain of the royal manufactory Nymphenburg, and
census taken in 1851, is 4,526,650. The E. part of the terri-  the pottery of Deggendorf and Hafnerzell, called "Pottery
tory lies between the Alps and the mountains of Central  of Passau."  Next to Augsburg, and Nuremberg, the chief
Germany, occupying the basin of the Danube, which river  seats of manufacturing industry are Anspach, Bamberg,
traverses it for a space of 180 miles, and in that part of its  Fiirth,Memmingen,Schweinfurt, and Wiirzburg.
course receives on the right the Iller, the Lech, the Isar,    The commerce of Bavaria is almost exclusively confined
and the Inn; and on the left the Kocher, the Wirnitz, the  to agricultural produce.  The exports are estimated at
Altmiihl, the Naab, the Regen, and the Ilz. A small part  about 1,230,0001. annually, and consist of grain, timber,
of the N.E. of Bavaria belongs to the basin of the Elbe,  wine, cattle, salt, hides, wool, hops, fruits and fruit-trees,
and is watered by the Eger and the Saale. All the N. liquorice, madder, butter, cheese,'glass, and jewelry.  The
part of the principal territory is drained by the Main, chief imports are cotton, sugar, coffee, and other colonial
which has its source in the kingdom, and receives the  products, silks and woollen fabrics of fine qualities.
Tauber, the Rodach, the Saale, (of Franconia,) and the    Bavaria has for centuries possessed the transit trade beRegnitz. Rhenish Bavaria belongs exclusively to the basin  tween Northern Germany and Austria, Switzerland and
of the Rhine, which forms its E. boundary; it is watered by  Italy. The roads are in general bad, and railways have not
the Lauter, the Queich, and the Nahe. A small portion of  yet been extensively constructed in the kingdom.  The folthe Lake of Constance belongs to Bavaria; its other prin-  lowing railways were in operation in 1848: —Nuremberg to
cipal lakes form a chain along the S. slope of the Alps; they  Firth, 5 miles, 1835, (this was the first line opened in Gerare the Ammer-See, in the bed of the river of the same  many;) Augsburg to Munich, 32 miles, 1840; Augsburg to
name, the Wiirm-See, on an affluent of the Ammer, and the  Donauwlrth, 27 miles, 1844; Nuremberg to Bamberg, 33
Chiem-See, formed by the river Alz. Its smaller lakles are  miles, 1847. Railways in progress in 1848:-Augsburg to
the Staffel-, Kochel-, Walchen-, and Klnigs-See.  The coun-  Lindan, on the Lake of Constance; Donauwlrth to Nutry is in general elevated and mountainous; the Alps, on  remberg.
the S., have, in the Zugspite, an elevation of 10,150 feet.    The great routes of navigation are the Danube and the
The highest point of the BRhmer-wald, on the E., between  Rhine, traversed by steam  packets and the Mlain.  The
Bavaria and Bohemia, are Arber, 4613 feet, and Rachelberg,  other navigable rivers are the Inn, the  Salza, Regnitz,
45601 feet. Its most remarkable offset is the Bayerische-wald,  and Altmitihl. The chief floatable rivers are the Weisse
between the Danube and Regen. The other principal chains  Main, the Rodach, the Iller, Lech, Wertach, Isar, and Loiare the Pichtelgebirge, on the N.E., in which the Schneeberg  sach. The lines of canal are not extensive, but one of them,
(i.e. " Snow-mountain") is 3481 feet high. This range is con- the Lodlwigs-Kanasl, connecting the Rhine and the Danube,
nected on the N.W. with the Thiiringer-wald, and on the N.E. is likely to become one of the most important in Europe.
withtheErzgebirge. The FrankischerJurais abranch ofthe  See ALTaiinL. Among the establishments most favorable
Fichltelgebirge, which extends S. between the Regnitz and  to commerce are the exchange banks of Nuremberg, Ansthe Vils. The northernmost chain of Bavaria is the Rhinge-  pach, and Munich. Bavariajoined the Zoll-Verein (Prussian
birge, culminating point the Kreuzberg, 3000 feet in eleva-  Commercial Union) in 1833.
tion. S.W. of this is the Spessart, an offset of the Odenwald,    Bavaria is a kingdom, and its form  of government is a
in which the Hohewart is1968 feet in elevation. In Rhenish  constitutional monarchy. The throne is hereditary in the
Bavaria the chief mountain is the Hardt, the culminating  male line.  The constitution dates from  25th May, 1818,
point of which, the Donnereberg, is 2300 feet in elevation.    and no change can take place without the concurrence of
The principal plains are the Donau Moos, on the S. of the  the national states. The executive power belongs to the
Danube, between the Lech and the Paar; the valley of the  king; the ministers and all functionaries are responsible.
Lech, above and below Augsburg, and that of the Isar, be- The legislative functions are exercised concurrently by the
tween Munich and Freising.                                    king and the two chambers of the national states, but the
The climate of Bavaria is temperate and healthy; al-  royal prerogative is veryextensive.  Public revenue for the
though, on account of the general elevation of the surface, financial period from 1851 to 1855 estimated at $13.914,274 per
it is colder than the other countries of Germany situated  annum; expenditure, $14,030,200; debt in 1851, $54,798,248.
183




BAV                                                          BAV
The kingdom  is divided into 2 Catholic archbishoprics,  tector of the confederatlon of the Rhine, when the new cam
those of Munich and Bamnberg;  6 bishoprics, 171 dean- paign was opened near the close of April. This army also
eries, and 2756 parishes. The direction of the Protestant  suffered great losses, but distinguished itself with its wonted
religion is under a general consistory, (Ob er-consistorlum.)     bravery, under the command of MKarshal Oudinot.  It stfand 4 provincial consistories, at Baireuth, Kreuz-Wertheim, fered particularly in the battles of Luckau and Grossbeeren,
and Speyer. The proportion of the different sects was, in  (181.3.)  In 1805, Bavaria was raised by the treaty of Pres1852, Catholics, 3,176,333; Lutherans, 1,231,463; Refonrmers   burg to the rank of a kingdom, with some further accessions
2431; Jews, 56,033; minor sects, 5560.  Public instruc- of territory, all of which were confirmed by the treaties of
tion is more limited in Bavaria than in several other  1814 and 1815.
German states; it has, however, been much improved of    Early in March, 1848, the people demanded the immediate
late. Its direction is under the minister of the interior. convocation of the chambers, the liberty of the press, that
IE!enmentary schools (Yollcs-schule) exist in all the parishes, judicial trials should be public, that an electoral reform
and attendance on them  is obligatory for children  till should be granted, and that the army should take an oath
the age of 14; and after leaving them  they aie bound  to observe the constitution. The king having refused to
fi)r tw-o years more to attend a Sabbath-school.  The king-  convoke the chambers before the end of lMay, the people
dom possesses three universities, two of which (Munich and  flew to arms, attacked and captured the arsenal after a short
W]iirzburg) are Catholic, and one (Erlangen) Protestant. In  engagement. They subsequently marched against the royal
1847, the University of Munich had 76 professors, and 1471  palace, the military refusing to charge on them, although
students, of whom  125 were foreigners; in 1846-7, Wtiuz-  commanded to doso. Bythis predicament, the king, finding
burg had 521 students, 72 of whom were foreigners; and  further resistance useless, yielded to all the demands of the
Erlangen had, at same date, 364 students, of whom 7 were  people, who now returned their arms to the arsenal, and
foreigners.  Besides the numerous elementary schools, Ba- afterward dispersed quietly. Fresh tumults, however, ocvaria has a school of forests at Aschaffenburg, re-established  curred, and on March 21st, King Louis announced his rein 1843; a school of husbandry (landswerthschaft)at Schleiss-  signation of the sceptre to his son, the crovwn prince Maxlihehn; a mining school at Steben, a seminary for students,  milian, the second of that name who has filled the throne
9 lyceums, 26 gymuasia, 60 Latin schools, 9 normal schools,  of Bavaria. As one of the states of the German confederacy,
3 polytechnic schools, 1 royal school of architecture, 1 school it had lately one vote in the ordinary assemblies of the
of trades, 22 schools of rural industry, 1 blind, and 1 deaf-  diet, where it held the third rank, and four votes in full
dumb school. The capital possesses scientific and literary  council. Its military contingent was 35,600 men, forming
institutions, and collections of art among the most exten-  the seventh corps of the federal army.-Adj. and inhab.
sive in Europe, besides important academies and national BAVARIAN, ba-vA/re-an.
societies. See MuNoc.                                            BAVAY, b&ivA/, (anc. Bagflacuc,) a town of France, departThe armed force of the kingdom comprises the permanent  ment of Nord, 14 miles N.N.W. of Avesues.  Pop. of coinarmy, the army of reserve, and the militia, (lctndwehr.)  mune, in 1852, 1620.
Every male, without exception, is liable to serve; but the    BAVENO, ba-v/no, a village of Piedmont, on the W.
sons of the nobility have the privilege of entering the mili-  bank of the Lago Maggiore, opposite the Borromean islands.
tary schoolof cadets. Tie army is rised by conscription, and  Pop. 1000. Near it are celebrated quarries of granite, emthe period of service is four years, from the age of 21 to 25. ployed in the cathedral of Milan; and behind the village,
The permanent army, in time of peace, amounts to 58,239  Monte Monterone, 4350 feet in elevation, commands'exmen, besides 4 companies of veterans, of whom about one- tensive prospects.
third are usually under arms. In case of war, depots are    BAYIERSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
formed for infantry and cavalry. The landwehr is organized    BANIE'RE, the French name of BAVARIA, which see.
and armed in two levies.                                         BAI/INGTON, a small post-village of Washington co.,
The nanme BAVARIA, (or Boieria) is derived from  the  Pennsylvania.
ancient Boil, who took possession of this country 60O years    BAYISPE, bA-vis/pA, a town of Mexico, province of Chibefore the Christian era. The Boil were in turn conqiuered  huahue, in a mountainous district, near the source of a
by the Romans, who. retained the territory till the fall of  river of the same name.
the empire, when it was overrun by the Ostrogoths and    BAWBURGH, baw/burg, a parish of England, co. of
Franks.  The sovereignty of Bavaria was subsequently   Norfolk.
assumed by Charlemagne, and on the death of that monarch,    BAW/IDESWELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
the kings of the Franks and Germans governed it by their    BAWDIRIP, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
lieutenants, who bore the title of Margrave, afterward con-    BAWDISEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
verted into that of Duke, and latterly (1623,) into that of    BAWISEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Elector. In 1070, Bavaria passed into the possession of the    BAW/TRY, a market-town of England, co. of York, on
family of the Guelphs, and, in 1180, it was transferred by  the Idle, 10 miles S.E. of Doncaster. Pop. 1083. Transimperial grant to Otho, Count of Wittlesbach.  On the ex- ports stone, timber, lead, and iron, by the Idle, to Hull and
tinction of the direct line of that family, in 1777, the Elector  London.  Near it is a hospital for the poor, founded in the
Palatine, Charles Theodore, added the Palatinate, and the  fourteenth century; and a mile distant a farm-house, which
duchies of Juliers and Berg to the Bavarian dominions. In  originally formed part of the palace of the archbishops of
1799, Charles Theodore died without issue, and the Sulzbach  York, and was once occupied by Cardinal Wolsey.
branch of the line of the palatinate  became extinct with    BAXITERLY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
him. The Duke Maximilian Joseph of Deux-Ponts came    BAY, bs, a township in Ottowa co., Ohio. Pop. 3159.
into possession of all the Bavarian territories. The peace    BAY, a post-office of Pope co., Illinois.
of Luneville (February 9, 1801) put an end to the renewed    BAY, hi, a lake in the Island of Luzon, S. of Manila; it
war, and its most important article-the cession of the left  is of very irregular form, but measures above 30 miles both
bank of the Rhine to France-essentially affected Bavaria.  in length and breadth.
Whilstit lost all its possessions on the left bank of the Rhine,    BAYAMO, b'-y3imo, or SAN SALVADOR. a town in the
and also the lands of the palatinate on the right bank, it  E. part of the island of Cuba, O60 miles N.W. of Santiago, near
obtained, on the other hand, by an imperial edict, an indeni-  the Canto, a small stream  that falls into the bay called the
nification, by which it gained, in addition to the amount  Canal of Bayamo. It is situated in lat. 200 40' N.,lon. 760
lost, a surplus of 2109 square miles, and 516,000 inhabitants.  55' W., and carries on a good trade. Pop. variously estiThe political importance of Bavaria with respect to Aus-  mated from 7500 to 14,000.
tria. as well as to France, was fully displayed in the war    BAYAN, bl'n, or RAIN, bIns, (RHARA-KOOLA, Is
of 1805. When Austria resumed hostilities against France,  rA-koo/lA,) a lofty nmountain range in Asia, on the N.E. borshe required the elector of Bavaria to unite his troops  der of Thibet, a branch of the Kuen-lun.
with the Austrian army, and refused to allow him  to re-    BAYAO, ba-ya6NG, almost b-ywswcJ,, a town of Brazil, on
main neutral, which (as the emperor wrote to the elec- the Araguay itiver. 140 miles S.S.W. firom Pars, inlat. about
tor, September 3d, 1804,) France herself only would suf- 30 S., and lon. 490 W.
fer as long as she should find it expedient. Bavaria, how-    BAYARD, CHATEAU. See ALTEVARD.
ever, did not find it accordant with its own interests to    BAYENDER, bi/en-der, or BAINDER, bfndler, a town of
place itself entirely in the power of Austria.  At the begin-  Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, 30 miles E.S.E. of. Smyrna
ning of the war, the elector joined the French with about  Pop. 2000.
30,000 troops, and the peace of Presburg annexed to his    BAYASS. See BAIAs.
dominions 10,595 square miles and 1,000,000 inhabitants,    BAYAZEED or BAYAZID, bl-a-zeedf, written also BAJAand conferred on him  the dignity of king; in return for  ZID, a fortified town of Turkish Armenia, pashalic,and 150
which he ceded Witirzburg, which was erected into an  miles E.S.E. of Erzroom, capital of a sanjak, S.W. of Mouint
electorate in the place of Salzburg. The King of Bav-aria,  Ararat. P'op. estimated from 5000 to 15,000, mostly Koords.
like the rulersof Wtirtemburg  and Baiden, now assumed  It surrounds a hill crowned by a citadel, and has a mosque,
sovereignty over the lands of the nobility of the empire  a palace, a monastery, and arsenal; but the town is filthy,
within his borders. When. in1812, the war between France  miserable, and has been declining ever since the IRussian
and Russia broke out, Bavaria sent anew its whole proper-  conquest of Georgia.
tion of troops to the French army. Insignificant remains    BAY;DON, a parish  of England, co. of Wilts.
only of the 30,000 Bavarians returned in the spring of 1813.    BAYEIYE, bA-yA/y~h,  a tibe of people in S. Afric, inlhbit
Maximilian Joseph, notwithstanding this sacrifice, placed  ing the banks of Lake Ngami, and of the river Zooga.
fresh troops under the command of Napoleon as the pro-    BAYERN. See BAVARIA.
184
Lii




BAY                                                          BEA
BAYEUIX, bs'yuhl, (anc. Bcaooca.fss,) a city of France,    BAY PLACE, a small village of Poinsett co., Arkansas.
department of Calvados, capital of arrondissement, 17 miles    BAYPOOR, bi-poorf, a seaport town of British India, presiW.N.W. of Caen, on the Ance.  Pop. is 1851, 9360. It has  dency of Madras, on the coast, 6 miles S. of Calicut.
a venerable cathedral, in which is preserved the celebrated    BAYREUTH, a city of Bavaria.  See BAIREUrTH.
tapestry of Bayeux, said to be the work of Matilda, wife of    BAY RIVER, a post-office of Craven co., North Carolina.
William  the Conqueror, and representing his exploits in        BAY'S BOTTOM, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
the conquest of England; a communal college, and public    BAY SPRINGS, a post-office of Tishemingo co., lissis
library. Bayeux has a tribunal of commerce, manufactories  sippi.
of lace, damasks, calico, cotton yarn, and serges, a large porce-    BAYSVIWATER, a hamlet of England, co. of Middlesex,
lain factory, and trade in cattle, horses, and butter.        and parish of Paddington, on the Uxbridge Road, 4miles WV.
BAY/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             of St. Paul's, London. It contains numerous handsome villas.
BAY/FIELD, a post-village, co. of Huron, Canada West, is    BAY/TON. a parish of England, co. of WVorcester.
on Lake Huion, 70 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. 125.                BAY VIEW, a post-office of Northampton co., Virginia.
BAY/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.               BAYIVILL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
BAY HUNDRED, a post-office of Talbot co., Maryland.           BAYIVILLE, a village in the S. part of Pike co., Illinois,
BAY ISLANDS, COLONY OF THE, the name given to a group  5 miles N.E. from the Mississippi River.
of small islands in the Bay of Hlonduras, near the N. coast    BAZA, bW/thA, (anc. Bas/ti,) a city of Spain, Andalusia, 53
of the state of Honduras. They comprise Roatan or Ruatan,  miles E.N.E. of Granada.  It has a hospital, college, several
Bonacca, Utille. Barbarate, Moxat, and Helene. The inha- elementary schools, civil and ecclesiastical prisons, and
bitants are chiefly emigrants from the Cayman Islands. At numerous fountains and promenades.  It is famed in early
their own request, they were, in the year 1832, incorporated  Spanish history. In 1489 it was taken from  the Moors by
into the British dominions. Estimated pop., 400 to 500. A  the Spaniards, after a siege of nearly seven months. In
trade is carried on with New Orleans and Kingston, Jamaica. 1810 the French, under IMarshal Soult, here defeated the
BAYLA. See BELA.                                            Spaniards, under Generals Blake and Freire. Pop. 10,133.
BAYLEHIAM, bail/am, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    BAZADOIS, bszs'dw!, an old division of France, now
BAYLEN or BAILEN, bl-lnl, a town of Spain, 22 miles comprised in the departments of Gironrde and Lot-et-Garonne.
i.N.E. of Jaen.  Pop. 4976. The capitulation of Baylen was  Its capital was Bazas.
signed June 20, 1808.                                           BAZAR-KHIIAN, b&'zir-xAn/, a town of Asia Minor, paslhalic
BAYLIQUE, bi-leelkh, or MIANIATUIBA, m-ne-a-toofbi,  of Anatolia, 58 miles N. of Makree. It derives its name from
an island off the coast of Brazil, in the estuary of the  being the grand mart for the villages in its vicinity.
Amazon, 60 miles S. of Cape Norte.  Length, 1.6 miles.          BAZAR.UTO (b -zt-roofto) ISLANDS, a small group on E.
BAY MIOUNT, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.         coast of Africa, 110 miles S. of Sofala. Lat. 210 87/ S., ion.
BAY OF ISLANDS, New Zealand, a larsge and commodious  350 28' E.
harbor, on the N.E. coast of New Ulster.  Lat. (E. point, Cape    BAZAS, b\z/, (anc. Ceos/siuza, afterwards Fasaftn,) a town
Brett) 350 10' S., Ion. 1740 22' E. It is studded with islands. of France, department of Gironde, 32 miles S.S.E. of BorBAYONA, b-yo/nd, an ancient seaport town of Spain, 13  deaux, on the Beuve. Pop. of commune in 1852, 4627.
miles S.W. of Vigo. Pop. 1719. The island of BAYONA or It has Glass-works.
CIES (Isseula Cicce) is in Vigo Bay, 6 miles N.W. of the town.   BAZEILLES, bhzail/ or baz4/yeh, a village  of France,
BAYONNE, blyonn/, (anc. Lapurraumm,) a fortified city  department of Ardennes, arrondissement of Sedan. Pop. of
of France, near its S.W. extremity, department of Bas es-  commune, 1631.
PyrSuSes, capital of arrondissement, at the confluence of    BAZILE;, ba'zaill, or ba-zslleh, a village of Belgium, prothe Adour and Nive, which separate it into three quarters,  vince of East Flanders, 11l miles N.E. of Termonde, on the
Great and Little Bayonne, and the suburb of St. Esprit, 3  Scheldt. Pop. 4407.
miles from the sea, and 18 miles N.H. of the Spanish fron-    BAZET/TA, a post-township in Trumbull co., Ohio, about
tier at Fontarabia.  Lat. of cathedral 430 29' 29/ N., lon. 6 miles N.E. from Warren.  Pop. 1302.
10 28' 33"t W.  Pop. in 1852, 18,870. It is well built, and    BAZIN, bJ-zin/, a town of Hungary, co. of, and 11 miles
agreeably situated, with handsome quays and promenades.  N.N.E. of Presburg, with mineral springs and celebrated
Its cathedral is small, and of the twelfth century, and its  baths.
citadel is one of the finest works of Vauban. It has a mint,    BAZIRA.  See BADooR.
theatre, schools of commerce and navigation, naval and    BAZOCIE  or BAZOCIES, b9zssh/, and BAZOUCGES,
commercial docks, tribunal and chamber of commerce, dis- blzooh/, several communes and villages of France, the
tilleries, sugar refineries, and glass-works, with export trade  principal of which are the following:
in timber, tar, cork, superior hams, chocolate, liqueurs, and    BAZOUGES-LA-PfJROUSE, bUzoozh lto prh'ooz/, a town
cream of tartar.  It imports fine wool, liquorice, and olive-  of France, department o0 Ille-et-Vilaine, 17 miles N.N.E. of
oil. In 1849 the number of vessels that entered the port  FougSres. Pop. 3928.
was 728, of which 59 were British; cleared the same year,    BAZOCIIE-GOUET, b2l'zosh! goo-Al, a village of France,
726, of which 43 were British.  It sends annually several  department of Eume-et-oir, arrondissement   of Nojent-levessels to the whale fishery. The military weapon, the  Rotson.  Pop. in 1852. 2309.
bayonet, takes its name from  this place, near which it was    BAZZANO, bit-silno, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, 11
invented. This city, though often besieged, has never been  miles N. of Bologna.  Pop. 2610.
taken; and it enjoys the rare distinction of having refused    BEACHAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Buckingto participate in the massacre of St. Bartholomew.            ham.
AAYOU;, bt/oo, or, more usually, bi8o, a term  confined    BEACH/AMWELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
chiefly to the States of Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas,  -BEACH BRANCH, a post-office of Beaufort district, South
signifying properly any stream which is derived from some  Carolina.
other streamorfromalake; in other words, anystream which    BEACHI  CREEK, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
is not fed by fountains. The term, however, is sometimes  Pop. 683.
loosely applied to streams of a different description; it may    BEACH GROVE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylthen be regarded as equivalent to "creek" in its American  vania.
signification. Bayou is supposed to be a corruption of the    BEACTI IHAVEN, a post-office of Luzerne co., PennsylFrench boyau, a "gut" or "channel," a derivation which  vania.
is rendered more probable by the prevalent pronunciation,    BEACIINGSTOKE.  See BEECmINGSTOKE.
b8'o.  -                                                        BEACH TRIEE VILLAGE, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas.
BAYOU BAR/TARY, a post-office of Livingston parish,    BEACHITVILLE, a post-village in co. of Oxford, Canada
Louisiana.                                                    West, 22 miles N.E. from  London, on the railroad f-om
BAYOU BWEUF, hio bEf, a post-office of St. Landry parish, Hamilton to Windsor.
Louisiana.                                                      BEACHY (beech/ee) HEAD, the most lofty headland on
BAYOU CITICOT, biloo shee/k5, a village in Calcasieu  the S. coast of England, projecting into the English Chan.parosh, Louisiana, about 75 miles N.W. friom Baton Ronge.   nel, 21 miles S.S.W. of Eastbourne.  It consists of chalk
BAYOU  CHICOT,, a post-office of St. Landry  parish, cliffs, rising perpendicular to 564 feet above the sea, and has
Louisiana.                                                    a light-house.  Lat. 500 44' N., lon. 00 13' E.
BAYOU CHITTO, Louisiana and Mississippi. See CuIrm            BEACON HILL, or OLD BEACON, amountain in Dutchess
BiiyOU.                                                       co., New York, near Fishkill, is one of the highest summits
BAYOU GOULA, hiyo goo/la, a post-office of Iberville pa- of the Highlands, having an elevation of about 1470 feet.
rish, Louisiana.                                                BEACONSFIELD, beetkonz-feeld, a market-town and paBAYOU PIERRE, bioo ps-aid, a post-office of De Soto pa-  rish of England, co. of Bucks, 23 miles W.N.W. of London.
rish, Louisiana.                                              The town is situated on an eminence, on which beacon fires
BAYOU RAlOIS, hsloo rU-moi/, a post-office of St. Mary's,  were formerly lighted; has 4 streets, and a church, in which
Louisiana.                                                    lie the remains of Edmund Burke. In its churchyard is a
BAYOU SARA, Ecoo s?/ra, a thriving post-village of Ws. monument to the poet Waller,  who owned the manor
Feliciana parish, Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, 165  About 3 miles distant is Bulstrode, the celebrated seat of
miles above New Orleans, and at the S. terminus of a rail-  the Duke of Portland.
road leading to Woodville, Mississippi. It is a shipping    BEACULL, bee'kullf, (Native ]:acua,) a fort and susall
point for the cotton and corn produced in the vicinity. The  town of British India, presidency of Madras, on the Mlalabar
bayou of the same name enters the river at this place.        coast, 95 miles N.W. of Calicut.
185




BEA                                                      fBEA
BEAFORD, beelford, a parish of England, co. of Devon.     BEARD'S BLUFF, a small post-village of Malshall co.,
BEAGLE (beelg'l) BANK, an extensive coral sank-bank  Alabama.
on N.W. coast of Australia; lat. 150 19' S., ion. 1230 35' E.   BEARD'S CREEK, of Georgia, rises in Tatnall county,
It is about 4 or 5 miles in length.                       and flows southward through Liberty county, into the AlBEAGLE ISLAND and REEF, an island on the coast of  tamaha.
South Australia, about 60 miles N.N.W. firom the entrance    BEARD'S CREEK, a post-office of Liberty co., Georgia.
into Spencer's Gulf; lat. 340 49t S., Ion. 1340 49' E.      BEARDSTOWN, a small post-village of Perry co., TennesBEAKESBOURNE, beeksnburn, a parish of England, co. see, on Buffalo River, 98 miles S.W. firom Nashville.
of Kent.                                                    BEARDSITOWN, a thriving town, the capital of Cass Cs.,
DEAL, heel, a small river of England, co. of Kent, flows Illinois, on the left bank of Illinois River, 50 miles W.N.W.
north-westward, and joins the Medway, near Talding.       from Springfield. It contains, besides the county buildings,
BEAL, a hamlet of England, co. of Durham, in Island- several churches, and one newspaper office.
shire, with a station on the North British Railway, 58    BEAR/FIELD, bairlfeeld, a township in Perry co., Ohio.
miles N. of Newcastle.                                     Pop. 1580.
BEALE, ieel, a township in Juniata co., Pennsylvania.      BEAR GAP, a post-office of Northumberland co., PennsylBEALE'S MILLS, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsyl- vania.
vania.                                                       BEAR GROVE, a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa.
BEALETON, beelfton, a post-office of Farquier co., Virginia.   BEAR ISLANDS, an island in Northern Ocean, 315 miles
BEAL/INGS, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. S. of Cape South, in Spitzbergen; lat. 740 30' N., ion. 200 E.
BEALINGS, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.   BEAR ISLANDS, three islands in James's Bay: one in
BEALS/VILLE, a post-village in Washington co., Pennsyl- let. 540 241 N., ion. 80 50'W.; another in lat. 54-0 32' N.; the
vania, about 28 miles S. from Pittsburg.                   third in lat. 540 46' N.
BEALS/VILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, 110    BEAR ISLANDS, a group of islands in the North Polar
miles E. from Columbus. It contains 3 chmurches, and about Sea, off the N.E. coast of Siberia, between lat. 700 and 700
300 inhabitants.                                           30' N., and ion. 1640 and 1680 E.
BEALIVILLE, a small village of Desha co., Arkansas.        BEAR ISLANDS, off the coast of the United States, (Maine
BEAMINSTER, bee/min-ster, a market-town of England, and N. Carolina.)
co. of Dorset, on the Birt, 15 miles W.N.WV. of Dorchester.   BEAR LAKE, GREAT, (i.e., the lake lying under the conIt is a handsome town, with a large church, a free-school, stellation of the Great Bear, being intersected by the Arctic
aend other charities; also manufactures of sail-cloth, tin, -firom Arctos,' bear"-Circle,) a lake of British North Ameiron, copper, and earthen wares.                          rica, between lat. 650 and 670 N., and ion. 1170 and 1230 W.
BEAM/ISH, a township of England, co. of Durham.         Shape very irregular; area may be estimated at 14,000 square
BEAMS/VILLE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, 98 miles miles; height above the sea at 230 feet. Its depth has never
W. from Columbus.                                         been ascertained; but where tried no bottom was found with
BEAMS/VILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of 270 feet line. The water is remarkably transparent, and
Lincoln, near the railroad from  Niagara to Hatmilton, 22 appears of a light blue color. The lake abounds with fish.
miles E.S.E. from the latter place. It has an iron foundry, It discharges its waters by Bear River into the Mackenzie.
a steam mill, a potash factory, and a distillery. Pop. about It remains fiozen over from December to June.
400.                                                         BEARLY, bairflee, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
BEAN BLOSSOM, a township in iMonroe co., Indiana.   BEAR5MONT/, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.
Pop. 996.                                                    BEAR MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, is situated near the
BEAN BLOSSOM, a post-office of Brown co., Indiana.       N.E. extremity of Dauphin county. At its foot flows Bear
BEAN BLOSSOM  CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Brown  Creek, on which is the Bear Valley Coal Basin, containing
county, and flowing nearly westward, enters the W. fork of  beds of coal from  7 to 24 feet thick. The mountains enclosWhite River, in Monroe county. It is navigable in high:  ing Bear Valley rise about 750 feet above the level of the
water about 20 miles.                                      creek.
BEAN CREEK, Ohio. See TIraIN'S RIVER.                      B]PARN, bharYI, an old province of France, of which the
BEAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Hlunter co., Texas.       capital was Pau, now forming, with a small part of GuyBEAN'S STATION, a post-village of Granger co., Ten- enne, the department of Basses-Pyren6es.
nessee, 226 miles E. from Nashville, and 2 miles from the    BEAR or UTAH RIVER, of Utah Territory, rises near
Gap of Clinch Mountain. Mineral springs and metallic ores  lat. 410 N., and ion. 1110 W5, and, flowing at first N., then
abound here.                                              N.W., and at last nearly S.S.W. in its general direction, it
BEAN/TOWN, a post-office of Charles co., Mlaryland.     falls into the Great Salt Lake. Although it begins andl terBEAR, hair, or BERE ISLAND, -a rocky island off the W. minates in Utah, nearly one-half of its course (the middle
coast of Ireland, co. of Cork, in Bantry Bay, 13 miles WV. of  portion) is included within the limits of Oregon Territory.
Bantry. Length, 6 miles; average breadth, 11 miles. On it The entire length is about 400 miles.
is the township of Balinacallagh, and it shelters Bearhaven,   BEAR RIVER, towards the N. part of California, rises
on the N. side of the bay.                                on the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and, after forming the
BEARA, be-Vrg, a considerable town of British India, 40  boundary between Vuba and Placer counties, for its whole
miles E.S.E. of Surat.                                    length, empties itself into Feather River, 31 miles below
BEAR BONE, a post-office of Calcasieu parish, Loulsiana. Marysville.
BEAR BRANCH, a post-office of Duplin co., N. Carolina.    BEARISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
BEAR BRANCHI, a post-office of Richmond co., North Ca-   BEARSVILLE, bairz/vil, a post-office of Ulster cc., Kenrolina.                                                   tucky.
BEAR BRANCH, a post-office of Ohio co., Indiana.          BEARSVILLE, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, in Ohio
BEAR CAMP RIVER, a small stream  in Carroll county, township, in the E. part of the county. Pop. 100.
in the E. part of New Hampshire, falls into Ossipee Lake.   BEAR SWAMP, a poet-office of Duplin co., North Carolina.
BEAR CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Alleghany    BEARTOWN, hair/town, a posteoffice of Lancaster co.,
River, in Armstrong county.                               Pennsylvania.
BEAR  CREEK, of Alabama, flows through Franklin    BEAR VALLEY. See BEAR MOUNTAIN.
county, and enters the Tennessee near the N.W. extremity   B13EAR WALLOW, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
of the State, and on the line between Alabama and Missis-   BEAS, bee/as, or BEYPASIIA, b4/pash'A, (anc. Hphilasis,)
sippi.                                                    one of the great rivers of the Punjab, Western India, rises
BEAR CREEK, in the W. central part of Kentucky, rises  on the S. verge of the Ritanka Pass, in the Himalaya MIounin Grayson county, flows S.W., and enters Greene River tains, 13,200 feet above the sea-level. Lat. 320 34' N., ion.
at the E. extremity of Butler county.                     770 12' E. It flows generally south-westward, and joins the
BEAR CREEK, of Lenawee county, Michigan, flows into  Sutlej at Endreesa, 35 miles S.S.E. of Amritseer, after a
the Raisin River.                                         course estimated at from 210 to 220 miles. At 20 miles
BEAR CREEK, Iowa, falls into the Mlakoqueta River, in  above this confluence it has, during August, been 740 yards
Jackson county.                                           in width; but in winter it is in most places fordable.
BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Chief affluents, the Hulku and Binca.
BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Henry co., Geosrga.          BEAS DE SEGURA, bhMs dA sA-goo/rJ, a town of Spain,
BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.      48 miles N.E. of Jaen, on the lower branch of the GuadaliBEAR CREEK, a post-office of Sabine co., Texas.         mar. Pop. 2695.
]lEAR CREEK, a post-township, Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 737.   BEASELEY, beez/lee, a post-office of Jefferson co., FloBEAR CREEK, a township, Gallatin co., Illinois. Pop. 462. rida.
BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Illinois.    BEATTI, beeth or baith, a parish and village of Scotland,
BEAR CREEK, a small village of Cedar co., Missouri.     co. of Fife, 5' miles N.N.W. of Aberdour. Pop. 973.
BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Columbia co., Arkansas.      BEATIA. See BAEZA.
BEAR CREEK, a post-office of Poweshiek co., Iowa.         BEATTIE'S (bA/tez) BLUFF, a post-office of Madison co.,
BEAR CREEK, GREAT, a river of Canada West, which, Mississippi.
after a S.W. course, enters the N.W. point of Lake St. Clair.    BEATTIE'S FORD, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Ca
BEARDEN, beerl/den, a post-office of Lavacca co., Texas.   rolina.
BEARDEN, a village of Gentry co., Missouri, about 80    BEATTIE'S PRAIRIE, a small village of Benton co., Mtiis.
miles N. by E. from Independence.                         souri.
186




BEA                                                       BEA
BEATTIESTOWN, bAtez-tidwn, a small post-village in  1852, amountedto an aggregate burden of 776 tons registered,
Warren co., New Jersey, about 46 miles N. by W. from  and 1851 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 4
Trenton.                                                   schooners, with a burden of 460 tons, were built. Beaufort
BEATTY'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Bladen co., North  contains, besides the county buildings, several seminaries,
Carolina.                                                  and one or two churches. Pop. in 1853, about 2000.
IBEATY'S (b,/-tkc) MILLS, a post-office of Marion co., Vir-   BEAUFORT, a post-town and port of entry of Beaufort
ginia.                                                     district, South Carolina, on a small arm of the sea, called
BEAUCAIRE, b5k32J, a town of France, department of Port Royal River, about 50 miles in a direct line WV.S.W. of
Gard, on the right bankof the Rhone, 13 miles E. of Nimes, Charleston, and 16 miles from the sea. It has a good haropposite Tarascon, with which it is connected by a noble  bor, with about 11 feet of water over the bar at Port Royal
suspension bridge, at the head of the Canal de Beaucaire, entrance. The census of 1850 states the white population
and near the junction of railways from Avignon to Mar- at 879; the number of slaves is not given.
seilles and Beaucaire, Cette, and Alaisl, by Nimes.  Pop. in    BEAUFORT, a post-office of Franklin co., Missouri.
1852,11,045. Its annual fair (JuIly 22d to 28th) was formerly    BEAUFORT, bf6/fprt, an extensive inland district of the
the largest in Europe, and, although decreasing in import- Cape Colony, South Africa, enclosed by Clanwilliam, Worcesance, it is still very considerable, being attended by mner- ter, George, Uitenhage, and Graaf Reinet districts, and haychants from all parts of Europe, Barbary, and the Levant, ing N. the Bosjesmans' country. Estimated area, 20,000
to the number of 100,000. Every kind of merchandise, square miles. Pop. in 1838, 5904. Beaufort, its capital
however rare, is here to be met with, and it is estimated  town, is in lat. 820 31' S.; Ion. 220 40' E.
that property to the amount of $1,160,000, changes hands.   BEAUFORT, b61fort, a district of Western Australia, hayBEAUCAMPS-LE-VIEUX, b\ksNGk-leh-ve-unh, (i.e. "the  ing N.W. and S. the districts of Lausdowne, Howick, and
Old Beaucamps,") a village of France, department of Somme, Minto, and on E. an unsettled country.
22 miles W. of Amiens. Pop. of commune, 1802.               BEAUGENCY, b51zh8NGseee, (L. Belgenciacnm,) a town
BEAUCE, b~ce, (anc. Belsia?) a district of France, part of  of France, department of Loiret on the Loire. and on the
the ancient Orldanois, of which the capital is Chartres; this  railway fieom  Orleans to Tours, 15 miles S.W. of Orleans.
fertile district now forms parts of the departments of Loir-  It has manufactories of woollens, and an extensive trade in
et-Cher and Eure-et-Loir.                                 wines. Pop. in 1851, 5258. Part of the town walls, and the
BEAUCHAMP-ROOTHING. See RoorHINc, BEAUCHAMP.  donjon tower of the castle, still exist, and near it is an
BEAUCIIENE, b6-shainf, a small island in the S. Atlan-  enormous Celtic monolith.
tic, about 34 miles S. of East Falkland Islands; lat. (S. point)    BEAUIIHARNOIS, bO'hrcn$1,  a co. in the S.W. extremity
520 55' 42" S., Ion. 590 12' 421 W.                       of Canada East, bounded on the S. by New York, and on
BEAUCI-IIEF ABBEY; bS!cheef abfbee, an  extra-paro- the N.W. by the river St. Lawrence, has an area of 717
chial, chapelry of England, co. of Derby, 3$ miles S.W. of  square miles. It is drained by the Chateaugay River and
Sheffield. The tower of its chapel formed part of the abbey  other streams. The chief staples are oats, wool, and the
built here, according to Dugdale, by Fitz-Ranulph, lord of products of the dairy. This county produced, in 1852, more
Alfreton, in expiation of the murder of Thomas k Becket.   butter than any other county in either Canada, and double
BEAUCOUP, bo'koopl, a small bayou of Caldwell parish, that of any other in Canada East. The chief towns are
Louisiana, flows south-eastward into Bayou Castor.         Iuntingdon and Beauharnois. Pop. 40,213.
BEAUCOUP, a small village of Washington co., Illinois.    BEAUIIARNOIS, a post-village in the seigniory, and co.
BEAUCOURT, bSfkooRs, a village of France, depa-tment of the same name, Canada East. It is situated on Lake St.
of IIaut-Rhin, 10 miles S.S.E. of Belfort.  Pop. of commune, Louis, formed by the St. Lawrence, 33 miles S.W. from
2228.                                                      Montreal. Pop. about 800.
BEAUDESERT, bo'd~z-aiW, a parish of England, co. of    BEAUJEU, h5juhl, a town of France, formerly the capital
Warwick.                                                   of Beaujolais, department of Rhine, on the Ardibre, in a
BEAUFAY, ]'ff, a village of France, department of  district famous for its wines, 30 miles N.N.W. of Lyons.
Sarthe, 10 miles N.N.E. ofLe Mans. Pop.with commune, 2226. Pop. of commune in 1852, 3628, with manufactures of paper,
BEAUFORT, bS'forl, a town of Savoy, on the Doron, 33  cotton goods, and hats.
miles E.N.E. of Chambdry. Pop. 3052. It has an extensive    BEAUJOLAIS, b6'zho'lIt, a district of France, part of
trade in the celebrated gruyress cheese.                  ancient Lyonnais.  Its capital was the town Beaujeu. It
BEAUFORT, bS'foel, (i. e. "dine fort,") a town of Francs, now forms the N. part of the depaitment of RhOne, and a
department of Maine-et-Loire, 16 miles E. of Angers. Pop. small part of Loire. In 1626 it passed to the Orleans famiof commune in 1851, 5207. It has a college, and manufac- ly, who held it till the Revolution.
tories of canvas and coarse linens.                         BEAULIEU, bhOle-uh/, almost b61'yuh', (i. e. "beautiful
BEAUFORT, a village of France, department of Jura, 8  place,") a town of France, department of Corrbze, on the
miles S.W. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. of commune, (1852,) 1268. Dordogne, 20 miles S. of Tulle. Pop. of commune in 1852,
BEAUFORT, blffort, a group of islands in the Gulf of Boo- 2490.
thia, N.W. or outer island in lat. 690 55' N.; Ion. 970 5f W.    BEAULIEU, a town of France, department of Indre-etBEAUFORT, a bay of Russian America, on the Arctic  Loire, 1$ miles N.E. of Loches. Pop. of commune, 1887.
Ocean, lat. 700 N.; Ion. 1420 W.                          BEAULMU is the name of many other communes and villages
BEAUFORT, butfort, a county in the eastern part of North  of France.
Carolina, bordering on Pamlico Sound, at the mouth of   BEAULIEU, bewllee, or EXE, ex, a tidal river of  ung.
Pamlico River, by which it is intersected. The surface is land, co. of IHants, rises near Lyndhurst in the Newv Forest,
level, the soil sandy, and in some places marshy. The Pam- and after a S. course of 10 miles, enters the English Channel
lice River is navigated through the county by vessels draw- 6$ miles E.N.E. of Lymington.
ing eight feet of water. Capital, Washington. Formed in   BEAULIEU, or EXE, a parish of England, co. of Hants, situ1741, and named in honor of the Dukeof Beaufort, one of ated on the river of the same name, at its mouth, 6 miles N.E.
the proprietors of the soil. Pop. 13,816, of whom 8567 were  of Lymington.  Beaunlieu, wrhich owes its name to the' beaufree, and 5249 slaves.                                    ty of its position, has the remains of an abbey, founded by
BEAUFORT, bulfort, a district forming the southern ex- King John. In this  sanctuary Margaret of Anjou, and
tremity of South Carolina, boarding on the Atlantic, and on  afterwards Perkin Warbeck, took refuge, and withinits mathe Savannah River, which separates it from Georgia. It is norialbounds exemption from arrest for debt is still enjoyed.
about 60 miles long, and has an area of 1540 square miles. -Beaulieu, road station, South-wvestern Railway, is 6 miles
The Combahee River forms its boundary on the N.E., and it S.S.W. of Redbridge.
is intersected by the Coosawhatchie, which enters the sea by    BEAULY, botlee, a river of Scotland, co. of Inverness,
two main channels, Broad and Coosaw Rivers. The surface  enters the head of Beauly Frith, 8 miles W. of Inverness,
is a level plain, but little elevated above the sea; the soil after a N. E. course of 10 miles. At Beauly araethe ruins
alluvial and sandy. Cotton, rice, Indian corn, and sweet of a priory. Beauly Loch (anc. 2acrar) forms the upper
potatoes are the staples. In 1850, this district produced  basin of the loray Frith.
47,230,082 pounds of rice, (more than any county in the United    BEAUM ARCHAS, b0'mnaashY, a town of France, departStates;) 492,671 bushels of corn; 485,077 of sweet potatoes, ment of Gers, 25 miles W.S.W. of Auch. Pop. (with com(more than any other district in the state, except Charleston.) mune,) 1367.
The Savannah River is navigable hir steamboats along the    BEAUMARIS, bs-nlnYris, a parliamentary and municipal
border, and the other streams for smaller craft. Beaufort is borough, seaport, market-town, and parish of North Wales,
among the most populous districts of the state. Capital, capital of the island and co. of Anglesea, near the N. enCoosawhatchie. Pop. 38,805, of whom 6526 were free, and  trance of Menai Strait, 3 miles N. of Bangor. The town is
32,279 slaves.                                            neatly built, and has a free grammar school, good hotels,
BEAUFORT, a port of entry, capital of Carteret co., North  town and county halls, a prison, and a custom-house, with
Carolina, at the mouth of Newport River, a few miles from  remains of a castle erected by Edward I. The bay of Beauthe sea, 168 miles E.S.E. of Raleigh, and 11 miles N.W. of maris affords safe anchorage, but the town has little trade,
Cape Lookout. The harbor is the bestin the state, andis ac- and its inhabitants live chiefly by sea-bathing visitors from
cessible by steamboats from Albemarle Sound. The town has  Liverpool, with which it communicates by steamboats.
considerable trade, particularly in turpentine, resin, and  Registered shipping in 1847, 17,219 tons. Beaumaris unites
other products of the pine. A light-house has been erected  with Amjwich, Holyhead, and Langefin, in sending one
on Cape Lookout, and the entrance of the harbor is defended  member to the Itouse of Commons. Baron-hill, the seat
by Fort Macon.  The shipping of the district, June 30, of the Bulkeley family, is in its vicinity.
187




BEA                                                      BEA
BEAUME, LA, 1 bIsme, a village of France, department  1472, against an army of 80,000 Burgundians, under Charles
of Ardbche, (Vivarais) 6~ miles from  Aubenas; it is pictu- the Bold. Though ungarrisoned, the citizens boldly closed
resquely situated under a mass of basalt, occupying the  their gates, and made a most heroic defence. The women
angle of a valley nearly opposite to the junction of the  particularly distinguished themselves. One ofthem, Jeanne
Fontaulier with the ArdBche. Crowning a lofty peak be- F'ouquet, surnamed Hachette, (i. e. "hatchet,") seeing a
tween these streams, stands the unmantled ruins of an old  Burgundian planting a standard on the walls, hurled him
castle, which belonged to the dukes of Ventadour. Pop. 1065. to the bottom, and bore it off in triumph. In the procession
Three other villages of France have the name of Beaume.    of St. Angadrbme, which still commemorates the raising of
BEAUMONT, ba'm6ma/, (i. e. "beautiful hill or moun-  the siege, the ladies, conformably to an ordinance of Louis
t;ain,") a town of France, department of Puy-de-D1me, 2  XI. lead the way, bearing the banner which La Hachette
miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1820.                          so valorously acquired.
BEAUMONT, b0'm6N%, a town of Belgium, province of    BEAUVAL, bSlv&lf, a town of France, department of
Ilainaut, 19 miles S.E. of Mons.  Population, 2091.  It  Somme, 14 miles N.N.E. of Amiens. Pop. in 1852, 2568.
owes its name to its site on an elevated table-land, from    BEAUVILLE, bO'veel! or bSvill, a town of France, depart.
which an extensive and richly diversified prospect is ob- ment of Lot+et-Garonne, 13 miles E.N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1567.
tained. The marble of Beaumont is in great demand for    BEAUVOIR-SUR-MER, bhO'vw&sRiin-maiR, a town  of
ornamental. purposes.                                      France, department of Vendle, 3 miles from the sea, with
BEAUMONT, b/mont, a parish of England, co. of Cum- which it is connected by a canal, 30 miles S.W. of Nantes.
berland.                                                   Pop. of commune, 2292. Vessels of about 70 tons come up
BEAUMONT, blfmont, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penn- the canal to load with corn and salt, produced in the marshes
sylvania.                                                  of the vicinity. BEAnUvo     (i.e. "beautiful view,") is the
BEAUMONT, a post-office of Chatham co., North Carolina. name of several villages of France.
BEAUMONT, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Texas,    BEAVER, beelver, a county in the western part of Pennsylon the Neches River, about 30 miles from its mouth, and 300  vania, bordering on Ohio, contains 650 square miles. It is
miles E. firom Austin City. Small vessels ply regularly be- intersected by the Ohio and Beaver rivers. The surface is
tween Galveston and this place. The county consists of a  undulating, and the soil highly productive, especially on the
level plain, which is sparsely inhabited. The chief business  river bottoms.  Extensive beds of bituminous coal and
of the people is the raising of cattleand horses, immense  strata of limestone occur in nearly every part of the county,
herds of which range over the vast prairies, and feed on the  and the forests afford an abundance of timber. The county is
natural grasses.                                           liberally supplied with water-power. It is intersected by the
BEAUMONT, bo'm6NaG, in Canada East, co. of Bellechasse,  Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. Capital, Beaver.  Pop.
is situated on the St. Lawrence, 9 miles E. by N. from   26,689.
Quebec.                                                      BEAVER, a post-borough, capital of Beaver co., PennsylBEAUMONT  DE LOMAGNE, bS'mn6oN   deh lo'mfi!, a  vania, on the right bank of the Ohio, a little below the
town of France, department of Tarn-et-Garoune, on the  mouth of Beaver River, 28 miles N.W. of P'ittsburg, and 230
Gimone, 20 miles S.W. of Montauban. Pop. (1852) 4176. It miles W. of Harrisburg. Itispleasantly situated on aplain,
is regularly and very neatly built round a spacious square, and contains, besides the county buildings, an academy, 3
and has manufactories of coarse cloth, hats, &c.           or 4 churches, and numerous stores. Beaver River furnishes
BEAUMONT LE VICOMTE, bO'mdao! le vee'k6ctr, a vil- extensive water-power, which is employed in factories of
lage  of France, department of, and on the Sarthe, 151  various kinds. Laid Out in 1791. Pop. in 1850, 2054.
milesN.N.W. of Le Mans. Pop. 1893; employed in mann-   BEAVER, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
factories of draggets, &c.                                 2804.
BEAUMiONT  SUR OISE, bS'm6NGlsiiR w7s, (or wIz,) a    BEAVER, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.
village of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, near the rail- Pop. 672.
way du Nord, 20 miles N. of Paris. Pop. 2207, partly em-   BEAVER, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
ployed in tanneries. BEiuMO0NT is also the name of seve-  Pop. 672.
ral other villages and commuunes in France.                  BEAVER, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
BEAUMONT WITI  MOZE, a parishof England, co. of  662.
Essex.                                                       BEAVER, a post-township of Union co., Pennsylvania,
BEAUNE, b~n, (anue. VeFllaounodztnssua,) an ancient town of 40 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1659.
France, department of Cate-d'Or, at the foot of the C0te-d'Or    BEAVER, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.
Mountain, on the railway fromn Paris to Lyons, 23 miles   BEAVER, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio.
S.S.W. of Dijon. Pop. in 1851,10,969. It has a noble hospital,   BEAVER, a township of Maholning co., Ohio. Pop. 2144.
founded in 1443, a library of 10,000 volumes, manufactures    BEAVER, a township of Noble co., Ohio. Pop. 1991.
of cloth, cutlery, leather, vinegar, and casks, and extensive    BEAVER, a post-township of Pike co., Ohio, 25 miles S.S.E.
trade in the wines of Burgundy; those raised on the hill of Chillicothe. Pop. 520.
above the town are in high repute. This town is the birth-    BEAVER, a township of Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 224.
place of the celebrated geometer, Gaspard RMonge, one of the    BEAVER, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 168.
founders of the Polytechnic School.                          BEAVER, a post-office of Boone co., Illinois.
BEAUNE  LA ROLANDE, bon I ro'lIcd5, a village of    BEAVER BROOK, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.
France, department of Loiret, 26 miles N.E. of Orleans.   BEAVER CREEK of South Carolina eaters Congaree River
Pop. of commune. (1852,) 21.31.                            from the right, at the S.E. extremity of Lexington district.
BEAUPR,, b5prf, a group of islands in the Pacific    BEAVER CREEK  of Marengo c., Alabamsa, flows into
Ocean, lat. 200 17' S.; ion. 1660 17' E. Discovered by D'En- Tombigbee River.
trecasteaux in 1793.                                         BEAVER CREEK of Alabama enters the Alabama from
BEAUPR]~AU, b6'prl'i5, a town of France, department of  the W. in Wilcox county.
Maine-et-Loire, on the Evre, 27 miles S.W. of Angers. Pop.   BEAVER  CREEK of Missouri flows into White River
in 1852,3669. It has dye-works.                            from the left, in Taney co., a few miles below Forsyth. LitBEAUQUESNE, b'k\ln!, a village of France, department  tle Beaver enters the above creek in the same county.
of Sosme, 5 miles S.S.E. of Doullens. Pop. of commune in    BEAVER CREEK of Ohio enters the Maumee in. Wood
1851, 2707.                                                county.
BEAUREPAIRE, b'rneh-prnl, a town of France, depart-   BEAVER CREEK of Lorain co., Ohio, falls into Lake Erie.
ment of Islre, 14 miles S. E. of Vienne. Pop. of commune,   BEAVER CREEK of Indiana enters the White River in
(1852,) 2480. BEAuREPAIRE is also the name of several other  Martin co.
cantons and villages of France.                              BEAVER CREEK of Lenawee co., Michigan, flows into
BEAUSSET, LRE, leh-b'sY/, a town of France, department Raisin River near Adrian.
of Var, 8 miles N.WV. of Toulon. Pop. of commune in 1852,   BEAVER CREEK of Iowa rises in Boone co., and enters
2833.                                                      the Des Moines in Polk co.
BEAUVAIS, bI'v.4f, (anc. Beovlcacum and Ccesaonmagucs,) a    BEAVER CREEK of Iowa, an affluent of Iowa River,
city of France, capital of the department of Oise, at the con- enters the latter near Marengo, Iowa co.
fluence of the Avelon with the Therain, in a rich valley sur-   BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Washington co., Mary.
rounded by wooded hills, 41 miles N.N.W. of Paris. Pop. land.
in 1852, 14,216. Several branches of the river run through    BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia.
and by the side of the town, forming canals which are of    BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Bale co., Alabama.
great service to the manufacturses. It has clean open streets,   BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Columbia co., Misand pleasant boulevards; its cathedral is one of the largest in  sissippi.
France, but incomplete. It was formerly fortified. Beauvais    BEAVER CREEK, a township in Greene co., Ohio, about
has a chamber of manufactories, a commercial tribunal, a  10 miles W.N.W. of Xenia. Pop. 7055.
communal college, a public library, and manufactories of    BEAVER CREEK, a post-office of Bond co., Illinois, 80
tapestry in the Gobelin style; extensive tanneries, and dye- miles S. of Springfield.
works, and manufactories of fiatnels, woollen cloths, linens,   BEAVER DALE, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
and printed cottons. It is a place of great antiquity, having    BEAVER DAM, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia
existed under the Romans. It was besieged invain by    BEAVER DAM, a post-office of Union co., North Carolina.
the English in 1443. One of the most remuark-able events    BEAVER DAM, a post-office of Middleburg district, South
in its history is the siege which it successfully stood in  Carolina.
188




BEA                                                         BED
BEAVER DAM. a post-office of Clark co., Mississippi.      By the river, navigable for vessels of 100 tons, Beccles
BEAVER DAM, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.          maintains  an active carrying trade in coals and corn
BEAVER DAM, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.             coastwise, and a good deal of malting is carried on in the
BEAVER DAM, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana.   vicinity.
BEAVER DAM, a thriving post-village of Beaver Dam           BEC-DU-RAZ, bWk-dii-raz, or POINT RAZ, a dangerous
township, Dodge county, Wisconsin, on a creek of the same  promontary of France, coast of Brittany, surrounded with 
iame, about.45 miles N.E. of Madison, and 9 miles N.W.  rocks. There is a light-house on it. Lat. 480 2' 12"' N.;
of Juneau.  It is the largest place in the county, and is iin-  ion. 40 435 42" WV.
portant on account of its valuable water-power, which gives    BECERIL DE CAMPOS, bAt-tht-reel dA k'mtpoce, a town
motion to a large flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 1 woollen fac- of Spain, province and 19 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2509.
tory, and other machinery. Settled about 1840. Pop. in    BICHIEREL, baish'r~ll, a small town of France, depalrt1854, about 2000.                                           ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 16 miles N.W. of Rennes. Pop.
BEAVERDAM  CREEK of Georgia rises in Burke co., 844. Formerly fortified and important.
and enters Briar Creek near Jacksonborough.                   BECHIN, b/_Kin, a town of Bohemia,'circuit of Tabor, 54
BEAVERDAMI  CREEK of Elbert co., Georgia, flows S.E. miles S. of Prague.  Pop. 2130.
into the Savannah, about 20 miles E. of Ellerton.             BECHTELSVILLE, blkltelz-vil, a post-office of Berlis
BEAVERDAM CREEK of Michigan flows into the Shia- co., Pennsylvania.
wassee in Saginaw co.                                         BECHTIIEIM, b~Kt/hime, a town of Germany, Ilesse
BEAVERDAM  RIVER of Dodge co., Wisconsin, rises in  Darmstadt, 19 miles S. of Mentz.  Pop. 1600.
Fox Lake, and flows southward into Rock River.                BECIUANAS, BETCIIUANNAS, b't-choo-/naz, written
BEAVERDAM DEPOT, a post-office of H-anover co., Vir- also BICHUANAS and BOSHIUANAS, bosh-oo-s/naz, a lifginia.                                                      tion of Southern Africa, inhabiting the country N. of lat.
BEAVER DAMS, a post-office of Chemung co., New York. 270 S., and between lon. 220 and 280 E. They are said to
BEAVER DAMS, a smal village of Queen Anne co., be superior to the.Kaffresin arts and civilization,(LicH'TENMaryland.                                                  STEIN,)and in personal appearance, their complexion being
BEAVERDAM  SPRINGS, a post-office of Hickman co., a brighter brown, and their features more European. They
Tennessee.                                                  inhabit large towns; their houses are well constructed, and
BEAVER FURNACE, a small village of Union co., Penn-  remarkable for their neatness; they cultivate the soil, and
sylvania.                                                   store their grain for winter consumption. Their chief town
BEAVER ISLAND, a post-office of Michilimackinac Co., is Lattakoo.
Michigan.                                                     BECK/AMSVILLE, a post-office of Chester district, South
BEAVER ISLANDS, a group near the northern extremity  Carolina.
of Lake Michigan, between 450 30' and 450 50' N. lat., and    BECKANEER. See BCKAoNEER.
near 85~ 30' W. Ion. The principal one, Big Beaver, has an    BECKBURY, bk/lbhr-e, a parish of England, co, of Salop.
area of about 40 square miles.                                BECK/ENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
BEAVER KILL, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.       BECKENRIED, blk/en-reet', a village of Switzerland,
BEAVER LAKE of Indiana, situated in Jasper co., is the  canton of Unterwalden, 6 miles N.E. of Stanz, with a port
largest lake within the borders of the state, having an area  on the Lake of Four Cantons.  Pop. 1500.
of 16,000 acres.                                              BECIKERMET, ST. BRIDGET'S, a perish of England, co.
BEAVER LICK, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky.        of Cumberland.
BEAVER MEADOW,,   a post-village of Carbon county,    BECKERMET, ST. JOHN'S, a parish.of England, co. of
Pennsylvania, 11 miles N.W. of Mauch Chunk, and about  Cumberland.
100 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. A railroad extends from     BECKIERSVILLE, a post-office of Becks co., Pennsylvania.
the coal-mines of this place to the Lehigh River, near    BECKIET, a post-township of Berkshire co., MassachuMaunch Chunk, by which a large quantity of coal is trans- setts, on the Western Railroad, 135 miles W. by S. of Dosported.                                                     ton. Pop. 1223.
BEAVER  MIILLS, a post-office of Cherokee co., North    BECKIETSVILLE, a small post-village of Tallapoosa co.,
Carolina.                                                   Alabama.
BEAVER PONDS, post-office, Montgomery co., Kentucky.    BECKETT'S STORE, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio.
BEAVER RIDGE, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee.         BECK/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
BEAVER RIVER rises in Rockingham  county, in the    BECK/HAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
S.E. part of New Hampshire, and falls into the Merrimack    BECKHAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
near Lowell. It forms part of the boundary between Rock-    BECK/INGHAM  WITIH SUTTON, a parish of England,
inlgham and Hillsborough counties.                          co. of Notts.
BEAVER RIVER of New York rises in HIerkimer co.,   BECKINGHIAM  WITII SUTTON, a parish of England,
in the N.E. central part of the state, and falls into Black  co. of Lincoln.
River, in Lewis co.                                           BECKIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
BEAVER RIVER, is formed by the union of the Mahoning    BECKI/LEY, a parish of England, cos. of Bucks and Oxford.
and Shenango, in the W. part of Pennsylvania. It flows in    BECKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
a southerly direction, and joins the Ohio River near the    BECKLEY, b~k/lee, a post-village, capital of Raleigh co.,
town of Beaver.                                             Virginia, 210 miles in a direct line W. of Richmond.  The
BEAVER RUIN, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.       county has a mountainous surface, and is very thinly inBEAVER SPRINGS, a post-office of Union co., Pennsyl-  habited.
vania.                                                        BECKLEY, a post-office of Fayette co., Virginia.
BEAVERTON, bee'ver-toni, a post-office of Marion co.,   BECKSTEIN, blk/stIne, or BOKSTEIN,  (Blkstein,) bSklAlabama.                                                   stine, a village of Upper Austria, with important gold and
BEAVERTON, a post-village of Canada WVest, co. of York, silver mines in the valley of Gastein.
is situated on Lake Simcoe, at the entrance of the river    BECKUM, blk/k66m, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 23
Beaverton, 75 miles N. by E. of Toronto. It contains several miles S.E. of Mniister.  Pop. 1800.
mills, and about 150 inhabitants.                            BECLAEERE, bA-kl1/A-reh, a town and commune of
BEAVERTOWN, a post-village of Union co., Pennsylva- Belgium, province of West Flanders, 6 miles E. of Ypres.
nia, about 14 miles S.W. of New Berlin, the county seat.   Pop. 2235.
BEAVER VALLEY, a post-office of Columbia co., Penn-    BEC, LE, 19h bSk, a village of France, department of Eure.
sylvania.                                                  In the eleventh and twelfth centuries its Benedictine abbey
BEAWORTHY, beeowfr-MHe, a parish of England, co. of  gave 2 archbishops to the see of Canterbury.
Devon.                                                        BECSKEREK, KIS, kish baitch'kA-rkl, or LITTLE BECSBEBAYI{-EL-HAGAR, be-bY-el-hAgAr, or. BEBEK  EL  KEREK, a town of Hungary, banat of Becskerek, county
HADJAR, bA-bPk/el h~dfjAr, (anc. Iseues?) a ruined town  of, and ten miles N.W. of Temesvar.  It is inhabited
of Egypt, 14 miles W.S.W. of Manseoorah, and having more  by Germans and Wallachians.  The former have a Roman
extensive remains of antiquity than any other town of the  Catholic, and the latter a CGreek non-united church.
delta of the Nile.                                           BECSKEREK,. NAGY, n8dj baitch'kA-rlkl. or GREAT
BEBDBINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.        BECSKEREK, a town of Iungary, banat of Becskerek, pro.
BEBEHAN. See BEnBEHAN.                                   vince of Thither Theiss, county of Torontal, capital of the
BEICAN or BE/KAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.      district of the same name, on the left bank of Bega, 45 miles
BECANCOUR, bik8Nzckoor/, a post-village, Canada East,  S.W. of Temesvar, with which it communicates by the Bega
of the co. of Nicolet, at the junction of the Becancour with  Canal. It possesses important privileges as a market-town,
the river St. Lawrence, 80 miles S.W. of Quebec.           is the seat of several district offices, and contains a Roman
BECCA/RIA, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, Catholic (parish) and a Greek non-united church. P. 12,000.
16 miles S. of Clearfield. Pop. 687.                         BEC/TIVE, a parish of Ireland. co. of Meath. Here are
BECCLES, bhklklz, a municipal borough, port, market- the ruins of Bective Abbey, founded A.D. 1140.
town, and parish of England, county of Suffolk, on the    BECZKO, (Beczk6,) b~ts'ko/, a town of North Hungary,
Waveney, 33 miles N.E. of Ipswich. Pop. in 1851, 4398. co. and 9 miles S.W. of Trentschin. Pop. 2200. It has a
Founded in 1369, and is richly ornamented with sculpture.  ruined castle.
It has a free school, endowed With 100 acres of land,    BEDAF, bA/dAf, a village of Holland, province of North
a. grammar school, a town-hall, a large jail, and a theatre. Brabant, 12 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc.
189




BED                                                       BED
BEVDALEf,a market-town and parish of England, county  level, are  sceptible of much improvement: but one-half
of York, North Riding, 32 miles N.N.W. of York. Pop. in  of the county is rocky mountain, unfit for cultivation.
1851, 2892. It has a church erected in the time of Edward  Iron ore is abundant, and rich mines of stone coal have
VI., with a tower, which the inhabitants successfully de- been opened on Broad Top mountain, in the N. part of the
fended during an ir'oad of the Scots; and a grammar school county. The streams furnish extensive water-power.  A
and 2 hospitals for aged men. The country around is richly  turnpike, leading from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, passes
cultivated. and its breed of horses is in high repute.    through the county. Formed in 1771, and named from a
BADARIEUX, b'd're-uhl, a town of France, department county in England. Capital, Bedford. Pop. 23052.
of I16rault, on the Orbe, 18 miles N. of B6ziers. Pop. in    BEDFORD, a county in the S. central part of Yirginia,
1851, 9959. It is neatly built, and has manufactures of  has an area of 504 square miles. The James River forms
woolens, paper, silks, hosiery, and hats.                  its N.E., the Staunton its S.W. boundary, and Otter Creek'EDARRIDES, bsldinneedf, (ane. Bituri-Yt e,) a town of  flows through the middle.  The county has an elevated
France, department of Vancluse, 7 miles N.E. of Avignon,  surface, and the scenery is delightful, the NI.W. boundary
on the Ouvlze. Pop. in 1852, 2703.                         passing along the summit of the Blue Ridge, which here
BEDDGELART or BETHGELERT, b8TH-gh~l/lert, a parish  attains in the Peaks of Otter the height of 4200 feet above
of North Wales, cos. of Carnarvon and M'Ierioneth.         the sea. The soil is highly productive. In 1850 there were
BEDIDINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         raised 294,852 bushels of oats, the greatest quantity produced
BEDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the  in any one county of the state, except HaliSikax.  James River
Croydon Railway, 12 milesfrom South London. The Gothic  Canal passes along the border, and the Virginia and Tenchurch contains several monuments of the Carewe family, nessee Railroad passes through the county. Bedford county
at whose seat, in this parish, Queen Elizabeth was a visitor. was formed firom  Lunenburg in 1763. Capital, Liberty.
BED/DINGTON, a township of Washing-ton co., Maine, Pop. 24,080, of whom 14,019 are free, and 10,061, slavres.
about 38 miles E. by N. of Bangor. Pop. 147.                 BEDFOIRD, a county in the S. central part of Tennessee,
BEDEEKARFEE or BEDIKARFI, bed-e-karlfee, a large  has an area of 550 square miles. It is intersected by D-Luck
and populous town of Central Af-ica, kingdom of Bornoo, 110  River. The surface is undulating, the soil fertile and exmiles WV. of Kooka, on the Yeou, which falls into Lake Tchad, tensively cultivated. The county is intersected by a turnabout 110 miles to the N.E. Lat. 120 45' N.; Ion. 120 471 E.  pike leading to Nashville, and by the Nashville and ChatBEDEGOONA, BEDiEGOUNA, or BEDE-GUNA, bid'e-  tanooga Railroad, lately opened. The streams furnish a
goo/ni, a town of Central Africa, kingdom of Borneo, 130  considerable waterpower. Capitad. Shelbyville. Pop. 21,512,
miles W. by S. of Kooka, and 80 miles S.S.W. of Old Birnie. of whom 16,010 were firee, and 5502 slaves.
Lat. 120 17' N., Ion. 120 30' E.                             BEDFORD, a post-township of IHillsborough  co., New
BEDERKESA, b/der-k.&'z4, a village of Hanover, with a  IHampshire, about 20 miles S. by E. fronm Concord. watered
castle, built in 1460, 26 miles IV. of Stade.              by the Mlerrinack and Piscataquog Rivers.  Pop. 1905.
BED/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            BEDFORD, a post-township of 3Iiddlesex co., MassachuBED/FONT, a parish of England, co. of Sliddlesex.        setts, on the E. bank of Concord River, and drained by the
BEDIFORD, or BEDFORDSI-HIRE, bed/ford-shir, an inland  Shawshine, which affords water-power, 14 miles N. W. fi-om
county of England, enclosed by the counties of Northanip- Boston.  The manufacture of paper, hair-cloth, and silk
ton, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Herts, and Bucks. Extreme  fringe has been recently introduced here, and is successlength, 36 miles; breadth, 23 miles. Area, 297,632 acres. fully prosecuted. In the centre is a beautiful and flourishPop. in 1851, 124,478.  Surface generally level, or slightly  ing village, containing 2 Congregational churches, a high
undulating, except in the S., where it is traversed by the  school, town-hall for civil and litsrasy purposes, and 4
Chiltern Hills. Principal rivers, the Ouse, Ivel, and Lea. stores. The manufacture of children's shoes to any consiSoil varies from the stiffest clay to the lightest sand, the  derable extent in this part of the state, was finst commenced
former producing good crops of wheat and beans, the latter, here, and is carried on to great advantage.  About 11 miles
tarnips and ganden produce, which last, with butter, is  N. fisom this village are 3 mineral springs with spacious
raised extensively in the E. for the London market: 80,000  buildings for the accommodation of visitors. P. in 1850, 975.
acres are estimated as under tillage, and 168,000 acres in    BEDFORD, a village and railroad station of King's co.,
pasture, including many parks and commons. Principal  New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 5 miles S.E. from
manufactures, straw plait for bonnets, and pillow-lace; the  New York.
latter has greatly declined.  Chief towns, Bedford, Big-    BEDFORD, a village in Saranac township, Clinton co.,
gleswade, Leighton, Buzzard, Dunstable, and Luton. The  New York, on the Saranac River, about 140 miles N. from
great N. road intersects the county, and the London and  Albany. It contains 1 glass manufactory. Pop. about 100.
Birmingham  Railway passes within its S.IV. border. It   BEDFORD, a post-village and semi-capital of Westchester
returns 4 members to the House of Commons; 2 for the  co., New York, 125 miles S. by E. from Albany. It concounty, and 2 for the borough of Bedford.                  tains, besides the county buildings, several stores and 2 or
BED/FORD, a parliamentary  borough and market-town  3 churches.
of England, capital of above co., on the Onse, crossed by a    BEDFORD, a post-township of Bedford co.,.Pennsylvania,
bridge of 5 arches, 45 miles N.N.W. of London. Pop. in  drained by Dunning's Creek, contains the borough of its
1851, 11,691. It has 4 Gothic parish churches; a famous  own name. Pop. 1831.
grammar school, founded in 1556, with 8 exhibitions of 80l.   BEDFORD, a post-borough, capital of Bedford co., Penna year each, to Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, and open to  sylvania, on the Raystown branch of the Juniata, 104 miles
the children of all resident householders; free and blue-coat W.S.W. from  Harrisburg.  It is beautifully situated on
schools, a hospital for a master and 10 poor brethren, elevated ground, and encJlosed on two sides with high
founded in the reign of Edward II., and 58 alms-houses. ridges, one of which rises about 1200 feet above the valley.
All these charities, with 8001. distributed yearly in mar-  The houses are mostly built of bricki and stone. About a
riage portions, and 500o. given to decayed householders, are  mile from  the town are the Bedford Springs. which are
supported by a bequest of Sir WV. Harper, Lord Mayor of  much resorted to by invalids and others in summer. They
London in 1561, the income from which is now about contain carbonic acid, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of
14,0001. per annum; and Bedford has, for its size, more  lime, and m-iiate of soda. Pop. 1203.
public endowments than any other place in the kingdom.   BEDFORD, a post-village, capital  of Trimble co., KenThe public building are the county-hall, jail, house of cor- tucky, about 40 miles N.W. firom Frankfort, and 6 miles
rection, lunatic asylum, infirmary, and penitentiary, a  from the Ohio River, contains the usual public buildings,
public library, and assembly rooms. The town hasa manu-  3 churches, and about 300 inhabitants.
factory of straw plait; but its principal trade, which is    BEDFORD, a post-village and township in Cuyahoga co.,
carried on by the Ouse with Lynn Regis, is in corn, malt, Ohio, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 14 miles
coals, and timber. It is connected by a branch with the  S.E. from Cleveland. Pop. in 1850, 1853.
London and North-western lRailroad. It has returned 2    BEDFORD, a towvnship in Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1221.
members to the House of Commons since the reign of Ed-   BEDFORD, a township in Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 907.
ward I., and is the principal polling place for the county.   BEDFORD, a post-township in Calhoun  co., Michigan.
Bedford gives the'title of duke to the Russell family; near  Pop. 747.
it are the remains of Caldwell and Newnham priories.       IBEDFORD, a township in Monroe co., Michigan.  P. 888.
BED/FORD, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, near    BEDFORD, a thriving post-village, capital of Lawrence
the Bolton and Leigh Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Newton-in- co., Indiana, is pleasantly situated on high ground, 3 miles
Makerfield. Pop. in 1851, 5384, employed in cotton factories. from the E fork of White River, and 75 miles S.S.W. from
BEDIFORD, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania,  Indianapolis.  It contains a fine court-house, 3 churches, a
bordering on Maryland, has an area of about 1000 square  county seminary, a newspaper office, &c. It is connected
miles. It is traversed by Raystown branch of the Juniata  with New Albany by a railroad, which is to be extended
River, and also drained by Dunning's, Aughwick, and  towards Chicago.
Wills creeks. The sm-face is very mountainous, being tra-    BEDFORD, village in the S. part of HIlenderson:co., Illinois.
versed by numerous ridges of the Alleghany range, the    BEDFORD, a small village of Livingston co., Missouri,
principal of which are named WVarrior Ridge, Tussey's    BEDFORD, a post-village, of Canada East, co. of ilissisMountain, Dunning's Mountain, and Broad Top Mountain.  quoi, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about 45
The main Alleghany extends along the W. border of the  miles S.E. from Mlontreal.  It has 1 or 2 axe factories, a
county. Many of the valleys are of the richest limestone; foundry, and severalt mills.
dhe slate. shale, and sandstone lands, where sufficiently    BEDI'ORtD ISLAND, in the South Pacific, lat. 210 18' 30'
190
0' —                                                                                              — ~                      i




BED                                                      BEE
S., Ion. 1360 38' W., is low and wooded, and apparently a    BEEICHER'S ISLAND, a small village of Tioga co., Penncoral reef, enclosing a lagoon.                           sylvania.
BEDIFORD LEV/EL, a district of England, including the    BEECI FORK, a post-office of Washington co., Kentucky.
Isle of Ely, in the county of Cambridge, Petersborough Fen,   BEECH GROVE, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.
Northamptonshire; the parts of Holland in Lincolnshire;    BEECIH GROVE, a post-office of Coffee co., Tennessse.
about 50,000 acres in Huntingdonshire; 63,000 in Norfolk,   BEECHI GROVE, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana, about
and 30,000 in Suffolk, comprising the greater portion of the  35 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis.
"1Pens," a marshy flat, intersected by the Nene, Cam, Ouse,   BEECHI HAVEN, a post-office ofLuzerne co., Pennsylvania.
and Welland rivers. The Romans formed an immense em-   BEECH/INGSTOKE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
bankment here, which excluded the tide, and rendered the    BEECH ISLAND, a post-office of Edgefield district, South
district for a time very fertile, until the sluices became  Carolina.
choked, and the level was gradually converted into one    BEECH LAND, a post-office Of Washington co., Kentucky.
vast morass, increased by inundations of the sea in the    BEECH LAND, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio.
thirteenth century. Various attempts were made to drain    BEECH LEVEL, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.
it in the reigns of Henry VI. and Charles I., and it was    BEECIH POINT, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.
finally reclaimed by the Earl of Bedford in the seventeenth    BEECH WOOD, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
century. Under Charles II. its management was intrusted    BEECH WOODS, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania.
to a corporation which still exists. This tract produces fine    BEE/CHY MINE, a post-village of Union co., Indiana, near
crops of grain, flax, and cole-seed; and vast numbers of  the Ohio line.
wild ducks are caught here by decoys.                       BEE CREEK, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee.
BEDFORD  STATION, a post-office of Westchester co.,   BEE CREEK, a small village of Platte co., Missouri, 35
New York.                                                 miles N.W. of Independence.
BEDHAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.           BEEJDER, written also BIDER, one of the old provinces
BEIDI, a post-office of Grimes co., Texas.              of India, between lat. 160 and 200 N., and ion. 760 and 80~
BEDIKAIRFI. See BEDEEKAaEE.                             E., now wholly included in the Nizam's dominions. It is
BED/INGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.      intersected and partially bounded south-eastward by the
B EDIINGHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      river Godavery.
BEDIZZOLE, bi-diftso-l&, a village of Lombardy, 9 miles    BEE/DER, a fortified city of India, capital of the disS.E. of Brescia, near the Chiesa. Pop. 2000.              trict, 75 miles N.W. of Hyderabad. It was formerly famous
* BEDJA, blj/, a district of Nubia, lying along the VW. coast for its tutenag mixed metal wares.
of the Red Sea, and extending N. from Sunakin to Cape    BEE/DING, or SEAL, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Camol, between lat. 190 and 220 30' N. It is chiefly inha-   BEE/DON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
bited by the Bisharye, a tribe of Bedouins.                 BEE/FORD, a parish of England, co. of York, East Biding.
BEDLES. See BITLIS.                                       BEEIGAH, a small Sikh station of North-western India,
BED/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.        under British protection.  Pop. 3000. Annual revenue,
BEDIMINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on  about 4001.; armed force, estimated at 200 men.
the Exeter Railway, 1 miles S.W. of Bristol, of which its    BEE HIVE, a post-village of Clinton co., Missonri, 40
village forms a suburb.                                    miles N. by E. of.Independence.
BED/MINSTER, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey.  IBEEK, balk, a village of Netherlands, province of LimPop. 1841.                                                 burg, 61 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 2368, employed in
BEDMINSTER,  a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsylva- tanning, and trading in leather and timber. Beck is the
nia, about 35 miles N. ofPhiladelphia, drained by Tohickon  nanme of several villages in Belgian Limbourg.
Creek. Pop. 1911.                                            BEEKMIAN, a post-township of Dutchess co., New York,
BEDNORE, bed'nirf, a town of Southern India, Mysore  14 miles S.E. of Ponghkeepsie, is drained by Pishkill Creek.
dominions, capital of the district, 150 miles N.W. of Seringa-  Pop. 1386.
patam. It was a city of wealth and consequence when    BEEKMAN'S IMILLS, a post-office of Somerset co., New
taken by IIyder All in 1763, but has since declined.      Jersey.
BEDONIA, b4-do/ne-A, a town of Italy, duchy of Piacenza,   BEEKMANTOWN or BEEKMAN, a post-village and town8 miles W. of Borgo Taro, at the foot of Monte Selpi. It is  ship of Clinton co., New York, on the W. shore of Lake
tolerably well built, and has a church, medical college, and  Champlain, a few miles N. of Plattsburg. Pop. of township,
elementary schools. Pop. 5378.                            3384.
B]bDOUIN, b.4dwANGI, a town of France, department of   BEELER'S STATION, a post-office of lMarshall co., VirVaucluse, arrondissement of Carpentras. It has manufac-  ginia.
tures of pottery-ware, and silk spinning. Pop. of commune    BEELSIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
in 1852, 2574.                                              BEE/MAIl, bee/mA, a river of Southern [ndia, rises 40 miles
BEDOUIN or BEDUIN, bidfoo-in, written also BEDA-  N. of Poonah, flows S.E., and joins the Kistnah 15 miles
WEEN and BEDAWEE, (Bedawi,) " inhabitants of the de- S.W. of Mutkul; length, 400 miles.  Chief affluent, the
sert," a race which, supposed to be derived from Ishmael, the  Seena.
son of Hagar, hadits original seat in, and forms the great bulk    BEE/MERVILLE, a post-village of Sussex co., New Jerof the population of, Arabia. It is not, however, confined  sey, about 12 miles N. by E. of Newton, has 2 churches, and
to that country, but has spread in all directions, partiuen- several stores and mills.
larly to the E. and W.                                      BEEMSTER, baim/ster, the most populous of the posders,
BEDOUNE. SeePETooNE.                                    or drained grounds of the Netherlands, province of North
BEDOUS, beh'doo/, a village of France, department of  Holland, 13 miles N. of Amsterdam. It has an area of 8000
Basses-Pyre nees, 12 miles S. of Ol1ron. Pop. 1289. It has  morgen or acres, with a neat village, and 2971 inhabitants,
a custom-house, and is the last post-house in France on the  who rear numnerous sheep and cattle.
route to Spain.                                             BEENIHAM-VAL/ENCE, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
BEDRETTO, bA-drltfto, a village of Switzerland, canton    BEER, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Boa.
of Ticino, 4 miles W.S.W. of Airolo, in the valley of the    BEER-ALTSTON, a town of England, co. of Devon, near
same name, which forms the upper part of the valley of Le- the Tamar, 8 miles N.W. of Plymouth. It owed its former
vantine.                                                  importance to some lead-mines in the vicinity; and, before
BEDIRULE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.        the passling of the Reform Act, it sent 2 members to the
BEDISTONE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           House of Commons.
BEDUM, bdtim, a village of Holland, province of Gro-   BEERANAH, beer-unlgh, a village of North-western IHinningen, 11 miles WV. by S. of Appingedam. Pop. 800.       dostan, in the province of Ajmeer, 60 miles N.W. of Hansi.
BEDWARDINE, bedl/war-dine, a parish of England, co.   BEERBHOOM orBIRBH00M,'beer'b'hoom/,(Sanscrit hi-rcof Worcester.                                             bhzmeci, " the land of heroes,") a district of Hindostan, at the
BED/WAS, a parish partly in England, co. of MIonmouth,  N.WV. extremity of the province of Bengal, between lat. 230
and partly in South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.              25/ and 240 251 N., and ion. 860 20' and 880 20/ E.
BEDIWELTY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.         BEER CREEK of Jay co., Indiana, flows into the Wabash.
BED/WIN, GREAT, a town and parish of England, co. of   BEERCROCOMBE, beer-krolkgm, a parish of England, co.
Wilts, on the Kennet and Avon Canal, 4 miles S.W. of Hun- of Somerset.
gerford. It was formerly a place of importance, and sent 2    BEEREN, GROSS, groce bW/ren, a village of Prussia, 11
members to the House of Commons, until disfranchised by  miles E.S.E. of Potsdam, well known as the scene of a great
the Reform Act. Chisbury Castle, a Saxon stronghold, is 1  victory gained by the Prussians over the French on the 22d
mile N.E.                                                 and 23d of August, 1813. Pop. 242.
BEDWIN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hun-   BEERFELDEN, bai/lf8l-den, a village of Hesse-DarmWerford.                                                  stadt, on the Mimling, 23 miles E.N.E. of Mannheim. Pop.
BEDIWORTIH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick         2600, who manufacture woollens.
BEE BRANCH, a post-office of Pettis co., Missouri.        BEER-FERIRIS, or FER/IERS, a parish of England, co
BEE/BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          of Devon.
BEECI BLUFF, a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas.       BEER-HACKIET, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
BEECH BLUFF, a post-office of Mladison co., Tennessee.    BEE RIDGE, a post-office of Knox co.: MIissouri.
BEECh CREEK, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.   BEERJOON. See BIIRJAnN.
BEECH CREEK, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas.        BEERNEM, bairenem, a village of Belgium, province of
191




BEE                                                          BEI
Wesft Flanders, 5 miles S.E. of Brunges.  It ]has trade  in  Be g-sheher Piver; the towns of Beg-sheher and Kereli, (or
linen and cattle, and also possesses corn, oil, and malt mills.  -araUjeci. anc. btr'xlit?) are ocx its E. shore.
Pop. %140.                                                     BEGC-SHEIIE1,  b8g-shkliher or shaihfher, BEY-SI-IE.
BEER00, or BEROO, bee'rod, a kingdom of West Africa,  HER. or BEI-SHIIEHER, bA-shl6Hfher, a town of Turkey in
N. of Bambarra.                                              Asia, pashale of IYaramania, 38 miles S.W. of Konieh, on
BEER-RE/GIS, a market-town and parish of England, co. both sides of the river Beg-sheher, which is here crossed by
of Dorset, 7 miles N.W. of Wareham. The ancient church  a stone bridge of seven arches.
contains several moninients of the Turbervilles.               BEGUILDRY, beg-wil/dree, a parish of South Wales, Co.
BEERSE, bailseh, or BEERZI E, baixczeh, a river of HIol- of Radnor.
land, province of North Brabant, an affluent of the Dommel,    BEtIAR. See BAilA.s
into which it falls near Boxtel.                               BEHBBEHIAN  or BABAHAN, ba-bA-hAnl, a walled town
BEERSHE BA, be-erfsheCba, (anc. Bir-cs-Seba,) a ruined  of Persia, province of Pars, in a fertile plain. 130 miles Vt.
border town of Palestine, 40 miles S.S.W. of Jerusalem. It  N.W. of Sheeracz. Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by an earthen
was a favorite station of the patriarch Abraham, and the S. wall, and has a citadel. 
limit of the Promised Land, while Dan formed the N. fron-    BEHLE,  b~/leh, a village of Prussia, 10 miles Ni.N.WV. of
tier. Here are still two deep wells of pure water, built up  Ozarnikow.  Pop. 1750.
with masonry, very ancient, and the scattered ruins of a    BEHNARD, bWnaar, a town of France, department of
former town.                                                 Maine-et-Loire, (Anjou,) on the Loire, about 9 miles from
BEERS/VILLE,  a village of Knox co., Indiana, on the  Angers. Pop. 2712.
West fork of White River.                                       BEHNESER, blh'nsleh, a town of Egypt, on the BahrBEEtTA, bain/at, a village of Holland, province of and  Yoosef, (Joseph's Canal,)'48 miles S.S.W. of Benisoof.  It
24 miles E. by S. of Groningen. Pop. 1600.                    has ruins of ancient Oxyrynchc.s, celebrated for its vast
BEES/BY, a parish of England.  See HAwEnrBY.               number of monasteries, established in the fourth century.
BEESBY-IN-THE-MASH'I,S     a parish of E'ngland, co. of    BEHIOBIA, baho'be-I, a hamlet of France, department
Lincoln.                                                     of the Basses-Pyrinies, with a customhouse in the pass of
BEESKOW, bilskov, a town of Prussia, province of Bran-  the Pyrenees, on the route to Spain.
denburg, 171 miles S.W. of Frankfort, on the left bank of    BEIRING, (beelring, Dan. pron. ba/ring,) BAY, or ADMI,
the Spree. Pop. 4150, engaged In manufactures of woollen  RALTY BAY, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, Russian America,
and linen fabrics, and in kilns and breweries.               lat. 590 30' N., with.Port Mulgrave on the S., lon. 1400 WV.
BEESLEY'S POINT, a pest-office of Cape May co., New          BEIIRING SEA, is that part of the North Pacific Ocean
Jersey.                                                      between the Aleutian Islands, in lat. 550, and Behring
BEEST, baist, a village of Holland, province of Gelder- S-trait in 660 N., by which latter it communicates with the
land, 29 miles W.S.W. of Arnhem, on the Linge. Pop. 1000, Arctic Ocean. It has on its W. side Kamtchatka and the
chiefly agricultural.                                        Tchooktchee country with the Gulf of Anadeer, and on its
BEES/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             E., Russian America, with Norton Sound and Bristol Bay.
BEES/TON, a parish of England, c~. and 31 miles S.W. It contains several large islands, and receives the Anedeer
of Nottingham, with a station onthe North Midland Railway.  River. Fogs are almost perpetual in this sea.
BEES/TON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West    BEIIRING'S ISLAND, in  the S. W. part of Behring's
Riding.                                                      Sea., the most western of the Aleutian chain, lat. (VW. point)
BEES/TON, a township of England, co. of Chester.           550 17' N., lon. 1650 46'E. Named  from the celebrated naviBEES/TON, ST. ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of  gator Behring, who died on the island, Dec. 8, 1741, his
Norfolk.                                                     vessel having been wrecked here on the 8d of the previous
BEES/TON, ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of England, co. of  month.
Norfolk.                                                       BEHRlING  STRAIT, the channel which separates Asia
BEES/TON RE/GIS, a parish of England, co., of Norfolk.  and America at their nearest approach to each other, and
BEETGUM, baitgim, a village of Ilolland, province of  connects the Arctic with the Pacific Ocean. Between East
Friesland, 5 miles N.W. of Leeuwarden.  Pop. 800.            Cape, (Asia,) lat. 660 6, N., lon. 1690 38/ W., and Cape Prince
BEETIIHAMII, or BETIOLVIE, a parish of England, co. of  of Wales, (America,) lat. 650 46' N., ion. 1680 15' E.; it is 36
Westmoreland.                                                miles across. Its depth in the middle varies from  29 to
BEET/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             30 fathoms. Shores rocky, barse, and greatly indented. It
BEE/TOWN, a post-village and township of Grant co., Wis-  was discovered by Yitus Behring in 1728, axd first explored
cousin, 24 miles S.S.E. of Prairie du Chien.                 by Cook in 1788.
BEE/TREE, a post-office of Kershaw district, South Ca-   IBEI-BAZAR, biA-b-;zar, or BEG-BAZAAR, big-bl-zar/,
rolinn.                                                      a town of Asia Mlinor, Anatolia, on an affluent of the
BEETSTERZWAAG, bait/ster-zwkgl, a village of Iholland,  Sangarius, 52 miles VW. of Angora. It is neatly built, has
province of Friesland, 10 miles N.E. of IIeerenveen. Pop. 100. several antiquities, and a trade in sheep, goats' wool, and
BEFPOT, bat/fox, a town of France. See BELFORT.            pears.
BEG, LOUTGH, 15n big, a small lake of Ireland, co. of An-   BEICOS or BEIKOS.  See BEGKoS.
trim, separated from Rough Neagh by a neck of land. It is    BEIERTHIEIM, bilert-himee, a village of Baden, circle of
about 4 miles long, and from 1 to 1i broad.                  the Middle Rhine. Pop. 660.  Mineral springs much freBEGGA, b,/goh, a river of Eastern IIungary, joins the Theiss  quented.
21 miles E. of Peterwardein, and forms part of the' Bega Ca-   BEIGHTON, bitopn, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
nal, which extends 86 miles frnom Facset to Becskerek.         BEIGHTON or BEYTON, a parish of England, co. of
BEGARD, beh-gas/, a village of France, department of  Suffolk.
CStes-du-Nord, 7 miles N.W. of Guingamp. Pop. in 1852,   BEIGHTON or BOYTON, a perish of England, co. of
4053.                                                        Norfolk.
BEGBROOKE, big/brllk, a parish of Enugland, co. of    BEIJERLAND, bi/yer-lnt, or OLD BEIJERLAND, a
Oxford.                                                      village of Holland, province of South I-Iolland, 7 miles S.S.
BEGELLY, beg-eth/lee, a perish of South Wales, co. of  W. of Rotterdam. It has two harbours, frequented by nnPembroke.                                                    merous vessels during the flax season. Pop. 3000, chiefly
BEGEM.DER, b-ghimlder, a province of Abyssinia, E. of  agricultural.
Dembea, about 200 miles in length, and 50 or 60 in breadth.   BEILA, BEYLAH, BELAH.  See BELA.
BEGHIARMI, ba-gar/mee, or BAGIERMEII, ba-gher/mn h,    BEILAN, bA-lAn/, a town and pass of Syria, at its northa country of Central Africa, in Soodan, S.E. of Lake Tchad,  ern extremity, on the E. side of the Gulf of Islcanderoon.
situated, with its capital town Mesna, near lat. 120 N., lon. The pass, between the monuntains Rhossus and Amanlas. is
190 E.                                                       considered identical with the Amanfgsan Gates of antiquity,
BEGIIRAM, bi'grAm/, a plain, and the remains of an  it being the only route commonly practicable from Cilicia
ancient city of Afghanistan, 35 miles N.N.E. of Cabool.  into Syria. The town, near the crest of the pass, has about
Coins, rings, and other relies have been discovered here; 5000 inhabitants, stone   houses, and numerous aqueducts.
but the site has not yet been ientified.                    Here the Egyptian troops totally defeated the Turks in 1832.
BEGKOS, biglikos', BEIKOS or BEICOS, bA/kos, a large    BEILEN or BEYLEN, b/len, a village of Holland, provillage in Asia Minor, Anatolia, on a bay of its own name vine e of Drenthe, 10 miles S.S.W. of Assen.  Pop. 500.
in the Bosphorus, 8 miles N.N.E. of Scutari. In ancient    BEILNGRIES, bil'nlgrees', a town of Bavaria, on the Altgrreek mythology, this locality was famed as the scene of  miihl, 18 miles N. of Ingolstadt.  Pop. 1104.
contest between Pollux and Amycus.                             BEILSTEIN, bilelstine, a small town of Wiirtemberg,
BEGLES, bailg'l, a village of France, department of the  7 miles S.E. of Heilbronn.  Pop. 1200.
Gironde, 2 miles S. of Bordeaux, on the Garonne. Pop. of    BEILSTEIN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles S.W.
the commune, (1852,) 2844.                                   of Coblentz, on the Moselle. Pop. 300.
BEG'LEYS,   a post-office of Perry co., Kentucky.            BEINE, bAn, or bin, a village of France, department of
BEGSHEHER, big-shiulhe   r, BEG-SIIEHYR. big-shi'r/, or the Marne, 8 miles E. of Reims. Pop. of the conmmune, 1058
BEYSnHEHER, bA-shither, a lake and river of Asia Minor,    BEIRA  or BEYRA, bse-rmA, a province of Portugal.
Karamania. The lake, (probably the ancient Co-alis or  between lat. 390 30' and 410 30' N., and lon. 60 40' and
Karajeli,) 4' miles S.W. of Konieh, is about 20 miles long,  90 50' W., having N. the provinces of Mlinho and Tras-osfrom 5 to 10 miles broad, and contains many islands. It  Montes; S., Estremadura and Alemntejo; E., Spain, and Wt.,
discharges itself into the Soglah Lake, 25 miles S.E., by the  the Atlantic. Area, 5893 square miles. Population in 1850,
192




BEI                                                      EEL
631,416. Surface mountainous, traversed by the Serra Es- 67 miles N.N.E. of Tver, near the Mologa. Pop. 3200. [t
trella; soil not fertile. Chief rivers, the Douro, forming  has a large annual fair for corn, iron, silk, and othergoods.
the N. boundary, and the Tagus, on the S. firontier; the   BEJIGHUl, bee'je-gtirl, a town of British India, province of
Agueda on the N.E., and the Mondego in the centre. Pro- Agra, within the Mahratta territory, 80 miles S.W. of Agra.
ducts, wine, wheat, barley, maize, olives, and fruits. On the    BEJIS or BEGIS, bi-Heesf, a town of Spain, 36 miles W. of
mountains many sheep are pastured, and celebrated cheese Castellon-de-la-Plaia.  Pop. 3155, engaged in linen weaving.
is made: marble, iron, and coal are wrought; the manufac-    BEJOUR. See BeJAWAR.
tures are unimportant. Chief towns, Coimbra, Ovar, Aveiro,   BEJUCAL, bA-Hoo-kYlf, a town of the Spanish West Indies
Viseu, and Lamego. In 1835, the province was divided  island of Cuba, 15 miles S. of Hatvana.  Pop. 2,500.
into Upper Beira, capital Viseu, and Lower Beira, capital   BEKES, b~lskzsh!, or BEKESVAR, bikish'vlR, a town
CastelloBranco. The heir apparent to the Portuguese'throne  of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, at the
has the title of the Prince of Beira.                      confluence of the White and BlackKbrbs, 57 miles S.W. of
BEIRUT, BEIROUT or BEIROOT. See BEYROOT.                 Debrecszin. Pop. of town, in 1840, 18,850; county, 153.018.
BEISAN, bA-sdn/, (ane. Bethshan and Scythoeotis,) a village  It was formerly fortified, and has a considerable trade in
of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, on rising ground, near cattle, corn, and honey.
the Jordan, 55 miles N.N.E. Jerusalem. It consists of 60 or   BELA, BELAIT, BELLA, or BEYLAH, bAli, a town of
70 houses, with considerable remains of the ancient city, Beloochistan, capital of the province of Loos, (or Lus,) near
comprising traces of walls on an acropolis, a Roman bridge, the PoorallyRiver, and 120 miles S. of Khozdar. Pop. front
fragments of houses and columns, a theatre, and excavated  4000 to 5000. It consists of about 800 houses, built of mud.
tombs.                                                    The fortified palace of thejavn, or chief of the province, and
BEISHIEIIR. See BEG-sREHER.                             a mosque, are its only substantial buildings.
BEITAVEND, bAtA-v~ndl, a village of Persia, in Irak-Aje-   BELA, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
mee about 15 miles N.E. of Shooster.                       district, and 45 miles W.N.W. of Cawnpoor.
BEIT-EL-FAKIH, btt'el-fJl/kHi, ("~ house of a saint,") a    BELA, b'/lh', a town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 5
maritime town of Arabia, Yemen, on the Red Sea, 100 miles  miles N.E. of Kesmark,  Pop. 3400.
S.W. of Sana. Pop. about 8000. It is a large, open town,   BELA BANYA.  SeeDiiLLN.
with a strong citadel, a mosque, and houses of brick and    BELABRE, bgehltbr/, a town of France, department of the
clay, roofed with date-leaves. It is the centre of the Yemen  Indre, 7 miles S.E. of Blanc, on the Anglin. Pop. of comtrade in coffee; this article, wax, gums, and coin, are ex- mune in 1852, 2346.  In the old castle of Belavre was
changed to caravans which come hither from all parts of strangled the Sieur de Flavi, whose cowardly order to shut
Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Egypt, for Indian and British  the gates of Compi6gne led to the capture of Joan d'Arc.
piece goods, spices, and sugar. Its principal merchants are    BELAD-EL-DJERYD. See BELED-EL-JEREED.
Hindoos. At the tomb of a sheikh, nears the town, a festival   BELAIA, b'E-i/l, or BIELAJA, byA-lI/yy, a river of Busof three days is held annually, and to this meeting its  sic, which rises in the Ural Mountains, government of Orencommercial importance is due.                              boorg, and after proceeding for about 100 miles S.E., suddenly
BEIT-EL-MA, bit'el-mA, a village of Syria, pashalic of  turns almost due N. for another 100 miles; then turns N.E.,
Aleppo, on the Orontes, about 5 miles S.W. of Antioch, and ultimately joins the Kama on its left bank. Its whole
supposed to occupy a portion of the site of anc. Daphne. It course is about 550 miles. Of these, 240 miles are navigable.
has some classic remains, and the ruins of an early Chris-   BELAIA, bA-l/l,, (i. e. "white,") a river of Siberia, rises
tian church.                                               in the mountains of Okhotsk, and, flowing W., joins the
BEITl, beeth, a town and parish of Scotland, cos. of Ayr  Aldan.
and Renfrew.                                                 BELAIR, a flourishing village of Orleans co., Vermont,
BEITSTAD, bitfstgd, a town of Norway, 55 miles N.E. on Barton River, the outlet of Barton lake, and on the Pasof Trondhjem. on Beitstad-fdord. Pop. 2700.                sumpsice River Railroad, 40 miles N. by E. of Montpelier.
BEJA, bAzhA, (anc. Pax Jullia,) a fortified town of Portu- It has 3 churches, 3 hotels, 6 or 7 stores, and 300 inhabitants.
gal, in the province of Alemtejo, on a hill, 36 miles S.S.W. Barton River affords motive-power for several mills.
of Evora. Pop. 5500. Its walls are flanked by 40 towers,   BEL AIR, a post-village, capital of Harford co., Maryland,
and it has a castle, cathedral, hospital, and Latin school, 22 miles N.E. of Baltimore, and 60 miles N. by E. from Anapowith tanneries, and a manufacture of earthen-wares.        lis. It has recently been improved by the paving of the
BEJA, bAzhA, a village of Brazil, on the Rio Para, 35 miles  streets and the making of a turnpike to Baltimore. The
S.W. of Para.                                             village contains, besides the county buildings, 1 or 2 churches
BEJA, a town of Africa, 60 miles W. of Tunis.           and an academy.
BEJAGHUR, be'jg-giirl, (ane. Vijayahsr?) a large and    BELAIR, a post-village in Lancaster district, South Carostrong hill fort of India, 80 miles S.W. of Indore.        lina, 90 miles N. by E. of Columbia.
BEJAPOOR, be'ja-poorl, (formerly written VISIAPOUR,)   BELAIR, a post-village of Richmond co., Georgia, on the
an old province of Southern India, between lat. 15~ and 18~  Georgia Railroad, 10 miles W. of Augusta.
N., and ion. 730 and 780 E., intersected by the Krishna or Kist-   BEL AIR, a small village of Clarke co., Illinois.
nab River, and bounded southward by its tributary the    BEL'AIRI or BELL AIR, a post-village of Crawford co.,
Toombuddra. It is now subdivided among the dominions  Illinois, 123 miles S.E. from Springfield.
of Sattara and the Nizam, the British districts of Concan,   BELALCAZAR, bAt-ll-kiJthMA,   a town of Spain, 43 miles
Poonah, and  Darwar, (Bombay presidency,) and the Portu- N.N.W. of Cordova. Pop. 3380. Manufactures woollens.
guese territory of Goa.                                     BELASPOOR, bAlls-poo-/, a town of North Hindostan,
BEJAPOOR, (anc. lijayapus-a,) "the impregnable city,"  capital of the rajahship of Cahlore, on  the  Sutlej, 185
capital of the above province, 126 miles S.E. of Sattara, on  miles N.W. of Delhi. It is regularly built and roughly
an affluent of the Kistnah. In the sixteenth and seven- paved, and in 1810 was said to comprise 3000 houses.
teenth centuries it was the capital of a flourishing Hindoo    BELASPOOR, a town of British India, presidency of Bensovereignty, and it hiss a magnificent external show of  gal, 110 miles E.N.E. of Delhi.
domes and minarets, though its dwellings are mostly mud    BELAUGHII, beellaw, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
huts. Principal edifices in the outer city, the mosque and    BELAUN, be-lawn!, or BELAWAN, be-lawman, a small
mausoleum of Ibrahim Adil Shah. a noble structure, worthy  island, Sooleo Archipelago, about 35 miles S. of the island
of comparison with the most famous Mogul buildings of of Basilan, lt. (. point) 0 N., Ion. 1220 8' E.
Northern-India, numerous other mosques and tombs, a    BELBEYS or BELBEIS, blPbbse/, a town of Lower Egypt,
ruined palace, and a bazaar; in the inner city, the mauso- on the E. arm of the Nile, 28 miles N.N.E. of Cairo. Pop.
leum of Mahmoud Shah, the great mosque, military trea- 5000. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, has numerous mossury, and a low temple in the earliest style of Hindoo archi- ques, and is a station on the route from Egypt to Syria.
tecture, and popularly supposed to have been raised by the    BELBROUGIHITON, bel-brawlton, a parish of England, co.
Pandoos, a mythological race. There are here some guns of  of Worcester.
enormous size —one of brass cast in 1549, and capable, it is   BELCASTRO, bil-kals/tro, a town of Naples, province of
said, of carrying an iron ball weighing 2646 pounds. All Calabria Ultra II., 14 miles N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1000.
these edifices are of solid materials; many present the most   BELCELE, bll-sA/19h, a village ofBelgium, province of East
exquisite workmanship; and for 5 miles W. of the fort, the  Flanders, 17 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2856.
whole area enclosed by the outer walls is covered with    BELTCHIALWELL, a parish of England co. of Dorset.
tombs, and remains similar to those around Delhi. From    BELCHAMP-OT/TEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
the great extent of its ruins, it would seem to have been one    BELCHAMP, ST. PAULS, a parish ofEngland, co.of Essex.
of the largest cities of India, while the splendor of these ruins    BELCHIAMP WALTER'S, a parish of England, co. ofEssex.
has procured for it the name of the Palmyra of the Deccan.    BELTCHER, a post-office of Washington co., New York.
BEJAPOOR, a town of the Guicowar's dominions, 40 miles   BEICHIER ISLANDS, two small groups in Hudson Bay.
N. by E. of Ahmedabad, lat. 230 37' N., ion. 720 46' E.   Lat. 560 N., ion. 800 W.
BEJAR, bA-nant, a town of Spain, 45 miles S. of Sala-    BEL/CHERTOWN, a post-township of Hampshire co.,
manca, in a valley of the Sierra de Bejar. Pop. 4664. Ithas  Massachusetts, 70 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has extencloth manufactories, and a trade in hams.                 sive manufactures of carriages, sash, and blinds, and also an
BEJAR, a town of Texas. See BEXAR.                      establishment for making forks. Pop. 2680.
BEJAWER. See BiJAwAR.                                     BELCH/FORB, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
BEJER, a town of Spain. See Vasst.                        BELCHIITE, b~l-chee/tt, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.E.
BEJETSK, bA-zhitskf, a town of Russia, government and  ofSaragossa. Hiere, June 18, 1809, the French, under Suchet,
N                                                                           193




BEL                                                           BEL
defeated the Spaniards under General Blake. Pop. 2655. felt manufactory, saw mills, &c.; 4 extensive ship-yards,. and
The town has woollen manufactures.                            yards for manufacturing ropes and sailcloth.  The comBEIIDEN, a post-office of McHenry co., Illinois, 76 miles  merce of Belfast is very considerable, and is rapidly increasN.W. of Chicago.                                              ing. The most important branch is acros the Irish ChanBELED-EL-JEREED, BEL-ED-EL-JERIID, BELAD-EL- nel. In 1853, 5711 vessels (tons. 768,500) entered the port;
DJERYD, BELED-EL-JEltEDE, be-ldtel-jer-eed/, and writ- being an increase of 2341 vessels (tons, 405,467) since 1843.
ten also, BILED-ULGERID, be-ldl!55l-jer-eed, (i.. "coun- The registered shipping of the port increased from  359
try of dates,") a vast region of Africa, extending S. of Mount vessels (tons, 49,402) in 1843, to 493 vessels (tons, 83.128) in
Atlas, E. of Morocco and S. of Algeria, to Tunis and Tripoli on  1853. Twenty-five steamers ply regularly between lBelfast
the E. It is generally arid, and covered with sterile plains  and London, Liverpool, Fleetwood, Carlisle, Whitehaven,
of sand and rocks, but contains several oases fertile in dates, GlasgoWv, Greenock, Stranraer, Androssan, and  Dublin.
and is inhabited by nomadic tribes.                           The chief articles of export are cotton and linen nianuficBELEM, bA-1NGl, a town of Portugal, 2 miles S. of Lisbon, tures, corn meal, flour, provisions, flax, tow, and horses.
on the right bank and near the mouth of the Tagus. Lat. Previous to the potato failure, Belfast had also a very lac'ge
of the castle, 380 40' N., ion. 90 14' W. Pop. of the town, provision trade; and, since the partial restoration of that
5000. It has a fortress, with a remarkable tower, a hospi- crop, it has begun to revive.
tal, high school, and convent, in which several monarchs    Belfast Lough is 131 miles in length, and 8 in breadth at
are buried, a custom-house, quarantine establishment, and  the entrance, gradually narrowing as it approaches the
large iron foundry. It was taken by the French in 1807, town. Prior to 1839, large vessels had to lie in the pool or
and by the troops of Don Pedro in 1833.                        basin of Garmoyle, 4 miles from the town; but, in 1840, a
BELEM, b-l-NaNI, a village of Brazil, province of Bahia.    new channel was formed, having 9 feet of water at low tide,
BELEM, a village of Brazil, province of Rio Grande.          so that vessels drawing 16 feet water can now come up in
BELEM, a village of Brazil, province of Parahiba.            neap tides, and those drawing 18 feet is spring tides. A light,
BELEM, a city of Brazil.  See PAnA.                          house and pilot station have been established at Garmoyle.
BELiNYES, bAltnlyeshx, a town of Hungary, co. of Bihar,    Belfast is governed by 10 aldermen, one of whom is mayor,
on the KHrds, 30 miles S.S.E. of Gross-Wardein. Pop. 3250. and 30 councillors, and returns 2 members to Parliament.
It has marble quarries and mines of iron, &c.                  The country around is extremnely beautiful. The lough
BELESTA, beh-l6s'tA, a town of France, department of  itself is a fine object; and the hills which bound it and
Arilge, 17 miles E.S.E. of Foix, with iron foundries and  partly encircle the town, are being  gradually  brought
marble-works. Pop. of commune in 1852, 2700.                  under cultivation, while their slopes are thiclkly studded
BELFAST, UPe a and LowER, two baronies of Ireland, co. with the villas and country houses of the merchants. 13elof Antrim.                                                    fast is comparatively a modern town, dating firom about the
BELFAST, bhl-f sat, a seaport town and parliamentary  beginning of the seventeenth century, when it was erected
borough of Ireland, co. of Antrim, 88 miles N.N.E. of Dub- into a municipal and parliamentary borough. In 1701, one
lin; lat. 540 36' 241 N., Ion. 50 56' 12" WV. It is mostly on  of the first editions of the Bible printed in Ireland was
low ground, on the Lagan, near its embouchure in Belfast printed here; and in 1777 the cotton trade was introduced,
Bay.  The river, which is here about 250 yards wide, is  filom which its chief prosperity, it is considered, has arisen
crossed by an elegant stone bridge of five arches, each of 50  Three railways diverge from  Belfast; N.W. the Ballymena
feet span. Two  other bridges, of less pretension, cross the  and Carrickfergus Ilailway, N.E. the County Down, and
stream.  The town, owing to its extremely low position, has,  S.W. the Ulstier Railway, in connection witn a line to Dubfrom a distance, nothing imposing in its appearance; but,  lin. Pop. in 1841,75,308; in 1850, estimated at about 120,000.
on a nearer approach, is found to improve considerably.    BELFAST/, a seaport, port of entry, and seat of justice
The houses, mostly of brick, are well built, and many of  of Waldo co., Maine, at the head of Penobscot Bay.  It is
them  handsome; the streets are regular, spacious, and  30 miles from  the ocean, 30 miles S. of Bangor, 109 miles
cleanly, well macadamized and lighted, and the whole gene-  E.N.E. of Portland, and 125 miles VW.S.W. of Eastport.  On
i-al aspect of the place eminently calculated to make the  the opposite side of the bay, 9 miles distant, is Castine. It
most favorable impressions, not a little strengthened by the  is irregularly built, but has a pleasant situation on the side
cheerful stir and activity which prevails in the mercantile  of a hill. The Paasaggassassawakeag River, a small stream,
quarters, and which, associated with an enterprising spirit,  passes nearly through its centre, dividing it into two parts.
have obtained for Belfast the reputation of being the first  It is extensively engaged in foreign commerce, in the coast
town in Ireland in commercial prosperity, and second to  trade, and in the fisheries.  The harbor, which is rarely
Dublin onlyasa port. The placesof worship are numerous,  obstructed with  ice, is spacious, well protected, and of
consisting of 8 Established churches, 21 Presbyterian, 1 In-  sufficient depth for vessels of the largest class.  During
dependent, 8 lMethodist, 1 Society of Friends, and 4 Roman  the winter season, it is the centre of a large portion of
Catholic.~ Some of these are handsome structures.              the trade of the Penobscot valley, the river above being
At the head of the educational institutions is the Queen's  frozen. Lumber and fish are the principal exports.  ShipCollege, a magnificent structure of brick and stone, built at  building is extensively carried on.  Thirty vessels, (7 of
an expense of upwards of 25,000Z., and opened for the recep-  them ships,) with an aggregate burden of 5803 tons, were
tion of students in November, 1849. The collegiate body  admeasured during the year ending June 30, 1854. The
consists of the president, vice-president, and 20 professors;  shipping of the district at this date amounted to 17,504
and, for the maintenance of the institution, 70001: ayear is  tons registered, and 38,395 tons enrolled and  licensed;
allowed from the consolidated fund. The other educational making the total burden 55,899 tons. The tonnage built in
establishments are, the RoyalAcademical Institution, foun-  the district in 1854 amounted to 12,067. A court-house has
ded in 1810 by voluntary subscription, an annual parlia- recently been built in the place., and a jail is now in process
mentary grant of about 19009. a year, which it received  of erection. Belfast also contains a number of churches, a
latterly, is now  discontinued; the Belfast Academy, the  bank, 2 newspaper offices, and an iron foundry. Pop. of the
Lancasteritan School, numerous national schools, and private  township in 1830, 3077; in 1840, 4186; in 1850, 5051.
seminaries.  The charitable and benevolent institutions    BELFAST, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York,
comprise the poorhouse, with medical and surgical hospitals  about 60 miles S.E. of Bu:ffalo, is intersected by the Genesce
attached; the lying-in hospital; the fever hospital, the dis- River and Canal. Pop. 1679.
trict lunatic asylum, the deaf, and dumb, and blind asylum,   BELFAST, a township, Fulton co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 764.
a new and elegant edifice; the Ulster female penitentiary,    BELFAST, apost-office of Northampton co., Pennsylvania.
and the union workhouse. The other public buildings are,   BELFAST, a post-office of Mlarshall co., Tennessee.
the commercial buildings, erected on a capital of 20,0001.,   BELFAST, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.
containing a spacious public news-room, hotel, offices, and    BELFAST, a village of HIighland co., Ohio, 72 miles S. by
assemnbly-room; the white and brown linen-halls, the thea-  W. of Columbus.
tre, the music hall, the new  house of correction.  The    BELFAST, a village of Lee co., Iowa, on the Des Moines
literary and scientific institutions comprise a natural his- River, 18 miles W.S.W. from Fort Madison.
tory society, a royal botanical and horticultural society, a    BELtFORD, a market-town and parish of England, cb'os.
society for the promotion of knowledge, Ulster Teachers' of Northumberland and Durham, 14 miles S.S.E. of BerAssociation, Belfast Music Class, rhetorical society, and Bel- wick. Pop. (1852) 1857. The town is finely situated, within 2
fast Mechanics' Institute.                                    miles of the sea, on the Newcastle and Berwick Railway, and
Mlansfacltres and  radce. —Belfast is the great depot of the  has a large corn-market.
linen trade of the North of Ireland, as well as the chief seat    BELIFORD, a small post-village, Nash co., North Carolina.
of the m-nufactories of both linen and cotton. In 1841,    BELFORT, blPfosR, or BEFORT,  bitfoi', a fortified town
there were, in the town and its immediate vicinity, 25  of France, depatmient of Hlaut-Rhin, on the Savoureuse,
steam mills for spinning linen yarn; there are now (1850) 38 miles S.S.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1562, 7847. Itg citadel
upwards of30, employing many thousand persons-one alone  was constructed by Vauban, and it has a fine  church, colaffording constant worlk to 1200 people, the annual amount lego, and public library of 20,000 volumes, with iron founof whose wages is about 20,0001. The number of spindles  dries and wire factories.
now at work in Belfast and the neighborhood, is between    BELG2E, blljee, the name given by Ccesar to the inhabit300,000 and 400,000. The other branches of industry in  ants of one of the three divisions of ancient Gaul. Their
the town or its vicinity are, 2 distilleries, 12 breweries, territory extended from the Rhine to the Seine, comprising,
several large flour and corn mills, 4 large, and several in addition to the modern Belgium, part of Holland and s
imaller foundries, several tanyards, 2 vitriol-works, a patent l]u-ge portion of North Western France.
194




BEL                                                           BEL
BE.LGARD, bWltga.t, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 16  gained from the rivers.by embankment, chiefly in Antwerp.
miles S.W. of Cislin, capital of the circle, on the Persante.  There agues, and other diseases engendered by a humid and
Pop. 3330. It is the seat of a forest board, and has an old  sluggish atmosphere, are prevalent.
castle, and manufactures of woollen stuffs.                      00-ods acd  rests. —Nearly      one-fifth of the whole surface
BELGAUMI, bhl-gawmf, a fortified town of British India,  of the kingdom is occupied by wood. The distribution of it,
presidency of Bengal, 41 miles N.W. of Darwar, on a high  however, is by no means equal; and hence, while the two
and healthy she. Pop. 7650. Its works are strong; and it  Flanders and Antwerp fall much below the average amount,
held out vigorously against the British, until captured in  Luxembourg and Namur rise far above it, and are very
1181. It is now the head-quarters of the southern division  densely wooded. These woods are the remains of the anof the Bombay army.                                           cient forest of Ardennes, which COosar describes as stretchBELGENTIER, bel'zh8aN'te-!, a town of France, depart-  ing far out into France from the banks of the Rhine. South
ment of Var, about 14 miles N.N.W. of Toulon.  Pop. 1320., Brabant also possesses several fine forests; among others,
BELGERN, bIslghern, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the  that of Soignies, with which the field of Waterloo has made
left bank of the Elbe, 8 miles S.E. of Torgan. Pop. 3010.  us familiar.  In the other provinces, scarcely any thing deIt has potteries and breweries.                                serving the name of forest is seen. Wood is distributed
BELGIOJOSO, bl1-jo-yofso, a town of Northern Italy, in  over them in occasional patches, and more frequently in the'
Lombardy, 8 miles E.S.E. of Pavia.  Pop. 3000. It is well form  of hedgerow. The timber thus grown forms a wellbuilt, and has a noble castle of the princes of Belgiojoso, in  known feature in the rich rural landscapes which the old
which Francis I. spent the night after his defeat at Pavia,  Flemish masters loved to paint.
February 24, 1525.                                               Agriculture.-The   greater part of the country is well
BELGIRATE, b3l-je-rVti, a village of Piedmont, with a  adapted for agricultural operations, and the inhabitants
small harbor, on the W. side of Lago Maogiore.  Pop. 740.   have so happily availed themselves of their natural advan.BE.LGIUM, bll/je-nm, (Fr. Lac Belgiqoe, ]l' bsl'zheek/;*  tages, that they early began, and in some respects still deGer. Belgisn, bllfgheen; ancientlyapart of Ga/lia Bel/gica,) a  serve to be regarded as the model farmers of Europe.  In
kingdom  in the W. of Central Europe, between lat. 490 30' the highlands traversed by the Ardennes, the climate is
and 510 30' N., andlon. 20 351and 6O 7 E.; bounded N. by Iol-  ungenial, and the soil so shallow and stony, as almost to
land, N.W. by the North Sea or German Ocean, WV. and S. by  forbid the labor of the plough. Here the occupants display
France, and E. by the duchy of Luxemburg, Rhenish Pruis-  their skill, in turning the natural pastures of the district
sia, and Dutch Limburg. Greatest length, from  N.W. to  to the best account. These produce a hardy breed of horses,
SE., 165 miles; greatest breadth, from  N. to S., 120 miles;  which, being admirably adapted for light cavalry, are largely
area, about 11,400 square  miles. For administrative pur- exported to France for th:at puspose, while vast herds of
poses, it is divided into 9 provinces-Antwerp,  South Bra-  swine are fed, almost at no expense, on the mast of the
bant, East Flanders, West Flanders, HIainaut, Liege, Lim-  forests. At the same time, no part of the surface is allowed
bourg,Luxembourg, and Namur. These provinces do not  to lie waste. Where arable land occurs, it is carefully ap:
differ much in area, and are so arranged as to form a com- plied to its proper use. Even the vine has not been forpact and commodious division of the kingdom; South Bra-  gotten, and sunny slopes on which little else could have
bant, which, from containing Brussels, the capital, may be  been grown, have been made to yield a tolerable wine. In
considered the metropolitan province, occupying the centre, the opposite extremity of Belgium, chiefly in the province
while the others cluster round, and, with the exception of  of Antwerp, and partly in that of Limbourg, occurs a vast
the extreme provinces of Luxembourg and West Flanders,  expanse of moorland waste, known by the name of Campine,
actually touch it.                                             of the most dreary appearance, a dead monotonous fiat,
Physical Features. —A general idea of the surface of the  composed for the most part of barren sand, in which the
country may be obtained by regarding it as an inclined  ordinary heaths and lichens will scarcely grow. The greater
plane, somewhat rugged, and considerably elevated in the  part of this tract seems destined to remain for ever in its
S.E., from which it slopes, more or less gradually, N. and  natural state; but whenever a patch of more promising apWV., till it sinks into low plains, only a few feet above the  pearance occurs, the hand of industry has been at work,
level of the sea. The elevated districts are formed by rami-  and cornfields and green pastures have become not unfrefications of the Ardennes, which, entering Belgium  from   quent even in the Campine.  Agricultural colonies have
France, stretch along the S. of Namur, occupy the greater  been planted in different parts of the district, and by their
part of Luxembourg, and attain their culminating point in  exertions a wondrous improvement has been made; and on
the S.E. of Liege, at Stavelot, in the neighborhood of Spa, parts of this waste, some of the finest cattle of the country
where the height exceeds 2000 feet. The rocks appear to  are reared, and much dairy produce of excellent quality is
rest on primary formations; but those which reach the  obtained.  With the exception of the two districts now desurface generally consist of slate, old red sandstone, and  scribed, there is no part of Belgium  in which agriculture
mountain limestone. Proceeding N.W., in the direction of  does not flourish; but the husbandry which has been so
the dip, these rocks take a cover, and the coal formation be- much lauded, is seen in its greatest perfection in the two
comes fully developed. This coalfield is a continuation of  Flanders.  Its excellence is owing not to any superior knowthat of the N. of France, and stretches through Belgium in  ledge of what may be called the theory of agriculture, nor to
a N.E. direction, occupying the greater part of the province  any remarkable ingenuity in the invention of implements,
of Hainaut and a considerable part of that of Liege, and  but chiefly to an innate spirit of economy and industry-an
skirting the provinces of Namur and Luxembourg.  It con- economy which carmefully appropriates every gain, however
tains numerous workable seams, both of coal and iron. N.  small, and an industrywhich grudges no labor, however great,
and WV., beyond the limits of this coalfield, a more recent  provided it is possible, by the application of it, to obtain an
formation is found, covered by deep beds of clay and sand, additional amount ofvaluable produce. In fact, the Flemish
the former prevailing more in the interior, and the latter  husbandry partakes more of the nature of gainden than of
near the coast, whmere it has been drifted into hillocks or  field culture. In many of its operations horse labour is
downs, and forms the only barrier against the encroach-  employed. The plough and the harrow are in frequent rements of the sea. Some of the clay in this district is fit for  quisition; but the implement on which the greatest dethe manufacture of fine pottery; but the greater part of it  pendence is placed, is the earliest and simplest of all-the
is suitable only for coarse ware, or for bricks.  In accord-  spade. The following table of the provinces of Belgium exance with the general slope of the surface already mentioned,  hibits their area, extent under cultivation, and population,
the main streams of Belgium have a N. direction; and the  January 1, 1849:whole country lies within the basin of the German Ocean. 
In the S.E., where the surface is elevated and broken, nu-    PnovncEs.      Aro inam. Cultivated   Wood.   Waste. Population
merous torrents descend with rapidity; and, becoming con-..       e
fined within rocky, precipitous, and richly wooded banks,.......
often furnish, if not the grandest, the most picturesque and   Antbeap....  0699.778   1945192    80,001  35,615   411,824
enchanting  of landscapes.  On reaching the lower country   Flanders, (w.)   79,906   669 219    72,856    11,37    62,84
Fland1rs, (W.)  798,916   669,219    72,856  11,379  0266,047
their speed is slackened, and their augmented volume moves  F11ides (E.)..  740,474   621,701    74,438   2,781  1781,143
along in a slow, winding course. Only two of them-the   Hainaut.......  919,346   723,997   150,201   9,043   723,539
elouse and the Scheldt-have a magnitude which entitles  Lic.........   714,618   51,53    134,121  33,612   400,663
them to the name of rivers; but so important are these two   Limburg....        590,048   381,183    88,163  13,901   185,621
Lumcnibourg... 1,091,009   371,636   343,577  343,256  187,978
in themselves, and so numerous their affluents, that no.r.   m.......1 904,465   417,826   310,0586  119,407  268,143
country in Europe is better supplied with water communi-                       0,65   4,020, 00    19,41643
cation. The climate of Belgium bears a considerable resem-                   7,275612 4,800,393  1,360,218  813,116 4,359,090
blance to that of the same latitudes in England. Though 
subject to sudden change, it is, on the whole, temperate and  It thus appears that about two-thirds of the whole kingdom
agreeable.  The only parts of the country which can be con-  is under cultivation, and nearly eight-ninths profita:ly ocsidered unhealthy are the low fiats which prevail in Flan-  cupied, leaving only about one-ninth waste. In the more
ders, and the polders or rich alluvial tracts which have been  favoured provinces, particularly those of South Bra bant,
the two Flanders, and Hainaut, the quantity of waste is so
very small,. that the whole surface may be regarded as one
* It may be proper to observe that French is spoken by the   ey smallthat the whole surfce my  e regrded     one
educated Belgians generally. The language of tie lower classes  vast garden  It is n error, however, toassert     is usally
is, for the most part, either Flemish, or a corrupt dialect of tln  done, that Belgium raises more corn than it consunes. For
French.                                                       several years the import has considerably exceeded the ex195




BEL                                                              BEL
port. In 1844, the import of wheat for home consumption   Total Valaue of the Imports and Experts of Belgiun'or 1852,
amounted to above 60,000 quarters. One of the most pro-                                              pr  o        B i    _1
fitable crops raised in Belgium  is flax. The value of this                               -
crop in Flanders alone is estimated at one million and a                  ontries.          Iport.    Exports.
half sterling annually.  Considerable attention has been   Russi...................$4,222,000            $59,00    $5,082,00
paid to the rearing of stock, and the breeds both of cattle   Sweden and Norway.....    454,000            212,000      666,000
and horses are of a superior description. Throughout the   Denmark................    222,000             212.200      434,200
kingdom, the estimated number of horses is 250,000; of              ran Zolivrein            4,701,00     8,45,00    13,34,000
cattle, 900,000; and of sheep, 753,000.                           Ntherlands.                8705         875600 17,580,600
fGreat Britail............  11,375,000    8,964,600    20,339,600
Alines.-The mineral riches of Belgium  are great, and,   France...................  10,257,000    17,771,600    28,028,600
after agriculture, form  the most important of her national   Portugal.................    243,00          290,000      533,800
interests. They are almost entirely confined to the four   Siterland22,200                                  52,200,400
provinces of Hainant, Liege, Namur, and Luxembourg, and   Kino      Naples,500       222,00       521,00
British India, Singapore,
consist of lead, manganese, calamine or zinc, iron, and coal.       ad China..............    284,400,          456,000
The lead is wrought to some extent at Vedrin, in Liege;   Africa....................    839,600            112,600      952,200
but the quantity obtained forms only a small part of the   United States6,8,000,015,400    9,0,400
actual consumption. Manganese, well known for its im-   Cub and   to Ric                      2,54,000,800     3,1,00
Hayti and Venezuela.....   1,162,600      29,400     1,182,000
portant bleaching properties, is obtained both in Liege and   Brazil....................   1,937,600       984,000    2,921,00
Namur.  The principal field of calamine is at Liege.  All  Argentine Republic.......   1,203,000           290,400    1,493,400
these minerals, however, are insignificant compared with   Chili and Peru...........    471,400            725,00,1,000
the iron and coal. The former has its seat in the country   Spain.50,00                                      92,400      743,200
between the Sambre and the Meuse, and also in the province   Other Contries.73,500                                     5,44,500
of Liege. At present, the largest quantity of ore is raised             Total.............. $7,329,200    57,464,200   114,793,400
in that of Namur. The coalfield already described has an
area of above 500 square miles. The annual product exceeds    The total value of imports in 1844 was $61,500,000, and
3,000,000 tons, and of these nearly two-thirds are obtained  of exports, $56,700,000.
in the province of HIainaut.  It forms the largest and most    People.-The Belgian population  is the densest in Europe,
valuable of all the Belgian exports. More than a half of the  and is composed of two distinct races-Flenmish, who are of
whole coal raised is taken by France. Besides minerals, pro-  German, and Walloons, who are of French extraction. The
perly so called, Belgium is abundantly supplied with build-  former, by far the more numerous, have their principal loing aind paving stone, limestone, roofing slate, and marble.  cality in Flanders: but also prevail throughout Antwerp,
Of the last, the black malble of Dinant is the most celebrated.  Limbourg, andpart of South Brabant.  The latter are found
Mlanufactures.-The industrial products of Belgium  are  chiefly in  Iainaut, Liege, Namur, and part of Luxembourg.
very numerous, and the superiority of many of them  to  The language of each corresponds with their origin-the
those of most other countries, is confessed. The fine linens  Flemings speaking a dialect of German, and the Walloons a
of Flanders, and lace of South Brabant, are of world-wide  dialect, or, rather, corruption of French, with a considerable
reputation. Scarcely less celebrated are the carpets and por-  infusion of words and phrases fronm  Spanish and other lancelain of Tournay, the cloth of Verviers, the carriages of  guages.  This distinct mixture of races, and the repeated
Brussels, the cutlery of Namur, the extensive foundries,  changes of masters to which they have been subjected, have
machine-works, and other iron  establishments of Liege.  necessarily been very unfavorable to the formation of a naThe cotton manufacture, confined chiefly to Flanders and  tional character.  Still, in some leading features, there is a
the province of Antwerp, engrosses a capital of 2,500,0001.,  remarkable uniformity in the population. Though the posiand gives employment to more than 12,000 persons.                 tion of the country between France and Germany has m:ade
Tr-ade and Comlhmemce.-The geographical position, the ad-  it the battle-field of Europe, the inhabitants show few warlike
mirable facilities of transport, and the indefatigable industry  tendencies, and are unwearied in pursuing the arts of peace.
of the inhabitants, early combined to place Belgium at the  Hostile armies have frequently met upon their soil to devery head of the trading countries of Europe. The gradual  cide the fate of kingdoms, carrying devastation into every
rise of competitors still more highly favored, has deprived  quarter; but no sooner have they withdrawn, than the laher of this pre-eminence; but her trade is still of great im- bors of the field and the workshop have been quietly reportance, and within recent years has made a rapid advance.  sumed, and the very traces of devastation been, in a few
HIfer coal and iron, and the numerous products of her mann-  years, effaced.
factures, furnish in themselves the materials of extensive          Goverioment.-The  government is a constitutional motraffic; while the possession of one of the best harbors in  narchy, based on the broadest principles of rational liberty.
the  world, situtated on a magnificent river, which directly,  The sovereignty is hereditary, except in failure of heirs
or by  canals, stretches its arms into every part of the king-   male; the senate and the house of representatives are both
dom, and now made accessible by a system of railways with  elected by the people. Total registered electors in 1842,
every kingdom of Central Europe, promises to make it the  49,313. Punishment of death has been abolished; universal
seat of a transit trade even more important than that which  toleration, freedom of the press, and trial by jury are estait monopolized during the Middle Ages. The limited extent  blished. The population is almost wholly Roman Catholic;
of the seacoast, on which alone mariners can be reared,  but the clergy of all sects are supported by the state.  The
seems to make it impossible for Belgium  ever to take high  chief divisions of the territory are into9 provinces, each of
rank as a naval power; but if others must be the sea-  whichissubdividedinto arrondissements  administratifs, and
carriers, she certainly bids fair to become the greatest land-  arrondiossemezts judiciaires; subdivided again respectively
carrier of the world. This she owes chiefly to the admirable  into cantons de milice and cantons de justice de paix. Each
system  of railways, which  originated in  a  law  passed  canton is composed of several communes, of which the sum
March,1, 1834, and were executed by the government.  total throughout the kingdom is 2514. Each province has
This system  has it centre at Mechlin, from which a line  its governor, a council of from  50 to 70 members, and a
proceeds N. to Antwerp; another W. to Ostend; another  court of assize; and in most of the la-ge manufacturing
S.W. through Mons, and on to the Northern Railway of  towns is now a council des prudhomnmes.  Each arrondisseFrance. which communicates directly with Paris; and an-  ment has a court of primary jurisdiction, and each canton
other S.E. to Liege, and on into Prussia, where it first con-  a police tribunal. Courts of appeal are established in Brusmunicates with the Rhine at Cologne, and thence by that  sels, Ghent, and Liege; and the whole are subordinate to a
river, and by rail, gains access both E. and S. to all the  court of cassation in Brussels. The kingdom  has 4 unicountries of Central Europe.  In addition to these great  versities, the seats of which are Ghent, Liege, Louvain, and
trunks, one important branch connects Liege with Namur  Brussels; in most of the cities are diocesan seminaries; in
and Mons; and another from  Antwerp, after crossing the  many high schools, termed gymnasia; and Belgium  is reW. trunk at Ghent, passes Courtrai  and proceeds directly to  markable for her public libraries, 14 in number. The comLille.                                                           pulsory system of education in force under the Dutch rule
was abolished by the Belgians in 1830, and the amount of
Sipping Entered and Cleac  at te Porte of Belgium in tie  public instruction is much less than previously; but in
year 1852.                             each commune is a primary school. Each commune has also
_____________________    _______its bureau of charity for the permanent relief of the poor,
ENTERED.                CLEARED.          and numerous hospitals and asylums are established in the
Nation.                                                      principal cities and towns. Bslgium has 22 fortified places;
Ves'ls. Tens.   Men.  Ves'lsa. Tens.   Men.    the armed force in 1847 amounted to 180,000 men, of whom
Sw —— _is    h.....~'1-, -   - -- J- -- ~ ~4-~~,0[90,000 belonged to the troops of the line, and 90,000 to the
Swedish........  152   27,572  25,718   149   17,608   4,511                                                an
Danish.........   82    7,305 I,282    83    7,242 I2,831
Danish.......i. 82    7,305   7,282    83    7,242  2i831   civic or burgher guard. The navy of Belgium  is confined
Prussian........   91   21,581   21,556    90   21,533   6,042   to a few steamers and small flotilla of gun-boats.  The public
Netherlandish..  140   14,372  14,020   142   14,131   9,661   revenue in 1854, was $25,000,000, expenditure, $25,900,000,
British.........  80I 131,106  89,052   814  112,266  58,470   public debt, $130,700,000.
French.........  225   19,055  15,970   235   20,005  12,821      Hiodet           s 0,0
Belgian.........  452   78,087  67,011   462   81,07   40,764         or-The   rst mention of the couty is mad  by
United States...    72   48,976  48,679    69   4,4.23  16,549    Julius Cssar, who includes it in one of the three divisions
Other Countries  357   64,561  63,028   172   65,424  12,023    of Gaul, and describes its inhabitants as particularly disTotal. -~  ~....' —1-,m(,,y' 21  tinguished for valour. It continued under Roman dominaTotal....... 137  1412615 35,317   41646,709  175,672 
196 -...._____   ____  _____1  _____1              tion till A. D. 400, when it became part of the empire of the
196




BEL                                                        BEL
Franks; which, under Clovis, extended from the Rhine to    BELlGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.  It
the Loire. On the death of Clovis, in 511, it was divided  gives the title of viscount to the Marquis of Westminster.
among his sons, and formed four separate kingdoms. Ulti-   BEL'HA/VEN, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Hadmately, about A. D. 800, they all merged in the empire of  dington. It gives the title of baron to a branch of the HamilCharlemagne. In the partition which took place on his  ton family.
death, almost the whole of modern Belgium  fell to his son    BELHIELTVIE, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of AberLothaire. It was afterwards subdivided into several duchies, deen.
which, having been gradually absorbed by that of Brabant;    BELICI, b/le-che, or BELICE, bIfle-chA, (anc. Hypcsas,
passed with it to the house of Burgundy, in 1406, and con- or Hypl/sa,) a river in the W. of Sicily, rises 9 miles S. of
tinned with it till 1477, when, by the marriage of Mary,  Palermo, flows S.S.W, and enters the Mediterranean 15
heiress of Charles the Bold, it became united to Austria; miles N.W. of Sciacca. Length about 50 miles.
and shortly after formed part of the extensive dominions of    BELIDA, a town of Africa, Algeria.  See BIoAIn.
the Emperor Charles V. Through him, Belgium was united    BELIN, beh-liNoG, a village of France, department of
to the Spanish monarchy. On the peace of 1714, it was  Gironde, 25 miles S.S.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. of commune,
ceded to Austria; which maintained its possession till 1791, in 1852, 1545.
when the armies of the French republic overran the coun-   BELITZ or BEELITZ, bAits, a fortified town of Prussia,
try, and portioned it out into nine departments, as part and  province of Brandenburg, and 12 miles S.S.W. of Potsdam.
parcel of France. On the downfall of Napoleon, the allies  Pop. 2350, partly engaged in linen manufactures.
united Belgium and Holland, under the king of the latter,    BELIZE.  See BALIZE.
into the kingdom  of the Netherlands.  The union was    BELK, bIlk, or HUMffMOCK ISLAND, an island in the
never harmonious, and proved short-lived. Taking advan-  Malay Archipelago, one of the Serangani Islands, 23 miles
tage of the agitation caused bythe expulsion of the Bour- S. of Serangani Point, island of Mindanao; lat. 50 24' N.;
bons from  France; in 1830, the Belgians revolted, and ob- Ion. 1250 21' E.
tained a recognition of their independence. They have    BELIKNAP, a county in the S.E. central part of New I-ampsince enjoyed great prosperity under the enlightened and  shire, has an area of about 390 square miles. It is bounded
constitutional government of their own king, Leopold I.    on the W. by the Pemigewasset, and on. the S. by the WinBELGIUM, a township of Washington co., Wisconsin  nipiseogee River, the two principal branches of the MerriPop. 1154.                                                  mack, and Winnipiseogee Lake forming the greater part of
BELGOROD, bUl-go-rodl, a town of Russia, in the govern- its north-eastern boundary. It contains numerous lakes
ment of, and 72 miles S. of Koorsk, on the Donets. Pop. and ponds, and many fine mill-streams.  The surface is
10,318. It is divided into an old and a new town, is an  rough and sometimes rocky, but the soil generally fertile.
archbishop's see, and has numerous churches, &c., and mann- The railroad connecting Concord and Warren passes through
factories of leather.                                       the W. end of this county, and it is partly intersected by
BELGRADE, bel-grAdl, (aue. Singidumnsle, Turk. Bil-graad,  that connecting Dover with Alton. Capital, Gilford. Pop.
bil-grdt,) an important fortified city of Servia, on the right 17,721.
bank of the Danube, at the confluence of the Save, 44 miles    BELL, a county in the central part of Texas, has an area
S.E. of Peterwardein; lat. 440 471 57" N.; lon. 200 28' 14" E. of 850 square miles. It is traversed by the Leon River and
Pop. 30,000. It is the largest and best built city of Servia, and  Lampasas Creek, which unite near the county seat to form
one of the strongest places in Europe, being garrisoned by  Little River. The surface is uneven. The land is adapt6000 Turks. The citadel, occupied by the Turkish pasha  ed to pasturage. Bell county was formed since the census
and troops, is on the tongue of land between the rivers, be- of 1850 was taken. Capital, Belton.
hind which rises the city proper, with antique-looking Gdr-    BELL, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 489.
man edifices, a new cathedral, a palace, and barracks. The    BELL, a post-office of IHighland co., Ohio.
Turkish quarter, with the old palace of Prince Eugene,    BELLA, bil']l, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 14
slopes down to the Danube; the Servian quarter, with the  miles S.S.W. of Melf. Pop. 5000.
custom-house and consular residence, borders on the Save,   BELLAC, b6ll1ikI, a town of France, department of Hautewhich is lined by a good quay and rows of modern houses. Vienne, 23 miles N.N.W. of Limoges. Pop. in 1851, 3788,
Belgrade had formerly quite an oriental appearance, but it  who manufacture coarse woollens and paper.
is becoming abandoned by wealthy Turks; churches are    BELLAGHY, b~lla-hee, a village of Ireland, Ulster, co. of'
superseding mosques; new buildings are being constructed  Londonderry, 6 miles N.N.E. of Magherafelt.  Pop. 739.
in the German fashion; and the bazaars have now glazed    BELLAGHY; a village of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Sligo,
shop-windows.  The streets, however, remain filthy, ill- 7 miles N.E. of Swineford. Pop. 292.
paved, and not lighted, and the public baths and inns are    BELLAGIO, b6i-l/jo, (L. Bilalcus,) a small town of
wretched. It has manufactories of arms, carpets, silk goods, Northern Italy, 16 miles N.N.E. of Como, at the extremity of
cutlery, and saddlery; with a new lyceum, and several the promontory which divides the lakes of Como and Lecco.
schools. It has an excellent port, an increasing general  It has numerous rich villas and gardens, and commands extrade, and is the entreplt of commerce-between Turkey and  tensive prospects.
Austria, and the seat of the principal authorities of Servia.   BELL AIR, Illinois. See BEAIR.
Belgrade was at one time strongly fortified, and might still    BELL AIR, a post-village in Richmond co., Georgia, on
be rendered almost impregnable; but its works have been  the Georgia Railroad, about 12 miles W. by S. of Augusta.
neglected, and are now rapidly decaying.                       BELL AIR, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, about
The military experiences of Belgrade have rendered it 40 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City.
famous in history. Being the key of Hungary, it.was long    BELLAIRE, bil'airf, or BELL AIR, a post-village of Belan object of fierce contention between the Austrians and the  mont co., Ohio, near the Ohio River, about 60 miles N.E.
Turks. It was besieged by the latter in 1456; and again, of Marietta.
with more success, in 1522, from  which time it was held by    BELLA ISOLA. See BoRRaoMEAN ISLES.
them till 1688, when it was retaken by the Elector of Ba-   BELLAMY'S (bBlta-mz) MILLS, a small post-village of
varina. Two years afterward, it was again captured by the  Canada West, co. of Lanark, situated on Indian Creek, about
Turks. In 1717 it was besieged by Prince Eugene, with an  75 miles N. by E. of Kingston.
army of 90,000 men. After a desperate conflict between the    BELLANO, bl-li/no, a village of Lombardy, government
contending armies, the Turks were defeated, with a loss of  of Milan, 14 miles N.N.W. of Lecco, at the mouth of the
13,000 killed, 5000 wounded, and 3000 prisoners-the Aus- torrent Pioverna, on which is a cascade called the Orrido di
trians having only 3000 killed and 4500 wounded.  In  Bellano, oRl/e-do dee b/l-l/no.
1739, the Turks made another vain attempt to retake Bel-    BELLARY, b/l-lah'ree, one of the Balaghaut ceded disgrade, but came, soon after, into possession of it by treaty, tricts of British India, presidency of Madras, having On the
retsaining it till 1789, when it was taken by the Austrians, E. Cuddapah, on the W. the Bombay district, Darwar, on
who restored it to the Turks in 1791; since which time it the N. the Nizam's dominion, and on the S. Mysore.
has remained in their possession, except for a short time    BELLARY, capital of the above district, and headquarters
during the Servian insurrection, when (1813) its suburbs  of a division of the Madras army, 265 miles N.W. of Madras.
were burned, and its fortifications partly destroyed.       It has a square fort on a rocky height; below which is the
BELGRADE, a town of European Turkey,Room-Elee, 13  town, with a good bazaar, some barracks, and neat military
miles N. of Constantinople, and where many opulent inha,  cantonments.
bitants of that city have country houses.                     BELLARY, a decayed town, presidency of Bengal, GurBEL'GRADEB, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, on  rah-Mundlah district, lat. 230 48' N.; ion. 800 20' E. It was
the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, 67 miles N.N.E. of  formerly extensive, and near it are some fine Hindoo temples.
Portland. It has an academy, and much fine fruit. Pop. 1722.   BELLAS, bl/llds, a town of Portugal, province of EstremaBELGRADE, a small village of Newton co., Texas, on the  dura, 8 miles N.W. of Lisbon, on the Ancelva, with mineral
W. bank of the Sabine River, about 55 miles N. by E. of  baths, and a fine castle. Pop. 4000.
Sabine City.                                                  BELLIBR00K, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio, 70 miles
BELGRADE MILLS, a post-village in Kennebec  co., W.S.W. of Columbus, contains several churches and stores.
Maine, about 16 miles N.W. of Augusta.                      Pop. near 350.
BELGRAM, bl-grziml,orBALAGRAME, a town of India,   BELLIBUCKLE, a post-office ofBedford co., Tennessee
dominion of Oude, 58 miles N.W. of Lucknow. It is a    BELLE Airt, b/1-air!, a post-village of Clay co., Indiana.
town of some antiquity, but greatly fallen off. It has de-   BELLE-ALLIANCE, LA, ii b/ll-Al'le-NcSSe/   a farm-houSe,,ayed buildings in the best style of Mogul architecture.   of Belgium, in the field of Waterloo, on the right side of the
197




BEL                                                        BEL
highroad to Brussels, and about 2 miles S. of Mont St.    BELLEISLE-EN-MER, blleel8csm-maio,   an isle of Fance,
Jean. I-Here Napoleon marshalled his guards for their last  department of Morbihan, in the Atlantic, 8 miles S. of Quieffort at Waterloo, and here Wellington and Blticher met  beron Point. Length about 11 miles; graotest breadth 6
after the battle was gained.                               miles. Pop. in 1851, 8553, mostly engaged in the pilehard
BELLEAU, belqS/, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    fishery. The island is noted for its excellent w'heat, and
BELLE CENTRE, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, on the  its fine breed of draught horses. It is nearly surrounded by
Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, about 60 miles N.W. of  rocks, and has a good anchorage and several small poorts.
~Columbus.                                                  The island forms a canton, and is defended by a citadel.
BELLECIASSE, bll'sh[ssf, a county in the eastern part  It was taken by the English in 1761, and held by them till
of Canada East, bordering on the river St. Lawrence on the  1763.
N.W., and on the state of Maine, United States, on the S.E.,    BELLEISLE-EN-TERRE, ballleell8xG-tain, a small town,
has an area of 1083 square miles. The chief staples are  of France, department of CUtes-du-Nord, 10 miles West of
maple-sugar, flax, hay, and oats; some attention is also paid  Guilngainp. Pop. in 1851, 1740.
to the manufacture of woollen goods and leather. Chief    BELLEM, b6lOl1m, a village of Belgium, province of East
town, Berthier-en-bas. Pop. 17,982.                         Flanders, arrondissement, and 101 miles N. W. of Ghent.
BEL'LEEK/, a parish and village of Ireland, Ulster, co. of  Pop. 1630.
Fermanagh, on the Erne, here crossed by a bridge, 4 miles    BELLEMONT, bill-mont], a post-village of Fayette co.,
E.S.E. of Ballyshannon. Pop. 2875, of whom 251 are in the  Tennessee, about 40 miles N. E. of Memphis, has one or
village.                                                    two stores.
BELLE-FONTAINE, bfll'fNa-tnl, a village of France,    BELLEMONTE, a small village of Lancaster co., Penndepartment of Vosges, 10 miles S. of Epinal. Pop. of con-  sylvania.
mune,.(1852,) 2455. It has iron-works, and manufactories of    BELLEMONTE, a post-office of St. Louis Co.. Missouri.
coarse cutlery.                                               BELLEME, (BellSme,) BELLESME, bl'llmt, or bil'laiml,
BELLE-FONTAINE, a hamlet of Switzerland, canton of  a town of France, department of Ornme, near the forest of BelBerne, on the  onubs, with extensive iron-works.           lWie, 22 miles E.S.E. of Alengon. Pop. of commune, 3241.
BELLEFONTAINE, bll-fon/tin, a post-office of Choctaw   It has manufactures of coarse linen and cottons.
co., Mississippi.                                             BELLE OMBRE, bell ombr, a post-office of Ballard co.,
BELLEFONTAINE, (i. e. "'fine fountain,") a flourishing  Kentucky.
post-village of Lake township, and capital ofLogan co., Ohio,    BELLE PLAIN, a village of Clarke co., Missouri, about
on the Cincinnati and Sandusky Railroad, at its junction  20 miles W.S.W. of Keokuk.
with the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad, 116 miles N.N.    BELLE POINT, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, on
E. of Cincinnati, and 55 miles N.W. of Columbus. It is  the Scioto River, about 24 miles N.N.W. of Columbus.
surrounded by a rich, thickly-settled  country, has an ex-    BELLEPOINT, a post-office of Boone co., Iowa.
tensive produce trade, and is rapidly increasing. In 1851,    BELLE PORT, a post-village of Suffolk co., Long Island,
fifty new buildings were erected, and it then contained, be-  New York, near Firepliace Bay, 210 miles S.S.E. of Albany.
sides several churches, two steam mills, one bellows foundry,    BELLE PRAIRIE, bill prVree, a post-office of Hamilton
four large warehouses, &c. The name is derived from  the  co., Illinois,
fine springs in the vicinity. Two newspapers are published    BELLE RIVER, a small stream  of Michigan, rises in
here. Laid out in 1820. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2000.    Lapeer county, and enters the St. Clair River at Newport.
BELLEFONTAINE, a village of Jay co., Indiana, 7 miles    BELLE RIVEI,  a post-office of St. Clair co., Michigan.
E. of Portland.                                               BELLE RIVIERE, blll-ree've-air, a village of Canada
BELLEFONTAINE, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri,  East, co. of Two Mountain, 33 miles N.W. of Montreal.
about 15 miles N. of St. Louis.                               BELLEVALE.  See BELLVALE.
BELLEFONTAINE, a thriving post-village of Mahaska    BELLE VERNON, bill ver/lnon, a post-village of Fayette
co., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, 11 miles W. of Oskaloosa,  co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Monongahela
and 80 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City.                           River, about 28 miles S. by E. of Pittsburg.
BELLEFONTE, b}llfontf, a post-borough of Spring town-    BELLE VERNON, a post-village of Wyandott co., Ohio,
ship, and capital of Centre co., Pennsylvania, on Spring  about 50 miles S.W. of Sandusky City..Creek, 86 miles N.W. of Harrisburg, and 177 from Washing-    RELLEVIEW, bll'vu/, a village of Jefferson co., Pennton.'It has a beautif ul situation, near the foot of the Bald  sylvania, 5 miles S. of Brookville, the county seat, contains
Eagle Mountain, and is surrounded by hills; The name is  2 stores and a few dwellings.
derived from a large spring, from which water is distributed    BELLEVIEW, a village of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania,
in pipes through all parts of the town. Spring Creek, a  about 28 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg, has about 30 houses.
rapid and permanent stream, affords abundant water-power,    BE gLEVIEW, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, 60
which is employed in a variety of manufactures. Large  miles W. of Macon.
quantities of iron and grain are exported from  Bellefonte    BELLEVIEW, a post-village, capital of Bossier parish,
by means of a canal which extends to the Susquehannah   Louisiana, is situated about 20 miles N.E. of Shreveport,
River. The town contains two large axe factories, and two  and 1 mile S.E. of Lake Bodcan.
iron foundries. Three newspapers are published here. Pop.    BELLEVIEW, a post-office of Rush co., Texas.
in 1850, 1179.          -                                     BELLE VIEW, a post-village of Christian co., Kentucky,
BELLEFONTE, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Ala-  10 miles filom IIopkinsville, the county seat, has 1 church
bama, near the W. bank of Tennessee River, 166 miles N.  and 1 or 2 stores.
E. of Tuscaloosa. It contains several churches and stores.    BELLFVIEW, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, about
BELLEFONTE, a post-village of Pulaski co., Missouri,  2 miles E. of the Mississippi River.
about 60 miles S. by W. of Jefferson City.                    BELLEVIEW, a township in Washington co., Mlissouri.
BELLE FOUNT, bil f6wnt, a small village of Washington  Pop. 1838.
co., Missouri.                                                BELLEVILLE, b~lllveell, a village of France, department
BELLEFOUNTAIN, blI-fdwntin,]a post-office of Columbia  of Seine, forming a suburb of Paris, and enclosed by new
co., Wisconsin.                                             fortifications. Pop. of commune in 1852, 34,915. It stan ds
BELLEGARDE, bil'gandl, a hamlet of France, department  on an eminence, intersperosed with villas and public garof Pyr6n6es-Orientales, on the Spanish frontier, 17 miles S. of  dens, and has manufactories of cashmeres, chemical products,
Perpignan, with an important citadel built by Louis XIV.    soap and metals.
BELLEGARDE, a hamlet of France, department of Gard,    BELLEVILLE, a town of France, department of Rhgne,
arrondissment of Nimes. Pop. of commune, (1852,) 2167.    8 miles N. of Villefianche. Pop. of commune, (1852,) 3070.
BELLEGARDE, PONT DE, pins deh b~llgaadt, a hamlet    BELLEVILLE, bill/vil,  a post-village of Jefferson co.,
of France, department of Ain, arrondissment of Nantua,  New York, on the Sackett's Harbor anid Ellisburg Rtilroad,
with a custom-house. Near it is the celebrated Perte dee  170 miles N.W. of Albany, has an academy, several stores,.Rh6ne.                                                     and mills.
BELLEGIIIEM., b6llqh-Hrnm,  a town of Belgium, West    BELLEVILLE, bllltvil, a thriving post-village and townFlanders, 1 miles S. of Courtrai; with breweries, and oil-  ship of Essex co., New Jersey, on the right bank of the Pasmills, and some trade in flax and thread. Pop. 3233.        saic River, 1 miles above Newark, and 10 miles W. by N. of
BELLE HAIVEN, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia.    NewYork. It contains churches for the Episcopalitans, lMethoBELLE  ISLE, or BELLISLE, bil-ilel, (STRAits OF) one of  dists, Reformed I)utch, and Catholics. It has several manuthe outlets of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between the coasts  factories, and is a place of active business. Pop. of the village
of Labrador and Newfoundland, about lat. 520 N. Its length  in 1853, estimated at 1800; of the township in 1850, 3514.
is about 80 miles, and its breadth 12 miles. Its navigation is    BELLEVILLE, a small post-village of Mifflin co., Pennconsidered unsafe, and it is therefore but little frequented.   sylvania, about 8 miles W. by N. firom Lewistown.
BELLEISLE, an island of British North America, in the    BELLEVILLE, a post-office of Wood co., Viginia..
Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance of the Strait of Belle Isle,    BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Florida, on
between Labrador and the northern extremity of Newfound-  the Withlacoochee River, 90 miles E. fi-om Tallahassee, has
land.  Lat. of N. point 520 1' 16/ N.; lon. 550 195 4" W.  3 stores and about 100 inhabitants.
Wheat is said to ripen well on it, and it yields potatoes and  BELLEVILLE, a post-village of Conecub co., Alabama,
other vegetables.                                          10 miles N.W. from  Sparta, the county seat, contains 2
BELLE ISLE, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York,  churches, 1 school, and 1 or 2 stores.
137 miles W. by N. of Albany.,BELLEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Austin co., Texas.
198




BEL                                                           BEL
abo-it 110 miles E.S.E. from Austin City, and 100 miles in    BELLIINGIHAMS, a post-township of Norfolk co.. Massaa direct line N.W. from Galveston.                            chusetts, 30 miles S.W. of Boston, intersected by brancshes
BELLEVILLE, a village in Desha co., Arkansas. on the  of Charles River, affording good water-power. It has an acaS. side of Arkansas River, about 8 miles S.E. from Arkansas  demy and several boot and shoe mantefactories.  Pop. 1281.
Post.'BELILINGIHAM  BAY, a Thriving settlement, capital of
BELLEVILLE, a village of Dickson co., Tennessee, on  Whotcom  co., Washington Territory, on a fine bay of its
bhe left bank of Cumberland River, at the mouth of Har- own name, formed by the Gulf of Georgia, about 125 miles
peth River, about 28 miles N.W. from Nashville.               N. by E. of Olympia.
BELLEVILLE, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.            BELLINGSHAUSEN (bil'lings-hiwjzen) ISLAND, one of ~
BELLEVILLE, a thriving post-village of Richland co., the Society Islands, is in lat. 150 481 S., Ion. 1540 301 W.
Ohio, on the railroad between Mansfield and Newark, 10    BELLINGWVOLDE, b6llinig-frvlldeh, a frontier village in
miles S. from the former, and 58 miles N.N.E. from Colum- the Netherlands, province, and 26 miles E.S.E. of Groningen
bus. A fork of Mohiccan River flows through the place. Pop. 2784.
Pop. above 500.                                                 BELLINZONA, bIl'lin-zolng, (Get. Bellenz, bellints, anc.
BELLEVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan.           Bilitio,) a town, one of the capitals of the Swiss canton of
BELLEVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Hendricks  Ticino, on the Ticino, here crossed by a long brid ge, 16
co., Indiana, on the National Road, 19 miles W.S.W. from   miles N. of Iugano.  Pop. 1520. It is well built in the
Indianapolis. The Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad  Italian style, but its streets are narrow and dirty. It has
passes near it. Pop. 294.                                     several castles; and is the seat of an active transit trade
BELLEVILLE, a flourishing city, capital of St. Clair co., between Switzerland and Italy.
Illinois, is pleasantly situated on high ground, 110 miles    BELL MONT, a post-office of Somerset co., Maryland.
S. from Springfield, and 16 miles S.E. from St. Louis.  It is    BELLOINA, a village  of Yates co., New  York, near
a place of much activity in trade and manufactures, and is  the W. shore of Seneca Lake, about 185 miles W. by S.
rapidly increasing in population. The surrounding country  from  Albany, contains 1 church, 8 stores, and 250 inhais very productive, and comparatively populous. Tie town  bitants.  The Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad passes
is supplied with excellent water, and has beds of stone coal,  through it.
which are said to extend 30 feet below the surface. Belle-    BELLOU -EN-HOULME, bl1lootsso hoolm, a village of
ville contains a handsome court-house, several churches  France, department of Orme, arrondissement of Domfront.
and seminaries, 1 bank, 2 steam flouring mills, 2 breweries, Pop. of commune, 2872.
2 distilleries, 1 woollen factory, and 2 newspaper offices.   BELLOU-SUR-HUINE, bil~loolsfiR-ween, a  village  of
Pop. in 1850, 2941; in 1853, it is estimated at 5000.         France, department of Orne, arrondissement of Mortague.
BELLEVILLE, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.           Pop. of commune, 937.
BELLEVILLE, a county-town in the county of Hastings,    BELLOVAR or BELOVAR, bll-lo-vae!, a town and postCanada West, is situated on the Bay of Quint6, 50 miles  station of Austria near the Croatian military fiontier, on
WV. from  Kingston.  Here are agencies for the Bank of  the Bellovar, 12 miles S.E. of Krentz.  Pop. 2800.
Miontreal, the Commercial Bank, and several fire and life    BELLOWS FALLS, a post-village of Windham co., Verassurance companies.  The town  contains, besides the  mont, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 80 miles S. by W~.
county buildings, numerous stores, several printing-offices,  from Montpelier. In the river, nearly opposite this place,
firom  which 2 newspapers are issued, 3 or 4 foundries, an  are numerous falls, having A descent of 44 feet in the
axe factory, and several mechanic shops. Pop. about 4000.  course of half a mile. Around these falls, a canal with
BELLEY, bhlPli, (anc. Bel/lica, Bellicicsm, and Belli/cfios,)  nine locks has been cut through the solid rock. A bridge,
a town of France, department of Ain, near the Rhone, 39  erected in 1785, of above 350 feet in length, crosses the
miles E. from Lyons.  Pop. in 1852, 4517. It is the seat of  river at this place. The village is situated at the intera bishopric, has a fine church, and was formerly fortified.  section of the railroads connecting Boston with Montreal,
In its vicinity are the best lithographic stones in France.  and New Haven with St. Johnsbury.  It is remarkable for
It has manufactures of muslins, and trade in Gruyere  its beautiful scenery, and for containing a celebrated medi,
cheese. Belley served as a place of arms to Cossar against  cinal spring.  Bellows Falls contains a ban]k, a saving inthe Allobroges.  Alaric burned it in 390. It was possessed  stitution, and has some manufactures.
in the Middle Ages by the Dukes of Savoy, and was ceded    BELL PLAIN, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois.
to France in 1601.                                              BELL POINT, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.
BELLEVUE, bel-vew/, a village of Putnam  co., Georgia,    BELL PRAIIRIE, bell-prAlree, a post-office of Benton no.,
18 miles N.N.W. from Milledgeville.                           Minnesota Territory.
BELLEVUE, a flourishing post-village of Lyme township,    BELL-ROCK, or INCI-CAPE, a reef of rocks in the GerHIuron co., Ohio, on the Mad River Railroad, at its junction  man Ocean, off the E. coast of Scotland, 12 miles S.E. of
with the railroad which connects Cleveland with Toledo, Arbroath.  The reef is about 2000 feet in length; and, at
96 miles N. from Columbus, and 15 from  Lake Erie. It is  spring-ebbs, a portion is uncovered to the height of 4 feet.
one of the largest villages in the county, and has a consi-  Between 1808 and 1811, a light-house was built on it, which
derable trade.                                                is 1.15 feet in height, and 42 feet in diameter at its base,
BELLEVUE, a post-village and township of Eaton co., with a revolving light; lat. 560 26 3/" N., lon. 20 23' 6" W.
Michigan, on Battle Creek, 120 miles WV. from  Detroit, and  At the distance of 100 yards all round the rock, at low
16 miles N. filom  MIarshall, was formerly the county seat. water of spring tides, there is about 3 fathoms depth of
It contains several mills, propelled by water-power, and  water.
has a valuable quarry of limestone in the vicinity.  Pop. of    BELL ROI, a post-office of Gloucester co., Virginia.
the township, 769.                                              BELLSIBOROUGII, a village of Ohio co., Kentucky.
BELLEVUE, a thriving. post-village, capital of Jackson    BELLSIBU RGIt, a post-office of Dickson co., Tennessee.
co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, 24 miles below DUbuque,    BELL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-ofnce of Louisiana co.,
and 13 miles S. from Galena. It is situated at the end of a  Virginia.
beautiful valley, on a bank elevated 30 feet above high-    BELL'S LANDING, a small post-village in Monroe oo.,
water mark, and has one of the finest landings on the river,  Alabama.
formed by a gravelly beach, with sufficient depth of water.    BELL'S MIINES, a post-office of Crittenden co., Kentucky.
A fine farming district lies back of this place, the produce    BELL'S RIDGE, a post-office of Madison co., Iowa.
of which is shipped here by steamboats.                         BELL'S STORE, a post-office of Fairfield district, South.BELLFAIR MILLS, a post-office of Stafford  co., Vir-  Carolina.
ginia.                                                          BELL'S VALLEY, a post-office of Rockbridge co., VirBELLIFONT/, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 15 miles  ginia, 147 miles VW. from Richmond.
E. by S. from New Lisbon.                                       BELL TOWN, the capital of a self-styled regal chief of
BELLHEIM, billthime, a market-town of Bavaria, about  Guinea, on the Camecroons River, near its estuary. It is
5 miles from  Germersheim, on the Spiegelbach. It is a  large, and  regularly  built, consisting of neat bamboo
place of great antiquity, being noticed so early as the eighth  houses. Merchant vessels may lie in the river quite close
century. Pop. 2375.                                           to the town.
BELLICA, BELLICU      M, or BELLICIUM.  See BELLD Y.          BELL/TOWN. a post-office of Monroe co., Tennessee.
BELLIE, blflee, a maritime parish of Scotland, cos. of    BELLUNO, bl-loonno, (anc. Bellodnuec   or Belendumsc,) a
Me oray and Banff, on the Spey, 8 miles E. from Elgin. The  city of N. Italy, in Venice, on the Piave, 51 miles N. of Venice.
village of Fochabers, and Gordon Castle, a seat of the Duke  Pop. 9700. It is enclosed by old walls; it has a fine aque-'of Richmond, are in this parish.                              duct, a cathedral designed by Palladio, a rich hospital,
BELLIGAM, b8~le-glml, a town of Ceylon, province of the  diocesan and high schools, a public library; manufactures
samne name, situated on a small, but beautiful bay, between  of silk fabrics, leather, hats, and earthenw-are, a trade in
Matura and Point de Galle. It contains many religious  timber, and large fairs in February and April.  The title
edifices, in one of which is a colossal figure of Boodha, in a  of Duke of Belluno was conferred by Napoleon on Marshal
reclining posture.                                            Victor.
BEL/LINGRAM, a market-town and parish of England,    BELLUS, b~llloosh/, or BELUSSA, bil'loolseh', a mtrketco. of Northumberland, on the Tyne, 14 miles N.N.W. fromn  town of Hungary, co. and 16 miles N.N.E. of Trentschen,
Iexham.  Pop.-in 1851,1594. The lands belonged to the  on the Waag.  Pop. 2b330.
Earl of Derwentwater; were forfeited to the crown in 1715,    BELLIVALE, a post-village of Orange co., Newv York, 26
and granted to Greenwich Hospital.                            miles S.W. from Newbury.
15)9




BEL                                                        B3EL
BELlYVILLE, a post-office of HIamilton co., Florida.     stores, 3 hotels, 3 flouring  mills, 1 iron foundry with maBELLrVILLE or BELLEYILLE, a post-village, capital of  chine shop, 1 manufactory of woollen goods, 1 of reapors anci
Austin co., Texas.                                         fanning mills, 2 of carriages, and I of scales. A branch railBELLYE, blfyth', a village of S. Hungary, co. of Baranya, road, 18 miles lon-, connects it with the Galena and Chicago
16 miles S.E. of Fiinfkirchen, with a castle. Pop. 1075.   Railroad; another is in course of construction to Madison,
BELMONT, bSlnmbi!, a town of France, department of  and a third projected to Milwaukee. Settled about 1837, aind
Loire, 16 miles N.E. of Roanne. Pop. of commune, 1852, 3713.  incorporated in 1845. Pop. of township in 1850, 2782; of
Phis is the name also of several other villages of France.  village, in 1853, about 3300.
BELMONTI, a county in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on    BELOOCHISTAN, bel-oo'chis-tint.* (anc. Gedroesia, and the
the Ohio River, which separates it from Virginia, contains  countries of the Oriftct, Ichthlyopedagi,  &c.,) an extensive
520 square miles. It is drained by Indian, Wheeling, Cap- country of Southern Asia, forming the S.E. part of the
tina, and McMahon creeks. which flow nearly eastward. old dominion of Persia, between lat. 240 503 and 300 20'
The surface is finely diversified by hills, which are capable  N., and ion. 570 40' and 690 18S  E.; having on the E.
of cultivation to the summit. The soil is excellent. The  Sinde, N. Afghanistan, N.W. and W. the Persian Desert,
county contains an abundance of stone coal. It is inter- and extending on the S. for 600 miles along the shores of
sected by the Central Railroad of Ohio. Capital, St. Clairs- the Indian Ocean. Estimated area, 160,000 square miles.
ville. Pop. 34,600.                                         It is subdivided into the six provinces of Kelat, Sarawan.
BELMONT, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, about  Cutch-Gundava, Jhalawan, Loos, and Mekran. Nearly the
35 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Pop. 1486.                  whole country is mountainous, except in the N.W. and
BELMONT, a post-township of Franklin co., New York, along the coast-its general characteristics being a rugged
35 miles WV. from Plattsburg, is drained by the Chateaugay  and elevated surface, barrenness, and deficiency of water.
River. Pop. 660.                                            Its mountains in the E. are connected with those of South
BELMONT, a post-office of Loudon co., Virginia.           Afghanistan, and rise to considerable elevation; the Bolan
BELMONT, a post-office of Newberry district, South Cars- Pass, and even the bottoms of-some valleys are upwards of
lina.                                                       5793 feet in height, and the capital, Kelat, is 6000 feet above
BELMONT, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.            the sea. In the N., the peak of Takkatoo is considered to
BELMONT, Wisconsin.  See BELMoNTE.                        have an elevation of 11,000 feet. The rivers are very insigBELMONT, a post-office of Gonzales co., Texas.            nificant, except after heavy rains; the largest,the Doostese,
BELMONT, a post-office of Crawford co., Arkansas.         though supposed to have a course of 1000 miles, has been
BELMONT, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.         found at its mouth only 20 inches deep, and 20 yards in
BELMONT, a small village of Campbell co., Kentucky.    width. The climate is exceedingly varied, being cold in
BELMONT, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 22  the elevated parts, and excessively hot in the lower valleys.
miles W. by S. from Wheeling, has 150 inhabitants.          In the low and watered plains of Cutch-Gundava and Loos,
BELMONT, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois, 70 miles W. rice and sugar-cane, with cotton, indigo, and tobacco, are
fsiom Springfield.                                          raised; in other parts, wheat, barley, madder, and pulse,
BELMONTE, bl-monfcl, a town of Naples, in the pro- with European fruits, melons, pomegranates, rhubarb, and
vince of Calabria Citra, on a mountain near the Mediter- assafoetida are the principal products; on some of the mounranean, 14 miles S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2914.                tain sides the tamarisk and babool attain the size of large
BELMONTE, b~l-mon/tA, a town of Spain, 35 miles S.W. timber-trees. In the wide, sandy desert of Mekran, where
of Cuenca. Pop. 2694.                                       the returning army of Alexander the Great suffered its seBELMIONTE, b31-monftd, a town of Portugal, province of  verest hardships, the date is the only valuable product.
Beira-Baixa, 15 miles S. of Guarda.  Pop. 1150.             Pastures are generally poor, and cattle few; but a good
BELMONTE, bcl-monftA, or  RIO JEQUITINHONHA   many sheep and goats are kept, the pursuits of the people
roeeo zhA-ke-teen-ydn.ya, a river of Brazil, in the province  being mostly pastoral. The Bactrian (or two-humped) ca-.of Bahia, formed by the union of two rivers, which rise  mel and the dromedary are used as beasts of burden; in
in the Serra Frio; it flows generally N.E., and enters the  the N.W. some good horses are bred. The strata about KsAtlantic in lat. 15~ 55, S., ion. 380 55  W.                lat and Mustung, as well as other explored localities, conBELMONTE, a town of Brazil, on the right bank of the  sist of secondary limestone and sandstone, and congloabove river, with a small port on the Atlantic. Pop. 600, merates; and the N.W. extremity shows indication  of
mostly fishermen.                                           volcanic action.  Mineral products comprise copper, lead,
BELMONTE, bel-mont', a post-village of Panola co., Mis- antimony, iron, sulphur, alum, and sal-ammoniac, but these
sissippi, on the Tallahatchie River, 7 miles above Panola,  are turned to little account. Prepared skins, woollen felt
the county seat, and 167 miles N. from Jackson.             and cloths, carpets and tent-covers of goats' or camels' hair,
BELMONTE, a village of La Porte co., Indiana, 11 miles  and rude fire-arms, are all the manufactured products.
S. by W. from La Porte.                                     The trade is comparatively small, and almost monopolized by
BEL'MONTE! or BELMONT, a village of La Fayette co., Hindoos. Sonmeanee is the only seaport- its custom dues
Wisconsin, about 60 miles W.S.W. from  Madison, was  were, in 1840, farmed for 34001. Principal exports, butter or
formerly the seat of territorial government. Three mounds  ghee, hides, wool, a few drugs, dried firuits, fish, a little
rise from the prairie in this vicinity to the height of about corn, and vegetable oil; imports, British and Indian mann100 feet, one of which is called the Belmont Mound.         factures, rice, spices, dye-stuffs, and slaves for Muscat.
BEL'MORE! or BELLMORE, a village of Parke co., In-    Tribes, Manners, and Customs. —The inhabitants are didiana, 54 miles W. from Indianapolis, with which it is con- vided into two great branches, called Beloochees, and Branected by a plank-road, has about 100 inhabitants.          hooees, differing in their language, figure, and manners,
BELMULILET, a small seaport town of Ireland, Con-  and each subdivided into a number of minor tribes. The
naught, co. of Mayo, on Blacksod Bay, 11 miles W.N.W. of  Beloochees are tall, and well formed, and have small bones,
Bangor. Pop. 637. It has sprung up since 1825, and is long faces, with prominent features, a dark complexion, and
now a thriving place; it has a pier, a coast-guard station, black hair.  They are indolent and dissolute, avaricious,
and exports of agricultural produce and fish, &c.          vindictive, and cruel. The Brahooees, so called from the
BELOBANYA, bslo-b~nlylhx, a royal free town of Iun- words bah-rloh-i, (on the waste,) are much shorter and broader
gary, co. of Honth, circle and 2 miles N. of Schemuitz. Pop. than the Beloochees; and have large bones, round faces, and
1740.                                                      fiat features, their hair and beards frequently brown. They
BELCEIL, b3l!ulf, a town of Belgium, 19 miles E. of  are most numerous in the province of Jhalawan, and in the
Tournay. Pop. 2267.                                        N. and W. parts, but are found everywhere. They have
BEL(EIL, bel'ail!, (Fr. pron. b1uv'u,) a post-village of Ca- greater physical strength, and are less addicted tb rapine
nada East, co. of Verchlres, on the River Richelieu, 24  and predatory violence than the Beloochees. Both races are
miles N.E. from Montreal.                                   hospitable, brave, and capable of enduring much fatigue.
BELOIT, a post-township in Rock co., Wisconsin, about Both Beloochees and Brahooees are of the Soonee sect of
12 miles S. by W. from Janesville. Pop. 2732.               Mohammedans, and opposed to the Sheeites (Shiites.)
BELOIT, a flourishing post-village of Beloit township, Neither race possesses a written language, and their early
Rock co., Wisconsin, on the left bank of Rock River, at the  histories have not been preserved. The Beloochee language
mouth of Turtle Creek, 50 miles S.S.E. from Madison, 78  resembles themodernPersian, the Brahooeethe Hindoo. All
miles S.W. from Milwaukie, and very near the S. line of the  the Beloochees are excellent marksmen, and attached to field
state.- It is situated on a beautiful plain, from which the  sports. They keep as many slaves as they can maintain,
ground rises abruptly 50 or 60 feet, affording desirable sites  and often domesticate and treat kindly the captives carried
for residences. The part of the county E. from Rock River off in their predatory excursions. Polygamy is universal.
is occupied by a fertile prairie, the largest in the state. The  Wives are obtained by purchase, payment being made in
village has an active trade, and is amply supplied with  sheep, &c.
water-power, which has been increased by a dam  across    Government.-The government is despotic, the khan hsvRock River, and gives motion to mills and factories of va- ing unlimited power over life, person, and property. He
rious.kinds.  Beloit is noted for its fine churches, and
handsome, spacious streets.  It has several flourishing    *We are informed, en good authority, that the native proseminaries, and is the seat of Beloit College, founded in  nunciatio of this name is belotis-tan bu general use ap1846. The Congregational church, built of gray limestone, pears to have affixed to the ch its soft sound: even the French
is described as one of the most beautiful in the state. Beloit  pronounce the name in this manner. B. bi writes it Belo!tcontains 6 churches, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, more than 40  chiistas.
200




BEL                                                       BEM
usually resides in Kelat, and his rule is almost confined to    BELTON, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln;
the immediate province around it; the greater part of the    BELTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
country being held by tribes who acknowledge subjection    BELTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
only to their own chiefs. Ile has no standing army, but all   BELTON, a post-office, Anderson district, South Carolina.
the heads of tribes are bound to furnish contingents of men    BELTON, a post-village, capital of Bell co., Texas, 70 miles
in case of war, as well as to pay tribute-an obligation which  N.N.E from Austin.
is often evaded. The khan's revenues are estimated at up-   BELTRUM, b8lltrtim, a vilUage of the Netherlands, prowards of 30,0001. Ie has a great number of household  vince of Gelderland, 16i  miles E.S.E. of Zutphen. Pop. 500.
slaves, from  amhong whom he selects fit persons to be ap-   BELTSIVILLE, a post-office of Prince George's co., Marypointed governors of towns and provinces,                 land.
Moloderns History. —About the middle of the last century,   BEL'TUR/BET, a municipal borough and market-town of
Beloochistan was made tributary by Nadir Shah, who be- Ireland, co. of Ulster, and 8S miles N.N.W. of Cavan, on the
stowed it on Nasir Khan, with the title of Beglerbeg or com- Earn. Pop. 2070.
mander-in-chief. The latter greatly extended the Beloochee    BELUR TAGH. See BoLon TAGIu.
dominions, and was the ablest ruler who has ever governed    BELVEDERE, bil-vA-di/ri, a town of Naples, province of
Beloochistan.  On his death, in 1795, the country was left Calabria Citra, on the Mediterranean, 32 miles NI.W. of Coin a comparatively prosperous condition; but since the com- senza. Pop. 3400.
menceoent of the present century, especially since 1809 and    BELVEDERE, a town of Italy in the Pontifical States, 15
1810, it has suffered much from intestine wars and revolu- miles W. of Ancona.
tions, and its territorial boundaries have been greatly cur-    BELVEDERE, btl-vAt-dArA, a hamlet of Saxe-WVeimar,
tailed. In March, 1839, on the advance of the British army  near WVeimar, with a summer palace of the grand dukes.
of the Indus through the Bolan Pass, towards Afghanistan,    BELVES, b6lv, a town of France, department of Dordogne,
the conduct of Mehrab Khan, the ruler of Beloochistan, was 13 miles S.W. of Sarlat. Pop. of commune, 1852, 2536.
marked with so much hostility, that Major-General Will-   BELVIDERE, bel-ve-deer!, a township of Lamoille co., Vershire was detached to assault Kelat, which, with the citadel, mont, 30 miles N. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 256.
was taken by storm after a siege of a few hours, Nov. 13, the    BELVIDERE, a post-village of Amity township, Alleghany
same year. The khan himself and about 400 of his troops co., New York, on the S. side of the Genesee Iliver, near the
were slain; and 2000 of his soldiers became prisoners. In  point where it is crossed by the New York and Erie Rail1840, the governor established at Kelat by the British, with  road, 379 miles from New York city.
a feeble garrison of sepoys, was overpowered by the Be-   BELVIDERE, a post-town of Oxford township, Warren
loochees; but, at the close of the same year, the capital was co., New Jersey, is situated on both sides of the Pequest
reoccupied by the army under General Nott. In 1841, Mir Creek, at its junction with the Delaware, 13 miles above
Nasir Khan, the youthful son of Mehrab Kahn, was re- Easton, and 65 miles W. of New York city. The Belvidere
cognised as ruler by the British, who soon after left the  and Delaware Railroad extends from  this place to Trenton.
country.  Principal town, Kelat.  Pop. uncertain, being  It contains a court-house, 2 banks, a new academy, 4
estimated at from 450,000 to 2,000,000, which latter is pre- churches, 2 printing offices, and 12 stores. There is a bridge
sumed to be nearer the truth. —A —dj. and inhab. BErL-oot- across the Delaware, and one across the Pequest Creek. The
CHEE, or BEL001OCHE.                                       latter stream falls nearly 50 feet in the last mile of its course,
BELOOR TAGIH or BELOUR TAGH. See BOLORn  TAGH.    affording abundant water-power. Belvidere has 1 iron founBELORADO, bA-lo-rDo, a town of Spain, 25 miles E. of  dry, 1 large new cotton factory, 1 grist and 3 saw mills. Pop.
Burgos, on the right bank of the Tiron. Pop. 2450.         about 1000.
BELOSTOK. See BIALvSTOK.                                   BELVIDERE, a post-village, capital of Boone co., Illinois,
BELOVAR, a town of Croatia. See BELLOVAR.                on the Kishwaukee River, and on the Chicago and Galena
BELP, b~lp, a village of Switzerland, canton and 5 miles  Railroad, 78 miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and 15 miles E. of
S.E. of Bern. Pop. 1500. On its S. side is the Belpberg, a  Rockford. It is situated in a fertile and undulating counmountain 2940 feet high, containing many petrifactions.    try, and has an active trade. Pop. in 1850, estimated at 2000.
BELPASSO, b8l-ps'so, a town of Sicily, 7t miles N.W. of    BELVOIR, bee/ver, an extra-parochial district of EngCatania. Pop. 2500.                                        land, cos. of Leicester and Lincoln, 5 miles W.S.W. of Great
BELPECH, btl'ppsht, a townof France, departmentofAude, Grantham. Area, 170 acres. Pop. 109, chiefly dependants
13 miles S.W. of Castelnaudary. Pop. of commune, 1852, of the Duke of Rutland, whose magnificent seat, Belvoir Cas
2598.                                                      tie, stands on an isolated mount, overlooking a rich vale.
BELtPER, a market-town of England, co. of Derby, parish  Notwithstanding modern additions, this mansion preserves
of Duffield, on the North Midland Railway, 7 miles N. of  the style of an old baronial residence. The original buildDerby. Pop. 9885. It is well built, has 4 churches, a me- ing was erected by William  de Todenei, standard-bearer of
chanics' institution, library, and a stone bridge across the  William the Conqueror, and, with its numerous dependent
Derwent. Belper owes its prosperity to its cotton, and silk  manors, came into the possession of the Manners family in
and cotton hosiery manufactures, which are very extensive, the time of Henry VIII.
the latter said to be the largest in the lkingdom, while in the    BElLYAN/DO, a river in Australia, falling into the Suttor
former one company alone employs 2000 persons. Nails and  River; lat. 200 25' S., Ion. 1470 3' E.
earthenware are also manufactured here to a great extent.    BELZ, bhlts, a town of Austrian Galicia, 40 miles N. of
BEL'PREI, a post-village of Washington co., Ohio, on the  Lemberg. Pop. 2400. It has a Greek and Roman Catholic
N. bank of the Ohio River, about 15 miles S.W. of Marietta. church, and a castle.
Two railroads terminate here, viz. the Cincinnati and Bel-   BELZ, b~lz, a village of France, department of Morbihan,
pre and the Columbus and Hocking Valley. Pop. of the  19 miles W. of Vannes. Pop. of commune in 1852, 1615.
township, 1522.                                              BELZIG, bllt'sio, a town of Prussia, 19 miles S.S.E. of
BELSANO, bel-sah/no, a post-office of Cambria co., Pa.   Brandenburg. Pop. 2550. It has manufactures of woollen
BELSCHIK. See BEsIcEK.                                   cloths and paper.
BELtSTEAD a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.             BELZOIRA, a post-office of Smith co., Texas.
BELtSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             BEM, a post-office of Green co., Wisconsin.
BELTS, GREAT and LITTLE.  The GREAT BELT, a strait   BEtMAN'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Sampson co.,
forming the central communication between the Baltic and  North Carolina.
the Cattegat, and separating the island of Funen firom       BEMBAT001KA, called also BEM'BATOOK!  and BOM[that of Seeland. Its length is about 37 miles, its medium  BETOK/, a bay and town on the N.W. coast of Madagascar;
breadth, 18 miles. The depth of its channel ranges between 6  lat. 160 S., Ion. 460 E. The town is inconsiderable; but the
and 26 fathoms. It has many shoals, and the navigation  bay is said to be capable of containing the largest fleet.
through it is difficult. In autumn and winter, ships have    BEM/BRIDGE, a village and small watering-place of the
often a rough passage. Owing to the strength of the cur- Isle of Wight, at its E. extremity, parish of Brading, on a
rent it is seldom frozen over, but is often much encumbered  declivity at the S.E. side of Brading harbor, and consisting
with drift ice. Light-houses with fixed lights, chiefly for the  mostly of elegant residences, surrounded  by beautiful
purpose of guiding the packets between Funen and See- scenery.
land, have been placed on Knudshoved, an eastern promon-   BEMA/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
tory of Funen, on Halstov, on the W. coast of Seeland, and    BEMFICA, blm-fee'lk., a town of Portugal, 8 miles N.W.
on Sprogd, a small island which lies in themiddle of the strait of Lisbon. Pop. 3873. It has magnificent aqueducts, and
between these two points, and is constantly wearing away  numerous villas.
by the force of the waves.-The LITTLE BELT is another    BEMPFLEET, a parish of England.  See BENFrEET.
strait, forming the western communication between the    BEMINI (bi-mee/ne) ISLANDS, a small group of the BaBaltic and the Cattegat, and  separating the island of hamas, in the British West Indies; lat. 250 40' N., Ion. 790
Funen from  the mainland of Jutland.  Its length is 10' W.
about 30 miles; its breadth varies from 1000 yards to 12    BEIMIS'S CREEK, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsylmiles; its depth ranges between 5 and 30 fathoms.  The  vania.
same inconveniences and dangers beset this passage as the    BEMMEL, bhm/mel, a town of the Netherlands, province
former. It is annually frozen up from December to April. of Gelderland, 7 miles S. of Arnhem. Pop. 3720.
The two Belts, with the Sound, form the only communica-    BEMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
tion between the Baltic and the Cattegat.                   BEIMUS'S IEIGHIITS, a post-village of Saratoga co., New
BEL/TON, a pa'ish of England, co. of Leicester.         York, on the Champlain Canal, 24 miles N.E. of Alblny.
201




BEN                                                       BEN
BE,. BEI2%, or BIIEJN, a Gaelic word, signifying "an ele-   B3ENBURBB, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone,
vated summit," and applied, with various distinguishing  on the Blackwater, 5 miles N.W. of Armagh. Pop. 330.
affixes, to a number of the highest Scottish mountains.    It has a ruined castle.
BENABARRE, bl-ln,-bhAIRe, a fortified town of Spain, 44    BENC00OLEN, or BENKOELEN, b~n-coollen, a residency
miles E. of H-uesca. Pop. 2211.                            and seaport town of the Dutch East Indies, on the W. coast
BENACRE. See BINACaE..                                of the island of Sumatra. Pop. of residency, variously estiBENACUS LACUS. See GArDA, LAKE oF,                       mated at from 94,000 to 200,000; of the town, about 6000,
BEN-AIIIN, tInA'PiNGo, a village of Belgium, province of being not more than one-half it formerly contained. It is
Liege, 2 miles W. of Huy. Pop. 1200.                       placed in a very unhealthy situation, and defended by Fort
BENAGUACIL, bh-n -gwg-theell, a town of Spain, pro- MIarlborough.  Lat. 30471 6" S., ion. 1020 19' E.  The chief
vince and 11 miles N.W. of Valencia, with remains of old  trade is the importation of goods fi-om Batavia, Bengal, and
fortifications. It has manufactures of linens. Pop. 3034.   Europe. It was founded by the English in 1685, and ceded
BENAMIARGOSA, bh-n-min  -gols. a town of Spain, in An- to the Dutch in exchange for Malacca in 1824.
dalusia, 18 miles E. by N. of Malaga, on a river of the same    BENCRUACHAI-IN, btn-kroofKasn, a mountain of Scotland,
name. Pop. 3200.                                           co. of Argyle, district of Lorn, between lochs Etive and
BENAMEJI, b       -nt-mA-Hee1, a town of Spain, 39 miles S.S.E. Awe.  Hteight, estimated at 3670 feet; base, 20 miles in
of Cordova, on the right bank of the Genil. Pop. 4525.     circuit.
BENAMOCARRA, bA-n&-mo-kArla, a town of Spain, in    BENDEMEER, or BENDEMIR.  See BUNDEoseEr.
Andalusia, 20 miles E. by N. of Malaga. Pop. 2364.            BEN/DER, a fortified town of Russia, capital of the disBENAOCAZ, bA-na-o-klth/, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,  trict of the same namne, province of Bessarabia, on the right
60 miles N.E. of Cadiz. It is celebrated for its beautiful bank of the Dniester, 48 miles from its mouth, and 58 miles
promenade and avenue, adorned with fountains and gar- W.N.W. of Odessa. Pop. 4700. It is enclosed by a wall and
dens. Pop. 3176.                                            ditch, and has a citadel on an eminence, with about 600
BENANOIRI, ("the mountain of gold,") one of the peaks  artillerymen. In its environs is Varnitza, the retreat of
or "paps" of the island of Jura, in Scotland; elevation, Charles XII. after the disastrous battle of Poltava.  Ben2420 feet.                                                  der was taken and stormed by the Russians in 1770 and
BENAOJAN, bA-n'-o-HsAn, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,  in 1809.
42 miles W.N.W. of Malaga.  Pop. 2377.                        BEN/DERSVILLE, a post-village of Adams co., PennsylvaBENARES, ben-Arka, a district of British India, presi- nia, 14 miles N. of Gettysburg. Pop. 200.
dency of Bengal, situated between lat. 240 and 250 N., and    BEN/DY'S LANDING, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas
between the rivers Ganges and Sye, (which on three sides    BENtEDICT, a post-village in Charles co., Maryland, on
separate it fiom. Ghazipoor,) having W. the districts of Mir- the W. side of Patuxent River, about 38 miles S.SW. of
zapoor and Juanpoor.                                        Annapolis.
B3ENArES, ben-O/rk, (anc. V'cranashi, or Kasi, i.e. "the    BENEDIC/TA, a township in  Aroostook  co., Maine.
splendid,") a large and famous city of Hindostan, and which  Pop. 325.
may be considered its Hindoo (as Delhi was its M'Ioham-    BENIDOCHY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
medan, and Calcutta is its British) capital. It is the capital    BENDORF, b~n/doaf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 4~ miles 
of a division of the Bengal presidency, and of the above dis- N. of Coblentz. Pop. 2227. It is situated in a mining district, on the left bank of the Ganges, 390 miles N.W. of Cal- trict, on the right bank of the Rhine, and has h-on forges,
cutta, and 420 miles S.E. of Delhi. Lat. of the observatory, and manufactures of woollen yarn.
250 18' 33" N., ion. 820 55' 52" E. It is celebrated as having    BENDRAMO, btn-drd/mo, a town of Asia Minor, in Annbeen in ancient times the seat of Brahminical learning, and  tolia, on the Sea of Miarmora, S. of the peninsula of Cyzicus.
hence has been styled the Athens of India. It may also be  It is said to have 4 mosques and 1000 houses. (?)
regarded as the Hindoo Rome, or the ecclesiastical metropo-    BENE, bAtnA, (anc. Attgsseta Bagiesnnolrsss u?) a town of
lis of this vast country. Stationary population estimated at the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, province of Mondovi. 18
from 200,000 to 600,000; but at certain festivals the number  miles N.E. of Coni.  It hats a college, a hospital, and an
is immensely increased. Its external appearance is highly  old castle. Pop. 5687.
imposing; it stretches for 4 miles along the river, from which    BENEBOLA. See BaNABOLA.
ascend many handsome ghauts, or flights of stone steps.   BENECIA. See B\NecII.
The streets are very narrow; the buildings lofty. In 1801,   BENEDICTBEUERN, ban/6-dict-boilean, a hamlet of Bathere were estimated to be 12,000 brick or stone houses from  varia, 81 miles W. of Tlz, with a castle, celebrated glass1 to 6 stories in height, built around court-yards, orna-  works, and marble quarries. It had formerly a Benedictine
mented with much, painting and carving, many of the  abbey, one of the most ancient in Germany.
largest containing 200 inhabitants in each; besides 16,000    BENIEFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton..
mud-built dwellings, with tiled roofs.  The principal edi-   BEN/ENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
fices are the great mosque of Aurungzebe, numerous other    BENESCHAU, bA/neh-shtw',  a town of Bohemia, 24 miles
mosques, a great number of Hindoo temples, an ancient ob- S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 1800. Several villages in Bohemia
servatory, and the Hindoo Sanscrit College, the chief seat and Prussian Silesia have this name.
of native learning in India. At Seroli, a little to the E., is    BENEST, b/snlstl, a village of France, department of Chaa tope, now ruined, but originally similar to those in the  rente, 10 niles W. of Confolens. Pop. 1480. Here Charleother parts of Hindostan. Among its inhabitants are many  magne gained a signal victory over the Saracens.
wealthy native bankers and dealers in diamonds, for which    BENET, bA/nA, a village of France, department of Yengemns  the city is famous.  Benares has a large trade in  dee, 12 miles S.E. of Fontenay.  Pop. of commune, 1852,
shawls, muslins, silks, cottons, and fine woollens of its own  2508.
manufacture, and in European goods, salt, indigo, and    BENEVENTE, bAt-nA-v~n/tA, a seaport town of Brazil, proopium. The town is also crowded with mendicant priests; vince of Espirito Santo, 47 miles S. of Victoria, at the mouth
and there are, it is said, 8000 houses occupied by Brahmins  of the river Benevente, on the Atlantic.  The harbor is
who liveon the alms and offerings ofthe pilgrims. Itisthe  much frequented, and ship-building is carried on.  Pop.
seat of a British court of circuit and appeal, an English col- 3000.
lege, established in 1832, and numerous Christian missions,    BENEVENTO, bkn-e-vln/to, (aic. Beneves/ltuec,) a city of
and Mohammedan and Hindoo schools.                          Southern Italy, capital of a delegation of the same name,
BENASAL, bA-nI-sel, a town of Spain, in Yalencia, 30  Pontifical States, is situated on a hill, near the confluence of
miles N. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2108.               the Calore and Sabato, 32 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 18,500.
BENASQUE. See VYENASqUE.                                  With its castle, it occupies the site of the ancient town out of
BENATEK, bA-nAt/k, or BENATKY, bln-At/kee, a town  the ruins of which it was built, and, except Bome, perhaps no
of Bohemia, 21 miles N.E. of Prague. The celebrated astro- Italian city can boast of so many remains of antiquity. The
nomer, Tycho-Brahe, died here in 1601. Several villages in  Arch of Trajan, now the Porta Aurea, is still nearly perfect.
Bohemia have the same name.                                 The chief modern buildings are a cathedral, several churches,
BEN-AVEN, btn-A/ven, a mountain of Scotland, one of the  town-hall, diocesan school and library, hospitals, and several
Grampians, between the counties of Aberdeen and Banff, palaces. It is an archbishop's see, and has 9 annual fairs.
and sepasating the basins of the Aven asndDee.. Estimated  CUnder the Lombards, Benevento was the capital of a powerheight above the sea, 3967 feet.                            ful duchy; and in 1806, Napoleon erected it into a pineciBENAVENTE, bA-nA-vEn/tA, a town of Spain, 34 miles N. pality for Talleyrand. It was restored to the pope in 1814.
of Zamora. Pop. 2561. It has Roman remains.                 Near it. in 1266, the battle was fought in which Charles of
BENAVENTE. bA-nA-v~n/tA, a town of Portugal, province  Anjou defeated Manfired, king of Naples, who lost his lifbe in
of Alemtejo, with a royal castle on the Zatas, 27 miles N.E. the action. The delegation of Benevento, which is enclosed
of Lisbon. Pop. 1954.                                      by the Neapolitan province of Principato Ultra, contains an
BENBAUN, blnubawn, a mountain of the Binabola group, area of -90 square miles, and a population of 20,500.
or "Twelve Pins," Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway,    BENELA. See BasELa. 
barony of Ballinahinch. Elevation, 2395 feet.                BENEVIOLA, a post-office of Washington co., Maryland.
BENBECULA, btn-ba-koo/lA, one of the Hebrides Islands,   BENEVOLA, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.
between North and South Uist, about 8 miles in length, and    BEN\EZET/, a township ofElk co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 240.
as much in breadth. It is low, flat and greatly indented    BENFELD, btnlf~lt\, (Fr. pron. btn\f1ld/,) a town of
by bays, boggy, and little productive.                     France, department of Bas-Rhin, 101 miles N.N.W. of SchA.
BENBR00OOK'S MILLS, a post-office of Izard co., Arkansas. lestadt. Pop. in 1852, 3001.
202




-BEN                                                            BEN
BEN/FLEET, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.  nopoly, and is cultivated only in Bahar and Benaraes, where
BENIFLEET, SoUTH, a parish of ECngland, co. of Essex.  the produce is considered equal, if not superior, to the opium
BENJFORD'S STORE, a post-office of Somerset co., Penn-  of Malwah.  The quantity of Patna and Benares opium
sylvania.                                                         disposed of at the public sales in the year 1843-4, amounted
BEN FRANK/LIN, a post-office of Lamar co., Texas.               in value to 2,282,7801.  Cotton is a staple crop; and the soil
BENGAL, bin-gawli, (anc. Beszgala, bni-g'1li,) apresidency  in Benares is capable of producing sugar equal to that of
and province of BritishIndia. It is by far the largest of the  the West Indies. Coffee, pepper, and tob'acco are raised, and
three presidencies into which India is divided, comprising, most of the spice and fruit trees of Asia have been accilwith Agra, about a fourth of the whole area of HIither Indid,  mated somewhere in this wide region. The forests contain
together with the later ceded provinces beyond the Ganges. terak, saul, sissoo, banyan, ebony, oak, and pine timber, with
The territory extends between lat. 200 and 510 N., and ion.  rattans, bamboos, cocoa, areca, and other palmss.  A great
740 and 910 E.: bounded on the N. by Nepaul, Sikkim, and  quantity of silk is produced in Bengal proper, between lat.
Bootan; on the E. by.the districts adjoining the Burmese do-  220 and 260, and Ion. 860 and 900. Elephants' teeth, and
minion; on the S. by the Bay of Bengal, the territories of  hides of various kinds, form  important articles of trade.
Berar, Indore, and Gwalior; and on the W. by the Rajpoot  Nitre is obtained principally in Belihar province, and that
and Sikh principalities.  This great region is divided into  exported  from  Calcutta in  1841-2 amounted to 611,572
the upper, oravestern provinces, including Delhi, and all  maunds, worth 321,0731. Muslins, cotton piece goods, diethat portion W. of ion. 800; the central, including Allaha-  per, paclk-thread, sail-cloth, chintzes, silks, calicoes, blanketbad, Bahar, and others, as far E. as ion. 870; and the lower,  ing, and other woven goods, are staple manufactures; but,
containing the remaining territory to the S. and E. The  of late years, they have begun to be superseded by. fabrics
following table exhibits the divisions, area, and population: fi'om Europe.
The trade of Bengal with Britain is at once extensive and
neviseons AND PRoVINces.      I Ares is sq.  Population,   various.  The chief imports are metals, foreign wines and
miles.   latest census.  spirits, beer, woollen and cotton cloths, cotton yarn, glass,
and hardware; the exports, silk, and silk manufactures,
a. lin.Fincostan.                                    cotton, indigo, sugar, saltpetre, and lac-dye. Bengal has
1. Division of Calcutta.................  37,546   9,970,270    also a considerable trade with France, Portugal, the United
2.          Patna...................    47,125     7,615,434    States, China, Burmah, Java, and several of the  larger
3.          If]oorshedabad..........    35,659     9,127,145   islands of the Malay Archipelago.  The following table ex4.         lDacca...................     29,010    6,659,804    hibits the proportion of the commerce of Bengal enjoyed by
(Upper Provinces, late Agra Presider Prices, lt   r Presi-                                 each country in the year 1849-50:5. Division of Benares..................    29,320  8,837,823
6.     "    Bareily..................   39,330    10,895,919
South-west ceded districts............    108,000  3,177,456                   COUNTRIES.                 Imports.  Exports.
Total in Hindostan...........    325,990    56,283,851
Tts deta.120,900    United Kingdom............................;4,057,275  ~4,768,074
France.....................................  123,380   629,021
b. is Farther Indis.                                   iHamaburg...................................     13,227  13,551
Assam...............    18,200     1,110,000    Other countries of Europe...................    12,763  9,272
IBurmese   i Aracane.............    16,250       247,765    Coremandel Coast..........................   163,824    191,881
Ceded Provinces. Cachar and Jyntesh.     10,350       104,540     alabar Coast...............................   268,924  356,440
Tenassserim, &c.....     32,500        85,000    China...................................    9858,072   3,219,696
Stratts.Singapore..Siore.................................   348,899                                              4080,05
Settlements. jSnaoe..
Stt   Peoants g, &c...         1,570       154,500    Other countries of Asia............1.......   339,0986  469,974. Malacca and Naning.                           Africa, Mauritius, Bourbon Cape............    67,877    316,110
_________   ~ North America...............0..........       112,887    548,356
Total in Farther India........    78,870   1,701,805    South America..................                          2,132
Grand total..................    40,860    57,985,656                                           ~6,497,114 ~00,932,711
The greater proportion of this territory consists of the    The aggregate exports, as shown  above, exceed those
immense plain or valley of the Ganges. To the N., this plain  of the preceding year by 1,078,203/.; and the imports by
rises into the mountainous regions of Kumaon, and on the  791,1381.
S. are the Vindhyan Mountains, and the table-land of Cen-    The government is vested in the Governor-general of Intral India.  The river Ganges flows  in a S:E. direction  die, and a council of five members —three appointed by the
through the whole extent of the presidency, and is joined in  East India Company; a fourth, also appointed by the Conmits course by numerous tributaries, of which the Jumna,  pany, but not one of their number, and the fifth the comChumnibul, Goggra, Gunduck, and Sone are the most con- mander-in-chief.  The upper provinces are under a lieutesiderable.  The eastern division of the countryis traversed  nant-governor at Agra, subordinate to the governor-general
by the Brahmapootra, which discharges its waters into the  at Calcutta.  In each district or collectorate is a judge, emBay of Bengal near the confluence of the Ganges.  Both  powered to decide appeals originating in the district, and to
these great rivers divide into numerous branches before  try civil suits to the amount of 20008. Superior to these trireaching the sea, and their united deltas form  a tract of  bunals are courts of appeal in Calcutta, Moorshedabad, Decrich alluvial soil exceeding 30,000 square miles in extent.  ca, Patna, Benares, and Bareily; and a supreme court sits in
There are no inland lakes, but numerous lagoons  and  Calcutta, friom  which  there is appeal only to the British
marshes, especially in the lower districts. The surfioce of  sovereign in council. In the upper provinces the land revethe country generally exhibits a deep clay alluvium, inter-  nue is collected for the government by officers appointed unspersed with sandy tracts, with tertiary deposits in some  der the native village systenm  of India; in the lower prolocalities.  Approaching the Himalayan range to the N. are  vinces, the zemindars, or hereditary tax-collectors, constigranitic and porphyritic rocks, with secondary limestone  tuted proprietors of the soil by Lord Cornwallis's Act, account
and sandstones; N.W. are basaltic and greenstone rocks. to the government for nine-tenths of the sums they collect
The Yindhyan and Garrow chains of mountains are of vol-  as rent, and reserve the remaining one-tenth for their own
canic origin. Nitre is found in great quantities in Bahar, remuneration. See INoDI.  Numerous schools for the natives
as well as common salt, both of which are largely exported.  have been established by government throughout the presiSalt is a government monopoly, and in 1841 its sale realized  dency, and there are  colleges at Calcutta, Delhi, Agra,
1,925,0008. Diamonds are found in a conglomerate in Bun-  Benares, besides missionary stations and schools for the
delcund; and gold-dust and silver are in some of the rivers. religious instruction of the natives.
Coal and iron are found in Sylhet aid Burdwan.                     The population of this presidency embraces a great variety
The mean annual temperature of the plains is, for Cal-  of races —Hlindoos of all castes, Moguls, Mahrattas, Sikhs,
cutta and Benares, from 780 to 790 Fahrenheit, and at Delhi  Bajpoots, peculiar wild tribes in Gundwanah, and  Bogli730 Fahrenheit.  During the winter months, in Kumaon,  poor; and beyond the Brahmapootra, Mughs, Garrows, and
there is heavy frost and snow. In Bengal, the rainy season  other races, differing widely from  those of Western Asia.
commences in June, and continues till the middle of October.  The prevailing religions are the Bramninical and MohamThe annual fall of rain is from  70 to 80 inches. The win-  medan; Boodhism  is confined to the countries E. of the
ter, or cold season, lasts from  November to the middle of  Brahmapootra; and the hill tribes have rude pacanisms of
February, when the hot season begins, and continues till  their own.  The Protestant establishment consists of an
the middle of June. During the rainy seasons, the lower  archdeacon and about forty chaplains, subordinate to the
provinces especially are overflowed by the Ganges and its  Bishop of Calcutta; there is also a small establishment for
tributaries. Hence these districts are highly favorable to  the Scotch Kirk.  The Roman Catholic establishment is unthe cultivation of rice, which is here the principal product  der the vicar-apostolic of Agra, and a legate at Calcutta, both
of the soil. In the upper districts, wheat and barley are the  subordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop at Meadras. Pubprincipal crops.  Indigo is largely cultivated from  Dacca to  lic revenue is derived from the land-tax, and subsidies from
Delhi, there being upwards of 400 indigo  factories in the  protected native states; mint, post-office, stamp, and excise
presidency. Its culture occupies more than a million of  duties; a house-tax in Calcutta, judicial fees and fines, sayer
acres, and its annual produce is estimated to be worth from   and abkarry duties, customs, pilotage, monopoly of salt and
2,000,0001.to 3,000,000L. sterling, half of which amount is year-  opium, &c.: total receipts in 1842-3, 9,445,8188.; expendi)y expended in its production.  Opium is a government mo- ture, 1,628,7518.; net revenue, 7,817,0678.  Principal cities,
203




BEN                                                       BEN
Calcutta, the capital of British India; Del-hi, the iMoham- lion and hyena, are numerous. The government of the pro
medan capital; Benares, Moorshedabad, Dacca, Bahar, Patna, vince is under the immediate control of the governor-general
Allahabad, Agra.                                           of Loando. New Benguela, Novo Redondo, &c., on the coast,
History.-The English first established themselves in  and a few stations in the interior, are occupied by the PortuBengal in 1656, when, through the influence of an English   guese, whose rule, however, extends little, if at all, beyond
medical man named Boughton, the East India Company ob- those settlements.
tained the sanction of the Emperor of Delhi to locate them-   BENGUELA, NEW, or ST. PHILIP DE  BENGUELA,
selves on the right bank of the river Hoogly. Thirty years  (Port. S&o Felice de Benguela,  si/FzNGf1-leelp pdd-bln- g Jfla,)
afterwards, the Company's factors having had a rupture  a seaport town, and the Portuguese capital of the above
with the Moslem  commander at the place where they were  country, with a noble harbor on the Atlantic, near the river
located, removed to Calcutta, then the village of Chutta-  Catumbella. Lat.12033/ 9/' S., ion. 130 25' 2" E. It is situanutty, where they continued to carry on their trade. In  ted in a charming and very fertile valley. Pop. 3000, of
1700, the Viceroy of Bengal, being in want of money to dis- whom  one-third are whites and mulattoes. Its principal
pute the succession to the Mogul throne, obtained a large  inhabitants are slave-dealers, whose iniquitous trade is so
sum from the Company for the township on which their flourishing that, in 1838, nearly 20,000 slaves were exporfactory stood at Calcutta, and some adjacent lands. Seven  ted. Moralty is at the lowest ebb, and there is no school
years afterwards (namely, 1707) Calcutta was erected into a  of instruction in the town. The streets a"e straight and
presidency, and the foundation of British power in India  wide, but contain more ruined than inhabited houses; they
laid. For nearly half a century the Company pursued a  are mostly built of clay and palm branches. The rains of
peaceful and profitable commerce; but, at the expiration of  Old Benguela, the original capital of the country, are situated
that period, (1756,) Calcutta was attacked and taken by the  on the coast, 130 miles N.N.E. of New Benguela.
Soubahdar of Bengal, who threw the Englishmen he found    BENHAIDEN, a post-office of Wakulla co., Florida.
there (147 in number) into a dungeon, the well-known    BEN'HALL', a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Black c Hole of Calcutta, where 123 of them perished in 11    BENHI OLME, bn'hTm.,l a maritime parish of Scotland,
hours. In the ensuing year, Calcutta was retaken by Lord  co. of Kincardine, 10 miles S..W. of Stonehaven. In this
Clive-an event which was followed by a series of victories  parish, is Benholme Tower, a stronghold and ancient resion the part of the British, that terminated in the con- dence of the Benholmes.
quest of a large part of India. The principal accessions of ter-   BEN-HOPE, bln'hbpl, a mountain range of Scotland, co.
ritory since that period have been Benares, in 1775; Oude  of Sutherland, parish of Durness. Elevation, 3150.
districts, 1801; Delhi territory, 1805; Kumaon, 1815; S.W.   BENI, bA-neet, a river of South America, in Bolivia, formed
(Nerbudda) districts, 1818; Singapore and the Berar dis- by the junction of the Chuqueapo and Mapiri, in lat. 160 S.
tricts, and Burmese, 1826. —— Adj. and inhab. BENG.LESE,  and ion. 690 W. It flows mostly northward, through the
bln'gaul-eea/.                                             department of Santa-Cruz-de-la-Sierra; and in lat. 100 351 S.
BENGAL, a post-township in Clinton co., Michigan, about joins the Mamore to form the Madeira, which latter ulti40 miles N.E. from Hastings. Pop. 143.                     mately flows into the Amazon.  The course of the joint
BENGAL, BAY OF, (auc. Gangetficus Silnus,) a partof the  rivers exceeds 2000 miles. The country it traverses is exIndian Ocean, extending between Hither and Farther India, tremely fertile, but almost wholly unexplored. Affluents,
including the sea from Cape Negrais on the E.. to the delta  the Coendo, La Paz, Tuche, Masisi, &c. The towns of San
of the Godavery on the W., between lat. 160 30' and 230 N. Miguel, Mani, and Pueblo de los Reyes are on its banks, in
Its chief affluents are the Ganges, including the Brahma- the upper half of its course.
pootra, and the Godavery. The Sea of Bengal, which is    BENI, a large department of Bolivia, deriving its name
sometimes described as part of the bay, extends to lat. 80 N., fromn the above river, having S. the departments of La Paz,
between the Islands of CeylonandJunkceylon. Depth from   Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz; N. and E., Brazil; and W.,
4 to 60 fathoms, from the delta to a distance of 100 miles. The  Peru. Chief towns, Trinidad and Loreto. An English comtide in the Bay of Bengal, E. of the mouth of the Megna, pany has received a large grant of land in this department
sometimes rises 70 and even 80 feet. —Da. HooKEa.          for the purpose of colonization.
BENGAL PROVINCE, one of the largest and most im-   BENICARLO, bA-n6-ktIsR/o, a seaport town of Spain, 42
portant of the old Mohammedan provinces of IHindostan, miles N.E. of Castellon-de-la-Plana, on the Mediterranean.
between lat. 210 and 270 N., and ion. 870 and 920 E. It  Pop. 6160. It is ill built and mean; has a ruined castle, a
comprises the delta of the Ganges, with the lower course of  fishing port, and a trade in full-bodied wines, which are exthe Brahmapootra, and is traversed by numerous other ported chiefly to Bordeaux, for mixing with clarets and
rivers, its surface being mostly a dead level. It is wholly  other Frenclt wines.
included in the British dominion, and forms, under the    BENICIA, be-nishte-6, the former capital of the state of
above presidency, the divisions of its three principal cities, California, is situated in Solano co., on the N. side of the
Calcutta, Moorshedabad, and Dacca, which are subdivided  Strait of Karquenas, connecting San Pablo and Suisun Bays.
into numerous subordinate districts.                       The strait is from one to two miles wide, and several miles
BENGAZI or BENGHASY, bln-g/lzee, (anc. Berenifce,) a  long. The site of the town is excellent, the land gently
maritime town of Northern Africa, Barca, on the Gulf of rolling for about a mile from the extreme water or S. front,
Sidra, (anc. Syrftis Mfafjot,) 420 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli. Lat. and a little over that distance E. and W. Beyond these
320 6 8" N., Ion. 200 2 7" E. Pop. about 5000. It is finely  limits, in the rear, the hills gently rise, and beyond them,
situated in a fertile plain, extending to the foot of the Cy- again, are a succession of hills and valleys, the latter of
renaic Mountains; but is miserably built, and filthy, and  which are capable of cultivation. There is little or no cultiits port is shallow. It.has a castle, the residence of a bey; vation in o-r around the town, and not a tree to be seen,
and some trade with Barbary and Malta, in wool, oxen, though the extent of vision is necessarily contracted by the
sheep, salted butter, and corn. Near this city, according  proximity of the surrounding hills. The houses are mostly
to some mythologists, were the  "Gardens of the Hesperides,"  of wood, but, being comparatively new, present a neat and
and traces of ancient buildings are often met with buried in  respectable appearance. While the legislature held its sesthe sand.                                                  sions here, there were several large hotels in full operation;
BENIGEO or BENIGH00, aparish of England, co. IHertford. a great impetus was given to business, and, to answer the
BENGERiMOW, bln'gher-mtw/, atown of IHindostan, in the  increased demand of trade, various buildings were erected
loGinion of Oude, 45 miles WV. of Lucknow.                in the town, while others were removed from their old
BENGEIPWOITH, bhnjaworth, a parish of England, co. of  locations to more desirable ones. The Capitol is a fine,
Worcester.                                                 large, brick edifice, and stands on the brbw of a slope a
BENGIASY. See BENGAz.                                    half a mile from the water front of the city. It is two stoBEN/GORE HEAD, a promontory on the N. coast of Ire- ries in height, with numerous windows, and adorned in
land, co. of Antrim, immediately E. of the Giant's Cause- front by two large Corinthian columns. The caps of the
way. Lat. 550 151' N., Ion. 60 30' W.                      latter, as well as the foundation blocks, door-sills, and winBEN/GOWER, a mountain of the Binabola Group, in Con- dow-pieces, are of stone, quarried a short distance below the
naught, co. of Galway, Ireland. Elevation 2336 feet.       town. These quarries are inexhaustible. The stone is of a
BENGUELA, bhn-glIA, a maritime country of Western  light brownish color, very soft,. and easily wrought; it is
Africa, nominally claimed by Portugal, between lat. 90 and  said, however, to harden with exposure and age. Ships of
160 S., and Ion. 120 and 170(1) E., having N. Angola, from  the largest size can lie in the harbor close to the town.
which it is separated by the river Coanza; and W. the South  There is at this place an arsenal and navy station. At the
Atlantic.  Sue-face mountainous, rising progressively in- eastern end of the town are the works of the Pacific lMaillanud by a series of terraces. Principal rivers have all a W. Steamship Company, where there are all the necessary macourse. The climate is very unhealthy, and fever is prevay  chinery and apparatus for working in iron, as well as exlent. The thermometer varies from 940 to 1050 Fah. in the  tensive carpenter shops, &c. Two large brick foundeies have
shade at noon. The soil is well-watered, and very produc- been erected by the company in the rear of their present
tive; little corn is raised, but tropical fruits, European  building, which will compare favorably with any similar
vegetables, and cattle are abundant, and nume-ous fine tur- buildings in Philadelphia or New York. Several steamboat
ties are obtained on the sea-coast. Mineral products comn- lines, running between San Francisco and Sacramento,
prise colpper, sulphur, petroleum, and gold. Among the na- touch at Benicia. This town is a port of entry. Pop. in
tives here, are the Giagas, a race of fierce savages, whose in- 1854, estimated at 2000; it is now however much less..ursions are much dreaded by the Portuguese. Fetishism is    BENIDORM, bA-ne-dorml, a town of Spain, 25 miles N.E.
the prevailing superstition. Beasts of prey, including the  of Alicante, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 4502, employed
204




BEN                                                       BEN
In tunny and anchovy fisheries. Near the coast there is an    BENLAWERS, bWn-lawlers, a mountain of Scotland,
island of the same name.                                  nearly in its centre, co. and 32 miles W.N.W. of Perth, on
BENIGANIM, bA-ne-g-neeml, a town of Spain, province  the W. side of Loch Tay, 3045 feet in elevation. It consof Valencia, 5 miles S.E. of San Felipe de Jativa. Pop. 3257. mands a magnificent view of the country from Loch Laggan
BENI-HASSAN, bAlnee-hisfsin, a village of Central  nearly to Edinburgh.
Egypt, 15 miles S.S.E. of Minieh, on the right bank of the    BENLEDI, bln-l1d/dee, a mountain of Scotland, co. of
Nile. In its environs are numerous sculptured grottos.     Perth, 4 miles W.N.W. of Callander, 2863 feet in height. Its
BENI-ISGUEN, bA/nee-iseghin/, a town of Algeria, in the  scenery has been immortalized by Sir Walter Scott, in the
Sahara Desert, on the Wady Mzab. Lat. 330 30t N.; ion. 20  "Lady of the Lake."
E. It is described as approaching in size the town of Al-   BEN-LOMOND, bkn-l'mond, a famous monntain of Scot..
giers, as being strongly built, and surrounded by a ram- land, co. of Stirling, at the S.W. extremity of the Grampian
part: on which are five towers.                            chain, 27 miles W.N.W. of Stirling.  Height, 3190 feet. On
BENIN, ben-eenl, a negro country or kingdom of Western  the N. this mountain terminates by an abrupt precipice,
Africa. in Upper Guinea, on the Bight of Benin, (Gulf of  2000 feet in height; on its W. side is Loch Lomond. The
Guinea,) extending along the coast on both sides of the  view from its summit embraces Ben Nevis, the Atlantic, and
Benin River; but how far, and to what distance inland, is the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow.
not known; indeed, respecting the whole country, our in-   BEN-LOMOND, a mountain of Van Diemen's Land, (Tasformation is exceedingly defective.  It is, however, now  mania,) about 25 miles E. of Launceston, and rising to an
understood to be neither so extensive nor important as at elevation of 5000 feet.
one time it was deemed. The capital is Benin. The coast   BEN-MACDHIUI, bin-mak-doole, or BEN-MACDBHU, bnis thickly indented with estuaries, some of them of consi- mAk-duf, the summit of a lofty mountain range in Scotland,
derable breadth, and studded with islands. The country is  co. of Aberdeen, on the border of Inverness-shire.  Height,
flat for some distance inland, when it begins gradually to  4305 feet.
rise, till it attains a height of between 2000 and 3000 feet.   BEN-MORE, bln-mtr, (i.e. "big mountain,) a mountain
It is very well wooded, and being likewise well watered, it of Scotland, in the Hebrides, island of Mull, 9 miles S.S.W.
is rich in all the vegetable productions of the tropics. Cot- of Torosay. Height, 3819 feet.
ton is indigenous, and its wool is woven into cloth by the    BENMORE-HEAD, Ireland. See FAIRHaEAD.
womnen. Sugar-cane of good quality is grown; the soil is    BENNEBEOLA.  See BsNABOLA'.
laid out in square plots, producing yams, plantains, Canada    BENNECKENSTEIN, bin-n~klen-stine', a town of Prus
and Indian corn. The religion is Fetishism. Human sacri- sian Saxony, in a detached portion of territory in the Hare,
fices are numerous,, and cruelty, in its most atrocious forms, 22 miles S.W. of Halberstadt. Pop. 3614.
is characteristic of the people and the government. An    BENNEKOM, binfne-kom, a village of Holland, province
extensive traffic in slaves is carried on in this country. of Guelderland, 10 miles W. by N. of Arnhem.
Besides this nefsrions traffic, there is a considerable trade    BEN/NERSVILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsylvania,
in salt, palm-oil, and blue coral.                         situated in Half Moon Valley, 12 miles S.W. of Bellefonte,
BENIN, a large town of Western Africa, capital of the  and 98 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. The name of the postabove kingdom, lat. 60 12' N., ion. 50 45/ E., on the right office is -HalIf Moon.
bank of the river of the same name, formerly called by the    BEN/NETTSBURGH, a post-office of Tompkins co., New
Portuguese Rio Formoso, but now ascertained to be one of York.
the mouths of tihe Niger. As in almost all African towns,   BEN/NET'S CORNERS, a post-office of Madison co., New
the houses are set down without the slightest regard to  York.
order, and often at wide distances from each other. They    BENNETT'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jackson co., liare built of clay, neatly thatched with reeds, straw, or chigan.
leaves, and kept exceedingly clean. The palace of the king    BENNETT'S CREEK, a post-office of Steunben co., New
stands outside of the city, and is defended by walls. Benin  York.
was at one time the great emporium  of the district for   BENNETT'S CREEK, of Frederick co., Maryland, flows
slaves, but this traffic is now carried on nearer the coast, as westward in the Monocacy River.
large vessels could not come within a shorter distance of the    BENNETT'S CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into the
town than Gato, or Agatton, a port about 40 miles down  Chowan River from the north at the S. part of Gates co.
the river. It is still the scene of a busy market for cattle,   BENNETT'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Sampson co.,
sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, yams, cottons, ivory, and Euro-  North Carolina.
pean wares, with firuits of various kinds. Belzoni, the cele-   BENNETT'S FERRY, a post-officeof Jackson co., Tenbrated traveller, died here in 1823.  Pop. estimated at nessee.
15,000.                                                      BENNETT'S MILLS, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.
jBENIN, BIGHT OF, the northern portion of the Gulf of    BENNETT'S RIVER, a post-office of Fulton co., Arkansas.
Guinea, between the Slave Coast and Calabar River. The    BENNETTSVILLE, a post-office of Chenango co., New
coast is iron-bound, and the rivers offer little facility for York.
traffic.                                                     BENNETTSVILLE, a post-village, dapital of Marlborough
BENINGUET, beh-nANG'gV, a small island off the N.W.  district, South Carolina, about 8 miles E. of Great Pedee
coast of France, department of Finist8re, 12 miles S.E. of  River, and 100 miles E.N.E. of Columbia. It has several
Ushant.                                                    churches and stores.
BENIN, RIVER OF, (called by the Portuguese RIO FOR-   BENNETTSVILLE, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama.
MOSO, ree/o-foa-molso, and still recognised by that nasme,)   BENNETTSVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Indiana,
in Western Africa, kingdom of Benin, and believed to be on the railroad from New Albany to Salem, 10 miles N. of
one of the mouths of the Niger. It falls into the Gulf of  the former.
Guinea about 180 miles below Beuin, and about 120 miles    BENNETTSVILLE, a small village of Scott co., Indiana,
N.N.W. of Cape Formosa. Lat. (entrance N.W. point,) 50 on the railhoad from Jeffersonville to Columbus.
46' N.; ion. 50 4t E. It is a fine bold river. It divides into    BEN-NEVIS, bin-nO/vis, a famous mountain of Scotland,
two branches, both of which were ascended in 1840, in a and the loftiest in Britain, co. of Inverness, immediately E.
steamer, by Captain Becroft; the one branch for a distance  of Fort William. Lat. 560 48' N.; ion. 50 W. Elevation,
of 50 miles, and the other for a distance of 70 miles. Further  according to ordnance survey, 4368 feet. Circumference at
pi-ogress was stopped by the impenetrable nature of the  base, about 24 miles. On its N.E. side it terminates by a
aquatic vegetation. The river is 2 miles wide at its mouth, precipice, 1500 feet in height. The view from its summit
across which is a bar, with 12 feet of water at spring tides.  comprises most of the Western Islands, and the country E.
BENIOLEED, bA-ne-o-leed/, a town and valley of North- from it to Cairngorm  and Ben-Macdhui. The base of the
western Africa, regency of Tripoli, about 100 miles S.S.E. of mountain consists of granite and gneiss —the upper part is
the seaport town of that name.                             composed of porphyry.
BENISA, bh-neesA, a town of Spain, 39 miles N.E. of All-   BEN-NEVIS, a mountain of Van Diemen's Land, (Tascante, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3678. It has mann- mania.) about 25 miles E. of Launceston. Height, 3910 feet.
factures of linens and woollens.                             BENINNGTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
BENI-SABIH, bA/nee-sd-beel, a town of Morocco, capital of   BENNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
the province of Drah or Draha, on the Drah, 224 miles S.   BEN/NINGTON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of
by E. of the city of Morocco. Lat. 280 68' N. Ion. 60 451 WV.  Vermont, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is
BENISALEM, bi-ne-sA-lIm/, a Spanish town, island of drained by the head waters of Battenkill, Hoosick, and
Majorca, 10 miles S.W. of Inca, having spacious streets, two  Deerfield Rivers, and other small streams, which furnish
squares, a town-hall, and a cemetery. Pop. 3027.           abundant water-power.  Although some good land is found
BENI-SOOEF or BENI-SOUEF, bln'e-swvfl, a town of Cen- within the limits of this county, a greater part of the surtral Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 62 miles S.S.W. of face is mountainous and unfitted for cultivation. The atCairo. Pop. 5000. It is the entrepOt for the produce of the tention of the inhabitants is in great measure turned to
rich valley of Fayoom, and has large cavalry barracks, ex- manufactures of cotton and wool. Great quantities of
tensive cotton mills, and alabaster quarries.             spruce and other lumber are found in all parts of this
BENKAH, btn/kl h, a fortified village of Bootan, on a connty. This county contains quarries of white, gray, and
nearly inaccessible rockl, 3100 feet above the sea, and de- clouded marble, which are extensively worked, and beds
tended by numerous round towers and a citadel.            of yellow ochre and iron ore; lead is also sometimes found.
BEN/LAK, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa.              The railroad connecting Troy with Rutland crosses the N.
205




BEN                                                       BEN
W. part of the county, and that extending from Rutland to    BENT CREEK, a neat post-village of Appomattox co.,
Bennington partly intersects it. Seats of justice, Benning- Virginia, on James River, at the mouth of Bent Creek, 112
ton and Manchester. Pop. 18,589.                           miles WV. of Richmond. A plank-road extends from this
BENNINGTON, a post-township in Hillsborough co., New  place to Clover Hill, the county town. It has several stores,
HIampshire. Pop. 541.                                     and a large flouring mill.
BENNINGTON, a post-township of Bennington co., Ver-   BENTEVOGLIO, b~n-te-v5l1yo, a post-office of Albemarle
mont, 117 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. The battle of Ben- co., Virginia.
nington, in which a detachment of the army under General    BENITHALL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Burgoyne was defeated, was fought here, August 16, 1777.   BEN/TIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West
It contains Bennington Centre, the county seat, and one  Riding.
or two other villages. The Troy and Boston and the Wes-   BENTHEIM, blnt/hlme, a townof Hanover, 38 miles WV.
tern Vermont Railroads unites at North Bennington in  of Osnaburg, capital of a county, on the Dutch frontier.
this township. Pop. 3923.                                  Pop. 1972. It is the seat of royal and manorial courts; and
BENNINGTON, a post-township of Wyoming co., New  has manufactures of linen cloths and parchment, with
York, 25 miles S.E. of Buffalo, is drained by Cayuga Creek. stone quarries and sulphur baths.
Pop. 2406.                                                   BENTINCK (btn!tink-) ISLAND, a low wooded island in
-BENNINGTON, a village of Blair co., Pennsylvania. It  the Gulf of Carpentarin, 10 miles from  the mainland of
has recently sprung up at the coal-mines on Alleghany  North Australia. Lat. 170 S.; lon. 1390 40' E.
Mountain.                                                    BENTILEY, a parish of England, co. of HIants.
BENNINGTON, a township in Licking co., Ohio. Pop.   BENTLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
1145.                                                        BENT/LEY, a post-office of Richmond co., New York.
BENNINGTON, a post-township in Morrow co., Ohio,   BENTLEY CREEK, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylabout 32 miles N.N.E. of Columbus.  Pop. 1265.             vania.
BENNINGTON, a village of Putnam co., Ohio, about 100    BENTLEY, FENNY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
miles W.S.W. of Sandusky City.                               BENTLEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BENNINGTON, a post-township in Shiawassee co., Michi-   BENTLEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
gan, about 80 miles N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 601.               BENTLEY'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New
BENNINGTON, a thriving post-village of Switzerland co.,  York.
Indiana, 8 miles from the Ohio River at Vevay.               BENT/LEYVILLE, a small post-village of Washington co.,
BENNINGTON, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, on the  Pennsylvania. 
Des Moines River, about 25 miles S.E. of Fort Des Moines.    BENTLEYVILLE,   a post-village of Halifax co., Yirgini,
BENNINGTON CENTRE, or OLD VILLAGE OF BEN- on Staunton River, 115 miles S.W. of Richmond.
NINGTON, a post-village, semi-capital of Bennington co.,   BENT MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Roanoke co., Virginia.
Vermont, in Bennington township, 117 miles S. by W. of    BENITON, a county in the W. part of the Peninsula of
Montpelier, contains the county buildings and a bank. Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of
Pop. between 400 and 500.                                  perhaps 1000 square miles. The Withlacoochee River forms
BENNINGTON EAST VILLAGE, a manufacturing vil- its northern boundary. The surface has but little elevalage of Bennington township, Bennington co., Vermont, tion, and is mostly occupied by pine woods and swamps;
about 1I miles E. of the Old Village. It contains 4 or 5  the soil is sandy, and produces sugar-cane, Indian corn,
churches, an academy, and 1 or 2 printing offices. Besides  and rice. Named in honor of Thomas H. Benton, Of Misthe several factories, foundries, and tanneries in the place, souri.  Capital, Melendez.  Pop. 926, of whom  604 were
there is an establishment for making a peculiar kind of fire- free, and 322 slaves.
brick. These bricks are used in glass-ovens and furnaces    BENTON, a county in the E.N.E. part of Alabama, borwhere a high heat is required, and are generally preferred  dering on Georgia, has an area of 1170 square miles. The
to any imported. They are composed chiefly of quartz and  Coosa River washes its N.W. border' the Tallapoosa flows
kaolin, a species of feldspar-minerals found in great abun- through the S.E. part; and it is also drained by Tallasadance in the eastern part of the township. Pop. about 800. hatches and Chocolochee Creeks. The county is traversed
BENNINGTON IRON-WORKS, situated about 3 miles E. by mountain ridges. The soil of the valleys is exceedingly
of Bennington Centre, consisting of several large furnaces,  fertile, and much improved. The mountains are rich in
which give employment to about 200 hands, and produce  minerals; gold and lead have been found. Iron ore, fine
firom 2(000 to 3000 tons of pig iron annually.             marble, and limestone are abundant. Chalybeate and other
BENNINGTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Lin-  mineral springs occur in several places. The long-leaved
coin.                                                      pine is one of the most numerous trees in the forests. The
BENNISCIT, bYn/nish, or BENISCHI, btnish-e, a town  railroad lately commenced between Selma and Tennessee
of Austrian Silesia, 13 miles W.N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 2686, River passes through the county.  Capital, Jacksonville.
engaged in mining, and the manufacture of linen.           Pop. 17,163, of whom 13,400 were free, and 3763 slaves.
BEN/NIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          BENTON, a county forming the N.W. extremity of ArBENNSIHAUSEN, btns-htw/zen, a village of Prussian  kansas, contains about 900 square miles. It is drained by
Saxony, 10 miles N.E. of Meiningen, with iron forges. the Illinois River and Flag Creek. The surface is mostly
Pop. 1775.                                                level, and the soil very productive. The streams afford exBENNWIIR, bunuveeRI, a commune of France, depart- sellent water-power.  A strong current of emigration is
mernt of Haut-Rhin, with a station on the Strasbourg and  moving towards this section of the state. Capital, BentonBDle Railway, 3' miles S. of Colmar.                      ville. Pop. 3710, of whom 3509 were free, and 201 slaves.
BENOOB, or BENOUB, b~n-oobf, (Os/plhis,) a village of    BENTON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee, has
Lower Egypt, 14 miles S.W. of Mansoorah, on the eastern  an area of about 400 square miles. The Tennessee River
arm ofthe Nile.                                            (navigable by steam) tbrms its entire boundary on the E.,
BENOWM, bln-6wmf, a town of Central Africa, in Soodan, and the Big Sandy washes its N.W. border. The soil is said
near the border of Senegambia. Lat. 150 5' N.; Ion. 90 W. to be fertile, Capital, Camden. Pop. 6315, of whom  5952
It is a principal caravan station on the route from the Sene- were free, and 363 slaves.
gal to Timbuctoo.                                           BENTON, a county in the W.N.W. part of Indiana, borBENSALEM, bsn'stl/lem, a township of Bucks co., Penn-  dering on Illinois, contains 4-14 square miles. It is drained
sylvania. Pop. 22139.                                     by Pine and Sugar Creeks. More than half of the surface is
BENSBERG, btnslb6c-, a small market-town of Rhenish  an undulating prairie, the soil of which is highly producPrussia, 9 miles E. of Cologne. Pop. 864.                 five; and about one-fifth is covered with forests of oakl, ash,
BENS/BOROUGH, a village in the N. part of La Clede  sugar-maple, walnut, &c. Organized in 1840. Capital, Oxco., Missouri, on an affluent of the Auglaize River.       ford. Pop. 1144.
BENSEN, bln/sen, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.N.E. of   BENTON, a county in the W. central part of Missouri.
Leitmeritz, with two castles. Pop. 452.                    has an area of 770 square miles. It is intersected by the
BENSHEIM, bunslsfme, an old fortified town of Hosese- Osage River, which flows eastward, and in its passage relIarmstadt, on the Bergstrasse, 14 miles S. of Darmstadt.  ceives the Pomme de Terre and Grand Rivers. The county
Pop. 4000, employed iu raising wine.                      is also drained by Tebo, Beaver, and Cole Camp Creeks.
BEN/SINGTON or BEN/SON, a parish of England, co. of  The surface is somewhat diversified, and consists partly of
Oxford.                                                    prairies; the soil is fertile. The Osage River is navigable
BENISON. a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, about  dusring high water. Lead is found in tihe county. Capital,
60 miles S.W. of Montpelier. It has several boot and shoe  Warsaw.  Pop. 5015, of whom  4555 were free, and 4C0
manufactories, and one of carriages. Pop. 1305.           slaves.
BENSON, a post-village of Hamilton co., New York, about    BENTON, a new county in the B. central part of Iowa,
~0 miles N.N.W. of Albany.                                has an area of 720 square miles. It is traversed by Cedar
BENSON CENTRE, a post-office of Hamilton co., New  River and by Prairie Creek, and the Iowa River touches its
York.                                                     S.W. extremity. The prairies of this county are said to be
BENSON'S LANDING, a post-office of Rutland co., Ver- more extensive than the woodlands; the soil is fertile, and
mont.                                                     the climate healthy. Capital, Vinton. Pop. 672.
BENTALA, bln-t4Vlj, a town of Senegambia, about 210   -BENTON, a county in the E. part of Minnesota; containmiles N.N.E. of Sierra Leone, on a tributary of the Rio  ing an area of 1450 square miles. The Mississippi River
Grande.                                                   forms it boundary on the W., and Rum River flows along
206




BEN                                                        BER
fhe eastern border. It is also drained by Flat, Nokay, and    BENITONVILLE, a post-office of Warren co., Virginia.
E)lk Rivers.  The surface is uneven, and partly covered    BENTONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Benton co., Arwith forests of pine and other timber. Capital, Sank Rapids. kansas, 225 miles N.W. of Little Rock, and about 25 miles
Pop. 418.                                                  from the N.W. extremity of the state. The county has a
iBENTON, a county in the W. part of Oregon, has an area  large portion of good arable land, and is liberally supplied
of about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the  with water-power. The population of this section is increasWiliammette River, and on the Wr. by the Pacific Ocean, Ing rapidly by immigration.  Pop. about 500..
and is drained by a small stream flowing into the above-   BENTONVILLE, Tennessee. See BENTON.
meneutioned river. Mount Snelling, near its centre, is the    BENTONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Adams co..
principal elevation. Cape Fonlweather is situated on the  Ohio, 12 miles from the Ohio River, and 108 S..W. of ColumN.W. coast. Capital, lMaysville. Pop. 814.                 bus. It is connected by a plank-road with the Ohio River
BENTON, formerly S       tEBASTICOOK, a post-township of at Manchester.  Pop. 378.
Kennebec co., Maine, on the Sebasticook River, about 100    BENTONVILLE, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, 11
miles N.E. of Portland. The name was changed June 19, miles N.WV. of Connersville, the county town.
1850. Pop. 1189.                                             BENTOTTE, bhn-tott', a small town of Ceylon, on Ceylon
BENTON, a post-township of Grafton co., New IHaiapshire. River, 12 miles S. of Caltura.
Pop. 478.                                                    BENTIWORTHI,    a parish of England, co. of Hlants.
BENTON, a post-village and township of Yates co., New    BENVENUE, bln've-new/, a post-office of Dauphin co.,
York, on the W. shore of Seneca Lake, about 180 miles W. Pennsylvania.
of Albany. It is intersected by the Canandaigua and El-   BEN/WELL; a township of England, co. of Northumbermira Railroad. Pop. 1456.                                  land, 2 miles W. of Newcastle.  Pop. in 1851, 1272, emBENTON, a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.     ployed in collieries, one of which, in the last century, took
BENTON,' a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. fire, and burned for nearly 30 years..
Pop. 849.                                                    BEN/WOOD, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.
BENTON, a post-village of Lowndes co., Alabama, on the    BEN-WYVIS, ben-vwi/vis, a mountain of Scotland, co. of
Alabanma River, about 35 miles W. of Montgomery. It owes  Ross, 10 miles W. of Kiltearn.  Height, 27120 feet.
its importance to the navigation of the river, and does a    BIENZERTA.  See BIZERTA.
large business in proportion to its size. The land in the    BEN/ZINGER, a post-township of Elk co., Pennsylvania,
vicinity produces good crops of cotton. Pop. 400 or 500.   about 160 miles N.W. of Htarrisburg. Pop. 1268.
BENTON, a post-village of Yazoo Co., Mississippi, about    BEODRA, bl-o/dr4, a market-town and post-station of
40 miles N. of Jackson, and 11 miles E. of Yazoo City, was  IHungary, in the banat, and 47 miles W. of Temesvar.
formerly the county seat.  It contains 1 church, 1 academy, Pop. 3120.
and several stores.                                          B3EOILEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
BENTON, a post-village, capital of Saline co., Arkansas,   BEP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
25 miles S.W. of Little Rock, and 2 miles N.E. of Saline    BEQUIA, bA-keela, the northernmost of the Grenadines.
River, which affords water-power.  It has a court-house, West India Islands, lat. 130 N., lon. 610 18' W., 8 miles S. of
jail, and a few shops. Fine marble, soapstone, and silver  St.Vincent. Length, fronm N.E.to S.W.. 7 miles; breadth, lare found in the vicinity.                                  miles. On its W. side is the inlet of Admiralty Bay.
BENTON  or BENTONVILLE, a post-village, capital of    BERAR, bi-rarf, a large province of Ilildostan, in the
Polk co., Tennessee, 4i miles S. of Iieawassee River, and 75  Deccan, under British protection, and the nominal sovemiles S.S.W. of Knoxville.  It has a court-house, jail, aca- reignty of a rajah; between lat. 170 48' and 220 43' N., and
demy, 2 or 3 churches, and several hundred inhabitants.    ion. 750 20' and 820 48' E. Greatest length, from N. to S., 3130
BENTON, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., Ken- miles; breadth, 300 miles; area, 56,723 square miles. It is
tucky, on Clark's River, about 270 miles W.S.W. of Frank- centrally situated, being almost equidistant from the Bay
fort.                                                       of Bengal and the W. coast of India; and consists chiefly of
BENTON, a small village of Mercer co., Kentucky, on  an elevated valley, reached by a chain of /ghaets or mounChaplin River.                                             tain passes, sometimes sloping gradually, sometimes termiBENTON, a village of Brown co., Ohio, about 40 miles E. nating abruptly towards the valley. The chief rivers are
of Cincinnati, has 37 inhabitants.                          the Wkurda, the Khahan, Wynegunga;  and other affluents
BENTON, a thriving post-village of Hancock co., Ohio, of the Godavery. The soil is fertile, yielding abundant corps
about 84 miles in a direct line N.N.W. of Columbus. The  of dry grains; also flax, sugar, betel, and tobacco. The
post-office is called Benton IRidge.                        wheat is reckoned the best in India, and is harvested three
BENTON, a post-village of Holmes co., Ohio, 92 miles N.E. months after it is sown, leaving time for a crop of Indian
of Columbus.                                                orn. Cotton is grown to some extent.
BENTON, a township in Ottowa co., Ohio. Pop. 54.            BERAT, bhr-at/, a town of European Turkey, Albania,
BENTON, a township of Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 61.    saujak of Avlona, on the right bank of the Ergent, here
BENTON, a township in Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 639.           crossed by a bridge of 8 arches, 30 miles N.E. of Avlona.
BENTON, a small village near the S.E. extremity of Port- Population between 8000 and 10,000, of whom two-thirds are
age co., Ohio.                                              Greeks and one-third Turks. It consists of an upper town
BENTON, a township of Berrien co., Michigan. The N.W. or citadel, containing the vizier's palace, several Greek
corner touches Lake IMichigan.                              churches, and about 250 houses; and the lower town,
BENTON, a township in Eaton co., Michigan. Pop. 344.  mostly inhabited by Turks, with numerous mosques and a
BENTON, a post-village and township of Elkhart co., In- good bazaar.
diana, on the Elkhart River, 7 miles S.E. of Goshen, the    BERAUN, b/rlwn, (L. Berazsna, or Berauoleum,) a walled
county seat, has 2 churches, a large flousing mill, 2 tan- town of Bohemia, capital of a circle, on the Beraun River,
neries, and several stores. Pop. 1128.                      17A miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 2200, employed in potteries,
BENTON, a township in Monroe co., Indiana. Pop. 622.  iron forges, coal-mines, and stone quarries.
BENTON, a post-office of Washtenaw co., lichigan.           BER/BERA, (anc. Alcelae,) a seaport station of East Africa,
BENTON, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 1226.  Sonmaili, on a bay of the Gulf of Aden, 160 miles E.S.E. of
BENTON, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Illinois, Zeyla. Lat. 100 26' 15"T N.. Ion. 450 71 57" E. An annual fair is
is situated on a prairie near Big MIuddy River, 152 miles S. held here from October till April, at which from 10,000 to
by E. of Springfield.                                       20,000 persons assemble; and to which coffee, grains, ghee,
BENTON, a village in the N. part of H-enderson co., Illi- ostrich feathers, gumns, hides, gold-dust, cattle, ivory, and
nois, 2 miles E. of the Mississippi Sliver.                 slaves are sent from the interior of Africa; and iron, Indian
BENTON, a township in Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 730.       piece-goods, cotton, rice, &c., from  Arabia and other parts
BENTON, a post-village, capital of Scott co., Missouri, 240  of Asia.
miles E.S.E. of Jefferson  City, has a court-house, jail, and a    BER/BERS, a name given by the Arabs to the original
few stores.                                                 inhabitants of North Africa, who, however, do not recognise
BENTON, a thriving post-village of Lafayette co., Wiscon- it, calling themselves, in their own languages, Amazeergh
sin, is half a mile W. of Fever River, 13 miles N. of Galena, or Tamzeerght.
Illinois, and 85 miles S.W. of Madisona. It is surrounded    BEIRBICE, ber-beece/, the most western district of British
by rich lead-nmines, in which many persons are employed, Guiana, extending along the coast, and up the Berbice
and is. place of active business. The village contains 2  River, and mostly between let. 60 and 70 N., and lon. 570
churches, 5 stores, 1 smelting furnace, and about 300 inha- and 580 WV. Pop. in 1834, 21,589, of whom  570 are whites.
bitants.                                                    It is subdivided into six parishes. Principal products, sugar,
BENTON CENTRE, a post-village of Benton township, coffee, and cotton. In 1846,' 73,307 cwts. of sugar and 51,257
Yates co., New Yorlk, 189 miles W. of Albany.               gallons of rum were exported to the United Kingdom. Total
BENTON FERRY, a post-office of Mlarion co., Virginia.    value of exports in 1844, 226,2131.,-those to Great Britain
BENTON, LONG, a perish of England, co. of Northumber- amounting to 222,8591.; value of imports, 65,6401. In the
land.                                                       same year 86 vessels, aggregate burden 11,906 tons, entered,
BENTON RIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio.         and 72 vessels, burden 11,826 tons, cleared from the colony.
BENITONSPORT, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, Registered shipping in 1844, 18 vessels, aggregate burden,
on the Des Mloines River, about 6 miles E. of Keosauque.    854 tons. Principal town, New Amsterdam.
BENITONSVYILLE, a post-office of Johnson co., North Ca-   BERBICE RIVER, in the above district, riises in about
rolina.                                                   Ilat. 30 30' N. ion. 550 W., having at first a N. and afterwa-ds
207




BER                                                       BER
a N.E. course, between the Essequibo  and the Corentyn    BERESINA, a village of Russia, on the right bank of the
Rivers, and joins the Atlantic by an estuary 5 miles in  Boresinn, 48 miles E. of Minsk, at which Charles XII. crossed
width, 10 miles N. of New Amsterdam, in Ilt. 60 21' N., the river, June 29, 1708.
ion. 570 12' W. SirR. Schomburgk ascended it, in 1837, to lat.   BERETHALOM, bI'rXttlom;, or I3ERTIHALM, blIdt'lm,
3o 55' N., where it was 33 yards wide, with a depth of from 8  a market-town of Hungary, Transylvania, in a valley
to 10 feet. In its upper part it has numerous rapids and  between vine-clad hills, 30 miles N.E. of Hermannstadt.
cataracts; but~it is navigable for 165 miles fromn the sea, for  Pop. 3290.
vessels drawing 7 feet water. Among the luxuriant ye-   BERETTYO, bAtr~t/yol, a river of East Hungary, rises in
getation on its banks, the magnificent Fictorico regic  was the Beregh hills, and after a somewhat winding course of
discovered.                                                170 miles falls into the KBrbs, neir Szarves.
BERCETO, bin-ch/to, a picturesque village of North    BERETTYO-UJFALU, bAtsrit/yo'oo'ee-filoo1, a market-town
Italy, duchy and 28 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. 900.         of Hungary, beyond the Theiss, co. of Bihar, on the BerettBERCHEM, bWS/s11m, a town of Belgium, province of  yo, with a reformed church. Pop. 5426.
East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 19 miles S.W. of Ghent.    BEREZNA, bA-rkzlng, a town of Russia, on the Desna,
Pop. 2,342, partly employed in the manufacture of chiccory. government and 20 miles E. of Techernigov. Pop. 5500.
BERCIHEM, a village of Belgium, 2 miles S. of Antwerp,    BEREZOV, or BEREZOFF, bhr-ez-off/, written also BEon the railway to Brussels. Pop. 2729, engaged in bleaching  REZOW, (a town of birch-trees,) a town of Siberia, governand in manufictures of canvas, starch, and tobacco.        ment and 400 miles N.N.W. of Tobolsk, on the lower banks
BERCHEiM, a village of the Netherlands, province of  of the Sosva. It is important as the sole trading station
North Brabant, 13 miles N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1841.    throughout a wide extent of country, and has a considerable
BERCHING, bhe/king, a small town of Bavaria, on Lud- traffic in furs.
wig's Canal, 30 miles W.N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1354.          BEREZOV, a gold-mining village of Asiatic Russia, goBERCHTESGADEN, baK/tes-g'den, a market-town of  verunment of Perm, N.E. of Yekaterinboorg.
Bavaria, 12 miles S. of Salzburg, with 1800 inhabitants en-   BERG, b6RG, numerous villages in Germany, the princigaged in salt-works and manufaictures of hone and wooden  pal of which is in WVirtemberg. 1 miles N.E. of Stuttgart
wares. In the royal salt-mines in its vicinity 200 miners  with 770 inhabitants, who manulbcture cotton yarn and
are employed, and the annual produce is 16,000 cwt. of rock- copper wares.
salt. It has a Franciscan monastery, a charitable asylum,   BERGA, bbl/gA, a town of Spain, 51 miles N.N.W. of Barand a royal palace.                                         celona. Pop. 6333. It has a garrison, an hospital, and
BERICI-SUR-MER, biek-siie-maia,  a village ofFrence, de-  several convents.
partment of Pas-de-Calais, on the English Channel, 8 miles    BERGAMA, beR-g&/mA, (anc. Penlgamus,) a ruined city
S.W. of Montreuil. Pop. of commune, 2100;  61 fishing  of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the Mender Chal, (Stemeis,)
boats belonged to its port in 1837.                         11 miles S.E. of the site of ancient Troy. It has extensive
BERCY, bha'seef, a village of France, on the right bank  remains of a palace, an amphitheatre, triumphal arches. and
of the Seine, forming a S.E. suburb of Paris, between the  bridges, intermixed with huts, burial-grounds, mosques,
city wall and the line of its new fortifications. Pop. in 1852, and khans. Pop. about 10,000.
10,860. It is an entrepit of articles for consumption in Paris,   BERG-AMBACIIT, bhRo'm-baKtI, a village of Holland,
especially wine and brandy.                                 14 miles E. of IRotterdam. Pop. 650.
BERI)IANSIN, b6a-de-Anskl, a maritime town of South    BERGAMO, b6R/gA mo, (anc. Berfgoeosn,) a fortified city
Russia, Taurida, at the mouth of the small river Berda, on  of Lombardy, capital of delegation, 29 miles N.E. of Milan.
the N. shore of the sea of Azof, 150 miles N.E. Simferopol. Pop. 32,614. It is one of the most picturesque cities in
This new and flourishing town is remarkable for its rapid  North Italy, and has numerous churches and chapels, a
extension, having in the ten years of its existence esta- cathedral, 12 monasteries, 10 nunneries, a town-hall, many
blished an- extensive trade and attained a population of  charitable institutions, ai college, athenceum, academy of the
10,000. Its prosperity is ascribed to the excellence of its fine arts, diocesan and other schools, a public library, a
port, and the coal-mines and salt lakes in its vicinity. The  military asylum, and several theatres, with extensive manuroadstead is the best in the Sea of Azof.  A light-house  factories of silk, woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, silk
stands at its entrance.                                    twist, and iron goods. The largest fair in Northern Italy is
BERDITCHEV, or BERDITSCIIEV, bk-de-chvl, a town  held here annually in August, the aggregate sales at which
of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, 24 miles S. of  sometimes amount to 1,200,0001. It has also large cattle
Zhitomeer, (Jitomir.) Pop. about 20,000, mostly Jews. It markets, and a considerable trade in grinding-stones, quaris dirty and ill built, but important for its commerce, and  ried in the vicinity. During the height of the Venetian
celebrated for its four annual fairs, the chief of which is  power, Bergamo was a dependency on its territory; under
held during the four weeks succeeding August 15. The  Napoleon it was the capital of the department of Serio.
average value of the goods brought annually to these fairs Bergamo is the birth-place of Bernardo Tasso, father of Toris estimated at 3,797,000 roubles or $2,900,000.           quato Tasso, to the latter of whom  a colossal statue has
BER'DON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              been erected in the great square; of Tiraboschi, a learned
BEREA, be-reefa, post-office, Granville co., North Carolina. Jesuit, author of the Storina della Litteratura Italiana; of
BEREA, a manufacturing post-village of Cuyahoga co., Antonio Serassi, the biographer of Dante, Petrarch, and
Ohio, on the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 12 miles S. Tasso; and of many painters of note.
W. of Cleveland.  It contains a union school.                 BERGANTINO, b6a-gdn-tee/no, a market-town of North
BERE-CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           Italy, Venice, 25 miles W. of Rovigo. Pop. 3000.
BERE, FOREST OF, a pretty extensive tract of forest-   BERG, DUCHY OF, on the Rhine between Cologne and
land in England, co. of Hants, between Portsdown and  Coblentz, was formed by Napoleon in 1806, and ceded to
the Southdown ranges. Much of it is'now enclosed, but Prussia in 1815, is now comprised in Prussian Westphalia.
other parts produce fine oak timber. In it are the villages    BERGEDORF, be/ghfeh-doef5, (i.e. "hill village,") a town
Purbrook, Southwick, and Horndean.                        - of North Germany, belonging jointly to Hamburg and
BEREGH, bA'rng/, a county of Upper Hungary, this side  Lubeck, on the Hamburg and Berlin Railway, 10 miles
the Theiss. Pop. 119,151. Chief towns Bereghszass and  E.S.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 2151.
lunkacs.                                                     BERGEIJK, ble/ohlke, a village of the Netherlands. proBEREGI-, a town of Hungary, in the above co., 14 miles vince of North Brabant, 25 miles S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1761.
S. of Munkacs. Pop. 1750.                                    BERGEN, bbraghen, a fortified city and seaport of Norway,
BEREGI-ISZASZ, bicrhg'sAssf, a town of East Hungary, capital of a province, on a peninsula, at the end of a deep
co. of Beregh, 18 miles S. of Munkacs. Pop. 3560. It has  bay, on the Atlantic, 190 miles WV.N.WV. of Christiania. Lat.
Roman Catholic,: Greek, and Protestant churches.            of castle, 600 24' N., Ion. 50 18' E. Pop. in 1845, 25,611. It
BEREGUARDO, bt-rA-gwrdsdo, a village of Lombardy, is well built and picturesque; it rises in the form of an am.
9 miles N.W. of Pavia, near the mouth of the canal of the  phitheatre, and las a cathedral, several other churches,
same name in the Ticino.                                    hospitals, charitable institutions, a theatre, national muBERENIICE, a ruined city of Egypt, anciently the empo- seum, diocesan college, naval academy and other schools,
rium of its commerce with India, on a bay of the Red Sea, and 5 public libraries. Bergen is surrounded by elevated
20 miles S.W. of Ras Bernass. It has the remains of a ten- mountains on the landside, which renders the climate hupie of Serapis.                                             mid, and heavy rains are very frequent. It is the seat of a
BERENT or BEI{REND, bA/r~nt, a town of Prussia, court of secondary jurisdiction, and of one of the three pubgovernment of Dantzic, on the Ferse, 32 miles S.W. of  lic treasuries of Norway. It has a branch of the Norwegian
Dantzic  Pop. 2000.                                        bank, and is the station of a naval squadron.  Its harbor,
BERNY JASZ. See JASZ-BERANY.                             deep and sheltered, butrocky, is defended by several forts;
BERESINA, or BEREZINA, ba-e-zeenl/A, a river of Rus- which, with the town walls, mount about 100 guns. It has
sia, government of Minsk, in the N. of which it rises, flows manufactures of earthen-ware, tobacco, and cordage; distillgenerally S., and joins the Dnieper in lat. 52028'N. Length  ing and ship-building are carried on; the fishery is, however,
200 miles. Principal afifluent, the Svislotch. The towns of  the principal source of employment, and fleets of from 50 to
Borissov and Bobruisk are on its banks. It is navigable,  80 small vessels come from the northern provinces in sumand is connected with the Diina by a canal, which thus  men, bringing to Bergen fish, roes, fish-oil, blubber, skins,
establishes a communication between the Baltic and Black  and feathers, and taking back goods in return. The foreign
Seas. This river is memorable for the disastrous passage of the  trade is mostly with the countries of Northern Europe. Prin.
French army during Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, in 1812. cipal imports, corn, brandy and wines, cotton and woollen
208




BER                                                       BER
manufactures, colonial produce, and hemp; exports, dried    BERGHOLT, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
and salted fish, lobsters, oil, horns, iron, rock-moss, skins,   BERGIIOLTZ, b6nglh6lts, or NEW BERGIOLTZ, a post,
and timber.  In 1842, 1078 vessels, mostly Norwegian,  village in WVheatfield township, Niagara county, New York,
Danish, British, and German, of an aggregate burden of about 15 miles N. of Buffalo. The village and immediate
80,545 tons entered, and 1066 vessels, burden 80,278 tons, vicinity contain 1 church, and 2 school-houses with 3
cleared from the port. Bergen was founded in the eleventh  teachers and 200 scholars. This place was settled in 1843,
century, and was at an early period a town of the Ilanseatic  by Lutheran  emigrants from  Bergholtz, Prussia.  Pop.
league, but since Christiania has become the seat of the  about 2000, including that of two other villagas in the
legislature, as well as of a university, it has taken prece- immediate neighborhood, which may be regarded as subL
deuce of the former, while lofty ranges of empty warehouses, urbs.
extending along the quay, testify at once the large scale on    BER.GOO or BERGOU, bPr-gool, an extensive territory in
which trade was here conducted by the Hanse merchants in  the interior of Africa, bounded E. by Nubia and Barfoor,
the latter part of the sixteenth century, and the decay  and W. by Begharmi.
which ensued on the overthrow of the Hanseatic influence    BER-G-OP-Z00OM. See BERnEN-OP-ZOOM.
in the middle of the eighteenth. Bergen sends four repre-   BERGREICHENSTEIN, b6aG-riKlen-stnne,        a town of Bosentatives to the storthing, or senate, of Norway. Although  hernia, circle of Prachin, 42 miles W.N.JW. of Budweis. Pop.
there is little attraction in the town itself, its vicinity is 4100. Its once productive gold-mines are now nearly abanexceedingly picturesque, having mountains 2000 feet in  doned, and its population employed in agriculture.
height on three sides, and the fiord, with its'islands, in    BERGSTADT, blnoGstatt, a town of Moravia, 19 miles N.
front. Numbers of beautifully situated villas are scattered  of Olmutz.  Pop. 1320, with iron-mines; its silver-mines
along the heights, commanding fine and extensive views. have been occasionally worked since 1437.
The stift or province of Bergen had, in 1845, a population of    BERGUES, bZRg, a fortified town of France, department
276,281.                                                   of Nord, in a marshy tract, on the Colne, 5 miles S.S.E. of
BERGEN, bnRGlen, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, near Bunkerque. Pop. in 1852. 5968. It has a communal colthe centre of the island of Rtigen, of which it is the capital, lege, hospital, and public library; with distilleries, salt and
15 miles N.E. of Stralsund. Pop.3024. Ithas manufactures  sugar refineries, manufactories of soap, tobacco, and earthenof woollen cloth and brandy, and a convent for noble ladies. ware, and considerable commerce in cattle, cheese, and lace.
BERGEN, a village of Hanover, 34 miles S.W. of Liine- It communicates  with Dunkerque and the sea by the canal
burg, with a population of 830. It has linen manufactures. of Bergues, which admits vessels of 300 tons.
This is the name of several other villages in Germany.       BERGUM, bhr/Hfim, or b8rnotim, a village of the NetherBERGEN, b5hr/en, a town of the Netherlands, province  lands, province of Friesland, on the Bergum Lake, 8 miles E.
of Limburg, on the right bank of thelMeuse30 miles E.S.E. of Leeuwarden. It has an extensive horse fair. Pop. 2028.
of Bois-le-uc. Pop. 3442.                                    BERGUN, (Bergiin,) bidgiin, a village of Switzerland,
BERGEN, berlghen, a county in the N.E. part of New Jer- canton of Grisons, on the N. slope of the Albula  Mountain,
sey, bordering on New Yorlk, has an area of about 350 square  and on the route from Chur (Coire) to the Engadine. Elevamiles. It is bounded on the E. by Hudson River, and is tion, 4544 feet. Pop. 600, (Protestants.) Below the village
intersected by Ramapo, IHackensack, and Saddle Rivers, is the remarkable valley of the Bergiinerstein.
which afford valuable water-power. The famous palisades    BERGUSIA. See BALAGUEr.
of the Hudson are situated on the E. border of this county.   B3ERGZABERN, b6noGtsa'blrn a town of Rhenish BavaThe surfaice is generally uneven, and in the W. part moun- ria, on the Erlbach, 8 miles S.W. of Landau. Pop. 2565.
taitnons. The soil is fertile, particularly along the valleys    BERHIAMPOOR, blr'Am-poorl, a town of British India,
of the streams. Mlsagnetic iron ore and limestone are found, presidency of Bengal, district and 6 miles S. of toorshedaThe railroad connecting Jersey City with Binghamton, in  bad, on the Bhagirathi  River, facing which are a fine esplaNew York, traverses the western part of this county. Or- nade, and barracks for European troops.
ganized in 1710, but the area has since been considerably    BERINGEN, bA/ring-hn, a parish and village of Switzerdiminished by the formation of Passaic and Hudson  land, canton and 3 miles W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. 1417.
counties. Capital, Hackensack. Pop. 14,725, of whom 41    BERISLAV, or BERISLAW, bA-re-slovl, a town of Southwere slaves.                                               ern Russia, government and 25 miles E. of Kherson, on the
BERGEN, a post-village and township of Genesee co., right bank of the Dnieper, here crossed by a floating bridge.
New York, on the Rochester and Batavia Railroad, about It has trade with the Crimea.
235 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1897.                     BERJA, bSnltf, a town of Spain, 22 miles W. of Almeria,
BERGEN, a post-village and township of Hudson co., on the S. slope of the Sierra do Gador. Pop. 9840. It is the
New Jersey, on the top of Bergen Ridge, 3 miles W. of New  centre of extensive lead-mines, of which several hundreds
York city. It has an elegant church, a bank, and 30 or 40  are opened in the mountain.
dwellings. Settled about the year 1616. Pop. 2758.           BERJE or BERJ. See BIaZE.
BERGEN IRON-WORKS, a post-village of Brick town-    BERK, a post-office of Bane co., Wisconsin.
ship, Ocean co., New Jersey.                                 BERKA, b6s/kr, a village of Central Germany, duchy of
BERGIEN-OP-ZOO0, or more correctly BERG-OP-ZOOM, Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 6 miles S. of Weimar. Pop. 1228.
blRGIop-zSme', a strongly fortified town of the Netherlands, It has a ruined castle, and sulphur baths.
province of North Brabant, on the Zoom, near its junction    BERKA, a village of Central Germany, duchy of Saxewith the East Scheldt, 22 miles W.S.W. of Breda. Lat. 510  Weimar, on the Werra, 11 miles W.S.W. of Eisenach. Pop.
29' 7"/ N.; Ion. 40 17' 5" E.  Population, 9900. It has a  1180.
good harbor, 2 arsenals, a town-house, a Latin school, a    BERKELEY, berk/leo, a market-town and parish  of
school of architecture, manufactures of earthen-ware, and a  England, co., and 15 miles S.S.W. of Gloucester. Pop. in
considerable trade in anchovies.  It was long styled the  1851, 4344. The town, on an eminence in the vale of Ber"maiden," on account of the numerous sieges it had sus- keley, near the Severn, and the Gloucester and Bristol
tained, especially by the Spaniards in 1588 and 1622. The  Railway, has a handsome church, which is the burialfortifications were extended by the celebrated Coehoorn in  place of the celebrated Dr. Jenner, a grammar school, found1703. It was taken by the French in 1747 and in 1794, and  ed in 1696, and some trade in timber, coal, malt, and cheese,
defended by them against the English in 1814.             facilitated by the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal. Berke
BERGEN (boerghen) POINT, a post-office of Hudson co., ley Castle, on an eminence S.E. of the town, is a large
New Jersey.                                                irregular pile, enclosing a spacious count, and regarded as
BERGEN'S STORE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Yir- one of the finest and most perfect feudal structures in the
ginia.                                                     kingdom. It has a keep, baronial hall, chapel, and dunBERGERAC, bla'zheh-rtk1, a town of France, department, egoon; and the apartment is still shown in which Edward
and on the right bank of the Bordogne, here crossed by a  11. was murdered, A.. 1327. Berkeley was granted to the
noble bridge of 5 arches. It is capital of the arrondissement, Fitz-Hardinges by Henry II., and, with its extensive main a fertile plain, 25 miles S.S.W. of Pfrigueux. Pop.in 1851,  nor, comprising nearly 30 parishes, is still held by their de10,402. It has a communal college and public library, tri-  scendants. Its vale is noted for rich pasturage, and probunal of commerce, and manufactures of paper, iron, and  duces the famous "double Gloucester" cheese. The Berkecopper wares, serges, and hosiery, and exports white wines, ley-road station of the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 1,5
liqueurs, and provisions to Bordeaux. Bergerac was for- miles distant, is 221 miles N. of Bristol.
mef-ly fortified, and sustained many sieges. It was taken    BERKELEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
by the English in 1345, and retaken in 1370. Its fortifica-   BERKELEY, berk/lee, a countyin the N.E. part of~irginia,
tions were razed by Louis XIII. in 1621.                   bordering onthePotomac River, which separatesit from MaryBERGHEIM, bo/abflme, (Fr. pron. bla'ghlm1,) a commune land, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded
and village of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 85 miles on the S.E. by Opequan Creek, and intersected by Back
N. of Colmar. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3596.              Creek. It occupies the most northern part of the Yalley of
BERGHEIME, b6lR/hIme, a market-town of Rhenish Prus- Yirkinia. The surface is hilly and mountainous; the soil
sin, 14 miles W.N.W. of Cologne. Pop. 866.                 of the valleys and river bottoms is mostly fertile. LimeBERGHEIM, a village of Germany, 4 miles S.E. of Wal- stone underlies a large part of the county; anthracite coal
deck, with a castle of the Princes of Waldeck, and 600 inha- and iron are abundant. The streams furnish considerable
bitants. This is the name also of other villages in Germany. water-power. The county is intersected by the Baltimore
BERGHOLT, (berg/lh6lt,) EAST, a parish of England, co. and Ohio Railroad. Organized in 1772, and named probably
of Suffolk.                                                from Sir William Berkeley, formerly governor of Yirginia.
0                                                                         209




BER                                                          BER
Capital, Mlartinsburg.  Pop. 11,771, of whom 9815 were free, I  BERKSI-IIRE, a post-township of Tioga co., New York, 15
and 1956, slaves.                                             miles N.N.E. of Owego.  Pop. 1049.
BERKLEY, a post-township of Bristol co., Massachusetts,    BERKSHIIRE, a post-office of lGwinnett co., Georgia.
35 miles S. of Boston, on the E. side of Taunton River. P. 908.   BERKSSIIRE, a thriving post-village of Delaware co.,
BERKLEY, a post-office of Madison co., Alabama.             Ohio, about 24 miles N.N.E. of Columbus, has several stores.
BEIRKLEY, a township in Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 597.   BERKSHIRE5 a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, 50 miles
BERKELEY SOUND, the most frequented inlet of the  WV. by N. of Chicago.
East Falkland Islands, in the Atlantic, near its N.E. ex-   BERKSHIRE VALLEY, a post-village of Morris co., New
tremity. Lat. 51~ 30, S.; ion. 570 56, W. It is of difficult Jersey, 12 mniles N.W. from  Morristown, his one Presbyteentrance, but contains several good harbors, and affords  rian church. A branch of'Rockaway River, flowing through
abnndant supplies of water, cattle, and vegetables, for the place, gives motion to several forges.
shipping.                                                       BERLAER, bhellr, a village of Belgiuni, province of
BERIKLEY SOUND. See BERKELEY SeUN.                          Antwerp, 9 miles N.E. of Mechlin. Pop. 2925.
BERK/LEY SPRINGS, Virginia. See BATH.                         BERLAIMONT, blecl'm6,oNf, a town of France, departBERKESWELL, berkslwfl, a parish of England, co. of  ment of Nord, on the Sambre, 8 miles N.W. of Avesnes.
Warwick.                                                      Pop., with commune, in 1852,2353, employed in manufactures
BERKI-IAMISTEAD, GREAT, a market-town and parish  of pottery, and in brick-making.
of England, co. of Herts, on the Grand Junction Canal    BERLANGA, bVa-lln'gA, a small town of Spain, 22 miles
and the London and Birmingham Railway, 25 miles N.W.S.W. of Soria. Pop. 1692.
of London. Pop. in 1851, 3395. The town, in a deep vale,    BERLANGA, a town of Spain, 65 miles S.E. of Badajos.
is irregularly built, mostly of brick.  It has a spacious  Pop. 4128.
church, which contains 12 small chapels, a grammar school,   BERLEBURG, ber/le-bRaGo', a town of Prussia, Westfounded in the reign  of Henry VIII., a bluecoat school, phalia, 28 miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg, is capital~of the circle of
numerous smaller charities, a jail, with house of correction, Wittgenstein.  Pop. 2152. It has a castle, the residence
and the remains of a strong castle, famous in English his- of its princes; manufactures of woollen clothes, and in its
tory. The population is partly employed in the manufac- vicinity are several iron forges.
ture of straw-plait.  Cowper the poet was born here in 1781,  -BELENGAS, b6e-16n/gle, (Fr. Berlingues, bhl'LaNgf,)   a
while his father was rector of the parish.                    group of small rocky islands off the W. coast of Portugal,
BE RKHIAMISTEAD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of  province of Estremadura. 10 miles N.W. of Peniche. The
Hertford.                                                     small island Berlinga is defended by a fortress.
BERKHIAMSTEAD, ST. MARY. See NoaTH CHURCH.                    BERLICHINGEN, ben/liK-ing-gn, a village of WtiirtemBESKS, or BERK/SIIRE, berlk/shlr, fobrmenrly written and  berg, on the Jaxt, 71 miles W.N.W. of Kiinzelsau.  There
still often pronounced BARKSISHIRE, an inland county of  was formerly here a castle, the natal place of the family
England, having on the N. the counties of Oxford and Bucks;  of Berlichingen, from  which sprang the famous robberon the E., Smrey; on the S., Hants; and on the W., Wilts and  knight, CTtz von Berlichingen, with the iron hand, whom
Gloucester.  Area,450,348 acres. Pop. in 1851,170,065. The  Goethe has made the subject of one of his dramas. Pop.
surface is beautifully varied, and generally well wooded. The  1410.
Thames firms all its N. boundary; the other principal rivers    BERLIKUSI, bkIfle-k-m, a village of Netherlands, proare its affluents, the Kennet and Loddon. A tract of downs  vince of North Brabaut,   5 miles E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2222.
extends through its centre; its S.E. and E. parts are occu-    BERLIKUMI, a village of the Netherlands, province of
pied by Windsor Forest ancd Park. About 260,000 acres are  West Friesland, has a large annual fair. Pop. 1220.
estimated to be under tillage; 72,000 acresin pastures; and    BERLIN, berllin, (Ger. pron. bsa-leen!, (L.'Berobinuem,
30,000 acres waste. The soil is fertile; subsoil, chalk, gravel, or Bersilnusre,") an important city of Germany, capital of
and clay. Agriculture is rather backward; though many  the Prussian monarchy, and of the province of Brandenparts of the county, especially in the vales of the Kennet  burg, on the Spree, 156 miles E.S.E. of Hamburg, and 100
and the "1 White-horse," are noted for fertility. Property is  miles N. of Dresden. Lat. (of new Observatory) 520 45' 16,'
greatly subdivided. Few farms consist of more than 500  N., ion. 130 23 53/' E.; elevation above the sea, 115 feet;
acres. The manufactures are unimportant: those of wool- mean temperature of the year, 480.2; summer 640.5; winlens, for which the countywvas once famous, have entirely  ter 310.4 Fahrenheit.  After Vienna, Berlin is the largest
disappeared; but an extensive trade in agricultural produce  town in Germany, and for the beauty and size of its buildis carried on by the Thames, the Wilts and Berks, and Ken- ings, the regularity of its streets, the importance of its instinet and Avon Canals, and the Great Western Railway, which  tutions of science and art, for its activity, industry, and
last intersects the county throughout. It returns 9 mem-  trade, is one of the finest cities in Europe. It is built on
bers to the House of Commons, 3 of whom sit for the county. a sandy plain, on both banks of the Spree, is about 10 miles
BERKS, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, has  in circumference, and occupies an extent of 6800 acres.
an area of920 square mniles. Schuylkill River flows through  The chief divisions of the city are, 1. Berlin Proper; 2. Cothe county in a S.E. direction, dividing it into nearly equal  logne, (clt and nes IKite[,) on the Spree; 3. Louisenstadt, in
parts, and it is drained also by Tulpehocken, IMaiden, Mlana- the S.; 4. Friedriichstadt, in the S.W.; 5. Friedrichswertawny, -and Little Swatara Creeks. The surface is finely  der, between alt and neu K61na and Friedrichstadt; 6. Neudiversified. The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain forms its  stadt, or Dorotheenstadt, between Friedrichstadt and the
N.W. boundary; the S.E. central part is traversed by a  Spree; 7. Friedrich Wilhelmstadt, built in 1828, and the
ridge which is here called South Mountain, and in Virginia  suburbs of Stralhau, Spandan, and Konigstadt, Oranienthe Blue Ridge.  Between these is the Kittatinny Valley, in  burg, and Potsdam.  The city is surrounded by a wall 16
which a large part of the county is comprised. The soil of  feet high, and is entered by 16 gates, one of which, the
this valley is of limestone formation, highly productive, Brandenburg gate on its -W., is a colossal structure, surand well cultivated; the slate and shale lands of the de-  mounted by an image of victory, in a car drawn by4 horses,
clivities are also susceptible of profitable cultivation.  The  and one of the most elegant of the kind in Europe. It was
iron-mines of this county are rich and extensively worked;  carried to Paris in 1807, and restored in 1814. Ofthe 40 bridges
copper is found in small quantities,. in connection with the  which cross the Spree'and its branches, the principal are
iron. The Schuylkill Canal passes through the county, the long bridge, with an equestrian statue of the great
and the Union Canal extends from  Reading to the Susque-  elector Frederick William; the Schlossbrticke, or palace
hanna River. It is intersected by the Philadelphia and  bridge, with groups of heroes in marble; Frederick's bridge,
Reading Railroad, and by several turnpikes.  Berks was  consisting of 8 arches, and constructed of iron. The city
first settled by Germans about 1734, and organized in 1752. generally is regiilar and handsome, but the houses are of
Capital, Reading.  The name is derived from  Berks, a  little elevation.  The fineststreets are in Friedrichstadt and
county of England. Pop. 77,129.                               Dorotheenstafdt; the most celebrated is that.called " UnterBERKSHIRE, England. See BEEKs.                              den-Linden," a broad and imposing street, planted with 4
BERKISHIRE, berk/shir, a county forming the W. extremi-  rows of lime-trees, ornamented by an equestrian statue of
ty of IMassachusetts, extending across the entire breadth of  Frederick the Great, terminated by the Brandenburg gate
the state, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is  at the one end, and the royal palace at the other. The other
drained by the Housatonic, Deerfield, Farmington, and Hoo- streets most worthy of notice are Friedrich street, Wilhelm
sick Rivers, and other smaller streams, which furnish abun-  street, Paris square, WVilhelms place, Belle Alliance place,
dant water-power.  The surface is uneven or hilly, and in  and the Gens-d'Armes market. Around the principal squares
some parts mountainous. Saddle MIountain. in the N. part, and streets are grouped numerous public buildings, anmong
is the highest elevation in Massachusetts.  Berkshire is re- which are the royal castle and palace, the arsenal, the unimarkable for its varied and picturesque scenery. The soil versity, museums, exchange, opera-house, theatres, and the
is generally fertile, and well adapted to grazing. Marble,  palaces of the princes. There are about 30 churches. The
iron ore, and limestone are abundant. The railroads con-  cathedral in the Lustgarten is the finest, but none of them
neeting Boston with Albany, and Bridgeport with Albany, are remarkable for their architecture.  Berlin has numerous
traverse this county, and two branch railroads are included  and excellent hltels and cafds, and its public conveyances
within it. Organized in 1770, and named from Berkshire, a  are under the best management. In summer, upwards of a
county in England. Capital, Lennox.  Pop. 49,591.             1000 droskeys are kept in the streets for hire. The suburbs
BERKSHIRE, a post-township of Franklin co., Vermont, have many attractions, amsong which are the Thier-garten,
about 50 miles N. by E. of Montoelier, on the N. side of  a large, open park outside of thle Brandenburggate, in which
tlissisque River, hasvery great water privileges. Pop. 1955. a  corso" has been recently established, and the Kreutzberg,
210




BEi                                                        BER
a sand-hill, S. of the gate of Halle, on which is erected an  trade. The plank-road from Cumberland, MUaryland, to the
iron monument to the memory of the Prussians  who fell in  Youghiogheny River, passes through this place. Beds of
the wars of Napoleon, and whence the only good view of the  excellent coal, 5 feet in thickness, have been opened very
city is obtained. Berlin is the great centre of instruction  near the town. Pop. 665.
and intellectual development in Northern Germany; its    BERLIN, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
educational establishments are numerous and celebrated. 805.
The university, founded in 1809, and comprising schools    BERLIN, a flourishing post-village of Worcester co., Maryof jurisprudence, medicine, and philosophy, had, in 1843-4, land. 7 miles from the Atlantic, and 123 miles S.E. from An1656 students. There are 6 gymnasia, 2 Protestant theolo- napolis. It has considerable trade. Pop. about 800.
gical seminaries, a military school, schools of artillery, mill-    BERLIN, a post-office of Southampton co., Virginia.
tary  engineering, architecture, sculpture, painting, and    BERLIN, a post-office of Forsyth..co., North Carolina.
music; a preparatory school of music, and many elementary    BERLIN, a small post-village in Sumter co., Alabama.
schools. It has extensive public libraries, among which the    BERLIN, a thriving post-village of Hardeman co., Tennesroyal library, founded in 1650, has 600,000 printed volumes, see, on the State Line Road from  Memphis to Tuscumbia,
and 500 MSS. Among its valuable collections are royal mu- about 50 miles E. from  the former. It is situated in a
seums of painting, sculpture, antiquities, coins, and medals, wealthy neighborhood, and has an active business. The
a museum  of natural history, a royal, astronomical and  route of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad passes very
magnetical observatory; and a royal botanic garden, one of  near the village. Pop. in 1851, about 300.
the richest and most complete in Europe. Its justly cele-   BERLIN, a township in Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1151.
brated academic institutions comprise the academy of sci-   BERLIN, a township in Erie co., Ohio. Pop. 1582.
ences, (A7-adcQsie der Wissenschcaften,) academy of the fine    BERLIN, a post-township in Holmes co., Ohio, about 8
arts, academy for the encouragemeent of industry, and the  miles E. from Millersburg. Pop. 1452.
academy of music; a geographical society, founded in 1828,   BERLIN, a post-village of Holmes co., Ohio, 94 miles N.E.
and a society of natural history. It has 2 royal theatres;  from Columbus. It contains 2 churches, 1 foundry and maits celebrated opera-house, burned in 1843, was rebuilt in  chine shop, and several stores.
1844. Among its charitable institutions are the H1tel des    BERLIN, a small post-village of Jackson co., Ohio, near
Invalides, for 300 soldiers and 12 officers, and an orphan  the Scioto and Rocking Valley Railroad, 81 miles S.S.E. from
hospital. Berlin is the first city in Germany for the variety  Columbus, has about 75 inhabitants. The post-office is Berand importance of its manufactured products. The differ- lin Cross Roads.
ent articles of industry are cloths, linens, carpets, silks, rib-   BERLIN, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1156.
bons, and printed cottons, iron-wares, especially the beauti-   BERLIN, a township in Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1376.
ful cast-iron articles called "1Berlin jewelry," paper, porcelain,   BERLIN, a village of Shelby co., Ohio, on the Miami and
mathematical and optical instruments, chemical and dye-' Erie Canal, 88 miles W. by N. from  Columbus; contains
stuffs, including the celebrated "Prussian blue," and mu- about 150 inhabitants.
sical instruments. Among its great industrial establish-    BERLIN, a township in Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 391.
ments are the royal iron foundry and royal porcelain    BERLIN, a post-office of Ottawa co., Michigan.
manufactory. The productions of the press in typography,   BERLIN, a post-township in St. Clair co., Michigan, about
cartography, and lithography, are numerous and excellent. 75 miles N.N.E. from Detroit. Pop. 533.
For the encouragement of commerce there is a royal bank,   BERLIN, a post-village of Clinton  o., Indiana, about 40
a royal mercantile marine, (Seehandungs-instituct,) esta- miles N. from Indianapolis; was laid out in 1847. It has 2
blished in 1772, and steam-packet companies. All the great stores, and about 75 inhabitants.
roads in the kingdom  meet in Berlin; its position, on a    BERLIN, a village of Mercer co., Illinois, on the road
navigable river, communicating by canals with the Elbe, from Knoxville to Rock Island, 150 miles N.W. from SpringOder, and Vistula, renders its navigation of considerable  field.
importance; and it is now the centre of a system  of rail-   BERLIN, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, on the
ways which connect it with the Baltic by Hamburg and  raihlroad between Springfield and Jacksonville, 15 miles W.
Kiel on the N.W., and by Stettin on the N.E. On the S.E. by S. from the former.
a line extends by Breslau to Vienna, on the S. to Leipzig     BERLIN, a small post-village in Scott co., Iowa, on the
and Dresden, and on the W. to Magdeburg and Hanove-, W. side of the Mississippi River, about 25 miles S.E. from
and many other less important places.                       Dewitt.
Hitstory.-About two centuries ago, Berlin was a place of    BERLIN, a fiourishing post-village of Marquette co.. Wislittle importance. It was confined to the immediate bank  cousin, on the Neenah River, about 75 miles N.N.E. from
of the Spree, and the island which divides its channel, and  Madison. It has a good landing for steamboats, and is the
consisted of a series of viliates, which have gradually verged  principal shipping point of the county. Pop. estimated at
into each other, and now fbrm its different quarters. The  1000.
first important improvement was made by the great elector,    BERLIN, a post-village of Canada WVest, co. of Waterloo,
Frederick William, who planted the Unter-den-Linden. His  35 miles W.N.W. from Hamilton. It has a newspaper office,
successor, Frederick I., seconded his efforts; but Berlin  numerous mechanic shops, and about. 800 inhabitants.
never assumed the appearance of a capital till the time of    BERLIN  CENTRE, a village in Berlin township, RensFrederick the Great, who, determined to make it worthy of  selaer co., New York, 20 miles E. from Albany.
his extended dominions, enclosed a large space within the    BERLIN CENTRE, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.
walls, and proceeded to build upon it, to supply the wants,    BERLINCHEN, b6lrlin-Ken, a town of Prussia, province
not so much of actual as of an anticipated population. Ie was  of Brandenburg, 52 miles N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder,
twice interrupted in the work, and almost driven from his  with manufactures of cloth and paper. Pop. 3620.
purpose, when, in 1757, the city fell into the hands of the    BERLIN CROSS-ROABS, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.
Austrians, and in 1760 into those of the Austrians and    BERLIN FALLS, a post-office of Coos co., New Hampshire.
Russians. But he soon repaired the damage, and his suc-   BERILINVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., Ohio, 108 miles
cessors following ardently in his steps, Berlin has rapidly  N. of Columbus.
risen to be the second city in Germany in respect of popula-   BERMIEJO, a river of South America. See VrascJo.
tion, and perhaps the very first in respect to architectural   BERMEO, bin-m/o, a seaport town of Spain, on the Bay
grandeur and political influence. Pop. in 1852, 441,931, of  of Biscay, 14 miles N.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 3625, mostly enwhom 20,000 were soldiers, and 5000 Jews.                  gaged in fisheries. Alonzo de Ercilla, the epic poet, was
BERILIN, a township of Franklin co., Maine, 45 nmiles  born here about 1530.
N.W. of Augusta.                                             BERMING. See BIRmANG.
BERLIN, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire,    BER0MONDSEY, a parish of England, and a suburb of
about 125 miles N. of Concord, well-watered by the Andros- the metropolis, co. of Surrey, included in the borough of
coggin and Ammonoosuck Rivers. Pop. 173.                    Southwark, on tte East. Pop. in 1851, 48,128, mostly emBERLIN, a township of Washington co., Vermont, 5 miles  ployed in ship-building, in extensive tanneries, and in alarge
S. by W. of Montpelier, intersected by the Vermont Central retail trade. Bermondsey has 2 chapels for its large Roman CaRailroad. Pop. 1507.                                       tholic population, a convent, many schools, and other chariBERLIN, a post-township of Worcester co., Mlassachusetts,  ties, and some small remains of a celebrated abbey, founded
30 miles W. of Boston, enjoys good water privileges. Pop. 866. about A. D. 1082.
BERLIN, a post-township of Hartford co., Connecticut, on    BERMUDA, (or SOMERS) ISLANDS, or TIHE BEBMUDAS,
the Hartford and New Haven Railroad, at the junction of a  ber-mooldaz*, a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean,
branch railroad leading to Middletown, 11 miles S. by WV  belonging to Great Britain, 580 miles S.E. of Cape Hatteras;
of IHlartford, and 25 miles N. by E. of New IHaven  The  situated between 1at. 320 14' and 320 25' N., and ion. 640 35,
manufactures of Berlin comprise various kinds of hardware, and 640 52' W. They lie S.W. and N.E., based on the edge of
carriages, and other articles. The manufacture of tin was  a bank stretching in the same direction, 23 miles by 13; but
early introduced here, and is still carried on. Pop. 1819.    only occupy a space of about 18 miles by 6, though said to
BERLIN, a post-village and township of Rensselaer co., be 365 in number. They are separated from each other by
New York, about 22 miles E. from Albany. Pop. 2005.        very narrow channels, and are mostly rocky islets, five only
BERLIN, a post-borough of Somerset co., Pennsylvania,
78 miles S.E. from Pittsburg, and 143 W. from Harrisburg,:r This name, in Shakspeare's time, appears to have been prois near the western base of the Alleghany Mountain. It is  nonneed after the Spanish mode, BEPaoocruES, as we find it thue
one of the largest towns in the county, and has an active  written in the Tee est, act i, scene 2. (See Iut. XXIV., 7.)
211




BERE                                                       BER
being of any considerable size. They are of difficult access, of iron, lead, and copper, mInarble and gypsum quarries, fine
being enclosed on three sides, N., WV., and S., by formidable  freestone, granite, and lime. Iron is worked extensively in
coral reefs, nearly all under water, and extending, in some  the Jura. Among the many mineral springs, those of Weisparts, 10 miles from the islands, the only reefs of this de- senburg, Blumenstein, Frutigen, and Gurnigel are most
scription occurring in the whole central expanse of the At- f-equented. The chief objects of industry are the manufaclantic Ocean. In removing some reefs, by means of divers, tures of linens and woollens, iron and copper wares, watchat the entrance of St. George's harbor, in the island of that making, and the wooden wares of the Oberland. The chief
name, evidences were found confirmatory of the idea that imports are salt, colonial produce, grain, tobacco, and mepart of the former land of the Bermuda Isands has sub- tale. The canton is traversed by excellent roads, and steam
sided, and is now below the sea. The islands have little ele- packets ply on the lakes and on the river Aar. The educavation, and, in their general aspect, inmuch resemble the West tional establishments of the canton are numerous and exIndia Islands. The climate is delightful, an uninterrupted  cellent, comprising a university, polytechnic, and normal
spring clothing the fields and trees with perpetual verdure.  schools, and the celebrated agricultural and industrial inSevere thunderstorms, however, frequently occur; and when  stitution at Hofwyl. Bern is the largest canton of the
S. winds prevail, the atmosphere becomes charged with an  Swiss Confederacy, and holds the second rank in the federal
humidity unfavorable to various complaints, including  diet. Its contingent to the army is 5824 men.-Adj. and
those of a pulmonary nature. Though the soil is not so fer- inhab. BERNESE, bern-eez'.
tile as it was, being now much exhausted, almost every de-   BERiN or BERNE, bWnn, (L. Berlna,) a town of Switzerland,
scription of fruit and vegetable grows here abundantly; capital of the canton of the same name, on a small peninsula
the arrow-root is said to be superior to that of any other formed by the Aar, here crossed by two stone bridges, one
place. The orange orchards of the islands are extending and  of which (opened in 1844) is 900 feet in length, 80 miles N.E.
improving. It is somewhat remarkable that there are nei- of Geneva, and 23 miles S. of Basel. Elevation (of observather springs nor fresh-water streams in the Bermudas, and  tory,) 1856 feet. Population 27,758. Bern is the seat of the
only a few wells, the water of which is brackish.          Federal Diet, alternately with Zurich and Lucerne and resiThe principal employment is building vessels, generally  deuce of three foreign ministers. It is the finest town in
of cedar-small, swift, and durable.  Platting straw, and  Switzerland, and one of the most handsome in Europe; it
the mid-rib of the palmetto leaf, is also carried on to some  is entirely built of freestone, and is remarkable for the arextent. Principal exports, arrow-root, potatoes, and onions. cades formed by the houses in all its principal' streets, and
The amount of imports into the Bermudas, for the year for its numerous fountains, many of which are ornamented
ending January 5, 1848, was 138,9921. 16s. 9d.; exports for with curious sculpture. It has a Gothic cathedral; a unithe same year, 20,2051. 6s. 8d. The number and tonnage of  versity, founded in 1834; an observatory; a public library,
vessels inwards, for the same period, were 185; tonnage, with 35,000 volumes and a collection of MSS.; a museum of
19,399; —outwards, 189; tonnage, 20,400. The number and  natural history; an arsenal; a mint, in which the coins of
tonnage of vessels belonging to the colony in the year several cantons are struck, and many charitable iustitunamed, were 52; tonnage, 3372. The largest harbor is that tions. Its chief industry consists in the manufacture of
of St. George's, a beautiful and romantic bay, capable of con- gunpowder, fire-arms, and nmathematical instruments, straw
taining a large fleet, but of difficult ingress and egress, from   hats, paper, and leather. The property belonging to the
the narrowness of its entrance, now, however, much im- corporation is very large; and the revenue not only suffices
proved. It is strongly fortified, and generally garrisoned by  to defray the public expenses, but to provide all the citizens
a regiment of the line, with some companies of artillery and  with fuel, and still leaves a surplus.
engineers. The legislature consists of a governor, council,   Bern owes its foundation to Berchtold, fifth Duke of Zihand legislative assembly. The council is composed of eight ringen; who, in 1191, fortified the peninsula on which the
members and a president, nominated by the governor, but town stands, and invited merchants and craftsmen to resort
subject to confirmatien by the crown; the house of assem- thither for protection. In 1218, it was raised to the rank of
bly of 36 members, returned by the nine tribes or parishes a free town of the empire, with extensive privileges. In
into which the island isdivided. The islands contain nine  1353, it entered the Swiss Confederation, at that period conchurches, five chapels for dissenters, and 24 public or free  sisting of seven cantons, and obtained the second rank. In
schools, principally supported by different societies in Eng- 1798, Bern was obliged to open its gates to the republican
land, and by funds under the control of the Bishop of Nova  armies of France, and the canton was dismembered. From
Scotia, in whose diocese the Bermudas are situated. There  1799 to 1803, it was the seat of the IHelvetic Government.
are, besides the above, 25 private schools. An establishment The government of Bern had hitherto been oligarchical,
for convicts has recently been placed here. The number of  but, in 1830, the population threw off the rule of the privithe latter, in 1848, amounted to 1750. The capital is Hamil- leged families, and appointed a supreme council, which enton, on Bermuda or Long Island. There is regular steam  tered on its duties in October, 1831. Bern is said to derive
communication between Bermuda and New York, and Ber- its name from bsiren, the plural of the German word btir, (a
muda and St. Thomas. Pop. in 1848, estimated at from 9500  bear;) and that animal figures on the armorial bearings of
to about 11,000 whites, colored, and free blacks.-Inhab.  the town, as well as on the coins, sign-posts, fountains, and
BEaiuoDIAN, bgr-moofde-an.                                 public buildings. For many centuries, living bears have
BERMUIDIAN, a post-village of Adams co., Penasylvania,  been maintained at the public expense, as part of the state
19 miles S. by W. from Harrisburg.                         property. The great majority of the inhabitants of Bern
BERN bern, (Fr. Berne, b6Rn, Ger. Bern, b6Rn,)  CANTON  are Protestants.  Bernis the birthplace of Haller.
OF, a state of Central Europe, one of the three Yeseort, or   BERNADOS. See BARsaDOS.
governing cantons of the Swiss Confederation, situated be-   BER'NADOTTE, ber'na-dott/, a post-village and township
tween lat. 460 20' and 470 30' N., and ion. 60 50' and 80 27/ E. of Fulton co., Illinois, on Spoon River, an affluent of the IlBounded N. by France, E. by the cantons Soleure, Aargau, linois, 65 miles N.W. from Springfield. Pop. 787.
Lucerne, Unterwalden, and Uri, S. by the Valais, and W. by    BERNALILLO, ber-n.a-lil/lo, a county in the E. central
Vaud, Freyburg, and Neufchltel. Area, 2567 square miles. part of New Mexico, has an area of about 900 square miles.
Pop. in 1850, 457,921, the greater part of whom are Protes. It is bounded on the S. by the Rio de San Jos6, and is
tmints. The country is very mountainous, comprising, in  drained by the Rio Grande and the Rio Puerco, which interthe S., many of the highest points of the Alps, as the Fin- sect it. The surface in the E. part is rough and mountainster-aar-IIorn, Jungfrau, Schreckhorn, and Mlunch, the ter- ous. This county produced in 1850, 17,701 bushels of wheat,
races and contre-forts of which form the Bernese Oberlasd, 39,303 of corn, 2300 of peas and beans, 8500 pounds of wool,
celebrated for the beauty of its valleys, the chief of which  and 390 gallons of wine. The quantity of wool, was the
are the Simmenthal, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, and  greatest produced in any county of the territory, with the
Ihasli. The N. part of the canton is covered by the Jura  exception of Rio Arriba, and that of wine greater than in
Mountains, the two regions being separated by the Valley  any except Santa Fe county. Pop. 7751.
of the Aar., Nearly the whole territory belongs to the basin    BER'NARDSI, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey.
of the Rhine, and is drained by the Aar and its tributaries, Pop. 2263.
the chief of which are the Emmen, Simmen, Kander, and    BERNARDISTOWN, a post-township of Franklin co.,
Thiele. The lakes of Neufchktel and Bienne are formed by  Massachusetts, on the Connecticut River Railroad, 100 miles
the Thiele, and those of Thun and Brienz by the Aar. Cli- W.N.W. from Boston. Pop. 937.
mate healthy; excessively cold in the region of the Alps,   BERNARDS/ILLE, a village of MIercer co., New Jersey,
where the perpetual snow forms the most extensive glaciers on the Delaware, 8 miles above Trenton, has a lattice bridge
in Switzerland, but mild at the foot of the Jura, and in the  across the river.
valley of Interlachen. The mountains are covered with ex-   BERNAU, bls/nlw, a town of Prussia, province of Brantensive forests of pine and beech, and the soil is fertile in  denburg, on the Stettin Railway, 13 miles N.E. of Berlin.
the valleys. The amount of grain, potatoes, hemp, and lint, Pop. 3640; employed in weaving woollen, cotton, and silk
is insufficient for consumption. The vine is cultivated to a  stuffs; and in breweries.
considerable extent in the valleys of the Thiele, and on the    BERINAU, a town of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine. Pop.
lakes Neufchqtel, Bienne, and Thun. Pasturage extensive, 1600. This is the name also of several villages in Germany.
and the rearing of cattle is the chief source of wealth;    BERNAY, blanOI, a town of France, department of Eure,
those of the Emmen and Saane being considered the best on the Charentonno, 25 miles W.N.W. of Evreux. Pop. of
in Switzerland, and the celebrated cheese there pi-oduced is  commune, in 1852, 7362. It has a communal college, and
one of the chief articles of commerce in the canton. The horses  manufactures of woollen cloths, linens, and yarn: it is the
of the Emmenthal are much esteemed. The canton has mines  seat of a tribunal of commerce, and of the largest horse faii
212




BlER                                                      BER
in France, frequented by 40,000 persons. The Benedictine  amply supplied with water-power, and contains several quar.
abbey, founded in 1018, is now converted into warehouses.   ries of sandstone. It is intersected by the Central Railroad.
BERNBURG, bernlburg or bran/tbd6, a town of North-  Capital, Berrien. Pop. 11,417.
ern Germany, capital of the duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, on    BERRIEN, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia.
the Saae, here crossed by a massive bridge, 23 miles S. of    3ERRIEN, a small village of Heard co., Georgia, 8 miles
Magdeburg. Pop. 6772. It consists of an old and a new  W.S.W. of Franklin.
town, both enclosed by walls, and has a ducal castle, several   BERRIEN or BERRIEN SPRINGS, a post-village, capital
churches, council-hous, high schools, and orphan asylum.  of Berrien co., Michigan, in a township of its own name, on
It has manufactures of porcelain, paper, and starch. It is  the St. Joseph's River, 15 miles in a direct line from its enconnected by railways with Berlin, Magdeburg, and Dresden. trance into Lake Michigan, and 160 miles W.S.VW. of LanBERNE, Switzerland. See BEsEN.                          sing. The river is navigable for keel-boats about 130 miles
BERNE, b6a/neh, a town of Northern Germany, duchy  from its mouth, and flows through a rich farming country.
and 11 miles E. of Oldenburg. Pop. 3725.                  Pop. 300.
BERNE, bern, a post-township of Albany co., New York, 22    DERRIEW, b]r/re-u,  or ABER'RHIRW, abler reeloo, a
miles W. fromi Albany. Pop. 3441.                         parishof North Wales, co. of Montgomery, at the confluence
BERtNE, a township of Derks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1734. of the Rhiw and Severn Rivers, 5 miles S.WV. of Welshpool.
BERNE, a township in Athens co., Ohio. Pop. about 819. Pop. 2259.
B3ERNE, a township in Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 2656.     BERRIMIA, ber-ree/mg, a town of New South Wales, co.
BERNE, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.               of Camden, 66 miles S.W. of Sydney. Pop. 377.
BERNECK, b~s/nlk, a town of Bavaria, circle of the Up-   DERRIN, ber-reenl, a town of Western Africa, Senegamper Franconia, on the White Main, at the mouth of the Oels- bia, in the country of the Feloops, on the Casamanza. Lat.
nitz, 8 miles N.E. of Daireuth. Pop. 1042, engaged in mann- 120 281 N., lon. 160 28' W.
facture of alum, vitriol, and iron wire, and in a pearl fishery    BER/RINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
in the river.                                               BER/ROW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
BERNECK, b8R-nlkl, a village of Switzerland, canton, and    BER/ROW, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
11 miles E. of St. Gall, with 1300 inhabitants, an active    BERRY or BERRI, blr/ree, (Fr. pron. bWa'Reel,) one of
commerce, and manufactures of embroidered muslins.        the old provinces of France, near its centre, now forming
BERNERA, ber-ni-rA, three islands of the Hebrides; one, the modern departments of Cher and Indre; its capital was
the most S. of the group, another in Harris's Sound, and  Bourges.
the third on the W. side of the Island of Lewis.            BERRY, ber/ree, a post-township in Dane co., Wisconsin.
BERNESE OBERLAND, Switzerland. See BEax.                Pop. 234.
BERN/HARD'S 3BAY, a post-office of Oswego co., New   B3ERRY, CANAL DE, k&'angl deh bWRaee!, a canal of
York.                                                     France, connects the waters of the Loire with the canal of
BERINIER, a small island of Western Australia, N.W. of  Digoin, and passes the departments of Cher, Loir-et-Cher,
Shark Bay. Lat. 240 50' S., lon. 1130 156 E.               and Indre-et-Loire.
BERNINA, bit-neelng, a mountain of the Rhmtian Alps,   BER/RYN-AR30R, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 36 miles S.E. of Chur (Coire,)   BERERY-1POMMEROY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
rema-kable for its extensive glacier. The Pass of Bernina    BER!RYSBURG, a post-village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvaforms a communication between the Upper Engadine and  nia, in Lykens Valley, 39 miles N. of Harrisburg. The high
the Valteline, at an elevation of 7672 feet.               ridges which bound the valley contain abundance of coal.
B3ERNKASTEL, bhanfkhs-tel, a town of Rhenish Prussia,   BEVR/RY'S FERRY, a post-office of Livingston co., Ken23 miles N.E. of Treves, situated beneath a ruined fortress  tucky.
on the Moselle. Pop. 2100; with copper and lead mines, and    BERIRY'S LICK, a post-village of Butler co., Kentucky.
considerable trade in wine.                                  BElR/RY'S MILL, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky.
BER/NON, a post-village in Woonsocket township, Provi-   BER!RYSVILLE, a post-township in Knox co., Indiana,
deuce co., Rhode Island, about 12 miles N. of Providence.    about 16 miles E. by S. of Vincennes.
BERNSTADT, ban/ststt, a town of Prussian Silesia, 22    BER/RYTOWN, a post-village of Kent co., Delaware, 1A
miles E. of Breslau. Pop. 3600. It has a ducal castle, and  miles S. by W. of Dover.
manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics.                  BERRYTOWN, a post-village of Cast co., Illinois, about 30
BERNSTADT, a town of Saxony, 20 miles S.E. of 3Baut- miles W.N.W. of Springfield.
zen. Pop. 1650, partly engaged in woollen manufactures.  ]BERYVILLE, a town, capital of Clark co., Virginia, on
BERNSTADT, a village of Wtirtemberg, circle of the  Opequan Creek, and on the turnpike from Winchester to
Danube.                                                   Washington, 12 miles E. of the former, and 158 miles N. by
B3ERNSTEIN, ban/stlne, a town of Prussia, province of  WV. of Richmond. It has some trade, and contains an acaBrandenburg, 55 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1650, who  denmy and 1 or 2 churches.
manufacture woollen stuffs.                                  BERRYVILLE, a post-village in Scott co., Mississippi,
BERNSTEIN, a town of W. Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, about 40 miles E. by N. of Jackson.
14 miles W. of Giins. Pop. 1200.                            BERRYVILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Arkansas.
BERNIVILLE, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania,    BERRYVILLE, a village of Highland co., Ohio, 6 miles
on Tulpehocken Creek, and the Union Canal, 12 miles N.W. S.E. of Hillsborough, contains from 100 to 200 inhabitants.
from  Reading. It has 4 stores, 1 iron foundry, 2 churches,   BERSI-HTAM, a township of North Wales, co. of Denbigh,
and about 70 houses. Three-fourths of the inhabitants  1 mile W. of Wrexham, with iron-works.
speak German.                                               BERSIHEBA, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia.
BERCEA (of Syria.) See ALEPo.                            BERSHEBA SPRINGS, a post-office of Grundy co., TenBER(EA (of Macedonia.) See VERsA.                       nesse.
BERONDA, be-ronldl, a petty state of Hindostan, Bun-    BER/STED, a parish of England, so. of Sussex.
delcund; area, 275 square miles. Pop. 24,000.               BERTHIER, beante-A, a county in the W. part of Canada
BERIRA-VOLI, an independent territory and town of  East, bordering on the St. Lawrence, has an area of 9590
Northern Afghanistan, the town situated in a valley, and on  square miles. It is drained by the Assumption River, and
a river of the same name, 108 miles N. of Peshawer.       several smaller streams. Lake Maskinonge, in the N.E. part
BERRE, bait, a town of France, department of Bouches- of the county, is about 4 miles long and 3 miles wide, and is
dfu-RhIne, with a port on the Etang de Derre, near the rail- the source of the Maskinonge River, an affluent of the St.
way from Avignon to Marseilles, 16 miles N.W. of Marseilles. Lawrence. The chief products are woollen goods, linens, flax,
I'op. of commune, in 1852,1926. It has trade in salt, fruits,  oats, and tobacco, of the three last of which this county proand olive-oil.                                            duced, in 1852, more than any other in Canada East. Chief
BERtE, ETANG DE, A'tlN! deh bais, a vast lagoon of  town, Berthier-en-IHaut. Pop. 34.608.
France, department of Bouches-du-Rhlne, E. of the eastern-   BERTHIER-EN-BAS, b6aRte-,A/!sG bW, or BELLE CHASSE
most branch of the Rhone. It discharges itself into the DE  DERTIIER, bll1-shss-deh bla'te-A/, a post-village of
sea by a passage called the Port-de-Bouc, and has extensive  Canada East, co. of Belle Chasse, on the right bank of the
salt-works and eel fisheries.                             river St. Lawrence, 24 miles S.W. of Quebec. It contains
BERRIAN, b~r're-Anl, a village of Northern Africa, In the  several stores and mills.
Sahara of Algeria, 25 miles E. of Gardaia. It is walled, and    BERTHIER-EN-IIAUT, bln'te-Y-8NG-h hS, a post-village of
has from 250 to 300 houses.                               Canada East.coanty of Berthier, on the north shore of the
BERRIE, ber/ee, a township in Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 819. river St. Lawrence, about 55 miles N.E. of Montreal. It has
BER/RIEDALE; an extensive maritime parish of Scot- a foundry, a tannery, numerous stores, and a steamboat
land, co. of Caithness, with a castle on the coast, 7. miles  landing.
S.S.W. of Latheron.                                         BERTIGNAT, b~nrteen'yi, a village ofFrance, department
BER/RIEN, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Michi- of Puy-de-D!me, arrondissement of Ambert. Pop. in 1852,
gan, bordering on Lake Michigan and Indiana, has an area  2945.
of about 600 square miles. It is drained by St. Joseph's,   BERTINCOURT, b6at&t,\'knooel, a village of France, dePawpaw, and Galien Rivers. The surface is rolling; the soil partment of Pas-de-Calais, 16 miles S.S.E. of Arras. Pop.
of various qualities. The valley of the St. Joseph's has a  of commune, 1527.
deep, black,sandy loam, extremely fertile,and is covered with    BER.TINORO, bh-te-no/ro, a town of Italy, in the Pontidense forests of hard timber. The St. Joseph's River is na- fical States, 7 miles S.E. of Forli, celebrated for its wines
vigable for keel-boats through this county. The latter is  Pop.4780.
213




BER                                                          BES
BERTRTANDI, apost-village and township of Berrien co., An iron foundry here, at which steam-engines and mill
Michigan, on St. Joseph's River. 14 miles S.S.E. of Berrien.  machinery are built, employed lately from 60 to 70 hands;
BERTIHELSDORF, bR/tels-dofRf', a village of Saxony, 18  manufactures of sail-cloth, cordage, and linen fabrics are carmiles S.E. of Bautzen, is the seat of the central conference  ried on, and near the town are several coal-mines. Berwick
of the sect of Herrenhuter Christians.                        has considerable trade with Norway and the Baltic, whence
BERTHIIOLDSDORF, bait5ls-dorf', a toivn  of Austria,  it imports timber, staves, bones, iron, hemp, tallow, and oil,
near the railway firom  Vienna to Triest, 8 miles S. of Vi- Exports to London, Leith, Newcastle, and Hull consist
enna, surrounded by vine-clad hills, with an old church, a  chiefly of agricultural produce, wool, ale, whiskey, coal, and
castle, and warm baths. Pop. 2226.                            fish, especially salmon, its fishery of which in the Tweed is
BERTHOUD, a town of Switzerland.  See BURGDo0F.             still very productive.  Aggregate burden of vessels enterBERTIE, ber-teef, a county in the N.E. part of North Ca-  ing the port in 1844, 49,174 tons; of vessels cleared thence,
rolina, at the W. end of Albemarle Sound, contains about  49,667 tons. Registered shipping of the port in 1847, 4584
900 square miles.  It is bounded on the E. by the Chowan,  tons.  The borough has sent two members to the I-louse of
and on the S. by the Roanoke River, and drained by Cashie  Commons since the reign of Mary.  Before the late municiRiver. The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile.  Ca- pal reform, Berwick was a free town, independent of both
pital, Windsor. Pop. 12,851; of whom  5657 were free, and  Scotland and England; but it is now constituted an Eng719t4 slaves.                                                  lish county for all purposes except parliamentary elections.
BERTRAND  PRAIRIE, a post-office of Winn parish,    BERWICK  ST. JAMES, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Louisiana.,                                                      BERWICIK  ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of WVVilts.
BERTRICH, bhWt/rKi, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles    BERWICK ST. LEONARD, a parish of England, co. WTilts.
S.W. of Cochemn, in it romantic glen, with mineral baths,    BERWICKSHIRE.  See BEaWIcK, a county of Scotland.
known since the time of the Romans.                              BERYTUS.  See BEvYooT.
BERTRY, bka'treef, a village of France, department of    BERZELIA, ber-zeel/ya, a post-village of Columbia co.,
Nord, arrondissement of Cambrai, canton of Clary. P. 2273. Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 20 miles W. of Augusta.
BERUT or BEROUT. See BesYoo'.                                 BERZOCANA  DE  SAN  FULGENCIO, bSa-tho-kinsi  dA
BERVIE, ben/vee, or INVERBERVIE, infver-ber'vee, apar- s5n fool-sin/the-o, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 6 miles
liameentary borough, seaport town, and parish of Scotland,  N.E. of Logrosan, on the borders of New Castile. Pop. 2026.
co. of Kincardine, on the North Sea, 8~ miles S.S.W. of Stone-    BESALU, bA-sn-loof, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15
haven. Pop. 1342; of the borough, 878, mostly engaged in  miles N. by W. of Gerona. Pop. 2012.
fishing. The town is near the mouth of the river Berrrie,   B13ESANO0N, beh-zbs'S6aNe/, (anc. Veson/tio,) a city ofFrance,
the harbor being at Gourdon, 1 mile S. It unites with  capital of the department of Doubs, 45 miles E. of Dijon, on
Montrose, Arbroath, Brechin, and Forfar, to send one mem- the Doubs, and on the Canal of the Rhone and Rhine. Pop.
ber to the House of Commons.                                   in 1852, 41,297. It is a strongly fortified city, and is well
BERWICK  or BERWICKSIHIIRE, bhr/rik-shir, a county  built, though the houses are old, and the streets gloomy;
of Scotland, forming its S.E. extremity, on the coast of the  its citadel, on an elevated rock, is considered impregnable.
German Ocean, and bounded on the S. by Northumberland,  The chief edifices are a Gothic cathedral, court-house, townand W. by IHaddington and Edinburgh shires. The principal hall, royal college, arsenal, hospital, barracks, theatre, public
division was formerly called the Merse, (March or border  library, and museum.  There are many Roman antiquities,
district.)  Area, 446 square miles, or 285,600 acres, of which  comprising a triumphal arch, and the remains of an aque160,000 are cultivated, 100,000 uncultivated, and 25,600 un-  duct and amphitheatre.  It is an archbishop's see, and the
profitable.  Population in 1851, 38,297. Its N. part con- sent ofa tribunal of commerce, an acadgmie cnive-sitai.-e, diosists of the barren Lammermoor hills; but the district of  cesan school, academy of sciences and arts, schools of artilLauderdale in the W., and the Merse in the S., are level, lery and medicine, and a deaf and dumb institution. It is
and among the most fertile and best cultivated tracts in  the centre of an extensive manufacture of watches, jewelry,
Britain. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Eye, and the  porcelain, druggets, carpets, and iron wire, and has large
Leader, Whitadder, Blackadder, and other affluents of the  breweries.  About 2000 persons are employed in the mannTweed. The estates are mostly of medium size. The mann- facture of watches, and 600,000 bottles of artificial Seltzerfactures are comparatively unimportant; among the princi- water are made here annually.  Besanicon is an important
1pal1 is the weaving of ginghams at Earlston.  This county  entrepot for the produce of the South of France, and a great
returns one member to the House of Commons.                    part of Switzerland.  This city is very ancient, and was a
BERWICK, a town ofScotland.  See BcnawcK-oc-TwEED.   fortified place in the time of Csesar. It was ceded to Spain
BERWICK, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                by the peace of Westphalia. It was twice taken by Louis
BER/WICK, a township of York co., Maine. Pop. 2121.   XIV., and was united to IFrance in 1678. In 1495, a council
BEtRWICK, a toivnship in Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 811. was held here under Charles of Neufchgtel. The Austrians
BERWICK, a village in Adams co., Pennsylvania. See  besieged it without success in 1814.
ABBOTTSTOWN.                                                     BESIFORD, a chapel~ry of England, co. of Worcester, with
BERWICK, a post-borough of Briar Creek township, Co- a station on the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 2-miles
lumbia co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the North  S.E. of Worcester. Pop. in 1851, 177.
Branch of the Susquehanna River, 95 miles N.N.E. of Har-    BES/FORD, a township of England, co. of Salop.
risburg. The North Branch Canal passes through the place,   BESIIEK, bAt-shek?, or BELSCHIK, b~l-shikl, (ane. BMlbe,)
and a bridge 1260 feet long connects it with Nescopeck, a  a lake of Turkey, in Macedonia, a little E. of the Gulf of
village of Luzerne county. Iron ore and stone coal are  Contessa, into which it pours its superfluous waters, and
abundant in this neighborhood. Berwickl has 1 or 2 churches  about 20 miles E. of Salonica.  Greatest length, fronm  E. to
and several stores. Pop. about 600.                           W., about 14 miles; greatest breadth, 4 miles.
BERWICK, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.                   BESIDIE.  See BISIGNANO.
BERWICK, a post-village of Warren co., Illinois, 95 miles BESIGHEIM, bslg-hime', a town of Wirtemberg, at the
N.W. of Springfield.                                          contfluence of the Neckar and Enz, 15 miles N. of Stuttgart,
BERWICK, NORTH, a parliamentary borough, seaport  on the railway to Heilbronne. Pop. 2430. The district is
town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington, at the  celebrated for its red wines.
mouth of the Frith of Forth, 19 miles E.S.E. of Edinburgh.    BESOEKI. See BEzoEKiI.
Pop. of borough,1851, 863. It has a shallow harbor, but an    BESNI, baslnee, (anc. Nisos?) a town of Asia Minor, paactive trade in corn; and it is frequented as a bathing-place. shalic of Marash, in a narrow glen, 2340 feet above the sea,
Registered vessels of the port in 1843, 9; aggregate burden,  and 30 miles W.N.W. of Samisat. It is said to have 2500
515 tons. This borough joins with Haddington, Dunbar,  Mohammedan and 250 Armenian houses.
Jedburgh, and Lauder, in sending one member to the    BESSAN, bls'sbzNG/, a town of France, department of HIlIouse of Commons. In the parish are the Bass Rock, Tant- fault, 11 miles E. of BDZlers, on the H1rault. Pop. 2186.
allan Castle, and North Berwick-law; the last a conical hill,    BESSARABiA, bis-sa-rAlbe-a or bes-d-rA'be-A, an adminis940 feet in height, forms a conspicuous landmark.              trative province of South or New Russia, (capital Kishenev,)
BERTWICK-ON-TWYEED, a fortified seaport town, munici- bounded E. by the government of Kherson, N.E. and N. by
pal and parliamentary borough, and parish of England, co. Podolia, W. by the Bukowina and Moldavia, and S. by Dulof Northumberland, on the N. bank of the Tweed, at its  garia and the Black Sea. Area, 18,358 square miles.  Pop.
mouth, and on the Rmorth British Railway, 47 miles E.S.E.  in 1851, 874,044. The surface is uniformly low and fiat, exof Edinburgh. Lat. of the light-house, 550 46/ N., lon. o1 59  cept in the N., where it is traversed by some of the contreW. Population of parliamentary borough in 1851, 15,094. forts of the Carpathians; the climate is healthy, and the
The town is surrounded by a wall and fortifications. It is  soil very fertile. The principal rivers are the Danube on the
connected with its suburbs, Tweedmouth and Spittal, by a  S., Pruth on the W., and Dniester on the E. frontier. These
stone bridge of 15 arches, built in the. reign of Charles I. A  rivers wholly enclose the province, except at its N.W. extresplendid new bridge now conducts the North Pi-itish Bail- mity.  Wheat, barley, maize, millet, tobacco, hemp, and
way across the Tweed. It has an indifferent harbor, shel- flax are raised, as well as all kinds of fruit, and wines of
tered by a long pier, a decorated Gothic church, built during  good quality; but the greater proportion of profitable land
the commonwealth, many dissenting chapels,.a town-hall is in pasturage.  The manufactures are nearly confined to
with an exchange and jail attached, a governor's residence, soap, leather, candles, and spirituous liquors.  The princi.
pauper lunatic asylum, theatre, grammar school, free schools, pal exports are wool, cattle, tallow, salt, and cheese. There
supported by the corporation, assembly rooms, public sub-, isan agricultural colony of Bulgarians on the I'Pruth, and'cription library with 5000 volumes, and infarftry barracks. another of Germans in the S. The chief towns a'e Kishe
214




BES                                                       BET
nan, Bender, Akerman, and Ismail. Bessarabia was ceded  ruined town of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 10 miles N.
by Turkey to Russia by the treaty of Bucharest, in 1812.    of Jerusalem. Its remains, which prove it to have been a
IBESSASTADIR, bls-ses-t!deer? or BESSESTAD, beslses- place of some importance, consist of numerous ruined
tLcl, a small town of Iceland, S.W. of Reikiavik, with a  churches, and a large reservoir, the whole covering three or
gymnasium, a classical school, and alibrary of 2000 volumes,  four acres on a hill-summit.
the only establishments of the kind in the island.           BETHEL, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on the
BESSE, biss, a town of France, department of Puy-de-  Androscoggin River, and on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence
Dbme, -20 miles 5.S.W. of Clermont. Pop. of commune, 2167.  Railroad, 70 miles N.N.W. of Portland. Ithas six churches,
It is situated on the E. declivity of Mont-D'Or, and in its  six stores, an academy, and several mills. Pop. 2235.
vicinity are the cascades of Entraigues and Dogne, the ha-    BETHEL, a post-township of WVindsor co., Vermont, on
saltic columns on the Mallvoisiire, the Puy-de-Sancy, and  the Vermont Central Railroad, 38 miles S. of Montpelier,
the lake of Pavin.                                         and 39 miles N. of Windsor. In the place is an inexhaustiBESSE, a village of France, department of Var, 7 miles  ble quarry of soapstone, which is exported in considerable
S.E. of Brignolles. Pop. 1720.                             quantities. The village contains several churches and a
BESSELSLEIGIH, bslssel-sle, a parish of England, co. of  bank. Pop. 1730.
Berks.                                                       BETHEI-IL, a flourishing post-village in Danbury township,
BESSENAY, bls'sA'n, a village of France, department  Fihhfield co., Connecticut, about 25 miles N.W. by W. friom
of Rhgne, 13 miles WV. of Lyons,   Pop. 2054.              New Haven. The inhabitants are almost entirely engaged
BESSE SUR BRAYE, a town of France, department of  in the manufacture of hats and caps, and combs. The vilSarthe, 6 miles S. of St. Calais. Pop. of commune, in 1852,2336. lage contains several churches and a bank..
BESSINES, b4seseent, a town of France, department of    BETHEL, a post-village and township of Sullivan co., New
Haute-Vienne, 10 miles E. of Bellac. Pop. of commune, in  York, 120 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2087.
1852, 2656.                                                  BETHEL, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 35
BESISINGBY, a parishof England, co. of York, East Riding.  miles N.E. of H-arrisburg.  Pop. 1871.
BESISINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          BETHEL, a township, Delaware co., Pennsylvania.' P. 426.
BESTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            BETHEL, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. P. 1137.
BESTILAND, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia.           BETI-IHEL, a township, Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. P. 1894.
BESZTERCE BANYA. See NesUso HL.                            BETHEL, a post-office of Mercer co., Virginia.
BET/AGI-ISTOWN, (vulgar, Bettystown,) a village of Ire-    BETHEL, a small village in Hertford co., North Carolina.
land, in Leinster, co. of Meath, on the coast, 3 miles E.S.E.    BETHEL, a post-office of York district, South Carolina.
of Drogheda, on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway.             BETI-IEL, a post-village of Glynn co., Georgia, on Turtle
BETAISOR,bA,-ti-sorel, a town and place of pilgrimage in  River, about 70 miles in a direct line S.S.W. of Savannah.
British India, 35 miles S.E. of Agra, on the Jumna. Near    BETIHIEL, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama.
it are remains of an ancient Hindoo city.                    BETHEL, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.
BETANZOS, bi-tan/thoce, (anc. FlcAliunm  Brigae/tium,) a    BETIIEL, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.
town of Spain, 10 miles S.E. of Corunna, on the river of the    BETHEL, a small post-village of Bath co., Kentucky.
same name, near its mouth, in the Bay of Betanzos. Pop.    BETHEL, a township in Clark co., Ohio. Pop. 2646.
4780. It is the oldest town in Galicia, and has remains of    BETHEL, a post-village of Tate township, Clermont co.,
ancient fortifications.                                    Ohio, 33 miles S.E. of Cincinnati, is one the oldest villages
BETANZOS, BAY OF, in Spain, an inlet of the Atlantic;  of. the county. It contains several stores and shops. Pop.
its branches form the harbors of Ferrol and Corunna.       estimated at 500.
BETCOH/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.          BETHEL, a township in Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1656.
BETETA, oI-tUtO, a village of Spain, 48 miles N.N.E. of    BETHEL, a township in Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1028.
Cuenca. Pop. 1100. It has mineral springs (temperature    BETHEL, a township of Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 679.
70 Fahrenheit) and royal baths.                              BETHEL, a township in St. Clair co., Michigan.
BETHAB/ARA, a Moravian village in Forsyth co., North    BETHEL, a township in Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 382.
Carolina.                                                    BETH-IEL, a post-office of Wayne co., Indiana.
BETI-IANIA, a post-village in Forsyth co., North Ca-    BETIHEL, a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, near ths
rolina.                                                    Sangamon and Morgan  Railroad, 48 miles WV. of Springfield.
BETHANY, bethfa-ny, (Arab. El -cirezh,) a village of Pa-    BETHEL, a thriving post-village of Shelby co., Missouri,
lestine, on the E. slope of the Mount of Olives, 2 miles E. of  on the North Fork of North River, 98 miles N.N.E. of JefferJerusalem. It is now a poor place, inhabited by some 20  son City. It was settled about 1842 by a company of Gerfamilies, in a few dwellings built with the materials of an- mans from  Pennsylvania. The title of their property is
cient edifices. The inhabitants show the pretended sites of  vested in one person, and held for the benefit of the comthe houses of Lazarus, of Martha, of Simon the leper, and  munity. They have 4000 acres of fertile land, and carry on
of Mary Magdelene. The alleged tomb of Lazarus, a large  farming and mechanic arts with success. The German lanexcavation in the rock, is also pointed out. Of Bethphage,  guage is taught in their schools exclusively, and commonly
a village formerly a little further E., no trace exists.   used among themselves. They have a large and elegant
BETHANY, a poet-township of New Haven co., Connecti-  place of worship. The village contains a glove factory and
cut, 8 miles N. by W. of New Haven. Pop. 914.              mills of various kinds. Pop. about 1000.
BETHANY, a post-township of Genesee co., New York,    BETHEL COLLEGE. See MAc LEs0onESvmcE.
240 miles VW. by N. of Albany. It has an academy. Pop. 1904.    BETHES/DA, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee.
BETHANY, or BETHIANY CENTRE, a post-village in the    BETI-ES/DA, a, post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
above township, about 35 miles S.W. of Rochester.            BETIH-IHO0RON, UPPEr   and Lowra, (Arab. Beitoor-elBETHANY, a post-borough of Dvberry township, Wayne  Poke:, bA'tooa/-el-foS'ka, andBeitoor-ec-Tahta, b4'tooR/-el-tH/t'4,)
co., Pennsylvania, 3 miles N. of Honesdale, and 1 mile W.  two villages of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 9 miles N.
of Dyberry Creek. It was the county seat until 1842.  The  WV. of JErusalem. In the former are some traces of ancient 
borough contains 1 church, an academy, andl about 350 in-  walls, a reservior, &c., and between the two villages, is a
habitants.                                                 pass, down which Joshua drove the Amorite kings, (Joshua
BETHANY, a post-village of Broolke co., Virgsinia, on Buf-  x. 1 —11;) and through which has always been the main
falo Creek, 7 miles fiom the Ohio River, and  1C miles N.E. route for heavy transport between Jerusalem and the coast.
of Wheeling. The surrounding country is lortile and beau-    BETHLEHEM,  [th/le-hem, (Bcit-el-Lehco, the "house of
tiful. The village is the seat of Bethany College, which  broad,") a famous city of Palestine, which, though insignifiwas established in 1841, by Alexander Campbell, a Baptist  cant in point of size, will be ever memorable as the birth place
minister.                                                  of the Founder of Christianity. It stands on the mounBETIHANY, a post-office of York district, South Carolina.  tain chain of Anti-Libanus, i1 miles SW. of Jerusalem.
BETItANY, a village of Greene co., Georgia, 35 miles N.  Pop. said to be 3000, nearly all Christians-a bold and hardy
by E. of Milledgeville.                                    race, who have successfully resisted Turkish oppression. It
BETHANY, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.             is a large, straggling village, with one broad street, at the
BETHANY, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 20 miles  extremity of which there is a magnificent church, erected in
N.N.E. of Cincinnati.                                     the 4th century by the Empress Helena, over the site (the
BETHANY, a village of Bartholomew co., Indiana, 8 miles  "Grotto of the Nativity,") traditionally celebrated for the
W. of Columbus.                                            birth of the Saviour, and attached to which are large conBETIHIANY, avillage of Christian co., Illinois, 20 miles S.E. vents, belonging to Rtoman Catholics, Greeks and Armenians.
of Springfield.                                            All around are a multitude of chapels, erected as memorials
BETI ANY, a village of Clay co., Missouri, 15 miles N.N.E. of events commemorated in sacred history; and numerous
of Liberty.                                                reservoirs and springs, to which sacred traditions are atBETHANY, a post-village, capital of Harrison co., MIis-  t.hed. On the WV. side of the town are the remains of the
soure, 155 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.                   ancient aqueduct which conveyed water to Jerusalem fi-om
BETTHANrY CIURCH, a post-office of Iredell co., North  several pools near Bethlehem. The country around is exCarolina.                                                  tremely fruitful, to which circumstance, doubtless, the town
BETH EDEN, a post-village of Newberry district, South  originally  owed its name.
Carolina. It has manufactures of woollen goods, starch, and    BETHILEHEM, a post-township of Grafton  co., New
leather.                                                   H Ilampshire, 75 miles N. by E. flom Concord. Pop. 950.
BETHEL, b~th/el, (Arab. Beiteen, or Beitis, bWteen/,) a    BETHILEHEI M, or BET!LEM, a post-township of Litch
215




BET                                                       BEV
field co., Connecticut, 30 miles N.W. of New Haven. Pop. for both sexes  The vicinity is fertile, but not wholly culti815.                                                      vated. Pop. 6608.
BETHILEHEM, a post-township of Albany co., New York,    BETTSCHIWANDEN, bhtchbdti n-den, a village of Switzer
on the Hudson River, 5 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 4102.     land, canton of, and 7 miles S.S.W. of Glarus, on the Linth
BETHLEHEM, a post-township of Hunterdon co., New  Pop. 1600.
Jersey, 13 miles N. WV. of Flemington. Pop. 2645.           BETTSIVILLE, a post-village in Liberty township, Seneca
BETHLEHEM, a post-township of Northamptonco., Penn-  co., Ohio, 40 miles W.S.W. of Sandusky City.
sylvania, on the Lehigh River, 7 miles W. by S. from Easton.   BETITUS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Pop., including the borough of the sam6 name, 3620.         BETTWS, but'toos, a parish of England, co. of MIonmouth
BETHLEI-EM, a post-borough in the above township, on    BETTWS, a parish of South Wales, Co. of Carmarthen.
the left bank of the Lehigh River, 11 miles above Easton,   BETTWS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
and 51 miles N. of Philadelphia.  It has a pleasant and    BETTWS, a parish of North Wales, co.'of Montgomery.
commanding situation, and is an agreeable place of resort in  The ruined castle of Bolevowin in this parish is supposed to
summer. This town was founded in 1741 by the Moravians, be of British origin; near it, antique brazen vessels have been
who have a large stone church in the Gothic style, 142 feet found.
long; and a female seminary which enjoys a high reputation,   BETTWS, a hamlet of England, co. of Merioneth.
besides other schools and benevolent institutions. There is    BETTWS, a chapelry of England, co. of Monmouth.
a bridge 400 feet long across the Lehih  at this place. The    BETTWS BLEBRWS, b6t/toos bli6droos, a parish of South
town contains several flouring and saw mills.. Pop. 2104.    Wales, co. of Cardigan.
BETHLEHEM, a post-office of Sumter district, South    BETITWS DISIERTH, a parishof South Wales, county of
Carolina.                                                  Radnor.
BETHLEIE MI,   a post-office of Chambers Co., Alabama.    BET1TWS GARIMON, a parish of North Wales, at the foot
BETHLEHEM, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi.   of Snowdon, co. of Carnarvon.
BETHLEHEM, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop.   BETTWS GWERFYL-GOCII, b~tltoos gwer/fil geE, a parish
822.                                                       of Wales, co. of Merioneth.
BETHLEHEM, a village and township of Starke co., Ohio,   BET/TWS JEYIAN or EVIAN, a parish of South Wales, co.
on the Ohio Canal, 60 miles S. by E. of Cleveland.         of Cardigan.
BETHLEHEM, a township in Cass Ce., Indiana.  Pop.   BETTWS LEIKE, bft/toos liks, a parish of South Wales,
664.                                                      co. of Cardigan.
BETHLEHEM, a post-village and township of Clarke co.,   BETTWS NEWYDD, blt/toos nY/wiaH, a parish of England,
Indiana, on the Ohio River, 18 miles below Madison, has one co. of Monmouth.
church. Pop. 872.                                           BETTWS Y CE.OD, blt'toos e ke/od, a parish of North
BETHLEHEM, a village of Hamilton co., Indiana, about Wales, co. of Carnarvon. The picturesque bridge of'1 the
15 miles N. of Indianapolis.                              Cauldron" is in this parish.
BETI-ILEIHIEM, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa.          BETTWS YN RIHOS, b~t/toos in hros, a parish of North
BETHLEHEM  CENTRE, a post-office of Albany co., New  Wales, co. of Denbigh'
York.                                                       BETWAH-, bit/wI, a river of Ilindostan, rises in the VindBETI/TNAL GREEN, a parish of England, an Eastern su- hyan Mountains, Bhopaul, flows mostly N.E., and after a
burb of London, co. of Middlesex. Pop. 74,000.             total course of 340 nuiles, joins the Jumna, 30 miles E.S.E.
BETIHPAGE, a small village of Harrison co., Missouri, on  of Kalpee. In a part of its course it runs through beds of
Big Creek.                                                 iron ore. Its banks are in many places highly cultivated,
BETHISAIDA (blth-sl/dpa) OF GALILEE, an ancient town  and on them are the towns of Bilsa and Jhansi.
of Palestine, which probably stood onthe shore of Lake Ti-   BEULAH, a post-office of Johnson co., North Carolina.
berias; but its site is undetermined, and its name disused.    BEULAH, bufla, a post office of Benton co., Iowa.
BETHSAIBA OF GAULONIITIS. (afterwards Jul/ias,)was    BEUSICI-IEM, bize-lm', a village of Holland, province
on the N.E. side of the same lake, 21 miles S. of Paneas; it of Gelderland, 7 miles N.W. of HIeil. In the vicinity, across
is now wholly in ruins.                                    the Leek, formerly stood the old castle of Beusichem. Pop.
BETHSHAN. See BEISAN.                                    900.
BETH-SHEIMESIt, an ancient city of Palestine, the re-   BEUTELSBACII, boi'tels-bic,', a market town of Wiirtemmains of which are supposed by Robinson to be at A4in  berg, on the Beutel, 10 miles E. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 1850.
Slaees, a village and parish of Gaza, 15 miles W.S.WV. of  It is one of the oldest possessions of the reigning family of
Jerusalem, where are extensive ancient ruins.              Wtirtemberg.
BETHUNE, bktiin/, a strongly fortified town of France,   BEUTIIEN, boilten, a town of Prussian Silesia, 50 miles
department of Pas-de-Calais, on a rock near the river Lawe, S.E. of Oppeln, near the Polish frontier. Pop. 4950, who
and the Canal of Aire, 16 miles N.N.W. of Arras.  Pop., manufacture woollen cloths, earthenwares, and zinc wares.
8,000.  It has a castle constructed by Vanban, college,   BEUTHEN, a town of Prussian Silesia, circle of Breslau,
Gothic church, and commerce in cheese, grain, oil, and lint. on the Oder, 13miles W.N.W. of Glogau. Pop. 3640. It has
Bethune, taken by the French in 1645, and retaken by the  manufactories of cloths and straw hats.
allies in 1710, was secured to France by the peace of Utrecht   BEUZEVILLE, buz'veel/, a town of France, department
in 1714.                                                   of Eure, 7 miles W. of Pont Audemer, with a station on
BET/ICK, in Central Asia, is an important ferry across the  the Paris and Havre railway.  Pop. of commune, in 1852,
Oxus, on the route between Persia and the territory of  2608.
Bokhara, 60 miles S.W. of Bokhara. The Oxus has been    BEVAGNA, bAt-vtn/ya, a town of Italy, Pontifical States,
here found 650 yards across, and from 25 to 29 feet in depth. 18 miles S.E. of Perugia. Pop. 3720.
BETISBOOKA  or BETISBOUKA, bA-tis-bool/h, a con-   BEYVIANS, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
siderable river of Madagascar, enters Mozambique Channel   BEVEDERO, bA-val-dtro, a considerable lake in La Plata,
(Bembatooka Bay,) on its N.W. coast. About 15 miles from  province of Mendoza, between lat. 320 45' and 340 17' S.;
its mouth it enlarges into a gulf with numerous islands. lon. 660 and 660 32 WV. It is composed of two distinct perIt is the principal means of commercial communication be- tions, called sometimes, the Greater and the Less Bevedero,
tween the Ovah capital and the coast.                      connected by a river channel about 8 miles long. The
BET/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.           smallest, and most N., measures about 22 by 15 miles; and
BETLIS or BEDLIS, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See BITLIS. the larger, which is very irregular in form, though somewhat
BETLUGA or BETLOUGA. See VEvLUGA.                       triangular, measures 40 miles from N. to S., and from 3 or 4
BET/SHANGER, a parish of England, co. of Rent,          to 25 miles from E. to W.
BETSILEO, b  t-se-lAs, a province of Madagascar, in the    BEVELAN,  NoaRTHu  and  SOUTo, (Butch pron. hi'
interior of the southern part of the island, divided into North  ve-lAnt',)two islands of the Netherlands, province of Zealand,
and South Betsileo.                                        in the mouth of the Scheldt, divided westward by a narrow
BETSIMSARAKA, b~t-sim-sI-r'ki, a maritime province  channel, from the island of Walcheren.  Lat. 510 30' N.;
of Madagascar, East coast, between lat. 160 451' and 180 S.    ion. 40 E. Estimated aggregate area, 120 square miles S.
BETTEMBURG, b6t/tlm-btLag', a village of the Nether- Beveland is the largest and most fertile, and has on it the
lands, 5 miles S.S.W. of Luxembourg. Pop. 1100.            town of Goes, the capital, and Fort Bath.
BETTENDORi, b~t/ten-doaf, a village of the Nether-    BEVENAIS, bA'veh-nA, a village of France, department
lands, province of Luxembourg, 3 miles N.E. of Biekirch.    of Is~re. Pop. of commune, 1064.
BETTENHAUSEN, bit/ten-hlw/zen, a village of Germany,   BEVENSEN, bA/ven-sen, a town of Hanover, 13 miles S.S.
in  Hesse-Cassel, in the Nieder-Hessen, on the  Losse, E. of Ltineburg, with; linen manufactures. Pop. 1288.
with a population of 880, and manufactures of cotton goods,   BEWVERCOATES, a parish of England, co. of Noits.
paper, and metallic wares.                                  BEVEREN. See BEVERN.
BETTENHIAUSEN, a village of Germany, in Saxe-Meinin-   BEVERLEY, b~v/er-le. a parliamentary and municipal
gen, on the Herpf. Pop. 782.                              borough, and market town of England, co. of York, capital
BETTIAR, bUtteeW&, a town of British India, presidency  East Riding, with a station on the Hull and Bridgewater
of Bengal, district of Shahabad, 90 miles N.N.W. of Patna.   Railway, 9 miles N.N.W. of Hull. Pop. 8671. It is a reBET/TISCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.       markably clean and handsome town, with a main street
BETTOLA, SAN GIOVANNI BI, sAn-jo-vAn/nee dee b~t- nearly 1 mile in length, terminated by an ancient gateway.
to/lA, a town of Italy, duchy of, and 20 miles S. by W. of  The borough consists of three parishes. The minster, or
Piaconza, on the Nura. It contains a church, and a school college church, was founded about A. D., 700, by the arch.
216




BEV                                                        BEZ
bishop of York, afterwards canonized as St. John of Bever- a stono bridge. Pop. of parliamentary 1borough in 1851,
ley. The present structure, supposed to have been completed  3124. It is well built, and has a good modern town-hall, a
early in the reign of Henry III., is remarkable for elegance  neat church, a free grammar school, several other schools,
and extent; its WV. front has been considered the finest speci- alms-houses; manufactories of combs, carpets, iron and
men of the perpendicular Gothic in England. St. Mary's  brass wares; some tanneries and malt-houses; and a transit
church is also a magnificent structure. The town has a  trade by the Severn. Bewdley sends 1 member to the
very ancient grammar school, a blue coat school, an hospital Ilouse of Commons.
for widows, with numerous other charities, a guildhall    BEWIERLEY, a township of England, co. of York, West
(I-Jallgarth,) register office for East Riding, new session hall,  Riding, 8 miles N.W. of Ripley. Pop. in 1851, 1265, mostly
a theatre, reading rooms, a mechanics' institution, and a fine  engaged in adjacent lead mines.
market cross. Its trade in corn, coals, and leather is con-   BEW/LEYVILLE, a post-office of Breckenridge co., Kensiderable, and greatly facilitated by a canal communicating  tucky.
with the river Hull. The corporation holds a criminal court,   BEX, biks, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, near
with the power of capital punishment, (which however, is  t he right bank of tihe Rhone, 26 miles S.E. of Lausanne.
never exercised,) also courts of session and requests. Bever- Pop. 3000. Celebrated for its extensive salt mines and sulley returns two members to the House of Commons. It is  phur baths.
also the place of the election of members for the East    BEXAR, bh-arn, or bA-naRn, a large county in the S. part of
Riding of Yorkshire.                                        Texas, has an area of about 8960 square miles. It is bounded
BEVERLOO, bA'ver-l5f, a village of Belgium, province of  on the S. by the Nueces Rivers, on the N.E.by the Cibolo, and
Limbourg, 12 miles N.W. of -Hasselt.  On the extensive  by the Medina, San Antonio, Rio Frio, and San Miguel
heaths in the neighborhood is held a yearly camp for exercis- Rivers. The county contains extensive prairies; the soil is
ing the Belgian army. Pop. 1505.                           sandy, and some parts are fertile. Capital, San Antonio.
BEVERLY, btv/gr-le, a thriving post-town of Essex co., Pop. 6052, of whom 5663 were free, and 389 slaves.
Massachusetts, on an arm of Ann Harbor, opposite Salem,   BEXAR. See SAN ATONIO.
with which it is connected by a bridge, about 1500 feet long,   BEXAR, a post-village of Coweta co., Georgia, 120 miles
and on the Eastern Railroad 16 miles N.N.E. from Boston. A  W.N.W. from Milledgeville.
branch railroad connects it with Gloucester. The town has    BEXAR, a post-office of Marion co., Alabama.
a bank, an insurance office, a'weekly newspaper, and an    BEX-IHILL, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
academy, incorporated in 1835. Manufactures consisting of    BEXILEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
carriages, Britannia ware, and cotton and woollen goods, &c.,   BEX/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
employ a considerable amount of capital. The industry of    BEYAS, a river of the Punjab.  See BEAS.
the inhabitants, however, is chiefly directed to commerce    BEYED, b'idf, a lofty mountain, in Abyssinia, province
and the fisheries. Pop. of the township, in 1850, 5376.     of Zamen, kingdom  of Tigre; lat. 130 18' N.; ion. 308 40' E.
BEV/ERLY, a post-borough of Burlington co., New Jersey, It is covered with perpetual snow, and is, from this circumis pleasantly situated on the Delaware River, and on the  stance, believed to have an elevation of not much less than
Camden and Anmboy Railroad, 15 miles above Philadelphia. 16,000 feet.
It has been built since 1848, and contains 3 or 4 churches,   BEYERLAND, bier-lint', or BEIGERLAND, an island of
a town-hall, 2 hotels, and about 130 dwellings. Steamboats  S. Holland, between the Old Maas on the N., and Holland's
touch at this place several times every day in their passage  Diep on the S., 6 miles S. of Rotterdam. Among its villages
between Philadelphia and Burlington. Pop. in 1853, about  are Old Beyerland, pop. 3546; New Beyerland, pop. 1104; and
1000.                                                       S. Beyerland, pop. 1278.
BEVERLY, a post-village, capital of Randolph co., Vir-   BEYtIAR. See BAHAn.
ginia, on the Tygart's Valley River, 210 miles N.WV. from     BEYLAH. See BELA.
Richmond, is pleasantly situated in a valley among the    BEYLEN. See BEILEN.
Alleghany mountains. It has a few stores and shops.          BEYRA. See BEIRA.
BEVERLY, a post-office of Anson co., North Carolina.       BEYROOT, BEYROUT, BEIROUT, blfroot, or BAIRUT,
BEVERLY, a thriving post-village of Washington co., (Turk. pron. b[Iroote; that of the Arabs corresponds with
Ohio, on the left bank of the MuskingRum River, 20 miles  the first; Gr. Blpveroe, Lat. Berlytus,) a seaport, and the
above Marietta, and 60 below Zanesville. The river has  most flourishing commercial town of Syria, (in proportion
been made navigable for steamboats by a series of dams, to its size,) in the pashalic-of Acre, on a bay of the Mediterand one of these produces fine water-power here, which is ranean, 57 miles W.N.W. of Damascus, of which city it is the
partly improved.                                            port, and 3 miles S. of Cape Beyroot, which is in lat. 330
BEVERLY, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, about 30  50/ N.; Ion. 350 26' E. Pop., including suburbs, 30,000. Its
miles E.S.E. from Quincy, is situated in a rich farming dis-  walls are about 3 miles in circumference, outside of which
trict, and contains several stores.                         are suburbs equalling the town in extent.  It has some
BEVERLY, a post-township of Adams co., Illinois. Pop. large and well-supplied bazaars. Streets narrow, but clean,
914.                                                        it being plentifully furnished with springs; and it is said
BEVERLY, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.            to have derived its original name from the Phoenician deity
BEVERLY FARMS, a post-office of Essex co., IMassachu-  Bteal Beerith,'"lord of wells."  Along the shore are some
setts.                                                     remains of antiquity, comprising Mosaic pavements, coBEVERN, bAivern, or BEVEREN, bAver-en, a town of  lumns, and a thick wall. The harbor, protected by a mole,
Belgium, province of E. Flasiders, 14 miles N.E. of Termond. is adapted only for small boats; but in the bay beyond it,
Pop. of commune, 6050, of whom 2000 are employed in the  ships may anchor in from 6 to 11 fathoms.  The town has
manufacture of lace.                                       important manufactures of silk stuffs, and also of gold and
BEVERN, bAvern, a village of Germany, duchy of Bruns- silver thread. Much raw silk is produced from  the silk
wick, 3 miles N.E. of Holzuminden. Pop. 1170.              worms, raised in the immediate vicinity; a branch ofbusiness
BEIVERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    which has greatly increased within a few years. Principal
BEVERUNGEN, brver-66ng-pn, a walled town of Prussia, exports, silk, galls, madder, gums, paints and oils; imports,
Westphalia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. muslins, cottons, tin, hardware, cloths, and manufactures of
1918, who manufacture leather and soap, and carry on an  W. Europe. In 1841, 383 ships, mostly Turkish, Arab, and
active transit trade.                                      Greek, aggregate burden, 38,441 tons, entered the port with
BEVERWYK, or BEVERWIJK, b-Aver-wik', a town of  cargoes to the value of 66,7481.; and nearly an equal number
the Netherlands, of N. Holland, at the head of the Y, the  cleared with cargoes worth $25,000, besides ballast. Beyroot
name of the town is simply Y, 7 miles N. of Haarlem. Pop. was bombarded and taken by the English in 1840.
2252. In its vicinity the expedition of the Prince of Orange    BEYSHEIHIER. See BEGSHEEca.
to Eengland, and the Revolution of 1688, were planned.        Bt]ZE, hbAze, or biz, avillage of France, department of Cite
BEVILACQUA, bi-ve-leklkwA, a village of N. Italy, go- d'Or 13 miles N.E. of Dijon. Pop. 1100, engaged in mining.
vernment of Venice, 25 miles E. of Verona, with an old cas-    BEZIERS, bA'ze-ml, (ant. Bceterb-ce,) a city of France, detie of the counts of Bevilacqua.                            paertment of lI-rault, on the Orb, 38 miles S.W. of MontpelBEVIILPORT, a post-village of Jasper co., Texas, on the  lier.  Pop. in 1852, 19,333.  It is built in a delightful
Angelina River, just above its entrance into the Neches  situation, remarkable for the Salubrity of its climate, and
River, 6 or 8 miles WV. fronm Jasper, the county seat. The  has a Gothic chu'ch, college, and cavalry barracks; an
Neches is navigable in high stages of water. The village  aqueduct of Roman origin, and ruins of a Roman amphihas 1 warehouse and 1 store.                               theatre, a public library, tribunal of commerce, agriculBEIVIS'S TAVERN, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.    tural society, and manufactures of silk, hosiery, dimity,
BEWICASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland,  parchment, gloves, verdigris, and confectionary, with tan10 miles N.E. of Brampton. It was anciently a Roman sta- neries, and extensive brandy distilleries; and it is the
tion, and has remains of a fortress, built soon after the  centre of a considerable trade. In 1209, this city was the
conquest. In its churchyard is a curious obelisk, bearing  scene of a barbarous massacre of the Albigenses. Riquet,
inscriptions supposed to be Danish. In the parish are mines  the engineer of the Canal du Jlidi, was born here.
of coal and lead.                                            BEZOEKI, ba-zoorkee, a province of Java, occupying the
BEWDLEY. bfidflee, (originally, Bealelieu,) aparliamentary  whole E. end of that island.  It is volcanic and mounuand municipal borough, and market-town of England, co., tainous.
and 14 miles N.N.W. of Worcester, on the Severn, across    BEZOEKI, a town of Java, capital of above province, on a
which it communicates with its suburb Wribbenhall, by  rivulet of the same name, at its embouchure in the Strailt of
217




BEZ                                                     BHU
Mliadura, 69 miles S.S.E. of Soerabaya. A good deal of busi- to the estimated annual value of about 52,OO0. It is alse
ness is done here in the products of the province. The an entrep~t for European and Indian goods, exported hence
roadstead is secure in the E. monsoon.                    to Balkh, Bokhara, and even to Astrakhan.
BEZONS, beh-z&Na/, a village of PFrance, department of   BHEELS, beelz, a race of mountaineers of HIindostan,
Seine-et-Oise, 9 miles N. of Versailles, on the Seine, with a inhabiting the mountains of Candeish and the wild and unbridge of 9 timber arches, for the Rouen Railwaty, and ex- cultivated country along the Nerbudda from the plains of
tensive fairs.                                            Newaur to those of Guzerat. They differ from the other
BEZORA, bA-zolrA, a town of British India, presidency of natives in appearance and manners, and are believed by
Miadras, 40 miles N.W. of MIasulipatam, on the Kistnah, some to be the original inhabitants of the country. They
where there is a ferry station of the great thoroughfire  are small, have dark complexions, go almost in a state of
between the Circars and the Carnatic.  There is here a  nudity, are constantly armed with bows and arrows, and are
mosque, and numerous HIindoo temples, with excavations greatly addicted to thieving and robbery. They are said to
similar, though inferior, to those of Western India.      be Hindoos of the Brahminical persuasion.
BHADIRINATI-I, b'hAd-rin-At'hl, a town of North IHindostan,   BHIEER., beer, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dominion,
Gurhwal, in a valley of the Himalayas, 80 miles N. of Al- 70 miles S.S.E. of Aurungabad.
mora, 10,294 feet above the sea, and remarkable for a temple    BHIIND, b'hind or bind, and BHIINTDURI, towns of IIinreported to be endowed with the revenues of 700 villages, dostan; the latter, 34 miles E.S.E. of Odeypoor.
and visited annually by 50,000 Hindoo pilgrims.             BHIRJAN, beer'jAnf, BEERJOON, beer'joon/, or MItIRBI{ADRINATH, a peakl of the Himalayas, 17mniles W. of JAN, meerjhnl, one of the most E. towns of the Persian
the above town, and 23,441 feet in height.  Lat. 300 42' N.; dominion, in the desert, 180 miles S. of Meshed. It cornion. 790 15' E.                                           prises from 4000 to 5000 brick houses, several caravauserals,
B'HAG, BAGH or BHIAUG, b'hAg or bao, a town of Be- mosques and baths, a citadel, and a governor's palace. It
loochistan, province of Cutch-Gundava, at the S. entrance  has a local repute for the excellence of its cnarpets; but its
of the Bolan pass, 60 miles N.W. of Shikarpoor(in Sinde): lat. inhabitants bear a bad reputation for dishonesty and
280 561 N.; Ion. 670 54' E. It is enclosed by a mud wall, has treachery.
2000 mud houses, large bazaar, some transit trade, and a    BI IOBANE~E,, bo-bn- sler, (ane. Bhacvaoseswara,) a
manufactory of gunpowder                                  ruined town of British India, presidency of Bengal, district,
BIIAGItATHI1. See GANGES.                               and 16 miles S. of Cuttack.; It has numerous remains of
BHAMiO, b'h'imi, or BHANMO, b'han'm5J', a large town  temples and sculptured figures, and a tower 180 feet in
of Burmah, and the centre of its trade with China, on  height, supposed to date from the seventh century.
the Irrawaddy, 40 miles W. of the Chinese frontier, and    BIIOOJ, b'hooj or booj, a strongly fortified city of Hindos180 miles N.N.E. of Ava. It is enclosed by a stockade, and  tan, capital of Cutch, and in a plain near its centre, 35 miles
better built than most Burmese towns. It comprises 2000  N. of the Gulf of Cutch, lat. 230 15' N.; lon. 690 52' E. Pop.
houses, many of brick, inhabited by Chinese, and around it 30,000. () Its white buildings, intermixed with date-groves,
are many populous villages.  Woollen, cotton, and silk  render    externally imposing; and its houses are mostly
goods, are imported from China by winter caravans; and  built within strong, walled enclosures, each presenting the
the Shan tribes, who resort to the town, exchange their appearance of a separate fort. It has a castellated palace,
native produce for large quantities of salt, rice, and gsnaee  ornamented with enamelled domes, numerous temples, a
(a sauce made of dried fish.) The government revenue of mausoleum, and other public buildings,-the whole enclosed
the district is said to amount to about 30,0001. annually.-  by a thick and high stone wall, flanked with towers, and
OLD BiAsc0, the original Shan town, is 2 days' journey fur- furnished with artillery. The hill Bhdojan, near it, is also
ther up the Tapan, the nearest tributary of the Irrawaddy.  fortified, and has a temple to the Nag, or cobra-de-capello.
BIIANPOORA, b'hn-poo/r[, a town of Hindostan, 46 miles  Bhooj is renowned in India for its manufactures in gold and
S.S.W. of Kotah.                                          silver. The fort of Bhooj was taken by the British in 1819,
BHANPOORA, a town of British India, presidency of and both port and town suffered considerably from  an
Bengal, 65 miles S.W. of Cuttack.                         earthqualke the same year.
BHATGONG, b'hat'gongf, a decayed city of Nepaul, 9    BHOONG-BARA, b'hoongl-bhra. a district of Sinde, lat.
miles E.S.E. of Khatmanidoo. It is the favorite residence  280 N.; lon. 690 E., comprising 15 villages, yielding an anof the Nepaul brahmins, and has a palace and some other nual revenue of about 60,000 rupees, and which, in 1843,
tolerably well-built edifices.                            was transferred by the British to the rajah of Bhawlpoor.
BHATNEER, bat'neerf, or BHUTNEER, bit'neerl, a town    BHOPAUL, bolpawl, or BOPAUL, a state of Ilindostan,
of British India, in the N.E. quarter of Ajmeer, presidency  tributary to the British, mostly between lat 220 30/ and 23~
of Bengal, and the modern capital of the Bhatty country, 30' N., and lon. 770 and 790 E., having N. and W. the
185 miles W.N.W. of Delhi, lat. 290 360 N.; lon. 740 12' E. Gwalior dominion, E. Bengal presidency, end the Nerbudda
The inhabitants of this district were originally shepherds, forms its boundary on the S. Estimated area 6772 square
and are a wild, plundering people. They profess the Mo- nmiles.  Surface uneven, and traversed by the Vindhyan
hammedan faith.                                           mountains; soil fertile and well watered; the country
BHATJGULPOOR. See BOGoIPooR.                             prosperous and tranquil.  Public' revenue estimated at
BIIAVANI-KUDAL, b'hA-vAIne-koo-dAl1, a town of British  nearly 180,0006. annually. Principal towns, B3hopaul, AshIndia, presidency of Madras, 58 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor, tah, and Baree.
at the confluence of the Bhavani and Cavery Rivers. H-Jere    BIHIOPAUL, the capital of the above state, 105 miles E. of
are famous temples of Vishnu and Seeva (Siva.)             G Oojein, is enclosed by a dilapidated stone wall, outside of
BIIAWLPOOR, b'hawl'poorl, or bawl'poorf, or DAOD- which are some lasge pools, a fort and a decayed suburb.
POOTRA, dA-od-poo'trA,(theabode of refugees,) written also    BHOTAN or BI1OOTAN. See BooTAN.
BAITAWALPOOR, an independent state of N.W. Hindostan,   BHOWANIPOO, b'ho-win-e-poor/, a village or station of
between lat. 280 and 300 N., and ion. 690 and 740 E., having  British India, presidency of Bengal, 96 miles W. of DinageN.W. the Ghara (Sutlej) and Indus Rivers, separating  poor. Tiere a great annual fair is held, from April 7th to
it from the Punjab; E. and S.E. the Bickaneer territory, 17th, at which 100,000 persons often assemble.
S. Jessulmeer, and S.W. Sinde. Estimated area, 22,000    BHOWANY, b'hb-wan/nee, is a town of India, in RBajsquare miles, and population 250,000, mostly Jets, with  pootana, 80 miles W. of Delhi, which was taken by the
some Hindoos, Beloochees, and Afghans 9f a bulky, strong  British in 1809.
make, and dark complexion.  Surface level. and chiefly   BIOWNUGGER, b'hbwlntig'gftr. a seaport town of British
desert, except along the Ghara, where is a strip of territory, India, presidency of Bombay, on the W. side of the Gulf of
about 10 miles in width, of high fertility, producing rice, Cambav, in which it is one of the chief ports, 51 miles S.W.
wheat, maize, indigo, sugar, opium, and the finest fruits. of Cambay.
Cattle, wild hogs, game, and poultry, are plentiful. Ex-   BHUGWAR, a river of Beloochistan. See BADOOR.
ports consist of raw cotton, sugar, indig'o, hides, ghee, and    BIIUJEE, b'hoo/jee, or bootjee, a petty state of IHindosvarious provisions, with drugs, dye-stuffs, wool, and cearse  tan, situated between the Sutlej and Jumna, with a fort.
cotton cloths. Principal imports, the manufactured goods   BHURTPOOR, b'hfrt'poor/, a stateof Hindostan, tributary
of Britain and Hindostan. Annual public revenue about to the British, between lat. 260 30'and 270 30' N., and ion.
150,0001. The rajah maintains a standing army of nearly  770 and 780 E., having N. and N.E. the presidency of Bengal
7000 men, with 6 field-pieces; and he can raise an irregular (Upper provinces,) S.E. and S. the Gwalior dominions, and
force of 20,000 men. HTis adherence to the British, in the  W. the  Macberry dominions. Area 1948 square miles.
late Afghan war, was rewarded, in 1843, by the annexation  Pop. uncertain.  Surface well watered; products, cotton,
to his dominions of some districts in Northern Sinde. Prin- corn, sugar, and salt from brine-springs. Principal towns,
cipal towns, Bhawlpoor, Ahmedpoor, Ooch, and Khanpoor.  Bhurtpoor and Deeg.
BH1AWLPOOR, the capital of the above state, on a branch    BHURTNPOOBV, BHABVTP00OOI or BHARATPUlA, lb'h
of the Ghara, and on a route from India to Afghanistan, 140  r[t-poolrA, the capital of the above state, 33 miles W. of Agra.
miles N.W. of Bickaneer. Lat. 290 26' N.; lon. 710 37' E. It is said to be 8 miles in circuit. At the N.W. part of the
Pop. about 20,000. It is enclosed by gardens and by a mud  town is a fort, within the walls of which is the rajah's palace;
wall 4 miles in circumference. The houses are meanly con- it was formerly so strongly fortified that Lord Lake lost 31.00
structed of brick, and the khan's residence is a very plain  men under its walls, before its capitulation to his troops in
building. I-Iindoo weavers are numerous. Bhawlpsor is 1805. It was again captured by the British in 1526, and its
famous for its scarfs and turbans, manufactured by Iin- defensive;orks have been mostly demolished. Standing
doos; and chintzes, and other cotton goods are woven here, on a plain, Bhurtpoor is seen at a great distance. On ap218




BIIU                                                        BID
proaching it, luxuriant fields of wheat and barley are met trance to the valley of Lucerna, province of Pineolo. Pop.
with on every side.                                         2850.
BIUTNEEK.  See BRATNEER.                                    BIBILIS, bibflis, a villtge of Hlesse-Darmstadt, province
BIA, beeflh. a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, 10 miles of Starkenburg, 9 miles N.W. of Heppenheim.  Pop. 2050.
SW. of Buda, with a Reformed church. Pop. 1422.               BIBURY, bi'ber-e, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
BIAFRA, be-af/ra, (BIGHT OF,) an inlet of the Atlantic,   BICANERE. See BICKANEER.
on the W. coast of Africa, between Cape Formosa and Cape    BICCARI, bik/kA-re, a town of Naples, province of Capi
Lopez, within ion. 50 and 100 E., and containing the islands  tunata, 18 miles W.S.W. of F'oggia. Pop. 3400.
of Fernando Po, Prince, and St. Thomas.  It receives the    BICESTER, bislter, a market-town and parish of EngCameroons, Malimba, Mooney, and Old Calabar rivers, and  land, county, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Oxford. Pop. in 1851,
all those watering the E. part of the Niger delta. Of Biafra  3054. It is neatly built, and its large church, erected in
kingdom, E. of the bight, little is known.                 1400, contains some curious sculptures. It has 2 endowed
BIALA, be-AIlI, a town of Austrian Galicia, 43 miles schoolse and a small lace manufacture.
W.S.W. of Cracow, on the Biala, across which a stone bridge    BICITRE, a hamlet of France.  See GENTILLv.
connects it with Bielitz, in Moravia. Pop. 4000, who mannu-   BICIIANA, be-ch!ni, a considerable town of Abyssinia,
facture linen cloths.                                      Amhara, capital of a chiefship, 160 miles S.S.E. of Gondar.
BIALA, be-fld, a town of Poland, province of Podlachia, It is enclosed by ruinous walls, and meanly built; it is the
on an affluent of the Bug, 37 miles E.S.E. of Siedlec. Pop. seat of a large weekly market.
3600. BIALA is also the name of several villages in Galicia.    BICKANEER, BICANERE, or BICANIR, bik-an-eerf,
BIALLA, be-Alfl, a small town of E. Prussia, 68 miles S. written also BAKANAIR, a Rajpoot state of Hindostan,.
of Gumbinnen. Pop. 1120.                                   tributary to the British, mostly between lat. 270 and 290 N.,
BIALYSTOK, be-llis-tok, (BELOSTOK,) a province of  and Ion. 720 and 760 E., having N. the Bhatty country, E.
European Russia, and formerly a part of Poland, between  the presidency of Bengal, (Upper provinces,) S. the Joudlat. 520 and 540 N., and ion. 220 and 240 E., having E. the  poorand Jeypoor dominions, and W. Bhawlpoor. Estimated
government of Grodno, and on other sides the kingdom of  area 18,060 square miles. Population. uncertain.  It is
Poland. Area, 3424 square miles. Pop. in 1842, 265,944.  comprised in the Indian desert. Surface elevated, but fiat
Surface fiat and fertile.  Forests extensive and valuable. and sandy, and the crops are precarious. Indian pulses
Principal rivers, the Bug, Narew, and Bober. Large cquartn- are almost the only articles raised; and rice is supplied
titles of wheat, rye, &c., are raised, and sent to Dantzic, with  from Lahore, wheat from Jeypoor, and copper, spices, and
flax, hemp, hops, and timber. In 1837, here were 33 woollen  coarse cloths' from Jesselmere. Other imports are salt, sucloth factories, besides some manufactures of hats, leather, gar, opium, and indigo. Horses and bullocks are almost
soap, tallow, &c. It was ceded to Russia by the treaty of the only exports. Principaltowns, Bicanere andChooroo.
Tilsit, in 1807. Principal towns and seats of commerce,   BICKANEER, afortified town, capital of above state, 240
Bialystok, and Knyzyn.                                     miles W.S.W. of Delhi, is enclosed by a strong wall, flanked
BIALYSTOK, the fortified capital of the above province, with towers, in which are a number of mud houses painted
on the Bialy, an affluent of the Narew, 45 miles S.W. of red, some lofty white buildings, temples, and a pretty exGrodno, lat. 530 7f 35" N.; Ion. 230 151 E. Pop. 8218.  It is  tensive citadel. In it is a well 300 feet deep and 20 feet in
well built, and handsome. Its chief edifice, the castle of diameter. On its north side is a wooded valley; but elseCount Branicki, has been called the "Versailles of Poland."  where all around is an arid desert. Pop. estimated at 70,000.
BIANA, be-Sin/A, a town of Hindostan, in the Bhurtpoor   BICKIENMILL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
dominions, 54 miles S.W. of Agra.                             BICKIEt, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
BIANCAVILLA, be-Anl/k-vil/i, (. e. C" white villa,") a town    BICKIERSTAFFE, a township ofEngland, co. ofLancaster.
of Sicily, 14 miles N.W. of Catania, on the declivity of Mount   BICK/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Etna. Exports grain, cotton, and silk.  Pop. 5870.            BICKINGTON, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
BIA4N/CO, be-.n/ko, or BIAN4C4, be-An/kA, an Italian word,   BICKLEIGHI-I, bik/lee, a parish of England co. of Devon, at
signifying  "white," and forming a part of numerous names, the confluence of the Exe and Dart, 3 miles S.W. of Tiverton,.
as CAPE BIANCo, "'White Cape," ic.                          The celebrated Bamfylde Moore Carew, who became "king
BIANCO, CAPE. See CAPE BIANCO.                           of the gypsies," was born here in 1693.
BIANCO, be-'n/ko, a town in the kingdom  of Naples,   BICKILEY'S MILLS, a post-office of Russel co., Virginia.
province of Calabria Ultra I., 15 miles S.S.W. of Gerace.    BICK/NELLVILLE, a manufacturing village of St. Law
Pop. 1300.  BIANco  is also the name of some villages in  rence co., New York, on the W. branch of St. Regis River.
Italy, and the Ionian islands; and of a canal which passes    BICKINOLLER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 12
through the city of Adria.                                  miles W.N.WV. of Briidgewater.  Near the church are the
BIANDRATE, be-Sn-dr/tA, a village of Piedmont, 8 miles  remains of some ancient fortifications.
W. of Novara. Pop. 1124.                                      BICKINOR, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
BIAI, be-ase, a town of Spain, 30 miles N.W. of Alicante,   BICK/NOR, ENGLISI, a parish of England, co. of Glouwith a castle and remains of fortifications. Pop. 2963.     cester, on the Wye, 3 miles N. of Colford. The church stands
BIARRITZ, be-S\iltsr, a maritime village of France, de- within the fosse of an ancient fortification.
partment of Basses-Pyren~es, 5 miles S.W. of Bayonne, with    BICKNOR, WELSHI, a parish of England, co. of Menwell-frequented baths and curious grottoes. Pop. 1892.     mouth, almost encircled by the Wye.
BIASCA, be-gsekS, a town of Switzerland, canton  of    BICK/WITHS, a village of Mississippi co., Missouri, on the
Ticino, capital of district Riviera, 9 miles N. of Bellinzona,  Mississippi River, 15 miles below the mouth of the Ohio.
with a very ancient church.  Pop. 1912. In 1512, it was    BIC/TON, a parish of England, co, of Devon.
nearly destroyed by an inundation of the Blegno.             BICZOW. See BIDSCHOW.
BIBB, a county near the centre of Georgia, has an area    BIDACITE, bee'ddsh/ a town of France, department of Basof about 250 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by  ses-Pyrgndes, capital of canton, on the Bidouze, 17 miles E.
the Ocmulgee River, bounded on the S.W. by Echaconnee  of Bayonne. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2711.
Creek, and also drained by the Tobesofka and other creeks.    BIDASSOA, be-DnIs-so/, a small river forming part of the
The surface is hilly; the soil is generally poor, except in the  boundary between France and Spain. It rises in Spain, and
vicinity of the Ocmulgee River.  Macon county is partly  flowing S.W. and N., enters the Bay of Biscay  at F'ontaintersected by three extensive lines of railway, which con- rabia. On an island in its mouth the treaty of the Pyrenees
nect at Macon, the county seat. Named in honor of Dr. was concluded in 1659.
William Wyatt Bibb, a former member of Congress from         BIDAIS/, a creek of WValker co., Texas, flows into Trinity
Georgia.  Pop. 12,699, of whom  7062 were free, and 5637, River.
slaves.                                                      BID/BOROUGH, bid/-bfih-rbth, a parish of England, co. of
BIBB, a county near the centre of Alabama, has an area  Kent.
of 1030 square miles.  It is intersected by the Cahawba    BID/DEFORD, a post-township of York co., Maine, on the
River, which, in passing through it, receives the Little  S. side of Saco River, about 14 miles S.WV. by S. of Portland.
Cahawba.  The surface is hilly; the soil, in some parts, fer- (For a description of the town of Biddeford, see SAco.) Pop.
tile. Extensive beds ofiron ore and stone coal are found in  6095.
the county. Capital, Centreville. Pop. 9969, of whom 7108    BID/DENDEN,.a parish of England, co. of Kent.
were free, and 2861, slaves.                                 BID/DENIHAM, a parish of England, co. of West Bedford.
BIBBIENA,  bib-be-A/ng, a village of Tuscany, 16 miles    BIDIDESTONE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
N..AV. of Arezzo, on the Arno. Pop. 1600.                    BIDDISIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
BIIBBONA, bib-bo/uS, a small town of Tuscany, 6 miles    BIDBDLESDON, or BIT/TLESDEN, a parish of England,
S.E. of Cecina.  There is a fort of the same name on the  co. of Bucks.
Mediterranean,  3' miles distant S.W.                        BIDIDULPHI, a parish of England. co. of Stafford. Inthe
BIBERIACI.   bee/ber-Kx, a. walled town of WViirtemberg,  parish is an ancient circle of upright stones, termed the
on the Riss, 23 miles S.S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 4800, engaged in  Bredstones; and several paved artificial caves.
weaving of linen and mixed fabrics, and in bleaching, tan-    BID/EFORD, a municipal borough, seaport, market-town,
ning, and fur dressing.                                    and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Toiridge, 11
BIBERACIH, a village of Baden, on the Kinzig, 10 miles  miles above its influx into the estuary of the Taw, 8 miles
S.S.E. of Offtenburg. Pop. 1207.                           SW. of Barnstable.  Pop. in 1851, 5899. The town consists
BIBEIRICH. See BIEBRICIH.                                mostly of old brick houses, with timber frame-work. It has
BIBIANA, be-bo-en, a village of Piedmont, at the en- a stone bridge of 2i arches, built in the fourteeth century,
219




BID                                                           BIE
maintained by a bridge-estate, producing 4007. per annum, a  small towns of Russia, and an island in the Arctic Ocean
church, grammar school, neat town-hall, union workhouse, government of Tobolsk.
an hospital for aged poor, an assembly room, with manufac-   BIELO-OZERO, be- /lo o-zaro, (" t.he white lake,") a lake
tuies of ropes, sails, and earthenware, tan-yards, and docks  of Russia, government of Novgorod, about let. 600 10, N.,
for ship buildihg. Chief imports, timber from Canada and  lon. 370 30' E. Length, 25 miles; breadth, 20 miles. It is
the Baltic, coals and colonial produce; exports, sails and  very deep, and contains a great quantity of fish. Its waters
cordage, oak-bark to Ireland, earthenware to Wales, and  flow to the Volga by the Sheksna River, and it communicorn and flour to Bristol. Registered shipping, (1847,) includ- cates by canals with the Onega, Sookhona, and Dwina.
ing numerous boats engaged in the coast fishery, 149 yes-   BIELOPOL, be-Alolpol, (Russ. Bielo2olie, be-A'lo-pollyA,) a
sels, aggregate burden 11,805 tons. Vessels entered, 25,930  town of Russia, government of, and 106 miles N.W. of Khartons. Vessels cleared, 12,975 tons.  Customs revenue, 50451. kovey, on the Vira. Pop. 9000, who distil sph-its, and carry on
The spacious quay near the centre of the town is at full  an active general trade.
tides accessible to vessels of 500 tons; and about 2' miles    BIELOPOL, a town of European Turkey, Herzegovina, 28
above the bridge, the Torrington Canal joins the river. The  miles S.W. of Novi-Bazar. Pop. 3000.
trade of Bideford was formerly very extensive; its imports    BIELOZERSK, be-Plo-zaiesk/, a town of Russia, governof Spanish wool and Virginia tobacco being exceeded only  ment of, 250 miles E.N.E. of Novgorod, on the S. shore of
by those of London, in the early part of last century.  Its  the Bielo-Ozero. Pop. 3090. It is built mostly of wood, and
importance as a commercial town has greatly declined; but  has an active trade with the southern provincel in pitch,
many opulent merchants still reside in the vicinity. Near  tallow, cattle, and corn.
it is the watering-place Appledore.                              BIELOZERSK, a town of Russia, government of, and 200
BIDIFORD or BITfEFORD, a parish ofEngland, co. Warwick.  miles S.W. of Tobolsk, on the Tobol.
BIDGIIKLI, bid-ghikflee, a town of Asia Minor, Ana-    BIELSK, be-lskl, a town of Russian Poland, 25 miles of
tolia, 17 miles N. of Adalia, said to comprise 1000 houses.    Bialystok.  Pop. 2400. It is well built, has a fine customBID'JEEGHIUR/ or BII)ZEG UIV,(IIindoo. Vjaayaghar,) de- house, and until 1795 was the capital of a palatinate.
cayed fortress in British India, presidency of Bengal, district    BIELSK, a village of Poland, province of, and 9 miles
of Mirzapoor, 47 miles S. of Benares, formerly a stronghold  N.N.E. of Plock.
of the rajahs of that city. Taken by the British in 1781.        BIENNE, be-nnl/, LAKE OF, in Switzerland, in the canBIDSCIHOW  (beetch/ov,) NEW, (Bohem. Biczow,) a town  ton, and 10 miles N.W. of Bern, and 3 miles N.E. of the Lake
of Bohemia, in the circle of the same name, 50 miles E.N.E. of Neufchatel. Length 10 miles; breadth 1 to 3 miles. Eleof Prague. Pop. 7891, of whom 3863 are Jews.                   vation above the sea, 1419 feet; greatest depth, 400 feet. It
BIB/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Chester, on the  is traversed by the river Thiele, which joins the Aar, 4 miles
Mersey, 8 miles N.N.W. of Great Neston.                        E. of Bienne.  Its shores, though pleasing, are not of strikBIB/WILL'S BAR, a post-office of Butte co., California.    ing beauty, and its chief interest arises from its containing
BIDZIGUR. See BIDJEEGUc.                                   the island of St. Pierre, the residence of Rousseau in 1765.
BIEBRICH, bee/briK,;or BIEBERICIT, BIBERICH, beef-   BIENNE, be-Inn', (Ger. Biel, heel,) a town of Switzerland,
bor-ix, a village of Western Germany, duchy of Nassau, on  in the canton, and 17 miles N.W. of Bern, at the north exthe right bank of the Rhine, at the terminus of the Taunus  tremity of the above lake. Pop. 4248, mostly Protestants.
Railway, with a handsome new quay and commodious ware- It is enclosed by old walls, and has a high school, and
houses, 31 miles S. of Wiesbaden. Pop., with Mosbach, 2882. several mills. For some years past the industry and comIts ducal residence is the finest palace on the Rhine.         merce of Bienne have been rapidly on the increase.  In
BIECZ, or BIETSEI, beetch, or be-tch/, a town of Po- 1848 there were upwards of 150 watchmakers, while in 1844
land, Gallicia, 11 miles W. of Jaslo, on the Roppa.  Pop. there was not one. Numerous Roman coins have been
1920.                                                          found in its vicinity.
BIEDENKOPF, beetden-kopt, a town of Germany, Hesse-    BIENTINA, be-In-tee/oni, a town of Tuscany, 11 miles E.
Darmstadt, province of Ober-Hessen, on the Lahn, 24 miles  of Pisa. Pop. 2209. The LAKE OF BIENTzINA, N. of the town,
N.N.W. of Giessen. Pop. 3289, with an active commerce, and partly in the duchy of Lucca, is 5 miles in length and 2
and extensive manufactories of cloth.                          miles in breadth, and discharges its waters southward into
BIEL, a town of Switzerland.  See BIENNE.                   the river Arno.
BIELAU, beell~w, 4 contiguous villages of Prussian Sile-    BIENVENIDA, be-In-vA-nee/D, a town of Spain, in Estrasia, in the circle of Reichenbach, with an aggregate popu- madura, 48 miles S.E. of Badajos.  Pop. 3280.
lation of 6995, in all of which woollen and linen weaving    BIENVILLE, be-6n/vill, (Fr. pron. be'NaNGveel/,) a parish
is the chief branch of industry.                               towards the N.W. part of Louisiana, contains 681 square
BIELAYA or BIELAJA, be-Ail/A a river of Russia. See  miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake Bistineau, and inBELAIA.                                                        tersected by Black Lake and Saline bayous.  The surface is
BIELAYA or BIELAIA, be-APliA', a village in the govern-  mostly occupied by forests, and by plantations of cotton and
ment of, and 44 miles S.S.V. of Kiev, where, and at Alexan-  maize.  Lake Bistineau, the outlet of which enters Red
dria in the vicinity, are magnificent mansions of the Countess  River near the S.W. corner of the parish, is navigable by
Branicki.                                                      steamboats for about 60 miles.  Bienville was formed since
BIELEFELD, beoeqh-f lt', a walled town of Prussia., 1846, from  part of Claiborne parish.  Capital, Sparts-a. Pop.
Westphalia, 26 miles S.W. of Minden, on the Minden and  5539, of whom 3744 were free, and 1895 slaves.
Cologne Railway. Population, 6955. It is the centre of the    BIEN VILLE, a post-office of Yazoo co., Mississippi.
Westphalian  linen  trade, and  has extensive bleaching-    BIENVILLERS, be-ANx'vee'ys, a village of France, degrounds, also manufactories of woollen stuffs, thread, leather, pertinment of Pas-de-Calais, arrondissement of Arras.  Pop.
soap, tobacco, and meershaum pipes. The castle of Sparen-  of commune 1187.
berg, S. of the town, now serves for a prison.                   BIEQUE. See VIEQuE.
BIELEV or BIELEF, be-PAllv/, (Russ. Bjelew,) a town of    BI/ERLY, NORTH,a township of England, co. of York, West
Russia, government of, and 64 miles S.W. of Toola, on the  Riding, 5 miles S.E. of Bradford. Pop. in 1851, 11,710, partly
Oka. Pop. 7000. It has manufactories of soap, leather, and  employed in quarries and coal-pits.
hardwares, and a considerable trade, it being, next to Toola,    BI/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
the largest town in the government.                              BIERVLIET, been'vleet/, a small town of the Netherlands,
BIELGOROD, be l'go-rodl, (Russ. Bjelgmosod,  "white  province of Zealand, 13 miles E.N.E. of Sluis.  It is remarktown,") a town of Russia, government of, and 73 miles S. of  able chiefly as the birth-place of William  Beukels, the reKoorsk, on the Donets.  Pop. 10,318. It consists of an old  puted inventor of the art of curing herrings, to whom, as
town, a new town, and 3 suburbs; and has 13 churches and  founder of a source of national wealth, a monument was
3 monasteries. It owes its name to a chalk hill in the imr-  erected by Charles V.  An inundation, which, in 1377, submediate vicinity.                                              merged 19 villages. detached Biervilet from  the continent,
BIELITZ, bee/Iits, a town of Silesia, 18 miles N.E. of Tes- and itssite is still insulanr.
chen, on the left bank of the Biala River, across which a    BIE/RY TOWN, a village in Fayette township, Seneca co.,
stone bridge connects it with the town of Biala, in Austrian  New York, about 8 miles S.E. by E. of Waterloo.  It is
Gallicia. Pop. 6000, who carry on an extensive trade in fine  finely situated on elevated ground, in the midst of a fertile
woollen cloths and cassimeres. It has a castle, hospital, and  country. It contains 2 churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and
school; and is the seat of a Protestant consistory.           1 steam-mill. Pop. about 150.
BIELITZA  or BIELITSA, be-.-lit/sA, a town of Russia,   BIES-BOSCI, bees'bosk/,a marshy lake ofthe Netherlands,
government, and 55 miles E. of Grodno, on the Niemen. forming the eastern extension of the branch of the Meuse,
Pop. 900.                                                     called HIolland's Diep, between the provinces of South IlolBIELITZA, NOVO, nolve be —litl/sI, a town of Russia, land and North Brabant.  It is very shallow; and contains
government of Moheelev, at the confluence of the Mies and  numemous islands. This lake was formed 19th November,
Sozh with the Dnieper. 63 miles N. of Tcherniov. Pop. 2000. 1421, by an inundation which is said to have submerged
BIELLA, be-6llsl, a town of Piedmont, capital of a province  72 villages, drowning 100,000 inhabitants.
of its own name, on the Cervo, 38 miles N.E. of Turin.  Pop.   BIESIIEIM, beeseh~me, (Fr. pron. bee'zlm/,) a village of
about 9000. It has several educational establishments, and  France. department of IHaut-Rhin. Pop. of commune 1762.
a few manufactories of paper, woollen stuffs, and hats.         BIETIGIEIM, bee'tio-hnme', a town of Wtiirtemberg, on
BIELOI, be-Plloy, a town of Russia, government, and 70  the Enz. 13 miles N.N.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 2920.
miles N.N.E. of Smolensk, on the Obeha. an affluent of    BIETIGIIEIM,  a village of Baden, 10 miles S.W. of Carlsthe Mezha, (Meja.) Pop. 3476. BELos is the name of other tuhe.  Pop. 1482.
220




BIE                                                          BIG
BTEVYJNE, bee'vaint, a town of Belgium, provi'ce of    BIGIELOT'S MILLS, a post-office of La Porte co., Indiana,
IHIainaut, 25 miles N.E. of Tournai.  Pop. 3270.             15 miles S.W. of La Porte.
BIE VRES, be-aiv'r/, a village of France, on the Bibvre,    BIG FALLS, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.
an affluent of the Seine, 5 miles S.E. of Versailles. Pop. 1142.   BIG FISIHING  CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Bald
BIFERNO, be-f6a/no, TIFERNO, te-freJno, or T'IVERVNO,  Eagle Creek in Clinton co., 3 or 4 miles W. of Lock Haven.
(anc. Tiferthsm,) a river of Naples, province of Molise, rises    BIG FLATS, a post-township of Chemung co., New York,
in the Apennines, flows N.E., and enters the Adriatic 3 miles  on the New York and Erie Railroad, 293 miles from  New
S.E. of Termoli. Length, 40 miles.                           York city. Pop. 1079.
BIGA, beelg/, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia,    BIG  FOOT  PRAIRIE, a post-office of Walworth co.,
capital of the sanjak, on the Bolki, 18 miles S.S.W. of its  Wisconsin.
mouth in the Sea of Marmorn, and 42 miles N.E. of Adramyti.    BIG FORK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Arkansas.
BIG BAR, a post-office of Trinity co., California.           BIG/GA, one of the Shetland islands, in Yell So-und, ScotBIG BARMREN, a postoffice of Claiborne co., Tennessee.   land.
BIG BAY CREEK, near the S.E. extremity of Illinois,   BIGfGAR, a town and parish of Scotland, co. and 11
falls into the Ohio River.                                   miles E.S.E. of Lanark.  Pop. of parish 1865, of town 1395.
BIG BEA/VER, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. It consists mostly of one long and wide street, and has an
Pop. 922.                                                    elegant parish church, (anciently collegiate and well enBIG BEAVER, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.        dowed,) dissenting chapel, commercial bank agency, savings
BIG BEND, a small post-village of Yenango co., Penn-  bank, and subscription libraries. Many of the inhabitants
sylvania.                                                    are employed in cotton weaving for Glasgow houses. Some
BIG BEND, a post-office of Gilmer co., Vihginia.          tumuli here mark the scene of a battle fought between the
BIG BEND, a post-office of Avoyelles parish, Louisiana.   Scots and English in the time of Edward II.
BIG BEND, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas.               BIGTGER, a township of Jennings co., Indiana. Pop. 714.
BIG BEND, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin, on    BIG GLADES, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.
Fox River, and on the plank-road from Milwaukee to East    BIGGLESWADE, big/ghlez-w[d,  a  market-town  and
Troy, about 20 miles S.W. of the former.                     parish of England, co. and 91- miles E.S.E. of Bedford, on the
BIG BLACK RIVER of Mississippi, rises in Choctaw co., navigable river Ivel. Area of parish, 4220 acres, much of which
and flowing south-westward, empties itself into the Missis- is laid out in market-gardens, for the supply of the London
sippi at Grand Gulf. The length is estimated at about 200  markets.  Pop. in 1851, 4460. The town is neatly built of
miles. It flows through fertile plains, mostly occupied by  bricks, and has a church, formerly collegiate, erected about
plantations of cotton.                                       1230, 2 well-endowed parish schools, a union work-house,
BIG BLUE, a small village of Jackson co., Missouri, S  and a small manufactory of thread lace. The market is still
miles WV. of Independence.                                   one of the largest in Englanud for corn. It is the pollingBIG BLUE RIVER of Jackson co., Missouri, flows north-  place for the county.
ward into Missouri River. LITTLE BLUEi River flows through    BIGHA.  See BIGA.
the same county, and enters the Missouri farther down.         BIG HATCIH/Y RIVER, Tennessee. See HATCHIE RIvER.
BIG BROOK, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.            BIG HILL, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.
BIG/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                 BIG HOL/LOW, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
BIG/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.                 BIG HORN RIVER, of Missouri Territory, the largest
BIGIBY FORK', a post-office of Mlonroe  co., Mississippi.    affluent of the Yellowstone  River, rises near F'remont's
BIG/BYVILLE, a post-village of M5aury co., Tennessee, Peak, in lat. above 420 20' N., Ion. 110 W., flowing at first
50 miles S. by W. of Nashville.                              easterly, and then northerly, it falls into the Yellowstone
BIG CANE, a post-office of St. Landry parish, Louisiana.  in about 460 N. lat., and 1060 30t W. ion. Entire length,
BIG CEDAR, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, 14  about 400 miles.
miles S. of Independence.                                      BIGHIITON, biton, a parish of England, co. of Ilants.
BIG CEDAR CREEK, of South Carolina, enters the Broad    BIG IN/DIAN CREEK, of'Indiana, rises in Floyd co., and
River from the left, near the N.W. part of Richland district,  flowing south-westward, passes Corydon, and enters the
BIG CEDAR CREEK, Iowa, flows into Skunk River, in  Ohio about 9 miles above Leavenworth. It is about 50
Henry county.                                                miles long.
BIG CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Green Brier co., Vir-    BIG IS/LAND, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
ginia.                                                         BIG ISLAND, a post-office of Marion co., Ohio.
BIG CEDAR GROVE, a creek of Indiana, which enters    BIG LAU/REL, a post-office of Madison co., North Carothe White Water 6 miles below Brookville.                    lina.
BIG COLE, a post-office of Boone co., Virginia.              BIGtLER, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania.
BIG CREEK of Greene co., Alabama, flows into Black    BIG LICK, or GAINSIBORO, a post-village of Roanoke co.,
Warrior River.                                               Virginia, 170 miles W. by S. of Richmond. The Virginia and
BIG CREEK, Arkansas, rises in the E. part of the sate, Tennessee Railroad passes through it.
and flowing southward enters the White River in Desha co.   BIG LICK, a post-township in Hancock co., Ohio, about40
BIG CREEK of Indiana, rises in Ripley co., and falls into  miles N.N.W. of Marion. Pop. 1008.
Graham's Fork of White River, in Jefferson co., after a    BIG MEAD0OW, a post-office of Grayson co., Virginia.
course of 40 miles.                                            BIG  ME/TO, a small stream  of Arkansas, rises near
BIG CREEK, in the W. part of Missouri, flows S.E., and  Little Rock, and, flowing S.E., enters the Arkansas River
enters Grand River in Henry co., a few miles W. of the  in Arkansas county.
county seat.                                                   BIG MILL CREEK, of Elk co., Pennsylvania, falls into
BIG CREEK, in the N.W. part of Missouri, flows south- the Clarion River.
ward through Harrison co., and enters Grand River in Da-    BIG MILLS, a postoffice of Dorchester co., Marylanid.
viess co.                                                      BIG MOUND, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa.
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.           BIG NECK, a post-office of Adams co., Illinois.
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.      BIG/NOR, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Edgefield district, South    BIG NORTH FORK, of White River. See WHITE RIInM,
Carolina.                                                    of Arkansas.
BIG CREEK, a post-village of Forsyth co., Georgia, 10    BIG OAK, a post-office of Kemper co., Mississippi.
miles S.W. of Cumming.                                         BIG OAK FLAT, a post-office of Tuolumne co., California.
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama.               BIGORRE, bee'goRR/, an old subdivision of South-western
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Calhoun co., Mississippi.      France, province-of Gascony, now forming part of the deBIG CREEK, a post-office of Rapides parish, Louisiana.    partment of Hautes-Pyrdnues.  See BAGNcT s-DEs-BIGORc.E.
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Fort Bend co., Texas.            BIG OT/TER, a post-office of Braxton co., Virginia.
BIG CREEK, a township in Crawford co., Arkansas. Pop.   BIG PIGIEON RIVER, of North Carolina and Tennessee,
395.                                                         rising on the N.W. declivity of the Blue Ridge, in the W.
BIG CREEK, a post-township in Phillips co., Arkansas. part of the former state, it flows north-westward and westPop. 677.                                                    ward into Tennessee, and enters French Broad River a little
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.         below Newport.
BIG CREEK, a post-office of Edgar co., Illinois.             BIG PINE CREEK, of Texas, enters Neches River from
BlIG CREEK, a post-village of Johnson co., Missouri, on a  the W. at the E. extremity of Trinity county.
stream of its own name, 40 miles S.E. by S. of Independence.    BIG PINE CREEK, Indiana. See PuNE CREEK.
BIG CREEK, a township in Henry co., Missouri.                BIG PINE-TREE CREEK, of Kershaw district, South
BIG CYPRIUS BAY/OU, of Texas, rises in Wood and Hop- Carolina, flows into the Wateree, near Camden.
kins counties, and empties itself into Soda lake, a few miles    BIG PI/NEY FORK, of Gasconade River. See GASCONADE.
below Jefferson, in Case county.  The lake extends across    BIG PLAIN, a post-office of Madison co., Ohio.
the E. boundary into Louisiana and flows into Red River.    BIG PLO/VER (plhv/tr) RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises toSteamboats ascend from Red River to Jefferson during more  wards the N.E. part of the state, and flows into the Wisconsin
than half the year.                                          at Portage Court-house.
BIG DOLLAR, a post-office of Wood co., Texas.                BIG POND, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
BIG DRY WOOD CREEK, of Missouri, flows into Mar-   BIG POND FURNACE, a small village of Cumberland co.
miton River from the right, in Bates co.                     Pennsylvania.
221




BIG                                                       BIL
BIG PRAIRIE, (prAlree,) a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.   BIJBAHIAR, beej'b&-har?, or,rJAPARA, veeja.-p-rL/, thk
BIG PRAIRIE, a post-office of Newago co., Michigan.     largest town of Cashmere, next to its capital, 25 miles S.E.
BIG PRAIRIE, a post-office of Logan co., Illinois.      of the city of Cashmere, on the Jhylum, here crossed by a
BIG RACOON/ CREEK, of Indiana. See RACOON.              remarkable timber bridge, 25 miles S.E. of Serinagur. Lat.
BIG READ/Y, a post-office of Edmonson co., Kentucky.   330 37' N.; ion. 760 4/ E.
BIG RIVIER, of Missonri, rises in Washington co., and    BIJINA, a petty state of Hindostan, in Bundelcund.
flows N. through Jefferson co. into Maramec River.        Area, 27 square  miles. P. 2300. Armed force, about 260 men.
BIG RIVER MILLS, a post-office of St. Francois co., Mis-   BIJNAGUR, a city of India. See BIJANAGauR.
soutri.                                                     BIJINEE, or KHIUNG'TAGHAUTI, a town of Hiindostan,
BIG ROCK, a villageof Morgan co., Ohio, on the Muskin- capital of a rajahship, jointly tributary to the British and
gum River, 85 miles S.E. of Columbus.                     to Bootan, 26 miles N.N.E. of Goalpara, in Assam. It conBIG ROCK, apost-township of Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 496. sists of a fort, some temples, and a number of huts.
BIG ROCK, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa.               BIJSK, BIISK, or BIYSK, beesk, or be-sk/, a fortified town
BIG SANIDY CREEK, Texas. See A:LABAMA CREEK.            of Siberia, government and 270 miles S. of Tomsk, capital
BIG SANDY CREEK, of Indiana, falls, into the Ohio in  of the district, at the confluence of the Bia and Kaltoonia.
Spencer county.                                            Pop. 3500.
BIG SANDY CREEK, a river in the W. part of Tennessee,   BILBAO, bil-bto, often written and pronounced, in Eng
rises in Henderson co., and falls into the Tennessee River at lish, BILBOA, bilFbo-a, a city and principal port of the Nortb
the N. extremity of Benton co. Its course is nearly N. by  of Spain, capital of the province of Biscay, (Vizcaya,) on the
E., and its wthole length perhaps 80 miles.                Nervion, 6 miles from its mouth at Portunalete, and 28 miles
BIG SEW/ICKLY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the  N. of Vitoria. Lat. 430 14' 3/' N.; ion. 20 56 5'" W.  Pop. in
Youghiogheny River.                                        1845, 11,900. It is enclosed by lofty mnountains, and is well
BIG SKIN CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.    built. A fine promenade borders the river, which is here
BIG SNI/BAR CREEK, of Missouri, enters the Missouri  crossed by a new iron suspension bridge and an old stone
River from the right in Lafayette co., about 5 miles above  bridge of three arches; convents and monasteries are numeLexington.                                                 rous it has also a cathedral, a large new hospital, townBIG SPRING, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pennsyl- hail, arsenal, and public slaughter-house.  Bilb0ao has supevania.                                                     rior schools, supported by its consulado or tribunal of
BIG  SPRING, a post-office of Htaywood co., North  commerce, and a large public cemetery. Principal rmannCarolina.                                                 factures, hardwares, anchors, leather, paper, hats, tobacco,
BIG SPRING, a small post-village of Marshall co., Ala-  and earthensware; there are large rope-walks, and docks for
bama, 145 miles N. of Montgomery.                          building  merchant vessels, with iron and copper misnes in
BIG SPRING, a post-office of Izard co., Arkansas.        the vicinity. Exports comprise wool, iron, fish, and fruits.
BIG SPRING, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.      Principal imports, cotton and woollen fabrics and colonial
BIG SPRING, a post-village of Breckenridge co., Ken- produce. Bilbao was founded in 1300; at the end of the
tucky, about 44 miles S.W. of Louisville, is situated partly  fifteenth century it became the seat of the famous consulado,
in Mleade and Hardin counties. A large spring rises near originally established at Burgos, and having the highest
the middle of the village, and flows several hundred feet; authority in Spain as a commercial tribunal. It was the
then sinks into the ground and disappears. The village has  scene of frequent contests in the late Carlist wars, and Zuone church and several stores.                             malacarregui received his death wound here, June 10, 1835.
BIG SPRING, a township in Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1932.   BILBOtOUGIH, bil/bfir-rtLh, a parish of England, co. of
BIG SPRING, a post-office of Ottoway co., Michigan.      Nottingham.
BIG SPRING, a village of Crawford co., Indiana, 14 miles    BILIBROU GI, a parish of England, co. of York.
N. of Levenworth.                                            BILIDESTONE, a market-town and parish of England, co.
BIG SPRING, a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois.       of Suffolk, 11i miles N.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 857.
BIG SPRING, a small post-village of Montgomery co., Mis-    BILEDULGERID.  See BELED-EI-JEREED..
souri, 50 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.                      BILGORAY, beel'go-rI/, a town of Poland, government
BIG SPRING POINT, a post-village of Yates co., New  and 47 miles S.S.W. of Lublin, on the Lada. Pop. 1800.
York, 190 miles WV. of Albany.                               BILIARSK, bee'le-ansk/, a village of Russia, government
BIG SPRINGS, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia.   and 68 miles S.E. of Kazan. Pop. 2500. Near it are extenBIG SPRINGS, a post-office of La Porte co., Indiana.     sive ruins, supposed to mark Biliar, a considerable Tartar
BIG SWAMP, a post-office of Columbus co., North Caro- city.
lina.                                                        BILIN, be-leen/, (Bohemian, By/ina, be-lee/na; L. Belina,)
BIG TIMIBER CREEK, in the S.W. part of New Jersey, a town of Bohemia, 17 miles W. of Leitmeritz, on the Bila.
forms the boundary between Camden and Gloucester coun- Pop. 3100. It has two castles, and celebrated and muchties, until it enters the Delaware 5 miles below Camden.    frequented mineral springs, the acidulated waters of which
BIG TREE CORINERS, a post-office ofErie co., New York. form an article of export, to the extent of 900,000 jars
BIG VERMIL/ION RIVER, of Indiana. See VERMILION.  yearly.
BIG WAL/NUT CREEK, of Ohio, rises in the N. central   BILINBAEVSK, bee-lin-bA-Avsk/, a mining-town of Euspart of the state, and enters the Scioto about 12 miles S. of  sia, government of Perm, in the Ural Mountains, 30 miles
Columbus.                                                  W. of Yekaterinboorg. It has extensive iron-works.
BIG WAUIIOO, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia.          BILIRAN, be-le-rnl, one of the Philippine Islands, N. of
BIG WOODS, a post-office of Du Page co., Illinois.       Leyte. Lat. 110 27' N.. ion. 1240 30' E.
BIITACS, bee'httch/, or BIIIATCH, sometimes written    BILITIO. See BEL.INZsoNA.
BIHACH  and BII{ACZ, a fortified town and important   BILIUI, a river of Siberia. See Virlooi.
stronghold in European Turkey, in Croatia, on an island    BILLERBECK, bil/ler-bck', a small town of Prussia, in
in the Ulnna, near the Dalmatian frontier, 65 miles W. of Westphalia, 15 miles W.N.W. of Miinster. Pop. 1440.
Baealuka.  Pop. 3000.                                       BILLERBECK, or FRIEDRICHSIHIULD, free/driKs-hUOlt',
BIHAR. bee'haiV, a town of Hungary, beyond the Theiss, a village of Prussia. in the province of Pomerania, regency
co. of Bihar, 8 miles N. of Gross-Wardein. Pop. 2440.     of CSslin, 9 miles N.N.E. of Rummelsburg.
BIISK.  See BJisK.                                         BILLERICA, bil/ler-ik-a, a beautiful post-village of MidBIJANAGUR  or BIJNAGUR, beejnA-gfirf, sometimes dlesex co., Massachusetts, 18 miles N. by W. of Boston. It
written BISNAGUR, (anc. Bjayaonaccgrac, i. e. "the city of contains 4 churches, a news town-house, and the Howe
triumph,'?) a decayed and deserted, but once famous, city of  School, opened in 1852, with a fund of $27,000.  Pop. of
Southern India, presidency of Madras, 30 miles N.W. of Bel- township, 1646.
lary, on the Toombuddra, which separates it firom Anna-    BILILERICAY, a market-town and chapelry of England,
goondy. Lat. 150 14' N.; Ion. 760 37' E.  It stands in a  co. of Essex, 24 miles E.N.E. of London, and 3 miles S.E. of
plain encumbered with granite rocks, which intersperse all the Eastern Counties Railway. Pop. in 1851, 1533. It has
through its thoroughfares, and have been sculptured into  an ancient brick chapel, a union work-house, and manufaca variety of forms. The city, 8 miles in circumference, is tures of silk braid and lace.
enclosed by the river and other natural barriers, or by    BIL/LESDON, a market-town and parish of England, co.
strong walls. Principal edifices, the temples of Wittoba  and 81 miles E. of Leicester. Pop. 878. It was a Roman
Mahadeva, Seeva, Krishna, Ganesa, and Rama, the residence  station.
of the rajah, the remains of four places in an inner city,   BILILESLEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
and some singular temples and sculptures on the rocks in    BILLIERS, beel'yA or beelyB, a village of France, departthe Toombuddra-all granite edifices.  Bijanagur was ment of Morbihan, 25 miles S.E. of Vannes, with a small
founded in 1336, and in the sixteenth century was the capi- port on the Vilaine. Pop. of commune, 1085.
tal of an extensive IHIindoo kingdom, which was destroyed    BILLIGHEIM, bil/lia-hime', a market-town of Rhenish
and its capital sacked by the Mohammedans of the Deccan  Bavaria, on the Klingbach, 4 miles S.S.W. of Landau. Pop.
in 1564.                                                  4760. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, aind
BIJAWAR, BEJAWER, be-jaw/er, or BEJOUR, be-jwfler, some manufactures of hosiery, &c.
a state of Hindostan, in Bundelcund, with a capital of the    BILLIGHEIM, a market-town of the Grand Duchy of
same name, 75 miles S.E. of Jhansi. Area, 900 square miles. Baden, E. of Mosbach.
Pop. 90,000. Public revenue, 35,0001. Armed force, 1000    BILILING, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Northmen.                                                      ampton.
222




BIL                                                        BIN
BILLING, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of North-   IBTIBEER, bim/ber, a town of the Punjab, on n an ffluent
ampton.                                                   of the Chonaub, 100 miles N. of Lahore. It consists of about
BIL'LINGBOROUG(I, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 1000 low and fiat-roofed houses.
BIL/LINGE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.       BIMBIA, bimlbee-A, a river of Western Africa, enters the
BILLINGE HIGIHIER-END, township adjoining the above. Bight of Biafra W.  of the Carmeroons River. On its banks
BIL/LINGFORD, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk. are many populous villagoes, under the rule of a chief who,
BILILINGIHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Durham. It in 18303, placed himself under British protection.
has a station on the IHartlepool and Stockton Railway.      BIMiNI, be-meelnee, a small group of islands, surrounded
BILLINGHIAY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       by reefs, in the Bahama Archipelago, E. of Cape Florida.
BILfLING'S GRtOVE, a post-office of Livingston  co.,   BIMLIPATAM, bim'lip-A-taml, (anc. Bhisoalaupsta na,) a
Illinois.                                                 seaport town of British India, presidency of Madras, 17
BILILINGSIIURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.   miles E.N.E. of Vizagapatam, on the Bay of Bengal. It has
BILILINGSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.        a brisk coasting trade.
BILILINGSPORT, a village of Gloucester co., New Jersey,   BINAB, be-ndb/, a town of Persia, province of Azerbaijan,
on the Delaware River, 12 miles below Camden.             on the Sofi Chai, atributary of Lake Ooroomeeyah, on the W.
BIL!LINGSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., Indiana, side of the lake, and 55 miles S.S.W. of Tabreez. It is of
70 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis.                          modern origin, and has about 1500 houses, clean streets,
BILILINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. several good caravanseries, and an abundance of water.
BIL'LITONI, BIL'LETON/, or BLITONG, blee'ton!, an is- Around it are numerous orchards and vineyards; and it
land of the Dutch East Indies, intermediate between Sunma- yields to its chief an annual revenue of 4000 tomans, and a
tra and Borneo. Lat. of hill on the N.W. part, 30 13' S.;  contingent of 400 men to the army of Azerbaijan. Pop. 7500.
ion. 1080 7' E. Area estimated at 1150 square miles. Pop.    BINsAB0/LA,  BURIABOILA,  BEN'NEBEOILA,  or
6000. It is surrounded by rocks and islets, and is rice in  TWELVE PINS, a mountain range of Ireland, in Coniron-ore and valuable timber; it does not produce rice  naught, co. of Galway, barony and 5 miles N.E. of Ballinaenough for home consumption, but about 25 boats go from  hinch; the culminating  point of Knockannahiggen is 2400
it annually to Singapore, with trepang, bird's-nests, sea- feet above the sea.
weed, tortoise-shell, and wax.                              BIN/ACRE or BENIACRE, a parish of England, co. of
BILLITON  PASSAGE, between the above island and  Suffolk. In 1786, a stone vessel, containing 900 silver RoBorneo, is about 130 miles across.                        man coins, was found in this parish.
BILILOCKLY or BILILOCKBY, a parish of England, co.   BINASCO, be-n~s'ko, a town and fortress of Northern
of Norfolk.                                               Italy, in Lombardy, on the Pavia Canal, 11 miles N.W. of
BILLOM, beeTiyNc!l or bee~y6aNe, a town of France, depart- Pavia..  Pop. 5000.
ment of Puy-de-Dbme, on a hill, 14 miles E.S.E. of Clermont.   BIN-BIR-KiLISS]IH, bin-beea-kil'lis-s~h!, some ruins in
Pop of commune, in 1852,4430. It has a communal college, Asia Minor, pashalic of Karamania, 20 N.N.W. of Karaman,
and some manufictures of fine earthenwares, called the  consisting of ancient tombs, portions of early Byzantine
"pottery of Bretagne."  It is considered the oldest town of  churches, supposed to be the remains of Lyslti-a, where the
Auverone.                                                  cripple was healed by St. Paul.
BILILY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim.     BINBlR00OKE, a village and formerly a market-town of
BILMA, billmi, a town of Central Africa, in Nigritia, near England, co. of Lincoln, 7 miles N.E. of Market-Raisen.
let. 180 40' N., ion. 140 E., on the route from Fezzan to Lake  Pop. 1187.
Tchad. It is said to have abundant supplies of water.        BINCHE, binKehh or binK, a town of Belgium, province of
BILNEY, billne, EAST, a parish of England, co. of  Hainaut, on the Iaine, and on a branch of the Mons Canal,
Norfolk.                                                  10 miles E.S.E. of Mons. Pop. in 18 42, 5235. It has manunBILNEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      factures of cutlery and hardwares, and a considerable trade
BILLS CREEK, Iowa, one of the head branches of Otter in lace, paper, marble, and coal.
Creek, which it enters between Warren and Lucas counties.   BINICHESTER, a township of England, co. of Durham,
BILILUMS CREEK, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas.      ward of Darlington, 1. miles E.N.E. of Bishop-Auckland.
BILOXI, be-lox/ee, a post-village of Harrison co., Mlissis-  Pop. in 1851} 30. It is supposed to have been the Roman
sippi, on Biloxi Bay, which comnmunicates with the Gulf of  Blssvinovi; various Roman antiquities have been discovered
MFexico, about 90 miles E.N.E. of New Orleans. It is a place  in the parish.
of summer resort for the citizens of New Orleans.           BIN/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
BILSA, bil/se, (anc. Bivesa,) a town of Hindostan, do-   BINDRABUND, bin'drt-bindf, (anc. Vrindacvanac,) a conminion and 183 miles S. of Gwalior, on the Betwah. It is siderable town of British India, presidency of Bengal, upper
enclosed by a stone wall, and, in 1820, had 5000 houses.  provinces, on the Jumna, 40 miles N.N.W. of Agra. It has
Excellent tobacco is grown in the vicinity; in 1834, Bilsa  several sacred pools and caves, and numerous temples of
district yielded an annual revenue of 32,500/.            Krishna, one of which is among the most massive works of
BILSBY, bilslbee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.  IHindoo architecture.
BILSIDALE, a township of England, co. of York, North    BIN/EGAR, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Riding.                                                     BiN/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks. Pope's
BILSEN, billsen, a town of Belgium, province of Lim-  father resided here, and the tree is still shown under which
bourg, 8 miles S.E. of IOasselt, on the Demer.  Pop. 30S85. the poet is said to have written a considerable part of his
It has manufactures of cutlery and earthenwares.            Vi ndsor Forest."
BILISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            BINGEN, bingflen, a town of Germany, grand-duchy of
BILSITIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.        IIesse-Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine, at the inBILSITON, a market-town and chapelry of England, co. of flux of the Nahe, 17 miles WV. of Mlentz. Pop. 4500, who
Stafford, parish and 21 miles S.E. of Wolverhampton, and  manufacture leather and raise superior wines. It owes its
within 1 miles of the Willenhall station on the Liverpool origin to the Roman castle or klopp of Drusus. Near it, the
and Birminghamn  Railway. Pop. in 1851, 23,527. It is very  Rhine, breaking through a mountain chain, narrows to form
irregularly built, but has many good residences, a hand- the Bingerloch, a dangerous rapid at low water; in the
some chapel of ease erected in 1830, and another Episcopal neighborhood are  tiidesheim, the castle of Ehrenfels, and
chapel. A third church has recently been erected.  The  chapel of St. Roch; and on an island in the Rhine is the
manufacturiug industry of Bilston is very great. The noise  liausethurin, (i. e. "mouse-tower,") a structure erected for a
and smoke of engines and furnaces are heard and seen in  toll-house in the thirteenth century.
all directions and for many miles around the town. The    BINGENIIEIM, bing/en-himee, a market-town of Ilessemanufactures include tin, japarnned, and enamelled wares  Darmstadt, 16 miles N. of Hanau. Pop. 700.
of every kind, iron wire, nails, screws, iron gates and pai-   BINGHAM, bingl..m, a market-town and parish of Engsades, machinery, steam-engines, &c. There are also mills  land, in the rich vale of Belvoir, co. and $5 miles E. of Notfor forming pig-iron into bars, and many iron and brass tingham. Pop. in 1851, 2054. It is a polling-place for the
foundries. Coarse pottery is made from clay which is found  S. division of the county.
in the vicinity in great abundance. Among its numnerous    BINGIIAM, hingl/m, a post-township of Somerset co.,
schools is one founded in 1833, and endowed with 2000/., for  laine, on the E. side of the Kennebec River, about 60 miles
the benefit of orphans left destitute by the cholera, which  N. of Augusta. Pop. 752.
raged here in 1832 with firightful violence. Bilston forms a    BINGIIAM, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania,
part of the parliamentary borough of Wolverhampton.       bordering on New York State, 18 miles N.E. of Coudersport,
BILITON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 15 miles  is drained by the Genesee River. Pop. 584.
S.WV. of Rugby. Iere Addison resided after his marriage    BINGHAM, a post-township in Clinton co., Michigan,
with the Countess of IWarwick.                            about 22 miles E. of Lyons. Pop. 185.
BILTON, a parish of England, co. of York.                 BINGIAAMTON, bingmap-ton, a city, and capital of Broonmeo
BILTON-WITH-HIARRi GATE, a chapelry of England, co. co., Nen York. is situated at the junction of the Chenango
of York. West Riding.                                     and Susquehanna Rivers, where the former is crossed oy
BIMA, beelma, a seaport town of the Dutca East Indies, the New York and Erie Railroad, 225 miles from New York
capital of a state of the same name, in the island of Sum- City, and at the southern terminus of the Syracuse and
bawa, on a bay of its N. coast, 100 miles E. of Sumbawa. It Binghamton  Railroad, 80 miles from Syracuse. The Cheis the residence of the sultan and of a Dutch agent. Chief  nego Canal also connects it with Utica. The city is handexports, timber and valuable horses.                      sormely laid out, and contains; besides the co. buildings
223




BIN                                                            BIR
about 10 churches, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, several semi-    BIRCII/OLT, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
nar:ies, 2 banks, about 50 stores and warehouses, and mann-    BIRCHIOVER, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby, 5
factories of flour, lumber, cars-ages, firearms, &c. The flour  miles W.N.W. of Matlock, whence numerous visitors repair
andlumber trade are extensively carried on. Excellent water-  to visit its famous rocking-stone.  Pop. in 1851, 78.
power is furnished by the Chenango River. Bridges connect    BIRCH POND, a post-office of Crawford co.. Missouri.
the opposite sides of the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers.    BIRCIH POND, a small village of Dent co., Missouri.
Binghamton was settled in 1787 by Mr. Bingham, from            BIRCH RIVER, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia, 284
whom it received its name, and was incorporated in 1818. miles W. by N. of Richmond.
Pop. of Chenango township, in 1850, 8734; of the city of    BIRCHITON, a post-office of Braxton co., Virginia.
Binghamton, in 1853, 9094.                                     BIRCHI/VILLE, a township of St. Clair co., Michigan, on
BINGHAMTON, a small post-villag:e of Lee co., Illinois,  Lake huron.  Pop. 731.
about 100 miles WV. of Chicago.                                BIRD, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.
BING/IIAMSTOWN, or SALEEN/, a maritime village of    BIRD/BR00 K, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Ireland, Connaught, co. of Mayo, on the W. side of Blacksod    BIRD/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Bay, 2i miles S.S.W. of Belmullet. Pop. 436, engaged in    BIRD ISLAND, West Indies.  See AvEs.
fishing. Exports, corn and potatoes.                           BIRD ISLAND, one of the Sandwich  Islands, North
BING/LEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. Pacific Ocean.
of York, West Riding, on the Aire, and the Leeds and    BIRD ISLAND, one of the Low Islands, Pacific, near the
Liverpool Canal, 15 miles W.N.W. of Leeds. Pop. in 1851, the middle of the group.
15,339; of town, 10,157. It has a neat church, a grammar    BIRD ISLANDS, South Africa, Cape Colony, are in Algoa
school founded in the reign of Henry VIII. (revenue, 4701. Bay.
per annum,) a court-house, several charities, numerous    BIRIDINBURY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
worsted, yarn, cotton, and paper manufactories, and some    BIRD IN HAND, a small village of Lancaster co., Penntrade in malt.                                                sylvania, on the railroad, 7 miles E. of Lancaster.
BINGTANG, bing-tang/, BINTAM,. or PULO-BINTAM,    BIRD/SALL, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York,
poollo-bin-tam/, an island in the Malay Archipelago, inter-  about 60 miles S. by WV. of Rochester.  Pop. 597.
sected by the equator, in lon. about 1040 20'. E. Length, 30    BIRD/SALL, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
miles, and nearly the same in breadth. It contains 6000    BIRDSIBOROUGH, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
ginger gardens.                                                 BIRD/SONG CREEK, in the W. part of Tennessee, enters
BIN/IHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             the Tennessee River from the left, in Benton co.
BINIC, bee'neek/, a seaport town of France, department    BIRD'S RUN., a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio.
of Cltes-du-Nord; 7 miles N.N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. of    BIRDS/VILLE, a small village in Burke co., Georgia,
commune, in 1852, 2640. It has important fisheries and  about 70 miles E.S.E. of Milledgeville.
ship-building yards.                                           BIRDS/VILLE, a post-village, capital of Tarant county,
BINK/LEY'S  BRIDGE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Texas, on the W. fork of the Trinity River, about 250 miles
Pennsylvania.                                                N. by E. of Austin City. It is situated in a fine and fertile
BIN/LEY, a parish of England, co. of W'arwick.             prairie, which is as yet, however, thinly settled.  CoinBIN/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.               menced in 1851.
BINSON CENTRE, a post-office of Hamilton co., New York.   BIRD WOODS, a post-office of Campbell co., Kentucky.
BIN/STEAD, a parish of England, Isle of Wight.               BIRIOOSSA or BIRIOUSSA or BIRIUSA, be-re-oos/sq, a
BINSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.              river of Siberia, forming part of the boundary between the
BIN/STED, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.              governments of Irkootsk and Yenesei. It is one of the head
BIN/TANG.  See BiNGTANc.                                   streams of the Ona, an affluent of the Tchoona (Tchuna,)
BINTENNE, bin-tln/, an inland town of Ceylon, on the  and has a N. course of about 200 miles.
Mahavillygunga, 30 miles E. of Kandy.                          BIRIOOTCHI  or BIRIOUTCHIE, be-re-ootch/, a town of
BIN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.              Russia, on the Sosna, government and 76 miles S.S.W. of
BIN/TREE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             Voronezh. Pop. 5151. It is encrcled by an earthen rampart
BIOBIO, beelo-bee/o, the largest river in Chili, rises in  and ditches, and has numerous churches and 4 annual fairs.
the Andes, flows generally W.N.W., forming the boundary    BIRJ or BI JE.  See BIrtzE.
between the province of Concepcion and independent Aranu-    BIRK/BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
cania, and enters the Pacific at Concepcion, after a course    BIRKENPELD, birk/enu-flt', or b6F6rJkn-fMlt', a princiestimated at 200 miles.                                      pality of Germany, belonging to Oldenburg, but detached
BIOGLIO, be-l/yo, a village of Piedmont, 5 miles E.N.E.  from the rest of that duchy, W. of the Rhine, and enclosed
of Biella.  Pop. 2227.                                       by Rhenish Prussia and  Meisenheim.  Area, 143 square
BIORNEBORG, be-otnlh-bog',,    a seaport town of Finland,  miles. Pop. in 1849, 30,966. The surface is mountainous and
leen of Abe, on the Kumo, at its mouth, in the Gulf of  well-wooded. Principal river, the Nahe, an affluent of the
Bothnia, 60 miles N.N.W. of Abo. Pop. 4567. It is pretty  Rhine.  Chief products, cattle, iron, flax, hemp, and oilwell built, and has some ship-building, and an export trade  seeds. It is divided into 3 amts, or bailwicks, Birkenfeld,
in timber, pitch, tar, and fish.                             Oberstein, and Nohfelden, and was ceded to Oldenburg by
BIOT, be-o/, a village of France, department of Var, canton  the treaty of Vienna, in 1815.
and 3 miles N.N.W. of Antibes. Pop. of commune, 1267.          BIRKENFELD, blsrfkenfllt', a town of Germany, capital
BIOUL, be-ool/, a town of Belgium, 8 miles N.W. of Dinant,  of the above principality, near the Nahe, 25 miles E.S.E. of
with a castle. Pop. 913.                                     Treves.  Pop., with adjoining village of Eckwleler, 2385, who
BIR, pronounced, and sometimes written BEER, beer, manufacture linen and woollen fabrics and leather. It has
(Turk. Bireh-jik or Bee've/-Tee/c, anc. Bir/tha,) a walled town  superior schools, and large cattle fairs.  Near it is the old
of Asiatic Turkey, 120 miles S.W. of Diarbekir, on the  fortress of BDec, the ancient residence of the counts-palaEuphrates, where it approaches nearest to the Mediterra- tine of Birkenfeld-Zweibriicken.
nean, 115 miles N.E. of Antioch. Lat. 370 31 N.; Ion. 380 E.   BIRK/ENIHEAD, a new and thriving town and township
It has from 1800 to 2000 houses, the inhabitants Turks,  of England, county of Chester, on the estuary of the M'rwith a citadel on a steep rock, and several mosques. Here  sey, immediately opposite Liverpool, and 15 miles N.N.W.
it was lately proposed to commence the steam navigation of  of Chester, with which it communicates by railway.  Pop.
the Euphrates downwards to the Persian Gulf. Many other  in 1841, 8225; in 1851, 24,285. It has wholly risen up since
small towns in Arabia, &c. have the prefix Bir, meaning  the formation of ship-building docks in 1824, on Wallasey"'a well," and it is the name of a river in Abyssinia, tri- pool, immediately on its N.WV. side; and in 1844, a series of
butary to the Abai.                                          magnificent docks were begun on the side of the Mersey, of
BIR/BECK-FELLS, a district of England, co. of WVest- which the WVoodside Basin, and another, were completed
moreland, comprising parts of the parishes of Urosby-R,,- and opened in April, 1847. Besides many spacious streets
vensworth, Orton, and Shap.                                  and dwellings, there are a large square, several handsome
BIRBHOO1.  See BEERBHOOM.                                 churches, a medical college, an institute, a good marketBIRCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                  house, 430 feet in length, and 130 feet in breadth, a public
BI RICHI, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of hereford.    slaughter-house, a pier in the hersey, and a park of 120
BIRCH, MUCH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         acres; and in its vicinity are numerous villas, many of
BIRCIHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  which are the residences of Birkenhead and Liverpool merBIRCIIAM  NEWVTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. chants. Here are also the remains of an ancient priory, on
BIRCHAI TOFTS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   a rock projecting into the Mersey. Polling-place for South
BIRCITANGER, birch/an-jer, a parish of England, co. of  Cheshire. The communication with Liverpool is kept up
Essex.                                                       by means of small steamers which cross the river every 15
BIRICHARDVILLE, a post-office of Susquehanna co., minutes.  Birkenhead has also railway communication
Pennsylvania.                                                with all parts of England.
BIR/CHETTSVILLE, a post-office of Cleveland co., North    BlRKl ET. be-s/ket or bMrMklet, (" lake,"') the name of seveCarolina.                                                    ral lakes and places of Egypt:BIRICHINGTON, a seaport village and parish of England,    BIRKET-EL-HADJI, or the "lake of pilgrims," being a
and a member of the cinque port of Dover, co. of Kent, Isle  small lake 10 miles N.E. of Cairo, on the banks of which
9f Thanet, 31 miles W.S.WV. of Miargate.  Pop. 874. In the  the pilgrims to Mecca, by way of Suez, assemble on their
church are many ancient monuments.                           departure thither, and separate on theih return.
224




BIR                                                               BIR
BIRKET-EL-KEROON or BIIKET-EL-KEROUN, is the  the spaciousness of its dwellings. One man in Birmingham
modern name of LAKE MomRIS, which see.                           is said to live on the same space as two in Manchester and
BIRKET-EL-MARIO T.  See MeEOTIS.                             three in Liverpool, and the mortality of each town is, as
BIRK-FELL, a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland,  nearly as possible, in the same ratio.
on the S. side of Ulleswater, 5 miles N. of Ambleside.              Mafsnucfactures.-The origin and progress of the prosperity
BIR/KIN, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.  of I]irmingham is wholly attributable to the excellence and
BIRKSTEIN.  See BiRacsTEIN,                                    extent of its hardware manufactures. Its geographically
BIRfLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.                 central situation on the border of a great coal and iron disBIRILING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                    trict, combined with the command of a wide and ready
BIRLINGHIAM, birlling-am, a parish of England, co. of  transit both by canal and railway, have contributed to renWorcester.                                                       der it one of the greatest manufacturing towns, in the parBIRMA, BIRMAJI, or the BIRMAN  EMPIRE.  See  ticular line above alluded to, in the world. Of the early
BuRsAL..                                                       history of Birmingham  as a manufacturing town, little
BIRMENSDORF, blis'mens-doRfP, a village of Switzer-  further Is known beyond the general fact, that it has enland, canton of Aargau. It has mineral springs and baths. joyed a reputation for its iron and steel manufactures for
Pop. 897.                                                        several centuries, although the greatest and most rapid
BIRIMING or BEB/MIING, a post-village of Buchanan co.,  progress has taken place within the last 40 years. In 1805,
Missouri, 45 miles N.W. by N. of Independence.                   the amount of hardware and cutlery exported was 4288
BIRMINGHAM, bir/ming-am, a parliamentary and muni- tons; in 1844 it amounted to 22,552 tons; all the intermecipal borough, one of the principal manufacturing towns  diate  years, with two or three exceptions, showing a proof England, county and 17 miles N.W. of Warwick, 100 miles  gressive increase. In 1821, the value of the exports was
N.W. of London, and 78~- miles S.E. of Liverpool. Area of  1,237,692I.; in 1844, 2,179,0871. But the value of hardware
borough, which includes the adjacent townships, Aston,  goods was probably a third more in the former than in the
Edgbaston, &c., 18,780 acres. Pop. in 1690, 4000; in 1801,  latter year; so that the quantity exported in 1844 exceeds
60,822; in 1851, 232,841. The town, on the river Rea, occu- that of 1821 far more than the respective valuations indipies the E. declivity of three undulating hills, and from the  cate.  The extraordinary reduction in the price of BirmingS.E. presents to view  a mass of red brick houses, inter-  ham  manufactures has been caused partly by a reduction
spersed with several lofty church spires, and a vast number  in the cost of material, but chiefly and in many cases solely
of tall chimneys belonging to the factories. Its lower part  from improved methods of production.  Since 1821, on fireconsists of unprepossessing streets, old houses, and work-  arms the reduction is about 53 per cent.; on gun-locks, from
shops; but its upper portions comprise many broad streets  65 to 85 per cent.; on spoons and stirrups, &c., from  61 to
and good residences. In its centre is a handsome quarter,  69 per cent.; and on iron chains, 68 per ctnt. One of the
rivalling in appearance the best parts of the metropolis. and  most important manufactures of Birmingham is that of firecontaining the town-hall, Edward  /I.'s grammar school, St.  arms. During the last war, 5,000,000 stend of arms were
Philip's and Christ's Churches, Queen's College, theatre,  furnished on account of government, and of the private
and other principal edifices. The uneven ground on which  trade. The manufacture of swords is also one of the staple
Birmingham is built, facilitates its drainage, and thus con-  trades of Birmingham. At Soho, in the vicinity of the
tributes to its salubrity.  It is also well lighted with gas,  town, was formerly one of the largest steam-engine mannand paved, though many parts of the town are ill furnished  factories in the world, belonging to Boulton, partner of the
with footpaths. The superb town-hall, one of the finest  celebrated James Watt; but the steam-engine department
edifices in England, occupies a commanding site, and is in  is now carried on exclusively at Simethick, a short distance
classic style; it is fronted with marble, and has a saloon  to the west of Soho, where extensive works have recently
145 feet in length, 65 feet in breadth, and the same in  been erected by the same company.  Goods of various deheight; it can accommodate 8000 persons, (or 4000 seated,)  scriptions, however-, are still made here, such as vases,
and contains a fine organ, some pipes in which are said to  candelabras, and other articles in bronze or ormulu, with
be the largest in Europe; in this hall the triennial musical  large quantities of plate.  Here also the copper coinage of.
festivals are held. The theatre, erected in 1821, at a cost  the kingdom  was formerly executed.  The coining mill,
of 14,0001., and having a front in the Ionic order, is a hand-  working 8 machines, was capable of throwing off 4000
some building, and one of the most commodious of its class  pieces of money per hour.  Cast-iron articles of all kinds,
out of the metropolis. The free grammar school, founded  and of the most beautiful patterns and workmanship, are
in 1552, is a richly decorated Gothic edifice, (174 feet by 125  manufactured here to a great extent, superseding those
feet,) rebuilt, in 1834, by Mr. Barry, at a cost of nearly  made of more expensive metals.  In former years, iron50,0001.; it has a revenue, now  probably amounting  to  founding, was limited to large and heavy articles; but it is
11,0001. a year, and 10 exhibitions of 501. per annum  for  now extended, with the most entire success, to the lightest
four years, to any college at Oxford or Cambridge. In 1847,  and most graceful, in the finishing of which bronze is now
the different classes were attended by 1200 pupils. Queen's  very generally employed.  The quantity of solid gold and
College, lately established, and munificently endowed by  silver plate manufactured in Birmingham  is not great;
private benefactions, is in connection with the University  but the consumption of silver in plating was very considerof London, and regulated on the old collegiate system;  able, having been estimated at about 200,000 ounces a year;
attached to it are a flourishing medical school, and Queen's  it is now somewhat less, being partly superseded by metallic
Hospital, also recently founded.  Birmingham  originally  compounds.  The beautiful invention of electro-plating, first
consisted of but one parish: it is now divided into five-St.  discovered in this town, tends very greatly to the increase of
Martin, St. Philip, St. Thomas, St. George, and All Saints. the consumption of silver and also of gold. Japanning in all
St. Martin's church, in the Bull-ring, in the lower part of  its forms and varieties is carried on here to a large extent.
the town, was built in the eighth century. It was originally  Glass manufiecturing and glass-staining or painting forms
of stone,, and is now encased in brick. There are several  another important branch of manufacture; in the former,
other clhapels belonging to the establishment.  These pa- ornaments of a large size are' made, which It was once
rishes were formerly within the archbishopric of Lichfield  thought could be produced only in metel: on these, the
and Coventry, but were transferred by the church  corn- most beautiful, delicate, and brilliant surfaces are raised
missioners to the diocese of Worcester.  The dissenting  by the lathe and cutting tool. The manufacture of steel
chapels comprise those of the Independents, Friends, Me- pens, scarcely known 25 years ago, is another important
thodists, Swedenborgians, Roman Catholics, and Unitarians,  branch of the trade of Birmingham. The whole quantity
(the last a numerous sect in Birmingham;) and here is a  of steel pens now manufactured is estimated at 750,000,000
Jews' Synagogue.  The other principal buildings are, a  annually, consuming above 400 tons of steel.  Large quanlarge  general hospital, general dispensary, athenseum,  tities of these are exported. Pins are also made here to a
large market-house, Roman Catholic cathedral, a vast brick  great extent; and such is the extraordinary productive
edifice, the barracks, and railway station, which last is a  powers of the machinery employed, and of the system  of
general point of junction of the railways from  London,  minute subdivision of labor, that 12,000 pins can be cut
Liverpool, Derby, Worcester, &c. The public institutions  and pointed in an hour, and 50000 heads rounded off
comprise a society of arts, with a drawing academy, and  in the same space of time. Buttons are also extensively
annual exhibition of-paintings, public library, with 27,000  manufactured, the whole number made annually in the
volumes,' philosophic and mechanics' institutions, a blue-  town being estimated at 750,000,000. Fancy seals, brooches,
coat school, (annual revenue, 25000,) Springhill College, for  clasps, and other trinkets, composed of what is called BirIndependents  and  Baptists, national  and  proprietary  mingham  gold and polished steel, are made in immense
schools, and a great variety of other educational establish-  quantities, of the most beautiful workmanship, and at
ments; deaf and dumb, and magdalen asylums, eye and  prices which excite astonishment.  Great numbers of gold
ear, and lying-in infirmaries, a botanic garden, horticul-  rings are also manufactured; in 1839, no fewer than 25,000
tural and statistical societies, and a public cemetery comn- gold wedding-rings were assayed and marked at the assay
pany. The town has extensive baths, and a place of amuse- office in Birmingham.  The above sketch gives only a selecment termed ~" Vauxhall."                                        tion of a few of the leading articles manufactured at this
Birmingham is considered one of the healthiessJtowns in  great seat of human industry. The simple enumeration
the kingdom, owing probably, in part, to the large quantity  of all, without any statistical detail, would occupy a far
of vitriol consumed in manufactories which is thought to  greater space than could be afforded in a work of this naexert a purifying influence on the atmosphere; and, in part, ture.  The machinery employed in the manufacture of
to its excellent system of drainage; but more, perhaps, to  nails, screws, button-shanks, and in rolling out thick bars
225




BIR                                                        BIR
or ingots of metal into long thin sheets, are among the most Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Monongahela River,
wonderful inventions of mechanical genius.  Not many  2 miles from its confluence with the Alleghany. A fine
large capitalists are engaged in the manufactures of Bir- bridge, 1500 feet long, connects it with Pittsburg. The mamingham; a great proportion averaging from 5001. to 1000Z. nufacture of glass and iron constitutes the principal busiThese persons give out their work to the workmen they  ness of the place. (See PITTSBURG.) Pop. 3742. The name
employ, who are generally paid by the piece, and work at of the post-office is Buchlanan.
home. The workman, when the work put into his hands    BIRMINGHAM, a thriving post-borough of Huntingdon
requires the aid of machinery, may hire for any given time  co., Pennsylvania, on Little Juniata River, and on the cenone or more rooms, together with a certain quantity of tral railroad, 105 miles W.N.W. from Harrisburg. It is a
steam-power, in any one of a number of buildings appro- place of active trade, and has extensive iron-works in the
priated to such purposes, which are furnished with steam- vicinity. Pop. in 1850, 266. 
power, working-shafts, lathes, benches, &c. The engine-   BIRMINGHAM, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.
power of Birmingham in 1849 was estimated at that of 5400    BIRMINGHAM, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.
horses, and consumed 377 tons of coal per day. The work-   BIRMINGHAM, a post-office of Marshall co., Kentucky.
ing of this power employed from  8000 to 10,000 persons.   BIRMINGHAM, a thriving post-village of Erie co., Ohio,
It is computed that more than 20,000 fiamilies are employed  on Vermilion River, 115 miles N. by E. from Columbus. It
in the trade and manufactures of Birmingham, and that the  possesses excellent water-power, and is improving rapidly.
annual value of articles produced amounts to 4,000,0001.   BIRMINGHAM, a village of Mahoning co., Ohio, about
There is a branch bank of England in Birmingham; seven  12 miles W.S.W. from Canfield.
other banks, and a very flourishing savings bank.            BIRMINGHAM, a thriving post-village of Bloomfield
By its charter of incorporation, dated 1838, Birmingham  township, Oakland co., Michigan, on the railroad from
is divided into 16 wards, and governed by a mayor and re- Detroit to Pontiac, 18 miles N.W. from the former. The
corder, 16 alderman, and 48 common councilmen. Corpora- northern branch of Rouge River'passes through the place,
tion revenue in 1846-7, 82,2671. It has a borough'court of affording water power. The village has 2 stores, 1 flour mill,
quarter sessions, and a town court of requests. Assessed  and 1 foundry.
taxes in 1846-7, 26,0751. Since the Reform Act it has sent   BIRMINGI-HAI, a post-village of Schuyler co., Illinois, on
2 members to the House of Commons.                         Crooked Creek, an affluent of Illinois River, about 80 miles
Hissory.-Birmingham, it is said, was known to the Ro- W.N.W. from Springfield, and on the border of an extensive
mans under the name of Bresnenium, and is mentioned in  and fertile prairie. It has a saw-mill and grist-mill.
DoomsdayBook, Bermengleham. The name, as well as those of   BIRMINGHAM, a small village of Cape Girardeau co.,
the neighboring hamlets of Castle Bromwich and West Missouri, on the M1ississippi, about 14 miles N.E. of Jackson.
Bromwich is supposed to have been derived from the great   BIRMINGHAM, a small village of Perry co., Missouri.
quantity of broom which grows in the vicinity. It is said    BIRMINGHAM, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa,
to have been celebrated for the manufacture of arms pre- 12 miles N. of Keosauque.
vious to the Roman invasion. Of its early history, however,   BIR/NAM, a mountain of Scotland, county and 12 miles
little is known. It was the centre of the Saxon kingdom of  N.W. of Perth, and about an equal distance W.N,.W. of
Mercia, and at the time of the conquest was a place of some  Dunsinnan. It was anciently included in a royal forest,
importance. Birmingham was distinguished in the cause  which Shakspeare has immortalized as "Birnam Wood,"
of the Parliaments, and was the scene of some conflicts, in  in his tragedy of Macbeth.
the last of which, in 1643, it suffered considerable, having    BIRNBAUM, b6Ran'biwm, (Polish, Miedzycchod, me-6d'been taken, partially burnt, and a heavy fine inflicted on  ziKfod,) a town of Prussian Poland, 44 miles W.N.W. of
the inhabitants, by Prince Rupert. It suffered to a fearful Posen, on the Warta.   Pop. 2637, who manufacture woolextent from the plague in 1665. Its first considerable in- len cloths and yarn.
crease in size and population took place in the reign of    BIRNEE, NEW, a walled town, 20 miles S. of Kooka.
Charles II. Towards the middle of the last century it began    BIRINEE or BIRNIE, OLD, a large town of Central
to assume an important appearance, and has since conti- Africa, Borneo, on the Yeoo, 70 miles W. of Kooka. Pop.
nued rapidly to increase. It is not eighty years since it was  estimated at 10,000. It covers a space of several square
made a post-town: previous to this, letters used to be di- miles, is enclosed by remains of substantial walls, and in the
rected to Birmingham, near Walsall.  The American and  days of its splendor is said to have contained a population
French wars during the latter half of the last century  of 200,000.
and the early part of this were the great causes of the pros-   BIRtNIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin. HIere is an
perity and increase of this place by the great demand which  old Saxon church.
they caused for muskets. Birmingham  is considered the    BIRON, bee'r6NGf, a town of France, department of the
healthiest place in England. For this it is no doubt partly  Dordogne, arrondissement and 22 miles S.E. of Bergerac.
indebted to the vitriol consumed in its manufactures, but Pop. of commune, 1124. It was formerly fortified, and its
more to its excellent drainage, broad streets, and open areas. magnificent chateau contains the tomb of the Marechal de
BIRMINGHAM, bir/ming-ham, a flourishing manufactur- Biron, beheaded in 1602.
ing village of Derby township, New Haven co., Connecticut,   BIRR, beeR, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau,
at the intersection of the Naugatuck with the  IHousatonic  3 miles S. of Brugg. Here Pestcalozzi commenced his ceeRiver, 16 miles N.N.E. of Bridgeport, and 11 miles N. by WV. brated system of education in 1768.
of New Haven.  The Naugatuck Railroad passes through    BIRR, bir, or PARSONS' TOWIVN, a market town of IreDerby on the opposite side of the Naugatuck River. A  land, in a parish of the same name, co. of Leinster, and
substantial bridge connects the two places. A steamboat 621 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. oftown, 6336; of parish,
also plies daily between Derby and New York. The village  9567.  A well-Suilt town, with castle belonging to the Earl
is principally situated on a hill, and commands a fiue view  of Rosse, under whose proprietorship the modern town has
of the Housatonic  and  Naugatuck valley. It is hand- risen into its present prosperous state.  It was known
somely laid out, having a public square in the centre, under the name of Biorra, in the sixth century; and in the
around which stand the churches and schools. The street ninth was the stronghold of the O'Carrols. In 1620, Sir WV.
leading to the river is occupied, the upper part of it with  Parsons, ancestor of Lord Rosse, received a grant of the town
stores, and the lower with large manufactories, extensive  and adjoining estate from James I.
warehouses, lumber and coal yards. The first pin factory    BIRRESSBORN, b66R/nes-bosn', a hamlet of Rhenish Prusever established in the United States was located at Bir- sia, circle of Prim. It has well frequented mineral springs;
mingham, and is still in successful operation, employing a  near it is the acidulated spring of Brudeldreis.
large number of hands. Here are also extensive mills for   BIRISAY and HARIRAY, a parish of Scotland, 11 miles
rolling copper, iron, and steel; manufactories of carriage  N.WV. of Kirkwall, Orkney Islands.
axels and springs, bolts, tacks, augurs, well-chains, and    BIRSE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
numerous other articles of hardware, amounting in value    BIRSE, bM5ioseh, a small river of Switzerland, canton of
to about $1,500,000 annually. Few villages in Connecticut Bern.
have increased more rapidly than this. In 1840, it scarcely    BIRSEN. See BIRZE.
contained a dozen houses, and now (1855) it ranks among    BIRSK, beeask, an ancient town of Russia, government
the first manufacturing towns in the state.  It has 4  of Orenboorg, on the Belaia, 50 miles N.W. of Oofa. Pop.
churches, a bank, and about 2500 inhabitants.              3500. It was formerly fortified, and has some manufactoBIR.MINGHAM, a manufacturing village in Au Sable  ries of silk, woollen, and cotton fabrics.
township, Clinton co., New York, on Au Sable River, about   BIRISTALL, a parish of England, co. of York, WVest
100 miles N. of Albany.                                    Riding, near the York and North Midland lRailway, 7 miles
BIlRMINGHAM,. a village of Mercer co., New Jersey, 5  S.W. of Leeds., Pop. 29,723, mostly dependent on its woollen
miles N.N.W. from Trenton.                                 and worsted manufactures, for which there were, in 1838,
BIRMINGHAM, a villisge of Burlington co., New Jersey, 41 mills, employing together 2092 hands, besides a cotton
on the N. branch of Rancocus creek, 4 miles E. from Mount and two silk factories. Coal and iron-nmines gave employHolly, has several mills.                                 ment to 5P0 persons at the above date. The church, built
BIRMINGHAM, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. in the rergn of Henry VIII., has lately been enlarged; and
Pop. 328.                                                  a new Gothic chapel was recently erected at Birkenshaw.
BIRKMINGIIAM., atownship of Delaware co., Pennsylvania. Birstall is a polling-place for the West Riding of the county.
Pop. 566.                                                 At Fieldherd, in this county, Dr. Priestly was born in 1733.
BIRit]INGHAMI, a flourishing borough of Alleghany co.,   BIRSTIIORTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
226




~~~~~BIR                                     BIS
BIRLFTLE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, parish    BIISHCItIOFSSTEIN, bishfofs-sline', a town of East Prusof Middleton, 2, miles N.E. of Bury.                        sia, 46 miles S.S.E. of IKnigsberg.  Pop. 2836, who manuBIRTILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham,          facturo hosiery, leather, and woollen and linen fabrics.
BIRZE or BIRJE, b6aszh? written also BIRSEN, bMR/sen,    BISCHOFSWERPDA, bish'ofs-WSa'd&, a town of the king.
a town of Russia, government of Vilna, N.E. of Poneviezh  dom of Saxony, on the railway from Dresden to Bautzen,
with a castle of the Princess Radeivill.                   20 miles E.N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 2486, who manufacture
BISACCIA, bs-sftichd, (anc. Romsufces  or Romfula,) a town  linen and woollen fabrics.
of Naples, province of Principato  Ultra, built on a hill,   BISCIIOFSWERDER, (Polish, Bisku iecz, bis-koof-pe-tch,)
30 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 5700.'                  a small town of Western Prussia, 25 miles S.E. of MarienBISACQUINO, be-sak-kwee/no, BUSAQUINO,  boo-sd- werder.
kweelno, or BUSACOHINO, boo-sik-kee'no, a town of Sicily,   BISCHtOFSZELL, bish'ofs-tslll  (i.e. "bishop's cell,") a
27 miles S. of Palermo; with an extensive trade in grain, town of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the Sitter, near
oil, and lint. Pop. 8000.                                  its month in the Thur, 11 miles S.S.E. of Constance. Pop.
BISAGNO, be-sdnfyo, a fertile and highly cultivated dis- 2000, mostly engaged in cotton weaving and dyeing.
trict in the vicinity of Genoa; gives name to the river,    BISCHOF-TEINITZ, bishlof-t/nits, or TEINITZ, a town
which, passing the eastern walls of the city, falls into the  of Bohemia, 25 miles S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 2200. It has a
Mediterranean near the lazaretto.                          noble castle and park; manufactories of lace and linens,
BISAMBERG, bee'sam-bWag', a village of Lower Austria,, and glass-works.
1 miles S.E. of Korneuburg. Pop. 642.                        BISCI-WILLER, bish'filPler, (Fr. pron. beesh'veel'laiR!,)
BISAMBERG, a hill in the vicinity of the above village, a town of France, department of the Bas-Rhin, on the Moder,
1189 feet in elevation.                                    14 miles N. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1851, 6642. It has maBISANO, be-s/no, an island of the Malay Archipelago,  nufactories of coarse woollen and linen cloths, gloves, and
off the N.E. extremity of Celebes. Circumference, 20 miles. earthen-wares. It has also trade in leather, beer, and agriBISANTHE. See RoDos'o.                                   cultural produce. In its environs is the rich iron mine of
BISAYAS, be-sit's, a name given by the Spaniards to all Mittelhardt.  Bischwiller was formerly fortified, but disthe Philippine Islands, excepting Luzon. It is derived  maitled in 1706.
from the language spoken throughout them, called Bisaya,    BISENTI, be-stn'tee, or BISENTO, be-sdnfto, a town of
which has numerous dialects, and differs greatly from the  Naples, province of Abruzzo, Ult., 14 miles S.E. of Teramo.
Tagala, the language spoken in Luzon.                      Pop. 2500.
BISBAL. LA, 1d bees-bdl, a town of Spain, 10 miles E. of    BISENTINA, be-sin-teelnd, or POSSENTINA, an islet of
Gerona, with a bridge on the Adaro.. Pop. 3110.            the Papal States, in Lake Bolsena.
BIS/BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.            BISENZ, beel-c nts, a town of Moravia, 11 miles S.W. of
BISCARA, bis-kl/rA, a town of Algeria, capital of the  iradisch. Pop. 2650. It has a fine castle and gardens, and
district of Zaab, S. of Mount Atlas, and on the Kantara,  grows excellent wines.
205 miles S.E. ofAlgiers. Held by the French since 1844.      BISERT, be-saintR,orVYSERT,ve-saiat/t, a river of Russia,
BISCARI, bislki-re, or beeslkd-re, a town of Sicily, 45 miles  government of Perm, rises in the Ural Mountains, and, after
W. of Syracuse, on the Dirillo. Pop. 2700.                  a S.W. course of about 80 miles, joins the bank of the Oo'a
BISCAROSSE, bees'kancRoss!, a village of France, depart-  a little above Krasno-Oofimsk.
mentoftheLandes, 8 miles N.W. of Parentis-en-Born. P.1551.   BISHIAMI MONTAGUE, (non/rta-gu,) aparish of England,
BIS/C.ATiORPE, a parish and village of England, co. of  co. of Berks, on the Thames, 6, miles N.W. of Maidenhead.
Lincoln, 7d miles N.N.E. of Wra-by.                         Its inhabitants are partly engaged in a large manufacture
BIS/CAY, or BISCAYA, bis-kit., (Sp. Vizcaya, vees-kldt or  of sheet-copper. Its manorhouse is a portion of an ancient
veeth-ki/,) one of the three Basque provinces of Northern  priory, in which the great Earl of W5arwick, "the kingSpain, bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay; S. by the province  maker," and his brother, Lord Montague, were buried.
of Alava; E. by Guipuzcoa; and W. by Santander.  Area,    BISHTAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
1064 square miles. Pop. in 1849,150,000. Capital, Bilbao.   BIS/IOP AND CLERK, a group of rocky islands in the
Under the name of BiscAY are sometimes comprehended the  South Pacific Ocean, S.W. of New Zealand. Lat. 550 15, S.,
three Basque provinces of Biscay, Guipuzcoa, and Alava.  ion. 1580 56/ E.
-Adj. and inhab. BISCAYvAN. See BAsqUE.                       BIS3HOP (san. S.dimsnucs?) AND CLERKS, a group of
BISCAY, a town of New Mexico. See DUnANGO.                rocky islands in St. George's Channel, off the coast of PemBISCAY, BAY OF. (Fr. Golfe de Gascogne. golf deh gds'koO/;  brokeshire, Wales, about 5 miles W. of St. David's.
anc. Aquitanlicus Si/nus and Ghdlicsss Oceanus,) a bay of the    BIS/ItOP-AUCKILAND, a town of England. See AUCKAtlantic, extending from  Ouessant (Ushant) Island, on  LAND BISHOP.
the W. coast of France, to Cape Ortegal, on the N. coast of    BISHIOPBRIDGE or BISHOPBRIGGS, a village of ScotSpain. It receives the waters of the Loire, Charente,Gironde, land, co. of Lanark, about 3 miles N. N.E. of Glasgow, and a
and Adour. Its principal ports are Lorient, Nantes, La  station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway.  The
Rochell, Rochefort, Bordeaux, and Bayonne, in France;  quarries in its vicinity are very extensively worked and
Pasages, St. Sebastian, Bilbao, Santander, and Gijon, in  furnish much of the fine freestone of which Glasgow is built.
Spain. Chief islands, Belleisle, Ed, and Oldron, on the coast   BISIHOP IHILL, a post-office of Henry co., Illinois.
of France. Its N. and S. coasts are bold and rocky; but on    BISH/OPSBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
the E., from the mouth of the Gironde to the Adour, the    BISHIOP'S CAN/NINGS, a parish of England, co. of
coast is composed of sand downs, and interrupted by nume- Wilts.
rous lagoons. The depth varies from 20 fathoms on the W.   BISI/OP'S CASTLE, a municipal borough, markettown,
of France, to 200 fathoms on the N. of Spain. Navigation  and parish of England, co. of Salop, 181 miles S.S.W.  of
is much impeded by the heavy seas produced by N.W. winds  Shrewsbury. Pop. in 1851, 1961. The town contains some
and by a current (Rennel's) which sets in from the Atlantic, remains of a former castle of the bishops of Hereford, on the
and, sweeping round the northern coast of Spain, runs N. site on which is now the Castle Inn. It is now a pollingand N.W. along the western coast of France, and enters the  place for South Shropshire.
Irish Channel.                                               BISIHIOP'S FONT/HILL, a parish of England, co. of
BISCEGLIA, be-sh~Iyd or be-shdl'yA, a fortified seaport Wilts.
town of Naples, Terra di Bari, on the Adriatic, 21 miles    BISIHIOP'S FROME, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
W.N.W. of Bari. Pop. 13,141. It has a cathedral, a num-   BISH/OP'S HULL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
her of churches, convents, and public reservoirs, a dio-   BISHIOP'S LYDIARD, a parish of England, co. of Socesan school, and theatre. Its port admits only small yes- merset.
sels, and its trade is insignificant.                         BISH/OP'S MID/ILEHAM, a parish'and township  of
BISCHHEIM, bish/hime, (Fr. pron. bee'shlm',) a village  England, county palatine of Durham, 8 miles $.S.E. of'
of France, department of the Bas-Rhin, 2 miles N. of Stras- Durham.
bourg. Pop.ofcommune in 1852, 3137.                           BISHIOP'S NYMPITON, a parish of England, co. of
BISCHOFSBURG, bish'ofs-b65ao', a town of East Prussia, Devon.
on the Dimmer, 60 miles S.S.E. of Kbnigsberg. Pop. 2450,   BISI-/OP'S STORT/FORD, a parish and town of England,
who manufacture linen yarn and fabrics.                     co. and 10 miles E.N.E. of Hertford, on the Eastern County
BISCIIOFSIEIM, bishlofs-hime', (Fr. pron. bee'shof'sdmn,)  Railway. Pop. in 1851, 5280. The town, situated in a fera small town of France, department of Bas-IRhin, 1i miles tile valley on the river Stort, consists of 4 streets, with an
N. of Obernai. Pop. 1661.                                   elegant church, town-house, Methodist, Independent, and
BISCIHIOFSIIEIM  AM RIIIEIN, bish/ofs-hlme' dm rine, a  Quaker chapels, and 2 daily schools. It is a polling station
small town of Germany, grand duchy of Baden, 19 miles for the county.
S.W. of Rastadt. Pop. 1744.                                   BISfHOP'S-SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
BISCHOFSHEIM  AM TAUBER, bish/ofs-hlmes dm t6ow/.   BISIHOP'S TACH/BROOK, a parish of England, co. of
ber, a small town of Germany, grand duchy of Baden, 19  Warwick.
miles S.W. of Wirzbburg.  Pop. 2338..                         BISHOP'S TAWNITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
BISCHOFSIIHEIM  VOR  DEM  RI-ION, bish/ofs-hime' f6e    BIS-IOP'S TEIGN/TON, a parish of England, co. of D)evon.
dim r~n, a small town of Germany, kingdom of Bavaria, 40    BISHIOPSTOKE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.  It
miles N.E. of Wiirzburg.  Pop. 1830.                        has a station on the South Western Railway.
BISCHOFS-LAAK, bish/ofs-ldk', a town of Illyria, in Car-    BISHtI/OPSTONE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla.
niola, government, and 15 miles N.E. of Laybach. Pop. 1850. morgan.
227




BIS                                                           BIT
BTSI;OPSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         following the bendiugs, with a mean breadth of about 2
BISHIOPSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           miles. The Dauchite River enters the Lake at the N. extreBISHIOPSTONE, two parishes of England, co. of WVilts.    mity, and a short outlet connunects it with Red River on
BISHIOPSTROW, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.            the S. Steamboats navigate its whole extent.
BISHIOP'S WALTIHAM, a market-town and parish of    BISTINEAU or BISTENEAU, a post-office of Bossier paEngland, co. of Southampton. The ancient palace of the  rish, Louisiana.
bishop of Winchester stands on  the S.W. side of the    BISTRAU, beesltrlw, a town of Bohemia, capital of the
town.                                                         lordship of the same name, in a deep valley, 39 miles W. by
BISHIOPTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of York. The  S. of Olmutz.  Pop. 1926.
palace here has been the residence of the archbishop of York    BISTRITZ, bisltrits, a river of Transylvania, rises in the
since the destruction of Cawood Castle in the parliamentary  Bistritz Mountains, and joins the Szamos after a W. course
war.                                                          of about 50 miles.
BISIHOPTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.               BISTRITZ, a river which rises at the E. extremity of HIunBISIWOPTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 8  gary, flows S.E. through Bukewina and Moldavia, joins the
miles E.S.E. of Greenock, on the Greenock and Glasgow   Sereth near Bakoo, after a course of about 110 miles, and is
Railway, which passes through Bishopton ridge by a tunnel named the " Golden Bistritz," from its auriferous sands 
2300 yards in length.                                            BISTRITZ, two rivers of Galicia, tributaries to the
BISHIOPVILLE, a post-office of Sumter district, South  Dneister.
Carolina.                                                        BISTRITZ, a fortified town of Transylvania, in SaxonBISHIOP WEARIMOUTH, a parish of England, co. pala- land, on the Bistritz River, 50 miles N.E. of Klausenburg.
tine of Durham, and forming the S. part of the town of  Pop. 6500. It has several churches, a gymnasium, grammar
Sunderland.  The celebrated archdeacon Paley had a living  schools, and a considerable trade in cattle.
and residence here.  See SUNDERLAND.                             BISTRITZ, a town of Moldavia, on the " Golden" Bistritz,
BISIIOP WILITON, a parish of England, East Riding of  60 miles W.S.W. of Jassy.  Also several villages in Moravia,
Yorkshire.                                                     Bohemia, and Illyria.
BISHITON or BISIFIOPSTON, a parish of England, co. of    BISULI, two towns of India. See BISSOLEE.
Monmouth.                                                        BISUTOON, or BISUTUN, bis-so-toogl, (anc. Bag7istan,
BISIGNANO, be-seen-yfno, (anc. Besidlice,) a town of  "the place of gardens,") a ruined town of Persia, province of
Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 14 miles N. of Cozeuza, Irak-Ajemee 21 miles E. of Kermanshah.  Here are some
the seat of a bishop, and defended by a citadel occupying  remains of Sassanian buildings, Greek inscriptions, and
the summit of the highest of the seven hills that surround  traces of works ascribed to Semiramis.
it. It contains a cathedral, 19 churches, several convents, a    BISWAIt, bislwA, a small town of British India, Oude terseminary, two hospitals, and a house of refuge. The culti-  ritory, 43 miles N. of Lucknow.
vation of the silkworm  forms a principal branch of indus-    BITBURG, bitlb6r0G, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles
try. Pop. 10,000.                                              N.W. of Treves. Pop. 2040. It is supposed to be the anBISKRA, bis'krA, a citadel of Western Africa, in the  cient Bcedce Viczs, and near it many Roman antiquities
Sahara, 214 miles S.E. of Algiers; let. 340 47' N., ion. 50 22/ have been discovered.
E.  It consists properly of a collection of 7 villages, lying     BITCHE, beetch, a town and fortress of France, departamong plantations of date-trees covering nearly 50,000 acres  ment of Moselle, in a pass of the Vosges, 16 miles E.S.E. of
of ground.                                                     Sarreguemines.  Pop. of commune, in 1851, 3797. The fort,
BISILEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  on an isolated rock in the middle of the town, is well supChester, on the Gloucester and Bristol Railway, 3i miles  plied with Water, defended by SO cannons, and is regarded
E.N.E. of Stroud. Pop. in 1851, 4801. It has an elegant  as next to impregnable. The town, near a lake, has mannchurch, an endowed free school, charities producing about  factures of paper and porcelain, and near it are large glass881. per annum, and considerable manufactures of woollens. works.
The common of 1200 acres, given to the poor of Bisley by    BITCIIIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Roger Mortimer, earl of March, in the reign of Edward III.,    BITETTO, be-tlt/to, a town of Naples, 10 miles S. of Barni.
has been in great part enclosed.                              It is the seat of a bishop, has several convents, and a catheBISILEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.                dral.  Pop. 4664.
BISIMARK, a town of Prussian Saxony, 37 miles N. of    BITIOOG, BITIOUG, or BITIUG, be-te-oogl, a river of
Magdeburg, with 6 yearly markets. Pop. 1600.                  Russia, which rises in the S. of the government of Tambov,
BISIPHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.            and after a S. course of above 130 miles, joins the Don on
BIS1PHAM, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.          the left about 15 miles above Pavlovsk.
BISSAGOS, bis-s/goce, or BIJOO'JA ISLANDS, an archi-    BITLIS, bit'leest, or bit'lissf, BETLIS, bet-leesl, written also
pelago off the W. coast of Africa, consisting of 16 large and  BIDDIS and BEDLIS, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and
numerous small islands, between let. 100 2' and 110 55 N.,  62 miles W. of Van, on the WV. side of Lake Van, and 5156
and ion. 150 and 170 W. The islands appear to be densely  feet above the sea level. The population consists of 2000
peopled, but the natives are of a savage negro race, and little  Mohammedan and 1000 Armenian families. It is irreguis known of the interior; they contain many fine ports. larly built in a wide ravine surrounded by limestone hills,
The chief products are rice and fruit, and many cattle are  nearly 2000 feet above the valley, and its stone-built houses
reared.                                                       give it the appearance of a European town. It contains 3
BISSAO, (Bisseo,) be-sA/6Ns, almost be-slwNGl, an island  mosques, about 12 convents, some baths and caravanserais,
and Portuguese settlement of Western Africa, in Senegam-  and an old castle, supposed to date from the fourth century.
bia, one of the Bissagos group, opposite the delta of the Jeba  It has manufactures of cotton cloths, celebrated for their
River.  Lat. of the fort, 11.0 51' N., lon. 150 37/ 6" W.  Pop.  bright red dye; also fire-arms and silver articles, and it ex8000. This island "is the great stronghold of the Portu- ports tobacco of superior quality to Erzroom  and Constanguese slave trade," and nearly all its European inhabitants  tinople. Near it the army of Solyman the Magnificent was
are concerned in the infamous traffic. It has also considera-  signally defeated by the Persians, A. D. 1554.
ble trade in hides, rice, wax, and Gambia produce, and im-    BITONTO, be-tonlto, (anc. Bitunstusnu,) a town of Naples,
ports from Bathurst from 15,0001 to 20,0001. worth of British  10 miles W.S.WV. of Bari.  Pop. 14,370. It is handsomely
manufactured goods annually.                                  built and thriving, and has a fine cathedral.  Excellent
BISISELL, a small post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois.    wine is raised in its vicinity.
BISISEL'S, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio.                 BITRITTO, be-trit/to, a town of Naples, 6- miles W.S.W.
BISSINGEN, bistsing-.n, a town of Bavaria, 41 miles S. of Bari. Pop. 2300. It has commerce in wine.
of Anspach. Pop.'1830, who manufacture linen and wool-   BITSCHWILLER, bitch9Til'ler, (Fr. pron. beetch'veellaitl,)
len cloths, and wooden wares. BISSINcEN is also the name  a town of France, departmentof Haut-Rhin, 18 miles N.N.E.
of several villages of Wtirtemberg, the principal of which  of Belfort, on the Thuren. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2948.
is 19 miles S.E. of Stuttgart, with 1720 inhabitants.          It has extensive iron foundries, manufactures of machinery,
BIS'SOLEE or BISULI, bis.soo-leel, (anc. Visaviii,) a town  and cotton spinning.
of British India, in the Punjab, on the Ravee, 95 miles N.E.   BITITADON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
of Lahore.  It has a large bazaar, and a vast palace, re-    BITTERFELD, bit/ter-flt', a walled town of Prussian
garded by Vigne as the finest of its kind in the East, and  Saxony, on the left bank of She Mulde, 18 miles N.E. of
resembling a European feudal mansion.                          Halle. Pop. 3959. It has manufactures of woollen cloth
BISSOLEE or BISULI, a town of British India, presidency  and earthenware, and was founded by a colony of Flemings
of Bengal, 31 miles W. of Bareily.                            in the twelfth century.
BISSUNPOOR, bis'smn-poorl, (anc. trishnapurac,) an an-    BITESCH, GROSS.  See GRoss  Bs ECa.
cient town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 77 miles    BITTESCH, KLEIN, kline beelttsh, village of Moravia,
W.N.W. of Calcutta, on the route to Benares.                  10 miles N.W. of Biinn.
BISTAGNO, bis-tin/yo, a town of Piedmont, 21 miles    BITITERLEY, a perish of England, co. of Salop.
S.S.W. of Alexandria. Pop. 2000.                                BIT/TESW.ELL, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
BISTAM, bis-t ml, or BOSTAM, bos-tAml, a town  of.'BITTI, bit!tee, a village of the island of Sardinia, division
Persia, province of Khorassan, 40 miles S.E. of Astrabad.     of-Sassari, 58 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2686.
BISTINEAU (bistin'0,)    a lake, situated near the N.W.   BIT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
extremity of Louisiana, forms the boundary between Bossie-    BIT'TOORI, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
and Bienville parishes, and extends N. and S. about 30 miles, province of Allahabad, on the Ganges, 9 miles N.W. of
228




BIT                                                       BLA
Cawnpoor, to which place the British civil station was re-   BLACK CREEK, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia.
moved in 1820.                                              BLACK CREEK, a township in Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 490.
BITURIGES.  See BouncEs.                                  BLACK CREEK, a post-office of Holmes co., Ohio.
BIVERI, be-vAl/ree, BIVIERE, be-ve-.rlAr or LENTINI,   BLACK CREEK, i post-office of Sullivan co., Indiana.
len-tee/nee, a lake of Sicily, 17 miles W.N.W. of Agosta. In    BLACK CREER, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconwinter it is about 19 miles in circuit, but much of it is in  sin.
summer a mere marsh. Its proprietor, the Prince of Butera,   BLACK EARTH, a post-village of Dane co., Wisconsin,
derives considhrabse revenue by farming out its fisheries of about 15 miles W. from Madison; contains a good flouring.
eels, mullets, &c., iu which from 50 to 60 boats are usually  mill, and near 100 inhabitants.
engaged.                                                    BLACK FACE, a post-office, of Nottoway co., Virginia.
BIYIO. See STALLA.                                        BLACK FERRY, a post-office of Randolph co., Arkansas.
BIV/INGSVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district,   BLACK/FEET INDIANS, (Fr. Pilds ffoirs, pe-A nwaR,) a
South Carolina.                                           powerful and warlike tribe in the N. and W. portions of
BIVONA, be-voln, (anc. Hpppoenicum and Vilbo,) a town  Missouri Territory.
of Sicily, 21 miles N.N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 2382.          BLACKFISHI, a small river of Arkansas, flows through
BIX, biks, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          Crittenden county, into St. Francis River.
BIX/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             BLACK/FORD, a parish of England co. of Somerset.
BIYSK. See BeJsK.                                         BLACK/FORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
BIZE, beez, a village of France, department of Audcte, 11    BLACK/FORD, a county in the E.N.E. part of Indiana,
miles N.W. of Narbonne. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 1135.  contains 180 square miles. It is drained by the Salamonie
BIZE-NISTOS, beez'nees'tost, a village of France, depart- River. The surface is partly level and partly undulating,
ment of Hautes-Pyr6nses. Pop. of commune, 3419.           and the soil productive. The Salamonie River is a fine millBIZERTA, be-z6t/t, or BENZERTA, bbn-zBR/t9, (anc. stream. Blackford was organized in 1837. Capital, HartHip/po Zartitus orZar-ytits) the mostnorthern town of Africa, ford. Pop. 2860.
and a fortified seaport of Tunis, at the head of a gulf of the    BLACKFORID, a post-office of IHancock co., Kentucky
Mediterranean, and at the mouth of a lagoon, 38 miles N.W.   BLACKFORD, Indiana. See IIARTFoRD.
of Tunis. Pop. 10,000. It is about 1 mile in circumference,   BLACK  FOREST, (Ger. Schwarzwald, shw9ats1rAlt,) a
and defended by two castles, but commanded by adjacent mountainous region of South-western Germany, in the
heights. Though its port now admits only small vessels, it grand duchy of Baden and the W. of Wiirtemberg, between
was formerly one of the best in the Mediterranean.        lat. 470 30' and 490 30' N., and ion. 70 40 and 90 E., separatBJ. Names of places in Russia, &c., beginning with these  ing the basins of the Rhine and Neckar. It is remarkable
letters, are referred to BI.                              for its extensive forests, and its mines of silver, copper,
BJORKO, (BjSrkb,) bySa/kii, an island of Sweden in Lake  zinc, lead, and iron; in many places it is 3700 feet above the
Mxlar, about 13 miles from Stockholm. It is supposed that sea, and the Feldberg, 4675 feet in elevation, is the loftiest
here stood the famed and great city Bjbrkij, and ruins  mountain in Western Germany.  The Danube, Neckar,
of walls, gates, &c: seem to confirm the accmuracy of the sup- Kinzig, Murg, Eltz, &c., rise in this region, the inhabitants
position.                                                 of which are mainly engaged in rearing live stock, trading
BLA/BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          in timber, manufacturing wooden clocks, toys, and woollen
BLACK, a township in Perry co., Indiana. Pop. 2376.    fabrics. SCHWARZWALD (Black Forest) is one of the four circles
BLACK  AND WHITES, a post-office of Nottaway co., of the kingdom of Wtirtemburg. It was included in the HerVirginia.                                                 cynlia Syllva of the ancient Romans. The mountains of the
BLACK/ANTON, a parish of England, co., of Devon.         Schwarzwald were sometimes called Hrercynsii Mn/otes.
BLACK BAYOU, (bioo,) a small stream of Terre Bonne    BLACK FORK, of Richland co., Ohio, flows into the Moparish, Louisiana, communicates through Atchafalaya Bayou  hiccan River.
with the Gulf of Mlexico. It is navigable by small steamers   BLACK HALL, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. P.1078.
rom the gulf to Tigerville.                                 BLACK IIAWK, a new county in the N.E. central part
BLACK/BERRY, a post-township in Kane co., Illinois. of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected
Pop. 725.                                                 by the Cedar River, which flows in a S.E. direction, dividing
BLACK/BIRD, a post-office of Newcastle co., Delaware.    it into nearly equal parts. The prairies of this county are
BLACK/BOROUGIH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   estimated to be more extensive than the timbered land.
BLACK BROOK, a post-township of Clinton co., New  Pop. 135.
York, 20 miles S.W. of Plattsburg, is intersected by the Sa-   BLACK IIAWK, a small post-village of Beaver co., Pennranac River. Pop. 2525.                                   sylvania.
BLACK/BURN, a parliamentary borough, parish, and    BLACK HAWK, a post-village of Carroll co., Mississippi,
market-town of England, co. of Lancaster, 22 miles N.N.W. 80 miles N. from Jackson.
of Manchester.  Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 46,536. It   BLACK HAWK, a village of Clark co., Missouri, on the
stands in a barren district, and is irregularly built. The  right bank of the Des Moines River.
church was rebuilt in a magnificent style in 1819, at a cost   BLACK HAWK, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wis.
of 26,0001., and in the parish are 22 perpetual curacies. cousin.
hiere are numerous dissenting chapels, a grammar school   BLACK HAWK CREEK, Iowa, enters the Red Cedar
founded in the reign of Elizabeth, having an annual reve- River in Black Hawk co.
nue of about 1201., numerous other schools, in which up-   BLACK HAWK  POINT, a post-office of Concordia co.,
wards of 5000 children are educated, an Independents' theo- Louisiana.
logical academy, a cloth-hall, theatre, lying-in-hospital, horti-    BLACK HEAD, a cape in England, co. of Cornwall, E. of
cultural society, assembly-rooms, and several banks. Black- Lizard Point; lat. 500 N., Ion. 50 7/ W.
burn is the seat of flourishing manufactures of cotton goods,   BLACK HEAD, a cape of Ireland, in Ulster, co., of An(especially of the coarser kinds of calicoes and muslins,) of trim, N. of the entrance of Belfast Lough; lat. 540 46/ N.,
which from 50,000 to 60,000 pieces are manufactured weekly  ion. 50 42f W.
in the town and vicinity, employing about 10,500 persons.   BLACK HEAD, a cape of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare,
The annual value of goods produced is estimated at above  S. side of Galway Bay; lat. 530 9' N., lon. 90 16, W.
2,000,0001. The abundance of coal in the vicinity, and the    BLACK HEAD, a cape of Scotland, co. of Wigtown, 6 miles
proximity of the London and Liverpool Canal, have greatly  W.S.W. of Stranraer.
contributed to its commercial importance, and it communi-   BLACK/HEATH, an open common in' England, co. of
cates by railway with Bolton, Bury, Manchester, &c. Since  Kent, 5 miles S.E. of London, and mostly in the parish of
the reform act it has sent two members to the House of Greenwich, and adjoining its park. It is bordered by nuCommons. James Hargreaves, the inventor of the spin- merous handsome villas and rows of houses; and on it are
ning-jenny, was a native of Blackburn.                    two Episcopal chapels, and Morden College; the last named
BLACK/BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.       founded for decayed merchants by Sir J. Morden, baronet,
BLACK CREEK, a small stream of Alleghany co., New  in 1695, has an annual revenue of about 5000/., and supYork, flows north-eastward, and enters the Genesee River 4  ports a chaplain and 30 brethren above 50 years of age.
or 5 miles N. by W. Qf Angelica. The Genesee Valley Canal Blackheath is crossed by the Roman Watling Street; on it
follows the course of this creek for about 10 miles.      various sepulchres and other remains of the middle ages
BLACK CREEK of Johnson co.,North Carolina, flows into  have been discovered; andit was the scene of several inthe Neuse a few miles below Smithfield.                   surrectionary movements, including those of Wat Tyler and
BLACK CREEK of Mississippi, rises in Marion co., and  Cade. It is now a favorite place of holiday resort for the
flowing S.E. enters the Pascagoula River near the centre of inhabitants of the metropolis, and fairs are held there, May
Jackson county.                                           12 and October 11.
BLACK CREEK of Sonth Carolina, flows south-eastward    BLACKIHEATI[, a large, elevated tract of heath land in
through Darlington district, and enters the Great Pedee at England, co. of Surrey, from 3 to 5 miles S.E. of Guildford.
the S. extremity of Marlborough district.                   BLACK HETH, a post-office of Chesterfield co., Virginia.
BLACK CREEK, a post-village of Alleghany co., New    BLACK hILL, a post-office of Kaufman co:, Texas.
York, 275 miles W. by S. of Albany.                         BLACK HILLS, the name of a mountain range in Mis.
BLACK CIREEK, a post-township of Luzerne co., Penn- souri Territory: commencing near the Missouri River, in
sylvania. Pop. 425.                                       about 470 N. lat., and 1030 W. ion., it extends nearly along
BLACK CREEK, a post-office, Wayne co., North Carolina. this meridian to about 430 N. lat., and then suddenly
229




BLA                                                      BLA
changes its direction, running nearly due W. till it is lost navigation is obstructed by-extensive rapids. A canal has
among the spurs of the Rbcky Mountains. It divides the  been opened from  the Upper Falls to the Erie Canal at
tributaries of the Yellow Stone from those of the Missouri Rome.
on the E., and from those of the Platte River on the S.   BLACK RIVER, of New Jersey. See LAsINGTON RIVER.
Laramie Peak, the highest known summit of this range,   BLACK RIVER, of South Carolina, rises near the N.W.
has an elevation of about 8000 feet above the sea. Recent border of Sumpter district, and flowing in a south-easterly
explorations have shown that the portion running N. and  course, falls into the Pedee River, near its mouth, and a few
S. is much nearer to the Missouri River than was formerly  miles above Georgetown.
supposed; in consequence of which, several affluents of that   BLACK RIVER, of Louisiana. See WASHITmA.
river are considerably shorter than they are usually repe-    BLACK RIVER or BIG BLACK RIVER, of Missouri and
sented on the maps.                                       Arkansas, the largest affluent of White River, rises in the
BLACK HOLE. See CALCUTTA.                               S.E. part of the former State, and, flowing in a general
BLACK HOLE, post-office, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.   southerly course, enters the White River about 40 miles be
BLACK HORSE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. low Batesville, in Arkansas. It is navigable by steamboats
BLACK JACK, a post-office of De Soto parish, Louisiana. during 9 months of the year, for about 10 emiles from its
BLACK JACK, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas.       mouth. Its whole length is, perhaps, 400 miles. It abounds
BLACK JACK, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee.  with trout and other excellent fish.
BLACK JACK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Illinois.      BLACK RIVER, formed by two branches which rise in
BLACK JACK GROVE, a village of Hopkins co., Texas.  the N. part of Ashlaud co., Ohio, flows in a general northerly
BLACK  JACK  VALLEY, a post-office of Spartanburg  direction, and, after traversing Lorain county, empties itself
district, South Carolina.                                 into Lake Erie.
BLACK LAKE, a post-office, St. Lawrence co., New York.   BLACK RIVER or NORTII BLACK RIVER, of MichiBLACK  LAKE, of Natchitoches parish, Louisiana, is gan, a small stream which riises in the W. part of the State,
formed by a bayou of its own name, and discharges its wa- and enters Lake Michigan, on the line between Allegan and
ters through Saline Bayou.                                 Ottawa counties.
BLACK LAKE BAYOU, of Louisiana, rises in Claibourne    BLACK RIVER or DELUDE, of Michigan, rises in Saniparish, enters Black Lake, in Natchitoches parish.        lac county, and, flowing nearly southward, enters St. Clair
BLACK LAND, apost-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi. River at Port Iluron, 2 miles S. from Lake Huron. The
BLACKILEY or BLAKEfLY, a chapeiry of England, co. whole length is, perhaps, 80miles. Smallvessels can ascend
of Lancaster, 4 miles N. of Manchester. Some of the largest 20 miles from its month.
dye-works in England are established here.                  BLACK RIVER or SOUTH BLACK  RIVER, of MichiiBLACKILEYVILLE or BLACKLEYSVILLE, a post-vil- gan, a small stream which enters Lake Michigan at South
lage in Wayne co., Ohio, about S miles S.W. of Wooster.   Haven, in Van Buren county.
BLACK LICK, a post-township of Indiana co., Pennsyl-   BLACK RIVER, of Missouri, rises in Johnson county,
vania, 12 miles S. by W. flom Indiana. Pop. 2043.         and, flowing north-eastward, falls into Lamini River, in
BLACK LICK, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.        Cooper county, about 20 miles from its mouth.
BLACK LICK CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Cone-   Branches.-The Clear Fork enters the river from the right,
maugh, in Indiana co.                                     in Johnson county. Dan's Fork flows into it from the left,
BLACK LOG MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania. extends from  in Saline county.  The Salt Fork flows through Saline
the Juniata River south-westward, along the S.E. boundary  county, and enters the river from the left. These are more
of Ilifflin county, separating it from Juniata county.    properly affluents than branches.
BLACKILEYSYVILLE. See BLACKLEYVILLE.                      JILACK RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Marathon county,
BLACKLOW-HILL, England, is 1I miles N. of Warwick. in the N. central part of the state, and flows in a southA stone cross here marks the spot where Piers Gaveston, the  westerly course through La Crosse county into the Missisfavorite of Edward II., was beheaded by the barons in 1312. sippi. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and maintains
BLACKTMARSTONE, parish of England. See D~acCHUROn. that width for about 50 miles to. the falls, which are at the
BLACK MINGO, a post-office of Williamsburgh district, head of navigation for small boats. The Indian name is
South Carolina.                                           SAPPAH.
BLACK/MORE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            BLACK RIVER, of Missouri Territory, falls into the N.
BLACK MOUNTAIN, of North Carolina, is a semi-circular fork of Platte River, about 150 miles below Fort Laramie.
mass of land about 20 miles in length, and approaching in a    BLACK RIVER, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.
part of its course to within 3 miles of Blue lidge Mountains,   BLACK RIVER, a township in Independence co., Arkanwithwhichitis connected by an outlying ridge. Itcontains sas. Pop. 742.
Clingman's and Mitchell's Peaks, the former, as measured by    BLACK RIVER, a township in Lawrence cc., Arkansas.
Hlon. T. L. Clingman in Sept. 1855, in honor of whom it is Pop. 663.
named, 6941, and the latter 6732 feet in height, being the    BLACK RIVER, a post-village and township in Lorain co.,
most elevated land E. of the Mississippi. Black Mountain  Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Black River, 124 miles
derives its name from the dark green foliage of the forests N.N.E. from Columbus, and 8 miles N. from  Elyria. Pop.
of the balsam fir-tree which line its top and sides.      659. The village is the principal port of the county, having
BLACK MIOUNTAIN, a post-office of MIcDowell co., North  a beacon and several warehouses.
Carolina.                                                   BLACK RIVER CHAPEL, a post-office of New Hanover
BLACKtNESS, a village of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on  co., North Carolina.
the Frith of Forth, 14 miles W.N.W. of Rdinbisrgh. A castle    BLACK RIVER  FALLS, a post-office of La Crosse co.,
here, garrisoned by a small force, was anciently the Roman  Wisconsin.
fort at the E. extremity of the wall of Antoninus,          BLACKROCKI, a town of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 4
BLACK OAK, a post-office of Charleston district, South  miles S.E. of Dublin, on the Dublin and Kingston Railway,
Carolina.                                                 and on the S. shore of Dublin Bay. Pop. 2372. It is a
BLACK OAK, a post-office of Wayne co., Illinois.        place of summer resort for bathing.
BLACK  OAK GROVE, a post-office of Ilardeman co.,   BLACKROCK, a village of Ireland, co. of Louth, at the
Tennessee.                                                head of a small bay, about 2~ miles S.E. of Dundalk. Pop. 507.
BLACK OAK POINT, a post-office, IHickory co., Missouri.   BLACKROCK, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co., and
BLACK/POOL, a village of England, co. of Lancaster, on 3 miles E. of Cork, on the estuary of the Lee. Pop. 300. It
the coast, 4 miles S.W. of Poulton. Pop. in 1851, 2180. It comprises many handsome villas, among which is Castleis a sea-bathing station, and communicates by a branch with  Mahon, the residence of Lady Chatterton; a nunnery, Blackthe Preston and Wyre Railway. The number of visitors at rock Castle, and many other antique edifices.
one time, during the bathing season,varies from 2000 to 6000.   BLACK ROCK, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.
BLACK RIVER, a river of Jamaica, after a very tortuous   BLACK ROCK IHIARBOR. See FAOFSELO.
southward course of 33 miles, enters Black-river Bay, in the    BLACK ROCK, a post-town of Erie co., New York, at the
Caribbean Sea. At its mouth is Black-river village, for 25 commencement of Niagara River, about 2 miles below Bufmiles above which it is navigable for boats.               falo.. It now constitutes a part of Buffalo, with which it
BLACK RIVER, a small river of Ireland, tributary to  has recently been incorporated. It has 5 or 6 stores. and 3
the Suir.                                                  churches, viz: 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist.
BLACK RIVER, of Windsor co., Vermont, falls into the  It possesses abundant water-power, furnished by the Niagara
Connecticut River, a little below Springfield.            River: there are numswous flour-mills, and other establishBLACK RIVER, of Orleans co., in the N. part of Vermont, mernts. Pop. 2000.
falls into Memphremagog Lake.                                BLACK ROCK, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
BLACK RIVER, of New York, rises in I-Ierkiuer co.,   BLACK ROCK, a post-office of Rappahannock co., Virand flows north-westward through Oneida and Lewis coun- ginia.
ties to the Great Bend. Below this it pursues a westerly    BLACK/ROD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, pacourse, and, passing by Watertown, flows through Black  nish of Bolton, near the Wigan and Preston Railway, 4'
River Bay into Lake Ontario. The whole length is about miles S.E. of Chorley. Pop. 2615.
125 miles, and the breadth at Watertown (6 miles from its    BLACK'S BLUFF, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama.
mouth) is 60 yards. There is a fall of 63 feet near Turin,   BLACKSBURG, a post-village of Montgomery co., VirLewis county, below which the river is navigable about 40  ginia, about 200 miles W. by S. from  Richmond. Pop
miles.to Carthage. From the latter place to Watertown the  250.
230




BLA                                                      BLA
BLACK* or EUXINE (lik/sin) SEA, (Fr. Mer-Nsois'e, mnias    BLACKITOFT, a parish of England, co. of York, East
nwhR;  ans. Ponsttss  sxilsus; Turk. Icara Dengis, klfri  Riding, near the confluence of the 0use and Trent.
dQng/is,) a great inland sea between Europe and Asia, be-   BLACK/VILLE, a small village of Greene co., Pennsyl
tween lat. 400 451 and 460 45' N., and Ion. 27~ 30' and 416 50, vania.
E. Extreme length, 700 miles; greatest breadth, 380 miles.   BLACKYILLE, a small post-village of Barnwell district,
It is surrounded by the countries of Russia, Armenia, and  South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 90 miles
Asiatic and European Turkey, and communicates by the  W.N.W. of Charleston.
Strait of Yenikale with the Sea of Azof on the N.E., and by    BLACK'WALL/, a suburb of the English metropolis, co.
the Bosphorus, with the Sea of Marmora in the S.W. The  of Middlesex, at the confluence of the Lee and the Thames,
shores of the Euxine are bold and high on the N.E., E., and  4 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's. Pop. with the parish, in 1851,
S.W., but flat on the N. and N.W.; its depth varies from 4  28,384. Here are the East and West India docks, and nuto 48 fathoms near its shores, but in the middle no sound- mersus yards for ship-building.  A railway 3R  miles in
ings have been obtained at 160 fathoms. The water con- length, connects Blackwall with the city of London, and is
tains one-seventh less salt than the ocean, and is so fresh  raised above the streets on a brick viaduct, the trains being
that it freezes very easily. It has numerous small ports; propelled by locomotive engines. By this route many pasbut the only gulf of importance is that of Kerkinit, between  sengers now proceed to embark in steamers at Blackwall inthe Crimea and the continent of Russia. There are several stead of London Bridge, and thus avoid the dangers and
islands near the mouth of the Danube, but few rocks or  delay of the " Pool."
shoals-the largest of these, Serpent Island, is furnished    BLACK WALINUT, a post-village of Halifax co., Virginia,
with a light-house. The chief'"affluents of the Euxine are  138 miles S.W. of Richmond.
the Danube, Dniester, Bug, Dnieper, the Don, (by the Sea of    BLACK WAR/RIOR RIVER, in Alabama, is formed by
Azof and the Strait of Yenikale,) and the Kooban in Europe; the Mulberry fork and Locust fork, which unite near the S.
and the Kizil-Irmak and Sakareeyah in Asia. It is calcu- extremity of Walker county. The river then flows southlated that the Black Sea receives one-third of the running  westerly, and passing by Tuscaloosa and Eutaw, falls into
waters of Europe, and in consequence of this immense in- the Tombigbee a little above Demopolis. It is navigable for
flux, it is believed that a current flows constantly to the  steamboats 150 miles from its mouth, which is nearly the
Mediterranean; but recent investigation shows that this, as  whole extent of the main stream. Large steamboats make
well as the opinion that the Sea of Marmorn is lower than  regular passages from Mobile to Tuscaloosa, a distance of 305
the Euxine, is founded in error, (Homw. de HeZll. Bulletin  miles. Stone coal, iron, and other valuable minerals are
Sec. de Geog., 1848.) The Black Sea has no tide; it is liable  found along its banks. This river is sometimes called Tusto frequent storms, such as are generally met with in great caloosa, which was the Indian name.
lakes and inclosed seas; but its navigation is so far from   BLACK/WATER, a neat village of England, co. of Hants,
being dangerous, as formerly represented, that probably no  at its N.E.extremity, on the Blackwater River, 3 miles N.N.W.
sea of equal extent is more safe. It is traversed regularly  of the Farnboro station of the South-western Railway.
by steam-packets between Constantinople and the months    BLACK/WATER, a township of Ireland, co., and 5 miles
of the Danube, and between the principal ports of Russia. N.W. of Armagh.
The Black Sea extended at a remote period much farther E.   BLACK/WATER, a township of Ireland, co. and 9 miles
and N. than it does now, occupying the whole of the vast N.E. of Wexford.
plains and steppes that surround the Caspian and the Sea    BLACKIWATER, a river of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
of Aral, in Tartary, neither of which had then a separate  Cork, rises about 16 miles N.E. of Killarney, flows at first
existence, being included in this great inland sea.  The  southward but, afterwards E. to Cappoquin, where it abamount of evaporation which takes place in the Black Sea  ruptly turns again southward, and enters the sea at Youghal,
must be very great, as the discharge bythe Bosphorus is after a course estimated at 100 miles. The tide rises in it to
wholly insufficient to account for the disposal of the im- Cappoquin, to which town it is navigable; and besides
mense quantities of water passed into it by its rivers. I-How  which, Mallow, Fermoy, Lismore, and Youghal are on its
it should retain its saltness, notwithstanding this large and  banks. The chief affluents are the Dundalo, Awbeg, Funconstant accession of fresh water, has not yet been satis- cheon. and Bride.
factorily explained.                                        BLACK/WATER, a river of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of TyBLACK/SHIRE'S, a post-office'of MIarion co., Virginia.    rone and Armagh, falls into Lough-Neagh at its S.W. corner.
BLACKISOD BAY, an extensive inlet on the coast of Ire- Caledon and Charlemont are the principal towns on its
land, co. of Mayo. Lat. of entrance, 540 5' N-, ion. 100 W.   banks, at which last it receives the Ulster Canal. BLACIKBLACK SPRING, a post-village of Baldwin co., Georgia, WATER is the name of several smaller rivers in Ireland.
about 158 miles N.W. of Savannah.. BLACK/WATER, (anc. Idumanlia.,) a river of England, co.
BLACK/STAIRS, a mountain range of Ireland, forming  of Essex, rises near Saffron-walden, flows south-eastward,
part of the boundary between the counties of Carlow and  after uniting with the Chelmer, falls into the arm of the
Wexford. Mount Leinster, 2610 feet, is the highest peak.   North Sea called Blackwater Bay.
BLACKISTOCKS, a post-office of Chester district, South    BLACK/WATER, a river of England, co. of Dorset, rises
Carolina.                                                  near Craubrook, and is tributary to the Stour.
BLACK/STONE, a post-township of Worcester co., Massa-   BLACKIWATER, a river of England, co. of Hants, forms
chusetts, on the Blackstone River, and on the Providence  part of the boundary between that county and Berks, and
and Worcester Railroad, at the S. terminus of the Norfolk  joins the Loddon 5 miles S.W. of Wokingham.
County Railroad, 3i miles S.W. of Boston. It has a bank,   BLACK WATER, a post-office of Sussex co., Delaware.
and the Blackstone Manufacturing Company, who produce    BLACK WATER, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia.
10,000,000 yards of printed cloths annually. Pop. 4191.     BLACK WATER, a post-office of Kemper co., Mississippi.
BLACKISTONE-EDGE, a range of high hills, mostly moor-    BLACK WATER, a post-office of Morgan co., Kentucky.
land, forming part of "the Backbone of England," in the    BLACK/WATER CREEK of Walker co., Alabama, enters
counties of York and Lancaster, 6 miles E.N.E. of Roch- the Mulberry fork of Black Warrior River.
dale. A stone, dividing the counties of York and Lancaster,   BLACK/WATER RIVER, in Merrimack co., New Hempstands on the summit of these hills.                      shire, falls into the Contoocook River about 8 miles N.W. of
BLACKISTONE RIVER, in Massachusetts, rises in Wor- Concord.
cester co., and running in a S.E. course, meets the tide-   BLACK'WATER RIVER, in the S. part of Virginia, rises
waters in Providence River. The Blackstone Canal follows  at the foot of the Blue Ridge, and flows eastward through
this river from Worcester to within about 8 miles of its  Franklin county into the Staunton River.
mouth. It affords valuable water-power.                     BLACK/WATER RIVER, in the S.E. part of Virginia, rises
BLACKSIVILLE, a post-village of Monongalia co., Vir- in Prince' George co., and flowing in a general S.E. course,
ginia, 20 miles N.W. of Morgantown. The line between Vir- falls into Nottoway River near the boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania passes through the village. It has  ginia and North Carolina, after forming the boundary bea few stores, and about 150 inhabitants.                  tween Southampton on the right, and Isle of Wight and
BLACK SWAMP, a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio.       Nansemond counties on the left.
BLACK/TAIL, a large shoal off the English coast, co. of    BLACK'WATERTOWN, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co.
Essex, in the estuary of the Thames, below Canvey Island. of Armagh, on the Blackwatet River, here communicating
A beacon has been placed on it.                           with the Ulster Canal, 2~ miles S.S.W. of Moy. Pop. 369.
Here was a fort famous in the rebellion of O'Neil, in the sixteenth centurry.
The name Black Sea is said to have been given by the Turks,   BLACK ELL,  a prish of England, co. ofDerby.  Seve
whe he, scuts~eds~sy e te nvietin f te Achp soe BLACK/W  LL, a parish of E~ngland, so. of Derby. Sevewho, being accustomed only to the navigation of the Archipelago,
where the numerous islands and their convenient ports offereci ral townships in the counties of Durham and Cumberland
many places of refuge in case of danger, found the traversing  have this name.
such an open expanse of water very perilous, and accordingly    BLACK/WELL, a hamlet of England, co. of Worcester,
expressed their fears by the epithet "black" (kara.) Partly on  with a station on the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 2
the sme account, and partly because the shores of this see were  miles N. of Bromsgrove.
occupied by barbarous nations, the ancient Greelks first called it   BLACK/WELL, a post-office of Caswell so., North Carolina.
alEvog, (axcaos,) i. e. "inhospitable;" but afterwards, -hen tiey    BLACK/WELL'S, a village of Somerset co., New Jersey,
had become  better acquainted withi the art of navigation, and
had established numerous colonies on the shores, they changed    on Millstone River, 6O miles S. of Somerville.
the name to svelsos of EvElvos, (euxenos or eurxeilos,) i.e. " hos-   BLACK/WELL'S ISLAND, in the East River, opposite New
pitable."                                                 York, is the seat of the city penitentiary.
231




BLA                                                     BLA
BLACK WOLF, a post-village of Winnebago co., Wiscon-   BLAIR LOGIE, blair lofgee, a small village of Scotland, 3
sin, 73 miles N.N.E. of Madison.                          miles N.E. of Stirling, is much resorted to by invalids on
BLACKIWOOD RIVER, in Western Australia, cos. of account of the salubrity of its climate.
Durham  and Nelson, flows successively W. and S., and    BLAIRS/TOWN, formerly GRAVEL HILL, a post-village
enters the Hardy Inlet 6 miles N.E. of Augusta, in lat. 340 and township of Warren co., New Jersey, on Paulinskill
14' S., ion. 1150 12' E. It traverses a well wooded and good Creek, 85 miles N. byW. of Trenton. It contains 2 churches,
grazing country, and is navigable for boats to 25 miles from  a classical academy, a large grist mill, and about 30 dwellthe sea.                                                  ings. Pop.1405.
BLACKIWOODTOWN, a thriving post-village of Camden    BLAIRSIVILLE, a thriving post-borough of Indiana co.,
co., New Jersey, on Big Timber Creek, 12 miles S.S.E. of Cam- Pennsylvania, on Conemaugh River, and on the Pennsylvaden. It has 2 or 3 chui'ches, and several stores and mills.   nia Canal, 75 miles by canal E. of Pittsburg, 171 miles W.
BLA/DEN, bl/dgn, a village of Prussian Silesia, circle  of Harrisburg, and about 3 miles N. of the Central Railof Oppeln. It has a castle, and 1071 inhabitants.         road. It is a place of active trade, and the most populous
BLAIDEN, a county in the S.E. part of North Carolina, town of the county. The greater part of the grain, pork,
has an area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by  lumber, and coal which are exported from the county are
Cape Fear River, and bounded on the N.E. by South River. shipped at this place. The river is crossed here by a handThe surface is generally level, and is diversified by a num- some bridge, with a single arch of 295 feet. Blairsville conber of small and beautiful lakes, which abound with trout tains 5 or 6 churches, and a number of substantial buildand other fish. Some of these lakes are 3 or 4 miles in dia- ings of brick and stone  Two newspapers are issued here.
meter. The soil of the county is sandy, and rests on exten- Pop. 1135. 
sive beds of marl. Tar, turpentine, and other products are    BLAIRSIVILLE, a post-office of York district, South Caprocured from the pine forests. Cape Fear River is naviga- rolina.
ble by steamboats through this county. Capital, Elizabeth.   BLAIRS/VILLE, a post-village, capital of Union co., GeorThe county was formed in 1734, and named in honor of  gia, 165 miles N. by W. from Milledgeville. It is surrounded
Martin Bladen, one of the lords commissioners of trade and  by the magnificent mountain scenery of the Blue Ridge, and
plantations.                                               by a region which is remarkably rich in minerals. Among
BLADEN CREEK, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia.   these are gold, iron, and marble. The village contains a
BLAIDENSBURG, a post-village of Prince George co., Ma- court-house, 2 hotels, a school, and 6 stores.
ryland, on the Eastern branch of the Potomac, and on the    BLAIRSIVILLE, a small post-village in Posey c., IdiBaltimore and Washington Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Wash- ana, 120 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.
ington. Pop. about 500.                                     BLAIRSIVILLE, a village of Williamson co., Illinois, on
BLA/DENSBURG, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, 43 Big Muddy River, 40 miles firom its entrance into the Miismiles in a direct line N.E. of Columbus. The land around  sissippi. It was laid out in 1847.
it is fertile and well cultivated.                          BLAISIDON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
BLA/DON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, 11 miles S.   BLAISOIS, blAzwd/, a former division of Fi'ance, in Orof Woodstock. An almshouse for poor women here, was, in  Isanois, of which Blois was capital, now comprised in and
1798, endowed by the Duchess of MIarlborough with 30001. forming a great part of the department of Loire-et-Cher.
consols.                                                    BLAISON, bl4seNcf. a town of France, department of
BLADON'S LANDING, a village of Choctaw co., Alabama, Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement and 10 miles S.E. of Anon the Tombigbee River, 4 miles above Coffeeville.        gers, on the left ban. of the Loire. Pop. of commune, 1142.
BLADON'S SPRINGS, a post-village and fashionable wa-   BLAKEILY;  a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 25
teiing place of Choctaw co., Alabama.                      miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre, is drained by Lackawanna River,
BLAEN-IHONDDAN, blin-hon/Tman,   a hamlet of South  and contains large mines of anthracite coal. Pop. 1703.
Wales, co. of Glamorgan, parish of C adoxton, 3 miles N.N.W.    BLAKE/LY, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.
of Neath. Pop. 1150, partly employed in copper-mines.        BLAKEILY, a post-village, capital of Early co, Georgia,
BLAEN-PORTII, blln'porthl, a parish of South Wales, co. 170 miles S.W. of Milledgeville, contains a church, a
of Cardigan.                                               school,.and several stores. It was made the county seat in
BLAG/DON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         1826.
BLAGNAC, blnuyltk/, a town of France, department of    BLAKEfLY, a post-village, capital of Baldwin co., AlaIlaute-Garonne, 2 miles N.N.W. of Toulouse. Pop. of com- bama, on the Tensaw River, at its entrance into Mobile Bay,
mune, 1538.                                               about 12 miles E. by N. of Mobile. It has a harbor accessiBLAIN, blNc, a town of France, department of Loire-In- ble to steamboats, and contains a court-house and numeflrieure, 20 miles N.N.W. of Nantes, on the Isac. Pop., with  rous stores.
commune, in 1852, 6170. Ilere are ruins of an ancient   BLAKE/MERE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
castle, formerly a strong fortress.                         BLAKEMIORE (or WHITE HART) FOREST, in England,
BLAIN, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania.        co. of Dorset, is a large tract, comprising several hundreds
BLAINE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Kentucky.        in the N. and W. parts of the county.
BLAIN'S CIROSS ROADS, a post-office of Granger co.,   BLAKEINEV, a seaport and parish of England, co. of NorTennessee, 202 miles from Nashville.                       folk, 7 miles E. of Wells. Pop. in 1851, 1108. It has an
BLAINSIVILLE, a post-village of Posey co., Indiana, on  ancient church, and some fine remains of antiquity, comthe plank-road from Evansville to New IHIarmony, 13 miles pleted A.D0.1321. Its harbor affords good shelter; and about
N.W. of Evansville.                                        54 vessels, averaging 60 tons each, belonged to the port in
BLAINVILLE, blANGIveelf, the name of numerous com- 1833.
munes in France; the principal in the department of   BLAKEINEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester.
M3anche, with a village, 6 miles WV. of Coutances. Pop. 1770.   BLA'KENI IAMI GREAT, a parish of England, co. of
BLAIR, a county in the S.S.W. central part of Pennsylva- Suffolk.
nia, has an area of 650 square miles. The Little Juniata rises   BLAK.ENHAMI LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of
in the N. part, and the Frankstown branch of the Juniata  Suffolk.
flows through the county in a north-easterly direction; it is   BLAKES/BURG, a village of Putnam co., Indiana, 11 miles
also drained by Clover Creek. The surfiace is very moun- N. of Greencastle, the county town.
tainous, the Alleghany Mountains forming the boundary    BLAKESBURG, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa.
on the W., and Tussey's Mountain on the E. The interior    BLAKES/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton,
is also traversed by Dunning's and Brush leountains. The  4 miles W.N.W. of Towcester. Blakesley Hall is said to have
soil of the limestone valleys is very fertile and well culti- been a possession of the knights of St. John.
vated, but nearly half of the county is too rugged and ste-   BLAKES/VILLE, a village of Harrison co., Indiana, on
rile for tillage. The iron-mines of this county are rich, and  the Ohio River, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Corydon.
extensively worked; bituminous coal is found in the moun-   BLAMONT, bllm6N(a/, a town of France, department of
tain on the W. border. The Central Railroad passes through  Meurthe, 10 miles E. of Lun6ville, on the Vezouze. Pop. of
the county. The Pennsylvania Canal and Portage Railroad  commune, in 1852, 2576.
terminate at the county seat. Formed in 1845-6, out of    BLAMONT, a town of France, department of Doubs, 8
parts of Bedford and IHuntingdon, and named in honor of  miles S.S.E. of Montb6liard. Pop. of commune, in 1852,718.
John Blair, one of the early settlers in this region. Capital, This small place was protected by an ancient fortress, which
Iollidaysburg.  Pop. 21,777.                               was ruined in the wars of 1814.
BLAIR, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. Pop., in-   BLANC, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
cluding IHollidaysburg, 3421.                               BLANCA, blhn/k, a town of Spain, 20 miles N.W. of
BLAIR-ATHIOL, or ATHI/OLL, a large parish of Scotland, Murcia.
co. of Perth, and comprising all its N. part, with a village,   BLAN/CHARD, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine,
30 miles N.W. of Perth. Estimated area, 312 square miles. about 120 miles N. of Augusta, intersected by Piscataquis
Pop. 2231. In it are the mountains of Benygloe, (3725 feet,) River. Pop. 192.
and Bendearg, (3550 feet in elevation,) with the pass of Kil-   B1AN/CI1ARD, a township in the NW. part of Hancock
liecrankie, Athol forest, and Blair-Athol Castle, the seat of  co., Ohio. Pop. 1051.
the Duke of Athol.                                          BLANCIHARD, a township in the N. part of Hardin co.,
BLAIR-GOW/RIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, with  Ohio. Pop. 252.
a village on the Ericht, 15 mniles N.N.E. of Perth. Pop. 3471,   BLANfCHARD, a township in the E. part of Putnam cc.,
eoployed in weaving and spinning yarn.                    Ohio. Pop. 1395.
232




BLA                                                       BLE
BLANICIJARD'S BRIDGE, a small post-village in I-ancock    BLANZAC, blWNG'zb kf, a town of France, department of
co.. Ohio.                                                 Charente, 12 miles S.S.W. of Angoul16me. Pop. of commune,
BLANCHIARD'S FORK rises in the N.W. central part of in 1852, 730.
Ohio, and joins the Auglaize River in Putnam county.         BLANZY, bNl'zeeef, a village of France, department of
BLANCHIE, bli.Nsh, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri. Sabne-et-Loire, on the Canal-du-Centre, 18 miles S.E. of AuBLANCHE (bhlnch) FUIENACE, a small village of Mercer tun. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3789.
co., Pennsylvania.                                           BLARINEY, a village of Ireland, Munster co., and 4 miles
BLANfCIIESTER, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 15  N.W. of Cork, on a rivulet of same name. The beauty of its
miles S.S.W. of Wilmington.                                surrounding scenery has been tendered famous in song. In
BLANCI/LAND, a village and chapelry of England, co. its castle, formerly the property of the Earls of Clancarty,
of Northumberland, on the Derwent, 9 miles S.S.E. of Hex- is reported to be a wonderful stone, the kissing of which
ham, with the remains of an abbey founded in 1165.         has been popularly believed to have the power of imparting
BLANC, LE, leh bliNG, a village of France, -department of that peculiar style of eloquence termed  blarney."
uIndre, on the Creuse, 32 miles W.S.W. of Chbteauroux. It   BLASCON. See BREsce.
was formerly fortified, and has wool-spinning works and    BLASENDORF, bl/zgn-dotf', a town of Transylvania. See
tanneries. Pop. in 1852, 6788.                             BALASFALVA.
BLANC, MONT. See MONT BLANc.                               BLASEWITZ, blhlzeeh-dits, a village of Saxony about 5
BLANCO, bl~ng/ko, or BLANCA, blnglkd, a Spanish  miles S.S.E. of Dresden, on the left bank of the Elbe, and
word signifying "white," and forming a part of various  only deserving of notice because Schiller has named the fenames in different parts of the world.                     male sutler in the camp of Wallenstein, Gustel of Blasewitz,
BLANCO, CAPE. See CAPE BLANCO.                           doubtless after a person of the same name who (in Schiller's
BLAN/DENSVILLE or BLAN/DENSBURG, a post-village  time) sold cakes at the inn close to the ferry. Pop. 230.
of McDonough co., Illinois, 100 miles N.W. of Springfield.   BLASIENZELLE, blize-en-tsDlleh, orBLASIENCELLA,
BLAND/FORD FOrIIUM, a municipal borough, market- bldze-en-tls/l4, a town of Germany, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 20
town, and parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the Stour, miles S.S.W. of Gotha, with a powder-mill and manufactohere crossed by 3 bridges, and near the ford called by the  ries ofiron-wares. Pop. 1330.
Romans TIrajecltus Belanienlsis, 17 miles N.E. of Dorchester.   BLAS/KET ISLANDS, a group of rocky islands on the
Area of parish, 920 acres. Pop. 3343. The to/n, in the  W. coast of Ireland, at the entrance of Dingle Bay, the largmidst of one of the finest tracts of sheep pasture in the king- est of which is 2~ miles in length. One of these, the isle of
dom, is very neatly and regularly built, with a church in  Tiraght, forms the westernmost land in Europe.
the Grecian style. It has a handsome town-hall and neat   BLAS/TON, a parishi of England, co. of Leicester.
theatre, free-grammar and blue-coat schools with small en-   BLATCHIINGTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of
dowments, almshouses, (revenue 1201.,) a charitable bequest, Sussex.
now yielding 3001., and a manufacture of shirt-buttons.   BLATCHIINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of
It is the polling-place for the county. It gives the title of  Sussex.
Marquis to the Duke of Marlborough.                          BLATCHIINWORTH, a township of England, co. of
BLANDIFORD ST. MARY'S, a parish on the opposite side  Lancaster, 41 miles N.E. of Rochdale; in the immediate
of the Stour, communicating by-bridge, and 11 miles S. of vicinity of the Manchester and Leeds Railway. Pop. in
Flandford Forum.                                           1851, 3896, chiefly engaged in woollen manufactures.
BLAND/VILLE, a post-village, and the capital of Ballard    BLA/TIHERWYCKE, a parish of England, co. of Northco., Kentucky, on Mayfield Creek, about 7 miles from its  ampton.
entrance into the Mississippi River. It has 2 churches and    BLATNA, blt/ng, a town of BBdhemia, on the Uslawa, 50
several stores. Pop. 500..                                 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1500.
BLANEA, bli-n4l, a town of Spain, province of, and 20    BLATON, bl4tS6al, a  village of Belgium, province of
miles N.W. of Murcia. Pop. 2240.                           Hainaut, 15 miles S.E. of Tournay. I Pop. of commune, 2319.
BLANES, b1,-nls, a seaport town of Spain, 22 miles S.   BLAUBEUREN, bltw'boi/ren, a town of Wiirtemberg,
of Gerona, on the Mediterranean.                           on the Blan, 10 miles W.N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 1985; who
BLAN/FORD, a post-township of Hampden co., Massa- weave and bleach linens.. It has an old Benedictine mochusetts, 15 miles W. by N. of Springfield, is intersected by  nastery, and a Lutheran seminary.
branches of Westfield River, and has excellent water-power.   BLAUIVELTVILLE, a post-village of Rockland co., New
Pop. 1418.                                                 York. on the Erie Railroad, 29 miles N. of New York City.
BLANGY, bl8aNzhee/, a town of France, department of    BLAVIA. See BLAvE.
the Seine-Infdrieure, 13 miles N.E.'of NeufchlteL Pop. of      BLAWIENBURG, a post-village of Somerset co., New Jercommune, in 1852,1841.                                     sey, 15 miles N. by E. of.Trenton, has 1 church and 1 store.
BLANKENBERGIIE, blnfkqen-bRao', a maritime town of    BLAXIHALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Belgium, province of W. Flanders, with a small fishing port   BLAYE, bla, (anc. Blalvia,) a fortified seaport town of
on the English Channel, 9 miles N.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1800. France, department, and on the right bank of the Gironde,
BLANKENBURG, bln/ken-b66cRG, a town of Germany, here about 21 miles across, 20 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux.
duchy and 37 miles S.E. of Brunswick, formerly capital of  Pop. of commune, in 1852, 4659.. It. has a strong modern
an independent principality. Pop: 3500. It is walled, and  citadel, in which the Duchess de Berriwas imprisoned in
has a ducal palace. It was the residence of "Monsieur,"  1833, a handsome public fountain, a theatre, hospital, agriafterwards Louis XVIII., from 1796 to 1798.                cultural society, &c., with considerable exports of wine,
BLANKENBU RG, a town of Germany, duchy of Schwarz- brandy, corn, fruits, and soap.' Its harbor is defended by
burg-Rudolstadt, on the Rhine, 13 miles S.S.W. of Senders- forts Mgdoc and Pqt6, and is much frequented. All vessels
hansen. Pop. 1315.                                        inward bound to Bordeaux, &c., are required to anchor in
BLANKENBURG, blan/ken-b30ao', a hamlet of Switzer- the road of Blaye, and to exhibit their papers; and many
land, canton of Bern, 19 miles S.W. of Thun.               outward vessels call there to take in stores, and to complete
BLANKENESE, blknf-ken-P-seh, a town of the Danish  their cargoes.
dominions, duchy of Holstein, on the Elbe, 6 miles W. of Al-   BLAY/DON, a village of England, co. ofDurham, with a
tonua. with a ferry to Cranz, in'Hanover. Pop. 3000, mostly  station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 4 miles W.
seaf.lring people. In summer, it is a place of holiday resort of Newcastle.
for the inhabitants of Hamburg and Altona.                  BLAY/DON-BURN, a hamlet of England, co. of Durham,
BLANKENIIAYN, blkn/-ken-hIne', a town of Central  6 miles W.S.W. of Newcastle.
Germany, grand duchy and 9 miles S.S.E. of Weimer. Pop.   BLEA/DON, a parish of England, co., of Somerset.
1600, employed in manufactures of ginghams and porcelain.   BLEAN, bleen, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 2 miles
BLANKENSTEIN, blkn/-ken-stlnex, a small town of Prus- N.N.W. of Canterbury. Pop. 606. Blean is a centre of a
sian Westphalia; 24 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Ruhr.  poor-law union, comprising 16 parishes. The ancient forest
BLANIKET HILL, a post-office of Armstrong co., Penn- of Blean, which has now lost its privileges, was formerly
sylvania.                                                 of great extent, and wild boars were hunted in it as late
BLANK/NEY (with LINWOOD,) a parish of England, co. as the reign of Henry VI.
of Lincoln.                                                 BLEAS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
BLANQUEFORT, blWNk1forn, a'village of France, depart-   BLECHIINGDON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
ment of Gironde, 6 miles N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. of com-   BLECKEDE, bllk/kI'deh, a town of Hanover, 12 miles
mune, in 1852, 2274.                                      E. of Liineburg, on the left bank of the Elbe, with a toll on
BLANQUEFtORT, a village of France, department of Lot- the river. Pop. 1485.
et-Garonne, 29 miles N.N.E. of Agen. Pop. of commune, in    BLEDD-FA or BLETIL/VAUGIH, a parish of South Wales,
1852, 1760.                                                co. of Radnor.
BLANQUILLA, blln-keel'yl, anisland of the Caribbean    BLED/DOW, a pariah of England, co. of Bucks.
Sea, belonging  to Venezuela, 74 miles N.N.E. of Tortuga,   BLEDIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
and having on its W. coast the village of Agueda.            BLED/SOE, a co. in the S.E. central part of Tennesee,
BLANTYRE, blin-tlref, a village and parish of Scotland, has an area of 480 square miles. It is drained by the
co. of Lanark. 8 miles S.E. of Glasgow. Here are extensive  SequatchieRiver. The surface is elevated and rathermouncotton-spinning and dye-works, and the ruins ofa priory on  tainous. Capital, Pikeville. Pop. 5959, of whom 5132 were
the Clyde.  The village is lighted with gas, and has a  free and 827 slaves.
station on the Clydesdale Junction Railroad.                 BLED/SOE, a post-office of Ilickory co. of Missouri.
233




BLE                                                       BLI
BLEDISOE'S LANDING, a post-office of Crittenden co., for the timber from the forest of Loche, and for most of the
Arkansas.                                                 merchandise that comes down the Cher from the Berry and
BLEEIKER, a post-township of Fulton co., New York, the Bourbonnois. In the canton, and near the town of
about 50 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 51.0.                  B16r6, is the castle of Chenongeaux, (sheh'n6NcGs0',) which at
BLEGNO or BLENJO, bltntyo, or blanlyo, a river of first was a simple manor-house, but extended to its present
Switzerland, canton of Ticino, flows S. of and joins the Ticino,* dimensions in the reign of Francis I. It was purchased, in
(orTessin,) on left bank near Biasca. It gives its name to  1535, by Henry II., who gave it, with the duchy of Valen0
he Val-di-Blegno, a rich valley, which forms a district of tinois, to the celebrated Diana of Poitiers, who embellished
the canton.                                                it with great magnificence; but, before her designs were
BLEIBACIL, blii/bK, a village of Illyria, 8 miles W. of completed, was obliged to cede it to Catherine de Medicis,
Villach, near the celebrated Bleibcrg, (lead mountain,) in  who continued the embellishments on a still more lavish
which 1 copper and 3 lead mines are in operation.          scale. It was afterwards possessed by the house of Cond6,
BLEIBERG, blilbRng, (i. c. "lead-mountain,") a village and, in 1733, was purchased by M. Dupin, (former General,)
of Illyria, about 7 miles W. of Villadi, has a Protestant the wit and beauty of whose widow attracted to it the most
chapel. The lead-mines at Bleiberg are the most extensive  distinguished literati of the last century. The castle is cdnin Austria, and yield annually from 33,000 to 35,000 cwt. of structed on a kind of bridge across the Cher, and has a long
excellent metal.                                           gallery which leads from one side of the river to the other.
BLEICHERODE, blTKer-otdeh, a walled town of Prussian  It fortunately escaped the Revolution, and is in perfect preo
Saxony, on the Bude, at the foot of the Pockenberg, circle  servation. Many fine pictures decorate the interior. The
and 10 miles S.W. of Nordhausen. Pop. 2750, engaged in  architecture, furniture, and decorations all belong to the
weaving woollen and linen fabrics, and in bleaching hemp.  time of the Valois. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 3676.
BLEISTADT, blilst~tt, a mining town of Bohemia, on    BLESISINGTON, a parish and market-town of Ireland,
the Voigtland, 14 miles N.N.E. of Eger.                    co. of Wicklow, near the Liffey, 18 miles S.W. of Dublin.
BLEISWIJK, blisewike, a village of the Netherlands, Pop. of town, 466. It gave the title of Earl to the Gardner
provinceof South Holland, 7 miles N. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1279. family, the widow of the last of whom was the well-known
BLEKING, a province of Sweden. See CARLSCRONA.           authoress, the late Countess of Blessington.
BLELING, bleefling, a small principality and capital of    BLETCH/INGLY, a town and parish of England, co. of
the same name, N. side of the island Bali, against which a  Surrey, o/ a branch of the London and Brighton Railway,
successful expedition was directed by the Dutch in July, 18 miles S. of London, and 4i miles E. of Reigate. Pop. in
1846, in consequence of the piratical doings of the Rajah  1851, 1553. The town, on an eminence, commands exten-,and his subjects. The town, lat. 80 15, S., ion. 1150 5' E, is  sive views, and has a fine church in the early English style,
the second on the island.                                  a school endowed in the reign of Elizabeth, and almsBLELLING. See BLILING.                                   houses founded in 1668. Bletchingly returned 2 memnbers
BLEN/COW, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, to the House of Commons, until disfranchised by the Re5 miles W.N.W. of Penrith. Pop. 64. It has a grammar form Act.
school, founded in 1576, at which the late famous lawyer,   BLETCHIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Lord Ellenborough, was educated.                             BLETCH/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
BLEN/DON, a post-township in the northern part of    BLETHT/ERSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of PemFranklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1303.                             broke.
BLENDON INSTITUTE, a small village in Franklin co.,   BLETHIVAUGH, Wales. See BLDDD-FA.
Ohio.                                                        BLETISOE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
BLENDWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Hants.            BLEVILLE, bli'veell, a village of F'rance, department of
BL_]~NEAU, bl'nOt, a village of F'rance, department of  Seine-Inf6rieure, 2 miles N. of H1vre, with mineral springs.
Yonne, 29 miles W.S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. of commune, Pop. of commune, 1160.
in 1852, 1719. The Prince of Cond6 was here vanquished    BLE~IO, blA/ve-o, a village of Lombardy, near the lake
by Turenne in 1652.                                        of Come, with numerous elegant villas.
BLENHEIM, bl~nlim, (Germ. Blinsdheiso, blPnt'hime,) a    BLEWTBERRY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
village of Bavaria, 23 minles E.N.W. of Augsburg, famous   BLEW/FIELDS, Central America. See BLUEFIELoS.
for the decisive victory gained near it by the English and    BLICKILING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. Anne
Imperialists, under the Duke of MLarlborough and Prince  Boleyn, whose family owned the manor, was born here in
Eugene, over the French and Bavarians (called by the  1507. Blickling-hall, the seat of Lord Suffield, is a good
French the battle of Hbchstedt,) on the 2nd of Aug. 1704.   specimen of the Elizabethan style: it contains a library of
BLENHEIM, blnnlim  or blan/hime, a post-township of  10,000 volumes, and is surrounded by a park and gardens
Schoharie co., New York, 42 miles W.S.W. of Albany. P. 1314. comprising 1000 acres, with a fine sheet of water.
BLENHEIM, a post-village in the southern part of Scho-   BLIDAII or BLIDA.'blee/dA, a considerable town of Alharie co., New York, 45 miles W.S.W. of Albany.            geria, on the borders of the Metidjah Plain, province and
BLENITEII,  bllnim, PARK   (formerly  Woodstock  30 miles S.W. of Algiers. Taken by the French in 1830, and
Park,) an extra-parochial district of England, co. of Ox- occupied by them  since 1838. Pop. in 1846, 9103, of whom
ford, 621 miles W.N.W. of London. Pop. 109. Area, 2940  2290 were Eusopeans.
acres, being the demesne attached to Blenheim  House,   BLID/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
the seat of the Duke of Marlborough.  This edifice, con-   BLIESKASTEL or BLIESCASTEL, blees/kbs-t6lI, a town
structed by Vanbrugh, in the reign of Queen Anne, at a  of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Blies, 5~ miles W. of Deux-Ponts.
cost of 500,0001., was given by the nation to the first Duke  Pop. 1874.
of Marlborough, in honor of whose great victory, in 1704,   BLIGH, bli, a frontier county of New South Wales, hayit received its name.  The mansion, richly ornamented  ing E. and S. the counties of Brisbane, Philip, and Wellingexternally, occupies three sides of a square, and its prin- ton, and N. and W. an unsettled.district. It has no towns
cipal front extends 348 feet from wing to wing. The inte- or villages of importance.
rior is enriched with the most costly furniture, tapestry,   BLIGH'S ISLANDS, a group of the Feejee Archipelago,
sculpture, and a magnificent collection of paintings. The  Pacific Ocean, named after their discoverer in 1789.
grounds, considered the chef-rd'6usvre of the celebrated land-   BLIGNY-SUR-OUCHIE, bleen'yee/-siia-oosh, a town of
scape gardener Bronn, contain an artificial lake, fountain, France, department of CGte d'Or, arrondissement and 9
triumphal arch, and column supporting a colossal statue  miles N. of Beaune. Pop. of commune in 1851, 1395.
of the duke, and clusters of trees said to be arranged in    BLILING, blillling, or BLELLING, bltl'ling/, written
the order of the troops on the field of Blenheim.  The en- also BLELLENG, a seaport town of the island of Bali, Maclosed royal palace of Woodstock'formerly stood in the park, lay Archipelago, on its N. coast. It is the residence of a rajah.
and a pool is still pointed at which bears the name of    BLINDHEIM. See BLENEInM.
"Rosamond's Well."  Blenheim is held by the descendants    BLINK BONNY, apost-office of St. Lawrence co., New York.
of the duke, on the tenure of presenting yearly, at Windsor,   BLISHI'S MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co., Mlissouri.
on the anniversary of the battle, a standard emblazoned    BLISKOWICE, a town of Moravia. See LiSPITZ.
with three fleur-de-lis.                                     BLISSLAND. a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
BLENJO. See BLEoNo.                                        BLIS'WORTII, a parish of England, co. of Northampton,
BLENK/INSOP, a township of England, co. of Northum- 4 miles N.E. of Towcester, with a station on the London and
berland, 17 miles W. of Hexam. Pop. 845, engaged inlarge  Birmingham Railway.
coal-works. Here is a strong square tower, the ancient   BLISS'FIELD, a post-village and township of Lenawee
stronghold of the Blenkinsops, of border celebrity.       county, Michigan, on the Raisin River, and on the railroad
BLENNEVILLE, blun/tvill, a small seaport town of Ire- from Toledo to Adrian, 22 miles N.W. of the former, and 10
land, co. of Kerry, on Tralee Bay, IA miles S.W. of Tralee, miles from Adrian. It contains several stores and mills, and
where most of the exports of that town are shipped. P. 225. about 200 inhabitants. Pop. of township, in 1850, 924.
BLENOD-LES-TOUL, bleh-ho/l.A-tool, a village of France,   BLISSIVILLE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.
department of the MIeurthe, 5 miles S.S.W. of Toul. Pop.   BLISSVILLE, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana.
of conrmlDne, 1550.                                         BLISSVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Illinois.
BLERE, bl'ArV/, a town of France, department of the    BLITH/FIELD WITH NEWTON, a parish of England,
Indre-et-Loire, 16 miles E.S.E. of Tours, on the Cher, here  co. of Stafford.
crossed by a bridge built about the middle of the twelfth    BLIVIEN'S MIILLS, a post-office of MlcHenry co., Illinois,
century by Itenry II. of England.  Bl1r6 is the entreplt 23 miles W.N.W. of Waukegan.
234




BLO                                                        13L0
BLOCKiER'S, a posit-offiice of Cumberland co., North  saw. Pop. 1000. It is celebrated in the history of the wars
Carolina.                                                  between the Swedes and Poles.
BLOCKER'S, a post-offtice of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.      BLO'-NORITON or NOR/TON-BELLEAU, (bel-10,) a parish
BLOCK  HOUSE, a German village or settlement in  of England, co. of Norfolk.
Liberty township, Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 30 miles N. of    BLOOD'S POINT, a post-office situated in the N. part of
Williamsport, contains near 200 houses.                    De Kalb co., Illinois.
BLOCK HOUSE, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia.         BLOOD/Y-FARILAND, a promontary of Ireland, Ulster,
BLOCK ISLAND, belonging to Rhode Island, is situated  co. of Donegal, on its N.W. coast, 5 miles W.S.W. of the
in the Atlantic Ocean, about midway between Point Judith  island of Innisboffin.
and Montank Point, the eastern extremity of Long Island.   BLOODIY RUN, a post-village of Bedford co., PennsylvaIt is 8 miles in length, and from 2 to 5 miles in breadth,  nia, on the Raystown branch of the Juniata, 8 miles E. of
and constitutes the township of New Shoreham. On the  Bedford. It has a church and several stores.
N.W. part are 2 fixed lights, 58 feet above the level of the    BLOOM, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. It
sea. Lat. 410 13' N.; ion. 710 35 WV.                      contains Bloomfield, the county seat. Pop. 3122.
BLOCK/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.          BLOOM, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 2289.
BLOCKLEY, formerly a post-township of Philadelphia    BLOOMI, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1346.
co., Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill River, intersected by    BLOOM, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1648.
the Columbia Railroad, but now included within the limits    BLOOM, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1742.
of the city of Philadelphii. It is remarkable as containing    BLOOM, a township of Wood co., Ohio, about 20 miles W.
two important institutions, viz. Blockley Almshouse, and  of Maumee City.
Blockley Insane Asylum, for particulars of which see    BLOOM, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.
PHILADELPHIA. Pop. 5916.                                     BLOOM, a post-township of Cook co., Illinois, about 27
BLOCK/VILLE, a post-office of Chautauque co., New York. miles S. of Chicago.
BLOD/GETT'S MILLS, a post-office of Cortlandt co., New    BLOOM  CENTRE, a post-office of Logan co., Ohio.
York.                                                        BL00OMIER, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas.
BLOEMENDAAL, bloo/men-ddl, (i.e. "bloomingdale,")   BLOOM/ERY,.         a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 1  miles    BLOOMIFIEILD, a post-village and township of Somerset
N.N.W. of Gouda.                                           co., Maine, on the WV. side of Kennebec River, opposite
BLOEMENDAAL, a village of the Netherlands, in North  Skowhegan, with which it is connected by a toll-bridge,
Holland, 2 miles N. of Haarlem, with 1500 inhabitants en- about 35 miles N. by E. of Augusta. A railroad extending
gaged in linen bleaching.                                  from Waterville is to be completed to this place in the
BLO/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          autumn (1854.) It contains 2 churches, a flourishing acaBLOIS, bloi, or more correctly blwt, an ancient city of  demy, a bank, 3 stores, an oil-cloth factory, 1 paper mill, 1
France, capital of the department of Loir-et-Cher, on both  factory for making shovels, and 2 for making shovel handles,
sides of the Loire, and on the railway firom Orleans to Tours, 1 planing machine, 1 foundry, 1 tannery, besides several
100 miles S.W. of Paris, and 35 miles S.WV. of Orleans. Pop. saw and grist mills. Pop. of the township, in 1850, 1301; in
in 1851, 17,749. Blois is picturesquely situated on a steep  1854, about 1700.
slope, crowned by its ancient castle. It is an archbishop's   BLOOMFIELD, a post-township of Essex co., Vermont,
see, and has a tribunal of commerce, a college, a nornmal on the WV. side of Connecticut River, about 60 miles N.E. of
school, a diocesan seminary, a botanic garden, and a public  Montpelier. Pop. 244.
library.  The most remarkable edifices are the H1tel de    BLOOMFIELD, a post-township of Hartford co., ConnectiVille and the episcopal palace. The castle of Blois is cele- cut, 7 miles N.W. of Hartford, intersected by Wood River.
brated from its historical associations. It was for several Pop. 1412.
centuries the abode of the counts of that name, and after-    BLOOMFIELD, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
wards the favorite residence of the kings of France. It has  New  Jersey, on the Morris Canal, 3-l  miles N.N.W. of
been inhabited by more than 100 princes or crowned heads, Newark, and 54 miles N.E. of Trenton. It is built princiwho from time to time embellished and extended it. Louis  cipally on one street, 2 or 3 miles in length, and contains 4
XII. was born there; and Francis I., Henry II., Charles or 5 churches and several seminaries. In the vicinity are
IX., and Henry III. held their courts in it. Among other manufactorieds of cotton, wool, paper, &c. Pop. about 2000.
events, the castle of Blois was the scene of the murder of    BLOOMFIELD, a post-village and township of Crawford
the Guises. During the religious wars which at that pe- co., Pennsylvania, 20 miles N.E. of Meadville, drained by
riod (1588) desolated France, the States known by the name  Oil Creek. Pop. 838.
of the States of Blois were convoked in the castle by Henry    BLOOMFIELD, a post-borough of Centre township, and
III., to put an end, if possible, to the troubles by which  capital of Perry co., Pennsylvania, 24 miles N.W. of lIarristhe kingdom was distracted. The Duc de Guise and his burg, and 5 miles from  the Central Railroad.  It has a
brother the cardinal were on their way to attend the sitting, court-house, several churches. and an academy. Pop. 600.
when the former was stabbed almost in presence of the    BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of London co., Virginia, 168
king. The cardinal was murdered next day by some sol- miles N. of Richmond, has a church and a few stores.diers in the tower of the castle, and his body was burnt to    BLOOMFIELD, a handsome post-village of Nelson co.,
prevent the leaguers from  making relics of his remains. Kentucky, 39 miles S.W. of Frankfort, is situated in a rich
The castle has been rebuilt and extended at so many va- farming district, and is one of the largest places in the
rious periods, that nothing remains of its original structure  county. It contains 1 church, several stores, and about
except the Gothic tower. It is now used as barracks; but 500 inhabitants.
the states-hall, the queen's room, and the corridor where    BLOOMFIELD, a township in the E. part of Jackson co.,
the Duke of Guise was assassinated, are still pointed out. Ohio. Pop. 1402.
The town is of great antiquity, and was formerly the capital   BLOOMFIELD, a village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 12 miles
of an extensive county. In the sixteenth century it was  WV. by S. of Steubenville.
twice the seat of the states-general of the kingdom. When    BLOOMFIELD, a township in the W. part.of Logan co.,
the allied armies menaced Paris in 1814, the Empress Maria  Ohio. Pop. 671.
Louisa retired here, and made this place for a short period    BLOOMFIELD, a post-township forming the S.E. extrethe seat of imperial government, the last acts of which were  mity of Mlorrow co., Ohio, about 31 miles N.N.E. of Codated and despatched from Blois. There is here an ancient lumbus.
aqueduct cut in the rock by the Romans; it is still used    BLOOMFIELD, a village of Pickaway co., Ohio, 10 miles
for supplying the town with water. The magnificent dykes N. by W. of Circleville.
for the protection of the valleys from the encroachments of    BLOOMFIELD, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the Scioto
the Loire, one of the most rema-kable works of the kind in  and -.Hocking Valley Railroad, 18 miles from Portsmouth,
Europe, commence at Blois. It has manufactures of gloves and about 100 miles S. of Columbus. Pop. 150.
and porcelain, and an extensive trade in wine, timber, and    BLOOMFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Trumbull
Orleans brandy.                                            co., Ohio. Pop. 789.
BLOKULLA, blo-kool/lA, a small rocky island in the    BLOOMFIELD, a township in the S.E. central part of
Baltic, between Oland and the mainland of Sweden, and  Oakland co., Michigan. Pop. 1603.
to which many northern superstitions refer.                  BL00OMFIELD, a village of Jay co., Indiana, 7 miles N.
BLOKZYL, blok/zIle, a maritime town of the Nether- of Portland.
lands, province of Overyssel, with a good port on the E.   BLOOMFIELD, a township in La Grange co., Indiana,
coast of the Zuiderzee, 15 miles N.N.W. of Zwolle. Pop. about 20 miles N. by E. of Albion. Pop. 93.
1666.                                                        BLOOMFIELD, a flourishing  post-village, capital of
BLOMBERG, blombscRG, a village of Central Germany, Greene co., Indiana, near the W. fork of White River, and
Lippe-Detmold, with a castle, on the Distel, 40 miles S.W. on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 80 miles S.W. of Indianof Hanover.  Pop. 1960, who manufacture woollens and  apolis. It is situated on high ground, 1 mile E. from the
leather.  Till 1838 it belonged to the Prince of Lippe- river. The fertility of the surrounding land, and the navi
Schaumburg.                                                gation of the canal, render this a place of active business.
BLOMBERG, a village and castle of Baden, 32 miles N.WV.   BLOOMFIELD, a village of Adams co., Illinois, 6 miles
of Constance. Pop. 509. Its castle was ruined during the  E. of the Mississippi River.
Swedish wars.                                                BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Edgar co., Illinois, about
BLONIE, bln/yA, a town of Poland, 16 miles W. of War- 125 miles E. of Springfield.                    2
o3g




BLO                                                        BLO
BLOOMFIELD, a village of McDonough co., Illinois, 30     BLOOMING' VALLEY, a post-village of Crawford co.,
miles S.E. of Macomb.                                     Pennsylvania, on the State road, 6 miles N.E. of Meadville,
BLOOMFIELD, a post-village, capital of Stoddard co., has about 100 inhabitants.
Missouri, on Lick Creek, a tributary of Lake Stoddard, 280    BLOOMIINGVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., Ohio, 6
miles S.E. of Jefferson City.                             miles S. of Sandusky City.
BLOOMFIELD, the capital of Davis co., Iowa, 95 miles    BLOOM/SBURG, a thriving post-borough of Bloom townS.W. of Iowa City, is situated on a fine rolling prairie, and  ship, capital of Columbia co., Pennsylvania, is situated on
is the principal town in the county. It is surrounded with  Fishing Creek, 1 mile N. of the North Branch of the Susqueland of great fertility, which is rapidly filling up with  hanna, 78 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburgh.  It is pleasantly
settlers.                                                 situated and well-built, and contains a new court-house, 4
BLOOMFIELD, as mallpost-villageof Des Moines co., Iowa. churches, 2 iron furnaces, and 1 foundry. The surroundBLOOMFIELD, a post-township and village in Walworth  ing country contains abundance of iron ore and limestone.
co., Wisconsin, about45 miles S.S.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 879. Two newspapers are published in the borough. BloomsBLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of burg has considerable trade, for which the North Branch
Prince Edward, on Great Sandy Bay, about 42 miles S.W. Canal affords facilities. The seat of justice was removed
of Kingston. It has several mills for sawing and grinding; from Danville to this town by a vote of the people in 1845.
also one for carding and fulling, a tannery, and about 250  Pop. of the township, in 1850, 3122.
inhabitants.                                                 BLOOMSBURG, a post-village in Halifax co., Virginia,
BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Dur- about 116 miles W.S.W. of Norfolk.
ham, about 100 miles W. from Kingston. Pop. about 100.    BLOOMISBURY,a thriving post-village ofWarren and ITunBLOOMFIELD CENTRE, a village in Bloomfield town- terdon. counties, New Jersey, onthe Musconetcong River,
ship, Oakland co., Michigan, on the Detroit and Pontiac  and on the New Jersey Central Railroad, about 40 miles N.W.
Railroad, 20 miles N.N.W. of Detroit.                      of Trenton, and 7 miles E.S.E. of Easton. It is pleasantly
BLOOMIINGBURG,      a post-village of Sullivan co., New  situated in a valley, and on the boundary between HunterYork, 100 miles S.S.W. of Albany.                          don and Warren counties. It contains a cotton factory, a
BLOOMING-BURG, a post-village of Fayette co., Ohio, on  large merchant mill, and several stores.
the E. fork of Paint Creek, 32 miles S.W. of Columbus. It    BLOOMSBURY, of Mercer co., New Jersey. See TRnNTON.
is one of the principal villages of the county, containing 3    BLOOMIVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., New York,
churches and several stores.                               on the Coquago River, 74 miles SW. of Albany. It has 1 or
BLOOMIINGDALE, a post-office of Essex co., New York.   2 churches, and several stores.
BLOOMINGDALE, a post-village of Passaic  co., New    BLOOMVILLE, a post-village in Bloom township, Seneca
Jersey, on Pequannock Creek, 25 miles N.W. of Newark.    co., Ohio, 36 miles S.W. of Sandusky City.
BLOOMINGDALE,      a post-office of Jefferson co, Ohio,   BLOOMVILLE, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 50 miles
124 miles E. of Columbus.                                  S.W. of Chicago.
BLOOMINGDALE, a township in Van Buren co., Michi-   BLORE a parish of England, co. of Stafford, on the Dove,
gan. Pop. 160.                                             3., miles N.W. of Ashborne. The second battle between the
BLOOMINGDALE, a post-township in Du Page co., lli-  forces of York and Lancaster was fought on Blore-heath, in
nois, about 25 miles W. by N. from Chicago. Pop. 896.      1459.
BLOOMINGDALE, a village of Logan  co., Illinois, 35 miles    BLOSSIBURG, a thriving post-village and township of
S.S.E. of Peoria.                                          Tioga co., Pennsylvania, on the Tioga River, at the southern
BLOOMINGDALE, a township in W.innebago co., Wis  terminus of the Corning and Blossburg Railroad, 13 miles
consin. Pop. 909.                                          N..by W. of Harrisburg. It owes its growth and importance
BLOOMINGDALE, a small village of Winnebago so., Wis- to the valuable mines of bituminous coal which are worked
cousin.                                                    in the vicinity. Iron ore is also found, in connection with
BLOOMtING GROVE, a post-township near the centre of  the coal, and there is a furnace in operation at this place.
Orange co., New York. Pop. 2184.                           Pop. of the township, in 1850, 850.
BLOOMING GROVE, a township in Richland co., Ohio.   BLOSISOM HILL, a post-office of Caddo parish, Louisiana.
Pop. 1430.                                                   BLOSSOM  HILL, a post-office of Princess Anne co., VirBLOOMING GROVE, a small village of Richland co., Ohio. ginia.
BLOOMING GROVE, a village of Bernien co., Michigan,    BLOSISOM PRA/IRIE, a post-office of Lamar. co., Texas.
on the Lake shore, 5 miles S. by W. of St. Joseph.           BLOSSVALE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.
BLOOMING  GROVE, a post-village and. township of    BLOTSHETM, blotshlime, (Fr. pron., blots'6mf,) a village
Franklinco.,Indiana, about5 miles N. ofBrookville. Pop. of of France, department of Iaut-Rhin, 4 miles WV. of Iutownship, 1276.                                            ningue. Pop. of commune, 2230.
BLOOMING GROVE, a village in Bloomingdale township,   BLOUNT, blOwnt, a county towards the N. part of Ala,
in the N. part of Du Page co., Illinois.                   bama, has an area of 955 square miles. It is drained by tlhe
BLOOM/INGPORT, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, 12  sources of the Locust Fork, and Mulberry Fork, of Black
miles S. of Winchester.                                    Warrior River. The county is partly occupied by small
BLOOM/INGSBURG, a post-village of Fulton co., Indiana, mountains, connected with the Blue Ridge, which extends
35 miles N.N.E. of Logansport..                            near the northern border. The highlands affords fine timBLOOMIINGTON, a decayed post-village of Tipton co., ber and pasture.  Blount's Springs are in this county.
Tennessee, is nearly deserted.                             Capital, Blountsville.  Pop. 7367, of whom 6941 were firee,
BLOOMINGTON, a post-office of Morgan co., Kentucky.   and 426 slaves.
BLOOMINGTON, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio.           BLOUNT, a county in.the E;S.E'. part of Tennessee, borBLOOMINGTON, a thriving post-village and township,  dering on North Carolina, has an area of about 450 square
capital of Monroe co., Indiana, 51 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, miles. The Hoiston River, navigable by steamboats, forms
and 80 miles N.~. of Louisville, Kentucky. It is pleasantly  its boundary on the N.W., the Tennessee on the W.; the
situated on the dividing ridge between the East and West county is also intersected by Little River, and numerous
forks of White River. The place was first settled in 1819. creeks. The surface is elevated, and beautifully diversified
About half of the houses are built of brick, and the remain- by mountain ridges, the highest of which are called Iron or
der of wood. The State University at this place is a four- Smoky Mountain, and Chilhowee Mountain. The soil of
ishing institution  It was organized in 1829, and had, in  the valleys is very fertile, and much improved. The streams
1852, 175 students, with a library of 4200 volumes. The  of this county are rapid, and furnish immense motive-power.
village contains 1 female academy, several churches, and 3  The East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad passes near the
printing offices. The railroad, extending from New Albany  western border. Extensive beds of marble, limestone, and
to Michigan City, passes through Bloomington. Pop.. esti- iron ore are found.  Capital, Marysville.  This county,
mated at 2000; that of the township, in 1850, was 2532.. which is one of the oldest in Tennessee, was named in
BLOOMINGTON, athriving post-village, capital of McLean  honor ofWillie Blount, the first governor of that sate. Pop.
co., Illinois, on the Galena Branch of the Central Railroad, 12,382, of whom 11,298 were free, and 1084 slaves.
65 miles N.E. of Springfield. It is pleasantly situated, and    BLOUNT'S CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co., North
contains several churches, an academy, and a newspaper Carolina.
office. Pop. in 1850, 1594.                                  BLOUNT'S FERRY, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.
BLOOMINGTON, a thriving post-village and township of    BLOUNT'S or BLUNT'S SPRING, a fashionable waterBuchanan co., Missouri, on the road from  St. Joseph to uing-place of Blount co., Alabama, on the Mulberry Fork. of
Weston, 12 miles from each. The land around is fertile and  Black Warrior River, about 80 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa.
well cultivated. The name of the post-office is De Kalb. Chalybeate Springs, with nearly every variety of sulphuThe villagehas 4 dry-goods stores. Pop. oftownship,1295.  springs, are found here.
BLOOMINGTON, a post-village, capital of. Macon co., Mis-   BLOUNTISTOWN, a small post-village of Calhoun co.,
souri, 106 miles N. by W. of Jefferson City, and 2 miles WV. of Florida.
the East Fork ofChariton River, had, in 1850,194 inhabitants.   BLOUNTISVILLE, a post-village of Jones co., Georgia, 16
BLOOMINGTON, Iowa. See MUSCATINE.                       miles W. of Milledgeville.
BLOOMINGTON, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin.   BLOUNTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Blount co..
Pop. 291.                                                 Alabama, on the Locust Fork of Black Warrior River, aboul
BLOOMINGTON, a post-office of Hennepin co., Minnesota. 100 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa. It contains a court-house, I
BLOOMINGTON, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.         or 2 churches, and several stores.
236




BLO                                                       BLU
BLOUNTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Sullivan co., hy convict labor, across the mountaifis northward, in some
Tennessee, a few miles N.W. of the iolston River, and  places reaches to 3400 feet. in height above the sea.
about 100 miles N.E. of Knoxville.                          BLUE PITS, England, co. of Lancaster, a station on the
BLOUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, Leeds and Manchester Railway, 2 miles S. of Rochdale.
24 miles N.W. of Centreville.                               BLUE PLUM, a post-office of Washington co., Tennessee.
BLOWING CAVE, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia.      BLUE POND, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
BLOXIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.             BLUE RIDGE, the most easterly ridge of the Alleghany
BLOXI/HOLME, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       Mountains, extending in an almost continuous chain from
BLOX/WORTH a parish of England, co. of Dorset.          West Point, in New York, through Pennsylvania, Virginia,
BLUDENZ, bloo/dtnts, a town of the Tyrol, circle of Vo- North Carolina, Georgia, to the N. part of Alabama. This
rarlberg, with a castle of the same name, on the right bank  range, after passing through the north-western counties of
of the Ille, 12 miles S.E. of Feldkirch. Pop. 1865.       New Jersey, is traversed by the Delaware immediately beBLUDOWITZ, MITTER, mit/ter blooedo-fits', (i. e. " mid- low the influx of the Lehigh, and again by the Schuylkill
die Bludowitz,") a village of Austrian Silesia, circle and 10  at Reading. It runs in a south-westerly course, nearly
miles W. of Teschen, contiguous to the above.             parallel to the Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania, between
BLUDOWITZ, NIEDER, neetder blooldo-fits', (i. e.-"lower Lancaster and Lebanon, York and Cumberland, Franklin
Bludowitz,") a village of Austrian Silesia, circle and 10 miles  and Adams counties, to the Maryland line. In PennsylW. of Teschen, contiguous to the above.                   vania it is termed the South Mountain. Crossing the PoBLUDOWITZ, OBER, 6/her blooldo-fits', (i. e.  "upper  tomac at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, it first takes the name
Bludowitz,") a village of Austrian Silesia, circle and 10  of Blue Ridge. It forms the dividing line between Eastern
miles W. of Teschen, contiguous to the above.             and Western Virginia. A large portion of the streams of
BLUE BALL, a village of MIonmouth co., New Jersey, 3  Eastern Virginia have their sources on the south-easterin
or 4 miles S. of Freehold, has 2 churches, and about 25  slope of this range. The Roanoke and James River alone
dwellings.                                                take their rise considerably farther inland, breaking through
BLUE BALL, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- the Blue Ridge, in order to convey their waters to the dissylvania.                                                 tant sea.  This mountain range advancing south, passes
BLUE BALL, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.        near the western limit of North Carolina, grazes the N.W.
BLUE BALL, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.           extremity of South Carolina, intersects the N.W. part of
BLUE BAYOU, of Louisiana, flows S.E. on the boundary  Georgia, and is finally lost in Alabama.. Mount Mitchell,
between Terre Bonne and La Fourche Interior parishes, and  6470 feet high, in North Carolina, is the most elevated sumenters the Gulf of Mexico. It traverses a flat, swampy dis- mit of this range, and of the whole Appalachian system.
trict, in which there is but little arable land.          The Otter peaks, in Bedford county, Virginia, the next
BLUE BELL, a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn- highest portion of the Blue Ridge, are 4200 feet high.
sylvania.                                                   BLUE RIDGE, a post-office of Botetourt co., Virginia.
BLUE CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Auglaize River in    BLUE RIDGE, a post-office of Yancey co., North Carolina.
Paulding co.                                                BLUE RIDGE, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.
BLUE CREEK, a post-office of HIabersham co., Georgia.     BLUE RIDGE, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.
BLUE CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.           BLUE RIVER, of Africa. See NILE.
- BLUE CREEK, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.            BLUE RIVER, of Indiana, rises in HIenry co., in the E.
BLUE CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana, 6  part of the state, and flows in a S.W. direction to the mouth
miles S. by W. of Brookville.                             of Sugar Creek, in Johnson co.; after which it takes the
BLUE CREEK, a township in Adams co., Indiana. P. 425. name of Driftwood Fork, or East Fork of White River. It
BLUE EARTH, a large county in the S.W. part of Min- is from 30 to 60 yards wide above Sugar Creek, and affords
nesota, bordering on Iowa, bounded on the N.E. by the  excellent water-power. The chief towns on its banks are
Minnesota River, and on the W. by the Missouri. It is in- Newcastle and Shelbyville.
tersected by the Rivi6re h Sacques, the Sioux, and the Man-    BLUE RIVER, in the S. part of Indiana, is a fine mill
kate or Blue Earth Rivers. This county is not included in  stream, which rises in Washington co., and flowing souththe census of 1850. Capital, Mankato.                     westerly Sllls into the Ohio at Leavenworth.
BLUE EARTH RIVER, Minnesota. See MANKATO.                 BLUE RIVER, a small stream  of Whitley co., Indiana,
BLUE EYE, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.         flows into Eel River, 2 miles below Colhubia.
BLUE/FIELDS or BLEWIFIELDS, a river and town of   BLUE RIVER, a small stream of Grant co., Wisconsiu,
the Mosquito Territory, Central America, the river entering  flows into the Wisconsin River.
an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, in lat. 120 N., lon. 830 W., af-   BLUE RIVER, a township in Harrison co., Indiana.
ter an eastward course of several hundred miles, for the    BLUE RIVER, a township inJohnson co., Indiana. P. 964.
last 80 miles of which it is navigable. At its mouth is the    BLUE RIVER, a small village of Iowa co., Wisconsin.
town on a commanding height, with a good harbor, and the    BLUE ROCK, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
modern residence of the king of the Mosquito country.       BLUE ROCK, a post-township in Muskingum co., Ohio,
BLUE GRASS, a post-office of Vermillion co., Illinois.  about 15 miles S.S.E. of Zanesville. Pop. 1476.
BLUE GRASS, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana.         BLUE'S POINT, a post-office of Crittenden co., Arkansas.
BLUE GRASS, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, 45 miles E.   BLUE SPRING, a post-office of Smyth co., Virginia.
by S. of Iowa City.                                         BLUE SPRING, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.
BLUE HILL, a post-township ofilancock co., Maine, on an    BLUE SPRING, a village of Baker co., Georgia, 20 miles
arm of Frenchman's Bay, about 80 miles E. of Augusta, has  N.E. of Newton.
an academy, and considerable ship building. Pop. 1939.      BLUE SPRING, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee.
BLUE HILL, a post-office of Williamson co.,'rexas.       BLUE SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Barren co., KenBLUE HILL FALLS, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. tucky.
BLUE HILLS, a ridge in New Hampshihe, of which Sad-   BLUE SPRINGS, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri,
dleback Mountain is the principal peak.                   9 miles S.E. of Independence.
BLUE HOUSE, a post-office of Colleton district, South    BLUE-STACK MOUNTAIN, Ireland, Ulster, co. of DoneCarolina.                                                 gal, near Glenties, has an elevation 2213 feet.
BLUE LICK, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.        BLUESTONE, a small river in the S.WV. part of Virginia,
BLUE LICK, a post-office of Clark co., Indiana, 9 miles  rises in Tazewell co., flows north-eastward through MIercer
W.N.W. of Charleston.                                     co., and falls into the New River, 5 miles above the mouth
BLUE LICK SPRINGS, a village and watering place of  of the Greenbrier.
Nicholas co., Kentucky, 70 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Its    BLUE STONE, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
mineral waters are in high repute, and are extensively ex-   BLUE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Greenbrier
ported to different parts of the United States.           co., Virginia.
BLUE MOUND, a post-township in Dane co., Wisconsin,   BLUE WING, a post-office of Grafville co., North Carolina.
about 22 miles S.W. of Madison. Pop. 334.                   BLUFF, a village of Holt co., Missouri, about 90 miles
BLUE MOUND, a small village of Iowa co., Wisconsin.    N.W. of Independence.
BLUE MOUNTAIN, a township in Izard co., Arkansas.   BLUFF, a post-office of Sank co., Wisconsin.
Pop. 334.                                                   BLUFF CREEK, a post-office of Mahaska, co., Iowa.
BLUE MOUNTAINS, of Pennsylvania. See KITTATINYr.    BLUFFIDALE, a post-village of Greene co., Illinois, 65
BLUE MOUNTAINS, of Oregon, a range extending from   miles W.S.W. of Springfield.
about 460 N. lat., southward to the limits of Utah Territory.    BLUFFDALE, a small post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa.
It is about 200 miles E. of the Coast Range, with which it    BLUFF POINT, a post-office of Yates co., New York.
is nearly parallel.                                         BLUFF POINT, a post-office of Jay co., Indiana.
BLUE MOUNTAINS, a range in the eastern portion of    BLUFF PORT, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.
the island of Jamaica. The principal ridge extends from E.   BLUFF/PORT, a village of Howard co., Missouri, on the
to W., and varies in height from 5000 to above 6000 feet.    left bank of the Missouri River.
BLUE MOUNTAINS, a range in Eastern Australia, New    BLUFF SPRING, a,post-village of Talbot co., Georgia,
South Wales, counties of Cork and Westmoreland, between  about 30 miles N.E. of Columbus City..
lat. 330 and 340 S., and ion. 1500 and 1510 E., and in which    BLUFF SPRING, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.
originates several of the rivers flowing into Broken Bay, as    BLUFF SPRING, a post-village of Attala co., Mississippi
well as some affluents of Macquarrie River. A road made    BLUFF SPRING, a post-office of Johnson co., Missouri.
237




BLU                                                       BOO
BLUJFF SPRINGS; a post-office of Travis co., Texas.     in 1845, 4395. Chief towns,Rabil (the capital) and Porto Sal
BLUFF SPRINGS, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.  Rey.
BLUFF SPRINGS, a small village of Jackson co., Ten-   BOIAZ, a post-office of Osage co., Missouri.
nessee.                                                     BOBIBING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
BLUFF/TON, a post-office of Beaufort co., South Carolina.   BOBPBINGTON, a parish of England, cos. of Salop and
BLUFFTON, a post-village, capital of Wells co., Indiana. Stafforid.
on the Wabash River, 100 miles N.E. of Indianapolis, 25    BOBIBINGWORTITI, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
miles S. of Fort Wayne, was first settled in 1838. It con-   BOBBIG, boblbe-o, a town of the Sardinian States, divi.
tains a good court-house, 4 or 5 churches, and, in 1850, sion of Genoa, on the Trebbia, 39 miles E.S.E. of Alexanhad 477 inhabitants.                                      dria. Pop., with commune, 3743.
BLUFFTON, a small post-village of Marquette co., Wis-   BOIBER, a river of Prussian Silesia, rises on the Bobscousin, 60 miles N. by E. of Madison.                      mian frontier, and after a N.N.W. course of about 115 miles,
BLUFF.VILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Illinois, 3 miles  joins the Oder at Crossen. Chief affluent the Queiss on left
E. of the Mississippi River.                               The towns of Landshut, Hirschberg, Llwenberg, Buntzlau
BLUMENSTEIN, bloolmen-stine' a village of Switzerland, Sprottau, Sagan, Naumburg, and Bobersberg are on its banks
finely situated at the foot of the Stockhorn, canton of Bern,   BOBER, a river of Poland. See BooR.
5 miles W. of Thun, with mineral springs and well-fre-   BOBERKA, bofber-k-P, or BOBRKAA. a town of Austrian
quented baths.                                             Poland, Galicia, 21 miles S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 2700, inBLUMENTHAL, bloolmen-t l, (i.e. "flowery valley," or cluding many Jews. It has a castle, a high school, and
"bloomingdale,") a village of Hanover, 11 miles N.W. of linen manufactures.
Bremen, near the Weser, with a small port. BLUMENTHAL    BOBERSBERG, bo/bers-bWno, a town of Prussia, province
is also the name of other villages in Germany.             of Brandenburg, 17 miles S. of Crossen, on the Bober. Pop.
BLUN/DERVILLE, a village' of Ballard co., Kentucky.      1460.
BLUNDIESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          BOBIA, bolbe-a, or PIRATE ISLE, a small island of Africa,
BLUNRHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          in the Bay of Amboises, off the coast of Guinea.  It is the
BLUN/TISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.  remains of a once large island, and continues to decrease by
BLURITON, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.        action of the waves. Shores abrupt and difficult of access,
BLY/BOR0OUGtI, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.      but densely populated.
BLYHAM  or BLIJHAM, bllhim, a village of Holland,    BOBILIEE or BOBIL/LY, a strongly fortified town of
province of Groningen, 3 miles S.W. of Winschoten, near British India, presidency of Madras, 36 miles W.N.W. of
the Hanoverian frontier. Pop. 800.                         Chicacole.
BLYMIHILL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.           BOBINGEN, bofbing-9n, a village of Bavaria, 36 miles
BLYTH, blTrn, a parish of England, cos. of York and Not- W.N.W. of Munich. Pop. 1403, partly engaged in brewing,
tingham. The village, formerly a market-town, has a very  and.refining nitre.
fine old church.                                            BOBLINGEN, biblling-en, a town of Wtirtemberg, 11
BLYTH or BLYTHE, a seaport town of England, co. of  miles S.W. of Stuttgarst.  Pop. 3300, who manufacture
Northunmberland, on the Blyth River, at its mouth, 8 miles  woollen cloths, vinegar, and chemical products.
E.S.E. of Morpeth.  Pop. 1921. It has an excellent harbor   BOBR, bolb'r, a navigable river of Poland, tributary to
for vessels of moderate burden, a light-house in lat. 550 7/ N., the Narew. Its length is perhaps 50 miles.
lon. 1~ 301 2" W., a dry-dock, a custom-house, dependent on    BOBROY or BO'BROIF/, a town of Russia, government,
Newcastle, and considerable exports of coal, iron, and salt. and 60 miles S.E. of Voronezh, on the Bitioog. Pop. 4865.
About 100 vessels belong to its port.                      It derives its name from the beavers (bobry) which formerly
BLYTII or BLYTHE, a river of England, co. of Suffolk, abounded in its vicinity.
rises near Laxford, flows eastward, and enters the North Sea    BOBRUISK, bo-broo-isk/, a town of Russia, government,
near Southwold. On it are the towns of Blythburgh and  and 88 miles S.E. of Minsk, on the Beresina. Pop. 5500. It
Halesworth, to which it is navigable, a distance of 8 miles  was formerly fortified, and ineffectually besieged by the
from the sea.                                              French in 1812. It is a station for steam-packets onthe river.
BLYTIHI or BLYTHE, a river of England, co. of North-   BOB/TOWN, a manufacturing village in Pittsfield townumberland, flows through Stonington vale into the North  ship, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 30 miles W.N.W.
Sea at Blyth.                                             of Northampton.  The principal articles of manufacture
BLYTHI or BLYTHE, a river of England, an affluent of are woollen goods.
the Theme, co. of Warwick.                                  BOCA, bo/ki, (i.e. "mouth, inlet or entrance,") a term
BLYTHIBURGH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       applied to numerous straits and rivers.
BLYTHE, blrT, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl-   BOCA CHICA, bo/kA chee/ka, (i.e. "little mouth or envania. Pop. 3778.                                         trance,") the channel, 28 miles below Cartagena, in New
BLYTHE, a township in Marion co., Arkansas. Pop. 273. Grenada, to whose port it leads,
BLYTHE/VILLE, a post-village in the S. part of Jasper   BOCA DEL TORO, bok/l dGl tolro, (i. e. "bull's mouth,")
co., Missouri.                                             Caribbean Sea, Costa Rica, lat. 90 20' N., Ion. 820 WV.
BLYTH/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           BOCA BE NAVIOS, bo/kA dA n ve-oce, (i.e. "entrance
BLY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            for ships,") the S. and largest mouth of the Orinoco River,
BO or PO, a group of seven islands in the Malay Archi- South America.
elago, E.S.E. of the island of Gilolo, lat. 10 17' S., ion. 1290    BOCAGE, LE, leh bo'kgzh/, an old district of France, in
8e E.                                                    Normandy, of which Vire was the capital. It is now in
BO0A ISLAND, in Ireland, Ulster, co. of Fermanagh, is eluded in the department of Calvados.
the largest island in Lough Erne. Acres 1400.                BOCAGE, part of the department of La Vend6e, so called
BOAD, bo'Ad/, a large fenced village of British India, on account of the great quantity of wood with which it is
presidency of Bengal, province of Orissa, on the Mahanuddy, covered.
103 miles W.N.W. of Cuttack, commanding the principal   BOCA GRANDE, bo/ki gr-n/d,, (" great entrance,") a bay
pass between that town and Bagpoor. The surrounding  of the Caribbean Sea, Central America, Costa Rica, at the
district is a large zemindcary, densely wooded and thickly  mouth of the Zucar River.
inhabited.                     ~                            BOCAINA, bo-ki/n,1, a mountain range of Brazil, province
BOADILLA BE RIOSECO, bo-l-deel'y& dA re-o-s.tfko, a  of Ito de Janeiro.  It is an offset of the Orgaos or Organ
town of Spain, 26 miles N.N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 950.     Mountains.
BOALSBURG, b1lsebtrg, a post-village of Harris township,   BOCAIRTENT, bo-lki-rnt/, or BOCAYRENTE,  bo-kSCentre co., Pennsylvania, is beautifully situated in Penn  rn/lt, a town of Spain, 30 miles N.N.W. of Alicante. Pop.
Valley, near the source of Spring Creek, 85 miles N.W. of  4070. It has manufactures of cloth and paper, and brandy
tIarrisburg, and 10 miles S. of Bellefonte. Pop. near 400.    distilleries.
BOARID[MAN, a post-township in Mahoning co., Ohio,   BOCA  (or BOCCA) TIGRIS, bok/k! tee/gris,  or the
about 6 miles E. of Canfield. Pop. 1026.                   "BOGUE," the entrance to the Canton River, China, about
BOARDITREE, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia.     lat. 220 45' N., lon. 1130 35' E. All the estuary of the river
BOARDIVILLE, a small village of Passaic co., New Jersey, southward of this is called the " Outer Waters." The Rogue
on Ringwood River, 21 miles N.W. of Hackensack.           has on its E. side the islands Anunghoy and Chuenpee, and
~BOAR/HUNT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.          on the W. Ty-cock-tow Island; in its centre are the rocky
BOAR/STALL, a parish of England. See BoRsTALL.          islets, North and South WTantung, all of which are strongly
BOAVISTA, bo-,-vees/tA, or BONAVIS/TA, (i.e. "fine  fortified. The Rogue forts were captured by the British,
view,") an island of Africa, the easternmost and next to San- February 26, 1841.
tiago, the largest of the Cape Verd Islands, lat. of N.W. point,   BOCCA DI CATTARO. See CATTARO.
160 13 18" N., lon. 220 56 24" W. It is of a pentagonal form,   BOCCA DI FALCO, bok/kA dee f2lIko, a village of Sicily,
and about20 miles in length. The surface is flat, with two near Palermo, with a rich botanic garden. Pop. 4000.
basaltic peaks in the centre; soil suitable for the production    BOCCtIETTA (bok-ktt/ti) MOUNTAIN, one of the West
of cotton and the cocoa-tree, but cultivation is neglected, the Apennines, traversed by the road from Genoa to Novi, now
population being chiefly occupied in the manufacture of much improved, and passable for carriages.  The summit of
salt, which forms the principal source of wealth. This island the pass is 2556 feet above the level of the sea.
has 3 ports for large vessels: Porto Sal Rey on the W., Porto   BOCCIIIGLIERO, bok-keel-y/ro, a town ofNaples, province
lo Norte on N.E., and Porto Curralinho on the S.E. Pop. of Calabria Citra, 12 miles S.S.E. of R"ossano. Pop. 2200.
238




BO0                                                        BOG
BOCI-INIA, boxnhe-4, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia,  W.S.W. of London, and 26 miles N.N.W. of Plymouth. Pop
capital of a circle of the same name, 25 miles E.S.E. of Cra- in 1851, 4705; of the borough, which comprises 3 other pa.
cow. Pop. 5300. It has several churches, a gymnasium, rishes, 5901. The town consists of a long street, in a hollnd mines of rock salt, which employ 500 miners, and yield  low between two hills. The church is spacious; it was rebuilt
annually 250,000 cwt. of salt. Pop. of circle, 178,760.    about 1472. It has a grammar school, founded by Queen
BOCHOLD or BOCHOLT, both pronounced box/61t, a town  Elizabeth, a mayoralty-house,   a court-house, in which are
of Prussia, Westphalia, 44 miles W. of Miinster, on the Aa. held the county assizes and borough sessions, a county jail
Pop. 4271, with a castle, and manufactures of cotton, wool- and house of correction, county lunatic asylum, a good mar.
len, and silk fabrics, hosiery, and brandy. There are ex- ket-house, and a corn market, formerly -the refectory of a
tensive iron works in its vicinity.                        priory, originally founded by British monks about A.D. 518.
BOCHOLD, a village of Belgium, Limbourg, 2k miles N. The chief manufacture is of shoes. It sends 2 members to
W. of Bree.                                                the House of Commons. A railway from Wade-bridge, 14.
BOCHUM, box/t05m, a town of Prussia, Westphalla, 26  miles in length, connects the towvn with the Bristol Channel.
miles N.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 4290. It is the seat of a  Bodmin was at one time the seat of the bishoprick of Cornmining court, and has manufactures of woollen cloths, cas- wall; of which it is now one of the stannary towns.
simeres, and hardwares.                                     BODINEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
BOCIKAU, bok/kiw, a town of Saxony, 4 miles W.N.W.   BODOE, (Bodbe,) boldig'h, a small seaport town of Norof Schwarzenberg. Pop. 1700. It has extensive chemical way, stift of Nordland, on the mainland, nearly opposite
manufactures and mines of cobalt and silver.              the S. extremity of the Loffoden islands. Pop. 277.
BOCKENEM, boklken-m, a town of Hanover, 16 miles    BODROGII-KERESZTUR, bo'drogl-kArls'ttoorl, a town of
S.S.E. of Iildesheim. Pop. 2457, who manufacture linen  lungary, co. of Zemplin, on the Bodrogh, a tributary of the
fabrics and yarn, tobace- and potash.                     Theiss, 3 miles N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 4500, mostly Magyars.
BOCKENHEIM, boklkgn-hime, a town of Hesse Cassel, 3  It has several churches, a synagogue, and trade in cattle
miles N.W. of Frankfort on the Main. Pop.3300. It has ma- and wine, and 4 large annual fairs. The Tokay wines are
nufactures of piano-fortes, jewellery, and iron ware. It was  raised in its vicinity.
separated from Bergen in 1832.                              BODWROG, bo-doo/rog, a parish of North Wales, co. of
BOCKFLUSS, bok/fi55ss, a town of Lower Austria, with a  Anglesey.
castle, 15 miles N.W. of Marchegg. Pop. 1490.               BODY CAMP, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
BOCK/ING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              BOEN, bw6NG, a town of France, department of Loire,
BOCKLETON, bolk/l-ton, a parish of England, cos. of 9 miles N.N.W. of Montbrison. Pop. of commune, in 1851.
Hereford and Worcester.                                   1624. - It has manufactures of paper, and trade in wine.
BOCOGNANO, bo-kUn-y/no, a village of the island of Cor-   BO]fO CAPE. See CAPE Boeo.
sica, 201 miles N.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. in 1851, 800.          B(EOTIA, be-o/she-a or VIOTIA, (modern Gr. pron. ve-o
BOC/ONNOC, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 4 miles  tee/A; Gr. Bolcorla, BoiStia,) a department of the kingdomn
E.N.E. of Lostwithiel.   William Pitt, earl of Chatham, was  of Greece, (capital Livadia) on the continent of Hellas,
born here in 1708.                                         having N. the department Phthiotis, S. Thebes and the
BOCZA, botlsa, a town of Hungary, co: of Liptan, 11  Gulf of Corinth, W. Phocis, and E. Thebes and Lake Tomiles S.E. of Werbicze. Pop. 1220. Its once important gold  polias.  Pop. in 1840, 31,679.  Sui'sace well watered and
mines are rendered useless by inundations.                ifertile. Mount Helicon is on its S.E. border.
BODCAU (bod/klw) LAKE, of Bossier parish, in the N.W.   BOE/TIA, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.
part of Louisiana. Bodcan bayou or river enters the N.E.   BOEUF BAYOU, bif bPoo in Louisiana, communicates
extremity, and also forms the outlet by which the water is  with Red River ond the Atchafalaya.
discharged from the other end into Red River.  Length,   BOEUF BAYOU, of Arkansas and Louisiana, commences
about 20 miles; greatest breadth, 3-or 4 miles.:          in Chicot county of the former state, a few miles W. from
BODCAU BAYOU or RIVER, of Arkansas and Louisiana, the Mississippi, from which it derives supplies in times of
rises in the S.W. part of the former state, and flowing south- floods. After passing into Louisiana, it flows south-westward into Louisiana, enters Red River in Bossier parish, ward to the E. border of Caldwell parish, and turning toafter passing through Bodcan Lake.                         ward the S.E., unites with Washita River, about 10 miles
BOD/DINGTON, LOWER and UPPER, two parishes of  above Harrisonburg.  In high-water, steamboats can asEngland, co. of Northampton.                               cend from the Washita about 150 miles.
BOD/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       BOEUFF PRAIRIE, a post-office of Franklin parish,
BODED/ERN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.    Louisiana.
BODYEGA, a small village of Sonoma county, in the N.W.   BOG, two rivers of European Russia. See Buo.
part of California, is situated on Bodega Bay, 62 miles in a    BO/GAN, or NEW-YEAR RIVER, (the "Allan Water"'
straight line N.W. by N. from San Francisco. This settle- of Oxley,) a considerable river of New South Wales, rises in
ment was made by the Russians in 1812, who erected here a  Harvey range, near lat. 330 S., Ion. 1480 30, E., flows genestockaded fort. It was afterwards ceded to Captain Sutter,  rally N.W., and joins the Darling River about let. 300 S.,
the founder of New Helvetia.                              ion. 1460 E. Total course, upwards of 300 miles.
BODEGA BAY is of a very irregular shape. Length, per-    BOtGANDS, a post-village of Carroll co., Missouri, about
haps, 10 miles; greatest breadth, 4 or 5 miles.            100 miles N.W. from Jefferson City.
BODEGRAVEN, bolde-gr'1-ven, a village of S. Holland, on    BO/GANSVILLE, a post-office of Union district, South
the Old Rhine, 12 miles S.E. of Leyden. Pop. of parish, 2120. Carolina.
BO/DENHAM, a parish of England, co. of IHIereford.         BO/GARD, a post-township in D)aviess co., Indiara. Pop.
BOIDENHAM, a post-village in Giles co., Tennessee, about 598.
70 miles S.S.W. from Nashville.                              BOGARRA, bo-gin/no, a town of Spain, 32 miles S.W. of
BODENSTADT, bolden-stitt,a town of Moravia, 19 miles  Albacete. Pop. 2096. Manufactures linens and woollens.
E.N.E. of 0lmnutz. Pop. 1200.                                BOGDOIN DABASSOO (or DABASSU) bog/doin, dh-bhsosu,
BODEN-SEE, Germany. See CONSTAsCE, LAKE OF,             a salt lake, Russia, government Astrakhan, at the foot of
BODENSWEIER, bo/dens-8i'er. a village of Baden, 4h  the remarkable hill Bogdo-oola, and 14 miles E. of Tchermiles S.S.W. of Bischofsheim. Pop. 1050.                   noiarslr. It is about 10 miles long, and 6 miles broad.
BODENWERDER, bo/denu-'vrnder, awalled town of lan-   BOG/DO 00/LA, a mountain of South Russia, in the N.W.
over, on an island in the Weser, enclosed by the territory  of the government of Astrakhan. It rises abruptly out of the
of Brunswick, 12 miles S.E. of HtIameln. Pop. 1486.  Chief  flat steppe, and is held sacred by the Kalmucks. Its sumnindustry, cotton-spinning, and trade in timber.            mit contains fragments of mussel limestone, but is chiefly
BODEYWRYD, bo-du/rid, a parish of Nlorth Wales, co. of  composed of masses of rock salt. ~
Anglesey.                                                    BOGEN, bolghen, a town of Bavaria, on lower bank of
BODFARY, bod-fUree, or BODVARI, a parish of North  the Danube, 6 miles E. of Straubing. It has large breweries.
Wales, cos. of Flint and Denbigh, 4 miles N.E. of Denbigh. Pop. 1143.
It was a Roman station, and has Roman antiquities.           BOGENBERG, bo/ghen-blao\, a town of Bavaria, a mounBOD/FUAN or BOD/VEAN, a parish of North Wales, co. tain of the same name, with a chapel, a celebrated place of
of Carnarvon.                                              pilgrimage.
BODIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              BOGENtIAUSEN, bo/ghen-hSw'zena village of Bavaria,
BO/DIItAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the  2 miles N.E. of Munich, on the Isar, with the royal obRother, 7' miles N.N.E. of Battle. Bodiham Castle, built in  servatory of Munich, one of the best in Europe, in lat. 480
the thirteenth century, is a magnificent ruin, surrounded  8' 54/ N., ion. 110 36' 22"t E., erected in 1817.
by a moat, and its great entrance defended by an iron    BOGENSE, bo/ghen-seh, a small seaport town of Denportcullis, still entire.                                  mark, on the N. coast of the island Funen. Pop. 1400.
BODMANN, bod/minn, (L. Bodamsi  ahstrum,) a village    BOG/GAH, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal.
of Baden, on Lake Constance, at the mouth of the Stockach. on the Gunduck, 30 miles N.W. of Bettiah.
Pop. 881, with ruins of an ancient royal castle, former resi-   BOG GROVE, a township, Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 1343.
deuce of the lieutenants (Botcemann or Bodmanro, i. e. "ooes-   BOGGS, a township, Centre co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1923.
senger" or "loeatus,")of the Carlovingian kings, rhence the    BOGGS, a township, Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 464.
Lake of Constance was named Bodman-see or Boden-see.         BOGGY DEPOT, a post-office of Choctaw co., Arkansas.
BOD/MIN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, town,   BOGIIAZ KIEUI, or KEWEE, bo'ghz/ khi/wee, or K(OI,
and parish of England, capital, co. of Cornwall, 232 miles  (perhaps the anc. Tl/vium,) a village of Asia Minor, pashali:
-239




BOG                                                       BOlt
of Seevas, 88 miles S.W. of Amasia. Here are portions of a  tains also coalfields, and, towards the N. border, the rich salt.
large temple, supposed to be that of Jupiter, mentioned by  mines of Zikaquira. Here also is Lake Guatavita, into which
Strabo (lib. xii.,) and of a cyclopean wall, and 2 fortresses, it is supposed the ancient inhabitants threw their treasure
besides various bas-reliefs.                               when conquered by the Spaniards. Bogota was founded by
BOIGT, a post-office of Albany co., New York.            Quesade in 1538, and made an archbishopric in 1561. It was
BOGIE, bo/ghee, a small river of Scotland, co. of Aber- formerly capital of the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada,
deen; it flows northward through the parish of Auchindoir, and also capital of the republic of Colombia. Pop. 40,000.
and joins the Deveron near Huntly.                            BOGUE HOMO (bbg ho/mo) GREEK, of Mississippi, falls
BOGLIPOOR, bSfgle-poor/, or BHAUTGULPOOR, a district into Leaf River from the N., in Perry co., a few miles below
of British India, Bahar province, presidency of Bengal, Augusta.
traversed by the Ganges.                                      B0/GUS RUN, a post-office of Stark co., Indiana.
BOGLIPOOR, (" the abode of refugees,'.') is the capital of    BOGUTSIIAR, or BOGOUTCHAR, bo-goo-chan/, a town of
the above district, 2 miles S. of the Ganges, and 104 miles  Russia, government, and 138 miles S.S.E. of Voronezh, near
N.W. of Moorshedabad. Pop. estimated at 30,000, the ma- the Don. Pop. 2600.
jority Mohammedans.  It covers a large surface, and con-   BOGWANGOLA, bog-win-golla, a large town of British
sists of a number of scattered market-places and collections  India, presidency of Bengal, 10 miles N.E. of Moorshedabad.
of mean houses, with an English church and chapels, It has an extensive trade in grain, &c.
school, jail, hospital, Mohammedan Arabic college, and se-   BOHAIN, boWANG, a town of France, department of Aisne,
veral mosques. It has manufactures of coarse silk fabrics. 12 miles N.N.E. of St. Quentin.  Pop. of commune, in 1852,
Near it are some remarkable round-towers, to which the  4146, who weave shawls and woollen fobrics.
Jains resort in pilgrimage.                                   BOIHALLE, LA, 1 bosh/lll, a village of France, department
BOG/NOR, formerly'HOTHAMPtTON, a maritime market-  of 3Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Angers. Pop. of comtown, chapelry, and bathing-place of England, co. of Sussex, mune, 1144.
6 miles S.E. of Chichester, parish of South Berested. Pop.   BOIIARM/, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Banff and Moray,
in 1851, 2694. It was a mere fishing village previously to  12 miles S.E. of Elgin. Pop. 1201. Here are ruins of Castle
1780, when its proprietor, Sir R. Hotham, began improve-  Galvall, built by Be Moravia in the eleventh century.
ments which have now renderedit a favorite place of resort.    BOHEMIA, (bo-hee/me-a,)  KINGdooM  Or, (Ger. Bihvoen,
It is sheltered from N. winds, and has many pleasant resi- bS/men, Fr. Bohesne, bo'aim/,) a political and administrative
dences, a good market-place, several places of worship, and  division of the Austrian Empire, forming the E. part of the
a school founded by the Princess Charlotte. A rocky coast  Germanic Confederation, between lat. 480 33, and 510 3' N.,
renders it accessible only to small coasting vessels. It has  and lon. 120 and 160 46' E.; bounded N. by Saxony and
a station on the South Coast Railway.                       Prussian Silesia, E. by Prussia and Moravia, S. by Lower
BOGODOOKI HOV, BOGODOUKHOV  or BOGODUKHOV, Austria, and WV. by Bavaria.  Length from E. to W., 210
bo-go-doo-kovl, a fortified town of Russia, government, and miles; breadth from N. to S., 171 miles. Area estimated at
29 miles N.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 5000, engaged'in leather- 20,000 square miles. The territory forms an extensive updressing, boot-making, and trade in cattle and hides.      land valley, with an inclination to the N.W. It is surBOGOE. See BiAAor..                                       rounded on all Sides by mountains, and belongs almost exBOGOOSLAV, BOGOUSLAV, or BOGUSLAW, bo-goo-  clusively to the basin of the Elbe, by which stream nearly
slTv/, a town of Russia, government, and 70 miles S.S.E. of  all the water that falls in the country is drained off through
Kiev, capital of a district of the same name, on the banks  a single defile on the Saxon frontier, which separates the Erzof the Rossa. It contains three churches, (two Greek and  gebirge from the Lausitz branch of the Riesengebirge.
one United.)  A great proportion of the inhabitants are    Mozubstains.-Fo ur chains of lofty mountains constitute
Jews. Pop. 6000.                                            the natural boundaries of the Bohemian basin. N. and N.E.
BOGORODITSK, bo-go-ro-ditski, a town of Russia, govern-  it is separated from Silesia by the Riesengebirge, (i.e. "giant
ment of Toola, 40 miles S.E. of Toola. Pop. 2900. It has a  mountains,") one of the principal branches of the Sudetic
royal castle, and trade in honey and flax.                  chain. The highest peaks are the Riesenkoppe (':giant t6p")
BOGOSLO~SK, bo-go-slovslk/, a mining village of Russia, or Schneekoppe, (snow top,) 5400 feet; the double-capped
in the Ural Mountains, government, and 185 miles N.E. of  Brunnberg or Bornberg, 5007 feet; and the Sturmhaube,
Perm, near lat. 600 N.; 960 feet above the sea.             (" storm-hood,") 4756 feet. N and N.W. it is separated from
BOGOTA, bo-go-ta', formerly SANTA FE DE BOGOTA, Saxony by the Erzgebirge, ("' ore mountains;") parted N.E.
sin/tl ft dA bo-go-ti., a city of South America, capital of the  from the Riesengebirge by the defile through which the
republic of New Granada, and the see of an archbishop. Lat. Elbe leaves Bohemia. The Erzegebirge is not so much a
40 35/ 48" N.; ion. 740 13' 451" W.  It is situated on the San  chain of mountains as a huge continuous mound, sloping
Francisco River, in an elevated plain, 8863 feet above the  gradually on the Saxon side, but remarkably abrupt on the
sea, at the foot of two lofty mountains, with a delightful Bohemian. W. and S.W. Bohemia is separated from Barythough moist climate, resembling a perpetual autumn; the  ria and the arch-duchy of Austria by the Bbhmerwaldgetemperature rarely exceeding 590 Fahrenheit.  Seen from a  birge, (Bohemian forest mountains,) a range which forms
distance, it presents a very imposing appearance, rising in part of the Syltvace Hei-cynia of ancient geographers. At its
the form of an amphitheatre. The streets are narrow, but N.W. extremity it is separated from the Erzgebirge by the
regular, crossing each other at right angles, and many of  depression through which the Eger flows. It is wild, prethem having a stream of water flowing down the middle. cipitous, and full of deep chasms and ravines; towards BaThey are all paved, and have footpaths, but are indifferently  varia it is very steep, but of more gradual inclination on
lighted; and there being no common sewers, are often in a  the Bohemian side. This chain, uniting at its S.W. extrefilthy state. The principal street, Calle Real, is very hand- mity with the Buhmerwaldgebirge, and at its N.E. with the
some, terminating at one end in a square, formed by the  Biesengebirge, completes the circle of mountains by which
palace of the president, the cathedral, the custom-house, &c. Bohemia is enclosed. The Moravian chain is of gentle acThere are several other squares besides, of inferior preten- clivity, of the average height of 3281 feet, and separates the
signs, though spacious, and all ornamented with fountains. basin of the Elbe and Moldau  from that of the Danutbe.
Bogota being subject to earthquakes, the houses are low, Several offsets from these chains, of inferior height, interand strongly built, few of them exceeding two stories in  sect the kingdom.
height.  They are constructed of sun-dried brick, white-   Geology and Xinerals.-The whole of these mountain
washed and tiled, without chimneys, stoves only being  ranges, generally speaking, are of primitive formation,
used. Traffic is carried on in the streets by mules, no ye- though later formations are found on the N.WV. and N.E.
hidcles of any kind being employed. The religious structures  In the centre of the country is an extensive sandstone forof the city are disproportionately numerous, there being no  mation; and that the carboniferous series likewise exists. Is
fewer than 26 churches, a cathedral, 9 monasteries, and 3  evidenced by the presence of coal, of which the quantity
nunneries, to which more than half the houses in the city  produced in 1845 was 285,180 tons, and in 1846, 321,855.
belong.  The churches, though gorgeously adorned inte- Indeed, one the chief sources of the country's wealth has
riorly, display more splendor than taste. Bogota contains  been its valuable minerals, found chiefly in the Erzgebirge
a university, three colleges, most of the professors in which  and the spurs of the Fichtelgebirge, (" pine-mountains.") Of
are monks or priests, a school of chemistry and mineralogy,  gold and silver it now yields little; of the latter, in 1844. the
a Lancasterian school, a national academy, a public library, quantity obtained was only 21,243 pounds troy. But it proan observatory, a botanic garden, and a well-attended thea- duces cinnabar, tin, bismuth, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, mantre. It has manufactures of soap, cloth, leather, and precious  ganese, litharge, sulphur, alum, iron, arsenic, chrome, sulmetal; and an active trade.  The environs of Bogota are  phate of iron and copper, and plumbago; some of these in
highly interesting. The Bio Francisco, which traverses the  considerable quantity. For the years 1842, 1843, and 1844,
city, joins the Rio Bogota in the centre of the plain, and the  the total money-value of the produce of the mines was, respecconjoint waters descend in a S.W. direction, through a ravine tively, 317,1721., 322,0931., and 368,1091. In 1845, the quantity
nearly 40 miles long. At the cataract of Tequendama the  of plumbago produced was about 400 tons, and in 1846, up.
cleft between the rocks is only 36 feet;wide, and the waters  wards of 550 tons. Quarries are worked everywhere, and
descend in an unbroken mass 900 feet. In the centre is the  excellent marble, alabaster, quartz, granite, freestone, supenatural bridge of Icononzo or Pandi, formed by two rocks  rior millstones, and grindstones are obtained. The beautithat unite the opposite sides of a deep mountain cleft, 300  ful garnets, famous over Europe, are found chiefly in the
feet above the surface of the torrent. North of the city fossil circles of Czaslau and Leitmeritz; and, in various localities,
lones of a gigantic size have been found. The Campo con- topazes, chalcedonies, amethysts, jaspers, sapphires, carne240




BOil                                                       BOII
lians, rubies, agates, and many other kinds of precious  Confederation. The Emperor of Austria bears the title ol
stones, porcelain earth, and potters' clay.                 King of Bohemia, and is crowned at Prague. It came inta
Rivers, Lakes, and Springs.-The streams of Bohemia  the possession of the House of Austria in 1526. It consists
converge from all sides towards the Elbe, which rises in the  of 1 district,Prag,(Prague)and 16 circles-Beraun, Bidschow,
Iiesengebirge, and of which, either directly or indirectly, Budweis, Buntzlau, Chrudim, Czaslau, Elbogen, Kaurzim,
with the exception of some inconsiderable tributaries of Klattan, Kilniggrittz, Leitmeritz, Pilsen, Prachin, Rlakonitz,
the Danube and Oder, they all are affluents, and by which  Saatz,and Tabor. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the.
their waters are drained off through a mountain defile in  state, and the other sects are only tolerated. Bohemia. posthe Saxon frontier, where the level of the river is 287 feet sesses numerous establishments for public instruction.
above the sea. Bohemia has no large lakes, but it is said  The university of Prague is one of the most ancient and celeto possess 20,000 ponds and 160 mineral springs. Some of  brated in Germany; it had, in 1842, 71 professors  and
these last are famed over Europe, of which may be specified  teachers, and 2741 students. The kingdom has 3 episcopal
the saline chalybeate springs of Franzensbrunn; those of  schools, 22 gymnasia, having (in 1846) 56883 pupils. The
lMari6nsbad and Giesshitbel; the warmns alkaline aperient  number of private schools was (in 1845) 3490, attended by
springs of Carlsbad and TSplitz, (1660 and 990 Fahrenheit,  516,831 pupils, while the number of children able to attend
respectively;) the bitter cathartic waters of Sedlitz, Said- school was 544,922.  There are many learned societies in
schiitz, and Pittna; the sulniphurous springs of TUplitz;  Bohemia, with which are connected public libraries, botanic
besides a host of others of less repute.                   gardens, and scientific collections; and'it has charitable inClimatc.-The climate is variable, but in general healthy, stitutions in all the principal cities. The chief fortifications
and warmer in the low districts, the central parts, and to- are at Prague, Josephstadt, Kiniggrttz, and Theresiensteadt.
wards the N., than in the S. The mean annual tempera-    Bohemia derives its name from the Boil, a Celtic people,
ture at Prague in 4S8 43' Fahrenheit; winter, 320 31'; who settled in the country about 600 years B. c., and who
spring, 470; summer, 690 50'; autumn, 500 22'. In the  were expelled in the time of Augustus by the Marcomanni.
1i1hmerwald, the snow is often found 12 feet deep, and lies About the middle of the sixth century a numerous army
till the middle of April; in some of the other ranges it ro- of Czeches entered the country, and subdued it. The first
mains throughout the whole year.                           duke known to us by name is Przemislas, a peasant whom
VTegetation, Agriculture, o-c.-Excepting in the lofty moun- the Princess Libussa married in A. D. 632, and raised to the
tain "anges, the soil of Bohemia is generally fertile, more  throne. In 1061, the Emperor Henry IV. gave the royal
especially in the N. and N.E., and in the valleys of the Eger title to the Dukes of Bohemia.  By the extinction of the
and the Elbe. The whole amount' of arable land is esti- male line, the crown came to the IIouse of Luxembourg in
mated at 12.259,362 acres, of which 6,101,649 acres, or nearly  1310, when Charles IV. united Bohemia with the German
one-half, is under the plough, the remainder being laid out Empire.  After many vicissitudes, Bohemia fell to the
in orchards, vineyards, pastures, &c. The principal crops  House of Austria, in the person of Ferdinand the Archraised are rye and oats, about equal in quantity; barley  duke, brother of Charles V., and brother-in-law of Louis
and wherat, about half the two former. Potatoes and tur- II., King of I-Hungary and Bohemia, who was killed in 1526
nips are growi extensively, and considerable quantities of  in a battle with the Turks, near Miohacs. At this period
legumes, poppies, rape and clover seeds, flax, and hemp. Bohemia possessed a comparatively free constitution, and
Of the hops, which are good, a large portion is sent to Bea- most of its inhabitants were Protestants. In consequence of
varia. Fruit is abundant on the lower grounds; and in  the encroachments of the succeeding emperors on the pelithe warmer localities, on the banks of the Elbe, the vine  gious liberties of the Protestants, serious disturbances
ripens, and yields about 250,000 gallons of wine. Besides  arose, which threatened the Ilouse of Austria with the
the portion under cultivation, 3,756,290 acres are under loss of the lkingdom. In 1619, the people offered the crown
wood, yielding annually 3,638,000 cubic fathoms of timber, to Frederick V., Elector-Palatinate, to the exclusion of Fervalue 1,916,8111. The breed of sheep is now greatly im- dinand!I. But the battle of the White Mountain, fought
proved, and the wool excellent. The rearing of poultry and  in November, 1620, and in which Frederick was totally debees is extensively prosecuted, but attempts to introduce  feated, put an end to the rising hopes of the Protestants,
the silkworm  have not been.successful.  On the whole, and proved the source of innumerable calamities to the BD
agriculture has made considerable progress in Bohemia of hemians, who were subjected by their conquerors, the Auslate years; but still the utmost capabilities of the soil are  trians, to a persecution scarcely paralleled in history. The
not, and cannot be, fully developed under a system which,  Protestant religion, held by three-fourths of the people,
as there, excludes the cultivator from participation in its  became well nigh  extinct; the free constitution  was
produce.                                                   totally subverted, and Bohemia converted into an absolute
Xeanusfactures.-In manufancturing industry, this country  and hereditary muonarchy, and the Roman Catholic faith
has long been considered one of the most important pro- established to the exclusion of all others.  From this time
vinees of the empire. The chief seat of this industry is in  the kingdom continually declined. More than 30,000 famithe northern provinces, and among the German population  lies, includiug many of the nobility, all the Protestant
of the mountains; it consists principally in thread, linens, ministers and teachers, numerous mechanics, &c., were
cotton, iron, woollens, glass, and paper.  In 1844, there  forcibly driven into exile, or had their estates and property
were produced 1,500,000 pieces of linen, of 30 ells each, confiscated. When Frederick II. died, in 1637, out of
value 1,050,0001. There are 83 cotton-spiunning factories in  3,000,000 inhabitants which Bohemia contained in 1617,
the kingdom, with 395,000 fine spindles, producing about there remained only 780,000. On the death of Charles VI.,
3,500,000 pieces, and employing about 150,000 persons. (1740,) Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, claimed the
The whole quantity of wool produced in Bohemia is esti- crown, but Iaria Theresa succeeded, after an arduous
mated at 106,960 hundred-weight, and the cloth made at struggle, in securing possession of the kingdom. She was
about 186,000 pieces, value 1,082,0001. The manufacture of succeeded by her son, Joseph II., in 1780; and from this time
potash employs nearly 6000 people, and leather, 4000. In  downwards a more liberal and enlightened system-ofadminis1845, there were 10 manufactories of sugar from potatoes, tration has been pmrsued, under which Bohemia is advancing
and 25 frQm  beet-root. Besides these, there are 5 sugar in prosperity as steadily as any other portion of the Austrian
refineries.  There are likewise 917 breweries, and 1228  Empire. Pop. in 1850, 4,409.900.-Adj. and inhab. Bone0brandy distilleries, mostly on a very small scale, producing   MIAN; (Ger. adj. BinJnIescr, bbsmish; inhab. Bmnus., bdImeh.)
4,052,852 imperial gallons of spirits. The total amount of    BOHIEITIHA CREEK, Maryland, flows into Elk Biver.
cast-iron manufactured in Bohemia, in nails, wire, cutlery,   BOHHERMEEN/, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
locks, &c., may be estimated at 17.500 tons per annum, em- MIeath, 41 miles W.N.W. of Navan, on the road to Kells.
ploying about 6000 persons; and the value of the whole  Pop. 831. Ardbraccan episcopal palace, Oatlands, and Alironware produced, 170,0001. Glass has been a staple article  lanston are in the vicinity.
of Bohemian manufacture since the thirteenth century,   BOHMEN, Bl'hmisch.  See BoHEMIA.
although it is not supposed to be so flourishing now as it   BOHMERW.ALD. (Bme~rwald,) b"lmr'-alt,'(i. ec. ~ Bohewas formerly. There are in the kingdom 67 glass-works, mian  orest,") a cha in of mountains in Germany, between
besides mirror factories and glass-cutting works, and facto- Bohemia and Bavaria, extending S.W. to N.E., and separatries of glass pearls, employing in all about 30,000 persons. ing the basins of the Elbe and Danube. Length, about 120
About one-third of the entire population of the kingdom, miles; mean breadth, 25 miles. The principal summits are
it is estimated, are employed in the various manufactures.   the Aber, 4848 feet, and the Rachelberg, 4743 feet in elevaComenerce.-The commerce of the country consists in the  tion. It is the Sylva-gabrete, forming part of the Hercynian
exportation of the products of the soil and manufactures, forest of the Romans.
the importation of colonial goods, and the transit of mer-   BOIHMISCHI-BROD. See BROD.
chandise from Northern Germany to Austria, Switzerland,    BOIMISCH-LEIPA. See LEIPPA.
and Italy. The Elbe and the Moldau  are-navigated by    BOHOE, bo'hO1, a parish of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh.
steam-packets, and the latter communicates with the Da-   BO0'HOLI, one of the Philippine Islands, between Zebu and
nube by a horse railway from Budweis to Lintz, Prague is Leyte, and 70 miles N.W. of Mindanao. Lat. 100 N.; ion.
connected by railway with Olmutz on the E. and Lana on  1240 E. Length, 40 miles; average breadth, 80 miles.
the W. It is also connected by railway with Vienna on the    BOHOILA, bo-norl, or BUCHOLLA, a parish of Ireland,
one hand, and with Leitmeritz and Dresden on the other.   in Connaught, co. of Mayo.
Bohemia, with the title of kingdom, forms a provincial   BOHOKODCZAN, bo-heo-rot/chan, a town of Austrian Gagovernment of the Austrian Empire, having certain politi- licia, 12 miles S.S.W. of Stanislawow. It has a tribunal of
tal privileges; it is comprised in the states of the Germanic  mines. Pop. 1920.
Q                                                                            241




1B01                                                       BOK
BOI-ABAD, boi-&-bld, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, ooz-bKais-t1n/,(i.. "land of the 0ozbeks,") calledalso GREAT
3n  the Kara-Soo, 45 miles S.S.W. of Sinope. Pop. 2000 (?) BUCIAIRIA, a state of Central Asia, in Independent ToorIt has numerous mosques, several inns, and a hill fort.    kistan, between lat. 360 and 410 N., and ion. 631 and 700 E.,
BOIL'ING SPRING, a post-office of Fentress co., Ten- having N. the Sea of Aral and the country of Khokan, E.
nessee.                                                   Khoondooz,S.theOxus, andW.Khiva. Estimated area,235,000
BOILING  SPRINGS, a post-village of Cumberland co., square miles. It is mountainous towards the E., where it
Pennsylvania, 25 miles W. of tHarrisburg.                  includes the valleys forming the WV. slopes of the great
BOILING SPRINGS, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. Asiatic plateau. Some of the summits of this chain have
BOILS/TON, a post-office of Henderson co., North Carolina. been estimated at a height of 18,000 feet, being enveloped
BOIPEBA-VELI-IA, bo-e-pYJb.-vailfy', a town of Brazil, in snow in June. On the S., the kingdom  is bordered by
province and 65 miles S.W. of Bahia, on the island of the  the Hindoo Koosh and the N. verge of the Persian plateau.
same name.                                                 All the rest of the country is low and flat, belonging, in its
BOIS BLANC (bwa bl8NQ) ISLAND, in Lake Huron, about characteristics, to the dry steppes and sandy wastes of the
10 miles S.E. of Mackinaw. Lat. 450 451 N.; Ion. 840 55t W. Caspian and Aral seas. It is imperfectly watered, possessIt is about 10 miles long and 3 broad, and has a light-house  ing only two streams of any consequence, the Amoo, Jihoon
on its E. end,                                             or Oxus traversing the country from S.E. to N.W. Besides
BOIS ]'ARC, bo'darkt, a township in Hempstead co., Ar- these, there are some other smaller streams, as the Samarkansas. Pop. 351.                                           cand, Zerafshan or Zurufshan, the Kurshee or Karchi, deBOIS D'ARC, a village of Green co., Missouri, about 130  scribed by Burns as a mere rivulet. Along the banks of
miles S.W. of Jefferson City.                               these rivers lie the only cultivated lands in the country,
BOIS'ARC CREEK, Ellis co., Texas, flows eastward into  not reaching to more than one-tenth of the entire area.
Trinity River.                                              Along the Samarcand is a valley of the same name, so
BOIS P'ARC RIVER, of Texas, also called EAST FORK  vaunted for its beauty by the Arabian conquerors that it
of the Trinity, rises in the N. part of the state, and flowing  was called an earthly paradise. The territory on the banks
southward, enters Trinity River in Kaufman county.          of the Oxus is likewise greatly favored by nature. N. of
BOIS-DE-LESSINES, bwt-deh-lbs'seen! or -l4seent, a vil- the Oxus and of the mountains W. of Bokhara, the country
lage and commune of Belgium, province of Hainant, 28  is occupied by a succession of low, rounded ridges of oolite,
miles N.E. of Tournai, with some linen manufactures. limestone, and gravel, covered with a scanty verdure. BePop. 1752.                                                 tween these ridges are hardened plains of argillaceous clay,
BOIS-GUILLAUME, bwA gheeynmef, (i. e. "William's  forming excellent natural roads. On these occur sand hills,
woods,")a village of France, department of Seine-Infl6rieure,  of no great extent, but sufficient to absorb the rivulets
2 miles N. of Rouen. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 2465.        flowing towards the Oxus. W. of the city of Bokhara, and
BOIS, LE, 1ih bw[, a village of France, department of  S. of the Oxus, however, the country is covered with these
Charente-Infdrieure, 14 miles W. of La Rochelle, in the Ile  hills or rather mounds of loose sand, of a horseshoe shape,
de Rd. Pop. of commune, 2062.                               about 15 or 20 feet in height, resting on a firm  soil, having
BOIS-LE-DUC, bwA-lehd-iik/, (Dutch,'Siertoegenbosc-.-den  been accumulated by the winds; and so numerous, that
Bosch —in English, " the duke's wood,") a fortified city of little space is left for cultivation. In the valleys formed by
the Netherlands, capital of North Brabant, at the junction  these sand hills deposits of salt and saline rivulets freof the Pommel and the Aa, 3 miles S. of the Meuse, and 28  quently occur. The only lake of importance is D)engis or
miles S.S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. in 1850, (exclusive of garrison  Karakool, about 50 miles S.S.W. of thle city of Bokhara. It
of 2948 men,) 21,782. It is about 5 miles in circumference, is deep, brackish, and about 10 miles long.
defended by a citadel and 2 forts, well built and intersected    Gold in considerable quantities is found among the sands
by several canals. Its buildings comprise one of the finest of the Oxus, but there are no mines of that metal in the
cathedrals in the Netherlands, 6 other churches, a town- kingdom; neither are there any of silver, copper, or iron, all
hall, a grammar school in which Erasmus was partly edu- these being imported from Russia. Sal-ammoniac is found
cated, a college, academy of arts, arsenal, several hospitals,  in its native state, and salt deposits are numerous. Rice,
and a prison.  It has manufactures of linens, thread, wheat, barley, maize, cotton, indigo, and fine firuits, are
needles, cutlery, and mirrors, with breweries and distille- chief objects of culture. Timber is very scarce. Cattle and
ries, and a considerable trade. It is the seat of a vicax- live stock of most kinds are numerous; some breeds of horses
general, and tribunals of primary jurisdiction and com- are very excellent; camels are the principal beasts of burden.
rnerca. It was founded in 1184 by a duke of Brabant, in a    Cotton thread, silk stuffs, shagreen, sabres and other cutwood where he was hunting, whence its name. It was taken  lery, gold, silver, and turned articles, and fire-arms are mnaby the French in 1794.                                      nufactured, and by its position between the Russian domiBOIS, LES, I1 bwA, (Ger. Rudisholz, rooldis-h6lts',) a village  nionS and southern Asia, the country has considerable comof Switzerland, canton, and 26 miles W.N.W. of Bern, 3421  mercial importance.  The exports comprise silk, cotton,
feet above the sea level, on the Jura Mountains. Pop. 994.  wool, coarse chintzes, cotton thread, lambskins, lapis lazuli,
BOISLEUX, bwAluht, a village of France, with a station  and dried fruits. The imports, muslins, Benares brocades,
on Railway du Nord, 4 miles S.W. of Arras.                  white cloth, sugar, and shawls, from the S.; and from RusBOISSEZON, bws'seh-z6nal!, a village of France, depart- sin numerous kinds of European manufactures, a large
ment of Tarn, 7 miles E.E.S. of Castres.  Pop. of commune, quantity of which is British. From Chinese Toorkistan,
in 1852, 3063.                                              coarse porcelain, inusk, tea in great quantities, silks, rhuBOISSY, bwg'see!, a village of France, department of  barb, Thibet wool, &c. are received. The khan, though
Seine-et-Olse, 10 miles S.E. of Paris. Near it is the superb  nominally despotic, is greatly under the influence of the
chateau of Gros-Bois, and many handsome country-houses. priesthood, and Mohammedanism is perhaps more strict in
Other villages of France have the same name.                this than in any other country of Asia. The public reveBOITZENBURG or BOIZENBURG, boitlsen-b6lGf', a town  nue is estimated at about 400,0001. annually. Armed force,
of Northern Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duchy of  about 20,000 horse and 4000 foot, independent of a militia
Giistrow, on the right bank of the Elbe, and on the Ham- of 50,000 cavalry. The principal cities are Bokhara, Samarburg and Berlin Railway, 34 miles S.W. of Schwerin. Pop.  cand, Balkh, and Kurshee.
3184. It has an extensive wool-market, and various mann-    Bokhara in part corresponds to the Bactria of the ancients.
facturing establishments, ship-building docks, a consider- After the destruction of the Greek Bactrian empire, it
able transit trade both by land and water, and a toll-house  formed a powerful kingdom, conquered in 705 by the Arabs.
on the Elbe.                                                In 1232, it fell into the hands of Jenghis Rhan, whose deBOITZENBURG or BOIZENBURG, a village of Prussia, scendants were dispossessed by Timer in 1303. In 1505., the
province of Brandenburg, 52 miles N. of Berlin, with a  Oozbecks (Uzbecks or Ouzbeks) became masters of the councastle of the Count Arnim. Pop. 780.                        try, and the throne. Bokhara contains 19 towns of some note,
BOJANA, bo-y ng, (anc. Barbaenae,) a river of European  including the capital. The population has been variously
Turkey, drains Upper Albania, under the name of the Mo- estimated: by Meyendorff at 2,478,000; by Khanikoff at
racca or Moroka, traverses the Lake of Scutarti, and enters  2,000,000; and by Burns at 1,500,000.-Adj. and inhab.
the Adriatic 8 miles S. of the town of Scutari; length, 65  BOan{ARIAN, bo-k~lre-an, and BUKAnnatN, bu-kb/re-an; also
miles.                                                      BOKHAnESE, bo`-k,-reez!.
BOJANO, bo-yaJno, (auc. Boviaenuac,) an episcopal town    BOKHARA, (" the treasury of sciences,") a celebrated city
of Naples, 10 miles S.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 3000. It was of Central Asia, capital of the above Khanat,near the Zer-afsacked by the Romans in 298 B. c., and was nearly destroyed  chan River, 130 miles W.S..  of Samarcand. Lat. 390 48' N.,
by an earthquake in 1805.                                  ion. 640 26' E. It is situated in a fiat country, embosomed
BOJANOWO, bo-y-no/vo, a town of Prussian Poland, 44  among hills, and said to be 8 miles in circumference, en.
miles N.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2450. It is built mostly of  closed by earthen ramparts, entered by 12 gates, and interwood, and has manufactures of woollen cloth.               sected by numerous canals. The streets are very narrow,
BOKA, bolkohx, a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal, on  and the houses mostly small and fiat-roofed. In the centre
the Tomes, between Kanak and Szetsany, 33 miles S.S.W. is the citadel, containing the palace, harem, and residences
of Temesvar.  Pop. 2599.                                   of the state officers, with the royal stables, barracks, &c.
BOKE'S CREEK, a township in Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 583. Bokhara is said to have 360 mosques, several of great archiBOKE'S CREEK, a post-office of Union co., Ohio.          tectural beauty, and 103 colleges, this city having been long
BOKI:[ARA, bo-a/r1i, (Fr. Boeukhara, boo'kA'rb[; anc. Sogdi- famous as a seat of Mohammedan learning. In 1840, there
ena and Transoaxialna,) or OOZBEKISTAN, (UZBEKI1STAN,) were 10,000 students. The city contains 38 caravansaries,
242




BOK                                                           BOL
and 15 principal baths. Among its population are about  is a level and alluvial plain, usually called "swamp land,'
4000 Jews, who carry on an active commerce; here may be  part of which is frequently overflowed by the river. The
met the natives and merchants of Persia, Turkey, Russia, soil is extremely fertile, but a large part of it remains unTartary, China, India, and Cabool. Tradition assigns the  cultivated, being considered less healthy than the uplands
foundation of Bokhara to Alexander the Great.  It was  of the interior. Cotton is the chief product. Capital, Boliruined by Jenghis Rhan in the early part of the thirteenth  via. Pop. 2577; of whom 397 were free, and 2180 slaves.
century, and was not rebuilt until the end of his reign.   BOLIVAR, a post-village and township of Alleghany co.,
Under Timer it flourished anew, and it is now one of the  New York, 285 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 708.
richest cities in Central Asia. In our day it has acquired    BOLIVAR, a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania,
unfortunate notoriety from the immolation of Colonel Stod- on the Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Canal, 24 miles
dart and Captain Conolly within its walls. With regard  E.N.E. of Greensburg.  A plank-road connects this point
tothe population of Bokhara, accounts differ widely. Burns, with Indiana Court-House.
in 1835, states it at 150,000, while Khanikdff, in 1843, esti-    BOLIVAR, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.
mates it at 60,000 to 70,000.                                   BOLIVAR, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.
BOKOL, bo'kol;, a large village of Senegambia, near the    BOLIYAR, Galveston co., Texas.  See POINT BOLIVAR.
Senegal River, in lat. 160 24' N., Ion. 150 24' W., governed by    BOLIVAR, a township in Jefferson co., Arkansas. Pop. 686.
a marabout. It has sometrade, and the people are engaged    BOLIVAR, a post-village, capital of Poinsett co., Arkanin cultivating the soil and hunting the cayman, (a species  sas, 147 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It is situated in a level
of alligator.)                                                and fertile region, which produces cotton and maize.
BOLABOLA, bolli-botlt, or BORABORA, bolr-botrA, writ-    BOLYVAR, a handsome and thriving town, capital of
ten also BONABONA, bo/nA-bolng, one of the SocietyIslands,  Hardeman co., Tennessee, is situated  1 mile S. of the
in the Pacific Ocean, situated N.W. of Tahiti, and nearly 30  Hatchee River, and 170 miles S.W. of Nashville. The river
miles in circumference, well wooded and populous.             is navigable for steamboats from six to nine months in the
BOLAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.         year. Bolivar is surrounded  by rich land and wealthy
BEOLAND'S, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.      planters, and has an active, increasing trade.  It contains 3
BOLAN (bo'lnul) PASS, a remarkable defile in the menu-  or more churches, 2 academies, and (in 1853) about 1200 intains of Beloochistan, consisting of a succession of ravines,  habitants.
about 55 miles in aggregate length, (from  near Dadur to    BOLIVAR, a thriving post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio,
Shawl,) on the route from the Lower Indus to the table-land  at the junction of the Sandy and Beaver Canal with the
of Afghanistan.  Lat. 290 30' to 290 52' N., ion. between 670  Ohio Canal, 111 miles N.E. of Columbus.  Pop. about 500.
and 670 40' E. The greatest elevation of the pass is 5793 feet.   BOLIVAII, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Missouri,
Averagerate of the ascentfrom the S. is 90 feet a mile. The  about 110 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. about 500.
road is quite practicable for wheeled vehicles, but is infested    BOLIVAR CITY, (Ciudad Bolivar.)  See ANosTrUnA.
by Beloochee freebooters.  The Bolan River rises in this    BOLIVIA, bo-livle-a, (Sp. pron. bo-leefve-t,) or UPPER
pass at 4494 feet above the sea. Its declivity is rapid; and  PERU, a republican state of South America, between lat.
the road through the pass generally follows the river  90 30 and 250 30' S., lon. 580 and 700 40' W., having N. and
course.                                                       E. the Brazilian dominions, S. the Plata confederacy, and
BOL ANOS, bo-ltnoce, a town of Mexico, in Jalisco, 65 miles  W. Peru, with only a short coast-line on the Pacific of 250
N.N.W. of Guadalajara, chiefly remarkable on account of the  miles, at its S.W. extremity.  Extent of frontier, 3000 miles.
rich silver-miries in its neighborhood.                       Extreme length, 1100 miles; extreme width, 800 miles. EsBOILAS, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           timated area, population, and subdivisions as follows:BOLAWADUN. See BuLAvADEEN.
BOLBEC, bolb6K/i, a manufacturing town of France, de-                                   Area in
partment of Seine-Inf6rieure, on the railway from  Paris to          Deprtment.          sqmiles. Popula'n.  Chief citis.
Havre, and on the Bolbec, which furnishes abundant waterpower, 17 miles E.N.E. of Havre. Pop. in 1851, 9574. It is  La Paz         -. -39,850   300,000  La Paz.
well built, and ornamented with fountains, and is the seat  Potosi......................   31,800   250,000  Potosi.
oeOruro...:::.,:::.,:         8,480    80,000  Oruro.
of a chamber of manufactures, with liarge and 6thiving ma-  Chuquisaca, or Sucre........   34,350   175,000  Chuquisaca.
nufactures of cotton fabrics, which are mosti.  sent to   Cochabamba................   40,000   200,000  Cochabasmba.
Rouen; also woollen and linen factories, dye-works, and   Beni.......................       00,000    25,000  Santa Cruz.
~~~~~~~chemical factories.  ~Santa Cruz de la Sierra 0....
chemical factories.                                                                                           Tarija...
BOLBITINE, or BOLBITINT~IM.. See ROSETTA.                   Trija......................  }20 000......   Tarija.
BOL;BITINE, or BOLBITINUS'LM..      See tosEec A.           Prey. Lalar or Cobija......                   obija.
BOLD, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 5 miles    -oaa  -_rCbj_..._o  a
E.S.E. of Prescot. Here, in the manor-house, the family of         Total..................   374,480,03,000
Bold resided from the conquest until 1761.
BOLtDON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.                  Aspect.-There is no country in the world, perhaps, possessBOLDRE, b51lder, a parish of England, co. of Hants, in  ing such a variety of soil and climate, of physical 6speet and
the New Forest, 24 miles N. of Symington. The Rev. Wil- productions as Bolivia. Nowhere else are to be seen such
liam Gilpin, author of "Forest Scenery," was rector of this  contrasts of nature exhibited in closejuxtaposition, and on so
parish, where, with the profits of his pen and pencil, he en-  grand a scale. The broadest pat of the Andes, where these
dowed two schools, and where he is buried "amid the scenes  mountains, encompassing the great Lake of Titicaca, divide
he so much loved, and so well described."                     into two chains, known as the East and West Cordilleras,
BOLE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.                    lies within the limits of this state. On its W. side, thereBOLECIHOW, bo-lAtKov, a market-town of Austrian Gal- fore, Bolivia presents to view an immense pile of mouncia, 14 miles S. of Stry, on a tributary of the Dniester. It  tains, rising, in many points, beyond the limits of perpetual
possesses productive salt-works. Pop. 2300.                   snow, and enulosing within them an elevated plateau nearly
BOLESKINE, b1lfskin, and ABIERTARFFI, two united  100 miles wide.  The slope of the West Cordillera toward
parishes of Scotland, co. of Inverness; Boleskine church be- the Pacific Ocean presents a most forbidding aspect: bare
ing 23 miles S.W. of Inverness.  A part of the Caledonian  rocks, fearful precipices, and moving sands, with but few
Canal, Port Augustus, the Fall of F'oyers, and many granite  and partial traces of verdure, weary the eye of the traveller
and limestone quarries are in these parishes.                 as he toils up the steep paths which lead him  from  the
BOLGARY, bol-giree, a village of Russia, 60 miles S. of  burning climate of the coast to the regions of perpetual
KIazan, on the left bank of the Volga, near the ruins of Bria- winter.  Arrived on the elevated, treeless plain, and having
kimov, the ancient capital of the Bulgarians.                 now in view  the snowy peaks of the East Cordillera, he
BOLI or BOLY, bholee, (anc. Hadrsianqoplolis,) a town of  may admire the grandeur of the scene, but not without a
Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, capital of the sanjak, on  sense of its dreariness and monotony.  But when he arrives
an eminence, 76 miles N.W. os'Angora. It is a poor place, at the passes of the East Cordillera, and looks down on the
with about 1000 houses, a dozen mosques, and a ruined  deep valleys which stretch beyond, he is ravished at the
castle.                                                       total change which the garb and aspect of natureat this
BO'LIGEE/, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama.            point undergo, and gazes with delight on the luxurious
BOL-ILMEN, bol-il-men/,or MANITCH, mil-neetchl, a lake  prospect of interminable forests and the hundreds of lively
in Russia, formed by the Manitch, between the governments  streams which hasten on to form the largest rivers in the
of Don Cossacks and Caucasus. It is a long, irregular ex- world. The Andes, while they present to the W. an abrupt
panuse of brackish water, stretching nearly 50 miles from S.E.  and uniform ridge, throw off to the E. numerous ramificato N.W., but in average breadth does not exceed 3 miles.    tions, which extend a long way from  the Cordillera. In
BOLINGBROKE, bSfling-br/5k, a market-town and parish  the valley of the Guapey or Rio Grande, the chains of the
of England, co. of Lincoln, 3' miles W.S.W.,of Spilsby. Pop. hills connected with the Andes may be traced to a distance
in 1851, 980. It has remains of the castle in which Henry  of 350 miles from the sea coast..Such, then, is the width of
IV. was born, and a manufacture of earthenware. It gives the Bolivian mountain region. And here, again, nature
the title of viscount to the St. John family.                 takes a new face. The hills cease, and are succeeded by a plain
BOULINGREENI, a post-office of Holmes co., Mississippi.   exceeding in superficial extent all Great Britain, in which no
BOLINGTON, a post-office of Loudon co., Virginia.           stone nor even a pebble is to be found, and which is annuBOIJIVAR, a county in the W. part of Mississippi, has an  ally flooded to such a degree by the numerous fine rivers
area of about 800 square miles. The Mississippi River forms  which run through it toward the Amazon, that communica-'is W. boundary, separating it from Arkansas. The surface  tions by boat are practicable across it through the stately fos
243




BOL                                                            BOL
estsin nearly all directions. This is the country of the Moxus. turbed by eai-thquakes;  and, as to active Volcanoes, the Be
Beyond this, toward the Paraguay, the plain rises in gene-  livians know of only one, which is situated in the S. part of
ral above the reach of inundation, and rocks and hills of  the Maritinme Cordillera, in the province of Carangas.  The
moderate height again make their appearance. This is the  disintegrated trachyte, which covers the W. and more elecountry of the Chiquitos. These dry plains separate the  vated part of the table-land, abounds in quartz crystals,
basin of the Amazon from  that of the La Plate; but some  exhibits much saline efflorescence, and is generally adverse
of the affluents of the Paraguay approach so close to the  to vegetation. In the East Cordillera the snows of the Illisources of the It6nez, that in floods, it is said, a canoe can  mani rest on an immense pile of granite. The granite seems
pass from the one river to the other. The West Cordillera  to extend from  Illimani N.W.; but toward the S., from
of the Andes, in Bolivia, attains a great height at no great  Oruro to Potosi, it is probable that the silurian and other
distance firom  the sea, and exhibits not a few nevados or  overlying strata have been raised by trachyte. The granite
summits rising above the limits of perpetual snow, which,  shows itself only in the elevated chain of the East Cordillera;
in the vicinity of a great table-land, lies higher than on an  but to the E. of it are found a few spots of porphyry, and
insulated mountain, and rarely descends here below an ao-  with these end all traces of Plutonian rocks throughout the
solute elevation of 17,000 feet.                               lowlands of Bolivia. The rock next met with in the plains
The road from Arica into Bolivia passes between the Neva-  is older, and of a totally different character.  The hills or
dos of Tacora and Niuta, while on the left is seen that of  mountains of the Chiquitos are 200 miles distant from  the
Chipicani, and on the right a still loftier series of snowy  nearest branch of the Cordillera, and form a system  quite
crests. The height of these mountains, as determined by  distinct from the Andes on the one side, and the Brazilian
Mr. Pentland, are as follows                                   Mountains on the' other. They consist of gneiss, a strttified
%ountains.             Feet.   Mountains.             Feet.  rock, which here extends from  W.N.W. to E.S.E., and reTacora...................18,890  Parinacota................ 22,030  sembles a long island in the midst of a sea of alluvium.  It
Chipicani.................19,740  Pomarape................. 21,700  has, in many places, been broken and dislocated by the
Lahama Peak, in lat.18o7's. 22,350  Gualateirl, in lat. 18o 23' S. 22,000
ahamaPain  11807.2230  altei, t at. 182'  22,000  forces which have raised it into its present position. The
The Pass of Tacora is itself at an elevation of 14,400 feet, gneiss is overlaid by foliated silurian strata, the lowest of
which is about the general height of the W. portion of the  which has a'thickness of at least 600 feet; and on this again
table-land to which it conducts. The village of Tacora, one  rests sandstone of the Devonian series, after which comes
of the most elevated inhabited places on the earth, is but  the red carboniferous sandstone. The depressions in these
150 feet below this ridge. Of the NAevados in the East Cor-  formations are, as it may be supposed, filled up and levelled
dillera, on the opposite side of the plain, the most con- by alluvian or sedimentary deposits of various ages. Of
spicuous are-                                                 these, the most remarkable are, the alluvium  of the PaimAncohuma, or Nevado of Sorata................................ 21,286  pas, which seems to have been derived from the wear of the
nlmai....................................................... 21,149  gneiss rock, and contains, in great abundance, the fossil reHuayna  Potosi.......................................... 20,260  mains of mammalia, many of them  of great size, as the
Chachacomani, (two summits)...;...........                   giant armadillo, the three-toed sloth, and the American
20,115
horse, &c.; this stratum, which contains the remains of an
Here it must be remarked that Ancohuma and Illimani  extinct animal world, is covered immediately by a deposit,
were long regarded as the highest mountains in America, enclosing the shells of existing species; another alluvium,
or even, with the exception of one or two points of the Hi- called the guarAnl tertiary, contains hydrates of iron in
malayas, in the whole world. The recalculation, however,  abundance, and is generally found resting horizontally on
of the observations made to ascertain their height; has re- the carboniferous limestones.
cently reduced them  to the measure given above. Sorato   AMinerais.-He re, as elsewhere, the precious metals art
losing by this correction nearly 4000 feet of its supposed  found chiefly in the silurian strata, where these approach
elevation. From Illimani, a chain of mountains runsW. by  the igneous rocks. Gold is found in many of the streams
S., which bear, throughout a great portion of it, perpetual  that fall down the E. side of the Cordillera; and at Chequesnow; and may, therefore, be assumed to reach an elevation  cameta, near Cochabamba, at the sources of the Rio Grtande,
of 18,000 feet.                                               as well as at Tipoani, near Sorata, the washing of the gold
Valleys.-Between the snowy heights of the Cordillera  sands is still carried on with profit.  In the same district
extends a great plain, from  N.N.W. to S.S.E. for above 300  the schist~ of Palca are Tich in silver; and thence S.E., by
miles. Its W. side has an elevation of 14,400 feet, for a  Oruro to Potosi, this whole country is famed for the incalwidth of about 40 miles; it then sinks abruptly about 1000  culable treasures which have been drawn fitom it, chiefly in
feet, and slopes to the shores of the Lake of Titicaca, the  the form  of auriferous silver ores. But these mines are
level of which is about 12,800 feet, above that of the ocean,  now, for the most part, filled with water, and, under the
Here, then, is a great valley equal in area to Ireland, and  old system of working them, at least, may be considered as
lying at the height of from 12,280 to 14,400 feet above the  exhausted. A goldmine has recentlybeen discovered about
sea. This remarkable feature in the geography of Bolivia is  7 day's journey from La Paz. Mercury was discoveredin 1567,
the more deserving of attention, inasmuch as it was on the  at iuanca Vilca, (now Guanca Yellica,) and for many years it
shores of Lake Titicaca that the power of the Incas chliefly  yielded a large profit. The tin mines of Guanuni, in the delay, and the indigenous civilization of America, cradled in  partment of Orura, are said to be the richestinthe world. At
that elevated region, grew up with a character harmonizing  Corocoro and Huallamarca, both in the same department,
completely with the skies above, and the scenes around it. but 120 miles asunder, copper is found nearly pure. Yet
There are also numerous other valleys in Bolivia, the chief  these resources of industry avail but little in a country so
of which, in respect of magnitude, is Valle Grande or the  ill circumstanced as Bolivia-in respect of means of commuvalley of the Rio Grande.                                      nication; for neither the tin nor the copper,,however easily
Rivers and Lakes. —The streams which descend fronm the  obtained, can defray the expense of their carriage to the
W. valley of the Andes do not reach the Pacifib, except the  coast.
Loa, which flows 180 miles, but with a very scanty supply    Zoology.-The quadrupeds inhabiting the elevated parts
of water. But the rivers that descend from the E. declivity  of the Cordillera are few in number as well as in species.
of the Andes are countless. These belong to the basins of  The llama and alpaca, which are domesticated, are thought
either the Amazon or La Plata; among the  former the  to be but varieties of the guanaco. On the same heights
Beiti, Mamore, Rio Grande, and Chapri, tributaries of the  with these is often seen the rough-haired deer, (Cerwus InMadeira, are the principal; and among the latter, the Pil- tisianus.)  The chinchilla, hunted for its beautiful fur, and
comayo and Paraguay. The Desaguadero has its entire  now almost extirpated, also prefers the neighborhood of the
course, about 180 miles, in Bolivia; it flows out of Lake  snow, as does the viscacha or long-eared marmot. On the
Titicaca, the S.E. half of which is in this republic, into Lake  wooded sides of the East Cordillera, the cactus thickets afford
Aullagas or Ullaguas, S.E. from  the former, and lower in  shelter to bears. Lower down, the pecari wastes the cultilevel by 490 feet. It is said to be navigable from one lake  vated fields. and the jaguar attacks the cattle. The tapir,
to the other. Lake Aullagas has no outlet: its waters are  the glutton, sloth, armadillo, and many other animals, are
salt, and are discharged only by evaporation. Many other  killed by the natives for food.  The vampire bat is so
lakes exist in the wide plains of the E., a region which is  troublesome in Caupolican and other parts of the Yungas,
stated to be little above the sea level.                       as to prevent the rearing of cattle. The forests are crowded
Geology.-The slope of the West Cordillera,toward the sea, with monkeys of different species, always social and active.
is formed almost wholly of trachytic conglomerates, in va- But that which chiefly astonishes the naturalist here, is
rious stages of decomposition; it is generally whitish, or of  the multitude of the feathered tribe. Whether on the seaa reddish hue; but dark-colored rocks of kindred origin fre- shore or in the forests, they are numerous enough, when
quently break through it. The point which shelters the  on the wing, to darken the sky. From  the condor, which
harbor of Cobija is a mass of basaltic porphyry. The Cerro  soars above the Andes, to the diminutive humming-birdsde Tacora, and other dome-shaped summits of the ridge, are  from the loud-screaming parrot to the musical organitoof trachyte, the bare rock being often exposed, as on the  birds of all character, size, and plumage, are to be found in
Nevado of Chipicani. in consequence of its steepness. It has  Bolivia.
been said that some of the conical summits of this Cordillera    Cliooate.-Bolivia, as might be supposed, embraces every
are extinct volcanoes, and that the Cerro de Tacora is a true  variety of climate, from the heat and humidity of the torrid
solfetara; but it seems now fully established, that no lavas  zone to the perpetual frost of the polar circle. On the eleor other volcanic productions, of a geologically recent age,  vated table-land there is frost every night, and the morning
are fou!d,n the Bolivian table-land, which is never dis- ice on the river Tacora is always strong enough to bear a




BOL                                                         BOL
man; but here, on the borders of perpetual snow, the  the cultivation of which was forbidden by the jealous policy
climate has one great advantage over that of polar regions, of Spain, is now introduced. The warm and well-watered
for the sky is always bright and cloudless, and the air  valleys, as that of Cochabamba, supply with corn and fruit
dry. The atmospheric phenomena which characterize this  the populous, but comparatively sterile districts of the
region may be best studied on the East Cordillera, whence  table-land. In the Yungas, and the hot plains of Santa
may be seen, toward the E., like a misty sea, the clouds  Cruz, the objects of culture are, coffee, (said to be excelwhich roll over the luxuriant forests of the plains and val- lent,) cacao, tobacco, indigo, cotton, maize at all seasons,
leys beneath. This sea of clouds generally rests, at a cer- yuca or mandioc, batatas, guavas, the chirimoya, (a delicious
tain elevation, on the side of the Cordillera; but during  fruit,) the sugar-cane, and, above all, coca. This is the leaf
three months of the year, it rises, and fragments of it pass  of a shrub (Erythroxyslus   Pceruvianum) which the inhabitover to the table-land. Then follow violent storms and  ants of this part of the world masticate as the Malays chew
showers of rain; and at this season (chiefly in December, the betel-nut; with it, the smallest quantity of food will
the hottest month) the nevacdos put on their annual cover: sustain them through great fatigue. The yearly sale of coca
ing of new snow.' But the clouds and rains rarely reach  in Bolivia amounts to 10,150.000 pounds.
the W. half of the table-land, and niever pass the West Cordil-   Commerce. —The trade of Bolivia is nearly all internal,
lera. From Copiapo in Chili, (lat. 270 S.,) to PaytA in Peru, and of small amount; the Yungas supply the high lands
(lat. 50 S.,) no rain has fallen on the coast within the me- with corn and coca; the high lands send chalona or dried
mory of man. Adjacent to this arid region, the table-land  meat to the Yungas; the cattle in the eastern plains are
of Bolivia enjoys bright skies for 9 months in the year, and  worthless; the mines of Potosi are useless, and the steamhas 3 months of rain to restore the verdure, and of moun-  engine, that might re-establish them, cannot be packed on
tain  snows to supply the rivers. But a little farther E., mules to cross the cordillera.  The Spanish settlers, who
even a day's journey down from the crest of the Cordillera, thought of nothing but the precious metals, have never
may be found places where rain falls every day in the year. condescended to profit from  the example of the Incas, to
The inhabitants of these countries distinguish three regions  construct good roads.  Hence it is that wheeled vehicles
of climate-the Puno, Paramo, and Yunga. The first is are unknown in Bolivia. The construction of a good road
elevated and cold, and disagreeable to those unused to it, for wheel carriages over the Western Cordillera, and of a
firom the difficulty of respiring in an attenuated atmosphere. railway connecting the Parand  with Chuquisaca, may appear,
This is the region of the llama and alpaca; higher up still, perhaps, to be undertakings far beyond the present resources
is the Puno brava, which is frequented by the wildguanaco  of the republic; but they must, nevertheless, precede any
and the vicufa. The country round Lake Titicaca comes, considerable development of its trade and industry. The
for the most part, under the denomination of Puno. The  value of imports at LaPaz, from the United States, amounted,
secon.d or middle region is the Parano, which is temperate  in 1852, to $210,705, and in 1853, to only $41,572.
and productive. The Paramos have been naturally taken    People.-The population of this country is variously estiadvantage of by the European settlers, who have filled  mated at from 600,000 to 1,600,000; probably it does not exthem, as in the valley of La Paz, with European grains and  ceed 1,000,000; of whom two-thirds belong to the aboriginal
fruits. Below the Paramos lie the Yungas or valleys, hay- races, or else are Mestizoes.  These latter are divided into
ing a decidedly hot climate, and distinguished by a rank  Cholos, uniting European and Indian blood; and Zamboes,
vegetation. Thus La Paz, seated in a Paramo, and enjoying  proceeding from European and negro parents. The indigea climate resembling that of the S. of France, is close to the  nous inhabitants of the Bolivian highlands, near Lake Titiregion of the llama on the one side, and on the other to  caca, are the Aymaru; while to the N. and E. dwell the
valleys yielding excellent coffee, cacao, and other tropical Quichua, with whom the former were united under the doproductions. Water does not seem, in this part of the  minion of the Incas. These two nations speak distinct,
world, to be a principal agent in creating or disseminating  though cognate languages. Numerous monume!ts of the
disease; for, while some valleys, apparently favored by na- national prosperity and civilization of the Aymarus still reture, are scarcely habitable, owing to fever, the villages of  main. Ancient villages, with domed houses built of stone
the Indians, in the midst of marshes or of inundated fo- or of sun-dried brick, and with enclosures for cattle, truncrests, are often quite healthy.                            ated obelisks facing E. and W., and well-built tombs, conBotany.-The botany of Bolivia is, of course, as various as  taining the mummies of whole families, arranged together
its climate. On the ridge of the West Cordillera, there is no  in a sitting posture, are strewed thickly over the country,
deficiency of species of Alpine plants; but,. taken collec- and seem to indicate the former existence of a considerable
tively, they form but a scanty vegetation, so that the tree- population.
less and dreary plain seems, at the first glance, to be wholly    History.-The early history of Bolivia is included in that
destitute of vegetable life; yet dwarf-plants occupy the  of Peru. As the state was constituted in 1825, Bolivian hisclefts of the loosened rocks. A broom grows to the height tory, properly so called, commences with that epoch. The
of5 or 15 inches, according to the elevation of the ground;  constitution which was drawn up for the new state by
and several small plants, (as Laretia acautis, Verbena nmi- General Bolivar, and was adopted by the Congress in 1826,
mina, and Lycopodiuems hastatson,) attaching themselves to  makes ample provision for personal and political liberty,
the projecting parts of rocks, there increase, in the course  securing religious toleration, the freedom of the press, and
of ages, perhaps, into tufts of considerable magnitude, so  independence of the tribunals. It established a legislative
compact that lichens grow upon them, and so strong that body, composed of three chambers, namely, tribunes, senathe axe alone can lay them open. Owing to their density  tors, and censors, and gave to the president, who is elected
and resinous nature, these tufts are valuable as fuel. An  for life, the power, also, of naming his successor. The counaromatic little bush characterizes the trachytic plain; lower  try is divided into 3 bishoprics; but there is no church exdown, as soon as available soil is met with, the Indian  elusively supported by the state. The public revenue is
plants potatoes, and in favorable spots rye is sown, not for about $1,700.,000 a year. The standing army is about 2000
the sake of the grain, Which does not ripen here, but as men. There is said to be no public debt. Chuquisaca is
green food for the loaded mules that cross the plain. To- the capital and seat of government.  Cobija is the only seawards the shores of the lake, though trees are still wanting, port.-Adj. and inhab., BOLIVIAN. bo-livle-an.
the grasses become luxuriant, and 20 species of gramineous    BOLIVIA, bo-livfe-a, a post-village, capital of Bolivar co.,
plants have been gathered there in a hasty excursion. In de- Mississippi, on the Mississippi River. about 150 miles above
scending the East Cordillera, the first plant which attracts  Vicksburg, has a landing for steamboats, and a few houses.
especial attention is the cactus, like acandelabra, or in other    BOLIVIIA, a village of St. Genevieve co., Missouri, about
majestic forms, and which, in a particular zone, (perhaps  20 miles S.W. of the Mississippi River.
about 7000 feet above the sea,) attains a height of 40 feet.   BOLKENHAIN, boltken hines, atown of Prussian Silesia,
This is followed by the zone of acacias; and lower down the  on the Neisse. Pop. 2450. It has linen and woollen mannspecies increase, and the forest thickens, till at length, near factures. W. of the town is the ruin of Bolkoburg Tower.
the foot of the mountains, the bamboo and tree ferns grow    BOLKHOV, bol-Kovf, or BOL'KIIHOFFI, a town of Russia,
beneath the canopy formed by the graceful foliage of palms  government, and 30 miles N. of Orel, on the Noogra. Pop.
nearly 300 feet high. An attempt to describe systematically  upwards of 10,000. It is well built, though mostly of wood,
the productions of these forests would here be out of place. and has extensive manufactures of leather, gloves, hats, and
Let it suffice to say, that in these primeval forests the In- hosiery, with a trade in hemp, linseed oil, tallow, and hides.
dians find all their wants supplied. Here they procure the    BOLL, b6ll, a village of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles S.W. of Giptrunks of trees, from which their large canoes are made, as  pingen, with 1500 inhabitants, and mineral springs and
well as the canes to build, and palm-leaves to cover their  baths, much frequented.
houses. From the inner bark of a kind of mulberry they    BOLLATE. bol-l&PtA, a town of Austrian Italy, province
obtain a vegetable gauze, of which they make their shirts, and 6 miles' N.W. of Milan, with a square and a parish
and which does not lose by a comparison with cotton. The  church. Pop. 2021.
woods of the Moxos abound in the Mkti leaf or Paraguay    BOLLENE or BOLLENNE, bol'lainf, a town of France, detea; nearer the Cordillera is found the tree which yields the  partment of Vaocluse, 22 miles N. of Avignon. Pop. with
balsam of Peru; and higher up, that producing quina or  commune, in 1852, 4931, employed in silk-thread factories
Peruvian bark,                                            and dye-works.
Cusltivation,.-The valleys occupied by the Spanish settlers    BOL/LEN-TEE, a township of England, co. of Chester,
on the E. slope of the Bolivian highlands, and varying in  parish of Wilmslow, on the Chester Extension Bailway, 6
height from  12,500 to 8000 feet above the ocean, produce  miles S.W. of Stockport. Pop. 2212, mostly employed in
abundantly all the fruits and grains of Europe. The vine, silk and cotton manufactures.
245




BOL                                                        BOL'
BOLLINGEN, bollling-gn, a village of Switzerland, with  the cave. Mr. Stephens also visited six other pools, which
mineral baths; canton, and 3 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1400. were reached by various passages diverging from  the grea!
BOLILINGTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.   cavern. This latter (210 feet in depth) is of great size, and
BOLLULLOS DEL CONDADO, bol-yoollyoce dil kon-dAIDo,  is lighted from a hole in. the suface.
a modern town of Spain, 20 miles N.E. of IHuelva. Pop. 4536.   BOLOR-TAGH, bo'lonl-t'~g, sometimes written BELURBOLLWILLER,   bolPveellaiRtf, a village of France, depart-  TAGII or BELOOR-TAGH, a great mountain chain of Cenment of Haut-Rhin, on the Strasbourg and Bale  Railway, tral Asia, which separates the Chinese Empire on the E.
71 miles N.E. of Mitlhausen. Pop. of commune, in 1852, from Khoondooz, and Kafiristan on the W. It extends be1961, with a celebrated nursery for indigenous and exotic  tween let. 350 and 450N., and Ion. 700 and 750 E., forming a
plants.                                                     part of the table-land of Pamir, connected with the Hindoo
BOLM, b5lm, a maritime district or territory of Western  Koosh on the S., and Thian-Shan Mountains in the centre.
Africa, S.S.E. from the peninsula of Sierra Leone, extending  Its culminating points, beween lat. 350 and 400, are supN. from the Sherboro Riiver to Yawry Bay, and intersected  posed to exceed 19,000 feet in elevation. Three great passes
nearly in the centre by the 8th parallel of N. lat.         cross this chain; two from Yarkand and Kashgar westBOLIMEN, a lake of Sweden, 53 miles N.N.W. of Chris- ward, about lat. 390% and onelfromBudukhshan into Little
tianstad, about 20 miles long by 7 broad. In it is the island  Thibet.
of Bolmsd, forming a whole parish.                            BOLOTANA, bo-lo-tOna, a town of Sardinia, province of
BOL'NEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.              Nuoro, 28 miles E. of Bosa. Pop. 3250.
BOLNIIHURST, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.           BOLSAS, bollsis, a river in the confederacy and in the deBOLOGNA, bo-16nlyd, (Fr. Bologne, bo'loro; Sp. Bolonia, be- partment of Mexico. This river, after a long westerly course,
loene-a; anc. Felsilna,  eonofnias,) a famous city of Italy, in  in a part of which it separates the departments of Mexico and
the Pontifical States, capital of a legation of the same name, Michoacan, enters the Pacific Ocean 225 miles S.W. of Mexico.
finely situated in a plain N. of the Apennines, on the Canal of On it are the towns of Miscala, IIuetamo, and Zacatula.
Bologna, 24 miles S.E. of Modena, and 27 miles S.W. of Fer-   BOLSENA, bol-sYnA, (ance. Volsinlii or Volsinsrisus,) a town
rara. Lat. of observatory, 440 291' 54" N., Ion. 110 21' E. Ele- of Italy, Pontifical States, 20 miles N.N.W. of Yiterbo, on the
vation, 205 feet above the sea. Pop. 75,000. It forms an oval, northern shore of the Lake of Bolsena. It was one of the 12
enclosed by a brick wall, about 2 miles in length, by 1 miles Etruscan cities, capital of the Yolsci, and birth-place of Seiu breadth, entered by 12 gates, and intersected by the Reno janus; but' is now a miserable village. The Lake of Bolsena
Canal. With its rich and varied colonnades, affording a plea- (Laczts Vosinioensis) is 10 miles long, and 8 miles broad, sursent shelter from the sun and rain, well-paved streets, noble rounded by finely wooded hills, and commanding many
institutions, and a flourishing, intelligent, and learned popu- magnificent prospects. It discharges its waters by the Marlation, it rivals Rome in all except classical and religious in- ta River, S.W. in the Mediterranean, and in it are the two
terest, and the extent of its museums. Bologna is one of  small islands of Bisentina and Martana.
the greatest centres of public instruction in Italy. Its uni-   BOLSHERETSK, bol-shlr-Utskl, a seaport town of N.E.
versity, the oldest in the peninsula, and one of the most an- Asia, Kamtchatka, 120 miles W. of Petropaulovski. Pop. 200.
cient in Europe, (founded 1119,) had, in 1841, 560 students.   BOLSON DE MAPIMI, bol's~n! da mi-pee/mee, a wild and
It has an academy of fine arts, with rich galleries of painting  rocky district in the N. part of the Mexican confederacy,
and sculpture, a grand schoolof music, 1 library with 150,000  surrounded by the departments of Coahuila, Chihuahua,
volumes, and another with 83,000 volumes and 4000 manus-  and Durango, in which last it is included. Area, nearly
cripts, cabinets of natural history, an observatory, and a bo- 60,000 square miles. Peopled only by Indian tribes.
tanic garden, one of the richest in Europe. It is said to have 74    BOLtSOVER, a town and parish of England co. of Derby,
churches, 35 convents for monks, and 38 for nuns, all of which  6 miles E. of Chesterfield. Pop. in 1851, 1611. It has an
are adorned with fine works of art. The principal churches  ancient church, with  dfine sepulchral chapel of the Carenare San Stefano, one of the oldest in Italy; the cathedral, a  dish family, and a castle, part of which is still habitable,
fine edifice of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and in which the Duke of Newcastle entertained Charles I.,
with paintings by the Caracci; San Petronio, with magnifi- in 1633.
cent works, and the meridian of Cassini traced on the floor;    BOLISTEN'S MILLS, a post-office of Cumberland co.,
St. Dominic, St. Bartolomeo, &c., many of which date firom   Maine.
the early centuries of the Christian era. The other princi-    BOLSWARD, bolswaatfJ, a fortified town of the Netherpal edifices are the palazzo publico, podesth palace, registry, lands, province of Friesland, 14 miles S.W. of Leeuwarden.
chamber of commerce, scuole pie, numerous fine private pa- Pop. in 1840, 4223. It has a Latin school, manufactures of
laces, (including one built for Rossini in 1825,) and the  woollens, and a large trade in butter.
famous tower of Asinelli, the loftiest in Italy, built in 1110,   BOLTANA, bol-tinA, a town of Spain, Aragon, 30 miles
and the leaning tower of Garisenda, from the top of the for- N.E. of Huesca, on the Are. Pop. 2360.
mer of which, it is said, that 103 cities may be seen. In the    BOLtTON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
principal square is a large fountain with a fine statue of    BOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
Neptune. Outside of the city, an arcade, nearly 3 miles.   BOLTON,.a post-township of Chittenden co., Vermont,
in length, leads to the church of the Madonna di San Luca. about 20 miles N.W. from  Montpelier, intersected by the
Bologna  has  numerous  hospitals,  theatres, academies  Vermont Central Railroad. Pop. 602.
learned societies, and schools; manufactures of crape, che-   BOLTON, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachusetts,
mical products, wax candles, musical implements, paper, 27 miles WV. by N. of Boston. Pop. 1263.
cards, and nmortadelle,  or sausages, in high repute; and a    BOLTON, a post-township of Tolland co., Connecticut, on
considerable trade in other products. It has been an arch- the Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill Railroad, about 15
bishop's see since the fourth century, and is the residence  miles E. from Hartford.  This township contains an extenof a cardinal's legate, and the seat of the court of appeal for  sive quarry of a superior quality of stone. Pop. 600.
the four N. legations of the Pontifical States.               BOLTON, a post-township of Warren co., New York, on
iistory. —Bologna is the Bononie of the Romans.  A  Schroon River and Lake George, about 68 miles N. from AlChristian church was erected in it in the third century, bany. Pop. 1147.
and in 728 it passed into the hands of the Lombards, from     BOLTON, a post-village near the S.E. extremity of Wilwhom it was taken in 800 by Charlemagne. In the twelfth  lianmson co., Illinois.
century, Bologna took possession of several of the surround-    BOLTON, a village of Canada West, co. of York, 28 miles
ing cities, and for 156 years (1118 to 1274) formed the most  N.N.W. from  Toronto. It contains a soap and candle facflourishing republic in Italy. In 1506, it was united to the  tory, a saw-mill, tannery, and about 400 inhabitants.
Papal States. Bologna has produced 8 popes, 100 cardinals,    BOLTON ABBEY, a parish and chapelry of England, co.
the naturalists Galvani and Aldrovandi, the anatomists  of York, West Riding.
Malpighi and Mondino, the astronomer Marsigli, the mathe-    BOLTON, BY BOWLAND, a parish of England, co. of
matician and engineer Manfredi, the painters Guido, Al- York.
bane, Barbieri, Domenichino, the three Caracci, and the    BOLTON LE MOORS, bS'tgn-l-moors, a large manufacprofessors Monti, Orioli, Tommasini, and Mezzofanti. Pop. turing town, parliamentary and municipal boroughl, and
72,000.-Adj. and  inhab., BOLONESE, bolo-neezl, BOLOG- parish of England, co. of Lancaster, hundred of Stafford, on
NIAN, bo-lofne-an, or bo-l6ntyan.                          an affluent of the Irwell, 12 miles N.WV. of Manchester, and
BOLONCHEN, bo-lon-chin!, a thriving village of Central 175 miles N.N.W. of London. Pop. of borough, chiefly comAmerica, Yucatan, 50 miles N.E. of Campeachy. Pop. 7000. posed of the township and Little Bolton, 50,163. It is well
It derives its name from two Maya words, Bolen, nine, and  supplied with water, and of late years several new squares
chen, wells; nine wells having formed from time iamemo-  and many handsome villas have been constructed, mostly
rial, the centre of a population; and these wells being in  on the S. side. Principal edifices an ancient parish church,
the plaza, or square of the village, which consists of a long  several handsome chapels of ease, and numerous dissenting
line of'straggling  houses or huts on either side of the road. places of worship; a grammar school, founded in 1641, (reve.
The wells are circular openings, cut through a stratum of  nue, 4851. a year;) a charity school, endowed in 1Q03, (reverock, evidently communicating with a common reservoir, nue, 227Z.;) 2 town-halls, 2 cloth-halls, a neat exchange,'
for the water is always at the same level in one that it is thieatre, assembly and concert rooms. &c. Ithas several good
in all the rest. At a short distance from the village is a  libraries, a mechanics' institute, daily and Sunday-schools,
very remarkable cave, descending which, Mr. Stephens  and several large charity endowments, including the Popreachfd a poi of water at a depth of about 450 feet perpen- plewell's munificent legacy of 27,7001., 3 per cents., for the
dicular height, and 1400 feet distant from the entrance to  promotion of religion and learning for the poor. The wool,
246




BOL                                                          BOM
leu manufactures of Bolton, introduced by Flemings, in  almost exclusively the growth of this region. The N. dis1337, were in a flourishing, state before the reign of Henry  tricts are famous for their great variety of fruits; cocoaYIII., but the great prosperity of the town dates from the  palms cover a.very large extent of sandy land in the Conintroduction of the invention of Arkwright and Crompton, can, &c.; wool has lately been exported in considerable
constructors of the mnulejenny, both natives of this parish, quantities from Bombay; and great exertions have been
which has since become, through their labours, one of the  made to introduce the culture of silk. The cattle of G uzeprincipal seats of the English cotton manufactures.  In  rat are a large and fine breed; W. of the Ghauts, the ox and
1838, there were 69 cotton-mills, employing 9,918 hands, buffalo are almost the only domestic animals. The whole
chiefly in the manufacture of muslins, fine calicoes, cotton  presidency is assessed under the native village system  of
shawls, quiltings, jeans, fustians, &c.; and the average  India, except the districts of Surat and Kaira, where the
quantity of cloth bleached in the parish annually, has been  syotwarry  system  is in force. Principal manufactures are
estimated at from 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 pieces. Bolton has  of embroidered silks, and woollen and cotton cloths. For
also large paper, flax, and saw-mills, chemical works, and  an account of the foreign trade, see BeMBAY CITY. Governfoundries. The numerous coal-pits wrought in the vicinity,  ment vested in a governor and 3 members of council, of
with canal carriage to Manchester, have greatly promoted  whom one is commander-in-chief; the whole administration
the prosperity of the town, now still further advanced by  being subordinate to the governor-general of India in couna railway to Bury and Mianchester, another to Leigh, form-  cil. In the capital of each collectorate is the seat of a British
ing an easy communication with Liverpool, and a third with  collector, and a judge, subordinate to the central court of
Preston and the N. Markets.  Since the reform act, Bolton  Bombay. A few years ago, the army comprised about 30,000
has sent two members to the House of Commons.                 men and officers, of whom  6250 were Europeans.  The
BOLTON, LE SANDS, a parish of England, co. of Lan- whole of the Indian marine is attached to this presidency.
caster.                                                       In the S. there are many native, and Roman Catholic, and
BOLTON-ON-SWALE, a parish and chapelry of England,  Nestorian Christians. The Parsees are now almost confined
co. of York, North Riding.                                    tb this part of Asia. Total net revenue in 1842-3, 2,091,3951.;
BOLTON, PERCY, a parish of England, co. of York.            expenditures, 2,124,2991.  There are in the presidency an
BOLTON'S DEPOT, a post-office of Hinds co., Mississippi.  English Episcopal bishopric, with 24 clergy, a Scottishl kirk,
BOLTON-UPON-DEARINE, a parish of England, co. of  and Roman Catholic establishment, which receive governYork. West Riding.                                            mert aid. Elphinstone College was founded in 1837, and
BOLTONVILLE, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia.            there are 120 schools for the native Hindoos, in which friom
BOLT'S FORK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Kentucky.    800 to 900 boys receive education, besides nearly 2000 native
BOLVA, bll/vA, a river of Russia, rises in the N.W. of go- village schools. Bombay was the earliest possession of tihe
vernment of Kalooga, and, after a S. course, joins the Desna  British in the East.  It was ceded by the Moguls to the
near Briansk. During part of the year it is navigable.         Portuguese in 1530, and it came into the possession of the
BOLZANO, a town of Germany. See BOTZEN.                      English in 1662, as a part of the dowry of the Infanta of
BOMARSUND, botmar-soond', improperly written BOMER- Portugal, on her marriage with Charles II.; but by far the
SUND, formerly an important fortress of Russia, on the  greater part of the territory has been acquired between 1803
S.E. side of the island of Aland. Lat. 600 12' 40"l N., lon. and 1818.
200 151 E. The little village of BomAR is in the immediate    BOMBAY, (Port. Born or Boa Bahia, b6NG or bolA ba-eelG,
vicinity.  Bomarsund was taken by the allied fleets of Eng- i.e. "good harbour,") a city, seaport and capital of the above
land and France, August 16, 1854. The fortifications were presidency, is situated on a neck of land at the S.E. extremity
afterwards blown up by the conquerors.                         of the island of Bombay.  Lat. 180 563  N.; Ion. 72-0 531 E.  It
BOMBA, bomibA, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo  consists of the fort or old town, 1 mile in length by 1 mile in
Citra, 18 miles W.S.W. of Yasto. Pop. 2200. Its vicinity  breadth, and in which the European inhabitants, and most
produces oil and wine, which are highly esteemed.              of the Parsee merchants reside; and the new town, about 1
BOMIBAY, PSRESIDENCY O, the most westerly, and the  mile distant northward, inhabited by the Hindoos and Mosmallest of the three presidencies of British India, mostly  hammedan native population, beyond which suburb are
between lat. 140 and 240 N., and ion. 720 and 760 E., having  many detached villas and bungalows belonging to European
N.W. and N. the Guicowar's dominions, E. the territories of and other residents. Bombay has a lively appearance from
Indore and the Nizam, S. Gon, Mysore, and the MIadras  the sea; but, as a city, it is greatly inferior to Calcutta or
presidency, and W. the Indian Ocean.  Area, population, Madras. The houses within the walls are built of wood, and
and subdivisions, as follow:-                                  covered with tiles. Principal edifices in the fort are the courthouse, secretariate, and other government offices, customAes A reaiun  Latest  lCOectsrtes.  Areain  Latest   house, town-hall, castle, mint, cathedral of St. Thomas, St.
sq. m.  pep.                   sq. m.  pop      Andrew's Scotch church, Europeanhospital,&c. In the centre
of the fort is an irregular open space called the " Green;" and
Bombay Island.    18 5-0,000  N. Conca-...  5,500  3872-64  outsideofthemassivefortificntion  istheesplnnade.  Iiithe
Poonah........  8,281  558i,313   Surat, c.  1,449  494,43
Ahmednuggur..  9,910  666,376  Bareach......  1,351 I239,527   new town are Elphinstone college, Sir J. Jejeebhoy's hospital,
Candeish...... 12,527  478,457  Ahmedabad...  4,072  528,073  the Byculla church and club, the house of correction, theatre,
Derwarc........  9,122  838,757  Kaira.........  1,8s27  48,735  and the great Hindoo temple of Aolssba Devi.  On the S.W.
S. Jaehiredars.  2,078  778,183  Sattarah, &c..  6,169  736,284  the fort is connected by Colabba causeway, with the island
|S. Concan.....[ 6,770 ]656 857I| _    _     _,
S.  ocan.  6,170  656,857    Total.......                of Colabba, on which are the lighthouse, observatory, lunatic
68,074 7_,240,277 
asylum, some mercantile buildings, and a stone pier. The
In the Bombay  Calender for 1845, the aggregate area is  government-house is at Parell, 6 miles N. of the fort. The
set down at 59,438 square miles, and pop. at 6,261,546; but  property of the island belongs principally to the Parsees,
this seems to be exclusive of Sattarah, which is now sub- who are the chief merchants and moneyed men. The harbour
stantially British territory. The surface is irregular, pre-  of Bombay is unequalled for safety in all India, whence the
senting the diversities of low, barren hills, mountainous  name "Born  Bahia" or more properly "Boa Bahia," given to
tracts, valleys, and elevated table-lands.  The mountains  it by the Portuguese.  This was afterwards changed into
comprise a large portion of the West Ghaut range, which line  Bombay.  It affords good anchorage for ships of the largest
the whole WV. coast of peninsula Ilindostan, the Sanpoora, burden; on it are also excellent building and other docks
chain, the WV. portion of the Yindhyan chain, and farther N. for ships of the first class. Next to Calcutta and Canton,
the Aravulli chain. East of the latter lies the table-land  Bombay is the principal commercial emporium in the East,
ofMalwah,having an average height of 1600 feet above sea- and for many years its trade has been uniformly increasing.
level, and of which two-thirds are in the presidency of Bom-  The imports from  China are greater than at either of the
bay.  The principal rivers are the' Nerbudda and Tapty, other presidencies, and consist of raw silk, sugar, and sugarboth falling into the Gulf of Cambay; but there  are  candy, silk piece-goods, treasure, &c., which last, in 1843-4,
several other considerable streams that have their sources  was imported to the amount of 2,743,8101. Imports from
only in the presidency, such as the Godavery and Kishna, Great Britain are cotton and woollen stuffs, cotton yarn,
which fall into the Bay of Bengal. The valleys are remarka- hardwares, copper, iron, lead, glass, apparel, furs, wine, and
bly fertile, and many parts of the presidency are in a high  beer. Among the other articles imported are ivory, spices,
state of cultivation.  The roads are so exceedingly bad, as  coffee, and the produce generally of Persia, Arabia, and the
seriously to affect the development of its resources, and, con- Malay Archipelago. In the year 1843-4,377 vessels (aggregate
joined with the absence of navigable rivers, to limit greatly  burden, 168,882 tons) entered the port. The total tonnage
its internal traffic. A railway, however, has recently been  of vessels leaving the port in 1853-4 amounted to 357,298
commenced at Bombay, which may be the precursor of a  tons. In 1834, the aggregate value of imports was 3,653,3191.
better state of things, as regards internal communication. The following table shows the value of the imports and exThe climate is for the most part, less hot, and more healthy  ports each year from 1844-5, to 1847-8:than in the other presidencies, a great part of the country                            Exprt.                       Imprts.
being under the influence of the sea-breezes.  Rice and cot-,x-~,65.~3,113,26
b844-5.................... ~5,126,552...................... 3,773,261
ton are the principal articles of culture, and the cotton of  1845-6...................  5,801,780......................  3,004,948
this presidency is decidedly superior to that of the othot ers.  1846-7....................   4,604,897......................    2,1701,417
Some sugar and indigo are raised in Candeish.   Opium  is  1847-8....................    4,326,7196......................  2,949,591
nowhere cultivated, and other great staples of Indian pro-    Of the imports, Great Britain furnished, in 1848, to the
duce are only raised in small quantities; but in return,  value of 1,289,7571., and took of the exports 951,3701.  Chillna
the cardamons, pepper, and teak, exported from India, are  furnished to the value of 738,4341., and took 2,959,1691.
247




BOlM                                                      BON
Bombay is the chief Indian port connected with the es- cafes, reading-rooms, a theatre, &c; manufactnures of native
tablishment of steam navigation between India and Great clothing, tapestry, and saddlery, and an excellent trade inl
Britain. In 1837, three steam-vessels sailed between Bomn- corn, wool, hides, wax, and coral. Beyond a swamp S. of
bay and Suez; and in 1843, there were eight. There is now  Bona are the ruins of 1ITJ o -Bcfius,   once the See of St.
a regular transmission of mails by steam, every fortnight, Augustine, but destroyed by the Caliph Othrma. Bona has
by way of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Steamers regular steam communication with Marseilles and Cette, in
ply between Bombay and Point de Galle in Ceylon, where  France, and Algiers, and Tunis, in Africa.
they meet other steamers which proceed to Madras and Cal-   BONABONA.  See BOLABOLA.
cutta, and also to Canton in China. A railway between    BONACCA, bon-ak/ba, or GUANAJA, gwA-nAEH. an island
Bombay and Tannah, a town and fortress on the island of  of the Caribbean Sea, Honduras Bay, 30 miles N. of Cape CasS:lsette, 25 miles N.N.E. of the former, commenced October tilla. Lat. 160 28 N., ion. 850 5ii W. (?) It is about 9 miles
31, 1850, is the first railway begun in India. Telegraphic long, and from 1 to 3 broad.
wires connect Bombay with Madras and Calcutta.                BON AIR, a small village of White co., Tennessee.
BOMBAY ISLAND, on which the city is situated, is one of a    BON-AIR, an  island, West Indies.  See BuEN-AYRs.
cluster of islands, and the largest of all, excepting Salsette,    BON AIR SPRINGS, a post-office of White co., Tennessee,
with which it has long been connected by a mound and    BOI0NAPARTE, a post-village of Du Page co., Illinois, 25
arched stone bridge; another connecting mound was formed  miles W. by S. from Chicago.
towards the N.W. a few years ago. It is about 8 miles long    BONAPARTE, a thriving post-village of Van Boren co.,
from N. to S., and about 3 miles broad, formed by two ranges  Iowa, on the river Des Moines, about 35 miles N.W. from
of rock of unequal length, running parallel to each other on  Keokuk. It is situated in a rich farming district, and has
opposite sides of the island. The interior was formerly liable  several stores and a large mill.
to be overflowed by the sea, which is now prevented by sub-   BON AQUA, a post-office of Hickman co., Tennessee.
stantial works and embankments, but the lower parts are    BONATI, bo-nutee, a town of Naples, province of Princi.
still covered with water during the rainy monsoon. On the  pato Citra, near the Gulf. 3 miles N.E. of Policastro.  P. 3038.
S.W., the island terminates in a rocky peninsula 60 feet high,    BONAVENTURA, South America. See BUE NAVENTUrA.
called Malabar Point, stretching far into the sea. It is    BONAVENTURE, bon'Av6NG'tue', a county of Canada East.
adorned with a pleasing variety of country seats, inter- Area, 4560 square miles. Pop. 10,844. Capital, Carleton.
spersed with groves of cocoa-nut trees, and traversed in all    BONAVISITA, a bay, cape, and station on the E. coast of
directions by good roads. Magnificent views are obtained  Newfoundland, the bay in lat. 480 42' N., and ion. 530 8' W.
fromnt this point. The S.E. extremity of the island' again    BONBROOK, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.
terminates in a similar, but much longer projection. Here,   BON/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
also, are a number of spacious houses. most of which are    BON/CTHURCII, a parish of England, in the Isle of Wight
surrounded by small gardens, and overshadowed by man-   BOND, a county, in the S.W. central part of Illinois, has
goes, palms, and tamarinds. The jurisdiction of the supreme  an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by%
court is confined to the island of Bombay, and to Europeans  Shoal Creek and its branches, the East and West Forks,
in the rest of the presidency; the civil and criminal laws  which flow southward; the Kaskaskia River touches the
are those of England. Bombayis, next to Madras, the oldest  S.E. extremity. The surface is undulating, and presents an
of the British possessions in the East. At present it rules  alternation of beautiful prairies and tracts of timaber in'
the whole N.W. coast of India. The mean temperature of  nearly equal proportions.  The soil is highly productive.
Bombay is higher than that of Calcutta, but lower than that  Stone coal is found near Shoal Creek. The National Road,
of Madras, which is 340 Fahrenheit, Bombay 820 and Cal- and the projected railway from Terre HIaute to St. Louis, pass
cutta 790.                                                  through the county. Named in honor of Shadrach Bond,
The population of Bombay has increased tenfold within a  first Governor of Illinois. Capital, Greenville.  Pop. 6144.
century. In 1716, it was estimated at 16,000; in 1816, at    BONDENO, bon-dfusno, (anc. Padi/num,) a town of North
161,550; it is now, according to the census of 1849, upwards  Italy, Pontifical States, 11 miles W.N.W. of Berrara.  Pop.
of 500,000, composed of British, Portuguese, and Armenians, 3100.
Jews, Mohammedans, Hindoos, and Parsees.                      BONDOO or BONDOU, bon'dool, a little-known country
BOM'BAY1, a post-township of Franklin co., New York, on  in  Senegambia; bounded N. by Galam, W. by FootaLittle Salmon Diver, about 20 miles N.W. of Mialone. P. 1963. Damga, E. by the Fal6m6, (a tributary of the Senegal. which
BOMERSUND. See BoaArsSUND.                                separates it from  Bambook,) and S.- by the Tendla and
BOM-FIM, b6NG-fee.NG (i.e., "good end,") a town and vii- Woolee (Woolli) countries, close to the Gambia; extent
lage of Brazil, province and 95 miles S.E. of Goyaza.       supposed to be about 97 miles N. to S., and 80 miles E. to W.' BOM-FIM, a village of Brazil, province and 65 miles W. It is mostly a flat country, with some elevations of no great
of Rio de Janeiro.  BoN-FPI  is the nasume of other villages in  height, in its N. and central parts; and watered on its E.
the provinces of Minas Geraes, Maranh'bo, and Bahia.        side by numerous small streams that fall into the Falim6.
BOM-JARDIMi, b6SG-jan-deeNG/, (i. e., "good garden,") a  It is very fertile and well cultivated, producing cotton, miltown of Brazil, province, and 210 miles S. of Ceara. Pop. let, maize, indigo, pistachio-nuts, tobacco, &c. Vegetation is
6000, half of whom are Indians.                             exuberant, and there are extensive forests, including the
BOI-JARDIMe, a village of Brazil, province of Bahia. baobab, acacia, &c. Iron abounds, but is not worked, and
Pop. 1200.                                                  also some gold is obtained. The people ha've a tolerable stock
BOM-JESUS, bUNG zhisoos, the name of numerous places  of horses, cattle, and sheep. W5ild beasts are numerous. The
in Brazil, all unimportant.  Among them-are avillage, in the  FaIlm6 swarms with crocodiles. The natives are spirited,
province of Pernambuco, three villages, in the province of  brave, and (for Africans) industrious; weaving of cotton cloth
Bahia, and an island on the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.          is carried on to some extent, chiefly of long and narrow slips
BOMMEL, bom/eel, (Dutch, Zalt Bomneel, zilt bommrel,)  of cotton, calledpagne; which, besides being made up into
a town of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the  garments, serve as a kind of currency.  The Bondoo people
Wasal, 25 miles E. of Dort. Pop. in 1840, 3600. It was for- are chiefly Foolahs, but include several tribes; many of them
merly an important fortified place, but its port is now  can read and write Arabic, there being regular schools for
greatly obstructed by shoals.                              teaching that language; and all, or nearly all. are professed
BOMMIEL, or DEN BOMTEL, din bom/merl, a village of  Mohammedans. Pop. estimated by some at 1,500,000.
South Holland, island of Overfiakkee, 7 miles W. of Wil-    BOND'S POINT, a post-office of Christian co., Illinois.
lemstad.  Pop. 1199.                                          BOND'S VILLAGE, a post-office of Hampden co., MassaBOMMEL-FIORD, bomfm~I-fe-oud/, a strait between the  chusetts.
islands of Storen and Bommel-0e, (bom/mtel-b/eh,) on the W.   BONDUES, bWlN'diif, a town of France, department of Nord,
coast of Norway. Lat. 590 40' N.; Ion. 50 20' E.            5 miles N. of Lille. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 3028.
BOMIiMELWAARD, bomlmel-irytn, an island of the Neth-   BOND/VILLE, a post-office of Bennington co., Vermont.
erlands, province of Gelderland,3 miles E. of Bommel, on    BONDY, bWz-dee/, a village of France, department of
which is the fortress of Loevenstein, the place of Grotius' Seine, 7 miles E.N.E. of Paris, near the forest of Bondy, with
imprisonment.                                               numerous country residences. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 804.
BO0IST, bomst, a town of Prussian Poland, 48 miles W.S.    BONE, a town of Algeria.  See BONA.
W. of Posen. Pop. 2250, who manufacture coarse woollens.   BONE CREEK, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.
BOM-SUCCESSO, bzN-soos-sA/so, or IBITURUNA, ee-be-    BONEFRO, bo-n/fro, a town of Naples, province of Molise,
too-roe/ni, a village of Brazil, province of Miinas-Geraes, 250  6. miles S.S.E. of lLarino. Pop. 3700.
miles N.E. of Villa Rica.                                     BONESECOUR BAY. See BoNsEcoUas  BAY.
BON, CAPE.  See CPEr Box.                                   BONE YARD, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi.
BONA or BONAH, bo/ni, (Fr. Bosae, bon; snc. H_5p/po-    BONG or PONG, a province of Burmah.  See Pose.
Re/gius,) a fortified seaport town of Algeria, 85 miles N.E.   BONGAY, BANGEY, bon-g/, or BANGAVI, bin-gyvee, an
of Constantine, on a bay of the Mediterranean, near the  island of the Malay Archipelago, on the E. coast of Celebes;
mouth of the Seibous, (Seibouse.) Lat.of the hospital, 360  lat. (S. point) 20 10' S., Ion. 1230 53' E. It gives name to a
53' 58" N.; lon. 70 46' 5" E. Pop. in 1847, 9799, of whom 6000  group of about 100 islets, much resorted to for slaves and
are Europeans. It is nearly 2 miles in circumference, and  wood.
is surrounded by a wall with square turrets and four gates;    BONGO. See BuNwooL.
ForgMigogne is its chief defence. Streets narrow and crooked;    BONG00S, bon\goost, a town on a bay of same name.. W.
but Dons has greatly improved since possessed by the  coast, island of Sumatra, a few miles S. of the town of PaFrench, and has many new squares, uarkets, bazaars, shops, dang.
248




BON                                                        BOO
BONTIHAM{, a thriving post-village, capital of Fannin co., has also a riding-school, and many private educational estf
Texas, about 12 miles S. from Red Biver, and 270 miles N. blishments. Its environs are very beautiful, and the hotels
by 1. from Austin City. It is situated on Bois d'Arc Creek, for the accommodation of tourists are on a scale of great
and in a large and fertile prairie, which produces cotton, magnificence.  Beethoven was born here, and a statue is
wheat, &c., Steamboats navigate Red River on the border  erected to his memory in the market-place.   His  oyal
of Fannin county.                                          Highness, Prince Albert, was a student at Bonn.
BONI/IAMTOWN, a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey,   BONN, a post-village of Washington co., Ohio, 10 miles N.
5 miles N.E. from New Brunswick.                           by E. from Marietta.
BON HAPJBOUR, a village of Daviess co., Kentucky, on    BONNAT, bon'n/, a town of France, department of
the Ohio River, 158 miles below Louisville, and 3 miles  Creuse, 11 miles N. of Gu6ret. Pop. of commune, in 1852)
below Owensboro, the county seat. There is a rich coal 2965.
mine worked in the vicinity. The village has a good harbor    BONNE FEMME CREEK, of Missouri, flows through the
and a large manufatctory of cotton and wool.               middle of Howard county, and passing the county seat,
BON/IHILL, a village and parish of Scotland, co., and 3  falls into the Missouri River about 6 miles below Booneville.
miles N. of Dumbarton. Pop. in 1851, 7642, mostly employed    BONINER'S MINE, a village in the S. part of Carroll co.,
in the bleaching and printfields of the Leven Valley. The  Georgia, near the Tallapoosa River.
village of Alexandria is in this parish., Smollett was born    BONNETABLE, bonntab'l/, a town of France, department
at Bonhill Mansion House in 1721.                          of Sarthe, on the Dive, 15 miles N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. in
BON H-IOMME, (i. e. "good man,") a post-township in St. 1852, 5028, employed in cotton and woollen manufactures.
Charles co., Missouri.                                     It has the ruins of a castle of the fifteenth century.
BONHOMME, COL DU. See Co onu BoNiocIre.                    BONNET CARR]i, bon/net kA-!rree or bon'n. car'rAY, a
BONI, bolnee, or BONY, (called, by the inhabitants,  post-village, capital of St. John Baptist parish, Louisiana,
SEWA,) a territory in the S.W. peninsula of the island of  on the Mississippi, 45 miles above New Orleans.
Celebes, on the west side of the gulf of the same name, N. of    BONNEVAL, bonn'vll, a town of France, department of
Boolekomba, about 80 miles in length, and stretching from   Eure-et-Loir, on the Loir, here crossed by numerous bridges,
a half to two-thirds across the peninsula. The N. part is  19 miles S.S.W. of Chartres. Pop. of commune, in 1852,3055.
beautiful and fertile, producing rice, sago, and cassia. The    BONNEVILLE, bonn'veell, (L. Bonnoplois?) a town of
inhabitants excel in the working of gold, iron, and cotton, Savoy, capital of a province, on the right bank of the Arve,
in which they trade with the whole Archipelago. The an- 15 miles E.S.E. of Geneva.  Pop. in 1852, 2500.  Near the
cient institutions of Boni, whose first prince is believed by  fine bridge across the Arve, in its vicinity, is a column 95
the people to have come from heaven, are remarkable for feet in height, surmounted by a statue of Charles of Savoy.
their near approach to constitutional monarchy. Its first    BONNIERES, bon'ne-air/, a village of France, department
king gave the country settled laws, and appointed seven  of Seine-et-Gise, on the Paris and Havre Railway, 43 miles
elective lords to assist the crown'in administering  the  E.N.E. of Paris. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 779.
government. When the British took Celebes, in 1811, they    BONNINEUX, bon'ne-uhl, a village of France, department
offended the Bonese by prohibiting the slave trade, and on  of Vancltse, 6 miles S.W. of Apt. Pop. in 1852, 2674.
being refused indemnity for injuries done to British com-   BONNINGHEIM,(Binningheim,) bbn/ning-hime',a town
merce, were attacked by General Nightingale, who took and  of Wiirtemberg, 19 miles N.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2270. It
plundered their capital. This only produced exasperation, has a royal residence, and a manufactory of writing-quills.
and was followed by some British ships being attacked, and    BONININGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
their crews sold into slavery. Hence another expedition    BONNY, bon'neet, a town of France, department of Loiret,
against them, in 1814, when their king was slain. Pop. on the right bank of the Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Glen. Pop.
200,000.                                                    of commune, in 1852 2139.
BONI, GULF OF, called also BUGIIIS (bootghees) BAY, is    BONNY DOON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Georgia.
about 200 miles in length, by from 40 to 80 miles in breadth,    BONNY EAGLE, a post-office of York Co., Maine.
andi separates the two southern peninsulas of Celebes.        BONINY RIVER, one of the arms of the Niger, at its delta
BONIFACIO, bo-ne-fdcho, a fortified  seaport town of  between the Old and New Calabar Rivers, enters the AtlanCorsica-, onea small peninsula in the strait of same name, 44  tic (Bight of Biafra,) about lat. 40 30' N. and Ion. 70 10' E.
miles S.S.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. in 1851, 3380. It has a secure  Bonny-town is on the eastern bank, near its mouth. The
harbor, and a considerable trade.                           country around this river is an uncultivated swamp, little
BONIFACIO,STRAIT OF, between the islands of Corsica  above the level of the ocean, and very unhealthy, The slave
and Sardinia, is 7 miles across in its narrowest part.     trade, which has long been very extensively'carried on from
BONIFATI, bo-ne-fdltee, a town of Naples, province of  the Bonny, is said to have been diminished of late, in proCalabria Citra, 28 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2300.        portion to the increase of trade in palm-oil.
BONILLA, bo-neellyl, a town of Spain, 28 miles W.N.W.    BONNY HILL, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
of Avila, with 1700 inhabitants.                              BONO, bolno, a village of the island of Sardinia, province
BONILLO, bo-neellyo, a town of Spain, 34 miles W.N.W. of Nuoro, on the Tirisi, 44 miles S.E. of Sassari.  Pop. 3080.
of Albacete. Pop; 5980.                                       BO0NO, a post-village and township, in Lawrence co.,
BONIN, bo-neenl, or ARZOBISPO.  a -so-bees/po, ISLANDS, Indiana, on White River, 15 miles S.E. of Bedford. It stands
in North Pacific, betweenlat. 260 30' and 270 441' N., and ion. on a high bluff. Pop. of village, 200; of township, 1001.
1400 and 1430 E., consist of three groups, the most north-   BONONIA. See BoooNA.
erly called Parry Islands, and the most southerly, Baily    BONOA, bo-nolt, an island of the Malay Archipelago, with
Islands. The principal of the central group are Peel and  a Dutch trading station, 12 miles N.W. of Ceram.
Kater Islands, at the former of which some English and    BONORVA, bo-nor/va, a village of the island of Sardinia,
other Eurm-opeans, concerned in the whale fishery, are settled,  28 miles S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 4572.
as well as some natives of the Sandwich Islands.              BON PAS, a post-office of Richland co., Illinois.
BONIN-SIMA, bo-neen-seelmn, a group of small islands    BONPLAND (bNo'pl6Nc/) LAKE, of El Dorado co., Califorin the Pacific Ocean, Archipelago of Magellan, lat. 270 N.; nia, is about 14 miles long by 6 mileswide. Named in honor of
lon. 141P 20' E., inhabited by a colony of Japanese.        M. Bonpland, the travelling companion of Baron Humboldt.
BONISTALLO, bo-nis-tAIllo, a village of the grand duchy    BONSECOURS or BONESECOUR, (bone'se-koor0 BAY,
of Tuscany, 3 miles E. of Carmignano, with a grand ducal Alabama, a triangular projection or arm on the E. side of
villa and priory. Pop. 1425.                                Mobile Bay.
BONITE, bo-neetl, a post-office of Guadalupe co., Texas.    BONITESHALL or BON/SALL, a parish of England, Co.
BONITO, bo-nee/t0, a town of Naples, province of Princi- of Derby.
pato Citra, 6 miles S.W. of Ariano. PoI/. 3700.               BONTHAIN, bon'tine/ or bon't'hine&, a seaport town of
BONMAHON. See BuNeIAHON.    ~                             the island of Celebes, at the S. extremity of the W. peninBONN, bonn, a village of Switzerland, 41 milesN. ofFrey- sula, with a Dutch fort and good harbor, 35 miles S.E. of
burg, on the Sarine, with mineral springs and baths, for-  Macassar. Lat. 60 27' N.; Ion. 1190 53' E. Ness it is the
merly much frequented.                                      grand cascade of Sapho.
BONN, bonn, (L. Bonlna,) a town of Rhenish Prussia, on    BOINUS, a poet-township in Boone co., Illinois, about 8
left bank of the Rhine, 15 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, with  miles N.E. from Belvidere.
which it communicates by the river, and by a railway,   BOINUS PRAIRIIE, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois,
opened February, 1844. Pop., exclusive of students and the  about 6 miles N.E. firom Belvidere.
garrison, 14;369. Bonn is the seat of a celebrated univer-   BONNIL/STON,  a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
sity, founded in 1818, and occupying an old castle of the    BONWELL, a post-office of Edgar co., Illinois.
electors of Cologne. It has a librasy of 100,000 volumes,   BOO ISLANDS, a small group, Malay Archipelago, 65
with a museum of Rhenish antiquities.  In 1844, it was miles S.E. of Gilolo. Inhabited and fertile.
attended by 714 students. Connected with the university    BOOBY ISLAND, a mere rock in Torres Strait, lat. 100
there is an observatory, a rich botanic garden, and museum   36' S.; ion. 1410 521 509/ E.  It derives interest from conof natural history with an extensive collection of minerals,  tamining a deplt ofpprovisions and water left by men-of-war
and a school of agriculture, with an experimental farm, at  and other vessels passing, for the use of those who have been
the chateau of Popplesdorf. Bonn is the seat of a superior  wrecked in the strait.
mining court, and has an active commerce, and manuflac-   BOO\DOO00Mi, BOUDROUM,  bo'droom/, or BOIDRUN, bo'tsres of cotton, silk, and tobacco. It is a very ancient  droonf, (piobably the anc. fHlccicarnaslsus,) a seaport townof
town, and has a venerable cathedral and town-hospital; it  Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the north shore of the Gulf of Ros,
249




BOO                                                           BOO
96 miles S. of Smyrna. Lat. 370 2' 21" N., Ion. 270 251 18" -E.  the " Great North Bend," and separating it from Ohio and
Pop. 11,000.(?) It has a small but good harbor, frequented by  Indiana. The surface is generally hilly; the soil is based
Turkish cruisers, and in which ships of war are built. The  on limestone, and is productive.  The rock found next to
streets are narrow and dirty; bazaars poor; houses of stone, the surface is the blue or Trenton limestone. Boone county
and interspersed with gardens.  Principal edifices, a castle, was formed in 1798.  Capital, Burlington.  Pop. 11,185, of
built by the knights of Rhodes, and still in tolerable repair; whom 9081 were free, and 2104 slaves.
a governor's residence, and sonie mosques; with a ruined    BOONE, a county situated a little N.W. of the centre of
amphitheatre and other extensive remains of antiquity.        Indiana, contains 408 square miles. It is drained by the
BOODR00OMI, aruined cityof Anatolia, 6miles S. of Isbarta,  Eagle and Sugar Creeks. The surface varies from  level to
the remains of which comprise 7 or 8 temples, a theatre, &c. undulating; the soil is several feet deep, and well adapted
BOOFAREEK, BOUFARIK or BUFARIK, boo-fA-reekl, a  to grain or grass. This county was originally cvered with
village and military station of Algeria, on the road from   a dense forest of the oak, ash, beech, sugar-maple, and walAlgiers toBlidahand Oran, 16miles S.S.W. of Algiers. P.2131. nut.  Great improvement has been made within the last
BOOGOOLMA, BOUGOULMA, BUGULMA, boo-goollm, a  10 years. It is intersected by the Lafayette and Indianatown of Russia, government of Orenboorg, 130 miles W.S.W. polls Railroad. Capital, Lebanon.  Pop. 11,631.
of Oofa. Pop. about 2000. It has an active trade in cotton    BOONE, a county in the N. part of Illinois, bordering on
and woollen fabirics, and two large annual fairs, at which  Wisconsin, has an area of 270 square miles.  It is intergoods to the amount of a million rubles are often sold.        sected by the Kishwaukee River, an affluent of Rock River;
BOOINSK, BOUINSK or BUINSK, boo-in'sk! or bo-eensk/.  it is also drained by the Piskasaw and other creelks.  The
a town of Russia, government, and 68 miles N.N.W. of Sim- surface is undulating, and is divided by prairies and woodbeersk. on the Carla. Pop. 2168.                               lands; the soil is excellent. The Chicago and Galena RailBOOJNOORD or BOUDJNOURD, booj'noondl, a consider-  road passes through the county. Capital, Belvidere. Pop.
able town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 160 miles E.N.E. 7626.
of Astrabad. Let. 370 28' N., ion. 570 15' E.                    BOONE, a county in the N. central part of Missouri; has
BOOKARIA, boo-lkcre-A, a town of West Africa, 100 miles an area of 648 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by
N.N.E. of Freetown, Sierra Leone. Lat. 90 38' N., Ion. 12031N W. the Missouri River, and on the E. by Cedar Creek, and traBOOKIERSVILLE, a village of Wilkes co., Georgia, 45  versed by Roche Perc6e  and Petite Bonne Femme Rivers,
miles W.N.W. from Augusta.                                     which flow nearly southward into the Missouri.  The surBOOKIIAMvI,  GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.  face is moderately diversified, and consists partly of prairie
BOOKIIASI, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.  and partly of timbered land; the soil is uniformly and
BOOKIITARMINSK,BOUKITTARMINSK or BUKIHTAR-  highly productive, and extensively cultivated. Stone coal
MINSK, bOOK-tan minskf, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, go- and limestone are found in the county. Boone county is
vernment, and 480 miles S.S.W. of Tomsk, on the Irtish, at  one of the most populous in the state.  Capital, Columbia.
the influx of the Bookhtarma (Buchtarma) River, and 50  Pop. 14,979, of whom 11,313 were free, and 3666 slaves.
miles from the Chinese frontier.                                 BOONE, a county in the W. central part of Iowa, has an
BOOKIT BAIRISAN or BUKIT BARISAN, boolkfit b~'-re-  area of 576 square miles. It is interesected by the Des
san!, a chain of mountains of primitive formation, in the  Moines River, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The
island of Sumatra, running along the whole length of the  county has a fertile soil, is well timbered, and contains
island, from Acheen HIead to the Straits of Sunda.             stone coal. The population is increasing rapidly. Capital,
BOOLAK, BOULAC  or BULAK, bookl~k/, a town  of  Booneville.
Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, at the divergence of    BOONE, a post-village, capital of Watauga co., North
its Pelusiac branch, 1 mile N.W. of Cairo, of which it forms  Carolina, about 200 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.  It is situa suburb, and opposite the island of same name. It is the  ated in a mountainous district. Daniel Boone, from whom
port of Cairo, and at which all the ships navigating the  the name is derived, once resided in the vicinity. The seat
Nile, discharge their cargoes. It was burned by the French  of justice was established here at the formation of the
in 1799, and rebuilt by Mohammed All, who has established  county in 1849.
a large cotton spinning, weaving, and printing work, a    BOONE, a township of Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 594.
school of engineering, which has 180 pupils, and a printing    BOONE, a township in Crawford co., Indiana. Pop. 406.
press, from which issue a weekly newspaper in Arabic, and    BOONE, a township in Madison co., Indiana.  Pop.:299.
treatises for the use of the students of the Pasha's colleges.    BOONE, a township in Potter co., Indiana.  Pop. 511.
Around it* are numerous country residences of Egyptian    BOONE, a post-village and township is Warwick co., Ingrandees.                                                      diana. Pop. of the village about 200, and of the township,
BOOLBY, boorlee, a town of Guinea, 65 miles S.W. of  2207.
Benin, on the S. side of Benin River, at its mouth. Lat.    BOONE, a post-township in Boone co., Illinois; about 10
about 50 44' N., and Ion. 50 6' E.                             miles N.E. of Belvidere.
BOOLEKOMBA, boo-l-kom/bA, and BONTHAIN, bon'    BOONE, a post-township in Franklin co., Missouri.
tine, a territory of the S.W. part of the island of Celebes.     BOONE, a post-office of Dallas co., Iowa.
BOOLEKOMBA. POINT, (called also CAPE LASSOA  or    BOONE COUR.LT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Boone
BOIlAK,) the S.E. point of the West Peninsula of Celebes. co., Virginia, on the Little Coal River, 245 miles in a direct
Let., 50 351 S., Ion. 1200 27' E.                              line W. of Richmond. The surrounding country is very
BOOLUNDSHAHUR. boo-l-lnd-shAwler. or BOLUNDSIHIU- ~thinly settled.
IUR, a district of British India, presidency of Bengal.          BOONE GROVE, a post-office of Potter co., Indiana.
BOOM, bhme, a town of Belgium, 10 miles S. of Antsrerp,   BOONE RIVER, Iowa, rises in the N. part of the state,
with a small port on the Rupel. Pop. 6223. It has the  and flowing southward, enters Des Moines River, in Webster
most extensive brick and tile works in the kingdom.            county.
BOONARBASIII or BUNARBASHIII, boo'nar'b[shee, a vil-   BOONESBOROUGH, boons/bfLr-th, a post-office of Washlage of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, at the extremity of the plain  ington co., Arkansas.
of Troy, 12 miles S.S.E. of the SigReean promontory, and sup-   BOONESIBOROUGH, a decayed village of Sladison co.,
posed to be immediately outside the limits of ancient Troy.  Kentucky, on the Kentucky River, about 18 miles S.E. of
BOONARBASHI RIVER. See SCAMANDEP.                           Lexington; this place is memorable as the site of a fort
BOONDEE, BOUN'DI, or BUNDI, boon/dee', a state of  which was built in 1775 by Daniel Boone, the pioneer of
HIindostan, tributary to the British, in Rajpootana, between  Kentucky, and was the first erected in the state. IIere also
lat. 250 and 260 N., and about Ion. 760 E. Area, 2290 square  convened, more than 75 years ago, the first legislative asmiles. Principal towns, Boondee and Patun.                     sembly of the Western States.
BOON/DEE, a city of Iindostan, capital of the above    BOONES!BOROUGHI, a post-office of Boone co., Iowa.
state, 88 miles S.E. of Ajmeer. It consists of a new and an    BOONESBOROUGII, a post-village of Boone co., Mlissouri,
old town, the former enclosed by a high stone wall, and  30 miles N. of Jefferson City.
having a noble high street, stone houses, a palace, and nu-    BOONE SPRING, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa.
merous temples, fountains, and sculptures. Old Boondee,    BOONE VALLEY, a post-office of Letcher co., Kentucky.
W. of the foregoing, is large, but decaying.  The mountain    BOONEVILLE, boon/vil, a post-village of Oneida co., New
passes N. of the city are ornamented with gateways, sculp- York, on the Black River Canal, 31 miles N. of Utica, contains
tures, and other architectural works.                          several churches, a bank, and numerous stores and mills.
BOONE, boon, a new county in the W.S.W. part of Vir-  Pop. estimated at 700.
ginia, has an area of 525 square miles.  It is bounded on    BOONEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Brazos co., Texas,
the N.E. by Coal Rtiver, an affluent of the Kanawha, and  110 miles E. by N. of Austin, and about 10 miles E. of
also drained by Little Coal River and Laurel Creek. The sur-  Brazos River.
face is hilly and mountainous,and mostly coveredwith forests.    BOONEVILLE, a post-village of Scott co., Arkansas, about
The soil in some parts is fertile. Boone county was formed  36 miles S.E. of Van Buren.
out of portions of Bogan and Kanawha counties, and named    BOONEVILLE, a post-village of Owsley co., Kentucky, on
in honor of Daniel Boone, the renowned pioneer of the  the south fork of the Kentucky River, about 100 miles S.E
West.  Capital, Boone Court-House.  Pop. 3237, of whom   of Frankfort.  It has 1 church, 1 school, and several stores.
3054 were free, and 183 slaves.                                 BOONEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Warwick co., InBOONE, a county forming the N. extremity of Kentucky,  diana, is situated on elevated ground, 11 miles from  the
contains about 300 square miles. The Ohio River bounds  Ohio River. and 170 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.  It was
it on the N. and W. for a distance of about 40 miles, forming  settled in 1817.
250




BOO                                                         BOO
BOONEVILLE, a flourishing t wn, capital of Cooper co., vince oflrak-Ajemee,90 miles S.S.E. of Hamadan, in a fertile
Missouri, is situated on the right (S.) bank of the Missouri valley, and said to have 12,000 inhabitants.
River, 48 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. It owes its prosperity    BOOSEMPRlA, boo-slmlpra, a river in Western Africa,
and importance to its advantages as a commercial point, kingdom of Ashantee. It is navigable as far as explored.
which have drawn to it the principal trade of south-western    BOOSSA or BOUSSA, booesa, a large town of Central AfMissouri, of a portion of Arkansas, and the Cherokee na- rica, W. of Soodan, capital of a principal city of same name,
tion. For health it is unsurpassed by any city of the Union, on an island in the Niger. About lat. 100 14' N., Ion. 50 20' E.'both town and country having escaped the ravages of the  Pop. variously estimated from 10,000 to 18,000.  It spreads
cholera, during the epidemic of 1849-50. Three or four  over a wide space enclosed by a well-built wall. Hiere Miungo
newspapers are published here. It is surrounded by a rich  Park met his death.
lAtrming region. The grape is extensively cultivated here,   BOOS/NAH, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
and will soon be an important article of export. Iron, lead, district of Jessore, 102'miles N.E. of Calcutta.
stone-coal, marble, and hydraulic limestone are abundant   BOOTAN, BOUTAN, BUTAN, boo'tdnl, BIIUTAN, b'hoo'in the vicinity. This place was settled by Daniel Boone, the  tAnf, or PHO'TANI, an independent state in North India,
celebrated pioneer of Kentucky. Pop. in 1850, 2336.         between lat. 260 30' and 280 N.. and Ion. 880 30' and about
BOONEVILLE, a village of Boone co., Iowa, 140 miles W. 940 30' E.; bounded N. by the Himalayas, which divide it
by N. of Iowa City.                                         from Thibet, S. by Bengal and Assam, and W. by a branch
BOON/IIILL, a post-office of Johnson co.; North Carolina.  of the Teesta, which separates it from Sikkim; the E. bounBOONS/BOROUGH, a post-village of Washington co., Mary- dary is not certainly known; breadth, from N. to S., about
land, 10 miles S. by E. of IHagerstown, and 91 miles from   95 miles; area, roughly estimated at 64,500 square miles.
Annapolis. Pop. 944.                                        It is a mountainous country, consisting chiefly of terraces
BOONS/BOROUGH, Kentucky. See Boo0NESBoiooG.              of the Himalayas,of which, on the frontiers of Thibet, it conBOONSBOROUGH, a village of Ogle co., Illinois, 110 miles  tains some of the loftiest peaks; that of Shumalari or ChaN. of Peoria.                                               malari attaining an elevation of 27,200 feet. The country
BOONSBOROUGH, a village of Howard co., Missouri, 2 or  lowers gradually by steps to the Brahmapootra, to the basin
3 miles E. of Missouri River, and about 14 miles WV. of  of which it wholly belongs, and near which, on the frontier
Fayette, the county seat.                                   of Bengal, is a strip of jungle-covered country, 25 miles broad,
BOON'S CREEK, a post-office Washington co., Tennessee. forming the only plain in Bootan. The loftier mountains are
BOON'S GROVE, a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas. bare, many of them covered with snow. Lower down, at an
BOON'S HILL, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.     elevation of from 8000 to 10,000 feet, are fine forests of pine,
BOON'S LICK, a post-office ofl-oward co., Missouri.       birch, maple, ash, and yew, but no oak. The hilly tracts
BOON'S MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia, 184  likewise produce the smaller fruits of Europe-blackberries,
miles W. by S. of Richmond.                                 raspberries, apples, apricots, &c. The valleys are mere waterBOON'S STATION, a post-office of Alamance co., North  courses between the hills; and their vegetation is similar
Carolina.                                                   to that of the south of Europe. In the lower parts the vegeBOON/TING ISLANDS, a group of four small islands in  tation is tropical. Iron is the only metal as yet wrought,
the Malay Archipelago. The most southern is in let. 50  and good building stone abounds. Among its principal pro451 N., Ion. 1000 20' E.                                    ducts are oak, pine, and other timber, rattans, numerous
BOON/TON, an important post-town of Hanover township- fruits, and esculent vegetables.  Some wheat, barley, rice,
ship, Morris county, New Jersey, is situated on the Rocka- maize, and buckwheat are raised in terraces along the hill
way River, and on the Morris Canal, 8 miles N.E. of Morris-  sides; but supplies of grain, as also of sugar and tobacco,
town. This town  has an  extensive iron manufactory,  come mostly from Bengal, in return for native cloths, rockconsisting of a blast furnace, a large rolling-mill, and a nail salt, rhubarb, jabrung spice, a few Thibet goods, and mules
factory, the whole forming one of the most complete and ex-  and ponies of an excellent breed. Except potter's clay, iron
tensive establishments in the country.                      appears to be the only mineral raised, though Bootan is reBOONTON, a small village in the W. part of Boone co., ported to be rich in copper and othermetals. The chief maMissouri.                                                   nufactures are of woven goods, paper, a species of satin from
BOON/VILLE, a village in the S. V. part of Adams co., bark, tobacco pouches, gunpowder, arms, and hardwares. The
Indiana, on the Mississippi River.                          principal trade is with Bengal; fromn Thibet, however, some
BO0O-REGREB, BOU-REGREB, or BU-REGREB, boo-reh- silks and rich tea are imported. Travellers in Bootan have
grlbl, (anc. Sala?) a river of Morocco, enters the Atlantic at remarked the great number of its castellated strongholds,
iabatt, 108 miles W. of Fez, by a mouth 500 yards across, and praise the ingenuity and solidity of its suspension and
within which is an imperial dock-yavd.                     wooden bridges.  Towns are feW; the principal are TasBOORGIIAS, BOURGIIHAS, boor~gIsl  written also BOUR- sisudon and Punakka, alternately the residences of the
GAS and BURGHAZ, a seaport town of European Turkey, Deb-rajah.  This functionary, who is also the principal
in Room-Elee, on a promontory in the Gulf of Boorghas, in  merchant in the country, exercises all the actual soverthe Black Sea, 76 miles N.E. of Adrianople. Pop. 6000. It is eighty; the Dharma-rijah, or nominal sovereign, considered
neat and clean, and has an extensive manufactory of clay- to have divine attributes, being vested with none of the
pipes and bowls, with an active trade in iron and provisions. civil power. The government appears, from the repdrt of
The Gulf of Boorghas is 14 miles in length, runs from E. to  Captain Pemberton, who recently visited Bootan, to be
WV., and has a depth of from 5 to 12 fathoms.               about as bad as possible, rapacity and immorality prevailBOORGHAS, BOUIRGHAS or BURGIHIAZ, a village of Asia ing throughout nearly all raniks  of the community. The
Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, 12 miles N.E. of Abydos.       state religion is Boodhism, and Bootan swarms with priests,
BOOR\IIANPOOR, (HIindoo, Barhceapeora, bar-han-poolra,) the monastic endowments absorbing a large part of the  1aa city of India, the ancient capital of Candeish. in the Gwalior tional property. The custom of polyandry, probably pecudominions, on the Taptee, 130 miles S.S E. of Oojein. It is liar to the countries of the IHismalayas is here prevalent;
oune of the largest and best-built cities of the Deccan; houses but polygamy also prevails, and to these causes the cornmostly of brick, and tiled; the streets are wide and regular, parative thinness of the population has been attributed,
and water is distributed through it by conduits. The Boh- — Inhab. BOOTEE/A or BsOOTE/A.
rahs, a Mohammedan sect of Arab descent, have most of the   B00ITERISTOWN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of
trade. The vicinity is noted for its delicious grapes. On the  Dublin.
river bank are the ruins of an ancient palace and fort.       BOOTII, a post-office of Herkimer co., New York.
BOORLOS or BOURLOS, booRtlos', a lagoon of Lower Egypt,   BOOTIHAUK, boo't'hawk/, a fortified village of Afghanisin the Delta of the Nile, about 5 miles E. of Rosetta. Length, tan, 12 miles E. of Cabool. Here commences the series of defrom WIest to East, 38 miles; average breadth, 17 miles.  A  files between Cabool and Jelslablad, and here also were begun
narrow tongue of land separates it from the Mediterranean, the guerilla attacks of the Afthans, by which the British
with which it communicates by a single channel. It is con- troops, under General Elphinstone, were destroyed in 1842.
nected with the Nile by several canals; but is shallow, The Pass of Boothauk is 5 miles long, and in its narrowest
marshy, and navigable only along its north shore.           parts 50 yards wide, hemmed in by perpendicular cliffs 500
BOORNABAT, or BOURNABAT, boos-na-bat', a village of  feet high.
Asia Mlinor, Anatolia, 4 miles N.E. of Smyrna, at the head    BOOTHBAY, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, situof its gulf. It is a favorite suburb of the merchants and  ated between the Damariscotta and the Sheepscot Rivers,
consuls of Smyrna, most of whom have country houses here. having the Ocean on the S., about 40 miles S.E. from AuBOORO, BOURO,boofrol, or BOEROB,boolrool, an island of  gusta. The harbor is one of the best on the coast, and is
the Malay Archipelago, mostly between lat. 30 and 40 S., accessible at all seasons, being never frozen in the winter.
and Ion. 1260 and 1270 E., 50 miles W. of Ceram. Estimated  The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the foreign ansd
area, 1970 square miles, and population 60,000. It is moun- coastwise trade, and in the coal and mackerel fisheries.
tain(us, well watered, and fertile; producing rice, sage, About 100 vessels are either entirely or in part owned here.
finits, dye-woods, and the best cajeput oil, and abounds  Shipbuilding also employs a large amount of capital. The
with deer and babyroussa hogs. At its east end is a Dutch  town has several tide-mills fbr sawing and grindin, &c.
station, termed Fort Defence; and on its north side is Ca- Ferries connect the town with Bristol and with Southport,
jell Bay, with a good anchorage, and where plentiful sup- an island in the bay. The villagehasa Congregationalchurch,
plies of provisions are procurable.                        7 stores, and an academy is chartes-ed to be built the present
BOOROOGIPRD, BURUGIRD, BOOROJERD  or B00RO- season, (1854.)  Pop. in 1850, 2504; in 1854,about 3000.
JIRD, all pronounced boo-roo-jerdl, a town of Persia, pro-   BOOTHI/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
251




BOO                                                         BOR
BOOTHIBY-PAGNELL, boothlbee-paygnell, a parish ofEng-  Atlantic. Lat. 440 50' 19" N.; ion. 00 34' 32" W. Pop. in
lanu.d.                                                    1852, 130,927. It is one of the most flourishing cities of
BOOTIHIA FELIX, boolthe-A felliks, an insular portion of Europe in point of industry, commerce, and the cultivation
British North America, extending into the Arctic Ocean, be- of the arts and sciences. It communicates by a rhilway with
tween lat. 690 and 750 N., and ion. 920 and 970 W., so named  the port of La Teste, and by another with Paris. It is an
in honor of Sir Felix Booth. It was discovered by Captain  archbishop's see, the seat of a national court, andof a univerJames Ross, who here determined the position of the mag- sity academy; cai~ital of the 11th military dhvision,and has a
netic pole.                                                tribunal of commerce, an exchange, and a bank with a ca-.
BOOTHIA GULF, a southward continuation of Prince  pital of 300,000 francs, a secondary school of medicine, colRegent Inlet, in British America, which separates Boothia  lege, normal school, school of navigation, and a mint. In the
Felix from Cockburn Island and Melville Peninsula. It is  old part of the city the streets are crooked and narrow, but
about 110 miles in length, firom N.E. to S.W., with a breadth  the new quarters, especially the rue Chapeau Rouge, the all6es
varying from 60 to 100 miles.                               de Tourny, and the many public edifices are of great beauty
BOOTHS, HIGIHER, a township of England, co. of Lan- and elegance. Among the most remarkable of these are the
caster.                                                     remains of the palace of Gallienus, the cathedral, a fine Gothic
BOOTHS, LOWER, a township of England, co. of Lan- structure, the church of the Pueilants, which contains the
caster.                                                     tomb of Montaigne; the great theatre built by Louis XYI.,
BOOTLE, booltel, a parish and market-town of England, one of the finest in Europe, seated for 4000 persons; the exco. of Cumberland, on the Irish Sea, 5 miles S.S.E. of Raven- change, the Palais Royal, formerly the archiepiscopal palace;
glass. In the vicinity are the Parney and Bootle Falls and  the H1tel de la Marine, the triumphal arch of the port of
Black-comb Mountain; elevation. 1919 feet.                  Bourgogne, and especially the magnificent bridge across the
BOOTLE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, at the  Garonne, which consists of 17 arches, and is 1595 feet in
mouth of the Mersey, 3 miles of N. of Liverpool, by the resi-  length. Under the name of Burdigala, this was a rich and
dents of which town it is much resorted to for sea-bathing. important place at the time of the conquest of the country
Pop. in 1851, 4106.                                         by the Romans, who made it the capital of the 2d Aquitania,'BOOTH-S/VILLE, a village of Marion co.. Virginia, with  and it was embellished by the emperors.
about 150 inhabitants.                                        Situated on a navigable river, in this part about 2600 feet
BOO/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             broad, and from 60 to 90 feet deep, which puts it in commuBO/TON or BOUTON, bostono, written also BATON, an  nication on one side with the ocean, and on the other with
island of the Malay Archipelago. Lat. 50 S., lon. 1230 E., and  the Mediteri'anean, by the Canal du Midi, Bordeaux has
S.E. of the island of Celebes. Estimated area, 1800 square  become the first port in the South of France, and also ranks
mniles. The island is elevated and fertile in rice, maize, and  as the second in importance in the kingdom.  Its harbor
tropical fruits.  The Dutch formerly sent an officer here  or basin, formed by the Gasronne, is capable of containing
annually to destroy the clove trees, so as to secure their  1200 ships of any size, and is accessible even for ships of 600
monopoly of the clove trade. The town Booton is at the  tons at all times of the tide; it has docks and building
south-west extremity of the island. The Strait of Booton, yards for every size of vessels, even for ships of the line.
from  15 to 20 miles in width, separates this island from   It is the entrep~t of prohibited goods; and has manufacPangansane and Celebes.                                     tures of all kinds, especially tobacco, vinegar, nitric acid,
BOO/TON'S TAN-YARD, a post-office, Madison co., Virginia. liqueurs, and chemical products; sugar and saltpetre refineBOOZOOLOOK, BOUZOULOUK  or BUSULUK, boo-zoo- ries, numerous distilleries, cotton and woollen spinning,
iookf, a town of Russia, government of, and 145 miles N.W. and manufactures of printed calicoes, and iron foundries. Its
of 0renboorg, on the Samara. It was formerly fortified, and  commerce extends to all parts of the world. Its principal
has manufactures of cotton and silk.                        exports are wines, brandy, and fruits; chief imports, coloBOPAUL, a state and city of Hindostan.  See BHOPAU,.    nial merchandize, cotton goods, iron, coal, and building timBOPPINGEN, bop'fing-en, a town of Wtiirtemberg, on the  her. In 1846, the number of vessels which entered the port
Eger, 7 miles N. of Neresheim. Pop. 1560.                   was 918, tonnage 143,228, cleared 727, tonnage 134,542. In
BOPPARD or BOPPART, bop/part, (anc. Bodobtriga?) a  1843, 48 vessels (tonnage 6637,) were engaged in the codwalled town of Rhenish Prussia,: 9 miles S. of Coblentz, on  fishery, but in 1846 they had fallen off to 11, tonnage 847.
the left bank of the Rhine. It owed its origin to a fort built  The whale fishery at onetime carried on here to a consideraby Drusus. Streets narrow and antiquated. It has two fine  ble extent, seemsto be altogether abandoned. The value of
Gothic churches, a female seminary, 2 hydropathic establish-  goods placed in bond in 1846, was 2,108,9031., taken out
ments, one of which occupies the former nunnery of Msa-  2,268,4921. The number of vessels belonging to the port, in
rienkloster, and manufactures of cotton cloths and yarns,  the same year, was 374, tonnage 60,980. The principal merand an active transit trade. In the Middle Ages it was the  chants are engaged in the wine trade; nearly the half of the
seat of many imperial diets. Pop. 3680.                     best sorts of wine are sentto England, since little of the finest
BOQUE'S CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Scioto River in Del- liedsc is used in Prance; Paris takes only the second, third,
aware county.                                               and fourth-rate wines. Before the revolution, the annual
BOQUET, bo'kWA, a river of Essex co., New York, falls into  export of wine amounted to 100,000 hogsheads; in 1827, the
Lake-Champlain.                                             amount was 54,492. The principal fruits exported are plums
BORABORA. See BOLsBOLA.                                   and almonds.  The wines of Bordeaux were celebrated as
BORAHOLM, bora-holm, an uninhabited island of the  early as the fourth century. The city was sacked by the
Orkney Group.                                               Visigoths, who were driven from  it by Clovis.  It was
BORAS, (Bords,) bo/ros, a town of Sweden, 50 miles S.E. ravaged by the Saracens and Normans in the eighth and
of Wenersborg.  Pop. 2328, who manufacture linens.          ninth centuries, and came into the possession of the Dukes
BORBA; bosdbA, a village of Portugal, in the province of  of Gascony in 911. In 1152, it passed, by the marriage of
Alemtejo, 17 miles W.S.W. of Elvas. Pop. 3500.             IHenry Plantagenet with Eleonore of Gulenne, under the
BORBA, a town of Brazil, in the province of Pars, on the  dominion of England; since 1453, it has belonged to France.
right bank of the Madeira, 95 miles S.S.W. of Barra-do-Rio-  Among the many distinguished men who were born in this
Negro.                                                      city and its vicinity, may be not4ced the poet Ausonius,
BORBETOMAGUS. See WoaMs.                                  Mlontaigne, Montesqueiu, the Black Prince, Richard II. of
BORBOREMA, bon-bo-rn/mi, a mountain range in Brazil, England, and Pope Clement V., the moralist Berquin, and
forming the southern boundary of the province of Ceara.    the painter Carle Vernet. —Adj. and inhab. BOnDELAIS,
BORCETTE, a town of Prussia. See BunTscOnEID.             boor/dh-l; fem. BORDELeISs, bor'deh-lAzt.'
BORCULO, BORKULO, or BORKELO, boackkh-lo/, a town    BORDEAUX, bor`dO/, a post-office of Abbeville district,
of Holland, 15 miles E. of Zutphen or Berkel.               South Carolina.
BORDEAUX, bon'd6f, or borldS,* formerly written BOUR-   BORDELOIS or BORDELAIS, boRdlI, or bos/delh-l./, an
DEAUX, boon'do/, (L. Burdiglala; Gr. Bosvpiyaas,) a city in  old subdivision of France, which formed part of the province
the S.W. of France, capital of the department Gironde, on the  of Guienne, and of which Bordeaux was the capital; it now
left bank of the Garonne, 60 miles from its mouth, in the  forms the greater part of the department of Gironde, and a
portion of Landes.
BORtDEN, a parish of England, co. of I~ent.
* The accent is usually placed on the last syllable of this name, BORDENTOWN, a parish of England, ho. of Chesterfield to.nship,
in ordinary discourse. But the poets, we believe, almost inva-   Brogof Chesterfield township,
riably accentuate the penultima. This is evidently the mode in  Burlington co., New Jersey, on the Camden and Amboy
which it was pronounced by Shakspeare. Scott, whose authority  Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of Philadelphia, 57 miles S.W. of
may have more weight, as being more modern, follows his ex-  New York City, and 6 miles S.E. of Trenton. It is pleasantample.                                                      ly situated on an elevated plain on the left bank of the
" England's hope and France's fear,                Delaware River, about 65 feet above the level of the water.
Yictsr of Cresey and Psitier,                     The railroad passes under the principal streets by means of
In BORDEaux dying lay.-                           a viaduct. There are 25 or 30 buildings now in process of
Lines on the Black Prince. 2~ob B~oy.
Tave Lines en thed BDlak Prince.   ob R.   construction,.among which is a large public school-house,
"Thalt sven teen fresend BodneAUX wins             calculated to accommodate 400 pupils. The place contains
Might serve the archey to dine."
9 public schools, several private schools, and a bank. The
Lad? of-' the Lake, Canton V.    d   o  l  lme   bog  t  h   ep   h   rsn  ean
The true explanation of this apparent discrepancy seems to be  value of the lumber brought to this depOt the present season
that both poets give what was formerly regarded as the true  exceeds $600,000. The mansion formei-ly occupied by Joseph
English accentuation.                                      Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, in the vicinity, is an object of
252




BOR                                                      BOR
much interest to visitors. Bordentown is the terminus of    BORGO SAN DALMAZZO, bolt/go san dal-minst/ so, a town
the Delaware and Raritan Canal. A railroad also connects of Italy, in Piedmont, 5 miles S.W. of Coni. Pop. 3600.
it with Trenton. Steamboats from  Philadelphia touch at    BORGO  SAN DONINO, bos/go son do-nee/no, a walled
this place, causing it to be much frequented in the summer town of North Italy, 14 miles N.W. of Parma, on the Stiseason. Incorporated in 1825. Pop. about 3000.             rone. Pop. 4000. The principal buildingsarea remarlkable
BORDiRES, boibdaias, a village of France, department of cathedral, and the town hall. It has manufactures of silk
Hautes-Pyrdnues, 29 miles S.S.E. of Tarbes. Pop. of com- and linen fabrics.
mune, in 1852, 501.                                          BORGO SAN LORENZO, bos/go san-lo-rtntzo, a town of
BORDESHOLM, boa/des-holm', a village of Denmark, Italy, in Tuscany, on the Sieve, in a fertile district, 14 miles
Holstein, on the Kiel and Altona Railway, 12 miles S.S.W. N.E. of Florence. Pop. 3230.
of Kiel.                                                     BORGO SAN SEPOLCRO, boa/go sAn sA-pol/kro, a town of
BORDES, LES, 1I bond, a small town of France, depart- Tuscany, on the Tiber, 15 miles N.E. of Arezzo. Pop. 4297.
ment of Aridge, 12 miles W. of Pamiers.                   It was formerly fortified, and has still a strong citadel. Its
BOR/DESLEY, a chapelry of England, parish of Aston, in  cathedral and numerous churches are adorned with fine
the town of Birmingham.                                    works of art.
BORDILEY, a village of Union co., Kentucky.               BORGO SESIA, boe/go sAse-&, a town of Italy, in the SarBORDOE, boa/dO'eh, one of the Farie Islands belonging  dinian dominions, 25 miles N.W. of Novara. Pop. 3000.
to Denmark.                                                 BORGO TARO, bos/go ta/ro, a town of Tuscany, on the
BOREE or BORI, bo-reef, a fortified town of Afghanistan, Taro, 36 miles S.W. of Parma.
province of Sewestan, on the route from Dera Ghazee Khan    BORGO TICINO, boe/go te-cheono, a town of Italy, in
to Candahar. Lat. 300 55' N.; ion. 680 35' E.             the Sardinian dominions, 27 miles N. of Novara. Pop. 1851.
BORE/HIAMI, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2' miles    BORGOU. See BoRGoo.
N.E. of Chelmsford. Newhall, in this parish, built in the    BORGO VERCELLI, boe/go via-ch1l/lee, a town of Tusreign of Henry VII., and successively the abode of Princess  cany, 3 miles N.E. of Vercelli. Pop. 2586.
Mary, Villiers, (Duke of Buckingham,) Cromwell, and the    BORGUE, a maritime parish of Scotland. In it are the
Duke of Albermarle, is now occupied as a nunnery.         remains of Kirk Andrew and Senwick churches, Plunton
BO0REEL, or FRIAR ISLANDS, a group of small islets  castle, and the tower of Balmangan.
on the S. E. coast of Van Diemen's Land.  Lat. 430 321 S.;   BORINAGE, bo'ree'nizhl, a small district of Belgium,
ion. 1470 21' E.                                          in the province of Hainaut, important for its coal mines,
BO'RERAY/, a small fertile island of the Hebrides, 1 mile  which occupy nearly the entire extent. It comprises the
N. of North Uist.                                         communes of Jemmapes, Quaregnon, Hornu, Wasmes, PdtuBORERAYI, an island of the Hebrides, 2 miles N. of St. rage, Frameries, &c. Pop. about 32,000.
Kilda.                                                      BORISPOL, a market town of Russia, government of
BORG. See Bume.                                         Tehernigov.
BORGA, boe/gl, a town of Finnish Russia, 82 miles N.E.   BORISSOGLEBSK, bo-ris-so-glibskl, a town of Russia, go.
of Revel, near the Vorga. Lat. 600 22' N.; Ion. 250 45' E.   vernment, and 100 miles S.S. E. of Tambov, on the left bank
BORGENTREICH, boa/gen-trisK/, atown of Prussian West- of the Vorona. Pop. 2500.
phalia, 21 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 1820.                BORISSOGLEBSK, a town of Russia, government, and 23
BORGERHOUT, bor/ger-he wt', a town and commune of  miles N. WV. of Yaroslav, on the right bank of the Volga.
Belgium, province of Antwerp, on the high road from Ant- Pop. 4000.
werp to Turnhout. Pop. 4491.                                 BORISSOV, bo'ris-sovr, a town of Russia, government, and
BORGHETTO, bon-gattto or boatlght/to, a town of Italy, in  38 miles N.E. of Minsk, on the left bank oftheBeresina. Near
Lombardy, 7 miles S. of Lodi. Pop. 2200.                   this, at the village of Studienka, the disastrous passage of
BORGHETTO, a town of Italy, on the Mincio, 15 miles S. Beresina was effected by the French army, 26th and 27th of
W. of Verona. Pop. 2500. It has a castle and a vast forti- November, 1812.
fled causeway.                                              BORJA, boc/H9, a town of Spain, Aragon, 39 miles W.N.
BORGHETTO, a village of Italy, Sardinian dominions, 43  W. of Saragossa. Pop. 5242.
miles E.S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 1500.                           BORJA, a town of South America, in Ecuador, on the
BORGHOLM, boag/holm, a town of Sweden, capital of the  Amazon, E. of Santiago.
island of Oeland, with a harbor on the E. coast, 2 miles N.E.   BORJAS, boe/Hns, an ancient town of Spain, 10 miles E.S.
of Kalmar.                                                E. of Leeida.
BORGI-IOLZ, boaRG/h6lts, a village of Prussia, Westphalia,   BORKAI, boa-k/l, or BORGUf, bol-gee/, a bay in the Arc56 miles S.E. of Mlinden, on the Bever. Pop. 1270.        tic Ocean, on the Siberian coast, between lat. 700 4' and 720
BORGHOLZIAUSEN, boaGlh6lts-hfw'zen, a town of Prus- N., ion. 1290 and 1330 E.
sia, Westphalia, 30 miles W.S.W. oflMinden. Pop. 1390.       BORKAL, boa/k41, or BERKEL, bhirel, a river of RhenBORGIA, boe/jA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria  ish Prussia and the Netherlands, flows WV. through the proUltra II., 64 miles S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 3300. It was vince of Gelderland, and joins the Yssel at Zutphen, which
almost wholly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. In its  town it divides into two parts. Length, 60 miles.
vicinity excellent wine is produced.                        BORKEN, boe/ken, a town of Germany, in Prussian WestBORGNE, born, a lake, or rather bay, situated in the S. phalia, 34 miles W.S.W. of Miinster, on the Aa. Pop. 3000,
E. part of Louisiana, 12 miles E. of New Orleans, communi- who manufacture linen fabrics and chiccory.
cates with the Gulf of Mexico on the E., and is connected    BORKEN, a town of Hesse-Cassel, 20 miles S.S.W. of
With Lake Pontchartrain on the W. by means of the Rigo- Cassel.  Pop. 1373.
lets Pass, about 10 miles long. Length, about 60 miles;    BORKULO, a town in the Netherlands. See BoRcuLo.
greatest breadth, 26 miles.                                 BORKUM, boei/k6m, an island in the North Sea, belongBORGO, bor/go, a seaport town of Finland, on a bay of ing to Hanover, at the mouth of the Ems, 26 miles N.W. of
the Gulf of Finland, 124 miles E. of Abo. Pop. 2038. It is Emden. Lat. of light-house, 530 35' N., ion. 60411 E. Pop.
a bishop's see, and has a high-school, and manufactures of 485. The island is low, and divided into two parts by a narsail-cloth and tobacco.                                   row channel. Length, 6 miles; average breadth, 2 miles.
BORGO, a village of the Austrian Empire, Tyrol, on the    BORILAND, a post-office of Newton co., Arkansas.
Brenta. Pop. 2000. There are villages of the same name in    BORILEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Cephalonia, Greece, and Corsica.                            BORMES, boam. a village of France, department of Var,
BORGO, a town of Italy, in Parma, 13 miles W.S.W. of  20 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2019.
Piacenza. Pop. 1200. BorGo  ("towvn,") is a prefix to the    BORMIDA, boec-mee/di, a river of Piedmont;"rises in the
names of many other places in italy.                      province of Acqui, and joins the Tanaro 14 miles E. of AlesBORGO A BUGGIANO. See BucoIANO.*  sandria, after a N.E. course of 28 miles.
BORGO FORTE, bor/go fo/ltA, a town of Italy, in Loin-    BORMIO, boe/me-o, (Ger. Werms, froams,) a town of Northhardy, 7 miles S. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 3500.        ern Italy, in Lombardy, 29 miles N.E. of Sondrio, near the
BORGO LAVEZZANO, bostsgo I-vt-v-s/no, a town of Italy, Adda. Pop. 1200. N. of Bormio, at Molina, on the Adda,
in Piedmont, 8 miles S.S.E. of Novara. Pop. 2170.         are the ancient and celebrated salt baths called Bagni di
BORG 0MANERO, boReRg  m&-n/Vro, a walled town of Pied- Bormio, (bAnlyes dee bon/me-o,) temperature 990 51 Fahrenmont, 20 miles N.N.W. of Novara, near' the Agogna. Pop. heit, still much frequented.
7095. It is well built, and has a commercial college.       BORNA, boet/n, a town of Saxony, 16 miles S.S.E. of LeipBORGO MASINO, boe/go ma-seeino, a town of Italy, in  sic. Pop. 3804. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and
Piedmont, province of Ivrea. Pop. 2066.                   earthenwares.
BIORGO MOZZANO, boe/go mot-sA/no, a town of Italy,   BORNABI. See AsceNSION.
in Lucca, on the Serchio, 6 miles N.N.E. of Lucca. Pop.   BORNAND, GRAND, gr8Ne boa'n8Nc, a town of Savoy,
741.                                                      province of Faucigny, 11 miles E. of Annecy. Pop. 2500.
BORGO NUOVO, boe/go noo-olvo, a town of Italy, in Pia-   BORNAND, PETIT, peh-teel bointSc/, a town of Savoy,
cenza, 4 miles N.E. of Lucca. Pop. 2830.                  province of Faucigny, 5 miles S. of Bonneville. Pop. 2000.
BORGOO or BORGOU, boa-goot, a kingdom of Africa, in    BORNE, born, a small river of England, co. of Warwick,
Soodan, W. of the Quorra, about lat. 10~ N.; ion. 40 E. The which joins the Thanme near Tamworth.
principal towns are Boossa, Kiama, and Niki.                BORNE, boa/neh or botn, a village of the Netherlands,
BORGOO or BORGOU, a kingdom of Africa, in East Soo- province of Overyssel, 4 miles N.E. of Delden. Pop. 2600.
dan, about 440 miles E. of Lake Tchad. Capital, Wara.       BOIRNEO, bolne-o (called by the natives POOLO-KALA
253




BOR                                                           BOR
MiANTTN, k.a-l9mmunn-tinf, or KtLEMI'MAN'TANt; see Htis-  in reality, however, a stream of second or third-rate magnitory, page 255,) an island in the Malay Archipelago, lying  tude, but has the advantage of flowing in a single broad
under the equator, and nearly bisected by meridian 1140 E.  channel. easily entered by ships of burden.  Near lat. 20 N.
Excepting Australia, it is the largest island on the globe. Its  are the mouths of the Rejang and the Sarebus, both great
most N. point (Cape Sampanmanjo) is in lat. 70 51N.; its most  rivers; the former being nearly 1 mile wide 80 miles above
S. (Cape Salatan) in lat. 40 13' S., so that it extends through  its mouth. But the Batang Looper, about 50 miles fa.rthei
120 18' of lat., being divided by the equator into two nearly  S., lat. 10355 N., far exceeds them, and is probably the largest
equal portions; while in longitude it stretches through 100 28', river in this region of the island, being 4 or 5 miles wide,
from Cape Padan on the W. (1080 52' E.) to Cape Oonsang on  with depth of water sufficient for a frigate.  Then follows,
the E. (in 1190 20'.) The greatest length of the island is in the  40 miles W., the Sarawak, a river of comparatively short
direction of N.E. by N. and S.W. by S., firom  Cape Samnpan  course, but offering, in its numerous branches, extraordimanjo to Cape Sambar, a distance of 850 miles; its width  nary facilities for internal communication.  In the region
is, in some places, 600 miles, but dimisnishes towards the N. confined by the W. and S.W. chains flows the Sambas, as
The area is variously estimated at fi om  280,000 to 360,000  large a river as that of Br-fnai and the Kapooas, the most
square miles-more than thl ee times as large as that of Great northern mouth of which is under the equator.  This is
Britain.                                                      probably the greatest river of Borneo, its sources being 350
Surroending d  ages. —Borneo forms the central mass of the  miles distant, in a straight line, while its winding course
archipelago, which extends from  Sumatra in the W. to the  can hardly be less than 700 miles in length.  Between the
Moluccas and Philippine Islands in the E., and which is  S.W. and S. chain of mountains lies an immense alluvial
sharply circumscribed, on the S., by the chain of islands  expanse, watered by numerous large rivers, the Pembooan,
that stretches from Java to the Arroo group, in the vicinity  the Sampit, Miendawel, Kahajan, Mlurong, and Banjarmasof Papua. The seas surrounding it are variously denomi-  sin or Banjar, the last named river being the largest of all,
nated from  the adjoining shores. From  N. to S.W. it is  and hardly inferior to the Kapooas.  The region enclosed
washed by the Chinese Sea, which, narrowing in the latter  between the S.E. and E. chains (Pangaloo and Sakooroo)
direction. between Cape Samsbar and the island of Biliton,  is drained by the Kootai, a river not much inferior to the
takes the name of the Straits of Carimata. On the S., Bor-  Banjarmassin.  Its delta embraces above 100 miles of coast
neo faces the Sea of Java; on the E., it is separated from   on the Straits of Macassar, beginning a little S. of the equaCelebes by the Straits of Macassar; N. of which, from Cape  tor. N. of the E. chain. the Panita, or river of Berow, enters
Kanioongan to Cape Oonsang, a distance of 250 geographi-  the sea in lat. 20 N.; while the Sabanoon and ULmara, (both
cal miles, its shores are washed by the Sea of Celebes. The  mouths of the Boolongan,) lie respectively in lat. 20 451 and
coasts of this great island are beset by numerous reefs, 20 521 N. These rivers, though barred, are not inaccessible,
which, in many places, rise into countless islets; and far- and may be navigated a long' way up. Farther N., for
ther off lie clusters of islands, such as those of Balabalalgan,  some hundreds of miles, the details of the coast are but
or Little Paternosters, in the Straits of Macassar;  of Cari-  little known.
mate, in the straits of the samne name; and the islands of    Lakes.-Of the lakes, little is known, and that chiefly
Tambelan and Natuna, in the Chinese Sea. These-insular  through native information. The most celebrated of them
groups, usually considered, with little reason, as belonging  is that of Kinibaloo, on the E. side of the mountain of the
to Borneo, are as yet hardly known in detail.                 same name. About three degrees farther S. report places
General IAspect.-Though the mountains of Borneo are in  another great lake, like the former, the source of many great
some places visible from  the sea, particularly off its N.  rivers. In the alluvial plains, also, lakes are numerous,
coasts, yet the general character of its shores is that of man-  but not remarkable either for their magnitude or physical
grove wastes, or of interminable low plains, liable to inun-  features.  The chain of lakes which connects the Kapoas
dation, and covered with dense forests. The parts fie-  and the Kotaringin is said to prove that the principality of
quented by Europeans are chiefly in the vicinity of great  Matan, at the S.W. angle of Borneo, was insulated, at a
rivers, which form extensive deltas, wherein there is hardly  comparatively recent period, by a narrow strait or arm  of
any thing to be seen but the water and the impervious  the sea.
forest. There must, of course, be a great extent of elevated    Geology.-Borneo being so little explored, its geological forcountry in the interior, whence descend the innumerable' mation is necessarily very imperfectly kinown. In Sarawak,
streams intersecting the maritime tracts; but still there is  granite, with the several allied varieties of rock, prevail
reason to believe that a very large portion of Borneo con- along the coast, the valleys being filled chiefly with a desists of immense alluvial plains of the greatest fertility, and  tritus.of feldspathic materials, while limestone mountains
raised but little above the level of the sea.                 encompass this district on the S.  The Gunong Ratoos,
Mountains.-The mountains in the interior of Borneo, as  ( hundred mountains,") a chain separating the Tanab-laut,
has been already observed, become more conspicuous to- at the S.E. angle of the island, from  the valley of the Banward the N. The highest of them, Kinibaloo, in lot 60 8f jarnmassin, is formed of granitic rocks, underlying, probably,
N., and Ion. 1160 33' E., attains an elevation of 13,680 feet. the limestone, which shows itself farther N., in the same
On the E. side of this mountain there is said to be a great  valley. In both the granitic districts here mentioned are
laie of the same name, from which, if the accounts of na- found quartzose masses, resembling scorie, widely dissemitives are to be relied on, issue numerous rivers. From this  nated, and containing iron. It is in this diluvial formation
culminating point, a chain of mountains may be conjec- of quartzose gravel, reddened with oxide of iron, that the
tured to extend S.W. throughout the whole extent of the  gold and diamonds of Borneo are found in such abundance.
island, terminating a little E. of Cape Sambar. From about In the vicinity of Brunea or Borneo, and also in Labuan, 30
lat. 20 N., and from  that part of the central ridge named  miles farther N., coal has been discovered, under circumAnga-ange, a ramification, known in its successive portions  stances which indicate the existence of a large field of this
as the Longooloo and Sakooroo Mountains, extends E. by  valuable mineral. Basalts and other volcanic rocks occur
S. to Cape _Kanioongan, lat. 10 N.  A second ramification  in Maludu Bay, and also at the falls of the Dooson or Banleaves the central ridge a little farther S., and running S.E. jarmassin River. Besides gold, the annual produce of
about 200 miles turns S., and finally S.W., till it terminates  which has been estimated at a quarter of a million, Borneo
in Cape Salatan, the most S. point of the island.  Again, yields copper, tin, antimony, and iron, which last is of the
from the mountains of Mladei, in the central region, lat. 10  best quality. The diamonds are widely disseminated in the
N., a chain of mountssins runs W. about 200 miles, and then  red soil, but the largest are said to be found on Mount
N., till it ends in Mount Pangi, near Cape Batoo, (Tanjong,)  Landa, in Pontianak.  One of the largest known was found
lat. 20 5' N.  Thus it appears that Borneo, the mountain  here about 300 years ago, weighing 367 carets.
chains of which all branch out from  one central nucleus,    Climate.-The wet season in Borneo begins  in September
resembles, in its formation, the neighboring island of Celebes. and ends in April, during which the rain falls heavily, at.
With the exception of Kinibaloo, none of the mountains of  tended with much thunder and lightning, and violent
this island are supposed to attain a height of above 6500 feet. squalls  During the rest of the year, or the dry season, as
Rivers.-The rivers are, in general, tide-rivers, descend- it is called, copious showers fall nearly every day. In the
ing, in a winding course  and with little current, through  equatorial parts, the Winds are variable throughout the
vast level deltas, the lower portions of which are often over- year, sea breezes, however, blowing close on shore. In Ponflowed by the sea.  Hence their mouths are nearly all tianiak, the summer-heat rarely exceeds 820 Fahrenheit.
barred or obstructed by sand-banks; and while, with broad  This equability of'temperature, and the atmospheric circustreams and numerous branches, they afford great advan- letion, may, perhaps, explain why the European visitors to
tages within for internal communication, they are quite in- the swampy, luxuriant shores of Borneo rarely complain of
accessible from without by vessels of moderate size. The  their insalubrity.
mountains running S.W. and then W. to Cape Datoo, con-   Zoology. —An equatorial land, exceeding France in extent,
fine a maritime tract, 600 miles long, facing the N.W. and  varied and fertile, and still for the most part in a state of
N., and iutersectedi probably, by several hundreds of rivers; nature, may well be supposed to teem with animal life in
the direct course of which, however, from  the mountains, great diversity of form. IHere it will be sufficient to point
can hardly ever exceed 150 miles.  Toward the N., some of  out what is peculiar to, or characteristic of Borneo, in the
these rivers descend with so lively a stream  as to carry  department of zoology.  A great portion of this island is
fresh water to the sea-side, an advantage of rare occurrence  covered with dense forests, excluding the light, and fireon other parts of the Bornean coast. In lat. 50 N. is the  quently inundated beneath to a depth of some feet. In
estuary of the river Brfnai or Borneo Proper, which some  these secure retreats lives the ouranug-outang, (Simia sadescribe as the largest river of the whole island.  It is  tyrus,) an animal peculiar to Borneo and Sumatra. Two
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other remarkable apes, the long-nosed and crested, inhabit cultivate cotton, and have acquired the art of weaving. They
the skirts of the same woods, near the banks of rivers and  have domesticated the common fowl, hog, and dog, but have
lakes. The only gibbon (lar) found in the island, haunts  no beasts of burden. Some of the customs of the Dyaks are
the fig-tree thickets on the slopes of the mountains. In the  extremely barbarous, and of these the most remarkable is the
mountainous districts is found also the striped tiger, (Pelis  hoarding of the heads of enemies or strangers whom they have
macrocelis,) which is here the chief beast of prey, though  waylaid and murdered; and no man can marry until he has
not so powerful nor voracious as the panther. But the'most won the object of his affection by presenting to her at least
remarkable animal in Borneo, after the ourang-outang, is a  one of these hoirid trophies. These fruits of murder are
singularly-whiskered carnivorous creature, resembling at  pickled, and, with cowry shells in.the eye-sockets, and tufts
once the otter and ornithorhynchus, and which has received  of grass in the ears, are hung up in the head-house. On
the scientific name of Potaomphilus  barbatus.  The bear  festivals they are taken down to adorn the persons of the
does not appear to be a new species. A porcupine (Hlyostrix  heroes to whom they respectively belong. The Dyaks have
fasciata) supplies a favorite food to the natives, who say  but one wife, though there is said to exist among them much
that this animal alone can feed with impunity on the upas. license before marriage. With respect to religion, they have
There is reason to believe that neither the elephant nor rhi-  neither priests nor temples, nor do they pray or fast. On
noceros exist in Borneo; which possesses, however, a pecu- remarkable occasions, however, it seems they sacrifice a
liar species of hog, (Sus barbatss,) distinguished by its enor- human victim —a slive bought for the purpose-and even
mouns whiskers and hideous aspect. The banteng, a large  partake of the flesh. Though they have no regular system
and handsome species of buffalo, inhabits the mountains; of religious belief, they have many strange superstitions;
the napu, a musk, frequents the borders of the woods. Of  they draw omens fiom the flight or sight of birds, and of the
deer, only three species are known. In the rivers of Borneo  note of one in particular they stand in great awe, trembling
are three species of crocodile, one of which resembles the  violently, and immediately taking another road.  Their
gavial of the Ganges. lFish are extremely abundant along  burials form not the least singular part of their customs.
the shores. In the Chinese Sea, all the reefs and islets are  Most of the tribes inter the dead; but some burn the body,
covered with oysters. In the Straits of Macassar, pearls and  and others suspend the coffin from a tree. On the death of
mother-of-pearl are ordinary productions.                   a chief, he is dressed in his war habiliments; his arms are
Botlany. —Of the countless forms of the vegetable kingdom   deposited by his side, and a quantity of food enclosed, when
which clothe this prolific island, only a few can here be men- a high mound is raised, encircled by bamboo, onwhich fi'esh
tioned. The cocoa-nut, betel, sago, and gomati, the fibre of  heads are placed."
which serves to make cordage, are the palms most highly    Borneo is divided into many separate states, governed by
esteemed by the natives. The Nipa fruticens also, which  native chiefs. One of the best known of these is Brunai, or
adorn the banks of the rivers, where it invariably grows on  Borneo Proper, which extends over the level space on the N.
the side of the deep water, while the mangrove overspreads  coast, the sultan of which is now placed under the superthe shallow side, is of great importance. Its scented flow- intendence of Sir James Brooke. (See Iistory, in this article.)
ers feed the bees which furnish the wax exported in such  The principal other states are SAmIBAS, PONmIANAK, SIeIssAo,
quantity; its fruit resembles the cocoa-nut, and its branches  MATAN, BANJERMASSe, and SARAWAK, (which see.)
serve to form the roofs of houses. This must not be con-   By atreaty concluded between the Sultan of Borneo and the
founded with the niebong, the leaves of which are used to  United States, June 23, 1850, the citizens of the latter country
cover the roofs, and its exterior sheath of wood for flooring  have full liberty to pass with their merchandise through all
and boat-building. A species of sugar-cane here grows wild, parts of his Highness's dominion, and to trade with his subas well as a kind of nutmeg, (in this state flavorless,) and  jects, the various articles of commerce being subject only to
a cinnamon, which has a taste of cloves.  The mountain  certain custom-duties now established.
sides, where there is a sandstone soil, are covered with pine    The authority of the Dutch extends over a great portion
woods; and still higher up, the ironwood-tree (Diospyroz)  of the island, which they divide politically into the residency
attains, with slow growth, colossal dimensions. In the dis- of the W. coast, capital Pontianak, and the residency of tihe
trict of Sarawak-, and probably throughout the island, the S. and E. coasts, capital Banjermassin. By a decree of the
gutta-percha tree (Isonandrcac gutta) is plentiful. It attains  governor-general of the Netherlands East Indies, dated 28th
a diameter of 6 feet, and is called Niato by the natives, who  February, 1846, these possessions are henceforth to form a
are ignorant of the use of its juice.                       special government.
Produoce.-The productions of Borneo which find their    Popeulation.-According to the most recent information,
way into commerce are gold, platina, tin, antimony, copper, the population of Borneo may be estimated at 2,000,000, of
iron, and diamonds. Edible birds' nests, collected in the  whom 400,000 are Malays, 100,000 Boogis from Celebes, and
interior, as well as on the coasts, trepang or holothuria, 140,000 Chinese; the rest are Dyaks, or indigenous tribes.
fished in the Straits of Macassar-these three articles are    Hislory and Noame.-The Europeans who first visited this
destined wholly for the Chinese market. Camphor, iron- island, early in the sixteenth century-Lorenzo de Gomez
wood, ebony, ratans, cassia, wax, sago, and rice, are in gene- in 1518, and Pigafetta, with the ships of Magellan's experal demand. Among the vegetable productions are maize,  dition, in 1521-both named it Brunai or Brun., from the
rice, yams, batatas, cocoa-nut, betel, tobacco, cotton, sugar- port and principal city on its N.W. shores, at which they
cane. pepper, and other spices and tropical fruits.         touched.  This name, written by the Malays themselves
Inhabitants.-" Borneo," says Mr. Craufurd, in an essay  Bsruni or Boorni, is obviously the Sanscrit Blhurni or
recently read before the Royal Geographical Society of.Bhoorni, ("land;") its conversion into Borneo, and applicaLondon, " is inhabited by four descriptions of people:-the  tion to the whole island, came into use among Europeans in
aboriginal inhabitants, the Malays, the Chinsese, and the  the seventeenth century. Some writers have stated that
Boogis of Celebes. The first are the most numerous. They  the island, in its whole extent, is called by the natives Pulo
have no native name by which they distinguish them- Kalamantan; but those who have had most intercourse
selves in the aggregate; but each tribe commonly takes  with the native tribes of Borneo, deny that they have any
the name of the principal river on which lies its chief resi- general name for the whole island.
dence. The Malays  call them all Dyak, a word equivalent   The first Dutchman who arrived at Borneo was Oliver Van
to our term  "savage," and add to the general term the  Noort, in 1598. The reputation of the island for diamonds
name of the tribe's chief river, as Dyak Kayan, &c. They  and Bezoar-stone (the latter was considered, at that time, as
are allied to the Malays, and are divided into probably not a universal medicine) induced the Dutch settled in Batavia
fewer than 100 tribes, speaking as many different tongues. to send, in 1608, to the Queen of Succadana, an officer, deBut they are not all in an equally abject condition; for, while manding a treaty of commerce; to whom  she replied that
some are mere nakoed hunters, the majority have fixed abodes, "the trade of her country was free to all nations." In 1609,
and have made some progress in the useful arts. In person  however, they succeeded in making a treaty with the Sulthe Dyaks are of middling stature, well made, but not robust, tan of Sambas. A factory was thus established, and the
and are fairer than the Malays, have good foreheads, regular factors gradually raised themselves into sovereigns by steps
features, and a frtank, agreeable aspect. Their eyes are some- which cannot be here detailed.  In 1769, the English,
what oblique, and their cheek-bones prominent. The Dyaks having taken Manila, obtained from their ally, the Sultan
on the W. side of the island generally dwell in sheds or houses of Sooloo, the cession of his claim to the N. coasts of Borneo,
built on piles from 5 to 20 feet from the ground, with par- and took possession of Balambangan. But, in 1775, the
titions of split cane, and covered With'the leafof the niebonag. garrison of that island, composed chiefly of Bugis, was cut
Some of these houses have been seen nearly 500 feet long, and  to pieces by a band of pirates; and the settlement was concapable of lodging 400 persons. Their arms are a bucltler of sequently abandoned. When Java was taken by the Brihard wood, a spear, a sword, a knife, and a tube about five tish, in the late war, the Dutch power in Borneo fell to the
feet long, through which poisoned arrows are blown. Their ground, and the native chiefs, watched by a few British po2rchous, or war-boats, 50 feet long, and their utensils, show  litical agents, resumed the exercise of their original authoconsiderable mechanical skill. The most advancedand power- rity; but they now found themselves unable to cope with
ful of these is the Kayane(or Kajan) tribe, whose territory  the Chinese Kong-siles; and were, therefore, well pleased at
extends across the island for about three degrees on each side  the return, in 1818, of their Dutch masters.
of the equator. They dwell in well-constructed houses of   But the most important event in the recent history of
wood, with shingled roofs; they grow rice, the batata, sugar- Borneo, and one likely to lead to the most beneficial results
cane, banana, pine-apple, and tobacco, but are unacquainted  as regards civilization and commerce, is the enterprise of Sir
with the art of weaving, being clothed in the bark of trees, James Brooke, who first visited the island in 18 39, and has
or, of late, in foreign fabrics. Some other tribes, however, since been actively engaged in the suppression of piracy.
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the administration of justice, and the enmoura.rement of  Many Roman and British antiquities have been found hera
commerce and manufactures.- Adj. and inhab. BOIFNEAN. the most curious of which are the three rude stone obelisks
BORNEO, borlne-o, BRUNAI, broolni, or B'RNI, beRanee',  called the "Devil's Arrows," about half a mile S. of the towin.
a town near the North coast of Borneo, and on the river  This was anciently a famous Druidical meeting place.  The
Brunai, in let. 52~ 30' N., Ion. 1140 52' E. It is built on piles  town communicates by a branch with the Great N'orth of
in theriver, and defended bybatteries. Pop. in 1848,22,000. (?) England Railway.
BORNHEM, boanlhem, a town and commune of Belgium,    BOROUGH  OF CAMBRIDGE, a village in Cambridg6
province of Antwerp, on the Scheldt, 15 miles WV. of Mech- township, Lamoille co., Vermont, contains a church, 2 talin, with numerous looms for linen-weaving, several brew- verns, and 2 stores.
eries, and tanneries. Pop. 4194.                              BOROVITCHEE or BOROVITCHI, bo-ro-vit'chee, a town
BORNHOLM, boanlholm, (anc. Borringia?) an island of  of Russia, government, and 96 miles E.S.E. of Novgorod, on
Denmark, in the Baltic Sea, 90 miles E. of Zealand, and 25  the Msta, near the Rapids of Borovitskie.  Pop. 4000, who
miles S. of the southernmost point of Sweden. Its most  carry on an active trade in salt, coal, and limestone.
northern point is Cape HIammeren, on which is a light-house    BOROVITCHEE or BOROVITCHI, a town of Russia, go279 feet high, in let. 550 17' 4" N., Ion. 140 46' 30" E. It is  vernment, and 72 miles N.E. of Tchernigov.
about 23 miles long by 18 broad; estimated area, is 230    BOROVITCHEE or BOROVITCHI-I, a town of Russia, gosquare miles. In general, the coast is high and rocky, pre- vernment, and 46 miles E.N.E. of Pskov.
senting perpendicular cliffs, close to which is deep water.   BOROVSK, bo-rovskl, a town of Russia; government, and
Where cliffs do not prevail, reefs and sand-banks stretch out 50 miles N.N.E. of Kalooga, on the Protva, capital of the disto sea, rendering all approach dangerous, more especially in  trict.  Pop. 5000. It has manufactures of sail-cloth and
stormy weather, when the surf is heavy. The island has  leather, and its onions, garlic, &c. are in great repute. Near
no good or secure harbor for large vessels, and only few and  it is a rich convent, founded in 1444.
indifferent ones for small. The best is at Rbnne, on the    BORRIOL, boa-se-SI/, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 4 miles
S.W. side, with 119 feet water. The roadstead, however, is  N.N.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2069.
not very good, being exposed to the S.W. winds. Bornholm,    BOR/RIS, or BURIRIS-ID/RONE, a village of Ireland, co.
both geographically and geologically, belongs to Sweden. and 16 miles S. of Carlow. Pop. 950. In it is Borris Castle,
Excepting a heath-tract near the centre of the island, on a  the seat of Thomas Kavanagh, Esq.
plateau 250 feet above the sea, the land is generally fertile,    BOR/RIS-IN-OSISORY, a market-town of Ireland, in Leinproducing the same grain crops as the rest of Denmark, and  ster, Queen's co., 7 miles E.S.E. of Roscrea. Pop. 821. It
the same trees, beech excepted. The island has no lakes of  was formerly a military position of some strength, and has
any size, and its streams, numerous enough, are merely  a neat court-house.
rivulets, with narrow, rocky courses. Good building-stone    BORRISLEAGHI, borlris-lA, a parish of Ireland, in Mlunand marble are quarried and exported. Coal is likewise  ster, co. of Tipperary.
raised, and used to some extent, but it is of an inferior qua-   BOR/RIS-O'KANE, a town and parish of Ireland, in Munlity. The island has long been famous for its rock crystals.  ster, co. of Tipperary, 12 miles S.W. of Parsonstown. Pop.
Its watches have likewise a local reputation.  The chief  of town, 1625.
support df the inhabitants is agriculture, cattle-rearing, fish-   BORRIS-O'LEAGHII, borfris-o-laf, a small town of Ireland, in
ing, and seafaring. The principal town and port is Rlunne,  Munster, co. of Tipperary, in a picturesque district, 6 miles
after which come Nexie, and Svanike.  Pop. 26,600.          S.S.W. of Templemore. Pop. 1438.
BORNO, boR/no, a large village of Austrian Italy, 32 miles    BORROMEAN (bor-ro-meeoan) ISLANDS, a group of four
N.E. of Bergamo, on the Oglio.                              small islands of the Sardinian dominions, in the Bay of
BOR'NOO/or BORNOU, (native Kanowra,) a country of  Tosa, forming the NV. arm of the Laggo Maggiore:Central Africa, in Soodan, between lat. 10~ and 150 N., and    IsoLA  SAN GIOVAN\NI, eelso-l san jo-v n/nee, or IS0LINA,
ion. 120 and 18~ E., having N. Kanem and Sahara, E. Lake  e-so-lee/ni, is the northernmost, and is occupied by gardens
Tchad and Begharmi, S. Mandbra, and W. Houssa. Lake  and fertile fields.
Tchad appears to receive all the waters ofBorneo. The chief    IsoLtA MADnm, eetso-la m~drA, the largest. is covered with
rivers are the Shary from the mountains of Mandlara, and  orange and citron-trees, and gardens of exotic plants.
the Yeou from -those of Houssa. The climate is excessively    ISOLBt SUPERIE, ee/so-l soo-pA-ree-o0rl, or ISOLA DEI PeShot; temperature in summer (March to June) 1040 to 1070  CATORi, eelso-lg d/e pis-cA-totree, (i.e. "the Fishermen's
Fahrenheit. The day season is from April to October, and  Island,") is inhabited by fishermen, and contains the small
the rainy season during the remainder of the year. The  church of the islands.
whole country is flat, and by far the greater part is covered    ISOLA BELLA; eelso-l b6l/l, is the most celebrated of the
with a thick underwood, high, coarse grass, and creeping  group. This island, which was formerly a barren and sterile
and climbing plants, while all around Lake Tchad, and for  rock, was, in 1671, transformed into a delicious garden, rising
a considerable distance W.S.W. and S., it is alluvial and  in 10 terraces, in the form of an amphitheatre, and enclosing
marshy,  The chief productions are millet, barley, beans, a magnificent palace. The garden contains fine.specimens
maize, cotton, and indigo; trees are scarce, and it has no  of the most interesting tropical plants, and the palace is
firuit or edible roots. Minerals are unknown. The princi- adorned with paintings and statues. The family of Count
pal wealth of the inhabitants is in slaves and cattle, and the  Borromeo have been proprietors of these islands since the
horses of Borneo are greatly prized in the markets of Sou- thirteenth century.
dan. The chief exports are slaves, gold-dust, and civet. The    BORIROWDALE, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumbermass of the people (Kanowry) are negroes, professingFetish- land, 7 miles S.S.W. of Keswick.  Pop. in 1851, 1425. Here
ism, divided  into tribes, and speaking different idioms. is the famous mine whence is obtained the finest black-lead
The dominant race (Shouas) are of Arab descent, and Mo- or plumbago in the world. It is opened but once in 7 years,
hammedans.  Principal towns, Kooka, the residence of the  enough of produce being then extracted to supply the Lousovereign, Engornoo, Deegoa, Old and New Birnie, and Affa- don market for that period. The annual sale averages about
gay, several of which are populous, well built, and enclosed  3000/.  The picturesque scenery of Borrowdale attracts
by walls.- Adj. and inhab. Boo/NooesEI.                     many tourists.
BORNOS, boo/noce, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 28 miles    BORtROWSTOUNNESSI, or BONESS, bb-n/ssl, a burgh of
N.E. of Cadiz, on the Guadalete. Pop. 4826.  It contains  barony, seaport, and parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on
the palace of the Dukes of Medinacelt, part of which consists  a low peninsula in the Frith of Forth, 17 miles W.N.W. of
of an old Moorish castle, in good preservation.             Edinburgh. Pop. in 1851, 5192. The streets are narrow,
BORNOU. See BoaNoo.                                       and the houses low and old-fashioned. The harbor is safe,
BORODINO, bor-o-deelno, a village of Russia, government,  and some ship-building, and trade in coal and salt from the
and 75 miles W.S.W. of Moscow, on the Kologa, an affluent vicinity are carried on. The town has also distilleries, and
of the Moskva, celebrated for the dear-bought victory gained  manufactures of earthenware, soap, and vitriol. In 1844,
by the French over the Russians, on the 7th of September, 100 vessels (aggregate burden 6536 tons) belonged to this
1812.                                                       port.  Registered shipping in 1847, 5944 tons.  The coalBORODIINO, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 18  mines of the parish extend under the bed of the Forth, so
miles S.W. of Syracuse.                                     as almost to meet those of Culross from the opposite side.
BORODI/NO, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan.          Near Bo'ness is Kinniel House, long the residence of the phiBORODINO, NEW, a recently-founded settlement of exiles  losopher Dugaid Stewart.
in Siberia, near Krasnoyarsk, government of Yenisiesk.        BORSA, bo/shth', a village of Hungary, co. of Marmaros,
BOROOJIRD, a town of Persia. See BooaoojIRD.              47 miles S.E. of Szigeth, on the Vise. Pop. 3478. There are
BOROU. See BooRO.                                         silver and copper-mines in its vicinity.
BOROUGH, bfrlr/rfth, a village of South Wales, co. of Car-   BORSNA or BORZNA, boRzinA, a town of Russia, governmarthen, parish of Llanelly, 14 miles S.E. of Carmarthen. ment, and 45 miles E.S.E. of Tchernigov.  Pop. 1200.
Pop. in 1851, 8415, chiefly coal-miners and sailors.         BORSOD, bo,'shodl, or BORSCHOD, boR/shot, an admiBORIOUGHBRIDGE, a market-town and chapelry of Eng- nistrative province of Hungary. The district extends on
land, co. of York, West Riding, parish of Aldborough, on  both sides of the river Sajo, and is one of the most fertile in
the river Ure, here navigable, and crossed by a stone bridge, the kingdom. Chief products, grain, wine, and fruits; cattle
17 miles N.W. of York. Pop. in 1851, 1095. It has a small are extensively reared, and its commerce is important. Pop.
church, a handsome market cross, and 3 branch banks.  in 1840, 183,184.
Races are held annually. Before being disfranchised by the    BORSSELE, boRsfsel.lh, or BRAMSALE, bRdm-s/i/eh: or!Reform Act, it sent 2 members to the House of Commons. ginally two islands of Holland, province of Zealand, but
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B0R                                                          BOS
now  part of South Beveland, joined by means of gradual  jewellery, leather and woollen goods, and is the principal
acquisitions from the river and the sea.                       entrepdt for the commerce of Turkey, Dalmatia, Croatia,
BDRS/TALL, or BOARISTALL, a parish of England, co. and South Germany. In the vicinity are extensive iron
of Bucks, 6 miles S.S.E. of Bicester. The chapel contains  mines, and the mineral baths of Seraoevsko.  The town demonuments of the Aubrey family. In the civil war Borstall  rives its name from an old palace (Serai) built by Mohammed
house was garrisoned for King Charles I., and taken by Fair- II., and the inhabitants enjoy a municipal administration,
fax in 1646.                                                  nearly independent of the pasha, who resides at Travnik.
BORT, boR, a town of France, department of Corrlze, on    BOSNIA, boz/ne-A, (called BOSNA, bozlnA, by the Turks,)
the Dordogne, 14 mites S.S.E. of Ussel. Pop. of the com-  a province of European Turkey, comprising Bosnia Proper,
mune, in 1851, 2559. It has an active trade in horses and  Turkish Croatia, and HIerzegovina, situated at the extreme
cattle. This is the birth-place of Marmontel.                 western part of the empire, between lat. 420 30i, and 450 15'
BORTHtWICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.  N.; bounded N. and W. by the provinces of Austria, S. by
BORTHIWICK  CASTLE, a strong fortress, built in the  Milontenegro and Albania, and E. by Servia. Area estimated
fifteenth century; was famous in the civil wars of both the  at 18,800 square miles, and pop. at 900,000. The surface is
succeeding centuries. Dr. Robertson, the historian, was  almost wholly mountainous, traversed by the chain of the
born in the manse of Borthwick.                               Dinaric Alps, and covered by its contreforts, and those of the
BORTIGALI, boa-te-g'lee, a village of Sardinia, province  Julian Alps, rising in many places upwards of 6000 feet. A
of Cagliari, 40 miles S.E. of Sassari.  Pop. 2920.            great part of it is situated in the basin of the Danube, and
BORYSTIHENES, a river of Russia.  See DNIEPER.              watered by the Save and its affluents, the Yerba, Bosna, and
BORZONASCA, boad-zo-nAsekA, a village of the Sardinian  Drin.  The southern portion (Herzegovina) is watered by
States, 10 miles N.N.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 4810. It has man-  the Narenta, which flows into the Mediterranean.  The soil
ufactures of cloths.                                          is in general ill-suited for cultivation, except in the valley
BOSA, boles, a seaport town of the island of Sardinia, 30  of the Save. On the N. slopes of the Dinaric Alps are extenmiles S. of Sassari, at the mouth of the Termo, on the WV.  siye forests, yielding valuable timber, and the pasturage is
coast. Pop. 6250. It is a bishop's see, and is a well built  excellent. Wheat, barley, and maize, are raised in suffiand paved, having a cathedral and a diocesan school. Its  cient quantity for home consumption, and in the southern
harbor is safe, being sheltered by the island of Bose.        districts, flax, tobacco, wines, and olives.  Fruits are cultiBOSIBURY, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.            rated in great abundance, especially prunes, of which a
BOS/CASTLE, a small maritime and  market-town of  species of wine is prepared.  The rearing of cattle is an imEngland, co. of Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, in a deep  portent branch of agriculture; the horses are of an excellent
vale, 2 miles S.E. of Bossiney. Pop. about 800.               breed, and the sheep furnish a celebrated kind of wool.
BOS/CAWEN  ITSLAND, a small island of the Pacific  Croatia is renowned for its honey. The mountains contain
Ocean, Navigation group. Let. 150 50' S., ion. 1730 35' WV.    gold mines, which were worked by the Romans, and mines
BOS/CAWEN, a post-township of MIerrimack co., New   of silver and mercury; but the government permits only
llampshire, 10 miles N. by Wi. of Concord, on the western  the mining of iron, and that of lead in one or two places.
side of the Merrimack River, intersected by the Northern  Manufacturing industry is limited to fire-arms, leather,
Railroad. Pop. 2068. It has an insurance conmpany and a  woollen and cotton stuffs, and gunpowder.  Chief exports,
manufactory of platform scales.                                leather, hides, wool, goats' hair, honey, cattle, timber, and
BOSCO, bosfko, a town of Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.E. of  mineral waters.  Imports; colonial produce, silks, paper,
Alessandria.                                                   salt, oil, and dried fruits.  The transit trade is considerable
BOSCO or BOSCO TREI-CASE, bosoko trt-k~Jsl, a town of  between Turkey and the Austrian States. The roads are
Naples, Castellamare, on the southern declivity of Mount  very bad, and in general only practicable for beasts of burVesuvius.  Pop. 8500. It has a royal manufalctory of arms  den. The Bosniaks are of a Sclavonian origin, and a good
and gunpowder.                                                 many belong to the Greek church. As a ffontier province,
BOSICOBEL, an extra-parochial liberty of England, co. of  Bosnia is one of the most important in the empire; it has a
Salop, 6 miles E.N.E. of Shifnall.  Pop. in 1851, 20. The  great numaber of fortifications.  Previous to 640 it was gomanor-house here was the retreat of Charles II. after the  verned by independent princes, called Bans  or Waiwodes,
battle of Worcester, 3d September, 1651. For greater secu- who became vassals to Hungary.  The Turks rendered it
rity, the king passed the next day concealed in a thick oak  tributary in 1463, and it was united to -the empire by Solitree which grew near, from an acorn of which the present  man II. in 1522.-Adj. and inhab. BoMzIAN, bozlne-an.
"Royal oak," at Boscobel, has sprung.                           BOS/PORUS, (less correctly written BOS'PHORUS.) (Turk.
BOS/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of WXilts.              Bog7iaz, bo'gfzl; L. Bossporus  Thsrsccius;) called also the
BOSDARROS, bos'd~a-'o1, a village of France, depart-  STRAIT OF CONSTANTINOPLE, a narrow passage which
ment of the Basses-Pyr6n6es, arrondissement and canton of  connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Mar-mora, and separates
Pau. Pop. of commune, 1935.                                    Europa from Asia. It is about 17 miles long, and varies in
BOISIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                width from a half mile to 1 miles.  A  current sets conBOISHESTON, a parish of South Wales, co. and 41 miles  stantly through it from the Black Sea, running with great
S.S.W. of Pembroke.  Pop. 225. A cave here communicates  violence and rapidity when the wind is from the N.E., but
with the sea, the waters of which sometimes rush in with  hardly perceptible when it blows from the opposite quarters,
such violence as to project a column of foam mnore than 30  namely, the S.W.  The depth of water is considerable, and
feet above its mouth.                                         the navigation safe. The scenery along the banks of the
BOS.EAN, bo'zhSNcG,  a village of France, department of  channel is extremely beautiful, with magnificent palaces, of
Sagne-et-Loire.  Pop. of commune, 1015.                       which no fewer than 10 are imperial summer residences,
BOSJESMAN'S, (bos/yes-mAnz',) BOSCHMAN'S, (bfshl- and most of them on the Asiatic side, handsome houses and
manz,) or BUSHMtEN'S (b66sh/menz) COUNTRY, a region  noble gardens being thickly distributed over the fice of the
of South Africa, N. of the colonial territory of the Cape of  country in the vicinity of the strait, on both sides, alterGood Hope. The inhabitants, a race of Hottentots, are the  nated with picturesque cliffs of jasper, porphyry, and agate.
most diminutive and savage of these regions..               At the narrowest part of the channel, about 8 miles from its
BOSKOOP, bos-kOpf, a village of the Netherlands, province  southern entrance, occur the two castles or forts called reof South Holland, 9 miles S.E. of Leyden.  Pop. 1884.          spectivelyRoom-Elee (Roumeli)Hissar and Annadoli Hisser;
BOSKOWITZ, boslko-Witsl, a town of Austria, Moravia,  the former on the western or European side, and the latter on
21 miles N.N.E. of Briinn. Pop. 2962. It has a noble resi- the eastern or Asiatic. The Bosporus was, in ancient times,
deuce, and manufactories of Prussian blue, alum, vitriol, remarkable for its tunny-fishery, which is still a source of
glass, potash, and liqueurs.                                   considerable profit to the inhabitants.  The rivers, great
BOS/MITCH, a river and village of Persia; the river, an  and small, that fall into the strait, are said to amount to 30
affluent of that which passes Tabreez; and the village on its  in number. The Bosporus of Constantinople is called the
banks 12 miles E. of Tabreez.                                  Thracian Bosporus, to distinguish it from the Cimmerian
BOSNA, boz/nA, a river of European Turkey, Bosnia, to  Bosporus, the narrow channel that connects the Sea of Azof
which it gives its name; after a tortuous northward course  with the Black Sea, now called the Straits of Yenikale. By
of about 150 miles, joins the Save, 24 miles E. of Bred. Its  a treaty executed in 1829, between the Russians and the
greatest breadth about 400 feet. Principal affluents, the  Porte, the navigation of the Bosporus was opened to the
Laschra, Krivaga, and Spressa. The towns Jepee, Maalet, merchant ships of all nations.
and Doboi, are on its banks.                                     BOS/SALL, a parish of England, co. of York, North
BOSNA   SERAI, bos/nA ser-P, also  written  SERAIO, Biding.
sorio, SERAIEVO  or SERAJEVO, ser-i-yAvo, a town of    BOS/SARDSVILLE, a post-office of Momroe co., Penn
European Turkey, capital of the province of Bosnia, on  sylvania.
the Migliazza, an affluent of the Bosna, 122 miles S.W.   BOSISERMAN'S M!ILLS, a post-office of Perry co., Pennof Belgrade.  Pop. 60,000, of which 40,000 are Turks, 3000  sylvania.
Catholics, and the remainder Greeks and Jews. It is well    BOSISIER', (Fr. pron. bos'se-/,) a parish in the N.W. part
built, and though most of the houses are of wood, has  of Louisiana, bordering on Arkansas, contains 1066 square
a gay and pleasant appearance from  the number of mi-  miles. It is bounded on the W. by Red River, and on the
narets and steeples with which it is embellished. It is  E. by Dauchite Bayou and Lake Bistineau. The chief prodefended by a strong citadel, and was formerly surrounded  ductions are cotton and maize. Red River is navigated by
by walls, now in ruins. It is the seat of many of the chief  steamboats to the "Raft," which is situated on the border
authorities of the province; has manufactories of fire-arms,  of this parish.  Bossier was formed out of she western part
K,                                                                              Z87




BOS                                                         BOS~
of Claiborne parish.  Capital, Belleview.  Pop. 6962, of  street to Sewell's Point in Brookline. It is bnilt upon a
whom 2507 were free and 4455 slaves.                       substantial dam, which is constructed across the bay, enBOSSIER  POINT, a post-office of Bossier parish, Loui- closing an area of about 600 acres. By means of a crosssiana.                                                     dam, this enclosure is divided into two large basins, which,
BOS5SINEY, with TREVIENA, a disfranchised parlia- by the aid of tide-gates, are filled at flood tides, thereby
mentary borough of England, consisting of two small villa- creating a vast hydraulic power, at all times available. The
ges on the northern coast of Cornwall, 4 miles N.W. of  partition dam also forms the basis of a branch avenue leadCamelford. Pop. 306.                                       ing from the main one to Roxbury. The entire work was
BOSSUT-LES-WALCOURT, bos'sUi-lI-v.l'kooiV, a village  completed in 1821, at a cost of over $600,000. With the
of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 14 miles S. of Charleroi. exception of Western Avenue, all the others leading from
Pop. of commune, 581. Near this place the French gained  the city, either are or will become, at a given time, the proa victory over the Austrians in 1792.                       perty of the state, and free for public use. The various
BOSTAN, EL, el bos'tgnt, (i. e. "the Garden;" anc. Comnl- railroads conducting into the city proper have bridges conn?) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 40 miles N.W. structed expressly for their accommodation. Places in the
of Marash, on the Sihoon, (Sarus,) and on the N. side of vicinity, not reached by any of these thoroughfare, commuMount Taurus.  Pop. from 8000 to 9000. It has several nicate with Boston by means of steam-ferries.
mosques, with a considerable trade in wheat, and is said to    South Boston, set off from Dorchester in 1804, extends
have about 40 dependent villages.                           about 2 miles along the south side of the harbour, between
BOST/ICK'S MILLS, a post-office of Richmond co., North  Boston Proper and Fort Independence. It embraces about
Carolina.                                                   600 acres of varied surface, and is handsomely laid out;
BOSTON, bosttgn, a parliamentary and municipal bo- many of the streets intersect each other at right angles. and
rough, seaport town and parish of England, co. of Lincoln, form squares. Near the centre, and about 2 miles from the
in a rich agricultural district on the estuary of the Witham, state-house, are the famous " Dorchester Iheights," by the
5 miles from the sea and 28 miles S.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in  fortification of which, in the Revolutionary War, the Ameri1851, 15,132. The town is divided into two nearly equal cans succeeded in expelling the enemy from Boston. These
parts by the Witham, here crossed by an iron bridge of  "Heights," nearly 130 feet above the level of the ocean,
one arch, 86 feet in span; it is well built, paved, and  afford a magnificent view of the city, bay, and surrounding
lighted, and abundantly supplied with good water.  Its  country. One of them contains a capacious reservoir of the
parish church, built in 1309, is the largest without aisles  Boston Water-works.
in the kingdom; length 291 feet; breadth 99 feet.  The    East Boston occupies the western part of what was fortower, 291 feet in height, resembles that of Antwerp  merly known as Noddle's Island. Samuel Maverick lived
cathedral, and forms a landmark visible 40 miles distant. on this island as his homestead in 1630, the same time that
Boston has a grammar school founded in 1554, Blue-coat John Blackstone owned and improved the peninsula. It
and numerous other schools, a town-hall, a union poor- embraces about 660 acres of arable land, together with a
house, house of correction, custom-house, large market- large body of fiats. The surface is quite uneven. portions
house, and vauxhall, with assembly-rooms, 3 public libra- of it rising into considerable elevations, which afford fine
ries, several banks, manufacturies of sailcloth, canvas, and  sites for dwellings. The island is situated at nearly the
sacking, 2 or 3 iron foundries, and some shipyards. Owing  same distance (about 650 yards) from Boston Proper as from
to neglect in keeping the river clear, the trade became  Charlestown. It was purchased and laid out into streets in
nearly extinct in the last century, but recent improvements  1832. since which time it has increased rapidly in populanow enable vessels of 300 tons to unload in the town, tion. It has already become a place of extensive business,
whence the navigation is continued to Lincoln by small particularly in ship-building and the various branches of
steamers and berges. The chief imports consist of Baltic  manufactures, among the more important of which may be
produce, with  coal and manufactured goods coastwise. mentioned an immense sugar refinery, and a large steam
Chief exports, oats, wool, and wood, which last is exten- flouring mill. A wharf, 1000 feet in length, is devoted to
sively produced in the vicinity.  Registered shipping of  the use of the Cunard line of Liverpool steamships. East
port in 1847, 186 vessels; aggregate burden, 8768 tons. Boston is the terminus of the Grand Junction Railroad.
Boston sends two members to the House of Commons. In  The several parts of the city, together with the town of
the reign of Edward III., and subsequently, Boston was one  Chelsea, constitute the county of Suffolk.
of the principal commercial ports of England. Fox, the bio-    The streets of Boston were originally laid out upon no
grapher of the mIartyrs, was born here in 1517. The town  systematic plan, and being accommodated to the unevengives the title of Viscount to the Irby family.             ness of the surface, many of them are crooked and narrow;
BOS/TON, a village of England, co. of York, West Riding, but these defects have of late been remedied to a consider3 miles S.S.E. of Wetherby, in a valley on the Whanfe. able extent, so that now the principal thoroughfares are
Pop. 1014.                                                  convenient and spacious. Washington and Tremont streets
BOSTON, the second commercial city of the United States, are the fashionable promenades.  Although Boston Proper
capital of IMassachusetts, and seat of justice of Suffolk co., is  is circumscribed in its limits, it contains one of the finest
situatedat theW. extremity of Massachusetts Bay, 464 miles public parks (the Common) that is to be found in any city
by railroad N.E. of Washington; 236 miles N.E. of New York; of America. Known to the earliest settlers by the name of
200 miles E. by S. of Albany; 105 miles S.S.W. of Portland; "Tower Fields," and occupied afterwards as a town cow43 miles N.N.E. of Providence; 76 miles S.S.E. of Concord; pasture, Boston Common has since been set apart, ornaand 124 miles N.E. bf Hartford. Lat. of the State-house, mented, and carefully preserved for the common benefit of
420 21' 22" N., ion. 710 4' 9" W. The city consists of three  the citizens in all coming time. Nearly 50 acres are inparts, Boston Proper, East Boston, and South Boston. eluded within its boundaries, embracing almost every vaBoston Proper, or Old Boston, occupies a peninsula em- riety of surface, from the level plat to the gentle slope and
bracing about 700 acres; the surface is very uneven, and in  abrupt ascent. Towering elms, some of which are 100 years
three places rises into hills of considerable elevation, the  old, enclose the borders, while within, graded walks, beautihighest being 138 feet above the level of the sea. A narrow  fully shaded, intersect each other in every direction. Near
isthmus, or "Neck," as it is called, a little more than a mile  the centre is a small pond, where a fountain sends up its
in length, joins the peninsula to the mainland of Roxbury  crystal stream whirling and sparkling 60 or 70 feet into the
on the S. This Neck, once overflowed by the tides, was the  air. The entire grounds are surrounded by a costly iron
only passage to the city till the year 1786, and by fortifying  fence, 1977 yards in length. The northern portion of the
it in the early part of the Revolution, the British were en-  Common, occupying the southern declivity of Beacon Hill,
abled to cut off all intercourse between Boston and the sur- affords a fine view of Charles River, and the country in that
rounding country. It has since been raised, and made  direction. The space towards the west, between the Commuch wider, so that at present there are four avenues lead- mon and Charles River, is occupied by a botanic garden,
ing over it from  Roxbury to Boston. Besides these tho- covering about 25 acres. Other public grounds have been
roughfares, seven bridges connect Boston Proper. with  laid out inthe newer portions of the city, some of which
Chariestown, South Boston, and the mainland.  The first are beautifully ornamented, and have fountains in the
one built was the Charles River Bridge, 1503 feet long, lead- centre.
lug to Charlestown.  It was opened for travel on the    Boston harbor opens to the sea between two points nearly
eleventh anniversary of the battle of Bunker's Hill, June  4:miles distant from each other-Point Alderton on Nan17th, 1786. The Old Cambridge Bridge, 2758 feet in length, fasket, and Point Shirley in Chelsea. It is sheltered from
with a causeway of 3432 feet extending across Charles the ocean by the peninsulas of which these two points are
River to Cambridge Road, was completed in 1793. The  the extremities, and a large number of islands, between
South Boston Bridge, 1550 feet long, leading from the Neck  which are three entrances. The main passage, which is
to South Boston, was opened in 1805. Canal Bridge, 2796  about 3 miles S.E. of the Navy-yard, and so narrow as
feet in length, connecting Boston with Lechmere Point, was  scarcely to admit two vessels to pass abreast, lies between
finished in 1809. From  the centre of this bridge another  Castle and Governor's Islands, and is defended by Fort Inbridge, 1820 feet in length, extends to Prison Point, in  dependence and Fort'Warren. A passage N. of Governor's
Charlestown. Boston Free Bridge, about 500 feet in length, Island is also protected by Fort Warren. A new fortress,
leading to South Boston, and Warren Bridge, 1390 feet long, of great size and strength, now  nearly completed, on
leading to Charlestown, were finished in 1828. In addition  George's Island, guards the entrance to the outward or
to these, the Western Avenue, about 11 miles long,  and  lower harbor. The entire surface included within Point
from 60 to 100 feet wine, extends from  the foot of Beacon  Alderton and Point Shirley is estimated at 75 square miles,
258




BOS                                                         BOS
about half of which affords good anchorage-ground for yes- IIall, completed in 1852, fronts both on Winter street and
sels of t.e largest class. It is easy of access, free from sand-  on Bumstead place. The length of the central hall is 130
bars, and seldom obstructed with ice. The whole is thickly  feet; width, SO feet; height, 65 feet; with two tiers of galstudded with islands, and is the reservoir of several small leries extending on three sides. It is one of the finest constreams, among which are the Mystic, Charles, Neponset,  cert-halls in the United States. The building in which
and the Manatiquot Rivers.                                 Gleason's Pictorial is published is an imposing edifice.
Public Buildings.-Am ong the public buildings, the State- situated a short distance below the Temple, on the same
house, from its position, is the most conspicuous. It stands  side of Tremont street. The F'itchburg Rlailroad Dep~t, at
on the sunmmit of Beacon Hill, fronting the common. It was the corner of Causeway and HIaverhill streets, was at the
erected in 1798, on ground termed in the grant, " Governor  time of its completion the handsomest railway edifice in the
HIancock's pasture." The edifice is 173 feet long, and 61 feet United States, and cost upwards of $70,000.
w-ide, with a dome 50 feet in diameter, and 30 feet high, the    In Boston there are about 100 churches of the various
summit of which is about 120 feet from the ground, and 230  denominations, viz.: Unitarian, 22; Congregationalist, 14;
feet above the level of the sea. At present (May, 1854) ex- Baptist, 13; Methodist, 12; Episcopal, 11; Roman Catholic,
tensive additions are beinag made to the N. front. The view  11; Universalist, 6; besides those of various other denowhich is afforded from the cupola is unsurpassed by any  minations.  Christ Church, (Episcopal,) built in 1723, is
thing in the United States, if not in the world. Every por- the oldest church edifice in Boston. The Old South Meetingtion of the city is before the eye of the beholder. The har- house, erected in 1730, is the next. From the great historibor is spread out towards the E., embosoming a multitude  cal interest connected with this church, it is selected for the
of beautiful islands, and whitened with a thousand sails, annual election sermon, preached before the governor and
On the other hand is an illimitable expanse of country  general court.
adorned with fruitful fields, and everywhere dotted over    The wharves and warehouses of Boston are on a scale 6f
with elegant villas and flourishing villages; while to the N. magnitude and grandeur surpassed by no other city of equal
towers Bunker Hill Monument, marking the place where  population. The N. and E. sides of Old Boston are lined
the first great battle of the Revolution was fought. The  with wharves and docks, which, taken together, nmake  up
number of persons who visited the cupola of the State- an aggregate length of over 5 miles. MIany of them  are
house from April to November, 1849, was 62,430. On the  stupendous structures.  Long wharf, lined with spacious
entrance-floor stands a fine statue of Washington, by Chast- warehouses, extends into the harbor 1800 feet; T wharf
trey. The representatives' hall is in the centre on the prin- reaches from the centre nearly to the outer extremity of this
cipal floor, the senate chamber in the E., and the governor's  wharf on the N. side, and is parallel to it.  The two are
and council chamber in the W. wing. The old State-house  united by means of a short cross-wharf. The next S. of
is still standing at the upper end of State street, on the  Long wharf is Centre wharf, 1379 feet long, with a uniform
site occupied as the seat of government in Massachusetts  range of warehouses 4 stories high, throughout its whole
140 years. The fUrst building was erected in 1659, (after- extent.  The Custom-house is situated between these two,
wards destroyed by fire;) the second in 1714, (also destroyed  on Commercial street. Still farther S. is India wharf 980
by fire;) and the present one in 1748. Faneuil Hall, the  feet in length, and from  246 to 280 in breath, having a
" Cradle of Liberty," as it is called, is an object of much in- range of lofty warehouses in the centre. Hlere are found
terest, as being the place where the orators in the days of  vessels from China and India. The most important N. of
Hancock and Adams roused the people to resistance against these are Commercial wharf, Lewis's wharf, and the Eastern
British oppression. It is situated in Dock square, and is  Railroad wharf. Commercial wharf and Lewis's wharf are
100 feet long, 80 wide, and 3 stories high. The hall is 76  each occupied by a range of massive granite warehouses.
feet square, and 28 feet high, with deep galleries on three  On the Eastern Railroad wharf, the landing of the East Bossides. The building was presented to the citizens, in 1742, ton Ferry, there are two such ranges, with an avenue beby Peter Faneuil, Esq.                                     tween leading to the station-house.
Faneuil Hall Market, immediately E. of Faneuil Hall, on    Instititions.-Boston contains a great number of literary,
Dock street, was, at the time of its erection, the handsomest scientific, and educational institutions. The Boston Athemarket-house in the United States. It is upwards of 500 feet nenum, incorporated in 1807, and situated in Beacon street,
long, 50 feet wide, and 2 stories high, with a dome. The so- is rapidly becoming one of the most richly endowed and
cond story, called Quincy Hall, is so constructed that it can  splendid literary institutions in the world. The Perkins
be occupied as several apartments, or thrown into one, as family, one of the richest of "the solid men of Boston,"
occasion may require. The building was erected in 1826, at gave to the society $61,000. Other large and liberal donea cost of about $150,000. There are several other markets  tions were received from  different persons, until the soin the city, besides those of East Boston and South Boston. ciety were able to erect a library building, at a cost of
The Custom-house is near the head of Long Wharf, fronting  $136,000, on a lot of ground that cost $55,000. The library
both on Commerce street and on the harbor. It is built of  contains above 50,000 volumes of books, besides an extensive
granite, in the form of a cross, and surmounted by a dome, collection of manuscripts. The Athennum  likewise conthe top of which is 90 feet from the ground. The foundations  tains a fine gallery of sculpture, and also one of paintings.
rest upon 3000 piles. Its length is 140 feet; width, includ- The Massachusetts Historical Society, organized in 1794,
ing the projections of: the cross, 95 feet. Each front has a  possesses a library of 12,000 volumes, and about 450 rvoportico of 6 Doric columns-each, a single stone, costing  lumes of manuscripts, together with an extensive collection
about $5000. The entire cost of the building was upwards of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and other relics. The
of'$1,000,000. The Merchants' Exchange is a magnificent  Boston Library Society, founded in 1794, have a hall in the
fire-proof building, situated on the S. side of State street. Tontine Buildings, and a library of about 14,000 volumes.
It has 76 feet firont, and extends back 250 feet to Lindall The American Academy of Arts and Sciences has a library
street, covering 13,000 feet of ground. The front is com- of 15,000 volumes. Excepting the American Philosophical
posed of Quincy granite, with 4 pilasters, each a single stone  Society, at Philadelphia, this is the oldest organization of
45 feet high, and weighing about 55 tons. The roof is of  the kind in the United States, having been founded in
wrought iron, covered with galvanized sheet-iron. The great 1780. It occupies an apartment in the Athennum.  The
central hall, 80 feet by 58, is occupied as the Merchants Ex- Mercantile Library Association, instituted in 1820, has a
change and reading-room. In the basement is the city post- collection of upwards of 13,600 volumes.  The first Meoffice. The building was finished in 1842, and cost, exclu-  chanics' Apprentices' Library Association ever organized
sive of the ground, $175,000. The City Hall, a granite build- was established at Boston in 1820. The State Library,
iMg, consisting of an octagon centre with wings, is located on  founded in 1826, has 8000, and the City Library, founded in
a plat of ground between Court square ~and School street. 1851, 10,000 volumes. The latter is in a most flourishing
The Court-house, also of granite, is in Court square between  condition, and has every prospect of an increase, which will
the City Hall and Court street. It contains the rooms of the  render it one of the largest and most useful in the country.
city, county, and United States Courts. The City Prison, There are also numerous other libraries in Boston, among
consisting of a centre building in the form of an octagon  which are the Bowdich Library, with 2500 volumes, the
with 4 wings extending in opposite directions, is near the  Social Law Library, founded in 1804, with 6000 volumes,
foot of Cambridge street. Masonic Temple, in which the  and the library of the American Board of Commissioners for
Freemasons have a lodge, is on Tremont street, fronting the  Foreign Missions, having 3500 volumes. The Medical ColCommon. The new Tremont Temple, erected on the site  lege connected with Harvard University is situated in Bos.
of the one burnt in 1852, is on Tremont street, opposite  ton. The Lowell Institute was established by John Lowell,
the Tremont House. The main hall, which is on the upper junior, who bequeathed to it a legacyof $250,000. The befloor, is 130 feet by about 73, and 45 feet in height, having  quest provides for regular courses of free lectures, to be given
galleries on three sides, with 8 separate flights of stairs. upon natural and revealed religion, physics, and chemistry,
Directly under this hall are 13 rooms, averaging about 16  in their application to the arts, and numerous other importfeet in width, and from 32 to 38 feet in length. Fronting on  ant subjects. There are also many other similar societies,
Tremont street are 4 rooms occupied as stores, in the rear  such as the New England Historical and Genealogical So.
of which are 2 others, each 32 feet by 16, and a vestry, 73  ciety, the Boston Society of Natural History, the American
feet by 33. Still farther in the rear is another hall or  Oriental Society, the Am6rican Statistical Association, the
chapel, 73 feet by 53, with a ceiling 25 feet high. In a re- Boston Lyceum, the Handel and Haydn Society, the Musical
cess at one end of the great hall stands one of the largest Educational Society, and the Boston Academy of Music.
organs in America. It is 45 feet high, and 36 feet wide,    Closely identified with the history of Boston is her system
ontaining 70 stops and 3010 pipes.  The Boston Music  of public instruction. Ever cherished with maternau care,
259




BOS                                                                BOS
her schools have long been ornaments to the city, and the  of Good Hope and beyond.  The clearances for the same yeat
the pride of New England.  As early as 1635, the town re-  were 6154 vessels. The totalnumber offoreign arrivals during
cords bear evidence to the establishment of a "free school,"  the year ending June 30, 1854, was 3075, (tons, 653,443,)
and from that hour to the present no interest has received  of which 990 (tons, 320,174) were by American vessels; total
more earnest attention than the subject of education.  The  number of clearances to foreign ports, 3054, (tons, 613,439.)
system  comprises four grades-primary, grammar, high,  The aggregate shipping, June 30,1854, was 437,324 tons regisand Latin schools. There are 196 primary, and 23 grammar  tered, and 58,556 enrolled; total, 495,880 tons. During the
schools. The high and Latin schools are exclusively for  year, 68 vessels, (59 of them ships,) with an aggregate of 69,350
boys. There were in the primary schools in 1852, about  tonsburden, were admeasured.  Three-fourths of the trade
12,000 pupils; in the grammar schools, 9979; in the high   carried on by the United States with Russia, and more than
schools, 173; and in the Latin schools, 185; total number   half with the East Indies, (including nearly all the Calcntta
in all the schools, approximately, 22,307 pupils; number in  trade,) comes to this port.  Boston has also extensive cofinthe grammar, high, and Latin schools, 10,337; over 15 years  mercial relations with the countries bordering  on the Mediof age, 610; average attendance, 9064. Number of masters  terranean, with South America, and the West India Islands.
in the grammar, high, and Latin schools, 31; sub-masters,    The annexed table exhibits some of the leading imports and
11; ushers, 17; female assistants, 144.  Salaries of the mas-  exports of Boston, for the year ending December 31,1852:ters in the high and Latin schools, $2400; sub-masters,
$1500; ushers, $800, with an increase of $100 a year till the                         Articles..                 Received. Exported.
salary amounts to $1200.  Matters in the grammar schools,
$1500; sub-masters, $1000; ushers, $800; head assistants,  Coffee........................bags and piculs...  173,305    106,147
$400; others, $250 the first year, $300 the second, and $350   Cotton......................bales.............  281,16        3,146
the third and succeeding years; teachers of music, $100 in   Lgod........... tons..............   10,98,131
Beef......................... bbls........   28,115     11,967
each school.  All salaries are fixed by the school-committee.    c..................bl...........              2,110      11,
Pork........................ "                72,016     30,232
The amount of money expended in the Boston schools for   Lard......................."...............   37,65     10,33
the year 1853, was $329,800.20.  Average cost of tuition of    ".31........................kegs..............   37,972     24,871
each scholar per annum, for the last 10 years in the public    Mackerl............bbls..............   48,570    120,04
schools, has been $10.76; in the grammar, high, and Latin            errig......................                    30,67     17,529
Codfish...................4 quintals..........        48,110     53,560
schools, $15.10; primary, $6.42. Total amount expended for........................casks............   241
school edifices up to May 1, 1851, $1,271,273.57.  During the    "........................drus...........    2,856          7,356
last 12 years, 21 per cent. of the ordinary city expenditures  Flour........................bbls..............  896,454    269,171
has been appropriated  to public schools. The school com-  Sugar..........s.........     so.d casks.   1,631                   40''..................bbs.......,654        4,846
mittee Consists of the mayor of the city, the president of the.......................bags.............   63
Sega                 -       ~~~~~~~~~90,631
common  council, and 72 other persons, 6 chosen  from..............boxes............   86,477    6,15'7
each ward.                                                          lolasses..............hhds.............    71,504     6,319
The benevolent institutions of Boston are numerous and..t s.3,39                                       05
well endowed. The Massachusetts General HIospital occu-..4,401                                                 3,201
Wheat.......................bushels....       762,939     25,187
pies a plot of 4 acres of ground in the western part of the   Corn........................                       2,118,338    74,180
city, on the right bankl of Charles River.  The building is   Resin.......................bbls..............     36,332     11,470
constructed of Chelmsford granite, 274 feet long and 54   Trpeine..                    22,94         440
Tar.................. "..........,.,.          22,419      5,075S
wide.  Besides a permanent fund of $171,119, it has other   Tlas-.............I.......                            22,451     5,037
Gold.......................................0. 051,1   3,355,367
sources of income, making the total receipts for the year  Silver...................5.................... 152,302
1850, $38,517. The number of patients admitted during the 
same period was 746.  The McLean Asylum  for the Insane,
a branch of the General Hlospital, is delightfully situated on        There were also received the same year, at this port, coal
an eminence in Somerville, about 2 miles N.W. of Boston. from Great Britain and the Provinces, 9343 tons and 40,764
The asylum  comprises a group of 5 elegant bnildings, sur-  chaldrons; from  domestic ports, 431,270 tons, and 14,000
rounded with 15 acres of ground, beautifully laid out and  bushels.  Iron, bars, 696,042, tons, 3717; railroad bars,
ornamented.  Thirty thousand dollars have been contri-  18,622, tons, 4870; bundles, 185,191; plates, 20,508; blooms.
buted, since 1843, for the support of this institution, by a  1382, tons, 53; scrap, 1558; pig, tons, 34,656.  Of the bars,
single individual, the Hon. William  Appleton of Boston.  5184 were from Russia; 29,118, Sweden; 543,185, Great BriThe McLean Asylum received its name from John MlcLean,  tai, and 118,555 coastwise.  Bundles, 9640, firom  Russia;
Esq., of Boston, a liberal benefactor of the General Hospital.  140, Sweden; 146,703, Great Britain, and 28,699, coastwise.
The Perkins Institution and Mlassachusetts Asylum for the  Hides, 479,288, of which 141,680 were friom  Buenos Ayres;
Blind occupies the fine building formerly Itnown as the  goatskins, 107,853; leather, 397,628 sides, and 93,447 bunMIount Washington Ilouse, in South Boston. In addition to  dies.  Sperm  oil, 74,430 barrels; whale oil, 83,013 barrels,
other contributions, it receives $9000 annually from  the  (the whale oil received in 1851, was 328,483 barrels;) linseed
state.  The average number of pupils is about 100.  There  oil, 915,000 gallons; whiskey, 250,811 barrels; rye, 18,751
are also located in South Boston, the Boston Lunatic Hospi-  bushels;  oats, 849,173 bushels; shorts, 149,474 bushels.
tal, and the House of Industry and Reformation. Belonging  During the year 1853, the value of foreign dry-goods entered
to the last named are 60 acres of land, in the cultivation of  at the Boston custom-house amounted to $13,874,280.
which the inmates are employed. The expense for the Lu-    Goods  xote    tedrin 1852.-Tobacco, 991 hogsheads, 6036 bales
natic Hospital for the year 1852-3 was $20,013.26, and the  and cases, 19,452 boxes and kegs; ice, 96,482 tons, of which
number of inmates about 250. In the HIouse of Industry   11,207 tons were for the West Indies.  According to a stateand Reformation, and in the Almshouse, at the same date, ment in the Bostoon Atlas, the boot and shoe trade of Boston
there were 1388 iunmates; expense, $73,171.37.  An institu-  and vicinity amounts to between $30,000,000 and $40,000,000
tion called the "Boston Fasm School," with accommodations  annually. Theforeign exports ofcotton manufactures for 1852
for about 300 indigent boys, is situated onThonpson's Island.  were much greater than any previous year, and consisted of
The new Almnshouse, an imposing structure, in the form of a  62,669 packages.  Of these, 24,677, value $1,252,051, were for
Latin cross, is on Deer Island, and the Quarantine Hospital  the East Indies; 23,603 do,value $1,125,205.89, for South Ameon Rainsford's Island. In the western portion of the city  rica; and 2018 do., value $154,313, for Hayti. The total value
is the Boston Eye and Ear Infirmary, and in the southern  of foreign exports in cotton manufactures, for 1850, amounted
part, the New England Female Medical College. The other  to $1,896,048; 1851, $2,507,703, and 1852, $3,090,196.59.
principal benevolent institutions are a school for idiotic    The total value of foreign imports into Boston, for 1850,
children, which is in successful operation, and the Ihome  amountedto$29,909,376; 1851,$31,350,553; 1852,$33,987,144;
for Aged Indigent Females.  The last Boston Directory con-  1853, $43,340,449.  The annexed table exhibits the foreign
tains a list of 61 societies under the head of "Religious,  imports and revenue of Boston at two different perirds, viz.,
Charitable, and Reformatory," and 44 under the head of  in 1840 and 1853:"Educational, Scientific,,and Commemorative."                                                                   1840.        1853.
There are issued in Boston about 100 periodical publica-  Imports in American vessels.................$13,517,031.. $26,177,320
tions, treating of almost every subject, whether of news, art          Do.    Ereig    d..................    60,227....,140,059
literature, or  c c.  Of thesemore  than 12 are dailies.   evenue in American vessels...............  2,364,506.... 4,599,800
literature, or science. Of these,.more than 12 are dailies.           Do     Freg       do.........              9247..31848
Do.   Foreign.o......... 92,417.... 3,178,4138
Among the others are comprised several of the most distinguished literary and scientific journals in the United States.    During the first quarter of the year 18514, the increase of
Cenesrce, FYinances, dc.-In commercial importance, Bos-  duties over the corresponding quarter of 1853 was $373,981,
ton ranks among the first cities of America. Her foreign   or nearly 20 per cent.
commerce has always been great, and extends to almost    In the following table are shown the amount of goods
every nation on the globe. Her coast trade is also immense.  transported to Canada in bond from Boston district, and the
Along the wharves, in every direction and at all times, may  value of Canada produce warehoused in Boston for a series
be seen forests of masts, and vessels flom  all parts of the  of years, ending September 30, 1853:world. During the year 1852 there were at Boston 2974 foreign, (tons, 518,078,) and 6406 coastwise arrivals. Of the             npetis   t completed: as far as made,   y show a de* Inspections not completed: as fatr as made, they show a decoastwiss, 1818 were from Philadelpihia, 500 from New York,  crease from former years.  This falling off is attributed chiefly
298 from  Bangor, 283 from  Baltimore, 277 from  Portland,  to the obstructions thrown in the way of the fisheries by the
156 from  New Orleans, and smaller numbers from  other  British authorities.
ports. Of the foreign arrivals, about 75 were from the Cape    t Boxes.
290




BOS                                                           BOT
tears.                          Transportation.   Warehoused. the streets by the sqldiery, and several killed and wounded.
184......................................... $24,729         March 31st, the port of Boston was closed by act of Parlia1850........................................    108,967......... $62,811 ment. On the 17th of June, 1775, was fought the battle of
1851....................................   632,700.........119,551 unerill.   romthistimetheBritish      ytotheum1852........................................   1,709,935........  365,149
1852.1,709935.                       365149 ~~~~~Bunker Hill1. F'rom this time, ths British army, to the num1853........................................ 4,338,548......... 60,035  her of about 10,000 troops, had possession of Boston till
March, 1776, when they were compelled by the Americans
During the first quarter of 1854, the goods transported in  intrenched on Dorchester Heights to withdraw from  the
bond to Canada. amounted in value to $2,271,801, more than  town and harbor. The first blood shed in defeince of Ameeihalf the aggregate of the whole of the preceding year. The  can liberty was shed in Boston, and throughout the entire
domestic trade of Boston is estimated at from  $250,000,000  war no people contributed more largely towards its support.
to $300,000,000 annually.                                     Boston continued a town until its population had increased
On June 12th, 1854, there were 36 banks in Boston, hay- to nearly 45,000. The government was administered by a
in  a capital of $30,412,750; circulation, $81,406,280, and  board of selectmen, according to the custom of other towns
specie, $2,933,521; upwards of 40 insurance companies, be- in New England. At length a majority being flavorable to a
sides the agencies of 12 insurance companies of other cities  municipal organization, Boston becane an incorporated city,
a~nd staltes; 9 loan and fund associations, and 2 savings in- February 23d, 1822. The city is divided into 12 wards, and
stitutions.                                                   governed by a mayor, a board of aldermen, consisting of 12
The assessed value of real and personal personal property  persons, and the common council, consisting of 48 persons,
in Boston, in 1851, wss about $187,000,000, on which a tax  which boards, in their joint capacity, according to the revised
was collected at the rate of $7 on $1000, to the amount of  charter of 1854, are denominated the City Council. Pop. in
$1.350,000.                                                   1800, 24,937; 1810, 33,250; 1820, 43.298; 1830, 61,391; 1840,
The expense of the city police for the year ending Maylst,  93 383; 1850, 1l36.881. —Inhab. BosroNrIN, bos-tolne-an.
1852, was $49,737, and of watch for the same period, $95,645.    BOSTON, a post-village and township of Erie co., New
The entire cost of the Boston Water-works up to January 1st, York. 18 miles S. by E. from Buffalo. Pop. 1872.
1852, amounted to $5,185,711. The cost of introducing wa-   BOSTON, a post-office of Northampton co., Pennsylvania.
ter into East Boston was $306,980. During the year 1852, a    BOSTON, a post-office of Culpepper co., Virginia.
loanof ~400,000 was made fos the balance of the temporary    BOSTON, a post-village of Thomas co., Georgia, 11 miles
water debt, at 41 per cent., payable in 20 years, in London. S.E. of Thomasville.
The total amount of city debt, May Ist, 1853, was $1,830,000.   BOSTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Bowie co.,
The want of river advantages is supplied to Boston by rail- Texas, 350 miles N.E. of Austin City, and about 12 miles
roads, of which seven great lines terminate in this city. S. of Red River, which, in this part of its course, is a large
There are lines of railway recently completed, opening com- navigable stireamn, flowing through a rich farming region.
msunication with the St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg in    BOSTON, a township in Franklin co., Arkansas. Pop. 338.
New Yorkl, and La Prairie in Canada, and another extending    BOSTON, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee.
through Maine, that connects Boston with Montreal.  The    BOSTON, a post-office of Nelson co., IKentucky.
Great Western line extends, one branch through Albany,    BOSTON, a small village of Whitley co., Kentucky.
Buffalo, Detroit, and Chicago, and another through Canada    BOSTON, a small village in the S.W. part of Belmont co.,
West, fron  the suspension bridge below Niagara Falls to  Ohio.
Windsor, opposite Detroit, and, when completed, will con-    BOSTON, a post-village and township of Summit co., Ohio,
nect with the Miississippi at two points, Galena and Lock  139 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1180.
Island.                                                          BOSTON, a post-township in Ionia co., Michigan.' Pop. 424.
Although the peninsula on which Boston is situated fur-   BOSTON, a post-township in Wayne co., Indiana, about
nishes large quantities of excellent water from springs, still 8 miles S.E. of Centreville. Pop. 959.
the supply has been found inadequate to the wants of the    BOSTON, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, on the
rapidly increasing population. As early as 1795, a company  Ohio River, was laid out in 1850.
was incorporated for the purpose of conducting water into    BOSTON, a village of Washington co., Indiana, 7 miles,
the city from  Jamaica Pond. In 1845, nearly 15 miles of  E.S.E. firom Salem.
pipe had been laid, and about 3000 houses furnished with    BOSTON, a small post-village of Andrew co., Missouri.
water.  But the elevation of the pond proved to be too low       BOSTON, a village of Warrick co., Indiana, on the Evansto supply the higher portions of the city. During the year  ville and Illinois Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Booneville.
1845, a plan was undertaken to bring water into Boston    BOSTON, a town of Placer co., California, on the right
from  Lake Cochituate, or Long Pond, as it was formerly  bank of American  Liver, about 5 miles above its entrance
called. Cochituate Lake lies about 20 miles west of Boston, into the Sacramento River.
partly in three towns, Framingham, Wayland, and Natic.   BOSTON CORNER, a post-office of Berkshire co., MassaIt covers over 650 acres of surface, is 70 feet deep in places,  chusetts.
and drains an area of more than 11,000 acres. Its elevation    BOST/IRA.  See BozmAH.
is 124$ feet above spring tide, and is capable of supplying    BOST'S MILLS, a post-office of Cabarras co., North Ca10,000,000 gallons of Water daily. The water is conveyed by  rolina.
means of a brick conduit to a grand reservoir'in Brookline,    BOSTWICK, a post-office of Monroe co., Illinois.
and from thence to the different distributing reservoirs at    BOST/WICK  LAKE, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.
Boston Proper, East Boston, and  South Boston.  Over    BOSTWORTH, HUSIBANDS, a parish of England, co. of
Chairles River it is carried in two iron pipes, each 30 inches  Leicester.
in diameter, resting on a granite bridge, having 3 arches,    BOSIWORTIT, MARKET, a market-town and parish of
each 30 feet span. The entire length of all the pipe laid  England, near the Ashby Canal, 11$ miles S.W. of Leicesfronm the commencement up to January lst, 1852, was a lit- teor. Pop. in 1851, 2449. They are partly employed in the
tie more than 100 miles                                       knitting of worsted stockings. On a moss in the vicinity,
Among the principal hotels of Boston may be named the  on the 22d of August, 1485, was fought the decisive battle
following:-The Tremont I-ouse, on Tremont street; the  which terminated the wars of the Roses, with the lifei of
Revere I-House, on Bowdoin Square; the American I-House, Richard III., (the only English monarch slain in battle
on Itanover street: the Winthrop House, on Tremont street, since the conquest.) A well is still shown at which Richard
and the Adams House, on Washington street. Most of the  is reported to have drunk during the battle; also an emiabove are first-class botels.                                 nence, called Crownhill, where Lord Stanley placed the
Iiistory.-The Indian name of the Boston peninsula was  crown upon the head of the victor, Henry VII.
Shawrmut, signifying "1Living  Fountains."  From the pecu-    BOSZORMENY, (Boszormneny,) bb'sba'mninl, a town of Hunli;t conformation of its surface, the first settlers called it  gary, co. of Bihar, 18 miles N.W. ofGrosswardein. Pop 17,000.
iXremont, or Trimountain. This name, however, was soon    BOSZORMENY, a town of Hungary, co. of Szabols z, capi
dismissed for the present one, which was given it in honour  tal of the Iaiduck district, 11 miles N.W. of Debreezi n, with
of the Rev. John Cotton, who emigrated from Boston, Eng- Protestant and United Greelk Churches, and the district
land.  The Rev. John Blackstone was the first white inha-  court-houses.
bitant of the peninsula. IHere he lived alone until the as-    BOTAFOGO, bo-til-folgo, a considerable village of Brazil,
rival of John Winthrop, the first Governor of Massachusetts,  about 4 miles S.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on a bay of the same
who came to Charlestown with a small party of emigrauts,  name, conmmunicating with the, Bay of Rio de Janeiro.
and lihaving remained a short time, removed across the river,  This village, which is rapidly increasing in size, is composed
in 1630. About the year 1635, Mr. Blackstone removed to  of fine country houses, ranged in a semicircle round the N.
Rhode Island, having sold his I right and title tothe penin-  margin    of the bays.
sula of Shawmut" for 301. The first church was built in    BOTAN/IC HILL, a post-office of Nash co., North Carolina.
1632, and the first wharf in 1673. Four years after, John    BOTANY (botla-ne) BAY, a bay of the Pacific Ocean, on
Hayward was appointed post-master, "to take in and convey  the E. coast of Australia, New South Wales, co. of Cumletters according to direction."  The first newspaper was is- berland, 5 miles S. of Sydney. Lat. 340 S., lon. 1510 15' E.
sued April 17th, 1704, called the Boston News Letter. Ben-  It is about I mile wide at its entrance, but farther inland
janmin Franklin was born, January 17th, 1706. In 1768, the  the breadth is 3 miles; length, 5 miles,. with good anchordifficulties between the colonies and the mother country  age in from 4 to 7 fathoms water, both on the N. and S. sides.
becoming serious, two regiments of British soldiers were  It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and derived its
landed in Boston, October Ist, and quartered in the Old  name from the variety of new plants then observed on its
State-HOuse.  IMarch 5th, 1770, the citizens were fired on in  shores. It became an English penal colony in 1787. On its
261




BOT                                                        BOU,oast is a column erected, in 1825, to the memory of the  fabrics, silk twist, hosiery, leather, &c.; they carry on an
French navigator, La-P6rous.e.   See SYDNEY.              active transit trade between the countries N. and S. of the
BOTANY ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, Alps. Near it is the castle of Tyrol, which gave its name
off the S.E. extremity of New Caledonia; lat. 220 27' S., ion. to the district.  Botzen is supposed to occupy the site of the
1670 1' E.                                                ancient Roman citadel Pens Drusi.
BOTAVIA, (?) a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.        BOTZLINGEN, (Bitzlingen,) bStsfling-n, a hamlet of
BOTCHKA, botch/kA, a village of Asiatic Turkey, pasha- Switzerland, canton of Uri, on the Reuss, 3 miles S. of Allis of Trebizond, on the Tchoruk, 30 miles S. of Batoona, torf, and the place of the annual cantonal assembly.
and comprising from 80 to 100 large and partially stone-built   BOUAFLE, boo-Af'l/, or bw'f'l, a village of France, departhouses. Its inhabitants make bricks and earthen jars, and  ment of Seine-et-Oise, 14 miles N.W. of Versailles. Pop. 1092.
carry on a transit trade by the river.                       BOUAYE, boo-Al, or bwA, a village of France, department
BOTEL TOBAGO, bo-telf to-b go, an island in the China  of Loire-Infdrieure, 8 miles S.W. of Nantes. Pop. 1298.
Sea, 45 miles S.E. of Formosa. Lat. of S.E. point, 220 1' 40"t   BOUC, PORT BE, pon deh book, (oo as in soons,) a small
N., ion. 1210 39' 45" E. South of it is the island Little Botel. place of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhlne, at the
BOTESDALE, botsedAle, a market-town and parish of Eng-  S.E. terminus of the canal extending from Arles to the
land, co. of Suffolk, 7 miles W.N.W. of Eye. In tho chapel Mediterranean.
are deposited the remains of Sir Nicholas Bacon and Lord    BOUC]4, boo'sit, a village of France, department of Ore,
Chief Justice Holt.                                        7 miles S.W. of Argentan, with iron-works. Pop. 1538.
BOTETOURT, bot/e-tort, a co. in the S.W. central part of    BOUCI-IAIN, boo'sh AN/, a small strongly-fortified frontier
Virginia, has an area of 550 square miles. It is intersected  town of France, department of Nord, on the Scheldt, 12
by James River, and also drained by Craig's and Catawba  miles S.E, of D)ouai. Pop. of commune, 1183, who refine salt,
Creeks. The Blue Ridge forms the S.E. boundary, and the  and manufacture beet-root sugar. It was taken by the Duke
surface is broken by other high ridges. The famous Peaks  of Marlborough in 1711; re-taken by the French in 1712,
of Otter rise near the boundary between this and Bedford  and ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht.
county. The soil in some parts is good. The James River    BOUCHEMAINE, boosh'mAnul, a village of France, deCanal has been opened from Richmond to Buchanan, in this  partment of Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, at the mouth of
county, which is intersected by the Virginia and Tennessee  the Maine. Pop. of commune, 1333.
Railroad. Organized in 1769, and named in honor of Go-   BOUCIHES-DU-RHONE, boosh-dti-r~n; (i.e. "mouths of
vernor Botetourt. Capital, Fincastle. Pop. 14,908, of whom  the Rhone,") a maritime department of the S.E. of France,
11,172 were free, and 3736 slaves.                         formed of a part of Provence. Area, 2195 square miles.
BOTETOURT SPRINGS, a post-village in Roanoke co., Pop. in 1852, 428,989. It is divided into thiee communa-l arVirginia.                                                  rondissements, Marseilles, Aix, and Aries; 27 cantons and 106
BOTHIALL, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. communes. The chief rivers and canals are the Rhone, which
In the church is an altar-tomb of the Ogle family, of whose  separates into several branches between Aries and the sea,
ancient seat, Bothall Castle, there are still some remains.   forming a kind ofdelta called Ile de la Camargue; the Durance,
BOTIIAMSALL, a parish of England, co. of Notts.          affluent of the Rhone; the navigable canal of Aries and Bons,
BOTHELLE, bo-th111, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., the canal from the Durance to Marseilles, and the canal of
Wisconsin.                                                 Craponne; the principal marshes are the Itaogs de Berre,
BOTHENHAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. and de Valcares. There are numerous small islands, the
BOTHKENINAR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling.    chief of which are Pomlgue and Ratoneau, opposite MarBOTIHINANG, hot/nhng, a village of Wiirtemberg, 1 mile  seilles. Climate dry and warm: surface interspersed with
W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1130.                                mountains, and bordered S. by marshes which are generalBOTHIINIA, (Sw. Botten, bot/ten,) a country of Northern  ly dry, and very fertile in some parts. The plain of Crau,
Europe, N. and W. of the Gulf of Bothnia, formerly belong-  stony and sterile, extends S.W. to the left of the Delta. The
ing entirely to Sweden, but now divided into Russian Both- corn raised is insufficient for consumption; but wine is exnia, E. of the TorneS, comprised in the Russian government ported, and silk, almonds, olives, figs, and dried grapes, alre
of Finland, and Swedish Bothnia, which forms the govern-  important products. Cattle, horses, and sheep are extenment of Pited and UmeA.-Adj. and inhab., B0THNIAN, sively raised, and the tunny fishery is considerable. The
both/ne-an.                                                department contains marble quarries, salt marshes, and
BOTHNIA, GULF OF (Sw. Botten Wgken, botlten wee/ken,)  mineral waters, and has an active export and import trade
a gulf of Europe, forming the northern part of the Baltic  with the Levant, Africa, and Italy; it has celebrated mannSea, between lat. 600 and 660 N.; ion. 170 and 250 35' E., factures of white soap, olive oil, chemical products, essences,
fi-om the Aland Islands to Torned, having East, Finland, and  and perfumes; brandy distilleries, sugar and sulphur reWest, Sweden. Length, 400 miles; average breadth, about fineries. Capital, Marseilles.
100 miles. Its average depth is not greater than that of the    BouCIIES was the prefix to the names of several departBaltic generally, but it has fewer shoals and better harbors ments of the French Empire under Napoleon.
than are met with in most parts of that sea. It receives    BOUCITES DE L'ELBE, boosh deh llb, ('" mouths of the
nearly all the great rivers of Sweden and Finland. On its Elbe,") a former department of the French Empire under
shores are the towns of Abo, Vasa, Ulediborg, TomeS, Pitea, Napoleon, which composed the territory of iHamburg, with
UmeS, Hernosand, and Gefle.                                parts of Luxembourg, Holstein, Ianover, and Brunswick.
BOTH/WELL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, with a  Capital, Hamburg.
village on the Clyde, 85 miles S.E. of Glasgow. In it'are    BOUCHES BE L'ESCAUT, boosh deh llsekC/, (" mouths of
extensive collieries and iron works, (the income of which  the Scheldt,") a former department of the French Empire
has been estimated at 160,000/. a year,) with freestone quar- under Napoleon, which included the province of Zealand.
ries, the noble remains of Bothwell Castle, Bothwell Bridge, Capital, Middleburg.
the scene of an action between the Covenanters and Royal    BOUCHES DE L'YSSEL, boosh deh lis'sil/, ("mouths of
forces in 1679, and a new church with a tower, 120 feet high. the Yssel,") a former department of the French Empire
BOTILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.              under Napoleon, which included the province of Over Yssel.
BOTOSCHANI or BOTOUSCHANY. See BovsUcHANTY.              Capital, Zwolle.
BOTRIPHI NIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.          BOUCITES DU RHIN, boosh dii rArN~, ("'mouths of the
BOTSORHEL, bot'sor'l1/, a village of France, department;  Rhine,") a former department of the French Empire under
of Finistlre. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 4908.              Napoleon, which included the eastern part of Butch BraBOTITESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.      bant.  Capital, Bois-le-Duc.
BOT/TESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          BOUCHES DU WESER, boosh dii vSzainl, (" mouths of
BOT/TISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.    the Weser,") a former department of the French Empire
BOTTLE HILL, New Jersey. See MADISON.                    under Napoleon, which included the territory of Bremen,
BOTTS/FORD, a village of Sumter co., Georgia, 112 miles  and parts of Oldenburg and Hanover. Capital, Bremen.
S.W. of Milledgeville.                                       BOUCHET, LE, leh boo\shS/, a hamlet of France, departBOTTWAR, 1ROSS, groce bott/^A, (i.e. "Great Bottwar,")  ment of Seine-et-Oise. arrondissement and 7 miles S.W. of
atBown of Wilrtemberg, 16milesN.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2549. Corbeil. The celebrated Duquesne, Marquis of Bouchet,
BOTTWAR, KLEIN, (or "Little,") a village of Wiirtem-  was interred in a field near his castle, in this vicinity.
berg, in the circle of Neckar. Pop. 1031.                    BOUCHIOUX, Les, 1I boo\shoo/, a village of France, deBOTTWNOG, bot-too/nog, a parish of North Wales, co. of  partment of Jura, 68 miles S.S.W. of St. Claude. Pop. 1116.
Carnarvon.                                                  BOUCKYVILLE, bhwk/vil, a post-office of Madison co.
BOTUSCHIIANY, or BOTOOSCHANI, bo-toos-sh/nee, writ- New York.
ten also BOTOUSCHANY, a town of Moldavia, 59 m. N.N.W.   BOUDJNOURI). See BOOJNOORD.
of Jassy. It carries on a considerable trade with Germany    BOUDROUM. See Beenooso.
in wine, cattle, wool, honey, wax, and tobacco. Pop. 4500.    BOUDRY, boo'dreel, or BAUDI/RIA, a village of Switzerland,
BOTUSF'LEM/ING, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.  5 miles S.W, of Neufchtel, on the Reues.. Pop. 1430.
BOTZEN, bot/sen, (It.Bolzano, bol-zA1no, anc.; Peos Drussi?)   BOUI, boo-Al, a village of France, department of Aisne,
a town of the Tyrol, at the confluence of the Talfer and the  arrondissement of Vervins, canton of Nouvion. Pop. 1434.
Elsach, 32 miles N.N.E. of Trent. Pop. 9000. It is built in    BOUEXIERE, LA, 19 bw~k\se-aiRe, avillage of France, dethe Italian style, and has a gymnasium; it is protected from  partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 12 miles E.N.E. of Rennes. Pop.
sudden inundations of the river by a strong dyke nearly 2  fo commune, in 1851, 2550.
miles in length. Its inhabitants manufacture linen and silk    BOUFARIK. See BOOFAREEK.
262




BOU                                                       BOU
BOUFFIOULX, boof'fe-ooe, a village of Belgium, province del and ramparts, a modern cathedral, an episcopal palace,
of HIainaut, 4'miles E. of Charleroi, with manufactures of a town-hall, and a house in which Le Sage, the author of
pottery, and iron foundries. Pop. of commune, 1027.        Gil Bias, lived and died. The Lower, or new town, stretchBOUGAINVILLE, boo'g-cN'veel, a bay, so designated  ing from the Upper town to the sea, is newly and regularly
from tho French navigator of that name, in South America, built, and more populous. It has fine public baths, with
Patagonia, in the Strait of Magellan. Lat. 530 25' S.; ion. ball and concert-rooms, a commercial college, a theatre, a
70 13l W.                                                  museum, including a library of 23,000 volumes, an hospital,
BOUGAINVILLE ISLAND, Salomon group, in the Pa- custom-house and barracks. Boulogne has also two English
cifice, between lat. 50 30' and 70 2'S.; about lon. 1550 E. It churches, several excellent hotels, a great number of boardis mountainous, well wooded, and populous,                ing schools, (both French and English,) a school of navigaBOUGAINVIILE STRAIT, between the island of Espiritu  tion, tribunal of commerce, societies of agriculture, coinSanto and Mallicollo, in New Hebrides.                    merce, and arts; manufactures of coarse woollens, sail cloth,
BOUGHROOD, bOwlrood, a parish of South Wales, co. of  cordage, bottle-glass, and earthenware. In its vicinity are
Radnor.                                                   important marble quarries. Its fisheries are very extensive,
BOUGHIITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        and furnish the chief supply of fish for the Paris markets;
BOUGH/TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    but the town is mainly indebted for its prosperity to its
BOUGH/TON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.           English  residents, who, since the peace have resorted
BOUGI/TON ALUPHI, a parish of England. co. of Kent. thither in great numbers, particularly during the summer.
BOUGH/TON, GREAT, a township of England, co. of  Steamers make the passage to Dover in 3N hours, and to
Chester.                                                   London in about 12 hours. The completion of the irailroad
BOUGH/TON MALIIERBE, aparish of England, co. Kent. to Amiens, in 1848, brought it into communication with
BOUGHITON  MiONCHELSEA, a parish of England, co. Paris. The number of passengers who embark and disemof Kent.                                                  bark annually is about 60,000. The port is not very easy
BOUGH/TON UNDER BLEAN, a parish of England.             of access, being formed by two wooden piers stretching out
BOUGIAH, boo'jeel/a, (Fr. Boegqie, boolzheel, anc. Sa/ldre?)  only to low-water mark, but the tide rises upwards of 16
written also BUGIA and BOUJAYAH,) a fortified maritime  feet, and ships find pretty good anchorage about  a mile
town of Algeria, 111 miles E. of Algiers, on a bay of the same  from the harbor. In 1843, the foreign vessels that entered
name in the Mediterranean. It has no harbor, but secure  at Boulogne were 831; tons 80,610; cleared 862; tons 82,408.
anchorage at the mouth of the Adous. Pop. in 1847, 731, of    Boulogne still exhibits some Roman remains. It was on
whom 500 were Europeans. It has an extensive trade in oil the heights of Boulogne that the Emperor Caligula, A. D., 40,
and wax, and it gave its name to the wax candle, (bougie,)  encamped an army of 100,000 men for the fruitless purpose
for the manufacture of which it has long been celebrated. of invading Britain; and here also, in 1804, nearly 18 centuIn 1852, 245 vessels, (tons, 8520,) arrived from France.  It ries later, Napoleon assembled an army of 180,000 men, and
was in ancient times an important town, and has extensive  a flotilla of 2400 transports for the same purpose.  The
ruins. The French took possession of it in 1833.           Colonne Napoleon, a column 164 feet high, about 1 mile fromn
BOUGIVAL, boo'zhee'val/, avillage of France, department the town still commemorates the latter attempt. The Northof Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles N. of Versailles. Pop. 1057.     men took Boulogne in 882, and massacred the inhabitants.
BOUGUENAIS, boog'ng/, a town of France, department On the 13th of September, 1544, the town capitulated to
of Loire-Inf6rieure, 4 miles S. WX. of Nantes. Pop. 3413.  Henry VIII. of England, after a siege of six weeks. The
BOUIE (bootee) RIVER, a small stream  of Mississippi, English retained it till 1550, when Edward VI. restored it
flows into Leaf River in Perry co.                         to France upon the payment of 400,000 crowns. Charles V.
BOUILLANTE, boo'ySNt/, a town of the French colony  demolished it in 1553. During the Republic, Boulogne reof Guadeloupe, Antilles, on the WVest coast of the island, 8  ceived the name of Port de l'Union.
miles N.N.W. of Basse-Terre, so called from the hot mineral    BOULOGNE, boo'loRl, a village of France, department of
springs in its vicinity. Pop. 2067, of whom 1054 are slaves. IHaute-Garonne, 44 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852,
BOUILLARGUES,  boo'ybag, a  village of France, de- 1848. Chief trade in salted poultry, grain, and chestnuts.
partment of Gard, canton of Nimes. Pop. 1718.                BOULOGNE, a town of France, department of Seine, be.
BOUILLE, LA, li bool or ]t boolyfh, a small town of tween the right bank of the Seine and a wood which sepa.
France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, 10 miles S.W. of  rates it from the new walls, 4t miles W. of Paris. Pop. of
Rouen, on the left bank of the Seine. Pop. 1772. It is a  commune, in 1852, 7602. The wood to which the gives its
packet station for Rouen. In its vicinity is a quarry with  name, Beois de Boudlogne, is the finest promenade in the encurious stalactitic grottoes.                              virons of Paris. It formerly contained the abbey of LongBOUILL]-LORET, bool'yA/ (or bogeyA/) lo'rA/, a village of  Champs, a celebrated place of pilgrimage.
France, department of Deux-Slvres, 8 miles N.N.W. of    BOULOIRE, boo'lw ai, a town of France, department of
Thouars. Pop. 1088.                                        Sarthe, 15 miles E. of Le Mans. Pop. in 1852, 2128.
BOUILLON, bool'ytcea or boo'y6NG/, (L. Buleolnzium, an    BOULONNOIS or BOULONNAIS, boo'lon'nsl, a former
ancient fortified town of Belgium, province of Luxembourg.  division of France, in the province of Picardy, of which the
on the Semoy, 16 miles W.S.W. of Neufchtteau. Pop. in  capital was Boulogne, now comprised in the department of
1842, 2703, who manufacture woollen stuffs. It was the  Pas-de-Calais.
capital of the duchy of the same name, possessed by Godfrey    BOULSTON or BULLSTON, b55l/ston, a parish of South
of Bouillon, the famous leader of the first crusade.       Wales, co. of Pembroke.
BOUIN, boo-fta/, or bwiNG, an island off the west coast   BOULTIIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
of France, department of Vendte, from  which it is separa-    BOUL/WAREVILLE, a post-office of Newberry district,
ted by a narrow channel, 22 miles S. W. of Nantes. Area  South Carolina.
3 square leagues. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2800. It has    BOUNDIARY, a post-office of Jay county, Indiana.
rich salt works, and produces excellent grain. The village    BOUND BROOK, a post-village of Bridgewater township,
of same name has a good port.                              Somerset co., New Jersey, on the Raritan River, and on the
BOUINSK. See BooINSIK.                                   New Jersey Central Railroad, 35 miles W.S.W. of New York,
BOUKHARA. See BOKuARA.                                  and 7 miles N.W. of New Brunswick. It hasa Presbyterian
BOUKHARIE. See BuckAnRIA.                                church, an academy, and numerous stores. The upper part
BOUKHTARMINSK. See Bo0KHTARMINSK.                        of the village is called Middlebrook. Pop. estimated at 600.
BOULAC BOULAK or BOULAQ. See BooLAKC.                      BOU-NOURA, boo'noo/rl,  a walled town of Algerian
BOULAY, boo'll/, a town of France department of Moselle, Sahara, south slopes of the Atlas; lat. 320 28' N.; ion. 20 E.
arrondissement, and 15 miles E.N.E. of Metz, on the Kiultz-   BOUNTY ISLANDS, a small group of islands in the South
bach. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 2849. It has manufac-  Pacific, S.E. of New Zealand. Lat. 470 44' S.; ion. 900 7' W.
tures of glue, hardware, and chemical products.              BOUNTY LAND, a post-office of Pickens district, South
BOULDER, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.                Carolina.
BOULD SPRINGS, a post-office of McClenna'co., Texas.   BOURBEUSE, boonbuz1 or boo'bdzf, a small river in the
BOULEBANI, boo'le-bg/nee, a town of West Afirica, capi- eastern part of Missouri, rises by several branches in the N.
tal of Bondoo, near the Fal6m6; lat. 140 20' N., ion. 120 24' part of Crawford co., and flowing in a north-easterly direcW. Most of the people here are slaves of the monarch, who  tion, enters the Maramec River in Franklin co., about 8 miles
draws a large revenue filom their sale. Pop. about 2200.   S.E. of Union.' It affords excellent and permanent waterBOU LGE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            power, and traverses a district abounding in copper, hiron,
BOULOGNE, boo'l6nf, or boo'loril, or BOULOGNE-SUR- and lead. The name in French signifies "muddy."
MER, boo'lo/siiaR-maia, (anc. Gesordc'stm, afterwards Bo-   BOUR/BON, (Fr. pron. boon'b(NaG,)an island of the lasoefnia,) a fortified seaport town of France, department of  carene Group, Indian Ocean, forming a French colony,
Pas de Calais, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the  in lat. 200 51' 43" S.; ion. 550 30' 16" E.  Length, 38
Lianne, and at the head of the railway from  Amiens to  miles; breadth 28 miles. Pop. in 1847, 108,000, of whom
Boulogne, 139 miles N.N.W. of Paris, and 19 miles S. W. of  65,000 were slaves. The island is of volcanic origin, and
3alais. Lat. (of the column) 500 44'32"t N.; ion. 10 360 15"  of an elliptical form. It is traversed fromn N. to S. by a
B. Pop. in 1852, 30,783; (in 1831, 20,856,) of whom a great chain of mountains which divides it into two portions, dif
number are English residents. Itis divided intd the Upper fering in formation, climate, and productions; these are on
and Lower towns. The first, on a hill, whence the English  the E. paoetie du vezt (windward) and W. pareic sous le vent
coast is distinctly visible, is well, though irregularly built, (leeward) side. The chief summits are the Piton de Neiges,
and has 2 squares ornamented with fountains, a feudal cita- an extinct volcano, 10,100 feet, Grand Benard 9500 feet,
263




BOU                                                               BOU
Cimandef. 7300 feet, and Piton de la Fournaise, (peeWtdNCAdeh  buildings, parish church, town-hall, prefecture, and barl foolnAzl,) an active volcano, 7218 feet above the level of the  racks.  It has a hospital, small theatre, library of,6000
sea. There are no extensive plains, but the mountains which  volumes, a college, normal school, and a society of agriculcover the entire surface are separated by narrow valleys; it is  ture, arts, and sciences. The town occupies the site of the
watered by numerous streams, all of which are rapid, and  ancient Roche-sur-Yon, a large feudal castle, founded prior
none navigable. The climate has recently undergone a great  to the Crusades, dismantled by Charles IX. and Louis XIII.
change. Bourbon,  which long enjoyed the reputation of  and, in 1793, thoroughly destroyed by the Republicans. In
being the most healthy spot of the colonial world-an insu-  1805, Napoleon selected Bourbon for the capital of the delar paradise-is now visited by the bloody flux and the ty- partment, and devoted 3,000,000, francs (120,0001.) to the
phoid fever of Bourbon, which attacks every European after a  erection of the public edifices requisite for the chief town
residence of4 or 5 years. Neither earthquakes, yellow fever, of the prefecture. It was named Napoleonville until 1814,
nor poisonous serpents are known in the island. The heat  when a decree of the Comte d'Artois, dated April 25,
is not excessive; mean temp. at St. Denis 770 Fahrenheit.  changed it to Bourbon-Vendle.
Annual average of rain 128 inches. Yearly average of wind,    BOURBOULE, LA, l-booRsboolf, a hamlet of France, de309 days E., 56 days W. Winter, from  Ist of May to Ist of  partment of Puy de ])me, 22 miles S.W. of Clermont, on
October; rainy season, from 1st of November to 30th of April.  the Dordogne, with mineral springs and well-frequented
The prevailing winds drive the rain-clouds to the E. side of  baths. Pop. 106.
the island, and often originate the most terrific hurricanes;    BOURBOURG-VILLE, booaRboosnveel/, a town of France,
on such occasions the waves, usually 3 to 4 feet, rise to 50. or  department of Nord, 9 miles S.W. of Dunkerclue, on canal
60 feet in height, and rage with incalculable power, the sky  of same name, which connects Dunkerque to the Aa. Pop.
assumes a copper colors the temperature rises to its maxi-  in 1851, 2528. It was formerly fortified, and has manufacmum intensity, the barometer sinks to its lowest point, rain  tures of soap, chemical products, and beet-root sugar.
falls in torrents, and the wind blows with resistless force-    BOURBOURG-VILLE CAMIPAGNE, boonRbooIt-veel'k8acfmen, animals, trees, and even houses are overturned. Eour-  pAifI, a village of France, department of Nord. Pop. 2040.
ben has no port, and its anchorage is insecure. In 1843-4,    BOURBRIAC, booR'bre-.k/, a village of France, depart11 large vessels were wrecked near its shores. The soil is very  ment of Cates du Nord, 6 miles S.S.W. of Guingamp.  Pop.
fertile in the vicinity of the coast. The chief products are  of commune, in 1851, 4353.
sugar, coffee, cloves, maize, rice, and tobacco. The corn    BOURDEAUX, a city of France. See BorDEcAUX.
raised is insufficient for consumption; it is only used by    BOIURDEAUX, boon'daf, a commune and town of France,
Europeans, and manioc is the chief food of the slaves. Prin-  department of Drlme, 26 miles S.S.E. of Valence. Pop. 1424.
cipal exports, sugar, coffee, cloves, dye-woods, and saltpetre;    BOURDEILLES, booR'dhIyfh or boorM&dslf, a town  of
imports wheat, oil, wine, cattle, timber, salt, glass, and  France, department of Dordogne, 11 miles N.E. of POrimanufactured goods. Bourbon was discovered in 1545 by  gneux, on the right bank of the Dronne.  Pop. 1485.
the Portuguese, who called. it dascarenhas, from the name    BOU-REG REB. See BOO-aEGrEB.
of their chief. The French, who formed a colony in 1655,   BOURGACTAIRD, boon'g'shtAi, a town of France., departnamed it Bourbon, which, under the empire, was changed  ment of Eure, 13 miles E. of Pont-Audemer.  Pop. 1216. It
to Ile Bonaparte. It was occupied by the English in 1810, has manufactures of cloth and paper.
and restored to France in 1814. The island is divided into    BOURGANEUF, booaR'glnuf/, a town of France, departthearrondissement of St. Denis, comprising the great natural  ment of Creuse, 20 miles W. of Aubusson, on the Thorion.
division called the "partie dus vent," and the arrondissement  Pop. of commune, in 1851, 3384.
of St. Paul, comprising the    es-partie sous levent."  COpital,    BOURG  ARGENTAL, boon arJczh-NG'tl/, a town  of
St. Denis.                                                    Prance, department of Loire, 32 miles S.E. of Montbrison.
BOURBON, birlbon, a county in the north central part  Pop. of commune, in 1851, 1685.
of Kentucky, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is    BOURGAS, a town of European Turkey. See BooecnAs.
bounded on the N.E. bythe SouthLicking River, and drained    BOURG D'OYSANS, boon' dwTitsONG, a town of France,
by Iinkston, Stoner's, and Stroad's Creeks. The surface  department of IsBre, on the Romanche, 18 miles S.E. of
is gently undulating; the soil is derived from fine limestone, Grenoble.  Pop. 3212. There are lead mines in its vicinity.
and is extremely rich, forming part of the region called the    BOURG DU PlAGE, booa' du ps'Izhf, a town of France,
" Gardenof Kentucky."  In1850, it produced 78,621 pounds  department of Dr1me, on the Islre, opposite St. Romans,
of wool, more than any other county in the state, and  with dye-works and manufactures of silks. Pop. of com1,705,599 bushels of corn more than any other, excepting Shel-  mune, in 1851, 4258.
by county. Lead ore is found in small quantities; sulphur,    BOURG-EN-BRESSE, booeg00'-8g-brlss/, a town of France,
and chalybeate springs are numerous. The county is inter-  capital of the department of Ain, 20 miles E.S.E. of Ml'con, 
sected by the Covington and Lexington Railroad. Organized  on the Reyssousse.  Pop. in 1852,12,068. It has a comin 1785, and named in compliment to the royal famnily of  munal college, normal school, a pyramidal monument in
F'rance. Capital, Paris. Pop. 14,466, of whom  7400 were  honor of General Joubert, a magnificent hospital, church
free, and 7066 slaves.                                        founded by Margaret of Austria, and containing her tomb,
BOURBON, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana             a library of 19,000 volumes, and a botanic garden.  It has
BOURBON, a post-office of Coles co., Illinois.              considerable commerce in grain, hides, cattle, and poultry.
BOURBON, a post-office of Crawford co., Missouri.           It is the birth-place of the astronomer Lalande.
BOURBON LANCY, boon.'bNc/l, 1N3seel,'  a small town of    BOURGES, bootzh, (anc. Avarlicun afterwards Biturfiges,)
France, department of Sacne-et-Loire, 26 miles W.N.W. of  a tity in the centre of France, capital of the department of
Charolles. Pop. 3160. It has Roman antiquities.               Cher, 123 miles S. of Paris, on the Canal du Berry, and on
BOURBON L'ARCHAMBAULT, boon'bNG /lai'eshbImbbf, a  the IRailway du Centre, at the junction of the Auron, the
small town of France, department of Allies, 1.3 miles W. of  YVvrette, the Langis, and the Moudon, which form  the
Mi{oulius. Pop. 3094. It has some remains of the ancient  Eure. Pop. in 1852, 25,037. It is a very ancient town, and
castle of the Bourbons, built in the 13th century. It was  was formerly fortified; it is ill built, and thinly populated.
formerly capital of the seigniory of Bourbon, the lords of  It has a royal college, a normal school, and public library
which originated the reigning families of that name.          of 25,000 volumes, a magnificent cathedral, larger than
BOURBONNAIS.  See BOUBONNOEsS.                              Notre Dame at Paris, and considered one of the finest structBOURBONNE-LES-BAINS, booi'bonn/lal-b t %(anic.A/quse  ures in Europe; a noble H1tel de Ville, formerly residence
Borsvolnis,) a town of France, department of Iaute-Marne,  of Jacques Coeur. It has manufactures of cloth and cutlery,
20 miles E.N.E. of Langres, at the confluence of the Borne  and commerce in grain, hemp, and the porcelain of Foecy.
and Aspance. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 4135. Ithassome  It is the birth-place of Louis XI., of Jacques Coeur, the
fine promenades and fountains, and 2 magnificent establish-  celebrated financier of Charles VII., and of Bourdalone.
ments connected with its saline hot springs, which were    Bourges is of high antiquity.  Six centuries before the
known to the Romans. To one of these establishments are  Christian era, it was the capital of Celtic Gaul. In the time
attached numerous public baths and saloons; to the second  of Julius Cesar it was called Avaricssez, and was the capital
a vast military hospital with 540 beds. The waters have a  of the Bituriyes, from whom the modern name is evidently
temperature varying from  1220 to 1500 Fahrenheit, and  derived.  Caesar besieged and took it, B.c. 52. Under the
between May and October the number of visitors averages  Romans it became the capital of Aquitania.  In 475, it fell
800, exclusive of military.                                   into the hands of the Visigoths, but submitted to Clovis,
BOURBONNOIS or BOURBONNAIS, boo'bon'nJ, an old  when he had vanquished Alaric, in the plains of Vonill6.
province in thecentre ofFrance, now forming the department  It then became the capital of the province of Berri; and,
of Allier and apartof Cher; its capital was IMloulins. This pro- during the ihiddle Ages, partook of the vicissitudes convince was confiscated to the crown in 1531, under Francis I.  men to the towns of France. The great fire of 1487 destroyed
BOUB/BONTON, a small post-village of Boone co., Mis- 3000 houses, and gave a blow to the commercial prossouri, 25 miles N. of Columbia; the county seat is situated  perity of the town, from  which it never recovered. The
in a rich farming district, and has some trade.               cloth manuficturers, who were at that time numerous, reBOURBON-VENDAE,  booa'bNGo;-       vONedA,      or  NAPO-  moved firom the place, and Lyons profited by the disaster,
LEON VEND]E, ntpo'le-oNo!  vBNa'dif, formerly LAROCI-IE-  as the fairs were transferred to that town. In 1583, the
SUR-YON,(l. —rosh-siia-y cNG,) a town of West France, capital  plague carried off 5000 of the inhabitants.  Seven councils
of the department of the Vendle, on the Yon, 40 miles S. of  have been held at Bourges, and the Pragmatic Sanction was
Nantes.  Pop. in 1852, 7498. Streets broad and well laid  accepted here by the clergy in 1438. It was celebrated in
out; but the town is dull and has little trade.  Chief  the Middle Ages for the number of carnivals held in it; and
264




BOU                                                       BOV
it was to Bourges that Charles YII. retired at the conm-    BOURTANGE, b6weR/t~ngNHeh, or booa'tSazhl  a smal!
menecement of his reign.                                   town and strong fortress of the Netherlands, in the vast
BOURGET, booe}zh}f, or CIHATILLON, sh.~tee'y&NGf, a  morass of same name, 31 miles S.E. of Groningen, on the
lake of Sardinia in Savoy, 7 miles W.N.W. of Chambdry, near HIanoverian firontier. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1593,
the frontiers of France; it is 11 miles in length S. to N. by  and again by the French in 1795.
2 miles across, and discharges its surplus waters into the    BOURTANGER MORASS,blwa/ttngneer (or boon/tAng'er)
Rhone by the canal of Savilre.                             moo-rdssf, an extensive morass, or swamp, upwards of 40 miles
BOURGET, a small town of Savoy, 7 miles W.N.W. of  in length, on the confines ofl HollandandlHanover,ontheEms.
Chamb6ry, with which it is connected by railway, at the S.    BOURTI, boost, a town of France, department of Eure,
extremity of the above lake, having 1200 inhabitants, and  27 miles S.W. of Evreux. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 1953.
some Roman antiquities.                                      BOUIRTIE, booa/tee, a parish of Scotland, co., and 16 miles
BOURG, GRAND, gr\Ne boon, or MARIGOT, maree'gol,  N.W. of Aberdeen. In this parish is an old entrenchment
a town of the French Antilles, capital,, and on the W. side  called "Cummin's Damp."
of the island Marie-Galante. It is the residence of a military    BOURITON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
commandmtant. Pop. 1889, of whom 796 are slaves.             BOURITON, ON DUNSMOOR, a parish of England, co.
BOURGHAS. See BoosIaxs.                                  of Warwick.
BOURG LA REINE, boon-l -rain, a town of France, de-    BOURITON, ON HILL, a parish of England, co. Gloucester.
partment of Seine, 5 miles S.W. of Paris, with an extensive    BOUB/TON, ON TIE WATER, a parish of England, co.
cattle-market; near it is a country palace, which was inha-  of Gloucester. Some curious Roman antiquities have been
hited by Henry IV. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 1435.         discovered here.
BOURG LASTIC, booR-lds'teekl, a town of France, de-    BOU SADA, boo s~IdA, a town of Algerian Sahara, lat. 350
partment of Puy-de-DIme, 26 miles W.S.W. of Clermont.  33' N., ion. 40 9' E.; in a fertile site, in the midst of an arid
Pop. of commune, in 1851, 2404.                            plain, among the Atlas Mountains. It consists of 500 or 600
BOURG  LES VALENCE, LE, lh booa h's vAlUNss 1, a  houses, and five mosques, divided into 8 distinct quarters,
town of France, department of Dr~mes,  a mile N. of Va-  each of which being surrounded with  its own gardens,
lence, of which it forms a suburb on the Rhone. Pop. 2870.  gives the whole the aspect of a cluster of villages.
BOURG, LE, leh-booR, a town and village of France,    BOUSSA. See Bo1300ssA.
department of Vendle, arrondissement, Bourbon Vendle.    BOUSSAC, boos'slk/, a town of France, department of
Pop. of commune, 1768.                                     Creuse, on a steep rock, 20 miles N.E. of Gnuret.  Pop.
BOURG, LE, leh-boon, or BURG, (Ger. Burgthal, boone1-  of comnmune, 995. It is crowned by an ancient castle, and
tfl,) a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, 10  surrounded by decayed walls.
miles S.W. of Basel, at the foot of the Blauerberg, with sul-    BOUSSIERES, boos'se-air/, a village of France, departphur springs and baths, well frequented.                   ment of Doubs, 9 miles S.W. of Besangon, near the left bank
BOURGNEUF-EN-RETZ, booRc'nuf/-6s-rlts, a small sea-  of the Doubs. In its vicinity is the celebrated grotto of
port town of France, department of Loire-Inf6rieure, 21 miles  Osselle, composed of along series of caves remarkable for beaunS.W. of Nantes. Pop. of commune. in 1852. 2882. It exports  tiful stalactites and the number of fossil bones it contains.
salt, oysters, brandy, and agricultural produce.             BOUSSOLE, (boo'solf,) STRAIT, is the channel which conBOURGOGNE. See BuacuNDY.                                 nects the Sea of Okhotsk with the Pacific, in the centre of
BOURGOIN, booa'gw~tNf, (anc. Bergslsisc1,s,) a town of  the Koorile Islands. Lat. 460 30/ N.
France, department of Islre, on the Bourbre, 7 miles W. of    BOUSSU, boos'sitil, a town of Belgium, province of HIaiLa-Tour-du-Pin. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 4749. It has  naut, 7 miles W. of Mons, on the Haine. Pop. 2984.
manufactures of calicoes, beet-root, sugar, and paper.       BOUTAN. See B00TAN.
BOURG, PETIT, peh-teef boon, a town of the French    BOUTON, one of the Malay Islands. See BooeoN.
Antilles, in the island of Guadeloupe, 5 miles W.S.W. of    BOUTONNE, boo'tlnnl, a river of France, department of
Pointe —Pitre. Pop. 3318, of whom 2783 are slaves.         Deux-Slvres, and Charente Inflrieure, joins the Charente,
BOURG ST. ANDEOL, boon-satsG-t8NG'dA'ol/, a town of  8 miles E. of Rochefort, after a S.W. course of 65 miles. It
France, department of Ardlche, on the right bank of the  is navigable during part of the year from St. Jean d'Anggly,
Rhone, 35 miles S. ofPrivas.  Pop. in 1852, 4857.          the chief town on its banks.
BOURG ST. MAURICE, booa's2Na  mISreece/,   a town of    BOU/TONVILLE, apost-office ofWestchester co., New York.
Savoy, province of Tarantasia, on the Islre, 13 miles N.E.    BOUVIGNES, boo'veeil,a village of Belgium, province,
of Moutiers, near the Little St. Bernard Pass. Pop. 3300. It  and 14 miles S. of Namurm', on the Meuse. It has iron works,
has large annual fairs, and is supposed to occupy the site  and manufactures of tobacco. It was formerly fortified, and
of the ancient Bserfgi/trs'm.                              taken by the French in 1554.
BOURG-SUR-GIRONDE, boo -siia-zhee'r6Sedt a town of    BOUVINES, boo'veenl, a villagye of France, department of
France, department of Gironde, on the'Dordogne, 14 miles  Nord, 6 miles S.E. of Lille, celebrated for the victory gained
N. of Bordeaux, with extensive quarries, fromn which Bor-  by Philip Augustus'over the Emperor Otho, in 1214.
deaux is almost entirely built. Pop. in 1851, 2694.          BOUXVILLER, boobveel'laiit, (Ger. Buchswiller, bockslBOURGUEIL, booR gulY, (anc. Bssrgolliunm,) a town of  Willer,) a townof France, department of the Bas-Rhin, on the
France, department of Indre-eft-Loire, 27 miles W.S.WV. of  Moder, 15 miles N.E. Of Saverne. Pop. of commune, in 1852,
Tours. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3405. It has trade in wine. 3973. It has acommunal college, a fine Gothic castle, mines of
BOURGUIGNON, (Burgundian.)  See BURGUNDY.                alum. manufactures of chemical products, and metalbuttons.
BOURLON, booal'Na/, a village of France, department of    BOUZONVILLE, booz&Nasveel/, a town of France, departPas-de-Calais. Pop. 1615.                                  ment of Moselle, 18 miles E.S.E. of Thionville, on the Nied,
BOURLOS. See BooRLos.                                    with tanneries and manufactures of glue and nails. Pop. ~
BOURMIONT, boon'm6Nat, a town of Franco, department of of commune. in 1852, 2129.
IHaute-Mlarne, near the Meuse, 22 miles E.N.E. of Chaumont.   BOUZOULOUK. See BoozLooLsK.
Pop. 1041. It has a communal college.                        BOVA, belve, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra,
BOURN, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.            18 miles E.S.E. of Reggio. Pop. 2500. It was nearly destroyed
BOURNABAT. See Boo0NABAT.                                by the earthquake of 1783, but is rebuilt in a superior style,
BOURNE, born, a market-town and parish of England, co.  and has a cathedral and hospital.
of Lincoln, near the Fens, 34 miles S.I.E. of Lincoln. Pop.    BOYENDEN, bolven-den, a town of Hanover, 4 miles N.
of parish, in 1851, 3317. It has a fine Gothic church, with  of Glttingen, near the Seine. Pop. 1800, who manufacture
2 towers, a handsome town-hall, an endowed school, a hos-  linens and yarn. Near it is the ruined fortress of Pless,.
pital and almshouse, a union workhouse, a branch bank,    BOVES, bolves? a town of Piedmont, province of  Coni,
several large tan-yards, and some trade in wool and malt,  4 miles S. of Coni.  Pop. in 1839, 8709.
facilitated by a canal to Boston. The great Lord Burleigh    BOVES, bov, a village of France, department of Somme,
was born here in 1520, and the unfortunate Dr. Dodd in  on the Railway du Nord, 4 miles S. of Amiens. Pop. 1690.
1729. Many Roman coins have been found here.                 BOVEVAGH, bolvev-AHI, a parish of Ireland, Ulster co.,
BOURNE, (EAST) orEASTBOURNE, a parish of England,  Londonderry.
co. of Hants.                                                BOC/EY, (NORTH) a parish of England, co. of Devon.
BOURNE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          BOIVEY, (SOUTH,) or BOVEY TRACEY, a parish of
BOURNEMOUTH, blrnlmuth, a village of England, co. England, co. ofDevon.
of Hants, 6 miles W. by S. of Christ Church. It lies on the    BOFIANUM. See BOJANO.
coast, and having oflate years become a place of fashionable    BOVFINA, a post township of Delaware co., New York,
resort for bathing, many tasteful villas have sprung up.    about 60 miles W.S.W. Of Albany. Pop. 1316.
BOURNE ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of I ants.       BOFI/NA, a post-village of Warren co., Mississippi, on the
BOURNEVILLE, boorn/vil, a thriving post-village of  railroad between Ficksburg and Jaclkson, 12 miles E. of
Ross co. Ohio, 11 miles S.W. of Chillicothe, contains several  the former, is a deplt for the cotton'aised in the vicinity.
stores, and about 300 inhabitants.                           BOVIINGDON, a chapelry of England, co. of Hants.
BOUR/NEY or BOURCHIIN, bO/RKin, a parish of Ireland,    BOVINO, be-vee/no, (anc. Vibilnus,,) a fortified town of
Munster, co. of Tlpperary.                                 Naples, province of Capitanata, 18 miles S.S.W. of Foggia.
BOUIRN-MOOR, a township of England, co. of Durham.    Pop. 5200. It has many religious edifices. Ilere the Impo,
BOURNStBURG, a village in Randolph co., MIissouri,  rialists defeated the Spaniards in 1734.
fbout 55 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.                     BOVOLENTA, bo-vo-l1n/tA,  a village of North Italy, go
BOURO or BOUROU. See Booeo.                              vernment of Venice, 10 mniles S.S.. of Padua. Pop. 2800.
265




BOV                                                      BOX
BOVOLONE, bo-vo-lo/nA, a village of North Italy, 13 miles    BOWLING GREEN, a post-village of Oglethorpe co., GeorS.S.E. of Verona.                                         gin, 57 miles N. of Milledgeville, and 3 miles from the Athens
BOW, a post township of Merrimack co., New Iampshire, Branch Railroad.
about 5 miles S. of Concord, on the E. side of Merrimack    BOWLING GREEN, a small village of Stewart co., TenRiver. Pop. 1055.                                         nessee.
BOW  or HARP ISLAND, an island of the Low Archi-    BOWLING GREEN, a flourishing post-village, capital of
pellago, Pacific Ocean. Lat. of the N.E. point, 180 6 11/S S., Ion. Warren co., Kentucky, on Barren River, an affluent of Green
1400 51' 15/ W. It is of coral formation, 30 miles in length  River, 145 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It is situated at the
by 5 miles in breadth, and bow-shaped, whence its name. head of navigation, and is a place of active trade, partiuenDiscovered by Bougainville, 1768.                          larly in pork and tobacco. The river has been made naviBOW or STRAT/FORD-LE-BOW, a village and parish of  gable in all stages of water foi steamboats of medium size,
England, co. of Middlesex.                                 several of which make regular passages between this place
BOWDARK, bO'dark/, a post-office of Green co., Missouri. and Louisville. Much attention has been directed to manuBOW/DEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.  facturees at this place. It has 1 iron foundry, 1 woollen and
BOW/DEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of North-  1 candle factory, and several mills. A newspaper is issued
ampton.                                                    here. Pop. in 1853, 2500.
BOW/DEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 11 miles   BOWLING GREEN, a township in Licking co., Ohio. Pop.
WV.S.W1. of Kelso. The Eildon Hills, elevation 1364 feet, 1538.
form part of the boundaries of this parish on the South.     BOWLING  GREEN, a township in Marion co., Ohio.
BOWDEN'S EDGE, a township of England, co. of Derby.  Pop. 424.
BOWDITCH  (bh1ditch) ISLAND, an island in the South    BOWLING GREEN, a thriving post-village of Wood co.,
Pacific; lat. (N. point) 90201 S., lon. 1710 4' V., of coral forma- Ohio, 130 miles N.N.W. of Columbus, and 12 miles S. of
tion, and triangular form, with the apex S. It is 8 miles long  Perrysburg.
from N. to S., and about 4 miles broad. Bowditch Island was    BOWLING GREEN, a post-village, capital of Clay co., Indiscovered by Commander Wilkes, of the United States bx- diana, on the left bank of Eel River, an affluent of White
ploriug expedition, on January 29, 1841, the island not River, 60 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis.  It has a brick
having been laid down in any chart previous to that period,  court-house, a county seminary, and about 100 houses. Laid
and being still wanting in many maps.                      out in 1825.
BOWDOIN, b0/diu, a post-township of Sagadahock co.,   BOWLING GREEN, a post-village of Fayette co., Illinois,
Maine, about 20 miles S.S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1857.        50 miles in a direct line S.E. of Springfield.
BOWDOIN  CENTRE, a post-office of Sagadahock co.,   BOWLING GREEN, a post-village, capital of Pike co., MisMaine.                                                     souri, 76 miles N.E. of Jefferson City, is situated on an arm
BOWDOIN COLLEGE. See BRuJNSWICK.                         of Grand Prairie. It has a court-house, a newspaper office,
BOWVDOINIHAM, boden-ham, a post-township of Sagada- and several stores.
hock co., Maine, on the W. side of the Kennebec River, 25    BOW/LINGSVILLE, a post-office of Union district, South
miles S. by WV. of Augusta. The village is situated on the  Carolina.
right bank of Cathans River, which is navigable for ships    BOW/MAN, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.
of 1000 tons, and on the Kennebec and Portland Railroad,    BOW/MAN'S CREEK of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, flows
35 miles N.N.E. of Portland. It contains 3 churches and  into the Susquehanna River.
10 stores. Bowdoinham has long been noted for its ship-   BOWMAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennbuilding which, however, is less prominent now than for- sylvania.
merly. Four ships and 1 brig are being built in 1854. Pop.   BOWMAN'S MILLS, a post-office. Rockingham co.,Virginia.
about 1500, of the township, in 1850, 2382.                  BOW/MAN'S MOUNTAIN, in Pennsylvania, is situated
BOW/DON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.            in the S. part of Wyoming co., E. of Bowman's Creek, an
BOWDON, a post-office of Carroll co., Georgia.           affluent of the Susquehanna.
BOWDON, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.           BOWIMANSVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., PennBOWIEN, a township in Madison co., Arkansas. Pop. 648. sylvania.
BOWEN'S MILLS, a small village of Irwin co., Georgia.      BOW/MTANVILLE, a post-village of Canada WVest, co. of
BOWEN'S PRAIRIE, a post-village of Jones co., Iowa, Durham, situated on an excellent harbor of Lake Ontario,
about 50 miles N.N.E. of Iowa City.                        42 miles N.E. of Toronto. Here are agencies for the Bank
BOWIENVILLE, a post-village of Carroll co., Georgia, on  of Montreal, Bank of Upper Canada, 3 insurance companies,
Snake's Creek, 130 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville.  The  and the office of a weekly newspaper. The village contains
creek affords excellent water-power,  which has been iSm- about a dozen stores, several hotels, and has manufactures
proved by the erection of a cotton manufactory.            of carriages, cabinet-ware, leather, boots and shoes, castBOW/ER, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.   ings, &c. Pop. about 1500.
BOWIEK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness.            BOWIMORE.  See KILLArn OW.
BOWER BANK, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Maine.       BOWNE, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.
BOW/ER-CIIALK, a parish of England, co. of WVilts.         BOW'NESS/, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
BOWER HILL, a small post-village of Washington co.,   BOW'NESS, a village of England, co. of Westmoreland,
Pennsylvania.                                              on WN. bank of the Lake of Windermere, 71 miles W.N.W.
BOW/ER'S, a post-office of Southampton co., Virginia.    of Kirkby-Kendal.
BOW/ERS-GIFFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        BOW/SHERSVILLE, a post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio.
BOWER'S MILLS, a small village of Lawrence co., Mis-   BOW/YER'S KNOB, a post-office of Fayette co., Virginia.
souro.                                                       BOX, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
BOWIERSVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia,    BOXBERG, boks/bng, a small town of Baden, 19 miles
121 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville.                       S.S.E. of Wertheim.
BOWERSVILLE, a small post-village in the S.E. part of    BOX/BOROUGH, a post-township of Middlesex co., MasGreene co., Ohio.                                          sachusetts, 24 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 396.
BOWES, bOz, a parish of England, co. of York, North    BOX CREEK, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas.
Riding.                                                      BOX ELDER, a post-office of WVeber co., Utah Territory.
BOW/FELL, a mountain of England, co. of Westmoreland,    BOX/FORD, a parislh of England, co. of Berks.
8 miles W.N.W. of Ambleside. Elevation, 2911 feet.           BOXIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
BOWIE, bootee, a county forming the N.E. extremity of    BOX/FORD, a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts,
Texas, and bordering on Arkansas, has an area of 960 square  about 25 miles N. of Boston. Pop. 982.
miles. The Red River bounds it on the N., and Sulphur Fork    BOX/GROVE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
of Red River on the S. A large part of the surface is covered    BOX HILL, in England, co. of Surrey, 2 miles N.E. of
with timber. The soil is very good, and adapted to cotton, Dorking; forms part of the range of Northdowns, and is
grain, and pasture. Many horses and cattle are reared here, remarkable for a flourishing wood of box trees on and
and exported to New Orleans. Capital, Boston. Pop. 2912; around its summit, and for the extensive prospect whichit
of whom 1271 were free, and 1641 slaves. Named in honor  commands.
of James Bowie, who fell at Fort Alamo, inventor of the    BOX/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
weapon which bears his name.                                 BOXILEY, or BOX/LEYTOWN, a post-village of Hamilton
BOW/LAND FOREST, in England, cos. of York (West  co., Indiana, 30 miles N. of Indianapolis.  Pop. about 150.
Riding) and Lancaster, 10 miles N.W. of Clitheroe, has an    BOXMIEER, box'mairc, a village of the Netherlands, proarea of 25,700 acres, the greater part of which has been en- vince of North Brabant, 28 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc, near
closed.                                                    the Meuse.
BOWLESVILLE, b1ls/vil, a post-office of Fluvanna co.,   BOXIMOOR, England, a station on the London and DirVirginia.                                                  mingham Railway, co. of Herts, 24~ miles W.N.W. of London.
BOWILING, a township of England, co. of York, West   BOX SPRING, a post-office of Talbot eC., Georgia.
Riding.                                                      BOX/TED, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BOWLING GREEN, a post-village, capital of Caroline co.,   BOX/TED, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Virginia, on the road from Richmond to'Fredericksburg, 45    BOXTEL, box/tel, a village of the Netherlands, province
miles N. of the former, is situated in a fertile and healthy  of North Brabant;, on the left bank of the Dommel, 6 miles
region. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores, 2 mills, and about S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 4013. Here the Frenoh  defeated the
300 inhabitants.                                           Anglo-Dutch army in 1794.
266




BOX                                                       BRA
BOX/VILLE, a post-village of Montgomery eo., Georgia,   BOYN/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
about 100 miles S. of Milledgeville.                        BOYS/TOWN, or BALJTIBOYS, a parish of Ireland, in
BOX/WELL-WIT-I-LEIGHTERTON, (lA/t/r-ton,) a parish  Leinster, co. of Wicklow.
of England, co. of Gloucester.                              BOY/TON, a parish of England, cos. of Cornwall and
BOX/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.       Devon.
BOYACA, bo-ydki, a village of the republic of New Gra-    BOY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
nada, South America, department of Boyaca, 5 miles S. of    BOY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Tunja, celebrated for the victory gained by Bolivar over the    BOYTON. See BEIHrTON.
Spaniards, 7th August, 1819,which secured the independenci   BOZIEAT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
of Colombia. The department of Boyaca extends between    BOZMAN'S TURNOUT, a post-office of NTewberry co., North
the plain of Bogota and the borders of Venezuela, comprising (hrrolina.
the whole of the Eastern Andes. Capital, Tunja.             BOZRAII, boz/rA, (L. Boset/cr,) a ruined town of Syria, paBOYANA, bo-ydng a bay and town on the N.W. coast of  shalic and 76 miles S.S.E. of Damascus. It is mentioned in
Madagascar, about 70 miles E. of Cape St. Andrew.         Scripture as a chief town of the Edomites, and also as in
BOYANAGH, boy-yu/n~h, or BOYOUNACH, bo-yon/iit, a  possession of the Moabites. It afterwards became the see
parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway.           of a Christian archbishopric, and latterly the chief seat of
BOYD'S CREEK, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee.    the Nestorians. The remaining walls, castle, large reserBOYD'S FERRY, a post-office of Pitt co., North Carolina.  voir, and other ruins, are Saracenic.  It is situated in the
BOYD'S STORE, a village of Polk co., Missouri, 110 miles open plains, and is the last inhabited place in the S.E. exS.W. of Jefferson City.                                   tremity of the Hauran. It scarcely now contains a dosen
BOYD'S TAVERN, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia. families.
BOYD/STON'S MILLS, a post-office of Kosciusko co., In-   BOZIRAII, a post-village and township of New London co.,
diana.                                                    Connecticut, about 35 miles E.S.E. of Hartford, well watered
BOYDS/VILLE, a post-village of Weakly co., Tennessee, by the Yantic River. Pop. 867.
124 miles W. by N. of Nashville.                            BOZZOLO, bot/so-lo, a fortified town of Northern Italy, in
BOYD/TON, a post-office of York district, South Carolina. Lombardy, 16 miles W.S.W. of Mantua. Pop. 4900.
BOYD/TOWN, a post-village, capital of Mecklenberg co.,   BRA, brd, a town of Piedmont, province of Alba,. on the
Virginia, 6 miles N. of the Roanoke River, and 90 miles S.W. Stura, 25 miles S.E. of Coni. Pop. 8000. It has a gymof Richmond. A plank-road 76 miles long connects it with  nasium, foundries of metal, manufactures of silk, and a large
Petersburg. It contains 3 churches and a number of stores. trade in corn, cattle, and wine. Near it is the village of
About a mile from Boydtown is the Randolph Macon Col- Polenza, the ancient PollesJtia.
lege, under the direction of the Methodists.                 BRAAK, brK, BRAKKE, braklkeh, or NEW  RIVER,
BOYDITOWN, New South Wales. See TWOFOLD BAY.             in Southern Africa, rises in Grataf Reinet, near lat. 310 S.,
BOYIER RIVER, Iowa, rises in the N.W. part of the state,  and falls into the Gariep or Orange River after a course of 12
and flowing south-westward, enters the Missouri a few miles  miles, exclusive of windings. The Gregt and Little Braak
from Kanesville.                                           are the two head-streams of the Great Fish River.
BOY/ER'S SETTLEMENT, a post-village of Buchanan co.,   BRAAKE, or BRAKE, br4/keh, a village of Northern
Missouri, on an affluent of the Platte River, 55 miles N. by  Germany, duchy, and 17 miles N.E. of Oldenburg, with a
W. of Independence.                                        harbor on the Weser, and ship-building yards. Pop. 1397.
BOY/ERSTOWN, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.    BRABANT, brg-bantl or brab/ant, (Fr. pron. br'b8NGc/;
BOYIKIN'S DEPOT, a post-village of Kershaw district,  Dutch, Bra-ebacd, bra-bAntl; Sp. Breabante, brA-b nltA,) an old
South Carolina, on the Camden Branch Railroad, 9 miles S. duchy of the Netherlands, which formed part of the circle of
of Camden.                                                 Burgundy, in the German Empire. After the truce in 1609,
BOYLE, boil, a barony of Ireland, co. of Roscommon, now  it was divided into Spanish Brabant, now forming the prodivided into the barony of Boyle in the N., and French Park  vinces of South Brabant and Antwerp in Belgium, and
on the S.                                                 Dutch or North Brabant, which still belongs to Holland. 
BOYLE, a town and parish of Ireland, in the barony of    BRABANT, NORTH, (Dutch, Noord Braband, n6rt brABoyle, on both sides of the river of the same name, here bantl) a province in the S. of Netherlands, situated between
crossed by an old and a new one-arched bridge, 8 miles N.W. lat. 510 13' and 510 50'N., and ion. 40 12 and 50 581 E., bounded
of Carrick-on-Shannon  Pop. of the town, 3235. The chief  N. by the Meuse, Holland, Diep, and Gelderland, W. by Zeebuildings are the old and new sessions-houses, bridewell, land, S. by Belgium, and E. by Limberg.  Capital, Bois-ledispensary, barracks, parish church, large Roman Catholic  Duc.  Area, 1988 square miles.  Pop., January 1, 1852,
chapel, and the remains of a fine Cistercian abbey, founded  400,675, mostly Roman Catholics; pop. in 1853, 405,515. The
in the twelfth century.                                   chief rivers are the Meuse, Dommel, Aa, Donge, and Dintel..BOYLE, boil, a county in the central part of Kentucky has The country is uniformly flat, and marshy in some places;
an area of 180 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by  the soil in general fertile, and wood rare. The rearing of
Dick's River, an affluent of the Kentucky, and drained by  cattle and sheep is the principal branch of rural industry.
the head streams of Salt River. The surface is somewhat    BRABANT, SOUTH, (Dutch, Zuid Braband, zoid,) bra.
diversified; the soil is very deep and rich. The principal bAnt/, a province of Belgium, near its centre, situated berock which underlies  the county is limestone. Seven mac- tween lat. 500 32. and 510 3/ N., and Ion. 40 and 50 10' E., and
adamized roads terminate at Danville, and a railroad has  surrounded by the provinces of Antwerp, Limbourg, Liege,
been commenced from that town to Lexington. Formed in  Namur, IHainaut, acd East Flanders.   Capital, Brussels.
1841, and named in honor of John Boyle, chief justice of  Area, 1267 square miles. Pop. in 1849, 711,332; pop. in 1829,
Kentucky.  Capital, Danville. Pop. 9116; of whom 5692  556,146. The surface is hilly, and the soil generally fertile.
were free, and 3424 slaves.                               The principal rivers are the Senne, Dyle, and Demer. The
BOY/LER'S MILLS, a post-office of Benton co., Missouri.   woods are extensive, and include the forest of Soignies.
BOYLE'S MILL, a village in the S. part of IHenry co., Iron and stone abundant. This province is intersected by
Iowa.                                                     several important canals and railways. It is subdivided
BOYLStTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.           into three arrondissements, Brussels, Louvain, and Nivelles.
BOYLS/TON, a post-township of Worcester co., lMassachu- S. of Brussels is the field of Waterloo.
setts, about 35 miles WV. of Boston. It has some manufac-   BRABOURNE, hrs/born, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
tures of boots and shoes; on the Nashua River, which flows    BRACIADALE, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Inthrough the N.E. part of the township, is Sawyer's Mill verness.
Village. Five new school-houses, several of which are very    BRACARA AUGUSTA. See BRAGA.
superior, have been erected in Boylston within the last few    BRACCIANO, brht-chl/no, a town of Italy, in the Pontiyears. Pop. 918.                                          fical States, 17 miles N.W. of Rome. Pop. 1380. It is situBOYLSTON, a post-township of Oswego co., New York, 140  ated on the W. shore of the lake of the same name, which
miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 661.                           is 22 miles in circumference, and gives rise to the Arrone,
BOYLSTON CENTRE, a post-office of Worcester co., Mas- (&a-Rao/nI:-anc. Al/so.) In its vicinity are thermal springs and
sachusetts.                                               baths, and the fine old castle of the Dukes of Bracciano.
BOYN/DIE, a maritime perish of Scotland, co. of Banff,   BRACEBOROUGH, brace/br-rfih, a parish of England,
on Moray Frith. In it are the ruins of Boyne Castle, and a  co. of Lincoln.
chalybeate spring in high repute.                           BRACE/BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
BOYNE, bobh, a river of Ireland, in Leinster, rises in the    BRACEIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Bog of Allen, near Carbery, and flows generally N.E. by    BRACE-MEOL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Trim and Navan to Drogheda, about 4 miles below which it   BRACEIVILLE, a post-township in Trumbull co., Ohio.
enters the Irish Sea. It is navigable for barges of 70 tons  Pop. 956.
to Navan, 19 miles from the sea; and, at high water, for   BRACE/WELL, a parish of England, co. of York, West
vessels of 200 tons to Drogheda. About 25 miles W. of the  Riding.
last named town, a lofty obelisk marks the spot where the    BRACHELEN, brahtA-len, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 9
forces of William III., on the 1st of July, 1690, gained the  miles N.W. of Jiilich.  Pop. 2146. It has paper mills.
great victory over those of James II., so well known in Bri-   BRACIGLIANO, bra-cheel-yA/no, a town of Naples, protish history as the "Battle of the Boyne."                vince of Principato Citra, 10i  miles N. of Salerno. Pop. 3000.
BOYNE, a river of Eastern Australia, enters Hervey's Bay    BRACK'ABEEN/, a post-village ofSchoharie co., New York,
in let. 240 30' S., lon. 1520 E.                         45 miles W. of Albany.
267




BRA                                                       BRA
BRACKIEN, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, bor-   BRADIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
dering on Ohio, contains about 200 square miles.  It is    BRAD/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
drained by the North Pork of Licking River. The surface is    BRAD/FORD, a township of England, co. of York, West
rolling  and hilly; the soil is based on limestone, and is  Riding.
mostly fertile. The name of the county is derived from a    BRADIFORD, a county in the N.N.E. part of Pennsylsmall creek which rises in it. Organized in 1796. Capital, vania, bordering on New York, has an area of 1170 square
Augusta. Pop. 8903; of whom 8063 were free, and 840 slaves. miles. It is intersected by the North Branch of SusqueBRACKENIIEIMI, br/kepn-hime', a town of Wtirtemberg, hanna River, and drained also by the Tioga River, and by
21 miles NN.W. of Stuttgart, on the Zaber. Pop. 1520. It'the Towanda, Wyalusing, and Sugar Creeks. The surface is
has a Latin school, and an ancient castle.                broken and hilly, and covered with extensive forests of pine,
BRACIK/ETT'S, a village of E  ngham co., Illinois, 35 miles  hemlock, and sugar-maple.  The soil is moderately fertile.
E. of Vandalia.                                            Lumber is the chief article of export. The county contains
BRACKIET'S BRIDGE, a village in the W. part of Fulton  iron and bituminous coal; sandstone underlies the greater
co., New York.                                             part of the surface. The streams afford motive power for
BRACK/LEY,   a market-town and parish of England, co. numerous mills, and the county is traversed by railroad
of Northampton, on the Ouse, here crossed by a bridge, 8d  from Williamsport to Elmnira. Formed in 1810, and called
miles E.S.E. of Banbuly. Pop. in 1851, 2157.  Until dis- Ontario; in 1812 the name was changed to Bradford, in
franchised by the Reform Bill, it sent two members to the  honor of William Bradford, Attorney-General of the United
iHouse of Commons. In the middle ages, tournaments were  States. Capital, Towanda. Pop. 42,831.
often held at Brackley. Dr. Clarke, the celebrated traveller,   BRAD/FORD, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine,
was born here in 1767.                                     about 85 miles N.E. of Augusta. Two small streams afford
BRACK/NEY, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl- water-power, which is employed in driving 5 saw-mills, 3
vania.                                                     shingle, and 2 grist-mills.  There are also in the township
BRA/CON-ASH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        several tanneries, in One of which about 10,000 hides are
BRADANO, brd-d/no, (anc. Brada/nus,) a river of Naples, annually worked. Pop. 1296.
province of Basilicata, rises in the Apennines, flows S.E. 60    BRAD/FORD, a post-township  of Mierrimack co., New
miles, and enters the Gulf of Taranto on the N.W.          Hampshire, on the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers -
BRADBORNE, brad/born, a parish of England, co. Derby. Railroad. Pop. 1341. It has manufactures of leather and
BRADI/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    of sash and blinds.
BRAD/DOCK'S FIELD, a noted battle-field on the right    BRAD/FORD, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont, on
bank of the Monongahela River, 11 miles above Pittsburg,  the WV. side of the Connecticut River, and on the Connectiwhere General Braddock was defeated by the French and In- cut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, about 30 miles S.W. of
dians. A plank-road runs through the place, and the Penn- Mlontpelier. It contains 2 newspaper offices, an academy,
sylvania Rairead passes along the high ground imme-  and has manufactures of iron castings, machinery, woollen
diately above.                                            goods, starch, and other articles. Pop. 1723.
BRAIDENHAM, a parish of England, co., of Berks.            BRADIFOIlD, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
BRADENIHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  Massachusetts, on the S. side of Merrimack River, and on
BRADENIHAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  the Boston and Maine Railroad, 34 miles N. of Boston. It
BRAIDENVILLE, a post-ofice of Westmoreland co., Penn- contains the Bradford Academy, and is connected to Ilaversylvania.                                                  hill by a bridge 680 feet in length, and a viaduct for the
BRA/DESTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         railroad. Pop. 1328.
BRAD/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.             BRADIFORD, a post-township of Steuben co., New York,
BRADFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            about 60 miles S.S.E. from Rochester. Pop. 2010.
BRADIFIELD), a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          BRADFORD, a township of Clearfield co, Pennsylvania
BRAD/FIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Pop. 792.
Biding.                                                      BRAD/FORD, a post-township of MIcKean co., Pennsylva
BRAD/FIELD COMIBUST, parish of England, co. Suffolk.  nia, 14 miles N.W. from Smithport. Pop. 990.
BRADIFIELD, ST. CLARE, parish of England, co. Suffolk.    BRAD/FORD, a thriving manufacturing post-village of
BRADIFIELD, ST. GEORGE, parish of England, co. Suffolk.  Coosa co., Alabama, on Sochapatoy Creek, 50 miles N. by E.
BRADIFORD, brad/ford, a parliamentary borough, market- from Montgomery, and 36 miles from Wetumpka. It has
town, and parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, on  grown up since 1848. The extensive water-power is iman affluent of the Aire, and branch of the Leeds and Liver- proved by the erection of a cotton factory, which employs
pool Canal, 8 miles W. of Leeds, on the Leeds Railway. Pop. about 100 hands. Bradford is connected by a plank road
in 1851, 149,543. The town is built entirely of stone, has  with Wetumpka and the Tennessee River. About 1 mile
streets mostly narrow, but well paved and lighted. The  from the village there is a quarry of beautiful gray statuary
principal buildings are the parish church erected in the  granite, which is capable of being split in any direction, and
reign of Ienry VI., a grammar school founded in the reign  worked into any desirable shape.
of Edward VI., having a good library, and sending candi-   BRADIFORD, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the Ohio River.
dates for exhibitions to Queen's College, Oxford, a handsome    BRADIFORD, a post-village of IIHarrison co., Indiana, 12
exchange, cloth-hall, court-house, jail, mechanics' institute, miles N.N.E. from Corydon.
several banks, numerous schools, charitable institutions,    BRADIFORD, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois.
and places of religious worship; and, in the vicinity, col-   BRADI/FORD, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Iowa.
leges for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyans. Its rapid    BRADIFORD, atownship of Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop. 703.
advance is mainly attributable to its central position in the    BRADFORD, a post-village of Simcoe co., Canada West, on'
great manufacturing district of Yorkshire, and to the abun- a small stream flowing into Simcoe Lake, 37 miles N. N.W.
dance of coal and iron in its immediate vicinity. Bradford  of Toronto. It contains churches of four denominations, 6
is now the principal seat of the worsted yarn and stuff ma- stores, a grist mill, numerous mechanic shops, and about
nufactures in England, and the great mart for the long  600 inhabitants.
wools used in these fabrics. There are in the parish no less   BRAD/FORID ABIBAS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
than 112 mills for spinning and weaving worsted stuffs, and    BRADFORD CENTRE, apost-office of Orange co., Vermont.
mixed worsted, alpaca, and mohair, and cotton and silk    BRAD/FORD, GREAT, a market-rtown and parish of Eugfabrics. Of these, 38 are in the town. Broad and narrow  land, co. of Wilts, on the Avon, and the Kennet and Avon
cloths, (employing 6 extensive mills, chiefly in adjoining  Canal, 6 miles E.S.E. of Bath, and 29 miles N.W, of Salistownships,) wool-cards, and ivory and horn combs are made bury. Pop. in 1851, 4240. It is separated into 2 parts by the
in great quantities. In the town and neighborhood, some  Avon, here crossed by 2 bridges. The church is a fine ancient
very extensive dye-works have of late years been'erected.  edifice, and there are numerous independent chapels. BradThe cotton manufactures are of recent introduction, but are  ford has 2 endowed schools and alms-houses, a union workmaking rapid progress. There is here a flourishing savings' house, 2 branch banks, and manufactures of fine woollen
bank, with a handsome building erected in 1837. The sta- cloths and kerseymeres, which have flourished since the
tion of the Leeds and Bradford Railway, through which  time of HIenry VIII., and some stone quarries.
communication is established with the N.E. and N.W. of    BRADFORD INSTITUTE, a post-office of Sumter district,
Engrland, and with Scotland, is within 300 yards of the ex- South Carolina.
change. Equally easy communication is afforded with the    BRAD/FORD PEV/ERELL, a parish of England, co. of
S.E. and S.W. of England by the Lancashire and Yorkshire  Dorset.
Railway, connecting with Bradford by two branches. A    BRADFORD SPRINGS, a post-office of Sumter district,
direct line from Bradford to Leeds is contemplated. Brad- South Carolina.
ford was incorporated in 1847. A mayor, 14 aldermen, and    BRAD/fPORDSVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Ken42 common councilmen constitute the corporate body. By  tucky, on the Rolling Fork of 6alt ]iver, 69 miles S. by W.
the Reform Act, it returns two members to Parliament. In  from Frankfort. It contains 2 churches, and above 100 inthis town, temperance societies are said to have been first habitants.
established. Every seventh year a popular festival is cele-   BRAD/GATE. an extra-parochial liberty of England, co.
brated here, in honor of St. Blase, the reputed inventor of  and 5 miles N.W. of Leicester. It has ruins of a noble manwool-combing. The townships forming the parliamentary  sion, in which Lady Jane Grey was born, A. D. 1537.
borough contained, in 1801, 13,264; in 1841, 06,718; and in    BRAIDING, a maritime town and parish near the E. ex1851, 113,782 inhabitants.                                tremity of the Isle of Wight, England, co. of HRants, 7 miles
268




BlRA                                                      BRA
E.S.E. of Newport. It has a charter of corporation from  by a fortress; and is the see of an archbishop, who is priEdward VI., a church said to have been built in 704, a town- mate of Portugal. It has a fine, richly ornamented Gothic
hall, and a quay accessible to small vessels at high-water.    cathedral of the thirteenth century, an archbishop's palace,
BRADLEY, bradllee, a parish of England, co. of Derby.    hospital, a college, several schools, many fountains, and some
BRADILEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           Roman ruins. It has manufactures of fire-arms, jewelry,
BRADILEY, a parish of England, co. of HIants.            cutlery, and hats. In its vincinity is the celebrated sancBRADILEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. In the  tuary of Jesus do Jlolnte, visited by numerous pilgrims.
vicinity is an ignited bed of coal, which has burnt for 60    BRAGAN(A or BRAGANZA, bra-gan/st, a town of Portuyears, in spite of many attempts at its extinction.        gal, province of Tras-os-Montes, near the N.E. frontier, on
BRAIILEY, a county in the S.S.E. part of Arkansas, con- the Ferrenza, 26 miles N.W. of Miranda.. Pop. 5000. It is
tains 958 square mailes. It is traversed by the Saline River, partly fortified, has a citadel, a college, and manufactures
and bounded on the W. by Moro River. The surface pre- of velvet and other silk fabrics, and had formerly some
sents no great inequalities. Cotton and maize are the chief  silver mines. The ancestors of the present reigning famiproductions. Capital. Warren.  Pop. 3819, of whom  2603  lies of Portugal and of Brazil were Dukes of Bragauza, until
were free, and 1226 slaves.                                called to the Portuguese throne in 1640.
BRAD/LEY, a county in the S.S.E. part of Tennessee, hor-   BRAGANgA or BRAGANZA, br&-g-nIsPs, an ancient town
dering on Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. of Brazil, province of Pard, 100 miles N.E. of. Belem, on the
The Hiawassee River forms its N.E. boundary. The surface  Caite, near its mouth, in the bay of the same name; lat. 10
is mountainous. particularly in the S. part. The soil is  S., ion. 470 20/ W. It has several churches and a prison, and
mostly fertile, and well watered. The county is intersected  the river is navigable up to it at high water. Pop. of town
by the great railroad of E. Tennessee. The highlands pro- and district, 6000.
duce abundance of timber. Capital, Cleveland. Pop.12,259,   BRAGANQA or BRAGANZA, a town of Brazil, province of,
of whom 11,515 were free, and 744 slaves.                 and 50 miles N.E. of Sgo-Paulo. It has a church; its district
BRAD/LEY, a township of Penobscot co., Maine, on the E. is fertile, feeds numbers of cattle and pigs for the Rio de Jaside of the Penobscot River, about 45 miles N. by E. firom   neiro market, and has a number of sugar-mills. Pop. 10,000.
Bangor. Pop. 796.                                           BRAGERNAES.  See DRAnIIEN.
BRADBLEY, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan.         BRAGGS, a post-office of Lowndes co., Alabama.
BRADILEY, a post-village in the N. part of Jackson co.,   BRAGGIVILLE, a post-village of Miiddlesex co., MassaIllinois, 14 miles S.W. from Pinckneyville.               chusetts, on the Milford Branch Railroad:  about 25 miles
BRABDILEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.  S.W. from Boston.
BRAD/LEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.   BRAHE, br eh, or BRAA, brt, a river of Prussia, flows
BRAD/LEY  IN TIIE MIOORS, a parish of England, co. S. and joins the Vistula on lower branch above Forden. It
of Stafford.                                              is connected with the Netze by the Canal of Bromberg, and
BRADLEY, NORTIH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   thus unites the Oder and Vistula.
BRADILEYSVALE, a township of Caledonia co., Ver-   BRAHESTAD, brJihs-t~d', a seaport town of Russia, Finmont, about 45 miles N.E. by E. from Montpelier. Pop. 107. land, 36 miles S.W. of Uledborg, on the Gulf of Bothnia.
BRAD/LEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. Trade in pitch and tar. Pop. 1160.
BRAD/LEYVILLE, a post-office of Sumter district, South    BRAIHILOV, brilhee'lovf, BRA'ILOFF/, or BRAILOW,
Carolina.                                                  braee-lov/; called also IBRAIL, and IBRA.HIL, ee'brai-eell,
BRADMORE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.        a fortified town, and the principal port of Wallachia, on the
BRADININCH or BRAINS, a decayed market-town and  lower branch of the Danube, 103 miles N.E. of Bucharest.
parish of England, co. of Devon, near the Exeter and British  Pop. estimated at 6000. It appears to be rapidly increasing
lailway, S8 miles N.N.E. of Exeter. The town, pleasantly  in importance. Its warehouses are extensive, and its harbor
situated on an eminence, consists mostly of neat thatched  is securely sheltered by a small island. Most part of the
houses. It has an ancient church, a guildhall with a jail exported produce of Wallachia (the annual value of which
beneath, several paper-mills, and some manufactures of  is about 110,000/.) is shipped here. The iniports amount
woollen stuffs. Pop. in 1851, 1834.                       to about 350,0001. Brahilov is annually visited by about 700
BRAIDON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          vessels.. The trade is chiefly conducted by Greeks.
BRAD/POLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.             BRAHMAPOOTRA, or BRAIIHIAPUTRA, br hima-poofBRADSBERG, brlds/bRn, an amt or bailiwick in the S.  tra, (i.e. "the Son of Brahma,") or BUR'RAMPOO/TER, (anc.
part of Norway. Area, 5419 square miles. Pop. 72,891.      Dyardanes  or (Edases,) a great river of South Asia, fdrmBRADISIIAW, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 3  ing the eastern boundary of Hindostan. It is supposed to
miles N.E. of Bolton. Bradshaw-hall was the residence of  take its origin in Thibet, on the N. side of the IHimalaya
John Bradshaw, who presided at the trial of Charles I.    Mountains, about lat. 300 30' N., ion. 920 E., although some
BRAD/STIAW, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.      other conjectures would make its source still farther to
BRAD/SHAW-EDGE, a township of England, co. of Derby.  the E., about ion. 970 E. After tan eastward course to
BRADISTONE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          about lon. 950, it bends southward, and breaks through the
BRAD/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.           HIimalayas into UpperAssam where it is joined by the Dihing
BRAD/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           and Dihong, dividing into two branches, so wide apart as to
BRADIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         encircle the island of Majuli, 50 miles long. The united
BRAD/WELL, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, parish  branch again separates and encloses a larger island, (Kalof Hope, 35 miles N.N.E. of Tidwell. Pop. 1334, mostly em- lung,) 75 miles in length. It has now a westward course
ployed in lead mines and smelting works, but partly in a  throughout Assam to Ion. 900, where it again bends southcotton factory. In this parish is a fine stalactitic caverni.    ward, and after traversing the Bengal districts, Rungpoor,
BRAD/WELL NEAR TIHE SEA, a parish of England, co. Mymunsing, Dacca, and Tiperab, it joins the Bay of Benof Essex.                                                 gal, in lat. 220 50' N., Ion. 900 40' E., by an estuary 20 miles
BRADIWORTI-I, a parish of En(gland, co. of Devon.       in width, in conjunction with the eastern and largest arm
BRADY, brA/dee, a township in the W. part of Clearfield  of the Ganges.  Where the Brahmapootra enters the plains
co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1083.                             of Bengal near Goalpara, it is about 1200 yards wide, and
BRADY, a township iu the E. part of Huntingdon co., very rapid. At about 250 N. lat., a large branch, the Jena,
Pennsylvania. Pop. 1020.                                  unites it with the Ganges. Its entire course is estimated
BRADY, a township in Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 1128.    at 1500 miles. Principal tributaries in Bengal, the Soo,BRADY, a township in Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Pop. 578. mah, Barak, Goomty, Teesta, SIegna, the name of which
BRA/DY'S BEND, a post-township in Armstrong co., last it assumes after their junction. In Assam, it receives
Pennsylvania, on the W. side of Alleghany River, about 15  at least 60 affluents, and encloses many large islands. Its
miles N.N.W. from Kittanning. Pop. 2325.                  current is so violent as generally to unfit it for navigation.
BRADY'S CREEK, of Texas, flows eastward, and enters It inundates the country S. of the IHIimalayasfrom April to
San Saba River in Bexar county.                           September, discharging  into the sea a greater quantity of
BRADY'S MILL, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland. water than the'Ganges. Its banks, consisting mostly of
BRA/DYSVILLE or BRADYVILLE, a post-village of  jungle and marsh lands, are often quite destitute of tracks.
Adams co., Ohio, on the Maysville Turnpike, 8 miles from    BRAH00IC (brY-hooGik) MOUNTAINS, a name given by
the Ohio River.                                          Pottinger to the Hala Miountains, between Beloochistan
BRA/DYVILLE, a post-village of Cannon co., Tennessee, and Sinde.
56 miles"E.S.E. from Nashville.                             BRAIC-Y-PWLL, brFP-ke-pool, a headland in North Wales,
BRAEKEL, brfkel, a town of North Germany, Bruns-  co. of Carnarvon; lat. 52c 47' N., ion. 40 48 WV.
wick, 14 miles S.W. from Holzminden, at the junction of    BRAILES, brilz, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
the Brucht and Nethe. Pop. 2700.                            BRAILOFF, or BRAILOW.  See BRAcnoV.
BRAEMAR, brA/mar, a parish of Scotland, co. Aberdeen.    BRAILS/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
BRAF/FERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North    BRAINE-LA-LEUDE, brAn-lA-lud, a village of Belgium,
Riding.                                                   province of Brabant, 12 miles S. of Brussels, with manufacBRAF/FIELD-ON-TIIE-GREEN, a parish of England, co. tures of cotton cloths and starch. Pop. 2771.
of Northampton.                                             BRAINE-LE-COMTE, brAn-ieh-kcNt or brEn-lieh-k&et, a
BRAGA, brA/gA, (anc..Bracarsa  4unuslta,) a city of Portu- town of Belgium, province of fiainhaut, on the Brussels and
gal, capital of the province of Minho, 35 miles N.E. of Porto.  Valenciennes Railway, 13k miles N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 5252,
Pop. 17,000. It is surrounded by old walls, and defended  partly engaged in raisiug flax and spinning linen yarn.
269




BRA                                                      BRA
BRAIN/ERD'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Rensselaer co.,   BRAMPTON CHAPEL, a parish of England, co. of North
New York, on Kinderhook Creek, 16 miles S.E. from Albany. ampton.
BRAINS, a town of England.  See BRADNINCr.                 BlRAMPTON CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of North
BRAINSIFIELD or BRAM/FIELD, a parish of England,  ampton.
co. of Hertford.                                             BRAMSCIHIE, br~m/sheh, a town of Hanover, 10 miles
BRAIN/TREE, a market-town and parish of England, N.N.WV. of Osnabrilck, on the Haase. Pop. 1550.
co. of Essex, 81 miles E. of ]unmow, on an eminence, ad-   BRAMISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
joining the village of Bocking. It has a spacious Gothic   BRAMi/SII AW; a parish of England, cos. Wilts and Hants
church, several chapels, an endowed school, in which the    BRAM/SHOT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
naturalist Bay was educated.                                 BRAMSTEDT, bram/st~tt, a town of Denmark, in lIolBRAIN/TREE,. a township of Orange co., Vermont, 20  stein, 26 miles N. of Hamburg, on the Bramaue, with sulmiles S. by W. from Montpelier, intersected by the Vermont phur springs and baths. Pop. 1700.
Central Railroad. It has manufactures of furniture, and    BRAMIWITH, a parish of England, co. of York, Wvest
other articles. Pop. 1228.                                 Hiding.
BRAIN/TREE, a post-township of Norfolk co., Massachu-    BRAN, a river of Scotland, co. of Perth, rises in Loch
setts, on the South Shore andOld Colony Railroad, 10 miles Freuchie, and joins the Tay near Dunkeld, after a N.E.
S. by E. of Boston. The manufacture of boots and shoes is  course of about 14 miles through a highly picturesque
carried on here very extensively, employing a large propor- region.
tion of the population. Machinery and woollen goods are    BRANCALEONE, br~n-k&-lA-o/nA, a town of Naples, proalso manufactured in the town.  Pop. 2969.                 vince of Calabria Ultra II., 23 miles S.S.W. of Gerace. It was
BRAIN/TREE, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. partially destroyed by the earthquake of 1783.
Pop. 836.                                                    BRAN/CASTER or BRAN/CHESTER, (anc. BrannodulBRAINITREM, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. nzum,) a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the sea.
BRAISHWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          BRiANCE/PEITH, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
BRAITIHWELL, a Parish of England, co. of York, West The church has some monuments to the Nevills, Earls of
Riding.                                                    Westmoreland, on the site of whose fortress stands the
BRAKE. See BRAAKE.                                       noble castle of Brancepeith.
BlIAREL, brAUkl1, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 42    BRANCH, a county in the S. part of ilichigan, bordering
miles S.S.E. of Minden.  Pop. 2820.                        on Indiana, contains 528 square miles. It is traversed by
BRAKEL, NEDER, ny/der br/kel, (i. e. "Lower Brakel,") the St. Joseph's and Prairie Rivers, and also drained by the
a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 8 miles S.E. Coldwater and Hog Rivers. The surface is rolling; the soil
of Audenarde. Pop. 3807.                                   is a rich, sandy loam, mostly free from stones. About twoBRAKEL, Op, op brtkel, (i.e. "Upper Brakel,") a village  thirds of the county are occupied by oak openings, and the
of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 1 mile S.W. of Neder remainder is heavily timbered. Iron ore is found in the
Brakel. Pop. 2300. It has manufactures of cloth,           county, which is intersected by the Southern Railroad.
BRAKE'S RUN, a post-office of Hardy co., Virginia.       Organized in 1833, and named in honor of John Branch,
BRALIN, brl-leen/, a town of Prussian Silesia, 39 miles  Secretary of the Navy under President Jackson. Capital,
E.N.E. of Breslau. It has a custom-house, and manufac- Coldwater. Pop. 12,472.
tures of cloths. Pop. 1470.                                  BRANCH, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.
BRA/tMAN'S CORNERS, a post-office of Schenectady co., Pop. 2653.
New York.                                                    BRANCH, a post-village of Branch co., Michigan, on the
BRAMBACH, br&m/bhe,  a town of Saxony, in a gorge of W. branch of Coldwater River, 89 miles S.S.W. of Lansing,
the Erzgebirge, near the Bohemian frontier, 11 miles N. of  was formerly the county seat.
Eger. Pop. 1200.                                             BRANCHIIBURG, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey.
BRAMBANAN, brtmbA-nnl,, a district in the island of Pop. 1137.
Java, province of Soerakarta, famous for its magnificent re-   BRANCH DALE, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsylmains of Brahminical temples. These are entirely composed  vania.
of plain hewn stone, without the least mixture of brick,   BRANCHES STORE, a post-office of Duplin co., North
mortar, or rubbish of any kind. Captain Baker declares, Carolina.
after extensive experience of like surveys in India, that he    BRANCH IILL, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.
had' never met with such finished specimens of human labor,   BRANCH ISLAND, a post-office of Pickens district, South
and of ancient science and taste, crowded together in so  Carolina.
small a compass as at the Chaundi Sew-L. or "Thousand    BRANCHIPORT, a post-village of Jerusalem  township,
Temples," at Brambanan.                                    Yates co., New York, at the N.W. extremity of Crooked
BRAMI/BER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           Lake, about 200 miles W. of Albany. It contains 10 stores,
BRAM/COTE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.       1 tavern, 2 mills, and 2 churches.  It derives its name
BRAM/DEAN, a parish of England, co. of Ihants.           from its position on one of the branches of Crooked Lake.
BRAMIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         Pop. about 350.
BRAM/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           BRANCH RIVER, of Rhode Island, falls into the BlackBRAMFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           stone River about 4 miles above Woonsocket.
BRAItHALL, a township of England, co. of Chester.          BRANCH VILLAGE, a manufacturing village in SmithBRAM/HAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West field township, Providence co., Rhode Island, about 10 miles
Riding                                                     N.N.W. of Providence. It contains 1 cotton mill, employing
BRAM/LEY, a parish of England, co. of IHants.            25 hands, producing $25,000 per annum, and 1 scythe maBRAMLEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.             nufactory, capable of turning out 3000 to 4000 dozen scythes
BRAMLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West annually. Pop.. about 150.
Riding, 31 miles W.N.W. of Leeds. Pop. in 1851, 8949,   BRANCIH/VILLE, a post-village of Sussex co., New Jermostly engaged in the manufacture of woollen cloth.        sey, on a branch of the Paulinskill, 77 miles N. of Trenton.
BRAMIP/FORD-SPEKE, a parish of England, co. of Devon. It contains a church, an academy, and several stores and
BRAMP/TON, a market-town and parish of England, co. mills.
of Cumberland, ward of Eskdale, near the Carlisle and New-   BRANCHVILLE, a post-office ofSouthampton co., Virginia.
castle Railway, 81 miles E.N.E. of Carlisle. Pop. in 1851,   BRANCHVILLE, a post-village of Orangeburg district,
3825. The town, in a deep, narrow vale, has a town-hall, a  South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, at the
grammar school, a hospital for 12 poor people, founded by  junction of the Columbia Branch, 62 miles W.N.W. of
Edward, Earl of Carlisle, in 168, a union work-house for Charleston, and 67 miles S. of Columbia.
14 parishes, 2 large breweries, Grnd considerable manufac-   BRANCHVILLE, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama.
tures of checks and ginghams.                                BRANCHVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee.
BRAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 3 miles    BRANCO, brAng/ko, one f the Cape de Verd Islands, S. of
WV.N.W. of Chesterfield. Coal and iron are found in this  St. Lucia. A long sandy spit stretches from its S.E. side.
parish, which has also large manufactures of earthenware,   BRANCO, bhi-NG/ko, a river of Brazil, an affluent of the
and extensive bleaching-grounds.                           Rio Grande, province of Bahia, rises in the Serra Dura, lat.
BRAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.        110 25' S., ion. 460 10/ W., flows in a S.E. course of about 120
BRAIPTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           miles, and is navigable from its mouth to Tres-Barras, a
BRAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    distance of 40 miles.
BRAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk              BRANCO, RIO, ree'o br-ng/ko, a river of Brazil, rises in
BRAMPTON, a post-village of Peel co., Canada West, 26  the Parime Mountains, and flows S. 400 miles to the Rio
miles N.W. of Toronto. It contains a Methodist and Pres- Negro, which it joins near lat. 10 20' S.
byterian church, 7 stores, a foundry, a fanning-mill, and    BRANCOURT, br8NG'kooe/, avillage of France, department
about 700 inhabitants.                                    of Aisne. Pop. of commune, 1617.
BRAiMPTONAB/BOTS, a parish of England, co. of Hiere-   BRAND, brant, a town of Saxony, 23 miles S.W. of Dres
ford.                                                     den. Pop. 2150, employed in mining, and in manufacture
BRAMP/TON BRY/AN, a parish partly in South WVales, of trinkets, lace, and wooden utensils.
co. of Radnor, and partly in England, co. of Hereford, 5 miles    BRANDEIS, brln/dlce, a town of Bohemia, circle of Kaur.
E. of Knighton. Some remains of a Norman castle, destroyed  zim, 13 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2500.
in the Parliamentary War, still exist here.                 BRANDEIS-AM-ADLER, brA-n/dlce-Am-Ad/ltr, a town of
270




BRA                                                      BRA
Bobenmia, 28 miles S.E. of Kiiniggriitz, on the Stille-Adler. between Brandon IHead on the W. (lat. 520 18' N., ion. 100
Pop. 1772.                                                10' W.) and a narrow neck of land on the E., which separates
BRANIDENBURG, (Ger. pron. br nlden-b655ao; Fr. Brandon from Tralee Bay. The village, a fishing and coastBirccldenboerg, brAn' den-boore,) a province of Prussia, in  guard station, is on the WV. side of Brandon Bay, 10 miles
the centre of the kingdom, of which it forms the nucleus,  N.E. of Dingle.
situated between lat. 510 25' and 530 34' N., and Ion. 110    BRAN/DON, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont,
25' and 160 10' E.; bounded N. by Mecklenburg, N.E. about 40 miles S.W. of Montpelier, on Otter Creek, and on
by Pomerania, E. by West Prussia and Posen, S. by Si- the Rutland and Burlington Railroad. It contains an acalesia and the kingdom of Saxony, and W. by the pro- demy, and has manufactures of woollen goods, leather, iron
vince of Saxony and Hanover. Area, 15,792 square miles. castings, boots and shoes. Pop. 2835.
Pop. in 1837, 1,694,042; in 1849, 2,129,022. Surface almost    BRANDON, atownship of Franklin co., New York. Pop.590.
uniformly flat and sandy, but diversified by numerous    BRANDON, a post-village, capital of Rankin co., Missislakes. It is situated in the basins of the Elbe and the  sippi, at the eastern terminus of the Vicksburg and Brandon
Oder, and watered by these rivers and numerous affluents,  Railroad, 12 miles E. of Jackson. Fifteen years ago it was a
among which the Warthe, Netze, Bober, Neisse, Pinow, and  flourishing place, and about that date the failure of the
Welse, affluents of the Oder, and the Havel, Spree, Dosse, Brandon Bank rendered it a " deserted village," until the
and Elde, affluents of the Elbe, are navigable; and the two  railroad restored it to prosperity. About 10,000 bales of
principal rivers are connected by several canals. Soil infer- cotton are shipped here annually. *Pop. 800.
tile.  Chief crops, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, hemp, flax, to-   BRANDON, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.
bacco, and hops. Sheep are extensively reared, and wool is    BRANDON, a post-township of Oakland co., Michigan,
an important product. The principal mineral products are  about 38 miles N.N.W. ofDetroit. Pop. 893.
iron, gypsum, alum, and vitriol. There are numerous mine-   BRANtDON, a post-office of Peel co., Canada West.
ral springs and baths. The manufacttures, in greatvariety,   BRANDON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
are carried on in the principal towns, and the province has    BRANIDONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Preston co.,
many breweries, distilleries, tanneries, potash, charcoal,  Virginia, 280 miles N.W. of Richmond.  A turnpike-road
lime, and sulphur works. Trade is facilitated by numerous extends from this village to Fishing Creek.
canals, excellent post-roads, and railways from the capital   BRANDSIBURTON,  a parish of England, co. of York, East
in all directions. Brandenburg possesses the most cele- Riding.
brated establishments for public instruction in the king-    BRAND'S IRON-WORKS, a post-office of Washington co.,
dom. It is divided into the two regencies of Potsdam and  Rhode Island, 30 miles S. by W. of Providence.
Frankfurt. Capital, Berlin.                                 BRANDT or BRANT, a post-township of Erie co., New
BRANDENBURG, br~nlden-b55aG1, a town of Prussia, in  York, on Lake Erie, 24 S.S.W. of Buffalo. It is intersected
the government of the same name, circle of Potsdam, capital by Lake Shore Railroad. Pop. 1028.
of the small circle of West Havelland, on the Havel, and    BRANDT, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio.
on the Berlin and Magdeburg Railway, 37 miles W.S.W. of    BRANDT LAKE, of Warren cn in the N.E. part of New
Berlin. Pop. in 1846, 17,589. It is enclosed by walls, and  York, discharges its waters by Schroon River. Its length
divided by the river into an old and new town; between  is about 6 miles.
which, on an island, is the quarter called "Venice," having    BRANIDY STATION, a post-office ofCulpepper co.,Virginia.
a cathedral of the fourteenth century, a castle, St. Cathe-   BRANDYWINE, a hundred of Newcastle co., Delaware.
rine's church, a council-house, which deserve notice for    BRANDYWINE, a post-office of Prince George's  co.,
their antiquity and works of art. Brandenburg has a school Maryland.
for the noblesse of the Mark of Brandenburg, (Rittler Aa-   BRANDYWINE, a township in Hancock co., Indiana.
deeie,) many charitable foundations, a college, and a pub- Pop. 837.
lic library; in the market-place is the Rolandsaile, a column    BRANDYWINE, a post-village and township of Shelby
formed of a single block of stone, 18 feet in height. It is the  co., Indiana, on a plank-road, 6 miles N.W. of Shelbyville.
seat of several high tribunals, and has manufactures of Pop. 764.
woollens, linens, hosiery, and paper; breweries, tanneries,   BRANIDYWINE CREEK, Of Pennsylvania and Delaware,
boat-building, and an active commerce by land and water.  is formed by the E. and W. branches, which unite in ChesBRANDENBURG, a village ofEast Prussia, 13 miles S.W. ter co. of the former state.  Flowing in a south-easterly
of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 985.                                 course, it falls into the Christiana Creek at Wilmington,
BRAN/DENBURG, capital of Meade co., Kentucky, on a  Delaware. A noted battle was fought on its banks between
high bluff of the Ohio River, 40 miles below Louisville, and  the British and Americans in 1777.
90 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. It contains 2 or 3 churches,   BRANDYWINE CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Hancock
2 flouring mills, 4 warehouses, and has considerable trade. co., and flows south-westward into Blue River, a few miles
Pop. estimated at 700.                                     below Shelbyville.
BRANDENBURG, MARK OF, an old state of Germany,   BRANDYWINE  MANOR, a post-office of Chester co.,
in the circle of Upper Saxony, divided into two parts-the  Pennsylvania.
electoral and new mark; it is now comprised in the Prus-   BRANDYWINE MILLS, a small post-village in Summit
sian province of Brandenburg, and part of the province of  co., Ohio.
Saxony. The margraves of Brandenburg having joined to    BRANDYWINE SPRINGS, Newcastle, Delaware, 4 miles
the electorate, the duchy of Prussia and some other posses- N.W. of Wilmington.
sioas, the great elector, Frederick III., declared himself    BRANDYWINE VILLAGE, Newcastle co., Delaware, a
king of Prussia, under the name of Frederick I., in 1701.    suburb of Wilmington, which see.
BRANDENBURG, NEW, the largest and most beautiful   BRAN/FORD, a post-town and seaport of New Haven co.,
town in the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg, near the N. shore  Connecticut, on the New Haven and New London Railroad,
of Toilensee Lake, at the outlet of the river of same name, 8 miles E. by S. of New Havel.  It has 3 churches, an aca18 miles N.N.E. of Strelitze. Pop. 6003. It is enclosed by  demy, a hotel, several stores, a large foundry, a shoe manuwalls, and has a grand-ducal palace, a grammar school, and  factory, and other establishments.  In the summer season
manufactures of woollen, cotton, and damask goods, spirits, it is much frequented as a watering-place. The harbor,
leather, paper, and chemical products.                    which is about 11 miles S.W., is well protected from the.sea,
BRlAN/DESTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      and of sufficient depth for vessels of over 300 tons. This
BRANDESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        port, in early times, was the rival of.New Haven, and the
BRANDHOF, brent/h6f, a village of Austria, in Styria, on  centre of an important foreign trade. Pop. in 1850,1423.
the N. declivity of the Seeberg, 9 miles S. of Mariazell, the    BRAN/FORD, a township in Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 158.
principal residence of the Archduke John, (Vicar of the    BRANNA, brAn/ng, a village of Bohemia, 21 miles E..of
German Empire,) and, since 1818, the scene of his patriotic  Starlkenbach, celebrated for producing the finest thread and
exertions.                                                lace in the kingdom. Pop. 1937.
BRAN/DON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of    BRANNODU'NUM.  See BR.ANCASTER.
Suffolk, on the Little Ouse, or Brandon River, and with a    BRANS/BY, a parish of England, co. York, North Riding.
station on the Ely and Norwich Railway, 70 miles N.N.E. of   BRANSICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
London. Pop. in 1851, 2215. It has an endowed grammar    BRANSK, br~nsk, a town of Russia, 31 miles S.S.W. of
school, large rabbit-warrens, for supplying the London mar- Bialystoe, on the Noortchelk (Nourtschek). Pop. 1350.
ket, and a manufacture of gun-flints, considered superior to    BRANStTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
any other in Europe. Brandon, whence the Dukes of Suf-   BRANSTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
folk formerly took one of their titles, now gives the English    BRANT, a county in the S. part of Canada West, W. of
title of duke to the house of Hlamilton.                  Lake Ontario, has an area of 416 square miles. It is traBRANNDON, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, with a  versed by the Grand River. The chief staples are lumber,
station on the London and Birmingham Railway, 5 miles  wool, potatoes, hops, maple sugar, and the products of the
S.E. of Coventry.                                         dairy. Principal town, Brantford.  Pop. 25,426.
BRANIDON, a mountain, headland, bay, and village of    BRANT.  See BRANDT.
Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry. The mountain, 22 miles    BRANTFORD, a commercial town and capital of Brant
W. of Tralee, is 3126 feet in elevation, and terminates N.E. co., Canada West, 24 miles S.W. of Hamilton, situated on.
in the headland, which forms the W. limit of Brandon Bay, Grand River, which is navigable to within 2t miles of the
an arm  of Tralee, Bay. The bay is 4} miles wide at its  town, for which distance a canal has been opened, affording
entrance, and stretches about 5 miles inland. It is formed  uninterrupted water communication with Lake Erie, and on
271




BRA                                                      BRA
the Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railroad, completed to  stone Creek, about 2 miles W. of the East Village, and 10t
this point, Jan. 13, 1854, and will soon connect with the  miles S. of Montpelier.
Great Western Railway at Paris, 5 miles distant. It has    BRAT/TLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
agencies of the Bank of Montreal, Bank of British North    BRAT/TLEYILLE, a small village in the S. part of McDeAmerica, 6 insurance companies, and contains churches of 6  nough co., Illinois.
denominations, 2 newspaper offices, and about O60 stores.   BRAT/TON, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts, 3 miles
The buildings erected here by the railroad company are on  N.E. of Westbury. Here is a large intrenchment, supposed
an extensive scale, occupying 11 acres. The repair shop, to be Danish.
built of white brick, is 282 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 2 stories   BRATITON CLOIVELLY, a parish of England, co. Devon.
high. The engine house, machine shop and foundry, con-   BRATTON FLEMI/ING, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
structed of the same material, is 170 feet by 30, and the round-   BRATTON SEY/MOUR, a parish of England, co. Somerset.
house, immediately in front is 153 feetin diameter, containing    BRAT/TONSVILLE, a post-office of York district, South
13 stalls for locomotives. Among the manufactures of the  Carolina.
town may be mentioned brass and iron castings, tin and ja-   BRAT/TONVILLE, a post- office of Armstrong co., Pennpanned-ware, sash and blinds, agricultural implements and  sylvania.
stone-ware, produced nowhere else in Canada West. Pop. 4000.   BRATZ, (Brlitz,) brits, a town of East Prussia, province
BRAiANITIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        of Posen, circle, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Meseritz, on the Obra.
BRAN/TINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East Pop. 1410.
Riding.                                                      BRATZKOI, br'ts-koyl, a town of Siberia, government,
BRANITINGIIHAM, a post-office of Lewis co., New York.   and 250 miles N.W. of Irkootsk, at the confluence of the Oka
BRANTOME, br8Na't8m1, a town of France, department dud Angara. Lat. 550 34' N.; lon. 1010 47/ E.
of Dordogne, on the Dronne, 12 miles N. of Perigueux. Pop.   BRATZLAF. See BRATSLav.
of commune, in 1851, 2756. It had formerly an abbey of the    BRAUBACH, brtwrbA1K, a town of Germany, 7 miles
Benedictines, of which the historian Brantome was abbot. W.S.W. of Nassau, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop.
The truffles of its vicinity are in high repute.           1507. It its vicinity are silver and copper mines, the mineBRANX/IhOLM  or BRANKISOME, the ancient seat of  ral springs of Dinkhold, the castle of Maxburg, and the old
the Dukes of Buccleugh, Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, on the  fortress of Philipsburg.
Teviot, 3 miles S.W. of HIawick. It has especially acquired    BRAUGI/HING, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
renown as the scene of Sir Walter Scott's "Lay of the Last   BRAUNAU, brfw/nTw, a frontier town of Upper Austria,
Minstrel;" but the only relic of the original castle is a square  57 miles W. of Lintz, at the junction of the Salsa and the
tower coanected with the modern edifice.                  Inn. Pop. 2000, employed in woollen-weaving and brewing.
BRANXITON, a parish of England, co. of Northumber-  It was held by Napoleon in 1805 and 1808.
land. In this parish is a monumental pillar commemora-    BRAUNAU, a town of Bohemia, 33 miles N.E. of Itinigtive of the battle of Flodden, fought September 19, 1513.    griitz. Pop., with suburbs, 3100, engaged in manufactures
BRAS D'OR. See CAPE BRETON.                              of cotton and linen fabrics, linen yarn, and aquafortis, and
BRASIPER, township, St. Lawrence co., New York. P. 2582. with extensive bleaching-works. It has a gymnasium and
BRASH/ER FALLS, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New  a richly endowed Benedictine abbey.
York, on the St. Regis River, and near the Northern Rail-   BRAUNCE/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
road, 35 miles E. of Ogdensburg. It contains a foundry, and    BRAUNFELS, brtwn/fals, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 37
has manufactures of agricultural implements.               E.N.E. of Coblentz, with a population of 1472, a castle, the
BRASIIER I/RON-WORIKS, a post-village of St. Lawrence residence of the Prince of Solms-Braunfels, a manufacture
co., New York, on Deer River, 21 miles S.E. of St. IIelena. It of fire-engines, and 4 yearly markets.
has iron furnaces, for smelting iron ore found in its vicinity.   BRAUN/FELS, a post-office of Manitoowoc  co., Wisconsin.
BRASIIIERSVILLE, a post-office of Perry co., Kientucky.    BRAUNIHIRSCIEN, brtwn/h5li.shen, a village of Lower
BRASILE, BIIASILIA, BRASILIEN.  See BRAzIL.              Austria, circle, and near Vienna, with several manufactures
BRASPART. bras'p/J, a town of France, department of  and extensive general trade. Pop. 2760.
Finistire, 9 miles N.E. of Chdteaulin.  Pop. 3029.           BIIAUNLINGEN, brOwn/ling-.n, a town of Baden, 29
BRASS, brass, a river and town of Afi-ica, in Guinea, the  miles E.S.E. of Freiburg, on the Bregachl  Pop. 1572.
river being one of the arms of the Niger at its delta, and    BRAUNSBACH, browns/bdK, a town of Wtirtemberg, 6
the town on this arm in lat. 40 35' N., ion. 60 16, 2"t E.  miles S.E. of Kiinzelsan, on the right bank of the IKocher,
BRASSAC, br's's skf, a village of France, department of with an old castle. Pop. 1000.
Tarn, 12 miles E. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 2229.            BRAUNSBERG, brOwns/bLne, a town of East Prussia, 35
BRASSAC, a village of France, department of Puy-de- miles S.W. of Ktnigsberg, on the Passarge, near its mouth
DOme, 90 miles S.S.E. of Issoire, onthe Allier. Pop. 2017.  in the Frische Iaff. Pop. 8360. It is the residence of the
BRASSAC, a village of France, department of Dordogne,  Bishop' of Ermeland, with a theological seminary for the
arrondissement of ItRiberac. Pop. 1910.                    education of Roman Catholic clergymen, and manufactures
BRASSCIAET, bres/sKAt,,   a village of Belgium, province  of woollen cloth and yarn, and a trade in corn and timber.
and 7 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2222.                      BRAUINSBERG, a town of Moravia, 38 miles N.E. of PreBRAS/SINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.       ran. Pop. 2787.
BRASS/TOWN, a post-office of Union co., Georgia.           BRAUNSCI-IWEIG, Germany. See BRUNSWICK.
BRASITED, a parish of England: co. of Kent.                BRAUNSEIFEN, brOwnlsi-fen, a small town of Austria,
BRATI-IAY, a small river of England, co. of Westmore- in Moravia, 18 miles N.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2062.
land. It flows through Great Langdale, and joins the Ro-   BRAVA, brdvA, one of the Cape Verd Islands, about 10
thay near its mouth in Lake Windermere.                    miles W. by S. of Fogo. Lat. (W. point) 140 49' 42/ N.; ion.
BRATSLAV, bi-Ats-l v/, written also BRATZLAF, (Pol. 240 45' 15" W.
B,-aclaw, bratsrlav,) a town of Russia, government of Podo-   BRAVA, bravA, a town of Eastern Africa, coast of Zanlia capital of a district of the same name, on the Bug, 110  guebar, 110 miles S.W. of Magadoxo. It carries on a consimiles E. of Kamieniec. It is defended by an old rampart derable trade with India and Arabia.
and fosse, and makes some figure in history, having been    BRAVO-DEL-NORTE, RIO. See RIo GAiNDE.
taken successively by the Poles and Turks, previous to its    BRAW/DIE'S GROVE, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois.
final reunion with Russia. Pop. 2600.                        BRAW/DY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
BRATTIA. See BRAZZA.                                       BRtAXITED, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BRAT/TLEBOROUGH, a post-township of Windham  co.,    BRAXITED, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Vermont, on the right bank of Connecticut River, 100 miles    BRAX/TON, a co. in the N.W. central part of Virginia,
S. of Slontpelier. Among the manufactures may be men- has an area of 646 square miles. It is intersected by the
tidned castings, machinery, and carriages. A fort, called  Elk and Little Ktanawha Rivers, and also drained by Holly
Fort Dummer, was built in 1724, in the S.V. part of the  River and Birch Creek. The surfitice is hilly and rough,
township, on what is now called D"Bummer Meadows."  extensively covered with forests, and the soil is well watered
This was the first settlement made in Vermont. Pop. 3816. and generally fertile. Stone-coal is found in several places,
BRATTLEBOROUGII EAST  VILLAGE, a flourishing  and salt springs in the northern part of the county. Formed
post-village of Brattleborough township, Windham co., Ver- in 1836, and named in honor of Carter Braxton, one of the
mont, at the junction of Whetstone Creek with the Connec- signers of the Declaa-tion of Independence. Capital, Sutton.
ticut River, about 100 miles S. of Miontpelier.  It is one of Pop. 4212, of whom 4123 were free and 89 slaves.
the most active business places in the state, and contains   BRAXTON COURT HOUSE, Virginia. See SUTTON.
a bank, a savings' institution, several water-power printing-   BRAY, brA, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
presses, an academy, and an asylum for the insane. A covered    BRAY, a maritime town and parish of Ireland, counties
bridge across the Connecticut connects the place with HIns-  of Dublin and Wicklow, on the Bray, at its mouth, 12 miles
dale in New Hampshire. It is also in the line of the Con- S.S.E. of Dublin. Pop. 3169. The town, which is neatly
necticut River Railroad. The Asylum  for the Insane is built, is divided into two parts by the river, here crossed by
situated a short distance N.W. of the village, and is in a  an old bridge.  It has several religious edifices, a hospital,
flourishing condition. In addition to a legacy of -10,000  an old castle, (now converted into barracks,) a harbor for.bequeathed to it by Mirs. Anna Marsh, the state has also  small sloops, and some mnanufactories of woollen and linen
made it several handsome appropriations.                  fabrics. The beauty of its environs render it a favorite
BRATTLEBOROUGH V WEST VILLAGE, a post-village of  place of summer resort for sea-bathing.
Brattleborough township, Windham co., Vermont, on Whet-   BRAY, brA, a river of France, betweeh the departments
272




BRA                                                              BRA
of Sarthe and  Loir-et-Cher.  It joins the Loire on the right  In the following table, the area of the provinces has been
at SouRS.                                                         calculated from the measurements given in Diccionario iesoBRAY, brA, a small district of France, in the old province. yrafico do Ibperio do Bra,,il, 1845; and the population has
of Normandy, now  included in the department of the Seine  been supplied through a private source as the most recent
Infirieure.  BRAY is also the name of several other places in   and most accurate existing:France.
BRAY/BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of North-                              PVIcS.                    rea, sq.. Popti.
ampton.                                                       __            PROVINCES                _Area, sq. m. Population.
zamp/on.
BRAY/FIELD, COLD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.-   --
BRAY-HEAD, a promontory, about 11 miles S.W. of the                       Hastime Provinces.
town, rises to 807 feet above the sea.                                       Par........................   983,8908    205,000
~              ]                               M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Aaranhido...................    72,921  390,(000
BRAY-SUN-SEINE, brA-siit-sbn, a town of France, de-                           rhNorth.72,921
pt tteo.  Piuhy......................    82,595   80,000
pertiment  of Seineet-Marne,  on the Seine, 10 miles 5.5.W.         Coast.
[ Cearg......................    52,403    190.000
of Provins. Pop. of commune, in 1851, 1752.:Rio Grande (do Norte).......                                22,784      110;006
BRAYSVILLE, a post-office of Dearborne co., Indiana.                      (Parahiba...................    40,0985     260,)00
BIAYITOFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.                 East Coast. Pernambuco................    80,082      600,000
BRAY/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.                   Alagoas...............9.....0,0
Sergipe.....................   31.958      175,000
BRAZEY  EN  PLAINE, brAXzeel 6Na plAn, a village of                       (Bahia.......................   147,489     780,000
France, department of the Cte-d'Or, arrondissement of the                      sprito-Santo..............    34,176      140,000
Beaune. Pop. of the commune, 1836.                                South-east  Rio de Janeiro..............    70,631    850,000
BRAZIL. brb-zil/, (Port. and Sp. pron. brA-zeel! or brb-seel;     Coast.   Sws Paulo.................    131,705      458,000
Santa Catharina............   25,002       90.000
Fr. Bresil, br'zeell; Ger. Brasiliez, brA-zee/le-en; It. Brasile,     ~        i Pedr do Rio Grande...    93,756         260,000
bra-see/lA, L. Brasil/ia,) a vast empire of South America, oc-               In       Provinces.
cupying nearly one-half of that entire continent. It is of ex-               Issssasl Perov ares.
tremely irregular outline, and varying dimensions, its great-    inas Geraes............................   1,17,
] Matto Grosso............................    673,526  180,000
est diameter being, E. to W., from Cape Augustin, lat. 80 211 S.,   Soyaz.............,2                                100............    2.....18.00
(4eyao                        ~~~~~~~~270,702  385,o008
Ion. 340 56, W., to the river Yavari or Jabary, which separates
it from Pern, 2630 miles; and N. to S., from Cape Orange, lat.                                             3,000,460    6,065,005
40 23/ N., ion. 370 27' W., E. of Oyapok Bay, to the river Tahim,
2540 miles; area roughly estimated at 3,956,800 square miles.    11ountains, Table-lands, and Plains.-In remarkable conIt is bounded S.E., E., and N.E. by the Atlantic Ocean; N.  trast to the countries on the W. side of the South American
by French, Dutch, and English Guiana, and Venezuela; W.  continent, Brazil has no mountains of very great elevation;
and S.W. by Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Ar-  with exception, perhaps, of Itambe, an isolated peak in the
gentine republic of Missiones, and by the republic of Urn-  province of Minas Geraes, which is variously stated at 5960
guay.  Its entire coast-line, from the river Tahim, or Itahy,   and 8426 feet above the sea.  The higher mountains of Bralat. 320 45' S., to the head of the Bay of Oyapok, lat. 40 0, N.,  zil, most of them occurring at greater and lesser distances
ion. 510 32' W., is upwards of 3700 miles. Throughoiut this  firom the E. coast, extend generally, like the Andes, from S.
vastextent of coast, there are few greatindentations; though,  to N., although numerous inferior ranges traverse the counin some parts, smaller harbors and inlets are pretty numer-  try in various other directions.  The most connected chains,
ous, many of the former excellent, and generally surrounded  and those in which the highest summits occur, are the Serro
by flats.  The principal bays, reckoning from  the S. extre-  do Espinhago, the Serra dos Orggos, and the Serro do Mar.
nfity of the empire, are Ilha Grande, Rio Janeiro, St. Salva-  The first originates in Bahia, about ]at. 15~ S., and, interdor or All Saints', on the S.E. coast; and St. Marcus, St.  socting the provinceof Minas Geraes, terminates at lat. 230 S.
Jos6, Pinzon, and Oyapok, on the N. and N.E. coast. The  It lies parallel to the coast, and at a distanlce from it of about
principal capes or headlands are Capes Frio, St. Thomr, Point  250 miles; its culminating points are Piedade, 5830 feethigh,
St. Antonio, St. Augustin, St. Roque, on the S.E. and E. and Itacolumi, 5750 feet. The Serra dos Org-os, (" organ
coasts; and Magoary, Norte, and Orange, on the N. coast,          mountain,") so called from  the fancied resemblance of its
General Descri'ption.-The appearance of the coast of Bra-  peaks to the tubes of an organ, and the Serro do Mar, which
zil is very different at different places.  From  the river  form, in fact, but one chain, the first name being applied
Tahim to the island of Santa Catharina, a distance of about  to the N.E. half of the range, and the second to the S.W.,
400 miles, it is low, sandy, and intersected by the outlets of  extend also parallel to the coast, but at a distance from it of a
numerous lakes or lagoons, which skirt the shores through-  very few niles only, extending from  about lat. 220 to 270 S.
out this whole extent. From this point, or from  about lat.  The culminating point of this range, Morro dos Canudos,
270 30' S., to let. 210 45' S., 700 miles, the land is very ele-  which occurs in the Serra dos OrgGos division, has an elevavated, appearing rugged and mountainous from a distance,  tion of 4476 feet.  I-Hilly regions also extend N. and W. fronm
but, when more nearly approached, becomes highly pic-  these mountain systems, through the provinces of Minas
turesque, its hills being clothed with a thick woods, and its  Geraes, Pernambuco, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso, but none of
valleys with a never-failing verdure.  This partofthe coast,  the peaks appear to attain any very great elevation.  Tothe most rocky portion of which is between Santos and Cape  ward the Rio Paraguay, the hills become lower, and termiFrio, may be  seen from  sea at a distance of 55 miles.  nate, on the Bolivian frontier, in elevated marshes. In this
From let. 210 45' S., or from about Slo JoSo to Bahia, let. 130  locality occurs the water-shed between the affluents of the
S., 650 miles, the coast is in general low and level, with  Amazon and La Plata.  It is of very inconsiderable elevahardly any indentations.  From  Bahia to about lat. 40 N.,  tion; and some of the sources of the Madeira, which falls
which embraces the whole E. projection of Brazil, the coast  into the former, and of the Paraguay, the head stream of the
(about 800 miles in extent) is of moderate height, nowhere  latter, are not more than 3 miles apart and might easily be
rising above 30 feet, and is also destitute of harbors, ex-  joined by means of a canal. The hilly region or table-land
ceptiug those formed by the mouths of the rivers. From   extends along the E. side of the empire as fatr N. as let. 0`
this point to the Amazon, it is extremely low and marshy;  S., but inland, in Matto Grosso, not farther than 120 S.;
W. and N. of that river it is sandy, and somewhat higher,  and, N. of let. 100 S., the Serra Ibiapaba may be taken as
though still of inconsiderable elevation. From  these de-  the W. limit. This table-land occupies half the empire, totails it will be seen that the only portion of the coast of Bra-  gether with part of the Argentine Iepublic and Uruguay,
zil that can be called mountainous, or which has any pre-  and its average elevation is from  2000 to 2500 feet. Along
tension  to picturesque  appearance, is that between the  the Amazon and its affluents, the vast plains or silvas  are
island of Santa Catharina, lat. 270 35' S., and Sao Joao da  said to occupy a space equal to six times the size of France.
Praia, let. 210 40' S., or about a fifth part of the whole. With  Another great plain stretches between the Serra Ibiapaba
the exception of the Rio Francisco and the Paranr, all the  and the river Tocantins, measuring from  N. to S. upwards
large rivers of Brazil empty themselves on its N. shores; and  of 600 miles, and from E. to W. more-than 400.
almost all run parallel courses from nearly S. to N., travers-    Pivers asd Lakes.-The  river system  of Brazil is uning the vast plains which occupy the centre, and N.W. por-  equalled, perhaps, in any other part of the world, for the
tions of the empire, and presenting means Of internal con-  number and magnitude of the streams of which it is comnmunication unequalled in any other part of the globe. The  posed, the surface of the whole N.W. portion being intersurface of Brazil, generally, is divided into upland and low-  laced with rivers of every length and volume; presenting
land, in pretty equal portions; the former, which comprises  the complex appearance of veins in the human body, to
the hilly districts and table-lands, extends over the E., S., which the Amazon and its larger tributaries may be said to
and central parts, and has an average elevation of from   stand in the relation of main arteries. By far the greater
2000 to 2500 feet, although at some points it reaches from   portion of these numberless streams have a N. direction,
4000 to 6000 feet; the lowland comprises the silvas or woody  and finally find their way, either directly or through their
regions, and llanos or plains, and flats; the former lying  principals, to the N. shores of the empire. The largest river
principally along both sides of the Amazon, and the latter  of Brazil, and the largest, it is believed, in the world, though
stretching chiefly along the N. and N.E. shores.                  not the longest, is the Amazon, which enters the empire
Brazil is divided, politically, into 18 provinces, of which  from  the W., about lat. 40 30' S., ion. 700 W., and  alter a
there are at least 11 each exceeding Great Britain in super-  N.E. course from the point named, of about 800 miles, fifllS
ficial extent. It is, however, very difficult to ascertain accu-  into the Atlantic near the equator.  The next in size is the
rately the area of the provinces, and of thewhole empire, Rio Francisco, which, after flowing N. for about 800 miles,
the existing data being very unsatisfactory and conflicting. suddenly turns due E., and subsequently S.E., falling into
273




BRA                                                          BRA
the sea about lat. 110 S. In order of magnitude follow the  ing away of the forests in the neighborhood, the mea.n
Rio Negro and Madeira, both tributaries of the Amazon.  temperature of the year is 720; and the rains have been sco
The other large rivers in this portion of the empire are the  diminished as to have seriously reduced the supply of
Branco, a tributary of the Rio Negro; the Tapajos and  water to the city. Generally, the climate of Brazil is dco
Xingu, other two large tributaries of the Amazon; the Ara- lightful, diffusing and maintaining a perpetual summer
guay, Tocantins, Maranhlo, and  Parana-iba.   Passing  throughout this favored land. Near the coast, the temperaalong the coast S. from  the embouchure of the Francisco,  ture is modified by the trade-wind.
the following considerable rivers occur, the Vazabarris, Ita-    Soil, Vegetable Productions, rc.-The soil of Brazil, so far as
pacurfi, Paraguassfl, Belmonte or Jequitinhonha, province  its capabilities have been tested, is highly fertile; although
of Bahia; Doce, province of Espirito Santo;and the Parahiba- but a comparatively small portion has yet been subjected
do-sul, the S. boundary of the same province. In this enu- to this test, not more than a hundred and fiftieth part of
meration of the rivers having their embouchures on the E. the whole surface being under cultivation, and this portion
coast of Brazil, we have omitted an immense number of  is entirely limited to the coast and to the N.E. part of the
smaller streams, perhaps not many below a hundred. In  empire, which seems peculiarly well adapted to the cultivathe interior of the S. portion of the empire occur the large  tion of maize, sugar; and coffee. The pastures, however, are
rivers Uruguay, Iguacu, Paranapaneme, Tieta, Part, Para-  of vast extent; and, being covered with prodigious herds
guay, and Parana, with numerous smaller streams-smaller  of horned cattle, form  one of the principal sources of the
in comparison to these, but still large rivers-winding in all wealth of the country.  Being almost wholly within the
directions through every province. Most of the rivers in  limit of the palm region, the vegetation of Brazil is characthis part of Brazil have a W. and S. direction; those having  terized generally by the peculiar physiognomy which that
the former proceeding from  the W. side of the serras by  beautiful family of vegetables impresses on tropical counwhich this part of the coast is lined; and those having the  tries. Of these, no fewer than 100 species are natives to the
latter issuing from the hilly tract which crosses the centre  country.  The chief food-plants are sugar, coffee, cotton,
of the province of Matte Grosso from  E. to W., and which  cocoa, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, manioc, beans, bananas,
foams the water-shed of the W. and central part of the em- ipecacuanha, ginger, yams, lemons, oranges, figs, &c., the
pire, the rivers of the province of Part flowing from it N., two first, sugar and coffee, being the staple products of the
and those of Matto Grosso S. and W.  Of the rivers last  empire. The manioc is a native of Brazil, and its farina is
aamed, the Paraguay and Parant are the largest, and have  almost the only kind of meal used in that country. An
thelongest courses. The Parantforms, throughout a portion  acre of manioc is said to yield'as much nutriment as six
of its course, the boundary between the Brazilian territory  acres of wheat.  The Indians find in this beautiful and
and Paraguay quitting the former about lat. 250 40' S.         useful plant a compensation for the rice, and other cerealia
Brazil has comparatively few lakes of any great extent. of the Old World.  But it is in the boundless forests of BraThe largest is the Lagoa dos Plates, in the province of Rio  zil that the vigor of the vegetative power is exhibited in
Gr-ande de Sfio Pedro. It is 150 miles in length, and 35  its most imposing form. No language, it has been said, can
miles in breadth at the widest part, and is separated from   describe the glory of the Brazilian'forests; the endless
the sea by a narrow strip of land only; it discharges its  variety of form, the contrast of color and size, the largest
waters into the ocean by a channel called the Rio Grande.  trees bearing brilliant blossoms of every hue, and clothed
Farther N., several smaller lakes occur, the largest of which  with a drapery of curious epiphytes and festoons of climbing
may be from 20 to 30 miles in length..There are hardly any  plants, while thousands, of a diameter of not less than 8
others worth mentioning throughout the whole of Brazil.    and 12 feet, stand so close together that it is impossible (the
Gaoeogy and Xlineralogy.-Granite prevails to the extent  intervals being filled up with an undergrowth of plants) to
of 2000 miles along the coast of Brazil, and, with syenite,  clear a passage between them. In contrast to these giants
forms the base of the tableland. The superstructure of the  of the forest stands the graceful palm, the delicate acacia,
latter consists of metamorphic and old igneous rocks, sand- and bamboos, and grasses of 40 feet high. But it is not in
stone, clay-slate, limestone, in which are large caverns, with  the plains alone that this gigantic vegetation is met with.
bones of extinct animals and alluvial soil, of which the N.  The sides of the mountains are also clothed with trees of
nart of the empire is almost wholly composed, being inter-  enormous size, including the most beautiful specimens of
sected by numerous large streams.  The mineral wealth of  the palm and tree-fern. The cocoa-nut palm attains a great
Brazil is considerable, and includes gold, silver, and iron,  size on the sea shores; and the curious Bertholettia or mendiamonds, topazes, and other precious stones.. Among the  key-pot tree, the kernels of which are exported from  Pare
earliest discovered, and first wrought gold-mines, were those  under the name of Brazil-nuts, is met with in many localiof Jaragut, but they have long ceased to be regularly  ties, but more especially in the N.W. parts of the empire.
worked, the precious metal being found more easily, and in  A peculiar characteristic of Brazilian vegetation is the host
greater abundance, mingled with the sands and alluvial de- of species of myrtle-trees, which, though not of much use
posits of rivers.  The entire quantity of gold produced has  economically, perfume the  air with  their exhalations.
greatly fallen off of late years, being now hardly a fourth of  Among the more valuable trees of the Brazilian forests are
what it was three-quarters of a century since, owing chiefly  the andaagai, or Purga das Paulistas, (Anda Gomezii,) the
to the auriferous sand having been exhausted.                  seeds of which yield a tasteless oil, more powerfully catharNo country is so rich in diamonds as Brazil. The most  tic than castor-oil; the cacao or chocolate-tree, the c salpina
celebrated mines are those of Serra do Frio, a district sur-  echinata or Brazilwood-tree, used, under the name of Perrounded by almost inaccessible rocks, and guarded with the  nambuco wood, for dyeing silk of a crimson color; the roseutmost vigilance. The diamonds have been hitherto found  wood-tree, the fustic, mahogany, and a variety of others
in the beds of rivers only, and are washed from  the sand  well adapted to the purposes of ship-building. The differand flints with which they are mingled, much in the same  ent kinds of forests and woods in Brazil are distinguished
way as the gold. The largest known diamond was found in  by the inhabitants by particular names.  There'are the
the Rio Abast6 in 1791, and weighs 138l   carats.  Another, Mates Virgens, or virgin forests, such as those which exist
worth 45,0001., was found in 1847. Rich mines were dis-  on the Organ Mouintains and along the whole, Maritime Corcovered in 1852 in the province of Minas Geraes. The go- dillera; the Cat.ingas, consisting generally of small and devernment receives one-fifth of the total value of all the gold  ciduous trees; the Carrascos, close-growing shrubs of about
and diamonds found in the country. Notwithstanding the  3 or 4 feet high; and the Capiveira, such wooded tracts as.4
astounding names of these two items of the mineral wealth  are formed by the small trees and shrubs, which spring up
of Brazil, neither of them  have been nearly so profitable,  where virgin forests have been clesared away. The beauty,
nor so beneficial to the general interests of the country, as  variety, and abundance of the flowers of this extraordinary
the homeliest of its agricultural productions.  In the short  country are no less remarkable than any other of its vegespace of a. year and a half, the exports of sugar and coffee  table productions.
amounted to more than the value of diamonds found.4nimais. —The principal domestic animals of Brazil are
throughout a period of eighty years.                           horned cattle and horses; the numbers of the former are
Clismte. —As almost the whole of Brazil lies S. of the  immense.. covering the boundless plains of the interior. The
equator, and in a hemisphere where there is a greater pro- greatest part of them live in a wild state. Horses and mules
portion of sea than land, its climate is generally more cool  are numerous in the S. provinces. Sheep are in little reand moist than that of countries in corresponding latitudes  pute, the meat being ill-flavored, and the wool of indifferin the Northern hemisphere. This is particularly applicable  ent quality.  Goats and hogs are abundant.  The woods of
to the flat portions of the empire, where impenetrable  Brazil swarm with rapacious animals, tiger-cats, hyenas,
forests ocdupy the alluvial plains; and, by preventing the  saratus, (a ferocious creature about the size of a fox,)
sun's rays reaching the earth, cut off one of the principal jaguars, sloths, porcupines, &c. Wild hogs are also comsources of heat-radiation.  In the S. parts of Brazil, in  men, as well as an amphibious animal called the eaterconsequence of the gradual narrowing of the continent, the  hog or capybara, resembling a hog in form, but of the size
climate is of an insular character-cool summers and mild  of a heifer.  Monkeys are likewise numerous; and vamwinters. The qugntity of rain that falls in Brazil differs  pyres are in some localities so destructive as to prevent the
widely in amount in different localities. The N. provinces  rearing of cattle.  Among the feathered tribes are the
generally are subject to heavy rains and violent storms; but  smallest, the humming-bird, and one of the largest, the
the S. regions rejoice in a settled, mild, and salubrious cli- emu and vulture. Water-fowl, especially geese and ducks,
mate. The rainy season commences in October, and usually  abound, in certain seasons, on the lakes and lagoons at the
lasts till March, setting in with heavy thunder-storms, At  S. extremity of Brazil. The reptiles consist of the boa con,
Rio, where the climate has been much modified by the clear- strictor, the corral snake, the Surucuc6, and the Jararic&
274




BRA                                                          BRA
(Bothrop Neztw'ecdii, Spix,) all venomous, and much dreaded    Peope. —The free population of Brazil consists of Euroby the natives, especially the last, which, when full grown, peans, white persons born in Brazil, or native Brazilians:
is usually about 6 feet long, and is nearly allied to the rat- mulattoes; Mamalucoes, a mixed caste between whites ani
tiesnake genus. In the marshy countries of the S., the boa  Indians; Indians in a domesticated state, called Caboclos;
or python is said to attain a length of 48 feet; but, accord-  Indians in a savage state, called Tapuyas; free negroes, boris
ing to HIumboldt, the largest skins which have, as yet, been  in Brazil; manumitted Africans; Mestizoes, a mixed casts
brought to Europe, carefully measured, do not exceed from   between Indians and negroes. The slave population com21 to 23 feet. The insects of Brazil are, many of them, re- prises Africans, creole negroes, mulattoes, and Mestioes.
markable for the beauty of their colors and their size, espe- The native Brazilians are an idle and inactive race, with few
cially the butterflies.  Other descriptions are so numerous  wants, and fewer enjoyments. The mulattoes, the offspring
in the woods that their noise is heard in a ship at anchor  of Europeans and negroes, are ingenious, and evince an
some distance from the shore; while the white ants are so  aptitude for the mechanical arts. The Tapuyas, or native
numerous and destructive, that Humboldt says there is not  Indians of Brazil, are of a copper color, robust, and well
a manuscript in South America one hundred years old. The  made, but of short stature.  They generally go naked, paint
scorpions of Brazil attain a length of 6 inches. Most of the  their skins, and are fond of ornamentuing their heads with
bees of this country are stingless, there being no fewer than  feathers. To this race belong the Botocudes or Botocudoes,
30 species of that description.  The numbers of fish caught  a ferocious tribe, who inhabit the banks of the Rio Doce and
in the Amazon and other rivers of the empire is very great, the Belmonte. They are said to be descendants of an ancient
constituting a principal part of the subsistence of the inha- people called the Aymores, who distinguished themselves by
bitants, European settlers as well as Indians.                their cruelty to the Portuguese.
Commerce.-The principal articles of import are cottons,    History.-Brazil was discovered May 3, 1500, by Vincente
trinkets, furniture, wax, candles, hats, dry fruits, and wine  Yanes Pingon, one of the companions of Columbus, but was
from  France; glass, beer, linen, paper, &c. from  IHIollanId;  subsequently taken possession of by  Pedro  Alvares Cathe same, with the addition of iron and brass utensils from   bral. Various towns now sprung up along the coast under
Germany and Bohemia; iron, copper utensils, sail-cloth, the auspices of the Portuguese government, but not withcords, rdpes, Zc. from Russia and Sweden; wine, brandy, out much annoyance from  the cupidity and jealousy, or
fruits, &c. from Portugal, and wheat, flour, biscuits, soap, envy of other nations, especially the English, Dutch, and
leather, &c. from  America. The exports consist of coffee, Spaniards, who repeatedly attacked and destroyed their
sugar, cotton, hides, cabinet and dye woods, drugs, gums, settlements. The Portuguese, however, still retained posand diamonds. The value of cotton goods, nearly all from   session of the country, which, notwithstanding these caBritain, imported into Brazil between August 22, 1846, and  lamities, continued to prosper. On the invasion of PortuMarch 22, 1848, was $12,950,410. The total value of imports  gal, in 1808, by the French, the sovereign of that kingdom,
in 1845 was $32,381,519, and of exports $26,624,941. The an-  John VI., sailed for Brazil, accompanied by his court and
nual imports from  Great Britain are above $15,000,000.,  a laruge body of emigrants.  Soon after arriving there, he
and the exports to the same quarter, considerably above  began to improve the condition of the coudtry by placing
$5,000,000. The annexed table shows the trade of Brazil the administration on a better footing, and throwing open
with the United States for three years ending 1853:-          its ports to all nations. On the fall of Bonaparte, the king
Years.                       Imports.            Exprts.    raised Brazil to the rank of a kingdom, and assumed the
1851........................... $2.753,916............ $11,525,304   title of King of Portugal, Algarve, and Brazil.  The revol852.......................... 2,782,179............  12,230,289   lution which took place in Portugal  in 1820, compelling the
1555.z~~lsa,179.1s~~sas~aes lution which took place in Portugal, in 1820, compelling the
1853............................ 3,734,190............ 14,817,961
king to return to that country, he next year sailed for
Thetotal amount of coffee produced in Brazil in 1820,  Lisbon, leaving Pedro, his eldest son and successor, as
was 95,700 bags, 478,500 arrobas, and 15,312,000 lbs.; in  lieutenant and regent. In the following year, 1822, Bon
1851 the amount produced was 1,700,060 bags, 9,486,155  Pedro availing himself of a general wish on the part of
arrobas, and 303,556,960 lbs., having doubled every 5 years  the Brazilians for an entire separation from  the parent
up to 1840, since when the increase has been 80 per cent.    country, declared Brazil to be a free and independent state,
The exports of coffee from Rio during 11 years ending with  and assumed himself the title of emperor. The king, after
1851, to the United States, amounted to 6,671,093 bags; and  some slight and ineffectual attempts to re-establish the
to Great Britain 8,115,652 bags; of which 631,903 bags to  former relations between  Portugal and Brazil, acknowthe United States, and 599,642 bags to Great Britain, were  ledged the independence of the latter country in 1825.
exported in 1851 alone. The custom-house duties for 1851  Some years afterwards, a series of tumultuary proceedings
amounted to 14,000,000 milheas, or about $11,600,000. The  ended in the abdication of Don Pedro, who left Brazil April
number and tonnage of vessels that entered and cleared from   7th, 1831, leaving his son, who was under age, as his succesthe principal ports of Brazil in 1847, was-entered, 4072  sor. The rights of the latter were recognised and protected,
vessels, (tonnage, 535,106;) cleared, vessels 3998, (tonnage,  and a regency of three persons appointed by the chamber of
589,159.)  Very strenuous efforts have been recently made  deputies to conduct the government during his minority.
by the Brazilian government to put down the slave trade.  In 1840, the young emperor was declared of age, being then
In September, 1850, a law was passed declaring it piracy; in his 15th year, and was crowned on July 18, 1841.
several vessels have since been captured by Brazilian men-    BRAZIL, a post-office of Saline co., Arkansas.
of-war, and two have already been declared good prizes.   BRAZIL, a post-village of Clay co., Indiana, on the NaAccording to a report of the Brazilian government, there  tional Road, and on the Terre-Haute Railroad, 16 miles E.
were 60,000 slaves imported from Africa in 1848, and 54,000  of Terre-Haute.
in 1849; in 1851, the number had fallen to 3287, of which    BRAZITOS, br&-zeeetoce, a locality of Mexico, in Chihua,
1006 were captured by a Brazilian cruiser; and, in 1852, only  hua, one day's march, S. of El Paso.
one slave vessel landed on the coast of Brazil.                 BRAZORIA, br-zo/re-a, a county in the S.E. part of
Religion, Governmnent, (c.-The established religion of  Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mlexico, contains about 1330
Brazil is Roman Catholic, although other religionsare tole- square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos and San Berrated. The government of the empire is mnonarchical, here-  nard rivers. The surface is nearly level, and the soil alluditary, constitutional, and representative. The legislative  vial and sandy. A large part of the county is occupied by
power is in the General Assembly, which consists of two  prairies, which are mostly uncultivated.  The soil of the
chambers, the senate and chamber of deputies; the former  river bottoms is fertile, and is covered with forests of the
elected for life, and the latter for four years. The expendi-  live oak, red cedar, &c., which extend 2 or 3 miles back firom
ture for 1849-50 was 2,680,2171., being less than the receipts. the stream. Capital, Braztoria.  Pop. 4841, of whom  1334
The debt in 1851 was stated at about $62,000,000, of which  were free, and 3507 slaves.
$30,000,000 were in foreign bonds.  During the year the    BRAZORIA, a post-village, capital of Brazoria co., Texas,
government issued notes to the amount of $20,000,000,  on the western bank of Brazes River, about 30 miles from
making its total liabilities $82,000,000. The military force  its mouth, and 60 miles W. by S. of Galveston.  The river is
for 1850-51, was fixed at 25,000 men of the line, besides  navigable for 150 miles during a large portion of the year.
which there are 60,000 national guards, and each province  Brazinoria is said to be stationary at present, the trade of the
has a well-equipped municipal guard or police force. The  river having been diverted to Columbia, which is 10 miles
navy, in 1850, comprised 40 vessels of all sizes; 3 fri- above.
gates, 7 corvettes, and 9 steamers; the remainder consist-    BRAZOS, brahtzos, a river of Texas, the largest that intering of brigs, schooners, &c.. manned in all by 3500 men.  sects the state, excepting, perhaps, the Colorado. It rises in
The steam  force is annually on the increase. There are  the table-land of Bexar co., in the western part of the state,
two banks in the empire —the Bank of Brazil, with a capital and flows first eastward until it approaches the Upper Cross
of $10,000,000, and the Bank of Commerce, with a capital of  Timbers of Cook county. Here it assumes a S.S.E. direction,
$6,000,000.                                                   which it maintains in general for the remainder of its
Literature, Fducaltion, &c.-In every town, schools for  course, and flows nearly parallel with the Trinity. After
teaching the first rudiments are now to be found, to which  passing by Waco, Washington, Richmond, and Columbia, it
all citizens are admitted free. There are two universities-   empties into the Gulf of Mexico, about 40 miles S.W. of Galone in Sio Paulo, the other in Pernambuco; of which the  veston. The whole length is estimated at more than 900
former isheldinthehighestestimation.  In all large towns  miles; the direct distance from  its source to its mouth is
there are professorships of Latin, Greek, English, French, near 500. In the rainy season, from  February to May
philosophy, rhetoric, geometry, chemistry, botany, &c., and  inclusive, it is navigable for steamboats to Washington,
printing presses are now common throughout Brazil             which is about 300 miles from its mouth, and at all seasons
275
L1                                            -                                                                                    P.




BRA                                                      BRE
as far as Columbia, about 40 miles. In the lower half of its  other edifices consist of various chapels, the town-house,
course it flows through an alluvial plain, whiCh is but little  the public schools, and some remains of an ancient hospi.
elevated above the sea. The valley of the Brazos is occupied  tel. From 1000 to 1500 hands are estimated to be engaged
by plantations of cotton; Indian corn, and sugar, and by  in the manufactures of linens and sail-cloth, and in spinextensive forests of the live oak and red cedar.          ning and bleaching, also in distilleries and brewing. Brechin
BRAZOS, a county in the eastern central part of Texas, unites with Montrose in sending one member to the House
has an area of 585 square miles. The Brazos River, from  of Commons.
which the name is derived, forms its boundary on the S.W.,   BRECHIT, brfkt, a commune and town of Belgium, 14
and the Navasoto flows along the eastern border until it miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 3126, who are chiefly engaged
enters the former river, at the southern extremity of the in woollen manufactures and iron-works.
county. The surface is somewhat uneven, and the soil gene-   BRECKIENRIDGE, a county in the north-western part
rally fertile. Capital, Booneville. Pop. 614, of whom 466 of Kentucky, bordering on Indiana, has an area of about
were free, and 148 slatves.                               450 square miles. The Ohio River forms its boundary on
BRAZOS SANTIAGO, brah/zos san-te-ahbgo, a post-village  the N.W. and Rough Creek on the S.; it is also drained by
and portof entry of Cameron co., Texas, on the Gulf of Mexi- Clover and Sinking Creeks. The surface consists of rolling
co, near Point Isabel, about 35 miles E.N.E. of Brownsville.  uplands; the soil, having a basis of red clay and limestone,
BEAZZA, brat/s, (auc. Bratftia,) an island of Dalmatia in 5is fertile and well watered. Sinking Creek, which is a valathe Adriatic, 8 miles S. of Spalatro. Area, 170 square miles. able mill-stream, suddenly sinks beneath the earth a few
Pop. 15,495. Surface mountainous and rugged, producing  miles from its source, and shows no trace of its existence
scarcely one-fourth of the corn consumed; but the island  for 5 or 6 miles, when it returns to the surface and flows
is industriously cultivated, and yields oil, figs, almonds, into the Ohio. Near the creek is Penitentiary Cave, which
saffron, and the best wine in Dalmatia. Its kids' milk and  is sain  to contain apartments of great dimensions, but has
cheese are in repute, and it is famed for its honey.  Priici- not been fully explored. Formed in 1799, and named in
pal villages, Mina and Neresi. The channel of Brazza  honor of John Breckenridge, a statesman of Kentucky.
between it and the mainland, is from 7 to 8 miles across, Capital, Hardinsburg. Pop. 10:593, of whom 8627 were free
and capable of affording secure anchorage for shipping.    and 1966, slaves.
BREADAIVBANE, an extensive district of Scotland, comn-    BBECKERFELD,  brklkkpr-f~lt', a town of Prussia, Westprising the western part of the co. of Perth. Although tra- phalia, 14' miles E. of Elberfeld, with paper manufactories
versed by the Grampians, it has good roads and bridges.  and powder-mills. Pop. 1320.
Copper is found at Aithra, and lead at Tyndrum.  The    BiECKLES, br,6klaz, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
scenery of Loch Tay and other situations is highly pictur-   BRECKINOCK,  a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
esque. Chief proprietor, the Marquis of Beadalbane; resi- Pop. 876.
deuce, Taymouth  Castle.                                     BRECK/NOCK, a township of Lancaster co., PennsylvaBREAD/SALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby.          nia. Pop. 1366.
BREAFY, breelfee or brA/fee, BR-,AGHWEE, brnlwee, a    BRECKNOCKSHIRE. See BRECoN.
parish of Ireland, province of Connaught, co. of Mayo.       BRECKIVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.
BREAKABEEN, New York. See BRACKABEEN.                      BRECKSIVILLE, a township of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Pop.
BREAKINECK, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.  1116.
BR  AKNECK HILL, in Putnam co., New York, on the  - BECION, BRECKINOCK, or BRECKINOCKSHIRE, an
eastern side of the Hudson, at the northern entrance to the  inland co. of South Wales, enclosed by the counties of
Highlands. It is 1187 feet high, and terminates in the pro- Cardigan, Radnor, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Monmouth, and
montory called St. Anthony's Nose.                         Hereford. Area, 512,000 acres, of which about 232,000 are culBREAKSEA, (brAk! see,) ISLANDS, a small group of the  tivated. Pop. in 1851, 61,474. The surface is mostly mounN'ew Zealand Islands, on the south-western extremity of tainous; the Brecknock Beacon (the loftiest summit in South
New  Munster, at the entrance of a narrow strait between Pa-  Wales) is 2862 feet, and Cradle Mountainr  2545 feet above the
terson and Resolution Islands; lat. 450 351 S.; ion. 166b  4Pa E. sea. The Wye forms  all the northern boundary; the other
BREAKSEA SPIT, a reef of 18 or.19 miles in length, on  rivers, the Usk and its affluents, water many small but fertile
the eastern coast of Australia, stretcthing N. from  Sandy  valleys. Agricultureismostlyinabackwardstate. The'prinCape.  Its extreme N. point is in lat. 240 2,1 S. lon. 1530  cipalproductsare oats,barley, wheat, wool, butter, cheese, and
18' E.                                                     cattle, which are mostly sent to the neighboring English fairs
BRIAL, brA/Al', a town of Franceud, department of Ille-et- and markets. The breed of sheep is small, but of excellent
et-Vilaine. 10 miles S.W. of Renues. Pop. of commune, 2200. quality. The county yields copper, lead, iron, coal, and limeBRIEA/IO[RE or BROIMERE, a parish of England, co. stone; and on its southernmost border are some laisge iron
of HIants.                                                 works. Principal towns, Brecon, Crickhowell, and Builth.
BREANE, breen, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    Brecknock is divided into six hundreds, and 71 parishes,
BREAN'S BRIDGE, a post-office of St. Martin's parish, mostly in the diocese of St. David's. Itsends 2members to the
Louisiana.                                                 House of Commons, 1 for the county, and 1 for the borough
BREATHITT, brPthit, a county in the eastern part of  of Brecon. The Welsh language is now mostly disused, exKentucky, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is  cept in the northern and eastern parts of the county.
traversed by the North and Middle Forks of Kentucky    BRETCON, BRECK/NOCK, or ABIER-HONPDEY, a patrliaRiver, and drained also by Troublesome Creek. The sur- mentary and municipal borough and town of South Wales,
face is broken by high hills and fertile valleys, and mostly  capital of the county of Brecon, on the Usk, at the influx
covered with forests. Timber, stone coal, beeswax, and gin- of the Honddu and Tarrell, 14 miles S. of Builth. Pop. of
seng are the chief articles of export. Sandstone underlies  parliamentary borough, (consisting of 3 parishes, 2 extrathe county, which also contains extensive deposits of parochial districts, and Trecastle ward, 10 miles distant,) in
iron-ore and stone-coal.  Formed in 1839, and named in  1551, 6070. It has a most picturesque site and many wellhonor of John Breathitt, late governor of Kentucky.  Ca- built houses; chief structures, one bridge over the Usk, and
pital, Jackson.  Pop. 3785, of whom  3615 were free and  three others across the IIonddu, St. John's Church, a colle170 slaves.                                               giate church founded by Henry VIII., the old castle, and
BREATIIITT. a small village in the above county, on  an arsenal. It has a collegiate school, an academy for indethe eastern bank of Kentucky River.                       pendent ministers, alms-houses, other charities, coal and
BR]AUT], br-6'tA/, a town of France, department of lime wharfs, and a brisk general trade, but no manufactories
the Seine-Infdrieure, 15 miles N.E. of Havre. Pop. 1300.    of importance. Its public promenades are noted for their
BRECEY, brph-sA/, a town of France, department of the  beauty; its ancient walls were demolished by the inhabitManche, 27 miles S.W. of St. LO. Pop. in 1852, 2338.       ants during the last civil war. Brecon communicates with
BRIt CE-DE-ROLAND, braish-dph-ro'Gltao, a defile of the  the Monmouth Canal by the Brecknck and Abergavenny
Pyrenees, between France and Spain, about 11 miles S. Canal, 35 miles in length, and by a railway with Merthyr
of Luz, forming a difficult passage, from 200 to 300 feet Tydvil, 14 miles S. It is the seat of the county assizes,
wide, in a rocky wall from 300 to 600 feet high, surrounded  quarter sessions and petty sessions, and the place of parliaby the rocks called Tours de MarborS, at an elevation of  mentary election for the county. It sends one member to
9500 feet above the sea. Its name, signifying the "breach  the House of Commons since the reign of Henry VIII. The
of Roland," is derived from a popular tradition that Roland  renowned actress, Mrs. Siddons, was born here in 1755.
opened the breach by a blow of his sword.                    BREDA, brA-dA, a strongly fortified town of the NetherBRECI-FF'A, brK/fd, or BRECHVA, brtk/vA, a parish of lands, province of Brabant, in a wide marsh, on the Merk,
South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.                           24 miles W.S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. in 1840, 12,692. Its
BRECHIN, brSK/in, a parliamentary borough and parish  defences are capable of being increased, by flooding the surof Scotland, co. of Forfar, on the S. of Esk, 7A miles W.N.W. rounding country. The town is regularly and well built,
of Montrose, with which it communicates by a branch of and has ramparts planted with trees. Principal edifices, the
the Northern Railway. Pop. 5903. It stands on an abrupt Citadel, rebuilt by William  III. of England, town-hall,
declivity, and some of its streets are very steep; but it is court-house, arsenal, 4 Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant
well built. It was anciently created into an episcopal see  churches, the principal of which latter is surmounted by.
by David I., in 1150. Its cathedral, founded in the twelfth  a'spire 362 feet in height, and contains the tomb of Gount
century, has a spire 128 feet in height, and now serves as  Engelbert of Nassau, a general under Charles V. Breda
the parish church; attached to it is a remarkable round  has a magnetic observatory, and is the seat of a commercial
tower, similar to those of Ireland, 103 feet in height. The  tribunal; it has a Latin school; manufactories of woollen
270




BRE                                                       BRE
and linen fabrics, and musical instruments. It was taken  a college, and some transit trade. It was formerly fortifiAd,
by Prince Maurice of Nassau in 1590, by the Spaniards  but dismantledin 1641.
under Spinola in 1625, and by the French in 1793; and is   BREISGAU, brice/gOw, an old division of Germany, in
celebrated for the association of nobles formed in 1566, under the S.W. of Swabia. Chief towns, Freiburg, Old Breisach,
the name of "the Compromise of Breda," and for the Con- and Laufenburg. It was long held by the Counts of Breigreys of 1667 and 1746.                                    sach, and was afterwards united to the dominions of Austria
BIREDIBURY, a township of England, co. of Chester.       It was ceded in 1806 chiefly to Baden, with a small portion
BRIEDE, breed, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.       to Switzerland and Wiirtemberg.
BPREDIENBIJRY or BBIIDENBUtY, a parish of England,   BREISIG, NIE.DEl, nee'der brI'zia, a town of Rhenish
co. of Hereford.                                           Prussia, circle, and 18 miles N.W. of Coblentz, on the left
BIREDEVOORT, brMdeh-v56t1,a town of the Netherlands, bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1150.
province of Gelderland, on the Bredevoorter Aa, in a marshy    BREISIG, OBER, o/ber britziG, a village in the same circle
district, 30 miles S.E. of Arnhem.  Pop. 900.              with the above. Pop. 600.
IIREDIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        IBREITENBACH, briften-btKa, a town of Central GerBREDGAIR, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             many, principality of Schwarzbnrg-Sondershausen, 23 miles
BRED/HURST, a parish of England, co. of Kentu            N. of Coburg. Pop. 2100, engaged in manufactures of porBRED/ICOT, a parish of England, co. of Worcest6r.       celaine, wooden wares, and musical instruments.
BRE/DON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.           BREITENBACH, a village of Hesse-Cassel, circle of ZieBREDON, breh-d6NGI, a village of France, department genhain.
Cantal, in a valley remarkable for its fine waterfalls, 1   BIREITENBACH, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
miles S.W. of Murat. Pop. of commune, 2400.               141 miles N. of Soleure.
BREDSTEDT, brlt/stitt, a village of Denmark, duchy of    BRIETENBACH, a village of France, department of the
Sleswick, near the North Sea, and 24 miles W.S.W. of  Bts-Rhin, arrondissement of Sch6lestadt, canton of VillS.
Flensborg. Pop. of village, 1800; of district, 10,900.    Pop. of commune, 1595.
BRED/WARDINE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.    BREITENBURG, bri/ten-b0Reo, a village and lordship of
BItE/DY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.    Denmark, 30 miles N.W. of Hamburg, and formerly a place
BREDY, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.        of great strength.
BRAIE, brA, a town of Belgium, province of Limbourg,   BREITENFELD, bri/ten-flt, a village of Saxony, 4 miles
capital of canton, 18 miles W. of Ruremonde. Pop. 1610.    N. of Leipsic, remarkable for two battles gained by the
BREEDE, br4'deh or breed, a river of South Africa, Cape' Swedes during the Thirty Years' War; the one, September
Colony, districts of Worcester and Zwellendam, rises in the  7th, 1631; the other, November 2d, 1642. The King of
Warm-Bokkeveld, a mountain basin about lat. 330 10' S., Sweden had his head-quarters here on the 17th October,
and ion. 190 30' E., flows at first N.W., breaks through the  1813. A monument was erected on the battle-field in 1831.
mountains at Mostert and Hock Pass, and, after a course    BREJO, bra/zhb, a town of Brazil, in the province of MIamostly south-eastward, enters the sea at Port Beaufort. It ranhno, capital of a comarca of the same name, near the left
is the deepest and one of the largest rivers of the colony; bank of the river, 210 miles S.W. of the city of Maranhao.
but its navigation is impeded by a bar at its mouth, with  (Sgo Luiz.) Pop. 3000.
only 13 feet water at low, and 19 feet at high spring tide.   B  ELLINGTON. See BaIDmAINGT0O.
Its affluents are the Hex and Zondereinde; the towns of    BREMBIO, birm/beebo, a village of Austrian Italy, 9 miles
Worcester and Zwellendam are near its banks.              S.E. by S. of Lodi, on the Brembiolo. Pop. 2746.
BREEDtINGS, a post-office of Adair co., Kentucky.          BREMIBO, brum/bo, a'river of Austrian Italy, rises in a
BREE/DON-ON-THE-IILL, a parish of England, co. of  series of small lakes on the mountain-ridge separating the
Leicester.                                                 province of Bergamro from the Falteline, and after a southern
BREEDSIVILLE, a post-office of Van Buron co., Michigan. course of about 40 miles, joins the Adda on the right.
BREESE, a village in the western part of Allegan co.,   BREMEN, brimlen, (Ger. pron. brnl/men, Fr. Brnme, braim,
Michigan, on an expansion of the Kalamazoo River.         or brIm, L. Brey/sa,) one of the four free cities of GerBREESE, a post-village of Greene co., Illinois, 50 miles many, on both banks of the Weser, 59 miles S.W. of HamS.W. of Springfield.                                      burg.  Lat. (of observatory) 530 4/ 36" N., ion. 80 48' 54" E
BREESE/VILLE, a village in the south-western part of  Pop. in 1852, 53,156, nearly all Protestants.  The city
Jackson co., Illinois, on the Mississippi River.          is divided by the river into the old town on the right, and
BREGAGLIA, FAL, Switzerland.  See AL BREOAGLIA.   the new town on the left bank. In the former, the streets
BREGAN90N, breh-g&aNsls&NL/, a small fortified islet of  are narrow and crooked, and the houses are decorated in the
France, department of Far, 20 miles E. of Toulon in the  style of the Middle Ages; while in the latter, the streets are
Bay of HySres.                                             more regular, and the houses modern in style. The river
BIEGENZ, or BREGENTZ, brl/ghluts, (anc. Brigaof/tiu   is crossed by an old and a new bridge; the quays are extenor Brigan'tia,) a frontier town of Austria, Tyrol, capital of  sive, and the ramparts form  agreeable promenades.  The
circle of Forai-Iberg, at the eastern extremity of the Lake of principal buildings are St. Peter's Church, or the Dosm Kirche,
Constance, between the Swiss and Bavarian territories, 80  the Church of St. Ansgarius, remarkable for its spire, upmiles W.N.W. ofInnspriick. Pop.4000. It has some cotton  wards of 300 feet in height, a town-hall, a fine old Gothic
manufactories, with an active transit trade; it exports a  building which has been recently restored; the Observatory
large number of ready-made wooden houses for the Alpine  of Olbers, a museum, with a library of 25,000 volumes, a
districts of Switzerland, and vine-poles for the vineyards on  gymnasium, school of commerce and navigation, a school of
the lake.                                                 design, and a public library of 20,000 volumes. Bremen has
BIEG/ENZ, a post-office of Choctaw co., Alabama.        an extensive foreign trade, especially with North America,
BREGLIO, br~llyo, a town of Sardinia. 20 miles N.E. of  and is the great emporium of Brunswick, Hesse, and HaNice, on the Reia. Pop., with commune, 2476.  Near it nover. The shipping of Bremen has more than doubled
are the ruins of Brivella Castle.                         within the last 20 years, and is still on the increase, but
BIEHAL, br'Ill, a town of France, department of the  owing to the sanding up of the river, large ships cannot
Ihanche, and 12 miles S.S.W. of Coutances. Pop. 1600.' reach its harbor, and Bremerhafen was built at the mouth
BIREIHAR or BRYtIHER, one of the Scilly Islands, co. of the Weser for their accommodation. In 1843, it had 10
of Cornwall, England, 30 miles W. of Land's End. The  ships of 13,646 tons more than Ilamburg. Bremen is the
length is about 11 miles, and the breadth half a mile. It is principal German port for the shipment of emigrants for
mountainous, and has some Druidical remains. Pop. about America. In 1844, 19,145 embarked filom it in 146 vessels,   I
2500, chiefly engaged in fishing.                         of which 111 belonged to Bremen. In 1845, steamboats beBEIIAT, brAT'/, a small island of France, in the English  gan to ply between Bremen and Hull; it has also regular
Channel, off the coast of Britanny, department of the Cbtes- steam  communication with Bremerhafen and Oldenburg.
du-Nord, 4 miles N. of Paimpol. Pop. of comnmune, in 1852, In 1848, Bremen had 346 vessels of 73,089 tons. Principal
1559. It is about 3 miles long and 2 miles broad, and is s- imports, tobacco, coffee, sugar, and other colonial proparated from the mainland by a channel 1 mile broad. It ducts, oil, iron, tin, wines, rice, tea, cotton manufactures,
has a lighthouse, and is defended by 12 small batteries.  timber, hemp.  Chief exports, linen and woollen goods,
BREINA, brn, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony, grain, oak bark, glass, smelts, and provisions. The imports
12 miles N.E. of Halle. Pop. 1033.                        were 287,480 tons, value 4,302,8411. The exports 135,560
BREIGIIT/MIET,  a township of England, co. of Lancaster. tons, value-3,537,179l. The chief industry of Bremen conBREIN/IGS~ILLE, a post-office of Lehigh co., Penn- sists in ship-building, and manufactures of woollens and
sylvania.                                                 cottons, paper, starch, colors, chiccory, and cigars; it has
BREIN/TON, a parish of England. co. of Hereford.        also  extensive  sugar refineries, beer  breweries, and
BREISACH, bri/zlK, NEW, (Fr. Nceuf Brisach, nuf bree'- brandy distilleries.  A  railway connects Bremen with
zilk,) a frontier town of France, department of the Haut- Hanover, and thence with East, North, and Central GerRhin, near the left bank of the Rhine, 8 miles S.E. of many on the one hand, and with Western Germany, BelColmar. Pop. 1742. It is regularly built, and was strongly  gium, and France on the other.
fortified by Vauban.                                        Bremen was founded, or at any rate first rose into note,
BREISACH, OLD, (Fr. Brisach, bree'ztk1; Ger. Alt crei- about the year 787 or 788, when it was made the seat of a
sach, ilt bri-zAK/,) a fortified town of Germany, duchy of bishopric by Charlemagne; subsequently elevated to the
Baden, on the right bank of the Rhine, immediately oppo- dignity of an archbishopric, which, at the treaty of Westsite the foregoing. Pop. 3100. It has a handsome cathedral, phalia, in 1648, was secularized in favor of Sweden. After
277




BRE                                                      BRE
various political changes, the city was taken by the French  and fertile country, in which much improvement has been,
in 1806, and, from 1810 to 1813, it was the capital of the de- made. Pop. about 500.
partment of the mouths of the Weser. In 1815, it was re-   BRENKELEN, brSnlkA-len, a village of Holland, 8 miles
stored to its old franchises by the Congress of Vienna. N. by W. of Utrecht, on the Vecht. Pop. 1500.
Bremen holds the third rank among the free cities of the    BRENN, brunn, a populous village of Western Africa, on
Germanic Confederacy, and with them the seventeenth in  the Senegal, about 50 miles above its embouchure.
the Diet. It is the birthplace of Olbers, the astronomer, and    BRENNE, brunn, a river of France, department of
of Heeren, the historian.                                 Cate-d-Or, joins the Armancon on the right near St. Remy.
The territory of the free city of Bremen, extending on    BRENNE, LA, lt-brtnn, an old district of France, in the
both sides of the river, comprises a space of 112 square  provinces of Touraine and Berry. The name is still premiles, with a population of 74,000, and has, besides the city, served in the marshy district, between Chdteauroux and Le
the town of Bremerhafen, 2 market-towns, 12 parishes, and  Blanc, department of Indre.
58 villages.                                                BRENNER, brkne/nr, a mountain of Austria, one of the
BREitMEN, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, on the  culminating points of the Tyrol, between the Inn, the Aicha,
W. side of Broad Bay Sound, 35 miles S.S.E. of Augusta.  and the Adige; elevation 6788 feet. The route from  InnMuscongus Cove, into which empties a mill-stream, affords spriick to Brixen traverses this mountain, at an elevation
good ship anchorage, and is much frequented.  About 100  of 4650 feet.
vessels are owned here, and are chiefly employed in the cod    BRENO, brfno, a town of Lombardy, 35 miles N.E. of
and mackerel fisheries, but some in the West India and  Bergamro, on the Oglio. In its vicinity are extensive stataccoastwise trade. Pop. 891.                                 tite grottos. Pop. 2466.
BREMEN, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky.         BIRENT, brtnt, a river of England, cos. of IHerts and MidBREMEN, a post-village of Fairfield co.. Ohio, 49 miles  dlesex, after a tortuous course enters the Thames at BrentS.E. of Columbus, and about 10 miles E. of Lancaster.      ford, crossed by a railway viaduct.
BREMEN, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana.            BRENT, a river of England, co. of Somerset, rising in SherBREMEN, a post-village and township of Cook co., Illi- wood Forest, enters the Bristol Channel near Bridgewater.
nois, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. Pop. 250.            BRENT, EAsT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. On
BREMEN, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, on the  the lofty hill called Brent-Knoll, in this parish, are traces of
Mississippi River, 4 miles above St. Louis.                a Roman camp.
BREMEN, DUCHY OF, (Ger. lierzoglthum-Bremen, hirt/-   BRENT, ETsIGe, (eeslee,) a parish of England, co. of
skc-toom-bramen,) an old duchy of Germany, in the circle  Suffolk.
of Lower Saxony; it was first a bishopric, and then an    BRENT, SooUv, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
archbishopric, afterwards secularized and ceded to Sweden    BRENT, SOUmH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
in 1648. In 1719, it was sold to the Duke of Brunswick.   BRENTA, brln/tt, (anc. AMedolacus  br.eduacus Maljor,) a
Chief towns, Verden and Stade. The town of Bremen was  navigable river which rises in the Tyrol, and traverses Lonnot comprised in it; it now belongs to Hanover, and forms  bardy, passingBassano; it feeds the Canal of Brentelle, which
part of the landdrostei of Stade.                          joins the Bacchiglione W. of Padua. At Dole, it supplies the
BREIMER, a new county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, Brenta Morta Canal of Brenta, called, in its lower course,
has an area of 430 square miles. It is intersected by the  Brenta Magra; the rest of the waters of the Brenta, under
Cedar, Wapsipinicon, and English Rivers, which flow in a  the name of Brenta Nova or Brentone, join the Bacchiglione;
south-easterly direction.  The county is said to contain  and several canals, among which is the Brenta-Novissima,
good land, well supplied with water and timber; the cli- leave the Canal of Brenta near Mira, and joining the river of
mate is healthy. This county is not included in the census  same name near Brondolo, it enters the Adriatic at Porto di
of 1850. Named in honor of Frederica Bremer, the Swedish  Brondolo; entire length, 90 miles.
authoress.                                                   BRENT/FORD, a market-town of England, and the nominal
BREMER.HAFEN, br/mer-hb&fen, a town of Germany,  capital of the co. of Middlesex, on the Thames, here crossed
belonging to the republic, and 34 miles N.N.W. of the city  by a bridge leading to Kew, and on the Great WVestern Bead,
of Bremen, in the Hanoverian territory, on the right bank  7' miles W. of London. The river Brent, 81 miles W. of St.
of the estuary of the Weser, at the mouth of the Geeste. Paul's, also crossed by a bridge, divides the town into Old
Pop. in 1842, 2380. This thriving port, built by Bremen in  and New Brentford. Pop. of the former, 5058. Pop. of the
1830, for the accommodation of large vessels connected with  latter, in 1851, 2063. The town consists of a long street,
its trade, is occupied by a Hanoverian garrison, and guarded  paved, and indifferently built, and it is frequently, as sung
by the Hanoverian fort, Wilhelnm, recently constructed on  by Thompson, "a town of mud."  It has 2 well-endowed
the opposite side of the river. It consists of an outer bar- charity schools and a union workhouse, and is lighted with
boher, a sluiced dock, and an inner harbor. The difference  gas. Its trade is facilitated by the Grand Junction Canal,
between the lowest ebb and the highest flood is 26 feet, but which joins the Brent near Hanwell. Brentford, though
the average rise does not exceed 10 feet.                  usually considered the county town, has nothing to distinBREMERLEHE, brAImgr-lAth, a town of iHanover, 36  guish it as such, except its -being the place of election of the
miles W.S.W. of Stade. Pop. 1545.                          members of parliament for the county, the magisterial busiBREMERVORDE, brA/mer-fobadeh, a village of Hanover,  ness of IMliddlesex being conducted at Clerkenwell.
on the Oste, 30 miles N.N.E. of Bremen. Pop. 2481. It has    BRENITINGBY, a parish of England. See WYFOsDBv.
extensive distilleries, paper and leather manufactories, and    BREN/TON BAY, an inlet on the N. coast of Melville
an active commerce, being connected by canals with the  Island, Australia, between Smoky Point and Point Byng.
Elbe at Stade. and the Weser near Bremen.                  It abounds with turtle.
BREMGAIITEN, brtm'g~rten, a town of Switzerland,   BRENTONICO, brin-to-ne/-ko, a parish and village of
canton, and 2 miles N. of Bern, on the Aar, with a castle  Austria, Tyrol, 6' miles S.W. of Roveredo, on the N. slope
and some Roman antiquities.                                of Monte Baldo, with quarries of fine marble. Pop. 1447.
BREIMGIGARTEN, a town of Switzerland,canton of Aargau,    BRENITONVILLE, a village of Owen co., Indiana, 18
on the Reuss, 14' miles E.S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1000. Louis  miles N.W. of Bloomington.
Philippe lived here in retirement during the French Revo- * BRENTS/VILLE, a post-village, capital of Prince William
lution, till 1795.                                         co., Virginia, on the Occoquan Creek, 104 miles N. of RichBREMGARTEN, a village of Baden, 12 miles S.W. of  mend; it contains 1 church and a few stores.
Freiburg. Pop. 561.                                          BRENTS/VILLE, a village of Owen co., Indiana, near the
BREMIHILL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. The Rev. White River, about 50 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.
W. L. Bowles, the poet, was incumbent of this parish.        BRENT-TOR, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 4 miles
BRE/MILHAM orCOURTCH, aparish ofEngland, co.Wilts.  N.N.W. of Tavistock. It has mines of manganese, and deBRENCHILEY, a parish of England; co. of Kent.            rives its name from the? Tor," a lofty spur of the Dartmoor
BRENDITZ, br6n/dits, a village of Moravia, 2 miles  Hills, on which is its church, and which, though far inland,
N.N.W. of Znaym. This was the head-quarters of the Arch- serves as a conspicuous landmark for mariners.
duke Charles during the Battle of Znaym, in 1809. Porce-   BRENT/WOOD, a chapelry, formerly a market-town of
lain clay is exported from its vicinity for the imperial mann- England, co. of Essex, parish of South Weald, on the Eastern
factory of Vienna.                                         Union Railway, 17 miles E.N.E.of London. Area, 730 acres.
BRENDOLA, brin/do-la, avillage of NorthernItaly, govern- Pop. in 1851, 2205. It has an old Gothic chapel, a free
ment of Venice, 6 miles S.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 3319.        grammar school, founded in 1537, an almshouse, and a
BRENtDON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             building in which assizes were formerly held.
BRENEAU, bran-nS/, RIVER, of Oregon Territory, falls   BRENTIWOOD, a post-township of Rockingham  co., New
into Lewis River near 430 30' N. lat. and 1150 30' W. lon.    Hampshire, 30 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 923.
BRENETS, Las, lA-brehlnA, a village of Switzerland, can-   BRENZ, brunts, a town of Wiirtemberg, 10 miles S.E. of
ton, and 12 miles W.N.W. ofNeufchgtel, on the right bank  Heidenheim, on the Brenz. Pop. 836.
of the Doubs, which here forms a fine cascade, 85 feet in    BREN/ZETT, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
height, and turns numerous mills. Pop. 1400, who mann-    BREREHURST, breerlh-arst, a hamlet of England, co. of
facture watches, optical instruments, lace, and hardwares.   Stafford, parish of Wolstanton, 2 miles N.N.E. of NewcastleBRENG. See BUREN'.                                      under-Lyne. Pop. 1518.
BREN/HAM, a post-village, capital of Washington co.,   BRERETON, breer/ton, a parish of England, co. of Chester
Texas, 100 miles E. of Austin City, and 20 miles S.W. of the    BRESCA, brsek&, a' village of Illyria, on the S. coast of
Brazos River at Washington, it is surrounded by a beautiful the island of Veglia, in the Adriatic. Pop. 2500.
278




BRE                                                        BRE
BRESCELIA, br,-shllfla, or BREGELLA, brA-jlflA, (anc. French, January 7, 1807, and its fortress, then partly de13rixel/tzl.,) a walled town of Northern Italy, Modena, gov- stroyed, has since been entirely razed.
ernment of; and 18 miles N.W. of Reggio, on the right bank    BRESLE, brail, a small river of France, between the deof the Po. Pop. 2000. Recently fortified.                   partments of Sonne and Seine-Infdrieure, enters the E nglish
BRESCIA, brtshle-' or brfshlf, (anc. Briccxia,) a city of Channel at Tr6port, after a N.W. course of 35 miles.
Italy, Lombardy, capital of the province, 60 miles E.N.E.   BRESLES, brail, a village of France, department of Oise,
of Milan, on the Garza and on the railway from  Milan  10 miles E. of Beauvais. Pop. of commune, 1824. In the
and Venice; elevation 512 feet. Pop. 34,955, exclusive of its  eleventh century it was an episcopal.
suburbs, San  Nazaro, Sant' Allesandro, Sant' Eufemia,    BRESSA, brslssa, or BRESSAY, brlsslA, one of the Shetand Fiumcello. It is handsome, flourishing, and enclosed  land Islands, E. of Mlainland, from which it is separated by
by ramparts, now dismantled. Principal buildings, the New  Bressay Sound. Pop. 904. With Barra and Quarff it forms
Cathedral, entirely of marble, begun in 1604, the Old Cathe- a parish, which, in 1841, had 1798 inhabitants. Lerwick is
dral, and a baptistery, both constructed during the Lombard  supplied with peat, and the whole of Shetland with slates
dynasty, numerous churches, richly adorned with works of  from  this island. Bressay Sound is a rendezvous of the
art, the episcopal palace, hall of justice, on the site of an an- English and Dutch herring-boats and whale-ships, and
cient temple, a large theatre, the Broletto, or old palace of  often affords shelter to ships of war.
the republic, several good private palaces, numerous foun-   BRESSE, brass, an old division of Prance, in the province
tains, and many remains of antiquity. In a Roman edifice, of Burgundy, capital of Bourg, now comprised in the deexcavated in 1822, a fine museum of antiquities has been  partment of Ain. It was obtained by exchange from Savoy
deposited. It has a public library with a collection of rare  in 1601.
iMSS., a college, high school, athenasum, and many endowed    BRESSE, LA, l brMss, a village of France, department of
charitable establishments. The arms and cutlery made here  Vosges, arrondissement of Remiremont. Pop. in 1852, 3438.
have long been considered the best in Italy. Brescia has    BRESISINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
also manufactures of silk, woollen, and linen fabrics, paper,   BRESSUIRE, brQs'sweelf, a town of France, department
and leather. Near it are large iron works and oil mills; and  of Deux-Sevres, 35 miles N. of Niort. Pop. in 1852, 2705.
its wine enjoys repute. A large fair is held here annually.   The tower of its church is remarkable for its elevation and
Brescia was the seat of a school of painting of great merit, antiquity. Bressuire was fortified in the Middle Ages, and
to which many eminent artists belonged, including Ales- was taken from the English by the celebrated Du Guescil in
sandro Bonvicino. The city is of great antiquity, having  1373. It was nearly destroyed during the wars of La Vendee.
been the chief town of the Cenomani, a Gallic tribe, who    BREST, brest, (L. Bresltum; Fr. pron. the same as the
were subsequently conquered by the Romans, when it be- English,) a city of France, department of Finist~re, 32
came (but at what period is unknown) a Roman colony, and  miles N.N.W. of Quimper, and 310 miles W. of Paris, on the
afterwards a municipium. In the year 412, it was burnt by  N. shore of a small gulf called the Road of Brest. Lat. (of
the Goths, and was soon after destroyed by Attila; but was  observatory) 480 231 32" N.; lon. 40 29' 25" W. Pop. in
rebuilt about the year 452. In 936, Otho I., of Saxony, de- 1852, 61,160. Brest is a fortified city of the first class, and
clared it a free city, and it so remained for nearly three cen- the strongest military port in Prance. It is encircled by
turies, when it fell a prey to the factions of the Guelphs ramparts which, being planted with trees, form agreeable
and Ghibelilnes, and ultimately put itself under the protec- promenades, and afford a fine view of the harbor and shiption of Venice. In 1796, it was taken by the French, and  ping. Prom its natural advantages, the extent of its various
was assigned to Austria by the General Treaty concluded at establishments and its means of defence, Brest is considered
Vienna on June 9, 1815. In 1849, it was involved in the  one of the first naval ports of Europe. The outer road is,
commotions by which so large a portion of Continental perhaps, one of the finest in the world; and, although exEurope was disturbed in that year; its streets were barri- ceeded in extent by those of Constantinople  and  Rio
caded, but the'city was eventually carried at the point of Janeiro, it has no superior in the safety and excellence of its
the bayonet by the Austrians, under General Ilaynau. anchorage. It communicates with the sea by a single pasBrescia is the see of a bishop, suffragan to the Archbishop  sage called the Goulet, 1750 yards broad. In the middle of.
of Milan.                                                   this channel rise the Mingan Rocks, which contract the
BRESCOU, br~s'koot, (auc. Blasfcon,') a small island of  entrance still more, and oblige ships to pass immediately
France, department of IH6rault, near the coast, with a port, under the batteries. From this entrance to the mouth of
and a small fort constructed in 1589, 15 miles W.S.W. of  the Elon, the roadstead is about 6 miles in length. Its diaCette. Pop. 20.                                             meter varies considerably, from  the irregularity of the
BRESKENS br~s/kens, or BRESJES, brEsly~s, a village  shores, but in some places it is 3 miles; so that the port
of Holland, province of Zealand, 5' miles S. of Middelburg,  could contain all the navies of Europe. There are about
on the West Scheldt. Pop. 620.                              400 pieces of cannon and mortars in the various batteries
BRESLAU, brlsllaw or br-sfltw, (L. Bratisacfvia,) written  that command the channel, and the anchorage inside is still
also BRESLAW, the third city of the Prussian dominions, further protected by the guns that line the shore. Outside
capital of the province of Silesia, on the Oder, at the influx of  of the Goulet is the fort of St. Matthew, and the new lightthe Ohlau, and on the railway from Berlin to Vienna,190 miles  house. Its inner harbor is one of the most secure in EuS.E. of Berlin. Lat. (of observatory) 510 6' 57/" N.; Iou. 170  rope, and could accommodate 60 ships of the line. It is
2 331" E. Elevation, 409 feet above the Baltic. Pop. in1846, protected by batteries and a citadel built on a rock, and
112,200, of whom nearly three-fourths are Protestants. In  communicates, by a canal, with the port of Nantes. Among
1811, the population was 63,237. It is divided by the Oder into  its most important works, are 5 large basins, extensive
the old and new town, surrounded by planted walks, and 5  quays, an arsenal, vast magazines, building yards, large
suburbs, the whole united by numerous bridges. It has  barracks, adld a prison, built on a hill, with accommodation
many fine squares, and good public edifices; the latter com- for 4000 delinquents. The city, built on the slopes of conprise the cathedral, founded in the twelfth century, St. siderable hills, is divided by the port in two parts, which
Elizabeth's Church, with a spire 364 feet in elevation, seve- communicate only by boats; that on the right is called Reral other churches richly ornamented, the old town-house, couvrance. The upper and lower parts of the town are conbuilt in the fourteenth century, the governor's house, arch: nected by steep streets, and in some places only by stairs.
bishop's palace, mint, exchange, barracks, and university  Brest has many important educational establishments, a
buildings. In one of the squares is a colossal bronze statue  medical school, naval school, communal college, and a school
of Bliicher. The university, transferred hither from Prank- of hydrography, a public library, botanic garden and obserfort-on-the-Oder in 1811, has a public library of 250,000  vatory. The post has little trade excepting for the supply
printed volumes, and 2300 manuscripts; and about 700 stu- of the naval department, and its manufactures scarcely exdents. Breslau has 3 other libraries, 4 gymnasia, (3 Pro-  tend beyond glazed hats and tarpaulins for the seamen.
testant and 1 Catholic,) an astronomical and a magnetic oh- The merchant shipping is small in extent, bringing princiservatory and botanic garden, schools of industry, surgery, pally timber, building materials, wine, grain and flour, salt,
architecture, arts, a Roman Catholic and 3 Protestant col- iron, hemp, tar, &c.  The number of coastwise arrivals
leges, numerous inferior schools and charitable establish- in 1852, was 3936.  Although Brest has been alleged to
ments. Breslau is the seat of courts for the province and  occupy a Roman site, no mention of it occurs in history till
regency, and has a royal mint and bank, with a royal office  the year 1240, at which period its castle was ceded to John,
for mining productions. It is the great emporium for the  first Duke of Brittany. This castle had a small town in its
linens of Silesla, bfor which it has 4 annual fairs of 8 days  vicinity, and was several times besieged by the English,
each, and the greatest mart for wool in Germany. It has  French, and Spaniards. Cardinal Richelieu was the first
manufactures of linen, woollen, cotton, and silk fabrics, to take advantage of the natural capabilities of the port for
lace, needles, plate, jewelry, earthenware, colors, soap, a naval station, and, in 1631, commenced the fortifications
alum, starch, snuff, and sealing-wax; and an extensive  which were improved and extended by Vauban. Mary,
trade in  mining produce, timber, flax, hemp, madder, Queen of Scots, landed at Brest in 1548, on'her way to St.
corn, and oxen from  the South Russian provinces, and  Germain. In 1694, it was attacked by an English fleet unin Ilungatian wines and other merchandise. Breslau is the  der Admiral Berkley, but the expedition failed, and 900
first woollen market on the continent.  The number of men who landed were cut to pieces, as the tide had receded
distilleries in the town is about 100. It has an active trade  and left the boats dry. In 1773, the line of fortifications
on the Oder, and communicates by railway with Berlin and  was considerably extended, and the town soon became as
Frankfort on the N., Dresden on the W., Cracow on the E., populous as it is at present.
and Vienna in the S. It was bonmbarded and taken by the    BREST, a post-village of Monroe co., Michigan, on Laka
279




BRE                                                           BRI
Erie, 5 miles E. of Monroe City, was laid out on a large    BREWERTON, a post-office of Laurens  district, South
scale when speculatipn was at its height, but has declined. Carolina.
A large quantity of lumber is sawn here and exported.           BREWER VILLAGE, a post-villages in Brewer township,
BRESTLITOV.  See BzEsco LITEsWSKI.                          opposite Bangor, Penobscot co., Maine.,
BIRETAGNE, brgh-tiI or britfan,  (usually called by the    BREWIIIAM, NORTH, a  parish of England, co. of
English  Brittany, brit/ta-ne, and sometimes Little Britain.  Somerset.
See GREc-T BITAIN-,) an old province in the N.W. of France,    BREWHAM, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
forming an extensivepeninsulabetweentheEnglish Channel    BIREWIINGTON, a post-office of Sumter district, South
and the Atlantic Ocean, now comprised in the departments of  Carolina.
Finist~re, Cbtes-du-Nord, Mortbihan, and Loire.Infirieure. It    BREIWOOD, a parish of England, cos. of Stafford and Salor
was divided into Ilaute-Bretagne, the capital of which was    BREW!STER, a post-township of Barnstable co., Massa,
itennes, and Basse-Bretagne, capital, Vannes. This province  chusetts, about 65 miles S.W. of Boston. Pop. 1525.
derives its name from the Britons,who established themselves    BREWISTER'S MILLS, a post-office of Preston co.,Virgini.
here, after having been driven from Britain by the Saxons in    BREWTON'S MILLS, a post-office of Tatnall co., Georgia.
thefifth century.  Itlong preserved its sovereigns, who bore,    BREWSTER'S  STATION, a post-office of Putnam  co.,
successively, the titles of kings, counts, and dukes. It was  New York.
united to France  by the marriage of Charles VIII. with    BREZNICE.  See BaRzesNIT.
Anne of Bretagne, daughter of the last duke, Francis II.,    BREZOLLES, breh-zoll!, a town of France, department of
in 1491.                                                       Eure-et-Loire. 13 miles W.S.W. of Dreux.  Pop. 912.
BtRETENOUX, bret-noo', a town of France, department    BREZOWA, brA-zo!o0, IIungary, co. of Neutra, 19 miles
of Lot, 22 miles N.N.W. of Figeac, on the CBre. Pop. of com- N.W. of Leopoldstadt.  Pop. 6157.
mune, in 1851, 852.                                              BRIANC0ON, bre-.Sae'seiNG, (anc. Brigassltium,) a town of
BRETE-UIL breh'tult, a town of France, department of  France, department of Ilautes-Alpes, on the right bank of'Eure, 16 miles S.W. of Evreux, on the Iton.  Pop. of com-  the Durance, 35 miles N.E. of Gap, near the Italian fronmune, in 1851, 2146, engaged in extensive iron-works. It  tier; a fortified place of the first class, formerly a kind of
has remains of a castle built by William the Conqueror.        Alpine Gibraltar.  It stands on an eminence at the foot of
BRETEUIL, a town of France, department of Oise, on  the Col de Genlvre, at the point where two small rivers
the Railway du Nord, 16 miles N.N.E. of Beauvais.  Pop. of  unite and form the Durance. It is 4284 feet above the level
commune, in 1851, 2736. It was formerly fortified.             of the sea, and is the highest town in France. The fortifiBRETIFORTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.          cations consist of a triple line of walls encircling the town,
BEFTIIIERTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.  with 7 forts commanding the approaches. The road to Italy
DUR  TIGNY, brs'teeR-yee/, a village of France, department  is commanded by several redoubts and half-moon batteries.
of Eure-et-Loir, on the Paris and Orleans Railway, 6 miles  The principal works are on the left bank of the Clairie
S.E. of Chcartres.  By a treaty concluded here, in 1360, be  whose deep gorge is crossed by a bridge of a single arch.
tween the French and English, the French king, John, re- All the heights in the vicinity are converted into points of
gained his freedom, which he had lost at the Battle of Poi-  defence, and the position is'considered impregnable. Briantiers, 4 years previously.                                     con is the French arsenal of the Alps, and the central point
BIRETON  (brit/ton) BAY, West Australia, co. of Twiss,  of attack and defence, from which troops can be marched on
about 18 miles N. of Perth, the capital of the colony. The  the passes of Mont Cenas, St. Bernard, the Simplon, and the
river Garban discharges itself into the bay.                   Col de Tende.  From  the town itself there is a practicable
BRETON, CAPE.  See CAPE BRETON.                              passage into Italy by Mount Genlvre. Brianion has some
BRETTEN, breltten, a town of West Germany, Baden, 13  manufactures of cotton goods, cutlery, and lead-pencils.
miles E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 3000. Mlelancthon was born  Pop. in 1851, 4439.
here, 1497.                                                      BRIANCONNOIS or BRIANGONNAIS, bre-8Ncson'nl, an
BRETITENT-IAA, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          old district of France, in Haute-DauphinS, the capital of
BRETTENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.             which was Brianson, now included in the department of
BRETITON, MONK, a township of England, co, of York,  1Iautes-Alpes.
West Riding, 2 miles N.E. of Barnsley, on the North Mid-    BRIANSK, bre-Ansk!, a town of Russia, on the Desna, 70
land Railway.                                                  miles W.N.W. of Orel. Pop. 6000. It has 16 churches, a moBRETTON, WEST, a township of England, co. of York.   nastery, with a seminary, the imperial building yards, a
BREUKELEN.   brb'k~l-en, a village of the Netherlands,  cannon foundry, and a manufactory of small arms.
8 mniles N.N.W. of Utrecht, on the Vecht, and on the Amn-    BRItIAR CREEK, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvasterdam and Arnhem Railway. Pop. 1599.                         nia. Pop. 1091.
BREVARD, a county of Florida.  See ST. LuCmE.                  BRIARE, bre-IA!, (anc. Brivodsufr-mn,) a town of France,
BREVEN  or BREVENT, brA'vSNc, a mountain of the  department of Loiret, on the Loire, at the head of the canal
Penine Alps, Savoy. Its summit, 8500 feet above the sea, is  de Briare, 6 miles S.E. of Glen. Pop. Of commune, in 1852,
the best place to take a view of the whole of Mont Blanc.    3477. The Canal de Briaee, connecting the Loire with the
BREVIG,  brhovig, a town of Norway, stift Aggershuus, 11  Seine at Montargis, 341 miles in length, is the oldest work
miles W.N.WV. of Laurvig, with a port on the Langesunds  of the kind in France, having been commenced in the reign
Fiord. Pop. 1166. It has trade in iron,                        of IHIenry IV., in 1606.
BREVINE, LA, 14 brltveen!, a parish and village of    BRIATEXTE, bre-'t[xt/, a town of France, department
Switzerland, canton, and 15 miles W. ofNeufchgtel, in the  of Tarn n.on the Adou, 6 miles N.E. ofLavaur.  Pop. 1458.
valley of the same name. Pop. 2319, engaged in watch and    BRIATICO, bre-ete-ko, a town of Naples, in Calabria
lace making, and working in metals. Near it is a bed of  Ultra, 15 miles N.N.E. of Nicotera.
coal, supposed to be the fossil relic of a forest swallowed up    BRIBIESCA, bre-be-6sfka, a town of Spain, 20 miles N.E.
during an earthquake, September 18, 1356.                     of Burgos, on the 0ca. Pop. 2040. Here, in 1388, John I.,
BREW!ER, a post-township of Penobscot co.. Maine, on  King of Castile, held a meeting, of the States-general, at
the E. bank of Penobscot River, opposite Bangor, with  which the title of Prince of Asturias was conferred in perwhich it is connected byea bridge. There are here 7 saw  petuity on the heir-presumptive of the crown of Spain.
mills driven by water-power, and 3 by steam, 1 planing    BRIICETII, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
mill, 1 tannery, and 1 boat manufactory, a good town-house,    BRICIERASCO, bre-k, —rbslro, a market-town of Pied3 churches, and 7 stores. Brick-making and ship-building  mont, 5 miles S.W. of Pinerolo.  Pop. with commune, 3421,
are also carried on. Pop. 2628.                               engaged in tanning and paper-making.
BREW/ERSVILLE, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.          BRICK, a township of Ocean co., New Jersey. Pop. 1558.
BREWERSVILLE, a post-village of Jennings co., In-    BRICK  CHURCH, a post-office of Guilford co., North
diana, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.            ~    Carolina.
BREWfERTON, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York,    BRICK CHURCHI-, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.
on the Oneida River, 144 miles W. by N. of Albany.               BRICK CREEK, a post-office of Leon co., Texas.
BRICKtENDON, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.
BRICKtERVILLE, a post-office of Lan~caster co., Penn* Shakspeare always accentuates this naine on the first syl-   BRICKERVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster c., Penniable.         aiw ye                                   syl-sylvania.
"Anthr of Bretagae yield thee to my hand"-                BRICK HEAD, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. Pop. 506.
" Arthrur of Bretague yield thee to my hand" —
en of Aiers, spe wide yur gates           BRICKIHILL, BOW, a parish of England, co. ofBucks.
BRICKHTILL, GREAT, a parish of Ehgland, co. of Bucks.
And let young Arthur, king of Bretagne in."              BRICIIILL, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
Kin  Jee, et., cens lt &2d. BRICKUtILL, LITTLE, a par-ish of England, cc. of Bucks.
" e t Kesingf B, an If Betnes  BRICK/LAND, a post-office of Lunenburg co.. Virginia.
Therefore the Dukes of Berry and of Bretagne,
BRICK   M1EETING  HOUSE, a post-office of Cecil co.,
Of Brabant, and of Orleans shall make forthryland.
To line and new repair our towns of war."M
Kisg Hoenry V., act II., scene 4th.   BRICKSBOROUGIH, briks/bfer-rteh, a village of Cumberland co., New Jersey, on Maurice River, 14 miles S.E. of
It is not improbable that this name was originally pronounced  Bridveton.
iBree/tan by the English, and that the sound of long e became 
contracted into short i, (as in G-reenwic/h, pron. grin!ij, been,   BtICK  STORE, a post-offce of Newton co., Georgia.
bin, hc.,) the pronunciation conforming exactly to that of    BRICK/VILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama.
Brelos or eBeBritaii, which are obviously but different forms of the  RICKVILLE, a village of Morgan co., Illinois, 26 miles
game name.                                                    W. by S. of Springfield.
280




BRI                                                       BRI
BRICQUEBEC, breek'bikl, a town of France, department the Cayuga Lake, at the W. end of Cayuga Bridge, 12 miles
af Manche, 8 miles W.S.W. of Valognes. Pop. 1953.         W. of Auburn.
BRIDE, a river of Ireland, Munster, cos. of Cork and    BRIDGEPORT, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
Waterford, rises in the Nagle Mountains, and after an east- on Wading River, 29 miles S.S.E. of Mount I-Holly.
ward course of 25 miles, joins the Blackwater River, 8 miles    BRIDGEPORT, a post-office of Gloucester co., New Jersey.
N. of Youghal. On it are the towns of Rathcormack and.  BRIDGEPORT, a small village of Clearfield co., PennsylTallow. It is navigable for barges to Kintalloon.         vania, on the turnpike between Clearfield and Erie.
BRIDE, a river of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, joins the    BRIDGEPORT, a post-borough of Luzerne township,
Lee, 6 miles W. of Cork. Course, 11 miles.                Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the MlononBRIDEKIRK, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.    gahela River, just above the mouth of Dunlap's Creek, 40
BRI/DELL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.     miles S. of Pittsburg. It is connected with Brownsville by
BRIDES/BURG, formerly a post-village of Philadelphia  an iron bridge crossing Dunlap's Creek. There are mannco., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, at the mouth of  factories of various kinds at this place. Pop. 1292.
Frankford Creek, 7 miles from the State-house. It is now    BRIDGEPORT, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania,
included within the chartered limits of the city of Phila- 12 miles WV. by S. of Chambersburg. It contains 1 store, 1
delphia. It contains a United States arsenal and many fine  mill, and 100 inhabitants.
residences. Pop. in 1850, 915.                               BRIDGEPORT, a post-borough  of Montgomery co., PennBRIDESKIRK, a parish of England in the Isle of Man.    sylvania, on the Schuylkill, opposite Norristown, with which
BRIDESITOWE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         it is connected by a bridge. Pop. 572.
BRIDFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              BRIDGEPORT, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.
BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 BRIDGEPORT, a post-village in Harrison co., Virginia,
BRIDGEBOROUGH, bridg/b-ir-rhh, a post-office of Bur- about 200 miles N.W. of Richmond.
lington co., New Jersey.                                     BRIDGEPORT, a post-office of Cocke co., Tennessee.
BRIDGE  CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Ocklockonee    BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Franklin co., Kentucky,
River, in Thomas county.                                   on the turnpike from Frankfort to Louisville, 4 miles S.W.
BRIDGE CREEK, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio.         of the former.
BRIDGE/FORD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Not-   BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the
tingham.                                                   Ohio River, opposite Wheeling City, has an active business
BRIDGEFORD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Not- in forwarding goods to the West. It contains several mills
tingham.                                                   and warehouses, and a branch of the State Bank.
BRIDGEtFORTI, a post-office of Limestone co., Alabama.   BRIDGEPORT, a village of Montgomery co., Ohio, on the
BRIDGE/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         railroad between Cincinnati and Dayton, 10 miles S.S.W.
BRIDGE/HAMPTON, a post-village of Suffolk co., New  of the latter.
York, on the seacoast, 20 miles WV. of Montauk Point.        BRIDGEPORT, a post-township in the S.E. part of SagiBRIDGE LEYDEN, a village of Cook co., Illinois, 12 miles naw co., Michigan. Pop. 374.
W.N.WV. of Chicago.                                          BRIDGEPORT, a village in the N.WV. part of Elkhart co.,
BRIDGEND, briljend', a nmarket-town of South Wales, co. Indiana.
of Glamorgan, on the Ogmore, here crossed by a stone bridge,   BRIDGEPORT, a thriving post-village of Ilarrison co., In6 miles W.N.W. of Cowbridge. A railway, 41 miles in length, diana, on the Ohio River, about 130 miles S. of Indianapolis,
connects Bridgend with the Duffryn-Llynvi line.            was laid out in 1849. Boat-building is carried on here, and
BRIDGENORTH, brij/north, a parliamentary and muni- good timber for that purpose is abundant in the vicinity.
cipal borough and town of England, co. of Salop, on the  The village has about 150 inhabitants.
Severn, 123 miles N.W. of London, and 8 miles S.E. of Much-   BRIDGEPORT, a village of Marion co., Indiana, 10 miles
Wenlock. Ancient name, Brsgtce or Bruges; supposed to  WV.S.WV. of Indianapolis.
have been founded by Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred. Pop.   BRIDGEPORT, a village in the N.W. part of Perry co.,
of municipal borough, in 1851, 6172. The town consists of Indiana.
an upper and lower part, connected by a bridge of 6 arches.   BRIDGEPORT, a village and landing place of Greene co.,
The upper town is picturesquely built on a rock, crowned  Illinois, on the Illinois River, 15 miles N.W. of Carrollton.
by an ancient castle, and the 2 parish churches; between  Grain and other articles are shipped here.
them is a lasge public reservoir. There are in this place a    BRIDGEPORT, a village in the W. part of Warren co.,
grammar school founded in 1503, 8 daily and other schools, Missouri, near the Missouri River.
and 2 well-endowed almshouses for widows, an ancient   BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, on the
town-hall, jail, work-house, theatre, and public library, Makoqueta River, about 75 miles N.E. of Iowa City.
with some worsted and nail manufactories, slips for boat-   BRIDGEPORT, a village of Brown co., Wisconsin, on the
buildlng, a large market for agricultural produce, and an  Neenah or Fox River, at the mouth of Plum Creek. It has
extensive carrying trade by the Severn. It sends 2 meme- extensive water-power.
hers to the House of Commons.                                BRIDGEPORT  CENTRE, a post-office of Saginaw  co.,
BRIDGEIPORT, a city and seaport of Fairfield county, Michigan.
Connecticut, is situated on an arm of Long Island Sound,   BRIDGE PRAIRIE, a township in St. Clair co., Illinois.
at the mouth of Pequonnock River. By railroad it is 18  Pop. 3413.
miles W.S.W. of New Haven, 58 miles N.E. of New York, 54    BRIDGERULE, a parish of England, cos. of Cornwall and
miles S.W. of Hartford, 178 miles S.W. of Boston. Lat. 410 Devon.
10' 30' N.; lon. 730 11, 46'" WV. The city, which is hand-   BRIDGE-SOLLERS, a parish of England, co. of Ilereford.
somely laid out and beautifully adorned with shade-trees.   BRIDGE/TON, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine,
is built chiefly on a plain elevated some 10 or 12 feet above  about 35 miles N.WV. of Portland. It has numerous saw
high-water mark. About half or three-quarters of a mile  mills and tanneries. Pop. 2710.
N.W. of the harbor, there is a sudden ascent of nearly 50    BRIDGETON, a port of entry and capital of Cumberland
feet, forming a terrace or small table-land about half a  co., New Jersey; (in Bridgeton and Cohansey township,) is
mile square. This height, which affords a splendid view of situated on both sides of Cohansey Creek, 20 miles from its
the city and sound, is occupied by elegant private mansions. entrance into Delaware Bay, 60 miles S.S.W. of Trenton, and
Iranistan, the residence of P. T. Barnum, Esq., is about 15  40 miles S. of Philadelphia. It is neatly built, and contains
miles W. of this place. It is modelled after an Eastern palace, 4 or 5 churches, a court-house, 2 banks, 2 academnies, a public
having skylight domes and minarets, and is surrounded  library, and 2 newspaper offices. It has an active trade, in
with  spacious grounds, beautifully adorned with flower- which a large number of schooners and sloops are employed.
statuary, graded gardens, fountains, walks, and shrubbery. A drawbridge connects the opposite banks of the creek.
Bridgeport has a large coasting trade, and a number of Bridgeton also contains an extensive iron foundry, a rolling
vessels engaged in the whale fisheries. The manufactures  mill, a nail ftctory, aglass factory, and other manufactories.
are very extensive, and comprise carriages, leather of all de- Pop. of the village about 3000; of the township, in 1850, 2446.
scriptions, brass and iron  castings, machinery, various   BR1DGETON, a post-office of Shelby co., Alabama.articles of hardware, sash and blinds, &c. One of the most   BRIDGETON, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, on
extensive carriage establishments in the United States is in  Racoon Creek, 10 miles S.E. of Rockville.
Bridgeport. The city contains 4 banks, a savings institu-   BRIDGETON, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 15
tiou, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, and about 10 churches of the miles N.W. of St. Louis.
various denominations. The Housatonic and the Naugatuc   BRIDGEtTOWN, a post-office of Carolina co., Maryland.
Railroads both terminate in this place. It is also on the    BRIDGETOWN, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork.
line of the New York and New Haven Railroad. A steam- Also the name of several villages in Ireland.
boat plies daily between Bridgeport and New York. The    BRIDGETOWN, the capital town of the island of Barbaharbor is safe, but does not admit vessels of the largest size, dos, on the WV. coast. Lat. 130 4' N.; ion. 590 37 WV. Pop.
there being but 13 feet of water on the bar at high tide. in 1844, 19,362. It stretches along the N. shore of Carlisle
The township, embracing about 10 square miles, was sepa- Bay, is well-built, and surrounded by plantations. It has
rated from  Stratford in 1821, and incorporated in 1836. a jail, council-house, good shops, and a market well supplied
Pop. in 1840, 4570; 1850, 7560.                           with provisions. About 1 mile distant is the governor's
BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of'Madison co., New York, house, and 2 miles S. of the town are St. Peter's barracks,
on Chittenango Creek, about 12 miles N.E. of Syracuse.    with quarters for 200 men, a spacious parade grosend, andl
BRIDGEPORT, a post-village of Seneca co., New York, on  complete arsenal. Bridgetown was made a city in 1342.
281




BRI                                                        BRI'
St. MIichael's church is the cathedral; the bishop's residence  nuer for sea-bathing. Its harbor is formed b*y two handis in the vicinity.                                       some piers, and it has an active export trade in corn. Re
BRIDGE VALLEY, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl- gistered shipping of port in 1847, 3082 tons.
yania.                                                      BRIDIPORT, a parish and municipal borough, seaport,
BRIDGEIVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, town, and parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the Brit or
on Neversink River, 106 miles S.S.W. of Albany..     Bride River, here crossed by several bridges, about 1i miles
BRIDGEVILLE, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, on  from the English Channel, and 16 miles N.W. of Dorchester.
the Pequest River, 3 miles E. of Belvidere.                Pop. in 1851, 4653. The town consists of three principal
BRIDGEVILLE, a post-village ofSussex co., Delaware, on  streets, and has many handsome houses, a cruciform
the Nanticoke River, 38 miles S. by WV. of Dover.          Gothic church, a town-hall, prison, market-house, branch
BRIDGEVILLE, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, bank, almshouse, mechanics' institute, with manufactories
62 miles E. of Columbus.                                   of sail-cloth, shoe thread, lines, nets, &c., for the fisheries,
BRIDGEWATER, brij/wA-ter, a parliamentary and mauni- and an extensive trade coastwise and to the Baltic. The
cipal borough, river port, and parish of England, co. of So- harbor, about one mile S. of the town, admits vessels of 200
merset, on both sides of the Parret, about 7 miles from its tons. Registered shipping in 1847, 2197 tons. Bridport is
mouth, in the Bristol Channel, 291 miles W.S.W. of Bristol, divided into 2 wards, and sends 2 members tothe House of
near the Bristol and Exeter Railway, a station of which is  Commons. It confers the title of viscount on the Hood
about three quarters of a mile from the town. Pop. in 1851, family.
10,980. The town is neatly built, remarkably clean, and    BRIDIPORT, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont,
well supplied with water. It has an ancient Gothic church, about 45 miles S.W. of Montpelier, on the E. side of Lake
containing a fine altar-piece, a small grammar school and  Champlain. opposite Crown Point, New York. Pop. 1393.
other endowed schools, an alms-house, infirmary, market-    BRIEC, bre-kti, a village of France, department of Finishouse, with a dome and Ionic portico, union poor-house, tbre, 7 miles W.S.W. of Quimper. Pop. in 1851, 5493.
jail, court-house, and 2 or 3 banks. The quay is accessi-   BRIE-COMTE ROBERT, bree0-ktNtx robtain, a town of
ble to vessels of 200 tons, but the entrance of the harbor is  France, department of the Seine-et-Marne, near the YPres,
difficult, and the tide often washes it with great violence. 11 miles N.N.W. of Melun. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2716.
Imports, iron ore, hemp, tallow, and timber, with Welsh  It was founded by Robert of France, brother of Louis VII,
coals, and groceries coastwise. Exports of agricultural pro- whence its name. It has an interesting church of the thirduce, bricks, &c. Registered shipping of port, in 1847, 8552  teenth century, manufactories of pens, bricks, and leather;
tons. A canal connects Bridgewater with Taunton. Bridge- and trade in rural produce.
water was constituted a free borough in 1200 by King John.   BRIEG, breeG, a town of Prussian Silesia, 27 miles S.E. of
By the municipal act it was divided into 2 wards, with 9  Breslau, on the Oder, and on the railway firom Breslau to
councillors each, who, with 6 aldermen and a mayor, com- Oppeln. Pop. in 1846, 12,150. It is well built, with fine propose the government body. It sends 2 members to the House  menades on the former ramparts, and has a gymnasium, a
of Commons. It is a polling place for West Somerset, and  goodlibrary, and manufactories of linen, cotton, and woollen
gives the title of earl to the Egerton family.  Admiral  fabrics. Brieg is the seat of a head officer of royal Silesia
Blake was born here in 1599.                               mines, of a royal salt factory, and of the district coasts.
BRIDGEIWATER, a post-township of Grafton co., New  It was formerly fortified, but dismantled by the French in
HIampshire,  on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Bail-  1807.
road, 48 miles N. by W. from Concord. Pop. 667.              BRIEG, breeG, a town of Switzerland, canton of Valais,
BRIDGEWATER, a post-township of WVindsor co., Ver- on the Rhone, 31 miles E.N.E. of Sion, at the commencemont, 52 miles S. of Montpelier, intersected  by  the  ment:of the Simplon Pass. It has an active transit trade.
Queechy River and its upper tributaries, which afford  The baths at BaIEGER. BAD, (breeo/er bat,) in its vicinity, were
some water-power. It contains an inexhaustible quarry of  formerly much frequented.
soap-stone, which has been extensively vwrought. Iron ore    BRIEL, breel, (Fr. Brielle, bre-l11/,) a fortified seaport
is also found. Pop. 1311.                                  town of the Netherlands, province of S. Holland, on the
BRIDGEWATER, a post-township of Plymouth co., Mas- island of Voorne, on the Meuse, at its mouth, 147 miles
sachusetts, on the Fall River Railroad, 27 miles S. by E. of  W. of Rotterdam. Lat. of light-house, 510 54' 11" N.; ion.
Boston. The boot and shoe business affords employment 40 9' 51/ E. Pop. in 1840, 4,504. It has many military
to a large portion of the inhabitants.  Machinery and  magazines and a good harbor. It was the nucleus of the
other articles are also manufactured. It has an academy, Dutch Republic, its capture by William de la Marck, on the
and is the seat of a state normal school, and of a state alms- Ist of April 1572, having been the first important event in
house, founded in 1852. Pop. in 1850, 2,790.              the struggle between  Iolland and Spain. Admirals Van
BRIDGEWATER, a post-village of Litchfield co., Con- Troump and De Witt, were natives of Briel.
necticut, 30 miles N.W. of New Haven.  The manufacture    BRIENNE or BRIENNE-LE-CHi TEAU, bre-innl-leh-shPof hats is extensively carried on here.                    ti', called also BRIENNE-NAPOLEON, bre-Innf-nrt&po'l'iNG/,
BRIDGEWATER, a post-village and township of Oneida  a town of F'rance, department of the Aubne, near the right
co., New York, 15 miles S. from Utica. Pop. 1315.          bank'of the Aube, 14 miles N.W. of Bar-sur-Aube.  Pop. of
BRIDGEWATER, a township of Somerset co., New Jer-  comnmune, 1830.  It takes its designation from  a superb
sey. It contains Somerville, the county-seat. Pop. 4070.   chateau built here shortly before the Revolution by the last
BRIDGEWATER, a post-borough of Beaver co., Penn-  Comte de Brienne; but is more celebrated as the place where
sylvania, on the Ohio, immediately below  the mouth of  Napoleon received the rudiments of his military education,
Beaver River, 28 mies N.W. of Pittsburg. A handsome  and where, on the 29th January, 1814, he met the Allies in a
bridge across Beaver River connects it with Rochester.     bloody battle, in which the French had the advantage.
BRIIDGEWATER, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl-    BRINON, bre'tAn')NG/, a village of France, department
vania.                                                     of Yonne, 10 miles E. of Joigny, near the Canal de BourBItDGEWATER, a small village of Mercer co., Penn- gogne. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2795.
sylvania.                                                    BRIENZ, bree/Onts, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
BRIDGEWATER, a township of Susquehanna co., Penn- 30 miles E.S.E. of Bern, on the N. shore of a lake of the
sylvania. Pop. 1548.'                                     same name, at the foot of the Brienzermgrat Mountain.
BRIDGEWATER, a post-village of Rockingham co., Vir- Pop. 3102.
ginia, on the North River, a branch of the Shenandoah,   BRIENZA, bre-Onfza, a town of Naples, province of Basiabout 125 miles N.W. of Richmond; has an active trade, licata, 4 miles S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 4300.
and contains several mills propelled by water-power.         BRIENZER-SEE, breelrnt-ser-si, (or Lake  of Brienz,) is
BRIDGEWATER, a post-office of Burke c., North  formed by the River Aar, at the foot of the valley of Hasli
Carolina.                                                  and above the Lake of Thun. Length, 8 miles, breadth, 17
BRIDGEWATER, a post-township in Williams co., Ohio, miles. Surface, 850 feet above the level of the sea; depth,
about 30 miles N.N.W. of Defiance. Pop. 493.               500 to 2000 feet.  It is entirely suirrounded by elevated
BRIDGEWATER, a post-township  in Washtenaw  co., mountains; those on the S. side rise in a point over the
Mlichigan, about 18 miles N. by E. of Adrian. Pop. 1147.   lake, and the torrents which flow from them form several
BI/IDLE CREEK, a post-office of Grayson co., Virginia. cascades, the principal of which is the fall of the Giessbach.
BRID/LINGTON or BRELLINGTON, (usually pronounced,   BRIERCLIFFE, bri/er-lrliff/, a township of England, co.
and often written BURtLINGTON,) a parish of England, of Lancaster.
co. of York, East Riding, including the market-towns of    BRIER CREEK, a post-office of Wilkes co., North CaroBridlington and Bridlington Quay, 6 miles W. of Flare- lina.
borough Head, and 260 miles N.N.E. of Hull. Pop. in 1851,   BRIER CREEK, of Georgia, rises in Warren co., and
6846. The former, consisting chiefly of a long narrow street, after a south-easterly course of more than 100 miles, enters
has the remains of a priory, built in the thirteenth or four-  Savannah River a few miles E. of Jacksonborough.
teenth centuries, and now used for the parochial church.   BRIER  HILL, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New
The other edifices are the town-hallta commercial exchange, York.
and numerous dissenting chapels. It gives title of earl to    BRIIERLY HILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford,
the Cavendish fimily.                                     parish of Kingswinford, 2 miles N.N.E. of Stourbridge.
BRIDLINGTON QUAY, on a fine bay about 1 mile S.E. Here are extensive collieries and iron works.
of the above, is well-built of brick, has many good hotels,   BRIES. breece, or BRISEN, bree/zen, (Ilun. Breszno Banya,
baths, and lodging-houses, and is frequented during sum- brIz/no bin/yoh,) a royal free town in Hungary, co. of Sob]
282




BRI                                                       BRI
on the Gran, 22 miles E.N.E. of Neu Sohl. It contains a  N.W. of Pittsburg. It is abundantly supplied with watercollege and grammar school. Pop. 3500.                    power and stone-coal, and contains a large cotton factory,
BRIEY, bre-Y, a town of France, department of the Mo- paper-mill, aid flouring-mill, S&c. A bridge crosses the river
selle,.4 miles N.W. of Metz. Pop. of commune. in 1852, here, and connects this town with the borough of New
2004,'ho manufacture coarse woollen stuffs and cotton.    Brighton.  Brighton is a place of active business.  Pop.
BRIEZEN, breet/sen, a town of Prussia, 23 miles E.S.E. about 900.
of Culm. Pop. 1160.                                         BRIGHTON, a small village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
BRIGA, bree/gA, a village of the Sardinian States, 30 miles   BRIGHTON, a post-office of Beaufort district, South CaroN.E. of Nice, on the Livenza. Pop. 3000.                  lina.
BRIGANTINUS LACUS. See CONSTANcE, LAKE OF.               BRIGHTON, a village of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, 4 miles S.W.
BRIGANTIUMi (OF GAUL.) See BRIANgON.                    of Cleveland, is separated by a small creek from Brooklyn
BRIGANTIUM  or BRIGANTIA (OF GERMANY.)  See  village.
BREGENZ.                                                    BRIGHTON or BRIGHTON CENTRE, a village in Clarke
BRIGG, a town of England. See GLEANFORD BcIGG.          co., Ohio, about 35 miles W. by S. of Columbus.
BRIGG'S MILLS, a post-village of Ohio Co., Kentucky.      BRIGHTON, a post-township in Loraine co., Ohio, about
BRIG/HAM, a parish of England, co..of Cumberland.       30 miles S.E. of Sandusky City. Pop. 669.
BRIGHIOUSE, a township of England.  See HIPPElR-   BRIGHTON, a post-village and township in Livingston
HOLssE.                                                   co., Michigan, on the Grand River (plank) road, and on Ore
BRIGHT, a post-office of Bearborne co., Indiana.        Creek, 43 miles S.E. of Lansing. It has several stores and
BRIGHT, a parish of Ireland, co. of Bown, Ulster.       1 or 2 mills. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1015.
BRIGHTHELMSTONE. See BnIGHTON.                            BRIGHTON, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.
BRIGHT/LING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          BRIGHTON, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois, on
BRIGHTILINGSEA, a maritime a parish of England, co. the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 60 miles S.W. of
of Essex, forming a peninsula between the Colne and  Springfield.
Brightlingsea Creek, 7 miles S.S.E of Colchester. Pop. in    BRIGHTON, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri.
1851, 1852. Brightlingsea is a member of the Cinque-ports    BRIGHTON, a post-villag6 of Washington co., Iowa,
of Sandwich.                                              about 40 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City.
BRIGHTON, bri/ton, (formerly BRIGHTHELMSTONE,)   BRIGHTON, a post-village and township in the N.W. part
a parliamentary borough, seaport town, parish, and water- of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Pop. 880.
ing place of England, co. of Sussex, on the English Channel,   BRIGHTON, a township of Winnebago co., Wisconsin.
47 miles S. of London.  Lat. of light-house, chain pier-head,   BRIGHT SEAT, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., Mary500 50 N,, ion. 00 8/ W. Pop. in 1801, 7339; in 1841, land.
46,730; in 1851, 69,673. The town, sheltered on the N. and    BRIGHTISIDE-BIERLOW or BIERLEY, a township of
N.E. by the South-downs, extends (including Kemptown) England, co. of York, West Riding. Pop. 10,089, chiefly
for 3 miles along, the coast, fronted by a sea-wall about 60  artisans, employed by the Sheffield manufacturers.
feet in height, which forms a magnificent promenade, and    BRIGHTS/VILLE, a small post-village in Marlborough
occupying declivities on both the E. and W., with a central district, South Carolina.
valley, in which are the "Pavilion," a palace built in an    BRIGIIT/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
oriental style by George IV. when Prince of Wales, the fine    BRIGHT/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
church of St. Peter, and the noble open space termed the    BRIGHT/WELL  BALDIWIN, a parish of England, co.
Steyne. It consists almost wholly of new and elegant  of0 Oxford.
streets, squares, and terraces built in a style equal to the best   BRIGNAIS, breen~yA/, a town of France, department of
in the metropolis.  The principal structures are the sus- Rh~ne, 7 miles S.S.W. of Lyons, on the Giron. Pop. 1901.
pension chain-pier, extending 1014 feet into the sea, St.   BRIGINALL, a parish of England, co. of York, North
Peter's church, containing a font reputed to have been  Riding. Its beautiful scenery is noticed in SRott's " Rokeby."
brought from Normandy at the time of the Conquest, nu-   BRIGNANO, breen-ylno, a village of North Italy, Lommerous other churches, the county hospital, town-hall, bardy, 10 miles S. of Bergamo. Pop. 2400, who manufacture
theatre, assembly-rooms, various baths, and many excel- silk twist and linen fabrics.
lent hotels. On the Steyne is a bronze statue of George    BRIGNOLES, breenuyol/ or breen'ydll, a town of France,
IV. by Chantrey. There are 158 daily schools within the  department of Var, in a fine valley on the right bank of
parish, several of which are endowed; it has also alms- the Calami, 22 miles W.S.W. of Draguignan. Pop. of comhouses, and numerous medical and other charities, and is mune, in 1852, 5809.  It is well built, and has several
the seat of the Sussex Literary and Scientific Institution, squares planted and decorated with fountains, a public
founded in 1836. Brighton College, lbr the education of the  library, a normal school, manufactures of silk twist and
sons of noblemen, was opened in 1847. Its fisheries employ  leather, and a considerable trade in wines, brandy, liqueurs,
about 150 boats, and supply large quantities of fish to  olives, and prunes of superior quality.
the London markets.  It communicates with London by    BRIIGOWN, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork.
the London and Brighton Railway, by the South Coast   BRIGISLEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Railway 44 miles distant, and with Hastings by the Eastern    BRIGISTOCIK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Branch, and by steamers with Dieppe, (France,) 80 miles    BRIHUEGA, bre-ws/ga, a town of Spain, New Castile, 20
distant. It has communication with Liverpool by steamers miles E.N.E. of Guadalajara, on the Tajuna. Pop. 4364. It
every hour. The borough is governed by a constable and  is old, was formerly fortified, and has manufactures of
12 head-boroughs. Since the Reform Act, Brighton has re- linen and woollen fabrics. H-ere, in 1710, the French, under
turned 2 members to the Honse of Commons.. Brighton is the Duke de Yendlme, defeated the Allies under Lord Stanconjectured to have been a Roman station, and is supposed  hope.
by some antiquaries to have derived its ancient name from    BRILL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks
Brichtelm, a son of Cissa, the first King of Sussex. In the    BRILILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
time of George II. it was a mere fishing village, and it owed    BRILON, breellon, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 22 miles
its rise to the partiality displayed for it by George IV. On  E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 3537. Its large parish church is said
the Black Rock, at the confluence of the Mersey with the  to date from the time of Charlemagne.
Irish Channel, is a strong fort mounting fifteen large guns.   BRIMIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Ihereford.
BRIGHITON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of North-   BRIMI/FIELD, a post-township of Hampden co., Massaumberland, is situated on Presclue Isle Harbor, on Lake  chusetts, about 70 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has manuOntario, about 100 miles E.N.E. of Toronto. It contains 5  factures of carriages, leather and cotton goods. Pop. 1420.
or 6 stores, and numerous saw-mills. Pop. about 700.        BRIMiFIELD, a post-township in Portage co., Ohio, about
BRIGHTON, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, 40 miles S.S.E. of Cleveland. Pop. 1015.
about 45 miles N. of Augusta. Pop. 748.                     BRIMFIELD. a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, 18 or
BRIGIITON, a post-township of Essex co., Yesmont, 20 miles W.N.W. of Peoria, is situated on the border of a
about 60 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 193.              fertile prairie. Pop. in 1852, about 350.
BRIGIHITON, a post-township of Middlesex co., Massachu-    BRIMI/-HA, a chapelry of England. See HlARTwITH.
setts, 4 miles W. of Boston, on the Boston and Worcester    BRIMPSIPFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Railroad. In this township is a celebrated cattle-market.    BRIMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
This village contains a bank. Pop. 2356.                    BRIMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
BRIGHTON, a post-village and township of Monroe co.,   BRINDIOK, brin'de-ok,/ or IBLITAR, blee'tar-, an inland
New York, on the right bank of Genesee River, and about town of Java, capital of district, 70 miles S.W. of Soerabaya.
3 miles S.E. of Rochester, on the Erie Canal and the Ro-   BRINDISI, brinlde-se orbreen/de-se, (Gr. Bpvereciso, Brinchester and Syracuse Railroad. It contains a bank, and the  tlsion, Lat._Brundilsicts or Brundul/siumn,) a fortified city and
Cloverstreet Seminary. Pop. 3117.                         seaport of Naples, province of Otranto, at the head of a bay
BRIGtTON, a post-township of Beaver co., Penusylva- in the Adriatic, 45 miles E.N.E. of Taranto. Pop. 6200. It was
nia, on the Ohio River. Pop., exclusive of Brighton borough, anciently one of the most important maritime cities of Italy,
1111.                                                     and its chief port for communication with Greece. It is still
BRIGHTON, or OLD BRIGHTON, a handsome post-bc- enclosed by walls of considerable extent; but the space withrough of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, on the right or western  in is scarcely half occupied; its houses are mean, and its
banul of Beaver River, 4 miles from its entrafie into the  port was ruined in the fifteenth century, but large vessels
Ohio, and on the Ohio andl Pennsylvania Railroad, 29 miles  can anchor in Its road. Brindisi is defiended by a castle
283




BRI                                                           BRI
and batteries. In 1843 a a light-house was erected on the  123,188; In 1851, 137,328, including parliamentary bound
Mole, in lat. 400 391 17" N.; ion. 170 58' 21" E., and exten- ary. Bristol extends over several hills and intermediate
sive improvements were commenced on the port in 1844. It  valleys. The old city between the Avon and Prome is illhas few remains of antiquity. Virgil died here, B. c. 19.     built; and the quarters still farther S. are of an inferior
BRINIDLE, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.            character, but all around these are many new  stlreets,
BRINDLE/TOWN, a post-office, Burke co., North Carolina. squares, and handsome modern residences, especially on
BRINGHAM'S GROVE, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., the N. and W., in which latter direction is Clifton, comIndiana.                                                      prised in the city liberty. The whole city is well paved
BRINGtIHURST, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.        and sewered, and plentifully supplied with water. Principal
BRINGIERS, a small village in St. James parish, Loul-  edifices, the cathedral, a beautiful structure, founded in the
siana,                                                        time of King  Stephen, 175 feet in length, 128 feet in
BRINGLES FERRY, a post-office of Rowan co., North  breadth, and having a tower 140 feet in height. Of the 19
Carolina.                                                     parish churches, the most interesting are those of St. Mary
BRING/TON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.    IRedcliff, completed in 1376, and considered one of the finest
BRING/TON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- in England; St. James', formerly collegiate; St. Stephen's,
ampton.                                                        built about A.D0. 1470; St. Mark's now the chapel of the
BRINIINGIAMI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          mayor; and the Temple Church. Dissenting places of worBRINK/BURN, a township of England, co. of Northunm-  ship are numerous.  Other principal edifices are the Guildberland, 9 miles N.N.W. of 5Morpeth.  Here are the ruins  hall, built in the reign of Richard II.; the new Councilof a priory in a situation of singular beauty, on the banks  house, jail, and bridewell; the Exchange, a building in the
of the Coquet.                                                 Corinthian style, erected at a cost of 50,0001., and used as a
BRItINKIHILL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          corn-market; the Commercial Rooms; Bristol Infirmary,
BRITNKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.           now the Royal Infirmary,  with a library and museum, and
BRINK/LEYVILLE, a post-village of Halifax co., North  receiving annually 7500 patients; the General IHospital, inCarolina, 90 miles N.E. of Raleigh.                            stituted in 1832, and now being rebuilt, Assembly Rooms,
BRIINK/LOW, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.            office of the Bristol Steam Navigation Company, the largest
BRINK/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts              in the kingdom, with a hall used for concerts, &c., the baths
BRIN/NINGTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.   and pump-rooms at Cliffton, a handsome theatre, and numeBRIN/SOP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.             rous good bridges. There are 600 schools in the city, eduBRIN/TON, a par'ish of England, co. of Norfolk.             cating about 25,000 pupils; of which 12 are endowed instiBIRIN/TON, a post-office of Champaign co., Ohio.            tutions.  The gram mar school, fouaded in 1532, has several
BRIONES, bre-o/n8s, a walled town of Spain, 18 miles  small exhibitions, and 2 fellowships in St. John's College,
W.N.W. of Logrofio, on the Ebro. Pop. 3021.                   Oxford. Queen Eizabeth's Hospital educates 100 boys, and
BRIONI (bre-ounee) ISLANDS, a group of small islands  has a revenue of nearly 5000/. a year. Colston's three schools
in the Adriatic, on the coast of Illyria.                     are perhaps next in importance. Almshouses, and medical
BRIONNE, bre-onn/, (anc. Brsion/ia,) a town of France, de- and other benevolent institutions are very numerous; the
partment of Eure, 9 miles N.E. of Bernay. Pop. in 1852,3302. endowed charities are estimated at 23,0001., and it is estiBRIOUDE, bre-ood/, (anc. Brivalta,) a town of Prance, mated that between 12,0001. and 15,0008. of voluntary condepartment of Haute-Loire, on the Allier, 29 miles N.W. of  tributions are distributed annually on account of various
Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 4940. It has a fine church in the  charities. Bristol has a new proprietary college belonging t'c
Byzantine style, founded in the nineteenth century, a com- the Baptists, a school of medicine, a public library with 30,000
munal college, and a public libra'y.  At Old Brioude, 3  volumes, law and medical libraries, and a mechanics' instimiles S.S.E. of Brioude, are the remains of a bridge over the  tution. It long ranked as the second commercial emporium
Allier, which fell in 1822. It consisted of a single arch; 88  of England, but its progress had not kept pace with that of
feet high, and 206 feet in span. It was built by Mlarie  other ports, more advantageously situated as outlets of great
Louise, wife of the Dauphiu  of Auvergne, in 1368. The  manufacturing districts.  It has, however, large iron and
Mlarquis de Lafayette was born at Brioude in 1757.            brass foundries; copper, tin, zinc, and glass works; chemical
BRISACH.  See BntEISAO, OLD.                                and color works; sugar-refineries and distilleries; and conBRIS/BANE, a county of East Australia, New  South  siderable manufactures of pins, shot, china, earthenwares,
Wales, having N., Liverpool Planes, and on other sides  soap, leather, tobacco, cottons, hats, and floorcloths, with exthe counties of Gloucester, Durham, Hunter, Phillip, and  tensive establishments for ship-building; and in its vicinity
Bligh.  The ILunter and Goulbourn Rivers form  its S. are large brick aid coal works.
boundary. It consists of several ranges of table-land, with    The Avon at Bristol, tho[gh narrow, is deep enough for
occasional peaks, some of which rise to a considerable ele- large ships, and early in the present century, its course was
vation. In this county is situated the burning hill, called  turned for some distance, at a cost of 700,0001., and its old
Miount Winygen or the Burning Mountain; slat. 310 55' S.;  channel now forms a harbor, furnished with locks and quays
Ion. 1500 56' E. The portion of it under process of combus-  6000 feet in length. Ships of large burden, and first-rate
tion is from 1400 to 1500 feet above the level of the sea.     steamers, load and discharge cargo at Kingroad, in the
BRISBANE, the capital of the above county, on Bris-  mouth of this river. The city retains a large share of the
bane River,. 10 miles from  its mouth. It ceased to be a  West India trade. Imports, consist chiefly of sugar, molasses,
penal settlement in 1842, and has since had a thriving ap- ruin, coffee, tobacco, with wool, turpentine, hemp, timber,
pearance, with an increasing export trade in wool.             wine, and brandy firom North and South America, the Baltic,
BRISBANE-DOWNS are in the S. part of New  South  and PFrance. Exports consist mainly of the before-mentioned
Wales, Ion. 1490 E., and between lat. 360 and 370 S., about  manufactured goods to foreign ports, and of colonial produce
2000 feet in average height, and well adapted for sheep  to Ireland. Value of British and Irish produce exported in
walks.                                                        1551, 419,9581. In 1850, 646 British and foreign ships, aggreBRIS/BANE. RIVER, in the co. of Brisbane, New South  gate burden 643,217 tons, entered; and 177 ships, burden
Wales, enters Moreton Bay near lat. 270301 S., lon. 1530 15'E., 47,795 tons, cleared out of the port. Customs revenue in
and is ascended by the tide for 50 miles fi-om the sea.       1851,1,100,5091. Registered shipping in 1847, 295 vessels, agBRISICOE RUN, a post-office of Wood co., Virginia.          gregate burden 38,914.tons. Bristol communications by railBRI/SET, a parish of England.  See BaIcETn.                 way with Birmingham  and Exeter, with the Thames, &c., by
BRISIGHIELLA, bre-se-ghll/lI, a town of Italy, Pontifical  the Kennet and Avon Canal. It was the first port in Britain
States, 28 miles S.W. of Ravenna. Pop. 2200.                  whence regular steam communication with the United States
BRIS/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              was established  and the "Great Britain" steamship was
BRISILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         built at Bristol. It has, a chamber of commerce and several
BRISSAC, breeslskl/, a town of Prance, department of  mercantile corporate bodies; and it lately had 6 banking comMIaine-et-Loire, 9 miles S.E. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 972.  panies. In 1848 it was made a free port. The city is divided
BRISSAGO, bris-sI/go, a parish and town of Switzerland,  into 10 wards, and governed by a mayor, 16 aldermen, and
in the canton of Ticino, on Lago Maggiore, 5 miles S.W. of  48 councillors. Its corporation has jurisdiction on the Avon
Lracarno. It is finely situated, and has an active transit  firom 4 miles above the city down to the sea, and along the
trade.                                                         channel to Clevedon; also the right to license pilots for nuBRISSARTIIE, brees'san-t/, a village of Prance, depart- merous ports on the Bristol Channel.  Coporation revenue
ment of Maine-et-Loire, 16 miles N.N.E. of Angers, with a  in 1846-7, 48,4838.; expended 53,3001. Spring assizes for
church, founded in the eighth or ninth century.                civil causes, quarter sessions, sheriff's, and other courts are
BRIStTERSBURGH, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia. held here. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
BRISTOL, bristol1, a city, seaport, and county of Eng-    Under Henry VIII. Bristol was made a bishop's see, lately
land, situated chiefly in Gloucestershire, and partly in  united withthatofGloucestor. It was a fortified citysoearsly
Somersetshire, on the Avon, at its confluence with the  as the fifth century: in Norman times it had a castle built by
Frome, and 8 miles S.E. of its embouchure. in the Bristol  the Earl of Gloucester, son of Henry I. In 1.831 it was the
Channel; 11 miles N.W. of Bath, 331 miles S.S.W'. of Glou- scene of a violent riot, during which its episcopal palace and
cester, and 1181 miles W. of London, with which it is con- many other buildings were destroyed. Among its distinnected by the Great Western Railway. Lat. of cathedral  guished natives may be noticed Sebastian Cabot, Chatterton,
110 27' N., ion. 20 36' WV.  Area of borough, including the  Southey, and the sculptorBayley. Bristol confers the title of
-istrict added by the municipal act, 9870 acres. Inhabited  marquis on the Hervey family. The scenery in the vicinity,
houses in 1841, 18,907. Pop. in 1801, 39,914, and in 1841, especially at Hotwell Saline Spring, is exceedingly beautiful
284




BRI                                                           BRI
The name BRISTOL seems to be derived from Briestow, an    BRISTOL, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., iMaryland.
old Saxon name of this city, which may be literally trans-    BRISTOL, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.
lated "breach place;" i. e. the place or town of the breach    BRISTOL, a post-township of Morgan co., Ohio, about 30
or chasm  through which the Avon finds a passage to the  miles N.W. of Marietta.  Pop. 1724.
sea. The ancient British name was Caer Odor, the "city    BRISTOL, a village of Perry. co., Ohio, 48 miles W.N.W. of
of the breach."                                               Marietta.
BRISITOL, a county in the S.E. part of Massachusetts,    BRISTOL, a township of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1124.
has an area of about 517 square miles. It is bounded on    BRISTOL, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, 100 miles N.E.
the S. by Buzzard's Bay, and is drained by the Taunton  of Columbus, and 14 miles from Wooster.  Pop. in 1851, 300.
River and smaller streams, which afford valuable water-    BRISTOL, a thriving post-village of Elkhart co., Indiana,
power. It has a seacoast of about 18 miles, affording many  is pleasantly situated on the St. Joseph's River, and on the
excellent harbors.  The inhabitants are largely engaged in  iMichigan Southern Railroad, 156 miles N. of Indianapolis.
navigation and the fisheries.  The surface is somewhat  It has a church, a flouring mill, several stores, and 100 inbroken, but generally level: the soil in some parts is good, habitants.
and in others of an inferior quality. Extensive beds of iron    BRISTOL, a post-township in Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 794.
ore are found in this county, and quantities of the iron are    BRISTOL, a post-village of Kendall co., Illinois, on the
manufactured into various articles. Railroads connecting  right bank of Fox River, 6 miles below Oswego, and 52
Boston with Providence, Fall River, and'New Bedford, in-  W.S.W. of Chicago. It has abundant water-power, with a
tersect this county. Organized in 1685, and named from  flouring and a saw-mill.
Bristol, a city of England.  Seats of justice, Taunton and    BRISTOL, a village of Effingham  co., Illinois, 12 miles
New Bedford. Pop. 76,192.                                     S.W. of Ewington, the county seat, was laid out in 1851.
BRISITOL, a county in the E. central part of Rhode    BRISTOL, a township in Dane co., Wisconsin, about 18
Island, has an area of about 25 square miles, being the  miles N.E. of Madison.  Pop. 467.
smallest county in the state. It is bounded on the E. by    BRISTOL, a post-village and township in the S. part of
Mount Hope Bay, and on the S. and W. by Narraganset  Kenosha co., Wisconsin.  Pop. 1125.
Bay. It enjoys almost unrivalled facilities for navigation    BRISTOL BAY, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, Russian
and the fisheries; a large amount of capital is invested in  America, between Cape Newnham  and the Peninsula of
the whale fishery. The surface is somewhat uneven. Mount  AliasIra.   Lat. about 540 N., 1600 W. Its discovery is asHope, once the residence of the Indian King Philip, is the  signed to Captain Cook.
greatest elevation. The soil is very fertile. This county    BRISTOL CENTRE, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.
was organized in 1746. Capital, Bristol. Pop. 8514.             BRISTOL CHANNEL, an arm  of the Atlantic, entering
BRISTOL, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, on the  between St. Ann's Iead on the N. and Land's End on the
Atlantic coast, 30 miles S.E. by S. of Augusta; possesses  S., extending into the S.W. part of Great Britain, between
abundant water-power.  The inhabitants. are extensively  lat. 500 and 510 40' N., and ion. 30 and 50 30/ W., bounded
engaoed in navigation and in ship-building.  Pop. 2931.       northward by South Wales, and south by the English
BRISfTOL, a post-township of Grafton co. New Riamp- counties of Somerset, BDevon, and Cornwall. At its eastern
shire, 30 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 1103. It has manufac-  extremity it terminates in the estuary of the Severn, betures of leather and woollen goods.                           sides which river it receives the Farrnt, Taw, Torridge, Taff,
BRISTOL, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, about  and Towy. Sandy Island, with lighthouse, is in the mouth
28 miles S.W. by W. of Montpelier. It contains an academy, of the channel, and the towns of Ilfracombe, Combe-Martin,
and has manufactures of hiron castings, machinery, car- Watchet, Swansea, Kidwelly and Tenby are on its coasts.
riages, &c. Pop. 1344.                                        It contains Milfordhaven, Carmarthen Bay, and Swansea
BRIS/TOL, a port of entry, and seat of justice of Bristol Bay on the N., and Barnstable, Porlock, and Bridgewater
county, Rhode Island, on a peninsula extending S. into Nas-  Bay on the S. Its tides flow rapidly upward, and meeting
raganset Bay, 10 miles S.S.E. of Providence, 14 miles N. by  with the currents of the Severn, cause the phenomenon
E. of Newport, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Salt River.  The  called the bore.
township is 5 miles long and 2 miles broad, embracing 12    BRISTOL STATION, a post-office of Prince Wrilliam  co.
square miles of surface. On the B. is Mount Hope Bay, ex- Virginia.
tending up towards Fall River. Between this and Narra-    BRIS/TOLVILLE, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan.
ganset Bay on the W. is Mlount Hope, once the residence    BRISITOLV1LLE, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio.
of the celebrated King Philip. More than one-fourth of the    BRISTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
entire population are engaged in horticulture. The town is    BRITISHI  CIIANNEL.  See ENGISE  CHAsNNEL.
situated on an elevated plain, inclining gently towards the    BRIT/ISH AMEIBICA comprises, with exception of the
Narraganset shore. Portions of it are beautifully shaded.  Russian Possessions, the whole of North America N. of paIt contains several churches, 4 banks, and 2 newspaper  rallel of 490, together with some irregular portions, inclndoffices. Manufacturing in this place has received consider- ing New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, stretching S. to lat. 430
able encouragement within a few years past, and is now in  30' N., and the triangular portion of which the Canadas
a very thriving condition. The harbor is easy of access, form the base, the apex extending S. to lat. 410 5 61N. This
safe, and of sufficent depth for vessels of a large size. Bris-  vast territory is bounded E. by the Atlantic, Davis Strait,
tol has an extensive trade along the coast, and some con-  and Baffin's Bay, N. by the Arctic Ocean, N.W. by Russian
merce with the West India Islands. Its shipping in 1854 America, W. by the Pacific, and S. by the United States. It
amounted to an aggregate burden of 14,603 tons; 12,643  comprehends the Canadas, (East and West,) New Brunstons were registered. Five vessels, (4 of them  ships,) with  wick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Island,
an aggregate  burden of 4515 tons, were built during the year. Newfoundland, North-west Tbrritory,' and Hudson's Bay
A  steamboat plying between Providence and Salt River  Territory.  Generally speaking, British America is a level
touches at this place. Bristol is much resorted to in the  country. With the exception of the Rocky Mountains on
summer season for its fine sea-air. King Philip, who waged  the W., it has but few elevations, and these are for the most
a destructive warfare with the New England colonies, was  part of inconsiderable height. The coast has numerous inkilled here in 1676. During the Revolutionary War the  dentations; the most remarkable of which, on the B., are
town was bombarded by the British, and most of it burned  the Gulf of St. Lawrence and IIudson's Bay. The latter comto the ground. Pop. of the township, 4616.                    municating with the Atlantic through lIudson's and FroBRISTOL, a post-village and township of Hartford co., bisher's Straits, and with the Arctic Ocean by means of Fox
Connecticut, on the line of the Hartford and Fishkill Rail- Channel, Gulf of Boothia, Prince Regent's, and other inroad, about 15 miles S.W. by W. from  Ilartford.  It is cele- lets, penetrates to near the centre of the continent, forming
brated for its extensive manufacture of clocks and buttons. one of the most extensive inland seas on the globe. The
It has also brass and iron founderies, machine shops, &c. surface of the country is extremely diversified with rivers
There is in the vicinity an important copper mine. Pop. 2882. and lakres.  The St. Lawrence, a river of immense volume,
BRISTOL, a post-village and township of Ontario co., New  750 miles in length, forms the'outlet of the great Canadian
York, 212 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1733.                      lakes.  The Saskatchewan, rising in the Rocky Mountains,
BRISTOL, a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, on  traverses 15~ of longitude, or a distance of at least 900
the Delaware River. Pop., including Bristol borough, 4379. miles, and falls into the great Lake Winnipeg in 530 N. lat.
BRISTOL, a pleasant post-borough of Bucks co., Pennsyl- This lake is connected with I-Iudson's Bay by the Nelson or
vania, on the Delaware River, nearly opposite Burlington,  Port Nelson, about 500 miles in length. Lake Athabasca,
19 miles above Philadelphia, and 115 miles E. by S. from   situated about lat. 58~ N. and ion. 1100 W., receives, among
Harrisbm-g.  It was the first seat of justice of Bucks county,  others, the Peace River and the Athabasca, a large stream,
and it is still the largest town. The railroad from Phila-  rising in the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Codelphia to New  York passes through this place, and the  lumbia. The Mackenzie, entering the Arctic Ocean, is one
Delaware branch of the Pennsylvania Canal terminates here. of the largest rivers on the globe. But such is -the compliThe town is neatly built, and contains several chmrches, a  cated water system  of this region, with its endless lakes
town-hall. a bank, and a mineral spring. It communicates  communicating with one another, that it is almost imposdaily with Philadelphia by steamboats. Founded in 1697. sible to say what should be regarded as the source of this
Pop. 2570.                                                    river.  If we consider the Athabasca as its remote branch,
BRISTOL, formerly a township of Philadelphia co., Penn- the Mackenzie flows through about 160 of latitude; or, if we
sylvania, 6 miles N. of the State-house, but is now  em- take the Peace River, which rises much farther N., and trace
braced withinthe corporate limits of Philadelphia. Pop. 2230. it to the Mackenzie, the length of the main stream will be
285




BRI                                                               BRI
about the same. East of the Mackenzie, and flowing into  empire, passed from it, under the operation of the  esic law,
the Arctic Ocean, are the Coppermine and Fish Rivers. The  and the only continental spot now remaining is the impreogbasin of the Winnipeg may be considered as a continuation  nable fortress of Gibraltar.  To this may be added, in the
of that of the St. Lawrence, or as a portion of one high plateau  same quarter, the strong island of MaIlta, possessed in abso
divided into two parts.  There can be but little doubt that  lute right, and the Ionian Isles, held under the name of a
the greater part of the vast region included under the name  protectorate; and off the estuary of the Elbe, the rock o
of British America is doomed to everlasting sterility, on ac- Helgoland, which had great commercial importance durcount of the severity of the climate. The most northern  ing the ascendancy of Napoleon, but lost it on his downfall
station in which vegetation has been discovered is Melville    The following table exhibits the area and population of
Island, 740 50' N. lat., where the mean annual temperature  the different countries of which the British Empire is comis from 10 to 20below zero, and that of July about 420. The  posed:species that exist here consist chiefly of saxifrages, grasses,
cruciform  plants, mosses, and lichens; not a tree, or even                Asea  and Poulation  of the British Eonpore.
a bush, is able to rear its head; nor, indeed, is there a single
plant or woody structure, except a little willow, (,Slix ar-                                              Area ion.
tica,) which rises six inches high.  It is in these latitudes                                           sqare niles. 
that the red snow-plant, (Protococcus nivalis,) that most sie-. s ees.
pie of cryptogamic vegetables exists in all its beauty.  As   British Isles.                120,416     27,332,154
we advance southward, vast forests of spruce firs, (Abies   IHelgoland............................2,300
alba and nigra,) among which grow the reindeer moss and    Gibraltar.........-...-..........                  13,123
other lichens, overspread the land. To these are added dif-   Inalca and......................      130            4
IoianIaltand Gz......................[  1,030 [     19,27U
ferent kinds of wild currants and berries, and a variety of. nnsad,0                                                     21
papilionaceous plants, which abound in the open plains.                          AFRICA.
With these are combined, as we continue to advance, the    Gambia-.sa......1s9
Sierra Lees............e3........          44,03.
majestic poplars of Canada, (Populus hudsonica, and others,)    Gold Coas ossessin........6,000                           2,00
Gold Coast Possessions...............    6,4000[    27,0
birches, (Betulapapyracea andp   seulifolia,) and many sorts   Fernando P.............0
of oaks and ashes, together with butternuts (Jsuglans cene-   Ascension.............                                         400
sea) and hickories, (Carya alba and amara.)                          St. Helena-...4I8 4,972
The animals hunted for food are deer, of four different    Cape Colony........................           110,256       16,408
Natal...............................[  18,000  [   121.000 t
kinds, buffaloes, rabbits, and porcupines.  Wild fowl are    Naal...........................                           21,000
M auritius............................    708       161,920
also numerous, especially grouse, wild geese, and ducks.   Seychelles — 75                                                159,243
The principal objects oftraffic, in the more northern parts,
are the skins of fur-clad animals, of which there are here a                      AsIA.                                    50,000
Anden...............................               -~ 5,000 
great variety.  The chief tribes inhabiting these northern    India, riis........................                      1,14,3
regions are the Chippewas, the Assiniboins, the Crees, the    India, Dependencies................          61(i,348    53,639,031
Slave Indians, and the Esquimaux. Of all these tribes, the    Tenasserim Provinces...............           29,168       118,000
Crees have the best character, being active, honest, and hos-   Ceylon...............................        24,664o     1,507,326 
pitable, kind to their women, and fondly attached to their    Penanc.............................             100          4,3
0alacca.............................-    1,000         0 58,000
children.  Foranaccount of that portion of the countryn-   Snapore...........................                  20          5,421
deir cultivation, see CANADA.                                        Laboan.............................        25
BRITISH  EMPIRE, THE, in many respects the greatest    Hongs Kong..................0.......8
now existing, or that has ever existed in the world; and re-                        ca.
AMERICA.
markable not more for the magnitude to which it has at-   Cana East                                          209,90         90,61
tained, than for its comparatively humble origin-an em-   Canada West......147,32                                         952,004
pire which, though  apparently destined  by geographical   New    s  ick27............7.......                            193,800
position, to occupy only an archipelago in the N.W. corner    Nova Scotia and Cape Breton.......             18,746       27,117
Prince Edward Island.........            [ 2,134   90,000
of Europe, so remote as to have been at one time deemed               ewfoundland......................       57,000      101,00
of Europe, so                              Newtosndland-                          ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~[52,000! 101,6000/
beyond the limits of civilization, now stretches out its arms    Hudson's Bay Territory............   2,190,000           180,000
in every quarter, in a manner encircling the globe, and    Labrador............4..............              423,500         5,000
ruling its destinies, pre-eminent alike in wealth and popu-   West India Islands1,,0
Bermudas...........................         11,000
lation, manners and religion, law, literature and arts.              eonduras............................                  11,000
The British Empire comprehends two great divisions:-    Guiana..............................              76,000       135,994
1, TIE  BRITISH ISLES, or what is commonly called the UNI-   Falkland Islands....................            1,000
TED KINGDOM  of GREIAT BRITAIN and IRIELAND; 2, COLONIES                       AuanTAsI.
and DE, ENDENcrEs.                                                   New South Wales....................       350,000     208,25General Descriptions —The British Isles occupy a kind of    South Australia.....................         300,000        37,6S0
archipelago in the N.W. of Europe, and consist of the two    Western Australia...................             0,000        10,411
principal islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and a great    Victoria or Port Philip............           9000         151,127
Australia, not settled................  2,500,000..
number of smaller islands, which sometimes singly, but                 ntri, nDe etns...............sl2,0000.
Van Diemen's Land.................      24,000         34,241
molre frequently in groups, line the shores of the other two,   New Zealand........................          97,000       150,000
or lie in the surrounding seas at no great distance f-om            Norfolk Island......................
them.  On the N.W. and S.W. they lie open to the surges    Auckland Island.................... -'1....
of the Atlantic; on the E. they are washed by the North                       Tal,35,2                                 2,0,5
Sea or German Ocean, and on the S. by the Atlantic and the
English Channel. Taking the most northern point of Unst,    UIrTED KINGDO:. —Geograehy.-As already observed, it
in the Shetland Isles, (lat. 600 49' N.,) and the most south-  occupies a kind of archipelago in the N.W. of Europe, and
ern point of England, Lizard Point, (lat. 490 57' 30" N.,) as  consists'of numerous groups of islands, the principal of
their extremities north and south, and Lowestoffe (lon. 10  which are Great Britain and Ireland, separated from  each
40'6 E.) and Dunmore Head (lon. 100 27' W.) as their extre   other by the Irish Sea, which, near the centre, attains its
mities east and west; straight lines drawn through these  greatest width of about 130 miles; but between Holyhead
four points will include a space extending over nearly 110  in Wales and Howth IIead in Ireland, in the track taken
of latitude, and rather more than 120 of longitude.  Hence,  by the English packets, is not wider than  O60 miles; and
at the summer solstice. the longest day atthe northern will  between the Mull of Cantyre in Scotland and Fair Head in
exceed that at the southern extremity by 2 h. 40 min., be-  Ireland, narrows to about 12 miles.  Great Britain, the
ing IS h. 48 m. at the former, and only 16 h. 8 m. at the lat-  larger, and by far the more important of the two islands, is
ter, while at all seasons there will be a difference between  situated between lat. 490 57' 42" and 5SO 40' 24" N. It is
the eastern and western extremities of nearly 49 m. of time. the largest island in Europe, and the sixth largest in the
The United Kingdom, formed by the union of what were  world, the only islands ranking before it in this respect bformerly the three independent kingdoms of Scotland, Eng-  ing Australia, Borneo, Papua or New Guinea, Sumatra, and
land, and Ireland, is still similarly subdivided for adminis-  Niphon. Its nearest approach to the continent of Europe
trative purposes.  The principal subdivision of the king-  is at its S.F. extremity, where the Strait of Dover, separatdom  is into counties, of which England, with Wales, has  ing it from Prance, is only 21 miles broad.  On both sides
52, Scotland 32, and Ireland also 32.                              of the Strait the distance is rapidly increased.  To the W.,
The COLONIES and DEPENDENCIES are not confined to any  the English Channel widens out till the extremities of
particular quarter of the world, but lie scattered over its  England and France are 100 miles asunder.  On the E., the
surface, often at immense distances, some of them  forming  German Ocean, where it separates England from Belgium
the very antipodes of the mother country, while others  and Holland, is also about 100 miles across, but a little N.
stretch over the globe in succession, from east to west, and  it suddenly gains thrice that width, and retains it, so as to
make that which was once flatteringly said of the Span-  place the E. shores of Great Britain at the average distance
ish monarchy to be emphatically true of the British em-  of 350 miles from the W. shores of. Denmark and Norway.
pire-that "the sun never sets upon it."  It is singular,  The contour of Great Britain is so very irregular, that it
however, that with all these vast dominions, Britain pos-  seems vain to compare it to any mathematical figure.  The
sesse0  not one colony, and has only one dependency on the  N. part, in particular, exhibits on its E. coast a succession
continent of Europe. On the accession of her present Ma- of large salient angles, while the W. coastis broken and ragjesty, the kingdom of Hanover, previously included in the  ged in the extreme; the land ever and anon jutting out into
286




BRI                                                            BRI
the sea, and the sea making deep inroads into theland, as if    Towards the S.E., the most conspicuous feature is fbrmed
the two elements had not yet ascertained their boundaries, by the Cheviot Hills, a porphyritic range, which onceformed
and were contending for the mastery. The greatest length  part of the boundary between two independent kingdoms,
of Great Britain, measured on a line bearing N. by W. from   and sends its ramifications into both. Those which pass
Rye to Dunnet Head, is 608 miles. The breadth, necessa-  into England may be regarded as the commencing links of
rily modified by the numerous indentations of the coast,  a long chain of mountains and hills, which extends, with
varies exceedingly. The longest line which can be drawn  scarcely a single interruption, along the W. side of that
across the island is 367 miles, from  Land's End to Lowes- division of the island, forming its most important water.
toffe; but the longest line, measured from the W. to the E. shed, and throwing out numerous branches, particularly
coast on a parallel of latitude, between St. David's Head  those which penetrate into Cumberland and Wales, and
and the Naze, is only 280 miles. The breadth of the islands  give a somewhat modified but scarcely less attractive repebetween the Clyde at Dumbarton and the Forth at Alloa, is  tition of the magnificent scenery to which reference has
only 33 miles; in the Oikel, which falls into the Dornoch  been made. In the N. part of this chain the most striking
Firth, the tide ascends till it is within 18 miles of the W. feature is formed by the series of romantic lakes so Well
coast, and the remarkable chain of lochs which stretch  known to tourists from all countries. Here granite and a
across the island leaves so little land intervening between  species of basalt are occasionally seen, but the prevailing
the opposite coasts, that the communication left unfinished  rocks are slates and sandstones, belonging to the silurian
by nature has been completed by art, and now forms the  series. In other parts of this range trap-porphyry occurs.
Caledonian Canal. The area of Great Britain, including  It forms the very summit of Scawfell, and is seen, in still
the groups of the Orkneys, Shetlands, and Hebrides, is  more interesting circumstances, at Sotaller in Borrowdale,
about 88,051 square miles. Of these, England and Wales oc- where, at its contact with a bed of red unctuous clay and
cupy 57,812 square miles, and Scotland 26,014 square miles.  ironstone, occurs the celebrated vein of graphite, which has
Ireland, as already mentioned, lies to the WV. of Great  long furnished the finest black-lead pencils in the world.
Britain, being separated from it by the Irish Sea, and sur-  Another largely developed rock of the same range is the
rounded on all other sides by the Atlantic Ocean. It no- limestone, which forms lofty mountain masses —Inglebowhere extends so far as either the N. or S. extremities of  rough, Whernside, Pennigant, and Cross Fell being almost
Great Britain, but occupies an intermediate space between  entirely composed of it. This limestone is often intersectee
lat. 510 25' and 550 23' N., its N. extremity being on the  by rich veins of lead.  In the lengthened chain already resame parallel with the central part of Ayrshire, and its S. ferred to, is the Cambrian range, spread over the great part
extremity being opposite to Bristol Channel, nearly in the  of Wales, and containing, among others, the highest moonlatitude of London. E. and W. it lies between ion. 60 and  tain of South Britain-Snowdon, 3571 feet. The rocks, like
110 W. Its shape is much more regular than that of Great  those of the Cumbrian range, lie low in the geological series,
Britain, and bears a considerable resemblance to a rhom-  and consist almost entirely of slate and different varieties
bold. The greatest diagonal is between Mizzen Head in  of trap and porphyry.  The great exception is towards the
Cork and Fair Head in Antrim, about 300 miles; the great-  S. limits of the range, where the silurian rocks are overlain
est length, measured on a meridian, is 230 miles; and the  by an extensive tract of old red sandstone, supporting in its
greatest breadth, measured on a parallel, is 180 miles. The  turn by the mountain limestone, which, like a girdle, enbreadth across the centre is nearly 165 miles. Owing to the  circles the most extensive, if not the most valuable, of the
compactness of its form, Ireland does not exhibit such va- British coalfields.
lattion of breadth as we have seen to exist in Great Britain;    To the S. of the Cambrian is the Devonian range, stretchbut the breadth, from  Galway Bay to Dublin, is not 110   ng firom the Bristol to the British Channel.  Here granite
miles; and the shortest breadth of all, between Ballyshen-  is extensively developed, and, often possessing the property
non and Dundalk, is only 85 miles.  One remarkable fact  of decomposing rapidly, furnishes the white clay called /ao0
is, that notwithstanding the general compactness of Ire- lie, of which our finest porcelain is made.  The mineral
land, its opposite coasts and arms of the sea are so conve- treasures are tin and copper, veins of which, generally at a
niently situated in regard to each other, that there is not %high angle, and in a direction firom  E. to W., intersect the
a spot on its surfaice -which is not, in some direction or  slate and granite, and vary in width from a few inches to
other, within 55 miles of the ocean. The area of Ireland is  several feet.  Not unfrequently a vein commencing with
about 32,513 square miles.                                    tin is converted into a vein of copper after a considerable
P/yscal Features.-In its physical features, Great Britain  depth has been reached. Tin, too, occurs in' the sands of
is among the most interesting islands in the world. Though  rivers and valleys in the form of grains and pebbles, and is
of comparatively limited extent, all varieties of scenery are  known by the name of stream-tin. The different ranges
exhibited on its surface, and all forms of geological struc-  now described as occupying the WV. side of England, from
ture lie within its bosom. The N. part of Great Britain is, its N. to its S. extremity, are composed entirely of primary
for the most part, rugged, mountainous, and barren. To  rocks, or at least of rocks which, with the exception of the
the N. of a line drawn from the Frith of Clyde on the W. to  great Welsh coalfield, and another of limited dimensions on
Stonehaven on the E. coast, the whole country is composed  the N. coast of Cumberland, never stand higher in the geoof primary rocks.  Gneiss and mica slate, with numerous  logical series than the lowest strata of the carbonifeorous
outbursts of granite, form  lofty mountain chains, whose  system. On proceeding E. the case is reversed, and the oldlower slopes are usually covered with beds of conglomerate  est strata which occur are identical with those which were
and old red sandstone. The principal chain is the Gram- formerly the most recent.  Here, accordingly, secondary
plans; but though these mountains are the loftiest in the  formations prevail, beginning with the mountain limestone
island, they are by no means of the first class. Their cul-  or coarse quartzose sandstone, on which our coalfields are
minating points, Bennevis and Benmacdhuie, asre respec-  usually based, and ascending by regular gradations up to
tively 4380 and 4305 feet.  From  their N. sides snow  the more recent tertiary deposits.
scarcely  ever disappears.  These mountains, friom  the    The coalfields, notwithstanding their incalculable econonature of the materials of which they are composed, fre-  mical value: occupy a comparatively limited extent of
quently assume the form of peaks and frowning  precipices,  surface-an extent certainly not under estimated at onewhich, as they descend, instead of terminating at the gene- twentieth of the whole. A line drawn from  Lyme Begis
ral level of the base, are continued downwards, and become  to Bath, thence  to Gloucester, Warwick, Leicestel;, Notthe romantic barriers of deep, extensive lakes, presenting  tingham, and Tadcaster, and from  Tadcaster to Stockscenes In which  sublimity  and beauty strangely inter-  ton-on-Tees, has on its E. side nearly two-thirds of the
mingle. The last range withinthe line already mentioned  whole surface of England. In the whole of this space no
is that of the Ochils, which are much less elevated than  coal is worked. If the series of strata are regular, there
the Grampians, and exhibit scenery of a much tamer de- can be no doubt that coal exists, but probably at a depth
scription. Instead of towering up in sterile peaks, they aie  far beyond the reach of any known means of excavation.
generally rounded, and clothed to their summits with ver- Immediately above it lie immense beds of red marl, sands,
dant or heathy pastures. On their S. slopes a new geologi- sandstones, and conglomerates, composing the new  red
cal formation appears. The carboniferous system, at first  sandstone series, and remarkable for the saline springs and
with its strata almost turned on edge, and thrown into  rock-salt with which it abounds. This series occupies a
confusion by contact with masses and veins of trap, soon  considerable portion of surface, but its saliferons deposits
becomes fully developed, and stretches, with occasional in- nowhere appear so rich as in the neighborhood of Chester.
terruptions, from  the E. to the W. coast, over the basins  Above the new red sandstone'is the oolitic series, composed
both of the Forth and Clyde. The mineral treasures of this  of numerous beds of limestones, clay schists, and sanddistrict make it one of the most important in Great Britain. stones, and stretching, with partial interruption, from the
To the S., immediately beyond the limits of this coalfield,  S. of England into Yorkshire.  It is rich in fossils and beds
the country again assumes an alpine character, and moun- of fire-clay, and furnishes much df the finest building-stone
tail;s, which, for the most part, are composed of rocks of grey- in the kingdom.  Passing the wealden series, so called from
wacke and coarse slate, rise with heights varying from 2000  having its chief development in the W~eald of Sussex, we
to 3000 feet above the level of the sea. A considerable part  reach the chalks, which occupy the uppermost place - Un the
of this district is occupied by the Lead Hills, so called from   secondary formation, and which, though confined to a few
the rich veins of lead by which its strata of greywacke are  patches of North, consitute a marked feature in the geology
intersected. Still farther to the S. several large masses of  of South Britain, where they not only compose the prevailgranite occur. Coal also again appears, and forms two mi- ing straterof extensive undulating tracts, but form in many
nor coalfields.                                              I places, both on the E. and S. coasts, bold and giddy cliffs,
287




BRI                                                         BRI
_from whose white color the ancient name of _Albion is said    Clii(-fde.-Amomoog the mianyadvantages which the British
to be derived. The tertiary formation, which includes all Isles derive from their geographical position, one, the bonethe rocks above the chalk, is of comparatively limited ex- ficial effects of which cannot easily he overrated, is the
tent, and is succeeded by immense beds of diluvial gravels, peculiar kind of climate conferred by that position-a clisands, and clays, in which are found remains of the larger  mate in which the natural rigors of a comparatively high
existing quadrupeds, several of them, like the elephant and  latitude are so modified, that at no season is either cold or
rhinoceros, belonging to genera which now exist only in  heat in extreme; and the mean temperature maintained is
much hotter climates. Above these diluvial beds lie allu- one of the most favorable to the full and healthy developvium and other superficial deposits, the constituents of ment both of animal and vegetable life. The central latitude
which, mainly depending. on the rocks from which they  of the United Kingdom is nearly 550 N., and the isothermal
have been disintegrated, determines the natural properties  line which passes through it indicates a mean annual temof the soil, sometimes giving it an almost inexhaustible fer- perature of 500. On crossing the German Ocean, and ap~tility, and sometimes dooming it to perpetual barrenness.   proaching the coast of Holland, the isothermal, line is
Turning from Great Britain to Ireland, one of the most  deflected S.; and this deflection continues to increase in
marked features which meets our view is the dreary ex- the same direction till it reaches hat. 450, on the E. side of
pause of bog that stretches over its interior. The surface, the Sea of Azof. From this point it pursues its course with
as might hence be inferred, is much flatter than that of great uniformity, skirting the N. shore of the Caspian, and
Great Britain. It is not, however, by any means destitute  passing onward through Mongolia and MIantchooria, on the
of mountains. Of these no fewer than twenty-four exceed  N. of China, to the Sea of Japan. It thus becomes esta2000 feet, and four exceed 3000 feet. Carn Tual, the culmi- blished that in respect of mean temperature the British
nating point of the island, is 3404 feet. It belongs to a  Isles have the advantage of all countries of the same latigreat range called the Mountains of Kerry, which, in coe- tude to the E. of them; and that on the continent of Asia
nection with the Lakes of Killarney, placed in the very  this advantage is so marked as to amount to a difference of
heart of them, furnish scenes of grandeur which few coun- 10~ of latitude, the British latitude of 550 enjoying as much
tries can surpass. The great mountain groups consist of  annual heat as the Asiatic latitude of 450. But this is by
primary and transition rocks, and are generally situated  no means the whole amount of the advantage. A mean
near the coasts, which accordingly become of the boldest temperature is an average obtained by adding temperatures
description. Inland, behind these lofty barriers, lies avast of different seasons together, and then dividing them. A
undulating plain, occasionally penetrated and broken up  winter of 100 and a summer of 900 give the same mean temnby masses of primary rocks, but occupied almost through- perature as a winter of 400 and a summer of 600; but how
out its whole extent by secondary formations. Of these by  unlike the climates! The former gives a range oftemperafar the most largely developed is mountain limestone, much  ture equal to 800, the latter a range equal only to 200: in
of it so fine-grained and compact as to furnish quarries of  other words, the inhabitants lvingo under the one climate
marble, both black and variegated, but seldom containing  are alternately benumbed' by piercing cold and enervated
the rich veins of lead which usually accompany the same  by scorching heat, whereas those living under the other
formation in England. Coal has been found to a greater or  are blessed with a kind of perpetual spring. Now it is proless extent in no fewer than 17 Irish counties. In general, cisely in regard to range of temperature that the superiorhowever, its quality is inferior. Still higher in the series  ity of the British climate becomes meost apparent.  The
above the coal, the upper strata of the secondary formation  range of the temperature between the coldest aind the
are considerably developed in the N., where they are capped  warmest months is, at Paris, 300; at London, only 260. In
by numerous masses of volcanic origin. The most magnifi- the S.W. and S.E. of France it is, respectively, 310 and 350
cent specimen of these is the range of basaltic columns 30', and in Italy, 320 30'; in England generally, only 240
which forms the celebrated Giant's Causeway.                30'  The range of Edinburgh is 250 3'; that of St. PetersRivers and Ports.-The mountain chains which consti- burg, no less than 550.  The mean winter temperature of
tute the principal water-sheds of Great Britain are gene- Dublin, only 390 35, is 30 60 higher than that of Milan, Parally at no great distance from the WV. coast, and hence the  via, Padua, or the whole of Lomba-dy. In the N.E. of Irerivers which descend from them in that direction have a  hand the myrtle grows in the open air, as in Portugal; and
short course and are comparatively unimportant. The two  in the S.E. of Cornwall the mean temperature is only 20 4t
great exceptions to this rule are the Clyde and the Severn. less than that of Montpellier and Florence.
They owe both their volume and the length of their course    INDUsMu. —Gre eat Britain, though somewhat late in onto a series of longitudinal valleys, which, instead of open- tering on the career of improvement, and hence indebted to
ing directly to the coast, take an opposite or parallel direc- foreigners for the first establishment of more than one flourtion; and thus, rather skirting the water-shed than flowing  ishing manufacture, ultimately succeeded in outstripping
from it, obtain much larger supplies of water than a direct her competitors, and now confessedly leads the world in
course could have given them. The' former of these rivers, many of oihe great branches of industry. This unexampled
though of vast commercial importance, is indebted for it success is owing partly to physical andpartly to moral causes.
far less to its natural channel, than to the immense sums  To the former belong the vast resources of the country itself
judiciously expended through a long series of years in in- -the fertility of its soil su ciently great to reward industry.
proving and almost creating its navigation.  To counter- but not to foster indolence the comparative mildness of its
balance these, the only rivers of any considerable volume  climate and the untold treasures deposited beneath its surof which the W. coast can boast, though it also possesses  face; to the latter belong the spirit of activity, enterprise,
the Mersey, in commercial importance the second river of  and independence, engeudered by free institutions, and the
the empire, the E. coast, proceeding from N. to S., receives  perfect security of property, guarded firom foreign aggresthe Spey, Don, Dee, Tay, Forth, Tweed, Tyne, Ouse, Trent,  sion by invincible fleets, and effectually maintained at
and Thames. This list contains the Tay, in volume the  home by good lawsv  fairly and vigorously administered.
first river of Great Britain, and the Thames. not much less in  Another great cause of industrial prosperity may be found
volume, and in navigable importance one ofthe greatest rivers  in the obstacles which have been removed and the faicilities
of the world. It is remarkable that no river of importance  afforded, by bringing all the parts of the United Kingdom
empties itself either on the N. or S. coast. Owing to the  into easy communication with each other by means of
great central flat of Ireland, its rivers usually flow on in a  roads, canals, and railways. On all of these, sums of almost
gently winding course, and, little interrupted by natural fabulous amount have been expended, and the proportion
obstructions, are admirably fitted for navigation. Those of which their united lengths bear to the whole area far eximportance are not very numerous, but one of them, the  ceeds that of any other country.
Shannon. is understood to be the largest river of the British
Isles. Within 7 miles of its source it enters Lough Allen,    Leigtd in mites    Res Chl    r i       iws  i the
which is itself navigable, and after passing out of the lough                    &itKcd         Cn
pursues a S.W. course of 214 miles, the whole of which is                               ads.       Cns.        aiwys.
avaElanble for transpot b  smaller vessels, while from  its   E d and Wales.......... 119,531........ 2,4100........ 4,222
available for transport by smaller vessels, whil  from  its   Scotland.................  18,318........  113........  150
mouth up to Limerick, a distance of 70 miles, its floats yes-   Ireland.............................  262........  475
sels of 400 tons. While both Great Britain and Irelacd are                                          ---
provided with numerous streams which are either them-                       Tot.....                2,77        5,441
selves navigable, or, when they cease to be so, furnish the    Agricezlttre.-Though  agriculture is at once the most
means of continued navigation by acting as the feeders of  useful and the earliest of arts, there is none in which inmcanals, the coasts are scooped out into deep and sheltered  provemeit advances with so sluggish a pace. A routine
bays, in some of which whole fleets of the largest ships  once established becomes almost immovable; and not
can ride in safety. It is true, however, that the number  unfrequently, when every thing else has yielded to the
of ocean harbors, properly so - called, is not great, and  force of improvement, the husbandman continues in the
that the E. coast of Britain, in particular, is so scantily pro- ancient tract, performing  all rural operations after the
vided, as to make the construction of a great harbor of fashion and with the rude implements of centuries before.
refuge at some central point a work of primary necessity, Instead, however, of the slovenly manner in which, not a
which must sooner or later be performed.  The best of century ago, all operations upon the soil in Britian were
these harbors are situated on the S. coast, at the very  performed, new implements, many of them  of recent and
points where the proximity of the continent and the pre- ingenious contrivance, have been very generally adopted,
sence of a mighty rival made it of most importance to pos- and now execute the work in the most efficient manner.
se, them.                                                  Draining, not confined as formerly to swampy spots, is
288




BRI                                                            BRI
extended systenmatically to whole lfarms,'and every field  The meadows of England are permanent hay-fields, which
ol them, not a single  furrow  being left without its ar-  are annually  cut, and maintained in fertility, by regular
tificial drain of tiles or stones, into which the surplus  and heavy doses of farinmyard manure. Much of the land
water may percolate freely, and yet so gradually as not  employed thus is naturally of poor quality, having only a
to cairry off nourishment along with it.  Science, too, has  thin covering of soil over a hungry gravel, or ferruginous
beoen called in to act as the handmaid of art. The or- tenacious clay, but, by the careful management of perhaps
ganism of plants, the primary elements of which they are  a century, has become covered with a close sward of the richcomposed, and the food on which they live, have been assi-  est green, and of admirable feeding qualities. Taking the
duously and skilfnlly investigated, and most important  term, farming, in its widest sense, as including not merely
results obtained, pai ticularly in regard to manures and  the raising of crops of grain, or roots, but the rearing and
rotations. These results, instead of rernaining a dead let- fattening of stock, the improving of breeds, and diary mater, have passed fiom  books into the hands of practical nagement, there is no country in the world that can be comfarmeis;  and the farm-yard, though still justly retaining  pared to several of the S. districts of Great Britain. It is
its pre-eminence, has ceased to be the only source from   sufficient to mention, among horses, the race-horse, the finest
which the soil derives its nourishment, and becomes capa-  type, and the parent of the best existing breeds of that anible of producing heavy crops. Artificial manures, in great  meal; among cattle, the short-horns of Durham; and among
variety, have come into common use, not only increasing  sheep, the celebrated South Downs and Leicesters. In diary
the produce of lands previously cultivated, but extending  produce, several districts are equally pre-eminent.
the limits of cultivation itself.  Steeps which, from  the    MIeNRAL.-Such is the mineral wealth of the British Isles,
impossibility of carrying up the requisite weight of farm- that, with the exception of quicksilver and gold, which,
yard dung, could not be brought under a regular course  though found both in Scotland and Ireland, are too limited in
of cropping, are easily supplied with a few hundreds-weight  quantity to repay the labor of searching for them, it is scarcely
of bone-dust, or of some substance chemically prepared. possible to mention a metal or mineral product, of commerThis application first secures a crop of turnips; sheep eat  cial value, which is not worked, to a greater or less extent,
them  where they grow, and thus supply the soil with  beneath their surface.  Among these, the first place is unadditional nourishment of the richest kind; a grain crop  questionably due to
of wheat or barley, sown with grass-seeds, follows, and the      Coal.-It claims precedence, not merely because the ansucceeding year shows a rich clothing of the finest grass, nual output of it, in regard both to quantity and aggregate
where all previously was weeds and barrenness.  This  value, exceeds that of any other mineral product, but be
grass, allowed to lie, becomes for years a feeding pasture,  cause without it the other natural resources of the country,
or, cut for hay, is broken up at the close of the year for  and the industry of its inhabitants, must have forever reanother green crop: The rotation is now  complete, and  mained, in a great measure, undeveloped. The coal-fields
the process as described again begins.  The effects pro- are not confined to one particular district, but occupy a seduced by such means are truly astonishing. Under an  ries of basins, sometimes touching, but more frequently at a
improved system  of management, the produce of many  considerable distance from each other, and extending, in an
farms has at least been doubled, and, over the whole king- iirregular curve, from the S. slopes of the Ochil Hills to the
dom, has so greatly increased, that the territory which  Bristol Channel. Beginning with Scotland, we find a field,
once with difficulty supported ten millions, finds no dafo- commencing in the W. by great outbursts of trap, of which
oulty in supporting twenty. Part of the result, no doubt,  Stirling'Castle crowns the most prominent summit. It ocis to be ascribed to additional lands which, formerly pos- cuples a great part of Fifeshire, a small isolated portion of
sessed as commons, or lying as unimproved wastes, have  Perthshire and almostthe whole ofClackmannanshire. The
been brought under cultivation.  But the far greater part  coal of this field is of several kinds; but the most important
is undoubtedly derived not from  new, hut from  the in-  seams are splint, part of it of a free, open, burning quality,
creased productiveness of old lands.                           greatly in. demand for steam navigation, from its not corrodThe following table gives a good general idea of the state  ing the furnaces andboilers, and part of it admirably adapted
of land in the British Empire:-                               for the blast-furnace.  Part of this field contains a coal
which, in its richness and quality of cakling, bears a resermArabe   /Ieadows,    ste          astes            blance to that of Newcastle, and has been worked, as-anand    Pastures, mmd  -as msmcinot  in- Summar. cient records prove, for at least five centuries.  On the oppoGardens.  Marshes.   praable. provable.             site side of the. Forth, and almost in visible communication
Acres.      Acres.    Acres.   Acres.   Acres.
ncres. Acres. Bcres. Acres. Acres. with the ~field already described, another field  extends over
England.. 10,252,800O  15,319,200  3,451,009  3,256,400 32,342,400  a considerable portion of the Lothians. It furnishes the
Wales....  890,5o     2,226,430    530,0c0  1,105,0c0  4,752,000  greater part of the fine fuel which is used in the metropolis
Scotland. 2,493,950    2,771,050  5,950,000   8,5',930 19,738,930  of Scotland, and contains excellent seams of parrot coal.
Ireland... 5,389,040    6,736,240  4,05,000  2,4i16,6c-. 19441,944  To the W., but at some distance, lie the coal-basins of Laorit. Isles.  e109,630  s974,060    166,100   569,469  1,119,159
ark, RIenfrew, and Ayrshire; the first, famous throughout
19-135,99o    28,086,908  1-,000,100 15,871,463 78,074,433  the world for the immense manufacturing establishments
which it mainly has called into existence, and made prosperous; the second, remarkable chiefly as containing, near
One of the most striking facts apparent from the above  Johnstone, the thickest seam of coal in Scotland, or (if the
table is the proportion which the available land of England  Dudley field be not an exception) in the British Isles; and
and Wales  bears to its whole area, compared with thie same  the last, as yet imperfectly developed, but evidently desproportion in Scotland. In England and Wales, excluding  tined to higher importance than it has yet attained. In
wastes of all kinds, improvable and unimprovable, and in-  the N.W. of Dumfries-shire, there is a coal field, the capeeluding only the two first heads of the table, that proper- bilities of which, hitherto little known, because of its intion is seven-ninths; in Scotland it is little more than one- land and almost inaccessible position, will be proved, now
fourth, proving, that while the former is agriculturally one  that an important railway intersects it. In the S.E. of the
of the most favored portions of the world, the latter is  same county is another small field, interesting as the last
among the poorest. Ireland is in a middle state, having  of the Scotch, and the connecting link with the great ERmore than one-half of its surface available.  The land un-  glish coal-fields.
der the plough in Great Britain is generally cultivated on    Immediately on passing the border, the first of these fields
systematic principles, according to one or other of the follow- lies before us, extending over the greater part of the counties
ing rotations:-                                                of Northumberland and Durham, and centering near NewFirst Rtotation. —l. Fallow, often not manured; 2. Wheat;  castle, which gives it its name. The proximity of this field to
3. Beans, heavily manured; 4. Barley, with grass seeds; 5. the sea, and the excellence of the coal, (unrivalled for domesIlay; 6. Oats.                                                 tic use,) early made it the great theatre of mining operations,
Secoesd fotation. —. Potatoes or turnips, generally latter  which are there carried on to an extent, and on a scale of
eaten off by sheep; 2. Barley, with grass seeds; 3. hay or  magnificence which make it a world's wonder. It furnishes
pasture; 4. Wheat or oats.                                     the larger proportion of sea-borne coal, whether to domestic or
I'hird Rotatiosn. —l. Part fallow, manured; part potatoes  foreign ports, and, notwithstanding the competition which
or turnips; 2. Wheat or barley, with grass seeds; 3. Hay  it now has to sustain with inland supplies by railway, still
once cut, then pastured; 4. Pasture; 5. Oats.                  sends annually to London about 3,000,000 tons. Several of
In addition to the crops above mentioned, several others  the pits have a depth exceeding 150 fathoms, and more than
are occasionally introduced. The most important of them   one colliery has a capital exceeding 100,0001. sterling. On
are rye, cole or rape, beet-root, hops, and flax. From  the  the opposite coast, nearly in the same latitude, is a small
above table of the state of the employment of the land, coal-field, the workings of which, at Whitehaven and Workit will be seen that the quantity under the plough in  ington, have been carried to a great distance beneath the
England, is about five millions of acres less than that in  sea. The next coal-field to the S. is, in many respects, the
meadow  and pasture. In  Scotland, there is not much  most important of all.  It includes a large central: space,
arable land kept permanently in grass, except that which  not entirely occupied by coal, but interrupted, longitudiis intended for ornament, in the neighborhood of country  nally, by a broad belt which consists of the lower strata of
seats.  Meadows  artificially formed for irrigation, by a  the carboniferous system, and thus forming a kind of twinkind of catch-work, exist on an extensive scale, in par- fields, the one of which extends from Leeds to Nottingham,
ticular localities, but meadows, in the sense in which an  while the other has its greatest length firom  S.W..to N.E.,
Englishman understands the term, are scarcely known.  and borders, at its E. and Wt. extremities respectively, on
T                                                                                 289




B RI                                                            BRIManchester and Liverpool.  It canll thus boast, not only of    The principal localities in which lead, copper, and tin are
being the seat of what has been ternled the world's great  found, have been already mentioned.
workshop, bnt of furnishing the most essential elements  Estibcaated aunal averae                 ce  s       ted Led,       er,.Esi~m~edannal  ver ge. Produce ofsmelted ~Lead, O~fperl
both of its existence and prosperity.  The only other coal-                      and Tis,frss 1845-48, in tons.
field of a magnitude similar to those already mentioned, is                                Lead.          Copper.           Tin.
that of South Wales, which, though it long lay almost un-   England.................  35,721.......... 12,870.......... 5000
known or unheeded, has, in comparatively recent times, be-   Wales.................... 10,027.......... 20,823..........Scotland.................  942..................... -
come the centre of some of the greatest public works of the    ScoIelnd.................42.
Ireland.................. 811..
empire.  It is of an irregular oval shape, and passing from        Is  f Man............... 1,663....................
Mosnouth on the E., continues W., without interruption,
through  Glamorgan  to  Carmarthen  Bay, across  which                 Total................. 49,164      33,693           5000
%another field or continuation  of that already mentioned, The ton of lead is supposed to yield, on an average, about 3
stretches irregularly to St. Bride's Bay. From  the extent  ounces of silver.
of this field, and the number and thickness of its seams,    It seems unnecessary to give any details as to minerals of
which, near its centre, number 23, with an aggregate thick-  minor importance. The principal articles are salt, of which
ness of 95 feet, the field of South Wales has probably a better  the quantity obtained, chiefly from rock-salt and brine pits,
title than anyother in the kingdom, to be deemed almost in-  has been estimated at nearly 550,000 tons.  The locality in
exhaustible.  Thereare severalothernminor fields, allof them,  which salt is most extensively worked at present, centres
with the exception of that of North Wales, situated near the  near Chester; and the supply is so great as to be inexhauseticentre of England.  In South Staffordshire occurs the enor-  ble.  Quarries also exist in every part of the Briti-sh Isles,
mous seam known as the Ten-yard Coal of Dudley. The pro-  except the south-east of England.  They furnish granlite
duce  of the coal  mines in Great Britain in 1852 was esti-  susceptible of a polish which makes it fit for statuary, fireemated at 37,000,000 of tons, and apportioned as follows:  stone of the purest white and most durable substance, and
thirteen millions to domestic use, twelve to iron-works, and  immense quantities of the finest roofing slates.  As to the
twelve to manufacturing and miscellaneous establishments  value of the produce fi'om  quarries, little authentic inforand export. Assuming the mnedium price of 6s. Sd. per ton,  mation exists.
the value is 12,457,5001. sterling.  The export of coal to fo-    Fishlzeries. —The principal British fisheries are those of salreign countries, in 1840, was, 1,606,000 tons; in 1850 it had  mon, herring, and cod. The first is carried on chiefly in the
increased to 3,531,000 tons.                                      rivers and estuaries of Scotland and Ireland; the second on
iron.-Almost the whole of the iron ore smelted in Bri- all the coasts and islands of Scotland, the great centre of retain is a carbonate.  Of the great coal-fields, none is so des-  sort for curing being the towns of Wick, Petelrhead, and
titute of iron as that of Newcastle; and hence, though not  Fraserburgh; the last around the N. islands, and along the
a few blast-furnaces are in operationa there, the ores used are  E. coast of Great Britain, particularly the edges of the Dogobtained, not from  the surrounding pits, but by importa-  ger Bank, off the coast of Yorkshire.  Among minor fishetion, often from  considerable distances. The most impor-  ries may be mentioned those of mackerel, pilchards, oysters,
tant iron districts of Enlgland are those of South Yorkshire,  and lobsters.  Of these last, and indeed of all kinds of fresh
Shropshire, South  Staffordshire, and South  Wales.  The  fish, by far the largest consumer of the kingdom  is London.
ores are obtained partly from bands, and partly from seams.          Icanufactures.-Taking these in the order of their importThe former name is usually applied to nodules or balls,  ance, we begin with cotton.  The history of this manuancgenerally of a round or oval shape, which lie together with  ture, which now employs more hands than any other within
considerble regularity, often in contact, but always without  the kingdom, and furnishes above one-third in value of the
adhesion, and are, for the mostpart, imbedded in thick beds  whole exports, is indeed remarkable.  The raw material  is
of shale or blacs.  The latter name is given to iron-stone  of vegetable origin, and is obtained fionm the internal coatlying in regular strata, and worked in the same manner as  ing of the pod or seed-vessel of the Gossypium, of wvhich
coal. These strata generally are only a few inches, and  there are several varieties, soume growing as a tree or shrub,
scarcely ever a foot in thickness. The most valuable of the  and others as an annual herbaceous plant.  It is from  the
stratified ironstones is the blaclcband, so called from  the  latter that the far greater part of the supply is obtained.'
darklness of color produced by the large proportion of coaly  and for this supply, as none of the varieties grow in the
matter which it contains.  It is singular that the only part  British islands, the manufacturers are entirely dependant
of England known to contain this stratumais a portion of  on other countries  Cotton grows well in India, and would
the coal-field of South Wales. In Scotland, also, it was at  undoubtedly thrive well in many of the other British posone time supposed that it was merely a local deposit, and  sessions; but at present, and for many years, the supply
that its existence, or at least its good qualities, were con-  has been in a manner monopolized by a few of the slave
fined to the range of a few miles in the neighborhood of  states of North America.  In so far, therefore, as regards
Airdrie.  A more careful examination has proved that few   the raw  material, this country has no advantage in the
of the Scottish  coal-fields are without these blackband  market over other competitors; but, compared with one of
seams, and numerous iron-works have, in  consequence,  the most enterprising of them, is placed in unfavorable
arisen in a multitude of districts where their profitable exist-  circumstances.  On the subject of this manufacture, inence had hitherto been deemed impossible.  A discovery of  teresting volumes have been written; and as any analysis,
perhaps greater importance than that of the blackband, be-  however condensed, would far exceed our limits, the leading
cause applicable to the iron-works of England as well as to  facts must be exhibited in a tabular form.
those of Scotland, took place about the same time. By heating the blast, before entering the furnace, to about 600%, its  Table of Inporls of Cotton Wol isto, and of Expests anl decTre able of?pmsofCotton Woolatues Tivis, and Yar Expom, vz e
power is so much increased, that the most stubborn mate-             oed   ief          s Mncures,   list, and YUriSfo'os
rials quickly give way before it, and raw coal becomes even    te Unti    i a.
more efficient in smelting than coke was before. A ton of
iron can thus be obtained with much fewer materials, and,                       Import.  I                Export.
what is of considerable moment, in far less time.  A fur-    Years.               ooC.
Wool.    Twist 0 Yarn. Cotton Gosds. Dec. vslae.
nace which, under cold-blast, makes 70 tons a week, easily 
makes 100 under hot-blast.  Another improvement, by                             l-s.           lbs.          yds.         a
which the gases evolved witlhin the furnace are not allowed   180......   151,672,655    23,032.325   248,370,6.30  16,516,748
to escape, but collected, and made available for fuel, is in   100...    263,961,452    e4,i5,342   444,598,495  19,-1),66e
1840...... [592,488,010   118,470,223   790,631,997  24,668,618
operation in several works, and promises important results.    18845......   722,080,000   135,144,865  1,091,685,469  26,119,304
Thile annual make of pig-iron in the kingdom  is estimated at   1849......   755,469,006    154,457,540  1,4,2,813,45   19,645  2,7707
1,500,000 tons.  About one-third is used for castings, and   1850......   664,696,81    135,790,278  1,412,334,39C  2C,431,180
the remainder, not exported. is converted into malleable
iron. In  this second part of the process, Scotland appa-    Woolsen.-This is the most ancient, and was for centuries
riently fails. Her furnaces  smelt about one-third  of the  the great staple manufacture of Britain. The flocks, fed on
whole produce, but a considerable part of this is sent as pig  the English downs and other pastures, fuinished wool of
fto England, to be mnade malleable there, either by itself, or  peculiar excellence, and in such abundance as both supplied
in mixture with English pig.                                      the home demand at a moderate price, and left a large surThe principal statistics of the iron trade are given in the  plus for exportation.  There cannot be a doubt, however,
following table:-                                                 that the first great improvements were not of native invention, but were introduced by foreigners, whom  either
Productiooz  of Iron, and  ixpiort, in Great Britain.       the wise policy of British sovereigns had allured, or the
Export, in tons.   merciless bigotry of their sovereigns had driven into the
Years.      Furnaces. Quantities, in tons.  Blr Iron. Pig Iron. kingdom. Though the manufacture cannot boast of an
1830............ 3 76........  677,417........ 89,885.... 12,036
840............   40........ 1,96,400........        49,719....   490n    extensibn like that of cotton, it holds the next place to
1840............ 402........ 1,396,400........ 144,719.... 49,801
1852............ 655........ 2,701,000 from Scotland 424,068 tons.  it; and, besides working up tilhe greater part of the wool
grown within the kingdom, draws largely on other coun.
The whole production of 1849 has been estinmated at 1,500,000  tries for additional supplies, particularly  on Australia.
tons. Of this quantity, Scotland, possessing 113 furnaces,  The chief seat of the woollen manufactr'e in England is
produced 690,000 tons. The annual produce pier furnace, in  the West Riding of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Gloucesterslhire,
1796, did not exceed 1033 tons; in 1849, it had risen to 6106  and Wiltshire, being tile most distinguished for broad.
tons.                                                            cloths; Norfolk for wsorsted stuffs, Leicestershire and Not290




LBRI                                                                  BRI
tinghamshir   for woollen hosiery.  Blankets  and flannels  plicable in  the erection  of structures  such  as the  one
have numerous localities, but for the finer qualities the  erected  in London  for the "World's Fair," it is evident
W. of England  and  several of the Welsh  counties  are  that both  in  this and other lands the manufacture   of
most  conspicuous.   Carpets, of every  quality  and  pat-  glass is only beginning  to exist.  Another manufacture.
tern, are extensively made at Kidderminster, Cirencester,  almost of equal beauty, and of more importance to civilizaWorcester,  &c.; but those of Wilton and Axminster are so  tion, is that of paper.  It is of vast extent, and, in its prosuperior as to suffer little by comparison with the celebrated  cesses, exhibits some of the highest triumphs which human
fabrics of Turkey and Persia.  The woollen manufacture of  ingenuity has yet achieved. In connection with it are variIreland is on a very limited scale, being confined to a few   onus manufactures, of which it may be considered as, directly
broadcloth  factories near Dublin  and  Cork; and  a few   or indirectly, the parent-7type-founding, printing, books,
blankets and flannels, the former in Kilkenny, and the lat-  and with them  literature in its various departments, enter at Wicklow.  Scotland has made much more progress,  graving, &e.
but still bears no proportion to England.  The chief seats    [Trade and Cnommerce.-In every country possessing much
of the Scotch woollens are Aberdeen for broadcloths, chiefly  accumulated  capital and  a  dense  population, partly  in
coarse, and the spinning of worsted; Kilmarnock for car-  wealthy, and generally in somewhat comfortable  circumpets, bonnets, and shawls; Stirling and its neighborhood for  stances, the home may  safely be presumed to be greater
carpets and tartans.                                                  than the external trade.  Its extent, however, cannot easily
Linen. —In England the spinning of flax is carried on to  be ascertained, even in countries where all the districts and
a great extent, but its manufacture into cloth is compare-  towns are hemmed round with officers to levy customs on
tively limited.  A considerable quantity of damask and dia-  every article. which may be brought into them, and becomes
per is made at Barnsley.  Linen is the great staple of Ire-  altogether conjectural in a country like the United Kingland, and it was long, in regard to textile fabrics, the staple  dom, where there is no restraint to prevent persons from
also of Scotland.  In the former, extraordinary means were  transporting their goods throughout its whole length and
employed to foster it.  It early fixed its seat in the N.,  breadth.  The foreign trade or commerce of the kingdom,
near Belfast, and there the great changes which have taken   is more easily calculated, at least in its leading branches;
place in the mode of manufacture. by the substitution of  but the magnitude to which it has attained is so great, and
spinning mills and factories for the domestic wheel and  the strides with which it continues to advance so rapid, that
loom, appear only to have fixed it more permanently.  AI-  it is impossible  to  contemplate  it without a feeling  of
most the only form  into which flax is manufactured in Ire-  wonder and amazement.  The following tables exhibit the
land is plain linen, chiefly shirtings.  In Scotland, the nma-  principal articles of export and import:nufacture assumes greater variety.  Besides plain linen, it                  sonbos into the United Kieydoee  in 1849'and 1850.
has manufactures of Osnaburgs, sheetings, sailcloth, sacking, &c., chief seat, Dundee; and of diaper and damask,
chief seat, Dunfermline.  The staples of both towns are by                              IMronTs.                     1849.       1850.
far the most important of their kind in the kingdom.
Silk.-Here the raw  material is, like cotton, entirely of   Animals,living-hor ned cattle.number.....               53,449       66,462
foreign production, with the important difference in favor   Sheep and lambs..............number.....    129,266                 143,498
Ashes, pearl and pot.......... cwts........   158,541 {  184,043
of silk, that, instead of being almost monopolized, and con-   ashes, pearl nd p..........cwts.......               350,541       e,
Bacon and porkc...............cwts....... [732,9570  [    547,568
sequently liable, in regard both to quantity and price, to be   Swine.........................nmber.....             2,653       7,287
controlled by a single country, the limits of its production   Barilla and alkali.............tons........           1,404        1,745
include an immense range, of which a considerable portion   Bark for tanners or dyers' use.cwts........   368,582                380,674
belongs to the British colonies and dependencies.  In this    eef, fresh and   lt........ cwts........   149,962                  13,414
Bones of animals, &c.........tons........    29,424      27,183
branch  of manufacture, at least in finelr fabrics, Britain   Brimstone....................cwts........    845,388             664,630
must yield the palm  of superiority, and be contented with   Butter........................cwts........             281,969      331,135
something less than equality.  The number of silk mills is   Caoutchouc...................cwts........                5,328        7,617
considerable and confined chiefly to England.  Paisley is al-   Cheese.....................wts........              390,147      37,773
Clocks........................value.......    ~C64,585   78,041
most the only town out of it in which the silk manufacture    Cocoa........................lbs..........,805,335    4,478,328
Cocoa~ ~~~~~lbs.~~    7,005,335 {4,478,128
is carried on to a great extent; and even there, the cele-   Coffee........................lbs........... 63,315,787   50,809,521
brated shawls of unrivalled excellence are generally a mixed   Corn-wheat..................qrs..........  3,845,378    3,754,593
fa~bric of silk and wool.                              Barley.....................qrs..........  1,381,008    1,043.051
Oats........................qrs.....    1,267,106    1,165,856
In 1850, there were imported into  the United Kingdom                 Rye........................qrs.......2...   4,06         94,07
Rye.................. rs........ 240,5568   94,078
72,674,483 pounds of wool; 1,821,578 hundredweight of flax               Pease......................qrs..........    234,366     181,419
and codilla; and 4,942,417 pounds of silk. The value of ma-    Beans.....................qrs..........   457,933                443,306
nufactured articles exported was, woollen goods, 8.584,859//;     Indian corn or maize.......qrs.........  2,224,459    1,286,264
Buckwheat or bigg.........qr............,10                6
woollen yarn, 1,451,0931.; linen goods, 3,957,7351.; linen yarn,         Bckh   obi.......... qr........              11,              68
Malt....................... qrs..........
887,2951.; and silk goods, 1,050,6451.                                   Wheatmeal  or flour........owts.           3,14,030    3,55,059
Besides the manufactures already mentioned, there is a                 Indian corn meal...........cwts........   101,684        11,401
great number which, though separately of less importance,                Other meal.................cwts........     60,320        7,448
absorb immense sums of capital, exhibit many of the most   Cotton manufac., not mad  pieces.......   17,418                       186,010
up —East India piecegoods S value......   ~45,545       68,933
wonderful specimens of human ingenuity, and give subsist-                  Other articles............value.......;E246,301    297,176
ence to millions of the population.  We can do little more   Cotton manufactures..........value.......' ~40,911                44,315
than glance at the most prominent.                                     Cotton yarn.           bs.413,478                   905,966......value.... ~45,759{              97,561
Under the head of minerals, we only noticed the prelimi-    csn  yng                  t          Ibs....... c.5,79           97,161
Dyes and dyeing stuffs........tons........    233,065    195,060
nary steps of converting ores into metals.  Vast processes   Eggs..........................numb er...... 97,745,849  105,761,995
remain behind, and constitute numerous branches of manu-   Embroidery and needlework..value....... 9104,700                      136,198
facture under the general nape of hardware. Several of the   Flax and tow, or codilla of    ts                     1,806,673    1,821,578
articles produced are of a boldness and magnitude almost                 hemp nd  a............
Fruits, currants, &C..........ecwts........   496,865 [  463,693
sublime, and many of them  are so small as to be almost mi-  crils,  scrants,.      ws.             496,865      463,093
(chests, boeam   361,412 [    453,501
croscopic. To the former class belong iron bridges, no longer            Lemons and oranges......  N o. (loose)..    44,551        60,415
suspension only, but tubular bridges, one of which, the                                             value.......      3,094        3,573
latest wonder of the age, now  spans the  Menai Straits;                  aisins....................cwts........   209,180      276,312
Glass manufactures..........cwts........     32,746      29,801
steam-engines, either lifting up whole rivers from the lowest    Gls m             tr       o         s.              68,106     122,391
Glass, 1-9th of an inch thick.sq. feet....-..  6,0    2,9
depths, or ploughing the widest and stormiest oceans; or,   Guano........................tons.........    83,438              116,926
it may be, performing some minute or singularly delicate   Hams.........................cwts.........                11,751       16,268
process, which the most skilful human fingers would vainly   Henp, undressed......... o...cwts....  1,061,893    1,048,635
attempt to imitate; machinery of every kind, by which in-   Hides, taened and untsnned..cwls....                     678,952      591,920
Lace, thread, &c..............value........   ~85,243      80.857
animate matter acts as if it were endowed with vitality, not   Lard........                        ol.........ocwts.........   186,373  229,614
only performing its appointed tasks, but giving distinct and   Leather manufactures........pairs........   700,171                777,944
audible warning when, from  accidental causes, it becomes   Gloves.......................pairs........  3,656,752    3,261,061
incapable of performing them.  For minuter articles of hard-   Othemnufactures ofleaher.value........                 4,639         5,289
Lines manufactures-lawus.                    ~41,904   5,289
ware, reference may be made to the countless products of   Linen manufacture s -h.          lawns,  vale........                   2,049
not Frendiel        h...............
Sheffield and Birmingham, not excluding articles in the                   Cambrics & French lawns.pieces.......    28,736        30,334
precious metals-plate, jewelry, and watches, made also ex-                Damasks & damask diapers.sq. yards....    15,130         17,882
Plain linen &diaper....
tensively in the same towns, but more especially in Liver-                Pliiendiper,  nd
manufactures  unenu- value........ ~C33,762          30,06
poel and  London.   Passing from   metals, we  come  to                     mnerated, notmade up. 
earths, both in the more ordinary forms of pottery; and in                Sails and  articles holly5
I                          value.......;e~~~~~~~~~13,453 8[ 3
the form of porcelain, with its classic shapes and gorgeous                 or in part made up.... 
colors, and exquisite designs. In the district of the potteries   Mahogassy..:..tons.........                          29,012     32,778
11                             ~~~~~~~~~~MetaIs —copper ore & reg'ulu s..tons.........  47,433 I 45,930
in Stafford, we see a great national interest, almost created   Mels-cppere    regl ns.4,43                                       45,9
Copper, unwrought and part........        51,808      97706
by the enterprise and genius of a single man. Among                      wroughtr..................'5                        97,106
earths, too, at least as to principal constituents, we may in-  Iron, in bars, unwrought......ons.........           29,396        4,066
clude glass, and the numberless forms of beauty and utility   Steel, unrought............tons........               1,012          45
which it has been taught to assume.  The principal seats   Lead, pig and sheet......... tons.........                 7,216        1,977
Speltr....................... tons.........    15,915    18,626
of the manufacture are Newcastle and South Shields; but   Tin, in blocks, ingots bars,?ws                           35,827       33132
should the beautiful material which it produces become ap-              or slabs..................                           91
291




BRI                                                                              BRI
~_________________ _   [ _ -An Account of the Total Qficial Value of an the imports into,
ItMPooTs —Co7t'iouoeod.                1849.        1850.           and  of all ExpTorts from  the Uited  Kingdom, exclusive of
Oil-train,  blubber,  and  tus.....                  20,012        21,328       the Trade between Great Britain and Irdlcand, in each of the
spermaceti...............5 us.                                               following years:Palm..................... cwts......          493,331        448,589
Cocoa-nut.............. cwts.........          64,452         98,040                                  Official Value of  p.              De
Olive..............tuns........  1 (i,964                    20,783                                  Oflicial Value of Exports.          Declarel
Olive.tans....      189,564        20                                                                        Value of the
Oil seed-cakes...........tons.........               9,42         65,055           Official Value                                            Produce and
Opium........................ lbs..........        105,724       126,3218     ears  of Imports.   Produce and                               Manufactures'Potatoes..................... cwts.........    1,417,867       1,348,883                         Maenufctures   Foreign and                 of the United
Quicksilver................... lbs..........   2,682,592         355,079                          of the United    Colonial   Total Elxports.  Kingdom
nice.........c..t..91.......                 976,196        781,693 2Kingdm.   Alerchaudi                                                Expoeted. 
Ricein husk................. qrs..........         231,828         37,154      -
Saltpetre and cubic nitre.....cwts.........    566,794            529,012                 ~                                          ~             ~
Seeds-clover................ cwts.........     130,254             94,040    1820   32,438,650    38,395,625   10,555,912 i 48,951,537    36,424,652
Flaxseed and linseed....... qrs..........       696f,495       608,986    1825   44,137:482    47,166,020    9,169,49 I   563,335,514    38,877,388
Rape..................... qrs..........           29,480      107,029    1830   46,245 241    61,140,864    8,550,437   69,691,302    38,251,505
Tares......................qrs..........          30,623         27,298    1835   48,911,542    78,3716.732   12,79'7,724   91,174,456   47,372,270
Silk-raw...........;.' ~.     lbs..........  4,991,472        4,942,417,  1840   67,432,964   102,705,372   13,774,306  116,479,678    51,406,430
Waste, knubs, and husks...cwts.........            12,757        15,600    1845   85,281,958  134,599,116   16,280,870  150,879,986    60,111,081
Thrown................... lbs..........    614,770              469,526    1849  105,874,607  164,539,504   25,561,890  190,101,394    18,910,883
Silk manufactures Z...... lbs..........    754,127           643,396    1850........     j....:....           65,756,0323
Velvet-broad stuffs........lbs.........            31,972        27,674
Rtibbons of velo-ot or silk 9lb
Riembossed withof     velvlet or  silbs.     51,803         1.6,675   Declared Value of British  Manufac tured  Goods Exported  to
~embossed  with velvet...' Ib..........          5,0.,7
Plush for making hats......lbs.........           165,963        138,909               the under-sentioned Countries in 1846,1847.
Silk manufactures of India...pieces......           518,748       715,739
Spices........................ wt.........   9,376,679    13,914,959
Spirits-rum.................. proof galls..  5,306,827          4,88,639                                                           1846.         1853.
Brandy.....................proof galls..  4,479,549           3,237,598                                                        - -
Geneva.................... proof galls..         471,236        337,042                  BRITISH COLONIEs..     ~
Sugar, unrefined.............. cwts........   6,937,309        6,286,031    Cape of Good Hope.......................             480,979     1,1212,630
Sugar, refined................ cts.......          304,392       2355,387   iMauritius..................................    310,231             385,879
Molasses................... cwts.........   1,062,837          905,054    St. Helena and Ascension.................            28,309         35,000
Tallow.................cwts.........    1,465,629               1,241,781    Australia.....................  1,440,00t    14,513,700
Tar..................lasts........              15,206         12,096    British North America.....................  3,308,059            4,898,544
Tea..........................lbs..........   53,459,469    50,513,003    British West Indies.........................  2,505,587             1,906,639
Timber, battens, &c.........hundred....                22             36    British India and Ceylon..................  6,434,456            8,185,695
Other timber............... loads.......   1,703,609        1,749,267
Tobacco-unmanufactured...lbs.......... 42,098,126    33,894,506                           FOREIGN COUsTRIES.
Manufactured, and snuff.... bs..........    1,913,474          1,532,829    France.....................................  2,715,963           2,636,330
Turpentine, common......... cwts.........    412,042               434,621    Belgium..............................  1,158,034         1,371,817
Watches.....................     value........;E~86,305         97,2415    Turkey................................  1,749,125               2,208,815
Whale fins.................... cwts.........         8,926          9,498    Russia.....................................  1,725,148            1,228,404
Holland................................    3,576,469            4,452,955
Wine-Cape.................. gallons......    264,106              234,781    Italy......................................  3,391,022           3,236,629
French.....................gallons.....    466,169             600,512    Hanse Towns..............................    6,326,210             8,145,081
Other sorts................. gallons......  7,239,792         8,432,280    Foreign West Indies.......................  1,308,933             1,258,668
Sumatra and Java.........................    357,918              558,212
Total of wine............. 7,0,067            9,267,573    African Coast..............................    421,620              617,764
o...-5,3,3 —, 67     China.....................................  1,791,439            1,373,689
Wool, cotton.......................... 75,13,347    72,674,483             South America.............................  2,443,937            3,840,740
Alpaca and the llama tribe.lbs.........  1,655,300            1,652,295    Brazil......................................       2,749,338      4,452,955
Woollen manufactures........value.......   ~737,870                682,042    United States..............................  6,830,460    23,658,472
Exports  from  the  UTnited  Kingdom  in 1849 and 1850, with                        The  total imports  of grain, meal, and  flour into  the
their Declared Value.                                  United  Kingdom  in 1851 were, 6,618,026 quarters, of which
5,330,412  were wheat; in 1852, 7,746,669 quarters, 4,164,603
Quanities.            Declred Value.      of which  were  wheat;  and  in  1853,10,173,135  quarters,
EXPOaRs.                                                            6,235,800 qnarters being wheat.
184..       1850        1849.      1818.                      Imports iaeto the United Kingdom:Sugar.............. 1845,..4,129,443  wts.......1853,...7,523,187 cwts.
Alkali, viz. soda, ets..        689,831      888,146    302,810    402,129  Cocoa............... 1841,..1,928,847 lbs........1853,..4,126,687 lbs.
Beer and ate, barrels..        135,692      182,519    418,325    557,894   Tea.................  185 1,.53,965,1 1 2........ 1853,.58,860,127
Butter, owts.                      64,831     68,659    217,844    213,871  Tbaco......              181,.22,309,360........1852,.28,358,908
Candles, lbs..                  2,353,166    2,723,531    80,644     98,108                Tobacco1841,.,0,6........  1852,.,5,8
Cheese, owts.                      6,759        8,632     24,921     30,04  Revenue on Tbaco.141,~3,580,16............ 1852,.4,560,831.
Coals and Culm, tons...       2,828039    3347,607  1,087,122  1,280,341  Wine................ 1841,..5,743,722 gals.......1853,..7,197,522 gals.
Cordage, owets.....       74,169       89,219    135,237    155,210  Beer................. 1841,..4,520,541 qurs.......1853,..5,254,923 qurs.
Cotton manufactures, yds.   1,44,813,6451 1,472,334,9311 19,280,129 21,091,688  Spirits of all kinds..1841,.24,124,921 gals.......1852,.30,052,284 gals.
Sewing thread, lbs..'4,955,259    4 357,110    428,276    439,750
Hosiery, dozen pairs            303,6507    234,103    119,4581   104,424     The quantity of spirits imported in 1853 exceeded that of
Various........   243,188  236,058
Cotton yarn, lbs...        149,502,281  131,4,108  6,702,089  6,380,948  1851  by  1,044,721  gallons.   The  duties  of  tea  for  1852
Earthenware, pieces....       61,528,196   76,981,735    807,395i   099,354   amountedto ~5,985,482.
Fish, barrels......             336,400      569,539    428,02    337,393
Glass manufactures, ewts..       268,678      336,6141, 254,350    308,346               Cee  imorted  into the  Tited   inom:Haberdashery, &e.....' 1,192,168  1,470,384              oee  mported into the United Kingdom
Hardwares, &o.....                              2,01,315  2,639,728
Lether, unerought, eets.         v16,395      32,112      1,         8,56   Consmedin.                     81.         1842.        1852. 
wrousght, lbs..        1,554,107    1,649,062,5   Co          d i.........     1.                                     1853.
Linen manufactures, yds.      111,452,395  122,800,623  3,216,366  3,009,679  British Coffee, lbs.... 17,532,448  17,299,916  27,722,806   28,149,482
Sewing thread, Ib...         2,874,038    3,3611,922    269,178    330.328  Foreign. do.......... 10,833,969  11,219,730   7,321,570   8,442,332
Various.......                            8,285     17,728                                                         -
Linen yarn, lbs...          172,033    18,509,318    232,065   887,185               Total...... 28,366,417  28,519,646  35,844,376  36,591,814
Machinery...         700,631 1,04,7264
Metals, tons......              750,455      8'29,529  8,001,459  8,751,120
Oil and seeds, gallons..     2,732,720    3,292,166    279,407    413.620
Painters' colors, &c.........                  208,289    247,803  Shipp1ing  employed  in  the  Trade  of  the  United  Kingdom
Salt, bushels..              2  18539,865   15,824,780    252,891    224,673                                     148.
Silk manufactured, lbs...    817 61    1,184,480    610,126    816,907                                          1848.
Silk stockings, doz. pairs.     18,753       16,750     34,488     23,683
Various....                           154,037  210,1155                                     Inard.                    Outward.
Silk, thrown, lbs.....          106,869       69,874     81,150     53,175                                    Inward.                   Outward.
Silk, twist and yarn, lbs..    369,801      475,536    118,6532    161 631
Soap, ewts.                       101,22      124,088      159,675    201,374
Stationery....                                        314,704  407,384                                Ships.   Tons.   Ships.   Tons.
Sugar, refined, cw ts....     223,273       909,235  273,721    344,134
Wool, sheep or lambs', lbs.    11;20,472   12,oC0,o{ 8   536,808    623,64   British.............    21,783          4,55,53        21,117      4,724,027
woollen manuf. I pieces         2,391,184,77,7    4,642,82         12     Foreign............    13,100        2,960,412      13,645      2,056,654
yd|.         51,656,130   63,731,052  2,413,625  2'876,848
Stockings, doz. pairs          165,Tt    119,873        86,755     74,482                            -    -                                   6,780,681
Various..                                                              2          T.3' 199,761 250,467                                       6,8,681
Woollenyarn,ots:...           105,16        1,151  1,0901 f23  1,451,093]
Total....  58,910,883 65,7e7,315
_o___.._.._]__-__,,__ —- AMercantile XPidoping belonging to the British Entpire in 1848.
eclared Value of Exports to the UTnited States and the British
Provinces of North America, for the three years ending 1853.                                       Sailing   Tons.    Steam       ons.      Total    Total
Vessels.            Vessels.   o         essels.   Tos.
Years.               United State'British Provinces.   UnitedKingdom  24,520  3,249,383   1118   151,426  25,638  3,400,809
1850.         ~        14,891,961                   ~3,235,051          Colonies and        7,908    638,064    126    13,287   8,034    651,351
1851.                  14,362,976                     3,813,707          dependencies
1852.                  16,567,737                     3,065,364
1853.                  23,658,427                     4,898,545              Total......  32,428  3887,47   1244  164,713  33,672  4,052,160
292




BRI                                                           BRI
The following abstract from  the parliamentary returns  ministers of different principles succeed, and difficulties
exhibit the number of vessels owned in Great Britain, how   which might have seemed to threaten a collision between
employed, &c., in 1853:-                                       the highest powers of the state, pass off quietly, and are
Sailing                                 soon forgotten. In this way the constitution, like some
vessels.   Tens. Steamers. Tons. mechanism of exquisite contrivance, possesses within itself
Employed in the home trade.........8,477....689,342...374.....85,471
Empy   partly home trade      8,4and... 689,342             a power of readjustment, and seems destined-if neither
partly home trads and
partly foreign........... 970....156,800.....28......7,250  overpowered by external violence, nor torn to pieces by in"    entirely foreign trade.....8,110...2,665,685....237....125,539  tornal dissension-to be as lasting as the world.
Total British shipping.............18;206....3,730,0587, sail and steam.  Intimately connected with the constitution, or important
River steamers are not included in the above.               integral portions of it, are its ecclesiastical establishments,
The total number of hands employed was 172,525.             of which there are two, both Protestant, and in doctrine alGovernment.-Under this head the first thing in order is  plost identical, but very different in form-the one, under
the Constitution. The British Constitultion is the growth, the name of the United Church of England and Ireland,
and embodies the wisdom and experience of ages. No man  being Episcopal, and the other, confined to Scotland, Presor set of men first preconceived it in theory, and then pro- byterian. These churches will be fully described under the
ceeded to give it a real existence. It assumed its leading  heads of England, Ireland, and Scotland.
features in times when theories were little thought of, and    After ecclesiastical, our attention is naturally directed to
has become what it now is almost imperceptibly, without  judicial establishments, for an account of which we again,
premeditated design, so that it may truly be regarded as  and for the same reason, refer to the heads of England, Scotmore the result of providential arrangement than of hu-  land, and Ireland.
man invention.  A constitution so formed is necessarily          Arsmy and Navy.-The extent of the British Empire nefull of anomalies, which perplex the theorist, and refuse  cessarily makes the aggregate military force very considerto bend into accordance with his speculative forms. The  able; but there is no European state in which the standing
type of government to which it belongs is a limited, he- army bears so small a proportion to the whole population.
reditary  monarchy, in  which  the  executive, power is  The total number of troops of the line in 1852, including
lodged in the sovereign, but controlled in its exercise by  Queen's troops in the pay of the East India Company, was
the legislative power, shared in common by three bodies,  129,625. To these must be added 14.410 artillery, making the
of which the sovereign, though the first in dignity, is by  whole force 144,035.  The number on home service was only.
no means the most influential member. The second and  51,947, of whom 30,305 were in Great Britain, and 21,642 in
third of these bodies are the Hiouse of Lords and House of  Ireland.  In  many respects, and  particularly  as a deCommons, who meet and vote in separate chambers.  With  fensive force, the army must yield to the navy. The adthe sovereign at their head, they form  the Legislature or  vantages of Britain's insular position are often talked of,
Parliament; and every enactment, before becoming law, as if the mere fact of living on an island were in itself
must obtain their separate assent, given first by the IHouse  a source of safety, whereas the safety is not in the poin which it originated, and expressed either unanimously  sition, but in the ability to defend it. In early times, imor by an open vote; then in like manner by the other  mense fleets, filled with warlike hordes, issued from  the
House; and, finally, by the sovereign, the date of whose as-  "frozen loins of the populous North," and "poured like a
sent is held to be that of the operation of the act, provided  deluge" on the shores of Great Britain, which, from their vast
no other date is specially expressed. The House of Lords is  extent, and with the feeble means possessed, it was impossicomposed of Lords temporal, that is, peers of.blood-royal,  bsle to defend. Her insular position was in those times her
British peers, representative peers not British, and of Lords  greatest weakness, and so must it be again if she ever lose
spiritual.  Peers of blood-royal sit by courtesy; British  her superiority at sea. The principal details respecting the
peers, after their first creation, by hereditary right; repre- navy are as follows:sentative peers by election. Peers of the last class are partly  The number of Shp   nd Steam Vessels in the British N y,
Scotch, partly Irish, and are elected by the other peers of       ith thembe r of of psee they meent, oud the hrse-powec
their respective countries, who are not British.  Scotch         o   the enmcrcdu to15
peers, 16 in number, are elected for each parliament; Irish    o their eis, crected u  to 1850
peers, 28, sit for life. Lords spiritual are archbishops and   19 First-rates........of 120, 116, and 110 guns, mustering 2216 guns.
bishops of the United Church of England and Ireland. All  36 Secend and third-rates, vary.
ing fromn.................. 104 to 70'  "    6196 
those of England, with the exception of four without seats,  126 Fourth, fifth, and sixth-rates 55 to 18"          4873
sit for life. Those of Ireland, only four (one.an archbishop)   79 Sloops........................ 18 to 8",       986 s
sit by rotation for a single session. The House of Lords is  16 Brigs.........................   6 to 3 " "         78
presided over by the Lord Chancellor, and. in addition to its   2 Steamships  and crigates, with 12,222 horse-opwer and 23
42 Sloops......................... 13,300  "       251
legislative, performs judicial functions, being, in all civil  38 Gun-vessels............... 6748    "            5
causes, the Supreme Court of Appeal for the three kingdoms.   2 Schooesners, (screw, with auxilThe third body is the House of Commons. Its members are             iary steam power)...........    120   "          20
elected for a single parliament, which expires legally in  Horse-power of steam  guard and
seven years, and generally sooner. Its members, 658, are   bIlck-ships, classedas fourth.ates  3800
arranged as follows:-England-40 counties, 144 members,  Making a total of 420 vessels, mounting 15,026 guns, of
2 universities, 4 members, 186 cities and boroughs, 323  which 114 are steamers, propelled by engines of an aggremembers; total, 471. Wales-12 counties, 15 members, 57  gate powerof 36,180 horses. This does not include the fleet
cities and boroughs, 14 members; total, 29. Scotland-33  of mail steamers at Dover, Pembroke, Holyhead, Liverpool,
counties, 30 members, 76 cities and boroughs, 23 members; &c., which are only armed with light six-pounder guns for
total, 53. Ireland —32 counties, 64 members, 1 university,  signals.
2 members, 33 cities and boroughs, 39 members; total, 105.    Finance.-To carry on the affairs of such a wondrous faThe number of electors, according to the registrations of  bric as the British Empire, necessarily requires sums of an
1849-50, is as follows:-                                       amount so immense, that it is scarcely possible to form a
England.  Wales. Scotland. Ireland.  Total.    definite conception of them, notwithstanding the minute
Counties........ 461,413.... 36,984.... 48,456.... 31,832.... 578,685   accuracy of the series of offircial blue-books in which they
Boroughs....... 378,384.... 11,035.... 41,8-49.... 40,234.... 471,502   regularly appear. The separate amounts of revenue and expenditure under their different heads, as well as the total
839,793    48,019    50,305    72,566  1,050,187   amount, are given below. This vast revenue is generally
The presiding officer of the Iouse of Commons is the  raised in accordance with what is understood to be the
speaker, one of the members elected by a majority of the  soundest principles of political economy; in other words,
others at the commencement of each parliament, for its whole  the taxes, direct and indirect, and the customs which furduration. In general, any legislative measure may origi- nish it, are, with few exceptions, collected in the least obnate in either House, but the House of Commons possesses  noxious form, fall lightest on articles of primary necessity,
the exclusive privilege of originating money bills, and voting  or the raw materials of manufacture, and heaviest on artimoney-a privilege which it guards so jealously that it will  cles either of luxury, for which the persons using them
not allow the Lords to make any change on a money clause  must be supposed well able to pay, or of noxious consumpin any bill of the most general nature, which the Commons  tion, from the use of which the persons unhappily addicted
may have passed and sent up to them. The acts of the go- to them ought, if possible, to be deterred by the high price
veinment are considered to be the acts, not of the sovereign, which they are compelled to pay. Nowhere can we find
but of the ministry which for the time conducts the govern-  data better fitted to explain the actual position of the counmnent. This ministry consists principally of what is called  try than in the various sources from which its revenue is
the cabinet, in which are 14 high functionaries. Of these  obtained; for example, the direct taxation on property and
the most important are, the First Lord of the Treasury, who  income, showing the vast amount of wealth which must anis Prime Minister; the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the  nually be produced, when 7d. per pound raises a sum of
Lord Chancellor, and the three Secretaries-Home, Foreign, more than 6,000,0001. sterling; the inconceivable amount
and Colonial. SeVeral other functionaries, though notpossess- of correspondence, in endless forms of variety, which must
ing seats in the cabinet, are usually regarded as part of the  be carried on, when a single penny on each letter, after payministry.  It is not with the sovereign, then, but with  ing all expenses of management, yields a clear surplus of
ministers, that the responsibility rests; and hence, for their  more than 1,200,0001. But our lihits forbid, and nothing
own safety, when they lose the confidence of parliament and  more can be done here than to append the following importhe country, they have no alternative but to resign. Other  taut tables:203




BRI                                                                     BRI
Nret Revenue and Expenditzsre of the United Kisgdsom.              country 5'3 acres to a person.  The population of Great
Britain is not merely great in proportion to the extent of
surfkee, but is much more crowded together in dense masses
~Yeafrs 5 6g Apl         than that of any other country in Europe.  iFrance, in addition to its metropolis, has only three towns {vith a population exceeding 100,000.  The United Kingdom, besides its
1849.     1850.      1853.     1854.
metropolis, has no fewer than nine.
— s~. -  ~   -  -                           This great population, like that of Europe generally, be.
Customs.................. 21,170,860 20,442,759 18,954,362 1s,503,830  longs to what is called the Caucasian race, which exhibits
Excise..................... 13,9327.277 14,043,04 13,737,599 13,302,263  the human form in its highest physical type, and is so su
Stamps..................    6,565,365 6,843,547  6,477,347  6,525,4'23
Taxes....................,4,32,90   3,201,047             erior to all other races, that in  whatever quarter of the
Taxe   4,318,903  4,332,980 3,201,047 3,167,145
ProperltyTax.............35,317,245  5,466,248 5,589,079 0 e024 24   globe it fixes its seat, it sooner or later becomes dominant.
Post-office................   812,000   823,00  1,066,000  1,232,00C   One of the most celebrated varieties of this race is the AnCrown Lands.............   100,000   160,000   392,888   260,000  glo-Saxon; and to it, though with a considerable intermixSmall Revenues..........    6,12 1608 15,6                   1"9
Saall Nevenuss..    60,137    150,030   15,2   13.,9" 0     ture of other Gothic races, the great majority of the inha52,276,782!52,266,626 409,57 8,104 49,147,08  bitants of Great Britain  unquestionably  belongs.  The
limprests, &c...............                                                                                                   I —,8 $,:;
~Imp~rest,, &5.650,660   650,292   738,789   817,C   dAnglo-Saxons, however, were not the original owners of the
Miscellaneous.............   8,8,     2,6,t,9
~Miscellanesas..84,284... 1,333,460  1,219,009  soil.  They found the Celts  and Welsh (Cmnri) in possesTotal tevenue....53,017,732 52,916,918 51,639,442 51,185,073  sion, and drove them  before them  into the wildest and most
Eotl XPENDITURE........                             in_-accessible parts of Great Britain, particularly the N. and
n1ss 846s.  1847.    1049.     1850.    W., where they still remain, and prove their separate origin
Public Debt............... 28,213,523 18,055,202 128,489,860 28,194,507
Civil List................ 393,463   393,331   395,670   396,451  by one of the most marked of national distinctions-a pe[Civil List.................   392,4631  393,221   395.670   396,451
Diplomatic Services.......   174,265   175,143   165,591   160,360  Culiar language.  Ireland experienced a different fortune,
Courts of Justice..........   751,810   942,754 1,113,973 1,081,462  and, with the exception of the N. province, where an AngloNavy...................... 6,968,917 7,708,294 7,962,397 6,711,724  Saxon colony was established in comparatively recent times,
Army..................... 6,715,409[ 6,534,699 6,743,634 6,490,475 
Armyd.n.....               6,715,409  6,F44,609  e,743,634 6,400,475  is almnost entirely peopled by Celts.  The Celtic language is
Ordnance................. 2,236,507 2,645,646 3,001,128 2,485,387
Annuities and Pensions...   540,935   531,818   503,694   436,933  also, though with considerable variations, the vernacular of
]Miscellaneous.............3,634,245 4,039,794  i,521,243 41421,118  the IHighlands of Scotland, the West of Ireland, and  the
Opium  Compeesation...-..,       646 -                               Isle of Man, but it has not, and does not seem  destined
[Irish Distr..................       [-i82i!00'38 9"9'2 0
Kaffi    r Waress................62,000   38920.    ever to have a literature.  The Anglo-Saxon or English,
Kaffir WNar............_  " " __....on the contrary, promises soon to be, if it is not already, the
49,628,724151,708,571i 53,287,1101,50,378,417  most widely  spoken  of European  languages,  and  has
proved itself infesior to none as a vehicle of thought. Fitted
for all the great walks of literature, it can move with the
At the Revolution, in 1688, the national debt was 664,2631.,  dignified step of history, pursue the mazes of metaphysics,
and the interest and management 39,8551, At the commence-    1
and the interest and mn ement 3,8511  t the commence    give utterance meet to the finest bursts of forensic, senatoment of the last European war, in 1793, it was 239,350,1481.;  rial, and pulpit eloquence, and untwining  all the chords of
and in 1817, shortly after its termination, 840,850,4911.  In   harmony, sustain poets and other imaginative minds in
1850 it was 773,168,3161., and the interest and management,  their loftiest flights.  The long list of distinguished men
as seen above, 28,194,5071.                                            who occupy the highest niches in the temple of fame, and
In  1710, the population  of England  and  WF;ales was  embodied their conceptions in the English tongue, of itself
5.066,337; and nearly at the same time, that of Scotland,  indicates that those who speak it are an intellectual race.!,050,000; and that of Ireland, 2,099,094; in all 7,215,431.           Nor is this their greatest praise.  As a people, they have
The census was first actually taken in 1801 in Great Bri-  been thouht deficient in softe- graces, but are unsurpassed
tain, and in 1821 in Ireland.                                          in the sterner and sublimer virtues.  Nowhere are honor
and integrity in higher esteem; nowhere has philanthropy
smsn~y  Accoszct of the Ppulatieon q- GCseat B-,itain oaed  made molre costly  sacrifices, or gained more glorious triIrelaoed, includisg the- As-sop and Navy, ot the periods at  umphs; nowhere are the final destinies  of man held in
which fCessuses have been trehes.                                   higher reverence; and nowhere are the great truths of
Christianity more deeply plondered, more thoroughly usa1801.    1811.    18Ol.    1831.    1841......
1801.    1811.    1821,    81. _     41.   151.    derstood, more.cordially believed, more sedulously practised.
nglcnd.8,e331,434 9,538,827n11,261,437 13.031,005 14,005,1381060 1,e88    Htistory.-Great Britain, for many ages, consisted of two
Wales.     41,546  e11,780  717,40   806,182  011403  1.,005,721  independent, and almost  incessantly  hostile  kingdoms,
Scotl5and 5    1,559,068 1,805,688 2,0903,456 2,365,114 2,620,184 2,e7419  which  became united in 1603, under one sovereign, in the
Army, Nnvy, &c.  470,598  640;5600  31,300  277,017  193460   162,490
Islands  in the                                                      person ofJames, previously the sixth of the name in ScotBritish Seas..                  80,508  103,710  124,040  143,176  land, and thereafter known as James I.L With  him  the
otsln.  10,941,645 12,5e0,803 14,481,139 16,643,028118041,434 21,121,967  history of the British empire properly begins.  Ils reign
Irelasd.                 6,S01,827 7,767,401 8,175,174 6,515,704  has the merit of having been peaceful, but he was ungainly
TotalPopulation.. _ _-    _-               in person, vulgar in manners, and of a cunning: ungenesof the United                                                     rous, and selfish nature.  IIis learning, which might have
ingdsm        102,061 24,410,41027,01 5012 77,7e   shone like a jewel in his crown, only furnished displays of
his pedantry, and his highest princely quality was the very
By the above table, it will be perceived that the popula-  equivocal one of entertaining  extravagant notions of his
tion of Great Britain has about doubled in the last 50 years,  royal prerogative. His son, Charles I., who succeeded him in
a result which itis supposed was not attained in the eleven   1625, was a man ofa very different stamp. In person, he was
centuries that elapsed between the landing of Julius Cesasr  every inch a king; and had he lived in less trying times, the
and that of William  the Conqueror. The increase since 1841  many noble qualities, of which he was undoubtedly  poshas been 2,289,426, or 12 per cent., while the decrease in Ire-  sessed, might have made his reign both pirosporous and
land has been 1,689,426, more than 20 per cent. Great, how-  brilliant.  Unhappily, he inherited his father's notions of
ever, as has been the increase of population  in England,  prerogative-notions  which, though  they  had  only  furWales, and Scotland, during the past 50 years, it is as no-  nished the father with a topic on which he was perpetually
thing compared with that of the metropolis in the same  giving utterance to a kind of blasphemous bombast, became
period. In 1801, the population of London, taking the same  the occasion of fearful calamities to the son, at once terminatarea as in 1851,  was 958,863. In March, 1851, it had increased  ing (in 1649) his reign and his life by a bloody tragedy.  An
to the enormous amount of 2,361,640, being double the ag-  interregnum  succeeded, in which the chief actor performed
gregate population of Wales, 297,727 more than  asre con-  his part with unrivalled ability; but with a character so
tained in the densely-populated manufacturing county of  enigmatical, that many are still puzzled where to give him
Lancashire, and one-third more than Yorkshire.  During   a place-whether among saints or hypocrites.  He had ruled
the last 10 years, its increase in population is without a  by a military despotism;'but the sceptre, which it required
parallel in the history of the world.  Liverpool is justly   all his ability to wield, dropped at once firom  the hands of
considered the second city in  the kingdom, and  yet it  his feeble, but respectable son; and the restoration of Charles
would take two Liverpools to make up the increase of the  II. (in 1660) was hailed with loud acclamations.  Society now
population of London froi m  1841 to 1851.  And yet, in every   underwent a sudden  change, and, as too often happens,
nine minutes, one person in the metropolis dies.                      passed from a bad to a worse extreme.  Under the pretext
Great Britain, in Mlirch, 1851, had 815 towns of various  of discountenancing hypocrisy, licentiousness gained the
magnitudes; 580 in England  and Wales; 215 in Scotland,  ascendant; and nowhere more completely than at court,
and 110 in the'Channel Islands.  The population  of the  where the monarch himself was soon found raising  sums
kingdom  is very nearly equally divided between these 815  for his debaucheries, by pawning his kingdom, asd stooping
towns and the country, 10,556,288 inhabitants being in the  to the ineffable infamy ofbarteringits independence for a penformer, and 10,403,189 in the latter. In England and Wales  sion from Louis XIV. The death ofCharles II., in 1685, made
the average population in each town is 15,501; in Scotland,  way for his brother, James II., an intolerable bigot, who at
665L4   A  town in Scotland, therefore, contains less than   once brought matters to a crisis, and was soon beyond the
half the population of a, town in  England.  Each family   kingdomn an ignominious exile.  Then followed the Revoconsists of 4-73, and each house contains 5'7 persons.  In   lution of 1688, which completed the Magna Charta by its
the towsns there are 5-2 persons to the acre, and in  the  Bill of Rights, and  placed the  Constitution on its immo294




BRI                                                       BRO
varble basis. William and ndMary were succeeded, in 1702, by    BROAD BROOK, a post-village of Hartford co., ConnectiAnne, whose reign is remarkable for the Act ofUnion, in1707, cut, 15 miles N.N.E. of Hartford. It has manufactures
and for the band of distinguished writers who flourished in  of buttons.
It, and have procured for it the name of the Augustine Age    BROAD-CIIALK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. The
of English Literature. George I., in 1714,-and George II., in  traces of a Roman camp here extend over 6 acres.
1727, followed, both of them adding to limited intellect the    BROAD/CLIST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
greater disadvantage ofbeing foreigners by descent, language,   BROAD CREEK, of Sussex co., Delaware, enters the Nanand manners. The reign of each is marked by a rebellion, ticoke River from the left.
which aimed to bring back the House of Stuart. They were    BROAD CREEK, a post-office of Queen Anne co., Marysucceeded by George III., in 1760, whose blameless private life  land.
has endeared his memory to every right-hearted Briton, and    BROAD/FIELD or BRAD/FIELD, a parish of England, co.
whose long reign, though not free from blemishes, is, on the  of IHefrts.
whole, one of the most illustrious in Britishannals. A visita-    BROAD/FORD, a small village of Scotland, Isle of Skye,
tion of providence withdrew him from public life, and his place  15 miles S.W. of Portree.
was occupied by his son as Prince Regent, who afterwards    BROAD/FORD, a post-office of Smythe co., Virginia.
succeeded him, under the name of George IV., in 1520. He    BROAD/GREEN, a station on the Liverpool and Mancheslooked a king, but can scarcely be said to have lived one. ter Railway, 3- miles E. of Liverpool.
Upon his death, (1830,) the sce'ptre of the British Empire    BROAD/HAVEN, a bay on the W. coast of Ireland, co. of
passed into the hands of William IV., whose reign, not Mayo, between Benwee and Esrishead, 11 miles N.W. of
otherwise much distinguished, is famous for the Reform Act. Bangor. Length and average breadth, 4 miles, exclusive
The present sovereign, Queen Victoria I., ascended the throne  of several arms.
in 1837, and her reign has hitherto been eminently popular    BROAD/IHEADVILLE, a post-office of Momnroe co., Pennand prosperous. See GREAT BRITAIN.                         sylvania.
BRITAIN, NEW. See NEw BRITAIN.                            BROAD/HEMBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon,
BRITANNIA or BRITAIN. See GREAT BnITAIe.                  BROAD/IHEMPSTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
BRITANNIA (bre-tan/ne-.) ISLANDS, a group of small    BROAD-HINT/ON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
islands in the Pacific Ocean, N.E. of New Caledonia, the    BROAD KILL, a hundred of Sussex co., Delaware. Pop.
largest of which (Uea) is 30 miles in length.             3617.
BRIT/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             BROAD/IMAYNE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
BRITH/DER, a chapelry of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.    BROAD MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, the name of a conBRITISH GUIANA. See GUIANA.                              siderable mountain ridge, extending from the centre of CarBRllITON. See GREATr BrITAIN.                           bon county, south-westward, through the whole extent of
BRITON-FERRY, a parish of WVales, co. of Glamorgan.      Schuylkill county, into Dauphin. The whole length is proBRITTANY, a province of France. See BRETAGNE.            bably about 50 miles. It has on the top a broad table-land,
BRITTNAU, britt/nbw, a village of Switzerland, canton  almost destitute of trees.
of Aargau, 2 miles S. of Zofingen, on the Wigger. Pop. 2075.  BROAD MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Schuylkill co., PennBRIT/TON'S NECK, a post-office of Marion district, South  sylvania.
Carolina.                                                    BROAD MOUTH CREEK, of South Carolina. flows into
BRIT/WELL-SA/LOME, a parish of England, co. Oxford.   Saluda River, near the northern extremity of Abbeville disBRIVATA. See BRIOUDE.                                    trict.
BRIYV, breevit, a river of France, department of Loire    BROAD/OAK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Infbrieure.   It joins the Loire on the right, above St.   BROAD OAKS, a'post-office of Pope co., Illinois.
Nazaire; length, 30 miles.                                   BROAD RIPPLE, a post-office of Marion co., Indiana.
BRIVES-LA-GAILLARDE. breev-l1-g~hlyard/,  a town of   BROAD RIVER, of North and South Carolina, rises at 
France, department of Corr6ze, in a rich plain, on the Cor- the foot of the Blue Ridge, in the W. part of the former
r6ze, 14 miles S.W. of Tulle. Pop. of commune, 5983. It is  State, and enters South Carolina at the N.W. extremity of
built of stone, enclosed by planted Boulevards; has a com- York district. IU afterwards flows nearly southward, and
munal college, manufactures of woollens, muslins, silk, unites with the Saluda at Columbia, to form the Congaree.'
handkerchiefs, and cotton yarn, with bleaching works, dis- It passes through a beautiful and fertile upland region,
tilleries, and an active trade in brandy, wine, chestnuts, cat- which is partly occupied by plantations of cotton and
tie, and truffles.                                        maize.
BRIVIESCA, bre-ve-lsk/A, a town in Spain, Old Castile,   BROAD RIVER, South Carolina, an arm of the sea, be20 miles N.E. of Burgos. Pop. 2064.                       tween Port Royal Island and the mainland.
BRIVIO, breelve-o, a town of Lombardy, on the Adda, 22    BROAD RIVER, of Georgia, a small stream which rises
miles N.E. of Milan. The Austrians defeated the French  in Habersham county, and flowing south-eastward, enters
here in 1799.                                              Savannah lRiver atPetersburg. The Middle Fork and l-udBRIVODURUM. See BRIARE.                                 son's Fork join the river a few miles N.E. from Danielsville.
BRIX, breex, a village of France, department of Manche, It affords abundant water-power.
5. miles N.W. of Valognes.  Pop. of commun, in 1852,2756.   BROAD RIVER, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.
BRIX, a town of Bohemia. See BRux, (brtix.)                BROAD RUN, of Loudon co., Virginia, flows northward,
BRIXELLUM. See BESocELLA.                               and falls into the Potomac, about 10 miles S.E. of LeesBRIXEN, brix-en, (It. Bressanosze, br~s-sa-no/nA,) a fortified  burg.
town of Tyrol, S. of the Alps, 40 miles S.S.E. of Innspruck,    BROAD RUN, a small stream  in the N.E. part of Viron the route firom Italy to Germany by the Brenner Pass. ginia, rises in Fauquier county, flows south-eastward, and
Pop. 3000. It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, several public  unites with Cedar Run to form the Occoquan River, about
schools; and near it some iron and steel works. The bishop- 1 mile below Brentsville. It is a valuable hill-stream.
sic of Brixen was a state of the German Empire, secularized    BROAD SOUND, an inlet on the E. coast of Australia, in
in 1803, and united to the Tyrol.                         lat. 220 30' S., and Ion. 1490 40' E. Length from N. to S., 50
BRIXHAMI, brix/am, a market and seaport town of Eng- miles; breadth at the entrance, 22 miles.
land, co. of Devon, on the S.W. side of Torbay, 24 miles S.   BROAD/STAIRS, (formerly BRA)STOWE,) a small seaof Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 5936. The town has an ancient port town of England, co. of Kent, on the E. coast of the
church, a large national, and 19 daily schools, a good bar- Isle of Thanet, 2 miles N. of Ramsgate. Pop. 1459. It has
bor, subordinate to the port of Dartmouth, and about 100  of late become a favorite watering-place. Its port is suborvessels, employed in the coasting trade, especially in the  dinate to that of Dover.
exports of marble and iron ore, besides numerous boats en-   BROAD TOP, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.
gaged in fisheries. William III. landed in England at Brix- Pop. 632.
ham. on the 5th of November, 1688.                          BROAD TOP, a post-office of Huntingdon co., PennsylBRIXIA. See BEscIA.,                                    vania.
BRIX/TON, a parish of England, a suburb of the south    BROAD TOP MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, partly situated
division of the metropolis, So. of Surrey.                in the N.E. part of Bedford county, and partly in the S.
BRIX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            part of Huntingdon.  Good coal, though containing less
BRIX/TON or BRIGHTSTONE, a parish of England, Isle  bitumen than that found W. of the Alleghany, has been
of Wight.                                                 discovered in this mountain, in beds from  3 to 8 feet
BRIX/TON, a post-office of Alexandria co., Virginia.    thick.
BRIX/TON, DEVERILL, a parish of England, co. Wilts.       BROAI)/WAS, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
BRIX/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   BtROAD/WATER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
BRIZINA (bre-zeeln) or BERIZINA, a village of Algeria,   BROAD/WAY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
in the Sahara, 256 miles SWV. of Algiers. It contains about   BROADWAY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
150 houses, begirt with a wall.                             BROADWAY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
BROACHI, a city and territory of India. See BARoACH.      BROADWAY, a post-oirce of Warren co., New Jersey.
BROADALRBIN, a post-township of Fulton co., New York,   BROADWAY, a post-office in Newberry district, South Ca(
410 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 2i76.                      rolina.
BROAD BAY of Scotland. is situated on the N.E. side of    BROAD/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
theisland of Lewis; its leng th inland isabout 7 miles, breadth    BROADWELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
varying from 3 to 4 miles. Lat. 580 20' N.; Ion. 6~ 10' W.  B1ROADWELL, a post-office of Harrison co., Kentucky
295




BRO                                                       BRO
BROADMWINDSOR, a parish of England. co. of Dorset.    ever, an imperial chamber, a tribunal of commerce, Roman
BR.OADrWOOD-KELILY, a parish of England, co. Devon.  Catholic and several Greek churches, three synagogues, a JewBROADIWOOD-WID!GER, a parish of England, co. of  ish hospital; a Jewish and a Roman Catholic grammar and
Devon.                                                    commercial schools; a theatre, and a castle, formerly belongBROIBUTRY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford         ing to Count Potocki, on whose estate the town was built.
BROCK, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.                In commercial importance Brody is the first town in GaliBROCKIDISH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        cia, and the second in population. It was made a free comBROCKEN, brok/ken, or BROCKSBERG, brokslblRG, a  mercial town in 1779, and enjoys an extensive trade with
mountain of Prussia. province of Saxony, 20 miles W.S.W. Russia,, Poland, and Turkey. At its fairs, (which are atof Halberstadt, in the range of the Harz Mountains, of  tended by a large concourse of merchints,) cattle, horses,
which it is the culminating point, 3740 feet above the level hides, tallow, and rural products generally, are exchanged
of the sea. It is cultivated nearly to the summit, and com- for colonial produce, impolrted through Odessa, and manumands an extensive prospect. This district is the cradle of  factured goods of all descriptions.
many popular superstitions, and the mountain is the scene    BROEK, br6ik, or BROEK-IN-WATERLAND, br66k-inof the singular optical phenomenon, called the "Spectre of  *f-ter-lAnt, a village of the Netherlands, province of North
the Brocken."                                              Holland, 6 miles N.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 1407. It is celeBROCKIENHIURST, a parish of England, co. of Hants.    brated for its extreme cleanliness and the scrupulous neatBROCKIETT'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Fulton co., New  ness of its houses.
York.                                                        BROGLIE, brog'leel, a small town of France, department
BROCKMFORD and WETIIERINGSETT, a parish of Eng-  of Eure. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 1204. It has a curious
land, co. of Suffolk.                                      old church, and the chlteau of the Duc de Broglie.
BROCKHAGEN, brolk'hGhehn, avillage of Prussia, West-   BROIKEN ARROW, a village of Walton co., Georgia, 7
phalia, 32 miles S.W. of Minden. Pop. 2360. It has a dis- miles W. of Monroe, the county town.
tillery.                                                     BROKEN ARROW, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama.
BROCK/IIALL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    BROIKEN  BAY, a fine inlet of the South Pacific, in
BROCKIIAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. New South Wales, between the counties of Northumberland
BROCKILESBY, a parish of England. See LIMEa.. and Cumberland. Lat. 330 35i S., ion. 1510 17' E. Shores
BROCKILEY, a village of England, co. of Kent, 61 miles  greatly indented, whence its name. At its W. extremity it
S.E. of St. Paul's, London.                               receives the IHlawkesbury River.
BROCKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           BROIKENBOROUGII, a pa'ish of England, co. of Wilts.
BROCKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            BROIKEN ISLANID, an island of China, off the N.W. exBROCK/PORT. a post-village of Sweden township, Monroe  tremity of the island of Chusan.
co., New York, on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester and    BROIKEN ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific Ocean,
Lockport Railroad, 17 miles W. of Rochester. It has 6 or  off the N. coast of Papua; lat. 20 40' 5., Ion. 1340 50' E.
7 churches, a bank. an academy, and a number of mills and    BROIKEN ISLANDS, a group of islands, sometimes called
factories, among which t~ a noted pump factory, (Carey's Iorongo or Bolongo, in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of
patent,) turning out, perhaps, the best pumps ever made. Aracan; they are three in number, and are situated immaePop. from 2000 to 3000.                                    diately to the south of Aracan River.
BROCKITHORP or BROOKITHORPE, a parish of Eng-    BROKEN STRAW, a township of Warren co., Peunsylvaland, co. of Gloucester.                                  nia. Pop. 634.
BROC'TON, a post-office of Ienry co., Indiana.             BROKEN STRAW  CREEK, of Warren co., Pennsylvania,
BROCK/TOWN, a post-office of Pike co., Arkansas.         flows into the Allegheny River.
BROCKIVILLE, a mining village of Schuylkiill oo., Penn-   BROKEN SWORD, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.
sylvania, on the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, a few miles    BROKEN  SWORD CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Sandusky
N.E. of Pottsville. Pop. about 200.                       River in Wyandot county.
BROCKIVILLE, a thriving post-village of Stubenn co., In-   BROMBERG, bromlbtG, a town of Prussian Poland, on
diana, on the road from Toledo to South BEnd, 9 miles N.E. the Brahe, 69 miles N.E. of Posen. Pop. 9600.  Besides
of Angola, the county seat. Pop. 300.                     its courts, it has a gymnasium  and a normal school,
BROCK5VILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon.   with  manufactures of chiccory, tobacco, Prussian-blue,
BROCKTVILLE, a county-town of the united cos. of Leeds linen, and woollen fabrics, and an active tr'ansit trade.
and Grenville, Canada West., on the left bank of the St. The Btromberg Canal connects the Vistula with the Oder and
Lawrence, 140 miles S.W. ofMlontreal. Here are located  Elbe, by uniting therivers of Netz and Brahe.
agencies of the Bank of Montreal, Bank of Upper Canada,   BROM/BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
Commercial Bank, and 4 life and fire insurance companies.   BROME CORNER, a village of Canada East, co. of MissisThe town contains 17 large stores, and several manufactories, quoi, about 60 miles S.E. of Montreal.
a foundry and machine shop for the production of steam en-   BROMESIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
gines and machinery of every description, several tanneries,    BROM/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
2 steam flouring-mills, and numerous saw and other mills.   BROMIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Two newspapers are published in Brockville. Pop. about   BROMIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
3000.                                                        BROMIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
BROCK/WAY, a post-township near the centre of St. Clair    BROMLEY, bi.umllee, a market-town and parish of Engco., Michigan.  Pop. 252.                                 land, co. of Kent, on the Ravensbourne, 10 miles S.E. of
BROCKWAYIVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Penn- London. Pop. in 1851, 4127. The town consists mostly of a
sylvania.                                                  single, neatly-built street, on the road from London to TunBROCKIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.  bridge. It has a large church, containing the monuments
BROD, brod or brot, (DEUTSCH, doitch, i. e. "'German,")  of several bishops of Rochester, to the occupiers of which
a. small' town in Bohemia, on the Zasawa, 60 miles S.E. of  see the manor has generally belonged since the eighth cenPrague. Pop. 5221.  It has a custom-house and gymna- tury, and whose palace is near the town. Bromley has a
slum, with mineral baths, silver-mines, and manufactures  handsome and well-endowed college, founded in 1666, for
of woollen cloth.                                         the residence and support of 40 clergymen's widows; an
BROD. (AUSTRO-CROATIAN,) a small town, 23 miles  alms-house, and a school, with an annual endowment
N.E. of Fiume, with iron mines. Pop. 1190.                of 14001.
B tOD, (BOI:IEMIIAN,)a small town on the Prague and 01-   BROMILEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
muitz Railway, 20 miles E. of Prague. Pop. 1600.             BROMILEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BROD,' (HUNGARIAN,) a small town in Moravia, 9 miles    BROMILEY KING'S, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
E.S.E. of Hradisch, on the Olsawa. Pop. 33851.               BROMILEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BROD, (TURKISII,) a fortress of Bosnia, 88 miles N.N.W.   BROMILEY  ST. LEONARDS, a parish of England, co. of
of Travnik, on the Save.                                   Middlesex.
BROD, (SLAVONIAN,) a military frontier, a fortress, and    BROMP/TON, a western suburb of the metropolis of Engthe head-quarters of a regiment, on the Save, defended by a  land, co. of MIiddlesex, 1 mile W.S.W. of Hyde Park Corner.
fort immediately opposite the foregoing town, with which  Pop. in 1851, 14,870. It has several new,and handsome
it has an active traffic. Pop. 2128.                      squares, and terraces, and is inhabited by many respectable
BRODIIHEAD'S CREEK, of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, fimilies of moderate income. Gas is used to light the
falls into the Delaware River.                            streets.
BRO'DICK BAY, a village in the island of Arran, Scotland.    BROMPITON, a hamlet of England, co. of Kent, and enOn the north side, adjoining the village, is Brodick Castle, a  closed within the line of Chatham Fortifications. It stands
seat of the' Duke of IHamilton. The scenery is highly pice- on a height above Chatham Dockyard, in which establishturesque.                                                 ment most of its inhabiteonts are engaged; and it comprises
BROIDIE'S LANDING, a post-office of Decatur co., Ten- a fine naval hospital and large barracks, belonging to the
nessee.                                                   East India Conmpany.
BRODSIWORTIH, a parish of England, co. of York, West    BROMP/TON a chapelry of England, co. of York, North
Riding.                                                   Riding, in the parish and 1  miles N.N.E. of Noorthallerton.
BRROIDY, a frontier town of Austrian-Galicia, 58 miles  IIere was fought the memorable "Battle of the Standard,'"
E.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. in 1846, 17,759, nearly all Jews. in which the Scots were defeated by the English, A. a,
It is filthy, unpaved, and built mostly of wood; ithas,'how- 1138.
296




BRO                                                       BRO
BBROMIP/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Rid-    BROOK/FIELD, a post-township of Carroll co., New HIamnp.
ing.                                                      shireo, 30 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 552.
BROMP/TON BIER/LOW, a township of England, co. of    BROOK/FIELD, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont,
York, West Riding, 6 miles N.W. of Rotherham. It has an  15 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1672. It has manufactures
endowed school, and near it are extensive iron-works.     of furniture and leather.
BROMPITON, PATRICK, a parish and township of Eng-   BROOK/FIELD, a post-township of WVorcester co., Massaland, co. of York, North Riding.                          chusetts, 55 miles W. by S. of Boston. Contains several
BROMP/TON  RALPH, a parish and township of Eng- tanneries and carriage factories. Pop. 1674.
land, co. of Somerset.                                      BROOK/FIELD, a post-township of Fairfield co., ConnecBROMP/TON REGIS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. ticiut, on the Housatonic River and Railroad, 29 miles N. by
BROMS/BER/ROW, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. WV. of Bridgeport. Pop. 1359.
BROMISEBRO, (Briimsebro,) brimfs/s-broo, a hamlet of    BROOK/FIELD or BROOKFIELD IRON WORKS, a poste
Sweden, 29 miles S.W. of Calmar, near the mouth of the  village in the above township, on the Housatonic Railroad,
Brimse, celebrated in history for the treaties between Swe- contains 2 chmu-ches, several stores, and a hotel.
den and Denmark in 1541 and 1641.                           BROOKFIELD, a post-village and township of Madison
BROMS/GROVE, a market-town and parish of England, co., New York, 88 miles W. by N. of Albany; is drained by
co. of Worcester. 11 miles E. of a station on the Birming- the Unadilla River. Pop. 3585.
ham and Bristol Railway, 12~ miles S.S.W. of Birmingham.   BROOKIFIELD, a post-township of Tioga co., PennsylvaPop. in 1855, 10,308. The town consists chiefly of a long  nia, 20 miles N.W. of Wellsborough. Pop. 741.
street; it has some good modern houses, a fine old church,   BR00OK/FIELD, a township in Morgan co., Ohio. Pop.
with a tower and spire 189 feet in height, and a neat town- 1482.
hall. Its grammar-school, founded by Edward VI., has 7    BROOK/FIELD, a village of Stark co., Ohio, 12 miles W.
scholarships and 6 fellowships in Worcester College, Oxford. of Canton, the county seat; has 1 church and 1 steam-mill.
It has various other schools and charities, a branch bank, Pop. about 500.
large button factory, and extensive manufactures of nails.  BROOK/FIELD, a post-township in Trumbull co., Ohio,
BROM5S/GROVE LICKEY, is a hill-range in England, N. about 15 miles E. of Warren. Pop. 1451.
of the town of Bromsgrove, in which rises several effluents    BROOK/FIELD, a township of Eaton co., Michigan.
of the Trent and the Severn.                                BROOK/FIELD, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois.
BRO0IWICH CASTLE, a village of England, co. of War-   BROOK/FIELD, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, 55
wick, 3/ miles W.N.W. of Coleshill. Pop. in 1851. 657.    miles E.N.E. of Iowa City.
BROM/WICH, WEST, a parish and village of England,   BROOK/FIELD, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.
co. of Stafford, 2. miles S.E. of Wednesbury. Pop. of the    BROOK/FIELD, a post-township in Waukesha co., Wisparish, in 1851. 34,591. Among its numerous places of wor- consin, about 14 miles W. by N. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1938.
ship is a very handsome Independent chapel.  It has a    BROOK/FIELD CENTRE, a post-office of Waukesha co.,
branch bank, and mines of coal and iron.                   Wisconsin.
BROM/YARD, a small market-town and parish of Eng-   BROOK/HAVEN, a township of Suffolk co., New York,
land, co. and 13 miles N.E. of IHereford. Pop. in 1851, 3093. extends across Long Island from Long Island Sound to the
The town is near the Frome, and in an orchard district. It Atlantic, and is intersected by the Long Island Railroad.
has a collegiate church in the Norman style; a grammar- Pop. 8595.
school, founded by Queen Elizabeth; alms-houses, union    BROOKHAVEN, a post-village in Lawrence co., Missiswork-house, and 2 branch banks.                            sippi, about 60 miles S.S.W. of Jackson.
BRONDOLO, bron/do-lo, a fortified village of Northern    BROOK/LANDVILLE, a post-office of Baltimore co., MaItaly, at the S. extremity of the island of the Lido, 3 miles  ryland.
S. of Chioggia, on the Brenta-Nuova, united to the Bacchi-    BROOK/LIN, a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey, 6
glione near its mouth in the Adriatic. It was formerly a  miles N.E. of New Brunswick.
flourishing town at the mouth of the Adige, which has    BROOKLIN, a township in Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 354.
changed its course.                                          BROOKLIN, a township in McHenry co., Illinois. Pop,
BRONDOLO, PORTO DI, poe/to dee bronldo-lo, (anc. Por/- 1008.
tus Brun/dulus,) is a spacious but shallow bay, at the mouth    BROOK/LINE, a post-township of Hillsborough co., New
of the Bacchi.lione.                                       Hlampshire, on the S. line of the state, about 30 miles S. by
BRON/GWYN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.  W. of Concord. Pop. 718.
BRONI, brolnee, a village of Piedmont, government of    BROOKLINE, a post-township of Windham co., Vermont,
Alessandria, 15 miles E.N.E. of Voghera, near the Po. Near on the W. bank of the Connecticut River, about 85 miles S.
it is the castle of Broni, famous for the victory gained by  by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 285.
Prince Eugene over the French in 1703. Pop. 2500.            BROOKLINE, a post:township of Norfolk co., MassachuBRONNITZA, bron-nit/sa, a town of Russia, government, setts, 5 miles S.W. of Boston, with which it is connected by
and 13 miles E.S.E. of Novgorod, on the Masta, (Msla,) here  a mill-dam across Charles River Bay. It is remarkable for
crossedby alarge floating bridge. Its church is built on the  the continued succession of beautiful country residences
site of a pagan temple.                                    which it contains. These exhibit, indeed, a series of exquiBRIONNITZA, a town of Russia, government, and 28 miles site landscape gardens, among the most delightful to be
S.E. of Moscow, on the Moskva.                             found in the world. Pop. 2516.
BRON/SON. a post-township in HIuron co., Ohio, about 20    BROOKLINE, a post-village of Madison co., Georgia, 80
miles S. by E. from Sandusky City. Pop. 1220.              miles N. of Milledgeville.
BRON/SON, a township of Branch co., Michigan, 130 miles    BROOKLINE, a post-office of Jackson Parish, Louisiana.
W.S.W. of Detroit.                                           BROOK/LYN, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine.
BRONSON'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Branch co., Michi- Pop. 1002.
gan, 97 miles S.W. of Lansing.                               BROOKLYN, a post-township and seat of justice of WindBRONTE, bron/tA, a town of Sicily, 22 miles N.N.W. of  h-im co., Connecticut, 38 miles E. by N. of Hartford. In the
Catania, at the W. foot of Miount Etna. Pop. 9150. It has  centre is a thriving village, containing the county builda college, and manufactures of coarse woollens and paper. ings, a bank, and a printing office. The county seat was reThe title of Duke of Bronte, and an income of 6000 oncie moved from Windham to this place in 1820. Pop. 1514.
(37501.) a-year, were given to Lord Nelson by the Neapolitan    BROOK/LYN, a city, seaport, and seat of justice of King's
government in 1799.                                        co., New York, at the W. extremity of Long Island, 146
BRONTZ, bron/tA', a post-village of Canada West, co. of  miles S. of Albany, and 226 miles N.E. of Washington. Lat.
Halton, about 28 miles S.W. of Toronto. Pop. 200.          of the navy-yard, 400 41' 50" N., lon. 730 59, 30" WV. A strait,
BRONX, a small river of WVestchester co., New York, flows called East River, about three-fourths of a mile wide. sepainto the East River.                                       rates it from New York City.. This strait is crossed by seveBRONX/VILLE, a post-office of Westchester co., New York. ral steam-ferries, the principal of which are the Fulton, WallBR'00ANG/ or BUREN/DO PASS, a pass through the  street, South, Catharine, Jackson, and the Hamilton AVeHimalaya Mountains, on the course of the Sutlej, 15,095 feet nue Ferries. Of these, the Fulton Ferry is by far the grea tt-t
about the level of the sea. Lat. 310 23' N.; lon. 780 12' E.   thoroughfare. Boats leave the opposite landings every few
BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 minutes during the day, and once in 30 minutes from 12
BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Hants, Isle of Wight.  o'clock at night until morning. The crowd of passengers
BROOK, a post-office of Jasper co., Indiana.             at the Fulton, Wall-street, and South Ferries, morning and
BROOK/DALE, a post-office of McHenry co., Illinois.      evening, is immense; several boats at each are kept conBROOKE, brook, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      stantly plying, and occupy no more that 5 or 6 minutes in
BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.             crossing. The site of Brooklyn is considerably elevated and
BROOKE County, Virginia, a part of the narrow strip  very uneven, though much has been done in the way of
which forms the N.N.W. extremity of the State, bordering  grading and other improvements to overcome the origina'
on Pennsylvania and Ohio, has an area of 75 square miles. inequalities of the surface. One prominence, towards the
The Ohio River bounds it on the W. The surface is hilly; East River, denominated the " Heights," is 70 feet above the
the soil highly productive. The county contains coal and  level of the sea, and affords a magnificent view of New York
iron ore. Pop. 5054, of whom 5023 were free, and 31 slaves.  City, the harbor, and surrounding scenery. The streets are
BROOKESBY, brooks/be, a parish of England, co. of Lei- generally about 60 feet in width, and, with the exception of
cester.                                                   Fulton, nearly all straight, intersecting each other at right
297




BRO                                                           BRO
angles. Many of them  are beautifully shaded, which, in  condition.  From  the original formation of the Board of
the summer season, imparts to the city all the freshness and  Education in 1843, to January 1, 1853, the number of schools
tranquil appearance  of a country town.  Fulton-street,  had increased from  10 to 15; the average attendance of
leading from  Fulton Ferry, is the great thoroughfiare  en- pupils from 1865 to 6338; the number of teachers from 29
closed on either side with blocks of lofty buildings, it forms  to 157; and the yearly amount of teachers' salaries from
an imposing entrance to the city. MIost of the finest streets  $9510 to $35,063. The number of pupils registered, January
are towards the S.W., near the bay. Many of the dwellings  1, 1853, was 9903, and the number who had received instrucin this section are of surpassing elegance, ahiad are generally  tion during the year, 19,148. Of the teachers, 18 were males,
surrounded by yards, adorned with beautiful gardens and  and 139 females. During the year referred to, 571 volumes
shrubbery. The more densely settled portions of the city  were added to the school libraries, making an aggregate of
have no public squares, but from  its elevated position, the  19,799 volumes. The appropriations for 1852 amounted to
breadth of the streets, and the profusion of shade-trees, the  $418,403 74; $23,401 74 of this sum was received from  the
want of those means of ventilation and sources of health  state, and $25,000 from  the city tax. In addition to this,
is much less felt than might have been expected. In the  the Board advanced $31,861 for the purchase of school sites
newer parts, however, provision for some public grounds  and the erection and repairing ofhouses, making the entire
has been made. The proximity of Brooklyn to New York, its  sum expended for school purposes in 1852, $82,264 74.
healthy atmosphere, and the facilities afforded for commu-    Brooklyn contains 6 banks and 2 savings' institutions; 4
nication with the great metropolis, have made it a favorite  daily and 3 or 4 weekly newspapers are published in the
place of residence to persons doing business in that city. It  city.
is to this circumstance that its rapid growth is mainly a:ttri-    At Wallabout Bay, in the Revolutionary War, were stabutable.                                                       tinned the English prison-ships, in which it is said nearly
Brooklyn is one of the best built cities in tIhe United  12,000 Americans perished from close confinement and other
States, and contains a large number of edifices that are dis- ill-treatment.  The bodies of the sufferers were hastily
tinguished either for elegance or architectural design. The  buried upon the shore with but little care, except to conceal
most prominent of these is the new City Hall, situated on a  them  from  sight. In 1808, their bones, which were begintriangular piece of ground bounded by Fulton, Court, and  ning to be washed from their graves, were taken up and
Joralemon streets. It is constructed of white marble, 162  placed in thirteen coffins, inscribed with the names of the
feet by 102, and 75 feet in height, comprising three stories  thhirteen original states, and then deposited in a common
and a basement.  A dome surmounts the building, the top  vault, beneath a building erected for the purpose, on Iludof which is 153 feet from the ground. Its entire cost was  son Avenue, near the Navy-yard. Brooklyn was firstsettled
about $200,000. The Jail, erected in 1837, is a substantial  in 1625, near WVallabout Bay. The first deed for land was
building of fireestone, situated in the eastern part of the  granted in lO-SO.  In 1776, this part of Long Island became
city, near Fort Greene.                                       thle seat of the Revolutionary War.  Brooklyn was incorpoThere are 66 churches in Brooklyn, several of which are  rated as a township in April, 1806, and as a city, having the
imposing structures. The Church of the Pilgrims, a gray-  same limits as the township, 6 miles long and 4 wide at its
stone building with a tower and spire, is a commanding  greatest breadth, in April, 1834. It is divided into 9 wards,
object to those approaching the city from  the bay. The  and governed by a mayor and a board of 18 aldermen, 2 fl-om
Ioly Trinity (Episcopal) is a brownstone edifice, of Gothic  each ward, elected annually. Pop. in 1810, 4402; in'1820,
architecture, and cost about $150,000. Grace Church, the  71 75; in 1830, 15,196; in 1840, 36,233; in 1850, 96,838; in
Unitarian Church, and the Church of the Restoration, are  1853, estimated at 125,000.
all of brownstone, and in the Gothic style of architecture.    An act to incorporate Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and BushDr. Cox's church, and Dr. Bethune's (the latter not yet com- wick under one government, has passed the legislature, and
pleted) are also of brownstone.                                is to take effect on the first Monday of January, 1855. The
The Atlantic Dock, one mile S. of Fulton ferry, is one of  new city will then extend from  Newtown Creelk, including
the most extensive works of the kind in the United States. Green Point, to the boundaries of Brooklyn, below GreenIt was built by a company incorporated in 1840, with a  wood Cemetery, a distance of about 7 miles, and nearly 10
capital of $1,000,000, and embraces within the piers 40'86  miles, following the low-water line. The breadth is very
acres. Its depth is sufficient for ships of the largest size. irregular, being at the widest nearly 6 miles, but averaging
The outer pier, extending 1000 feet on Buttermilk Channel,  not nmore than 31. The combined city is to be divided into
is occupied with a range of granite stores, which completely  18 wards, each one to form a township in King's county. The
shelters it from the harbor. An extensive dry dock at the  officers to be chosen at the next election are a mayor, (term
navy-yard has recently been completed at a cost of about  2 years,) 2 aldermen for each ward, a controller, street corm$1,000,000. The shores of Brooklyn, where not protected by  missioner, treasurer, and commissioner of repairs and supdocks and wharves, are rapidly wearing away, in conse-  plies.
quence of the strong current in the -East River.  Governor's    BROOKLYN, a post-township of Susquehanna co., PennIsland was formerly connected with Long Island, and, pre-  sylvania, 7 miles S.E. of lontrose, crossed by the Lackavious to the Revolution, cattle were driven from Red I-oolk  wanna and Western Railroad.  Pop. 1082.
Point to it across Buttermilk Channel, then a shallow pas-    BROOKLYN, a thriving post-village of Ilalifax co., Virsage, but now of sufficient depth for vessels of the largest  ginia, about 140 miles S.W. of IRichmond.
class. The. United States Navy-yard is situated on the S.    BROOKLYN, or FISH TRAP, a post-village of Baker co.,
side of Wallabout Bay, which makes up towards the N.E.  Georgia, 145 miles S.S,W. of Milledgeville, has 3 stores, and
part of Brooklyn, in the formn of a broad curve. ~ It occupies  about 80 inhabitants.
about 40 acres of ground, which is enclosed on the land side    BROOKLYN, a post-village of Cenecuh co., Alabama, on
by a high stone wall, and contains, besides the residences of  the Sepulga River, about 100 miles S. of Montgomery.  It
the officers, two extensive ship-houses, various workshops,  has a church, an academy, 2 stores, a masonic hall, and
and a large amount of military stores.                        about 100 inhabitants.
Among the literary and charitable institutions, may be    BROOKLYN, a post-village of Noxubee co., Mississippi, on
mentioned the Brooklyn Athenmum, atthe corner of Atlan-  Noxubee River, 126 miles E.N.E. of Jackson.
tie and Clinton streets. It is provided with a library, read-    BROOKLYN,  a pleasant post-village of Campbell co., Kening-room, and a course of lectures. The building is a fine  tucky, on the Ohio River, about 2 miles above Cincinnati,
structure, 90 feet by 80, and cost $60,000. The City Library  and 74 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort, and adjoining the village
contains a collection of valuable works.  The Lyceum, in  of Jamestown.  Pop. near 500.
Washington-street, is a noble granite structure, with a spa-    BROOKLYN, a thriving village of Jessamine co., Kencione lecture room. The United States Lyceum, organized  tucky, on Kentucky River. It has an active business in
in 1833, is in the Navy-yard, and possesses, besides a, value   shipping produce.
ble collection of curiosities, extensive geological and mine-    BROOKLYN, a post-township in Cuyahoga co., Ohio, about
ralogical cabinets. The new City Hospital, in Raymond  5 miles S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 6375.
street near De Kalb, was opened in April, 1852, and has    BROOKLYN, a flourishing post-village of Jackson co.,
accommodations for 170 patients. The whole number of ad-  Michigan, on the Raisin River, 53 miles S.S.E. of Lansing.
missions during the year 1852, was 456. The "Giraham In-  It has a fine water-power, and contains several churches,
stitution, for the relief of respectable, aged, indigent females,"  with flouring anid other mills. Pop. about 500.
was founded in 1851, and the building dedicated October 26,   BROOKLYN, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 522.
1852. It is constructed of brick, 52 feet front, 80 deep, and    BROOKLYN, a post-village of Schuyler co., Illinois, on
4 stories high, containing 55 rooms, which afford accommo-  Crooked  Creek, an affluent of Illinois River, 70 miles
dalton for 90 persons. Entire cost, $29,044.  The Orphan  W.N.W. of Springfield.  It has a grist mill and saw mill
Asylum of the City of Brooklyn, incorporated in 1835, fur-  Pop. about 800.
nishes a home to about 150 children. The Marine Hospital,    BROOKLYN, f village in the W. part of Grant co., Wiseon
surrounded with about 30 acres of well-cultivated land, sin, on the Wisconsin River.
occupies a commanding elevation on the opposite side of    BROOKLYN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Green
Wallabout Bay. In addition to the above may be mentioned  co., Wisconsin.
the Church Charity Foundation, a corporation organized in    BROOKLYN, a township in Marquette co., Wisconsin.
1851, having  for its object the relief of indigent and desti- Pop. 505.
tute persons, and the Brooklyn Dispensary, on Pineapple    BROOKLYN, a township in Sank co., Wisconsin. Pop. 429.
street, near Fulton.                                            BROOKLYN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York,
The public schools of Brooklyn are in a very prosperous  about 34 miles N.W. of Toronto. It has an iron foundry, a
298




BRO                                                       BRO
nery,         aoth factorys   and candle factory, and nu- r  BROQUE, LA, 1  broek, a village of France, department
mereus mills. Pop. about 600.                             of Vosges, arrondissement of St. Di. Pop. in 1852, 2542.
~BROOKLYN  CENTRE, aposfvillage of Cuyahoga co.,    BROIRA, a river of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, rises on
Ohio, 4 miles S.W. of Cleveland, is separated by a small  the S.E. side of Benclibrick, after a S.E. course through
creek from the village of Brighton. Together, these contain  several lakes, enters the Moray Fritlh at the village of
3 chnrches and several stores.                            Brora, 4 miles N.E. of Golspie. Near the village of Brora a
BR00K/NEAL, apost-village in Campbell co., Virginia, 120  partial bed of coal exists in the oolite strata.
miles W.S.W. of Richmond.                                   BROISELEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
BROOKO, or BRUKO, broolko, a territory of North-west-  Salop, on the Severn, 13 miles S.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. in
ern Africa, in the S.E. part of Seneganmbia.              1851, 4739, engaged in raising coal and iron, and in ironBROOKS, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, about 40  foundries, potteries, and a manunfactory of tobacco-pipes.
miles N.E. of Augustanwatered by a branch of Marsh River.    BROS/NA, a parish of Ireland, Miunster, co. of Kerry. The
Pop. 1021.                                                 6oeat aezd ittle Breosne are two small rivers of Leinster,
BROOKS/BURG, a village of Jefferson co., Indiana, on the  King's county, tributary to the Shannon.
Ohio River, 8 miles E. of Madison.                          BROITHERS, THE, a group of 6 or 8 rocky islets, at the
BROOK'S GROVE, apost-office of Livingston co., New York.  entrance of the Red Sea, off the African shore, 94 miles S.
BROOK'S TAN-YARB, a post-office Macon co., Tennessee.  of Perim Island, and varying from 250 to 350 feet in height.
BROOKS/TON, a post-village and station of White co., In-  Lat. of the loftiest 120 28' N.; lon. 430 22' E.
diana, on the New Albany and Salem Railrbad.                BROTHERS, TIHE, three isolated mountains of Eastern
BROOKS/VILLE, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine,  Australia, near the coast between Harrington Inlet and
on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, about 50 miles E. of Au-  Port Macquarrie.
gusta. Pop. 1333.                                           BRO/THER'S VALLEY, a township of Somerset co., PennBROOKSVILLE, a post-office of Addison co., Vermont.    sylvania.  Pop. 1430.
BROOKSVILLE, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.    BRO/TIHERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West
BROOKSVILLE, a post-village of Randolph co., Georgia,  Riding.
140 miles S.W. of Milledgeville.                            BROTIIERITON, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., MarBROOKSVILLE, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama.      land.
BROOKSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bracken co.,    BROTTEAUX, LEe, IA brot'tOf, a hamlet of France, arronKentucky, 65 miles N.E. of Frankfort, and 9 miles from the  dissement of Lyons, of which it forms a suburb.
Ohio River. It is situated in a fertile region, and has an    BROTTEROBE, brot-ter-o/deh, a town of Germany, Hesactive business. It contains a court-house, several stores,  se-Cassel, 7 miles N. of Schmalkalden, in the Thuringian
and about 500 inhabitants,                                forest. Pop. 2359, partly employed in iron-works, and in
BROOKS/WAR or BROCK/WEAR, a village of England,  manufactures of wooden-wares.
co. of Gloucester, on the Wye, 5 miles N. of Chepstow. Ves-    BROT/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
eels ascend the Wye to this place to receive goods brought    BRO1TZ/MANVILLE, a post-office of Warren co., New
by barges down the river. It has manufactures of leather  Jersey.
and cotton goods.                                            BROU, broo, a town of France, department of Eure-etBROOK/VILLE, a post-office of Genesee co., New York.    Loire, on the Ozanne, 22 miles S.WV. of Chartres. Pop. in
BROOKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Penn-  1852, 2345, engaged in weaving serge, and in iron-works.
sylvania, on the Redbank Creek, 170 miles W.N.W'. of Har-    BROUTAGE, broo'[zh/, a hamlet of France, department of
risburg. The Suscquehanna and Wateriford Turnpike passes  Charente-Inf6irieure, in a channel opposite the island of
through it. The first house was built here in 1830. The  Ol6ron, 10 miles S.S.Wv. of Rochefort. Pop. 986. In its viRedbank Creek is navigable for boats during high water.    cinity are extensive salt marshes. It was formerly a for-tiBROOKVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary-  fled town, and was a flourishing seaport at the commenceland, about 25 miles N. of Washington City.               ment -of the seventeenth century, but its harbor is filled
BROOKVILLE, a post-office Granville co., North Carolina.  with mud, and it is now nearly three miles from the sea.
BROOKVILLE, a post-office of Noxubee co., Mississippi.     BRiOUGH, brif, a nmarket-town and parish of England,
BROOKVILLE, a post-towrnslip in Franklin co., Indi-  co. of Westmoreland, 71 miles E.S.E. of Appleby. Pop. in
ana. about 50 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 3466         1851, 1533, partly employed in lead and coal mines. It has
BR00KVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Frank-  an old church, an endowed school, a branch bank, and the
lin co., Indiana, in Brookville township, is finely situated  ruins of a castle of the Cliffords. On the eve of Epiphany,
at the continuence of the forks of the Whitewater River, 41  a singular procession takes place here, called "the carrying
miles N.W. of Cincinnati, and 70 miles E.S.E. of Indianapo-  of the holling oi- hoes tree."
lis. The facilities for trade by the Whitewater Canal, and    BROUG/HAM, (L. Brovoneiacum,) a parish of England, co.
the water-power which the river affords, render this a place  of Westmoreland, 2o miles S.E. of Penrith. Here are the reof considerable business. It contains a county seminary, 2  mains of a very ancient and strong fortress of the Cliffords,
printing offices, several floeing mills, 1 paper mill, and 1  supposed to be of Roman origin, and in the parish is Brougcotton factory.                                           ham Hall, the seat of Lord Brougham.
BROOKVILLE, a post-village and township in Ogle co., I-    BROUGIIHSHANE, brlh'shain/, a town of Ireland, in UIline/s, about 20 miles N. W. of Oregon City. Pop. of the  ster, co. of Antrim, 3" miles E.N.E. of Ballymena. Pop. 940.
township, in 1850, 479.                                     BROUGHTON, braw/ton, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
BROOKVILLE, a village in the N.E. part of Clayton co.,    BROUGI-ITON, a township in North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
Iowa, on the Mississippi River.                             BROUGI-HTON, a parish of England, co. of HIuntingdon.
*BROOKVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa.       BROUGHTON, a township in England, co. of Lancaster.
BR00ME, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.            BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
BROOME, broom, or BROME, a perish of England, co. of    BROUGI-ITON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Norfolk.                                                    BROUGHTON, a parish  of England, co. of Oxford.
BR00ME or BROME, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
BROOIME, a county in the S. part of New York, bordering    BROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 680 square  miles. It    BROUGHTON ASTILEY, a parish of England, co. of Leiis drained by the East branch of the Susquehanna, Che-  cester.
nango, and Otselic Rivers, and other smaller streams. The    BROUGHITON BRANT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
surface is uneven and hilly; the soil in the valleys is- fertile,    BROUG HITON, CH-URCH, a parish of England, co of Derby.
but on the uplands more adapted to grazing. The New         BROUGItTON-N-AREDI ALE, a parish of England, co. of
York and Erie Railroad traverses the county, which is also  York, West Riding. The village was plundered by the forces
partly intersected by the Chenango Canal. Named in honor  under Prince  Charles Edward, in 1745.
of John Broome, formerly lieutenant-governor of the State.    BROUGHTON GIF/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Capital. Binghampton. Pop. 30,660.                          BROUGHTON IIACK/ETT, a parish of England, co. of
BR0OOME, a township of Schoharie co., New York. Pop. Worcester.
2268.                                                       BROUGIHTON-IN-FUR/NESS. a small market-town and
BROOM CENTRE, a post-office of Schoharie co., New York.  chapelry ot England, co. of Lancaster, on the Duddon, 29
BROOM TOWN, a post-village of Chattooga co., Geor-gia,  miles N.W. of Lancaster. Pop. in 1851, 1297.
about 2010 miles N.W. of Miilledgeville.                    BROUGHTTON, NETI{/ER, a parish of England, co. of
BROOMSGROVE. See BaniMeosoVE.                           Loicester.
BROOM/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           BROUGI-ITON POGGS, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
BROOM/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            BROUGHTON SUL/NEY, a parish of England, co. of NotBROOM/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      tingham.
BROONS, brSNG, a town of France, department of CMtes-    BROUGHTON GLENItHOLM  and KILBU/CIHO, a united
du-Nord, 15 miles S.W. of Dinan. Pop. of commune, in 1852,  parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles. The village of Broughton
2580. Duguesclin was born in the castle of La Motte Broons,  is situated on the Tweed, 9 miles S.W. of Peeble.
1 mile from the town, on the site of which a monument has    BROUGHTY (brawvltee) FERRY, a village of Scotland, co. of
been erected to his' memory.                              F orfar, parish of Monifieth, on the Frith of Tay, immediately
BROOS. See SzAszvAntos.                                 opposite Ferrny-port-on-Craig, with which it has frequent
BROQUIs S. bro'ke-A', a village of France, department of  communication by a floating bridge in connection with the
Aveyron, 22 miles S. of odes.  Pop. of commune, 3076.   i Aberdeen Railway. It is handsome, and greatly resorted to
299




BRO'BRO
as a bathing-place by the inhabitants of Dundee  and Perth.   BROWNS/FORD, a village in the N.E. part of Madison
Broteuhty Castle, on its S.E. side, was an ancient fortress.    co., Iowa, on North River.
BROUSA or BROUSSA. See BRUSA.                             BROWNSIGROVE, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.
BROUWERSIIAVEN, br6w/vprs-h'ven, a small market-   BROWN'S MILLS, a post-office of Burlington co., New
town of the Netherlands, in the province of Zealand, on the  Jersey.
N.W. coast of the island of Schowen, near the mouth of the    BROWN'S MILLS, a small village of Mercer co., PennMeuse. Pop. 1092.                                         sylvania, on Sandy Creek.
BROWIER, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.        BROWN'S MILLS, a small village of Mifflin co., PennBROWER'S MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North  sylvania.
Carolina.                                                   BROWN'S MILLS, a post-village of Washington co., Ohio,
BROWN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Ohio, bordering  16 miles W.N.W. from Marietta.
on the Ohio River, which separates It from  Kentucky, has    BROWN/SORER, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
an area of 500 square miles. It is intersected by the East   BROWN'S POINT, a village of Monmouth co., New JerFork of Little Miami River, and also drained by the White  sey, on Raritan Bay, 5 miles S.E. of Perth Amboy, and adOak, Straight, and Eagle Creeks. Excepting the hills along  joining Keyport.
the Ohio River, the surface is undulating; the soil is excel-    BROWNSIPORT, a village of Decatur co., Tennessee, on
lent and well cultivated. The rock which underlies the the Tennessee River, 110 miles W.S.W. of Nashville.
county is limestone.  The Cincinnati and Hillsborough    BROWN'S STORE, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.
Railroad passes along the northern border, and several   BROWNS/TOWN,         a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath.
plank-roads have been made'lathe county. Capital, CGeorge-   BROWNSTOWN, a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas.
town. Pop. 27,332.                                           BROWNSTOWN, a post-village and township of Wayne
BROWN, a county in the S. central part of Indiana, con- co., Michigan, 14 miles N.E. of Monroe City.
tains 320 square miles. It is drained by the Bean Blossom    BROWNSTOWN, a post-township of Jackson co., Indiana,
and Salt Creeks. The surface is diversified by hills and  about 25 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. 1732.
valleys. The soil is fertile. The county was organized in    BROWNSTOWN, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., In1836, and named in honor of General Jacob Brown. Capital, diana, 1 mile S.E. of the East Fork of White River, and 70
Nashville. Pop. 4846.                                      miles S. of Indianapolis. Itis surrounded by afertile country,
BROWN, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area  which contains iron ore and valuable timber.  It has a
of about 320 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the  brick court-house, a county seminary, and over 100 dwellIllinois River, on the N:E. by Crooked River, and inter- ings. A plank-road extends firom this village to Salem.
sected by McKee's Creek. The surface is generally level or   BROWNSTOWN CREEK, of Wayne co., Michigan, flows
slightly undulating, and is divided between prairie and tim- into Lake Erie near its head.
bered land: the soil is highly productive and much improved.   BROWN'S VALLEY, a post-office of Montgomery co., InA railroad is projected through the county from Quincy to  diana.
the Illinois River. Capital, Mount Sterling. Pop. 7198.      BROWNS/VILLE, a post-township  of Piscataquis co.,
BROWN, a county in Wisconsin, situated at the head of Maine, 100 miles N.N.E. firom Augusta. It contains an exGreen Bay, in the N.E. part of the state, contains 525 square  tensive slate quarry, and at the base of Mount Katahdin is an
miles. It is intersected by the Neenah or Fox River, and  immense bed oi iron ore, which is -wrought and shipped
also drained by East and Centre Rivers. The surface is di- from  Bangor, a distance of 0CO miles. The village, in the
versified; the soil in somne places is fertile. The county was southern part of the township, has 2 churches, several lumber
originally covered by dense forests. It was organized in  and other mills, and a slate factory. Pop.of township, 785.
1818, since which time its limits have been g-eatly reduced    BROWNSVILLE, a postoffice of Windsor co., Vermont.
by the formation of new counties. The seat of justice is   BROWNSVILLE or BROWNVILLE, a post-village and
established by law at Depere, but the courts are held for the  township of Jefferson co., New York, on the right bank of
present at Green Bay. Pop. 6215.                           Black River, 4 miles below Watertown, and about 4 miles
BROWN, a township, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. P. 552. from Lake Ontario. It contains churches for the PresbyteBROWN, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. P. 1015. rians, Episcopalians, and Methodists, and has manufactories
BROWN, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 2360.       of cotton and wool, with mills of various kinds. Pop. 4282.
BROWN, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 2099.        BROWNSVILLE, a thriving post-borough of Redstone
BROWN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 684.         township, Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of
BROWN, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1176.    the Monongahela River, where it is crossed by the National
BROWN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 681.      Road, about 40 miles S. of Pittsburg, and 190 miles W. by
BROWN, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1535.         S. of Harrisburg. The navigation of the river has been inmBROWN, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1151.        proved, so that large steamboats can ascend from Pittsburg
BROWN, a township of Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 368.      to this point. A noble bridge, 630 feet long, has been erected
BROWN, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 878.  over the river, at a cost of $50,000; and a cast-iron bridge
BROWN, a township of Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 631.    crossing Dunlap's Creek, connects Brownsville with the
BROWN, a post-township of Montgomery co., Indiana, borough of Bridgeport. The abundance of bituminous coal
about 12 miles S.S.W. of Crawfordsville. Pop. 1957.        in the vicinity has given rise to flourishing manufactures
BROWN, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 667..  of iron, glass, cotton, and paper. Steamboat-building is also
BROWN, a township of Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 1987.   carried on here extensively. Brownsville, including Bridge,
BROWN, atowvnshipofWashington co.,Indiana. Pop. 1636. port, contains 7 churches, a bank, 3 glass factories, and 3
BROWN/FIELD, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, newspaper offices.  Incorporated in 1815.  Pop. in- 1853, 
about 60 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1320.                 about 4500.
BROWN/HELM, a post-township of Lorain co., Ohio, on    BROWNSVTILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Maryland.
Lake Erie, 25 miles E. by S. of Sandusky City.  Pop. 1080.   BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Greenbrier co., Virginia.
BROWN/ING, a post-township of Schuyler co., Illinois.   BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Granville co., North
Pop. 873.                                                  Carolina.
BROWNtING FERRY, a post-office of Henry co., Missouri.   BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of lMaslborough district,
BROWNING'S, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. Pop. 755. South Carolina.
BROWNINGSVILLE, a post-office Bracken co., Kentucky.    BROWNSVILLE, a village in Monroe co., Georgia, on the
BROWN'INGTON, a post-township of Orleans co., Ver- W. bank of Ocm ulgee River, 35 miles W. by S. of Jackson.
mont, 43 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 613.                 BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Hinds co., Mississippi,
BROWNINGTON CENTRE, a post-office of Orleans co., 20 miles N.W. of Jackson.
Vermont.                                                     BROWNSVILLE, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.
BROWN'S, a post-office of Fairfield district, South Carolina.   BROWNSVILLE, formerly Fort Brown, a thriving postBROWNSBOROUGHI, a post-office of Henderson co., Texas. town, capital of Cameron county, Texas, on the left bank
BROWNSBOROUGH, a post-office, Oldham co., Kentucky. of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras, 40 miles from  the
BROWNS/BURG, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.  mouth of the river, and 300 miles in a direct line S. of
BROWNSBURG, a post-village of Rockbridge co., Virginia, Austin. It is one of the most populous and commercial
143 miles of Richmond, contains a few stores and mills. places in the state, having an extensive trade with Mexico,
Pop. about 200.                                            facilitated by steamboat navigation. It contains, besides
BROWNSBURG, a post-village of Hfendricks co., Indiana, the county buildings, a custom-house, and 1 or 2 printing
on White Lick Creek, 14 miles N.WV. of Indianapolis, has  offices. The reported value of the imports of Brownsville in
about 200 inhabitants.                                     1852, was about $5,000,000. This place was named in honor
B ROWN'S CORNER, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.  of Major Brown, commander of the garrison, who was morBROWN'S COVE, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.  tally wounded by a shell from the Mexican batteries, (May
BROWN'S CREEK, of Anson co., North Carolina, enters  6, 1846,) while General Taylor, with the main body of the
the Yadkin from the S.W.                                   forces, was engaged in opening a communication with Point
BROWNS/DALE, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Isabel. After the victories of Palo Alto and Resaca de la
BROWN/SEA or BRANK/SEA ISLAND, in England, co. Palinma, the American army entered and took possession of
of Dorset, 1' miles S. of Poole, at the E. end of Poole Harbor.  Matamoras without opposition. Pop. in 1854, about 5000.
Length about 1" miles; breadth $ of a mile. Pop. 70. Its    BROWNSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Prairie co., Arcastle, built by Queen Elizabeth to defend Poole HTarbor, is  kansas, on the road from  Memphis, Tennessee, to Little
now the residence of the Sturt family, who own the island.   Rock, 27 miles E. of the latter.
300




BRO                                                        BRU
BROWNSVILLE. a post-village, capital of iaywood co.,   BRUCHITIAUSEN, NEU, no! br65K'hTwtzen, a town of
Tennessee, 117 miles W.S.W. of Nashville, and 5 miles from  Hanover. county of Hoya, 9 miles W. of IHoya. Pop. 453.
the IHatchie River. It is surrounded by a rich and level   BRUCHSAL, br65K/sAl, a walled town of West Germany,
country, which is occupied by plantations of cotton and  grand duchy of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Salzmaize.  The Hatchie River is navigable for small steamboats. bach, on the railway from Manheim to Basel, 12 miles N.E. of
Brownsville is the centre of an active trade, and contains 3 Carlsruhe, and the S.W. terminus of the Wurtemberg Railchurches, 2 academips, and a female college, which is under way, which connects it with Friedrichshafen, on Lake Conthe direction of the Baptists. Pop. about 1000.             stance. Pop. 7386. It has a fine palace, the former resince of
BROWNSVILLE, a small village of Barren co., Kentucky. the prince-bishop of Speyer, 1 Protestant and 3 Roman CathoBROWNSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Edmondson co., lic churches, a town-house, gymnasium, military hospital,
Kentucky, is situated on Green River, 130 miles S.W. of barracks, and a paper mill. Its principal trade is in wine.
Frankfort, and about 10 miles W. of tile Mammoth Cave.   BRUCK, (" bridge,")briix, or brofl, a small town of Lower
The river is navigable for small steamboats during a part of  Austria, on the Leitha, 23 miles S. E. of Vienna, on the Presthe year. The village has 2 churches, an academy, and  burg Railway. Pop. 2834. It has a seat of Count Harrach,
about 150 inhabitants.                                      with botanic gardens, and manufactures of spinning-jennies
BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, on a  and gold wire.
state road, 54 miles N.E. of Columbus. It was laid out in    BRUCK, a small town of Styria, at the confluence of the
1840, and contains 1 church, and 200 inhabitants.           Mur and Milrz, and on the Vienna and Triest Railway, 25
BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, on  miles N.N.W. of Gritz. Pop. 1500. It has manufactures of
the National Road, 40 miles E. of Columbus. It is situated  iron wares, and an active transit trade.
in a fertile and populous district, and has several stores.   BRUCK, (Briick,) a town of Prussia, 17 miles S.E. of BranBROWNSVILLE, a village in the N.E. part of Washing- denburg. Pop. 1265.
ton co., Ohio, 5 miles W. of the Ohio River.                  BRUCK, a town of Bavaria, 2 miles S.S.W. of Erlangen,
BROWNSVILLE, a village of Cass co., MIichigan, has  on the Regnitz. Pop. 1173. There are numerous villages
about 60 inhabitants,                                       of same name in the different states of Germany.
BROWNSVILLE, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana,   BRUCKENAU, (Briickenau,) briiklken-6wl, a town ofBava48 miles WV.N.W. of Indianapolis.                           ria, on the Sinn, 36 miles N. ofWtiirtzburg, with aroyal castle,
BROWNSVILLE, a post-township of Union co., Indiana, and 2 paper mills. Pop. 1403. About 2 miles distant in the Sinn
about 4 miles N.W. of Liberty. Pop. 1443.                   Valley, are the baths of Briickenau, freluented in summer
BROWNSVILLE, a pleasant post-village of Union co.. In- by the Bavarian court, and where a fine pump-room, (Kisurdiana, on the East Fork of the White Water River, 50 miles  sanal,) has been erected by the present king. The waters are
N.W. of Cincinnati, and 13 miles S.W. of Richmond. It has  chalybeate, (temperature 500 Fahrenheit;) the accommoda3 churches, and about 400 inhabitants.                     tion is good; and the situation, in the midst of beech forests
BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Jackson co., Illinois, on  and mountain scenery, renders this the most agreeable of
the Big MuddyRiver, about 10 miles by land from the Mis- the Franconian watering-places. In its vicinity is a Fransissippi River, and 175 miles S. of Springfield. It was for- ciscan convent.
merly the county seat, and is still one of the principal    BRUEL, (Brtiel,) briifel, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
places in the county. Salt is procured from springs in the  duchy and 12 miles N.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 1491.
vicinity.                                                     BRUFF, a town of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 141 miles
BROWNSVILLE, a small post-village of Saiine co., Mis- SS.E. of Limerick. Pop. 1398. It has a neat church, a large
souri, on Black River.                                      Roman Catholic chapel, and the ruins of an old castle.
BROWNSVILLE, a post-office ofWabashaw co.;,Minnesota.    BRUGELETTE, brtiszheh-l1ttl, a village  of Belgium.,
BROWNSVILLE, a post-village of Ogden co., Utah, on the  province of Hainaut, on the Dender, 14 miles N.W. of
E. side of the Great Salt Lake.                             Mons. Ilere is a Jesuit college, with about 300 students.
BROWNtTOWN, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl-  Pop. 1787.
vania, 150 miles N. of Harrisburg.                            BRUGES, bruejiz, (Fr. pron. briizh;'Dutch, Bra.qge,   brgtiy.
BROWN UNIVERSITY. See PRovIDENCE, Rhode Island. geh, or Bruggen, brrlgfgen, i.e., "bridges;" Ger. Briigge, brtig'BROWNIVILLE, a village of Lenawee co., Michigan, 56  gheh; L. Bruz/gae,) a fortified city of Belgium, capital of the
miles W.S.W. of Detroit.                                    province of West Flanders, on the railway from Ostend to
BROWNVILLE, New York. See BROWNSvvLLE.                    Brussels, and at the junction of the canals firom Ghent to OsBROWNVILLE, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, 12 miles  tend and to Sluis, 55 miles N.W. of Brussels, and 8 miles from
S.E. of Terre Haute.                                        the German Ocean. Lat. of the Halle spire, 51~ 12' 30" N.;
BROXIBOURNE or BROOKSIBOURNE, a parish of Eng-  ion. 3013' 44 E. Bruges is suirounded by walls and defended
land, co. of Herts.                                         by an old citadel; it is one of the most flourishing commercial
BROXIBURN, a village of Scotland, parish of Uphall, in  cities in the kingdom. It owes its name to the number of
Linlithgowshire, 12 miles W. of Edinburgh.                  bridges (upwards of 50) which cross its canals, and is reBROX/IOLME, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         markable for the many fine Gothic buildings which it conBROXITED, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              tains.  Most of these date from the fourteenth century, and
BROX/TON'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Colleton district,  are richly decorated with sculpture and paintings; among
South Carolina.                                            them  are the church of Notre Dame, with the tomb of
BROYLESIVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Texas.  Charles the Bold, the cathedral of St. Sauveur, palace ofjusBROZAS, brofthis, a town of Spain, 24 miles N. W. of Ca- tice, the Halle, with a Gothic belfry and the finest chimes in
ceres. Pop. 3711. It has an old castle.                     Europe, the hospital of St. John, and the HOtel de Ville.
BROZZI, brot/see, a town of Tuscany, 6 miles WV. of Flo- It is the seat of the Bishop of West Flanders, and has a
rence on the Arno.                                          tribunal of commerce, an athenaeumr episcopal college, theoBRUIAR, a small river of Scotland, co., of Perth, famous  logical seminary, school of surgery, academy of painting and
for its cascades, joins the Garry 2 miles W.S.W. of Blair-Atholl.  sculpture, a public library, schools for blind, deaf, and dumb,
BRUAY, briiW, a village of France, department of Nord, established in 1835, an exchange, and poor-house for the
3 miles from Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 2463.              provinces of East and West Flanders.  The once famous
BRUCA, LA, ]1 broo/kA, a maritime town of Sicily, on a  abbey of the Dunes or Downs is now occupied by a semiprojecting rock at the mouth of the Poreari, in the Gulf of  nary for young priests. In several parts of the city may be
Catania, 3 miles N. of Agosta. Small vessels resort to the  seen the buildings of suppressed monasteries, either in a
harbor to load wheat, tunny, building-stone, and oysters. state of dilapidation or applied to secular purposes. There
The vicinity is strewed with ruins; supposed to mark the  is still a convent of about 40 British Augustine nuns, who
site of the ancient Portus Paestaius.                       are much employed in educating ladies of their own perBRUCE, a post-township in Macomb co., Michigan, about  suasion. Chief industry, the manufacture of lace, which is
35 miles N. of Detroit. Pop. 1555.                          celebrated, and occupies more than a sixth part of the feBRUCE, a county in the N.W. part of Canada West, bor- male population; manufactures of linen, woollen, and cotdering on Lake Huron, has an area of 922 square miles. It ton fabrics, cordage, tobacco, and soap. Bruges has numeis drained by the Saugine or Saugeen River. Pop. 2837.      rous distilleries, breweries, tanneries, dye-works, sugar and
BRUIJ/CERVILLE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.       salt refineries,'and ship-building yards. Through the means
BRUCE/TOWN, a small post-village of Frederick co., Vir- of canals, Bruges has direct though limited intercourse with
gi'nia.                                                     several ports in Europe, and may be considered as oneof
BRUCETVILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.     the Belgian entrepOts. Its docks are capable of containing
IBRUCEVILLE, a post-village of Knox co., Indiana, 8  100 barges, and are surrounded with spacious warehouses.
miles N.E. of Vincennes.                                   Principal exports, lace and other manufactured goods,
BRUCEVILLE, the capital of Chekalis co., Washington  grain, and cattle. Imports, wool, cotton, dye-woods, wine,
Territory, near the mouth of a small stream flowing into  and colonial products. In a recent year, the value of entries
Shoalwatelr Bay, about 35 miles N.N.E. of Pacific City.    officially declared was 864,577 francs, (34,5801.;) value of exBRUCHE, briish, a small river of France, rises in the  ports, 717,815 flancs, (28,7121.;) and the vessels that arrived
Vosges Mountains, and.'after a N.E. course of about 45  were only 11, of 1640 tons in all.
miles, joins the Rhone and Rhine Canal, of which it is an    liistory. —In 837, Bruges was fortified by Count Baldwin
important fee(der.                                         of the Iron Arm; and was first walled in 1053; in a great
BRUCHItIAUSEN, ALT,  lt bl:r5K'hiw/szen, a town  of fire, in 1280, its records perished, and its chamters, which
Ilanover, county ofrioya, 5 miles W.N.W. of Hoya. P. 947. had been wrenched or bought from  its feudal proteo
301
L_                                           ~                          ~




L  BRU                                                      BPiRU
tors, or rather oppressors, were lost. For g time it had thus    B3RUNIDTSIT, a parish of Engla nd, co. of Suffolk.
no acknowledged municipal privileges,' which, however.   BRUNIDISIUMNI or BRUNDUSIUM.  See BuINDIsI.
were restored by Count Philip the Handsome, in 1299.   BRUNP, (broofu) or BRUNI (broo/nee) ISLAND, a long
Early in the fourteenth century, Bruges had waxed rich  and irregular island of Van Diemen's Land, district of Hobart
and powerful. In the Hanse League, it took the lead- Town, separated from the mainland by D'Entrecasteaux Bay.
ing rank as the central mart of Middle Northern Europe, Lat. 430 30' S., ion. 1470 30' E. Length from N. to S., 32 miles 
and was frequented by Lombard merchants. About that breadthfrom. to8miles. On itsE.side is Adventure Bay.
time, such was the extent of its commerce, there were 13    BIIUNECK  (broo'ntk/) or BRUNECKEN, broo-unl/en,
foreign consuls or agents permanently resident in the city. (Ital. Brunecco, broo-nikfko,) a town of Austria, Tyrol, 41
The progress of its manufactures was at least as great; and  miles S.W. of Inspruck, on the Rienz. Pop. 1471.
its cloths, linen, and tapestries at last came to excel all   BRUNIERSBURG, a post-village of Defiance co., Ohio, 156
others for quality and beauty. Under the House of Bur- miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 200.
gundy, Bruges still increased in riches and power. In 1430,   BRUNIERSTOWN, a postvillage of Putnam co., Indiana.
Duke Philip the Good here instituted the order of the Golden  50 miles WV. by S. from Indianapolis.
Fleece-a title meant to bring honor to those of its traders    BRUNIQUEL, brii'nee'k8l1, a town of France, department
who poured a flood of wealth into his coffers, through  of Tarn-et-Garonne, 41 miles E. of Montauban. Pop. in 1852,
means of the chief manufacture of the locality; for, 1186. It has a ruined castle and extensive iron-works.
through its means, a ducal chief was raised above the    BRUNN, (Briiun,) brtina, (native name, Brno, i.e.'ford,")
generality of kings, in wealth and real power. Unhappily, a fortified city of the Austrian empire, the capital of the gothe pride and turbulence of the citizens grew nearly com- vernments of Moravia and Silesia, on adeclivity at the conflumensurate with their prosperity. In 1488, they rose in re- ence of the Schwarza and the Zwittawa, 70 miles N.N.E. of
bellion against Duke Maximilian, and laid hands on his per- Vienna, and 116 miles S.W. of Prague, with both of which it
son. The severe measures of repressionwhich ensued, gave  is connected by railway. Lat. of City IHall, 490 11' 39/ N.,
the first blow to the city's prosperity, from which time itde- ion. 160 36' 54"/ E. Pop. (exclusive of garrison,) about 45,000,
clined; and its ruin was afterwards nearly completed by the  nearly all Roman Catholics. The city is separated by its
oppressions and persecutions endured from the Duke of Alva  fortifications from several suburbs, and was formerly deand other myrmidons of Philip II., King of Spain. Owing  fended by the citadel of Spielberg, now a state prison, and
to these persecutions, many of the best artizans sought an  that in which Silvio Pellico was confined. Streets narrow
asylum and occupation in England. From that time may be  and crooked, but well-paved and lighted. Brunn has numedated the beginning of the English superiority in manufiac- rous fine buildings, including the cathedral, St. Jacob's,
turing, as well as producing wool, long the great staple of the  and other churches,the landihans, formerly a rich Auguslatter country. The population of Bruges once exceeded  tine convent, the barracks, a vast pile, formerly a Jesuits'
200,000; it now scarcely numbers a fourth of that amount,  college, the city hall, theatre, Maria school for young ladies,
being, in 1845, 49,764, and even this is a considerable in- and the palaces of Princes Dietrichstein and Kaunitz, and
crease compared with what it had been some years before.   other nobles. A park, called the 4ugarten, was opened to
BRUGES, brlizh. a town of France, department Basses- the public by Joseph II.; and in the Franzenburg quarter
Pyrdn6es, arrondissement and 12 niles S.S.E. of Pau. It  are public gardens, with a monument to the Emperor,
has manufactures of coarse linens. Pop. 1894.               Francis I. Briiun is the seat of the chief legal and military
BRUGG, brOaG, or BRUCK, br66:.  a village of Switzer- courts and authorities for Moravia and Austrian Silesia, of
land, canton of Aargau, on the Aar, here crossed by a  a bishop's see, and a Protestant consistory. It has a philobridge, (whence its name,) 9 miles N.E. of Aarau. It is  sophical institute, theological, diocesan, and normal schools,
surrounded by walls, and defended by conical towers. Pop. a royal gymnasium; provincial, atgricultural, and historical
800. It is an entrepat for goods passing between Germany  society; a valuable museum, botanic garden, public library,
and Italy, and stands on a portion of the site of the anc. and a great number of educational and charitable establishVindonissa, some remains of which are still traceable. Near  ments; here also is a provincial bank. Its manufactures of
it is the ruined castle of Hapsburg, the ancestral seat of the  woollen goods are the most extensive in the Austrian domiimperial family of Austria; and the ruins of the abbey of  nions; cotton goods, silk, glass, soap, tobacco, and machinery
Kbnisgsfelden. Zimmermann was born at Brugg in 1725.   are also extensively manufactured; andits tanneries and lea
BRUGGE, or BRUGGEN. See Baces.                            ther factories are the most important in the empire; the city is
BRUGGEN, br0-g/ggn, a parish and village of Switzer- the centre of a large trade between Bohemia and Austria, and
land, canton, and 2 miles S.W. of St. Gall; near it is the mag- the countries N. and E. of the Carpathian Mountains. It ponificent bridge (Or'itzenbriick-e) over the Sitter; it is built of  sesses superior advantages for trade, having railway commustone, and is 650 feet in length, and 96 feet in height.    nication with Vienna, Breslau, Prague, and Pesth. Altbriinn,
BRUGGEN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 9 miles S.W. of  (i. e., "1Old Briinn,") the principal suburb, was, previous to
Kempen, with manufactures of linen, cotton, and silk. Pop. 1838,a separate market borough. Briinn is an ancieht town;
677.                                                        its citadel was blockaded by the Hungarians in 947, and the
BRUGNATO, broon-yfto, a small ancient town of Sar- town itself was besieged by the Swedes in 1645, and by the
dinia, 7 miles N.E. of Levaute, on the Vara, with a cathe- Prussians in 1742. It has been repeatedly destroyed by fire,
dral church and a theological seminary. Pop. 600.           and as often rebuilt. In 1558, it was visited by the plague,
BRUGUIBRE, LA. See LAsBnUCoUIotE.                          which carried off 4000 of the inhabitants, to whose memory
BRUHL, (Briihl,) briil, a town of Rhenishi Prussia, Smiles  a column has been raised in the great square. Bonaparte
S.S.W. of Cologne, on the railway to Bonn. Pop. 2020. It has  had his head-quarters in this town before the Battle of
a fine castle, with extensive pleasure grounds. It was the  Austerlitz, December, 1805; and, in 1809, the chief defences
retreat of Cardinal Mazarin, when banished from France in  of Fort Spielberg were demolished by the French:
1651.      aBRUNN-AM-GEBIRGE, br66lnn-Am-ga-baR/Gleh, a town of
BRUHL, a village of Lower Austria, 10 miles S.S.W. of i- Lower Austria, 7 miles S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1630. Wine,
enna, with a castle belonging to Prince Liechtenstein.      which is highly esteemed, is produced in its vicinity.
BRUIIN, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.          BRUNNEN,  brdonfnen, a village of Switzerland, canton,
BRUIINGTON, a post-office of King and Queen co.,Virginia. and 31 miles S.W. of Schwytz, near the mouth of the MuotBRUIINSBURG, a small village of Claiborne co., MIisais- ta, in the Lake of Lucerne. THere the deputies of the three orisippi, on the Mississippi River.                            ginal cantons, Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden, laid the basis
BRUIIN'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office, Parke co., Indiana.  of the IHelvetic IRepublic, December 9,1315.
BRUISYARID, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            BRUVNENS, TIHE, (Ger. Die.Brusmsen, dee br5lnfnen,
BRUKO. See BaooKo.                                        i.e. "the springs,") is the name applied to the watering
BRULON, briPl16'/, a town of France, department of  places of Germany, &c., collectively.
Sarthe, 19 miles N.N.W. of La Fleche. Pop. in 1852, 1815.     BRUN/NER, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas.
BRULY LANDING, a post-office of West Baton Rouge    BRUNSBUTTEL,(Brunsbtittel,) br66ns/biit-tel, a maritime
parish, Louisiana.                                          town of Denmark, duchy of Holstein, on the right bank of
BRU.MATII, broo'm.lt/, (anc. Brucomlagzts? or Broco/l- the Elbe, near its mouth, 15 miles N.W. of Gliickstadt.
ags?2) a town of France, department of BasrRhiu, on the  Steamers ply regularly between this place, Alton, and HamZorn, 11 miles N.N.W. of Striasbourg. Pop. of commune, in  burg. Pop. 1200.
1852. 4427.                                                   BRUNSIAUSEN, br65ns-hiW/ze1n, a  village of Iano.
BR1UMFIELDVILLE, a post-village of Bcrks co., Penn- ver, on the left bank of the Elbe, 15. miles N.N.E. of Stade,
sylvania, 62 miles E.N.E. of HIlarrisburg.                  with a small port and custom-house for the river dues.
BR.UiMIPEL'S, a post-office of Davidson co., N, Carolina.  BRUNSTATT, br-5n1ttttt or brfinstAt, a village of France,
BUIUMIMEN, brtiusfmen, a village of the Netherlands, pro- department of IHaut-Rhin. Pop. of commune, 1544.
Vince of Gelderland, on the Yssel, 14 miles N.E. of Arnhem.   BRUNSIWICK, (Ger. Braunschweig, brwun/shwg; L..Bru.
Pop. 850.                                                  nopfolis,) a city of Germany, the capital of the duchy of the
BItUMOW, a town of Bohemia. See BntLNAo.   u.             same name, and the place of residence of the Dukes of BrunsBRUAI9STEAD or BRUN/STEAD, a parish of England, co., wick, 35 miles S.E. of Hanover; lat. 52160 10,11, N., Ion. 100 31',f Norfolk.                                                29" E. It is dividedinto six districts, and contains about 100
BRUN, a post-office of Carter co., Kentucky.             streets —mostof them clean, and some of them spacious and
BRUNIDALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          imposing,. though of somewhat antiquated appearance, many
BPRUNDEL, briinldel, a village of Bohemia, with mineral of the houses being of wood, and fiom 300 to 400 years old.
baths, and a pilgrimage church.                            The city was formerly fortified, but the ramparts have been
302




BRU                                                        BRU
levelled, planted with trees, and converted into pleasant In 1849, these amounted collectively to 234,3001., the expen.
promenades.  The principal public buildings are the new  diture being about the same amount. Public debt, in 1845,
palace or schloss, a magnificent structure; the ancient cathe- 966,652, of which 258,750/. was for railways. The quota of
dral of St. Blaize; the. mansion-house, with statues of  men which the duchy is bound to furnish to the army of the
Guelphic princes in front; the chapter-house, chancery, German Confederation is 2096.  The affairs of this little
house of legislative assembly, mint, arsenal, ducal ex- state are conductedwith great prudence and judgment, and
chequer, opera-house, town-hall, trades' hall, old Altdorf  the consequence has been the securing for its population a
town-hall, and a few others. Besides these are the follow- degree of comfort and independence not equalled in any
lowing objects of interest-an ancient bronze lion of By- other part of Germany. Personal bravery, and an open,
zantine workmanship,. brought from Constantinople; a Gio- unsuspecting nature, are the distinguishing characteristics
thic fountain of bronze, dated 1408, situated in the Alte  of the Brunswickers.  Pop. in 1852, 271,208.
Stadt-market; a cast-iron obelisk, 60 feet high, erected by    BRUNSWICK, brlnes/wik, or BRUNSWYK, br56nse/ik,
the citizens to the memory of their two dukes, who fell at a village and parish of Denmark-Holstein, near Kiel, with
Jena and Quatre-Bras; and a monument and chapel erected  which it is connected by a handsome bridge. Pop. 1167.
to the memory of the patriotic Schill, who, with 14 of his    BRUNS/WICK, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia,
companion in arms, was shot here by the French, in 1808, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 600 square
for rising against them. The museum possesses an excel- miles. The Nottoway River forms its N.E. boundary, the
lent gallery of paintings, comprising many works of the  Roanoke touches its S.W. extremity, and the Meherrin River
greatest masters, and a good collection of classical antiqui- flows through the middle of the county fronm W. to E. The
ties, and worlis of art. The city contains 10 churches, in- surface is somewhat undulating; the soil of medium queluding the cathedral.  The educational institutions are  lity. The exhausted lands have recently been improved by
the college, a gymnasium, a seminatry for teachers, a college  the use of guano and other manures. It is intersected by
of anatomy and surgery, a real schule for practical acquire- a plank-road leading to Petersburg.  Organized in 1720.
ments, including mechanics, and commercial and agricul- Capital, Lawrenceville. Pop. 13,894; of whom 5438 were free,
tural studies; and several others. Among the charitable  and 8456 slaves.
institutions, which are numerous, are a general and lying-    BRUNSWICK, a county in the S.E. part of North Carolina,
in hospital, a deaf and dumb, and orphan asylums.  The  bordering on South Carolina and the ocean, contains about
principal manufactures of the town are of linen, woollen, 950 square miles. It is drained by Cape Fear and Waccamaw
hardware, tobacco, chiccory, Glauber salts, mineral colors,  Rivers.  The surface is level, and partly covered by extenchina, papier mach6, leather, &c.  Three railways now  sive swamps; the soil is sandy and mostly sterile. Pine
meet in Brunswick. The earliest and shortest, completed  lumber, tar, resin, &c. are exported. Capital, Smithville.
in 1839, terminates in Harzburg; the second extends E. to  Pop. 7272; of whom 3970 were free, and 3302 slaves.
N3agdeburg; and the third, N. and N.W. to Hanover.  The    BRUNSWICK, a flourishing post-village of Cumberland
railways promise to make Brunswick the entrepat of a very  co., Maine, on the right bank of the Androscoggin, across
exteisive trade. Pop. in 1845, 42,000, of whom 1000 were  which is a bridge connecting Brunswick with Topsham, and
Roman Catholics, and 500 Jews.                              on the Kennebec and Portland Railroad, 27 miles N.N.E. of
BRUNSIWICK   DucHY  os,  (Ger. Ilerzogt/hum   Brauss- Portland.  Lat. 430 53' N., Ion. 690 55' W. The Androscogch/weig, hItstlso-toomx brlwnfshwlg,) an important duchy'gin here has a fall of about 50 feet in the distance of half a
of North-western Gelmany, forming the twelfth state of  mile, affording an immense hydraulic power; and such is
the German Confederation. It consists of three larger and  the conformation of the ground that the water can be used
six smaller divisions, detached from  each other, and sur-  three times in the distance above specified.  The industry
rounded by foreign possessions.  The principal division, of the inhabitants has been chiefly directed to the manufaccontaining Brunswick, the capital, is of a compact and oval ture of lumber; but this business is now rapidly declining,
form, with the exception of a narrow  strip towards the  and building and owning of ships is taking its place. Five
N.E. On the N., W., and S.W., it is surrounded by IHano-  ships, averaging 600 tons each, were built in Brunswick in
ver, and on the S. and E. by Prussian Saxony. The second  1853, and about 60 Ships and barques are owned here. The
larger division is a long irregular belt, stretching from E. to  Cabbot Company have recently purchased a valuable site
W. across South Hanover, which of course forms its N. and  at the falls, and have now a large cotton mill in operation.
S. boundaries, while on the E. it is bounded by Prussian  Brunswick contains 5 churches, 2 banks, and about 20
Saxony, and on the W. by Rhenish Prussia, Hanover, and  stores; it has an excellent system of graded schools, comWaldeck. To the S.E. of' this division lies the third, also  prising a high  school, grammar-school, and 4 primary
irregular in shape, traversed by the Harz Mountains, and  schools. These are attended by all the children of the place.
surrounded by portions of Prussia, Hanover, and Anhalt.  On an elevated plain, at the S.E. extremity of the village,
Of the six smaller divisions, Thedinghausen, Bodenberg, Ha- stands Bowdoin College, a flourishing institution, founded
rinten, and Oelsburg are in HIanover; and KalvJrde, and  in 1802. For beauty of location, it is probably not sura patch of land  near the village of Seinfeld, govern- passed by any similar institution in the Union.  Connected
ment of Treves, are in Prussia.  The united area of all with it is the Medical School of Maine, established in 1820.
these divisions is computed at about 1400 English square  Its library, comprising  3400 volumes, is considered one of
miles, of which nearly one-half is arable land, meadow, and  the best of the kind in the United States. Its anatomical
gardens, one-third forest, and one-fourth moorland.         cabinet and its chemical and other apparatus are also very
The surface is generally  hilly. Brunswick Proper has a  complete. (See cTable of 6'olleces,-APPEeNIx.) Pop. of the
considerable extent of level land, only a few low ridges ap- township, in 1850, 4927; of the village, in 1854, about 4500.
pearing towards the E. The principal rivers are the Oker,    BRUNSWICK, a post-township of Essex co., Vermont, on
Leine, and Weser, to the basin of which last all the streams  the E. side of Connecticut River, about 50 miles N.E. of
belong, with the exception of the Bodi, which falls into the  Montpelier. Pop. 119,
Elbe. The principal mineral products are gold silver, anti-   BRUNSWICK, a township of Rensselaer co., New York.
mony, lead, zinc, copper, sulphur, vitriol, and alum. The  Pop. 3146.
mines are, in part, worked conjointly with the Hanoverian    BRUNSWICK, a small village in the S. part of Ulster co.,
Government, and, in part, independently. The duchy pro- New York.
duces also marble, alabaster, limestone, gypsum, potters'   BRUNSWICK, a port of entry, capital of Glynn co., Georclay, asbestos, agate, jasper, e&c. There are within the ter- gin, on Turtle River, 80 miles S.S.W. of Savannah, is plearitory, likewise several salt-works of considerable  extent.  santly situated on a sandy bluff, about 10 feet above  high
In the Harz Mountains, asphalt and other bituminous sub- water, and has a spacious harbor. St. Simon's Light-houso
stances are found. The chief manufactures are of iron, is 8 miles from this town. Brunswick is the eastern terlinen, (now, however, much fallen off,) and camlets; dyeing  minus of the Brunswick and Florida Railroad.  The shipand brewing are also carried on to a considerable extent; ping of the district, June 30, 1852, was 306 tons registered,
and oil and saw mills are numerous on the different large  and 853 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, there
streams. The spinning of yarn forms an important branch  were 3 foreign arrivals, and 6 vessels cleared for foreign ports.
of industry all over the duchy.  The industrial resources    BRUNSWICK, a post-township in Medina co., Ohio, about
of the country are carefully and judiciously cultivated by  22 miles S.S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 1417.
the government, which extends its protection and patronage    BRUNSWICK, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, about
also to its educational institutions.  The constitution of- 60 miles N.N.W. of Springfield.
Brunswick is a limited monarchy. The legislature is com-   BRUNSWICK, a post-village and township in the S.W.
posed of the duke, an upper chamber, (consisting of 6 pre- part of Chariton co., Missouri, 1 or 2 miles from the Missouri
lates and the 78 holders of equestrian estates,) and a lower  River. Pop. 2116.
chamber, (composed of 6 prelates, 19 deputies from towns,    BRUNSIWICK BAY, on the N.W. coast of Australia; ion.
and as many representatives of the land-holders, who do  1250 E. The Prince Regent River, discovered by Captain
not possess equestrian rights.) The legislature must assem- Stokes, falls into this bay.
ble at least once every three years, for which period the    BRUNS/WICK LANDING, a post-office of Issaquena co.,
taxes are voted. The duke appoints three ministers of state, Mississippi.
and in each of the six circles into which the state is divided    BRUNSWICK, NEW.  See New BauorswIcK.
there is a provincial board to conduct its municipal -and lo-    BRUNTINGTHORPE, brlti-ning-thorp, a parish of Eucal government. The revenue of the duchy is derived from   gland, co. of Leicester.
the ducal domains, from land, personal and'indire:At taxes,    BRUIN/TON, EAST and WEST, two townships of England,
from stamps, fees of court, post-office, tolls, and a lottery. co. of Northumberland, in Castle-ward, parish of Gosforth,
303




BRU                                                        BRU
44 miles N.N.W. of Newcastle. Their mines yield coal of a    BRUSYII  CREEK, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas
superior quality.                                             BRUSHY FORK, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio.
BRUNTRUT, a town of Switzerland.  See Potr.uENuY.          BRUSHY FORK, Illinois. See Bushy FosK.:BRUIREE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Lime-   BRUSHY PRAItRIE a post-office of La Grange co., In
rick, 4 miles N.W. of Kilmallock. The Irish bards here held  diana.
their half-yearly meetings till 1746.                         BRUSQUE, briisk, a town of France, department of AveyBRUSA or BROUSSA, broo/sA, written also BURSA, booi/-  ron, arrondissement, and 12 miles S. of St. Affrique, on the
si (ance. Prulsa ad Olym/pusn,) a city of Asia Minor, in Ana- Dourdon. Pop. of commune, 1000.
tolia, capital of a sanjak, at the N. foot of Mount Olympus,    BRUSSELS, (Dutch, Brussel, brhstsel; Fr. Bruxelles, briit57 miles S.S.E. of Constantinople. Pop. probably 60,000 in-  sll1; L.  lrusxe/lce or Brusola; Ger. Briissel, briisls/sel; It.
cluding about 7000 Armenians, 3000 Greeks, and 1800 Jews. Brusselle, broos-slllA; Sp. Bruselas, broo-sA1las,) a city of
It is beautifully situated on a declivity, in a very fertile  Europe, capital of Belgium and of the province of Brabant,
neighborhood, and has a magnificent external appearance,  on the Senne, and on the railway from Antwerp to France.
with numerous minarets. Its houses are built mostly of  Lat. of the observatory, 500 51' 11" N., lon. 40 21' 10, E.
earth or wood, and its streets narrow, but it is kept very  Climate temperate, humid, and very variable, but healthy.
clean by an abundance of streams; and it is, upon the  Brussels is built partly on a hill 220 feet above the sea-level,
whole, one of the most agreeable cities in the East. It has  and partly on a flat through which the Senne flows with a tor- between 200 and 300 mosques, some very handsome; large  tuous course, forming several islands. It is the most importbazaars, numerous khans and colleges, several churches and  ant city in the kingdom, and the chief seat of public insynagogues, Armenian and other schools, and extensive  struction and industry, the residence of the courts, the seat
suburbs. Its mineral baths have been famous in all ages; of the legislative assemblies, courts of appeal, and chamber
they are of various kinds and temperatures, and mostly  of commerce. Brussels is remarkable for the number and
under cover of fine buildings. N.W. of the city are large  richness of its ancient buildings; and from the elegance of
swimming pools. The citadel, on a rock, near the centre of its new quarters, it ranks among the finest cities of Europe.
the town, is mostly of Genoese construction; and the city  It consists of an upper or new, and a lower or old town, the
contains various remains of antiquity. Brusa is one of the  former of which is the fashionable quarter, and contains the
most flourishing commercial emporiums in the Turkiish  royal palace, the government offices, and the finest streets
dominions. Its principal trade is in raw silk,.of which arti- and hotels; it is well supplied with water, and has many
cle its district, in 1841, produced 66,970 okes; and it has also  richly sculptured fountains.  Between the city and the
manufactures of satin, cotton cloths, carpets, tapestry, gauze, walls, and intermediate to the suburbs, are the broad proand cotton twist, with a large traffic in corn, opium, and  menades and drive replacing former ramparts called boulemeerschaum clay. The principal imports are Cotton cloths  yards. These are 9 in number, and shaded with double
and yarn, muslins, figured woollen dresses, dyed sarsanets, rows of lime-trees. There are 14 city gates, none of them
Paisley shawls from Great Britain, other woollens, with nan-  noteworthy, except the antique Porte de IHIal, a baronial-lookkeens and cotton prints from Germany, France, and Swit- ing barbacan, e-ected late in the fourteenth century, which
zerlaud, glass wares from Bohemia, red caps and gold thread  long served in later days as a prison. Every part of Brusfrom  Southern Europe, and cordage, butter, caviars, and  sels exhibits a congeries of twisted streets, with the excepiron from Russia. The trade with the interior is facilitated  tion of a few recently formed, mostly near the royal palace;
by caravans from Constantinople and Smyrna; that by the  one, the Rue Royale, is really handsome. Several irregular
sea is carried on from the port of Moodania, (Moqdania,)  areas, called places or marches when used as markets, are to
on the Sea of Marmoia. Brusa was anciently the capitalof  be found at intervals through the city, which, however, is in
Bithynia, and after the capture by Orchan in 1356, it con- general far too closely built. The only exception is in the
tinned to be the capital and the burial-place of the Turkish  extramural quarters, Leopold and Louise, beyond the Boulesultans, until Amurath removed his seat of empire to Adri-  yard du RLdgent.'
anople. Some newly constructed government silk factories    Its principal squares are the Place Royale, Place de la
at Brusa were destroyed by fire in 1846; the loss was esti- Monnai, with the mint, theatre, and exchange, the Place des
mated as high as 300,0001.                                  Martyres, where the victims of the revolution of 1830 are
BRUSAU, (Brfisau,) briifs6w, a town of Moravia, 31 miles interred, the Grand Place in thelower town, in which is the
W.N.W. of Olmutz, on the frontier of Bohemia. Pop. 750. H11tel de Ville, a noble Gothic edifice, in the grand hall of
It is celebrated for its fine flour, called B]rilsa-er Nefcl.  which the abdication of Charles V. took place in 1555. The
BRUSELAS. See BRussEs,s.                                 present modern edifices are the palace of the chambers, the
BRUSH CREEK, Ohio, joins the Ohio River in Adams co. king's palace, the palace of the fine arts, formerly the resiBRUSH CREEK of Scioto co., Ohio, enters Scoto River  dence of the Dukes of Brabant and of the governors-general
about 10 miles N. of Portsmouth.                            of Austria, rebuilt in 1746, and now occupied by the public
BRUSH CREEK, a township of Fulton co.,Pennsylvania. library and museum; the former palace of the Prince of
Pop. 375.                                                   Orange, remarkable for its interior decorations; the church
BRUSH CREEK, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca- of Notre-Damne-de-Bon-Secours, and that of Grand Bdguinrolina.                                                     age, both of the seventeenth century, and the theatre. The
~BRUSII CREEK, a post-office of Perry co., Alabama.       ancient buildings comprise the HO Il de Ville, one of the noBRUSHI CREEK, a township in Washington co., Arkau-  blest buildings of the kind in Europe, with a spire of open
sacs. Pop. 589.                                             stone'work 364 feet in height, several churches, in general
BRUSH CREEK, a township in Highland co., Ohio. Pop. decorated with rich sculptures and paintings, the finest of
1515.                                                       which is the cathedral of St. Gudule, built 1273, and celeBRUSH CREEK, a township in Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop. brated for its painted glass, numerous statues, and a finely
1121.                                                       carved pulpit; the church of Notre-Dame-de-la-Chapelle, comBRUSHI  CREEK, a township in Mluskingum co., Ohio. menced 1134, and that of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, of the
Pop. 1392.                                                 thirteenth century, the Broot-Huys, or old Hbtel de Ville,
BRUSHI CREEK, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 650. and several gates of its ancient walls. The finest promeBRUSH CREEK, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.       uades are the Alle —er-te, along the canal from Brussels to
BRUSH CREEK, a village of Knox co., Illinois, about 80  the Scheldt, and the park, an extensive enclosure near the
miles N.N.W. of Springfield.                                royal palace,laid out with avenues of trees, and ornamented
BRUSH CREEK, a post-office of La Clede co., Missouri.    with statues. This was the scene of the chief struggle in
BRUSHIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           the revolution of 1830. A statue to Godfroid de Bouillon
BRUSHIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         was inaugurated in 1848. Three miles N. is the country
BRUSH HILL, apost-village of Du Page co., Illinois, about palace of Laeken. Brussels has numerous and excellent
16 miles W. of Chicago.                                     establishments of public instruction, a free university,
BRUSH LAND, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.   founded 1S34, a primary normal school, polytechnic school,
BRUSH MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, a short ridge in the  an academy of painting, sculpture, and engraving, a royal
N. part of Blair co., S.W. of Bald Eagle Mountain.          school of music, a school of deaf, dumb, and blind, estaBRUSU POINT, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.      blished 1834, and numerous primary schools and schools of
BRUSHI RUN, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsyl- industry. Among its rich scientific and literary establishvania.                                                      ments is the astronomical observatory, one of the finest in
BRUSH'S MILLS, apost-village of Franklin co., New York, Europe, and a magnetic observatory, the depdt-general for
on the Ogdensburg and Rouse's Point Railroad.               the archives of the kingdom; the public libtrary, containing
BRUSH VALLEY, a post-township of Indiana co., Penn- 100,000 volumes, and the royal library (founded 1837) 70,000
sylvania, 55 miles E. by N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1481.        volumes and 25,000 MSS., the museum of painting, natural,
BRUSHIVILLE, a post-office of Queen's co., New York.    history, and antiquities, and an excellent botanic garden.
BRUSHVILLE, a small post-village in the S. part of  It has an academy of belles-lettres, an exhibition of paintLivingston co., New York.                                   ings. and another for the productions of national industry.
BRUSH/Y CREEK of Lavacca co., Texas, flows into La- Among its private collections are the library of the Bollandvacca River.                                               ists, 6000 volumes, and that of the geographical establishBRUSHY CREEK, in Texas, rises in Wiilliamson co., and  ment of M. Ph. Vandermaelen, founded 1830, containing
flows into Little River, near the centre of Milamn  county.    20,000 volumes and a rich collection of maps, in connection
BRUSIHY CREEK, a post-office of Anderson district, South  with a school of geography, and a museum  of natural
Carolina.                                                  history
304




BRU                                                        BUB
Brussels is the seat of the principal banks, and of the  ing on the Atlantic, has an area of 472 square'miles. It is
only mint of the kingdom, and has a savings bank and  bounded on the N.E. b3 the Ogeechee, and traversed from
many wealthy charitable institutions; it is one of the great  W. to E. by the Cannouchee River. The surface is level,
centres of Belgian industry, and it is still celebrated for its  the soil sandy, and undulating on the margins of the river.
lace, considered the finest in the world; its other chief ms- The county is partly covered with pine forests. Named in
nufactures are of fine linens, damask, silk, and cotton  honor of Jonathan Bryan, one of the founders of the state.
ribbons, gold and silver embroidery, hats, paper, mnaclhinery,  Capital, Eden.' Pop. 3424, of whom  1179 were free, and
jewelry, and mathematical and musical instruments.  It  2245 slaves.
has also establishments for coach-building and cabinet    BRYAN, a post-village, capital of Williams co., Ohio, 173
making, manufactures of chehical products, soap, porcelain, miles N.W. of Columbus, contains, besides the county buildand crystal, extensive sugar-refineries and breweries.  It  ings, a few stores.
has many extensive typographical and lithographic esta    BRYAN, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, 70 miles
blishments, which are chiefly employed in reprints of works  N.W. of Jefferson City.
published in France. The commerce of Brussels is facili-    BRYAN COURT-HOUSE, Bryan co., Georgia, is situated
tated by a canal, which connects it with Antwerp, and ad- about 20 miles W. by S. of Savannah.
mits vessels of 300 tons burden, by excellent roads, and by    BRYIANSBURG, a post village of Jefferson co., Indiana,
railways, which radiate from it in every direction.         76 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.
History.-The Emperor Otho dated a decree, apud Bru-   BRYAN'S STORE, a post-office Moore co., North Carolina.
solam, in 976. But the town was not of consequence enough    BRYIANSTON, or BLANFORD BRYAN, a parish of Engto be fortified till 1044, when Lambert Balderic, Count of land, co. of Dorset.
Louvain and Brussels, built a wall, with seven gates, around    BRYIANSYILLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
it. A second wall was constructed in 1380, which followed    BRYIANTOWN, a post-village of Charles co., Maryland,
pretty nearly the line of the present boulevard. In 1405, it about 68 miles S.W. of Annapolis.
lost 1400 of its houses by fire. In 1549, two earthquakes    BRYIANT'S CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co., Indiana.
caused it much damage. But it was of small account, till   BRYANT'S POND, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
Flanders passed into the hands of princes of the House of    BRYANT'S SWAMP, a post-office of Bladen co.; North
Austria; when it became, in 1507, the usual seat of govern- Carolina.
ment'for the entire Low Countries. At Brussels, the Em-   BRY/ANTSYILLE, a village of Garrard co., Kentucky, 48
peror Charles V. established his vice-royalty; and here, in  miles S. of IFrankfort.
an assemnbly of the states, A. D. 1555, he solemnly divested    BRYANTSVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana,
himself of monarchical power,'in favor of his son. Philip II.,  10 miles from Bedford, the county town.
under whom it endured much, firom his minion the Duke    BRYMIBO, a township of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
of Alva, and f-om the inquisitibn established here.           BRYN-CROES, brinlkrtrze, or brtnlkro-Ss, a parish of
Brussels was taken by the French in 1701, at the begin-  North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
ning of the Succession war. In 1706, it was taken by the    BRYN-EGLWYS, briin-6geloo-is, a parish of North Wales,
Duke of Marlborough, and by the French, under Marshal  co. of Denbigh.
Saxe, in 1747. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, gave    BRYNIGWYN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
back Brussels to the Austrians. In 1794, General Dumou-   BRYNGWYN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
riez took.possession of it for the French Republic. On the    BRYN-LLYS, brinl thlis, or BRON LLIS, a parish of South
extension and reconstitution of the French territory, Brus- Wales, co. of Brecon, 6. miles W.S.W. of I-lay. Here is, as is
sels became the chief town of the department of Dyhl. supposed, an ancient castle of the time of Harold.
Bonaparte, then first consul, made his ceremonial entry into    BRZESC, bzh~sts, a town of Poland, government of, and
Brussels by the Allse-erte, July 21, 1803. He was rather  94 miles W. N.W. of Warsaw, on an affluent of the Vistula.
partial to this city, and bought the chateau of Lacken as a  The Jesuits had once here a fine convent and college. Pop.
palace for Josephine; and under its roof he signed his fatal 1290, engaged in woollen and linen weaving.
declaration of war against Prussia. The Prussians took    BRZESC LITEWSKI, bzhbsts le-tiv/skee, afortified town
possession of Brussels, February 1, 1814.  September 11, of Russia, government of Grodno, and formerly the capital
1815, William of Orange-Nassau was inauguratetl at Brussels  of Lithuania, 108 miles S. of Grodno, on the right bank of
as king of the Low Countries. It then became one of the  the Bug. Pop. 8000. It has a Jewish synagogue, a schoo.
two capitals of the new kingdom, alternating with the  for nobles, and an active general trade. In 1794, it was the
Hague in Holland as the residence of the court and the seat  scene of an engagement between the Russians and Poles.
of the states, (ftats gesn'saux.) At length, September 23,   BRZESNICA,, bzhls-neet/sf, a town of Poland, 66 miles
1830, burst out at Brussels the revolution which separated  S.E. of Kalisz.  Pop. 970.  It is the birthplace of Dlugosz
Belgiunm from Ilolland; and Prince-Leopold, of Saxe-Coburg, or Longinus.
elected ICing of the Belgians by the national congress, June    BRZESNITZ, bzhlsfnits, (Bohemian, Brzesnice, bzhis4, 1831, made his public entry into Brussels as the sole capital1  neet/si,) a town of Bohemia, 40 miles S.W. of Prague.
of his new kingdom. Pop. in 1846, 123,874; of whom 47,534    BR.ZEZANY, bzhL-zhfnee, a town of Austeian Galicia, on
speak French or Walloon, and74,680 speak Flemish or Dutch. the Zlota-Lipa, 54 miles S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 6899. It has
Brussels is the birth-place of the physicians Versalius and  a castle, a gymnasium, and manufactures of leather, sail
Van IHelnont, and of the two painters Champaigne.           cloth, and linen fabrics.
BRUSSOW, (Briissow,) briitsov, a town ofPrussia, Branden-   BRZEZENY, bzhX-zhlnee, a village of Poland, 12 miles
burg, on a lake of the same name, 12 miles N.E. of Prenzow. S.S.E. of Kalisz.
Pop. 1100.                                                    BRZEZYN, bzhafzin, a town of Poland, 63 miles S.W. of
BRUSTHEM, br-islttm, a village and commune of Bel- Warsaw. Pop. 3167. It has some woollen manufactures.
glum, province of Limbourg,10 miles N.W. of Tongres, with    BRZOZOY, bzholzov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 10 miles
an old church, founded in 1449, and a tower, built in 1111. N.W. of Sanok. Pop. 2367. It has manufactures of cloth.
The village is noted for a signal defeat of the Liegeols, by    BU, bit, a town of France, department of Eure-et-Loir, 7
Charles the Bold, in 1467. Pop. 1000.                       miles N.E. of Dreux. Pop. of commune, 1519. It was forBRIUtTON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  merly fortified and important.
Somerset, 10 miles S.S.W. of Frome. Pop. of parish, in 1851,   BJA, boolS, an island of the Dalmatia, in the Adriatic,
2109. The town, in the valley of the Brue, consistschiefly  immediately opposite the to.wn of Trau, with which it is
of three streets, at the junction of which is a hexagonal mar-  connected by a bridge. Pop. 4000. It produces dates, wine,
ket cross.  Its church is a highly decorated structure.  olives, and asphaltum. Principal village, Santa Croce. Pop.
The town has several silk mills, and manufactories of tow, 1500.
woollens, and hosiery. The celebrated navigator, Dampier,   BUACITE, butAk or boo-Ashl, or GARDEN ISLAND, an
wag born here in 1652.                                      island of Western Australia, co. of Perth, in the Indian
BRUITUS, a township of Cayuga co., New York. Pop. 3046. Ocean, 5 miles from the mainland; between which and the
BRUX, (Briix,) britiks, or BRIX, a walled town of Bohemia, island is Cockburn Sound. Length,. from  N. to S. about 6
14 miles N. of Ssaz, on the Bila. Pop. 3064. It has a high- miles; average breadth, 1 mile.
school, and a philosophical institute, coal-mines and masn-   BUAGIE, boo'-gheel, a Sikh state of North-western India,
factures of salts-from seidlitz waters. The celebrated mine- under British protection.  Pop. 25,000.
ral spring of Seidlitz is in its vicinity.                    BUARCOS, boo-R/lkoce, atown of Portugal, province of
BRUXELLES, or BRUXELLIE. See BaussELs.                    Beira, on the Mondego, at its mouth, 24 miles W. of Coimbra.
BRUYPRES, brii'yairl, a town of France, department of  Pop. 800. It is defended by a fort.
Vosges, 13 miles E.N.E. of Epinal. Pop. in 1852, 2502.        BUBJDAKI, a village of Sinde, on the borders of BeloochisBRUYkREES SOUS LAON, brii'yaiRa seo l&'cfa, a town of tan, on the N.E. shore of Lake Manchar, and said to possess
France, department of Aisne, 3 miles S.S.E. of Loan. Pop. a good climate. Lat. 260 6' N.; ion. 660 52' E. Pop. 5000.
of commune, 1168.                                             BUBASITIS, (Scripture Pi-beseth, modern Tel Basta,) a
BRUYNSWICK, broinsfwik, or brlnztwik, a post-office of  ruined city of Lower Egypt: the remains situated on an
Ulster co., New York.                                       arm  of the Nile, at its delta, 14 miles N. of Belbeys, comBRUZ, briiz, a village  of France, department of Ille-et-  prise some extensive mounds, with the ruins of the temples
Vilaine, 6 miles S.W. of Rennes. Pop. of commune. in 1852, of Mercury and Pasht.
2458. Near this the argentiferous lead-mine of Psont-Pean    BUBDBENIHIALL, a perish of England, co. of Warwick.
was opened in 1730, and abandoned in 1797.                    BUBBIO. See BoseIo.
BRYIAN, a county in the E.S.E. part of Georgia, border-   BUBENDORF, boofben-doenf, a village of Switzerland, canU                                                                            305




BUB                                                        BUC
ton of Bile-Champagne, 10 miles S.E. of Basel, with mann-  justify its name, being composed for the most part of misefactures of ribbons. Pop. 1193. In its vicinity are saline  rable brick or mud cabins, and very dirty;)a city of Southsprings, (Bubendsfe.r-bad.)  The baths, built in 1764., have  eastern Europe, capital of Wallachia, seat of the government
been recently embellished.  Roman coins and vases are  and of an archbishopric, situated in a swampy plain on the
often found near this place.                               Dimbovetza. Lat. (of the English quarter) 440 25' 39/ N.;
3BUBION, boo-be-nf, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 35  ion. 260 5' 24" E. Pop. 60,788. It resembles a large village,
miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2697.         -                the houses being surrounded with gardens; and as above
BUBLITZ, boolblits, a town of Prussia, province of Pome- remarked ill built, and durty.  Bukharest has 95 churches,
rania, 23 miles S.E. of Ciislin. Pop. 2920.                of which there is 1 Protestant and 1 Roman Catholic, 26
BUBR0OO0AtI, a town of Hindostan, 15 miles from Jeypoor. monasteries, a foundling, and'6 other hospitals, and a poorIn 1820 it was reported to have 2000 houses.               house; it has no palace, that of the Wallachian sovereigns
BUBRY, bti'breet, a village of France, depalrtment of Morbi-  having been burned in 1812. It has a college, with about
han. Pop. of commune, 3611.                                 450 pupils; a museum with a public library, and a central
BUBIWITI,. a parish of England, co. of York, East Biding.  metropolitan seminary, both founded in 1836, and 65 other
BUCCANEER  (bik'kan-eerf) ARCHIPELAGO, a group  schools, attended by 1513 pupils. Bukharest is the entrepgt
of islands in the Indian Ocean, near the N.W. coast of  for the commerce between Austria aind Turkey; its chief
Australia. Lat. 160 S.; ion. 1230 30' E.                    trade is in grain, building timber, wool, salt, and wax; it
BUCCARI, book-k/ree, afree royal seaporttownofAustria, was taken by the Russians in 1769, and by the Austrians
in Croatia, on an inlet of the Gulf of Quarnero, (Adriatic,)  in 1789. The treaty of peace, by which the Porte ceded to
5 miles E.S.E. of Fiumle. Pop. 2200. It has a castle and a  Russia, Bessarabia and part of Moldavia, was concluded
good harbor, at the opposite extremity of which, 5 miles S.E., here, MIay 28, 1812. In 1847, Bukharest suffered severely
is the village of BuccoARIZZA.                              from  a fire, which destroyed about a fourth part of the
BUCCIIANICO, book-kie-ne-ko, a walled town of Naples,  town. Its vicinity was the scene of many important miliprovince of Abruzzo Citra, 4 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3720. tary operations by the Turkish and Russian armies in the
BUCCINO, boot-chee/no, a walled town of Naples, pro-  early part of 1854.
vince of Principato Citra, on the Bjotta, here crossed by a    BUCIACRIAA, a territory of Central Asia. See BUKHARIA.
Roman bridge, 14 miles E.of Campagna. Pop. 5460. In its    BUCHAU, booIKOw, a town of Bohemia, 13' miles E.S.E.
icinity are quarries of fine marble.                       of Elbogen. Pop. 1235. In its vicinity are manufactures
BUCCLEUCH  or BUCCLEUGH, bhik-klul, an old parish  ofporcelain.
of Scotland, co. of Selkirk, now comprised in the parish of    BUCHAU, a town Wiirtemberg, 7 miles S.E. of Riedlingen.
Ettrick. It gives the title of duke to the head of the Scott Pop. 1830. It has a fine castle of the princes of Tour and
family, one of the most opulent peers under the British  Taxis.
crown. Buccleugh is also the name of a suburban parish    BUCHIBERG, b66afbl~a, a market-town of Lower Austria,
of Edinburgh.                                               15 miles W. of Neustadt, at the foot of the Schneeberg, in
BUCELLAS, boo-sWllAs, a village of Portugal: in Estre-  the Biclzbergthale, a fine valley called "the Chamouni of
madura, 14 miles N. of Lisbon.  It gives its name to a  Austria."
white wine raised in its vicinity.                            BUCHEN, boo/rKen, a town of Baden, 29 miles E.N.E. of
BUCH, btikr, an old district of France, in the Bordelois,  Heidelberg, with manufactures of cloth, and tanneries.
capital of La Teste-de-Buch, now comprised in the depart- Pop. 2400.
ment of Gironde.                                              BUCIEN, a village and post-station of DenmaIrk, 8 miles
BUCHAN, bhklaan, a district of Scotland, a division of the  N.N.E. of Lauenburg, connected by railway with Lubeck.
counties of Aberdeen, and Banff, forming the most eastern    BUCHIIOLZ, booxrh6lts,,a town of Saxony, 8 miles S.E. of
land of the kingdom.                                        Griinhain, on the Lehm.   Pop. 2478. It has manulhctures
BUCI-IAN, BULLERS OF. See BnLLEmes OF BUCHAN.             of ribbons and lace.
BUCHANAN, btlsk-anfn, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stir-    BUCHHIIIOLZ  FRANZOSISCH, (Franzcsisch,) booKlhblts
ling, comprising all its western part, between Lochs Ka- fi-nt-sS!zisch, (i. e. " French Buchholz,") a village of Prustrine and Lomond, portions of which lakes it includes, to- sia, 6 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. 440. It is a colony of French
gether with the mountain of Ben Lomond.                     emigrants.
BUCHANAN, blk-an/an, a county in the WV.N.W. part of    BUCIHIIOLZ WVENDISCII,   boor/h61ts fv5ndish, a town on
Missouri, bordering on the Missouri River, which separates  the Dehme, 36 miles S.E. of Potsdam.  Pop. 1000. Burnit from the Indian Territory, has an area of 415'square miles. HOLZ is also the name of several villages in Germany.
It is intersected by Little Platte River, which flows south-    BUCHLOWITZ, ]5fleov-fits' a town of Austria, in Moraward; and drained also by Castile and Livingston Creeks. via, 6 miles W. of Hradisch. Pop. 1890. In its environs are
The soil is highly productive. The projected railroad from   sulphur springs and baths.
the Mississippi River to the Missouri will pass through the    BUCHLYV1E, bfiK-lvee, a village and burgh of barony,
county. The Missouri River is navigable by steamboats  Scotland, co., and 13 miles W. of Stirling. Pop. 381.
along the border of the county. Capital, St. Joseph. Pop.   BUCHIOLLA. See BeHOLA.
12,975, of whom 12,073 were free, and 902 slaves.             BUCIIOREST, a town of Wallachia. See BurAsREsT.
BUCHANAN, a new county in the N.E. central part of    BUCINE, boo-cheelnd, a village of Italy, in Tuscany,
Iowa, has an arsea of 576 square miles. It is intersected by  25 miles S.E. of Florence, on the Ambra. Pop. 590.
Wapsipinicon  River, and by Buffalo Creek, which flow    BUCK, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
south-eastward. This county has a fertile soil, a healthy    BUCK, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 530.
climate, and is represented to be well supplied with timber    BUCK, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 462.
and water. Capital, Independence. Pop. 517.                   BUCK'ATAW/NY RIVER,ofMississippi, enters the ChickaBUCIHIANAN, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. sawha from the north in Wayne county.
BUCHANAN, a village of Botetourt co., Virginia, on James    BUCK BRANCH, a district in Clark co., Georgia. Pop. 324.
River, 181 miles WV. of Richmond, and opposite the village    BUCK BRANCIH, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.
of Pattonsburg, with which it is connected by a fine bridge.   BUCK BRIDGE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New
It is situated in a beautiful valley, at the head' of naviga- Yorkr, on Grass River, about 18 miles E. of Ogdensburg..
tion, and has an active trade. Both villages together con-   BUCK BRIDGE, a village of De Kalb co., Illinois, 150
tain 3 or 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 printing office, and several miles N.N.E. of Springfield.
tobacco factories and mills.  Incorporated in 1832.  This    BUCK CREEK, Ohio. See LAGONDA CeasE.
place is connected with Richmond by the James River    BUCK CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Marion county,
Canal, and has a turnpike extending to Salem.               and enters Sugar Creek in Shelby county.
BUCHANAN, a thriving post-village and township of Be —   BUCK CREEK, of IHarrison co., Indiana, flows into the
rien co., Michigan, on the St. Joseph's River, and on the  Ohio at Mauksport.
Central Railroad, 197 miles W. by S. of Detroit, and 6 miles    BUCK CREEK, of HIenry co., Indiana, flows into the
W. of Niles. The river is navigable for keel-boats, and af- West Fork of White River at Yorktown.
fords water-power. The village has several stores, and a    BUCK CREEK, a post-officeof Spartanburg district, South
fiouring mill. Pop. in 1853, about 600.                     Carolina.
BUCIIANAN, a village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, on the    BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia.
Wisconsin River, and on thp Milwaukee and Mississippi   BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.
Railroad, now in progress, 22 miles N. of Mineral Point.      BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Daviess co., Kentucky.
BUCHANAN RIVER, in the N.W. part of Virginia, rises   BUCK CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana.
in Randolph county, and flowing in a N.N.E1. course, enters    BUCK CREEK, a township  of Hancock co., Indiana.
the Tygart's Valley river a little above Philippi, in Bar- Pop. 420.
hour county.                                                  BUCKIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
BUCIIAN-NESS, btik'an-nessl, the most eastern headland    BUCKEBURG, (Biickeburg,) or bitk/kehob6lacG, a town of
of Scotland,-co. of Aberdeen, 21 miles S. of Peterhead. It Northern Germany, capital of the principality of Schaumhas a light-house, let. 570 28' N.; ion. 10 46 /W. Elevation,'burig-Lippe, on the Aue, an affluent of the Weser, 6 miles
130 feet, and revolving. Near this are the rocks called the  E. S.E. of Minden. It is well built, has 5 gates, a castle, and
Bullers of Buchan."                                       park, gymnasium, a normal school, and a public library. In
BUCHAREST, BUKHAREST, or BUKHOREST, bu'ko- the vicinity is the summer palace of Baum. Pop. 3250.
rIstf, or more correctly B00'KARESHT,(i.e." the city of en-   BUCKEN, bikl/ken, a town of Northern Germany, in IHajoyment,"-the city itself, however, does not by any means  nover, 3 miles S.W. of Hoya. Pop. 1105.
306




BUC                                                        BUC
BUCKIENIIAM  or BOKIENI AMI PERRY, a parish of    BUCKINGIAM,, btkling-am, a county of Van Diemen's
England, co. of Norfolk.                                    Land, bounded S. by the river inuon friom its source to its
B UCKENHAMI. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Norfolk. month in D'Entrecasteaux Channel. Principal town, LIEoBUCKENI4AM, NEW, a small town and parish of Eng- bart town.
land, co. of Norfolk, 15 miles S.S.W. of Norwich.             BUCKINGiAM[ COURT-H1OUSE, a post-office of BuckBUCKIERELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            ingham co., Virginia.
BUCK/EYE, a post-village of Laurens co., Georgia, about   BUCKIINGIIAMI MINE, a post-office of Buckingham  co.,
12 miles N. of Dublin, the county town.                     Virginia.
BUCKEYE, a post-office of Garrard co., Kentucky.            BUCKINGIHAMSTIIRE.  See Bucas.
BUCKEYE, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio.                 BUCKILAND, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
BUCKEYE, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. P. 121l.    BUCKLAND, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
BUCKEYE COTTAGE, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio.          BUCKLAND, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
BUCKEYE FURNACE, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.    BUCKLAND, a parish of England, co. of iertford.
BUCKIEYSTON, a post-village and railroad station of    BUCKLAND, 2 parishes of England, co. of Kent.
Frederick co., iMaryland, on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-   BUCKLAND, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
road, about 40 miles in a direct line N.W. of Washington.     BUCKILAND, a post-township of Franklin co., MiassachuBUCKFASTLEIGII, btiklfast-le, a parish, and formerly a  setts, on the S. side of Deerfield River, about 100 miles W'.
market-town of Eugland, co. of Dl)evon, on the Dart, 2 miles  by N. of Boston.  Pop. 1056.
S.S.W. of Ashburton. Pop. in 1851, 2613, partly employed    BUCKLAND, a post-office of ]Hartford co., Connecticut.
in wool-combing and weaving serges, and in neighboring    BUCKLAND, a post-village of Prince William  co., Virmarble and copper works.                                    ginia, 116 miles N. of Richmond, contains 1 church and a
BUCK/FIELD, a post-village and township of Oxford co., few shops.
Maine, 40 miles N. by W~. of Portland, intersected. by -a    BUCKLAND, a post-office of Gates co., North Carolina.
branch of Androscoggin River. A branch of the Atlantic    BUCKSLAND BREWIER. a parish of England, co. of Devon.
and St. Lawrence Railroad extends to this place from Me-    BUCKILAND DEN/tIAM, a parish of England, co. of
chanic Falls, distant 13 miles. Pop. 1657.                  Somerset.
BUCK GROVE, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.             BUCKLAND, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
BUCKIHANINON, a post-office of Upshur co., Virginia.        BUCKLAND, EGG.  See EGG-BUCKLAND.
BUCKIAIVEN, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Fife,    BUCK/LAND FILLEIGH, (fil6lee,) a parish of England, co.
parish of Wemyss, on the Frith of Forth, 9~ miles S. of  of Devon.
Cnpar. Pop. in 1851, 1769, nearly all fishermen, who sup-    BUCKLAND-IN-rHEi-MOOR, a parish of England, co. of
ply the Leith and Edinburgh markets with fish, and the  Devon.
value of whose boats, nets, &c. has been estimated at up-    BUCKLAND ISLAND, in the North Pacific Ocean, belongs
wards of 20,0001. A new pier and harbor have been recently  to the central division of the Bonin Islands.
formed here.                                                  BUCKLAND BMONACHOIRUM, a parish of England, cc.
BUCKIHEAD, a post-office of Fairfield district, South  of Devon, 4 miles S.S.E. of Tavis.
Carolina.                                                     BUCK/LAND  NEW/TON, a parish of England, co. of
BUCKIHEAD, a village of Mlorgan co., Georgia, on the  Dorset.
Georgia Railroad, 96Gmiles W. of Angusta.                     BUCKILAND RIPERLS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
BUCKIIEAD, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.              BUCK/LAND  ST. MA/ftY, a parish of England, co. of
BUCKITEAD CAUSEY, a post-office of Colleton district, Somerset, 6 miles W.S.W. of Ilminster.  Some Saxon and
South Carolina.                                             Danish remains, and the traces of a Roman fort, exist in
BUCKHEAD CRYEEK, of Georgia, flows into the Ogeechee  this parish.
at the southern extremity of Burke county..    BUCKLAND  TOUTSAINTS, (toot/saints,) a parish of
BUCK HILL, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana.         England, co. of Devon.
BUCK IHOLLOW, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont.-    BUCKLAND, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
BUCKIIHORN, a post-office of Columbia, co., Pennsyl-    BUCKLAND, WEST, a parish of England, co. Somerset.
vania.                                                        BUCKLEBURY,  buk1k'l-ber-re, a parish of England, co.
BUCKHORN, a post-office of Carroll co. Georgia.           of Bucks.
BUCKHORN, a post-office of Winston co., Mississippi.        BUCIK/LESIIHAM,  a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
BUCKHORN, a post-office Bienville parish; Louisiana.        BUCKILEYS, a post-office of Jasper co., Mississippi.
BUCKHORN, a post-office of Brown co., Illinois.             BUCK/LIN, a villag-e of Winnebago co., Illinois, 11 miles
BUCKI-IORN, a post-office of Independence co., Arkansas. N.W. of Rockford.
BUCKHORN, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.              BUCK/LY, LONG, a parish of England, co. of NorthBUCK/IIORN-WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. amnpton.
BUCKIE, btsk!kee, a fishing village of Scotland, co. and    BUCKIMINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
17it niiles W. of Banff, on the North Sea. Pop. in 1851, 2789.   BUCK/NALL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
BUCKINGIHAMI, a co. of England. See Bucxs.                  BUCKNALL, a township of England, co. of Stafford, 31
BUCKINGHABI, btkling-am, a parliamentary and muni-  miles E.N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne.
cipal borough, market-town,  and parish of England, co. of    BUCK/NELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Bucks, on the Ouse, and on a branch of the Grand Junction    BUCKINER, ai post-office of Sacramento co., California.
Canal, 15 miles N. W. of Aylesbury, and 52 N. W. of London.   BUCK/NER'S CREEK, of Fayette co., Texas, flows into
Pop. of the parliamentary borough, which comprises S pa- Colorado River at La Grange.
rishes, in 1851, 8060. The town is surrounded by the    BUCK/NILL, a parish of England, cos. of Hereford and
Ouse, here crossed by 3 stone bridges, and consists mostly  Salop.
of small brick houses. Its church is a vicarage.  It has a    BUCKOW, bf5l5kkov, a town of Prussia, 26 miles N.W. of
grammar school, founded by Edward VI., a green coat and  Frankfurt on the Stebberow.
large national school, 2 ancient hospitals, a town-hall, pri-    BUCKOW, NEU, nol bS5k/kov, (i.e. "New Buckow,") a
son, union work-house, and in its vicinity several paper and  town of Mecklenburg, Schwerin, duchy, and 29 miles N.N.E.
corn mills. The making of bobbin lace employs a portion  of Schwerin, near the Baltic. Pop. 1468.
of the female population. It is the seat of the summer    BUCK POINT, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee;
assizes and quarter sessions.  Buckingham  was made a    BUCK/PORT, a township in Oxford co., i.aine, about 30
borough in the reign of Henry VIII. It sends 2 members  miles W. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 1657.
to the Ilouse of Commons. It gives the title of duke to the    BUCK PRAI/RIE, a post-village of Lawrence co., MIisGrenville family.                                           sonuri, 150 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
BUCK/INGHAMI, a county in the S.E. central part of    BUCK/RAMi, a post-office of Queen's co., New York.
Virginia, has an area of 680 square miles. The James River    BUCKS, blix, or BUCKINGHAM, bfitking-anm, or BUCKforms its boundary on the N. and N.WV., the Appomattox  INGIIAMSIIRE, btk/ing-.am-shir, an inland co. of Engwashes the southern border; it is also drainedby Willis  land, having N. the  co. of Northampton, E. Bedford,
and Slate Rivers. The surface varies fronm level to hilly: Hertford, and Middlesex, S. Berks, and W. Oxford. Area
Willis Mountain, in the S.E. part, is the principal elevation. 464,930 acres, of which upwards of 440.000 acres are said
The soil is not naturally rich, excepting in the vicinity of  to be about equally divided between grass and narable land.
the rivers. Gold mines are worked in the vicinity of Willis  Pop. in 1851, 163,554. Surface in the N. undulating, in the
Mountain, and yield large profits. Valuable slate quarries  S. occupied by the Chiltern Ilills, and in the centre by the
have been opened on the bank of Slate River, and iron is  vale of Aylesbury, one of the most fertile tracts in Britain.
found in the county. The James River Canal passes along  The Thames forms its S. boundary, other rivers are the
the border of the county. Organized in 1761, and named  Thanes, Ouse, and Colne. The sheep of the vale of Aylesbury
from Buckingham, a county of England. Capital, Mays- are noted for the weight and fneness of their fleeces. The
ville. Pop. 13,837, of whom 5676 weie free, and 8161 slaves. county supplies large quantities of butter, cattle, lambs,
BUCKINGIHAIMI; a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsyl- poultry, &c. to the London markets. Chief towns, Aylesvania, 27 miles N. by E. of Philadelphia, drained by Nesha-  bury the capital, Buckingham, Marlow, and Wycombe, each
miny Creek. Pop. 2766.                                      of which sends 2 members to the House of Commons.  The
BUCKINGHIAM, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.  county sends 3 members. The county formed part of anPop. 592.                                                   cient lisercia, and some of the Roman roads traversed it.
BUCKINGHAM, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa.              Here the revolution in the reign of Charles I. first nonm307




BUC                                                           BUD
menced. The London and Birmingham and Great Western I rian royalty, and the builcdings of the central administrh:
Railway, and the Grand Junction Canal intersect this county. tion.  The other principal edifices are the cathedral, and
lIt.ives the title of earl to the Hamnpden family.           the garrison church.   2 Gothic monuments, the convents of
BUCKS, a county forming the E.S.E. extremity of Penn-  St. Elizabeth, St. Flosrian, and the Capuchins, and the pa.
sylvania, has an area of about 600 square miles.  The  laces of many of the Hlungarian nobility. Buda is the resi.
Delaware River forms its entire boundary on the N.E. and  dence of the viceroy, or palatine  of Hungary, seat of a lien.
on the S.E. separating it from New Jersey; the county is  tenant-general of the administration of the royal treasure,
drained by Neshaminy, Tohickon, and Perkiomen Creeks.  (1-Hof-Kamnmer,) and of a commander-general; it has an oh.
The surface in the N. part is hilly, and the remainder is  servatory on the summit of the Blocksberg, one of the finest
generally undulating. The red shale lands of the middle  and best furnished in Europe, in connection with the Uniare good; the soil of the southern part, derived from  pri-  versity of Pesth; an extensive type foundry, dependent on
mary rocks, produces good pasture, and the county gene-  the same establishment, a gymnasium, and several libraries.
rally is in a high state of cultivation. The chief pursuits  Connected with the arsenal is a cannon foundry and powder
of the inhabitents are farming and gardening for the Phila-  manufactory.  The city has manufactrures of cloth, leather,
delphia market. The county contains. valuable quarries of  silks and velvets, on a small scale, and an extensive comlimestone and sandstone suitable for building; plumbago, merze in wine. of which about 300,000 eimaers of an excellent
iron, titanium, and zircon are also found.  The Delaware  quality, resembling Burgundy, is annually produed in its
River is navigable by steamboats along the S.E. border,  vicinity. Buda has an excellent establishment of baths in
and the Delaware Canal extends along the north-eastern  connection with the hot sulphur springs, from which the
border of the county. The- S.E. part is traversed by the  name Ofen (" oven") is derived, (temperature 1170 5' FahPhiladelphia and Trenton Railroad. Bucks was one of the  renheit.)
three original counties fomned by William Penn in 1682,    Buda is supposed to be named from Buda, a brother of
and was named firom Bucks, a county of England. Capital,  Attila,who resided in it occasionally, and greatly improved it.
Doylestown.  Pop. 56,091.                                      Old Buda, (O-Butlda or Alt Ofen,) a little farther up the river,
BUCKS, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.               is the Sicambria of the Romans, and thoughnot at any part in
BUCKS, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1326.  actual contact with the modern Buda, is undoubtedly its
BUCKS, a township of St. Joseph co., Michigan.              embryo, having been a Roman station of some importance
BUCK'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Madrid township, St.  in the early part of the third century.  Many Roman antiLawrence co., New York, about 6 miles N. of Canton.           quities still exist within it, and it contains several handBUCK'S CORNERS, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana. some buildings. After many vicissitudes, Buda was taken
BUCK'S CREEK, of Macon co., Georgia, enters the Flint  in 1541 by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent, who
River from the W., near Oglethorpe.                           introduced a garrison into it of 12,000 Janissaries, and reBUCKSI-U/TEM, a village of Cumberland co., New Jersey,  duced a great part of the kingdom to the state of a Turkish
about 15 miles S.E. of Bridgetown, has a church and several province. It continued to be the seat of a pasha until
dwellings.                                                    1686, when it was retaken by the Austrians, under the
BUCSKIN,  tonship in Ross co, Ohio. Pop. 2104.    Duke of Lorraine and the Margrave of Baden.  Hither, in
BUCKSKIN, a post-office of Gibson co., Indiana.             1784, Joseph II. transferred the seat of government. The
BUCKS/PORT, a commercial post-village and township of  greatest modern improvement which both Buda and Pesth
Hancock co., Maine, on the left bank of the Penobscot, 16  have received, is the suspension-bridge, completed in 1849,
miles S. of Bangor. It has an excellent harbor, with a depth  at an expense of 650,0001. Before the bridge was opened to
of from 4 to 5 fathoms, and is extensively engaged in ship-  the public, its stability was curiously and most severely
building and the fisheries. About 3000 tons of shipping is  tested, by the passage of the whole force of the Hungarians
built here annually.  Among the vessels owned are near  and Imperialists over it, the former hotly pursued by the
100, varying from 100 to 150 tons each, engaged in the cod- latter.  For nearly two days, the whole platform  of the
fishery and freighting business, and 4 ships of about 1000  bridge was one dense mass of moving soldiers. Pop. in
tons each in cotton freighting.  There are 3 churches, 2  1846, exclusive of military, 40,500.
seminaries, 1iCongregational, and 1 Methodist, and 26 stores.    BUDA-KESZI, booldlhik4tIsee', a town of HIungary, co. of
A small stream  also affords motive-power for 2 axe manu-  Pesth. 5 miles W. of Buda. Pop. 2312.
factories, 1 tannery, and several mills. One ferry connects    BUD'AYOON/, a town of British India, presidency of
Bucksport with Frankfort, another connects it with Pros-  Bengal.
pact, and a bridge communicates with Wetmore Isle. Pop.    BUD/BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
of the township in 1850, 3318.                                   BUDDEABAD, btid'de-A-bidl, a strong fort of AfghaniBUCKSPORT, a village of Falls co., Texas.                   stan, N.E. of Cabool.  Lat. 340 55' N., Ion. 700 14' E.  I-Here
BUCKSPORT CENTRE, a post-office, Hancock co., Maine.  the British captives spared from  the massacres of 1841,
BUCKSITOWN, a post-office, Somerset co., Pennsylvania.  wvere for a short time imprisoned.
BUCKS/VILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.         BUDDHA-GAYA, boodld'hA-g/yA, a widely spread collecBUCKSVILLE, a post-office of Horry district, South Ca,  tion of ruins in British India, presidency of Bengal, about
rolina.                                                       40 miles S.W. of Bahar.  It is a place a good deal resorted to
BUCK/TOOTIH, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New   by pilgrims, and is supposed to have been once the centre
York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 425 miles from   of the Boodhic religion; but no Boodhists now reside at or
New York City.                                                 near it.
BUCKIWIIEAT, a township inFnulton co., Illinois. P.1115.    BUD'DRUCK/, (anc. VFadarica.) a town of British India,
BUCKTWORTH, a parish of England, co. of HIuntingdon.  presidency of Bengal, 40 miles S.W. of Balasore.
BUCQUOY, btik'kw/ a town of France, department of Pas    BUDDSITOWN, a small village of Burlington co., New
de Calais, 10 miles S. of Arras. Pop. of commune, 1561.       Jersey, 8 miles from  Mount HIolly.
BUCY/RUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Crawford    BUDDU, bood/doo,(?) a town of Guinea, on the Niger, 37
co., Ohio, on Sandusky River, and on the route of the Ohio  miles N.W. of the Chtdida.  Pop. 3000 or 4000.
and Indiana Railroad, 62 miles N. of Columbus. The above    BUDE, a small village and seaport of England, co. of Cornrailroad extends firom Crest Line to Fort Wayne, Indiana. wall, on the Bristol Channel, 1] miles W. of Stratton. Pop.
The surrounding country is level and f&rtile.  There are  189. It is sometimes resorted to as a bathing-place, and is
several mineral springs, and a well of infiammable gas in  connected by a canal 14 miles long with Launceston.
the vicinity. In 1838, an excellent specimen of the masto-    BUDE. See BUnA.
don, in a fine state of preservation, was found in a marsh    BUDEAUX, buSdo, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
near the town, by some Germans engaged in digging a    BUDEL, bildel, a village of the Netherlands, province of
mill-race. The diameter of the skull was 3 feet 3 inches,  North Brabant, 12 miles S.E. of Eyndhoven.  Pop. 500.
the weight of the head 237 pounds, and the length of a    BUDERICH, (Biiderich,) bii/der-iK, or BLUCHEI-I11R, bliixRer,
molar tooth, 71 inches. Bucyrus contains 5 or 6 churches, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, in the circle of Cleves, on
an academy, a newspaper office, and several mills. Pop. in  the left bank of the Rhine, opposite Wesel. Pop. 1180. It is
1853, about 2500.                                             entirely new, the old town having been burned by the French
BUCZACZ or BUTSCIHATSCIH, boo/ch~tch, a town of Aus-  in 1813.
trian Poland, Galicia, on the Spry. an affluent of the Dnies-    BUDESHIEIM, (Bildesheim,) bi/dls-hlmeO, a village of
ter, 33 miles E.N.E. of Stanislawow.  Here, in 1672, a treaty  IHesse-Darmstladt, province of Rthine, 1 mile S.E. of Bingen.
of peace was signed between the Turks and Poles. Pop. 2200. Pop. 800.  BUDESHEIi is the name also of several other vilB UCZOWIC or BUCZOWICE.  See BUTSc'o'WITZ.                   lages in Hesse-Darmstadt and Rhenish Prussia.
BUDA, burda, (Hlun. pron. boold~h'; Ger. O0fen.; Slavonic,   BUDGEBUDGEt, bhj'bttjf, a town of British India, presiBudin, booldeen; L. Biidda; Fr. Bude, brid,) a free city of the dency of Bengal, 10 miles S.S.W. of Calcutta. It has a small'Austrian Empire, capital of Hungary, 130 miles S.E. of Vienna, fort.
on the right bank of the Danube, opposite Pesth, with which    RUDIN, boo/din. a town of Austria, Bohemia, 9 miles S.
city its connection was formerly maintained by a bridge of of Leitmeritz, on the Kleine-Eger.  Pop. 1200, of whom 240
boats, 490 yards long, but is ndw effected by one of the most are Jews. The ancient castle of I-Hasenburg was destroyed
magnificent suspension bridges in Europe. Lat. of observa- by the Prussilans in 1759.
tory, 470 29' 12" N., Ion. 190 3' 10"' E. The city is situated   BUDINGEN, btiding-en, a town  of Germany, Hesseon the slope of a hill, and built in the form of an amphi- Darmstadt, 28 miles S.1E. of Giessen. Pop. 2750.  It has
theatle; in its centre is the citadel, an old fortress enclosing castles, and manufactures of linens, hosiery, and needles.
the royal palace, inwhicharepreserved the insigniaofIHlurga- Near it are salt springs.
308




BUD                                                         BUE
BUDISSIN, a town of Saxony. See BAUTZEN.                    BUENA VISTA, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn.
BUDLEIG H, bhd!lee, EAST, a parish of England, co.7Devon.   BUENA VISTA, a post-office, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
BUDOS-IIEGY, (Biidos-Iegy,) btidoshlh~j or hldfye, a    BUENAVISTA, apost-office, PrinceGeorge's co.,Maryland,
mnountain of Transylvania, near its E. border, lat. 460 12' N.,   BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Duplin co., North Carolina.
and 7340 feet in elevation. Remarkable for extensive sulphur    BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Greenville district, South
springs and caverns, which emit sulphurous exhalations.    Carolina.
BUDOSO, boo-dofso, a village in the island of Sardinia, 40    BUENA VISTA, formerly PEA RIDGE, a thriving postmiles E. of Sassari. Pop. 2000.                            village, capital of Marion co., Georgia, 101 miles S.W. of
BUDRAWAR, boo'dra-warl, ("stronghold of Boodha,") a  Milledgeville, and 33 miles S.E. from Columbus. It has a
town of the Punjab, in North-west India, near the river Che- pleasant and healthy situation, and is surrounded by a fornab, 107 miles N.E. of Lahore. Pop., probably 2000, many  tile country, in which cotton and sugar-cane are cultivated.
of whom  are cashmere-shawl weavers.  It has a large  The village contains a brick court-house, 2 churches, and 2
bazaar, and a strong fort, whence its name. Lat. 320 53' N., high-schools. It was laid out in 1848.
Ion. 750 28' E.; elevation 5000 feet.                        BUENA VISTA, a small post-village, Monroe co., Alabama.
BUDRIO, boodire-o, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, 12    BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Missismiles N.E. of Bologna. Pop. of commune, 5960.              sippi, 11 miles E. of Houston, the county seat.
BUDUA, boo-doo/i, the southernmost town of the Austrian    BUENA VISTA; a post-village of Shelby co., Texas, on
Empire, Dalmatia, 10 miles S. of Cattaro, on a peninsula in  the road from Shelbyville to Henderson, about 20 miles W.
theAdriatic. Itis surroundedwith walls, andhasaroadstead  from Sabine River. It has about 12 families and 3 stores.
for small vessels, shelteredbytheislandofSt. Nicolo. Pop. 780.   BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.
BUDUKHSHAN, bftd-fta-sh/nf, or BADAKIISHAN, bAd-   BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Carroll co., Tennessee,
AK-shAn, a territory of Central Asia, forming a part of 96 miles W. of Nashville, has 3 stores.
theKhoondooz dominion, between lat. 360 and 380 N., and    BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Harrison co., Kentucky.
Ion. 690 and 730 E., and consisting of the W. declivity of the    BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.
Bolor-Tagh, and the valleys of some of the head-streams of    BUENA VISTA, a township of Richland co., Wisconsin.
the Oxus, of which the Budukhshan River is the principal.   BUENA VISTA, a village of Fayette co., Ohio, on RatIts scenery and natural products are highly interesting. It tlesnalke Creek, 46 miles S.W. of Columbus; has about 200
contains ruby-mines and massive cliffs of lapis lazuli, which  inhabitants.
last mineral is peculiar to this region. Its inhabitants are    BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Holmes co., Ohio.
Tadjihs and Mohammedans  of the Sheeah (Shiah) sect,   BUENA  VISTA, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the
spotking the Persian language.  Its capital, Budukhshan  Ohio River, 100 miles above Cincinnati. Pop. 200.
or Fyzabad, near the Koocha or Budukhshan River, is in    BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Saginaw co., Michigan,
lat. 360 28' N., and Ion. 710 23' E.                       on the Saginaw River, 100 niles N.N.W. of Detroit. Its
BUDUKISI-IAN or FYZABAD, fF-zA-bfd!, a town of Inde- origin is quite recent. Pop. 500.
pendent Tartary, capital of the above territory, 180 miles    BUENA VISTA, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, about
N.E. of Cabool, lat. 360 25' N., ion. 710 37' E.  It was once  15 miles W. of Brookville,
an independent sovereignty, and a place of great import-   BUENA VISTA, a village of Hamilton co., Indiana, 12
ance, celebrated particularly from early times for the valu- miles N. of Noblesville.
able mines of ruby in its neighborhood.                       BUENA VISTA, a village near the N. extremity of Gibson
BUDWEIS, b66ddwice, or BUDWITZ, bO0dbbits, a town of  co., Indiana, on White River, 110 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.
Bohemia, on the Moldan, 77 miles S. of Prague. Popnla-   BUENA VISTA, a village of Monroe co., Indiana, 13 miles
tion, 8730. It is well built, and partially fortified; it has a  S.W. of Bloomington.
handsome council-house, a cathedral, several other churches,   BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana,
a gymnasium, philosophical academy, and a high school, on Mosquito Creek, 4 miles ifrom the Ohio River.
with flourishing manuftctures of woollen cloths, muslins,   BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Jefferson co,, Indiana.
damasks, and saltpetre. A railway connects it with Linz    BUENA VISTA, a village of Pulaski co., Indiana, on
and Gmiinden, in Austria.                                   Tippecanoe River.
BUDWITZ, b066dfits, or BUDWEITZ, bO0dfivits, a town    BUENA VISTA, a small village of Randolph co., Indiof Austria, in Moravia, 17 miles W.N.W. ofZnaim. Pop. 1995. ana, 8 miles S.W. of Winchester, the county town.
It has a castle and several suburbs. It is sometimes called    BUENA VISTA, a village of Washington co., Indiana, on
MihrischBudwitz, (mA/rishb66ddf.its,) "MoravianBudwitz,"  the New Albany and Salem Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Salem.
to distinguish it from the above, or Bohemian Budwitz.        BUENA VISTA. a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. P. 848.
BUD;WORTHt, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Chester.   BUENA  VISTA, a post-village of Stephenson co., IlliBUDIWORTH, LITTLE, a parish of England, cO. Chester. nois, 10 miles N.N.E. from Freeport.
BUECHI, bii-aish! or bwhsh, a river of France, rises in the    BUENA VISTA, a postoffice of Platte co., Missouri, 35
department of Drome, and flows into the Durance at Siste- miles N.'W. of Independence.
ron, Basses-Alpes, length 53 miles. PETIr BUECIo, peh-teel    BUENA VISTA, a village of Clayton co., Iowa, on the
bitaishf, (i.e. "little. Buech,") is an affluent of the above.    Mississippi River, about 80 miles N.N.E. of Iowa City.
BU/EL, a post-office of Montgomery  co., New York.          BUENA VISTA, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa, 46 miles
BUENA VENTURA, California. See SAN BUENAT VENTURA. E. by N. from Iowa City.
BUENAVENTURA, bw,.-nb-ven-too'r/, a town of Miexico,   BUENA VISTA, a post-village of Portage co., Wisconsin,
state of Chihuahua; lat. 290 55' N., ion. 1060 30 WV.; 140  100 miles N. of Madison; has I church, and 25 dwellings.
miles N.WT. of the city of Chihuahua. It is small, but well   BUENA VISTA FURNACE, a post-office of Rockbridge
built, and contains about 1500 inhabitants. About 10 miles  co., Virginia.
N.W. from the town there are very extensive ruins, called    BUENA  VISTA  SPRINGS, a post-office of Logan co.,
Casas Grandes. An area of several square miles is covered  Kentucky.
with the remains of buildings, which, from their number,   BUENAVISTA, bwA-nA-veeslt', a village in the island of
are supposed to contain a population of at least 20,000 or Teneriffe; lat. 280 16' N., Ion. 160 8' VW., on an elevated
30,000. Fine earthenware jars have been excavated here, as  plain, 925 feet abpve the sea; it is well built, has a spacious
well as images, made of baked earth.                        square, a church, several chapels, and schools. Pop. 2300.
BUENAVENTURA, a maritime village of New Granada,    BUEN AYRE, bwtn 1rPA, or B0N AIR, one of the Dutch
South America, department of Cauca, on the bay of Choco. West India Islands, off the coast of Venezuela, 30 miles E.
It is wretchedly built, but is the port for a considerable ex- of Curaqao. Lat. 120 20' N., Ion. 680 27' W. Length, 20
tent of country.                                            miles; average breadth, 4 miles. Principal products, cattle
BUENA VISTA, bwa'naveesstorbo'navis'tt,  (i.e. literally  and salt. Pop. in 1847, 1955, of whom 673 were slaves. It
"good or fine view,") a celebrated battle-field of Mexico, has a village, with a tolerable harbor.
situated about 90 miles S.W. of Monterey, and 10 miles from   BUENOS AYRES, bo/nos iriz, or bofnos-airz, (Sp. pron.
Saltillo. It consists for the most part of mountain ridges, bwtinoce uris,) a city of South America, capital of a state of
narrow defiles, and impassable ravines. Shere, February 22 its own name, and of the Argentine Republic, is situated
and 23, 1847, General Taylor, at the head of less than 5000  on the west side of the La Plata estuary, which is here 30
United States troops, a large portion of whom were raw  miles wide, and about 150 miles from the sea, opposite the
volunteers, totally defeated 20,000 Mexicans under Santa  town of Colonia del Sacramento.  (The name Buenos Ayres
Anna. The former lost only 267 killed, and 479 wounded  was given it by its founder, Mendoza, and signifies" good
and missing. This action is sometimes called the "Battle  air," a title which its good health justifies.) Lat. 340 35' 5" S.,
of La Angostura," firom  the name of a pass occupied by a  lon. 58~ 22' W. It covers a surface of about 3 miles in length
detachment of General Taylor's army at the commencement by about 2' miles in greatest breadth, and is regularly laid
of the engagement, 1I miles N.E. of Buena Vista. BUENA  out, all its streets crossing each other at right angles. The
VIsTA is the name of several other places in Mexico.        granite with which the streets are paved is obtained from
BUENA VISTA, a new county in the upper partof Iowa, the island of Martin Garcia, on the opposite side of the river.
has an area of 625 miles. It is intersected by the Little  The houses, which are built of brick, and whitewashed,
Sioux River, and also drained by several of its small tribu- have been greatly improved of late years. Almost every
taries.. This county is not included in the census of 1850. house has a garden, and many have balconies with latticeIt was named fi-om the above battle-field,                  work, for containing shrubs and flowers. The windows of
BUENA VISTA, a village of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, the houses, toward the streets, are generally two in numon the road from Shellsburg to Cumberland, in Maryland.   her, having an iron grating, called reja, which gives them
309




BUE                                                           BUE
a gloomy and prison-like appearance. The floors are gene- tain; jewelry, perfumery, and articles ofluxuryfrom Fiance,
rally paved with brick, the use of wood in their construc-  variotis goods from  the other European States, aid coarse
tion being avoided as much as possible, except in those  cloths, provisions, soap, candles, furniture, and deals from
erected by the foreign population. These are built in the  the United States.
European style, and are often three stories high.  The city    The financial affairs of Buenos Ayres are carried on
is laid out in squares of 150 yards or oaros each, and each  through a remarkable institution, called the "Case de Momanzaen or four squares, is under the jurisdiction of an  neda," or house of money. Though having neither capital
alderman or alcalde. The principal square, or Plaza de la  nor any fixed limit to its issues, yet, being supported by the
Victoria, is situated about two squares from  the river, and  credit of the government, it is placed beyond the possibility
immediately behind the fort, which is now generally used  of failure.  The lowest point of depreciation which its curfor firing salutes, and contains the public military offices;  rency ever reached was during the blockade, in 1840, when
in the centre of the square is a monument erected in honor  one dollar of silver was worth thirty-five dollars of paper.
of South American independence; it is surrounded by hand-  In its best days it was. at a premium, worth more than silsomesbuildings, including the cathedral, the bishop's palace,  ver or gold.
the cabildo or hall of justice, the police office, &c. There are    The city is indifferently supplied with water, there being
4 convents, 2 for monks or friars, San Francisco and Santo  no public cisterns, and the wells, though numerous, being
Domingo, and 2 for nuns, Santa Catalina and San Juan.  all brackish;  the only supply is from  the river, the water
The cathedral is a very large and rich edifice, covering  ft'omn which is carried about in butts, mounted on bullocknearly half a square. It is adorned with pictures from  the  carts, and sold at a high price; it is at first hot and muddy,
best Spanish masters, and also contains the military tro-  but after being allowed to settle, it becomes excellent for
phies taken from the British, under Generals Beresford and  drinking.  Mlost of the wealthier families have large deep
Whitelocke, in 1805 and 1807. There are 15 other parish  tanks, in which the rain that falls on the fiat roofs of the
churches, besides an Episcopal, a Presbyterian, and a Me- houses is collected. The city is badly supplied with fuel;
thodist church for foreigners. The sites of these churches,  there are no trees of any extent near, except those planted
and the Protestant burial-ground, were given to the foreign  by the Jesuits, in the sixteenth century, on the islands at
population by General Roses's administration. The other  the junctions of the rivers ParanA and Uruguay.  These,
public buildings are a house of representatives, built in imi- which are chiefly fruit-trees, cover a space of upwards of 20
tation of the American hall of Congress, a military depOt  miles. From here the inhabitants gather most of their firecalled the Retire, capable of accommodating 3000 persons.  wood, and from here, also, the markets, during the fruit seaand situated in the northern part of the city, a custom-  son, are supplied with oranges, peaches, and lemons. The
house, a hospital, a foundling hospital or cursa, a female  procuring of fruit and fuel from these islands is often dancollege attached to the Church of our Lady of Mercy, a male  gerous, as they are infested with panthers. The English
college belonging to the Church of St. Francis, and possess- and  American  population  generally make use of coal
ing a library of 20,000 volumes; connected with this college  brought from England as ballast.  Living in Buenos Ayres
are a collection of objects of naturalhistory, an observatory, is very cheap. The markets are good, and beef is generally
a mathematical school, a normal school, and a school for  sold at 2 cents per pound.
painting and drawing.  Several other literary and scientific    The environs of the city for 2 or 3 miles are very beautiinstitutions have been established here since the Revolution, ful, consisting of well-cultivated fields, and enlivened by
including a society for the promotion of natural philosophy  numerous country residences called quintas; the most
and mathematics, one of medicine, and another of jurispru- wealthy have their country seats surrounded with gardens.
deuce, asi'd an association for the promotion of agriculture.  The majority of the inhabitants of Buenos Ayres, who are
The trade, and consequently the prosperity of Buenos  said to be observant and intelligent, are the descendants of
Ayres is much impeded on account of the difficulty of navi-  Spaniards, who have settled in the country during the last
gating the La Plata, and the want of a safe and commodious  three centuries. The climate is very healthy, but variable,
harbor. Large vessels, drawing above 12 feet of water, can-  so much so that they kill the cattle in the open fields, and
not come nearer than 5 or 6 miles; vessels of less draught  after taking Away the hides and tallow, and the four quar-.
generally go into the inner roads, and anchor about a mile  ters of beef, leave the remnants to dry up on the ground; the
and a half from  the city. The surf on the beach is very  stenchcan scarcely beperceived; even the killing groundsfor
heavy when the wind blows from the S.E.; another danger  the exportation of salt or jerked beef is within a mile of the
arises from the pamperos, sudden and violent gusts of wind, city, and the authorities do not consider them injurious to
which sweep across the pampas from  the Andes with tre- the health of the place. The temperature rises as high as 900
mendous fury. There is a harbor for coasting vessels on the  in the shade, and sinks as low as 350 40', and is subject to
S. of the city, in a small river called the Riachuelo. A good  sudden and violent changes.  The deaths in the city are
road was built to this place in 1838, by order of Rosas.  in  estimated at 1 in 32, and in the country at 1 in 40. The
1853, the South American and General Navigation Company  city was founded in 1580 by Don Juan de Garay, and in
was established between Birkenhead, (opposite Liverpool,  1776 was made the seat of vice-royalty, and in 1778 the port
England,) and South America, with Steamers touching at was thrown partially open by the Spaniards, from  which
Buenos Ayres, Montevideo, &c.                                 time the city increased rapidly. Its prosperity of late years,
In 1843, 549 vessels (tons, 105,238) entered, and 438 vessels  however, in consequence of blockades and the unsettled state
(tons, 84,117) cleared from the port. In 1849, the clearances  of the government, has not been very remarkable. The popuwere 500 vessels, (tons, 110,984.) of which 90 (tons, 22,469)  l1tion, in 1837, was 81,000; three years later it had dimiwere for the United States. The following exhibits some of  nished to 60,000; according to the most recent and reliable
the leading articles exported from Buenos Ayres in 1849:-  authorities, is now (1854) about 85,000, of which probably onefifth are foreigners, chiefly English, French, and American.
Experts to  Exports to     BUENOS AYRES, a province of South America, and the
ARTICLES.       the Unitcd allther cous   most important of the Argentine Republic, extends from the
Sae.  tries.
Rio Negro or Sauces on the S., (in let. 410 S.,) along the AtBeef, jerked................... quintals......  i497,662
aces; jerked...........   qeisstais'4970082  lantic Ocean to the mouth of the lit de la Plata, and aloIng
Do. preserved.................... tons              1,290  the whole south-western shores of its estuary, and the' S.W.
Bones..................................    105,000  3,125,500  banks of the Paranu, as far as the Arroyo del Medio River,
Do...............................tons   33           983'which separates it fi'om Santa Fl, (about let. 330 S.) The W.
Feathers..           Si...........aes  11      48
Do............................ arrobas  732           15
Os..     arrukis       732 ~~~~~~~  boundary extends fi'om the mont~h of the Neposta l~iver in
Hair.............................bales    33        3,101  a N.E. direction, to the W. extremity of the Sierra del VulDo........................... sereoons   244          957  can. F'rom N. to S. it measures about 540 miles; firom E. to
Do..Carrobns                                18  W1., 750 miles. Area, estimated at 75,000 square miles. The
Hidebalettices. Ss~cs  2,558  4,3e3
Hidesexsodcw suitd...  0,715      804,330  coast line, exclusive of minute sinuosities. is about 750
Hides, ox and cow~, salted...............  78,775  864 ~336
-Do.    do.    dry.................   175,017     2,028,297  miles. The province presents nearly throughout one vast
Do. horse, dry.......................   11,487     371,675  level of slightly undulating surface, know'n as the pampas
Do.  do. salted....................    2,7104     103,236  of Buenos Ayres, a large portion of which has a fertile soil
Horns, ox and cow.....................    638,111    s1,966ecc1  for arable culture or pasturage; but little of the formet- is
Skins, calf and deer..............bales  178'741 
Do.  do.    do.............. dozen      826         175   attempted, although grain, fruit, and vegetables thrive
Do. goat and sheep............bales     1,512        3,313   well, and with proper industry might be produced in great
Do. nutria....................dozen      15           43  abundance.  The rich pastn-res Of the pampas are covered
Tallow............... pipes....24,949 w
Tallows........................... pipes...        24,949   with long, tufted, luxuriant grass, intermixed with brilliant
Do..............................   boxes......   35,216
Do...................s........screerns...         3,506  flowers, affording an inexhaustible subsistence to immense
Wool............................ bales  20,3197     29,998  herds of cattle and horses. The S. and less favored parts are
Do............................ scroons  1,845       3,179  sandy, with patches of saline plants, stunted trees, and numeDo.............................arrobas               150  rous salines. Having little slope, the pampas have few running waters, the only streams of any magnitude being the iNeAbout two-thirds of the carrying trade between Buenos  gre and the Colorado in the S., and the smaller river Salado in
Ayres and the United States, it is stated, is done by Ger-  the central parts. There auw, however, a vast numsber of salt
man, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian vessels, as a conse- pools and lakes, of various dimensions, dispersed over the
quence of the reciprocal treaties with those nations.         country, the salt in which forms with extraordinary raThe imports, include cotton, linen, woollen, and other  pidity in dry weather, and is beautifully white and finely
manufactured goods and colonial produce from Great Bri- crystallized, requiring no purification before being carried
310




BUE                                                           BUF
to market.  About 450 miles S.W. by W. from  Buenos  guished for her public schools, and has the honor of being
Ayres, there is a very large salt lake, called Urre Lauquen,  among the very first cities in the state in introducing and
("bitter lake;") about 30 miles long and 15 broad, from   perfecting this system  of popular education. The schools
Which that city drew its annual supplies of salt, before tile  are under the direction of the city council, and open to the
port was thrown open to foreigners. The S. part compre- children of all classes free of charge. The benevolent instihends the Sierra del Vulcan, the S.E. the Sierra Ventana. tutions include the new City Hospital, a Marine Hospital,
Principal river, the Saldana, Salta, and Quequin.  Climate  founded in 1833, an Orphan Asylum, and an organization
of N. part, mild-ice seldom  occurs; mean summer heat,  called the Sailors' and Boatmen's Friend Society. During
90~. The N. winds prevailing here have the disagreeable  the year 1853, $3235 were paid by the collector of the port to
character of the sirocco of Italy; the S.W. winds, or peamo-   indigent and destitute sailors.?;os, are hmurricanes accompanied with thunder.  In the S.   The manufactures of Buffalo are important, and are radistrict the climate is colder, but healthy.  There is suffd- pidly becoming extensive. There are alreaqly located here
cient rain in general throughout both districts, but occa- large engine and boiler manuhfactories, furnaces, foundries,
sionally there are years of excessive and  destructive  car-works, &c.; and when Buffalo secures ready acce.s to the
droughts.  Cattle and their produce are the chief sources of  coal-fields of Pennsylvania, by the completion of the Buffalo
wealth. Hides, hair, horns, tallow, and jerked beef are the  and Pittsburgh Railroad, itwill be difficult to conceive a limit
exports. Horses, mules, and asses are also exported, and of  to the extent to Which manufacturing may not be carried on
late the breed of sheep has been improved, and wool has  in this city. A very important branch of industry is, the conformed an article of export. Formerly the cultivation of  verting of wheat into flour, of which 216,296 bushels were
the soil was so neglected, that grain was riequired from   produced at the six principal mills of the city in 1853.
abroad; now, wheat is exported to some extent.                  The harbor of Buffalo is formed by Buffalo Creek, and is of
Buenos Ayres became independent of the Spanish go- sufficient depth, 1 mile from its entrance into the lake, forvesvernment in  1810, and, along with  the  neighboring  sels drawing from 12 to 14 feet of water. It is capacious, and
states, joined in a confederated republic, (the Argentine  well protected from  storms, having a pier or breakwater,
or La Plata,) which, however, was not long kept up, ahd  which extends 1500 feet from the S. side of the mouth of the
now each state has a separate and independent administra-  creek.  By thusconfiningthe chalinel, thebarthat originally
tion. The executive is vested in a governor or captain-  obstructed the entrance to the harbor has in great measuie
general, elected for five years, aided by a council of minis- been washed away by the current. Upon the endof this pier is
ters chosen by the governor. The junta or legislative as- a light-house, 20 feetin diameter at its base, and 46 feet high.
sembly consists of 44 deputies, one-half renewed annually  The principal obstruction to the harbor at present is the ice,
by popular election. But under Rosas, all constitutional which at the breaking up of winter is often driven into it by
government has been annulled, and the liberty of the press  strong westerly winds, where it not unfrequently remains
restricted. A chain of forts has been established along the  long after the lake is clear. Several hundred thousand
W. boundary to overawe the Indians. Pop. about 320,000.-    dollars have been expended within a few years past, on this
Adj. and inhab. BuENos AYrIAN, bolnos lire-an.                portion of Buffalo Creek, in the construction of slips and
BUENOS AYRES, CONFEDERATION OF. See PLATA.                  ship canals, to meet the growing wants of commerce. The
BUET, LE, leh bii'4, one of the Alps of Savoy, province  large and constantly increasing imports of grain have given
of Faucigny, between  Chhmouni and Sixt, N. of Mont  rise to the construction-of elevators to facilitate the transBlanc. Height above the sea, 10,128 feet.                      shipment of this kind of produce. There are at present ten
BUFARIK. See B00FAREEK.                                     of these in good working order, with a capacity for raising
BUFFA. See BAsSA.                                           22,400 bushels per hour, and of storing 1,550,000 bushels.
BUFFALO, bdfff.-lo, a city, port of entry, and seat ofjus-  In connection with'one of the ship-yards of the city is a drytice of Erie county, New York, is situated at the eastern ex- dock, of sufficient capacity to admit a steamer of over 2500
tremity of Lake Erie, 2 or 3 miles S. of the commencement  tons; also a marine railway, and near by is a large derrick
of Niagara River; W. of Albany 364 miles by the Erie  for handling boilers and heavy machinery.
Canal, and 325 miles by the Central Railroad, (both of    Commerce. —The trade of Buffalo is immense. Its position
which terminate in the city,) 470 miles N.W. of New York,  is such as to render it a great entrep6t, through which
22 miles S.S.E. of Niagara Falls, 103 miles N.E. of Cleve- much of the commerce between the East and West must
land, 290 miles N. by E. of Detroit, and 597 miles E. by N. pass. The first impulse was given to it by the completion
of Chicago. Lat. 420 53' N.; ion. 780 55' W. It is regularly,  of the Erie Canal in 1824.  Since then lines of railway
and, for the most part, handsomely built, partly on an ele- have been constructed, opening communication with nearly
vation, and partly on a marsh or low ground, intersected in  every section of New  York, with the great cities on the
the southern part by Buffalo Creek. This latter portion is  Atlantic coast, and in Canada, and with the fertile valleys
the seat of the principal business. The site rises gradually  of the Ohio and the Mississippi.  These improvements,
as it recedes from the water's edge, and at the distance of 2  with her advantages for navigating the great inland wamiles becomes fin extended plain, 50 feet above the level of  tors, have secured to Buffalo the first rank among the great
the harbor, affordipg delightful views of the city, lake, Nia-  commercial cities on the north-western lakes.  Numerous
gara River, and Canada shore.  The streets are broad,  railroads are also in course of construction, among which
straight, and usually intersect each other at right angles.  may mentioned, the Buffalo, Brantford, and Goderich, comMain-street, more than 2 miles long, and 120 feet wide, is  pleted January l3th, 1854, to within 5 miles of its junction
perhaps the finest in the city, being enclosed on either side  with the Great Western Railway at Paris, the latter road
with lofty buildings. There are three public squares, Nia- having been opened January 16th, 1854, from the Canada
gara, Franklin, and Washington, all of which are planted  side of the Suspension Bridge to Windsor, opposite Detroit,
with shade-trees, and otherwise ornamented.                   a distance of 229 miles; the Buffalo, Corning, and New York
The principal public buildings of Buffalo are a court- Railroad, in operation from  Corning to Batavia, with the
house, jail, new city hall, a new and commodious market-  remainder of the route graded; and the Buffalo and Pittshouse, and about 40 churches, several of which have recently  burgh Railroad, which will communicate with the coal rebeen erected. The Catholic Cathedral is one of the finest gions of Pennsylvania.  The enlargement of the Erie Canal,
structures of the kind in the United States. and St. Paul's  now determined on by act of the Legislatmue, when effected,
and St. John's Churches, (Episcopal,) the North Church, and  will add greatly to the commercial facilities of Buffalo.
the Central Church are distinguished for their architectural  During the year 1853, there were built at this port 5 steamelegance. The grounds (347 feet square) occupied by the city  ers, 17 propellers, and 7 schooners,with an aggregate burden
buildings. and situated on Franklin and Eagle streets, were  of 16.158 tons. There were also commenced in the fall of
purchased at a cost of $80,000. About $50,000 have also been  1853, to be completed for the spring navigation, vessels,
appropriated for the purchase of sites on which to erect 2 ad- with an aggregate of 11,506 tofts burden. From 1200 to 1500
ditional market-houses. A new railroad dep6t (one of the  mechanics are constantly employed at thevarious ship-yards
largest in the State) has been built during the past year, ex- on the creek. The enrolled and licensed tonnage, December
tending 400 feet along the canal, with dockage throughout,  31st, 1853, in the district of Buffalo Creek, included 30 steamand frontin- 108 feet on Erie street. The rear part of the  ers, 46 propellers, 37 brigs, 2 barques, and 115 schooners, with
building, 95 feet wide, extends back 325 feet. Entire cost an aggregate of 72,967 tons. The following table shows the
about $40,000. A new custom-house is now being built.         entrances and clearances of foreign and American vessels,
Among the literary, educational, and benevolent institu-  with their tonnage, at this port, during the year 1853:tions may be mentioned the Buffalo University, chartered
in 1846. Connected with it is a flourishing medical college.                                    Arrived.        Cleared.
The Young Men's Association has a library of over 6000 volumes, and sustains an able course of lectures. A society
recently organized, denominated the German Young Men's                                      Num.  Tons.  Num.  Tons.
Association, possesses a valuable collection of about 2000  Vssl aived rm Frei                        4,25   152,
Vessels arrived from Foreign    12   2,35529,9
volumes, consisting for the most part of works in the Ger-    Ports.......................
man language. Both of these societies have reading-rooms   Americando. do................   736   116,       735   116,2
well supplied with periodicals and newspapers. The female                                                  
TOtsl................  S67 I —~,4 —   -  15,9
academy is delightfully situated, and endowed to the  Coasttradetal....a....8...... 14,47   1,45,096
trde.............   3,239   1,491,604    3,305    1,475,
amount of about $50,000. The newspaper press of this city
comprises about 15 publications, among which are some of                Grand Total........ 4,106  1,32,074 4,12,620,901
the ablest journals in the United States. Buffalo is distin -.
311




BUF                                                            BUF
The annexed table exhibits a few of the leading articles,    BUFFALO, a post-office of White co., Indiana.
and their value, received at the port of Buffalo, by lake,    BUFFALO, a township forming the S.W. extremity of
in 1853:-                                                      Ogle co., Illinois, about 16 miles W.S.W. of Oregon City.
Pop. 1134.
ARTrCLrs.               Quantity.    Value.       BUFFALO, a post-village of Dallas co., Missouri, a few
leer. - bbl..........             miles W. of Niangua River. Its origin is very recent.
Flour.......................sbbls......  983,837  $6,394941,7
3,837   $6,34,90  BUFFALO, a village of Scott co., Iowa, 50 miles E.S.E. of
~Wheat............bushels..... 524,043    6,671671,2Weool.......................bales.........  45,830   3,668,800  Iowa City.
Corn......................bushels......   3, 665,793    2,199,475  BUFFALO, a township of Marquette co., Wisconsin. Pop.
Hogs......................number......    I 0,130   1,228,380   55.
Lumber................r..eet..........  89,29178F9    1,339,421  BUFFALO, an island off the E. coast of Cochin China.
Pork.......................bbls..........    102,548   1,031,573
Oats........................bushels......   1,480,665  508,252  Lat. 140 11' N.: ion. 1090 16' E.
Beef........................bbls.........  69,776  697,760   BUFFALO, a point or cape on the W. coast of the island
Whiskey............................  66,707    667,070  of Sumatra. Lat. 30 58' S., about 2. miles S. of the W.
Cattle.......................number......  20,466   1,227,960   i
Bacon......................lbs..........   23,075,645   1,846,051  p t of Po   or Plo Bay.
Leather.....................rolls.........  7,991  199,775    BUFFALO, a group of detached rugged rocks in the Bay
Oil...................b.......bls..........  7,965  238,950   of Bengal, about 20 miles due N. of Cape Negrais. Lat. from
Butter.....................lbs...........   6,589,784  988,467  160 19' to 160 22' 306" N.; ion. 9410 12' E.
Lard....................................  8,1 85,500  818,550
Lueerd  8..18.............. it..........   5,500    818,550 21  BUFFALO, a small island off the E. coast of China, ChuCheese......................          5,377,800   430,22-0
Tallow................................    762,810  91:537  san Archipelago. Lat. 290 42' N.; ion. 120 15' E.
Hides......................number......  98,009    284,027    BUFFALO BAYOU, a small stream of Texas, which flows
Seeds.......................bbls.........  07,018  370,180  eastward through Harris county, and passing the city of
Cepper...........tens....1,808  104,000 Ho
CApper.hbl........tons.........        1,068    50,000 H9 ouston, enters an arm  of Galveston Bay at Lynchburg.
Ashes...............bs.........  11,553 i 288,825
Tehuoba.cco.hhd...cchhds.........          *S      142,853232  Steamboats navigate the bayou at all seasons from  its
Tobacco.....................boxes........    5,030     126,250   mouth to Houston, a distance of 45 miles.
With other articles, making a total value of $36,881,230.?  BUFFALO CITY, a post-office of Marion co., Arkansas.
BUFFALO  CREEK, of Erie co., New York, is folrmed by
In addition to the above, $2,234,273 worth of goods were  the junction of Cazenove, Seneca, and Cayuga Creels. It
brought by the State Line Raihload. making the total value  flows a nearly westward course, and falls into Lake Erie at
of all the imports received at Buffalo from the West in 1853, Buffalo.
$39,115,503, being an increase from  1852 of more than    BUFFALO  CREEK, in the W. part of Pennsylvania, falls
$4,000,000.  The value of the imports from Canada in the  into the Alleghany River about 25 miles N.E. of Pittsbusg.
same year amounted to $392,719, and by canal, $64,612,102.    BUFFALO  CREEK, of Perry co., Pennsylvania, flows
The value of the exports friom Buffalo by canal in 1853 was  into the Junita about 12 miles from its mouth.
$22,652,408, and from the district of Buffalo Creek to Ca-   BUFFALO  CREEK, of Union co., Pennsylvania, flows
nada, $992,406. The duties collected at this port amounted,  into the North Branch of the Susquehanna River near
in 1843, to $4546; 1846, $12,389; 1849, $46,939; 1851, Lewisburg.
$92,357; 1852, $69,623; and 1853, $84,943.  The shipping    BUFFALO  CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Rocky
enrolled and licensed in the district of Buffalo Creekl, June  River, about 12 miles S. of Concord, Cabarras county.
30, 1854, amounted to an aggregate of 82,679 tons. The    BUFFALO CR.EEK, of South Carolina, flows into Broad
total imports by lake, railway, and canal, amounted, in  River in the N.W. part of York district.
1853, to $125,000,000.                                           BUFFALO  CREEK, of Glynn co., Georgia, flows into the
There are in Buffalo 12 banks, with an aggregate capital  Atlantic a little below Brunswick.
of $1,475,000, 2 savings institutions, and upwards of 40    BUFFALO CREEK, of Washington co., Georgia, enters
fire, marine, and other insurance companies and agencies. the Oconee from the left, about 12 miles S.W. of Sandersville.
Assessed value of real estate in Buffalo, (united with Black    BUFFALO  CREEK, of Mississippi, flows through WilRock, with which it was incorporated January 1, 1854,) is  kinson county into the Mississippi.
$20,063,045; but the estimated value of real and personal    BUFFALO  CREEK, Iowa, rises near the N. border of
property is given at $27,445,752. Among the hotels, the  Buchanan co., and falls into the Wapsipinicon near AnaAmerican, the Clarendon, and the Mansion  HI-ouse, on  mosa, capital of Jones county.
Main street, and the Western IIotel, on the Terrace, near    BUFFALO  CREEK, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Yirthe Niagara Falls Depat, may be named as the most pro- ginia.
minent.  The city is supplied with excellent water fitom Ni-    BUFFALO CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Tenagara River, by a corporation having a capital of $400,000; it  nessee.
is also lightedwith gas.                                        BUFFALO  CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Union co.,
Buffalo was originally laid out by the IIolland Company  Pennsylvania.
in 1801. In 1812 it became a military post. In December,    BUFFALO  FOIRD, a post-office of Wythe co., Virginia.
1813, it contained 200 houses, all of which, except two, were    BUFFALO  FORD, a post-office of Randolph co., North
burned by a party of British and Indians.  As a compensa-  Carolina.
tion for their losses by this disaster, Congress granted the    BUFFALO FORGE, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virinhabitants the sum of $80,000. An act, incorporating it a  ginia.
city, was passed by the legislature in April, 1832. In 1852,    BUFFALO  FORK, a township of Marion co., Arkansas.
by act of legislature, Buffalo was incorporated with Black  Pop. 214.
Rock; and the act being approved by the people, in 1853,    BUFFALO  GAP, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.
it went into operation, January 1, 1854. The united city is    BUFFALO GROVE, a village of Ogle co., Illinois, 15 miles
divided into 13 wards, and governed by a mayor and 26  W. by S. of Oregon City.
aldermen. Pop. in 1810, 1508; 1820, 2095; 1830, 8653; 1840,    BUFFALO  HEART, a post-village of Sangamon co., 111i18,213; 1850, 42,261; 1854, estimated at fi-om  75,000 to  nois. 15 miles N.E. of Springfield.
80,000.                                                         BUFFALO  KNOB, a little village in the S. part of Pike
BUFFALO, a post-township of Washington co., Pennsyl-  co., Missouri.
vania, 30 miles S.W. of Pittsburg, drained  by Buffalo    BUFFALO  LAKE, Wisconsin, a small narrow  lake, or
Creek, and traversed by the Ilempfield Railroad. Pop. 1210.  more properly, an expansion of Neenah River in Marquette
BUFFALO, a township  of Union  co., Pennsylvania.  co., aboat 10 miles long, communicating with Puckawa
Pop. 1346.                                                    Lake.
BUFFALO, a township  of Butler co., Pennsylvania.    BUFFALO LAKE, (Fr. LEac-du-Bu.fle, Ik dii biiff'l,) the
Pop. 2751.                                                    name of three lakes of British North America; one in lat.
BUFFALO, a thriving post-village of Putnam  co., Vir-  66~ 20' N., Ion. 1130 W., another in lat. 560 N., lon. 1130 45'
ginia, is pleasantly situated on the Great Kanawha River, W., and the third in lat. 520 15' N., ion. 112~ 10, W.
21 miles from its mouth, and 340 miles W. by N. of Rich-    BUFFALO MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, is situated in the
mood. It has excellent facilities for trade and manufac-  N. part of Union co., N. of Buffalo Creek, an affluent of the
tuntes, and is the most important place in the county. The  West Branch of the Susquehanna.
hills in the vicinity contain large bodies of bituminous    BUFFALO PAPER MILL, a post-office of Cleveland co.,
coal and iron ore. Pop. about 400.                            North Carolina.
BUFFALO, a post-village of Henderson co., Texas, on the    BUFFALO  PLAINS, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
Trinity River, about 200 miles N.E. of Austin City.             BUFFALO PRAIRIE, a snall post-village of Rock Island
BUFFALO, a township in MIarion co., Arkansas.               co., Illinois.
BUFFALO, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.              BUFFALORA, boof-fl-lo'ra, a town of Northern Italy, in
BUFFALO. a post-office of Humphreys co., Tennessee.         Lombardy, 25 miles N.N.W. of Pavia, remarkable for the
BUFFALO, a post-village of Perry  co., Tennessee, on  magnificent bridge of 12arches over the Ticino. Pop. 1257.
Buffalo River, about 100 miles S.W. of Nashville.               BUFFALO RIVER, of Tennessee, rises in the S.W. cenBUFFALO, a post-township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. tral part of the state, and flowing westward and northward
1053.                                                         enters Duck River near the northern border of Perry co.
BUFFALO, a township in the N. part of Noble co., Ohio.   Flat-boats descend this stream in high water.
BUFFALO, a village of Brown co., Indiana, 50 miles S.   BUFFALO  RIVER, or RIVIERE AU BOEUF, (re've-airc'f Indianapolis.                                             -  bef,) of Missouri, rises in Gasconade co., and flows north.
312




BUF                                                        BUL
eastward through Franklin county into the Missouri, about   BUIRONFOSSE, bii-ee'rSNG'fosst, orbwee'i -aa.-foss!, avillage
10 miles above Washington.                                  of France, department of Aisne, canton of La Capelle, 9 miles
BUFBFALO RIVER, of Wisconsin, a small stream which  N.N.W. of Vervins. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2618. This is
forms the boundary between Chippewa and La Crosse coun- the centre of an extensive manufacture of wooden shoes.
ties, and enters the Mississippi.                            BUIS, LE, leh bii-eef, or bwee, a town of France, departBUFFALO RIVER, a small stream of Chippewa co., Wis- ment of Drbme, 10 miles S.E. of Nyons. Pop. of commune, in
consin, flows south-west into Chippewa River.              1852, 2348.
BUFFALO RUN, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania.   BUITENPOST, boittgn-postf, a village of Holland, province
BUFFALO SPRINGS, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia. of Friesland, 16 miles E. by N. of Leouwarden. Pop. 800.
BUFFON, biifl'fNG!, a village of France, department of    BUITENSLUIS, boilten-slois', or NEUMANSDORP, nilCote-d'Or. 11 miles N. of Semur.  It has iron foundries.' m'ns-donp',a town of the Netherlands, province of South
The seignory of this village belonged to the illustrious  Holland, on the right bank of the branch of the Meuse,
Bulfon, and was by him erected into a cotes.               called Hollands Diep. Pop. 2265.
BUFfFORD'S, a village of Reynolds co., Missouri, on Big    BUITENZOI G,  boilten-zoRGo, a town of the island os
Black Water River, about 90 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis.     Java, capital of a Dutch residency of same name, 35 miles
BUtFORD, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.            S. of Batavia, with numerous government buildings, and
BUFORD, a post-village of H-Iihland co., Ohio, about 45  the hotel of the governor-general. Its splendid palace was
miles E. of Cincinnati.                                    destroyed by fire, October 10,.1834.
BUFORD'S a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.           BUITRAGO, boo-ce-trYlgo, an ancient town of Spain, 40
BUFORD'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Barnwell district, miles N. of Madrid. Pop. 1076. It has an hospital, trade in
South Carolina.                                            wool, and manufactures of cordage.
BUG, BOUG, or BOG, a river of Russian Poland, forming    BUITTLE, biht'l or bwit/tel, a parish of Scotland, co. and
a great part of the eastern frontier of Polana, rises in Ga- 5 miles N.E. of Kirkcndbright.
licia, near Zloczow, flows generally  N. to Brzesc-Litevski,  BUJALANCE,  boo-ss-ll/thl, a town of Spain, 17 miles E.
and thence N.W., and joins the Vistula 18 miles N.W. of War- of Cordova. Pop. in 1845, 8936. It is well built, and has a
saw, after a course of upwards of 300 miles. Chief affluents,  college, a Latin, and 2 other schools, 2 hospitals, and extenthe Muchawetz, Zna, and Narew. The towns of Zloczow, sive woollen manufactures, and a large fair in August.
Wlodava, Brzesc, Drohiczyn, Wyszkow, &c., are on its banks.   BUIJJALEUF, biitzhAl\ufl, a village of France, department
The Brzesc-Litevski Canal, which unites the Muchawetz and  of Haute-Vienne, arrondissement, and 18 miles E. of LiPira Rivers, connects it with the Dnieper.                 mores, on the Vienne, at the mouth of the Mande. Pop. 2130.
BUTJG, BOUG, boog, oriBOG, (anc. Hypla/cnis,) a river of Rus-    BUK, book, a town of Prussia, province of Posen, 15 miles
sia, governments of Podolia and Kherson, flows mostly S.E., W.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 2298. It has manufactures of cloth
and enters the estuary of the Dnieper 30 miles W. of Kher- and shoes.
son. Total course, 340 miles. Affuents, the Siniuke, Ratdi-   BUKIAREST, capital of Wallachia.  See BuCnAREsT.
ma, and Negal. The towns of Bratslav, Oliviopol, Voznesensk,    BUKHIARIA, or BUCITARIA, bu-kstre-a, is a name given
and Nicolaev are on its banks, and it is navigable from the  to a wide extent of territory in Central Asia, comprising the
sea to Vonesensk.                                          E. part of Independent, and the W. part of Chinese'Tartary,
BUGA, boo'gi, a town of South America, in New Granada, the latter subdivision being called Little Bukharia.  See
department of Cauca, 105 miles N.N.E. of Popayan.           TOORKISTAN, BoKIIAe, KHOKICAN.- Adj. and inhab. BUKHkBUGA, a town of South America, in New Granada, 45 IIAN, or Bucharlan, bu-ktre-.an.
miles N.E. of Popayan.                                        BUKHTARMINSK. See Bo00HTARnMINSK.
BUGARACH, bi'gli\rshf, a village of France, department    BUKKEN, book/ken, an island of Norway, on the W.
of nAude, 12 miles S. of Limoux, at the foot of the mountain  coast, province of Christiansand, lat. 590 12' N., ion. 50 22' E.,
of same name. Pop. of commune, 1027.                        with a village of the same name. The Buktle or Buekke.BUGIBR00OK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    Fiord, is an arm of the sea, extending about 35 miles inland,
BUGEY, bi'zh!, a small territory of France, in the old  with a breadth of 10 to 15 miles, and is covered with numeprovince ofBurgundy. Its capital was Belley, comnprised in  rous islets.
the department of Aimn.                                      BUKKUR, bfik/kfii, written also BUKHU, an island and
BUGIGAB0O, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina.    fort of Sinde, in the Indus, between the towns of Roree on
BUGGENHOUT, bigfgen-hmwt', a village of Belgium, pro- the E. and Sukkur on the W. bank, 165 miles N.N.E. of
vince ofFlanders, 5 miles E. ofTermonde. Pop. 3424.        Hyderabad. Lat. 270 41' N. Ion. 650 52' E. The island is
BUGGIANESE, PONTE, pon/ti bood-j'-nct/sAt, a village  a limestone rock, 800 yards in length, by 300 in width, and
of Tuscany, in the Val-di-Nievole, 41 miles S. of Borgo-a-Bug-  nearly covered by the formidable looking fortress. Sir A.
glono. Pop. 5841.                                          Burnes supposed the territory around Bukkur to be the anBUGGIANO, BORGO A, boa/go A bood-j/no, a town of  cient Musicani of Alexander's historians. The British army
Tuscany, 27 miles W.N.W. of Florence, in the centre of the  destined for Afghanistan crossed the Indus here early in
Val-di-Nievole. Pop. 1677. It has numerous silk mills.     1839, on a bridge of boats.
BUG IIALL, a post-office of Macon co., Alabana.             BUKKUR, a town in Punjab, near the Indus, 17 miles
BUGILAT, bug'h t/, a Sikh state; in India, under British  S.S.E. of Dera-Ismoeel-Khan. Vicinity well cultivated. Pop.
protection, between the Sutlej and Jumna Rivers, W. of the  5000, who carry on an active commerce.
Sirmore Valley. Surface hilly. Principal forts, Rajghur    BUKOWINA, or BOUKOWINA. boo-ko-VveefnA, an old diand Tuxhal.                                                vision of the Austrian Empire, part of Eastern Galicia, inBUGIA or BUGIAH, a town of Algiers. See BnoUAH.           cluded in the circle of Czernowitz.
BUGIS, boolgheez', a people of the Malay Archipelago,    BULACAN, boo-l9-kln/, a town of Luzon, in the Philipchiefly inhabiting Macassar and Boni, in the island of Cele- pine Islands, capital of a province of the same name, on the
bese. They are muscular, middle-sized, and of a light brown  river Bulacan, here crossed by a bridge of 5 arches, 20 miles
color, some being even fair.                                N. W. of Manila. It has manufactures of sugar, silks, and
BUG-LAW/TON, a township of England, co. of Chester.    carpets. Pop. 9803.
BUGTIIORPE, bug/thorp, a parish of England. co.; of York.   BULACH, boo/l y-, a town of Switzerland, capital of a cirBUGUE, Lr, leh bilG, a town of France, department of  cle of same name, in the canton of, and 10 miles N. of Zurich.
IDordogne, 14 miles W. of Sarlat, on the Vezlre. Pop. of  Pop. 1689.
commune, in 1852, 2904. It is the entrep!t for the wines    BUILAH, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee.
and other products of the basin of Vezlre, sent to Bor-   BULAK, a town ofEgypt. See BooIIK.
deaux. In its vicinity is the grotto of MIiremont.            BULAMIA, boo-lmg, the most eastern of the BissaRgos
BUGULMA. See BOOoooLMit.                                 Islands, off the W. coast of Africa, 20 miles S. of Bissao.
BU1iL, biil, a village of France, department of Haut-Rhin,  Lat. 11' 34' N.; ion. 150 33' W.  It is about 20 miles in
6 miles S.S.W. of Colmar. Pop. of commune, 1555.            length by 10 miles in breadth, densely wooded, and very
BUHL, (Biihl,), bill, a market-town of Western Germany, fertile, but unhealthy.  It is now claimed by Portugal.
grand duchy of Baden, 25 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe, on the  Previous to 1794, it was the site of a British settlement;
railway thence to Kehl. Pop. 2800. It has manufactures  and in the late Psrliamentaqy Report oem Western A~/rica,
of leather, and large weekly markets. This is the name of its resumption by the British government for commercial
several villages in the same circle, and in the Rhenish de- purposes, and the repression of the slave trade, is strongly
partments of France.                                       recommended.
BUIILERI, (Biihler,) bi/llp, a village of Switzerland, can-   BULAVADEEN, or BULAVADIN, too-l4-v'-deenl, writton of Appenzell, 3 miles S.S.W. of Tregen. Pop. 1162.     ten also BOLAVADIN, (sanC. Poeyb/otus,) a town of Asia
BUILD!WAS, a parish of England, co. of Salop, on the Se- Minor, in Anatolia, 28 miles E.N.E. of Afloom Kara HIissar.
vern, here crossed by a fine iron bridge, 31 miles N.N.E. of  Pop. 3000, who are all Mohammedans.
Much-Wenlock. The beautiful remains of Buildwas Abbey    BULBO/NUS GROVE, a post-office of Will co., Illinois.
furnish the earliest specimen of painted arches.             BULEYVILLE,apost-officeof Breckenridge co., Kentucky.
BUILTII or LLAN/FAIR, a market-town and parish of    BUL.FORD, b5511ford, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
South Wales, co. of Brecon, finely seated on the Wye, here    BULGA, bool-gI, a mountain, and considerable town of
crossed by a bridge of 6 arches, 12 miles S.W. of New Radnior. Abyssinia, in Shoa, 26 miles S.S.E. of Ankober.
Pop. in 1851, 1158. About 1 mile N.W. If the town are saline,   BULGARIA, bOb1-gAfre-a, (anc. Mewsin.ofetrior,) a prosulphureous, and chalybeate springs, with pump-'ooms.      vince of European Turkey, extending between lat. 42' 8' and
BUINSK. See BeooNsK.                                     450 20' N., and Ion. 220 15' and 290 35' E., separated N. by the
313




BUL                                                        BUN
Danube from Wallachia, Moldavia, and Bessarabia, and S. by    BULL'S BAY, or BABOUL BAY, a bay on the E. side of
thel Balkhan Mountains from  Room-Eloee, (Rumili,) having  Newfoundlan d, in lat. 470 25' N., Ion. 520 20' W.
W. Servia, and E. the Black Sea. Estimated area, 33,900 square    BULL'S HEAD. a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
m;les, and population, 1,800,000. Surface mountainous in the    BULLtSK IN,  a township of Fayette  co., Pennsylvania.
south, level in the north, generally well wooded, and abound-  Pop. 1428.
ing with rich pasture. Principal river, the Danube, with its    BULL'S SWAMP, a post-office of Orangeburg district,
tributaries, the Isker,Vid, Jantra, (orYantra,) and Osma, and  South Carolint.
the Kamtchik and Pravadi, which enter the Black Sea. At    BULL'TOWN, a post-office of Braxton co., Virginia.
its N.E. extremity is the large lake of Rassein. Principal    BULLTOWN, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, about 15
products, cattle, tallow, hides, hemp, flax, skins, timber, miles W.N.W. of Brookville.
and attar of roses. In the pashalic of Silistria a surplus of    BULLUCITAH, a post-office of Leake co., Mississippi.
corn is produced, but in some other parts less is raised than    BULLUMGHIUR,    btil'lom-gf1r', a fortified town of British
is required for home consumption, and th  rearing of live  India, presidency of Bengal, 25 miles S. of Delhi.  It is
stock is the chief branch of industry. The Bulgarians, who  pretty well built, and has many temples, and a neat palace,
aredescendants of the Slavonic tribe that crossed the Volga  the residence of its rajah.
in the seventh century, are adherents of the Greek church:    BULMER, b51lmer, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
they speak the Servian language, and manufacture common    BULMER, a parish of England, co. of York, North Rliding.
woollens,  rifle-barrels, and morocco leather, in addition to    BULOLA, boo-lolqt, a river of Western Africa, in Seneganstheir rural occupations, and, according to travellers, they  bia, which traverses the country of the Biaferes, and enters
are favorably distinguished by industrious habits from the  the Atlantic opposite the Bissagos Islands.
Turks, by whom they are much oppressed. Bulgaria is sub-   BULOLA, a town of Senegambia, on a small tributary of
divided into the pashalics of Widin, Varna, Silistria, and  Bulola River, 60 miles from the sea, in lat. 110 31' N., lon.
Sophia, (capital, Sophia,) besides which towns it comprises Ni- 14~ 20' WV.
copolis, Roostchook, (Mustchuk,) Sistova, Shoomla, Babadag,   BULPHAN, b5l1ffan, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Kustendji, &c. From  the seventh century till 1018, and    BULSAU R, bil-sawrl, apopulous seaport town of British
again from 1196 to the middle of the fourteenth century,  India, presidency of Bombay, 42 miles'S.S.W. of Surat, on
Bulgaria formed an independent kingdom; but it then be- the Gulf of Cambay. It has manufactures of coarse gingcame subject to H-ungary, and was finally conquered by the  hams, and a considerable trade in grain, jaghesy, timber, &c.
Turks in 1392.-Adj. and inhab. BULGaRtIAN, bO6l-g-Are-an.   BULSUN, bOistint, a Sikh state of Northern India, under
BUL'GER'S MILLS, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.   British protection, between the Sutlej and JTumnD, in lat.
BULGNfVILLE, btil'fi'veel, a town of France, depart- about 310 N., Ion. 770 E. Pop., with Burronlee, 5000.
ment of Vosges, 12 miles S.S.E. of Neufchiteau. Pop. 1030.   BULTI, blftee', BALTEE, b lltee', or BULTISTAN, bOG'It has manufactures of lace and pottery ware.               te-stn/, called also LITTLE THIBET, and ISKARDOII,  a
BULIKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.         state of Central Asia, tributary to the rulers of the Punjab,
BULK/WORTIHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          but N. of the IIimalayas,betwveen lat. 340 40' and 350 30' N.,
BULLAS, boolfyds, a town of Spain, 32 miles W. of Murcia. lon. 740 40' and 700 20' E.. and surrounded, except on the
Pop. 4186. It is very ancient, and has many Roman remains. S.W., by the Chinese dominions. Area, estimated at 12,000
BULL CREEK, of Taney co., Missouri, enters White River  square miles. Pop. estimated at 75,000. (?) It consists of a
near the middle of the county.                              part of the upper valley of the Indus, having a general elevaBULL CREEK, a post-office of Wood co., Virginia.          tion of 6000 or 7000 feet above the sea, and enclosed by
BULLE, b66lIeh, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 14  mountains, which rise to 6000 or 8000 feet higher. The climiles S. of F'reiburg. Pop. 1513. It is the chief entrepOt for  mate is very cold in winter, and the soil requires careful
Gruyere cheese, made in the adjacent valleys.               culture to enable it to produce corn, &c.; European fruits
BULLERS OF BUCIHAN, b-[lllerz ov btlkfan, a small fish- are, however, plentiful. The animals comprise the sha, the
lng village of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 22 miles N.N.E. of large-horned goat, sheep, the musk deer, and ibis; arsenic
Aberdeen. Close by the village is the remarkable natural and sulphur are among the mineral products. The  bnhacuriosity called the Bullers of Buchan, consisting of a group  bitants are of Tartar descent, and Mohammnedans of the
of singular rocks and seaworn caverns.                      Sheeah sect; until the late Sikh conquest, they lived under
BULLES, biill, a towvn of France, department of Oise, 6  an hereditary chief, termed the gyl/fo. The principal town
miles N.N. W. of Clermont. Pop. 1072. It has important is Iskardoh.
manufactures of linen.                                        BULWELL, Wt11w9l, a parish of England. co. Nottingham.
BULLEY, b66l/lee, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    BULWICK, b5l/wik, a parish of England, co. of NorthBULLINA, bool-yee/n4, a small river of the Mexican Con-  ampton.
federation, falls into the                                    BULWUDUN or BULAWADIN. See BULAVADEEcN.
BULLINA, bool-yeelng or boo-leetnA, a small stream  of    BUlLYVILLE, a post-office of Orange co., New York.
Yucatan, falls into the sea opposite Cancun Island, near 210    BUM/LIN, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of RosN. lat.; and 870 W. lon.                                    common.
BULLINGHAM, b011ling-am, UPPER  and LOWER, a    BUMM, a fortified town of Persia, 115 miles E.S.E. of Kerparish of England, co. of IHereford.                        man, on the route to Bunpoor.
BULILINGTON, a parish of England. co. of Lincoln.           BUMPISTED,HE!LION, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BULLION. bi511yon, a post-officeWaukesha co.,Wisconsin.   BUMPISTED, STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BULLITSVILLE, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky.         BUNAHEE, bfini-heet, a town of British India, presiBULLITT, bbOlfit, a county in Kentucky, in the N.W. dency of Bengali 30 miles S.S.E. of Ajmeer.
central part of the state, about 1 mile from the Ohio River,   BU'NASARI, a small river of Mosocco, which disclasrges
contains about 300 square miles. It is drained by Salt its waters into a small lake 20 miles N.W. of Mequinez.
River, and by the Rolling Fork of that river, which washes    BUNAISOR, bin-i-sorl, (ane. Vaniswarn,) a ruined town
its S.W. border.  The surface is diversified with hills of of British India, presidency of Bengal, reported to have
moderate height, which are covered with pines, and abound  many temples, including one surpassing in size that of Jugin iron ore of rich quality. Capital, Shepherdsville. Pop. gernaut, from which it is distant some mniles westward.
6784, of whom 5419 were free, and 1365 slaves.                BUNARBASHI, a smallvillage of Asia Minor. See BooBULLfMOUTIHI  CREEK, of Mississippi, enters the Tom- NABtnAsAu.
bigbee from the N.E., near the N. line of Monroe county.      BUNARBASIII-SU. See SCAMiANson.
BULLOCK, bO61/lok, a county in the E. part of Georgia,   BUNAWE, bin-awl, a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
bordering on the 0,eechee  iver, contains 900 square miles. 1 miles N.N.W. of Invera'y. It has a quay on Loch Etive,
The surface is level, ahd the soil generally sandy and poor. a salmon fishery, and iron-works.,
The climate is reputed healthy. Cotton, corn, rice and    BUN'BANGC. a town of British India, presidency of Bensugar-cane are the staples. A great part of the county is  gal, 6 miles S.W. of Sylhet.
occupied by pine forests, which afford valuable timber, and    BUNtBURY, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
abound in game. The Central Railroad follows the course    BUN'CIIANGI, an inland town of Siam, on the Meklong
of the Ogeechee, near the N.E. boundary of the county. Or- River. said to have 4000 inhabitants.
ganized in 17i96. Capital, Statesborough.                     BUNICHIOM, btif'che-oml, an inland town of Siam, on the
BULLOCK CREEK, a post-office of York district, South  Meklong Rivsr, said toinontain 5000 inhabitants.
Carolina.                                                     BUNCOMIBE, btng/kom, a county in the WV. part of North
BULLOCK'S CREEK, of York district, South Carolina, Carolina, near the border of Tennessee, with an area of 450
flows south-westward, and enters Broad River near the S.W. square miles. It is traversed by the French Brosd River.
extremity of the district.                                  The countydis occupied by mountains and valleys of the AppaBULLOMIS, b61/ilomz, NORTH, a maritime district of  lachian system; the Blue Ridge extends along or near the
Western Afirica, in the country of the Timmanees.           S.E. border. The soil is fertile, and particularly adapted tc
BULLOMS, SOUTH, a maritime district of Western Africa, pasturage. The celebrated Warm  Springs are in the N.W
in the country of the Timnmanees.                          part of the county. Formed in 1791, and named in honor of
BULL POINT, a small village of Dallas co., Missouri.     Col. Edward Buncombe, of the Continental army. The origin
BULL RUN, in the N.E. part of Virginia, forms the bound- of the phrase, - talking for Buncombe," is thus explained
ary between Fairfax and Prince William  counties, until it in Wheeler's Iistory of North Carolina i —"Several years
enters the Occoquan River, 14 miles from its month.        ago, in Congress, the member from this district arose to adBULL RUN, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.       dress the house, without any extraordinary powers, in man314




BUN                                                      BUR
ner or matter, to interest the audience. Many members    BUNINELL'S LANDING, a post-office of Wabashaw co.,
left the hall. Very naively he told those who remained that Minnesota Territory.
they might go too; he should spealk for some time, but'he    BUNNY or BONEY, a parish of' England, co. of Notwas only talking for Buncombe."' Capital, Asheville. Pop. tingham.
13,425; of whom 11,708 were free, and 1717 slaves.          BUNOL, boo-ni11, a town of Spain, 24 miles W.N.W. of
BUNCOMBE, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, border- Valencia. Pop. 2470. It has manufactures of paper. Near
ing on Minnesota, has an area of about 800 square miles. It it are ome remarkable stalictitic caves.
is bounded on the W. by the Sioux River, and intersected    BUNOLA, boon-yolld, a town of the island of Majorca, 9
by Inyan R'elakah River, and also drained by one of its tri- miles N.N.E. of Palma.  Pop. 1752. ]Near it are marble
butaries.  Ocheyedan Lake, the source of the river of the  quarries.
same name, is situated inthe E. part of the county. Bun-   BUN'POORI, a fort and district of Western Beloochistan,
combe county is not included in the census of 1850.       province ofMekran. The fort, in lat. 27020' N., ion. 600 45i
BUNCOMBE, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.   E., is built of mud, on a large mound, traditionally said to
BUNCOMBE, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa.           have been raised by an army of Ghebers. The territory
BUNCRA/NA, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  appears to be fertile, and the chief obtains from his subjects
Donegal, on Lough Swilly, 11 miles N.N.W. of Londonderry. an annual revenue of 26001., besides contributions of camels,
Pop. 961. It has a handsome church and barracks, and is  sheep, dates, wheat, and matchlocks.  His military force
resorted to for sea-bathing. Its castle was an old seat of the  consists of 300 cavalry, and 2500 infantry.
O'Donnells.                                                B3UNRAT/TY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 11
BUND, Switzerland. See GamsoNs.                         miles S.S.E. of Clare, at the mouth of the Ougare'e. in the
BUNDE, (Biinde,) biin/deh, a village of Germany, in Hano-  Shannon. It contains a village, and an ancient Norman
ver, 5 miles N. of Weener.                                castle of the thirteenth century, used as barrackis.
BUNDE, (Biinde,) a village of Germany, in Prussian West-   BUNRAT/TY, UPPER and LOWER, two baronies of Irephalia, 7 miles N.N.W. of Herford. Pop. 1200.             land, co. of Clare, in Munster, bounded on the N. by the
BUNDELCUND or BUNDLECUND, bsn'd1-kr1ndl, a ter-  county of Galway, and S. by Shannon River, 16 miles long
ritory of Hindostan, partly belonging to the British, and  and from 3 to 7 broad. The surface is rocky, but adapted
partly to native chiefs tributary to the British, mostly be- for grazing.
tween lat. 240 and 200 26' N, and ion. 780 and 810 33' E.,   BUN/TAM FALLS, a village in Litchfield co., Connecticut,
having W. to Gwalior dominions, and on other sides the  about 25 miles WV. of IIHartford.
Bengal territories. It is traversed by the Vindyan Monun-   BUN/TINGFORD, a market-town and chapelry of Engtains.  The principal rivers are the Desan, Betwah, and  land, co. of IHerts, II miles N.N.E. of Ilertford.
Cane, tributaries of the Jumna. The principal towns are    BUNTWALLA, btint-w1l/l, a town of British India, preJhansi, Baudah, and Chatterpoor. In it are the diamond-  sidency of Madras, district of Canara, 16 miles E. of Manmines of Panna.                                           galore.
BUND-EMIEER, or BUND-EMIR, bun-de-meerf, (anc.   BUNTZLAU. a town of Prussian Silesia, 24 miles W.N.W..4raxzes,) a river of Persia, province of Fars, enters Lake  Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 6360. It has a large orphan
Balchtegan about 55 miles E. of Sheeraz, after a S.E. course of  asylum, a normal school, manufactures of earthenware and
150 miles. It is rapid, and very liable to inundate its banks. hosiery, and in its market-place a monument to the Russian
BUNRDER, bfsnlder, or BANiDERi (" a port or anchorage") general Kutusoff, who died her'e in 1813.
is the name of many small bays on the coasts of Arabia and    BUNTZLAU, ALT. lt bo6nts-l]w. (if e. "Old Buntzlau,")
elsewhere in South-western Asia.                          a town of Germany, on tihe right bank of the Elbe, opposite
BUNDER-ABBASSEE. See GOMBnOOXN.                         Brandeis, 14 miles E.N:E. of Prague. It has a collegiate
BUN/DER BOSHAVIR. See BusHIaE.                          church, with a monument to St. Winceslaus, often resorted
BUN/DER (or BANDER,)S-IEIKH, (sh,/ik,) a small port to by pilgrims.
of Southern Arabia, Akrabi territory, about 12 miles W. of    BUNTZLAU, BUNZLAU, b66nts/l6w, or JUNG-BUNZAden.                                                     LAU, yi6ng-hbi6nts/h6w, (i.e."  Young Buntzlau,") a town of
BUNDER (or BANDER,)VYIK'KUR/, a seaport and village  Bohemia, on the Iser, a tributary of the Elbe, 32 miles N.E.
of Sinde, in the delta of the Indus, 55 miles S.E. of Kur- of Prague. Pop. 5074. It has a royal Piarist gymnasium,
rachee. Pop. about 1200. Although a mere  collection of  an old castle now used for barracks, and manutfactures of
huts, it has a brisk trade in rice, ghee, provisions. &c., its  cotton and woollen fabrics, and leather.
exports amounting annually to from 25,0001. to 30,6001.     BUN/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
BUNDILEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              BUNtWOOL, or RONtGO, one of the Philippine Islands,
BUNDO/RAN, a maritime village, and the principal water- Malay Archipelago, in the great Southern inlet of Mindanao.
ing-place on the N.W. coast of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Do- Lat. 70 14 N., ion.124 10'. Itis denselywooded.
negal, on Donegal Bay, 44 miles S.W. of Bally-Shannon.   BUOCHS, boo-ox/ or bwoks, a village of Switzerland, canRtesident pop. 299..          ton of Unterwalden, on the S. side of the Lake of Lucerne.
BUNDROES, lfftnd'r~zf. a fishing and bathing village of  Pop. 1060.
Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, about 1 mile W.S.W. of    BUOLICK, boo/.-lik, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co.
Bundoran.                                                 of Tipperary.
BUNIDYSBURG, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio.           BUONABITALCO, boo-Wn',-be-ti/lko, a town of Naples,
BUN/GAY, a market-town of England, co. of Suffolk, on  province of Principato Citra, 9 miles S. of Sala.. Pop. 3120.
the Waveney, 30. miles N.N.E. of Ipswich. Pop. in 1851,   BUONALBERGO, boo-6nIt-bllbgo, a town of Naples, pro3841. It is well built, and has a large market-place, con- vince of PrincipatoUltra, 7 miles NW. of Aitt-no. Pop. 3000.
taining 2 fine crosses, a theatre, assembly-rooms, a bath-   BUONCONVENTO, boo-6n'kon-vhn/to, a village of Tushouse, the remains of a nunnery, several branch banks, cany, 15 miles S.S.E. of Siena, on the Ombrone. Pop. 409.
some manufactures of hemp, and a considerable trade, by  In its castle the Emperor Henry VII. died in 1313.
the Waveney, in corn, malt, coal, lime, &c.                 BURABOLA. See BINABOLA.
BUNGER'S MILL, a post-office of Greenbrier co., Virginia.   BURADA. See BARRADA.
BUNKER HIILL, a celebrated height near Charlestown,    BURANO, boo-rino, a small island and town of Northern
Massachusetts, which see,                                 Italy, in the Adriatic, 5 miles N.E. of Venice. Pop. 4900.
BUNKER HILL, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. Its inhabitants carry on an active fishery.
BUNKER  HILL, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.     BURAZJOON, burlz-joonl, or BURASJUN, booh'ls-joon/,
BUNKER HILL, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi.    a town of Persia, province of Fars, 22 miles N.N.E. of BuBUNKER I-TILL, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.        shire.
BUNKER HILL, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.           BUErBAGE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
BUNKER HILL, a post-township in Ingham  co., MIichi-    BURBAGE, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicester.
gan, about 70 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. Pop. 374.            BUR'BANK, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.
BUNKER HILL, a village of Miami co., Indiana, on the    BURIBOIS,. a post-office of Fralnklin co., Missouri.
Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, 6 or 7 miles S. of Peru.    BURCII CREEK, of Clay co., Indiana. flows into Eel River.
BUNKER HILL, a thriving  post-village of Macoupin co.,   BUR.CHIIVILLE, a post-township in St. Clair co., Michigan,
Illinois, 60 miles S. by W. of Springfield. It is surrounded  about 80 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. Pop. 731.
by a rich farming region.                                   BUR/COMBE, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
BUNKER HILL, a post-office of Allomaklee co., Iowa.       BUR'DEKIN, a river of Australia, in New South Wales,
BUNKER'S tILL, a post-office of Catawba co., North Ca- falls into the bay near Cape Upstart.
rolinn.                                                     BURDETTE, bur-dhtt], a post-village of Tompkins co.,
BUNKER'S IILL, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.    New York, on the E. shore of Seneca Lake, 180 miles W. by
BUNKER'S HILL, a small village of White co., Ten- S. of Albany. It contains a number of stores, and 500 innessee.                                                   habitants.
BUNKER'S hIILL, a post-office of Grant co., Wisconsin.    BUR/DIEHOUSE, a village of Scotland, co. and 34 miles
BUNKLE, bfLnlk'l, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.    S. of Edinburgh.  Pop. partly engaged in lime-hburning.
BUNMIA!HON or BONMAIHON, a maritime village  of  Here many fossil fishes and plants of the coal formation are
Ireland, in Munster, co. and 14 miles S.W. of Waterford. found in the limestone.
Pop. 1771. It is frequented as a bathing-place, and adjacent    BURDIGALA. See BoRDEAUX.
to it are the mines of Knockmahon.                          BURDUR, boor'doorf, (?) a large town of Asiatic Turkey,
BUNNEE. See CuorH.                                      pashalic of Anatolia, 68 miles N. of Adalia.
315




BUR                                                        BUR
BURDVAN, burd'wanf, (anc. Vardama n, "productive,")    BURGDORF, bb5Tatodoaf, (Fr. Berthourl, bla'tooe,) a town
a district of British India, presidency and province of Bengal, of Switzerland, canton. and 11 miles N.E. of Berne, on the
enclosed by the districts of Beerbhoom, Nuddea, IIoogly,  Emmen, here crossed by a new bridge. Pop. 2417. It is
and Bancoorah.  Area, 2100 square miles. Pop. in 1822, the depot for the Emnenthal cheese, and has a castle, for1,487,300.  It is generally under cultivation, and one of the  merly a place of strength, and manufactures of ribbons and
most productive parts of India. It has extensive coalfields, silk. Near it are the baths of Sommerhaus.
yielding annually from 43,000 to 46,000 tons of coal. Iron    BURGDORF, a town of I-Ianover,landdrostei of Liineburg,
ore and building stone are also plentiful. The principal on the Aa, 13 miles S. of Celle. Pop. 2250.
towns are Burdwan, Culna, and Cutwa.                          BURIGEO ISLANDS; a group of islands in British North
BURDWAN, a town of British India, capital of the above  America, Off the E. coast of Newfoundland.  Lat. (S.W.
district on the Dummodah, 60 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Pop. point) 470 33' N.; ion. 570 44' W.  The fishing is extenestimated at 54,000.  It has a large palace and gardens be=  sively prosecuted by the inhabitants of these islands, and,
longing to its rajah, government and missionary schools, according to the reportof Captain Loch, yielded 1,323,000
and manuftictures of silk and cotton fiabrics. Near it are  pounds between October, 1847, and June 4, 1848. The fish
indigo-works.                                               are sent principally to the markets of Spain and Portugal.
BURE, a river of England, co. of Norfolk; after a S.E.   BURGESS, brs/jess, or BUR'GESSBEGI, a parish of Irecourse of at least 40 miles it joins the Yarce at Yarmouth, land, Munster, co. of Tipperary.
whence it is navigable to Aylsham.                            BURtGESS'S STORE, a post-office of Northumberland co.,
BUREAU, bufrr, a county toward the N.W. part of Illi- Virginia.
nois, has an area of about-800 square miles. It is bounded    BURI/ETTSTOWN, a post-village of Washington  co.,
on the S.E. by the'Illinois River, and intersected by Green  Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Washington, the
River and Bureau Creek. The surface is generally level or  county seat.
slightly undulating, and destitute of timber. excepting    BURGII,]:rftff(?)aparish of England, co. of Suffolk.
small groves; the soil is good. The Illinois River is navi-    BURGHI AP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
gable by steamboats on the border of the county. A rail-   BURGIIAS. See BoonRGAS.
road is in progress of construction through the county from   BURGHAUN, b6Oao/hfwn, a town of Germany, in IHesse
Rock Island to Chicago. Capital, Princeton.  Pop. 8841.    Cassel, 11 miles N. of Fulda, on the Haune. Pop. 1400.
BUREAU CREEK, Illinois, falls into the Illinois River    BURGIIAUSEN, b6saG-hlwtzun, a town of Bavaria, on
opposite to Hennepin, in Putnam county.                     the Salzach, 58 miles E. of Munich. Pop. 2300. It has manuBU-REGREltB, a river of Morocco. See Boo-IREoREB.         factures of cloth; breweries, and trade in leather and salt.
BURELLA, boo-rMl'l, a village of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra.  Its old castle is now a prison.
BURELLO, boo-rlllo.  a small town of Naples, province of    BURGH CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 3{Calabria Ultra, 9 miles E. of Nicotera.                     miles W.S.W. of Great Yarmouth.  Here are interesting  reBUREN, (Biiren,) biitren, a town of Prussia, in West- mains of a large stone Roman fort, supposed to be the anphalia, 10 miles E. of Soest, on the Alme. Pop. 2130.       cient Garoianonuss.
BUREN, (Biiren,) a town of Switzerland, canton, and 14    BURGHITCLERE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
miles N.W. of Bern, on thie Aar, here crossed by a stone    BURGITEISSH, a perish of England. See BuawAse.
bridge. Pop. 1100, who carry on an active transit trade.      BURGHFIIELD or BUIRFIELD, a parish of England, co.
BUREN, biirren, a village of Netherlands, province of  of Berks.
Gelderland, 4 miles N.WV. of Thiel. Pop. 1500.                BURGIII-IIEAD or BROUGII-HEAD, a maritime village
BUREN, (Biiren,) OBER, a village of Switzerland, canton, of Scotland, co. and 7 miles N.W. of Elgin, on a promonand 10 miles N.W. of St. Gall, with a fine wooden bridge on  tory, upon which are remains supposed to be those of the
the Thor, at the mouth of the Glatt. Pop. 1410..lata aestra Of Ptolemy, with an ancient well. Pop. 829. It
BURENDO PASS. See BOOaoNG.                                is well built, and has a good harbor, where Edinburgh and
BURENG, btr-kng, BERENG, ber-hng, or BRENG, bring, London steamboats call.
a valley of Cashmere, extending firom S.E. to N.W., between      BURGH HILL, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio.
lat. 330 20' and 330 30' N. and ion. 750 10, and 750 26' E.,    BURG/IIILL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
containing numerous subterraneous water channels, and    BURGII-IN-TIHE-MARSII, a market-town and parish of
abounding in springs of great force and volume.             England, co. of Lincoln, 61 miles E.S.E. of Spilsby. It has
BURES (birz) MOUNT, a parish of England, co. of Essex. a very fine church, and a branch bank.  An embankment
BURES, ST. MARY, a parish of England, cos. of Suffolk  along the coast here is supposed to be of Roman origin.
and Essex.                                                    BURGHILEY-HIOUSE, the princely seat of the Marquis of
BUR/FORD, a market-town and parish of England, co. Exeter, in England, co. of Northanmpton. in its N. part, 13
and 17 miles W.N.W. of Oxford. Pop. in 1851, 1819. The  miles S.E. of Stamford. It was commenced by Sir W. Cecil
town. pleasantly situated on the small river Windrush. is in 1575, and forms an immense quadrangle, presenting one
indiifferently built, but it has a fine church, and a free  of the noblest specimens of Elizabethan architecture.
school in which the celebrated Wilmnot, Earl of Rochester,   BURGH,. MATTISIIALL, a parish of England, co. Norfolk.
was educated, a branch bank, and some manufactures of   BUIRGH- (brff) ON-TOHE-SANDS, a parish. of England, co.
rugs. saddlery, &c. It gives the title of earl to the Duke of of Cumberland, 6 miles W.N.W. of Carlisle. A pillar here
St. Albans. Edgehill, where the troops under Fairfax de- marks the place where King Edward I. died, A.D. 1307.
feared the royalists in 1649, is in its vicinity.           (Several of the Beacons of England are pronounced bref in
BURFORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.               popular parlance.)
BURG, bO6ao, a town of Prussian Saxony, 13 miles N.E.   BURGHORN, bttigthown,  a village of the Netherlands,
of Magdeburg, circle of Jerichow  I., on the Ihle.  Pop. province of North Holland, near Alkmaar, Pop. 1885.
14,570. It has been celebrated for its cloth manufactu'es    BURGIf, SOUTSI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
since the twelfth century, and has still numerous woollen    BURGH  ST.MAR/GARET'S, a parish of England, co. of
factories, in several of which steam-power is employed; Norfolk.
about 32,000 pieces of cloth, worth 7,500,000 thalers are    BURGH  ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
made here annually; a machine factory and foundry are    BURGH  ST. PETER, or WHtEATACRE, a parish of Enalso in operation. It has dye-works, and manufactures of  land, co. of Norfolk.
glue and snuff, with 3 Protestant churches, a grammar    BURGII-UPON-BANE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
school, and hospital.                                         BURGHIWALILIS, a parish of England, co. of York,'West
BURG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Wipper, 16  Riding.
miles N.N.E. of Cologne, with 1610 inhabitants, and mann-   BURGIO, boonsjo, a town of Sicily, district of Bivona, 28
factures of counterpanes, horse-cloths, and hardwares.      miles N.W. of Girgenti.  Pop. 5860.
BURG, b66so, a maritime town of Denmark, duchy of    BURGK, b6fak, a village of Saxony, 5 miles S.W. of DresSleswick, capital of the island of Femern, on its S. side; lat. den, with extensive coal-mines, employing upwards of 500
540 26' 10" N., ion. 110 12' E. Pop. 1800. BuaR  is the name  workmen, numerous coke furnaces, andagas-work. Pop. 860.
of several villages in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, and     BURGK, a hamlet of Reuss-Grei z, 4 miles N. of Saalburg,
the Netherlands.                                            on the Saale, with a castle of the Princes of.Reuss.  Near it
BURG, DE, deh b-IUo, or BURGTbhaRGot, a village of HIol- are the importaut iron-mines of Burgkhammer.
land, province of New IHolland, island of Texel, 7 miles N. of    BURGKUNSTABT, b6oao-ok6n /stttt,  a town of Bavaria,
the Helder. It is the principal village in the island, and so  on the Mlain, and on the Nuremberg and Neumarket Railmuch imlroved of late years as to rival in the beauty of its way, with a castle and beer breweries, 24 miles N.E. of Bamstreets and trees the neatest villages in Holland. Pop. 1100. berg. Pop. 1360.
BUR/GAN DEPOT, a post-office of New Hanover co., North    BURGLEN, (Biilrglen,) biiuclen, a village of Switzerland,
Carolina.                                                  canton of Uri, 1- miles IE. of Altorf, and deserving notice as
BURGAS. See BoRonRas.                                    the reputed birthplace of William  Tell.  Neass it is the
BUR/GATE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           chapel of Notre Dame of Loretto, a celebrated place of pilBURGAU, bO6rJg6w, a town of Bavaria, 23 miles W.N.W. grinmae.
3f Ausoburg. Pop. 2063.                                      BURGLEN, (Birglen,) a village of Switzerland, canton of
BURGAU, a village of Styria, on the Hungarian frontier, Thmurgovia, 12' miles E. of Frauenfeld, with an ancient
29 miles E. of Grditz.                                     castle. Pop. 1076. Formerly a town, destroyed in 1405.
BURGBERNIIEIM,  bScblan'hlmse,       a town of Bavaria,   BURGLENGEFELD, bo6acoleng-e-flt', a town of Bavaria,
16 miles N.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1379.                       15 miles N.N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1425.
316




BUR                                                        BUR
BURGO, booargo, a town of Spain, 36 miles W. of Malaga,   BURI-AM, bfrlam, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
on the Ardales.  Pop. 1612. In its environs are ruins of a    BURIIAMPORE. See Bosui.aNpoor.
Roman amphitheatre.                                           BURHAMPOOTER RIVER. See BRAHMAPOOTErA.
BURGO-DE-OSMA, booR/go-dA-osdmn, a town of Spain, 28    BURIAS, boo/re-8s, one of the Philippine Islands, in the
miles W. of Soria, and 1 mile N. of Osma. Pop. 2072.        Malay Archipelago, 20 miles S.S.E. of Luzon. Lat. 130 N.;
BURGOS, booR/goce, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, ion. 1230 E.
between lat. 410 32' and 430 19' N. Area, 7082 square miles.   JsURIITON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
The surface is very elevated, and consists of a series of mouti-   BURKA. See BURrCmA.
tain ranges, with intervening valleys.                        BURKE, brik, a county in the W: part of North Carolina,
BURGOS, boos/goce, (L. Bzorfgi,) a city of Spain, capital of  has an area estimated at 450 square miles. It is traversed
the above province, and formerly capital of Old Castile, on the  firom W. to E. by Catawba River. and also drained by Linville
Arlanzon, 130 miles N. of Madrid. Let. 420 20' 28" N.; ion. River and Mulberry Creek. The sur'face is elevated, and in
30 44/ 35t W5. The town is clean and handsome, but damp  some parts mountainous; the Blue Ridge, extending along
and cold, with many characteristics of an old Castilian city; the N.W. border, is remarkable for the grandeur of its
it is built in the form of an irregular semicircle, portions of  scenery. The soil in some places is productive, and well
its old walls remaining on the side of the river, which is here  adapted to grazing. It is intersected by the W5estern Turncrossed by three fine stone bridges. All the streets have  pike. Formed in 1777, and named in honor of the illustrigood side pavements. Places of promenade are numerous,  ous orator and statesman, Edmund Burke.  Capital, 3lorbeut the one most firequented, and justly forming the boast gantown. Pop. 7772, of whom 5640 were friee, and 2132 slaves.
of the town, is the Espolon, which is laid out in spacious    BURKE, a county in the E. part of Georgia, bordering on
walks, and has a fine vista opening to the Arlanzon. Bur-  the Savannah River, which separates it from  South Carogos, up to the commencement of the sixteenth century, lina, has an area of 1040 square miles. It is bounded on
shared with Toledo the alternate honor of being the royal the S. by the Ogeechee River, and traversed by Brier and
residence; and hence its public buildings, several of which  Rocky Creeks. The surface is umoderately uneven; the soil
have a greater magnificence than usual in a provincial highly productive. Limestone, burrstone, and gypsum are
town, are not so much attestations to its present as memo- abundant; chalcedony, agate, and jasper are found. The
rials of its former greatness. The most remarkable struc- Savannah River is navigable on the border of the county,
ture is the Cathedral, one of the finest buildings of the  which is intersected by the Central Railroad. Pormed in
kind, not only in Spain, but in Europe. It was commenced  1777. Capital, WVaynesborough. Pop. 16,100, of whom 5268
in 1221, on the site of a royal palace which Ferdinand III. were free, and 10,832 slaves.
gave up for that pur'pose, but was not finished for several   BURKE, a post-township of Caledonia co.; Vermont, about
centuries.  It is built of white marble, in the form of a  40 miles N.E. of Montpelier, intersected by branches of PasLatin cross, and is flanked by two towers, which have a  sumpsic River. It has manufactures of starch, furniture,
height of 300 feet, and terminate in spires of filigrane-work  and leather. Pop. 1103.
exquisitely chiselled. Burgos has numerous other churches,   BIURKE, a post-township in the W. part of Franklin co.,
and a Franciscan convent worthy of notice, a nunnery with  New York.
peculiar privileges, a castle, formerly very strong, but now    BURKE, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa.
in riuins, various hospitals and charitable institutions, a    BURKERSDORF, b0rflkers-doif', a village of Lower Ausbronze statue of Charles III. in a square surrounded by ar-  tria, 10 miles WI. of Vienna, on the Wien, with an imperial
cades, besides a triumphal arch in memory of Ferdinand  castle, and a castle of the landgraves of Ftirstenberg.
Gonzales, and a monument to "the Cid," both natives of this    BURKE'S GARDEN, a post-office of Tazewell to., Virginia.
city. In the square De la Constitucion is a beautiful foun-   BURKE'S MILLS, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.
tain, one of the ten from which Burgos derives a copious   BURKE'S STATION, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
supply of water. Around it are some handsome promenades,    BURKESVILLE, a post-village of Prince Edward co., Virand not far off is the monastery of Miraflores, with the mag-  ginia, on the Richmond and Danville lRaiload, at its juncnificent tombs of John II. and his queen. Burgos is an  tion with the South Side Railroad, 52 miles W~. of I'etersburg.
archbishop's see, and the seat of a college, a school of sur-    BURKESYILLE, a post-village, capital of Cumberland
gery, and some manufactures of leather, woollens, and hats. co., Kentucky, on the right bank of Cumberland River, 116
Its trade in manufitctured goods and its faires, &c. have, miles in a straight line S. by W. of Frankfort.  It contains
however, greatly declined; its present importance is now  a court-house, a church, and an academy. Pop. near 400.
chiefly due to its being on the high road from Madrid to    BURKEVILLE, a post-village, capital ofNewt.on co., Texas,
the French frontier. Before the removal of the court to  on Little Cow Creek, about 340 miles E. by N. of Austin City.
Madrid, Burgos was in a very flourishing  condition, and  It contains the county buildings and a few dwellings. The
contained thrice its present population. Since then it has  seat of justice was established here in 1848.
continued to sink gradually, and exhibits in every quarter    BUIRKIIA or BURKA, bfiRlka, written also VARAQUE, a
indications of decay. The Peninsular War, during which  fortified maritime town of Eastern Arabia, dominions and
the possession of it was repeatedly and keenly contested, 45 miles N.W. of Muscat, on the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb.
added greatly to its disasters. Pop., including the suburb  Pop. 4000.
of Vega on the opposite side of the Arlanzon, 15,924.         BURKII-ARDTSDORF, b66akfhacts-doRf', a village of SaxBURGSTADT, tsoaRGstitt, a town of Saxony, 35 miles S.E. ony, 7 miles S. of Chemnitz, with manufactures of linens
of Leipsic.  Pop. 2710. It has manufactures of stockings, and cottons.  Pop. 1850.
linen; also woollen weaving, and cotton printing.             BUR/tKITTSVILLE, a post-office sfFrederick co.,Maryland.
BURGSTEIN, (Bitrgstein,) binolstIne, or BIRLKSTEIN,    BURKITTSVILLE,  a post-office of Attala co., Mississippi.
b5ak/stmne, a village of Bohemia, capital ofa lordship of the    BURK'S STORE, a small village of Cape Girardeau co.,
same name in the circle of Leitmeritz; the lordship com- Missouri.
prises the town of Haida and 26 villages. Pop. 14,550. Ins-   BURKSJTOWN, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
portant manufniactures of crystal are carried on in this dis-    BURKS1VILLE, a post-dffice of Nottawny co., Virginia.
trict, and it is the deplt for the greater part of the glass    BURLATS, biiaVlcV, a town of France, department of Tlarn,
manufactured in the kingdom.                                arrondissement, and 5 miles E.N.E. of Castres, on  the
BURGTHAL, Switzerland. See BouRG, LE.                     Agout. Pop. 1500. It has several paper mills.
BURGUETE, booR-gA/tA, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 15    BURILESCOMIBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
miles N.E. of Pamplona, in the Valley of Roncesvalles. IIere    BURILESON, a county in the S. central part of Texas,
Charlemagne was defeated in 778. See RONCESVALLES.          has an area of 1025 square miles. It is bounded on the
BURGUNDY. (Fi. Bourcgogne, booa'gori; L. Brgulfcfdia;  N.E. by Brazos River, on the  S. by Yegua Creek, and
Ger. Bureund, bia-g5566nt; Sp. Borgoe a, boR.-gon/ya; It. Bore- drained by Davidson's Creek. The soil in some parts is fery/oqna, boa-g6n/yA,) one of the largest and nmost important of tile. C.pital, Caldwell. Pop. 1713. of whom 121.3 were free,
the former provinces of France, and now forming the depart- and 500 slaves. Named in honor of General Edward Burlements of C~te-d'Or, SaSne-et-Loire, Yonne, part of Ain, and  son, vice-president of the republic.
part of Aube. In more ancient tines Burgundy was the name    BURLESON, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.
of a kingdom, which included much more than the above   BURILESTONE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
province, occupying the whole basin of the Rhone. Its most   BURILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Ridancient inhabitants were thefcisdsi, fully described by Caesar; ing. 
but its name ofBurgundy is derived from one of the northern   IBURLEY-ON-THIE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of
nations, called, in Latin. BurgunzdiorBu-rgundioecs, who esta- Rutland, 2 miles N.E. of Oakham.  The splendid seat of
blished themselves there in the beginning ofthesfifth century. the Earl of Winchelsea here stands on the site of the celeAt'a later period, after the subversion of their kingdom, the brated mansion of the Dukes of Buckingham, destroyed in
province was erected into a dukedom, and long made an im- the civil war.
portant figure in history under a race of Dukes of Burgundy.   BURILINGIHAM, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York,
The male line having become extinct in 1477. on the death of about 95 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
Charles the Bold at the siege of Nancy, his son-in-law, Louis   BURLINGIIAM, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.
XI., succeeded to the dukedom, which has since formed    BURLINGHAM, a small post-village in Meigs co., Ohio.
part of France.-Adj. and inhab. BUIeGUNoDIAN.                 BURLINGIIAM  (britsling-am,) ST. ANDREW, a parish
The CANAL of BucraUNDY unites the Yonne to the Safne, ofEngland, co. of Norfolk.
and passes St. Florentin, Tonnere, Montbard, Pouilly, and    BURLINGIIAM  ST. EDMUND, a parish of England, co.
Dijon; near Pouilly is a tunnel 9350 feet in length.       of Norfolk.
317
_J




BUR                                                        BUR
BURLING1HAMI, ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of    BURLINGTON, a small village of Roanole co., Virginia.
Norfolk.                                                     BURLINGTON, a post-village of IHampshire co., Virginia
BURILINGTON, a town of England. See BRIDINGTON.    on Patterson's Creek, 205 miles N.W. of Richmond.
BURILINGTON, a county occupying the middle part of    BURLINGTON, a postoflice of, East Baton Rouge parish,
New Jersey, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is  Louisiana.
bounded on the N.W. by the Delaware River, and S.E. by    BURLINGTON, a handsome post-village, capital of Boone
the Atlantic Ocean, extending entirely across the state. It  co., Kentucky, 6 miles from  the Ohio River, and 16 miles
is drained by Little Egg Harbor River, which partly bounds  S.W. of Cincinnati. It contains 4 churches, an academy, a
it on the S.W., and its branches flowing into the Atlantic,  woollen itctory, and a tobacco factory. Incorporated in 1824.
and by Rancocus, Assiscunk, and Crosswicks Creeks, falling  Pop. about 500.
into the Delaware. The surface is generally level, and in    BURLINGTON, a post-villarre of. Clinton co., Ohio, 11
many parts covered with pine timber. The soil in the N.W.  miles N.W. of Wilmington, contains several stores and
portion, for about 12 miles from the river, is a very fertile  about 300 inhabitants.
loam; the remainder principally sandy, with a substratum      BURLINGTON, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the
of clay. Bog iron ore is found in many places, and marl is  Ohio River, a few miles above Wheeling.
abundant in the western part. Animal relics, such as    BURtLINGTON, a small post-village of IHIamilton co.,
shells, bones, and also petrified vegetables, are frequently  Ohio.
found in the marl. In Springfield township there is a    BURLINGTON, a township in the N. part of- Licking co.,
petrifying well.  The Camden and Amboy Railroad tra- Ohio.
verses this county, and a branch railroad, connecting Bur-    BURLINGTON, a post-village, capital of Lawrence co.,
lington with Mount Holly, is included within it. Organized  Ohio, on the Ohio River, 145 miles S. by E. of Columbus,
in 1694, and named fromBridlington, commonly pronounced  and at the southern extremity of the state. It contains,
Burlington, a town of England.  Capital, Mount Holly. besides the county buildings, several churches and a newsPop. 43,203.                                                paper office.
BURLINGTON, a post-township of Penobscot co., MIaine,    BURLINGTON, a village in Marseilles township, in the
40 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 481.                          S.W. part of Wyandot co., Ohio.
BURLINGTON, a port of entry and seat of justice of    BURLINGTON, a post-village and township in the S.W.
Chittenden co., Vermont. and the most populous town in  part of Calhoun county, Michi' an.   Pop. 811.
the state, is situated on a bqy of its own name, on tihe E.    BURLINGTON, a post-township of Carroll co., Indiana,
side of Lake Champlain, 40 miles by railroad W.N.W. of  18 miles S.E. of Delphi.  Pop. 846.
Montpelier, and by steamboat 82 miles N. of Whitehall.    BURLINGTON, a post-village in Carroll co., Indiana,
Lat. 440 271 N.; Ion. 730 10' W. The ground on which Bur-  on the Michigan Road, and on Wildcat Creek, 52 miles N.
lington is situated is low along the borders of the lake, but  of Indianapolis.  In 1850 it had 164 inhabitants.
rises, as it recedes from the shore, to a considerable elevation.   BURLINGTON, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana,
The United States government has erected a light-house on  on Prairie Creek, 7 milee S.E. firom  Muncie, has 1 church
Juniper Island, at the mouth of Burlington Bay, and con- and nearly 100 inhabitants.  The post-office is called New
structed a breakwater to protect the shipping in the harbor. Burlington.
For beauty of location, Burlington is scarcely surpassed by    BURLINGTON, a village of Rush co., Indiana, 8 miles
any town or village in New England. The streets cross each  W.N.W. from Rushville.
other at right angles; those extending eastward from  the    BURLINGTON, a post-township in Kane co., Illinois.
lake are a mile in length. In the Centre is the public square,  Pop. 664.
around which are situated the court-house, the principal    BURLINGTON, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, about
hotels, and several fine stores. Many of the dwellings are  51 miles W. by N. of Chicago.
surrounded with yards ornamented with shrubbery and    BURLINGTON, a floitrishing commercial city, seat ofjus.
shade-trees. The University of Vermont is located about a  tice of Des Moines co., and formerly the capital of Iowa, is
mile from the shore, at the eastern extremity of the village, situated on the Mlississippi River, 45 miles above Keokuk,
on a commanding elevation, 281 feet above the level of the  250 miles above St. Louis, and 88 miles SS.E. of Iowa City.
lake. Belonging to it are four spacious edifices. The dome  In respect to population, this town is not equalled by any
of the centre building commands a magnificent view of the  in the state, excepting  Dubuque, which is of nearly the
lake and surrounding country. Connected with the insti-  same extent. It continues to maintain asteady and healthy
tution is a medical school. The university was founded in  growth, notwithstanding the removal of the seat of govern1791, and received from the state a grant of about 30,000  ment in 1839. The river in this part of its course is a broad
acres of land. There are 7375 tons of shipping owned here,  and beautiful stream of clear water, and the town, situated
324 tons of which are employed in steam navigation. The  partly on the top of the bluffs, overlooks a section of countown contains 4 banks, 3 newspaper offices, and a number  try abounding in rich and delightful scenery. Burlington
of churches. Besides the facilities for steamboat navigation  is regularly laid out, and the greater part of the houses are
which it enjoys on the lake, Burlington has direct commu- of brick or stone. It contains (Jan. 1854) 9 churches, a
nication by railroad with Boston, Whitehall, Ogdensburg,  Baptist college just established, a hotel, said to be the
and Montreal. Burlington was settled in 1783. Pop. of the  largest in the state, 2 steam  flou-ing-mills, 4 saw-mnills,
township in 1830, 3525; 1840, 4271; 1850, 6110.             1 planing-mill, 2 foundries, a door and sash- fctory,   and
BURLINGTON, a post-township of Middlesex co., Masse-  2 large public-school buildings. Two daily papers, 1 trichusetts, 14 miles N. by W. of Boston. Pop. 545.            weekly, and 4 weekllies are issued. Gas-works are about
BURLINGTON, a post-township of Hartford co., Connee- being established. There aretwo plank-roads-one 50 miles
ticut. on the W. side of Farmington River, 15 miles W. of  long, extends westward from this city to Fairfield —and a
Hartford. Pop. 1161.                                        railroad,to be opened in 1855, will connect it with Peoria
BURLINGTON, a post-township of Otsego co., New York, and other towns of Illinois. Pop. in 1854, estimated at 7000.
80 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1835.                             BURLINGTON, a thriving  post-village and township in
BURLINGTON. a township of Burlington co., New Jersey, Racine co., Wisconsin, on the Pishtaka or Fox River, at the
containing the city of the same name. Pop. 5399.            confluence of the Geneva outlet, 26 miles W. by S. of RaBURLINGTON, a city and port of entry of Burlington  cine City, with which it is connected by a plank-road. It
co., New Jersey, on the Delaware River, nearly opposite  contains several flouting mills, woollen factories, &c., for
Bristol, 20 miles above Philadelphia, and 12 miles S.W. of  which the river affords water-power. Pop. 1640.
Trenton.  Lat. 400 5, N., ion. 730 10, W.  The Camden    BURLINGTON FLATS, a post-village of Otsego co., New
and Amboy Railroad connects it with  New  York  and  York, 25 miles S. from Utica.
Philadelphia.  The river is here about one mile wide,    BURJMAH, BURtMA, or BIRIMAH, otherwise called THE
and is divided by an island containing 300 acres, lying  BuRMssE EMaPIRE, orKINGDO0I OFr AVA, (native,  psyaemesa, menearly opposite the city. The streets are wide, straight, and  Amlnta, Byacima, be-_mfrmn,  or Brasna, brbmfmr; Chiwell shaded with trees, and lighted with gas. [I'he houses  nese, lleen-teen, me'n1tsESn/,) formerly the most extensive
are mostly built of brick, and the bank of the Delaware is and powerful state in Farther India,; but, since the
adorned with many handsome residences and gardgns. The  war of the Burmese with the British in 1824-6, its territocity is copiously supplied with good water, raised Ty means  ries have been comprised within lat. 160 and 270 N., and
of hydraulic machinery. It contains 1 Catholic and 9 Pro- ion. 930 and 990 E., having W. Aracan and Munipoor, N.
testant churches, 2 banks, a public library, and a lyceum   the Nagas territory and Upper Assam, E. the Chinese probuilding, now used as a town-hall.  There are two larsge and  vince of Yun-nan, the independent Laos country, and the
flourishing boarding-schools, one for each sex, beautifully  British province of Martaban, (from which last it is sepa.
situated on the bank of the river. Burrlington College, of  rated by the Salwin or Than-lweng River,) and S. the Gulf
this place, was founded by the Episcopalians in 1846, and had, of Martaban, a portion of the Bay of Bengal. Estimated
in 1852,118 students, with a library of 1200 volumes. The  area, 200,000 square miles. It is composed of the kingdoms
tonnage of the district in 1854 was 13,219. This city is much  of Burmah, and Pong, with  portions of the countries
resorted to during the summer months by the citizens of  inhabited by the Khyen, and the Shan countries, and the
Philadelphia, with which it communiettes by steamboats  Kubo Valley, (Mounisoor,) reannexed to it by treaty with
several times a day. It was settled in 1667, and was origi-  the British in 1834: it is enclosed on most sides by mounnally called New Beverley. Pop. 4536.                       fain ranges, in elevation from 2000 to 5000 feet above the
BURLINGTON, a post-village and township of Bradford  sea, its central part consisting of the basin of the Irrawaddy.
ro., Pennsylvania 8 miles WV. of Towanda. Pop. 1927.        Lagoons are numerous in low beds of the S., and in the
318




BUR                                                        BUR
centre, a little N. of Ava, is a lake 30 miles in length by 10  quered by the Peguans, a people whom they had overcome
miles across. The climate is considered salubrious. From  and kept in subjection for nearly two centuries before. At
May till the middle of September the iainy season conti- this period arose Alompra, the founder of the present dynues; from that time till March the weather is delightful, nasty. After a reign of eight years, Alompra was succeeded
the temperature seldom  exceeding 750; in April and May  by his son Uparaja, who made Sakaing (Sagaing) his capital.
the heat becomes very great, but is soon mitigated by the  Uparaja reigned three years, only, when he died, and was
commencement of rain. Annual fall of rain, from 150 to 200  succeeded by his brother Sembuen, who again removed the
inches. The soil is of very high fertility; but except near capital to Ava. In 1776, Sembuen was succeeded by his
the towns most of it lies waste, or is onlyirregularly tilled; son Sen-ku-sa, who, afjter a reign of five years, was succeeded
and agriculture is generally in the most backward condi- by Paong-Ka-cha, who removed the seat of government to
tion. Rice is the chief crop, especially in the'S.; pulses, Amarapoora.  After a reign of 38 years, Paong-Ka-cha was
Indian millet, and maize are raised in the N., an4 sessa, succeeded, in 1819, by Nun:Sun, who removed the court
mum  is universally cultivated for cattle. Other products once more to Ava; but that town having been almost enare cotton of short staple, indigo, (though this product is so  tirely destroyed, in 1839, by an earthquake, Monchoboo
badly managed as to be unfit for export.) yams, sweet pota, (Moksobo) has become the seat of government. In 1837,
toes, tobacco, capsicums in great quantities, gourds, oil- Nun-Sun died, and was succeeded by his brother Ser-a-wa,
plants, bananas and other fruits, betel-nut and leaf, sugar- to the exclusion of the proper heir.
cane, onions, garlic, and in the N. a kind of tea'. Teak of a    The first English writer who notices the Burman domiquality inferior to that both of Malabar and Java, oak, and  nions is Ralph Fitch. a London merchant, who travelled in
other valuable woods, abound on the mountain ranges, and  India towards the end of the sixteenth century. He reproepalm and bamboo are also plentiful. Oxen, buffaloes, and  sents the countries, especially the cities, to have been then
goats are the principal domestic animals used for draught, in a flourishing condition, and the trade and shipping of
and the elephant is domesticated for the same purpose; a  the seaport towns to be very extensive. At the close of the
good breed of horses is also reared. Mineral products are  seventeenth century the Governor of Madras, Mr. N. Hinumerous and valuable. The gold and silver obtained in  ginson, made certain friendly overtures to the King of Ava,
the empire has been estimated to amount in value to- up- which were graciously received, and, in 1709, the Burman dowards of 200,0001., and the produce of petroleum  in pits  minions were visited by Captain Alexander Hamilton, who
along the Irrawaddy to 8.000,000 lbs. annually. Fine mar- wrote a New Accouit oftle East Indies. In 1757,the East India
ble, serpentine, amber, sapphires and other gems, iron, Company obtained a site for a factory and other advantages.
copper, tin, lead, antimony, sulphur, nitre, and coal are  Subsequent aggiessions on the part of the Burmese, accomalso found.                                                panied by insolence to the English ambassadors, led to hosIn physical form, the Burmese are more allied to the  tilities, which terminated, in 1826, in the curtailment of the
Mongolians of Eastern Asia tlafn to the H-indoos. Their  Burmese power and the establishment of British rule in the
figure is short, squat, robust, and fleshy, face lozenge- provinces of Aracan, Y6, Tavoy, Mergui, and part of Martashaped, cheek-bones large, and eyes obliquely placed. The  ban. Pop. in 1826, 4,230,558, though estimated by some at
hair is black, coarse and lank; colour of skin, light browvn  8,000,000.-Adj. and inhab. BirJiAN\ or BurJlIAN, and BiRor yellowish.  From the difference of dialects, they may be  iANESE. bir'man-eez!, or BumIrESE, bfincmeez!.
divided into five tribes or nations. The language is mono-   BURMAkRSIH, a parish  of Engiand, co., of Kent.
syllabic, somewvhat allied to the Chinese. They are of a gay    BURIMINGTOD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
disposition, and fond of amusements, but less civilized than   IBURINAGE, a towneship of England, co. of Lancaster.
the Hindoos or Chinese. They excel in boat-building, and    BURNIBY. a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
they cast bells, work in gold and silver, and dye silk and    BURINERS, a post-office at the White Sulphur Springs,
other fabrics, weave silk and cotton goods, and manuifacture  Virginia.
lacquered wares, paper, coarse earthenwares, and some other    BURINERSVILLE, a post-office of Barbour co., Virginia.
articles in a respectable manner, but most of their mann-   BURNEISIDE, bftrn/side, a chapelry of England, co. of
factued goods, in ordinary use, are imported from foreign  Westmoreland, with a station on the Kendal and Windercountries. China sendssilks to the amount of about 81,0001. mcie Railway, 2.  miles N.W. of Kendal.
annually, porcelain, copper, capets, metals, drugs, tea, &c.,   BURNEISTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
in return for raw cotton, feathers, ivory, bird's nests, horns, Ridin kg.
gums, and someBritish mnanLifactues;, this intercourse being    BURNESIVILLE, a small post-village of Washington co.,
chiefly conducted at a large annual fair at Bhamo. From   Pennsylvania.
the Shan tribes, the Burmese obtain their best swvord-blades,    BURIJNET, a new county in the central part of Texas;
also lac, wax, and varnish in return for salt and dried fish;  has an area of about 950 square miles. It is intersected by
other articles are mostly imported by sea from British India  Colorado River, which also forms part of its W. boundary.
and the MIalay Archipelago, and consist of British cotton  The surface is hilly. This county is not named in the cengoods, areca, and cocoa-nuts, tobacco, iron, hardwares, sus of 1850. The productions are similar to those of Travis
copper, lead, and other minerals, opium, sugar, spirits,  county, fronm which it was formed.
English glass, earthenwares, fire-arms, and gunpowder-the    BURNET, a village in the N. part of Dallas co., Missouri,
* manufactures of the Burmese in the two last articles being  on Niangua River.
of the most wretched description. The government is here-    BURNET COURT-HOUSE, a post-office of Burnet co.,
ditary and despotic; the sovereign is assisted by a council Texas.
of the nobility, over whom he has a kind of feudal jurisdic-    BURNET'S CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the Wabash 4
tion, and the titles of the latter are not hereditary. The  miles above Lafayette. The Battle of Tippecanoe  was fought
religion of the mass of the inhabitants is Boodhism; a few  in this vicinity, in November, 1811.
Christians and Jews are to be found among the popula-    BURNET'S CREEK, a post-office of White co, Indiana.
tion, and the Khyens and other wild tribes have a special    BIURINETT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
idolatry of theircown.                                        BURINETT, a post-township in  Dodge co., Wisconsin,
Education, in so far as mere reading and writing is con- about 55 miles N.W. from Milwaukee. Pop. 726.
cerned, is more diffused than might have been expected.    BURNETT, a small village of Dodge co,, Wisconsin.
The public revenue is derived from a tithe of the profits of    BURNHAM, btirn'am, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
cultivation, duties of 10 per cent. on imports, and 5 per  3$ miles N.N.W. of Eton. It has some remains of a nuncent, on exports, and on petroleum collected, a royal nmono-  nery of order of St. Augustine, founded in 1265.
poly of marble, amber, the precious metals, and gems above    BURN/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
a certain size, a poll tax on the unsettled tribes, &c.; and    BUiRNhAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
the whole fiscal system is "replete with uncertainty, rapa-   BURNI'HAM,  a post-village and township of Waldo co.,
city, and violence."  The armed force, in the last war, was  Maine, on the W. side of the Sebasticook River, 30 miles
all infantry, except a small body of Cassay horse, and a. N.E. from Augusta. Pop. 784.
company of artillery, and the war-boats formed the best   BURNHAMI DEEPDALE, a parish of England, co. of Norportion of the armed force. The Burmese Empire is divided  folk.
into seven provinces. The principal towns are Ava, Mon-    BURNTAM  NORTON, a parish of England, o. of Norchoboo, Amarapoora, Sakaing, Rangoon, Bassein, Martaban, folk.
Setang, Taungo, Prome, Patanuo, Yandabo, and Bhamo.          BURNIHIAM OVERY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Ilistory.-The Boodhist religion was probably introduced    BURNIIAM  SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Norinto Burmah  about the year B.c. 300. At this period the  folk.
government was permanently fixed at Prome, where it con-   BURNHAM TI-IORPE, a parish of England, co. of Nortinued for 395 years, during which there reigned 24 princes.  folk, 1 miles E.S.E. of Burnham-Westgate.  Lord Nelson
After this it was removed under a new dynasty to Pugan.  was born in the parsonage house of this parish, of which
where it continued for nearly twelve centuries, during  his father was then incumbent, September 29, 1758.
which there reigned 55 princes. In A. D. 1300, the seat of    BURNIHAM-WEST'IGATE,  a market-town and parish of
government was established at Panya, where it continued  England, co. of Norfolk, 32 miles N.W. of Norwich.
56 years under three successive princes. In 1364, it was    BURNtING GROVE, a small village of Pike co., Pennsylremoved to Ava, where it continued for 369 years, and  vania.
where, in the sixteenth century, Europeans first became    BURNING SPRING, a post-office of Wirt co., Virginia.
acquainted with the Burmese.  Towards the conmmence-   BURNLEY, bternllee, a market-town of England, co. of
ment of the eighteenth century, the Burmese were con- Lancaster, parish of Whalley, on the Burn, 22 miles N. of
319 




BUR                                                        BUR
Manchester. Pop. in 1851, 14,706. It stands in a narrow  dency of Bengal, capital of the district of Backergnge, on
valley. The chapel is a large, ancient structure, containing  an island of the Ganges, 120 miles E.N.E. of Calcutta.
numerous monuments of the Townley family, including one    BURRISHOOLE, bhr're-shooll, a maritime parish of Ireto C. Townley, Esq., once proprietor of the famous marbles  land, Connaught, co. of Mayo.
now in the British Museum. Burnley has numerous dis-   BUR/RITT'S RAPIDS, a post-village of Canada West, co.
senting places of worship; a free grammar school, with a  of Grenville, on the Rideau Canal, about 73 miles N.E. of
revenue of 1371. per annum, and several other schools and  Kingston. It has 3 stores and several mills. Pop. 300.
charities. Manufactures of cotton and woollen fabrics, and    BURR OAK, a post-office Winneshiek co., Iowa.
machinery, with iron and brass foundries, breweries, tan-   BURtR OAK, a post-township in the S.E. part of St. Joneries, therope-walks. Burnley is a polling-place for North  seph co., Michigan. Pop. 658.
Lancashire. Its manufacturing prosperity, which is mainly    BURROUGHII, bhrfrrsh, a parish of England, co. Leicester.
owing to the abundance of coal in the vicinity, has been    BURROUGIL-GREEN, a parish of England, co. Cambridge.
further promoted by the Leedg and Liverpool Canal, which    BURR'S FERRY, a post-office of Sabine parish, Louisiania.
nearly encircles the town, and by railway with Bury, Black-   BURR'S MILLS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.
burn, Manchester, &c.                                        BURRS/VILLE, a post-office of Caroline co., Maryland.
BURNS, a post-township of Allegihany co., New York,   BURRSVYILLE, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama.
about 50 miles S. by W. of Rochester, is crossed by the Buf-   BURRIVILLE, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut.
falo and New York Railroad. Pop. 943.                        BURSA. See BRusA.
BURNS, a post-township in the S.E. part of Shiawassee    BURSCHEID. See BUaRTSCHEI.
co., Michigan. Pop. 717.                                     BURS]COUGH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster,
BURNS, a post-village of Henry co., Illinois, 55 miles N.W. on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 2 miles N.N.E. of Ormsof Peoria.                                                 kirk. Pop. in 1851, 2480.
BURN/SALL,  a parishof England, co. of York, WestRiding.   BUR'SE/AH, a towfi of India, Gwalior dominions. 33 miles
BURNS' CORNERS, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio.       S.W. of Seronje. In 1820, it is said to have contained 3000
BURNS-hIILL, a town and mission station of British  houses. and it was the capital of an extensive district.
Kaffraria, South Africa, on the Keiskamma River, co. and 4    BURISLEDON, a perish of England, co. of Southampton.
miles S. of York.                                            BURSLEMI, btrs/lem, a parish and market-town of EngBURNSIDE, a post-township of Clearfield co., Pennsylva- land, co. of Stafford, and the principal town in that importnia, 75 miles E.N.E. of Pittsburg, intersected by the West ant district called "The Potteries," 3 miles N.N.E. of NewBranch of Susquehanna River. Pop. 1016.                    castle-under-Lyne, and 9 miles S.E. of the Crewe station, on
BURN/SIDES, a post-office of IIenry co., Illinois.      the Birmingham  and Liverpool Railway. Pop. in 1851,
BURNSIVILLE, E a small town, capital of Yancey co., North  15,951. It has many large factories, convenient dwellingCarolina, on the Nolichucky River, 250 miles W. of Raleigh. houses of the work-people, and villas of proprietors, with a
Pop. 200.                                                  neat town-hall, news-room, police office, old and new
BURNSVILLE, a small village of Bartholomew  co., In- churches, and numerous dissenting chapels. Burslem fornms
diana, 10 miles E.S.E. of Columbus.                        a part of the parliamentary borough  of Stoke-uponBURNSVILLE, a post-village ofl McDonough co., Illinois,  Trent. As early as the seventeenth century it wae the
00 miles N.W. of Springfield.                              chief place in England for the production of earthenwares;
BURNT CABINS, a small post-village of Fulton c., Penn- at first, of a very homely kind, but latterly brought to
sylvania.                                                  great perfection by Josiah:Wedgewood, born here in 1730.
BURNT CORN, a post-village of Mionroe co., Alabama.        BUR/SONYILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.
BURNT FORT, a small village of Camden co., Georgia, on    BURS/TALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
the Santilla River, 48 miles from its mouth.                 BUR/STEAD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
BURNT/GREEN, England, co. of Worcester, a station on    BURSTEAD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 11 miles S.S.W. of    BURISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
Birmingham.                                                  BUR/STON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
BURNT HILLS, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York.    BURESTOW, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
BURNT/ISLAND, commonly pronounced brrint-Mland, a    BURST/WICK, aparish of England, co. York, East Riding.
parliamentary borough, seaport town, and parish of Scot-   BURSZTYN, b6R/sh/tin, a town of Austrian Polahd, Galand, co. of Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 61 miles N.N.W. of  licia, 20 miles S.W. of Brzezany, on the Lippa. Pop. 2000.
Leith. Pop. of parliamnentary borough, in 1851, 2724. It is It has Roman Catholic and Greek churches.
chiefly occupied in the fisheries, in curing herrings, and in    BUR'T, BERT, or BIRT, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
distilling. It is clean and well built; it has a town-house,  Donegal.
school-house, and the best harbor on the Frith, with a new    BURTON, a parish of England, co., of Chester.
low-water pier, a light-house, and a dry-dock. It is the    BURTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
steamboat ferry station on the passage of the Edinburgh and    BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Northern Railway.  Burntisland unites with Kinghorn,    BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Dys'ast, and, Kirkcaldy in sending one member to the HIouse    BUR/TON, a post-township of Cattaraugus county, New
of Common's.                                               York.  See ALLEGHANv.
BURNT/MNILL, England, co. of Essex, a station on the    BURTON, a post-village and township in Geauga co.,
Eastern Counties Railway, l1 miles S. of Harlow.           Ohio, about 30 miles E. by S. of Cleveland. It contains 3
BUIRNT OI/DINARY, a post-office of James City co., Vir-  churches and 1 academy. Pop. 1063.
ginia.                                                       BURTON, a township in McHenry co., Illinois.
BURNT PRAITRIE, a post-office in the northern limit of    BURTON, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 10 miles
White co., Illinois.                                       E. by S. firom Quincy.
BURNT STAND, a post-office of Carroll co., Georgia.        BURTON AGNES, a parish of England, co. York, E. Riding.
BURNT/VILLE, a post-office of Brunswick co., Virginia.     BURTON BISIOP, a parish of England, co. of York,
BUR OAK, a post-office of Mercer co., Missouri.          East Riding.
BURPHIAM, btlr/fam,   a parish of England, co. of Sussex.  BURTON BLACK, a township of England, co. of York,
BURRA, bhr/ra, a small island of Scotland, belonging to  West Riding.
the Shetland Group.                                          BURTON BRADSTOCK, a parish of England, co. Dorset.
BURRA  BURRA, btir/lra btr/ra, a mining district of    BURTON-BY-LINCOLN, a parish of England, co. Lincoln,
South Australia, 80 miles N. of Adelaide. See ADE1scUE.      BURTON CHERRY, a parish of England, co. of York,
BURRASIPOOR, btarram-poor/, a town of British India, East Riding.
presidency of Madras, 10 miles S.W. of Ganjan. It has a    BURTON COGGLES, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
large baszaar or market-place, a street occupied by weavers,   BURTON CONSTABLE, a township of England, co. of
and several remarkable IHindoo temples.                    York, North Riding,
BURRAMPOOTER.  See BaRInsAPOOTR.A.                         BURTON EXTRA, a township of England, co. of Stafford.
BURRAY, b-iU/ri, a small island of Scotland, belonging to    BURTON FLEMING, a parish of England, co. of York,
the Orkney Group.                                          East Riding.
BUR/RItETT, a post-township in Winnebago co., Illinois,   BURTON GATE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
about 10 miles N.W. of Rockford. Pop. 591.                   BURTON hIASTINGS, a parish of England, co. Warswick.
BURRIANA, boor-re-dfnA, a town of Spain, 8 miles S. of    BURITON-IN-KEN/DAL, a market-town and parish of
Castellon de la Pla.a, on the Rio Seco, 1 mile from  its  England, cos. of Westmoreland and Lancaster, 10 miles S.
mouth, in the Mediterranean.  Pop. 6204.                   of Kendal. Pop. in 1851, 2559. The town is neatly built,
BURRlILLVILLE, a post-township in the northern part and has a large market-place, several good inns, and an anof Providence co., Rhode Island, 20 miles N.W. of Provi- cient church.
dence. It is intersected by Branch River and its tributa-   BURTON JOYCE, a parish of England, co. Nottingham.
ries, which afford good water-power. It has manufactures    BURTON KIRK. See KIRKBuaroN.
of cotton goods, prints, de laines, shears, scythes, sashes, and    BUR/TON LAT/IMER, a parish of England, co. of Northblinds, &c. Pop. 3538.                                    ampton.
BUR/RINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.        BURTON LAZARS, a perish of England, co. of Leicester,
BURRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          2 miles S.S.E. 6f M'elton Mowbray.  Here was the principal
BURRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       hospital in England for lepers, founded by Lord Mowbray,
BURRISIHOL, bir're-sholl, a town of British India, presi- in the reign of Henry I.
320




BUR                                                        BUS
BURTON LEONARD, a parish of England, co. of York, mines, and a large extent of fine pastmure land. Since the
West Riding.                                                Reform Act it has sent I member to the I-louse of Commons.
BURTON-ON-STRATHER, a parish of England, co. of  During the last century, several improvements in the looniLincoln.                                                    machinery originated at Bury; but the establishmnent of
BUR/TON-ON-TRENT, a market-town and parish of Eng- the large print-works of the late Sir Robert Peel, Part.,
land, cos. of Stafford and Derby, on the Trent, within half a  (which extend for a considerable distance along the Irwell,)
mile of the West Midland, Birmingham and Derby Rail- and the perfection to which calico-printing has since been
way, 11 miles S.S.W. of Derby. Pop. in 1851, 9769. The  carried, have mainly contributed to the prosperity of the
town consists chiefly of 2 streets-the principal terminates town in recent times. Sir Robert Peel was born atChamBer
by a bridge of 37 arches, 1545 feet in height, stated to be  Hall, in the immediate vicinity of Bury.
the longest bridge in England, and which was built prior    BURY, a parish of England, co. of IHatnts.
to the Conquest. It has two churches, numerous dissent-    BURY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
ing places of worship; a grammar school, founded in 1520;   BURY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Sherbrooke,
a handsome town-hall, with assembly-rooms, a union work-  about 115 miles E. of IMontreal. It contains 2 stores and a
house, a subscription library, with large breweries of excel- tavern.
lent ale, (for which the town has long been famous,) exten-   BURY ST. EDMIUND'S, a parliamentary and municipal
sive iron-works, and manufactures of cotton goods and hats. borough town of England, comprising 2 parishes, cc. of
Its trade is promoted by the Grand Trunk Canal, connect-  Suffolk, on the Larke, 24 miles N.W. of Ipswich, and 60
ing the Mersey with the Trent, which latter river is navi- miles N.E. of London.  Pop. in 1851, 13,900. The town, on
gable from the Hlumber to this town. Burton is governed  a gentle eminence, in a healthy and richly cultivated disby a steward and a bailiff, appointed by the Marquis of An-  trict, is remarkably clean, well-built, and cheerful. Princiglesey, lord of the manor. Of its once famous abbey few  pal edifices, St. Mary's Church, a fine Gothic structure; St.
traces now exist.                                          James's, near which is a belfiy 80 feet -in height, and one
BURTON OVERY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.  of the finest remains of Saxon architecture extant in BriBURTON PEDWARDINE, a parish of England, co. of  ftain; the shire-hall, guild-hall, wool-hall, market-cross,
Lincoln.                                                   theatre, with concert and assembly rooms, county jail, on
BURTON PIDSEY, a parish of England, co. of York, East the panoptic principle, house of correction, Suffolk General
Riding.                                                   Htospital, East Suffolk Hospital, &c. The grammar school,
BURtTON'S, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Miississippi.   founded by Edward ~I., enjoys a high repute, and has 2
BURTON'S CORNERS, a small post-village of Boone co., scholarships at Cambridge, and 6 exhibitions to either nutIllinois.                                                  versity. Clopton's hospital for decayed housekeepers has a
BUR/TONSYILLE, apost-office, Montgomery co.,New York. revenue of 300Z. a year, and the town contains nearly 100
BUR/TONTON, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi.    other alms-houses, besides schools, and other charities.
BURTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Notts.        Bury has a mechanics' institution, subscription library,
BURTON-worT-SLAY, a township of North Wales, co. and botanic garden. There are some remains of a celebrated
of Denbigh, N.W. of Wrexham. Pop. 985.                     abbey, founded in the seventh century, and to which the
BURTON-wIr-WALDEN, a township of England, co. of  body of the martyred King Edmund was transferred in
York, North Riding.                                        933, (whence its name.) It is the seat of a large trade in
BURTON WOOD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancas- wool, corn, butter, and cheese. St. Matthew's fair, lasting
ter, on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 2- miles S.W. for about 3 weeks from October 2d, is one of the most imof'Newton-in-Makerfield.                                   portent in England: other fairs are on Easter Tuesday and
BURTSCHEID, baiJ6tshIte, or BORCETTE, bon'skttl, a  December 1st. The borough is divided into 2 wards, and
town of Rhenish Prussia, properly a suburb of Aix-la-Cha- governed by a mayor, 3 aldermen, and 18 councillors. It is
pelle. Pop. 5530. It has manufictures of cloth, cassimeres, the place of the county assizes, and has general sessions in
yarn, Prussian blue, with celebrated hot sulphur springs,  February, June, and  Novenmber, quarter-sessions, pettyand baths much frequented, (temperature, fi-om  1060 to  sessions weekly, with manorial and other courts. Bury
1550 Fahr.)                                                returns 2 members to the House of Commons. It is
BURTtVILLE, a post-office of McKean co., Pennsylvania.  supposed to have been the Roman Villc 2ihaustina. Under
BURUDIDA, or JAITWAR, jite'war/, a district of IHin- the Plantagenets it was the seat of several parliaments.
dostan, S.W. coast of Guzerat, principally between parallels  Sir Nicholas  Bacon, the noted  Bishop Gardner, and
210 and 220 N.                                             Dr. Bloomfield, Bishop of London, are among its distinBURUGIRD. See BOOROOGIoD.                                guished natives. It gives the title of viscount to the RepBURUM, bti/rhm, or BOERUM, boofrhm, a village of Ilol-  pel family. Ickworth, the splendid seat of the Marquis of
land, 11 miles S.E. of Dockum, and communicating with  Bristol, lord of the manor, is in itsvicinity.
the Lauwer Zee. Pop. 1500.                                   BURYTYIORPE, benire-thoip, a parish of England, co.
BURWAI, btLrfw/h, a town of British India, presidency  of York, East Biding.
of Bengal, 87 miles S.W. of Ramghur.                         BURZEN, b3artlsen, a river of Transylvania, an affluent
BURWAH, a town of British India, 39 miles N.N.E. of of the Aloota, (Aluta,) at Breundorf.
Cuttack.                                                     BURZENLAND, bOOet/sen-llnt, a mountainous region of
BURWANNEE, bsir-wkntnee, a fortified, considerable town Hungary, in Transylvania, which forms the district of which
of Central India, dominions, and 72 miles S.W. of Indore. It  Kronstiidt is the capital. -
has a large palace, the residence of its rajah.              BURZET, biilzr;', a town of France, department of Ard~che
BURIWARTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           arrondissement, and 14 miles N. of Largenti~re. Pop. in
BUR/WASI or BUR/GIE RS, a parish of England, co. 1851, 377. It has silk mills and woollen manufactories.
of Sussex.                                                   BUSACHI, boo-s'/kee, a town and province of Sardinia,
BUR1 WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 5~ miles in the district of Cagliari.  The town is situated on the
S.S.E. ofLouth, the birthplaceoftheDuchess ofMarlborough.  Tirsi, 11 miles N.E. of Oristano. The district is unhealthy
BURIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.         but fertile, yielding good crops of grain and excellent pasBURWELL, a village of England, co. of Cambridge, con- turage.  Pop. of the town, 1562; of the province, 71,600.
taining the united parish of St. Andrew and St. Mary, 4    BUSACHINO or BUSAQUINO. See BISACQUIONo.
miles N.W. by W. of Newmarket. Pop. 1820.                    BUSACO, boo-sIko, a hamnlet and convent of Portugal,
BUR/WELL'S BAY, a post-office of Isle of Wight co., Yir- province of Beira, in the Serra-de-Busaco, 20 miles N.N.E.
ginia.                                                     of Coimbra. IHTere, on the 27th of September, 1810, the
BURWIIA, buatwA, a negro town of Central Africa, king- French under Massena were repulsed in an attack upon'
dom of Bornoo, on the WV. bank of Lake Tchad, 80 miles the troops under the Duke of Wellington.
N.N.W. of Kooka, lat..130 52' N., lon. 130 58, E. It covers    BUSBACII, (Busbich,) booslbe, a village of Rhenish
an extent equal to 3 square miles, and being surrounded  Prussia, 6 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, with woollen mannby a wall 13 or 14 feet high, fronted by a dry ditch, may be  factures, and mines of lead and calamine. Pop. 1216.
considered with reference to the practices of war in that    BUSIBAYYILLE, a post-village in the N. part of Houston
country a place of some strength. Pop. 5000 or 6000.       co., Georgia, 16 miles S. by WV. of Macon.
BURY, berfree, a parliamentar' borough, manufacturing    BUSCA, boostka, a town of Piedmont, capital of the distown, and parish of England, co. of Lancaster, on the Irwell, trict, 9 miles N.W. of Coni, on an affluent of the Po. Pop.
81 miles N.N.W. of Manchester, with which, and with Bol- 8990. It has a college, a hospital, and 2 botanic gardens.
ton, it communicates by railway, also by the Bolton Canal.  Good wine is produced in its vicinity.
Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 31,262; of the parish, 70,143.   BUSICOT, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
The town has, in late years, been much improved; and it    BUSEO, boo-sAlo, a town of Wallachia, on the river of the
possesses 2 handsome churches, 2 chapels of ease, upwards  same name, 60 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Pop. 4500. It is a
of 20 dissenting places of worship, a grammar school, with  Greek bishop's see, and a place of some trade.
numerous other schools, several public libraries, a meeha-    BUSHIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford,
nios' institution, news-room, horticultural society, with im-   BUSH CREEK, a township in Washington co., Arkansaos.
portant and flourishing manufactures of cottons, woollens, Pop. 589.
and machinery, and calico-printing and bleaching esta-    BUSHI CREEK. a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 610.
blishments. In 1838, there were in the parish 114 cotton    BUSHEAB, bo'~she-lb, an island in the Persian Gulf, 11
mills employing 13,652 hands, and 17 woollen mills, enm- miles from its N. coast. Lat. 260 50' N., hon. 530 12' E. It
ploying 886 hands.  In the vicinity are extensive coal- is low and flat; at its WV. extremity is a small town, with a
V                                                                            921




BUS                                                           BUT
tolerable harbor, which was visited by the fleet of Nearchus,  Vosges, on the Moselle, near its source, 14 miles S.E. of
admiral of Alexander the Great.                               Remiremont.  Pop. 2283. It has an extensive commerce is
BUSHEY, toSlshee, a parish of England, co. of Herts, 2  mineral waters, of which above 20,000 bottles are annually
miles S.S.E. of Watford, with a station on the London and  exported.
Western Railway.                                                 BUSSEE, bais-see, a town of Ilindostan, 19 miles S.E. of
BUSHEY or BUSHY, a royal park of England, co. of  Jeypoor.
Middlesex, on the Thames, adjoining Hampton Court, 12    BUSSEE, a town of Hindostan, district of Boolundshahur,
miles S.W. of London. It is traversed by superb avenues  4 miles N. of Sirhind, and rendered picturesque by its white
of limes and chestnuts, and by a public footpath.   It was  pagodas and stone pavilions.
a favorite residence of William IV.                              BUISSELVILLE, a village in the N.E. part of Lawrence
BUI/SHI, a post-office of Clark co., Alabama.               co., Illinois, on the Wabash River.
BUSHIRE, boo-sheer!, (properly, ABOO-SIIEHR, 9-boo-    BUSSERACH, (Biisserach,) biissfer-aK', a village of Switshfh/r or A-boo-shaih'r, " father of cities,") a seaport city of  zerland, canton, and 15 miles N. of Soleure.  Pop. C01.  RePersia, and its principal entreplt on the Persian Gulf, at the  markable for the ruins of the fortress of Thierstein.
N. extremity of a sandy peninsula.  Lat. 290 N.. ion. 50~    BUS/SERO CREEK  of Indiana, rises in Vigo co., and,
52' E.  Pop. variously estimated from  10,000 to 20,000,  after a. course of about 50 miles, falls into the Wabash,
mostly Persians, Arabs, and Armenians. On the land side it  nearly 15 miles above Vincennes.
is protected by a wall with round towers, and on the other    BUSSEROLES, biis'seh-r6ll1, a village of France, departsides enclosed by the sea, which on the N. forms a harbor  ment of Dordogne, 10 miles N. of Nontron. Pop. 2207.
lined by some wharves. Being built of white stone, and fur-    BUSSETO, boos-sAtto, a town of Northern Italy, duchy,
nished with hollow turrets for ventilation, it has externally  and 17 miles N.W. of Parma, near the Ongina. Pop. 1850.
a handsome appearance; but its streets are narrow and un-    BUSSI]RE, btis'se-ainl, several towns or villages of France,
paved; it is ill supplied with water; good houses are very  in the central and W. departments; the principal, BUSSIdE
few; and its public buildings comprise only a few inferior  DUNoisE, btisase-aiRs dii'nwAz', department ofCreuse, 7' miles
mosques, the sheikh's palace, a dep~t of the East India  N.W. of Guret.  Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3031.
Company, a large bazaar, some poor coffee-houses, and a    BUSSNANG, bb0ss/ning, a village of Switzerland, in the
solitary bath. Ships of 300 tons are obliged to lie in a road-  canton of Thurgau, on the left bank of the Thur, opposite
stead, 6 miles from the city. Bushire has, however, a large  Weinfelden.  Pop. 2000.
trade with British India, importing thence rice, indigo,    BUSSOLENGO, boos-so-18nfgo, a village of Northern Italy,
sugar, English cotton goods, and other manufactures, with  government of Venice, 9 miles W.N.W. of Verona.  Pop.
steel, spices, porcelain, &c., from China and the Malay Archi-  2400.
pelago.   Coffee is imported from  Mocha; bullion and    BUSSOLINO, boos-so-lee/no, a town of Sarmdinia, 5 miles
European manufactures of various kinds come from Bas-  E. of Susa, on the Dora. Pop. 1000. In its environs are
sorah. Principal exports, raw silk, Kerman wool, shawls,  quarries of green marble.
horses, (to India for cavalry service,) campets, silk goods,    BUSSORAH, Asiatic Turkey.  See BAssonAn.
dried fruits, grain, Shesraz wine, tuaquoises, pearls, assafoe  BUSSUM, bfis/saLm, a village of the Netherlands, province
tida, and gall-nuts. The anchorage is indifferent but the  of North Holland, 13 miles S.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 740.
best osi the coast. It consists of an outer road exposed to    BUSS/VILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Illinois, 12 miles
the NW. winds, and a safe inner harbor with 4- fathoms  W. by N. of Mount Vernon.
of water, 21 miles from the town. In 1831, the plagoue car-    BUShTARt, a town and district of British India, Nagpoor
ried off more than one-third of the inhabitants.  The East  dominions, 124 miles N.W. of Chicacole.  The district is
India Company has a resident here, who superintends all  mountainous and unexplored.
its affairs in the Per-an Gulf.                                  BUS/TARD BAY, a bay of Australia, E. coast, lat. 240 45
BUSHIKILL, a township of Northampton co., Pennsyl-  S., Ion. 151  50' E., discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and
vania. Pop. 1839.                                             named by him from a species of bustard found there.
BUSHUKILL, a post-village of Pike co., Pennsylvania, on    BUSTEE, basltee, a town of British India, province of
the Delaware River, near the mouth of Bushkill Creek.         Oude, 40 miles W. of Goruckpoor.
BUSIHKILL CREEK, of Pike co., Pennsylvania, falls into    BUS/TI, a post-township of Chautauque co., New York, on
the Delaware River near the S. extremity of the county.       Chautauque  Lake, 20 miles S.E. of Maysville. Pop. 1990.
BUSHKILL CREEK, of Northampton co., Pennsylvania,    BUS/TLETON, formerly a post-village of Philadelphia co.,
enters the Delaware at Easton.                                Pennsylvania, 11 miles N.E. of the State-house. It is now
BUSH/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.            included within the chartered limits of the city of PhilaBUSHIMAN'S RIVER, South Africa, Cape Colony, flows  delphia. It contains a calico-printing establishment, opegenerally S.E., forming the boundary between the districts  rated by water-power.
of Uitenage and Albany, and enters the Indian Ocean in    BUSTO-ARSIZIO, boos/to-aa-seedtze-o, a town of Northern
Ion. 260 37' E.                                               Italy, Lombardy, 19 miles N.W. of Milan.  Pop. 9619. It
BUSI-IMEN, South Africa. See Bo0sJESMAN.                    has a cotton thread factory, and an active trade.
BUSH'MILLS', a small town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of    BUSULUK.  See BoozooLo0K.
Antrim, on the Bush, 8 miles N.E. of Coleraine.  Pop. 788.    BUSUMi, boo/sa5m, a small seaport town of Denmark,
It is neat and improving, with a court-house, various places  duchy of Holstein, with a port on the North Sea, 36 miles
of worship, and villas in its vicinity.                        N.W. of Glckstadt.  Pop. 800.
BUSH/NELL'S BASIN, a post village of Monroe co., New          BUSVAGON, boos-vA-gon/, one of the Philippine Islands,
York, on the Erie Canal, 217 miles W. by N. of Albany.        Malay Archipelago, 50 miles S.W. of Mindoro. Length, about
BUSHiNELLSVILLE, a post-office of Greene co., New   50 miles; average breadth, 12 miles. Surface mountainous,
York.                                                         but it has been little explored.
BUSH RIVER, of South Carolina, a small stream flowing    BUTCHER'S ISLAND, a small island off the W. coast of
south-eastward  through  Newbury district, into  Saluda  India, in Bombay Iarbor, situated between Salsette and CaRiver.                                                        ranja Islands.
BUSH'S MILLS, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.           BUTCHER'S STORE, a post-of.ce of Randolph co., VirBUSH'S STORE, a post-office of Laurel co., Kentucky.        ginia.
BUSH/VILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.          BUTCOMBE, a parish of England co. of Somerset.
BUSHVILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Georgia, 109    BUTE, an island of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, formmiles N. of Milledgeville.                                    ing, with Arran, &c., the county of Bute, and separated
BUSH/WICK, a township of King's co.. New York. By  from Argyleshire, by a winding channel (the Kyles of Bute,)
an act to take effect January 1st, 1855, Bushwick is to be  generally less than 1 mile across. It is in length about 16
included within the chartered limits of Brooklyn. Pop. 3177. miles, and firom  3 to 5 in breadth.. Area, about O60 square
BUSHY FORK, a little village in the N.E. part of Coles  miles. Pop. 9499. Its northern part is mountainous and
co., Illinois.                                                rugged; its centre and southern parts are undulating, with
BUSIGNY, biizeen'yee!, a village of France, department  a pretty fertile soil. In the centre are the small lakles-Lake
of Noid, 12 miles from Cambrai. Pop. in 1851, 2788.            Fad, Ascog, and Quein. Its climate is rather moist, but the
BUSIINESS CORNER, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. mildness and equability of its temperature, have made it
BUSK, boosk, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the Bug, the favorite resort of invalids. On its eastern coast is the
32 miles E.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 3000.                        town of Rothesay, beautifully situated, and Mountstuart,
BUSKERUD, boosl/ker-ood', a bailwick in Norway, pro-  the seat of the Marquis of Bute, the chief proprietor.
vince of Aggershuus; area, 5800 square miles.                    BUTE or BUTESHIRE, bt/eshlr, a county of Scotland,
BUS/KIRK'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Washington co.,  composed of Arran, Bute, the Cumbrays, Holy Isle, Pladda,
New York, on Hoosic River, 29 miles N.N.E. of Albany.         and Inchmarnoch, the whole between let. 550 32' and 550
BUSKO, boos/ko, a town of Poland, 44 miles N.E. of Cra- 56/ N., and Ion. 40 52' and 50 17' W. Area estimated at 257
cow, with mineral springs and baths. Pop. 800.                square miles, or 165,000 acres, of which 60,000 are cultiBUS/LINGTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.  vated, 40,000 uncultivated, and 65,000 unprofitable. Pop.
BUS/ROEN MILLS, a post-office of Sullivan co., Indiana. in 1851, 16,608. Chief town, Rothesay, on Bute Island. The
BUSSAHER, btfsfs&-her', a Sikh state, North India, under  county returns 1 member to the House of Commons.
British protection, immediately S. of the Sutlej. Lat. 310 30'   BUTERA, boo-tA/rA, a town of the island of Sicily, 19
N., Ion. 780E. Estimated pop. 150,000. Chief town, Rampoor.  miles S.S.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 4070.
BUSSANG, biisesSaN4, a village of France, department of    BUTE/VILLE, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon
322




BUT                                                       BUT
BUTIIROTUM. See BUEuINTO.                                  BUTLER, a post-village in the S. part of Keokuk co.,
BUTI, boo/tee, a town of Tuscany, 91 miles E. of Pisa. Iowa, 60 miles S.W. of Iowa City.
Pop. 3498. Its vicinity produces excellent olives.           BUTLER, a post-office of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 8
BUTLEIGH, hft/lee, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. miles N.W. of Milwaukee City.
BUT/LER, a county in the W. part of Pennsylvania, has    BUTLER'S CREEK, of Richmond co., Georgia, flows into
an area of about 800 square miles. The Alleghany River  the Savannah a few miles below Augusta.
touches the N.E. and S.E. extremities; the N. part is drain-   BUTLER'S LANDING, a post-village of Jackson co., Tened by Slippery Rock Creek, and the S. part by Conequenes-  nessee, 85 miles N.E. of Nashville.
sing Creek. The surface is mostly undulating. The soil   BUT/LER'S MARS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Warcontains a large portion of sand, and is moderately fertile. wick.
Bituminous coal is abundant in many places, and vain-   BUT/LER'S SPRING. a post-office of Butler co., Alabama.
able mines of iron and quarries of limestone are found.   BUT/LERSVILLE, a post-office of Anderson district,
Organized in 1800, and named in honor of General Richard  South Carolina.
Butler, who fell at St. Clair's defeat in 1791. Capital, Butler.   BUT/LERVILLE, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama.
Pop. 30,346.                                                BUTLERVILLE, a post-office of Warren co. Ohio.
BUTLER, a county in the S. part of Alabama, has an    BUTLER/VILLE or BUTLERS/VILLE, a post-village of
area of 875 square miles. It is drained by Sepulga River, Jennings co., Indiana, 6 miles E.N.E. from Vernon.
and bounded on the E. by the Patsaliga or West Fork of    BUT/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Conecub River. The surface is uneven; the soil is mode-   BUTLEY, a township of England, co. of Chester.
rately fertile.  Cotton and Indian corn are the staples.    BUT/MAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
Pine timber is abundant in the county.  Capital, Green-   BUT'OOL/, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
ville. Pop. 10,836, of whom 7197 were free, and 3639 slaves. 64 miles N. of Goruckpoor.
BUTLER, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, con-   BUTOW, (Biitow,) bii/tov, a town of Prussian Pomerania,
tains about 500 square miles. It is intersected by Greene  53 miles E. of Cbslin. Pop. 2100. It has woollen manufacRiver, (navigable for steamboats,) and also drained by Bar- tures.
ren River. The surface is hilly, the soil moderately fertile.   BUTRINTO, boo-trin/to, a fortified maritime town of EuCapital, Morgantown. Pop. 5755, of whom 5074 were free, ropean Turkey, Epirus, sanjak of DelvinG, at the mouth of a
and 681 slaves.                                           river, immediately opposite Corfu, and on the other bank
BUTLER, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, bordering  of which are some remains of the ancient BButh-rof/tGu. Pop.
on Indiana, has an area of 455 square miles. It is inter- 1500.  The town and fortress are of Venetian construction.
sected by the Miami River, and also drained by St. Clair's, The Lake of Butrinto, N. of the town, is 5 miles in length.,
Mill, and Four Mile Creeks. The surface is nearly level; by 2 miles in breadth.
the soil is uniformly and highly productive.  The rock    BUTSCHATSCk. See 13ucAcZ.
which underlies this part of the state is the blue or Tren-   BUTSCIIOWITZ or BUCZOWIC, boo/cho-vits', a town of
ton limestone. a good material for building. The county is  Austria, Moravia, circle, and 18 miles E. of Briinn. Pop.
abundantly supplied with water-power. It is intersected  2473. It has manufactories of cloths and morocco leather,
by the Miami Canal, and by the railroad from Cincinnati to  and a castle of the Princes of Lichtenstein.
Dayton. The Hamilton and Eaton Railroad terminates at    BUTTAHATICHIE, a small river of Alabama and MissisIamilton, the county seat. Organized in 1803. Pop. 30,789. sippi, rises in the N.W. part of the former, and, flowing
BUTLER, a county in the S.S.E. part of Missouri, border- south-westward into the Mississippi, enters the Tombigbee
uing on Arkansas, has an area of 560 square miles. It is  near Hamilton.
bounded on the E. by St. Francis River, and intersected by    BUTTAHIATCIIIE or BUTTAHATCHIY, a post-office of
the Big Black River and Cane Creek. The general surface  Monroe co., Mississippi.
is level. Named in honor of William O. Butler, of Ken-   BUTTE, bute, a county in the northern part of California,
tucky. Pop. 1616. of whom 1563 were free, and 53 slaves.   bordering on the Utah Territory, has an area estimated at
BUTLER, a new county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, 5000 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Sacramento
has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Eng-  River, and is drained by Feather River and its Middle Fork,
lish River, and also drained by Pipe and Otter Creeks. It  which afford many fine mill sites. The surface is uneven,
contains extensive prairies, mostly  uncultivated. This  and in some partsmountainous, with many beautiful and
county is not included in the census of 1850.             fertile valleys fitted for atricnlture and stock-raising. These
BUTLER a post-village and township of Wayne co., New  valleys are timbered and covered with the finest grass;
York, 45 miles E. of Rochester. Pop. 2272.                water is abundant, and irrigation easy. The mountains
BUTLER, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania,  Pop. are covered, ini many places, with majestic pines and cedars.
1269..                                                                          -
The scenery is highly picturesque. Butte Mountains, on the
BUTLER, a post-borough, capital of Butler co., Pennsyl- Sacramento River, Table Mountain, near Feather River.
vania, on Conequenessing Creek, 30 miles N. of Pittsburg.  having the appearance of an ancient castle, and the lofty
It is a pleasant and quiet town, having an elevated position  Mount HIood, whose snow-capped summit may be seen at
and an extensive prospect. It contains an academy and  an immense distance. are situated in this county. The soil,
several churches. Three newspapers are issued here. Pop. when not too much b{oken, is generallyfertile. The amount
in 1850, 1148; in 1853, about 1500.                       of capital employed in quartz mining, in 1852, was $340,764;
BUTLER, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. in placer mining $22,350, and in other mining $55,650.
725.
~~~~~~~~~~725.  ~~Platina and iron abound in all the mining districts, but not
BUTLER, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.  in sufficient quantities to justify the use of machinery.
Pop. 400.                                                 Quicksilver is found in abundance; silver in small quanBUTLER, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.      titles, and lead in a pure state on the head-waters of Middle
BUTLER, apost-office of Rutherford co., North Carolina. Fork. Gold is found in the county, chiefly imbedded in
BUTLER, a post-office of Lancaster co., South Carolina.    quartz, the mining of which pays a good percentage. The
BUTLER, a post-office of Taylor co., Georgia.           name of the county was derived from  the Butte MounBUTLER, a post-office of Talbot co., Georgia.           tains, on Sacramento River. County seat, i amilton. Pop.
BUTLER, a new post-village, capital of Choctaw co., Ala- 8572.
bama, about 100 miles in a direct line W. by S. of Montgo-   BUTTE, a small town of Butte co., in the northern part
mery.                                                     of California, is situated on the Sacramento Rivei, about
BUTLER, a post-office of Franklin parish, Louisiana.    75 miles above its junction with Feather River, and on the
BUTLER; a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee.        road from Fremont to Shasta, 125 miles in a direct line N.
BUTLER, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee.        by E. from San Francisco.
BUTLER, a township in Columbiana co., Ohio.  Pop.   BUTTE DES MORTS, bute dA mort, (Fr. pron. biit-dA~~~~~~~~~~1692.  ~more,) a post-village of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, on the
BUTLER, a township in Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1446.       lake of the same name, about 85 miles N.N.E. of Madison.
BUTLER, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 763.         It has I steam mill, 4 stores, and 15 dwellings.
BUTLER, a township in Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 221.         BUTTELSTADT, (Buttelstiidt,) boot/tel-statt', a town of
BUTLER, a township in Montgomery co., Ohio.  Pop  Germany, Saxe-Weimar, 4 miles SW. of Buttstfidt. Pop. 825.
1975.' BUT/TERFLY, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
BUTLER, a post-township in Richland co., Ohio. Pop.   BUT/TER HILL, in Orange co., New York, a steep emi~~~~~~~~~~1139.                            nence on the WiV. side of the Hudson, opposite to Breakneck
BUTLER, a post-township in the N.E. part of Branch co., Hill. Height about 1530 feet.
Michigan.                                                  BUTTE RIVER, rises in Butte co., towards the N.N.W.
BUTLER, a post-township in De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. past of California, and, flowing in a general S.S.W. course,
651.                                                     falls into the Sacramento River, in Sutter co., about 30 miles
BUTLER, a township in Franklin co., Indiana.  Pop. above Fremont.
1037.                                                      BUTTERLEIGIH,        bittter-le, parish of England, co. Devon.
BUTLER, a township in Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 840.      BUTTERLEY, bit/ter-1e, a hamlet of England, co. of
BUTLER, a township in Winnebago co., Illinois.  Pop. Derby, 3 miles S. of Aifreton. Its inhabitants are engaged
644~~~~~~~~~~~~o.
6~~~~~~~~44'~                                        ~ ~in the colleries and iron-works of a company established
BUTLER, a post-office of Bates co., MIissouri.         here in 1792, at which the Vauxhall and other iron
BUTLER, Dunklin co., Missouri. See KENNEsTr.           bridges in the metropolis and elsewhere, the iron colon323




BUT              "                                        BYB
nade of the opera-house in London, large iron machinery,  and playing-cards. Its old episcopal residolice now serves
and some powerful steam-engines, have been made.           for a prison, and its university was conjoined with that of
BUTTERMERE, bttlter-meer, a parish of England, co. Rostock in 1789.
of Wilts.                                                    BUTZFTON,  a post-village of Northampton co., PennsylBUTTERMERE, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumber- vania, 55 miles N. of Philadelphia.
land, 71 miles S.W. of Keswick. The Lake  Buttermere is    BUVIESCA, boo-ve-8s/kA, a town of Spain, Old Castillej
about 1~ in length by  mile in width, and surrounded by  20 miles N.N.E. of Burgos, on the Oca. Pop. 2064.
sublime mountain scenery.                                    BUX'ARI, a town and fortress of British India, presiBUTITERMILK, a post-office of Orange co., New York.    dency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 73 miles W. of Patna, and
BUTTERMILK C1HANNEL, of New York harbor, sepa- famous for a complete victory obtained in 1764, by 7000
rates Governor's Island from Long Island.                  Europeans and sepoys, under Sir H. Mlonro, over a comBUTTERMILK FALLS, of New York, a small cascade on  bnlued native army of 40,000 men, 2000 of whom were left
the W. bank of the Hudson, 2 miles below West Point.       dead on the field, and many drowned in their flight.
BUTTERMILK FALLS, a post-village of Wyoming co.,   BUX'EDWARt   a strong and remarkable pass across the
Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River, and on the  Himalaya Miountains, from the Cooch-Bahar (Hindostan)
North Branch Canal, 135 miles N.E. of Harrisburg, has a  into Bootan, 80 miles N.N.E. of Rungpoor, in Bengal.
very excellent water-power, The name of the post-office is    BUXENTUM. See PoLIcAsTRo.
simply "Falls."                                              BUX/IHALL, a parish of England, co., of Suffolk.
BUT/TERNUT RIDGE, a post-office Sandusky co., Ohio.        BUXITED, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
BUT/TERNUTS, a post-township of Otsego county, New    BUXTEIIUDE, b66x'teh-hooldeh, a town of Hanover, landYork, 90 miles W. by S. from  Albany, is drained by Una- drostei, and 13 miles S.E. of Stade, on the Este, near its mouth
dilla River. Pop. 1928.                                    in the Elbe. Pop. 2200. It has manufactures of starch, leather,
BUT/TERYILLE, a small post-village of Warren co., snuff, and wax-lights; and import trade from Hamburg.
Ohio. Pop. 228.                                              BUX/TON, (L. Bucostcncum,) a market-town, chapelry,
BUTITERWICK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        and fashionable watering-place of England, co. of Derby,
BUTTERWICK, WEST, a township of England, co. of Lin- parish of Bakewell, near the source of the Wye, 31 miles
coin. There are several smaller townships in the cos. of W.N.W. of Derby, and 160 miles N.N.W. of London. Pop.
York and Lincoln named Buttervick.                         in 1851, 1235. It is situated in a deep valley, and conBUT/TERWORTH, a township of Vngland, co. of Lan- sists of an old and a new town, the latter containing many
caster, 3 miles E. of Rochdale. Pop. 5088, chiefly employed  fine ranges of buildings, including a noble crescent, excelin cotton and woollen factories.                           lent hotels and shops, an elegant modern church, public
BUTTES, bitt, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 19  and private baths, assembly-rooms, thewhole founded by
miles S.W. of Neufchktel, has 1000 inhabitants, and exten- the late Duke of Devonshire, who also established several
sive manufactories of watches. The position of this village, schools and a lending-library. The "1Old Hall," once the
in a narrow valley surrounded by high mountains, renders  residence of Mary, Queen of Scots, is now an inn. The
the sun invisible during many months in the year.          upper town, or village, is unprepossessing, but it contains
BUT'TEVANT/, a mai'ket-town and parish of Ireland,  somne tolerable'inns and lodging-houses, with an old market
Munster, co. of Cork. The town is situated on the Arobe, cross.  The saline waters in the lower town are from a hot
38 miles W. of Doncraile. Pop. 1524. It was formerly en- and a cold spring, within a few inches of each other; there
closed by walls, and it has the ruins of numerous ecclesias- is also a chalybeate spring. Buxton is frequented annually
tical edifices, an old castle, and large infantry barracks.  by from 10,000 to 12,000 visitors, chiefly between June and
BUTTIGLIERA, boot-teel-yAtlr, a town of Piedmont, 16  October. From 1000 to 1200 poor invalids annually avail
miles N.W. of Asti. Pop. 2252.                             themselves of the " bath-charity," by means of which they
BUTTIGLIERA URIOLA, boot-teel-y/r'A oo-re-o'lg, a vii- are, on proper recommendation, maintained for a month,
lage of the Sardinian States, province of Susa. Pop. 1194.   while using the waters. MIany of the resident inhabitants
BUT/TINGTON, a parish of North Wales, co. of  Montgo- are engaged in the manufatcture of alabaster, spar, and
mery, on the Severn, and partly included in the borough  other ornaments. The vicinity abounds with fine scenery;
of Welshpool.  Offa's Dyke separates the co. of Salop from   and adjacent to the town are Poole's Hole, a vast stalactitic
this parish, in which a sanguinary battle was fought be- cavern, and Diamond Hill, so called from a profusion of
tween the Saxons and Danes in 894, and, at a subsequent crystals dispersed through its structure.
period, one between the Welsh and English, which was    BUXTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
nearly the last fought for Welsh independence.               BUX/TON, a post-township of York co., Maine, on the
BUTTISIHIOLZ, boot/tiss-h6lts', a village and parish of  western side of Saco River, about 60 miles S.W. by S. of
Switzerland, canton, and 11 miles N.W. of Lucerne, on a  Augusta, has abundant water-power. Pop. 2995.
tributary of the Wigger, and remarkable for a mound in its    BUXTON, a post-village of'York co., Maine, on the Yorlk
vicinity, called the Figlnndeh/iibel, or' English hillock,"'  and Cumberland Railroad, 15 miles W. of Portland. It
from containing the bones of 3000 Englishmen, followers of  contains a church, a store, and about 100 inhabitants.
Ingelram-de-Coucy, son-in-law of Edward III., and Duke of    BUXTON AND BAR MILL, a village of York co., Maine,
Bedford, who, having a feud with Leopold of Austria, was  on the E. bank of Saco River, and at the E. terminus of the
devastating the Swiss cantons, when the peasants attacked  York and Cumberland Railroad, 18 miles W. of Portland.
and defeated him. Pop. 1708.                               It has 1 church, stores, and about 400 inhabitants.
BUT'TON-NESS1, a prominent headland of Scotland on    BUXY, biik'seee, a town of France, department of the
the northern side of the entrance into the Frith of Tay, lat. Sasne-et-Loire, 9 miles S.W. of Chdlons. Pop. in 1852, 1995.
560 28' N.; ion. 20 40' W. There are two light-houses here,   BUYCKSVILLE, biks/vil, apost-officeof Coosaco.,Alabama.
with bright fixed lights on separate towers.                 BUYTRAGO, a town of Spain. See BUITPRAO.
BUTTS, bhtts, a county in the central part of Georgia, has    BUZANSAIS, b    NlzGs'sYl, a town of France, department of
an area of about 180 square miles. The Oconee River'forms  Indre, on the Indre, 13 miles N.W. of Chfteauroux. Pop. in
its boundary on the E. and N.E.; it is also drained by Tussa- 1852, 4979. In its vicinity are extensive iron-works.
haw, Yellow Water, and Sandy Creeks. The general sur-   BUZANCY, bWiiz8NG'see/, a town of France, department
face is level; the soil moderately fertile. Granite underlies  of Ardennes, 25 miles S.E. of Mezibres. Pop. 892. It has a
part of the county. The Indian Springs on Sandy Creek  castle, and a Saracenic edifice of the twelfth century.
are frequented by many persons in summer. It was named    BUZIfBEEVILLE, a post-office of Coffee co., Alabama.
in honor of Captain Samuel Butts, an officer in the war of    BUZEN, boo/zen, a province of Japan, in the N. of the
1812. Capital, Jackson. Pop. 6488, of whom  3683 were  island of Kioo-Sioo, and separated from Niphon by the Strait
free, and 2805 slaves.                                     of Yan-der-Capellen, here scarcely 1 mile across. It lies beBUTTSBURY, b~tsfbe-re, a parish of England, co. of Ex- tween lat. 330 23' and 340 N., ion. 1300 40' and 1310 23/ E.,
sex.                                                       and comprises 23 islands, all unimportant.
BUTTSTADT, (Buttstidt,) bW&t/stWtt, a town of Central   BUZET, bii'zl/, a town of France, department of Lot-et,
Germany, duchy of Saxe-Weimar, 11 miles N.N.E. of Weimar. Garonne, arrondissement, and 7 miles N. of Ndrac. Pop.
Pop. 2060. Four miles S.W. is the town of Buttelstlidt.    1617. Excellent wine is produced in its vicinity.
BUTTSIVILLE. a village of Warren co., New Jersey, on    BUZZARD ROOST, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.
the Pequest Creek, 5 miles E. from Belvidere, has a church,   BUZZARD  ROOST, a post-office of Nicholas co., Kena mill, and 12 or 15 dwellings.                           tucricy.
BUTVTULPII, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            BUZfZARD'S BAY, on the S. coast of Massachusetts, is
BUTYIN, boot/yeen, or BUTTZEN, boot/tsen, a town of  30 miles long, with a mean width df 7 miles, and contains
HIungary, E. of the Theiss, co., and 37 miles N.E. of Arad. the harbors of New Bedford, Fair IIaven, Rochester, and
Pop. 3775.                                                 Wareham.  The Elizabeth Islands separate it firom YineBUTZ, blots, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, yard Sound.
7 miles N. of Auran. Pop. 250, Roman Catholics.              BUZIZA1RDSVILLE, a village of Madison co., Indiana, 44
BUTZBACH, bOMts/b'&, a town of Western Germany, miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.
HIesse Darmstadt, 11 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 2246. It has    BYIAM MAR/TIN'S ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 19~
manufactures of flannels, hosiery, and leather.           40' 22/ S., and lon. 1400 22' 28" W. It was discovered by
BUTZOW, (Btitzow,) bttts/6v, a decayed town of North Ger- Sir W. Beechey in 1825.
many, Mecklenburg —Schwerin, on the Warnow, 18 miles    BYBERRY, bi/ber-re, a former post-township of PhilaS.W. of Rostock. Pop. 3894. It has manufaictures of paper  delphia co., Pennsylvania, 14 miles N.E. of the State-house;
324




BYE                                                       CAB
It is now included within the chartered limits of the city.   BYRON, a post-village and township of Genesee co., New
Pop. in 1850, 1130.                                       York, on the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, 25 miles
BY/ERSVILLE, a post-village in the S. part of Livingston  W.S.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches and several stores.
co., New York, 16 miles S. of Genesee.                    Pop. 1566.
BYESVILLE,' biz/vil, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio.  BYRON, a small post-village of Greene co., Ohio.
BY/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.        BYRON, a township in Kent co., Michigan. Pop. 309.
BYFIELD, a post-village, partly in Newbury, and partly    BYRON, a thriving post-village of Burns township, Shia,
in Rowley townships, Essex co., Massachusetts, 35 miles N. wassee co., Michigan, on the Shiawassee River, about 33
by E.of Boston. A fall in Parker River affords good water- miles E. of Lansing. It has an extensive water-power, and
power. Dummer Academy, founded in 1756, is located in  contains a fouring mill, a woollen factory, an iron foundry,
the village.                                              3 stores, and 200 inhabitants.
BY/FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.             BYRON, a thriving post-village of La Porte co., Indiana,
BY/FORD. a parish of England, co. of' H-Iereford.       on the Northern Indiana Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of La
BYGONBARRY, bi-gon-bAr/ree, a town of British India, Porte, the county seat, is surrounded by a beautiful and
presidency of Bengal, on the Brahmapootra, 73 miles N. of  fertile prairie.
Dacca.                                                      BYRON, a post-village and township in Ogle co., Illinois, on
BYGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of IIerts.            Rock River, about 12 miles N. by E. of Oregon City. Pop. 644.
BYHA/LIA, a post-village of Marshall co., Mississippi, on    BYRON, a post-township in Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin,
the road from Memphis to Holly Springs, 18 miles N.W. about 10 miles S. of Fond du Lac. Pop. 835.
of the latter.                                              BYRON'S BAY, E. coast of Labrador, North America, in
BYHIALIA, a post-office of Union co., Ohio.             lat. 540 40' N., ion. 570 30' W.
BYINGTON, bi/ing-tgn, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio.    BYRON'S ISLAND, of the Mulgrave Archipelago, in the
BY/KER, a township of England, co. of Northumberland, Pacific. Lat. 10 18' S.; ion. 1770 20' E. It is low, densely
on the Tyne, 1' miles E. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1851, 7040, wooded, and was discovered by Admiral Byron in 1765.
employed in various manufactures, &c. connected with the    BYRONSVILLE, a post-office of Dooly co., Georgia.'
Newcastle trade.                                            BYRRIA, bVIrrle-, a town of India, Gwalior dominions, 16
BYKHOF, be-sofl, a town of Russia, government, and 55  miles from Oojein; in 1820 it contained 1000 houses.
miles S. of Tchernigov.                                     BYSKE, biislkA, bis/klh, a river of Sweden, fitlls into the
BYKHOF, NOIVO, a town of Russia, government, and 38  Gulf of Bothnia, in lat. 64O 57t N., after a direct SE. course of
miles S. of Mloheelev.                                    110 miles. At its mouth is the small town of Byskea.
BYKHOF, STAROI, sta-roi/ be-Kof, a town of Russia,   BY/THAM CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
government, and 26 miles S. of Moheelev; an old fortified    BYTHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln,
town on the right bank of the Dnieper. Pop. 3900. It has adjoining the above.
several churches, convents, and a synagogue.                BYITHORN, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
BYKUND, bi'kind/, a ruined city of Independent Toor-   BY/TON, a parish of England, co. of IIereford.
kistan, khanat, and 23 miles S.W. of Bokhara. It is said to    BY/TOWN, the capital of Carleton co., Canada West, is
have been one of the oldest cities in that region, and it re- situated on the right bank of the Ottawa River, and on a
tains remains of high antiquity.                           railroad connecting Bytown with Prescott, about 110 miles
BY/LAND, a township of England, co. of York, North  N.N.E. of Kingston. It is divided into Upper and Lower
Riding, 5 miles W.S.W. of Helmsley. Pop. 97. Hiere are the  Town, and has an hospital and nunnery, branch banks, a
remains of a noble abbey, founded in the twelfth century.   telegraph company, and agencies of 3 life and fire insurance
BYLAND, OLD, a parish contiguous to the above.           companies. The town also contains about 50 stores, several
BYLAUGH, bi/law, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    printing offices, an axe factory, foundry, and machine shop,
BY/LER'S MILLS, a village of Morgan co., Missouri, 56  and numerous other establishments. Three newspapers are
miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City.                           published here. Bytown is one of the most flourishing
BYRAGHUR, bi'rA-gur/, (Hind. Fairaghues,) a town of In- places in Canada West, and carries on a large trade by
dia, Nagpoor dominion, on the Mahanuddy, 75 miles S.W. means of the Ottawa River and the Rideau Canal, which
of Sumbhulpoor.                                            connects it with Kingston. Pop. about 8000.
BYRAGIHUR, a village of Hindostan, in Rajpootana, 5    BYTURNEY, bi-toor/nee, or VAITURANI, vi-too-rInee,
miles W. of Dillanpoor.                                    a river of Hindostan, rising in the mountainous region of
BY/RAM, a township of Sussex co., New Jersey. Pop. 1340. Chuta Nagpoor, province of Bahar, and after a S.E. course
BY`RAMGHAUT/, town of Hindostan, in Oude, on the  of from 300 to 400 miles, falling into the Bay of Bengal,
Goggra, 34 miles N.E. of Lucknow.                          near Doomrah, lat. 200 371 N.
BY/RAM RIVER, in the S.W. part of Connecticut, enters    BY/WELL, ST. ANDREW'S, a parish of England, co. of
Long Island Sound on the boundary between this state and  Northumberland.
New York.                                                    BYWELL, ST. PETER'S, a parish of England, co. of
BYRD, bird, a township in Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 2642.   Northumberland, on the Tyne.  The village, which is
BYRNE, birn, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.    situated in both parishes, is very picturesque. It is surBYRNE/VILLE, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, rounded by woods, and has 2 churches, the ruins of a
about 105 miles S. of Indianapolis, was laid out in 1850.  castle of the Baliols, and of an ancient bridge over the Tyne.
BYRN/VILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New York,   BYZANTIUM, biz-antshe-um, (Gr. BySavrLov, Buzantion,
46 miles WV. by S. of Albany.      or BvaaYrssv, Busantion,) an ancient city on the site of the
BY/RON, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 56 miles modern Constantinople. See CoNsrANTINoPLEs. —Adj. and
N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 296.                                inhab., BYZANTINE, be-zan/tin, and BYZANTIAN, be-zan/she-.n.*
C
C-AACATY, kak&-tee/, an Indian village, 77 miles E. by    CABAPUANA, kg-ba-poo-/n, (called also erroneously
C_ S. of the city of Corrientes, of the Argentine Confedera- CAMPUAN  RERITIGBA  and MURIBECA,) a river of
tion. Pep. 800. Caacaty means stinking wood-a name de- Brazil, province of Espirito Santo, rises in the N. slopes of
rived from the odor of the wood in the vicinity.           the Serra de Pico, and falls into the Atlantic in lat. 210 25'
CABABURI, kg-bA-boo-ree/, a river of Brazil, formed by  S., after a direct course of 80 miles, of which about 30 are
the junction of the Mataraca and Baria, pursues a S. course navigable for canoes.
for 120 miles, and falls into the Rio Negro at lat. 0~ 10' S.,   CABAR/hUS or CABARRAS, a county in the S.W. central
ion. 660 30' W.           Ipart of North Carolina, has an area of about 350 square
CABAQA. k -b&fs, a town of Africa, South Guinea, in the miles. It is drained by several branches of Rocky River, an
country 6f Ginga, about lat. 80 S., ion. 200 21/ E.        affluent of the Yadkin. The surface is hilly or mountainCABAGAN, kA-bA-gBn/, a town of the Philippine Islands, ous; a part of the soil is fertile. A considerable quantity
in the province of Cagayan, at the N. extremity of the  of gold was found here about fifty years ago. The county
island of Luzon. Pop. in 1838, 11,185.                     was formed in 1792, and named in honor of Stephen CabarCABALABA, k[-b-lA/bA,  a river of Dutch Guiana, a tri- rus, speaker of the House of Commons of North Carolina.
butary of the Corentyn, which it joins about lat 50 N., ion. Capital, Concord. Pop. 8747, of whom 7062 were free, and
570 3' W. It is about 100 yards wide at its mouth, but is 1685 slaves.
broader 6 miles higher up. It is extremely winding in its   CAB/BAGETOWN, a village of Monmouth co., New Jercourse, and its water is of an ochreous color.             sey, 12 miles E. by S. of Trenton.
CABALUNGA, k&-bl-loon/g', a town of the island of Sa-   CABESO DE VIDE, ket-b~fso dA veeldA, a town of Portugal,
mar, one of the Philippines, the residence of the Spanish al- province of Alemtejo, 15 miles N.E. of Aviz. Pop. 2000.
calde of the island.
CABANES, kg-e&nB&s, a town of Spain, 12 miles N.E. of   * These are sometimes employed to designate an inhabitant of
Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1619.                         the modern Turkish capital. The Eastern Roman Empire, the
CABANNES-ET-BARRES, kab~nnIA-bUR, a village of seat of'which was at Constantinople, is frequently called the
France, department of Tarn. Pop. of commune, 1154.        "Byzantine Empire."
325




CAB                                                         CAB
CABIELL, a county in the W. part of Virginia, bordering  deuce of the chief, various government offices, royal gar.
on the Ohio River, which separates it fromn the state of Ohio, dens, an inner fort, and a small town with 5000 inhabitants.
has an area of 448 square miles. The Guyandotte River  The outer town, about 3 miles in circumference, is entered
flows through the county into the Ohio. The surface is un- by 4 gates, and has two principal thoroughfares running
even; the soil partly fertile. The main thoroughfare from   parallel to each other, the N. of which led to the magRichmond to the Ohio River passes through the county  nificent bazaar destroyed by the British on their evacuation
Formed in 1809, and named in honor of William Ii. Cabell, of Cabool in 1842. The city is subdivided into districts, each
gorernor of Virginia in 1808. Capital, Barboursville. Pop. enclosed with walls, and capable of being shut off from the
6299, of whom 5910 were firee, and 389 slaves.             rest, so as to form a separate fortress; and in the S.W. disCABELL, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.              trict is a pretty strongly fortified quarter, inhabited by PerCABELL COURT-HOUSE, a post-office of Cabell co., sians or Kuzzilbashes, of whom there are from 10,000 to
Virginia.                                                  12,000 in the city. The streets are intricate, often too narCABELLOS BA VELIA, kH-bll/loce da vll/yA, a bay of  row for two horsesmen to pass each other, and very badly
Brazil, province of Maranh-io. It is about 8 miles square. paved. Iouses in general two or three stories high, built
and is interspersed with islands and sandbanks, rendering  of sun-dried bricks and wood, with flat roofs; those of
it difficult of access. It is intersected by lat. 10 40' S.  the wealthy inhabitants have extensive courts and gardens.
CABENDA or KABENDA, ki-b~ntd,., a seaport town of  There are no public buildings of any note in the city; even
Western Africa, Southl Guinea, Angoy, 40 miles N. of the  the places of worship are very ordinary-looking buildings,
mouth of the river Zaire. Its harbor had formerly a con-  although many are spacious and commodious. There is but
siderable exporttrade in slaves, ivory, and wax.            one madrussa or college, and it has neither endowments
CABES, kibbles, GABES or KHABS, k bs, (anc. Taccape or nor scholars. Serais or caravanserais and baths are numeTacfapa,) a seaport-town of Africa, domininons and 200 miles  rous, but the former are inelegant and inconvenient, and
S. of Tunis, at the mouth of a small river (anc. Tri/too) in  the latter disgustingly filthy. There are two principal bathe Gulf of Cabes. It exports a considerable quantity of  zaars, running nearly parallel to each other, one of which
henna.                                                      is three-quarters of a mile in length. But the most magniCABES, GULF OF, (anc. Syrfltis _fbilzor,) an inlet of the  ficent resort of this kind in Cabool, constructed by Ali MurMediterranean, on the N.E. coast of Africa, between the  dan Khan, was destroyed by the British in 1842. It is said
islands of Kerkenna and Jerba.  Lat. about 340 N., and  to have been one of the most splendid structures of the
Ion. from  100 to 110 E. On its shores are the towns of Ca- kind in the East, consisting of a series of covered arcades
bes or Rhabs, and Sfax or Sfakus.                           and open areas, and was highly embellished with paintings,
CABEZA DEL BUEY, kl-bA/thl d5l boo-Y, or bwl, a town  and provided with wells and fobuntains. Before the shops
of Spain, 86 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5994. It has ma-  in the bazaars are a kind of counters, on which the shopnufactures of woollen cloths and linens. There are several  man sits, with his wares displayed. Outside of the city are
small towns in Spain called Cabeza and Cabezas.             the tombs of theEmperor Baber, who made Cabool his capiCABEZAS DE SAN JUAN, kA-bilthis dA sin Iioo-inf, a  tal, and of Timer Shah, the latter being an octagon of brick
town of Spain, 27 miles S. of Seville. Pop. 3471. It is very  surmounted by a cupola. Cabool has an active trade; it
ancient, and has a Mloorish castle.                         imports the precious metals, fire-arms, paper, tea, cotton
CABEZON, kI-bA-thanf, a market-town of Spain, 7 miles  goods, broadcloths, velvets, kermes and other dyes, iron
N.N.E. of Valladolid, on the Pisuerga. It was the scene of  wares, cutlery, needles, and raw silk, to from 40,0001. to
one of the first battles of the Peninsular Wars in 1808.    50,0001. yearly, mostly brought friom the Russian and the
CABEZUELA, k&-bA-thoo-AlI, a town of Spain, in Estre- Chinese  dominions  and Independent Toorkistan, and
madursa, 16 miles N.E. of Plasencia, on the Jerte. Pop. 2328. which goods are mostly exported southward into IindosCABIA0O, ka-Be-Owi, a town of the island of Luzon, in  tan, &c. It has considerable markets for corn, cattle, and
the Philippines, province of Pampanga, N.W. of Manila. fuel, and is famous in the East for its excellent supply of
Pop. 4940.                                                  vegetables and fruits.
CAB[LLONUM.   See CRILON-SURn-S$NE.                         From its elevation, the winter in Cabool is long and seCABIN BLUFF, a village of Camden co., Georgia, 11 miles  vere; the summer is delightful: average temperature, from
N. by W. of St. Mary's.                                     750 to 850. The inhabitants are tall, well made, not very
CABIN CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co., Kentucky.        dark, and have Jewish features. They are Mohammedans
CABIN HILL, a post-village of Delaware co., New York, of the Sonnee sect. The higher classes speak Persian, the
76 miles W.S.W. of Albany.                                  common people the Pushtoo dialect. Cabool was taken by
CABIN HILL, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana.        Sebuctaghi in 977, by Tamerlane at the end of the fourCABIN POINT, a small post-village in Surrey co., Vir-  teenth century, and in 1738 by Nadir Shah. It was the
ginia.                                                      scene, in 1842, of the treacherous outbreak of the chiefs, the
CABIRA, a town of Asia MSinor. See SEEVAs.                murders of Sir W. Macnaughten and Sir A. Burnes, and
CAIBLE, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio.              the massacre of 3800 soldiers and 12,000 camp followers; it
CAIBLE ISLAND, a small island of Ireland, in Munster, was retaken in the same year by the British troops under
co. of Cork, in the Atlantic, 5 miles S.S.W. of Youghal.    Sir H. Sale, the bazaars and public buildings burned; and
CABO DO NORTE, Brazil. See CAPE NORTH.                    finally relinquished. Its chiefship is considered to extend
CABO FRIO, kifbo fl-eeo, (i. e. "cool cape,") a city and sea- fromt the S. of Ghuznee  to the Hindoo Koosh, and friom
port of Brazil, N.E. of the cape of the same name, province  Barmian  to the Khyber Mountains, comprising an area of
and 75 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. in 1845,3500. It has  about 10,000 square miles, with the cities of Cabool, Istalif,
an electoral college, established in 1840, and numerous pri- Ghuznee, and Jelalabad. Dost Mohammed's army amounted
mary schools. The town is situated at the S.E. extremity of  to 2500 infantry, and from 12,000 to 13,000 horse.  His
Lake Araruama, and is connected with the continent by a  annual revenue is said to be 150,0001.
stone bridge, built in 1836. Climate unhealthy. It has an    CABOOL RIVER or JUI-SHIR, joolee shir, the only large
extensive commerce in salt.                                 tributary of the Indus friom the WV., rises near lat. 340 21' N.,
CABOOL, kAb-ool/,* written also CABOUL, CABUL, and  and ion. 680 20' E., at an elevation of 8400 feet, and, after an
CAUBUL, a fortified city, and the capital of Northern Af- ward course of 320 miles, and the addition of many tribughanistan, on the Cabool River, here crossed by 3 bridges, taries, joins the Indus  nearly opposite Attock.  It is
6396 feet above the sea, and 82 miles N.N.E. of Ghuznee. navigable for boats of 40 or 50 tons friom the Indus to
bat. 340 30' N.; ion. 690 6' E. Pop. about 60,000. It is en- Dobundee, a distance of 50 miles.  The towns of Cabool,
closed on the N.W. and S. sides by hills, along which run  Jelalabad, and Salpoor are on its banks.
some weak ramparts; and at its E. end is the Bala Hissar,    CABIOT a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, 21
("palace of the kings.")  This citadel comprises the resi-  miles N.E. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of woollen
goods, starch, and leather. Pop. 1356.
* The French write this name Caboul, while the Germans,    CABIOTYILLE, a flourishing manufacturing village of
Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese write it Cabul, but pro- Jlampden co., Massachusetts, on the E. bank of the Connecnounce the latter syllable bool. Nevertheless, we are assured, ticut River, at the entrance of Chickopee River, and at the
on the best authority, that the native inhabitants write and pro- junction of the Chickopee Falls Branch Railroad with the
nounce it without any vowel between the b and 1, w-hich might Connecticut River Railroad, 3 miles N. of Springofield. There
be represented in English thus —Kab'l. The European pronun- are here 3 cotton establishments in operation, with a capital
ciation, however, seems unalterably fixed; and we ought, per- o
haps, to acquiesce the more willingly, because the original name  bout 2,000,000, giving employment to up rds of00
could not be restored without some loss of euphony.         operatives. There are also manufactures of brass cannon,
Moore writes the name Caubal, but accentuates the last syl-  bells, machinery, swords, and cutlery.
lable:-                                                      CABOUL. See CAeOOL.
" Pomegranates full                                  CABIOURN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Of melting sweetness, and the pears                    CABRA, kibra, (anc. Egabrsum,) a town of Spain, 30
And sunniest apples that CAeBUL                      miles S.S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 11,576. It has an endowed
In all its thousand gardens bears." —Ealla Rookt.    college, a Latin and a normal school, a hospital, a DominiRogers adopts the same acceutuation:-                     can convent, and manufactures of tiles, bricks, linens, and
"'From Alexandria southward to Sennaar,               soap. Its neighborhood is volcanic, and produces wine of
And eastward through Damascus, and CABUL,           superior quality. Several small towns in Spain, a village
And Samarcand, to thy great wall, Cathay."          of Central Africa. and of one of the Nicobar Islands have
Italy, part second, X.     the name of CaBnA.
326




CAB                                                      CAD
(JABRA. See KABRA.                                        CACIHIMAYO, kt-che-mIlo, a river of Bolivia, flows into
CABRA DEL SANTO CIRISTO, kibrd d~l san/to krees- the Pilcomayo, after a course of 340 miles.
to, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 28 miles S.E. of Jaen.    CAl CItOEYIRA, or CA.OEII 1A, ktsho-i'n-rA, a Brazilian
Pop. 2000.                                                word signifying waterfall, given as a name to several towns
CABRACH, khbraK7, a parish of Scotland, counties of  and villages of South America.
Aberdeen and Banff.                                         CACHOEIRA, or CAXOEIRA, a populous and commercial
CABRAS, klbris, a village in the island of Sardinia, di- city of Brazil, 60 miles N.W. of Bahia, on the river Par.a,
vision of Cagliari. 5 miles N.W. of Oristano. Pop. 3392.  guagu, seat of an electoral college. Chief exports, tobacco
CABRERA, kg-bri/rA, (anc. Caprflria,) one of the Balearic  and coffee. Pop. of district, 15,000.
Islands, in the Mediterranean, 9 miles S. of Majorca. It has   CACHOEIRA, a town of Brazil, province of Sbo Pedro do
a fort and a small harbor, and is used by the Spanish go- Grande, 220 miles N.W. of Rio Grande.
vernment as a place of exile. CanBERA is also the name    CACHOEIRA, a new fortified town of Brazil, province of
of several villages and a river of Spain.                 Part. Pop. 4000.
CABRERIA, an island of Greece. See KABRERA.               CACONGO, kI-kongtgo, a town of Western Africa, in
CABRIEL, kg-bree-6l1, a river of Spain, in New Castile, South Guinea, Angola, capital of a petty state, 35 miles S.E.
joins the Jucar after a course of about 130 miles.        of Loango.
CABRUTTIE, one of the Laccadive Islands.                  CADALEN, kI'diNt'tccN, a town of France, department of
CABUL. See CAB00L.                                      Tarn, 5 miles S.E. of Gaillac. Pop. 2206.
CAC/APON, (often pronounced captpn,) or GREAT CACA-   CADAQUES, kg-Di/kis, a town of Spain, 32 miles N.E. of
PON, a river of Virginia, rises in the Alleghany Mountains, Gerona, with a small port on the Mediterranean.
in IHardy county, flows through Hampshire and Morgan    CADIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
counties, and falls into the Potomac about 4 miles W. of   CADBURY, NORTIH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Bath or Berkeley Springs.  Length, near 140 miles. It   CADBURY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
flows through a mountainous region, abounding in iron  6 miles W.S.W. of Wincanton. Here are the remains of an
and stone-coal, and affords a copious supply of water-power. ancient fort called Camaelt, and supposed to be the CathbreThe Little Cacapon traverses Hampshire county a few miles gion where Arthur defeated the Saxons.
W. of the river just described, and enters the Potomac, 5    CAD/DER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 15 miles
miles below the junction of the main branches of that N.E. of Glasgow. At Robroystone, in this parish, Wallace
river.                                                    was betrayed and apprehended, August 5, 1305.
CACAPON DEPOT, a post-office of Mogan co., Virginia.      CADIDINGTON, a parish of England, cos. of Bedford and
CACAPONVILLE, caplon-vil, a post-office of Hampshire  HIertford.
co., Virginia.                                              CADIDO, a parish forming the N.W. extremity of LouisiCAqAPABA, kt-si-pi/bi, a town of Brazil,-tapital of a  ana, bordering on Texas and Arkansas, has an area of about
district of the same name, province of Sio Pedro do Rio  1200 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Red River
Grande, 150 miles W.S.W. of Porto Alegre. Pop. 3000.       and the Great Raft. The surface is undulating, and is
CACCAMO, kik-kimo, a town of Sicily, district of Ter- partly occupied by Soda and Caddo Lakes, which conmmunimini, 18 miles W. of Palermo. Pop. 6563.                   cate with Red River and with each other. Soda Lake is about
CACCAVONE, kik-ki-vofnA, a town of Naples, 3 miles 18 miles long, and 5 miles wide. Red River is navigated by
S.W. of Agnone. Pop. 2543.                                 steamboats for eight months of the year to Shreveport, and
CACCURI, kik-koofree, a village of Naples, province of the above-namedlakes are alsonavigable throughthisparish.
Principato Ultra II., 20 miles N.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 935.   About 30 miles above Shreveport, the navigation of the river
CACERES. ki/thit-ris, a province of Spain, in Estrema- is obstructed by "the Raft." (See RED RIvEs.) Capital, Shrevedura; area, 7,018, square miles. It belongs wholly to the  port. Pop. 8884, of whom 3676 were free, and 5208 slaves.
basin of the Tagus.   Pop. 264,988.                          CADDO, a township in Clarke co., Arkansas. Pop. 627.
CACERES, (auc. Casftra  Ccecilin,) a town of Spain, in Estre-   CADDO BAYOU, of Texas, rises in Henderson co., and
madura, capital of the above province, 24 miles W. by N. of flows S.E. into Neches River.
Trujillo, on elevated ground. It is divided into two parts,   CADDO COVE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Arkansas.
called the old and the new towns. The old town occupies    CADDO CREEK, Texas, an affluent of Brazos River, from
the top of the hill, and is surrounded by a strong wall de- the right.
fended by towers, and having five gates. The new town is    CADDO CREEK, of Tarrant co., Texas, flows northward
built round the old, and forms the larger and more import- into the West Fork of Trinity River.
ant portion of the two. The houses are in general tolerably    CADDO CREEK, of Arkansas, rises near the S. border of
well constructed; the streets steep, and with few exceptions Montgomery co., and flows through Clark co. into Washita
narrow and ill paved. Its principal square is lined with  River.
good houses, shops, and public buildings, and in the centre    CADDO GROVE, a township in I-ot Spring co., Arkansas.
is a handsome paseo, or promenade. There are seven other   CADDO LAKE, of Texas and Louisiana, extends firom the
squares, but all small. The public edifices are four parish  mouth of Cypress Bayou, in the former state, into Caddo
churches, a town-house, session-house, four hospitals, two  parish of Louisiana, where it communicates with Soda Lake,
prisons, a theatre, university, normal and several other of which it maybe considered as abay. Steamboats from Red
schools; besides which there iN a Jesuits' college of great Red ]liver navigate this lake for more than half of the year.
celebrity, some convents, an episcopal palace, one belonging    CADEAC, kitdt'itkf, a village of France, department of
to the Counts of Torre-Mayoralgo, an alcazar or castle of the  HIautes-Pyrln~es, 15 miles S.W. of Arreau, on the Nesle.
ancient rulers of Caceres, and the largest bull-ring in Spain. Pop. 500. It has hot sulphur springs and baths.
Linen, cloth, baize, hats, leather, ropes, soap, earthenware,   CADEBY, kaidfbee, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
wine, and oil are manufactured; considerable trade is car-   CADELEIGH. kadflee, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
ried on in cattle, pigs, delicious bacon, merino wool, manu-   CADENET, kIidgh-n'f, a town of France, department of
factured goods, &c. Pop. 12.051.                          Vaucluse, 31 miles S.E. of Avignon. Pop. 2595.
CACERES, kits&-ris, or kjth/s-rhs, a town of South Ame-   CADEREITA, kit-df-lrtti or kit-d6-rie-ti, a town of the
rica, in New Granada, province and 110 miles N. of Popayan. Mexican Confederation, 42 miles E. of Queretaro. Pop. 4000.
CACERES, NUEVA, noo-itvi kitsi-rns, (i, e. "New Car- In its vicinity silver-mines are worked.
ceres,") a town of Philippines, capital of a province in the    CADEREITA, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.
island of Luzon, on the S.E. coast, 175 miles S. of Manila,   CADIER-IDIRIS, the loftiest mountain in Wales, after
between the Bay of St. Miguel and the Gulf of Ragay. Pop., Snowdon, is situated in the county of Merioneth, 4 miles S.
with the suburbs of Tabuco and Santa Cruz, 12,000. It is of Dolgelly. It ascends precipitously to a height of 2914 feet.
well built, and is the residence of an alcalde and a bishop.    CADEROUSSE, IkCdeh-roocef, a town of France, departCACHAO or CACHEO, a town of Asia. See KETCHO.           ment of Vaucluse, on the Rhone, 11 miles N.N.W. of AvigCACHAR, kitch-arl, or HAIRUMBO, hi'runmlbo, a terri- non. Pop..of commune, in 1852, 3400.
tory of British India, presidency of Bengal, in Farther In-   CADE'S COVE, a post-office of Blount co., Tennessee.
die, between lat. 240 and 200 N., and lon. 920 and 930 30'E.   CADIP RE, LA, lit kide-air, a village of France, departCABADO, a river of Portugal. See CAvADO.                ment of Varr, 10 miles N.W. of Toulon. Pop. in 1852, 2531.
CACHE, kash, a township in Monroe co., Arkansas. P. 526.   CADILLAC, ki'dee'yak/, a town of France, department of
CACHE CREEK, of Yolo co., of California, rises among  Gironde, on the Garonne, 17 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop.
the mountains, and flowing eastwardly, loses itself in the of commune, in 1852, 1967, employed in manufacturing
extensive itiles (marshes overgrown with bulrush) which  casks and agricultural implements, and in the wine trade.
lie between the plains and Sacramento River.              It has a female penitentiary.
CACHE CREEK, a post-town of Yolo co., California, has   CADIZ, kt/diz, (Sp. pron. kitfdeeth: Fr. Cads, kideex!;
8 hotels.                                                 anc. Gaedes,) a city and seaport of Spain, capital of a province
CACHEMASO, kash-e-mahfso, post-office, Dallas co., Ark.  of its own name, in the isle of Leon, off the S.W. coast of AnCACHEMIIRE. See CASHMEREc.                              dalusia, 60 miles N.W. of Gibraltar, and 64 miles S. of Seville.
CACHEO, ki-shl/o, a fort and town of Western Africa. in Lat. (observatory) 360 32' N.; Ion. 60 17' 15" W. It stands
Senegnamlia, Portuguese territory, near the mouth of the on a narrow tongue of land, which projects about 5 miles
Cacheo River. 85 miles  SS.E. of Bathurst.                 N.N.W. from the isle; it is surrounded on three sides
CACHE RIVER. of Arkansas. rises near the N.E. extre- by water, and is strongly defended both by nature and
mity of the state, and flowing S., enters White River.    art.  The entrance to its capacious bay is completely
CACIIIAS. See CAxIAs.                                   commanded by the forts of St. Sebastian, Santa Catalina,
327




CAD                                                       CAE
and SMatagorda; while on the other sides thebeachis so pre-   CADIZ, katdiz, a post-office of Cattaraugus  co.. Neow York.
cipitous, or so enclosed by sandbanks and sunken reefs, that    CADIZ, a post-village, capital of Trigg co., Kentucky,  on
large vessels cannot approach within three-fourths of a mile  Little River, 230 miles W.S.W. of Franklfoirt, and 9 miles
of the city. On the land side the only access is along a belt from  Cumberland  River.  It contains a court-house, 3
of land, in some places not more than 200 yards wide, and  churches, and 2 academies. Pop. near 500.
bristling with cannon.  The city itself is surrounded by    CADIZ, a flourishing and beautiful town in Cadie townwalls of great height and thickness, flanked with towers  ship, and capital of Harrison co., Ohio, 117 miles E. by N. of
and bastions. It is divided into the four quarters of Santa  Columbus, and 23 miles from the Ohio River at Wheeling.
Cruzn, Rosario, San Antonio, and San Lorenzo, and is built It is well built, and pleasantly situated among fertile and
with great regularity and uniformity. The houses are con- cultivated hills, which contain rich mines of coal. It is the
structed offi-eestone, generally of three, sometimes of four, principal market of the county, which is one of the greatstories, and are often surmounted by lofty towers, open to  est wool-growing regions of the state. A branch railroad, 6
the sea breeze. and commanding fine views of the bay. The  miles long, connects the town with the Steubenville and
streets are somewhat narrow, but are remarkably well Indiana Railroad, on the N. Laid out in 1803. It conpaved, and are uniformly provided with foot pavements. tained, in 1851, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and
The finest public square-not so much from  its extent as  1 female seminary. Pop. in 1850, 1144; in 1853, about15~0.
the elegance of its buildings-is San Antonio, the great    CADIZ, a post-village in Henry co., Indiana, about 40
place of resort in mild wintry days and moderate evenings  miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis.
in spring. The Plaza de San Juan de Dies, now called    CADIZ, a post-office of Greene co., Wisconsin.
Plaza de Isabella II., contains several handsome buildings,    CADIZ, kU/diz, a small town of South America, in Veneparticularly the consistory, now chiefly used for municipal zuela, on the S. coast of the island of Cubagun.
and public purposes. One of the most conspicuous objects    CADIZ, BAY OF, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, on
in Cadiz is the light-house.of San Sebastian, 172 feet above  the S.W. coast of Spain, province of Cadiz, about lat. 36G 30'
the ground, and visible 20 miles off at sea. The other prin-  N., and lon. 60 151 W., bounded S.W. by the peninsula of
cipal edifices are the old cathedral, one of the most regular  Cadiz, 5 miles in length, and divided into an outer and inbuildings in Cadiz; the new cathedral, still unfinished, ner bay by the promontory and fort of Matagorda. In the
built wholly of white marble, except the bases of the pil- islet, of La CarInaca, on its E. side, are arsenals and shiplars, which are variegated; three other churches; several building yards, the most important in the kingdom, and
nunneries and convents, one of which, the convent of the  among the best in Europe.
Capuchins, is said to possess two of Murillo's finest pic-   CADNEY, kad/nee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
tures; and two theatres.                                      CADORE, kt-do/rI, or PIEVE-DI-CADORIIE, po-A/v-dee-kSAmong benevolent establishments may be named the Casa  dori', a town of Northern Italy, on the Piave, 221 miles
de Misericordia, a magnificent edifice, used as an ordi- N.N.E. of Belluno. Pop. 2000. It is celebrated as the birthnary hospital and alms-house, and as a lunatic asylum; place of Titian. In 1797, the French here gained a victory
the female hospital, next in importance to the Casa; the  over the Austrians.
foundling hospital, and the Hospital of San Juan de Dies.   CADIO/SIA VALLEY, a post-office of Delaware co., New
or general infirmary, which annually receives about 700  York.
patients; and the house of refuge of San Serrando and San    CAD)OX'TON, two parishes of South Wales, co. of GlaGerman, where destitute children or young criminals are  morgan.
instructed and reclaimed. The principal educational insti-    CADIRON, a post-township and small village in Conway
tutions are the Cadiz Medical School, in connection with  co., Arkansas. Pop. 252.
the University of Seville; the Seminary of San Bartolomeo;    CADRON CREEK, of Arkansas, enters the Arkansas at
several superior schools, also in connection with the above  Cadron, in Conway county.
university; and a school or academy of fine arts. The bay,    CADSAND, k t-sintl, CADZAND, kid-zntn, or CASSANwhich is formed by the peninsula and the mainland, is spa- DRIA, kls-slnldre-A, an island of the Netherlands, province
cious, and affords good anchorage. It is divided into the  of Zealand, at the mouth of the West Scheldt, and having on
outer and inner bays. The former is exposed to a heavy  it a small town of the same name, 5milesN. ofSluis. Pop.1156.
and dangerous sea during the prevalence of N.WV. winds;    CADWALLADER, kad-w$/laf-der, a post-office of Tuscarathe inner is protected by an extensive mole, but is accessi- was co., Ohio.
ble to small vessels only. The larger ships are obliged to    CADYNA. See NIGDEIT.
anchor at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the    CADYS~ILLE,  /fde'z-vil, a village in 9lorristown townshore, where there is from 5 to 7 fathoms of water. Oppo- ship, Lamoille co., Vermont, on the Lamoille River. It consite to Cadiz is the town of Santa Maria, the principal depot tains 2 stores, a woollen factory, and a number of other maof the wines of Xeres. La Caraca, the royal dockyard, is  nufacturing establishments.  Pop. about 200.
situated at the bottom of the inner bay, about 6 miles from   CADYTIS. See JERUSALEsM.
the city, and is defended by the cross-fire of two forts. It con-    CAIDYVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., New York, on
tains three spacious basins, and twelve docks or slips.     the Saranac River, about 6 miles W. of Plattsburg.
The trade of Cadiz is far less extensive than formerly.    C2ECINA. See CECINA.
The principal part of what remains is with England, and    CAEN, kUs, (L. Cadomus or Codomur,) a city of France,
the chief article exported is sherry wine.                  capital of the department of Calvados, (Normandy,) 123
The number, tonnage, and value of cargoes of vessels  miles N.W. of Paris, in a valley, between two extensive meawhich entered sat the port of Cadiz, in 1846, was vessels 678, dows, at the confluence of the Orne with the Odon, 10 miles
tons 140,495, value of cargoes 637,3961.; cleared, vessels 590, from the embouchure of the former, and at the terminus of
tons 124,766, value of cargoes 973,4161. In the year 1847, a railway communicating with the Paris and Rouen Railthe total exports of wine were 31,602 butts, being a decrease, way.  Lat. 490 11 12/ N., lon. 00 21' W.  The streets are
as compared with 1846, of 1094 butts. Salt is another chief  broad, regular, and clean; two of them cross each other at
article of export. Of this commodity considerable quantities  right angles, and extend nearly to the extremities of the
are exported from Cadiz to the Newfoundland fishery, and  town, which is also traversed by a canal supplied by the
to the river Plata and the Brazils; and large quantities are  Odon, and employed to drive the machinery of numerous
also shipped on board Russian, Swedish, and Norwegian  manufactories. The houses are generally well built, of an
vessels.  The chief imports are staves and tobacco from   excellent freestone which is extensively quarried in the
America; hides, cocoa, indigo, cochineal, dyewoods, sugar, vicinity, and imported into England under the name of
and other colonial produce from  Cuba, Porto Rico, the  Caen-stone. There are four squares, the principal of which,
Philippine Islands, Mexico. and Colombia; cod-fish from  the Place Royal, is ornamented with a statue of Louis XIV.
Newfoundland; and coals from England.                       The public walks are beautiful, especially the Cours, a splenHlistory.-GADES was founded bythe Phcnicians, and early  did avenue about a mile in length, lined with elm-trees.
became a commercialtown of great importance. Itfellinto the  Some fine promenades also extend along the banks of the
hands of the Carthaginians in the first Punic War; in the  new canal. Caen has numerous fine churches and other
second Punic War, it voluntarily surrendered to the Ro- buildings, of which the following may be noticed: —the Camans. Its inhabitants received the Roman franchise from  thedral of St. Etienne, one of the finest in Normandy; the
Julius Csesar.                                              monastic buildings of the A.bbape auxHosemes, now occupied
Cadiz has been often besieged. It was taken in 1596 by  as the royal college, and containing the tomb of William
Lord Essex, and again attacked by the English in 1628. the Conqueror; the Church of the Trinity, in the Norman
In 1656 it was blockaded by Blake, who captured two rich  style; the Abbaye aux Dames, founded by Matilda, wife of
galleons, and sunk eight others. Another English expedi- William the Conqueror, and converted into an hospital in
tion was undertaken against it in 1702, but failed. In 1809  1823; and the church of St, Nicholas, now used as a shot
the Cortes took refuge here; on that occasion the town was  manufactory. One of the finest churches in Caen is that of
blockaded by the French till 1812. In 1823 it surrendered  St. Pierre, whose tower, terminated by a spire, is exceedto the French under the Duc d'Angoulnme.-Pop. 53,920.-  ingly elegant, and, as well as part of the nave and the three
Adj. and inhab. GADITXAINIAN, (Sp. GADIAANO, gS-oe-t~ino.)  porches, was built in 1308. The apsis of the great porch is
CADIZ, one of the three provinces into  which  the  justly regaided as a work of the greatest taste and elegance,
ancient kingdom  of Seville, in Spain, hag been divided. and as one of the most curious and the happiest efbforts of
Boundd   N. by the provinces of Iluelva and Seville, E. by  the revival of the arts in France.  Other buildings and inMalaga, and S. and W. by the Strait of Gibraltar and the  stitutions are-the hotcl of the pr/fecture, in the Italian
Atlantic. Area, 3900 square miles.                         style; the Palais de dsstice, the remains of the castle built
328




CIE                                                           CAG
by William the Cbnqueror; the IH(tel Dieu; the  1t6el Va-   CAERPHILLY,  kar-filflee or k?-fithlee, a market-town
lois, where the exchange and chamber of commerce are held; and chapelry of South Wales, co. of Glanmorgan, in a wide
the public library, with 47,000 volumes: museum, cabinet plain surrounded by mountains, 7 miles N.N.W. of Cardiff.
of natural history, botanical garden, with 3000 species of Pop. 034. It has the ruins of one of the finest Norman casplants; custom-house, house of correction, &c. Caen is the  ties in the principality.
Aeat of the royal court for the departments of Calvados, La    CAERWENT, ker/went, orklher-whnt, (anc. Venta Sisusum,).,anche, and L'Orne, and has a court of first resort, and of  a parish of Englaqld, co., of Monmouth.
commnerce, an academy of arts and sciences, and an acadsmie    CAERIWYS, klrfwis, a market-town and parish of North
universitarie,   (the representative of the university founded  Wales, co. of Flint, 41 miles S.W. of Holywell.  Pop. in
by Iem'y VI. of England, in 1431, and remodelled at the  1851, 947. It contributes with Flint, &c. to send 1 member
revolution,) a secondary school of medicine, school of hydro- to the House of Commons.
graphy, societies of medicine, agriculture, and commerce;   CZESARAUGUSTA.  See SARAcOSSA.deaf and dumb institution, normal school, school of design,    C2ESAREA, ses-a-reeia, KAISAREEYEH or KAISA R1AI,
and numerous other institutions for the promotion of the  ki-s-reela, a small haven of Palestine, in ]at. 320 23' N., ion.
arts, sciences, and literature. The advantages possessed by  340 44' E., 55 miles N.N.W. of Jerusalem. It was once a
Caen, in respect of education, &c., have induced many Eng- place of considerable note, but is now a mass of shapeless
lish families to take up their residence in it.               ruins, encompassed by a low wall of gray stone, and teThe manufactures of Caen are considerable, and consist nanted only by jackals, snakes, lizards, scorpions, &c.  A
of hats, lace, flannels, linen, cotton goods, druggets, Angora  great extent of ground is covered by the remains of the city,
and thread gloves, straw hats, shot, porcelain, earthen- the most conspicuous ruin being that of an old castle at the
ware, paper-hangings, cutlery, oils, &c.; there are also some  end of the ancient mole. Water being good and abundant,
breweries, tanneries, and establishments for bleaching wax;  coasting vessels often put in here. The ancient city was
some ship-building is also carried on.  From  time imme- founded by Herod the Great, B.c. 22. He then raised some
morial, the town has been.celebrated for its manufacture  magnificent edifices, and caused a semicircular mole to be
of Angora and woollen gloves, with which it supplies most  constructed for its port, which is said to have been one of
of the country districts of France.  In  this manufac- the most stupendous work of antiquity, and has been comture, Caen has no rival. There is a considerable trade in  pared, as to design and execution, with the breakwater at
grain, wine, brandy, cider, clover-seed, hemp, cattle, and  Plymouth.  Cesarea is the scene of several interesting
horses; fish, salt provisions, iron, steel, hardware, and grind-  events mentioned in Scripture. Eusebius, the early church
stones. The port formed by the river is of little importance, historian, probably a native, was also sometime bishop of
on account of the obstructions at the entrance to the Orne. Coesarea. In A. D.635, the Saracens captured it, and retained
At high-water, however, vessels of fromi 150 to 200 tons  the place till 1101, when it was taken by the Crusaders.
can reach.the town. Nothing certain is known of the origin    CA6SAREA.  See JERSEY.
of Caen. In 912, when Neustria wvas ceded to the Normans,    C ESAREA, a town of Asia Minor.  See KAISASREYEsm.
it was a place of importance, and increased rapidly under    C ESAREA PHILIPPI.  See PANEAS.
the Norman dukes.  William  the Conqueror, and his wife    CESARODUNUM.  See Touns.
lMatilda, adorned it with many edifices. It became the capi-    CESAROMIAGUS.  SeeBEAUVAIS.
tal of Lower Normandy-a distinction which more than    CIESAR'S (seelzerz) CREEK, of Ohio, rises toward the S.W.
once exposed it to the miseries of war. In 1346, it was  part of the state, and enters the Little Miami River in
taken and pillaged by Edward III. of England.  It was  Warren county.
again taken by the English in 1417, and wkested from them        C]ESAR'S CREEK, a post-township in the S. part of
in 1450 by Dunois, who captured the Duke of Somerset and  Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 1870.
4000 troops, who had retreated to the castle. Malherbe,    CAESAR'S CREEK, a township in Dearborn co., Indiana.
commonly regarded as the father of French poetry, Huet, the  Pop. 497.
celebrated Bishop of Avranches, and Auber, the composer,    CAFFA.  See K iFFA.
wereborn inCaen. Pop. in 1852, 45,280.                           CAFFARELLI (kof-fg-rilllee) ISLANDS, on the N.W. coast,
CJEN-. See SENN.                                            of the Buccaneer Archipelago, at the entrance of King's
CENE,orC_/ENEPOLIS. See KENEn.                              Sound; lat. 160 3' S., Ion. 1230 16' E.
CAIENBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.                 CAFFRARIA.  See KAFFRARIA.
CIENYS,_(PRooo   NToORvu.M)  See CAPE iAVALLO.                CAPFFRISTAN.  See KAzIRISTAN.
CAER, k/er, (Celt. "a castle.")  For names with this pre-    CAGAYAN, kd-gh- Ant, an extensive province at the N. exfix, not mentioned below, see CAR.                            tremity of the island of Luzon. Pop. 58.580.
CAER-CARADOC, ker-ka.-radfok, or CRADOCK.HILL, in    CAGAYANES, kl-ghl-Nnls, a group of small islands in
England, co. of Salop, is near the confluence of the Clun and  the Soolo Sea, let. 90 351 30" N., lon. 1210 15' 3hO E.
Teond. On it are the vestiges of the camp which the cele-    CAGAYAN-SOOLOO, kSa-ghI-Anfsoo'loo,  an island of the
brated Caractacus defended against the Roman general, Os-  Malay Archipelago, in the Sooleo Sea, lat. 60 58' 5" N., ion.
torius, and whence its name is derived.                        1180 28' 11" E. It is 20 miles in circumference.
CAERDIFF.  See CARoIrF.                                       CAGEIVILLE, a post-office of Haywood co., Tennessee.
CAERGWRLE, kar-goor/l, a township of North Wales, co.   CAGGIANO, kid-jl/no, a town of Naples, province of
of Flint, on the Alyn, 5 miles N.N.W. of Wrexham. It has  Principato Citra, 14 miles N. of Diane. Pop. 3200.
interesting remains  of a castle; and it contributes with Flint,    CAGLI, kl/yee, a walled town of Italy, Pontifical States,
&c. to send 1 member to the House of Commons.                 13 miles S. of Urbino, at the confluence of the Bosso and
CAERHUN, kerlhin, or klerlhin, a parish of North Wales, Cantiano. Pop. 9617. It has an active trade in tanned and
co. of Carnarvon.                                             dressed leather.  Several remains of the ancient Callis have
CAERLAYtEtROCK,  or CARLA/VIEROCK, aparish of Scot- been discovered near it, but the modern town dates only
land, co. and 5 miles S.S.E. of Dumfries, on the Solway Frith. from the thirteenth century.
Caerlaverock Castle, the ruined sdat of the MIaxwell's,. is in    CAGLIARI, kll/y -re, (anc. Carleois or Calbaris,) a fortified
this parish, describedin Sir Walter Scott's "Guy Mannering."  maritime city, and the capital of the island of Sardinia, on
CAERLEON, ker'le/on, (i. e. "castle of the legion;" anc. an extensive bay of its S. coast. Lat. of the tower of St.
Is/cu  ilsurum,) a market-town of England, co. of Monmouth,  Pancracio, 390 13' 14" N., Ion. 90 7t 48" E. The ancient
on the Usk, here crossed by a stone bridge, 2t miles N.E. of  city, situated on the summit of a low hill, comprises the
Newport. Pop. in 1851, 1281.  It is chiefly interesting as  citadel, viceregal palace, cathedral, and most of the resithe ancient capital of Britannia  Sczenda, (modern Wales,)  dences of the nobility. The Marina, extending thence down
and as having been a place of considerable importance in  to the shore, is a well-built quarter, containing the dwellthe twelfth century, during which, however, and subse- ings of most of the merchants and foreign consuls, with the
quently, it was ruined by repeated wars between the Welsh  bonding warehouses. arsenal, lazaretto, and mole; the other
and the Anglo-Normans. Much of the present town stands  quarters are Villa-Nova and Stampace, and the suburb St.
within the precincts of the ancient camp, the walls of which  Avandr6. Cagliari has about 30 churches; upwards of 20
still partially exist; and a little north-westward is a con- convents, several hospitals, a female orphan asylum, a pubcave area, popularly termed "Arthur's Round Table," but  lic library with 18,000 volumes, college, high school, small
which was evidently a Roman amphitheatre.  Various Re- theatre, mint, several museums, and prisons for galley
man antiquities have been discovered in and around the  slaves. Its harbor is one of the safest in the Mediterratown; and there is little doubt that it was the capital of the  nean. Cagliari has a royal tobacco factory, manufactures
British chief, Arthur, in the sixth century,toward the close of of cotton fibrics, cake saffron, gunpowder, soap, furniture,
which period its archbishopric-see was removed to St. David's. leather, &c.; it exports corn, pulse, oil, wine, and salt.
CAERIMARTHEN, ker-marlthen, in South Wales.  See  A new and good road connects it with Sassari, in the N.
CAaRIMA.. TEN.                                                part of the island. It is the seat of a royal court, of a t'iCAERNARVON, ker-nar/von, a town of North Wales. bunal of cormmerce, and the residence of the viceroy and
See CA.RNAyoe. r                                              the archbishop-primate of Sardinia. Consuls from most of
CAERNARVON, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania.  the European states also reside here, this being the port
Pop. 977.                                                     through which most of the foreign trade of the island passes.
CAERNARVON, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- Grain, vegetables, salt, oil, wine, cheese, flax, hides, saffron,
sylvania.                                                     and rags are exported. In 1846, 365 vessels (tons, 39,888)
CAEtNARVON, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylva- entered, and 359 vessels (tons, 40,030) cleared at Cagliari.
nia. Pop. 1551.                                               During the Middle Ages, the Pisans built the "Castle," with
329




CAG                                                           CAlI
its three, square towers.  Pop. 30,063.  It has remains  supposed to have been the capital of the Cadurcts:before the
of a Roman amphitheatre, aqueduct, tomb, and some yes- conquest of Gaul by Cesar.  It was afterward adorned with
tigeg of the Greek city founded before the Roman dominion,  a theatre, temple, and forum. The Roman roads, of which
CAGLIARI, BAY OF, a bay of the Mediterranean, on the  vestiges remain, have been attributed to Agrippa. The aqueS. coast of the island of Sardinia, between Capes Pula and  duct,intended to convey Wmater from the valley of St. MarCarbonara,  about 27 miles in breadthw  at its mouth. It  tin de  nern,  was about 15 miles in length. It is the bi Mhaffords secure anchorage. It has artificial salterns, which  place of Pope John XXII.. and the poet Clement Marot.
yield about 6000 tons of salt annually.                         CAI-IUZAC, kAiizAk1, several villages of France; the
CAGNANO, kin-yA/no, a town of Naples, province of Ca- principal in the department of Tarn, 12 miles N.N.W. of
pitanata, on the Garganian Promontory, 25 miles N.E. of  Albi. Pop. 1786.
Foggia. Pop. 4030.                                              CAIASSO or CAIAZZO. See CAjAzzo.
CAGNANO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzza Ultra,    CAICOS. See CAvcos.
10 miles N.W. Aquila. Pop. 2180.                                CAICUS. See BAKEEa-CnAL.
CAGNES, kIa,   a village of France, department of Var,   CAIETA or CAJETA. See GAETA.
near the Mediterranean, 11 miles E. of Grasse. Pop. 2443.       CAIFFA. See KAiFFx.
CAGSANA, kag-sa/nt, a town of the Philippines, province    CAI-PONG. See KAI-FONG.
of Albay, near the S. extremity of the island of Luzon. Pop.,   CAItIAPOYAS.  See CraCHAPOrAs.
with district, 12,755.                                           CAILAS.  See KAILAS.
CAGUA, k/flgwA, a town of South America, in Venezuela,    CAILLOMA or CAYLLOMA, kll-yo'm&, a town of South
50 miles W.S.W. of Caracas, on the left bank of the Araguay.  America, capital of a province of its own name, in Peru, dePop. 5200.                                                    partment, and 85  miles N.N.E. of Arequipa.  Pop. of the
CAGUAN, ka-gwfan, a town of New Granada, department  province, in 1850, 23,443.
of Cundinamarca, on the Caguan River, a tributary of the    CAILLOU  (kiAh-yool or kail'loo') LAKE, of Louisiana,
Japura, 120 miles S.S.W. of Bogota.                            situated in Terre Bonne parish, 2 miles N. of the Gulf of
CAIHAW/BA, a river of Alabama, rises near the E. border  Mexico, is about 10 miles long. It is connected with Caillou
of Jefferson co., in the N. central part of the state, and falls  Bayou and with the Gulf of Mexico.
into the Alabama at Cahawba, in Dallas county. Its gene-   CAIN, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 1008.
ral course is nearly S.S.W. It is navigable for small boats    CAIN  CREEK, of South Carolina, joins the Catawba
for at least 100 miles, and flows through the principal coal- firom the left, a few miles S.W. of Lancaster Court-house.
field of the state.                                              CAINHAM, kinpam, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
CAIIAWBA, a thriving post-village, capital of Dallas co.,    CAINO, kIno,.a village of Austrian Italy, government of
Alabama, on the right bank of Alabama River, immedi- Milan, province of, and 9 miles N.N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 781.
ately below the mouth of the Cahawba, about 21.6 miles    CAINS, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
above Mobile, and 92 miles below Montgomery. It contains,    CAINS, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Georgia, about 45
besides the county buildings, several churches, 1 or 2 print- miles N.E. of Atlanta.
uing offices, and a United States land-office. The cotton pro-    CAINSVILLE, a post-village of Wilson co., Tennessee, 46
duced in the vicinity is shipped by steamboats at this place. miles E. by S. of Nashville, has, perhaps, 100 inhabitants.
CAHETE, ka-tltA, or VILLANOVA-DA-RAINHA, veel-la-    CAINTUCK, apost-office, New Itianover co., North Carolina.
no-vA da, rd-een/yA, a town ofBrazil, province ofMinas-Geraes, (A IRA, sx ee-ra/, a post-village of Cumberlancd co., Fir25 miles S.E. of Sabara. Pop. 6000. It has a primary school, gilia, on Willis River, 60 miles W. of Richmond, has a
a  hospital, and an electoral college established in 1841.     church, a flour mill, and a few shops.
CAR IR or CAHIER, a small island off the coast of Ireland,    CAIRE or CAI/RAU, a parish South Wales, co. Glam organ.
co. of Mayo, 41 miles from the shore.                            CAIRIRIS, k-sre-reece, or JABITACA, zhl-be-takA, a
CAHIRi or CAHER, an island of Ireland, 3~ miles S. of  mountain range of Brazil, province of Pernambuco, forming
Glare Island.                                                 the N. boundary of the basin of the io Sao Francisco.  Its
CAHIIR or CAHER, kAhther or kare, a thriving market- total length is about 300 miles.
town and parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tipperary,    CAIRIRIS-NOFOS, kI-re-reece! nolvoce, a mountain range
on the Suir, 97 miles S.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 3668. it has  of Brazil. forming part of the boundary between the proa handsome church, a Roman Catholic chapel, sessions- vinces of Rio Grande-do-Norte and Parahiba.
house, jail, market-house, and large flour mills. Near the    CAIRIRIS-VELHOS,  ki-r-re-eece/vYllyoce, a  mountain
town are cavalry barracks, the remains of an abbey, and a' range of Brazil, forming part of the boundary between the
fine old castle in good repair, belonging, with a mansion  provinces of Parahiba and Pernambuco.
and park adjacent, to the Earl of Glengall. The line of the    CAIRN, karn, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of WigDublin and Cork Railway passes within one mile distant.   ton, on Loch Ryan, 10 miles N.W. of Glenluce.  Vessels, of
CAHIR or CAlER, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. any burden may ride in its bay in safety; and it is a place
of Kerry. In it are two old castles, and it was the birth- of call for the Glasgow and Belfast steamers. A small river
place of the late Daniel O'Connell.                           in the county of Dumfries has this name.
CAHIR  or CAHER, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,    CAIRNAPLE, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow.
Queen's county.                                               Height 1498 feet.
CAHIRAGH, kahler-AuH, a parish of Ireland, in Munster,    CAIRNEY (klre/nee) HILL, a village of Scotland, co. of
co. of Cork.                                                  Fife, 3 miles W. ofDunfermline, with 516 inhabitants.
CAHIRCIVEEN  or CAHIRSIVEEN, kah.er-se-veent, a    CAIRN'GORMI, a mountain of Scotland, cos. of Banff
town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry, 2L miles E.N.E. and Mloray, 4095 feet above the sea. It is snow-capped for
Valentia.  Pop. 1492.                                         the most part of the year, and, among other minerals, proCAHIRCON LISH, kahler-konf1ish, a parish and village of  duces the topazes known as "Cairngorm stones."
Ireland, in Munster, co. and 9 miles E.S.E. of Limerick.    CAIRNIE, klirfnee, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen
Pop. 562. The Shannon line of railway passes within two  and Banff.
miles of the village.                                           CAIRO, kBiro, (El Afass, el mas'r, or zcusr of the Egyptians;
CAHIRCONREE, kahler-con-reel, a mountain of Ireland, El Kahirehl, el-k-jhe-rca, "the victorious,"of the Arabs,) the
in Munster, co. of Kerry, on the isthmus between Tralee  capital city of Egypt, residence of the viceroy, and seat of
Bay and Castlemains Harbor. Height, 2784 feet. The sum- government, near. the right bank of the Nile, and 5 miles
mit is crowned by Druidic stones.                             from the commencementof its Delta. Lat. (tower ofthe JanisCAHLA, k/la, a village ofo Germany, in Saxe-Altenburg,  saries) 300 21 4/ N.; ion. 31015' 36'" E.; elevation, 40 feet above
at the mouth of the Saale.  Pop. 2500.                        the level of the sea.  Population, including the suburbs of
CAHOES or CAHOOS. See COHOES.                               Boolak and Old Cairo, estimated at 250,000, comprising
CAHOIKIA, apost-village  of St. Clair co., Illinois, on the  about 125,000 Mohammedans, 60,000 Copts, 3000 to 4000
E. bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of Cahokia Creek,  Jews, and numerous foreigners.  Climate healthy, and little
5 miles S. of St. Louis. It was settled by the French in the  variable; the heat is great in summer and even in winter.
latter part of the seventeenth century.                       Mean temperature of the year 120.2, of winter 580.5, of sumCAHOIKIA  CREEK, of Illinois, flows through Madison  mer 850.1 Fahrenheit.  It never snows, and very seldom
co., and enters the Mississippi River at Cahokia village.     rains, but dew is abundant.  The city proper is built on
CAHORS, ka'ot/, (anc. Divoena,) a town of France, capital a slope at the foot of one of the lowest ridges of the chain
of the department of Lot, on a rocky peninsula, almost  of Jebel Mokkatam, and, next to Constantinople, is the
enclosed by the river Lot, here crossed by three bridges, 60  largest and most populous city in the Ottoman Empire,
miles N. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 13,350. The principal being about 3 miles long and the same in breadth; it is suredifices are a cathedral, a vast building with two cupolas, rounded by antique battlements and stone walls, having sethe prefecture, chartreuse, theatre, public library contain- veral gateways and lofty towers at intervals; the highest part
ing 12,000 volumes, and three remarkable towers on one of  of the ridge is occupied by a citadel, which contains the
the bridges. Cahors is the seat of an acadgmie universiterie, palace of the viceroy, the arsenal, mint, and public offices.
a national college, (in front of which is a monument to Pene- The citadel is commanded by forts placed on the extremity
ion,) a normal school, and chambers of commerce and ma- of the chain of Mokkatam.  The city is separated from its
nufactures.  It has manufactures of woollens, cotton yarn, suburbs Boolak and Musr-el-Aatik, improperly called Old
leather, paper, and glass wares; an active trade in full- Cairo, by a series of gardens and plantations.
bodied red wines, (vins de Calhors,) brandy, truffles, and    Cairo is divided into several distinct quarters, according
rural produce; and several large annual fairs. Cahors is I to the religion and race of its inhabitants, as the Coptic
330




CAI                                                       CAL
Iuarter, Jew's quarter, and Frank quarter, which are sepa- N. the ocean. Area, 616 square miles, of which about 190
rated by gates. The streets are narrow, crooked, ill paved, are cultivated, 117 uncultivated, and 390 unprofitable.
and unfit for the passage of carriages, but they are less filthy  Pop. in 1851, 38,709. The surface is mountainous in the W.
than formerly; the houses are substantial and often lofty; and S.; elsewhere it is fdat or undulating, and consisting of
there are many squares surrounded by good private houses,  extensive moors. The fishery is the principal branch of
but few modern edifices of importance except the palace of  trade; and from   50,000 to 200,000 barrels of fish are anIbrahim Pasha, with extensive gardens on the Nile, between  nually cured for export to the English and Irish markets.
Boolak and Old Cairo, and the handsome residence of the  Principal towns, Wick and Thurso. In the Middle Ages,
viceroy at Shoobra. The city is traversed by a canal of ir, this part of Scotland belonged for some time to the Kings
rigation, which commences at Old Cairo. The remarkable  of Norway; most of its inhabitants are of Scandinavian or
edifices of Cairo, which comprise many of the finest remains  Gothic descent, and use the English to the exclusion of
of Arabian architecture, all date from the reign of the Arabs  the Gaelic language. Caithness returns 1 member to the
and the ancient sultans of Egypt. Among these are from   House of Commons. It gives the title of earl to the head
300 to 400 mosques, many of which, as those of Sultan Hiasan,  of the Sinclair family.
have lofty and gracefnl minarets; several of the ancient    CAJAHIBA, kA-zhb-eefbh, a small island of Brazil, W.
gates, an aqueduct for conveying water from the Nile to the  side of'Bahia de Todos-os-Santos, opposite the month of the
citadel, the tombs of the Memlooks, the ancient works of  river Serigi.
the citadel, and the palace and well of Joseph. At Old    CAJAMARCA. See CAXAsAIncOA.
Cairo are the seven towers still called "the granary of    CAJAMARQUILLA.  See CAXAI.:QUhLLA..
Joseph," and serving their ancient purpose. In the island    CAJANO, POGGIA A, pod/j5i A kA-y lno, a town of Tusof Rodah is the celebrated Nilometer, a graduated column  cany, in the Val Ombrone, 10 miles W.N.W. of Florence. Pop.
for indicating the height of the water during an inundation  1425. It has a handsome grand-ducal villa, with an iron
of the river; numerous ancient cisterns and baths still or- suspension bridge over the Ombrone, erected in 1833. The
nament the city; on the S., outside the walls, are the cele- celebrated Bianca Capello died here in 1587.
brated tombs of the Memlooks, and on the N.E. the obe-   CAJARC, kaezhaRk', atown of France, department of Lot,
lisk of Heliopolis. There are 4 primary schools in Cairo, 19 miles E.N.E. of Cahors. Pop. ofcommune, in 1852, 2055.
each having about 200 pupils, and one preparatory school   CAJATAMBO. See CAXTAeIB0o.
with 1500 pupils, a museum of Egyptian antiquities, a mag-   CAJAZZO, ki-yitfso, or CAIASSO, kI-dstso, (anc. Calot ia,)
netic observatory, a European theatre, several hospitals,  a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 10 miles N.E.
and a lunatic asylum. Cairo was long the chief entrepdt of Capua. Pop. 3520.
for the commerce of Egypt; and 3 caravans still arrive annu-    CAJETA, or CAIETA.  See GATA.
ally from Moorzook, Sennaar, and Darfoor. A railroad has    CAJOU, ki-jool, a branch of the Mahanuddy River, Iinalso been recenGly constructed to Alexandria.              dostan, which separates at Cuttack, and terminates princiThere are in Cairo about 24 Moslem foreign merchants; pally in the Alankar River.
15 European, but no British houses; 10 Catholic Greeks'   CALlABARI, a maritime district of Upper Guinea, Western
and 6 schismatics' establishments. In the city were 161  Africa, between the river Benin and Formosa and the Rio
incorporated bodies for the regulation or advancement of del Rey, with the Kong Mountains in the rear, and having
native trades. There are 9 cotton-spinning factories, 10 for the Niger passing through its centre. The coast here, a
weaving, silk and cottdn, 13 for manufacturing cloth, 14  projecting line between the Bight of Benin and Biafra, is
calico-printing works, 18 dye-works, 15 bleacheries, 46 iron  uniformly fiat, unbroken by the slightest elevation, and
foundries, &c. In the citadel is a factory for small arms and  closely intersected by rivers, most if not all of which, with
cannon, the latter bronze, and of a small calibre; also an  the exception of Old Calabar, being branches of the Niger:
iron-rolling mill, and a mint. At Cairo are the residences  much vegetable matter and silt are discharged at every ebb
of-the consuls from France, Sardinia, and the United States. tide by these mouths, which discolor the ocean with a filthy
The site of Cahio is said to be that of the Babylon of Cam- scum of a brown color, giving forth a sickening smell for
byses, built on the ruined site of the pre-existing Latop/olis  the distance of several miles. The climate of Calabar is exof the Egyptians. The present city was founded by the  tremely deleterious, and the coast generally inhospitable,
Arabs about A.D. 970; its citadel was built by Saladin in  there not being a light-house or single harbor or refuge
1170; it was the capital of the sultans of Egypt till the time  throughout its entire length. Tornadoes are frequent, and
of the Turkish conquest in 1507; since that time it has been  of the most violent character, accompanied by vivid lightthe residence of the pashas, governors of the province; it ning and tremendous peals of thunder, with rains so fierce
was taken by the French in 1798, and held by them for 31  and heavy that it is impossible to look windward or discern
years. —— Adj. and inhab., CAIRINE, ki-reenf, Arab. MIusfREE.  any thing beyond a few yards' distance. A large portion
CAIRO, ki/ro, (anc. Cobfium,) a town of Piedmont, division  of the inhabitants of this district are slaves, and are emof Genoa, 12 miles WV.N.W. of Savona, on the Bormida.  ployed chiefly in cultivating the provision grounds, or in
Pop. 3492. The French here gained a victory over the Aus- various kinds of labor connected with the palm-oil trade. in
trians in 1794.                                             which the chiefs are engaged.
CAIRO, a village of Naples, Terra di Lavoro, 15 miles S.E.   CALABAR (k/-l]-b~r,) RIVER, OLD, or CROSS RIVER
of Sora.                                                   of Africa, Upper Guinea, falls into the Bight of Biafra
CAIRO, ktro, a post-township of Greene co., New York, 10  by a wide estuary, in lat. 50 N., Ion. S~ 20' E. Captain Bemiles N.W. of Catskill, is drained by Catskill Creek. Pop. 2831. croft, who first discovered this river in 1841-2, discovered
CAIRO, a post-office of Edgefield district, South Carolina. that the so-called Cross River, instead of being a branch of
CAIRO, a post-village of Decatur co., Georgia.           the Calahbar. is the main stream. It is navigable by steamCAIRO, a post-village of Sumner co., Tennessee, on Cum- vessels as far as lat. 60 20' N., Ion. 90 35' E., nearly 200
herland River, 30 miles N.E. of Nashville.                 miles (including windings) from its mouth. The branch
CAIRO, a small village of Henderson co., Kentucky, 10  of this river which joins its estuary from N.N.E., and which
miles S. of Henderson.                                     has hitherto been considered the main stream, is navigable
CAIRO, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio.                 only for about 30 miles from its estuary. On its left bank,
CAIRO, a post-village of Alexander co., Illinois, is situated  6 miles from its mouth, is Duke Town, and 5 miles N.N.WV.
at the southern extremity of the state, on a point of land  of the latter, on a small deltoid branch of the river, is Creek
formed by the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Town; these are the seats of highly interesting missions,
Rivers, 175 miles below St. Louis.  The situation is low, and the natives have recently made considerable progress in
and subject to frequent inundations, which' have retarded  civilization.
the growth of the village. A levee has been raised here,    CALABAH RIVER, NEW  a branch of the Quorra at its
which is said to have cost nearly $1,000,000. The railroad  delta, which flows S.E., and enters the Bight of Biafra, in
from Mobile to Chicago is expected to cross the Ohio River lat. 40 300 N., lon. 70 7 E., W. of Bonny.
near this place. Two newspapers are issued here. ~           CALABOZO, k&-lM-bolso, a town of Venezuela, province
CAIIIWAN, a town of North'Africa. See KAzuWAN.           and 120 miles S.S.W. of Caracas. The principal wealth of
CAISTOR, kistor, a markl<et-town and parish of England,  the inhabitants consists of cattle.  Calabozo, formerly only
co. of Lincoln, 11 miles S.W. of Grimsby. Pop. in 1851, an Indian village, owes its existence as a town to the Biscay
2407. Its ancient church stands on the site of Thosg- Company. Pop. 5000.
ceaster, a Roman station, said to have been rebuilt by    CALABRIA, ka-lbre-a. or kg-ldbre-A, (anc. Bruttiunm,) the
lIengist on as much land as the hide of an ox cut into  S. part of the kingdom of Naples, separated from Sicily by
thongs would cover. It has 2 branch banks, and a gram- the Strait of Messina. Area, 6,905 square miles.  Pop.
mar school founded in 1630.                                1,136,620. Itforms alongpeninsula,andis traversedthroughCAISTOR, (anc. Venea Iceontrum,) a parish of England, out by the Apennines, which rise to an elevation of 3000 or
co. of Norfolk, near the Northern and1 Eastern Counties Rail- 4000 feet. The flats near the coasts aremarshy and unhealthy,
way, 4 miles S. of Norwich. Many Roman urns have been  and inhabited by herds of buffaloes; but the valleys at the
found in this place, the ancient capital of the Iceni.     foot of the mountains are delightful, and rich with the most
CAISTOR, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            luxuriant vegetation. The country is divided into the pro
CAIT'AWISTIKY  CREEK, of North Carolina, unites  vinces of Calabria Citra, Calabria Ultra I., and Calabria
with Pollacasty Creek in  Hertford co.. and flows into  Ultra II. Calabria, in the time of the Romans, was occuChowan River from the S.W.                                 pied by the Bruttii; its eastern coast formed part of the
CAITH.'NESS. the most northerly co. of Scotland, having  lmgna hG-cecia; and many of its present inhabitants are of
W. and N. the county of Sutherland, E. the North Sea, and  Greek descent.-Adj. and inhab., CALABRIAN, kg-lAbre-an.
331




CAL                                                         CAL
CALABRITTO, kU-l-brit/to,atown of Naples, on the Sell,   CALAISIS, k{l4'.zeel, a district of France, in the old pro10 miles N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 2420.                      vince of Picardy, now comprised in the department of PasCALACEITE, ki-lI-th/e-td, a town of Spain, 75 miles  de-Calais. It was occupied by the English from 1349 to 1558.
N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2600, employed in linen weaving.        CALAMATA. See KALAMATA.
CALACTE or CALACTA. See CA0oNIA.                           CALAMIBRIA, a post-office of Rowan co., North Carolina.
CALAF. ka-l'fl, a town of Spain, 46 niles N.W. of Barce-    CALAMIANES (kA-l-me-A'nls) ISLANDS, a group in the
lena. Pop. 2794. It has manufactures of linens.            Malay Archipelago, Philippines, about midway between MinCALAHORRA, kg-lA-oss/ii, (anc. Calagurfris,) a city of  dore and Palawan. Lat. 120 N.; ion. 1200 E. CALAmIANES,
Spain, Old Castile, 24 miles S.E. of Logrofio, on the right the principal island, is about 35 miles in length, by 15 miles
bank of the Ebro. Calahorra is famous for the siege it sus- in breadth, has a Spanish settlement, and is the residence
tained from Cneus Pompey, B. c. 72, by whom it was taken  of an alcalde.
after an obstinate resistance and the most dreadful suffer-   CALAMO, kIN1J-mo, a small island of the Ionian group,
ing from famine. Portions of its ancient walls, towers, and  between Santa Maura and the continent.
aqueducts still remain. It is decayed, and has a cathedral.   CALAMO, a small island of Asia Minor. See KALruNe.
It is the birthplace of Quintilian. Pop. 5820.                 CALAMOCHA, ka-l-molchA, a town of Spain, 38 miles N.
CALAHORRA, a town of Spain, province and 34 miles E. of Teruel, near the Jiloca. Pop. 1400.
of Granada. Pop. 2050.                                        CALAMOTA, k-l&-mofta, a small island of South DalmaCALAIS, kallis, (Fr. pieon. kg'lI, L. Caletum or Calesium,) a  tia, in the Adriatic, 6 miles W.N.WV. of Ragusa. Pop. 300..
fortified seaport to-wn of France, department of Pas-de-Calais,    CALAMOTA, a town of Greece, Morea. See KALAMATA.
on the Strait of Dover, 26 miles E.S.E. of Dover, and 19 miles    CALANAS, kt-l/ngs, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 20
N.E. ofBoulogne, at the terminus of a railwayfromn Lille. Lat. miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 1948.
of the new light-house, 500 57' 45" N.; ion. 1~ 51' 18" E.;    CALANCA, kg-lanfki, a valley of Switzerland, canton of
height, 190 feet. Pop. in 1852, 100,000. The town and harbor  Grisons, between the Val Blegno and the Val Misocco. It
are defended by a castle and several forts, and by means of derives its name from the old fortress of Calanca, near the
sluices the whole adjacent country may be laid under  village of Santa Maria, now in ruins.
water. Calais is regularly built and clean; streets wide,    CALANDA,  kin-lnd&, a town of Spain, 62 miles N.E. of
well-paved, and mostly furnished with footpaths; houses  Teruel, on a small river of its own name. Pop. 357 6, engaged
chiefly of brick. In the great square are the town-hall, and  in linen weaving.
an elegant belfrey, 118 feet in height. The Cathedral is a    CALANDSOOG, kAlAnt-eso1, a village of Holland, province
Gothic edifice, containing a fine altar-piece by Vandyck. of North Holland, on theNorth Sea, 9 miles S. of the Helder.
Other remarkable structures are the H1tel-Dessin, corm- Near Calandsoog, the combined British and Russian forces
prising a good inn, the theatre, public baths, the HItel-de- landed, August 27, 1799, and defeated a Dutch army with
Guise, formerly a wooden hall, the barracks, and public  great loss.
library with 12,000 volumes. Calais is the seat of a tri-    CALANG, k&-lngf, a town of the Malay Peninsula, state
bunal and chamber of commerce, the residence of several and S.E. of Salangore, on the river Calang, about 20 miles
foreigyn consuls, and has an agricultural society, school of  from  its mouth, in the strait of Malacca. It is fortified,
design, and school of hydrography. The harbor is formed  and is an occasional residence of the Salangore rajah. Near
by two moles, which are continued seaward by wooden  it are some tin-mines.
piers, the whole being about three-quarters of a mile in    CALANNA, kA-l~nna, a town Of Naples, Calabria Ultra
length. At ebb tide it is nearly dry, and has not a greater  I., 7 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 1120.
depth than 15 or 18 feet at high water, according to the    CALANNA, kAt-linn, a town of Central Africa, capital of a
wind. A tower in the centre of the town serves as a light- kingdom ofits own name,about230 miles S.S.W.ofTimbuctoo.
house, the light of which is revolving, and is 118 feet above    CALANTAN. See KALANTAN.
the sea level. A stationary tidal light at the Red Fort an-   CALANTIGA (kg-l~n-tee/g&) ISLANDS, a group of islands
nounces when the port is accessible; there is good anchorage  on the N.E. coast of Sumatra, from lat. 00 29' to 00 31! 30o
ground firom 2 to 3 miles N.W. of the harbor. Calais is well S.; ion. 1040 5! E.
known as one of the principal ports for the debarkation oftra-    CALAP, kA'lqpr, a small island of the North Pacific,
yellers from England, there being daily communication with  Gilolo Passage, at the west end of the island of Popa; lat,
Dover by steamboat, and several times a week with London  10 15, S.; ion. 1290 30' E.
and lRamsgate. n 1849, the numberoftravellersthat arrived    CALAPAN, kg-lI-pln!, a maritime town of the Philippine
by sea was 35,411; and in 1850 it reached to 53,864. The  Islands, capital of the island of Mindoro, on its N.E. coast, in
manufactures of the town, formerly inconsiderablej have  the Strait of Mindoro, 85 miles E.S.E. of Manila.  Pop. 2790.
risen of late to some importance. The bobbin-net trade em-   CAL'AP00!YA or CAL'LAPOOYA, a post-office of Linn
ploys 782 looms, and from 4000 to 5000 artisans. Numerous  co., Oregon.
mills have been erected, steam-engines are multiplying, and    CALARIS. See CaoLARnI.
the inner ramparts have been removed to make way for the    CALARY, ka-ltree, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of
factories. There are also someoil and soap works, tanneries, Wicklow.
and a salt refinery. Vessels are built here and fitted out    CALASCIBETTA.  See CALATA-SCIBETTA.
for the cod, mackerel, and herring fisheries. A consider-   CALASPARRA, ki-lgs-paa/dI, a town of Spain, 40 miles
able trade is carried on in spirits, salt, oil, grain, wine, N.W. of Murcia. It has manufactures of cloths, flour, and
hemp, wood, coal, &c., and not less than 55,000,000 eggs are  oil, and trades in cattle. Pop. 5275.
annually exported to England. In 1347, Calais was taklen    CALATA BELLOTA, ka-lNt bll-lolt&, a town of Sicily,
by Edward III. of England, after a siege of 11 months. on a river of the same name, (anc. Crisnsus,) 10 miles N.E.
The story of his determining to execute six of, the prin- of Sciacca, and near the site of the anc. Tricala. Pop. 4770.
cipal burgesses, with the heroic Eustache-de-St. Pierre at    CALATA FIMI, ki-lNtI feelmee, a town in the N.W. part of
their head, and of his sparing their lives at the intercession  Sicily, in a fertile valley, 8 miles S.W. of Alcamo. Pop. 10,000.
of his wife, Queen Philippa, is too well-known to require re-   CALATAGIRONE. See CALAosIRoNs.
petition. Calais remained in the hands of the English from    CALATANAZOR, k&-ld-tml-nA-thon!, a town of Spain, 10
1347 to 1558, during which time they improved the town, miles S.W. of SoriA, celebrated for the victory of Almanzor
and strengthened the fortifications. In 1558 it was taken  over the Christians about A.D. 1001. Pop. 1300.
by the Duke of Guise, and was the last relic of the Gallic    CALATA-SCIBETTA, kA-l./tAi she-b3t/tt, a town of Sicily,
dominions of the Plantagenets, which at one time compre- near its centre, 15 miles N.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 4788.
hended the half of France.                                    CALATAVUTURO, kl-l -ta-voo-toolro, a town of Sicily,
CALAIS, kallis, a city ofWashington co., Maine, at the head  district of Termini. 38 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 4000.
of navigation on the St. Croix River, opposite St. Stephen's,    CALATAYUD, k 4-l-tl-yooDI a town of Spain, on the
in New Brunswick, with which it communicates by means Jalon, province, and 48 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 8579.
of 4 bridges, 28 miles N. by W. of Eastport, and 264 miles It has an imposing external appearance, but is dilapidated
N.E. of Portland. A bridge also communicates with Baring. and dull. The principal edifices are an episcopal palace, a
The falls in the river afford extensive water-power. To the  provincial hall, a house of industry, several nunneries and
lower falls the tide in the St. Croix rises 20 feet. Calsais  convents, churches, hospitals, barracks for 4000 men, 3
contains 7 churches, a bank, and a flourishing academy. bridges, a bull-ring, and theatre. The chief manufactueres
Ship-building is becoming an important business. One  are common woollens, brown paper, and leather.  Provivessel was launched here in 1853, admeasuring 2000 tons. sions are cheap, and the vicinity is fertile. Near Calatayud
The lumber trade, however, furnishes the chief occupation  are some mineral springs, stalactitic caverns, and the reof the inhabitants. The Calais and Baring Railroad was mains of Pilbilis, the birthplace of Martial.
built expressly for the transportation of lumber fi-om    CALATIA. See CAJAZZO.
Miiddletown and Baring to Calais. The quantity brought   CALATRAVA, kb-l9-trbtv, or SANTIAGO DE CALAdown for the year ending May 1, 1853, was 32,318,715 feet TRAVA, sbn-te-&go df  kb-l-tr& /vb, a town of Spain, proof long lumber, 44,357,100 laths, 516,550 pickets, and 296,500  vince of Andalusia, 20 miles S. of Jaen. Pop. 1014.
shingles. Pop. in 1850, 4749; 1854, about 6000.              CALATRAVA LA VIEJA, kb-lb-trbva 1b ve-bnb, (anc.
CALAIS, a post-township of Washington co., Vermont, 8  Oretusn or Oria,) a ruined city of Spain, containing the remiles N.E. of Montpelier, intersected by branches of the  mains of the ancient city of Calatrava., on the S. bank of
Onion River. Pop. 1410.                                    the Guadiana, 65 miles S.E. of Toledo. In the Middle Ages
CALAIS, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, about 100  it was fortified, and was considered the key of the Sierra
miles E. of Columbus, has about 150 inhabitants.           MIorena. The military order of Calatrava was founded here
33A,




CAL                                                         CAL
in 115'. The knights rendered themselves famous in the  lowing the line of the ancient entrenchment called the
contests with the Moors; but the institution gradually de- Mahratta Ditch; and marks the boundary of the liberties
generated, and in 1485 the grand mastership was united to  of the city, and of the administration of English law. On
the crown.                                                  the W. side, or that next the river, is an extensive quay,
CALAVERAS, kal-a-varas,      a river in the N. central  or breast-work, about 2 miles long, called the Strand, 40
part of California, rises among the hills at the foot of the  feet above low-Anter mark, and having landing-places or
Sierra Nevada, near the centre of Calaveras county, and  ghauts, at intervals throughout its entire length.  The
flowing first in a westerly, and then in a general south- river, opposite the city, varies in breadth, from about two
westerly course, falls into the San Joaquin River, in the  furlongs at the narrowest part, to about three-quarters of
county of that name, about 15 miles below Stockton.        a mile at the broadest. From the lower part of Garden
CALAVERAS, a co. in the North centralpart of Califor- Reach, on the right, the river bank is laid out in large
nia, bordering on the Utah Territory, has an area of perhaps  gardens, each with a handsome mansion in its centre;
3000 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Sta- and the whole scene speaks of opulence and splendor.
nislaus River, and is drained by the Moquelumn6 and Cala- Calcutta is divided into two distinct portions-the one,
veras Rivers, effluents of the San Joaquin, and by Walker's  the northern portion, is occupied by natives; the other,
and Carson's Rivers, which flow eastward into the Utah  the southern, by Europeans.  In the former, the streets
Territory.  The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range of Califor- are narrow and dingy, the shops and warehouses meannia, passes nearly through the centre of the county. Four  looking.  The lower parts of the houses contain the bamiles S. of Vallecito, on Chyote Creek, are, it is said, two  zaars, and the upper the dwelling-houses.  This departnatural bridges, which are among the greatest curiosities  ment of the city is crowded with a low and heterogeneous
in the state. The amount of capital employed in quartz  population-many being half naked, numbers entirely so,
mining in 1852, was $472,055, -in placer mining, $38,260, in  while others are bedizened in tawdry and fantastic garother mining, $93,988, and in trading, $1,032,245. Capital, ments: discordant noises of all sorts, and most offensive
Double Springs. Pop. 20,192.                               smells complete the repulsive character of this portion of
CALAYAN, kg-la-y nf, one of the Madjicosima Islands, in  Calcutta.  It is different with the south or European perthe lMalay Archipelago, 60 miles N. of Luzon, one of the  tion. Here the streets are spacious; the houses, most of
Philippine Islands. It is 15 miles long.                   them detached, large, and handsome, built of brick, and
CALBE, two towns of Prussia.  See KALBE.                 stuccoed.
CALfBOURNE, aparish of England, in the Isle of Wight.    Chowringhee, which lies E. of the fort, is the fashionable
CALBUCO, kil-booeko, or EL FUERTE, l81-foo-6lRtal, or  quarter of the town, being apart from the centre of trade.
ll-fwlnRtA,  a small town of Chili, South America, on the  The new theatre, called the Sans Souci, (an elegant Greeastern coast of the island of Chiloe. Pop. 2500.          cian structure,) and the Asiatic Society's Iouse, (a plain
CALBUR/GA or KULBURIGA, a town of India, Deccan, building,) are the only public edifices in this section. The
Nizam's dominions, on an affluent of the Beemah, 110  ornamental character of some of its private houses, with
miles W. of IIyderabad. It is now unimportant, but it has  their garden enclosures, is in some degree marred by the
been successively the capital of Hindoo and Mohammedan  incongruous proximity of nativehuts, and open patches of
sovereignties.                                             unoccupied ground.
CALCA, ktlfka, a province of Peru, department of Cuzco.   The suburbs of Calcutta are extensive; and Garden Reach,
Pop. in 1850, 16,223. CALCA is also the name of several occupied by Europeans, about 3 miles S. of the town, is the
towns and villages of Peru.                                 most striking as to architectural and park-like features. The
CALCAHCEN, kl-kA-s~n1, a town of Yucatan, Central grounds are extensive, and laid out with fine trees and parAmerica, about 30 miles E.S.E. of Merida.                   terres of shrubs, interspersed with the bright colors of troCALCAR, ktlfkaa, a small town of Rhenish Prussia, 7  pical plants, while the scene is enlivened by the ships conmiles S.E. of Cleves, on the Rhine. It has some manufac-  stantly passing up and down. On the opposite bank are
tures of cotton stuffs and hosiery.                         the botanical gardens, remarkable for their extent and
CALCASIEU, kal'ka-shu', a river of Louisiana, rises in  beauty, and for the noble banyan and other trees which
the western part of the state, and, flowing in a general adorn them; lower down is seen, on the same side of
southerly course, passes through the parish and lake of  the river, the elegant Gothic structure of the Bishop's Colits own name into the Gulf of Mexico. Length estimated  lege. Allipore and Ballygunge are other suburbs to the E.,
at 250 miles. It is not navigable.'           both healthy, having also garden houses of Europeans,
C.ALCASIEU, a parish forming the south-westerly ex- but without the river view. E. of Calcutta lies the suburb
tremity of Louisiana, bordering on Texas, has an area of  of Entally, chiefly inhabited by Eurasians or half-castes, and
5500 square miles.  It is bounded on the W. by the Sa- natives. Farther toward the N. are the populous suburbs of
bine River, on the S.E. by the Mermenteau, and is inter- Sealdab and Simleah, running into each other like suburbs,
sected by Calcasieu River. The surface is nearly level, and  containing the houses of wealthy natives and the huts of
mostly occupied by savannas or grassy plains, which afford  their poorer countrymen; showing-what is so common in
pasture for large numbers of cattle. The soil in the vici-  Eastern cities-a commingling of the stately mansions of
nity of the streams is fertile. Pop. 3914, of whom 2957 were  the wealthy with the wretched hovels of the poor.
free, and 957 slaves.                                         The favorite promenade is the Strand, where both EuroCALCASIEU LAKE, of Louisiana. in the parish of its own  peans and Indians go to enjoy the cool of the evening; and
name, is an expansion of Calcasieu River, which enters the  where on such occasions, is to be seen an imposing display of
Gulf of Mexico, about 5 miles from the foot of the lake. handsome equipages, with crowds of ladies and gentlemen
Length, 18 miles, greatest breadth, 5 or 6 miles.          on horseback, each attended by a horsekeeper, called a syce.
CALICEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             Public Buildings.-At the S.W. extremity of the city, on
CALCETHORPE, kAllse-thorp, a parish of England, co. the bank of the river, is a large space of verdant, level
of Lincoln.                                                ground, about 1$ miles in length, and 1 in breadth, called
CALCI, killchee, a village of Tuscany, 5i miles E. of Pisa, the Maidan.  In this plain, about 1 mile from the city,
on the Monte Pisano, in a rich olive district. Near it is  and commanding the river, being separated from it only by
the celebrated chartreuse of Pisa or Calci, next to that of  the Strand Road and the Wet Ditch, is situated Fort WilPavia, the most magnificent in Italy. Pop. 3000.           liam, one of the largest and most regular fortresses in
CALCINAJA, kAlf-che-n/yd, a town of Tuscany, 12 miles  India. It was constructed by Lord Clive, after the battle
E. of Pisa, on the Arno. Pop. 3222.                        of Plassey in 1757; and has cost altogether ~2,000,000.
CALCINATE, kgl-che-ntii, a village of Austrian Italy, It mounts 619 guns, from 12 to 32 pounders; will hold,
government of Milan, 10 miles E.S.E. of Bergamo, on the  for the purposes'of defence, 15,000 men; contains 80,000
post-road to Brescia. Pop. 1806.                           stand of arms; and is usually garrisoned by one European
CALCINATO, kal-che-nglto, a town of Lombardy, 11 miles  and two native regiments, besides a detachment of artillery.
S.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 3600.                 Within its walls are store-rooms, ordnance-yards, powder
CALCIO, kgllcho, a town of Lombardy, 16 miles S.E. of  magazines, barracks, a church, &c.  Around the eastern
Bergamo. Pop. 3000.                                        margin of the Maidan are a series of walled tanks. At the
CALCKEN, k&l/ken, a town of Belgium: province of East  southern extremity is the grand jail, and the race-ground,
Flanders, on the Scheldt. Pop. 4952.                       of a triangular form, with a course of about 1A miles in
CALCUTTA, kal-kfttlta, (Kailee Glattalh, i. e. "the ghaut or  length. At the northern side, which is called the Esplanade,
landing-place of KALLEE, the goddess of Time:" in acts of Par- is the Government-house, the palace of the Governor-geneliament, called " the Town of Calcutta, and Factory of Fort ral, a magnificent pile bailt by the Marquis of Wellesley,
William,") a well-known city of Hindostan, capital of the  (brother of the late Duke of Wellington.) It has four wings,
presidency and province of Bengal, and seat of the supreme  with a stupendous dome in the centre; and is surrounded
government of British India; lat. 220 33' 51" N.; ion. 880 19' by a colonnade of Ionic pillars. In a line with the Govern2'" E., situated on a level tract, on the left or E. bank of the  ment-house, and fronting the Esplanade, are splendid manIfoogly, a branch of the Ganges, about 100 miles from the sea. sions, with handsome verandahs, supported by lofty columns.
It is about 4~ miles in length, from S.E. to N.W. along the  This is is one of the healthiest localities in the city; and it
course of the river; and.in breadth, E. to W., from 11 to 1$  -also a favorite resort of the fashionable world.
miles, at the broadest part, which is about the centre.    After the Government-house, the principal edifices are
Beyond these limits, however, there are numerous suburbs, the Town-hall, Supreme Court. Government Treasury,
villages, and detached residences. A spacious way, called  WVriters' Buildings, the Metcalf Hall. the Mint, where, it is
the Circular Road, encompasses it on the land side; fol- said, 500,000 coins can be struck off in 24 hours, and in




CAL                                                        CAL
which nearly 300 workmen, chiefly natives, are employed;    The Literary and Sqcientiftc Institutions are-the Asiatic
the Ilindoo College, the Madrussa or Mohammedan College, Society, the Mechanics' Institution, the Public Library, the
the General Assembly of the Established Church of Scot- Medical and Physical Society, and the Native Medical Colland's Institution, the Free Church of Scotland's Institu- lege. The last is a most admirable government institution,
tion, the Bengal Club, the Theatre, the Medical College, for training the natives to become efficient and skilful sur
the General Hospital, the Native hospital, the Mechanics' geons and medical practitioners. There are also the agriInstitute, the Orphan School, the MartiniBre, the Asiatic  cultural and horticultural societies. The Bank of Bengal,
Society's Rooms, and the Ghaut for burning  the dead  the Bonded Warehouse, and the Assam Tea Company may
bodies of Hindoos.                                          be mentioned among the commercial corporations; branches
The monuments are, General Sir David Ochterlony's pil- or agencies of the Agra, and United Service Bank, the
lar, on the Maidan; the statue of the Marquis of Wellesley,  Oriental Bank, and of the North-western Bank, are also
in an open Grecian building, in Tank Square; Princep's  established in Calcutta; besides which there are the ChainmGhaut, S. of the fort; the bronze statue of Lord William   ber of Commerce, the Trade Association, marine and life inBentinck, in the Esplanade; and the bronze statue to Lord  surance offices, provident societies, &c.
Auckland, on the S. of Governmeut-house; the marble sta-    The Newspapers published in Calcutta are-the Hlurkaru,
tues of the Marquis of Cornwallis, and others, within the  Englishman, Morning Chronicle, Eastern Star, and the
town-hall; and to Bishop Heber, and others, in the new and  Government Gazette, besides several native newspapers, in
old cathedrals; and the monument between the west gate  the vernacular languages.
of Fort William  and the river, erected by Lord Ellenbo-   Factories.-The factories in the city and neighborhood
rough, in commemoration of the victory gained at Gwalior, using English machinery are-the government foundry at
during his government.                                      Cossipore, having beautiful machinery for casting and boring
The religious edifices are, the new cathedral of St. Paul's, brass ordnance  the Gloucester Mills, for making cotton.
the old cathedral or St. John's Church, the Old Mission  twist; the sugar manufactory at Seebpore, using vacuum
Church, St. James's Church, St. Thomas's Church or Free- pans and steam  machinery; and several corn, flour, and
school Church, St. Peter's, within the fort; all these belong  oil mills, and a manufactory for steam  boilers, with a
to the Church of England. St. Andrew's Kirk, connected  foundry attached.  The Mint has powerful and efficient
with the Established Church of Scotland; the Free Kirk,  steam and other machinery, for all the purposes of working
built since the Disruption by voluntary contributions,  the metals, and coining money. Ship-building was carried
Three Roman Catholic churches, the Greek Church, the  on formerly to a considerable extent, but is now nearly
Armenian Church, two Baptist chapels, the Independent altogether extinct, owing, it is said, to the cheaper cost of
Union Chapel, the Hindostanee Church, the Simlecah  construction in the mother country.  The repairing of
Church, in which a converted and educated Hindoo, or- ships is, however, a lucrative business, and the governdamined as bishop, officiates; besides Mohammedan mosques, ment and private docks are extensive and commodious.
Hindoo temples, and a Chinese temple. The churches con-   Commerce. —Calcutta is now the great emporium of the
nected with the English Establishment are under the  East, monopolizing the whole internal trade of Bengal, the
Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of India; and the  nature and extent of which will be found at once fully and
archdeacon and clergy are all salaried chaplains of the  concisely exhibited in the following series of tables:Company, appointed by the Court of Directors. The new
cathedral is a splendid Gothic building, on the E. of the                              Imports.         Exports.
Maidan or plain.  The old cathedral was begun in 1784,                               Ns. Tonnage.      No. Tonnae.
5 1819-50  1i    s.09...British vessels....285,516........728....309,952
and was built by voluntary subscriptions, under the au-               Foreign vessels...143.... 60,122........148.... 59,859
spices of Warren Hastings, governor-general.  The kirk-                             -
session in Calcutta, and that of each of the two other pre-            Total..........1022  349,638   876   69,811
sidencies of Madras and Bombay, are subject to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the presbytery of Edinburgh.  1849-50    Inports.          Value.       Exports.      Value.
WImp ortts...e,00.alu. Cotonpores.galue.
These three kirk-sessions jointly elect and send one minis-  Piece   White cottons...~,601,002...Cotton piece goods, I~7,809
Colored cottons..  275,333... country made...  1
ter and one elder, as their representatives, to the General  Gosos. (Silk and mixed..  46,627... Silk piece good.ds....449.903
Assembly of the Established Church of Scotland.                    Twist and yarn...  798,742... Mfixed piece goods... 37,457
Educational Institdtions.-The educational institutions,
not affording religious instruction, are-the College of Fort    Exports of opium  in  1849-50, 35,093 chests;  value,
William, for the members of the company's civil service; 3,591,4701.: sugar, 1,822,8051  maunds; value, 1,676,2241,.:
the Hindoo College, the Madrussa or Mohammedan College, indigo, 105,184*;  value, 1,675,3721., of which  6,'725l
and the Sanscrit College, all supported by the government, maunds, value 1,046,4721., were to Great Britain. The exandmanagedthroughtheircommitteeofgeneralinstruction. ports to France, in 1844-5, amounted in value to 752,6601.,
There are several schools, taught by natives, for instruction  having nearly doubled within the previous ten years. The
in English, and in the vernacular languages; and a native  total imports into Bengal for 1849-50, amounted in value
female school has been lately establishled by Mr. Bethune, to 64,971,143 rupees or 6,497,1141., and -the exports to
member of council.                                          109,327,126 rupees or 10,932,7121. The principal articles of
The educational institutions affording religious instruc- export are opium; indigo, sugar, saltpetre, rice, raw cotton,
tion are, Bishop's College, founded in 1820, with two pro- raw silk, piece goods, hides, lac, &c. The principal imports
fessors from the EngliSh universities, and intended for the  -metals, piece goods, twist, and yarn, salt, betel-nut, books,
education of missionaries, catechists, and schoolmasters;  glasswares, wines, woods, woollens, &c.
the General Assembly's Institution, established in the year   Ships of 1400 tons burden can sail up the Hoogly, and
1829, and divided into the normal school and college depart- anchor off the city in 6 or 7 fathoms water, or lie at moorment, to which a theological course is now added; and the  uings near the bank. An electric telegraph has recently been
Free Churchlnstitutions established by the missionaries, Dr. constructed between Calcutta and Diamond Iharbor, about
Duff and the Rev. William  Mackay. The High School, the  50 miles down the IHoogly. A railway, 1350 miles in length,
Free School, the ParentalAcademic Institution, the Christian  is in course of construction, which, when completed, will
Instruction Society, the Infant School Society, several la- cross the Ganges, the Sone, the Jumna, and the Sutlej, tradies' societies for nativefemale education, the ChristianTract, verse one of the most fertile regions of India, and connect
and Book Society, and the Armenian Philanthropic Society, its most ancient and populous cities with the ocean. The
are other institutions of a religious character. St. Xavier's opening of the road firom IIowrah, opposite Calcutta, to the
College, and Loretto House, are institutions established and  rich coal-fields at Burdwacn, a distance of 66 miles, was celeconducted by Jesuits; the latter is an establishment for brated Feb.3, 1855, when it was stated that 121 miles of the
the education of young ladies, conducted by nuns of the  East Indian Railroad were already completed, 649 miles
Ursuline order. The Martinibre, founded under the will of  under contract to be completed in 1857, 200 miles in course
General Claude Martin, a Frenchman, who bequeathed it of construction, and 380 miles were being surveyed.
nearly 100,0001., provides gratuitous board, &c. and a liberal   Besides the continuous communication kept up with
education to a certain number of indigent Christian chil- Great Britain by fine passenger and other sailing vessels
drien, without respect to religious denominations.          round the Cape of Good Hope, passengers and mails are
Vie Benevolent Isstitutions are-the Government Savings  carried once a month to and from  Calcutta, by what is
Bank, the General Hospital, the Native Hospital, the Fever called "the overland route," namely, Alexandria, Cairo, and
Hospital, thePolice hospital, the Howrah Seamen's Hospital, Suez.  The Peninsular and Oriental Steam  Navigation
the Leper Asylum, Dispensaries, Public Lunatic Asylum, Company undertake the mail service, under contract with
District Charitable Society, Dw'arltanath Tagore's Fund for the imperial government; and, at the same time, carry
Blind Poor, Bengal Military Orphan Institution, European  passengers in the large  steamers employed by them,
Female Orphan Institution, the Sailor's Home, and some  which leave Southampton on the 20th, and Calcutta on the
sthers.  The most important religious societies are the  8th, of every month.  Two other companies are in thd
Jhurch Missionary Association, the Diocesan Committee of field-the one to be called the Eastern Steam  Navigation
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign  Company, to occupy the same line as the Peninsular and
Parts, the Diocesan Committee of the Society for Promoting  Oriental, but their steamer to leave Plynmouth on the 1st
Christian  Knowledge, the Auxiliary Bible Society, the  of the month for Alexandria, in correspondence with one
Church Missionary Association, Christian Institution of the  from Calcutta; the other, the Screw Steam Navigation ComLondon Missionary Society, the Seamen's Friend, or Bethel pany, now carrying a mail to the Cape of Good Hope, inSociety, and Native Christian Protection Society.          tend extending that line to Calcutta.
334




CAL                                                       CAL
Courts of Law. —ter majesty's Supreme Court of Judica- ignoble flight of the governor, were taken prisoners, and died
ture, at Fort William, was established by charter, 13 Geo. from suffocation in the Black Hole, the prison of the garIII., in 1774; which vested in it criminal, civil, admiralty, rison, where they had been placed for safe custody. Coloand ecclesiastical jurisdiction, subject only to an appeal to  nel Clive, (afterwards Lord Clive,) with about 3000 men,
her majesty in her privy council. It has a chief, and two assisted by Admiral Watson, with a fleet of three king's
puisne justices, appointed by the crown, and has exclusive  ships, recaptured Calcutta in February of the same year;
criminal jurisdiction, (with jury trial,) over all the inha- and Clive, a few days afterward, attacked and routed the
bitants of Calcutta who are placed under the protection of  Nabob in its vicinity.  The latter then signed a treaty,
British law. The civil jurisdiction of the court is equally  dictated to him, by which, among other things. he agreed
extensive; but with this reservation, namely, that the that the company should fortify Calcutta in such a mancourt shall administer their own respective laws of inhube- ner as they should deem proper for its defence; and that
ritance, succession, and marriage, and of contract to Hin- money  should be coined  " at Allenagur" (Calcutta) in
does and Mlohammedans. Beyond the limits of Calcutta, the same manner as at Moorshedabad. In the year 1758,
both the criminal and civil jurisdiction of the suipreme  Meer Jafier, Nabob of Bengal, granted a sunnud to the
court extends over all British-born subjects of her majesty, company for the free tenure of Calcutta. From this date Caland their lawful descendants, residing within the presi- cutta became, virtually, the seat of an independent power.
dency of Bengal, and the provinces from time to time an-   CALCUTTA, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 163
nexed thereto; and its civil jurisdiction extends also over miles N.E. of Columbus, has about 200 inhabitants.
native, and all other inhabitants of India, residing within    CALDAIRO, kl-d/ro, or KALTERN. kilFtern, a town of
these extended limits, who enter into written contracts  Austria, in Tyrol, 8 miles S.W. of Botzen, near the Adige.
with any British-born subject, and agreeing therein, that Pop. 3219.
if dispute should arise, the matters between them should    CALDAS, klldbs, (i. e. AOos or AGUAS CALDAs, /gwAs
be determined by the Supreme Court.                       ktl/dls, "warm waters," or "warm springs,") several small
Popoulation.-The population of Calcutta, according to the  towns of Portugzal, Spain, &c., so called from their warm
census of 1837, amounted to 229,714; but the apparent popu- springs.
lation seems much greater, from the crowds of people which    CALDAS, Icltdis, or CALDAS BA RAINHA, kI/die dA
pour into the city from the suburbs, during the day, to  ri-eenyAi, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 5 miles N.
earn a livelihood, and which, according to the same census, of Lisbon, with 1500 inhabitants, and well-frequented sulamount to the additional number of 177,000. The inhabitants  phur baths.
of Calcutta may, forjudicial purposes, be divided and classed    CALDAS, kUlld[s, a town of Brazil, province of Minas- ~
into —i. British-born subjects and their legitimate descend- G-eraes, commune of Sapucahi, with a school of primary inants, about 3140 in number. 2. Hindoos or Gentoos, of Bengal struction, and hot sulphur springs. Pop. of the district, 2000.
and of the upper provinces of Hindostan, in number about   CALDAS DEL REY, kul/dis dii rA, a town of Portugal, 24
137,650. 3. Mlussulmans or Mohammedans, of Bengal aud  miles S. of Santiago.
of the upper provinces of Itindostan, in number about   CALDAS DE MOMBUY, kaltdis dA mom-boo-ee/, (anc.
58,750. 4. Other natives of Asia, neither Itindoos, Mohamr- A4qare ClUidcc,) a town of Spain, 14 miles N. of Barcelona,
medans, nor Christians-such as Parsees, Chinese, Aracan- with thermal baths, and some antiquities.  Pop. 2409.
ese, Jews, Arabs, and Moguls. 5. Portuguese, Armenian,    CALDAS DE OVIEDO, k l/dis dc o-ve-/do, a town of
French, and other Christians of native or foreign extraction;  Spain, finely situated near Oviedo.
together with half-castes, or illegitimate children of British    CALDBECK, kld/bek, a parish of England, co. of Cumsubjects by native mothers, and their offspring, numbering  berland.
about 5000.                                                  CALDECOT oir CALDECOTE, kildfe-kot, a parish of EngClMnate.-The range of the thermometer in November, De- land, co. of Rutland.
cember, January, and February, denominated the cold sea-   CALDECOT, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
son, is from 50~ to 750 Fahrenheit; the N.E. monsoon, then    CALbECOT, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
the prevailing wind, is bracing to the European constitu-   CALDECOT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolkl
tion, relaxed by the preceding heats; and at this season the    CALDECOT, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
appetite and strength improve. March brings with it the    CALDEIR, k'l/der, a river of England, co. of York,
S.W. monsoon, and hot weather, which increases in tem- West Riding, joins the Aire at Castleford, after a course of
perature during the succeeding month; and in May the  about 40 miles; for nearly 30 miles it is navigable, forming
thermometer reaches 900-950 in the shade, and 100-1100 in  a branch of the Aire and Calder navigation. It is connected
the open air. In June, the rainy season commences, much  by canals with Todmorden, Rochdale, IHalifax, Huddersfield,
to the relief both of animal and vegetable nature, and con- Barnsley, and Goole.
tinues to the end of September; but there are very few days    CALDER, a river of England, co. of Lancaster, joins the
that have not some hours free from rain. The proportion  the Ribble near Whalley.
of deaths to the population is nearly 3-13 per cent. per an-    CALDERt, or CALDERBRIDGE, a hamlet of England, co.
num; that of London is about 2-16.                         of Cumberland, on a stream of its own name, 3 miles S.S.W.
Early History. —Job Charnock, the agent of the "London  of Egremont.
Company," the first English East India Company, incorpo-    CALDERA, kil-di/ri, a small town of South America, in
rated by charter of QueenEliZ beth in 1600, was the founder the Argentine Republic, 22 miles N.E. of Salta.
of Calcutta. The first factory in Bengal of this powerful   CALDERA. a seaport of Chili, on the Pacific, 35 miles N.W.
company, was established at Hoogly, 28 miles higher up  of Copiapo. with which it is connected by railway.
the river, under a firman of the Mogul Emperor of }iindos-    CALDERA, kil-d'riA.  a port of Central America, state of
tan, Shah Jehan, dated 164i4. In the year 1686, the company's Costa Rica, on the Pacific, near the E. of Nicoya. It is exagent, Mr. Charnock, was, with his council and fiactors, dri- tremely unhealthy.
ven out of it by the  Nabob of Bengal.  While sailing    CALDERA, kial-diri, a seaport of HIayti, on its S. coast, 50
down the river, he was attracted by the shade afforded by a  miles S.W. of Sn Domingo.
large tree in the village of Chuttanuttee, (the present site    CALDER, (k[llder,) EAST, an ancient rectory and village
of a part of Calcutta,) and, accordingly, he and his people of Scotland, 11 miles W.S.W. of Edinburgh.
landed, and began to entrench themselves there. August    CALDER, MID, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.
24, 1690, the emperor gave them permission to form a com-   CALDER, SOUTH, a small river of Scotland, in Lanark.
mercial settlement, but prohibited the erection of any forti- shire, tributary to the Clyde.
fications. This period, therefore, may be considered the era    CALDER, WEST, a parish of Scotland, co. of, and 13 miles
of the foundation of Calcutta. Its founder, Charnock, died  S.W. of Edinburgh. It has an old castle, and the traces of a
in 1692, and lies buried in the old cemetery where St. John's  Roman camp.
Church, the old cathedral, was afterwards built. -The set-   CALDEWGATE, kIll/du-gate, a suburb of the city of Cartlement rapidly increased. In 1695, a grant was made by  lisle, England, co. of Cumberland, intersected by the Carlisle
the Nabob of Bengal, confirmed by the Emperor Aurung-  and Newcastle Railway. Pop. 5528.
zebe, of the village of Chuttanuttee, together with two other    CALDICOT, kIl/de-kot, a parish of England, co. of Monvillages of Kalleeghatta, and Govindpore adjoining,reserving  mouth, 4' miles S.S.W. of Chepstow. The picturesque rean annual rent to be paid by the company of 1195 rupees. mains of Caldicot Castle, a structure erected by the Saxons
Walls of masonry, with bastions at the angles, were first, and early Normans, stand on a plain, one mile from Bristol
raised in the same year by the permission of the Nabob, Channel.,s a defence to the factory against a rebel Zemindar, or   CALDICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
land-holder of Burdwan.  Thus originated the fortifica-   CALDIERO, kil-de-Ylro, a village of Northern Italy, 9
tions of Calcutta.  The old fort, called Fort William in  miles E. of Verona, so called from its once celebrated therhonor of King William III., was not begun to be built un- mal springs. The Archduke Charles gained a victory hers
til the year 1699; and that fort, and the European part over Massena in 1805.
of the town, were erected on the site of the village of Kallee-   CALDWELL, kild/w911, a county in the N.W. part of
ghatta, and hence the name Calcutta. In 1757, the town  North Carolina, has an area of a-<cut 450 square miles.'lThe
extended about half a mile above and below the old fort, and  Yadkin River rises in the county, and the Catawba touches
about 600 yards inland; the houses of the English were in  it S. border. A part of the county is a mountainous renumber about 70. This year it was captured and plundered  gion, situated on the S.E. declivity of the Blue Ridge. The
by the Nabob of Bengal, Sooraj-oo-Dowlah, (Suraja-Dowlah,)  land is ifertile, adapted to pasturage.  Capital, Lenoir. Pop.
after a spirited defence; and many of the English, after the  6317; of whom 5114 were free, and 1203 slaves.35
335




CAL                                                          CAL
CALDTWELL. a parish in the N. central part of Louisiana,    CALEDONIA, a post-village, capital of Pulaslki io., Illinois,'has an rea of 528 sqluare miles. It is intersected by Washita  on the Ohio River, 13 nmiles fios  its mouth, and 220 miles'iver, and bounded on the E. by Bceuf Bayou.  The sur-  S. of Springfield.  It has about 300 inhabitants.
ifce is uneven.  The Washita River is navigated by stoam-    CALEDONIA,  a post-village in Washington co., Missouri,
boats througbh this parish. Capital, Columbia. Pop. 2815; about 70 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis.
of whom 1584 were free, and 1231 slaves.                         CALEDONIA, a post-township in Racine co., Wisconsin,
CALDXWELL, a county in the S. central part of Texas, has  about 18 miles S. of Milwaukee.  Pop. 1090.
an area of 5,0 square miles. Itis bounded on the S.W. by San    CALEDONIA, a village of Canada West, co. of -aldim, and
Marcos River.  Thesurlikceis undulating. Named in honor  on the Buffalo, Brantford and Gooderich Railroad, 20 miles
of John Caldwell, a senator of the republic of Texas. Capital, E.S.E. of Brantford.  It has a number of mills and stores.
Lockhart. Pop. 1329; of whom 1055 were free, and 274 slaves. Pop. about 1000.
CALDWELL, a county in W. part of Kentucky, contains    CALEDONIA  SPRINGS, a post-village and wateringabout 700 square miles.  The Tennessee Iiver bounds it on  place of Canada West, Prescott co., 72 miles W. by S. of Monthe S.W., the Tradewater Creekl on the N.E., and it is inter-  treci.  It has excellent hotel accommodations. Permanent
sected by the Cumberland River. The surface is mostly level, pop. about 200.
and the soil fertile.  A large bed of coal has been found in    CALEDONIAN  CANAL, Scotland, counties of Inverness
the N. part, and iron ore is abundant on the banks of the  and Argyle, connects the North and Irish Seas, extending
rivers. Organized in 1809, and named in honor of John Cald- N.E. and S.W., through the great Glen of Caledonia, from the
well,formerly lieutenant-governor ofthe state. Capital,Princec  Murray Firth to Loch Eil, through  Lochs Ness, Oich, and
ton. Pop. 13,043; of whom 9941 were firee, and 3107 slaves. Lochy.  Length 60- miles, of which the lochs compose 37~
CALDWELL, a county in the N.W. part of' Missouri, has  miles, and the canal 23 miles. I1 was begun in 1805, and
an area of 435 square miles. It is intersected by Shoal  opened in 1822; up to the last balancing of accounts it had
Creek, an affluent of Grand River, flowing from  W. to E.,  cost 1,023,6291., and is still unfinished.. The annual revenue
through the middle of the county.  The general. surface is  is about 2500L.: the annual expenditure of management and
level, the soil fertile.   Named in honor of Dr. Caldwell, of  repairs, 3000/. It was repaired and reopened in 1847.
Transylvania University, Kentucky.  Capital, Kingston.    CALEDONIA, NEW, a tract of country in British North
Pop. 2316; of whom  2180 were free, and 136 slaves.            America, W. of the Rocky Mountains, included in the HIudCALDWELL,  a post-village, capital of Warren co., New  son's Bay territory, between lat. 480 and 570 N., and extendYork, at the S. end of Lake George, 62 miles N. of Albany. ing about 500 miles firom N. to S., and nearly 400 miles from
~It contains a conet-houseo and several stores and mills. A  E. to W. It is mountainous, and abounds in lakes and
steamboat plies between this place and the outlet of the  rivers, the largest of the latter is called Frazer's River. It is
lake.  Caldwell is much visited in summer by tourists, on  inhsbited by two great nations-the Takali or Carrier Inaccount of its beautiful scenery.  Here is a large hotel,  dians, and the Atnahs or Shouswaps.  The Hudson's Bay
called the Lake GCeorge House. Iop. of the township, 752.   Company have nine posts or stations in this territory.
CALDWELL, a post-village and township of Essex co.,    CALEDONIA, NEW, an island of Australia in the South
New Jersey, about 10 miles N.W. of Newarkl.  Pop. 2376.    Pacific Ocean, between lat. 200 and 220 301 S., and Ion. 1640
CALDWELL, a post-office of Orange co.. North Carolina.   5' and 1670 E.; length, from N.W. to S.E., about 200 miles;
CALDWELL, a post-office of Washita parish, Louisiana.   breadth, 30 miles. It is surrounded on all sides by coral
CALDWELL, a post-village, capital of Burleson co., Texas, reefs, connecting numerous islets, rocks, and banks of sand,
about 85 miles E. by N. of Austin. The main road from San  rendering the navigation so intricate and dangerous that
Antonio to Nachitoches passes through it.                      the island can be approached by two openings only. Vessels
CALDWELL'S PIAIRIE,apost-officeRacifie co.,Wisconsin.  may anchor securely at Port Balade, on the N.E., and at
CALDY, klahdee, a small island and extra-parochial dis-  Port St. Vincent on the S.W.  Between the small island of
trict of North Wales, co. of Pembroke, off its S. coast, 2 miles  Botany, and the S. end of New Caledonia, a deep, wide, ship
S. of Tenby, has a light-house on the S. side, in lat. 510 37156"  channel was discovered by Captain Woodin in 1849, and
N., Ion. 4040f57"I W., and 210 feet above the sea. P. in 1851, 86. named by him Woodin's Channel. There are several bays
GALE. See OPoro.                                             in it, where ships may anchor close to the beach in 15
CALIEBEEI CREEK, of Macon co., Alabama, flows hsto the  fathoms or less.
Tallapoosa River from the left.                                  CALEDONIA STATION, a post-office of Boone co., Illinois.
CALEDON, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of    CALELLA, kI-llf/yt, a maritime town of Spain, 30 miles
Tyrone, on the Blackwater and the Ulster Canal, 9k miles  S.E. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean.  Pop. 3035.
N.N.E. of Monaghan.  The improvements of the Earl of Ca-    CALENZANA, k2.ln-zVnA, a village of the island of forledon (whose magnificent hall and grounds are adjacent)  sica, 5 miles S.E. of Calvi. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 2377.
have rendered this town one of the neatest in the kingdom.    CALERA, k&-lIra, a village of Spain; in New Castile,
It has one of the largest corn mills in Ireland. It gives the  8 miles S.W. of Talavera, near the Tagus. Pop. 2598.
title of earl to the Alexander family. Pop. 1046.                CALES. See CALvI.
CALEDON, a village of Cape Colony, in Southern Africa,    CALESTANO, kA-l~s-t'no, a town of Italy, 20 miles 5.S.W.
district and 50 miles W.S.W. of Zwellendam.  It has some  of Parma, on the Baganza, has a medical seminary. P. 2664.
celebrated mineral baths.                                        CALF/KILLER CREEK, in the E. central part of TenCALEDON BAY, North Australia, is an inlet on the W. nessee, falls into the Caney fork of Cumberland River, in
side of the Gulf of Carpentaria; lat. 120 40 S., lon. 1360 40' E. White county, about 10 miles S.W. of Sparta.
CALEDON RIVER, in Afsica, Hottentot country, is a con-    CALF OF MAN, a small island in the Irish Sea, immesiderable affluent of the Nu Gariep or Cradock River, which  diately off the S.W. extremity of the Isle of Man. Lat. of
it joins in lat. 300 18, S., Ion. 260 17' E.                   the light-house, 540 3/ N.; ion. 40 49' W.
CALEDO/NIA, the ancient name of SCOTLAND, which see.    CALFPASTUIRE RIVER, Virginia. See NoaRT  RIVEs.
CALEDONIA, kal-e-dolne-a, a county in the E.N.E. part    CALF, THE, a rock off the coast of Ireland, co. of Cork,
of Vermont, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is  in the Atlantic, 4 mile S.W. of Dursey Island.
bounded on the S.E. by the Connecticut, and drained by the    CALHOUN, kal-hoon', a county toward the W. part of FloriPassumsic, Lamoille, and Wells Rivers, which turn numerous  da, bordering  on the Gulf of Mexico, has ecn area of 464 square
grist and saw mills. The surface is rough, and in the WV. miles. The Appalachicola River forms its boundary on the
partmountainous. The soil is good, especially along the val-  E., and St. Joseph's Bay washes the S.WV. border. The surleys of its numerous streams. It contains several sulphur  face is butlittle elevated. Named inhonor of the late John
springs, and abounds in granite and limestone. The railroad  C. Calhoun, the distinguished statesman of South Carolina.
connecting Bellows Falls and St. Johnsbury partly intersects  Capital, St. Joseph. Pop. 1377, of whom  924 were free, and
thiscounty. Organizedin 1792. Capital, Danville. P.23,595. 453 slaves.
CALEDONIA, a post-village and township of Livingston    CALHOUN, a new county in the N. central part of Misco., New York, on the Canandaiguaand Niagara Railroad, and  sissippi, drained by the Yallobusha and Loosascoona Rivers.
on the Genesee River, 20 miles S.W. of Rochester. P. 1804.  It was formed out of portions of Chickasaw, Lafayette, and
CALEDONIA, a post-village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 140  Yallobusha counties.
miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                                        CALHOUN. a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on
CALEDONIA, a post-office of Godochland co., Virginia.       the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 484 square miles. The
CALEDONIA, a post-village of Moore co., North Carolina, Guadalupe River forms its boundary on the S.W., the Mata85 miles S.WY. of Raleigh.                                     gorda and Lavacca Bays wash its N.E. border. The suri-ce
CALEDONIA, a post-village of Lowndes co., Mississippi, is nearly level. Capital, Lavacca.  Pop. 1110, of whom  876
tbout 154 miles N.E. of Jackson.                              were free, and 234 slaves.
CALEDONIA, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.                  CALHOUN, a new county in the S. part of Arkansas.  It
CALEDONIA, a thriving post-village of Henry co., Ten- is bounded on the S.WV. by the Washita River, navigable for
nessee, 120 miles W. of Nashville.                            steamboats, and on the E. by the Moro River. The surface
CALEDONIA, a village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the Ohio  is undulating or hilly; the soil is mostly fertile, producing
River, near the mouth of the Little Miami.                    cotton and Indian corn. Capital, HIampton.
CALEDONIA, a post-village of Marion co., Ohio, on the    CALHOUN county, Michigan, situated in the S.W. central
West Branch of Whetstone River, 54 miles N. of Columbus.  part of the state, contains 720 square miles. It is interIt has several stores and mills.                              sected by the St. Joseph's and Kalamazoo Rivers, and also
CALEDONIA, a post-township in Kent co.,Michigan. P. 99. drained by Battle Creek. The surface is undulating, and
CALEDONIA, atownship, Shiawasseeco., Michigan. P. 500. the soil is a rich sandy loam, producing fine crops of the
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CAL                                                           CAL
grasses and grains. The greater part of the county is co- 340, attains an elevation of abont 17,000 feet. In this portion,
vered with a scattered growth of the white oak and burr oak.  between the Sierra Morena Mountains (near the Pacific) and
It is liberally supplied with water-power, contains quarries  the coast range, lie the valleys of the San Juan and of the
of sandstone, and is intersected by the Michigan Central  Buenaventura, which have their outlets in  the Pacific
Railroad.  Organized in 1833.'Capital, Marshall. -Pop.  Ocean. The latter is O60 miles long, and from 15 to 20 wide.
19,102.                                                       The Sierra Morena, or Brown Mountains, (2000 feet high,)
CALHOUN, a county in the W. part of Illinois, bordering'descend towards the Golden Gate, of which they form the
on Missouri, has an area of 260 square miles. It occupies a  southern wall. The mountains immediately on the coasts
narrow strip of land between the Mississippi and Illinois  bear various local names.  Table Hill, on the N. side
Rivers, which unite at the S.E. extremity of the county. of the strait leading into San Francisco Bay, is 2519 feet
The surface is broken by bluffs and ravines, and is partly  high, and Mount Diablo, E. of San Francisco, 3770 feet in
subjectto inundations. The riverbottoms produce good pas- height. Near the northern boundary of the state, in a spur
ture for cattle. Stone coal is abundant on the banks of the  of mountains running N.E. from  the coast range to the
Mississippi in this county. Capital, Hardin. Pop. 3231.       Sierra Nevada, is Mount Shasta, having an elevation of
CALHOUN, a post-village of Anderson district, South  1.4,400 feet: it is covered with perpetual snow. In Shasta
Carolina, 115 miles W.N.W. of Columbia.                       county  is also  Mount St. Joseph's, 12,000  feet high.
CALHOUN, a thriving post-village, capital of Gordon co., The great valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin  exGeorgia, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, 80 miles  tends from  N. to S. about 500 miles. with  an average
N.W. of Atlanta. and 50 miles from Chattanooga, Tennessee.  breadth of about 60 miles, bounded by the coast range on
It is surrounded by a rich, well-cultivated country, and is  the W., and by the Sierra Nevada on the E.   reom a base
an important depot for produce. Laid out in 1850. Pop. of about 500 feet above the sea cootminences the ascent of the
about 400.                                                    Sierra Nevada, the acclivities being wooded to about half
CALHOUN, a village in the S. part of Lumpkin co., Geor-  the mountain's height with oak, succeeded by a forest of
gia, 50 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta.                              gigantic pines, cedars, and cypress; then follows the naked
CALHOUN, a post-office of Autauga co., Alabama.             granite, and lastly, the summits crowned with perpetual
CALHOUN, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi..      snow. At the N. end of the Sacramento Valley is a second
CALHOUN, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.                  higher valley, of about 100 miles in length, and some thouCALHOUN, a post-office of Columbia co., Arkansas.           sands of feet in elevation, heavily timbered, and containing
CALHOUN, a post-village of McMinn co., Tennessee, on  tracts of arable land along the streams.  The Sierra Nevada
the Iiawassee River, and on the East Tennessee and Georgia  range may be regarded as a continuation of the Cascade
Railroad, 168 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.                      Mountains of Oregon.  It extends almost directly S., till it
CALHOUN, a post-office of Baviess co., Kentucky             unites with the coast range, in lat. 340 N., fbrming in its
CALHOUN, a post-office of Richland co., Illinois.           course the E. boundary of California, as far as the 39th doCALHOUN, a post-village of IIenry co., Missouri, 90 miles  gree of N. lat., near which is ]Fr6mlont's Pass, 7200 feet above
W. by S. of Jefferson City.                                   the sea level. There is a volcano in Calaveras county, near
CALHOUN, a post-office of Harrison co., Iowa.               the sources of Jackson's River. On the western slope of
CALHOUN'S MILLS, a post-office of Abbeville district, these mountains, mostly between 370 and 400 N. lat., are
South Carolina.                                               the celebrated "gold diggings," towards which the eyes of
CALHOUNSYILLE, or MAcALILISTERS~ILLE, a small those "who make haste to be rich" have been so eagerly
post-village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, 55 miles N.W. of  turned since the first discovery of gold in Sutter's mill-race
Harrisburg.                                                   in 1847.'
CALI, k.-lees, a town of New Granada, 70 miles N. by E.    Geology. —We have had no full and complete geological
of Popayan, lat. 30 251 N., ion. 760 30' W. It lies on a western  survey of California.  According to Mr. Tyson's sauvey,
declivity of the Andes, near the Cauca, has straight streets, speaking generally, a section across the state: fsom  Bodega
houses of brick and of whitened earth, 2 elegaut churches, Bay, bearing N. 800 E. to the Sierra Nevada, exhibits first,
several deserted convents, and 1 still in use. The inhabit-  on the western side, in the coast range, a sandstone formaants are wealthy, and chiefly engaged in the transit trade  tion, with interpositions of leptinite, clays, trachyte talcoso
from the interior to the Pacific. Pop. 4000.                  slate, and trap rocks; while the recent sedimentary deposits
CALIADEH, k&-le-Ndeh, a village of India, Gwalior domi- of the Sacramento Valley rest upon beds of conglomerate,
nions,.5 miles N. of Oojein, with a curious Mohammedan  sandstone, and clay, and the western  declivities of the
palace on an island in the Sipra River.                       Sierra Nevada consist mainly of talcose and other slates,
CALIANO, kH-le-Alno, a town of Austria, Tyrol, 9 miles S. through which are extruded trappean rocks, leptinite, graof Trent, on the Adige, celebrated for the defeat of the Ye-  nite, and serpentine. A  similar section across the state
netians by the Austrians in 1487.                             from  San Franciso Bay, bearing N. 700 E., exhibits sandCALICE DI VARA, kWnlechA dee vJrg, a town of Tus-  stones with some fossil deposits E. of the bay, and on the
cany, province of Pisa, 11 miles S. of Pontremoli. It is com- W. slope, conglomerate, sandstone, and slates, with trap,
manded by a castle, and has oil mills. Pop. 2959.             volcanic tufa, and porphyry.
CAL'ICONLAN,. a town of South India, Travancore do-    Xinesrals. —It is almost superfluous to say that California
minions, 116 miles N.W. of Cape Comorin.                      is one of the most important mineral regions in the world,
CALICOTE, kal'le-k1tes, a, town of British India, pre- particularly in its deposits of gold. The great gold diggings
sidency of Madras, 21 miles N. of Ganjam.                     lie on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
CALICUT, kalli-cut, a seaport town of British India. pre- principally between 370 and 40~ N. lat.; but this precious
sidency of Madras, on the Indian Ocean, 102 miles S.W. of  mineral has also been found in other quarters in considerSeringapatam.  Lat. 110 15' N.; Ion. 750 52' E. Pop. esti- able quantities, particularly in Klamath  county, in the
mated at 25,000, but it is declining. Though it has only an  N.W., and in Shasta county. The gold first discovered was
open roadstead, it was for nearly two centuries the empo-  evidently not in place, but the washings from the upper
rium of a flourishing trade, and it still exports teak, pepper, regions; and when that shall have been exhausted, there
cardamoms, wax, coir, cordage, sandal-wood, and cocoa-nuts. are large bodies of auriferous quartz, which (with greater
It was the first place in India touched at by Vasco de Gama,  labor and expense) will probably afford large supplies of
who arrived here, May 18, 1498.                               this metal for generations to come. The amount of capital
CALIF'ORNIA,  kal-e-forne-.a, the most W. of the present  invested in quartz mining, according to the state census of
(1855) United States, is bounded on the N. by Oregon, E. 1852, was $5,.871,401; in placer and other mining opersations,
by Utah, (from which it is partly separated by the Sierra Ne- $3,851,623. Up to November 1, 1853, there had been deposited
vada Mountains,) and New Mexico, S. by-the' Mexican Ter-  at the United States mints, $204,891,023 of California gold.
ritory of Old California, and W. by the Pacific. It lies be- The total amount produced and distributed in all diretween 320 20' and 420 N. lat., and between about 1140 20' tions down to the close of 1854, is estimated at $298,243,938,
and 1240 30' W. lon. California is very irregular in shape,  According to the state census of 1852, about $14,000,000
having its greatest length (about 720 miles) in a N.W. and  were invested in mining operations. In addition to the
S.E. direction, and is about 240 miles in breadth, including  precious metal just noticed, there has been found in Butte
an area of 188,982 square miles, or 120,000,000 acres.        county an abundance of quicksilver, plaster, iron, lead, and
Face of the C'ountry.-As the voyager sails along the coast  some silver; copper and silver, quicksilver, platina, asphalof California, he looks upon a low range of mountains, which  tum, marble, and granite occur in Marin county; black
in many instances approach to the water's edge, and form a  marble in Shasta; a fine-grained white masble and fieebluff, iron-bound coast, through which he enters, by a oar- stone in Calaveras; a splendid ledge of pure white marble
row strait named the Golden Gate, the Bay of San Fran- on the Middle Fork of Feather River; quicksilver in Napa;
ciSco. Following these low mountains on the coast N. of the  rich silver-mines and coal in San Louis Obispo; quicksilver
Golden Gate, is a broken and hilly country, to which suc- in Santa Clara; copious salt springs (sufficient, report says,
ceeds the coast range, entering from Oregon, and extending  to supply the state) in Shasta; bituminous springs in many
nearly parallel with the ocean, at distances varying from 30  places along the coast, and hot sulphur springs in: Santa
to 100 miles, till it reaches the 35th parallel of N. lat., where  Barbara; warm soda springs near Benicia, in Solano; bituit unites with the Sierra Nevada, and passes into Old Call- minous and sulphur springs in San Louis Obispo; and hot,
fornia. This range varies generally from 500 to 5000 feet. asphaltum. and salt springs in Los Angeles county. AcMount Linn, in lat. 400, is the highest known peak of this  cording to Professor Trask, "platina is widely distributed;
part of the coast range, but its altitude has not been ascer-  scarcely a section of country where gold has been found,
tained. South of the Golden Gate, San Bernardino, in lat.  but that this metal has been discovered."  Silver has beer
W                                                                                337




CAL                                         /CAL
found in several mines in the southern district, copper is  year, both in Klamath county; Mount St. Helen's, 350C
widely distributed, and chromium  occurs in large quanti-  feet, in Naps; Saddle Peak, 7200 feet;'Table Mountain,
ties in serpentine rocks. Diamonds are reported to have  8000 feet; and Butte, at the head of South Fork, 9000 feet in
been recently discovered.  The quicksilver-mines of New  height, all in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; two Double
Almaden yield from  30,000 to 35,000 pounds per week. Peaks, conspicuous landimarks, in Solano; and Oregon Hill,
Value exported from San Francisco in 1853, $683,189.          2800 feet high, in Yuba county. Near Vallecita, on Chyots
Bays, Rivers, Lakes, dc. —San Francisco Bay, the best and  Creek, in Calaveras county, is a striking display of volcanic
most capacious harbor on the Pacific coast, is, (including the  action, in the shape of what are called the natural bridges;
two arms, San Pablo and San Francisco Bay proper,) perhaps, two immense arches, thrown over the above-named creek,
70 miles in length, and in the widest part 14 miles broad, and covered with imitations of clusters of fruits and flowers,
with a coast line of 275 miles.  A strait, about 2 miles  doubtless formed when the mass was first upheaved in a
wide, and from 5 to 7 miles long, breaking through a range  molten state. In the same vicinity is "Chyote Cave," a
of low mountains, connects it with the ocean. This strait  deep semicircular chasm, entered by a perpendicular dehas been termed, not inappropriately, the Golden Gate, as it  scent of 100 feet, and then proceeding by a gradual slope
is the passage through which the multitudes from every re- till it reaches a depth of nearly 200 feet below the surface,
gion of the world are constantly hastening, in order to  where you come to a chamber called "The Cathedral," fioom
gather the wealth of this new  and  richer El Dorado. its containing two stones, resembling bells, which, when
Within the barrier of hills already alluded to, the bay di- struck, produce a chiming sound.  Proceeding 100 feet farvides into two parts, the one stretching to the S. about 40  ther, always on the descent, a lake is reached of great depth,
miles, and the other to the N. for about 30. On the N.W. and apparently covering many acres; but the exploration
shore of the southern arm. stands the city of San Francisco. has not yet been carried  beyond this point. The roof of the
The northern arm (San Pablo) is united by a second strait,  cave is studded with stalactites, assuming various fantastic
Carquinez, with Suisun Bay directly E. of it, which is 15 or  forms.
20 miles long. The Golden Gate is the only channel of    Climate, Soil, asd Productios.-The climate of California
communication between the Pacific and the interior of Call-  is much milder, even at considerable elevations, than in
fornia. Pelican, HIumboldt, Bodega, Sir Francis Drake's,  the same latitude on the Atlantic border, and the winters
Monterey, De los Esteras, Santa Barbara, San Pedro, and  are short and seldom severe. At San Francisco the mercury
San Diego, are the other bays, all opening into the Pacific.  seldom rises above 800, but has at times risen to 980 in SepThe Sacramento and San Joaquin are the principal rivers  tember; yet the temperature often varies 300 in 24 hours;
of California, and, running in opposite directions, the for-  in the rainy season the thermometer rarely sinks below
mer from  the N. and the latter from  the S., they drain  490. On the coast, generally,. snow is a rarity. The summers
almost the entire valley between the two great ranges, of San Francisco and other parts near the sea, are more disaSierra Nevada and the Coast Range, and unite about 15  gresable than the winters, owing to the prevalence of N.W.
miles above Suisun Bay, into which they discharge their  winds from the ocean, which bring with them chilling fogs.
mingled waters. Each of these rivers has a course of from   In the hot season these winds set in at San Francisco about
250 to 300 miles. All their tributaries of importance de- 9 or 10 o'clock, and are poured through the Golden Gate
scend the Sierra Nevada slope.  The principal of these, directly upon the city, producing a chilling effect contrasted
commencing at the N., are Pitt, the Feather, Yuba, and  with the heat of the morning.  The sheltered valleys along
American; and of the San Joaquin, the Calaveras, the  the coast enjoy a delicious climate, equally removed from
Stanislaus, the Tuolumne, and Merced Rivers. The Moque-  the chilliness of the exposed parts of the coast, and the heat
lumne meets the Sacramento and San Joaquin near their  of the great valley between the Coast Range and the Sierra
junction. The Sacramento has been  ascended by small Nevada.  In any country ranging through 100 of latitude,
steamers as far as Marysville, the San Joaquin as far as  the difference of temperature would be considerable; but in
Fort Miller, and the Merced for 20 miles.  The Klamath  California this difference is greatly increased by the pecuRiver from Oregon runs through the N.W. part of the state,  liarities of its surface, insomuch that no general statement
and the Buenaventura drains part of the valley between  would be at all correct. The northern portion has more of
the Sierra Morena and coast mountains; both empty into  the chilling fogs of the warm  season, and more and longer
the Pacific. The principal lakes are Tulare Lake, about 60  rains in the wet season, than the southern portion; and in
miles long, in the S., which has an outlet into the San Joe, the great valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, the
quin River, and Clear Lake, in Mendocino county, Owen  heat is much greater'in summer than near the coast, the
Mountain and Mono Lakes, in the eastern part of the state, mercury not unfrequently rising to 1120 and 1200 at Suttersare all small.                                                ville. Owing, says Mr. Tyson, to the extreme dryness of the
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Though California is not  air, it does not produce that prostrating effect that a much
surpassed by any state in the Union in grand and sublime  less degree of heat would produce in the Atlantic and Misscenery, the greater part of it is as yet too imperfectly ex- sissippi States. The nights he represents as never so hot as
plored to justify our speaking of it except in very general to prevent sleep. The Sierra Nevada precipitates whatever
terms.  Not to repeat what has already been said of the  moisture has been left in the air after the passage of the
magnificent mountain ranges, with their summits clad  Coast Range, and sends it into Utah dry and warm.  The
with everlasting snow, we may notice a few natural curiosi- terms winter and summer, as understood E. of the Rocky
ties of quite a different character. Among the most re- Mountains, will not apply'here, and we must resort to the
markable of these are the hot sulphur springs, the Geysers  tropical names of wet and dry seasons. The rains begin in
of America, in Naps county, about 70 miles N. of the city  the N., says Tyson, early in the autumn, and extend slowly
of this name. They are from 1 to 9 feet in diameter, and  southward, reaching San Francisco about a week before the
constantly in a boiling state, ejecting water to heights of 10  1st of December, and San Diego a month later, where the
or 15 feet. Hundreds of fissures in the sides of the moun- rainy' season is over by February, and retrograding, contains emit strong currents of heated gas, with a noise re- tinues later into the year as we proceed N., where the rain
sembling that of vapor escaping from  ocean steamers.  We  not only lasts longer, but falls in greater quantity in a
condense the following from  Silliman's Journal of Novem- given time. During the dry season scarcely a cloud is to be
her, 1851, by Professor Sheppard: —" From  a high peak we  seen in the great valley for a month at a time.
saw on the W. the Pacific, on the S. Mount Diablo and San    Accordiug to observations made during 75 days by the'rancisco Bay, on the E. the Sierra Nevada, and on the N. exploring expedition at San Francisco, between August 18th
opened at our feet an immense chasm, firom  which, at the  and October 31st, N.W. winds prevailed 13 days, S.W. 44,
distance of 4 or 5 miles, we distinctly saw dense columns'of  W. 4, S.E. 5, and calm  5 days. Mean temperature, from
steam rising. Descending, we discovered within half a mile  May 27th to June 6th, 610, maximum  860, minimum 480;
square from 100 to 200 openings, whence issued dense co- while at New IHelvetia, during the same period, the thermolumns of vapor to the height of from 150 to 200 feet, accom- meter rose to 1140. According to observations made by
panied by a roar which could be heard for a mile or more. Fremont, in San Joaquin valley, between the middle of
Many acted spasmodically, throwing up jets of hot, scalding  December and the middle of June, the mean was 290 at sunwater to the height of 20 or 30 feet. Beneath your footsteps  rise, and 520 at sunset; and from the 10th to the 22d of
you hear the lashing and foaming gyrations; and on cutting  March, 380 and 560, at sunrise and sunset respectively; at
through the surface, are disclosed streams of angry, boiling  Deer Creek, 400 N. lat., between March 30th and April 4th,
water.'The Three Buttes,' says Lieutenant Derby,'have  mean at 2 r. s. 590; at the Three Buttes, in 390 N. lat., at an
been erroneously represented, since they are in reality a  elevation of 800 feet, 900 at 2 P. aM.  In lat. 350 30', mean
range of about 12 miles in width by 0 in breadth, and con-  between December 27th and January 17th, 600 at noon; and
tain, perhaps, 20 peaks; the highest of which, and the most  near Monterey early in Miarch, 620 at 2 P. M., at a height of
interestiug, is that on the N., which is a very steep cone, 2200 feet.
surmounted by a turret-shaped rock, 56 feet high, and has    According to Captain Wilkes, not more than 12,000 square
an elevation of 2183 feet;' (Capron says 4000 feet.) This  miles of California are susceptible of cultivation. A recent
commands an extensive view firom  the Coast Range to the  writer computes the arable land at 42,420 square miles.
Sierra Nevada, and for, perhaps, 80 miles up and down the  This opinion will probably have to be very much modified
Sacramento Valley, and will doubtless one day be one of a  with the progress of knowledge, in developing the agriculfashionable resort of the San Franciscans."  (For Spotinmgs, tural capabilities of the country, which now lie much nesee Minerals.)  Among the mountains not named in the  glected in the general rush to "the diggings." Enough has
general survey, are Mount Prospect,  5000 feet high. and  been done to show marvellous fertility in the soil, both as
Salmon Mountain, covered with snow nine months in the  to variety, quantity, and size of the products. In the south,
338




CAL                                                          CAL
and in some of the low interior valleys as far north as Napa,  proverment peculiar to this st.te.  About 3,851,623 in 1852
figs, dates, sugar-cane, and even bananas flourish; and  were invested in sluices, canals, &c. A marine telegraph
most tropical plants may be grown in this region where  communicates between San Francisco and Point Boneta, at
irrigation can be practised, which, in many parts, is abso- the entrance of the Golden Gate.
lutely necessary to successful agricultural operations. The    Commserce.-The commercial city of San Francisco has
sheltered valley between the Sierra Morena and Coast  sprung up as if by magic, and its harbor is thronged with
Range S. of the Bay of San Francisco, is peculiarly favorable  shipping from  Europe, Asia, Australia,'and the Atlantic
to plants and fruits requiring a mild climate. The southern  coast ofthe United States. At the moment we write, in all
country is highly favorable to the grape, and according to  our great Atlantic ports, large numbers of' the first-class
thegstate census, Los Angeles county alone produced 2,250,000  ships are loading  with valuable cargoes for California.
pounds. Peaches, pears, apples, cherries, quinces, and apri- Several lines, employing above 40 immense ocean steamers,
cots flourish. Santa Barbara county reports 1370 barrels  of from 900 to 3000 tons burden, crowded with passengers, to
of olives. Wheat and rye yield largely in many parts north  a degree unparalleled in the history of navigation, weekly
of Point Conception-these crops maturing so early as to be  arrive at and depart from  San.Francisco at the one terlittle injured by the dry season. Oats grow wild in great  minus, and New York and New Orleans at the other. With
quantities in the Sacramento Valley, and westward of it. the exception of the export of gold, California's commerce
This cures in the dry season Aind forms excellent fodder, as  is almost wholly an importing one, the frames and matethere is no moisture to cause decomposition. Hemp, rice, rials of houses themselves being imported. The commerce
tobacco, cotton, and coffee, all can, it is believed, be culti-  of California threatens to revolutionize the trade of the
vated successfully; the first three having been tried. Ac- East, and San Francisco seems likely to become the Alexcording to the state census of 1852, there were 110,748 acres  andria bf modern times, the halting-place of the transit
of land under cultivation, the greater portion of which is in  trade of Asia, in its new western route to Europe, to open
the middle and W. side of the state, between 360 and 400  commerce (and with it civilization) to the isles of the PaN. latitude.  The largest yield was of barley, 2,973.734  cific, and to infuse even into the Chinese the spirit of pro.
bushels; potatoes, 1,393,170; wheat, 291,763; oats, 100,497;  gross.  The foreign imports of California for the fiscal year
Indian corn, 62,532; beef cattle, number 315,392; cows, 1852, were $4,648,587, and the exports consisted of about
104,339; working  oxen, 29,065; horses, 64,773; muales,  $50,000,000 gold dust.  The imports of San Francisco for
16,578; sheep, (in 20 counties,) 35,867; hogs, 88,071, and  1853 amounted to $35,000,000, and the exports of gold to
poultry, 78,953.                                              $62,300,389, of which $56,675,736 was consigned to New
Forest Trees.-The variety of timber in California is not  York; but this is below the real amount, as much is never
great, but it is large in size, and abundant in quantity.  entered at the custom-house. In the same year $2,581,975
The Lambertins pine, or fir, on the mountains, of gigantic  duties were collected. The imports of 1852 of course do not
size, the red-wood, (the'"palo Colorado" of the blexicans, a  include the immense trade with the Atlantic shores of the
tree of huge dimensions, a species of cypress; Colonel Fre-  republic. There entered into California in 1852,718 vessels,
man/t mentions on6 21 feet in  diameter,) pine, spruce,  tonnage 261,352, and cleared 906, tonnage 360,872. About
cedar, white and live oak, sycamore, maple, ash, beech and  one-third of the commerce was in foreign bottoms. Total
laurel are found in all sections of the state, but most  tonnage owned in the state, 99,041.83. See SAN FEANCISCo.
abundantly in the north and central portions, especially    Eciacation.-Congress appropriated half a million acres of
on the western slope of the Nevada Mountains. A specimen  land in California for the support of common schools; of
of arbor vitn recently felled, measured about 320 feet long, this, 150.000 acres have been sold, forming a school fund
and 92 in girth, and yet another 410 feet in length, and  of $300,000. Besides this, two sections of land in each town110 in circumference.  A species of cotton-wood is found.    ship are set apart for the same purpose, and 72 sections for
Ansimals.-Among the animals are the moose, elk, ante-  a state university. The money available for present use,
lope, black-tailed and jumping deer, mountain sheep, griz-  arising from different sources, amounted to nearly $50,000
zly, black, and barren ground bear, the cougar, common, in 1853.  The donations of public lands for school and
grey, dusky, black, and prairie wolf, the northern lynx, red  university purposes, amounted to 6,765,404 acres in June,
lynx, tiger-cat, cuyote, (an animal between a fox and a wolf,  1853. The superintendent of public schools, the same year,
which preys upon sheep and pigs;) a black wildcat, red, reported to the legislature, 17,821 white children in the
and common fox, wolverine, (a sullen, savage animal, which  state, 20 public schools attended by 3314 pupils; number
partakles of the nature of the bear, fox, and weasel,) badger,  of teachers employed, 15, of whom 6 were females; highest
racoon, marmot, squirrel; a speciesof rat, living in the moun-  salary, $150 per month; lowest, $75; total expended on
tains, and building itself a brush hut 4 or 5 feet in height,  teachers' salaries, $21,355.42.  Eight or 10 academies and
about the size of a musk-rat, web-footed, with a fine mouse-  high schools have been founded, supported  by private
colored fur; pouched rat, mice, hares, martins, and rabbits  means, and the Catholic bishop of Monteiey reports eight
are the principal quadrupeds.  The sea and land  otter,  schools under his direction.
common hair seal, beaver, and musk-rat, are the principal         eligion. —In 1850, California had 28 churches, of which
fur-bearing animals.  Many wild  horses roam  over the  1 belonged to the Baptists, 1 to the Episcopalians, 5 to the
native pastures. Large herds of cattle, but of an inferior  Methodists, 3 to the Presbyterians, and 18 to the Roman
breed, were formerly raised principally for their hides, horns  Catholics.
and tallow. The elk, the grizzly and other bears, and deer are   msblic Institutions.-A  state lunatic asylum  is now in
abundant.  Birds, except aquatic fowls, are not abundant  course of erection at Stockton. which will be an ornament
in California. The California and hblack vultures (the for-  to the state. In 1852, there were, in temporary buildings, 30
mer 4 feet in height, and 10 feetfrom tip to tip of its wings, is  patients. The State Marine Hospital, at San Francisco, in
a solitary bird, building its nest on the top of the mountain.)  1852, admitted 2283 patients, of whom 1408 were foreigners.
the turkey-buzzard, golden and bald eagle, fish-hawk, black,  The United States Marine Hospital, now being erected in the
and pigeon hawk, gerfalcon, goshawk, great horned and great  same city, is 182 feet by 96 feet, 4 stories high, and capable
snow-owl, black raven, shrike, robin, brown thrush, lark, of accommodating 800 patients. A penitentiary is now in
redwing, snow-bunting, cross-bill, magpie, three species of  course of erection at St. Quentin, 15 miles N. of San Franjay, woodpecker, humming-bird, swallownight-hawk, king   cisco, at which place 200 convicts are employed in constructfisher, grouse of various kinds, geese, ducks, widgeons, ing the building.
teal, crane, curlew, snipe, sandpiper, plover, tatler, godwit,   Ieopulstiss.-No member of the American confederacygull, phalarope, penguins, swan, (the largest bird of Cai- perhaps we might safely say, no portion of the earth-has
fornia, and a bird of passage,) white pelican, and albatross,  so mixed a population as California, adventurers being
are the principal birds.  Among the fishes are the seal, found from almost every quarter of the globe; even the exsturgeon, bass, mackerel, crawfish, blackfish, sardines, (in  celusive empire of China has here its representatives by tens
sufficient numbers to become an article of export,) codfish, of thousands, whose patient industry makes them  useful
porgy, bonito, pilehard, skate;. and, out at sea, the whale  inhabitants. The Indians also form a large portion of the
and porpoise, clams, oysters, lobsters, crabs, halibut of a  population.  According to a state census taken towards the
large size, sharks, a large fish of a dingy red color off the  close of 1852, the population of California was 264,435 inhasoundings, salmon in great abundance, (large in size and  bitants, (one county, El Dorado, being estimated,) of whom
excellent in quality,) salmon-trout, trout, smelts, and a large  151,115 where white males, 29,741 females; 1637 male nefiesh-water fish from 1$ to 2$ feet long. Among reptiles are  groes, 253 females; 424 male mulattoes, 98 females; 19,675
the striped, black, spotted, and rattlesnakes; the adder, and  male domesticated Indians, 12,864 females; 93,344 were
several species of water-snake.                                citizens of the United States over 21 years of age; 50,631
J1ssnufactresio.-California has few  manufactures, and  male foreigners, and 4360 females. Of the foreigners, 39,444
this state of things is likely to continue so long as there is  were over 21 years of age. Of the population, it is estimated
so great a demand for labor in other and more profitable  that 140,000 are miners.
kinds of business. About $800,000 were invested in sawing        Counties.-California is divided into 36 counties, viz. Alalumber in 1850.                                                meda, Butte, Cataveras, Colusi, Coutra-Costa, El Dorado,
_lsternal slspriovements.-Se veral railroads have been pro-  Ifumboldt, KIlamath, Los Angeles. Marin, Mariposa, Mendojected, in California, the principal of which are —that from   uino, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, San
San Francisco to San Jos6; one from Benicia to Marysville, Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, San Francisco, San
and one from  Stockton towards Sonora. Plank-roads, also, Luis Obispo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara,
have engaged tlle public attention. Canalling, for the pur-  Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, Suftter. Trinity
pose of conducfneg water to the mines, is a species of im-  Tuolumne, Tulare, Yolo, and Yuba. Capital, Sacramento.
339
LI




CAL                                                           CAL
Cities and Towns.-San Francisco had, in 1852, a popula- here and there with clusters of briars, small shrubs, or
tion of 34,876;* it is now (1855) estimated at not less than  dwarf trees. Along the mountain foot the ground is sandy
60,000; Sacramento City has about 10,000; Nevada, 7000;  or stony, and covered with cylindrical cactuses of extraorMarysville, 4500; Placerville, Sonora, and San Jos6, each  dinary height. Among the ridges and protected hollows are
4000; Stockton, Monterey, Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Bar- a few spots of soil, formed generally of decomposed lava.
bara, Shasta, Culloma, and Downieville, from 1000 to 3000.   Springs of water, few in number, are ordinarily found on
Government, Fiasn.ces, &c.-The governor of California is  bare rock; for water and soil are seldom  met with at the
elected for two years by popular vote, and receives $10,000  game place.  Where, however, this happens to be the case,
salary.  The senate consists of 33 members, elected for 2  the fertility is immense. The want of water is the bane of
years, and the house of representatives of 80, elected an-  Lower California.  Only two streams fall from  its miwinnually. The state legislature assembles annually on the  tains into the Gulf of California, both near the middle of'first Monday in June.  The members receive $'[6 per diem   the peninsula, and only three into the Pacific; and none of
during one session. California, by the recent stalte census, them are large.  In the interior are several copious springs,
will be entitled to 3 members in the national House of Re- sending forth abundant streams, which, unfortunately, run
presentatives, (if the state census should be taken as the  along a rocky course, and are absorbed ultimately in the
guide to apportionment, otherwise but 2,) and to 5 electoral porous, arid soil, or are lost in subterranean channels.  For
votes for President of the United States.                     about O80 miles N. from Cape San Lucas the air is mild, being
The judiciary consists: 1. Of a supreme court, composed  tempered-by the sea breeze; from this section N. to Loretto,
of 1 chief and 2 associate judges, elected by the people for  lat. 260 16, N., the heat is excessive; but thence N. the air is
six years, and receiving $8000 each, annually.  2. Of dis- cooler. The temperature of summer, on the coast of the
trict courts, the judges of which are also elected by popular  Pacific, ranges from  580 to 710; the sky is peculiarly clear,
vote, for six years. 3. A county judge is elected in each  of a deep blue, and perfectly cloudless, excepting sometimes
county for bour years, to act as judge of probate, and to  at sunset, when streaks of the most beautiful shades of viohold courts for the transaction of criminal business, in con- let, purple, and green appear. In winter, the rains are
junction with two justices of the peace; and 4. Of the supe- severe, but of short duration, and accompanied by tremenrior court of San Francisco.  The district judges receive  dons tornadoes of wind, sweeping the soil firom  every ex$7500 per annum.    ~                                         posed position into the sea, and causing the tiller of the
The productions and capital employed in various branches  ground to seek a new place in which to ply his vocation.
of business, (Calaveras and El Dorado counties estimated,)  During the rains, the thermometer faIls as low as 500. The
including live stock, agricultural products, mines, &c. &c., variety of climnite, however, is great; for when near Cape
made in 1852, a total of $108,522,568. The state debt of  San Lucas the thermometer stands between 600 and 700, at
California amounted on October 31st, 1853, to $3,257,492. the head of the gulf it is down to the freezing point. The
The income of the state for the year ending June, 30th, few, fertile spots of Lower California yield maize, manioc,
1853, amounted to only $454,985.84, while the expenditures  wheat, beans, peas, and all manner of esculent roots; exwere $1,367,593,35; but the receipts of the unexpired fiscal cellent grapes, from which wine is made similar to that of
year, amounted, in January. 1854, to.780,000 net revenue, the Canaries; oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, prunes, dates,
History.-According to some  accounts, California was plantains, pine-apples, &c. The mountains feed a few wild
first visited by Cobrillo, who landed at San Diego in 1542, sheep and goats; and, to a small extent, horses, black catand afterward by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578.  The first tie, mules, goats, and pigs are reared.  If the land be barmission was founded by some Spaniards in 1769. After the  ren, the sea is stored with fish in incredible abundance and
Mexican revolution, California formed a province of that  variety; among them  may be named halibut, salmon, turrepublic until 1836, when the inhabitants rebelled, drove  bet, skate, pilehard, large oyster, thornback, mackerel, barout the M3exicanS, and formed an independent congress.  bel, bonAitos, soles, lobsters, sardines, cod, tunnies, anchovies,
After having been the scene of several sanguinary contests  and pearl-oysters. The pearl oyster is obtained in the gulf,
during the war with Mexico, by the treaty of peace in 1848, near the S. parts of California, and it was formerly much
it became a part of the United States, and in 1850 was ad- more extensively fished than at present. The quantity ohmitted into the American Confederacy, as a sovereign state; tained in 1851, by 15 boats, amolunted in valuie to about
since which time its almost daily history has been blazoned  70001. Gold is supposed to abound in Lower California, and
to the world, far and near, in the newspapers of the day. a mine wrought near La Paz is said to be rich. The chief
During its occupancy by the Spaniards, it was resorted to  towns are La Pac, the capital, with a population of 500, near
by the Americans, principally for the hides and tallow  the S.E. extremity of the peninsula, and Loreto, in about lat.
cured at the Jesuit missionary stations, and by the Russians 260 12' N., lon. 11207 W. Lower Californiawas discovered by
in pursuit of the seal.-Adj. and inhab. CALIFcorINzAc.        iernando de Grixalva, in 1534. In 1642, the Jesuits formed
CALIFORNIA, a post-office of Erie co., New York.            establishments in it; they taught the natives the art of culCALIFORNIA, a small village of Washington co., Penn- tivating the ground, and raised them greatly in the scale of:
sylvania.                                                     civilization. In the reign of Philip V., more especially subCALIFORNIA, a post-village, Yallobusha co., Mississippi. sequent to 1744, the Spanish establishments in California
CALIFORNIA, a post-village of Campbell co., Kentucky.   increased, and became very considerable.  In a very few
CALIFORNIA, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.            years the Jesuits built 16 villages in the interior of the
CALIFORNIA, a small village of Madison co., Ohio.           peninsula;  but in 1767 they were expelled, and the admiCALIFORNIA, a post-township in Branch co., Michigan, nistration of Califor-nia was committed to monks of the Doabout 18 miles S.W. of Hillsdale. Pop. 473.                   minican convents of the city of Mexico, who have not mainCALIFORNIA, a post-village, capital of Moniteau co., Mis- tained the same career of usefulness as their predecessors.
souri, 25 miles W. of Jefferson City, and 12 miles S.W. of Mis- Pop. 8000; of whom, probably, 4000 are Indians.
sounri River. Lead and stone coal are found in the vicinity.   CALIG, kA-leegl, or CALIX, kAt-leen6, a town of Spain, 38
CALIFORNIA, GULF OF, or SEA OF CORTES, (Sp. 2ars  miles N.E. of Castellon de la Planea. Pop. 3020.
Bermejo, man bar-m;no; i.e. Red Sea,") an arm of the Pa-    CALIMERA, kd-le-m.lrAI, a town of Naples, province, and
cific, between lat. 230 and 320 30' N., lon. 1070 and 1140 W., 131 miles N.W. of Otranto. Pop. 1600.
separating the peninsula of California on the W. from Sonora    CALIMERA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra
and Cinaloa (Mexico) on theE. Length, about 700 miles; II. Pop. 500.
breadth varies from 40 to 100 miles. Its coast is irregular,   CALIMERE, (kJIld-meerl,) POINT, a cape on the coast of
forming on both sides many small bays or gulfs. It con- India, 30 miles from  the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 100
tains numerous islands; and at its N. extremity it receives 17' N., lon. 790 5' E.
the rivers Colorado and Gila.. The villages of Loreto, La    CALING'APATAM,. a seaport town of British India, preI'Paz, and Guaymas, are on its shores. Ever since its dis- sidency of Madras, on the Bay of Bengal, 16 miles E.N.E. of
covery, it has been noted for its pearl-fishery.              Chicacole, at the month of the river Paddair.  Small coastCALIFORNIA. LOWER or OLD, (Sp. Basja or Yieja Cal'for- ing vessels are built and repaired here in mud docks.
ncia, bA;hA or ve-PIHA kg-le-foane-&,) a department of Mexico,   CALIPUJANG, k'-le-poo-ykng/, a harbor of:the island of
situated on the W. coast of North America, and formed of a Java, on the S. coast, inside of the islands of Nusa-Kombanpeninsula lying from N.W. to S.E., about 750 miles long by  yan and Nusa-RS, in lat. 70 33 S., lon. 1060 30/ E. The Dutch
from 30 to 150 broad, and extending from Cape Saint Lucas, its have an establishment here.
most 8. point, let. 220 52' N., Ion. 1090 531' W., to lat. 320 30' N.;    CALITRI, kg-leeltree, a town of Naples, province of Prinbounded N. by Upper or New California, E. by the Gulf ofCall- cipato Ultra, near the Ofanto, 7 miles E.N.E. ofConza. P. 5000.
fornia, and S. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula is    CALIZZANO, kL-leet-ssno, a village of the Sardinian
volcanic, and is traversed throughout its whole length by a  States, on the Bormida, 14 miles S.W. of Cairo. Pop. 2432.
continuation of the Sierra Nevada, from 1000 to nearly 5000    CALKEN, k~lfken, a village of Belgium, province of East
feet high, the culminating peak, Cerro de la Giganta, being  Flanders, on the Scheldt, 8{ miles E. of Ghent.  Pop. 4950.
4900 feet. It has two extinct volcanoes, a number of springs    CALK'S (kawks) FERRY, a post-office of Lexington dis.
of hot water, and bitumen; much of it is heated by suba  trict, South Carolina.
terranean fires, and earthquakes are frequent.  This moun-    CAL'LABEG!  KILNASAER or LOUGHIIMORE  EAST, a
tain range is almost bare of verdure, being only sprinkled  parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tipperary.
CALLAC, kl'lakt, a town of France, department of CtesL * It must be borne in mind, in giving populations in California,  du-Nord, 30 miles W.S.W. of St. Brieuc.  Pop. in 1852, 3424.
that there is an immense floating population, particularly in San    CALVLACAND!, a town of British India, presidency of Ma
]F~ancisco, not enumerated in the census.                     dras, district of Tinnevelly, 30 miles N. of Nape Comorin
340




CAL                                                        CAL
CAL'LACOILI, a town of British India, presidency of Ma- cent, British West Indies, on its S. coast, 2 miles S.E. of
Iras, 60 miles S.S.W. of Tanjore.                          Kingstown, having the best harbor in the island.
CALLAGHAN'S, kal/la-hans, a post-office of Alleghany co.,   CALLIAN, kPl e-8Nct, a town of France, department of
Virginia.                                                  Var, 14 miles N.E. of Draguignan. Pop. of commune, 1600.
CALLAIN, ktl-linel, a town, Malay Peninsula,on the Strait    CALLIANEE, kal'le-an-neef, an inland town of British
of Malacca, in lat. 30 0' N., ion. 1010 20' E., 207 miles N.N.E. India, presidency, and 32 miles N.E. of Bombay, capital of a
of Singapore.                                              subdivision of the district of Concan. It is populous, and
CALPLAN, a river of Ireland, in Ulster, joins the Black- has some trade in cocoa-nuts, oil, coarse cloths, and earthenwater at the entrance into Charlemont. Total course, 10 miles. wares.
CALLAN, a municipal borough, market-town, and parish    CALLIANEE, a town of British India, in Nizam's domiof Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kilkenny, on King's River. Pop. nions, 36 miles W. of Beeder.
of the town 3111, of whom 1000 are said to have no regular    CALLIANO, kSl-le-A/no, a village of Piedmont, in a wellemployment, Previous to the union, Callan sent 2 mem- cultivated district, 12 miles S.W. of Casale. Pop. 2630.
bers to the Irish House of Commons.  It was the scene    CAL'LICOONI, sometimes written and often pronounced
ofmany conflicts in former times, and was taken by Cromwell  COL'LICOONI, a township of Sullivan co., New York, on the
in 1650. It gives the title of viscount to the Fielding family. Delaware River and Erie Railroad, about 90 miles S.W. of
CALLANA, kt-lOna, or CALANNA, kA-1htn/S, a town and  Albany. Pop. 1981.
mountainous district of North-western Africa, in Soodan.    CALLICOON CRIEEK, of Sullivan co., in the S. part of
The mountains form part of the Bataka Range, a system   New York, ftlls into the Delaware River.
which branches off in a N.E. direction friom the Mountains    CALLICOON DEPOT, a post-office of Sullivan co., New
of Kong, in about ion. 20W., and terminates in the Desert York.
of Sahara. The town of Callana is about 450 miles S.S.E.    CALLIES, kal-leesf, a town of Prussia, 58 miles E.S.E. of
of Timbuctoo, in lat. 110 121 W., Ion. 20 W.               Stettin. Pop. 2641.
CALILANDER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.            CALVLIGRAYI, a small island of Scotland, one of the HeCAL/LAND'S, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.    brides, district of Harris, 3 miles E. of Bernera, 2 miles long
CALLAO, k'llwl, an island of Farther India, in the China  and 1 broad.
Sea, opposite the coast of Cochin China, 16 miles from the    CALLINGER or IKALLINGER, kal/ling-ghgr, a town and
mouth of the Fai-fo River; lat. 150 48' N., ion. 1080 30' R. hill fortress of British India, presidency of Bengal, 90 miles
Area, 10 square miles. It has a peak about 1400 feet in  W.S.W. of Allahabad, on a table-land, 1200 feet above the
height, and a town on its S.W. shore.                      adjacent plains. The town stands at the N. foot of a hill,
CALLAO, kl-l]/o, or kIl-ySo, a fortified town of Northern  the summit of which is enclosed by walls about 5 miles in
Peru, 6 miles W. of Lima, of which it is the port, on the  circumference, and was taken by the British, after a severe
Pacific, in lat. 120 S., ion. 770 13' 7" W. Pop. (1850,) 8435.  siege, in 1812.
It is ill built, but important; as its roadstead, sheltered by the    CAL/LINGTON  or KELILINGTON, a market-town and
island of San Lorenzo, is the best of the Peruvian coast. It parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 10 miles S. of Launceshas a convenient quay, and communicates with Lima by a  ton. Pop. in 1851, 2146. It has a branch bank and a literary
good carriage-road, along which omnibuses now run daily,  society. Callington formerly returned 2 members to the
The exports consist chiefly of bullion, specie, copper, cotton, Ilouse of Commons.
barkand hides. In 1847, 709 vessels (aggregate burden 205,697    CALLIPOLIS.  See GALLIPOL.
tons) entered, and 687 vessels (burden 199,472 tens) cleared    CALLO, k~l-l15, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on
fr-omtheport. Great improvements have recentlybeenmade  the Scheldit, 6 miles W.N.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 2229.
in the town; the streets have been widened, and a fine mole    CALLOSA DE ENSARMA, kai-yo/s& dA Sn-saR-Ree, a
has been erected. The roadstead is large, safe, firee firom rocks, town of Spain, 26 N.E. of Alicante.  Pop. 4328.
and always smooth. The castle of Callao, which used to be re-   CALLOSA DE SEGURA, kl'~-yo/sA dA s4-goo/rA, a town of
garded as the key to Lima, has been almost entirely disman-  Spain, 27 miles S.WV. of Alicante. Pop. 2904.
tied, and is now used as a customhouse. In 1746, the old    CAL/LOW, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.
town of Callao was destroyed by an earthquake; at low         CALMINA, kal-mee/nA, a town of Africa, in Northern Guiwater the ruins are still visible. In 1820, the Earl of Dun- nea, kingdom of Dahomey, 15 miles S.E of Abomey, the usual
donald (then Lord Cochrane) gallantly cut out the Esme- residence of the king, and said to have 15,000 inhabitants.
ralda, a large Spanish ship of war, from under the guns of    CALMPTIOUT, kkmpt/howt, a village of Belgium, 12
the fort.                                                  miles N.E. of Antwerp, with breweries, tanneries, and oil
CAL'LAP/00YA INDIANS. a tribe in Oregon, dwelling  mills.
S. of the Columbia, and E. of the W'illamette.               CALIMUCKS or KAL/MUCIKS, written also CALMACKS,
CALLAS, kAl'lls', a town of France, department of Yar, 5  an Asiatic people, a branch of the Mongols, to be met with
miles N.E. of Draguignan. Pop. in 1852, 2185.               over all the countries of Upper Asia, between 1at. 380 52' N.,
CAL/LAWAY, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, bor- and firom the Hoang-Ho to the Volga.  They live in tents,
deripg on Tennessee, has an area ofabout 450 square miles. and have no fixed abode, and move from place to place in
The Tennessee River forms the entire E. boundary, and it is  quest of pasturage for their herds, the rearing of which is
also drained by Clark's River. MIore than half of the surface  their sole occupation.
consists of level river bottoms; the remainder is hilly; the    CALN, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
soil is fertile. Formed in 1821, and named in honor of Colo-   CALNE, kin, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and
nel Richard Callaway, one of the early settlers of Kentucky.  parish of England, co. of Wilts, 65 miles N.WV. of Devizes.
Capital, Murray. Pop. 8096; of whom  7104 were free, and  Pop. in 1851, 5117. It has an ancient church, the tower
992 slaves.                                                built by Inigo Jones; a grammar school founded in 1660, a
CALLAWAY,, a county in the E. central part of Missouri.  town-hall, branch bank, and some manufactures of woollens.
on the N. bank of the Missouri River, contains 743 square  A branch of the Wilts and Berks Canal reaches the town.
miles.  It is drained by Cedar Creek and other small Calne sent 2 members to the House of Commons from the
streams. The surface is gently undulating, and the soil is  reign of Richard II. until the Reform Act deprived it of one
highly productive, both on the river bottoms and the up- member.
lands. About one-third of the county is prairie. The crop    CALINO, a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey.
of oats in this county was 184,418 bushels, being greater   CALORE, kI-lorA, (anc. Calor,) a river of Naples, in Printhan that of any county in the state excepting Greene; cipato Ultra, falls into the Volturno.
and the quantity of hay was exceeded only by Howard.   CALORE, kS-lobr/t, or NEGRO0, nA/gro, (anc. hTanalger, or
Large beds of cannel coal, bituminous coal, iron ore, and  Callor,) a river of Naples, in Principato Citra, joins the Sele.
fine limestone underlie the greater part of the county. A    CALOSSO, kS-los/so, a village of the Sardinian States, in
stratum of cannel coal 24 feet thick has been opened near the  Piedmont, 11 miles S.S.E. of Asti. Pop. 2107.
river. Fine potter's clay is abundant, and is extensively    CA/LOW, a parish and hamlet of England, co. of Derby,
manufactured. The county is among the most populous in  1- miles E. of Chesterfield.
Missouri. Organized in 1820. Capitals Fulton. Pop. 13,827;    CALPE. See GIBRLTARa.
of whom 9920 were free, and 3907 slaves.                      CALPENI, one of the Laccadive Islands. See KALPxNI.
CALLE, LA, 1I k~ll or lA k/l,, the most eastern town and    CALPENTYN, k.l-pen-tIne/, a peninsula of Ceylon, on its
seaport of Algeria, on a peninsula in the Mediterranean, 300 W. coast. During the N.E. monsoon it becomes an island.
miles E. of Algiers. Pop. 805. It is the chief seat of the    CALPENTYN, kil-pen-tine/, a seaport town of Ceylon, on'French coral fishery.                                      the WY. coast, 93 miles N. of Colombo. Lat. 80 14' N.; Ion.
CALLENBERG, kBl/len-bWnIG, a village of Saxony, district 790 53' E. It contains a bazaar, and 8 places of worship.
of Waldenberg, containing chalk, and tile-works. Pop. 1080. The harbor is not accessible, in consequence of shoals, to
CALLENBERG, a village of Saxony, district of Lichten- vessels exceeding 100 tons, even at the highest spring tides,
stein. Pop. 1000.                                           so that they are obliged to unload in the Dutch bay at MutCALLENSBURG, a post-village of Toby township, Clarion  wal, and to send their cargoes to Calpentyn in smallvessels.
co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Clarion River, about  Calpentyn was acquired by the Portuguese in 1544, and was
65 miles NN.E. of Pittsburg.                               held by them till 1640, when it was captured by the Dutch,
CALLENSVILLE, a thriving. post-village of Pendleton co., who remained there till 1795, when it was surrendered to
Kentucky, on the South Branch of Licking River, and on  the British, who still retain it. The inhabitants are conmthe Railroad from Covington to Lexington.                   posed of Malabars, Javanese, and MIoors, and amount il
CAL'LIAG/NA, a seaport village of the island of St. Yin- number to about 4500.
341




CAL                                                           CAM
CALE~Y, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Sligo.      CALVIENTUP.A (kal-vln-toolrd) ISLANDS. two groups of
CALSI, kal/see, a considerable village and mart of North-  rocky islets in the Bay. of Benga.l, off the. E. coast of Bur,
ern Hindostan, in Gurhwal, at the confluence of the Jumna  mah, distant firom  each other about 5 or 6 miles.  TIhe
and Tonse, 43 miles N.N.E. of Seharunpoor.                    north-western group consists of seven black rocks, in la.
CALSTOCK, kal/stok, a parish of England, co. of Corn-  160 55' N.; ion. 940 14' E.
wall.                                                           CALVYER, kllver, a township of England, co. of Derby.
CALSTONE (kAl/ston) WILtLINGTON, a parish of Eng-    CALVERLEIGH1,'kAl/vr-le, a parish of England, co. of
land, co. of Wilts.                                           Devon.
CALTAGIRONE, kAl-t9-je-rofnA, or  CALATAGIRONE,    CALIVERLEY, a parish of England, co. York,West Riding.
ki,-latt-je-rolnA, (anc. Clata Uieronis?.).a city of Sicily, pro-    CALYERLEY-CUM-FARSLEY, a township of Efigland,
vince, and 32 miles S.W. of Catanial, on the slope of a hill, co. of York, West Riding.
and with its suburbs occupying a considerable extent of    CALVERT, kawl/vert, a  county  of Maryland, borderground.  It is reputed one of the wealthiest and most corn- ing on Chesapeake Bay, has an area of about 250 square
mnercial towns in the island. It contains several churches  miles. It consists of a peninsula formed by the Chesapeake
and convents, a royal college, hospital, and orphan asylum. and the Patuxent Rtiver, which washes its western border,
It is the seat of a bishop, and has an academy with four  and enters the bay at the southern extremity. The surface
professors. The inhabitants are esteemed the best work-  is somewhat undulating; the soil is moderately fertile.
men in Sicily in the useful arts. The  ianufactures corn-  Marl is abundant in the county, and is used to fertilize the
prise pottery-ware and cotton fabrics. The town was forti- soil. Organized in 1654, and named in honor of the Calvert
fled by the Saracens, and taken fiom  them by the Genoese.  fatmily, to which Lord Baltimore belonged. Capital, Prince
The famous Roger Guiscard accorded extensive privileges  Frederick. Pop. 9646, of whom 5160 were free, and 4486 slaves.
to the town. Pop. 21,700.                                        CALIVERT, or KAWVEN, a group of small islands in the
CALTANISETTA, kIl-t t-ne-set/tA, a city of Sicily, in a  North Pacific Ocean. Lat. of the N.W. one, 80 54' N.; lon.
fertile plain near the Salso, 28 miles N.E. of Girgenti.  Pop. 170~ 49' E.
17,292. It is well built, and has handsome public build-    CALVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
ings, civil and criminal courts. In its vicinity are mineral    CALVERTON, a parish of England, co. of.Nottingham.
springs and extensive sulphur-works, producing annually    CALVI, kalve, a seaport town of Corsica, on a peninsula
5500 tons. Caltanisetta is supposed to occupy the site of  of its N.W. coast, in the Gulf of Calvi, 38 miles W.S.W. of
the 2Nissce of the Romans.                                     Bastia.  Pop. in 1852,1746. It has a good harbor and roadCALTIORPE, kAl/thorp, a parish of England, co. Norfolk. stead, and a strong citadel, which was taken by the English
CALTHWAITE, kAlfthwait, a township of England, co. of in 1794, after a siege of 51 days.
Cumberland.                                                      CALVI, kAl/vee, (anc. Callcs,) a decayed town of Naples,
CALTONICA, kAl-tonle-k&, a town  of Sicily, 15 miles  province of Terra-di-Lavoro, 71 miles N.N.W. of Capua. It is
N.W. of Girgenti.  Salt is manufactured, and upwards of  a bishop's see, but, owing to its unhealthiness, its bishop
1000 tons of sulphur are annually produced from the mines  resides at Pignataro.  It was formerly important as the
in the vicinity. Pop. 7060.                                    Cl/es of the Romans, celebrated for its baths.
CALTURA, k'l-toolrii, a seaport town and fort of Ceylon,    CALVIA, kIllve-A, a town of Spain, island of Majorca, 6
on its W. coast, 26 miles S.E. of Colombo, with an active  miles W. of Palma. Pop. 2007.
trade in arrack. A great number of vessels belong to the    CAL/VIN, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania.
port, and trade with Madras and other places along the    CALVIN, a township of Cass co., MIichigan.  Pop. 624.
Coromandel coast.                                               CALVISANO, kil-ve-si/no, a town of Northern Italy, in
CALUIRE, kilaweeit, a village of France, department of  Lombardy, 15 miles S.S.E. of Brescia.  Pop. 2700.
Bh6ie, 3 miles N.N.E. of Lyons, of which it constitutes a    CALYISSON,  klPveessNdG, a town of France, department
suburb. Pop. of commune, in'1852, 6563.                       of Gard, 10 miles S.W. of Nfmes. Pop. in 1852, 2580.
CALUMET RIVER.  See CALUroCK.                                 CALYIZZANO, kil-vit-s/no, a village of Southern Italy,
CAL/UMET, a county situated in the E. part of Wiscon:   5 miles N.W. of Naples.  Pop. 2110.
sin, contains about 300 square miles.  Winnebago Lake    CALW  or KALW, ktlv, a town of Southern Germany, in
bounds it on the W., and it is drained by the branches of  Wiirtemberg, on the Nagold, 20 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart.
Manitoowoc River.  The surface is traversed by a high  Pop. 4500. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and casridge nearly parallel with the lake. The rocks which un- simeres, and trade in timber.
derlie the county are blue limestone and sandstone. Cailu-    CALY, k/lee or kI/lee, a river of H-indostan, rises in the
met county was organized, for judicial purposes, in 1850. province of Gurhwal, and- falls into the Ganges on the
Capital, Chilton Centre. Pop. 1743.                           western confines of Oude, in lat. 270 10, N.; Ion. 790 450 E. 
CALU/MET, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.                CALZADA, or CASAS DE CALZADA, clsls da kil-thi/ca,
CALUMET, a post-township in Fond du LLac co., VWiscon-  a village of Leon, 42 riles S. of Salamanca.  Pop. 368.
sin, about 35 miles W.N.W. of Sheboygan. Pop. 1764.             CALZADA or CALZADA DE CALATRAVA, kidl-thdAI dA
CALUMET VILLAGE, a post-village in Fond du Lac co., kg-l-tra/vA, a town of Newv Castile, 15 miles S. by E. of CiuWisconsin, on the E. shore of Lake Winnebago, 12 miles  dad Real, in an irrigated plain. Linen and woollen fabrics,
N.E. of Fond du Lac. It is situated in a rich farming dis- cloth, blonde lace, oil, and wine are made. Pop. 3840.
trict. The lake is navigated by steamboats.                     CALZADA DE DON DIEGO, kil-thiDs dA don de-Atgo, a
CAL/UMICK', otherwise written CALUMET, a river of  village of Leon, 16 miles S.S.W. of Salamanca.  Pop. 196.
Indiana and Illinois, rises in La Porte co. of the former    CALZADA DE OROPESIA, kslthiiDoi  dA o-ro-pt!fs, a town
state, and flowing westward into Illinois, discharges a por- of New Castile, 28 miles W. of Talavera.  Pop. 1160.
tion of its water into Lake Michigan; the other portion then    CAM, or GRAN/TA, a river of England, after a course of
runs eastward, nearly parallel with its former course, and  about 40 miles, joins the Ouse 3, miles S. of Ely.  It is naonly 3 or 4 miles N. of it, and enters Lake Michigan at its  vigable from the Ouse to Cambridge.
southern extremity.                                             CABI, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, tributary of
CALUSO, ki-loolso, a fortified town of Piedmont, 11 miles  the Severn, which it joins at Frampton-Pill.
S. of Ivrea. It has a communal college. Pop. 5548.              CAMACI-O  or CAMAXO, k-mi/sho, a large and several
CALVADOS. khlvA'dos/ or kil-v/dis, a maritime depart-  small lakes of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, connected
meut on the N.W. of France, formed of part of the old pro-  with each other by natural canals, which are navigable for
vince of Lower Normandy, having N., the English Channel, laden canoes. They lie S. of the river Tubargo, and are connS., the department of Orne, E., Eure, and W., MLanche. monly named Jaguaruna, (zhA-gwA-roo/ni,) Gurupaba, (gooArea, 2145 square miles, Pop. in1852, 491,210. Capital, Caen.  roo-p~bA,) and Santa iMartha.
Surface hilly in the S., with extensive plains and fertile    CAMACUAN. kit-mi-kwAin/, sometimes written IQABAvalleys.  Chief rivers, the Orne, Toucques, Dives, Seulle, QUAM, ee-si-b'-kwim/, a river of Brazil, rising in the W.
Bromme, and Vire-none of them navigable. Mineral pro- firontier of the province of Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, flowing
ducts comprise coal, gray marble, freestone, and cold mineral  E., and, after a course of about 150 miles, enters the Lake of
waters. Corn is raised beyond consumption, fruit is exten- Pastos by several mouths.
sively grown, and cider is made in considerable quantity;    CAMAJORE, ki-mi-yolrA, (anc. Cais/pus Maljor,) awalled
hemp and lint are grown, and the forests furnish excellent  town of Central Italy, 11 miles N.W. of Lucca.  Pop. 2220.
timber. The pasturage is abundant, and many horses, cattle,    CA'MAK/, a villag, of Warren co., Georgia, on the Georgia
sheep, and hogs are reared; herring-curing is an important  Railroad, at the junction of Warrenton branch, 46 miles W.
branch of industry. The department is divided into the six  of Augusta.
arrondissements ofBayeux,Caen, Falaise, Lisieux, Pont-l'Ev-    CAMAMU, ki-mi-moo/, a bay, island, and flourishing
que, and Vire. Calvados is named from a belt of rocks which  town of Brazil, province of Bahia; the bay is 75 miles S.W.
extend along its coast from the mouth of the Orne to that  of Bahia. The island, in the bay, is also called Ilha-dasof the Vire: they were so called from a Spanish vessel which  Pedras, (eellyi dis pA/drds; i.e.,'1isle of rocks.'") The town,
was wrecked on them.                                          on the river Acarahi, entering the bay, has some trade in
CAL/VARY, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.                rum, timber, and rice.  Pop. 2000. 
CALVELEY, killveh-le, a station on the Crewe and Ches-   CAMANA, kaomnl, a town of Peru, capital of a province
ter Railway, England, co. of Chester, 5' miles N.N.W. of  of its own name, in the department of Arequipa, is situated
Nantwich.                                                     on the Camana, near its mouth, about 60 miles S.W.- of
CALVELLO, kid-vl/lo, a town of Naples, province of Ba- Arequipa. Pop. of the province, in 1850, 14,419; of the town,
silicata, 12 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 6400.                  about 2000.
342




CAM'                                                     CAM
CAMANCITE, ka-manlchee, a thriving post-village of Clin-   CAIIBINGI, a small island in the Malay Archipelago, off
t. n co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, 40 miles above Da-  the N. coast of Timer, 12 miles N. of Delly.
venport. It is the shipping point for the produce of the    CAMBO, kasm'bot, a village and pleasant watering-place of
Nicinity.                                                 Friance, department of'Basses-Pyr6n6es, 91 miles S.S.E. of
CAMANCHE INDIANS.  See CeaANCHES.                       Bayonne.  Pop. of communs in 1852, 1500.
CAMAPUAN, kA-mA-poo-Au or kA-m'&pwAn!, a river of   CAMBODIIA (TERRITORY.)  See ANAM.
Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso,.one of the head streams of   CAMBOIDIA, kam-bolde-a, CAMN'BOGE, CAMBOIJA, or.the Tacoary or Taquari, an affluent of the Paraguay. It has PONTAIPRET, pon-ti-preft, a town of Siam, the ancient
a course of about 70 miles.                               capital of a territory of the same name, on both sides of the
CAMARANCA, kA-m'~-r1ng/k,, a river of North-western  Mekong. Lat. 120 4' N.; ion. 1050 4' E. It is now greatly
Africa, in Guinea, has its sources in the Kong Mountains, decayed, but the ruins of its royal palace and pagodas atnear Laing's  sources of the Niger. Lat. 90 N.; ion. 90 15, W. test its ancient greatness. The Dutch had a factory here in
It pursues a S.W. course of about 250 miles, and falls into  the seventeenth century.
Yawry Bay, on the coast of Sierra Leone.                    CAMBODIA  (or CAMBOJA) POINT, the south-easternCAMARATA, kii-mi-rIta, a town of Sicily, 39 miles S.E. most point of Siam, let. 80 40' N.; ion. 1040 55' E., at the
of Palermo. Pop. 5200.                                    entrance N. side of the Gulf of Siam.
CAMARES, kA-m/-rts!  or kt'm,'rf, a town of France, de-   CAMBOD)IA (or CAMBOJA) RIVER. See MKoONG. 
partment of Aveyron, on the Dourdon. Pop. in 1852, 2434.    CAMBON, k&atb&P!G/, a commune of France, department
CAMARET, kt'gmtlr/, a maritime village of France, de- of Loire-Infdrieure, arrondissement of Savenay. Pop. 4415.
partment of Finisttre, with a small port on the Aulne, near    CAMBOORIE or KAMBURI, ktm-boofree', a walled town
its mouth, in the Atlantic, 8 miles S.W. of Brest. Pop. 1000. of Siam, 120 miles N.N.W. of Bangkok, at the confluence of
CAMARGO, kA-margo, a tolerably well-built village of the See-sa-wat and May-mannol Rivers, and for the most
Spain, province and 6 miles S. of Santander, with a church  part along the bank of the former. A brick fort constructed
and school. Pop. 2138.                                    here is said to contain 20 guns.
CAMARGO, ki-maafgo, a town of Mexico, department of    CAMBORNE, kam/born, a market-town and parish of
Tamaulipas, on the San Juan, near its junction with the  England, co. of Cornwall, 91 miles N.W. of Penryn. Pop.
Rio Grande, 90 miles E. by N. of Monterey. Lat. 260 10' N.; of parish in 1851, 12,887; of town, 6547, mostly employed in
lon. 980 30' W. Pop. 2600.                                copper, tin, and lead mines. The copper-mine of Dolcoath, in
CAMARIGO, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- this parish, has been sunk to the depth of 1000 feet, and has
sylvania.                                                 at times furnished employment to more than 1600 persons.
CAMIARGO, a post-village of Monroe co., Mississippi, on    CAMI/BRA, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
Town Creek, an affluent of Tombigbee River, 20 miles N. of    CAMBRAI or CAMBRAY, kamnbrf, (Fr. prom kSs'hbrAI;
Aberdeen, the county seat, and at the head of steam navi- anc. Caao.aracusss,) a fortified town of France, department of
gation. Laid out in 1847. It has 3 stores. Pop. 200.      Nord, on the Scheldt, 32 miles S.S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852,
CAMARGO, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.        21,344. It is the seat of an archbishop, re-established in
CAMARGO, a post-office of Montgomery co., Kentucky.   1841, and has a strong citadel; a modern cathedral, in
CAMIIARGO, a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana.     which is a monument to Fenelon; a handsome town-hall, a
CAMARGO, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, on the Des  commercial college, and a publiclibrary, with 30,000 volumes
Moines River, 10 miles N.W. of Keokuk.                     and 1000 manuscripts. It has a diocesan and numerous
CAMARGOS, k&-marlgoce, a village of Brazil, province of other schools, and a tribunal of commerce.  Most of its
Minas Geraes, 6 miles N. of Mariana, with a church and  best buildings, with its ancient cathedral; were destroyed
school, and an agricultural and mining population of 1000. during the Revolution. It has long been famous for its
CAIMARGUE,  LA,  1  k~t~maag,  a populous island of  fielinen fabrics, thence called caombrics; and has also maFrance, department of Bouches-du-Rh~ne, formed by the  nufactures of linen thread, lace, and soap. It has commerce
two arms of the river Rhone, at its mouth; it is of a trian- in wool, flax, butter, and hops. Cambrai is the Ceamaracuas
gular shape. Length, 26 miles; mean breadth, 11 miles. of the Romans, by whom  it was fortified.  The famous
More than half the surface is covered with marshes, but league of Cambrai against the Venetian Republic was conthe remainder is extremely fertile. On the borders of the  eluded here in 1508, and peace between Charles V. and
marshes salt is formed naturally, and is an object of great Francis I. in 1529. It was the birthplace of Dumouriez and
commercial importance to the island. A company has been  Marshal Mortier.
established for draining the marshes.                        CAMBR]SIS, ktmbrAseece!, an old  subdivision  of
CAMARIRAS, k-mt-reen/yts, a maritime town of Spain, French Flanders, of which Cambrai was the capital, now
43 miles W.S.W. of Corunna, on the N. side of the Bay of comprised in the department of Nord.
Camariiias, on which it has a harbor. Pop. 1440.             CAMBRIA, an ancient name of WALES, which see.
CAMARINES, (kA-mA-reelnts,) NORTH and SOUTH, two    CAMBRIA, ktmfbre-a, a county in the S.W. central part
provinces of the Philippines, island of Luzon, both occupy- of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 670 square miles.
ing the S.E. limb of the island.                           Conemaugh  Creek rises in the S.E. part, and flows westCAMIAROTA, kA-mA-roftt, a village of Naples, province of ward; the West Branch of the Susquehanna also risos in
Principato Citra, 7 miles W.S.W. of Policastro. Pop. 2600.  the county by two branches, namely, Clearfield and Chest
CAMAXO. See CAsAcu..                                    Creeks. The county is an elevated table-land, lying on the
CAMBAY, kam'bAf, a seaport town of Tlindostan, Baroda. western slope of the Alleghany Mountains; the surface is
dominions, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, 76 miles irregulhr and broken, furrowed by deep and precipitous raN.N.W. of Surat. Pop. about 10,000. It has a curious sub- vines, and extensively covered with dark forests of pine and
terraneous Jain or Boodhic temple, a fine mosque, and  other timber. Lumber is the chief article of export. Veins
several Hindoo temples; but a great part of the town is in  of bituminous coal and iron ore are abundant, and are
ruins. Its trade has declined, owing to the progressive  worked to some extent. The county is traversed by the
shallowing of the gulf; it still, however, exports cotton, Portage Railroad and Pennsylvania Canal, which connect
grain, ivory, and articles in bloodstone and carnelian, its  at Johnstown; and also by the Central Railroad. In consemanufactures of which are in high repute.                 quence of these improvements, the population has increased
CAMBAY, GULF OF, lies between lat. 210 5' and 220 17' rapidly for several years past. Cambria was mostly settled
N., and ion. 720 19' and 720 51' E. Length, 72 miles; by emigrants from Ireland and Wales, and when it was
breadth, 32 miles, at entrance.  The tides are extremely  organized, in 1804, the ancient name of the latter country
rapid, and their rise and fall great; but the phenomenon  was given to it. Capital, Ebensburg. Pop. 17,773.
called "the Bore" is now much diminished'in force. It re-   CAMBRIA, a post-township of Niagara co., New Yorlk, 22
ceives the rivers Nerbudda, the Dhadar, and Mhye orMahy  miles N. of Buffalo, is traversed by the Rochester and Niafirom the E., the Subbermuttee or Saubermuttee from the  gtara Railroad. Pop. 2366.
N., and the Bhadar from the W.                               CAMBRIA, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.
CAMBELLO. kTAmn-blflo, a village of the MIalay Archipe- Pop. 2000.
lago, island of Ceram, peninsula of Ioowamohel, on a slight   CAMBRIA, a township in Hillsdale co., Michigan, about
bend of the shore. Though difficult of approach for ships, 5 miles S.W. of Hillsdale. Pop. 716.
it is much frequented by foreigners, being the chief market   CAMBRIA, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa.
for cloves.                                                  CAMBRIA MILLS, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan,
CAMBERWELL, kamlber-w1ll, a parish of England, and    CAMBRIDGE or CAMBRIDGESHIRE, kamelbrij-shir, an
suburb of the metropolis, co. of Surrey, 2 miles S. of Saint inland county of England, in its E. part, having N. LincolnPaul's. Area, 4570 acres, portions of which are densely  shire, E. Norfolk and Suffolk, S. Essex and Heets, W. Bedpopulated, while others, as Denmark-hill, -Herne-hill, Dul- ford, I-Iuntingdon, and Northasmptonshire. Area, 818 square
wich, &c., are covered mostly by detached villas. Pop. in  miles, or 523,520 acres, of which about 150.000 acres are un1851, 54,667.  It has a magnificent church and several improved fen-land.  Pop. in 1851, 185,405. Surface, except
handsome chapels of ease, and numerous dissenting places on the S., marshy and fiat. See ELY and BEDFOn  LEVEL.
of worship, a grammar school, founded in 1618, a new col- Principal rivers, the 0use, Cam, Nen, and Lark. Ely Island
iege, and other endowed schools.                          is famous for garden vegetables, as are the meadows of the
CAIMBIANO, kim-be-tno, a village of the Sardinian  Cam for calves, cheese, and butter. Chieftowns, Canabrid ge,
States, province of Turin. Pop. 2425.                     the capital, Newmarket, Wisbeach, and the city of Ely. It
CAMBIL, ktm-beelf, a town of Spain, 13 miles S.S.E. of  sends (exclusive of its boroughs) 3 members to the Ifouse
Jaen, on the Matavexis. Pop. 2773.                        of Commons.
343




CAM                                                       CAM,CA'BRIDGE, klmetbrij, (auc. Gransta; L. fantaborigia.)  1851, 27,803; increase 1.8 per cent.-A  student at the uni
a puhliamentary and muncipal borough, and market-town of  versity of Cambridge is called a CANITAB, which is doubtles.
England, capital of the above county, and seat of one of the  an abbreviation of CANTABmtIGIAN, derived from the CANTIA.great English universities, situated on both sides of the Cam, BRIGTA, the Latin name of the town.
and on the Eastern Counties Railway, 49 miles N.N.E. of Lon-    CAMBRIDGE, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, 50
don. Pop. in 1851, 27,815. The town, in an extensive flat, miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 487.
ermbosomed among lofty trees, has, with few exceptions    CAMBRIDGE, a township of Coos co., New Hampshire
only, narrow, winding, and irregularly built streets; but  100 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 33.
its colleges are roble edifices. Principal buildings connected    CAMBRIDGE, a post-tdwnship of Lamoille co., Vermont,'
with the town, St. Mary's and Trinity Churches, both fine  on both sides of the Lamoille River, about 33 miles N.E. by
structures; St. Sepulchre's, built in the reign of Henry I., N. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of starch and leather
on the model of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem; a gram-  Pop. 1849.
mar school, founded in 1516; a national school, with 600    CAMBRIDGE, a city and semi-capital of MIiddlesex co.,
pupils; numerous alms-houses; a general hospital; theatre  Massachusetts, 3 miles W.N.W. of Boston, in lat. 420 22' 211"
in the suburb of Barnwell; the shire-hall, town-hall, and  N., Ion. 710 71 38/ W. It comprises Cambridge, the seat of
jail, enclosing remains of the ancient castle; a union work-  Harvard University, East Cambridge, (formerly Lechmere
house, and a house of correction and industry, founded in  Point,) Cambridgeport, about nmidway between Old Cam1628 by Ilobson, the eccentric carrier.  Cambridge has no  bridge and Boston, and the district called North Cambridge.
manufactures, but it carries on a considerable trade by the  Old Cambridge, or Cambridge Proper, is delightfully situriver with Lynn, in corn, coals, &c.; and it is a depot for ated in the midst of a beautiful plain, extending finom
corn, butter, and rape-oil, forwarded by land to the London  Charles River. The streets are generally broad and shaded
markets.  It is divided into 4 wards, and governed by a  with lofty elms. Many of the dwellings stand at considermiayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 councillors. Stourbridge Fair, able distances from  each other, and are Surrounded with
which continues for a fortnight from  September 18, though  spacious yards, ornamented with shrubbery and evergreens.
it has somewhat declined, is still one of the most important  The principal object of interest in the place is IIarvard Uniin the kingdom for horses, wool, hops, butter, and cheese. versity, the oldest and best endowed collegiate institution
Camb-ridge (independent of its university) sends 2 members in the United States. It was founded in 1838, and derives
ts the House of Commons. It gave the title of duke to the  its name from the Rev. John Iarvard, who bequeathed it a
yonagest son of George III. Bishop Jeremy Taylor and the  legacy of about 7801. Its funds, at the present time, amount
dramatist Cumberland were natives of the town.             to about $1,000,000. Besides the collegiate department pro-'T'he University of Cambridge, supposed to have been found- per, the university embraces a law  school, a theological
ed in the seventh century by Sigebert, King of East Anglia,  school, a medical college, and a department for those who
c-n sists now of 13 colleges and 4 halls, as follow: —St. Peter's  wish to prepare themselves for business pursuits, without
College, or Peter-house, founded in 1257; Clare Hall, dating  going through a classical course. The last was instituted
fi'ro  1326, and having a fine avenue and grounds, with a  in 1848, mainly through the efforts of the Heon. Abbott
handsome stone brsidge across the Cam; Pembroke Hall,  Lawrence, who bestowed upon it a munificent donation.
1347, possessing an elegant chapel designed by Sir Christo- The buildings occupied by the University are 15 in number,
phler Wren; Caius Collee, founded in 1348; Trinity Hall, 14 of which are in Cambridge; the other is located in North
13b0, having a remarkable library; Corpus Christi College, Grove Street, Boston. The most prominent are University
f)unded in 1351, the buildings of which are most magnifi- Hall, containing the chapel and lecture rooms; Harvard
cent; King's College, 1441, possessing peculiar privileges, Ihall, in which are the mineralogical cabinet, philosophical
and having a chapel which is one of the finest specimens  apparatus, and a large room for declamation, adorned with
cof later English architecture; Queen's  College, founded  the portraits of the officers and benefactors of the institu1 46, by Margaret of Anjou, and refounded by the con- tion; Gore Hall, a fine granite structure, having in it the
sort of Edward IV, to which are attached some beautiful  college library; and Holden Chapel, contaninig.the anatonrigrounds; Catherine Hall, 1475; Jesus College, 1496; Christ's  cal museum and chemical laboratory. In addition to these
College, dating from  1505; St. John's College, 1511, the  there are Divinity Hall, occupied by the theological stubuildings of which are of brick, and which has an exten- dents, and four other buildings for the accommodation of
sive library; Magdalen College, 1519; Trinity College, 1546, undergraduates. The institution has a botanical garden of
the largest and one of the most magnificent establishments  about eight acres, stored with a choice selection of shrubs
in the kingdom, possessing buildings of a highly imposing  and plants, both native and exotic; and one of the most
character; Emanuel College, 1584; Sidney Sussex College, powerful telescopes in the country. The lectures to medi1596; and Downing College, founded in 1800.' Principal  cal students are given ait the Medical College in Boston. In
edifices, also connected with the university, are the senate-  1852, the alumni were 6342, a greater number than of any
house, an elegant Grecian structure, finished in 1766; the  other college in the Union. There are within the chartered
public schools, library, observatory, Pitt press or univer- limits of Cambridge about 20 churches, a first-class hotel,
sity printing office, and Fitzwilliam museum. The library  5 banks, 2 savings institutions, a mutual fire insurance
of the university contains 170,000 volumes; the annual in- Company, and various literary charitable associations.
come amounts to 55001. The observatory cost 19,0001. Total   East Cambridge is connected with Boston by Canal Bridge,
numbnier of members on the boards in 1847, 6638. Each col- and with Charlestown by Prison Point Bridge. It is regulege or hall is internally governed by its own statutes; but larly laid out with streets intersecting each other at right
the government of the colleges, as a confederation, rests  angles, and contains, besides the county buildings, a postwith a senate composed of two houses, and the members of  office, and several manufactories. Among the latter may be
which, having the degree of Dr. or M. A., amount to nearly  mentioned 2 extensive glass manufactories, in one of which
2800. The executive government is vested in the chancel- $500,000 worth of glass is annually produced.
lor, (at present I. R. H. Prince Albert,) the vice-chancellor,    Cambridgeport, connected with Boston by a bridge, conhigh steward, commissary, proctors, and other officers; and  tainls the town-house, churches, 2 banks, a savings institutwo courts, of which the vice-chancellor and the commissary  tion, and Davenport's extensive car manufactory.
are the head, determine most of the legal cases occurring    Cambridge is one of the oldest towns in New England,
within the university precincts. As in Oxford, candidates  having been settled in 1630. It first took the name of Newfor university honors rely more on the teaching of private  town, which was soon after changed for its present one.
tutors for instruction than on that of the professors. M- Ma- The'Freeman's Oath," one of the first newspapers pubthematics (though not to the exclusion of classical and  lished in the United States, was issued here by Stephen Day.
other learning) form an important branch of study at Cam- The same printing establishment is still continued under the
bridge. Newton, Bacon, and many of the greatest divines  name of the University Press. During the Revolutionary
and poets of cBritain, conferred lustre on this school. The  War, the American army was encamped in Cambridge, while
prizes open to the university at large amount annually to  the British had possession of Boston. Pop. in 1830, 6072;
12001., and at the different colleges to not less than 3001. 1840. 8409; 1850, 15,215.
The general income of the university is said'not to exceed    CAMBRIDGE, a post-township of Washington co., New
55000. a year. The total revenue of colleges and halls, &c. York, 33 miles N.N.E.of Albany. Ithas an academy. P. 2593.
was, in 1835, estimated at 133,2681. annually. The univer-   CAMBRIDGE, a post-village of Venango township, Crawsity sends 2 members to the House of Commons, who are  ford co., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, 102 miles N. of
chosen by the senate.                                      Pittsburg, and 25 miles S. of Erie, is rapidly improving, and
Cambridge is a town of great antiquity; in Doomsday'has an active trade.
Book, where it is described as an  important place, it is    CAMBRIDGE, a post-village on the line between Lancascalled Grentebrige, flom one of the names of the river, the  ter and Chester counties, Pennsylvania, 22 miles E. by N.
present name, derived from the modern name of the river of Lancaster. The post-office is in Lancaster county.
Cam, being comparatively recent. In 871 it was burnt by    CAMBRIDGE, a handsdme post-village, capital of Ddrthe Danes, and again in 1010. Subsequently to this, it was chester co., Maryland, is situated on the S. side of the Chapthe scene, at various periods, of events which have become  tank River. about 12 miles from its entrance in Chesapeake
matters of history, including several royal visits, and some  Bay, and 50 miles S.E. from  Annapolis. It has a court
military experiences in the time of Cromwell. Of the an- house, academy, and several churches. The river at this
cient castle built by William the Conqueror, on the site of  place is 2 or 3 miles wide.
a Roman station, and some years used as a - county jail,    CAMBRIDGE, a post-village in Abbeville district, South
only the gateway now remains. Pop. in 1841, 24,453, in  Carolina, about 60 miles W. by N. of Columbia.
344



CAM                                                        CAM
CAMIBRIDGE, a post-village of Dallas co., Alabama, 80  gusta. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in commiles S. by E. of Tuscaloosa.                               merce  and ship-building, and lime is manufactured  to a
CAMBRIDGE, a township of Guernsey co. Ohio. Pop. 2488. greatextent. Pop. 4005.
CAMBRIDGE, a post-village, capital of Guernsey co., Ohio,   CAMDEN, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, about
is situated in the above township, on the National Road, 35 miles N.W. of Utica, on the Rome and Watertown Rail24 miles E. of Zanesville, and 77 miles E. by N. of Columbus.  road. It contains a bank. Pop. of the township, 2820.
It contains, besides the court-house, 4 or 5 churches, an    CAMDIEN, a city, port of delivery, and seat of justice of
academy, a printing office, and several mills. Wills Creek  Cronden co., New Jersey, is situated on a plain on the left
passes by the village. Pop. about 1500.                     bank of the Delaware River, immediately opposite to PhilaCAMBRIDGE, a post-township in the N.W. part of Lena-  delphia, with which it is connected by means of 5 steam ferwee co., Michigan. Pop. 973.                                ries. By railroad it is 32 miles S.S.W. of Trenton, 87 miles
CAMBRIDGE, or CAMBRIDGE CITY, a post-village of  S.W. of New York, and 9 miles N. of Woodbury. The AbseWayne co., Indiana, on the Whitewater River, and canal cum Railroad, extending from this place to Absecum Beach,
of that name, where it is crossed by the National Road, was completed, July, 1854. The city is regularly laid out
52 miles E. of Indianapolis.  The navigation of the canal, with streets intersecting each other at right angles, and
and the water-power of the river, render it a place of active  contains many fine dwellings, especially in the North Ward.
business. A  railroad  connects it with Cincinnati. Pop. The public buildings are a court-house, recently erected, a
1217.                                                      bank, 2 extensive railroad depOts, and 10 churches, viz. 2
CAMBRIDGE,  a flourishing post-village, capital of IHenry  Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 2 Baptist, 2 Methodist, and 2
co., Illinois, 140 miles N. by W. of Springfield. It is sur-  Friends. The Court-house, in which are apartments occurounded by a rich farming district, in which stone coal is  pied as a jail, is a roughcast edifice with iron columns. In
abundant.                                                  Camden there are 2 literary associations, and a mutual inCAMBRIDGE, a post-office of Saline co., Missouri.        surance company; also 3 saw mills, 2 iron foundries, 1 paper,
CAMBRIDGE, a thriving post-village of Dane co., Wis- 1 rolling, 1 drug, and 1 grist mill, besides chemical and glass
cousin, on the Koshkonong River, 22 miles E. by S. of Madi- woeks, and several ship-yards. Three newspapers are isson, has a good water-power, with a flouting and a saw mill. sued. Gas light was first introduced about the commencePop. about 300. Laid out about the year 1848.              ment of the last year. The shippipg of this port, June
CAMBRIDGE, GULF OF, in North-western Australia, be- 30, 1854, was 17,975 tons. The city was chartered in 1831,
tween Capes Dussejour and Domett; lat. 140 45i S. It is  and is divided into three wards, govered by a mayor and
about 20 miles wide at its entrance, and runs about 75 miles  common council. In consequence of its proximity to Phila-.
inland.                                                    delphia, this city within a few years past has increased raCAMBRIDGEPORT, a post-village in Brandon township,  pidly in population. In 1840, Camden contained only 3371
Windham co., Vermont, contains a bed of soalpstone, which  inhabitants; in 1850, 9479; in 1855, about 15,000.
is extensively wrought.                                      CAMDEN, a flourishing post-village of Kent co., DelaCAMBRIDGEPORT, Massachusetts.  See CAMMRIDGE.            ware, on a branch of Jones Creek, 3 miles S. of Dover. Pop.
CAMBRILS, kdm-breels/, a seaport town of Spain, 8S miles  about 400.
S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 2254.                                 CAMDEN, North Carolina. See CAMDEN CoURv HoUSE.
CAM/BUS, a village of Scotland, co. of Clackmannaf, 2    CAMDEN, a flourishing town, capital of Kershaw district,
miles WV. of Alloa. with an extensive distillery.           South Carolina, is situated on the E. bank of the Wateree
CAM'BUSLANG/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.        River, 33 miles N.E. of Columbia, and 142 miles N. by WV. of
CAMIBUSNETIIAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.   Charleston, with which it is connected by railroad. The
CAMiBYNA, kam-bitna, an island of the Malay Archi- river is navigable by steamboats to this place. Camden is
pelago, 15 miles S. of Celebes, lat. 50 21' S., lon. 1210 57' E. surrounded by a fertile district, in which cotton, maize, and
Length. from N. to S., 20 miles; breadth, 15 miles.         peaches flourish.  The recent completion of the Camden
CAMDEN, a county in the W.S.W. part of New Jersey,  Branch Railroad has increased the activity of business in
has an area of about 220 square miles. It is bounded on  the town. It contains an academy; an arsenal, a library, a
the N.E. by Pensauken Creek, N.W. by the Delaware, and on  bank, and 4 or 5 churches. There is 1 cotton factory in
the S.W. by Big Timber Creek, and is also drained by Coo- operation about 1 mile from the town. The two banks of
per's Creek, which affords some water-power. The surface  the river are connected by a bridge near this place. A batis level, except where worn down by streams. The soil in  tie was fought here in August, 1780, between General Gates
the E. part is sandy, and in the WV. a fertile loam producing  and Lord Cornwallis; another in April, 1781, between Genegreat quanties of fruit and vegetables for the Philadelphia  ral Greene and Lord Rawdon.
markets. Marl is abundant in most parts of the county.    CAMDEN, a thriving post-village, capital of Wilcox co.,
The inhabitants in the eastern portion are principally en- Alabama, is situated on a healthy eminence, 4 miles S. of
gaged in manufactures of iron and glass. The railroad con-  Alabama River, and about 80 miles S.W. of Montgomery.
necting Camden with Absecum traverses the county. Or- It is the centre of an active trade, and is the most populous
ganized in 184411, having been formed from Gloucester county,  town in the county. The population has nearly doubled
and named from  its seat of justice, the-city of Camden.  since 1847. This place has been erroneously named   BarPop. 25,422.                                               boursville" on several maps of the state. Camden contains
CAMDEN, a county in the N.E. part of North Carolina, a respectable academy and 2 female seminaries. Pop. about
bordering on Virginia, and on the N. side of Albemarle  800.
Sound, has an area of about 280 square miles. Pasquotank    CAMDEN, a post-village of Madison co., Mississippi, 40
River forms the entire boundary on the S.W. The surface  miles N.N.E. of Jackson, and 5 miles from Big Black River.
is level, and partly occupied-by the Dismal Swamp. The    CAMDEN, a handsome post-village, capital of Washita co.,
soil is fertile. The county contains forests of cedar and cy- Arkansas, on the right (W.) bank of the Washita River, 110
press, which are valuable for lumber. It is intersected by  miles S. by W. of Little Rock. It is situated on a declivity
the Dismal Swamp Canal, 22 miles long. Formed in 1777, of a high range of hills, and is built in a very tasteful style.
and named in honor of the Earl of Camden, who, as a-mem- A few years ago the site was occupied by a dense forest, and
her of the British Parliament, advocated the cause of the  many of the trees are still standing in the streets. Camden
American colonies.  Capital, Camden Court Hlouse. Pop. is one of the most flourishing towns in the state, and pos6049, of whom 3862 were free, and 2187 slaves.             sesses great advantages for trade, being at the head of
CAMDEN, a county forming the S.E. extremnity of Georgia, navigation for large steamers, several of which, are conbordering on the Atlantic and on Florida, has an area of  stantly employed in conveying produce down the river to
1125 square miles. It is intersected by the Santilla River, New Orleans.  A plank-road has been commenced, which
and bounded on the S. by the St. Mary's River. The sur- will connect Camden with Fulton, on Red River, and will
face is mostly level, and the soil sandy. The limits of the  probably draw an increase of business. The growth of this
county include Cumberland Island, which is 18 miles long, place has been very rapid, and is likely to continue so. It
by 2 or 3 miles wide, and separated from the mainland by a  was settled about 1842. In 1848 the population was near
narrow channel. Capital, Jefferson. Pop. 6319, of whom   000; in 1853, about 1400. The site was formerly a rendez2073 were free, and 4246 slaves.                           vous for hunters, and known as "1Ecore h Fabre."
CAMDEN, a county in the central part of Missouri, has    CAMDEN, a post-village, capital of Benton co., Tennessee,
an area of about 000 square miles. It is intersected by the  85 miles W. of Nashville, and 9 miles from the Tennlessos
Osage River, and also drained by the Niangua, the Little  River, has about 200 inhabitants.
Niangua. and the Grand Auglaize and its two branches.   CAMDEN, a small village of IMcNairy co., Tennessee.
The surface is uneven, the soil moderately fertile. Lead    CAMDEN, a flonurishing post-village of Preble co., Ohio, on
is found on the banks of Osage River, in this county. the Eaton and Hamilton Railroad, 38 miles N. of Cincinnati.
Capital, Erie. Pop. 2338, of whom 2208 were free, and 130  It is surrounded by a fine farming country, and has a good
slaves.                                                    water-power, which is employed in several flouring and saw
CAMI-DEN, a maritime county of New South Wales, hay- mills. It contains about 100 houses.
in- E. the Pacific Ocean, and enclosed on other sides by the    CAMDEN, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 1025.
counties of Cumberland, Cork, WVestmoreland, St. Yincent,    CAMDEN, a post-township in the S'V. part of IHillsdale
and Argyle. The Shoalhaven and Nepean Rivers form parts  co., Michigan. Pop. 594.
of its boundaries.                                           CAMDEN, a village of Kent co., Michigan, 23 miles S.E,.
CAMIDEN, a post-village and township in Waldo co., Maine,  of Grand Rapids.
on the V. side of Penobscot Bay, 40 mniles S.E. by E. of Au-    CAMDEN, a thriving post-village of Carroll co., Indiana
345




CAM                                                           CAM
on Deer Creek, about 65 miles N.N.W. from  Indianapolis.   CAMERON, a post-village, capital of Milam co., Texas, ou
has about 200 inhabitants.                                    Little River, 58 miles in a direct line N.E. of Austin City.
CAMDEN, a pleasant post-village of Jay co., Indiana, on    CAMEROONS, cam-er-oonsl, or CAMEItONES, k'm-er.'
the Salamonie River, 11 miles N.W. of Portland. A plank-  ofnis, a river of Western Africa, Upper Guinea, which, after
road. 40 miles long, connects it with Fort Wayne.  The  a S.W. course of uncertain length, enters the Bight of Biafira,
water-power of the river is employed in flouring and saw  near lat. 40 N., ion. 90 40' E., by an estuar' 20 miles in width,
mills. It has a seminary, and about 300 inhabitants.          and containing several large islands. For 40 miles beyond the
CAMDEN, a post-village and township  in Schuyler co., Ill-  mangrove region, at its mouth, it is about 400 yards in average
nois, about 12 miles W. from Rushville.  Pop. 426.            breadth; depth in dry season from 2 to 20 feet, but during
CAMDEN, or CAMDEN MILLS, a thriving post-village  rains it is navigable for ships of any draught. About 90
of Rock Island co., Illinois, on Rock River, at its entrance  miles from the sea it forms a cataract, as do several of its
into the Mlississippi, 2 or 3 miles S.W. of Rock Island City. affluents in passing through the Cameroons Mountains.
It is amply suppliedwith water-power, and has several mills. On its banks are many populous villages.
CAMDEN, a post-village of Ray co., Missouri, on the left    CAM/IERON MILLS, a post-office of Steuben co., New
bank of the Missouri River, 325 miles from St. Louis by we    York.
ter. has an active trade. Pop. 500.                              CAMEROONS' MOUNTAINS, a chain in Western Africa.
CAMDEN, a village of Canada co., New South Wales, on  The culminating point being in lat. 40 13' N., Ion. 90 101 E.,
the Nepean; 30 miles S.W. of Sydney.                           is 13,000 feet in elevation. It is covered nearly to the sumCAMDEN BAY, in Russian America, is on the Arctic  mit with trees of luxuriant growth, and seems to form the
Ocran, lat. 700 N., ion. 1450 W.                               commencement of a range of volcanic hills stretching N.E.,
CAMDEN  COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, port of entry,  and oniting with the Mountains of the Moon, in lat. 60 N.,
and capital of Camden co., North Carolina, on the left bank  ion. 120 20 E.  See CAPE CAMEc0OseS.
of Pasquotank River, 219 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh.  Regis-   CAM/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
tered tonnage in 1854,1209; enrolled andlicensed. 13,862 tons.    CAMETA, ki-mAltS, a populous and flourishing town
CAMDEN POINT, a post-village of Platte co., Missouri; 34  of Brazil, province of Para, on the Tocantins, 05 miles S.r.
miles N.N.W. of Independence.                                  of Belem.  The district which was assigned to Cameta in
CAMDEN STATION; a post-office of Loraine co., Ohio.         1839, is extremely fertile, and contains a population of
CAMDEN-TOWN, England, a suburb of London, co. of  20,000, employed in agriculture, commerce, and navigation.
Middlesex, on its N. side, intersected by the London and    CAMICIAN.E AQUE.  See CAsTEL ToamINI.
Birmingham  Railway, 35 miles N.W. of St. Paul's, on the    CAMICUS.  See PLATAN1.
road to Iampstead.  Named after the Marquis of Camden,    CAMIGUIN (k-ime-gheenf) ISLAND, one of the Babulessee of the manor in which it is situated.                  yanes Islands, off the northern coast of Luzon, in the M:nal ay
CAMIDENVILLE, a small post-village of Anderson co., Archipelago, lat. 180 54' N., Ion. 1210 53' B., from  7 to 9
IKentucky, on Salt River.                                     miles long, high and hilly. The southern part is formed of
CA2IEL, a small river of England. See ALAN.                 a high mountain, formerly a volcano, visible at 60 miles
CAIELEY, kamrtel-e, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. distance. The shore is lined with coral rock. On the westCAM/ELFORD, a municipal borough and town of Eng- ern side is the port of San Pio Quinto, the only place aniong
land, co. of Cornwall, on the Camel, 11 miles N.N.E. of Bod-  these islands where a large ship can be considered at all
min. It formerly sent 2 members to the IHouse of Commons.  safe.
Here was fought the fatmous battle between King Arthur    CAMIGUIN ISLAND, one of the smallest of the Philipand his nephew Modr-ed, A.D. 543.                              pines, on the north-western coast of Mindanao, lat. 80 59'
CAMIELON, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 1, miles  N., ion. 1240 20' E.
W.N.W. of Falkirk.  Old Camelon, a little north-westward,    CAMILILUS, a post-township of Onondaga co., New York,
was an ancient port on the Carron, supposed to be the Roman  on the Erie Canal, and on the Syracuse and Rochester RailAt-&Vallum.                                                    road, 7 miles W. of Syracuse. Pop. 3105.
CAMEL, QUEEN'S, a parish of England, co. of Somerset,    CAMINHA, kA-meenlyS, a fortified town of Portugal,
51 miles E.N.E. of Rochester. On Camalet, a steep hill in  province of Minho, 27 miles N.W. of Braga, on the Minho,
this parish, are interesting remains of a Roman or British  near its mouth. Pop. 2520.
ramp, called by the inhabitants,  King Arthur's Palace."         CAMISANO, kS-me-sd'no, a small town of Lombardy, 85
CAMEL'S RUMIP or CAMEL'S BACK MOUNTAIN, one  miles E.S.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 2600.
of the highest peaks of the Green Mountains, Vermont, 17    CAMISANO, a small town of Lombardy, 5 miles N.N.E.
miles W. of Montpelier. IHleight, 4188 feet. From  some  of Crema.  Pop. 2000.
points of view, this mountain summit bears a resemblance    CAM'LAPOORI, a town of British India, presidency of
to a crouching lion, whence the latter appellation has some- Madras, contiguous to the ruins of Bijanagur, (which see,)
times been bestowed upon it.                                   of which city it probably once formed a part. Near it are
CAMEL, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    two magnificent IIindoo temples.
CAMEN, k/Imen, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 8 miles    CAM/LIN  or CRUMILIN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co.
S.W. of Hamm.  Pop. 2780.                                      of Antrim.
CAMENZ, kifmmnts, a town of Saxony, circle of Baut-    CAIIMA, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Roszen, on the White Elster, 20 miles N.E. of Dresden. It  common.
has manufactories of earthenware, tobacco, and  starch,    CAMIMARATA, ka-mn-r/tA,  a town of Sicily, in the V~
several dye-works and tanneries, and numerous mills. It  Mazzara, 21 miles N.N.E. of Girgenti.  Pop. 5200.
was almost wholly.destroyed by fire in 1842. Lessing, the    CAM/MERTON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
poet, was born here, June 22, 1729. An hospital was dedi-    CAMMIIN, KAMMIN, kam-meenf, or KAMIN, kS-moeen,
cated to his memory in 1826. Pop. 4000.                       a town in the Prussian dominions, province of Pomeosania,
CAMERA-DE-LOBOS, k/mna-rd-di-lolboce, a maritime vii- 38 miles N.E. of Stettin, near the Baltic. Pop. 3176. It has
lags of the island of Madeira, and the first settled by Euro- a cathedral, and a seminary for noble ladies.
peans, a few miles W. of Santa Cruz.                            CAMMIN or KAMMIN,         a town of West Prussia, circle
CAMERI, kt-m/ree, a village of the Sardinian States,  of Marienwerder, on the Kaomnonka.  Pop. 785. CknonsN or
Piedmont, 4' miles N.E. of Novara. Pop. 3840.                 CAMIN is also the nanie of villages in the same circle, and
CAMIERINGHAM. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   inthe grand duchy of Mecklenburg~Schwerin.
CAMERINO, kI-nmree/no, (anc. Cameri/nuom,) a city of    CAMOGIHE, ki-mo/gA,a mountain of Switzerland, canton
Central Italy, capital of a small delegation of the same name,  of Ticino, on the borders of Lombnardy, 7 miles N. of Lake
Pontifical States, in the Apennines, 41 miles S.W. of Ancona.  Lugano.  It has an elevation of 8800 feet.
Pop. 5182. It has a cathedral, an archbishop's palace, 12    CAMOGLI, k,-m/llyee, a maritime town of the Sardinian
monasteries and 7 convents, a university of the second order, States, province, and 13 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on the Gulf
founded in 1727, and a small silk factory.  It was anciently  of Gencia, built entirely in the sea. Pop. 5809.
an important city, and is the birth-place of Carlo Maratti.      CAMIOLIN, a town of Ireland, Leinster; co. of Wexford,
CAMIERON, a parish of Scotland,'co. of F'ife.              on the Bann, 65 miles S.W. of Gorey. Pop. 561.
CAM/IERON, a county forming the southern extremity of    CAMONICA. ka-monle-S, or VALLE  CAMONICA, vailTexas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 5460  1I  kS-monle-ki, a valley of Austrian  Italy, province of
square miles. The Rio Grande forms its southern boundary  Bergamo, formed by two branches of a ramification of
and separates it from  Mexico. The soil is mostly unculti-  the tRhetian Alps, and stretching about 50 miles flom
vated, but is adapted to cotton, maize, and sugar-cane. N.N.E. to S.S.W., along both branches of the Ogljo, nnd as
Live stock are the chief articles of exjort. The county con- far as the Lake of Iseo.  The inhabitants, now about 50,000,
a-ins numerous salt lakes, from which salt of good quality  were anciently called Camntosi.
is procured. Sal del Rey, the largest of these, is capable of    CAMAORTA, klc-mor/Jt, CAR  MORTA,' kan-mor/ta, efurnishing almost unlimited quantities.  Capital, Browns-  NICAVARI, ne-k,-vitree, one of the Nicobar Islands, CGult
ville. Pop., including Starr and Webb counties, 8540, of  of Bengal, lat. 8~ 2' N., Ion. 930 40' E.; length, 16 miles,
whom 8488 were free, and 52 slaves. Named in honor of  breadth, from 2 to 5 miles. It is separated by a narrow charsCaptain Cameron, who fell in the expedition against Mier.   nel from Noncowry, and, along with that island, forms NonCAMERON, a post-village and township of Steuben co., cowry Harbor, which is well sheltered and very capacious.
New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 324 miles    CAMPAGNA, kim-pan'y., a town of Naples, province
from New York City. Pop. 1701.                                of Principato Citra, 20 miles E. of Salerno, in the midst of
CAMERON, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.        high mountains. Pop. 6750. It is a bishop's see, and has at
346




CAMi                                                       CAMA
fine cathedral, several churches and convents, a hospital,    CAMIPBELL, a post-village and township of Steuben cc.,
and a college.                                             New York, 10 miles S.E. of Bath, on Conhocton River, and
CAMPAGNA,  a village of Northern Italy, delegation, and  traversed by the Buffalo and Corning Railroad. Pop. 1175.'12 miles S.W. of Venice.                                    CAMPBELL, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
CAMPAGNAC,  kap'piln'yak!, a village of France, depart-    CAMPBELL, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.
ment of Aveyron. 23 miles E. of Rodez. Pop. 1300.            CAMPBELL, a township  in  Jennings  co., Indiana.
C CAMIANA DI IROMA, k-n-phni/y deee ro'md, an old pro- Pop. 731.
vince of the Pontifical States, in Italy, nearly correspond-    CAMPBELL, a township in Warwick co., Indiana. Pop.
ing in limits to the ancient LRtiosz. now forming the delega- 1157.
tion of Frosinone and the greater part of the Comnarca di   CAMTPBELL, a post-village of Coles co., Illinois,. about 8
IRona, extending along the W. coast from Civita Vecchia to  miles S.W. of Charleston.
Astura and the Pontincs Marshes, and inland to the Alban    CAMPBELL COURT-IIOUSE, a village, capital of Campand Sabine Hills, Rome being near its centre. Length, about bell co., Virginia, 130 miles W.S.W. of Richmond, and 12
70 miles; greatest breadth, 40 miles. It is an undulating    miles S. of Lynachburg.
region, rising to 200 feet above the sea, and is sklirted on the    CAMPBELL (karml) ISLAND, in the Sou'h Pacific Ocean,
Mediterranean by a strip of mi'sh-land from 2 to 3 miles in  lat. 520 33' 26" S., ion. 1690 8' 41/ E., is 36 miles in circumfebreadth. Once the richest and most populous country in  rence, mountainous, and has several good harbors. It is
the world, it is now destitute of inhabitants, except in a few  is volcanic, and its flora is very interesting. CAsMPBEcLL is
towns scattered dver its surface, to which the laborers resort the name of capes in New Zealand and Russian America,
at night to avoid the effects of.malaria.                and a river in Eastern Australia.
CAMPAGNATICO, k:tm-pn-yate-ko, a town of Tuscany,    CAMPBEL/LO, a post-village of Bridgewater  township,
15 miles N.E. of Grossetto. Pop. 994.                      Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Fall River Railroad, 4
CAMiPAGNOLA, kim-ptn-yo/la, a village of Italy, duchy  miles N. of Bridgewater, and 23 miles S.S.E. of Boston.
of Modena, 12 miles N.N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 2000.             CAMPBELL'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Marion district,
CAMPAN, ktae'pbaef, a town of France, department of  South Carolina.
the I-Iautes-Pyr6n6es, 13 miles S.S.E. of Bagnbres-en-Bigorre,    CAMiPBELLSBURG, a post-village of Henry co., Kenon the Adour, in the fine valley of the same name. Pop.  tucky, 31 miles N.W. of Frankfort.
in 1852, 3900. The greater part of the houses are built of    CAMPBELLSBURG, a post-office of Washington co., Innmarble from the rich quarries in the vicinity.            diana.
CAMPANA, k m-pnl/yA, an island off the western coast    CAMPBELL'S CORNERS, a post-office of Oakland co.,
of Patagonia, lat. 480 30' S., and ion. 750 30' W., separated  Michigan.
from Wellington Island by Fallos Channel.  Length, from      CAMPBELL'S CREEK, of HIuntingdon co., Indiana, flows
N. to S., about 55 miles, average breadth, 10 miles.       into the Wabash.
CAMPANA, klm-pl/nI, a town of Naples, province of    CAM3PBELL'S GROVE, a village of Cass co., Iowa, 180
Calabria-Citra, 7 miles S.W. of Cariati. Pop. 2400.        miles W. by S. of Iowa City.
CAIIPANA, LA, lt ktm-pSinA, a town of Spain, 37 miles    CAMPBELL'S MIILLS, a post-office of Windham co., ConE.N.E. of Seville.  Pop. 5374. It has remains of Moorish  necticut.
architecture, and commerce in grain, fruit, and wine.        CAMPBELLSPQ~:T, kam/91z-port, a post-village of Portage
CAMPANARIO, kdm-p.n'mre-o, a town of Spain, Estre-  co., Ohio, on the PNnnsylvania and Ohio Canal, 3 miles S.E.
madura, 62 miles E. by S. of Badajos.  Its manufactures  of Ravenna. It has several warehouses, from wrhich grain,
consist of linen fabrics, esparto ropes, wine, and oil; its  wool, and dairy products are shipped.
trade, grain, wool, and esparto. Pop. 5406.                  CAMIPBELL'S REST, a post-office Sullivan co., Tennessee.
CAMPANET, kAnm-pA-ult'. a town of Spain, island of    CAMPBELL'S STATION, a post-office Knox co., Tennessee
Majorca, 22 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 2188.                  CABIPBELLSVILLE, kamfels-vil, a post-office of Giles co,
CAMPANHA, kam-pdn/yA, a modern city of Brazil, pro-  Tennessee.
vince of Minas Geraes, 150 miles S. W. of Ouro-Preto. Pop.    CAMPBELLSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Taylor co.,
3000. Ithas several churches, a Latin school, and a hospital   Kentucky, 75 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort.  It contains 3
founded in 1835.                                           churches, numerous stores, and 30 mechanics' shops. Laid
CAMPANIA  FELICE, kam-pJine-A fa-lee'chA, Naples.  out in 1817. Pop. about 500.
See TEr.R.A-ec-LAvoRO.                                       CAMPBELLTON, a post-village, capital of Campbell co.,
CAM'PAR/, a river and town of the island of Sumatra, on  Georgia, on the Chattahoochee River, about 100 miles N.W.
its E. coast, about 75 miles S.W. of Singapore.            of 5iilledgeville. It has a large court-house, ajail, 2 churches,
CAMPBELL, kam/el, a county in the S. part of Virginia,  and an academy.
has an area of 576 square miles. James River forms its    CAMPBELLTON, a post-office of Jackson co.,,Florida.
boundary on the N., and Staunton River on the S.; it is also    CAMPBELLTON, a post-village of Itawamba co., Missisdrained by Otter and Falling Rivers. The surface is hilly  sippi.
and broken; the soil generally productive.  Iron ore is    CAMPBELLTOWN, karo/el-town, a district of Van Diefound, and granite is abundant in the county. The James  men's Land, enclosed by the districts of Launceston, NorRiver Canal passes along the northern border. The Vir-  folk Plains, Clyde, Oatlands, Oysterburg, and having a setginia and Tennessee Railroad, and the South Side Railroad, tlement of the sanme name on an affluent of the 5Iacquarris.
connect with each other at Lynchburg, the chief town of the    CAMPBELLTOWN, a post-village and railroad station of
county. Organized in 1784, and named in honor of General  Steuben co., New York, on the railroad from Bath to CornWilliam Campbell, an officer in the war of the Revolution.  ilng, 11 miles S.E. of the former.
Capital, Campbell Court-House. Pop. 23,245; of whom 12,379    CAMPBELLVILLE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
were free, and 10,866 slaves.                                CAMPBELLVILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., PenusylCAMPBELL, a county in the N.W. central part of Geor-  vania.
gin, contains 360 square miles. It is intersected by the    CAMPBELTON, kam/l1-ton, a royal and parliamentary
Chattahoochee River, and also drained by Sweetwater Creek.  borough, seaport town and parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
The surface is broken and undulating; the soil various. The  on the E. coast of the peninsula of Cantire, near its S. exlands on the river and creeks consistof ablack loam, adapted  tremity, 38 miles S.W. of Ayr. Pop. in 1851, 6880. It is the
to grain and ctton, which are the staples. The rocks of the  most important town in the county; has numerous distillecounty are mostly primitive. Gold, iron, and soapstone are  ries and malt-houses, a tolerable harbor and a good quay.
found. The streams furnish considerable water-power. The  Registered shipping in 1846, 2039 tons.  The town and
Atlanta and La Grange Railroad passes along the S.E. bor-  neighborhood are favorite resorts of visitors in summer.
der. Named in honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a menmber of  Campbelton unites with Ayr, Inverary, Irvine, and Oban,
the Georgia legislature. Capital, Campbellton. Pop. 7232;  to return 1 member to the House of Commons.
of whom 5725 were free, and 1507 slaves.                     CAMPBELTON, a village of Scotland, co. and 9 miles N.E.
CAMPBELL, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee,  of Inverness, on Beauley Frith. It is resorted to as a bathbordering on Kentucky, has an asea estimated at 450 square  ing-place in summer. 
miles. It is drained by New River, and other affluents of the    CABIPBELTOWN, a postvillage of Lebanon co., PennsylCumberland.  The surface is hilly or mountainous, and  vania.
partly covered with extensive ibrests. A ridge of the Cum-    CAMP BRANCH, a post-office of Warren co., Missouri,
berland Mountains passes through the county.  Capital,    CAIP CALL, a post-office of Cleveland co., North Carolina.
Jacksborough. Pop. 6068; of whom 5750 were free, and 318    CAMIP CHARLOTTE, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio.
slaves.                                                      CAMSIP CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson co., Arkansas.
CAS'IPBELL, a county in the extreme northern part of    CAMP CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.
Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio River, nearly opposite Cin-    CAMP CREEK, a post-office of Livingston co., Kentucky.
cinnati, has an area of120 square miles. The Licking River    CAMP CREEK, a township in Pike co., Ohio, on the W
forms its western boundary, and enters the Ohio at the  side of Scioto River, about 28 miles S. by W. of Chillicothe.
N.W. extremity. The surfice is diversified by level bottom   Pop. 389.
lands and rolling uplands. The soil is excellent, and well cul-    CAMP CREEK, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana, 10
tivated. The rock which underlies the county is Trentonlime-  miles.W.N.W. of Warsaw.
stone. Formed in 1794, and named in honor of Colonel John    CAMP/DEN CHIP/PING, a market-town and parish of
Campbell, formerly member ofthe state senate. Capital, Alex-  England, co. and 24 miles N.E. of Gloicester. Pop. in 1851,
anudiia. Pop. 13,127; ofwhom 12,950 were f-ee, and 177 slaves. 2351. It has a beautifdl Gothic church, a grammar schooc
347




CAM                                                       CAM
founded in 1487, a court-house, market-house, and remains    CAMP0, kImlpo, a village of Tuscany, on the S.W. coast
of a noble mansion, built early in the seventeenth century, of the island of Elba, on a gulf of the same name, 7 miles
and burnt by its proprietor that it might not be garrisoned  S.W. of Porto Ferrajo. Pop. 1700.
by the parliamentary forces. Campden, during the four-   CAMPO, klm/po, a village of Naples, province of Calabria
teenth century, was one of the principal wool-marts in Eng- Ultra I., 7 miles N.N.W. of Reggio. Pop. 1942.
land. In its vicinity, the Cotswold games were established    CAMPOBASSO, k m/po-b~s/so, a fortified city of Naples, 55
in the.reign of James I.                                  miles N.N.E. of Naples. Pop. 7700. It has considerable
CAMPEACItY or CAMPECHIE, kam-peeJche, (Mex. Cam-  trade, and celebrated manufactures of cutlery and arms.
_eche, kcm-pAfchA,) the principal seaport town of Yucatan, in    CAMIPO BELJLO, an island about 8 miles long, belonging
Central America, on its W. coast, 90 miles S. S. W. of Merida. to New Brunswick, at the entrance of Passamaquoddy Bay,
Lat. 19050 N., lou. 900 331W. It is enclosed by bastioned walls, Maine. Between the main ship channel and the northern
and built wholly of stone, over a series of extensive ancient  entrance into Head Harbor, 250 feet from the extreme northcaverns; its houses are generally good, and public buildings  eastern point of the island, is a fixed light, 60 feet above
more tasteful than those of Merida, and markets well sup- high-water mark. Lat. 440 47 N., ion. 660 55 W.
plied. It has 6 churches, as many convents, a large ceme-   CAMPOBELLO, k~m-po-b1lflo, a town of Sicily, 18 miles
tery, a college with 6 professors, theatre, and ship-building  S.S.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 4600.
docks. The town derives its chief iniportance from the ex-   CAMPOBELLO, a town of Sicily, intendancy of Trapani, 6
portation of logwood, termed Campeachy-wood, and wax. miles S.E. of Mazzara. Pop. 2985.
The wood (IlsmaEtoxyloa  Cstmpechianum) is cut in several   CAMPOBELLO, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South
places, but especially on the banks of the Rio Champoton, S. Carolina.
of the town; and the wax is procured from the wild sting-    CAMPO BIANCO, k~mfpo be-Anfko, a mountain in the
less bees which are found in the country to the E. The  island of Lipari, formed of volcanic scoria, which furnish a
other products are salt, rice, and sugar; marble of good qua- great quantity of pumice-stone.
lity is found. The only important manufacture is that of    CAMPO DE CRIPTANA, kim/po d5 kreep-t./ng, a town
cigars. The harbor is dsapacious, but shallow, and vessels  of Spain, 50 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 5690. It has
drawing more than 6 feet of water must anchor 3 miles from   manufactures of coarse cloths, and trade in grain and fruit.
the shore. Notwithstanding  this disadvantage, vessels mea-   CAMPODUNUM. See KEMprEN.
suring 100 feet of keel are built here, and launched by in-   CAMPO FORMIO, or CAMPO FORMIDO. See CArMPIO
genioeus contrivsnces.  The climate is healthy; the land-  FonIio.
breeze  in the morning, and the sea-breeze in the evening,    CAMPO FREDDO, kIm/po frxdldo, a town of the Sardinian
render the atmosphere at these periods exceedingly agreeable.  States, province, and 16 miles N.W. of Genoa. Pop. 2738.
Campeachy stands on a series of subterraneous caverns, ex-    CAMPO GRANDE, k.mfpo gr~nldA, a village of Portugal,
cavated by the ancient MaIyas.  Pop. 18,000.               immediately N. of Lisbon, with numerous villas. Pop. 1500.
CAMPEAC1Y, GULF OF, a name sometimes applied to    CAMPO LARGO, k~m/po 1Rago, a town of Brazil, prothat part of the Gulf of Mexico enclosed by Yucatan and the  vince of Bahia, on the Rio Grande, 70 miles from its mouth
Mexican states Tabasco and Yera Cruz.                      in the Sio Francisco. It has a school of primary instrucCAMPEGINE, k:-m-pAje-nA, a town of Italy, in the duchy  tion, established in 1832. Pop. 3000.
of Modena, about 8 miles.W. of Reggio. Pop. about 2000.     CAMPOLIETO, k/tm-po-le-sYto, a town of Naples, province
CAMPERDUIN, k4m'per-doinl, (sometimes written, in  of Molise, 8 miles N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2240.
English, CAM'PERDOWN/,) a village of. the Netherlands,   CAMPO MAYOR, kmlfpo mi —o  (i. e. " great plain,") a forprovince of North IHIolland, 27 miles N.W. of Amsterdam, in  tified town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 9 miles N.E.
the North Sea, celebrated for Admiral Duncan's victory over  of Elves. Pop. 4500.
the Dutch fleet, on the 11th of October, 1797.               CAMPO MAYOR, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhy,
CAMP GROUND, a post-office of Pickens district, South  145 miles N.E. of Oeiras. Pop. 5000.
Carolina.                                                    CAMPO IMAYOR DE QUIXERAMOBII, kim/po  mi-oRe
CAMP/HILL, a station on the Birmingham and Gloncester  dl ke-shs-rA-mo-boeeo/, a town of Brazil, province of CearA,
Railway, England, 2 miles S. of Birmingham.                185 miles S.S.W. of Fortaleza. Pop. with district, 8000.
CAIMP HILL, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.      CAMPOS, klmnpoce, a town of the island of Majorca, 21
CAMPI, kam/pee, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, miles S.E. of Palma. Pop. 4712.
7 miles W.N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 3440.                          CAMPO SAN PIETRO, ktm/po s'n pe-Y-tro, or CAMPO
CAMPI, a village of Tuscany, 7 miles N.W. of Florence.  SAMPIERO, klm/po stn-pe-,Iro, a market-town of Northern
Pop. 2668.                                                 Italy, government of Venice, 13 miles N. of Padua. Pop.
CAMPIGLIA, klm-peelh/y, a market-town of Tuscany, 33  2400.
miles N.W. of Grossetto,with a fine old church built of mar-   CAMPOS, CANAL OF, of Spain, in Leon, commences at
ble. Pop. 2140.                                           the Rio Seco, near Medina, and joins the canal of Castile, 5
CAMPIGLIA, a town of Piedmont, province of Biella. miles N.W. of Palencia.
Pop. 1230.                                                   CAMPOS DOS GOITACAZES, klm/poce doce go-te4-klCAMPILLO DE ALTOBUEY, klm-pee/yvo dA Il-to-boo-fl, sos, formerly SAN  SALVADOR DOS CAMPOS, a city of
a town of Spain, 40 milec S.S.E. of Cuenca. Pop. 2890. It Brazil, province, and 155 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro, on the
hasmanufitctures of leather.                               Parahiba. Pop. 4000. It was constituted a city in 1835. Ifs
CAMPILLO DE ARENAS, k',ss-peel/yo dA I-rfin'is, a town  district contains a population of 40,000. Chief produce, the
of Spain, 18 miles S. of Jaen. IIere the French defeated the  sugar-cane.
Spaniards, July 28th, 1823.                                  CAMIPO SECO, kalm/po sI/ko, (i.e. "dry plain,"') a postCAMPILLOSn kim-peellyoce, a modern town of Spain, 33  office of Calaveras co., California.
miles N.W. of Malaga.  Pop. 4417.                            CAMP PINCKNEY, a village in the S. part of Camden co.,
CAMPINA-GRANDE, kIm-pes/nI-grln/dA, a town of Bra- Georgia, on St. Mary's River.
zil, 80 miles VW. of Par-hibA. Pop. with the district, 5000.   CAMP POINT, a post-township in Adams co., Illinois,
Many of the inhabitants emigrate on account of the scarcity  about 20 miles N.E. of Quincy. Pop. 588.
of fresh water.                                             CAMP RIDGE, a post-office of Williamsburg district,
CAMPINAS, kI'm-peefngs,  a city of Brazil, 50 miles N. of  South Carolina.
Sao Paulo. Pop. 6000. Its district produces a great quan-   CAMiPRODON, kam-pro-dtnt, a fortified town of Spain, in
tity of sugar. It was created a city in 1840.             Catalonia, 32 miles N.W. of Gerona, on the Ter. Pop. 1162.
CAMPINE, klm'peenl, (Dutch, JKenpen, kBmlpen, or It was twice taken by the French in 1794.
Kfempenlaid, kim/psin-lInt,) an extensive arid and' sandy    CAMP/SALL, a parish of England,'co. of York, West
tract, forming  part of the provinces of Antwerp and Limburg, Riding.
together with a narrow portion of Brabtant, in Belgium, and    CAIPISEA-ASHI, aparish of England, co. of Suffolk.
continued into IIolland. The greatest industry has been erin-   CAMPISIE, a parish and village of Scotland, co., and 15
ployed to reclaim it, but about 300,000 acres still remain  miles S.W. of Stirling.
waste.                                                      CAMP/SIE-FELLS/, Scotland, is a range of hills N. of the
CAbIPIN*G CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into Saluda  above village, rising to a height of 1500 feet.
River in Lexington district.                                CAMP SPRING, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama.
CAM'PIO  FORMIO, k&m/pe-o foidme-o, or CAMPO POR-    CAMP/TI, a post-office of Natchitoches parish, Louisiana.
MIDO, kam/po fox-mee/do, a market-town of Austrian Italy,   CAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
goverfiment of Venice, province of Friuli, 66 miles N.E. of    CAMP/TON, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hamp.
Venice, on the Canal of Roja. It is famous for the peace  shire, 45 miles N. by W. of Concord, intersected by the Mer.
concluded here, in 1797, between Austria and France. Pop. rimack River. It has manufactures of starch and woollen
1650.                                                     goods. Pop. 1439.
CAMP IZARD, a postroffice of Marion co., Florida.         CAMPTON, a post-township in Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 8"5
CAMIPLI, kIm/plee, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo    CAMPTON VILLAGE,. a post-office of Grafton co., New
Ultra, 5 miles N. of Ternmo. Pop. 6000. It has a cathedral, IHampshire.
3 collegiate churches, and an abbey.                        CAMP/TONVILLE, a post-office of Yuba co., California.
CAMPLONG, k6ra'piaT/, a village of France, department    CAMP/TOWN, a thriving post-village of Essex co., New
of H6rault, 4 miles N.N.W. of Bhdarrieux. Pop. 2121,      Jersey, 31 miles S.W. of Newark, has 3 churches and several
CAMP' LUCE, a village of MIadison co., Iowa, 130 miles W. stores.
of Iowa City.                                               CAMPTOWN, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania
348




CAM                                                         CAN
CAMP/VILLE, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut.  1300 miles, and its average breadth, from N. to S., between
CAMPVTILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., New York, on  200 and 300 miles: estimated area. 357,822 square miles. It
the New York and Erie Railroad, 240 miles from New York  is bmit proper to add, that as the boundaries of Canada are
city. Cattle are collected at this place to send to the New  not precisely determined on any sfide but the S., various
York market,                                                limits will be found assigned toit by different authorities in
CAM'ROOPI, an old subdivision of British India, formerly  all other directions.
considered to include the districts of Rungpoor and Ranga-    Face of the Uountry. —Cana da West or Upper Canada,
matty, (Bengal,) with Sylhet, Jynteah, Cachar, and a part though by no means so level as it has.been representrid, is
of Lower Assam, to which last portion only the name is now  characterized by a genei al evenness of surface, there being
applied.                                                    few great elevations, with the exception of a table ridge of
CAllM/ROSE or CAMRtHOS, a parish of South Wales, co. of  considerable height, which stretches S.E. and N.W., forming
Pembroke.                                                   a water-shed between Lakes  Superior and IHuron, to which
CAM'SING'MOONI, a seaport of China, province of Quang- it runs parallel at a distance of about 70 miles, and the S.
tong, or Canton, about halfway between Macao and Bocca- portion of HIudson's Bay, called St. James's Bay. A similar
Tig ris, on a small island, called Keeow, 35 miles N. of IHong- water-shed traverses Canada East also. as is indicated by
Kong. Lat. 220 10' N., Ion. 1130 40' E. It has a tolerable  the opposite courses of its rivers, a series of which flow S.S.E.
harbor, which used to be much  resorted to by opium   towards the St. Lawr-ence, while another pours into St.
vessels, and now serves as a convenient depot. Pop. about James's Bay, bothl emanating fromn  a common centre. The
5000.                                                       existence, of this water-shed has, however, been doubted;
CAMT00S, kla-tncef or kam-toosl, a river of Southern  and it has been alleged as not improbable, that the rivers
Africa, Cape Colony, rises in the Niewveld Mountains, and  here, as in other parts of North America, have their origin
enters the sea 20 miles S.W. of Uitenhage, after a course of  in lakes which lie in a plain of a nearly level surface, and
about 200 miles.                                            are situate at nearly the same elevation above the level of
CAMURANO, kg-moo-rOno, a village of Central Italy, in  the sea.  Canada West though much more fertile than
the Pontifical States, 5 miles S. of Ancona.                Canada East is inferior to it as regards romanatic and picCAMUSCIA, ki-moo/sh,, a village of Tuscany, province, turesque scenery. The physical features of the latter, geneand 14 miles S.E. of Arezzo.                               rally, are varied and grand, consisting of boundless forests,
CANA, kjna, (Ai-ab. Cana-el-Jelil, k'i/nd-el-jel-eel/,) a ruined  magnificent riversand lakes, exteiesive prairies, bold, rocky
town of Palestine, supposed by Dr. Robertson to be the  heights, and foaming catiaracts, diversified by cultivated
scene of the miracle recorded in John, on a declivity, 6  fields, pretty villages and settlements, some of them stretchmiles N. of Nazareth, and 13 miles S.E. of Acre. Another  ing up along mountains, fertile islands, ich  astures, and
village, KEe. KENNA, has also been supposed by some to  well-fed flocks. This beautiful appearance, however, changes
be the Cana of the New Testament. It is 31 miles N.E. of  to a very different character in winter. After a heavy fail
Nazareth.                                                   of snow, succeeded by rain an-d a partial thaw, a strong
CANA, a village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 5 miles  frost coats the trees and all their branches with transparent
S.E. of Tyre, and probably the Kanah of Joshua (xii. 28.)   ice, often an inch thick, weighing oni them so heavily, that
CANA, kA/na, a post-office in the S.W. part of Jennings  in a tempest whole forests are laid prostrate, with tremenco., Indiana, 70 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.              dous noise and uproar. Nothing, however, can be-imagined
CANAAN, k4Inan or kA/na-an,  a name applied in Scrip-  more brilliant and beautiful than the effect of sunshine, in
ture to the "Promised Land" of the Israelites. See PA- a calm  day, on the fi-ozen boughs, where every particle
LESTINE.                                                    of the icy crystals sparkles, and nature seems decked in
CANAAN, k/Pnan, a post-village and township of Somei- diamonds.
set co., Maine, on the E. side of the Kennebsec River, 30   slountaivs.-The mountains of Canada are confined enmiles N. by E. of Augusta. It has manufactures of lumber  tirely to Lower Canada or Canada East, the elevations
and leather. Pop. 1696.                                     in the W. province not attaining that dignity. The prinCANAAN, a post-township of Grafton co., New Ianmp-  cipal ranges stretch from  S.W. to N.E., and lie nearly
shire, on the Northern Railroad, 52 miles N.W. of Concord. parallel to each other. They consist of the Green MounPop. 1682.                                                  tains, so called from the pine forests that cover their slopes,
CANAAN, a post-township of Essex co., Vermont, about  which, from the latitude of Quebec, follow nearly the course
110 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 471.                     of the St. Lawrence, on the S. side of which they are
CANAAN, a post-village and township of Litchfield co., situated, and terminate on the gulf of the same name, LbeConnecticut, on the Housatonic Railroad, about 35 miles N. tween the Bay of Chaleur and Gasp6 Point. On the N. side
W. by W. of Hartford. It has manufactures of woollen  of the river is a corresponding range, which forms undugoods. Pop. 2627.                                           lating ridges of about 1000 feet in elevation; the Mealy
CANAAN, a post-township of Columbia co.. New Yorlk, Mountains, stretching fiom about lat. 750 W., to Sandwich
24 miles S.E. of Albany, is intersected by the Western  Bay, computed to be about 1.500 feet high, and always
Railroad. Pop. 1941.                                        covered with snow.; and the Wotchish Mountain, a short
CANAAN, a post-township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, range of crescent form, between the Gulf of St. Lawrence
about 6 miles W. of Honesdale, intersected by the Carbon- and Hudson's Bay. The rocky masses connected with the
dale and Honesdale railroad. Pop. 1938.                     mountain chains that line the St. Lawrence River, advance
CANAAN, a post-office of Miarion co., Alabama.            in many places close to the stream, forming precipitous
CANAAN, a township in Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1142.    cliffs, frequently 200 and 300 feet high.
CANAAN, a township in Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 685.          Geology and Jineralolgy. —The N. parts of Canada, so far
CANAAN, a township in Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1223.   as known, appear to be of crystalline formation; while
CANAAN, a post-township in Wayne co., Ohio, about 55  along the St. Lawrence, and the N. shores of the lakes, the
miles S.E. of Sandusky City. Pop. 1922.                     primary stratifications  prevail, including limestone in  a
CANAAN, a post-village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 84  great variety of states. The banks  of the St. Lawrence are,
miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.  Pop. about 200.              in several places, composed of schist, in a decaying or
CANAAN CENTRE, a post-village of Columbia co., New  mouldering condition; and in every quarter granite is
York, near the Western Railroad, 26 miles S.E. of Albany. found, more or less inclined, but never parallel to the hoerIt has 1 or 2 churches and an academy.                      zon. In thu Gasp6 district-the most E. part of CanadaCANAAN FOUR CORNERS, a post-village of Columbia  numerous and beautiful specimens of quartz have been obco., New York, 25 miles S.E. of Albany.                     tained; indications of coal have also been traced. l'he
CANAANYILLE, kuunan-vil, a post-office of Athens co., limestone formation extends over 30,000 square miles; the
Ohio.                                                       dip is moderate, and the strata of limestone generally unCANADA, kan/a-da, an extensive territory in North Ame- disturbed.  Along the shores of the estuary and Gulf of St.
rica, belonging to the British, formerly divided into two pro- Lawrence, horizontal bankls of recent shells appear at vavinces, called, respectively, Upper and Lower Canada, or rious heights; from 10 to 100 feet above high-water mark,
Canada West and Canada East, separated by the Ottawa, but and inland beaches of sand and shingle, with similar shells,
now politically united, though still differing in laws, customs, as also elevated limestone rocks, scooped out by the waves,
and manners. The region which comprises Lower Canada  and showing lines of lithodomous perforations-all indior Canada East, and the peninsular portion of Canada West,  cating the successive upheaving of the land, since the sea
is formed by the N. shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and  was inhabited by the existing species of testacea. Earththe river St. Lawrence. to about lon. 700 W., after which the  quakes have been frequent in Canada, and some of them'of
state of Maine and the province of New Brunswick mark its  considerable violence. Iron of the best quality has been
S.E. limit. The W. side, again, comprising Canada West, found in great abundance in Canada; silver in small quanis formed by the N. shores of Lalkes Superior and Huron.  ties; and lead, tin, and copper occur in several places. The
The length of the former, fiomn S.W. to N.E., is about 600  latter seems to abound most on Lake Superior, where one
miles; breadth, about 300 miles: length of the latter, fi-om  mine alone (Cliffe mine) yielded, in 1848, 1000 tons. Marble
S.E. to N.W., about 750 miles; breadth, between 200 and  of many beautiful varieties, lithographic stones, and gyp300 miles, exclusive of the peninsular portion, which termi- sum, are also found in the W. province. Gold has been
nates in Lake Erie, and which is 280 miles in length, with  discovered on several branches of the Chaudilre, about 60
an average breadth of between 40 and 50 miles. The entire  miles S. of Quebec, and the companies working there have
length of the territory-that is, of both Canadas, from E. to  met with sufficient eucouragement to continue their operaW., or from Cape Gasp6 to Ion. 900 30, W. —is from 1200 to  tions after an experience of 2 or 3 years. "Whethes the gold
ski




CAN                                                       CAN
worlkings are likely to prove in any high degree productive,"  Thousand Isles, and the different rapids of the St. Lawsays Lord Elgin, "I hazard no opinion; but of the existence  rence, are all on or near the fashionable route of tourists.
of that metal over a very considerable tract of country, no  But the grandest river scenery in Canada is to be seen on
doubt can be entertained."  In the same region, copper ore, the Saguenay River, which enters the St. Lawrence about
niagnesia, specular oxides of iron, and other minerals are  120 or 130 miles below Quebec. The last t60 miles of its
found. Indications of coal have been recently discovered  course exhibits some of the most sublime river scenery in the
near Georgian Bay.                                         world. The banks, varying in height from 500 ts 1500 feet,
Rivers, Gulfs, Lakes, &c.-The  commencement of the  not only often perpendicular, but absolutely overhanging
Gulf of St. Lawretice toudhes the eastern extremity of  the dark, deep river below, "as if to gaze at its own rugged
Canada East and Georgian Bay, a large gulf opening into  features."  The precipitancy continues below, as well as
Lake Huron, lies on the west of Canada West forming a  above the water, which has been found as deep within 5
peninsula between it and the lake. At the S.E. extremity  feet of the shore as in the middle; and near its mouth a
of Georgian Bay is a smaller bay called Nottawasaga Bay; line of 3000 feet failed to reach the bottom. The depth in
N.E. of this again is another bay, named Matchedash, which  other parts varies firom 100 to 1000 feet. The Indian name,
receives the waters of Lake Simcoe —Lake Nipissing and  " Chicoutimi," signifies deep water. The upper half of the
several smaller lakes have also their outlet in Georgian Bay. Saguenay abounds in falls and rapids. Excursions  are
North-west of the latter is a wide channel, communicating  made from Quebec to this river in steamboats. The scenery
with it, and separated from  Lake Huron by a series of is- on the N. bank of the St. Lawrence alone is worth the trip.
lands, called the Manitouline Islands. Chaleur Bay forms a    Anziimals. —Bears, Wolves, beavers, foxes, raccoons, otters,
portion of the boundary between New Brunswick an'd Canada  martens, minks, and musk-rats are to be met with in
East. The great river St. Lawrence, one of the first-class  Canada; but the first three are exceedingly rare, and all the
rivers of the earth, sweeps through Canada, with its wide  others are rapidly diminishing in numbers. The lynx and
and magnificent channel studded with islands, for a dis- wildcat were also formerly tenants of the territory; but
tance of 750 miles, from  the outlet of Lake Ontario to its have now gone farther N. Deer were at one period plentientrance into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by a mouth inferior ful, but are also becoming scarce.  Squirrels of different coonly in width to the Amazon or La Plata-carrying to the  lors and species are extremely abundant. Wild swans, wild
ocean the waters of the greatest system of lakes on the iface  turkeys, woodcocks, and snipes are occasionally met with;
of the globe. Just above Montreal the St. Lawrence re- pigeons are plentiful in spring a-ndautumn; ducks of many
ceives from  the N.W. the Ottawa, a river of 800 miles in  varieties, and wild geese also abound. Among the smaller
length, bringing to it a volume of water little inferior to its  feathered tribe a-re many beautiful birds-jays, woodpeckown, and in no degree inferiortoit in romantic interest. It ers, and blaclkbirds of numerous  and beautiful varieties;
is itself the outlet of a number of small lakes, viz. Temis- and two species of humming-birds. Besides these, there
caninlque, Lac Les-Quinzes, Grand Lake, &c. Proceeding  are eagles, kites, hawks, horned owls, herons, bitterns, and
down the left bank, we pass the St. Maurice, Batiscan, and  crows.
Saguenay Rivers, of from 200 to 400 miles in length.  The    Climate.-The temperature of the atmosphere of the Calast is the outlet, or rather passes through St. John's Lake,  nadas is nearly the same with the climates of Norway,
a sheet of water about of 25 miles in diameter.  The Sorel  Sweden, St. Petersburg, and the S. parts of Iceland-the
or Richelieu River. having its source in Lake Champlain; the  isothermal line diverging fatr to the N. of the parallels of
St. Francis, rising' in Lake Memphremagog; the Ciaudibre,  latitude that connects it with the old continent. Both the
the outlet of Lake Mlegautie, are the most important streams  heat of summer and the cold of winter are much greater
entering the St. Lawrence on the right.                     than in the corresponding latitudes of Europe, the thermoThe principal rivers of Canada West are in the penin-  meter ranging between 102~ above, and 360 below the zeero
sula formed by Lakes Ontario and Erie, on the S.E., and  of Fahrenheit; but, in the districts adjoining the great
Lake Huron on the N.W. Of these may be mentioned the  lakes on its S. border, the climate is much milder, and
Trent, in part of its course called the Otanabee, flowing S.E. more equable than than that of places more remote-a nainto Lake Ontario; the Grand, flowing also S.E. into  lake  tural consequence of the presence of great expanses of
Erie; the Thames, running S.W. into Lakle St. Clair; the Sev- water. In  Canada East the winter commences about the
ern, the outlet of Lake Simcoe, and the Montreal, an upper  latter end of November, and lasts until the end of April,
tributary of the Ottawa. The chief rivers that flow towards  when agricultural operations are resumed; during this
HIudson's Bay are the Albany, Moose, Harricanaw,and Ru- period the frost is generally intense, with N. winds, and a
pert. The lakes of Canada are extremely numerous; the en- clear atmosphere.  In  Canada West the winter is contire surface being thickly dotted with sheets of water of vari-  siderably shorter; and the sledge, or sleighing season, which,
ous dimensions, interwoven with a network of connecting  in Canada East, generally continuesf for five months tostreams. The largest are Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and  gether, scarcely lasts two in the upper province.  The
Ontario, none of which, however, belong exclusively  to  average depth of snow that falls in the course of the winter
Canada, being equally within the territory of the United  is about 30 inches, but is frequently accumulated to far
States-their N. and S. shores forming respectively the N. greater depths during snow storms and drifts. Generally
and S. boundaries of these countries.                       speaking, the climate of Upper Canada or Canada West is
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Beside the great Falls of  much milder than that of Canada East, owing chiefly to
Niagara, which Canada shares with New York, there are a  its being nearer the great lakes.
great number of smaller falls, and rapids, mostly picturesque,    Vcgetable Productions, Agriculture,  c. —In Canada East
often grand, and all important as a source of water-power. as in all cold countries, vegetation is necessarily rapid, the
The Ottawa and its tributaries abound in these falls and  foliage of the forest being often unfolded in great luxuriance
rapids. Ascen:ling the Ottawa, a little above Rigauld, you  in the courseof a fortnight. In Canada West thetransition
have Carillon Falls, a series of rapids 12 miles in length.  from winter to sunmer is less sudden, and the budding and
Near Bytown, a branch, called the Ridean, pours its waters  blossoming are more gradual than in the lower province. The
down a perpendicular bed of blue limestone, 50 feet, into  shrubs are of many kinds, and include the sumach. Flowers
the Ottawa.  The ChaudiSre Fallsa (the Indian name of  of great beauty and variety abound; they comprise many
which is Kianajo, "the Boiling Pot,") in the same vicinity, kinds now cultivated in English gardens, such as the scarlet
are wild and grand. The fall in no place exceeds 40 feet, lobelia, blue lupin, purple gentian, columbine, scarlet and
but the rapids extend 6 miles, and the wvater foams, tosses, otherhoneysuckles,and a host ofothers. Nearly all the vegetaand tumbles among rocks of every shape, in pemrpetual va- bles and fruits ofEngland thrive in the Canadas, particularly
riety, and in such a manner as never to weary the eye, ap- in the West province, under proper cultivation. In the S.
peaslugl like a multitude of different "streams struggling  partsepeaches and applesare produced in such abundance that
for a passage."  An excellent view of the whole is had fromn  the former have been sold for a quarter of a dollar per bushel,
a fine suspension bridge over the Ottawa. One portion of the  and the latter for three half-pence.  Pumpkins and squashes
river is separated from the main stream, and falls into a  grow in the open fields to an enormous size. often attaining
subterranean passage. At these and the other falls are  theweightof50 or 80 lbs. The greater portion ofbothprovincee
timber slides, constructed at great expense. Les Chats, is covered byforests, consisting chiefly ofwhiteand red pine,
another series of rapids or falls, perhaps 30 to 50 miles far- the former of which frequently attains the height of 100
ther up, are formed by the river breaking, at high water, feet to the first branch, and occasionally 200 feet. Immense
over the rocks in 33 distinct shoots, spreading across the  quantities of this timber are annually sent to England.
river to a width of 4 miles. Some of these separate shoots  The other kinds of timber are ash, of various species, black
would, in many places, be called large rivers. In short,  and white birch, beech, elm, and hiclkory, sugar-maple,
these are very remarkable falls, and well worthy the atten- birdseye or curled maple, butternut tree, black walnut,
tion of the tourist. But we cannot particularize further than   wild cherry tree, (Lazouss  cerasus,) basswood or lime tree;
to say, that at Calumet there is another rapid of scarcely less  on rich moist ground, the white sycamore and buttonwood
interest; a fall of 120 feet in the Keepawa branch; besides a  tree; in the marshes, alder, spotted alder, willow, and vanumber of inferior falls and rapids, studded with saw-mills, rieties of thorn; and in the swamps, red and white cedar,
and the banks in many places wild and rugged; while the  and tamarack.  There are, besides, spruce, fir, Scotch fir,
river often expands into beautiful lakes. The well-known  larch, black oak, and several other varieties.
Falls of MIontmorenci, 7 miles below Quebec, with a perpen-    The area of Upper Canada or Canada West as returned
dicular descent of 240 feet; the Falls of the Chaudi're, on  by counties is 20;794,825 acres, of which 3,695,763 acres were
the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 10 miles from Quebec, with a  under cultivation in 1851, and 6,130,854 acres were occuperpendicular pitch of 125 feet down a wild chasm; the  pied lands not under cultivation. Of the ground undes the
350




CAN                                                          CAN
plough, 780,385 acres were in wheat, producing 12,675,603  of linen; and 2,030,151 of flannel.  Cider and ale are made
bushels, or 16 14'60 bushels per acre; 70,040 acres in corn,  in both provinces, and great quantities of whiskey are disproducing 1,686,441 bushels or 24 1'15 bushels per acre;  tilled in  Canada West. Ship-building also forms an im38,975 acres in rye, yielding 479,615 bushels; 192,095 acres  portant and increasing  branch  of business.  In  1851,
in peas, yielding 2,872.413 bushels; and 421,338 acres in oats, 446,935 tons of shipping were built, of which 30,387 tons
producing 11,186,161 bushels, or 26 19'34 bushels per acre.  were constructed at Quebec. At the latterport, 41,505 tone
The  live stock comprised 296,924 cows, (value 1,113,4651.,)  were built in 1851. In 1845, but 41 vessels, of 25,536 tons,
which yielded 15,976,315 pounds of butter, and 2,226,7;6. were built and registered at the various ports of Canada.
pounds  of cheese;  203,300  horses, (value  2,541,2501.;)   Cbmssierce.-According to the late returns, the total value
193,982 working oxen, (value 1,163,8921.;) 254,958 young  of the imports from all foreign countries in 1853 amounted
cattle, and 968,022 sheep.  The latter yielded 2,699,764  to $31,981,436, of which $11,782,147 were from  the United
pounds of wool, averaging   2 14'16 pounds per fleece. In  States, and $18,489,121 from  Great Britain. The exports
Ohio the average per fleece in 1850 was 2 9016 pounds. The  for the same period amounted to $23,801.303. of which
average yield of butter per cow in Canada was 535 pounds; $10,725,455 were to the United States, and $11,465,408 were
and of cheese, 71 pounds. The yield per cow in Ohio (1850) to Great Britain.  The trade between the United States and
was 63$ pounds'of butter, and 38$ of cheese.                  Canada amounted in 1851 to 3,387,519 tons by steam navigaThe returns for Canada East are less satisfactory.  The  tion, and 701,937 tons in sailing vessels. The seatonnage of
area as given by counties comprises 134,393,600 acres, of  the ports of Montreal and Quebec for the same year was
which 3,605,076 acres only were under cultivation, and  589.481 tons, inward bound, of which 533,821 were to Quebec;
4,508,303 acres occupied but not cultivated.  Of the land  and the outward bound, 623,661 tons, of which 586,093 were
under cultivation, 355,926 acres were in wheat, yielding  fr'nom Quebec. The vessels entered inward at Quebec in 1852
3,480,343 bushels or 9 5'6 bushels per acre; 18,891 acres in  were 1240; tonnage, 505,024: outwards, 1228 vessels; tonIndian corn, producing 343,103  bushels, or 18 7'30 per  nhge, 518,580. Among the leading articles exported in 1851,
acre; 39,007 acres in rye, producing 390,220 bushels, or  were pot and pearl ashes to the amount of $831,916; pine
10 bushels per acre; 492,018 acres in oats, yielding 10,248,679  timber, $2,095,644; planks and boards, $1,711,596; flour,
bushels, or 20 13'17 bushels per acre; and 137,660 acres in  $2,631,632; wheat, $635,944; besides butter, cattle, horses,
peas, yielding 1,351,074 bushels. The live stock consisted  oats, barley, rye, copper, and wool; ash, elm, birch, and
of 294,514 cows, (value 1.104,4275.,) yielding 9,673,152 pounds  oak timber; and  staves, laths, masts, spars, shingles,
of butter, and 511,014 pounds of cheese, (33 pounds of the  firewood, &c. &c. Received in duties, $1,166,144.  In 1853
former, and 15 pounds of the latter to each cow;) 182,077  there arrived at Quebec 1188 vessels, with an aggregate burhorses, (value 2,275,9621.;) 111,819 working oxen, (value  den of 531,648 tons, (of which 86,190 were foreign,) bringing
670,9141.;) 180,317 young cattle, and 629,827 sheep. The latter  36,176 emigrants.  There were building in January, 1854,
yielded 1,430,976 pounds of wool, being an average of 2 4'16  at the same port, 29 vessels, with an aggregate of 35,000
pounds per fleece. The total produce of the Canada farms  tons. The duties for 1853 amounted to 969,7845., or about
as given by the census of 1852 was wheat, 16,155,946 bushels, $4,500,000.  The imports for the first six months of the
value 3,231,1901.; Indian corn, 2,029,544 bushels, value  same year amounted to more than $11,200,000.  There
253,6935.; rye, 869,835 bushels, value  108,7295.;   oats, arrived at Montreal from  sea in 1853. vessels to the num21,434,840 bushels, value 1,071,7421.; peas, 4,223,487 bushels, her of 253, with a tonnage of 60,507 tons. Imports for Monvalue  633,5231.;  buckwheat,  1,169,631  bushels, value  treal alone for the same period, more than $14,400,000 if
116,9685.; barley, 1,389,499 bushels, value 208,4245.; pots-  the ireturn was in colonial currency, but $18,000,000 if in
toes, 10,080,173 bushels, value 630,0115.; hay, 1,647,435 tons;  sterling money.
hemp and flax, 1,917,666 pounds; hops, 224,222 pounds;    Governmenot, Religion, Education,  tc.-The  government
tobacco, 1,253,128 pounds; beef, 182,659 bbls.; pork, 533,928  of Canada is in imitation  of that of the United Kingbbls.; swine, 825,476; and maple-sugar, 9,772 199 pounds.  dom.  The executive power is wielded by the governorWheat, as will be perceived, is the chief article cultivated  general, who is appointed by the crown, and is assisted
by the Canadian farmer; but ii the Lower province the  in the administration of affairs by an executive council,
crop is not sufficient to maintain the population, the defi- the members of which are  appointed  by the governor,
ciency being made up by importations from  Canada West.  and the tenure of their offices depends upon their reInternal _lrprovemntents.-In the fall of 1853, Canada had  ceiving the support of the Provincial Parliament of United
225 miles of railway in operation; 1131 in course of con-  Canada. The members of the executive council must hold
struction, and 688 miles for which  charters had been  seats in either branch of the Provincial Parliament.  The
granted; and, in January, 1854, the two Canadas  had  Provincial I-ouse is called the legislative council, the memalready 823 miles of railway completed. Those now (1854)  bers of which are summoned by the queen, and hold their
in operation, connect Buffalo and Niagara Falls with Ha-  seats for life, unless forfeited by crime. The Legislative
milton, Brantford, Paris, London, and Windsor  opposite  IHouse consists of 84 members, elected by the people. In
Detroit; Toronto, with Guelph, Hamilton, and Barrie on  counties, a 40s. sterling freehold confers a vote; and in
Lake Simcoe; Cobourg with Peterborough, and Bytown with  cities and towns, the payment of a yearly rent of ~10 sterPrescott, all in  Canada West; dontreal is united by con-  ling. The forms of procedure in.the Provincial Parliament
necting lines of railroad with New York, Boston, and Port-  are identical with those of the Imperial Parliament. Bills
land, Maine. A branch road unites Quebec with the St. passed by both houses of the Provincial Parliament must
Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad at Richmond.  Besides  receive the queen's assent before they acquire the force of
these, there are a few short branch roads.                    law, and this the governor is authorized to grant in her
The commerce of the Canadas is greatly facilitated by  majesty's name, or to reserve the bills for the signification
numerous canals, some of which are stupendous achieve-  of the queen's pleasure thereon.  The gi oss revenue of
nments. The principal are the Rideau and Welland Canals. United Canads for 1853 was 692,2061.; gross expenditure
The first is 135 miles long, extending from Lake Ontario, at  for same year, 521,6345. The entire public debt of Canada
Kingston, to the Ottawa at Chaudibre, and is large enough  in 1849 amounted to 5,208,6401., of which 4,506,2675. has
to receive vessels of 120 tons burden. The Welland Canal, been expended on public works.
which has been recently enlarged, unites Lake Erie with    The prevailing religion in Canada East or Lower Canada
Lake Ontario. Itis 45feetwide atthebottom, andO 0feet deep. is that of the Romish Church. In Canada West or Upper
The tonnage of this canal from January 1, to September 30, Canada the English Church predominates. According to
1853, was 780;335 tons. The other more noticeable canals  the census of 1851, the religious denominations in the Caare the Cornwall Canal, 12 miles long, which avoids some  nadas were as follows: —Church of Rome, 914,561 commnof the most violent rapids of the St. Lawrence; the Beau-  nicants; Church of England, 268,592; Presbyterian Free
harnois Canal, about the same length, uniting the Lakes  Church, 66,074:  Presbyterian, 110,020; Wesleyan  MeSt. Francis and St. Louis; the Lachine Canal, extending  thodists, 102,439; Episcopal Methodists, 43,891; New Confrom  Lake St. Louis to Montreal; the Chambly Canal,  nection  Methodists, 10,989; other  Methodists, 71,520;
uniting Lake Champlain with the Richelieu River, and a  Church  of Scotland, 61,589; Baptists, 49,846; Congreganumber of others of less note, many of them  short cuts to  tionalists, 11,674; Protestants, 12,208; Lutherans, 12,107;
avoid the rapids of rivers. Both the internal and external  Unitarians, 1183; Bible Christians, 5742; Christian Church,
trade of the Canadas are likely to be greatly benefited by  4103; Second Adventists, 2032; Universalists, 61.34; Quakers,
the railway from  Halifax, in Nova Scotia, to Quebec, the  7423; Disciples, 264; Jews, 351; Mormons, 259; Menonists
construction of which was sanctioned by the government  and Tunkers, 8230; creed not known, 7134; no creed given,
of Great Britain in 1851, and a guarantee given of a fixed  42,261; other creeds, 21,639.
interest on the outlay required. This important line will    The cause of education is attracting much attention.
give the Canadas, throughout the year, the adviSntage of an  Of 262,735 children in Canada West, in 1852, 99,264 atadditional open seaport, of which, from  the freezing of the  tended the public schools; and of 176,0855. expended for
St. Lawrence, they had been entirely destitute previous to  school purposes, 18,7235. were contributed by government,
the opening of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad in  and 26,5305. by municipal assessment. There is a school
1853. The public works in 1853 produced nearly $600,000.   fund in process of formation, which has hitherto produced
fescanufactures.-Immens e quantities of lumber, in the  no income. Of 3388 teachers, 380 were Roman Cathoics.
form  of boards, planks, staves, deals, masts, spars, laths, who have separate schools. The salaries of the male teachers
oars, shingles, handspikes, &c., are manufactured in Canada, average $333, and of female, $211.  The management of
and largely exported. According to the census of 1851, schools is intrusted to commissioners. There is a normal
there were fabricated 1.308,357 yards of fulled cloth; 9041,478  school in Canada Wesit, and one is about be' V, established
351




CAN                                                        CAN
in Canada East.  In the upper province there were 48  former considering themslves as having interests different
colleges, academies, and high schools, in 1847; and in the  from those of the latter, till a crisis arrived. The spirit of
lower, in the same year, were 1642 schools, attended by  anarchy and discontent extended to Upper Canada, where
60,685 pupils, and 65 academies, colleges, and high schools. it began to manifest itself in 1834, the causes being substanThe grants for education amounted to 38,8881.              tially the same with those of Lower Canada. At length
J'opulation, &c.-The Upper province, or Canada West, is matters were brought to an issue in the latter country, by
settled principally by emigrants and the descendants of the arrest, in 1837, ot two popular leaders, who were resemigrants from Great Britain and Ireland. There are also  cued. Warrantsewere issued for the arrest of others; the
large numbers of United States loyalists, or persons who  peasantry in the districts of Chambly and of Grand Brul6
sided with Great Britain during the American War, a mix- were in arms, and were defeated by the military. Similar
ture of all nations or their descendants, and in particular  scenes were enacted at. the same time in Upper Canada,
localities there are large settlements of Pennsylvanian  where considerable exasperation prevailed against the goDutch, and other persons from the United States, scattered  vernment. The insurrection here, however, was also sup.
over the country. In Lower Canada or Canada East, the  pressed, but not before martial law had been proclaimed.
majority of the inhabitants are of French origin, mostly  The result of these proceedings was the reuniting of the
descendants of settlers from Normandy, established in the  provinces, which took place in 1840, under'the name of the
colony previous to 1759, and to whom they still bear, in  United Provinces of Canada.-Adj. and inhab., CANADIAN,
many particulars, a close resemblance.                      ka-n/de-an.
The population of Canada West in 1824 was 151,097; in    CANADA, kAn-yIdd, a village of New Mexico, United
1834, 320,693; in 1841, 465,357; and in 1851, 952,004: popu-  States, a few miles N. of Santa Fe. A skirmish took place
lation of Canada East in 1831, 511,917; and in 1851, 890,261; here, January 24, 1848, between a detachment of United
total, 1,842,265. Of these, 695,945 were Canadians of French  States troops, under Colonel Price, and the insurgents of
origin; 651,673 Canadians not of French origin; 227,766  the territory.
born in Ireland; 93,929 in England and Wales; 90,376 in    CANADIAWAY CREEK, of Chautauque co., New York,
Scotlandl 10,116 in Germany and Holland; 56,214 in the  flows into Lake Erie.
United States; 4259 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's    CANADERAGA (kan-a-da-raw'ga) LAKE, New York, in
Island; 3114 in New Brunswick; 130 in Newfoundland;  the N. part of Otsego co., is between 3 and 4 miles long, and
392 in the West Indies; 110 in the East Indies; 1366 in  1 miles wide. Its outlet joins that of Otsego Lake.
France and Belgium; 43 in Italy and Greece; 75 in Spain    CANADIAN (ka-nmide-an) or NORTH CIHIANNEL, one of
and Portugal; 41 in Sweden and Norway; 196 in Russia, the two passages (N. and S.) into which the estuary of the
Poland, and Prussia; 247 in Switzerland; 13 in Austria  St. Lawrence is divided by the island of Anticosti.  It is
and Hungary; 142 in Guernsey Island; 424 in Jersey and  about 30 miles in breadth, and contains numerous islands
other British islands; other places, 2181; born at sea, 178; on the N. or Canadian side, the principal of which are the
and,. 3335 whose birthplace was not known. The average  Mingan Islands, having passages between, and places of
annual emigration from Great Britain and Ireland to Ca- good anchorage.
nada during the 7 years ending 1848, was upwards of    CANAIDIAN  RIVER  rises in New Mexico among the
37,000; the largest number (89,562) having emigrated in  mountains of the Guadalupe Range, pbout 200 miles N.N.E.
1847, and the smallest (20,142) in 1844. ~ During the same  of Santa Fe. The first part of its course for some 200 miles
period, the annual average emigration to the United States  is nearly S., after which it flows in an easterly direction
was 85,473; while for the 13 years ending 1841, the average  through the N. of Texas and the southern part of Innumbers were nearly equal, showing that a decided pre- dian Territory, entering the Arikansas River about 500
ference is now given to the United States. The number of miles from its mouth. Its entire length is about 900 miles.
emigrants to the Canadas in 1853 was 36,085.                During the dry season it is a small, shallow stream, but,
Canada is divided into 78 counties, the names of which, like other Western rivers, is subject to inundation at the
in Canada West,-are as follows: —Addington, Brant, Bruce,  breaking up of winter. Its waters are slightly colored,
Carleton, Durham, Dundas, Elgin, Essex, Frontenac, Glen- (Whence it is sometimes called the B io Colorado,") and
gary,, Grey, Grenville, Haldimand, Halton, Hastings, Hu- have a brackish taste. Braszces. —The North Fork (or lio
ron, Kent, Lambton, Lanark, Leeds, Lenox, Lincoln, Middle- Nutria) of the Canadian, rising near 370 N. lat. and 1030 W.
sex, Northumberland, Norfolk, Ontario, Oxford, Peel, Perth, ion., flows nearly parallel with the main stream, which it
Peterborough, Prescott, Prince Edward, Renfrew, Russell, joins about 100 miles W.S.W. of Fort Smith. Length, about
Simcoe, Stormont, Victoria, Waterloo, Wellington, Welland,  600 miles. The Rio Nutria may more properly be regarded
Wentworth, and York; total, 42. In Canada East they are  as a tributary than as a branch or fork of the Canadian
Beauharnois, Bellechasse, Berthier, Bonaventura, Chambly, River.
Champlain, Dorchester, Drummond, Gasp6, Huntingdon,    CANADICE, ka-nadle-se, a post-township of Ontario co.,
Kamouraska, Leinster, L'Isle, Lotbinilre, Megantic, lissis- New York, 218 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1075.
quoi, Montmorency, Montreal, Nicolet, Ottawa, Portneuf,    CANAJOHARIE, kan-a-jo-harlree, a post-village and townQuebec, Richelieu, Rouville, Rimouski, Saguenay, St. Man-  ship of Montgomery co., New York, on the righIt or S. bank
rice, St. Hyacinth, Sherbrooke, Shefford, Stanstead. Terre-  of the Mohawk, and on the Erie Canal, 55 miles W.N.W. of
bonne, Two Mountains, Vaudreuil, Verchlres, and Ya- Albany. It contains a number of churches, I bank, an
mask; total, 36. Capital, Montreal.                         academy, and numerous stores and mills. Quarries of
Canada has but few large cities or towns. Montreal, in  building stone are worked in the vicinity. The Utica and
Canada East, had, in 1852, a population of 57,715; Quebec,  Schenectady Railroad passes on the other side of the river.
42,052; Three Rivers, 4936; St. Hyacinthe,3313; and Sher- Pop. of the village, about 2000; of the township, 4017.
brooke, 2998. In Canada West, the principal towns are    CANAL, a post-office of Onondaga co.. New York.
Toronto, pop. 30,775; Hamilton, 14,112; Kingston, 11,585;    CANAL, a post-village and township of Venango co.,
Bytown, 7760; London, 7035; Belleville, 4569; Brantford,  Pennsylvania, on French Creek, 8 miles N.W. of Franklin,
3877; Cobourg, 3871; Niagara, 3340; and Brookville, 3246.  traversed by the Franklin Canal. Pop. 870.
History. —Canada has its name from the Iroquois word    CANAL, a post-office of Warwick co., Indiana.
lcanata, signifying a collection of huts, and which the early    CANAL  CREEK, a post-office of San Pete co., Utah
European discoverers mistook for the name of the country. Territory.
It is said to have been first discovered-hy Sebastian Cabot,   CANAL DOIVER. Tuscarawas co., Ohio. See DovER.
in 1497; but the first settlement made by Europeans was in    CANALE, ka-n&l;[, a town of the Sardinian States, Pied1541, at St. Croix's Iarbor, by Jacques Cartier, a French  monit, province of Alba, 24 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. in
navigator, who sailed up the St. Lawrence, to which he  1838, with commune, 3905. It has important saline springs.
gave its present name. In 1608, a permanent settlement    CANALES, kia-nNl1s, a town of Spain, province, and 36
was made by the'French upon the present site of Quebec, miles S. by iV. of Valencia, on an'elevated plain at the conCanada being then called New France. From this period  fluence of tlie rivers Carolas and Santos. Pop. 2150.
till 1759, the French continued to occupy the country,    CANAL FUL'TON, a thriving post-village of Lawrence
though much harassed by various tribes of Indians, parti- township, Stark co., Ohio, on the Ohio Canal, 125 miles
cularly the Mohawks; but in the year last named, an  N.E. of Columbus. It is a place of active business, and is
English army, under General Wolfe, captured Quebec; and  surrounded by a rich farming district, from which a large
by September 8, 1760, all other places within the govern-  quantity of wheat is exported by the canal. Pop. about 600.
ment of Canada were surrendered to the British, and the    CANAL LEW/ISVILLE, a post-office of Coshocton co.,
French power in that quarter of the world was'entirely anni-  Ohio.
hilated. In 1774, by an act of the British Parliament, a    CANAL P.ORT, a village of Cook co., Illinois, 4 miles S.W.
legislative council of 23 members was appointed to assist the  of Chicago.
governor. Seventeen years after, Canada was divided into    CANAL WINICHESTER, a thriving post-village of Violet
two separate provinces, to be called the provinces of Upper  township, Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie Canal,
and Lower Canada; and the first parliament of the former  about 16 miles S.E. of Columbus, and the same distance
met at Niagara on September 17, 1792. In 1820, dissensions,  N.W. of Lancaster. Pop. in 1850, 352.
chiefly of a political and financial character; began to arise    CANAMINA, ki-nt-mee'nA, a town of Dahomey, about 12
between the House of Assembly and the executive govern- miles S. of Abomey. It is scattered over a great area, and
ment in Lower Canada, which went on from yea r to year in- contains a house set apart by the king for the accomn-odacreasing in intensity and malignity, deepened by the na- tion of white men. The surrounding country is level and
tural prejudice of the French and English colonists, the  cultivated. Pop. 10,000.
352




CAN                                                       CAN
CANANDAIGUA, kan-an-digwa,  a beautiful post-village,  the ass are used as beasts of burden. Among birds are the
capital of Ontario co., New York, situated at the northern  vulture, bustard, pheasant, wood-pigeon, red partridge,
extremity of a lake of the same name, and on the Roches- blackbird, linnet, and the thistle-finch or canary bird. The
ter and Syracuse Railroad, 29 miles S.E. of Rochester, and  inhabitants are of European  origin, mostly Spaniards.
about 220 miles by railroad W. by N. of Albany. Lat. 420  Since 1493 these islands have belonged to Spain, of which
54' N.; ion. 770 17' W. It is equally distinguished for the  kingdom they form a province, governed by the same laws
picturesque beauty of its situation and the elegance of its  as the peninsular portion; the capital of the whole arch i pelago
buildings.  The ground descends gently from  the upper  is Santa. Cruz de Teneriffe. — Inhab., CAcNARIzA, ka-nAre-an. 
part of the village towards the lake, of which it commands    CANAR/SIE, a post-office of King's co., New York.
an extensive prospect.  Many of the residences are sur-   CANARY ISLAND, (Sp.. Gilan Caszaria, grBn! kl-n~Ire-,)
rounded by gardens and ornamented grounds.  Canan- an island near the centre of the group of the Canaries, of a
daigua contains, besides the county buildings, churches of  circular form. Area, 758 square miles. Pop. 57,625. Length,
the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, and Methodists,  from S.W. to N.E., 35 miles; at the N.E. point a portion de2 academies, 2 banks, and 2 printing offices. A railroad has  tached from the mass is joined by a peninsula. Surface
recently been constructed from this place to Elmira, and  mountainous; culminating point, El Cumbre, 6648 feet in
another is extending to Niagara Falls. Incorporated in 1815. elevation. Capital, Las Palmas.
Pop. of township, 6145; that of village, in 1855, 4248.       CANAS, k&/nns', a province of Peru, in the department
CANANDAIGUA, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michi- of Cuzco. Pop. in 1850, 37,605.
gan, 14 miles S.W. of Adrian, has about 100 inhabitants.      CANASAU/GA a post-village of Polk co., Tennessee, about
CANANDAIGUA LAKE, a beautiful sheet of water, situ- 170 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.
ated in the W. central part of New York, is included chiefly    CANASERAGA, kan-na-ser-augaa, a village of Madison co.,
within the limits of Ontario county. Length, about 15  New York, on the Erie Canal, 210 miles W. of Albany.
miles; breadth, from three quarters to one and a half miles.    CAN'ASTOITA, a post-village of Lenox township, Madison
Its outlet joins Mud Creek at Lyons to form Clyde River,  co., New York, on the Erie Canal and the Utica and Syracuse
which flows into Seneca River. Its waters abound in fine  Railroad, 32 miles W. of Utica. It contains 2 or 3 churches,
fish. The surface is stated to be 437 feet above Lake On- and numerous stores. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1000.
tarlio. The lake is firozen almost every winter.              CANASTRA, kA-nAsltr:,, a mountain range of Brazil, proCANANDAIGUA OUTLET. See CANANDAIGUA LAME.                 vince of Minas Geraes, stretching S.E. fromn the S. terminaCANANEA, k&-nA-nAG, a maritime town of Brazil, pro- tion of the Serra Matte Gordo, which forms part of the bounavince of S'Ao Paulo, on a small island in the Bay of Tara- dafry between the provinces of Goyas and Minas Geraes.
pande. Lat. 250 S. Pop. 2000, suburbs included.               CANAYARAL-DE-ALCONETA,   kbn-yA-vA-r-l/-da-,il-koCANANORE, kgn'a-nOrl, (ans. Canurt,) a seaport town  nNAt, a village of Spain, in Estramadura, 23 miles N. by E.
of British India, presidency of Madrfrs, at the head of a  of Caceres.  Pop. 2355.
small bay, 53 miles N.N.W. of Calicut. It has, with its    CANA-YERDE, ktdnit-vladdA, a town of Brazil, province of
suburbs, about 11,000 houses, and is the capital of a terri- Minas Geraes, 12 miles from  Tamendue, with a church.
toiy long governed by female sovereigns, and comprising   Pop. 3000.
most of the Laccadive Islands. It has an active trade with    CANAYEZES, ktA-na-y'zls, a town of Portugal, province
Bengal, Arabia, Sumatra, &c.; imports horses, piece goods, of Minho, 10 miles E.N.E. of Penafiel. Pop. 1500.
almonds, sugar, opium, silk, benzoin, and camphor; exports    CANBORO, a small post-village of Canada West, co. of
pepper, cardamoms, sandal-wood, coir. and shark-fins.      HIaldimend, 35 miles S.E. of Hamilton. It contains three
CANAIA or KANARA, k~nla-ra, the westernmost district stores, and a saw mill.  Pop. about 200.
of the Madras presidency, in British India, on the Malabar   CANCALE, kh6c.aklt, a seaport town of France, department
coast, between lat. 120 and 150 N. Pop. 759,776.            of Ille-et-Vilaine, on a bay of the same name, in the English
CANARIES, ka-nu/roz, or CANARY ISLANDS, (Sp. Cbna- Channel, 8 miles E.N.E. of St. Male. Pop. in 1852, 5826.
7-ias, kA-nure-As; -Fr. Iles sanae-ies, eel kd'n-reel; Ger. accza- Good anchorage is found between it and some rocks off the
rische Inseln, kb-nlrish-eh in/siln; anc. Fobrtuneitre losuke, shore, from which oysters are extensively fished.
i. e." Happy Islands," so called because they were ima-   CANCAO, kn'knkw/, KANG-KAO, kBng-ki6w/, or-'HA-TIAN,
glued by the early Greeks to contain the Elysian Fields, h&'-ee-t nf, a seaport town of Farther India, in Cambodia, on
into which favored heroes passed without dying,) an archi- a river, near its mouth, in the Gulf of Siam. Let. 100 15 N.;
pelags in the Atlantic Ocean, about 60 miles from the W. ion. 1050 E. It has an active commerce in timber and iron.
coast of Northern Africa, between lat. 270 40' and 290 25' N.,   CANCELLARA, kbn-ch8l-lb/r, a town of Naples, province
and Ion. 130 25' and 180 16' W. They consist of 7 principal of Basilicata, 8 miles N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3230.
islands and several islets, arranged in the following order   CANCHIS, kbntchees', a province of Peru, in the departfrom  E. to W: —Launzarote and Fuertaventura, with the mont of Cuzco. Pop. in 1850,36,400.
islets of Graciosa, Santa Clara, Allegranza, and Lobos; Gran   CANCOUPA, kBn-kootpa, a town of India, Deccan, Mysore
Canaria, Teneriffe, Gomera, Palma, and IHIierro, (Ferro.) dominions, 24 miles N.N.W. of Chitteldroog.
Area of the whole, 2980 English square miles. Pop. in   CANCUN, kbIn:koonz, an island ofYucatan, near themouth
1849, 257,719. The coasts of these islands are rocky and of the Bullina, is about 8 miles long by 1I broad.
abrupt, and they are covered with mountains, some of   CANDAIIAR or KANDAHAR, kIn'db-haRs, called by the
which attain a great elevation, the Pico de Teyde in Tene- Afghans AHMED-SIHIAHEE, (Ahmed Shahi,) bh\mMd/-shbrife being 12,182 feet. Their geological formation is most hoee, a fortified city and the capital of Central Afghanistan,
singular and interesting; it consists of a continuous series in a fertile plain, 3484 feet above the sea, 200 miles S.W. of
of volcanic mountains, which rise in a circular form from  Cabool. Lat. 320 37' N.; Ion. 660 20' E. Pop. variously stated
the coast around a principal crater, which serves as an axis; from 25,000 to 100,000, mostly Afghans, but including many
the greater part of them  are deeply indented, and in the  Persians, Oozbeks, Beloochees, Jews, and Hindoos, which
form of a cone reversed. The surface is volcanic, preisenting  last almost monopolize the commerce.  It is enclosed by
a succession of mountains and plains, extinct craters and  bastioned mud walls, 35 miles in circumference, and by a
fertile valleys. There are no rivers, but numerous torrents. ditch; and it has a citadel on its N. side. Two principal
The tropical heat is moderated by the Atlantic breezes, and  streets, about 50 yards broad, and lined with shops, trathe climate is equable. VYinter is almost unknown on the  verse the interior in opposite directions, intersecting at its
coasts. In October, the warmest month, the temperature  centre, where is a kind of circus,-and a domed marketplace.
varies from  780 to 870 Fahrenheit; and in January, the  louses mostly ill built of wood, and with domed os flat
coldest, it is from 600 to 660 Fahrenheit, near the sea; de- roofs; thoroughfares filthy, though the place is well supcreasing with the elevation. The rainy season commences  plied with water from canals and wells. The mosques are
in November, and continues till February; during the dry  mean, and almost the only public building worthy of noseason, from April to October. the weather is unirmly fine, tice is the Tomb of Ahnied Shah, (the founder of the modern
and the trade winds blow steadily. E. and S.V: winds are  town,) an ocftagonal edifice, 40 feet in diameter, by 70 feet
the scourge of these islands; blowing over the burning  in height, and mounted on a platform. Various manufacplains of Africa, they carry a hot and extremely dry air, tures are carried on in Candahar, and its transit trade  is
which destroys vegetation and induces disease. In 1704 the  considerable. Its vicinity is well watered by canals from
Canaries suffered severely from this cause. Fresh water is  the Urg-undaub River, 4 miles westward, and produces the
so scarce, especially in the S. parts of the islands, as in some  finest fruits, with corn, tobacco, madder, &c. in 1839, the
seasons to induce many of the inhabitants to emigrate. The  government revenue flom it and the city was estimated at
vegetation of these islands is not less interesting than their  80,0006. a year. Candahar is supposed to have been origingeological formation. (See Johnstemi's Physical Atlas.) The  ally founded by Alexander the Great. It was taken by
chief productions are wine, oil, grain, the sugar-cane, and  Tamerlane  in 1384, and by Shah Abbas of Persia in 1620,
exquisite fruitsof all kinds: and the surrounding seas  and was held by British troops from 1839 to 1842, when it
abound in fish. The principal foreign trade is carried on  was finalJy evacuated.
with the United States, England. and Hamburg, and there    CANDlE, kSNsdbt, a town of France, department of Maineis considerable commerce between the different islands. et-Loire, 11 miles S.W. of Seare, on the Endre. Pop. 1609.
The annual produce is estimated at 170 quarters of grain,   CANDEISH  or KIHANDEISIT, kan-dbshl, one of the old
54,000 pipes of wine, 300,000 quintals of barilla, and  Mahratta provinces of Rindostan, between lat. 20 and 220
500,000 barrels of potatoes. The goat is among the most N.. and lon. 730 and 760 E, and now composing the British
valuable animals; dogs are numerous, and all the domestic  district of Candeish, with some parts of the Indors and Nianimals of Europe are easily naturalized. The camel and  zam's dominions.
X                                                                           353




CAN                                                       CAN1
CANDEISI, a district of India, presidency of. Bombay, is    CANE CREEK, of Benton co., Alabama, flows into Coos%
snclosed by the districts of Surat and Ahmednuggar, and  River, a little below the Ten Islands.
the Indore, Gwalior, Nizam's, and Guicowar's territories.   CANE CREEK, of Missouri, flows through Butler county
Pop. 478,457.  The chief rivers are the Nerbudda and  into Arkansas, and falls into Big Black River about 3 miles
Taptee. The district was conquered by the British in 1819. from the N. boundary of the latter state.
CANDELA, k/n-dAllg, a town of Naples, province of Capi-   CANE CREEK, a post-office of Chatham co., North Carotaata, 22 miles S. of Foggia. Pop. 3434.                  lina.
CANDELA, kin-d0l9, a village of the Mexican Confedera-   CANE CREEK, a post-office of F'ranklin co., Alab.ma.
tion, 53 miles S.E. of Coahuila.                            CANE CREEK, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.
CANDELARIA, kan-dA-lIre-a, a rocky islet and reefs in    CANE CREEK, a village of Gallatin co., Illinois, 17 miles
the South Pacific, Solomon group. Lat. 60 16' S.; Ion. 1590  N.N.W. of Shawneetown.
20' E. Discovered by Montana in 1567.                       CANE CREEK, a small post-village of Butler co., Missouri.
CANDELARIA, k n-d-lhtre-d, a bay of Central America,   CANEGIHEM, kntfe-fim', a village of Belgium, province
on the N.E. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, W. of Choco  of West Flanders, 15 miles N.E. of Courtrai.  Pop. 2013.
Bay, at the month of the Atrato. Lat. 80 10' N.; ion. 770 W.   CANE HILL, a township in Washington  co., Arkansas.
CANDELARIA, kn-di-lPire-Al, a town of the Argentine  Pop. 1082.
Republic, department of Corrientes, on the Paran&, nearly    CANE ISLANDS, or KALIB ROCKS, two rocky islands
opposite Itapua, (in Paraguay.)                            in the Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Tunis, in NorthCANDELARIA, kgn-dA-l/re-A, a seaport town of the Ca- western Africa, 51 miles from Cape Zibib. Lat. 370 37/ N.;
naries, on the E. coast of the island of Teneriffe.        lon. 100 30' E.
CANDELARIO,     k~n-dd-l3re-o, a town of Spain, in Leon,    CANEL, ka-n~lf, a town of Western Africa, in Senegam40 miles S. of Salamanca, on a slope of the Sierra de Bejar. bia, on an affluent of the Senegal, 30 miles S.E. of Sedo.
Pop. 2089.                                                 Pop. 6000. (?)
CANDELARO, kdn-dA-l/ro, a river of Naples, rises in    CANELAS,.k,-nIlss, sometimes written CANELES, kgMount Liburno, and, after a S.E. course of about 40 miles, ndlls, a small mining town of the Mexican Confederation,
enters the Adriatic, 3 miles S. of Manfredonia.            state and 110 miles N.W. of Durango, on the S.W. slope of
CANDELEDA, kdn-.&A-lDf, a town of Spain, Old Castile, the Sierra Madre. Near it some veins of mercury have been
42 miles S.W. by S. of Avila, at the point of junction with  discovered.
New Castile and Estremadura. The inhabitants are chiefly    CANELLI, kli-unflee, a market-town of the Sardinian
employed in weaving, making hats and bricks, expressing  States, in Piedmont, 13 miles S.E. of Asti, near the Belbo.
oil, and in husbandry. Pop. 4730.                         Pop. 3422.
CANDELO, kdn-di/lo, a town of the Sardinian States, 31    CANE POINT, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia, 36
miles S.E. of Biella, on the right bank of the Cervo. P. 2538. miles N. of Columbus.
CANDES, kNcd, a town of France, department of Indre-et-   CANE RUN, a post-office of Mlercer co., Kentucky.
Loire, 71 miles W.N.W. of Chinon, on the left bank of the    CANE SPRITNG, a post-office of Bullitt co., Kentncely.
Loire. Pop. of commune, 800.                                 CANES/VILLE, a village in the SE. part of Grant co.,
CANDHAR, kln'darf, or GUNDHARA, gfin-d'hd-rA, a town  Indiana, about 60 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
of India, 80 miles S.E. of Jeypoor..                        CANET-DE-MiAR, kI-ntit-dA-mnic   a maritime town of
CANDHAR, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's dominion, Spain, 26 miles N.E. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean.
69 miles N. of Beeder.                                     Pop. 2800.
CANDIA, an island in the Mediterreanean Sea. See CR.ETE.   CANETE. kgn-yAtA, a seaport town of Northern Peru,
CANDIA. khnlde-A, or MEGALO-KASTRO, megla-lo-klst- capital of a province of its own name, in the department of
tro, (modern Gr. pron. meg'A-lot-kdsftron; anc. MlatiumaP) a  Lima, 85 miles S.E. of the Metropolis. Pop. of the province,
fortified seaport city and the capital of the island of Crete, in 1850, 17,653.
near the centre of its N. coast. Lat. of the principal mina-   CANETE DE LAS TORRES. kIn-y alt  d' lAs tonlds, a
ret, 350 21' N.; Ion. 250 8' 9~,E. Pop. 12,000, nearly all Mo- town of Spain, 25 miles E. of Cordova; near the Cafalejo.
hammedaus.  Its massive fortifications, decayed docks, Pop. 2410.
arsenal, extensive arched vaults for galleys, and a large    CANETE-LA-HUERGINA, kin-yiltA- 1hhoo-er-     m eln, a
cathedral, were constructed by the Venetians. Its harbor, town of Spain, 27 niles E. of Cuenca. Pop. 1230.
formed by two moles, each terminating with a fort, is now    CAiETE-LA-REAL, kbin-yiAltA-l-ri-All,  a town of Spain, 44
so choked as to be available only for vessels drawing 8 feet miles N.W. ofMalaga. Pop. 4090. Commerce in fruits and wine.
of water; and its trade is much less important than that of    CANEVA. kA-nA/vA, a market-town of Northern Italy, goKIoania, (or Caneca,) 65 miles W. Streets wide and roughly  vernment of Venice, 37 miles W. of U dine. Pop. 4270.
paved; houses well built, and interspersed with gardens    CANE/VILLE, a township in Cane co., Illinois, about 50
and fountains. Principal edifices, the pasha's palace, ba- miles W. of Chicago. Pop. 592.
zaars, and mosques, a synagogue, light-house, and public    CANEW/DON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.  King
baths. Chief manufacture is that of soap. The exports in  Canute held his court here.
1846, consisting'of honey, cheese, oil, wax, soap, wool,   CANEY, kA/nee, a post-office of Matagorda co., Texas.
fruits, &c., amounted in value to 46,2611.; and the imports,   CANEY, a posetoffice of Washita co., Arkansas.
in the same year, to 70,8041. In 1841, 159 ships, chiefly    CANEY BAYOU, kAlnee bI/oo, a small stream of Texas,
Turkish and Greek, aggregate burden 7408 tons, entered  which flows along the boundary of Matagorda and Brazoria
the port; and 198 ships, burden 9963 tons, cleared. Candia  counties, and enters the Gulf of Mexico near the head of
was taken fromn the Venetians by the Turks in 1669.       Matagorda Bay.
CANDIA, klnlde-A, a town of the Sardinian States. in    CANEY BRANCIH, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.
Piedmont, 20 miles S. of Novara, province of Lomellino.   CANEY BRIDGE, a post-office of Chicot co., Arkansas.
Pop. 2246.                                                  CANEY CREEK, Texas, flows through Montgomery co.
CANDIA, a village of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont,  into the San Jacinto.
province of Ivrea. Pop. 2250.                               CANEY CREEK, a small village of Greene co., Tennessee.
CANIDIA, a post-township of Rockingham co., New Ramp-   CANEY CREEK, a village of Morgan co., Kentucky.
shire, 15 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1482.                 CANEY FORK, a tributary of, Cumberland River, rises
CANDIA VILLAGE, a post-office of Rockingham co., New  among the Cumberland Mountains, in the E. central partof
HampShire.                                                Tennessee, and falls into the river at Carthage, Smith co.
CANID)LEMAS ISLANDS, in the South Atlantic Ocean, Its general course is N.W., and its whole length, perhaps,
near Sandwich Land. Lat. 570 10' S.; lon. 300 W.          125 miles.
CAN/DLESBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          CANEY FORK, a post-office of Warren co., Tennessee.
CAN/DOR, a post-village and township of Tioga co., New    CANEY SPRING, a post-office of Marshall co., Tennessee.
York, on the railroad connecting Owego with Ithaca, 10    CA/NEYVILLE, a post-village in Grayson co., Kentucky,
miles N.N.W. of the former. Pop. 3433.                    about 110 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
CANDOR, a post-village of Washington co., Pennsylvania,   CAN/FIELD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
20 miles W.. of Pittsburg.                                Here are remains of a castle of the De Veres.
CANDOR CEN/TRE, a post-office of Tioga co., New York.    CANFIELD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
CAN/DOVER, BROWN, a parish of England, co. of Hants.   CANtFIELD, a post-township in Mahoning co., Ohio, about
CANDOVER, CHILTON, a parishof England, co. of Hants. 17 miles S. by E. of Warren. Pop. 1463.
CANDOVER, PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of IHants.    CANFIELD, a thriving post-village, capital of Mahoning
CANDY, a town of the island of Ceylon. See KANDY.      co., Ohio, is situated in the above township, 166 miles N.E.
CANE, kain, or KEN, a river of India, in Bundelcund, of Cleveland, and 68 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It is neatly
joins the Jumna, 23 miles from  Banda, after a N.E. course built, and pleasantly embowered among the ornamental
Of 250 miles. Its bed is rocky, and it is innavigable. It trees. The seat of justice was established here when the
separates the Bengal S.W. territories from the Gwalior and  county was organized in 1846, since which the court-house
Bundelcund dominions.                                    has been erected, and other improvements made. Canfield
CANEA, a seaport town of Crete. See KmkNIA.            is situated in a rich and undulating country, in which
CANEAIDEA, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York, stone-coal and iron ore are abundant.
10 miles N.W. of Angelica, is intersected by the Genesee    CANFIELD' CORNER apost-officeofTiogaco..NewYork.
River and Genesee Canal. Pop. 1477.                        CANFOO or CANFU, kan-foof, called,KANPOO by lhe ChiCANE BOTTOMI,a post-office of Lauderdale co., Tennessee. nese, an ancient town and seaport of China, province of
354




CAN                                                       CAN
he-kiang, at the heaa of a considerable bay, 32 miles S.W. Eight years ago it contatned only 4 or 5 log-cabins, now it
of Chapoo. It was originally the port of Hang-Chow,and  is the largest town in the county, and contains several
is described, in the 9th century, by two Arabian travellers, churches and elegant residences, and a large cotton factory,
as the port of China, where all shipping entered. It is called the Cannelton Cotton-mill, which employs several
now deserted, in consequence of the stream that runs past hundred operatives, and produces 40,000 yards of sheetings
it having become choked with sand. The trade which it per week. This establishment, which is 300 feet long and
formerly possessed is now engrossed by Canton and Chapoo. 4 stories high, is built of variegated sandstone, and pre
CANtFORD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           sents a splendid appearance fromtheriver. A newspaper is
CANFRANC, ktn-fr~nkt, a frontier town of Spain, pro- published here. The vast beds of cannel coal which are
vince of Huesca, on a frequented route between France and  found in the adjoining hills give to this place superior adSpain, in the Pyrenees, 9 miles N. of Jaca.               vantages for a manufacturing town. The stratum of coal is
CANGALLO, kdn-gAlfyo, a town of Peru, capital of a pro- 4 or 5 feet thick, and easily accessible. The coal is used exvince of its own name, in the department of Cuzco, is tensively in the steamboats which navigate the river. The
situated on one of the head branches of the river Apurimac, improvements at this place were comnienced by the Ameeiabout 150 miles W. of Cuzco. Pop. of province, in 1850, 20;027. can Cannel Coal Company, which was incorporated in 1836.
CANGAS DE ONIS, k~ntlgs dA o-neeceo, a town of Spain, Fine sandstone and fire-clay are found here in connection
35 miles E.S.E. of, Oviedo. Pop. 6380.                    with the coal. Pop. in 1853, about 2500.
CANGAS DE  TINEO, kbn/gh     s dA te-n/o, a town of    CANNES, klnn, a seaport town of Southern France, deSpain, 32 miles W.S.W. of Oviedo. Pop. 502.               partment of Var, on the Mediterranean, 25 miles N.E. of
CANGOZIMA, k/n-go-zee/mA, or KANGOZIMA, kgn-go-zee/- Draguinan.  Pop. of commune, in 1852, 5557. It stands on
ml, a town and seaport of Japan, at the southern extremity  a declivity facing the sea, and surrounded by orange and
of the island of Kioo-Sioo; lat. 31~3l7 N., ion. 1300 29' E., situ- olive plantations. It has an old Gothic castle, and a good
ate at the head of the Bay of Cangozima, which runs abont quay, but an indifferent port. Exports, chiefly anchovies,
38 miles inland, with a breadth varying from 6 to 12 miles. fruits, and corn. Near it is the villa of Louise-E]leonore,
On a high rock, at the mouth of the harbor, there is a  the property of Lord Brougham. Napoleon landed at Cannes
square-built light-house. The harbor is protected by a bnl- from Elba, on the 1st of March, 1815.
wark and stone rampart, at the extremity of which is a    CANNETELLO, kin-nA-t6l/lo, a village of Naples, province
guard-house. It is considered an important station.       of Calabria Ultra I., 8 miles N. of Reggio, in the Strait of
CANGREJOS, kdn-grUA/oce, or CRAB ISLAND, a small Messina. It was almost destroyed by an earthquake in
island of South America, Venezuela, at the mouth of Ori- 1783. Pop., with Pezzo and Piall, two small places, 2230.
noco. Lat. 80 50, N.; lon. 600 18' W.                       CANNETO, kdn-nAto, a town of Lombardy, 20 miles W.'
CANGUrU, k n-goo-sool, a modern town of Brazil, on a  of Mantuna, on the Oglio. Pop. 3000.
river of the same name, province, and 70 miles N. W. of San    CANNETO, a town of Naples, 9 miles S. of Bari. Pop. 1940.
Pedro-do-Rio-Grande. Pop. 5000.                             CANNING, a small post-village of Canada West, co. of,
CANIAPUSCAW, kan.' oap/us-kaw', or KOKSOAK, kokl- Oxford, 5 miles W. of Paris. It contains a woollen factory,
so-ak', a river of British America, Labrador, issuing from a  an axe factory, and a saw-mill.
lake of the same name, running N. by W., and, after receiv-    CANNINGS, BISHOP'S. See BISrOP'S-CANNINGS.
ing two considerable tributaries, falls into Ungava or South    CAN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Bay, or Hudson's Strait, in lat. 590 N.                      CANNOBIO. See CANor/oo.
CANIAPUSCAW, a lake of very irregular shape; is   CAN/NOCK, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
about 60 miles long, with a breadth varying from 8 to 35    CANNOCK-CHASE, formerly a woodland, but a bleak
miles. Its northern end is in lat. 540 45' N., lon. 67 W.  tract of about 25,000 acres, extending from the above N.E. to
CANICATTI, kl-ne-kltttee, a town of Sicily, 15 miles the river Trent. Lichfield and Rudgeley are upon its borders.
E.N.E. of Girgenti, on the Naro. Pop. in 1844, 18,000. In    CAN/NON, a county in the central part of Tennessee, has
its environs are extensive sulphur-mines.                 an area of about 220 square miles. It is drained by Stones
CANICELCLO. a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virginia.    River and the Caney Fork of Oumberland River. The surCANIGOU, k~lne'gool, a mountain of France, department face is uneven; the soil mostly productive. The county has
of Pyr6n6es-Orientales, 24 miles S.W. of Perpignan; it is a turnpike-road leading to Nashville. Capital, Woodbury.
one of the culminating points of the Pyrenees, and 9137  Pop. 8082, of whom 8139 were free, and 843 slaves.
feet in elevation.                                          CANNON, a township and village of Kent co., Michigan,
CANILES, kg-nee/les, a town of Spain, 29 miles S.W. of  about "0 miles N.N.W. of Ilastings. Pop. 696.
Granada.. Pop. 4234. It has linen manufactures.             CAN/NONBIE or CAN/OBY, a parish of Scotland, co. of
CANILLAS, k&-neel/ybs, a modern commercial town of  Dumfries.
Spain, 22 miles E.N.E. of Malaga. Pop. 2247.                CANNONBY CROSS, a parish of England, co. of CumCANINDE, kd-neen/dA, a river of Brazil, province of Pianhi, berland.
falls into the P'arnahiba, after a course of above 200 miles.  CANNON RIVER, of Minnesota Territory, has its source
CANINO, kI-nee'no, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical near 40 N.. lat., and 930 25' W. ion.; it flows first northerly,
States, 20 miles W.N.W. of Viterbo. It has celebrated baths, then north-easterly, and at last in a general easterly direcand gave the title of prince to Lucien Bonaparte.         tion, and falls into the Mississippi near Red Wing Village.
CAN'ISB/AY/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness.    Length, about 80 miles.
CANIS/tNIA, a small lake in the N.W. part of Louisiana,   CANINONSBURG, Pennsylvania. See CANsosranG.
about 4 miles S.W. of Red River, into which it flows.       CANNONSBURG, a post-office of Greenup co., Kentucky.
CAN'ISTE/O, a new county of New York, intersected by    CANNONSBURG, a small post-village of Hancock co., Ohio.'
the Erie Raiiroad. Capital, Corning.                        CANNONSBURG, a post-village of Kent co., Michigan,
CANISTEO, a post-village and township of Steuben co., about 60 miles W.N.W. of Lansing.
New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 328 miles   CANNON'S CREEK, of South Carolina, flows eastward
from  New York city. It is intersected by the Canisten  into Broad River, near theN. extremity ofLexington district.
Creek. One newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1850, 2030.   CANNON'S FERRY, a post-office of Sussex co., Delaware.
CAN'ISTE/0 RIVER rises in Alleghany co., in the S.S.W.   CANNON'S MILL, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.
part of New York, and, running in a sohth-easterly course,   CANNON'S STORE, a post-office of Spartanburg district,
falls into the Tioga River, in Steuben county. The New  South Carolina.
York and Erie Railroad runs in the valley of this river,   CANNON'S STORE, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee.
near its left bank, through almost the whole of its course.     CAN/NONSVILLE, iA post-village of Delaware co., New
CAN/ISTER ISLANDS, three small islets of the Mergui  York, on the Coquago River, about 35 miles -E. of BingArchipelago, in the Indian Ocean, lat. 130 N., Ion. 980 E.  hamton.
CANJAYAR, kin-nL-aa, a town of Spain, 34 miles W. of    CANNOUCHIIEE, kan-noo/chee, a small river of Georgia,
Almeria, E. of the Sierra Gador. Pop. 2700.               rises in Emanuel county, and flowing S.E. enters the OgeeCANN, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.               chee, about 12 miles S.W. of Savannah. The Little CanCAN/NA, one of the Hiebrides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle, nouchee unites with it in Bryan county.
one of four islands, forming the parish of Small Isles, 7    CANNOUCHEE or CANOCHEE, a post-office of Emanuel
miles S.W. of Skye. Length from E. to WV., 4A miles; breadth, co., Georgia.
1 mile. Pop. in 1851, 240, mostly Roman Catholics.          CANNSTADT, kinntstltt, a walled town of Wiirtemberg,
CAN/NADAY GAP, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia.    circle of Neckar, in a beautiful and fertile valley, 4 miles
CAN'NANEEI CREEK, Georgia, flows into the Ocmulgee  N.E. of Stuttgart.  It is the entrepft for the, traffic on the
River, in Irwin county.                                   Neckar, and has manufactures of woollens, cottons, tobacco,
CANNE, kgn/nt, a village of Naples, province of Bari, vinegar, &c., with some dyeing establishments. In the
near the Ofanto, 8 miles W.S.W. of Barletta, on the site of  vicinity are a number of mineral springs, forming a favorthe field of Canute,- still called the " Campo di Sangue,"  ite resort for the inhabitants of Stuttgart. Close by are the
k m/po dee stnfgwA, (i.e. " field of blood,") where Hannibal royal seats of Bellevue and Rosenstein. Cannstadt is congained a memorable victory over the Romans, B. c. 216.    nected by a railway with Heilbronn and Carlsruhe. In 1796,
CANNE, klnn or klntneh, a village of Belgian Limbourg,  a battle was fought near the town, between the Archduke
10 miles E.N.E. of Tongres. Pop. 610.                     Charles and General Moreau. Pop. 4465, mostly Protestants.
CAN/NELTON, a flourishing post-town of Perry co., In-   CANOBBIO, kI-nob/be-o, a town of the Sardinian States,
diana, is situated on the Ohio River, 120 miles below Louis- Piedmont, W. side of Lago Maggiore, 17 miles S.W. of Bel
vile, Kentucky, and 70 miles above Evansville, Indiana. lingzona. Pop. 2000.
35




CAN                                                        CAN
CANOE, ka-nool, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.    CANTALAPIEDRA, kgn-ta-l-e-pe-Adri, a town of Spain,
Pop. 888.                                                  25 miles E.N.E. of Salamatnca, with 1076 inhabitants.
CANOE CREEK, of Alabama, flows through St. Clair co.   CAN'TALBAIRY, a town of Northern Ilindostan, sub.
into Coosa River.                                           ject to Bootan, 50 miles S.W. of Chuka.
CANOE PLACE, or NEWFMAN'S MILLS, a post-village of    CANTALEJO, kIn-tA-lano, a town of Spain, province and
Indiana co., Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of the Sus- 18 miles N.N.E. of Segovia. Pop. 1176.
quehanna, 70 miles from Pittsburg. Named from being the    CANTALICE, kln-t~tle-chA, a town of Naples, province of
highest point on the river to which a canoe could be pushed. Abruzzo Ultra II., 6 miles N. of Civita Ducale.
CANOIGA, a post-village of Fayette township, Seneca co.,   CANTALUPO, kAn-td-loolpo, a town of Naples, province
New York, halfa mile W. of Cayuga Lake, and 10 miles S.E. of  of Sannio or Molise, 13 miles W.S.W. of Campobasso. Many
Waterloo. Pop. 300. Hiere is a large spring, which affords  of the inhabitants perished by an earthquake in 1S05. The
permanent motive-power for a flouring mill and a saw mill. French here defeated the Neapolitans in 1798. Pop. 2290.
CANOMA, k'-no-m!  or ka-notms. a river of Brazil, pro-   CANTELEU, kBn'teh-luhf, a town of France, department
vince of Pari, an affluent of the Madeira, which it joins on  of Seine-Inf6rieure, 3 miles W. of Rouen, with a castle and
the right, in lat. 30 58' S., after a N.W. course of upwards  numerous villas. Pop. of commune, in 1852, 3371.
of 200 miles direct distance,'and passing through Lake    CANTENAC, kbn'teh-nAkl, avillage of France, department
Canoma, about 35 miles long by 12 miles broad.              of Gironde, 10 miles N. of Bordeaux, with a small port on
GA6NON, kAu-yont, a Spanish word signifying "tube" or the Gironde. Pop. of commune, 853.
"channel,'"applied in lMexico and South America to narrow     CANTERBURY, kanlter-ber-e, (auc. Duroversc enum or Dar- 
and deep river channels.                                    vetInum; afterwards called C~ntta-riaf,) a city, borough,
CANON-FROME, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.    and county of itself, in England, and its metropolitan
CANONIICUT ISLAND, in Narraganset Bay, Rhode Is-  see, within the county of Kent, on the Stour, 53 miles
land, 2 miles long, and about half a mile wide.             E.S.E. of London, with which it communicates by railCANON-PION, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         way. Lat. 510 16' 48" N., ion. 10 4' 31" E. Area, which
CANIONSBURG, a post-borough of Washington co., Penn- includes 14 parishles, 3240 acres.  Pop. of the city, in 1851,
sylvania, 18 miles S.W. fronm Pittsburgh, with which it is  18,747. The parliamentary and municipal boundaries inconnected by a turnpike-road. It is the seat of Jefferson  elude the whole of the city and suburbs, with the exception
College, a flourishing institution, having 8 instructors, 197  of a few houses in Thanington parish, Ashford Road. It is
students, and a library of 10,000 volumes. Pop. 627.        situated in a rich vale watered by the Stour, and has four
CANOOCHEE. See CMNoUCHEE.                                 main streets, branching from a centre at right angles, and
CAN'OON', a town of British India, 80 miles W.S.W. of  each terminating in a suburb beyond the ancient walls, conDelhi. Situated in the midst of a desert.                   siderable remains of which still exist. Its cathedral, erected
CANOPER, a post-office of Adams co., Indiana.             in the twelfth and two following centuries, on the site of the
CANOPUS or CANOBUS. See ABnOKEaEn.                        first Christian church built in Saxon England, is in the
CANOSA, k-nolsA, a town of Naples, province of Bari, 13  form of a double cross, with a central and 2 western towers,
miles S.W. of Barletta. Pop. 7120. It has a cathedral, and presents a magnificent union of almnost every style of
founded in the 6th century, the tomb of the celebrated Bo- Christian architecture. The choir is the largest and one of
hemond, Prince of Antioch, and the remains of the ancient the finest in the kingdom, and the pavement of the chapel
Canidsium.                                                  of the Holy Trinity is worn into hollows by the knees of the
CANOSSA, ka-nostse, a town of Central Italy, duchy of  innumerable pilgrims who here worshipped at the shrine of
Modena, district, and 11 miles S.WV. of Reggio, with a castle,. Thomas k Becket. Among other interesting tombs here is
in which the Emperor IHIenry IV. performed penance before  that of the Black Prince. A fine chapter-house and a valuPope Gregory VII., in 1077.                                 able library are attached to the cathedral, under which is a
CANOUAN, ka-noofAn, the central of the Grenadine  spacious crypt, used as a French Protestant church since the
Islands, British West Indies; lat. 120 43' N., ion. 610  reiugn ofElizabeth. The numerous parish churches are mostly
21' W.                                                      ancient, but possess little interest. The grammar school,
CANOURGUE, LA, l& ki'nooag! or LA CAYOURGUE, (?) founded by Henry VIII. for 50 scholars, has several exhibil. ki'yooitg,town of France, department of Loz6re, 9 miles  tions and scholarships at Cambridge. There are numerous
S.W. of Marvejols, on the Urugue, near its confluence with  other endowed schools; an hospital for poor brethren,
the Lot. From  time immemorial the centre of the mann-  founded by Archbishop Lanfranc, present annual revenue,
factures of serges and other woollen goods, known by the  4111.; Jesus IHospital, founded in 1595, revenue 5841.; anname of Cadis-de-la-(Slnour-gue. Pop. in 1852,1910.;        other hospital, with a revenue of 3061.; an infirmary, an anCANQUAGA (kan-lkcwahga) CREEK, a small stream of  cient guild-hall, an exchange, large barracks, a theatre, and
Erie co., New York, lalls into Lake Erie, near 20 miles S.S.W. philosophical institution, with a library and museum. A
of Buffalo.                                                 fine ancient gateway, and some remains of St. Augustine's
CANSO or CANSEAU, (kantso,) TRE GUT OF, is the pas- Abbey, and of a Norman castle, the old Checquer's Inn, inssage between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, from the At- mortalized by Chaucer, and the Donjon (or Danejohn) Field,
lantic into  Northumberland Strait.  Length, 17 miles;  (now formed, with its mound of supposed Danish origin,
average breadth, 21 miles.                                  into a beautiful planted walk,) may be specified as objects
CANTA, kantt, a town of Peru, capital of a province of  of interest.
its own name, in the department of Lima, 50 miles N.E. of    In the immediate vicinity are several woollen mills, but
Lima City. Pop. of the province, in 1850, 16,384.           the chief business is the export of agricultural produce,
CANTABRIAN  (k&n-teVbrein) MOUNTAINS, in the N. especially of hops, extensively grown in the neighborhood,
of Spain, form a prolongation of the Pyrenees, and extend  and of brawn, fo- which the city has some repute. Canterfrom these mountains in the E. to Cape Finistlre on the  bury was formerly noted for its silk manufactures, but these
W~., about lat. 43' N. The chief divisions of the chain are  have been supplanted by a superior kind of damask linen,
the Sierras d'Aralar, Salvada, Ordunte, Anasha, Sejos, Al- for which it is celebrated. It sends two members to the
has, Pefia, Mellara. the mountains of Asturias, Sierra de  House of Commons. Canterbury was, previous to the RoPeriamarella, Mondofiedo, Quadramon, and Tecyra; some  man invasion, a place of note as a religious institution. It
of the summits attain an elevation of 10,000 feet.          was made'a princiial station by the Romans, and in the
CANTABRIGIA. See CABRaIDce.                               second century Christianity was introduced.  It subse
CANTAGALLO, k n-ta-gAI/lo, a town of Brazil, province  quently became the capital of the Saxon kingdom of Kent,
of, and 85 miles N.E.of Rio  Janeiro, in an exhausted gold  under the name of Caer-Cant, hence Cantuaria and Canterdistrict. The products of the district are sent on mules to  bury.  The archbishopric, founded A. o. 597, has had 93
the ports on the Rio Macacu, whence they are exported to  archbishops, including the present primate, the mnost famous
Rio  Janeiro.  Pop. 4000.                                   of whonm have been St. Augustine, the founder of the see,
CANTAL, kNG'tel, a central department of France,  St. PDunstan, Stigand, Lanfi-anc, Anselrm, Becket, Cardinal
formed of the S. part of the old province of Auvergne. Area, Pole, Cranmer, Laud, and Tillotson. The archbishop of Can2245 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 253,329. It is entirely  terbury is' primate of all England," and the first peer of
mountainous, occupied by the mass of Cantal and its contre  the realm, next to the royal family. I-e crowns the soveforts; culminating point, Plomb de Cantal, one of the  reign in Westminster Abbey, and among other privileges has
four principal groups which form the mountains of Au- that of conferring degrees in divinity, law, and physic. His
vergue, 6093 feet in elevation. The surface is almost en- province comprises 20 suffragan bishoprics, and his diocese
tirely covered with the debris of extinct volcanoes; it fur- 258 parishes, besides 100 parishes called " peculiars" in other
nishes marble and coal, and has numerous mineral springs;  sees. His revenue amounts to about 20,0001. annually.
its metallic riches are unexplored. The chief rivers are the    CANTERBURY, a post-village and township of Merrimack
Alagnon, affluent of the Allier; Truy6re and Celle, affiuents  co., New Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal
~)f the Lot; and the C~re, affluent of the Dordogne. The  Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1614.
soil is infertile, except in some of the valleys; the. declivities    CANTERBURY, a post-village and township of'Windham
of the mountains afford excellent pasturage. The chief ma- co., Connecticut, about 35 miles E. by S. of Hartford. It
nufacture is cheese, (the most celebrated of which is called  has manufactures of cotton batting, iron castings, carriages,
Roquefort,) linens, and paper. The department forms the  and leather. Pop. 1669.
19th military division of France, and is divided'into the    CANTERBURY, a village of Orange co., New York, 1 mile
arrondissements of Aurillac, Mauriac, Murat, and St. Flour, W. of Hudson River, and 89 S. of Albany. It contains seve
its principal towns. Capital, Aurillac.                    ral churches and stores.
856




CAN                                                        CAN
CANTERBURY, a post-villageof Kent co., Delaware, 8 miles  in wood, stone, iron, and brass, and the book trade is con
S. of Dover.                                                siderable.
CANITERBURY, a village of New South Wales, co. of Cum-    Until 1843, all the legitimate foreign trade of China was
berland, 5 miles from  Sydney, on Cook's River. IIere is  conducted at Canton; and its amount before the breaking
the establishment of the Australasian Sugar Company. out of the late war with Great Britain, was estimated (inclui
Pop. 218.                                                   sive of the trade by junks with adjacent countries) at
CANTERBURY, an episcopal settlement in New Zealand,  $80,000,000 annually. Tea is the great article of export to
Port Cooper district, Banks's Peninsula.                    Europe, United States, &c.; next to which come silk and
CANTIANO, kin-te-d/no, a fortified town of Italy, Ponti-  silk piece goods, the precious metals, cassia, sugar, porcelain,
ficial Sates, 20 miles S. of Urbino, on the river Cantiano, and  and many other inferior articles. In 1844, the total exports
on the road from  Rome to Pesaro. Pop. 2000. Near it are  to Europe and America amounted in value to $26,755,626;
the ruins of the ancient Luccola.                           and the imports, comprising woollen and cotton goods, raw
CANTILLANA, k~n-teel-y/nAn,  a town of Spain, 18 miles  cotton, cotton yarn, ginseng, wrought iron, tin, lead, ratN.of Seville, on the'Guadalquivir.  Pop. 4121.            tans, wood, spices, skins, and ivory, at $18,711,616. The exCANTItE or CANTYRE, MULL OF. See KIRNTYE.                ports to Great Britain and the British possessions in the
CANT/LEY, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk, with  East, amounted to $18,826,565, (of which upwards of sevena station on the Yarmouth and I-Iarwich Railway.            eighths were shipped direct to ports of the United Kingdom,)
CANTLEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. and this amount comprised tea to the value of $14,286,820.
CANTON, kan-tont, (Chin. &-tng-Ching, the "provincial  The value of imports into Canton in British  shipping
city,"') a city of China, and the greatest commercial empo- amounted to $16,704,350, of which $12,803,226 were for Bririum of Asia, capital of the province of Quangtong, on the  tish manufactures and articles of staple produce; the imleft bank of the Canton or Pearl River, (Ohoo-Keang,) about portation of British woollens, and especially of cottons,
70 miles from its mouth in the China Sea. Lat. 230 6' 9 N., having far exceeded the maxinmum of former periods. The
ion. 1130 15' E. Mean temperature of the year, 69009; win- imports at Canton in American vessels, in the same year,
ter, 540.8; summer, 820 Fahrenheit. Balbi states the popu- amounted to $2,564,716, and the exports to $7,011,562; the
lotion at 500,000; others estimate it as high as 1,500,000. It  trade of other nations was of much less consequence.  The
probably does not differ much from 1,000,000. Canton, with  export, import, and tonnage dues paid by British vessels, in
its suburbs, occupies the N. bank of the river, extending in- 1844, amounted to $2,592,930. The exports in 1845 amounted
land nearly to a row of heights commanding it on the N.and  in value to $32,053,874, and the imports to'14,747,109. The
N.E., but between which and the city is a broken ravine;'to  imports, of course, include only the legal traffic, and consethe S. lies an alluvial plain, formed by the delta of the river. quently omits the item of opium, which in amount is said
The city is enclosed by a wall of brick, on a foundation of red to exceed that of all others. It is estimnated tliat the opium
sandstone, 6 or 7 miles in circumference, and entered by 12  cultivated by the East india Company, and exported into
gates; it is unequally divided by another wall with 4 gates,  China firom Calcutta and Bombay, with the full knowledge
into the old and new town, in the former of which are the  that it is forbidden by the government, does not fall short
residences of most of the high officers, the public arsenal, &c. of $25.000,000 annually. In 1848, 261 vessels, (tons, 110,242,)
The walls are in some places mounted with cannon. On  of which 171 (tons, 72,345) were British, entered; and 257
the N. heights are 4 strong forts, and on some islands in the  vessels, (tons, 108,401,) 176 of which (tons, 73,975) were
river are other forts, termed the "Dutch," and the "French  British, cleared at the custom-house. During the year endFolly." Various detached batteries also guard the approach  ing June 30th, 1852, the shipping entered from.the United
to the city by the river. The suburbs are nearly as large as  States amounted to 88,771 tons, and that cleared to 78,085
the city itself. On the S. they stretch all along the river  tons. The value of imports from the United States the same
side; and at their S.W. corner are the hoegs or European  year amounted to $2,663,177, of which $2,480,066 was doquarter-a range of buildings about 1' furlongs in length, mestic produce, and the exports to $10,593,950.  The qualbuilt upon a fiat raised on piles, and separated from the  tity of tea exported in 1847 was 72,932,531 pounds. In 1848,
river by a quay 100 yards in breadth, called Respondentia  the quantity reached only 36,209,309 pounds. The export
Walk. There are 13 hiongs, including those of the British, of teas to the United States, in 1849, amnounted to 18,672,400
Dutch, American, French, Austrian, Swedish, Danish, Par- pounds; in 1850, 21,757,800 pounds; 1851, 28,760,800pounds;
see, and other merchants, and which merely consist of 4 or  1852, 34,334,000 pounds; and in 1853, to 40,303,600 pounds,
5 brick or stone houses, ranged around a closed court; 2 of  of which 26,101,100 pounds was green tea, and 14,202,500
them are partly occupied by good European hotels. The  pounds black.
English hong far surpasses the rest in elegance and extent.    The markets abound with all kinds of live stock for food,
Near the quay is another small space. about 50 or 60 yards  including dogs, cats, owls, &c., suitable only for Chinese
square, walled in and laid out as a garden; the above nas- consumers; but provisions of all kinds are abundant and
row limits comprise all the territory assigned to foreign-  tolerably cheap. Canton is well supplied with water from
ers. Contiguous to the hongs are Old and New China  reservoirs and springs.
streets, and IHog lane; the two former are among the best    There are no wheeled carriages in use in the streets'of
streets in the suburbs; the last is a filthy, narrow lane, well  Canton; but their absence is amply compensated by the
knowni to foreign s:amen, and where many disturbances be- nimble sedan-bearers, one class of which are called by the
tween them and the Chinese have arisen.                     Chinese "horses without tails."  These are the bearers of
The city and the suburbs are laid out and built after one  men of wealth. who generally appear abroad in sedan-chairs,
fashion. The streets are narrow and crooked, varying friom 2  taking up nearly the whole breadth of the narrow street, to
to 16 feet, but averaging 7 or 8 feet in width, paved and  the great annoyance of the foot passengers, whom they conflagged, each closed by gates guardedat night, and each of the  stantly jostle. But the river presents scenes perhaps still
trading thoroughfares appropriated to one trade. Several ca- more curious and interesting to the stranger than the
nals intersect the city, and are crossed by stone bridges. The  streets. The prodigious number of boats, amounting at one
houses are mostly of brick, but also of stone, mud, and  time to 84,000, with wtich the surface is crowded, is the first
wood, seldom more than one story in height, with flat roofs  thing that strikes the eye. A large  number of these-as
and terraces, floored with hardened mud, stone, or tiles, and  many, it is said, as 40,000, containing a population of
the place of window-glass is commonly supplied by paper, 200,000-are fixed residences, and most of them  moored
mica. or thin shell. The residences of the wealthy inha-  stem and stern in rows. The inhabitants are called Tankia,
bitants are built within a walled court, and are richly fur-  or boat-people, and formn a class in some respects beneath the
nished; those of the middle classes, in which about one- otherl portions of the community, and have many customs
third of the population reside, have no courts; and those of peculiar to themselves.  Millions are born, and live and die
the lower ocrders, which are numerous along the banks of  in these floating dwellings, withont ever setting a foot upon
the canals and in the suburbs, are wretched mud hovels, in  dry land; while their ancestors before them, for many genewhich from 10 to 20 persons are sonetimes crowded in one  rations, were all amphibious like themselves. The dwellapartment. A large part of the population resides on the  ing or family boats are of various sizes, the better sort being
water; and for 4 or 5 miles opposite the city, and both above  from 60 to 80 feet long, and about 15 wide. But by far the
and below, the river is crowded with vessels and rafts of all handsomest of the boats on the Canton River are the hwa
kinds, on many of which large numbers of poultry are  ting, or flower boats. The form  of these is very graceful,
reared. Upwards of 120 temples are enumerated in and  and their raised cabins and awnings are fancifully carved
adjacent to Canton, the principal being the remarkable  and painted.
Boodhist temple of HIo-nan, on an adjacent large island.   The people of Canton have acquired an infamous celebrity
Within the old city gre two other considerable temples, and  for profligacy and corruption, and are usually considered
a Mohammedan mosque, with a dome and minaret 160 feet  about the worst specimen of the nation that can be prein height; and outside of the walls, on the N., is a lofty pa- sented. A retiring viceroy thus wound up a detail of his
goda. Canton has several hospitals, a grand hall for the ex- experiences in the government of Canton:-" Deceit and
amination of candidates for literary honors, 14 high schools, felsehood prevail everywhere in this city-in all ranks, and
and about 30 colleges, 3 of which have each 200 students, in all places. There is no truth in man, nor honesty in
The manufiectures are various and extensive. and the shops  woman! I have endeavored in vain to correct these evilsare filled with articles of Chineseworkmannsh hip. 17,000 per- it has been labor lost. I am  sick at heart, and wish to desons are said to be employed in silk-weaving, 50,000 in  part fi'om such scenes of vice and habitual falsehood." This
the manufacture of all kinds of cloth, and upwards of  city has long been the favorite retreat of all the most tur4000 in shoe-making. Great numbers of individuals work  bulent and worst portion of the Chinese; and it is said that
357
I                                                             -: 




CAN                                                         CAP
there is an organized band of 20,000 robbers in and around  W.N.W. of Pittsburg. - Stark county has the distinction of
it.  The police, though well regulated, is rendered worse  raising more wheat than any other in the state. The farm.
than inefficient by the national failing-the venality and  ers find a ready market on the Ohio Canal, which passes 8
rapacity of its officers, who share with the thieves in the  miles W. of Canton. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad
proceeds of their robberies, and for a bribe liberate offenders was completed from Pittsburg to this place in 1852, and hias
whom they have seized. Gambling is one of the prevail- greatly increased its importance and prosperity.  Canton
ing vices; and, as a.consequence, there is an extraordinary, possesses advantages for manufacturing. as the creek furamount of suicide, a large portion of which is perpetrated  nishes extensive water-power, and good stone coal is abunby women. Education is in so low a state that it is be- dant in the vicinity.  Limestone suitable for building is
lieved that not mord'than one-half of the male adult popu- also found in connection with the coal. There were, in 1852,
lation of Canton can read. The education of girls is wholly  in operation, 3 woollen factories, 3 iron foundries, and 2 gunand systematically neglected, there being scarcely a school barrel factories. Canton contains churches for the Presby-.
for females in the city-public opinion and immemorial tefians, Methodists, German Lutherans, and Roman Cathousage being against the educating of girls.                 lies; an academy, a bank, and 4 newspaper offices. Assessed
The climate of Canton is, upon the whole, salubrious. The  value of property in 1853, 8354,423; in 1846, it was $253,598.
heat in summer is sometimes very great, the thermometer Pop. in 1854, estimated at 3500.
occasionally rising from  900 to 1000 Fah. in the shade; but   CANTON, a township in Wayne co., Michigan. Pop. 1333.
the average of the whole year is 720. In July and Au ust,   CANTON, a post-village in Washington co., Indiana, about
the average is from 800 to 8850, and in January and Febru- 45 miles S. by W. of Columbus.
ary, from 500 to 600. A fall of snow occurred in Canton in    CANTON, a flourishing post-village and township of FulFebruary, 1835, to the astonishment and no small alarm of  ton co., Illinois, 70 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. A plankthe inhabitants, who hardly knew what name to give it. road, 12 1iles long, connects it with Liverpool, on the IliIce, however, sometimes forms in shallow vessels, a line or  nois liver. Canton is pleasantly situated in a fertile and
two in thickness. Woollen cloths are worn, and fires are  populous district, has an active trade, and is one of the
conmfortable during January and F'ebruary, but the Chinese  principal places in the county. Coal is abundant in the vicido not warm their houses.                                   nity. Laid out about 1830. Pop. 1568; of the township, 1011.
Canton is the oldest city in the S. of China, and since its    CANTON, a post-village of Lewis co., Missouri, on the Misfoundation it has undergone many changes. The Chinese  sissippi River, 191 miles above St. Louis, is one of the prinhistorians say they are able to trace their city for 2000  cipal shipping points of the county. It contains 1 church,
years, when it was called Nan-Wooching, " the martial city  several schools, 1 printing office, 1 steam mill. Pop. 400.
of the south," and was surrounded by a stockade made of    CANTON, a thriving post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, on
bamboo and mud. One of its earliest names, and which is  the Maquoketa River, 30 miles S.S.W. of Dubuque. The
still used in its books, was Yang-Ching, "the city of rams."  river here furnishes abundant water-power.
On the 26th of May, 1841, the Chinese troops were totally    CANTON CENTRE, a post-village in Hartford co., Condefeated, and both the river defences and the hill forts  necticut, about 16 miles N.W. of Hartford.
above Canton captured by the British forces, who, however,   CANTONMENT GIBSON. See FORT GIBsoz.
did not enter the city, a-truce having been forthwith agreed    CANTON MILLS, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
to, upon the payment of 6,000,0001. by the vanquished. In    CANTON RIVER, (Chinese Cleoo-Ksang, or" Pearl River,")
1847, the Bogue Forts were again captured by the British, of China, is the lower part of the Pe-kiang, which has naviand a new convention agreed to. Canton has been fre- gable course for 300 miles farther inland, through the proquently devastated by fires. In no other city have conflag- vinces of Quang-tong and Kiang-see, in China, and is joined
rations been more frequent, more extensive, or more de- about 4 miles W. of Canton by a branch from  the Si-kiang,
structire. The most disastrous fire of recent times occurred  opposite Canton; it is as wide as the Thames at London
in 1822, when between 13,000 and 14,000 houses, with nearly  Bridge, equally crowded with shipping, and deep enough
all the European factories, were destroyed, and many lives  for ships of from 800 to 1000 tons burden; but foreign ships
lost. —— Adj. and inhab., CANTONESE, kan'ton-eezf. (?)      come up only as far as Whampoa, about 15 miles lower,
CANl'ON, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 25 miles loading ancd unloading by means of native boats. At about
W.N.VW. of Augusta, intersected by the Androscoggin River. 40 miles below Canton it is called the Boca Tigris, and widens
Pop. 926.                                                   there into a large estuary, termed the "Outer Waters."
CANTON, a post-village and township of Norfolk co., Mas-  All around and below Canton, it forms a multitude of
sachusetts, on the Boston and Providence Railroad, 14 miles  islands, including Ho-nan. Whampoa, French, Dane, Junk,
S. of Boston. It has 1 bank, a savings institution, and nsa- Ty-cock-tow, Anung-hoy, Chuenpee, and Tiger Island, on
nufactures of cotton goods, thread, paper, machinery, &c. which great quantities of rice are grown, and numerous
Pop. 2598.                                                  forts are placed.. See Boca TIGRIS.
CANTON, a post-township of Hartford co., Connecticut, 12    CANTORIA, kun-toWre-d, a town of Spain, 34 miles N.N.E.
miles N.WV. of Hartford, intersected by Farmington River.  of Almeria, on the Almanzor.  Pop. 4376. It has manufadIt has an extensive axe manufactory. Pop. 1986.             tures of woollen stuffs.
CANTON, a township and post-village, capital of St. Law-   CANITREFF, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
rence co., New York, on Grass River, and on the Potsdam       CAN'TRELL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of McliMinn
and Watertown Railroad, 20 miles E.S.E. of Ogdensburg. co., Tennessee.
It contains a court-house, several churches, an academy,   CANTUARIA.  See CANTERBUaY.
and numerous stores. A bridge crosses Grass River here,   CANTURIO, kgn-too're-o, or CANTU, Idn-tool, a town of
and there are several mills and tfactories in the vicinity. N. Italy, 5 miles S.E. of Como. Pop. 5364. It has manufacPop. in 1854, estimated at from 1200 to 1500; of the town- tures of iron wares, which have subsisted since the tenth
ship in 1850, 4685.                                         century. Its church has a remarkably tall and slender belCANTON, a post-village of Salem co., New Jersey, 9 miles fry, which, in the Middle Ages, was used for a beacon.
S.S.E. of Salem, has a church and several stores.             CANT/WELL'S BRIDGE, a thriving post-village of NewCANTON, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania,  castle co., Delaware, on Appoquinimink Creek, 24 miles N.
24 miles W.S.W. of Towanda, on Towanda Creek. Pop. 1746. by W. of Dover, contains several stores.  Pop. about 500.
CANTON, a township of WVashington co., Pennsylvania.    CANUMA, kl-noo-mdl, a lake of Brazil, province of Para,
Pop. 1281.                                                  on the Amazon.  Lat. (N. end) 20 30' S.; ion. 580 45' W.
CANTON, a post-village, capital of Cherokee co., Georgia,  It is about 30 miles long by 10 miles broad.
on the left bank of the Etowah River, 130 miles N.W. of Mil-   CANUSIUM. See CANosA.
ledgeville, and 25 miles from the Western and Atlantic Rail-    CANYEY  ISLAND, a chapelry of England, co. of Essex.
road. It is surrounded by fine mountain scenery. There'CANIWICK, a parish of England, co. and 1- miles S.S.E.
are several gold-mines in the county which have been  of Lincoln, within the liberty of which city it is included.
worked with profit. The river affords water-power, and is    CANY, k'neef, a town of Fralnce, department of Seinenavigable by small steamboats.                              Infcrieure, 31 miles N.W. of Rouen. Pop in 1852, 2147. It
CANTON, a post-village of Wilcox co., Alabama, on the  has manufactures of linen, cotton yarn, and oil.
Alabama River, about 75 miles S.W. of Montgomery.             CANZANO, kin-z/no, a village of Naples, in Abruzzo
CANTON, a beautiful post-village, capital of Madison co., Ultra, 6 miles E.S.E. of Teramo.
Mississippi, 25 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. The route of the    CANZANO, a village of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, 51
railroad from  Jackson to Tennessee passes through this  miles S.E. of Sulmona.
village.                                                      CANZO, kbntzo, a market-town of Lombardy, 10 miles N.
CANTON, a small post-village of Smith co., Texas.         E. of Como, capital of a rich district, with many silk manuCANTON, a post-office of Yanzant co., Texas.              factories. Near it is the cascade of Villaterga.  Pop. of disCANTON, a small post-village of Lawrence co., Arkansas. trict, 11,550.
CANTON, a post-village of Trigg co., Kentucky, on the    CAORLE, ka-oerb, an island and village in the Adriatic,
Cumberland River, about 240 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It government, and 29 miles N.E. of Venice. It isa bishop's see.
has 1 church, 1 school, and several stores. Pop. from 200    CAORSA, kt-ostso, a village of Northern Italy, duchy of
to 300,                                                    Parma, 10 miles E. of Piacenza, on the high road, at the
CANTON, a flourishing town, capital of Stark co., Ohio, confluence of the Chiavenna and Zeno, affluents of the Po
is beautifully situated on Nimishillen Creek, and on the  Pop. 3078.
Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, in a rich and populous    CAPACCIO, k&-p-i~tcho, a town of Naples, province of Prin.
farming district, 118 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 98 miles  cipato Citra, 25 miles S.E. of Salerno, near the ruins of i'cestus,
3M



CAP                                                           CAP
Pop. 17-49. It ii the residence of a bishop, whose cathedral    CAPE BAJADORE.  See CAPE BOJADOR.
is at Old Capacci, a village 21 miles N.N.W.                   CAPE BANKS, in Eastern Australi, at the N. entrance
CAP AND BUT/TON ISLES, two small isles in the Ma- to Botany Bay.
lay Archipelago, Strait of Sunda; the one in let. 50 58,    CAPE BARBAS, baRJebs, on the W. coast of Africa; let.
S., ion. 1050 48' E.; the other in lat. 50 49t S., ion. 1050'220 15' N., Ion. 160 40' W.
45' E.                                                          CAPE (or RAS) BARDISTAN, beacdis-tdnf, on the coast of
CAPANNOLI, k.-ptn-nolee, avillage of Tuscany, 16 miles  Persia, in the Persian Gulf.
S.E.of Plisa. Pop. 1177.                                        CAPE BARFPLEUIR, baR'flivR, on the coast of France, 18
CAPANNORI, kI-pAn-no/ree, a town of Italy, 5 miles E. of  miles E. of Clherbourg. On it is situated a granite light-house,
Lucca.  Pop. 2100.                                            271 feet above the sea; let. 490 40/ N., ion. 1? 16' W.
CAP AU GRAY, kap a grl, a post-office of Lincoln co.,    CAPE BA/RING, in the N.W. part of Wollaston Land, at
Missouri.                                                     the entrance of Russell Gulf; lat. 700 N., Ion. 1170 20' W.
CAPBERN, kcp'bainfl, or CAPVERN, kap'vaianl, a village    CAPE BARfROW, in the N. part of British America, on
of France, department of lautes-Pyrbn6es, in a narrow val- the Arctic Ocean; lat. 6S8 5' N., ion. 1110 W.
ley, 8 miles E.N.E. of Bagnlres, with sulphur springs and    CAPE  BATILURST, in British America, on the Arctic
baths. Pop. in1852, 500.                                      Ocean; lat. 70~ 30' N., Ion. 1270 30' VW.
CAPDENAC, ktp'deh-nlkl, a market-town of France, de-    CAPE B3ARN, bAaan/, a promontory of France, departpartment of Lot, 3 miles S.E. of Figeac, on the right bank  ment of Pyr6nles-Orientales, on the Mediterranean; let. 420
of the Lot. Pop. 1310.                                        31' N., ion. 30 71 30" E. Its summit is formed by Mount
CAPE. For all Capes not undermentioned, see the re- B6arn, on which a light-house of the first class has been
spective names.                                               erected, 751 feet above the level of the sea.
CAPE ACIWORTIH, in the W. part of Prince of Wales    CAPE BEATA, be-NAti, on the S. coast of layti'; lat. 170
Land, N. of Osborne Bay; lat. 720 351 N., ion. 1030 45' W.    42' N., Ion. 710 20' W.
CAPE ADEN. See AneN, CAPE.                                    CAPE BEAUFORT, biiffgrt, a headland of Russian AmeCAPE AGRARHAN, Ag-rbi-kn/l, in the N.E. part of Geor-  rice; lat. 690 N., ion. 1630 W.
gin, on the Caspian Sea. It forms the E. boundary of the    CAPE BEAUFORT, a headland of British America, on the
Gulf of Agralihan; lat. 430 35' N., ion. 480 10' E.           E. side of Cockburn Gulf; lat. 670 40' N., ion. 960 W.
CAPE AGULIAS, A-goollyas, (i. e. "Cape Needles,") on    CAPE BEX/LEY, a headland in'the N. part of British
the S. coast of Africa, E. of the Cape of Good Hope. This is  America, on the Arctic Ocean; lat. 690 N., ion. 1140 4,' W.I
the most southern point of Africa; let. 340 51' 30" S., and    CAPE BIANCO, be-Anlko, (i. e. "White" Cape,) on the S.
ion. 190 56' 30"/ E.                                          coast of Sicily; lat. 350 28' N., Ion. 130 15' E.
CAPE AIA, A/yA, on the S. coast of Russia, extending into    CAPE BIANCO, on the N. coast of Corsica, a little W. of
the ]3lack Sea; lat. 440 25' N., ion. 330 35' E.              Cape Corso; let. 420 58' N., ion. 90 185 E.
CAPE AIRY, A/ree, the S.W. part of Cornwallis Land, in        CAPE BIANCO, on the S. coast of Corfu; lat. 390 20' N.,
the Arctic Ocean; let. 740 55' N., ion. 960 50' W.            Ion. 20 10' E.
CAPE ALIBERIT, in the E. part of Ellesmere Island, on    CAPE BIANCO, a headland on the S.W. coast of Cyprus;
Smith's Sound; lat. 790 20/ N., lon. 780 W..lat. 340 20' N., Ion. 320 41' E.
CAPE ALEXAN/DER, on the N. coast of British America,    CAPE BIRD, the S. extremity of North Somerset, on Vicat the entrance of Dease Strait; lat. 680 55' N., ion. 1060  toria Strait.; lat. 710 53' N., ion. 950 W.
45' W.                                                          CAPE BLANCO, blnh/ko; (i. e. " White Cape,") a name apCAPE ALfFRED, the S.E. extremity of Victoria Land, on  plied to many headlands in the Mediterranean and elseVictoria Strait; lat. 690 40' N., ion. 1010 20' W.            where, of which the following are some of the most irnCAPE ALICE, illiss, on the coast of Calabria, on the Gulf  portent.
of Taranto; lat. 390 25' N., ion. 170 15' E.                    CAPE BLANCO, a headland of Syria, on the coase of the
CAPE AMBER, AMBRE, Amlber, or AM/IBRO, the N. ex-  Mediterranean; let. 330 12' N., ion. 350 10' E.
tremity of Madagascar; lat. 110 57' S., ion. 490 19' E.         CAPE BLANCO, on the E. coast of Anatolia, ontho MediCAPE AMBRIZ, A1m-breez!, on the W. coast of Africa; lat. terranean; lat. 350 14' N., ion. 260 18' E.
8~ 2' S., ion. 130 10' E.                                       CAPE BLANCO, on the N. coast of Tunis, in the lMediterCAPE ANAM00R, or ANAMOUR, &-na-moorf, a head-  ranean; lat. 370 20' N., Ion. 90 50/ E.
land of Asia Minor, on the S. coast; let. 360 1' N., ion. 320    CAPE BLANCO, on the S. coast of the island of Majorca;
50' E. In its vicinity are said to be many remains of an-  lat. 390 21' N., ion. 20 52'E.
tiquity.                                                        CAPE BLANCO, in the W. part of Sahara, Africa, on the
CAPE AN/DERSON, the E. point of the island of St. Law- Atlantic; lat. 200 47' N., ion. 160 58' W.  It is, next to Cape
renee, at the entrance of Behring's Straits; lat. 630 N., Ion. Verde, the westernmost point of Africa.
1680 30' V.                                                     CAPE BLANCO, on the WV. coast of Morocco, Africa; let.
CAPE ANIVA. A'ne-vP, on the S. coast of Saghalien, E. 330 6' N., ion. 80 40/ WV.
of the Bay of Aniva; lat. 460 10' N., ion. 1440 20' E.          CAPE BLANCO, or OXFORD, on the Pacific coast, near the
CAPE ANN, the E. extremity of Essex co., Massachusetts,  S. W. part of Oregon Territory, about 25 miles N. of the
31 miles N.E. by E. of Boston. Thatcher's Island, about 2  mouth of Rogue River; lat. 420 45' N., ion. about 1240 45' W.
miles E. of the southern point, forms the northern limit of    CAPE BLANCO, on the coast of Peru, in the Pacific Ocean;
Massachusetts Bay. On it are 2 fixed lights, about a third  lat. 40 19' S., ion. 810 W.
of a mile apart, and 90 feet above the level of the sea; lat.    CAPE BLANCO, on the coast of Costa Rica, in the Pacific
420 38' 18" N., ion. 700 34' 42" WV.                          Ocean, in lat. about 90 20k N., ion. 860 65 W.
CAPE ANNE, the N.WV. extremity of North Somerset, at    CAPE BLANCO, or CAPE ST. JORGE, on the E. coast of
the entrance of Peel Sound; let. 740 5' N., lon. 950 VW.      Patagonia; lat. 470 S., ion. 660 W.
CAPE ANGUILLA, an-gwil/la, on the coast of Newfound-    CAPE BLANCO DE SANTA MARIA, blln/ko dA san/ta
land; lat. 470 54' N., ion. 590 17' W.                        mi-reeil, on the W. coast of California; lat. 290 28' N., lon.
CAPE  APOLLONIA, ap-ol-lolne-a, written also APPO- 1150 20' W.
LOINIA, in Africa, on the coast of Guinea; lat. 40 58' 4"' N.,    CAPE BOEO, bo-Vo, (ans. Lilpybinclu   Pro7nm/ntolriue,) the
ion. 20 35' 5" WV.                                           most W. point of Sicily, about I mile W. of Marsale.; lat. 370
CAPE APSHERON, gp'she-rbnl, or ABCHERAN, in the E.  48' 10" N., lon. 120 25' 10" E. This cape, being the point of
part of Georgia, on the Caspian Sea; lat. 400 32' N., ion.  Sicily nearest to ancient Carthage, early became an im500 12' E.                                                    portent naval station, and near it was fought a famous
CAPE ARAGO. See AeRko.                                     navatl battle between the Romans and Carthaginians.  The
CAPE  ARMI, aalmee, (It. Cape Dell' Armi, lklpo dill  decisive victory gained by the former put an end to the first
ar/mme,) a headland of Naples, on the S. coast of Calabria;  Punic War.
lat. 370 57' N., ion. 15~ 40' E.                                CAPE BOJADOR, boj-a-dtr1, or BOXEADOR, bo-n' —doiV,
CAPE ARN/HEXI, in Australia, the N.W. point of the  in the island of Luzon, 20 miles  from  its N. extremity, in
Gulf of Carpentaria; lat. 120 17' S., lon. 1370 E.            about lat. 180 32' N., ion. 1200 39' E.
CAPE ARROWVSMITHI, a headland of Australia, on the    CAPE  BOJADOR, boj-a-dtrl, (Port. pron. bozh-&-dtRY,) a
W.  shore of the Gulf of Carpentaria; lat. 130 15' S., Ion. 1360  bold headland of WVestern Africa, formed by the termination
32'E.                                                         of a range of Mount Atlas, in lat. 260 7' N., lon. 140 29' W. It
CAPE ARRUBA or ARUBAH,  /rfoo-beh, on the S. coast  was long the limitation of European navigation southward,
of Persia, in the Arabian Sea; lat. 2505'8 N., ion. 610 30' E.    until doubled by the Portuguese in 1433.
CAPE BABA, bdbi, on the W. coast of Anatolia; lat.    CAPE BOLINAO, bo-lian-/o, on the W. coast of Luzon;
390 29' N., ion. 260 4' E.                                   Iat. about 160 27' N., Ion. 1190 30' E.
CAPE BAB-EL-MANDEB, blb-el-mnldlb, (formerly Jeb-    CAPE BOLTIHEAD, England, the southernmost point
el-eMfanhali, jtb'el-mIn'hI'lee/,) on the N. side of the Strait of  of the co. of Devon; lat. 500 13' N., lon. 30 49' W.
Bab-l-Mandeb, is a conical, basaltic rock, 865 feet in height.    CAPE BO/LUS  HEAD, Ireland, on the N.W. side of the
Lat. 120 41' N., ion. 430 32' E. Soundings in North Strait,  entrance into Ballynaskelling Bay; lat. 510 48' N., ion. 100
8, 12, and 16 fathoms; Centre Strait, 178 and 185 fathoms.  15' WV.
The passage of North Strait, in ordinary weather, is generally    CAPE BON  or RAS ADDER, res-.dfder, a headland of
preferred.                                                   North Africa, on the Mediterranean, 58 miles N.E. of Tunis;
CAPE  BAINETTA, b5-nitlta, on the S. coast of Hayti,  lat. (of tower)  370 4' 20" N., ion. 100 53' 350 E. It is the
aear a ~illage of the same name,                             northernmost point of Africa.
359




CAP                                                              CAP
CAPE BONAVISITA, on the E. coast of Newfoundland,
forming the S.E. limit of a bay of the same name; lat. 480                                    I NWARD.            OUTWARD.
42' N., ion. 530 8' W.
CAPE BORUCA, bo-roo/kA, on the S.E. coast of Costa Rica,             COU.        Vessels.   Tons.   Vessels.    Tons.
on the Pacific; lat. 80 24 N., ion. 880 55' W.                                                       os.
CAPE BOUGAINVILLE, boo g'NG'veel or boo'gan-villf,
on the N.W. coast of Australia, forming the N.E. side of   England...............           8        2,8         5         837
Admiralty  Gulf; lot. 130 52' S., ion. 126 12' E.                 British Colonies.......    268    20,213     365       23,576
Admiralt Gulf; at. 13052 S., on. 126 121 E.United States..........  202           19,061      83        8,166
CAPE BOUGAINVILLE, a headland on the E. coast of   rnite States........                 202                   3 
Foreign States........   30       3,179     52        4,345
of Van Diemen's Land, forming the W. entrance to Oyster                                    30        3,19 
Bay; lat. 420 31' S., ion. 1480 E.                                    Total..............   08,661  I505           36,924
CAPE BOURBON, boorlbon, the S.W. point of Kerguelen's
CAP   BOURBON,  oobn th  S.   poin ofKerg        The total value of imports and exports at Cape Breton
Land; lat. 490 32' S., Ion. 680 35' E..
CAPE BOWIDEN, b~lden, in the W. part of North Devon,
CAPE BOWIDEN,  h0lden,  in the W. part of North Devon,   for 1850, according to official returns, were as follows:
on Wellington Channel; lat. 750 N., ion. 920 15' W.
CAPE BRETON, kape britft'n, or brit!5;n  an island and                                       IMPonRTS.          eXPOTS.
colony of British North America, at the E. extremity of Nova            conEs
Scotia, mostly between lat. 450and 470 5' N.,and Ion. 600 and
610 30, W.  Extreme length, from  N. to S., 100 miles; ex-                                Arichat.  Sde.  Aricat.Sydey.
treme breadth, 85 miles.  Area, 3120 square miles.  It is                                                 -
very irregularly shaped, being  triangular, and is greatly   GreatBritin1,575                        1,335,
indented with bays.  An inlet, called Bras d'Or, (i. e. "arm   Wrest Indies.........       1,55..        $8,0400     2,i741
of gold,") entering Cape Breton on the E., nearly separates   British America.......   23,585    1.6,860    38,620   119,265
it into two islands, rendering every part of its interior acces-   Other British Colonies..  15,695             9,650
sible by water.  The two natural divisions thus created are   United States...........   43,380    13,645    35,335    44,47
Foreign States.........,355   1,60    32,475      7,200
in striking contrast, the northern portion being high, bold,                                       — ~
and steep; while that to the S. is low, intersected by nume-,                              0-6,945   $50,530'$154,40  $184,530
rous inlets, diversified with moderate elevations, and rises                                         86,945             154,405
gradually from  its interior shore until it presents abrupt
cliffs toward the Atlantic Ocean. The hihest land in this'TOTL........... $339,010
portion does not exceed 800 feet while the northern divi-    An important part of the exports to Great Britain ccsists
sion at its termination in North Cape rises to the height of  of pine, oak, birch, and maple timber.
1800 feet. Between North Cape and Cape Ray, on the oppo-    The forests of Cape Breton furnish large quantities of
site coast of Newfoundland, 48 miles distant, is the main  excellent ship-timber, andship-building in the island conentrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.  The Bras d'Or, which  stitutes an important and lucrative branch of business.
appears to have been caused by a volcanic eruption, forms a    This island forms a colony under the government of Nova
magnificent sea-water lake, 50 miles in length and 20 miles  Scotia, and sends 2 members to its House  of Assembly.
in breath.  Its depth of water varies from 12 to 60 fathoms.   Principal towns, Sydney and Louisburg.  Cape Breton was
and is very secure and navigable.  The entrance is divided  first colonized by the French in 1712, and wis taken  by the
into two passages by Boulardrie Island; the southern pas- British  in 1758.  Pop. in 1851, 514,880, mostly of Scotch,
sage is 23 miles long, and from ~ to 3 miles in breadth, but  French, and Irish descent.
is not navigable for large vessels, having a bar at its mouth;    CAPE BRETON, britltpn, a headland on the E. coast of
the northern passage is 25 miles long, and from 2 to 3 miles  the above island.
wide, with 60 fathoms of water.  Sea fisheries of every kind        CAPE BRETT, brat, on the E. coast of one of the New
(including salmon,) are carried on in the Bras d'Or. In  Zealand  islands, forming the N.E. point of the Bay of
several of its large bays the timber-ships from  England re-  Islands; lat. 350 10' S., lon.  740 22/ E.
ceive their cargoes.  There are  several fresh-water lakes,    CAPE BULILEN, the southernmost point of North Devon,
and numerous rivers, but none navigable.  Salt springs  on the W. part of Lancaster Sound; lat. 740 25' N., lon. 850 W
are found on the coast.  The climate is varied, but not so    CAPE BURELA, boo-rAllI, a headland on the N. coast of
rigorous as that on the adjoining continent.  Vegetation is  Galicia, in Spain, extending into the Bay of Biscay.
very rapid.   Maize and other grains are raised; but the            CAPE BUZO, boodfzo, (anc. Proommitorioes Co'yclsm?) the
corn produced is insufficient for home consumption.  Gra-  N.W. extremity of the island of Crete; lat. about 350 38' N.,
nite, limestone, and primitive slates prevail; and gypsum,  Ion. 230 35' E.
salt, and coal are found-the latter in great abundance,    CAPE BY/AM_ MARTIN, the N.W. extremity of Prince
and of a superior quality. The coal deposits of Cape Breton  Williamns Land; lat. 730 35' N, Ion. 770 W.
occupy not less than 120 square miles. There are also rich          CAPE CABALERIA  or CAVALERIA, lkl-v-lI-reet.A  a
deposits of the best iron ore.                                    promontory on the N. coast of Minorca, lat. 40 5' 5 N., ion.
Cape Breton has long been celebrated for its fisheries. 40 12' E.
During its occupancy by the French, it is said that the har-    CAPE CABRON, kt-brunl, the N.E. point of the island of
bor of Louisborg exported no less than 500,000 quintals of  Samana, in the West Indies.
cod annually, and 600 vessels were employed is  its trade    CAPE CACCIA, klttIch[, on the WV. coast of Sardinia, 18
and fisheries. The products of the Cape Breton fisheries  miles from Alghero.
for 1847 and 1848, were as follows:                                 CAPE CAGLIA.  See CAPE MIATAPAN.
CAPE CALVI, k lvee, on the N. coast ofCorsica, con31843.       1848.      sisting of a high barren mountain; lat. 423  41' N., ion. 8~
421 E.
CAPE CAMARON, ki,-mi-r1n/, on the N. coast of HonduDried cod.................quinitals                     5. 
4nlc~sh  6  ]~asl  32 553   ras; lat. 16~ N., ion. 85~ W.
Scale fish.................quintals.   14,948        6,783      CAPE CAMBELL, kam/el, on the E. coast of TavaiPoenamFickied sh-slackerel....barrels..     17,200        14,050    moo, one of the New Zealand islands; lat. 410 42' S., lon.
HIerrings... -barrels..    2,85         3,700    1740 251 E.
Salmon.....barrels..        335           95          7      ~ 5E
Other pickled fish.........barrels...  12 399               CAaE CAP    BODIA, km-bode-a, the S. extremity of CamSeal skins.................number..    12,100         2,200    bodia, in the Gulf of Siam.
Oil of all kinds............tuns......   415           543      CAPE CAM'EROONSI or CAMARONES, kl-mg-rofn~s. on
Estimated value.....................   30,616       $282,72    the coast of Guinea, is an island in the estuary of the river
of the same name, near lat. 40 N., ion. 90 40/ E. It was
There is reason to believe that these figures give but an  named by the Portuguese from the vast quantity of shrimps
imperfect idea of the extent of the Cape Breton fisheries,  (casnarones) taken in the adjacent sea.
owing to the difficulty of separating the statistics of this    CAPE CAMPANELLA, kIm-pt-nI!ll,              a headland of Italy,
island from  those of Nova Scotia.  It has been ascertained  20 miles S. of Naples, opposite the island of Capin; it bounds
that for a portion of the island, within the Strait of Canso, the Gulf of Naples on the S.E.
28,570 quintals of codfish and 68,020 barrels of mackerei           CAPE CANAY/ERAL, on the E. coast of Florida, 135 mli/e
were exportod in 1850; and it is estimated that not less  S.E. by S. of St. Augustine.  The light is a revolving o:ie,
than 100,000 barrels of mackerel were cured at Cheticamp  in a tower 55 feet high. Lat. 280 27/ N., Ion. 800 331 WV.
(the western extremity'of Cape Breton,) in 1851.                   CAPE CANDY, kanldee, a headland of the island of CoThe total quantity of coal raised   from  the mines of Cape  lebes.
Breton, and sold during the year 1849, amounted to 24,960    CAPE CANSO or CANSEAU, kan/sS,the S.E.extremity of
chaldrons (Newcastle  measure) of large coal, and 11,787  Nova Scotia; lat. 450 17 N., Ion. 610 WV
chaldrons of fine coal; 12,090 chaildrons of the former and    CAPE CANTIN, kbn-teen', on the W. coast of Morocco,
1210 chaldrons of the latter coal were shipped to the United  extending into the Atlantic; lat. 320 35/ N., ion. 90 12' W.
States in 1849, and in 1.850, 10,796 chaldirons of large coal    CAPE CAPEL, the S.E. extremity of Bathurst Land, in
and 1586 chaldrons of fine were shipped to the same country.  the Arctic Ocean; lat. 750 N., Ion. 980W.
The following exhibits the shipping which entered and            CAPE  CAPIRICORN. on the N.E. coast of Australia,
cleared at Cape Breton in 1850, and the countries with  about 30 miles N. of Port Curtis, lat. 230 18' S., ion. 1510
which the trade was carried on.                                  43/ E.
360




CAP                                                          CAP
CAPE CABONARO. kan-Rbo-n&/ro, on the S. coast of Sardi-  dom amounted to 136,3601.  The settlement is under a pronia; let. 390 5' N., ion. 90 35, E.                           sident of council, assisted by subordinate officers. From
CAPE CARTHAGE, karlthij, a promontory of Northern  1837 to 1840, the parliamentary grants for the station were
Africa, in the Mediterranean; lat. 360 52' 22"' N., Ion. 100  10,7601.
21" 49 E. Traces of the celebrated city of Carthage, the    CAPE COCK/BURN, a headland in the northern part
great rival of Rome, are found on the promontory north of  of British America, on Dolphin and Union Strait; lat. 680 50'
the lagoon of Tunis, which formed its port.                   N., ion. 1150 W.
CAPE CARVOEIRO, kae-vo-.'e-ro, on the W. coast of Por-    CAPE COD, Massachusetts, projects firom the S.E. coast,
tuWal; let. 390 22' N.. ion. 90 271 W.                        and, curving inwards like a man's arm  bent at the elbow
CAPE CARVOEIRO, a headland on the S. coast of Por- and wrist, encloses Cape Cod Bay on the S. and E. It is
tural; lat. 370 7' N.. ion. 8026t W.                          about 65 miles long, and from  1 to 20 miles wide.  The
CAPE CATALUNA or CATALUGNA, kA-ta-loon/ya, on  northern extremity is called Race Point, on which is a rethe N. coast of Majorca; let. 390 55' N., Ion. 30 13/ E.      volving light 155 feet above the level of the sea, lat. 420 3/
CAPE CATHARINE, kathta-rin, on the W. coast of Africa, 40" N., ion. 700 14' 48" W.
in the Atlantic; lat. about 20 S.                               CAPE COD LIGIIT- IOUSE, on the Clay Pounds, (highCAPE CATOCHIE, ka-to!chl, a headland of Central Ame-  lands,)  Massachusetts, contains a fixed light 200 feet
rice, forming the N.E. extremity of the Peninsula of ~uca- above high-water mark; lat. 420 2' 24" N., lon. 700 4/
tan, let. 210 36' N., Ion. 870 6' W. This is the point where  18" WV.
the Spaniards first landed on the American continent, and    CAPE COLBORNE, kIcl/bfrn, in the southern part of
within 6 miles of which, according to the auth(rity of Ber- Victoria Land, in the Arctic Ocean; lat. 680 50' N., Ion. 105C
nal Dias, they saw a large town, which.they named Grand  10/ W.
Cairo.                                                          CAPE COLONNA, ko-lontn, (i. e. "column," anc. Su'ziumn
CAPE CAVALERIA. See CA C? ACAcALER.ie. Promontorizum,) the most southern point of Attica, Greece;
CAPE CAVALIERE, kc-vi-le-A/rA, on the S.E. coast of  ltat. 370 389 32" N., ion. 240 1' 45" E. Its summit is crowned
Asiatic Turlkey, lat. 360 7/ 30" N., lon. 330 43' 42" E.      by the ruins of a temple. 269 feet above the sea, said to have
CAPE CAVAL/LO, (It. CaTpe di  hCavallo, kitpo dee ld-vAil-  been dedicated to Minerva, and of which 16 columns of
lo, or Cbda di Volpe, koe/d dee vol/pa; anc. Cce/nys,) a pro- white marble are still standing; from these pillars the cape
montory of Naples, on the western coast of Calabria Ultra,  takes its modern name. Beneath the cape are caverns, the
extending into the Straits of Messina; lat. 380 14' N.. Ion. frequent resort of pirates.
150 42' E.                                                      CAPE COLONNI, kol-lonfnee, the southern point of the
CAPE  CAXINES, k'l-Hee/nls, or RAS-ACONADA, res- island of Samos; lat. 370 35 N., ion. 260 48' E.
A-ko-n/lda, written also ACONATTER, a promonutory which    CAPE COLONY, or CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, an extenforms the WV. point of the Bay of Algiers, lat. 360 50' N., ion.  sive territory  belonging to Great Britain, forming  the
30 E                                                          southern extremity of Africa, between lat. 280 15' and 3-40
CAPE CEBERA  or CEVERA, s,-vA/rA, on the coast of  50' S., and ion. 160 20' and 270 30' E. On the W. it is
Catalonia, being the most N.E. land in Spain, lat. 420 26' N.,  bounded by the Atlantic, and S. and E. by the Indian Ocean.
ion. 30 10' E.                                                Its boundaries, landward, have varied much at different peCAPE CEBERA or CEVERA, of Spain, on the coast of  riods, and could scarcely be said to be defined till 1847, when,
Valencia, let. 370 585' N., lon. 00 46' E.                    by a proclamation of the Governor, Sir II. Smith, they were
CAPE CHARLES, the southern point of Northampton  declared to be on the N., the Gariep or Orange River; N.E.,
co.,, Virginia, at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay, 25 miles  a branch of the same river, called the Nu Gariep; and E.,
N.N.E. of Norfolk. The light-house is N.E. from  Cape  the rivers Krai, Klaas Smits, Zwart Kei, and Plants, the
Charles, on the N. end of Smith's Island, and shows a re-  Katberg Mountains, the rivers Chumie and Keiskamma;
volving light, about 65 feet above the level of the sea, lat.  greatest length, W. to E., 520 miles; greatest breadth, N. to
370 3' N., lon. 760 2V W.                                     S., 430 miles; area, about 110,256 square miles. Cape CoCAPE CHARLES, on the northern coast of Labrador, lony consists of a western and an eastern province, and, for
at the entrance of the Straits of Belle Isle, let. 520 15' N.,  administrative purposes, has been formed into divisions.
Ion. 550 20' WV.                                              These have, of course, increased with the accessions of teorriCAPE CHATHAM, chat/am, on the S.WV. coast of Aus- tory which the colony has made at different times. Thleir
stralia, lat. 350 3' S., Ion. 116~ 35' E.                     number, previously 13, has recently been increased to 15,
CAPE CIIELAGSKOY, che-lig'skoi, on the N. coast of  by the two new divisions of Victoria and Albert, chiefly sSiberia, lat. 700 30' N., ion. ]700 30' E.                    tuated along the eastern frontier, and formed out of a tract
CAPE CHIGNECTO, shig-n~k/to, written also CIIGNI-' generally known by the name of the Ceded Territory. In
TOU, a headland of Nova Scotia, at the head of the Bay  addition to this, there is a large unappropriated  tract lying
of Fundy, lat. 450 241 N., ion. 640 37' XV.                   between the former northern boundary of the colony and
CAPE CHUDLEIGIH, chard/lee, a headland on the N. its new boundary of Orange River. It has never been procoast of Labrador, at the entrance of Hudson's Straits, let. perly explored, but is supposed to have an extent of nearly
600 12' N., Ion. 650 25 WV.                                   50,000 square miles.  According to the report of the sum
CAPE  CHURCItlLL, a headland of British America,  veyor-general,, "it is, for the most part, as barren a desert as
on the western shore of IIudson's Bay, lat. 585 48' N., ion. is to be found on the earth's crust."
930 12' W.                     *Physical _eato'emrs.-The coast-line of the colony has an
CAPE CLARfENCE, a headland at the northern extre-  extent of about 1200 miles.  The north-western portion,
mity of Jones's Sound, Baffin's Bay, lat. 760 45' N., Ion. 770  lying considerably out of the tract which is usually navi45' WV. The peaks of the surrounding mountains, which  gated, is imperfectly known, but is understood to consist of
are lost in the clouds, are covered with perpetual snow, sandy plains, generally covered with shrubby plants. To
while their sides are bleak and inaccessible.                 the S.W. and S. it loses this character, and, though seldom
CAPE CLARENCE, the N.WV. point of North Somerset, forming what may be celled a bold and rocky coast, presents
at the entrance of Barrow's Strait, lat. 730 50' N., ion. 900  an almost uninterrupted series of headlands and indenta10' WV.                                                       Sions. The former occasionally stretch out into lofty proCAPE CLEAR, the most southern headland of Ireland, montories, the principal of which are the celebratcd Cape
Munster, co. of Cork, on an island  having an area of  of Good Hope, forming the extremity of the isolated moun1506 acres.  Pop. 1052.  There is here a light-house  on  tain mass, of which Table Mount is the culminating point,
an abrupt cliff, 455 feet above the sea, in lat. 51~ 26' N., anmd Cape Agulhas the most southern point of Africa.  The
ion. 90 29/ WV.  On the island are a pier and a ruined castle  latter are often scooped out into capacious bays, which have
and church.                                                   ample depth of water, but, lying exposed in some direction
CAPE CLEVEILAND, a headland on the N.W. coast of  or other, are very imperfect  roadsteads. The chiefof these
Australia, in lat. 190 10' 10" S., lon. 1460 57' 565 E.       bays are, on the W., St. Helen's Bay, Saldanha Bay, and
CAPE COADERA, ko-t-dI/rA, a headland of South Ame-  Table Bay; and on the S., False Bay, with its important
ricm, on the coast of Caracas; let. 100 50' N., ion. 660  arm  called Simom's Bay, St. Sebastian's Bay, Mossel Bay,
105 W.                                                        the Camtoos, and Algoa Bay.  Among these, complete shelCAPE COAST CASTLE, a town and fort of Africa, capi- ter is afforded only by Saldanha Bay, which possesses all
tel of the British settlements on the coast of New Guinea,  the essentials of an excellent harbor; and Simon's Bay,
lat. 50 5' 25" N., ion. 10 12/ 45" IV. The principal fort, the  which has beenm trelected for the arsenal and chief naval stabest on the coast, is situated on a granite rock which pro- tion of the colony.
jects into the sea: near it are two small outposts, Fort    The interior of the country may be described. s consistWilliam  and Fort T'ictoria. The town has a population of  ing generally of a succession of plateaux and mountain
about 10,000 blacks and 13 Europeans. It is regularly built, ranges, which rise above each other, and increase in elsaaand its streets are lined with trees. The soil in the vicinity  tion as they recede from the coast, each range forming the
is well wooded, but deficient in water; the climate is damp  boundary of a lower and the abutment of the next higher
and unhealthy. The mean temperature of the year is 75Q —  plateau; and eagain lowering down considerably towards the
February, 80~ 5'; September, 730 Fahrenheit.  The chief  Gariep or Orange River. The Bokkieveld flange stretches
exports consist of palm oil, gold dust, maize, and tortoise  from N. to S., in a dimiection nearly parallel with the westshell.  Their total value in the first half-year of 1540,  ern coast, at a distance of about 40 miles from  it, till it
amounted to 159,0085.; of imports for the same period, the  reaches the neighbourhood ofthe town of WVorcester, lat. 330
atmount was 208,4:701., of which those from the United Kin-  40' S. Almost parallel to this range, but about 100 miles
361




CAP                                                        CAP
farther inland, is the IRog eveld.  Between these ranges  boom, (Leucadendron argentreum,) none of the indigenous
lies an extensive elevated plateau, which, according to its  trees in the vicinity of Cape Town attain any considerable
proximity to either range, takes the name of the Bokkeveld,  size. The one named grows to the height of from 30 to 4C
or of the Roggeveld Karroo. In like manner several moun- feet, and is very conspicuous from the brilliant, silky whitetain ranges run parallel with the S. coast. The first and  ness of its leaves. Its timber, however, like that of all the
lowest stretches from W. to E., without interruption, for  other trees of the colony is useless, being soft and brittle.
about 200 miles, leaving a belt along the coast which seldom   But the characteristic vegetation of this region consists in
exceeds 20 miles.  This range of hills connects with the  its Ericce or heaths, Stapelime or carrion flowers, and Proteathe Boklkeveld, and properly forms one of its branches. cee; of the first, there are about 400 species, and of the
Behind it, and at a distance varying from 15 to 30 miles, is  last 200, all exceedingly beautiful, but having a range so
a second range, connected likewise with the Bokkeveld, so  limited, that none are to be seen N. of tlhe mountains
as to form another of its branches, kenown by the name  which bound the Great Karroo, while by far the greatest
of the Zwarte or Black Mountains.  Between these two  number grow within 100 miles of Cape Town; the Protea
eastern ranges lie the plateaus of Kannaland and Long  Cynaroides, bearing a flower the size of a man's hat, is
Kloof.  About 70 miles behind the Black Mountains is the  found on Table Mountain; as for the singular and fleshy
last great eastern range, which links with the Roggeveld, Stapelias, resembling a star-fish, about 100 species are mennear lat. 320 10, S., and takes, in succession, the names of  tinned, but they are almost entirely confined to the dry
the Klein Roggeveld, the Nieuwveld, and the Sneeuw or and sandy regions of the W. coast. A great portion of the
Snowy Mountains, the last forming the highest mountain  eastern frontier of the colony and the adjacent districts are
chain in South Africa, and attaining an elevation which  covered with extensive thickets of a strong, succulent, and
has been variously estimated, but probably is not less than  thorny vegetation, called by the natives, the bush. The
10,000 feet. The large space between this range and the  most common plants of the bush are aloes, of many species,
Black MIountains is occupied by a plateau, called the Great all exceedingly fleshy, and some beautiful. Other characterKarroo. On the W., it connects with the Bokkeveld and  istic plants of the eastern districts are the spekboom, (pork
the Roggeveld Karroos, and on the E. with a similar tract tree, Portulacaria afra,) Schotia speciosa, Calitris or cedar,
called Candeboo, apd thus the whole of these united Karoos  two or three species of Podocarpus or yellow-wood, and the
may be regarded'as one immense plateau, raised, on an  great succulent Euphorbias, which grows into trees 40 feet
average, 3000 feet above the level of the sea, surrounded on  high, the Euphorbia meloformis, 3 feet in diameter, lies on
all sides by mountain ranges, and stretching continuously,  the ground, to which it is attached by slender fibrous
though with varying w~idth, for 500 miles.                  roots, and is confined to the mountains of Graaf Reynet,
The geological structure of the mountains appears to be  where also is found the extraordinary Testudinaria or lIotvery uniform. They have a nucleus of granite, which some- tentot's bread.  The Encephalartos, of which there are 15
times comes to the surface, and forms the predominating rock,  species, scarcely occur in Cape Colony, properly so called,
but much more frequently the granite is overlain by enor- but extend over the mountains of Kiaffiraria, Tanibooka,
mous masses of sandstone, easily distinguished by the nu- and Belagoa Bay, almost to the tropics. The brilliant Stremerous pebbles of quartz which. are imbedded in it. The  litzias are almost peculiar to the districts of George and
mountain summit, when composed of granite, is usually  Swellendam.  Throughout are found various species of
round and smooth, but when composed of the quartzoze  Acacia; many beautiful ones of Oxalis; innumerable spesandstone is often perfectly flat, and assumes the form of  cies of Ixia, Gladiolus, Tritonia, Watsonia, IHesperanthera,
which Table Mount is a well-known specimen. The thick- and other handsome Iridaceme, known by the name of Cape
ness of this stratum, in some localities, is not less than 2000  bulbs;. nor ought we to omit the endless varieties of Pelarfeet, and may then be seen forming steep mural faces re- gonium  or Cape geranium, Gnaphalium, Xeranthemum,
sembling masonry, or exhibiting a series of salient angles Diosma, Mesembryanthemum or fig-marigold, shrubby Boand indentations, as sharp, regular, and well defined as if  raginace, and curious, if not large or showy blossomed
they had been chiselled.                                    Orchidacee.
livers.-Notwitstanding its lofty mountain ranges and    Zoology. —The animals indigenous to this colony are alelevated plateaus, Cape Colony has scarcely any navigable  most endlessly varied, firom the most unwieldy bulks to the
rivers. Elephant, or Olifant's River, which falls into the  most delicate and graceful forms. Among quadrupeds may
Atlantic in the W. of Clanwilliam division, is affected by the  be enumerated the giraffe, elephant, rhinoceros, the hippotide, and is navigable for boats for 30 miles,'but, like almost potamus, now much less frequently seen than formerly;
all the other rivers of the colony, is encumbered at its mouth  the lion, panther, hyena, jackal, wolf, wild boar, quagga,
by a bar, over which no ordinary sailing vessel can float. On  buffalo, antelope, spring bok, monkey, porcupine, ant-eater,
the S. coast, the Breede, which empties itself into St. Sebas- &c. Among birds are the ostrich, eagle, vulture, pelican,
tian's Bay, in Zwellendam  division, admits vessels of 200  flamingo, crane, guinea-fowl, turtle-dove, and smnaller spetons into the port of Beaufort, at its mouth, but, imme- cies in great variety. The reptiles are among the largest
diately thereafter, becomes navigable only for small craft. and most venomous of their class, including the boa conTo judge by the map, one might suppose that the colony  stricter and the cobra da capello.  In the surrounding
was remarkably well supplied with water. Streams are  seas, and along the coasts, whales and seals exist in such
there represented as traversing the country in all direc- numbers as to make the capture of them an important
tions, some of them  apparently receiving numerous tri- occupation, while both there and in the rivers there is no
butaries, and running a course of several hundred miles;  deficiency of smaller fish.
and the fact is, that at the season when rains prevail, many    Agriculture.-The temperature is such as ought to favor
of them are swollen into rivers of great width, and of a depth  the growth of all the ordinary cereals, and the first colowhich would float the largest vessel in safety. But the  nists who settled in the country expected to find the prinrains have no sooner ceased than they either disappear  cipal source of their wealth in their cultivation. Some
altogether, or sink down into deep chasms, and occupy a  districts were apparently fertile enough, but even where
shallow rocky bed, overhung on both sides by lofty preci- the soil was well adapted for the growth of wheat aend
pices of the prevailing sandstone.                          the other cerealia, the climate often proved most unprotimate.-The temperature of the colony varies much in  pitious.  Long-continued droughts withered the corn in
different localities, but its general average may be stated at the blade, and mildew destroyed it in the ear. At last a
670 201 at Cape Town, that of the coldest month being 570, better system  began to prevail. Extensive tracts, which
and that of the hottest 790 Fahrenheit.  The extremes,  never could have yielded a profitable retdirn under the
however, have a much wider range. The alternations of  plough, were seen to be capable of supporting numerous
heat and cold are frequently great, as well as sudden. T'he  flocks and herds, and the attention of the colonists was
S.E. wind sometimes begins to blow with all the character- generally turned to pasture.  The native stock of cattle
istics of a simoom. At first it is almost stiflingly hot, and, has been supplanted by better breeds, or improved by
gradually gathering strength, carries along with it an im-  crosses with them, so that the cattle of Cape Colony would
palpable sand, which penetrates everywhere. The whole  not suffer by a comparison with those of many of the better
atmosphere is dimmed, and the trees gather a coating which  improved districts of Europe, while the Cape sheep, remark.
makes them look as if they had been painted with red ochre. able only for the ponderousness of their tails, have been
Shortly, however, the breeze cools, its violence abates, and  very generally supplanted by finer European breeds, more
the air regains its wonted clearness. Less rain falls iu the  especially by merinoes, which thrive admirably, and prointerior, and on the W. coast of Cape Colony, than in any  mise soon to make wool the great staple of the colony.
other part of the world, excepting rainless distrilts.      Grain, particularly wheat, is still grown to a considerable
1eqetatNn.-The vegetation of the Cape is of a peculiar extent inthe lower districts, and, in ordinary years, crops
and distinctive character. To this, however, there are some  both abundant and of good quality are obtained. In the
curious exceptions in the case of particular plants, where a  same region, and also in the. Cape division, considerable
connection manifests itself between the botany of this part attention is paid to the culture of the vine.
of the world and that of very remote countries.  Such    Manoufaclures and Commerce.-The former are necessarily
occurs with the alder, and also with the bramble. In many  limited to a few articles of primary necessity, the colonists
respects, the vegetation in the E. districts of the colony  supplying themselves with the ordinary manufactures from
differs widely from that on the'W., although several plants  the mother country, of a better quality, and at a cheaper
are common to both.  Wheat is the grain most exten- rate than could be produced by themselves. The export of
sively cultivated at the Cape, but other cereals are also  wool firom the colony is increasing rapidly, that of wine de
grown. With the exception of the silver-tree, or witte-  creasing. In 1827, only. 44,441 pounds of wool were ex
362




CAP                                                       CAP
ported; in 1848, 3,497,250 pounds; while the wine had de- Santa Barbara co., California; lat. 340 26' N., ion. about
creased in the same period, from 740,000 to 185,000 gallons. 120025/ W.
The whale fishery, which was formely pursued with success,    CAPE CORMACHITTI.  See CAPE KHROMACHITmI.
has also doolined; but the amount of shipping, belonging    CAPE CORNIWALL, a headland on the S.W. coat of
to the colony, has more than doubled in the last 10 years. Cornwall, England, about 4 miles N. of Lands End; let
The exports from  the colony, in 1847, amounted to  50 8' N., lon. 50 42' W.
$2,134,222, and the value of imports to $6,821,215, of which    CAPE CORR.IENTES, kon-ae-.n/ts, on the E. coast of
$2,564,288 was from Great Britain. The colonial produce  Africa; lat. 230 48' S., Ion. 350 40' E.
exported, in 1849, amounted to $1,740,622, consisting prin-    CAPE CORRIENTES, on the S.W. coast of Mexico; lat.
cipally of wool, skins, hides, wine, flour, and bran, ivory, 200 22' N., lon. 1050 35'W.
ostrich feathers, horses, beef, and pork. The trade with the    CAPE CORRIENTES, kon-Re-Wntts, South America, on
United States for the year ending June 30, 1852, employed  the W. coast of New Granada, extending into the Pacific;
4955 tons of shipping inwards, and 4439 tons outward. The  lat. 50 50/ N., ion. 770 15' W.
value of imports amounted to $190,798, and the exports to    CAPE CORRIENTES, a headland near the S.W. extremity
$225,954.                                                  of Cuba; lat. 210 45' N., Ion. 840 30' W.
Government, Neligion,  oducations,  c.-The government    CAPE CORRUBEDO, koR-Roo-B/Do;   on the W. coast of
of the Cape is vested in a governor, nominated by the  Galicia, Spain; lat. 420 35' N., ion. 90 51 W.
crown, 4nd assisted by an executive council, composed of   CAPE CORSO, korlso, (anc. Promnontofriumn Sacsumn,,) forms
the commander of the forces, the chief-justice, auditor- the N. extremity of the island of Corsica; lat. 430 0' 35" N.,
general, treasurer, and accountant-general. Each province Ion. 90 25' E.
is under the superintendence of a lieutenant-governor, and    CAPE CRAW/FORD, in the N. part of Prince William's
each district of a civil commissioner, subordinate to whom   Land, at the entrance of Admiralty Inlet; lat. 730 45' N.,
are magistrates, superintending tracts of country 15 or 20  Ion. 870 W,
miles in circuit. Justice is administered by a supreme    CAPE CREUX, krvh, (L. Promonstofriunm  Crs/cis.) the
court of judicature, presided over by a chief-justice and  most E. point of the Spanish Peninsula, forming the W.
three puisn6 judges, a high-sheriff and deputy-sheriff for limit of the Gulf of Lyons; lat. 420 19' 2" N., Ion. 30 20/
*each district, a court of vice-admiralty, police, and matri-  34" E.
monial courts, &c. The revenue of the colony has generally    CAPE CRILLON, Ikril-lon', the most S. point of the Jaexceeded the expenditure. The estimates for 1849 give the  panese island Tarakal, or Saghalien, on the Strait of La P&revenue at 213,424/., and the expenditure at 210,0001. In  rouse; lat. 450 54' 12" N., Ion. 1410 58' E.
1851, the expenditure was 375,7451. The Dutch and Eng-   CAPE CRIO. See CAPE KItaO.
lish Reformed, Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and Presby-   CAPE CRUZ, krooce, on the S. coast of Cuba; let. 190 47t
tetian churches in the Cape, are all entirely, or in part, N., ion, 770 42' W.
supported by the Government. From returns for 1846, it    CAPE CULLERA, kool-yArd, on the E. coast of Spain;
appears that there were 115 congregations belonging to  lat. 39 9' N., lon. 0020'41" W.
the two provinces, of which  32 belonged to the Dutch Re-    CAPE DA-ROCA, dA-rofki, the most W. headland of Porformed church, 13 to the English Episcopalians, 8 to dif- tugal, Estremadura, 20 miles W.N.W. of Lisbon, with a fort
ferent Presbyterian denominations, 4 to the Roman Catholic  and a light-house.
church, 21 to the Wesleyan church, 23 to the Independents,    CAPE DARTUCH, daa-took/, on the W. coast of Minorca;
5 Moravian, and 9 Lutheran. Sunday and evening schools  lat. 390 56' N., ion. 30 45/i E.
are attached to each. There are also numerous missionary    CAPE DELGADO, dul-gido, on the E. coast of Africa,
schools, and Bell's Lancasterian and other free schools in  Quiloa, in the Indian Ocean; lat. 10~ 5' S., lon. 410 E.
each district.  In numerous localities throughout the co-   CAP  DEMET/RIUS, a headland of Thessaly, on the
lony, missionary exertions are carried on, by various deno-  Gulf of Salonica; lot. 390 18' N., Ion. 230 20/ E.
min ations of Christians, for the evangelization of the native    CAPE DENBIGIL, den/bee, on the W. coast of Russian
population.                                                America, forming the extremity of a peninsula in Norton
Aborigines.-The original inhabitants of the peninsula  Sound; lat. 640 17' N., ion. 1610 53' W.
of South Africa consist of two distinct negro races-the    CAPE DESEADA, dA-si-NdA, or DESIRE, on the S.W.
Hottentot and the Kaffre which are again subdivided into  coast of Patagonia, at the entrance of the Straits of Mlagellan
10 or12 different tribes. The Hottentots occupy the northen  from the South Pacific Ocean.
portion of the peninsula, and the Kaffres the north-eastern.    CAPE DESIRE, the E. extremity of Nova Zembla; lat.
The first are a mild and timid people, with some talent, but 760 25' N., lon. 760 E.
no energy. They make excellent shepherds and herdsmen,    CAPE DESOLA/TION, Greenland, is the S.W. extremity
and are faithful aend honest. The Kaffres are a remarkably  of Nunar-Soak Island; lat. 600 50' N., Ion. 480 50' W.
handsome race, tall, stout, beautifully formed and graceful   CAPE DESOLATION, a headland of Terra-del-Fuego, on
in their movements, with a cheerful and contented expres- one of its W. islands; lat. 550 45' 40" S., lon. 710 37' 10" W.
sion of countenance, and a complexion verging towards    CAPE DIAMOND, d/mond, the extremity of a promonblack. The offshoots of these two great families are the  tory of Canada East, at the confluence of the St. Charles
Korannas or Koras, the Bojesmans or Bushmen, Na- with the St. Lawrence, rises abruptly 333 feet above the
maquas, Damaras, Griquas, Bechuanas, Mantatas, and  river. On this promontory stands the citadel of Quebec.
Zoolahs. The entire population is 166,408, of whom about On the W. and nearly on a level with the ramparts are the
70,000 are colored,                                        plains of Abraham, where, in 1755, the English, nnderGeBistory.-The Cape of Good Hope was discovered, in  neral Woolf, gained a signal victory over the French under
1486, by Bartholomew  Diaz.  In 1620, two commanders  Montcalm, in which engagement both the commanders
of the English East India Company took possession of  were slain.
the country in the name of King James; but no settle-   CAPE  DIGBY, dig/bee, on the E. coast of Kergunlee's
ment was then formed. In 1050, it was colonized by the  Land; lat. 490 3t S., lon. 700 34' E.
Dutch Goternment, and remained in their possession for    CAPE DIGGS, in British America, on the Channel lead156 years. In 1795, it was taken possession of by a British  ing from Hudson's Bay to Hudson's Strait; lat. about 620
armament, but restored to the Dutch in 1802. In 1806. 45' N., lon. 790 W.
it was again taken by the British, and confirmed to them     CAPE DIREC/TION, a cape on the N. E. coast, of Ausat the general peace, in 1814. Almost ever since, a suc- tralia, in York  Peninsula; lat. 120 51' S., Ion. 143 33i' E.
cession of hostilities has occurred between the colonists    CAPE DIRECTION, a cape of Van Diemen's Land. formand the Kaffres on the eastern and north-eastern frontiers  ing the E. entrance to the Derwent River; lat. 430 31 S., Ion.
of the colony, the latter revenging the encroachments of  1470 34' E.
the former on their territories by plundering their cattle,   CAPE DISAPPOINTIMENT, the S.W. extremity of Paand otherwise disturbing them  in their possessions.  In  cific county, Washington Territory, at the entrance of the
1851, one of these Kaffre wars, and one of formidable aspect, Columbia River; lat. 460 12' N., Ion. about 1240 15' W.
raged in the colony, although it was but two or three years    CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT, a headland on the S. coast
previous that another was terminated, which cost tle  of the island of Georgia, in the South Atlantic Ocean.
mother country two millions of money. An attempt was    CAPE DISICORD, on the E. coast of Greenland; lat. 600
recently made by the British Government to establish a  30/ N., ion. 440 30' W.
penal settlement at the Cape, which was successfully re-   CAPE DOMESNE or DOMESNES, do-main/, a headland
sisted by the tolonists.                                   of RusSia, extending into the Baltic on the WV. side of the
CAPE COLVILLE, kol/vil, a headland of New Zealand at Gulf of Livonia, S. of the island of Oesel; lat. 570 46' N., Ion.
the N. E. entrance ofthe River Thames; lat. 360 260 S., Ion. 22- 28' E.
1750 20' E.                                                  CAPE DONIDA, on the N.W. coast of the island of Celebes,
CAPE COMMBERMERE, in the S.W. part of Ellesmere  about 57 miles N.E. of Cape Tomoel; lat. 00 48' N.; Ion. 1190
Island, on Baffin's Bay; lat. 770 5' N., Ion. 750 45' W.   57' E.
CAPE COMFORT, kdIm'fort, a headland of Southampton    CAPE DONNA MARIA, donsnA m.-reoe/, on the W. coast
Island, on IHudson's Bay; lat. 640 55' N., Ion. 820 30' W.    of Hayti; lat. 180 40' N., Ion. 740 27' W.
CAPE COMIORIN, the southern extremityofIndia, State    CAPE DORO, do/ro, (It. La. D'Oro, k/po do/ro; anc.
of Travancore in the Indian Ocean; lat. 80 5, N., lon. 770  Caphaeus.) a rocky and dangerous coast at the S.E. extre.
30' E.                                                   I mity of Negropont; lat. 350 9' N.. ion. 240 35' E.
CAPE (or POINT) CONCEP/TION, the S.W. extremity of ICAPE DREPANO, drldp'-no, or DREPANI, drdp/g-ne, or
303
jt~




CAP                                                           CAP.he S.E. coast of Salonica, Greece, between the Gulfs of    CAPE FEAR RIVER of North Carolina, is formed by the
Monte Santo and Cassandra; ]at. 390 56' N., ion. 240 2' E.    union of the Ilaw and Deep Rivers, which unite at HayCAPE DROViEDARY, on the S.E. coast of Australia, is in  wood, in Chatham  county, near the centre of the state
lat. 360 18' S., ion. 1500 14' E. It consists of a projecting  Flowing in a S.E. direction, it passes by Fayetteville on the
headland, having a double mountain over it, called Mount  right, and Wilmington on the left, and enters the Atlantic
Dromedary.                                                    near 33i  551 N. lat., and 780 5' W. ion., by two channels,
CAPE  DUCATO, doo-klto, the S. extremity of Santa  separated by Smith's Island. The S. extremity of the island
Maura, one of the Ionian islands; lat. 380 33' 30" N., ion. 200  is called Cape Fear. The water in the main (S.W.) entrance,
32' 45" E. It is the ancient promontory of Leucadia, which  is from 10 to 14 feet deep over the bar. Cape Fear River is
was commonly called the Lovers' Leap. The poetess Sappho, the largest and most important river, whose course lies
who cherished a hopeless passion for Phaon, is reported to  wholly in North Carolina, and the only one which flows
have thrown herself firom the top of this promontory.          directly into the sea from this state.  Steamboats ascend in
CAPE DUDILEY DIGGS, a promontory on the W. coast  all stages of water to Fayetteville, 120 miles; and the naviof Greenland, near the entrance of Baffin's Bay; lat. 760 15' gation has been opened by means of dams and locks as far
N., Ion. 690 7' W.                                             as the coal-mines of Chatham county. At Averysborough,
CAPE DUNDAS, dtn-dassf, the N. extremity of Prince  the river falls over the primitiveledge, which divides the
of Wales Land, at the W. entrance of Baring Channel; lat.  hilly region of the state fs-om the low country  after which
740 N., ion. 1000 W.                                           it traverses a level and sandy distiict, in which large forests
CAPE DYER, dter, in the W. part of Prince of Wales  of pitch-pine are found. The length, including one of the
Land, at the entrance of Ommanney Bay; lat. 730 20' N., branches, is estimated at above 300 miles.
ion. 1010 30' W.                                                 CAPE  FERRATO, faR-A/to, on the S.E. coast of SarCAPE, EAST, (Rus. Shookotskai or SchulTcotskoi, shoo-otl-  dinia, lat. about 390 18' N., ion. 90 40/ E.
skoy',) the E. point of Asia on Behring's Strait; lat. 660 6 N.,    CAPE FER1R0, or RAS HADID, ras h~d-deedf, on the
Ion. 169~ 50' W.                                               N. coast of Algiers, being the E. point of Storah Bay. Lat.
CAPE EAST, on the E. coast of Madagascar; lat. 150 8' 370 5' N., Ion. 70 10' E.
S., ion. 500 25' E.                                              CAPE FIGARII fe-ggtree, on the N.E. coast of Sardinia,
CAPE EAST, New Zealand.  See CAPE WAI Aeoo.                 forming the N. entrance of the Gulf of Terra Nova.
CAPE EGMIONT, on the S.E. coast of Prince Edwards    CAPE]  FINISTIRE, or FINISTERRE, fin-is-tale, the
Island, at the entrance of Egmont Day; lat. 460 28' N., ion.  most W. headlod of BFrance; lat. 480 20' N., ion. 40 50' W.
640 10' V.                                                       CAPE  FINISTERRE  or FINISTERE, fin-is-taic!, (Sp.
CAPE ELIZIABETITI, Maine, 6 miles S. by E. of Portland.  Pinistierra, fe-nis-te-WRtir; anc. PPromontol-iumn  Ne'rieum, ArOn it are two light-houses, about 300 yards apart, with lights  tabrsun.  or Celticcos,) the most W. headland of Spain, on the
140 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 430 33' 36' N., Ion.  coast of Galicia; lat. 420 54' N., Ion. 90 16, W.
70  11' 36"' W.                                                  CAPE FINO, feehno, on the coast of Genoa, 17 miles E.S.E.
CAPE ELIZABETH DEPOT, a post-office of Cumberland  of Genoa.
co., Maine.                                                      CAPE FLAT/TERY, a high promontory, the N.W. extreCAPE EMINEII, 8mfeean8, in the E. part of European  mity of Lewis co., Washington  Territory, bounded by the
Turkey, forming the termination of Mount Balkan, on the  Straits of Juan da Fuca on the N.E., and the Pacific Ocean
Black Sea; lat. 420 40' N., ion. 270 55' E.                   on the S.W.  Lat. about 480 45' N., ion. 1240 30' W.
CAPE ENGARD, 6n-g.tnfyo, (i. e. "deception,") on the E.   CAPE FLIN/DERS, North America, on Kent Peninsula,
coast of Hayti; ]lt. 1850 35' N., Ion. 680 209 W.             at the entrance of Coronation Gulf; lat. 680 15' N., 1090
CAPE ENGARO, en-g/ntyo, at the N.E. extremity of the  15' W.
island of Luzon, in lat. 180 40' N., ion. 1220 20' E.            CAPE  FLORIIDA, the E. point of Key Biscayno, 330
CAPE ESPARTEL. See CAPE SPARTEL.                            miles S. by E. of St. Augustine, Florida; lat. of the lightCAPE ESPICHEL, 6s-pe-shIlf, (anc. Barbcarium, Promon-  house, 350 41' N., Ion. 80~ 5' W.
to'iceum?) a promontory on the W. coast of Portugal, 21 miles    CAPE FORMENTON, fos-mln-t~n!, a promontory formS. by W. of Lisbon; lat 380 25' N., ion. 90 131 W. This cape,  ing the most N. point of the island of Majorca, at the N.
which rises perpendicularly from the sea, is of a whitish  entrance of the Bay of Pollenza; lat. 390 57' N., Ion. 30
color on the N. and reddish on the S. side, and is crowned  16' E.
by a  small chapel and light-house, the latter 617 feet above    CAPE FORMOSA, for-molsa, or FORMO!.SO, on the IW.
the sea.                                                      coast of Africa, so called from its beautiful appearance; lat.
CAPE ESPIRITU SANTO, es-pirle-too slnto, on the N. 40 15' N., Ion. 60 10' E.
extremity of Samar, one of the Philippine Islands; lat. 120    CAPE FOULWEATIIfER, the N.W. point of Benton co.,
40' N., Ion. 1250 35' E.                                      Oregon Territory; lat. about 440 45' N., ion. 1230 151 W.
CAPE ESPIRITU SANTO, Is-pirle-too sin/to, on the N.E.    CAPE FOULWIND, on the WV. coast of New Mlunaster, one
coast ofTerra-del-Fuego, at the entrance to the Straits of  of the New Zealand Islands; lat. 410 451 S., ]on. 1710 30' E.
Magellan; lat. 520 35' S., ion. 680 40/ W.                       CAPE FOX, on the N. coast of Anticosti Island; lat. 49~
CAPE ESTACA, 8s-ti/ki, the most N. point of Spain, 22' N., ion. 620 10' W.
E.N.E. of Cape Ortegal, lat. 430 48' N., lon. 70 38' WV.         CAPE FRtANAIS, fi'NsG'S, the N. point of Kerguelen's
CAPE FAIRWEATH/Et, on the WV. coast of North Ame-  Land; lat. 480 40' S., ion. 690 E.
rica, lat. 580 55' N., lon. 1380 VW.                             CAPE FRANKILIN, at the N.W. extremity of Kent PeCAPE FAL'CON, (It. Fdlcone, f l-koln,) on the W. coast ninsula, on Dease Strait: 1at. 680 40' N., ion. 1090 W.
of Sardinia; lat. 410 N., ion. 80 13' E.                         CAPE FREDIERICK VII., inthe N.partof Prudhoe Island,
CAPE FALSE, a headland, on the N.W. coast of Africa,  N. of Smith's Sound; lat. 790 40' N., lon. 700 15' W.
lat. 260 25' N., ion. 140 12' WV.                                CAPE FREELS, on the E. coast of Newfoundland; lat.
CAPE FALSE, on the coast of Central America, 32 miles  490 38' N., lon. 530 W.
N.WV. of Cape Gracios h Dios, lat. 150 13' N., lon. 830 22' W.   CAPE FREHEL, fiA'l!, on the coast of France, 13 miles
CAPE FALSE, in Afirica, on the XV. coast of Sierra Leone,  V. by N. of St. Malo; 1at. 480 41' N., Ion. 20 19' V.; upon
lat. 80 26' N., Ion. 130 18' W.                               it is a revolving light 246 feet above the sea.
CAPE FALSE, (Fr. Catp Faux, kip fo,) on the S. coast of    CAPE FRIENDSHIP, near the E. extremitys of BougainHayti, lat. 170 45' N., lon. 710 40' WV.                      ville Island in the Pacific Ocean; lat. 60 44~ S., lon. 1550
CAPE FARE, a post-village of Taney co., Missouri, 160  40' E.
miles S.S.WV. of Jefferson  City.                                CAPE FRIO, freeo,. (Port. Cabo FTrio, klbo-fireelo. i.e. " Cool
CAPE  FAREWVELL', the S. extremity  of Greenland,  Cape,") a promontory on the coast of Brazil, 80 miles E. of
bounding the E. entrance to Davis's Straits, lat. 590 49' N., Rio Janeiro, forms the terminus of the ridge of mountains
Ion. 430 54' W.  A strong current sets round this Cape, which run parallel tothe coast, and consists of a huge oval
and continues N. along the E. coast of the strait as far as  mass of granite.  Elevation, 1570 feet; lat. 220 59' 9" S.,
lat. 670 N.                                                    lon. 410 57' 2" WV. A light-house was erected on it in 1836.
CAPE FAREWELL, on the N.V. coast of Tavai Poenam-    CAPE FULLERTON, f661ter-ton, on Hudson's Bay; lat.
moo, one of the New Zealand islands, lat. 400 31.' S., lon. 640 10' N., Ion. 883 20' WV.
1720 471 E.'CAPE GALERA, g'-lI/ri, South America, on the N.WY.
CAPE FARO, (anc. Peloarus,) the N.E. extremity of the  coast of New Granada; lat. 110 N., lon. 750 20' W.
island of Sicily, bounding, with the opposite coast of Cala-    CAPE GALERA, g-l4ri, the E. point of the island of
bria, (rock of Scylla, &c.,) the narrowest part of the Strait of  Trinidad; lat. 100 45' N., ion. 600 30' WV.
Messina.  Lat. of light-house, 383 155 50" N., Ion. 150 40' 40"    CAPE GALLO, gil/lo, a headland on the N. coast of Sicily,
E. On the hill above are two sea batteries and martello  7 miles N.N.W. of Palermo.
towers, the whole covered by a strong fort.                     CAPE GALLO, gl/lo,. (anc. Ac/riftas,) a headland of Greece,
CAPE PARTASH, far'tish/, or FARTAK, far'tk.k, a pro-  Mores, forming the S. extremity of the government of Mesmontory on the S. coast of Arabia, lat. 150 33' N., lon. 520  sonia.
20' E.                                                          CAPE GAMALEY, gimi-lf, a headland of Japan, on the
CAPE FEAR, the S. point of Smith's Island, near the  W. coast of the island of Niphon, near its N. extremity;
mouth of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina.  Bald Head  lat. 400 38' N., ion. 1390 49i E.
Light-house stands 1 mile from the shore, and is 90 feet high    CAPE GAR/RY, in the S. partof North Somerset., forming
with the light. 110 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 330  the S. boundary of Creswell Bay; lat. 720 23' N., lon. 930
18' N., ion. 770 570 W.                                       30/W.
364




CAP                                                          CA40
CAPE GASPlY, gasepee or gis-pit, a headland of Canada,    CAPE HIIANGILIP, on the S. extremity of Africa, and E
on t-e Gulf of St. Lawrence;  lat. 480 45t N.; Ion. 640 101 W. side of False Bay; lat. 340 221 S., Ion. 18~ 40t E.
At its W. extremity it forms the N. boundary of the Bay of    CAPE IIARIDY, on the N. part of Prince of Wales Land,
Gasp6, an inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, about 18 miles  at the entrance of Baring Channel; lat. 730 53' N., ion. 970
in length, by 6 miles across, forming a safe harbor. An im- 30' W.
portant cod and whale fishery is established off its shores.    CAPE  ITIATItERTON, the W. extremity of Prudhoe
CAPE  GATA, g ta, (Sp. Cabo de Gata, lk/Bo dA gitt,)  Island, in Smith's Sound; lat. 780 30' N., ion. 750 308 W.
a promontory of Spain, on the coast of Granada, forming the    CAPE HATTERAS, hatter-ass, E. of North Carolina, 120
E. limit of the great bay of Almeria, and consisting of con- miles S. by E. of Cape Henry.  The light is 1I  miles from
tinuous rocks 24 miles in circuit, and 13 miles in breadth.  the point of the cape, and 95 feet above the level of the sea;
In the centre of this promontory there are four hills near to  lat. 350 14' N., lon. 750 308 W.
each other, called the Sacristan, the Two Friars, the Cap-    CAPE HAY, a headland of British America, on the Polar
tain, and the White Mountain; but nothing remarkable is  Sea, near Ion. 950 W.
observed from their outward appearance. The case is very    CAPE HIAYTIEN, hifte-en, formerly CAPE FRANQATS,
different toward the sea, where about 50 paces from the  fr6NGrss, and CAPE IHENItRY, a seaport town of the island of
beach there is a rocky mass 200 feet high, crystallized in  Hayti, on its N. coast, 90 miles N. of Port au Prince; lat. 190
large pieces that have 4 or 5 plates chased one within an- 40' N., ion. 690 54' W. Previous to the IHaytian Revolution
other; these are oif a cinereous color, from  8 to 14 inches  it was a handsome city, and it still has some fine buildings,
long, with a large grain which is susceptible of a fine polish. with a secure and tolerably defended harbor, and a conThe other side of the promontory beyond these four hills is  siderable trade, chiefly with the United States, Great Bricalled El Puerto de la Plata, (i.e. " the port of silver.") For- tain, France, and Germany. In 1841, 84 vessels, aggregate
mnerly this cape was a place of resort for Moorish corsairs  burden 11,806 tons, entered the port with cargoes valued at
lurking for Spanish vessels. Lat. 360 43' N.; ion. 20 22' WV.  136,4841.; 78 vessels, burden 10,802 tons, cleared with carCAPE GATTO, gittt, (ane. CI'srias Promostolrisum?) a pro- goes estimated at 162,7701. in value. Pop. in 1789, 18,500; in
rmontory on the S. coast of Cyprus; lat. 340 34' N., Ion. 330 8/ E. 1851, 6000.
CAPE GEORGE, on the N. coast of the island of South    CAPE  IENLOIPEN, on the E. coast of Delaware, at the
Georgia; lat. 540 17' S., Ion. 360 32' W.                     entrance of Delaware Bay, on the S.W. side, 13 miles S.S.W.
CAPE GHIIR or GHEER, gheer, a headland of Morocco, on  of Cape May. On it is a fixed light, 182 feet above the level
the Atlantic, 63 miles S.S.W. of Mogadore; lat. 300 37' N., of the sea; lat. 380 47' N., ion. 750 5, 30"  W. A beacon lilght
Ion. 90 52' E. On its W. side it is 1235 feet in height.      also stands at the extreme N. end of the cape, three-fourths
CAPE GIRARDEAU,jee-rars-dl,     a county in the E.S.E. part  of a mile distant.
of Missouri, bordering on the Mississippi River, has an area of    CAPE HIENRIETITA  MARIIA, in British America, the
875 square miles. It is drained by the head streams of the  dividing line on the W. between Hudson and James Bays;
Whitewater, an affluent of St. Francis River, and by Apple  lat. 550 10'N., ion. 820 30' WS.
Creelk; the Mississippi forms its E. boundary, and separates    CAPE HENt.Y, on the N.E. coast of Virginia, at the enit from Illinois. The surface is nearly level; the soil is  trance of Chesapeake Bay, on the S. side, 12 miles S. by W.
rich, and extensively cultivated. The county is plentifully  of Cape Charles; lat. 360 56' N., lon. 760 4' W. On it is a
supplied with good timber, including the cypress. It was  fixed light, 120 feet above the level of the sea.
settled in 1794 by French and Germans. Capital, Jackson.    CAPE IIILLSBOROUGH, hilzcbfir-rah, a headland on
Pop. 13,912, of whom 12,238 were filee, and 1674 slaves.      the N.E. coast of Australia, terminating in a bluff point;
CAPE GIRARDEAU, a post-village of Cape Girardeau  lat. 200 53' 40"t S., lon. 1490 0' 15" E.
co., Missouri, on the Mississippi River, 45 miles above the    CAPE HONDURAS, hon-doolras, or PUNTA-DEL-CASmouth of the Ohio, and 207 miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City, TILLO, poon/ta dal kgs-teellyo, a headland on the N. coast of
It has a good landing, and contains several hundred in-  Honduras; lat. 160 N., Ion. 860 16' WV.
habitants. It is the seat of St. Vincent's College.             CAPE HOPE ADVANCEI, a headland of British America,
CAPE GLOUCESTER, glos'ter, a high promontory on  on Hudson's Straits; lat. 610 45' N., lon. 720 10' W.
the N.E. coast of Australia; lat. 200 1' S.; Ion. 1480 26' E.   CAPE IhORN, honn, wtitten also HOORN, the most S. point
CAPE GOLOVATCHEF, go-lo-vii-ch~f/orGOLOATCHEYI,  of America, on the last island of the Fuegian Archipelago,
a headland on the N. W. coast of the island of Tarakai or Sag- in lat. 550 58' 40" S., lon. 670 16' W. It is a lofty, steep,
halein, empire of China; lat. 520 32' N., 41 lon. 1410 54' E.   bare, black rock, with pointed summits, and was fornmerly
CAPE GOOD  SUCCESS/, on the S. coast of Terra del  considered very dangerous to pass; but the difficulties of
Fuego, extending into the Straits of Le Maire.                doubling it are now greatly diminished. It was namned by
CAPE GRACIAS-A-DIOS, gritse-i&s-it-dee/oce, (i.e. "Thanks  Schouten, its discoverer, in 1616, in honor of his birthplace,
to God,") a headland of Central America, on the Mosquito  Hoorn, (h6an,) in the Netherlands, prdvince of North 1Iolcoast; lat. 140 55' N.; ion. 830 15' W.                       land.
CAPE GRAFITON, on the N.E. coast of Australia, bounds    CAPE HORN, FALSE, on the coast of Terra-del-Fuego,
Trinity Bay on the S.; lat. 160 51' S., ion. 1450 50' E.      9 miles N.E. of Cape Horn.
CAPE GREGIORY, on the W. coast of North America;    CAPE HIOWE, h6w, the most S.E. point of Australia, 280
lat. 430 30' N., Ion. 1240 W.                                 miles S.W. of Sidney; lat. 370 30' S., ion. 1500 5' E.
CAPE GREY, Missouri. See CAP Au GacY.                         CAPE IHIOWE, WEST, on the S. coast of Australia, 18
CAPE GRIM, the N.W. extremity of Van Diemen's Land,  miles S.W. of Albany; lat. 350 9' S., Ion. 1170 40 E..
and the S. boundary of the W. entrance to Bass' Strait;    CAPE HUMOS, hoolmoce, a headland of Chili, at the S.
lat. 400 431 S.,l'on. 1440 42' E.                             mouth of the Maule; lat. 350 22' S.
CAPE GRIMIINGTON, on the E. coast of Labrador; lat.    CAPE ICY. See IcY CAPE.
580 55' N., Ion. 610 45' W.                                     CAPE INJE or INDJEH, inljih, the most N. point of
CAPE GRINNELL], a headland of North Devon, on WVel-  Anatolia, extending into the Black Sea; lat. 420 8' N., ion.
lington Channel; lat. 750 30' N., Ion. 920 25' W.             340 57t E.
CAPE GRIS-NEZ, gree-nA, i.e.  "gray nose," (anc. Itsiuse      CAPE ISABELLA, iz-a-bSl/la, a headland of Boothia Felix;
Preonsontosrium,) a headland of France, department of Pas- lat. 690 26' N., lon. 230 H' W.
de-Calais. being the nearest point of the French shore to    CAPE ISABELLA, in the E. part of Ellesmere Island, at
that of Britain, (South Foreland.)  It has a revolving light  the entrance of Smith's Sound; lat. 78~ 10' N., lou. 780 W.
195 feet high; lat. 550 52' 12" N., Ion. 10 35' 15" E.          CAPE ISLAND, iland, the southern extremity of New
CAPE GUARDAFUI, gwar-d&-fweel, or GARDAFUI. garL-  Jersey, formerly separated by a small creek from  the mainda-fweef, (Arab.  eas Jerdaffooe, rbs-jer'dl-foonf; anc. Aroe- land. It is 3 or 4 miles long, and from n    to 1 mile wide.
maturem Prosnotosrium,) the most E. point of Africa, at the    CAPE ISLAND, or CAPE ISLAND  CITY, a celebrated
entrance of the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb; lat. 110 50' N., lon. watering-place of Cape May co., New Jersey, on Cape Island,
510 20' E.                                                    about 100 miles by water S.S.E. of Philadelphia. During
CAPE GWADEL, gwA-d~ii, or RAS N00, ras noo, a penin-  the summer months, it is one of the most fashionable places
sula of Beloochistan, about the middle of the S. coast, On  of resort in the United States. It contains 5 or 6 churches,
the Indian Ocean, 95 miles S. of Kedje; lat. 250 12' N., lon. 1 bank, and 8 large hotels, besides numerous smaller ones:
620 18' E. It is about 6 miles in breadth, and has a harbor  among the former may be mentioned the Mount'ernon
on either side, the W. of which affords good anchorage. A   House, which has a front of 306 feet, with wings 506 feet long
ruined wall extends across its narrow isthmus, near which  and 66 wide, designed to accommodate 2000 persons. The
is a decayed town, and a poor village of huts.                dining-room is, perhaps, the largest in the world, being, 460
CAPE ItACKNESS, a headland of Scotland, co. of Orkney,  feet long and 66 wide. In summer, Cape Island has daily
on the S.E. coast of the island of Shapiushay.                communication by steamboats with Philadelphia, and is
CAPE IIAITIEN. See CAPE HAYTIEN.                            thronged with the wealthy and fashionable, principally
CAPE HALKETT, hil/ket, a headland of Russian Ame- from that city. Permanent population, about 600.
rica, on the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 700 48' N., lo/. 1510 55' W.,   CAPE JERERMIE, zhr-A-meel, on the N.W. coast of Hayti,
bounds HarriSon Bay on the W.                                 18 miles E. of Cape Donna  Maria; lat. 180 16' N., lon. 740
CAPE HAM/ILTON, on the W. coast of Wollaston Land,  12' W.
in the Arctic Ocean; lat. 680 30' N., Ion. 1160 30' W.          CAPE JUBY, joolbee, of Africa, on the W. coast of Sahara,
CAPE  HTAMRAl, ham/rA,  or MAVERAIh. mitver-i.  opposite Fuerteventura. one of the Canary Islands, is a low,
(Arab. Ras-el-c-lasnrah, rsa-il-hbilm; r; anc.'romdnnto/rium   sandy point; lat. 270 57' 50" N., Ion. 120 55' W.
iis2p/pi ) on the N. coast of Algiers; lat. 370 N., ion. 70 5i0 E.    CAPE KALAKRIAe k[il/ik-res'i-or GULGRAD BOOROON
365




CAP                                                      CAP
ar BURROUN, gul-rAd' boo-roonf, in the E. part of Turkey,   CAPELLE-MARBIAL, LA, 11, k'pMl1 mA'ree'vall, a vii
on the Black Sea; lat. 430 23' N., ion. 280 30' E.        lage of France, department of Lot, 10 miles N.W. of Figeac.
CAPE KARDASW11, on the S.E. coast of Asia Minor, at the  Pop. 1331.
W. entrance to the Gulf of Iskanderoon; lat. 360 34' N., ion.   CAPELLEN, kl-p~lfen, a village of Rhenish Prussia.
350 22' E.                                                  CAPELLE-OP-DEN BOSCII, kAp-phl'leh-op-den-bosk, a viiCAPE KAITER, in the S.W. part of Cockburnlsland,on  lage o1 Belgiun, province of South Brabant, 11 miles Ni of
the Gulf of Boothia; l t. 710 53' N., Ion. 900 W.         Brussels, on the canal thence to Antwerp, and on the railCAPE -KAYE, kA, a promontory in the W. part of Cock-  way between Mechlin  and Ghent. Pop. 2500.
burn Island, N. of Fitzgerald Bay; lat. 720 20' N., ion. 930    CAPE LOOKOUVT, E. of North Carolina, 85 miles S.W. of
30' W.                                                     Cape Hatteras. Elevation of the light, 100 feet; lat. 340 371
CAPE KEREMIPE, ki-rlmfplh, (anc. Carsssabis; Gr. Ka- N., ion. 760 33' W.
pacqidu dKpa,) a headland of Asia, on the N. coast of Anatolia,   CAPE LOOKOUT, E. of Yambill co., Oregon Territory;
extending into the Black Sea; let. 420 2' N., Ion. 330 20' E.  in lat. about 450 30' N., Ion. 1240 W.
CAPE KIELIDONIA, ii8l-e-do-nee4,  a headland of Asiatic    CAPE LOOKOUT, in Hudson's Bay; let. 550 30' N., ion.
Turlley, forming the N. point of the Gulf of Adalia, near let. about 850 40' W.
360 9, N., ion. 300 26' E.                                   CAPE LOOKOUT, a headland on the E. coast of PataCAPE KI-EISONESE, lcerlson-eece, in the S. part of Bus- gonia, extending into the Atlantic.
sia, on the Black Sea; let. 440 35' N., ion. 330 20' E.      CAPE LOPATFrA, lo-pt/ikA, in Asia, forming the S. extreCAPE KHROMACHITTI, Kcro-mit-kit'tee, on the N. coast mity of the peninsula of Kamtchatka; let. 510 2/ N., ion. 15 60
of Cyprus; let. 350 23' N., Ion. 330 E.-                   46' E.  It consists of a low and barren tongue of land,
CAPE KHIYNZYR, iKin'zeer,1 a headland on the S. coast of  widening toward the N., and terminating in a mountain,
Syria, at the entrance to the Gulf of Iskanderoon; lat. 330  which bears the same name.
17' N., hon. 350 48' E.                                      CAPE LOPEZ, lolplz, on the W. coast of Africa, forming
CAPE KIRPE, k66rfp6, on the N. coast of Anatolia, ox- the S. point of the Bight of Biafra: let. 00 36' S., ion. 80 40'
tending into the Black Sea; let. 410 15'N., Ion. 300 13' E.  E. The extensive bay which it forms, 14 miles long, hag
CAPE KOLOGRJA, ko-lo-greel, or PAPAS, p-pls1, at the  several rivers and creeks, all very shallow, running into it.
N. W. extremity of Morea, Greece, at the S. entrance of the    CAPE LOUIS, howls, a headland on the W. coast of KerGulf of Patras; lat. about 380 12' N., lon. 210 24' E.     guelen's Land; lat. 4S0 50' S., Ion. 680 18' E.
CAPE KBIO, kreelo, on the S.W. coast of Anatolia, at the    CAPE LOUIS PHILIPPE, looles fil4ip, in the S. pert of
entrance to the Golf of Ros; hat. 360 41' N., hon. 270 23' 5"E. Wollaston Land, in the Arctic Ocean; let. 630 35' N., lon.
CAPE KKIO, the most S. part of the island of Candia;  1090 45' W.
let. 330 16' N., ion. 230 31' E.                             CAPEL SAINT ANDRIEW, a parish of England, co. of
CAPE KRIO, the W. point of Cyprus; let. 350 16' N., ion. Suffolk.
230 300 E.                                                   CAPE LUCAS. See CAPE ST. LucAs.
CAPIEL, a parish of Eng-land, co. of Surrey.               CAPI EL VOE'LAS, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
CAPE LADY FRANKLIN, a headland on the S.W. part   CAPE MAGUARI, mg-gwA-reel, South America, the N.E.
of Wollaston Land, on the Arctic Ocean, at the entrance of  point of the island of Joannes, or Marajo, at the month of
Dolphin end Union Strait; let. 680 30k N., lon. 1130 W.    the Amazon; let. 00 163'S., Ion. 480 WV.
CAPE LA HAGUE, lI halig, (Fr. pron. la hAo,,) sometimes    CAPE MALVABARI, at the S.E. extremity of MassachuImproperly written LA HOGUE, a headland of France, in  setts; let. 410 34' N., lon. 390 55' W.
Normandy, department of Manche, forming the N.W. extre-    CAPE MALEK, mg-131, or MALECCA, mg-l-1810d, (auc.
mity of the peninsula of Cotentin, in the English Channel, Ciamon Promontofrissm,) on the N. coast of Crete; let. 350
opposite the island of Alderney, 16 miles N.N.W. of Cher- 37' N., ion. 240 9' E.
bourg, and 50 miles S. of St. Alban's Head, (Dorsetshire.) Lat.   CAPE MALIO, m~Ile-o, or SAINT ANGELO, (anc. Mealee
of the li,,ht-house, 490 43' 22" N., ion. 10 57' 3" W. It is often  Promontefrios,) on the S. coast of the Morea; let. 330 27' N.,
confounded with Cape LA HOGUE, on the opposite side of lon. 230 12' E.
Contentin, 10 miles N.E. of Yalognes, off which the united    CAPE MANAMBATOB, minn-Am-bItool, on the E. coast of
English and Dutch fleets defeated the French naval force, Madagascar; let. 130 5' S., hon. 49 0 50/ E.
May 19-22, 1692.                                             CAPE MARTE LLO, maRA-t6llo, the S. point of Negropont;
CAPE LAHOU, 19-hoof, a headland of Africa, on the Ivory  let. 370 56' N., lon. 240 33' E.
coast, with a town of the same name near it; hat. 30 16/ N.,.   CAPE MATALA, mA-tilA, the most S. headland of Candla
lon. 50 18' W.                                             and of Europe; let. 340 55' N., ion. 240 45' E.
CAPE LASSOA. See BOOLEKcOMBA POINT.                        CAPE MATAPAN, mi-tap-n', (auc. fI'onarum. or TccuafCAPE LASTRES, lAsltr~s, on the N. coast of Spain, ex- rium Ps-srosonto-riens,) the southernmost extremity of the
tending into the Bay of Biscay; let. 430 33/ N., Ion. 50 201 W. Morea, Greece, and of continental Europe; let. 330 23' N.,
CAPIEL CURIRIG, a hamlet of North Wales, co. of Caer- ion. 220 29' E.
narvon.                                                      CAPE MAY, the southern extremity of New Jersey, at the
CAPE LEAN, or LOOP HEAD, on the W. coast of Ire- entrance of Delaware Bay. On its extreme S.W. point is a
land, at the mouth of the Shannon; let. 520 52' N., Ion. 90  revolving light, which revolves once in three minutes, ele451' V.                                                    vated 90 feet above the level of the see; let. 380 55' 481" N.,
CAPE LEEUWIN, leefwin or hi/iun, the most S.W. point lou. 740 58' 30"  V.
of Australia, 174 miles S. of Swan River, end about the    CAPE MAY, the most southern county of New Jersey, has
same distance WV. of King George's Sound; let. 340 32' S., an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the E.
Ion. 1150 6'E.                                             by the Atlantic Ocean, on the W. by Delaware Bay, and
CAPE LEUCA, or SANTA MARIA DI LEUCA, sln-tl ml- partly on the N. by Tuckahos Cresek. The surface is level.
reefi doe lWoo-kg, (anc. lopylgium, or Sohentinusa Preonsos-  This county is entirely of alluvial. formation. On the Attolrium,) on the coast of Naples, at the S.E. entrance to the  lantic coast is a sandbeach, which for the width of from
Gulf of Taranto; let. 390 47' 10" N., Ion 180 24' 15"1 E.  half a mile to two miles is covered with grass, affordin, exCAPE LEVEQUE, hI-yaikk, on the N.W. coast of Auetralia, cellent pasture. It is broken by various inlets by which the
being the most N. part of Dampier's Land; let. 130 20' S., sea penet-ates the marshes, forming lagoons or salt water
lon. 1230 E.                                               lakes. The marsh is about 4 miles wide; a similar marsh
CAPE LEIIIS, in the W. part of Greenland, on Baffin's  extends across the N. pert of the county. Near Dennisville
33aY; lat. 750 35' N., lon. 58040/ W.                     is a deposit of ceder timber in the soil to en indefinite depth,
CAPEL GAB/ION, a township of North Wales, co. of Den- which (although, from the growth above it, it is believed to
high, 4' miles S. of Llenrwst.                             be over 2500 years old) is still perfectly sound, and a large
CAPE LICOSA, le-kohl, a piomontory of Naples, forming  number of persons are employed in diggin, it out, and workthe E. entrauce to the Gulf of Salerno; let. 490 14' N., ion. ing it into shingles, posts, Ic. The soil near the central part
140 53' E.                                                 is clayey, with a sandy subsoil, and is naturally of a good
CAPE LINDESNAES. See NAzE, THE.                          quality. Organised in 1710, and named from Cornelius JaCAPE LINGUETTA, lin-gwtlttA, a headland of European  cobse Mey, anavi,,etor- in the service of the Dutch IWest InTurkey, being the termination of the Chimera or Acroce- die Company, who visited Delaware Bay in 1621. (Gordan.)
raunian Mountains, extends into the see, about 40 miles Capital, Cape May Court-House. Pop. 6433.
E.N.E. from Otranto, bounding eastward the entrance into    CAPE MAY COURT-hOUSE, a thriving post-town, capital
the Adriatic. It is 2290 feet in height; let. 400 26 117" N., of Cape May county, is situated in Middle township, about
Ion. 190 17' 17" E.                                        80 miles in a straiht line S. of Trenton. It has a stons
CAPE LISMBURN, on the W. coast of Russian Amesice, jail, 2 churches, 1 chartered and 3 free banks. Pop. in 1853,
extendin, into the Polar Sea; let. 690 63 N. ion. 1660 22' W.   about 500.
CAPE LITITADA, le-thg'dl, a headland of Greece, forming   -CAPE MAY61 or MAISI, mi-seel, the E. extremity of
the N.W. extremity of Negropont, and the N.W. entrance to  Cuba; let. 200 15' N., Ion. 740 7IWV.
the Gulf of Talauti.                                        CAPE MAYUMBA, m&-yoomfb9, on the W. coast of Africs,
CAPELLADES, k1-pl-y&?ls, an episcopal town of Spain, let. 30 35k S.
30 miles N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 2798. It has manufac-   CAPE ME, LVILLE, mel/vil, a promontory of Greenland,
tures of cloth and diaper, and brandy distilleries,       forming the W. boundary of Melville Bay.
CAPELLE, LA, I1 kl-pllf, a town of France, department   CAPE MENDOCINO, mln-do-seefno, near the S.W. part
sf Aisne, 10 miles N. of Vervins, formerly fortified,     of Ilumbolt so., California; let. 490 28' N., lon. 124020' IW
36




CAP                                                       CAP
CAPE MlESUA'ADO, mls-oo-rIdo, in Africa, on the W. also to sundry headlands in Ireland, Morocco, Van Diemen'z
coast of Liberia, at the mouth of a small river Of the same  Land, and numerous other regions.
name, in lat. 6019' N., lon. 100 50' W., on which is situated    CAPE NORTHUMIBERLAND, on the- S. coast of Austhe town of Monrovia.                                     tralia; lat. 380 5f S., lon. 1400 37' E.
CAPE MIDIAII, me-dee/th, in the N.E. part of Turkey, on    CAPE NOUN. See CAPE Noo N.
the Black Sea; lat. 440 221 N., lon. 280 50' E.             CAPE NOVOSILZOV, no-vo-sil-zovl, a headland of Japan,
CAPE MILAZZO, me-lAt/so, a headland on the N. coast of on the W. coast of the island of Yesso'; lat. 430 14 30"' N.,
Sicily; lat. 380 17'N., ion. 150 15' E.                   Ion. 1400 25' 30"l E.
CAPE MIRIK, mee/rik, or MIRK, meerk, a headland of    CAPE NUN. See CAPE NOON.
Western Africa; lat. 190 22'14"t N., ion. 160 20' 36" W.    CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, or CAPE PEAK, a celebrated
CAPE MONDEGO, mon-dilgo, a headland on the W. coast promontory of South Africa, on the S. extremity of the
of Portugal, at the mouth of the Mondego River; lat. 400 120 Table Mountain, having Table Bay on the E., and the AtN., ion. 80 531 W.                                        lantic on the W., 31 miles S. of Cape Town; lat. 340 22' S.,
CAPE MONTE CHRISTI, mon/tA kris/tee, on the N. coast ion. 180 209 E., and forming a bold promontory, rising nearly
of Hayti; lat. 190 54' N., ion. 710 451 W.                1000 feet above the sea. This cape, celebrated in the annals
CAPE MONTE SANTO, mon/tA sin/to, a promontory of  of navigation, was discovered in the year 1486, by the PorGreece, forming the S.E. extremity of Salonica; lat. 400 13' tugnruese navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, who, not being able to
N., ion. 240 23' E.                                       double it, and having encountered much bad weather in its
CAPE MONZE, monlzih, or RAS MOARREE, mo-grlree, a  neighborhood, gave it the name of Cabo dos Tormentos,
sharply-projecting headland, forming the W. extremity of  (khbo doce toR'min/toce,) or "Cape of Tempests." John II.,
Sinde, and the E. frontier of Beloochistan; lat. 240 51 N., King of Portugal, considering this point as the goal of that
ion. 660 37' E. It is of moderate height, but is rendered  gradual circumnavigation of the African continent which
dangerous by the shoals, which extend 3 miles from the  had long engaged the attention of the Portuguese, gave it,
shore.                                                    instead, the title of Cabo de Boa Esperaswa, (kA/bo di bola
CAPE MOUNT, a headland of Western Africa; lat. 6046t 6s-pA-rln/sA,) or "Cape of Good Hope."  Shortly after, NoN., ion. 110 15' W.                                       vember 20, 14197, Vasco de Game succeeded in doubling it,
CAPE MOUNT, a river of Western Africa, which falls into  and was the first European who by this route reached the
the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 60 44' N., lon. 110 251 W. The  Indian Ocean.
district of Cape Mount, with its islands, lakes, and rivers,   CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. See CAPE COLONY.
was granted by the king of the territory to an English com-   CAPE OR/ANGE, in the Straits of Magellan, on the coast
pany, by a deed dated February 23, 1-1-1.                  of Terra del Fuego; lat. 520 35' S., lon. 690 30' W.
CAPE NABON (nA'bon/) or NABEND, n'bend/, aheadland    CAPE ORTEGAL, oa-tl-gal, a headland of Spain, in the
of Persia, on the coast of the Persian Gulf; lat. 270 33' N., N. part of Galicia; let. 430 451 N., Ion. 70 566 W.'
ion. 520 39' E.                                              CAPE ORTEGAL, on the S.E. coast of New Munster,
CAPE NAO, nA/o, a headland of Spain, on the coast of  the S.W. portion of the island of New Zealand; let. 430 45:
Valencia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Alicante; lat. 380 44' N., Ion. S., lon. 1720 7/ E., the inhabitants being nearly the anti00 12' E.                                                  podes of those of Cape Ortegal in Spain.
CAPE NAPIER, nAlpeer, in the S. part of Prince Albert   CAPE OTIWAY, a headland on the S.W. coast of AnsLand, at the entrance of Russell Gulf; lat. 700 30' N., ion. tralia; lat. 350 51i S.. Ion. 1430 45' E.
1160 40' W.                                                  CAPE PAILLURI or PAILLOURI, pl-loo1/ee, a promonCAPE NATURALISTE, nlt-u-ral-leest/f.  a headland of  tory on the S.E. coast of Salonica, at the W. entrance of the
Australia, forming the W. side of Glographe Bay; lat. 330  Gulf of Cassandra; let. 390 55' N.
31' 45/ S.                                                   CAPE (or POINT) PALINURO, pa-le-noofro, (anc. PaliCAPE  NAU, nuAoo, (anc. Lacis/ians  Promontofriunz,) a  nsds'unsomneontoer/iKu,) a headland of Naples, near the W.
headland of Southern Italy, forming the E. extremity of Ca- entrance to the Gulf of Policastro; lat. 400 N., Ion. 150 15' E.
labria Ultra, 6 miles S.E. of Cotrone. It was once the site    CAPE PALMAS, pA/llmAs, a headland of West Africa, on
of a temple dedicated to Juno Lacinia, and from hence IHan- the Guinea Coast, surmounted by a fixed light; lat. 40 22'
nibal is said to have embarked on leaving Italy,. c. 202; 6/ N., lon. 70 44' 15// W.
lat. of cape, 390 6' N., Ion. 17~ 14' E.                     CAPE PALOS, p/loce, (Sp. Cabo de Paloe, k0bo dl pi/CAPE NAZE, n~ze, or LINDESNAES. See NAZE.                loce,) a headland of Spain, on the coast of Murcia; lat. 370 34'
CAPE NEDtDOCK, Maine, 35 miles S.W. of Portland. N., ion. 00 40 WV.
The light-house is on Goat Island, and contains a fixed    CAPE PABRY., British North America, is on the Arctic
light 33 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 430 10' N., ion. Ocean, near let. 690 N., lon. 1230 35' W. It terminates a
700 35' W.                                                 promontory, bounding Franklin Bay on the E.
CAPE NEDDOCK, a post-office of York co., Maine.            CAPE PARRY, on the W. coast of Greenland, on the S.
CAPE NEGRAIS, ne-grice/, a headland on the coast of head of Whale Sound, near the N. extremity of Baffin's Bay;
Ave, in the Bay of Bengal; lat. 160 1' 30"' N., ion. 940 12' E.  lat. 770 6' N., lon. 710 23' W.
CAPE NEGRO, nee/,ro or na/gro, Africa, on the S.W. coast   CAPE PARRY, on the E. coast of Greenland; lat. 720 22'
of Benguela; lat. 150 45' S., Ion. 110 49'E.               N., ion. 220 2k W.
CAPE NEGRO, Africa, on the N.W. coast of Tunis; lat.   CAPE PASSARO or PASSERO, pessa-ro, (anc. Pachy/num
370 8' N., ion. 90 5I E.                                   T.Pronzonto/rium,) at the S.E. extremity of Sicily, 26 miles
CAPE NOIR, nor, (Fr. pron. cAp nwAn,) South America, on  S.S.W. of Syracuse; lat. 360 41' 30" N., lon. 150 7' E. It is
the island of Noir, off the S.W. coast of Terra del Fuego; lat. a low rocky point, forming the E. side of the cove of Porto
540 30' S., ion. 730 5,40" W. It is a steep rock, of considera- Palo.  Hiere, in 1718, the English fleet defeated that of
ble height.                                                Spain.
CAPE NOLI, no/lee, a headland of Italy, on the coast of    CAPE PATANI or PATANY, pA-tAnee, on the E. coast
Genoa; lat. 440 12' N., ion. 80 23' E.                     of tie Malay Peninsula, at the entrance to the Gulf of Siam;
CAPE NOON, NOUN, or NUN, noon, Africa, on the W. coast lat. 70 4/ N., ion. 1010 5, E.
of Morocco; lat. 280 45' N., lon. 110 5 W..                  CAPE PATIENCE, pA/shenss, Asia, on the S.E. coast of
CAPE NOONIAGMO or NOUNIAGMO, noo-ne-Aglmo, a  the island of Saghalien; lat. 490 N.
headland forming the N.E. extremity of Lawrence Bay, on    CAPE PECORA, pAlko-rl, on the W. coast of Sardinia;
the coast of Asia, near the point where it approaches nearest lat. 390 27' N., Ion. 8~27' E.
to the continent of America, about lat. 650 20' N., lon. 1710 W.   CAPE PELLEW, pel'Iew/, the N. point of North Island,
CAPE NORTH, acelebrated promontory,formingthe north-  one of the Pellew group, off the coast of Australia; lat. 150
ernmost point of Europe, and situated on the N. extremity  30' S., ion. 1370 2' E.
of the island of Magerde, which is separated from the main-   CAPE PELORO, p1-lo/ro, (anc. Pelotresm _Prsomontotsrium,)
land of Norway by a narrow channel; lat. 710 10' 12" N., ion. the N.E. point of Sicily, at the entrance to the Straits of
250 46 E. It consistsofa long row of precipitous rocks jut-  Messina; lat. 380 17 N., lon. 150 40' E.
ting out into the sea, and terminating above, partly in py-   CAPE PEr'AS or PEGNAS, pinfyls, (Sp. Cabo de Pe/las,
ra.idal peaks, and partly in v kind of table-land, at the  khAbo dA p~nly's, i. e. " Cape of Rocks,") a headland of Spain,
height of about 1200 feet.                                 on the coast of Asturia; lat. 430 41' N., ion. 50 53' WV.
CAPE NORTH or SIEVERNOT, se-AvlR-nopi, a headland    CAPE PE:rAS, pWn yas, on the N.E. coast of Terra del
on the N. coast of Siberia; lat. 680 56' N., lon. 1790 9' W.  Fuego; lat. 530 50' S., Ion. 670 35 WV.
CAPE NORTH, (Port. Cabo  do Norte, kA/bo-do-nor/tb,)   CAPE PERA, p/rA, on. the E. coast of Majorca; lat. 390
South America, on the E. coast of Brazilian Guiana, at the  42' N., lon. 30 321 E.
northernmost mouth of the Amazon; lat. 10 51, N., Ion. 500    CAPE PERPET/UA, near the N.W. point of Umpqua co.,
10' W.                                                     Oregon Territory; lat. about 440 15' N., ion. about 124c
CAPE NORTH, on the N. coast of Prince Edward's Isle, 10' WV.
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; lat. 470 51 N., ion. 640 5 W.   CAPE PILA, peeflA, a headland on the S.E. coast of CyCAPE NORTH, the N.E. extremity of the island of Cape  prus; lat. 340 55' N., ion. 340 10' E.
Breton; lat. 470 2' N., ion. 600 25' W.                      CAPE PILILAR, on the N.WV. coast of Terra del Fuego,
CAPE NORTH, or O0TOOI, (OTOU,) the N. extremity of forming the S.WV. entrance into the Straits of Magellan
New Zealand; lat. 340 22' S., Ion. 1730 E. It is a peninsula  from the Pacific Ocean; let. 520 45' S., lon. 740 47' W. Itis a
jutting out to the N.E. about 2 miles, and terminating in  very elevated mass of rocks which terminate in two cliffs,
a bluff head, flat at the top. CAPE NoaTH is a name given  formed in the shape of towers, inclining to the NW.
b67




CAP                                                      CAP
CAPE POGE pog or POGUE, the N. end of Chapoquidic    CAPE SAINT ANDREW, sent-anfdrew, (It. Cape di %as:
Island, immediately.E. of Martha's Vineyard. It has a fixed  Andrea, kli'po dee sdnt-An-drA1A,) on the E. coast of Sicily;
light, 55 feet abote the level of the sea; lat. 410 25' 10" N., lat. 370 47' N.. ion. 150 20'E.
ion. 700 27' W.                                             CAPE SAINT ANDREW, on the W. coast of Madagascar,
CAPE PORPOISE, porpits, Mlaine, 24 miles S.W. of  lat. 160 10 S., Ion. 450 26' E.
Portland. The light is on the S.W1. side of Goat Island, and    CAPE SAINT ANN, Africa, the extreme N.W. point of
is elevated 33 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 430 21' N., Sherborough Island, coast of Sierra Leone; lat. 70 34' N.; ion.
Ion. 700 25' WV.                                          120 57/ W.
CAPE PORT/LAND, one of the most northerly points of    CAPE SAINT ANN, a headland on the N.W. coast of
Van Diemen's Land; lat. 40~ 45' S., Ion. 1470 56/ E.      Africa, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Cape Blanco, near Agrundin,
CAPE PRINCE OF WALES, a remarkable promontory, and within the bank of that name; lat. 200 S0' N., lon
forming the most N.W. point of North America, in Behring's  170 W.
Sea; lat. 650 33' 30" N., ion. 1670 59' 10o W. It terminates in    CAPE SAINT ANITHONY. on the S.W. coast of Arabia,
a peaked mountain; which presents a very bold face to the  near the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb; lat. 120 35' N., ion. 430
sea. A very dangerous shoal stretches N.E. from the cape.  56' E. Its summit is 2772 feet above the sea.
CAPE PRIOR, pre-Sa/, Spain, on the coast of Galicia; lat.   CAPE SAINT ANTONIO.  See CAPRE SAN ANTONO.
430 33' N., ion. 80 15' W.                                   CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE, Aw/gus-teen, a headland on
CAPE PULA, poolld, (sometimes written POLO,) on the  the WV. coast of Madagascar; 1st. 230 35' S., ion. 430 30' ].
S. coast of Sardinia, at the S.W. extremity of the Gulf of    CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE, (Port.Santo Agostinho,f~nlto
Cagliari; lat. 390 3/ N., Ion. 90 2' E.                   A-gos-teenlyo,) the most E. headland of South America, on
CAPE RACE, the S.E. extremity of Newfoundland; lat. the coast of Brazil; lat. 80 21' S., ion. 340 56' W. This was
460 40' N., ion. 520 54' W.                                the first land discovered in South America; seen by Pingou,
CAPE RADISTOCK, a headland of Australia, at the en- A. D. 1500.
trance of Anxious Bay; lat. 320 12' S., ion. 1340 15/ E.     CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE,  (Sp.  sen Aegustin, sAn
CAPE RAFAEL, rl-f6-il/, on the N.E. coast of IHayti; lat. 6w-goos-teenf,) a headland of South Anmerica, on the coast
100 2/ N., ion. 680 53' W.                                of New Grenada; lat. 100 14' 6" N., lon. 80~ 49' 35"/ W.
CAPE RAY, the S.W. point of Newfoundland; lat. 470 35'   CAPE SAINT AUGUSTINE, sent Awlghs-tcen, a headN., ion. 590 15' W.                                       land at the S.E. extremity of the island of Mlindanao; lat.
CAPE RENA, rA/nA, the S.E. point of the island of Scyros  60 4' N., ion. 1260 13' E.
or Skyro; lat. 380 46' N., ion. 240 40' E.                  CAPE SAINT BLAS. See CAPE SAN BALS.
CAPE REN/NEL, the N. extremity of North Somerset,   CAPE  SAINT EPIPHANY, e-piffa-ne, or SAINT EPIon Barrow Strait; lat. 740 10/ N., ion. 930 15' VW.       PIAI/NIUS, (anc. Adamas Proemontoe/ierum,) aheadland on the
CAPE RESOLU/TION, a headland of British America, N.W. extremity of Cyprus, near lat. 350 14' N., ion. 320 17'IE.
near the entrance of IHudson's Strait; lat. 610 29' N.      CAPE SAINT FRAN/CIS, a headland of Africa, on the
CAPE RIVEIR, or VAUNKS, calledalso RIO DE SEGOVIA,  coast of Cape Colony, W. of St. Francis Bay; lat. 340 10/ S.,
ree/odsl -gove-A, (from Segovia, a smalltown near its source,) ion. 240 52' 45/' E.
a large river of Central America, Nicaragua and MIosquito    CAPE SAINT FRANCIS, on the E. coast of Newfoundcountry, enters the Caribbean Sea, at Cape Gracias a Dies  land, on the E. side of Conception Bay; lat. 470 48' N., ion.
after a N.E. course, estimated at from 250 to 300 miles, 520 51' W.
through a territory mostly of high fertility.  It is navi-   CAPE SAINT GEORGE, the S. promontory of New Iregable from the sea for a considerable distance inland, be- land; lat. 40 45/ S., ion. 1520 40' E.
yond which its comurse is impeded by numerous cataracts    CAPE SAINT GEORGE, on the S.E. coast.of Australia;
and shallows. The city of Segovia is near its source.     lat. 350 10' S., ion. 1500 59' E.
CAPE RIVERS, N.W. point of the island of Celebes; lat.   CAPE  SAINT GEORGV, the S. extremity of Kergue10 20' N., ion. 1200 40' E.                                len's Land, in the South Indian Ocean; 1at. 490 54: S., ion.
CAPE RIZZUTO, rit-soolto, on the S.E. coast of CaLabria;  700 10' E.
lat. 380 54' N., Ion. 170 E.                                 CAPE SAINT GEORGE, on the W. coast of NewfoundCAPEINAUtM, an ancient city of Palestine, in the  land, at the entrance to St. George Bay; lat. 480 29' N., ion.
pashalic of Damascus, supposed to have been at Khan- 500 16 WV.
Iinyeh, on the W. shore of Lake Tiberias, 51 miles N.W. of    CAPE SAINT GEORGE, on the N.E. coast of Nova Scotia,
Tiberias. Here is a low mound with ruins occupying a consi- at the WV. entrance to a bay of its own name; lat. 420 52' N.,
derable circuit, and near it is a copious spring called Ais-el- ion. 610 52' WV.
Zin, and supposed by Robinson to be the Capharsnanum of    CAPE SAINT GEORGE, the southern point of St. George's
Josephus, while Wilson would rather place its locality at Island, S. of Franklin co., Florida. On it is a fixed light,
Tedl-el-Luesa, 3-1 miles to the N.E.                      65 feet high; lat. 290 35' N., ion. 550 4/ W.
CAPE ROBIERTSON, the S. extremity of Prudhoe Island,   CAPE SAINT JAIES, on the S.E. coast of Cambodia,
in Baffin's Bay; lat. 770 35' N., lon. 720 20 WV           extending into the China Seao, near lat. 10~ 32' N., lon. 1070
CAPE ROCA, ro/kA, (Port. Cabe da Roca, k3lbo-dA-ro/k&,)  5' E.
on the W. coast of Portugal, called generally by the Eng-   CAPE SAINT JAMES, the S. extremity of Queen Charlish sailors, The Rock of Lisbon; lat. 380 45' N., lon. 90 34/ W. lotte's Island; lat. about 520 N., ion. 1310 W.
CAPE RODONI, ro-dolnee, on the coast of Albania in the    CAPE SAINT JOHN, the E. point of Staten Island, off the
Adriatic; Idt. 450 55' N., Ion. 190 E.                    qoast of Terra del Fuego, near lat. 540 46'/., ion. 630 45' V.
CAPE ROMAINT, South Carolina, a very low point of It is composed of a rock of considerable height, and a rocky
land, destitute of trees or shrubbery, 37 miles N.E. of  islet lying near its N. part.
Charleston. It has a fixed light, 87, feet above the level   CAPE SAINT LAWRENCE, the N. extremity of Cape
of the sea, on the E. end of the Great Racoon Key, bearing  Breton, extending into the Gulf of St. Lawrence; lat. 470 5/
S. by WV. from the cape; lat. 330 1' N., ion. 790 24' W.  N., ion. 600 35' W.
CAPE ROMAN. See CArPs ST. ROMAN.                          CAPE SAINT LUCAS, s~nt loo/kas, the S. extremity of
CAPE ROiMAN or ROMANO, ro-mahlno, a long low point, the peninsula of California; lat. 220 44' N., ion. 1090 54' VW.
on the XV. coast of Florida, containing mangrove-trees, 312    CAPE SAINT MARY, Africa, on the W. coast of Senemiles S.S.W. of Tallahassee; lat. 250 41' N., lon. 800 5' 30" W. gambia, forming the S.WV. entrance to the estuary of the
CAPE ROMANIA, ro-ma-neetfi, the S.E. point of [Malacca;  Ganbia; lat. 130 30' N., ion. 160 41' W.
lat. 10 18 N., ion. 104:~ 15' E. It is the southernmost point of   CAPE SAINT MARY, Africa, on the S.WY. coast of BenAsia.                                                      guela; lat. 130 25' S., lon. 120 33' E.
CAPE RO'MANZOFF/, on the WV. coast of Russian Ame-   CAPE SAINT MARY, on the S. coast of Newfoundland,
rica, near the entrance of Behring's Strait.               between Placentia and St. MIary's Bay; lat. 460 50 /N., ion.
CAPE ROXO, roxto or roesho, on the W. coast of Africa; 540 15 WV.
lat. 120 16' N., ion. 160 45' WV.                            CAPE SAINT MARY, S.W. coast of Nova Scotia, forming
CAPE ROXO, rox/o or ro/ro, on the S.WV. coast of Porto  the southern entrance to a bay of thle same name; lat. 440
Rico, near 1at. 170 50' N., ion. 670 5' W.                 7' N., ion. 660 15' W.
CAPE ROZIER, rolzeer, (Fr. pron. roze&-A,) on the coast of    CAPE SAINT MARY, a headland of South America, on
Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 9miles from Cape GaspS. the E. coast of Urauguay; lat. 340 39' S., Ion. 540 9' WV.
CAPE RUN/AWVAY, on the E. coast of New Zealand; lat.   CAPE SAINT MARY, the S. extremity of Madagascar;
370 32' S., Ion. 1780 12' E.                               lat. 250 385 54" S., lon. 450 42' E.
CAPE SABINE, sablin, in the E. part of Ellesmere's Land,   CAPE SAINT MARY, on the S.E. coast of the island of
on Smith's Sound; lat. 780 45' N., ion. 770 30' W.         New Ireland; lat. 40 2' S., ion. 1530 18' E.'CAPE SA/BLE, the S.E. extremity of Nova Scotia; lat.   CAPE SAINT NICOLAS, (Fr. pron. sANG nee'ko'l1,) on the
430 26' N., lon. 650 38' VW.                              N.WV. extremity of Hdiyti; lat. 190 51' N., ion. 730 27 WV.
CAPE SABLE, Florida, the most S. point of the main-   CAPE SAINT PAUL, Africa, on the slave coast; lat. 50
land of the peninsula; lat. 240 50' N., ion. 810 15' W. Fort 45/ N., aon. 00 53' E.
Poinsett is situated on it.                                 CAPE SAINT ROQUE, r~k or rorkA, a proonotory on the
CAPE SABLE ISLAND, a small island off the S.V. ex- N.E. coast of Brazil; lat. 50 258' S., lon. 350 16' W. After Cape
tremity of Nova Scotia.                                   Saint Augustine, it is the most E. point of South America.
CAPE SACRATIF, s,-kr4-teeff, Spain, on the coast of Gra-   CAPE SAINT SEBASTIAN. See CAPE SEnoASTrAN.
Aada; lat. 360 40' N., lon. 30 285' W.                      CAPE SAINT THOMiAS, (Port. Cabo de Sreo Theod, k/lbo
368




CAP                                                       CAP
d,5 s8wi6   to-mn,.) a headland on the S.E. coast of Brazil, near    CAPE SAUN/DERS, on the S.E. coast of New Munster, one
lat. 220 S., lon. 410 W.                                   of the New Zealand Islands; lat. 450 65' S., ion. 1700 35' F.
CAPE SAINT VINCENT, (ane. Promomsto!rium &fcrztmn,) a    CAPE'S CREEK, a post-office of Newtou co., Missouri.
headland forming the S.W. extremity of Portugal; lat. 370 2'    CAPE SEBASTIAN, se-bas/chan, a headland on the N.W.
9" N., ion. 90 W. Off this cape, on the 14th of February, 1797,  coast of Madagascar; lat. 120 28' S., ion. 480 40' E.
the English fleet, consisting of 15 ships of the line, under    CAPE SEDANO, st-duIno, the E. extremity of Java, N.
Admiral Jarvis, defeated a far superior Spanish naval force.  of the entrance to Bali Strait; lat. 70581 S., ion. 114I0 30' E.
CAPE SAINT VINCENT, on the W. coast of Madagascar,    CAPE SELINTI, se-linl/tee, on the coast of Asia Minor,
at the mouth of the river Joune; lat. 210 50/ S., ion. 430 20/ E. 32 miles N.W. of Cape Anamoor, (Anamour.)  Near it are
CAPE SAINT VINCENT, on the E. coast of Terra del the village of Selinti and the mines of Trajanopolis.
Fuego; lat. 540 38' S., lon. 650 15' W.                      CAPE SERDZE KAMEN, s6Rd/zeh klmcen? on the N.E.
CAPE- SALIMONE, sA-le-mofnee, the E. point of Crete; coast of Siberia, at the entrance of Behring Straits; lat. 66~
lat. 350 20/ N., lon. 260 20' E.                           45' N., Ion. 1700 30' W..
CAPE (or POINT) SALINES, s'leeno, a promontory on    CAPE SHACKLETON, sh~M-el-ton, in  the W. part of
the E. coast ofMartinique, near lat. 140 25' N., ion. 610 W.   Greenland, off Baffin's Bay; lat. 730 45' N., ion. 560 30/ W.
CAPE SALINAS, sg-lee/nts, the S. extremity of the island    CAPE SIERRA LEONE, se-srra le-ofnee, on the W. coast
of Majorca; lat. 390 16' N., ion. 30 7/ E.                 of Afi'ica, at the mouth of a river of the same name; lat. 80
CAPE SAMANA, sA-mA-n[l, the E. extremity of Samana  30' N., ion. 130 18' W.
Island; lat. 190 18' N., Ion. 690 8' WV.                     CAPE SIGRI, see/gree, the W. extremity of the island of
CAPE (or POINT) SAMBAR, ssm-barl, the S.E. extremity  Metelin; lat. 390 26' N., Ion. 250 45' E.
of Borneo; lat. 30 52' S., ion. 1100 15' E.                  CAPE SILLERO, seel-yA/e-ro, Spain, on the W. coast of
CAPE SAMBOANGAN, sim-bo-in-gin!, on the S.W. coast Galicia, near the mouth of the Rio do Vigo; lat. 420 7 IN.,
of the island of Mindanao; lat. 60 43' N., Ion. 1220 10' E.    ion. 80 54' E.
CAPE SAMBRO, sim/bro, on the S.E. coast of Nova Sco-   CAPE SISAR, se-saP, on the' N.W. coast of Borneo; lat. 30
tin; lat. 440 30/ N., ion. 630 32' W. On it is a light-house.   40' N., Ion. 1120 20' E.
CAPE (or POINT) SAMPANMANJO, slm-pin-minuyo,    CAPE SKIL/LO, on the S.E. coast of Greece, at the enthe N. extremity of Borneo; lat. 70 5' N., ion. 1160 52' E.    trance to the Gulf of lEgina; lat. 370 27' N., ion. 230 36' E.
CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sin An-tofne-o, a headland of Spain,   CAPE SKROPHA, skro/fI, on the S.E. coast of Greece,
on the coast of Valencia, forming the N. extremity of the  at the N. entrance to the Gulf of Patras; lat. 380 18' N.,
bay of Jabea or Javea. It is high, naked, and precipitous. ion. 210 8' E.
On the high table-land at its summit are several wind-   CAPE SMALL POINT, on the W. side of the entrance to
mills, a small convent, and a watch-tower; lat. 380 48' 5" N., Kennebec River, Maine; lat. 430 40/ 30" N., ion. 690 4'/ 48" W.
ion. 00 10' E.                                               CAPE SOUTIIAM/PTON, the S. extremity of' SouthatrapCAPE SAN ANTONIO, sin An-tofne-o, the WV. extremity  ton Island, on Hiudson's Bay, near lat. 630 N., ion. 840 W.
of the island of Cuba; lat. 210 51' 5/ N., Ion. 840 57/ 2/ W.  CAPE SPADA, spidi, (ane. Titersss  Promo?,toisumss?) a
CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sin in-tolne-o, a headland of Bra- promontory near the N.W. extremity of Crete, between the
zil, at the entrance to the Bay of Bahia; lat. 130 0, 7" S., ion. Gulfs of Khaflia and Kisamos; lat. 350 42/ N., ion. 230 43/ E.
380 31' 7// V. There is a light on this point 140 feet high.  CAPE SPARTEL, span-tl/, or ESPARTEL, is-pao-tlMI,
CAPE SAN ANTONIO, sin in-to/ne-o, an elevated pro- Africa, on the N.W. coast of Morocco, at the entrance to the
montory of Buenos Ayres, rising almost perpendicularly  Straits of Gibraltar, 1043 feet above the sea; lat. 350 49' N.,
from the sea, at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, S. side; ion. 50 56' W.
lat. 360 19' S., ion. 560 45' W.                             CAPE SPARTIMENTO, spaa-te-mrn/to, a headland of tNaCAPE SAN ANTONIO, sin in-to/ne-o, a pealk at the N.E. ples, on the S.E. coast of Principato Citra, at the N. enextremity of the island of Koonasheer, (Kunashir,) one of  trance to the Gulf of Policastro; lat. 400 N., ion. 150 151 F.
the Koorile group, near lat. 440 29' N., Ion. 1460 8' E.     CAPE SPARTIVENTO, spa-te-vnl/to, Naples, at the S.E.
CAPE SAN BLAS, sin bles, or SAINT BLAS, a low point extremity of Calabria Ultra; lat. 370 57' N., ion. 160 5/ E.
of land extending about 2 miles from the S. coast of Florida,   CAPE SPARTIVENTO, on the S. coast of Sardinia; lat.
125 miles S.E. of'Pensacola. It has a revolving light 65  380 52' N., ion. 80 50/ E.
feet high; lat. 290 39' N., ion. 850 21/ W.                  CAPE SPLIT,-a headland of Nova Scotia, extending in the
CAPE SAN BLAS, sn bile, a headland on the N. coast bay of Fundy; lat. 450 22' 40/ N., Ion. 640 15' W.
of the Isthmus of Panama, at the N.W. entrance to San Bias    CAPE SPULICO, spoollo-ko, on the S.E. coast of Naples,
Bay; lat. 90 351 N., ion. 780 58' VW.                      extending into the Gulf of Taranto; lat. 390 571 N., ion. 16c
CAPE SAN DIEGO, sin de —/go, a headland of South  36'E.
America, bounding on the W. the Straits of Le Maire; lat.   CAPESTANG, ki'pis't.stc/, (anc. Capiot Stag/ni,) a walled
540 33' S., ion. 650 14' W.                                town of France, department of H1rault, 9 miles WV. of B6CAPE SAND/WICH, on the coast of Iinchinbroolk Is- ziers, on the Canal du Midi, and near the N. bank of an
land, E. Australia; lat. 180 13/ S., ion. 1460 19' E.      extensive lagoon, to which it gives its name. Pop. of cornCAPE SAN/DY, on the E. coast of Australia, at the en- mune, in 1852, 2135.
trance to Hervey Bay; lat. 240 45' S., ion. 1530 45' E.      CAPESTERRE.E, LAi I'pis'taiar, or LE  MARIGOT,
CAPE SAN FRANCISCO, sin fir n-seeslko, South America, leh mi:ree'gof, a town of the West Indies, island of Guadeon the WV. coast of Ecuador; lat. 00 40' N., ion. 800 5' W.    loupe, 9 miles E.N.E. of La Basse-Terre, at the S.E. angle of
CAPE or POINT SAN JULIAN, sin ju/le-sm or s5n-Hoo- the island, and at the mouth of the Riviire-aux-Pires. It
le-in!, South America, on the E. coast of Patagonia, at the  is the capital of the most fertile and salubrious district of
entrance to San Julian's Bay; lat. 490 15/ S., ion. about 670  the colony.
50/ WV.                                                      CAPESTERRE, ki'pis'tais., a town of the West Indies,
CAPE SAN LORENIZO, South America, on the W. coast on the S.E. coast of the island of Marie-Galante, capital of
of Ecuador; lat. 10 S., ion. 800 52' W.                    a district.
CAPE SAN MARCO, sin miR/lko, on the S.WV. coast of    CAPESTRANO, ki-pls-trino, a small town of Naples,
Sicily; lat. 370 29' N., ion. 130 5' E.                    province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 22 miles S.E. of Aquila.
CAPE SAN MARCO, sin marleo, on the W. coast of Sar- Pop. 2409.
dinia, at the N. entrance to the Gulf of Oristano; lat. 390    CAPE TA/BLE, the E. extremity of the peninsula of Tera
52/ N.. ion. 80 23 E.                                     RKake, on the coast of New Ulster, one of the New Zealand
CAPE SAN NICOLO, sin nee-ko-lof, on the WV. coast of isles; lat. 390 71 S., ion. 1780 10' E..Sardinia; lat. 390 25' N., ion. 80 28' E.                   CAPE TABLE, on the N. coast of Van Diemen's Land;
CAPE SANTA CATALINA, sanlti kit-i-lee/ni, on the W   lat. 400 56' S., Ion. 1450 42/ E.
coast of Central America, 70 miles S.S.W. from Nicaragua.    CAPE TAIMOOR, TAIMIOUR, TAIMUR, or TAYMOUR,
lat. 100 35' N.                                            ti'moorl, a headland of Siberia, extending into the Arctic
CAPE SANTA LUCIA, sin t -loo-see', the W. extremity  Ocean, 120 miles S.WV. of Severe Vostotchnoi, next to which
of Cambridge Island, off the W. coast of Patagonia; lat. 510  it is the northernmost promontory of Asia.
25' S., ion. 750 12' W.                                      CAPE TALABO, ti-li/bo, on the E. coast of Celebes, at the
CAPE SANTA  IARIA, sin/ti mi-ree/i, South America,  entrance to the Gulf of Tomini; lat. 00 50' S., ion. 1230 57' E.
on the S.E. coast of Uruguay, near the mouth of the Rio-de-   CAPE TARKHIAN, taR-Kn!, the westernmost point of
la-P lata; lot. 330 40' S., lon. 540 15' W.                the Crimea, extending into the Black Sea; lat. 450 20' 7?
CAPE SANTA MARIA DI LEUCA. See CAPE LEUCA.    N., Ion. 320 29/ 7// E. It has a light-house.
CAPE SANTA POLA, sinlti poslA, Spain, on the S.E.   CAPE TEMOEL, ti-mo-ll, on the W. coast of Celebes,
coast of Valencia, 12 miles S.W. of Alicante, near lat. 380 13' near the equator; lon. 1190 25' E.
N., ion. 00 32' W.                                           CAPE TENNEZ, tin-nlz/, on the N. coast of Algeria; lat.
CAPE SAN VITO, sn veelto, a headland forming the  360 34' N.; Ion. 10 23' E.
N.W. extremity of Sicily, at the W. entrance to the Gulf of   CAPE TETILADA, t-oo-ld/fl, on the S. coast of SardiCastel-a-Mare; lat. 380 14' N., ion. 12047/ E.             nia, at the E. entrance to the Gulf of Palmas; lat. 380 51'
CAPE SASSOSO, sis-soeso, (i. e. "' rocky cape;" anc. Promon- 9" N.; ion. 380 39' 2"/ E.
tolrium Di/um,) on the N. coast of Candin; lat. 350 35' N.,   CAPE THIREE POINTS, on the E. coast of Yucatan, exIon. 250 7' E.                                             tending to the Bay of Honduras.
CAPE SAUNIDERS, on the N.E. coast of the island of    CAPE THREE POINTS, Africa, on the S. coast of GuiSouth Georgia; lat. 540 10' S., ion. 360 57'W.             nea; lat. 40 48/ N., ion. 20 5, W
Y                                                                           369




CAP                                                        CAP
CAPE TIBURON, te-boo-rtnl, on the coast of South Ame-   CAPE VANCOUYER, van-koofver, on the S.W. coast of
rica, at the eutrance to the Gulf of Darien; lat. 80 45' N.; Russian America; lat. 600 30' N., Ion. 1630 30' W.
Ion. 770 20' W.                                              CAPE VAN DIEMEN, van-dee'men. the most N. point of
CAPE TIBURON, te-boo-rtn!, on the S.W. coast of iHayti; Melville Island, North Australin; lat. i1o 8 S., ion. 1300 20' E.
lat. 180 20' N.; Ion. 740 29' W.                              CAPE VANI, v/unee, on the N.W. coast of the island of
CAPE  TINDARO, tin/d'-ro, a headland  on the N.E. Mile; lat. 360 45' N., Ion. 240 22' E.
coast of Sicily, extending into the Gulf of Patti, 4 miles    CAPE VARELLA, vS-r~flq, onthe E. coastof Cochin China,
E.NE. of Patti. Near it are the remains of the ancient  extending intothe China Sea; lat. 120 55' N., lon.1090 25' E.
Tynsldaris.                                                  CAPE VATICANO, va-te-kSino, in Naples, on the W. coast
CAPE TIROSO, teen-yofso, Spain, on the coast of Mur- of Calabria Ultra; lat. 380 37' N., Ion. 150 51' E.
cia; lat. 370 30' N.; lon. 10 16' W.                         CAPE (or POINT) VENUS, veelnis, on the N. coast of OteCAPE TOPALO-POLO, to-pSlo-porlo, called by Captain  heite; lat. 170 29' 2" S., Ion. 1490 29' W.
rook CAPE TURNAGAIN, on the S.E. coast of Eaheino-   CAPE VERD or VERDE, verd, (Fr. Ca6o lert or Fard. klp
mauwe, one of the New Zealand Isles; lat. 400 30' S., ion. vaiR; i. e. green cape,") the westernmost cape of Africa, in
1760 42' E.                                                 the Atlantic Ocean, between the rivers Senegal and Gambia;
CAPE TORRES, torlais, Spain, on the N. coast of AstU- lat. 1l40 43' N., lon. 170 34' W. Named from a group of enorrias; lat. 430 371 N.; Ion. 50 441 W.                       mous baobab-trees crowning its summit. Discovered in 1445
CAPE TORTOSA, ton-torsO, Spain, forming the N. ex- by Dennis Fernandez. a Portuguese navigator.
tremity of the island of Buda, off the coast of Catalonia;    CAPE VERD (or VERDE) ISLANDS, (Port. Ides Verdes,
lat. 400 40' N., Ion. 00 47' E.                             eel/yas v6r/dls, i. e. "green islands;" Ger. moseln des Griiscen
CAPE TOWN, a fortified seaport town of South Africa,  Vorgebir-es, in/siln dis grGtnen f6R-gA1-b55/Rlghs.)   are situcapital of the Cape Colony on its W. coast at the N. declivity  ated in the Atlantic Ocean, 320 miles W. of Cape Verd, beof Table MIountain, and on the S.W. shore of Table Bay. tween lat. 14045'and 17013'N.. and Ion. 220 45' and 250 25(W.
It is regularly laid out in the Dutch style, with canals in  The archipelago consists ofthe following10 islands:-Sal. Boathe principal streets; the streets are broad, and cross at  vista, Mayo, Santiago, (St. James,) Fogo, Brava. Grande,
right angles, but unpaved. The sides of the principal ave- Rombo, Sbo Nicolao, (St. Nicholas,) and Santa Luzia, and 4
oues are lined with rows of oak, poplar, and pine trees. islets, Branco, Razo, Sao Vicente, (St. Vincent,) and Santo AnThe houses are fdat-roofed, and painted or whitewashed, tonio. Area, 1680 square miles. Pop. in 1834, 55.838; 51,854
with terraces in front. The town is lighted with gas, free, and 3979 slaves. In 1850 (the last census) it was 86,700.
and defended on the river side inland by a regular citadel;  The white population in the whole archipelago is to the
on the bank toward the sea by Amsterdam  Battery and  colored as 1 to 20. The surface of the islands is in general
some other works. The view of the town and its vicinity  mountainous, and some of their peaks have a considerable
from the bay anchorage is very striking. Behind rise the  elevation. The volcano of Fogo is 9157 feet in height.  The
perpendicular sides of Table Mountain, while on either  soil is extremely various, but mostly fertile; the absence of
hand are the barren crags of Lion's Head and Devil's Peak, trees and the scarcity of water are the causes of frequent
the former usually capped with a cloud. Prom its situa-  and severe distress. Climate very hot, but tempered by the
tion, facing the noon-day sun, and backed by naked moun- sea breezes; mean temperature of Mlay and August, 700.9;
tains, the town is exposed to excessive heat, and is often  April to September, 700; during the other months, 650
intolerable from  dust; it is also exposed to violent gales  Fah.; the mornings and evenings are cool, and dews abunfrom the S.E. Cape Town is noted as being the place where  dant. Chief vegetable products, maize, rice, and French
important astronomical obfervations were made by Sir J. beans.  Coffee, introduced in 1790, has completely sucIHerschel. It has a royal marine observatory, and a magnetic  ceeded; the cotton shrub is indigenous; indigo grows wild,
observatory. At noon each day a ball is dropped here, as in  and tobacco is cultivated in some of the islands; little sugar
Greenwich, to indicate the time to mariners. The educa- is grown, and wine of inferior quality; tropical fiuits are
tional establishments are the South African College and the  abundant. Orchill, the trade in which was formerly monoSouth African Institution, a good public library with  polized by the government, and yielded an annual revenue
30,000 volumes, and a valuable private botanic garden.  of 24,000/., decreased in value so rapidly after the trade was
There is a government bank which issues notes, and a  thrown open in 1837, as to require new restrictions, which
joint-stock bank, with a branch. at Graham's Town. Cape  were put in force in 1844. Cattle are extensively reared,
Town was constituted a bishopric in 1847. Within it. is  and dried and salted provisions form a considerable article
held the supreme court of justice of the colony. Table Bay  of export. Goats are still numerous, although many are
is capacious enough to contain any number of vessels, but annually killed for the sake of their skins; pi's are abunis exposed to W. winds, which from  June to August  dant in several of the islands. Asses and mules are the
produce heavy swells.  To the port, at which is the cus- only beasts of burden. Fowls are so abundant in most of
tom-house, large vessels cannot come; but the anchorage  the islands that they are sold for less than Id. each; serin tie bay is usually safe. Two quays, extending from  penuts and venomous reptiles are unknown; whales abound
the beach into the bay, enable lighters to take in and dis- in the neighboring seas, and are fished by the English and
charge cargoes at all times of the tide. Great efforts are  Americans. Amber is found on all the coasts, which are
made both by the government and the municipality to ren- frequented by immense numbers of turtle. The natives are
der Table Bay a safe harbor. It is now visited annually by  quiet and docile, but extremely indolent. The Portuguese
a large number of vessels; and the casualties do not amount language is corrupted into a jargon called lisgua creoula.
to a third per cent. From 1824 to 1848 it was visited by  Agriculture and the preparation of salt are the chief
9615 vessels, of which only 28 were lost or seriously injured. branches of industry; linens, pottery-ware, soap, and leaThe number of vessels which entered in 1848 was 560, tons, ther are manufactured in some of the islands. Value of
104,417. In the vicinity are numerous villas, and the walks imports in 1844, $91,960; exports, $80,280. In 1852, the
near the town are pretty, and neatly kept; one of them, commerce of the Cape Verd Islands with the United States
which leads along the top of Wynberg Hill, overlooking the  employed 2775 tons of shipping inwards, and 825 tons outtown andbay, and commanding a view of the sandy plain and  wards: value of imports, $18,129; exports, $64,076. These
distant mountains, with Green Point (where is alight-house)  islands, together with the Portuguese possessions on the conand Robbin's Island in the distance, is peculiarly  pic- tinent of Africa, near Cape Roxo, constitute the province of
turesque. The climate of the whole locality is considered  Cape Verd, the capital of which was removed from Porto
salubrious, and the place is much frequented by Indian re- Praya to Mindello, in the island of St. Vincent, in 1838. The
sidents on leave of absence. Cape Town was founded by  province is under a governor-general, who exercises both civil
the Dutch in 1650, and with its subject territory was taken  and military power. Previous to 1840, there was only 1I school
by the British in 1795. It was restored to the Dutch by the  of public instruction in the Archipelago; at present there
treaty of Amiens; recaptured by the British in 1806, and  are 12. The Roman Catholic is the only form of worship.
finally ceded to Britain in 1815. The Cape of Good Hope    CAPE VERGA, ver/ga, on the S.W. coast of Africa; lat
was discovered by Diaz in 1486, and called by him  the  10~ 18' N., lon. 140 28' W.
"Cape of Storms."  Pop. 22,543.                               CAPE VICTO/RIA or VIC'TORY, South America, on the
CAPE TOWSHEND, town/zend, on the N.E. coast of Aus- W. coast of Patagonia.
tralia; lat. 220 15' S., lon. 1500 W.                         CAPE VIDIO, vee/de-o, Spain, on the coast of Asturias;
CAPE  TRAFALGAR, traf-al-gae/, (anc. P-oeseonto'iusc    lat. 430 38' N., Ion. 60 19' W.
Junolnis,) a headland of Spain, on the S.W. coast of Cadiz;   CAPE VILLANO, veel-y/no, Spain, on the N.W. coast of
lat. 360 10' N.; Ion. 60 1' W. In the memorable engage- Galicia; lat. 430 9' N., ion. 90 10' W.
ment off Cape Trafalgar, October 21, 1805, the English, under    CAPE/VILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., ViirLord Nelson, who was killed in the action, gained a complete  ginia, on the E. side of Chesapeake Bay.
victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets.          CAPE VIN/CENT, a port of entry of Jefferson co., New
CAPE TRIBULA/TION, on the N.E. coast of Australia, at York, on the river St. Lawrence, and at the terminus of the
the entrance to Trinity Bay, near lat. 160 6' S., ion. 1450 21' E. Rome and Watertown Railroad, 25 miles W.N.W. of WaterCAPE TRINITY, trinfe-te. on the S. coast of the island  town. It has a steamboat landing, a ship-yard, and in
of Kodiac, in the North Pacific Ocean, near lat. 570 N., Ion. 1854, 2171 tons of shipping were enrolled and licensed in
1540 W.                                                    the district. Pop. of the township, 1044.
CAPE (or POINT) TRIONTO,  tre-onto, on the coast of    CAPE VIRIGIN, a headland of South America, on the
Naples, extending isto the Gulf of Taranto; lat. 390 35' N., coast of Patagonia, at the N. entrance to the Strait of Malon. 160 50' E,                                            gelln; lat. 52c 24' S., Ion. 680 22/ W.
370




CAP                                                        CAP
island of Cephalonia, off the coast of Greece; lat. 380 28' N., co. of Galway.
Ion. 200 35' E.                                              CAPPAGIIWHITE, kapfpAr-whitef, a town of Ireland, in
CAPE VOLTAIRE, vol-tair/, a headland of North-western  IMunster, co. and 7 miles N. of Tipperary. Pop. 1046.
Australia: boundrng Admiralty Gulf on the yW.; lat. 14015'   CAPPANACUSHY, kAptp4-ua-koolshee, a group of islets,
S., lon. 1250 40' E.                                       Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry, at the head of the estuCAPE VOLTAS, vol/tes, a headland of South Africa, at ary, and 3 miles W. of Kenmare. On the opposite mainthe mouth of the Orange River; lat. 280 44' S., ion. 160  land are the remains of Cappanacushy Castle. 
32' E.                                                       CAPPEL; kAp-p6ll, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 10
CAPE WAI-APOO, or WAI-APOU, wi-A-pooe, or EAST  miles S.S.W. of Zurich. Here the reformer Ulrich Zwinglius
CAPE, the E. point of New Ulster, one of the New Zealand  was killed in a skirmish against the Papists, October 11, 1531,
Isles; lat. 370 42' S., ion. 1780 38' E.                   and a rude stone monument marks the spot where he fell.
CAPE WALKIER, in the W. part of Greenland, on Baf-   CAPPELN, kAp/ppln, a village of Northern Germany, in
fin's Bay; lat. 750 50' N., Ion. 590 30' W.                Hanover, 9 miles N.E. of Osnabrtiiclk.
CAPE WALfSINGHAM, on the E. coast of America, N.   CAPPELN, a village of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, on
of the entrance into Cumberland Straits; lat. 660 N., ion. the Schley. Exports, corn and fish. Pop. 2000.
61~ W.                                                       CAPPELN, WES/TER, a village of Prussian Westphalia,
CAPE WEST, on the W. coast of New Munster, one of  in Miinster, 10 miles E.N.E. of Tecklenburg.
the New Zealand Isles; lat. 450 541 S, lon. 1660 40' E.     CAP/PER RIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co., Tennessee.
CAPE WRATH forms the N.W. extremity of Scotland,    CAP'POQUIN/, a town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Waco. of Sutherland; let. 58~ 37' N., Ion. 50 1' W. It is a pyra- terford, on the Blackwater, navigable hence downwards in
mid of gneiss, rising to a height of 300 feet, and having on  barges, 4 miles E.N.E. of Lisnore. Pop. 2341. It has a
it a light-house, with a light 400 feet above the sea.     modernized castle and barracks.
CAPE YORK, the northernmost point of Austratlia, ter-   CAPRACOTTA, kAp-rA-kot/ta, a town of Naples, province
mninating the land which bounds the Gulf of Carpentaria  of Mlolise, 27 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 2780.
on the E.; lat. 10~ 41' 6" S., lon. 1420 34' E.              CAPRAJA, ka-prA/yA, (anc. Caprcd-ia   or Capra/sia,) an
CAPE YO1K, in the W. part of Greenland, on Baffin's  island of the Sardinian States, in the Mediterranean, with
Bay; lat. 750 55' N., ion. 670 W.                          a fortified port of the same name, on the E. side, 17 miles E.
CAPE ZAIBRONA, dzam-bro'nA, on the W. coast of Ca- of the N. extremity of Corsica. Length, 3. miles; breadth,
labria, near the S. entrance to the Gulf of Eufemia; lat. 1~ miles. Pop. in 1844, 750.
380 46' N., ion. 16~ 3' E.. CAPREE.  See CAPRI.
CAPE ZIBEEB, ze-beeb/, or RAS SIDI ALI-AL-SIIUSHA,    CAPRARIA, one of the Balearic Isles. See CABRERA.
rs see/dee  /lee-al-shoo/shA, in Africa, on the N. coast of    CAPRAROLA, kl-pra-ro/la, a town of the Papal States,
Tunis; lat. 370 13' N., lon. 100 E.                        9 miles S.E. of Viterbo, containing a celebrated castle, built
CAPTIAREUS. See CAPE DoReo.                              on the slopes of Mount Cimino, said to be unrivalled in
CAPIBARI, ks'`-pe-bt-ree/, a town of Brazil, 120 miles W. Italy as a specimen of the fortified architecture of the sixof Sio Paulo, on a stream of its own name, an affluent of  teenth century.
the Tiete. Pop. 2000.                                        CAPRERA, ka-priA/rg, a small island in the Mediterra.
CAPIBARI, a river of Brazil, province of S3o Paulo, a  nean, off the N.E. coast of Sardinia. Length from N. to S.,
tributary of the Tiete, an affluent of the Parand.         5 miles.
CAPIBARIBE, kI-pe-bi-ree/bal, a river of Brazil, province    CAPRESE, ka-pra/, a town of Tuscany, 13 miles N.E. of
of Pernambuco, rising in lat. 70 501 S., ion. 370 451 W., flow- Arezzo, memorable as the birthplace of Michael Angelo
5ug E. and S., and falling by two mouths into the Bay of  Buonarotti. Pop. 1560.
Recife. Total course, about 200 miles, exclusive of windings.    CAPRI, ka/pree, (anc. Caep/rece.) an island of Naples, disCAPISTRELLO, kAp-is-tr~l/lo, a small town of Naples, in  trict of Castelamare, at the S. entrance of the bay, and 20
Abruzzo Ultra, 3. miles W. of Lake Fucino. Pop. 1150.      miles S of the city of Naples. Length, 41 miles; breadth,
CAPITANATA, k -pe-ta-na/ta, a province of Naples, 3 miles. It is entirely mountainous, coasts steep and iuacbounded N. and E. by the Adriatic.  Capital, Foggia. cessible, except at the port of Capri, a small fortified town,
Pop. 304,323.                                              witha fine cathedral, a large seminary, and a population
CAPITIUM or CAPYTIUM. See CAPIZZI.                       of 2500, on its S. side. On the coast is the remarkable staCAPIVARI, ka-pe-va-ree/, a modern town of Brazil, pro- lactitic cave called the "Grotto of Nymphs;" and the island
vince of Rio de Janeiro, 24 miles N.W. of Cabo Frio. Pop. 3000. contains numerous Roman ruins and antiquities. It is
CAPIZ, kl-peece/, a city of the Philippines, capital of the  celebrated in history as the retreat of Tiberius, and the
Island ofPanay, on its N. coast. Pop. 11,145. It is niostly  scene of his orgies.
built of wood, and is defended by a small fort. It is the re-   CAPRI, k~lpree, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adrisidence of a Spanish alcalde, governor of the province.    atic, 10 miles W. of Sebenico.
CAPIZZI, k-pit/see, (anc. Ca y/tium or Capi/tium,) a town    CAPRIATA, ka-pre-ata, a village of the Sardinian States,
of Sicily, 19 miles W.N.W. of Bronte. Pop. 3400.           in Piedmont, 7 miles S.W. of Novi. Pop. 2365.
CAPLE, kaptel, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           CAPRIATI, ka-pre-l/tee, a town of NapleS, province of
CAPO D'ISTRIA, k/po dis/tre-A, (ane. Eg ida,) a fortified  Terra di Lavoro, 5 miles E.S.E. of Venafro. Pop. 2200.
seaport town of Austria, in Illyria, government of Triest,   CAP/RICORN ISLANDS, a small group of islands and
on a rock in the Gulf of Triest, connected by a bridge with  rocks off the E. coast of Australia, on the tropic of Capricorn.
the mainland, 8 miles S.W. of Triest.  Pop. 5981. It was  Lon. 1510 15' E.
the capital of Venetian Istria. It has a cathedral and nu-   CAPRINO, ka-pree/no, a town of Italy, 10 miles W.N.W.
merous other churches, a gymnasium, and a prison. Its  of Bergamo, with extensive silk manuflictures.  Pop. 1600.
harbor is little frequented, except by fishing boats.        CAPRINO, a town of Northern Italy, 15 miles N.W. of
CAPODRISI, kg-po-dree/see, a village of Naples, province  Verona. Pop. 3400.
of Terra di Lavoro, 3 miles S.W. of Caserta. Pop. 2415.      CAPRUS, a river of Persia. See ZAB, LrITTLE.
CAPOILI, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.             CAPRYKE, kl-prikeh, a town of Belgium, province of
CA/PON BRIDGE, a post-office of Hampshireco., Virginia.  East Flanders, 13 miles N.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 3829. It
CAPON SPRINGS, a post-office of Hamnpshire co., Virginia. has several breweries, and trade in timber.
CAPOONACAUGANY, ka-poo-na-kaw/ga-ne, a river of    CAPSA. See GAFSA.
Canada West rising in some lakes on the N. side of the    CAPSALI, kgp-salee, a seaport town of the Ionian Islands,
ridge of hills running parallel to Lake Superior. It flows  capital of Cerigo, near the S. side of the island, upon the
N., joins the Necaugany, and subsequently falls into the  slope of a mountain. It has a'commodious harbor defended
Albany in lat. 510 5' N., lon. 850 30' W.                  by a fort. Pop. 5000.
CAPOSELLE, ka-po-sol/lA, a town of Naples, province of    CAP SANTE, k p san/tA, a post-village of Canada East,
Principato Citra, 13 miles N.N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 3734.  co. of Port Neuf, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of a
CAPPADOCIA, kap-pa-do/she-a., an ancient provinceofAsia  small stream. It contains 4 stores, &c.
Minor, now included in Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 370 16'   CAP ST. IGNACE, kap sANt igEnass, a post-village of
and 390 28' N., and Ion. 320 50/ and 390 E. It was subdued  Canada East, co. of L'Islet, on the St. Lawrence River, 39
by the Persians under Cyrus, and after the time of Alex- miles S. of Quebec. It contains 4 stores, 3 saw-mills, &c.
ander the Great it was governed by kings of its own, till   CAPTI/NA, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
A. D. 17, when Tiberius reduced it to the form of a Roman    CAPTINA CREEK, of Belmont co., Ohio, flows into the
province. Christianity was early propagated in Cappadocia, Ohio River.
as we learn by the address of the first general epistles of the    CAPUA, kap/u-a or kapoo.-, (anc. Casililnum,) a fortified
apostle  Peter.-Adj. and inhab. CArPPDOCIAN, kap-pa-do/-  city of Naples, capital of the province of Terra di Lavoro, on
she-an.                                                   the Volturno, 20 miles N. of Naples. Pop. 8100. It was
CAPPADOCIA, kap-pa-do/che-a, a village' of Naples, pro- fortified by Vauban, and is considered one of the keys of
vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 8 miles W.S.W. of Avezzano. the kingdom; for, though far from the frontier, it is the
Pop. 1771.                                                only fortress that covers the approach to Naples. It was
CAPPAGH, kappanH, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of built by the Lombards in 855, out of the ruins of ancient
Tyrone.                                                   Capua, the remains of which, about 2 miles E., include a
CAPPAGH, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Li- gate, and portions of a large amphitheatre. The modern
mnerick.                                                   city has no object worthy of notice except a cathedral with
371
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __~                                                                   tI




CAP                                                         CAR               i
antique columns; it comprises 18 parish churches, several    CATIAMAGNA, kI-rA-minty9, a village of Piedmont, divi
convents, a royal college, military school, hospitals, and  sion of Coni, province of Saluzzo. Pop. 3670.
public fountains. The ancient Capua, one of the finest and    CARAMAN, kA'rA.6mael, a town of France, department
most agreeable cities of Italy, was of such extent as to be  of IIaute-Garonne, 9 miles N. of Villefranche. Pop. 1381.
compared to Rome and Carthage. Hannibal wintered here    CARAMAN.  See KARAMAN.
after the battle of Cannoe. It was a favorite place of resort    CARAMANIA.  See KARAMANIA.
of the Rtomans, on account of its agreeable situation and    CARAMANICO, k~-ra-m~nle-ko, a town of Naples, proits healthy climate; and many existing ruins attest its  vince of Abruzzo Citra, 17 miles S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 3300.
ancient splendor.                                            CARAMBIS. See CAPE KEREsIPE.
CAPUA, kh.poo-A, a town of New Granada, department of.CARAMNASSA, kA-rim-neltsd, a river of British India,
Panama, S.W. of Chorrera.                                  presidency of Bengal, tributary to the Ganges, and separatCAPUL, k&-pooll, one of the Philippine Islands, in the  ing the old provinces of Bahar and Benares. It is regarded
Malay Archipelago, off the N.W. coast of Samar. Lat. 120  with great abhorrence by the Hindoos, who consider con31' N.; ion. 1240 9' E.                                    tact with its waters sufficient to undo all their good worlks
CAPURSO, kg-pooriso, a town of Naples, 7 miles S.E. of  and austerities. IHence its name, "the destruction of pious
Bari. Pop. 2760.                                            works."
CAIPUTII, a parish of Scotland, co. and 11 miles' N. of    CARANGAMITE, kl-r~n-ga-meet/, a large, shallow, saltPerth. Here are several Druidic remains, one of which   water lake in the South of Australia, district of Portland
Cairnmuir. is considered the largest of its kind in Scotland. Bay, about 50 miles WV. of the town of Geelong. It is upCAPYTIUI.  See CAPIZZI.                                  wards of 90 miles in circumference; to the S. it is so shalCAQUETA, a river of South America. See JAPURA.           low as to be crossed by the natives for a distance of 15
CAIRA, an islet of Scotland, co. of Argyle, off its W. coast, miles.
immediately S. of Gigha.                                      CARANG ASSEM, k~-r~ng! as'slmr, a town of the Malay
CARABANCHEIEL ALTO, kA-r[-bfn-chel Alito, and CARA- Archipelago, island of Bali, on the Strait of Lombok. Lat.
BANCHEL  BAJO. k-r~-ban-chel bYtso, two villages of 80 42' S.; lon. 1160 34' E.
Spain, in New Castile. 3 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 1800.       CARANJA, kc-rdn/jA, (anc. Eloiana) an island of British
CARABAYA, kA-rA-b!'t, a province of Peru, in the depart- India, presidency of Bombay, in Bombay HIarbor, about 8
ment of Puno. It contains mines of silver and gold, and in  miles E.S.E. of the city. It is nearly circular, and 4 miles
1850 had 22,138 inhabitants.                               in diameter.
CARABOBO, ka-rA-botbo, a province of Venezuela, in    CARANO, ka-r/no, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 21miles
South America, with a small town, 33 miles S.W. of Va- N.E. of Trent. Pop. 804.
lencia.                                                       CARAPELLA, k&-r-p6ll&~, a river of Naples, province of
CARACA, kA-r&kA, a mountain range of Brazil, province  Capitanata, after a N.E. course of about 48 miles, enters the
of Minas Geraes, N. of the city of Mariana.  It is a portion  Adriatic 9 miles S. of Manfredonia.  Near its mouth it
of the Cordillera of Mantiqueira, being one of its highest  sends eastward a branch, which enters the Lagoon of Salpi.
ranges.                                                       CARASCO, kd-rAslko, a village of the'Sardinian States, 2&
CARACAS, kA-r!kis, a group of six small, uninhabited  miles N.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 2156.
islands in the Caribbean Sea, coast of Venezuela, a little W.    CARATE, ki-rd/tA, a market-town of Lombardy, 15 miles
of Cumana.                                                  N. of Milan, formerly fortified. Pop. 2282.
CARACAS, k-rdklAs, CARACICAS, or SANTIAGO-DE-   CARAVACA, kg-rI-vi/kA, a town of Spain, 39 miles N.W.
LEON-DE-CARACAS, sln-te-A/go-d-l~-on'-d&-k&-ra/kAs, the  of Iurcia, on anaffluent of the Segura. Pop. 9910. It has
capital of the republic of Venezuela, and one of the wealthiest  several convents and htspitals, a college, and a ruined
and most prosperous cities in the N. part of South America, castle. In a mountain W. of the town is the stalactitic
is situated 3000 feet above the level of the sea, 11 miles  cavern of Barquilla.
S.S.E. of La Guayra, from which it is separated by a chain    CARAVAGGIO, ki-rg-vidfjo, a town of Northern Italy,
of mountains, whose highest poinit on the road is 5160 feet. in Lombardy, 15 miles S.S.W. of Bergamo. Pop. 5998.  It
Lat. 100 30' N.; ion. 660 54' W. The river Guayra bounds  is the birthplace of the renowned painters Polidoro Caldara
it on the S., and is everywhere fordable near the town, ex- and Michael Angelo Merigi, both named Caravagoio   front
cepting after heavy rains, when it runs with great rapidity, their native town.
but subsides almost as suddenly as it rises. Three other    CARAVAJALES, ka-rg-vt-sl~ls, a town of Spain, in
streams pass close to Caracas, namely, the Arauco, across  Leon, 16 miles N.W. of Zamora. Pop. 834.
which is a handsome bridge; the Caroata, separating one    CARAVAJALES DE LA ENCOMIENDA, kt-ri-v'-n1/l1s
part of the city from the rest, and across which is another  dA 1l un-ko-me-6nld, a town of Spain, in Leon, 40 miles N'~.W.
bridge;, and the Catucho.  Caracas is well and regularly  of Zamora.
built; the streets are narrow, but well paved, and generally    CARAVANCHIEL, kA-r4-v~n-chill, the name of two contiintersect each other at right angles. -The houses are con- guous villages of Spain, near Madrid.
structed of brick or earth, faced with stucco, and often richly    CARAVELLAS, kg-rA-vt l l s, a seaport town of Brazil,
decorated.  Many of them have terraced roofs. There are  province of Bahia, on the N. side of the Bay of Caravellas,
several squares, the chief of which is the Plaza Mayor or  in the Atlantic. Lat. 170 49' S.; lon. 390 26' W. It is well
Great Square, where the market for fruits, vegetables, fish, built; and from its port, which is one of the best frequented
&c. is held; the E. side is principally occupied by the cathe- in the province, manioc flour and coffee are exported to Rio,
dral, a clumsy structure, which was much damaged by an  Bahia, and Pernambuco. Pop. of district, 5000.
earthquake in 1826; the S. by the college; and the W. by    CARtAWAY, a post-office of Randolph co., North Carolina.
the public prison. Increased attention has of late been    CARBALLO, kaR.-bllyo, a village of Spain, province of
paid to the subject of education. The schools are supported  Corunna, (Cornuia,) with well-frequented mineral springs
by the city at an annual expense of about $40,000, and are  and baths. Pop. 365.
well attended by the children of all classes. Including the    CAR!BERY, a district of Ireland, in Munster, forming the
cathedral, there are 22 churches in the city, and 2 convents.  S. part of the co. of Cork.
A new cathedral, an extensive and costly edifice, is now in    CARBERY, a barony of Ireland, co., of Sligo.
course of erection. From the Catucho the town is well sup-    CARBERY, a bar'ony of Ireland, co. of Kildare.
plied with water, which is dispensed to the inhabitants in    CARBERY, a small island of Ireland, in Dunmanus Bay.
public fountains, as well as in pipes and reservoirs. Caracas    CARBET, LE, leh kazcb41, a town of Martinique, capital
is the seatof an archbishop, and has a university, founded in  of the quarter, on the W. side of the island, 2 miles S. of
1778, and three hospitals. Its trade, carried on through the  St. Pierre. S. of the town is the Piton de Carbet, a volcanic
port of La Guayra, 16 miles distant, is considerable, and con- mountain 5200 (?) feet high. Pop. 4087, (2860 slaves.)
sists chiefly of the products of the adjacent fertile valleys.   CARIBON, a county in the E. part of Pennsylvania, has
The climate is healthful, but earthquakes are common; an area of about 400 square miles. The Lehigh River flows
that of 1812 destroyed nearly all the houses, and upwards  through the county in a S.E. direction, receiving in its
of 10,000 of the inhabitants; and though the town has been  passage the Quakake, Nesquihoning, Mahoning; Lizard,
rebuilt, the houses are inferior to what they were before that and Aquanchicola creeks. The Kittatinny or Blue Mounudreadful visitation. The city, founded in 1567 by Diego Lo- tain forms the S.E. boundary, and the surface is traversed
sada, was formerly the capital of the captain-generalship of  by minor ridges of the Alleghanies, the direction of which
the Caracas, and is the birthplace of Bolivar. Pop., a few  is nearly parallelwith the mountain first named. The most
years since estimated at 45,000, hadincreasedin1853to 63.000. considerable of these ridges are named Mauch Chunk
CARACAS, a province of South America, in Venezuela, Mountain, Mahoning  Ridge, Broad  Mountain, Spring
bounded N. by the Caribbean Sea. Capital, Caracas. Pop. Mountain, and Pokono Mountain. Excepting a small por242,888.                                                   tion of the valleys, the land is too rugged and sterile for
CARAGLIO, k&-r~il'yo. a town of the Sardinian States, in  cultivation, but the highlands contain inexhaustible stores
Piedmont, 6 miles W. of Coni. on the Grana.. Pop. 6268. of the best anthracite coal. The southern anthracite coalIt has manufactures of silks, and 5 annual fairs.          field of Pennsylvania, extending eastward from Schuylkill
CARA-HISSAR.  See KARA-HESSBA  and AIzooC-KRAA- county, terminates on the W. side of the Lehigh River,
115ssAR.                                                   near Mauch Chunk. The stratum of coal at the summit
CARIALDSTON or CAR!ESTON, a parish of Scotland, co. mines, near the top of Mauch Chunk Mountain, is about
of Forfar.                                                 50 feet in thickness. It lies as a saddle on the top of uhe
CARALIS. See CAG.csAR.                                  hill. and the coal is uncovered and quarried in the open
3i2




CAR                                                       CAR
day.  A raiload extends from  the mines to the Lehigh  N.E. of Albacete. It has a primary school, a celebrated annual
River. In 1850, 722,000 tons of'coal were procured from the  fair in August, and numerous Roman ruins. Pop. 2019.
mines of this county, and in 1852 about 1,000,000 tons.   CARCAS, kasEsA!, a town' of France, department of Var,
The Beaver Meadow and Hazleton Mines, near the N.W. on the Argens, 15 miles W.S.W. of Draguignan. Pop. 2381.
border, are very rich, and yield a superior quality of coal.   CARtCOLSTON, a parish of England, co. of Netts.
The navigation of the Lehigh has been opened by means of   CARCULILA, a town of British India, 27 miles N.N.E. of
dams and locks as far as White Haven, about 25 miles above Mangalore, with a ruined palace of the rajahs of Tulaya.
Mauch  Chunk.  A  railroad is projected, which, when    CARDAILLAC,'kaa'dMly&k! or kaR'dAygtkl, a market-town
finished, will connect the county with Easton and Philadel- of France, department of the Lot, 31 miles N.E. of Cahors.
phia. Formed in 1843 out of part of Northampton, and  Pop. 1280. It was once fortified, and has the ruins of a castle.
named from  carbe, the Latin term  for "coal."  Capital,   CARDANIGAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
Mauch Chunk. Pop. 15,686.                                    CARDEN, kacdeen, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles
CARBONARA, kaa-bo-nfrA, a town of Italy, in Naples, S.W. of Coblentz.  Pop. 473.
province of  1inzcipato Ultra, 36 miles E. of Avellino. Pop.   CARDENAS, kald.l-nAs, a seaport town of Cuba, on the N.
2800.                                                      side ofthe island, 120 miles E. by S. of Havana. Its harbor has
CARBONARA, a town of Italy, in Naples, province, and I fi-om 5 to 6 fathoms of water, and good anchorage, with a fixed
miles S. of Bari. Pop. 1600.                               light at its entrance, 49 feet high. Railway and telegraph conCARBONARA, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 221 miles nect it with Matanzas and Havana. Pop. in 1854, 6173.
S.E. of Mantua, on the Pc. Pop. 1900.                        CARDEIOSA, kar-dln-yotsa,  a town of Spain, 8 miles
CARBONARA, kaa-bo-n$irA, a town of European Turkey, N.W. of Avila. Pop. 816.
in Albania, on the Vonizza, 10 miles E.N.E. of Avlona.       CAR/IDESTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
CARBON-BLANC, kaaRb6NG/bltN%, a village of France,    CARDIFF or CAERDIFF, kar/diff, (Welsh, Caerdydd, kUerdepartment of the Gironde, 5 miles N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. diT,) a parliamentary and municipal borough and seaport of
in 1852.1869.                                              South Wales, capital of the co. of Glamorgan, on the Taaf,
CARIBONDALE, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylva-  here crossed by a fine five-arched bridge, about 1  miles
nia. Pop., including the city of Carbondale, 5404.         from its mouth, in the estuary of the Severn, 10$ miles
CARIBONDALE, a city of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, is  S.W. of Newport.  Pop. in 1831, 6137; in 1841,10,077; in
situated at the head of Lackawanna Valley, and near the  1851, 18,351 —the increase being attributed to the improvesource ofthe Lakawanna River, 30 miles N.E. from Wilkes- ment of the port. It has two principal streets, well built,
barre, and 145 miles N.E. from  Harrisburg. A railroad, 17  paved, and lighted; a noble castle of great extent and anmiles long, connects it with Honesdale. This is the most tiquity, the principal residence of the Marquis of Bute, in
populous town of Luzerne county, and the principal market which Henry I. was confined for 26 years by his brother
of Northern Pennsylvania. In 1851 it was incorporated as  Robert, Duke of Normandy; a church with an elegant and
a city, and preparations are making to build a city hall. lofty tower; a guildhall, county jail, ahd house of correcMany handsome buildings have been erected here within  tion; a theatre, 4 banks, and several schools and charities.
a few years, and the population  has rapidly increased. The trade of Cardiff is large and increasing, it having beThe Lackawanna Valley, which is a continuation of the  come the port of Merthyr Tydvil, and the great outlet for
fertile valley of Wyoming, contains extensive beds of coal, the mining district of South Wales. The exports (chiefly to
which, in the vicinity of Carbondale, are about 20 feet in  Bristol) were, in 1848, iron, 225,819 tons; iron ore, 121,224
thickness. About 500,000 tons of coal are annually taken  tons, and coal, 659,800 tons. Tin, corn, &c., are also exout from these mines by the Delaware and Hudson Canal ported. A canal and railway connect the town with MerCompany, and it is estimated that they pay out $1,200,000  thyr, and a magnificent basin, with docks, warehouses, &c.,
in a year.  The coal is drawn up several inclined planes  (the construction of which cost the Marquis of Bute upby steam-engines to the height of 850 feet; thence it is  wards of 300,0001.,) communicates with the Severn, and
conveyed by a railroad, 16 miles, to IHonesdale, and thence  forms a harbor for steamers, and vessels of heavy burby the Delaware and IHudson Canal to the Hudson River. den. Iegistered shipping in 1847, 6243 tons. Cardiffjoins
Pop. in 1850, 4945; in 1854, about 7500.                   with Cowbridge and Llantrissent in sending 1 member to
CARBONE, kaa-bofnA, a town of Naples, province of  the iHouse of Commons.
Basilicata, 39 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2620.           CAR/DIFF, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 132
CARBONERA-EL-MAYOR, kaI-bon-$'rA-ol-mt-r/.a modern  miles WV. by N. from  Albany, contains a few stores and
town of Spain, 8 miles N.N.W. of Segovia. Pop. 2051.       a mill.
CARBONNE, kaa'bonnS, a village of France, department    CARDIFF, a post-office of Warren co., Mississippi
of Itaute-Garonne, 23 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 2462.    CARD)IGAN  or CARDIGANSHIRE, karfde-gan-shir, a
CARIBROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          county of South Wales, having W. Cardigan Bay. Area,
CARCABUEY, kar'kg-bwA/, a town of Spain, 36 miles  693 square miles, of which scarcely more than one-third is
S.E. ofCordova.  Pop.3996. It has an hospital and Roman  arable.  Pop. in 1851,70,796. The surface is level on the
remains,                                                    coast, mountainous in the interior, but interspersed with
CARCAJENTE, kar-l,-Hnln/ts, a town of Spain, province  fertile valleys. Plinlimmon, 2463 feet in height, is in its
of Valencia, 12 miles N.N.E. of San Felipe. Pop. 6150. It  N.E. part. Its chief rivers are the Teify, Dovy, Ridol, Ystis well built and prosperous.  It has linen and woollen  with, Arth, and Towy. Silver, copper, and lead-mines have
manufactures, and many Roman remains have been dis- been formerly wrought to advantage, hut at present they
covered here.                                              are greatly neglected. The county is in the diocese of St.
CAR CASSONNE, kaaekls'sonnf, (anc. Carflccase,) a city  David's.  Chief towns, Cardigan, Aberystwith, Lampetelr,
of the South of France, capital of the department of the  and Adpar. It returns 1 member to the House of Commons.
Aude, on the Aude and the Canal du Midi, 55 miles S.E.   CARIDIGAN, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 20,005.  It is divided into the  seaport town, and parish of South Wales, capital of the
old city and the new town, by the river, here crossed by  above county, on the Towy, 5 miles from its entrance into
a bridge of ten arches. The new town, on level ground,  St. George's Channel, 23 miles N.E. of Haverford-West.
is regularly laid out, well built, traversed by running  Pop. in 1851, 2981. It has two stone bridges across the
streams, furnished with marble fountains, and has many  Teify, an old and stately church, the remains of an ancient
handsome squares and planted walks; one of the last leads  castle famous in Welsh history, a grammar school founded
to the aqueduct bridge of Tresquel, and is ornamented  in 1765, a county-hall, jail, and a branch bank. There is
with a marble column to the memory of Riquet, the engi- a considerable coasting trade, employing about 15,000 tons
neer of the Canal du Midi.  The old city stands on elevated  of shipping and more than 1000 seamen. The chief imports
ground, and is interesting "as retaining unchanged, to a  are coal, limestone, and timber. Exports, slates, oats, butter,
greater extent, perhaps, than any other town in France, &c. Vessels exceeding 300 tons can enter the harbor, but
the aspect of a fortress of the Middle Ages."  It is enclosed  a bar at its mouth renders the passage dangerous in rough
by waills of great solidity, portions of which are supposed  weather. Registered shipping. of the port, 259 vessels, with
to be as old as the time of the Visigoths; and it contains an agregate burden of 13,800 tons.  Cardigan, with the
the castle and the old cathedral, with the tomb of Simon  suburb of Bridgend, unites with Aberystwith, Lampeter,
de Montfort. The other principal edifices in Carcassonne  and Adpar in sending 1 member to the House of Commons.
are the new cathedral, with a fine spire, the public library,  The town gives the title of earl to the Brudenell family.
prefecture, town-hall, hospitals, theatre, barracks, covered    CARDIGAN  BAY, an inlet of St. George's Channel,
markets, and church of St. Vincent.  Carcassonne is a  Wales, between Brach-y-Pwll and Stumble Headlands. It
bishop's see, and has a communal college, a normal schqol,  receives the rivers Maw, Dovy, Ystwith, Yiron, and Teify.
and a tribunal of commerce. It has been celebrated since  The island of Bardsey is near its northern extremity.
the twelfth century for its manufactures of cloth, which    CARDIGANSHIRE. See CARDIGAN.
are still important.  Its trade in agricultural produce is    CARDINALE, kaR-de-nl1, a town of Naples, province
extensive. Carcassonne suffered greatly in the wars against of Calabria Ultra II., 21 miles S.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop.
the Albigenses. Many of its inhabitants are Protestants.   2500.
CARCATIIIOCERiTA.  See DIARBEKIRa.                         CARID)INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford, on
CARCAVELLOS, kaa-k9-v6lfloc,,    a village of Portugal, the Ouse, 2 miles S.S.W. of Willington.  In the church is a
province of Estremadura, 11 miles W.N.W. of Lisbon, and  tablet to the memory of HIoward, the philanthropist, who
famous for its wine, known in commerce as Calcavella.      resided here.
CARCELEN, kaR-thA-lIn', a town of Spain, 23 miles E.   CAilDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
373




CAR  CAR
CARWDINGTON, a thriving post-village and township of    CARTATI, kg-re-/tee, (anc. Patersnunm,) a seaport town
Morrow co., Ohio, on the railroad which connects Cleveland  of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, on the Gulf of Tasranto,
with Columbus, 38 miles N. by E. from the latter. The 17 miles E.S.E. of Rossano. Pop. 1400. It is surrounded
eastern branch of the Olentangy River flows by the place. by old walls, and has a ruined castle, a cathedral, and a
Since the railroad was opened, in 1851, the village has in-  diocesan seminary.
creased rapidly. Pop. 500; of the township, 1398.             CARIBBEAN or CARRIBBEAN  (kar'l-rib-bee/an) SEA,
CARIDINHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        that portion of the North Atlantic Ocean, lying between
CARDIOTISSA, kaL-de-o-tisasA, a smal1 island in the  the Caribbee, or Leeward and Windward Islands on tile E.,
Grecian Archipelago, belonging to the kingdom of Greece, Guatemala on the W., the islands of Hayti or San Domingc
about halfway between Sikino and  Policandro; lat. 36~  and Cuba on the N., and New Granada and Venezuela on
38, N., lon. 250 E.                                         the S. It communicates with the Gulf of Mexico by a pasCARDITO, kan-deesto, a village of Southern Italy, 7  sage of about 120 miles in width, between Cape Catoche in
miles N. of Naples, in the district of Casoria. Pop. 3220.    Yucatan, and Cape St. Antonio, the most westerly point of
CARDIVA, kan-dee/vt, one of the Maldive Islands, Indian  Cuba. Its southern shores are generally high and rocky,
Ocean; lat 50 N., ion. 730 40' E.                           and contain some gulfs of considerable extent. Being but
CARDONA, kar-do/ng, a fortified town of Spain, 44 miles  little encumbered with rocks or islands, its navigation is,
N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 2366. It is interspersed with cy- for the most part, clear and open.
press gardens, and has defensive works. S.W. of the town    CARIBEES, lkar/re-b6z, or Lesser Antilles, usually divided
is a remarkable mountain of rock-salt, 500 feet in elevation, into the Windward and Leeward Islands: a section of the
which affords an inexhaustible supply of that article in ab- West India Islands.
solute purity, and is so hard that it has to be blasted with    CARIFE, kA-ree/fA., (anc. Callifle P?) a town of Naples, progunpowder; vases, crucifixes, and other articles are turned  vince Principato Ultra, in the Apennines, 11 miles S.S.E.
of this material. The mountain is homogeneous, and the  of Ariano. Pop. 2230. It has a college, church, and superior
only one of the kind known in Europe.                       school.
CARIDROSS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarston, on    CARIGNAN, kAreen'y8an', a town of France, departthe Clyde, remarkable only as having been the closing  nment of Ardennes, on the Chiers, 22 miles E.S.E. of M5scene of the illustrious career of the victor of Bannockburn  zl6res.  Pop. ofcommune, in 1852,1792.
and the restorer of the Scottish monarchy, Robert Bruce.    CARIGNANO, ki-reen-y&]no, a town of Piedmont, proAbout 1 mile from Dumbarton, on the road to the village or  vince of Turin, near the Po, 11 miles S. of Turin. Pop.
hamlet of Cardross, that monarch built a castle, forming  7873.  It is enclosed by old walls, and has a commercial
the surrounding lands into a park. Here he sought relax-  college and a handsome church. Its inhabitants manufacation in the chase, and here he died, June 7, 1329, his re- ture  silk twist and confectionery. Carignano gives the
mains being carried to Dumferline, where they were interred. title of prince to a branch of the Sardinian royal family.
No vestige of the castle now remains, but the eminence on    CARIMATA  (kA-re-m;tA) ISLAND, a small island in
which it stood retains the name of Castle Hill. Pop. 4416.   the China Sea, in the middle of the Carimata or Billiton
CARDS/VILLE, a post-office of Jones co., Georgia.         Strait, between the islands of Borneo and Billiton. Peak
CARDUCHII. See KooRDISTAN.                                2000 feet high, in lat. 10 36' S., Ion. 1080 54' E.
CAREIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.               CARIMATA or BILLITON; a passage or sea between
CAREGGI, kA-rldljee, a village of Tuscany, 3 miles N. of  Borneo and Billiton, is 120 miles across.
Florence, with numerous villas, and an ancient grand-ducal    CARIMON  JAVA, kA're-mon! jA/va, an island in the
relidence, which was inhabited by the first members of the  Malay Archipelago, 20 miles in circumference; lat. 50 505
Medici fatmily.                                             S., ion. 1100 34' E.
CARENNAC, kA'runan~k/, a town of France, department    CARPIMONSI, GREAT, an island of the Malay Archipeof Lot, 35 miles N.N.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1000.  Hiere is  lago, in the Strait of Malacca, 30 miles S.W. of Singapore;
an ancient abbey, in a tower of which Fenelon is said to  lat. 10 5' N., lon. 1030 30' E.
have composed a portion of his works.                         CARIMONS, LITTLE, an island of the Malay ArchipCARENTAN, k/trbse't6NG/, a town of France, depart- lago, in the Strait of Malacca, in the same latitude and ionment of Manche, in a marshy tract, near the mouth of the  gitude as the above.
Tante, 14 miles N.N.W. of St. L6. Pop. in 1852, 2986. It has    CARINENA, kg-reen-y/nA, a town of Spain, 30 miles
old fortifications. a castle, and a curious'Norman church.    S.S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 2648.
CARENTOIR, k'r6aN'twAn/, a village of France, depart-    CARINHENHA, klt-reen-ynlyIt, a river of Brazil, rising
ment oP Morbihan, 28 miles E.N.E. of Vannes.  Pop.' in  in the province of Goyaz, in the Serra Tabatinda, flows E.,
185.2, 5277. It trades in cider and butter.                 forming the boundary line between the province of Bahia
CARESANA, ki-rA-s/nA, a village of Piedmont, division  and Minas Geraes, and falls into the Rio Sio Francisco.
of Novara, 8 miles S.S.E. of Vercelli. Pop. 2716.           Total course, about 160 miles, exclusive of windings.
CARIEW, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.           CARINHENHA, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, on
CA/REV, a thriving post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio, on  the San Francisco, and at the mouth of the Carinhcnhla, 52
the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, at the intersection  miles N. of Salgadcio. Pop. 2000.
of the Finley branch, 75 miles N.N.W. of Columbus.            CARINI, kl-ree/nee, a town of Sicily, 12 miles W.N.W.
CAREY, a township in Will co., Illinois. Pop. 214.        of Palermo. Pop. 7000. It is beautifully situated on the
CA/REYVILLE, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, 59  small river of the same name. Among its public buildings
miles W.N.W of Columbus.                                    is a Gothic castle. Near it are the ruins of the ancient
CARGHISE, kaa'gAizs, a village of Corsica, 12 miles N. Hyccara, the native city of the famous courtezan Lais.
N.W. of Ajaccio, on the Gulf of Sagone. Pop. of commune,   CARINOLA, klere-no/la, a town of Naples, province of
923. This commune forms a Greek colony, and is the best Terra di Lavoro, 20 miles E. of Gaeta. Pop. 4815. Its vicinity
cultivated in the island,                                   produces wine which is highly esteemed.
CARGILL, kar/ghil, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.      CARINTHIA, ka-rin/the-a, or KARNTHEN, (KIhnthen,)
CARHIIAIX, kanA/, (anc. -organiess?) a town of France, kainn/ten, a political division of the Austrian Empire, formdepartment of Finist~re, near the Ily6res, 31 miles N.E. of  ing the N.W. part of Illyria. Area, 3984 square miles. Pop.
Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 2143. It is the birthplace of the bira-ve  319,224. It is divided into the two circles, Klaigenfurth and
La Tour d'Auvergne; near it is a supposed Roman aqueduct. Villach. Its surface is mountainous. Principal river, the
CAR/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland,  Drave. Chief lake, the Klagenfurth or Wbrthsee.  Carinon the Tweed, 3 miles S.W. of Coldstream.  Pop. 1282. thin and Carniola are among the least populous provinces
Several battles between the English and Scotch have been  of the empire.-Adj. and inhab. CAnINTHIAN, ka-rin/the-an.
fought in this parish.                                        CARIPE, k-reepA, a town and valley of South America,
CAR/HAMPTON, a parish of England, co. Somerset.           Venesuela, 40 miles S.E. of Cumana; the valley is noted
CARHIUAMAYO, kan-wA-milo, a town of Peru, 10 miles  for a cavern frequented by a species of night-hawk. (CapriS. of Pasco; lat. 110 5, S., lon. 750 45' W., and 13,087 feet inulus,) the young of which are destroyed in vast numbers
above the level of the sea.                                 for the sake of their fat.
CARIACO, kA-re-Ako, or SAN FELIPE DE AUSTRIA,    CAR/ISBR00OKE, a parish of the Isle of Wight, a division
sn fA-lee/pA dA f6wstre-a, a town of South America, Vene- of the county of Southampton, 14 miles S.W. of Newport.
zuela, 40 miles E. of Cumana, in a fine plain watered by the  The castle, originally a British fortress, prior to the Romcan
Cariaco River, near the head of the Gulf of Cariaco. Let. invasion, was taken by Cerdic the Saxon in 530, afterwards
100 30' N.; lon. 630 40' W. Pop. 7000.                     it was held by the Normans, and its fortifications were exCARIACO, ka-re- ko, or CARRIACO, kan-ie-a/ko,  one  tended by Queen Elisabeth.  It is a magnificent structure,
of the Windward Islands, between St. Vincent and Gre- still partly habitable, and was the prison of Charles I. for
nada, 40 miles S. of the former, and 20 miles. N. of the  13 months previous to his trial.  Within its walls is a
catter; lat 120 30' N., Ion. 620 30' W. It is the largest of the  remarkable well, 200 feet in depth. The church of CarisIrenadines, being about 21 miles in circumference, but of  brooke was built by Fitzosborne, the first Norman lord of
erregular form. It has two bays on its N. side, and contains  the island, and, with the castle and village, is singularly
a town named Hillsborough.                                 picturesque.
CARIACO, GULF OF, on the coast of Venezuela, is 40    CARITAMINI.  See CATRIMANI.
miles in length from W. to E., by 10 miles in its greatest   CARLA-LE-COMPTE, kan'lAleh-kNst, a town of France.
breadth, has in all parts good anchorage, the deepest water department of Ari6ge, 11 miles W. of Pamiers. Pop. 2031
being 40 fathoms. It has richly wooded shores.             The philosopher Bayle was born here in 1647.
374




CAR                                                        CAR
CARLfBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           the gates and walls of the city. It gives the title of earl
CARlLEE, a village of British India, presidency of Born- to a branch of the Howard family. Returns two members
bay, 34 miles N.W. of Poonah, famous for some remarkable  to Parliament. Pop. in 1770, (when taken by the late Dr.
ave-temples, probably of Boodhic origin. The principal of  Ieysham,) 7677; in 1841, 23,012; in 1851, 26,583.
These, 6000 feet above the sea, is one of the finest excava-    CARLISLE, kar-l11, a post-township of Middlesex co.,
tions of its kind in India, having an arched roof, supported  Massachusetts, 20 miles N.W. of Boston. Pop. 632.
by sculptured pillars, and an appearance very similar to the    CARLISLE, a post-township of Schoharie co., New York,
interior of a Gothic cathedral.                             36 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1817.
CARLENTINI, kaR-l1n-tee'nee, a town of Sicily, 19 miles    CARLISLE, a handsome town, capital of Cumberland co.,
N.W. of Syracuse.  It was founded by the Emperor Charles  Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, 18 miles
V., to be the head-quarters of his Sicilian army, but was  W. by S. of Harrisburg, and 125 miles W. of Philadelphia.
never completed. Pop. 1500.                                It is situated in the great limestone valley which is enclosed
CARLET, kan-lt', a town of Spain, 19 miles S. of Valen-  between the Kittatinny and South Mountains. The surface
cia, on the Requena. Pop. 3822.                            of the country is nearly level, the soil is uniformly and
CARLETON, karl/ton, a county in the eastern part of Ca, highly productive, and much improved. The town is well
nada West, has an area of 898 square miles. It is traversed  built, the streets are wide, and the public buildings are of a
by a railroad extending from Prescott, on the St. Lawrence,  superior order. It has a public square, on which the county
to Bytown, the capital, on the Ottawa. Pop. 31,397.        buildings are located. Dickinson College, of this place, is
CARLETON, karl/ton, a village of Polk co., Iowa, on the  one of the oldest and most flourishing in the state. It was
Des Moines River, about 115 miles W. of Iowa City.         founded in 1783, and is now under the direction of the MeCARLETON PLACE, a village of Canada West, co. of La- thodists. Carlisle also contains about 12 churches, 1 bank,
nark, on the Mississippi River, 21 miles from Perth, and 30  a town-hall, and 4 or 5 newspaper offices. The Cumberland
miles from Bytown. It contains several stores, a printing  Valley Railroad connects at Harrisburg with the Central
office, and issues a weekly paper. Pop. about 500.         Railroad, and extends, on the other hand to Hagerstown,
CAR/LINGFORD  or CARILINFORD, a petty maritime  Maryland.  In 1794, General Washington had his headtown and parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Louth, on the  quarters at Carlisle during the Whiskey Insurrection. A few
southern shore of Carlingford Bay, 10 miles E.N.E. of  years previous, Major Andr6 passed some time here as a
Dundalk.  Pop. of parish, 12,558; of town, 1110.  It has  prisoner of war. Pop. in 1850, 4581; in 1854, near 6000.
the remains of a castle and of a Dominican friary. It sent    CARLISLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Nicholas co.,
2 members to the Irish House of Commons until disfran- Kentucky, on the railroad from -Maysville to Lexington, 50
chised at the union.                                       miles E. by N. of Frankfort, and 34 miles from Maysville.
CARLINGFORD  BAY  is an inlet of the Irish Sea, It contains a new court-house, and 2 or 3 churches. Pop. 500.
between the counties of Louth and Down, 11 miles in    CARLISLE, a village of Brown co., Ohio, in Jackson townlength by 3 miles in its greatest breadth, and connected  ship, has about 150 inhabitants.
with Lough-Neagh by the Newry Canal. The latitude of    CARLISLE, a post-township in the central part of Lorain
the light-house, which is situated on an  island at its  co., Ohio. Pop. 1512.
mouth, is 540 1' N., and Ion. 60 5' W.                        CARLISLE, a thriving village of Noble co., Ohio, about
CARILINGTON MiOUNTAINS  are situated on the S. 92 miles E. by S. of Columbus.
side of the above bay, and rise to 1935 feet in height.       CARLISLE, a village of Warren co., Ohio, on the CincinCARILINVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Ma- nati and Dayton Railroad, 45 miles N. by E. of Cincinnati.
coupin co., Illinois, on the Chicago and Mississippi Raif-   CARLISLE, a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan, about
road, 39 miles S.S.W. of Springfield, and 33 miles N.E. of  120 miles W. by N. of Detroit.
Alton.  It is a place of active business and contains, be-   CARLISLE, the largest post-village of Sullivan co., Insides the county buildings, several churches and stores.    diana, 40 miles S. of Terre Haute, and 6 miles E. of the WaCARLINWARK.  See CASTLE-DOUGLAS.                          bash River. The land in the vicinity is fertile, and abounds
CARLISLE, kar-lilt, (anc. LLuguvallio  or Luguvallum,)  in coal. The village contains 2 or 3 churches, and about
a city and river-port of England, capital of the county of  100 dwellings.
Cumberland, on a gentle eminence. near the confluence of    CARLISLE, Illinois.  See CARLYLE.
Eden, Caldew, and Petrie rivers, at the termination of the    CARLISLE, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa.
London and North-western Railway, 300 miles N.N.W. of    CARLISLE, a post-office of Dakota co., Minnesota.
London, and 60 miles W.S.W. of Newcastle. Its principal   CARLISLE MILLS or CARLISLE'S MILLS, a post-vilstreets diverge from an irregularly shaped market-place,  lage of Perry co., Mississippi.
and are wide, handsome, and well-paved, and supplied with    CARLISLE SPRINGS, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
water. The cathedral, which is situated on an elevated site, Pennsylvania, 19 miles W. of Harrisburg, and 4 miles N. of
has a tower, 130 feet in height, and a fine eastern window;  Carlisle. It is a pleasant summer retreat, with good accomits nave, greatly injured during the civil wars, now serves  modations for visitors.
for the parish church of St. Mary. There are besides, St.   CARLISLE STATION, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.
Cuthbert's  and 4 other churches. The Castle, built by    CARLO, an island in the Gulf of Bothnia. See KAnRtLO.
William Rufus, on an eminence beside the Eden, is now    CARILOCKYILLE, a post-office, Rutherford co., Tennessee.
used for a barrack and armoury. The other chief struc-    CARLOFORTE, kaR-lo-for/tA, a town of the Sardinian
tures are four bridges —one across the Eden, a handsome  States, on the island of San Pietro, near the S.W. coast of
bridge of 10 arches; the Town-hall, Guild-hall, Council- the island of Sardinia. Pop. 3235. It has extensive fisheries,
chamber, Jail, News-rooms, and East Cumberland Infir- and important salt-works.
mary. Carlisle has a grammar-school, founded by hIenry    CARLOPAGO, kas-lo-p/go, or CARLOBAGO, kaRn-lo-bAgo,
VIII., with a revenue of 1900. a-year, an academy for the  a fortified seaport-town of Austrian Croatia, on the Adriatic,
encouragement of arts, literary and philosophical, and me- opposite the Dalmatian island of Pago. Pop. 960. Active
chanics' institutions, a theatre, assembly-rooms, several trade in wine, timber, and fish.
public libraries, banks, and extensive manufactories of    CARLOPOLI, kaR-lop/o-le, a town of Naples, province of
cotton goods, chiefly destined for the West Indies; print  Calabria Ultra, 12A miles N.N.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2200.
and dye works, iron foundries, breweries, and tanneries.    CARLOTA, LA, lA ka —loltt, a town of Spain, 17 miles
Railways connect it with Lake Windermere, Kendal, &c. S.S.W. of Cordova. Pop. 3252. It is one of the principal
on the S., with Edinburgh on the N., and Newcastle on  German colonies, founded in 1767, in the Sierra Morena, and
the E.; a canal, 12 miles in length, for vessels of 100 tons, is neat and thriving.
proceeds to it from  Solway Prith, and Carlisle commu-   CAR/LOW, an inland county of Ireland, Leinster, encirnicates by steamers with Liverpool, Belfast, and Annan. cled by the counties of Kildare, Wicklow, Wexford, and KilThe gross amount of customs duty collected at the port. kenny. Area, 346 square miles, of which about 295 square
in 1844, was 30,0001.; and, in 1848, it had increased to  miles are arable, and 51 bog, mountain, and waste land.
48,962Z. Registered shipping, 2942 tons. The city corpo- Pop. 68,075. Surface, except in the S., flat or gently undiiration consists of a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 council- lating. Principal rivers, the Barrow and Slaney. Agricullors. Carlisle sends 2 members to the Ilouse of Commons. ture more advanced than in most Irish counties. Dairy
Its see, founded by Henry I., comprises 93 parishes in  farms are numerous, and the breed of cows has been much
Cumnberland and Westmoreland. Carlisle was originally a  improved. Excellent granite is found throughout the counRoman station, and then called Legucvallum, abbreviated  ty. Chief towns, Carlow and Old Leighlin. Exclusive of
by the Saxons to Luel, to which was put the prefix Caer, or  its capital, it sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
"city," thus making Caerluel, whence Carlisle. It was de    CARLOW, (originally Catherlogh, kathler-16Hn,)   a parliastroyed by the Danes in the 9th century, and subsequently  mentaryandmunicipal borough, town, and parish ofIreland,
restored by William Rufus, who built its castle. From this  capital of the above county, at the confluence of the Burren
period it was a frequent object of attack in the long pro- with the navigable river Barrow, 44 miles S.S.W. of DubIin,
tracted wars between England and Scotland, and suffered  with which city it communicates by railway. Pop. of parliaseverely on many of these occasions. Having declared for mentary borough,10,292; of town, 8734. It is clean and well
Charles I., it was subjected to severe privations during the  built; it has 2 handsome bridges, the ruins ofa strong Anglocivil wars of that period also. In 1745, it surrendered to  Norman castle, a Protestantparish church, a Roman Catholic
Prince Charles, but was retaken by the Duke of Cumber- cathedral, and a college for divinity students, 2 nunneries,
land, when a number of the officers who formed the garri- a handsome court-house, county jail, lunatic asylum and
son were executed as traitors, and their heads exposed on  infirmary, a fever hospital, union work-house, barracks, &c.
375




CAR                                                       CARIt exports corn, bacon, and excellent butter to Waterford  grand-ducai palace has a tower commanding a fine view,  ~
by the river, and to Dublin by the Grand Canal. It sends  museum, and a library of 80,000 volumes.  Cther principal
1 member to the House of Commons.                          edifices are the grand-ducal stables, the theatre, the palace of
CARLOW, a post-office of Hopkins co., Kentucky.          the Margraves of Baden, polytechnic school, chief Protestant
CARLOWITZ or KARLOWITZ, kaR/lo-vits, (Hun. Karlo- and Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, council-house,
vdcz, ka\lo~v~ts1,) a town of Austsia, Slavonin, 7 miles  theball of representatives, mint, post-office, barracks, arsenal,
S.E. of PeterWardein, on the right bank of the Danube. It  cannon foundry, museum, club-house, and several hospitals,
is well built, but much scattered, stretching along the  including one richly endowed by the fashionable London
banks of the river like a large village rather than a town. tailor, Stultz, (in return for which he was created a baron.)
It contains 1 Greek cathedral, 2 other Greek churches, a  Carlsruhe is supplied with water by an aqueduct from DurRoman Catholic church, a gynasium, a Greek theological lach, and ornamented with several public fountains, and a
seminary and lyceum, a German upper school, a national stone pyramid in the market-place, under which the founder
school, and an hospital. It is the seat of the Greek Metro- of the city was buried. The gardens of the palace form the
politan Archbishop, the head of the church of the dissent- chief public promenade. Public institutions comprise a lying Greeks in the Austrian dominions. The palace of the  ceum, a library of 90,000' volumes, military, medical, and
archbishop contains a valuable library.  Peace was con- veterinary schools, academies of architecture, painting, and
eluded here between Austria and the Turks in 1699; and  music, an excellent botanic garden, a society of arts, and
here, too, Prince Eugene defeated the latter in 1716. Car- numerous literary associations. Manufactures of jewelry,
lowitz is a station for the steamboats navigating the Da- carpets, snuffs, chemical products, furniture, and carriages
nube. Pop. 5600.                                            are carried on, but for little more than local supply-the
CARLSIBAD, (Ger. Karlsbad,kaals1bd t, " Charles's bath,")  chief resources of the inhabitants arising out of the prea town of Bohemia, circle of Elbogern, on the Tbpel, near its  sence of the court and aristocracy.  Considerable transit
junction with the Eger, 70 miles N.N.W. of Prague, famous trade is carried on by means of the Rhine, and of the railfor its hot springs. Stationary inhabitants about 3000; but, ways which connect the city with Frankfort-on-the-Main,
during the season, the population often amounts to 8000. with France, Switzerland, &c. Carlsruhe is a modern city,
Mean temperature of the year 460; winter 36003; summer  its foundation having been laid in 1715, by Charles Wil630'7, Fahrenheit. It is the most aristocratic watering-place  liam, Margrave of Baden, in a locality that served as a huntin Europe. The town, which belongs to the Emperor of  ing rendezvous. Pop. 25,700.
Austria, occupies the bottom  of a narrow valley, between    CARLSRUHE, a market-town of Prussian Silesia, 18
steep granite mountains, and consists mainly of lodging  miles N.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 2080.
houses and hotels for visitors. It has one handsome street,   CARLSTAD,  kaallstatt, a len or province of Sweden,
the Kunststrasse, in connection with an elegant granite bridge  mostly between lat. 590 and 610 N., and ion. 120 and 140 30'
across the Eger; a theatre, hospital, and several reading- E., having S. Lake Wener and Wenersborg, W. Norway, E.
rooms. The springs contain a great amount of carbonate and  (Erebrb, and N.E. Fahlun. Area, 6945 square miles. Pop.
sulphate of soda; and the Sprudel, temperatu' e 1650 Fahren- 220,885. The province comprises some rich iron-mines.
heir, deposits so much incrustation, and is forced upwards    CARLSTAD, an inland town of Sweden, capital of the
with such violence, that fresh orifices have to be continually  above l n: on the island of Tingvalla, near the N. shore of
bored to ps-event explosions and damages to the town. The  Lake Wener, 160 miles W. of Stockholm.  Pop. 3108. It.Miihlbrunsnen, temperature 1380 Fahrenheit. furnishes most has a handsonme cathedral, a college with library and obof the water used for drinking.  Vapor baths have been  serratory, a town-house, governor's residence, freemasons'
constructed over the lygienquelle. The public walks around  hall, theatre, club, cabinet of natural history, and agriculCarlsbad are much admired.  The baths are mostly fire-. tural society. It exports copper, iron, corn, salt, and timquented from June to September.  Carlsbad was the favor- her, and its trade has been considerably augmented by the
its residence of Goethe, HIoffman, and Werner. It is cele- opening of the Gotha Canal.
brated for the congress held there 1819.                      CARLSTADT, Germany.  See KARosTAs T.
CARLSIBURG, Transylvania.  See KAuLsBUnR.                   CARLITON,a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
CARLSIBURG, a village of Cumberland co., New Jersey,   CARLTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
4 miles S.E. of Bridgeton.                                    CARLTON, a parish of England, co. 6f Norfolk.
CARLSCRONA, kaalslkroo'nI, CARLSCROONI, or BLEK-    CARLTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the
ING, bl/king, a maritime leon or province in the S. of  Yare.
Sweden, between lat. 560 and 560 30' N., and lon. 140 30'   CARLTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
and 160 E., having S. and E., the Baltic, W., Christian-    CARLTON, a township of England, co. of Notts.
stadt, N., WexiS, and N.E., Kalmar. Area, 1135 square miles.   CARLITON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Pop. 107,827. Principal towns, Carlscrona and Carlshamn.      CARLTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
CARLSCRONA or KARLSKRONA, karls-kroolnf, a forti-    CARLTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
fled seaport-town of Sweden, and the principal station of the  Riding.
Swedish navy, capital of the above Icon, near the S. extremity    CARLTON, a township of England, co. of York, West
of the kingdom, on 5 small islands in the Baltic, connected  Riding.
by bridges with each other and the mainland, 55 miles E. of    CARLTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West riding,
Christianstadt.  Lat. of S. point 560 9' 5"/ N., ion. 150 35' 2"  2 miles S.W. of Skipton. A hospital for poor widows was
E. Pop. 12,456. It has an extensive and safe harbor, with  founded here in 1700, and a school endowed in 1709.
depth of water sufficient for the largest ships, and 3 en-    CARLTON. a post-township of Orleans co., New York, on
trances, the principal defended by 2 strong forts. Town  Lakle Ontario, about 35 miles W.N.W. of Rochester.  Pop.
well built, partly of brick, but principally of wood; it is sepa- 2809.
rated by a wall from an extensive naval arsenal and dock-   CARLTON, a post-township in the S.W. centsal part of
yard. Chief edifices, the churches, council-house, prefect's  Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 272.
residence, and public schools. It has manufactures of na-    CARLTON, CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
val equipments, linen cloths, tobacco, and refined sugar,   CARVTON COLIVILLE, a parish ofEngland, co. of Suffolk.
and an export trade in metals, potash, and other Baltic pro-   CARLItTON CUR/LIEU, a parish of England, co. of Leiduce, as an outport of Gottenburg.  In 1842, 65 commercial cester.
vessels, aggregate burden 2539 tons, entered, and 69, bur-   CARLTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
den 1733 tons, cleared from its harbor.                       CARLTON FORT, in British North America, on the SasCARLSDAL, kaalsddli, the name of some extensive iron- katchewan River, North Branch; lat. 530 N., Ion. 610 12'
works, with a cannon foundry, and manufactures of arms, W'.; is enclosed by lofty stockades, outside of which are
in Sweden, len, and 22 miles N.W. of (ErebrSU.               many gardens and fields.
CARLSIHAMN, kaalsfh~m, (i.e. "Cmnharles's harb-r,") a forti-   CARLTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
fled seaport-town of Sweden, 26 miles W. of Carlscrona, on the    CARLTON IN LINIDRICK, a parish of England, co. of
Baltic. Pop. 5000. It is regularly built, and has a good mar- Notts.
ket-place, 2 churches, a town-house, manufactures of sail-    CARLTON  LE MOOR/LANDS, a parish of England, co.
cloth, tobacco, and hats, dye-houses, building-docks, a small of Lincoln.
but secure port, and an active trade in iron, timber, potash,   CARLTON, LITTLE, a par'ish of England, co. of Lincoln.
pitch, and tar.                                               CARLTON, NORTH, a parish of Engi nd, co. of Lincoln.
CARLSHOFF, karlsthoff, an island in the North Pacific;    CARLTON RODE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
lat. 150 40' N., lon. 1450 38' W. It is about 18 miles in cir-    CARLTON  SCROOP,' a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
cumference, has a lake in the centre, and was discovered by    CARLTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Roggewein, the Dutch navigator, in 1728.                      CARLTON'S STORE, a post-office of King and Queen co,
CARLSO, (Carls,) kaa lsi, a small island in the Baltic, Virginia.
W. of Gothland. Lat. of N.E. point, 570 19' 39" N., ion. 180 E.   CARLtTONVYLLE, a village of Meigs co., Ohio, on the
CARLSRUHE  or KARLSRUHE, kalsfroo', (" Charles's  Ohio River, 100 miles S.E. of Columbus. It may be reRest,") a city of Western Germany, capital of the grand  gainded as a suburb of Pomeroy.  See POMEROY.
duchy of Baden, and of the circle, of Middle Rhine, on the    CARILUKE, a municipal borough and parish of Scotland,
railway from Mannheim to Basel, 4 miles E. of the Rhine,  co. and 5 miles N.W. of Lanark.  Pop. of parish in 1841,
and 39 miles W.N.W. of Stiittgart. Its principal streets  4802; in 1851, 6283, (an increase partially attributable tc
converge "like rays" towards the palace as a centre, facing  the extension of coal, iron, and lime works.) Pop. of town in
which is a fine circus, with the government offices.   The  1811, 2845. The burgh, which has a handsoms  new church
376




CAR                                                        CAR
has increased rapidly since the introduction of the cotton  bited by monks, thence called Carmelites. The brook Kimanufacture. The banks of the Clyde, here low and shel- shon enters the sea near the N. base of the mountain. Tihe
tered, are famous for orchards; some of these extend 5 miles plain to the S. is very fertile. On the summit of Carmel are
in length. The antiquary, Major-general Itoy, and the sculp- pines and oaks, and farther down olives and laurels. The
tor Forrest, were natives of this parish.                  old convent, destroyed by the pasha, has been rebuilt.
CARLYLE, kar'tll, a post-office of Pickens co., nAlabama.  CARMEN, kaRt/mn, an island of Central America, YuCARLYLE, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Illinois, catah, in the Gulf of Mexico, 90 miles S.W. of Campeachy,
on the Kaskaskia River, and on the border of a prairie, 95  and bounding the Laklre Terminos on the N.
miles S. of Springfield. The river is navigable by small boats    CARtMEN, an island in the Gulf of California, immein high stages of water. It contains a court-house, a num-  diately opposite Loreto. It contains a large salt lake with,
her of stores, and several mills.                          a solid crust of salt several feet thick..
* CARMAGNOLA, kaR-mhn-yolt, a town of the Sardinian    CARWMEN, a township of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of KilStates, in Piedmont, on the Po, 16 miles S. of Turin. Pop. with  dare, 6 miles E. of Athy.  Here are druidical remains.
oommune, 12,382. It is well built; its principal squares and    CARMEN, EL, 81 Kaafmtn, or PATAGONES, p&-t-geolnts,
streets are ornamented with porticoes; and it has a fine  a town of Buenos Ayres, on the Cusu or Rio Negro, 18 miles
Gothic church, a massive tower, formerly a part of a strong  from its mouth in the Atlantic, and 500 miles S.W. of Buecastle, several suburbs, manufactures of jewelry, and an.c- nos Ayres. Let. 400 36, S.; ion. 630 18t W. Pop. 2000, of
tive trade in silk, flax, corn, cattle, &ec. The general, Fran- whom 500 are negroes. Its inhabitants export hides, oil,
cesco Bussone, surnamed Carmagnola, was born here in  skins, beef, salt, and Patagonian mantles to the Rio Plate
1390.                                                      and Brazil.
CARMANA, a Persian town. See Krea AN.                      CARMEN, EL, a town of New Granada, department of
CARMANIA, a province. See KemmaIN.                       Cauca, province of Antioquia.
CARMARTHEN, CAEtRMARTHEN, kar-markruen, or    CAR/MI, a thriving post-village, capital of White co., IliCARMARTHENSHIRE, kar-marIrHen-shir,   co. of Wales, nois, on Little Wabash River, 150 miles S.E. of Springfield.
having S. the BristolChannel. Ara, 947 square miles. Pop.   CARMICHAEL, karemi-kel, a parish of Scotland, co. of
in 1851, 110,632. Surface hilly, interspersed with produc- Lanark.
tive valleys; on the E. it is bounded by mountains, one    CABRIMICHAEL'S or CARM.ICHAELSTOWN, a post-vilof which, the Van, rises 2596 feet. Chief rivers, the Towy, lage of Greene co., Pennsylvania, on Muddy Creek, 14 miles
Cothy, and Taaf. Agriculture less backward tlhan in most E. of Waynesburg, the county seat.
Welsh  counties, and considerable barley and oats are    CARMIGNANO, kau-meen-yvno, (anc. Carmeinianum,) a'
raised. Iron, lead, coal, and lime are the chief mineral pro- market-town of Tuscany, in the Yal d'Ombrone, 13 miles
ducts. Several railways connect the mines of the interior  W.N.W. of Florence.  Pop: 1389.
with the coast. Woollen hosiery is manufactured, and in    CARMO, kar/mo, a small town of Brazil.
1847, 111 persons were engaged in woollen factories in this    CAIMO, a city of Spain. See CARnoNA.
county. Chief towns, Carmarthen, Lliandovery, Kidwelly,    CA0RMOEr or KARMOE, keaRm16'Oh. an island of Norway,
and Llanelly; exclusive of which it sends 2 members to the  stift of Christiansand, 20 miles N.W. of Stavanger, in the
iHouse of Commons.                                         North Sea, at the entrance of Bukke Fiord.  Lat. 590 20' N.;
CARMARTIIEN, kar-marfTren, (anc. Cher FPryddyn MarYi- ion. 50 15' E. Length, 21 miles; average breadth, 5 miles.
dfIsumn, k4/er frsthtinn mn-re-dee'nim,) a parliamentary and  Pop. 6390, mostly seafaring people.
municipal borough, seaport town and parish of South    CARMONA, kai-mohn&, (anc. Caoleo,) a city of Spain, 18
Wales, capital of above co., on the Towy, here crossed by a  miles N.E. of Seville.  Pop. in 1845, 13,072.  It is pictusix-arched bridge, 8 miles above its mouth in the Bristol resquely situated on an isolated hill, enclosed by old MoorChannel, 14 miles N.W. of Lianelly. Pop. of municipal be- ish walls. Amofig its edifices are a ruined fortress, a church
rough in 1851, 10,524. Streets steep and irregular; houses with a remarkable tower, the university, partly of Moorish
mostly well built. Principal edifices, a large parish church, architecture, a fine Moorish gateway, and the Cordova gate.
the guild-hall, market-house, borough and county jail, cus- It has manufactures of coarse woollen and hempen fabrics,
tom-house, and theatre.  The town has a grammar school hats, glue, soap, and leather, and a celebrated annual fair.
and Presbyterian college, a monument to the memory of  Near it are numerous oil mills.
General Picton, docks for building small vessels, and an    CARMUNINOCK  or CARMAN/NOCK, a parish of Scotactive export trade in corn, butter, timber, bark, slates, land, co. of Lanark.
and lead ore.  The Towy is navigable to the bridge for    CARMYILIE, a perish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
vessels of 200 tons bnurden. In conjunction with Llanelly,    CARN, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Doneit sends I member to the iHouse of Commons. It is reputed  gal, 16 miles N. of Londonderry.  Pop. 653.
to have been the birthplace of the renowned Merlin, tradi-   CARNABAT, kar-un-b tl, a town of European Turkey. in
tiens of whom are connected with various localities in its  Room-Elee,70 miles N.E. of Adrianople, on the road to
vicinity. It gives the title of marquis to the Duke ofLeeds. Shumla, and on the S. slope of the Balkan Mountains. It
CARMARTHEN  BAY, a large inlet of Bristol Channel, has about 200 houses, and some leather factories.
Wales, between St. Gowan's Point, co. of Pembroke, and    CAR/NABY, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
Worms Head, co. of Glamorgan, and having N. the county    CARNAC, kau'nak', a village of France, department of
of Carmarthen. It receives the Taat, Towy, and Llwchwr  Morbihan, 17 miles S.E. of Lorient. Pop. of commune, 3437.
rivers. Caldby Island, in this bay, has a light-house, 210  The druidical monuments in its vicinity consist of more
feet above the sea, in lat. 51~ 37' 56" N., lon. 40 40' 570 W.   than 5000 granite blocks in the form of obelisks, resting on
CARMEAUX, ka'm~t, a town of France, department of  their points, and disposed in eleven rows parallel with the
Tarn, 7 miles N. of Albi, on the left bank of the Ceron. Pop. coast.
of commune, 1951. Extensive coal-mines in its vicinity.      CARNACI, kartnaK, a quoad-sacra parish of Scotland, co.
CAR/MEL, a post-village and township of Penobscot co., of Ross.
Maine, on the railroad in process of construction between    CARNAPRAYAGA, k3.r-nA-prl-A/gA, a village of Northern
Waterville and Bangor, 60 miles N.E. of Augusta. The  HIindostan, district of Gurhwal, 30 miles E.N.E. of Serinstreams afford extensive water-power, which is partially im- gur, and one of the principal holy places of Ilindoo pilproved. There are here in operation a flour mill, and about grimage.
30 saws employed in cutting various kinds oflumber. The    CARNARYON, CAERNARVON, ker —narfvon, or CARvillage is situated on the railroad, and on the Sawndubs- NARYONSHIRE, ker-nar'von-shjr, a county  of North
cook River. It contains a church, 6 stores, a druggist, 2  Wales, having W. and N. Carnarvon Bay and the Menai
public-houses, and about 500 inhabitants-having doubled  Strait. Area, 579 square miles, one-half of which is unfit
in population since 1850. Pop. ofthetownship in 1850,1225. for cultivation. Pop. in 1851, 87,870. Sursfuce altogether
CARMEL, a post-village and township, capitol of Putnam   mountainous, and traversed by some of the loftiest ranges
co., New York, is pleasantly situated 100 miles S. by E. of  in Britain. (See SNowDoN and PENsAsENa-MAw4) Principal
Albany. It contains a court-house, several churches, an  river, the Conway. Oats and barley are raised in the valacademy, a printing office, and 2 banks. Pop. 2442.        leys, but the chief branch of rural industry is the rearing
CARMEL, a post-township in the S.W. central part of  of cattle for dairy produce, and a diminutive  breed of sheep.
Eaton co., Michigan. Pop. 567.                             The extension of roads has greatly increased the value of
CARMEL,    a post-office of IHamilton co., Indiana.      property in this county. Principal mineral products, copCARMEL, or SAN CARLOS, a missionary settlement of  per, lead, slate, and coal. Carnarvonshire is divided into
Monterey co., California.                                  10 hundreds, and 71 parishes in the diocese of Bangor.
CARMSEL HILL, a post-office of Chester district, South  Principal towns, Carnarvon, Bangor, (a city,) Pwllheli, and
Carolina.                                                  Conway; exclusive of which it sends one member to the
CARMEL (car/mel) MOUNT, a famous mountain of Pales- I-House of Commons.
tine, forming the extremity of a range of a hills, which ex-   CARNARYON  or CAERNARVON, (anc. Segonstium,) a
tend N.W. firom the plain of Esdraelon, rounding the Bay  parliamentary and municipal borough and seaport town of
of Acre on its S. side, and terminating in a steep promoei- North Wales, capital of the county of Carnarvon, on the E.
tory in the Mediterranean, elevation about 1500 feet, in let. side of the Monai Strait, 7 miles S.W. of the Menai bridge.
320 51' 10" N., ion. 340 571 42" E. It is mentioned in Scrip- Pop. in 1851, 8674. It consists of a walled-town, outside of
ture  as the place where Elijah destroyed the prophets of  which are suburbs of double its extent, many handsome vilBaal. The rock is limestone, containing numerous caverns,  las, a convenient bathing establishment erected by the Marand there has long stood a convent near its summit, inha-  quis of Anglesea, and a fine terra6Ce-walk along the Menal
377




OAR                                                          CAR
Strait, terminating in a pier. At the W. end of the town is    CAROLINA, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi.
the magnificent castle built by order of Edward I., and over    CAROLIINA, a village of Walker co., Texas, on Trinity
the principal gateway of which is a statue of its founder. The  River, 150 miles E.N.E. of.Austin.
castle and yard occupy an area of about 1mile in circuit,and in    CAROLINA,.a post-office of Haywood co., Tennessee.
its " eagle towelr," Edward II., the first Anglo-Norman Prince    CAROLINA FEMALE COLLEGE, a thriving post-village
of Wales, was born. The harbor admits vessels of 400 tons  of Anson co., North Carolina, 10 miles N. of Wadesborough.
burden, but the trade is chiefly carried on by small Craft, The college, which has about 100 pupils, was chartered in
and steamers proceeding to and from Liverpool.  Principal  1849, since which a handsome village has grown np here,
exports, slate and coal, the former of which is brought into  containing from 200 to 300 inhabitants.
the town by a railway from  quarries 10 miles distant. In    CAROLINA, LA, lI ki-ro-lee/nD, a town ofSpain, 36miles
connection with Bangor, Conway, Criccieth, Nevin, and  N.N.E. of Jaen.  Pop. 1739. This is one of the principal
Pwllheli, Carnarvon sends one member to the House of  towns established in the Sierra Morena for German colCommons. In the vicinity are the seats of the Marquis of  nists. in 1776.
Anglesea, Lord Newborough, Lord Boston, &c., and the site    CAROLINA, LA, 1t k-ro-lee'nD, a town of South America,
of the Roman station Segontiums.                               in Venezuela, department of Orinoco, on the Arui, 50 miles
CARNARVON BAY, is that portion of St. George's Chan- S.W. of Angostura.
nel which washes the W. coasts of the Welsh counties of    CAROLINA, LA, a town of South America, in Venezuela,
Carnarvon and Anglesea.  Breadth of entrance, between  department of Cundinamarca, province of Antioquia
Holyhead and Brach-y-Pwll, 35 miles. It receives the river    CAROLINA, NORTH.  See NorTH CAnoLINA.
Cefui, and communicates with the Irish Sea by Menal Strait.    CAROLINA, SOUTIh.  See SouTH CAsoLINA.
CARNATIIC, (TorE) one of the old subdivisions of India,    CARIOLINE, a county in the E. part of Maryland, herextending along its E. coast, between lat. 80 and 160 N., dering on Delaware, contains about 300 square miles. It is
and lon. 770 and 810 E., constituting formerly the domi-  intersected by the Choptank and Marshy I-lope Rivers, and
nions of the nabobs of Arcot, and now forming eight of the  partly bounded on the W. by Tuckahoe  River. The surdistricts under the British presidency ofMadras. Bounded  face is level; the soil mostly sandy.  Capital, Denton.
on the E. by the Bay of Bengal, having a coast line of 560  Pop. 9692, of whom 8854 were free, and 808 slaves.
miles; greatest breadth, 110 miles.  Separated  by the    CAROLINE, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an
Ghauts Mountains into two divisions-Balaghaut, above or  area of about 480 square miles. The  lappahaunock forms
N. of the mountains, and Paycenghaut, below  or S. The  its boundary on the N., and the Mattrapony flows through
climate of this district is the  hottest in India.  Few  it. The surface is uneven; the soil near the rivers is
provinces of India can exhibit so many large temples, and  fertile.  The  Fredericksburg  and  Richmond  Railroad
other evidences of former wealth and civilization, as the  passes through the counity. Organized in 1727. Capital,
Carnatic.  Its fortresses were also exceedingly numerous,  Bowling Green. Pop. 18,456, of whom  7795 were free, and
but these are now falling rapidly into decay. The Carnatic  10,661 slaves.
was conquered by the British in 1783, but was not finally       CAROLINE, a post-village and township of Tompkins so.,
ceded to them till 1801. Pop. about 7,000,000.                New York, on the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad,
CARN/BEE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.                about 12 miles S.E. of Ithaca. Pop. 2537.
CAR'NE or CAR/NA, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.        CAROLINE, a village in Venice township, Seneca co.,
CARNE or CARNA, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. Ohio, 30 miles S.S.W. of Sandusky City.
of Kildare.                                                      CAROLINE CENTRE, a post-office of Tompkins co., New
CARNEILLE, LA, 1t kaainAiS,  a village of France, in  York.
Normandy, department of Orne, 34 miles N.W. of Alenion.    CAPJOLINE ISLAND, one of the Marquesas group, in the
Pop. of commune, 1546.                                         South Pacific, lying N. of Eimeo.  Let. 90 571 S.; ion. 1500
CAR/NENT PRAIRIE, a post-office of Perry co., Illinois.   25' W. It is a low strip of land, covered with verdure,
CARNESIVILLE, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., about 5 miles in circumference.
Georgia, 110 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville, and 15 miles    CARIOLINE ISLANDS, or NEW  PHILIPPINES, (Sp.
from  the Savannah River, contains a brick court-house,  Carolinas, ki-ro-leelnbs, orNwuevas F'ilopisas, noo- /vis tb-lejail, and 2 hotels.                                            pee'nds,) one of the great archipelagos of Oceania, between
CARNET, ka'nAfl, a village of France, in Normandy, de- the Philippines, the Ladrones, the Marshall Islands, and
partment of Manche, 12 miles S. of Avranches.  Pop. of  Papua, extending from.lat. 30 5' to 120 N., and, including
commune, 1200.                                                the Pelew Islands, (which, from the character of their inhaCAR/NEW, a town and parish of Ireland, in Leinster,  bitants, and the history of their discovery, form part of the
co. of Wicklow, 7 miles WV. of CGorey.  Pop. of town, 979. archipelago,) extend from  W. to E. over a space of 2000
The town is well built, and has remains of a castle. In the  miles. They are divided into numerous groups, the westvicinity is Coolatlin, the mansion of Earl Fitzwilliam, chief  ernmost of which, the Paloas or Pelew, consists of seven
proprietor of this parish.                                    large and many small islands, all of coralline formation,
CARNGIWCH, karn/gheook, a parish of North Wales, co. flat, and affording. no secure anchorage.  North-east of
of Carnarvon.                                                 these is the group of Yap, the chief island of which is eleCAR'NIC ALPS, (anc. All pes Cbarlnicce,) one of the smaller  vated, and its mountains contain the precious metals.
divisions of the Alps, extending along the N.E. border of  East of Yap is the group of Egoi, nearly all of which are low
Italy into Carniola.                                           coralline islands, fertile, and partly inhabited. The other
CARNICOBAR/, the northernmost of the Nicobar Islands,  principal groups are called Siniavine, Lutke, Mortlock, Enin the Bay of Bengal. Lat. 90 10' N.; ion. 920 48' E. It is  derby, IIogolen. Ulalan, the easternmost of the group, in
about 40 miles in circumference, low, densely wooded, and  lat. 5019t N., ion. 1630 6, E., is 24 miles in circumference, and
very productive, but unhealthy; owing to which a station  has abundant supplies of water, fruit, and fish. The climate
formed here by the Danes in 1760 was soon afterwards  of the Carolines is mild and agreeable. The inhabitants
abandoned.                                                    live almost exclusively on the produce of their fishing; the
CARNIERES, kan'ne-ainl, a village of Belgium, province  greater portion are of the Mtalay race, and are excellent seaof -hainaut, 10 miles W. of Charleroi. Pop. 1975. It has ex- men. The Carolines were discovered by the Spaniard Lopez
tensive coal-mines, iron foundries, and manufactures of  de Villalobos, in 1543, and they were so named in honor of
nails, employing 300 workmen.                                 Charles V.  These islands nominally belong to Spain, and
CARNIOLA, kar-ne-ollA, (the country of the ancient Carl-  form  part of the government of the Philippines, but the
hi; Ger. Krain, krine,) formerly a duchy in the S. part of  Spaniards have no settlement on any of them.
the Austrian Empire, N.E. of and bordering on the Gulf of    CAROLINE MILLS, a post-office of Washingtonco., Rhode
Venice.-Adj. CARNIOLAN, kar-ne-ollfn, and CaRNIc; in-  Island.
hab. CARNIOLAN.                                                  CAROLINENSYHL, kil-ro-leenenn-zeel, a maritime village
CARN/MONEY, a parish ofIreland, in Ulster, co. ofAntrim.  of Hanover, on the North Sea, 34 miles N.E. of Emden.
CAR/NO, a parish -of North Wales, co. of Montgomery.        Pop. 1500. 
CAI/NOCH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.                   CAROMB, k'rH aI, a town of France, department of VauCARNOUL or CURNOUL.  See KURNOOL.                           cluse, with an old fortress, 4 miles N.E. of Carpentras. Pop.
CARNOUSTIE, kar-noolstee, a maritime village of Scot-  of commune, in 1852, 2506.
land, co. of Forfar, 60 miles S.W. of Arbroath. P. in 1851,1293.   CART'ON, a market-town and parish of South Wales. co. of
CARN!SORE POINT, a headland forming the S.E. extre- Cardigan, on the Berwyn, near its confluence with the Teifi.
mity of the Irish mainland, in Leinster, 12 miles S.S.E. of  Pop. in 1851, 2563.
Wexford.  It was the Hieron of Ptolemy.                          CARON/DELET, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri,
CARNIWATHI, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.            on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, about 6 miles S. of
CARPLOCHE, kA-rolchi, a town of South America, in Vene-  St. Louis.
zuela, department of Zulia, 20 miles N.N.E. of Trujillo.        CAROINIA, (anc. Calac/te or Ccaacta,) a maritime town
CAROLINA, kdr-o-lns. the name of a colonial settlement  of Sicily, on the N. coast of the island, 22 miles E. of Cefalu.
in North America, made by the English about the middle  Pop. 2200, mostly employed in the adjacent forest, the largof the seventeenth century.  North and South Carolina  est in Sicily, being nearly 50 miles in circuit.
originally constituted but one colony; they were, however,    CARONY or CARONI,ka-ro-nee!, a river of Venezuela, dedivided in 1729, aend since the R evolution have formed twvo  partmerut of Orinoco, rises in the Sierra Pacaraima, and
separate sthtes. (See NORTr and SeouH CAROLINA.)- In- after a generally northward course of perhaps 400 miles,
hab. CAaociAN-, k~r'o-linlean.                               joins the Orinoco 85 miles E. of Angostura.  Affiuents, the
378




CAR                                                        CAR
Paragua and Acaman. Its' rapidity and numerous cataracts  tiary formations surround the vast plains of HIungary, which
rendelr it innavigable.                                     consist of a rich alluvium, and must once have been the bed.
CARO00R, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, of a lake. Basalt frequently occurs, but no distinct traces
66 miles E. of Coimbatoor, on the Cavery River. Near itare  of extinct volcanoes have been found. The Carpathian
a fort and a large temple.                                  Range is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, quicksilver,
cARORA, k&-rotrd, or CARORO, kg-rofro, a town of Vene-  copper, and iron. Salt occurs in beds, which have somezuela, 100 miles S.W. of Core, and about 50 miles E. of Lake  times a thickness of 600 or 700 feet, and are apparently inMaracaybo., on the Tocuyo. Lat. 10~ 13' N.; ion. 700 26' W. exhaustible.  Vegetation also is vigorous. On the plateaux
it is tolerably well built, and contains a handsome parish  fruit is grown, at the height of 1500 feet. IHIigher up,
church, a Franciscan convent, and a hermitage. The dis- the mountain steeps are covered with forests of pine, some
trict is famous for its aromatic balsams, resins, and gums, of them as high as 5500 feet. The limit of vegetation seems
and a kind of wild cochineal, the gathering of which once  to be about 6000 feet. Above this, a few lichens may be
formed the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Before the  found, but, in general, nothing is seen but bare steep rocks,
wars of independence, the population was 9000.              many of them in the form of conical peaks.
CAROTHtERS. a township in Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 296.   CARPATHUS or CARPATHOS. See SCAnrANTeo.
CAROTTO, kA-rot/to, a village of Naples, 5. miles S.W. of    CARPENEDOLO, kaR-pa-nA-do/lo, a town of Austrian Italy,
Castellamare, on the S.E. side of the Bay of Naples, with a  government of Milan, 21 miles S.E. of Brescia, near the
school of navigation for the merchant marine.               Chiese. It contains 4 churches, and 2 hospitals, and has
CAROUGE, klroozhf, a town of Switzerland, canton, and  manufactures of silk. Pop. 4977.
1 miles S. of Geneva. on the Arve. Pop. 5000. It is regu-    CARPENETTO, kaa-pA-nlt'to, a village of the Sardinian
larly built, finely situated, and surrounded by elegant villas. States, Piedmont, 6 miles E. of Acqui. Pop. 1500.
It has manufactures of thread, watches, clay pipes, and    CARPENTARIA, (kar-pen-t re-a,) GULF OF, a large gulf
leather. The province of Carouge in Sardinia, of which  of the South Pacific Ocean, indenting deeply the N. coast
Carouge was the capital till ceded to Switzerland in 1816, of Australia, between Capes Arnhem and York, and mostly
was suppressed in 1837, and divided among the surround-  comprised between lat. 110 and 170 300 S., and ion. 1360 and
ing provinces.                                              1420 E. The average length and breadth are about 350 miles
CAROVIGNO, kH-ro-veen'yo, a town of Naples, province of each. The Coasts are generally low, but on the W. greatly inOtranto, 19 miles W.N.W. of Brindisi. Pop. 3000.            dented; it contains Groote,Wellesley, and many other islands.
CAROVILLI, kA-ro-villee, a town of Naples, province of  Its E. coast was discovered by a Dutch commander in 1606,
Molise, 10 miles N.N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 1900.             this being the first authenticated discovery of any part of the
CARPANE, kaa-p nA, or CARPANEDO, kar-pg-nAdo, a  Australian Continent.
village of Northern Italy, government of Venice, 23 miles    CARIPENTER'S CREEK, a post-office of Jaspar co., InN.N.E. of Vicenza, on the Brenta. Pop. 1750. The French  diana.
defeated the Austrians here in 1796.                          CARPENTER'S LANDING, a post-village of Gloucester
CARPANETO, kaa-pA-nA/to, a town of Italy, duchy of  co., New Jersey, on Mantua Creek, 3 miles S. from WoodParma, 13 miles S.E. of Piacenza, between the Vezzino and  bury. It contains 1 or 2 churches, and about 50 dwellings.
Chero. It contains a medical and two elementary schools. Lumber and firewood are shipped from this place.
Good grain and wine of a very fine quality are produced    CARPENTER'S MILL, a village of Ray co., Missouri, 120
here. Pop. 5134.                                            miles W. N. W. of Jefferson City.
CARPATHIAN or KARPATHIAN (kaR-pAthe-an) MOUN-    CARIPENTERSVILLE, a post-village of Putnam  co., InTAINS, (Ger.  rpatn, ka-pten; ac. Cp es,) a range  diana, about 35 miles W. of Indianapolis.
of mountains of Europe, chiefly in Austria, which, com-    CARPENTERSVILLE or CARPENTERVILLE, a flourishmencing at New Orsova, on the Turkish frontier of the  ing post-village' of Greenwich township, in the S. part of
Banat of Austria, where the bed of the Danube is all that  Wa'ren co., New Jersey, nearly 40 miles N.N.W. of Trenton.
separates it from Mount ltomus, proceeds first N.E., and    CARPENTRAS, ka'pNacrss'trAs, (anc. Carpentoracfte,) a city
then E. to the frontiers of Moldavia, where it turns, first to the  of France, department of Vaucluse, 14 miles N.E. of AvigN.W., then W., and finally S.W., as far Presburg, enclosing  non, on the Auzon, in a rich and fertile district at the foot
the plains of Hungary, and forming a semicircular belt, of Mont Ventoux. It is surrounded by walls in good repair,
nearly 800 miles long by 250 broad. The Carpathian chain  flanked with towers, and has four gates. Most of the houses
may be divided into two great sections, the East and the  are well built, and almost all are supplied with water from
West Carpathians; the former curving from the mouth of  the fountains in the public squares. Outside of the walls
the Nera, which falls into the Danube 41 miles E. of Bel- is a broad esplanade, planted with trees. The principal
grade, to the source of the Theiss, and forming the bound- public buildings are-the Cathedral, a Gothic edifice, with a
ary between Austria and the principalities Of Wallachia  spire, of the age of Charlemagne; the Porte d'Oravge; the
and Moldavia; the latter, proceeding fi-om  the sources  Palace of Justice; a Roman triumphal arch; the Hospital,
of the Theiss and the Pruth, and terminating on the  erected in 1751; theatre; new prisons, and a-public library,
banks of the Danube W. of Presburg, and forming the  containing 22,000 volumes, 2000 MSS., 6000 medals, and vanriboundary between Hungary and Galicia.  The greatest ous antiquities. The Aqueduct, a massive structure, which
heights oftheEastCarpathiansare —Ruska-Poyana, 9909 feet;  crosses the valley of the Auzon by 48 arches, and supplies
Garluvipi, 9587 feet; Buthest, in Transylvania, near Kron-  the fountains of the town, was finished in 1734. Carpenstadt, 8695 feet; Buthest, in Wallachia, 6812 feet; Retirzath,  tras is the seat of the assize court for the department, of a
8502 feet; and Lentschitz, 8456 feet. The greatest heights of  court of first resort, communal college, and society of rural
the West Carpathians are in the Tatra Range, namely, the SKri- economy.  There are here, brandy, spirits of wine, and eswan, 8029 feet; the Viszoka, 8312 feet; the Csabi, same  sence distilleries,manufactories ofnitsic acid, glue, verdigris,
height; and in the mountains of Lomnitz, the Eisthaler-  cotton, and silk yarn. There are also madder mills, tanne-, spitze, 8521 feet; the Griineseespitze, 8203 feet; the IHunds- ries, and dye-works. A considerable trade is carried on
dorferspitze, 8318 feet; and the peaks of Lomnitz, 8462 feet. in olive oil, fruit, almonds, madder, lucerne seed, wax,
The principal intersections of these mountains, forming the  honey, &c.
most remarkable and most frequented passes, are those of    The Romans embellished Carpentras with many edifices,
Teregova, leading from  Orsova to Temesvar; of Vulkar, of which the successive ravages of the Goths, Vandals,
forming the valley in which the Schyl flows; and of the  Lombar-ds, and Saracens have left few traces.  In 1313,
Rothenthurm, in a gorge formed by the Aloota, (Aluta,) at Pope Clement V. fixed his residence here, and made it the
the foot of Mount Szurul. The outer bend of the Carpathians  seat of the Pontifical See. The present walls were built by
is much steeper than that which descends towards the val-  Pope Innocent VI., fifty years after that event. The bishopleys of Transylvania and Hungary. The mountain branch, ric, founded in the third century, was suppressed by the Conwhich, stretching N.W. towards Lutowisko and Ustrzyki,  cordat of 1801. Pop. in 1852, 10,711.
separates the basin of the Dniester from that of the Saan,   CARPI, kaiJpee, a fortified town of Northern Italy, duchy,
also forms the line of separation between the basin of the  and 9 miles W.N.W. of Modena, on the Canal of Carpi.
Baltic and that of the Black Sea. From this line, as far as  Pop. 5000. It has a citadel, a majestic cathechdral, and manuJublunkau in Moravia, all the streams from  the N. slope  factures of silk.
fall into the Vistula; thereafter all the streams, from both    CARPI, a fortified town of Northern Italy, government
sides of the Carpathians, belong to the Danube. The only  of Venice, 28 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige, with a citaimportant rivers which actually rise in the chain are the  del, and 1200 inhabitants.  Here, in 1701, the French were
Vistula, the Dniester, and the Theiss.                     defeated by the troops under Prince Eugene.
The E. part of the Carpathian chain, from Orsova to the    CARPIGNANO, kaa-peen-y/no, a village of Piedmont, in
source of the Burcza, near Kronstadt, is entirely composed  the Sardinian States, 12 miles N.W. of Novaran, on the Sesia.
of pi-imitive rocks. These are succeeded by Greywacke, Pop. 2171.
which extends to the sources of the Theis, and is only in-   CARPIGNANO, ka-peen-yvno,  a village of Naples, proterrupted by a primitive group between the pass of Borgo  vince and 8 miles N.E. of Otranto.  Pop. 1000.
and the source of the Vise. A great chain of trachyte ap-   CARPINETI, k5a-pe-nAltee, a town of Northern Italy,
pears on the frontiers of the Bukowina, and stretches to  duchy, and 23 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop. 1400.
the point where the Aloota begins to flow S.W. To the W.   CARPINETO, ka,-pe-nato, the name of several villages
of this chain, on approaching the plains, an extensive tract in the Pontifical States.
of sandstone, belonging to the coal, formation, begins to    CARPINO, kar-peesno, a town of Naples, province of Capi-:appear, and covers the greater part of Transylvania. Ter- tanaea, on Mount Gargano, 22 miles N.E. of San Severe
379




CAR                                                          CAR
Pop. 5300. It is also the name of a mountain in Calabria, the lough.  Other principal edifices are a Roman Catholii
W. of Cosenza,, and of an afdiuent of the Tiher, Pontifical and various dissenting chapels, branch bank, and several
States, Perugia                                               schools and charitable establisments.  Vessels of 100 tons
CARPIO, ka/pe-o, a town of Spain, 15 miles E. N.E. of  can now unload at the pier, but the trade is not flourishing.
Cordova, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 2696.                      The borough sends one member to the I-House of Commons.
CARPIO, EL, -l-kaR/pe-o, a town of Spain, 22 miles W.N.W. William III. landed here in 1690. In 1760, the town and
of Toledo, near the Tagus. Pop. 2488.                         castle were taken by the French, who were soon forced to reCARPIO, EL, a town of Spain, 35 miles S.W. of Vallado-  embark.
lid. Pop. 941.                                                  CAR'RICKMACROSS,! or MAGH\EROSS, amarket-town
CARP RIVER, a post-office of Marquette co., Michigan.   and parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Monahan, on the road
CARQUEFOU, kank'foof,  a village ofFrance, department of  from  Dublin to Londonderry, 12 miles S.W. of Dunkalk.
Loire Inf6rieure, 6 miles N.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 2899. Pop. 1997. IHIere are the ruins of a castle, built by the Earl
CARQUINEZ.  See KARQoeNAS.                                  of Essex, to whom the town was granted by Queen Elizabeth,
CARR, a township in Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 1001.        and in the possession of whose family the estate remains.
CARIA, kAtrlra, a barony of Ireland, Connaught, co. of    CAR'RICK-ON-SHANtNON, a disfranchised parliamentMayo. Length, from  N.N.E. to S.S.W., 22 miles; breadth, ary borough and market-town of Ireland, Connaught, ca80 miles. On its N. boundary are Loughs Cullen and Con; pital of the county of Leitrim, on the Shannon, across which
on its S., Loughs  Carra and Mask, forming picturesque  it communicates with a suburb in the county of Roscommon,
scenery; on the S.E., the ground is low and under culture;  by a bridge of 11 arches, 19 miles N.N.W. of Longford.  Pop.
the N. is mountainous, and moorland.                           1984. It has a court-house, infantry barracks, and some
CARRACA, LA, Spain. See CADIz.                              trade in connection with Lough Allen coal-mines.  It sent
CARRE or CFIARRfE.  See H.ARAN.                             two members to the Irish Parliament, till disfranchised at
CARRA LOUGtIH,  16H kirl, a small lake of Ireland, co. the Union.
of Kerry, 3S miles S. of Castlemaine Harbor, about 3 miles    CARtRICR-ON-SUIR, a market-town and parish of Irelong and 1 mile broad.                                        land, Munster, co. of Tipperary, on the Suir, here crossed by
CARIRANCA,   kan-icnfklk, a town of Brazil, province of  a bridge, built in the fourteenth century, 13 miles S. of ClouIinas-Geraes, between Baependi and S3o JoSo-del-Rei.          mel. Pop. 8339. It was formerly enclosed by walls, and has
CARVRAN-TU!AL, the highest mountain of Ireland, Mun- a parish church of high antiquity, a fine Roman Catholic chaster, co. of Kerry, in the Mas Gillicuddy Reeks Range, 5 miles  pel, a nunnery, (with a large school,) a monastery, a castle,
S.W. of Killarney. Elevation, 3414 feet.                      (formerly belonging to the Ormonde family,) a prison,hospital,
CAR'RARI, a considerable town of India, Deccan, 30 miles  and barracks. Recent improvements in the river enable
S.E. of Sattaih. 86 miles S.S.E. of Poona, with two elegant  vessels of considerable burden to approach the town, which
pagodas, and a small fort.                                    has an export trade in corn and cotton; and monthly fairs.
CARRARA, kaR-rPr, (anc. Calrafria,)acity of Italy, iduchy  The vicinity is fertile arnd well-wooded. About 4 miles southand 59 miles S.W. of Mlodena, on the Avenza, 2 miles from   ward is Currsaghmore, the seat of the Marquis of Waterford.
its mouth in the Mediterranean.  Pop. 6115. It has a col-   CAR1RIDEN, a maritinmeparish  of Scotland, co of LinleTe, an academy of the fine arts, and an active industry in  lithgow.
the preparation of nmasrble.  Chief edifices, collegiate church,    CARTRIGAHOLTI, a maritime village of Ireland, co. of
church of Madonna delle Grazie, and the Ducal Palace. The  Clare, on a bay of the same name, estuary of the Shannon,
streets are ornamented with elegant fountains. At Monte  10 miles W. of Kilrush. It has a pier, at which agricultural
Sagrno, in its environs, are the famous marble quarries, produce is shipped, and is frequented by fishing craft. Here
which, since the time of the Romans, have furnished the  are the ruins of an ancient castle, on the verge  of a cliff
valuable statuary marble   of Caarraa.  The principal quar-  overhanging the sea.  Pop. 426.
ries, those of Torano, employ upwards of 1200 men. The    CARIRIGALINE/ or BEAIVER, a maritime parish of Ireport of embarcation is at L'Avenza.                           land, Munster, co. of and 8 miles S. E. of Cork, on Cork
CARREGA, kae-RugAt. a village of the Sardinian States, harbor. Pop. 7489, partly employed in fine marble and
division of Genoa, province of Novi. Pop. 3334.               slate quarries. The village, though now unimportant, vWas
CARREIRIA (kAa-Rise-ra) ISLANDS, a small island group  designed by an earl of Cork to be made the rival of Cork
of Spain, off the E. coast of Galicia, province of Corunna, 22  city; in it are the picturesque ruins of Carrigaline, a castle
miles N.W. of Vigo.                                           of the Desmoends; and near it are the remains of a religious
CAR'RENTEELI, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone. house, and of a Danish fort.
CARRETAO, kia-Ria-tstYG, a town of Brazil, 120 miles    CAR'IGALtLAN, a barony of Ireland, forming  the S.E.
E. AN.E. of Goyaz. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to  district of co. Leitrim, Connaught.  Length, 191 miles
mining.                                                       breadth, 7 miles.
CARRIACOU, kar're-i-kool, the largest of the Grenadine    CARBRIGALILAN, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of
Islands, (British West Indies,) 20 miles N.E. of Granada. Leitrim.
Length, 7 miles; breadth, from 2 to 4 miles. It is well cul-    CARIRIGDOWPNAM, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
tivated; chief crop, cotton. On its W. side is Hillsboro' town   ~ CAR'RIGNAVARI or DUNBULLOGE, dunbul-1lg!, a paand harbor, in lat. 120 27' N., ion. 610 30' WV.              rish of Ireland, Munster co., of Cork.
CARRICAL, or KARICAL, kar-re-k~lf, a town of tlindo-    CAR/RIG-O-GUN/NEL, or CARRICKAQUICY, a village of
stad, in the Carnatic, coast of Coromandel, 152 miles S. of  Ireland, Munster, co. and 5 miles W.S.W. of Limerick.  Its
Madras; lat. 100 55' N., lon. 790 533 E. It was formerly a  ruined castle on a lofty rock was formerly a stronghold of
place of importance, and strongly fortified; but is now  the O'Briens, Kings of Munster, but blown up at the siege
wholly dismantled.                                            of Limerick, in 1691.
CAR!RICK, a division of Ayrshire. See AyRsnrimE.              CAR'RIGROIHANE, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of
CARRICK, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Wexford.  Cork.
CARRICK, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kildare.       CARRIGTOHILL, kr'rig-torf-hil, almost kAr'rig-toilf, a
CARRICK, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of West- village and parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, 3 miles
meath.                                                        W. of Middleton.  Pop. 3976. It has an ancient church, and
CARRICK, a post-office of Allewhany co., Pennsylvania.   in various parts of the parish are curious subterraneous
CARRICK, or CAIRRICKBAG/GOT, a parish of Ireland, chambers, within circular intrenchments, called Danish
Leinster, co. of Louth.                                       camps.
CAR'RICKAIHI00rLY is an old tower, co. of Mayo, 5 miles    CARRIGUFOYLE, kai-re-ga-foilF, a small island of IreW.N.W. of Newport.                                            land, Munster, co. of Kerry, in the estuary of the Shannon,
CARRICK-A-REDE, kirrik-a-reedf, an insulated basaltic  2 miles N. of Ballylongford, with a castle, once the chief
rock of Ireland, co. of Antrim, about 41 miles N.W. of Bal- seat of the O'Connor-Kerry.
lycastle, separated from  the mainland by a chasm  60 feet    CARRIL, kaR-oeell, a town of Spain, Galicia, 10 miles
wide, and more than 80 feet deep;                             N.N.W. of Pontevedra, near the mouth of the Ulla. The
CAR'RICKBEGI, formerly CARRICKiMAC(GRIFIFIN, a  average value of exports is about 56,0001.; imports, 35,0001.
town of Ireland, Munster, co. and 14 miles W.N.W. of Water- Pop. 1100.
ford, on the Suir, here crossed by a bridge which connects    CARRILLON, (Fr. pron. k&Raseel'y6NcGl)avillage of Canada
it with Carrick-on-Suir. Pop. 2680. It has remains of a fine  East, co. of Two Mountains, on the Ottawa River, 50 miles
abbey of the fourteenth century. See also CARicsc-oN-SuoI.  from Montreal.  It contains 4 hotels and several stores.
CAR'RICKFERIGUS, a parliamentary and municipal bo-   CARtRINGTON, a parish of Scotland. co. of Edinburgh.
rough, seaport, market-town, and parish of Ireland. Ulster,   CARRINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester.
co. of Antrim, on Belfast Lough, 9 miles N.N.E. of Belfast.    CARRION, kgR-ae-ont, a river of Spain, which rises in the
Pop. of town, 3885; of parliamentary borough, 9379. It was  mountains of the Asturias, flows S. and falls into the Piformerly a place of strength, and has some remains of fortifi- suerga, 22 miles N.E. of Valladolid, after a course of 75
cations raised in 1576. The parish church, containing noble  miles, exclusive of windings.
monuments, including those of the Chichester family, com-   CARRION DE CALATRAVA, ks-Rie-on!  ds klt-l -tiAr'vA,
municated formerly by a still existing subterraneous passage  a town of Spain, 9 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2608.
with a monastery, on the site of which Sir Arthur Chichester    CARRION  DE LOS CESPEDES, ka-se-on! dA loce theserected the noble castle ofJoymoint.  Carrickfergus Castle,  pi/ss, a town of Spain, 14 miles W. of Seville.
erected about 1128, still maintained as an arsenal, and    CARRION DE LOS CONDES, kR-Re-on! db loce konfdos, a
mounting some heavy cannon, is on a rock projecting into  town of Spain, 21 miles N. of Palencia, on the Carrion.
380




CAR                                                        CAR
Pop. 2500. IT stands on a hill, enclosed by ruinous walls, Tippecanoe Rivers. The surfice is partly level and partly
and has 9 churches, with several convents and hospitals. undulating, and the soil highly productive.  About oneFormerly capital of the district of same name, and fbrtified. fifth of the county was occupied by a prairie, and the other
CARRITUNKI  a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.        portions by forests of the oak, walnut, beech, sugar-nlaple,
CARRIZO, a post-office of Webb co., Texas.               &c. The county is intersected by 1 he Wabash and Erie
CARROLL, kirlrol. a county in the E. central part of New  Canal, and is liberally supplied with water power. Capital,
Hampshire, has an area of about 560 square miles. The  Delphi. Pop. 11,015.
greater part of its S.W. boundary is formed by Lake Winni-    CARROLL, a county in the W.N.W. part of Illinois, has
piseogee, which separates it from  Belknap county. It is  an area of 416 square miles. The Mississippi forms its W.
drained by the Ossipee and Saco Rivers, and contains seve- boundary, separating it from  Iowa, and it is drained by
ral lakes and ponds, the chief of which is the Ossipee Lake.  Plum, Elk, HIorn, Otter, and Rush Creeks. The surface is
It has numerous small streams, which afford valuable  undulating, and diversified with prairies and tracts of timwater-power.  The surface is uneven and mountainous. ber, the former of which are the most extensive. The soil
Ossipee Mountain and Conway Peak are comprised within  is productive. A considerable quantity of lead is procured
the limits of this county. The soil, though hard and diffi- in this county. Organized in 1836. Capital, Mount Carcult of cultivation, is generally productive.  Named in  roll. Pop. 4586.
honor of Charles Carroll, one of the signers of the Declara-    CARROLL, a county in the N.W. central part of Mistin of Independence.  Capital, Ossipee. Pop. 20,157.       souri, has an area of 700 square miles. The Missouri River,
CARROLL, a county in the N. part of Maryland, border- navigable by steamboats, forms its boundary on the W., and
ing on Pennsylvania, contains about 500 square milos. It  Grand River on the E.; the county is also drained by Wyais drained by the sources of Patapsco and Gunpowder Rivers,  conda and Big Creeks. The surface in some parts is unduand by Pike Creek. The surface is hilly and in some parts lating, and presents extensive prairies alternating with
rocky; the soil is naturally thin, but has been improved. forests of oak, black walnut, sugar-maple, and hickory.  The
Two mines of copper and one of iron are worked in the  Soil is generally productive. Limestone and sandstone are
county. Capital, Westminster. Pop. 20,616, of whoml 19,641  abundant in the county. The streams furnish  valuable
were free, and 975 slaves.                                 water-power. Capital, Carrollton. Pop. 5141, of whom 4820
CARROLL, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, bor- were free, and 621 slaves.
dering on North Carolina, has an area of 440 square miles.   CARROLL, a new county in the W. central part of Iowa,
The New River, or Kanawha, flows along the western bor- has an area of about 600 square miles. It is drained by
der of the county, which is also drained by Reedy Island  Raccoon River, an affluent of the Des Moines. This county
River and Chestnut Creek.  The Blue Ridge forms its  is not included in the census of 1850, and has but few, if
boundary on the S.E. Much.of the land is rough and hilly: any, inhabitants. The climate is healthy and the soil ferthe greater part, however, is well adapted to grazing. Cop- tile.
per, iron ore, and lead are found in the county. The Grayson    CARROLL, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
Sulphur Springs, on the bank of New River, have some    CARROLL, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire,
reputation as a place of summer resort. It is intersected by  80 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 296.
two new turnpike-roads. Organized in 1842, having been    CARROLL, a post-township of Chautauque co., New York,
previously included in Floyd county.  Capital, -illsville.  23 miles S.E. of Maysville, is drained by Conewango Creek.
Pop. 5909, of whom 5755 were free, and 154 slaves.          Pop. 1833.
CARROLL, a county in the W. part of Georgia, bordering    CARROLL, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.
on Alabama, contains 572 square miles. It is drained by  Pop. 1129.
the Chattahoochee and Tallapoosa Rivers. The surface is    CARROLL, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
traversed by several ridges. The soil is based on granite  1169.
and other primary rocks; a large portion of it, however, is    CARROLL, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania.
fertile. This county contains gold-mines, which have been  Pop. 1469.
worked and found profitable. It is abundantly supplied    CARROLL, a village of Washington co., Pennsylvania.
with water-power. The county was formed in 1826. Capital,    CARROLL, a township of York so., Pennsylvania. Pop.
Carrollton.  Pop. 9357, of whom 8256 were free, and 1101  807.
slaves.                                                      CARROLL, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
CARROLL, a county in the N.W. central part of Missir-    CARROLL, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio' about 22
sippi, has an area of about 850 square miles. The Yazoo  miles S.E. of Columbus.
River, in connection with the Tallahatchie, forms the W.   CARROLL, a township of Ottaway co., Ohio. Pop. 403.
boundary of the county, which is also watered by the Yallo-   CARROLL, or CARROLLTON, a post-village in Carroll
busha and Big Black Rivers.  The surface is nearly level. co., Indiana, on the W. bank of Wabash River, and on the
The bottom lands of the Yazoo are of great extent; the soil Wabash and Er1ie Canal, about 75 miles N.N.W. of Indianis alluvial and extremely fertile. Steamboats navigate the  apolis.
Yazoo in this county at all seasons, and its branches are    CARROLL, a village of Warren co., Illinois, 60 miles
navigable in winter. Capital, Carrollton.  Pep. 18,492, of  W.N.W. of Peoria.
whom 8679 were free, and 9812 slaves.                         CARIROLLSVILLE, a post-village of Tishemingo co., MisCARROLL, a parish forming the N.E. extremity of Loui-  sissippi, about 210 miles N.N.E. of Jackson.
siana, bordering on Arkansas, is situated between Missis-    CARIROLLTON, a township of Cattarangus co., New
sippi River and Boeuf Bayou. Area, about 1050 square miles. York. Pop. 515.
It is drained by Tenses River and Macon Bayou. The sur-    CARROLLTON, a post-village of Cambria co., Pennsylface is nearly level.  Capital, Providence.  Pop. 8789, of  vania, a few miles N.W. of Ebensburg, has 1 Catholic chawhom 2346 were flee, and 6443 slaves.                      pel, and about 100 inhabitants.
CARROLL, a county in the N.N.W. part of Arkannsas, bor-    CARROLLTON, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.
dlering on Missouri, contains,1038 square miles. It is drained    CARROLLTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Carroll
by King's River and Long Creek, affluents of White River. co., Georgia, on Little Tallapoosa River, 140 miles- W.N.W.
The surface is diversified; the soil is mostly fertile. Very  of Milledgeville. The situation is elevated and healthy.
beautiful yellow variegated marble is found in this county. The village contains a court-house, 2 academies, several
Capital, Carrollton. Pop. 4614, of whom 4401 were free, and  churches, 2 hotels, and a masonic lodge. Several profitable
213 slaves.                                                gold-mines are worked in the county.
CARROLL, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, has an    CARROLLTON, a post-village, capital of Piekens co., Alaarea of about 625 square miles. The South Fork of Obion  bama, on the W. side of Lubbub Creek, 172 miles W.N.W.
River rises in the county, and Big Sandy River flows  of Montgomery. It is situated in a fertile and populous
through it. The surface is nearly level; the soil is highly  district. Two newspapers are published in Carrollton. Pop:
productive and extensively cultivated. Capital, Hunting- about 600.
don. Pop. 15,967, of whom 12,832 were fiee, and 3135 slaves.   CARROLLTON, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., MitCARROLL, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, border- sissippi, on the stage-road fiom  Jackson to Memphis, 96
uing on Indiana, has an area of about 200 square miles. The  miles N. of the former. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Ohio River forms its boundary on the N., and the Kentucky    CARROLLTON, a thriving post-village of Jefferson paRiver divides the-county into nearly equal parts. The sur- rish, Louisiana, on the left bank of the Mississippi, 7 miles
face is generally rolling, except the hills near the Ohio, some  above New Orleans, with which it is connected by railroad.
of which are high and rather steep. The soil is calcareous  Many persons who are employed in business in thf city
and fertile. The surface rock of the county is limestone. have their residences in Carrollton. The public gardenr of
Organized in 1838. Capital Carrollton. Pop. 5526, of whom  this place attract large numbers of visitors.
4577 were free, and 949 slaves.                              CARROLLTON, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., ArkCARROLL. a county in the E. part of Ohio, has an area  ansas, on Long Creek, 125 miles N.N.W. of Little Rock.
of 360 square miles. It is drained by Conotten, Sandy, and    CARROLLTON, (formerly PORT WILLIAM,) a post-town,
Yellow Creeks. The surface is moderately hilly; the soil capitlt of Carroll co., Kentucky, on the Ohio River, just
fertile. Stone coal and iron ore are abundant in the county. above the mouth of the Kentucky River, and about 45
The Sandy and Beaver Canal passes through it. Capital, miles N.N.W. of Frankfort. It has considerable business,
Darrollton. Pop. 17,685.                                   and contains a fine court-house, 3 or 4 churches, 1 academy,
CARROLL, a county in the N.W. central part of Indiana, 2 or 3 mills, 2 piano factories, and a ropewalk.  Two news
contains 378 square miles. It is drained by the Wabash and  papers are issued here. Pop. estimated at 1000.
381
L?1Z.                                         -




CAR                                                         CAR
CARROLLTON, a post-village of Centre township, capital fortified. The city, though dull, dilapidated and unhealthy.
of Carroll  co., Ohio, 125 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.  It has a  owing to an adjacent swamp, has some good streetsand
public square in the centre, and contains a court-house, 4  houses, numerous churches and convents, a marine school,
churches, 2printing offices. and a number of stores. This large royal hospital, foundling hospital, town-hall, and
village was formerly called CENTRETON.                     custom-house, observatory, theatre, circus, &c. In its W.
CARROLLTON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, on  division are docks for building men-of-war, an arsenal, and
the.Miami River and canal, 45 miles N. of Cincinnati, has  a bagne for galley-slaves. Its port communicates with the,bout 300 inhabitants.                                     Segura River by the Lorca Canal.  Its manufactures of
CARROLLTON, a "illage and township of Carroll co., In-  cordage and canvas, with trade in baxilla and agricultural
diana, 60 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 694.        produce, have decayed, but it still has a valuable tunny
CARROLLTON, a thriving  and pleasant post-village, fishery, and a glass factory recently established by an Engcapital of Greene co., Illinois, on the railroad leading  lish house; and, in 1843, 14 new smelting-works had been
from Alton to Springfield, 70 miles S.W. of the latter. It is  set up here. The mines of Cartagena, originally wrought
situated in a populous and fertile district. The abundance  by the Cathaginians, were rediscovered a few years ago;
of stone coal and timber in the vicinity, together with the  and, in 1839, the new mine of La Carmen was opened suefacilities of transportation, has given rise to several mann- cessfully by a joint-stock company. Since then, drainages
factories. Carrollton contains 2 academies, 1 free school, and mining have proceeded vigorously.  Cartagena was
and 4 or 5 churches. Two newspapers are published here. taken by Sciplo, B. c. 208, at which period Livy states that it
Pop. in 1850, 787; in 1853, estimated at 1500.              was one of the richest cities in the world. It was ruined
CARROLLTON, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., Mis- by the Goths; and its modern importance dates only from
souri, on Wyaconda Creek, 8 miles N. of Missouri River, and  the time of Philip II.
124 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.                             CARTAGENA  or CARTItAGENA, kar-taf-jeefna, (Sp.
CARIROLLVILLE or CARROLLSVILLE, a post-village  pron. kaua-tA-HnA,)         ) a city and seaport of New Granada, in
of Tishemingo co., Mississippi, 220 miles N.N.E. of Jackson.  South America, capital of a province of the same name, on a
CARROLLVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee, small sandy peninsula, connected with the continent by an
on Cumberland River, 110 miles S.W. of Nashville.           artificial neck of land. Lat. (dome) 100 251 361" N.; Ion. 750
CARIRON, a river and village of Scotland, co. of Stirling,  3' WV. On an island, communicating with the city by means
the river entering the Prith of Forth, 3 miles E.N.E. of  of a wooden bridge, is a large suburb called Xiximarni.
Falkirk, after an eastward course of about 15 miles. On its  Both the former and latter are surrounded by strong fortiN. bank, 2 miles N.E. of Falkirk, is the village with the  fications of fireestone; and at a short distance from the city,
"Carron Iron-works," carried on by a company who employ  on the mainland, is an eminence about 150 feet high, on
about 2500 workmen in' the manufacture of all descriptions  which is built a strong fort, commanding the fortifications.
of cast-iron goods, and from 15 to 20 vessels in the export This eminence communicates on the E. with a range of
of their produce.                                           more elevated hills, terminating in a summit 550 feet above
CARfBONSIHORE, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 2  the sea, on which stands the Augustine monastery of Nuesmiles below Carron Works. Pop. 838.                         tra Seohora de la Popa. The height of La Popa is not fortiCARROUGES, kaaOeoozhl, a town of France, department  fled; which is unaccountable, as it has several times caused
of Orne, 15 miles N.W. of Alenion. Pop. in 1852, 2062.      the fall of Cartagena without a shot being fired. The port
CAIBROWMOREI, a lake of Ireland, Connaught, co. of  is excellent, and is the only one on the coast fit for the
Mayo, 4 miles N.E. of Tulloghan Bay. It contains several repair of vessels. The bay, which is land-locked, and has
islets, and discharges itself by the river Munhin into the  smooth water, extends from  N. to S. 7 miles, and affords
Owenmore.                                                   excellent anchorage.  There were two entrances to the
CARR ROCK, a portion of a reef in the North Sea, off  port —the Boca Grande, close to the town, and the Boca
Fife-Ness (Scotland,) in lat. 560 17' N., Ion. 20 35 WV., 11 miles  Chica, (" narrow  mouth,") many miles farther S.; but the
W.S.W. of Bell-rock Light-house. A masonry beacon on this  better to defend the approach, the former has been blocked
rock was completed in 1818, at a cost of 50001. Elevation 30  up by sinking old vessels in it.  In consequence of this,
feet.                                                       ships are compelled to go round by Boca Chica, a circuit of
CARRSIVILLE, a post-office of Isle of Wight co., Virginia.  30 miles, to gain the usual roadstead for frigates, which is
CARRSVILLE, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.        3 or 4 miles from the town. Two strong castles defend Boca
CARRU, k&Ra-ool, a town of the Sardinian States, Pied- Chica.
mont, 6 miles N.N.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 3772.                   The town and sububs  are well laid out and well built.
CAR/RYALL, a township forming the N.W. extremity of  The houses are generally of stone, two stories  high, with
Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 471.                               balconies and lattices of wood, which, in this climate, has
CARIRYING PLACE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of the durability of iron; and the streets, though not very
Prince Edward, situated at the head of the Bay of Quint6,  spacious, are straight, and well paved. Among the public
5 miles from Trent. It contains 1 store, 2 taverns, and a  building are numerous churches and convents; some of
tannery. Pop. about 100.                                    them  very splendid, a general and a military hospital, a
CARSE OF FALKIORIK, (ftl-kirki,) a district in Scotland, town-hall, a theatre, a circus, and a college with an avecos. of Linlithgow and Sterling, extends along the Frith of  rage attendance of 200 students. The weather, especially
Forth fiom Bo'ness to Airth.                                dunrinug during the rainy seas(n, is excessively hot; and
CARSE OF GOWRTE, (gtw'ree,) a district in Scotland, co. thus both heat and damp combine to render the climate inof Perth, extends for 15 miles between the Tay and Sidlaw  salubrious.  Leprosy is common, and yellow-fever often
hills.                                                      makes fearful ravages. In recent. years, owing partly to
CARSE OF STER/LING, a district in Scotland, extending  greater attention to cleanliness, mortality is said to have
from Buchlyvie to the E. extremity of the co. of Stirling,  decreased. The chief manufactures are ropes and sail-cloths.
consists of a rich agricultural tract of 30,000 acres.      The trade of Cartagena, at one time considerable, has deCARSEIVILLE, a village of Livingston co., Illinois, on  dlined very much, in consequepce of the rivalship of the
Vermilion River.                                            ports of Santa Martha and Savanilla. The export trade is
CARSIPALTON, a village and parish of England, co. of now almost confined to specie and bullion, conveyed by the
Surrey, with a station on the Epsom Railway, 10 miles S.S.W. steamers of the Royal Mail Steam-Packet Company to Engof London.                                                  land. In 1845, the arrivals and departures of vessels were
CARISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.           39; tonnage, 5541; value of cargoes imported, 56,7861.; exCARSON'S LAKE, in the W. part of Utah, receives Car- ported, 13,488Z. In 1846, the vessels numbered 42; tonnage,
son's River, but has no outlet. Length, 15 miles.           6502; cargoes imported, 62,7081.; exported, 48,7121. A canal
CARSON'S VALLEY, apost-office,Utahco., Utah Territory. of 80 miles, to connect the Bay of Cartagena with the river
~CAR/SONVILLE, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, lagdalena, is now in progress, and it is anticipated that on
about 80 miles WV.S.V. of Milledgeville.                    its completion the trade of Cartagena will revive. Pop. about
CARSPPHAIRN,  kars-ifairn', or CARSFERN, kars-fmrnf, a  18,000.
large parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcudbright.         CARTAGO, kan-tPgo, a river and bay of Central America,
CAItSTAIRS, a parish of Scotland, co., of Lanark.         on the Mosquito Coast; the river rising about lat. 140 3S7
CARS/WELL'S MILLS, a village of Scriven co., Georgia.  N., and after a N.N.E. course of about 45 miles, entering the
CART, two rivers of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, the united  bay, which is a large lagoon communicating with the Caribstream of which enters the Frith of Clyde, 6 miles below  bean Sea, in lat. 150 20' N., and extending between ion. 830
Glasgow.                                                    35/ and 840 15' W.
CARTAGENA, kar-tO-jeefna, (Sp. pron. kar.-tA-HnAn[; anc.   CARTAGO, a town of Central America, capital of CostaCarthiaygo Nolva, orm "New  Carthage," it having been a  Rica, on a river of its own name. It was formerly a place
principal colony of the Carthaginians,) a celebrated city and  of considerable commercial importance, and had a populaseaport, and the chief naval arsenal of Spain, on a noble  tion of about 37,000. It then contained 3000 houses and
bay of the Mediterranean, province, and 27 miles S.S.E. of  8 churches, of which all but 1 church and 100 houses were
Miurcia; lat. 370 36' 511 N., Ion. 0~ 56' 36" V.  Pop. in 1845, destroyed by the earthquake of September 2, 1841. Near
27,727; in 1786 it contained 60,000 inhabitants. It occupies the town is Mount Cartago, rising 11,480 feet above the sea,
the declivity of a hill, and a small plain extending to the  level, and presenting indications of having at one time been
harbor, which is one of the best in the Mediterranean, and  an active volcano.
protected from allthe winds by surrounding heights, and by    CARTAGO, a town of New Granada, province of Popayan,
%n island on the S.. which, as well as the city, is strongly  in the valley of the Cauca, on the Viega. Tho street amra
382




CAR                                                      CAR
broad and straight, and it has a spacious and handsome    CARITI-IAGE, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, 32
square, a cathedral, two parish churches, and a well-con- miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 420.
ducted Lancasterian  school.  Its trade is principally in    CARTHAGE, a post-village in Wilna township, Jefferson
dried beef, live pigs, fruits, coffee, superior cacao, and to- co., New York, on the right bank of Black River, 17 miles
bacco. The sugar-cane thrives well here. Minerals of vari- E. of Watertown.  It contains several churches, an acaous kinds abound, and the hills contain nitre.  Cartago is demy, a bank, and over 100 dwellings. The river, which
the entreplt for the trade of Bogota. The climate is hot, but furnishes extensive water-power, is crossed here by two
dry and healthy. Pop. 5500.                                bridges. There are in the vicinity manufactures of axes,
CARTAMA, kaa-ta'ma, an ancient town of Spain, 21 miles  nails, and other articles.
W. of Malaga, on the Guadaljore. Pop. 1993.                  CARTHAGE, a village of Monroe co., New York, on the
CARTAYA, kaa-tityA, a town and port of Spain, in Anda- Genesee River, at the lower falls, 2 miles N. of Rochester.
lusia, 9 miles W.N.W. of Hueva, on the Piedra. It has a  It has a steamboat landing.
prison, hospital, public granary, (now used as a session-    CARTIlAGE, a post-village, capital of Moore co., North
house,) custom-house, and an old Moorish castle, now con- Carolina, about 60 miles S.W. of Raleigh.
verted into a cemetery; docks for ship and boat building,   CARTHAGE, a post-village of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama,
and a marine store-house. In 1843, 57 vessels entered and  about 18 miles S.S.W. of Tuscaloosa.
sailed from the port; tonnage, 2907. The bulk of the -peo-   CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Leake co., Missispie are fishermen. Pop. 4097.                             sippi, 65 miles N.E. of Jackson.
CAR/TEER, a county in the N.E. part of Tennessee, her-    CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Panola co., Texas,
derinug on North Carolina, has an area estimated at 350  about 200 miles in a direct line N. by E. of Galveston.
square miles. It is intersected by Watauga River, a navi-   CARTIIAGE, a thriving post-village, capital of Smith co.,
gable branch of the Holston. The Iron Mountain forms  Tennessee, on Cumberland River, opposite the mouth of the
the S.E. boundary of the county, and the surface is among  Caney Fork, 50 miles by land E. of Nashville. It has an
the highest portions of the state. The mountains are co- academy and I or 2 churches.
vered with forests of good timber, and contain mines of    CARTHAGE, a post-office of Campbell co., Kentucky.
iron which are thought to be inexhaustible. The soil of    CARTHTAGE, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1087.
the valleys is fertile. The streams furnish abundant mo-   CARTIlAGE, a post-village of I-amilton co.,Ohioon the rail
tive-power, which is employed in several iron-works. The  road from Cincinnati to Dayton, 10 miles N. of the former.
East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad passes near the W.   CARTHAGE, a flourishing post-village of Rush co., Indiborder of the county. Capital, Elizabethtown. Pop. 6296, uan, on the Blue River, and on the Shelbyville and Knightsof whom 5943 were free, and 353 slaves.                   town Railroad, about 33 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. It
CARTER, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has an  has an active trade, and is the second village of the county
area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by  in size. The river affords water-power for several mills.
Big Sandy River, (navigable for keel-boats,) which separates    CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Hancock co., Illiit from Virginia, and intersected by Little Sandy River and  nois, 12 or 14 miles from  the Mississippi River, and 110
Tygart's Creek. The surface is broken by hills which con- miles W.N.W. of Springfield. It is surrounded by a fertile
tain abundance of iron ore and stone coal. Excepting the  region, in which stone coal abounds. Pop. about 400.
river bottoms, the land is too rough for cultivation. Salt is    CARTHAGE, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Misprocured from springs near Sandy River. Carter county  souri, on Spring River, about 220 miles S.W. of Jefferson
was formed in 1838, and named in honor of William G. City.
Carter, a member of the Kentucky Senate. Capital, Gray-   CARTIAGE, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa.
son. Pop. 6241, of whom 5984 were free, and 257 slaves.      CARTILAGE LANDING, a post-office of Dutchess co., New
CARTER CAMP, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. York.
CARTERET, kaaRteh-r/, a village of France, department    CARTHIAGENA. See CARTAGENA.
of Manche, on a bay of the same name, in the mouth of the    CARTIIAGEtNA, a post-office of Miercer co., Qhio.
Gerfieur, opposite Jersey, in the English Channel.           CARTIHAGO. See CAnrAcG.
CARITERET,.a county in the S.E. part of North Carolina,   CARTITAGO, the ancient name ofCARTHAGE, which see.
bordering on the Atlantic and Pamlico Sound, contains    CAR/TICAY, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.
about 450 square miles.  It is intersected by Newport    CARTILAND, a township of Kent co., Michigan. Pop. 406.
River, and partly separated from the sea by long, narrow    CART/MEL, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
islands, on one of which is Cape Lookout. The surface is  Lancaster, on Miorecombe Bay, 12 miles N.W. of Lancaster.
level, and much of it is covered by swamps, and forests Pop. in 1851, 5123. The town lies in a romantic valley, and
of pitch pine. Capital, Beaufort. Formed in 1729, and  has an old church, formerly a part of the priory founded by
named in honor of Sir George Carteret, one of the proprietors  an Earl of Pembroke in 1188.
of the land. Pop. 6803, of whom 5316 were free, and 1487 slaves.   CART/WORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West
CArITERET, an island of the South Pacific, in Solomon  Riding.
Archipelago. Lat. 80 50, 5.; Ion. 1600 48/ E. It bears the    CAP5UPANO, kg-roo-p~no, a seaport town and district of
name of the English navigator who discovered it in 1767.   Venezuela, province, and 57 miles N.E. of Cumana.  within
CAR/TER-FELL, Scotland. See CHEVIOT HILLS.               a few miles of Cariaco, agreeably situated at the opening
CARTER HILL, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.   of two fine valleys. Lat. 100 40' N.; ion. 630 22' W. A batCARTER'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Albemarle co., Vir- tery, seated on an eminence, defends the port. It has some
ginia.                                                     traffic in horses and mules; and in 1847, the ar'rivals at the
CARTERSBURG, a post-village of IHendricks co., Indiana, port were 22 vessels; tonnage, 789; departures, 67; ton17 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis.                           nage, 1186. Pop. 5000.
CARTER'S STATION, a post-office of Greene co., Ten-    CARVALIO, klcaa-viil/yo, a town of Portugal, province of
nessee.                                                    Beira, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, 16 miles
CARTER'S STORE, a post-office of Nicholas co., Kentucky. S.E. of Coimbra.
CAR/TERSVILLE, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.      CARtVER, a post-township of Plymouth co., MassachuCARTERSVILLE, a village of Cumberland co., Virginia,  setts, 38 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. Pop. 1186.
on the James River and Canal, 47 miles W. of Richmond.   CARVER'S FERRY, a post-office of Jessamine co., KenIt has I church, several stores, and about 50 dwellings.   tucky.
CARTERSVILLE, a post-office of Darlington district,   CARVER'S HARBOR, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
South Carolina.                                              CAR/VERSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., PennsylCARTERSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Cass co., Geor- vanta.
gia, on the Atlantic and Western Railroad, 2 miles from the    CAR/VERTON, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
Etowah River, and 143 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.           CAR/VILLE, a village in the N.W. part of Washington
CARTERSVILLE, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Missis- co., Illinois, about 2 miles N.W. of the Kaskaskia RIive,-.
sippi.                                                       CARVIN-EPINOY, kaRavtNGL/Apee'nwAI, a town of France,
CARTHAGE, kar/thij, (L. Cartha/go, Gr. KapXiJosv, ices-  department of Pas-de-Calais, 141 miles E.S.E. of Bethune,
chdrdn,) the ancient capital of a famous country of the same  near a station of the Railway-du-Nord. Pop. 4038. It has
name in Northern Africa, the site of which is believed to be  manufactures of beet-root, sugar and starch.
a few miles N. of the city of Tunis, on the N. p:srt of a small   CARVOIER0O, or PENICHE.  See CAPE CAr7VvEIRO.
peninsula. Lat. 360 55/ N.; Ion. 100 E. About thirty years    CARWAR/, a ruined seaport town of Britism India, pre-.
after the destruction of Carthage City, (B. c. 161,) the Romans  sidency of Madras, at the mouth of the Cauly River, in the
attempted to establish a colony on its site, which did not Indian Ocean, 50 miles S.S.E. of Goa. In the seventeenth
prusper; but a second, under the name of COlehin Carthago, and eighteenth centuries it was an important seat of Elurorose into importance, and became the first city of Roman  pean commerce.
Africa. In 439, the Vandals, under Genseric, seized it. It   CA/RYSFOOT ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is a coral
was retaken by Belisarius in 553, but was finally destroyed  reef encircling a lagoon, in lat. 200 44 S.; lon. 1380 22' W.
by the Saracens in 698. The few iruins that now exist be-   CA/RYSFORT, MACREDIDIN, or MOYCREE/DIN, a dislong to the Roman city. Not a trace remains of the Caitha- franchised borough of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wickiow,
ginian metropolis. In 1841, a monument was set up in the  5 miles S.W. of Rathdrum. It gives the title of earl to the
locality by the French, in memory of their King Louis IX., Proby family, in whose fine seat, near the village, is a curl
(better known as St. Louis,) who died of the plague, May 25, ons ancient obelisk, 100 feet high.
1270, while besieging the neighboring city of Tunis.         CA/RYSVILLE, a post office of Champaign co., Ohio.




CARIt                                                     CAS
CARYTE NA, kai-re-teeeng, a village of Greece, in Arcadia,  noo-orvo, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 9
17 miles W. of Tripolitza, near the Carbonarto. It has an  miles N.W. of Nicastro, near the Savuto. Pop. 1610.
old castle, for years the residence of the celebrated chief    CASALNUOVO, kS-sll-noo-olvo, a town of Naples, province
Colocotroni. Pop. 1000.                                    of Calabria Citra, 14 miles E.N.E. of Castrovillari, near the
CA/JYVILLE, a village of Genesee co., New York, con- Gulf ofTaranto. Pop. 6130.
tains 7 stores. 2 churches, and a flourishing academy.       CASALNUOVO, a town of Naples, province of Naples, 3x
CASABA, liA-stbA, or CASSABA, ks-sIbA, a townof Asia  miles E. of Casoria. Pop. 2800.
Minor, in Anatolia, 30 miles N.E. of Smyrna. It has two    CASALNUOYO or CASALNOVO, a town of Naples, pro
handsome mosques, some dirty streets, and a bazaar. It is  vince of Principato Citra, 14 miles S.S.E. of Sale. Pop. 1700
renowned for its pears and melons, which, with cotton and    CASALNUOVO, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata,
cotton manufactures, compose its principal exports.        15 miles S.W. of St. Severe. Pop. 2400.
CASABA or CASSABA, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of   CASAL-PUSTEIRLENGO, kg-silfpoos-t6ta-lntgo, a town of
Karamania, 54 miles S. S.E. of Konieh. It is enclosed by  Austrian Italy, government of Milan, 13 miles S.E. of Lodi,
ruinous walls, is mostly built of stone, has a good bazaar, on the Brembiolo.  It is the seat of several public offices,
and presents many traces of former prosperity.              and contains a parish church and sanctuary; has manufacCASA-BRANCA, k3sA-bran/kA, a new town of Brazil, pro-  tures of linen and silk goods and earthenware, and carries
vince of St. Paul. Pop. 3000.                               on a considerable trade, particularly in Parmesan cheese,
CASA-BRANCA, a village of Brazil, province of Minas- which is here made in great quantities. Pop. 5601.
Geraes. Pop. 2000.                                            CASALTRINITA, kA-s~l-tre-e- -td, a village of Naples.
CASACALENDA, ka-sA-kt-lrnfdi, a town of Naples, pro- See CASALE DELLA TRINITA.
vince of Molise, 18 miles N.E. of Campobasso, at the foot of    CASALVECCHIO, kA-sal-vlc]ke-o, a town of Naples, proa hill. It has three churches, one of which is in good Tus- vince of Capitanata, 25 miles W.N.W. of Foggia. Pop. 1600.
can style, and a convent. Silk-worms are reared in the    CASALVECCHIO, a village of Sicily, on a mountain, 23
neighborhood, and the district produces wine and fruit of  miles S.W. of Messinan. Pop. 2000.
good quality. Pop. 5190.                                      CASALVIERI, k'-sil-ve-Vree, a town of Naples, province
CASACCIA, ka-slt/chg, (G er. Kasdtsch, ki-sttchl,) a village  of Terra di Lavoro, 7 miles S.S.E. of Sora. Pop. 3670.
of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, capital of the valley of    CASAMANZA, kA-sA-mAn/z&, a river of Western Africa,
Bregaglia, S. of Mount Septimer, and 13 miles N.E. of Chin- in Senegambia, enters the Atlantic 60 miles S. of the
venna. Pop. 250. It is an entrepat for goods passing be- Gambia River. On the N. side of its entrance, the French
tween Switzerland, the Tyrol, and Italy.                    have established a trading station.
CASALANGUIDA, ki-sA-l~nlgwe-da a village of Naples,    CASAMARCIANO, kt-sS-maa-chJno, a village of Naples,
province of Abruzzo Citra. 11 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 2306. province of Terra di Lavoro, 11 miles N.E. of Nola, with
CASAL BELLOTTO, kA-sl b5l-lot/to, a town of Italy, in  1790 inhabitants, and a magnificent and rich convent,
Lombardy, 23 miles E.S.E. of Cremona. Pop. 1340,            founded in 1134.
CASAL BORDINO, kA-s l! boa-deelno, a town of Italy, in    CASAMASSIMA, k-sA-mdsose-mg, a town of Naples, 13
Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 7 miles N.W. of Vasto. miles S. of Bari. Pop. 3750. It has a convent and two abbeys.
Pop. 1600.                                                    CASAMICCIOLA, kit-s -mit-cho/IA,   a town of Naples, 12
CASAIL BORE, kA-sgll bofra, a town of Naples, province  miles S.W. of Puzzuola, at the foot of Mount Epomeo. Pop.
of Principato Ultra, 7 miles N.W. of Ariano. Pop. 1640.     3420. It has thormal springs and baths.
CASAL BORGONE,' kS-sPll boa-go/nA, a town of Italy, in    CASANARE, kS-e-na/reA,  a river of New Granada, issuing
the Sardinian States, 14 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2091.  in the mountains of Chita, and after an E. course of about 180
CASAL BUTTANO, k-satll boot-tS/no, a town of Italy, in  miles through' immense plains, fahlis into the MIeta a little
Lombardy, 8 miles N.N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 3903.             E. of the confluence of the Chire. Lat. 5~ 58' N. It is nariCASAL CIPRIANI, kas-sal/ che-pre-unee, a town of Italy,  gable for small craft throughout the year.
in Naples, province of Molise, 61 miles W. of Campobasso.     CASANARE, a town of New Granada, on the above river.
CASAL DI PIRINCIPE, k-sll/dee prin/che-pA, a town of  Lat. 50 560 N.; lon. 71 50' W. It has a good harbor, and
Italy, in Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 14 miles S.W. 900 inhabitants, chiefly Indirans.
of Caserta.                                                   CASANARE, a province of New Granada, depart aent of
CASAL DUNI, kS-stl doolnee, a town of Italy, in Naples, Boyaca, extending from  the E. slope of the Andes to the
province of Molise, 21 miles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 2700.   Orinoco.
CASALE, kA-s4l1, a province of Sardinia, in the valley of    CASANDRINO, kl-s-n-dreelno, a village of Southern
the Po. Area, 327 square miles. Pop. in 1852,121,860.    Italy, 6 miles N. of Naples.  Pop. 2900.
CASALE, (anc. Bodincoml/agss,?) a town o1 the Sardinian    CASANOVA, kise-nolvva, a town of Naples, province of
States, capital of the province of Casale, division, and 18  Terra di Lavoro, 2 miles N.W. of Caserta.
miles N.N.W. of Alessandria, on the right bank of the Po.   CASAPULLA, kS-s-pool/iS, a town of Naples, 3 miles N.
The citadel, founded in 1590 by Duke Vicenzo, was one of  W. of Caserta, on the road to Capua.
the strongest in Italy. The castle or palace is still ~tand-    CASARABONELA. lk-s-rt-bo-n_11, a town of Spain, 29
ing, but the ramparts have been converted into promenades,  miles W.N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 4666. It has considerable
andthedefences arenow insig-nificent. Thecathedral is said  commerce in wine and fruit.
to havebeenfoundedin742. Thereare severalother churches,   CASARANO, kS-s-r no, a town of Naples, province of
a seminary, several convents, two hospitals, an orphan hos- Otranto, 12 miles S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 2600.
pital, college, public library, theatre, corn magazine, seroe-   CASAR-DE-CACERES, ilsars dt  k/th,&-rks, a town  of
ral silk-spinning mills, a parade, and public garden. The  Spain, 10 miles N.N.W. of Caceres.- Pop. 4047, employed in
trade of the town is inconsiderable. Casale is the seat of a  linen weaving and manufactures of leather.
bishopric and district court of justice. It was the capital of   CASARES, k/ ss-r s, a town of Spain, 52 miles W.S.W. of
the ancient marquisate or duchy of Montferret, where, in  Malaga.  Pop. 4500. It has active manufactures of leather,
1640, the Duc d'Harcourt defeated the Spaniards. Casale  and brandy distilleries.
was taken and retaken several times by the French and    CASARICIE, t-sA-ree/cht, a town of Spain, Andalusia,
Austrians, and it formed, for a time, part of the department  52 miles E. of Seville, on the Yeguas. Pop. 2125.
of Marengo, in the French Republic. Pop. 21,000.              CASARZA, ki-saatd/zc, a village of Northern Italy, SarCASALE. a town of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont,  dinian States, 6 miles S.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 900.
province of Pallanza, on the Strona. Pop. 1900.               CASAS-DE-IBAi  EZ, kgsAs-dt-ee-btn/yd th, a town  of
CASALE, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of Terra di Spain, 25 miles N.E. of Albacete. Pop. 3270.
Lavoro, 20 miles S.E. of Sora. Pop. 1600.                     CASAS-DE-MILLAN, kVs/as-dti-mneel-yt1n/, a village of EsCASALE, a village of Northern Italy, 7 miles S.E. of  tremadura, 20 miles N. by E. of Caceres, on the right bank
Treviso.                                                    of the Tagus.  Pop. 1817.
CASALE DELLA TRINITA, k-selS/ dl/lS tre-ne —tV.  a    CASAS-DE-~ES, kS/as dt vhs, a town of New Castile, 32
town of Italy, in Naples, province of Capitanata, on Lake  miles N.E. of Albacete, on the borders of Valencia. and the
Salpi, 25 miles E.S.E. of Foggil. There are salt-works in the  right bank of the Gabriel. The inhabitants are engaged iu
neighborhood, belonging to the crown. Pop. 3800.            weaving, and in trading in grain, firuits, cotton, wool, and
CASALE DI LECCE, k-s/It dee l~t'cht, a town of Italy, silk. Pop. 3385.
in Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 34 miles S.S.E. of    CASAS-GRANDES, k/ses-gr~n/dis, a town of the Mexican
Aquila. Pop. 1072.                                          Confederation, state of Chihuahua, 35 miles S. of. Llanos,
CASALE LO STURNO, kS-s[ll tlo stooR/no, a town of Italy, apparently at one period a place of considerable extent, as
in Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 1 mile N.E. of Fri-  the country for some distance around it is covered with the
gento. Pop. 2130.                                           ruins of buildings capable of accommodating 30,000 inhaCASALE NUOVO, kS-sal/  neoo-ovo, a town of Italy, in  bitants. Its present population may amount to about 3000.
Tuascany, province of Pisa, 16 miles N. of Campiglia.         CASATE-NUOVO, ki-sS/ta-noo-olvo, a village of Austrian
CASAL MAGGIORE, k~-shl!  m/d-jo/rt, a town of Lon- Italy, 18 miles N. by E. of Mlilan, with a church and small
hardy, 22 miles E.S.E. of Cremona, on the Po. Pop. 4907. convent. Pop. 2400.
It has manufictures of glass, earthenware, and cream  of    CASBIN, a town of Persia. See KasBIN.
tartar.                                                      CAS'CADEI, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
CASALNOCETTO, k'`-sll-no-ch3t/to, a village of Piedmont,  Pop. 419.
8 miles l.N.E. of Tortona. Pop. 1130.                        CASCADE, a post office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.
CASALNOVO, kit-sel-norvo, or CASAL-NUOVO, kS-shl   CASi ADE, a township in Kent co., Michipa-  Pop. 358,
3s4




CAS                                                           CAS
CASCADE, a village of St. Joseph co., Michigan, 140 miles    CASHIEL, a city, and parliamentary and municipal boS, by W. of Detroit.                                           rough of Ireland. Munster, co. of Tipperary, 49 miles N.N.E.
CASCADE,'a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 56 miles  of Cork, on the road to Dublin.  Pop. of the city, 7036; of
N.E. of Iowa City.                                             parliamentary borough, 8027. It stands in the centre of a
CASCADE, a thriving post-village of Sheboygan co., Wis- rich agricultural district, at the foot of the Rock of Cashel,
cousin. 90 miles N.E. of Madison.  Pop. 500.                  a limestone height, on which is the most interesting asCASCADE CITY, the capital of Skamania co., Washington  semblage of ruins in Ireland, consisting of a round tower,
Territory, on the Columbia River, at the Cascades. 50 miles a chapel of Saxon and Norman  architecture, the ancient
E. by N. of Fort Vancouver.                                   cathedral, a castellated palace, and the ruins of an abbey.
CASCADE RANGE, a chain of mountains in the W. part  all within an enclosed area. Principal edific-s, the new and
of Oregon, running in general nearly N. and S., at the dis- elegant cathedral and parish  church, a nunnery, Roman
tance of from 100 to 200 miles from the Pacific. It is a con-  Catholic and other chapels, the Infirmary, IHospital, Natinuation of the Sierra Nevada of California.  The highest tional School, Town Commissioner's-house. Court-house, Insummits of the Cascade Range vary from  10,000 to 17,900  fantry Barracks, and the Archbishop's Palace, containing a
feet, the latter being the altitude of Mount St. Elias, in  good library.  Near the town are the remains of the Here
Russian America, generally supposed to be the highest land  Abbey, and of a Dominican  priory.  Cashel is an arch
in North America.  The name is derived fromn the cascades  bishop's see, now  combined with the see of Waterford,
of the Columbia, which are formed where this river breaks  where the diocesan resides. It sends one member to the
through the Cascade Range.                                    House of Commons. Donald O'Brien, King  of Limerick,
CASCAES, kgs-kA/s, almost kbs-kAtlngs, a seaport town  and his nobles, swore allegiance to Henry II., at Cashel,
of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the Atlantic, 15 miles WV. in 1172.
of Lisbon. Pop. 2500. It has a small harbor protected by    CASHEL, a parish of Ireland, co. of Longford.
two forts, and manufactures of woollens.                        CASH/ER'S VALLEY, a post-office of Macon co., North
CASCANTE. kis-kn/tA, (ance. Casccan/tum,)a town of Spain,  Carolina.
in Navarre, 53 miles S. of Pamplona, on the Queiles. Pop. 2928.    CASIIGAR, Chinese Toorkistan.  See KAsHoAR.
CASCANTE, a village of Spain, 10 miles S. of Teruel.          CASH'IE, a small river of North Carolina, flows S.E.
CASCAVEL, k s-kd-v~l/, a new town of Brazil, founded in  through Bertie county, and enters Roanoke River about 10
1841, in the province of Cear, at the foot of the mountain of miles from its mouth. It is navigable for sloops to Windsoo-.
same name, on the river, and 40 miles S.W. of the port of   CASIIMERE*, KASHMIR, KACI-EMIR or CACI-IEMIRE,
Ceara. Pop. of district, in 1845, 8690.                       klsh-meerf, written also KASCIEMIRI and KACHMIR, a
CASCIA, kfshA, a town  of Central Italy, Pontifical country ofHindostan, Punjab dominions, comprised betweeu
States, capital of the government of same name, 13 miles E. lat. 330 27' and 340 37' N., and ion. 740 30, and 760 14' E. Area
of Spoleto. Pop. 3200.                                        estimated at 4500 square miles. It consists of an extensive
CASCIANA-DEI-BAGNI, kA-sh3In&-dA/ee-bin'yee, a vil-  valley of an irregular oval form, lying N.W. and S.E. firom
lage of Tuscany, 16 miles S.E. of Plisa, on a hill in the Val 5500 to 6000 feet above the sea, and surrounded on all sides
d'Era. Pop. 1152.                                             by lofty mountains, secondary ranges of the IHimalayas.
CASCIANO, kA-shno, a village of Tuscany, 9 miles S.S.W.  The alluvial plain in the bottom of the valley is estimated,
of Florence, on the Ema, in the Vale of Arno. Pop. 1800. at 75 miles long, by 40 miles broad. The mountain ranige
The name CASCIANo is also applied to numerous other small  which encloses the valley is, on the N., called the Durawur
places in Tuscany.                                            and Kuhiama Mountains; N.E., the HIaramuk and SonaCASCINA, kU-sheelnA, a village of Tuscany, 8 miles E.S.E. murg Mountains; E., the snowy Panjal; S., the Futi Panjal
of Pisa, on the Arno. Pop. in 18145, 2588.                    and Panjal of Banihal; and WV., the Pir Panjal.  Excepting
CAStCO, a post-township in Cumberland co., Maine, on  for a fifth part of the circumference S.W. of the capital SeriCrooked Creek, 45 miles W.S.W. of Augusta.  Pop. 1046.        nagur, their summits appeaf to be covered with perpetual
CASCO, a township of St. Clair co., Michigan. Pop. 134.  snow.  The highest peak seems to be the Pir Panjal, 15,000
CASICOB, a parish of England and Wales, cos. of Badnor  feet high, on the S.W. boundary of the valley; and on the
and Hereford.                                                 N.E. the Ilaramuk is 13,000 feet. The mountains generally:
CASCO BAY, Cumberland co., Maine, lies between Cape  appear to be of basaltic formation, presenting at times
Elizabeth and Cape Small Point. It extends E. from Port- beautiful amygdaloidal trap: in the N.W. schistous rocks,
land about 20 miles, and contains upwards of 300 islands.   penetrated by quartz veins, rise to the height of 500 or 1000
CASELLE, kh-s/IIA a town of the Sardinian States, 8  feet; and N.W. of these gypsum  appears.  Primary rocks
miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 4288. It has manufactures  are rare, and though granite blocks are sometimes met
of silk twist and paper.                                      with, that rock has not been found in situ.  Pebbly congloCASELLE, k-sil/lA, a town of Lombardy, 6f  miles S.W.  merate, sandstone, and clay, overspread large spaces on the
of Lodi. Pop. 1500.                                           lower slopes of the mountains. Iron has been found abunCASELLE LANDI, ki-scll4A lAn/dee, a village of Lonm-  dantly, imbedded in the limestone; lead is worked, and
bardy, 19 miles S.E. of Lodi.  Pop. 2798.                     copper is known to exist in the valley. Plumbago abounds
CASENEUIL.  See CASSeNErUL.                                 in the Pir Panjal; excellent limestone exists in  inexCASERTA, kA-sia/ti, a town of Naples, province of Terra  haustible quantities, some of it in the form  of fine black
di Lavoro, in a fine plain, 17 miles N.E. of Naples, and 6  marble. The valley is entered by numerous passes, 11 of
miles S.E. of Capua. P. 25,780. Ithas numerous churches, a  which are said to be practicable for horses, but none of them
convent, a hospital, a military school, and fine barracks; its  for wheeled carriages.  The most inportant are the Baraprincipal edifices, however, are a royal palice and an aque- mula and Punch, on the WV. frontier, the latter 8500 feet
duct, both constructed by Vanvitelli for Charles III.  The  high; Banihal on the 5., 9690 feet; and Nabog on the E.,
palace is, in point of size and architecture, one of the most  all practicable at all seasons of the year. The Pir Panjal
magnificent royal residences in Europe, and comprises a  Pass is 12,500 feet high; and the Bundipur, leading to
chapel, and a large theatre, decorated with colusans from   Iskardo, is 11,271 feet. Cashmere is watered by the Jhylum
an ancient temple of Serapis. The park is of vast extent. or Behut, which, rising in the mountains of the S.E.
The gardens are supplied with water by the fine aqueduct,   frontier, flows N.W. through' thecentre of the valley, reextending hence from Airola, nearly 27 miles distant. Near ceaving numnerous streams faom both sides. The principal
Caserta is the royal silk factory  of St. Lencio, whelre 700 or  lakes are the Dal or City Lake, close by the capital, 6 miles
800 persons weave annually from  2000 to 3000 pieces of  long by 4 broad; the Manasa Bul; and the Great Wullur
gros de Naples.                                               Lake, which is merely a shallow expansion of the Jhylum,
CASERT'A VECIIHIA, kId-si/ta vik/ke-l, a small fostified  20 miles long by 9 broad. The smaller lakes are Opun and
town, 3 miles N.E. of Caserta. Pop. 1200. It is an arch- W usikara;  and numerous  small expanses of wvater in the
bishop's see, and has a cathedral and an episcopal palace.~   mountains. The whole of the valley is thus most admirably
CASE'S. a post-office of Travis co.. Texas.                 supplied with the means of irrigation.
CASEIVILLE,    a post-village of Ulster co., New York, 76    The soil is, in general, exceedingly fertile. Rice is the
miles S.S.W. of Albany.                                       principal crop, the returns being from thirty to forty fold,
CASEY, a county in the S. centralpartof Kentucky. Area, and in favorable seasons as high as fifty or sixty. Wheat,
350 square miles. It is traversed by Green River, and the  barley, millet, buckwheat, and maize, are also cultivated.
Rolling Fork of Salt River. The surface is high and broken.  Tobacco is cultivated, but to a very limited extent; cotFormed is 1806, and named in menory of Colonel William
Casey; a pioneer in the settlement of KIentucky.  Capital,        I fmilir disorse, we very often he   tis name acen* Iu familiar discourse, we very often hear this na-me accenLiberty.  Pop. 6556, of whom  5922 were free, and 634 slaves. tuaated on the first syllable; e. g. in the phrase, "a Cashmere
CASEY, a township of De Kalb co., Georgia. Pop. 797.    shawl."  Cashmere, in such cases, may be considered simply as
CASEY, a post-village of Clarske co., Illinois, on the Na- an English word, having become thoroughly anglicized. When,
tional Road, 100 miles E. of Springfield.                     however, the country itself is spoken of, the almost ianvariable
CAISEY 1'ILLE, a poet-office of Copiah co., Mississippl.    practice of the best spelakers, as well as the usage of tihe poets,
CASEYVILLE a post-villa,.e of Union co., Kientucky, on iwill, we believe, be found to justify the pronunciation abovc
11                      ~~~~~~~given.
the Ohio liver, 220n miles W. by S. of Frankfort.             gayoen.
"Who hass not heard of the Vale of CASHS[sREE
CASIIN. a town of Persia. See KASHAN.                              With its roses the brightest that earth ever gave?
CASIIEENI  BAY, Ireland, Connaught, co. of Galway, is            Its temples, and grottos, and fountains as clear
on the W. side of the island of Garormna, easy of access, and        As the love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave?"
with depth of water sufficient for large ships.                                                   Moonrs's Lal!. Rookh.
Z                                                                                385
i.   _~~~~;~




CA S                                                        CAS
ton more largely.  Great quantities of saffron, of excel- Saragossa, 12 miles N.N.E. of Alcafiz, on the left bank of
lent quality, is grown, and most of it exported. Esculent  the Guadalupe, near its confluence with the Ebro, on sevevegetables are produced in great variety and abundance, ral small hills and in the interveving valleys. It has paved
including kidney-bean, turnip, cabbage, beet-root, radish, streets, 1 principal and 9 smaller squares, a handsome
capiscum, &c. Among the natural productions, the most Gothic collegiate and 2 other churches, several chapels,
valuable is the Si&nghara or water-nut, the seed of lTrapac   3 schools, a town-hall and prison in a Suppressed convent,
bispinosa, on which a large portion of the poorer inhabitants  an hospital, and several public fountains. It has manufac.
almost wholly subsist. It grows in the Wullur Lake, from  tures in wine oil, and soap; and some trade is also carried
which about 60,000 tons are annually taken. The nuts are  on in grain and cattle. Pop. 7500.
eaten traw, boiled, roasted, or ground into flour, and made   CASPIAN (k s'pe-an) SEA, (anc. L., Moalre Castpls vel alyr.
into gruel, and, though insipid, are extremely nutritious. caninum; Gr. Kuana  Oaaauca,) a large inland sea, lying beThe principal fruits are apples, pears, plums, cherries, apri-  tween Europe and Asia, or more precisely between lat. 360 55t
cots, &c. Among the finest trees of Cashmere are the desder  and 470 30'N.; and lon. 460 48' and 550 25/ E. Greatest length
or Himalayan cedar, (Cedrus  deodara,) the chunar, (Plata- from N. to S., 760 miles; greatest breadth S. part about lat.
nus  oriental's,) the poplar, and the lime, all of which  450 N., 270 miles; narrowest part between Cape Apsheron
abound, and attain a great size and luxuriance, and the  in Europe, and Cape Tarta in Asia, 150 miles. Bounded N.
wild chestnut-tree, growing to a size far exceeding that of  and W. by Russia and Persia, E. by the Kirgheez steppe and
the European variety, some measuring 100 feet from the  Khiva, and S. by Persia. Area, 140,000 square miles, drainground to the parting of the branches. Maple, willow, and  ing, In Europe alone, an extent of 850,000 square miles.
white thorn are common, and on the steep declivities of the  Altbhough, at some points, the Caspian attains a consideramountains, birch, alder, and various kinds of pine. Flowers  ble depth, (Hanway having in one place found no bottom at
of various kinds, and of surpassing beauty, grow every- 480 fathoms.) it is remarkable for its shallowness generally,
where in vast profusion, especially roses, which are care- especially along its shores, where it seldom exceeds 3 feet
fully cultivated for the sake of the attar extracted from  for a distance of 100 yards from the land. Its E. and W.
them.                                                       coasts, particularly the former, are deeply indented with
Cashmere has been long celebrated for its shawls. The  bays and gulfs, while the southern shores are almost unwool used in their manufacture is of two kinds, one ob- broken. The principal bays on the AsiLatic side are Emba
tained from the tame, and the other from the wild goat, Bay, iMlertvoi Gulf, Karasoo Inlet, Manghishlak Gulf, Day
wild sheep, and other wild animals. The fine down grow- of Alexander, Kenderlinsk Gulf, Koolee Deria Bay, and
ing next to the skin alone is taken, the long hairs being all Ballkan Bay. On the opposite, or European side. occur the
picked out by the hand. Three weavers are employed on  gulfs of Kizil Agatch and Kooma, (Kouma,) with several
an embroidered shawl, of an ordinary pattern, for three  less marked indentations. The only one on the southern
months; but a very rich pair will occupy a shop for 18  coast is Astrabad Bay, if the inlet of Enzelee, (Enzeli,) which
mnonths. The demand for the shawls of Cashmere has, from  has only four feet of water, be excluded.
various causes, greatly fallen off of late years, and is still    The Caspian contains numerous islands, but not many
on the wane. This country has long been nearly as famous  of any great extent. t'he largest are on the Asiatic side,
for its gun and pistol barrels as for its shawls. Paper, the greatest number on the European, particularly about
and leather for saddlery, are also manufactured, both of  the mouths of the Volga, and along the coasts to tihe N.E
superior quality; the paper is said to be the finest made  and S.W. of them, where they lie closely crowded together
in India. Lacquered ware, of the most beautiful descrip- in countless numbers, most of them, however, being mere
tion and nicest workmanship, is likewise among the pro- islets.
ducts of Cashmere; and the lapidaries excel in taste and    The waters of the Caspian are salt. but not nearly so much
skill those of Europe; the attar of roses made in the valley  so as those of the ocean. It has no tides, and no outlets, its
is considered superior to any other. The total amount of  superfluous waters being carried off solely by evaporation.
the annual exports of Cashmere has been estimated at In the region of the Volga, including the territory from
400,6001., and the imports at 50,0001.                      that river S.E. to the Emba, and S.W. to the left bank of
The greater part of the population are Mohammedans. the Soolak, (Sulak,) the whole seaboard is composed of recent
In physical qualities, the natives of Cashmere excel all alluvium, deposited by the several streams. From S. of the
other branches of the great Indian nation, being tall, ro- Soolak to Apsheron, the coast is of upper tertiary formation,
bust, and handsomely formed. In disposition they are  broken into at some points by carboniferous strata.  S. of
lively, witty, and good-humored, but addicted to all the vices  Apsheron, and round the southern extremity of the sea. the
common to the other tribes ofIndia. Their language is a dia- coast is low and sandy-backed at some distance by lofty
lect of Sanscrit, containing a large admixture of Persian, in  hills. The eastern and south-eastern coasts have generally
which the records and correspondence of government are  a cretaceous subsoil, overspread by moving sands, and are
written. In 1586, Cashmere was subjugated by the Em- generally flat; Cape Karagan, formed by mountains of the
peror Akbar, and was incorporated in his empire. The Af- same name, being an exception.
ghans vanquished it in 1752, and held it till 1819, when it   Sturgeons and sterlets are caught in the Caspian in great
was conquered by the Sikhs, and continued under the do- quantities; and there are also salmon-trout, perch (Perca
minion of the Maharajah of the Punjab till 1849, since which  asper-,) Silurus glanis, two kinds of carp, and porpoises.
period it hlrs been under the protection of the British. Pop. Seals abound in the upper coasts, and tortoises between the
about 200.00, it having been reduced, in twenty years, from  mouths of.the Volga and the Ural. The mollusca are few,
8010,000, by earthquakes. pestilence, and famine.-Adj. and  said to be only four —O:ndiurn 5rusticurn, Cardiume triquetlrum,
inhab. CASHMERIAN, k[lsh-meo're-an.                         Mya edestoida, and Mflytilurs polymorplchus. The chief fishery
CASHMERE, capital of the above country. See SERINAGUR. for sturgeon is at and near Astraklhan; in and about the
CASH RIVER, near the southern extremity of Illinois, River Emba it comprehends 310 miles of coast, from  the
falls into the Ohio near its mouth.                         mouth of the Ural to Mertvoi GulfI Many thousand persons
CASH'S NOB, a post-office of Montgomery co., Kentucky.  are employed in the Russian Upper Caspian fisheries; and
CASHIITOWN,a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylvania,  the annual amount of caviare or female roes obtained may
on the turnpike between Gettysburg and Chambersburg,  be taken at 800,000 pounds, besides 20,000 pounds of isin9 miles W.N.W. of the former.                              glass, the produce of upwards of 700,000 sturgeons, of various
CAStIVVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South  kinds, large and small. The number of seals annually taken
Carolina.                                                  is nearly 100,000.
CAS'KETS, a dangerous group of rocks in the English    The only ports at all worthy the name, on or near the
Channel, 7 miles W. of Alderney. On the highest is a  Caspian, are Astrakhan, Bakoo, Salian, and Astrabad.
light-house, in lat. 490 43' N., ion. 20 22' W. Off these  The navigation is at all times difficult, and often perilous.
rocks, Prince William, son of IIenry I. of England, and his  Steam-packets on it have recently been established. The
suite perished in 1119; and the Victory, 110 guns, foundered  Russian fleet in the Caspian consists of 13 vessels, of which
in 1744.                                                   four are brigs, and two are steamers.
CASNO0VIA, a post-office of Ottawa co., Michigan.          The basin.of the Caspian is most extensive on the N. and
CASO. See CAxo.                                          W., from which it receives the Ural, the Volga, the Terek,
CASOLA, kd/so-lA, a town of Naples, 3 miles E. of Castel- the Koor, and numerous other streams of less note. By
a-Mare. Pop. 2780.                                         means of a canal cut near Tver in Russia, between the head
CASOLA, a village of Naples, Pontifical States, 29 miles  streams of the Volga, and the rivers Tvertza and Seblina,
S.W. of Bologna.                                           water communication is established between the Caspian
CASOLE. kllso-lr, several villages of Tuscany, the princi- and the Baltic. S., the basin of the sea is limited by the
pal in the province, and 15 miles W. of Sienma. Pop. 1113.    Elbrooz Mountains; and E., the sandy wastes of Khiva send
CASOLI. kfso-lee, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  to it only short streams, and of no great volume; though
Citra, ona mountain 17 miles S.S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 5530.  on this side it evidently at one time received the Oxus
CASORATE, kg-so-ra/tA, a town of Northern Italy, in  or Amoo, now flowing into the Sea of Aral. Indeed, the
Lornmbardy, 11 miles N. W. of Pavia. Pop. 2956.            Caspian and Lake Aral were, doubtless, at one period united.
*   CASORIA, kt-sofree-A, a town of Naples, 6 miles N.N.E.    The notices of early commerce upon or by way of the
of Naples. It has 4 fine churches, and is the residence of a  Caspian, are few and uncertain. The chief portion of the
district judge.  Silk is produced in  the neighborhood.  commerce between Western Europe and India was carrierl
Pietro Martino, the painter, was born here. Pop. 7924.     on partly by its waters, about the middle of the thirteenth
CASPE, k/s'pA, a town of Spain, in Aragon, province of  century. Astrakhan, on the Upper Caspian, and Soldnia,
385




CAS                                                        CAS
nearly in the same latitude, on the Black Sea, formed the  Mississippi River rises on the N.W. border cf the county,
chief entrepits till 1280, when the latter was superseded, and forms its boundary on the N. and E. It is drained by
through the exertions of the Genoese, for their own establish- Sank, Crow Wing, and Long Prairie Rivers, and sprinkled
ment at Kaffa, which then became the transit station for over with numerous small lakes, the most considerable of
the Asiatic-European trade, and so continued till 1453. which is Leech Lake, in the northern part. lumber is the
The Turks having, at this time, seized Constantinople and  chief article of export.
barred the Bosphorus, the accustomed trade was forced into    CASS, a township of Inntingdon co., Pennsylvania.
other channels, and the Caspian became deserted, except by  Pop. 714.
few vessels which carried on a small local trade between    CASS, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. P. 4115.
Muscovy, Persia, and Central Asia.                           CASS, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 175
About 1560, an English trading company endeavoured to  miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.
open up connections, by way of the Caspian, with Persia    CASS, a post-village of Franklin co., Arkansas, 118 miles
and Turcomania, but with no good results.  From  that N.W. of Little Rock.
time, till late in the seventeenth century, the annals of    CASS, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tennessee.
navigation give few notices of this sea. At the latter pe-   CASS, a post-township in the northern part of IHancock
riod, Peter the Great, partly in the hope of diverting the  co., Ohio, 90 miles N. by W. of Columbus., Pop. 621.
Indian trade into the direction of his southern dominions,,   CASS or CASSTOWN, a post-village in Mliami co., Ohio,
caused the coasts of the Caspian to be explored by Dutch  about 6 miles E. by N. from  Troy, and 63 miles W. from
navigators in his pay. His intention was to found trading  Columbus. Pop. about 450.
stations on ground ceded by treaty or taken by force, on the    CASS, a township in Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1431.
Persian seaboard. But this he delayed to do; and when he    CASS, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.
died, his project lay dormant, and the Russians made no    CASS, a township in Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 466.
encroachment beyond what Peter had already effected, till   CASS, a township in La Porte co., Indiana. Pop. 337.
the reign of Catherine II., whose conquests in its southern    CASS, a township in Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 84.
region were not secure till our own times.                    CASS, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., Indiana.
CASPII MONTES or CASPIUS MONS.  See ELBROOZ    CASS, a post-office of Du Page co., Illinois.
MOUNTAINS.                                                    CASS, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 643.
CASS, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, contains    CASSABA, twvo towns of Asia-Minor.  See CASABA.
714 square miles. It is drained by the Etowah River, a    CASSADAfGA, a lake in Chautauque tco., New York,
branch of the Coosa. The surface is diversified; the soil about 12 miles N.E. of Maysville. Length, 3 or 4 miles.
is mostly very productive. Her iiron, marble, and lime-   CASSADAGA, a post-village of Chautauque co., New
stone are abundant; gold, copper, lead, titanium, and plum- York, on the eastern side of the above lake, 50 miles S.S.W.
bago also occur., The streams furnish immense water-power. of Buffalo.
The Western and Atlantic Railroad passes through the    CASSANDRA  or KASSANDRA,' ks-slnfdr9, (anc. Palcounty. On the bank of the Etowah River, there is an arti-  cesnce,) a peninsula of European Turkey, province of Rooficial mound which is 75 feet high, and 1114 feet in circuit melia,  between the Gulfs of Cassandra and Salonica.  It
at the base. It contains specimens of ancient pottery. The  is 25 miles in length, terminating in Cape Pailluri.  Its
county was named in honor of General Lewis Cass. Capital, greatest breadth is about 12 miles, but at its junction
Cassville. Pop. 13,300, of whom 10,292 were free, and 3008  with the main land the distance across is not more than
slaves.                                                     3 miles.
CASS, a county of Texas, situated in the N.E. part of the    CASSANDRA or KASSANDRA, (anc. Toeanolicus Sinrss,)
state, bordering on Louisiana and Arkansas, contains 1224  a gulf of Turkey in Europein Roo0-Elee,setting up between
square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Sulphur Fork  two peninsulas, the extremities of which are called Cape
of Red River, and on the S. by Big Cypress Bayou and Soda  Pailluri, and Cape Drepano. Greatest length 20 miles.
Lake. The surface is gently undulating.  The bottoms are  Average breadth, 10 miles.
swampy and mostly uncultivated; the uplands have a deep,   CASSANDRIA, Netherlands.  See CADsANaD.
red soil. Rich mines of iron are found in the S.W. part, but   CASSANO, kis-sl/no, a town of Naples, province ofCalabria
not worned at present.  The bayou and lake, which dis- Citra, 34 miles N. of Cosenza. Pop. 4310, many of whom are of
charge their waters into Red River below the Raft, are ua- Albanian descent. It stands in the concave recess of a steep
vigated by large steamboats during nine months in the  mountain, around an isolated rock on which are the ruius
year. Capital, Jefferson. Pop. 4991, of whom  3089 were  of an ancient castle; it is well built, and has a cathedral,
free, and 1902 slaves.                                      several convents, a diocesan school, a hospital, and some
CASS, a county in the S.W. part of Michigan. bordering  mineral springs. Its inhabitants manufacture maccaroni,
on Indiana, contains 528 square miles. The St. Joseph's  stamped leather, table-linens and yarn, and fabrics of
River touches the S.E. corner of the county, wlaich is  cotton and silk.
drained by the Dowagiac and Christiana Rivers, and con-    CASSANO, a town of Naples, province: and 18 miles S.S.W.
tains a number of small lakes. The surface is nearly level; of Bari. Pop. 3400.
the soil is said to be as fertile as any in the state. More    CASSANO, a town of Naples, Principato Ultia, 9 miles
than halfof the county consists of oak-openings and prairies,  S.W. of St. Angelo. Pop. 4430.
and the other portion is heavily timbered. It is intersected    CASSANO MAGNAGO, kIs-s[/no min-yd/go, a village of
by the Central Railroad. Capital, Cassopolis. Pop. 10,907.  Italy, Lombardy, 23 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2433.
CASS, a county in the northern central part of Indiana,    CASSANO-SOPRA-ADDA, kBs-s fno-so/prA-[- dtdA, a village
contains 420 square miles. It is drained by the Wabash  of Italy, Lombardy, 17 miles E.N.E. of Milan, on the railand Eel Rivers. The surface is mostly level, excepting the  way to Brescia. It has extensive silk-works.
bluffs in the vicinity of the rivers. The southern part is    CASSANO  SPINOLA, kes-sd/no  spe-nofl&, a village of
heavily timbered, and the northern consists of prairies. Italy, Piedmont, 10 miles S. of Tortona.  Pop. 1149.
Ison ore and good building-stone are abundant. The Wa-   CASSARO, kds-slro, a town of Sicily, 18 miles of Syrabash and Eel Rivers have rapid currents, and afford exten-  cuse. Pop. 2000.
sive water-power. The county is intersected by the Wabash    CAS'SAYI, KATI-PEE, or MUN'NIPNOOR, an independent
and Erie Canal. Capital, Logansport. Pop. 11,021.          country of Farther India, mostly between lat. 240 and 26~
CASS, a county in the western central part of Illinois, has  N., and lon. 930 and 950 E., having on the N. the Naga
an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the  territory, (Assam,) on the E. and S., the Burmese domiN.W. by the Illinois, and on the N. by the Sangamon River, nions, and on the W., Cachar. Its area, is stated at 7584
which streams unite on the border of the county. The sur-  square miles, and population at 75,840.  It consists of a
face is nearly level, consisting partly of prairie and partly  valley about 2500 feet above the sea, inclosed by mountains,
of timbered land: the soil is excellent. Capital, Beardstown. varying from about 6000 to 8200 feet in height, and which
PIop. 7253.                                                are covered with dense forests. Its rivers are tributary to
CASS, formerly VAN BUREN, a county in the western  the Barah or the Irrawaddy; the principal one is the Impart of Missouri, bordering on the Indian territory, has an  phan-Toorel.  Rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, sugar, opium,
area of 1000 square miles. It is intersected by the middle  mustard, and most of the kitchen vegetables of Europe are
fork of Grand River, and by Big Creek, and also drained by  raised; in the N., the true tea-plant is abundant. Cassay is
numerous other creeks. The surface is undulating, diver- celebrated for its breed of horses. Cotton cloths, mnuslins,
sified with prairies and groves, the former of which are the  silk stuffs, and some iron wares are manufactured, and exmost extensive; the soil is generally good. Limestone and  changed for other goods with the inhabitants of the neighsandstone are abundant. The county is supplied with nu- boring countries. The people are more nearly allied to the
merous springs of good water, and valuable mill streams. Hincdoos than the Burmese. The upper classes profess the
Capital, Harrisonville. Pop. 6090, of whom 5612 were free, Hindoo faith, and Cassay may be considered the extreme
and 478 slaves.                                            eastern limit of Brahminism.  The government is vested
CASS, a new county in the south-western part of Iowa, in an hereditary rajah, assisted by a numerous divan;
has an area of 576 square miles. The Nishnabatona River, and the political condition of the people appears to present
an affluent of the Missouri, flows through it in a south- a favorable contrast to that of their eastern neighbors.
westerly direction. A railroad is projected through this  The principal town is Munuipoo.l, under which name also
county, from the Mississippi River to Council Bluffs.      the whole district is generally understood. Cassay belonged
CASS, an unorganized county in the E. central part to the Burmese before 1826, but it was rendered independof Minnesota, contains about 11,000 square miles. The  ent by the treaty of Yandaboo.
387




CAS                                                            CAS
CASS COE, a post-office of Arkansas co., Arkansas.          States, Piedmont, 14 miles S.S.W. of Alessandria, on the
CASSEL or KASSEL, ksfsel, (anc. Castellscium Cattolrums,)  Bormida.  Pop. 4169.
a walled city of Germany, province Nieder-Iessen, capital    CASISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
of iesse-Cassel, is beautifully situated on both banks of the    CASSINO  (kas-see'no) MONTE, a mountain of Naples,
Fulda, 91 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It is di- province of Terra di Lavoro, 50 miles N.W. of Naples, with
vided into the Alstadt or Old Town, the Upper Neustadt or  a celebrated abbey, founded A. a., 529, in which originated
Upper NewTown, the Lower Neustadt or Lower New Town;  the order of the lBenedictines.
with the Wilhelmshihe and Frankfort suburb on the left    CASSIQUIARE, kis-se-ke-i/r4, or CASSIQUIARI, kisbank of the river, and Leipzig suburb on the right bank. se-ke-,lree, a deep rapid river of South America, Venezeula,
The two portions of the town are connected by a stone  forming the S. bifurcation of the Orinoco, by which that
bridge of three arches, across the Fulda, 158 feet in length.  river has navigable communication with the Rio Negro. It
The Old Town stands close to the river banks, and consists  leaves the Orinoco ile lat. 30 10, N., ion. 660 20' W., and, after
of narrow  and dirty streets; while the new part, built  a S.W. course of 128 miles, falls into the Rio Negro near San
upon an elevation formerly occupied by a fortress, is airy, Carloe. It is 100 yards broad where it leave  the Orinoco,
with spacious streets and handsome houses.                     and about 600 yards at its junction with the Rio Negro.
The Upper New Town contains a number of squares, in  By means of this river, water communication is established
the principal of which, the Friedrich's Platz, stands the elec- for canoes over an immense tract of South America. it being
tor's palace, an indifferent structure; and next to it, the  practicable to sail from  the interior of iBrazil to the CaraMuseum, the handsomest building in the town, containing  cas, in Venezuela, through the Amazon, the Orinoco, and
a library with 100,000 volumes, and many valuable MSS.  their affluents.
Within the'same edifice is a collection of anticquities,    CASSIS, k's'seef, a seaport town of France, department
many of them rare objects of art -and vertu, including some  of Bouches-du-Lhlne, on the Mediterranean. 10 miles S.E.
interesting Roman remains found in Hesse-Cassel; coins, of Marseilles.   Pop. in1852, 2080. Ithas aharbor, defended
prints, and models; and a picture gallery, containing 1400  by an ancient castle, some ship-building yards, a trade in
pictures, among which are some by Rubens, Rembrandt,  fruits and Muscadel wine, and a coral fishery. It is the
Vandyke, Terburg, &c.  This square is lined on three  birthplace of the abbe LarthelOlny.
sides by a double row of lime-trees, and in the centre is a    CASISITY'S MILLS, a post-office of Morgan co., Kentucky.
colossal marble status of Frederick II.  The other more    CASS LAKE, a small lake nearly in the central part of
noticeable public areas are, King's Platz, in the form of a  Oakland co., Michigan.
crescent, and renmarkable for possessing a sixfold echo;    CASS LAKE. a post-office of Pembina co., Minnesota.
Charles's Platz, in which is a statue of the Landgrave    CASSOLNOVO, kits-sol-ncyvo,  a village of the Sardinian
Charles; and William's Square.                                 States, Piedmont, 101 miles S.E. of Novare.
In the Old Town, are the Old Town Hall, the govern-    CASSOPIOLIS, apost-village, capital of Case county, Miclhiment buildings, the Stadtau, appropriated to public anuse-  gan, on the N. shore of Stone Lake, (which is about 1 mile
ments; St. Martin's Church,  with the catacombs beneath it,  in extent,) 130 miles S.W. of Lansing. Cassopolis was settled
in which the remains of the sovereigns of Ilessel-Cassel  in 1835. Pop. in 1851, about 500.
are deposited; the Lutheran, the Brethren's, and the    CASS RIVER, of Michigan, rises in the E. part of the
Galrrison churches; a synagogue, an orphan hospital and  state, and, flowing nearly westsward, enters tihe Saginaw
asylum, an arsenal and foundry for cannon, and a house  above Saginaw City. In high water it is navigable for small
of correction.  In the Upper New Town there are, besides  boats 15 miles.
the buildings spoken of above, the Mint, a cadet academy,    CASSITOWN, a small village of White co., Tennessee.
lyceum, a normal and civic school, a theatre, the New Town    CASSTOWN, Ohio. See CAse.
and  Roman Catholic churches, a hospital, and an in-    CASSIVILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, on
firmary. The Lower New Town contains an ancient fortress,  Sauquoit Creek, 86 miles N.N.W. of Albany. It has several
now used as a state-prison; the Lower New Town church, a  stores and mills.
Protestant orphan asylum, an infirmary, a lying-in hospi-    CASSVILLE, a post-village of IHuntingdon co., Pennsyltal, house of correction, and common prison. In the Leipzig  vania, 90 miles V. of Harrisburg.
suburb, are a hospital and infirmary; in the Frankfort    CASSVILLE, a post-office of Monongala co., Virginia.
suburb, a house of industry; and in the Wilhelmshthe    CASSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Cass co.,
suburb, a large hospital.                                     Georgia, is situated 2 miles from  the WIestern and Atlantic
Cassel has, altogether, 8 churches-7 Lutheran, and 1  Railroad, and 150 miles N.W. from Milledgeville.  It is sesynagogue, with a Jewish theoretical and practical school. rounded by a fertile farning region, which contains rich
It has also acatdemies for painting, sculpture, &c., an obser-  mines of iron ore and marble quarries.  In the  icinity -are
vatory, and several associations for the promotion of trade,  several fine springs, and about 10 miles S.E. are 1owan -d's
agriculture, asnd manufactures.  Its trade is inconsiderable,  Springs, a place of fashionable resort. Cassville coeitains 3
but is improving. Its manufactures comprise cotton, silk,  churches, 2 hotels, several schools, and a newspapeer office.
and woollen fdbrics, damask, linen, kid gloves, carpets,    CASSVILLE, a post-office of White co., Tennessee.
porcelain, musical instruments, gold and silver lace, earth-    CASSVILLE, a post-office of IHarrison co., O!ieo.
enware, lacquered wares, hardware, leather, &c. There are    CASSVILLE, a village of Howard co., Indianapolis, on the
many fine walks and  public gardens in the vicinity;  Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, 16 miles S. of Peru.
among the latter are the gardens of Wilhelmshbhe, in    CASSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Barsry co, Missouri,
which is situated the elector's summer palace.  Cassel is  on the road fieom  Jefferson  City to Fayetteville, Arkansas,
connected  by railway with Leipsic and Frankfort-on-the-  200 miles S.V. fisom  the foener. Laid out in 1845. Pop.
Main.  Pop. 34.547.                                            about 400.
CASSEL or KASSEL, (anc. Castel.luse T-lrajaszs.) a fortified    CASSVILLE, a post-villae of Grant co., Wisconsin, on
town of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen,   on  the Mississippi River, 28 niles above B)ubuque. It h   a
the right bank of the Rhine, and on the Taunus Railway,~ steamboat landing; and in 1853, 993,020 pounds of lead
opposite Mlentz,  with which it communicates by a bridge  were shipped from this point.  Pop. about 400.
of boats. Pop. 2500.                                             CASTAGNA, khs-ttn'yg, a town of Naples, province of
CASSEL, k'sb's~l, (anc. Cestefc~fbe,) a town of France, de-  Abruzzo Ultra I., 15 miles N.W. of Civita-di-Penne, on the
partment of Nord, 27 miles N.W. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, Maone. Pop. 1255.
4334. It stands on an isolated hill, 550 feet in height,    CASTAGNARO, kIs-thn-yitro, a village of Austrian Italy,
which, from  the flatness of all the adjacent country, con- government of Venice, 6 miles S.E!. of Verona, on the Adige,
mends a most extensive view; it has remains of a Jesuits'  at the head of the canal of its own name, which unites with
convent and of ancient fortificetions.  It has oil-mills, salt- the Canal of Bianco. Pop. 1800.
refineries, and -an active trade in cattle, butter, and poultry.    CASTAGNETO, khs-tan-yl.to, a town of Naples, province
A railway connects it with Dunkerque arid Lille. Cassel  of Principato  Citra, 30 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 2000.
was formerly fortified, and has been the scene of many ins-    CASTAGNETO, a village of Tustany, 39 miles S.S.E. of
portent military events.                                      Pisa, with a castle on the Mediterranean coast, and 1.300 inCASSEN, kUs-sena,  or KASSAN, k[s-sinf, a town of East habitants.
Afirica. territory of Betaet,  a country lying imlmediately    CASTAGNOLE, kas-tgn-yo/lR, a village of the Sardinian
S. of Nubia. and VW. of the S.WI. portion of Abyssinia, on the  States, province of Pinerolo. Pop. 2136.
Tumat.                                                          CASTAGNOLE, a village of the Sardinian States, province
CASSENEUIIL, kiss'nuhl,  a town of France, department  of Casale.  Pop. 1750.
of Lot-et-Garonne,   5 miles N.W. of Vilieneuve-sur-Lot. Pop.    CASTAGNOLE DELLE LANZE, khs-thn-yoell dltlAl Snlzt,
in 1852, 2065.                                                a village of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 10 miles S. of
CASSIM  PAStHA, kisfsim-pit'shY, a large suburb of Con- Asti. Pop. 2767.
stautinople, European Turkrey, on the northern shore of the    CASTASLIA, a tlhriving and handsome post-village of Erie
iolden I{rn," separaited from Galate, on the E. by exten-  county, Ohio. on Cold Creek, 5 miles S.W. from  Sandusky
sire burying-grounds. It comprises the imperial dock-yard  City, and 105 miles N. of Columbus. It was laid out in
of Tershanna, the great naval arsenal of the capital, and the  1836. It is abundantly supplied with water-power by the
palace of the capitan-lpasha.   On a hill above it are the  creek, which has its source in a remarkable spring near the
iulburb of St. Dmetri,.andthee Olcnkeidcan, or imperial archery  village. This spring is 200 feet in diameter, 60 feet dee-u,
ground.                                                       and has the property of petrifying  vegetable substane.
CASSINE,  k{s-seelni, a market-town of the Sardinian  Pop. about 700.,ooo




GAS                                                          gAS
CASTAIIAN  SPPINGS, a post-office of,umner co., Ten-    CASTEL CULIEIR, kliotl1   kit'le-A, a town of Frwance, defessee.                                                       partment of Lot-et-Caronne, 4 miles S.E. of Agen.
CASTALLA, kis-t9l1ya, a town of Spain, 21 miles N.W. of    CASTIOL DAGOGNA, kis-t6l  dl-g6nlyA, a town of the
Alicante. on the siver Castalla. Pop. 3022. It has linen  Sardinian States, Piedmont, 16 miles S.S.E. of Nova-ra.
manufactures, and brandy distilleries.                           CASTEL DE' F ANVCIII, k1s-til/ dA frinlkee,, a town of
CA STANARES, kls-t'-ni/ris, a market-town of Spain, pro-  Naples, province of Principato Ultra, on the Calore, 7I miles
vince of Burgos, on the Arlanzon, 4 miles E. of Burgos.       S.W. of St. Angelo-de-Lombardi. Pop. 2035.
CASTANARES DE  LAS CUEVAS, kbs-tjil-nrs di lbs    CASTEL DELFINO,  kbs-tll dl-fei/no, (Fr. Ch/lteau Daos
quovbs, a market-town of Spain, 11 miles S.S.W. of Lo- phin, sh't6'-d6'ficNI/,) a town of Naples, Piedmont, 28 osiles
gso'ofc.                                                      W.N.W. of Cont. at the foot of 3[ount Viso. Pop. 1295.
CASTANARES DE  RIOJA, kas-ta-ni/ras dA re-onIa, a    CASTEL-DEL-PIANO.   kas-till dilpe-ino, a town of Tusmarket-town of Spain. 24 miles W. of Logrofio.                cany, 28 miles N.E. of Grossetto, W. side of Amniala. Pop. 2555.
CASTA   EIAA:    hk-tbn-yllee-rb, a town of Portugal, pro-    CASTEL  DELL'  ABATE,  ks-til dil-lb-bt/ti, a town of
vince of Estremadura, 20 miles N. of Lisbon, on the Tagus.  Naples, province of Principato Citra, 12 miles SW.. of CapPop. 1000.,                                                   paccio. Pop. 2700.
CASTANEIRO, kbs-tbn-yA-egro, a village of Portugal, pro-    CASTEL DELLA PIETRA,  kBs-till d l-la pe-,trb, a town
vince of Beira, 11 miles S.E. of Lamego, on the Tavora.  of Italy, in Tyrol, 6 nmiles N.E. ofRoveredo, ns the Adige.
Pop. 2000.                                                      CASTEL DEL MONTE,  kis-til/ dl moniti., a town  of
CASTANO,  kis-tino, a town of Lombardy, 21 miles  Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra, on a mountain, 19 miles
W.N.W. of Milan.  Pop. 2903.                                  E. of Aquila. Pop. 1590.
CASTASEGNA, kis-tA-sintyb, a parish  and village of    CASTEL DEL RIO, khs-tl d3li reelo, a town of the PonSwiteerland, canton of Grisons, 7 miles N.N.E. of Chiaven-  tifical States, 33 miles W.S.W. of Ravenna.
na, at the W. extremity of the Val Bregaglia.  The mul-    CASTEL DIERI, kis-till de-Alree, a town of Naples, probelrry ceases to flourish beyond this village, which is, there-  vince of Abruzzo Ultra I., 23 miles S.E. of Aquila.
fore. the limit of the cultivation of the silk-worm.            CASTEL DI SANGRO,  khs-tl  de-sinlgro, a town of
CASTEGGIO, kds-tid/jo, (anc. Clastfidlius,) a town of Pied-  Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 53 miles S.E. of
mont, 51 miles E.N.E. of Voghera. Pop. with commune, in  Aquila, with 200 inhabitants; has a manulhctory of carpets.
152, 273'3.  In the second Punic War, Clastidium  surren-    CASTELET, Lii, bh k s'teh-I/, seve-al villages of France,
dered to Ilannibal, (Livy, xxi. 48;) and near the modern  the principal in the department of Var, 3 miles N.W. of
town is a remarkable spring called the _Fentasea d',A4nibale,  Toulon.  Pop. 1946.
(".Hircnlnibal's 1S~ring.") The Battle of Mcontebello, in which    CASTEL-FABI, kbs-till-fb-bee  a town  of Spain, Valencia,
the French, under Marshal Victor, routed the Austrians,  near Ademuz.
June 9, 1800, was fought between Caste-gio and Voghera.         CASTEL FIDAR.DO, khs-tll fee-din/do, a town of the PonCASTEL, kb's-tll, a fortified town of IHesse-Darmstadt, on  tifical States, 11 miles S. of Ancona.
the r-ight bank of the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which    CASTEL FIORENTINO, kis-till fe-o-s-n-teehno, a town of
it is connected by a bridge of boats, and a station on  Tuscany, 18 miles S.WV. of Florence, on the Elsa. Pop. 2830.
the Saunus Railway from  Frankfort to Wiesbaden. Pop.    CASTEL FOLLIT, kils-til/ fol-yit/, a town of Spain, 17 miles
2500.                                                          N.W. of Gerona. It was formerly fortified, and several times
CASTEL ALTO, kbsltl b11to, a village of Naples, province  besieged by the French under Louis XIV.
of Abruzzo Ultra I., 6 miles E. of Teramo. Pop. 1124.            CASTEL-FORTE, kbs-tll forti, a town of Naples, province
CASTEL-A-IMARE, k s-t4ll  mblri, or CASTELLAMARE,  of Terr-a di Lavoro, 14 miles N.E. of Gaeta.
kis-tlq,1-lbnblri,,   a  city and  seaport of Naples, on  the    CASTEL-FRANC, kbes'till fr8Ni, a town of France, departS.E. side of the gulf, and 17 miles S.E. of Naples, with  ment of the Lot, 11 miles VW.N.W. of Cahors.
which it is connected by a railway opened in 1839. Pop.    CASTEL-FEANCO,     k-Istel/ fin/!ko, (anc. -P!sr-   Goallo16,000. It is situated at the foot of a hill, on which stood  ruse,) 16 miles WV.N.V. of Bologna. Pop. 2000.
the ancient,S3abic, near which Pliny the elder met Ihis death    CASTEL-FRANCO, a fortified town of Italy, government
during the eruption of Vesuvius, A.a. 79. Castel-a-Mare  of Venice, 15 miles W. of Treviso, on the Musone.  Pop
contains a royal palace, a military hospital, hotels and  4220. Principal buildings, a castle and cathedral.  It has
lodging-houses for summer visitors, a royal dock-yard, and  silk and woollen manufiatctures.
ai handsome quay along the shore.  It has manufactures    CASTELIlFRANCO, a tovwn of Naples, province of Perinciof linen, silk, and cotton fabrics, sail-cloth, and leathel;  pato Ultra, 21 msles N.E. of Benevento.  Pop. 2500.
and its small harbor is defended by two forts.  Many of its    CAST:EL-FRANCO DI SOTTO, kls-t~ll fis-n/ko dee sotto,
Inhabitants are engaged in the coral fishery.                  a town of Tuscany, 26 miles S.W. of Florence, on the Arno.
CASTEL-A-MA1RE, khs-tll A mI/ri, a seaport town of Si- Pop. 3280.
cily, 20 miles E. of Trapani, near the head of the Gulf of    CASTEL-GANDOLFO, i kstll gb.n-dolffo, a village of Italy,
Castel-a-ilare. Pop. 6000. It exports wine, cotton, fi-uit,  in the Pontifical Staties, Comarcea di Roma, on the N.W. side
mnanna, and sumach. It is a mean, dirty town, with a de  of Mount Albano, 14 miles S.E. of Rome. It is picturesquely'caying castle on a rocky point. Near it are the remains of  situated on a volcanic peak, 431 feet above the lakle, and
the ancient,egesta.                                           comprises among its numerous villas the summer residence
CASTEL-A-MARE, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  of the Pope.
Ultra I., near the Adriatic, 12 miles-E. of Civita di Penne.    CASTEL-GOFFREDO, kis-tll  goffi./do, a walled town
Pop. 2500.                                                     of Lombardy,  13 miles N.W. of Mantua.  Pop. 3463. It
CASTEL-A-MARE DELLA BRUCA, kas't6Il-mi/ri dill- has an hospital and manufactures of silk.
]b-broo'kb, a village of Naples, province of Principato Citra,    CASTEL-GOMIBERTO,  kais-t'll gom-bi3eto, a village  of
on the Mlediterranean, 22 miles N.W. of Policastro.            Northern Italy, 7T miles N.V. of Vicenza. Pop. 2388.
CASTEL-A-MIARE, GULF OF, an extensive bay of Sicily,    CASTELGRANDE,   k- s-tl/grbnldi, a town of Naples, 21
on its N. coast, about lat. 380 10' N., and ]on. 130 E., 16  miles N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 3080.
miles W. of Palermo; its entrance is bounded by Capes St.    CASTELGUELFO, kis-tillgoo-i ldfo, a avillage of Northern
Vito and Uomo-Morto.                                           Italy, duchy, and 6 miles W.N.W. of Parma, on the Taro.
CASTEL-AtAGONESE, Sardinia. See CASTEISARDO.                It has a fine castle, taken from the Ghibelline party in 1407,
CASTEL-ARQUATO, kbs-tll - kw  to, atown of the duchy  by a Guelph captain, whence its present name.
of Parma, 19 miles S.E. of Piacenza, on the Larda, here crossed    CASTEL-GUGLIELM0, kais-till gool-y limo, a village of
by a bridge. It contains a fine Gothic church, a hospital, ca- Northern Italy, government of Venice, 12 miles W.S.W. of
vah'y barralcks, medical and other schools, and the ancient  Rovigo, with an old fortress, and 2900 inhabitants.
and vast castle fiom which the town derives its name. Pop.   CASTEL-JALOUX,   kbs'tll zh'loeol, a tovwn of France, de4393.                                                          partment of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Avance, 17 miles N.W. of
CASTEL BALIO, kis-tilb  balido, a village of Northern  Nsrac. Pop. in 1852, 2852. It has iron and copper folrges,
Italy, government of Venice, 21 miles S.W. of Padua, on the  and manifiactures of paper, glass. and woollen hlAbics.
Adige.                                                           CASTELLABATE,        kis-ti1-li-b  i/ti a village  of Naples,
CASTEL BELFORTE, kbs-tillbil-fzo/ti[a town of Northern  province of Principato Citra, 15 miles W. of Vallo. Pop. 2260.
Italy, 7 miles N.E. of Mantua.                                   CASTELLAMARE,  Naples.  See CasTEsLA-MARE.
CASTERL BOLOGNESE, kbs-t~l  bo-lin-yilsi, a town of    CASTELLAMONTE, kis-tlll`-monti, a town of Piedmont,
the Pontifical States, 22 miles W.S.XV. of Ravenna, between  10 miles S.W. of Ivrea.  Pop. 5050. It has a castle, a large
Imola and Faenza. IHere, in 1434, the Milanese, under Pic- market-place, and manufactures of earthenware.
cinino, defeated the Florentines in a decisive battle.           CASTELLANA,  is-t~l-l/n0,  a town of Naples, province
CASTEL BOTTACIO, kbs-till bot-ticho, a town of Naples, of Terra di Bari, 26 miles S.E. of Bari. Pop. 6300.
province of Saunio, 141 miles N: of Campobasso.  Pop. 1200.   CASTELLANETA,  kbs-tl riA-nlta, a town of Naples, proCASTEL BUONO, khs-t1l/ hoo-ohno, a town of Sicily, near  vince of Otranto, 20 miles N.WV. of Taranto. Pop. 41750. It
Palermo, in the BMadonian Mountains, 8 miles S.,. of Ce- has a cathetdral, several convents and charitable establishfalu. Pop. 7080. It has mineral springs.                       ments. Cotton is raised in its vicinity.
CASTEL CLEMENTINO, lbs-ti/ kin-in-teeflno, a village    CASTELLANN E, khs te'l1n', a town of France, departof the Pontifical States, 17 nailes E. of Caneerino.           ment of Basses-4lpes, on the Verdon, he-s crossed by a.CASTEL CUCCO, kis-tfll kooklko, a town of Lombardy  remarkable single-arched bridge, 20 miles S.E. of Digne.
and'Venice, 21 niles W'.N.WV. of Treviso. It has manufac-  Pop. in 1852, /:154.  It has manaufactures of coarse woollens.
tures of woollen fabrics.                                     and a trade in preserved fruits.
389
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CASTELLARO, k[s-tll-lW/ro, a town ot Lombardy, 14 factures are linen, woollen, and hempen fabrics, especially
miles N.N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 2071.                        sail-cloth, also ropes, paper, soap, vermicelli, glass, earthenCASTELLARO, a village of Sardinia, province of Nizza.  ware, fire-arms, brandy, wine, oil, &c. Much attention is
CASTELLARO, a village of Sardinia, province of Remo.   paid to the rearing of silk-worms. The imports comprise
CASTELLARO, a village of Sardinia, in Piedmont, pro- sugar, coffee, alcohol, cotton, hides, vinegar, and salt fish;
vince of Lomellina. Pop. 450.                             to the annual value of about 18,0001. The exports are
CASTELLARQUATO, kAs-tsl-l aR-kw  to, a town of Italy, hemp, grain, fruits, and manufactured goods; annual value
duchy of Parma, 15 miles S.E. of Piacenza. It has a vast under 15,0001. The vessels fi-equenting the port are unmerGothic palace. Pop. 2860.                                 ous, but small; the average annual tonnage being 16,052.
CASTEL-LASTUA, ks-tl las-tool, a village of Dalmatia, Castellon was taken from the Saracens, in 1233, by James
22 miles S.E. of Cattaro, with a lazaretto and quarantine  I. of Aragon, and subsequently given by him to the monasstation on the Adriatic.                                   tery of San Vincente of Valencia. Francisco Ribalta, the
CASTELLAZZO, khs-t1l-latlso, a town of Piedmont, 5 mile  painter, and his son, Juan Ribalta, also an artist, were born
S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 5236.                            here. Pop. 16,952.
CASTEL-LEONE, k[s-t4l! al-olnA, a village of Lombardy,   CASTELLONE, kgs-tf-lolnA, a town of Naples, province
16 miles NV. of Cremona. Pop. 5712. It is well built, and  of Terra di Lavoro, on the Appian Way, and on the Gulf of
enclosed by old walls.                                     Gaeta, 6- miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 3430.  Near it is the
CASTELLETTO AL PO, kas-tLl-lttto AlI pa, a village of the supposed " Cenotaph of Cicero."
Sardinian States, Piedmont, province of Voghera. Pop. 1250.   CASTELLOTE, k-is-til-loltA, a town of Spain, 55 miles
CASTELLETTO D'ORBA, kis-tsl-lit/to doRsbi, a vill age of N.E. of Ternel. Pop. 2475. It has an old castle on a height
the Sardinian States, 60 miles S.W. of Novi. Pop. 1900.    near tihe Guadaloupe.
CASTELLETTO MIERLI, kitisAl-i-t'to mia/lee, a village of   CASTELLUCCIIIO, kIs-tll-looklke-o, a village of Lonmthe Sardinian States, province of Casale.                  hardy, 7. miles W. of Mantua. Pop. 3161.
CASTELLETTO SCAZZOSO, khs-t~l-l-tlto sk/t-sofso, a vil-   CASTELLUCCIA, kils-tl-loot/chi, a village of Naples,
lage of the Sardinian States, province of Alessandria. P.1500. province of Principato Citra, 27 miles E.S.E. of Salerno.
CASTELLETTO 9OPRA TICINO, kiUs-t4l-lttto solprA te- Pop. 2000. Near it the Calore is crossed by a noble bridge.
chee'no, a village of the Sardinian States, 19 miles N. of   CASTELLUCCIO, kgs-t51-lootlcho, a town of Naples, proNovara, on the Ticino. Pop. 3519.                         vince of Terra di Lavoro, 6 miles S.W. of Sora. Pop. 1630.
CASTELLETTO STURA, kIs-t6l-l6tlto stoo/ri, a village of   CASTELLUCCIO ACQUA BORRANA, kIss-tel-loot/cho isthe Sardinian States, province of Coni.                   kwA boa-itnis, a town of Naples, province of [holise, 20 miles
CASTELLINA, kiss-ts1-leelng, a village of Tuscany, pro- N.E. of Campobasso, on the S. slope of MIonte Sibilla, 4763 feet
vince. and 19 miles S.S.E. of Pisa.                       in elevation, the loftiest village in the Apennines. Pop. 2500.
CASTELLINA, a village of Tuscany, 9 miles N.N.E. of   CASTELLUCCIO INFERIORE, kits-t~l-lootcho in-fi-reoSienna.                                                   rE, a town of of Naples, province of Basilicata, 32 miles S.W.
CASTEL-LLYCIIWR, kisst/l tlji/oor, written also LOU- of Tursi. Pop. 2650.
GIHOR, a borough of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, plea-   CASTELLUCCIO  SUPERIORE, kis-tM-loot/cho  soo-pitsantly situated between the Loughor and the Llyw, 60  re-o/rt, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata. imniedimiles W. by N. of Swansea. With Swansea, Aberavon. Ken- ately N.W. of Castelluccio Inferiors. Pop. 2210.
vig, and Neath, it returns a member to the House of Corn-   CASTELLUM, a town of France. See CASSEL.
noons. Pop. 854.                                            CASTELLUM  CATTORUIi, a city of Germany.  See
CASTELLO BRANCO, kis-tkI/lo brtn/ko, a town of Portu- CAssec.
gal, province of Beira, 64 miles S.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 6000.   CASTELLUM' TRAJANI, a town of Ilesse-Darmstadt.
It stands on a hill crowned by a ruined castle, enclosed by  See CAssEL.
walls.                                                      CASTELMARY, kis't~llmitreot, a village of France, departCASTELLO D' ACTI, kIts-tMlflo di/chee, a town of Sicily, ment of Aveyron, arrondissement of Rodez. Pop. 1088.
province and 4 miles N.E. of Catania, on the Mediterranean.   GASTELMORON, kits'til'mo'r6-No,   a town of France, de.
CASTELLO DELLA  BARONIA, kits-t/l!1o dfil/t bi-ro- partment of Lot-et-Garonue, on the Lot, 17 miles S.E. of
neeit, or BARONIA, bA-ro-nee!%,  a village of Naples, pro- Marnmaude. Pop. 2040.
vince of Principato Ultra, 101. miles S.E. of Ariano, with    CASTELNAU, kIs'\t6lMnl, a fortress of France, department
2300 inhabitants. It has a castle, mineral springs, and a  of Gard, 8 miles S. of Uzcs, where Roland, the chief of the
manufiictory of coarse woollens.                          Camisards, met his death, August 13, 1704.
CASTELLO DE VIDE, kits-t.l1lo die veelds, a village of    CASTELNAUDARY, kis'tMIn6\d&ree/ (anc. Sostoensageus,) a
Portugal, in the province of Alemtejo, 11 miles N. of Porta- town of Frafice, department of Aude, near the Canal du
legre. Pop. 5800. It is walled, and has a castle, several Midi, 22 miles W.N.W. of Carcassonne.  Pop. in 1852,
churches, and a manufactory of woollen cloths.            9992.  It stands on an eminence, and is built in the
CASTELLO DI QUATRO, kis-tM/lo dee kwst~ro, a town  form  of an amphitheatre.  To the S. the canal forms a
of Tuscany, 4 miles N. of Florence. Pop. 1350.  It has a  basin 1300 yards in circumference, surrounded by good
snummer palace of the grand duke, with extensive gardens  quays, warehouses, and yards for building vessels. It he's
and parkls.                                               manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics, cotton twist, and
CASTELLO DI SAN CATALDO, kits-tMl/lo dee'sfan kd-tfIlf- earthenwares. It was founded by the Visigoths, on the site
do, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 7 miles N.E. of of the ancient Sostoaiagus, under the name of Castrum Novsec
Lecce, with a small harbor on the Adriatic.               A-ianccnrum, of which its present name is a corruption. It
CASTELLO iELHOR, kis-tMl/o mtllyLa, a village of Por- suffered greatly in the wars of the Middle Ages; and undz:
tugal, province of Beira, on the left bank of the Douro, 5  its walls the Duke de Montmorencyiwas made prisoner by
miles N. of Castel-RodriAo.                               the royal troops in 1632.
CASTELLON- DE-AMPURIAS, kis-tMl-yln!  d it m-pooa-re-   CASTELNAU  DE BRASSAC, kis'tMl'nOl deh brilssik, a
is, a town of Spain, 21 miles N.N.E. of Gerona, on the Muga. town of France, department of Tarn, 30 miles S.E. of Albi.
Pop. 2706.                                                Pop. 4680.
CASTELLON DE LA PLANA, kIs-tMl-yLn!   d lit pl/nt,   CASTELNAU  DE  M]DOC, kistl'n5 deh m)dok/, a
a province of Spain, one of the three into which the ancient town of France, department of Gironde, 16 miles N.W. of
kingdom of Valencia was subdivided in 1833; bounded N. Bordeaux. Pop. 1211.
by the provinces of Teruel and Tarragona, E. by the Medi-   CASTELNAU DE MONTMIRAIL, kis~ttln61 deh mLeeterranean Sea, S. by Valencia, and W. by Teruel; area, mePrDl/, a town of France, Tarn, 17 miles N.W. of Albi. Pop.
3049 square miles. Pop. 247,741.                          3086.
CASTELLON DE LA.PLANA, (auc. Castalio?) a city and    CASTELNAU MAGNOAC, ksstM'n61 miu'yo-tk1, a town
port of Spain, capital of the above province, 40 miles N.N.E. of France, in the Pyrenees, 21 miles N.E. of Tarbes. Pop.
of Valencia, in an extensive and fertile plain, irrigated by  1572.
the MIijares, whose waters, through the medium of an ancient   CASTELNAU MIONTRATIER, kis9ttlln61   m6Nrtrjtte-3/,
aqueduct, cut for a considerable distance through solid  a town of France, 121 miles S.S.W. of Cahors. Pop. in 1852,
limestone rock, are conveyed 5 miles into the town, afford- 4057.
in, a copious supply to the inhabitants, and dispensing    CASTELNAU  RIVIhRE BASSE, kis~ttl'nl!  reelve-aiPs
life and verdure in the vicinity. This great work was pro- bessl, a town of France, in Hautes-Pyrdnues, 25 miles N.WV.
bably the construction of James the Conqueror, King of of Tarbes. Pop. 1370.
Aragon, about 1210. The defences of the city were strength-   CASTELNOVO, kits-tM1-no/vo, a town of Italy, 6 miles
ened and increased, by the addition of batteries and a fosse, S.S.E. of Modena. Pop. 1400.
in 1837, but the works are now falling to decay for want of   CASTELNOVO, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of
repair. The houses are in general well built and commo- Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles'N.E. of Gaeta.
dieus, and the streets wide, straight, clean, and, though    CASTELNOVO, a town of italy in Sicily, 14 miles S.W.
unpaved, many of the more important have good footpaths. of Milazzo. Pop. 3230.
It has 9 squares, a town and court houses, and parish    CASTELNOVO, a town of Italy, in the Sardinian States,
church, wherein are some good paintings, monuments, division, Genoa, province of Levante. Pop. 2626.
statues, &c.; 2 chapels of ease, Latin, normal, and primary    CASTELNUOVO, kis-tMl/noo-ovo, a fortified town and
schools, a hospital, poor-house, theatre, barracks, orphan  seaport of the Austrian Empire, Dalmatia, 11 miles W. of
asylum, bul-ring, 2 Ipisons, a cemetery, several convents, Cattaro, at the W. entrance of the gulf. It is commanded
snd a spacious and handsome episcopal palace. The manu- by two forts on contiguous heights, and defended by a
390




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Aitadel on the shore. Pop. 7019. It was captured by the    CAS!.TERTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of RutEnglish in 1841.                                          land, on the Great North Road.
CASTELNUOVO, a town of Italy in Naples, province of    CAS/TERTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of RutAbruzzo Citra, 14 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3400.        land, 2 miles N.W. of Stamford.
CASTELNUOVO, a town of Italy, province of Capitanata,    CASTETS, kfs'tI,;  a village of France, department of
24 miles W.N.W. of F'oggia. Pop. 2340.                    Gironde. on the Garonne, 9 miles N. of Bazas, with 1800
CASTELNUOVO BOCCA D'ADDA, kh[s-tl.noo-ofvo bok'- inhabitants, and the remains of a fortress, built in the
k' dld/dt, a village of Italy, Lombardy, province, and 23 time of Edward II. cf England, and formerly of importance.
miles S.E. of Lodi. Pop. 1620.                              CASTETS. a village of France, department of Landes, 12
CASTELNUOYO D'ASTI, kds-t~llnoo-olvo diAstee, a town  miles N.N.W. of Dax. Pop. in 1852,1782.
of Italy in Piedmont, 15 miles N.W. of Asti. Pop. 2983.     CASTIGLIA. See CASTILE.
CASTELNUOVO DEI MONTI, kas-ttl'noo-ofvo d/e mon!-   CASTIGLIONE, kbs-teel-yofnA, a town of Italy, in Lomtee, a town of Italy, in Modena, 20 miles S.S.W. of Reggio.  bardy, 11. miles S.E. of Lodl, near the Adda. Pop. 3292.
Pop. 1200.                                                  CASTIGLIONE, a town of Lombardy, 21 miles N.W. of
CASTELNUOVO  DI CEVA, kgs-t~llnoo-o'vo dee chilv4, Lucca.
a town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 12 miles    CASTIGLIONE, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
E.S.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 3860.                             Citra, 41 miles N.N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 2000.
CASTELNUOVO  DI  GARFAGNANA, kIs-til'noo-o/vo    CASTIGLIONE, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
dee grr-f&n-ydInA.  a town of Italy, district of Garfagnana, on  Ultra II., 10 miles W. of Nicastro. Pop. 3300.
the Serchio, duchy, and 43 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop. 2700.   CASTIGLIONE, a town of Sicily, 25 miles N.N.E. of CataCASTELNUOVO DI MAGRA, kds-t~llnoo-o/vo dee ml nia, on the declivity of Mount Etna. Pop. 2874.
gr', a town of Italy, province, and 11 miles E. of Spezia, in    CASTIGLIONE, a town of the Pontifical States, 22 miles
the valley of the Marga. Pop. 2626.                       W. of Perugia, on the W. side of the Lake of Perugia,
CASTELNUOVO DI SOTTO, k s-tll'noo-ofvo dee sot/to, formerly fortified.
a town of Italy, duchy of Modena, on the Canal of Castelnovo,   CASTIGLIONE, a village of Italy, in ComSarca di Roma,
10 miles N.W. of Reggio.                                  on the site of the ancient Gabii, and near the Lake of Gabii,
CASTELNUOVO   DI VAL-DI-CECINA, kUs-tdlnoo-olvo  with considerable remains of antiquity, including ancient
dee vll-dee-ch4-che/nA, a town of Italy, in Tuscany,.province  walls, and portions of a temple of Juno, a Greek theatre,
of Pisa, 13  miles S. of Volterra.                       and an aqueduct.
CASTELNUOVO  SCRIVIA, k s-tl'noo-o/vo  skree/ve-4,    CASTIGLIONE DEI GATI, kas-teel-yofnA d/ee g/tee,
a town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 13 miles a town of Italy, 26 miles S.W. of Bologna. Pop. 2000.
E.N.E. of Alessandria, province of Tortona, on the Scrivia.   CASTIGLIONE DELLA PESCAIA, k/s-teel-yo/nA d/111i
Pop. 6018.                                                p&s-kil, a town  of Italy, in Tuscany, 12 miles W. of
CASTELNUOVO  VAL-TIDONE, kIs-t3linoo-o/vo val-te- Grossetto, on the Mediterranean, at the outlet of the Lagoon
doene, a town of Italy, duchy of Parma, district and 13 miles  of Castiglione. Pop. 1473.
W.S.W. of Piacenza. Pop. 1500.                              CASTIGLIONE DELLA PESCARA, kgs-teel-yo/nA, dillCASTELORIZO, kls-tll-lo-reed/zo, or CASTEL-ROSS0, Il. pbs-kArA, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I.,
k~s-t4l/ros/so, a small island off the S. coast of Asia Minor,  21 miles S. S.W. of Citta-San-Angelo. Pop. 1350. Near it is
19 miles S.E. of Patara; lat. 360 7' 30" N., Ion. 290 40' E. It  a fine abbey-church.
has a pretty good port, some trade in agricultural produce,   CASTIGLIONE DELLE STIVIERE, kas-teel-yolnA d/ltlA
and many remains of ancient edifices.                     ste-ve-A/rA,,    a town of Lombardy, 22 miles N.W. of Mantun.
CASTEL-PAGANO, k/s-tMl/-pA-gA]no, a village of Naples,  Pop. 5200. It has several churches and a ruined castle, but
province of Molise, 12 miles S.E. of Campobasso. It has  is chiefly noted for the decisive victory gained here by the
about 2600 inhabitants.                                   French over the Austrians in 1796, and whence Marshal
CASTEL-PETROSO, kis-til/-pe-tro/so, a village of Naples, Augereau acquired the title of Duke of Castiglione.
province of Molise, 20 miles W. of Campobasso. Pop. about   CASTIGLIONE D'ORCIA, kbs-teel-yo/nA don-cheel, a town
2600.                                                     of Tuscany, province ofSienna,near the Orcia, 71 miles S.E.
CASTEL-RODRIGO, kAs-tdlf-ro-dreelgo, a small fortified  of Monte-Alcino. Pop. 844.
town of Portugal, province of Beira, near the Spanish fron-   CASTIGLIONE  FIORENTINO, kds-teel-yo/nA  fe-o-rlntier, 32 miles N.E. of Guarda. Pop. 400.                  teetno, a town of Tuscany, 8'miles S.E. of Arezzo. Pop.
CASTEL-ROSSO. See CA.STELoRIZO.                         5317. It has a church, Piarist college, and orphan asylum.
CASTELROTTO, kds-tll'rot'to, or CASTELRUT, khs/tel-   CASTIGLIONE, LAKE OF, lds-teel-yolnA, a lagoon of
roote, a village of Austria, Tyrol, 14 miles N.E. of Botzen, Tuscany, province of Sienna,N. of Grossetto, about 10 miles
on a mountain near the Eisach; Pop. 3322.                  in length, by from 1 to 3 miles in breadth; it was formerly
CASTEL-SAGRAT, kAs't6l/-sA'gr/, a town of France, de- mudh larger, but a great part of it has been drained. It
partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, 23 miles W.N.W. of Montau-  receives the Brunn and other small rivers, and disembogues
ban. Pop. 1300.                                           into the Mediterranean, by a short channel close to CasCASTEL-SARAGENO, kAs-tbl/-sA-riA-chno, a town of Na- tiglione della Pescaja. It affords abundance of fish; but
ples, province of Basilicata, 33 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 3200. its banks are very unhealthy and mostly depopulated.
CASTEL-SARDO, kAs-t~ll-s~a/do. (formerly CASTEL-ARA-    CASTIGLIONE MESSER MARINO, kbs-teel-yo/nA misGONESE, kAs-t~l/A-rA-go-n/sAt,) a fortified town and seaport  Aslal mi-ree/no, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra,
of Sardinia, the strongest in the island, on its N. coast, 16  22 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 3160.
miles N.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2092. It stands on a nearly    CASTIGLIONE  MESSER  RAIMONDO, kgs-teel-yo/nA
isolated rock, and has a cathedral, and a harbor.         mis-Astp rI-mon/do, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo
CASTEL-SARRASIN, kAs't~ll-sht/'sAca/, a  town  of  Ultra I., 17 miles S.E. of Teramo. Pop. 2060.
France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Songuine,   CASTILBLANCO, kbs-teel-blAnlko, a town of Spain, in
near its influx into the Garonne, 12 miles W. of Montau- Estremadura, 15 miles E.S.E. of Logrosan.  Pop. 1700. CAsban. Pop. in 1852, 7028. It was formerly fortified, and has TILBL.NC0 is the name of several other small places in Spain.
manufactures of serge and worsted stoekings, and an active   CASTILE, kbs-teelf, (Sp. Uastilla, kAs-teellyd; Pr. Castille,
trade in corn raised in its vicinity.                    khs'teei; Ger. Castilien, kAs-tee/le-en; It. Castiglia, kgs-teel/CASTEL-TERMINI, kAs-t~ll-tilme-ne, (anc. citmiciafnce yA,) a former kingdom of Spain, occupyingthe great central
Alquce?) a town of Sicily, 16 miles N. of Girgenti. It has ex- table-land of the peninsula, composed chiefly of tertiary fortensive mines of sulphur and rock salt. Pop. 4600.        mation, and elevated 2300 feet above the level of the sea.
CASTELVETERE, kAs-tllvlt!A-rA, (L. Caste~lum Vestus, In the tenth century this region was a country of which
i. c. "old Castle;" anc. CahYlon and C)uoloenia,) a town of  Burgos was the capital; at the commencement of the
Naples, province of Calabria Ultra.                        eleventh century it was erected into a kingdom, and was
CASTELVETERE, a town of Naples, near the Mediter-  successively extended by the addition of the kingdoms of
ranean, 47 miles N.E. of Reggio, with 3370 inhabitants.  It  Leon, Estremadura, and Andalusia.  The marriage of Ferhas a castle and 5 churches.                               dinand, King of Aragon, with Isabella of Castile, in 1474,
CASTELVETERE, a town of Naples, province of Molise,  united under one sceptre all the Christian states of Spain,
18 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 3578.                  and the conquest of Granada, in 1492, led to the establishCASTELVETERE, a town of Naples, province of Princi- ment of the kingdom of Spain. From the great importance
pate Ultra, 10 miles W. of St. Angelo. Pop. 1860.          of Castile, as the centre of the kingdom, the name of CASCASTELVETRANO, kAis-tl'vw-trVno, a town of Sicily, TILIAN is often used to indicate Spaniards in general. See
29 miles S.E. of Trapani. Pop. 1500.                       CAsTIM, NErw, and CAsTILE, Oe. —- Adj. and inhab.CAsIIuAc,
CASTENEDOLO,  kAs-ta-nal-dolo, a town of Lombardy, kAs-til/yan. (Sp. CASTILLANO, His-teel-yAno)
government of Milan, 60 miles S.E. of Brescia. Pop. 3000.    CASTILE, kas-teell, a post-village and township of WyoCAST]RA-LECTOUROIS, kds'tAhrV-lik'tooa'wA!, a town  ming co., New-York, on the Genesee River, andon the Buffalo
of France, department of Gers, 24 miles N. of Lectoure. and New York City Railroad, 58 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. It
Pop. 911.                                                  contains 4 stores, 1 carriage manufactory, and 3 churches
CASTERA-VERDUZAN, k~s'tA'1rA/-via'dfi'zNo/, a village  Pop. of the township, 2446.
of South France, department and on the Gers, 23 miles N.   CASTILE, a small village of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
of Auch. Pop. about 1000. It possesses sulphur and chaly-    CASTILE, a post-office of Clinton co., Missouri.
beate springs, and has acquired within a few years all the    CASTILE, a village of Livingston co, Missouri, 115 miles
appliances of a fashionable watering-place.               N.W. of Jefferson City.
391




CAS                                                        CAS
CASTILE CREEK, of Missouri, flows into Platte River, respectively the seats of the Earl of Lucan, chief owner in
In the S.E. part of Buchanan county.                        the town, and of St. Clair O'Malley, Esq.  It was taken in
CASTILE, NEW, (Sp. Castila-la-Nvueva, khs-teeltya-l1-  1798 by the French under General Humbert, who in an acnoo-A/vA,) an old province of Spain, forming the S. portion  tion derisively termed the " Race ofCastlebar," here defeated
of the ancient kingdom of Castile; its capital was Madrid.  asuperior British force, but who subsequently abandoned the
Greatest length from E. to W. 240 miles; average breadth  place on the approachof the main army under Lord Cornabout 155 miles. Area, 29,506 square miles. It is now di- wallis. The Castlebar River issues firom a lake, 3 miles in
vided into the provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad-Real,  length, S.W. of the town, and flows N. into Loch Cullin.
Cuenca, and Guadalajara.  This region forms part of the    CASITLE-BELILINGIIAM, a market-town of Ireland, in
central table-land of Spain, bounded N.:by the mountains  Leinster, co. of Louth, on the road from Dublin to Belfast,
of the Sierra Guadarrama, and S. by those of the Sierra  4- miles N. of Dunteer. Pop. 665.
Morena, and traversed by several minor chains, which sepa-    CASITLE-BLAKENEY, or KIL'LASOLAN, a village and
rate broad plains or valleys. Its rivers comprise the upper  parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway, 18 miles S.E.
courses of the Tagus, Gundiana, the Guadalquivir, the Se- of Tuam. Pop. 1190.
gura, and the Jucar. The mountains of the Sierra Morena    CASTLE-BLAYNEY, kastse1-blblnee, a town of Ireland, in
afford the richest supply of minerals in the kingdom. Pop. Ulster, co., and 12 miles S.S.E. of Monaghan, at the W. ex
in 1849, 1,490,799.                                         tremity of Loch Blayney. Pop. 2134. It gives the title of
CASTILE, OLD, (Sp. Chstillca-la-'eja, iks-teellyk-la-ve-A- viscount to the Blayney family, whose demesne is in the
Ju,) an old province of Spain, comprising the N. portion of  vicinity.
the ancient kingdom  of Castile, and forming the new pro-. CASTLE-BROM/WICH, a station of the Midland Railway,
vinces of Burgos, Valladolid, Palencia, Avila, Segovia, Soria, (west branch,) England, 141 miles E.N.E. of Birmingham.
Logrofio, and Santauder. Greatest length firom N.E. to S.W.,    CASTLE  BYTHE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemn210 miles; breadth, 170 miles. Area, 21,262 square miles. broke.
The S. portion of the territory is traversed by the Sierra    CASTLE CAER-CINEON, kB[r-kinoe na parish of North
Guadarama, and the N. by the mountains of Asturias, while Wales, co. of Montgomery.
in the centre the Sierra Occa separates the basins of the    CASTLE CAMPS, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge,
Ebro and the Douro. Pop. in 1849,1,427,477.                 5 miles E.S.E. of Linton. I-Here are the ruins of a fine casCASTILIAN (kas-tilfyan) SPRINGS, a village of HIolmes  tie of the De Veres, and in the vicinity are traces of the imco., Mississippi.                                           messe embankments thrown up by the East Angles to
CASTILLA CASTILLE, and CASTILIEN. See CASTILR.  prevent the incursions of the Mercians.
CASTILLO-DE-GARCI-MU:OZ,  kIs-teelfyo-dA-gait/tho-    CASITLE-CASREY, a market-town and parish of England,
moon-yfthl, a town of New Castile, 27 miles S.S.W. of Cu- co. of Somerset, pleasantly situated 10 miles S.E. of Wells.
enca, on a declivity overlooked by a ruinous castle belong- In its manor-house, Charles II. found refuge after the battle
ing to the Marquis of Villena. Pop. 1185.                   of Worcester.
CASTILLO-DE-LAS-GUARDAS, kSs-teel/yo-dA-l s-gwhsI-    CASTLE-CAR/RACK, a parish of England, co. of Cumberdis, a town of Andalusia, 30 miles N.W. of Seville, on an  land.
elevated site, commanded, except on the N., by lofty hills.   CASITLE-CAtRY, a hamlet of Scotland, co. of Stirling,
Pop. 2287.                                                  parish and 9 miles W.S.W. of Falkirk, a station on the EdCASTILLO-DE-LOCUBIN, kbs-teelfyo-dt-lo-koo-beenf,  a  inburgh and Glasgow Railway.  Supposed to have been the
town of Spain, 18 miles S.W. of Jaen. Pop. 3971. It has  ancient Coesia Damnio sum. It formed also one of the primtwo hospitals, and a school of primary instruction.         cipal stations of the wall of Antoninus.
CASTILLON, k~s'tee'y6NGf, a town of France, department    CASTLE-CIIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
of Ari6ge, 7 miles S.W. of St. Girons, on the Lizard. Pop.   CASTLE-COMBE, a village and parish of England, co. of
in 1852, 1215.                                              Wilts, 6 miles N.W. of Chippenham.
CASTILLON, a town of France, department of Gironde,    CASJTLE-COSMER, a market-town and parish of Ireland,
10 miles E.S.E. of Libourne, on the right bank of the Dor- In Leinster, co. and 10 miles N:N.E. of Kilkenny, on the road
dogne. Pop. in 1852, 3213. It was formerly fortified, and  to Dublin. Pop of town, 1765. It stands in a hollow, and
has manufactures of nails, cords, cotton and woollen spin- has a commodious church, a conurt-house, fever hospital, an d
ning.  Near it is the chateau of Montaigne, where the cele- infantry barracks. Castle-Comer IIouse and a ruined castle
brated author of that name died. The French gained a  are in the vicinity; 2. miles distant are extensive colleries.
victory over the English here in 1451.                        CASITLE-CON/NEL or STRADBALILY. a town and parish
CASTILLONPS, kls'tee'yo'nV, a town of France, depart- of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 6 nmiles N.N.E. of Limerick,
ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 17 miles N.N.W. of Villeneuve-sur-  on the Shannon, close to the Falls of Doonass. Pop. of the
Lot. Pop. in 1852, 2100.                                    town, 1106. It is beautifully situated, and is resorted to in
CASTINE, kas-teenl, a port of entry, capital of Hancock  summer by the inhabitants of Limerick for its chalyheate
co., Maine, in a township of the same name, on the E. side  springs. Its castle, formerly a seat of the O'Briens, Kinigs
of Penobscot Bay, at the entrance of Penobscot River, 34  of Munster, was destroyed during the siege of Limerick.
miles S. of Bangor, and 118 miles N.E. of Portland. On the    CASITLE —ON/NER, a parishofl Ireland in Casnaught, co.
opposite side of the bay, 9 miles distant, is Belfast. The  of Sligo, on the Moy, near its mouth in Killala Bay, 3 miles
town is pleasantly situated on a tongue of land projecting  N.N.E. of Ballina. Itere are the ruins of an old castle,
from the N.E., and has a spacious harbor, accessible at all giving name to the parish, and an artificial mound with
seasons, and of sufficient depth for vessels of the largest several regularly formed sepulchral chambers.
class. The iuhabitants are chiefly engaged in ship-building    CASITLE-CONSWAY, Ireland. See KILLORGIcN.
and the fisheries. The shipping of the district, (Penobscot,)    CASTLE CRAIG, a post-office of Campbell co., Visginia.
June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 6701 tons    CASTLE CREEK, a post-office of Broome co., New York.
registered, and 37,168 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the    CASTLE-DER'MOT, or TRISTLEDER/MOT, thristsel-derflatter, 20,530 tons were employed in the coast trade, 13,075  mot, a parish and ancient town of Ireland, in Leinster,, co.
tons in the cod fishery, and 2860 tons in the mackerel fish-  of Kildare, on the Lear, an affluent of the Barrow, 6 miles
efy. During the year, 29 vessels, tonnage 4444, were ad- N.N.E. of Carlow. Pop. of the town, 1516. Itsnumerousanmeasured. The ship-building for 1853 amouinted to 5490  tiquities comprise remains ofalarge cathedral, a church built
tons. Settled by the French in 1667, and by the English in  by the first English settlers, a beautiful Franciscan monas1760. Pop. of the township, 1260.                           tery, a Norman arch, a strong square tower, supposed to
CASTINE, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.                have been built by the Knights Templars, the ruins of a
CASTIONE, kds-te-olnA, a village of Lombardy, 20 miles priory, and a castle; and in its church-yard are several cuN.E. of Bergamo.                                            rious crosses, and a round tower. The town was formerly
CASTIONE, a village of Lombardy, 4 miles W. of Sondrio. the residence of the Dermots, kings of Leinster.
CASTLE-ACRE, kastsel-Odker, or EAST ACRE, a parish    CASTLE-DOUGLAS, Ikasfsel-dthgflas, a burgh of Scotland,
of England, co. of Norfolk, 4 miles N. of Swaffham. ltere  9 miles N.E. of Kirkcudbright.  Pop. 1847. It is a modern,
are the ruins of a priory and of a castle, both founded soon  well-built marlcet-town, indebted for its prosperity to the
after the conquest.                                         advancing wealth of its vicinity. Its original name was
CASTLE-ASIHBY, a parish of England, co. and 7 miles  Carlinwark.
E.S.E. of Northampton, with a station on the Northampton    CASTLE-EATON, kasfspl-eeton, a parish of Erngland, co.
and Peterborough Railway. See AsrBY.                        of Wilts.
CASTLEBAR, kas'sel-barl, or AGPLISIH, a disfranchised    CAS/TLFE'DEN, a village and parish of England, co. and
parliamentary and municipal borough, town, and parish of  10 miles S.E. of Durham, on the Eden, and the  Iar-tlepool
Ireland, in Connaught, capital of the county of Mayo, on  and Sunderland Railway.
the Castlebar River, 10 miles E.N.E. of Westport. Pop. of    CAS'TLEF'INI, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
the town, 5137. It stands on a plain of bog and pasture    CASTLEFIN, a post-office of Jefferson co., Illinois.
land; and, excepting its main street and a square, it is ill   CASUTLE-FINNI, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co.
built and paved.  Principal edifices, the Parish Church, of Donegal, on the Finn, which is navigable up to the town,
built in 1825, the Castle, formerly a stronghold of the De  5 miles S.W. of Lifford.  Pop. 567.
Burghs, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, the Court-   CASITLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of York, West
house. a linen-hall, and barracks for 650 men. It has some  Riding, at the junction of the Aire and Calder Rivers, and
breweries, and a considerable trade in coarse'linens and  having a station on the North Midland Railway, 71 miles
rural produce. Near it are " the Park" and "the Lawn,"  N.E. of Wakefield.
~392




F               -
CAS                                                           CAS
CASTLE-FROME, a parish of England, co. of IHereford.        Vermont, on Castleton River, 50 miles S.W. of Montpelier
CAS!TLE-GREGfORY, a small town of Ireland, co. of  The Rutland and Washington, and the Saratoga and CastleKerry,  mile from the S. shore of Tralee Bay, 12 miles W. ton Railroads here intersect each other, and uuite with the
of Tralee.  Pop. 504.                                         Vermont and Canada lines. It is the seat of the Castleton
CASTLE GROVE, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa.             Medical College, founded in 1818, connected with MiddleCASITLE-IIA/VEN, a parish of Ireland, ~o. of Cork.          burg College, and contains another seminary of high repuCASITLE-IIOWOARD, the magnificout seat of the Earl of  tation. attended by about 200 pupils, a bank, and n merous
Carlisle, in Englanud, co. of York, North Riding, 4 miles S.WY. stores. It has manufactures of carriages, woolien goods, and
New-Malton.                                                   leather.  Pop. 3016.
CASTLE-ISLAND, an islet of Ireland, in Munster, co. of    CASTLETON, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New York,
Cork, in Roaring-Water  Bay, N. of Cape Clear.                on the IIudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad,
CASTLE-ISLAND, a town and parish of Ireland, in Mun-  8 miles S. of Albany, contains 1 or 2 churches, and about
ster, co. of Kerry, 11 miles E.S.E. of Tralee.  Pop. 1687.    400 inhabitants..CASTLE-JORIDAN, a pasish of Ireland, in Leinster, Kings    CASTLETON, a township of Richmond co., New York, on
and Meath cos., on the Grand Canal, 5 miles S.S.W. of Kin- the N. end of Staten Island, contains New Brighton village.
negoad.                                                       Pop. 5389.
CASTLE-KNOCK, a parish  of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of    CASTLETON, a post-office of Culpepper co., Virginia.
aime  name, 4 miles W.N.W. of Dublin, on the Liffey. It    CASTLETON, a post-township in Barry co., Michigan,
has the ruins of a castle built in the reign of Henry IL., and  about 10 miles E. of HaI-Istings.  Pop. 324.
those of an abbey of the thh'teenth century.                    CASTLETON, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa.
CASTLE-LYONS,   kastsel-11onz, a village and pcarish  of    CAS'TLETON  OF BRAEIMAR, a village of Scotland, CraIreland, in Munster, co. of Cork, 2 miles N.E. of Rathcor-  thy parish, Aberdeenshire, on the E. bank of the Clunie, a
mack. Pop. of the village, 775. It has a Carmelite monad  little above its junction with the Dee, 57 miles W. of Abertory, and the remains of a Dominican priory.                  deen. It has 2 good inns, frequented by tourists.
CASTLE-MACAD/AM, a parish of Irelhnd, in Leinster,    CASITLETOWN, or LID/DLESDALE, an extensive parish
co. of Wicklow.                                               of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, with a village, (New C cqtleCAStTLE-MAGINER, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. town,) 16 miles S. of Itawick.  It has a border fortress,
of Cork, 7 miles W. N. N. of Mallow. Its antiquities include  named Hermitage Castle, but derived its name f-rom another
an ancient baronial castle of the MaRners, whence its name.  of earlier date, which, like the old villhqe of Castletown, no
CAS/TLEMAN'S FERRY, a post-office of Clark co., Virginia.  longer exists.
CASTLEMAN'S FORK, Texas, flows S.E. through Gon-    CARfTLETOWN, or CASITLETOWN BEREIHA/VEN, a seazales county, and enters the Guadalupe in Dewitt county.   port-town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, on the WV. ade
CASTLEMAN'S RIVVER, a smnall stream in the S.W. part of Bantry Bay, opposite Bere Island, 18 miles AV. of Bant-y.
of Pennsylvania, empties itself into the Youghio-heny.        Pop. 881. Vessels of 400 tons can reach its pier; and its
CAS/TLE-MARITIN, an entensive parish of South Wales, trade revived temporarily with the working of Allahais copco. and 5 miles W.S.W. of Pembroke. In it are the remains  per-mines.
of a British fortress.                                          CASTLETOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
CAS/TLE-MARtTYR, a small town, and formerly a parlia- Louth. 
mentary borough of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 18 miles E.   CASTLETOWN, a paish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
of Cork, on the Maine, by which it has a petty trade. Pop.  Limerick.
1397. The Earl of Shannon is proprietor of the adjacent    CASTLETOWN, the capit-l of the Isle of Man, England,
demesne.                                                      in the S. extremity of the island, on the WV. shore of G~LstleCASTLE-M3ORE, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, cos. town Bay. Pop. 2283. It is supposed to be the most anof Roscommon and Mayo.                                        clent town on the island, but its present buildings are moCASTLE-MOITON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.  dern. In the centre is a large square, with market-house;
CASITLE-NORIWICH, a township  of England, co. of  St. Mary's church faces the parade, and King William's
Chester.                                                      College, founded in 1830, is in the vicinity. Castle Rushen,
CAS/TLE-POLLARD, a well-built town of Ireland, in Lein-  said to have been built in 960, by a Danish prince, and once
ster, co. of Westmeath, 61 miles W.N.W. of Drumcree.  Pop. the residence of royalty, now a prison and barracks, st-nsds
1310. About 1 mile distant is Packenham Ihall, the seat of  on a rock in the cente of the town. Here is the residence
tht Earl of Longford.                                         of the lieutenant-governor of the island.
CASTLE-RAIIAN/, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of    CAS/TLETOWN-AR1RA, a parish of Irebind, in Munster,
Cavan.                                                        co. of Tipperary.
CASTLE-REA or CASTLEREAGI, kas'sel-r/, a market-    CAS'TLETOWN-DEL'VIN, a parish of Ireland, in   intown of Ireland, in the barony of same name, in Connaught, ster, co. of West Meath, 7 miles W. of Athboy.  Near the vilco. and 16 miles W.N.W. of ltoscommon,on the Suck, here  lage is Clonyn Castle, the seat of the Marquis of Westmeath.
crossed by 2 bridges. Pop. 1233. Castlerea IHall, immediately    CASTLETOWN-ROCHI E, rhch, a town and parish of Ireadjacent, is the proporty of Lord Mountsandford, on whose  land, in Munster, co. of Cork, on the Awbeg, 8 miles W.N.W.
demnesne are the ruins of the ancient castle.                 of Fermoy.  Pop. of the town, 1033. It stands on a wooded
CASTLEREAGH, a hamlet of Ireland, in Ulser, co. of  height, and has small infantry barracks.
Down, 2 miles S.E. of Ballyacerret, gives the name of vis-    CAS/TLETOWNS!END, a small seaport-town of Ireland, in
count to the Marquis of Londonderry.                          Munster, co.. of Cork, on the W. side of Castlehaven Bay, 4
CASTLEREAGH  RIVER, in Australia, is an affluent of, miles E.S.E. of Skibbereen.  Pop. 770. It has the customwhich flows N.W. and joins the Darling, in lat. 300 S., ion. house for the port of Baltimore.
1470 203 E.                                                     CAS/TLE-NWEILAN, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster,
CASTLE-RI/SING, a decayed borough, town, and parish  co. of Down, 5 miles S.W. of Clough. Pop. 806. It gives the
of England, co. of Norfolk, 4 miles S.S.E. of King's Lynn.  title of baron to the Earl of Annesley, lord of the maanor,
Pop. in 1851, 392. It has the remains of a celebrated castle,  whose seat, Castle Wellan, adjoins the town.
formerly the seat of the Earls of Arundel, and in which    CASION, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Isabella, queen of Edward II., was confined aftdr the mar-    CASNTOR, a village and parish of EngLand, co. of Northder of her husband. The town was formerly a busy seaport,  ampton, 4 miles W. of Peterborough, on a branch of the
but its harbor has become choked up; and the Reform Act  London and North-western Railway. Castor is the Darodeprived it of the privilege of sending 2 members to the  brisvce of Antoninus, and remains of many buildings, as baths
House of Commons.                                             and villas, with tessellated pavements, have been found
CASTLE-TERIRA, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  here. Pop. of village, 716.
Cavan.                                                           CAStTOR, a post-office of Caldwell parish, Louisiana.
CASTLE THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.              CASTOR BAYOU, Louisiana, rises in Jackson parish, and
CAS/TLETON, a village of England, co. of Derby, 13 miles  flowing southward, unites with the Dugdemona at the N.
W. by S. of Sheffield, situated at the bottom  of a rugged  extremity of Rapides parish.
eminence, on which stands the ancient castle called Peak    CASTORIO, kas-tore-n, or FRENCII CAMP, a village of
Castle, erected by William   Peveril, natural son of the Con- San Joaquin co.. California, is situated on a channel of its
queror. The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining;  own name. The place was formerly the head-quarters of the
hut many derive a subsistence from  the manufacture of  Hudson Bay Company. Several trading posts have been esornamental articles from  spar, and from strangers visiting  tablished here, which are always accessible from the mines.
the many remarkable natural curiosities in the neighbor-    CAS/TOR RIVER, of Missouri, rises in St. Francis co., in
hood, the most extraordinary of which is the Peak Cavern, the E.S.E. part of the state, and flowing in a general southor Devil's Cave, consisting of a series of subterranous chani- erly direction, communicates by several arms with a group
hers, which can be explored only by torchlight.  The whole  of small lakes in Stoddard county, and afterwards joins the
depth of the excavation inwards. from  the outward open- Whitewater River.  The stream  thus formed, which  is
Ing, is 2300 feet. The pevesril o  the Peak of Sir Walter  sometimes called Castor River, but more frequently the
Scott's novel of that name, was the supposed founder of the  Whitewater, after receiving the outlet of Lake Pemiscc,
original castles at Castletonh.  Pop. 1500.                    falls into Big Lake, which is connected with the St. FranCASTLETON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.              gois by Little River. Most of the region through which it
CASTLETON, a township, in England. co. of limcaster.  flows is low or swamp land, and the streams not only often
CASTLETON, a post-village andi township of Rutland co., spread themselves over a large surface, forming extehsive
393




CAS                                                        CAT
marshes or lakes, but frequently change their channels, or War, Enna was the head-quarters of the slaves, who held
make for themselves several different outlets.             out against the power of Rome for some years, and fought
CASITORYILLE, a village of Lewis co., New York, on  three successive battles with her armies, but were at last
Beaver River, about 60 miles N.W. of Utica.                subdued, and the town was taken by Consul Rupilius.
CASTORVILLE, a post-village, capital of Medina co.,   CASTROJERIZ, kjs'tro-Hs-reethf, (anc. Uostrum Ccesaris?
Texas, on Medina River, 30 miles W.S.W. of San Antonio.   a town of Spain, province, and 18 miles W. of Burgos, beCASTRA CECILIA. See CACERES.                             tween the Orda and Garbanzuela. Pop. 2434.
CASTRES, kdst'r,a town of France, department of Tarn,    CASTRO LABOREIRO, kisttro lA-bo-r'e-ro, a town and
Dn both sides of the Agouent, here crossed by two stone  parish of Portugal, province of Minho, 32 miles N.E. of
bridges, 23 miles S.E. of Albi. Pop. in 1852, 20,815. It is  Ponte-do-Lima, on an elevated plateau in a mountainous disthe most populous and flourishing town in the department. trict near the frontiers of Spain. It contains an old ruined
Though generally ill built, it has some good edifices, in- castle, and owing to its great height, and totalwant of sheleluding the old episcopal palace, now used for the town- ter by trees, is considered the coldest place in PortugaL
hall, a public library, a church with some good works of  Pop. 1500.
art, a theatre, barracks, and exchange. It is the seat of a    CASTRO MARIM, kfsftro m&-reeNGl  a town of Portugal,
Protestant consistory, having been one of the first towns  province of Algarve, in the S.E. corner of the kingdom, on
which embraced the doctrines of Calvin; diocesan and  the Guadiana, and near its embouchure, 15 miles N.E. of
other superior schools, a council of agriculture, and a  Tavira, on the Spanish frontier. It was once fortified, but
chamber of manufactures.  It has important and cele- the fortifications are now in ruins. Pop. 2260.
brated manufactures of cassimeres, military clothing, and    CASTRONUOVO, kBsltro-noo-ofvo, a fortified town  of
cotton goods, besides copper wares, glue, soap, and paper;  Sicily, intendancy of Palermo, on a mountain, 25 miles N. of
coal, iron, lead, and copper are raised, in its vicinity; and  Girgenti. Pop. 5820. Near it are quarries of fine marble.
the town has an active trade in wool, liqueurs, and confec-    CASTRONUOVO, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata,
tionary. It was long the residence of Henri IV., and is the  34 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2560.
birthplace of Dacier, Rapin, and the Abb6 Sabatier.           CASTROPETRE, kisstro-peelter,. a parish of Ireland, in
CASTRES, a town of France, department of Gironde, 11  Leinster, King's county.
miles S.E. ofBordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 722.                     CASTROPIGNANO, kBsttro-peen-yfno, a town of Naples,
CASTRI, kAs'tree, a village of Greece, government of Pho- province of Molise, near the Biferno, 5 miles WF.N.W. of
cis, occupying a portion of the site of ancient Delphi, on the  Campobasso. Pop. 2558.
southern declivity of Mount Parnassus, 7 miles E. of Salona.   CASTROPOL, kAs-tro-polf, a small seaport town of Spain,
About 250 yards E.is the famous Castalian Spring.          province, and 58 miles W.N.W. of Oviedo, with a ruined forCASTRIES, klsetree/, a town of France, department of  tress, near the mouth of the Ribadeo, in the Bay of Biscay.
Iterault, 7 miles N.E. Montpellier, with a fine Gothic castle. Pop. 1575. 
Pop. in 1852, 954.                                           CASTRO-REALE, kAsetro-rA-All1, a city of Sicily, intendCASTRIES, kIsetreel, or PORT CASTRIES, the principal ancy of Messina, capital of the district, on the Castro, 12
town of the island of St. Lucia, in the British West Indies, miles S.W. of Milazzo.
on its W. coast, with a good port and extensive commerce.   CASTRO-URDIALES, ksltro~ooR-de-i'l1s, a seaport town
Pop. 2400.                                                  of Spain, province, and 27 miles E. of Santander, on the Bay
CASTRO, k~sttro, a seaport town of Naples, 10 miles S.W. of Biscay. Pop. 2936. The town, sacked by the French in
of Otranto, on the Adriatic.  Pop. 7000.  It has an old  1811, has been rebuilt, and is now clean and regular. It
castle, a cathedral, a harbor for small vessels, and some ex- has walls and bastions on the land side, and an old castle;
port trade in corn, wine, olives, fruit, cotton, and fish. It its harbor is celebrated for safety, and it has extensive fishhas repeatedly suffered filom attacks of Barbary corsairs.    eries. Near it is a ruined convent of the Templars.
CASTRO, (anc. CQstsremoniums?) a village of Italy, in the    CASTROVERDE, kesltro-v8Rada, a town of Portugal, proPontifical States, 25 miles W.N.W. of Viterbo, on the Olpeta, vince of Alemtejo, in the plain of Ourique, 26 niles S. of
near the Tuscan frontier.                                   Beja, with 2000 inhabitants, and a collegiate church.
CASTRO, a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 9    CASTROVILLARI, k.sttro-vil-llree, a fortified town of
miles S. of Frosinone.                                      Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 7 miles W.N.W. of CasCASTRO, klsltro: (anc. Jlitylefne,) a seaport town of Asi- sane. Pop. 5650. In its vicinity, near Monte Pollino, the
atic Turkey, capital of the island of Mitylene, on its E. famous cheese called cacio cavallo is made.
coast, 55 miles N.W. of Smyrna. Pop. 6500. It extends in    CASTRO-VIREYNA, k'lsftro-ve-rA'e-nL, a town of Peru,
a semicircle around a shallow harbor, and has a large castle, capital of a province of its own name, in the department of
several churches, convents, and mosques. In the gardens  IIuaneavelica, is situated on the W. slope of the Andes, at
of its suburbs are many vestiges of the ancient Mitylene.   the head of a stream falling into the Pacific, 165 miles S.E.
CASTRO, kdsetro, a town of Brazil, province of Seio Paulo, of Lima. Pop. of the province, in 1850, 15,348.
W. of the Sierra do Mar, and 85 miles N.W. of Curitiba.    CASTRO-VIRIRYNA, kAs'tro-veea-aeelng, a town of SouthPop. of the district, 8000.                                 era Peru, department of Ayachucho, 112 miles S.W. of inaCASTRO, kAs'tro, a town and seaport of Chili, on the E. manga, which, though  in a tropical region, is so elevated,
coast of the island of Chiloe, at the head of a fine bay of the  that its inhabitants often suffer from the intensity of the
same name. Its port is good, and it carries on some trade. cold.
It was founded in 1560 by Don Lopez Garcia, then viceroy    CASTRUM NOVUM. See GIuLIANov A.
of Peru. Pop. 3500.                                           CASTUA, khs-too/', a town of Austria, in Illyria, on the
CASTRO-CONTRIGO, kUs'tro-kon-tree'go, a town of Spain, E. side of the peninsula of Istria, near the Gulf of Quarnero,
40 miles S.W. by V. of Leon, on the Eria. Pop. 1494.        34 miles S.E. of Triest.  It was formerly important, as the
CASTRO DAIRE, kBs/tro d~rA, a town and parish of Per- capital of the ancient Liburnia, but is now decayed, and
tural, province of Beira-Alta, 18 miles S.S.W. of Lamego, has only 500 inhabitants.
with a church and a hospital. Pop. 2400.                      CASTUERA, k[s-too-'YrA, a town of Spain, 68 miles
CASTRLO-DEL-RIO, kis/tro-dl-ree/oo, a town of Spain, in  E.S.E. of Badajos, near the Guadalefra. Pop. 6572. It has
Andalusia, 16 miles S.E. by S. of Cordova, on a declivity on  trade in fruit and wine.
the Guadajoz. The more ancient part of the town is sur-    CASUENTUS. See BASIENTo.
rounded by a dilapidated wall, flanked with towers, aind    CASIWELL, a county in the N. part of North Carolina,
entered by one gate, which was defended by an Arab castle, bordering on Virginia., has an area of about 400 square
now also ruinous. The modern portion is outside the walls, miles.  It is intersected by Iycootee River and County
and extends along the foot of the hill on its N. side. Most Line Creek, affluents of Dan River which twice crosses the
of the streets are wide and regular, lined with well-built  N. border of the county.  The surface is undulating; the
houses and handsome public edifices. Its parish church is  soil fertile. The Richmond and Danville Railroad, when
spacious, has three naves, and a lofty tower containing a  finished, will be a valuable improvement to the county.
clock and peal of six bells. IHere are two colleges, several Organized in 1777, and named in honor of Richard Caswell,
primary schools, some convents with churches attached, the first governorofthe state undes the constitution. Capital,
and an economic society. The remaining public buildings  Yancey. Pop. 15,269, of whom 7499 were free, and 7770 slaves.
comprise six chapels, two hospitals, a capacious town-hall,    CASWELL, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi.
prison, store-house, and cemetery. It has manufactures of    CATAHOULA, kat'a-hoofla, a parish situated towards the
linen, woollen, and hempen fabrics, earthenware, tiles, N.E. part of Louisiana, has an~area of 1970 square miles. It
bricks, lime, brandy, wine, oil, and vinegar; and trade in  is watered by the Washita, Tensas, Black, and Little Rivers.
wheat, cattle, oil, honey, &c. Pop. 9092.                  The surface is partly occupied by hills, near the Washita River.
CASTROGIOVANNI, k4sftro-jo-vtnlnee, (anc.Enna,) a city  The soil in some parts is fertile. The rock which underlies
of Sicily, intendancy of Catania, on a table-land in the centre  the parish is sandstone. Several of the rivers are navigable
of the island, 4000 feet above the sea, and 13 miles N.E. of by steamboats through this parish and on its borders. OrCaltanisetta. Pop. 11,140. Though healthy, well supplied  ganized in 1808.  Capital, HIarrisonburg.  Pop. 7132, of
with water, and in a highly fertile tract, it is in decay, and  whom 3604 were free, and 3528 slaves.
its chief edifice is a feudal fortress. Ensna  was celebrated    CATAHOULA (ka-ta-hoofla) LAKE, situated in the N.E.
in antiquity as the mythical birthplace of Cores, and the  central part of Louisiana, in the parish of the some namne,
site of her most famous temple; and about 5 miles distant is 15 or 20 miles long, and 2 or 3 wide. In times of floods,
is the Lake of Pergusa, where Proserpine was, according  to  these dimensions are somewhat enlarged.  Little River
the poets, carried off by Pluto. During the first Servile  enters its S.W. extremity, and flows from the N.E. part.
394




CAT                                                        CAT
CATALAIMET, a post-village of Lewis co., Washington  of which are very splendid, several charitable establishTerritory, on the Columbia River, about 40 miles from its ments, foundling and lying-in hospitals, and a Magdalen
mouth.                                                      asylum. In a fine square near the cathedral is a statue of
CATALAUNI or CATALAUNUMI.   See'CnALONs-sR- - an elephant bearing an obelisk, believed to be a genuine
IARNE.                                                      antique.  The university, founded in 1445. has an annual
CATALONIA, ka-ta-lo/ne-a, (Sp. bataln ia, kA-tt-loon/yA; Fr. revenue of above 20001., and its library and museums asCatalogne, kat'1loil; It. Catlogna, kd-to-ln.1yA; Ger. Catalo- open on holidays to the public. Catania has a college of
nien, kA-ta-loine-en,) an old province in the N.E. of Spain, arts and numerous private museums; it is a bishop's see,
bounded N. by Andorra and the Pyrenees, W. by Aragon, S. the seat of one of the three high civil and criminal courts
by Valencia, and E. by the Mediterraneane. Length,185 miles; in Sicily, and of inferior courts, and it is invested with vagreatest breadth, 130 miles; but, being of a triangular form, rious high privileges. It has extensive manufactures of
the breadth diminishes southward to 23 and 22 miles. Area, silk fabrics, and of wares in lava and amber; besides which
12,636 square miles. Its capital was Blarcelona; it is now di- goods it exports corn, macaroni, potatoes, olives, figs, raw
vided into the provinces of Ba-rcelona, Tarr' gona, Lerida, and  silk, wine, soda, manna, cantharides, and snow from Mount
Gerona. It is extiremely mountainous, being intersected by Etna. The harbor is not adequate to the importance of the
the contreforts of the Pyrenees, which separate it into hume- city, but it is generally full of small craft.
rous small valleys. Near its centre, Mount Se-rrat, remarkable    Catania is supposed to have been founded by the Phcenifor its curious form, is 4054 feet in elevation. All the higher clans. It was occupied by the Romans under the name of
mountains of Catalonia are perpetually covered wvith snow, Catcana, and by them  it was adorned with edifices of great
and the lower hills with wood. The valleys are verdant, magnificence, most of which, however, have been destroyed
and generally watered by a rivulet.  The coasts, about 190 by earthquakes and by the lava from  Mount Etna. The
miles in extent, are bold and rug-ed; the surface is well ruins of the amphitheatre, which was more extensive than
watered. Chief rivers, the Ebro. the Llobregat, and the Ter. the Colosseum at Rome, or than any other edifice of the
This is the best cultivated portion of Spain; every variety  same kind now known to exist, are still to be seen; as also
of bread-corn is raised. Among its mineral riches are copper, the remains of the theatre, baths, aqueducts, sepulchral
zinc, manganese, lead, and coal; there is a celebrated salt- chambers, hippodrome, and several temples. Besides being
mine at Cardona, and salt-works on the coast. The manu- destroyed by the earthquake of 1693, the town again suffacturing industry of this district has long been famous, fered from a similar calamity in 1783 and 1818; and, so late
and is still the most important in the kingdom. The prin- as 1846, an earthquake rent many of its houses. Pop. 54,167.
cipal articles produced are woollens, cotton, silk, and leather, -Adj. and inhab. CATANIAN, kl-tane-an.
paper, cordage, and fire-arms. The Catalans speak a peculiar    CATANIA, GULF OF, an inlet of the Mediterranean, on
language, distinct from thq Castilian.                      the E. coast of Sicily, extending from La Trezza Bay, near
Catalonia was anciently under the dominion of the Rn- Aci Reale, to Cape Santa Croce, near Agosta, a distance of
mane, who were afterwards dispossessed by the Goths, and  18 miles. It receives the Giaretta River; and the city of
and they again by the Moors. It was finally reconquered  Catania and towns of Castello d'Adc, Lenza, and La Bruca
by the Spaniards, when it was divided into departments, are on its shores.
and governed by deputed counts. The national liberties    CATANZARO, kg-tdn-ziOro, a city of Naples, province of
were secured by the code of Usages, and the people were  Calabria Ultra II., on a mountain near the Gulf of Squilrepresented by local parliaments.  In 1040, the sovereignty  lace, 33 miles S.S.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 11,464. Many of its
became hereditary. In 1137, the province was united to  principal buildings were destroyed by the earthquake of
Aragon, by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer iV. with Pe- 1783; but it still has a cathedral and other. churches, a
tronila, the heiress of the former.  Turbulent and impa- castle, a royal academy of sciences, diocesan school, college,
tient of restraint, the subsequent history of the Catalane  and foundling hospital, with a government pawn-bank, and
presents but a series of rebellions, which finally terminated  other charitable institutions.  It is the seat of one of the
in their subjugation by Philip V., who, after the capture of  four great civil courts of the kingdom, and has mannufacBarcelona in 1714, suppressed their ancient cortes and cur- tures of silk, velvet, and woollen fabrics, and an active
tailed their liberties and privileges, having previously laid  trade in agricultural produce.
the county waste by fire and sword. The principal towns    CATAPULICIIE, kd,-t-poo-leefchA, a river of South Ameare Barcelona, Tarragona, Gerona, Lerida, Reus, Mlanresa, rica, rising on the E. side of the Chilian Andes, about lat.
Tortosa, &c.  Pop. 1,283,734.-Adj. and inhab. CAT/ALAN  390 15' S., and, after a course of 58 miles, falls into the Rio
and CArTALONIcA, kat-a-lo/ne-an; (Sp. CATALAN, kl-td-lJn/.)    Negro about lat. 400 3' S.
CATALIPA GROVE, a post-office of Marshall co., Tennessee.    CAT/ARACT, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.
CATALPA GROVE, a post-office of Greene co., Kentucky.    CATARROJA, kd-taR-uaoui, a town of Spain, 6 miles S. of
CATALPA  GROVE, a post-office of Benton co., Indiana.    Valencia. Pop. 3585, mostly engaged in raising rice and
CATALUNA. See CATALONIA.                                  fishing in the Lake Albufera.
CATAMA CREEK, of Montgomery co., Alabama, enters    CATAS ALTAS, k'/tes Allt~s, a well-built village of BraAlabama River about 12 miles W. of the capital of the state.  zil, province of Mlinas Geraes, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ouro
CATAMARCA, k-tA-mar/klc, a department of the Confede- Petro. Pop. 3000. In its vicinity are extensive iron-mines.
ration of La Plata, in SouthAmerica, between lat. 250 and 290    CAT'ASAUIQUA, a new  and thriving post-borough of
S., and ion. 660 and 690 W., having WV. the Andes, separat- IHanover township, Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, on the left
uing it from the northern provinces of Chili, and on other  bank of Lehigh River, 3 miles above Allentown, and 54
sides the departments of Salta, Tucuman, Cordlova,; and  miles N. of Philadelphia.  It contains 4 churches, 4 or 5
Rioja. Pop. estimated at 50,000. It is extremely fertile, hotels, and a system  of water-works to supply the town
and produces cosn and cattle for home consumption, sup- with water. The Crane Iron-Works at this place are said
plies the adjacent departments with cotton, and sends con- to be the largest establishment for smelting iron in the
siderable quantities of red pepper to Buenos Ayres.         United States. One of the furnaces recently constructed
CATAMARCA, the capital of the above department, is  has turned out 235 tons of iron in a single week; a yield
situated on a small stream about 275 miles N.W. of Santiago,  which has scarcely been equalled in this or, perhaps, in any
in 1at. 270 30' S., ion. 680 W. Pop. 4000.                  other country. Pop. about 1500.
CATANA. See CATANIA.                                        CAT'ATONKI, a post-office of Tioga co., New York.
CATANDUANES, k4-t5n'doo-V/nls, one of the Philippine    CATAU/LA, a post-office of Harris co., Georgia.
Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, near the S.E. coast of    CATAULA CREEK, Georgia. See 5 -ULuaRRY CREEK.
Luzon, 40 miles long and 15 broad; it is fertile and well   CATAWTBA, or GREAT CATAWBA, a river of North and
cultivated. Chief town, Virac.                              South Carolina, has its sources in the Blue Ridge, in Burke
CATANIA, k&-tIne-A, (anc. Catoana or Cattica,) a cele- county of the former state. It flows nearly eastward to the
brated city and seaport of Sicily, on its E. coast, 31 miles W. border of Iredell county; after which it pursues a southN.N.W. of Syracuse. It is beautifully situated at the foot erly course, and enters South Carolina near the mouth of
of Etna, its despoiler and its benefactor. Overwhelmed as  Little Catawba, and about 15 miles from Yorkville. In the
it has often been by torrents of liquid fire, it has risen, like  latter state it forms the boundary between Lancaster disthe phoenix, more resplendent from  its ashes. The very  trict, on the one hand, and York and Chester districts, on
substance which once ravaged its plains, has, by its own  the other, till it arrives at Rocky Mount, and takes the
decomposition, covered them with soil fertile as the fabled  nane of Wateree. The length of the Catawba is estimated
garden of the iesperides; and on-all sides the material of  at 250 miles. It flows through the gold region of North
destruction is turned to the purposes of ornament and  Carolina. The Wateree, after a southerly course of about
utility.                                                    100 miles, unites with the Congaree to form  the Santee.
The city has a noble appearance from the sea, and is in-   CATAWBA, a county in the W. central part of North Caternally very handsome, with regular and spacious streets  rolina, has an area of about 250 square miles. The Great
paved with lava, of which material the numerous public  Catawba, from which it derives its name, forms the boundbuildings are constructed, the latter being fitced with mag- ary on the N. and E.; the county is also drained by the
nesian limestone and enriched with marbles. A natural  South Catawba. The surface is diversified; the soil is foremole of lava encloses the harbor.  Principal edifices, the  tile. PFormed fromn the N. part of.Lincoln, in the year 1842.
Cathedral, rebuilt after the great earthquake of 1693, the  Capital, Newton. Pop. 8862, of whom 7293 were fmiee, and
Senate-house, Government Pawn-bank, a Benedictine con- 1569 slaves.
vent of vast extent, and with a superb church, a large mu-   CATAWBA, a village of Atlantic co., New Jersey, 4 miles
seumc &c., about 30 other convents and 50 churches, some  S.E. of May's Landing, has a c-hurch, and about 20 houses.
395




CAT                                                    CAT
CATAWBA, a post-office of Botetdurt co., Virginia.            CATILETTSBURG, a post-village of Greenup co., Ken.
CATAWBA, a small post-village of Clarke co., Ohio.          tucky, on the Ohio, at the mouth of Big Sandy River, 15C
CATAWIBA CREEK, in the S.W. central part of Virginia,  miles E.N.E. of Frankfort.
ftows north-eastward through Roanoke  county, and enters    CATILIN, a township of Chemung co., New Ymork. Pop. 1474
the James River in Botetourt county.                            CATMANDOO, capital of Nepaul.  See KnATrMAND00.
CATAWBA CREEK, a post-office  of Gaston co., North Ca-    CATMYERE.   a parish of England, co. of Berks:
rolina.                                                         CATO, kA/to, a post-village and township of Cayuga co.,
CATAWBA SPRINGS, a post-village in Lincoln co., North  New Yorlk, on Seneca River, 12 miles N. of Auburn.  Pop,
Carolina, 160 miles W. by S. of Raleigh.                      of the township, 2247.
CATAWBA VIEW, a post-office of Caldwell co., North Ca-    CATO, a post-office of Cocke co., Tennessee.
rolina.                                                         CATOC/TIN CREEK, of MIaryland, rises in Frederick co.,
CATAWIS/SA, a creek in Pennsylvania, empties itself into  flows southward, and enters the Potomac River near the
the North Branch of the Susquehanna, a few miles below   Point of Rocks.
Bloomsburg.                                                     CATOCTIN  FURNACE, a post-office of Frederick co.,
CATAWISSA, a post-village and township of Columbia  Maryland.
co., Pennsylvania, on the left (E.) bank of the North Branch    CA/TON, a chapehry of England, co. of Lancaster.
of the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Catawissa Creek,    CA/TON, a post-township of Steuben co., New York, 26
75 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg.  It is connected by railroad  miles S. of Bath. Pop. 1214.
with the coal-mines at Mauch Chunk, and has a bridge    CAfTONSVILLE, a post-village of Baltimore co., Maryland,
across the river. There are several iron-works in operation  8 miles W. of Baltimore.
here. Pop. of the township, 1143.                                CATOOISA, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia.
CATAWISSA FORGE, a village of Columbia co., Pennsyl-    CATORCE, kS-toa/thA, a town of the Mexican Confederavania, 87 miles N.N.E. of IHarrisburg.                        tion, state, and 120 miles N. of San-Luis-de-Potosi.  In the
CATAWISSA MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, on the S. side  neighborhood are extensive silver-mines, formerly the richest
of Catawissa Creek, is principally included in Columbia  in Mexico.
county, between its south-eastern limit and the Susque-    CA/TO SPRINGS, a post-office of Rankin co., Mississippi.
hanna River.                                                     CAT/RAIL, DIVIDING FENCE, or PICTS-WORK/DITCIH,
CATAWISSA  VALLEY, a post-office of Schuylkill co., a name applied to the remains of a fosse and double ramPennsylvania.                                                 part, with round forts at intervals, in Scotland, cos. of SelCATBALOGAN, krt-bi-lo-gin!, written  also  CADVA-  kirk and Roxburgh, and which is supposed to have been a
LONGA, k~d-vS-lon/g', a town of the Philippines, capital  line of defence raised by the Britons against the invading
of the island of Scm'r. Pop. 6328. It is situated at the  Saxons. It commences 1 mile W. of Galashiels, and extends
mouth of a small river near the centre of the W. coast. It  S. to Peel-Fell; it is from 20 to 24 feet in breadth.
is regularly built, mostly of wood, and is the residence of a    CATR AL, kft-rclf, a town of Spain, 20 miles S.W. of AliSpanish alcalde.                                              cante.  Pop. 2268. It has linen manufactures.
CATICOTT, a chapelrh  of England, co. of Somerset.            CATRIMANI,  kt-re-m/unee, or CARITAMINI, kl-re-tCATEAU, LE, leh kS/t/. or CATEAU-CAMBRESIS, ktL'-  meetnee, a river of Brazil, province of Parf, rising in a
tbf-kilmnbr'seef, na -town of'France, department of Nord, on  mountain range which forms a continuatio  of the Sielra
the Selle, 14 miles E.S.E. of Cambrcai.  Pop. in 1852, 8233. Carumani, about lat. 20 N., and after a S.E. course of about
It is well built, and was formerly fortified. It has mann-  100 miles, falling into the Rio Branco, near Carmo, in lat. 00
factures of shawls, merinoes,,and calicoes. The treaty of  28' N., ion. 62o 8' V. Its bed is much impeded by rocks
Cateau-Cambresis between Philip II. of Spain and Henry II.  and cataracts.
of France, was signed here in 1559.                              CA/TRINE,  a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, parish of
CATELET, LE, lbh kltlcit, a town of France, department  Sorn, on the Ayr, 2' miles S.S.E. of Mauchline.  Pop. 26590,
of Aisne, 10 miles N. of St. Quentin, on the Scheldt.  Pop. mostly employed in cotton-spinning.  It was founded in
in 1852, 606. It was once fortified.                          1787, and is regularly built, having a central square, with
CATERLIL kS'ter'qlee/,  a maritime town of Asiatic Turkey,  principal streets leading from it toward the cardinal points.
on the Sea of Marmora, 175 miles N.N.E. of Smyrna.               CATSIFIELD, a parish o1 England, co. of Sussex.
CATES/BY ABRBEY, a parish of England, co. of North-    CATSi/TILL, a post-village and township, capital of Greene
ampton, 4 miles S.W. of Daventry.  A priory was founded  co., New York, on the'. bank of the Hudson Rliver, at the
here in the reign of Richard I., whence its name.             mouth of Catskill Creek, 34 miles below Albany, and  ll
CATIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             miles above New York. It contains a court-house, 2 banks,
CAT/FISH  CREEK, of Marion district, South Carolina, 2 newspaper offices, and chueches of 5 or 6 denominations.
flows southward into the Great Pedee.                         Pop. of the township, 5454.
CATFISIt FURNACE, a post-office of Clarion Co., Penn-    CATSKILL CREEK. Greene co., in the E. part of New
sylvania.                                                     York, fills into the Hudson River at Catskill.
CATFISH  RIVER, of Wisconsin, is the outlet of the    CATSKILL MOUNTAINS, of New York, a group of the
"Four Lakes" of Dane county, and flowvs south-eastward  great Appalachian system, situated principally in Greene
into Rock River. The rapids in the lower parts of its course  county. The highest summits are Round Top, having an
furnish fine avater-poweer.                                   elevation of more than 3800 feet, and High Peak, about 3720
CATIHIARINE  or CATHARINE'S, a, post-village and  feet above the sea.  The Catskill Mountain House, situated
trownship of Chemung co., New York, at the S. end of Seneca  on a terrace of another eminence of this group, 2500 feet
lake, 16 miles N. of Elmira.  Pop. of the township, 3096.    above the level of the Mudson, is a place of great reiort durCATHARINE, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania.  lug the summer season. The view from the top of the mounPop. 889.                                                     tain is extensive and magnificent in the highest degree.
CATItARINE LAKE, a post-office of Onslow co., North    CAT/SPRING, a post-village of Austin co., Texas, 90 miles
Carolina.                                                     E.S.E. of Austin City,
CATII/CART, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Renfrew and    CAT/TAIL, a village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, 28
Lanark, on the White Cart River, 2 miles S. of Glasgowv.  miles E. of Trenton.
The Battle of Langside, the last fought on behalf of Queen    CAT'TARAU/GUS, a county in the W.S.W. part of New
Mlary, took place in this parish, 1568.                       York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 1250
CATHICART, a post-office of White co., Indiana.             square miles. It is partly bounded on the N. by CattarauCATIEDBINE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.         gus Creek, and is drained by the Alleghany River, Ischua
CATH/ERINE or CATHERINE'S, a group of three small,  Creek, and other smaller streams, which supply motivelow islands, South Pacific Ocean, Gilolo Passage. Lat. 00  power to numerous grist and saw mills. The surfitce is
39' S.: Ion. 1290 11' E.                                       generally but moderately uneven, although there are some
CATHERINE or CATHERINE'S, several small islets off  considerable elevations. The soil isfertile, and welladapted
the extreme S. point of Boothia Felix. Lat. 690 20' 37" N.:  to both grain and grazing.  Bog-iron ore, sulphur, mangaIon. 940 31' 55/ W.                                            nese, and salt springs are said to be found, and there are
CATI{ERINGTON, a paiish of England, co. of IHants.         petroleum  springs in the E. part of the county. It is tra,
CATII/ERSTONE-LEWS/TON, a parish of England, co. of  versed by the New York and Erie Railroad. Organized in
Dorset.                                                        1808, having previously formed part of Genesee county.
CATI-I/EY'S CREEK, a post-office of Henderson co., North  Capital, Ellicottville. Pop. 38,950.'Carolina.                                                        CATTARAUGUS, a post-village of New Albion township,
CATHILAMET.  See C.TALAMsET.                                Cattaraugus co., New York, on the New York and Erie RailCATINA.  See CATANIA.                                       road, 438 miles filom New York City. Pop. of the township,
CAT ISLAND.  See SAN SALVADOR.                              1633.
CAT ISLAND, at the entrance of Lake Borgne, Louisiana,    CATTARAUGUS CREEK, in the S.W. part of New York,
5 miles W. of Ship Island. On it is a fixed light, 45 feiet high. after forming the greater part of the boundary between
CAT KhAYS or CAT KEYS, a grosp of islets offGreac Ba-  Cattaraugus and Erie counties, falls into Lake Erie about
haena Bank, the largest about 70 miles S.S.W. of the nearest,  15 miles E.N.E. of Dunkirk.
point of Great Bahama Island, and 10 miles from the Bemini    CATTARO, kit/t&-ro, a seaport town of Austria, in Dalmto
Islands. It hs a light-house, with a tower 55 feet in height.  tic, S.E. extremity of the gulf of same name, 38 miles S.E.
Leat. 250 34' 30"1 N., Ion. 790 18' 26"1 W.                   of Rasgusa. Lat. 420 25' 2:1-" N.; ion.. 18  46' 30" E6. It i,5
CATILETT, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.          situated at the foot of steep limestone rocks, is strongly for396




CAT                                                           CAU
tified, and surnmoun ted by a castle, connected with the  them to the N. proceeds through the government of Ca.
town by means of a zig-zag path. It is also surrounded  casus into Astrakhan, and onward to the banks of the Volwith walls entered by three gates, and defended by towers. ga, while the branches to the S. traverse the greater pai't of
It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and the cathedral  the government of Georgia, and in the S. of that governis a well-built edifice of hewn stone. There is likewise a  ment connect with the mountains of Ararat.   The highest
Greek church. Cattaro is the seat of courts of justice, and  point in the range is Mount Elbrooz, which stands near the
the residence of a military governor.  Its harbor is spa- middle of the central chain, and has an altitude of about
cious, but little firequented, the export trade being incon- 18,000 feet. The next highest is Miount Kasbekl, 16,000 feet,
siderable.  It was founded in the sixth century, on the  across which is the celebrated Eng Pass, which gives Russia
site of the Roman Acriviuse. and was formerly the capital her only carriage communication with her Trans-Caucasian
of a republic of the same name. In 1563 and in 1677 it was  domains.  The N. side of the range is much more abrupt
nearly destroyed by earthquakes.  Pop. 4000.                  than the S. Stratified rocks appear at the bottom of the
CATTARO,BOCCADI,(i.e."GULFOF"')bolk/kA dee kat/t'i-ro, mountains, and rise to a considerable height on their sides.
a tortuous inlet of the Adriatic, at the S. extremity of the  These rocks consist chiefly of thick beds of limestone, concoast of Dalmatia, 30 miles in length, consisting of 3 basins  glomerate, and clay slate. Higher up are seen iimense
connected by straits.  It is protected from  winds on all crystalline  masses, composed of granite, sienite, serpentine,
sides by high mountains, and is the best harbor in the  and gsabronite.  These masses, though higher in position, aiu'
Adriatic. Depth varies from 15 to 20 fathoms. The towns  evidently lower in the geological series than the stratiof Cattaro, Castel Nuovo, Perasto, and Dombroto are on its  fled rocks, which. in many places, have been upheaved by
shores.                                                       them, and in consequence have a considerable dip. Highest
CATTEGAT or KATTEGAT,kattle-gat', a large arm of the  of all is trachytic porphyry, which forms the great body of
North Sea or German Ocean; has Sweden on the E., and Jut- all the principal summits of the central range.  That this
land on the W.; unites with the Skager Rack on the N. and  trachyte is the most recent of all the rocks is proved by the
communicates, by the Sound and the Great and Little Belt, fact, that in many places it is seen piercing  them, and
with the Baltic on the S. Its length from N. to S. is about  throwing them  into the wildest confusion.  The limit of
150 miles, and its central breadth nearly 90 miles. It is of  perpetual snow in the Caucasus is 11,000 feet, and hence, as
very unequal depth, and is not only very shallow towards  some of the mountains rise from  5000 to nearly 7000 feet
its shores, but has a number of sandbanks-one of them   sbove this, there is an extensive range for glaciers. It would
near  its centre,-dangerous  to  navigation.  The only  seem, however, that the supply of moisture which the atislands of any consequence it contains are LasSie, Anhalt,  rnosphere affords, is far less than might have been anticland SamsSe.  Since August, 1853, a light vessel. exihibiting  pated. Scarcely a single lake of any extent is to be found
three lights, has been stationed on the Kobber Ground in  in the Caucasus, and the scenery thus remains cdstitute of
the Cattegat.  Lat. 570 8' 30, N.. Ion. 110 20' 30" E.        that which constitutes one of the most smagnificent featurses
CATTENON, k~t'teh-r6rcl, (Ger. Kattenhowecn, kt/ten- in the Alps of Switzerland.  Numerous cascades tumble
hovsen,) a village of france, (formerly fortified,) department  down the N. steeps of the Caucasus, but none of them  are
of Moselle, 5 miles N.E. of Thionville.  Pop. in 1852, 1100.   remarkable either for volume or height, and the only rivers
CAT/TERALL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.   of any consequence which are fed by them are the Tereok,
CAT1TERIIA]M, a parish of England, co. of-Surrey.           Kooban., and Kooe.
CAT/TERICK, the supposed ancient Cataoractscaleum, a vil-    The only mineral which has yet been ascertained to exist
lage and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, in such quantities as to make it capable of being worked to
on the Swale, 5 miles S.E. of Richmond. Pop. 2965.             profit, is lead. Vegetation is very vigorous.  Magnificent
CATTI. See HEssEN.                                          forest trees clothe the higher mountain slopes almost to an
CATTILLON-SUR-SAMBRE, k~t'tee'ydNG1-siio-stm-b'r, a  incredible height; lower down, all the finer fruit trees of the
village of France, in the department of Nord, 19 mniles  climate are found growing in wild luxuriance; while lowes
E.S.E. of Cambrai. It has extensive manufactures of fine  still, where human labor can be made available, almost any
thread. Pop. in 1852, 6140.                                   degree of culture, however imperfect, is rewarded with an
CAT/TISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.            abundant crop. The ordinary cereals grow 7000 feet above
CATTOLICA, kdt-tolle-k, a toni of Sicily, 14 miles N.W. sea level, while valuable shrubs. plants, and flowers, in
of Girgenti. Pop. 7200. It has productive sulphur-mines.  almost endless variety, deck. the valleys and lower plains.
CATTOLVICA, a village of the Pontifical States, legation    The inhabitants include a great variety of tribes, the prinof Forli, 9 miles S.E. of Rimini, near the Adriatic. Pop.  cipal of which are the Tchesrkesses or Circassians, G eorgians,
1300. It is said to have derived its name from the Athana-  Ossetes, Lesghians, and Abkases. Evideitly derived fromn a
sian bishops having retreated thither on separating from   variety of stocks, and speaking a variety of languages: they
the Arian council of Rimini in 359.                           are all distinguished by one noble quality-an anlmost insxCAT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.               tinguishable love of freedom, and in bodily constitution are
CATTON, LOW, a parish of England, co. of York, East  at ooce so robustly and so elegantly fiamned, that what is
Riding.                                                        ksnorn as the Caucasian race is universally acknowledged
CAT'TORUM CASTELLUL.  See HIssEs CAssEL.                    to be the finest physical type of man.
CATURIGES. See CHooRs.                                         CAUCASUS,  kaw/kd-sens, or the CAUCA/SIAN REGION,
CATUS, k't-idcee, a town of France, department of Lot, 9  is the name given to that portion of the Rtissian Empire
miles N.W. of Cahors. Pop. in 1852, 1534.                     situated near the Caucasus Mountains.  In  Europe the
CATWICK, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.  country is called Cis-Caucasiacc     comprising the provinces of
CATtWICK, GREAT, an island of the China Sea, off-the  Caucasus, Circassia, and Da-hestan; and in Asia,  Transcoast of Cochin-China.  Lat. 100 65 N.; ion. 1080 52' E.       Cnucesia, or the countries situated between Turkey, Persia,
CAT/WORTHI, a parish of England, co. of lluntingdon.    the Caspian, and the Black Seas, and the range of the CauCAUAMBE, kiw-namiba, or GAUAIE, gow/mA.   a river of  casus Mountains, comprising the provinces of AbaSia, DIinBrazil, province of ParS., falling into the Rio Branco at San  grelia, Imeritia, Georgia, Shirvan, and Russian Armenia.
Isabel. Lat. 20 53' N.; hon. 610 10' W.                       Area, estimated at 86.0580 square miles. The climste  is
CAUB, kiwb, a small town of Northern Germany,' in Nas- healthy, although tempests are fi-equent, and the higher
sau, on the Rhino, 21 miles W. of Wiesbaden. A toll is here  plateaux a-e exposed to burning heats in summer. The
charged by the Duke of Nassau on all vessels navigating  soil is remarkably fertile in the valleys, and the mountains
the river; in the middle of which, opposite Caub, is the old  are covered with valuable timber; every species of grain  is
castle of Pfalz. Blucher crossed the Rhine here with his  abundant, and is cultivated to a height of 8300 feet, while
army, January 1, 1814.                                         the lower valleys produce cotton, rice, lint, tobacco, indigo,
CAUBUL. See CAooeL.                                         and wine. The auroch, a species of ox or bison, is still
CAUCA, k6w/lko, a river of New Granada, rises in that part found in the mountains; the forests are full of fur-bearing
of the Andes called Paramo-de-Gu.nacas, waters the provinces  animals, and all the rivers abound in fish. Formerly numeof Popayan, Antioquia. and Cartagena, and after a course of  -ous herds of cattle were reared in the valleys. Thie greater
about 600 miles firom  S. to N. between the central and W. part of the chain is of secondary formation, interspersed
Cordillera of the Andes, falls into the Magdalena, between  with volcanic riocks.  The chain contains no active volcethe small towns of Pinto and Tacaloa, in lat. 90 25' N. Of  noes, but is frequently visited by earthquakes. Minerals
its numerous tributaries, the Nechi, which joins it on the  comprise copper, lead, iron, sulphur, and coal. All the
right side, is the largest, and of the towns on its banks the  passes between Europe and Asia are guarded by Russian
most considerable are Call, Toro, and Antioquia.  The val- fortresses; but the ornly one which has been rendered pracley of the Cauca is one of the richest, most fertile, and most ticable for carriages is that from  Mosdok to Tiflis by the
populous districts in South America.                           valley of the TIerek. The principal pass on the E. is that of
CAUCA, an old department of New Granada, bounded by  Derbend. The Caucasus Mountains have been celebrated
the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific. Areaestimated at 68,800  from the highest antiquity; the people who iuhabit  them
square miles. Pop. 276,249, divided into the four provinces  have almost always umaintained their independence, and,
of Popayan, Choco, Buenaventura, and Pasto.                   though nominally subject to uLssia, many of the tribes still
CAUCASUS, kraw/kA-sfs, (Gr. IKaKaao-) a lofty raises of  maintain a constant struggle against her authority.  The
mountains, the centre chain of which stretches N.W. to S.E. principal tribes are the Circasslans, Ossetes, Lesghisans,
for about 700 miles between the Black Sea and the Caspian, Abasinns, Georgians, Misheges, and Mingrelians.  The Cir
and there forms the boundary between Europe and Asia. From  cassians and Georgians are considered the finest typs of the
the central chain numerous branches are thrown off. One of  human family, and the Caucasian race is the name by which
397




CAU                                                         CAV
the wht' population distributed over Europe, America, and  was suddenly changed from 1180 to 920 Fahr. The bathe
part of Asia and Africa, is distinguished.  Pop. in 1852, have been long celebrated as medicinal.
2,850.000.-Adj. and inhab. CAUCASIAN, kaw-k[.she-an or    CAURA, kbowri, a considerable river of Venezuelan  Gat.
kaw-k4Yshnm.                                               ana, formed by the junction of the Yurani, Erevato, Mare
CAUCASUS, a government of Russia, bounded N., by the  guare, and their tributaries, which take their rise in the
governments of Don Cossacks and Astrakhan; E., by the  Sierra Purima, near the centroof the territory: and flows N.,
Caspian Sea; S., by Circassia, and W., by the Cossacks of the  and falls into the Orinoco, at lat, 70 40' N., lon. 660 15' W.
Black'ea. Greatest length, N.W. to S.E., about 380 miles; Its whole length is about 150 miles.
greatest breadth, N. to S., 170 miles. It is traversed N. to S.   CAURIUM.  See Coes..
near its centre, by a low ramification of the Caucasus Moan-    CAUSSADE,  ko'sodl, a town of France, department of
tains, but with this exception, the surface is flat, consisting  Tarn-et-Ga-ronne, and 121 miles N.E. of Montauban. Pop.
generally of an alluvion, which towards ihe E. appears to be  in 1852 4209. It is an old town, with pleasant suburbs; and
of very recent bformation. It is not drained by any river  has manufoctures of woollen stuffs, and beet-root sugar, and
of importance, (the IKooma, since the lower part of its course  a trade in saffiron. fruits, and live-stock.
was lost in the sand, no longer deserves the name.) but is    CAUTEN, kbw t6n, or IM[PERIAL, im-pi-re-ilf, a river
watered on part of its N. frontier by the Maritsch, and on  of Chili, Araucania; has its sources on the W. slope of the
the S. by the Kooban and Terek. The climate is in general Andes, in about lat. 380 44' S., from which it flows nearly
very mild, and there are some fertile tracks, particularly in  due W., and falls into the South Pacific Ocean at lat. 380 48'
the neighborhood of the Terek, but great part of the allu-  S. Its whole course is about 180 miles. It has six or eight
vial fiats is covered with salt pools and marshes, which  large tributaries, some of them  not much, if at all, inferior
make the soil, when theykprevail, altogether unfit for culti-  in size to itself.
vation.  Some of the steppes yield tolerable pasture, on    CAUTERETS, kbeteh-r./, a village and watering-place cf
which numerous herds of cattle are reared. The chief pro- France, department of IIautes-Pyir6n6es, 25 miles S.S.W. of
ducts of the soil are corn, including maize, and wine. Tarbes.  Pop. 1054. In July and August it is thronged
Owing to the neighborhood of the warlike mountaineers of  with French and Spanish visitors. The village stands in a
the Caucasus, a considerable  army is always maintained  fertile basin, 2900 feet above the sea, and enclosed by rugged
within the government, and most of its towns are fortified.  mountains. The hot sulphur springs vary in temperature
The capital is Georgievsk. Pop. 1851, 535,447.              from  1020 to 1220 Fahr.  Its bathing  establishments are
CAUCASUS, INDIAN. See HINe OO KeOOSl.                     numerous, and it has a new pump-room, and a readingCAUDEBEC, kid'bek/, a seaport town of France, depart- room.
ment of Seine-Inf5rieure. on the right bank of the Seine,    CAUTO, kiowto, a river of Cuba, near the E. extremity of
at the influx of the Caudebec, 26 miles E. of IHavre.  Pop. the island, has its sources in the Sierra de Cobre, about lat.
in 1852, 2564. It is one of the prettiest towns on the Seine, 200 20' N., and in lat. 20~ 30' N. falls into the bay of Buena
with its quay and terrace along the water side, shaded by  Esperanza; total course, 70 miles.
trimmed elms; in its outskirts the hills are dotted with    CAUVENIY. See CAvERY.
neat villas and country seats. It has a remarkable church,    CAUX, PAYS DE, pfi-deh-k, a small district of France,
manufactures of cottons, and an active commerce. It was  in the old province of Normnandy, of which the capital was
formerly the fortified capital of the Pays de Caux, and was  Caudebec, and afterwards Doleppe.  It is now comprised in
taken by the English in 1419.                               the department of the Seine Inferieure. The Pays de Caux
CAUDEBEC-LES-ELBEUFP, kbd'bhkz-lIzs-el'buf/, a  flou- was celebrated for its fertility and cultivation.
rishing town of France, department of Seine-Inf6rleure, on    CAfVA, a small island of Scotland, one of the Orkney
the Oison. Pop. in 1852, 7182. It has important manufic- Group, co. of Caithness; lat. 580 55t N, Ion. 30 8' W. It is
tures of cloth,                                             upwards of 3 miles in circumference.
CAUDfRAN, k0'dAWrNol, a village of France, department    CAVA, kb/vA. a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra,
of Gironde, 2 miles W. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 4381. It  agreeably situsated in the valley of Fenestra, 3 miles N.W. of
contains the military hospital of Bordeaux.                 Salerno. It is the seat of a bishop, suiffragan to the Pope,
CAUDETE, k6w-diCt, a town of Spain, province and 50  and contains a cathedral, three other churches, a convent,
miles E.S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 6000. It was formerly forti- a house of refuge, a hospital, and a seminary.  Silk, cotfled; it has several religious edifices and Roman remains.   ton, and linen are manufactured here, and in the numierous
CAUDLE'S SHOP, a post-office of Bibb co., Alabama.        small villages that surround the town. The district is exCAUDRY, k'driee-, a village of France, department ofNord.  tremely unproductiveie but the inhabitants have hecome
Pop. in 1852, 3685. It has manufictures of tulle lace.      wealthy by their industry and commerce. About one mile
CAUFIRISTAN.- See KAFIRISTAN.                             from  Cava is the magnificent Benedictine convent of the
CAUGHDENOY, kaav-de-noyl, a post-office of Oswego co., Trinity, which formerly contained an excellent library, now
New York.                                                   transferred to Naples. This library, with its archives, was
CAUGINAWAGA, kawfna-w&1ga, a village of Montgo- considered the richest in the kingdom.  Pop. 13,095.
mery co., New York, on the Mohawk River, 39 miles W.N.W.   CAYA, kiva, a town of the Sardinian States, division of
of Albany, has one church and several stores.               Novara, 4 mniles S.W. of Pavia. Pop. 500.
CAUGOMARY, a town of British India, presidency of    CAVADO. kb-valdo, or CABADO, kA-b/do, a river of PorBengal, 48 miles N.W. of Dacca.                             tugal, rises in the Sierra de Gerez, on the frontiers of Galicia,
CAULABAGIT, kawv'lA-bAg;, or KAL'LABAGHI, a town of and fSlls into the sea at Esponende, after a course of 65 miles,
Punjab, in the Salt Mange, 68 miles S.E. of Peshawer; lat. of which about 6 miles are navigable.
330 12' N., lon. 710 35, E. It is built on terraces cut out of    CAVAGLIA, kb -vlltyt, a town of Piedmont, 30 miles N.E.
the declivity of a hill, close by the Indus. which is here  of Tasrin, province of Biella. Pop. 2719.
about 400 yards wide, deep, and rapid. In the vicinity are    CAVAILLON, kIAv'yv6NaO, (anc. (chbellio,) a town of France,
huge masses of rock salt, in which, and in alum, the inha- depsrtment of Vauciuse, on the Dus-ance, arrondissement
bitants carry on an extensive trade with the neighboring  and 14 miles S.E. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 7405. It is ill
provinces.                                                  built and dirty; its town-hall, former cathedral, avith a curiCAULIDON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.           ous cloister, and the remains of a Ronman arch, are its only
CAULK, or CALKE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.   buildings worthy of notice. It has manufactures of vermiC.AULON, or CAULONIA. See CAsrTL-VETEYa?.                 celli and silk twist.
CA UTMONT, kb6m6lG1, (anc. Cabvoesons.) a town of France,    CAVALCANTE, kg-vil-kUn/tA, a town of Brazil, province,
department of Calvados, 12 miles S.S.W. of Bayeux. Pop. 1010. and 300 miles N.E. of Goyaz, with gold-mines and goldCAUMONT, a town of France, department of Eure, 16  washings in the liver Almas. Cavalcante is a centre point
miles E. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. in 1852, 930.                for travellers and carriers between Matto GrosSo, Goyaz, and
CAUMONT, a town of France, department of Lot-et-  Minas-Geraes. Pop. 4000.
Garonne, 4 miles S. of Marmande. Pop. in 1852, 2500.          CAVALESE, bA-vW-l/se, a town of Tyrol, 22 miles N.E. of
CAUMONT, a village of France, department of Vaucluse, Trent, on the Avizzio. Pop. 2143.
18 miles from Avignon, beautifully situated in a fertile dis-   CAYALIIO, kd-vAl/yo, a small island on the W. coast of
trict on the Durance, surrounded by walls, and commanded  Af-ica; lat. 110 1' 30" N., ion. 150 41' 15"  W. It is one mile
by a castle. Pop. in 1852, 2009.                            long, and half a mile broad, of volcanic origin.
CAUNIDLE BISI/OP,a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   CAVALLERMAGGIOR E, kA-vl-le-mAd-jofrA, a town of
CAUNDLE MARSHI, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.  the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, between the Marca and
CAUNDLE PURSE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   Grana, 24 miles N.E. of Coni. Pop. 5600.
CAUN'DLE STOUR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   CAVALLO, a town of European Turkey.  See KAVALA.
CAUNES, LEe, It kbn, a town of France, department   CAVALLO, MONTE. See Con'o.
of Aude, 11 miles N.E. of Carcassonne. Pop. in 1852, 2110.   CAVALLY, kA-v]llee, a town of Western Africa, coast of
It has a fine parish church, with distilleries, dye-works, and  Guinea, on the point of the same name; lat. 40 21' 12" N.,
marble works; and some quarries of fine marble are wrought Ion. 70 35' 35,' W.
in its immediate vicinity.                                    CAVIAN, an inland county of Ireland, Ulster, having N.
CAUNPOOR. See CawNProoO.                                  the county of Fermanagh; E., Monaghan; S., M1eath, and
CAUN/TON, a parish of Engiand, co. of Notts.              W., Meath; S.W., Leitrim.  Area, 746 square miles, or
CAUQUENES, (krlw-k1tnls,) BATAiS OF, some remarkable  477,360 acres, of which 275,473 are arable, 71,918 are waste,
mineral springs of Chili, department and 62 miles S.S.E. of  and 22,142 water.  Pop. 174,071.  Surface, mountainous
Santiago. By an earthquake, in 1835, their teumperature  on the borders, enclosing an open country, interspersed
398




CAV                                                       CAX
with bog.  The principal rivers are the Woodford and  early as the eleventh century, and if memorable for the
Upper Erne.  Chief loughs, those of Gawnagh, Shillin,  peace signed here, in 1557, between theo Duke of Alba and
&c., some highly picturesque. Granite schists and silurian  the Caraffeschi. Pop. 2000.
rocks prevail. Soil, light and poor, except on the banks of    CAVIANA, k2-ve-Vna, an island of Brazil, province of
the rivers. Coal, iron, copper, lead, are met with; also ex- Parg, in the N. mouth of the Amazon, under the equator.
cellent marl and fuller's earth. The Ulster coast terminates  Length, 35 miles; breadth, 20 miles. It is level and felbrtile,
at Belturbet. Cavan is subdivided into 8 baronies and 36  and well stocked with cattle. On its S.E. side is the small
parishes. Principal towns, Cavan, the capital, and Beltur- town of Roberdello.
bet. It sends 2 members to the IHouse of Commons.           CAVITY, k-ve-ttl, a fortified seaport town of luzon,
CAVAN, a market-town, and formerly a parliamentary  Philippines, in the bay, and 10 miles S.S.W. of the city of
borough, the capital of the above county, 26 miles S.S.E. of  MIanila. Pop. of town, 5115; of port, 550. It has an arsenal,
Enniskillen, on the railway thence to Dublin. Pop. 3740. and is the capital of the province of the same name, resiIt is generally ill built, but has some good edifices, includ- dence of the governor, and head naval depot of the Spanish
ing court-house, barracks, and infirmary; near it is a public  possessions in the East. It has a manufactory of cigars.
promenade, on the property of Lord Farnham, whose seat is  The province of Cavit8 is fiat, and has no important rivers.
immediately adjacent.                                     Chief products, rice, sugar, indigo, and coffee. Pop. in 1848,
CAVAN, kA'v6as/, a village of France, department of Cftes-  84,495.
du-Nord, 5 miles S.E. of Lannion. Pop. in 1852, 2080.       CAVO, MONTE, Italy.  See ALBANO.
CAVANAS, ikg-vnAs, a port or harbor of Cuba, on the    CAVOR, or CAVOUR, kA-voifl or kA-voos, a,town of the
N.W. coast of that island, 38 miles S.W. of Havana; lat. 2-30  Sardinian States, Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.E. of Pinerolo.  It
5' N., Ion. 820 55' W. It is a fine deep bay, having its en- has manufactures of silk, twist, linens, and leather, and
trance between two extensive reefs, with anchorage for seve- near it are slate and marble quarries. Pop. 7548.
ral hundred sail of ships. It is protected by a battery of    CAWtIDOR, or CALIDER, a parish of Scotland, cos. of
five guns, with a martello tower of one gun in its centre.    Nairn and Inverness, 3l miles S.W. of Nairn. Cawdor CasCAVWANDER, a village of Lumpkin co., Georgia, about 70  tie here is an imposing feudal fortress, in which Lord Lovat
miles N.N.E. of Atlanta.                                   remained long concealed, and in which, it is said, King
CAVIANVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Dur- Duncan was murdered by Macbeth.
ham, 65 miles N.E. of Toronto. It contains a church, a mu-    CAWKIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
tual assurance agency, and several stores. Pop. about 200.    CAWN'POOR/, CAUN\POORI, or CAUN'PORF, a district of
CAVARZERE, kA-vR-zA/r'A, a village of Northern Italy, British India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, having
government of Venice, on the Adige, 11 miles S.W. of Chiog-  E. the Ganges, separating it from the Oude, and on other
gia. Pop. 3300.                                            sides the districts Etawah, Futtehpoor, and Bundelcund.
CAVASO, ki-v so, a village of Northern Italy, govern- It consists of part of the territory of Nabob of Oude, ceded
ment of Venice, 20 miles N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 2500.       to the British, and is mostly comprehended within the Daob
CAVE, a small village of White co., Tennessee.           of the Ganges and Jumna. Area, 2650 square miles. P'inCAVE, a village of Crawford co., Indiana, 4 miles N.E. of  cipal towns, Cawnpoor, Kalpee, and Korah.
Leavenworth.                                                 CAWNPOI, CAUNPOIR, or CAUNPORE, a town of HinCAVE, a post-village of Franklin co., Illinois, 40 miles  dostan, presidency of Bengal, on the rightbank ofthe Ganges,
W.N.W. of Shawneetown.                                     which is here about a mile in breadth, 115 miles N.W. of
CAVE IN ROCK, a post-village of Hardin co., Illinois, on  Allahabad; lat. 20~ 30' N.; Ion. 800 12' E. It is of consithe Ohio River, about 400 miles below Cincinnati.          derable extent, but is. on the whole, mean-looking and dirty,
CAVRENDISH, a post-village and township of Windsor co., with the exception of the chowk or principal street, which is
Vermont, 60 miles S. by E. irom  Montpelier. It has a  composed of well-built brick houses, two or three stories
savings institution, and manufactures of leather and wool- high, with balconies in fi-ont. Hardly any of its temples or
len goods. Pop. 1576.                                      mosques are worth noticing, with the exception of one small
CAVIENDISH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         musjid, an elegant little structure, ornamented with three
CAVIENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          egg-shaped domes, a large one in the centre, and a smaller
CAVE, NORTH, aparish ofEngland, co. York, East Riding.  on each side, and having a tall and graceful minaret at
CAVE PUMIP, a post-office of Camden co., Missouri.       either end.  Saddlery, harness, gloves, and jewelry are
CAV/ERS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, S.W. of  manufactured here to some extent.  Cawnpoor is one of
Ivawick. The Wisp Mountain, elevation 1830 feet, is in this the most important military stations in India. The canparish.                                                    tonments extend along the right bank of the Ganges for
CAVIERSPIELD, a parish of England, cos. of Oxford and  nearly seven miles, comprising  many hundred bungalows,
Bucks.                                                     the barracks for the troops, and the bazacrs, the whole preCAV/ERSIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, beau- senting a very imposing appearancc.  Several of the bungatifully situated on the Thames, 1 mile N. of Reading. It lows are most picturesquely situ ted on the lofty banks of
gives the title of viscount to Earl Cadogan.               the river, which here rise to a height of 100 feet; they are
CAVIERSWALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.       fitted up luxuriously, and have extensive gardens, in which
CAVERY, kaw/ver-e, or CAUVIERY, (anc. Chaberis,) a  tamarinds, mangoes, bananas, neemes, acacias, and fig-trees
river of India, Deccan, rises near lat. 130 10' N., and ion. 760  overshadow a rich expanse of flowers of the most brilliant
E., flows tortuously south-eastward, and, after a course of  colors and grateful perfume. Within the cantonments are
about 470 miles through the territory of Mysore and the  a handsome suit of assembly-rooms, supported by a volunMadras presidency, enters the sea by numerous mouths in  tary subscription; and a commodious and elegant theatre,
the province of Tanjore, and the most northerly of whidh is  a public drive, called the Course, a fashionable resort after
the Coleroon. It is not navigable for large vessels, but is the  sunset; a race-course, and several club-rooms. There are
most useful river in India for agricultural purposes.      here, also, a Protestant church, a Roman Catholic chapel,
CAVERYPAUK, kaw-vlr-* pawkl, a town of British India,  and schools for the children of the soldiers. Cawnpoor  is
presidency, and 57 miles W.S.W. of Madras, district of North  well supplied with every description of goods, both EuroArcot. It is meanly built, but its great tank, (8 miles long  pean and native, which are to be had on very moderate
and 3 miles broad,) is perhaps the finest work constructed  terms.  In MIay and June the thermometer ranges filom
for irrigation throughout Southern India.  A victory was 980 to 1040; and in the winter months falls as low as 420
gained here by the British over the French and their allies  at night, but in the day stands at 700. About 2 miles N.E.
in 1754.                                                   stands the old town of Cawupoor, where there is a long
CAV'ERYPOIIRIAM, a town of British India, presidency of  range of handsome ghauts, adorned with a ibw temples, and
Madras, 83 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor, on the banks of the  terminated by the palace of the rajah, a striking and picCavay.                                                     turesque object, but now falling into ruin. The military
CAVESA (ka-v/sA) CREEK, Texas, flows into San Antonio  force quartered at Cawnpoor usually amounts to 8000 men,
River, about 8 miles W. of Goliad.                         of various arms.
CAVE, SOUTH, a market-town and parish of England,    CAWOOD, kAlwood, a parish and market-town of Engco. of York, East Riding, 8 miles S.S.E. of Market Weighton. land, co. of York, West Riding, on the Ouse, 18 miles N.E.
John Washington, the grandfather of the Great American  of Leeds. Its castle, of which little more than the principal
Patriot, emigrated from this parish in 1657.               gateway remains, was long the residence of the archbishops
CAVE SPRING, a post-office of Roanoke co., Virginia.     of York, and the place to wh' h Wolsey retired after his
CAVE SPRING, a small village of Wright co., iMissouri.  fall, and where he was arrested.
CAVE SPRING, a flourishing post-village of Floyd co.,   CAWS/TON, a parish and market-town of England, co. of
Georgia, 16 miles S.W. from  Rome, is the seat of the state  Norfolk, 21 miles E. of Reepham. Pop. 1130.
aoylum for the deaf and dumb, and has several high schools.   CAW'TIIORNE, a parish of England, co. of York, West
The name is derived from an extensive cave and a mineral Riding.
spring of the vicinity. Pop. 300.                            CAW/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
CAVEITOWN, a post-village of Washington co., Maryland,    CAXA(orCAJA)-DE-MUERTOS, kitln-d-nmoo-latos,   (i.e.
107 miles N.W. of Annapolis; has about 200 inhabitants.    "the coffin or dead-chest,") a small island in the Caribbean
CAVTETTSVILLE; a post-office of Westmoreland co., Penn-  Sea, off the southern coast of Porto Rico, about 6 miles firom
sylvania.                                                  the shore lat. 170 50' N.; ion. 660 31' W. It has a very conCAVI, kAlvee, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical States, spicuous and remarkable appearance, much resembling a
23 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Cavi was built by the Colonna as  coffin —whence its name.
or9r




CAX                                                        CAZ
CAXAMARCA or CAJAIMARCA, ka- a-maRi1, (i. e. Cca    CAYMANS, ki-minz?, three small islands of the British
place of frost,") a city of Peru, capital of a province of its  West Indies, inthe Caribbean Sea,130 miles S.W. ofCuba, and
own name, departmnent.of Trujillo, in the valley of the  N.W. of Jamaica. Pop. about 200, mostly employed as pilots.
Upper Marafion, 72 miles N.N.E. of Trujillo. It has several   CAYMAN, LAKE, of MIexico.  See M.xrInI LAKE.
handsome churches, and active manufactories of woollen    CAYMITES, ki'meet/, two small islands in the West
cloths and cutlery, and its inhabitants are considered the  Indies, off the western coast of Hayti, called the Grand
best silver and iron workers in Peru. It is an important  and the Little Caymites; lat. (N.E. point of Grande Caymart for the trade between the maritime and inland pro- mites) 180 39' N., ion. 730 40' W. A bay formed by the larger
vinces, and sends baizes, coarse cloths, blankets, flannels, island and the main, affords safe and commodious auchorage.
and other produce of the interior to Lambeyeque and    CAYMITO, ki-mee/to, a river of South America, New
Trujillo, receiving in return European manufactures, sugar, Granada, Isthmus of Panama, enters the bay of Panama,
indigo. brandy, wine, Paraguay tea, salt fish, iron, and steel, 10 miles W. of Chorrera, to which town one of its branches
Near it are the baths of the Incas, and the volcanic lake into  is navigable.
which, according to tradition, were cast the throne and re-    CAYO C(CAS, kio kolkas, a fertile island in the Carrigalia  of the Peruvian monarchs, whose dynasty terminated  bean Sea, belonging to Cuba; has an area of 28 square
here in the person of Atahualpa. Pop. of the province, in  miles. It possesses valuable fisheries.
1850, 46.122; of the town, about 8000.                        CAYO LARGO, kIo-laafgo, a fertile island in the CarribCAXAMARQUILLA, k&-HA-man-keeltyA, a town of North  bean Sea, belonging to Cuba. It is situated E. of the Isle of
Peru, 05 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo, province of Pataz, in the  Pines, and has an area of 32 square miles.
valley of the Upper Amazon. Pop. 6000.(?)                     CAYOR or KAYOR, ki-5r/, a maritime state of NorthCAXATAMBO or CAJATAMBO, kI-HIn-tmnbo, a town of  western Africa, between the mouth of the Senegal and
Peru, capital of a province of its own name, in the depart- Cape Verd. It produces cotton, indigo, millet, and gumns.
ment of Junin, on the W. slope of the Andes, and on  Its capital is Macaye, on the Condamel, in lat. 150 10' N.,
the head waters of a Stream flowing into the Pacific, 140  ion. 160 30' W. The inhabitants are Joloffs and Mohammemiles N. of Lima. The province contains mines of silver. dans. Pop. 150,000.
Pop. in 1850, 24,799; of the town, about 6000.                CAYO ROMANO, kilo ro-mano, a long, narrow island, on
CAXIAS, or CACHIAS, k-shee/ts, formerly ALDEAS AL-  the N. coast of Cuba, divided into two parts by a channel
TAS, l-drlss ltatos. an important commercial town of Bra- about half a mile wide; length, 66 miles; average breadth,
zil, province of Maranhao, on the right bank of the Ita- 2' miles; area, 172 square miles; It produces timber.
picurn, 150 miles frbm  its mouth. It suffered  severely  IHorses and cattle are raised to a considerable extent. It
during the civil war in 1838-40.                           belongs to Cuba.
CAXIMIBASBAY,asmall enclosedbayonthewestern coast    CAYO YERDE, ki-o vls/dA, or GREEN KAY, an islet of
of Florida, in Monroe co.. in about lat. 260 N., and Ion. 820 W. the Bahama Group, lat. 220 N., Ion. 750 10' W.
CAXO, kixfo, or CASO. k/so, an island in the Grecian    CAYRU, k~-roof, a town of Brazil, on the small island
Archipelago; lat. (S.E. point) 350 19' N., ion. 260 50' E.; 13  of the same name, 50 miles S.W. of Bahia. Pop. 800.
miles long, and 5 or 6 miles broad; surface uneven and rocky.    CAYSITER, (Turk. Kootchoocf Mrendcr, i.e. "little MeanCAXOEIRA. See CACOEIREA.                                 der,") a river of Asia Minor, Anatolia, after a westerly
CAX/TON, a market-town and parish of England, co. and  course of 75 miles, enters the Gulf of Scala Nova, 35 miles
9a miles WV. of Cambridge, on the Ermine Street. Matthew  S.E. of Smyrna. Near its mouth are the ruins of Ephesus.
Paris, the historian, was born here. Pop. 600.                CAY/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
CAYAMBE, k-im/bA,, or CAYAMBEURCU, kf-Am-bA-   CAY/TON, a parish of England, co. ofYork, North Riding.
ooR-koof, a lofty mountain in Ecuador, in the Colombian    CAYUGA, kA-yu/ga, a county near the centre of New
Andes, directly under the terrestrial equator; Ion. 780 10' York, has an area of about 750 square miles, and is partly
W.; 45 miles N.E. by E. of Quito. It is of a beautiful coni- bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, and on the W. by
cal form, and rises to a height of 19,535 feet. From its geo- Cayuga Lake, and is drained by the Seneca River, Owasco
graphical pfition and great elevation, it forms one of the  Creek, and other smaller streams, which furnish abundant
most remarkable land-marks on the face of our globe, and  water-power.  Owasco Lake, in this county, is a beautiful
its summit is covered with perpetual snow.                 body of water, 10 miles long. The surface of Cayuga co. is
CAYCOS or CAICOS, k'i/os, or THE KEYS, four of the  undulating; the soil is generally very productive and well
Bahama Islands, with some islets and rocks, on a bank in  cultivated.  Water-limestone, gypsum, and limestone are
the Atlantic, between lat. 210 and 220 N., and about ion. found here in abundance. This county is crossed by the two
720W. The principal arethe Great, Little, and North Keys, Rochester and Syracuse Railroads, and by the Erie Canal
and Providence Island; the first-named is 30 miles in length.  Capital, Auburn. Pop. 55,458.
See BAnIAHrA  ISLNrS.                                       CAYUGA, sometimes called CAYUGA BRIDGE, a postCAYENNE, kIhnnf, a seaport town of South America, village of Cayuga co., New York, on'the eastern shore of a
capital of French Guiana, on the western point of an  lake of the same name, and on the Auburn and Rochestes
island of the same name, at the mouth of the Cayenne  Raitlroad, 11 miles V. from Auburn. Two bridges, about a
or Oyaque River, in the Atlantic; lat. 40 56, 51t N., Ion. mile long, extend across the lake, on one of which the rail520 20' W.   Pop. in 1853, 3000. It is built mostly of  road is laid. The village contains several hotels and stores.
wood, and consists of an old town, with the government-  A steamboat runs daily firom this place to Ithaca.  Pop. 300'
house and Jesuits' College, and the new town, with wide  or 400.
and clean streets, large warehouses, and good residences,   CAYUGA, a post-office of Hinds co., Mississippi.
between which two divisions is a large open space planted    CAYUGA, a post-office of Jackson co., Michigan, 100 miles
with orange-trees. The harbour is shallow, has two quays,  WV. of Detroit.
and is protected by a fort and several batteries. Cayenne    CAYUGA, a post-town of Canada West, capital of the
is the seat of a court of assize, and the centre of all the  co. of HIaldimand, is situated on Grand Rliver, about 25
trade of French Guiana. Its trade with France is estimated  miles S. of IHamilton.  It contains besides the county
to amount to 2 per cent. of the entire foreign and colonial buildings 2 hotels, and 8 stores. Pop. about 450.
commerce of thatt empire. Adopting  this estimate as a    CAYUGA LAKE, in the western central part of New
basis, the exports to France, in 1653, would amount to  York, lying beyond Cayuga and Seneca counties, is about
about $4,000,000, and the imports for the same year to  38 miles long, and from  1 to 31 miles wide. For about 6
$4,500,000. The exports include cotton, coffee, sugar, indigo, miles from its northern extremity, it is comparatively shalcocoa, vanilla, &c.                                         low, although its depth is amply sufficient for purposes of
CAYENNE, ISLAND OF, is situated in the Atlantic  navigation; but on advancing southward it becomes mnuch
Ocean, and separated from the continent of South Amorica  deeper, and in some places it is said to be unfathomable.
by a narrow channel. It is 30 miles in circumference, audits  It is rarely, if ever, frozen over, except near its northern
chiefproducts are sugar, cotton, cofifee, andfruits. Pop. (exclu- extremity. The surface is stated to be 146 feet above Lake
siye of the town of Cayenne) 2713, of whom 2644 are slaves. Ontario, or 377 above the level of the sea. A steamboat
CAYES, kA, LES-CAYES, IA-kA, or AUX-CAYES, 5-kA, runs from Ithaca at its southern, to the Cayuga Bridge
a seaport town of IIayti, on its southern coast, 92 miles WV. near its northern extremity, stopping at the intermediate
S.W. of Port an Prince.  It is one of the most flourishing  landings, and returns in the afternoon of the same day.
towns in the island, having several British commercial The outlet of this lake flows into Seneca River.
houses. A considerable smuggling trade is carried on be-   CAYUSE (kah-yuco) INDIANS, a tribe of Oregon, dwelltween it and Jamaica; and in its vicinity are upwards of  ing S. of the Columbia and E. of Fall River.
80 rum distilleries.                                          CAYUTA, a post-villageo and township of Chemung co.,
CAYES-DE-JACMlEL,   kAdeh-zh~k~mll1,   a town of Iayti,  New York, 12 miles N.E. of Elmira, drained by Cayuta Creek.
on the Jacmel River, 20 miles S. of Port an Prince.         Pop. 1035.
CAYEUX, kl'yuhl, a maritime town of France, depart-    CAYUITA CREEK, rising in Cayuta Lake, in the northern
ment of Somme, on the English Channel, 16 miles W. of  part of Chemung co., New York, falls into the East Branch
Abbeville. Pop. in 1852, 2882.                              of the Susquehanna River, in Pennsylvania.
CAYLLOMA. See CAILOM;A.                                    CAYUPTAYILLE, a post-village of  Tompkins co., New
CAYLUS, kaI'liicel, a town of France, department of Tarn-  York, on the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 150 miles W. S. W. of
et Garonne, 25 miles N.E. of Montauban. Pop. in 1852, Albany.
5363. Externally it is highly picturesque.  It has a castcle,   CAZALLA-DE-LA-SIER1A,  kA-thU'lyA-dA-lA-se-R/Rne, a
~nd trade in corn.                                         town of Spain, province, and 59 miles N.E. of Seville, in
400




CAZ                                                        CED
the Sierra Morena. Pop. in 1845, 7,240. It has numerous  the county is intersected by Elk and North-east Rivers.
religious edifices and ruined villas, with Roman and Arabic  The surfaice is somewhat undulating rather than level;
antiquities. It has manufactures of linen.                 the soil is generally good and well cultivated. Granite,
CAZAUBON, ka'z6Ub6G/, a town of France, department gneiss, and slate underlie the north-western part of the
of Gers, on the Douze, 40 miles N.W. of Auch.  Pop. in  county, which also contains chrome, iron, and sulphate of
1852, 2728.                                                magnesia.  Immense quarries of granite are worked at
CAZBIN. SeeKAsBIN.                                       Port Deposit.  The county is abundantly supplied with
CAZEMBE, kA-zlmtbe, a country of Africa, little known  water-power. It is intersected by the Baltimore, Wilmingto Europeans, but said to be among the most powerful to  ton, and Philadelphia Railroad, by the Newcastle and
the W. of the Portuguese settlements on the S.E. coast, its  Frenchtown Railroad, and by the Chesapeake and Delaware
rentre being near lat. 10~ S., ion. 300 E.  Manioc, maize, Canal, which render it the thoroughfare of travel between
copper, iron, and ivory are among its chief products, and  Philadelphia and Baltimore. Organized in 1674, and named
slaves are reported to be sent from  it to Benguela and  in honor of Cecil or Cecilius Lord Baltimore. Capital, ElkAngola. Its capital, a fortified town, stated to be several ton. Pop. 18,939, of whom 18,095 were free, and 844 slaves.
miles in circuit, is near lat. 100 S., lon. 300 E.           CECIL, a post-township of Washington co., Pennsylvania,
CAZENOVIA, kaz'en-ofve-a, a post-village  and town- on Chartier's Creek, 16 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1008.
ship of Madison co., New York, on a small lake of the same    CECILIANO, chA-che-le-Ono, a village of Central Italy,
name, 20 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It contains a bank, a news- Pontifical States, comarca of Rome in the Sabine Mounpaper-office, and the Oneida Conference Seminary, with from  tains, 8 miles E. of Tivoli, with remains of Cyclopean walls
300 to 500 pupils. Pop. 4812.                             not identified with any known city of antiquity.
CAZPRES, kd~zaiR/, a town of France, department of   CEICILTON, a post-village of Cecil co., Maryland, 78 miles
Httaute-Garonne, on the left bank of the Garonne, 32 miles N.E. of Annapolis.
S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 2640.                     CECINA, chA-chee/nA, (anc. Cxccitna,) a river of Tuscany,
CAZhRES, a village of France, department of Landes, on  joins the Mediterranean at the village of Cecina, 20 miles
the Adour, 10 miles S.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 916.     S.S.E. of Livorno, after a tortuous course of about 40 miles.
CAZES-MONDENARD, kdz-m6NG'deh-nArJ, a village of    CECINA, a village of Tuscany, at the mouth of the above
France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 21 miles from  river, 21 miles S.S.W. of Leghorn; near it is a grand-ducal
Moissac. Pop. in 1852, 3126.                              villa. Pop. 400.
CAZORLA, ki-thoR/1, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, 41    CECLAVIN, thA-klIA-veen, an ancient town of Spain, 35
miles E. of Jaen, on the northern slope of the Sierra Cazorla. miles N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 3090. It has trade in fruit and
It is well built, in the form of an amphitheatre, and possesses grain, and numerous flour-mills.
two spacious squares, one of which is adorned with a fine    CE/DAR, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri, has art
central fountain. The town and court houses are large, and  area of 435 square miles. It is intersected by Sac River,
well-constructed, and have each a tower. The other public  and also drained by the East Fork.of Sac River, and by
edifices are a parish church, chapel of ease, Latin and seve- Cedar and Horse Creeks. The surface is uneven, the soil
ral primary schools, a hospital, prison, theatre, store-house, moderately fertile. Capital, Fremonont. Pop. 3361, of whom
cemetery. and various convents. The city is defended by two  3279 were free, and 82 slaves.
castles, both in good preservation. In the environs, watered    CEDAR, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has an area of
by the Vega, are many delightful gardens and public walks, 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Cedar and Wapplanted with fruit-trees, and adorned with shrubs and  sipinicon Rivers, and also drained by Sugar and Rock
flowers. Cazorla is a place of great antiquity, and was Creeks. The surface is diversified by rolling prairies and
formerly far more important and populous than at pre- woodlands; the soil is fertile and well watered, and the
sent. It figured conspicuously in the Ioorish contests  climate healthy. Cedar River, in the W. part of the county,
of the thirteenth century, was, after repeated attempts,  flows through a narrow pass between high banks of pertaken, and partly burnt, by the French in 181.1, and  pendicular rock, affording abundant water-power. 2aulued
subsequently distinguished in the late Carlist contest in  from the Cedar River. Capital, Tipton. Pop. 3941.
1837. Pop. 7383.                                            CEDAR, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.
CAZOULS-LES-BAZIERS, k&zool/li bAlze-A, a town of    CEDAR BAYOU, hi/oo, Texas, flows along the boundary
France, department of H6rault, 6 miles N. W. of B6ziers. of Harris and Liberty counties, and empties itself into Gal-;Pop. in 1852, 2192.                                      veston Bay.
CAZZA, kdtfsA, a small island of Dalmatia, circle of Ra-   CEDAR BAYOU, a post-office of Liberty co., Texas.
gusa, in the Adriatic, 14 miles W. of the island of Lagosta.    CEDAR BLUFF, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
CAZZIOLA, kft-se-ofl, a small island of Dalmatia, circle of    CEDAR BLUFF, a thriving post-village of Cherokee co.,
Ragusa, in the Adriatic, 4 miles W. of the island of Lagosta. Alabama, on a high bank of the Coosa River, 28 miles below
CEA, sWA, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 28  Rome, in Georgia. It was the seat of justice until 1845,
miles W.S.W. of Guarda. Pop. 1400.                         and it is still the largest village of the county. Steamboats
CEA,thd/d, a town of Spain, 32 miles E.S.E. of Leon, on  navigate the Coosa River from Rome to the rapids, which
the river of same name, which joins the Elsa, 5 miles N.E. of  are near 100 miles below Cedar Bluff. Cedar Bluff has 2
Benavente, after a S.W. course of about 70 miles.          churches, 1 high school, and a masonic lodge.
CEA, a village of Spain in Galicia, 10 miles N.W. of Orense.   CEDAR BLUFF, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi.
CEA, thbtA, a small river of Spain, rises in the N.E. part of    CEDAR BLUFF CREEK of Texas, enters the West Fork
Leon, and falls into the Esla, about 4 miles N.E. of Bena- of Trinity, about 8 miles WV. of Dallas. Court-House.
vente, after a course of about 60 miles. It is liable to    CEDAR BRANCH, a post-village of Campbell co., Georgia,
floodings, which have often done considerable damage.      30 miles S.W. of Atlanta.
CEARA, sEA —rid, CIARA or SIARA, se-a-rY, a maritime pro-    CEIDARBURG, a post-village and township of Washingvince in the N. of Brazil, extending between lat. 20 40f and 70 ton co., Wisconsin, on Cedar Creek, 19 miles N. of MRil251'S., and Ion. 370 40' and 410 30' W. Pop. 160,000. It is tra- waukee. Pop. 1226.
versed on the W. boundary by the Sierra Ibiapaba. The pro-   CEDAR CREEK, of Ocean co., New Jersey, flows into
vince abounds in medicinal plants, and its minerals include  Barnegat Bay, about 6 miles S. of Tom's River.
gold, iron, copper, and salt. In 1833, it was divided into the    CEDAR CREEK, of South'Carolina, flows -along the
comarcas of Aracati, Campo-Miaior, Crato, Fortaleza, Ico, boundary between Chesterfield and Darlington districts,
and Sobral.                                                into Great Pedee River.
CEARA, CIARA or SIARA, a town of Brazil. See ForTA-   CEDAR CREEK, of South Carolina, flows S.E., and enters
LEZA.                                                      Black River in Georgetown district.
CEBA, a town of Northern Italy. See CEVA.                  CEDAR CREEK, of Richland district, South Carolina,
CEBAZAT, seh-bA/zd, a town of Prance, department of flows into the Congaree from the left.
Puy-de-Dbme, 4 miles N. of Clermont-Ferrand.  Pop. in    CEDAR CREEK, of Georgia, enters Little River, a few
1852, 2063.                                                miles from its mouth, and on the S. line of Putnam county.
CEBENNA MONS. See CEvreNNEs.                               CEDAR CREEK, of Elbert co., Georgia, flows eastward
CEBOLLA or CEVOLLA, thA-volfy,   a town of Spain, 25  into the Savannah.
miles W.N.W. of Toledo, near the Tagus. Pop. 2357.  Va-   CEDAR CREEK, of Alabama, rises Dear the S. border of
rious ancient remains attest that it has been formerly of L-owades county, and enters the Alabama in Dallas county.
great importance.                                            CEDAR CREEK, of Franklin co., Alabama, flows N.W.
CEBREROS, thA-brA/roce, a town of Spain, 21 miles S.S.E. into Bear Creek.
of Avila, on the Alberche. Pop. 2744. It has manufactures    CEDAR CREEK, of Mississippi, flows into Tomligbee
of leather and cloth; trade in grain and wine.             River from the W. in Lowndes county.
CEBU. a city of the Philippine Islands. See ZEBU.          CEDAR CREEK, of Texas, rises in Kaufman county, and
CECCANO, chdk-k no, a village of Italy, Pontifical States, flowing S. into Henderson county, enters Trinity River.
5 miles S. of F'rosinone, on the Sacco. Pop. 5827.           CEDAR CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the St. Joseph's
CEtCIL, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Mary-  River in Allen county, after a course of 40 miles.
land, bordering on Pennsylvania and Delaware, has an    CEDAR CREEK, of Missouri, forms the entire boundary
area of about 300 square miles. It is situated at the head  between Boone and Callaway counties, and enters the Mis
of Chesapeake Bay, and at the mouth of Susquehanna  souri from the N., nearly opposite Jefferson City.
River, which forms part of the western boundary.  The    CEDAR CREEK, of Cedar co., Missouri, flows into Horse
Sassafras River flows along the southern  border, and  Creek.
2A                                                                         401




CED                                                          CEL
CEDAR. CREEK, of iowa, enters the Des Moines from            CEDAR RUN, a creek in the N.E. part ofViagini, rises
the S. in BAahaska county.                                  in Fauqnier co., flows E., and unites with Broad Ran, near
CEDAR CREEiK, of Washington co., Wisconsin, flows  Brentsville, in Prince William  county, forming the Occo.
Into the IilTwaukee Eiver, about 18 miles N. of Milwaukee  quan.
City.                                                          CEDAR RUN, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
CEDAR CREEK, otherwise called WILILIAMPSBURG and    CEDARS, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Vaudreuil,
AU/MACKTOWN, a post-village of Dover township, Ocean  situated on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, 36 miles S.W.
co., New Jersey, is situated on a stream of its own name, 2  of Montreal.  It contains a Roman Catholic church, 3
miles from Barnegat Bay, and about 7 miles S.S.E. of Tom's  stores, and several mills. Pop. 300.
River. It has a large church, a temperance-hall, (one of    CEDAR SHOAL, a post-offce of Chester district, South
the finest in this part of the state,) a large school-house, a  Carolina.
notel, and a store. Pop. 400.                                  CEDAR SIHOALS, a village of Newton co., Georgia.
CEDAR CREEK, a hundred in Sussex co., Delaware.   CEDAR  SPRING, a small village of Cumberland co.,
Pop. 2326. It has a post-office of the same name.            Pennsylvania.
CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Frederick co., Virginia.       CEDAR SPRING, a post-office of Wythe co., Virginia.
CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Rutherford co., North    CEDAR SPRING, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.
Carolina.                                                      CEDAR SPRING ASYLUM, a post-office of Spartanburg
CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Richland district, South  district, South Carolina.
Carolina.                                                      CEDAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Clinton co., PeunsylCEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Bastrop co., Texas.          vania.
CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas.           CEDAR SPRINGS, a post-village of Spartanburg district,
CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.    South Carolina, 96 miles N.W. of Columbia. This is an old
CEDAR CREEK, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan.         watering place, remarkable as the seat of an asylum for the
CEDAR CREEK, a township in Allen co., Indiana. Ppp. deaf and dumb, supported by the state. It is a well-con814.                                                         ducted and successful institution, originally established by
CEDAR CREEK, atownship in Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 501. the Rev. N. P. Walker. New buildings are now in course
CEDAR CREEK. a post-village of Washington co., Wis-  of erection.
cousin, about 30 miles N.W. of Milwaukee.                      CEDAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
CEDAR CREEK MILLS, a post-office of Stephenson co.,   CEDAR SPRINGS, a village of Dallas co., Texas, near the
Illinois, 130 miles W.N.W. of Chicago.                       left bank of Trinity River.
CEDAR FALLS, a thriving post-village of Randolph co.,    CEDAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Allen co.,Kentucky.'North Carolina, on Deep River, about 72 miles W. of Ra-    CEDAR  SWAMP, a post-village of Queen's co., Longs
leigh, has a fine water-power, which is employed in a cotton  Island, New York, 173 miles S. by E. of Albany.
manufactory.                                                   CEDAR TOWN, a thriving post-village of Paulding co.,
CEDAR FALLS, a post-office of Greenville district, South  Georgia, is situated in Cedar Valley, 164 milesO W.N.W. of
Carolina.                                                    Milledgeville. It contains a female seminary.
CEDAR FIELDS, a post-office of Isle of Wight co., Vii'-    CEDAR TREE, a post-office of Hernando co., Florida.
gima.                                                          CEDAR VALLEY, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.
CEDAR FORD. a post-office of Granger  co., Tennessee.        CEIDARVILLE, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York,
CEDAR GROVE, a post-office of Orange co., North Caro-  79 miles W. by N. of Albany.
Dina.                                                          CEDARVILLE, a post-village in F'airfield township, CumCEDAR GROVE, a post-office of Jeffersoni co., Alabama.   borland co., New Jersey, on Cedar Creek, 8 miles S.E. of
CEDAR GROVE, a post-office of Kaufman co., Texas.          Bridgeton. It contains 4 churches, and about 100 dwellings.
CEDAR GROVE, a post-office of Breckenridge co., Ken-    CEDARVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
tuiky.~                                                        CEDARVILLE, a village of Brown co., Ohio, on the East
CEDAR GROVE, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana,  Fork of the Little Miami River.
on the Wihitewater Canal, 7 or 8 miles S.E. of Brookville.    CEDARVILLE, a post-village of Green co., Ohio, on the
CEDAR GROVE, a post -village of Sheboygan co., Wis- Columbus and Xenia Railroad, 53 miles W.S.W. of Coluamconsin, about 3 miles W. of Lake Michigan.                   bus, has several churches, and about 300 inhabitants.
CEDAR GROVE MJILLS,  a post-office of Rockbridge co.    CEDARVILLE, a post-office'of Stephenson co., Illinois.
Virginia, 145 miles W. of tlichmond.                           CEDARVILLE, a post-office of Eldorado co., California.
CEDAR HILL, a postv-illage of Albalny  c6., New York,    CE'DRON, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.
on the W. side of the Hudson, 8 miles below Albany.            CEDRON, a post-office of Cumberland co., Illinois.
CEDAR HILL, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.          CEFALU, chi-f -looP, (anc. Cepohalwdium,) a fortified seaCEDAR HILL, a post-office of Anson co., North Carolina. port town of Sicily, intendancy and 47 miles E.S.E. of PaCEDAR HILL, a village of Dooly co., Georgia, near the  lerimo, on the N. coast of the island. Pop. 8940. It stands a.
left bank of Flint liver. 70 miles S. by W. of J:acon.       the foot of a lofty conical mountain, on which are the ri-ins of
CEDAR tILL, a village of Laurens co., Georgia, 40 minles  an ancient Phenician edifice, and a Saracenic castle. Its port
S.E. of Milledgeville.                                       is small, and its trade inconsiderable.  In its vicinity are
CEDAR HILL, a post-office of Dallas co., Texas.            rich marble quarries.e
CEDARI, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Virginia.          CEGAMA, thA-gnmi, a town of Spain, in Biscay, province
CEDAR ISLAND, 0t the entrance of Sa, Harbor, E. end  of Guipuzcoa, 14 miles S. by W. of Tolosa, at the N. base of
of Long Island, S. side: On it is a fixed light, 32 feet above  the Pyrenees. The Carlist general, Don Tomas Zumalacarhigh-water; lat. 410 2' 15i N., Ion. 720 16' 5" W.           regui, was brought by his son to Cegama, in 1835, after hayCEDAR KEY BAY. an open bay on the W. coast of Flo- iMn  been wounded at the siege of Bilbao, and died here
rida, in Levy and Benton counties, immediately S. of Wacca- eight days afterwards.  His body was interred in the
sassa Bay.  It is the recipient of the Withlacoochee or  church. Pop. 2123.
We-thloccochee River.                                          CEGLIE, ch.ltyA, a city of Naples, province of Otranto,
CEDAR KEYS, a group of small islands. on the'West  27 miles VW. of Brindisi.  Pop. 7350.  It has numerous
Coast of Florida, in Levy' county, near the entrance of  churches, one of which is collegiate; and2 annual fairs.
VWacca-sassa Bay, and from 15 to 20 miles S. of the mouuth    CEHIIEGIN, th4-Aieenl, a town of Spain, province, and 37
of Suwanee River.                                            miles W.N.W. of Murcia. Pop. 9605.  It has manufactures
CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of IHerkimer co., New York.   of paper, and commerce in wine and firuits.
CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas.            CEICER-DE-MER, s'tsaisdeh-maiR, a small island in the
CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan.        China Sea, off the S.E. coast of Cochin China, 41 miles S.E.
CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana.            of Ceicer-de-Terre, in lat. 100 32' 30" N., Ion. 1080 53' E. It
CEDAR LAKE, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.  is 4 or 5 miles long, and about 1 mile broad.
CEDAR MOUNTAINS, a mountain range in South Africa,    CEICER-DE-TERRE, shsairddeh-tain, a small island in
Cape Colony, extendinsg fiom lat. 310 57' to 320 24' S., a.nd  the China Sea, off the S.E. coast of Cochin China, called by
nearly along the meridian of 190 E. They are of primitive  the natives I-Ion Can, lies in lat. 110 13' N., ion. 1080 48' E.
ibrmation, and have a remarlably picturesque appearance,    CEIDIOf, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
with peaks varying from 1600 to 5000 feet above the level    CEILHES, sqllp, a town of France, department of Hrault,
of the sea.                                                  4 miles W.N.W. of Montpellier, on the right bank of the
CEDAR PLAINS. a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.    Orbe. Pop. 1004.
CEDAR POINT, a post-office of Page co., Virginia.            CEIRCHIOG, kin/e-og, a parish of Wales, co. Anglesea.
CEDAR RAPIDS, a thriving post-village of Lion co.,    CELANO, chi-l~no, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo
Iowa, on Red Cedar River, 25 miles N. of Iowa City. It is  Ultra II., 3 miles N. of Lake Celano, (or Fucino,) and 20
situated in a healthful and fertile sre-ion, and has an active  miles S.S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 3260. It has a collegiate church
business. The water-power of the river is applied to mills  and a paper fiactoryT.
of various kinds.                                             CELANO, LAKE. South Italy. See FucaNo LAGoo.
CEDAR RIVER, Iowa.  See RED CEDAI  RaIVER.                  CELANOVA, thAl&1-Ino-vA, a town of Spain, 12 miles S. of
CEDAR RIDGE, a post-village of Murray co., Georgia.       Crease, with a mnagnificent Benedictine monastery, and
CEDAR ROCK, a thriving post-villages of Franklin co., many interesting antiquities.
North Carolina, a few miles S.E. of Louisburg, containa a    CELAYA. a city of the Mexican Confederacy. See ZELAvA.
flourishing seminary, and above 100 inhabitants.              CEIJBR!DGE, a town and parish of IeLhnud, in Leinster,
402




GEL                                                        GEL
co. of Kildare, on the Liffey, here crossed by a handsome  -both Anlsasri's tossictria  aind Stsychswos t'ele —tbe one atree,
st;one bridge. 12 miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1289.  It is  sometimes 100 feet high, the other a climber, but both yieldple santly situated, and contains a church, work-house,  ing powerful'  poisons; together with countless other trees,
county hospital, and a large woollen factory. In thevi-  useful or precious, the clove and nutmineg trees, the sago,
cinity are Killadoon. the villa of the Earl of Leitrim, and  and other palms, which supply the natives with coverings
Lyons. the seat of Lord Cloncurry.                          for their houses, clothing, cordage, household vessels, oils,
COELEBES, s~lfe-bes, (native Negfree-Oi-.ssg-Boogis, and  and intoxicating drink.  To these may be added the pepperalso Tana-Boogis, or Tsanah-Mangkcesser, contracted into Ra- vine, the sweet-smelling sanidal-wood, and that which, when
cassar,) one of the larger islands in the Malay Archipelago,  firesh cut, yields a red dye. The sacred waranguin somebetween Borneo on the W., and the Moluccas on the E., ex- times presents. in a single tree, the appearance of a forest.
tending firom  lat. 10 45' N. to 50 52' S., and from Ion. 1180  The bamboo attains the height of 40 feet, while its trunk,
45' to 1250 17! E.; area, 71.791 square miles. CtLEBoES is pro- though hollow, is hard enough to serve for house supports
perly the name of the E. part only, and MacAss aR of the W. and rafters; the natives used its tender shoots for stews or
It mainly consists of four large peninsulas, stretching to  salad, or extract common vinegar from them. Add to these
the E. and S., and separated by three deep gulfs. Of these  the mango, the banana, the silk cotton-tree, (Bombax ceiba,)
peninsulas, that of Menado on the N. sweeps N., then E., the badeau, from which the famed Macassar oil is extracted;
and lastly N.E., for 400 miles, with a breadth valrying from   sumach or fustic-wood, ebony, the betel-nut tree, and ginger
12 to 60 miles; that of Bulante, on the E., is 160 miles long,  plant. Among plants requiring more careful cultivation,
and from30 to 95 miles broad; the S.E. peninsula has about  there are the coffee-tree. indigo, the cacao, sugar-cane, the
the same length and breadth as the latter; and that of  manioc root, benzoin. and tobacco. Mountain rice, of which
Macassar. on the S.W., fibrms a pretty regular paralellogram,  there are three varieties, is that chiefly cultivated, and also
200 miles long, and 65 miles broad. They are all formed by  maize.
chains of mountains running from a common central terri-   slihabitasts.-The oldest are doubtless the Alfoories of the
tory, 150 miles long, and 105 miles broad. T'he Gulf of To- interior, that being the name generally applied to the mounmini, or Goroutalo, on the N.E., is 240 miles long, and  tain tribes that have been driven inwards in many of the
widens from 55 miles at its mouth, to 100 miles at its far- islands by theinvaders of their coasts. Those of Celebes are
ther extremity; that of Tomaiki, or Tolo, on the E., has, on  of middle stature, fairer in complexion than the Malays, and
the contrary, a wide mouth and narrow  upper end; and  milder and more intelligent than the Alfories of other
that of Macassar, or Boni, on the S., washes the E. side of  islands. The believe in the agency of evil spirits, end the
Macassar for 200 miles, and varies in breadth from 35 to 80  Polynesian taboo prevails among them. But by far the
miles. The absence of extensive deltas, and the interven-  finest race in Celebes, and, indeed, in the whole archipelago,
tion of broad, grassy plains between the forests, distinguish  are the Boogis, supposed to have come originally from Bothe Celebes from the other larger islands of the Malay Ar- neo.  Lilke the Dyaks, they are a remarkably handsome
chipelago. It abounds in the most picturesque and varied  race, physically iresembling the Polynesians far more than
scenery, and the most beautiful and magnificent tropical the Malays; to which last, also, they are far superior in
vegetation.                                                 point of honesty, energy of character, and general conduct.
Miountains, Lakes, and Riveres.-Lampoo-Batang is reck-   Religiolen and Government.-The Alfoories have their own
oned the highest mountain in Celebes, being above 7000  vague superstitions.  The more civilized inhabitants profeet high. Near Menado and Mount Klobat, the summits  fess Mohammedanism; but, previous to the introduction
called the Two Sisters stand conspicuous. The largest lake  of that faith, the Iindoos had brought their- religion to the
is supposed to be one in the central part of the island. It island, and the natives say that there are fine Ilindoo menuhas never been visited by Europeans, but is said, by the  ments in the interior that have not yet been visited by Eunatives, to be surrounded by villages. That of Trondano, in  ropeans. Several independent nations inhabit Celebes, and
the northern peninsula, is 2000 feet above the level of the  their most usual form of government is the federal and resea. But the most important of all is that of Tapara-Ka- publican, combined with the monarchical and elective prinraija, Or Labaya, in the S.W.  It communicates W. by  ciple. The native princes so far recognisethe authority of
navigable streams with the sea, and E. with the Gulf of  the Dutch, who have had a footing in Celebes ever since
Boni, and is the original seat of an early native civilization, they expelled the Portuguese, in 1660, with the exception of
which has sent its ramifications over the whole archipelago.  the four yearS' occupation by the British. Much public respect
The largest river, the Chinrana, flows from that lake, and  is paid to women, and they occasionally reign as queens.
is navigable for European vessels for come distance, and by    History.-The native annals reach back,; with any ceethe native prahlius as flar as the lake. The Boll enters the  tainty, to only about 400 years, and exhibit a history full
sea at Boli, on the N. On the S. coast there are many rivers  of wild energy, unsettlement, and warfare. In 1512, when
navigable for some miles from the sea.                      the Portuguese first visited the island, they found but
Ctimate, Misseraloqgy, cdc.-Though cut by the equator, few Mohammedans in it; and it was not until a century
and wholly under the torrid zone, Celebes is thought re- afterwards that Moslemism  was generally adopted. The
markably healthy, the natives often enjoying a vigorous  Macassars first conquered the Boogis, and compelled them
old age, and Europeans living longer than anywhere else  to become followers of Mohammed; afterwards the latter
in the East. Its extreme heats are tempered by the sea  revolted, were aided by the Dutch, and subdued the Macasbreezes, by monthly rains, and by the north winds that pre- sars in turn.  But even with the aid of their European
vail for part of the year. The eastmoonsoonlasts from May  allies, they failed in establishing a firm  government; and
to November, and the west during the remaining months. the system of monopoly, now wisely abandoned, but long
The soil generally consists of a bed of vegetable mould, forced by the Butch on all the native chiefs, proved, in
from  10 to 20 feet thick, lying on decomposing basalt. every way, destructive to the prosperity of the island. The
Gold is found in all the valleys of the northern peninsula, population has been variously estimated, but, by the latest
which is often convulsed by earthquakes; and abounds in  conjectures, is thought to be about 2,000,000.
sulphur. Copper of good quality occurs at various points,   CELEIA. See CILLY.
and in Macassar, tin, also, as pure as that of Banka. Dia-   CELENZA, ch{-l~n/zA, a market-town of Naples,,province
monds are sometimes found almost at the surface of the  of Capitanata, 30 miles W.N.W. of Foggia. Pop. 3370.
ground, and precious stones are carried down in the sand    CELENZA, a market-towvn of Naples, province of Abruzzo
of the torrents.                                           Citra, 17 miles S.S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 1630.
Zoology.-ThJe island is entirely destitute of the large car-   CELESTIAL MOUNTAINS, CentralAsia. See THIAs -SHAN.
r,ivorous animals, and pachyderms. None of the cat kind,   CELESITINE, a post-village of Dubois co., Indiana, 8
fi-onm the tiger downwards, haunts its forests; nor has it miles E. of Jasper.
the elephant, the rhinoceros, or the tapir. Deer and wild    CELEUSUM.  See KELHEIM.
hogs abound, together with the babyroussa, and herds of    CELI/NA, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.
antelopes..  Pouched animals, unknown  intlhe  Sunda    CELINA, a post-village, capital of iMercer co., Ohio, in
islands, here first occur; also a singular ruminating ani- Franklin township, on the Wabash River, near its source,
mals, (Cervics depressicornis,) the supi-hootan of the Malalys, 115 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. It is situated in a level
and the anooasg of the natives. The Tarsius spectsrum hides  country, mostly covered with forests. Pop, 222.
itself in the moist woods of the plains, and is held in super-   CELLA, chill}, a village of Piedmont, province of Castitious awe by the natives. Here are found the chame- sale 4 miles S.W. of Asti. Pop. 746.
loon, and the flying-dragon, one of the saurin tribe. Men-   CEL'LARDYKESI, a township of Scotland, co. of Fife.
keys, moles. riats, field-mice, and scorpions, are kept dowvn    CELLE, ts~lle1h, or ZELL, tsel, a town of Hanover, land:
by the numerous snakes of the island, filom the enormous  drostei of Lineburg, on the Aller, which here becomes navitiger-python, (Boa castaoea,) 30 feet long, but not venomous, gable, and on the Hanover and Brunswick Railway, 23
to the small but deadly cobea de caoello, more dreaded than  nailes N.E. of Hanover. Pop. with suburbs, 11,935. It is
the crocodile. Among domesticated animals are found some well built and paved, and has Lutheran, Calvinist, and
small but vigorous horses, buffaloes, goats, sheep, resem- Roman Catholic churches, an old castle, formerly the resibling those of the Cape of Good Hope, and pigs.             dence of the Dukes of Liineburg, a medical college, royal
Botany.-Naturalists have visited only four points of Ce- agricultural society, and famous royal breeding stud. Its
iebes; but as almost every plant or animal taken by them  inhabitants manufacture wafers,chiccorylinen fabrics, lhowas more or less new, a rich harvest may be expected fieom   siery, soap, tobacco, and brandy, and carry on a brisk transit
future researches. Dense woods clothe the mountain sides; trade by the Aller. In its castle park is the mausoleum of
and in these are found the oak, the teak, the cedar, the upas  Matilda, Queen of Denmark, and sister of George III. of
403
Ir                                                                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~II




CEL                                                        CEN
England. CELLE  or ZELLE, (signifying, probably, cell, or   CENTRE, a village of Greene co., New York, 35 miles
former abode of some saint,) is the name of numerous com- S.W. of Albany.
munes and villages in Germany, France, &c.                  CENTRE, a village of Herkimer co., New York, about 60
CELLE, chYllA, a market-town of Italy, in Piedmont, pso- miles N.W. of Albany.
vince, and 4 miles N.E. of Savona. Pop. 2072.               CENTRE, a village of Ontario co,, New York, 8 miles S.E.
CELLINO, chil-lelno, a market-town of Naples, province  of Canandaigua.
of Ablruzzo Ultra I., 12 miles S.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1500.   CENTRE, a village of Otsego co., New York, on the F.
CELLINO, a market-town of Naples, province of Otranto, bank of the Otsego Outlet.
15 miles N.W. of Lecce.                                     CENTRE, a township ofBerks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1346.
CELLIO, chtl/le-o, a village of the Sardinian dominions,   CENTRE, a township ofButler co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1495.
in Piedmont, division of Novara, 43 miles S.E. of Varallo.   CENTRE, a township ofColnmbia co. Pennsylvania. P. 1019.
CELORICO, sA-lorfe-ko, a fortified town of Portugal, pro-   CENTRE, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. P. 1733.
vince of Beira, 11 miles N.W. of Guarda, at the foot of the    CENTRE, atownship ofIndianaco., Pennsylvania. P.1193.
Serra Estrella. Pop. 1800.                                   CENTRE, a post-township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, 20
CEMBRA, ts8mhbr/, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, 9 miles  miles N.W. of Harrisburg, contains the borough of BloomN.E. by N. of Trent, on the Avisio. Pop. 1513.             field. Total pop. 1525.
CEMMAES, kBm5I-6s, a township of North WVales, co. of    CENTRE, a township ofUnion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2171.
Anglesey.                                                    CENTRE, a post-office of Guilford co., North Carolina.
CEMMAES, a village and parish of North Wales, co. of    CENTRE, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, 37 miles
Montgomery, 7 miles N.E. of Machynllaeth. Pop. 935.        N.E. of ColumbLu City.
CENCHRE E. See KENKIS.                                     CENTRE, a post-village, capital of Cherokee co., Alabama,
CENEIA, chA-ni/di, (anc. Ceneta,) a town of Northern  is pleasantly situated on an eminence, 1 mile from  the
Italy, government of Venice, province, and 22 miles N. ofTre- Coosa River, and 140 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery. It is
viso. Pop. 4900. It has a citadel and a cathedral, with ma- surrounded by extensive pine forests. The court-house was
nufactures of linens, woollens, paper, and sulphur springs.  located here in 1845.
CENIA, thAlne-a, a town of Spain, province of Tarragona,    CENTRE, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
on a small river of same name, 15 miles S.W. of Tortosa.   CENTRE, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1190.
Pop. 2043. It has remains of Roman walls.                    CENTRE. a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 2818.
CENIS, MONT, Sardinia. See MoNT CENIS.                    CENTRE, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1066.
CENON-LA-BASTIDE, sehn6N1-'lA-b~s'teedf, a village of    CENTRE, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 491.
France, department of Gironde. Pop. in 1852, 4022.          CENTRE, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 2943.
CENTALLO, chpn-t9ltlo, a town of the Sardinian States, in    CENTRE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 70 miles
Piedmont, 73 miles N.E. of Cuneo, on the left bank of the W.S.W. of Columbus.
Grana. The remains of walls and towers, and of its castle,   CENTRE, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1430.
once the residence of the Marquis of Susa, attest its import-   CENTRE, a village in the S. part of Washington co., Ohio,
ance during the Middle Ages.                              on the Ohio River.
CENTENARY, a post-office of Marion co., South Carolina.    CENTRE, a township of Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 881.
CENTENARY COLLEGE. See JACKSON, Louisiana.                 CENTRE, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 357.
CENTER, a post-office of Rock co., Wisconsin.              CENTRE, a township of Delaware co., Indiana. Pop. 541.
CENTO, chentto, a fortified town of the Pontifical States,   CENTRE, a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 1283.
16 miles N.N.W. of Bologna, on the left bank of the Reno.    CENTRE, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 815.
Pop. 4572. It is the birthplace of the celebrated painter    CENTRE, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana. Pop. 1275.
Guercino, whose house is still preserved without alteration.    CENTRE, a township of Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 960.
Cento has an annual fair on September 7, which formerly    CENTRE, a township of La Porte co., Indiana. Pop. 853.
attracted a large assemblage of persons.  The Canal of    CENTRE, a township of Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 1683.
Cento, 30 miles in length, passes this town, and connects    CENTRE  a township of Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 1014.
Bologna with Ferrara.                                        CENTRE, a township of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1252.
CENTORBI, chkn-toRebee, (anc. Centuctrispe or Centtrsipi,)    CENTRE, a township of St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 477.
a town of.Sicily, 19 miles W.N.W. of Catania, on a rugged    CENTRE, a township of Spencer co., Indiana. Pop. 928.
mountain.  ] p. 4450. Around it are ruins of Centuripce.     CENTRE, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 2822.
CEN/TRAL, a post-office of Columbia co. Pennsylvania.      CENTRE, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 1025.
CENTRAL, a post-office of St. Louis co., Missouri.         CENTRE, a township of McIlenry co., Illinois. Pop. 1139.
CENTRAL, a post-office of Lynn co., Oregon.                CENTRE, a post-office of Page co., Iowa.
CENTRAL AMERICA. See AMERIcA, page 72.                     CENTRE, a small village of Dodge co., Wisconsin.
CENTRAL BRIDGE,apost-office ofSchoharie co,New York.   CENTRE, atownship ofLa Fayette co., Wisconsin. Pop. 601.
CENTRAL COLLEGE, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.    CENTRE, a township in Rock co., Wisconsin, about 10
CENTRAL FALLS, a thriving village of Smithfield town- miles N.W. of Janesville. Pop. 625.
ship, Providence co., Rhode Island, on the Blackstone River,    CENTRE ALIMOND, a post-village of Alleghany co., New
about 1 mile N. of Pawtucket. It contains 2 churches, and  York, 210 miles W.S.W. of Albany.
4or 5 cotton mills.                                          CENTRE BARNISTEAD, a post-village of Belknap co., New
CENTRAL PLAINS, a post-office of Fluvanna co.,Virginia. Hampshire, 20 miles N.N.E. of Concord.
CENTRAL POINT, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.    CENTRE BELPRE, bel'prAf, a post-village of Washington
CENTRAL SQUARE, a post-village of Oswego co., New  co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 90 miles E.S.E of Columbus.
York, about 20 miles N. of Syracuse.                         CENTRE  BERILIN, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New
CENTRAL VILLAGE, or NORTH PLAINFIELD, a fiou- York, 20 miles E. of Albany.
rishing post-village in Plainfield township, Windham co.,   CENTRE BRIDGE, a post-village of Bucks co., PennsylConnecticut, on the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, and  vania, on the Delaware River, about 111 miles E. of Harris.
on Moosup River, about 45 miles E. of IHartford. It ha' 3  burg. A bridge extends across the river at this point.
churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist; also    CENTRE BROOK, a post-office of Middlesex cc., Concontains 8 stores, 8 cotton mills, and 1 woollen mill. It is  necticut.
entirely indebted to its manufacturing facilities for its pros-   CENTREBURG, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, 36 miles
perity. Pop. about 2000.                                   N.N.E. of Columbus.
CEN1TRE, a county of Pennsylvania, occupies the centre    CENTRE CAM/BRIDGE, a post-office of Washington cc.,
of the state, and has an area of about 1000 square miles. New York.
The West Branch of the Susquehanna River and Mushan-   CENTRE CANISTE!O, a post-village of Steuben co., New
non Creek form  the entire boundary on the N.W. Bald York, 195 miles W.S.W. of Albany.
Eagle Creek flows N.E. through the middle of the county,   CENTRE COLLEGE, Kentucky. See DANVILLE.
which is also drained by Penn's, Beech, and Spring Creeks.   CENTRE CONTWAY, a post-village of Carroll co., New
It is traversed by the Alleghany Mountain, and by several Hampshire, near the Great Falls and Conway lailroad,
lateral branches, extending nearly N.E. and S.W. Tus- about O60 miles N.E. of Concord.
sey's Mountain forms the S.E. boundary; Bald Eagle   CEN/TREDALE. a post-office, Providence co., Rhode Island.
Mountain extends through the middle of the county. The    CEN/TREFIELD a post-village of Ontario co.. New York,
soil is various; the valleys are highly'productive and well about 200 miles W. by N. of Albany. It has 2 churches.
cultivated, and more than half of the surface is arable land.   CENTREFIELD, a post-office of Oldham co., Kentucky.
The county contains rich mines of iron, which are exten-   CENTREFIELD, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, 73
sively worked, and limestone and stone coal are found in  miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It contains about 100 inbaseveral places. It is liberally supplied with water-power, bitants.
which is employed in the manufacture of iron, flour, and    CENITRE GROITON, a post-village of New London co., Concotton. The Bald Eagle Canal extends from  a point near necticut, 48 miles S.E. of Ilartford.
Bellefonte, to Lock HIaven. Organized in 1800, and named    CENTRE GROVE, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa.
with reference to its central position. Capital, Bellefonte.   CENTRE GUILFORD, a post-office of Piscataquis co.,
Pop. 23,355.                                              Maine.
CENTRE or DAVENPORT CENTRE, a post-village in    CENTRE HAR/BOB, a post-township of Belknap co., New
])Davenport township, Delaware co.. New  York, on  an  Hampshire, between Winnipiseogee and Squam lakes, 33
affluent of the Susquehanna, 90 miles W.S.W. of Albany.    miles N. of Concord. Pop. 543.
404




CEN                                                       CEN
CENTRE IHILL, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylva-   CENTREVILLE, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn.
ia, on the turnpike i'oad from Bellefonte to Lewistown, 75  sylvania.
miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                                  CENTREVILLE, a village of Northampton co., PennsylCENTRE LEB/ANON, a post-village of York co., Maine, vania, 15 miles N. of Easton.
90 miles S.W. of Augusta.                                  CENTREVILLE, a village of Somerset co., Pennsylvania,
CENTRE LINICOLNVILLE, a post-village of Waldo co., on the Clay turnpike, 148 miles W. by S. of Harrisbnrg, has
Maine, 40 miles E. by S. of Augusta.                     about 100 inhabitants.
CENTRE LINE, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania.   CENTREVILLE, a small village, Union co.. Pennsylvania.
CENTRE LISLE, lile, a post-office ofBroome co., New York.   CENTREVILLE, a post-village in New Castle co., DelaCENTRE LOVIELL, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.    ware, about 50 miles N. by W. of Dover.
CENTRE MONTIVILLE, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine,   CENTREVILLE, a post-village, capital of Queen Anne co.,
40 miles E. by S. of Augusta.                            Maryland, 35 miles E. by N. of Annapolis, contains a courtCENTRE MOREILAND, a village of Wyoming co., Penn- house, 1 church, an academy, and about 400 inhabitants.
sylvania.                                                F'ish and oysters are abundant in the vicinity.
CENTRE OS/SIPEE, a post-village of Carroll co., New    CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Fairfax co., Virginia,
Hampshire, 48 miles N.N.E. of Concord.                   27 miles WV. of Washington, contains 1 church, and a few
CENTRE POINT, a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas.   stores. Pop. about 250.
CENTRE POINT, a post-village of Monroe co., Kentucky,   CENTREVILLE, a village of Monroe co., Virginia, on Inon the Cumberland River, 130 miles S. by W. of Frankfort. dian Creek, about 240 miles WV. of Richmond.
CENTRE POINT, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois.       CENTREVILLE, a village of Tyler co., Virginia, on MidCENTRE POINT, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, about die Island Creek, 16 miles from the Ohio River, and 7 miles
45 miles N. by W. of Iowa City.                          from Middlebourn, the county-seat. It has turnpikes leadCENTRE  PORT, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, ing in several directions, and contains a number of stores.
on Great Cow Harbor, about 190 miles S.S.E. ofAlbany.      CENTREVILLE, a post-office of Moore co., North Carolina.
CENTRE RIDGE, a post-village of Kemper co., Mississippi.   CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Laurens district, South
CENTRE RUT/LAND, a post-village of Rutland co., Ver- Carolina, 90 miles N.W. of Columbia.
mont, 52 miles S. by W. of Montpelier.                     CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Camden co., Georgia,
CENTRE SAND/WICH, a post-village of Carroll co., New  3 miles from St. Mary's River.
Hampshire, 50 miles N. by E. of Concord.                   CENTREVILLE, a. village of Walton co., Georgia, 126
CENTRE SHER!MAN,apost village of Chautauqueco.,New  miles W. of Augusta.
York, on the route of a projected railroad, to extend from    CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Wilkes co., Georgia,
the New York and Erie Railroad to Erie, in Pennsylvania, about 66 miles N.W. of Augusta.
about 300 miles in a straight line W. by S. of Albany.     CENTREVILLE, a post-office of Leon co., Florida.
CENTRE SID/NEY, a post-village of Kennebeck co., Maine,   CENTREVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bibb co., Alabaabout 6 miles N. of Augusta.                             ma, on the Cahawba River, at the lower falls, 38 miles S.E.
CENTRE STAR, a post-office of Lauderdale co.. Alabama. of Tuscaloosa.
CENTRE STRAF/FORD, a post-village of Strafford co., New    CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Amite co., Mississippi,
IHampshire, 25 miles E. of Concord.                      about 40 miles S.E. of Natches.
CEN/TRETON, a post-village of Salem co., New Jersey, 70    CENTREVILLE, a village of Choctaw co., Mississippi.
miles S. by W. of Trenton.                                  CENTREVILLE, a post-village of St. Mary's parish LouCENTRETON, a post-village of Huron co., Ohio, 110 miles isiana, on the river Teche, (navigable by steamboats) 60
N. by E. of Columbus.                                    miles by water from the Gulf of Mexico, and 5 miles below
CEN'TRETOWN, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylva- Franklin, the seat ofjustice. Pop. about 200.
vania, about 10 miles E. of the borough of Mercer.         CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Leon co., Texas.
CENTXtETOWN, a post-office,Anderson co., South Carolina.   CENTREVILLE, a post-offi'ce of Montgomery co.,sA-kansas.
CENTRETOWN, a village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 70 miles   CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of HickN.E. of Iowa City.                                       man co.,Tennessee, on Duck River, 50 miles S.W. of Nashville.
CENTRE VALILEY, a post-office of Otsego co., New York. A slack-water navigation is about being opened on the river.
CENTRE VALLEY, a post-village of Lehigh co., Penn- There is abundant water-power in the vicinity, and several
sylvania, 7 miles S. of Allentown. Pop. 50.              manufactories of cotton and iron have lately been erected.
CENTRE VIL/LAGE, a post-village of Broome co., New    CENTREVILLE, a small village of Jackson co., TennesYork, 120 miles W.S.W. of Albany.                        see. The post-office is McLeansville.
CENTRE VILLAGE, a post-village of Camden co., Georgia,   CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Bourbon co., Kentucky,
175 miles S.E. of Milledgeville.                         on the road from Paris to Georgetown, 30 miles E. of FrankCENTRE VILLAGE, a village of Jackson co., Georgia, 50  fort, has 2 stores, and about 100 inhabitants.
miles E.N.E. of Atlanta.                                   CENTREVILLE, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 60
CENTRE VILLAGE, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.   miles E. of Zanesville.
CENITREVILLE,a township of Washington co.; Maine.   CENTREVILLE, a small village of Clinton co., Ohio.
Pop. 178.                                                  CENTREVILLE, a village of Delaware co., Ohio, 18 miles
CENTREVILLE, a post-village and seaport of Barnstable  N.E. of Columbus.
township, Barnstable co., Massachusetts, on the S. side of    CENTREVILLE, a small village of Gallia co., Ohio, 15
Cape Cod, 70 miles S.E. of Boston.                       miles W.N.WV. of Gallipolis.
CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Kent co., Rhode Island,    CENTREVILLE, a village of Lake co., Ohio, on the Ridge
near the right bank of Pawtuxent River, 12 miles S.S.W. Road from from Erie, in Pennsylvania, to Cleveland, 182
of Providence. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly di- miles N.E. of Columbus. It has considerable trade.
rected to the manufacture of cotton goods.                 CENTREVILLE, a village of Medina co., Ohio, about 40
CENTREVILLE, a village in Iamden township, New  miles S.W. of Cleveland.
Haven co., Connecticut, on the New Haven and Northamp-   CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village of Montgomery
ton Railroad, 6 miles N. of New Haven. It has manufac- co., Ohio, 9 miles S. by E. of Dayton. The houses are mostly
tures of prints, muslins, machinery, sash, and blinds, &c.   built of stone, quarried on the spot. It is pleasantly situCENTREVILLE, a post-township of Alleghany co., New  ated in a rich and populous district, and has some trade. The
York, 45 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1441.               village contains 3 churches, and perhaps 500 inhabitants.
CENTREVILLE, a village of Champlain township, Clin-   CENTREVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of St.
ton co., New York, on the Northern or Ogdensburg Railroad, Joseph co., Michigan, on Prairie River, 80 miles S.W. of
about 160 miles N. by E. of Albany. Pop. about 100.      Lansing. The situation is pleasant, and the land around it 
CENTREVILLE, a post-village in the E. part of Hunter-  is highly productive. Pop. in 1854, about,.?: 
don co., New Jersey, 7 miles E.N.E. of Flemington.          CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Allen co., Indiana, 12
CENTREVILLE, a village New of Jersey, on the line be- miles E.S.E. of Fort Wayne.
tween Salem and Cumberland counties, 9 miles N.N.E. of    CENTREVILLE, a village of Lake co., Indiana, 6 miles
Bridgeton.                                                N. by E. of Crownpoint.
CENTREVILLE, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, 10    CENTREVILLE, a small village of Scott co., Indiana, on
miles N.E. of Belvidere.                                  the railroad from Jeffersonville to Columbus.
CENTREVILLE, a small village of Bradford co., Penn-   CENTREVILLE, a village at the N.E. extremity of Sullisylvania.                                                 van co., Indiana.
CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village of Butler co.,   CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Wayne
Pennsylvania, 17 miles N.W. of the borough of Butler.  Pop. co., Indiana, on the National Road, and on the Central
about 350.                                               Railroad, 63 miles E. of Indianapolis. It has a pleamant
CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village of Crawford co., and healthy situation, in the midst of a fertile, well-cultiPennsylvania, on Oil Creek, 25 miles N.E. of Meadville, has vated country. The Whitewater Female College, at this
about 100 inhabitants.                                   place, is a flourishing school, under the direction of the MeCENTREVILLE, a small village of Cumberland co., Penn- thodists. Pop. 920.
sylvania.                                                  CENTREVILLE, a village of Adams co., Illinois, 80 miles
CENTREVILLE, a small village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, W. of Springfield.
on the turnpike from Smithport to Milesburg.               CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, about
CENTREVILLE, a small village, Greene co., Pennsylvania.  60 miles N.W. of Springfield,
405
-I




CEN                                                        CER
CENTREVILLE, a village of Schuyler co., Illinois,. 70   CEPPALONI, chp-p&-lofnee, a market-town of Nfaples, plrcniles W.N.W. of Springfield.                               vince of Principato Ultra, 6q miles S. of Benevento. Pop. 2500.
CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village of St. Clair co.,   CEPRANO, chl-priino, (anc. Fregeltl',)  a market-town of
Illinois, 9 miles S.W. of Belleville. It is surrounded by a Central Italy, 11 miles S.E. of Frosinone, on the Neapolitan
fertile country, and has an active business. The inhabit- frontier.  Pop. 3175.
ants are chiefly Germans. The village contains 2 or more   CEItA, an island of the Malay Archipelago, W. of Timerchurches, 2 steam flouring-mills, and a few stores.        Laut. Lat. 80 10' S., ion. 130" 5,5i E., and 20 miles in circuit.
CENTREVILLE, a village of Callaway co., Missouri, 40   CERALIVO, a post-office of Cw'roll co., Mississippi.
miles N.E. of Jefferson City.  CERAM/ or ZERAMI, (Port. pron. sl-r/6)NG or sA-rtlwrcWl.)
CENTRE.VILLE, a village near the S.E. extremity of Ma- called by the natives SIRANG,/ ses'ring!, or CEIRAM, sA-econ co., Missouri, 80 miles N. by W. of Jefferson City.     rtwngl, an island in the Malay Archipelago, the second
CENTREVILLE, a post-office of Reynolds co., Missouri.   largest of the Moluccas, lies between Booroo on the W.
CENTREVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Appa- and Papua on the E., and immediately N. of Amboina.  It
noose co., Iowa, 3- miles W. of Chariton River, and 130 S.W. stretches from lat. 20 47/ to 30 50' S., and lon. 1270 51' to
of Iowa City. The State Road from  Bloomfield to the Mis- 1230 5i' E. Area estimated at 10,500 square miles. The
souri River passes through the place. The town contains 2  island is very imperfectly known. It is traversed by mounor 3 churches, 6 dry-goods stores, and numerous mechanic  tail ranges rising fi-om a table-land of considerable elevashops. Pop. about 200.                                      tion, and sending down innumerable streams to the sea.
CENTREVILLE, a village of Cedar co., Iowa,.26 miles E. The mountains vary from  6000 to 8000 feet in height, and
of Iowa City.                                               that called Noosaheli rises to 9750 feet. The vegetation is
CENTREVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co.,Wisconsin. luxuriant and gigantic; the sago-palm, in particular, is
CENTREVILLE, a village of Greene co., Wisconsin, on  more abundant here than in any other of the adjoining isSugar River, 35 miles S. of Madison.                        lands, to which, consequently, supplies of sago are exported.
CENTREVILLE, a village of Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin, It grows 100 feet high, and, instead of 400 pounds, as at Am12 miles N. by E. of Sheboygan.                             boina, a single tree will sometimes yield 1200 pounds of starch.
CENITRE WIIITE CREEK, a post-village of Washington  Clove and nutmeg trees grow wild, and the woods abound in
co., New York, 39 miles N.E. of Albany.                     magnificent forest-trees. Near the E. end, on the N. side, is
CENTUM CELLE.     See CIVITA VECCIA;                     the village of Waroo, on the bay of the same name, about lat.
CENTURIPIE or CENTURIPI. See CENTORBI.                   30 25' S., loft. 1300 40' E. The bay affords good anchorage
CEOS, an island of Greece. See ZEA.                      and water, and other refreshments may be procured in it.
CEPIALfEDIUM.        See CEFALU.                           The coasts are peopled by a Malay race of bold and enterCEPIHIALONIA, slf-A-lofne-A, or KEPIALOINIA, (It. pron. prising fishermen and traffickers, who carry the produce of
chlf-&-lonle-A, and chef-1-lo-neest; modern Gr. KcEaAovfa, their fisheries in large prahus, called kosra-kora, with from
kIlf:-lo-nees/; anc. Gr. KcqaXJlva; L. Cephallenia,) an  30 to 60 rowers each, to the Sunda Islands and Singapore.
island of the Mediterranean, and one of the largest con- The interior is peopled by the Alfoories or ilalafoorahs,
stituting the Ionian Republic, on the VW. coast of Greece, identical, apparently, with those of the mountains of Celebes
opposite the Gulf of Patras, between lat. 380 4/ and 308 29' N., and the Philippines. Christian missionaries in Ceram have
and Ion. 200 21' and 200 49' E. Greatest length, 32 miles;  not only made numerous converts along the coasts, but have
breadth, varying from 5 to 12 miles. Area, about 348 square  extended a softening influence even among the idolaters of
miles. The surface is generally mountainous. A calcareous  the interior. The local princes meet the Dutch residents
ridge traverses the island from N.W. to S.E., the highest sum- oncein two years, to have their disputes settled by a court
mit of which, called Orios Ainos, is about 5000 feet above the  composed of 24 rajahs, and at which the resident presides.
sea-level. Thislofty peak was anciently crowned by a temple    The aborigines of Ceram  are mostly idolaters, and the
of Jupiter, of which no trace remains, the mountain being  coast population,  generally  speaking,  Mohammedans;
now entirely covered with wood. The only plainin the island  though, of 620 souls in the village of M5akarike, where Mi.
of any extent is in the S.W., near Argostoli; it is about 6 miles  Scherius landed, 438 were Christians, 11 only Mohamme&
in length, and is chiefly planted with vines. There are other dans, and 171 idolaters.  But the Christians were suffering
fertile spots, but the soil is in general extremely thin. The  firom neglect. Notwithstanding its superabundant fertility,
coast-line is very irregular and deeply marked with indenta- Ceram is very thinly peopled. This is attributed to the froe
tions, the principal of which are the bays of Samos, Zola, quent dissensions of the Malays among themselves, the atand Argostoli; the last extends about 7 or 8 miles inland, tacks of the Alfoories from the land side and of pirates at
and has good anchorage. The principal produce of the is- sea, and the ravages of the small-pox. The present populaland is currants, of which large quantities are exported an- tion is roughly estimated at 226,000.
nually. The other products are wheat, corn, olive-oil, wine,    CERAMI, chA-rlmee, a town of Sicily, province of Catacotton, flax, and salt, with various kinds of fruits, includ-  nia, in a mining district, 17 miles WV. of Bronte. Pop. 3667.
ing oranges, lemons, figs, carobs, and melons. Great num-   CERAM-LAUT ISLES, a cluster of small islands in the
hers of the inhabitants are brought up to -the medical Malay Archipelago, lying off the E. end of the island of
profession, and afterwards emigrate for practice to various  Ceram, from  which they are separated by the island and
parts of the continent, especially to Turkey, where there is strait of Keffing. The chief island is about 5 miles long,
hardly a town without a practitioner from Cephalonia.       mountainous, and uninhabited. Lat. 30 458 S.; Ion. 1310 E.
The greater part of the population are of the Greek    CERANO, chl-rdno, a village of Piedmont, 81 miles E.S.E., Church; the others are of the Latin Church, and have a  of Novara. Pop. 4097.
Roman Catholic bishop, and several convents of Francis-   CERASIUS. See KERESOON.
cans. There are 11 free schools on the island, which are    CERBALUS, a river of Italy. See CERVARO.
supported by the government, and 78 private schools.          CERCADO, s6R-kI/do, a province of Peru, having Lima,
Cephalonia was known anciently by various names, being  the capital of the country, about its centre, on the coast.
called Samos by Homer, in the Odyssey, and Tetsra olis by  It is 39 miles long and 24 miles broad, and is watered by
Thucydides. In 189 B.c. the island came underthe Roman  the Rimac and Lurin.
dominion, and so remained till after the division of the em-   CERCItHIARA,  chka-ke-'/r, a town of Naples, province of
pire, when it became subject to the Byzantines till the  Calabria Citra, 9 miles E.N.E. of Castrovillari.  Pop. 2080.
twelfth century, falling afterwards, successively, to the    CERCINA.  See KEaRKINs.
Normans, Venetians, Turks, and again to the Venetians,    CERDAGNE. sha'dWff, an old division of Europe, in the
who retained possession of it till 1797, when it was taken  Pyrenees, partly enclosed in the French department of
by the French, who were in turn driven out by the Rus- PyrlnGes-Orientales, and partly iu the Spanish provinces
sians in 1799. Cephalonia was then made part of the new  of Barcelona, Gerona, and Lerida.  The principal towns
state of the Seven Islands, under the protection of Russia. were Monf Louis in France, and Puy-Cerda in Spain.
By the peace of Tilsit, in 1809, the French again obtained     CERDENA.  See SARoDNIA.
possession of it, but were soon after driven out by the Eng-   CERDON, sinRdbNas, a town of France, department of Ain,
lish, under whose protection it now remains. The island  14 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 1837.
is divided into four districts; and sends seven umembers to    CtRE, salt., a river of Southern France, departments of
the Legislative Assembly, and one to the Senate.  The  Cantal and Lot, rises in the Plomb-de-Cantal, and, after a
principal towns are Argostoli and Lixuri.  Pop. 63,197.-   W. course of about 55 miles, joins the Dordogne near BreteAdj. and inhab. CEPHALONIAN, sef-a-lo/ne-an.               noux. Its valley is noted for picturesque beauty. Aurillac
CEPIIIStSIA, or ME/LAS, a river of Greece, rises in Pho- is on one of its affluents.
cis, 15 miles N.W. of Salona, flows generally E., forming the    CEREA, chA-rI/,l, a market-town of Lombardy; 19 miles
N. boundary of Beotia, and enters Lake Copais 8 miles  S.S.E. of Verona. Pop. 5689. It has the remains of an anE.N.E. of Livadia.                                         cient castle, and is the seat of an annual fair.
CEPHIISSIA, a village of Greece, 9 miles N.E. of Athens,    CEREBELLIACA.  See CHABEUIL.
with a grotto dedicated to the saints, frequently resorted to    CERENCES, si'rNsst, a market-town of France, departfrom superstitious motives.                                ment of Manche, 9 miles S. of Coutances. Pop. 2244.
CEPHIS'SUS or CEPIIUSUS, (CGr. KRsnsows  or Ks10saos,)   CERE NOVO, chtrA nolvo, (i. e. "New Ctere,") is a small
a river of Greece, government of Attica, rises teneath  village, 31 miles E. of CERVETEaE, (which see.)
Mount Parnes, and after a S.WV. course of about 25 miles,   CERES, seers, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on-the river
enters the Gulf of &gina. 5 miles W.S.W. of Athens. On Ceres, 3 miles S.E. of Copar-Fife.  Area, comprising a beauits'banks were anciently the groves of the Academy.       tiful valley, about 8000 acres. Pop. 29-14, extensively em
406




CER                                                       CiER
ployed in the manufacture of linens. The tower of Scot- of England, co. of Dorset, 71 miles N.N.W. of Dorchester
starvet and the ruins of Craighall IHouse are in this parish;  Pop. 1342, employed in malting and manufactures of linens,
it was the scene of the murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and  gloves, parchment, &c. It has some remains of a noble
the birthplace of the historian Pitscottie.                 abbey founded in 987.
CERES, chA/res, a village of the Sardinian States, in Pied-   CERNETZ or ZERNETZ, tstrnits, a village of Switzermont, 22 miles N.W. of Turin, near the confluence of two  land, canton of Grisons, in the Lower Engadine, 31 miles
branches of the Stura. Pop. 2000.                           S.E. of Chur, with a handsome Protestant church and mineCEIRES, a post-village of Alleghanol co., New York, 225  ral baths. Pop. 500.
miles W.S.W. of Albany.                                       CER/NEY, NETIIER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
CERES, a township of iMcKean co., Pennsylvania. Pop.   CERNEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
668.                                                         CERNEY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester,
CERES, a village of Washington co., Wisconsin, 37 miles 5 miles S.S.E. ofCirencester.  Edward's College, a hospital for
N.N.W. of Milwaulkee.                                      the distressed families of clergymen, was founded he'e in 1837.
CERESICO, a post-village of Calhoun co., Michigan, on the    CERNEY, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Dofset.
Central Michigan Railroad, 112 miles W. of Detroit.          CERNILOW, tsoryne-lov, a village of Bohemia, circle of
CERESCO, a post-village and township of Fond du Lac co., KTniggriitz, near Smirzitz.  Pop. 1314.
Wisconsin, 85 miles N.W. of Milwaukee, and 20 miles W. of   CERNISI, chic-neelsee, (anc. Mot/ya,) an island in tile
Lake Winnebago, was settled in 1844 by a Fourier Associa- Mediterranean, off the W. of coast of Sicily. Lat. 370 52' N.,
tion, called the "Wisconsin Phalanx."  They own 1440  Ion. 120 25' E. It is about 3 miles long, and averages about
acres of prairie-land, diversified by groves of oak and maple, 1 mile in breadth.
and supplied with good water-power and limestone. Pop. 356.   CERNOWITZ, tskicno-vitz, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles
CERESIUS LACUS.  See LUGANo, LAIKE OF.                   E.S.E. of Tabor; it is the chief place of a lordship of the same
CERESOLE, chA-rA-so/lJ, a village of Piedmont, 13. miles  name. Pop. 1683.
N.W. of Alba.  Pop. 1593.  In its vicinity the French    CERNU6CO-ASINARIO, ehS -noos/ko-t-se-n/re-o, a town
gained a celebrated victory over the Imperialists, April of Austrian Italy, 7 miles N.E. of Milan. It stands on both
14, 1544.                                                  sides of the Canal of Martesana, and is surrounded by beauCE/RESTOWN, a thriving post-village of MicKean co., tiful gardens. Pop. 3684.
Pennsylvania, on the Oswayo Creek. about 200 miles N.W.   CERONIA. See CERINA.
of Harrisburg. It has a church and several mills.            CERRETO, chia-nAito, a town of Naples, province of Terra
CRItET, sAri/, a frontier town of France, department of  di Lavoro, on the Apennines, 29 miles N.E. of Capua. I-'op.
Pyr6n6es-Otientales, 16 miles S.W. of Perpignan. Pop. in. 4930, who nianufdcture coarse woollens. It is well built,
1852, 3586. It was formerly fortified, and has manufactures  and has a cathedral with fine paintings, a college church,
of corks, leather, and copper-wares. In 1660 the plenipo-  and a diocesan school.
tentiaries of France and Spain met here to fix the limits of    CERRETO, chIn-m4'to, a market-town of the Pontifical
the two kingdoms.                                          States, 11 miles N.E. of Spoleto, on the Nera.
CERIANA, chA-re-l/n, a village of the Sardinian States,   CERRETO GUIDI, ch6R-Rato gwee/dee, a market-town of
5 miles N. of San Remo. Pop. 2161.                          Tuscany, province of Florence, 4 miles N.W. of Empoli.
CERIGNOLA, chA-reen-yo/lI, an episcopal town of Naples, Pop. 2396.
province of Capitanata, 24 miles S.E. of Foggia. It has a    CERRIGCEINWEN, ker'rig-1k-noo/en, a parish of North
college, several convents, and a hospital. The inhabitants  Wales, co. of Anglesea.
manufacture linen, and the district produces large quanti-    CERRIG-Y-DRUIDION, ki/rlig-e-dre-idle-on, a parish of
ties of almonds and cotton. In 1503, the Spaniards here  North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
deseated the French, when the Duke de Nemours, who com-    CERRLO, chtlryo, a market-town of Naples, province of
manded the latter, was slain. Pop. 10,350.                  Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles N.N.E. of Venafio.  Pop. 2040.
CERIGO, chirle-go, (anuc. Latin, Cythe/ra; Gr. Kf6Opa, pro-    CERRO DEL ANDEVALO, thnR/Ro dil An-di-v/lo, a town
nounced by the modern Greeks, kith/e-ra,) the southern- of Spain, 25 miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 2728. It has mannmost of the seven principal Ionian Islands, in the Mediter-  factures of linens and coarse woollens.
ranean, off the S. extremity of the Mlorea, between ]at. 360    CERRO-DE-PASCO, skry/o d: pis'ko, called also simply
7' and 360 23' N., and in ion. about. 230 E. Area, 116 square  PASCO, a town of Peru. department of Junin, 138 miles N.E.
miles. Pop. about 9000. Shores abrupt and dangerous to  of Lima, 13,673 feet above the sea-level. It is the seat of
shipping. Surface mostly mountainous and rocky.  lore  rich silver-mines.  Pop. from 12,000 to 16,000. See Pinu.
cattle are reared here than in any other of the Ionian    CERR0 FRIO, Brazil.  See SeRRo Faeo.
Islands.  Chief crops, wheat, maize, pulse, cotton, flax,   CERRLO  GORDO, siR/no goR/do, a celebrated battle- field
wine, and olive-oil; which last, and the honey of the island, and mountain pass, through which the National Road conare highly esteemed. Cerigo is used as a place of exile by  ducts from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, about 60 miles
the central government, and is garrisoned by a company  N.WV. of the former. This pass was taken possession of by
of troops. Principal town, Capsali, at its S. extremity.  the IMexicans. 13,000 strong, under Santa Anna, in the
The people are of Greek origin, and are all of the Greek  spring of 1847, and the heights on either side were strongly
Church. The island sends a representative to the Repub-  fortified, for the purpose of interrupting the march of the
lican Assembly, and, conjointly with Ithaca and Paxo, one  United States troops, numbering 9000, under General Scott,
senator.  Cerigo was celebrated in ancient times for the  from Vera Cruz to the capital of Mexico. The battle was
worship of Venus; and near the fortress of San Nikolo are  fought on the 18th and 19th of April, and resulted in the
some ruins of the ancient city of Gythera and its temples. total defeat of Santa Anna's army, his loss being an indefiCerigo was long subject to the Lacedemonians, and be- nite number of killed and wounded, 3000 prisoners, inlonged in turn to Macedon, Egypt, Rome, and Venice; in  cluding 5 generals, all of his artillery, consisting of 43
later times it has shared the fortunes of the other Ionian  pieces, and 7 standards. The American loss was 431 killed
Islands.                                                    and wounded, among whom were 33 officers.
CERIGOTTO, chit-re-got/to, (anc../gil/ia, ) a small island    CEIVRO GOR/DO, a new county in the northern part of
of tlhe Mediterranean, midway between Cerigo and Crete, Iowa, has an area of 625 square miles. It is drained by
and belonging to the Ionian Republic. Length, 5 miles; Lime Creek, a branch of English River, and its tributaries.
breadth, from 1 to 3 miles. Pop. about 30 fimilles.         This county is not included in the census of 1850. Named
CEIRILLY, siree'yee/, a town of France, department of  from  the celebrated battle-field in Mexico, on which the
Allier, 24 miles W.N.W. of Moulins.  Pop. in 1852, 2495. It Americans, under General Scott, gained a decisive victory'
has manuthctures or mousselins and paper.                   over the M'exicans, April 18th and 19th, 1847.
CERINA  or TZERINA, chi-ree/nA, (anc. Cerin/ia, Cery-    CERRLO GORDO, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.
ne/in, or Cero'nia,) a small seaport town of the island of Cy-   CERR0 GORDO, a post-village, capital of Holmes co., Floprus, on its N. coast, 10 miles N. of Lefkosia.  It has an in- rida, about 105 miles W.N.W. of Tallahassee.
different port, and ancient quarries and catacombs.           CERRO GORDO, formerly WHITE'S LANDING, a village
CERISY, seh-ree'zee/, several communes and villages of  of lHardin co., Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, 120 miles
France, in Normandy, the principal in the department of  S.W. of Nashville. It is a depOt for cotton and staves, which
Mlanche, 10 miles S.W. of St. Lo. It has 2055 inhabitants. are shipped by the river.
and the church of an abbey founded by Robert Duke of    CERRO GORDO, a post-office of Randolph co., Indiana.
Normandy in 1030, and completed by his son, William the    CERRO GORDO, a post-village of Piatt co., Illinois, 50
Conqueror.                                                  miles E.N.E. of Springfield.
CERIZAY, seh-reeszAl, a town of France, department of    CERRO G01IDO, a post-office of Mills co., Iowa.
Deux-S~vres, 9 miles V. of Bressuire, on an affluent of the    CERIRO GORDO AZUL, s6r/Ro goR/do t-thool/, a considerSivre-Nantaise. Pop. in 1852, 1230.                         able town of Peru, department of Lima, in the middle of a
CERMIGNANO, chi-meen-y nb, a village of Naples, pro- fertile plain.
vince ofAbruezo Ultra I., 12 miles N.N.WV. of Penne. Pop.2140.    CERR 0 GOIIDO DE POTOSI, sryn/o gorn/do dA po-to-see/, a
CERNAY, sAR'ns/, a town of France, department of Haut- fsnous metaliferous moun tain of Bolivia, immediately S.W.
Rhin, on a railway, 8 miles N.V.  of Mulhausen.  Pop. in  of Potosi. Elevation, 16,037 feet.
1852, 3997, engaged in the manufacture of printed cottons,    CERRO GORDtO MORAD0O NEGRO, sirn/o gon/do mo-ri/do
linens, paper, and machinery, and in iron and copper ni/gro,  two mountains of South America, in the Plata Confoundries.                                                 federation, department of La Rioja. One of them is said to
CERNE-ABBAS, sern ab/bas, a market-town and parish  yield gold ore.
407




CER                                                           CEU
CEPRROS, an island of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of  the Grotta del Vento, whence a strong current of wind conLower California, in lat. 280 12' N., ion. 115~ 20' W. Length  tinually issues.
N. to S. 30 miles; breadth 5 miles. Coasts greatly indented;    CESSENON, sls'seh-n6NcG, a village of France, department
surface rugged and barren.                                    of HWrault, 15 miles E. of St. Pens, beautifully situated on
CERSUS or KERSUS.  See MER.KEZ.                            the left bank of the Orbe. Pop. 1228.
CERTA, sleRtd, a town and parish of Portugal, province    CESS/FORD, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, parish'f Beira-Baixa, 32 miles S.E. of Coimbra.  Pop. 2336.         of Eckford, 6 miles N.E. of Jedburgh.  Pop. 150. Here is
CERTALDO, chla-t~lldo, a market-town of Tuscany, 18  an ancient castle, formerly famous in the border wars, and
niles S.W. of Florence, on the Elsa. Pop. 2000. It is cele- which gives the title of Baron to the Duke of Roxburgh.
mrated as the birthplace of Boccaccio, whose house is still    CESSINA, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 303.
preserved.                                                      CESSON, s~s8SNGI, a village of France, department of
CERUI/LEAN SPRINGS, a village in Trigg co., Kentucky, Ille-et-Vilaine, 3 miles E. of Rennes, on the Vilaine, where
223 miles S.W. of Frankfort.                                  it becomes navigable. Pop. 2366.
CERVARO, ch6a-v&/ro, (anc. C.rbalus,) a river of Naples,    CESTONA, th3s-tofnu, a village of Spain, Guipuzcoa, 11
province of Capitanata, rises in the Apennines near Ariano, miles S.W. of St. Sebastian, near the Urola. It has mineral
and after a N.E. course of 50 miles, enters the Gulf of Man- springs and baths.
fredonia. on the Adriatic coast.                                 CATON, StANGf, a town of France, department of Orne,
CERVARO, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro,  23 miles S.S.E. of Mortagne.  Pop. 1010.
22 miles S.E. of Sora. Pop. 3330.                                CETONA, chgt-tolnl, a village of Tuscany, province and
CERVASCA, ch6R-v~slkJ, a village of the Sardinian States, 34 miles S. of Arezzo, in the Val di Chiana.  Pop. 3332. It
54 miles S.W. of Coni, near theleft bank of the Stura. P. 2490. is built around the foot of Mount Cetona, and has a castle,
C.ERVATOS-DE-LA-CUEZA, th6a-vltoce-dA-ll-kwAlthA, a  a palace, and a collegiate church. Its vicinity is geologically
town of Spain, in Leon, 23 miles N.N.W. of Palen cia. Pop. 744. interesting.
CERVEIRA, VILLA-NOVA DA, villl-nofvA dA s6a-veP-    CETRARO, cht-trlro, a town of Naples, province of
e-ra, a fortified town of Portugal, province of Minho, 16  Calabria Citra, with a small fishing port on the Meditermiles N. of Vienna, on the Minho. Pop. 200.                   ranean. 24 miles N.W. of Cosenza.  Pop. 4808.
CERVERA, thia-vAlri, a town of Spain, 28 miles E. of    CETTE, sitt, (anc. Mens Seltius or Seltium P2ronontofriums,)
Lerida.  Pop. 5312. It stands on aconspicuous height, is  a fortified seaport town of France, department of Il6rault,
well built, and enclosed with old walls. The principal edifices  at the head of the railway from  Beaucaire, on a tongue of
are those of its former university, (lately transferred to Bar- land separating the salt lagoon of Than from thle Meditercelona,) and some handsome churches and convents.             ranean, 17 miles S.W. of Montpellier; lat. of light-house,
CERVERA, atownofSpain, 58miles N. of Palencia. P. 2000. 430 231 48" N., ion. 3 42' 16" E. Pop. in 1852, 19,124. It is
CERVERA  DEL RIO  ALHAMA, the.-vA/r&f dfl  ree/o  a fortress of the first class, defended by a citadel, and is
il-ifmA, a town of Spain, province of Logroflo, 18 miles S. well built; the principal edifices are the church of St. Louis,
of Calahorra.  Pop. 3690.                                     the public baths, and library. Its harbor is spacious and
CERVETERE, ch6a-vtfl-rl, i. e. CERE VETERE, Coree Vetzs,  secure, from  16 to 19 feet in depth, and is formed by two
"Old Cre,'" (anc. Cesre,) a village of Central Italy, in the  piers with a breakwater in filont, defended by two forts,
Pontifical States, Comarca di Roma, in the Campagna, 27  one on either pier.  A broad and deep canal, bordered
miles W. of Rome. Ceere was, in antiquity, one of the 12  with quays and warehouses, connects the port with the
great cities of Etruria, and celebrated by Virgil as the capital  Lagoon of Than, and accordingly with the Canal-du-Midi,
of Mezentius.  Its acropolis is occupied by the modern vii-  and canals leading to the Rhone, by which means Cette carlageI with 750 inhabitants; and some remains of its Pelasgic  ries on an extensive traffic with the interior. The imports
walls and Etruscan tombs still exist.                         comprise Benicarlo wine from Spain, for mixing with French
CERVIA, chlr/ve-A, a town of Central Italy, in the Pon-  wines for the English   and other markets, cotton and wool
tifical States, 131n miles S.S.E. of Ravenna, on the Adriatic.  in bales, colonial produce, &c. The exports consist of about
Pop. with its surrounding villages, 5082. Its salt-works in  36,000 tuns of wine, and 4000 of brandy annually, with althe adjoining marshes, are the most important in the Pon-  mends, Montpellier verdigris, salt from adjacent salt-works,
tifical States.                                               and syrups, liqueurs, soap, perfumery, and glass wares, the
CERVICALES, chlm-ve-kIlls, or CIPRICAGLIE, che- products of its own factories. With respect to tonnage, Cette
pre-kfI/yA, a group of small islands in the Mediterranean,  holds the sixth rank in the kingdom; and in the extent of
S.E. coast of the island of Corsica, lat. 410 33' N.          its coast trade it is surpassed only by Bordeaux and MarCERVINARA, chle-ve-n/rg, a town of Naples, province  seilles. This latter branch of commerce, in 1852, employed
of Principato Ultra, 12 miles N.W. of Avollino.  Pop. 5390.  154,577 tons of shipping. In 1842, the foreign arrivals coneCERVIN, MIONT, mdng, Sect-VtlNg (It. Monte Silvit, mon?-  prised 573 vessels, with an aggregate of 52,815 tons, and the
ts silhve-o, Ger. Matterho-rn, mltitr-hoean,) a mountain of  clearances, 611 vessels-tons, 69,757.  It has also an acthe Pennine Alps, between the Valais in Switzerland and  tive oyster and anchovy fishery. The principal articles of
the Val d'Aosta in Piedmont, 40 miles E.N.E. of Mont  manufacture in Cette are grape-sugar, spirits, perfumes,
Blanc, and 12 miles W.N.W. of Monte Rosa.  Elevation  syrups, soap, and large quantities of excellent casks. It
14,771 feet. The Col of Mount Cervin is used in summer  has also glass-works and ship-building yards. Salt-works
as a passage for horses and mules. Elevation 10,938 feet.    were established in the vicinity in 1789, and are now the
CERVIONE, chni-ve-o-ne, a seaport town on the E. coast  largest in the country, producing salt of a very superior
of Corsica, 26 miles S. of Bastia. Pop. in 1852, 1657.        quality. Cette is the residence of various European conCERVOLI, chkt-vollee, (anc. Columbceria?) a small island  suls, and has a tribunal of commerce, a school of navigaof Tuscany, in the Mediterranean, province of Pisa, 5 miles  tion, a council of psrudl'homes, and a commercial college.
E. of Elba.                                                   It is wholly of modern origin, having been founded by Louis
CERZA  MAGGIORE, ch11df1z  m~d-joerA, a village of  XIV., in 1666, at the base of the ancient Mens Setius, (whence
Naples, province of Molise, 7 miles S.S.E. of Campobasso.    its name.)  It has steamboat communication with MarCERZA PICCOLA, ch6Rd'za piktko-lA,a village of Naples,  seilles, and a steamer crosses the mouth of the Canal-duprovince of Molise, 6 miles S. of Campobasso; it has 3  Midi, which connects the Garonne and the Bay of Biscay.
abbeys.                                                         CETTIGNE, chlt-teenlyA, a town of European Turkey,
CESANA, chl-selnu, a village of Austrian Italy, govern-  capital, Montenegro, 20 miles E. by N. of Cattaro, and 37
ment of Venice. 11 miles S.W. of Belluno. Pop. 2000.          miles N.N.W. of Scutari.  It consists of a fortified convent
CESANO  MADERNO, chi-senu  m-dlr/no,  a village of  on the slope of a hill, and surrounded by a few scattered
Austrian Italy, 10 miles N. by W. of Milan, on the Seveso. houses. On a plain below the town is a large new governHere are the remains of a castle with its walls and moat, ment-house, partly occupied by the Vladika as his archiand a palace called Cesana Borromeo. Pop. 3340.               episcopal palace. The only manufacture deserving of notice
CESAREA.  See CsAnsEA.                                      is gunpowder.
CESARO, chl-sA/ro, a town of Sicily, on a hill, 71 miles    CETTINA, tslt-tee/na, a river of Austria, Dalmatia, rises
N.W. of Bronte. Pop. 3000.                                     on the S. slopes of Mount Din ara, near Sorgenti di Cettina,
CESENA, ch-s-E/ni, a town of Central Italy, in the Pen-  and falls into the Adriatic at Almissa, after completing a
tifical States, 12 miles S.E. of Forli, on the Emilian Way.  course of about 50 miles.
Pop. 12,000. Principal buildings, the town-hall in the great    CEUTA, suita, (Sp. pron. th/oo-t,; anc. Septta?) a seasquare, the  Capuchin Church, with a fine painting by  port town of Afirica, belonging to Spain, in Morocco, opGuercino, and the library founded by the Duke Malatesta  posite, and 17 miles S.S.E. of Gibraltar; lat. (Mount Ache)
in 1452, and rich in MSS. Popes Pius VI. and VII. were both  350 541 4" N., Ion. 50 16' 6" W.  Pop. 8200.  The castle
natives of this town; the latter long resided in an adjacent. occupies the highest point of a mountain (the ancient
Benedictine monastery, which has a fine church, said to be  Abyla, and one of the Pillars of Hercules-the rock of Gibthe work of Bramante.  The sulphur and vitriol works of  raltar being the other) at the extremity of a peninsula.
Bologna and Rimini are supplied with raw materials from   On the narrow isthmus at the opposite extremity is anothe sulphur-mines S. of Cesena.                               ther strong citadel; and between the two is the town,
CESENATICO, chs-sA-n/te-ko, a seaport town of the Ponti-  which  has a cathedral, several convents, a hospital, a
fical States, 9 miles E.N.E. of Cesena, on the Adriatic. Pop. convict establishment, and  schools.  Ceuta has many
8043. It is.partly enclosed by walls, and has a small harbor.  points of resemblance to Gibraltar; it is well supplied
CESI, chAsee, or CESIO, chrise-o, a village of the Ponti-  with water, and, if properly garrisoned, would be all but
ical States, 7 miles N.N.E. of Narni.  Pop. 1134. Near it is  impregnable. It is the chief of the Spanish presidios  on the
408




CEV                                                        CEY
African coast, the seat of a royal court, and the residence of  years killed 400. The climate is hot and moist, though the
it military governor and financial intendant. It was taken  temperature is not so high as on the neighboring continent.
from the Moors by John, King of Portugal, in 1415, and has  The N.E. monsoon prevails from  November to February,
permanently belonged to Spain ever since 1640.              modified and interrupted by local circumstances; the S.W.
CEVA, chAAv, (anc. Celba,) a town of the Sardinian States, monsoon firom  April to September.  The E. part'of the
in Piedmont, 26 miles E. of Coni, province of Mondovi, on the  island is hot and dry, the'A. temperate and humid. In the
Tanaro. Pop. 3862. It stands at the foot of a rock on which  highlands in the S., and on the central range stretching
is a dismantled citadel. It has manufactures of silk twist, northwards, the temperature is much milder than in the
and a trade in cheese.                                     valleys.  The soil is chiefly a ferruginous quartzose and
C/VENNES, stivtnnf, (anc. Cebesnna or Gebem/na Mfens,) a  clayey mixture in the S., and sandy and calcareous in the
range of mountains in the S. of Prance, commencing at the  N., with a small proportion of vegetable matter; and irriga"
Canal-du-Midi, W. of Carcassonne, and running N.N.E. to  tion appears to have been anciently practised, from artificial
the Canal-du-Centre. They are divided into the South and  tanks and lalkes still existing.
North C6vennes; the former, under the names of the Mion- I Vegetable Products, Agriculture, dc.-In the luxuriance
tagnes Noires, Espinouse, Garrigues, and Loz6re, extend  of its vegetable productions, Ceylon rivals the islands of the
over 120 miles to Mount Loz6re, where the chain forms a  Malay Archipelago, and in some respects bears a strong
group called Monts du G6vaudan, which sends several centre- resemblance to them; its most valuable are coffee, cinnaforts to the N. and S. The North Cvennes take the names of  mon, and the cocoa-nut. The quantity produced of the firstMonts Vivarais, Lyonnais, Forez, and Charolais. The Loire, named article is rapidly increasing, theexport to the United
Allier, Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, i6rault, Gard. and other rivers, Kingdom having risen in the space of 10 years, (from 1835
have their sources in these mountains, the S. portion of  to 1845,) from 1,870,143 pounds, to 16,657,239 pounds, while
which contain many extinct volcanoes, and present many  in 1849 it rose to 35,640,000 pounds. The quantity of land
deep fissures in the higher valleys. The highest points are  adapted to the growth of this valuable commodity is unMezin, 5794 feet, and Loz6re, 4884 feet above the level of the  limited. Between 90,000 and 100,000 acres of coffee ground
sea. The C6vennes served as a retreat for numerous Pro- are under actual cultivation.  Besides those above mentestant families after the revocation of the edict of Nantes.  tioned, rice, cotton, tobacco, pepper, and various vegeC]VENNBS, an old country of France, which formed the  tables are raised. The cocoa palm, Palmyra palm, talipot,
N.E. part of the government of Languedoc, capital Mende. tamarind, bread fruit, and cinnamon, are among the most
It was divided into Gevaudan, Velay, Vivarais, and CUvennes  useful trees; the last is cultivated to a great exteqt, but
Proper, the last now chiefly included in the dep. of Gard.    some recent attempts to cultivate extensively the sugarCEYERO-VOSTOCHINOI.   See SevsER-voso0CHNOI              cane appear to have failed. An agricultural society has
CEVICO-DE-LA-TORRE, thA-vee/-ko-dA-lA-tor!a., a town  been formed, which has been of great service to Ceylon,
of Spain, Leon, 12 miles S.S.E. of Palencia. Pop. 2002.     having, among other things, introduced a variety of EuroCEYLON, seelIon or sil-On, (native Singhala, sing-gA/lA;  peas. vegetables and roots, (including the potato,) into the
anc. Taprotbane,) an island in the Indian Ocean, belonging  elevated districts, where they are succeeding admirably.
to Great Britain, from 50 to 60 miles S.E. of the S. extremity  There are two rice harvests in the year; the first crop is
of iindostan, from which it is separated by the Gulf of Ma-  sown from July to October, and reaped from  January to
naar and Palk's Strait. Itlies betweenlat. 5~ 56'and 90 50'N., March; the second is sown from March to May, and reaped
and between ion. 800 and 82, E., having the shape of a pear, from August to October. The quantity of rice raised, howwith the broad end S. Length, about 270 miles from N. to  ever, is not sufficient for the wants of the island; the defiS.; average breadth, 100 miles; circumference, about 660  ciency is made up by importation from the Malabar and
miles, exclusive of bays; area, 24,664 sq. miles. The N. and  Coromandel coasts. The value of the rice imported in 1848
N.W. coasts are fiat and monotonous, those on the S. and  was 398,0001.; the value of that raised in the country about
E. bold and rocky, presenting a highly picturesque appear- 570,0001., the produce of about 300,000 acres, the estimated
ance, which is further heightened by its exuberant vegeta-  area of the rice crops. Notwithstanding the acknowledged
tion, its noble palm-forests, luxuriant corn-fields, and the  fertility of Ceylon, the capabilities of its soil where justice
verdant slopes of its mountains, embellished with bright  is done to it, and the efforts now in progress to develop
flowers, herbs, and creeping plants, whose delicious per-  these capabilities, by far the largest proportion of the
fume is wafted far and wide. Many parts of the coast, both  island is still uncultivated, and lying waste; there being,
at its S. and N. extremities, are studded with small, rocky,  in 1842, only 760,821 acres in crop, and 4,882,298 acres unand verdant islands, some of them  overgrown with palms,  cultivated.
and presenting a singularly beautiful appearance. The two    The pearl fishery of Ceylon is now apparently extinct,
principal harbors are those of Trincomalee on the N.E. there having been none since 1837: in 1797 they yielded a
coast, and that of Point de Galle on the S. coast; the former  revenue to government of 144,0001.; in 1798, 192,0001.; in
is one of the finest harbors in the world, and is capable of ac- 1799, 32,0631.; and for 14 years thereafter, this sum was
commodating any number of the largest ships. Secure an-  not much exceeded, excepting in three instances; while in
chorage is also to be had, at certain seasons, in the Roads of  1837, the last year in which any oysters were taken, it was
Colombo. Besides these, there are three harbors on the S. only 10,5001. The chank or conch fishery was at one time
and E. coasts, and five oni the N.W.; but most of the latter  carried on to a great extent, employing about 600 divers,
can receive small vessels only, being full of shifting sands  but is abandoned, owing to the little demand now made
and shallows.                                               for them  in Bengal, to which the greater part were sent.
Mountains, cc.-The mountainous regions of Ceylon are  The chank is a sea-shell (Voluta pyrum,) adapted for cutconfined to the centre of the S. and broader part of the  ting into rings, and formerly used in great numbers by the
island. They gradually diminish to hills of moderate eleva-  native women of iindostan for bracelets and anklets.
tion as they recede from the central mass, and are succeeded    Comnmerce.-The British government have formed at great
on the W. side by a fiat tract extending to the coast. Their  expense many excellent roads throughout the island, and a
average elevation is about 2000 feet; but there are several  canal and river communication exists between Colombo and
summits of upwards of 7000 and even 8000 feet; among  Calpentyn. The trade and commerce of Ceylon is of very
these are Pedrotallagalla, 8280 feet; Kirrigal Potta, 7810  ancient date, but it became, circumscribed and hampered
feet; Totapella, 7720 feet; and Adam's Peak, 7420 feet. Of  under the Portuguese and Dutch. The natives are ingeall these mountains, Adam's Peak, though not the highest, nious workers in metals, and in manufactures of cordage,
is the most remarkable from its conical form, the distance  matting, and baskets. In 1842, 3663 looms were employed
from which it is visible fiom the sea, and from the sacred  in weaving table-cloths, handkerchiefs, and napkins. There
associations with which it is connected; the summit being  were 13 mines of plumbago, and 4286 boats and rafts emthe point from which Boodha, according to his followers,  ployed in fishing. In that year were produced 6,717,990
ascended to heaven, a gigantic footprint bearing testimony  bushels of paddy, 720,216 bushels fine grain, 1,254,263
to the fact. The forms of the mountains of Ceylon are sin- pounds of coffee, 31,352,408 pounds of tobacco, and 1,082,883
gularly varied. They most frequently occur connected in  pounds of cinnamon. The exports in 1843 were valued at
chains, and terminate in round or peaked summits. Their  422,4241., of which 330,0001. was to Great Britain, and the
sides are always steep, and occasionally precipitous and  imports at 1,029,5151., of which 257,5081. was from  Great
rocky. The island is chiefly formed of granite and gueiss, Britain.  Salt manufactured from  marshes, yielded a goespecially in the southern portions, while limestone and  vernment revenue of 31,2221.  The imports for 1850
sandstone prevail in the more level parts of the northern  amounted  in value to  1,488,6781., and the exports to
plains. Dolomite is found in the interior, and hornblende  1,246,9561.  Among the exports were  included  coffee,
rock forms the summit of Adam's Peak. Among the mine- 278,473  cwt.; cinnamon, 644,857 pounds; cocoanut-oil,
rals are iron, manganese, plumbago, nitre, alum, and salt.  407,960 gallons, and coir 39,886A  cwt., and 120 coils and
The rivers of Ceylon, though numerous, especially on the  bundles. The shipping employed in the commerce of the
S. and S.W. sides, are small, being  merely  mountain  island amountedto an aggregate off242,264 tons inward, and
streams, navigable only by canoes, and that but for a short  248,398 outward. Total revenue 139,4571. Ceylon is now
distance from their mouths. There are a few pretty exten- the central point for the oriental mail packets. The mail
sive lagoons in the island, butno lakes worth noticing, the  which leaves Southampton every month, vea Alexandria
largest being only 4 miles broad. The zoology of the island  and the Red Sea, touches at Ceylon, (average voyage 40
is mnuch the same as the neighboring continent. Snakes  days,) from whence issue one branch mail to Madras and Caland reptiles abound.  Elephants are very nuImerous, espe- cutta, andoneto Penang,Singapore, and iong Kon; another
cially in the N. and E. province; a E uropean officer in two  mail to Australia and New Zealand is contemplated.
409




CEZ                                                       CHA
Gbovernment, d-c. —The government of Ceylon consists of a    CHADBLAIS, shLblAl, (It. Sciablcse, sht-bl1?es,) the most
governor and an executive council of 5 members, and a legis- N. province of Savoy, on the Lake of Geneva, between the
lative council of 8 members, and 6 unofficial members, na-  Vallese and Genevese. Pop. 54,690.  This is the oldest postives or naturalized subjects, and proprietors- or principal session of the ancient house of Savoy; by the stipulations
merchants of the island. The island is divided into 5 pro- of the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, it is one of the neutral
vinces, and these into districts, each with an agent and as- provinces of Sardinia.
sistant. There are a supreme court, provincial courts, and    CIIHABLIS, shilbleel, a town of France, department of
magistrates.  The island was constituted a bishopric.in  Yonne, 9 miles E. of Auxerre, on the Seray. Pop. in 1852,
1846. The establishment of the Church of England com-  2801. In its vicinity the celebrated wine called Chablis
prises a bishop, archdeacon, and 12 European  colonial is produced.
chaplains; the Church of Scotland, 2 colonial chaplains;   CHABORAS, a river of Mesopotamia.  See KnAB0oo.
the Dutch Presbyterian Church, 1 colonial chaplain. Educa-   CHABRIS. shAibreef, a town of France, department of
tional establishments have been founded chiefly by religious  Indre, 30 miles N. of Chateauroux. Pop. 2872.
and missionary societies. In 1842 there were 39 govern-   CHACABUCO, chl-k/-boo/ko. a town of Chili, 25 miles N.
ment schools, with  60 masters and assistants.  In the  of Santiago, on the Colinn. Near this place the republican
whole schools there were 20,703 scholars. Buddhism  was  troops defeated the royalists in 1817.
almost the universal creed of the natives, and still remains    CHACA0, ehA-kaio or ch -ktwf, a small seaport town of
so. The military force at present mainuined in Ceylon  Chili, with a good port, on the N. coast of the island of Chiconsists of two regiments of infantry, two companies of the  lee, 16 miles N.E. of San Carlos.
royal foot artillery, a mounted body-guard for the governor,   CHACAO STRAIT, a narrow channel in South America,
and a regiment composed principally of Malays about 1500  between the S. coast of Chili and the N. side of the island
strong.  The principal fortresses are those of Colombo, of Chiloe, about the middle of which is situated the town of
Trincomalee, Galle, and Jaffna.  The chief sources of re  the same name; lat. 410 48 S.., Ion. 730 35' W.
venue are the custom  duties, the export duty on cinuna-   CHACIACOMANI, chd-ch,-ko-m/nee, a mountain peak
men, land rents, and salt farms. The revenue for the year  of the Andes, in Bolivia. Let. 160 S.; lon. 680 25 W..
ending 31st of December, 1849, was 409,3061. 14s.; the ex- Height, 20,235 feet.
penditure for the same period, 418,4241. 15s.; thus leaving an    CIACI-IAPOYAS, ch~-chl-polyas, or CHACALPOYAS, ch.
excess of expenditure over revenue of 91171. 19s.           k/-po/ys, improperly written CAIIAPOYAS, sometimes
Inhabitants, Antiquities, History, d-c.-Little is known of  called SAN JUAN DE LA FRONTERA, sin jufan (or san
the aboriginal inhabitants of Ceylon; at present they are  Hoo-1nf) dial] fron-tirA, a town of Peru, capital of the desimilar in all respects to the IHindoos of the neighboring  partment of Amazonas, and of a province of its own name,
continent, and consist of Singhalese, inhabiting the interior  70 miles N.E. of Caxamarca. Pop. 5000.; of the province,
and parts of the coast, Mailabars, Mohammedans, Euro- (which is intersected by the river Mlarabon,) in 1850, 27,728.
peans, and Negroes. The Singhalese spoken language is pe-   CIIACO, EL GRAN, 51 grin choko, a wide region oi South
culiar to this island, but their written language is either  America, iu the centre of the continent, in the territories of
Pall or Sanscrit. The Singhalese annals contain a historical  Bolivia and La Plata, between lat. 180 and 2SO S., and Ion. 580
record of events for 24 centuries, and their authenticity, as  and 630 W., bounded E. by the river Paraguay, and traversed
regards descriptions of ancient towns and buildings, and  by its tributaries the Pilcomayo, Bermejo, &c. Surface geother works of art, is established by existing ruins, proving  nerally level, the N. part covered with grass, the S. portion
that the island had been, at a remote period, inhabited by  an arid and desert plain; the portion near the rivers Paa powerful and numerous people. The Lake of Candeley,  rana and Paraguay are well wooded, containing many very
nearly. 15 miles in circumference, is embanked in several  valuable forest trees, among which are the dragon-blood
places with a wall of huge stones, each from 12 to 14 feet tree, &c.; inhabited by roving Indians, including the Gualong, and broad and thick in proportion, laid regularly one  ran6s, Tobayds and Payaguoses.
over the other. At one point in this majestic work, two    CHA/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
hills are joined together in order to collect the water of the    CHADIDA, a river of Guinea, flows WV. and joins the
lake, by an embankment nearly 150 feet in breadth at the  Quorra, about 40 miles N. of Iddah, and opposite the "mebase, and 30 feet at the summit.  Another of these re- del farm"  planted by the late Niger expedition.  It is
markable remains of antiquity was discovbred in the year larger, though less deep, than the Quorra at their junction;
1810, in the centre of a very thick forest.                 and it is supposed to be the principal drain of Lake Tchad,
Ceylon was known to the Greeks in the time of Alex- (Central Africa,) but the truth of this supposition has not
ander, as also to the Romans. It was visited by traders in  been confirmed.  On or near its banks are the towns of Ja,
the sixth century, by Marco Polo in the thirteenth century,  cobah, Fandah, &c., to the first of which it is navigable flom
and by Sir J. Mandeville in the fourteenth century.  The  the Gulf of Guinea.
island was originally divided into a number of distinct    CIHAD/DERTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
petty kingdoms, but in process of time was reduced under    CIHADtDESDEN, a parish of England, co., of Derby.
the dominion of the King of Kandy. Little, however, was    CIJADDESLEY CORBETT, a parish of England, co. of
known of it, until the year 1505, when the Portunguese esta-  Worcester.
blished a regular intercourse with the island, being encou-    CIIAD/DLEWORTTH-WIITII-W0 OOLILEY, a parish of Engraged thereto by the King of Kandy, who paid them tribute  land, co. of Berks.
in cinnamon to defend the island against the Arabian    CHADD'S FORD, a post-village of Delaware co., Pennsylva.
pirates. The Portuguese were subsecquently expelled by the  nia, on Brandywine Creek, 30 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia.
Butch, who, in turn, were driven from the island by the Bri-   CHADI-LEUBU, chd/dee-l-oo-boo/, a river of La Plata,
tish. In 1815, the Kandyans entreatedthe British to depose  forming  a continuation of the Atuel, and entering the Satheir prince, whose tyranny had become intolerable. The  lado in lat. 360 40/ S.
request was complied with, the object accomplished, and    CIIAD, LAKE, Central Africa.  See TcnAD, LAKE.
Kandy became thereafter a part of the British doninions.   CIIADLING TON, EAST, a chapelry of England, co. Oxford.
A relbellion broke out in 1817; and in 1848, manifestations    CHIADS/IIUNT, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
of discontent again made their appearance, but were speedily    CRIERONEA, kis-o-nee/a, a ruined city of Greece, governsuppressed. The principal towns are Colombo, Trincomalee,  ment of Bceotia, 5 miles N. of Lebadea, famous for a victory
Kandy, Pont de Galle, Jaffna, and Karnegalle, the capitals  gained by Philip of Macedon over the Athenians and Theof the six provinces. - Pop. about 1,507,000. — Adj. and  bans, 338 D. c., and for Sylla's victory over the general of
inhab. SINGHs ALESE or CINGALESE, sing ga-leez', and CEYLONaS,,   Mithridates,. C. 80.  Its remains comprise an ancient the
sil'o-neezl. The former is more properly applied to the primi- atre, one of the most perfect in Greece, an aqueduct, and a
tive inhabitants, and to that portion of the island which is  small temple. On a portion of the site stands the village of
at present occupied by them; the latter to the inhabitants  Capraun, with a church in which are some interesting anand the island in general.                                  tiquities; and about 1 mile distant is the mutilated colossal
CEZE, siz or s'z, a river of France, department of Gard, lion described by Pausanias as surmounting the sepulchre
joins the Rhone, 6 miles W. of Orange, after a course of  of the Bceotians who fell at the battle of Cfihronea.-Adj.
about 50 miles. Its sands are aurifero us.                  and inhab., CHuEooNEAN, kir-o-nee/an.
CEZIMBRA, sA-zeemlbra, a seaport town of Portugal,   CHAFF/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
province of Estremadura, on a bay of the Mediterranean,    CRAG/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
18 miles S. of Lisbon. Pop. 5000. It has active fisheries.   CIIAGNY, shlnuyee/,  a town of France, department of
On Cape Espichel is the church of Nossa-Senhora-do-Cabo, a SaSne-et-Loire,10miles N.W. of Chilon-sur-SaSne. Pop. in 1852,
much freq uen ted place of pilgrimage.                     3090. It is remarkable for quaint and curious architecture.
CIIAAM, Km, a village of Holland, province of North    CHAGOS, ISLANDS. See PERos BANHOS.
Brabant, 10 miles S.S.E. of Breda.  Pop. 400.                 CHAGRES, chllgr-s, a seaport town of- Now Granada, on
CIIABANAIS, shl'bi'nA/, a town of France, department the N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, at the mouth of
of Charente, on the Vienne, 30 miles N.E. of Angoulime. Chagres River. Let. 90 18' N.; Ion. 790 59' WV. It is a mere
Pop. in 1852, 1903. Here are the remains of a chiteau once  collection of huts, miserable and extremely unhealthy, with
belonging to Colbert.                                      a harbor for vessels drawing only 10 or 12 feet water. The
CRABERIIS. See CAvrnY.                                   entrance to the harbor is rather difficult, always requiring
CEIABEUIL, shtibul/, (anc. Cterebellaca,) a town of France, a fair wind; but when the vessel has once entered, it is
department of DrSme, 7 miles E.S.E. of Valence, on the  perfectly secure. Chagres has lately become a station for
Veure. Pop. in 1852, 4526. It has manufactures of silk.    the mails between Great Britain and Peru, also California,
410




CHA                                                        CHA
&c. The Aspinwall and Panama Railroad across the Isth-    CIIALDEA, kal-deela, the name given to an ancient terrkmus of Panama commences at Aspinwall, situated 8 or 9  torial division of Asia, on the borders of the Euphrates, the
miles N.E. of Chagres.                                      extent of which has varied much at different times. In
CIIAGRES RIVEIR, of South America, in New Granada,  some parts of the Old Testament, the name of Chaldeans
Isthmus of Panama. rises about 30 miles N.E. of Panama, appears to be used as a general designation for the whole
flows at first W. and then N., and enters the Caribbean Sea, subjects ofthe Babylonian Empire; and, in accordance with
near lat. 90 18t 13" N. It traverses a fertile country, and  this, some of the oldest profane writers, and particularly
below the influx of the Trinidad its depth varies friom 16 to  Berosus, speak of Babylon as a great resort of the people
30 feet; but its navigation is impeded by numerous falls, inhabiting Chaldea.  Ultimately, however, the term  was
and by its great rapidity. Affluents, the Pequeni, Trinidad, much restricted in meaning, and Chaldea was used to deand Gatun, all considerable streams.  The villages of  signate only a particular district at the S.W. extremity of
Cruces, Gatun, and Chagres are on its banks.               Babylonia, extending along the Persian Gulf, and upwards
CIIAGRINE, sha-greene, a village of Lake co., Ohio, at the  between the right bank of the Euphrates and Arabia.mouth of Chagrine River.                                   Adj. and inhab. CHALDEAN, kal-deelan.
CHAGRINE,'or CHAGRIN FALLS, a thriving post-vil-    CHALDON, chlil/don, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
lage of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, on Chagrine River, 17 miles    CIIALDON HER/RING, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
E.S.E. of Cleveland. The falls of the river produce water-   CHALE, a parish of England, in the Isle of Wight.
power which is employed in a variety of manufactories;   CHALEUR  (shlloorl) BAY, an inlet of the Gulf of St.
among which are 3 woollen factories, 1 paper mill, 1 axe  Lawrence, North America. Lat. 480 N.; ion. 650 W. Length
factory, and 2 flouring mills.  The village contains 4  from E. to W., about 90 miles; breadth varies from 12 to 20
churches, 1 academy, and 1 printing office. A large quarry  miles. It separates Canada East from  New Brunswick,
of grindstones is worked at this place.                    and at its W. extremity receives the Ristigouche River.
CHAGRINE RIVER rises in the N.E. part of Ohio, and  The navigation  of the bay is perfectly safe, and the
flows into Lake Erie about 20 miles N.E. of Cleveland.     anchorage everywhere good. It is much frequented for its
CIHAGRIN FALLS, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., Ohio.    mackerel fisheries. In July, 1760, a French fleet was here
CHAtIARBAG, ch' —hla-bhgi' a town of Afghanistan, 30  defeated by the British.
miles N. of Cabool. It has a manufactory of swords, gun-    CHIALIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
barrels, and cutlery.                                        CHALIFONT, ST. GILES, a parish of England, co. of
CIHAIKAL, chl-kAlf, a considerable village of Afghanis- Bucks, 3 miles S. of Amersham. William Penn, the founder
tan, 30 miles N. of Cabool. Lat. 350 N.; Ion. 690 2' E. The  of the colony of Pennsylvania, is buried in its Friends'
vicinity is well cultivated and fertile.                   cemetry. During the plague in 1665, Milton made this paCI-IAIILEY.  a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         rish his residence, and here he finished his great poem,
CHAILLAC, shih'yikf, a town of France, department of' Paradise Lost."
Indre, 17 miles S.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 2595.                 CHALFONT, ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
CHAILLAC, a village of France, department of Haute-    CHALIFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester.
Vienne, 5 miles N.N.E. of Rochechouart, on the left bank    CIAL/GRAVE, a parish' of England, co. of Bedford.
of the Vienne. Pop. 1188.                                     CH-ALIGROVE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.  In
CItIAILLAND  shySNaGI, a town of France, department  1643 the Pa-liamentary forces were defeated here by the
of MaIyenne, on the Ern6e. 11 miles N.N.W. ofLaval. P. 2573. royal troops under Prince Rupert, and in the engagement
CI-IAILLE-LES-MiARAIS,  chAi-lA-mArc/, a village  of  the patriot Hampden was mortally wounded.
France, department of Vend6e, 21 miles S.E. of Bourbon-    CITALK. a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the Thames,
Vend6e. Pop. in 1852, 2454.                                1~ miles S.S.E. of Gravesend. It has a manufactory of gunCHIIiLLEVETTE, shti yeh-vftt], a seaport village  of  flints, esteemed the best in Europe.
France, department of Charente-Inf6rieure, 6 miles S. of    CIHIALKI (Kellke) ISLAND, one of the Prince's Islands,
Marennes, on the Seudre.                                    Sea of Marmora, 13 miles from  Constantinople. It is the
CHAIN ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific, Low  second largest of the whole group, and the most beautifui.
Archipelago, 207 miles E.N.E. of Tahiti. Lat. 170 23' S.z There are three convents on it, one of which is now a colIon. 1450 3S' W.; about 12 miles long, and 1- broad. Dis- leRe, where ancient and modern Greek are taught.
covered in 1769 by Cook.                                      CHALK LEVEL, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.
CHAIN OF ROCKS, a village of Lincoln co., Missouri.        CHALK LEVEL, a post-office of Cumberland co., North
CIAIN/VILLE, a village of Posey co., Indiana, on the  Carolina.
Wabash River, 10 miles N.W. of Momunt Vernon.                 CIIALK LEVEL, a village of Benton co., Tennessee, on
CIIAISE-DIEU, LA, 1 sh8uz-de-uhl, (i. e. "HIouse of God,")  the Birdsong Creek, about 90 miles W. of Nashville.
a town of France, department of IhIaute-Loire, 21 miles N.N.    CHIALK LEVEL, a post-office of Hopkins co., Kentucky.
W. of Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 1923. It has the remains of    CI-IALK LEVEL, a post-village of St. Clair co., Missouri,
a famous abbey, (Casa Dei,) founded in the eleventh century. about 100 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City.
CHAI-YA, chy'yax, a maritime town of Lower Siam, on the    CIJALK/VILLE, a post-office of Chester district, South
E. side of the Malay Peninsula and Gulf of Siam. Lat. 90  Carolina.
30' N.; Ion. 990 30' E.                                       CHIIALKIV  BAY, an inlet near the S.W. extremity of
CIIAKIIA (chbtli) MOUNTAINS, a mountain range in  New Munster, one of the New Zealand Islands. Lat. 460 S.;
Abyssinla, forming the S. boundary of Shoe, and the water- Ion. 1660 20' E.; separated on the S.E. by the peninsula of
shed between the Nile and Hawash Rivers.                   Garden Island from Preservation Bay, and on the N.W. by
CIIAKI, chulkee, a cluster of hamlets in British India, another peninsula from Dusky Bay. Length, about 16 miles.
presidency of Bengal, 65 miles S.E. of Bahar, with a small The shores are very much indented, and it has deep water
fortification, termed Fort Hastings, and formerly the head- throughout, with   several good harbors, including Port
quarters of a British force.                                Chalky.
CIIALABRE, sht\llb'rI, a town of France, department of    CILALLA, challl, a pass of South America, East CorAude, on the Lers, 24 miles S.W. of Carcassonne.  Pop. in  dillera of the Bolivian Andes, 14,700 feet above sea-level.
1852, 2986. It has a chamber of manufactures, an old  Lat. 170 40' S.
castle, and extensive manufactures of woollen yarn.           CIIALrLACOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon
CHALADE, LA, 1 shi'?ldf, a town of France, depart-    CIIALLAMOUX, shbl`l'mooe, a village of France, department of Meuse, 19 miles W. of Verdun, on the Biesme.  mentofSalne-et-Loire, 22 miles W.N.W. ofCharolles.  P.1151.
Pop. 666.                                                     CHIIALLANS, shlP16Ncl, a town of France, department of
CIHALAIN. See SLLA.                                      Vend6e, in Lea Sables, 23 miles N.W. of Bourbon-Vend6e.
CIALAIS, sh'lit, a town of France, department of Cha- Pop. in 1852, 1458.
rente, 18 miles S.E. of Barbezieux, on the Tude. Pop. 616.    CHALLES, shall, a village of France, department of
CIIALAMONT, shi'l'imeaN, a town of France, depart- Sarthe, 11 miles S.E. of Mans. Pop. 1258.
ment of Ain, 19 miles E. of Tr6voux.  Pop. 1422.              CHALILOCK, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
CIIALANQON, sh&l6NlCsa'la, a town of France, depart-   CIIALLONOIS or CHALLONAIS, shal'lo'na', an old divi- ~
ment of ArdBche, 16 miles S.W. of Tournon. Pop. 1561.    sion of France, in the province of Burgundy, now comprised
CIIALBUNCA, chll-boo-tn/kA, a town of Peru, 80 miles  in the departments of Saene-et-Loire. Its capital was ChS.W. of Cuzco, province of Aymaraes, on an affluent of the  lon-sur-Sabne.
Apurimac.                                                     CHALfMERS, a village of Niagara co., New York, 7 miles
CIAL'BURIY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           N.E. of Niagara Falls.
CIIALCIS, kallsis, or NEG/ROPONT', (Turk. Egyripo' or    CIIALONNES-SUR-LOIRE, sh.i'onn'-siia-lw9sr.'a town
Eg'ripos/,) a maritime town of Greece, capital of Euboe, on  of France, department of Maine-st-Loire, on the Loire, here
the Euripus, at its narrowest part, here crossed by a bridge, crossed by a suspension bridge, 12 miles S.W. of Angers.
17 miles N.E. of Thebes. Pop. 5000. It has a large citadel and  Pop. in 1852, 4975.
a glacis; beyond which is the town, enclosed on the land side    CHIALON. See CneALON-SUR-SA6NE.
by old walls, and having many edifices of Venetian construe-   CHALONS-SUR-MARNE, shUllNGI-silcu-maan, (ane. Catetion, with some old mosques, barracks, and schools. In and  laueni, Catalausnuss, or Duro-Calsausnum,) a city of France,
around the town are several remains of antiquity. Pop. 3000. capital of the department of Marne, in en open country, on
CIJALCO, chElllko, a town of the Mexican Confederacy, 25  the railvay (in progress) from Paris to Strasbourg, and on
miles S.E. of Mexico, on the Lake of Chalco, a basin 9 miles  the right bank of the Marne, here crocaed by a fine stone
in lngth by 6 miles in width.                             bridge, 90 miles E. of Paris. Lat. 450 57' 22 N.; ions. 40 21
411




CHA                                                         CHA
12" E. Elevation, 270 feet. Pop. in 1852, 15.,854. It. is en- ICHASI, shim, a maritime town of Siam, on the Gulf of
closed by old walls, and irregularly built, principally of  Slamn, 70 miles S.W. of Bangkok.
timber, lath, and plaster. Chief edifices, the cathedral, a    CIHAMA, chl/mg, a river of South America. in Venezuela;
large Greco-Gothic structure, mostly rebuilt in 1672; the  enters Lake Maracaybo, lat. 90 N., and Ion. 720 W., near its
town-hall and prefecture, both good buildings, the churches  S. extremity. after a N. course of about 75 miles.
of Notre-Dame and St. Alpin, the barracks, arch of St.    CIiAMA, shrimP, a river of Guinea, enters the Atlantic
Croix, and a school of arts and trades, attended by about  26 miles W.S.W. of Cape Coast Castle, after a S. course, estit50O pupils, who are maintained here by the government, be- mated at 75 miles. At its mouth is the village of Chana,
sides other students. Outside of the city is a fine planted  with the Dutch fort St. Sebastian.
promenade, termed the Jard.  Chalons is a bishop's see,   CHAMAIATCIIIIE, a post-office, Tallapoosa co., Alabama.
and has a diocesan school, a commercial tribunal, schools    CHAMALARI.  See SiUoAALAR..
of geometry, design, &c., a botanic garden, a flourishing    CHAMALI]RES, shl'mle-air, a town of France, departagricultural society, various scientific collections, a public  ment of Puy de DOme, 2 miles W. of Clermont. Pop. 1622.
library of20,OOO volumes, andmanufacturesofwoollen, linen,  It has a church of the 4th century, and manufactures of
and cotton goods, with extensive tanneries, cooperages, and  paper. In its vicinity are mineral springs. 
dye factories. Early in the Christian era it was one of the    CHAMBERET, shaS'mbrA or shacibeh-rAl, a market-town
most important commercial cities of Europe, and under the  of France, department of Corrbze, 21 miles N.N.W. of Tulle.
Merovingian kings it is said to have had 60,000 inhabit-  Pop. 2633.
ants; since then its commerce and importance have greatly    CHAMBERLAIN, chAm/ber-lin, a post-office of Allen co.,
declined, but it still has an active trade With Paris and the  Indiana.
neighboringc  departments in wine, corn, wool, hemp, rape-   CHAMBERLAIN'S CORNERS, a village of Canada West,
oil, and the products of its factories. In its vicinity, Tetri-  co. of Leeds, 24 miles N.W. of Brockville. Pop. 120.
cus was defeated by the troops of Aurelian; and Attila was    CHIAMBERS, chlmfberz, a county in the E. part of Ala,
vanquished by the Romans and their allies in the great  bama, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 775 square miles.
battle of Chalons,.A. D. 451. From  the tenth century it The Chattahoochee River forms part of the E. boundary, and
formed a kind of independent state, governed by its bishops,  the Tallapoosa flows through the county.  The surface is
till 1360, when it was united to the crown. In 1591, the  uneven; the soil is generally fertile. The Montgomery and
parliament of Chalons publicly burned, by the hands of the  West Point Railroad passes through the county. Capital,
executioner, the bull of excommunication launched by  Chambers Court H-louse. Population, 23,960, of whom 12,802
Pope Clement VIII. against the King of France. Under its  were fiee, and 11,158 slaves.
count-bishops it was a considerable city; Its privileges were    CHAMBERSBURG, ch~mfberz-burg, a flourishing  besubsequently withdrawn. and its celebrated fairs dwindled  rqeugh, capital of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, is pleasantly
away after the union of Champagne with France.              situated on the Conecocheague Creek, at the junction of the
CHALONI-SUIR-SAdNE or CHALONS-SUR-SAONE, shA'- Cumberland Valley Railroad with the Franklin Railroad, 45
16NO-SiiRa-sin, (anc. Ccabilolnum,) a town of France, depart-  miles S.W. of Harrisburg, and 150 miles W. of Philadelphia.
ment of SaSne-et-Loire, capital of the arrondissement, on the  It is connected by good turnpike-roads with Baltimore, Pittsright bank of the SaSne, at the commencement of the Canal burg, and Philadelphia, and by railroad with Philadelphia,
du Centre, and on the railway (in progress) from Dijon to Ly- Harrisburg, &c. The dwellings are mostly built of brick or
onS, 32 miles N. of Mdcon. Elevation. 584 feet. Pop. in 1852, stone, and the town exhibits a general appearance of neat16,589. It is well built; and a handsome quay, lined by  uess, comfort, and prosperity. It has a fine court-house, a
good houses, stretches along the SaSne, which here becomes  bank, a large academy, a female seminary, 8 churches, and
navigable for the Lyons steamboats. Principal structures. 5 newspaper-offices.  It is surrounded by a highly cultivated
the Cathedral, an edifice of the 13th century, St. Peter's and populous country, forming part of the great limestone
Church, the Hotel de la Pr6fecture, built in 1764, the Town- valley which extends along the S.E. base of the Blue Mountain.
hall, the Ilospice St. Lain-out and Hospital of St. Louis, both  The highest points of the ridge in Franklin county are estilarge and well-managed establishments, a fountain with a  mated at about 1800 feet above the valley. Ithas manufacstatue of Neptune, and an obelisk to the memory of Napo- tures of cotton, wool, flour, paper, and iron. Pop. about 5000.
leon, a fine granite column, a supposed relic of the Roman    CIAMBERSBURG, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 140
period. Chalon has a school of design, a public library of miles N.E. of Columbus.
20,000 volumes, a college, a theatre, public baths, large glass    CHAMBERSBURG, a post-village of Montgomery co.,
factories, iron-works, manufactories of watches, jewelry,  Ohio, 8 miles N. of Dayton, has about 200 inhabitants.
linen, and other fabrics, and Essence d'Orienzt, prepared from  CHAMBERSBURG; a village of Fountain co., Indiana, on
the scales of bleak, far the fabrication of false pearls. Being  Coal Creek, 8 miles E. of Covington.
at the junction of several great roads. and connected with    CHAMBERSBUtRG, a post-village of Orange co., Indiana,
the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and North Sea, by the Rhone,  on the plank-road from New Albany to Paoli, 38 miles W.N.W.
Sasne, Loire, and several large canals, it is the centre of a  of the former.
considerable trade, and it exports a good deal of wine, timber,    CIIAMBERSBURG, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois, 60
charcoal, iron, limestone, and agricultural produce, to other  miles WV. of Springfield.
parts of France.                                              CHAMIBERSBURG, a post-village of Clark co., Mlissouri,
Ca3ssar had grain magazines at Cabillonum; and it became  150 miles N. by E. of Jefferson City.
the capital of Burgundy under Gontram. In 1273, Edward    CHAMBERS COURT-HOUSE, or LAFAYETTE, capital
I. of England, being invited to a tournament on his return  of Chambers co., Alabama, 164 miles E. by S. of Tuscaloosa.
from Palestine,attended with one thousand men-at-arms; and  It contains, besides the county buildings, a printing office
some dispute having arisen, the English attacked the French,  and several stores.
killed a great number of them, and left the tilting-ground    CHAMBERS CREEK, Texas, flows through Ellis co., and
strewed with the dead. This event is known as the "little  unites with the Waxahachi in Navarro o.
war ofChalon." The town suffered considerably firom  the civil   CHAMBERS CREEK, a post-office of Navarro co., Texas.
wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, and from the invasion    CHAMBERISIA, a village of Liberty co.,Texas, near the
of the allies in 1814. Here the famous Abelard died, in 1142. N. extremity of Galveston Bay.
CIIALOO, chd'loo/, a village of Thibet, midway between two    CIHAMBER'S MILLS, post-office, Buckingham  co.,Virginia.
lakes, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Teshoo-loomboo. Lat. 280 20'   CIHAMIBERSVILLE, a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas.
N., Ion. 890 25' E. One of the lakes is much venerated by    CHIAMBERTIN, shS'b8a-t[Ncl, a famous vineyard of
the inhabitants of Bootan, who fancy it to be the haunt of  France, department of COte  d'Or, 6 miles S. of Dijon. It
their deities.                                              produces annually from 130 to 150 pipes of the finest growth
CHALOSSE, shiloss!, an old division of France, in the  of Burgundy wine.
province of Gascony. Its capital was S'. Sever. It is now     CHAMBERY, shS'bA'reef, or CHAMIBERRY, (L. Clmaneconmprised in the department of Landes.                     beriacus  or Cahnperiacume,) a city of the Sardinian States
CHALTON, chtl/ton, a parish of England, co. of IHants.  capital of Savoy Proper, on the Leysse, 45 miles S.S.W. of Ge'CHALUS, sh'liice/, (anc. Cas/triem Lzcci?) a town of  neva. Pop. in 1842,15,916; or, including garrison, 17,843. It
France, department of Haute-Vienne, 17 miles S.W. of Limo- has one good street, and some squares adorned with founges, on the Tardoulre.  Pop. in 1852, 2053. It consists of  tains, but it is otherwise irregularly laid out, and dull.
an upper and lower town, in the former of which are the  Public walks replaceits levelled fortifications. The principal
remains of the castle of Chabrol, beneath which Richard I. buildings are the old castle of the Dukes of Savoy, a cathedral,
of England (Coeur-de-Lion) was mortally wounded in 1199. 4 convents, and 3 barracks. It is an archbishop's see, the roNear it is the vast ruined fortress of Montbrun.            sideuce of the military governor, and seat of the superior triCHALUSUS, a river of North Germany. See TiRAVE.           bunal, and academy of Savoy; and it has a royal Jesuits' colCHIALVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         lege, societies of agriculture and commerce, a public library
CIALYBIEATE SPRINGS, a small village in the S. part with 16,000 volumes, many charitable institutions, and a
of Meriwether co., Georgia, 64 miles WV. of Macon.          magnificent monument to General De Boigne; manufactories
CHALYBON. See ALEPPo.                                     of silk, gauze, and other fabrics, lace, hats, leather, and soap,
CHAM. See EGYPT.                                          and a trade in metals, liqueurs, and the wines of its vicinity.
CHAMI, Km, a parish and village of Switzerland, at the  Chambbry was founded about the tenth century, and  reN. end of the Lake of Zug, 3 miles W.N.W. of Zug.           mained under feudal lords till 1230, when it was ceded to
CRAM. Kam, a town of Bavaria, on the Cham, 30 miles  Thomas, first Count of Savoy, who built the castle, where the
N.E. of Ratisbon.                                          Princes of Savoy resided till the government was removed to
412




CHA                                                       CHA
Turin. This castle was burnt in 1745, and again in 1798, and  Champagne, the first of which comprised the dist cicts of
restored in 1803. On September 24,1792, the gates of the  Remois, capital, Rheims; Perthois, capital, Vitry-l-Frangais;
town were opened to the French, who made it the capital of  Rethelois, capital, Rethel; and the principality of Sedan;
the department of Mont Blanc, and retained it till the second  and the second, Champagne proper, capital, Troyes; Vallage,
treaty of Paris, on November 20; 1815. St. Real and Count  capital, Joinville; Bassigny, capital5 Langres; and Le SenoXavier le Maistre were born in Chambi6ry. In its vicinity is ntais, capital, Sens.
the chateau of Charmettes, once theresidence of Rousseau.    CI-IAMPAGNE, a district of France, in the departments
CIJAM/BLISSBURG, a post-village of Bedford co., Virginia, of Charente and Charente-Inf6rieure, forming part of the
150 miles IV. by S. of Richmond.                           arrondissements of Saintes, Jonzac, and Cognac. Celebrated
CIHAMBLY, shmlsbleel, a town of France, department of  for its white wines, and the excellent brandy called Cognac.
Oise, 20 miles S.S.E. of Bauvais. Pop. in 1852,1321.         CI{AMPAGNEY, shMap n'yAl, a town of France, departCIHIAMBLY, shlm/blee, (Fr. pron. shmlsbleef,) a county of  ment of Haute-Salne, 25 miles E.N.E. of Vesoul. Pop. in
Canada East, bounded on the W. by the St. Lawrence, and on  1852, 3328. In its vicinity coal is worked, and cherries for
the E. by the Sorel or Richelieu River; has an area of 211  kirschwasser are largely cultivated.
square miles. The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad    CIAMPAGNOLE, shos'phn'yoll, a town of France, detraverses this county. The chief staples are oats, hay, flax, partment of Jura, on the Ain, here crossed by a high bridge,
wool, and tobacco. Pop. 20,576.                            18 miles E.N.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier.  Pop. in 1852, 3179. It
CIIAMBLY, a post-vilige of Canada East, co. of Chambly, has manufactories of nails and ilron wire, a large weekly
18 miles E. by N. of Montreal. It is pleasantly situated, and  market, and 6 annual fairs.
contains 4 churches, 8 stores, a cotton factory, paper mills,   CHIAMPAGNOLLE, sham'pan-yolf, a small post-village of
chair factory, and several hotels. There is a fort here, Union co., Arkansas, on the Washita River, about 130 miles
erected by the French in 1711. Pop. of the parish, about 500. S. by W. from Little Rock. The cotton raised in the vicinity
CIAMBON, shS'b6NoGf, a town of France, department of  is shipped here.
Creuse, on theTardes, 26milesE. ofGu6ret. Pop. in 1852,2182.   CIIAMPAGNOLLE CREEK, of Arkansas, flows through
It is supposed to have been the capital of the Cacmbovicenses,  Calhoun co. into Washita River.
and Gallic,Roman, and early Frankish remains are found here.   CIHIAMPAIGN, sham-psnt, a county in the W. central
CIIAMBON, a village of France, department of Haute- part of Ohio, contains about 390 square miles. It is interLoire, 10 miles S.E. of Yssengeaux. Pop. 2400.             sected by Mad River, and also drained by Buck and other
CHAMBON FEUGEROLLES, shhS'bmxs! fuh'zheh-rollf, a  creeks. About half of the surface is level, and the remaintown of France, department of Loire, 4 miles S.W. of St. der undulating. The soil is very productive. Mad River
Etienne. Pcp. 1736.                                        furnishes excellent water-power. The county is intersected
CHAMBORD, sh.S'iboat, a village of France, department  by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and by the Springof Loir-et-Cher, arrondissement, and 8 miles E. of Blois, on  field and Mansfield Railroad. Capital, Urbanna. Pop. 19,762.
the Cosson. It has a magnificent, chiteau, commenced by    CI-IAMPAIGN, a county in the E. part of Illinois, has an
Francis I., and finished by Louis XIV., formerly one of the  area of about 880 square  miles. It is drained by the head
finest royal castles in France. It was long the residence of  streams of the Kaskaskia, Embarras. and Vermilion Riiers,
Stanislas Leczinsky, King of Poland; was presented by Louis  and traversed in the N.W. part by the North Fork of SanXV. to Marechal Saxe in 1745, by Louis XVI. to the family  gamon River. The surface, as the name indicates, consists
of Polignac, and by Napoleon to MIarechal Berthier, and  of an open plain or prairie, interspersed with small groves
purchased by subscription in 1821 for the Buc de Bordeaux.  of good timber. This county comprises a part of the Grand
The park, which is about 21 miles in circumference, and  Prairie. The soil is deep, fertile, and durable. The Chicago
surrounded by walls, is one of the finest in Europe.       branch of the Central Railroad is located through the
CIJAMBOULIVE, sh6s'boo'leevt, a village of France, de- county. Capital, Urbanna. Pop. 2649.
partment of Corrlze, 12 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 3000.    CHAMPANAGUR, cham-pa-na-gfir, a considerable town
CHAMBRAY, a town in the island of Gozo. See Gozo.    of British India, presidency of Bengal, 3 miles W. of BogliCIIAM-CALLAO, sh~m'kal-l1w!, an island in the China  poolr, with a remarkable Mohammedan tomb.
Sea, off the E. coast of Cochin-China, 30 miles E.S.E. of    CIIAMPAUBERT. shloc'pS'baiR1, a village of France, deTuron. Lat. 150 54' N., ion. 1080 28' E. It is well culti- partment of Marne, 27 miles W.S.W. of Chalons.  I[ere the
vated, and has a village and a small harbor on its S.W. side. advanced guard of the Russian and Prussian army received
The false Cham-Callao is an islet, 20 miles south-eastward.   a check from Napoleon's troops, February 10, 1814.
CHAM3E (chgmA) POINT, a headland on the S.W. coast   CIHIAMPDENIERS, sh6M'deh-ne-lY, a town of France, deof the Isthmus of Panama. Lat. 80 40 18" N., lon. 790 40' W. partment ofIDeux-Slvres, 4 miles N. of Niort. Pop. in 1852,
CHAMISSO (k~-mis/so) ISLAND, Russian America, is in  1424. It is celebrated for its preparation of butter, and has
Kotzebue's Sound, near the head of the Bay of Good Hope. important cattle fairs.
Lat. 660 131' 12" N., ion. 1610 46' W. Shores steep, except on    CHAMPEIX, shlSpY/, a town of France, department of
its E. side. Its highest point is 231 feet above the sea-level. Puy-de-Dlme, on the Couze, 14 miles S.S.E. of Clermont.
CHAMIO or SIiAMIO, a desert of Asia. See Gonem.          Pop. in 1852, 1864.
CHAM001RY, a town of Hindostan, Berar dominions, on    CHAI-MAIPIGNY, shloimpeen'yees, several villages of France,
the Wynegunga River, 85 miles S.E. of Nagpoor.             the principal in the department of Seine, 8 miles E.S.E. of
CHAMORERIL. See CnumoaREEnE.                             Paris, with a population in 1852, of 1610. IhIere are the ch&CHAMOUNI, shilmoo-neel, or CHAMONIX, shi'mo-neef,  teau and extensive park of Cueilly, and a chapel with rea valley of the Sardinian States, province of Faucigny, forms markable painted glass, illustrative of the life of St. Louis.
the upper part of the basin of the Arve, above the valley of    CHAMIPION, a post-township of Jefferson co., New York,
Servos. Length from N.E. to S.W., 12 miles; breadth, from  on Black River, 25 miles E. of Sackets I-Harbor. Pop. 2085.
1 to 6 miles; elevation above the sea at the village of Cha-    CIIAMPION, a post-township in the WY. central part of
mouni, 3425 feet. This valley is the most celebrated in the  Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1070.
Alps for its picturesque sites and the wild grandeur of its    CH-IAMPION BAY, a bay of Australia, on the S.WV. coast
mountains and glaciers. It is bounded on the S. by the mass  of Geelvk Channel; lat. 280 47' S., Ion. 1140 36' E. The depth
of Mont Blanc, and N. by Sont Breven and the Aiguilles  of the bay is regular, with 5 and 6 fathoms, the bottom
Rouges, part of the range which separates Savoy from the  consisting of fine white sand. It was visited by Captain
Valais. The glaciers which descend into the valley from   Stokes in 1840, who gave it its present name.
Mont Blanc, among which is the Mer de Glace, are the    CIIAMPION SOUTH ROADS, a post-office of Jefferson co.,
grandest in the Alps. The climate of the valley is extremely  New York.
rigorous in winter, which lasts from October to May, during    CHAMIPIONVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.
which time snow usually covers the lower ground to the    CHAMPLAIN, sham-pl.Anel, LAKE, between the states
depth of 3 feet. The summer is short and warm, (mean  of New York and Vermont, extends from Whitehall, in New
temperature at Le Prieur6, 410 Fahr.) Soil infertile, but York, in about 430 30' N. lat. northward a few miles across
well cultivated, produces a considerable supply of grain  the Canada line, to 450 6' N. lat.  It lies between 730 and
and fruits; cattle are extensively reared, and the honey is 730 30/ W. ion. Extreme length, about 130 miles. Its
excellent. The valley contains the 3 parishes of Chamouni, breadth varies from g mile to 10 miles, and its depth from
Argentigre, and Ouches. Pop. 2528.                         50 to 280 feet. If we include the expanse embracing the
CISAMOUNI or CHAMONIX or LA PRIEUR]P, l1 pre-uhb- large islands, the breadth in its widest part will amount to
rnl, the principal village of the valley of Chamouni, is situated  15 miles. Its coast line, including sinuosities, is estimated
on the right bank of the Arve, 12 miles E. of Sallenche. Pop. at 280 miles. The principal streams flowing into it are the
1800. It has several good inns, and supplies guides and  Saranac, Chazy, Au Sable, Missisquol, and Winooski, the
mules for visiting the sublime scenery in its vicinity. It outlet of Lakes George and Wood, and other creeks. Its
has been visited by more than 3000 strangers in one season. principal outlet is the Sorelle or Richelieu River, which disCHAMPAGNE, sh8S'pAA1, an old French province, of charges its waters into the St. Lawrence, about 50 miles
which the capital was Troyes, now forming the greater per- below Montreal. It contains many islands, among whichl
tion of the 4 departments of Ardennes, Marne, Aube, and  may be mentioned North and South HIero, La Motte, and
Haute-Marne, and part of those of Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Schuyler. The Vermont shores of this lake are for the most
and Yonne. This country was long governed by native  part fertile and highly cultivated, while those of New York
princes of Champagne, and was united to the crown of are wild, rocky, and barren, rising into vast mountains inFrance by the marriage of Philippe le Bel with Jeanne de  terspersed with lakes, but containing but little or no bottom
Navarre in 1286. It was divided into Upper and Lower lands. In favorable weather, Lake Champlain presents to
413




CHA                                                          C11A
the traveller views of surpassing beauty and magnificence,  partment of Orne, 41 miles E.N.E. of Domfront.  Pop. 3843.
many of the principal peaks both of the Adirondack group, It has manufactures of linen and iron foundries.
in New York, and of the Green Mountains, in Vermont,    CHAMPTERCIER, sh6G'tiRtese- eA, a village of Finnce,
being visible from the steamboats, as they pass from  one  department of Basses-Alpes, 4 miles W. of Digne. Pop. 406.
extremity to the other. Its waters abound with salmon, It was the birthplace of the philosopher Pierre Gassend or
trout, pike, and other fish. Lake Champlain affords excel-  Gassendi.
lent commercial facilities. By means of the Chambly Canal    CHAMTOC], shNGa'to'sV, a town of France, department
and Sorel River improvements, a free navigation has been  of Maine-et-Loire, near the right bank' of the Loire, 15 miles
opened, both with the great lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, W.S.W. of Angers.  Pop. 1923. Here are the remains of the
while, on the other hand, the Champlain Canal, by connect-  feudal castle of the infamous Gil de Retz, a savage seigneur
ing it with the HIudson River and Erie Canal, secures an  of the fifteenth century, called ".-Barbe  Bleu," the original
uninterrupted water communication with New York City  of' Bluebeard."
and the principal towns in the interior of the state. The    CHAMPTOCEAUX, sh.N'totstt, a village of France, 18
total amount of the commerce of the lake, in 1846, was  miles W.S.W. of the above. Pop. 1422.
valued at about $11,000,000; in 1847, at $17,000,000; and in    CHAMUSCA, sh8-mooslk8,  a town of Portugal, province
1851, at above $26,000,000.  In the -last-named sum  was  of Estremadura, on the Tagus, 13 miles N.N.E. of Santaincluded above 10,000 tons of iron ore, 9000 tons of bloom   rem. Pop. 3200. Excellent red wine is produced in its
and bar iron, and nearly 3000 tons of pig-iron firom New  vicinity.
York, and above 116,000,000 feet of lumber, chiefly from         CHANAC, shA~nAlk, a town of France, department of LoCanada, all of which passed from the lake to the Champlain  zbre, on the Lot, 8 miles S.W.  of Mende.  Pop. in 1852, 1830.
Canal. It is estimated that the entire commerce of Lake  It has manufictures of serges.
Champlain, in the year above-named, employed about 200,000    CHANIAHACHIfEE, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alatons of shipping, (taking the aggregate entrances and clear- barnma.
ances,) and nearly 12,000 men. The enrolled and licensed    CHANAK-KALESSI, sh1'nlk/-k&-lls'seel, or CHANAKAtonnage of the two districts, Burlington and Champlain,  LASY, (Turk. " Pot-castle,') Anatolia, on the Dardanelles, 23
(port of entry, Plattsburg,) in the year 1852, was 12,915, miles S.W. of Gallipoli, is a town of 2000 houses, occupying
(the former 5,657, and the latter 6,258 tons,) of which 4,941  a fiat point opposite the Castle of Europe, (Chelit Bawri, kAltons were employed in steam navigation.                       leet! bawtree'.)  It has some potteries, whence its Turkish
The following exhibits the Canadian trade of the two dis- name.
tricts for 1850 and 1851:                                        CHANCAY, chin-kiF, a seaport-t-town of Northern Peru,
capital of a province of its own name, in the department of
Burlington District. Champlain District.  Liia, at the mouth of the Chancay River, in the Pacific, 40
Commerce.                                              miles N.N.W. of Lima.  Pop. of the province in 1850, 25,600.
1850.    1851.    1850.    1851.       CIHANCEAUX, shac-'sol, a town of France, department
of Cot.e d'Or, 18 miles E. of Semur, near the Seine. Pop.
Exports of domestic pro-                                     559. It is celebrated for the manufacture of preserved barduce..................  $651,677  $458,006  $322,378  $375,549  berries.
Exports of foreign mer-                                        CIJANCE/FORD, a post-township of York co., Pennsylvachindise.............. 294,182   309,566   316,843   373,453  nia, on the SusquehannaIiver, 35 miles S.E. of Harrisburg.
Total exports...........   5,859   767,572  639,221    749,002  Pop. 1614.
Total imports...........   607,466   266,417   435,383   294,284    CHANCE ISLAND, in the Bay of Bengal, on the W. coast
-— ~ ~of Lower Siam, about 35 miles from  the mainland; lat.
Total commerce........  1,552,325  1,033,989  1,0714,604 1,0-3.28  (highest peak) 90 22' N., long. 970 53' E. It is from 3 to 5
1,074.604  1,043,286
Total commerce of the       -miles in length, and about the same in breadth.
lake with Canada..... $2,626,929 $2,0177,275                CIIAN/CELLORSVILLE, a post-village of Spottsylvania
co., Virginia, 76 miles N. by WV. of Richmond.
Navigation on Lake Champlain nusually commences about    CHANCE PRAItRIE, a post-office of Buileson co., Texas.
the 1st of April, and continues open till near December. Dur-    CHIANCEVILLE, a small post-village of Monmouth co.,
ing the summer, five daily steamers ply between Whitehall  New Jersey.
and St. John's, Canada, touching at Burlington, Plattsburg       CIHANTDA, a district in Hindostan, Berar dominions, 90
St. Albans, &c. The name Champlain is derived from that  miles in length, and 60 miles in breadth.
of Samuel Champlain, a Fi'ench naval officer, who discovered    CIANDA or CHANIDAH, a town of Hindostn, capital of
this lake in 1609.                                            the above district, 80 miles S.S.E. of Nagpoor. Lat. 200 V N.,
CHAMPLAIN, a collection district on the New York side  Ion. 790 22' E. Some lofty stone walls, flanked by round
of Lake Champlain, which see.                                  towers, enclose a space 6 miles in circumference, occupied by
CHAMPLAIN, a post-village and township at the N. ex-  straggling houses, plantations, and a citadel.  It was taken
tremity of Lake Champlain, in Clinton co., New York, about  by the British, May 20, 1818.
164 miles N. by E. of Albany, on Chazy River, which affords    CIAN'DAHNEE! or CHINVNANEEI, a town in the Punwater-power, and on the Northern Railroad, which connects  jab, province of Lahore, capital of a district, 76 miles S. of
Rouse's Point with Ogdensburg.  It is comprised in the  Serinagur, near an affluent of the Chenaub.
Champlain collection district, and carries on some trade by    CHANDELEUR (shan'de-loorl) BAY, on the S.E. coast of
the Chazy River, which is navigable for small craft. The  Louisiana, between St. Bernard parish and the Chandeleur
village contains several churches, and an academy. It has  Islands.
manufactures of iron and other articles.  One newspaper is    CHIANDELEUR ISLANDS, E. of Chandeleur Bay, and
published here. Pop. of the township, 5067.                    about 65 miles N. by E. of the mouth of the Mississippi.
CHAMPLAIN, sham-planet, (Fr. pron. sh8a.pl$AA.,!) a  On the N. end of the northern or smaller island is a fixed
county in the N.W. part of Canada East, bordering on the  light, 55 feet high.  Lat. 300 1' N., ion. 880 44' WV.
St. Lawrence River, has an area of 6200 square miles. It    CHANDERtCOINA, a considerable town in British India,
is traversed throughout its whole length by the River St. presidency of Rengal, 58 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta.
Maurice, and contains numerous small rivers and lakes.    CIIANDEREE/, CHEN'DAREE!  or CHIN'DAREE,    a
The chief staples are flax and maple-sugar. Pop. 13,896.      large district of iindostan, province of Malwah, N.E. corner
CHAMPLAIN, a post-village of Canada East, in the above  90 miles in length, and 70 miles in breadth.
county, on the St. Lawrence 75 miles S.WV. of Quebec. It    CIHANDEREE, a town in this district, 113 miles S. of
contains a churelih, 3 stores, and several mills. Pop. about750.  Gwavlior, of considerable size, and has a strong hill fort.
CI{AMPLITTE,  shbsi'pleet', a town of France, department    CHANDERGIRI, chkn-der-ghhrfree, a fortified town of
of Haute-Sa6ne, 29 miles W. of Vesoul. Pop. in 1852, 3101.   British India, presidency of Madras, 50 miles N. of Arcot.
CHAMPNIERS, shtsp'ne-s!, a town of France, depart-   CIHANDERNAGORE, sh~n'd6e-n, —g6dR, a town, and the
meent of Charente, 5 miles N.N.E. of Angoulhme.  Pop. in  principal of the French establishments in India, Bengal, on
1852. 4102.                                                   the Hoogly River, 16 miles N.N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 220
CIIAM'POAGI, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon.            51' 26" N., ion. 880 22( 12/" E. Pop.in 1841, 35,895,. of whom
CIHIAMPOTON, chdm-po-tanl, a maritime village of Cen- 283 were Europeans. It is well situated, well built, and
tral America, in Yucatan, at the mouth of the river Cham- clean, but dull and decaying, its cotton manufactures and
poton, Campeachy Bay, Gulf of Mexico, 35 miles S.S.W. of  general trade having latterly very much decreased. It was
Campeachy.                                                     settled by the French in 1676; was taken by the British in
CHAtMPIROND, sh8Ncapr6Nia, a town of France, depart- 1759. and again delivered up to the French in 1816.
ment of Eure-et-Loir, 13 miles E.N.E. of Nogent-leRotrou.    CHAN/DLER'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Talladega co.,
Pop. 871.                                                     Alabama.
CHAMPROND, a village of France, department of Sarthe,    CHANDILERSVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Penn28 miles S.E. of Mlamers, with iron foundries. Pop. 185.      sylvania.
CHAMPSAUR, shNGe'soaj, a district of France, in the old    CHANDLERSVILLE, a post-village of Muskingum  co.,
province of Dauphind; now comprised in the departments  Ohio, 10 miles S.E. of Zanesville, the county seat, and 64
of HIautes-Alpes and Dr~me.  Chief town, St. Bonnet.  The  miles E. of Columbus, has several churches and stores. Pop.
greater part of the inhabitants are Protestants, who formed  near 300.
part of the flock of Felix Neff.                                CHANDLERSVILLE, a small village of Cass co., Illinois.
CIIHAMPSEGRET, shaaseh.-gr-,  a town  of France, de-    CHANIDODE, chn\dtd!, a Large   town of India, Baxda
414




CHA                                                        CttA
dominions, on the Nerbudda, 35 miles E.N.E. of Baroach,  town, in the N.W. part of Hindostan, Bhawlpoor dominions,
and greatly venerated by Iindoos.                           18 miles N.E. of Khanpoor; lat. 280.50' N., ion. 700 54' E.
CHANBDORE1, a large and strongly fortified town of Bri-   CIIAN/NINGVILLE, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa,
tish India, presidency of Bombay, on a hill range, command- about 80 miles N.E. of Iowa City.
ing an important pass, 130 miles N.E. of Bombay. It ca-   CHAN-SI, a province of China. See lHAN-SEE.
pitulated to the British in 1804 and in 1818.                CCHANTEJLLE. sh6NG'tll/, a town of France, department
CIIANDIPOOR/, a town of British India, presidency of  of Allier, 9 miles N. of Gannat, on the Bouble.  Pop. 2000.
Bengal, 68 miles N.E. of Delhi.                               CIHANTENAY, sh8NGoteh-nYt, a town of France, departCHANDPOOR, a town of British India, on the Brahma-  ment of Loire-Inf6rieure, on the Loire, 1 mile S.W. of
pootra, 40 miles W.S.W. of Comilla.                        Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 4966.
CITANERtAL, chnA,-rndil, a bay of Chili, 1 mile N. of Car-    CHANTENAY, a village of France, department of Ni1vre,
risal Bay, well sheltered from N. and S. winds, but exposed  15 miles S.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1423.
to gales from the S.W.                                       CIIANTENAY, a village of France,. department of Sarthe,
CIIANERAL, an island about 4 miles W. of the above  15 miles N. of La Fl1che. Pop. 1358.
bay, is 2 miles long; lat. 29011 S., ion. 710 40' WV.        CHANTIBUN or CIANTABON, sh~n'ta-b-tnt, a large
CI{AN'GAMAf or CHUNGAMAII, chtn-gimmd, a town of  inland town in Siam, on a river, near its mouth, in the
ilidostan, Carnatic, 115 miles S.W. of Madras, at the end  Gulf of Siam, 175 miles S.E. of Bangkok. It exports from
of a pass, to which it gives its name. It has a lofty pagoda.  30:000 to 40,000 piculs of pepper annually, with cardamoms,
CIIANG-CIIEUN-CIIAM,  ch ng'\che-oon'ch ml, or'ST. rosewood, dyewoods, ship-timber, hides, horns, ivory, and
JOHN'S ISLAND, on the S. coast of China, province of  gums; and near it are some mines of precious stones.
Quangtong; lat. (S. point) 210 15' N., ion. 1120 50/ E. It is  Many junks from Canton load at this port.
about 15 miles in length.                                    CIIANTILLY, shdn-til/lee or sh8NcOtee'yeel, (see Int. XVI.
CIIANGCII00'FOO1, a city of China, province of Fokien, 18,) a town of Prance, department of Oise, on the Non36 miles S.W. of Amoy, which is merely the port of the city; nette, 23 miles N.N.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 2454. It has
lat. 240 35' N., ion. 1170 50' E. It is situated in a valley erm- celebrated manufactures of lace and porcelain, and a hospibosomed in hills, and intersected by a river, here crossed by  tal, built and endowed by the late Prince of Cond6; but it
two bridges, one of which is of somewhat singular construe- owes its interest to its ruined castle and noble domain, long
tion, being built on 25 piles of stones, about 30 feet apart, the seat of the Cpnd6 family, and where the great Cond6
and 20 feet high. Large beams are laid from pile to pile; entertained Louis XIV. in a style of royal magnificence.
these again are crossed by smaller ones, which are covered  The castle, one of the finest in Prance, was destroyed during
with earth, and then paved with enormous blocks of granite, the Revolution of 1793, but the -splendid stables remain,
some of which are about 45 feet long, and 2, feet broad. and the fine park grounds, and modern chhteau (lately the
This singular structure is about 9 feet wide; half its length  property of the Duke d'Aumale) are full of historic memoon both sides is occupied with shops.  The city is sur-  rials. The Forest of Chantilly comprises 6700 acres; in it are
rounded by a wall, 4A miles in circumference, the inside of  several buildings of interest, and races are held here annuwhich is thickly planted with large trees. In the wall, a  ally in May.
gate formed of a door for foot passengers, and a canal for    CIIAN/TILLY, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
boats, is placed at each of the cardinal points. The streets    CIIANTILLY, a post-village of Lincoln co.,'lissouri,
are from 10 to 12 feet wide, and many of them are well paved;  about 50 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis.
the shops are numerous, and well furnished, and the houses    CHANTONNAY, sh6Nscton'nYf, a town of France, departin general two stories high. It has two famous but dilapi- mnentof Vend6e, 17 miles E. ofBourbon-~endse.  Pop. 2993.
dated temples, reputed to have existed for 1200 years. This    CHIIANTI'OUNG. a province of China.  See SHANTOONG.
is the great centre of the silk manufacture of the province,   CIIANTRIGNfl, shSNGKtreen'yA/, a town of France, deand the streets present a bustling and animated appear- partment and 7 miles N.E. of Mayenne.  Pop. 1970.
ance. In the suburbs, which are extensive, there are large    CIIANU, shbnii/, a village of Prance, department of Orne,
tile and sugar manufactories; and from an eminence near  9 miles N.-of Domfront. Pop. 2722. It has extensive manuthe city, about 80 populous agricultural villages may be  factures of hardware, and quarries of building-stone.
seen in a large plain, 30 miles long, by nearly 20 miles    CHANZA, chantthe, a frontier river between Spain and
broad. Pop. of city, exclusive of suburbs, variously esti- Portugal, (Andalusia and Alemtejo,) which, after a S.S.W.
mated from 800,000 to 1,000,000.                           course of 55 miles, joins the Guadiana near Alcoutim.
CHIANG-CII00-FOO, a city of China, province of Kiangsoo,    CRA0-DE-COUCE, shA'of-dA-koo's. or ko-oofsA, a town of
75 miles S.E. of Nankin; lat. 310 55' N., ion. 1210 43' E.  Portugal, in Estremadura, on a hill, 25 miles N.E. of Leira,
CHANGA, shSNcszhA, a village of Prance, department of  with 3000 inhabitants; and an old fortress. Its vicinity
Sarthe. 4 miles E.S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 2815.              produces good wine.
CHAONGA, a village of France, department of Mayenne,    CIHA-KHING.  See SHAO-KINeG.
22 miles N. of Laval. Pop. in 1852, 2046.                     CHAO-NAIMAN-SOUME.  See TCnAo NAIMAN SooMsE.
CILANGERI, xtntgher-eeW, an extensive monastery, in    CIIAO-NAN.  See SnA0-NAN.
Turkish Armenia, pashalic of Erzroom, 20 miles N.W. of    CHIAOS, sh,'os, or BIRD ISLANDS, several small rocky
loosh, with a church, said to have been built A. D. 304. Its  islets of South Africa, at the entrance of Algoa Bay, 35 miles
literary treasures were destroyed by the Koords during the  E. of Port Elizabeth; on one of which the navigator, Barlast war in Asia between the Russians and Turks.           tholomew Diaz, perished in 1500.
CHANGERI or CHANGRI, a town of Anatolia.  See    CHIAO-TCHOO.  See SnAo-Cnoo.
KaNKAREE.                                                    CHAO-TCH0, chi/o-chool, or TCHAO-CIIEOU-FOU, chlfoCIANGEIWATER, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, chA-ool-fee, a city of China, province of Quang-tong, on the
12 miles S.E. of Belvidere.                                Han-Kiang, here crossed by a bridge, near itg entrance in
CtIANG-IIMAI, chang'mlP, a town of Laos, on the Me-kong; the China Sea.
lat. 200 16' N., Ion. 9902 E. Pop. 25,000.                   CIHAO-TCIHOU, or CHAO-TCIEOTJU-FOU. See SHAO-CEoo.
CIANGRI. See KANKAREE.                                     CHAOURCE, shi'oorsst, (anc. Ctussiacsess?) a town of
CHIANG-SE-TCIHOU. See SnANG-SE-Cn00.                     Prance, department of Aube, on the Armance, 16 miles S.
CIIANG-SIA, chAng-shAl, a city of China, province of  of Troyes. Pop. in 1852,1540. It was formerly fortified, and
loonan, on the Hong-Kiang, 50 miles S. of its embouchure  has a church of the seventh century.
in Lake Tong-Ting-Hoo; lat. 280 18' N., ion. 1130 E.         CHIAOUSSY. See TcHAoossY.
CHANIERS, shAne-sA a village of France, department of    CHAPADA, shb-p dA, a new town in Brazil, province of
Charente-Infirieure, 4 miles from Salutes. Pop. 2611.       {aranhgo, on the upper part of the Rio Grajehu. It is the
CHANTNAIHON, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, on the  seat of an electoral college erected in 1842.
Illinois and Michigan Canal, about 45 miles S.W. of Chicago.   CIIAPADA, a town in Brazil, province of Minas Geraes,
The value of produce, &c. shipped here in 1852, was $75,000. N.E. of Fanado. Pop. 2300.
CHANNAKALASY. See CHANAK KELESS.                            CHIAPADA DE SANTA ANNA, sh —pA'd' dA santta?slnni,
CHANNEL, THE. See ErNGLIsi CHANNEL.                      or GUTMARENS, ghe-mg-rrNgsl, a town in Brazil, the oldest
CHANINEL ISLANDS, a namne employed to designate a  market-town of Slatto-Grosso, E. of Cuilaba. Pop. 4000.
group of islands in the English Channel, off the N.W. coast    CIIAPALA, chs-pala, a considerable lake in the Mexican
of France; the principal being Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,  Confederacy, between the states of Michoacan and GuadaSerlk and IHerm, (which see.) They are officially comprised  lajara; lat. 200 20/ N., Ion. fisom 1020 to 1030 25' W. Estiin the English co. of Hants. and diocese of Winchester, and  mated area 1300 square miles. It contains many islands,
are the only portions of Normandy now belonging to the  and is traversed by the Rio Grande de Lerma.
English crown, to which they have remained attached ever    CIAPARI, chg-pg-reef, a'iver of Bolivia, rising in the
since the Conquest.  These islands are a very costly ap-. mountains of Cochabamba, and, after a course of about 100
pendage to the British crown. They have been fortified at miles, joins the Mamore in the parallel of 170 5' S.
an immense expense, and their defence, in time of war, is    CHA/PEL-EN-LE-FRITH,  a market-town and parish of
supposed to cost fully 500,0001. a year, which has to be  England, co. of Derby, 45 miles N. of Buxton. Pop. in 1851,
wholly defrayed by Britain; the total revenue collected in  3214. The town is surrounded by lofty hills, and neatly
the islands not amounting to 20,0001. a year. Pop. in 1851, built. It has manufactures of cotton and paper; and in
90,739.                                                    its vicinity are lead and coal mines, and lime-works.
CITANINELKIRK, a parish of Scotland. co. of Berwick.       CHAP/EL HILL. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
CIIANNI-KHAN-DIGOT, chtntne-Kidn-de-got',   a thriving    CI1AP/EL HILL, a post office of Slonmouth co., New Jersey
415    /




CHA                                                       CHA
CHIAPEL HIILL, a post-village of Orange co., North Care- Tsien-Tang,) 50 miles N.E. of Hiang-chow-foe, of which it is
lina, is pleasantly situated on New Hope River, an affluent the port, and with which it has good canal communicaof Cape Fear River, 28 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. The situa-  tion. Lat. 300 40' N.: ion. 1200 30' E. Extensive suburbs,
tion is healthy, and the water good. The University of  the principal seat of trade, stretch along the shore; and
North Carolina, at this place, founded in 1789, is a flourish-  about half a mile in their rear is the walled town, 5 miles in
ing institution. See Table of Colleges, APrDIx. x.         circumference, enclosed within which is the "Tartar" town.
CHAPEL HILL, a thriving post-village of Washington  The harbor is shallow, and the tides here are very rapid
co., Texas, 120 miles E. of Austin, and 3 miles W. of Brazos  but the roadstead has deep water, ani all the Chinese trade
River. It is situated in a healthy and populous neighbor- with Japan is conducted from  this port.  The adjacent
hood. It has 2 academies (one of them under the direction  country is well watered, very fertile, and interspersed with
of the Methodists) in good repute. Pop. about 800.         numerous villages, pagodas, and temples. The adjoining
CHAPEL HILL, a small post-village of Marshall co., Ten- heights, fortified in the late war, were captured by the Brinessee, 42 miles S. of Nashville.                          tish, after a determined resistance, May 18, 1842.
CHAPEL HILL, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio.             CHAPPAQUA, chap-p.Akwa, a post-village of Westchester
CHAPEL HILL, a post-office of Lafayette co.,. Missouri.   co., New York, on the Harlem  Railroad, about 40 miles
CHAPIEL-IZ/OD, a town of Ireland, in Leinster, co. and 3  N.N.E. of New York.
miles W. of Dublin, on the Liffey. Pop. 1575. It contains    CIHAPPELL!, a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas.
an ancient church and barracks.                               CHAPPELL'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Newberry district,
CIAPELLE AGNON, LA, li shAp8ll' in'y6aNO, a town of  Soith Carolina.
France, department of Puy-de-DOme, 8 miles N.W. of Am-    CHAP'RUNGI, a town of Thibet, on the Sutlej, 55 miles
bert. Pop. in 1852, 9903.                                   S.W. of Garoo.   Lat. 310 27/ N.; ]on. 790 33' E. It is the
CHAPELLE AUX BOIS, LA, l shXpkllF 0 bwA, a town of residence of Chinese authorities.
France, department of Vosges, 10 miles S.S.W. of Epinal.   CHAPITICO, a post-village of St. Mary's co., Maryland,
Pop. 1258.                                                  about 50 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis.
CHAPELLE AUX POTS, LA, l& sha'pll' 0 po, a town of    CHIAPULTEPEC, chd-[ool'tA-ptk1, a strong fortress of
France, department of Oise, arrondissement of Beauvais, Mexico, situated about 2 miles S.W. of the metropolis. It
with extensive manufactures of pottery-ware.                consists of a rock rising to the height of 150 feet, and crowned
CHAPELLE BASSE MIER, LA, lA shA'pllf b'iss maia, a  by a castle. Inside the castle was thle Military College of
town of France, department of Loire-Inf6rieure, 10 mniles  Chapultepec, and the buildings connected with it. ChaE.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 4496.                       pultepec was taken by the army under General Scott on the
CHAPELLE D'ALIGNE, LA, Id sha'p611 dilee/fi, a town  12th and 13th of September, 1847, and previous to thb capof France, department of Sarthe, arrondissement ofLaF1che.  ture of the city of Mexico, on the 14th of the same month.
Pop. 1533.                                                    CHAPULITEPEC, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama.
CHAPELLE D'ANGILLON, LA, l9shl'pSllf d8aNczhee'ybNG/,   CHAPUS, LU, leh sh-piicef, a hamlet of France, departa town of France, department of Cher, 19 miles W. of San-  ment of Charente-Infdrieure, 3 miles N.W. of Marennes, opcerre. Pop. in 1852. 837.                                   posite the Ile d'0liron. Pop. 345. It is a fortification of
CHAPELLE D'ARM ENTII RESLA, lI shA'p8ll/daaim8NG'- the second class, and its small port is defended by a fort.
te-aia!, a town of France, department of Nord, arrondisse-    CIARALAN, chA-rA-hnl, a town of South America, in
mnient of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 2039.                        New Granada, 140 miles N.N.E. of Bogota.
CHAPELLE DES MARAIS, LA, la shA'p~ll dA m&IrA, a    CIHARAMAKOTAN.  See KARAIIAKOTAN.
town of France, department of Loire-Inflrieure, 33 miles    CIIARAPOTO, chl-ri-polto, a town of South America, in
N.W. of Nantes.  Pop. 1941.                                 Ecuador, 110 miles W.S.W. of Quito, near the Bay of CharaCHAPELLE EN VECORS, LA, la sh'p15lll bNG veh-kon/, a  poto, Pacific Ocean.
town of France, department of Drbme, 25 miles E. of Valence.   CHAR'BAR! or CIIOUBAR, choo'bar/, a large and wellPop. in 1852, 1309.                                         sheltered bay of Beloochistan, province of Mekran, in the
CHAPELLE JANSON, LA, l& shd'plll zhSNG'siNGl, atown  Indian Ocean. Lat. 25020' N.; Ion. 600 30'E. On the E. side
of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 5 miles E. of Feou- of its entrance is the town of Charbar, with 1500 inhabitants,
gbres. Pop. 2031.                                          enclosed by an earth rampart, and garrisoned by the Imim of
CHAPELLE LA REINE, La, 1A sht'pl11 1 rain, a town  Muscat. N. of this are the ruins of the Portuguese settlement
of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, 9 miles S.W. of  of Teez, probably the Tiz of Edrisi, and the Trosi of Nearchus.
Fontainebleau.  Pop. in 1852, 867.                            CHARBONNIER, shaRabon'ne-V, a village of France, deCHAPELLE ST. DENIS, La, l1 sh&'pll/! sANe deh-nee!, a  partment of Puy-de-D]me, 9 miles S. of Issoire. It has coaltown of France, department of Seine, 3 namiles S. of St. Denis, mines.
near Paris, of which it is a suburb. Pop. in 1852, 18,700.    CIHARBONNIERES, shaa'bon'ne-ais, a village of France,
CITAPELLE ST. MESMIN, LA, 1t chgpll! saN  mBs'-  department of Rhone, 4 miles W. of Lyons, and a place of
maNGa, a town of France, department of Loiret, arrondisse- holyday resort for its inhabitants.
ment of Orleans, on the railway from Paris to Tours. P. 1271.   CHARCAS, a city of Bolivia. See CRUQUIsACA.
ChtAPELLE ST. SAUVWEUR, LA, 1t shA'plll/ saNG SOVUr/,   CtIARD, a municipal borough, town, and parish of Eng.
a town of France, department of SaSne-et-Loire, 33 miles  land, co. of Somerset, 12 miles S.E. of Taunton.  Pop. in
N.W. of Mgcon. Pop. 1900.                                   1851, 5297. The town, on elevated ground ard well built,
CHIAPELLE SUR ERDRE, LA, 1a sh'pll1! siie   Iad'r, a  has a large market-place, a handsome church, an ancient
town of France, department of Loire-Infirieure, 5 miles N. town-hall, originally a chapel, a well-endowed poor's hospital,
of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 2554.                              a workl-house for a union comprising 89 square miles, and
CHAPELLE VOLANT, LA, 1 shlpl111 vo-16Nc!,  a town of considerable manufactures of lace andwoollen goods. The boFrance, department of Jura, 12 miles N.W. of Lens le Saul- rough formerly sent two members to Parliament. The Royalnier. Pop. 1907.                                           ists were here signally defeated in the wars of Charles I.
CHAP/EL OF GARIOCII, (garlre-ox',) a parish of Scotland,   CHARDAK, char'dlkf, (ane. A'avaO,) a lake of Asia Minor,
co. of Aberdeen.                                            in Anatolia, 35 mites E.N.E. of Degnizli. Lat. 370 55' N.; Ion.
CIIA/PINVILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connec- 300 E. Length from E. to W., 16 miles; breadth, from  3 to
ticut, 45 miles W. of Hartford. It has a large blast furnace, 4 miles. Great quantities of salt are collected from it; and
and manufactures of cutlery.                                the village of Chardak is near itS W. extremity.
CHAPINVILLE or CIHAPINSVILLE, a post-village of    CHARDAK, chaa-dakl, a town of European Turkey, in
Ontario co., New York, on the railroad, 4 or 5 miles N.E. of  Bulgaria, 81 miles N.E. of Silistria.
Canandaigua.                                                  CHAR/DON, a post-village, capital of Geauga co., Ohio. in
CHAP/LAIN, a village of Nelson co., Kentucky, 15 miles  Chardon township, 14 miles firom  Lake Erie, and 170 miles
E. of Bardstown, has 1 tavern, and several stores. Pop. 200. N.E. of Columbus. It is pleasantly situated on an elevated
CHAP/LIN. a post-township of Wiudham  co., Connecti-  ridge, about 600 feet above the level of the lakle. Two newscut, 30 miles E. of Hartford, on Natchaung River. Pop. 796.  papers are issued here.  Pop. of the township, 1021; of the
CHAPLIN, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky.           village, about 1000.
CHAPLIN, a post-(Afice of Lee co., Illinois.                CHARD/STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
CHAPILINTON, a post-village of Barren co., Kentucky,    CHARENTE, sh&'rcNt/, a river in the West of France,
-n the Big Barren River, about 130 miles S.W. of Frankfort.  rises in the department of Haute-Vienne, about 14 miles
CHAP/MAN, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.  N.W. of Chalus, flows very tortuously, but generally W.,
Pop. 542.                                                   and, after a course of more than 200 miles through the deCHAPMAN, a post-township of Union co., Pennsylvania, partments of Charente and Charente-Inf6rieure. enters the
on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, 33 miles N. of  Atlantic opposite the island of 1O6ron.  Principal affluents,
Harrisburg. Pop. 1501.                                     the Boutonne on the right, and the Trouve and Ni on, the
CHAPMAN'S FORD, a post-office, Tallapoosa co., Alabama. left.  The towns of Civray, Ruffec, Angoul6me, Jarnac,
CHAPIMANVILLE, a post-office of Logan co., Virginia.   Cognac, Sanlutes, Tonnay-Charente, Rochifort, and Soubise
CHAPNIERS. See CHASsPNIERs.                              are on its banks. It is navigable for 130 miles from the sea
CHAPOILA RIVER, of Florida and Alabama, falls into  to Montignac, and for steamers as high as Saintes.
the Appalachicola.                                           CIIARENTE, a department of France, situated between
CHAPOO/, chlepoo/ or sh&'poot, an important maritime  lat. 450101 and 460 8'N., and surrounded by the departments
town of China, province of Che-kiang, on a promon- of Charente-Infirieure, Deux-Sevres, Vienne, Haute-Vienne,
tory on the N. side of the estuary of Tshen-Tang, (or andDordogne. Area, 2300 squaremiles. Pop.in1852, 382,912.
416




CHA                                                          CHA
Surface undulating; it contains many deep caverns, as that    CIARI1TY, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.
of Rancogne, near La Rtochefoucault; hilly in the N.E.,         CIIAR'iJOEE1, a town of Independent Toorkistan, khawhere there are many shallow lakes. Principal rivers, the  nat and 65 miles S.W. of Bokhara, about 6 miles S. of the
Charente and Vienne. Soil calcareous, dry, and infertile,  Oxus, and on the main route and least inhabited spot beand the corn produced barely suffices for home consumption.  tween Bokhara and Persia. Pop. 5000. It has a fort, a toleVineyards comprise 112,600 hectares, (278,130 acres,) but rable bazaar, and some trade with Oorghenj (Urghendj) by
the wines are of inferior quality. The Cognac and Jarnac  the Oxus.
brandies are from this department. Woods extensive, and    CItARKOV, a government of Russia. See KnHARKOv.
chestnuts form an important crop; truffles are obtained to    CHARLBURY, charl/lbr-e, a parish of England, co. of
the value of 300,000 francs yearly.  Iron and gypsum  are  Oxford.
the principal mineral products; iron-forging, paper-making,    CHARLICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
distilling, and tanning, the main branches of manufac-    CHARLICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
turing industry. Capital, Angoulgme. Charnte is divided    CIIAR1LEMONT, a market-town and formerly a parliainto five arrondissements, AngoulSme, Barbezieux, Cognac, mentary borough of Ireland, in Ulster, co. and 6 miles
Confolens, and Ruffec.                                        N.N.W. of Armagh, on the Blackwater River, here crossed
CHARENTE-INF] fRIEURE, shA-r6Nstf-a-'f1'ree'uet, arma-  by a bridge connecting it with Moy, and on the Ulster Caritime department of Western France, having W. the Atlan- nal. Pop. 485. Principal buildings, a strong fort, used as
tic, (Bay of Biscay,) S. the estuary and department of Gi- the ordnance depOt and head artillery quarters for North
ronde, and on other sides the departments of Vend6e, Beux- Ireland.  It gives the title of earl to the Caulfield family.
S6vres, Charente, and Dordogne. Area, including the islands    CtIAR/LEMONT, shaaqle-m6NcG, a hamlet and fortress of
of R6 and Ol6ron, 2650 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 469,992.  France, department of Ardennes.  The fortress is situated
Surface level; soil generally fertile. Principal rivers, the  on a limestone rock, on the left bank of the Meuse, immeCharente, Boutonne, and Sivre-Niortaise.  Corn more than  diately opposite Givet, near the Belgian frontier.  It was
sufficient for home consumption is produced; and wine to  founded by Charles V., and improved by Vaunban.
the estimated value of 800,0001. annually, the greater part    CHAR/LEMONT, a post-township of Franklin co., Massaof which is converted into brandy or vinegar. Pastures good, chusetts, on the line of the Hoosick Tunnel Railroad, and
and live-stock plentiful. The salt-works along the coast are  on the Deerfield River, over which are two covered bridges,
the most valuable in France, and the pilchard, oyster, and  about 50 miles N.E. of Springfield. The scenery is in the
other fisheries are important. Exclusive of ship-building in  highest degree romantic and beautiful, the Ioosick Mounthe government dock-yards of Roch6fort, &c., the principal tains being in full view. Pop. 1173.
manufactures are of glass, earthenware, and leather, with    CHARLEMONT, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
some coarse woollens and soap. Capital, La Rochelle. This    CIHARLEROI, sha'le-roil, or CHARLEROY, shaa'leh-rwal,
department is divided into six arrondissements, La Rochelle,  a strongly fortified town of Belgium, province of Iiainaut,
Jonzac. Marennes, Rochefort, Saluntes, and St. Jean d'Ang6ly.  capital of the arrondissement, on the Sambre, and on the
CHA:RENTON, shA'r/Na0t6cNGt, a town of France, depart-  Brussels and Namur Railway, 23 miles E. of Mons. Pop. in
ment of Seine, on the right bank of the Marne, 5 miles S.E.  1842, 6300, employed in extensive coal-mines, iron foundries,
of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 3219. It is pleasantly situated,  cutlery, glass, and nail factories, brick-yards, woollen cloth
and has many country-houses. A bridge of ten  arches  and yarn factories, &c.; its district being among the most
across the Miarne, which has been frequently the scene  industrious in Belgium. It owes its name to a large fortress
of conflicts for the military possession of the capital, is  built in 1066, during the reign of Charles II. of Spain. It
now guarded by two forts, forming part of the new forti- is connected with Brussels by the Charleroi Canal, and has
fications of Paris; the bridge unites this village with the  a large cattle fair for ten days, from August 5th.
hamlet of Charenton St. 3Maurice, where there is a large na-    CHARLES, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
tional lunatic asylum.                                          CHARLES, a county in the S.W. part of iMaryland, borCHARENTON, a town of France, department of Cher, on  derins on the Potomac, which separates it from Virginia,
the Berri Canal. 27 miles S.S.E. of Bourges.  Pop. 1436.      has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the
CHARlENTON, sharren-tont, (Fr. pron. shAcr NSat6Na',) a  S. and W. by the Potomac, and also drained by the Wicopost-village of St. Mary's parish, Louisiana, on the E. bank of  mice River. The surface is somewhat uneven; the soil inthe river Teche, 80 miles, by water, from the Gulf of Mexico. different.  First settled in 1640. Capital, Port Tobacco.
CHIARENZAT, sh'r5N'z1/, a village of France, depart- Pop. 16,162, of whom 6578 were free, and 9584 slaves.
ment of Puy-de-DSme, 23 miles W.N.W. of Rieom. Pop. 2211.    CHARLES CAPE. See CAPE CHARLes.
CI-IHARFIELD, a parish of Englaud, co. ofGloucester.          CIHARLES CITY, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia,
CHARIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.               has an area of 184 square miles. James River forms its enCHARTIKARI, a town of Afghanistan, 36 miles N. of Ca- - tire boundary on the S., and the Chickahominy on the N.
boheel. Pop. 5000. It is flourishing, and has a castle, the  and E. The surface is rolling.  Charles City was one of
residence of a local chief, with an active commerce in coarse  the eight original shires into which Virginia was divided in
cotton cloths, and a transit trade across the Hindoo Koosh;  1634. It has given birth to two Presidents of the United
the duties from both sources are stated to amount to 10001. States, Harrison and Tyler. Capital, Charles City Courtannually. In 1841, it was the station of a British garrison,  House. Pop. 5200, of whom 2436 were free, and 2764 slaves.
afterwards almost wholly destroyed in its retreat to Cabool.    CIIHARLES CITY  COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital
CHRARINJ-, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                of Charles City co., Virginia, 30 miles S.S.E. of Richmond.
CHARITE, LA, l sh&'ree4tA, a town of France, depart-    CHARLES ISLAND, one of the Galapagos, 20 miles long
ment of Ni6vre, on the Loire, here crossed by a handsome  firom N. to S., and about 15 miles broad. Let. 10 15' 24" S.;
bridge, 14 miles N.N.W. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852, 4944.        Ion. 900 31' 45" W.
CHARITON, or GRAND CIHARITON RIVER, of Iowa    CIHARLES ISLAND, an island off the S. coast of Spitzand Missouri, rises in the S. part of Iowa, and flows S.E., bergen. Let. (S. point) 780 13' N.; Ion. 110 55' E.
through Appanoose county, to the boundary between those    CI-HARLES ISLAND, an island of North America, in
states. It then pursues a southerly course, and falls into  Hudson's Strait. Let. (E. point) 620 44' N.; Ion. 740 18' W.
the Mhissouri River near the S. extremity of Chariton coun-    CI-HARLES ISLAND, an island of British North America,
ty, and a few miles above Glasgow. Its whole length is es- in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near its N. coast. Lat. 500 12'
timated at 250 miles, for about 50 of which it is navigable  N.; ion. 630 15' W. It is 3 miles long, and I' miles broad.
by keel-boats. Branches.-The East Chariton River rises  On its N. side it has a safe though confined harbor.
near the N. border of Macon county, and, flowing first    CIHIARLES RIVER, rises in Worcester county, Massachusouthward and then S.W., enters the main stream in Chari- setts, and, pursuing a winding course through Norfolk and
ton county, about 1 mile from its from  its mouth. The  Middlesex counties, it meets the tide-waters and forms part
Middle Fork rises in Macon county, and, flowing S.S.W.,  of Boston harbor. It is navigable to Watertown, 7 miles W.
falls into the East Chariton about 10 miles N. of Glasgow.   of Boston.
CIIARITON, a county in the N. central part of Missouri,    CHARLES  RIVER, a mill-stream  of Washington co.,
has an area of 740 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W.  Rhode Island, unites with Wood River to form the Pawcaby the Missouri River, on the W. by Grand River, and is  tuck.
intersected by the Chariton River, from which it derives its    CHARLES  RIVER VILLAGE, a post-village of Norfolk
name. The county is also drained by Yellow and Wolf  co., Massachusetts, 18 miles S.W. of Boston.
Creeks. The surface is generally undulating, and diversified    CIARLESTON, charlz'ton, a maritime village of Scotland,
by forests and beautiful prairies, the soil of which is fertile  co. of Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 3 miles S.W. of Dunfermand well adapted to pasturage.  Stone coal and limestone  line. Pop. 772. It has a harbor, and extensive lime-works
are abundant in the county. The streams furnish motive-  on an estate of the Earl of Elgin, and extensive export of
power for mills. Capital, Keytesville.  Pop. 7514, of whom   coals.
5736 were free, and 1778 slaves.                               CHARLESTON, a small maritime village of England, co.
CHARITON, a village in Chariton co., Missouri, near the  of Cornwall, on its S.W. coast, parish and 1I miles from  St.
Missouri River, about 62 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.       Austell. Its harbor is defended by a strong battery, and it
CHARITON, a post-village of Lucas co., Iowa, about 110  annually exports 7000 tons of porcelain clay, artificiallypremil.s W.S.W. of Iowa City.                                   pared from granite.
CIHIARITON MILLS, a small village of Adair co., Missouri.   CI-ARLESTON, the capital town of the British West
CHARITON MILLS, a village of Schuyler co., Missouri,  Indian island of Nevis, on its N.W. coast. Pop. in 1844,
on Chariton River.                                           1806.
2 B                                                                             417




COHA                                                       CHA
CHARLESTON, charlzlton, a district in the S.E. part of  doewed, and accommodates about 150 children; the build
South Carolina, bordering on thle Atlantic.  Area, 1906  ing is one of the most remarkable in the city. A commodisquare miles. The Santee River forms its boundary on the  ous alms-house is provided for the poor, and a new customN.N.E. It is drained by the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, house is about to be erected, the base of which is!to be of
which unite to form the harbor of Charleston. The surface  granite, and the superstructure of marble. Charleston conis level, and, being but little elevated above tide-water, is in  tains about 30 churches, a theatre, several first-class hotels,
some places subject to inundation. The soil is generally  (one of which, the City Hotel, cost $150,000,) 4 cotton presses,
sandy, and some portions of it are veryproductive.  The  a cotton factory, 5 or 6 engine manufactories, a large numpalmetto and pine are among the indigenous forest-trees. her of grist mills, 5 ship-yards, and an extensive dry-dock, at
A canal, 22 miles long, has been opened in this district, which the largest vessels, with their cargoes, can be drawn
from the Santee to the Cooper River; and the South Ca'o- up in about three hours. There are also in the city 9 banks
lina Railroad terminates at Charleston, the capital of the  under the direction of companies, with an aggregate capital
district. Charleston is by far the most populous district in  of $11,153,582, 6 individual incorporated banks, having
the state. Pop. 72,805,of whom 28,429 werefree, and44,376  an aggregate capital of $8,030,235, and a circulation of
slaves.                                                     $3,944,660, and several insurance and other incorporated
CHARLESTON, a post-townshipof Penobscot co., Maine,  companies. Two of the nine banks of Charleston, with a
65 miles N.E. of Augusta. It contains an academy and seve- capital of $1,000,000 each, were chartered by the legislature
ral stores. Pop. 1283.                                      of 1852-53.
CHIARLESTON, a township of Orleans co., Vermont, 55    Commerce.-The  chief exports of Charleston are cotton
miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1008.                        and rice. The average crop of sea-island cotton, in South
CIHARLESTON, a post-township of Montgomery co., New  Carolina, is from 22,000 to 23,000 bales, about two-thirds of
York, 36 miles W.N.W. of Albany, borders on Schoharie  which comes to Charleston; the rest goes to Savannah. The
River. Pop. 2216.                                           rice crop of the state is usually in the neighborhood of
CHARLESTON, a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 130,000 tierces, of which Charleston receives all, except 1000
10 miles W. of Flemiugton.                                  or 1500 tierces going to Georgetown.  During the year endCIARLESTON, a post-township and village of Tioga co., ing August 31. 1854, Charleston exported 24,761 bales of
Pennsylvania, 3 miles E. of Wellsborough. Pop. 1470.        sea-island cotton, 408,278 bales of upland cotton, 323,064
CHARLESTON, a handsome post-village, capital of Kana-  bushels of rough rice, about as much cleaned rice, and
wha co., Virginia, is situated on the Kanawha River, 60  23,844,650 feet of lumber. Tobacco was also exported in
miles from its mouth, and at its confluence with Elk River, considerable quantities. Since the opening of railroad com308 miles W. by N. of Richmond. The river at this place is  munscation with the great agricultural region of the West,
about 300 yards-wide, and is navigable by steamboats at all Charleston has become the centre of an important trade in
seasons; The principal thoroughfare from Richmond to the  flour.  The quantity received here in 1853 amounted to
Ohio River passes through the town, which is the centre of  about 80,000 barrels, of which 30,000 were exported coastanactive trade. It contains 3 or 4 churches, a branch bank,  wise and foreign, 3000 barrels being sent to Liverpool.
and a printing office.  The District Court of the United  The total amount of the exports during the year 1852
States is held here twice each year. The county contains  was $12,899,620.  Charleston exports more rice than any
abundance of coal, and a number of salt-springs. The other city in the Union, and is surpassed only by New
name of the post-office is KANAWHA COURT —I:ousE.   Pop. Orleans and Mobile in the exportation of cotton. In 1820,
1092.                                                      the imports were nearly equal to one-half of the exports;
CHARLESTON, a port of entry, capital of a district of its  now they are only about one-eighth. The revenue colown name, and the largest city of South Carolina, is situ- lected at this port in 1801, amounted to $2,257,100; in 1843
ated on a tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and  it had fallen to'155,405, being the smallest amount colCooper, which unite immediately below the town, and form  lected in any one year, with the exception of 1814. since
a spacious harbor, commun icating with the ocean at Sulli- the establishment of the federal government.  This decline
van's Island, 7 miles below. It is 118 miles N.E. of Savan-  is explained by the fact that the imports, which formeily
nab, 580 S.W. of Baltimore, and 540 from Washington. Lat. came directly to Charleston,. are now entered at Northern
320 461 N.; Ion. 790 571 W. Cooper and Ashley Rivers are  ports.  The imports in 1852 were $1,767,343, of which
from 30 to 40 feet deep, the fornier 1400, and the latter 2100  $1,285,716 were by American vessels, and $481,627 by foreign
yards wide. The ground on which the city is built is ele- vessels. Charleston formerly was extensively engaged in
vated 8 or 9 feet above the level of the harbor at high tide, ship-building, but of late years this business has very much
which rises about six feet, flowing by the city with a strong  declined. In 1852, only 6 vessels (tons, 852) were built. In
current, thus contributing to its salubrity. A sandbar ex- 1854, the numbser was increased to 21, but the tonnage
tends across the mouth of the harbor; affording, however, to only 956. The nunmber of ships and brigs owned and
two entrances, of which the deepest, near Sullivan's Island, sailing from this port, is also much smaller than it was ten
has 16 feet of water at low tide. The harbor is defended by  years ago. Still, the commerce is important. There are
Fort Pinckney and Fort Johnson, each on an island, the  lines of steamers-3 steamships to New York, 2 to P'hiladelformer 2, and the latter 4 miles below the city, and also by  phia, 1 to Baltimore, and 1 to Havana; of sailing vesselsFort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island.                        11 ships, 2 barques, 8 brigs, and 5 schooners to New York;
Charleston is regularly built, and extends about 2 miles  3 barques and 3 brigs to Boston; 3 barques, 3 birigs, andi 3
in length, and nearly 1. miles in breadth. The streets, schooners to New Orleans; 2 brigs and 8 or 9 schooners to
many of which are 60 or 70 feet broad, and bordered with  Philadelphia;  and 5 or 6 schooners to Baltimore. Besides
the Pride of India and other beautiful shade-trees, pass, for these, there is a large number of vessels of various classes
the most part, parallel to each other, from the Cooper to the  engaged in foreign commerce. The entire shipping of the
Ashley River, and are intersected by others nearly at right port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 22,526
angles. Many of the houses are of brick, some of which are  tons registered, and 19,616 tons enrolled and licensed.
in a style of superior elegance; others are of wood, neatly    The great extent of railroads that open communication
painted, and embowered during the summer season amid a  with the interior, affords Charleston superior advantages for
profusion of foliage and flowers. The dwellings are often  inland trade. The IHamburg Railroad, 136 miles in length,
furnished with piazzas extending to the roof, and orna- was, at the time of its completion in 1833, the longest railmented with vines or creepers, while the gardens attached  road in the world. It has since been extended through
to them are adorned with the orange, peach, and other choice  Georgia to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee River, 438 miles
trees, and a variety of shrubbery.                         from Charleston.  Another railroad has recently been comInstitutions.-Charleston contains numerous educational pleted from the Georgia road to Nashville, a distance of
and literary institutions, among which may be mentioned  about 150 miles, thereby opening direct steam communicathe Medical College of the State of South Carolina, a flourish-  tion between Charleston and the navigable waters of the
in0 school, founded in 1833. The Charleston College was Tennessee, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers.  A railroad, 68
founded in 1785, chartered anew in 1791, and again re-or- miles in length, connects Columbia, the capital of the state,
ganized in 1837. This institution has of late been greatly  130 miles from Charleston, with the South Carolina road at
improved; extensive additions have been made to the main  Branchville. This is to be extended to Greenville, about
building, and another professorship established, entitled the  120 miles N.WV. of Columbus. A portion of the road friom
chair of Intellectual Philosophy and Greek Literature. It Greenville is already in operation. Another branch road,
is now in a very prosperous condition, with an able faculty, 37 miles in length, extends to Camden, and is to be contiand the number of students steadily increasing. The Lite- nued 109 miles farther to Charlotte, North Carolina.  A
racy and Philosophical Society has a valuable collection of  line of steamnboats makes daily trips to Wilmington, thus
specimens in natural history. The Apprentices' Association  opening comnmunication with the great Northern route of
possesses alibrary of 10,000 volumes, and maintains an an-  travel. Steamboats also ply between Charleston and the
nual course of lectures upon scientific subjects. The City  places along the coast.
Lbrary nunmbers about 20,000 volumes; besides which    The press of Charleston comprises 4 daily and 4 or 5 weekly
there is a Mercantile Library Association.  There are in  papers, besides several other periodicals.  The "Medical
the city a high school and several common schools, all of Journal," issued every two months, ranks among the first
which are in a flourishing condition. The high school was publications of the kind in the'Union.
established in 1839, and is endowed with $1000 per annum     The citizens of Charleston are distinguished for their hosfor a hundred years. The number of pupils in attendance  pitality and refinement, and perhaps no place in the United
is usually from 130 to 150. The orphan asylum is richly en- States affords more agreeable society. In winter, it is pars418




OIIA                                                       CHA
ticularly pleasant as a residence, and is much resorted to by  avenues, lMain and Bunker IHill streets, extend nearly
persons from other parts of the Union.                     through the entire length of the peninsula. These are inHistory.-The'city of Charleston is one of the most an- tersected at various angles by those passing from the Mystic
cient in the United States, its foundations having been laid  to Charles River, and others leading to different sections of
in 1672. Some 15 years afterward, a company of French re- the city. Charlestown enjoys a salubrious atmosphere, and
fugees, exiled from their native country on account of their  is for the most part handsomely built. The principal pubreligious faith, settled in South Carolina, a part of them at lie edifices are the churches, 8 or 9 in number, a bank, and
Charleston. From this noble stock, the French Huguenots, a state's prison. The latter is situated at the western exhave sprung some of the first iamilies of Charleston. In  tremity of the city, on what is called Prison Point. It con1731, the city contained 600 houses and 5 churches, and in  sists of an octagonal centre, with four wings, having its in1741, 230 vessels were laden at its wharves. It was incor- terior arrangements upon the Auburn plan. The public
porated in 1783. On the 28th of June, 1776, the garrison on  schools of Charlestown are organized upon the graded sysSullivan's Island, consisting of 400 men, under the com- temn, and comprise a high school, grammar school, and 30
mand of Colonel Moultrie, sustained an assault from a Bri- primary schools. The usual number of pupils in attendtish squadron of 9 ships of war, and triumphantly repulsed  ance is about 3600. The city has also a flourishing female
them, losing only 32 men killed and wounded, while the  seminary. Two newspapers are published here-one weekly
enemy's loss amounted to nearly 200. Charleston was after- and the other semi-weekly.  The chief object of interest,
wards besieged by the British under Sir HIenry Clinton, from  however, to persons visiting Charlestown, is the Bunker
the Ist of April, 1780, until lay 12th, when is was surren-  Hill Monunment, erected in commemoration of the first great
dered by General Lincoln. It was held by the enemy until battle fought between the British and Americans.  It
May, 1782. Charlestosi has suffered greater disasters by fire  stands on Breed's hill, usually called Bunker H1ill, near the
than almost any city in the United States. In 1778, 252  spot where the brave Warren fell. Its foundations, which
houses were consumed, and in 1796 nearly a third part of  are 50 feet above the level of the sea, are enclosed 12 feet
the city, involving a destruction of property to the amount under ground. The corner-stone was laid by the Marquis
of $2,500,000. Again, at the great fire in 1838, the loss was La F'ayette, June 17, 1825, th6 fiftieth anniversary of the
estinmated at $5,000,000. Pop. in 1800,18,711; in 1810, 24,711; battle. June 17, 1843, the completion of the monument
in 1820, 24,780; in 1830, 30,280; in 1840, 29,261; in 1850, was celebrated, in the presence of the President of the
42,985, of which 14,692 were slaves.                       United States, many of the members of his cabinet, and a
Charleston Light-house, on Light-house Island, Charles- vast concourse of citizens. It consists of a plain granite
ton harbor, is 1251 feet high, and exhibits a revolving light. shaft, 220 feet high, 31 feet square at the base, and 15 at the
Lat. 32042' N., Ion. 790 54' 12" W.                        top. Within is a winding stairway, by which it is ascended
CHARLESTON, a post-village in Tallahatches co., Missis-  to a chamber immediately under the apex, 11 feet in diame
sippi, about 125 miles N. of Jackson.                      ter, containing 4 windows, which afford a magnificent panoCHARLESTON, a post-village of Bradley co., Tennessee, on  ramic view of the surrounding country. In this chamber
the H.Fliawassee River. and on the East Tennessee and Geor- are two of the four cannon which constituted the whole
gin Railroad, 75 miles S.W. of Knoxville, has about 200 in- train of field artillery possessed by the Americans at the
habitants.                                                 commencement of the was-, in April, 1775. These two pieces
CHARLESTON, a village of Cass co., Michigan, 174 miles  are named respectively Hancock and Adams.
W. of Detrioit, has about 80 inhabitants.                    The United States Navy-yard at Charlestown, established
CHARLESTON, a post-township in the E. part of Kala- about the year 1798, is situated at the foot of Bunker Hill
mazoo co., Michigan. Pop. 846.                             It occupies an area of front 70 to 80 acres, extending fromCHARLESTON, a village of Hancock co., Indiana, 25 miles  the mouth of Charles River to Chelsea Bridge, and is enE.N.E. of Indianapolis.                                    closed on the laud side by a high stone wall. The dry-doclk,
CHARLESTON, a post-village and township, capital of  at its upper end, was completed in 1833, at a cost of $670,089.
Coles co., Illinois, on the border of Grand Prairie, near  It is constructed of chiselled granite, 341 feet long, and 80
Embarras River,.81 miles E. by S. of Springfield.  The  wide, having a depth of 30 feet. The first vessel received
route of the Alton and  Terre ISaute Railroad passes  was the United States frigate Constitution. There are also
through it. Pop. 849.                                      in the yard four large ship-houses, a granite ropewalk 1300
CIHIARLESTON, avillage of Adair co., Missouri, 110 miles  feet long, the dwellings of the officers, and naval stores to
N. by VW. of Jefferson City.                               the amount of some $2,000,000. Connected with it is a
CHARLESTON, a post-village, capital of Mississippi co., naval hospital, located in Chelsea. But little manufacturMissouri, about 6 miles S.W. of the Mississippi River, and  ing is done in Charlestown, except in the article of sofas, in
260 miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City.                        the productionxof which a large amount of capital is emCHiIARLESTON, a pleasant post-village of Lee co., Iowa, ployed.
about 8 miles W. of the Mississippi IRiver. and 18 miles    Charlestown is memorable for its sufferings during the
N.N.W. of Keokuk.  It is. on the route of the plank-road  Revolutionary War. In the early part of the battle of Bunker
which is progressing fiom Keokuk up the valley of the Des  Shill, fought June 17, 1775, the town was set on fire by the
Moines, and is surrounded by a beautiful, fertile farming  British. and burned to the ground. Incorporated a city in
region. Pop. in 1851 about 500.                            1847. Pop. 17,216.
CHARLESTON, or EAST HATLEY, a post-village of Ca-   CISARLESTOWN, a post-village and township of Washnada East, co. of Stanstead, 17 miles S. of Sherbrooke, and  ington co., Rhode Island, on the Stonington and Providence
about 85 miles E. of Montreal. It contains a church, a  Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Newport. Within its limits is an
young ladies' school, apd several stores.                  Indian settlement, numbering about 100, the last of the
CHARLESTON, a village of Canada West, co. of Leeds, powerful tribe of Narragansetts. Incorporated in 1738, and
near the St. Lawrence, about 18 miles E.N.E. of Kingston. named in honor of Charles II. Pop. 694.
It contains a church, a store, and several mills. Pop. about    CHARLESTOWN, a village and township of Chester co.,
150.                                                       Pennsylvania, on Pickering Creek, 12 miles N. of West ChesCIIARLESTON FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Mont- ter. The village contains 2 churches, a cotton factory, and
gomery co., New York.                                      about 20 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 979.
CHARLESTON OF ABOYNE, a village of Scotland, co. of    CHARLESTOWN, a post-village of Cecil co., MIaryland, on
Aberdeen, parish of Aboyne, on the Dee, here crossed by a  the North-east River, near its entrance into Chesapeake Bay,
suspension bridge, 27$ miles W. of Aberdeen. It has six  about 44 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore.
annual fairs. In its vicinity is Aboyne Castle, the seat of    CHAIIRLESTOWN, a flourishing post-village, capital of Jefthe Marquis of Iuntly.                                    ferson co., Virginia, on the Winchesterand Potomac Railroad,
CI{ARLESTOWN, charlzIt6wn, apost-village and township  168 miles N. of Richmond, 60 miles N.W. of 4Vashington,
of Sullivan co., New Hampshire, on the E. side of the Connec- and 8 miles S.W. of Harper's Ferry. It is surrounded by a
ticut, across which is abridgeto Springfield, in Vermont, and  fertile and beautiful region, and forms part of the Valley of
on the Sullivan Railroad, 50 nilese W. of Concord. It is a  Virginia. Colonel Charles Washington, a brother of Geneplace of active trade, and has a bank, and manufitctures of  ral Washington, resided at this place and was the propriewoollen goods. Pop. 1644.                                 tor of the land on which the towvn is built. Charlestown
CHARLESTOWN, a city and  seaport of Middlesex  contains 3 or 4 churches, 1 academy, 1 bank, and about a
county, Massachusetts, is situated on a peninsula imme- dozen stores. Pop. estimated at 1500.
diately N. of Boston,  with which it is connected by the    CIARLESTOWN, a post-village of Franklin co., Arkansas,
Warren and Charles River bridges. It is 237 miles by rail- on the Arkansas River, 110 miles W.N.W. of Little Rock.
road N.E. of New York; 200 miles E. by S. fiom Albany;    CHARLESTOWN, a village of Clarke co., Ohio, on the
and 111 miles S.S.W. of Portland; lat. 420 2' N., hon. 710 3' railroad, 40 miles W.S.W. of Columbus..33  V W. The peninsula extends from the mainland of Sum-   CIHARLESTOWN, a post-township in the E. central part
merville about 2 miles in a south-easterly direction, between  of Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 809.
the estuaries of the Mystic and Charles Rivers.  These are    CHARLESTOWN, a village of Portage co., Ohio, 6 miles
crossed by three public bridges, two over the former, and  E. of Ravenna.
one over the latter. The surface is remnarkably uneven, and    CHIARLESTOWN,  a township and thriving post-village,
near the centre rises into two prominences, called Bunker's  capital of Clarke co., Indiana, is situated 2r miles from the
and Breed's SIills, the summits and slopes of which afford  Ohio River, and 15 miles N.N.E. of Louisville, in Kentucky.
delightful sites fbr dwellings. The streets, though irregu- It is surrounded by excellent land, and has an active busilar, are generally spacious and finely shaded.. Two broad  nesS. It contains a large court-house, a county seminary, a
419




CHA                                                        CHA
female high school, and 4 or 5 churches.  First settled irn  gan, about 20 miles S.W. of Lansing, and 2 miles N. of Bat.
1808. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1600. Pop. of the town- tie Creek.
ship in 1850, 3902.                                          CHARLOTTE, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa.
CHARLESTOWN, apost-village of Calumet co., Wisconsin.   CHARLOTTE, a post-office of Grant co., Wisconsin.
CIIARLESVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of Stor-   CHARLOTTE, a maritime county in the S.W. part of New
mont, on the St. Lawrence, about 110 miles N.E. of Kings- Brunswick, bounded on the S. by the Bay of Fundy and
ton. It contains 2 stores, 2 potteries, a potash factory, and  Passamaquoddy Bay, and on the W. and S.W. by Maine,
several saw and grist mills. Pop. about 275.               from which it is separated by the St. Croix River. NumneCHARLES/WORTH, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby.  rous indentations mark the coast, off which are the Grand
CHARLETON, charlltpn, a parish of England, co. of  Manan, Campo Bello and Deer Islands, belonging to this
Devon.                                                      county.  The soil is fertile, but the greater. part of the
CIARLETON, QUEEN, a parish of England, co. of So- county, however, is covered with forests.  The chief inmerset.                                                     dustry of the inhabitants is directed to commerce, shipCHARLEVAL, sh"aaql-v 11, a town of France, department  building, and the fisheries. Charlotte, next to St. Johns, is
of Eure, 9 miles N.N.W. of Andelys, on the Andelle.  Pop. the most populous county in New Brunswick.  Capital, St.
in 1852, 1316. Its name is derived from a chateau built by  Andrews. Pop. in 1851, 19,938.
Charles IX. It was originally called NovsN-suR-ANDsELLS,    CIHARLOTTE  AMALIE, shar'lottl A-m&/le-eh, or ST.
no'yNG/lsiLi)-SeNcd61 1  from a fortress built by IHenry I. of  THOMAS, sent-tomlas, a town of the Danish West Indies,
England.                                                    capital of the island of St. Thomas. Pop. in 1847, 10,100,
CIIARLEVILLE,  shau'lg-veelf,  called  LIBREVILLE,  of whom 2100 were slaves. It is built chiefly on three hills,
leeb'r'-veeYll under the first republic, a town of France, de- which are so many spurs of a high mountain that rises
partment of Ardennes, ~ mile N.N.E. of MCzibres, with which  directly behind the city. It has an excellent harbor, and an
it communicates by an avenue and suspension bridge, across  extensive trade. It is defended by the citadel of Christian's
the Meuse. Pop. in 1852, 9162. It is well built, clean, and  Fort, and 2 batteries. The towfi has a Lutheran, a Rioman
handsome; it has a college, an ecclesiastical school, a public  Catholic, an English, and a Dutch Reformed church, a Jewish
library with 22,000 volumes, and a theatre. Since the seven- synagogue, a chapel for the Moravian Brothers, and a local
teenth century, when it ceased to beea fortress, it has become  and an English colonial bank.  See Sc. Tssoms~s.
thriving, though the national manufactory of arms has been    CHARLOTTE CENTRE, a post-office of Chautauque co.,
transferred to Tulle and Chatellerault, it has still pretty ex- New York.
tensive manufactures of muskets, nailworks, copper found-    CHARLOTTE COURT-IIOUSE. See MAi-IYSVmILLE.
ries, and tanneries, with a port on the river, and active    CHARLOTTE  HALL, a post-village in St. Mary's co., ItMaexport trade in wine, spirits, coal, iron, and slates.      ryland, about 45 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis.
CHARLEVILLE, shasie-vi, (anc. Rathggoan,) a town,   CHARLOTTE HARBOR or BOCA GRANDE, bolkA grandparish, municipal borough, and formerly parliamentary ho- dA, on the W. coast of Florida, sheltered from the sea by
rough of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, 22 miles W.S.W.  several islands. It is about 25 miles long, and from 8 to 10
of Limerick. Pop. of town, 4287. It consists mostly of 4  miles wide, but very shoal, having a depth of only 10 or 12
streets, crossing at right angles, and is pretty well built. It feet. The entrance, which is about three-fourths of a mile
gives the title of earl to the Barry family; but the town and  wide, and 6 fathoms deep, lies between Boca Grande  Key
vicinity are the property of the Earl of Cork and Ossory, and Gasperillo Bay. This harbor is noted for producing the
whose mansion here was burnt by the Duke of Berwick, finest oysters and the greatest variety of fish, wild-fowl, and
in 1690.                                                    deer of any upon the whole coast.
CHARLEVOIX, sharele-voyl, an unorganized county in    CHARLOTTE ISLANDS.  See QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S ISLANDS.
the N. part of Michigan, bordering on Lake Michigan. Area,   CIHARLOTTENBRUNN, shaa-lotltgn-br65n.,        a town of
estimated at 620 square miles.  Its outline is indented by  Prussian Silesia, 42 miles S.W. of Breslau, with mineral
Little Traverse Bay. The census of 1850 furnishes no in- springs and baths.  Pop. 1070. It has manufactures of
formation respecting this county.                           linens and cottons.
CHAR/LEY'S RANCHO, runlcho, a post-office of Butte co.,   CHARLOTTENBU RG, shaR-lot/tgn-b65aG', a town of PrusCalifornia.                                                 sia, province of Brandenburg, on the left bank of the Spree,
CHARLIEU, shaRqle-vh, (anc. Carileocus,) atownofFrance,  3 miles W. of Berlin, with which it communicates by a
department of Loire, 38 miles N.E. of Montbrison. Pop. in  straight avenue, bordered  by villas.  Pop. 7290, partly
1.852, 3984, partly employed in manufactures of cotton and  employed in steam cotton mills, cotton print-works, manulinen stuffs. It has ruins of a Benedictine abbey of the  factures of hosiery, &c.  It is handsomely built, and has
eleventh century.                                           2 royal palaces, and a park with  statues of the elector
CHARLOE, chartlo, a post-village, capital of Paulding co., Frederick William and his son Frederick I., and a menuOhio, on the Auglaize River, and on the Miami Canal, 137 ment to Louisa of Prussia, consort of the late king. It is a
miles N.W. of Columbus. It was laid out in 1840.            favorite place of holiday resort for the population of Berlin.
CHARLOIS, shailiwa', a village of the Netherlands, in    CI-IARLOTTE RIVER, an affluent of the East Branch of
South Holland, on the Meuse, 2 miles S.S.W. of Rotterdam. the Susquehanna, forms part of the boundary between OtPop. 2000.                                                  sero, Schioharie, and Delaware counties, New York.
CHARLOTTE, shar/lot, a county in the S.S.E. part of Vir-   CItARLOTTESVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New
ginia, has an area of 550 square miles. Staunton River York, about 30 miles fiom Albany. It is the seat of the New
washes its entire S.W. border. The surface is uneven; the  York Conference Seminary, attended by about 1000 pupils.
soil is partly fertile and partly poor. The Richmiond and    CISARLOTTESVILLE, shaf1lots-vil, a flourishing town,
Danville Railroad passes through the county. Formed from   capital of Albemarle co., Virginia, on the right bank of the
Lunenberg in 1794. Capital, Marysville.  Pop. 13,955; of  Rivanna River, and on the Central Railroad, 81 miles W. by
whom 4967 were free, and 8988 slaves.                       N. of Richmond, and 123 miles S.W. of Washington.  It is
CHARLOTTE, a post-township of Washington co., Mains, beautifully situated in a fertile valley, and is connected by
20 miles N.E. of Machias. Pop. 718.                        railroad with Richmond and other towns. One mile W. of
CHARLOTTE, a post-village and township of Chittenden  the town is the University of Virginia, which was founded
co., Vermont, on the E. side of Lake Champlain, and on the  in 1819. under the auspices of Thomas Jefferson, and is
Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 11 miles W. of Montpe-  endowed by the state.  An  observatory is attached to
lier. Pop. 1634.                                           this institution. See Table of Colleges, ArPENDIX. MontiCIIARLOTTE, a township of Chautauque co., New York, cello, the residence of Jefferson, who was a native of Albeabout 15 miles N.E. of Maysville. Pop. 1718.               marie county, is 3 miles distant.  Charlottesville contains
CHARLOTIE, formerly PORT GENESEE, a post-village  churches of the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, and
of Monroe co., New York, on Genesee River, at its entrance  Methodists, 2 banks, and 4 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853,
into Lake Ontario, 7 miles N. of Rochester, with which it is  about 2600.
connected by a railroad. It has a steamboat landing, a cus-   CHARLOTTESVILLE, a post-village in Hancock co., Intom-house, and several warehouses.                         diana. on the Indiana Central Railroad, about 30 miles E.
CHIARLOTTE, a thriving town, capital of Mecklenburg  of Indianapolis.
co., North Carolina, on Sugar Creek, 158 miles W.S.W. of    CHAR/LOTTE-TOWN, the capital of Prince Edward Island,
Raleigh. It is one of the principal towns in the W. part of British Amnerica, and of Queens co., on Hillsborough River,
the state, and has rapidly increased for a few years past, in  near the southern coast, with one of the best harbors in the
consequence of the gold mines which have been opened in  adjacent seas. Lat. 460 15' N., Ion. 630 7' W. Pop. 4717. It
the vicinity. A branch mint has been established here for is well built on gently rising ground. The principal edithe purpose of coining the gold. This towrn is the terminus  fices are the government buildings, Episcopal and Scotch
of the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, lately finished, churches several chapels, the barracks, and a fort. It has'
and of the Central lailroad of North Carolina, now in pro- an academy endowed with 270l. a year, a national school, an
gress of construction. It contains several churches, 2 news- iron foundry, a manufactory of coarse woollens and shippaper offices, and 2 banks. A plank-road, 120 miles long, building yards.
extends to Fayetteville. Pop. in 1853, about 2500.           CHIARLOTTE-TOWN, the capital of Dominica, one of the
CHARLOTTE, a post-village, capital of Dickson co., Ten- West India islands, on its western coast, 21 miles S.E. of
nessee, on the road fi-om Nashville to Mlemphis, 38 miles W. Prince Rupert's Bay. See DOMIsoNIcA.
%f Nashville. It contains about 200 inhabitants.            CHARLTON, an island of British North  America, in
CHARLOTTE, a post-village, capital of Eaton co., Michi- James's Bay. Lat. 520 N., lon. 790 50' iW.
420




CHA                                                          CHA
CHARLTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1-1 miles    CH-ARS. shan, a  town of France, department of the
N.E. of Dover. Pop. 2513.                                      Seine-et-Oise, 11 miles N.W. of Ponteise, on the Viosne. It
CIIAIRLTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 24 miles  was formerly fortified, and has an old castle.
N.E. of Malmesbury.  Pop. 683.                                   CHARSqFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
CIHIARLTON, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachu-    CHARSHUMIBIA, char-shitmtba, written CIARSHAMBA
seots, about 12 nmiles S.W. of Worcester.  Pop. 2052.          or TCHERCHEMBEH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic
CHARLTON, a post-township of Saratoga co., New York,  of Room, 10 miles from  the mouth of the Yeshil Irmak,
25 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 1902.                          (called also Charshambih-Soo,) on the Black Sea, lat. 410
CIHARL'TON-ABIBOTS, a parish of England, co. of Glouen-  11' N., ion. 360 40' E. The greater number of the houses are
cester.                                                        surrounded by gardens, and the land in the vicinity is'
CHARLITON ADIAMI, a parish of Eng land, co. of Somerset.  fertile and well cultivated.
CHARLTON DEPOT, a post-office of Worcester co., Massa-    C-IARITER-HOUE.-HINITON, a parish of England, co.
chusetts.                                                     of Somerset.
CHARLTON-HORET- IORNE, charlfton-hlrfthorn, a pa-    CHART, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
rish of England. co. of Somerset.                                CHIARTHAM, chartlm. a parish of England, co. of
CIIARLTON, KINGS, a parishofEngland,co. of Gloucester.  Kent.
CIHIARLTON-MACKJIEL, a parish of England, co. of So-    CI-HARTIERS, charlteers, a township of Alleghany co.,
merset.                                                       Pennsylvania.
CHARLITON-.,ARISHALL,  a parish  of England, co. of    CIJARTIEIRS, a post-township of Washington co.,,PennDorset.                                                       sylvania, 22 miles S.W. of Pittsburg, drained by Chartiers
CHIARL/TON-MUSIGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of  Creek. Pop. 1677.
Somerset.                                                       CI-IARTIERS'S CREEK, Pennsylvania, rises in WashingCHARLITON-NEXT-WOOLWICH, a parish and village  ton co., and flows into the Ohio River, 4 miles below Pittsof England, co. of Kent, 8 miles S.E. of London. Pop. 2655.  burg.
The village is picturesquely situated on elevated ground         CHART, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
near the Thames.  It has an interesting church, and a            CHART  NEXT SUTTON-VALIENCE, a parish of Engstately manor-house in the Elizabethan style. There is a  land, co. of Kent.
fair on  St. Luke's day, called "Horn  Fair,"  from  the    CHARITPRE, LA  1& shart'r, a town of France, department
custom of carrying small horns, probably in honor of St.  of Sarthe,  on the Loire, 25 miles S.E. of Le Mans.  Pop. in
Luke's bull, and formerly notorious for rather indecent  1852, 1613. It trades in cattle and grain.
mummeries, which gave rise to the saying "All is fair at    CHAIIRTTRES,  shart'r, (aRc. Auztricum,) a city of France,
Horn Fair."                                                    capital of the department of Eure-et-Loir, on a steep decli~ CItARLITON-ON-OTIMOOR, a parish of England, co. of  vity beside the Eure, 47 miles S.W. of Paris; lat. 450 26'
Oxford.                                                        53" N., Ion. 10 29' 20" E. Pop. in 1852, 18,234.  It is mostly
CHARLITON-WESTIPORT, a parish of England, co. of  ill built; the only remarkable edifices are the celebrated
Wilts.                                                         Gothic cathedral, the most perfect in France, two other
CIIARLWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.              remarkable churches, an episcopal palace, vast barracks,
CHARLY, shar2leel, several villages of France; the chief  occupying an old convent, a theatre, some portions of its
in the department of Aisne, 42 miles S.S.W. of Laon. Pop.  old fortifications, comprising two gates; and in one of the
in 1852. 1676.                                                 squares is an obelisk to the memory of General Marceau,
CIIARILYNCITI, a parish of England. co. of Somerset.         born at Chartres in 1769. It has a society of agriculture, a
CHARhIES-SUIR-MIOSELLE, sharm.-sti-mo'zl11, a town   public library of 40,000 volumes; manufiactories of hosiery,
of France, department of Vosges, on the Moselle, here  hats, and leather; ptdsc in great repute; and its weekly
crossed by a bridge of ten arches, 15 miles N.W. of Epinal.  markets oni Thursday  and Saturday are the largest in
Pop. in 1852, 3017. It has manufactures of lace, and exten-  France for corn and flour. Chartres was long held by the
siye tanneries.                                                English, fronm whom  it was taken by Dunois in 1432.  In
CIHIARMEY, shaR'ms', (Ger. Galmis, gAlmis,.) a parish and  its cathedral St. Bernard preached the Second Crusade ine
village of Switzerland, 14 miles S. of Freyburg, in the high   1145. It gave the title of duke to the late eldest sonil of Louisvalley of the same name, in which the finest of the cole-  Philippe.
brated Gruylre cheese is made.                                   CIHARTREUSE, France. See GRANrI) CHARTREUSE.
CHARtMINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.              CIJARfWAH', a town of India, lindostan, provincd of
CIJARTMOUTI-J, a parish and village of England, co. of  Candeish, Gwalior dominions, 67 miles N.E. of Booch, -
Dorset, at the mouth of the small river Char, in the English   poor.
Channel, 2 miles N.E. of Lyme-Itegis.  Pop. 620. The vii-    CHAR/WELTON, a parish of England, co. of Northlage is a pleasant watering-place.  In 1839, severe shocks  ampton.
of an earthqualke occurred in this vicinity, in some parts    CIIHARYBDIS, a whirlpool.  See GALOFARO.
leaving the surface rent by huge chasms. Fossil remains    CIJASE/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
are abundant.                                                    CHASE  MILLS, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New
CHARNEUX, shaa'nuhf, a village of Belgium, 10 miles E.  Yorlk.
of Liege. Pop. 2300. It has manufactories of cloth, and the      CIIASEIVILLE, a post-office of Murray co., Georgia.
ancient abbey of Val-Dieu.                                       CHASEVILLE, a post-village of lienton co., Tennessee,
CHAItNOCK-IHEATH, a township of England, co. of  on Birdsong Creek, 70 miles W. of Nashville.
Lancaster.                                                       CHIASMA  or CHASSMA, k.istnm/, a river of Military
CH-IAI'NOCK-RICHARD, a township of England, co. of  Croatia, after a tortuous westerly course of 55 miles, joins
Lancaster.                                                    the Lonya, 16 miles S.W. of Bellovar. Near their junction
CHARNY, shaa'neef, a town of France, department of  is the village of Chasma, with 450 inhabitants.
Yonne, 15 miles S.W. of Joigny. Pop. in 1852, 14-48.             CI-ASSELAS, shds'seh-l11. a village of France, department
CIIARO, ch/lro, (anc. JVMtlatzinsgo,) a town of the Mexi-  of SaBne-et-Loire, arro'ndissemen   t, and 8 miles S.W. of
can Confederation, state of Michoacan, at the foot of the  Mfcon. Pop. 360. It gives its name to the celebrated tableSierra Otzumatlan, upward of 6000 feet above the sea-level.  grapes, 5000 or 6000 baskets of which are sent weekly in
It carries on a considerable commerce. Pop. 3800.              autumn to the markets of Paris.
CHIAROLAIS.  See CHaROLOts.                                    CHASSENEUI[L, shis'seh-nuhly9 or sh',s'cst~nuII, a town
CHAROLLES. shlgrolll, a town of France, department of  of France, department of Charente, 16 miles S.W. of ConfoSaBue-et-Loire, 28 miles W.N.W. of Mlcon. Pop. in 1852,  lens. Pop. in 1852, 2321.  There are also villages of the same
3470. It stands between two hills, one crowned by a ruined  name in the departments of Indre and Vienne.
castle of the Counts of Charolois.  It is well built, and has    CIIASSERAL, shs'seh-r'l/, a monntain of one of the
a chamber of commerce, a manufactory of crucibles, iron-  culminating points of the Jura range in Switzerland, canworks, and trade in cattle. wine, and grain.                   ton of Bern. 9 miles W, of Bienne, elevation of 5280 feet.
CHAROLOIS or CHAROLAIS, sha'ro'lt', an old subdi-    CHASSEitON, shs'seh-r6NG, a mountain of the Jura
vision of France in the province of Burgundy, now  com-  range, between the French department of Doubs and the
prised in the department of SaBne-et-Loire.  Its capital was  Swiss canton of the Vaud, 6 miles N.W. of Yverdun.
Charolles.                                                       CHASITLETON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
CHARONNE, sh&eronnf, a village of France, department    CHATAUQUE.  See CeaUvAUQUE.
of Seine, arrondissement of St. Denis, adjoining Paris on the    CIHATIBURN, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
E. Pop. in 1852, 6850. It has manufactories of chemical pro-    CHA-TCHOU. See SnA TcHoo.
ducts, wax-candles, and colors.                                  CIIATEAUBRIiANT, shA-tA'bre- JcG, a town of France,
-  CIAROST, shl'rostf, a town of France, department of  department oftheLoire-Inf6rieure, 35 miles N.N.E.ofNantes.
Cher, 15 miles S.W. ofe Bourges.    Pop. in 1852, 1605.        Pop. in 1852, 4064.  It is built around the remains of a
CIARPEY, shaRa'pV, a town of France, department of  castle founded in 1015; it has manufactories of woollen
the Dr1me, 9 miles E. of Valence. Pop. in 1852, 2842.          stuffs, and confectionary in hligh repute, with trade in iron,
CHARROUX, sha-rtnool, a town of PFrance, department of  timber, oil, and corn.
Vienne, 30 miles S. of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 1787. Here are    CIhIATEAU CIIALON, sh'&tAf sh'l6aNc, a town of France,
the remains of a monastery founded in 785, and which was  department of Jura, 6 miles E. of Lons-le-Saulnier, on ths
richly endowed by Charlemagne, but destroyed during the  Seille. Excellent wine isproduced in its vicinity. It haJ
religious wars.                                               formerly an abbey.
421




CHA                                                         CHA
CHIATEAU-CIIINON, sheItb! sheeOn6NoI, a town of France, town of France, department of 1Dr6me, 5 miles S. of Mont6
lepartment of Nievre, in a mountainous district, near the  limart, on the Rhone, opposite Viviers.  Pop. in 1852, 1450.
Yonne, 37 miles E. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852, 2962. It was  Commerce in red wine.
formerly fortified, and has a ruined castle. Its inhabitants    CHATEAUNEUF EN BRETAGNE, shh'tO'nvf/ 8Ne brehweave some coarse woollens, and trade in wine and wool.   tHfil, a fortified town of France, department of Ille-et-ViCHATEAU-D'(EX, shftlI-dl1x, or CH3ATEAU  D'OYES, laine, 6 miles S.E. of St. Male. Pop. in 1852, 810.
sh[t'! dwA, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 22    CIIATEAUNEUF EN THYMERAIS; sh~?t0'nufI 8Na tee'miles E. of Laeusanne, on the right bank of the Sarine.  mAr-, a town of France, department of Eure-et-Loir, 15
Pop. 2010.  It has important cattle fairs, and ruins of the  miles N.W. of Chartres.  Pop. in 1852, 1352.
ancient chateau of the Counts of Gruybre.                      CHRTEAUNEUF SUR CIIARENTE, shbitt'nvff sila sh&UCHATEAU-DU-LOIR, sh&t0l dii lwan, a town of France,  rb6GI, a town of France, department, and on the Charente, 11
department of Sarthe, on a hill, 23 miles S.S.E. of Le Mans,  miles W.S.W. of Angoul~me.  Pop. in 1852, 3030. It has a
near the Loire. Pop. in 1852, 1080. It has manufactoreie  s trade in brandy, wine, and salt, and a large market on the
of linens, cotton twiest, and leather; and also carries on a  16th day of each month.
brisk trade in grain and chestnuts.                            CHATEAUNEUF SUR CHER, shKtt'nuf!  siia shAR, a
CILATEAUDUN, sh.tbfldtial, a town of France, depart- town of France, department, and on an island in the Cher,
ment of Eure-et-Loir, near the Loir, 26 -mniles S.S.W. of  12 miles N.W. of St. Amand.  Pop. in 1852; 2700.
Chartres. Pop. in 1852, 6745. It is handsome, having been    CIIATEAUNUF SUE  LOIRE, sh6tO'nuff sila iwaa, a
almost wholly rebuilt since it was destroyed by fire in 1723. town of France, department of Loiret, 14 miles E.S.E. of OrIt has a castle, partly of the tenth century, a town-hall, a  leans. Pop. in 1852, 3237.
communal college, and a small public library. There are    CI-IATEAUNEUF SUR SARTIE, shiftinufl siiA sait, a
also tanneries and manufactories of blankets.                town of'rance, department of Maine-et-Loire, 15 miles
CHATEAUGAY, shat'f-gU, a river which rises in the  N.N.E. of Angers, on the Sarthe. Pop. in 1852, 1326.
eastern part of Franklin co., New York, and passing through    CIIATEAUNEUF YAL DE BARGIS, shVttlnuff vil deh
a lake of its own name, falls into the St. Lawrence River in  baa'zheet, a toiwn of France, department of Nilvre, arronCanada, 5 or 6 miles below La Chine.                         dissement, and 16 miles S.E. of Cosne. Pop. in 1852, 2288.
CHATEAUGAY, a post-township of Franklin co., New             CIATEAU-PONSAT, sh't6t-p6NG\sA/, a town of France,
York, 12 miles N.E. of Malone, is drained by the river of  department of Haute-Vienne, 9 miles E. of Bellac, on the
the same name, and crossed by the Northern Railroad. Gartempe. Pop. 3822.
Pop. 3728.                                                     CIATEAU-PORCIEN,  sh6t01-poa'se-t.N!, a  town  of
CHIATEAUGAY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of  France, department of Ardennes, on the Aisne, 26 miles
Beauharnois, on the Ch'teaugay River, 24 miles S. of Mont-  S.W. of M6zilres.  Pop. in 1852, 2595.
real, with which it has steamboat and railway communica-    CIHATEAU-RENARD, sha.ttt-rgh'nae!, a town of France,
tion by the way of Lachine. It contains a church, 8 stores, department of Loiret, 10 miles E.S.E. of Montargis. Pop.
and several hotels. Pop. about 650.                          1477.
CIHATEAUGAY  LAKE, in Clinton co., New York, is   CIHATEAU-RENARD, a town of France, department of
from 3 to 4 miles long.                                      Bouches-du-Bhfne, 19 miles N.E. of Aries, near the DuCHATEAUGIRON, sh5t61zhee'r6NG, a town of France, rance. Pop. in 1852, 5320. It has the remains of a castle
department of Ille-et.Vilaine, 9 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. of the twelfth century..
in 1852, 1638.  It was formerly fortified, andhas manufac-    CHATEAU-RENAULT, shft51-reh'no, a town of France,
tories of cottons.                                           department of Indre-et-Loire, on the Brenne, 17 miles N.E.
CHXTEAU-GONTIER, sh)ttfglb        te-!, a town of France, of Tours. Pop. in 1852,3270. Manufactures coarse woollens.
on the Mayenne, here crossed by a stone bridge, 17 miles  Its castle was founded in the eleventh century.
S.S.E. of Laval.  Pop. in 1852, 6799. It has a fine Gothic    CHATEAUROUX, shWt0trool, a town of France, capital
church, several hospitals, and manufactories of linen and  of the department of Indre, in a plain on the Indre; atnd at
woollen fabrics, and bleach-grounds; it is the entrepft for  the terminus of the railway from Orleans, 61 miles S.E. of
the wine, slate, coal, &c. of the department.                Toes. Pop. in 1852, 15,931. It was formerly a miserable
CIIATEAUGUAY.  See CH.TEAuAvY.                            looking place, but has been greatly improved since 1820.
CHIATEAU-HAUT-BPRION, shit'tt h  breAbvct, a hamlet  Principal edifice, the Castle, (long the prison of the Princess
of. France, department of the Gironde, arrondissement of  of CondS, niece of Richelieu,) which now serves for the townLibourne, with an extensive vineyard, producing one of the  hall. It is the seat of a court of assize, chambers of comfour finest growths of Bordeaux wine.                        merce and manufactures, and a society of arts and agriculCHATEAU-LAFITTE, shh'tf-l1'feet', a hamlet of France,  ture.  Manufactures comprise strong woollens, in which
department of Gironde, arrondissement of Lesparre, with a  from 1800 to 2000 hands are engaged, cutlery, hats, hosiery,
small vineyard, producing one of the four finest growths of  paper, parchment, and military equipments; it has also an
Bordeaux wine. It yields about 400 hogsheads annually.   active trade in woollen yarn, leather, iron, cattle, and lithoCHATEAU-LANDON, shit6/-5lbas'dbN!, a town of France,  graphic stones of superior quality.  It was the birthplace
department of Seine-et-Marne, 16 miles S. of Fontainebleau.  of General Bertrand.
Pop. in 1852, 2517.                                            CHXTEAUROUX, a village of France, department of
CIIATEAU-LATOUR,  sh&t)[f-lA.tool, two  contiguous  Hautes-Alpes, 3 miles N.N.E. of Embrun. Pop. 1772.
vineyards of France, department and on the Gironde, near    CRlATEAU-SALINS, shatl'-s/tlqN/, a town of France, dePauillac, and which yield some of the finest growths of cla- partment of Meurthe, 17 miles N.E. of Nancy. Pop. in 1852,
ret vine.                                                    2424. It has some remains of fortifications, and a castle of
CHATEAU LA VALLIhRE, shott! 11. vAl'le-aina, a market- the thirteenth century, to which, and to some government
town of France, department of Indre-etLoire, 19 miles N.W.  salt-works, abandoned in 1826, it owes its name.
of Tours. Pop. in 1852, 1400.                                   JHATEAU-THIIERRY,  shOitW-te- r6teel,  a  town  of
CHATEAU, LE, leh shd tfi, or CHATEAU  D'OLIPRON,  France, department of Aisne, capital of the arrondissement,
sha'tot do'htirdzee!, a fortified seaport town of France, depart- on the Marne, across which it communicates with a conment of Charente-Inf6rieure, 6 miles N.W. of Marennes, on  siderable suburb, by a bridge of three arches, 37 miles
the S.E. point of the island of Oleron. Pop. in 1852, 2869. S.S.W. of Laon. Pop. in 1852, 5629. It stands on a decliIt has a citadel, and trade in salt, wine, and brandy.       vity, crowned by the remains of a vast castle founded by
CIIATEAULIN, shWtWAlN1!, a town of France, depart- Charles Martel in 720, for Thierry IV., whence its name. It
ment of Finistbre, on the Aulne, 13 miles N. of Quimper.  is the birthplace of La Fontaine, and has a marble menuPop. in 1852, 2849.                                          ment to his memory.
CISATEAU-MARGAUX, shVt61maagl!, a famous vine-    CHkTEAU-VILLAIN, sh'ttt-veel'lANC., a town of France,
yard of France, department, and on the Gironde, 14 miles  department of Haute-Marne, 11 miles S.W. of Chaumont.
N.W. of Bordeaux. It produces one of the finest growths of Pop. in 1852, 2080.
claret wine. The villa, whence its name, belongs to the    CHAT-EL-ARAB.  See SuAT-r —AaAB.
heirs of the Spanish Marquis d'Aguado.                         CITAkTELAUDREN, sh&[t5Po5dr6aNG, a town of France, de.
CItIkTEAUMEILLANT, shq't6'mA'y8Nct, a town of France,  partment of COtes-du-Nord, 10 miles WV. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in
department of Cher, 21 miles S.S.E. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 1852, 1367. It has manufactures of coarse woollen stuffs..3030. It has an old castle.                                    CRATELDON, sha'ttl'dbaG/, a town of France, department
CItATEAUNEU F DE MAZENC, sh&tt'nufl deh m.'z8aN!,  of Puy-de-DSme, 9 miles N. of Thiers. Pop. in 1852, 1691.
a town of France, department of Drdme, 9 miles E. of Mion-    CHATELET, sh)tA-lAt, a town of Belgium, province of
t6limart.  Pop. 1698.                                       IHainaut, on the right bank of the Sambre, 4 miles E. of
CHAITEAUNEUF D.E RANDON, sh.t6lnuf!  deh rNG'.- Charleroi.  Pop. 2971.  It has manufactures of woollen
d6aNt, a town of Ftrance, department of Lozbre, 12 miles N.E. cloth and leather.
of Mende. Pop. 607. It was formerly fortified, and has 9    CIHATELET,  La, leh shlteh-lA, a town of France, departannual fairs. The famous Duguesclin died in 1380, while  ment of Cher, 11 miles S.SW. of St. Amand.   Pop. in 1852,
besieging Chateauneuf de Randon, then in possession of the  1583.
English.                                                       CHATELLERAULT, sh'tllPrr6f, a town of France, departCHITEAUNEUF DU FAOU, shb'ttnuf! dii faoo!, a town  ment of Vienne, capital of the arrondissement, on the Viof France, department of Finistlre, on the Aulne, 17 miles  enne, across which it communicates with a suburb by a
N.E. of Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 2815.                        stone bridge, 18 miles N.N.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1852, 12,43.3
CILATEAUNEUF DU  RIHONE, sh't6'nuf!f dii r6n, a  It is one of the principal seats of the manufacture of French
422




CHA                                                       CIA
cutlery, the production of which occupies about 600 families.   CHATHAM, a post-village and township of Barnstable co.,
it has an old castle, (whence its name,) a theatre, exchange,  Massachusetts, at the S.E. extremity of Cape Cod, 80 miles
hospital, national manufactory of arms, and a large ti'ade in  S.E. of Boston, on a fine harbor inside of Chatham  Beach.
millstones, wines, dried firuits, and agricultural produce. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the coast trade,
James Hamilton, the second Earl of Arran, Regent of Scot- fisheries, and the manufaicture of salt. In 1851, there were
land, received the dukedom of Chatellerault from Henry II., 19 vessels, tons 1346, belonging to the town, and employing
in 1548, as the price of his consent to the marriage of his  230 persons, engaged in the mackerel fishery; and, during
ward, Queen Mary, with the Dauphin Francis.                the year 1852, 5769~ barrels of mackerel were inspected.
CHI TEL ST. DENIS, shd't~l sANG deh-nee, a village of  Pop. 2439.
Switzerland, canton, and 23 miles S.W. of Freyburg, with a    CHATHAM, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.,
castle on the Vevaise River, here crossed by a stone bridge.  Connecticut, on the E. side of the Connecticut River, about
CHATEL ST. DENIS SUR MOSELLE, shit6l seNr- deh'-  17 miles S. by E. of Hartford. It is noted for the manufacnee, siirn moezlll, a town of France, department of Epinal, ture of bells. Pop. 1505.
on the Moselle, 10 miles N. of Vosges.  Pop. 1255.           CHATHAM, a post-village and township of Columbia co.,
CHATELUS, shlteh-liice, a village of France, depart- New York, 18 miles S. by E. of Albany, is intersected by the
ment of Creuse, 12 miles N.E. of Gu6ret. Pop. in 1852,1345. Western Railroad. Pop. 3839.
CITTENAY, shalteh-n1/, a village of France, department    CHATHAM, a handsome post-village and township of
of Seine, 5 miles S.S.W. of Paris. It was the birthplace of  Morris co., New Jersey, on the Passaic River, and on the
Voltaire.                                                  Morris and Essex Railroad, 16 miles W. of Newark.  It
CHATENOIS, sh{te-h-nwY, a town of France, department has 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and several stores. Pop.
of Bas-Rhin, 25 miles S.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 2169.
4044.                                                        CHATHAM, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania,
CHIATENOIS, a village of France, department of Haut- on the turnpike fsiom  Lancaster to Wilmington, in DelaRhin, 5 miles S. of Belfort. Pop. 1128.                    ware, about 68 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.
CHATENOIS, a, town of France, department of Vosges, 7    CIHATIHAM, a township of Tioga co., Penasylvania. Pop.
miles S.E. of Neufchbteau. Pop. 1593. Manufactures lace.  1208.
CHAT/FIELD, a post-township of Crawford co., Ohio.   CHIATIIAM, a small post-village of Licking co., Ohio, has
Pop. 1351.                                                 250 inhabitants.
CHIATHAM, chateam, a parliamentary borough, river    CIIATHAM, a township of Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 1167.
port, naval arsenal, town, and parish of England, on the E.   CHATITAM, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, on
bank of the Medway, and on the old London and Dover  the Alton and Springfield Railroad, 10 miles S.S.W. of
road, 30 miles E.S.E. of London. Pop. of parliamentary be- Springfield, is surrounded by a rich farming district, and
rough in 1851, 28,424. It consists chiefly of one long, nar-  has several stores.
row, winding street, forming a continuation of the city of    CI-HATHIIAM, a post-office of Buchanan co., Iowa.
Rochester, and mostly accompanying the course of the    CHATIHAM, a post-village and township of Canada East,
Medway, which'here begins to widen into its estuary. It co. of Two Mountains, on the Ottawa River, 52 miles W. of
is flanked on the E. and S. by heights partly built on, and  Montreal. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores, a chemical es
crowned with several forts. Th-e town is well pavied and  tablishment, 2 carding mills, a machine for cutting shingles,
lighted, and has many good shops; but, with the exception of and about 8 saw and grist mills. Pop. of the township, 3100.
its noble dock-yard and handsome military suburb of Bromp-   CIIHATHAM, a post-town of Canada West, capital of Kent
ton, it presents little worthy of notice. Principal edifices, county, on the river Thames, and on the Great Western
the parish church, a modern building, embodying a small Railway,. 67 miles S.W. of London.  It has agencies of
part of the original Norman structufre; a charity hospital, the Bank of Upper Canada, the Government Bank, of 3 fire,
reputed to have been founded  by Bishop Gundulph in 1078, marine, and life assurance companies, and contains, besides
with an annual revenue of 30001.; a small seamen's hospi- the county buildings, 4 or 5 churches, 2 printing offices, 2
tal, revenue 4411.; a proprietary.school, a-nd a literary in- chemists and druggists, 2 steam mills, 1 foundry, about 20
stitution, with a museum. The military and naval esta- stores, and several hotels. Pop. about 2500.
blishments, separated from  the town  and the country. CHATHAM, a thriving village of New Bruswick, co. of
beyond by a line of fortifications, comprise large and very  Northumberland, on the right bank of the Miramichi RBiver,
handsome infantry, marine, engineer, and artillery barracks,  about 12 miles from its entrance into the beautiful bay of
a school for engineers, and a noble marine hospital, the  its own name, and 135 miles N.N.E. of St. John. It carries
dock-yard and arsenal, founded in the reign of Elizabeth,  on considerable commerce in timber, deals, &c. by the river,
and now surrounded by a wall enclosing 90 acres. The  which is here more than a mile wide, and navigable for the
dock-yard, inferior only to those of Portsmouth and Ply- largest ships.
mouth, contains 5 tide-docks, and 6 building-slips for yes-   CHIATIHAM  CENTRE, a post-village of Chatham  townsels of the largest size, with saw mills, forges, machinery- ship, Columbia co., New York, on the Western Railroad, 18
works, roperies, &c.; the latter has ordnance-ranges, an  miles S.S.E. of Albany.
armory, officers' and artificers' quarters, and a chapel.   CHATHAM  CENTlRE, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio.
Moored in the river opposite, are- hulks for convicts, who    CHATHAM  FOUR CORNERS, a post-village in Chatham
labor in the yard. The population of Chatham is almost township, Columbia co., New York, at the junction of the
entirely engaged in the military and naval establishments,  Harlem Railroad with the Western Railroad,23 miles S.S.E.
or in the retail trade arising out of the presence of the  of Albany.
government-works. The borough has no municipal juris-    CHATHAM HARBOR, at the E. extremity of Cape Cod,
diction, but it now sends one member to the IHouse of  Massachusetts. It is well protected from the sea, and has
Commons. In the last century it gave the title of earl to  20 feet of water at low tide. The Chatham Lights are inside
the celebrated statesman, the elder Pitt.  In 1667, the  of Chatham  Harbor, on James's Head, near the S.E. extreDutch, under Du Ruyter, sailed up the Medway, and, in  mity of Cape Cod, Massachusetts.  They are fixed, two in
spite of the forts on its banks, succeeded in burning many  number, with an elevation of 70 feet above the level of the
vessels and stores.                                        sea. Lat. 410 40' 20" N.; lat. 690 57 12." W.
CHATIHASI, a county in the central part of North Cars-   CHAT/HAM  HILL, a post-office of Smyth co., Vi-ginia.
lina, has an area of eibout 700 square miles. It is traversed    CIIATHAM  ISLAND, off the W. coast of Patagonia, 30
by the Hlaw and Deep Rivers, which unite in the S.E. part miles S. of Wellington Island.
and form the Cape F'ear; it is also drained by Rocky and    CIIATHAM ISLAND, one of the Galapagos Islands, in the
New Hope Rivers. The surface is diversified; the soil is  Pacific Ocean. Excellent coal has lately been discovered here.
generally clayey and productive. Extensive beds of stone    CIJATHAM  ISLANDS, a group in the Radack Chain,
coal have recently been opened in the county, near Deep  in the North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 90 N.; lon. 1790 50' E.
River.  This stream has been rendered navigable by small    CHAT/IAIMI  ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific,
boats as high as the coal-mines. A plank-road is in progress  about 380 miles E. of New Zealand.  Lat. of Cape Young,
through this county, from Deep River to the Central Rail- 430 48' S.; lon. 1760 58' WV.  They consist of Chatham,
road. Organized in 1770, and named in honor of the illus- (Wairikaori,) Pitt, and some smaller islands; the first being
trious statesman and orator William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. about 90 miles in circumference, of which about one-third
Capital, Pittborough.  Pop. 18,449, of whom -12,464 were  part is productive. Coasts rocky; surface undulating, and
free, and 5985 slaves.                                     often marshy; products similar to those of New Zealand.
CHATHAI-IM, a county forming the E. extremity of Geor-   CHATHAI PORT, an inlet on the E. coast of the South
gia, bordering on the sea, has an area of 358 square miles. Andaman Island, in the Bay of Bengal.
The Savannah River forms its boundary on the N.E., and    CIIATHAM  RUN, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylthe Ogeechee on the S.W. The surface is level, and partly  vania.
occupied by swamps.  The soil near the rivers is rich,   CHATHASI[ SOUND, in Russian America, lat. 560 30' N.,
adapted to the cultivation of rice; other parts are sandy  lon. 1330 W., separates George III. and Prince of Wales Ar.
and sterile.  It is intersected by the Central Railroad. chipelagoes.
Chatlham is the most populous county in the state. Capi-   CHATHAM VALLEY, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsyl.
tel, Savannah. Pop. 23,901, of whom  9883 were free, and  vania.
14,018 slaves.                                               CHATILLON, sh'2tee'y6Nc, a town of the Sardinian
CIIATIHAM, a township of Carroll co., New Hampshire, States, 12 miles E. of Aosta, on the Dora-Baltea.  Pop. 2472.
T0 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 516.                        Near it are the ruins of an ancient Roman bridge.
423




CIHA                                                         CHA
CIHATILLON, shf'tee'yWN/, a town of France, department  cend as fir as Columbus, which is about 350 miles from the
of Drdme, 32 miles E.S.E. of Valence. Pop. in 1852, 1188.   Gulf.  The rapids, at the limit of navigation, produce excel
CHATILLON, (ant. Castellio?) a town of France, depart-  lent water-power.  It is said that the vertical rise of the
ment of Rhone, 9 miles S.S.W. of Villefranche, on the Azer-  water in the course of a year sometimes amounts to 60 feet.
que. Pop. in 1852, 850.                                       The chief towns on its banks are West Point, Columbus
CHATILLON DE MICHAILLE, sh~tee'y6Nc! deh mee'-  Eufaula, and Fort Gaines.'
shlil, a town of France, department of Ain, 26 miles E.S.E.    CHATTAHOOCHEE, a post-village of Gadsden co., Florida,
of Bourg.   Pop. in 1852, 1465.                               at the junction of the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers, 42
CHATILLON  EN BAZOIS, sh!tee'y6Nc! 5e  bbzwY, a  miles N.W. of Tallahassee.  It contains a United States artown of France, department of Nii~vwe, 15 miles W. of Ch&-  senal, and about 50 inhabitants.
teau-Chinon, on the Aron. Pop. in 1852,1439.                    CHATTANOOGA, chatt?-noofga, a creek of Georgia and
CHATILLON EN  VENDELAIS, shMtee'y6NG 5Ne  VNGN-. Tennessee, rises in Walker co., Georgia, and enters the Tendeh-l1/, a town of France, department, of Ille-et-Vilaine, 8  nessee near Chattanooga.
miles N. of Vitr6. Pop. 1542.                                    CIHATTANOOGA, a flourishing post-village of I-hamilton
CLIATILLON  LES DOMBES, shbtee'y6NV! II/ d:lnbl, a  co., Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, 250 miles by water
town of France, department of Ain, 16 miles N.N.E. of TrO-  below Knoxville, and 140 miles S.E. of Nashville. It is the
voux, on the Chalaronne.  Pop. 2070.                           terminus of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and of
CIaTILLON SUR COLMONT, sh5'teey6NGf stiiakol~mt'nal,  the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which connects it with
a town of France, department, and 11 miles W.N.W. of Ma- the chief towns of Georgia.  The Tennessee River is naviyenne. Pop. in 1852, 2573.                                     gable by steam during about eight months in the year, and
CHATILLON  SUIt INDRE, sh'&tee'ytec\!  stia.Nd'r, a  by small boats at all times. These circumstances render
town of France, department of Indre, on the Indre, 27  Chattanooga one of the most important and flourishing
miles W.N.W. of Ch'teauroux. Pop. in 1852, 3925.               towns of the state. Since the completion of the Western
CHATILLON  SUN  LOING, shl'tee'y6Nat siia lwLNa, a  and Atlantic Railroad, in 1850, the population has increased
town of France, department of Loiret, on the Loing and the  at the rate of about 100 per month. The surplus producBriare Canal, 13 miles S.E. of Montargis. Pop. in 1852, 2613. tions of East Tennessee, and of part of Middle Tennessee,
Admiral Coligny was born here in 1516.                        are mostly shipped from  this point.  The surrounding
CHATILLON SUIt LOIRE, sh&itee'yWNo/ siia lwa, a town  region is liberally supplied with water-power and tinmber,
of France, department of Loiret, 44 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. and the hills contain abundance of stone coal and iron ore.
Pop. in 1852, 3132.                                           Chattanooga has 1 stean- saw mill, 2 sash and blind factoCHIATILLON  SUR MIARNE, sh'&teey6NG! siia m-an, a  ries, 8 cabinet factories, in which steam-power is used, 4
town of France, department of Marne, on the Marne, 29  newspaper offices, and 1 bank.  The mnanufacture of iron
miles W.N.W.  of Chalons.  Pop. in 1852, 931. It was the  has also been commenced. Laid out in 1839. Pop. in 1853,
birthplace of Pope Urban II.                                  estimated at 3500.
CHATILLON SUN SAONE, sh~tee'yt.e stia stn, a town    CIIAT/TERIS, a parish of Ensgland, co. of Cambridge.
of France, department of Vosges, 9 miles S.S.E. of Lamarche.    CHAT'TERPOONR/ or CIIUT'TERPOtREf a town of HiuCISATILLON SURi SEINE, sh&tee'y6Nc/ stia slne, a town  dostan, in Bundelcund, 73 miles S.E. of Jhansi.  It was forof France. department of Ce-d' Or, 43 miles N.N.W. of Dijon, merly of high commercial importance, and still has mannon the Seine.  Pop. in 1852, 5061. It has several good pub-  factures of coarse cotton.
lic buildings, with a castle and a park, long the property of    CIIAT/TISIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
the MIarmont family, and in which, until lately, some    CHAT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
model agricultural and iron-working  establishments existed.    CHATTOOGA, chat-tootg;, a river, one of the head branches
It has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, hats, of the Savannah, rises near the S. frontier of North Carolina,
leather, and paper goods. In February, 1814, a conference  and flows S.W. along the boundary between South Carolina
was held here between Napoleon and the Allies.                and Georgia. After passing the mouth of Tallula Creek, it
CHATILLON  SUIt S]VRE, shtee'y6NG! siin saiv'i, a  takes the name of TugMaloo River.
town of France, departmentofDeux Stvres, 14 miles W.N.W.    CIATTOOGA, a small'iver of Georgia and Alabama,
of Bressuire, on the Stvre-Nantaise, formerly fortified, and,  rises in Walker county, near the N.W. extremitv  of Georprevious to 1737, named Maul6on.  Pop. in 1852, 1.170.        gia, and flowving S.W., enters the Coosa in Cherokee county,
CIIATILEY, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex.               Alabama.
CHATIMOSS, an extensive morass of England, co. of    CHATTOOGA, a county in the N:W. part of Georgia, borLancaster, mostly in the parish of Eccles, about 10 miles W.  dering on Alabama, has an area of 360 square miles.  It is
of Manchester. Area, about 6000 acres.  A large portion of  intersected by the Clhattooga Rliver, from which the name is
it has been drained, and now yields good crops.  It is  derived, and also drained by the Eukalanaqua, Amuchee,
crossed by the Liverpool and iManchester Ilailway.            and Snake Creeks.  The surface is beautifully diversified
CITATONNAY, shPtonni', a town of France, department  by productive valleys and wooded mountains, connected
of Isre, 15 miles E.S.E. of Vienne. Pop. in 1852, 3968.       with the Blue Ridge. The most considerable elevations
CIATOU, sh1tool, a village of France, department of  bear the local names of Taylor's Ridge, John's Mountain,
Seine-et-Oise, with a station on the Paris and St. Germains  and Dirtseller Mountain.  The county contains quarries  of
Railway, which here crosses the Seine, 3 miles E. of St. -limestone and marble, and an abundance of iron and lead
Germains.                                                     ore, with several fine mineral springs. Capital, SummerCHATRE, LA, 19 shqt'r, a town of France, department of  ville. Pop. 6815, of whom 5130-wers free, and 1680 slaves.
Indre, 22 miles S.E. of Chgteauroux, on the Indre.  Pop. in    CHIATTOO/GA VILLE, a post-village of' Chattooga co., Geor1852, 4970. It has the remnant of a castle, a fine church, gin, on the N.W. side of Chattooga River, about 200 miles
extensive leather and woollen factories, and an active tritde  N.W. of Milledgeville.
in wool, goat-skins, and chestnuts.                              CIIAT'TITRA, (anc. Kshetra,) a town of Northern HindosCIIAT'SOO, a decayed town of British India, presidency  tan, in Nepaul, in lat. 260 53' N., lon. 870 4' E., with a temof Bengal, (Upper Provinces,) 24 miles S.S.E. of Ajmeer. It  pie of Vishnu, greatly resorted to by devotees.
was formerly of Llrge extent.                                   CIIAU-ABAD. See CHacouc.
CHATS/WORTTI-, the magnificent seat of the Duke of De-    ChIAUCIIINA, chbw-chee/nA, a town of Spain, in Andalovonshire, and perhaps the most splendid private residence  sia, 12 miles from Granada. Pop. 1744.
in England, is situated in the co. of Derby,'in a beautiful park    CIIAUDES-AIGUES, shtd-aig, (L. Clenltes Afqucc; signiabout 10 miles in circumnference, watered by the Derwvent, fication of both, " warm water,") a town of France, depart31 miles N.E. of Bakewell. The mansion is in the Ionic style, ment of Cantal, 12 miles S.S.W. of Saint Flour.  Pop. in
and consists of a superb quadrangular edifice with a cen-  1852, 2207.  It is an old, rustic-looking town, in a narrow
tral court, built in 1706, and from which runs, parallel to  gorge, with remarkable hot springs, varying in temperature
its front, a long range of modern building, terminating in a  from  9SO to 2120 Fah.; they are extensively used for baths,
tower. The furniture, books, paintings, and statuary which  for washing fleeces, and warming the houses of the town.
it contains are extremely choice; in the gardens is a new  Near it is the ruined Fort d'Anglais, so called from having
gigantic conservatory, enclosing an area  of about one acre,  been tw-ice held by the English in the fourteenth century.
with water-works, considered to be, wvith the exception of    ChIAUDFONTAINE, shtfifaG'tint, (i. e. "warm spring,")
those at Versailles, the first in Europe. In the earlier man-  a village of Belgium, province, and 4 miles S.E. of Liege, on
sion of Chatswvorth, Mary, Queen of Scots, spent a consider-  the Vesdee.  Pop.973.  It has thermal springs; tempera.
a.ble portion of her captivity.                               ture, 10~10 Fah. The village is finely situated, and its baths
CHATTAIIOOCIHIEE, chat-ta-hoo'chee, a large river of  are well firesuented.
Georgia, a branch of the Appalachicola, rises on the declivity    CHAUDIPRE, shl'0de-aiR/, a bake of Canada East, is ar
of the Blue Ridge, in Habersham  county, in the N.E. part  enlargement of the Ottawa River, 55 miles N.N.W. of Johnsof the state, and flows first S.W. through the gold region of  town.
Upper Georgia, until it strilkes the boundary between Geor-    CHtAUDItRE, a river of Canada  [East, joins the St.
gia and Alabama, at West Point.  Belowv this its general  Lawrence about 7 miles above Quebec, after a N.N.W. course
direction is southward, and it forms the W. boundary of  of 90 miles. The Falls of the Chaudilre are about 21 miles
Georgia, through the whole of its subsequent course to its  filom the mouth of the river. They are said to be near 100
junction with Flint River. Its lengtlh is estimated at 550  feet high. The stream  is innavigable, but the scenery on
miles. Steamboats of 200 tons navigate this river during  its banks is veey picta'esque. 
eight months of the year, from November to June, and as-    CIIAUD'WAR/, an ancient and ruined city of HIIndostan,
424




CHA                                                        CHE
province of Orissa, near Cuttack. The ruins extend for   OCIAUTAUQUE VALLEY, a postoffice of Alleghany c(.,
many miles, but few are above ground, being mostly foun-  New York.
dations; there are numerous reservoirs also, and the re-   CIAUVIGNY, shb'veen'yeel, a town of France, departmains of temples. It is not known when or why this great  ment of Vienne, 18 miles N.W. of Montmorillon, on the
city was abandoned.                                        right bank of the Vienne. Pop. in 1852,1768. It has manuCHAUFFAILLES, shtf'fAll, a town of France, department  factures of druggets, and ruins of 3 feudal castles.
of SaOne-et-Loire, 24 miles W.S.W. of' Micon. Pop. in 1852,    CIAUX-DE-FOND, LA, IA sh6'deh-f6Nlo, a parish and
3826. It has manufactures of linens.                       town of Switzerland, 9 miles N.W. of Neufchltel. Pop. 8481.
CHAUMONT, sha'm6&Na, a town of France, capital of the  It is situated at the foot of a narrow and savage gorge of
department of Haute-Marne, on a height between the Marne  the Jura, at an elevation of 3070 feet above the sea, and coand Suize, 134 miles E.S.E. of Paris.  Pop. in 1852, 6374. vers an extensive space, each cottage being surrounded by
The streets are steep, but it is pretty well built, and pos- a garden. With Locle, this is the chief seat of the manusesses some good public edifices, among which is a triumphal  facture of the celebrated watches of the canton; in 1836,
arch; begun by Napoleon, and completed under Louis  the number of gold and silver watches manufactured hers
XVIII. It has a tribunal of commerce, and a public library  was 108,295, while in 1774 the total number was 300.
of. 35,000 volumes, with manufactures of coarse woollens,   CIIAUX-DU-MILIEU, sht-dii-mee'le-uhl, a village of Switdruggets, linen and cotton yarn, and gloves, and a consi- zerland, 9 miles S.S.W. of La Chaux-de-Fond, with importderable trade in iron and ironwares.  On March 1, 1814, ant manufactures of chains for the movement of watches.
the allied powers concluded a treaty here against Napoleon,    CHAVANGES, sh&iv&Nzhl, a town of France, department
19 days before the rupture of the Congress of Chatillon. of Aube, 19 miles E. of Arcis-sur-Aube. Pop. in 1852, 1093.
This treaty formed the basis of what was afterwards called    CRAVES, shlvls, (anc. Alquce Flavic,) a fortified town
the Holy Alliance.                                         of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 44 miles W. of
CHAUMONT, a town of France, department of Oise, 14  Braganza, on the right bank of the Tamega. Pop. 6000. Its
miles S.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1136. It is well built and  fortifications are in ruins. There is here a Roman bridge
paved, and has manufactures of leather.                    of18 arches on the river. It has hot saline springs, (temCIIAUMONT, sht1m1NaG, a village of Savoy, province of Ca-  perature 1290 Fahrenheit,) and baths well frequented.
rouge, 9 miles W. of St. Julien. It was formerly fortified.   CHIAVES, shlvi~s, or VILLA-DO-ECUADOR, veelFli-do-elkIts castle, the ancient residence of the Dukes of Nemours,  wA-deRj, a maritime town of Brazil, province of Paid, on the
was ruined in the war of the sixteenth century.            N. coast of the island of Marajo, at the mouth of the AmaCIHAUMONT, sho'mot, a post-village of Jefferson co., New  zon. Lat. 0~ 20' S., ion. 490 40' W.
York, on Chaumont Bay of Lake Ontario, and on the Rome    CRAVES, shelives, the capital town of the island of St.
and Watertown Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Watertown. It Thomas, Gulf of Guinea.
has a good harbor, and contains a number of stores and    CRAVILLE, shiveell, a village of France, department of
mills. A river of the same name enters the bay at this  Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, and on the Paris and Versailles
place.                                                     Railway, 1 mile E. ofVersailles. Pop. 1562.
CHAUMONT SUR LOIRE, sh6'm6Na! stir Iw/R, a village    CHAWILEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, on the Loire, 10 miles    CHAWTTON, a parish of England, co. of Itants.
S.W. of Blois. It has a castle, once the residence of Cathe-    CRAYANTA, chi-lnlta, a town of Bolivia, department of
rine di Medicis, and in which Cardinal Amboise was born, Potosi, 55 miles N. ofPotosi.
in 1460.                                                     CHAYAR, chi-yar!, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, on the
CIIAUNICEY, a thriving post-village of Athens co., Ohio, Chayar River, an affluent of the Erghen. Lat. 410 5' N.,
on the Hocking River and Canal, 65 miles S.E. of Columbus. lon. 830 E.
It has coal-rmiies and salt-works in the vicinity.           CIIAYENPOOR, chi-yen-poorl, a fortified town of Nepaul,
CIIAUNICEYVILLE, a post-office of ianitoowoc co., Wis- 130 miles S.E. of Khatmandoo, capital of a district, which
cousin.                                                    exports to Thibet rice, wheat, oil, ghee, metals, cotton and
CI-IAUNY, sht'neeO, a town of France, department of  and woollen cloths, timber, spices, sugar, tobacco, and pearls,
Aisne, mostly on an island in the Oise, at the commence- partly in transit from Ilindostan; receiving in return salt,
ment of the Canal de St. Quentin, 18 miles W.N.W  of Leon.  gold and silver, musk, skins, and Chinese wares.
Pop. in 1852, 6290. It has an active trade in cider, linen    CRAY-FANG or TCIIE-FANG. a town of China, province
cloths, and hosiery; and it is a depOt for charcoal and  of Yunnan, on the Lung-tchuen, 125 miles W. by S. of Shuntimber.                                                    ning. Lat. 240 13' N.; Ion. 980 10' E.
CIIAUSSEY,shsgsoA a group of bare and rocky islands in    CHIAYLARD, LA, I shahdnaf, a town of France, departthe English Channel, 8 miles from the coast of France, op- ment of Ardtche, 28 miles S.W. of Tournon, on the Dorne.
posite Granville. They supply excellent granite, which is  Pop. in 1852, 2478. It has salt-mines, tanneries, and trade
exported to Paris, &c.; and on the largest island is a small in cattle.
grazing farm.                                                CRAZELLES-SUR-LYON, sh3'zellsii5-le-6Nat, a town of
CIAUSSIN, sht'stNc!, a town of France, department of  France, department of Lobe, 16 miles E. of Montbrison.
Jura, 9 miles S.S.W. of DOle, near the left bank of the Doubs. Pop. in 1852, 3027.
Pop. 1323.                                                  CCIAZY, shaz'ee!, a river of Clinton co., New York, falls into
CHAUTAUQUE, sh.-tawfque, the most western county  Lake Champlain, near its N. extremity.
of New York, has an arta of about 1000 square miles. It is    CIIAZY, a post-village and township of Clinton co.,
bounded on the N.W. by Lake Erie, and on the W. and S. New York, on the Chazy River, about 128 miles N. by E. of
by Pennsylvania, and is drained by Conewango Creek with  Albany.
its tributaries, and several smaller streams, which fu-nish    CIIAZY LAKE, one of the sources of the Chazy River, in
abundant water-power. The Chautauque Ridge passes  Clinton co., New York, is about 4 miles long.
through this county at from 3 to 10 miles distance flom the    CIIEA'DLE, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
lake; between this ridge and the lake the surfice is nearly  Stafford, 8 miles E.S.E. of Stoke-on-Trent. Pop. in 1852,
level, or moderately uneven. The soil is generally good, 4681. The town is pleasantly situated in a valley, has a
and dalong the lake shore and the banks of its numerous  curious old church, raised on an artificial mount, originally
streamns, very fertile. Bog iron ore, shell marble, and sul- formed by ancient Britons, a Roman Catholic chapel, small
phur springs are found in this county. There are also  free school, and union work-house.  Coal and limestone
several springs, emitting carburetted hydrogen; the gas  abound in the vicinity. Copper, brass. and tin works, and:from one of which, near Fredonia, has been successfully em- a manuflcture of cotton tape are carried on. Chectcdle Bulployed for lighting the dwellings in that village. By means  lceley acid Cheadle Moseley are townships in the same parish;
of the Conewango Creek, which falls into the Alleghany, a  the former on the Macclesfield branch of the Manchester
branch of the Ohio, a boat navigation is open from within  and Biirmingham Railway, with 5463 inhabitants; the lat10 miles of -Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico. The railroad  ter, 2288 inhabitants.
connecting Buffalo with Erie traverses the county, and the    CIIEAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
New York and Erie Railroad intersects it. Capital, Mays-   CHEAPtSIDE, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 10 miles
ville. Pop. 50,493.                                        W. of Newark.
CIIIAUTAUQUE, a. post-township of Chautauque co., New    CIIEAPUTI, a small town and important military post in
York, situated on the lake of sacne name, about 5 miles  Sinde, 102 miles N. by E. of Iyderadad.  Lat. 260 52' N.,
S.E. of Lake Erie. Pop. 2622.                              Ion. 680 34' E.
CtIAUTAUQUE LAKE, near the S.W. ext-emity of New    CIIEAP VALLEY, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee.
York, in the central part of Chautauque county, is a beau-   CIEARSILEY, a pcarish Of England, co. of Bucks.
tiful expanse of water, 18 miles long, and from one to three    CHEAT BRIDGE.  a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.
miles wide. It is about 730 feet above Lake Erie, and 1290    CIIEAT RIVER, of Virginia, the largest affluent of the
feet above the Atlantic Ocean; being, it is said, the highest  Monongahela, is formed by the junction of the Laurel,
navigable water on the continent. Steamboats run fio-c  Glade, Shavers, and Dry Forks, which rise among the AllMaysville, at its N. extremity, to the commencement of the  ghany Mountains, near the Northern border of Pocahlontas
outlet, whence small boats can descend to the Alleghany  county, and unite in the N. central part of Randolph county.
[liver. The name " Chatauque," or "Chatauqua," is a coo- Plowing thence N. and N.W. through Preston and Monon-uption of an Indian phrase, signifying a "foggy place,"  galla counties, it enters the Monongahela at the S.W. exand was given in consequence of the mists which frequently  tremity of Fayette county, Pennsylvania. It traverses a
rise from the smurface of this mountain lake.              hilly country, abounding in stone coal and iron, and well
425




CHE                                                        CHE
adapted to grazing. It is navigable 40 miles above Bowles-  Silk is the principal article of export; other products are
burg, (on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,) though not tea in the S., and cotton, indigo, fruits, camphor, and coal.
in the lower part of its course, and furnishes fine water- Its manufactures of silks, crape, gold and silver stuffs, and
power at several places.                                   paper, are in high repute throughout the empire, and large
CJIEBOYGAN, a river of Michigan.  See SIEBOvGAN.         quantities of fermented liquors are made in this province.
CHEBOYGAN, she-boy/gan, an unorganized county of  Che-kiang, comprising the Chusan Islands, is divided into
Michigan forms the N. extremity of the Lower Peninsula, 11 departments. Chief cities, Hang-chow-foe, Ning-po, Shaobordering on the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron. hing, Wen-chow, and Chapoo.
The area is estimated at 500 square miles. The census of    CIIELBOROUGHI, ch.l/biir-rihh,  EAST, a parish of Eng
1850 furnishes no information respecting this county, which  land, co. of Dorset.
has but few inhabitants.                                      CIIELBOROU GI~I,   WEST, a parish of England, co. of
CIHEBISEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.          Dorset.
CIIEBUCTO, she-buk/to, two bays in Nova Scotia, near    CIIELIDON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Halifax.                                                      CHELEK. chA'lk/l, a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalis
CItEBYN, a village of Egypt. See SnEBEEN.                 of Diarbekir, 15 miles S.W. of Sert, with from 400 to 500
CIHECA, cht/kAt, a town of Spain, 77 miles E.N.E. of Gua- houses of Koords and Jacobite Christians, and a strong rock
dalajara.  Pop. 1201. It has manufactures of iron goods.  fortress.
CI-IECINY, Kat-see/nee, a town of Poland, 9 miles S.W. of    CHELIFOHD, a chapelry of England, and station on the
Kielce, on the Czarna.  Pop. 3000, mostly Jews. There are  Manchesterand Birmingham Railway, 4miles N.E. ofCrewe.
quarries of fine marble in its vicinity.                      CHELICOOT, CHELICOUT or CHELICU'T, chl1'e-kootl, a
CHIECKIENDON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        town ofAbyssinia, kingdom ofTigre, 10 miles E. ofAntalo. It
CHECK/LEY AND TEAN, a parish of England, co. of has oneofthe most gaudily decorated churches in the country.
Stafford.                                                     CIHELIDONIE.   See KnIELIDONIA.
CHECKLEY-WITH-WI-INCHILL, chikllee wivn rin/chil,   CIIELIF, a river of Algeria.  See SuHELsfFF.
a township of England, co. of Chester.                        CIIELIGOFF or CHELIGOV.  See SnHLIKsov.
CHECO, chikeo, a village of Chili, department of Coquimbo,    CIIELINIDREHK, a small seaport-town of Asia Minor, paf6 miles E. of Copiapo, with some rich copper-mines, formerly  shalic of Itch-ilee,eO  miles W.S.W. of Selefkeh.
yielding annually 12,000 quintals of ore, containing 70 per    CH-ELL, a township of England, to. of Stafford.
cent. of metal.                                               CHELILASTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
CHEDABUCTO (shed'a-buk/to) BAY, an indentation of    CHELLES, shll, (anc. Coelal,) a town of France, departthe N.E. coast of Nova Scotia, at the S. entrance to the Gut ment of Seine-et-Marne, near the Marne, 10 miles E. of Paris.
of Canso. It is much frequented by fishermen.               Pop. in 1852, 1632. It had formerly one of the most celeCHED/BURGH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          brated abbeys in France, founded by the queen of Clovis.
CHEDIDAR, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.             CHEL/LESWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
CHED/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.            CIIELfLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
CHED/DLETON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.          CHEL'LUMBRUM/, a town of British India, presidency
CHEDIDON-FITZ/PAINE, a parish of England, co. of So- of lMadras, 103 miles S.E. of Arcot, near the mouth of the
merset.                                                     Coleroon River. It has some remarkable pagodas.
CIED/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            CHELM, Kilm, a town of Poland, 42 miles E.S.E. of LubCHEDIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         lin. Pop. 2900. It has a fine convent, and a Greek semiCHiED/ISTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         nary. The Poles were defeated here by the Russians, June
CHEDUBA, che-doolbi, an island in Farther India, Bri- 4, 1794.
tish province of Aracan, in the Bay of Bengal. Lat. 180    CItELlIARSI, a parish of England, co. of Salop, on the
52' N., ion. 930 27' E. Area, 200 square miles. Pop. in  Severn, 3I miles S.E. of Bridgnorth.
1840, 85-10. Shape circular, soil fertile, producing good crops    CHEL'MER, a river of England, co. of Essex, rises near
of rice, hemp, cotton, sugar, and tobacco; and its cattle are  Thaxted, and flows S.E. by Dunmow and Chelmsford, to
esteemed good. The island was captured from  the Bur-  Maldon, where it joins the Blackwater, after a course of 30
mese in 1824.                                               miles. It is navigable for its last 10 miles between ChelmsCHEDIWOtRTII, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    ford and Maldon.
CIIED/ZOY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            CHELMON/ DISTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
CHEE-CIIOI, chee'chool or TCHI-TCHEOUFOU, chee/chi-   CHIELMSFORD, chImzeford, a market-towri and parish of
oo'fo/, a city of China, province of Ngan-hoei, near the Yang- England, capital of the county ofEssex, oh the Eastern Union
tse-kiang, 20 miles N.E. of Ngan-king.                      Railway, at the confluence of the Chelmer and Cann Rivers,
CHEEKSIVILLE, a post-office of 1uarion co., Tennessee.   respectively crossed here by a beautiful iron and an elegant
CIHE EKTOWA/GA, a post-office of Erie co., New York.      stone bridge, 20 miles E.N.E. of London. Pop. in 1851, 7796.
CHEE-LEE, a province ofChina. See PE-CuEE-LEE.            The town is well built and lighted; many of its houses have
CHEERA or TCI-IIRA, cheelri, a city of Chinese Toorkis-  gardens extending to the rivers. Principal buildings, the
tan, 75 miles E.S.E. of Khoten, said to comprise 2000 houses. Parish Church, a stately fabric in the decorated style, lately
A good deal of silk is produced in its vicinity.            rebuilt; the Grammar School, founded by Edward IV., reCHEE'kRUNI. a town of British India, presidency of Ben-  venue 4881.; a handsome county-hall, comprising the assizegal, on the Ganges, E. of Chuprah.                          court, elegant assembly-rooms and corn-exchange, county
CHEESE/QUAKES, apost-office, Middlesex co., New Jersey. jail and house of correction, theatre, and public conduit.
CIHEE/THAM, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.    The town is the seat of assizes and local courts. It has no
CHEF-BOUTONNE, shif boo'tonnt, a town of France, de- manufactures, but its retail trade and grain markets are
partment of Deux-Slvres, 24 miles S.E. ofNiort. Pop. 2376. extensive.
CI-HEFONTE, shee'foNt/, written also CHIFUNCTE, a small   CHELMSIFORD, a post-village and township of Middlesex
river of Louisiana, flows S. into Lake Pontchartrain.       co., Massachusetts, on the S. side of the MIerrimac, on the
CHE'HAW/, a small river of South Carolina, flowing into  Middlesex Canal, 23 miles N.W. of Boston. Several railroads
St. Helena Sound.                                           pass along the border of the township. Pop. 2097.
CHEHIALIS or CHEKAILIS, a county of Washington Ter-   CHELONA, ke-lolnl, a mountain on the N. frontier of
ritory, havingW. the Pacific. Area, 985 square miles. Capi-  Greece, 15 miles E.S.E. ofArta, the most conspicuous of those
tal, Bruceville.                                            encircling the Gulf of Arta on the E., 6312 feet in elevation,
CI-EHL or CHEHEL, ch'l, (" forty,") a prefixed'name  and nnamed fions a supposed resemblance to a tortoise.
of several localities in Asia.                                CHELSEA, ch~l/see, a town and parish of England, co. of
CIIEHL-BUCIIA-GUIM, chi'l boolchi goom, (" the forty  Middlesex, forming a populous S.W. suburb of London, on
lostchildren,") a place of pilgrimage in Afghanistan, 6 miles  the N. bank of the Thames, here crossed by a wooden bridge
S.W. of Ghuznee.                                            communicating with Battersea, 41 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's.
CI-IIHEL-DOCI-ITUR, ch'Iel dorftoorN, (" the forty virgins,")  Pop. in 1851, 56,538. It has many handsome thoroughfares
a shrine in Afghanistan. Lat. 350 7/ N., Ion. 620 9' E. Curious and terraces, minigled with others of a very inferior descripMahommedan legends attach to all these localities.          tion; among the former are Sloane-street, the King's Road,
CHEHL TAN, chlu'l tIn, or KOHI-CIIIHULTON, kolhee- and the line of old mansions along the river, termed Cheyne
chee'hfil-tonl, (" mountain of forty bodies.") a lofty menu- Walk. Its principal edifice is the noble IHospital for Superantain in Beloochistan, immediately S. of M ustung. Lat. 290  nuated Soldiers, founded in the time of Charles II., through
40' N., ion. 660 55' E.                                     the influence, it is said, of Nell Gwynne, and completed by
CHEK-CHOO  or CHIIEAG-TCHU, a village of China, in  Sir Christopher Wren, in the reign of William  III., 1692.
Hong-Kong, on a bay, near the S. extremity of the island. It is a brick edifice, with stone porticoes, laid out in three
Pop. 800, employed in trade and farming.                    quadrangles, surrounded by spacious grounds, stretching
CRHE-KIANG or TCHE-KIANG, chlike-ang/, a maritime  to the river. The establishment supports about 550 in-penprovince of China, mostly between let. 270 and 310 N., and  sioners, and from 70,000 to 80,000 out-pensioners, and its exIon. 1170 and 1230 E., having E. the Pacific Ocean, and on  penditures, amounting to nearly 1,500,0001. annually, is
other sides the Kiang, provinces of Ngan-hoei and Fo-kien. mostly defrayed by a parliamentary grant. Near it is the
Pop., according to official report in 1825, 26,256,784. Surface  Ihilitary School founded by the Duke of York in 1801, and
greatly diversified, and the province is traversed by the  in which 1000 children of soldiers are maintained and eduG4reat Canal. Coasts abrupt and greatly indented.  It is  cated. The parish of St. Luke was dividedinto two parishes
bne of the most fertile and commercial provinces of China. in 1832. The New Parish Church is a most elegant moder426




CHE                                                       CHE
edifie, in the decorated Gothic style; the Old Church, a  still displays in its buildings, marks of its antiquity. In
plain brick structure, with monuments to Sir Thomas More  1539, the Reformation was introduced here by Henry the
and to Sir IIans Sloane, who was lord of the manor, and  Devout, and towards the latter end of the seventeenth cenfounded the botanic garden of Chelsea, belonging to the  tury, cotton weaving was established. In 1739 there were
Apothecaries' Society. A recently-formed normal school of  upwards of 2000 looms, which supplied all the cotton fabrics
the Church of England, extensiv' water-works for the sup-  used at that period in Germany.  In 1765, Chemnitz beply of London, the Cadogan Chain Pier, and several floor- came the centre of the stocking manufactures carried on in
cloth factories, are the other objects most worthy of men- the villages in the neighborhood. In 1770, Schliissel, of
tion. The botanical gardens of Chelsea are worthy of notice;  Hamburg, introduced the art of cloth-printing. English
those of the Apothecaries' Company consist of 4 acres, and  quilt-weaving was introduced in 1775, and English handare situated on the banks of the river at the E. end of  spinning machines in 1790, and the spinning machines of
Cheyne Walk; the others, established by Mr. William Cur- Arkwright in 1799. A railway from Riesa to Zwickau passes
tis, author of  lera Londinensis, and the Botanical.Magazine, through the town. Puffendorf was born near Chemnitz in
are near Sloane-street, and consist of 6 acres. In formertimes,  1631. ALT CHEsNsITaZ,  lt -Kmfnits, (" Old Chemnitz,") is a
Chelsea was a favorite place of residence with many persons  village immediately S. Pop. 860.
of note, including Queen Elizabeth, who had a palace here.    CHEMUNG, she-mingl, a county in the S.W. central part
CHELSEA, a township of Kennebec co., Maine, incorpo-  of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of
rated August 17, 1850.                                     about 513 square miles.  It is intersected by Chemung
CHELSEA, a post-village and township of Orange co., Ver- River and Cayuta Creek, and also drained by Catharine's
mont, 20 miles S. by E. of Montpelier.  It contains a bank,  and WVynkoop's Creeks, which afford valuable water-power.
and has manufactures of boots and shoes, sash and blinds, Seneca Lake touches its N. border. The surface is broken
and leather. Pop. 1958.                                    and hilly, with some considerable elevations. The alluvial
CHELSEA, a post-village and township of Suffolk co., flats along the rivers are in someparts very extensive and
Massachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of  rich, and on the uplands the soil is generally fertile. The
Boston. Chelsea contains the United States Marine IHos- New York and Erie Railroad traverses the county, which is
pital, which has a beautiful and commanding situation, a  also partly intersected by the canal connecting Elmira with
bac.k, 2 newspaper offices, and an insurance office. It may  Seneca Lake, and by the railroad extending from Junction
properly be regarded as a suburb of Boston.  Pop. 6701.    to Geneva. Organized in 1836, having previously formed
CHELSEA, a village of Cattaraugus co., New York, 50  part of Tioga county, and named firom the Chemung River.
miles E. of Dunkirk.                                       Capital, Elmira.  Pop. 28,821.
CIIELSEA, a thriving post-village of Washtenaw  co.,   CHEMUNG, a post-village and township of Chemung co.,
Michigan, on the Central Railroad, 60 miles W. of Detroit, New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 270 miles
has a railway station and 2 stores.                        from New York City. Pop. 2678.
CHELSEA, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 117 miles    CIHEMUNG, a thriving post-village and township of
N.E. of Springfield.                                        McHenry co., Illinois, on Piskasaw Creek, 70 miles W.N.W.
CHELSFIELD, ch~lzlfeeld, a parish of England, co. of  of Chicago. It is situated on a fertile prairie, and contains
IKent.                                                      several stores and mills. Pop. in 1851, about 300.
CHELSHAM, chElzlam, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.      CHEMUNG RIVER is formed in Steuben county, in the
CHELTENHAM, clhlt/nanm, a parliamentary borough,  S.S.W. part'of New York, by the union of the Tioga and
town, fashionable waterinug-place, and parish of England, Conhocton Rivers, and  flowing  in  an E.S.E. direction
8 miles E.N.E. of Gloucester, on  the Bristol and  Bir- through Chemnung county, falls into the E. Branch of the
mingham  Railway, 90 miles W.N.W. of London. Pop. in  Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania.
1851, 35,051. It is situated on the Chelt, a small tributary    CHENAB. See CuENAUB.
of the Severn, in a beautiful vale, sheltered from the N. and    CHENANGO, she-nang/go, a county in the S.E. central
]E. by a semicircular sweep of the Cotswold and other hills;  part of New York, has an area of about 624 square miles. It
has a noble high street 1 miles in length, numerous ele- is partly bounded on the E. by the Unadilla RLiver, and is
gant terraces, squares, and detached villas, interspersed  drained by the Chenango River, and by the E. Branch of
with trees and gardens. The saline springs, to which it the Susquehanna, which intersect it, and'by Otselic and
owes its rapid increase, are frequented by a host of fashion- Geneganset Rivers and other smaller streams, which turn
able visiters annually.  The mineral ingredients of the  numerous grist and saw mills.  The surface is generally
springs are chiefly the sulphates of soda and magnesia,  elevated and sometimes broken and hilly; the soil is usuilly
iodine and iron, held in solution by carbonic acid. The  good, and along the streams of a superior quality. The
elegant Montpellier old well, discovered in 1716, Pittville, Chenango Canal, connecting Utica and Binghamton, traand other pump-rooms, are surrounded by tasteful grounds  verses this county. Organized in 1798, having been formed
and avenues, attached to which are baths of every de- from poitions of Herkimer and Tioga counties, and named
scription, libraries, and saloons.  The Parish Church, an  from  Chenango River, which floevs through it.  Capital,
ancient Gothic structure, is surrounded by fine avenues, and  Norwich. Pop. 40,311.
here are four or five handsome subordinate churches, a Roman    CIHIENANGO, atownship of Broome co., New York. P. 8734.
Catholic chapel, a synagogue, a grammar-school founded in    CHENANGO, a small village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania.
1574, and endowed with scholarships in Pembroke College;    CHENANGO, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.
a well-endowed charity  school, female orphan asylum,   CHENANGO FORKS, a post-village of Broome co., New
founded by Queen Charlotte in 1806; a general hospital for York, at the confluence of the Chenango with the Tiough100 patients; mechanics' and literary and philosophical in-  nioga River, and on the Chenango Canal, 11 miles N.E. of
stitutions; a zoological garden, theatre, assembly and con- Binghamton.   It contains a number of stoies and nmills.
cert rooms, and market-house. Four weekly newspapers are  Estimated population, from 700 to 800.
published in the town. The Reform Act made it a borough,   CIHIENANGO RIVER rises in Oneida co., New York, and
sending one member to the House of Commons.                flowing in a S.S.V. comrse through Madison and Chenango
CHEITENHIAMI, a township of Montgomery co., Penn- counties, falls into the Susquehanna River in Broome
sylvania. Pop. 1292.                                       county, in the southern part of the state, near the boundary
CHELTENHAM, a village of Canada West, co. of York, 38  of Pennsylvania.  Its whole length is about 90 miles.
miles N.E. from Toronto. Pop. about 225.                     CHIENAUB1, CHENAB or CHINAB, cheen.bt, (anc..AceslCITELVA, chSlvA, a town of Spain, 38 miles N.W. of Va- ines,) the central river of the Punjiab, between the Jhylum
lencia, on a river of the same name. Pop. 4264. Near it are  (anc. Hydas/)es) N.W., and the Ravee (anc. Hydraoltes) S.E.,
fine remains of a Roman aqueduct.                          both of which rivers are its affluents. It joins the Ghara or
CHELVESTON, chllves-ton, or CHELSTON, chlslton, a  Sutlej (anc. Hypheasis) near Ooch, in lat. 290 21' N., Ion. 710 6'
parish of England, co. of Northampton.                    E., after a generally S.W. course estimated at 700 miles, and in
CIHELIVEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         the latter part of which it is friom 4 to 14 miles across, and
CHEL'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         sometimes 14 feet in depth. The united stream  is then
CIIEIILLP, sheh-mee'y., a town of France, department  called Punjab, (five rivers.) The towns, Tandee, Kishtaof Maine-et-Loire, 19 miles S.S.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852,  war, Jhung, Mooltan, and Shoojuabad,  are on its banks,
4722. It has manufactures of linen cloths and handker-  and it is navigable for rafts from  the Sutlej to Agnur, a
chiefs, and an active trade in cattle.                     village about 300 miles from its source,.
CHEMILL], a village of France, department of Indre-et-    CHENE, shain, a navigable bayou of Louisiana, on the
Loire, 18 miles N. of Tours.                               N.W. border of Terre Bonne parish, is connected on one
CHESMMIS. See AKnumry.                                   hand with Bayou Black, and on the other with Bayou
CIIE[NITZ, aiKm/nits, a town  of Saxony, 20 miles  Shaver.
E.N.E. of Zwickau, capital of the district, on the Chenm-    CHENE, shain, or CHENE-THONEX, shain-to'unxl, a
nitz River, an affluent of the Mulde. Pop. 25,650. It is the  village of Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles E. of Geneva,
principal seat of cotton-weaving in the kingdom; in the  opposifte qhlne-les-Bougeries.
town and vicinity, from 15,000 to 20,000 looms are employed    CHENEE, shlenlt, a village of Belgium, 8 miles S.W. of
in the production of stockings, mitts, &c., sent in large  Liege, at the confluence of the Ourte and Vesdre, which a
quantities into other parts of Germany, and some to the  little below forms a magnificent cascade. Pop. 1925.
United States. Chemnitz has also manufactures of linens    CtIENERAILLES, shAneh-rAlt, a town of France, departand machinery, with bleaching and dyeing works, and  ment of Creuse, 10 miles N. of Aubusson. Pop. in 1852,
tanneries. It was for 400 years a free imperial city, and  1079. It was formerly fortified.
427




CHE                                                           CHE
CIHEINEYS or CHEINIES, a parish of England,co. of Bucks.  tions were dismantled after it was taken by the French in
CHENEY'S GROVE, a post-offlice of McLean co., Illinois,  1796. it is supplied with water by a canal, which also turns
80 miles N.E. of Springfield.                                 several silk mills. The trade is mostly in wine and silk.
CHIIENEYVILLEi, chee'ne-vil, a post-village of Rapides    C-IERATTE, shlA'rttf, a village of Belgium, 8 miles N.E. of
parish, Louisiana, about 260 miles N.W. of New'Orleans.       Liege.  Pop. 2282.
CHENIT, LE, leh-shl'neo',  a province and  village of    CHERAW1, a post-village of Chesterfield district, South
Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Orbe, at its entrance  Carolina, on the right bank of the Great Pedee River, at the
into the S. extremity of the Lake de Joux, 19 miles W.N.W. head of steam navigation, 93 miles E.N.E. of Columbia. It
of Lausanne. Pop. 2030.                                       has a plank-road leading to Wadesborough, North Carolina,
CHENONCEAUX, sheh-n6NGs'fl, a village of France, de- and is a place of some importance  as a depat for cotton.
partoent o0 Indre-et-Loire, on the Cher, near B16r6.          Cheraw contains 1 bank, several churches and academies.
CIHENOOK (or CHINOOK, che-nookf) CITY, a post-village, Pop. estimated at 900.
capital of Wahkiacum co., Washington Territory, on the right    CHERBOURG, sher'bitrg, (Fr. pron. shaia'booRl; L. Carebank of Columbia River, about 35 miles E. by S. of Pacific  burlgus; anc. Coriallcum?) a fortified seaport town and imCity.                                                         portant naval station of France, department of lanche, on
CItENUBIBA, a post-village of Lee co., Georgia, 86 miles the English Channel, at the N. end of the peninsula of CotenS.S.W. of Macon.                                              tin, and nearly opposite the W. extremity of the Isle of Wight,
C]IEOHEE1, a post-office, Pickens district, Soith Carolina. 16 miles E.S.E. of Cape la Hague.  Lat. of Fort Royal, 490
CHE'O-PO, a seaport-town of China, province of Fokien, 40 3,' N., Ion. 1.035'W.  Pop. in 1852, 28,012. Its climate is
S.W. of Amoy, and opposite the island of Formosa.              remarkably mild. The houses are of stone, and slated; the
CIIEN-SI a province of China.  See SHEN-SEE.                principal buildings are the military and naval arsenals and
CIIEPACHET, che-packlet, a post-village in Gloucester  hospitals, a curious church, the town-hall, theatre, and bartownship, Providence co., Rhode Island, on the Chepachet  racks.  The commercial and naval ports are quite distinct
River, about 10 miles N.W. of Providence.  It contains 4  from each other.  The commercial ports consist of a harbor
cotton mills, with 5550 spindles; 144 looms, employing 120  and a basin, 1338 feet long and 416 feet wide. The basin
hands, making 22,500 yards of cloth per week, working 800  communicates with the harbor with dock-gates, which prebales of cotton per annum, and consuming 3000 gallons of  vent the refiux of the water. The channel from the harbor
isl; also 1 bank, 12 stores, 6 shingle mills, 1 stove fictory, to the sea is 1968 feet long and 164 feet wide, lined by a gra12 saw mills, 5 grist mills, 7 shoe manufactories, 4 wheel-  nite quay with parapets. In this channel there is always
wvrig'hts, and other establishments of minor importance.  191 feet of water. The port for ships of war (Grand Port)
La-rge quantities of hoop-poles are cut in the vicinity of this  occupies a triangular space of ground, one side resting on
place. Annual amount of manufactures and sales of mer-  the sea, and is surrounded by fortifications.  The P'ort MJilichandise, $232,500. Pop. about 900.                           taire and Arsenal de la jlarisne, planned but only partly be
CIIEPILLO, chl-peellyo, an island in the Pacific Ocean, gun by Louis XVI., have been more than 40 years in proin the bay and off the S. coast of the Isthmus of Panama;  gress; and the new works, commenced in 1831, will take
lat. 80 57' N., Ion. 790 9' W.                                many years to complete.  These consist of a port 984 feet
CIIEPO, chlpo, a river and town of South America, New  long and 751 feet wide, capable of containing 15 sail of the
Granada, department of Panama, and in the narrowest  line, and accessible at all times of tide for vessels of the
part of the isthmus.  The river enters the Pacific 18 miles  largest class; a floating basin, closed by lock-gates; and a
E. of Panama; and a little above, where it is navigable, is  third basin, begun in June, 1836, and now in prIogress.
the small town, an entrep0t for traffic with the Mandingo  These basins have been excavated from the solid slate rock,
Indians.                                                      which forms the foundation of the entire yard, the two forCIHEPSTOW, chlpisto. a market town, river port, and  mer to the depth of 56 feet. There are 4 slips for vessels of
parish of England, co. of MIonmonth, on the Wye, near its  the largest dimensions, the roofs of which, 85 feet high, rest
junction with the Severn, 14- miles E.N.E. of Newvport.  on arches, supported by piers of granite and slate. AdjoinPop. in 1851, 4332. The town is neatly built on a slope be- ing these slips is a dry-dock, and beyond are the smithy
tween bold cliffs, with a handsome iron bridge over the  and workshops, with machinery for planing, turning, scoopWye.  It has a church, formerly a Benedictine convent, ing, and cutting rods, beams, screws, &c. of iron. The timfounded in the reign of King Stephen, and containing some  her shed is 958 feet long, supported on 130 stone pillars. A
rich specimens ofancientarchitecture; two ancient and well- portion of the dock-yard, called Chantereyne, lhas sheds for
endowed hospitals for the poor, a union work-house, a small for building frigates, and a rope-walk 546 yards long.
theatre, and on a cliff overhanging the river, the picturesque    The great work, however, for which Cherbourg is celeremains of a magnificent castle, founded soon after the con- brated, is the digue, or breakwaster, stretching across the
quest. The Duke of Beaufort is lord of the manor.  There  roadstead, which, though protected on three sides by the
are no manufactures, but ship-building is extensively car-  land, was open to the heavy seas from  the N.  To secure a
ried on; and Chepstow imports P~ortuguese wines, and Bal- safe and strong harbor opposite Portsmouth has lon- been
tic and other goods, for the consumption of a large inland  a favorite  object of the French, and no expense has been
district, and exports corn, cider, basrk, iron, coal, and mill- spared to accomplish that object.  The digue was comstones. The tide is said to rise higher here than in any  menced under Louis XVI., and has been continued ever
other Iknown part of the world, sometimes reaching 50, and  since, with occasional interruption, It is 21 miles from the
even 70 feet, aiad flows with great rapidity; hence very  harbor, in water varying  from 42 to 62 feet deep. Its pro.
large vessels can come up to the town. Registered ship-  portions are-length, 4120 yards; breadth at base, 262 feet;
ping, about 2600 tons. In the vicinity are the beautiful  at top, 102 feet. The foundation was laid by sinking large
ruins of Tintern Abbey.                                       caissons of timbers, loaded with stones; but this plan did
CHEIQUEST, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa, 75 miles S.W.  not succeed, and another scheme was resorted to, of forming
by S. of Iowa City.                                           a bank of small stones and covering them with solid blocks.
CIHIER, shale, a river of Central France, rises in the de- This was continued to the time of Napoleon, who directed
partment of Creuse, flows semicircularly E., N., and W., the formation of a fort on the centre of the digue. A mole
through the departments of Allier, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and  was constructed, and a battery raised on- it, mounting 20
Indre-et-Loire, and joins the Loire immediately S.W. of  guns. In 1808, a tremendous storm  swept away all the
Tours, after a course of about 220 miles, for the last 47  buildings, and drowned 194 men. A survey, made in 1828,
of which it is navigable. The principal affluents are the  showed that the foundations have shifted, in the course of
Tardes, Arnon, Evre, and Saudre.  The towns of iMont- 40 years, to a considerable distance from  the position in
luonu St. Amend, Vierzon, Selles, St. Ai-nan, and Bl1r6, are  which they had been first placed. The passage or entrance,
on its banks. The Canal du Berri runs parallel to it in the  E. of the digue, is 3280 feet wvide, and that to the W. 9873
upper part.                                                   feet. A fort and li/-ht-house occupy the centre of the digrne,
CHER, a central department of France, situated between  and there are also light-houses at each entrance to the roadthe departments of Allier, Nibvre, Loitet, Loir-et-Cher, and  stead, and one iat the entrance to the commercial port.
Indre, and between lat. 460 25' and 470 39, N. and Ion. 10  The defences consist of the batteries of Fort Royal, of 100
55' and 30 10, E. Area, 2747 square miles. Pop. in 1852,  guns, on the Isle of Pel6e, and Fort du lomeh on the W:,
306,261. The climate is temperate. The surface is mostly  with various other works, which render Cherbourg, if not
level, and generally wooded.  The principal rivers are the  impregnable from the sea, at least very difficult of attack.
Cher and Loire, along both of which is much fertile land.  On the land side, it has hitherto been almost open, but the
More corn and wine are produced than required for home  fortifications recently constructed are intended to render it
consumption; sheep are numerous, and trade is mostly in  more secure.
rural produce. Mines of iron and coal are wrought.  The    Cherbomag is the seat of a tribunal of first resort, a marlchief manufactures are woollen goods.  Capital Bourges.  time tribunal, and prefecture. It has a school of navigaCher is subdivided into 3 arrondissements, BouRges, St. tion, royal academical society, communal college, public
kmand, and Sancerre.                                         library, and marine library, theatre, museum, ind cabinet
CHIERASCO, kA-rasfro, a town of the Sardinian States, in  of natural history. Its principal industry is ceutred in the
Piedmont, on the Tanaro, near the influx of the Stunra, 52  works of the dock-yard, the commercial trade and manulhcmiles S.S.E. of Turin.  Pop. 8893. Its exact quadrangular  tus-es being comparatively insignificant.  There are, howform indicates that it occupies the site of a Roman town; it  ever, chemical works, sugar and salt refineries, dye-works,
is enclosed with walls, and at the end of each principal  tanneries, and stocking mianufactories.  A lace manutfacstreet is a fine modern arch; its citadel and other fortifica-  tory, conducted by four nuns, employs 350 females, the
428




CHE                                                       CHE
younger of whom are also educated. Large quantities of  surface consists partly of prairies, and partly of timbered
eggls are shipped for England, and mules and salt provisions  land; the soil in some parts is fertile. Capital, Rusk. Pop.
for the West Indies.                                      6673; of whom 5390 were fiee, and 1283 slaves.
Cherbourg occupies the site of a Roman station, and Aig-    CHIEROKEE, a new county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa,
rold, King of Denmark, resided in it about A..D. 945. Wil-  has an area of 625 square miles. It is intersected by the
liam the Conqueror founded an hospital in it, and built the  Little Sioux River, and also drained by two small ffluents
Castle Church. The Castle, in which IHIenry II. frequently  of that stream, and by a tributary of Floyd's River, which
resided, was one of the strongholds of Normandy, and  itself flows into the Missouri. This county is not included
escaped the fate of the town, which, about 1295, was pil-  in the census of 1850.
la(ed by an English fleet from Yarmouth; but it afterwards    CHEROKEE, a village of Logan co., Ohio, 2 or 3 miles W.
sustained three memorable sieges-in 1378, 1418, and 1450. of the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad.
In 1748, the town was taken by the English without opposi-    CHEROKEE CORNER, a village of Oglethorpe co., Geortion, notwithstanding the garrison was large. They kept  gin, 2 miles W. of the Georgia Railroad.
possession of it eight days, destroyed the fortifications, cnar-    CHEROKEE IHIEIGHTS, a post-office of Abbeville district,
ried off the artillery and the bells, and only retired after  South Carolina.
having exacted a heavy ransom from the inhabitants.          CI-IEROKEEI IN'DIANS, a noble and once powerful tribe,
Cherbourg was the last place in Normandy resigned by  who formerly possessed the southern portion of the Appa
the English. Charles X. embarked here with his family, on  lachian Mountains, and a large tract of country on both
quitting  France, August 16, 1830. The first French trans- sides of this range. In 1809, their nuinber amounted to
atlantic steamer arrived at New York from Cherbourg, 8th  12,359; but it had since considerably diminished, when at
July, 1847.                                               length, in 1838, all the Cherokees who were in Georgia, conCHER/BURY, a village of De Kalb co., Georgia, on the  stituting a large majority of those belonging to the tribe,
Macon and Western Railroad, 4 miles S. of Atlanta.        were removed to the W. of the Mississippi by order of the
CILERCHELL or SHERSHELL, shlr'sh6l, (anc. Cocsarea,) United States government. The Cherokees have been cona seaport town of Northern Africa, in Algeria, province, and  sidered the most civilized of all the American Indians. They
55 miles W.S.W. of Algiers. Pop. 1091, of whom 571 are Eu- have a written language; the alphabet, which was invented
ropeans. The walls of the ancient city, with remains of an  by a native Cherokee, consists of 85 characters. Previous to
amphitheatre and other buildings, are still traceable. The  their expulsion from Georgia, some of them are said to have
port is shallow, and exposed to north winds, though pro- become excellent and thriving farmers, so as to bear an adtested by a rocky island.                                 vantageous comparison with the most skilful and industriCHEREPOVETZ or TCIHIEREPOVETZ, chhr-e-po-vetsf, a  ous of this class in the South-western States.
town of European Russia, government, and 250 miles E.N.E.   CIIEROKEE IRON-WORKS, a post-village of York disof Novgorod, on the Sheksna. Pop. 1000.                   trict, South Carolina, 104 miles N. of Columbia.
CIIER'IIILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts, 21 miles    CHERONEA. See C mRONEA.
E. of Calne. Near the village is a chalk hill, the hiBhest    CHER'RAPOONJEE/, a British station and village of Farground between London and Bath; on the summit is a  ther India, in the Cossyah Hills, 135 miles N.E. of Dacca,
Danish camp, and in the turf is cut the colossal figure of a  from 4200 to 4500 feet above the sea, a good deal resorted to
horse, visible 25 miles distant.                           by invalids from Calcutta, whence it is reached by dawk in
CHERIBON or SHERIBON, shlrte-bonx, a seaport town of  5 or 6 days.
Java, on its N. coast, 125 miles E.S.E. of Batavia. Pop.   CIIERIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
11,000. It is the residence of a Dutch governor, and has a    CIIER/RY, a village and township of Butler co., Pennsylfort, and a church founded in 1841, with a considerable trade  vania, about 40 miles N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 970.
in coffee, indigo, teak-wood, &c. Pop. of residency, in 1845,   CHERRY, a township of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
550,000.                                                   1605.
CHERIKOV, a town of Russia. See TCnRaI0ov.                 CHERRY CREEK, a post-village and township of ChauCHEBWINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.       tauque co., New York, 20 miles E. of Maysville. Pop. of the
CIHERINO, chA-ree/no, a post-office, Nacogdoches co., Texas. township, 1311.
CHER1ITON, a parish of England, co: of Kent.              CHERRY CREEK, a post-village of Pontotoc co., MissisCHERITON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.   sippi.
CHERITON, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 3 miles S.   CHER/RYFIELD, a township of Washington co., Maine,
of New Alesford. A leaden box, containing upwards of  120 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1648.
7000 coins of William the Conqueror and William Rufus,   CIIERRYFIELD, a post-office of Ienderson co., North Cawas found at Beaworth, in this parish, in 1833.            rolina.
CIHIEWR/ITON BISHOP'S, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   CHERRY FLAT, a post-office of Rutherford co., Tennessee.
CHERITON  FITZPAINEI, a parish of England, co. of   CHERRY FLATS, a post-village of Tioga co., PenusylvaDevon.                                                     nia, 110 miles N. by W. of Harrisburg.
CHERITON, NORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   CHERRY GROVE, a township of Warren co., PennsylvaCHERNAYA. See TCHERNAYA.                                 nia, 10 miles S. of Warren. Pop. 63.
CHEROKEE, cher'o-kee/, a county forming the W. extre-    CIHERRY GROVE, a post-office of Saline co., Arkansas.
mity of North Carolina, bordering on Tennessee and Geor-   CHIERRY GROVE, a post-village and township in Carroll
gin, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is intersected  co., Illinois, about 25 miles E. by N. from Savannah. Pop.
by the Hiawassee and Valley Rivers. The Unaka or Smoky  of the township, 261.
Mountain extends along the N.W., and the Blue Ridge near    CHERRY GROVE, apost-office of Schuyler co., Missouri.
the S.E. border. The soil in the vicinity of the streams is    CIIERRY HILL, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.
fertile. Formed in 1839, and named from the tribe of In-    CHERRY HILL, a thriving post-village of Cecil co., Marydians who once possessed the soil. Capital, Murphy. Pop. land, on a small stream, 60 miles N.E. of Annapolis. In the
6838; of whom 6501 were firee, and 337 slaves.            vicinity are numerous paper and grist mills, a rolling mill,
CHEROKEE, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, has and several cotton factories.
an area of 620 square miles. It is intersected by the Etowah    CHERRY HILL, a post-office of Brooke co., Virginia.
River, dividing it into nearly equal parts, and also drained    CIHERRY HILL, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Missisby Little River, and Shoal, Alaculsa, and Long Swamp  sippi.
Creeks. The surface is finely diversified; the southern part    CHERRY HILL, avillage of Dodge co., Wisconsin, 36 miles
is undulating, and the northern very hilly. A large por- N.W. of Milwaukee.
tion of the soil: is fertile.  Valuable quarries of statuary mar-   CI-IERRY-IIIN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Camble have been opened in the N.E. part. The county con- bridge.
tains several gold-mines, which are said to be profitable;    CHERRY LAKE, a post-office of Madison co., Florida.
iron, cppper, and titanium  are also found. The Etowah    CHERRY RIDGE, a post-township of Wayne co., PennRiver/furnishes extensive water-power, and is navigable for  sylvania, 3 or 4 miles S. of Honesdale. Pop. 614.
small steamboats. Capital, Canton. Pop. 12,800; of whom     CHERRY RIDGE, a post-otlice of Union parish, Loui11,643 were free, and 1157 slaves.                         siana.
CHEROKEE, a county in the E.N.E. part of Alabama., bor-   CHERRY  STONE, a post-village and port of entry of
dering on Georgia, has an area of 710 square miles. It is tra- Northampton co., Virginia. Enrolled and licensed tonnage
versed by the Coosa River, dividing it into nearly equal in 1854, 1173.
parts, and also watered by the Chattooga River. an affluent   CHERRY TREE, a post-township of Venango co., Pennof the former. The surface is diversified by mountain ridges, sylvania, 12 miles N.N.E. of Franklin. Pop. 930.
and partly covered with forests of pine, oak, and other timber.   CHERRY VALLEY, a post-village and township of Otsego
The soil is sandy and fertile, especially along Coosa River. co., New York. about 55 miles W. of Albany, with which it
The route of the railroad lately commenced from the Ala- is connected by turnpike. It contains several churches,,a
bama River to the Tennessee, passes through the W. part newspaper office, an academy, a bank, and about 200 dwellof the county. Organized about the year 1837. Capital, ings. Pop. of township, 4186.
Centre. Pop. 13,884; of whom 12,193 were free, and 1691    CIHERRY VALLEY, a post-village of Washington co.,
slaves.                                                   Pennsylvania, 95 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.
CHEROKEE, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an    ChIERRY VALLEY, a post-village of Wilson co., Tennesarea of 1215 square miles.  The Neches River forms its  see, on a turnpike leading fronm Nashville, 41 miles E. of that
bound'ry on the W., and the Angelina River on the E. The  city, contains about 100 inhabitants.
429




CHIE                                                       CHE
CHiERRY VALLEY. a post-township in the S.E. central    CHESIIRE, cheshfir, a county forming the S.W. extrepart of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 839.                      mity of New Hampshire, has an area of about 770 square
CHERRY VALLEY, a post-village of Winnebago co., lIIi-  miles. It is bounded on the WV. by Windham county, Vernois, on the Kishwaukee River, and on the Chicago and Ga-  mont, the Connecticut flowing wholly within its border,
lena Railroad, about 200 miles N. by E. of Springfield. It  and is drained by the Ashuelot and its numerous tributacontains a flonr mill and about 200 inhabitants.            ries, and by the head branches of Contoocook, and some
CHERRY VALLEY, a post-office of Crawford co., Mis-  smaller streams. It contains a number of lakes and ponds.
souri.                                                      Bellows Falls, on the Connecticut, in the N.W. part,ois one
CHEIRRY VALLEY, a small post-village of Canada West,  of the most remarkable cataracts in the state. The surface
co. of Prince Edward, 5 miles S.E. of Picton. Pop. about 100. is generally uneven, with a few mountains, among which
CHERtRYVILLE, a post-village of Ilunterdon co., New   may be mentioned the Grand Monadnock and Ashuelot'
Jersey, 40 miles N. by WV. of Trenton.                      Mountains. The soil is generally fertile, especially along
CHERRYVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn-  the streams. The Connecticut River, navigable for boats,
sylvania, about 20 miles WV. of Easton.                     and the railroad connecting Worcester, Massachusetts, and
CIIERRYVILLE, a village of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania,  Montpelier, Vermont, intersect this county, and part of the
119 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg, has about 100 inhabitants.  railroad connecting Hartiford, Connecticut, and Keene, is inCI-IERRYVILLE, a village of Haywood co., Tennessee, on  cluded within its limits. Organized in 1771. Capital, Keene.
the Forked Deer River, 175 miles W. by S. of Nashville.     Pop. 30,143.
CH]ERRY  VOOD, a post-office of Clinton co,, Iowa.          CHESHIRE, a post-village and township of Berkshire co.,
CI-HERSO, khsso, (anuc. Crepfsa,) an island of Illyria, govern-  Massachusetts, on the Pittsburg and North Adams Railment of Triest, in the Gulf of Quarnero, Adriatic, 12 miles  road, about 120 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 1298.
S.S.W. of Fiume.  Area, 105 square miles.  Pop. 14,000.    CHESHIRE, a post-village and township of New Haven
The surface is generally stony and rugged; the inhabitants  co., Connecticut, on the New iHaven and Northampton Railare in a- great measure employed in fishing and building  road, 15 miles N. of New Haven. It contains a flourishing
vessels. Cherso, the capital, on its W. coast, has a cathe-  academy. Pop. 1626.
dral, and 31470 inhabitants. The other towns are Osero,    CHIESHIRE,   a post-village of Ontario co., NewYork, about
Lossini-Grande, and Lossini-Piccolo.                        200 miles WV. of Albany.
CLtERSON, a government and town of Russia.  See    CHESI-HIRE, a post-village and township of Gallia co.,
KuaRsoN.                                                   Ohio, near tie Ohio River, about 12 miles above Gallipolis.
CHIkERSfFONESNU,, ker-so-neets'is, (Gr. Xepcoviyaos,  a  Pop. of the township, 1410.
"continent island," i.e. an island* joined to a continent, a    CHESHIRIIEVILLE, a post-officeofChenango co., New York.
peninsula.) the ancient name of several peninsulas of Europe    CHESIHUNT, a parish of England, co. of Herts, with a
and Asia, as Chersonesus  Aur-ea, (MasUAcca,) Chersonesus Civi-  station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 14 miles N. of Lontrico, (JUTLAND,)'lhersonesus Thracia, (GALLIPOLI,) and  don. Lady Huntingdon's College, for the education of theoChersonesecs I2curica, (CaIMEA.)                           logical students of all sects, removed hither from  South
CHERT, chait, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 33 miles N.  Wales, has a revenue of upwards of 12001. per annum. Ihere
of Castellon de la Plane. Pop. 1718.                        are some remains of a nunnery, and an elegant stone cross,
CHERTA, chia'ta, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 8 miles  recently restored. The Manor-house was a residence of Carfrom Tortosa, in a plain. It was a celebrated and important  dinal WVolsey; and Theobalds, the favorite seat of James I.,
place in the time of the Romaus. Pop. 24133.                is in this parish. Near the church is the house in which
CHERTSEY, chtsesy, a market-town and parish of Eng-  IRtichard Cromwell, son of the Protector, died in 1712, aged
land, co. of Surrey, on the Thames, here crossed by a fine  80 years.
seven-arched bridge, 19 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in    CHE-IS/IL BANK, a sand and gravel shoal in the English
1851, 6025. The town, neatly built of brick, has a hand-  Channel, which connects the island of P'ortland with the
some church, some vestiges of a famous abbey, founded A. D.' mainland, stretching from  Abbotsbury, Dorsetshire, south666, and in which HIenry VI. was buried; an endowed cha-  eastward for 9 mileso by half a mile in breadth.
rity school, educating from  300 to 400 children. Julius    CI-ES/LIN-IHAY, a township of England, co. of Stafford.
Ceosar is supposed by some to have crossed the Thames at    CHESNUT HILL. See CHESTNUT HILL.
this place to attack the Britons. The Saxon kings had a    CRESISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
palace here. The poet.Cowley died in the town, where his    CIHESS SPRINGS, a post-office of Cambria co., Peunsylstudy is still preserved. In the vicinity, now noted for its  vania.
market-gardens, are many handsome seats, including St.    CHESSY, shs'sseef, a town of France, department of Rhane,
Ann's Hill, formerly the residence of Charles James Fox.    9 miles S.S.W. of Villefranche, on the Azerque. Pop. 762.
CI-IESANINGt, a post-office of Saginaw co., Michigan.     Its rich copper-mines, which have been worked since the
CHEWAPEAKE, (BAY,) the largest bay in the United States,  time of the Romans, are now abandoned.
enters Virginia between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, about    CHEST, a post-townuship of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania,
lat. 370 N., lon. 760 WV., and extends into - Maryland as far  21 miles S.W. of Clearfield, is drained by Chest Creek.
as 390 36' N. lat., 760 3' W. ]on. The length, following the  Pop. 397.
curve, is about 200 miles; the breadth yvaries from 4 to 40    CHI-IESTA/TEE, a small river of Georgia, rises in Lumpkin
miles. The distance firom  Cape Charles to Cape IIenry is  co., and flows southward to the Chattahoochee, a few miles
about 12 niles.  Probably no other bay on the globe is  W. of Gainesville.  It furnishes extensive water-power.
marked with so many arms or estuaries as the Chesapeake.    CHEST CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the West Branch
These are of various dimensions, and of the most fantastic  of the Susquehanna in Clearfieldcounty.
forms. While many of them serve as outlets or reservoirs    CHESTE, chts/t4, a town of Spain, 14 miles W. of Valento the waters of the different rivers of Maryland and Vir-  cia. Pop. 3742. It has manufactures of ooollen goods, and
ginia, others are scarcely fed by any permanent stream, be-  trade in wine and fruits.
ing nothing more than mere arms or projections from the    CHESITER, or CHESI-IIIRE, a maritime county of Engsea. The depth of the Chesapeakle is sufficient for the largest land, having N. tlhe Irish Sea and the estuary of the Merships to ascend the main bay nearly to the mouth of the  sey, and on other sides the counties of Lancaster, York,
Susquehanna. South-west of Cape Henry, the rivers, har-  Derby, Stafford, Salop, Flint, WVest Flint, Denbigh, and the
bore, and sounds are shallow; but with the Chesapeake  estuary of the Dee. Area, 673,280 acres, of which upwards
commence deep bays, which continue at no great distance  of 620,000 acres are estimated to be under culture. Pop.
from each other to the N.E. extremity of the Atlantic coast  455,725. The surface, except on its extreme E. and W. bocof the United States.  The region drained by the Chesa-  ders, is remarkably level, well wooded, and studded with
peake Bay, and the rivers flowing into it, enmbraces an area small lakes or meres. The principal rivers are the Dee, Merof about 70,000 square miles.                               sey, and Weever. The soil is chiefly a clayey or sandy loam;
CHIESAPEAKE, or CHESAPEAKE CITY, a post-village  the climate moist. This is one of the principal dairy and
of Cecil co., Maryland, at the W. terminus of the Chesapeake  grazing districts in Elngland. Near Nantwich are apparently
and Delaware Canal, near the entrance of Elk River into  inexhaustible mines of rock salt and saline springs; other
the Chesapeake Bay, 84 miles N.E. of Annapolis:             chief mineral products are coal, copper, and lead. The
CHESAPEAKE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Mlissouri,  Grank Trunk ane Bridgewater Canals, and the London and
145 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.                           North-western, Manchester and Birmingham, the Crewe and
CHES/ELBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         Chester, and Holyhead Railways traverse the county. BeCHESHAM,,   a market-town and parish of England, co. of  sides the capital city, Chester, the principal towns are
Bucks, 12 miles WV.N.W. of the VWatford station of the Lon-  Macclesfield, St-Lockport, Congleton, and Knutsford.  Its N.
don and Birmingham Railway, and 29 miles W.N.WV. of Lon-  and S. divisions each send 2 members to the House of Condon. Pop. in 1851, 0098. It has manufactures of straw-  mons. The Corosomii occupied this part of the country at
plait, shoes, wooden turned wares, &c., and paper mills.    the Roman invasion.  It was held by the Angld-Saxons
CIIESHIAM-BOIS, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.       from 828 till taken possession of by William the Conqueror,
CIESHIERT'S STORE, a post-office of Anderson co., Ken-  who formed it into a county-palatine.  It was governed
tucky.                                                     almost independent of the English crown till the reign of,
CHESHIRE, a county of England. See CHESTERz               Henry YIII., but remained a county-palatine until an act
of George IV. abolished its independent courts.
* In Arabic, the same word (Jezeer) is used lor a "peninsula" CIESTER., (anc. De/a or De/ca Casola,) an episcopal city;
ind an "island."                                            county of the same name, parliamentary and municipal bo430




CHE                                                        CHE
rough, and river port of England, capital of the county, on    CHESTER, a post-village and township of Rockinjham'he Dee, here crossed by 2 bridges, and on the Crewe and  co., New IHampshire, 25 miles S.E. of Concord, intersected
Birkenhead Railway, 16. miles S.S.E. of Liverpool, 21 niles  by a branch of Exeter River. Pop. 1301.
N.W. of Crewe. and 166 miles N.W. of London. It stands    CIHESTER,  a post-village and township of Windsor co.,
on a rocky elevation, in great part enclosed by ancient Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 80 miles
and massive walls, which form an oblong quadrangle, sur-  S. of Montpelier. It has an academy, and manufactures of
rounded by a public walk 2 miles in length.  Its tho- woollen goods, rakes, leather, &c. Pop. 2001.
roughfares, preserving their ancient Roman direction, cross    CHESTER, a post-village and township of Hampden co.,
each other at right angles; and the four principal, which  Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 119 miles W. by S.
diverge to the cardinal points, have their.carriage-ways far  of Boston.  It has manufactures of cotton and woollen
below the adjacent houses, and are bordered with shops, goods, leather, and edge tools. Pop. 1521.
over which are piazzas or "; rows" for foot-passengers. The    CHESTER, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.,
principal edifices are the Castle, comprising biarracks and  Connecticut, on the WV. side of Connecticut River, about 20
armory with nearly 30,000 stand of arms, the City Jail, miles N.E. by E. of New Haven. The inhabitants are ex.
churches, palatinate offices, City Hall, linen, union, and corm- tensively engaged in the manufacture of various articles of
merce halls, Exchange,CountyInfirmaryand County Lunatic  hardware, including machinery, iron castings, bitts and
Asylum. The Cathedral is an irregulatr massive structure, augurs, forks, and spoons; also of woollen goods and leather.
with a tower 127 feet in height; it has many fine monuments, Here is a steamboat landing on the Connecticut. Pop. 992.
with a handsome chapter-house, and adjacent to it arie the    CHESTER, a post-villageand township of Orange co., New
remains of an ancient abbey, partly used for the grammar York, at the junction of the Newburg branch with the New
school. The bishop's palace and prebendal college occupy  York and Erie Railroad, 55 miles N.N.W. of New York City.
other portions of the abbey-precinct. St. John's Church is a  The village is divided into East and West Chester. The
fine specimen of Saxon architecture; Tririty Church con- railroad station is at East Chester. It contains a bank, an
tains the tombs of the poet Parnell, and of Matthew Henry, academy, and several store-houses.  Pop. of township, 1641,
the commentator on the Bible. At the end of either prin-   CHESTEiR, a township of Warren co., New York. Pop. 1850.
cipal street of the city proper is an arched gateway; and    CHESTER, a township of Burlington co., New Jersey.
crossing the Dee is Grosvenor Bridge, a stone structure of a  Pop. 3601.
single arch 200 feet in span. The public charities are very    CHESTER, a post-village and township of Morris co., New
numerous, comprising St. John's Poor's HIospital, (annual Jersey, on the turnpike between Morristown and Easton, 12
revenue, about 6001.,) and a large number of schools, includ- miles W. by S. of the former. It contains 2 churches, and
ing one supported by the Marquis of Westminster for 500  about 50 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 1334.
children. Chester has a good public library, a mechanics'   CH-ESTER, a post-township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania,
institution, with museum and theatre. Except ship-build-  on the Delaware River, 15 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. Pop.,
ing, the manuf-ctures  are of little consequence, and the  including Chester borough, 3219.
commerce of Chester has greatly declined, owing to the fill-   C1-ESTER, a flourishing post-borough of Delaware co.,
ing up of the harbor, and to the proximity of Liverpool.  Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, and on the PhiladelVessels of 600 tons, however, now approach the city, which  phia ahd Wilmington Railroad, 15 miles S.W  of Philadelexports cheese, copper plates, cast iron, and coal, and im- phia, and 94 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. 1l has the disports wines and other southern European produce, and Irish  tinction of being the oldest town in the state, having been
provisions. Customs revenue in 1848, 83,9451. Registered  settled by the Swedes in 1043. It was originally called Upshipping in 1847, 6682 tons.  It has county assizes for land. The Provincial Assembly under the government of
Cheshire, and county and borough quarter sessions. The  WVilliam  Penn was held here in 1682. Chester was the
municipal and parliamentary borough, subdivided into 5  county seat of Chester county from  1682 until Delaware
wards, is governed by a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 coun- county was organized in 1789; it was afterwards the capital
cillors.  Chester sends 2 members to the House of- Con- of the latter county until a few years ago. It contains sevemons. The diocese comprises the counties of Chester and  ral churches, a library, and a bank. Two or three newsLancaster, with parts of Cumberland, Westmoreland, Flint,  papers are published here. Pop. in 1850, 1667.
and Denbigh. It gives the title of earl to the Prince of    CHESTER, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, on
Wales. About 0 miles S. is Eaton Hall, the magnificent the Delaware River.
seat of the Marquis of Westminster.  Pop. in 1851, 27,766.   CHIESTER, a village of Gwinnett co., Georgia, 25 miles
CFES/TER, a maritime village of Nova Scotia, in British  E.N.E. of Atlanta.
America, 33 miles W. of hIalifax.                            CHESTERl, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.
CHESITER, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania,   CHESTER, a village of Butler co., Ohio, 16 miles N. by E.
bordering on Delaware and Maryland, has an area of 738  of Cincinnati.
square miles.. The Schuylkill River forms its boundary on    CHESTER, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1600.
the N.E., the Octorara Creek on the WV., the branches of    CHESTER, a township of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. 1103.
Brandywine Creek rise within its limits, and it is also    CIHESTER, a post-village and township, formerly the
drained by French and Elk Creeks. The surface is agree- capital of Meigs co., Ohio, about 100 miles R.E. of Columbus.
ably diversified; a low ridge, called the Welsh Mountain,  Pop. of the village in 1850,189; of the township, 1598.
forms the N.W. boundary; the eastern part is generally un-    CHESTER, a township in Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1620.
dulating, and the central and north-western parts hilly.   CHESTER, a post-township in Wayne co., Ohio, about 7
The Great Valley extends across the county from the Schuyl- miles E. by N. of Wooster. Pop. 2235.
kill River in a W.S.W1. direction, with an average width of    CHIESTER, a post-township in the central part of Eaton
about 2 miles. The soil of this valley, and of many other  co., Michigas, 20 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 539.
parts, is exceedingly fertile, asnd in a high state of cultiva-    CH-ESTER, a township of Ottawa co., Michigan. Pop. 216.
tion. The quantity of corn produced in 1850 was 1,339,446    CHESTER, a township in Wabash co., Indiana. Pop. 1541.
bushels-greater than that of any other county in the state    CH-ESTER, a post-office of Wayne co., Indiana.
except Lancaster; and the quantity of hay was 96,315 tons-    CHESTER, a township in Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 510.
greater than that of any other county except Montgomery.    CIIESTER, a thriving post-village, capital of lRandolph
The rocks which underlie the county are of the prinrary  co., Illinois, on the Mississippi River, about 1 mile below the
stratified class, and perhaps no part of the state offers so  entrance of the Kaskaskia, and 149 miles S. of Springfield. It
great a variety of rare minerals. Extensive quarries of pri- has considerable business, as the surplus produce of the
mitire limestone and marble are worked in the Great Valley;  county is mostly shipped at this place. A weekly newspaper
mines of copper and lead have been opened near the Schuyl- is published here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1500.
kill River; zinc, chromate of iron, and kaolin are procured    CHESTER, a post-village and township in Dodge co., Wisfor exportation in other parts of the county. It also contains  cousin, about 60 miles N.W. of Milwaukee.  Pop. 829.
zircon, silver, titanium, agate, chalcedony, sapphire, ame-    CHESTER  COURT-IHIOUSE, South Carolina. See C assthyst, and beryl. Water-power  is abundant in the county, TEviaLLE.
and is employed in manufactories of various kinds. It is    CHIESTER CREEK, in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania,
intersected by the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad. and  flows through Delaware co., and enters the Delaware River
several branch railroads terminate in it. Chester county was near the borough of Chester.
one of the three original counties of Pennsylvania, established    CHESTER CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Geauga co.,
by William  Penn in 1682, and was named from the city of  Ohio, 169 miles N.E. of Columbus. There is a flourishing
Chester, in England. Capital, West Chester. Pop. 66,438.   seminiary here, with about 200 pupils.
CHESTER, a district in the N. part of South Carolina, has   CHIES/TER FACITORY, apost-village of Iampden co., Masan area of 570 square miles.  It is bounded on the E. by the  sachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 126 miles W. by S. of
Catawba River, on the W. by Broad River, and drained by  Boston.
Fishing, Rocky, and Sandy Creelks.  The surface is plea-   CIHIESITERFIELD, a municipal borough, town, parish,
santly diversified by hills of moderate height; the soil is and township of England, co., and 22 miles N.N.E. of Derby,
fertile and well watered. The district is intersected by the  on the Rother, and a canal connecting it with the Trent,
Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, lately constructed. and having a station on the North Midiandi Railway, 24,
Capital, Chesterville. Pop. 18,038; of whom 8151 were firee, miles N.N.E. ofDerby. Pop.ia 1851, 7101. It is irregularly
and 9887 slaves.                                           built. The principal edifices are a cruciform church of the
CHESTER, a township of Penobscot co., Maine. on the W. thirteenth century, with a remarkable twisted spire 230 feet
side of Penobscot River, 100 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 340. high, various schools. alms-houses, literary and mechanics'
4531




CHE                                                      CHE
Institutions, the Town-hall, Jail, Union Work-house, and ele-   CTHEWTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
gant assembly rooms. It has manufactures of cottons, sillks,   CIIESTERTON, a Iparish of England, co. of HIuntingdon.
lace, hosiery, worsted, earthenware, and machinery; and in    CHESTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
its vicinity are iron, coal, and lead mines. Chesterfield gives    CiIESTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
the title of earl to a branch of the Stanhope family, and is    CIHES/TERTOWN, a post-village of Warren co., New Yorlk,
polling-place for the northern division of the county.    80 miles N. of Albany, has 3 churches, and abont 400 inCHES1TERFIEL), a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, habitants.
has an area of 300 square  miles. The Appomattox River    CHIESTERTOWN, a seaport, capital of Kent co., Maryland,
forms its whole southern boundary, and the James River on  on the right or W. bank of Chester River, about P0 miles
the N.E. separates it from IHenrico county and Richmond  firom its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, 54 miles N.E. -f Ancity. The surface is uneven, and the soil inferior, except- napolis. It is the seat of Washington College, founded in
ing the river bottoms. Coal is procured in considerable  1783, and contains 1 bank and several churches.  Small
quantities from the mines of this county. The Richmond  vessels ascend the river to this point.
and Petersburg Railroad passes through it. Formed firom     CIHESTER VILLAGE, a post-village of IIHampden co., MasIlenrico in 1748. Capital, Chesterfield Court-House. Pop. sachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 119 miles WV. by S. of
17,489; of whom 8873 were free, and 8616 slaves.          Boston.
CHESTERFIELD, a district in the N.E. part of South Ca-   CHESITERVILLE, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine,
rolina, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 868  25 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1142.
square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Great Pedee    CHESTERVILLE, a post-office of Chester co.,Pennsylvania.
River, on the S.W. by Lynche's Creek, and drained bIy Black    CIIESTERVILLE, a village of Potter co., Pennsylvania,
and Cedar Citeeks.  The surface is hilly, the soil generally  near the source of Genesee River, about 180 miles N.W. of
sandy, and fertile near the streams. The district is inter- Harisburg.
sected by a plank-road from Cheraw to Wadesborough, North    CHESTERVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Maryland.
Carolina. Capital, Chestelrfield Court-HIouse. Pop. 10,790;   CHESTERVILLE, a post-village, capital of Chester disof whom 6896 were free, and 3894 slaves.                  trict, South Carolina, on the Charlotte and South Carolina
CIHIESTERFIELD, a post-village and township of Cheshire Railroad, 64 miles N. by W. of Columbia. It is situated in
co., New Hampshire, on the left bank of the Connecticut a fertile farming district, and has an active business, and 1
River, opposite Brattleborough, 65 miles S.W. of Concord. bank. A railroad will soon be completed friom this place to
It has an academy, and manufactures of cotton goods, sash  Yorkville.
and blinds, leather, and bitts and augers. Pop. 1680.       CHESTERVILLE, a post-office of Pontotock co., MissisCHESTERFIELD, a post-township of Hampshire co., Mas- sippi.
sachusetts, 90 miles W. of Boston, watered by a branch of    CIHESTERVILLE, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee,
Westfield River. Pop. 1014.                               148 niles WV. of Nashville City.
CHESTERFIELD, a post-village in New London co., Con-   CHESTERVILLE, a post-village in Morrow co., Ohio, about
necticut, about 6 miles N.N.W. of New London.             40 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 500.
CJESTERFIELD, a township of Essex co., New York, on    CIIES/TER WARD, England, a division forming the N.
Lake Champlain. Pop. 4171.                                part of the county of Durham. Area, 158,060 acres, about
CHESTERFIELD, a township of Burlington co., New Jer- one-fouth of which is heath. Pop. 110,178.
sey. Pop. 4514.                                             CHEST/NUT BLUFFS, a post-village of Dyer co., TennesCHESTERFIELD, a post-village, capital of Chesterfield  see, 153 miles W. by S. of Nashville.
district, South Carolina, on Thompson's Creek, an affluent   CIIESTNUT CREEK, a post-office of Autauga co., Alaof Grieat Pedee River, 105 miles N.E. of Columbia.        bama.
CHESTERFIELD, a post-village of Madison parish, Lou!-   CHESTNUT FLAT, a post-village of Walker co., Georgia.
siana, on Bayou Macon, 150 miles N. of Baton Rouge.         CIHESTNUT GAP, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.
CIIESTERFIELD, a post-township in Fulton co., Ohio,   CIHESTNUT GROVE, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennabout 35 miles W. by N. of Toledo. Pop. 539.              sylvania.
CIIESTERFIELD, a small village of Morgan co., Ohio.       CHESTNUT GROVE,  a thriving post-village of PittsylCITESTEFRFIELD, a township of lacomb co., Michigan. vania co., Virginia, near Sandy Creek, 173 miles W.S.W. of
Pop. 1002.                                                Richmond, contains 3 stores, several tobacco factories, and
CtIESTERFIELD, a village of Greene co., Indiana, on the  about 100 inhabitants.
West Fork of White River, 80 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.    CHESTNUT GROVE, a post office of Davidson co., TenCHESTERFIELD, formerly WEST UNION, a village of nessee.
Madison co., Indiana, on White River, 40 miles N.E. of In-   CHIESTNUT GROTE,: a post-office of Shelby co., Kentucky.
Bianapolis, with which it is connected by railroad. It con-   CIHESTNUT HILL, a post-township of Monroe co., Penntailns a steam mill.                                      sylvania, 24 miles N.W. from Easton. Pop. 1029.
CIESTERFIELD, a flouishing post-village of lMacoupin    CHESTNUT HILL, a post-village included within the
co., Illinois, 50 miles S.W. of Springfield.              chartered limits of Philadelphia, 12 miles N.N.W. of the
CHESTERFIELD, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 25  State-house. It is finely situated on the top of a hill, and
miles W. of St. Louis.                                    contains a Presbyterian and a Mlethodist church, with a
CHESTERFIELD COURT-HOUSE, apose-village, capitalof  nunmber of elegant country seats.
Chesterfield co.,Virginia, about 12 miles S.S.W. of Richmond.    CIIESTNUT IIILL, a post-office of Calvert co., Maryland.
CRESTERFIELD FACTORY, a post-office of Cheshire co.,   CHESTNUT HILL, a post-office of Ashe co., North CaNew IHampshire.                                           rolina.
CHIESTERFIELD INLET, a long and narrow inlet of Bri-   CIESTNUT IHILL, a village of tIall co., Georgia, about 95
tish North America, stretching N. from hiudson's Bay. En- miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville.
trance in lat. 630 30' N., ion. 900 40 W.V  Length, 250 miles;   CHESTNUT IHILL, a post-office of Perry co., Alabama.
greatest breadth, 25 miles. It contains numerous islands,   CHESTNUT HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Inand receives severalrivers.                               diana.
CIES/TERFORD, (anc. CGsmboricum?or Beta Icesu-sum?) a    CIHIESTNUT LEVEL, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennparish of England, co. of Essex, on the Granta, 3' miles sylvania.
N.N.W. of Saffron-Walden. Great quantities of Romnan coins   CIHIESTNUT RIDGE, a post-office, Dutchess co., New York.
and urns have been dug up here, and in 1848 the remains    CIIESTNUT RIDGE, of Pennsylvania, a ridge extending
of a Roman villa Were discovered.                         south-westerly through Westmoreland and Fayette counties
CIHESTERFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of into Vii-ginia. See LAUREL RIDGCE.
Essex, 2* miles N.W. of S8affron-Walden. It is a station on    CHESTNUT RIIGE, a post-office, Union co., Pennsylvania.
the Eastern Counties Railway.                               CHESTNUT RIDGE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.
CHES/TERIHILL, a post-office of Morsgan co., Ohio.        CIESUNCOOK, (che-sunlkook) LAKE, in Piscataquis co.,
CHESITER-LE-STREET, a village and parish of England, Maine, is about 25 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide.
co. and 51 miles N. of usurham, near the Great North of Eng- It may properly be regarded as an expansion of the Penobland Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2580. Its church was formerly  scot River, which is commonly said to flow through it
collegiate; and the village, which is on the ancient Ermine  CHES/WARDINE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
street, was long the seat of the Durham episcopal see.      CIIETA/CHEE CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Alabama
CHESTER RIVER, of Delaware and Maryland, rises in  River from the N.W. about 18 miles below Cahawba.
Kent county of the former state, flows westward to Chester-   CIJETIMACIHES (chet-tim-atchliz or shet'mash/) LAKE,
town of MaryLand.  Iere it turns toward the S.WV.,,and  also called GRAND LAKE, situated in the S. part of Louiassumes the form of abay, which communicates with Chess- siana, between Atchafalaya Bayou and the river Teche, is
peale Bay between Kent and Queen Anne counties. Small formed by the overflowings of the former. It is about 40
vessels ascend to Chestertown, a distance of about'30 miles. miles long and 10 miles wide, but too shallow for navigaCHESTER'S DISTRICT, a village or settlement of Burke  tion. Its waters are discharged through the above-named
co.. Georgia, 80 miles E. of Milledgeville.               bayou into the Gulf of Mexico.
CHESTER SPRINGS, sometimes called the YELLOW             CHET/TLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
SPRINGS, a post-village and watering-place of Pikeland    CRET/TON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
township, Chester co., Pennsylvania, 72 miles E.S.E. of Har-   CIIETXVA', a maritime town of British India, presidency
risburg. It is a pleasant summer resort, surrounded with  of Bombay, district of Malabar, on the W. coast of India, 5delightful scenery.                                      miles E.S.E. of Calicut.
432




CHE                                                         CHI
CIHIET OOD or CHETWODE, a parish of England, co. of    CHIAPA DE LOS INDIOS, che.4/pA dA loce.eentde-oce, a
Bucks.                                                     town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Chiapa. on the
CHET/WYND, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            Tabasco, 20 miles N.W. of Cuidad-Real. It derived itsname
CHEUX,'shuh, a town of France, department of Calvados,  from its population being mainly Indian.
on the right bank of the Mue, arrondissement, and 10 miles    CHIAPAS.  See CMaPA.
V. of Caen. Pop. 1009.                                       CHIARAMONTE, ke-A4r-mon/tt, a town of Sicily, 11
CHEV/ELEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.        miles N.N.W. of Modica. Pop. 7000. It is well built, and the
CIJEVELEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.            view from its Capuchin convent is one of the finest in Sicily.
CHEV/ENING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              CIIAIAMONTE or CHIARAMONT, a citadel, intenCHEV/ERELL, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  dancy of Girgenti, a little W. of Siculiana.
CHEVERELL, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   CHIARAMONTIE, a village of Sardinia, 14 miles E.N.E.
CHEVILLY, sheh-vee'yee/, a village of France, department of Sassari. Pop. 1505.
of Loiret, on the Paris and Orleans Railway, arrondissement,    CIHIARAVALLE, ke-a'r-vil/l4, a town of Naples, province
and 9 miles N. of Orleans. Pop. 1281.                      of Calabria Ultra II., near the Gulf of Squillace, 17 miles
CIIEVIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2500.
CHEVIOT, chev/e-ot, a post-village of IIHamilton co., Ohio,   CHIARAVALLE, an abbey in Lombardy, 3 miles S.E. of
about 5 miles N.W. of Cincinnati.                          Milan, originally a Cistercian monastery, founded by St.
CHEVIOT (chev'e-ot) FELLS, a mountain range of South  Bernard.
Africa, in Cape Colony, extending between the Green-Bergen    CIHIARENZA  or CLARENTZA, a cape and village of
)n the W. and I-Hyndhope Fells on the E., about lat. 320 30' S. Greece. See KLAtEN'aZA.
CHEVIOT (chivle-ot or chevfe-ot) HILLS, a mountain    CHIARI, ke-tree, a town of Lombardy, 14 miles W. of
ange extending from N.E. to S.W., between England and  Brescia, on the railway fisom Milan to Brescia. Pop. in 1843,.cotland, in the counties of Northumberland and Roxburgh,  8903. It has numerous churches, and flourishing manufacbut mostly in the former county, in which they occupy  tures of silk faibrics and twist. IHere Prince Eugene gained
about 10,000 acres. They are of trap formation, porphyry  a victory over Marechal Villerot, on 1st September, 1701.
and greenstone, and intersect the old red sanidstone and    CIIIARIOMONTE, ke-A-ro-mon/tA, a town'of Naples, promountain limestone strata. They afford excellent pasture, vince of Basilicata, on a mountain, 42 miles S.E. of Potenza,
and are grazed by sheep of superior breed.  Grouse are  with 2620 inhabitants, 2 parish churches, and a high school.
abundant. The Cheviot Peak, about 7 miles S.W. of Wooler,   CIHIAROMONTE, a market-town of Sicily, 31 miles W. of
is 2684 feet, and Carter Fell, 2020 feet in elevation. The Che- Syracuse. Pop. 3600.
viot Hills were the scene of the famous encounter between    CHIASSO, ke-es/so, a town of Switzerland, canton of
the Earl Percy and Douglas, described in the old ballad of Ticino, with a custom-house on the frontier of Lombardy,
"Chevy Chase."                                             4 miles N.W. of Como. Pop. 954.
CIIEVREUSE, shav'ruzf, a town of France, department    CHIAVARI, ke-5/vA-re, a maritime town of the Sardinian
of Seine-et-Oise, 7 miles S.W. Versailles, on the Yvette.  States, 21 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on the Gulf of Eapallo, at
Pop. in 1852, 1807. It was formerly an important fortress,  the month of the Sturla.  Pop. 10,610. It is enclosed by
and repeatedly taken andretaken in the wars of the fifteenth  cultivated hills, and is well built and flourishing. Streets
century.                                                    narrow, and bordered with arcades; the houses present much
CHEW-MAG/NA, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    curious architecture; old and picturesque towers are dotted
CtIEWNINIGA, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois.    about the town and in the vicinity are many handsome viiCHEW'S LANDING, a post-village of Camden co., New  las. Principal edifices, three richly adorned churches, the
Jersey, on the North Branch of Big Timber Creek, 9 miles  mayor's residence, a hospital, and a convent.  It has a
S. by E. of Camden. It contains 2 churches, and fron 40 to  celebrated society of agriculture and arts, lace, and silk50 dwellings.                                               twist factories, an anchovy fishery, and several annual
CHEW/STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         fairs  Marble and slate are quarried in its neighborhood.
CHEWS/VILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Mary.- Though liable to gusty winds, it is a good deal resorted to
land, 105 miles N.W. of Annapolis.                          by invalids.
CHEW/TON-MEN/DIP, a pearish of England, co. of Somer-    CHIAVENNA, ko —ven/ng, (anc. Claveeas,) a town of
set. 6 miles N.N.E. of Wells. It gives the title of viscount Lombardy, Valtellina, on the Maira, 20 miles W.N.W. of
to the Earl of Waldegrave.                                  Sondrio.  Pop. 3539.  It is enclosed by walls, and well
CHEYCHUN, chA[chun/, a town of Sinde, on the Indus, built; it has 6 churches, to one of which are attached a
50 miles N.N.W. of Hyderabad.                               baptistry, with some curious antiquities, and singular
CHEY/ENNE. See CuIENNE.                                   mosaic work executed in bones. Manufactures'of silk twist
CHIAZE, LA, I shlz, or l4 sh~z, a town of France, depart-  and fabrics, and of pottery made from a peculiar soft stone,
ment of CStes-du-Nord, 6 miles S.E. of Loud6ac, on the Lid. are carried on; and the Septimer and Splitigen roads meetPop. in 1852, 410.                                         ing here, Chiavenna has an active trade with Switzerland
CHEZY - L'ABBAYE, shsizeeflb'bAt/, a market-town of  and Italy in these articles; also in wine, which the inhbaFrance, department of Aisne, 4 miles S. of Chkteau-Thierry. bitants keep in large excavations, termed " venterali."
Pop. 1216.                                                    CHICABALAPOOR/ a town of India, Deccan and Mysore
CIHTIAMPO, ke-im/po, a village of Northern Italy, govern-  dominions, 100 miles N.E. of Seringapatam, and formerly
ment of Venice, 12 miles WV. of Vicenza. Pop. 3000.         noted for a manufacture of sugar-candy.
CI-ANA, ke-/na, (anc. Cla/nis,) a small river of Central   CHIC'ACOLE/, or CICACOLE, sik'4-k51/, a town of British
Italy, Tuscany, and the Pontifical States: after forming one  India, presidency of Madras, 107 miles S.W. of Ganjam, on
or two lakes or marshes, it is divided into two branches, the  N. bank of Chicacole River, near the Bay of Bengal. It is
former being an affluent of the Arno, which it joins 5 miles  large, irregularly built, has some neat barracks, several baN.W. of Arezzo, after a course of 35 miles; the latter joins  zaars, many mosques, and its muslin manufactures have
the Praglia. The two are connected by the Chiana Canal, 37  long enjoyed repute.
miles in length, begun in 1551, finished in 1823, and by which    CIHICAGO, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.
a large tract of land has been drained and rendered fertile.    CHICAGO, she-kawfgo, the most populous and commercial
CHIANCIANO, ke-An-chi'no, a village of Tuscany, pro- city of Illinois, and seat of justice of Cook county, is situated
vince of Arezzo, 4 miles S.E. of Montepulciano. It is one of  on the south-western shore of Lake Michigan, and on both
the most favorite watering-places in Central Italy. Pop. 2166. sides of Chicago River. 278 miles, W. by S., from D)etroit;
CHIANTI, ke-An/tee, that part of Tuscany which lies be- 180miles, E. by S., from Galena, and 410 miles, by water,
tween the sources of the Arbia, Ambra, and Ombrone, from St. Louis. Lat. 410 52/ 20// N., ion. 870 35' W.
forming part of the water-shed between their basins and    This city-the most remarkable in the United States for
that of the Arno.                                           its rapid sgrowth-is built on an extremely level plain, suffiCHIIIANTLA, che-ant/lI, a river of Central America, Guate- ciently elevated to prevent inundation, and extending
male, rises in the volcanic chain which traverses the centre  many miles towards the S. and W. The adjacent country
of Guatemala, and, after a N.W. course of 150 miles, joins the  consists of beautiful and fertile prairies, interspersed with
Usumasinta, on the left bank, in lat. 170 10' N., Ion. 910 55' W. groves, and diversified by gentle slopes. Chicago River, and
CHIANTLA, a town of Central America, on the above- its north and south branches, which unite about threenamed river, 128 miles S.W. of Guatemala.                   quarters  of a mile from  the lake, separate the city into
CHIAPA, che-/pA, or CITIAPAS, che- p s, the southern- three portions. The main stream, flowing directly easetmost state of the Mexican  Confederation, situated between  ward, is from  50 to 75 yards wide, and from 15 to 20 feet
let. 160 and 180 N., and lon. 910 and 940 WV., having N. the  deep, and forms one of the best natural harbors on the lake.
state of Tabasco; WV., Oajaca: S. and E., Guatemala, and  Substantial piers have been extended into the lake and a
N.E., Yutacan. Area, 18,679 square miles. It comprises a  lighthouse erected on one of them. Vessels ascend Chicago
portion of the table-land of Central America, traversed by  Fiver and one of its branches nearly 5 miles. 
the rivers Usumasinta, Tabasco, and their affluents. Eu-   The city is laid out in rectangular blocks, with streets ex— ropean grains are raised on the uplands; the valleys yield  tending nearly north and south, and east and west. The
maize, hemp, tobacco, sugar, pimento, indigo, vanilla, and  shore of the lake, and the northern parts of the city are
cocoa, the export trade being chiefly in the two latter-named  occupied with the finest residences, but the principal busiproducts. Principal towns, Cuidad-Real, the capital, Chiapa, ness is transacted on the south side of the river, the banks
and Palenque. Remains of ancient cities are found in the  of the South Branch being lined with docks and large wareN.E. part of tlhis state. Pop.. chiefly Indians, 161,914.   houses. lMany of the streets are paved with planks, and
2                                                                              4433




CHI1                                                         CII
lighted with gas. Michigan avenue, which is. perhaps. the  works is $400,000. The Chicago and Galena Railroad Cornmost beautiful street in the city, extends along the shore  pany have erected a fine depot for passengers; and anothei
of the lake, and is bordered with shade-trees. Next to, and  for freight, about 300 feet in length.. The Tremont House,
paraliel with this, is Wabash avenue, adorned with double  here, is one of the largest, as well as one of the'best, hotels
rows of trees.                                              in the United States. The assessed value of real and perThe most remarkable public buildings are the new Court- sonal estate in 1854 was $24,392,240.
house, the Mferchants' Exchange, the Marine HIospital, the    Chicago, which appears destined to become the chief cornMedical College, and the Second Presbyterian Church. The  mercial emporium of the North-west, in consequence of its
Court-house is a splendid edifice of Lockport limestone, hav- commanding situation, was settled about the year 1831, preing a prison on the first floor, the county offices on the  vious to which it was a mere trading-post amidst the wigsecond, and a court-room  and town-hall on the third, with  wamn s of the Indians. It was incorporated in 1836; in 1840
a cupola and roof of galvanized iron. The Marine Hospital it contained 4853 inhabitants; in 1850, 29,963; in 1853,
is a spacious and handsome building, of Milwaukee brick. 60,662; and in 1855, 83,509, having doubled about every
The Second Presbyterian church, at the corner of Wabash  four years.
and Washington streets, in the Gothic style, with a steeple    CHICAGO  RIVER, a small stream  flowing into Lake
about 200 feet high, is perhaps the most beautiful edifice of  Michigan, at Chicago. See CHICAGO.
its class west of New York. It is built of a kind of pitchy    CHICAMOGLOOR, chik'a-mo-gloor/, a town of India, Mystone, in which black and white are mingled, and presents sore dominions, 90 miles N.W. of Seringapatam.
a singular and striking appearance. A Catholic cathedral   CIHICANHUALLY, chik'an-hwblllee, a town of India.
is about being erected in the northern part of the city, the  Mysore dominions, 70 miles N. of Seringapatam, and
cost of which, it is estimated, will be from  $150,000 to  strongly fortified.
$200,000. There are 61 churches in the city, belonging to    CHICAPA, che-kiVpi, a river of the Mexican Confedethe different denominations.  Chicago contains 7 banks, ration, falls into a lagoon communicating with the Gulf
and about 20 printing offices, from which numerous daily  of Tehuantepec, after a course of about 50 miles.
and weekly journals are issued.  The public schools are    CHICAPA, a town of the Mexican Confederation. state of
well organized,- and are accommodated with excellent build- 0ajaca, 25 miles N.W. of Tehuantepec, on a river of same
ings. There are 54 schools of different grades. The Medical name. Iii its environs are silver-mines, at one time importCollege was founded in 1842: it has 6 professors, and is  ant, but now neglected.
attended by about 80 students.                                CHICHACOTTA, chitcha-cot't., a town of Beotan, near
By a glance at the map of the United States, the great the British frontier, 60 miles N. of Rungpoor.  Lat. 260 35
commercial advantages of Chicago will at once be perceived. N.; ion. 890 435 E.
It communicates, by means of the chain of lakes, with the    CHICIIELEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
Atlantic cities; the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 100 miles    CIHICHEN, che-chinl, a village of Central America, in
long, affords an easy access to the Mississippi Valley, and to  Yucatan, about 18 miles S.W. of Yalladolid, with the rethe coal-mines of Central Illinois; while the Galena and  mains of an ancient Indian city, comprising a vast ruined
Chicago Railroad penotrates to the mineral region of Wis- temple, 450 feet in length, a pyramid 550 feet square at base,
cousin and Iowa.  The Michigan Central and Michigan  a remarkable domed edifice, the "house of the caziques,"
Southern Railroads were completed to this place in 1852, ornamented with elaborate sculptures.
opening a direct steam communication with New York city.    CHICHEROWLY, chitch'er-6w/lee, a fortified town of
There are also niimerous other lines centring in this city, North Hindostan, in Gurwal, 22 miles N.N.W. of Seharunamong which may be mentioned the Illinois Central, which  poor. It was taken by the British in 1818.
will extend to the mouth of the Ohio, and connect with the    CIIICIIESTER, chitchfes-ter, (ane. Peg/usm,) a city, co.
Mobile Railroad; the Illinois and Wisconsin, the Chicago  of itself, and parliamentary and municipal borough of Enugand Rock Island, the Chicago and Milwaukee, &c. Ac- land, capital of the county of Sussex, on the South Coast
cording to a statement published in the Chicago Demo- Railway, 14- miles E.N.E. of Portsmouth, and 28t miles W.
oratie Press, there were, in 1854, either completed or in course of Brighton. Pop. in 1851, 8662. It stands in a plain beof sonstruction, 14 trunk and 34 extension lines of rail- tween the Southdown Hills and the sea, and is enclosed by
way, (in all 7779 miles,) conducting to that city. Of these  walls of Roman construction, now formed into terraces with
2933 miles are now (1856) in actual operation; and some 110  walks, and shaded by elm-trees. It is neatly built, clean,
trains of cars enter and leave Chicago daily, to accommodate well paved, drained, and lighted, and intersected by 4 prin.
the travel and commerce.                                    cipal thoroughfares, directed toward the cardinal points,
Chicago also communicates with Buffalo and intermediate  and meeting in the centre of the city, where there is an
ports by a' daily line of steamboats, which, in respect to  elegant octagonal cross, erected in 1478.  The Cathedral,
size, speed, and comfortable accommodation, are scarcely  though not large, is a well-proportioned and handsome ediinferior to any in the world. The total numnber of arrivals  fice, mostly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, 410
of steamers and sail-vessels in 1855, was 5410; tonnage, feet in length, and 227 feet in extreme breadth, with a
1,608,845. Amount of imposts received on foreign goods at spire 300 feet in height. In its interior are a richly adorned
the Chicago Custom  House the same year, $296,844.75. choir, portraits of all the sovereigns of England from the
The quantities of leading articles received at this place in  time of the conquest, with other historical paintings, and
1852 alre reported as follows:-2,757,011 bushels of Indian  numerous monuments, including some fine works of art by
corn, 937,496 bushels of wheat, 124,316 barrels of flour, Flaxman. S. of the Cathedral is a quadrangle enclosed by
24,963 head of cattle, (or about 1,0000000 pounds of beef,) cloisters, including the church-yard, and near it is the
59,156 hogs, (or about 6.000,000 pounds of pork,) 147,81.6,232 bishop's palace and gardens. The see is co-extensive with
feet of boards, and 77,000 thousand shingles. The re- the county of Sussex, excepting 22 parishes, which are peceipts of grain for 1854 were 2,946,924 bushels of wheat, culiar. The city is divided into 8 parishes. The Church of
6,745,588 of Indian corn, and 4,024,216 of oats, rye, and  St. Paul's is a handsome modern building. The Guild-hall,
barley: total, 13,726,728 bushels. The total receipts for a portion of an ancient friary, stands within a walled en1855 were 20,487,953 bushels; shipments for the same closure at the N.E. extremity of the city. The other prinyear, 16,631,813 bushels. Value of beef packed in 1855; cipal edifices are the Market and Council-houses, Corn Ex$1,152,4:20.96. The receipts oflumlyr in 1853 were 193.271,247  change, Jail, buildings of the Mechanics' Institute, and
feet of boards, 125,638 thousand shingles, and 38,721,373 Literary and Philosophical Society, the Theatre, Hospital of
laths. The total receipts of lumber during the year 1855  St. Mary, some alms-houses, and the Infirmary, a handsome
were 326,553,467 feet. The amount of capital expended in  structure at the N. extremity of the city, near which is an
improvements, stores, dwellings, &c., in 1855, was $3.735,254. increasing suburb named Summerstown. Chichester has a
About $6,295,000 are invested in manufactures, the most grammar school, revenue, 13001. a year, blue-coat, national,
inportant productions of which are steam-engines, rail- Lancasterian, and other schools. The trade is almost wholly
way-cars, reaping and threshing machines, with other agri- in agricultural produce and live stock, for which a market
cultural implements, horse-powers and other machinery,  is held every second Wednesday. The only manufactures
stoves, gas-pipes, leather, lumber, flour, and lard oil. are of coopers' and other wooden wares. About 200 years
There were, in 1851, 10 iron foundries, with machine- ago it monopolized nearly the whole manufacture of needles,
shops, which together produced annually $241,900; 9 mann- but this trade is now entirely transferred to other places.
factories  of agricultural  implements, which produced  It communicates with Portsmouth and Arundel by a canal.
$390,250; 5 tanneries, which produced $240,000; 10 mann- Registered shipping of port in 1847, 4932 tons. It sends 2
factories of cabinet-ware, 2 or 3 of railway-cars, 25 of car- members to the House of Commons. Originally the town
riages and wagons, 4 flouring-mills. with an aggregate capi- was a Roman station. The name is said to be a contraction
tal of $155,000, and 3 planing-mills. The slaughtering and  of Cissanceaster, the city or castle of Cissa, an Anglo-Saxon
beef-packing business in Chicago, employs nearly $1,000,000  chief, who repaired and partly rebuilt it, after it had been
capital, and between 500 and 600 persons. One house, in  destroyed in a siege, A.D. 491, by the South Saxons, under
the autumn of 1853, paid $145,000 for beeves in three  Ella; and thenceforth it remained the capital of the kingweeks; and up to November 17th, nine packing houses, in  dom of Sussex, till its conquest by the West Saxons. Vathat city had already slaughtered 25,162 cattle, weighing  rious Roman remains, with inscriptions, have been dis14,269,427 pounds. This business is rapidly increasing.    covered in the city and vicinity; and Kingly-bottom, N.E.,
Chicago is supplied with water from. the lake, raised by  is supposed to have been the place of interment of the
steam-power to a brick reservoir, 80 feet in height, situated  South Saxon monarchs; 4 miles N.E. is Goodwood, the seat
at the fooeet of Chicago avenue. The estimated cost of these  of the Duke of Richmond.  Chichester gives the title of
434




CHI                                                           CHI
aarl to the Pelham  family.  Among its eminent natives    CIHICK'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Greenville district,
were the poets Collins and Hayley, and George Smith and  South Carolina, 10 miles N. of Greenville, and 120 miles
brothers, landscape-painters.                                 N.W. of Columbia. Here is a chalybeate spring which has
CHICH'IESTER, a post-township of Merrimack co., New  lately become a place of resort, and buildings have been
Hampshire, 6 miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 997.                 erected for the reception of visitors. Pop. 7144.
CHICHESTER HIARBOR, 2 miles S.W. of the city of Chi-    CHICLANA, che-klinm, a town of Spain, 12 miles S.E. of
chester, an inlet of the English Channel, between the  Cadiz. It has numerous country-houses of inhabitants of
Peninsula of Selsey and Hayling Island, containing several  Cadiz, and near it is a ruined Moorish castle. On March
creeks and Thorney Island.                                    11, 1811, the French were defeated by the Anglo-Spanish
CHICHESTER RAPE comprises the 8 W. hundreds of  army, in the Battle of Barossa, 5 miles S. of Chiclana.
the co. of Sussex, England.                                     CHICLAYO, che-kli/o, a town of Peru, capital of a pro
CHICHIA, chee/che-A, one of the Feejee or Fiji Islands,  vince of same name, department of Liberad, near the seain the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. (S.W. point) 170 48' S., coast, 118 miles N.W. of Trujilo.  Pop. of the province, in
ion. 1790 18' W. It is nearly circular, and is 3 miles in  1850, 26,123.
diameter.                                                       CHICO, cheelko, a river of Patagonia, supposed to rise in a
CHICKAHOMINY (chick-a-homfe-ne) RIVER, in the S.E. lake in the interior, and falls into the estuary of Santa Cruz.
part of Virginia, rises in hanover co., and falls into York    CHICO, cheefko, a post-office of Butte co., California.
River, about 8 miles above Jamestown.  It divides Henrico       CHICOANA, che-ko-inA, or CHICUANA, che-koo-Ang, a
and Charles City counties on the right from Hanover, New  town of La Plata, 25 miles S. by W. of Salta, on the QueKent, and James City counties on the left. It furnishes  brada del Toro, in a desert country. Pop. 2000.
extensive water-power.                                          CHICOBEA, che-ko-bA',, the northernmost of the Feejee
CHICKAIHTOMINY, a post-office of HIanover co., Virginia.  Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 150 48' S.; Ion. 1790 511
CHICKA/LAH, a post-office of Yell co., Arkansas.            W. It is 3 miles long, and 1~ wide.
CIHICKAIMA  BEND, a post-office of Madison parish,    CHICOT, sheelko, a county forming the S.E. extremity of
Louisiana.                                                    Arkansas, and bordering on Louisiana, contains 820 square
CHICKAMTAUIGA  CREEK, of Georgia and Tennessee, miles. The Mississippi forms its entire E. boundary; it is
rises in Walker co. of the former state, and flowing north-  also drained by Bayou Boeuf. The surface is level, and
easterly, enters the Tennessee near Chattanooga.              partly subject to inundation; the soil in some parts is very
CHICKAMO/GA, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee. fertile, and is occupied by plantations of cotton and maize.
CHICKIASAW, a small river of Baker co., Georgia, flows  Capital, Columbia. Pop. 5105, of whom 1131 were free, and
into the Ichawaynochaway from the north.                      3984 slaves.
CHICKASAW, a county towards the N.E. part of MIissis-    CIHIICOVA, she-kolvA, a town of South-eastern Africa, in
sippi, has an area of about 990 square miles. It is drained  Monomotapa, on the right bank of the Zambezi, 220 miles
by the Oktibbeha, Loosascoona, and the Yallobusha Rivers,  W.N.W. of Senna. It was formerly celebrated for its silverthe last of which rises within it. The surface is nearly  mines.
level; the soil productive. The soil of this county was    CHICSOI, cheek-sofee, a river of Guatemala, forming the
ceded to the state by the Chickasaw Indians. Formed in  head stream  of. thae Usumasinta.  It rises in a mountain
1836. Capital, Houston. Pop. 16,369, of whom  9889 were  range about 40 miles N. of the city of Guatemala, flows
free, and 6480 slaves.                                        N.W., and after receiving the Pasion, San Pedro, and other
CHICKASAW, a new county in the N.E. part of Iowa,  streams, enters the Mexican state of Chiapa, where it ashas an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the  sumes the name of Usumasinta.  Total course to the MexiWapsipinicon, and by the Middle Fork of Turkey River.  can frontier, exclusive of windings, 150 miles.
The surface is divided between prairie and forests, and    CHICTAWAGA, chik-to-wA/ga, a township of Erie co.,
slopes towards the S.E. This county is not included in the  New- York.  Pop. 3042.
census of 1850.                                                 CHICUANA.  See CnICOANA.
CHICKASAW, a thrivingu post-village of Franklin  co.,    CHIDIDINGFOLD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
Alabama, on the Tennessee River, at the mouth of Bear    CHID'DINGLY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Creek, 140 miles N. by W. of Tuscaloosa.  The Memphis    CIIIDIDINGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
and Charleston Railroad passes through it.                      CHID/EOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
CHICKASAW, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.                 CHIDIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
CHICKASAW  CREEK, of Marengo co., Alabama, flows    CHIEM  SEE, Keem sA, a lake of Upper Bavaria, 42 miles
into Tombigbee River from the E., 28 miles below Demo- S.E. of Munich, celebrated for its fish.  Length, 12 miles;
polis.                                                        breadth, 9 miles; height above the sea, 1549 feet; greatest
CHICKASAW  CREEK, of Mobile co., Alabama, flows  depth, 480 feet. It has 3 small islands, receives the Achen
into Mobile River, 6 miles from its mouth.                    and Prien Rivers, and discharges its surplus waters by the
CHICK'ASAWIHA RIVER, of Mississippi, ises in the E. Alz into the Inn.
part of the state, and flowing southward, unites with Leaf    CHIIENNE or CHEYENNE (she-bnnf) INDIANS, a tribe
River, in Greene co., to form the Pascagoula.                 found chiefly in the E. part of Missouri Territory.
CHICKMASAWHAT/CREE, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia.    CHIENTI, ke-8n/tee, (anc. Flulsor,) a river of Central Italy,
CHICKASAW  INDIANS, a tribe formerly inhabiting the  Pontifical States, delegations of Camerino and Macerata,
northern portions of Mississippi and Alabama, but. with  enters the Adriatic 25 miles S.E. of Ancona, after a N.E,
the Chocktaws, now occupy the territory W. of the State of  course of about 45 miles. On its WV. bank is Tolentino,
Arkansas.  See CoocrAws.                                      near which the Austrians defeated the troops under Murat,
CHICKELIS or CHIKEELIS.  See CHm iLS.                       May 4, 1815.
CHICK/ERELL, WEST, a parish ofEngland, co. of Dorset.    CHIENTI, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, on
CHICKILADE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.              the Adriatic, district, and 151 miles N.W. of San Severo.
CHICK/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.               Pop. 1680.
CHICKOO'RY, a considerable town of Hindostan, dimi-   CIIIERI, ke-Aree, (anc. Ca rlrca   Poten/tio,) a walled town
nions, and 84 miles S.S.E. of Sattarah. It is situated amid  of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, on a hill, 9 miles S.E.
an amphitheatre of hills.                                     of Turin.  Pop. 13,272. It has 4 squares, several convents,
CHICK'OPEEI, a river in the W. central part of Massa-  and the largest Gothic building in Piedmont, the Church of
chusetts, is formed by the junction of the West Branch and  Santa Maria della Scala, founded in 1406. Chieri was forSwift River, (which is formed by the East and Middle  merly fortified, and has manufactures of silk, cotton, and
Branches,) in Hampshire county, and falls into the Connec- linen fabrics. It is one of the most ancient manufacn uring
ticut in Hampden county.  It affords extensive water-  towns of Europe.
power, employed in cotton and other manufactures. The    CIHIERS, she-ailo, a river of Europe, rises in Luxemburg,
railroad from Springfield to Worcester passes near this river  and joins the Meuse, 4 miles S. of Sedan, after a W. course
for a short distance.                                        of 50 miles.
CHICKOPEE, a post-township in Hampden co., Massa-    CIIIESE, ke-Dsl or CHISO, keelso, (anc. Chflsius,) a river
chusetts, on the E. side of the Connecticut, at the influx of  of the Tyrol and Northern Italy, rises W. of Arco, in the
the Chickopee River, and on the Connecticut River Rail-  Tyrol, flows S., forming  the Lake of Idro, and joins the
road, 51 miles N. of Springfield.  This township is noted for  Oglio, 18 miles W. of Mantua. Length, 75 miles.
its numerous and extensive manufactories. It contains the    CHIETI, ke-A/tee, (anc. Teelte,) a fortified archiepiscopal
flourishing  villages of Cabotsville and  Chickopee Falls,  city of Naples, capital of the province of Abruzza Citra, on
which are connected by a branch railroad 2 miles in length.  a. hill, near the Pescara, 40 miles E. of Aquila. Pop. 17,734.
Pop. 8291.                                                    It is badly laid out, but has some good edifices, comprising
CI-IICKOPEE, a post-office of Holmes co., Mississippi.      a cathedral, college, and handsome theatre; the adjacent
CIIICKOPEE FALLS, a flourishing post-village of RIamp-  country is pleasant.  Among its antiquities are the reden o., Massachusetts, at the terminus of the Chickopee  mains of a large theatre, of some temples, a gateway, and a
Falls Branch Railroad, and on the Chickopee River, which  mosaic pavement. It is the seat of an archbishopric, a high
here affords valuable water-power, 50  miles N. of Spring- court of justiciary, and a civil court. The ancient Teats
tield. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly directed to  was the capital of the tribe of the Marrucini, and was one
manufactures, which comprise cotton and woollen goods,  of the largest and most important cities in this part of Italy.
paper, machinery, iron castings, &c. A weekly newspaper  It appears to have been possessed for some centuries by the
is published here. Pop. about 2500.                           Greeks, after which it passed successively into the hands
435
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CII                              CHI
of the Romans, Goths, Lombards, Franks, and Northmen. mines of Santa Eulalia are in a hill which stands isolated
In 1802, it was taken by the French troops.                   on the plain, about 12 miles from the capital. Chihuahua
CHIEVRES, she-Av'rl, a town of Belgium, province of  is infested with a powerful tribe of Indians, called Apaches.
itainaut, 11 miles N.W. of Mons, on the 1-unel. Pop. 3107.  They inhabit the country lying on both sides of the Rio
It has a large annual horse fair and manufactories of cot-  Grande, and carry on a series of ceaseless hostilities against
tons and pottery.                                             the inbabitants, destroying their property, and greatly reCHIFTLIK, chiftleekl, a village of Turkish Arminia, 84  tarding the prosperity of the state. Game of various kinds
miles W. of Erzroom, at the foot of a castle-crowned height.  abounds here. Two species of bears are found in the mounMany of its dwellings are caves, in one of which are some  tains; and elks, and other deer of various kinds are equally
old paintings and a Greek inscription.                         abundant on the sierras and in the plains. Near the base
CHIFUNCTE.  See CHEsONTE.                                    of the Sierra Madre, and not far from the boundary-line beCHIGINAL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                 tween Chihuahua and Sonora, are ruins of great extent,
CHIGNAL  SMEALY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.  called Casas Grandes; they consist of the remains of houses
CHIGNECTO (shig-nklkto) BAY, an inlet of British North  and other buildings, a canal, &c., and are considered as one
America, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, for-  of the stations of the Azteks in their emigrations.  Pop.
merly the northern extremity of the Bay of Fundy. Length,  147,600, consisting of the descendants of Europeans and
80 miles; average breath, 8 miles.  See FUNDY BAY oF.          Indians.
CHIIGNOLO, keen-yollo, a town of Lombardy, 16 miles    CHIKAILIS, (apparently the same name as CHEHALIS,) or
E.N.E. of Pavia.  Pop. 3992.                                   CIJILTS, a tribe of Indians N. of the mouth of Columbia River.
CIIIGIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                 CHIKIRI, CHEEKEEREE, or TCHIKIIIRI, che-kee'ree/. a
CIIIIIUAHUA, che-w'wA, a city of the Mexican Confedera- river of the Chinese Empire, Mantchooria, rising on the cointion, capital of a state of the same name, on a small tributary of  flues of Siberia, and, after a course of about 450 miles, falls
the Conchos, in the midst of a plain, 310 miles N. by W. of DLi- into the Amoor, a little above Saghalien Oola.
range; lat. 28' 50' N., ion. 1040 290 17" W. It is regularlylaid    CIHIILA, che-ls, a river of Peru, rising in the Andes, and,
out, and for the most part well built; the streets are broad  after a westerly course of about 105 miles, falls into the
and clean,andsomeofthempaved. Inthe centre is a spacious  Pacific, about 75 miles S.E. of Arequipa.
square, called the Plaza Mayor, on one side of which stands    CI-IILAPA, che-l4'pA, and CHILAPILLA, che-l -peellyA,
the Cathedral, a large and imposing structure of hewn stone, (i.e. " Little Chilapa,") two rivers of the Mexican Coifredeerected at a cost of $800,000; it is surmounted with a dome  ration, department of Tabasco, and tributary to the River
and two towers, and has a handsome fatade, with statues  Tabasco. which they join firom the E., the former below, and
of the twelve apostles. The other sides of the plaza are occu- the latter above Escobas. The Chilapa is less rapid than
pied with public tnd other buildings, including the ancient  any other affluent of the Tabasco, and at their junction it
state-house; and in the centre is a fountain. A little below   has at all seasons three fathoms of water.
the Plaza Mayor is the unfinished convent of San Fran-    CIHILAPA, che-lpA, a town of the Mexican Confederation,
cisco, begun by the Jesuits in 1767, prior to their expulsion  155 miles S. of Mexico. It has several manufactories of delft.
from the country, and now conve;rted into a state prison.    CIIILAWI, a maritime town of Ceylon, on its western
Chihuahua was formerly the seat of a flourishing military  coast, 45 miles N. of Colombo. Opposite to it a pearl-fishery
academy, and was the residence of the "captain-general of  is carried on.
the interior provinces."  It is supplied with water by a well-    CIIIIBOLITON, a parish of England, co. of HIants.
constructed aqueduct, about 3- miles in length, supported        CIIILICA, cheel/ki, a seaport of Peru, 40 miles S.E. of Lima.
by a number of stupendous arches, and comnmunicating  with  on the Pacific, near which are remains of ancient Peruvian
the small river Chihuahua. In the vicinity are many fine  edifices.
gardens and pleasant promenades. The city is surrounded    CIIIL'COMBE, a parish of England, co. of iants.
by silver-mines, and contains many furnaces for smelting    CIHIILCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
the ores. Here also is a mint, at which was coined, in 1846,   CItIL'COMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
$108,416 of gold, and 894,648 of silver. An important trade    CHIIIDERDITCII, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
is carried on between this place and the United States, by    CHIILDERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
means of caravans to St. Louis in Missouri, and San Auto-    CHILD-OKEIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
nio in Texas, at which latter place the greater portion of the    CIIII)IDRESS'S STORE, a post-office of MIontgomery co.,
trade now centres. Chihuahua was founded in 1691, and  Virginia.
during the most successful working of the silver-mines in its    CIHILIDREY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
vicinity contained, it is said, 70,000 inhabitants.  Its popu-    CHIILDS/BURG, a village of Fayette. co., Kentucky, 32
lation is at present estimated at 14,000.                      miles E. of Franklfort.
CfIII-IUAHUA, a state of the Mexican Confederation,    CIIILDS-ERICALL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
bounded N. by New Mexico and Texas, E. by Texas and    CIIILSIVTILLE, a post-office of Yancey co., North Carolina.
Cohahuila, and on the other sides by Durango, Sonora,    CIILIS-WICK/IIAM,a parishofEngland,co. ofGloucester.
and Cinaloa; situated between lat. 270 and 320 45' N., and    CHILDIWALL, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
Ion. 1030 50' and 1080 40' W.  Area, 100,250 square miles.    CHIILECITO, che-lI-seelto, a village of the confederation of
The great chain of the Mexican Cordilleras, here called the  La Plata, department, and 45 miles W. of Rioja, in the FamaSierra Madre and Sierra de Carcay, occupies most of the W. tina  Valley, and the head-quarters of its mining district.
portion of the state, traversing it throughout its whole ex- Let. 280 50' S., Ion. 685 30' W. Estimated height above the
tent. E. of these mountains, the surface is mostly an ele- sea, 3000 feet.
vated table-land, from 4000 to 5000 feet above the level of    CIILIFROOM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
the sea, intersected, however, by numerous cross ridges, be    CIIILIIIAM, a parish of England, co., of Kent.
tween which flow the affluents of the Rio Grande, which    CIILVHOW/EE, a mountain ridge of Blount co., Tennesforms the north-eastern boundary of Chihuahua.  Several  see, about 30 miles S. of Knoxville.
of the rivers that enter the Gulf of California take their    CiI-ILiOWEE, a post-office of Blount co., Tennessee.
rise on the W. slope of the Sierra Madre, while numerous    CHILI, chilllee, (Sp. Chile, cheeli,) an independent restreams flowing from the E. slope fall into Lakes Guzman, public of South America, consisting of along narrow strip of
Candelaria, Santa Maria, Patos, and other considerable bodies  country bordering on the Pacific Ocean, and extending from
of water lying in the E. central part of Chihuahua.  The  lat. 250 22' to 430 30' S., and from ion. 700 to 740 W.; being
soil, however, is in general very dry, and unfit for agricul-  about 1150 miles in length from N. to S., and with a breadth
tural purposes; the greater part of the country is either  varying friom  about 88 to 130 miles, and including an area
barren, or covered with thorny chappardl and different spe- of, perhaps, 170,000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by
cies of cacti.' Along the water-courses are narrow strips of  Bolivia, on the E. by Patagonia and the territory of the
timbered lands, and in the valleys, between parallel ranges  Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) from which it is separated
of mountains, the mesquit and live-oakl grow to a con-  by the Andes, and S. and WV. by the Pacific Ocean.
siderable size. These valleys also abound in rich grazing        Face of tce Cousntry,.Mounstains, s'c.-Chili is separated
lands, on which feed great numbers of cattle. The region  from the eastern part of the continent by the highest ridges
bordering on the E. slope of the Sierra Madre is by Isr  of the Andes, which attain on the eastern limit of Chili a
the best watered and most productive po-rtion of the state. mean elevation of firom  13,000 to 14,000 feet above the sea;
Maize is the principal-crop raised, though wheat, barley, but many of the peaks,-as those of Aconcagua, S. of 320;
beans, peas, cotton, and the vine are cultivated.  The chief  Tupungato, S. of 330; the Volcano of Maypu, or Peuquenes,
wealth of the inhabitants consists in their herds of cattle,  near 340; the Peak of Descabezado  N. of 360; and the
horses, and mules, and their flocks of sheep, which are  Volcano of Antuco, N. of 370, —attain much greater elevaraised for exportation. - The rearing of stock, however, re- varions.  Aconcagua, the highest peak in South America
ceives far less attention than formerly, owing to its having  whose altitude has been ascertained, (though Illimani and
become much less lucrative in consequence of the depreda- Sosato, in Peru, were formerly thought to be higher,)
tions of the Indians. Chihuahua is rich in minerals, wrhich  reaches an elevation of 23,200 feet.  This country, which
comprise gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, tin, cinnabar, salt-  lies entirely on the western slope of the Andes, is genepetre, and bituminous coal. In its mineral wealth, Mr.  rally mountainous, being in many parts crowded with ramniBartlett thinks this state is not surpassed by that of any in  fications of the principal range, which gradually diminish in.
the world. The silver-nmines of Chihuahua have been cele- height as they recede from  the central chain, forming   elebrated for centuries.  The most important are in the Sierra  vated plateaus, often covered with timber and a rich vegetabladre, at El Parral, Botapelas, and Jesus MIaria; the famous  tion. Between the ridges are deep valleys: some of them of
436




CIII                                                          CIII.onsiderable breadth. and many fertile, though others are  once penetrated, amply repay all cost of time and toil, by
mere ravines. The richest and mostluxuriant districts are  restoring the lost metal in richer veins than ever, some
in the S., where the scenery is pleasing and picturesque; but  times in masses weighing hundreds, and even thousands of
proceedingN., towards Valparaiso, thehillsbegin tolook bleak  marks. (A mark is 8 ounces.)
and naked, being thinly clad with a stunted brushwood. At    Rivers, Bays, and Guclf.-The narrowness of the Pacific
Coquimbo even this brushwood disappears, its place being  slope prevents the formation of any large rivers in Chili, the
supplied by a scanty sprinkling of wiry grass. F'arther N., most of the streams being mere mountain torrents.  The
the country presents a scene of utter desolation, the hills  only rivers of any importance are the Maule, the Maypu,
and plains being covered with bare sand, and no trace of  Biobio, Copitapo, the Huasco, and the Chuapa, all discharging
vegetation is visible The meuntaius of Chili are remarkable  their waters into the Pacific. The Biobio is about. 200 miles
for their abrupt ascent from the plains on which they stand. long, but too shallow for large vessels to enter, though small
There are a number of passes across the Andes firom this ter-  craft ascend 100 miles. The Maule is navigable about 20
ritory: the most frequented is that of Aconcagua, whose  miles for barges, and may be entered by vessels of 7 feet
highest point is upwartds of 12,000 feet above the level of the  draught. Large vessels enter the mouth of the Calacalla.
sea; while that of Portillo is upwards of 14,000 feet. The  The lakes of Chili, as far as known, do not exceed 15 miles
pass of Uspallata is described by Sir Francis Head and  in length, and lie among the Andes.  There are no large
Lieutenant Strain as being in the highest degree grand, bays or gulfs on the coast, and commerce suffers much from
and in many places terrifically dangerous, winding some-  want of good harbors.  The principal ports are those of Taltimes along ledges too narrow for two mules to pass, and  cahuana, Valdivia, Concepcion, Valparaiso, and Coquimbo.
where' the slightest deviation from  the track would hurl    Islansds.-The principal island belonging to Chili is Chiloe,
the traveller down precipices several hundred feet in per- S. of the mainland, and W. of the coast of Patagonia, from
pendicular height.  Many frightful accidents have hap- which it is separated by a channel called the Gulf of Ancud,
pened on this pass from the baggage of the mules merely  which is 35 miles wide. It is 125 miles long from  N. to S.,
striking a projecting crag. There are many volcanoes in  and 50 miles broad at the widest part, but divided near its
the Chilian Andes, some of them  of the most formidable  centre by a deep indentation, which reduces the width to 15
description; they are most numerous S. of 350, where there  miles. It forms a province of the republic. To the W. of
are seven within a space of about 250 miles; and it is sup-  Chili, in the Pacific Ocean, are the islands of Juan Ferposed there are many still unknown.  Few of them, how-  nandez and St. Felix, the former of which are used as a criever, are in a state of activity, and this is believed to be  minal settlement.
the source of the frequent earthquakes to which Chili is   Climiate.-Ths  climate of Chili is one of the healthiest in
subject. One of the most violent of those, which have re- the world; the temperature near the sea is finer even than
cently occurred, took place on November 19, 1822, when the  that of the interior, being less subject to variations. The
towns of Valparaiso, Quillota, Casa Btianca, and Limacha  months of January and February are the hottest in the
were destroyed, and many inhabitants buried in the ruins. year, the thermometer frequently rising to 900 and 950 in
A line of coast of 50 mil6s extent was raised on this occa- the shade; but the air is cooled by refireshing. breezes after
sion nearly 3 feet above its former level. The shock of this  sunset and during the night.  Rain falls only from June
earthquake was felt at a distance of 500 miles friom  its  to September, during which  period the whole country
centre, which was out at sea, some distance to the S. of  throughout the more favored regions is decked with flowers.
Valparaiso. On April 2, 1851, another severe earthquake  The rains often last several days, and are so excessively
visited Chili: off the mouth of the Maypu River it was felt  heavy as to cause a general suspension of business. In the
40 miles out at sea.  In Valparaiso, about 200 houses were  interior parts of the Cordtile'as, snow dells at intervals durrendered uninhabitable: a like calamity befell the capital,  ing the winter, and from June to November the more lofty
in which even greater damage was done. The coast of Chili ranges of hills, E. of Santiago, are covered with it; but it
is bold and rocky, with deep water close to the shore. This  generally disappears before December, except in the deep
whole region, With the exception of the valley of Uspallata, gorges. In the central parts of Chili, storms of hail, appalwhich is formed by a bifurcation of the Andes, which sends  ling thunder, and vivid lightning are frequent in the winits waters to the Atlantic, belongs to the Pacific basin.     ter season. In the northern parts, rain often does not fall.linecrals.-Chili is rich in mineral treasures, particularly  for years in succession.
in the northern portion. "On the southern boundary of    Soil and Productions.-Though  possessing many fertile
that terrible desert, (says Colonel Lloyd, in a paper read  tracts, a large portion of Chili, especially toward the N., is
before the Royal Geographical Society of London,) which  hopelessly sterile. In the S., however, are dense forests and
stretches from  the Andes, on the E., to the barren shores  profuse vegetation. The slopes of the Andes are covered
of Chili on the W., and extending for hundreds of miles to  with herbaceous plants and flowers of the richest and most
Bolivia and Peru, are found in every direction the purest  beautiful hues.  Laurels, myrtles, cypresses, and other everveins of silver ore, besides copper, lead, iron, bismuth, cobalt, greens attain here a gigantic size; hard woods, of different
antimony, arsenic, and quicksilver."  The two great mining  descriptions, also abound. The lands of Chili maybe divided
districts are Los Tres Pantos, 90 miles N.N.E. of Copiapo, and  into two classes-those adapted to cultivation, and those
Chafiarcillo. (chaln-yaa-seelfyo, i.e. "stunted bush,") 48 miles  on which cattle may be reared. The surface of a grazing
S. of the same town. In the province of Atacama, or Copiapo, farm generally consists of a series of heights, deep hollows,
there were, in 1851, 235 silver mines operated by 2761  and ravines; the first being studded with bushes, the interminers, and 153,987 cwt. of ore was sent to the amalgama-  vals between which are in the wet season, from  May to Oction works in 1850. In the same year, Cophapo had 233  tober, covered with flowers, herbaceous plants, and tuberose
silver, 6 gold, and 14 copper mines. In 1851, the exports  roots, Which afford a tolerable sustena-ce for cattle. But
of silver in bars and ingots from Caldera, the port of Co- this show of verdure lasts only 4 or 5 months, and between
piapo, amounted to 3,030,874 ounces, and in ores of different  December and May the country presents an aspect of exdegrees of purity, of f-om 8 to 73 per cent., 2,312,829 pounds.  tremne barrenness, furnishing bat an inadequate supply of
The exportation of silver bars, reduced in Copiapo from   food for cattle; the consequence is, that beef and mutton,
native silver, increased from $59,000 in 1830, to $3,483,179  milk, and wool are inferior. In the northern districts, maize
in 1850. The produce of the gold-mines in 1850, amounted  is cultivated, and in the S. wheat and barley; the former of
to $706,100.                                                  which is the staple of the country, considerable quantities
The export of metals of all Ikinds for 1853 is estimated at  of flour being exported. The hemp is reckoned superior to
$10,000,000 for the Copiapo district.  Among the greatest that of Russia. Leguminous vegetables are grown abundifficulties attending mining have hitherto been the desert  dantly, particularly different kinds of beans; but vegenature of the country, the want of water, and of suitable  tables generally are not much cultivated. Agriculture is in
means of transport. The latter difficulty has been partly  a very backwvard state. In th[ northern districts, however,
removed by the construction of\a raihvay from the port of  potatoes are plentiful.  Apples, pears, apricots, nectarines,
Caldera to Copiapo.  But the dost and difficulty of pro- plums, peaches, cherries, figs, grapes, oranges, limes, watercuring water in this sterile region still remain. At the De- melons, and gourds are abundant in their seasons. The
lirio mine alone, the cost of this iecessary is nearly $10,000  agricultural implements are of the rudest kind., The yolke
annually.  At the mines are mounds of ore, which has  is fastened to the horns, and not to the shoulders of the
been rejected because not pure enough to bear the cost ox; the plough consists of a part of the trunk of a tree,
of transport.  At the Chafiarcillo mines alone, it is com- with a crooked branch for a handle, and a heap of brush,
puted there are more than 300,000 tons of ore, that would  loaded with stones, serves for a harrow. Fences or enyield from 48 to 400 ounces per ton of pure silver.  Bitu-  closures are almost unknown, the boundaries of estates
minous coal, in extensive deposits, has been recently dis- being marked by rivers or ridges of mountains.
covered near Talcahuano, and is used in British steamers    Anisals.-Chili is remarkably free from  the larger and
when their supply is short. This coal may yet effect an im- fiercer animals, and also from noxious insects and reptiles;
portant change in mining operations, by removing the ne- but the guanaco, a species of llama, the cougar or puma, the
cessity of sending silver and copper ores to England to be  jaguar, monkey, and skunk are found. Among the feareduced. Besides the metals mentioned above, zinc, man-  thered tribes are the large condor, vultures, pelicans, parganese, and tin are found; and of other minerals, sulphur,  rots, and parroquets. Whales, dolphins, cods, and pilchards
nalum, salt, nitre, lime, porphyry, and quarltz are plentiful. are caught on the coast. Herds of black cattle of from 4000
Great tables of limnestone rock, hundreds of feet in thick- to 20,000 are found on a single farm. The horses are strong
ness, sometimes interrupt the veins of silver, and put the  and hardy; the mules and asses excellent; but the sheel
joiners to great labor and expense to pierce them; but, hogs, and goats are inferior.
437




CHI                                                          CItI
Internal Improvements.-A railwvay (the first, we believe,  telrd by a president, elected for five years, and re-eligible for
of any extent in South America) was opened in December,  a second term, but not for a third, unless the period of a
1851, from  the port of Caldera to Copiapo, a distance of 50  presidential term has intervened. The executive is assisted
miles, and is probably now (1854) finished to Puente del De- by a council of 8 members.  The legislature consists of 2
monit, 28 miles farther. The total cost will be within  houses, the senate and house of deputies. The former is
$2,000,000. The road in question had, within a year of its  composed of 2 senators from each continental province, who
completion, reduced the prices of provision and labor at the  are elected for 9 years, but in such a manner that one-third
mines 30 per cent., and will probably diminish the expense  is renewed every 3 years. The house of deputies is cormof reducing the ore still further, either by transporting it  posed of 1 member for every 20,000 souls. The deputies are
more cheaply to places where fuel is abundant, or by carry- elected for 3 years. The judicial power consists of 2 supeing the fuel to the mines. Lieutenant Strain says of the  rior courts, the supreme court of justice, and that of appeals.
road between Valparaiso and the capital, "It is well con-  Annual expenses for salaries and contingents of the two
structed, and kept in constant repair.                        houses of Congress, about $8000. The revenue for 1845, acCommerce and llccanufactures.-The principal articles ex-  cording to Lieutenant Strain, was $3,223,039, $3,623,918 for
ported are copper, silver, wheat, hides, wool, and hemp. The  1846, and $3,714,078 for 1847, derived from  import and exgrain and other country produce are chiefly exported to Peru  port duties, from land-tax, tithes, excise, monopolized artiand Ecuador. The largest portion of the foreign trade of Chili cles, stamps, licenses, &c. In the years named above, the
is with Great Britain, from  which she imports cotton and  portion of the incomes derived from duties was, respectively,
woollen goods, hardware, iron, &c. From Germany she re- $1,763,739, $2,099,608, and $2,103,076.  The national debt,
ceives linen; from France silks, paper, leather, perfumery,  in 1848, was $9,371,150, of which $1,745,950 was dueto her
wines, brandy, &c.; from the United States, tobacco, sperma- own subjects.  The remainder was chiefly due to England.
ceti, candles, oil, sugar, and manufactured goods; from   The total expense for the department of inance, for the year
China and India, silks, nalnkins, tea, sugar, &c.; from Peru  1845, was $734,923, while that of the interior was $347,710.
and Central America, dyes, coffee, pearls, sugar, cacao, to- The expenditures for the ministry of justice, for 1846, was
bacco, cotton, rice, salts, and spirits; from  Brazil and La  $198,206; for that of religion, $179,517; and for that of inPlata, cotton; and from Paraguay, tea. The manufactures  struction, $136,080.  The army consists of 28,698 infantry,
are not extensive, but consist of superior earthen jars, and about O000 cavalry. The national guard amounts to
hempen cloth, cordage, soap, copper wares, leather, brandy,  65,982 well-drilled men, and more efficient than any on the
tallow, and charcoal. The mercantile tonnage of Chili, at  continent.  Total expense, about $950,000 per annum. The
the close of 1848, was 16,970 tons. The imports for 1850, for  naval establishment, in 1849, consisted of six vessels, the
home consumption, amounted to $11,788,193; for 1851, largest a 46-gun frigate.
$15,884,972.  The exports of home products, for 1850,    History.-Chili originally belonged to the Inca of Peru,
amounted to $11,392,452; for 1851, $9,606,354. Re-exports from whom it was wrested by Pizarro, who sent Almagro in
of foreign goods in 1850, $1,033,817; in 1851, $2,480,037.  1535 to subdue the country.  lie swept all before him in the
Total foreign trade of 1850, $24,214,462; of 1851, $28,031,363.  northern portion of Chili, but in the southern encountered
Of the exports of 1851, $851,113 were to France; $4,643,290  a warlike tribe or tribes, who effectually resisted his proto England and her colonies; $2,067,603 to California;  gress. Sometime after, Valdivia completed the sulbjugation
$1,447,632 to other United States; $1,179,247 to Peru; $513,898  of the country, with the exception of Araucama, and founded
to Brazil; $225,483 to New Granada; and $209,902 to Boll- Santiago in 1541. In 1550, Valdivia again visited Chili, and
via. Customs duties for the same year, $2,724,718, of which  founded Concepcion. In 1553, he suffered a complete rout
$2,426,631 were collected at Valparaiso.  Value of nmerchan-  at the hands of the Araucanians, was himself taken captive
dise, in transitu for other countries, warehoused in 1851, and put to death, and the Spaniards obliged to forsalke Soutih$25,781,867; of which $8,957,250 were actually forwarded.  ern Chili. The contest was continued for a century and a
The imports from  the United States, in 1852, amounted to  half between these Indians and the Spaniards, often with
$2,043,836; in 1853, $2,157,320. Exports to the United States, the most disastrous results to the former, and followed by
in 1852, $2,062,160; in 1853, $2,214,252.  The imports of  burnings and ravages.  Nor did the Indians escape; for as
Chili for six months of 1853 amounted to $5,152,900; and  the scales of fortune changed, they, too, were often sufferers
the exports to $6,504,000. The tonnage entered firom  the  in turn. Chili continued a vice-royalty of Spain till 1810,
United States for the year ending June 30, 1852, was 44,808  when a revolution commenced which terminated in the indetons, of which 23,402 was in foreign bottoms.                 pendence of the country in 1817. Though less disturbed by.Religion and Education. —The established religion is Ca- revolutions than other South American states, she has not
tholic-other religions are simply tolerated.  Lieutenant  been entirely exempt from internal commotions. One, which
Strain tells us that'" public instruction appears to be pro- occurred in 1850, had no serious result; and the second, in
gressing steadily," and that normal schools and lyceums  1851, led by Colonel Urriola, was speedily suppressed by the
have been established. The capital has a university and  government. The leader lost his life in the contest, and
national institute, and the cities and principal towns their  26 other persons were killed.-Adj. and inhab. CuILIA',
high schools. Education is generally diffused among the  chille-an.  The Spanish appellation, CHItENOS, che-ltnoce,
higher classes, and the government is making enlightened  is also used by some English writers to designate the inexertions to extend' it to the lower orders. The military  habitants.
academy at Santiago had 81 students in 1848, and is an insti-    CHILI or CIIEE-LEE, a province of China. See PE-CHiE-LE-z.
tution creditableto the country. Chili hasalso a naval school.   CHIILI, a post-village and township of Monroe co., New
Population. —The Chilians are mostly of Spanish and In- York, on the Genesee River, and on the railroad between
dian descent. Theaboriginal population chiefly living S. of  Rochester and Buffalo, 10 miles S.W. of the former.  Pop.
the river Biobio, are more advanced in civilization than the  of the township, 2247.
wandering Indians of the pampas. They excel in weaving,    CHILI, a post-vlllage of Coshocton co., Ohio, 92 miles N.E.
and the manufacture of pottery. The women not only do  of Columbus.
the spinning, weaving, and dyeing, but also cultivate the    CHIILI, a village of Miami co., Indiana, on Eel River, about
land. These Indians, who live in a state of independence,  9 miles N. by E. of Peru.
subject only to their own chiefs, are generally of amiable    CHILI, a post-village of Hancoclk co., Illinois, is situated
dispositions, possessing few of the vices of other Indians. in a fertile prairie, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Springfield.
The white population are more energetic and enterprising         CIIILI, a township of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.
than the inhabitants of Spanish descent in the other South    CIIILICOTIHIE.  See CnHILLICOTE.
American States, as is evinced by the greater material    CHILKA, a river of Eastern Asia. See SUILKA.
prosperity of Chili, and the less frequent political revolu-    CIHIILfKA  LAKE, of British India, is a shallow inlet of
tions. French fashions generally prevail among the women, the Bay of Bengal, between the presidencies of Madras and
with some not ungraceful modifications. The attire of the  Bengal.  Area, 280 square miles. The average depth, some
men consists of the never-absent poncho, and the conical years ago, was 4$ feet, but it was then decreasing.  It has
broad-brimmed hat; but foreign customs and habits will many peopled islands, and its banks are studded with hamprobably soon predominate. Dancing is the favorite amuse- lets, whose inhabitants are employed in extensive salt-works.
ment, and the evening, owing to the heat of the climate, is    CHILIKEIAH, a town of British India, presidency of Benthe gay period of the day, when the shops are opened, and  gal, 70 miles N.N.W. of Bareily, and a principal mart of the
the streets and public squares are thronged.                   trade between the British territory and Kumaon Thibet, &c.
Political Divisions and Towns.-The provinces or states of    CHIILLAMBARAMI, a town of British India, in Carnatic,
Chili are Atacama, Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Valparaiso, San-  on the sea coast, 36 miles S. of Pondicherry. In the vicinity
tiago, Colchaqua, Talca, Maule, Concepcion, Valdivia, and  are extensive ancient Rlindoo temples.
Chiloe. The principal cities lire Santiago, the capital, popu-    CHILLAN, cheel-ytn,l a town of Chili, province, and 100
Jation 80,000; Valparaiso, population from 30,000 to 60,000;*  miles N.E. of Concepcion.  See ITATA.
San Felipe, 12,500; La Serena, or Coquimbo and Quillota,    CHILILENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
each 8000; Ballenar, 7000; San Carlos and Sta. Rosa, each    CHILtLESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
6000; and Valdivia, 2000. Caldera and Lota have lately re-   CHILLICOTIIE, chil-le-kothlee or CHIILICOTHIE, a beauticeived an impetus as the ports of the mining districts.       ful city, capital of Ross co., Ohio, onthe right bank ofthe Scioto
Government.-The general government of Chili is adminis- River, and on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 45 miles S. ofColumbus,
I and 45 miles N. ofthe Ohio River at Portsmouth. The situation
* The latter is the estimate of Lieutenant Strain, of the United is remarkably beautiful. The river winds gracefully through
States Navv. (1848.)                                          a level plain of considerable extent, enclosed on either hand
438




CIHI                                                        CIII
by verdant and cultivated hills, which attain an altitude of I to 3000 feet; the E. shores are of moderate elevation. There
about 500 feet. These eminences form the background of a  are numerous inlets on the coasts, which afford secure anlandscape which can scarcely be surpassed in the Western  chorage, but few harbors of any extent. The principal are
States, andwhich appears to great advantage through the  San Carlos, Chacao, Dalcahue, and Castro. Of the interior,
medium of a bright and transparent atmosphere.  Paint little is known. No mines have yet been discovered in ChiCreek flows along the S. side of the town, and enters the  loee, or in any of the islands of the province, although many
river about 3 miles below. The plan of the town is regular;  of the streams are strongly impregnated with mineral subthe streets are wide, lighted with gas, and adorned with  stances.  Some have a copperish taste, while others, pure
many handsome buildings, among which are 14 churches, 2  and limpid, appear to be impregnated with carbonate of
academies, and 3 banks. Five newspapers are published in  iron. Traces of coal, also, have been found in several parts.
the town. Chillicothe is the centre of trade in the fertile    The climate is temperate, but exceedingly moist-in winand populous valley of the Scioto, one of the finest farming  ter almost incessant rains prevail, with frequent gales from
regions in the United States, and is steadily advancing  W. to N.W.; the summer is warm, but the air frequently
in population and importance.  The hydraulic works of  clouded and loaded with moisture; yet, on the whole, it is
the place cost $75,000; they afford extensive water-power. reckoned healthy.  The soil is a rich sandy loam.  The
Assessed value of real property in 1853, $1,711,289.  The  beech, cypress, laurel, and other trees griow in perfection.
Cincinnati and Marietta Railroad, which will connect it The chief products are-wheat, barley, potatoes, apples, and
with the Ohio at the two points specified, has been com- strawberries; cattle, sheep, and swine are reared in conpleted from Cincinnati to Chillicothe, and will soon be ex- siderable numbers. The shores produce abundance of shell
tended to Marietta. This road affords ready access to the  mollusks; oysters, mussels, and pico, (a barnacle,) form a
coal and iron mines of Southern Ohio. from which advan- principal part of the food of the inhabitants.  The popuLtage Chillicothe offers great inducements to capitalists as a  lation consists of natives, originally of Spanish descent,
manufacturing town. Chillicothe was founded in 1796, by  and aboriginal Indians, but the great bulk of tlhe inhabitemigrants firomVirginiaand Kentucky, and in 1800 itbecame  ants are of a mixed breed. All are nominally Christians,
the seat of the state government. The convention which  but in general very ignorant and superstitious. The Informed the constitution of Ohio met here in November, 1802, dian language has become obsolete, and Spanish is that in
and the sessions of the state legislature were held in Chilli- general use. Agriculture is in a very primitive state, and
cothe untill1810, when the seat of government was removed to  the trade carried on is a species of barter. money being very
Zanesville. The old stone state-house, built in 1801, is now  scarce.  The people are indolent and poor.  Schools are
used as a court-house for the county. Pop. 7100.           general, but the teachers and priests are of a very illiterate
CIHILLICOTHE, a flourishing post-village of Peoria co., grade. A coarse woollen cloth, dyed blue, is the principal
Illinois, on the right bank of the Illinois River, at the head  local manufacture. Exports comprise provisions, timber,
of Peoria Lake, 20 miles above Peoria City. It contains a  hides, brooms, woollens, to the annual amount of $25,000.
number of stores, and has a steamboat landing. The value  The number of coasting vessels is about 1500. Coal or ligof the grain, &c. shipped at this place in 1852, was estimated  nite exists here, but is not wrought.  The island was disat $220,000. Pop. in 1853, about 600.                       covered by the Spaniards in 1558. Castro, the ancient capiCHILLICOTHE, a post-village, capital of Livingston co., tal, was founded in 1566. San Carlos is now the chief town
Missouri, 3 or 4 miles N.E. of Grand River, and 160 miles and port. This island was the last to throw off the authority
N.W. of Jefferson City. It has a court-house, and several of the King of Spain. The Chiloe Archipelago consists of
hundred inhabitants.                                        upwards of 60 small islands, about 30 of which are inhaCIILLICOTHE, a post-village of Wapello co., Iowa, on the  bited, and several of which are well cultivated, and contain
Des Moines River, 72 miles S.W. of Iowa City.               schools, &c. The province is divided into 10 districts, and
CHILILINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northum-  is governed by an intendant and a provisional assembly,
berland, on the Till, 41 miles S.E. of WVooler. The castle, subject to the general government of Chili.
seat of the Earl of Tankerville, is a spacious Elizabethan    CHILON, che-in/, a village of Bolivia, 120 miles S.W. of
structure; in the park is still kept a breed of wild cattle, or  Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the frontier of the department
white Caledonian oxen.                                     of Chuquisaca. Pop. 150.
CHIILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          CIILPANZINGO. cheel-piln-sinfgo, a town of the MexiCHIL'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    can Confederacy, department, and 120 miles W.S.W  of
CHIILLISQUAQUE, chil-lis-kw$tkwee, a creek of Pennsyl-  Mexico, on the road from Acapulco, and 4800 feet above the
vania, enters the Susquehanna a few miles above Sunbury.  sea. Pop. 2700.
CHILLISQUAQUE, a postltownship of Northumberland    CHILTEPEC, cheel-tA-pik1, an afnluent of the river Taco., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, 7  basco, Mexican Confederacy, leaves the main stream at San.
or 8 miles N. of Sunbury.  Pop. 1344.                       Juan Bautista, and after a northern course of 60 or 70 miles
CHILLITECAUX, shil'le-te-k6f, a post-office of Dunklin co., enters the Gulf of Mexico, 30 miles W.S.W. of La Frontera.
Missouri.                                                     CHILITERN, ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of
CHILLON, cheel-y~nf, a town of Spain, in New Castle, 56  Wilts.
miles S.W. of Ciudad Real, on the crest of a hill, surrounded    CHILTERN HILLS, a range of chalk hills of England,
by lofty and rugged mountains. Pop. 2415.                   co. of Bucks, the S. part of which they traverse between
CHILLON, chilplon, (Fr. pron. sheeny6SNo,) CASTLE OF, a  Goring and Oxfordshire, and Tring in the county of Herts.
fortress of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 6 miles S.E. of  Breadth firom 15 to 20 msles. Ileight of principal summit,
Yevay, at the E. extremity of the Lake of Geneva, on an  near Wendover, 905 feet above the sea. It is stated to have
isolated rock, surrounded by deep water, and connected with  been formerly covered with a forest, some traces of which
the mainland by awoodenbridge. It was built by Amadeus  are extant, and it was notoriously infested with depredaIV. of Savoy, in 1238, and was long a state prison, but is  tors, to suppress whose ravages the office of"  stewards of the
now used as an arsenal. Bonnivard, prior of St. Victor, was  Chiltern hundreds" was established under the crown. The
confined here from 1530 to 1536, and the place has been ren-  duties of the office are now only nominal, but the recognidered famous by Byron's "Prisoner of Chillon."             tion of them is retained to enable members of the House of
CHILMARK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.            Commons, by accepting them under the crown, to relinquish
CIIILMARK, a post-township of Dukes co., Massachu- their seats in that assembly, which a member cannot othersetts, on Martha's Vineyard, 95 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. wise do. There are 3 Chiltern hundreds, and the office is
Gay Head, in this township, is the S.W. extremity of the  in the gift of the Chancellor of Exchequer.
island. Pop. 747.                                            CHILTERN, ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
CHILMARY, chil-m/ree, (ilindoo, Chalanmari,) a town    CHILTIIORNE-DOMER, chilfthorn-dolmer, a parish of
of British India, presidency of Bengal, district, and 40 miles  England, co. of Somerset.
S.E. of Rungpoor, on the Brahmapootra, and at which from     CHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
60,000 to 100,000 Hindoos are stated to assemble at certain    CHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
religious and commercial festivals.                          CHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
CIIQLO, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio    CHII/TON CANTIL/LO, a parish of England, co. of SoRiver, 40 miles above Cincinnati, has over 100 inhabitants.  merset.
CHILOE, cheel-o-A, (almost chil-way/,) an island on the    CHILTON CENTRE, a small village, capital of Calumet
W. coast of South America, which, with several smaller co., Wisconsin, about 90 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee.
islands, forms a province of the Chilian republic. It is sepa-   CHILITON FOILIAT, a parish of England, cos. of Berks
rated from Patagonia by the Gulf of Ancud, and from Chili and Wilts.
by a strait not more than a mile in width; it is included be-   CHILTON'S MILLS, a small post-village of Walker co.,
tween lat. 410 40' and430 20' S; the74thmeridianofW.longi- Alabama, 125 miles N.W. of Montgomery.
tude passes through its centre. Pop. in 1832, 42,000; of the   CHIL/TON TRINIITY, a parish of England, co. of Soprovince, 44,000. It is 120 miles in length from N. to S., and merset.
about 50 in breadth at the widest part; but a deep indenta-   CHILITONVILLE, a post-office of Plymouth co., Massea
tion in its centre reduces its breadth at that point to little  chusetts.
more than 15 miles. It is mountainous, and is covered with    CHILTS.  See CuKAInLIs.
magnificent but almost inaccessible forests, which give to    CHIL/VERS-COITON, a parish of England, co. of Warthe whole island a singularly agreeable and picturesque  wick.
appearance. The W. shores are composed of rocky masses,   CHIViWELL, a hamlet of England, co. of Nottingham.
rising abruptly from the ocean to the height of from 1500    CHIL/WORtTI, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
439




CHI                                                        CHI
CITLWORUTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey.          C-ITNAB. See CuENAmu.
CH1MALAPA, che-m-l&hp, a village of Central America,    CIIIN'ACIIINI, a large town in Nepaul, on an affluent of
state, and 55 miles N.E. of Guatemala, in a rich and fertile  the Gogra, 250 miles W.N.W. of Khatmandoo.  Houses'of
tract, on the Motagua, and consisting, a few years ago, of  brick or stone, with flat roofs. It has 2 Hindoo temples,
about 90 huts, and a ruined church.  The ClmsALAPILLA  and an important trade in metals, spices, aud manufactured
(che-m-l peelIyA, i.e. "1little Chimnalapa") River is an affluent  goods from Hindostan, to which country it exports horses,
of the Coatzacoalco, in the Mexican Confederation, depart-  salt, drugs, musk, and seeds.
ment of Tabasco.                                             CHINA GROVE, a post-office of Rowan co., North Carolina,
CHIMALTENANGO, che-ml-t1't-nan/go, a town of Central   CHIINA GROVE, a post-office of Williamsburg district,
America, state, and 28 miles W.N.W. of Guatemala. Pop. South Carolina.
4000.                                                        CHINA GROVE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.
CHIMANAS, che-mitn's, a group of islets, in the Carib-   CHINA GROVE, a post-office of Pike co., Mississippi.
bean Sea, off the coast of Venezuela, about lat. 100 19' N.,   CHINA GROVE, a post-office of Gonzales co.. Text.
ion. 640 51' W.                                               CHINA HILL, a post-office of Gadsden co., Florida.
CIIMAPLA, che-mplp!l, a hacienda of Mexico, about 27   CIIIN'APATAMI, a town of India, Mysore dominions, 35
miles S.E. by S. of the city of Mexico; occupied by General miles E.N.E. of Seringapatam. Pop. 5000.
Pillow previous to the Battle of Contreras, fought August   CHINA SEA, (Chinese, T qoong-aii, "Eastern Sea;" Fr. etr-7
18 and 19. 1847.                                            OmientaZe, main o're-8NGctl/,) is that portion of the Pacific
CHIIMARA, KIIIMARA, keelm1rA, or CIHIMARI, kee- Ocean which extends between China and Siam on the W., the
ml/ree, (anc. Ceraulnii Momstes, i.e. the "thunder moun- Philippine Islands on the E., Borneo on the S., and the islanl
tins,"*  named, it is'said, from the firequent thunder storms of Formosa on the N. It forms the great Gulfs of Siam and
which occur among them,) a mountain range of Albania, Tonquin.  Chief affluents, the Me-kong, Cambodia, and
between 400 aand 410 N. lat., and near 190 E. ion., termi- Canton Rivers. Chief ports, Cantbn, Manila, and Singanating in Cape Linguetta, called by the ancients Acroce- pore.
raulenia, (i. e. the "extremity or promontory of the Cerau-    CHINCHA, chin/cha or cheenlch8, a small seaport-town
nian"  mountains,) which name, however, was sometimes  of Northern Peru, department, and 115 miles S.S.E. of Lima.
applied to the whole chain.                                   CHINCIHA ISLANDS, a group of three Small islands situCLOIMARA or KHIMARA, a tdwn situated at the foot of  ated in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Peru, about 14
the above mountains, on the strait of Otranto, 22 miles  miles from the shore. Lat. 130 38' S.; lon. 760 28' W. These
N.W. of Delvino.                                           islands, which have recently become so noted and valuable
CHIMAY, shee'm3n, a town of Belgium, province of Hai- for their large deposits of guano, are composed of a dull
naut, on the Blanche, 32 niles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 3041. It whitish and red colored rock, which appears to have been
has a noble mansion and park, a college, several iron-works, formed by separate inundations of lava under great presand breweries, andnear it are some valuable marble equarries. sure, probably at the bottom of theocean. In some places
CIHIMBARONGO, cheem-bA-rontgo, a river of Chili, pro- they rise 300 feet, nearly perpendicularly from the sea, are
vince of Colchagua, rises in the Andes, about lat. 340 55, S., perforated in all directions by caves and arches, sometimes
flows in a N.W. direction to lat. 340 25', wh-ere it is joined  100 feet in height, and having apparently but a thin crust
by the Tinguiririca, the united stream subsequently join- over them. Into these caves the sea beats violently, preing the Rapel, at lat. 240 12' S.                          senting very wild and picturesque  scenes.  Here also
CHIMBO, cheemfbo, a town of South America, in Ecua- multitudes of penguins and other sea-birds build their
dor, on the Chimbo River, in the Andes, at the foot of Chim- nests, and the sea-lion sports amid the dashing surf. Acborazo Mountain, and 50 miles N.E. of Guayaquil. It has  cording to George  W. Peck, Esq., who visited these islands
an active transit trade.                                    in the fall of 1853, the usual height of the rock on Middle
CHIMBORAZO. chim-bo-ra/zo, (Sp. pron. cheem-bo-mtho,)  Island is from 150 to 200 and 300 feet. On this the guano
a well-known mountain of South America, and the culmi- lies iu a smooth, rounded mound, apparently about 160 feet
nating point of the Colombian Andes, 90 miles S. by W. of  deep in the central part. Immense flecks of beautiful birds,
Quito, and about 110 miles from the coast; lat. 10 290 S., much like blue pimeons, but more lightly formed, frequent
Ion. 790 5 WV. It was long believed to be not only the  these islands in numbers sufficient to cover many acres.
highest summit of the Andes, but the highest in the world. There are also large flocks of other smaller birds, besides
It is now known to be the sixth loftiest peak of the Andes  penguins, pelicans, &c., to be found here. The guano is
only, being surpassed by four in Peru and one in Chili; perforated like a honey-comb.with the multitude of the
while it comes far short of the culminating points of the  nests of the smaller birds. Besides the birds, the only other
-Himalaya chain, in which occur, at least, 18 summits of animal on the island is a lizard, from 3 to 10 inches long.
much greater elevation. The height of Chimborazo, as fixed  Neither of the islands extend more than a mile in any one
by Humboldt, is 21,424 feet above sea level; but above the  direction.  At the period of Mr. Peck's visit, about 1000
valley of Quito, which forms its base, it only rises.1.958  coolies (in a condition of abject slavemy, over-worked, and
feet, an apparent height not quite equal to that of Mont otherwise crunelly treated) were constantly employed in
Blanc, above the valley of Chamouni, and much less than  loading vessels at the North and Middle Islands. There
that of Mount Ararat, above the plain of the Aras. This were, at the period mentioned, 114 vessels either loading or
vast mountain, the top of which is covered with perpetual awaiting their turns. The Chinchas belong to Peru.
snow, presents a most magnificent spectacle when seen from    CIIINCHIILLA, chin-cheellyA, (auc. Salafria,) a city of
the shores of the Pacific, after the transparency of the air Spain, 9 miles S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 12,609. It was-forhas been suddenly increased by the long, rains of winter. morly fortified, has an old castle, and is surrounded by
It was ascended in 1802, by Humboldt and Bonpland, to the  ancient walls. It has m-anufactures of coarse cloth.
height of 19,286 feet, and in 1831, by J. B. Boussingault, to    CHTINCHION, cheen-chanl, a town of Spain, 25 miles'S.S.F,
the height of 19,689 feet.                                  of Madrid, between the Tagus and the Tajuna. Pop. 5392.
CHIMEPANIPESTICK, sheem-pl-neep-steell, a river of    CHIN-CHOO, chin'chool, a maritime region of China, beCanada East falling into the Gulf of' St. Lawrence, on the  tween lat. 230 and 260 N., and ion. 116~ and 1190 E., comN. side, about 20 miles S.W. of Seven Island Bay, after a  prising parts'of the provinces of Fo-kien and Quang-tong,
S.W. course of about 100 miles.                            and inhabited by a hardy and industrious people, who man
CHIMERA. See Cmm.AnA.                                    most part of the imperial and commercial navy, and are
CHIMINEY POINT, a post-village in Shoreham township, particularly able as fishermen, traders, and agriculturists.
Addison co., Vermont, on the shore of Lake Champlain, 50  Soil mostly sterile; sugar and sweet potatoes, raised by
miles S W. of Moutpelier.                                  much labor, are the only exports. This circumstance conCHIMNEY  ROCK, a post-office of Rutherford co., North  tinually causes large numbers of the population to emigmrate;
Carolina.                                                  and it is stated that "Chinchoo men" are the principal
CHINA. See.Cm(NESE Eemar.                                bankers of the capital, cultivators of the tea-plant, pedlars,
CHINA, a flourishing post-village and township of Ken- colonists in Formosa, Hai-nan, S.E. Asia, and the Malay
nebec  co., Maine, on the S. side of a beautiful lake, the  Archipelago; and that in Canton almost every kind of
outlet of which affords waterpower, 20 miles of E. Augustn. traffic is under their direction.
It is a place of active business, and contains a bank. Pop.   CHIN-CHOO, cheen'choo/, or TCHIN-TCHEOU, cheen'of township, 2765.                                         che-ool, a city of China, province of Hlo-nan,.capital   of a
CHINA, a post-township of Wyoming co., New York, department, 80 miles S.S.E. of Kai-fong.
about 35 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1961.                   CHIN-CHIIOO or TCHING-TCIHEOU, ching'ch-ool, a city
CHINA, a post-township of St. Clair co., Michigan, on the  of China, province of Iloo-nan, capital of the department, on
W. side of St. Clair River, 100 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. the Ynen-kiang, 110 miles W.S.W. of the great lake Tong-tinfg.
1037.                                                        CHIN'CH0OOR, a town of British India, presidency of
CHINA, a village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 8 miles N.E. Bombay, 18 miles N.N.W. of Poonab. Pop. about 5000. It
of Madison.                                                Was the residence of a chief believed by the Hindoos to be
CHINA, a post-township of Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 688.    an incarnation of the Deity.
CHINCORlR0, EL, 61 cheen-kornio, a reef off the E. coast
~ Byron calls them the                                   of Yucatan, Central America, 110 miles S. of Cozume Island.
" thunder bills of fear,                 Length from N. to S., 23 miles; greatest breadth, 9 miles.
The Acroceraun.ian mountains of old name."              CHINCOTEAGUE, ching'ko-teegl, a post-office of AccoGChilde Harold, iv. 73.   mack co., Virginia.




CHI                                                           CHII
CHIINCOTEAGUE LIGHT-HOUSE. on the S.E. point of  well known. Forming an irregular cmve of about 2500
Assateague Island, io the Atlantic, between Cape Henlopen  miles, it gives about 1 mile of coast for every 520 miles of
and Cape Henry. It shows a fixed light 50 feet above the  area.  One of its peculiar features is the vast number of
level of the sea. Lat. 370 55' N.; Ion. 750 21' W             islet groups bywhich it is bordered.  It is not deeply peneCHINDAREE.  See CHANDEREE.                                  trated by gulfs, the only one of great extent being that of
CHIINE, or LA  CHINE, the French  name of CHINA. Pe chee-lee,intheN.E., but numerous indentations of suffi.
See CHINESE EMnIEE.                                           cient dimensions to form safe and capacious roadsteads are
CHINE, LA, a village of Canada.  See LACmNe.                found in every quarter. With the exception of a bold and
CIHINENDEGA, che-ntn-d/gA, two contiguous towns of  rocky peninsula in the province of Shantoong, the shore,
Central America, state of Nicaraga. —NEw CmNENDEGA, 9  from the Gulf ofPe-chee-lee,S.tothe island of Chusan, is flat,
niles from Riaglio, and a depot for the trade of that port  and in many places so little raised above the sea level,
with the interior, has firom -8000 to 10,000 inhabitants.  It  as to be extensively inundated during a continuance of
stands in a fertile plain; houses straggling,  and many en- strong winds. From Chusan to the mouth of Canton River
closed by gardens and plantations.-OL.D CoINaNDEGCA has  it is usually rocky, bold, and precipitous; from this point
from 3000 to 4000 inhabitants.                                S.W., flats, occasionally interrupted  by bold  headlands,
CHINESE  EMPIRE, an immense territory, stretching  again prevail.  The interior of the country commences in
firom the centre to the E. extremities of Asia, and occupy-  the N.W. in a series of lofty mountain ranges, forming the
ing nearly a third of the surface of that continent; between  abutments of the great table-land of Central Asia. The
lat. 180 20' and 560 N., andl Ion. 700 and 1430 30' E.; bounded  principal chaiu, called Yun-ling, has its main axis N. to S.
N. by Siberia; W. by Independent Tartary and the Punjab;  Its average height is not known, but many of its summits
S. by Hindostan, Burmah, Laos, Anam, and the China Sea;  are described as towering far above the line of perpetual
E. by the different arms of the North Pacific Ocean, under  snow. Its most important ramifications take an E. direrthe-names Tonghai or East Sea, Whanghai or Yellow Sea, tion, and becoming the leading water-sheds of the country,
Sea of Japan, and Sea of Okhotsk; greatest length, from   divide it into three great basins, the waters of which are
S.W. to N.E., 3350 miles; greatest breadth, 2100 miles;  accumulated in mighty rivers, and carried E. to the sea.
area, about 5,000,000 square miles.  This vast empire is  The general slope of China, as thus indicated by its princiusually divided into China Proper, which forms its nucleus,  pal rivers, is from  W. to E., the mountains lowering graand the following dependencies: —Corea or Korea, Mant-  dually as they proceed toward the coast, and ultimately
chooria, MIongolia, Elee, (Ili,) includingSoon-aria and East  sinking down by a succession of descending terraces into
Toorkistan, Koko-nor, Thibet, and numerous islands, the  level tracts, the largest of which, called the Great Plain,
largest of which are Formosa and Hainan.  Some of the has a length of not less than 700 miles, and a width varyChinese dependencies, as Mantchooria, may almost be said ing from 150 to 500 miles, and consisting generally of ta deep
to form a part of the empire; while others do little more alluvium, which is of unparalleled fertility, and probably
than profess a nominal allegiance.  A considerable territory  maintains a denser population than any other portion of
on the N. frontier has lately been occupied by the Rnussians. the earth's surfatce of similar extent.
(See MAN'TCROOasl.) As the dependencies will be described    Geology. —The geology of China is very imperfectly known,
under their respective heads, it may be sufficient here to  but there is no doubt that all the leading geological formnagive a general idea of the whole empire, by mentioning  that tions. are found in it. Primary formations are most largely
it le has a coast-oine of 3350 miles, a circuit of 12,550 miles, an  developed in the mountainous regions of the W., where
area nearly equal to a tenth of the habitable globe, and a  granite, gneiss, and primitive schists prevail. The same
population of at least 400,000,000.                           formations exist to a more limited extent in the S.E., where
CmeeA (chblna) PRoEca, (anc. Ser/ica,* TFisZa, tseelnD, and  bleak mountains of granite give that district its distinguishCathay, ltK-tbhm. or Khitai, mse-t;l:  Chinese, Choong Keooe or ing feature. The secondary formation, including the carCsoong Kwe'e, choong kwli, i. c. the " middle kingdom;" Fr. boniferous and cretaceous system, occurs to a small extent
C/ine.. sheen: Ger. China, iwee/ni; Sp. C/mina. chee/n; Dutch  in the central province of Ho-nan; and the space traversed
and Post. Cine, shee/nt; It. COna, chee/nt,) the S.E. portion  by the imperial canal in uniting the Iloang-ho and Yaenof the Chinese Empire. occupying a third of its whole extent. tse-kiang, but more largely in the neighborhood of Peking,
Not including the island of Hainan, it lies between lat. 200 where a zone of no great width, but considerable length,
20' and 410 N., Ion. 980 and 3230 E.; it is bounded N. by one forms an irregular curve from  N.E. to S.W., and contains
of the most remarkable of human structures, the Great beds of coal, from which the capital and the surrounding
Wall, which proceeds directly over mountain and valley, and, districts obtain their principal supplies of fuel. The tertiary
for about 1500 miles, forms the barrier between China and  formation has its largest development in the N.E., and pro[ongolia; (for a more particular notice of the GREAT W,ALL,, bably underlies the greater part of the alluvium  which
see History, page 445;) W. by Thibet; S. by Burmah., Laos, covers the surface of the Great Plain.
Annamr, and the China Sea; and E. by the North Pacific Ocean.    3fineraloty.-Perhaps the only metal which China is not
Excluding a considerable prominence in the N.W., a second  known to possess is platina.  Gold, though not thought to
in the N.E., and another of smaller dimensions in the S., be very abundant, is obtained by washing the sand of several
it bears no inconsiderable resemblance to a semicircle, the  of the rivers, particularly those of the upper branch of the
diameter of which lies obliquely, from  N.E. to S.W., for a  Yang-tse —kiang, and in the mountainous and almost iiiaclength of about 1600 miles; while the curve bends round  cessible regions of Yun-nan. Silver is aito found in the
firom each extremity, and attains its greatest convexity ib  samne regions.  Much of it is of great purity, and is well
the E. The coast line exceeds 2500 miles, and the main- known under the nan-e of sycee silver.  The quantity also
land frontier 4400 miles; area, 1,297,999 square miles, or  must be considerable, since it has not only furnished the
more than a third that of Europe.  For administrative  vast sums exacted by the British in compensation for the
purposes, it is divided into provinces, the names, areas, last war, but also suffices for a large annual export, chiefly
and ppo ulation of which are as follows:-                     in payment of opium. Copper, besides forming the ordinary
currency in limited mercantile transactions, is worked to a
POI Arear in  Popuaion. Pop.  Capitals,    great extent for economical purposes.  A  species, called
ov     sqic   M.           eq. ni.                petong or white copper, and, when polished, scarcely distin-.......-~~~~  -guishable fromn  silver, is said by some to be peculiar to
Pe-che-lee or   58949  21,990,1871   471   Pelting.       China; while others, with more probability, assert, that inChee-loe.......)    8'1
Sleas-looe         eis aoees           sn    oeem-.......  ree.0 2,j76 5  Te n stead of being a simple metal, it is merely a compound of
Shan-toong.......  65,104  28,958,76,   51    T.~-e-nan-foo.
Shen-see..........   55,268  14,004,210   253   Tie-yun-foo.    copper and zinc. Quicksilver, in the form  of a cinnabar,
iTo-nan...........    65m10   23,037,171   S3    Kai-foong-foo.   is of frequent occurrence, and is much used both for colorKiang-soo.........   44,500   7,83,5e01?    NanEking.       ing and medicine. There is no want of iron either in the
Ngaii-oei........ 484]:iL    34,168,059    Ngan-king-foo.
game-ioei.........    7s,17-6n 3a0soos    42   NEan-kic-foo.  form of rich hematite, or in thait of the carbonate of the
mtiang........2,..0  30426,999    42....-.hang-foe.
Che-inseg........ a9ii      o 2o,26,78s 6471   Hank-choo-foo.    coal measures, from which almost all the iron of Britaia is
Po-kien.........m..    53,48   11,777,410  76  PFoe-choo-foe.   derived, but the quality is said to be inferior. Lead, tin,
Hoo-pe.............!i,17'   1,7,08
n1oses...........   170,450  37,370,0098     N a    Woo-chsng-too. and zinc exist, but the native product falls short of the
ooe..  7,320  08,652,507    37   Chac-shmm-froo.  consumption, and leaves room  for a large importation.
Shesi-se.      6,0    sssne               in.c....-.....                                                          -7,~
Shen-see.........  67,l    10 5,3,125      164   Lan-cshooang-fooe.    Reference has already been made to the coal-fields of China,
l~tmi-soo...........  86,60,  1,,                  0
Se-chueu.........    6,80   21,435,678   128   Ching-too-foe.   and the extensive use of coal for fuel. It occurs both as
Quang-tong.......   75,4   19,147,0   214   Canton.         bituminous coal and anthracite, but the quality is injured
ung-see........   7820 7,313,895     9    Kwei-lin-foo.
nemg-seee.........  10,250   5,313,00   938  Kmei-inm-foo.    both by the presence of sulphur and a preponderance of
muos-nme..........107,.96    5,280,329  80   Kwi-yauc-nafoo.   ashes. As most of it is raised without machinery, by the
Yas-esee.....     107,, 69  5i,561,320O    Si   Yae-eae-leo.      -
_-            _                           rudest forms of manual labor, the price being necessarily
1,297,999 387,632,907                       high, confines the use of it in a great measure to the rich,
while the poorer classes are obliged to content themselves
P/hyecal Featmres.-Owin  to the barriers, both natural  with coarse mixtures of culm and earth, or other still more
5od artificial, which guard the frontiers of China, and the  inetficient and less attractive compounds. Among other
rigid exclusion of foreigners from  its interior, great part of mineral substances may be mentioned nitre, alum, gypsum,
i.he country must be regarded as a terra  incosqnita. The  and, more important than all, inexhaustible beds of kaolin
coast line, which could not be mades inaccessible, is pretty  or porcelain earth, the early possession of which by the
Chinese, and their great skill in working it, has given the
See IHistory, page 445.  name of China to the beautiful ware which so long ironopo441




CHI                                                        CtI
lized the market of Europe. A peculiar species of nephrite, large as a hen, and is extensively used as food. To the indi.
calledjuoh  yu or jude, of a green color, and valued chiefly for  genous animnals  already mentioned may be added the wild
the property of emitting a musical sound when struck,  hog, porcupine, raccoon-faced dog or Chinese fox, and several
though not peculiar to it, appears to be found in China in  species of rats, more especially one of a yellow color, larger
its most perfect form, and is there held in the highest esti-  than those of Europe, and much prized for its skin.  In
mation. Various precious stones also are found, and egates feathered tribes, China is understood to be extremely rich.
especially, admirably wrought, form a particular article of  Pheasants in particular are famous, both for abundance
commerce, but it is supposed that many of the fine stones  and for beauty. Among others, are the well-known gold
are not native but imported.                               and silver pheasants, and, above all, the barred-tailed pheaR ivers and Lakes —No country of the world is better  sent, a most magnificent bird, with tail-feathers sometimes
watered than China. The Yang-tse-kiang, which traverses  seven feet in length.  Water-birds of almost every kind
the country centrally from W. to E., has a course of 2900  abound, but perhaps the most remarkable is the leu-tse, or
miles.   The  Ioang-ho, the next in size, has a course of  fishing cormor:rnt, the training of which forms an import2000 miles, during the larger and lower part of which it gra- ant employment, and is so complete, that when a bird has
dually approaches the former, and being connected with it secured a fish, which from its size he cannot manage singly,
by the Imperial Canal, which has a length of 700 miles, fur- his neighbor darts down and assists him  to complete the
nishes what is said to be the most magnificent system of  capture. The'ejptilia  of China include several serpents of
water communication in existence-a system which brings  monstrous size, not regarded as dangerous, and one of a
all the provinces into direct communication with  each  black and white color, hence called pac-y-hac, which never
other, and gives an inland navigation which meets with  exceeds three feet in length, but is very venomous.  No
only one interruption from Canton to Peking. Besides these  country is said to have a more complete ichthyology than
rivers and their numerous tributaries, the most deserving  China. All its waters-its rivers, lakes, pools, canals, and
of notice are the iong-kiang, of considerable size, but still even ditches, are full of fish. The domestic animals of
more commercial importance, having its embouchure at China include the horse, (a smaller and inferior variety to
Canton; and the Yu-ho, which, instead of the E. course fol- ours,) the Bactrian'camel, the buffalo, the pig, dog and cat;
lowed by the great rivers of China, flows N., forming part of  the sheep and ox are both less common than in Europe. See
the line of the Imperial Canal, and falls into theGulfofPe-chee- Agr#icucltre, page 443.
lee. The lakes of China are mere dilatations of the rivers, and,   Botany. —This department is only beginning to be known.
though numerous, are not individually of great extent. The  Among trees, the bamboo, as in India, is perhaps the most
largest, Tunting, province of HIonan, which furnishes an im- valuable of all, not so much on account of its magnitude,
portent affluent to the Yang-tse-kiang, has a circuit of 220  (though stems with wavy plumes of 50 feet in height are
miles. The next in size, Poyang, province of Kiangsee, is 90  not uncommon,) as on account of the almost endless uses to
miles long by 20 broad, abounds in fish, and is remarkable  which it is applied. Several species of willow attain a large
both for the picturesque scenery around it, and the numerous  size. Staunton mentions one with a girth of 15 feet. Caks
beautiful and populous islets which it encloses in its bosom. of different species are common-the wood, bark, &c. of
CUihate.-The greater part of China belongs to the tem- which are put to various economical purposes. Even the
peirate zone, only a small portion of the S. lying within the  acorns of some kinds are ground into flour, and converted
tropics. It has what is called an excessive climate, and has  into a farinaceous paste. Coniferous trees are represented by
a far greater range of temperature than is usual within the  numerous forms of pine, yew, and cypress. The tallow tree
same parallels of latitude. Peking, the capital, is nearly a de- (Croltont seboflegum) and camphor trees abound: firom the
gree S. of Naples; and yet while the mean temperature of  seeds of the tallow-tree the vegetable oil is obtained; it is
the latter is 630, that of the former is only 540. In summer, like wax, and, in its natural state, is of snowy whiteness.
however, the heat reaches from  900 to 100~ in the shade, The coo-soo, a species of sycamore, furnishes paper from its
while the winter is so cold that the rivers usually continue  inner bark. Palms are not abundant, but the cocoa-nut
frozen from December to March. At Hong Kong, notwith- flourishes in IHainan and on the adjacent coast. The pan —
standing the influence of the sea in checking extremes, the  dancus or screw-pine is abundant, but the date-palm  is not
thermometer, in -June and July, the hottest months, fre- known. The chestnut, walnut, and hazel are all indigequently stands at 900, and in winter, from December to  nons.  The fruit trees include many species of fig-the
March, sinks nearly to the freezing point. At Canton and  mango, guava, wanghee, peach, pomegranate, quince, necthe adjacent hills, snow, though rarely, has sometimes  tarine, plum, apricot, and a superior species of orange,
fallen. At Shanghai, lat. 310 20, the range of temperature  which. when ripe, has a deep crimson rind, quite detached
is still greater, the maximum reaching 1000, and the mini- from tihe fruit. In general the fruits are of indifferent quamum filling at least 200 below freezing, or 120 Fah.  Still, lity.  Among shrubby plants, the first place is unquesthe climate is eulogized as one of the finest in the world. tionably due to Thea bohea and Thea viridis, of which menIn the S., the S.W., and N.E., monsoons blow with great re- tion will afterwards be made. The next in importance is
gularity, and nearly divide the year between them. In the  tihe mulberry. Among flowering shrubs or trees, the rose,
N. they are more variable, and the wind not unfrequently  with its numerous varieties, is most conspicuous.  Nor
blows from other quarters. Among the greatest scourges  must we omit to mention the Nelumbiuss, a beautiful
of the country, and perils of the adjoining seas, are the  flower, of which the seeds resemble, in form  and size,
dreadful gales kiown by the name of typhoons-a corrup-  acorns without their cups, and have the flavor of nuts,
tion of the Chinese Ta-foong or " great wind."  They never while the root is sliced and eaten as fruit; the hydranfuil to commit great devastation, though their effects are  gea, the passion-flower, the lagerst-oemia, in  its white,
doubtless much modified by the distinct and timely notice  purple, and red varieties; Indian pride, the Chinese tame,which they give of their approach, and the consequent pre- risk, the cactus, the cerezts, seen sometimes in the S. with
parations which are made throughout the whole of the  more than 50 splendid flowers in full bloom; and the
threatened districts to guard against them.                 camellia, in almost endless variety. No department of the
Zoology. —Of this, almost all that is yet known is derived  Chinese flora is richer than that of the azalea.'" Few," says
from the casual glimpses of ambassadors and their suits in  Mr. Fortune, "can form any idea of the gorgeous beauty
passing along some of the great thoroughfares, from mer- of the azalea-clad hill, when on every side the eye rests on
chants not allowed to go beyond the suburbs of frontier masses of flowers of dazzling brightness and surpassing
towns, and from missionaries, whose opportunities have  beauty. Nor is it the azalea alone," remarks the traveller,
indeed been better, but whose accounts savor more of cre- " that claims our admiration; clematises, wild roses, honey.
dulity than discrimination. But the emperor having now  suckles, and a hundred others, mingle their flowers with
thrown open the country to the investigation of travellers,  them, and make us confess that China is indeed' the central
we may expect, in due time, to obtain more accurate infor-  flowery land."'  Dwarfing is a favorite occupation of the
mation on this and on many other subjects, of which we are  Chinese gardeners, and no small degree of scientific acat present comparatively ignorant. Of quadrumanous ani- quaintaece with vegetable physiology is implied in the suemals, one is described as "' perfectly resembling man, but  cess with which they manage to cramp the natural growth
longer armed and hairy all over, calledfe-se, most swift and  of plants, and force them  to assume the most fantastic
greedy after human flesh."  This is evidently an exaggerated  forms.
picture of somei  animal identical with or allied to the orang-   A4griczultre.-This first of arts has always been held in
outanug. Of the same order is the derre. commonly called  the highest veneration in China. The emperor himself, to
the Cochin-China monkey, and remarkable for the variety  do it honor, repairs annually to an appointed spot with
of its stripes and colors. Still more curious is the /a/caa, 3 princes, 9 high officers, 40 old and 40 young husbandmen.
or proboscis monkey, in which the combined properties of  and  taking the plough in his hand, draws a furrow and
man and beast seem to be ludicrously caricatured. Of fe- sows some seed. A similar festival is held in the capital of
line animals, the lion appears to have only a fabulous ex- each province.  A branch of industry thus honored can
istence. Tigers and leopards were at one time so numerous scarcely have failed to make great progress, and accordingly
as to have been hunted on a magnificent scale by the eon- the agriculture of the Chinese has been lauded in high
perors.  That mode of chase is now abandoned, and the  terms by almost all who have had opportunities of witnessnative existence of the aninals which formed the objects of ing it. It is a mistake, however, to suppose that they are
it begins to be doubted. A small species of wild cat exist-s adepts in what nmay be called the science of agriculture.
in the S., and bears are frequently mentioned. Both camels They slavishly follow a routine which has been handed
and elephants, though not indigenous, are largely domes-  down, without change, fi-om untold generations, and not
ticated. Bats are numerous; one in particular is said tobe only display no inventive powers themselves, but froonl
442




CIHI                                                       CHI
Overweening conceit obstinately refuse to profit by the in- the greater part of all that is exported to this country.
ventions of other countries when placed before them. Their Where the culture is most extensive and carried to its
Implements generally are of the rudest description, and  highest perfection, the tea plantations are usually formed
though improved ploughs have been sent out and urged on  in a deep rich loam, never on the lowlands but on the low
their acceptance, they reject them with disdain, preferring  hilly slopes. The plants, consisting of seedlings previously
a rude shapeless thing drawn by oxen or buffaloes. They  grown in nursery beds, are placed in rows about 4 feet apart
appear to have no idea of raising improved breeds of horses  from each other every way, and when grown, look at a disand cattle by the arts so well know-n and practised in other tance like shrubberies of ever-greens. The leaves are gacountries. The only animal of which the Chinese can be  thered thrice-about the middle of April, when the leaf-buds
said to have furnished us with an improved breed is the  are beginning to unfold, hbout a fortnight after, in the bepig. Rice, as the principal food of the people, is the staple  ginning of May, when the leaves are fully grown, and when
crop. The rich alluvial plains which cover a great part of  the leaves again are newly formed. The first gathering
the surface are admirably adapted for its culture, and, by  yields a fine and delicate hyson, highly valued by the nacareful management, yield amazing crops. The rice is sown  tives, and generally distributed in smalliquantities as proin seed-beds, and afterwards planted out in drills. A first sents.
planting is made about the middle of May, and in two or    3isnufactures.-In all the arts necessary to the comfort
three weeks after a second planting is made in the intervals of life, and in not a few of those conducive to luxury, the
between the previous drills. When the first crop is reaped  Chinese have made considerable progress.  One peculiar
in August, the other is still green, but being stirred and  feature in their processes is the general absence of machimanured, it comes rapidly forward, and is reaped in No- nery: in almost every production the great moving power is
vember. The rice is not always grown on alluvial fats. manual labor. The silk stuffs ofChina have longborne a high
The sides of the hills are often laid out in a succession of name, and in several qualities are still unsurpassed. The loom
gently sloping terraces, which sometimes rise to the height in common use is worked by two persons, one of whom sits
of 600 or 800 feet above sea level, and planted with rice in  on the top of the frame, where he pulls the treadles and
drills running across the declivity, thus admitting of being  assists in making the various changes which must be made
irrigated by streams which, retarded at every step, move  on the machine while in operation. By means of it the
slowly forward. In the first stages of the crop, these ter- workman can imitate almost any pattern, and excel partiraces are clothed with luxuriant green, which contrasts  cularly in crapes and flowered satins, and  damasks for
finely with the rugged steeps in their neighborhood, and  official dresses. In China everybody wears silks. It is the
forms'an enchanting' landscape. The same mode of culture  prescribed attire of high officers; soldiers are not considered
being evidently applicable to other crops is in general use, in full uniform without it. The finer kinds of it form the
and is noticed with admiration by almost all travellers as a  ordinary dresses of the opulent, while the poorest manage
distinguishing feature in Chinese husbandry. After rice, to deck themselves in coarser if not on common, at least on
the staple crops on their terraces are sweet potatoes and  gala days.  The embroidery of silk is carried on to an
earth-nuts. In the neighborhood of Canton the common  amazing extent, the perfection to which it has been brought
winter crops are our own ordinary vegetables-potatoes,  creating an almost unlimited demand. In cotton goods the
pease, onions, and cabbages, for the use of European resi- Chinese might have been supposed to excel, but for the wondents; in the N. their crops principally consist of our ordi- derful inventions which in other countries have so rapidly
nary cereals and legumes-wheat, barley, pease, and beans. carried that manufacture to the highest perfection, and
The two last are the same as our field kind, and are indi- produced fabrics, which both for quality and cheapness
genous; the two first are inferior varieties. The raising of  defy all competition. Nankeen continues to form  an imgreen crops to be ploughed in as manure is common in all portent branch of domestic manufacture.  Flax is not
the districts where rice is cultivated. Two kinds of plants  grown in China, and linen seems not to be made. The only
are chiefly employed; one of them, a trefoil, grown on ridges woollen fabrics are felt for the soles of shoes and winter
similar to those forming the intervals in our celery beds.    hats, and a sort of rug or carpet. The porcelain of China
Among the other crops regularly and extensively grown  has been famous from the earliest periods. The manufacmay be mentioned sugar-cane, used chiefly in a green state; ture of the finest forms of it being long known to the Chiindigo, a particular kind, called tein-ching, now ascertained  nese alone, gave them  the monopoly of the world, and
to bs the Isatis indigotica; the castor-oil plant, and hume- though in eleganceof shape and design theymust yield the
rous plants grown for their roots. Three other plants of palm to Europe, for quality of material and rich gorgeous
the greatest economical importance are extensively grown  coloring they still hold the foremost place. The manufacin China. The first is the mulberry. Judging from the quan- ture of glass is chiefly carried on at Canton, and is one of
tity of raw sillk annually exported, and the general use of  the few arts which, at least in regard to its finer processes,
silk for dress, at least by the wealthier classes of the country, the Chinese have condescended to learn from EuropeanS
it is evident that hundreds of thousands of acres must be  In the working of metals the Chinese have only attained
appropriated to the cultivation of this shrub, and  ail- to mediocrity. Bells and tripods are occasionally made of
lions of persons employed in the different processes con- large size, but the most of their castings are comparatively
nected with it; the plants are all grafted, and produce very  small. Wrought iron is little used except for rnils, screws,
fine thick leaves. They form trees, or rather bushes, which  hinges, and other small articles.  The metallic products
are not allowed to exceed from 4 to 6 feet in height, and are  most deserving of notice are gongs, mirrors, statuettes. in
planted in rows, often along the banksof canals. The mul- copper and bronze, and various kinds of carved, chased, and
berry farms are generally worked by the farmer and his  filigree work, both in gold and silver. In a great number
family, who not only plant, graft, and cultivate the mul- of minor articles the workmanship is exquisite. Fans, card
berry, but gather the leaves, feed the silkworms, and wind  cases, seals, snuff-boxes, combs, counters, chessmen  of
the silk off the cocoons. The Chinese silk is much heavier  wood, ivory, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, &c., exhibit a
than the Italian, and preferred in fabrics requiring lustre  finish and delicacy which no other workmen in the world
and firmness. The cotton plant, used in China, and called  can equal.
in the N. provinces the " Mie wha," is of the same species    Trade ansd Cnommerce.-The inland trade of China, aided
as the American, namely, Gossypium herbaceum. The yel- by the unusual facilities which it derives from a system of
low cotton used in the manufacture of nankceen appears to  water communication, ramifying like network over all its
be of a more stunted habit than the ordinary gossypium, provinces, is of incalculable magnitude. Its rivers and
but has no characters which constitute a distinct species, canals are so covered with junks and barges and swarms
It is chiefly cultivated in a level tract around Shanghai, of smaller boats, that there does not seem much exaggeraforming part of the Great Plain, and is the staple summer  tion in the estimate which makes the tonnage belonging to
crop. The culture differs little from that of other cotton  the Chinese. little short of the combined tonnage of all other
countries. The last crop to be here mentioned, and to us  nations. The coasting trade is small in comparison, and is'
the most important of all raised in China, is that of tea. much impeded not merely by the dangers of navigation,
There are two varieties of the plant-Thee boheae and Thee  along a coast firequently visited by storms of terrific violence,
ciridis, and though it was long supposed that the former but by hordes of pirates, who are permitted to roam about
only yielded the black, and the latter the green teas, it is  almost with impunity, and makels  an easy prey of defencenow proved that both kinds of tea are obtained from each. less traders. Of the coasting trade there is no means of
The plant, whose botanical affinities ally it to the camellia, forming even an approximate estimate, but according to a
in its natural state as seen in Assam attains the height of  return of it for the port of Foo-choo alone for a year, (two
30 feet, but in China only from 3 to 6 T'feet, where it is kept  quarters of 1845, and two quarters of 1846,) 1678 junks
down by prunings, and made to assume a bushy form, pre- arrived with cargoes valued at 651,9061., and 1281 junks
senting a dense mass of foliage  on an infinite number of  departed with cargoes valued at 2,428,0521. In this return
small shoots. The leaf is dark-green, of an oblong oval the largest exports in value are timber and paper; the
shape, and the flowers are single. white, and without smell. largest imports, sugar, salt-fish, and pease. Till the late
The seeds, three in number, are enclosed in a husk resem- war with Great Britain, the trade with foreigners, exclusive
bling that of the hazel-nut, having a somewhat acrid taste, of that carried on by the mainland chiefly with the Rusand, by extraction, yield an oil which is used for various  sians, was zealously restricted  to the mouth of Canton
purposes. The great tea provinces are Quaugtong, Fokien,  River. By the treaty of Nanlking, four other ports have
and Chekiang. In the first the Thea bohea is grown, and  been thrown open, namely, Amoy, Foo-choo,  Ningpo,
the tea is of inferior quality; in the other tWo the Thca  and Shanghai. By this arrangement the trade has been
viridis, which yields all the finer qualities, and furnishes  placed on a more satisfactory footing, and has increased
443




CIII                                                                 CLII
lonsiderably, though not at all to the extent which had                The total commerce with the United States in 1853, con
seen anticipated.  The articles  which China can furnish for  prised imports to the value of $3,736,992, and exports to
foreign export are few, consisting chiefly of tea and silk   $10,573,710.
goods, and unless the demand for these increase and enable             The total export of tea from  China, and the total con:
the Chinese to sell, it is not easy to see how they can pur-  sumption in different countries, on  an estimated annual
chase more largely.  The followingtable gives the total value  average of five years, ending 1848, is as follows:
of the imports and exports at each of the five open ports                                                                 Pounds.
of China, in British and foreign vessels, in 1844 and 1847:                Great Britain and Ireland...................... 8,000,009
British America and West Indies............... 2,600,000
Australasia, Cape of Good Hope, &e............. 2,700,00
1844.                          British India, &c............................... 2,200,000
United States of North America...........13,000,000
POaRs.                                                           BRussia:..                                     9,000,000
France......................................    550,000
In British Vessels.  In Foreign Vessels.        Franco.550,000
Hanse Towns, &e...............................   150,000
Holland and its colonies........................ 1,7 0,000
Belgium........................................  200,000
Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports.             Densark, Sweden, and Norway.................  250,000
Germany....................................  500,000
Canton.................   3,359,68.5 3,8835828 ~1506,351 1~1,644,194    Spain and Portugal......................  100,000
Amoy...................                                  Italy.50,000
Foo-choo................                                                South America.................................  500,000
Ningpo.................                                                  Other places.........................  550,000
Shanghai..............    50],335   487....
Total, all countries..................41,550,000
Total..............   3,61,020  4,371,456  106,351 ~-1,644,194  In 1849, the tea exported to the United States amounted
to 18,710,017 pounds; in 1850, 21,747,s800  pounds; in 1811,
18417                   28,506,712 pounds; and in 1852, 35.338,721 pounds.
During the year 1852, 102 British vessels, (tons, 32,700.)
PORTS.                                                     and 71 American, (tons, 40,365,) entered the various Chinese
In British Vessels.  In Foreign Vessels.  ports.  The entire tonnage inwarmds was 76,900, of which
3835  (the amount of tonnage left after taking out the
British and American) was nearly equally divided between
Imports.  Exports.  Imports.  Exports.  French, Danish, Hamburg, Spanish, Hawalan, and Dutch.
_______    _-......_R   -            Peo6opSe, Language, and Religion. —The Chinese belong to
Canto.................. 1;C2,085,581 ~ 3 —,40,20-e,~v
Amoy..................   179,758      7,138   75976       8,568   that variety of the human race which has been called  ionAnsey.     110,158      1,118  ~15,916   ~~8,568
Foo-choos...............                                           golian, but in them, its harsher features, as represented in
Ningpo...............      11,106       623                       the genuine Tartars, are considerably softened.  They are
Shanghai...............   898,28  1,401,194   111,001   116,105   generally of low  stature, have small hands and feet, (the
Total~1,175,151      ~4,6-          last artificially made so small in the females as to become
Total..............3,17,3 4,815,175  186,9017   14,61   a deformity,) a dark  complexion, much modified by the
degree of its exposure to the open air, a wide forehead,
The above table only gives the legal trade, and, of course,  black hair, eyes and eyebrows obliquely turned upwards at
excludes one itemia, which in amount far exceeds that of all  the outer extremities. In thickness of lips, flattened nose,
other imports, and which, though, as used, is not only   and expanded nostril, they bear a considerable resemblance
worthless, but noxious and demoraliz   ling in the extreme, is  to the negro.  In  bodily strength they are far inf11or to
paid for by the Chinese in hard cash. The opium, which   Europeans, but superior to most Asiatics their great assiforms this import, is chiefly grown in British  India, where  duity and patient endurance.of fatigue makling them highly
the East India Company cultivate it as a monopoly, and  prized as laborers throughout the iMalay Archipelago.    The
sell it to private traders with the full knowledge  of its  finest physical specimens of the race are to be seen in the
having been grown and sold to be smnuggled into China!  coolies or porters of Canton.  In their moral qualities there
The export from Calcutta in 18-15, was 18,792 chests, and  is much that is amiable.  They are  strongly attached to
from  Bombay in 1843, (the latest return,) 18,321 chests; in  their homes, hold age in respect, toil hard for tlhe suppolrt
all 37,113 chests, valued at 4,800,000/. The amount continues  of their families, and in the interior, where the worst kind
to increase, and the value is about five millions.  The prin-  of foreign intercourse has not debased them, exhibit an
cipal imports to  China firom  the  United Kingdom, in   unsophisticated simplicity of manners which recalls the age
1847, were-cotton nmanufactures, 848,8140.;  cotton yarn,  of the patriarchs.  In the great mass, these qualities are
164,2641.;  linen  manufictures,  93210.; woollen  manuftc-  counterbalanced or rather supplanted by numerous vicestures, 390,4317.; beer and ale, 97860.; iron and steel, 15.7680.;  treachery, lying, and nameless abominations.
glass, 74910.  The principal exports fronm China to the United         The Chinese tongue is unquestionably the most ancient
Kingdom  in the same year were —nankeens, 67,110 pieces;  spoken, and, with the exception of the Hebrew, the most
rhubarb, 148,936 pounds; silk, raw, 2,015,288 pounds; silk,  ancient written language.
thrc-.wn. 5167 pounds; silk, manufactured, namely-hand-. The art of making paper is said to have been known in
kerchiefs, 19,005 pieces; silks and crapes in pieces, 4435;  the first century, and printing from wooden blocks in the
crapes, shawls, and handkerchiefs, in number 16,191; tea,  seventh or eighth century, hundreds of years before these
55,355,590 pounds.  The revenue derived from tea amounts  valuable arts were reinvented in Europe; and in the books
to about 6,000,0001. annutally, nearly sufficient to defray the  which have continued since toappear in great numbers, are
whole expense of the British navy.                                   to be found treatises on almost all subjects-science, hisThe following table exhibits the value of the principal  tory, geography, belles-lettres, and poetry-embodying  a
exports to the United States, for three years, ending 1851:    literature of no mean description.  If learning in China
equal that of Europe in any respect, it is in the degree of
encouragement which it receives-literary eminence beinug
1849.       1850.       1851.      the sure avenue to the highest honors and offices of the
state, and hence "the literati are the gentry, the magistrates, the governors, the negotiators, the  ministers of
Sil.kcs....             $901,111   81,144,109    1 126 549   China'  1With  such  rewords to  stinulate industry and
Raw silk....................   104,861     198,649      313,104
China wares.................    32,527      21,188       17,341   tempt ambition, we need hardly say, that among the more
Teas........................   4,071,789    4,585,720   4,633,520   comfortable classes, education of the kind which promises
Sugar...............5.....      29,814       11,0231..       to be best rewarded is almost universal.  For the lower
Cassia...............1.1....     73,6071    101,618       96,715   classes also, every village throughout the empire has its
Total................... 05,513,115  $6,593,462  $i,065,144   school, but the subjects taught are of the most elementary
description, and attendance is not so general as was at one
Value  f produce and manufactured goods imported fro time supposed.  In  cities perhaps half the males receive
the United States, for three  ye.aro, ending 1851:                  some instruction; in the villages not more than one in
tlhe United State%, for three year~s,  endings 1851:                 tet   a   ed
twenty can read.
-  ____   ____  -__ _          Judging by the multitude of temples and joss-houses seen
in every quarter, and the endless number of ritual acts per1849.    1850.       1851.      formed on high festivals and in the ordinary intercourse of
life, the Chinese appear to be a most religious people.  It
would seem  however, that the feeling seldom  goes deeper
Spermancet! candles...........  $1,378     $2,123       $7,6119t
Ginseng........    182,966      122,916      100,549   than the external act, and that veneration, when actually
Slisns and frs...............    3,445 1..    I      9,500   paid, instead of ascending to a supreme being, stops short
Tobacco, manufsactured......     2,11.1         44        3,291   at inferior agencies of fabulous origin, and not unfrequently
Csttons, ofdomesticmanufac.   1,495,283    1,203,997    1,894,418   fails
neef, port, baon, andlard  16,811fails 2,1 l           to find a higher object than the emperor. The religion
Beef, pork, bacon, and lard..   26,827      28,628       13,538                    t                                            I
Biscuit and ship-bread.......   17,552       27,62       15,236   of the state, if it may be so called, is that founded byKhoong~Fo-Tseu, (called in Latin Confucius,)about 530 n. c. A kind
Total...............   $l-,4i,9d45   $1,485,961   $2,15,945   of sacerdotal college, at Peking, regulates its observance; but
among many of its members, and generally among the upper
444




CIII                                                           CHI
classes, skepticism is said to be in fashion. Boodhism is gene- towers.  In one instance, the wall.is carried over the top of
rally professed in several provinces, and Tanism, a kind of de- a mountain one mile (5225 French feet) in height. It is, in
men worship prevalent among the MIongolians, though now  many parts, built in the most substantial mannbr, especially
decayed, once counted vast numbers of votaries. Attempts to  towards its eastern extremity, where it extends by a massive
introduce Christianity were made by the Nestorians as early  levee into the sea. In this portion the workmen were reas the sixth century, but the celebrity of the Jesuit mis-  quired, it is said, under penalty of death, to fit the stones so
sions has thrown all others into the shade. The number of  exactly that a nail could nowhere be inserted between the
their converts is still nominally great, and bears strong tes- joints. In some parts,' however, the wall is composed of
timony to their subtle policy and unwearied zeal. VYarious  earth only.*  It is estimated that the materials employed in
Protestant bodies carry on missionary operations in China, this immense fortification would be sufficient for constructbut their labors have hitherto been attended with indiffer-  lug a wall six feet high and two feet thick,. twice round the
ent success. But a new era would seem to be approaching. world.  (PAUTsIERc, Ciisse,. pp. 10, 11.)
The young Emperor of China, who succeeded his father at    About the end of the second century, the empire was dihis death, in February, 1850, published a decree in the  vided into three states, and continued so till A. D. 585, when
month of June of the same year, permitting the free exer- it became united under one ruler. Three centuries later,
cise of the Christian religion throughout his dominions.  the right to the throne was disputed, and civil war raged
The emperor is stated to have been educated by a Christian  till an adjustment took place by the establishment of the
lady, in whom the late emperor placed unbounded confli- Tsoong dynasty under Tailtsoo, A. D. 950. Under this dynasty
dance.                                                        great progress was made in literature and art. New inroads
Governmenct, Laws, Army and NAavy, &c. —This is an un- of the Tartars now pressed the Chinese so hard'that they
mingled despotism. The emperor unites in his person the  called in the aid of the Mongols, who freidc them from their
attributes of supreme magistrate and sovereign pontiff, and  oppressors, but gave them a new master in the celebrated
as'Heaven's Son," is to Heaven alone accountable. HIis primn   Kublai  Khan, who founded the MIongol dynasty, and,ecipal ministers, four in number, form the interior council moved the capital ifrom Nanking  to Peking.  IIis ninth dechamber, and beneath them  are a number of assessors, who  scendant was driven fiom the throne, and a native dynasty,
constitute the principal council of state. The government  called Ming, again succeeded in 1366, in the person of
business is distributed among six boards, having cognizance  Hoongwoo.  A long period of peace ensued, but was broken
respectively of all civil offices of revenue, of rates and cere- in 1618, when the Mantchoos, a mixed Tartar and Mongol
monies, of military affairs, of crime, and of public works. race; gained the ascendency, and, after a war of 27 yeams,
There is, besides, an office of censors, 40 or 50 in number,  established the existing Tartar dynasty in the person of
who go out into the empire as imperial inspectors, and are  Shunchy. According to the Chinese, their dynasties, 26 in
privileged to make any remonstrance to the emperor with- number, embrace a period of about 5000 years, during which
out endangering their lives. The provinces, either singly  236 sovereigns have held the throne. The earliest authentic
or by twos, are under a governor and sub-governor, and each  accounts of China, published in Europe, are those of Marco
province has also a chief criminal judge and a treasurer. Polo, who visited the country in the thirteenth century.
Particular magistrates, estimated at 14,000, preside over par-  The first British intercourse was attempted under Queen
ticular districts and cities, and, instead of being permanent, Elizabeth, in 1596, but the vessel sent did not reach its desare changed about once in three years. The chief protec-  tination. A trade was-  subsequently established by the East
tion of the people is in a body of laws, called Ta-Tsing-Liooh- India Company, but no direct intercourse between the goLee, (Ta-Tsing-Liuh -L,) that is, statutes and rescripts of the  vernments took place till the embassy of Lord Macartney,
great pure dynasty, which are held in high regard, and  in 1792. A second embassy, in 1816, by Lord Amherst, reagreeably to which, with occasional violations, all public  turned without any satisfactory result. In 1841, the British,
functions are discharged. The military force of China has  on being refused redress for injuries, partly alleged and
been estimated at more than 1,000,000, but those receiving  partly real, proceeded to hostilities; and, having defeated
pay do not exceed 700,000. The navy consists of two fleets-   every force opposed to them, were preparing to lay siege to
one for rivers, and another for the sea. The war junks are  Nanking, when the Chinese, found it necessary to sue for
large and showy, but miserably equipped, and so far from   peace.  In consequence of it, China has virtually been
being able to cope with a regular enemy, are not able to  thrown open to the intercourse of other nations.-Adj.
clear their own seas of pirates.  The river fleet has 1036  and inhab. CmINESE. chl-neezl, and CATHA-rala, (poetical;)
ships, 9500 men; and the war fleet 918 ships, 98,421 men;  (Fr. CnIImoIS, shee'nw/; Sp. CHINo  cheeno; Ger. adj. CHINatogethe-, 107,921 men. The largest guns do not exceed a  siscn, -e-nulzish, inhab. CHINESE, ice-nAlzeh.)
12-pounder, and are so fixed on wooden carriages that they    CHIINGIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
can neither be elevated nor depressed. The revenue of the    CHIING-IHAI, ching-hi/, a seaport town of China, province
empire, derived from  customs, excise, and more especially  of Che-Kiang, at the mouth of the river leading to, and 9
from a land and house or workshop tax, is payable partly  miles N.E. of Ning-po.  It is surrounded by a wall 20 feet
in sycee silver and partly in grain, and amounts to about  high, and is 3 miles in circumference, with extensive suburbs.
25 millions sterling.                                         It has two batteries on the river-side, and a strong citadel on
History, ec.-The ancient Greeks and Romans knew little  a precipitous cliff 250 feet high. In October, 1841, in the
or nothing of China. The namne MeS-ica (Gr.'m 1EPLKl) was  vicinity, the Chinese were signally defeat.ed by the British.
vaguely applied to a region in the extreme eastern part of    CHING-HAI, a town of the Core, on its S. coast, at the
Asia, famous as the native country of the silk-worm; hence  mouth of the Ilan-Kiang River.
Sericus came to signify "silken."  The Serica of Ptolemy    CHING-KIANG, ching -ke-;ngf, a city of China, 35 miles
corresponds to the north-western portion of China and the  N.E. of Yun-nan, on the bank of a lake.
adjacent parts of Thibet and Chinese Tartary.  The names    CHIING-KIANG-FOO, ching'ke-angf-foof,  written  also
both of CiINsA, (Tsisma or Tchina,) and CATHAsy, (originally  TCHANG-KIANG, a city of China, province of Kiang-soo,
Khitai, Ke-tl,) are unknown to the Chinese. TSINA is said  on the right bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, near the junction
to have been, before the Christian era, the name of a south-  of the Imperigil Canal, in lat. 320 17' N., Ion. 1190 251 E. It
western province or kingdom  of that vast country; and  is advantageously situated for trade, and surrounded by a
from being the only portion known to the people of Hither  lofty and solid wcall 4 miles in circumference, with hills of
and Farther India, was employed by them as an appellation  considerable height beyond.  Extensive  suburbs stretch
for the whole empire. CATrHAY or KinvAI is derived from   along the canal; and the bustle and activity exhibited on
the Khitans, who occupied the northern portions of the  the wraters afford a striking evidence of the industry of the
empire at the period of the Mongol invasion. This appella- natives, and of the commercial importance of the city. It
tion was introduced into Europe by Marco Polo, and is still forms, indeed, the key of the empire, as the blockade of the
used by the Russians to designate China.  (See "Chiime, river and canal at this spot would, in a great measure. prpar M. G. PAUTHI-R."  Paris, 1839.)                           vent all communication between the N. and S. The city is
The early history of the Chinese is shrouded in fable, but  strongly fortified; but, in 1842, it was taken bythe British
it is certain that civilization had advanced much among  after a determined resistance on the part of the Mantchoo
them when it was only dawning on the nations of Europe.  garrison.
Their earliest existing records consist of the compilations    CHITING-KING, a province of Mongolin.  See LEAOTONG.
of Khoon-Froo-Tsseu,or Confucius 550 B c., from which period    CItINGLEPUT, chingNgle-pftt', or THE  JAGIIRE, jathey descend In an unbroken series to the present day. Un- gheerl, a maritime district of British India, presidency of Mader their earliest dynasty they attained considerable pros-  dras, and immediately surrounding that city and its districts,
perity, and tempted the rapacity of the Tartars, as a protec-  having E. the Indian Ocean, and on other sides the Arcot
tion against whose incursions the great wall was built by  districts.  Area, 3020 square miles.  Pop. 583,462. The surTsin-Shee-Hliwang-Tee, the founder of the dynasty of Tsin.  face is low, with scattered hills; principal river, the Palaur.
This work, perhaps the most stupendous monument of  The Pulicat Lake and other lagoons skirt the coast. The seo,
human industry ever exhibited to the world, was begun  is generally poor. The principal towns   are Chingleput and
about 214 n. c., and finished about 204 B. c., several millions  Conjeveram.
of men having been occupied at once in its construction.
* According -to the statement of a missionary, (P. GERBILLON,
This wall is about 1500 miles in length, fi-om  20 to 25 feet      Accrding     e
high, and so thick that six horsemen can ride abreast on the        imsef a    d examined the strcture, some portions 
the Great Wall are faced on both sides by two walls about one
summit. Towsers are placed along its whiole extent, at twicetisGetV'lacfcdenbhodsbytswlsastes
summit. Towers are placed lon   its hol    extent at  foot andl a half thick, (the lower part of wl-ich is oomposed of
the distance an arrow can bein shot, so tlhat eversy part of the hiewne stone, the nppor part of brick,) the intermediate space
wall may be within the reach of tle archers stationed in the I being filled  ith eortih.
445




CIII                                                        CHI
CHITNGLEPUT, (anc. MiPcl/aacnietca,) a town of India, capi-    CHIPIONA, che-pe-o'ni, a market-town of Spain, 22 milo
tal of the above district, in a valley, near a fine artificial  iN.N.W. of Cadiz, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. Pop
lake, 35 miles S.W. of Madras, and having a large and strong  1559.
citadel.                                                      CItIPMAN'S POINT, a post-office Addison co., Vermont
CIING-TE, or TCHING-TE-FOU, ching'-tPfoo', a city of   CtIPOLA (che-pofla) RIVER in Henry co., Alabama, enChina, provinceofPe-chee-lee,capital of a department, 110  ters Florida, and unites with the Appalachicola in Franklin
miles N.N.E. of Peking, beyond the Great Wall. Near it is  county, after a S. course of 150 miles.
the celebrated imperial palace, ZnEOL, zhb-holl, (otherwise    CHIPPAWA, a town of Canada.  See CHIPPEWA.
written GEnOL, JEnOL, and ZuEno,) the summer residence    CHIPPENHAMI, chiplnfsm, a parliamentary and municiof the emperor.                                             pal borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Wilts, on
CIIING-TIH, or TCHING-TING. See CHINO-TE.                 the Avon, here crossed by a fine bridge of 22 arches, and on
CIIINGS-TING/, a city of China, province ofPe-chee-lee,155  the Great Western Railway, 22 miles E. of Bristol. Pop. of
miles S.S.W. of Peking.                                     parliamentary borough, in 1851, 6283.  It has a spacious
CIING'-TON! a city of China, in Se-chuen; lat. 300 40' N., church, partly built in the twelfth century, a free school and
ion. 1040 E. It is populous, adorned with fine edifices, in- other charities, with a union work-house, and literary institersected by canals, and the seat of an extensive commerce. tution. Its manufactures of silk and woollen have declined,
It was formerly an imperial residence, and one of the largest  but the retail trade is thriving  and the markets are large.
cities of China, but was ruined by the Tartars in 1646.     The borough sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
CHING-T0OO-F0OO or TCHING-TOU-FOU, ching'too'foef, a    CHTIPPENHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
city ofChina, capitalof.Se-chuen; lat.300 50' N.; lon.1040 20 E.   CHIPPEWA, chipfpe-ws, a river of Ohio, rises in a small
CHINGU.  See XINGU.                                       lake of the same name, in Medina county, and joins the TusCHINI or CIIINEE, che-uee!, a large village of Sinde, 30  carawas River, about 12 miles N.N.W. of Massillon.
miles N.W. of Sehwan, and at an elevation of 10,000 feet.     CHIPPEWA, a small river of Michigan, enters Pine
CHIN INDIA, chin in/de-a, a name given to the region  River in Midland county.
between China and Hindostan, comprehending the Burmanl   CHIPPEWA, a river of Wisconsin, (the Ojibway or Ojiband Anamese Empires, Laos, Siam, and the peninsula of  beway of the Indians,) rises near the N. boundary of the
Malacca.  It is often called the Peninsula beyond the  state, and flowing nearly south-westward through Chippewa
Ganges. Little is known of these countries, and their po- county, enters the Mississippi at the foot of Lake Pepiss, 85
litical divisions and boundaries are very uncertain.-   miles below St. Paul, Minnesota. Its whole length probably
Adj. and inhab. CUN INDIAN, chin in/de-an.                 exceeds 200 miles; and it is about 500 yards wide at its
CHININI or CHINEANEE, chin'e-nee!, a town and palace  mouth. Its banks are bordered by large forests of pine.
of India.  See CHANDAINEE.                                   CHIPPEWA, a county of Michigan, forms the eastern exCHINIKAPIN, a post-office of Duplin co., North Carolina. tremity of the upper peninsula, bordering on Lakes SupeCHINLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.            rior and Huron, rand separated from Canada West by tihe
CHINNANEE.  See CnADSIINEFc.                             river St. Mary. It is drained by the Tequamenon and MoCItINNIBEE, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama, 75  sistic Rivers.  The surface is uneven, and partly covered
miles N. by E. of Montgomery.                              with pine forests. The underlying rocks are limestone and
CIIININOCK, EAST. a parish ofEngland, co. of Somerset. Potsdam sandstone. Capital, Saut St. Marie. Pop. 898.
CHINNOCK, MIDDLE, a parish of England, co. Somerset.    CHIPPEWA, a county in the N.W. part of Wisconsin,
CIHINNOCK,  WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. bordering on the Mississippi River, contains about 4300
CHTINNOR, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.             square miles. It is traversed by the Chippewa River, and many
CHI~TOIS and CHIATO.  See CHINA.                          large affluents.  The surface is uneven, and mostly occupied
CIIINNON,  shee'n&Nst, a town of France, department of  forests of pine and other trees. The principal rock is sand[ndre-et-Loire. on the Vienne, 25 miles S.W. of Tours.  Pop. stone. Formed in 1845. Capitsal, Chippewa Falls.  Pop. 614.
4859. Henry II. of England died here in 1189. It was the    CHIPPEWA, a small village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania.
residence of Charles VII., King of France, when the English    CI-IIPPEWA, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania.
occupied Paris, and has the ruis of the castle in which Joan  Pop. 908.
of Arc presented herself to him. Rabelais was born here    CIIPPEWA,  a post-office of Newcastle co., Delaware.
in 1483.                                                      CIIPPEWA, a village of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.
CI-TNOOK or CHINOOK CITY. See CHENOO0 CITY.                CHIPPEWA, a post-village and township of Wayne co.,
CHINRAY'APATAMV, a town of India, in the Deccan, Ohio, on Chippewa River, 100 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop.
Mysore dominions, 40 miles N.N.W. of Seringapatam.          of township, 2637.
CHINS001/RA, a town of British India, in Bengal, on the    CHIPPEWA, a village of Fulton co., Indiana, on the TipGanges, 20 miles N. of Calcutta. It formerly belonged to the  pecanoe River, 30 miles N. by E. of Logansport.
Dutch, but was latterly ceded to the British. It has quite    CIIIPPEWA, a village of Madison co., Illinois, on the
a Dutch appearance, is dull, and its commerce is now insig-  Mississippi River, 60 miles W. by S. of Vandalia.
nificant. The principal edifices are the government-house    CHIPPEWA, a village and port of entry of Canada West,
and a fortified factory.                                    co. of Welland, at the confluence of the Chippewa River
CHINY, shee'nee!, a town of Belgium, inLuxembourgon  with the Niagara, above the Falls, and 50 miles S.E. of Tothe Semoy, 8 miles S.S.W. of Neufchdteau. Pop. 1084, partly  ronto. It contains 8 stores, a printing office, an insurance
employed in manufacturing iron wares. It was formerly of  agency, and an extensive steam-engine manufactory, conmuch more consequence.                                      nected with which is one of the largest stove manufactories
CHIN-YANG, a city of the Chinese Empire. See M00KoEscN. in the province. The imports for 1850 amounted to $318,152,
CHIIO or KIIIO, an island of Asiatic Turkey. See Sero.   of which;316,204 were from the United States; the value
CIIIOBBE, che-oblb, a town of China, province of Fo- of exports was only $7528, all of which were to the United
kien, 15 miles S.W. of Amoy, lat. 210 35/ N., ion. 1170 55' E.,  States. Chippewa is memorable as being the scene of a deon a considerable river, which bears different names, accord- cisive victory gained July 4, 1814, by the Americans, 1900
ing to the district through which it flows. Here it is 300  in number, commanded by General Brown, over the Briyards wide, and navigable at high water for junks of about tish, 2100 strong, commanded by Generals Riall and Drum400 tons. The town is large, has a custom-house and cita- mond.  Pop. about 1200.
del, and along the river are numerous fortifications. It is a    CIIPPEWA CITY, a post-village of Chippewa co., Wisgreat emporium of common chinaware, and a considerable  cousin.
number of the inhabitants are employed in the fisheries,   CIIPPEWA FALLS, a post-village, capital of Chippewa
and in the cultivation of the soil. There are no fewer than  co., Wisconsin, on Chippewa River, about 185 miles NW. of
18 villages in the vicinity, one of which contains a body of  Madison. It has extensive water-power with mills. Pop.
Roman Catholics, under the superintendence of a Spanish  in 1853, about 250.
priest. The district ofLeungkey, in which tIe town is situ-   CHIPPEWAY  or CHIPPEWA INDIANS, written also
ated, is famed for the cultivation of the mulberry-tree and  OJIBBEWAY, a numerous tribe, formerly inhabiting Wisthe rearing of silk-worms. Pop. of Chiobbe, estimated at  cousin, but now removed to the N. part of'innesota.
300,000.                                                      CHIPPEWAYAN  FORT, chip-pe-w/-an, British Nbrth
CIIIOGGIA, ke-odjl-, (anc. soslsa  Clotdia,) a fortified sea- America, is a commercial post in the Chippeway territory,
port town of Northes-n Italy, 15 miles S. of Venice, on an  at the W. end of Laks Athabasca. Rat. 580 40' N., ion.
island in the southern extremity of the Venetian Lagoon. 1110 20' W.
Pop. 27,076. It is about 2 miles in circumference, founded,   CHIPPEWAYAN MOUNTAINS. See RocKY MOUNTAINS.
like Amsterdam, on piles, well built, and connected with the    CIIIP/PING, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
nmainland by a stone bs-idge of43 arches. It has a fine main    CHIPPING, NORTON, ONGAR, and SODBUiRY, towns of
street lined with porticos, a cathedral, various charitable  England.  See NORTON, ONGAR, &C.
institutions, and a harbor protected by two forts and several   CH-IP/PING-WAR/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Northbatteries. It has high schools, important salt-works, yards  ampton.
for ship-building, fisheries, and a trade with the interior by    CIIIPSTABLE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
the BrentaAdige, Po, and various canals.                    CHIP/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
CHIOS or CHIO. See Scio.                                   CHIIPWAN/IC, a creek of Fulton co., Indiana, flows into
CIIPICANI, che-pe-kI/nee, a mountain  peak of the  Tippecanoe River.
Andes, near the boundary of Peru and Bolivia, lat. 170 43/   CHIIQUIMULA    DE LA SIERRA, che-kee-mooflA dA I1
S., ion. 690 47' W. HIeight, 19,740 feet.                  se-rJss?, a town of Central America, state, and 85 miles
44i




CIHI                                                       CIII
EN.E. of Guatemala, capital of a department, with a large    CI-TTIRAL1, or LITTLE CASHIGAWB, a country of North.
church, and a fountain in the principal square. Pop. 6000. west India, consisting of the Kooeener valley, on the S. slope
Maize is extensively raised in its'vicinity, and it is a place  of the I-Iindoo Koosh, lying between lat. 350 45/ and 360.251 N.,
of active trade.                                           ion. 710 20' and 730 10' E. Length 100 miles; breadth, from
CHIQUIMULA, ISTHMUS OF, Central America, in Ion. 15 to 20 miles.
89  WV., comprehending about 70 miles of coast, on the    CHITIRAL, a town of Northwestern India, In lat. 360 11I
Caribbean Sea, between the mouth of the Rio Motagua and  N., Ion. 710 59' E. Pop. between 3000 and 4000, mostly
the innermost corner of the Bay of Honduras. The distance  Mohammedans, with some I-Iindoos.
across from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean is here 150 miles.    CHIT'TAGONG/, a district of British India, presidency of
Greatest elevation of the land, 2000 feet.                  Bengal, beyond the Brahmapootra, between lat. 210 and
CHIQUITOS, che-kee/toce, a territory of Bolivia, depart- 230 N., and Ion. 910 38' and 930 E. Length from N. to S.
ment of Santa Cruz, between lat. 150 and 170 S., and form- 120 miles; greatest breadth, 50 miles. It has the Bay ot
ing the middle part of the great longitudinal plain which  Bengal on the W. Estimated area, 3000 square miles. Pop.
extends N. and S. of the eastern base of the Aindes. Surface  1,000,000.(?) The Mohammedan inhabitants are to the Hinlow and level, and containing large lakes and swamps; the  does as 3 to 2. Chittagong was ceded to the British in 1760.
country uncultivated and partially uninhabited.               CHIITTAI, chit/ti, one of the Laccadive Islands, in the
CHIIAC, shee'rdk/, a town of France, department of Lo- Indian Ocean, 155 miles S.W. from Mangalore.  Lat. 11~ 40/
zsre, on the Rioulone, 11 miles W. of Mende.                N., Ion. 720 42' E.
CHIRAZ or SHIRAZ, a city of Persia. See SrEsaRz.            CIIIPTTAPET!, a town, and formerly an important fortress,
CHIR/BURY or CIHER/BURY, a parish of England, co. of  of British India, 75 miles S.W. of MIadras, district of South
Salop.                                                      Arcot. It was for several centuries capital of the principality
CHIRCARI, chlr-k/ree, a town of IIindostan, Bundel- of Ocdeypoor, and celebrated for its strength and riches.
cund, 73 miles E. of Jhansi.                                  CHIITTELDt00OG/, (anc. Sitala-Durga, the "spotted casCHtRENS, shee'r8Nal, a town of France, department of  tie,") a town and fortress of Southern Hindostan, dominions
Islre, 18 miles N.N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 2030.              of Mysore, 128 miles N.N.W. of Seringapatam.  The fort,
CIHIRGONGf, a town of Hindostan, Bundelcund, 16 miles garrisoned by British troops, is onle of the strongest and
N.E. of Jhansi.                                            most remarkable in India; the town, at its base, is enclosed
CHIRIQUI, che-re-kee, a river, lagoon, and archipelago  by walls, and has a spacious main street. Near it are some
of Central America, state of Costa Rice, department of  curious artificial caverns.
Veragua. The river, after a northward course, enters the    CHIT'TENANIGO, a post-village of Sullivan township,
lagoon, which is separated from the Caribbean Sea by the  Madison co., New York, on Chittenango Creek, and on the
Chiriqui Archipelago. Lat. 900 N., ion. 820 30' WV. The Chi- Utica and Syracuse Railroad, 14 miles E. of Syracuse. A
riqui lagoon is a spacious bay with three entrances, and  side-cut, 1 mile long, connects it with the Erie Canal. It
capable of containing ships of the largest class. It extends  contains 3 or 4 churches, a bank, and has manufactories of
along the coast about 90 miles, and from 40 to 50 miles inland. water-lime. Pop. estimated at 1200.
CHIRK, a parish of North Wales, Co. of Denbigh, on the    CHITTENANGO  CREEK, of New York, rises in Madison
Ellesmere Canal, 4' miles S. of Rhuabon. Pop. 1611, partly  co., flows in a N.N.W. course, and enters Oneida Lake on the
employed in coal-mines and lime-works.  The village is  boundary between Madison and Onondaga counties.
large and thriving. The vicinity is celebrated for the beauty    CItITTENANGO FALLS, a post-office of Madison co., New
of its scenery. Chirk Castle, the ancient mansion of the  York.
Mlyddleton family, is said to command views into 17 coun-   CIITTENDEN, chit/ten-den, a county in the N.W. part
ties. N. of the village the Dee is crossed by Telfer's magni-  of Vermont, has an area of about 517 square miles. It is
ficent aqueduct for the Ellesmere Canal-an iron trough  bounded on the W. by. Lake Champlain, and is drained
710 feet in length, supported on 10 arches, raising it 70 feet principally by the Lamoille and Onion Rivers, which afford
above the river.                                            valuable water-power. The surface near the.lake is level,
CHIRN/SIDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.         but in the E. part it is rough and mountainous. The soil is
CHIRRA, a village of Cossyah country, Farther India. generally fertile. The Vermont Central Railroad traverses the
presidency of Bengal, 30 miles N.W. of Sylhet. Elevation, county, and that connecting the above line with the Rutland
4000 feet. About 1 mile northward is the convalescent sta- and Burlington Railroad partly intersects it. Pop. 29,036.
sion, Cherrapoonjee.                                          CHITTENDEN, a township of Rutland co., Vermont,
CItIRRIPO, cheeR-Reespo, a volcano and river of Central  situated among the Green Mountains, 40 miles S..by E.
America, state of Costa Rice. The former is about 20 miles  of Montpelier. Pop. 675.
N.E. of Cartago; and from its N. flank the river flows to    CHITTLEHAMPTON, chit'tel-hampftnu,   a parish of Engjoin the Barbilla, and form the Matina River.               land, co. of Devon.
CHIR/TON, a township of England, co. of Northumber-    CHITTO BAYOU, chit/to b/oo, a small stream  of Missisland, parish of Tynemouth, on the Tyne, 1 mile W.S.W. of  sippi and Louisiana, rises in the former state, and, flowing
North Shields. Pop. 4360, mostly employed in collieries.    south-eastward into Louisiana, enters Pearl River at the
CHISAGO, che-saw/go, a county in the E. part of Minnesota,  S.E. extremity of Washington parish.
bordering on Wisconsin, contains an area of about 2000    CrITITOO/, a town of British India, 80 miles W. of
square miles. The St. Croix forms part of its eastern bound- Madras, district of North Arcot.
ary; it is also drained by Kettle and Snake Rivers. The    CHIT/TRA, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
surface is uneven, and partly covered with forests of pine. 110 miles N.N.W. of Calcutta.
Lumber is the principal production. The census of 1850    CHIT'TROO/, a town of British India, presidency of Benfurnishes no information respecting this county.            gal, 214 miles N.W. of Calcutta.
CITISELRHAMPTON, chiz'el-hampftpn, a parish ofEngland,    CIHIURA, ke-oo/rI, a village of Lombardy, 7 miles E. of
co. of Oxford.                                              Sondrio, on the right bank of the Adda. Pop. 2500.
CIIISELITURST, chis/el-hrst, a parish of England, co. of    CIIIUSA, a town of the Tyrol. See KLAUSEaN.
Kent, 11 miles S.E. of London. The celebrated antiquary,    CIIUSA, LA, la ke-oo/s/, a town of the Sardinian States,
William  Camden, died in 1623 at Camden Place, in the  Piedmont, 8 miles S.E. of Coni, on the Pesio. Pop. 5800.
vicinity, now the property of Earl Camden.                  It is well built, and has manufactories of silk fabrics and
CR1IS/HALL, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.  glass wares.
CHiS/HALL, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bssex.    CHIUSA, LA, a village of Italy, 18 miles W.N.W. of
CHISLEBOROUGHI, chizsel-btir-rhh, a parish of England,  Turin, on the Dora Ripaira, with an hospice for travellers,
co. of Somerset.                                            formerly a rich abbey of the Benedictines, recently chosen
CHIISLEDON, chizlel-don. a parish of England, co. of Wilts. as the place of sepulture for the royal family of Sardinia.
CIHISLET, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 CIHIUSA, LA, a town of Sicily, intendancy, and 30 miles
CRIS/WELL'S ISLAND, a group of desert isles, near the  S.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 6000.
S. coast of Russian America; lat. 590 30/ N., ion. 1490 2' W.    CHIUSA, LA, a defile of Northern Italy, 10 miles N.WV. of
CHISWICK, chiz/ik, a parish of England, co. of Mliddlesex,  Verona, through which pass the Adige River and one of the
on the Thames, 7. miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. great routes between Italy and the Tyrol.
Chiswick I-ouse, a villa of the Duke of Devonshire, is an    CIIIUSANO, ke-oo-sltno, a market-town of Naples, 16 miles
elegant mansion, in which both Fox and Canning breathed  E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop..2140.
their last. The parish contains other handsome villas, and    CHIUSI, ke-oo/see, (anc. Clulsiusn,) a city of Central Italy,
the gardens of the horticultural society. In the church are  Tuscany, province, and 37 miles S.E. of Sienna. Pop. in 1844,
many interesting monuments, and Hogarth lies buried in  1602. It has highly interesting museums of Etruscan antithe church-yard.                                           quities, with a cathedral. and several convents; near it are
CItITIURST, chit/urst, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. many sepulchral remains of Clusium, one of the most famous
CIJITL, kee/tee, (ance. Cit/ium,) a maritime village of the  of the ancient capitals of Etruria.
island of Cyprus, on its S. coast, near Cape Chiti, and 3    CIIIUSI, LAKE OF, in Italy, 1 mile E. of the above city,
miles S.W. of Larnica.  It has various remains of antiquity.  forms a portion of the Tuscan and Papal frontiers.  It is 4
The stoic Zeno was born here about n. c. 362.              miles in length from N. to S., by 1 mile in breadth, and traCJIIT'LONG/, a town of Nepaul, 20 miles S.W. of Khat- versed by the river Tuscan-Chiana. Its banks are marshy.
mandoo. It is well built, and is the chief town of a district.    CHIVA, chee/vA, a town of Spain, 18 miles W. of Valencia.
CIHIT'OREI, a town of India, capital of the rajahship, and  Pop. 3954. It is very ancient, and has remains of a castle
70 miles N.E. of Odeypoor.                                 and Roman walls.
447




CIII                                                         CIIO
CITIVASSO, ke-v,?so, a small city of the Sardinian States,  of Posen, 47 miles WV.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 3250, engaged
Piedmont, 15 miles N.E. of Turin, in a fertile plain, on the  in woollen weaving.  It has a castle and 4 churches.
Po. Pop. 7841i. It was formerly strongly fortified, and con-    CHIOESTOEI, chlfst5', a post-office  of Union co., Georgia.
sidesred the key of Piedmont, but it is now only enclosed by    CHIIOGIDAII, a town of British  India, presidency of Bengal,
a single wall. It has a handsome church, 5 convents, and  on the Hoogly River. 30 miles N. of Calcutta.
the remains of the ancient castles of the Counts of Mlont-    CHOISEUL, shlw  zull, an island in the South Pacific
ferret. It was stormed and taken by the French, October  Ocean, one of the Solomon group, E. point, in lat. 70 29' S.,
18, 1800.                                                     ion. 1570 55' E.
CHIVIELSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              CHOISEUL, shwi'zulf, a harbor of Madagascar, on the E.
CHIKLOV, a town of Russia.  See SHsLOV.                     coast of the island, in the Bay of Antongil.  It had forCHLUMETZ or CHLUMECZ, Kloolmlts, a town of Bohe- merly the French establishment of Louisburg.
mia, on the Zydlina, 416 miles E.N.E. of Prague.  Pop. in    CIHOISY-EN-BRIE, shwAzeeloNG-bree, a town of Prance,
1843, 2969. It has manufactures of cotton goods, and the  department of Seine-et-Marne, arrondissement, and 6 miles
seignorial castle of Karlskrom. Two villages in the circles  E.S.E. of Coulommiers, formerly fortified.  Pop. 1311.
of Beraun and Budweis, have the same name.                       CIIOISY-SUR-SEINE, shwA'zee'-siia-sAn, or LE  ROI, leh
CHMIELNIK  or KH-IMIELNIK, xme-Sllnik, a town of  rwA, a town of France, on the Seine, and on the Paris and
Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 93 miles N.E. of  Orleans Railway, 6 miles S. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 3271. It
Kamieniec.                                                     has extensive manufactures of glass wares, porcelain, soap,
CIIMIELNIK, a town of Russian Poland, 19 miles S.S.E. morocco leather, and chemical products.
of Kielce.  Pop. 1800. It is celebrated for the victory of the    CHOIKEEGHUBI, a town of Ilindostan, 50 miles E.S.E. of
Tartars over the Poles in 1240.                                Bhopaul.
CIIOASPES.  See KEn.AH                                         CIHOKIER, sho ke-'/, a village of Belgium, 6 miles S.W.
CHLOBANDO, cho-binfdo, or SEBANDO, se-binfdo, a town  of Liege, with a picturesque old castle and extensive limeand Chinese military post of Thibet, 230 miles E.N.E. of  works. Pop. 451.
Lassa.  Lat. 300 17' N., ion. 950 40/ E.  Before it, runs a    CIIOLDERPTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
narrow but deep river. There are two Boodhist convents    CIIOLEECHEL, cho-lh-chll, or CHUELECHUEL, chwAhere, in one of which is a printing press, which furnishes  IA-chwllf, a considerable island of South America, La Plata,
sacred books to the temples of the province of Kihan.          formed by the Rio Negro, 220 miles N.W. of Carmen, and
CHORE, a river of Africa.  See NGAIs.                       affording good pasturage.
CHOBHASAM, a parish of Encgland co. of Surrey.                 CHOLET or CIHOLLET, sho'lf, a town of France, departCHOC or CIIOQUE (shok) BAY, West Indies, on the N.W. ment of Maisse-et-Loire, on the Moine, 11 miles S.S.E. of
coast of St. Lucia, one of the Windward dslaisds, in lat. 140 N. Beaupreau.  Pop. in 1852, 10,385. It is well built, and has
CHOCCIIU/MA, a village near the S.E. extremity of Talla-  manufactures of fine woollen and mixed cloths, (the Challies
hatchie co., Mississippi, near Yallobusha River.              deriving name from this town,) cloth markets, and a brisk
CHOCIHOLNA, Ko-iiol/nI, a village of Hungary, 38 miles  trade in cattle. It was often taken, and nearly ruined in the
N.E. of Trentschin, on the Waag, with mineral springs and  wars of La Vendee. 1793-5.
baths.                                                           CIIOLtLERTON, a parish of England, co. of NorthumberCITOCO, cho/ko, a large bay on the W. coast of New Gra- land.
nada, extending from Point Chirambira on the N., to Point    CHOLtONDELEY, chfimllee, a township of England, co.
Guascanma on the S.                                           of Chester, parish of Malpas, 7 miles W. of Nautwich.  Its
CHOCO, a bay of Central America, forming the southern- castle, the seat of the Marquis of Cholmondely, contains a
most part of the Gulf of Darien. The Atrato  allsintoit.    valuable library and collection of paintings.
CHOC, cholko, a province of New Granada, on the coast    CItOL/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
of the Pacific, S. of the province of Darien, and TW. of Antis-    CIHOLULA,  cho-loo'IA, a decayed town of the Mexican
ouia. It is traversed by the westernmost branch of the  Confederacy, state, and 15 miles W.N.W. of La Puebla. It is
Andes, and watered by the San Juan, and the Atrato.  in  situated on the table-land of Anahuac.  Elevation, 6912
1788, a canal is said to have been dug in the ravine of Raes- coet.  Pop. 10,000, wholly Indians. Close to the town is a
padura, which united these two rivers, and established, in  pyramid of clay and brick, erected by the ancient Mexicans,
the rainy season, a communication between the two seas.    177 feet in height, measuring 1440 feet on each side at its
CHOCOLO/CIHEE, or CHOCOLOCfCO CREEK, of Alabama,  base, ascended by 120 steps, and surmounted by a chapel,
rises in Benton co., and enters the Coosa River about 10  erected by the Spauiards.  Cortez, early in the sixteenth
miles N.W. of Talladega.                                      century, recorded that Cholula (anc. Chur'ultecal) then conCHOICONUT, a po.st-township of Susquehanna co., Penn-  tained 20,000 houses, besides as many in the suburbs, and
sylvania, bordering on Noew York, 12 miles N.W. ofMontrose.  more than 400 towers of temples. A modern traveller, in
CIIO/COVILLE, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas.    1841, stated —" The temple is year after year crumbling, and
CHOCITAW, a county in the W. part of Alabama, border-  of the race that worshipped on that pyramid, there now reing on Mississippi, has an area of about 800 square miles.  mains but a few Indians, who till the adjacent fields, and
The Tombigbee forms its eastern boundary. The surface is  the women, who throng the market-place with fruit and
hilly or undulating, and partly covered with pine woods;  flowers."
the soil in some parts is fertile. Formed recently out of    CHOMIERAC, shio'malrikl, a town of France, department
parts of Sumter and Washington counties, and named from   of Ardiche, 3  miles S.E. of Privas.  Pop. 2550. It has mathe Choctaw tribe of Indians. Capital, Butler.  Pop. 8369,  nufactures  of, and trade in, silk goods.
of whom 4620 were free, and 3769 slaves.                         CIIONOS or KIIONOS, Ko'nos/, (anc. Colossceb, afterwards
CHOCTAW, a county in the N. central part of M[ississippi,  Cho/se, ) a lairge village of Asiatic Turkey, about 60 miles
contains about 990 square miles. It is intessected by the  S.S.E. of Ala-Shehr, or Philadelphia. This place derives its
Big Black River.  The surface is undulating, and partly  interest from standing  on the situ of Chonee, chiefly known
covered by forests of oak, hickory, and other timber.  The  for being the birthplace of Nicetas, the Byzantine historian.
soil is fertile. Capital, Greensborough. Pop. 11,202, of whom    CIHONOS (choenoce) ARCICHIPELAGO, an island group off
8424 were free, and 2778 slaves.                              the W. coast of Patagonia: mostly between lat. 440 and 460
CHOC/TAW A/GENCY, apost-office of Oktibbeha co., Mis-  S.. and lon. 740 and 750 W. Somne of the islands are large,
sissippi.                                                     but all, except a iew outlying ones westward, are bare, and
CIOCTAW  AGENCY, a post-office of Choctawv Nation, very scantily inhabited.
Arkansas.                                                        CHOO-KIANG,  the Chinese name for CANTON  IVERa
CHOCTAW  BAYOU, of Grayson co., Texas, enters the  which see.
Red River at the N.E. corner of the county.                      ClIOOMP-IIOON, choompM-boonl, a maritime town of Siam,
CHOCTAW  CORNERR, a post-office of Clarke co., Alabama.  on a river near its mouth, in the Gulf of Siam.  Lat. 110
CHOCTAWIIAT/CHEE IRXIER, of Alabama and Florida,  N.; lon. 990 30' E. Pop. 8000. Ihere is a stockaded military
rises in Barbour co. of the former state, and flows south-  fort. Good timber abounds in the vicinity.
westward to the boundary; thence  southward  through    CHOON/GA, a village of Sinde, E. of the Indus, 40 miles
Florida, and falls into the E. end of Choctawbatchee Bay.    E. of Shikarpoor.
CHOCTAW  INDIANS, a tribe formerly inhabiting the    CHOONtKA, a village of Sinde, E. of the Indus, 40 miles
middle portions of Mississippi, on both sides of the Yazoo  S.E. of Rhyerpoor.
River; but arc now settled in the Indian  Territory, along    CIIOOR001, a town of Iindostan, in Rajpootana, domithe southern banks of the Arkansas River.  They have  nionS and 100 miles E.N.E.. of Bickaneer.  Exclusive of
made considerable advancement in the arts of civilization,  suburbs, it is about 1- miles in circumference, and hand.
have good farms, are tolerably  well skilled in the mechanic  sonely built of white limestone.
arts, and are governed by a written constitution and laws.    CHOPER.  See KnoPsc.
The Chickasaws inhabit the same region, and are repre-    CHOPERSK, NOVO, or NEW.  See KcOPERSEK.
sented in the general council of the two tribes. The usem-    CHOP/PEEN, a post-office of WVells co., Indiana.
bets receive a certain salary per diemn, and business is con-    CHO/PRAH, a considerable town of British India, preo
ducted in the usual forms of civilized society. Few of the  sidency of Bombay, near the Taptee, 150 miles E. of Surat.
North American tribes have been more benefited than these  Lat. 210 14' N.; Ion. 750 23/ E.
by tihe labors of the missionary.                               ChOP/TANK' RIVER, of Delaware and Maryland, rises in
CIIOCZIMI, a town of Russia.  See CnoTYN.                   Kent co. of the former state, and flows south-westward into
CIHODZIESEN, aot'seeszen, a town of Prussia, province  Mar-yland.  Near. the southern extremity of Talbot co., it
448




CHO                                                       CIIR
spreads out into an estuary several miles -wide, and nearly    CIOTTULESBUR~Y. a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
20 miles long, communicating with the Chesapeake. The    CIJOUMALAR1I, a peak oftheHimalayas. See STIuIAILAcr.
whole length is nearly 100 miles. It is navigable foir sloops   CItIOUAGUR, choo'ra-gti'l, a town and strong fortress of
to the mouth of Tuckahoe River, about 50 miles.           British India, 75 miles S.E. of Iosungabad.
CHIORASSAN, a province of Persia. See KHIORASSAN.         CROUSTEI, a city of Persia. See SHOO0TER.
CHORGES, shoazh, a town of France, department of    CHtOUTEAU'S (slioo'toz/) STORE, a little village of Bates
Hautes-Alpes, 9 miles E. of Gap. It has slate and imarble  co., Missouri, on 1ard1imiton Creesk.
quarries. This was the Roman Caturigc, capital of the    CIIOUZ, shoo'zs/, o0 CROUZE-SUR-LOIRE, shoo'za!  stir.
Catus-iges. Pop. in 1852, 1891.                           lwIa, a town of France, department of'ndre-et-Loire, on the
CIIORILLOS, chlo-reeltyoce, a village and watering-place  Loire, 7 miles N.W. of Chinon. Pop. 3852.
of Peru, department, and 10 miles S. of Lima. Though it   CIHOUZY, shooazeef, a village of F'rance, department of
is wretchedly built, it is a good deal resorted to by the in- Loir-et-Cher, with a station on the Orleans and Tours Railhabitants of Lima in summer. Around it are many remains way, 6 miles S.W. of Blois. Pop. 1239.
of ancient Peruvian edifices.                               CI:IOWor CIQO0. a Chinese prefix. See TCHnOO.
CHORLEY, chor/lee, a market-town and parish of England,   CHIOWAN, chi6-w'Jnf, a river of North Carolina, is fornmed
co. of Lancaster, on the Chor, near its confluence with the  by the Meherrin and Nottoway Rivers, which unite a few
Yarrow, and on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 9 miles miles above Winton, in HIertford county. The river flows
S.S.E. of Preston, with which town and with Bolton it com- first south-eastward and then southward, and enters Albemunicates by railway. Pop. in 1851, 12,684. It stands on  marie Sound at the W. end. It is navigable for sloops
a rising ground, and has an ancient perish church in the  through its whole extent, about 50 miles.
Norman style, a handsome Gothic church, a Roman Ca-   CHOWAN, a county in the N.E. part of North Carolina,
tholic chapel, a small grammari school, a town-hall, and a  bordering on the W. part of Albemarle Sound, has an area
union work-house, with numerous mills for the manufac-  of about 240 square miles. The Chowan Rliver (navigable
ture of cotton yarn, muslins, jaconets, and fancy goods. In  for steamboats) forms the entire W. boundary. The surface
its vicinity are coal and lead mines, slate and stone quarries.   is nearly level or undulating; and the soil generally proCIHIORLEY, a township of England, co. of Chester, parish  ductive. Chowan county was one of the original precincts
of Wilmslow. Pop. 501.                                    of the lords proprietors under King Charles II. The name
CHORLEY, a township of England, co. of Chester, parish  was derived from the Chowanokes, a tribe of Indians who
of Wrenbury. Pop. 183.                                    owned the soil. Capital. Edenton. Pop. 6721, of whom 3048
CHORLTON, three small townships of England, in the co. were free, and 3673 slaves.
of Chester, and a chapelryand township in the co. of Stafford.   CIIOWRY ISLAND. See NicoBoA ISLANDS.
CI-ORLITOON-N-MEDtLOCK, a township of England, co.   CIHRAST, xrest, a village of Bohemia, 6- miles S.E. of
of Lancaster, 1 mile S. of MIanchester, of which city it is a  Chrudim, with a sumnmer palace of the Bishop of Kinigsuburb. Pop. 28,336.                                      griitz.  Pop. 16-48.
CHOORI/TON-wIru-ILARtIDY, a chapelry of England, co. of    CHRISItALL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Lancaster, 3t miles S.W. of Manchester.                      CHR6ISTBIUR, lustflo.ncr, a town of Western Prussia,
CIHOIROLQUE, cho-rol/kA, a snowy mountain of South  23 miles N.E. of Marienwerder, on the Serge. Pop. 2630,
America, in Bolivia. Lat. 210 28' S. Elevation, according  engaged in the manufacture of woollens. It has distilleries,
to Dr. Redhead, 16,548 feet above sea-level.               breweries, and tanneries.
CHOROS (cholroce) ISLANDS, three small islands in the    CHRISTI'CHURCH, a parliamentary and municipal boSouth Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Chili. The largest is in  rough. town, and parish of England, co. of Haunts, on the
lat. 290 17' S., ion. 710 36t' W.                          S.W. border of the New Forest, and at the confluence of the
CIHOROSTKOW, Ko-rost'kov, a town of Austria, in Gall- Avon and Stour, about 1' miles above their mouth, in
cia, 30 miles S.S.E. of Tarnopol, on the Teyna. Pop. 2400.   Christchurch Bay, (English Channel,) near the railway beCIIORRERA, chor-A/rti, a town of South America, New  tween Southampton and Dorchester, 20 miles S.W. of SouthGranada, on the isthmus and 15 miles W.S.W. of Panama, ampton. Pop. of pailiament-ary borough, in 1851,7475. It is
near the head of the river Chorrera, which enters the Pacific  a quiet town with little trade, and named from its fine old
by a deep mouth 10 miles W. of Panama,                     church, formerly collegiate, founded early in Saxon times,
CHORSA. See KARS.                                       but rebuilt in the reign of William II. Christchurch has
CHIORUK, a town of Asia Minor. See TCe0Unu.             some small manufactures of watch-springs and hosiery, and
CIHORZELE, Kon-at/I,, a town of Poland, province of  a salmon fishery. It sends 1 member to the Ioeuse of ComPlock, 16 miles N. of Przasnyse, on the firontiers of Prussia. mons. Near it are some Roman earth-works; and on IlengistPop. 1700. It has manufactures of woollen and leather.     bury Hilll, a cliff It miles south-south-eastward, are the reCHOSARASP, xo'st-rdsp!?, a walled town, khanat, and  mains of a castle. The phenomenon of a" double tide every
40 miles E. by S. of Khiva. It has two castles, of which the  12 hours occurs at Christchurch Bay. CHRISeCHUnCH is the
one in the citadel is of brick, 10 mosques, and a brick college. name of several parishes in and around' London.
CHOTA, choltl, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its    CHRIS/TIAN, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky,
own name, in the department of Libertad, situated among  bordering on Tennessee, contains 700 square miles. It is
the Andes, on an affluent of the Maraaion, 130 miles N. of drained by the sources of Little River and of Tradewater
Trujillo.  Pop. of the province, in 1850, 62,597.          Creek. The southern part of the county is level and exCHOT'EESGHUR/, a large district of British India, pro- tremely fertile; the northern part is occupied by hills which
vince of Gundwana, the easternmost possession of the Nag- produce fine timber, and contain rich mines of coal and iron
poor Mahrattas. Length from N. to S., 260 miles. It is  ore. The rock which underlies the county is a cavernous
surrounded by woody and inaccessible mountains; in the  limestone. Several cases here occur of streams which enter
centre it is open and level.                              subterranean  channels, and after flowing a few  miles,
CHOTIEBORZ, not'yA-bozc', or KOTIEBOR, a town of Bo- emerge again to - the surthce. Forimed in 1796, and named
hemia, 19 miles S.E. of Czaslau, near the Dobrowa. Pop. 2000. in honor of Colonel William Christian, an officer in the war
CHOTIESCHAU, itottyA-sh6w, a town of Bohemia, 10  of the Revolution. Capital, Hopkinsville.; Pop. 19,580, of
miles S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1055. It had formerly a rich  whom 11,440 were free, and 8140 slaves.
abbey, founded in 1200, suppressed in 1782.                 CHRISTIAN, a county in the S. central part of Illinois,
CIHOTtTA, several villages of Sinde, on the route between  has an aiea of 675 square miles. The Sangamon River
Sehwan and Larkhana.                                      forms the northern boundary, and the South Fork of that
CHOTUSITZ, Koltoo-zits', a town of Bohemia, 2t miles N. river flows through the middle of the county. The surface
of Czaslau. Pop. 1000. A battle between the Prussians is generally level, or slightly undulating; the soil is fertile.
and Austrians was fought here in 1742.                    The county is intersected by the Central Railroad, not yet
CHOTYN, KHOTIN or KHOTINE, xo-teent, and CHOC- finished. Capital, Taylorsville. Pop. 3203.
ZIM, Kolchim, a strongly fortified town of Southern IRussia,   CHRISTIAN, a township in Independence co., Arkansas.
province of Bessarabia, on the Dniester, 20 miles S.W. of Pop. 582.
Kamieniec. Pop. formerly anmounting to 20,000, had in 1838    CHRISTIANA, kris-te-ahtna, a river of Michigan and Indiminished to 1690; but the town is still an important mill- diana, rises in Cass co. of the former state, and flows into
tary post. Till the end of the eighteenth century, it was the  the St. Joseph's River, at Elkhart, in Indiana.
northernmost fort of the Ottoman Empire. The ItRussians    CIIRISTIANA, a thriving post-village of Lancaster co.,
here defeated the Turks in 1739.                           Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad,
CIHIOTZEN, xotlzen, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles E. of  about 20 miles E. by S. of Lancaster, has an active trade,
Chrudim, on the Stille-Adler, and on the railway from  and contains an iron foundry and machine shop.
Prague to Briinn, with the castle of Prince Kinsky, rebuilt    CHRISTIANA, a hundred of New Castle co., Delaware.
in 1829. Pop. 2000.                                       Pop. 4831.
CHOUBAR. See CanBnAr.                                     CHRISTIANA or CHRISTIANA BRIDGE, a post-village
CIIOUCHUCK, choo'chlkf, a town of the Punjab, on the  in New Castle co., Delaware, on Christiana Creek, about 10
Ravee, 62 miles S.W. of Lahore.                           miles S.W. of Wilmington.
GHOUL, chool, a maritime town of British India, presi-   CHRISTIANA, a post-village and township in Dane co.,
dency of Bombay,.30 miles S.S.E. of Bombay, formerly of  Wisconsin, on Koshkonong Creek, about 20 miles S.E. of
some imortance.                                           Madison. It has 2 stores, 2 mills, and 30 dwellings. Pop.
CHOULESBURY, ch1lzlber-re, a parish of England, co. of  of township, 1054.
Bucks.                                                      CIIRISTIANA CREEK, of New Castle co., Delaware, is
2D                                                                         440




CHRI                                                         CIHU
formed about 6 miles W. of Wilmington, by the junction of    CHRTISTIANSTAD,   a I n  or district of Sweden, near its
the Christiana Branch with the Red Clay and White Clay  S. extremity, mostly enclosed by  Ilalmstad, Wexi6, CarlsCreeks. Flowing eastward, it unites with the Brandywine  crona, and Malonce. Area, 2452square miles. Pop. 189,627.
at Wilmington, and enters Delaware Bay 2 miles below.    CHRItSTIANSNTADT, kriste-An-stAtt', a small town of
Vessels requiring 14 feet of water ascend to the city just  Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on the Bober, opposite
named. This creek furnishes abundant water-power.             Naumburg.  Pop. 870.
CHRISTIANBURG, Krisfte-an-b66.o',,     a village of North    CHRIISTIANSTED, kriste-.n-st~d', a town on the N.E.
Germany, duchy, and 18 miles N. of Oldenburg.                 coast of the island St. Croix, Danish West Indies.  Pop.
CHRISTIANIA, kris-te-ine-A, the capital city of Norway, 5350, of whom 1250 are slaves. It is the seat of the governoramt of Aggershuus, most picturesquely situated at the  general of the Danish West Indies, and has an excellent
head of Christiania Fiord, in lat. 590 54' 1 N., ion. 100 45' port, defended by Fort Christiansvirn, and a battery. This
E. Pop. 26,141. Temperature of the year, 410.4; wifter,  is the chief entreplt of commerce with Copenhagen; the
230; summer, 590-9 Fah.  The town is regularly laid out,  town has a Danish and English church, and a Danish and
and pretty well built, wholly of'stone or briclk; the adjacent  English bank.
old town, Opslo, and other suburbs, are mostly constructed    CHRISTIANSIUND, krislteAn-soond',  a seaport town of
of timber. It has a cathedral, several other churches, a  Norway, 85 miles W.S.W. of Trondhjsm, amt of Romsdal,
citadel, one of the chief fortresses, and the great arsenal of  on 3 islands in the Atlantic, which enclose its harbor. Pop.
the kingdom, a royal residence, military and lunatic hospi-  4634. It has an active trade and extensive fisheries.
tals, a new town-hall, bank, and exchange, 2 theatres, a    CHRISITIANSVILLE, a post-village in Mecklenburg co.,
university founded in 1.811, having usually about 600 stu- Virginia, about 75'miles S.W. of Richmond.
dents, and a library of 130,000 volumes, various other    CHRIS'IEVILLE, a village of Canada East, co. of Roupublic schools, museums, an astronomical observatory, and  ville, 28 miles S.E. of Montreal.  It contains several stores,
a botanic garden.  The few manufactures of the city consist  saw and grist mills, hotels, and about 1200 population.
of woollen cloths, iron ware, tobacco, paper, leather, soap,    CHISSTINEHAMN, kris-teelne-hlm, a town of Sweden,
spirits, glass, &c. There are also some extensive breweries. lkn, and 25 miles E.S.E. of Carlstad, on the Yarn, half a
The exports are principally timber, deal planks, and iron. mile firom its mouth in Lake Wener. Pop. 1800.
The environs of the city are exceedingly beautiful, the ap-    CIIRISTINESTADT, kris-teelneh-statt', a seaport town of
proach to it by the magnificent fiord, at the head of which  Russia, FinlS;nd, l n, and 55 miles S. of Vasa, on the Gulf
it is situated, exciting the admiration of all visitors.  The  of Bothnia.  Pop. 1500. It has a good harbor.
fiord itself is frozen for upwards of two months of the year,    CHRISTIONYDD-KENRICK, kris-te-on/iTn  ktnIfik, a
tfrom about 20 Wiles from  Christiania to the sea, and the  township in North Wa:les, co. of Denbigh.
harbor is generally locked up for three or four months.         CIRISITLETON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
CHIIIS/TIAN-MALFORID, a parish of England, co. of    CHRISTMAS (krisfmass) CATARACTS are in the river
Wilts.                                                        Derbice, British Guiana;. lat. 40 41' 45/" N., ion. 570 54t
CHRISTIANOPLE, kris'te-gn-olp~l, a maritime town of  10" W.
Sweden, lon, and 20 miles E.N.E. of Carlscrona, on IKalmar    CHRISTMAS HARBOR, Kerguelen Land, Indian Ocean,
Sound. It was formerly fortified.                             is in lat. 490 20' S., lon. 690 24' E., where there is a curiCItRISTIANSAHT,  kris/te-Ans-nmt', or CHRISTIAN, ously arched basaltic rock.
krislte.An, a large amt or district of Norway, occupying its    CHRISTMAS ISLAND, an island in the Pacific; lat. of
centre, between lat. 600 and 620 N., and lon. 80 and 110 E., the S.E. point, 10 41' S., lon. 1570 30 WV.; was discovered by
encircled by the amts of H-edemarken, Trondbjem, Bergen, Coolk, December 24, 1777, and is about 60 miles in circuit.
&c., and traversed by the Lougan Iiver. Pop. 102,730.            CHTRBISTMAS ISLAND, an island in the Indian Ocean;
CHRISTIANSAND, kristte-[n-sund', a fortified seaport  lat. 100 31' S., Ion. 1050 34' E.
town of Norway, near its S. extremity, capital of a stift of the    CHR-3ISTMAS SOUND, near the S. extremity of America,
same name, on a fiord of the Skager-rack, 157 miles S.W. of  120 miles N.W. of Cape Horn.  It was discovered by Cook
Christiania; lat. 580 8' N., ion. S8 3' E. Pop. 8548. It is re-  in 1774.
gularly laid out, and built chiefly of wood. Principal edi-    CIHRISTIMASVILLE, a thriving post-village of Carroll
fices, the citadel Fredericksholm, a Gothic cathedral, and a  co., Tennessee, on the Obion River. 120 miles WV. of Nashcathedral school. A good deal of ship-building is carried  ville.  The river is navigable for fat-boats up to this point.
on; it has an export trade, especially in timber and lob- The village is situated in a rich farming district, and has an
sters. The harbor is deep, and well-sheltered, and is de- active trade.  It contains 1 church, 5 stores, and 1 tan
fended by several batteries, and by the fort of Christian-  nery.
helm, on the small islands of OdderS, at the entrance to the    CHRIS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
harbor. Christiansand is the residence of a bishop, and of    CHR.ISTOW, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
the Stiftsamtmand or governor of the province. It was    CHRIISTY'S or CIIRISTIE'S (kris-ttz) PRAIRIE, a postfounded in 1641 by Christian IV., whose name it bears, and  office of Clay co., Indiana, 66 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis.
was in possession of the British for a short time in 1807,   CIIRISTY'S FORKI, a post-office of Morgan co., Kentucky.
during the war with Denmark.                                    CHROMA, krolm4, or DUBROWNIK, doo-brovfnik, a
CHRISTIANSBORG, krisfte-lns-bono', the principal Dan-  small fortified Dalmatian island in the Adriatic, off Ragusa;
ish fort of Africa, on the Guinea coast, 3 miles E. of Fort St. lat. 420 38' N.. Ion. 18~ 8' 23" E.
James. See AccRA.                                                CIHRONICLE, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina.
CHRIS1TIANSBURG, a post-village, capital of Montgo-    CIHIRUDIM, Krooldim, a town of Bohemia, on the Chrumery co., Virginia, on the stage route from  Richmond to  dimka, an affluent of the Elbe. 62 miles E.S.E. of Prague.
Nashville, and on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad,  Pop. 6107.  It has a fine church, a grammar school, and
200 miles W. by S. from  the former.  It was laid out in  large markets for horses.
1792, and contains 2 churches, and 1 bank.  Pop. in 1853,    CHRYSOPOLIS.  See SCUARLI.
about 500.                                                      CHRYSORRHOAS.  See BARRADA
CHRISTIANSBURG, a post-village of Shelby co., Ken-    CHIIRYS/TON, a village of Scotland, co. of Lana-k, in the
tucky, 38 miles E. of Louisville, and half a mile f-rom  the  parish of Cadder, 7 miles E.N.E. of Glasgow.  Pop. 555.
Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, contains 2 churches. seve-    CHITRZANOW, azh  nov,  a town of the late republic of
ral stores, 1 steam mill, and 1 woollen factory. Pop. about 200. Cracow, on the Chechlo, 27 miles W.N.W. of Cracow. Pop.
CIHIRISTIANSBURG, a post-village in Champaign co., 4000, mostly Jews. It has an active commerce.
Ohio, about 55 miles W. of Columbus.                             CIHUAPA, choo-/pA, a river of Chili, forming the S.
CHRISTIANSBURG. or CIHRISTIANBURG, a post-office  boundary line of the province oi Coquimbo, and separating
of Brown co., Indiana, 54 miles S. of Indianapolis.           it flom Aconcagua.  It rises on the W. slope of the Anides,
CHRISTIANSFELD, icris/te-Ans-f~ld', a small town of  and falls into the Pacific after a course of about 125 miles,
Denmark, duchy Sleswick, 71 miles N. of Hade-sleben.  in lat. 310 38' S.
Pop. 700. It has manufactuses of linen and cotton fabrics.    CIIHU-CIHOW. See Tcnoo-TcHaoo.
It is a colony of Morevian Brothers, founded in 1773.           CIIHUCKATUCK, apost-village ofNansemond co., Virginia,
CHRISTIANSHAVN, krisete-ans-hown, a suburb of Co- 10 miles N. of Suffolk, the county seat.
PENHAGEN, which see.                                            CHUCKTIY BEND, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.
CHIIRISTIANS-OH, (Christians-Se,) kris/te-ins-5/eh, a group    CHUCUITO, CHUCUYTO, choo-kweesto, or CIIUQUITO,
of islets in Denmark, province of Seeland, in the Baltic, 12  chao-kee/to, a town of Bolivia, capital of a province of its
miles N. of the island of Bornholm, consisting of three  own name, in the department of Puno, pleasantly situated
rocks, between the two first of which is a secure haven,  on the W. shore of Lake Titicaca, and at the month of a
used as a return port by ships of war. It is fortified. de- stream of water flowing from  the Andes, 20 miles S.E of
fended by strong  batteries, and has a castle, built by  Puno, and 85 miles E. of Arequipa.  It contains about 5000
Christian IV. in 1684, used as a state prison.  On Chris-  inhabitants,butwas formerly much morepopulous. In the
tians-ie is a revolving light, lat. 550 19' 12" N., Ion.150 12' E. province are mines of silver and gold: splendid specimens
CHRIS/TIANSTADB  or CHRISTIANSTADT, krislte-an- of the remains of antiquity have also been found here. Pop.
stat, (Sw. Christianstad, kris/te-'n-stA&d') a fortified town of  in 1850, 75,957.
South Sweden, capital of a ben of the same name, on the    CHUDLEIGH, chifidlee, a market-town and parish of EnlIelge, near the Baltic, 265 miles S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. land, co. ofDevon, 9 miles S.S.W. of Exeter.  Pop. in 1851.
4500. It is well built, and has artillery barracks, and mann-  2401. The town, on an acclivity near the Teign, has been
fitctures of gloves, linen and woollen fabrics, &c.          neatvly rebuilt, since a fire which almost entirely destroyed
450




CHU                                                      CHU
it in 1807. The country is famous for cider orchards. In    CHUPEE (choofpee) CREEK, of Georgia, flows S.E. through
its vicinity is Ugbrook, (the superb seat of Lord de Clif- Monroe and Bibb counties, and enters the Ocmnulgee about
ford,) slight remains of a former palace of the bishops of  9 miles S. of Macon. It is called also To0ersoFA.
Exeter, and remarkable limestone rocks, with a cavern, the    CHUP/PARAH, a town of British India, presidency of
reputed haunt of the "~ Pixies," or Devonshire fairies.   Bengal, 90 miles N.N.E. of Nagpoor.
CHUELECHUEL. See CHROLEECHEL.                             CHUP/RAH, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
CHUENPEE, chu'8n'peet, a fortified port of, China, on an  capital of the district of Sarun, 34 miles W.N.W. of Patna.
island opposite Ty-cock-tow point, in the Canton River, 35  Pop. 50,000. It extends upwards of 1 mile along the N. bank
miles S.E. of Canton. It was taken by the British in 1841, of the Ganges, and has many large residences, mosques, and
when a Chinese squadron of war-junks was also destroyed  pagodas, with a wide main street, but irregular and dirty.
in Anson's Bay, immediately N.                            The British military and civil station is isolated.
CHIUGANSERAI, choo-g~n-se-r1, a small river of Afghan-    CHUIQUA TONCICHA CREEK, of Chickasaw co., 3Missisisian, rises in Kafiristan, and joins the Cabool nearJelalabad. sippi, flows into Oktibbeha River.
CIHUG ANSERAI. a town of Afghanistan, on the above   CHUQUEAPO, choo-ki-4-pof, a river of Bdlivia, rises in the
river, 80 miles N.E. of Cabdol. Lat. 340 55, N., ion. 700 8' E. Andes near La Paz, flows mostly N., and may be considered
CIHTUKA, choo/kj, a castle of Bootan, near a river, here the head-stream of theBeni and Madeira Rivers.
crossed by a remarkable chain suspension-bridge.  Lat. 270   CHUQUIBAMBA, choo-ke-bhm/b', a town of South Ame20' N., ion. 890 27' E.                                   rica, in Peru, 15 miles N.W. of Arequipa. In the vicinity is
CHiU-KIANG, a river of China. See CANTON RIvM.          a mountain of the same name; lat. 150 50, S., ion. 720 20' W.
CHUL'DISTANI, a town of Persia, province of Fars.       Elevation, 21,000 feet.
CHULAFINNE, chooqla-fuinnt? a post-office of Randolph    CIHIUQUISACA, choo-ke-sftkA, or LA PLATA, the capital
co., Alabama.                                             of Bolivia, agreeably situated 9343 feet above the sea-level,
CHULAHO0MA, a thriving village of lMarshall co., Mis- on a small plateau above the banks of the Rio de la Plata, a
sissippi, 15 miles S.W. of Holly Springs, and 200 miles N. by  small stream flowing into the Cachimayo; lat. 190 30' S., Ion.
E. of Jackson, is situated in a wealthy and populous neigh-  660 42' W.  The houses, generally of two stories, are well
borhood.  It contains a flourishing academy for young  built, and have, usually small paved courts, with a small
ladies. The number of pupils in 1851 was about 80.        stream of limpid water running through them; the streets
CIHULASIKY, a post-office of Northumberland co., Penn-  are regular, spacious, and clean. The principal square is
sylvania.                                                 adorned with an elegant fountain. The buildings most deCIIULE, choofl, a small port of South Peru, department serving of notice are the Cathedral, a magnificent edifice, in
and 60 miles S.E. of Arequipa.                            the 3Moresque style, with lofty towers and an immense dome,
CHULNA, chooltn. (anc. Urocota,.) an islet of the Indian  the President's Palace, the churches of San Francisco and
Ocean, 6 miles N.W. of Cape Monza, Beloochistan. It is a  San Miguel, 2 monasteries, 3 nunneries, and a theatre reconical rock, about 3 miles in circuit.                   cently constructed. The principal educational establishCHULUSIANI, choo-loo-m~lnee, a town of Bolivia, 45  ments are the Seminary of St. Christopher, and the College
miles E.N.E. of La Paz. on a head-stream of the Beni.     of Junin, where a good education, comprehending Latin,
CHULUWAN, choo-loo-wgnt, or IHOLY  ISLAND, an  mathematics, physics, logic, and moral philosophy, can be
island 5 or 6 miles long, on the E. coast of Africa; Mo-  obtained. There is also an endowment called Collegio de las
zambique Channel, lat. 200 38, S.,. ion. 340 53 E.        Educandas, where poor female orphans are brought up.
CHUMALARI, a mountain ofHimalaya. See SHUMALUtsR. Chuquisaca is the seat of'the legislature, of the supreme
CHUMIBA, a town in the Punjab, on the Ravee, at the foot court of justice, and several other important courts and
of the Himalayas, 120 miles N.E. of Lahore; lat. 32 22' N., offices, and is also the see of an archbishop. It cannot be
Ion. 750 56' E. Pop. about 5000. It is built of wood, is the  said to have either manufactures or trade, and owes all its
residence of a rajah, and was formerly an important place prosperity to its being the capital. The great body of the
of commerce.                                              population are Indians, who are very singular in their dress,
CHUMBIVILCAS, choom-be-veel/kas, a province of Peru, and speak a language called Quichua. Immense treasures
in the department ofCuzco. Pop. in 1850, 23,250.          were formerly carried across the river at this point, on their
CHUMXBULI, a river of India, rises in the Vindhyan  way to Cuzco, the town of the Incas; hence, from the terms
Mountains, flows mostly N.E., and joins the Jumna, 85  Chequce saca, (i. e. " bridge of gold,") in the Quichua, the town
miles S.E. of Agra. Total course estimated at 500 miles. is supposed to have derived its name. Pop. about 12,000.
Affluents the Parbuttee and Sind. The towns Kotah and    CHUQUISACA, a department of Bolivia, on the S.E. of
Dholpoor are on its banks.                                the great table-land, comprehending four provinces, viz.
CIUMIE, choolmee, a mountain range of South Afiica, Chuquisaca, Cnti, Tornine, and Yampardes.
Cape Colony, between the parallels of 320 and 330 S., and    CHUQUITO, a town of Peru. See CHUCUIT0.
near the meridian of 27~E., in which basaltic rock, wood,   CHIUR, choou(?) a mountain, Hindostan, one of the lofty
and grassy slopes are curiously intermingled.             peaks of Gurhwal, near the sources of the Jumna.  Its
CIIUMIE, a river flowing from the above range, and pur- height is estimated 12,149 feet. Lat. 300 52' N., Ion. 770 28' E.
suing a S.S.E. course to the Keiskamma.                     CHUR, eooR, (Fr. Coire, kwma; anc. Cut/ria or f-'sia E]esCIIUMIE, a Presbyterian missionary settlement of South  to/rum,) the capital of the Swiss canton of Grisons, in the valAfrica, on a tributary of the river of the same name, 12 uiles  ley of the Upper Rhine. Lat. 460 50' N., ion. 90 35 E. Mean
N.E. of Fort Beaufort.                                    temperature of the year, 490; winter, 320; summer, 630'7
CHUMLEIGH, chftimlee, a Small markettown and parish  Fahrenheit. Pop. 5300. It presents much curious architecof England, co. of Devon, on the Dart, 21 miles N.W. of  ture, and has a cathedral partly of the eighth century, a
Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 1711.                               bishop's palace, Roman Catholic seminary, Protestant canCHUMOREREEL, CHAMORERIL, or CHUMURERI, a  tonal school and library, with some manufactures of zinc
lake of Central Asia, Ladak, lat. (N. extremity) 320 59' N., wares, cutting tools, and an active transit trade with Italy.
ion. 780 20' E. Length about 15 miles, breadth 1  miles. The sculptor Angelica Kauffman was born here in 1741.
It is 15,000 feet above the sea-level.                      CHURCH, a post-office of Assumption co., Louisiana.
CIHUMIPANEER/, or POWAGURIH, a town of India,   CHURCH/AM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Gwalior dominions, on an isolated rock, 150 miles W.S.W. of    CHURCH AS/TON, a chapelry of England. co. of Salop.
Oojein, capital of a district yielding an annual revenue of    CHURCH CREEK, a post-office of Dorchester co., Mary23,0001., which is now appropriated to the support of the  land, about 50 miles S.E. of Annapolis.
British force in the Gwalior territory.                     CIJR1TCH DOWN, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
CHUM'PAWUTI, a town of North IHindostan, and the    CIHURCI EABTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
old capital of Kumaon, 35 miles S.E. of Almora.   It is    CHURCH GRESfLEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
built of stone, and has some curious diminutive IIindoo    CHURCH GROVE, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee.
temples.                                                    CHURCH HILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford.
CHUMURERI, a lake in Central Asia. See CnumoamRzEL.    CHURCH HILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Somerset.
CIIU'NARGUR/, a town and fortress of British India,   CHURCH HILL, 2 chapelries of England, co.of Worcester.
presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 17 miles S.W. of Be-   CHURCH  HILL, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylnares. The fort stands on an abrupt rock in the river, E. of vania.
which is the town, comprising many stone houses.            CHURCH HILL, a post-village of Queen Anne co., MaryCHUNCIHOS, choon/choce, a savage race of Indians in  land, about 45 miles E.N.E. of Annapolis.
the S.W. part of Ecuador, in the district of Jaen. They have    CHURCH HILL, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
their chief residence in Chisbatizo, 27 miles from Pucara.  CHURCH HILL, a post-office of Jefferson co., Mississippi.
CHU'NENUGIGEE, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.       CHURCH HILL, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky.
CIIUNGAMAH. See C LiNGAMA.                                CHURCIH HILL, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, 65
CIIUN/KEYVILLE, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Mis- miles E.S.E. of Cleveland.
Fissippi.                                                   CHURCH HOLLOW, a post-office of Chenango co., New
CHUN-KHING. See SUN-XHINGo.                             York.
CHUN-NING. See SHnoN-NaNO.                                CHURCH HON/EYBOURN, a parish of England, co. of
CTIUN-TE. See SoUN-TE.                                  Worcester.
CHUPAT, choo-pltt, a river of Patagonia, which. after a    CHURCIH HULME, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester.
long E. course enters the Ablantic, in lat. 140 15., lon.   CHIURCIIILL, called also MISSINNIPPI, mis-sin-nip/pee,
l50 W.                                                    and ENGLISH RIVER, a river of British America, rising in
451!




CHU                                                       CIE
Lake Methy, lat. 510 10' N., Ion. 1090 30' W., first flowing S.E. whole, however, the climate is delightful and salubrious
through the lakes Buffalo and La Crosse, then turning N.E., Mean te perature of winter, 400.9; of autumn, 67058 Fahand running almost due E. to Nelson's Lake, whence it flows  renheit. On many accounts, it appears much better adapted
in a N.E. direction through two considerable lakes, and falls for a British settlement than I-Hong Kong. Numerous towns
into Hudson's Bay after a course of about 700 miles, in lat. and villages are scattered over it, the capital being Ting-hal,
540 N. It traverses a woody region and is full of rapids, but near the S. coast. It was taken by the British in 1840, and
it is nevertheless navigable, portages being formed at the  again in 1841, and held until the final settlement of the war
most difficult rapids.                                     expenses agreed to be paid by China to Great Britain.
CHURCH KNOWLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         CHUSENLI, aoo-sen-leel, (?) an important town in the
CIIURCHLAND, a post-office of Norfolk co., Virginia.     khanat, and 80 miles N. of Khiva, on the Oxus.
CHURCH LANG/TON, a parish of England, co. Leicester.       CHUSISTAN, a province of Persia. See K0OOZISTAN.
CHURCH LAWITON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.   CIU/TA AHIMEDPOORI, (i.e. " little Ahmedpoor,") a garCHURCH LENCH, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. risoned town of Hindostan, principality of and 145 miles
CHURCH OAKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hiants.   S.W. of Bhawlpoor, on the frontiers of Sinde. It is of conCHURCH OVER, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.,siderable size, is surrounded by'a mud wall, and has several
CHURCH'S STORE, a post-office of Wilkes co., North  recently erected but detached fortresses.
Carolina.                                                    CHU/TA NAG'POORt, a large zemindary or rajahship of
CHURCH, STATES OF. See PONrIFICAL STATES.                British India, presidency of Bengal, in the S.W. districts, on
CHURCH STAUN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. the borders of the province of Gundwana.
CHURCH STORE, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont-   CHUTE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
gomery.                                                      CHUTTA-NUTTEE. See CALCUTTA, History, page 335.
CHURCH STOWE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           CIIUTTERBAI, chLt'ter-bi, a stronghold of Northern
CHURCH STRETITON, a parish and market-town of  Afghanistan, in an almost inaccessible position on the InEngland, co. of Salop.                                     dus, in lat. 340 20' N., ion. 720 58' E., and belonging, with
CHURCH TOWN, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. the fort Am and about 240 square miles of territory, to
CHURCH/TOWN, or BRUIEN/NY, a parish and village  a predatory chief.
of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork. The village is neatly    CIIUTTERPORE or CHUTTURPORE. See CArTTERPoo        e.
built; near it are the seats of Burton and Eymont, giving    CHUWA/RI, a small town of India, in the Punjab, 10
the titles of baron and earl to the Percival family.       miles S.W. of Chumba. Lat. 320 17' N., Ion. 750 45' E.
CItURCHTOWN, or RHEBAN, a parish of Ireland, in    CHYNPOOR-BAREE, chin'poor/-b/ree, a considerable
Leinster, co. of Kildare, traversed by the Grand Canal.   town of Hindostan, dominions, and 50 miles E.S.E. of BhoCHURCIHTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath.   paul, in lat. 230 2' N., lon. 780 15' E.
CHURCHTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath, 3 miles    CHYROW. keerov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 56 miles
S.W. of Navan. It is also the name of villages in the coun-  S.W. of Limberg, on the Streewiatz, with manufactures of
ties of Cork, Waterford, Limerick, and Wrexford.          stockings. Pop. 2000.
CHURCHITOWN, a post-office of Columbia co., New York.   CIAMOT, chA-mot, written also CAMOT or CIIAMUT,
CHURCHTQWN, a small village of Cumberland co., Penn- (It. Cima dcel Monte, chee/mA dcl monltA,) a village of Switzersylvania.                                                  land, canton of Orisons, in the valley of the Vorder Ihein,
CHURCHTOWN, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- about 3 miles N.E. of Mount Baduz, and 5000 feet above
vania, 52 miles E. of Harrisburg.                          the sea  Here comen rd, in 1799, the rising against the
CIIURCH/VIEW, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia.   French.
CHURCHIVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., New York,   CIANCIANA, chin-chAing, or SAN ANTONIO, sAn Anon the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, 15 miles W.S.W. of  to/ne-o, a town of Sicily, 15 miles N.W. of Girgenti. Pop.
Rochester. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several stores.  3400. Near it are extensive sulphur-mines.
CHURCHVILLE, a post-village of Harford co., Maryland,   CIARA. See CEARA.
30 miles N.E. of Baltimore.                                  CIBAO, se-bA/o, the principal mountain of Hayti, near the
CHURCHVILLE, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, centre of the island, in a chain which runs E. and W. Culon the turnpike from Staunton to Parkersburg, 128 miles minating point, 4590 feet in elevation. It is celebrated for
N.W. of Richmond, contains 2 churches, 2 stores, and 2  the rich mines of gold which it formerly contained.
schools.                                                     CIBINIUM, a town of Hungary. See SeBEN.
CHURCHVILLE, a small village in Clarke co., Missouri,   CIBOLO, se-bo/lo, a small river of Texas, rises near the W.
near the mouth of the Des Moines River.                    part of Comal co., and flowing south-easterly, enters the San
CHURCIIVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  Antonio on the line between Bexar and Goliad counties.
York, 25 miles N. of Toronto. It contains several stores and   -CIBOLO, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas.
grist mills. Pop. 250.                                       CIBOURE, see'boonrt, a village of France, department of
CHURKAREE, chlir-kI/ree, a rajahship of India, in Bul- Hautes-Pyr6nies, with a small port at the month of the Nidelcund, tributary to the British.                         vells. Pop. 1537.
CHURS/TON-FER/RERS, a parish of England, co. of    CICACOLE, a town of British India. See CMcAcoLE.
Devon.                                                       CICAGNA, che-kln/yA, a village of Sardinia, 11 miles N.
CIIURTON, a perish of England, co. of Wilts.            of Chinvari, at the foot of the Appenines. Pop. 2722.
CHURUBUSCO, choo-roo-boos/ko, a village of Mexico,   CICCIANO, chit-chi/no, a town of Naples, in Terra di
situated on the Rio de Churubusco, the banks of which  Lavoro, 3 miles N. of Nola. Pop. 3000.
have been elevated and planted with trees, about 6 miles    CICERO, sistser-o, a post-village and township of Onondaga
S. of the capital. It contains a massive stone convent. co., New York, on the south-western shore of Oneida Lake,
Churubusco, and a bridge over the causeway near by, were  10 miles N.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 2980.
strongly fortified and occupied by Santa Anna in 1847, to    CICERO, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio.
intercept the American army under General Scott in their    CICERO, or CICEROTOWN, a post-village of Hamilton
march upon the city of Mexico. A battle was fought on the  co., Indiana, on Cicero Creek, and on the Peru and In20th of August, and resulted in the total defeat of the  dianapolis Railroad, 26 miles N. of Indianapolis.  Pop.
Mexicans, their loss being stated at 7000 in killed, wounded, about 300.
and missing. The loss of the Americans in killed and dis-   CICERO CENTRE, a post-office, Onondaga co., New York.
abled was about 1000, including 26 officers.                 CICERO CREEK, of Hamilton co., Indiana, flows into
CHURUBUSCO, chtir-t-bfss/ko, a post-office of Clinton  White River near Noblesville.
co., New York.                                              CICOLA, chee-kolld, a river of Austria, in Dalmatia, falls
CHURUBUSCO, a post-office of Anderson district, South  into the Kerka 11 miles above its embouchure in the Adriatic.
Carolina.                                                   CIDADE DO RECIFE, a city of Brazil.  See RECIFE.
CHURUBUSCO, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.        CIECHANOW, tse-A-Kflnov, a town of Poland, province
CHURUBUSCO, a post-office of Whitley co., Indiana.       of Flock, 14 miles N.W. of Pultusk, in a marshy district,
CHURWALDEN, Kooi/V  lden, a parish and village of  on the Lidinia. Pop. 2400, mostly Jews.
Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 6 miles S.'of Chur.         CIECHANOWIEC, tse-A-KR-no/ve-Ats, a town of Russian
CHUR/WELL, a township of England, co. of York, West Poland, 45 miles S.W. of Bialystok, on the Nurzek. Pop.
Riding, parish of Batley, 3 miles S.S.W. of Leeds. Pop. in  3000, the greater part of whom are Jews. It has a fine cas1851,1103.                                                 tie and a convent.
CHUSAN, choonsgnl, one of a group of islands off the E.   CIECHANOWIEC, a town of Poland, government of Aucoast of China, province of Che-kiang, opposite the estuary of gustow, on the Nurzek, opposite the above town. Pop. 567.
the Tsien-tang-kiang, 50 miles E.N.E. of Ningpo. Lat. of tihe    CIEGO, EL, Al the-A/go, a town of Spain, 9 miles W.N.W.
harbor, 3000 10/ N., ion. 122010I E. Length from E. to W., 10  of Logrofid, on the Ebro. Pop. 980. It has trade in fruits,
miles; breadth, from 6 to 20 miles; circumference, 51 miles. but no manufactures.
The surface is mountainous, interspersed with well-culti-   CIENFUEGOS, se-n'fwAfgoce, a town of the island of
vated valleys, and the mountain sides are tilled in terraces Cuba, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, departwith the utmost care. The products comprise rice, wheat, ment of Centro. Pop. 4708, of whom 600 are slaves. Sugar
tea, cloth grass, sweet potatoes, cotton, tobacco, chestnuts, is the most important export.  It was founded about the
walnuts, and varnish. The whole island is intersected by  year 1818, and named in honor iof Cienfuegos, who was then
flagged roads and canals, which last, and the rice swamps, captain-general of Cuba. Lat. about 220 15' N., ion. near
render it in some parts unhealthy for Europeans; on the  810 W.
452




CIE                                                           (IN
CIEN-POZUELOS, the-8nt-po-thwifloce. sometimes writ- opposite the mouth of the Licking, and immediately above
ten CIEM-POZUELOS, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 20  the mouth of Mill Creek. It is distant by water 458 miles
miles S. by E. of Madrid. Pop. 2060.                          W.S.W. of Pittsburg, 138 miles N.E. of Louisville, 655 miles
CIEPLICE, tse-4-pleet'st, a village of Austrian Galicia, E. of St. Louis, and 500 from  the mouth of the Ohio; by
30 miles N.N.W. of Przemysl. Pop. 2125.                       by land, 115 miles S.W. of Columbus, 90 miles N. of LexCIERP, se-ainpf, a village of France, department of Iaute- ington, and about 500 from Washington. Lat. 390 6 30" N.,
Garonne, arrondissement of St. Gaudens, in a picturesque  ion. 840 26' W. The upper part of the city is 540 feet above
situation.  Pop. 1141.                                        the level of the sea.
CIESZKOWICE, tse-i-shko-veetfsA, a town of Austria, in    Cincinnati is the most populous city of the Western
Galicia, on the Biala, 17 miles N.E. of Neu Sandec. Pop. States, and the fifth in size and importance among all the
1910.                                                         cities of the Union. It is remarkable for its rapid growth,
CIEZA, the-stha, a town of Spain, 26 miles N.W. of Slur- extensive trade, and productive industry. From its central
cia, near the Segura. Pop. 6917. It has manufactures of  position, between Pittsburg and the mouth of the Ohio, it
cloth; on the opposite side of the river are vestiges of a Ro- has become the principal gathering and distributing point
man town, supposed to be Carteia.                             in the valley of that river. The city is beautifully situated
CIFUENTES, the-foo-8nltls *or the-fwkn'tis, a town of  in a valley three miles in diameter, intersected from E. to
Spain, 34 miles N.E. of Guadalajara, situated in a valley  W. by the Ohio, and environed by a range of hills, with a
with numerous springs, whence its name. Pop. 1465.            well-defined circular form, rising by gentle acclivities, about
CIGLIANO, cheel-y/lno, a town of the Sardinian States, 400 feet above the river.  From  the summits of these the
in Piedmont, 18 miles W. of Vercelli.  Pop. 4475.             most beautiful views of Cincinnati are obtained.  The
CILAVEGNA, che-lb-vunlyt, a town of the Sardinian  greater part of the city is built on two terraces or plains, of
States, in Lomniellina, 4 miles N.E. of Mortara.  Pop. 3251.   which the first is 50, and the second 108 feet higher than
CILCEN, kiltken, or KIIKEN, a parish of North Wales,  low-water mark.  The firont margin of the latter, originally
co. of Flint.                                                 a steep bank, has been graded to a gentle declivity, so that
CILCENIIN or KILKENIIN, a parish of South Wales, co. the drainage of the city is effected by meaus of the streets
of Cardigan.                                                  directly into the river.  The upper terrace slopes gradually
CILICIA, se-lish'e-a, an ancient division of Asia Minor,  towards the N., and, at the average distance of a mile, ternow included in the Turkish pashalic of Itch-Elee.            minates at the base of the Mount Auburn range of limeCILLEROS, theel-y&'roce, a town of Spain, in Estrema-  stone hills, adorned with country-seats, vineyards, and gardura, 50 miles N.N.W. of Caceres.  Pop. 2520.                 dens, forming a suburb of almost unrivalled beauty. The
CIL'LIECIIRIST, or GILCHIRIST,  ghil/krist, a chapelry  city extends more than three miles along the river, without
of Scotland, co. of Ross, 9 nsiles W.N.W. of Inverness.  It  including the suburban villages. The central portions are
was the scene of a bloody clan-fight early in the seventeenth  compactly and handsomely built, with streets about 66 feet
century.                                                      wide, bordered with spacious warehouses and dwellings of
CILLY, CILLI, sillee, or ZILLI, (Ger. pron. of all, tsilllee;  brick and stone. Many of them  are well paved. lined with
anc. Claddia Colesia?) a town of Styria, on the San, and on the  shade-trees, and lighted with gas.  Main street extends
railway from Vienna to Triest, 58 miles S. of GrCtz.  Pop. firom  the steamboat landing in a N.N.W. direction, and
1660. It has a gymnasium, a high school, and some trade  Broadway, Sycamore, Walnut, Vine, Race, Elm, and Plum
in wine and oil. It derived its ancient name from  the  streets are parallelwith it. It is intersected at right angles
P.eman Emperor Claudius, its reputed founder. Near it is  by 14 principal streets, named Front, First, Second, Third,
the ruined castle of Ober Cilly, former residence of the  &c. Among the handsomest portions of the city are BroadComnts of Ciily.                                             way, Main, Pearl, and Fourth streets. At the foot of Main
CIMARRON, a river of the United States.  See SarA-  street is the public landing or levee, an open area of 10
eONF.                                                         acres, with 1000 feet front. The shore is paved with stone
CIMBEBASIA, sim-be-bhshe-a, a country on the S.W. from low-water mark to the top of the first bank, and furcoast of Africa, between Cape Frio, in South Guinea, and  nished with floating wharves, which accommodate themthe countay of the H1ottentots.  The coast is said to be in- selves to the.great variation in the height of the river.
habited by the tribe of Cimbebas, (simb-/baas,) respecting  The mean annual range from  low to high water is about 50
whom little or nothing certain is Iknown.                     feet. The city is divided into 16 wards, and governed by a
CIMBISHAMT, sim'bris-hinm, (anc. Cinibrolfruse Por/tts?) mayor and a boai-d of trustees, consisting of three members
a town of Sweden, 33 miles S.S.E. of Christianstad, on the  from  each ward, usually known by the name- of the city
Baltic.  Pop. 1032.  It has a small port and an active  council.
fishery.                                                        Among the most prominent and interesting public buildCIMINNA, che-miuana, a town of Sicily, 18 miles S.E. of  ings, may be mentioned the edifice of Cincinnati College, on
Palermo.  Pop. 6000.                                          Walnut street, occupied in part by the Chamber of ComnCIMITILE, che-me-tee/lI, a town of Naples, province of  merce and Mercantile Library; it is 140 feet long, by 100
Terra di Lavoro, 1 mile N. of Nola. Pop. 2500. A masse- feet wide, with a marble front, in the Doric style; the
ore of Christians took place here in the time of Marcian.   -  imoanan Catholic Cathedral. at the corner of Eighth and Plum
CITMOLIS or CIMOLUS.  See ARGENTIEmA.                       streets, one of the finest buildings in the West, with a spire
CIIONE, che-mo/nA, a mountain of Italy, duchy, and  250 feet high; it is 200 feet long, and 80 wide, and cost about
district of Modena, N. of the Apennines, 6 miles E. of Piearre  $100,000; the Episcopal Church, at the corner of Seventh
Pelago; lat. 410 13' N., Ion. 100 43' E.; foranarly one of the  and Plum  streets, recently erected, at a cost of about
summits of the central Apennines.  H-eight 6975 feet.         $80,000; the First Presbyterian Church, at the corner of
CINA.  See CHINa.                                           Main and Fourth streets; the New City Hall, on Plum
CINALOA or SINALOA, sin-P-loil, a state of the Slexi-  street, between Eighth and Ninth; the Melodeon, at the
can Confederation, situated between the Gulf of California  corner of Fourth and Walnut streets, containing a public
and Durango, and stretching firom  the IRiver Bayona to the  hall, 100 feet long, 60 wide, and 25 feet high; the Masonic
River Mayo, or firom  lat. 220 33' to 260 58' N., a distance of  Ilall, at the corner of Third and Walnut streets, erected
about 220 miles, and having a general breadth of about 150  in the castellated style of Gothic architecture; the Burnet
miles; area, 35,721 square nmiles.  The county along the  HIouse, at the corner of Third and Vine streets, one of
coast is generally low and fiat, with a sandy soil, which, how-  the most spacious hotels in the United States: its dimenever, yields good crops of Indian corn and wheat, where it  sions, including the terrace, are 212 feet by 210; it is six
can be irrigated. The mountains ase  usually without wood,  stories in height, contains 342 apartments, and is surand only covered with low stunted trees and bushes; but to- mounted by a dome which is 100 feet above the basement;
wards the Sierra Madre, on the eastern frontier, there are  the cost is estimated at $300,000; the Cincinnati Observeextensive forests.  The rains commence about the 20th of  tory, a fine stone edifice, situated on the top of an emiJune, and last two months. The greatest heat is experienced  nence, (Mount Adams,) which rises about 500 feet above
before the rains, from the month of March, when the coun-  low water, conimanding a wide and vasied prospect of the
try is parched up and resembles a desert. Capital, Culiacan.  city and the " vine-clad hills."  Through the centre of the
Pop. 160,000, including a few Indians.                        main building rises a pier of masonry, founded on the
CINALOA, a town of Mexico, situated in the above state,  native  rock, supporting the great equatorial telescope,
on a small stream, about 50 miles from its entrance into the  which is one of the largest and most perfect in the United
Gulf of California, and about 300 miles N.WV. of Durango; let. States. The focal length is about 171 feet, and the diameter
220 45' N., ion. 1080 7 WV. It is a thriving place, with gold- of the object-glass 12 inches, with magnifying powers varywashings in the vicinity. Pop. about 9500.                    ing from  100 times up to 1400 times. In 1852, the city
CINCA, theen/kA, (anc. Cinlga,) a river of Spain, rises in a  contained more than 90 churches, besides 4 synagogues;
smaall lake in the Pyrenees, on the French firontier, and  among which were 15 Methodist Episcopal, 11 Presbyterian,
proceeding S. through Aragon, joins the Segre, a little  7 Lutheran, 5 Episcopal, 7 Baptist, 4 Congregational, 4 Reabove its confluence with the Ebro. Its whole course is  formed Presbyterian, several German Reformed, and 10 or
about 70 miles.                                               12 Catholic.
CINCINNATI, sin-sin-n. h/tee, a post-village of Walker co.,   Institietions.-Cincinnati is distinguished for its literary
Texas, on the Trinity River, 14 miles N. of IHuntsville, the  and benevolent institutions, as well as for wealth and
county town.                                                  public spirit.  It has three colleges, properly so called,
CINCINNATI, sin-sin-nahftee, the metropolis of Ohio, and  namely, the Cincinnati College, which has a law school in
sapital of Hamilton co., on the right bank of the Ohio River,  operation, the other departments being suspended for the
453




CIN                                                            CIN
present; the Woodward College. founded. by a bequest of Irailroads in operation. The receipts of two of these, viaZ.
the late William  Woodward; and the St. Xavier College,  the Little Miami and the Junction Railroads, for carrying
founded by the Roman Catholics, with ample buildings  mail. passengers, and freight, amounted, in 1851, to 0685,044.
and accommodations; there are three medical colleges, de-  and in 1852, to $1,044,476.
voted to the several systems of practice, besides the Col-    In 1852 there were 267 steamboats (tons, 50,647) employed
lege of Dental Surgery. Lane Seminary, a theological school  in the commerce of Cincinnati; and the whole number of
of high reputation, is situated on Walnut IHill, about two  steamboat arrivals amounted to 3700. The number of steammiles from the river.  It is well endowed, and is under  boat arrivals in 1853 was 4058, comprising 314 different boats;
the direction of the Presbyterian Church, (New School;)  tons, 120,399. Thenumber of fat-boat arrivals was 5880. Of
there are also theological seminaries, under the direction  the steamboat clearances 326 were for New Orleans in 1851-52
of the Old School Presbyterians, and of the Baptists. The  and 250 in 1852-53; 498 for Pittsburg in 1851-52, and 567 it
public schools, which will compare favorably with those of  1852-53; 241 for St. Louis in 1851-52, and 288 in 1852-53
any other city in'the United States, occupy 13 three-  2536 for other parts in 1851-52, and 3041 in 1852-53. The
storied brick buildings, each capable of accommodating  shipping of the district, June 30th, 1854, amounted to an
over 500 pupils. Connected with these is the Central High  aggregate of 23,843 tons, enrolled and licensed. During the
School, in which the languages and higher branches of  year 46 vessels, (38 of them steamers,) with an aggregate
science are taught. The average daily attendance of pupils  burden of 11,137 tons, were admeasured. Cincinnati is the
in the public schools, for 1850, was 7382. The number of  greatest pork-market in the Union. There were rceived
instructors was 193, and the amount of salary paid $64,000. here, in 1.852, 410,000 hogs, 16,532,884 pounds of pork in the
The Mercantile Library Association, in 1853, numbered 2300  rough, besides 22,500 barrels and 10,330 hogsheads of bav)n.
members, and had a collection of about 13,000 volumes of  In 1853 the receipts were 420,595 hogs, 15,251 hogsheads,
literary, scientific, and other works, besides 100 volumes of  3550 tierces, 39,517 barrels, and 26,868,541 pounds, of piork
bound newspapers; the receipts for the year were $15,741;  and bacon. The total imports for 1851-52 amounted in value
expenditures, $15,570.  At the Mechanics' Institute. fairs  to $41,256,199; f:r 1852-53, $51,230,644; and the exports for
are held and lectures delivered, for the promotion of the  1851-52 to $33,234,864; for 1852-53 to $36,266,108.  Goods
mechanic arts. About 12.daily and above 20 weekly papers  received for transhipment are not included in these amounts,
are published in Cincinnati, besides numerous monthly  except such as were consigned to the care of city merchants.
periodicals. In addition to the above, the offices of the  The value of imports for 1853-54 was $65,730,029, and of
daily journals each issue a weekly or tri-weekly publica- exports, $45,432,780.  The receipts for hogs for the year
tion. Four of the daily and four of the weekly journals  was $9,331,583.  Of the imports for 1852-53, $16,802,880 was
are in the German language.  The city has 6 or 7 chartered  the value in merchandise, against $14,936,090 the previous
banks, besides numerous private bankinog companies, a  year; $8.31.0,290 hogs, pork, and bacon; value of do. in 1851savings institution, and 13 insurance companies.  Among  52, $5,486,592. $2,713,263was the value of sugar; $1,359,254,
the benevolent institutions may be named the Commercial  of molasses; $1.746,203, of coffee; $1,728,992, of flour, (449,089
IHospital and Lunatic Asylum, 4 orphan asylums, the Wi-  barrels;) $1,759,570, of tobacco; $1,130,409, of whiskey;
dows' Home and Asylum for Indigent Females, the IHouse  $1,297,679, of pig iron, (30,179 tons;) and $2,125,000, the
of Refuge, and the Hotel for Invalids.                         value of 75,000;000 feet of lumber. The cotton received was
Coemerce.-Cincinnati carries on an extensive trade by  only 16,550 bales. The custom-house receipts in 1851-52
the Ohio River, the Miami Canal connecting it with Lake  amounted to $1,127,000, and in 1852-53, $1,390,541; increase,
Erie and the Whitewater Canal. Railway communications  $263.551.
have been formed between. this city and the ports of Lake    sltfas2tfcfctteees. — Cinci nnati is no less remarkable for the
Erie, the Atlantic seaports, and the chief towns of Indiana. variety and importance of its manufactures than for its
Among  the numerous railways in course of construction, commerce. Perhaps there is no place in the whole country
tending to promote the prosperity of the city, may be men-  where fuel, food. and the raw materials of cotton, wool, and
tioned the Ohio and Mississippi, leading to St. Louis; the  iron, can be, procured so cheaply.  More than 200 steamwork on this road is rapidly progressing, 87 miles VW. from   engines are employed in the manufactories of this city.
Cincinnati to the Jeffersonville Rtailroad, securing a con-  The total value of manufactured produc:ions in 1851, aoc
nection with Louisville, will be ready for the cars in January,  cording to "Cist's Cincinnati," was about $55,000,000. There
1855; about an equal number of miles E. from St. Louis will were 44 iron-foundries, with machine-shops, which produced
also have been completed about the same time, constituting  $3,676,500; 5 rolling-mills, which produced $1,050,0006  34
more than one-half of the entire route. The whole line is  lard-oil and stearine factories, which produced $31015 010;
to be finished by January, 1856, when no more than 12  14 fouring-mills, which produced $1,690,000;  108 mnansimchours will be required in passing from  Cincinnati to St.  tories of clothing, which produced $1,947,500; 136 of fuorniLouis-a journey which, by the present means of convey- ture, which produced $1,660,000; 12 publishing establishance, cannot be accomplished in less than three or four days. ments, which produced $1,246,000; 40 wine-factories,  9 paperThe work on the Cincinnati and Marietta Railroad is steadily  mills, 62 tobacco-factories, 5 cotton-factories, 2 type-foundries,
advancing, and will be finished to Chillicothe by December, 12 bell and brass-foundries, 40 manufactories of hats, 19 of
1854. The subscriptions for this road already amount to  edge-tools, 38 of soap and candles, 15 of trunks, and 7 boat$3,717,000. The Cincinnati Western Railroad, running in it yards, besides many other establishments. Cincinnati is supnorth-westerly direction to the western boundary of the  plied with water raised fiom the Ohio River by steanm-power
state, will connect with the Cincinnati, Cambridge, and  into a limestone reservoir: which holds 5,000,000 gallons.
Chicago Railroad at New Castle, in Indiana: length 73 miles.  The average daily consumption in 1851 was 2,300,000 gallons,
The whole is under contract to be finished in October, 1854. and the cost of the apparatus $796,000. A proposed improveThe Cincinnati, Lebanon, andil Xenia, and the Xenia and  ment of much importance to the city is the construction of
Delaware Railroads, although operating under two charters,  a suspension bridge across the'Ohio at this point, at an eleare in reality but one interest; their united length is 112  vation of 78 feet above the flood of 1832. The cost of the
miles, of which 52 miles to Xenia is in course of construction;  work has been estimated at $600,000.  The climate of Cinthe road is ultimately to be extended to Cleveland. The  cinnati is fivorable to the cultivation of the grape. In 1852,
Cincinnati and Fort Wayne Railroad, 149 miles in length, the vineyards in this vicinity occupied about 1200 acres.
though operating under three charters, is likewise a single  Wine of good quality is made here firom the native Catawba
interest under one control. A contract was recently entered  grape. The annual product of the vines in the neighborhood
into by which the entire road is to be completed in two years,  of the city is estimated at above 200,000 gallons.  Some of
for the sum of$4,500,000.  From Fort Wayne.S. to Winches-  the best vineyards yield 600 and 800 gallons to the acre.
ter, a distance of 61 miles, it is expected that the cars will be  This branch of business is constantly and rapidly increasing.
in operation by July,1855. The Company intends to extend  The assessed value of property in Cincinnati in 1853 was
this line to the Central Michigan Railroad, and ultimately to  $56,275,830.  In 1846 it was $27,136,752.
the Straits of Mackinaw.  The Covington and Lexington    Cincinnati was first settled on December 26, 1788, and
Railroad, which forms part of the chain communicating with  was originally called Losanteville.  It was incorporated as a
Charleston and other Southern seaports, is in operation to  city in 1819. In 1800, it contained 750 inhabitants; in 1820,
Covington, 20 miles, and the remainder is rapidly advanc- 9602; in 1830, 24,830; in 1840, 46,338; in 1850, 115,438, and
ing towards completion. Numerous other railroads have  in 1853, 160,186.
been projected, and confident hopes are entertained that    CINCINNATI, a village of Greene co., Indiana, 66 miles
they will speedily be constructed.  Among these may be  S.W. of Indianapolis.
mentioned the Dayton and Cincinnati Short Line, (length,    CINCINNATI, a post-village of Roalls co., Missouri, on Salt
52 miles;) the Cincinnati and Indianapolis Short Line, and  River, 100 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City. It has a Catholic
the Fort Wayne, Lacon, and Platte Rliver Valley Railroad.  chapel and a few stores.
The latter is to extend to Council Bluff, at the mouth of      CINCINNATI, a post-office of Appanoose co., Iowa.
Platte River on the Missouri, a distance of about 600 miles    CINCINNATI, a post-village of Polk co., Oregon, on the
from  Port Wayne.  About $2,500,000 have already been  left bank of the Willamette River.
subscribed to its stock. To increase the facilities of river'CINCINNAITUS, a post-village and township of Cortland
navigation a new canal of ample dimensions is being con- co., New York, 30 miles N. of Binghamton, drained by
structed around the falls of the Ohio at Portland. The  Otselic Creek. Pop. 1206.
trade of Cincinnati, through this channel, has been rapidly    CINCIN1NATUS, a post-offce of Hendricks so., Indian,.
augmenting within the last few years, notwithstanding the    CINCO-SENORES, seenlko-sln-yolrls, a town of the Mexi.
Vast amount of merchandise that passes over the numerous  can Oonfederation, state ofand 106 miles N. by W. of Durango
454




CINh                                                        CIr
It twined one of the mission settlements of the Jesuits, and I districts, coal riot only is found, but it is said to be partially
was occupied by Indians.                                    worked, and used for fuel. Circassia abounds in mountain
CINEY, see'nA/, a town of Belgium, province of Namur, torrents; but none of its streams deserve the name of river,
9 umiles E.N.E of Dinant, on the Halijoux. Pop. 1435. It  if we except the Kooban and Terek, which here take their
has ancient walls, and manufactories of pottery ware.       rise. The wild animals, though not various in kind, are
CINGA. See CixcA.                                         very numerous, and consist chiefly of bears, wolves, foxes,
CANGALESE or SINVCNI/~I4LESE.   See CEYLON.             and hogs.
CINGOLI, chinugo-le, or CINGOLO, chinlgo-lo, (anc. Cant-   The natural vegetation of Circassia is vigorous and luxugulum,) a town of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, 14  riant. Reference has already been made to the magnificent
miles W.N.W. of Macerata, on the Mlusone. Pop. 2440.        mountain forests.  Some of these extend into the lower
CINISELLO, che-ne-slll/o, a imarket-town of Italy, in Lon- grounds, and there have arank undergrowth, almost impenebardy, 6 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 2408.                      trable. Where the surface is sufficiently level to admit of
CINISI, che-nee/see,  a town of Sicily, 14 miles W.N.W. of  cultivation, the soil is generally a deep, rich loam, with a subPalermo, near the coast. Pop. 3400.                         stratum of limestone or chalk. The implements and mode
CININAMTNSON, a post-office, Burlington co.. New Jersey. of cultivation are very defective; but corn and wine, and all
CINQ-MARS,    st-Nkl-mar,  a market-town of France, de- the ordinary productions of temperate climates. are raised in
partment of Indre-et-Loire, 16 miles N.E. of Chinon, near  considerable abundance. The crop most extensively grown
the Loire. It has a remarkable square tower of Roman  is millet, the flour of which, made into porridge, may be
origin, 92 feet in height, and 13 feet broad on each side. regarded as the national diet. Almost every Circassian has
Pop. 1728.                                                  his horse, and tends it with the greatest care. Both cattle
CINQ.UEFRONDI, chin-kwa-fronfdee, a town of Naples, and sheep are extensively reared; but the domestic animal
province of Calabria Ultra I., 15 miles E.N.E. of Palmi. Pop. existing in greatest number is the goat. Agriculture and
3000. It was nearly ruined by the earthquake of 1783.       the rearing of cattle seem to be the only industrial occupaCINQUE (sink) PORTS, seaports of England, namely, tions. There are no manuftctures, in the proper sense of
Dover, Sandwich, Hythe, and Romney, on the coast of  the term, and the trade is almost as nominal as the mannKent, and Sussex, Rye, Winchelsea, IHastings, and Seaford, factures: when it has any existence, it is only as barter,
on that of Sussex. Their number, as the name imports, money being almost unknown.
was originally five, Winchelsea, Rye, and Seaford having    People, Religion, c. —It seems to be universally admitted
been subsequently added. The original Cinque Ports were  that the people inhabiting Circassia exhibit man in his finest
created by William the Conqueror; the others wese added  physical fornm, and are the original stock from which the
before the reign of Henry III. They were endowed with  races now dominant throughout the civilized world were
various important privileges, in consideration of their fur- derived. Although the different tribes bear a striking renishing a certain quota of ships of war, properly equipped  semblance to each other, both externally and in habits and
and manned, for the king's use, when demanded. In the  customs, they differ widely in language. Within a narrow
time of Edward I., the number they were bound to provide  space, not less than 72 dialects have been counted; and one
was 57, the period of gratuitous service being limited to 15  particular spot, where this variety is more remarkably exdays.                                                       hibirted, has been surnamed "Jebel-el-Alasson," (the Mount
CINTEGABELLE, sAzNt'g9blll1, a town of France, depart- of Tongues.) To add to the perplexity, none of their lanment of Hiaute-Garonne, on the Ari6ge, 20 miles S. of Tou- guages have a written character; while their pronunciation
louse. Pop. in 1852, 4000. Lord Hill's division passed the  consists of strange, uncouth, deep, guttural sounds, which
river here in 1814.                                         European letters can hardly express, and European organs
CINTI or ZINTI, seen/tee, a town of South America, Bolvia,  vainly attempt to articulete. The Circassians may be divided
140 miles S.E. of Tuer6. Pop. 2000. It has a trade in wines. into two great classes-the Circassians proper, or the TeherCINTRA, sin/trA or seen/tr4, a town of Portugal, province  kessians, and the Chechenzes or Tschetschenzes, (chl-chan!of Estremadura, 14 miles N.W. of Lisbon, on the slope of the  zes.) They take the common name of Adigh6, (/dee'gti';)
mountain chain of Cintra, which terminates at Cape Reoca. but the former, occupying the W. parts of the Caucasus, and
Pop. 4000. It is remarkable for the picturesque beauty of its including among them smaller tribes of IKabardians, Abkaqes,
situation, and its delicious climate. It has an ancient royal Ubiches, Chigetes or Tschigetes, &c., amount to 400,000 or
castle, and numerous villas of the inhabitants of Lisbon. 500,000 souls; while the latter, occupying the E. parts, have
The convention of Cintra, by which the French wiere allowed  probably risen, by their own energy and prowess, from a conmto leave Portugal unmolested, was signed here August 22d, paratively feeble stock, and now amount to about 150,0001808.                                                       thus making the whole population not to exceed 650.000.
CINTRUENIGO, theen-troo-A-nee/go, a town of Spain, pro- For governmental purposes the people are divided into four
vince ofNavarre, 14 miles W. of Tudela, on the Alhama.  different classes, over whom  are the princes or Pslees,
Pop. 2396. It has manufactures of woollens. Cintruenigo  (Pschis,) who are independent of each other, and have no
was a walled town in the time of the Romans.                common head unless when on great emergencies they concur
CIOTAT, LA, lI seeo'tV', (anc. Citharista? 2) a maritime town  in appointing one. Under each Pshee are, 1. Oosdees, (trsdis,) or
of France, department of Bouches-du-lRhne,   on the W. side  nobility; 2. Chfolkotes, (Tschfokotes,)  or full freemen; 3. Pshilt,
of a bay in the Mediterranean, 14 miles S.E. of M3arseilles.. mere freemen, or rather serfs. Beneath all these, though
Pop. in 1852, 5194. It is enclosed by old walls, is well built,  their unfortunate position scarcely allows them to be reand has a town-hall, hospital, lazaretto, school of navigation, garded as a class, are slaves.  The inhabitants are civilized
a port enclosed by a mole, arlight-house, ship-building yards, enbugh to live in towns; but the nature of the country, coma brisk trade in dry fruits, wine, and olive oil, and 2 large  bined with other causes, induces them to prefer hamlets or
annual fairs.                                               single homesteads, often widely scattered. In domestic life,
CIPRICAG~LIE. See CERVICALES.                            the Circassian is very much of a Turk. Ills authority in his
CIRCARS, NORTHERN, several districts of British India. own house is absolute. His wife must hide herself from stranSee NoRTHERN CIRcas.                                        gers, and not walk out without being veiled. His children
CIRCASSIA, slr-kas/she-a, or TCHIERKESSIA, chir-k's!- must stand in his presence, and, wvhen they eat, go into a corshe-a, a country in the SE. corner of Europe, the E. portion  ner and turn their backs. The best feature in the domestic
of which is called Little Abkasia, claimedby Russia, but in fact arrangement is that there is no harem, and polygamy is
independent, between lat. 410 50' and 450 20' N., and lon. 370  almost unknown. Still, so'long as public law values the
and 470 20'E.; bounded N. by the rivers Kooban and Terek, life of a woman at half that of a man, and he sells his
and part of the Russian government of Caucasus, N.W. by  daughter, not only to the countryman who honestly takes
the Black Sea, S.W. and S. by the mountains of Caucasus, and  her for his wife, but sometimes even to the trader who means
E. by Daghestan and the district of Kamiki; greatest length, to mnake a speculation of her charms-without questioning
from N.W. to S.E., 550 miles; average breadth, 75 miles; area, the truth of all that is said of his manliness, generosity,
about 40,000 square miles. It occupies the whole of the N., courage, and love of freedom, it is impossible to deny that, in
and, in the N.W., a part of the S. side of the Caucasus, and is  many essential respects, he is more than half a savage.
intersected throughout by branches of that mountain chain,    The religion of the Circassians exhibits a strange combinaseparated from  each other by deep, precipitous ravines,  tion of Christianity, Mohamnmedanism, and paganism. The
which in general are only wide enough to form the beds of first, unfortunsately, has scarcely a nominal existence, and
foaming torrents, but occasionally, after commencing with  is chiefly discernible in a superstitious reverence paid to the
narrow gorges, spread out into valleys of some extent and  cross, figures of which, in stone, are set up in many localigreat fertility. The highest;uummits are, for nine months  ties, which, in consequence, often become famous trystingin the year, covered with snow, some of them, indeed, never  places, and at which some kind of worship is paid. The
altogether parting with this covering. At a lower level, paganism  appears in the homage which is paid, chiefly by
where the surface is not so precipitous as to leave no soil the vulgar, to two spirits, a good and a bad-Merem, a
for vegetation, magnificent forests, chiefly of oak, prevail; benevolent deity, and Tschiblb, the spirit of thunder. In
and lower still, grassy slopes appear, succeeded occasionally  some districts, considerable influence is possessed by Mohamby cultivated fields; the whole uniting to form a sconory  medan priests, who, in addition to their proper duties, act
which, according to all accounts, is of the most nmagnificent  as teachers, and, as there is no printed vernacular, Turkish,
description. The climate is temperate and salubrious. The  and occasionally a little Persian, are employed. The true
geology of Circassia is very imperfectly known. Rich beds  Circassian education is that which the youths receive who
of iron exist, but have not been. turned to account. Traces  are trained to war from their earliest years, and never cease
of copper and lead have also been discovered; and, in some  from it till they are able to take the field.
455




CIR                                                            CIT
Hfl'tory.-The Circassians having no annals, and very few  and W. of the Adige, Modena, and the N. part of the Pontit:. aditions, their early history is almost a blank.  There can  fical States.  In 1802 it took the name of the Italian Re.
be no doubt, however, that they came from the East; and  public, and in 1805 it formed the greatelr part of the kingthe probability is that they were originally Modes. From   dom of Italy.
them Greece received her first inhabitants, and, in return,    CISMAR, tsistmar, a hamlet of Denmark, duchy of Holappears to have sent back colonists, who settled on the Cir-  stein, 9 miles S.E. of Oldenburg.
cassian coast, and iultimately fell under the Roman dominn-    CISNEROS, thees-nsfroce, a town of Spain, in Leon, 24
tion.  In more modern times, between the tenth and thir-  miles N.W. of Palencia.  Pop. 2029.
teenth centuries, they became subject to the kingdom  of    CISOING, see'zwaNGP, a village of France, department of
Georgia, whose queen, Tamar, is said to have instructed  Nord, 8 miles S.E. of Lill'  Pop. 2400. Its abbey commethem in the knowledge of Christianity. In 1424 they threw   morates the Battle of Fontenoy.
off the Georgian yoke, asserted their independence, and not    CISTERNA, chis-tRa/nt, a village of Italy, in the Penonly maintained it, but extended their boundaries so far,  tifical States, 8 miles S.S.E. of Velletri.  Pop. 2500.
that they were at last brought into fierce conflict with the    CISTERNA, a village of the Sardinian States, in PiedTartars, who ultimately prevailed, and made the Circassians  mont, 23 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 1962.
their tributaries. In 1705, they rose against their oppressors,    CISTERNA, a village of Naples, province of Terra di Laand, by a decisive victory, effected their freedom. In 1781, voro, 9 miles N.E. of Naples.
Russia acquired the Kooban as a frontier; and in 1784 the    CISTERNINO, chis-t8R-neelno, a market-town of Naples,
Turks built the fort Anapa, and thence directed their efforts  in Terra di Bari, 17 miles S.E. of Monopoli.  Pop. 3600.
to stir up the Circassians against the Czar. Anapa, taken    CISTRIERES, sees'tre-air!, a village of France, department
by the Russians in 1807, was restored to Turkey in 1812, at  of IHIaute-Loire, 11 miles E. of Brioude.  Pop. 1670.
the peace of Bucharest.  The quiet which followed this    CITARA, che-tJrA, a market-town of Naples, province of
treaty was used by the Turks to convert the Circassians to  Principato Citra, on the Gulf of Salerno, 33 miles S.W. of
Islamism, and thus implant in them an ever-during enmity  Salerno.  Pop. 2550, mostly occupied in fishing.
to Rtussia. In 1829, Anapa again fell into the hands of the    CITARA, che-t?]rd, or QUIBDO, keebtdo, a town of New
Russians; and by the treaty of Adrianople they also ac- Granada, department of Cauca, on the Atrato, 80 miles S.W.
qauired all the other Turkish possessions on this coast. Upon  of Antioquia.  Pop. 3000.
this they ground the claim of sovereignty over Circassia,which    CITEAUX, seeltb1, formerly CISTEAUX, (L., Cister-fcium,)
in fact was never under Turkish rule. —Adj. and inhab., a hamlet of France, department of Cte-d'Or, 14 miles N.E.
CIRCASSIAN, sir-kashle-Atn, or TCnmEaKESSIAN, chlr-klshle-an.    of Beaune, on the right bank of the Vouge.  It was the seat
CIaRCELLO, ch' a-ch~l/lo, or CIRCEO, chlt-chAl/o, Zane. of the celebrated monastery of Citeaux, the buildings of
Circoiun  PIroozontofsiria,) a headland of Southern Italy, on  which still remain to attest its former magnificence.  The
the Mediterranean, near the S. extremity of the Pontifical  monastic order of Cistercians was founded here in 1098, by
States, 12 miles W.S.W. of Terracina.  Lat. 410 13' N., Ion. Robert, Abbot of Molesme; and, in the course of a few years,
130 3 E. Height above the sea, 1713 feet.                     had become so numerous as to throw  off the colonies of
CIR/CLEVILLE, a post-office of Oran:.e co., New York.       Fert6, Pontivy, Clairvaux, and Morimond.  Through the
CIRCLEVILLE, a post-office of London co., Virginia.         exertions of St. Bernard de Clairvaux, it had increased so
CIRCLEVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Picka-  much, one hundred years after its origin, as to embrace 800
way co., Ohio, on the left bank of the Scioto River, and on  rich abbeys in the different countries of Europe.  They
the Ohio Canal, 25 miles S. of Columbus, and 20 miles N. of  succeeded in freeing themselves firom the superintendence
Chillicothe.  It occupies the site of an ancient fortification  of the bishops, and formed a kind of spiritual republic,
having a circular form, firom which the name is derived. under the immediate superintendence of the pope. Among
The canal crosses the river here by a handsome aqueduct.  the fraternities emanating from them, the most remarkable
Circlerville is s-rrounded by a rich and highly cultivated  are the barefooted monks, or fecsillans, the nuns of Port
district, and has considerable trade. It contains a fine brick  Royal, the Recollets, and the monks of La Trappe. In the
court-house, a large union school-house, which cost $25,000,  eighteenth century, 1800 monasteries and 1400 nunneries
3 churches, several newspaper-offices, and 2 banks. Assessed  depended on the abbey of Citeaux.
value of property in 1853, $718,810. The town has nunier-    CITHLERON, (sith-ee/ron; Gr. KtOaLpov,) MOUNT, now
ous mills and factories propelled by water-power. The route  ELATEA, el-A-teeld, a faimous mountain of Greece, forming
of the Zahesville and Cincinnati Railroad passes through  part of the boundary between Attica and Thebes.  Height
Circleville. Laid out in 1810. Pop. in 1853, about 4500.      above the sea, 4620 feet.
CIRCLEVILLE, a village of Cass co., Indiana, on the    CIT1ICO, a post-office of Monroe co., Tennessee.
Wabash River and Canal, opposite Lewisburg, and 8 miles    CITRONELLE, sit'ro-nullf, a post-village and railroad staE.-of Logansport.                                             tion of Mobile co., Alabama, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad,
CIRICLEVILLE,   a small village of Tazewell co., Illinois.    33 miles N.N.W. of Mobile.
CIRENCESTER, sisfe-ter, (anc. Cboinlinti,) a parliamentary    CITTA)ELLA, chit-t4-d6ll1,     a walled town of Northern
boronugh, town, and parish of England, co., and 16 miles S.E.  Italy, government of Venice, 14 miles N.E. of Vicenza, on
of Gloucester, on a branch of the Great Western Railway, the Brentella. Pop. 6600, partly engaged in psperand woolon the river Churn, and a branch of the Thames and Severn  len factories.
Canal. Pop. of borough and parish, in 1851, 6090. It wfas    CITTADELLA-DI-PORTO, chit-t.-dlfllt dee poRlto, a town
a town of the ancient Britons, and occupies a portion of  of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, 2 miles N.W. of
the site of the ancient Roman town, the walls of which,  Mantua, separated filom  that city by the Mlincio.  It is
about 2 miles in cireumference, are still traceable. The  strongly fortified, begirt with walls, and overlooked by a
principal buildings comprise a parish church of the fifteenth  fortress.  Pop. 2900.
century, various dissenting chapels, some remains of a very    CITTA-DELLA-PIEVE,  chit-tM/dFlO  pe-iv~A, a town of
ancient abbey, several hospitals for the poor, and a union  the Pontifical States, delegation, and 23 miles W.S.W. of
work-house. Public institutions, a fiee grammar school, of  Perugia. Its chief interest is derived from  its being the
which Dr. Jenner was a pupil, blue and yellow coat schools, birthplace of the celebrated Pietro Perugino.  Pop. 3400.
&c. The principal manufactures are of carpets, woollen    CITTA  DI CASTELLO. chit-t/  dee kUs-tdlllo, or simply
cloths, and cutlery. It is not an incorporated borough,but  CASTELLO, (anc. Tiberilsnum,) a town of the Pontifical
is governed by 2 high constables and 14 wardsmen. It is a  States, 30 miles N.W. of Perugia, on the Tiber. Pop. 5339.
polling-place for East Gloucestershire. It sends 2 members  It has a cathedrial. an hospital, seminary, many ecclesiasto the House of Commons. Many Roman remains have been  tical buildings, and Some manufactures of silk-twist.
discovered in the vicinity. Adjoining the town is Oakley    CITTA-DUCALE, Naples.  See CIVITA DU ALE.
Grove, the seat of Earl Bathurst.                               CITTA-NUOVA, chit-tdnoo-olvA, a town of Illyria, goCIREY, seecrA, a village of France, department of Meurthe,  vernment, and 26 miles S.S.W. of Triest, on a headland
33 miles E. of Nancy. Pop. 2347. It has glass-works and  in the Adriatic, with a good harbor. Pop. 1000.
manufactures of mirrors.                                        CITTA-NUOVA, chit-ttPnoo-otvd, a market-town of EuCIREY, a village of France, department of ISaute-Marne, ropean Turkey, 30 miles N.N.W. of Ochrida, on an affluent
12 miles S. of Vassy, on the Blaise.                          of the Drin.
CIRIE, see'ree&, a town of the Sardinian States, in Pied-    CITTA  VECCIHIA, chit-tA  v~ktke-A, or NOTABILE, nomont, 12 miles N.N.W. of Turin, on a branch of the Stura. tfbe-lA, a fortified city of Malta, near the centre of the
Pop. 3353.                                                    island, 6 miles W. of Valletta.  It stands on a limestone
CIRO, cheefro, a town of Naples, province of Calabria  hill, in which extensive catacombs have been excavated at
Ultra II., district, and 21 miles N.N.W. of Cotrone, and 3  a remote period. The Cathedral, dedicated to St. Paul, a
miles from the Mediterranean.  Pop. 2900. It is enclosed  large and handsome edifice, from which a view ofthewhole
by walls, and has a castle, several chusches, a bishop's pa- island is obtained, is said to occupy the site of the house of
lace, a seminary, manufactures of serge and coarse linens, Publius, who was Roman governor when the apostle sufi
trade in manna and agricultural produce, and an anchovy  fered shipwreck. The Catacombs, situated in the suburb
fishery. It was the birthplace of the astronomer Lilio.       Rabatoi are among the most interesting objects of the place.
CIRON, see'r1`sa, a small river of France, joins the Ga- They are excavated in the tertiary limestone of the island,
ronne, below Langon.                                         and run a considerable.way under ground.  The rudely
CISALPINE (sis-allpin) REPUBLIC, a former state in  sculptured cross which is on the roof of mdny of the tombs,
the North of Italy, founded by the French, in 1797, of parts  and the inscription, In pace posita sunt-" They have been
of Milan, Mantua, the Valteline, the Venetian territory S. laid (buried) in peace"-leave no doubt that they were the
456




CIT                                                             CLA
work of the early Christians.  Citt.a Vecchia, while in pos-    CIIVTTA DUCALE, chee've-ta doo-kTlI. the westernmost
session of the Saracens, was called MEIDINA, (me-deelnA,) and  town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultlra II., on the Veliin that of the Aragonese, Notabile.                           no, 5 miles E. of Rlieti.  Pop. 3331. It owes its name to
CITTA VECCIIA, a seaport and market-town on an in- having been founded by the Norman king, Robart of Sicily,
let of the island of Lesina, in Dalmatia, 23 miles S. of Spa-  while Duke of Calabria.
latro.  Pop. 3046.                                              CIVITA-LAVIGNA, chee/ve-tl-ld-veenfy4, a town of the
CITY, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.              Pontifical States, 18 miles S.S.E. of Rome.  It comprises
CITY POINT, a post-village and port of entry of Prince  the site of the ancient Lanucvium, and has Roman ruins
George co., Virginia, on James River, at the mouth of the  and antiquities.
Appomattox, 34 miles S.E. of Richmond, and10 miles E.N.E.    CIVITA NUOVA, cheo've-ta noo-olv', a small town of the
of Petersburg.  There is a good landing here, at which the  Pontifical States, 12 miles E. of Macerata. near the Adriatic.
large vessels engaged in the trade of Richmond and Peters-    CIVITA  NUOVA, a small town of NTaples, province of
burg receive and discharge their cargoes. The Appomattox  Molise, 10 miles E.N.E. of Isernia.  Pop. 2720.
Railroad extends from this place to Petersburg.                 CIVITAQUANA, chee-veltl-kwIng,  a market-town  of
CITY POINT, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.    Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., in a valley, 9 miles S.
CITY  WEST, a village of Porter co., Indiana, on Lake  ofCivita di Penne. Pop. 1920.
Michigan, about 33 miles by water S.E. of Chicago.              CIVITA-REALE, chee-ve/tt-rA-AIlA, a market-town of NaCIUDAD DE LAS CASAS, a town of MSexico. See CIUDAD  ples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., at the source of the Ve.REAL.                                                         linG, 19 miles N.E. of Civita Ducale. Pop. 1440.
CIUDADELA, se-oo-dg-d4lsa, a city and seaport of the    CIVITA SANT-ANGELO, cheelve-tM sAnt-An'jA-lo, a town
island of Minorca, on its W. coast, 25 miles N.W. of Mahon. of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., near the Adriatic, 9
Pop. 7800. It was formnerly capital of the island, and retains  miles N.E. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 5994. It has an active
portions of its ancient walls,                                trade in grain, wine, and oil.
CIUDAD REAL, the-oo-loD! rA-All, a walled city of Spain,    CIVITA  VECCHIA, cheelve-t&  vtkfke-A, (ane. Cenftues
formerly capital of La Mancha, 97 miles S. of Madrid, be- Cellce and Tr-jaaenus Porftous,) the principal seaport city of the
tween the Guadiana and the Jabalon. Pop.in 1849,10,235. Pontifical States, on the Mediterranean, 38 miles W.N.W. of
It has a large hospital, 6 monasteries, and 3 nunneries, with  Rome. Pop. 6878. It is enclosed by walls, and well built.
several schools; its manufactures of woollen and leather,  Chief edifices, the convents and churches, theatre, lazaretto,
formerly important, have greatly declined. Chief comnmerce  arsenal, building docks, warehouses, and a convict estain wine, fauits, oil, and mules. It was the head-quarters of blishment.  The port, which owes its origin to the Emperor
the celebrated Santa Hlermandad, or "holy brotherhood,"  Trajan, is one of the best in the Papal dominions. Two
founded in 1249 for the suppression of highway robbery.       large moles farm  the harbor, and a breakwater outside,
CIUDAD REAL, se-oo-dbd! rAt-Al, a town of South America, constructed on a similar plan to the Plymouth breakwater,
in'Venezuela. department, and 170 miles S.S.W. of Cumand, protects the shipping from  the heavy sea brought in by
on the Orinoco.                                               the western gales. A light-house is erected on its S. end.
CIUDAD REAL, se-oo-dld! rA-Ill, a town of the Mexican  The harbor has depth of water for vessels of 400 or 500 tons,
Confederation, capital of the department of Chiapa, in a fer-  and ships of greater draught may anchor inside the breaktile plain on the Rio de los Zeldales, 285 miles S.E. of Vera  water.  Civita Vecchia is a free port, but the quarantine
Cruz. Lat. 160 30' N., ion. 920 40' W. It has a cathedral, regulations are enforced with extreme strictness.  Consuls
three monasteries, a nunnery, an episcopal seminary, and a  from the principal European states reside at it. The prinRoman Catholic college. It was founded in 1528, on the site  cipal foreign commerce of the state, chiefly with Genoa,
of an Indian town, and raised to a bishop's see ten years  Marseilles, and England, passes through this port; the
after. It has some manufioctures and trade in cocoa. cochi- trade is not so extensive as formerly. Civita Yecchia has
neal, cotton, and wool; and in its vicinity an intermittent  regular steam communication with Marseilles, Genoa, Legspring and a stalactitic cavern. It was originally called  horn, Naples, Greece, Egypt, and Turkey. It was captured
VILA IREAL, veellyA ri-al!, then VILLA VYICIOSA, veellyA ve- by Totila, and retaken by Narses in 553. Since that period
se-os[, next, SAN CurSTovAL DE Los LLANos, or simply SAN  it has been firequently taken and destroyed, but has been,
CHRaisrovaL, sdau krees-to-vbl df  loce lyfnoce, after which it on each occasion, rebuilt by the conquerors.  Its fortress
received its present name. It is likewise sometimes called  was begun in 1512 by Julius II., from designs by Michael
CIuDn D-c-L..ss-CAAss,   se-oo-did!  da lIs kd/sas. Pop. 6500.  Angelo, and finished by Paul III. Imports consist mainly
CIUDAD  RODRIGO, the-oo-fDDI ro-dreelgo, a fortified  of woven goods, salt provisions, wines and spirits, colonial
frontier city of Spain, 4   a miles S.W. of Salamanca, near the  produce, haberdashery, salt, and drugs; exports consist of
Agueda, here crossed by a bridge of seven arches. Pop. 4612. staves, wheat, alum, cheese, skins, bark, &c.
Chief edifices, a large square citadel, a Gothic cathedral of    CIVITELLA  CASANUOVA, che-ve-tll19 kA/sb-noo-ocvA,
the twelfth century, two other churches, and the governor's  a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 7
residence. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1706, by the  miles S.S.W. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 2000.
French in 1810, and by the British, under the Duke of Wel-    CIVITELLA  DEL TRONTO, che-ve-t6ll11 dfl tron/to, a
lington, in 1812, who thence derived his title of Duke of  market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 10
Ciudad Rodrigo, conferred by the Spanish government.          miles N. of Teramo, strongly posted on a rock, crowned by
CIVEH, seelveh, a village of Western Africa, on the Sene-  a castle, and having a collegiate church, 3 convents, a hosgal. Lat. 150 46' N.; lon. about 130 W. It has a low, but  pital, and 2500 inhabitants.
beautifully verdant site, amid a natural forest.                CIVO, cheetvo, a town of Austrian Italy, government of
CIVEZZANO, che-vit-si/no, a town of Austria, duchy of  Milan, 14 miles E. of Sondrio, near the Adda.  Pop. 2600.
Tyrol, 5 miles E. by N. of Trent. It has several silk mann-    CIVRAY, seeevrt', a town of France, department of:Vifactories. Pop. 2557.                                         enne, on the Charente, 30 miles S. of Poitiers, with 2109 inCIVIDALE, che-ve-d'11, (anc. Fbeusra  Jitilii,) a walled  habitants, a very old parish church, a castle, manufactures
town of Northern Italy, government of Venice, 9 miles E.N.E. of woollen fabrics, and a brisk trade in corn, chestnuts,
of Udine, on the Natisone, here crossed by a bridge 220 feet truffles, &c.
in length.  Pop. 6027.                                          CLACHNAItARRY, klax-na-hbrfree, ("the Watchman's
CIVIDATE, che-vedt/tb, a village of Italy, in Lombardy,  Store,") a fishing village of Scotland, co. and 1. miles W.S.W.
13  miles S.E. of Bergamo.                                   of Inverness, at the mouth of the Caledonian Canal. It
CIVITA, cheesve-tb, a market-town of Naples, province of  was the scene of a bloody feudal battle in the fourteenth
Calabria Citra, 31 miles N. of Cassano. Pop. 1500, mostly  century.
of Greek descent.                                               CLACKfAMAS, a river in Oregon, rises in the W. slope of
CIVITA BORELLA, cheelve-tb bo-rl/lbA, a market-town of the Cascade Range, and joins the Willamette on the right.
Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra. 22 miles S. of Lanciano.     CLACKAMAS, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon. It
CIVITA  CAMPORANIO, chee/ve-ta kAm-po-ratno, a mar-  is bounded on the E. by the Cascade Range, on the N.
ket-town of Naples, province of Molise, 16 miles N. of Cam- by the Columbia, and on the W. by the Willamette River.
pobasso. Pop. 2900.                                           Along the streams, especially the Willamette, the soil is
CIVITA CASTELLANA, chee/ve-ta k`ts-til-l-/na, a towvn  very fertile. In 1850, this county produced 353 tons of hay,
of the Pontifical States, 19 miles S.E. of Viterbo. Close to it  the greatest quantity of that article raised in any county of
are remains of the ancient Falecriuam, with some sepulchral the territory. Pop. 1859.
chambers, &c.: and 4 miles distant are those of Falevrii,    CLACKAMAS, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon.
made memorable to readers of Roman history by the epi-    CLACKHEA/TON or CLECKHEAITON, a chapelry ofEngsode of Camillus and the schoolmaster. The latter ruins  land, co. of York, West Riding.
present the most extraordinary specimen extant of ancient    CLACKMANNAN, klbk-matnann,  or CLACKMAN/NANmilitary architecture. The walls, towers, and several gate  SIlRE, the smallest county of Scotland, having S. the river
ways are tolerably perfect, and within the area are remains  Forth, and on other sides the counties of Perth, Stirling,
of an ancient theatre, and of a Lombard church of the  and Fife. Area, 48 square miles, or 30,720 acres, of which
twelfth century. Civita Castellana is a bishop's see. Near  22.000 are  arable, and 5000 in pasture.  It consists chiefly
it the French under Macdonald defeated the troops under  of the valley of the Devon, along which river are some rich
Mack, December 4, 1798.                                       and well cultivated lands, on which large crops'of beans,
CIVITA DI PENNE, chee/ve-t. dee p6n/nb, a town of Na- peas, &c. are raised. In the N. the county extends to the
ples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 23 miles S.E. of Teramo.  Ochil Hills. Mineral products consist of ironstone. sandPop. 4000. It has a cathedral and a diocesan seminary.        stone, and greenstone, with coal shipped in considerable
457




CLA                                                          CLA
quantities  from  Alloa. This county comprises only 4 pa. Seine, on the Paris and Versailles Railway, 5 miles S.W. of
rishes.  Towns, Clackmannan, Alloa, and D)ollar.  It unites  Paris.
with the county of Kinross, in sending 1 member to the    CLAYIECY, klim'see', a town of France, department of
iousse of Commons.                                            Nitvre, at the confluence of the Yonne and Beuvron, 36
CLACKMANNAN, a town and parish of Scotland, capital miles N.N.E. of Nevers.  Pop. in 1852, 6179. It has several
of the above county, on the Devon, near its confluence with  Gothic churches, a fine modern chateau, manufactures of
the Forth, 7 miles E. of Stirling. Pop. of town, 1077. Its  earthenwares, paper, and leather, and an active trade in
harbor has latterly been improved. The tower is a part of fuel, sent hence to Paris down the Yonne.  It was formerly
the palace of Robert Bruce. It is the seat of the county  fortified, and has remains of an old fortress and walls.
quarter sessions.                                               CLANIABOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
CLACKIHANNANSIIIRE. See CLACKMANNAN.                          CLANDONACII, klan-don/ah, a barony of Ireland, Queen's
CLAGENFURTIT, a town of Illyria.  See IKrAGesNF uRT.    co., in Leinster, forms the middle part of what was formerly
CLAG/GAN BAY, Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway,  the barony of Upper Ossory.
is about 3 miles W.N.W. of Innisboffin, and extends inland    CLAN/DON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
for 21 miles. It affords good shelter and anchorage for the    CLANDON, WEST, a parish of England. co. of Surrey.
largest vessels, and a quay has been erected on it for the    CLANE, a barony, parish, and town of Ireland, in Leinbenefit of its fishery.                                       ster, co. of Kildare.  The town is on the Liffey, here crossed
CLAG/TON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.    by a six-arched bridge, 7 miles W.S.W. of Selbridge.  Pop.
CLAGTON,  LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.    of town, 335. Here are the remains of an abbey, founded
CLAIBOIRNE, kli/btrn, a county in the W. part of Mis- 548, and of a Franciscan priory of the thirteenth century.
sissippi, has an area of 740 square miles. The Mississippi  Adjoining the town are a ruined castle, an ancient earthwashes its W. border, separating it from  Louisiana; the  Work, and the bog of Clane.
Bia Black River forms the N.W. boundary, and it is inter-    CLAN/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
sected by Bayou Pierre.  The surface is mostly uneven; the    CLANFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
soil near the river is fertile. Named in honor of General    CLANIS, a river of Italy. See CHIANA.
Claiborne, who commanded in the south-west during the    CLAN'MAU/RICE, a barony of Ireland, co. of Kerry, in
war of 1812. Capital, Port Gibson. Pop. 14,941, of whom   Munster, bounded on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. Length,
3491 were free, and 11,450 slaves.                            17 miles.
CLAIBORNE, kli/bfirn, a parish in the N. part of Lou-    CLANMAUI/RICE or CLAN'MOR/RIS, a barony of Ireland,
isiana, bordering on Arkansas, contains about 1200 square  co. of Mayo, in Connaught.  Length from N. to S., 18 miles.
miles. It is drained by branches of Bayou d'Arbonne, and    CLAN'WILILIAM,a district in the N.W. of the Cape Cobounded on the W. by the Dauchite or Dorcheat River.  uony, in South Africa, bounded N. by the Koussie River, lat.
The surface is undulating, and the soil moderately fertile. 290 41' S., and S. by the Great Berg Piver, (lat. 320 45' S.,)
The parish contains forests of pine and other trees. An ac- E. by the Great Riet River, and W. by the Atlantic. Area,
tive emigration to this place has been going on for a few  22,111 square miles. Pop. in 1845, 9416. It is traversed N.
-years past. Capital, Homer. Pop. 7471, of whom 4949 were  to S. by the Karree Berg and Cedar Berg Mountains, and
free, and 2522 slaves.                                        watered by the Oliphant and its tributaries.
CLAIBORNE, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee,    CLANWILLIAM, a village of Southern Africa, capital of
bordering on Virginia, has an area of about 350 square miles. the above district, is situated on the right bank of the OilClinch River forms the S.E. boundary, and Powell's River  phant River, 140 miles N.N.E. of Cape Town. It has a neat
flows through the county.  The surface is elevated and  church, and an English school. In its vicinity is a fine
mountainous. The soil in some parts is fertile. The county  chalybeate spring.
contains extensive beds of iron ore, which are worked in    CLANWILLIAM, a barony of Ireland, co. of Limerick, in
several places.  Zinc and lead are also found in the county, Muanster, bounded on the N. by the Shannon.  Length,
but not worked at present. The great thoroughfare from   about 10 miles.
Kentucky to Carolina passes through Tazewell, the county    CLANWILLIAM, a barony of Ireland, co. of Tipperary,
seat. Pop. 9369, of whom 8709 were firee, and 660 slaves.    bounded on the W. by the county of Limerick.  Length, 18
CLAIBORNE,  a post-village, capital of Monroe county,  miles, forming a fertile and picturesque district.
Alabama, on the left bank of the Alabama River, about 200    CLAP/IlIAM, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
miles by water S.W. of Montgomery.                              CLAPHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, comprisCLAIBORNE, a post-office of Jasper co., Mississippi.       uing an agreeable suburb of London.
CLAI/BORNESVILLE. a post-office, Yazoo co., Mississippi.    CLAPHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
CLAIFE, Hldf, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.        CLAPHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.
CLAIN, k1a:4, (ans. Cat/nis, or Cly/tis,?) a small river of    CLAPIAM-wVITH-NEWBY, a parish of England, co. of
France, joins the Vienne below Cernon, after a course of  Sussex.
about 60 miles. Operations have been undertaken to make    CLAP/PERTON, an island in the Arctic Ocean, Darnley
it navigable as far as Poitiers.                              Bay, lat. 690 42' N., ion. 1230 15' W. It was discovered by
CLAINES, klAunz, a parish of England, co. and 21 miles  Sir John Franklin, who named it in honour of the distinN. of Worcester. In the nunnery of "the white ladies,"  guished African traveller.
Charles [I. was concealed after the Battle of Worcester.        CLAPP'S, a post-office ofGuilford co., North Carolina. 
CLAIRAC, clh'rdk/, a town of France, department of Lot-    CLAPP/VILLE, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachuet-Garonne, on the Lot, 16 miles N.W. of Agen.  It has a  setts, on the Western Railroad, about 8 miles S.W. of WorProtestant and several other churches, paper mills, and a  cester.
brisk traffic in white wines, prunes, and rural produce.        CLAP'S ISLAND, a small island in the Malay ArchiCLAIRAC, a village of France, department of H16rault, 20  pelago, on the equator; Ion. 980 E.
miles N.W. of B6ziers.                                          CLAP/TON,  a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
CLAIR/BOURN,  a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 919.    CLAPTON, a parish of England,, co. of Northampton.
CLAIREGOUTTE, kl~a'gootV, a town of France. depart-    CLAPTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ment of H1aute-Satne, 8 miles E. of Lure, with manufactures      CLARA, k1Lr, one of the Mergui Islands, off the coast of
of cotton, and distilleries of kirschwasser.                  Tenasserinm, in Ilindostan.
CLAIRMONT, a village of Canada West, co. of Oxford,    CLARA, klalihra, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in
9 miles S.E. of Brantford, 82 miles from Toronto, and 56  Leinster, King's co., 5 miles S.W. of Kilbeggan, near the
miles firom  London. It contains several stores and hotels. Brosna, which here works extensive corn mills. Pop. 1155.
Pop. 300.                                                       CLARA. a parish of Ireland, co. of IKilkenny.
CLAIRVAUX, klaiatv51, (L. Clafra-Va/[lis,) a hamlet of    CLARA; khlrA, a town of the island of Cuba, 48 miles
France, department of Aube, 33 miles S.E. of Troyes. Its  N.W. of Trinidad.  Pop. 6132.
celebrated abbey was founded in 1114. by St. Bernard. The    CLA/RA, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania,
monks were Cistercians, (see CITEiux,) and so rapid was  7 miles N.W. of Coudersport.  It had, in 1850, 89 inthe increase of the order, that before St. Bernard's death, in  habitants.
1153, there were 700 monks here, while St. Bernard had    CLAWR/AN  BRIDGE, a village of Ireland, 8 miles S.E. of
either founded or affiliated to this abbey no less than 76  Galway. In the vicinity are the ruins of an ancient castle
nounasteries, of which 35 were in France, 11 in Spain, 10 in  Pop. 200.
England and Ireland, 6 in Flanders, 4 in Italy, 2 in Ger-    CLARA, VILLA, veellyA kldrA, a town of Cuba, in themany, 2 in Sweden, 1 in Hungary, and 1 in Denmark. This  central department, 45 miles N.W. of Trinidad, in a sugar
abbey presented the singular spectacle of an immense manu- district. Pop. 6132, of whom 3355 are white, 1891 free peofacturing and agricultural institution carried on by monks.  pie of color, and 886 slaves.
It is-now t'ansibyrmed into a criminal cotton factory.          CLARBES/TON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
CLAIRIVILLE, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wisconsin.   CLARE, a river of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Gaiway,
CLAIS, kld, a market-town of France, department of ISbre,  -after a southward course of about 32 miles, enters Lake Cor6 miles S.S.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1710.                        rib, 3 miles N. ofGalway.  In several places it expands into
CLALLtAMI,  a county of Washington Territory, having N. shallow marshes, and for 3 miles it is subterranean.
the Strait of- Juan de Fuca. Capital, Port Discovery.          CLARE, or CLARA, an island off the W. coast of Ireland,
CLALLIAMS, an Indian tribe of Washington Territory, in Connaught, co. of Mayo, at the entrance of Clew Bay
N. of the Columbia, and near the Strait of Juan de Fuca.    Its N. point has an elevation of 487 feet. Lat. 530 N., fon.
CLAMiART, kla'mAr/, a village of France, department of 90 59, W. Length 4d miles; breadth 2 miles; its highest
458




CLA                                                      CLA
point rising to 1520 feet above the sea. Corn is exported  island of Kishm and the mainland, varies in breadth from
hence to Westport, from a village on its E. coast, where a  3 to 13 miles, and is studded with islands.
quay has been erected.                                      CLARENCE  STRAIT, in Russian America, between
GLARE, a maritime county of Ireland, in MIunster, hay- Prince of Wales Archipelago and Duke of York Island.
ing W. the Atlantic, and landward the counties of Galway,   CLARENCE  STRAIT, the channel between Melville
Tipperary, and Limerick, it being separated from the two  Island and the N.W. coast of Australia, communicating
latter by Lough berg and the River Shannon. Area, 1294  with Van Diemen's Gulf. It is about 12 miles in breadth at
square miles, or 827,994 acres, of which 455,009 are arable.  the narrowest part, and is studded with small islets, rocks,
Pop. 212,428. Surface mostly hilly, with some tracts of level and reefs, having rapid currents betw een them.
land; coast precipitous.  Principal rivers, the Fergus and    CLAR/ENCETOWN, a settlement, and formerly a British
its affluents. Small lakes are numerous. Soil fertile in the  military station, on the N. side of Fernando Po Island. The
lowlands. The fisheries are important; manufactures are  British troops were withdrawn from it in 1834.
only of coarse linens and hosiery, and flannels are only for   CLARENCEVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
home consumption. Chief towns, Ennis, the capital, RKil- Rouville, 10 miles W. of Phillipsburg.
rush. Ennistymon, and a part of Kilaloe. Exclusive of En-   CLARB/ENDON, a post-village and township of Rutland co.,
nis, the county sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Vermont, on Otter Creek, and on the Albany and Rutland
Besides numerous ecclesiastical remains, Clare county is re- Railroad, 55 miles SW. by S. from Montpelier. Pop. 1477.
ported to contain 118 ancient baronial castles.             CLARENDON, a post-village and township of Orleans co.,
CLARE, a town of Ireland, in Munster, in the above  New York, 25 miles W. of Rochester. Pop. 1809.
county, on the Fergus, here crossed by a stone bridge, 2    CLARENDON, a post-office of Sumter district, South Camiles E.S.E. of Ennis. Pop. of town, 879. It contains an  rolina.
old castle, now used as an infantry barrack. Its quay is    CLARENDON, a post-office of Mlonroe co., Arkansas.
inadequate for its commerce, it being the port for all the    CLARENDON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Calhoun
centre of the county. Its exports, consisting of corn, meal, co., Michigan. Pop. 669.
flour, &c., were valued, in 1845, at 16,6171. It gives the title    CLAR/ENDON PARK, an extra-parochial liberty and anof earl to the Fitzgibbon finamily. About one mile southward  ciently a royal forest of England, co. of Wilts, 21 miles
are the remains of Clare Abbey, founded by O'Brien, KinG  E.S:E. of Salisbury. Area, 4160 acres, about one4hird of
of Munster, in the twelfth century.                       which is woodland.  Pop. 183. Here ard the remains of a
CLARE, or CLARE-MORRIS, a town of Ireland, in Con- royal palace or hunting-seat, in which IHenry II. held the
naught, co. of Mayo, 15 miles S.E. of Castlebar.  Pop. 2256. council that enacted, in 1194, the celebrated constitutions
It-is clean, and has various schools,.  court-house, and an  of Clarendon, aimed against the encroachments of the clergy.
active retail trade.                                      It gives the title of earl to the Villiers family, as it did forCLARE, a barony of Ireland, co. of Galway, in Connaught, merly to Lord Chancellor Hyde, author of the "History of
divided from the county of Mayo by Black River. Length, the Great Rebellion."
19 miles, breadth, 12.miles.                                CLARENDON SPRINGS, a post-office of Rutland co., YerCLARE, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Suf- mont.
folk, on the Stour, 14' miles S.S.W. of Bury St. Edmuuds.   CLARJENS, (Fr. pron. klhd'r8a/,) a village of Switzerland,
Pop. in 1851, 1769. The town is poorly built, but has a  canton of VYaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 3 miles E.S.E. of Yehandsome church, and the remains of an old castle.        vay. It commands a fine view of the lake and of the mounCLARE, a wapentake or division of the county of Yorlk, tains on the opposite shore, and is immortalized by the
West Riding, England, comprising  29 parishes, with the  writings of Rousseau.
towns of Ripon, Knaresborough, Otley, &c.                   CLAR/IDON, a post-township in the central part of Genaga
GLARE, a new county in the N. central part of Michigan, co., Ohio. Pop. 1009.
has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by    CLARIDON, a township of Miarion co., Ohio. Pop. 13&43.
the Maskegon River. The surface is mostly coveredwith    CLAR/INGTON, a post-office of Forest co., Pennsylvania.
forests. The county has few inhabitants.                    CLARINGTON, a thriving village of Monroe co., Ohio, on
CLARE, a township of St. Lawrence co., New York.        the Ohio River, at the mouth of Sunfish Creek, 135 miles E.
CLAREBOROUGH, klair/bfrr-rfh, a parish of England,:of Columbus. Pop. in 1850, 341.
co. of Notts.                                               CLAR/ION, a county in the N.Wv. part of Pennsylvania,
CLARE-GAI/WAY, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, has an area of 600 square miles. It is intersected by Clarion
co. of Galway.                                            River, from which the name is derived; bounded on the
CLAREMONT, klair/mont, a domain and royal palace of  S.W. by Alleghany River, and on the S. by Red Bank Creek.
England, co. of Surrey, immediately E. of Esher, and now  The surface is rolling and hilly; the soil is generally fertile.
belonging to the King of the Belgians.                     Bituminous coal, iron, and limestone are the most valuable
CLARE'MONT/, a beautiful and flourishing post-village  minerals of the county. Capital, Clarion. Pop. 23.565.
and township of Sullivan co., New Hampshire, onjthe left   CLARION, a post-borough, capital of Clarion co., Pennbank of the Connecticut, and on the Sullivan Railroad, sylvania, is situated on the left bank of the river of the
about 48 miles W. by N. of Concord. It contains 4 or 5  same name, where it is crossed by the Bellefonte and Erie
churches, a newspaper office, numerous stores, and has  Turnpike, about 75 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg, and 187 miles
manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, iron castings, W.N.W. of Iarrisburg. It contains a court-house. an acapaper, &c. Pop. 3604.                                     demy, 2 or 3 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Laid out in
CLAREML ONT, a post-office of Pickens district, South Ca- in 1840. Pop. in 1853, about 1000; of the township of
rolina.                                                   Clarion in 1850, 2517.
CLARtE/lONT ISLES, a groitp of low, woody islands off    CLARION, a post-office of Grundy co., Illinois, 140 miles
the N.E. coast of Australia, Cape York peninsula, about lat. N.N.E. of Springfield.
130 38' S., lon. 1410 45' E.                                CLARVION, or CLOUD'S ISLAND, an island in the North
CLARENCE, a village of Greece. See KLARENNZA.          Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast of Mexico; lat. 180 N., lon.
CLARIENCE, a post-township of Erie co., New York, 16  1140 50' W.
miles N.E. of Buffalo, drained by Tonawanda Creek. Pop.   CLARION RIYVER, Pennsylvania, also called TOBY'S
2727.                                                     RIVER, rises in McKean co., flows S.W., and enters the AlCLARENCE, a post-township in Calhoun co., hhichigan, leghany in Clarion county. Large quantities of pine Imnabout 12 miles N.E. of Marshall. Pop. 485.                ber are transported on it. The whole length is estimated at
CLARENCE, a post-village of Green co., Wisconsin, on  130 miles.
Sugar River, 37 miles S. of Madison.                        CLARK or CLARKE, a post-office of Mercer co., PennCLARIENCE, a settlement of New South Wales, co. of  sylvania.
Durham, 18 miles N. of Port Hunter.                         CLARK, a township in the E. part of Brown co., Ohio.
CLARENCE  CENTRE, a post-office of Erie co., New York. Pop. 1281.
CLARENCE HARBOR, or PORT, in Russian America, on    CLARK, a township in the S. part of Clinton co., Ohio.
the E. side of Behring Strait, 45 miles S.E. of Cape Prince  Pop. 1654.
of Wales.                                                   CLARK, a township in the N.E. part of Johnson co., InCLARIENCE ISLAND, in South America; W. of Terra  diana. Pop. 1018.
del Fuego. Lat. 540 10' S., Ion. 710 20' W. Length from E.   CLARK, atownshipofMontgomeryco., Indiana. Pop. 1301.
to W., 52 miles; breadth, 23 miles. It is rocky, and greatly    CLARK, a township of Perry co., Indiana. Pop. 673.
indented by bays.                                           CLARKE, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia, has an
CLARIENCE ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, N. of Navi- asea of 208 square miles. It is traversed by the Shenangator Island. Lat. 8~ 10, S., ion. 1720 10 WV.            doah River, and also drained by Opequan Creek. It occuCLAIS/ENCE  LAKE, or GREAT LAKE, a lake of Van Die- pies part of the Great Valley of Virginia, which extends
men's Land, in Norfolk Plains, of irregular form, about 9  along tihe N.W. base of the Blue Ridge. The surface is beaumiles in length, and 4 in breadth at the broadest parts.  tifully diversified; the soil is based on blue limestone, and is
CLARENCE PEAK, in Fernando Po Island, is 10,700  highly productive. This county is intersected by the Winfeet above the sea.                                       chester Railroad, and by several turnpike-roads.  It was orCLARENCE RIVER, in Eastern Australia, enters the  geniced in 1836 out of part of Frederick county, and named
Pacific at Shoal Bay, lat. 290 20' S., after a tortuous north- in honor of General George Roger Clarke, an officer of the
eastward course.                                          war of the Revolution. Capital, Berryville. Pop, 7352; of
CLAR/ENCE STRAIT, in the Persian Gulf; between the  whom 3738 were free, and 3614 slaves.
459
L=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.




CLA                                                         CLA
CLARKE, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia,   CLARKE, a county in the S.W. part of Washington Ter
has an area of 280 square miles. It is traversed from N. to  ritory, has an areaof about 3000 squaremiles. It isbounded
S. by the Oconee and its branches, the Middle Oconee and  on the E. by the Cascade Range, on the S. and S.W. by the
the North Fork, bounded on the W. by the Appalachee, and  Columbia River, which separates it from Oregon, and partly
also drained by Sandy, Shoal, and Cedar CreekS. The sur-  on the N. and W. by the Cowelitz River, a tributary of the
face is hilly. The richest soil is found in the vicinity of the  Columbia. The volcanic mountain of St. Helen's, on the E.
Oconee and its branches; a portion of the upland is said to  border, is the principal elevation. The soil has as yet been
be "worn out." Granitic rocks are abundant in the county;  but little cultivated. Pop. 643.
gold, garnets, kaolin, pyrites, and tourmaline are also found.   CLARKE or CLARK, a post-township in the N. part of
A branch railroad extends from Athens, the county seat. to  Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 833.
the Georgia Railroad. Named in honor of General Elijah    CLARKE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Durham,
Clarke. an officer in the war of the Revolution. Pop. 11,119; on the post-road to Toronto, 12 miles W. of Port Hope, and
of whom 5530 were free, and 5589 slaves.                    52 miles from Toronto. It contains several stores and hotels.
CLARKE, a county in the S.W. part of Alabama, has an  Pop. 250.
area of 1270 square miles. The Tombigbee and Alabama    CLARKE'S POINT, a narrow peninsula S.W. of New BedRivers constitute the respective boundaries of the county  ford Bay. At the extremity of the point is a fixed light, 52
on the W. and S.E., until they unite at its southern extre- feet above high water.  Lat. 410 35' 30" N., Ion. 700 54'
mity to form the Mobile. The sur-face is uneven; the soil 12" W.
in some parts is fertile, in others sandy and thin. Pine tim-   CLARKE'S RIVER, or FLATIIHEAD RIVER, in Washber is abundant here. Capital. Clarkesville. Pop. 9786; of  ington Territory, rises in the Rocky Mountains, near the
whom 4910 were free, and 4876 slaves.                       sources of the Missouri, in about 450 30' N. lat. For nearly
CLARKE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Mississippi, bor- 200 miles it flows in a northerly direction, after which it indering on Alabama, has an area of 650 square miles. It is fiects to the N.W., entering the Columbia in about 480 50' N.
intersected by the Chickasawha River, a branch of the Pas- lat., and 1170 45i W. lon. The greater part of its course lies
cagoula. The surface is moderately uneven. The MIobile  through a mountainous region. About 125 miles from its
and Ohio Railroad is located near the W. border of the  contfluence with the Columbia, it spreads out into a lake 30
county.. Named in honor of Judge Clarke, first ch'ncellor  miles long, and from 6 to 12 miles wide, called Kulluspelm,
of Mississippi. Capital, Quitman. Pop. 5477; of whom 3829  or Lac Pend 0reilles. The Blackfoot River, and the Rivilre
were flee, and 1648 slaves.                                 A Jacques, (from  Flathead Lake,) flowing firom near the
CLARKE, a county in the S.W. central part of Arkansas, Rocky Mountains, are the principal affluents. The entire
contains 941 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the  length is estimated at 650 miles.
Washita, and on the S.W. by the Little Missouri. The surface    CLARKESVILLE, klarkstvil, a post-village, capital of
is hilly or rolling; the soil sandy and fertile. Capital, Arka- Habersham co., Georgia, is delightfully situated on the headdelphia. Pop. 4070; of whom 3120 were freeand 950 slaves. waters of the Chattahoochee River, 133 miles N. of MilledgeCLARKE, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, ville. It is surrounded by charming mountain scenery, of
has an area of about 210 square miles. It is bounded on  which the Blue Ridge is a prominent feature, and is a favorthe S. by the Kentucky and Red Rivers, the former of which  ito retreat for many families from  the lower parts of South
is navigable, and drained by Stoner's and Howard's Creeks. Carolina and Georgia. The village contains a brick courtThe surface is uneven, and in some parts broken; a portion  house and 4 churches. Pop. about 500.
of the soil is very productive. Hydraulic limestone is found    CLARKSBOROUGHI, klarksbtir-rflh, a post-village of Glouin the county. RIed River furnishes valuable water-power.  cester co., New Jersey, 5 miles S.W. of Woodbury.
Organized in 1793, and named in honor of General George    CLARKSBOROUGH, a post-office of Scott co., Indiana.
Rogers Clarke. Pop. J2:,083; of whom 7843 were frle, and    CLARK'S BRIDGE, a village of Erie co., N\ew York, on
4840 slaves.                                                the railroad, 8 miles E. by N. of Buffalo.
CLARKE, a county in the S.W. central part of Ohio, has    CLARKS'BURG, a township of Berkshire co., Massachuan area of 380 square miles. It is intersected by Mad River, setts, 105 miles N.W. by W. of Boston. Pop. 384.
and also drained by the sources of the Little'Miami and by    CLARKSBURG, a post-office of Erie co., New York, about
Lagonda Creek, which firnish abundant water-power. The  300 miles WV. of Albany.
surfice is diversified by beautiful undulations; the soil is    CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Monmouth co., New Jergenerally excellent, and well supplied with water and tim, sey, 20 miles E. of Trenton.
ber. The county is crossed by five lines of railway, which    CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Indiana co., Peunsylvameet at Springfield, and connect it with Cincinnati, Dayton, nia, 170 miles W. of IHarrisburg, has 1 church, 2 stores, and
Columbus, Sandusky, &c.; several turnpikes also pass  about 150 inhabitants.
through it. Capital, Springfield. Pop. 22,178.                CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Montgomery co., MaryCLARKE, a county in the S. part of Indiana, bordering  land, 60 miles W.N.W. of Annapolis.
on Kentucky, contains about 400 squalre miles. The Ohio    CLARKSBURG, a post-village, capital of Harrison co., VirRiver bounds it on the S.E.; it is also drained by Silver ginia, on the West Fork of Monongahela River, at the mouth
Creek. The surface is nearly level, exceptingu  a chain of  of Elk Creek, 220 miles N.W. of Richmond. It is situated
"knobs" near the WV. border, which are not suited for on a high table-land, euvironed by hills. It contains 2 or
cultivation, but produce good timber.  The soil is gene- 3 churches, 2 academies, 2 printing offices, and numerous
rally fertile and well improved.  Iron ore, marble, lime- stores. Stone coal abounts in the vicinity.  The Northstone, and hydraulic cement are abundant. The county is western Railroad, a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail.
intersected by the Jeffersonville and Columbus Railroad. road, passes throughl the village. Pop. in 1853, about 1200
Organized in 1801. Capital, Charleston.  Pop. 15,828.         CLARKSBURG, a post-village, capital of Lewis co., KenCLARIKE, a county in the E. part of Illinois, bordering  tucky, 4 miles from the Ohio River, and 90 miles E.N.E. of
on Indiana, has an area of 460 square miles. The Wabash  Frankfort.
River, navigable by steamboats, forms its boundary on the    CLARKSBURG, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, about 30
S.E. The county is intersected by the North Fork of Em-  miles WV. of Wheeling.
basras River, and also drained by Fox and Crane Creeks.   CLARKSBURG, a village of Clarke co., Ohio, 48 miles W.
The surface is diversified by prairies and forests; the soil is of Columbus.
productive. Stone coal is found along the Wabash River.    CLARKSBUJRG, a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, about 18
The county is intersected by the railroad from  St. Louis to  miles N.W. of Chillicothe.
Terre Haute.  Capital, Darwin. Pop. 9532.                     CLARKSBURG, a village of Daviess co., Indiana, 16 miles
CLARKE, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Mis-  N.E. of Washington, the county seat.
sonesi, has an aiea of 516 square miles. It is situated on    CLARKSBURG, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana,
the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Des Ioines, the latter  about 50 miles N. of Madison.
of which forms its boundary on the N.E., separating it filom  CLARKSBURG, a village of Johnson co., Indiana, 18 miles
Iowa, and the former separates it fi-om Illinois. The county  S.E. of Indianapolis.
is intersected by the Fox and Wyaconda Rivers. The surface    CLARK'S C1ORNERS, a thriving post-village of Luzerne
is undulating or nearly level. More than half of the county  co., Pennsylvania.
consists of fertile uplasnd prairies, some of which are several    CLARK'S CORNERS, a post-village of Ashtabula co., Ohio,
miles in width, with forests of good timber distributed along  165 miles N.E. of Columbus.
the watercourses. Named in honor of William Clarke, of    CLARK'S CREEK, of Dauphin co.,Pennsylvania. flows into
the expedition of Lewis and Clarke, afterwards governor of  the Susquehanna River about 10 miles above Harrisburg.
Missouri Territory. Capital, Alexandria. The population    CLARK'S CREEK, a post-office of Montgomery co., North
has increased rapidly for several years past. Pop. 5527; of  Carolina.
whom 5023 were free, and 504 slaves.                          CLARK'S FACTORY, a post-office of Delawvare co., New
CLARKE, a county in the S. part of Iowa, has an area  York.
of 432 square miles. The South River, and Whitebreast    CLARKSIFIELD, a post-township in the E. part of Huron
River, affluents of the Des [oines, rise by several branches  co., Ohio. Pop. 1454.
in this county; it is also drained by the East Fork of Grand    CLALK'S FORK, a posftoffice of York district, South Ca,
River, which flows southward into Missouri.  The surface  rolina.
is slightly diversified; the soil is fertile. A large part of    CLARK'S FORK, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.
the county is prairie. Named in honor of James Clarke,   CLARK'S GREEN, a post-office of. Luzerne co., PennsylGovernor of Iowa in 1846. Pop. 79.                         vania.
460




CLA                                                      CLA
CLARK'S HILL, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., Indiana.   CLARKSVILLE, a snmall village of Defiance co., Ohio, on
CLARK'S ISLAND, the most southern of the Furneaux  St. Joseph's River.
group, Banks's Strait, off the N.E. end of Van Diemen's   CLARKSVILLE, a village of Clarke co., Indiana, on the
Land. Let. of the S. extremity, 400 34' S.                Ohio River, 4 miles above New Albany. 
CLARK'S ISLAND, an island in the North Pacific, in lat.   CLABIKSVILLE. a post-office of Hamilton co., Ildiana.
270 485 N., ion, 1760 W.                                    CLARKSVILLE, a post-office of Kankakee co., Illinois.
CLARK'S (Sic GeoRoG) ISLE, an island in the Arctic    CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, on
Ocean, 10 miles off the coast of British North America, in  the Mississippi, abtout 100 miles above St. Louis. It conlat. 690 20t' N., ion. 1180 40' W.                        tains several stores.
CLARK'S MILLS, a small but thriving village of Oneida    CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Iowa, 94
eo., New York, on Oriskany Creek, about 12 miles S.W. of miles S.W. of Iowa City.
Utica. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly directed    CLARKSVILLE, a post-office of Oconto co., Wisconsin.
to the manufacture of cotton goods.                         CLARSBOROUGII, a post-office of Scott co., Tennessee.
CLARK'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.   CLARY, kl'reeW, a village of France, department of Nord,
CLARK'S MILLS, a post-office of Moore co., North Carolina. 10 miles S.E. of Cambral. Pop. 2230. It has manufactures
CLARK'S MILLS, a post-office of Hemnpstead co., Arkansas. of tulles and gauzes.
CLARK'S MILLS, a village of Canada West, co. of Ad-   CLARYSVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.
dington, on the Napanee River, 21 miles W. of Kingston.    CLAIRYVILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., -New York.
Pop. 350.                                                   CLASE, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 5
CLARKSON, a post-township of Monroe co., New York, miles N.W. of Swansea.
on Lake Ontario, 16 miles N.W. from Rochester. Pop. 4555.   CLASPIMORE, a village and parish of Ireland, in MunCLARKSON, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, about ster, co. of Waterford, 4 miles N.N.E. of Youghall. Pop. 3777.
165 miles N.E. of Columbus, contains near 100 inhabitants.    CLAVSEN'S CORBNER, a village of La Porte co., Indiana,
CLARKSON CENTRE, a post-village of Monroe co., New  a little S. of the Northern Indiana Railroad, and 5 miles
York, 215 miles W. by N. of Albany.                       W.S.W. of La Porte.
CLARK'S RIVER, in the W. part of Kentucky, rises near    CLATIFORD GOOD/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of
the S. border of the state, and flowing N. and N.W., enters  Hants.
the Ohio at Paducah, just below the mouth of Tennessee    CLATFORD, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
River. A small stream, named the West Branch, enters    CLATISOP, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon. It is
Clark's River on the left hand, a few miles from its mouth.  bounded on the N. by the Columbia River, which separates
CLARK'S RIVER, Washington Territory. See CLARKE'S  it from Washington,. and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean,
RIVER.                                                    and is drained by several small streams flowing into the
CLARK'S RIVER, a post-office of Callaway co., Kentucky. Pacific. The soil is generally fertile, although as yet but
CLARK'S RUN, a small stream of Yuba co., towards the  little cultivated. Pop. 462.
N. part of California, falls into Yuba River, about 20 miles    CLATT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
above Marysville. Several hundred men are engaged here    CLAT/WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
in gold-digging, obtaingng from  5 to $50 a day.            CLAUIDY, a village of Ireland, co. and 9 miles S.S.E. of
CLARKSITON, a thriving post-village of Independence  Londonderry. Pop. 191.
township, Oakland co., Michigan, on Kearsley Creek, 36    CLAUDY or CLADY, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone,
miles N.W. of Detroit. It contains 2 churches, 4 stores, and  4 miles S.S.W. of Strabane, on the Finn. Adjacent to the
1 flouring mill.                                          village is a handsome bridge of seven arches over the Finn,
CLAIKS'TOWN, a post-township of Rockland co., New  connecting Claudy with the county of Donegal. Pop. 219.
York, on the right bank of Hudson River, 122 miles below    CLAUGHTON, klawlton, a township of England, co. of
Albany. It contains New City, the county seat. Pop. 3111. Lancaster.
CLARKSIVILLE, a township of Coos co., New Hampshire,   CLAUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
on the E. side of Connecticut River, about 120 miles N. of    CLAUSENBURG, Transylvania.  See KausEcsNBURG.
Concord. Pop. 187.                                          CLAUSISELVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Alabama,
CLARKSVILLE, a post-office of Albany co., New York.    90 miles S.W. of Montgomery.
CLARKSVILLE, a post-township of Alleghany co., New    CLAUSSVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvar
York, about 67 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 668.         nia, 83 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.
CLARKSVILLE, a village of Brookfield township, Madison    CLAUSTIIAL or KLAUSTIAL, klfwetal, a town of Haco., New York, contains the Brookfield Academy.            never, capital of a district in the Harz, 47 miles S.E. of
CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Hunterdon Co., New  Hanover. Pop. 9799, including the adjacent town of ZellerJersey, 14 miles N. of Flemington.                         feld. It is situated on a hill, 1740 feet above the level of
CLARKESVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Pennsyl- the sea, and is mostly built of wood. It is the chief mining
vania, on Ten Mile Creek, 12 miles N.E. of Waynesburg.    town of the Harz, and has an important mining academy,
CLARKSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Mercer co., with a valuable museum, a mint, and a high school. Near
Pennsylvania, 245 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.             it are the principal lead and silver mines in the I/arz, in
CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylva- which, and in some manufactures of carnlets and other
nia, about 152 miles N.E. of IHarrisburg, and 8 miles W. of woven fabrics, its entire population is employed.
Honesdale.                                                  CLAVENNA. See CHIAVENNA.
CLARKSVILLE, a thriving post-village of MIecklenburg    CLAYVERACK, a post-township of Columbia co., New
co., Virginia, on the S. bank of the Roanoke River, a little  York, 4 miles E. of Hudson, intersected by the Hudson and
below the confluence of the Dan and Staunton, 102 miles  Berkshire Railroad, and the Harlem Extension Railroad,
S.W. of Richmond. It has increased more rapidly, perhaps, It contains an academy. Pop. 3208.
during the last ten years than any other village in the    CLAVYERDON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
state. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 1 bank, and over 1000    CLAVERDON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
inhabitants. About 2000 hogsheads of tobacco are annually    CLA/VIERING, a village and parish of England, co. of
inspected here, and sent down the river in batteaux. A  Essex.
railroad is projected from this place to the Gaston and Ra-   CLAY/ERLEY, a village and parish of England, co. of
leigh.Railroad.                                          Salop.
CLARKSVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district,   CLAWRLPLYEI, a hamlet of England, co. of Monmouth.
South Carolina.                                             CLAW/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon..
CLARKSVILLE, Georgia. See CIARKErSVLLE.                   CLAX/BY PLUCK/ACRE, a parish of England, co. of
CLARKSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Clarke co., Ala- Lincoln.
bama, 134 miles S. by W. of Tuscaloosa, contains a court-   CLAX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
house and a few stores.                                     CLAXTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
CLARKSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Red    CLAY, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, contains
River co., Texas, is about 15 miles S.W. of Red River, and  an area estimated at 870 squase miles. It is traversed by
330 miles N.E. of Austin City. It is the oldest village of the  the South Fork of Kentucky River. The surface is mouncounty, and the principal village in what is called the Red  tainous. Coal and iron ore are found, and salt is manufacRiver country of Texas.                                   tured extensively. A large part of the surface is covered
CLARKSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., with forests. Capital, Manchester. Formed in 1806, and
Arkansas, on Spadra Creek, about 100 miles NW. of Little  named in honor of General Green Clay, an officer in the war
Rock. It contains a court-house, jail, and United States of1812. Pop. 5421, of whom 4906 were fimee, and 515 slaves.
land-office.                                                CLAY, a county in the W. part of Indiana, contains 360
CLARKSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Mont-  square miles. It is drained by the Eel River. The surface
gomery co., Tennessee, on the right bank of Cumberland  is generally level, and much of the soil is fertile. The
River, at the mouth of Red River, about 50 miles N.W. of county contains iron ore, and numerous beds of coal, which
Nashville. It contains 4 or 5 newspaper offices, 2 banks, are easily accessible. It is intersected by the railroad firom
and has considerable trade. Pop. in 1853, estimated at Terre Haute to Indianapolis, and by the Wabash and Erie
5000.                                                     Canal. Organized in 1825, and named (as well as the three
CLARKSVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, on the  following counties) in honor of the late Henry Clay, the
7anesville and Cincinnati Railroad, 81 miles S.W. of Co- distinguished statesman of Kentucky. Capital, Bowling
lumbus.                                                   Green. Pop. 7944.
461




CLA                                                        CLE
CLAY, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, has an area    CLAYSVILLE, a post-office of Telfair co.. Georgia.
of 440 square miles. It is intersected by the Little Wabash    CLAYSVILLE, a post-village of Marshall co., Alabama,
River, and also drained by Enlm Creek. The surface is undu- on the Tennessee River, 1.33 miles N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa.
latiri, or nearly level; and the soil is fertile. The county    CLAYSYILLE, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.
consists partly of prairie, and is partly covered by forests    CLAYS~ILLE, a post-office of White co., Tennessee.
Capital, Maysville. Pop. 4289.                                CLAYSVILLE, formerly MARYSVILLE, a small post.;
CLAY, a county in the W.N.W. part of Missouri. has an  village of Harrison co., Kentucky, on the Licking River, 47
an area of 415 square miles. The Missouri River forms its  miles N.E. of Frankfort. It contains a church, a woollen
S. boundary; it is also drained by Fishing Creekl and  factory, a flour mill, and 3 tobacco factories.
Smith's Fork of Little Platte River. The surface is mode-   CLAYSVILLE, a village of Clinton co., Ohio, about 48
rately diversified; the soil is fertile, and well timbered with  miles S.W. of Columbus.
oaks, black walnut, and ash. The rocks which underlie    CLAYSVILLE,  a village of Greene co., Ohio, on the Little
the county are limestone and sandstone.  Capital, Liberty.  Miami Railroad, 10 miles from Xenia. the county seat.
Pop. 10,332, of whom 7590 were free; and 2742 slaves.         CLAYSVILLE, a post-village of CGuernsey co., Ohio, 80
CLAY, a new county in the N.W. part of Iowa, has an  miles E. of Columbus.
area of about 600 square miles. It is drained by the Little    CLAYSVILLE, a village of HIndricks co., Indiana, on the
Sioux River, an affluent of the Missouri, with its branches, Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad, 21 miles W.S.W. of
and some of its tributaries, and also by Lizard River, an  Indianapolis.
affluent of the Des Moines. This county is not included in    CLAYSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Indiana,
the census of 1850.                                         about 90 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis.
CLAY, a post-township of Onondaga co., New York, on    CLAYSVILLE, a post-office of Boone co., Missouri.
the Oswego River, 10 miles N. of Syracuse. The canal con-   CLAYTON, klA/ton, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
necting Syracuse and Oswego passes through it. Pop. 3402.   CLAYTON, a township of England, co. of York, West
CLAY, a township of H-Iuntingdon co., Pennsylvania.  Riding.
Pop. 695.                                                     CLAY/TON, a county in the E.N.E. part of Iowa, borderCLAY, a post-office of Madison co., North Carolina.      ing on Wisconsin, has an area of 760 square miles. The
CLAY, a township in Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 840.         Mississippi River forms its entire boundary on the E. The
CLAY, a township in Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 949.           Turkey River flows through the middle of the county into
CLAY, a township in Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 1108.       the first-named river, and the South Fork of the Turkey
CLAY, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1140.            traverses part of the county. The surface is diversified by
CLAY, a township in Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 653.    rolling prairies and woodlands; the soil is produclive, and
CLAY, a township in Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 905.   the climate healthy. Mines of lead are worked in the S.E.
CLAY, a township in Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 293.          part, near the river. Capital, Garnavillo. Pop. 3873.
CLAY, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 882.             CLAYTON, a post-village and township of Jefferson co.,
CLAY, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1260.    New York, on St. Lawrence and Chaumont Rivers. and at
CLAY, a township in St. Clair co., Michigan, near the  the termcinus of the Utica and Black River Railroad, 20 miles
mouth of St. Clair Itiver. Pop. 822.                        N.N.W. of Watertown. Clayton is a port in the collection
CLAY, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. Pop. 612. district of Cape Vincent, and has a landing for vessels plyCLAY, a township in Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 642.          ing on the St. Lawrence.  Pop. 4191.
CLAY, a village of Cass co., Indiana, 85 miles N. of In-   CLAYTON, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
dianapolis.                                                   CLAYTON, a post-village, capital of Rabun co., Georgia,
CLAY, a township in Hendricks co., Indiana. Pop. 910.  about 175 miles N. of Milledgeville.
CLAY, a township in Howard co., Indiana.  Pop. 41.3.        CLAYTON, a post-village, capital of Barbour co., Alabama,
CLAY. a township in La Grange co., Indiana. Pop. 454.   75 miles S.E. of Montgomery.  Pop. about 400.
CLAY, a towvnship in Mliami co., Indiana. "Pop. 585.        CLAYTON, a post-village in the N.W. part of Mliami co.,
CLAY, a township in Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 1.213.    Ohio. Pop. about 100.
CLAY, a township in Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 1085.           CLAYTON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio, 75
CLAY, a township in Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 672.          miles W. by S. of Columbus.
CLAY, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 659       CLAYTON, a small village of Morgan co., Ohio.
CLAY, a township in Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 769.           CLAYTON, a township in the N. part of Perry co., Ohio.
CLAY, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.            Pop. 1594.
CLAY, a township in La Fayette co., Missouri. Pop. 1716.    CLAYTON, a township in Genesee co., Mlichigan. Pop. 418.
CLAY, a post-office of Washington co., Iowa.                CLAYTON, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana.
CLAYIBROOKE, a parish of'England, co.of Leicester.          CLAYTON, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 781.
CLAYBROOKE, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of    CLAYTON, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 89 nailes
Leicester.                                                  W. of Springfield. It is on the route of the Military Tract
CLAY/CROSS, a station on the North Midland Iailway,  Railroad, now in progress.  Pop. 781.
England. 4 miles S. of Chesterfield.                          CLAYTON, a flourishing post-village of Clayton co., Iowa,
CLAYIDON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            on the Mississippi River, 50 miles above Dubuque. Nearly
CLAYDON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.         all the surplus produce of Clayton county is shipped by
CLAYDON, MIDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.   steamboats at,this place, which is the most easily accessible
CLAYDON STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.  river-port for a large extent of country. Lead-mines have
CLAYE, kMY, a town of France, depayctment of Seine-et- been opened on the bank of the river near Clayton.
Marne, 9 miles W. of Meaux, on the Canal de l'Ourcq.    CLAYTON, a township in Winnebago co., Wisconsin.
Pop. 1108.                                                  Pop. 402.
CLAYETTE, LA, 1U klbttt/, a town of France, department    CLAYTO/NA,    a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio, 75 miles
of Salne-et-Loire, 10 miles S. of Charolles.  Pop. 1221.    E.S.E. of Colunmbus.
CLAY FURNACE, a small village of lMercer co., Penn-    CLAYTON-LE-DALE, atownship ofEnlgland,co. Lancaster.
sylvania.                                                     CLAYTON-LE-M0 RS, a township of England, co. of LanCLAY/JIANGER, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         casters.
CLAY1HEDON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             CLAYTON-LE-WOODS, a township of England, co. of LanCLAY HILL, a post-office of York district, South Carolina. caster.
CLAY IIILL, a post-office of Mrac no co., Alabama.         CLAYTON'S MILLS, a pestoffice of Monmouth co., New
CLAY LANDING, a post-office of Levy co., Florida.        Jersey.
CLAY/LANE, atownship of England, co. of Derby. P.1478.    CLAYTON'S MIILLS, a post-office of Pickens district,
CLAY LICK, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio..           South Carolina.
CLAYM3ONTE, a post-office of New Castle co., Delawvare.    CLAYTONVILLE, a post-village of Henderson co., North
CLAY/POLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          Carolina, 284 nailes W. of Raleigh.
CLAY POOL, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana, about    CLAYTON, WEST, a township of England, co. of York,
1093 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.                         West Riding.
CLAY PORT, a village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on the    CLAYTON-wITn-FRICKLEY, a parish of England, co. of
railway projected from Peru to Elkhart, 100 miles N. by E. York, West Riding.
of Indianapolis.                                             CLAY VALLEY, a post-office, Robeson co., North Carolina.
CLAYS/BURG, a village of Preble co., Ohio, about 35 miles    CLAY VILLAGE, a post-village of Shelby co., Kentucky,
S.W. of Dayton.                                            on the road from Louisville to Frankfort, 16 miles W. of the
CLAY'S POINT. a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.      latter. Pop. about 250'.
CLAYSIVILLE,'a post-borough of Washington co., Penn-   CLAY/VILLE,        a post-office of Providence co., Rhode
sylvania, on the National Road, about 18 miles E. of Wheel- Island.
ing. Pop. 275.                                               CLAYVILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
CLAYSVILLE, a smallvillage of Montgomery co., 3Mary- about 10 miles S. of Utica.
land.                                                       CLAY/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
CLAYSVILLE, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.     CLEAR BRANCH, a post-office of Washington co., Vir.
CLAYSVILLE, a village of Wood co., Virginia, on the  ginia.
Little Kanawha River, 7 miles above Parkersburg, has a    CLEAR BRIDGE, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsyl*
Ine water-power and several nills. Pop. about 100.        Vania.
462




CLE                                                       CLE
CLEAR CREEK, of HIuntingdon co., Indiana, falls into    CLEAR'WATER (or WASA-ICJMMOV) RIVER, in Brithe Wabash River.                                         tish North America, lat. 560 30/ N., Ion. 1100 W., connects
CLEAR C.1:EEK., of Monroe co., Indiana, joins Salt Creek. Lake Moethye with the river Athabasca, and thence the
CLEAR CRtEEK, near the southern extremity of Illinois,  waters flowing to Hudson Bay with those entering the
flows into the Mississippi.                               Arctic Ocean.
CLEAR CR.EEK, of Missouri. See PESnAW.                    CLEARIVWATER, a post-village of Chippewa co., WisconCLEAR CREEK, of Shasta co., in the N. part of California, sin, on Chippewa River, at the mouth of L'Eau  Claire River.
falls into Sacramento River about 2 miles below Shasta City. It has 2 mills, and about 200 inhabitants.
CLEAR3 CREEK, a post-village of Chautauque co., New    CLEASIBY,    a parish of England, co. of York, North
York, about 320 miles W. by S. of Albany, has 2 or 3  Riding
churches and several stores.                                CLEA/TOR, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
CLEAR CRtEEK, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., North    CLEAVELAND, New York. See CLExLAND.o.
Carolina.                                                   CLEAVELAND, Ohio. See CLEVELAND.
CLEAR CREEK, a post-office of Greene co.. Tennessee.      CLEAVEILAND, a post-office of Fayette co., Kentucky.
CLEAR CREEK, a township in Ashland co., Ohio. Pop.   CLEAVELAND, a post-office of IHancock co., Indiana.
1205.                                                       CLECKIIEATON, kllkfe-ton, a village and township of
CLEAR   CREEK, a post-township   of Fairfield co., Ohio, England, co. of York, West Riding, 8. miles W. of Leeds, is
30 miles S. by E. of Columbus. Pop. 1606.                 well built, lighted with gas, and has a news-room and meCLEAR CREEK, a township of Warren co., Ohio. Pop. chanics' institution. The manufacture of woollen cloth and
2316.                                                     worsted is extensively carried on; cards and other machineCLEAR  CREEK, a township in Monroe co., Indiana. ry used in the wool trade are also made, and the ironPop. 9416.                                                founding trade is important.  Here is a station on the
CLEAR CREEK, a township in Clark co., Illinois. Pop. Bradford branch of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.
720.                                                      Pop. 4299.
CLEAR CREEK, a township in Cumberland co., Illinois.    CLECY,klk'seef, a market-town of France. department of
Pop. 279.                                                 Calvados, near the Orne, 13 miles W.N.W. oi Falaise. Pop.
CLEAR CREEK, a small village of Bates co., Missouri.   2028. It has manufactures of lace and cotton fabrics.
CLER CltREEK, a small post-village of Daviess co., Mis-   CLEDEN, kleh-dNa'f, a market-town of France, departsourt.                                                    ment of Finistlre, 25 miles W.N.W. of Quimper.
CLEAR CREEK, a post-office of Daviess co., MisSouri.      CLEDEN, a market-town of France, department of FinisCLEAR CREEK  LANDING, a post-village of Alexander  t&re, 26 miles N.E. of Quimper.
co., Illinois, 215 miles S. of Springfield.                 CLEE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
CLEARNFIELD, a county in the W. central part of Penn-   CLEEK'S MILLS, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.
sylvania, has an area of about 1150 square miles.  It is in-   CLEEINISH, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Fermatersected bythe West Branch of the Susquehanna River, nagh.
which divides it into nearly equal portions. Mushannon    CLEE SAINT MIARGARET'S, a parish of England, co. of
Creek forms part of the S.E. boundary, and Clearfield Creek, Salop.
firom which the name is derived, enters the river about the    CLEES, LE, leh klasce or leh kli, a parish and villsage of
middle of the county. The eastern part is traversed by deep  Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 4 miles W. of Orbe, on the
ravines formed by the watercourses, and is too rugged for  Orbe, in a narrow gorge of the Jura. It was formerly a
cultivation; the remainder is generally rolling and uneven. small town, with a fortress for the defence of one of the
The soil in the valleys of the large streams is productive,  passes of the Jura.
and much of the upland is moderately fertile, and adapted    CLEEfTHORPE.  a township of England, co. of Lincoln,
to grazing. Large quantities of timber, pine, oak, poplar,  parish of Clee, on the coast, 2' miles E.S.E. of Great Grimsand cherry, are procured from the forests, and floated down  by. Pop. 778. It is frequented for sea-bathing.
the river to market. Minues of iron ore and stone coal are    CLEEVE-BISHIOP'S, or BISHOP'S CLEEVE, a villhge
worked. Organize din1804. Capital,Clearfield. Pop.12,586. and parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 34 miles N.N.E. of
CLEARFIELD,, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Cheltenham, with a station on the Bristol and Birmingham
Pop. 1924.                                                Railroad.
CLEARFIELD,    a small post-village of Butler co., Penn-   CLEEVE, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
sylvania.                                                   CLEEVE-PRIIOR, a village and parish of England, co. of
CLEARFIELD, a post-village and township, capital of  Worcester, 5 miles N.E. of Evesham.
Clearfield co., situated in Lawrence township, Pennsylvania,    CLi~GUItREC, kl'gA'rik1, a market-town of France, deon the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, 120 miles  partment of lorbihan, 0 miles N.W. of Pontivy. Pop. in
W.N.W. of Harrisburg.  It contains, besides the county  1852, 3850.
luildings, several churches, a newspaper office, and an aca-   CLEISIt, kileesh, a parish of Scotland, co. of }Kinross.
demy. Coal is abundant in the vicinity, and lumber is a  Here are remains of some Roman forts..
leading article of export. Pop. about 650; of the township,   CLEMIENT, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio.
802.                                                        CLEMIENTON, a village of Camden co., New Jersey, 13
CLEARFIELD BRIDGE, a post-office of Clearfield co., miles S.S.E. of Camden, has 2 mills and a tavern.
Pennsylvania.                                               CLEM/ENTSBURG, a village of Crittenden co., Kentucky,
CLEARFIELD CREEK, Pennsylvania, flows northward,  on the Ohio River, about 220 miles W. by S. of Frankifort.
and enters the West Branch of the Susquehanna near    CLEM ENTSVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., TenClearfield.                                               nessee.
CLEAR FORK, of Mohiccan River, Ohid, enters the main    CLEMIMONSVILLE, a post-village in Davidson co., North
stream near Loudonville, Ashland county.                  Carolina.
CLEAR  FORK, of Black River, Missouri.  See BLA.cK    CLENCIl-WARJTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
RivEn.                                                      CLENDENIIN, a post-office of KIanawha co., Virginia.
CLEAR FORK, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.      CLENT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
CLEAR FORK, a post-office of Whitely co., Kentucky.       CLEOBURY-MORTIMEIt, klolber-re-mor/t.e-mer,,  a marketCLEAR LAKE, of Yolo co., towards the N.W. part of Ca- town and parish of England, co. of Salop, 10 miles E. of
lifornia, is about 6 miles long by 2 miles wide.          Ludlow. Pop. 1730. It has a work-houase, and a free school
CLEAR  LAKE, a township in  Steuben co., Indiana. founded in 1714. The Clee Hills in the vicinity abound in
Pop. 191.                                                 coal, ironstone, and limestone. The ancient satirist, Piers
CLEAR LAKE, a post-office of Sangamon co., Illinois.    Plowman, was born in this town.
CLEAR LAKE, a post-ofiice of Benton co., Minnesota.       CLEOBURY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
CLEARM'ONT, a post-office of Warren co., Tennessee.       CLEOPATRIS.  See SuEZ..
CLEAR POINT, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky.         CLERCKEN, kllrkfken, a village of Belgium, province of
CLEAR PORT, a post-office of Fairfield co., Ohio.       West Flanders, 20 miles S.W. of Bruges.  Pop. 2845.
CLEAR SPRING, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.    CL]t1ES, klAR, a town of France, department of SeineCLEAR SPRING, a post-village of Washington co., Mary- Inflrieure, 10 miles N. of Rouen, on a small river of its
land, 110 miles N.W. of Annapolis, situated in a beautiful own name. Pop. 906.
and fertile country.                                        CLERFF', klaiRf, or CLERVAUX, klala'v65, a small village
CLEAR SPRING, a post-office of Greenville district, South  of Holland, 33 miles N. by W. of Luxemburg.  It has a
Carolina.                                                 castle belonging to the Count of Lannois. Pop. 800.
CLEBAR SPRING, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mlis-   CLERIIHAN, a village of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 4
sissippi.                                                 miles N.W. of Clonmel, with a neat Roman Catholic chapel.
CLEAR SPRING, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.    CLER/KENWELL, a large district and out-parish of the
CLEAR SPRING, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, 614  city of London, co. of Middlesex, 1 mile N. of St. Paul's.
miles S. of Indianapolis, has about 50 inhabitants.       Area, 320 acres. Pop. 56,756. It has a conspicuous sessionCLEAR SPItING, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana, house, Clerkenwell Green Prison-house, and New River
14 miles S.E. of Warsaw, the county seat.                 Head water-cistern  for supplying the metropolis.'" St.
CLEARI SPRING, a township of La Grange co., Indiana. John's Gate" is the only remnant of an ancient priory
Pop. 674.                                                 which stood in that locality.
CLEARSIVILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.   CLERMONT, klle'mlosG/, a town of France.  departmeni
463




CLE                                                         CLE
cf Oise, on the route between Paris and Amiens, and on the    CLEVEDON MILTON, or MILITON CLEVEDON, a paRailway du Nord, 16 miles S.S.E. of Beauvais.  Pop. in 1852, rish of England, co. of Somerset.
5144, engaged in calico bleaching and trading in agricul-   CLEVEILAND, a bay on the N.E. coast of Australia. It is
tural produce.  It has a college and library of 12,000  about 20 miles in width at the entrance.
volumes. Its old castle is now a prison.                      CLEVE/LAND, a fertile district of England. co. of York,
CLERMIONT, kler-montf, a county in the S.W. part of  North Riding. It gives the title of duke to the Vane family.
Ohio, has an area of 462 square miles.  The Ohio River  In it is the hamlet of Clevelandport.
forms its boundary on the S.W., and the Little Miami on    CLEVEILANID, a county in the S.W. part of North
the W.; it is also drained by the East Fork of Little Miami. Carolina, bordering on South Carolina, has an area of about
The surface is generally rolling, and is quite hilly in the  660 square miles.  It is intersected by the First Broad
vicinity of the Ohio River.  A large portion of the soil is  River, which enters Broad River proper near the S.W. exrich. The surface rock of this county is the blue limestone. tremity of the county. The siurface is elevated and uneven;
The Cincinnati and Hillsborough Railroad passes along its  the soil is said to be fertile. King's Mountain is on or near
northern border. Capital, Batavia.  Pop. 30,455.            the S.E. border of the county, which was formed in 1841,
CLERMIONT, a post-township of Columbia co., New York, and named in honor ofColonel Benjamin Cleveland,who coenon the Hudson River, about 10 miles S. by W. of Hudson.  manded at the battle of King's Mountain.  Capital, Shelby.
Pop. 1130.                                                  Pop. 10,396, of whom 8649 were free, and 1747 slaves.
CLERMONT, a post-office of Marion co., Indiana.             CLEVELAND, a post-village of Constantia  township,
CLERMONT, a post-office of Richland co., Illinois.        Oswego co., New York, on the northern shore of Oneida
CLERMiONT, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.            Lake, about 48 miles W. by N. of Utica. It has one or two
CLERMONT-DE-LODEVE, kl6aRmNGc/-deh-lo'dAiv/, a town  churches, and several mills.
of France, department of H16rault, 23 miles W. of MIontpel-   CLEVELAND, a village of Meriwether co., Georgia,
lier. Pop. in 1852, 6180.  It has manufactories of coarse  about 100 miles W. by S. of Mlilledgeville.
woollens for military clothing, and for export to the Levant,    CLEVELAND, a thriving post-village, capital of Bradley
and trade in rural produce. There is here a communal co., Tennessee, on the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad,
college, a savings bank, and a chamber of commerce.         156 miles E.S.E. of Nashville, and about 30 miles N.E. of
CLERMIONT-EN-ARGONNE, kla6m6a./-6n-1aRgonn/,  a  Chattanooga.  The surrounding country is fertile and well
town of France, deipartment of Meuse, 14 miles W.S.W. of  watered, and is rapidly improving since the opening of the
Verdun.  Pop. 1450.                                        railroad. Cleveland is a place of active business, and has
CLERMONT-FERRAND, klIa'm6aNG-f6n'aTNo/, (anc.Asugus-  firom  500 to 600 inhabitants.  It was laid out in 1840. A
toneslsetsm,) a city of France, capital of the department of  railroad is in course of construction from  this point to
Puy-de-DBme, on an eminence, 212 miles S.S.E. of Paris.  Chattanooga.
Pop. in 1852, 33,516.  It has a university, royal college,   CLEVELAND, formerly CLEAVELAND, city and port ofenschool of medicine, library of 18,000 volumes, academy, nor- try of Ohio,capital of Cuyahoga county, on the 8. shore of Lake
mal school, botanic garden, a chamber of commerce, and a  Erie, at the mouth of Cuyahoga River, 135 miles by railroad
school of design. It is composed of two towns, Clermont E.N.E. of Columbus, 255 miles N.E. from Cincinnati, and 195
and Mont-Ferrand, formerly separate, united by a fine pro- miles by water S.W. of Buffalo. Lat. 410 30' N., ion. 81047/ W.
menade. Being situated near the Puy-de-DSme, it is sur- This is one of the most beautiful cities in the United States.
rounded by volcanic formations of the most varied aspect. It is principally built on a gravelly plain, elevated nearly
Chief edifices, the Gothic Cathedral and Church of Notl'e- 100 feet above the level of the lake. The streets cross each
Dame. In one of its suburbs is the fountain of St. Alyne, other at right angles, and vary from 80 to 120 feet in width.
the incrustations of which, during the successive deposits of  Many of them  are well paved and bordered with orna300 years, have formed a curious natural bridge. It has  mental trees, and open delightful vistas of the blue and
manufioctures of linen and woollen fabrics, hosiery, paper, boundless waters. The principal business is transacted on
and cutlery; and it is the entrepOt for commerce betwveen  Main-street, which is 120 feet in width, and is lined with
Bordeaux and Lyons.                                        rows of brick and stone buildings, three or four stories high.
Anterior to the Roman conquest, Clermont was called  Near the centre of the city is a public square of 10 acres,
Nemetum, and, in the reign of Augustus, Augusto-Neme-  divided into four parts by intersecting streets. The most
tum. It became the capital of the Arverni after the destrue- remarkable public buildings are the Merchants' Exchange,
tion of Gergovia, the ancient capital, which seems to have  the Court-IHonse, the Mledical College, the American Hotel,
occupied a hill 41 miles from Clermont. Christianity was  the Weddell Ilouse, and the different churches. The Western
established here, and a bishopric founded, about the year  Reserve Medical College is a flourishing institution, having,
250. The city, which had become very considerable under  in 1852, six professors and about 200 students. There is a
the Romans, suffered severely from the irruption of the  Homoeopathic Medical College, founded in 1850, also an  "Essnorthern tribes; and, A. D. 507, it was taken by Thierry,  gineers and Mechanics' College," established in1854. Cleve.
and united to the crown of France.  In A. o. 761 it was land, including Ohio City, on the opposite side of the river,
sacked by Pepin.  The great council in which the Cru- has fiom 25 to 30 churches, among which are 5 Presbytesades originated was held here in 1095, convoked by Pope  sian, 2 Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 5 Ilethodist, 3 Baptist,
Urban II. Here, fsom a throne around which were grouped  4 Catholic, and 2 colored, besides 1 Jewish synagogue. It
the tents of tens of thousands of enthusiastic hearers, the  has 6 banks,a union school, and 6 newspaper-offices, issuing
pope pronounced that eloquent discourse which melted all daily and weekly editions, besides several which publish
to tears, and was followed by the universal shout of "Diex  weekly editions only.
he volt,"' (Dieu le vent-God wills it,) when the cloaks of    Cleveland after Cincinnati, is the most commercial town in
red cloth worn by the noble bystanders were torn into  Ohio; and there are reasons for believing that its trade will
shreds, to form the badge of the cross, then first adopted. will continue to increase for a long time to come. Besides its
In 1556, Clermont was declared the capital of the duchy of  natural advantages, which are probably equal to any on the
Auvergne. Gregory of Tours, Blaise Pascal, the poet De- lake, its trade is facilitated by the Ohio Canal, which extends
lilles, and General Desaix were natives of this town.       to the Ohio River at Portsmouth, and another uniting the line,
CLERMONT MILLS, a post-office of Harford co., Maryland. at Akron, with Beaver on the Ohio. —virtually a canal from
CLERMONTOIS, klGA m6,NctwV/, a small district of  Cleveland to Pittsburg, inasmuch as loaded canal-boats are
France, in the old province of Lorraine, of which the capital towed by small steamers fisom the mouth of Beaver River to
was Clermontois-sn-Argonne. It is now comprised in the  the latter city,-and by the following railroads, which are
department of the Meuse.                                    already completed: the Cleveland Columbus and CincinCLERMONT-TONNERRE, kler'mont'ton nairl, (Fr. pron. nati; the Cleveland and Pittsburg; the Cleveland and
kl6a'm6NG/-ton'naeiP,) an island of the Pacific Ocean, Low  Erie, and the Cleveland Norwalk and Toledo.  Numerous
Island group. in lat. 180 32' 4911 S., ion. 1360 21' 12" W. other railroads, calculated to facilitate the commercial prosLength, 10 miles, by 1I miles across. Surface, low. Its dis- perity of this city, are in course of construction. Among
covery has been claimed for the French under Admiral these may be mentioned the Cleveland and Mahoning,
Duperr6 in 1825.                                            extending to Newcastle, Pennsylvania;  the Cleveland,
CLERMONTtVILLE, a post-village of McKean co., Penn- Mledina, and Tuscarawas, and Lake Shore Railroad, exsylvania, about 194 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.               tending to Toledo. The mouth of the river forms the harCLERVAL, klta'vAl, a town of France, department of  bor, which, when entered, is safe and of sufficient depth of
Doubs, 24 miles N.E. of Besangon, on the Doubs.             water for the largest vessels on the lake.  Its entrance,
CLERVAUX.  See CLERFF.                                    however, is attended with some danger, and the bas can
CL]RY, klhree/, (anc. Clariacum?) a town of France, only be kept down by continual dredging. The harbor
department of Loiret, on the Loire, 9 miles S.W. of Orleans. has been much improved by the construction of a pier on
Louis XI. was interred in the church of Notre Dame de C1hry. each side, extending 200 feet into the lake. These are 200
CLES, klWs, a town of Austria, Tyrol, 19 miles N. by W. feet apart. Near the end of one stands a light-house, and
of Trent, on the Noce, here crossed by a bridge. It is well another has been erected on the high bank of the shore.
built, and commanded by a castle, and possesses a Francis- The following exhibits the lake trade of Cuyahoga district,
can convent, with a large library. Pop. 2046.              (port of entry, Cleveland,) for the year 1848, 1851, and 1853:
CLErTO, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas.                                    1.848.          1851.          1853.
CLETO CREEK, of Texas, flows into the San Antosl    spnsisoOs.                             2s45.     4ss78
CLETO CREEKI, of Texas, flows into the San Antonio  Inipop-bs...............$7,003,388........$22,804,159........ $54,971,782
from the N. in Goliad co.                                  Exports...............  6,713,24........ 12,02,41....... 32,717,730
CLEVEPDON, a perish of England, co. of Somerset.              "'ta.........$13,716,632S    $134,830,656  $s89,51i
464




CLE                                                         CLI
The imports, by railroad, for 1853, were estimated at.   CLIFFORD, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Penn$15,000,000, which, added to $87,689,512, rak'es the total sylvania, 10 miles N. of Carbondale. Pop. 1353.
trade of Cleveland for 1853, $102,689,512. Of this amount    CLIFFORD, a post-office of Bartholomew co., Indiana.
$397,209 exports and $170,608 imports was foreign trade.   CLIFFORD  CHAMBERS, a parish of England, co. of
The foreign arrivals for the year were 263 vessels of 29,480  Gloucester.
tons burden, and the clearances 235 vessels, of 39,460 tons.   CLIFT MILLS, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.
The number of vessels owned here, June 30th, 1854, was   CLIFTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedfbrd.
over 100, with an aggregate of 45;484 tons enrolled and    CLIF/TON. a watering-place and parish of England, co. o'
licensed. During theyear, 35 vessels, (including 1 steamelr.) Gloucester, about 1 mile W. of Bristol. Area, 910 acres.
with an aggregate burden of 4055 tons. were admeasured. Pop. 14,177. It comprises elegant terraces, and crescents,
The tonnage of the district, in 1853, amounted to 43,492; built on the sides ahd summit of a precipitous limestone
vessels built during the year, (including three steamers,)  hill, commands fine views, and is separated from a similar
37; aggregate burden 70151 tons. At Cleveland are located  cliff by a deep chasm, through which flows the navigable
the Cuyahoga Works, one of the most extensive establish-  Avon. Its celebrated hot baths have a temperature of
ments for the manufacture of locomotives in the Western  about 730 Fahrenheit.  They contain an unusual quantity
States. Arrangements have been made by the public autho- of carbonic acid gas, with salts of magnesia, and have for uprities to supply the city with pure water from Lake Erie, to  wards of two centuries been in high repute. Hotels, lodgingbe raised by a steam-engine. From  the level character of  houses, assembly and concert rooms are established, and
the grounds in the vicinity, a brick tower and tank will be  many of the wealthy inhabitants of Bristol permanently
resorted to as the only practical means to obtain the requisite  reside here. Races are held near it annually in April.
head of water. The cost of the works is estimated in the en-    CLIFTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, on the
gineer's report to the city council at $380,766. Gas is ens- Manchester and Bolton Railway, 5~ miles N.W. of Salford.
ployed to light the streets. Assessed value of property in    CLIFTON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.
1853,$16.498,202. In 1846 it was $'3,116,764. Clevelandwas    CLIFTON, a township of England, co. of York, North
settled in 1796, and incorporated in 1836. The population  Riding.
in 1840 was 6071; in 1850, 17,034; in 1853, 41,196, of whom  CLIFfTON, a post-township of Penobscot co.,Maine. P. 306.
9992 were in Ohio City, formerly a suburb, but now a part    CLIFTON, a post-office of Monroe co.. New Yori.
of the consolidated city.                                    CLIFTON, a township of St. L-awrence co., New York.
CLEVELAND, a post-office of Ilancock co., Indiana.         CLIFTON, a village of Carbon county, Pennsylvania, near
CLEVELAND, township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 419. the Lehigh River, about 120 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
CLEVELAND, a village of Tippecanoe  co., Indiana, 54    CLIFTON, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
miles N.E. of Indianapolis.                                  CLIFTON, a post-office of Ring George co., Virginia.
CLEVELAND, a small village of Boone co., Illinois.         CLIFTON, a post-office of Madison co., Florida.
CLEVES, kleevz, (Ger. Kleve, klAtv9h, Fr. Cl3ves, klve,   CLIFTON, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama:
L. Cil/via,) a town of Rhenish Prussia,government Dusseldorf.   CLIFTON, a small post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee.
capital of circle, and formerly capital of duchy of Cleves, near    CLIFTON, a small village of Woodford co., Kentucky, on
the Rhine and the Netherland frontier, 23 miles N.W. of  the Kentucky River.
Wesel.  Pop. 8000. It stands on a declivity, (whence its    CLIFTON, a village of Clarke co., Ohio, about 50 miles
name,) and is neatly built in the Dutch style. It has a  S.W. of Columbus.
college, a castle now used as a house of correction, a good    CLIFTON, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio, on the Little
town-hall, and a statue of Prince Maurice of Nassau;  Miami River, 75 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. The water-power
manufactories of silk and woollen fabrics, hats, leather, of the river propels a cotton and a woollen factory, a paper
hosiery, &c. Near it are a royal park and a zoological  mill, and grist mill. Pop. about 300.
garden.                                                      CLIFTON, a post-office of Houghton co., Michigan.
CLEVES or CLEVESITOWN, a post-village of Hamilton    CLIFTON, a post-office of Union co., Indiana.
co., Ohio, about 12 miles W. by N. of Cincinnati, has about    CLIFTON, a post-village of Jefferson co., Missouri, on the
300 inhabitants.                                           Mississippi River, 26 miles S. by W. of St. Louis.
CLEW  BAY, Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo, is an    CLIFTON, a village of Dane co., Wisconsin, on the Wisinlet of the Atlantic, lat. 530 55' N., ion. 90 50/ W. It ex- consin River, about 24 miles N.W. of Madison, has about
tends inland for about 15 miles, with a nearly uniform   100 inhabitants.
breadth of 8 miles. Along its shores are numerous small   CLIF/TON CAMP/VILLE, a parish of England, co, of Stafharbors, and fishing stations, with the towns'of Newport,  ford.
Westport, and Louisburgh. At its upper end is an archhi-    CLIF/TON-CUM-IIARTSIHEAD, a township of England,
pelago of about 300 fertile and cultivated islets; and oppo- co. of York, West Riding.
site its entrance is Clare Island.                           CLIFITON FORGE, a post-office of Allegheny co., Virginia.
CLEWIER, a parish of England, co. of Berks.'CLIP/TON HAM/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
CLEY (klee) NEAR THIE SEA, a small seaport and parish    CLIF/TON MAY/BANK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
of England, co. of Norfolk, on an estuary, forming an indif-    CLIFITON MILLS, a post-office of Breckenridge co., Kenferent harbor for light craft, I mile from the North Sea, and  tucky.
25 miles N.N.W. of Norwich.. It has a custom-house, an ex-   CLIF/TON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
port trade in corn and flour, imports of coal, and some    CLIFPTON PARK, a post-township of Saratota co., New
fisheries. It was here that Prince James, afterwards James  York, 17 miles N. by W. of Albany, borders on the Mohawk
I. of Scotland, driven by stress of weather on his voyage to  River andEri ie Canal. Pop. 2868.
France, was detained by the inhabitants: he was afterwards    CLIFITON REYNES, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
kept a prisoner by Henry IV. for 17 years.                   CLIFI/TON SPRINGS, a post-village of Ontario co., New
CLI/BURN, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.       York, on the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 44 miles
CLICHY-LA-GARONNE, klee'sheet-l -g ironn,  a village of  E.S.E of Rochester.
France, department of Seine, 4Q  miles N.W. of Paris, of    CLIPFTON-wnI~T-CAMPITON, a township of England, co.
which it forms a suburb. It has important manufactures  of Derby.
of chemical products.                                        CLIFITON-uPoN- DUNS/MORE, a parish of England, co. of
CLID/DESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Hants.          Warwick.
CLIPIDEN, a seaport-town of Ireland, in Connaught, dis-   CLIPF/TON-wIVH-GLAPITON,     a parish of England, co. of
trict of Connemara, co. and 43 miles W.N.W. of Cialway, on  Nottingham.
an inlet of Ardbear harbor. Pop. 1509. It has a Gothic    CLIP/TON-wzTn-SALIWICK, a township of England, co. of
parish church, several schools, a bridewell, work-house, cus- Lancaster.
tom-house, sessions-house, and a harbor admitting vessels    CLIF/TON-uPro -TEAME, a parish of England, co. of Worof 200 tons burden. Chief exports, herrings, and upwards  cester.
of 1000 tons of oats annually. Chief import, American tim-    CLIP/TY, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky.
ber. Clifden Castle is 2 miles distant.                      CLIFTY, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. Pop. 946.
CLIFDEN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Kil-   CLIFTY, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana, 45 miles
kenny, gives the title of viscount to the Agar-Ellis family.   S.E. of Indianapolis.
CLIFFE, kliff, a township of England, co. of York, East    CLIFTY CREEK, Alabama, flows S. into Sipsey River, in
Riding.                                                    Walker county.
CLIFFE, a township of England, co. of Kent.                CLIFTY CREEK, in the S.W. part of Kentucky, flows
CLIFPE PYPARD, or PEPER, a parish of England, co. through the S.E. part of Muhlenberg county into Muddy
of Wilts.                                                  Creek.
CLIFFE REGIS, or KING'S CLIFFE, a parish of England,   CLIFTY CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Rush county, and
co. of Northampton.                                        flowing S.W. about 50 miles, enters the Driftwood Fork of
CLIFFE, ST. TIIOMAS, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. White River, 3 miles below Columbus..
CLIFFE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            CLIFTY CREEK, of Jefferson co., Indiana, falls into the
CLIF/FORD, a parish of England, co. of hIereford, 8 miles Ohio 1 mile below Madison.
S.S.W. of Kington. Ilere are the,ruins of an ancient castle,   CLIIMAX, a township of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Pop.
the baronial residence of the Clifford family.             504.
CLIPFFORD. a township of  upgland, co. of York, West    CLI/MIAX PRAIVRIE, a post-office of Kalamazoo co., MiRiding.                                                    chigan.
2 E                                                                          465




CLI'CLI
CLTIMPING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           Capital, Plattsburg. Pop. 3786, of whom 3347 were free, and
CLINCH, a new county in the S. part of Georgia, formed  439 slaves.
since 1850.                                                   CLINTON, a county in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on
CLINCH DALE, a village of Hawkins co., Tennessee, 250  Illinois, has an area of 696 square miles. The Mississippi
miles E. of Nashville.                                     River forms its eastern boundary; the Wapsipinicon traCLINCHI RIVER, of Virginia and Tennessee, rises among  verses the western part, and forms the southern boundary.
the mountains in the S.W. part of the former state, and  The county has a fair proportion of timber and prairie; the
flowing S.W. into Tennessee, traverses the valley between  soil is good. Capital, De Witt. Pop. 2822.
Clinch and Powell Mountains, and unites with the IHolston    CLINTON, a post-village and township of Kennebec co.,
at Kingston, to form the Tennessee River. Its whole length  Maine, 25 miles N. by E. of Augusta, on the E. side of Kenis estimated at above 200 miles. Small boats navigate it nebec River. Pop, 1743.
for more than half that distance.                             CLINTON, a flourishing manufacturing post-village and
CLINE'S MILL, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.     township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, on the Na.
CLINGIMAN, a post-office of Cleveland co., North Carolina. shua River, which here affords good water-power, and on
CLINGtMAN'S PEAK, of North Carolina, is the highest the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 35 miles W. by N. of
peak of Black Mountain, and the most elevated land E. of Boston. The township was set off from Lancaster in 1849.
the Mississippi, being 6941 feet above the level of the sea. Clinton is remarkable for its rapid growth, and for its exIt is situated about 3 miles N. of Mitchell's Peak, and is tensive and peculiar manufactures, the more important of
named in honor of the I-Ion. Thos. L. Clingman, who deter- which consist of Lancaster ginghams, Brussels carpets,
mined its altitude in Sept. 1855.                           coach lace, figured counterpanes, fancy cassimeres, carpes
CLINtTON, a county forming the N.E. extremity of New  bags, and machinery. The most prominent among the nuYork, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded merous establishments are the Gingham or Lancaster Mills,
on the E. by Lake Champlain, and on the S. by the Rivihre which are considered to be the most complete of the kind in
au Sable, and is drained by'the Saranac and Chazy Rivers, the United States. The buildings are situated on the banks
and other smaller streafns which furnish abundant water- of the Nashua, in the eastern part of the town, and cover
power. Along the shore of the lake the surface is level, or more than four acres of ground. About 800 hands are emslightly uneven, and the soil of good quality. In the W. ployed, who keep in operation 21,000 spindles and 600 looms,
part the surface is mountainous, and abounds in iron Ore of producilg daily upwards of 13,000 yards, or between4,000,000
an excellent quality. The railroad, connecting Rouse's Point and 5,000,000 yards annually. The dye-lhouse connected with
with Ogdensburg, traverses the county, and a branch to this establishment is supposed to be the most perfect of the
Plattsburg is included within it. Organized in 1788, and kind in the world. Capitalofthecompany, $9000000. Besides
named in honor of George Clinton, who was six times suc- the above may be mentioned the Clinton Company, with a
cessively elected governor of the state of New York, and capital of $400,00, producing annually 1,200,000 yards of
afterwards vice-president of the United States.  Capital, coach lace, and 800,000 yards of tweeds and cassimeres; the
Plattsburg.  Pop. 40,047.                                  Bigelow Carpet Company, (commenced operations in the fall
CLINTON, a county in the N. central part of Pennsylva- of 1849,) which yearly turns out upwards of 150,000 yards
nia, contains about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by  of Brussels carpeting, of a quality hitherto unsurpassed;
the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and also drained  and the Lancaster  Quilt Company, producing about 70,000
byBald Eagle and Kettle Creeks. The surface is mountain- counterpanes annually.  The township covers an area of
ous, the county lying on the WV. declivity of the Alleghany  only about 5000 acres. It contains several excellent schools,
Ridge. The soil of the limestone valleys is productive. There and three handsome churches. Pop. in 1840, 3113.
is abundance of iron ore and bituminous coal in the county,   CLINTON, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.,
and the coal-mines are extensively worked.  The West Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, and on the New hIaven
Branch Canal affords an easy access to market. Organized  and New London Railroad, 23 miles E. of New Haven. Pop.
In 1839. This county, as well as most of those following, 1344.
was named in honor of De Witt Clinton, governor of New    CLINTON, a post-township of Clinton co., New York, 30
York, and one of the earliest and most distinguished pro- miles N.W. df Plattsburg, intersected by the Northern Railmoters of internal improvement in his own state. Capital, read. Pop. 1436.
Lock Haven. Pop. 11,207.                                     CLINTON, a township of Dutchess co., New York. Pop.
CLINTON, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, border- 1795.
ing on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 350 square miles.   CLINTON, a post-village of Kirkiand township, Oneida
Cumberland River, navigable for boats, washes its N. bor- co., New York, is pleasantly situated on both sides of the
der, and it is also drained by Wolf River and Indian Creek. Oriskany Crooeek, and on the Chenango Canal, 9 miles S.W.
The surface is partly hilly and partly undulating. Poplar of Utica, and 100 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It is the seat
Mountain, a spur of Cumberland Mountain, rises in the E. of Hamilton College, a well-endowed and popular institupart of the county to the height of 1000 feet or more. The  tion, under the direction of the Presbyterians. The buildsoil is fertile, but a large part of it is yet unimproved. ings are of stone, and are situated on an eminence 1 mile
Stone coal and iron ore are abundant in the highlands.  from the Village. An important addition is about being
The county is liberally supplied with water-power. Organ- made to the college by the erection of an observatory, inized in 1836  Capital, Albany. Pop. 4889, of whom 4627  tended to be one of the best in the United States.  The Clinwere free, and 262 slaves..                              ton Liberal Institute, under tihe patronage of the UniverCLINTON, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area salists, is an academical institution of the first class, conof 467 square miles. It is drained by the East lork of Little  prising two departments, one for males, and one for females.
Miami, by Anderson's Fork, and by Todd's and Rattlesnake  Clinton also contains 2 or 3 other schools, a bank, and
Creeks. The surface is undulating; the soil highlyproduc- churches of-4 denominations. The manufacture of cotton
ive and well cultivated. It is intersected by the Zanesville, goods and lumber is carried on here and in the vicinity to
Wilmington, and Cincinnati Railroad, nearly completed. a considerable extent, and about a mile above the village,
Named in honor of Governor George Clinton, of New York. where the Chenango Canal crosses the Oriskany, the FrankCapital, Wilmington.  Pop. 18,838.                         lin Iron Conmpany established, in the spring of 1851, an exCLINTON, a county in the central part of Michigan, con- tensive blast-furnace, the works of which cost about $75,000.
tains 576 square miles. It is drained by the Grand, Maple, The capital of the company has since been increased, and
and Lookingglass Rivers. The surface is level and heavily  they now consume about 40 tons of coal daily, producing
timbered; the soil is productive. The county is liberally  from 15 to 20 tons of iron.
supplied with water-power.- Capital, De Witt. Pop. 5102.     CLINTON, a township of Essex co., New Jersey. Pop. 2508.
CLINTON, a county in the N.W. central part of Indiana,   CLINTON, a thriving post-village and township of IHuncontains 432 square miles. It is drained by the forks of  terdon co., New Jersey, on the New Jersey Central RailWildcat River and Sugar Creek. This county, which lies in  road, and on the South Branch of Raritan River, about 10
the fertile valley of the WVabash, has a level surface and an  miles N. of Flemington, is situated in a fine and well-imalluvialsoil. It contains a prairie 12 miles long and 4 miles proved agricultural region. The stream  affords sufficient
wide. Plank-roads extend in two directions fitom Frankfort, water-power to turn a large flour mill, a saw mill. and some
the county seat.  Organized in 1830. Pop. 11,869.           other machinery. This town has 2 or 3 hotels, 7 stores, and
CLINTON, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, has 2 churches. Pop. about 800; of the township, 2368.
an area of 420 square miles. It is intersected by the Kas-   CLINTON, a post-village of Allegheny co., Pennsylvania,
kaskia River and by Shoal Creek, and-also drained by Bee- 15 miles W. of Pittsburg.
ver and Crooked Creelks. The surface is generally level,   CLINTON, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, on
and the soil productive. It contains a number of prairies, the right bank of the Alleghany River, 33 miles above Pittsalternating with tracts of timber. Capital, Carlyle. Pop. burg.
5139.                                                        CLINTON. a village of Centre township, Greene co., PennCLINTON, a county in the N.W. part of Missouri, has an  sylvania, about 6 miles W. of Waynesburg.
area of 460 -square miles. It is drained by Smith's Fork and    CLINTON, a township of Lycoming - co., Pennsylvania.
Little Platte River, and by Castile Creek. The general sur-  Pop. 850.
face is nearly level, and the soil productive. The county     CLINTON, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
has a large proportion of prairie. Limestone and sandstone  840.
are the principal rocks. The projected railroad -from  lIan-    CLINTON, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania
nibal to St. Joseph Will probably pass through the county. Pop. 544.




CLIT                                                        CLO
CLINTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Sampson co.,   CLINTON HOLLOW, a post-office of Dutchess co., New
North Carolina, on the stage-road from Fayetteville to War-  York.
saw, 35 miles E. of the former. It has an active trade, and    CLINTON MIILLS, a post-office of Lyco ming co., Pennsylcontains 6 dry-goods stores, and 8 or 10 other shops. There  vania.
is a female institute in the immediate vicinity.             CLINTON RIVER, of Michigan, has its sources in the
CLINTON, a post-office of Laurens district, South Caro- numerous small lakes of Oakland county, and flows through
lina.                                                      Macomb county into Lake St. Clair, 6 miles from Mount CleCLINTON, a small village of Gwinnett co., Georgia.       mens. Its length is estimated at 50 miles. It is navigable
CLINTON, a post-village, capital of Jones co., Georgia, by boats for 20 miles.
about 20 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville.                    CLINTON ROCK, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.
CLINTON, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Alabama,    CLIN0TONVILLE, a post-village in Au Sable township,
120 miles W.N.W. of Montgomery.                            Clinton co., Now York, on Au Sable R.iver, about 150 miles
CLINTON, a village in Hinds co., Mississippi, 10 miles  N. of Albany. Several furnaces and rolling mills are here
W. of Jackson. It is on the railroad from Vicksburg to  in successful operation. Pop. about 1400.
Brandon.  It is the seat of Mississippi College.             CLINTONVILLE, a village of Onondago co., New York, 4
CLINTON, a thriving post-village, capital of East Fell- or 5 miles E.S.E. of Skaneateles.
ciana parish, Louisiana, 32 miles N. of Baton Rouge. A    CLINTONVILLE, a village of Lycoming co., Pennsylvarailroad, 25 miles long, connects it with Port Hudson, on  nia, 10 miles S.E. of Williamsport, and 80 miles N. of HIarthe Mississippi. It is a place of active and extensive busi-  risburg, contains about 100 inhabitants.
ness, and is surrounded by a community of wealthy cotton-    CLINTONVILLE. a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylplanters: 16,000 bales of cotton were shipped here in 1851. vania, 175 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.
Clinton contains a fine court-house, 2 churches, 1 syna-   CLINTONVILLE, a post-village of Greenbrier co., Virginia,
gogue, 1 academy, about 20 stores, and 2 offices which issue  231 miles W. of RIichmond.
newspapers. Pop. in 1850,1252.                               CLINTONVILLE, a post-village of Bourbon co., Kentucky,
CLINTON, a post-village, capital of De Witt co., Texas, 9 miles S. of Paris, the county sea t, has 2 churches and seveabout 94 miles in a direct line S. by E. of Austin. The  ral stores.
lands of the Guadalupe Valley are said to be extremely fer-   CLINTONVILLE, a post-village  of Franklin co., Ohio, on
tile, and the uplands are rolling and finely diversified in  the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, 5 miles
scenery.                                                   N. of Columbus.
CLINTON, a post-village, capital of Van Buren co., Ar-   CLINTONVILLE, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
kansas, on Little Red River, about 60 miles in a straight   CLFO, a post-village in Marlborough district, South Caroline N. by WV. of Little Rock.                             line, about 120 miles N.E. of Columbia.
CLINTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Anderson    CLIO, a post-office of Wayne co., Kentucky, 94 miles S. of
co., Tennessee, on the right bank of the Clinch River, 18  Frankfort.
miles N.W. of Knoxville, and 175 miles E. of Nashville, is    CLIO, a post-office of Greene co., Ohio.
surrounded by a fertile and beautiful country.  The river    CLION, kle-iNGI, a village of France, department of Loireis navigable for boats.                                    Inf6rieure, 11 miles S. of Paimbceuf. Pop. 2110.
CLINTON, a post-village, capital of Hickman co., Ken-    CLION, a village of France, department of Indre, 41 miles
tucky, is about 10 miles from the Mississippi River, and  S.E. of Chitillon.  Pop. 1600.
800 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort.  It contains 4 stores, 1    CLIP/PERTON  ROCK, a low coral island in the North
school, and about 300 inhabitants.                         Pacific Ocean, N.W. of the Galapagos, in Tat. 10~ 14' N., Ion.
CLINTON, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1186.  1090 19' WV. It is about 3 miles in diameter. Both the ex.
CLINTON, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 708.       istence and the position of this dangerous rock were doubtCLINTON, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 802.         ful, until ascertained by Captain Belcher, May 18, 1839.
CLINTON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1680.        CLIPPESBY, Iklipslbee, a parish of England, co, of NorCLINTON, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 764.       folk.
CLINTON, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio, on the Ohio    CLIP/SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
Canal, 118 miles N.E. of Columbus.                            CLIPS'TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
CLINTON, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 886.         CLISHEIMH, klis'him, or CLISSEVAL, klis'se-valf, the highCLINTON, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1121.    est mountain in the outer Hebrides, Scotland, island of HIarCLINTON, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, is  ris, 6 miles N.W. of Tarbet. HIeight, 2700 feet.
pleasantly situated on Raisin River, and on the Chicago    CLISSA, kisis/i, a small fortified town of Dalmatia, 4
Road, 15 miles N. by E. of Adrian, the county seat; is well miles N.E. Spalatro, on a height commanding the route from
supplied with water-power, and is surrounded by a fertile  that city to the interior.  Clissa, from the importance of its
tract of land. It contains several stores and mills, and  position, has always been a first object of attack by any army
about 500 inhabitants.                                     invading this part of Dalmatia, and has accordingly stood
CLINTON, a township of Macomnb co., Michigan. Pop. 2130. many sieges, and passed under the hand of many masters,
CLINTON, a township of Cass co., Indianat. Pop. 666.     Pop.1300. On a mountain of the same name, in the vicinity,
CLINTON, a township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 804. is supposed to have stood the Roman castle of Andreltiunm.
CLINTON, a township of La Porte co., Indiana. Pop. 698.   CLISSON, clees6s6No&, a town of France, department of
CLINTON, a thriving post-village and township of Ver- Loire-Inf6rieure, on the S6vre-Nantaise, near its confluence
milion co., Indiana, on the W. bank of the Wabash River, with the Maine, 16 miles S.E. of Nantes. Pop. 1372. It has
16 miles S. of Newport. It is a shipping point for the pro- manufactures of woollen cloths, paper, and yarn.
duce of the vicinity. Pop. in 1853, about 500; of the town-   CLIST HON/ITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
ship, in 1850, 1509.                                         CLIST HYfDON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
CLINTON, a township of De Kalb co., Illinois. Pop. 350.    CLIST ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
CLINTON, a post-village, capital of De Witt co., Illinois,   CLIST ST. LAWfRENCE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
on the Central Railroad, (now, October, 1854, just completed,)    CLIST ST. MAIRY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
50 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. The land in the vicinity is    CLITIHEROE, kliTHler-o, a parliamentary and municipal
very productive. Laid out in 1837. Pop. about 500.         borough and market-town of England, co. of Lancaster,
CLINTON, formerly RIVES COURT-HOUSE, a small post- parish of Whalley, on the Ribble, at the base of Pendle Hill,
village, capital of Henry co., Missouri, a few miles N. of  (which rises to 1800 feet above the sea,) 28 miles by railway
Grand River, (of the Osage,) and 107 miles WV. by S. of Jef- N. of Manchester. Pop. in 1851, 11,480. It is built of stone,
forson City.                                               and has a large chapel of ease, a Roman Catholic chapel, a
CLINTON, a thriving post-village of Monroe co., Missouri, grammar school founded by Queen Mary in 1554, (annual
on the North Fork of Salt River, 81 miles N. of Jefferson  revenue upwards of 4501.,) a mechanics' institute, some reCity. It has a valuable water-power, and several stores.    mains of a castle built by the Lacy family in the twelfth
CLINTON, a village of Dane co., Wisconsin, on the Kosh- century, and considerable manufactures of calicoes and
konong River, 24 miles E. by S. of Madison, has a fine water- other cotton fabrics. It sends one member to the House
power, and contains about 150 inhabitants.                 of Commons.
CLINTON, a post-village and township of Rock co., WVis-   CLITUIMNO, kle-toom/no, or CLITUNNO, kle-toonfno, (anc.
consin, about 68 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1168.        Clitimmtfnus,) a little river of Italy, in the Papal States, falls
CLINITON-COLIDEN  LAKE, an extensive sheet of water into the Tinia, an xffluent of the Tiber. It is remarkable
in British North America, connected with Lake Aylmer on  for the beautiful transparency of its waters. (See BYvoN's
the N.W., and with Artillery Lalke on the S., intersected by  Childe Harold, iv. 66.)
the parallel of 640 N., and by the meridian of 1070 30' W.   CLIVIIGER, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
It was discoverqd in 1833, by Captain Back.                   CLIXIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
CLINTON COLLEGE, a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee,   CLOCAENOG, klo-kinog, a parish of North Wales, co.
53 miles E. by N. of Nashville.                             of Denbigh.
CLINTONCORNERS,apost-officeofDutchessco.,NewYork.   CLOCH (kl6K) or CLOUGII (klri) POINT, a headland of
CLIN/TONDALE, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.    Scotland, on the S. shore of the Frith of Clyde, 4 miles W.
CLINTON FURNACE, a post-office of Clarion co., Penn- by S. of Greenock, with a light-house exhibiting a white
sylvania.                                                   stationary light, 70 feet above high water.
CLINTON HILL, a village of St. Clair co., Illinois, 5 or 6    CLOCK/VILLE, a post-township, Madison co., New York.
miles N. of Belleville.                                       CLOIDOCK, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
467




CLO                                                      CLO
CLOIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         land, in Connaught, co. of Galway, N.W. of the Shannon,
CLOGI{ or CLOUCII, klan, a village of Ireland, I7  miles and comprisiug 9615 acres, with an average depth of 30 feet,
N. of Antrim, near the Ravel water. On a high rock over- in many places 10 feet below the Shannon. They are tralooking the village are the remains of an old castle.     versed by the Grand Canal.
CLOGI/AN, a village and post-town of Ireland, Kings co.,   CLONFERiT, or NEWMARKET, a parish of Ireland, in
4 miles N.N.E. of Banagher, near the Shannon, consisting  Munster, co. of Cork.
of neatly thatched cottages. Pop. 664.                      CLONFERT, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of
CLOGIIANE, klh-nainu, or CLAI{ANE, kla-hainl, a pa- Galway.
rish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of IKerry.                 CLONFINLOUGH, klon-fin-l18, or CLOONFINLOUGH, a
CLOGIHEEN, klBh-nIeenl, a market-town of Ireland, in  parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Roscommon.
Munster, co. of Tipperary, 13k miles W.S.W. of Clonmell.   CLONIGESH  or CLON/GISIL, a parish of Ireland, in LeinPop. 2049. The.principal edifices are a church, cavalry  ster, co. of Longford.
barracks, bridewell, work-house, and hospital. It is head    CLON'KEENI, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Louth.
of a poor-law union. The Cork Railway passes within 5    CLONKEEN, or CLONKEEN-KERf1Y, aparishof Ireland,
miles of the town, and about 2 miles distant is Shanbally, in Connaught, co. of Galway.
the seat of Viscount Lismore.                                CLONKEEN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of LimeCLOGIER, klbhhIer, a decayed episcopal city, and dis- rick.
franchised parliamentary borough, now a market-town and    CLONLEIGHI, klon/lee, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co.
parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, on the Blackwater of Donegal, comprising a part of the town of Lifford.
River, 82 miles N.N.W. of Dublin, and 7 miles W. of Augh-   CLONLEIGI or CLONLEE, a parish of Ireland, in Munnacloy. It has a cathedral, a court-house, and bridewell, a  ster, co. of Clare.
free and an infant school. Quarter sessions are held twice    CLONLEIGH,, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wexin the year. Clogher was erected into a borough in the  ford.
reign of Charles I., and continued td return two members    CLONMACNOISE, klonmak-l;noizf, (" TlheSeven Churches,")
to theIrish parliament till the Union, when it was disfran- a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co.
chised. Pop. of town, 523.                                  CLON'MAINY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal.
CLOGHER, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.           CLON'MEENI or CL00N'MEENI, a parish of Ireland, in
CLOGHER, or KILCLOGIHER, a parish of Ireland, in Lein- Munster, co. of Cork.
ster, co. of Louth.                                         CLONMEL, klgn-min11, a parliamentary and municipal boCLOGHER, a village of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo. rough and town of Ireland, in Munster, cos. of Waterford and.
CLOGHERNEY or CLOUGHIERNEY, klh/Hior-ne, a parish  Tipperary, on the Limerick and Waterford Railway, and on
of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone.                     both banks of the Suir, and some islands in that river, its
CLOGIIJOR/DAN, a post-town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, several parts connected by 5 bridges, 14 miles S.S.E. of Cashel.
8} miles W. of Roscrea. Pop. 1164.                        Pop. 13,505. Its municipal jurisdiction extends over 4000
CLOKIEY, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsylvania.  acres, mostly in the county of Waterford. It appears thrivCLONAKILTY  or CLOCHI NAKIRTY, klb.h'na-kilnte, a, lg, and its central part is regularly built, paved, and lighted
market-town and formerly a parliamentary borough of Ire- With gas, but its suburbs are mean. The principal buildings
land. in Munster, co. of Cork, on the Foilagh, here crossed  are a church founded in the twelfth century, Roman Cathoby tvwo bridges, near its mouth in Clonakilty Bay, 11. miles lic and various other chapels, the endowed grammar school,
S.W. of Bandon. Pop. 3993. It was once a flourishing town, a lunatic asylum, court-house, county jail, large barracks,
but is now in decay. The principal edifices are a church, the county infirmary and dispensary, fever hospital, house
court-house, infantry barracks, bridewell, market-house, and  of industry, and butter market. It has a, mechanics' instia linen-hall. Linens of the annual value of 30,0001. were  tute, several banks, manufactures of cotton fabrics, breweformerly woven here; some cottons are still manufactured. ries, a distillery, and a considerable commerce in agriculCLONALILON, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. tural produce for the Waterford, Bristol, Liverpool, -c. marCLONARDI, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath. kets. The borough sends one member to the House of ComCLON'BEG!, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.       mons. It gives the title of earl to the Scott family.
CLONTBERNI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway.           CLONMEL, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.
CLONBROINEY or CLONBRONE, a parish of Ireland, in    CLONMERLRON,, a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster,
Leinster, co. of Longford.                                co. of West Meath, 5 miles N.W. of Athboy. Pop. 859.
CLONBULLOGE, klon-bhlYloj, or CLON'SAST!, a parish    CLONMINES, klon-minzI, a parish of Ireland, co. of
of Ireland, in Leinster, Rings co.                        Wexford.
CLONBULLOGE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.       CLONMORE1,  a pamish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of CarCLONCIHA or CLONCA, the most northern parish of Ire- low. It gives the title of baron to the Howard family, who
land, in Ulster, co. of Londonderry, between the Strabreasy  have here an old castle.
Bay and the Atlantic. In it are Malin Head and Well, with    CLONMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny.
various antiquities.                                        CLONMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Louth.
CLONCLARE, klon-klairf, or CLOONCLARE, kloon-klair/,   CLONMORE, or KILLAYENOCH, a parish of Ireland, in
a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Leitrim.        Munster, co. of Tipperary.
CLONCUR/RY, 2 parishes of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of    CLONMORE. a parish of Ireland, co of Wexford.
Kildare.                                                    CLONMULSK!  or CLONMELSII/, a parish of Ireland, in
CLON'DAGAD! or CLON'DEGAD!, a parish of Ireland, in  Leinster, co. of Carlow.
Munster, co. of Clare.                                      CLONMULSKf, or CLONRUSII, a parish of Ireland, in
CLONDAI/KIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin.        Connaught, co. of Galway.
CLON'DEIIOR!KEY or CLON'DAHORIIKEY, a parish of    CLONOE, klosn-6, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
Ireland, inUlster, co. of Donegal.                        Tyrone.
CLON'DERADOCI or CLON'DARADOGI, a parish of Ire-   CLONOULTY, klon-6l1tee, a parish of Ireland, in Munster,
land, in Ulster, co. of Donegal.                          co. of Tipperary.
CLON'DERALAW!  BAY, of Ireland, in Munster, co. of    CLONPRIEST/, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
Clare, 18 miles S.W. of Ennis, is an inlet of the Shannon  Cork.
estuary, and penetrates inland for about 4 miles; breadth    CLONTARFI, a small town and parish of Ireland, in Leinvarying from  to lI miles.                                ster, co., and 3 miles E.N.E. of Dublin, on the N. side of its
CLONDI1OIIID, klon'dro-heedl, a parish of Irelann, in  bay. The town consists of a pretty good main street, with
Munster, co. of Cork.                                     some detached residences, a church of the seventeenth cenCLON'DUFF!  or CLAN'DUFF/, a parish of Ireland, in  tury, having the family vault of the Vernons, lords of the
Ulster, co. of Down.                                      manor, who reside in Clontarf Castle. Iiere, on April 23,
CLONE or CLOONE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim.   1014, the united Danes and Irish were defeated by the troops
CLONE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wexford.  of Brian Boronch, who was killed in the action-a battle
CLONENAGH, klon'e-nAtI, and CLONAGIIEEN, klon'?- forming the subject of Gray's ode, " The Fatal Sisters."
Heen, a parish of Ireland, in Leibster, Queen's co.         CLONTIIAL or KLONTIIAL, (Kiinthal,) kltnl-tal, a lake
CLONES, klonz, a parish and market-town of Ireland, in  of Switzerls- d. in tihe beautiful valley of the same name,
Ulster, co. and 11 miles WV.S.W. of Monaghan, and near the  3 miles S.W. of Glarus. It is 2 miles long, 1 mile broad, and
Ulster.Canal. Pop. of the town, 2877. It has a modern  2526 feet above the level of the sea.
church, a work-house, fever hospital, sessions and market-   CLONTIB/RET, a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan.
houses. Near it are numerous antiquities, including an    CLONTURKf, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. ofDublin.
abbey founded in the' sixteenth century.                    CLON'TUSKERT! or CLONTHUSKERT, a parish of IreCLO/NEY, CLORNY, or CLO/NIE,a parish of Ireland, in  land, in Connaught, co. of Galway.
Munster, co. of Clare.                                      CLON'TUSKETi/, or CLOONT'WISICAR, a pamish of IreCLONFANE, klon-f'n!, STRAWBERRY  HILL,  and  land, in Connaught, co. of Roscommon.
QUEENSFORT, BOG OF, Ireland, in Connaught, co. of   CL00'NAF/, CLO'NAFF/ or CLON'CRAFT, a parish of
Galway, comprises about 3715 English acres. In it the Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Roscommon.
river Clare has its sources.                                CROO5NOGHIILL or CLOO'NACOL/, a parish of Ireland,
CLONFEACLE, klon-fA/kel, (anc. Cluaimn-iacil,) a parish  in Connaught, co. of Sligo.
of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Armagl and Tyrone.           CLOPIlIILL,   a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
CLON'FERT/ and KILARORLE!, two contiguous bogs of Ire-   CLOPITON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
468




CLO                                                         CLY
CLOPITON, a post-office of Smith co., Texas, 250 miles N.E.   CLUB CREEK, in the S. part of Virginia, flows southward
of Austin.                                                 through Charlotte co., and enters the Staunton a few miles
CLOPTOlNA, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama.           S.W. from Marysville.
CLOPITON'S MILL, a post-office of Putnam co., Georgia,   CLUGNAT, kliiunyN, a village of France, department of
16 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                            Creuse, 14 miles N.E. of Gudret, on the Veraux. Pop. 2120.
CLOSEIBURN, (formerly KILOSBURN,) a parish of Scot-   CLUIS, kilwee, two contiguous villageS of France, departland, co. of Dufiafriies.                                  ment of Indre, 12 miles WV. of La Chftre. United pop. 1950.
CLOS'TER, a village of Bergen co., New Jersey, about 20    CLUN or CLUNN, a decayed borough, market-town. and
miles N. by WV. of New York.                               parish of England, co. of Salop, on a small river 5f the same
CLOSIWORTI{, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       name, 5- miles S.S.W. of Bishop's Castle. Area of parish,
CLOTIfALL, a parish of England, co. of Ierts.            22,600 acres, including nearly 2000 acres of common land in
eLOTZE or KZLOTZE,'(Cl1tze or Kitzee) klatbtfh,a cviii  e  the forest of Clun. Pop. in 1851, 2121; of township, 911.
of Prussian Saxony 40 miles N.W. of'lagdeburg.' Pop. Revenue of Trinity Hospital for 13 poor brethren, about
2320.                                                      12001. The borough has a town-hall and union work-house.
CLOUD/Y BAY, New Zealand, is an inlet of Cooke's Strait, It is governed by bailiffs and a recorder, under the Earl of
in the N.E. extremity of New Munster, (Mliddie Island.) Its  Powis, lord of the manor, and it gives the title of baron to
S. coast is most lofty; on its N. shore is Cloudy IIarbor, one  the Duke of Norfolk, a descendant of its ancient lords, the
of the finest harbors known, the E. entrance of which is in  Pitzalans.
lat. 410 20' S., lon. 1740 10' E. Cloudy Bay receives the Wairoo    CLUNIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
River.                                                       CLUNIGUNFPORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
CLOUItNEY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.    CLUNIE, klutnee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
CLOUTIERVILLE, kloofte-er-vil, a post-village of Natchi- Surface mountainous.  An action between the Caledonians
toches parish, Louisiana, on the N. bank of Red River, 85  and the IRomans under Agricola is supposed to have taken
miles W. by S. of Concordia.                               place in this parish.  IIere is Clunie Loch, with a small
CL0/VA, a parish of Scotland, co., of Forfar.            island, and remains of ancient castles.
CLOVE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.            CLUNY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
CLOVE, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.            CLUNY.  klii'neel, a town of PFrance, department of SaOneCLOVELILY or CLAVELILY, a parish of England, co. of  st-Loire, on the Grione, here crossed by two stone bridges,
Devon.                                                     11 miles N.W. of Miacon.  Pop. in 1852, 4411. It is enclosed
CLOtVER, a post-office of Blair co., Pennsylvania.       by ruined walls, and has the remains of an abbey, founded
CLOVER, a township of Jefferson  co., Pennsylvania. in 910, a college and hospital. It has manufictures of
Pop. 737.                                                  gloves, linen, and leather, paper and oil mills, a large
CLOVER, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.             pottery, and a trade in timber, corn, and cattle.
CLOVER BEND, a post-office of Lawrence co., Arkansas.       CLUSES, kliiz, a town of Savoy, province of Faucigny,
CLOVER BOTTOM, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee. near the Arve, here crossed by a one-arched bridge, 23 miles
CLOVER CREEK, of Blair co., Pennsylvania, falls into  E.S.E. of Geneva, and having a church, a college, a hospital,
the Juniata River.                                          and 1970 inhabitants, mostly engaged in manufacturing
CLOVEIR CREEK, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.  clock and watch movements.
CLO/VERDALE, a post-office of Boutetourt co., Virginia.     CLUSIUM. See CmusI.
CLOVERDALE, a thriving post-village of Putnam co., In-   CLUSIUS. See CiIEsE.
diana, 10 miles S. of Greencastle, the county seat, is sur-    CLUSONE, kloo-so'nA, (ane. Cluclso,) a river of Italy, in
rounded by a fertile country, which is well supplied with  the Sardinian States, rises in the Alps, about 12 miles
water and valuable timber. The railroad from New Albany  E. of Mocunt GenBvre, flows S.E. past Fenestrella, Perosa,
to Chicago is expected to pass through the village. Pop. and Pinerolo, and, after a course of about 50 miles, joins the
about 400.                                                  Po 18 miles S.S.W. of Turin.
CLOVERDALE IIOTEL, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.   CLUSONE, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 17 miles N.E.
CLOVER GARDEN, a post-office of Orange co., North.Ca- of Bergamno, near the Serio. Pop. 3200. It is pretty well
rolina.                                                     built, and has a church, 2 hospitals, a public school, and a
CLOVER GREEN, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Vir- brisk trade in corn and iron. In the vicinity are copperginia.                                                     foundries and vitriol-works.
CLOVER  HILL, a post-village of Hunterdon co., New    CLUT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Jersey, 35 miles N. of Trenton.                               CLWYD, klwijd, a small river of North Wales, flows N.,
CLOVER HILL, a pleasant post-village, capital of Appo- through the counties Denubigh and Flint, to the Irish Sea,
matox co., Virginia, about 100 miles W. of Richmond, and  past Rhuddlan and St. Asaph. It is navigable fronm Rhudd20 miles E. of Lynchburg. It is connected by a plank-road  lan. Its valley is one of the most beautiful in Wales, 20
with James River, which is nearly 15 miles distant. The  miles Iong, from 3 to S in breadth, and sprinkrled with towns
village has a handsome court-house.                         and villages.
CLOVER HILL, a post-village of Blount co., Tennessee, 25    CLY/ATTSVILLE, a post office of Lowndes co., Georgia.
miles S.W. of Knoxville.                                      CLYDE, kld, one of the largest and most important rivers
CLOWVERIIILL, a post;office of Greene co., Kentucky.      in Scotland. It takes its rise fom nurnerous stceams flowing
CLOIVERLAND, a post-village uf Clay co., Indiana, on the  from the mountain range in the S. part of Lanarksihire and
Terre Haute and Indisnapolis Railroad, 10 miles E.N.E. of  borders of Dumnfriesshire: the chief summits of which are
Terre IIHaute.                                              the Lowthers, Leiadhills, Queensberry Iill, and Rodger Law,
CLOVER ORCHARD, a post-office of Orange co., North  with elevations approaching 3000 feet. The original source
Carolina.                                                   of the Clyde, popularly so called, has its rise about 2 miles
CLO/VERPORT, a post-office of Iardeman co., Tennessee. S.E. of Rodger Law, and 4 miles E. of the village of ElvanCLOVERPORT, a post-village of Breckenridge co., Ken- foot, at an elevation of 1400 feet. Afteir a course of a few
tucky, on the Ohio River, 110 miles below Louisville. It has  miles this small stream  is joined by the Dier, Powtrail,
a considerable business in shipping produce. Coal is abun- Elvan, and other moountairain rivulets.   It uow flows inr a N.E.
dant in the vicinity. Pour miles from the village are the  direction, rcceiving tributaries from the Tinto Hills, then,
WVhite Sulphur Springs, a fashionable watering-place. Pop. turning with many windings N.W. and W., is joined by the
about 700.                                                  Douglas Water from the S.W., the Medwin, bMlouse, &c., and,
CLOVE'S DEPOT, a post-office of Oldham co., Kentucky.   entering Lanark parish, oirms the celebrated fills, descendCLOVESVILLE, kltvz/vil, a post-village of Delaware co., ing by several rapids about 230 feet, amrid highi shelving
New York, 65 miles S.XV. of Albany.                         sandstone rocks and most picturesque scenery. Its course
CLOWN, a parish of England, co. of Derby.                 is now through rich and fertile valleys on to Glasgow.
~CLOYD, a river of North WTales, cos. of Denbigh and Flint, From this city it expands into a river navigable for ships of
rises in Slangfihangel, flows mostly northward past Ruthin,  300 or 400 tons, and flows N.W., dividing the counties of RenDenbigh, St. Asaph, and Rhyddlan, and enters the Irish Sea  frew on the W. from Dumbarton on the N.E., receiving the
at Rhyl. Total course, 30 miles. Chief affluent, the Elwy. tributaries of the Kelvin, Cart, and Leven. After passing
Its valley is noted for picturesque beauty.                 Dunmbarton it opens up into a noble estuary 4 miles in width,
CLOYD'S CREEK, a post-office of Blount co., Tennessee.   spreading northwasd into Loch Long, and southward into
CLOYES, klwI, a town of France, department of Eure-et- the Firth of Clyde, with the isles of Bute and Cumbraes,
Loir, 6 miles S.W. of Chateaudun, on the Loire. Pop. 2080. situated at the mouth of the estuary.  Here the Clyde exCLOYNE, kloin,a parish and market-town, and formerly an  pands into a forth averaging  about 32 miles in width, and
episcopal city, of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, 4 mniles S.W. at the distance of 48 miles becomes identified with the
of Castle-Martyr. Pop. of town, 2200, mostly agricultural. North Channel. The length of the river from its source to
The principal public edifices are a Gothic cathedral, founded  Glasgow, including windinags, is about 75 miles; from Giisabout the sixth century, and having some good monuments;    ow to the S. point of Bute Island, about 40 miles. In thtl
the old episcopal palace, now a private residence; the Roman  Clyde was launched the first steamboat constructed in
Catholic cathedral, a round tower, ~anq the remains of an  Britain, (1812.)
ancient castle, a church, nunnery, and monastery. The    CLYDE, a river of IBritish North America, falling  into
diocese, now merged in that of Cork, comprises 119 parishes  Baffin's Bay, lat. 700 10' N., olen. 690 WV.
in the county. In the vicinity are some valuable marble    CLYDE, a fiourishing post-village in Galen  tovnship,
quarries.                                                  Wayne  co., New York, about 160 miles N.W.  by`4r. of
469




VCLY                                                      COB
Albany, on the Erie Canal and Clyde River, where it is   COALVILLE, a village of England, co. of Leicester, 5
crossed by the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad. It con- miles N.W. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and a station on the
tains from 10 to 15 stores, 4 churches, a newspaper-office, I  Leicester and Bristol line of railway. Pop. 1300, employed
bank, 1 grist-mill, 3 hotels, 1 large distillery, and a glass- in coal-mines.
factory.  A railroad is projected from  this town to Sodus   COANZA, ko-nfz3a, a river of Western Africa, Lower
Bay. Pop. about 1500.                                     Guinea, enters the Atlantic S. of Loando, near lat. 90 10' S.
CLYDE, a post-village of Sanduskly co., Ohio, about 120  and ion. 140 22' E., after a rapid course of (as is supposed) at
miles N. of Columbus.                                     least 500 miles. It is navigable for a considerable distance,
CLYDE, a township of St. Clair co., Michigan. Pop. 691.  but, on account of the formidable bar at its mouth, can be
CLYDE, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois, 140 miles entered only by small vessels.
N. of Springfield.                                           COARRAZE, kwWaRb'zl, a village of France, department
CLYDE, a township in Iowa co., Wisconsin. Pop. 138.    of Basses-Pyr6n6es, 11 miles S.E. of Pan. Pop. 1388. It has
CLYDE MILLS, a post-village of St. Clair co., Michigan, linen'weaving. In its environs is a chateau in which IIenry
55 miles N.N.E. of Detroit.                                IV. was brought up.
CLYDE RIVER, in the N. part of Vermont, rises in    COAST RANGE, or COAST MOUNTAINS, the name apEssex co., and falls into Memphremagog Lake, in Orleans co. plied to a range of mountains in California, extending
CLYDE RIVER, of Wayne co., New York, formed by the  almost parallel with the Pacific coast nearly fi-om the Orejunction of Flint and Mud Creeks, flows into Seneca River. gon boundary to the town of Los Angeles. Some of the
CLYDESIDALE, the district forming the valley of the  peaks rise above the line of perpetual snow.
Clyde. (See LANA  K, COUNTY OF.) It is celebrated for its    COAT'BRIDGE, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, parish
orchards, coal and iron mines, and horses. It gives the title  of Old Monkland, 91 miles E. of Glasgow by railway, and on
of marquis to the eldest son of the Duke of Hamilton.      the Monkland Canal. Pop. 741. Near it are extensive ironCLYDEY, klLdlee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Peru- works.
broke.                                                       COATES, ktts, a lparish of England, co. of Gloucester.
CLYIMAN, a post-township in the S. central part of Dodge    COATES, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
co., Wisconsiu. Pop. 725.                                    COATES, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
CLYIMER, a post-village and township of Chautauque co.,   COATES, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
New York, 18 miles S.W. of Maysville. Pop. 1127.             COATES, LITTLE,  a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
CLYMER CENTRE, a post-office of Chautaucque co., New    COATES, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
York.                                                       COATES'S TAVERN, a post-office of York district, South
CLYNE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland.         Carolina.
CLYNOG, kllqn/og, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnar-   COATESIVILLE, a thriving post-village of Chester co.,
von.                                                      Pennsylvania. on the West Branch of Brandywine Creek,
CLYRO, klfirlo, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.   where it is crossed by the Lancaster Turnpike and ColumCLYTHA, klitthka, a hamlet of Wales, co. of Monmouth, bin Railroad, 36 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is pleasantly
5 miles N.N.W. of Usk.                                    situated in a rich and highly cultivated valley, and contains
CLYTIHE-NESS, kliTHsnlssf, a headland of Scotland, on  3 churches, 3 rolling mills, and 1 cotton factory.
the German Ocean, co. of Caithness, parish of Latheron, lat.   COATON (kStton) CLAY, a parish of England, co. of North580 21' N., ion. 30 18' W., having near it the remains of  ampton.
the ancient stronghold, Easter Clyth.                        COATSVILLE, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana
COA, kolt, (anc. Cuda,) a river of Portugal, province of    COATZACOALCO, ko-it-sl-ko-Al/ko, a considerable river
Beira, rises in the Serra de Gata, flows N., passing near of the Mexican Confederacy, rises in the Sierra Madre, deAlmeida, and joins the Douro on the left, 5 miles W. of  partment of Oajaca, flows tortuously N. between Vera Cruz
Torre de Moncorvo. Length, 80 miles.                       and Tabasco, and enters the Bay of Coatzacoalco (Caribbean
COA, kote, a small island in the Malay Archipelago, on  Sea) 130 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. It is of interest as conthe S. coast of the isle of Flores. Lat. 90 S., ion. 1220 E.    nected with the projected communication across the IsthCOAHOMA, ko-a-holma, a county in the W.N.W. part of  mtis.
Mississippi, bordering on the Mississippi River, which sepa-    COAZZO, ko-At/so, a market-town of the Sardinian States,
rates it from Arkansas. The area is about 750 square miles. division of Turin, 13 mniles E.S.E. of Susa, near the confluIt is drained by Sunflower River. The surface is flat and  ence of the Sangone and Sangonetto. Pop. 3996.
low, and the W. part is frequently overflowed by the Missis-    COIBALT, a post-office of Middlesex co., Connecticut.
sippi. The soil is said to be productive. This county, which    COBAN, ko-bunt, a city of Central America, state, and 90
is comprised in the Chickasaw cession, was organized about miles N.N.W. of Guatemala, is the capital of the department
the year 1836. Capital, Delta. Pop. 2780, of whom  1389  of Vera Paz, on the Rio Dulce. Estimated population, 14,000,
were free, and 1391 slaves.                                mostly Indians, wiao are stated to be more wealthy than the
COAHUILA. See C0oAoUILA.                                inhabitants of most cities of Central America.
COAL, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylvania.   COBB, a county in the W.N.W. part of Georgia, has an
Pop. 1461.                                                 area of 529 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the
COAL CREEK, of Fountain co., Indiana, flows into the  Chattahoochee River, and drained by Sweetwater, Powder
Wabash a little below the mouth of Vermilion River. Rich  Spring, Pumpkin Vine, Vickery's, and other creeks. The
mines of coal are found at its mouth.                      surface is elevated, hilly, and in some parts mountainous.
COAL CREEK, a township in Montgomery co., Indiana. The Kenesaw Mountain, 2 or 3 miles from the county seat,
Pop. 1517.                                                 rises 1828 feet above the sea-level. The soil is generally ferCOALESVILLE, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana.    tile and well watered. Granite is abundant. and gold, silver,
COALEY, kS/lee, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.   copper, iron, and lead have been found. The county is inCOAL GROVE, a post-village of Pike co., Kentucky.        tersected by the Western and Atlantic Railroad. Organized
COAL GROVE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ohio, on  in 1832, and named in honor of John Cobb, formerly United
the Ohio River, about 10 miles below Burlington.           Sates Senator from Georgia. Capital, Macrietta. Pop. 13,843,
COAL HILL, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia.    of whom 11,571 were free, and 2272 slaves.
COAL ISLAND, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, 4 miles   COBB, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.
N.E. of Dungannon. Pop. 451.                                 COBBE, a town of Central Afirica. See KOB3E.
COALPMONT, apost-office of Huntingdonco., Pennsylvania.   COBBOSSEECONTEE WATERS,in the S.partof Kennebec
COAL MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Forsyth co., Georsgia.  co., Maine, a beautiful sheet of water connected with a numCOAL'PORT, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on  ber of smaller ponds. Length, about 7 miles. Its outlet,
ihe left bank of the Ohio River, 4 miles below Pittsburg, is the Cobbosseecontee River, flows into the Kennebec.
the depot for the Chartier Coal Railroad, which extends about   COBB'S CREEK, a post-office of Matthews co., Virginia.
6 miles back from the river.                                 COBB'S FORK, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana.
COALPORT, a post-office of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.      COBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
COALPORT, a thriving village of Meigs co., Ohio, on the    COBBS/VILLE, a post-office of Telfair co., Georgia.
Ohio River, 100 miles S.E. of Columbus, and 1 mile below    COBBSVILLE, a post-office of Johnson co., Arkansas.
Pomeroy. Immense beds of coal are worked here on the    COBIDO or KOB/DO, a city in the N.W. of Mongolia, on
bank of the river.                                         the Iso, a tributary of the Jabkan, (Djabkan,) in lat. 480 N.,
COAL RIVER, in the W. part of Virginia, rises in Fayette  Ion. 910 E. It is said to contain 2000 houses, is regularly
co., and, flowing in a general N.W. direction, falls into the  built, and carries on some trade with Kurun.
Great Kanawha River, in Kanawha co., after a course of    COBfERLY'S, a post-office of Union co., Ohio, 40 miles
probably not less than 60 miles.                          N.W. of Columbus.
COAL RIVER MARSHES, a post-office of Raleigh co.,   COBIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 41 W. of
Virginia.                                                 Rochester. Near the chu'ch are monumental brasses of the
COAL RUN, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.        barons of Cobham, whose ancient hall, built by Inigo Jones,
COALS/MOUTH, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.   is the seat of Lord Darnley.
COALITOWN, EAST and WEST, two adjacent villages of   COBHAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 9 miles N.E.
Secotland, co. of Fife, 4 miles N.E. of Kirkaldy, inhabited by  of Guildford.  It comprises Church Cobham, a village on
colliers. Pop. of East Coaltown, 165; of West Coaltown, 372. the Mole, with the Parish Church, and Cobham Park, the
COAL VALLEY, a post-office of Alleghany cc., Pennsyl- residence of the lord of the manor, and Street-Cobham, a
vania.                                                    hamlet on the Old London and Portsmouth Road, adjacent
470




COB                                                       CO0
to which is the domain formerly belonging to the Earl of of Canada West, capital of the united counties of NorthumCarhampton. Fairs, March 17. and December 11.              berland and Durham, on the N. shore of Lake Ontario, in
COBHAM, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.        the co. of Northumberland, 105 miles W. by S. of Kingston.
COBAI-IM, a small village of Columbia co., Georgia.      It is situated at the junction of two railroads in progress, one
COBI, a wide desert of Central Asia. See Gosi.           connecting it with Peterborough, and the other extending
COBIJA, ko-beefnA, or PORT LA MAR, port 1  mran, along the N. shore of Lake Ontario, intended to connect
(Sp. Puerto la Mar, pwvrJto 1t maR,) the only legal seaport Montreal with the railway systems of the Western United
of Bolivia, capital of the progince  of' La Mar, on the  States. It contains a branch of the Montreal Bank, a
Pacific, with a village, 110 miles W. of Atacama. Lat. 220 34' savings institution, agencies of 8 assurance companies,
S. Ion. 70n 21' 2"V W. Pop. 793. It is a wretched place, and  about 50 stores, a newspaper-office. and churches for the
has been destitute of water until the very recent discovery  Episcopalians, Wesleyans, Episcopal Methodists, Bible Chrisof a spring, but it has some ship-building docks and mining  tinns, Frbe Church of Scotland, Congregationalists, and
establishments; and, in 1844, a quay, barracks, and a new  Roman Catholics. Its manufactures comprise steam-engines,
custom-house were in course of, construction. It is also a  machinery, iron castings, wollen goods, soap and candles,
depot for coin, bullion, ore, and some other products fieom   &c. Cobourg is the seat of Victoria College, which, in 1851,
the interior, which, with imports of cotton and woollen  had 4 instructors and 50 students. The value of imports
stuffs, paper, and mercury, a few years ago employed 5700  received here in 1851 amounted to $142,376, of which $125,464
beasts of burden for their transit. In 1840, 92 vessels (of  were from  the United States. The exports amounted to
which 33 were British, and 15 French) entered the port; and  $71,612, all of which went to the United States. Pop. about
in 1843, the export of specie amounted to 1,750,533 dollars, 4500.
and the merchandise imported to 1,534,822 dollars in value.   COBRAS, kolbrts, an island group on the E. coast of
In Bolivian documents it is always named PUERTO LA M3AR, Africa, lat. 60 S., including Remba, Monfin, and Zanzibar.
but English works and maps still rietain obbj'a.              COBRAS, kofbres, an island and fort of Brazil, Bay of Rio
COB/LENTZ,* (Ger. Coblenzeor Kobcnz, kolblhuts, Fr. Co- de Janeiro, about 1 mile from the city, of which the fort is
blence, ko'blknssf, anc. Conbflenntes and  Covfluenltia,) a  one of the principal defences, being capable of holding 1000
strongly fortified city of Ihenish Prussia, on the Rhine, at men, and 100 pieces of cannon. It is also used as a state
the influx of the Moselle, 49 miles S.S.E. of Cologne. The prison.
Rhine is here crossed by a bridge of boats, 485 yards across,   COBRE, kotbrA, a town of the island of Cuba, E. departand the Moselle by a stone bridge, 536 yards in length. Pop. ment. Pop. 2661, of whom 614 ame Europeans.
exclusive of the garrison, 18,730. Mean temperature of the    COIBRIDGE, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, is a
year, 510'5; winter, 350'7; summer, 660'6 Fahrenheit. It is suburb of Burslem, 3 miles N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyiee.
well built, and has several fine churches, a noble palace of   COBSICOOK BAY, at the E. extremity of Maine, comthe former Electors of Treves, an ancient Jesuit's college, municates with Passamaquoddy Bay, near Eastport.
and a Roman Catholic seminary. The other principal build-   COBURG. kosb66RG, (Ger. Coburg or Koburg, kolb06RG, Fr.
ings are the 4 Roman Catholic churches, one of which, called  Cobscrg, ko'boone, L. Jlelocabus,) a town of Central Germany,
the Church of St.Castor, situated precisely at the confluence  capital of principality of Coburg, (a portion of the duchy of
of the two rivers, is remarkable for its antiquity, having  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,) on the Itz, an affluent of the Tegen,
been founded in 836, and also as the place where the grand- and on the railway from Dresden to Munich, 26 miles N.
sons of Charlemagne met, in 843, to divide his vast empire  of Bamnberg; let. 500 15 191" N., lon. 100 58, 9~ E. Pop. 10,092.
into Germany, France, and Italy. There are residences of Mean temperature of year 460.2; winter 320; summer 620'8,
several noble families in the town, including that of Prince  Fahrenheit. It is irregularly built, but has some good ediMetternich, who was born here. a hospital, admirably con- fices, and public walks separating it from  its suburbs.
ducted by the Sisters of Charity, a town library, with valuable  Principal buildings, the Ehrenberg Palace, a residence of
collections of coins, paintings, and antiquities. At Ehren- the duke, containing a collection of paintings, a lihbrary of
breitstein, on the opposite side of the river Rhine, there is a 26,000 volumes, and a fine state  banquet-hall; several
strong fortress, with 400 pieces of cannon, and containing  churches, a large arsenal, observatory, new theatre, casino,
vast arched cisterns, capable of holding three years' supply  and work-house. On a height above the town is the old
of water. The expense of constructing the fortifications of castle of the Dukes of Coburg, still a place of strength? and
Coblentz, the former being an out-work, was upwards of  containing a, large collection of armor, with rooms once
750,0001.  Together, they are capable of accommodating  occupied by Luther. In the vicinity are the ducal resi100,000 men, while the magazines are large enough to con- dence of Rosenan; and the castles of Lanterburg and Kaltain provisions for 8000 men for ten years. These extensive  lenberg. Coburg is the seat of all the high courts for the
fortifications, which are constructed partly on the system of duchy, and it has a gymnasium, and manufactures of
Vauban, and partly on that ofMontalembert, render Coblentz  woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, gold and silver articles,
the strongest place in the Prussian dominions. Coblentz bleaching and dye works, stone quarries, and an active
is the seat of a central and criminal court, of a general transit and general trade.
court of justice, of a tribunal of commerce, of a board of    COiBURG-PENIN/SULA, North Australia, is an irregular
taxation, and is the place of residence of the lord-lieutenant peninsula in lat. 110 22' S., ion. 1320 10' E.; 50 miles in length
(oberprilsident) of the province of the Rhine. It is a free  from E. to W., by 20 miles in breadth, connected S.E. with
port, and carries on an active commerce by the Rhine, Mo- the main land by a narrow isthmus, and separated W. from
selle, and Lahn. It is the principal place of shipment for Melville Island by Dundas Strait. On it is the British setthe Rhine and Moselle wines, which are extensively exported. tlement Victoria. See PORT ESSINeTON, VICTORIA.
Grain, oil, iron, and Seltzer-water are also exported, the    CO/BURN'S STORE, a post-village of Mecklenburg co.,
latter to the amount of 1  million bottles annually. Mill- North Carolina.
stones, manufactured from  the lava of extindt volcanoes    COC[ES, ko-kNs,orko-kWdzgs,.villageg  of Brazil, in the
in the neighborhood, pumice-stone, potters' clay, and bark, pi-ovince of Matto-Grosso, about 30 miles N.W. of Cuiaba. It
are also articles of trade.  Japanned wares,'linen, and  contains a church, and has two chapels in its neighborhood
tobacco are among the manufactures. Coblentz was taken  Pop. above 2000.
by the French in 1794, after an obstinate resistance, and    COCAES, ARRAIAL-DE, &n-R-lT-ALdA-ko-lkA18s, a mining
made capital of the department of Rhine and Moselle under village of Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, about lat.
the French Empire.                                          200 S., ion. 440 W., beautifully situated on the gentle slope
COBLENTZ or KOBLENTZ, a government of Rhenish  and summit of a hill.  The houses are neat, and mostly
Prussia, bounded N. by the government of Cologne. Area, whitewashed,and surrounded by gardens, filled with olrange
1754 square miles. Capital, Coblentz.                       and coffee trees, bananas, &c. The inhabitants are chiefly
COBLENZ, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, at engaged in the neighboring gold-mines.
the junction of the Aar with the Rhine, 930 feet above sea-   COCALIICO, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
level. Pop. 643.                                              COCCONATO, kok-ko-ni'to, a town of Piedmont, division
COB'LESKILL  or COIBUSKILL, a creek of S6hoharie  of Alessandria, province of Asti, 17 miles E.N.E. of Turin.
county, in the E. part of New York, rises in a natural well, Pop. 2528.
and following a subterranean passage through several miles    COCIHABAMBA, ko-cha-btmrbA, or CONDORILLO, konof its course, falls into the Schoharie River.             do-reel/yo, a river of Bolivia, rising near the parallel of 160
COBILESKILL, a post-village and township of Schoharie  S., flowing S.E., and, after receiving numerous tributaries,
co., New York, 40 miles W. of Albany, is drained by Cobles- assumes the name of Rio Grande, in lat. 190 42' S., lon. 640 W.
kill Creek, an affluent of Schoharie Creek. Pop. 2229.       COCIHABAMBA, also called OROPESA, o-ro-pi/sA, a city
COBDESKILL CENTRE, a post-office of Schoharie co., of Bolivia, capital of a province, and department of the
New York.                                                  same name, stands at the E. end of a plain,'lIS miles long,
COBOURG, a town of Germany. See ConuRo.                  and 2 miles wide, 8370 feet above the sea, lat. 170 27' S., ion.
COBOURG, kolbferg, or COBURG, a town and port of entry  650 46' W.  The Rio de Rocha, fieom the valley of Sacaba,
flows through  the town, and is joined lower down by the
*We often hear Coblentz accentuated on the last syllable, but Tamborada-both overflowing in the rainy season, though
this is contrary to the tendency of our language, (see Int. IX., almost dry i winter. The city of Cochabamba occupies a
Ohs. 2,) as well as to the native pronunciation. Byron is right, greet space, owing to the lowness of the houses, (which
as usual:"By COBLENTZ, 0on a rise of gentle ground,        rarely rise above a single story,) and to the number of
Theft is a small and simple pyramid."           gardens intermingled with them. In the middle of the
Childe Harold, canto iii.  city is the grand Plaza, round which are four churches, and
471




coc                                                         coc
the Cabildo, or government-house, a large but plain build-    COCKBURN ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 220
ing. Of 15 churches, the handsomest is that which formerly  12' 25"t S.; ion. 1380 39' 53" W.
belonged to the college of the Jesuits. The streets are broad,   COCKBURN SOUND, of West Australia, co. of Perth, let
and in good condition; but the plazas, or open squares,  320 10' S., lon. 1150 40' E., is thoroughly sheltered westward
being used as market-places, are ordinarily littered with  by Garden Island. Length, firom N. to S., 6 miles; breadth,
wares and crowded with Indians. Toward the borders of  at the N. entrance, 4 miles; depth, from 6 to 10 fatthoms.
the town, the tile-roofed houses, with large wooden hal-   COCKIBURNSPATIH, (formerly Cblbrandspath,) a parlsh
conies, disappear. and thatched cabins of Indian lfrmers  of Scotland, co. of Berwici.
secome numerous. The general language is the Quichua;    COCKE, a county in the E part of Tennessee, bordering
and none but men of rank can speak good Spanish. While  on North Carolina, has an area estimated at 270 square miles.
Potosi, Oruro, and other towns in the mining districts,  It is traversed by Big Pigeon River, an affluent of French
have fallen to decay, Cochabamba, situated in a valley, de- Broad River, which latter forms its N.E. boundary. The
voted wholly to agriculture, and, therefore, despised by the  surface is mostly mountainous, especially near the S.E.
Spanish settlers, has continued to prosper, and contained, boundary, which is formed by the Iron or Smoky Mountain.
in 1835, 25,000 inhabitants. The name OROPE sA, given  Capital, Newport. Pop. 8300, of whom 7581 were free, and
to Cochabamba, in 1579, by the Viceroy ofLima, was never  719 slaves.
adopted by the people; and, though found in maps and    COCKIEN, a township of England, co. of Durham, narish of
public documents, is now wholly unknown in Bolivia.         Houghton-le-Spring, 31 miles N.N.E. of Durham. At Cocken
COCIIABAMBA, a department of the republic of Bolivia, Hall, an ancient edifice, the property of Lord Durham, a conmostly between lat. 170 and 190 S., and ion. 650 and 680 W., vent of nuns was established early in the present century.
named fiom the river Cochabamba, the head-stream of the    COCKENIZIE, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of IIadGuapey. Estimated area, 40,000 square miles, and pop. dington, parish of Tranent, on the Frith of Forth, 1 mile E.
200,000. It was formerly regarded as the granary of Peru, of Prestonpans. Pop. 570.
and produces also cotton, sugar, dye-woods, fine timber, and    COCKIER, a small river of En-land, co. of Cumberland,
the precious metals. Chief cities and towns, Cochabamba or  issuing from  Lake Buttermere, and flowing N. into the
Oropesa, Misques, Sacaba, and Tapacari.                     Derwent at Cockermouth.
COCHIE, kotch,, a small island of South America, in Vene-    COCKIERIIAM, a paiish of England, co. of Lancaster.
zuela, between the island Margarita and the mainland.         COCKIERINGTON ST. LEONIAIRD'S, a parish of England,
COCIIECITON, a post-township of Sullivan  co., New  co. of Lincoln.
Yorlk, on the Delaware River, about 100 miles S.W. of Al-   COCK'ERINGTON ST. MAIRY'S, a parish of England, co.
bany. The village, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 141  of Lincoln.
miles from  New York city, is pleasantly situated in the    COCKIER.MOUTIH, a parliamentary borough, town, and
fertile valley of the Cochecton Creek, an affluent of the Dela- chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland, parish of Brigham,
ware River. Pop. 1671.                                     at the confluence of the Derwent and Cockier Rivers, each
COCHEM or KOCIHEI, kofx5m, a town of Rhenish Prussia, here crossed by a bridge, 25 miles S.W. of Carlisle. Pop. of
24 miles S.W. of Coblentz, on the Moselle, at the influx of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 7275.  It is irregularly
Endert. Pop. 2553. It is picturesquely situated, but ill built, but clean and thriving; and it has been recently
built, and surrounded by ruined walls. Ithasmanufactures much improved.  It possesses some remains of a strong
of cloth, and trade in wine.                                castle, built soon after the Conquest, and razed by the parCOCItEREL, ko'sheh-rhl.    a hamlet of France, department liamentary army in 1648; a savings bank, gas-works, libraof Eure, 12 miles E. of Evreux, celebrated for a victory  ry, reading-room, a grammar school, town-hall, county
gained by Du Guesclin over Charles le Mauvais, King of  house of correction, court-house, market-house, alms-house,
Navarre, the 16th of May, 1364.                             &c., with flax and woollen mills, manufacture s of hats and
COCIIESIETT, a post-office of Plymounth co., Massachusetts. hosiery, and cotton looms. The corporation is almosto nomiCOCHIN, kofchin, or ko-cheenl, a rajahship of India, com- nal. The borough is a polling-place for the W. division of
prised in the Travancore dominions, and extending along  the county, and sends 2 members to the Ilouse of Commons.
the Malabar coast, between lat. 90 30' and 100 30, N., aid  The poet Wordsworth was boin here in 1770.
Ion. 760 and 770 E., having South Travancore, N. and E. the    COCKIERWIT,  a seaport in the S.W. extremity of Nova
Mladras districts, and W. the Indian Ocean. Area, 1988  Scotia, co. of Shelburn, at the head ofa bay setting up from
square miles. It contains fine forests of teak and other  the Atlantic, about 125 miles S.W. of IIalifax.
woods, from the products of which most part of the revenue    COCKfIESVILLE~ a post-village of Baltimore co., Maryis derived. Principal towns, Cochin and Crianganore.       land, on the Baltimore and Susquehanna'  Railroad, 40 miles
COCHIN. a seaport townof Iindostan, capital of the above  N. of Annapolis.  One newspaper is issued here.
rajahship, is on the Malabar coast, 93 miles S.S.E. of Calicut.   COCKfFIELD, a patish of England, co. of Durham.
It is situated at the entrance of an extensive backwater,    COCKFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
and has great natural advantages for ship-building, &c.; and    COCKIING. a parish of EnIlsand, co. of Sussex.
though, during the present century, it has declined in'im-    COCK/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
portance, it still has an export trade in teak, timber, car-    COCKILEY-CLEY, a parish of England, co. of Norsfolk.
damoms, coir, and other produce, sent to both East and    COCKfPEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburb;h.
West Asia. Jlere, in 1503, was erected the first fort possessed    COCKIRUM, a post-village of De Soto  co., Mississippi,
by- the Portuguese in India; and Cochin is still the see of  about 200 miles N. of Jackson, contains 2 dry-goods stores.
a Roman Catholic bishop, whose diocese includes Ceylon,    COCKITIJORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
and more than 100 Christian stations in India. It has also    COCLE (?) a river of New Granada, in the Isthmus  of PaProtestant church missionary establishments, and various  name, formed by the union of the Panonome and Bats; and
English schools. The town was taken fronm the Dutch in  falling intb the Carsibbean Sea 50 miles S.E. of Chagree, after a
1795, and finally ceded to the British in 1814.             course of 75 miles, for a part of which it is navigable.
COCIIN CHINA, kolchin china, a name sometimes given    COCO, or POOLO COCO, poollo ko/ko, an island in the
to the whole empire of Anam or Annam, but more properly  Strait of Malacca, N.E. of Junkceylon.
restricted to a province forming its S.E. portion. (See ANAM,   COCO, sometimes called MANALIPA, mA-nA-lee'p3, and
p. 80.)-Adj. and inhab. CocHIN-CHINES., kolchin chi-neez/. MALINIPA, ml-le-neelpA, an island in the Soo]oo ArSchiCOCHITIUATE, a post-village of Wayland  township, pelago, on the E. side of the S.W. extremity of Mindanao.
Middlesex co., Massachusetts, about 16 miles W. of Boston. Lat.'60 45' N., ion. 1220 23' E.
COCIIITUATE LAKE, a small lake near the above village,   COCO, an island in the China Sea, off the S.W. end of the
is the source of the water which supplies the city of Boston. Great Natuna.  Lat. 30 40' N.; Ion. 1080 E.
COCHRAN'S (koklranz) CROSS ROADS, a post-office of    COCOA-NUT, one of the smallest islands of the Sandwich
Harris co., Georgia.                                        group, at the entrance of Byron Bay. Lat. 190 43' 9,' N.,
COCHRAN'S GROVE, a post-village of Shelby co., Illi- ion. 1550 2' W.
nois, about 70 miles E.S.E. of Springfield.                   COCOA-NUT, an island in Torres Strait, between the S.
COCHRAN'S LANDING, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. coast of New Guinea and Cape York, in Australia.  Rat. 100
COCHRAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Pickiens co., Ala- 4' S.; Ion. 1430 10' E.
bama.                                                         COCOA-NUT, a small island off the S.W. of New Ireland,
COCHIRANSVILLE, a post-village of Marshall co., Ten- about let. 40 42' S., Ion. 1520 44' 5" E.
nessee, 48 miles S. of Nashville.                             COICOA-NUT, KLAPA or KLAPP ISLAND, an island off
COCHIRANTON, a post-village of Marion co., Ohio, 56  the S.W. extremity of Java, on the W. side of Winecooper's
miles N. by W. of Columbus.                                 Bay, about 3 miles in length. Lat. of W. point, 70 1' S.;
COCHIRANTOWN, a post-village of Crawford co., Penn- ion. 1050 30' E.
sylvania, on French Creek, about 82 miles N. of Pittsburg.    COCODRIE BAYOU, kolko-dree brioo, or CROCIODILE
COCHIRANVILLE or COCHRANSVILLE, a post-village  BAYOU, Louisiana, traverses Concordia parish, between the
of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 60 miles S.E. of Harrisburg.  Washita and Mississippi Rivers, aid is connected with Red
It has a boarding school.                                  River.
COCINTHUM or COCINTUM. See PuNTAs)l STILO.                 COICO ISLAND, GREAT, an island in the Bay of Bengal,
COCKAYNE (kok/kain) HATILEY, a parishof England, is nearly 6 miles in length.
Fo. of Bedford.                                              COCO ISLAND, LITTLE, an island in the Bay of Bengal,
COCKIBURN CHANNEL, Terra del Fuego, is a continu- lies about 9 miles S.W. of the Great Coco. The centre is in
ition of Magdalen Sound, in lat. 540 30' S.; ion. 72 W'.   lat. 130 58' 30" N.; it is about 21 miles long.
472




COG                                                       COIl
COCOLIAMUS CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Ju-   CO0IFEE, a county in the S. part of Alabama, bordering
niata in Perry county,                                     on Florida, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is
COCONATO, ko-ko-nd/to, a town of the Sardinian States, intersected by Pea River. The surface is moderately unin Piedmont, 17 miles E.N.E. of Turin. It has an annual even; the soil mostly sandy and unproductive.  Pine timfair. Pop. 2500.                                           ber is abundant in the county. It was formed from  the
COCOS ISLANDS, Indian Ocean. See KEcLING ISLANDS.  W. part of Dale county. Capital, Wellborn. Pop. 5940, of
COCUMONT, ko'kti'mdNG1, a town of France, department whom 5383 were firee, and 557 slaves.
of Lot-et-Garonne, 9 miles S.W. of Marmande. Pop. 1676.      COFFEE, a county in the S.E. central part of Tennessee,
CODfDENIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        has an area of about 220 square miles. It is drained by the
COD/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.        head-streams of Duck River. The surface is diversified and
CODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.        elevated, the county occupying the lower plateau of CumoCODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.           berland Mountain.  The soil is fertile. It is intersected by
COD/DINGVILLE, a post-office of'Medina co., Ohio.        the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and by the turnCOD/DLE CREEK, a post-office of Cabarras co., North Ca- pike leading from  Fayetteville to Warren county. Capital,
rolina.                                                    Manchester. Pop. 8351, of whom 7084 were free, and 1267
COD/FORD ST. MAIRY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  slaves.
CODFORD ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.    COFFEE, a post-office of Clay co., Indiana.
COD/ICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Herts.              COFFEE CORNER, a post-office of Coffee co., Alabama.
CODIGORO, ko-de-go/ro, (auc. -erotnia,?) a town of Italy,   COFFEE CREEK, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana.
in the Pontifical States, 22 miles E. of Ferrara, on the Po di   COFFEE LANDING, a post-office of Hardin co., Tennessee.
Volano, 8 miles from the Adriatic.  Pop. 2250.               COFFEE RUN, a post-office of Huntingdon co., PennsylCODINAS DE SAN FELIU, ko-dee/nls d  sAin fl-le-oo/, a  vania.
town of Spain, province of Barcelona, on the Congest. Pop.   COPFFEEVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Alabama, on
2579. It has several Roman remains.                        the IE. bank of Tombigbee River, 132 miles S. by W. of TusCOD/NOR-wITH-LOSICOW, a township of England, co. of  caloosa.
Derby.                                                       COFFEEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Yallobusha co.,
CODO, ko/do, a town of Brazil, province of Maranhlo, at Mississippi, 130 miles N. by E. of Jackson. It has I or 2
the confluence of the Code with the Itapicurfi, 50 miles N.W.  newspaper offices, and about 700 inhabitants.
of Caxias. For the purpose of curbing and keeping the In-   COFFEEVILLE, a post-office of Upshur co., Texas.
dians in check, a company of soldiersorl hunters is kept here.   COPF/FIN'S GRIOVE, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa,
CODOGNO, ko-ddn/yo, a town of Lombardy, 15 miles S.E. 60 miles N. of Iowa City.
of Lodi, between the Po and Adda. Pop. 9632. It is well   COF/FIN'S ISLAND, one of the Magdalen Islands, in the
built, and has manufactures of silk stuffs. It is the prin-  Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lat. 440 3' N.; ion. 640 36' W. It is
cipal mart in Italy for the cheese misnamed Parmesan.      the largest of the group, and is 25 miles long, and in some
CODO/RUS, a post-township on the S. border of York co., places 3 miles wide.
Pennsylvania, intersected by the Baltimore and York Rail-    COF/FINSYWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
road. Pop. 1135.                                              COF'FODELIAII, a post-village of Neshoba co., Mississippi.
CODORUS CREEK, of York co., Pennsylvania, flows into    COFRENTES, ko-inltrts,  a town of Spain, 50 miles W.S.W.
the Susquehanna about 10 miles above Columbia.              of Valencia, on an elevated tongue of land, formed by the
CODROIPO, ko-dro-eelpo, a market-town  of Northern  confluence of the Cabriel and Jucar.  Pop. 1624.
Italy, government of Venice, province of Friuli, 14 miles    CO/GAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 3100.                                     COIGANIHIOUSE, a township of Lycoming co., PennsylvaCOD/SALL, a parish of England. co. of Stafford.           nia. Pop. 116.
COEDANA, kwe-dInA, a' parish of North Wales, co. of    COIGENHOE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Anglesea.                                                     COGGES, kogz, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
COEDCANLASS, kwed-kln/lass, a perish of South Wales.   COGGESIALL, (kog/shal,) GREAT, a market-town and
co. of Pembroke.                                           parish of England, co. of IEssex, on the Blackwater, here
COED DHU CHIURCH, South Wales.  See CoYHIRncu.          crossed by an ancient bridge, 6 miles E.S.E. of Braintree.
COED-FRANK, kwed-franc, a hamnlet of South Wales, co. Area, 2770 acres. Pop. 3408. The town, ill built, has a
of Glamorgan, parish of Cadoxton. Pop. 1126, pattly em- large chmurch, an endowed grammar school, alms-houses and
ployed in copper.-mines.                                    other chlarities, with several silk mills and looms. AdjoinCOEDRERNEW, kwed-aer/nu, a parish of England, co. ing the town are some remains of an abbey founded by
of Monmouth.                                               King Stephen in 1142.
COED-Y-CUMAR, kwed-e-keelmar, a hamlet of South    COGGIOLA, kod-jo/lI,  a village of Piedmont, 11 miles
Wales, co. of Brecon, parish of Vainor. 2 miles N.E. of Mer- N.N.E. of Biella, on the Sessera. Pop.2056. It has two anthyr-Tydvil.  Pop. 1905.                                   cient palaces of thile families of Aimone and Favre.
COEL, kol/11. a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,   COG HILL, a post-office of McMinn co., Tennessee.
Upper Provinces, district of Alighur, and the residence of    COGLIANO,  kol-y/no, or COLLIANO, ko]-le-iIno, (anc.
its civil authorities, 80 miles S.S.E. of Delhi. It is a busy  Cosili/ene,?) a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra,
town; its most remarkable structures are a mosque, and a  11 miles N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 2600.
ruined minaret of the thirteenth century.                     COGNAC,   ksen'y/Iklt,(L. Conacura.) a town of France, de-'C(ELE-SYRIA, seelle-slrle-a, a fine valley of Syria, be- pnartmnt of Charente, 2t miles W. of Augoul.me, on the
tween the mountain ranges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon.  Charenute.  Pop. in 1852, 5887.  It has an old castle, in
Length, about 100 miles; breadth, 10 miles. It is traversed  which Francis I. was borh. It is the entrepat of the brandy
by the Litany River, (anc. Leon/tes,) and contains the towns  of the Charente, to which it gives its name, and which
of Baalbec, Zahleh, and Bekaa.                             forms the object of a very extensive commerce. The quanCOELK, a post-office of Livingston parish, Louisiana.    tity produced annually does not exceed 6000 butts, but the
COELLEDA. See Cis.LDA.                                   number sold under the name of Lesfines Clhaveprgses, by
COEPANG or KOEPANG, koo-plng,/ written also COO- which the best quality is distinguished, exceeds 15,000
PANG and COUPANG, a town and principal Dutch settle- butts.
ment in the island of Timor, near its S.W. extremity. Lat.   COGNAC a village of France, dee-artmentofHIaute-Vienne,
of Fort Concordia 100 90 54"t S.; ion. 1230 35' 45" E. It is 10 miles W. of Limoges.  Pop. 1508.
neatly built in the Dutch style, and has a good harbor, de-   COG-NE, kdn/y.4, a town of the Sardinian States, 95 miles
fended by Fort Concordia. It is a filee port, and carries on  S. of Aosta, in the valley of the same name, surrounded by
an important export trade. Pop. 5000.                      elevated mountains. Pop. 1480. Iron is extensively mined
COE RIDGE, a post-office ofCuyahoga co., Ohio.           in the valley.
COESLIN. See CesLIN.                                       COGNE. VAL DI, vl dee k6in/y., or VAL DE COGNE,
COESSE, ko-6ssf, a post-office of Whitley co., Indiana.  vtl-deh-kofl, a beautiful and romantic valley in the SardiCOETIVY, ko-6t-eelvee, an island in the Indian Ocean, nian States, in Savoy, opening out of the Val d'Aosta. It
about 550 miles N.E. of Madagascar.  Let. 70 65 S.; ion. 560  is remarkable for containing a Roman tunnel or gallery, cut
30' E. From  the S.W. point of the island a coral reef ex- in the rock during the reign of Augustus.
tends for several miles, on which the sea is constantly    COGOLETO, ko-go-lA/to, a village of the Sardinian States,
breaking.  Another reef stretches from  the N. end for  14 miles WV. of Genoa. Pop. 2065. Celebrated as the birthabout 25 miles.                                            place of Christopher Columbus, in 1447.
COEVORDEN, koo/voR-den, or KOEVORDE, koolvon-deh,    COGORNO, ko-goR/no, a village of the Sardinian States,
a fortified town of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, with  province of Chinavesi, 2 miles N.E. of Chiavari.  Pop. 3738.
a port onthe Rleine Vecht, 23 niles S.S.E. of Asses. Pop. 2395.   COGS/W1ELL, a village of lMclenry co., Illinois, 140 miles
It has manfiactures of cotton Sabrics, and an active trade.   N.N.E. of Springfield.
COEYMAN'S, quee/m~nz, a post-village and township of    CORA HIUILA, ko-I-weel,. a state of the Mexican ConlfedeAlbany co., New York, on the right bank of the Hudson, 13  ration, bonndedN. andN.E.bythePRioBravodelNorte,(wrhich
miles S. of Albany. It is a place of active tiade, and has a  sep irates it from Texas,) E. by Nuevo Leon, S. by Zacatecas,.
landing;  for steamboats and vessels navigating the river.    and WV. by Chihuahua and Durango; between let. 240 17'
COEYMAN'S HOLLOW, a post-office of Albany co., New  and 300 5' N., and lon. 1000 and 1040 W. Length, 390 miles,
York.                                                      greatestbreadtclh, 270 miles. Area, 56,570 squasse siles. The
COIHER, a post-office of Hardin co., Kentucky.           veget.ation is in general s-anty, and the soil is nowhere ex.
473




COI1                                                         COL
teusively cultivated. The southe-n districts are chiefly pas- of Savoy, 12 miles S.E. of Chamb6ry, with mineral springs
ture-ground for sheep; the northern parts present a broken  Pop. 1702.
and hilly surface, and the western portion is occupied by a    COITSIVILLE, a post-township forming the N.E. extredesert called the Bolson de Mapimi.  There are several sil- mity of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 982.
ver-mines in this province, and horses, mules, and wool are    COJUTEPEQUE, ko-Hoo-tA-pSlkA, a town of Central Arne-:exported. The principal towns are Saltillo, the capital, Co- rica, state, and 15 miles S. of San Salvador. Estimated pop.,
hahuila or Montelovee, Santa Rosa, and Parras. Pop. 56,570. 15,000. Except three churches, it has no buildings worthy
COHAIIUIL& or MONTELOVEZ, muon-tI-lolvis, a town  of notice: and its dwellings are mostly built of mud.
of Mexico, State of Cohahuila, about 150 miles N.W. of    COJUTEPEQUE, LAKE OF, or ILLABASCO, eel-yA-b~sfko,
Monterey'. Pop. about 4000.                                 a lake of Central America, in San Salvador, a few leagues
COIHANSEY, a river of New Jersey, rises in the S.E. part distant from the above, is 12 miles in length from E. to W.,
of Salem co., and flowing first southerly, and then westerly, with an average breadth of 5 miles. In windy weather it
falls into.~Delawaro Bay, in Cumberland county. It is navi- assumes a dense green hue, and fish are' often cast dead in
gable for large brigs, 7 or 8 miles, to Greenwich, and for yes- vast quantities on its shores.
sels of 80 tons to Bridgeton, about 20 miles.                 COK/ERt CREEK, a small post-village of Monroe co., TenCOI-IANSEY, a township of Cumberland co., New Jersey. nessee, 155 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.
Pop. 1034.                                                    COKWER, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
COHIANSEY LIGHT, (fixed,) on the Jersey shore of Dela-   COKER, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ware Bay, N. of the mouth of Cohansey Creek, has an eleva-   COKESIBURG, a post-office of Hunterdon co., New Jersey.
tion of 40 feet.                                              COKESBURG, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio.
COIHASSET, a post-township of Norfolk co., Massachu-   COKESBURY, k6lksber-e, a post-office of Abbeville dissetts, 15 miles S.E. of Boston. In 1851, there were 44 yes- trict, South Carolina.
sels, tons 2885, belonging to the town, and employing 561    COL, (i. e. " a neck,") the name of many passes across the
persons, engaged in the mackerel fishery; and during the  Alps of Savoy and Piedmont, some of the principal being
year ending December 31st, 1852,11,616 barrels of mackerel the following: —CoL DE BALME, CoIDr-FRREne, CoL oE LA
were inspected. The village is the terminus of the South  SEIGNE, CoL DE T:NDA, COL DU BONOMnME, &e., which will be
Shore Railroad. Pop. 1775.                                  found in their alphabetical places.
COI-IOCTON, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.         COLABIBA, a narrow promontory in British India, presiCOHOES, ko-hcz/, (written also CAHOOS and CAIIOES,) dency of and immediately S. of the island of Bombay, with
a flourishing manufacturing post-village of Albany co., New  which it is connected by a causeway. Iere are a lightYork, on the right bank of the Mohawk River, a little below  house and cantonmentifor British troops.
Cohoes Falls, on the Erie Canal, near its junction with the    COLABBA, a small town on the Malabar coast, 19 miles
Champlain Canal, and on the Troy and Schenectady Rail- S. of Bombay Fort.
road, 8 miles N. of Albany.  The village contains churches    CO'LAGAULI, a town of British India, presidency of Maof six denominations, a newspaper office, 2 very extensive  dras, district, and 70 miles W.N.W. of Seringapatam, and
axe factories, 4 large cotton mills, employing some 1200 hands, lately a thriving place.
I extensive linen-thread facory, besides various other mann-    COXLAIRt, a lake of Iindostan, Northern Circars, in Masufacturing establishments. Pop. in 1855, 6260.               lipatam, 5 miles E. of Ellore. Lat. 160 360 N.; lon. 810 22' E.
COHOES FALLS, on the Mohawk River, 3 miles above  It lies in a natural hollow, is of an oval shape, about 22
its mouth, and 10 nmiles N. of Albany. The fall is about miles long, and filom 7 to 12 miles broad, and formed chiefly
70 feet in perpendicular height, and. is remarkable for its  by the overflowing of the Krishna and Godavery. When
picturesque beauty.                                         the periodical rains fail, it dries up completely.  By the
COHUT/TAI-  SPRINGS, a post-village of Murray co., river Ooputnair the lake communicates with the Bay of
Georgia, at the base of Cohuttah Mountain, 90 miles N. by  Bengal, distant about 20 miles.
WV. of Atlanta.                                               COLAMOIKA (or KOLEMOIKEE) CREEK, of Early co.,
COIPLA, a post-office of Washington co., New York.        Georgia, flows into the Chattahoochee River, a few miles
COILA, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.         below Fort Gaines.
COIMB'ATOOR, koim'ba-toorl, or COIMBATORE, koim'-   COILAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
ha-thr/, a district of British India, presidency of Madras,   COLAPARICI-IEE, a post-office of Monroe co., Gorgia.
enclosed by the districts of Salem, Trichinopoly, Madura,   CO0LAPOORI, a town of India, in the eccan, dominions and
and IMalabar, and the Mysore and Travancore dominions. 56 miles S. of Sattarah, and the capital of a rajahship, comnArea, 8392 square miles. Pop. 807,964.                      prising also the towns of Parnellah, Mulcapoor, and ColCOIMBAT001 R, a town of Hindostan, capital of the above  gong. The town is built on an elevated rock.
district, on the Noil.  Lat. 10~ 52' N., Ion. 770 55i E.  It    COLARI, a fortified town of Southern India, Mysore dooccupies an elevated and dry situation, is well built, and  minions, 40 miles N.E. of Bangalore. It was taken by the
contains about 2000 houses. There is here a musjid built British in 1768, and retaken soon after by Ryder All. Pop.
by Tippoo Sultan, who made this town one of his principal 3850.
military stations. About 2 miles from the town, at a place    COL/BERG. or KOI/BERG. (Ger. pron. koYb6ORG,) a strongly
called Peruru, is a celebrated IIindoo temple, known by the  fortified seaport town of Prussian Pomerania, 25 miles W. of
name of Mail Chittumbra. It is a rude piece of workman-  Clslin, on the Persante, near its mouth, in the Baltic. Pop.
ship, destitute of elegance, but covered with a profusion of  7610. It has a cathedral, several other churches, numerous
IHindoo ornaments. Some time since an' ancient tumulus  hospitals, an ancient ducal castle, now used for a charitable
or mound near the town was opened, and found to contain  foundation, a house of correction, a harbor, woollen factovarious weapons and other articles, such as were formerly  ries, distilleries, extensive salt-works, salmon and lamprey
used by the Romans. Coimbatoor was twice taken by the  fisheries, and a considerable export trade. It sustained meBritish; first, in 1783, and, again, in 1790.               moraable sieges in 1760 and 1806.
COIMIBRA, ko-eem/bra, (anc. Cobnivdbriga,) a city of Por-   COL/BERT, a small village of Lowndes co., Mississippi, on
tugal, capital of the province of Beira, on the right bank of  the Tombigbee River.
the Mondego, here crossed by a long stone bridge, 110 miles    COLBERT, a post-office of Chickasaw Nation, Arkansas
N.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 13,400. It is enclosed by old walls,    COL'BY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
and is highly picturesque externally, but ill built. Its uni-    COLVBYVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Kentucky,
versity, the only one in Portugal, consists of 18 colleges, 39 miles S.E. of Frankfort.
attended now by about 1100 students, and has a library of    COLCHAGUA, kol-ch:t'gwA, a department of Chili, mostly
30,000 volumes, with extensive museums, an observatory, between lat. 340 and 350 S., stretching from the Andes to the
&c. It has also some fine churches and many convents, Pacific Ocean, having N. and S. the departments of Santiago
that of Santa Cruz now serving for a barrack; and around  andMaule. Area, 8120 squaremiles. Pop.130,000. The plains
it are numerous detached residences, including the famed  are fertile, and watered by the Mauls and Maypu Bivers. The
guinta das lagc-itacs, or "villa of tears," the scene of the  chief towns are Curico, San Fernando, and Rancagua.
death of Inez do Castro. In addition to earthenwares, linen    COLCHESTER, kallches-ter, (anc. Camnalod/ulnussu?)   a parand woollen fabrics, and combs, one of its principal manu-  liamentary  and municipal borough, river port, and town
facturees is that of willow toothpicks.                     of England, co. of Essex, on the Colne, crossed I;here by seveCOIN, ko-een/, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 21 miles W. ral bridges, and on the Eastern Union IRailway, 51 miles
of Malaga, on a gentle declivity facing the N. The houses  N.N.E. of London.  Area of borough, comprising 16 paare tolerably well-built, and the town possesses numerous  rishes, 11.770 acres. Pop. in 1851, 19,443. It is Well built
spacious and clean streets, and three squares —the principal on the sides and summit of an eminence, where there are
having a promuenade and handsome fountain in its centre. vestiges of its ancient walls, many antiquated dwellings,
It has 2 large churches, 2 chapels, so0me convents, 4 schools, imposing remains of a castle of great strength, reputed to
a town-hall, prison, store-house, cemetery, and an episcopal have been founded by Edward the Elder, parts of which
palace; and, in the environs, several public walks and gar- are now used for the town library and a prison; interestdens, adorned with fisuit-trees, flowers, and fountains. In  ing seslics of an abbey and a priory, an ancient chapel, and 8
the neighboring hills, quarries of marble are wrought, and  parish churches, Several of which are very antique strucjasper of all colors is obtained. Pop. 8239.               tures. Its free grammar school has scholarships at CamCOIN/JOCK, a post.office of Currituck co., North Carolina. bridge University, and the celebrated Dr. Parr was master
COIRE, the capital town of the Grisons. See CIun.        of it in 1779. The town possesses also well endowed hospiCOISE, kwtz, a village of the Sardinian States, province  tals for the poor, a general hospital, various money chaii474




COL                                                        COL
ties, a union work-house, fine moot or town hall. county  principal villages of the county. It contains 5 churches,
house of correction, neat theatre, small barracks, several and a large foundry of iron and brass, with  machine
literary and scientific associations, a custom-house, a large  shops. Pop. about 1200.
market-house, bonding warehouses, and a quay, approached, COLD SPRING, a post-village in Lower township, Cape
by vessels of 150tons. Its manufacturesofsilksare declining; May co., New Jersey, about 10 miles S.S.W. of Cape May
butit has soememalting trade, and thriving oy.ter fisheries. Court-House.  It has 2 churches. The name of the place
Its registered shipping, in 1847, amounted to 9447 tons.  It is derived from a remarkable spring near it, which rises
sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Colchester in the marsh, and is overflowed at every tide. Pop. about
was one of the earliest Boman stations in Britain; and nu- 325.
merous coins and other antiquities have been found in it.   COLD SPRING,. a post-office of Lebanon co., PennsylIt was also a Saxon town of note. It gives the title of baron'vania.
to the Abbott family.                                        COLD SPRING, a post-office of Edgefield district, South
COLICHESTER, a post-township of Chittenden co.. Ver-  Carolina.
mont, on Lake Champlain, and on the Vermont Central'Rail-   COLD  SPRING, a village of Meriwether co., Georgia,
road, 35 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has manufactories of  about 90 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville.
cotton and woollen goods, iron castings, sash, blinds, &c.   COLD SPRING, a post-office of Wilkinson co., Mississippi.
Pop. 2575.                                                   COLD SPRING, a post-office of Polk co., Texas.
COLCIIESTER, a beautiful post-village and township of    COLD SPRING, a post-village of Campbell co., Kentucky.
New London co., Connecticut, 20 miles N.W. of New Lon-    COLD SPRING, a post-office of hiarrison co., Ohio.
don. It is the seat of Bacon Academy, an old and liberally    COLD SPRING, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.
endowed institution.  The India-rubber business has been    COLD SPRING, a post-village of Shelby co., Illinois, 12
commenced here on an extensive scale, and is now very  miles S.W. of Shelbyville.
successfully carried on.  Iron castings, paper, and other    COLD SPRING, a post-village of Daviess co., Missouri,
articles arealso manufactured. Pop. of the township, 2405. 150 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
COLCHESTER, a post-township of Delaware co., New    COLD SPRING, a post-office of Pdtawatamie co., Iowa.
York, on the Popacton Riiver, about 20 miles S. of Delhi.   COLD SPRING, a post-village and township of Jefferson
Pop. 2184.                                                 co., Wisconsin, 36 miles E.S.E. of Madison. Pop. 568.
COLCIIESTER, a county in the central part of Nova Sco-' COLD SPRING, a post-office of El Dorado co., California.
tia, bordering on Mines and Colquid Rays, with a narrow      COLD SPRING  HARBOR, a post-village and port of
strip extending W. along Mines Channel to the Bay of  entry of Suffolk co., New York, on a bay of Long Island
Fundy. A rugged ridge bounds its shores. The interior  Sound, about 35 miles E. by N. of New York. It contains
is mostly level. Capital, Truro. Pop. in 1851,15,469.      1 or 2 churches, and several hundred inhabitants.  The
COLCHIS, kollkis, (Gr. KoXXst,) an ancient division of  line between Suffolk and Queen's counties passes through
Asia, at the E. end of the Black Sea. It contains gold and  the village. The registered tonnage of the district, June
silver mines. The pheasant is originally fiom this district. 30, 1854, was 29,24, all of which was employed in the
It was, in the fifteenth century, subdivided into the princi- whale fishery, and the enrolled and licensed tonnage 632
palities of Imneritia, Mingrelia, and Gooriel; and is now  employed in the coast trade.
almost wholly comprised in the Russian  territory  of    COLD SPRING MILLS, a village of Steuben co., New
Transcaucasia.  Adj. and inhab. Colchian, kol/ke-an.       York, 4 miles N.E. of Bath.
COLD-ASBI1Y, and COLD-ASH/ITON, 2 parishes of Eng-   COLD/STREAM,  (formerly Lennel or Leifhall,) a border
land. See ASEBY-COLD cand ASmETON-COLD.                    town, burghof barony, andparish of Scotland, county of, and
COLD/BROOK, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachu- 15 miles W. of BerwickI, on the northern baunk of the Tweed,.
setts, on a small stream of the same name.                 here crossed by a five-arched bridge, and on the main route
COLDBROOK, a post-village of I-Ierkimer  co., New York, from Scotland into England. Pop. of town, in 1851, 2238.
on a stream of the same name, about 90 miles N.W. of  It is irregularly built, and contains a parish church, several
Albany. It has several stores and mills.                   chapels, benevolent societies, and libraries, and had formerly
COLIDBROOK, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois.       an extensive Bible-printing establishment. The famous ford
COLD CREEK, of Indiana, flows into White River, about of the Tweed is in the vicinity, where the ScotCth and EnD15 miles above Indianapolis.                               lish armies crossed in former times.  Near it is Lennel
COL DE BALME, kol deh bAlm. See BALMie.                  house, the property of the Earl of Haddington. " The ColdCOL DE FERRET, kol dph f$ia',at, between the Valais  stream Guards" were so named from  having been raised
(Switzerland) and Piedmont, W. of the Great St. Bernard. here by General Monk, in 1659-60.
Height, 7641 feet.                                           COLD/STREAM, a post-village of Hampshire co., VirgiCOL DE LA SEIGNE, kol deh l& se, leads from Savoy  nia, 20 miles N.W. of Winchester. It has 2 churches and 1
into the Val d'Aosta, in Piedmnont, 7 miles W.S.W. of Mont flouring-mill.
Blanc. Height, 8422 feet.                                    COL DU BONIHIOMME, kol dii bo'nomm/, in the Grecian
COLtDEN, a post-township of Erie co., New York, 20 miles  Alps, 10 miles S.W. of Mont Blanc. Height, 8054 feet.
S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1344.                                  COLD-WALT/IIAI, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
COLIDENHAM, a post-office of Orange co., New York.         COLD/WA'TER, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.
COL DE TENDA, kol deh tln/dti, in the Maritime  Alps,   COLDWATER, a post-office of Marshall co., Mis;issippi.
onthe route from Nice to Turin.  Height, 5986 feet.          COLDWATER, a small village of Lincoln co., Tennessee.
COLD FIRE CREEK. of Alabama, flows S.W. through    COLDWATER, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.
Pickens county, and enters Tombigbee River near the    COLDWATER, a flourishing post-village, capital of Branch
western line of the state.                                 co., Michigan, on the eastern branch of Coldwater River, in
COLD-HIGHIAM, a parishI of England, co. of Northampton. a prairie of its own name, and on the Michigan Southern
COLDING, a town of Denmark. See KOLDEmoe.                Railroad, 115 miles W. by S. from Detroit.  It is surrounded
COLD/INGIIAM, a villeege and parish of Scotland, co. of  by a fertile country, and having no competitor within 20
Berwick,. on the North British Railway, 21 miles N. of Eye- miles or more, it is the centre of an extensive retail trade.
mouth. Pop. 2746. In the village are the remains of a  The river affords a large amount of water-power, which has
famous priory, supposed to have been the first founded in  been improved by the erection of mills, &c. The village has
Scotland, and about 2 miles N.E. is Fast Castle, the Wolf's  grown up since 1836. Pop. in 1853, about 1800.
Crag of the "Bride of Lammermoor."                           COLDWATER, a small post-village of Wayne co., MisCOLDITZ, or KOLDITZ.  kol/dits, a town of Saxony,  souri.
circle, and 25 miles S.E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde. Pop.   COLDWATER  CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into
2900, engaged in manufictures of stockings, linens, felt, Rocky River, about 10 miles S. of Concord, in Cabarras co.
and earthenwares. Its ancient castle is now used as a    COLDWATER RIVER, of Mississippi, a small stream
house of correction.                                       which rises in the northern part of the state, and flows in a
COLD NECK, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.        W.S.W. direction to Tunica co., where it turns towards the
COLD-NOR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         S. and enters the Tallahatchie River in the county of that
COLD-OIVERTON, a parish  of England, co. of Lei- name.
cester.                                                      COLDWATER BIVER, of Branch co., Michigan, flows
COLD/RED, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              north-westward and enters the St. Joseph's River.
COLD RUN, a post-office of Gordon co., Georgia.            COLD WELL, a post-office of Union district, South CaCOLDS/BORNE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.  rolina.
COLD  SPRING, a post-office of Berkshire co., Massa-    COLD WELL, a post-office of White co., Arkansas.
chusetts.                                                    COLE, a county in the centre of Missouri, has an area
COLD SPRING, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connere- of 410 square miles. The Missouri River forms the boundtihut.                                                     ary on the N.E., the Osage River on the S.E., and it is
COLD SPRING, a township of Cattaraugus  co., New  intersected by Moreau Creek. The Osage River enters the
York. Pop. 591.                                           SMissouri River at the eastern extremity of the county.
COLD SPRING, a post-village of Phillipstoewn township,  The sure-ce is broken, and some parts are too rocky for
Putnam co., Noe-w York, on the eastern bank of the Hudson  cultivation; but the soil of the river bottoms is productive.
River,and on thie Hudson River Railroad, 54 miles N. Limestone and burrstone are abundant in the county'
of New York, and I mile above West Point.  It is beau- quarries of good building stone have been opened at Jeffertifully situated among the Highllands, and one of the  son City.  Named in honor of Squire Cole. an Indian.
475




COL                                                            COL
fighter and pioneer. It contains Jefferson City, the capital    COLER.AINE, t61-e-rainl, a post-village and township of
of Missouri. Pop. 6696, of whom  5717 were free, and 979  Franklin co., Massachusetts, on a branch of the Deerfield
slaves.                                                      1River, which affords water-power, about 100 miles W.N.W.
COLEBORNE, klllbeorn, a post-village of Canada West. co. of Boston.  It has manufactories of cotton goods, iron castof Northumberland, 16 miles firom Cobourg. It contains  ings, chairs sash and blinds, leather, &c. Pop. 1785.
several stores.  and flour and  rist nills.  Pop. aboutO700.    COLERAINE, a post-township  of Lancaster co., PennCOLEBROOK, kfl1br5lk, a post-village and township of  sylvania,  on Octorara Creek, 18 miles S.E. of Lancaster.
Coos co., New IHampshire, on the E. side of Connecticut  Pop. 1602.
River, 110 miles N. of Concord.  Pop. 908.                       COLERAINE,  a post-village of Bertie co, North Carolina,
CQLEBROOK, a post-township of Litchfield co., Connecti-  on the right bank of Chowan River, 140 miles E. by N. of
cut, 31 miles N.W. of IHIartford.  The streams afford motive-  Raleig-h.
power for 1 cotton-mill, 1 paper-mill, 2 chair factories, 2    COLERAIN FORCGE, a post-village of luntingdon co.,
tanneries, and numerous saw and grist mills.. Pop. 1317.   Pennsylvania, 106 miles W. of I-Harrisbuirg
COLEBROOK, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.    COLE/RIDGE, a pairish of England, co. of Devon.
Pop. 326.                                                        C/OLERNE, koolernt, a parish of Englanud, co. of Wilts.
COLEBROOK, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn-    COLEROONI, the most N. and largest branch of the Cavery
sylvania.                                                      River, British India, at its delta, enters the Indian Ocean
COLEBROOK, a post-office, Lebanon co., Pennsylvania.    at Devicotta, 21 miles N. of Tranquebar after having formed
COLEBROOK, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. P. 688. for 80 miles the division between the Madras districts of
COLEIBROOKDALE, a hamlet of England, co. of Salop, Tanjore and Trichinopoly.  Waters shallow.
2 miles N. of Broseley, on the Severn, which here winds    COLES, kTlz, a county in the S.E. centra part. of Illinois,
through a picturesque narrow glen, and is crossed by an  has an area of SSO0 squnre miles. Itis intersected by the Kaselegant one-arched iron bridge.  This district contains ex- kaskia and Embarras Rivers, whic'h flow nearly southward.
tensive seams of' coal and ironstone, and petroleum  or tar  The surface is rolling, and mostly destitute of forests; a part
springs,  which issue from  the sandstone strata.  IHere  of Grand Prairie is included in the county; the soil is very
railroads, formed of wood, Were first used in 1620 and  fertile. The county is intersected by the Chicago branch of
1650, and about a century afterwards iron plates were put  the Central Railroad. Named in honor of Edward Coles, second
upon the wooden rails. The population is engaged in the  governorofthe stateofIllinois. Capital,Charleston.  Pop. 9335.
collieries and foundries, and fire-brick and tobacco-pipe ma-    COLESIBERG, a district of the Cape Colony, South Africa,
nuthctories.                                                  having S. the districts GraafReinet and Cradock, and N.
COLEBROOKDALE, a post-township in the E. part of the IHottentot count:y.  Area 11,654 square  miles. Pop.
Berks co., Pennsylvania, 17 miles ]. of Reading. Pop. 1102.  8828. It is a lofty level region, well adapted for rearing liveCOLEIBROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             stock, of which large numbers art fed. The Orange River
COLEBROOKE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  forms its N. boundary. The village of Colesberg, near lat. 300
Addington, 21 miles W. of Kingston. It has several stores  40' S., Ion. 250 30' E., has Dutch and Wesleyan churches, and
and hotels. Pop. about 120.                                   about 500 inhabitants.
COLEBROOK FURNACE, a small village of Lancaster    COLESBURG; k6hlztbirg, a post-office of Potter co., Pennco., Pennsylvania.                                            sylvania.
COLEBROOK  RIVER, a post-village of Litchfield co.,    COLESBURG, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, 30 miles
Connecticut, on the Farmington River, about 30 miles N.W.  W.N.W. of Dubuque.
of TIartford. It contains a cotton-mill and a grist and saw     COLE'S CREEK, a small post-village of Columbia co.,
mill.                                                         Pennsylvania.
COLEtBY,  a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.                 COLE'S FERRY, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.
COLE CAMP, a post-village of Benton co., Missouri, 66    COLESIIIILL, a market-town and parish of England, co.
miles W. by S. of Jefferson City.                             of Warwick, on the Cole, (an affluent of the Tame,) here
COLE CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Yadkin  crossed by a bridge, and with a station on a branch of the
from the N. in Davidson co.                                   West Midland Bailway,  141 miles N.W. of Coventry.  Pop.
COLE CREEK, a post-office of Fountain co., Indiana.         2172. It stands on an eminence, and is handsomely built;
COLE CREEK, a post-township of Montgomery co., In- its parish church contains a curious font, and many monudiana. Pop. 1517.                                             ments of the Digby fanmily, who possess a domain in the
COLEIFORD, a small market-town of England, co. of  vicinity. It is governed by twvo constables. The antiquary
Gloucester, parish of Newland, 7. miles W.N.W. of Blake- Dugdale was born in its vicinity in 1605.
ney. Pop. 2208.                                                  COLESI[ILL, a parish of.England, co. of Berks.
COLEGNO, ko-lin'yo, a village of Sardinia, 5 miles W. of    COLESIILL, a hamlet of England, cos. of IIerts and
Turin, on the Dora-Riparia.  Pop. 1776.                        Bucks, parish, and 14 miles S.S.W. of Amersham.  Pop. 547.
COLE/IMAN, a post-office of Cherolkee co., Alabama.         It was the birthplace and residence of the poet Waller.
COLEIIMAN'S  CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Edgefield    COLESIIILL, a township of England, North Wales, co.
district, South Carolina.                                      of Flint, parish of iolywell, and scene of a battle, where
COLEIMANSVILLE, a post-village of Ilarrison co., Ken- henry II. was defeated by the Welsh. in 1157.
tuclky, on the South Pork of Lickinig River, about 50 miles    COLE'S MILLS, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.
N.E. of Frankfort.  It has 1 church and about 100 inha-    COLESSEAIt, or COLLESSEAI-I,  i small seaport and
bitants.                                                       village, on the N.W. coast of the island of Socotra, Arabian
COLEITIORE, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.              Sea, situated at the gorge of a valley. Dragon's blood,
COLE-OR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          aloes, and ghee are shipped in small quantities.
COLERAIN, k5l-rainl, a township of Bedford co., Penn-    COLES/TOWN, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
sylvani..  Pop. 1281.                                          12 miles S.W. of Mount IHolly.
COLERtAIN, a village of Camden co., Georgia, on St. Mary's    COLESIVILLE, a post-township of Broome co., New York,
River, about 2i miles W. of St. Mary's.                        on the Susquehanna River, 10 miles N.E. of Binghampton.
COLERAIN, a post-office of Jaclkson co., Arkansas.          Pop. 3061.
COLERAIN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Belmont    COLESVILLE, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
co., Ohio. Pop. 1366.                                            COLESVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., MaryCOLERAIN,  a village and township of Hamilton co., Ohio, land, 40 miles W. by N. of Annapolis.
16 miles N.W. of Cincinnati.    Pop. 3125.                       COLESVILLE,  a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.
COLERAIN, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 986.              COLE1TA,  a post-offi:e of Tallade a co., Alabama.
COLERAINE, klo-rain,  a parliansentary and municipal    COLET/IT,  a post-office of De TWitt co., Texas.
borough, seaport town and parisl of Ireland, Ulster, co. of    COLETTO CREEK, of Texas, rises in De Witt county, and
Londonderry, on the Bann. here crossed by a bridge 4 miles  flowing south-eastwards enters the Guadalupe River about
from  its mouth, and 47 miles N.N.W. of Belfast.  Area of  8 miles S. of Victoria.
parish, 48146 cres.  Pop. 5857. Area of parliamentary by -    COL/FAX, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana.
rough, 963.  Pop. of town and parliamentayy bosounh, -62'5.    COL~'ONGI a, town of British India. presidency of Bengal,
It is tolerably well built, and has a large paris chchurch, on  16 miles E.of Bo'lipoor, beautifully situated on the Ganges.
elegant Roman Catholic chapel, endowed and other schools,        COLICO, kolle-ko, a village of Lombardy, government of
atown-hall, a court-house, custoni-house, and work-hous is, Milan, 26, miles N.N.E. of Como, nsear the N. extremity of
and several marklet-houses and banks, and some remains  the Lakle of Como, in an unhealthy situation at the foot
of old fortifications. The harbor at the mouth of the Bann  of Mount Legnano.   Pop. 2700.
has been so much improved of late years, that vessels    COLIGNY, ko'leensyeeo, a marlet-town of France, departof 200 tons burden can now  discharge at the quay close  ment of Ain, 14 miles N.N.E. of Bourg. It gives its nan-e
to the bridge. The exports consist of corn, meal. provisions, to the illustrious house of Coligny-ChBtillon.   See CuAaIcLand fine linenas, mostly sent to Englandl.  Registered ship-s  LON-SUe-LOims.
ping, in 1847, 980 tons. Steamers continually ply hence to    COLTJNSPLAAT, ko-lins-pe i-,   commonly called COOLTLiverpool, Glasgow, and Fleetwood. ITere are paper-smills,  JESPLAAT, khlt'y&s-plUtt a village of IHolland, province of
tanneries, bleach-grounds, and salmon  and eel tsheries.  Zeaound, island of North Beveland, 19 miles N.W. of BergenThe borongh  sends 1 member to the I-ouse of Comnions.  op-Zoom.  It has a harbor, whonce small vessels ply to
It gives the title of baron to the IIanger fitmily. About 1  MNiddelburg and Rotterdam. and whbence there isa regular
mile S. are traces of a large Danish fort.                    ferry to Zierikzee. Pop. 1688.
476




COL                                                        COL
COLIIMA, ko-lee'rn, a town of the MHexican Confederation,    COLLEGEVILLE, a post-village  of Saline co., Arkansas,
capital of the territory of Colirna, situated in a fertile plain;  about 14 miles S.W. of Little Rock.
lat. 18O 50' N., Ion. 1030 7' W., near the volcano of the sbme    COLLESANO, kol-lI-sa'no,  a town of Sicily, 25 miles E.S.E.
name. It is a pretty large town, and has a considerable de- of Palermo, on the N. declivity of the Madonid Mountains.
maud ibr various articles of trade, such as linens, cotton  Pop. 2800.
goods, woollens, and hardware.  Pop. 31,774. The port of    COLLESSEAIH.  See COLESSEAn.
Colima, which is about 30 miles S.S.W. of the city, lat. 180    COLLESSIE, kol-les/see, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
33' N., ion. 1030 35' W., has a good anchorage, and is well    COLLETON, colle-ton, a district in the S. part of South
protected against the S. winds prevalent during the rainy  Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic, has an area of 1670
season, but on account of a very considerable lake of stag-  square miles. It is intersected by thse Edisto, bounded on
nant waters in its immediate vicinity, is very unhealthy  the S.W. by the Combahee, and also drained by the Salkeduring the summer. Infested by myriads of mosquitoes  hatchie and Ashepoo Rivers.  The surface consists of an
and sand-flies, even in the dry season it is nearly impos- alluvial and extremely level plain, and is partly occupied by
sible to reside there. This port has been open to foreign  swamps. The soil of the drier parts is productive. The discommerce for several years, but has not been able to make  trict is intersected by the South Carolina JRailroad, and is one
much progress. The port itself has not a single house, and  of the most populous in the state. Capital, Waterborough.
the first adjacent town is Colima.                          Pop. 39,505, of whom 1734 were free, and 31,771 slaves.
COLIMA, aterritory or district of the Mexican Confederacy,   COLLETORTO, kol-ld-toR/to, a town of Naples, province oif
mostly between lat. 190 and 200 N., stretching 100 miles  MIolise, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Larino. Pop. 2620.
along the coast of the Pacific, S. of the department of    COLtLETSVILLE, a post-village in Caldwell co., North
Jalisco. Climate hot; soil fertile. Capital, Colima. Nearly  Carolina, 16 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.
all the population are Indian.                                COLLIANO, a town of Naples. See COGIsANO.
COLIMA.  VOLCANO OF, is situated in the territory of    COLLICOON or COLLIKOON. See CA.LLIcOON.
Colima, about 30 miles N.E. of the town of this name, near    COLLIER BAY. of Australia, on the N.W. coast, between
190 N. let., and 10300 W. ion. I-eight, 12,000 feet.        Camboden Sound and Kiing's Sound, in lat. 160 7' S., ion.
COLINIDA, a town of British India. presidencyof Bengal, 12.00 7' E. It is 20 miles wide at its entrance.  The tide
district of Tiperab, 26 miles E. of Luckipoor.              rises in this bay 36 feet.
COLINSBURGI, kollinz-btLr-rlhh, a village  of Scotland,    COLLIERLEY, kolfygr-le, a township of England, co. of
co. of Fife, perish of Kilconquhar; 4 miles W. of Pittenweem.  Durham.
Pop. 500. It has weekly corn-markets and two annual fiirs.    COLLIERS, kolfyerz, a village of Otsego co., New York, on
COL/INTON or COLILINGTON, a village and parish of  the Susquehanna River, 73 uiles W. by S.. of Albany.
Scotland, co. Edinburgh. It is beautifully situated on the    COLLIERS, a post-office, Edgefleld district, South Carolina.
Water of Leith, N. declivity of the Pentland Hills, and in it    COLILIERSTOWN, a post-village of Rockbridge co., Viris the seat of Lord Dunfermlne, and several extensive  ginia, 154 miles W. of Richmond.
paper mills.                                                  COLrLIERSVILLE, a village of Sullivan co., New York,
COLITA, ko-leettl,  a post-office of Polk co., Texas.     75 miles W. by S. of Albany.
COLIUMO, ko-le-oofmo, a small maritime town of South    COLLIERSVILLE, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.
America, Chili, 18 miles E.N.E. of Concepcion.                COLLIER SVILLE, a post-village Shelby co., Tennessee, on
COL'KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            the Memphis and La Grange Railroad, 30 miles E. of Memphis.
COLL, one of the western islands of Scotland. on the W.    COLILIN, a county in the N. part of Texas. has an area
coast of Mull, 21 miles N.E. of the island Tiree. Length  of 916 square miles. It is initersected by the E. fork of
from N.W. to S.E. 12 miles; average breadth 21 miles. Pop. Trinity River, and also drained by Little Elm  and Pilot
1412. It contains many hamlets, and a residence and feudal Grove Creeks. The surface consaists partly of prairies, and
stronghold of the Macleans. About one-third is cultivated  partly of timbered land. Capital, McKinney. Pop. 1950, of
and in pasture, the rest is rocky and barren.               whom 1816 were free, and 134 slaves.
COL'LACE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.               COLILINGBOURNE-DU/CIS, a parish of England, co. of
COLILAMAN'S CORNERS, a post-offlice of Albany co., New  Wilts.
York.                                                        COL'LINGBOURNE-KINGSITON, a parish of England, co.
COLILAMER3, a post-village of Windham co., Connecticut, of Wilts.
45 miles E. by N. of Hartford.                                COLILINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West
COLLAMER, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.       Riding.
COLLAMER, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.      COLtLINGIIAM, NORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
COLLAMER, a post-office of Copith  co., Mississippi.       COL/LINGIHAM, SOUTHI, a parish  of England, co. of Notts.
COLLAMER, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., Ohio.             COLILINCGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
COLLAMER, a post-office of Whitely co., Indiana..           COL!LINGTREE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
COLLAMER, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, on the    COLILINS, a post-village and township of Erie co., New
edge of a beautiful prairie, 160 miles N.N.E. of Springfield.  York, on Cattaraugus Creek, 22 miles S. of Buffalo. Pop. 400..
COLLAMER, a post-village of Sank co., Wisconsin, on    COLLINS, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
Wisconsin River.                                            Pop. 1324.
COLLARES, kol-lirls, a market town of Portugal, 12    COLLINS, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.
miles W.N.W. of Lisbon, on the Rio-das-Sacas, N. of Cape    COLLINS CENTRE, a post-village of Erie co., New York,
Roca. Pop. 2200.                                            about 25 umiles S. of Buffalo.
COLLARES, a small town of Brazil, 40 miles N.N.E. of    COLLINS' DEPOT, a post-office of IHampden co., MassaBelem, on an island in the Part River.                     chusetts.
COLLE, kolkii, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of    COLLINS RIVER, a small stream in the S.E. central part
Molise, 17 miles S.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 4020. It has  of Tennessee, flows through Warren co. into the Canuey folrk
various ecclesiastical edifices, a hospital, and a large annual of Cumberland River.
fair in September.                                           COLLINS SETTLEMENT, a post-office., Lewis co.,Virghinia.
COLLE, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, province, and 22    C0L/LINSVILLE, a post-village in Canton township, Iartmiles S.S.W. of Florence, on the Elsa, with 3800 inha- ford co., Connecticut, on Farmington River, and at the terbitants. It has a cathedral,  a castle, and paper mills.    minus of the Collinsville branch of the New IHaven and
COLLE CORVINO, kol/lA koo-veetno, a town of Italy, in  Northasmpton Bailroad, about 15 miles N.W. by WV. of IbartNaples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 4 miles E. of Civita-di- ford. There noe in this place several manufactories of parver
Penne.  Pop. 1800.                                          and saws, and the largest axe manufactory, it is said, in the
COLLEDA, (Calleda,) kilf'C-d/, a town of Prussian Sax- United States, averaOing   1000 axes daily throughout the
ony, 35 miles W.S.W. of Murseburg. Pop. 2000.               year. It contains 1 church and 5 stores. A sclhool-house is
COLILEGE, a township in IKnox co., Ohio. Pop. 523.        about being built, to cost $5000,  Pop. about 1000.
COLLEGE CORNERS, a post-village in Butler co.; Ohio,   COLLINSVILLE, a post village of Lewis co., New York,
on the Junction Railroad, 35 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati.    near Black River, about 37 miles N. by W. of Utica, has 1 or
COLLEGE GOREEN, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.    2 churches and several stores.
COLLEGE HILL, a post-office of La Fayette co., Mississippi.    COLLIN SVILLE, a village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, 122
COLLEGE HILL, a thriving post-village of Hamilton co., miles W. of Harrisburg.
Ohio, 6 miles N. of Cincinnati. It is the scat of two flourish-    COLLINSVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the
ing institutions, viz. Farmer's College, formerly Carey's  Eaton and Hamilton laihroad, 10 miles N.N.W. of IHamilton.
Academy, and the Ohio Female College, chartered in 1851,   COLLINSVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois,
each having handsome buildings. The former has about 200 86 miles S. by W. of Springfield, and 14 miles E.N.E. of St.
students, and the latter about 150. Pop. about 500.         Louis. It has several mills and stores.
COLLEGE OF NEW  JERSEY. See PRINCETON.                      COLLTO, kol/le-o, a village of Lombardy, 14 miles N.N.E.
COLLEGE MOUND, a post-office of Kaufman co., Texas.  of Brescia, on the Mella. Pop. in 1843, 2256. It has iron
COLLEGE OF ST. JAMES, a post-village of Washington  mines and forges.
co., Maryland, 6 miles S.E. of Iagerstown.  The college,    COLLIOURE, kol'le-oor, a fortified seaport town of France,
which has a preparatory department connected with it, is  department of Pyr6ntes-Orientales, on the Mediterranean,
under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal church. It.a little N. of Port Vendres, and 15 miles S.E. of Perpignan.
was first opened in 1842, chartered in 1849, and is in a very  Pop. in 1852, 3507. It is defended by 3 forts, and has some
flourishing condition.                                     trade in wines, wool, and anchovies.
477
\~~~




COL                                                         COL
COLLIRENE, koPle-reenl, a post-office of Lowndes  co.,   COLINEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Alabama.                                                     COLN-ROGERS, k1ln-rojlfrz, a parish of England, co. of
COLLO, kolflo, a town of Algeria, province of Constantine, Gloucester.
68 miles W. of Bona, on the bay of the same name, in the    COLN  ST. ALDIWYN, a parish of England, co. of GlouMediterranean.  Pop. 2500.                                  cester.
COLLDBRIE]RES, kol'lo'bre-ais,- a village of France, de-    COLN ST. DENNIS, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
partmeit of Var, 19 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 1890,   COLOCZA. See KALoCSA.
partly engaged in iron, lead, and coal mines.                 COLOGNA, ko-lnlyty, a town of Northern Italy, governCOLILOMSVILLEa,apost-of-ice,Lyconsin- co.,Pennsylvania.  meut of Venice, 19 miles S.E. of Verona. Pop. in 1843,
COLILON, a market-town and parish of Ireland, Leinster,  6315. It has manufactures of silk.
co. of Louth, on au affluent of the Boyne, here crossed by a    COLOGNE, ko-16nf, (Fr. ko'lofil, Ger. Cbin, Kbln, kiln, anc.
stone bridge, 51 miles N.W. of Dlrogheda. Pop. of town, 936.  Opf'ifze  or Civitas  Ubiotruem, afterwards  Coleleie Ag?'i
It has a cotton-factory and a bleaching-ground. Stocking  p/ta, or Cololnia Clausdia Agri1pivee/sis,) a city of Prusand linen weaving employs many of the inhabitants. Cellon  sia, on the left bank of the Rhine, capital of the province of
House is the residence of Viscount Ferrard, chief proprietor  the Rhine, 45 miles N.N.W. of Coblentz. Lat. 500 5/ 29" N.,
in the parish.                                              ion. 60 57' 52" E. It is built close upon the river, in the form
COLLONGE, koll'cNzhW, aparish and village of Switzerland,  of a crescent, and is connected with the town of Deutz, on
canton of Valais, 4 miles S.E. of St. Mnurice, on the IRhone.  the opposite side, by a bridge of boats. It is surrounded by
Elevation, 5302 feet.                                       walls, which form a circuit of several miles, and present perCOLLOOINEY, a market-town of Ireland, Connaught, co. feet specimens of the fortifications of the Middle Ages. Outand 5. miles S.W. of Sligo, on the Owenbeg. Pop. 651.       side the walls are fine gardens and walks. In the older quarCOL'LUMBKILL, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of  ters of the town the houses bear the impress of the Middle
Longford.                                                   Ages; the streets are dark, narrow, and filthy, pools of dirty
COLLUMBKILL, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kil- water being left to stagnate in the thoroughfares.  Of late,
kenny.                                                      however, government has paid some attention to improving
COLLIUMPITON, a market-town and parish of England,  the town, by opening public walks, and by widening and
co. of Devon, on the Culm, a tributary of the Exe. and on  paving the streets. It contains 27 churclhes, 8 chapels, a
the Great Western Railway, 121 miles N.E. of Exeter. Pop. synagogue, and many public buildings, including the Townin 1851, 3655. The town, in a broad vale, has many antique  house, a remarkably fine old building; the Hall of Justice,
houses, a church, originally collegiate, containing a beauti-  the Archiepiscopal Palace, the Giirzenich, finished in 1474,
ful chapel and many rich ornaments, and a large serge  in the large lower hall of which, now used as a store-house,
factory. It has county sessions, and is the polling-place for  several diets of the Empire were held, and here the carnival
the northern division of the county. A fire in 1839 destroyed  balls are given; the Tempelhaus., a Byzantine building, used
a great part of the town.                                   now for public meetings respecting navigation, industry, and
COLfLY, a village of Pulaski co., Missouri, 60 miles S. of  commerce. But the object of greatest interest in the town is
Jefferson City.                                             the Cathedral, begun in 1248, one of the finest and purest
COL1LY-WESITON, a parish of England, co. of North- Gothic monuments in Europe. It is in the form of a cross;
ampton.                                                     its entire length is about 511 feet; breadth, 231 feet; the
COLMTAR, koPmars, (L. Colsmbalria,) a city of France, roof rests on 100 columns, of which the four centre ones
capital of the department of IHaut-Rhin, on the Lauch, near  are 30 feet in circumference. In 1842, the completion of
its confluence with the Ill, 41 niles N.N.E. of Strasbourg,  this magnificent edifice was commenced, after designs by
with which it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1852, 23,345. Zwirner, under the auspices of the King of Prussia; and
It is well built; and its old ramparts are now converted into  the works have been vigorously prosecuted since that time.
plsnted boulevards. The principal edifices are a cathedral,  The estimated cost of the completion is 750,0001. The other
town-hall, theatre, prison, and court-house. It has a com- remarkable churches are those of St. Peter, in which is an
munal college, with a collection of paintings and library of  altar-piece of the crucifixion of that saint, by Rubens, who
40,000 volumes, and several hospitals. It is the seat of a  presented it to this church, in which he was baptized; St.
superior court, and a tribunal of commerce; and it has active  Mary, on the capitol, occupying the site of the capitol of the
manufactures of cotton fabrics, tapes, cutlery, paper, leather, ancient Roman city, and dating from about the year 1000;
brushes, combs, &c., which articles, with corn and other  the Apostles' Church, in the Neumarkt, built about the
produce, it exports into Switzerland. Colmar was an im-  year 1200, a perfect specimen of the Romanesque style; the
perial city in the Middle Ages, and had an active share in the  Church of St. Ursula, filled with the bones of the 11,000
civil wars under Rodolph of Hapsburg and Adolphe of Nassau. British virgins destroyed hlere on their way to Bretagne,
It was ceded to France by the peace of Ryswick in 1697.     under the guidance of St. Ursula; the Church of the Jesuits,
COLMARS, kol'mas!, (L. Coeltis Marltis, i. e. "Mars' Hill,") or Maria Himinmelsfahrt, dating from 1636, overloaded with
a town of France, department of Basses-Alpes, 24 miles N. of gorgeous decorations of marble sculpture; &c.; and St. GeCastellane, on the Verdon, 4 miles from the Sardinian fron-  reon's, which, like the Church of St. Ursula, is lined with
tier. Pop. 1000. It is defended by walls and forts,         bones, not, however, of virgins, but of the Theban legion of
COLMENAR, kol-m&-nan, a town of Spain, province and  martyrs, slain, according to tradition, during the reign of
15 miles N. of Malaga. Pop. 5949.                           Diocletian; this is one of the finest, as well as most ancient,
COLMENAR DEL ARROYO, kol-mi-nasl d~l Ae-nofyo, a  churches in the city. Cologne contains two gymnasia-one
town of Spain, 33 miles S.E. of Avila.                      for Roman Catholics, the other for Protestants; the latter
COLMENAI R DE LA SIERRA, kol-mA-nanl dA 1l se-en/rA, has a library of 33,000 volumes; an observatory and botanical
a town of Spain, 35 miles N. of Guadalajara, on the Jaranra.  garden, a normal school, a public library, a theatre, several
COLMENAR DE OREJA, kol-m.-naa/  dA o-rQe&, a town  hospitals, a school of design, a museum, containing an inof Spain, 30 miles S.S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 4552.             te-esting collection of pictures of the school of Cologne, and
COLMENAR VIEJO, kol-mni-nars ve-al/ao, a town of Spain, of Roman antiquities found in and about Cologne; and an
17 miles N. of Madrid. Pop. 3810.                           arsenal, in which is a great variety of ancient arms and
COL'MONELL/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.            armor.
COLPWVORTI, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.            The manufactures are considerable. and consist chiefly of
COLNIBROOK, a village and chapelry of England, cos. of  cotton  yarn, woollen  stockings, bonnets, silks, velvets,
Middlesex and Bucks, on the Colne, here crossed by several tobacco, soap, hats, lace, and the celebrated Cologne Water,
bridges, 17 miles S.W. of London. Pop. 1050.                (Fr. Eau de Cologne, Gee. KRlnisches  tasser,) of which there
COLNE, kOin or kon, a river of England, cos. of IHerts  are no fewer than 30 different manufacturers,ewho export
and Middlesex, joins the Thames at Staines. Its length is  annually 1,500,000 bottles to all parts of the world. There are,
about 30 miles.                                             besides, some tanneries, distilleries, and 15 sugar-refineries.
COLNE, a river of England, co. of Essex, joins the North  Its commerce is considerable, and, in consequence of the
Sea by a broad estuary, separated from that of the Black- opening of the Rhine in 1837, the navigation of which had
water by Mersea Island. Course about 30 miles.              been closed by the Dutch, is rapidly improving. It has a
COLNE, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, joins the  good port on the Rhine, and is the principal entrepdt of the
Isis, near Lechlade, after a S.E. course of about 25 miles.    corn, wine, and oil trade on the river, and has active comCOLNE, a market-town of England, co. of Lancaster, parish  mercial relations with the Netherlands, Germany, Alsace,
of Whalley, on an affluent of the Calder, and on the Leeds  and Switzerland; while the transports of corn and Rhenish
and Liverpool Canal, 32 miles by railway N.E. of Manchester. wine down the Rhine, and into the neighboring countries
Pop. of town, in 1851, 6644. It has two chapels of ease, a  of Ilolland, Belgium, and Westphalia, employ a great many,rrammar school of which Archbishop Tillotson was a pupil, vessels; and numerous steamers are continually passing,
Lcloth-hall, and large manufactories of cotton calicoes and  with passengers, up and down the river. Three railroads
oousselius-de-laine,whichha-vealmostsupersededits ancient branch out from Cologne; one, on the N., going W. to Aixwoollen manufacture. Its mills are partly wrought by water- la-Chapelle, and Belgium; a second, on the E., from Deutz,
power. Coal, slate, and lime abound in the vicinity,       leading to Diisseldorf and Northern Germany; and a third,
COLNE, a parish of England, co. of HIuntingdon.          on the S., leading to Bonn.
COLNE, EARLS, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           Cologne was anciently called Oppideon or Civitas Ubiofrum,
COLNE ENGAIN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         (the " town or city of the Ubii," one of the most powerfui
COLNE, WAKE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          of the ancient German nations.) It was afterwards called
COLNE, WHITE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         Coloeie CQaltdia Agrisppoinensis, or simply Colonia Agrilpina,
478




COL                                                        COL
a Roman colony having been planted at this place by the  of Tuscany, 8 miles i.E. of Castiglione-della-Pescaja, reEmperor Claudius at the request of his wife, Agrippina, markable for the remains of Cyclopean walls, and Roman
who was born here. The city was annexed to the German  and Etruscan antiquities.
Empire in 870, and was one of the most powerful and    COLONELLA, ko-lo-nFll, a town of Naples, province of
wealthy cities of the HIanseatic league, its population then  Abruzzo Ultra I., 16 miles N.E. of Teramo, near the Mediamounting to 150,000. As early as the eleventh century, terranean. Pop. 2000.
Cologne carried on an extensive trade with foreign coun-   COLONEL'S (k~ir'nelz) CREEK, of South Carolina, flows
tries, including England, in the produce of the country-  into the Wateree from the right in Richland district.
wine, corn, flour, malt, beer, &c. The arts and sciences also    COLONEL'S FORK, a post-village of Pickens district,
flourished, and its university was one of the most famous  South Carolina.
in Germany. Intestine divisions, and the intolerant and    COLONIA DO SANTISSIMO  SACRAMENTO, ko-lolne-A
persecuting spirit of its magistrates, with some other causes, do s~n-teestse-mno sA-krA-mtn/to, (i.e. "Colony of the most
finally effected its ruin, and in 1792 it ceased to be a free  Holy Sacrament,") a fortified maritime town of South Amecity. Duns Scotus died in Cologne in 1308, and was in- rica, in Uruguay, on the N. bank of the estuary of the Plata,
terred in the chapel of the Minorites; and Rubens was born  opposite Buenos Ayres, 98 miles W.N.W. of iMIontevideo.
here in 1577, in the same house in which Mary of Medicis  Pop. 2500. In 1845, it was taken by the English and French
died, in 1642. Pop. in 1852, 92,244, of whom only about 7000  fleets from the troops of Roses.
are Protestants.-Adj. and inhab., COLOsNESE, ko'lo-neezl.    COLONIA or COLONIA AGRIPPINA.  See COLOGNE.
COLOGNE, or KOLN, (KUln,) a government of Rhenish    COLON MILLS, a post-village of Colon township, St. JoPrussia, bounded N. by the government of Diisseldorf, E. seph co., Michigan, on Swan Creek, 135 miles W. by S. of
by Arnsberg, S. by Coblentz, and WV. by Aix-la-Chapelle, or Detroit. It has a few stores and mills. Pop. 400;
Aachen. Area, 15,14 square miles. It lies wholly in the   COLONNA. See CAPE COLONNA.
valley of the Rhine, and is divided into 10 circles, of which    COLONNA, ko-lon'n, a small town in the Pontifical
the circle of Cologne, containing the capital, has an area States, 13 miles E. of Rome.
of 176 square miles. Pop. 484.593.                           COLONNE, ko-lon/nA, a cape of Naples. See CAPE NAU.
COLOGNE, ko-l]n! or ko'lofi, a town of France, depart-   COLIONSA or COLIONSAY', an island of the Hebrides, in
ment of Gers, 18 miles N. of Lombez, on the Sarrampion.    Scotland, included in Argyleshire, 9 miles W.N.W. of Islay,
COLOGNE, ko-1in', a post-office of Mason co., Virginia.    separated from the island of Oronsay by a narrow  sound
COLOGNO, ko-16n/yo, a walled town of Lombardy, 8 miles left dry at low water. Length of both islands, 12 miles, and
S.S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2650. It suffered repeatedly in the from 1 to 3 miles in breadth. Loch Fad is in the centre.
wars of the Guelphs and the Ghibelines.                      COLtONY, a post-office of Knox co., Missouri.
COLOKYTIHIA. See KOLOKYTsIIA.                              COLONY, a post-office of Delaware co.,' Iowa.
COLOLO, ko-lolo, a mountain-peak of the Andes, near the   COLORADO, kol-o-rahtdo, an important river of Texas,
boundary of Peru and Bolivia, in lat. 140 57' S., Ion. 690 10' and one of the largest which intersects the state. It rises
WV. Height, 17,930 1Get.                                   in the table-lands in the N.W. part of the state, and flows
COLOITMA, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama         in a general south-easterly  direction. After passing by
COLOMA, a post-office of Whitesides co.. Illinois.       Austin City, Bastrop, La Grange, and Columbus, it enters
COLOMBEY, ko'l16mbY, a village of France, department Matagorda Bay at the town of Matagorda. The whole length
of Seine, on the railway between Paris and St. Germains, 6  probably exceeds 900 miles. It is navigable by steamboats
miles N.W. of Paris.  It had formerly a royal castle, in  to Austin City, (about 300 miles,) in the higher stages of
which Queen Henrietta of England died, in 1669.            water. It is skated that they can ascend to La Grange, durCOLOMBEY, a village of France, department of Istre, ar- ing at least six months of the year. Below Austin it flows
rondissement of Le Tour-du-Pin.                            through an alluvial plain, adapted to the growth of cotton,
COLOMBEY, a town of F'rance, department of MIeurthe,  rice, and sugar.
10 miles S. of Toul.                                         COLORADO, or RIO  COLORADO, reeso  kol-o-rahfdo,
COLOMBIA, ko-lom'be-9, is the name which was adopted  (called also the Colorado of the West, to distinguish it fromn
by the northern countries of South America, in 1819, when  the Colorado of Texas,) a river of the United States, W. of
New Granada and Venezuela united, and established one  the Rocky Mountains, in which it takes its rise, by two
central government, for the purpose of resisting Spain. In  branches, namely, Green and Grand Rivers, which unite in
1829, Venezuela renounced the union, and constituted itself  about 350 30' N. lat., and 1120 55' WV. Ion. Flowing at first
a separate republic. After the resignation of Bolivar, in  S.W., then VW., and lastly, almost due S., it falls into the
1830, it again joined New Granada, but this union lasted  head of the Gulf of California, in about 320 10' N. lat., and
only a short time. In November, 1831, a new separation  1140 20' W. lon. The entire length, including that of Green
took place; at the same time it was decided that the former  River, its longest branch, may be estimated at 1200 miles.
province of Quito should constitute a separate government, Although the largest river WV. of the Rocky Mountains,
under the name of Ecuador. Thus Colombia was divided  with the exception of the Columbia, the quantity of water
into three republics, Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador.  carried down its channel during the dry season is very
-Adj. and inhab., COLoMsIAN, ko-lomlbe-an.                  small. It is called Rio Colorado, or "Red River," because,
COLOMBIER, ko'ljisbe-A', a parish and village of Switzer-  qwing to the fall of rains upon a soil of red clay, its waters
land, canton, and 4 miles S.W. of Neufchltel, near the WV. often assume that color.
bank of the lalie. It has an ancient castle of the Dukes of    COLORADO, a county in the S.E. central part of Texas,
Longueville, Princes of Neufchdtel.                        has an area of about 1020 square miles. It is intersected
COLOMBIER, ko'l6m'be-A, a village of France, department by the Colorado River. The other streams furnish waterof Isbre, 16 miles N.E. of Vienne. Pop. 1312.              power. The soil near the Colorado is alluvial, and extremely
COLOM/BO or'COLUM/BO, the principal seaport-town and  fertile; some parts of it are sandy. In 1850 it produced 4771
modern capital of Ceylon, on its W. coast, in let. 60 56' N., bales of cotton, a great quantity more than any other county
ion. 790 49' E. Pop. 31,549. The fortified town, about II in the state. Capital, Columbus. Pop. 2157, of whom 1534
miles in circumference, stands on a rocky peninsula, on  were free, and 723 slaves.
three sides surrounded by the sea, and having landward a    COLORADOS, LOS: los kol-o-rddos, a cluster of rocks and
lake, a moat, and drawbridges; internally, it is more like a  islets near the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, off the N.W.
European town than any other in India, except Goa; its  side of the island of Cuba, in lat. 220 15' N., lou. 840 40' W.
buildings are mostly in a plain Dutch style, and some of its    COLORNO, ko-losno, a market-town of Northern Italy,
streets are lined with trees. Climate salubrious, though  duchy, and 8 miles N. of Parma, with a ducal palace, on the
humid. Mean temperature of the year 800'7; winter 790~1; Parma. Pop. 3000sumnmer 800.9, Fahnrenheit. The fortified town is the resi-   COLOSSIE, ko-los/see, a ruined city of Asia Minor, in Anadence of the civil and military authorities, and the princi- tolia, near lat. 370 47' 30"t N., lon. 290 24' E. Its remains
pal European residents of Ceylon; the open town to the E. comprise a theatre and numerous sepulchres. See CHoeos.
is occupied by a mixed population of Dutch and Portuguese    COLOSSE, ko-los/see, a post-village of0swego co., New York,
descent, and the suburbs are inhabited by native Singhalese. 20 miles E. of Oswego, has 1 church and several stores.
Principal edifices, the government-house, court-house, Eng-    COL'QUITT, a post-village of Miontgomery co., Georgia, at
lish, Dutch, and Portuguese churches, chapels, extensive  the confluence of the Oconee and 0cmulgee Rivers, about
barracks, a good military hospital, and the light-house. It 100 miles W. by S. of Savannah.
has various museums, schools, hotels, and libraries. The    COLSITERWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
harbor, defended by several forts, is small, and the road- Isaac Newton, whose father was lord of the manor, was
stead is safe only during the S.E. monsoon. Colombo is the  born here on Christmas day, 1642.
entrepOt for most of the foreign trade of Ceylon, and has    COLS/TON-BAS5SET, a parish of England, co. of Notupwards of 20 commercial houses. Value of exports in  tingham.
1845, 491,0261.; of imports, 1,188,4181. Customs revenue,   COL/TISIALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
107,6171. It was occupied by the Poitugnese in 1517; tlken    COL/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
by the Dutch in 1603, and by the English in 1796.            COLTON, a parish of England.  See COULTON.
COLOMERA, ko-lo-m/rA, a town of Spain, 12 miles N. of    COLTON, a thriving post-village and township of St. LawGranada, on a river of same name. Pop. 2200.               rence co., New York, on the Racket River, about 7 miles S.
CO/LON, a post-township in the W. part of St. Joseph co., by E. of Potsdam. The water-power furnished by the Racket
Michigan. Pop. 846.                                       here is immense. The river at the village plunges down a
COLONA-DI-BURIANO, ko-lofn&-dee-boo-re-I.no, a village  steep declivity of about 60 feet, and is said to have a fall of
479




COL                                                           COL
300 feet in the distance of 2 miles. By the completion of the  rated  from  Richmond  county.  Capital, Appling.  Pop
Northern Railroad, an impulse has been given to the lum-  11,959, of whom 3689 were free, and 8270 slaves.
bering business that has doubled the size of Colton village    COLUMBIA, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, border.
within 2 years. There are two gang mills here,one of which  hiog on Georgia, has an area of 2560 square miles. The Suruns about 60 saws, and the other 70. Another gang mill  wanee River forms its boundary oi the N.W. and W., the
was erected in 1852, about 2 miles above. In the township  St. Mary's on the N.E., and the Santa Fe on the S.. The
are extensive beds of bog and magnetic iron ore. Incorpo-  surface is nearly level, and partly covered with pine woods;
rated in 1843. Pop. in 1850, 506.                             the soil is mostly sandy. Capital, Alligator. Pop. 4808, of
COLTON. a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New York.        whom 3542 were free, and 1266 slaves.
COLT'S NECK, a post-village of Monmouth co., New Jer-    COLUMBIA, a new county, forming  the S.W. extremity
sey, 5 or 6 miles N.E. of Freehold. It has a church, several  of Arkansas, bordering on Louisiana and Texas.  It is
stores, and about 30 dwellings.                                drained by Red River.  The surface is nearly level; the
COLT'S STATION, a small village of Erie co., Pennsylva-  soil productive. The cdunty was formed in 1853, by a divinia, 15 miles E. of Erie, the county seat.                     sion of La Fayette county.
COLUGUAPE, ko-loo-kwiVpA, a lake in the interior of    COLUMBIA, a county in the S. central part of WisconPatagonia, intersected by the 47th parallel of S. lat. and  sin, contains 727 square miles. It is intersected by the Wisthe 72nd meridian of W. Ion.  Length, fi-om 30 to 40 miles. consin and Neenah Rivers, which at the Winnebago Portage
Little is known respecting it. It is supposed to discharge  are only about 1.  miles apart. The surface is undulating or
its waters into Port Desire River.                             hilly, the soil fertile.  The Wisconsin is navigated by steamC3LJLUMA, California.  See CuLLsosA.'                        boats to the Winnebago Portage, and a canal connects the
COLUMBIA, ko-lfemlbe-a, or OREGON (RivEn,) the largest W isconsin at the head of navigation with the Neenah.  Orstream of water entering the Pacific Ocean from the Ameri-  ganized in 1846. Capital, Portage City. Pop. 9565.
can continent, rises in a small lake on the western slope of    COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of Washington
the Rocky Miountains, in about 500 N. lat., and 1160 W. ion. co., Maine, on Pleasant River, which affords water-power for
The first part of its course is toward the N.W., along the  numerous mills, 130 miles E. by N. of Augusta.  It contains
base of the above mountain range, till it receives its north-  3 churches and 10 stores. The inhabitants are chiefly enernmost tributary, in about 520 30, N. lat., after which it gaged in hauling, manufacturing, and shipping lumberto
flows in a southerly direction to the 46th parallel.  Frone  Boston, New York, &c.  Ship building is carried on to a
this point to the Pacific it runs due WV., forming the bound- limited extent, and some small vessels are owned and emary between Washington and Oregon Territories.  Between  ployed ie the lumber trade. Pop. 1140.
the 46th and 48th parallels, the Columbia is very crooked,   COLUJMBIA, a post-village and township of Coos co., New
flowing in a serpentine course N.W., W., and S.W., about 140  Hampshire, on the E. bank of the Connecticut, 110 miles
miles, and then S.E. to Fort Wallawalla.  It is a remarkably  N. of Concord.  Pop. 762.
rapid stream, often passing through mountain goreges, and    COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of Tolland co.,
over falls. The tide sets up about 140 miles, to the foot of  Connecticut, 20 miles E. by S. from IIartfbrd.  Popr 876.
the Cascades, a series of rapids caused by the passage of the    COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of Herkimer co.,
river through the Cascade iange.  Its principal affluents  New York, 70 miles W. by N. of Albany.  Pop. 2000.
are McGillivray's, or Flat Bow River, entering it from  the    COLUMBIA, a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey, 17
S.E., in British America; Clarke's, or Flat Head River, miles N. of Trenton. contains a Baptist church.
which joins it about 30 miles below, in WVashington Terri-   COLUMBIA, a small village of Chat-ham  township, Mortory; and Lewis, or Snake River, flowing into it in about  Ais co., New Jersey, on the turnpike from Newark to Miorris460 20' N. lat., and 1180 50 WV. ion. Besides  these, all of  town, 13 miles W. of the former.
which rise in the Rocky Mountains, there are the Okona-    COLUMBIA, a post-village of WVarren co., New Jersey, on
gan, VWallawalla, Fall River, and  VWillamette, which unite  the Delaware River, at the mouth of Paulinskill Creek, 10
their waters with those of the main stream. For 30 or 40  miles N. of Belvidere. It has a church, a saw mill, and
miles from its entrance into the Pacific, the Columbia forms  fieom 25 to 30 dwellings.
a kind of bay, from 3 to 7 miles in breadth. At its mouth,   COLUMBIA, a village and township of Bradford co., Pennover the flats which extend from  Point Adams north-  sylvania, 24 miles W. by N. of Towanda. Pop. 1383. 
ward, nearly to Cape Disappointment, there are about 20    COLTJMBIA, a flourishing post-borough of West IHempfeet of water at low tide, while the channel has a depth  field township, Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, on the left
of 24 feet. Vessels of 200 or 300 tons burden ascend to the  bank of the Susquehanna, at the western terminus of the
Cascades.  Above these, no portion of the river is navigoable  Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 28 miles S.E. of Hearcontinuously for more than 20 or 30 miles, and then only  ri'sburg.  It is the second town of the county in respect to
by vessels of the smaller class. The entire length, (includ- population and business, and is the principal depOt of'the
ing that of its longest affluent,) is estimated at 1200 miles. lumber which is rafted down the Susquehanna.  The EastThe Columbia was discovered by Captain Robert CGray, who  ern Division of the State Canal terminates at this point;
entered it on the 11th of May, 1792, in the Columbia ReLdi- the Columbia Branch Railsoad connects it with Ilarrisburg,
vina, of Boston, Massachusetts. It was from this vessel that and by another railroad it communicates with York and Balthe river received its name. The first exploration of the, timore.  A hindsome  eailwlay bridge, l milesloig, cosnnects
Columbia was made in 1804 —5, by Captains Lewis and  this place with Wrightsville.  Columbia is built on a lhigh,
Clarke, under the direction of the United States Govern- sloping bank of the river, which is here about 1 mile wide.
mont.                                                         It contains a town-hall, an academy, a bank, and 7 places
COLUIMBIA, a county in the E.S.E. part of New York, has  of wvorship.   Incorporated iu 1814. Pop. in 1840, 2719, in
an area of about 620 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 1850, 4140; in 1854, 6000.
by the state of Massachusetts, and on the V. by the HIud-   COLUMBIA, a post-village of Fluvanna co., Yirginia, at
son River, and is drained by several small streams, which  the confluence of tihe Rivanna and James IRiver-9s, and on
afford valuable water-power.  The surface of the E. part is  the James River Canal, 52 miles W. by N. of Richmond,
uneven and hilly, but in the central and western portions  contasins 1 church and a few stores.
nearly level, the soil is generally fertile, and well cultitvated.    COLUMBIA, a thriving village of Randolph Co., North
Iron and lead ores, limestone, slate, and marble, are among  Carolina, on Deep River, a few miles from Ashborough, the
its mineral productions. The warm springs of New Leba- county seat. The river furnishes a fine water-power, which
non, in the N.E. part, are much resorted to. T'he WVestern  is used in the manufacture of cotton.
Railroad, the liudson River Railroad, and the Harlem Rail-   COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Tyrrel co., North
road traverse this county.  Organized in 1786. Capital, Carolina. is situated on a creek which extends. from the S.
Hudson. Pop. 43,073.                                          side of Albemarle Sound, 182 miles E. of Raleigh.
COLUSIBIA, a county in the E. central part of Pennsyl-    COLUMBIA, a city, capital of South Carolina, and seat of
vania, has an area of about 375 square miles. It is inter-  justice of Richland district, on the left or E. bank of the Consected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna, and drained  garee River, immediately below the confluence of the Saluda
also by Catawissa and Fishing Creeks. The surface is tra-  and Broad, 124 miles N.N.W. of Charleston, and 500 miles
versed by branches of the Allegheny Mountains, namnely, from  Washington.  Lat. 330 57. N., lon. 810 7' W. It is
the Knob Mountain, Catawissa Mountain, and Muncy Hills. pleasantly situated on a plain, and regularly laid out, with
The soil of the valleys has a basis of limestone, and is very  streets about 100 feet wide, bomdered with ornamental trees.
productive; some portions of the upland are moderately  The greater number of the dwelliugs are of wood, and others
fertile, the mountains are sterile. Limestoneandiron oreme    are e of brick. Columbia is the seat of South Carolina Colabundant.  The North Branch Canal traverses the county.  legs, founded by the state in 1804, and liberally endowed.
Organized in 1813. Capital, Bloomsburg. Pop. 17,710.          It has 8 professors, and a library of 17,000 volumes. The
COLUMBIA, a county in the E. part of Georgia, border- main buildings ar6 of brick, 210 feet long, 25 feet wide, and
ing on Savannah River, which separates it from South Caro- 3 stories high. The other public buildings are the Stateliua, contains about 500 square miles. Little River forms house, 170 feet long by 60 wide, court-lhouse, 3 banks, a
the boundary on the north-west. The surface is uneven;  market-house, the Insane Asylum, and churches of the
the soil was once fertile, but has been injured by improvi- Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, and Methodists. The
dent cultivation.  The county contains granite, hornblende, Insane Asylum is richly endowed, and well conducted, umand other primary rocks. A gold-mine near Little River  der the charge of the state. It had, in 1851, 176 patients.
has been worked profitably. The (Georgia Railroad passes  The building is one of the most splendid in the city. Cothrough the county. Formed in 1790, haviun been sepa- lumbia also contains several academies, a theological semi
480
______e




COL                                                         COL
nary founded. by the Presbyterians in 1831, and 4 news- it from Pennsylvania, has an area of 490 square miles. It
paper offices, besides a number of other printing offices. It is drained by Little Beaver River and its branches, and
is at the head of steamboat navigation, and the terminus  by Sandy and Yellow Creeks. The southern part is hilly,
of three railroads, connecting it with Charleston, Augusta,  and the northern level or undulating. The soil is of lime&c., namely, the Columbia Branch, the Greenville and Co- stone formation, and is uniformly and remarkably fertile.
lumbia. and the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad.  The county is especially noted for the production of wool.
Pop. in 18590, 6060; in 1853, 7054.                        Limestone underlies a part of the county, stone coal and
COLUMBIA, a village of Columbia co., Georgia.            iron ore are found in it. It is intersected by the Sandy and
COLUMBIA, a post-village of Henry co. Alabama, on the  Beaver Canal, by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad, and
Chattahoochee River, about 120 miles fi:om  Montgomery, the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad. Capital, New Liswas the county seat till 1834. It contains 3 or 4 stores,  bon. Pop. 33.621.
COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Missis-   COLUMBIANA, a post-village, capital of Shelby co., Alasippi, on the E. bank of the Pearl River, 90 miles S. by E. baum, about 70 miles E. of Tuscaloosa.
of Jackson.                                                  COLUMBIANA, a thriving post-village of Columbiana co.,
COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Caldwell parish, Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, about 160
Louisiana, on the Washita River, 230miles by water N. by  miles N.E. of Columbus.  Pop. in 1853, estimated at 650.
E. of Baton Rouge, contains about 100 inhabitants.           COLUMBIANA, a village of Greene co., Illinois, on the
COLUMBIA, a post-village of Brazoria co., Texas, on the  Illinois River, 78 miles S.W. of Springfield, and 8 miles.
right bank of the Brazes River, about 50 miles in a straight from Carrollton. It has a steamboat landing. Produce was
line W. by S. of Galveston. It is at the head of regular shipped here in 1852, to the value of $175,000.
steamboat navigation, and is the most commercial place in    COLUMBIAN (COLUMBIA) COLLEGE. See WASHINGON0s.
the county.                                                  COLUMBIAN GROVE, post-office, Lunenburg co., Virginiia.
COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Chicot co., Arkansas,   COLUMIBIA STATION, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.
on the right bank of the Mississippi, 115 miles S.S.E. of Lit-    COLUMBIA VILLAGE, a fourishing village, St. Lawrence
tie Rock, was first settled in 1830. Pop. from 300 to 400.    co., New York, on both sides of Grass River, one mile N. of
COLUMBIA, a beautiful and thriving post-village, capi- the Madrid station on the Northern Railroad, and 21 miles E.
tal of Maury co., Tennessee, on the left bank of Duck Ri- by N. of Ogdensburg. At the falls in the river is a considerver, 41 miles S. by W. of Nashville. A company has been  able island, firom which to either shore a dam has been conformed to improve the navigation of Duck River. The  structed securing a valuable hydraulic power. In the fisi
surrounding country is populous and highly productive. of 1852, the village contained 4 churches, viz. CongregaThe town has considerable trade, and is distinguished by  tional, Methodist, Baptist, and Universalist, about 12 stores,
the excellence of its schools. It is the seat of Jackson Col- a woollen factory and carding mill, and 3 cabinet 4actories,
lege, and of two female seminaries. The Mlaury Female  besides numerous mechanics' shops.
Academy is a splendid structure, surrounded with beautiful   COLUMT/BIAVILLE, a village of Stockport township,
grounds. The proposed railroad leading from Nashville to  Columbia co., New York, at the junction of the Kindel-hook
Jackson, (in Mississippi,) and Mobile, will probably pass and Claverack Creeks, a few miles N. of Hudson, nealr Hudthrough this place. Columbia was the residence of President  son River Railroad. It has one or two cotton factories.
Polk previous to his election in 1844. It contains 2 banks,   COLUMBIAVILLE, a small village of Maritin co., Indiand 3 or 4 newspaper offices. Pop. about 2500.             sana, about 95 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.
COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Adair co., Kentucky,    COLUMBO. See CoLoBso.
100 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort.                                COLUMBRETES, ko-loofi-brlAlts, a picturesque group of
COLUMBIA, a post-village and township of IHamilton co., volcanic islands and rocks in the Mediterranean, off the E.
Ohio, on the Ohio River, 5 miles above Cincinnati. The vii-  coast of Spain, 66 miles N.E. of Valencia. Lat. of Mount
late contains 3 lumber-yards, several stores, and near 1000  Colibre, in the largest island, 390 53t 58, N.; Ion. 00 44' 27"/
inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 2413.                    E., supposed to be the ancient Oplhiusce. These islands have
COLUMBIA, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 1236.   ilug been the resort of privateer' and Barbary corsairs.
COLUMBIA, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 897.         COLUMIBUS, a county in the S. part of North Carolina
COLUMBIA, a village ofPutnam co., Ohio, 45 miles N.N.WV. bordering on South Carolina. Area estimated it 600 square
of Bellefontaine.                                          miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Lumber River, and
COLUMBIA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Jackson  intersected by Waccamaw River. The surface is level, and
co., Michigan. Pop. 1142.                                  and in some parts marshy. Capital, Whitesville. Formed
COLUMBIA, a township in Van Buren co., Michigan. in 1808. Pop. 5909, of whom 4406 were free, and 1503 slaves.
Pop. 265.                                                     COLUMBUS, ai post-township of Chenango co., New York,
COLUMBIA, a township of Du Bols co., Indiana. Pop. 752. on the Unadilla River, 33 miles S.W. of Utica. Pop. 1381.
COLUMBIA, a thriving  post-village and township of    COLUMIBUS, a neat post-village of Mansfield township,
Fayette co., Indiana, 50 miles in a direct line E.S.E. of In-  Burlington co., New Jersey, 12 miles S.S.E. of Trenton.' It
dianapolis. Pop. of township, 889.                          has a Presbyterian, a Baptist, and a Methoditt church, a
COLUMBIA, a township of Gibson co., Indiana. Pop. 1184. library, and several stores. Pop. about 400.
COLUMBIA, a township of Jennings co., Indiana. P. 947.   COLUMBUS., a post-village and township of Warren oed.,
COLUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Whitley co., Indiana,  Pennsylvania, on Coffee Creek, about 33 miles E.S.E. of
on a branch of Eel River, 105 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis,  Erie.  Pop. 1278.
and 20 miles W. of Fort Wayne. It has a brick court-house,    COLUMBUS, a flourishing city of Georgia, and seat ofj usand about 450 inhabitants.  The plank-road from  Fort tice of Muscogee county, on the left (E.) bank of the ChattaWayne to Warsaw passes through it.                          hoochee River, 90 miles W.S.W. of Macon, 128 miles W.S.W.
COLUMBIA, a post-village of Monroe co., Illinois, about of Milledgeville, and 290 miles WV. of Savannah. The city is
110 miles S. by WV. of Springfield.                         laid out in oblong blocks of four acres, each of which is diCOLUMBIA, a flourishing   and handsome post-village,  vided into eight square lots. It extends one mile and a
capital of Boone co., Missouri, is pleasantly situated 35  quarter in the direction of the river, and about half a mill
miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City, and 10 miles from  the  towards the interior. The court-house is one of the finest
Missouri River. It is the seat of the State University; the  buildings of its class in the state. Many  of the private
building is a large and elegant structure, built by the citi- houses are well built, and pleasantly emboweredwith trees.
zens of Boone county. To secure the location of this uni- Columbus contains 7 or 8 places of worship, 1 orphan asyversity, the citizens of the county subscribed, andi have  lum, several excellent schools, 150 stores, and 3 or 4 newspaid $120,000; of which sum $75,000 were expended in the  paper offices. A handsome bridge extends across the river,
erection of the building. Columbia contains 4 churches  and connects the city with the village of Girard. It is the
and I newspaper office. The surrounding country is highly  third city of the state in population and wealth, and has an
productive and comparatively populous.                     advantageous position for trade and manufactures.  The
COLUMBIA, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, at the  river. which in this part of its course forms the boundary
mouth of the Missouri River.                               between Georgia and Alabama, is navigable for steamboats
COLUMBIA, a village of Wapello co., Iowa, on the Des  from. this point to thi  Gulf of Mexico, during eight months
Moines River, 70 miles S.W. of Iowa City.                  of the year. These boats each carry about 900 bales of cotCOLLMBIA, a post-town of Tuolumne co., California.       ton on an average, and usually run from November t9 the
COLUMBIA CENTRE, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio.   end of June. The cotton shipped at this place amounts to
COLUMBIA CITY, a post-office of Whitley co., Indiana.   about 80,000 bales in a year. The bed of the river opposite
COLUMBIA CITY, a post-village, capital of Clarke co., Columbus is filled by large and rugged rocks, which form a
Washington Territory, on the right bank of the Columbia.   succession of rapids, and produce abundant water-power.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE. See NEW YORK.                          Considerable capital has been invested in hydraulic imCOLUMBIA CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Bradford co.,. provements, and in the erection of manufactories, and it is
Pennsylvania.                                              thought that Columbus will become one of the greatest
COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. See DISTRICT Or COLUuBIA.   manufacturing towrss in the Southern States. A dam 500
COLUMBIA FURNACE, a post-village of Shenandoah  feet long has been built across the river. There were, in
co., Virginia, about 160 miles N.N.W. of lichmond.         1850, 4 cotton factories, 1 paper mill, 1 cotton-gin factory, 1
COLUMBIA MINES, a post-office,Crittendenco.,Kentucky. woollen factory, 2 iron foundries, several mills, 3 banks,
COLUMBIANA, ko-ltim-be-ah/na, a county in the E.N.E. and 1 manufactory of farming implements.  Columbus is
part of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio River which separates  the terminus of the Muscogee Railroad, opened in 1852.
2 F                                                                          481




i
COL                                                       COM
which connects with other lines leading to Mlacon and Sa- the city, contains the gardens of the Columbus Iorticultu.
vannah.  Another railroad has been commenced which  ral Society, occupying 10 acres, and the grounds of the
leads from this place to some point on Mobile Bay. Laid  Franklin County Agricultural Society. Pop. in 1840, 6048;
out in 1828. Pop. in 1850, 5942; in 1854, 8860, of whom  in 1850, 18,138; and in 1853, about 25,000.
3317 were slaves..COLUMBUS, a village of Ingham co., Michigan, on Grande
COLUMBUS, a post-village of Columbia co., Florida, on the  River, 12 miles S. by W. of Lansing.
Suwanee River, 80 miles E. of Tallahassee.                    COLUMBUS, a post-village and township of St. Clair co.,
COLUMBUS, a thriving post-town, capital of Lowndes co., Michigan, on Belle River, 40 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. P.377.
Mississippi, on the left bank of the Tombigbee River, 140    COLUMBUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Bartholo.
miles N.E. of Jackson, and 60 miles below Aberdeen. The  mew co., Indiana; on the Madison and Indianapolis Bail.
river is navigable at all seasons for steamboats, which make  road, and on the East Fork of White River, just below the
frequent passages between this place and Mobile. Colum- mouth of Flatrock Creek, 41 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.
bus is surrounded by a fertile planting district, and has an  Its site is elevated, and commands a fine view of the valactive business.  Large quantities of cotton are shipped  leys through which the above-named streams flow. It has
here annually. It contains a court-house, an United States  a fine court-hobse, 4 or 5 churches, and 2 newspaper offices.
land-office, several churches, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. A railroad has recently been opened from this village to the
in 1850, 2614; in 1855, 3300.                               Ohio River, at Louisville, in Kentucky. Pop. in 1850,1008;
COLUMBUS, a thriving post-village, capital of Colorado  in 1853, about 1500.
co., Texas, on the right bank of the Colorado River, 95 miles    COLUMBUS, a township in Bartholomew  co., Indiana.
S.E. of Austin City. The river is a navigable stream, flowing  Pop. 2397.
through an alluvial and very fertile valley or plain.         COLUMBUS, a village of Madison co., Indiana, 6 miles
COLUMBUS, a post-village of Hempstead co., Arkansas, 10  S.E. of Anderson.
miles W. of Washington, the county seat.                      COLUMBUS, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 100 miles
COLUMBUS, a small village of Jackson co., Tennessee.    W. of Springfield.
COLUMBUS, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Tennessee,   COLUMBUS, a post-village of Johnson co., Missouri, 106
on the Hiawassee River, 170 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.      miles W. by N. of Jefferson City, has about 100 inhabitants.
COLUMBUS, a post-village of Hickman co., Kentucky, on    COLUMBUS, a new post-village, capital of Allomakee co.,
the Mississippi River, about 300 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort,  Iowa, on the Mississippi, 85 miles above Dubuque. There
has about 100 inhabitants.                                  is water-power near the village, which is partly improved.
COLUMBUS, a city, capital of the state of Ohio, and seat    COLUMBUS, a thriving post-village and township in Coof justice of Franklin county, is pleasantly situated on the  lumbia co., Wisconsin, on Crawfish River, about 30 miles
E. bankJf the Scioto River, 90 miles from its mouth, 116  N.E. of Madison. It was formerly the county seat. Pop. 960.
miles N.E. of Cincinnatti, 115 miles S. of Sandusky City, and    COLUMBUS, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York,
350 miles from Washington. Lat. 390 57' N.; ion. 830 3, W.  40 miles N.E. of Toronto. Pop. about 270.
It is on the same parallel of latitude with Philadelphia,   COLUMBUS CITY, a post-village ofLouisa co.. Iowa, on
from which it is 450 miles distant. It was laid out in 1812, the Iowa River, 12 miles above Wapello. The village has a
in the midst of an unbroken wilderness, and incorporated in  few stores, and about 200 inhabitants.
1816.  The State-house, a plain brick building, was erected    COLUMBUS GROVE, a village of Putnam co., Ohio, about
in 1814, and the legislature met here for the first time in  100 miles N.W. of Columbus.
December, 1816. The site of Columbus is level; the streets    COLUISI, ko-loolsee, a county toward the N.W. part of Caliare wide and laid out with great neatness and uniformity. fornia, has anareaofperhaps3500 squale miles. Itis bounded
Broad street, 120 feet wide, extends from E. to W., and is  on the E. by the Sacramento River, and partly on the N. by
crossed by High street, 100 feet wide, on which the princi- Red Creek; and is drained by Elder, Tombes, Stone, and
pal business is transacted. At the intersection of these is a  Sycamore Creeks- which afford some mill sites. Thile Coast
public sqluare of 10 acres. The old State-house, occupying  Range passes along its W. borlder. The soil has generally
one corner of this square, was entirely consumed by fire, been found fertile, though but little of it is under cultivation.
February 1, 1852. A new Capitol had previously been corm-   COLUSI, a post-town in the S.E. part of Colusi co., Calimenede, which is designed to be the finest building in the  fornia, about 90 miles N.N.E. of Benicia.
state,  nnd will surpass in magnitude every other state-    COLIVEND, formerly CULIVEN, a parish of Scotland, co.
house in the Union: it is 304 feet long by 184 wide, and  of Kirkcudbright.
covers an area of 55,936 square feet. The height to the top    COL'VESTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of the rotunda is 157 feet. The material is a hard, whitish    COL'VILLE, a fortified station of British North America,
limestone, resembling marble. The other remarkable edi- on the W. side of the Rocky Mountains, near the river Cofices are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, the Institution for the  lumbia. Lat. 480 37' N. The houses are neat. Wheat and
Blind, the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Ohio  maize are raised in the vicinity, and cattle are abundant.
Penitentiary. The Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1536, is a    COLIVIN'S CREEK, a post office of New Hanover co.,
brick building, 296 feet in front, and46 in depth, with  North Carolina.
wings 39 feet wide, extending back 218 feet; it cost about    COLtWALL, a parish of England, co. of IHereford.
$150,000, and can accommodate 350 patients. The number    COL'WICIHI, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
admitted in the year ending November, 1851, was 283, and    COLtWICK, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
300 were discharged in the same period. The Institution    COLtWINSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorfor the Blind is a handsome brick building, three-quarters  gan, 4 miles W. of Cowbridge. The "golden mile,"' in this
of a mile E. of the State-house. It 1851 it had 69 pupils. parish, is a common, free to all the parishioners.
The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is also a fine edifice,   COLYTON, kolle-ton, a small market-town and parish of
and surrounded by ornaliental grounds. In 1851 there  England, co. of Devon, on the Coly, a small affliuent of the
were 132 pupils. The Ohio Penitentiary, situated on the  Axe, 22 miles E. of Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 2504. Annual
E. bank of the river, is an imposing edifice, of Ohio marble; revenue of parish lands, (the gift of Henry VIII.,) 2311.
together with the numerous workshops, it comprises a  The town is built of flint, and is a titular borough. It is the
square of 6 acres. The whole number of prisoners in 1851  seat of county petty-sessions.'
was 628. They are employed in useful manufactures, the    COLYTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 3 miles W.
proceeds of which are mere than sufficient to meet the ex- of Sidmouth.
penses of the establishment. The Starling Medical College    COLZEAN (kol-zainl) CASTLE, the fine seat of the Marwas recently established in this city, by means of a legacy  quis of Ailsa, in Scotland, co. of Ayr, parish of Kirk-Oswald,
of $50,000 from the late Lyne Starling. It is a Gothic edi- on a basaltic cliff projecting into the sea, 4 miles W. of Mayfice, the walls of which are brick, with cornices, caps, bole. Near it are some remarkable caves.
arches, sills, &c. of whitish limestone, giving it a very taste-   CO'MACt, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, 187 miles'ful appearance.  The Olentangy River enters the -Scioto  S.S.E. of Albany.
about half a mile above Columbus.                             COMACCHIO, ko-mak/ke-o, a strongly fortified town of
Columbus is surrounded by a rich and populous country; Italy, in the Pontifical Slates, 28 miles E.S.E. of Ferrara, in
and is a place of active business. The National Road, pass- the midst of the marshes termed Valli-di-Commachio, 3
lug through it from E. to W., is a great thoroughfare of  miles filom the Adriatic.  Pop. 5783, chiefly employed in
travel, and the Columbus Feeder connects it with the Ohio  fishing eels, &c. in the surrounding lagoons. By the treaty
Canal.' Other internal improvements recently finished  of 1815, the Austrians acquired the right to garrison this
have given an impetus to its growth, viz.the Cleveland and  town and Ferrara.
Columbus Railroad; the Columbus and Xenia Railroad,   COMADERIRY, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
which connects it with Cincinnati; and the Central Rail- Wicklow, 3 miles W. of Glendalough.  Elevation, 2268 feet.
read, which extends to Zanesville, and will be continued to    CO0MALV, a county in the W. central part of Texas, has
Wheeling. Several plank-roads and turnpikes also termi- an area of 1080 square miles. It is drained by the Guadalupe
nate here. The city is lighted with gas. It contains about and Cibolo Rivers, and by Comal Creek, an affluent of the
20 chumches, 1 academy, a Union  school, and 5 banks. Guadalupe. The surface is hilly. Capital, New Braunfels.
Two daily and several weekly newspapers are published in  Pop. 1723, of whom 1662 were free, and 61 slaves.
this town. Assessed value of property in 1853, $6,934,117.   COMAL TOWN, a village of Comral co., Texas, near the
In 1846 it was $2,764,128, being an increase of 4,169,989. junction of Comal Creek with the Guadalupe River, about
There is a park of 40 acres on the N. side of Columbus, given  40 miles S.S.W. of Austin.
to the public by one of the citizens. Eastwood, one mile E. of   COMANCHE (keo-nanfchA) INDIANS, or COMANCIIES,
482




CoM                                                      COM
ko-man'chhz, (Sp. pron. ko-m1n/chls,) written  also CA-    COMINO, an island in the Mediterranean. See CuszNO.
M.ANCIIES, k -mnnt/ch6cz, an American Indian tribe of    COMISA, ko-mneefs,  a town of Dalmatia, circle Spalatro,
Mexico and Texas, who roam  along the prairie-ground  on the W. coast of the. island Lissa. Pop. 2619, mostly embeyond the Puercrs and Rio Grande del Norte.  They  ployed in fishing.
are extremely warlike, and fond of plunder. In some    COM3ISO, ko-meefso, a town of Sicily, Syracuse, 8 miles W.
respects they differ from the other Indian tribes; but most of Ragnusa. Pop. 10.000: (?)
in their aversion to ardent spirits. Their number is esti-   COMITAN, kobne-tiAnt, or COMITLAN, ko-meet-l[n/, a
mated at 10,000.                                          town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Chiapa, on the
COIMAN'S WELL, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia.   Grijalva, 40 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 10,000. (?) It has
COMAYAGUA, ko-mi-Aigwd, formerly VAL'LADOLIDI, a  a superb church, and a lar'e Dominican convent. It has
city of Central America, capital of the department of Hun- become a place of considerable contraband trade, as, in conduras, in the state of, and 170 miles E. of Guatemala, on  sequence of heavy duties at the Mexican ports of entry,
a river flowing to the Pacific. Pop. 12,000. (?) Chief edifices, most European goods consumed in Southern Mexico are
a cathedral, a college, and a richly endowed hospital.    smuggled hither through Balize and Guatemala.
COMBA, komlbA, a small island in the Malay Archipelago,    COMITE, ko-meet', a small river of Louisiana, rises in East
Flores Sea, 33 miles N.N.E. of the island of Adenara. Lat. Feliciana parish, and flowing southward, enters the Amite
7O 491 S.; lon. 1230 38' E.                               about 15 miles E. of Baton Riouge.
COM'BACOJTNUM  or COM2BOOCONUUM, a town of Hin-   COMITI, ko-mee/tee, or COMITINI, ko-me-teelne, a town
dostan, in the Carnatic, 20 miles E. of Tanjore. Lat. 100 509  of Sicily, province of Trapani, 10 miles.N.E. of Mazzara.
N.; ion. 790 20' E. This city was the ancient capital of the  Pop. 3500.
Chola dynasty, filom which the whole coast of Coromandel   COMITLAN. See CoAUnTAN.
(a corruption of Cholamandel) has received its name. It    COMMACK. See CorAAc.
is now inhabited chiefly by Brahmins, whose dwellings are    COMMENTDA, a British fort of West Africa, Guinea
neat and comfortable. Being reckoned a place of sanctity  coast, 15 miles W.S.W. of Cape Coast Castle, having near it
by the Hindoos, it has numerous pagodas, gateways, and  a town with 3000 inhabitants.
tanks of superior description. It is believed that one of   COMMENDA, LITTLE, is a Dutch fort on the same
these tanks is filled every twelfth century by the waters of  coast as the above.
the Ganges, which find their wayinto it by a subterranean    COMMENTRY, kom'mN-a'treet, a village of France, depassage; and, as this water is deemed capable of puritying  partment of Allier, on the CEil, 7 miles S.E. of Montluqon.
from all sin and uncleanliness, thousands resort hither at It gives its name to a coal-field which occupies a considerthe favored season with undoubted confidence in its effica- able area in the surrounding districts, and is extensively
cy. In this strongholdof idolatry a Protestant mission has  worked. Pop. 1884.
been some time established, and is making  satisfactory    COMMERAGLI (kome-rArh) MIOUNTAINS, a mountain
progress. There are also considerable numbers of Roman  range of Ireland, co. of Waterford, rising on the S. side of the
Catholics. Pop. estimated by Malcom at 40,000.            Suir, somewhat abruptly from the water's edge, to an average
COMIBAHEEI, a small river of South Carolina, flowing  height of 1750 feet above sea-level.
south-eastward, forms the boundary between Beaufort and    COMIMERCE, a post-village in Tunica co., Mississippi, on
Colleton districts, and enters the Atlantic through St. Ie- the E. bank of the Mississippi River, about 200 miles N. by
lena Sound.                                               W. of Jackson.
COMBE, kbm, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.      COMMERCE, a post-village  in Wilson co., Tennessee,
COMBE AB'BAS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    about 35 miles E. of Nashville.
COMBE FLOVEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    COMMERCE, a post-township of Oakland co., Michigan,
COMBE HIAY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       12 miles S.W. of Pontiac. Pop. 1428.
COMBE LONG, a ps'ish of England, co. of Oxford.           COMMERCE, a post-village in Scott co., Missouri, on the
COMBE MARITIN, a parish and village of England, co. WV. bank of the Mississippi River, 120 miles S.S.E. of St. tlrous.
of Devon, on an inlet of the English Channel, 4. miles E. of    COMMERICIAL TOWN, a village in Adams co., Ohio,
Ilfi-acombe. The village and cove are encompassed, except near the Ohio River, 15 miles S.W. of Portsmouth.
on the N.W., by romantic hills. The parish contains argen-   COMMERCY, kom'mir'seet, a town of Frahce, department
tiferous lead-mines.                                      of Meuse, 20 miles E. of Bar-le-Duc, on the Meuse. Pop. 3424.
COMBE MONE/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   COM/MIETTSBURG, a post-office of Washington co., PennCOM/BER or CUMBIBER, a market-town and parish of Ire-  sylvania.
land, in Ulster, co..of Down, on the W. side'of Lough    COMM0 EWYNE or COM[MEWYNA, kom-meh-wina,   ariver
Strangford, 8 miles E.S.E. of Belfast. Pop. of town, 1964. of Dutch Guiana, rising in the hilly grounds in the E. part
It is tolerably well built, and has remains of ecclesiastical of the colony, is joined by the Cottica, after which it fornms a
and other edifices of the twelfth century, with a trade in  fine navigable stream, and falls into the estuary of the
linens and spirits, and 4 annual fairs.                   Surinam between the forts Amsterdam and Leyden. Total
COMT/BERMERE, a township of England, co. of Chester, course, exclusive of windings, about 70 miles.
parish of Acton, 1 miles N.W. of Nantwich. Combermere    COMMINES, kom'meenf, a town of Belgium, province of
Abbey, founded in 1.133, is the seat of the Cotton family, to  East Flanders, 9{- miles E. of Ypres, on the Lys, and on the
whom this township gives the title of baron.              frontier of France, opposite the French town of the same
COMtBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.      name, with which it communicates by a drawbridge. Pop.
COMBERTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Woi- 3187. It has celebrated manufactures of ribbons, thread,
rester.                                                   handkerchiefs, and tobacco.
COMBERTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co.Worcester.    COMMINES or COMINES, ko'meenf, a town of France, deCOMBE ST. NICIH0LAS, a parish of England, co. of So- partment of Nord, on the right bank of the Lys, opposite the
merset.                                                   above town, and 8 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 2988. It has manuCOMBIN, kSmbANG1, a mountain of Europe, between. factures of ribands and thread. The old town of Commines,
canton of Valais, in Switzerland, and province of Aosta, in  which comprised both the above towns previous to the cesthe Sardinian States, one of the culminating points of the  sion of French Flanders to France, was fortified, but diePennine Alps, E. of the Great St. Bernard, 9 miles S.E. of  mantled by the French in 1672. It is the birthplace of
Martigny, 14,124 feet in elevation, and containing exten- Philippe de Commines.
sive glaciers.                                              COMMISISIONERS CREEK, of Georgia, flows through
COMMBINTINHIEAD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   Wilkinson county into the Oconee, about 10 miles E. of
COMBLES, kbm'zbl', a village of France, department of  Irwinton.
Somme. Pop. 1677.                                           CO0IUM. See Comre.
COMB0OOCONUM. See COMBACONUa.                             COMMUINIA, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa.
COMBOURG, k~cebooat, a town of France, department   COMMUINIPAW, a village of Bergen co., New Jersey, on
of Ille-et-Yilaine, 20 miles S.S.E. of St. Malo. Pop. 1247. It the W. shore of New York Bay, 2 miles S. of Jersey City. It
is the birthplace of Chateaubriand, the distinguished writer, is an old Dutch settlement mentioned in the humorous
and has an extensive trade in cattle.                     h istory of Irving.
COMBRAILLES, kha'br[lf, an old division of France, in    COMO, (ane. Ceofssmu,) an episcopal city of Lombardy, capithe province of Basse-Auvergne. Its capital was Evreux. tal of a province of its own name, at the S. extremity of the
It is now comprised in the department of Creuse.         lake of Come, elevation 702 feet, in a delightful valley, enCOMBRONDE, kdmsbr6Ndl, a market-town of France,  closed by hills covered with gardens, and with olive and
departmentof Puy-de-DBme, 15 miles N. of Clermont. P. 1488. chestnut groves. Pop., including its 9 suburbs, 18,600, of
COMBS. komz, aparish ofEngland, co. of Suffolk.         whom 7,400 belong to the city proper. It has a public library
COM'ERCOLILY, a town of British India, presidency of  of 50,000 volumes, a botanic garden, 3 gymnasiaxand a muBengal, district ofRajeshahye,near a branch of the Ganges, seum ofantiquities. Chiefedifices, the Cathedral, commenced
64 miles S.E. of Moorshedabad.                           in 1396, built entirely of marble and decorated with numerCOMIER. See Coeao, LAKS oF.                            ous works of art, and an ancient town-hall, also of marble.
COM'FORT, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.       Manufitctures comprise woollens, silks, cotton, and soap.
COMFORT, a post-office of Jones co., North Carolina.   Trade is much facilitated by navigation in the lake, and by
COMILILA or COMIL/LAHI, a towvn of British India, excellent roads. Many of its inhabitants emigrate, as maTiperah, 50 miles S.E. of Dacca.                         sons and makers of barometers. Como was a place of imporCOMINES, a town of France. See Coassna-.               tance under the Romans, having been rendered so by a colo
483




COm                                                          COM
ny of Greeks sent there by Julius Ccsar, when it obtained  of St. Corneille, burial-place of many of the early kings oI
the name of N!eremo Coblnaum.  It was the birthplace of the  France; the Hotel de Ville, and the Pont Neuf.  It has a
younger (and probably also of the elder) Pliny, of Volta, and  splendid palace, one of the finest in France, rebuilt under
c{. Pope Innocent XI. A colossal statue has been recently  Louis XIV., XV. and XVI., and magnificently restored by
erected to Volta.                                             Napoleon, surrounded by spacious parks and a forest of
CO/MO, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.           30,000 acres. It was formerly strongly fortified, and in deCOMO, a post-office of HIemnry co., Tennessee.              fending it while besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, Joan
COMO, a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois, on Bock  of Arc was made prisoner, in 1430, and afterwards basely sold
River, 150 miles N. -of Springfield.                          to the English. Here Napoleon espoused Marie-Louise in 1810.,COMO, LAKE OF, (It. Lago di Como, 1.go dee kotmo, Fr.    COMPOSTELA, kom-po-stA/l1, or COMPOSTELILA, a town
Lac de Cdoe, lik-doh-klm, Ger. Comersee, ko/mer-sA, anc.  of the Mexican Confederacy, department of Jalisco, and forLa/rius  Lalcus,) a lake of North Italy, Lombardy, an expan- merly its capital, 100 miles WV. of Guadalajara. It has silversion of the river Adda, which enters it at the foot of the  mines, but is nearly deserted on account of its unhealthy
Lepontine and Rhetian Alps, and quits it at Lecco, in the  climate.
midst of mountains of from 1000 to 1300 feet in elevation.    COMPOSTELA, Spain. See SANTIAGO DE CoMPOSTELA.
It is of a very irregular shape, being separated into the two    COMPO'TINE, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa.
branches of Como and Lecco, by the promontory of Bellagio.    COMPREIGNAC, k6oe'pr.n'yak/, a village of F'rance, deExtreme breadth between Menagglo and Varena, 3 miles. partment ofI Haute-Vienne, 12 miles N. ofLimoges. Pop. 2280.
Length, from Come to Riva, 35 miles. Como is, on account    COM/PROMISE', a post-office of Fulton co., Kentucky.
of the beauty of its basin, and its favorable exposure, the    COMPISTALL, a village of England, co. of Chester, 5 miles
most celebrated of all the lakes of North Italy.  Its shores  E. of Stockport.  Pop. engaged in manufactures.
are covered with elegant villas, among which are the Villa    COMPTAT-VENAISSIN.  See COMTAT-VENAISSIN.
d'Este, long the residence of Queen Caroline of England, and    COMPTA D'AVIGNON, k6NGetA/d'),'veen'y6NG! or COMPthe Villa Lenno on the supposed site of Pliny's villa. The  TAT D'AVIGNON, k6Nce'tA! d'veen'y6rcN, an old division of
lake abounds in all kinds of fish; its navigation is liable to  France, which, with the Co0ITaT-VENAIASSN, forms nearly the
interruption from sudden storms; regular steam  communi-  whole of the department of Vaucluse. It was held by the
cation is established between its principal towns.            popes from 1228 to 1791, when it was united to F'rance by
COMODO, an island of the Malay Archipelago, between  a decree of the National Assembly.
Sumbawn and  1lores; lat. of the N.E. peak, 80 22' S., lon.    COM P/TON, a parish of England, co. of Deerks.
1190 37/ E. Length from  N. to S. about 35 miles; average    COMPTON, a parish of Enerland, co. of -lants.
breadth, 16 miles.                                              COMPTON, a parish of England, Co. of Surrey.
COMOE, ko-mO/, a town of West Afirica in Boossa, on the    COMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Niger. It is of considerable size, and situated about half a    COMPIiTON, a village of Jasper co., Georgia, near the left
mile from  the ferry across the river; lat. 90 45/ N., Ion. 60  bank of Ocmulgee River, 40 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville.
7' E.                                                           COMPITON, a post-village of Canada East, co. of SherCO0/MORN, (Ger. Kostorn; I-Hun. Keondroin, ko'm&'erom',) a  brooke, 11 miles S.S.E. of Sherbrooke.
royal flee town of Ilungary, capital of a circle of its own name,   COMPITON AB/BAS, two parishes ofEngland, co. ofDorset.
at the conflunence of the Wang with the Danube, about 45    COMP/TON ABDDALE, a parish of England, co. of Glonmiles W.N.W. of Pesth. Its streets are narrow and irregular. cester.
It contains 4 Roman Catholic chu-ches, 1 Greek church, 2    COMP/TON BAS/SET, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Protestant places of worship, and a synagogue. The other    COMPI/TON BEAUCIAMP, (beetchftim,) a parish of Eng-,public buildings are, a town-hall, a council-house, some land, co. of Berks.
large warehouses, 2 theatres, a Roman Catholic and a Pro-   COAP/TON  BISIHOP, a parish  of England, co. of So-testant gymnnasium, a Roman Catholic head-school, and a  merset.
hospital.  Its fortress, the ramparts of which extend along    COMP/TON CIIAMIBERLAIN, a parish of England, co. of
the margin of the Danube to the end of the promontory, at Wilts.
which the Wang joins it, is considered one of the strongest   COMPITON DANIDO, a parisih of England. co. of Somerset..inEurope.  It was a principal point in the militlary opera-   COMP/TON  DUNIDON, a parish of England, co. of Sotions during the recent rising in Hungary, and was long me-set.
sznsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians in 1848-9.  The    COMPTON, FEN/NY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Danube is crossed below the town by a flying bridge, and a    CORP/TON- GWIEEN/IFIELD, a parish  of Englanud, co. of
~mqdge of boats. There are here manufactures of woollen Gloucester.
eionhs, tanneries, &c.; also, an extensive trade in wine, tim-   COMP/TON, LITITLE, a parish of England, co. of Glou-,bear, fish, grain, honey, &c. The wine produced from vine- cester.
yardi   in the neighborhood is of good quality.  In  the   COMPITON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
vcnuity excellent coal is obtained.  Pop. in 1846, 17,900,   COMP/TON MIARITIN, a parish of England, co. of Soexclusive of garrison.                                        merset.
COMOKO (krom/o-ro) ISLES, a group of volcanic islands in    COMP/TON, NETII/ER, a parish of Englan d, co. of Dorset.
thi e Mozambiqne Channel, 350 miles from  the N.W. coast   CORIP/TON, OIVEIl, a parish of Englanid, co. of Dorset.
of Madagascar, and 200 miles from  the east coast of Af-ica,   COMPITON PAUNCE/FOOT, a parish of Eigland, co. of
between hat 110 and 130 S., and lon. 430 and 45030' E. Pop. Somerset.
estimated. at 80,000, comprising Arabs and Negroes. The    CORPITON  VALILANCE, a parish of England, co. of
professed religion  is Mohammedanism; but feticism  is  Dorset.
practised, -The group consists of the islands Angazi'a, or    COMIRADE  BAYOU, (b11-oo,) of Rapides parish, LouiGreat Comoro, Anjouan or Johanna, Mayotta and Mohilla.  siana, flows S.E. into Calcasieu IRiver.
The islands are mountainous, and fertile in tropical pro-    COMlRIE,  a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Perth,
ductions. The mseadows maintain great herds of cattle, and.5 miles W. of Crieff. Pop. 2471; of village 803, engaged
the rivers abound in fish. The Arabs manufacture coarse-  in distilling and in woollen and cot-ton weaving.  The viicloths, jewelry, and small arms. The commeerce was formn- lage is on the Earn and Leduock, here crossed by a ctone
erlyimpoitet,:atnd exteaded to India. Chief exports, cocoa-  bridge, and near it is a granite obelisk to the late Lord Melnutoil and tortoise-shell. The Comeros are governed by sul-  ville. Amnong its antiquities are remnants of several Druans. one of whom resides in nearly every town. The island  idic buildings, and the vestiges of a R1oman camp, whence
o ii  ayolta vas ceded to France in 1841, and the cession was  it has been supposed that the engagement between the
confirmed in 1845. A British consul has recently been ap- forces of Agricola and Galgacus took place in this paerish.
pointed for the islands.                                         COMSAN, k6i'-SasNG/, a town of France, department of
COMPETA, kom-p/t4., a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 26  Aude. 4 miles N.N.E. of Narbonne, in the middle of a fermiles N E. of0 Malaga. Pop. 2753.                             tile plain on the right bank of the Aude. Pop. 2010.
COR3PETIITION, a beautiful and thriving  post-village,    COM/STOCK, a thriving   post-village and township of
capital of Pittsy-lvania no., Virginia, on a small branch of  Kalamazoo co., Michigan, on the right or N. bank of the
Banister Itiver, 160 miles S.W. of Richmond.  It is situated  Kalamazoo  River, and on the Central Railroad,- 130 miles
in a ich farming district, and contains a number of hand- W. of Detroit.  It is one of the principal villages of the
some residences.                                              county, and contains several mills.  Pop. 1202.
COMPIANO, kom-pe-/no, (anc. Complsanuuss?) a town of    CO-I/STOCKS, a post-village of Washington co., New York,
Italy, 35 enles S.W. of Parma, on the Ta-o. It is tolerably  on the Saratoga and Washington Iailroad, 70 miles N. of
well built, surrounded by walls entered by three gates, and  Albany.
comnmanded by -a ca tle on an adjacent hill. It also pos-    COMI/TAH, a town of India, 8 miles N.E. of Nazpoor.
seses a church, primary and medical schools, and extensive    COMTAHI, a town of British India, presidency of Madras,
iron works.  Pop. 5383.                                       12 miles N.N.W. of Onore.
COMPIIGNE, konespe-aiS', (L. Coouopeu/dium,) a town of    COMTAT-VENAISSIN or COMPTAT-VENAISSIN, k6Ne'Frannce, department of Oise, on the Oise, and on the raihvay  tt/-veh'nAs's.NG/, (L. Comitaltus Jindisci/enus,) a small province
fi-om  Paris to St. Quentin, 33 miles E.S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. in  of France, formerly dependent on that of Provence. aend now
1852, 10,795. It has a tribunal of commerce, a communal  included in the deparltment of Vaucluse.  Along with the
college, and a public library of 28,000 volumes, manufactures  portion ofCompt6 d'Avignon noticed above, it formed an inof muslins, hosiery, and cordage, and commerce in wood  dependent state, of which, till the IRevolution of 1793, the
ard grain.  Chief edifices, the church of the ancient Abbey  pope had the sovereignity.
484




CON                                                         CON
CON, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa.                   was rebuilt on its present site. The Araucanians again
CONAC, ko'ntk5,  a town of France, department of the  devastated a portion of it in 1823; and, in 1825. when its
C1harente-Inffrieure, 14 miles W.S.W. of Jonzac.  Pop. population was about 20,00, a terrible earthquake laid it
1598.                                                      in ruins.  It has since partially recovered, and has now a
COINAN, a river of Scotland, co. of Ross, which, after an  population of about 10,000.
easterly course of 35 miles, enters Cromarty Frith, near    CONCEPCION, kon-sip-se-6nI, a department of Chili, beDingwall. Its affluentf are the Carve and Orrin. It affords  tween lat. 360 and 370 30' S., and lon. 700 and 740 W., having
valuable salmon and trout fisheries.                        N. the department of Maule, E. the Andes, W. the Pacific
CONAN BRIDGE, a village of Scotland, on the banks of  Ocean, and S. Independent Arancania.  Area, 5210 square
the above river, 28 miles S. of Dingwall.                   miles. Pop. 102,000. It contains the most extensive plains
CONARAIt, ko-n~ir-, a maritime town of British India,  inChili. Coal of an inferior quality is abundant, anda little
presidency of Madras, 28 miles N.E. of Vizagapatam.         wine is exported.
CONASAUGA RIVER, Georgia. See CONNASAUGA.                   CONCEPCION, a town of Bolivia, in the province of
CONCAN, kong/kan; a subdivision of British India, in the  Tarija, or Tariha, 240 miles S.E. of Chuquisaca, in a fertile
presidency of Bombay, stretching along the western coast country, producing wine. Pop. 2000.
of lsindostan, mostly between lat. 160 and 200 N., and ]on.    CONCEPCION, a town of Bolivia, in the province of Chi720 40' and 740 E., bounded E. by the Ghauts, and having  quitos, 145 miles N.E. of Santa-Cruz-de-la-Sierra, in an eleN. the district of Sur-at, and S. the Sattarah dominions. vated district, containing mines. Pop. 2200.
It is separated into the districts of North and South Concan.    CONCEPCION, a town in New Granada, on the frontier
Length, 220 miles; breadth, 35 miles. Unitiil area, 12,270  of Costa Rica, 70 miles W.S.W. of Chagres, on the Caribbean
square miles; and population 1,044,121.                     Sea, near the mouth of a small stream of its own name.
CONCARNEAU, kl6,sGkaa'nt6, a maritime town of France,   CONCEPCION, a town of the Argentine Republic, in the
department of Finisntse, on an island in the bay De-la-  province of Cordova. Pop. 2000.
Foret, Atlantic Ocean, 12 miles S.E. of Quimper. The popu-   CONCEPCION, a town of the Argentine Republic, in
lation (2024) is chiefly engaged in taking and curing pil- the province of Corrientes, near the left bank of the Uruchards. The quantity taken averages from 12,000 to 30,000  guay, 190 miles W. by S. of the city of Cosrientes.
barrels, according to the season. The town is defended by    CONCEPCION, or VILLA PREAL DE LA CONCEPCION,
a folt, and surrounded by ancient walls.                   veel'yl r —iii' dl la kon-slp-se-nul, a town of Paraguay, capiCONCEIgX0,  kou-s'-siwNiG or kon-sl-so6Nd, a village of  tal of a department of its own name, on the Paraguay, 135
Brazil, province of Alagoas, on the Curarips, about 4 mniles miles N.N.E. of Assumption.  Pop. 1800.
fi-osi the sea, a-oudata short distancefrom Poxis. It has acon-    CONCEPCION BAY,. is an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, 8
vensent, though shallow harbor, at which there is some trade. miles N. of the town of Concepcion.  It is about 5 miles
CONCEI~qO, a modern city of Brazil, on the right bank  across, and has an entrance on either side of the island of
of the Palma 340 miles N.N.E. of Goyaz, lat. 120 S., ion. Quiriquino.  It receives the BiobioRiver; and almost every480 51 W.                                                   where affords good anchorage.
CONCEIQA0, ARRAIAL DE, h.-RI-tl! dl kon-sl-s6wNG!, or    CONCEPCION-DEL-ARROVO -DE-LA-CH-INA, kon-s~p-seCONCEPCi0N, a small river of Brazil, province of Goyaz, 110  0nf-dcl-'la-ao/yo-dA'll —cheeena, a town of the Argentine Resiles S.W. of Natividade, in a hollow between two small public, in the province of Entre-Rios. on the right bank
hills. The soil for about 3 miles round the village has been  of the Uruguay, 197 miles N.W. of Montevideo.  Pop. 3500.
all turned over in search of gold, which was formerly found    CONCEPCION-DEL-PAO, kon-slp-se-6n/-d8l-plo, a town
in considerable quantities.                                 of South America, in the republic of Venezuela, 110 miles S.
CONCEI1KO0-DA-SERRA, kon-s'i-stwN/-d1-s 6Rn/n,   a town  of Barcelona.
of Brazil, in the province of Espirito-Santo, N.N.W. of Vic-   CONCEPCION-LA-NUEVA, CONCEPCION-DE-MOCIA,
toria. Pop. 1500.                                           or CONCEPCION-DE-PENCO.  See CoNcEPcIoN.
CONfOE:qO-DE-Lr AGOA,   kon-sf-s5wNGldl-l,-gol,,  a town    CONCEPTION or CONCEPCION (LA) an island of the
of Brazil, in the centre of the island of Santa Catherina, E. Bahamas, 25 miles S.E. of San Salvador.
of Desterro. Pop. 3000.                                       CONCEPTION, a town of Chili. See CoNCEPCION.
CONCEI(~TO-DE-NOGUEGA, kon-sel-stwNick-dl-no-~!g~g, a    CONCEPITION BAY, an inlet of Newfoundland, on its
town of Brazil in the province of Minas Geraes, 85 miles eastern coast, N.W. of St. John's; lat. 480 N., ion. 530 W.
N.N.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 1200.  A rich gold-mine was It has several ports, the principal being Harbor-CG ace.
discovered here in 1785.                                      CONCEPTION  STRAIT, an  inlet of Terra-del-Fuego,
CONCEIaO0 D'ITAMARCA, kon-sA-sowNGt de-tA-maafki,  between IHanover Island and the Madre Archipelago, and
a town of Brazil, in the provinace of Pernambuco, 16 miles  continuous with Mesier Channel.
N. of Olinda, and capital of the district of the island of    CONCIIAGUA, lkon-chbigwi, an extinct volcano of CenItamaica, on its western coast. The population of the dis- tral America, state atid 70 miles E.S.EL. of San Salvador, at
trict is estimanted at 12,000. This town has long been in a  the IV. side of the entrance to the Gulf of Conchagua.
state of decay, although its restoration was decreed by the  Though not very lofty, it commands fine views, embracing
government in 1836.                                         as many as 18 other volcanoes.
CONCEIQ,10-DO-SERRO, kon-sl-s6wN0c-do-serleo, a town    CONCHAGUA, or FONSECA, GULF OF, an inlet of the
of Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, N.N.I. of  Pacific Ocean, between the states of San Salvador and NicaOuro Preto. Pop. of district, 8000, employed in gold mines. ragua, is 40 miles in breadth, and receives several considerCONCENTAINA, kon-thkn-t~lnl, a town of Spain, 28  able rivers.
miles N. of Alicante. Pop. 5972. It has a Moorish tower, a    CONCIIAR/DEE, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.
convent, and extensive manufactures of woollen cloths.        CONCHAS, konfshis, a small river of Brazil, falls into the
CONCEPCION, kon-sep-se-anu, or CONCEPTION, kon-sipl- Atlantic about 50 S. lat. and 360 50, W. ion.
shfln, an island and headland on the N. side of the Isthmus    CONCIIAS, kon/chias, or CONCIIOS, konfchos, a river of
of Panama, 78 miles E. of Puerto Bello.                     Mexico, in the departments of Durango and Chihuahua,
CONCEPCION, kon-s p-se-tn1. CONCEPCION-LA-NUEVA, joins the Rio Bravo-del-Norte, near lat. 290 50' N., Ion. 1040
kon-slp-se-dn/-lI-nwlVvA, CONCEPCION-DE-IIOCITA, kon- 40' WV., after a northerly course, estimated at 300 miles. Its
s~p-se-Tn!-dt-mot-ch. or CONCEPCION-DE-PENCO, kon- valley is the mostpopulous and best cultivated in the tables      np-septnn-dA-pln/ko, a port of Chili, capital of a pro- land of Chihuahua.
vince of its own name, 270 miles S.S.WV. of Santiago, on    CONCHES, kItesh  a town of France, department of the
the right bank of the Bioblo, and 71 miles from its mouth;  Eure, 10 miles S.WV. of Evreux, with 1672 inhabitants, partly
la;. 360 49' 30" S., and Ion. 730 5' 30" WV. It is the seat engaged in nail-making, and in fancy steel-work.
of a bishop and of a military commandant of the district    CONCHUCOS, kon-choolkoce, a town of Peru, capital of
and of the forts along the Biobio. and contains a college, a province of its own name in the department of Ancach, is
a seminary, and some other literary institutions. Its  situated on the western slope of the Andes, on a branch of
port at Talcahuano, a small fortified town on the bay  Santa Diver, 85 miles S.E. of Trujillo. Pop. of the province,
of Concepcion, about 8 miles distant, is one of the best in  in 1850, 54,751.
Chili. The bay forms an extensive and excellent roadstead,   CONCISE, ]6NG'seez/, a village of Switzerland, in the
and is shut in by the island of Quiriquina, on either side  canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Neufch:tel, 6 miles N.N.E.
of which is a channel. There is a trade in grain, hides, of Vverduu.  Pop. 3500, partly engaged in raising wine.
tallow, and salted beef; and in the vicinity of Pence is an  which is the best of the district.
important coal-mine. In 1846, thenumber of vessels which    CONCOBELLO, kon-ko-billo, a town of Western Africa,
entered was 243; tonnage 52,951; —cleared, 240; tonnage  on the Congo River, near lat. 40 30' S. ion. 100 E.
51,706. In 1847, the numbers were, entered, 258; tonnage    CONCORD, konligkord, a post-village and township of
65,952; —cleared, 256; tonnage 64,966. In 1846, the imports  Somerset co., Maine, 50 miles N. by WV. of Augusta. P. 550.
in British vessels amounted to 156,8001.0 exports, 158,8000.;   CONCORD, kongtkord, a city, and seat of justice of Mhersiin 1847, the amount was, imports, 89,4400.; exports, 91,0401. mack co., New  1ampshilre, and capital of the state, is pleaConception -was founded in 1550, by Pedro Valdivia, on the  santly situated on the right bank of the lerrimeack River,
S. side of Concepcioen Bay. In 1554, 15055, and 1603, it was  59 miles N.N.I. of Boston.  Lat. 430 12' 29" N., ]on. 710 29'
talken iand burnt by the Araucanians, and as often rebuilt; WV. It extends about 2 miles along the river, aild threeanid, in 1730, it was destroyed by an earthquake, and a  quarters of a mile backi. The streets are handsomely laid
great part of it swallowed up by the sea. It res again  out. and many of themn beantifully shaded.'The iotels, the
destroyed by an earthquake in 1751; aftert which the tow-n  principal mercantile houses, and a large portion of the ma
485




CON                                                        CON
nufactories are on Maine street, which is nearly 100 feet    CONCORD, a post-village and township of Jefferson co.;
broad and about 2 miles long. State street, also about Wisconsin, 44 miles E. of Madison. Pop. 725.
2 miles long, has on it the State Prison, a massive gra-    CON/CORD COR/NER, a village in Concord township,
nite structure, and a Methodist General Biblical Insti- Essex co., Vermont, about 38 miles W. by N. of Monttute, founded in 1847.  The Statehouse stands in the  pelier.
midst of a beautiful common, planted with maple apd ehn    CONCORDIA, kon-koRlde-g, a parish in the N.E. part of
trees. It is built of hewn granite, is 126 feet long, 49 feet Louisiana, on the western bank of the Mississippi River. The
wide, and 2 stories high above the basement. The other area is about 790 square miles. The western border is washed
public buildings are —7 or 8 churches, State Lunatic Asylum,  by the Tenses and Washita Rivers, and the southern border
2 railroad dep6ts, and 3 banks. The condition of the latter, by the Red River; all of which are navigable.  The surface
December Ist, 1852: Debts due, $389,115; specie, $26,164;  is low, subject to inundation, and occupied by numerous
deposits, 159,114; circulation, $176,896. By the aid of locks, lakes or sloughs. In 1850, there were raised 18,297 bales
the faills in the Merrimack, opposite the town, furnish a  of cotton,-the greatest quantity produced by any parish
vast hydraulic power, extensively employed in manuifactur-  of the state, except Tensas. Capital, Vidalia. Pop. 7763,
Ing. Among the articles produced maybe mentioned iron  of whom 824 were free, and 6934 slaves.
and steel, machinery, musical instruments, leather, wooden    CONCORDIA, a post-office of Bolivar co., Mississippi.
ware, and woollen goods. The business of Concord, which    CONCORDIA, a post-village in Payette co., Tennessee,
is important and rapidly increasing, centres principally in  about 170 miles S.W. of Nashville.
Boston. Formerly it was carried on through the Merri-   CONCORDIA, a village of Meade  co., Kentucky, on the
mack River and Middlesex Canal; but since the completion  Ohio River, about 110 miles W. by S. of Frankfort.
of the various railroads opening communication with nearly    CONCORDIA, a post-village in Darke co., Ohio, 35 miles
every section of the state, the canal has been abandoned. N.W. of Drayton.
Five or six newspapers are published here. Pop. 8576.         CONCORDIA-DI-QUA, kon-kon'de-A-dee-kwA, a town of
CONCORD, a post-village'and township of Essex co., Ver- Northern Italy, 34 miles N.E. of Venice, on the left bank
mont, on the west side of Connecticut River, 40 miles E. by  of the Limene.  Pop. 1330. It was of importance during
N. of Montpelier. Pop. 1153.                                the Roman dominion, and remains a bishop's see, although
CONCORD, a post-township and semi-capital of Middlesex  now in decay.
co., Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, and on both    CONCORDIA-DI-QUA, a walled town of Italy, duchy of,
sides of Concord River, 20 miles N.W. of Boston. It con- and 17 miles N. of Modena, on the right bank of the Secchia.
tains a bank, and a newspaper office; has manufactories of  Pop. 3600.
cotton and woollen flannels, black-lead pencils, boots and    CONCORDIA VILLAGE, Louisiana. See VbDALIA.
shoes, carriages, &c. A granite obelisk, 25 feet high, here    CON/CORD RIVER, of Middlesex county, in the northern
marks the spot where, excepting at Lexington, on the same  part of Massachusetts, is formed by the junction of Assaday, (April 19th, 1775,) the first blood was shed in defence  bet and Sudbury Rivers, at the town of Concord, and falls
of American independence.  It was settled in 1635. A Pro- into the Merrimack, near Lowell. This river is the priocivincial Congress was held here in 1774. Pop. 2249.          pal feeder of the Middlesex Canal.
CONCORD, a township of Erie co., New York. Pop. 3242.   CONCORDVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., PennCONCORD, a post-township in the S.W. part of Delaware  sylvania, 83 miles E.S.E. of lIarrisburg.
co., Pennsylvania, 22 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia. Pop.   CONCRETE, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas.
1049.                                                         CON/DAMINE' RIVER, Eastern Australia, is a headCONCORD, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 882. stream  of the Darling River; lat. 280 S., ion. 1510 E.
CONCORD, a post-village of Pranklin co., Pennsylvania,    CONBDAPILILY, a town of British India, in the presiin Path Valley, 28 miles N. of Chambersburg. Pop. near 250. dency of Madras, 55 miles N.W. of Masulipatam, on the
CONCORD, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.  Kistuah, formerly the capital of one of the Northern Circars.
CONCORD, a post-village of Sussex co., Delaware, 46    CONDAT, kuSNGIdO, a village of France, in the departmiles S. of Dover.                                          ment of Corrnze, 16miles N.N.WV. of Tulle. Pop. 1730.
CONCORD, a post-office of Appomattox co., Virginia.         CONDAT, a village of France, in the department of PuyCONCORD, a thriving post-village, capital of Cabarras  de-Dbme, 26 miles WV. of Clermont.  Pop. 1700.
co., North Carolina, on a branch of Rocky River, 145 miles    CONDAT/CHY, a bay and village of Ceylon, on its western
W. by S. of Raleigh. It is on the route of the North Caro- coast, 120 miles N. of Colombo. It is the centre of the celeline Railroad now in progress, the commencement of which  brated pearl fishery of the Gulf of iManaar.
has already increased the activity of its business. Concord    CONDATE.  Se9 RENmNES.
contains 3 or 4 churches, 1 academy, and a cotton factory.    CONDAT-EN-FENIERS, k6mdG'dalt6N-fY'tn e-A/, a village
CONCORD, a post-village of Baker cc., Georgia, 28 miles  of France, in the department of Cantal, 32 miles N.E. of
W. of Albany. It has 3 stores.                              Aurillac.  Pop. 3630.
CONCORD, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.              COND],, k6aN'dAY, a town of France, in the department
CONCORD, a post-village in Lincoln co., Tennessee, about  of Nord, at the confluence of the IIaine and Scheldt, 7
70 miles S. by E. of Nashville.                             miles N.N.E. of Valenciennes.  Pop. in 1852, 5110. It is
CONCORD, a post-village of Lewis co., Kentucky, on the  enclosed by strong fortifications, and well built. It has a
Ohio, 6 miles above Maysville.  It has 1 church, and about handsome church, a town-hall, arsenal, military hospital, a
200 inhabitants.                                            harbor for river-craft, manufactories of chicory, starch,
CONCORD, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1010. leather, and cordage: an extensive trade in coals and cattle;
CONCORD, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1369. also large weekly corn-markets, and an annual fiir of 8 daLys
CONCORD, a township in Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 923.   in October. It was frequently taken during the early ware,
CONCORD, a township of I-Iighland co., Ohio. Pop. 1501. and by the Austrians in 1793.
CONCORD, a post-township in the S. part of Lake co.,   CONDE, kon/dA, a town and seaport of Brazil, in the proOhio. Pop. 1031.                                            vince of, and 85 miles N.E. of Bahlia, at the mouth of the
CONCORD, a township in the central part of Miami co., Inhambupe.  It contains a parish church. and a primnary
Ohio. Pop. 3409.                                            school, and' has some trade in sugar, tobacco, and mandioca.
CONCORD, a small village in Muskinguma co., Ohio, about  Pop. 2000.
14 miles E. by N. of Zauesville. Pop. 334.                    CONDE, a town of Brazil, in the province of, and about
CONCORD, a township in the N.E. part of Ross co., Ohio. 20 miles S. of Parahiba, in a plain, between the small rivers
Pop. 3225.                                                  Japoquinha and Japoca.; Pop. 800.
CONCORD, a township in the W. part of Jackson co.,   CONDE, a town of Brazil, in the province of, and 22 miles
Michigan. Pop. 983.                                         S.W. of Pard, on the right bank of the Tocantins. It stands
CONCORD, a flourishing post-village in the above town-  upon a kind of island formed by thih river, ithe Moju, and
ship, on the Kalamazoo River, 90 miles W. of Detroit. It is  the Iguap6 Miria, a canal forming  a communication be
situated in a beautiful and productive country, diversified  tween them.
by groves of oaks, resembling orchards. The village has    CONDI-EN-BRIE, k6NG'd6-].-&TCbree, a town of France,
good water-power, and contains several flouring mills. Pop. in the department of Aisne, 8 miles E. of Chiteau-Thierry.
in 1853, about 700.                                        Pop. 692.
CONCORD, a township in De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 1086.   CONDB-SUR-I-ITNE, k6,'dd' —sinr-waeen, a town of France,
CONCORD, a township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 1390. in the department of Orue, 7 miles S.E. of Mortagne.
CONCORD, a post-village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, 11  Pop. 1382.
miles S.S.E. of Lafatyette.                                  CONDE-SUR-ITON, kNadaI-siiaI-ee 6et6N/, a town of France,'CONCORD, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 764. in the department of Eure, on the left bank of the Iton,
CONCORD, a village of Iroquois co., Illinois. on the Iro- 16 miles S.S.WV. of Evreux. Pop. 1100, partly employed in
quois River, 10 or 12 miles E. by N. of Middleport.        raising a d forging iron.
CONCORD, a small post-village of Morgan co., Illinois,   CONDE-SUR-NOIREAUI, kIOms'd'-siitia-nwn1'rS, a town of
50 miles W. of Springfield.                                France, in the department of Calvados, at the confluence of
CONCORD, a post-village of Callaway co., Missouri, 33  the Noireau and Dron.nce, 25 miles S.S.W. of Caen.  Pop.
miles N.N.E: of Jefferson City, is situated in a rich farming  in 1852, 6368.  Here are manufactories  of linens, cotton,
district, and has some trade.                              and mixed fabrics, muslins, cotton-yarn, cutlery, and
CONCORD, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, 35 miles  leather; also a trade in cattle, horses, and honey.  This
N. by W. of Burlington.                                    was one of the first towns in France that embraced the r —
486




CON                                                      CON
formed religion, and, in 1674, a Protestant synod was held    CONEPSUS, a post-village and township of Livingston co.,
here.                                                     New York, bordering on Conesus and Hemlock Lakes, 10
CONDIY-SUR-VIRE, k6Nda'dl-siiR-veeR, a commune and  miles S.E. of Geneseo. It is traversed by the Buffalo and
village of France, in the department of Manche, on the right Corning Railroad. Pop. 1418.
bank of the Vire, 5 miles S.S.E. of St. L6. Pop. 2164.      CONESUS LAKE, of New York, in the central part of
CONDESUYOS, kon-dA-soo'yoce, a district of Peru, in the  Livingston co., is 8 miles in length, and from three-quarters
department of Arequipa, extending from the N.E. bound- of a mile to 1 mile in breadth. Its outlet joins the Genesee
ary of Bolivia to Camana, on the IV., and intersected N.E. River.
to S.W. by the Val-de-Mayes. Wine, grain, and cochineal    CONESVILLE, knzt/vil, a post-village and township of
are produced in abundance.  The gold-mines here are not Schoharie co., New York, about 40 miles S.W. of Albany.
so productive as formerly. Pop. 20,145.                   Pop. 1582.
COND]-VIEUX, k6rNGdA/-ve'-uhl, a village of France, in    CONESVILLE, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.
the department of the Nord, on the right bank of the    CONEWAGO, kon-e-wiJgo, a creek in the S. part of PennScheldt. Pop. 2981.                                       sylvania, rises in Adams co., flows through York co., and
CONIDICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.     enters the Susquehanna a little below York Haven. Its
CONDINO, kon-deelno, a village of Austria, duchy of Ty- general course is N.E. The Little Conewago enters the main
rol, 21 miles W. of Roveredo, on the Sarca.  It contains a  stream, about 3 miles from its mouth.
church, a, Capuchin monastery, and has iron-works. Pop.   CONEWAGO, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania.
9405.                                                     Pop. 567'
CONDOM, k6sN'd6Gl/, a town of France, department of    CONEWAGO, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania.
Gers, on the Bayse, here crossed by two bridges, 25 miles  Pop. 762.
N.N.W. of Auch. Pop. in 1852, 7210. Its interior is ill   CONEWAGO, 4 township  of York co., Pennsylvania.
built, but it has agreeable suburbs, a large market-square,  Pop. 1270.
a noble parish church, an exchange, 2 hospitals, manufac-    CONEWANtGO, a post-village and township of Cattarautures of cotton and mixed fabrics, cotton yarn, earthen-  gus co., New York, 45 miles S. by W. of Buffalo, drained by
ware, and an active tiade with Bordeaux in rural produce. Conewango Creek. Pop. 1408.
Bossnet was bishop of Condom.                               CONEWANGO, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania.
CONDOMOIS, k6NGado'mw,-/, a former district of France, in  Total pop. 1897.
the old province of Gascony. Its capital was Condom, now    CONEWANGO CREEK rises in the W. part of New York,
comprised in the departments of Cers, Landes and Lot-et- and enters the Alleghany River at Warren Court-House, in
Garonne.                                                  Pennsylvania. It receives the waters of the outlet of ChauCONDOR, an island of the Chinese Sea. See Po0Lo-CONDoa.  tauque Lake.
CON/DOVER, a parish of England, co. of Salop.             CONEWINIC/GO, a little village of Cecil co., Maryland, on
CONDRIEU, k6NG'dre-uh', atown of France, department of  a creek of the same name, near its entrance into the SusRhOne, 21 miles S. of Lyons. on the right bank of the Rhone. quehanna.
Pop. in 1852, 3200, who manufacture silk fabrics, and trade    COINEY ISLAND, (ane. Inishsnuoulcighpy,) an island of Irein corn and in superior white wines.                       land, in Sligo Bay, 1. miles long, and half a mile average
CONECOCIIEAGUE (kon'e-ko-cheegl) CREEK rises in the  breadth.
S. part of Pennsylvania, and flowing through Maryland,    CONEY ISLAND, an island at the S.W. extremity of
falls into the Potomac at Williamsport.                    Long Island, New York, 11 miles S. of New York City.
CONECUH, ko-ne'ka, a small river of'Alabama, rises in  Length, 1 miles; breadth, about half a mile. It contains
Pike co., and flowing S.W. into Florida, unites with the  three large hotels, and is resorted to by multitudes duing
Escambia. a few miles from the boundary of the two states.  the summer for sea-bathing.
CONECUIt, a county in the S. part of Alabama, bordering    CONFEDERA/TION  OF THE RHIINE, a confederation
on Florida, has an area of 1430 square miles. It is traversed  formed by the secondary states of Germany, under the proby Conecub River, from which it derives its name, and also  tection of Napoleon, in 1806. It comprised 34 states, viz. the
drained by Sepulga River. The sum-face is uneven, the soil 4 kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia, Wilrtemberg,
is sandy, and mostly unproductive.  Cotton and Indian  and the duchies or principalities of Frankfort, Berg and
corn are cultivated. Large quantities of pine lumber are  Cleves, Hesse-Darmnstadt, Wurzburg, Nassau-Usingen, Nasprocured fi-om the forests, and conveyed down the Conecuh  sau-Weilburg, Ilohenzollern-lechingen, Hohenzollern-SigRiver in small boats or rafts. A cavern of considerable size maringen, Isenburg-Birkstein, Liechtenstein, Leyen, Saxehas been found in the E. part of the county, near Brooklyn.  Weimar, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-HildburghauOrganized about the year 1822. Capital, Sparta. Pop. 9322, sen, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Bernof whom 4928 were free, and 4334 slaves.                   burg, Anhalt-Clthen, Lippe-Detmold, Lippe-Schaumburg,
CON'EDOGWINIT, a creek which rises in the S. part of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Reuss-Greitz,
Pennsylvaniaaand flows into the Susquehanna, nearly op- Reuss-Schleitz,Reuss-Ebersdorf, Reuss-Lobenstein, Schwarzposite Harrisburg.                                         burg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and WalCONEGLIANO, ko-nsl-y no, a town of Northern Italy, deck. At the fill of the French Empire, the states of the
government of Venice, 15 miles N. of Treviso. Pop. 6459. Confederation of the Rihine combined with the other states
It is enclosed by an ancient wall, is well built, and has a  of Germany to form the Germanic Confederation.
cathedral and a citadel. It has manufactures of woollen    CONFIENZA, kon-fe-n/z&, a village of the Sardinian
and silk fabrics. It was created a duchy by Napoleon for  States, in Piedmont, 9 miles S.S.W. of Novara.  Pop. 1539.
Mlarechal Moncey.                                           CONFLANS, k(cs'flS6NNal, a town of the Sardinian States, in
CONEJERA, ko-ni-umiirA, a small uninhabited island of  Upper Savoy, at the influx of the Arley into the Isbre, 24.
the Mediterranean, forming tihe highest of the Cabrera  miles E.N.E. of Chambery. Pop. 1335. Its fortifications were
group, about 6 miles from Cape Salinas, on the S. coast of  mostly destroyed by the French under Francis I. Near it
Iviga. It takes its name, Conejera, (a "rabbit warren,") are royal smelting-works for silver ore, raised in its vicinity.
from the number of rabbits which swarm upon it.             CONFLANS, a village of France, department of Sarthe,
CONEMAUGH, kiinle-maw, ariver of Pennslvania, rises in  26 miles E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1220. Several comnmunes in
Cambria co., and flowing nearly W., forms the boundary be- the central and E. departments of France have this name.
tween Indiana and Westmoreland counties, until it unites    CONFLANS SAINTE HONORINE, lk6zsNfl8Nl! sant-olno0with the Loyalhanna, near Saltzburg. The stream  thus  reenf, a village of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on
formed is called the Ktskiminetas River. The Pennsylvania  the right bank of the Seine, near the influx of the Oise, and
Canal follows the course of this stream.                  on the Paris and Havre Railway, 14 miles N.W.of Paris.
CONEMAUGH, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1520.
Pop. 3027.                                                  CONFLENTI, kon-flln/tee, a market-town of Naples, proCONEMAUGI[, a borough of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, vince of Calabria Ultra IT., 7 miles N. of Nicastro. Pop. 2000.
on the Portage Railroad, 170 miles W. of IiHarrisburg. Pop.   CONFLUENTES. See COBLENTZ.
in 1850, 854.                                               CONFOLENS or CONFOLENT, k6NGfofslSeaf,       a town of
CONEMAUGHI, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.  France, department of Charente, on the right bank of the
Pop. 1748.                                                Vienne, here crossed by a bridge, 35 miles N.E. of AngouCONEMIAUGH, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. l1me.  Pop. 2289. It has a commercial college, a trade in
Pop. 1434.                                                timber, cattle, and corn, and large monthly fairs.
CONEMAUGIL  FURNACE, a post-office of Westmoreland    CONG, a small town and parish of Ireland, in Connaught,
eo., Pennsylvania.                                        co. of Mayo, 9 miles W.N.W. of Hleadford.  Pop.'of town,
CON'EQUENESISING CREEK, of Western Pennsylvania, 364. It has a good church, and curious remains of an abbey
rises in Butler co., and unites with the Slippery Rock  of the seventh century.
Creek, in Mercer county.                                    CONGAREE, konqg~g-ree, a river of South  Carolina,
CON'ESTO/GA, a creek of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, formed by the Broad and Saluda Rivers, which unite at Coflows into the Susquehanna, about 12 miles below Colum- lumbia, near the middle of the state.  After a S.E. course
bia. Boats ascend it to LIncaster City,                   of about 50 miles, it unites with the Wateree to form the
CONESTOG A, a post-village and township in the S.W.  Santee. Steamboats ascend this river to Columbia.
part of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, bordering on Susque    CONGAREE CREEK, of Lexington district, South Carohanna River, and bounded by Conestoga and Pequea  lina, flows into the Congaree River, a few miles below
creeks, about 36 miles S.E. of HIarrisburg. Pop. 2733.    Columbia.
487




CON                                                            CON
CON!GERSTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.         some streets, a cathedral, and several other churches, nu.
CONGIIIHA.I, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 21 miles  merous nunneries, a fine town-hall, a royal college, hospi.
E.S.E. of the castle of lRising.  The antiquary Spelman was  tal, orphan asylum, work-house, theatre, and public baths,
born here in 1594.                                            with manukfactures of silk and other fabrics, and a considerCONGLETON, kongfg'l-tn, a municipal borough, town, able trade in agricultural produce, it being an entrepl t for
and chapelry of* England, co. of Chester, in the deepvalley  the commerce between North-Western Italy and the counof the Dane, near the Macclesfield Canal, 7- miles S.S.W. of  tries beyond the Alps.
Macclesfield.  Pop. of borough, in 1851, 10,520. Principal    CONIL, ko-neelf, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.E. of
buildings, the Episcopal, Roman Catholic, and other chapels,  Cadiz. It is surrounded by walls, and defended by 3 forts.
town-hall and jail, market-house and assembly rooms. It  Pop. 1542.
has a grammar school, some cotton spinning factories, and    CONIMBRIGA.  See COIMBRA.
manufactories of ribbons and other silk fibrics, which em-    CONINBROUGII, konlin-brhh, a village and parish or
ploy most of its population.                                  England, co. of York, West Riding,  on the Don, 7 miles
CONGO, kong/go, or ZAIRE, za-eefrL. alarge river in South-  N.E. of Rotherham.  Pop. 1445. It contains stately ruins
western Africa, having its embouchure in the South At- of a castle supposed to have been erected at the Conquest,
lautie, in lat. 60 S.; ion. 120 401 E. Of its origin and affluents  and the massive keep of which is still nearly entire.
hardly any thing is known; but, according to the accounts    CONIINGSBY or CUN/ESBY, a parish of England, co. of
of the natives, it issues from an extensive marsh, about lat. Lincoln.
20 15, N., lon. 170 30' E.; although McQueen is disposed to    CONVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
think that its sources lie considerably farther N. At its    CONINGTON-wsTr-HUINTS, a parish of England, co. of
mouth it is 10 miles wide; a little higher up it diminishes  Huntingdon.
to 7; and at 140 miles from the sea, narrows commence and    CONIISCLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
continue for 40 miles, through which space the river is not    CONfISIIOLM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
generally more than from 300 to 500 yards wide, and mostly    CON/ISTON, a township of England, co. of York, East
confined between lofty rugged rocks, where tremendous  Riding.
falls and cataracts occur; and below, where it begins to ex-    CON/ISTONE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
pand, are fearful whirlpools. Above the narrows, for about    CONISTONE WATER, a fine lake of England, co. of Lan100 miles, the river again expands to a breadth of 2, 3, and  caster, 4 miles VW. of IIawkshead.  It is 62 miles in length
even more than 4 miles, flowing with a current of 2 or 3  fr'om N. to S., by three-quarters of a mile in breadth, and
miles an hour. Immediately off its mouth, Captain Tuckey  having at its N. extremity the romantic Conistone Fells, in
found no bottom  with 150 fathoms of line, the velocity of  which are slate quarries and copper-miunes. The char of
the stream varying from  2& to 5 knots an hour. Thirteen  Conistone Water are esteemed the finest in England.
miles from  the entrance the water is perfectly fresh, of a    CONITZ or KONITZ, krolnits: a town of Western Prussia,
dingy red color; it ferments in a few days, and remains for in Marienwerder, on the Brahe.  Pop. 1203. It has a gymsome time in a highly putrescent state, discoloring silver  nasiunm and manufactures of linens.
greatly, but it afterwards becomes perfectly clear and color-    CONJEVERAM, konjev-er-iam!  or kon-jlvfer-am,   (anc.
less, and deposits no sediment. The rise of the Congo, at  Cascheurtcca,  "the golden city,") a considerable town of Briits highest flood, is, toward its mouth, 12 feet, and every  tish India, on the river Palaur, in the presidency, and 42
third and fourth yearit is said to rise to a greater height  miles S.W. of Madras, in the district of Chingleput, in which
than it does in the intermediate years. The banks on either  it is the principal military station. It is a collection of viiside are low and swampy, principally covered with two dif- lages interspersed with gardens, and it has two remarkable
ferent kinds of mangroves-one a low bush, the other a  temples, many other pagodas and public edifices, and some
stately tree; there are also many kinds of palms, two of  manufactures of cotton and other fabrics.  The town is surwhich bear fruit, one of them poisonous.                       tounded by a hedge of the Amterican aloe, a plant formerly
CONGO, an extensive but little known country of Western  much used in India as a defence against sudden incursions
Africa, in South Guinea.  It was formerly understood to  of mbounted bandits. There isaschl-ool here, connecttd-wvith
comprise all the countries between the equator and lat. 1S0  the Free Church of Scotland  iadrias MIission, (1851,) attended
S., and is now divided into 4 principal parts, viz. Loango,  by 309 pupils.
Congo proper, Angola: and Benguela. Congo proper is sepaa    CONKAII or KONKAIR, Ikon-hk r,  a town of Iftudostan,
rated from Loango on the N. by the river Congo or Zaire, S. province of Gundwauna, at the foot of a rocky hill, on the
fi-om Angola by the Danda, and is bounded W. by the Atlan- right bank of the Mahanuddy, 157 niles S.E. of Nagpoor.
tic, and E. by the countries of the interior.  Capital, Banza,  It is surrounded by hills inhabited by wild Gond mouncalled by the Portuguese S-o Salvador. The government is  taineers.
despotic.  The Portuguese, who discovered Congo in 1486,    CON KEY'S STORE, a post-office of Yertmilion  co., Illinois.
long held it in vassalage, chiefly through their missionaries,    CONKI, kon/kee, a river of I1indostan, rising ili the
but their authority is merely nominal.                         southern slope of the Mergoo  Mountains, and fortming  the
CONGONIIAS-DE-SABARA,  ARRAIAL BE  a-nI-e-l11 dl  boundary between Nepaul and the territory of Sikkim, and
kon-gln/yls-dtsA-bs-ra,/ an irregularly built mining village  joins the Mahanada 20 miles E. of Purineah, after a course
of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, about lat. 190 50 S., ion. of about 150 miles.
210 W., near the mine of Mlarre Velho, wrought by a iBritish    CONKILIN, a post-village and township of Diroome co., New
company, and is chiefly inhabited by those connected with  York, intersected by Susquehanna River and by the Erie
the mining operations.  Pop. 2000.                             Railroad, about 5 miles S.E. of Binghamton.  Pop. 2232.
CONGONIIAS-DO-CAMIPO, kon-g6in/ys-do-k[ mfpo, a town    CONKLIN CENTRE, a post-village of Broome co., New
and parish of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, on a river  York, 110 miles S.W. of Albany.
of same name, about 16 miles W. of Queluz. A  college    CONLIE, k1fiflee5, a market-town of France, department
established here enjoys a high reputation, and in the neigh- of Sarthe, 12 miles S.W. of Mlans. Pop. 1627.
borhood are mines of iron, employing 5 furnaces. Pop. 3000.    CON/NA, a village of Ireland, co. of Cork, 5 miles W.N.W.
CON'GOON!, a maritime town of Persia, province of Fars,  of Tallow-on-the-Bride.  It has ruins of a castle burned in
with a port on the N. shore of the Persian Gulf, 115 miles  1053. Pop. 434.
S.E. of Bushire.  Pop. 6000.                                     CONNASAUtGA, a'river of Georgia, rises it Gilmer co.,
CONGRETIOY, kon-grA-holee, a river of Central America, near the Blue Ridge.  It flows northward to the N. boundin Guatemala, province of Honduras, flowing N., and falling  ary of the state, then turns southward, and unites with the
into the Caribbean Sea, about 55 miles W. by S. of Truxillo.  Coosawattee. near New Echota, to form the Oostenaula.
A few miles above its embouchure is a singular peak of same    CONNAUGHIT, kon/tnawt, (Latin Connacia,) the smallest
name, 7500 feet high.                                          of the four provinces of Irelaud, bounded on the N. and WV.
CONGREISBURY, koug/gherz-ber-e, a village and parish  by the Atlantic, E. by Ulster and Leinster, and S.E. by Munof England, co. of Somerset, 2 miles S. of the Clevedon Sta-  ster.  Greatest length, from  S. to N., 86 miles; greatest
tion, of the Great Western Railway. Pop. 1380.                 breadth, 81 miles. Area, 4,392,000 acres, of which about
CONIGRtESS, a township in hortrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1651.  2,000,000 are arable.  Pop. 911,917.   The W. portion is
CONGRESS, a post-village and township  forming  the  broken up into numerous peninsulas, the largest of which
N.W. extremity of Wayne co., Ohio, 85 miles N.E. by N. of  is Connemara, and numerous islands, as Achill, Innisbegil,
Columbus.  Pop. 2336.                                          Clare, Innisboffin, Arranmore, &c.  The numerous bays and
CONITOC/TON, a river, rises near the N.W. extremity of  sounds afford commodious harbors. The W. part of the proSteuben co., in the S.S.W. part of New York, and running  vince, including the islands, is mniountainous, the elevation
in a S.E. course, unites with the Tioga, to form the Che- in many parts amounting   to 2000 feet, forming highly picmung IRiver.                                                  turesque scenery.  The N. and S. extremities are also eleCONItOCTON, a township of Steuben co., New  York.  vated, while the centre forms one level plain.  The chief
Pop. 1993.                                                    rivers are tihe Bonnet, Uncion, Arrow, Ploy, and Clare, the
CONI, koenee, or CUNEO, koo-nu/o. a town of the Sardinian  Shannon forming the E. boundary.  The chief lakes are Lake
States, in Piedmont, capital of a division and province, is  Conn., 10 miles in length, Corrib, iask, and Carra.  Granite
situated on an eminence at the confluence of the Stura and  and primary rocks form the atlchern part, commencing at
Gezzo, 48 miles S.W. of Turin.  Pop., exclusive of garrison,  Galway Bay; silurian strata extend W. of Lochs Conrrib and
18.777. It was a strong fortress previously to 1800, when  Mask, and to this succeeds old red sandstone. The centre and
it was dismantled by the French  tfter the battle of Ma-  eastern pat-ts are composed of limestone, and coal is found
rengo. It is still enclosed by walls, and has some hand-  in Lough Allan distiict. The povince is divided into the
488




CON                                                          CON
coun ties of Mayo and Galway on the W., and Sligo, Leitrim, Mountains, entering the N.W. portion of this state from
%nd Roscommon on the E. The chief towns a-re Galwavy  Massachusetts, extend in a succession of detached eminences
Roscommon, Sligo, Carrick, Castlebar. Tuam, Ballinasloe,  through the W. part of Connecticut.  Another range, in
and Athlone. Connaught was formerly a kingdom of the  the N. part of the state, intervenes between the Green Mouo.
Irish heptarchy, and ruled by the O'Connors; and in 1590    ains and the Talcet or Greenwoods  Range, which cross the
was divided into counties, and came under English admi- state fi'om its northern boundary to near New Haven.  Farnistration.                                                  thor E. are the Middletown Mountains, extending parallel
CONNEAUT, kon'ne-awt/, a creelk, rises in the N.W. part  to the hast-named ridge, between Hartford and a point E. of
of Pennsylvania, passes into the State of Ohio, and flows  New Haven. Crossing the Connecticut River, we come upon
into Lake Erie in Ashtabula county, 2 miles from the village  a ridge that appears to be a continuation of the White Mounof Conneaut.                                                 tains of New I-ampshire.  The Green Mountaina nages, and
CONNEAUT, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.  the mountains E. of the Connecticut, are primitive or graPop. 1807.                                                   nitic; while the other ranges, near the W. bank of the ConCONNEAUT, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania.  Pop. necticut. are composed of tmrap rock, more precipitous on the
1942.                                                         westeri'than on the eastern declivity. There are, between
CONNEAUT, a flourishing post-borough and township of  these ranges, valleys and plains of greater or less extent,
Ashtabula co., Ohio, on a creek of its own name, and on the  and, those on the river intervals particularly, of great agri-.
Cleveland and Erie Railroad, 2 miles from Lake Erie, and  cultural capabilities. The channel of the Connecticut, in
226 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is the easternmost port in  the lower part of its course, is cut through a primitive formCuyahoga district, and has a good harbor at the mouth of  ation.  The trap rocks generally rest on a base of sandthe creek. Its commerce is very considerable, it being the  stone.
entrep0t for the landing of supplies and the shipping of    Geology acd Miserals.-VWe are indebted to Dr. Frankfort
produce for an extensive and fertile agricultural region,  of Middletown, Connecticut, for the following  summary
not only of the adjacent country in Ohio, but also of an im-  "The State of Connecticut may-be geologically divided intm
portant section of Pennsylvania.  A light-house has been  two large fields, the first of which is composed of the unerected here, and a number of vessels are owned in the town. stratified and metamorphic rocks, and the other of those
The borough contains (1853) 4 or 5 churches, a classical secondary strata which. under the name of'freestone,' are
academy, and about 1500 inhabitants.  Conusaut is memo-  so extensively quarried in different parts of the state for
rable as the landing-place of the party which made the first  building purposes, and constitute the mzew red sandstone of
settlement of Northern Ohio, in 1796; and is sometimes  Lyell.  The best place to study this peculiar formation is
called the Plymouth of the Western Reserve. The settlers  near Portland, in Middlesex county. In the vicinity of the
were natives of New England.  Pop. of the township, 2695. noew Red Sandstone, are to be found, in nearly every partof
CONNEAUT/VILLE, a post-borough of Spring township,  the state, large dykes of trap, which protrude and traverse it,
Crawford co., Pennsylvania, on the Erie Extension Canal, 105  as, for example, at Meriden. This gives Connecticut a great
miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg.  It is the most important town  analogy to the Lake Superior copper region in which large
in the county, except Meadville the capital, and has con- veins of native copper, unequalled as yet in any other part of
siderable trade.  Within a few years past it has increased  the world, are found nearly always at the j unction of these
rapidly in population and business. Pop. in 1851, about  trapdykes with the red sandstone. From this fact we might
1000.                                                         expect that in Connecticut, also similar deposits of copper
CONNECTICUT,  kon-netfe-k-Ut, the largest and, perhaps,  would exist. In several instances, indeed, vestiges of the
the most beautiful river in New England, rises in the high-  presence of such have been found; as for example, near New
lands, between the United States and Canada, and flowing in  Haven, where a large mass of native copper was discovered;
a S.S.W. direction, divides Vermont fimom  New IHampshire,  and also near Meriden where ancient excavations made in
passes through the western part of Massachusetts and con-  search of copper, may be seen. The state is veiy rich in
tre of Connecticut, as far as Middletown, where it infiects to.mining resources, as veins of the different metals have been
the S.E., discharging its waters into Long Island Sound at discovered, and more  will undoubtedly be found. In every
Salybrook, in lat. 41016 15" N., lon. 720 21' W. Its source, part of the world, such veins are chiefly known to exist
1609 feet above the level of the sea, is a few riles N. of Con- where the metamorphic strata are in junction with the seonecticut Lake, through  which it passes. One of its branches  condamy  and the mineral veins of Connecticut m'e neal
forms the boundary line between Canada East and New  these junctions, of which a great many nmay be found
Hampshire, to the 45th parallel of N. latitude.  The entire  throughout the stlate. The followring is a brief statement
length of the river is rather more than 400 miles.  Its  of the different localities in which valuable minerals ame
breadth at the northern boundary of Vermont is 150 feet; known to exist in veins or deposits. Gold has been found
60 miles below, 390 feet: in Massachusetts  and Connecticut  in small quantities in Middle Ilddlam, Middlesex county;
it varies from 450 to 1050 feet. The volume of the Coniicti-  silver, in the argentiflrous   lead ore of the Middletown
cut is increased by a large number of affluent streanms, the  mines, now extensively worked.  One of the richest copper
principal of which, on the WV., are the Passunipsic, flowing   mines in the United States has been worked in Bristol,
into it at the foot of Fifteen Mile Falls; the White River  IHarltford county, for ten years. The ores found here are
joining it at Hanover; the Deerfield and WVestfield Rivers in  chiefly sulphurets.   Copper deposits also exist near Litch~
Massachusetts, and the Farmington in Connecticut  Those  field, Simsbury, P1lymouth,  Granby, IFarmington and Slidmost prominent on the E. are the Amnnmonoosuck in New  dietown.  Lead occurs, as galena, at the  mines near MlidHampshire, and Miller's and Chicopee Iivers in Massachu-  dietown; also near Wilton and Brookfield, and near Monroe,
setts.  Numerous bridges have been thrown across this  Fainfield county   Iron is mined at Salisbury, where lar-ge
stream; the one farthest down is at Hartford, 50 miles from   furnaces are supplied with'brown hemnatite,' the ore chiefly
its mouth. To this place it is navigable for vessels of 8 feet  found at the mines. Rtoxbury furnishes an excellent ore,
draught, and to Middletown for those drawving    10 feet of  fiom which the very best of steel could be manufactured, if
water. By the aid of canals around the falls, boats of 8 or  the large deposits of pure spathic iron, known to exist there,
10 tons burden are enabled to ascend as far as Newbury, at  should be workled.   Bismuth is found at differenu t places in
the mouth of Wells River, in Veimont, a distance of 270  the town of Monroe.  The only vein containing those vainmiles from Long Island Sound. The Connecticut Valley, able nmetals, (cobalt and nickel) in abundance in the United
measuring in a straight line, is about 300 miles long, with a  Statbs, is in the town of Chathamn, where at present extenmean breadth of about 40 miles. It is no less celebrated for  sive mining operations for their extraction are carried on."
the fertility of its soil than for the variety of its enchanting    The mines of Cheshire deserve mention also. As here
scenery.  Some portions are diversified with magnificncut'"sulphate of baryta"  or heavy spar occurs in large veins
mountains and beautiful lakes; others consist of broad  which are explored by mining operations. The use of this
tracts of alluvion, slkirting the stream.  The latter are amn- mineral is the same as that of white lead, with which it is
nually overflowed in the spring, and not unfi'equently at  often mixed when used for painting.  The differeut granite
other seasons, being thereby rendered extremely productive.  quarries in th6 state, furnish a variety of fine granite for
Shad of a superior qiuaityare talken inlarge quantities in the  building purposes, those of Haddiam, Middle IHaddam  and
Connecticut; but the  salmon, with which  it formerly  Middletown, are actively worked. Mlarbleandverd-antique
abounded, have entirely disappeared.  The Indians called  of a very beautiful kind are found near Milford, where a
this river' Quonektacut, signifying " long river,"' or, as some  quarry has been opened. The  "Feldspar Quarry" of Mlidrender it, " without end."                                    dletown, furnishes the moanufacturers  of china-ware in this
CONNECTICUT, one of the original states of the Ameri- country with a pure spar, and many tons of it have been
can Confederacy, and the most S.W. of the Necw IEnglmand  shipped to England. where the mineral has been pronounced
States, is bounded N. by Massachusetts, 3. by Ihode Island,  very good by eminent authority. Connecticut is further
S. byLong Island Sound, and WV. by New York. It lies be- celebrated for several other mninerals found there, such
tween 410 and 420 35 N. lat., and 710 55' and 730 50' WV. Ion.; as the Chrysoberyl of IHaddam, the precious Beryl of HaIdbeing abount 93 miles in length  from  E. to W., and 68 miles  dam-Neck, and the Cohumbite (a very rare mineral:) found
in its greatest breadth from N. to S.; including an area of  near Miiddcletown, &c. &e.
about 4674 square miles, or 2,991,360 acres, of which 1,734,277 a iJdveas, Boays,  Sc. —Long  Island Sound washes the entire
were improved in 1850.                                        southern boundary of the state. New  Haven Bay is the
aTce qf the Comitry. —lMuch of the surface of Connecticut  largest bay openai   into the sound, though there are a numis hilly and rugged, being crossed by several ranoes of low  hbes of small ones.  The Connecticut River, entering the
mountains, or perhaps more properly, high hills. The Green  state from aMassachusettsa traverses its whole extent fi'om N.
489




CON                                                          CON
to S., and divides it into two nearly' equal portif us. This  articles.  She is nearly equal to New York or Pennsylvania
river is navigable 50 miles for vessels drawing 8 feet water.  in the absolute amount of those articles produced, and, cony
The ILIousatonic crosses the western part of the state, first in  pared with her population, greatly superior, while she is
a S.W. and then in a S.E. direction, and is navigable for  only inferior to Pennsylvania in the relative amount of iron
small vessels 12 miles. The Thames, in connection with its  manufactured.  In 1850, there were 3913 manufacturing
main branch, tile Quinebaug, traverses the E. part of the  establishments, each producing annually $500 and upwards;
state, and is navigable 14 miles to Norwich. New London, 128 of these were cotton factories, employing capital to the
on this river, has an excellent harbor.  These rivers  all amount of $4,219,100, and 2707 male, and 347 8 female hands,
empty into Long Island Sound.  The Farmington River  consuming $2,500,602 worth of raw material, and producing
enters the Connecticut from  the W. above IHartford. The  51,780,700 yards of stuffs, and 950 pounds of yarn, worth a
Shetucket. on the E., unites with the Quinebaug  to form  total value of $4,257,522; 149 woollen factories,  employing a
the New Thames. The smaller rivers and streams abound  capital to the amount of $3,733,950, and 2907 male, and 2581
in falls and rapids, which afford valuable water-power.       female hands, consuming raw material worth $3,325,709,
Objects of Interest to Tozrc-ists.-Though Connecticut has  and producing 9,408,777 yards of cloth, worth $6,465,216;
no high mountains, or any scenery reaching the sublime,  115 tanneries, employing $360,500 of capital, consuming raw
she has much that is highly picturesque in various parts.  material worth $453,854, and producing a total value of
The shores of the Connecticut River are often bold and pre- $731,000; 91 furnaces, forges, &c., employing  $1,335,900 of
cipitous; sometimes with rugged cliffs on one side, while the  capital, and 1464 male, and 7 female hands, consumning raw
other spreads into beautiful meadows, terminated by hills  material worth $999,374, and producing 30,955 tons of castor mountains at no great distance. Romantic hills and low  ings, wrought iron, &c.; $15,500 were invested in the manumountains diversify the whole of that part W. of the Con- facture of spirituous and malt liquors, consuming 20,000
necticut River, and some of the eastern portion. " At Rocky  bushels of Indian corn, 20,000 of rye, 10 hogsheads of moHill, near Hartford," says Goodrich,'"in a quarry of build- lasses, and 2 tons of hops; and producing $130,000 gallons
ing stone, the junction of sandstone and trap is conspicu-  of whiskey, wine, &c., and 1200 of rum; and homnemade maously exhibited. Mlost of the ridges are parallel, and their  iufactures were produced, valued at $199,252.
western parts generally precipitous, so that in many places    Commerce. —The foreign commerce of Connecticut is nearly
the country seems divided by stupendous walls. Immense  all carried on through the ports of New York and Boston.
masses of ruins are collected at their feet. These consist  She has, however. some direct trade with the West Indies,
sometimes of entire cliffs and pillars of many tons weight, and an active coasting trade. Her domestic trade consists
which are thrown off by the freezing of water in the gullies,  principally in the export of her manufaictures.  There were
and often fall with a mighty concussion into the valleys. On  33 arrivals in the ports of Connecticut from the whale fishethe opposite side, there is generally a gradual slope, covered  ries in 1853, bearing 1914 barrels of sperm and 65,130 of whale
with trees." "In MIeriden," (we quote the same author,) "is  oil, and 2,042,240 poundsof whalebone. The foreign imports
a natural ice-house, in a narrow defile, between ridges of  for the fiscal year 1853 amounted to $509,434, and the exports
greenstone. The defile is choked up with the ruins of the  to $545,793; tonnage entered, 32,585; cleared, 28,904; of which
rocks which have fallen fronm the ridges, and form a series  about one-third was foreign; tonnage of the several districts,
of cavities overgrown with trees, and strewn with thick beds  132,141; of which 25,294 was engaged in the whale fishery,
of leaves. The ice is formed in the cavities of these rocks, 7188 in the cod, 106 in the mackerel fisheiy, and 74,327 in
and remains the whole year. A portion of it melts during  the coasting trade  Number of vessels built 67, with an atsummer, causing a stream of cold water perpetually to flow   gregate tonnage of 9022. Of thle vessels built, 5 were steamfrom the spot. The space between the mountains is called  ers.
Cat IIollow, and presents the most wild and picturesque    Intersnal Imsprovements.-Connecticut is threaded in all
scenery in the state."  Blount Tom, near Litchfield is 700  dilrections by railways, connecting her principal towns with
feet high, and Bald MIountain, near the Massachusetts line, each other, and with New York and Boston. Lines of railis the highest elevation in the state W. of the Connecticut  way coast Long Island Sound from New York to StoningRiver. The chalybeate springs of Stafford, in the neighbor-  ton, from which branches diverge to the N. from Bridgeport,
hood of Bald Mlountain, are the most noted in the state.  New Hiaven, New London, Stonington, and smaller places,
There is a waterfall near Norwich that Bartlett has thought  uniting the towns just named with Albany, Pittsfield, Winworthy of a place in his Views of American Scenery. Sa- sted, Tariffville, Hartford, Springfield, Palmer, Worcester,
chiem's Head, Saybrook, and Guilford, on Long Island, are  Providence, and various intermediate points. The Proi-iplaces of resort in the bathing season.                       deuce, Hlartford, and Fishkill Railway, fi'rom the Naugatuck
Ctlinate, Soil, andc Productions. —The climate of Connecti-  Railroad, at Waterbury, to Providence, is now (September,
cut, like that of New England in general, is severe in win- 1854) completed. Several branch railways diverge flom the
ter, though vegetation, owing to its somewhat more south- main tracks to Danbury, Collinsville, and other places. Acern latitude, commences a little earlier in the spring than  cording to a report of the legislature, there were in May,
in the other Eastern States. It is liable, in March and  1854, 717 miles of railway in operation in the state, besides
April, to chilling N.E. winds from the ocean, but the same  111 miles of double track, costing $25,441,733.  On this
proximity to the sea mitigates the heats of summer, and  there was a debt of $8,637,822.  Number of miles run by
renders the nights pleasant. The soil in the valleys of the  passenger trains during the year, 1,342,645; other trains,
Connecticut, Quinipiac, Iousatonic, and other streams, is  749,398; amount of merchandise transported over the road,
generally very fertile, especially that of thefirst named river.  670,741 tons. There were also several lines of railwvay in
The N.W. and E. parts of the state are best adapted to graz- course of construction or projected, one of which was an
ing, but the W. has many fertile districts suited to raising  air-line railroad connecting Boston with New York.
grain.  Wherever the soil admits of it, it is skilfully tilled,    Education —This state has long been celebrated for the
and is generally made to produce the most it is capable of  attention she has given to the subject of popular instrucwith our present system of culture. Connecticut yields most  tion. She had, in 1852, a school fund of $2,049,482, originabundantly butter and cheese, live stock, Indian corn, oats, ally derived from the sale of certain public lands in Ohio,
rye, market products, tobacco, wool, arid Irish potatoes; she  the property of the state. Although this fund has distrialso produces wheat, peas, beans, barley, buckwheat, hay, buted among the schools of the state nearly $4,000,000 since
grass-seeds, and beeswax and honey in considerable quanti- its formation in 1795, it has nearly doubled its principal.
ties. and some sweet potatoes, wine, hops, flax, silk, and  In 1852, the revenue distributed among the different schools
maple sugar. In 1850, there were in the state 22,445 farms,  was $143,693. The number of children in 1852, between
occupying 1.768,168 acres of improved land, or less than an  4 and 16 years, was 96,382. The Legislature appropriated
average of 80 acres to each farnm, which produced 41,762  $10,000 in 1849 for the formation of a state normal school
bushels of wheat; 600,893 of rye; 1,935,043 of Indian corn; for the instruction of youths intending to become teachers,
1,258,738 of oats; 2,689,725 of Irish potatoes; 229,297 of  in 1850, it was attended by 154 pupils. These are educated
buckwheat; 30,449 of grass-seeds; 1,267,264 pounds of to- gratis, but the number at one time in the institution must
bacco; 497,454 of wool; 6,498,119 of butter; 5,363,277 of  not exceed 220. There are schools connected with this for
cheese; 50,796 of maple sugar; 93,304 of beeswax and  exercising the pupils in the practice of teaching, which had
honey; 516,131 tons of hay; live stock valued at $7,467,490;  400 pupils in 1851. An active zeal is manifested in this
orchard products, $175,118; market products, at $196,874,  state for improvement in the modes of instruction, and, to
and slauglstered animals, at $2,202,266.                       promote this end, societies of teachers are formed, and state
Maxnufactures.-Tho ugh its wares are generally fabricated  and county conventions held. Yale College, the most nuin small quantities by individuals with trifling capital, yet  merously attended of any college in the United States, had
the aggregate amount is great, placing Connecticut among  443 students in 1853, and 56,000 volumes in its library.
thee first of the manufaecturing states of the Union. The  This is one of the oldest colleges in the country. and has
wooden clocks of this state note the lapse of time to the re- sent forth some of the most distinguished scholars, divines,
motest settlers of our Western States, and have of later years  and statesmen of the Union. It is located at New Haven.
been exported even to Europe. Wooden, iron, copper, tin, and  There are two other colleges in Connecticut, with anre aggrebrass ware; hats, boots, shoes, coaches, combs, axes, buttons,  gate of 185 students and 27,000 volumes in their libraries.
saddlery, paper, and agricultural and mechanical apparatus,  There are also 2 theological schools with 55, 1 law school
are all largely manufactured in this state. Extensive fleto- with 38, and 1 medical school with 35 students. In 1850,
ries of cotton and woollen goods hlave lately sprung into exist- there were in Connecticut 1656 public schools, with 71,269
ence, and the following figure-es will show that Connecticut pupils, and 202 academies and other schools, with 6996 pupils.
does her full proportion in the production of these important Of 5306 adults unable to read and write, 4013 were foreigners.
490




CON                                                           CON
Religous Deoerninatouss.   Of the 731 churches in Con-  Danbury, 5964 New London, 8991; Bridgeport, 7560; Stram
necticut in 1850, the different sects of Baptists owned 114;  ford, 5000: Stonington, 5431; Middletown, 4211; Litchfield,
the Congregationalsts,  252;  the Episcopalians, 101; the  3953; Fairfield, 3614; and Windsor, 3294.
Methodists 185; the Presbyterians, 17; the Roman Catho-    Governmernt, Fioances, &c.-The governor of Connecticut
lies, 12; and the Universalists, 22. The rest belonged to  is elected by the people annually, and receives.1100 per anthe Africans, the Christians, the Free Church, the Friends,  num; a lieutenant-governor, who is also president of the
Mariners' Church, Scandinavians, Second Advent Union  senate, is elected in a like manner, and for the same period,
Church. and Unitarians.  These give an average of one  and he receives $300 per annum. The senate, which conchurch to every 505 persons. Value of church property,  sists of 21 members, and the house of representatives, of 215
$3,555,194.                                                   members, are both elected annually by popular vote. The
Periodicals.-There were published in Connecticut, in  legislature meets annually on the first Monday in May. Con1850, 7 daily, 4 tri-weekly, 30 weekly, 1 bi-monthly, I month- necticut sends four members to the national house of repro
ly, 1 tri-yearly, and 2 quarterly periodicals, with an aggre-  sentatives, and is entitled to six electoral votes for Presigate annual circulation of newspapers of 4,244,432 copies, dent of the United States.  Any white male, 21 years of age,
and of reviews 23,500 numbers.                                who has resided in the town (township) where he wishes to
Pusblic Institztions.-Connecticut has manifested the same  vote, six months next preceding the election, or four months,
wise and benevolent care for her erring and unfortunate  if previously admitted to the electoral oath, and of good
children as for literary instruction to the virtuous, healthy,  moral character, is a constitutional voter. The judiciary
and sane.  An act was passed in 1851 for the establishment  consists-i1. Of a supreme and superior court, composed
of a State Reform School, for the instruction and reforma- of one chief, and four associate judges, receiving  from $1250
tion of juvenile offenders under 16 years of age.'or this  to $1300 per annum.  One term of the superior court is held
purpose the state appropriated $10,000, upon the condition  triennally in each county by a single judge; and the su
that a like sum  should be contributed by individuals.  preme court, comprised of five judges, meets annually in
Suitable buildings have been erected and the institution  each county. The judges in this court cannot hold their
has gone into operation, under the most favorable auspices,  seats after the age of 70. The judges of the supreme court
at Meriden. The Retreat for the Insane at -artford receives  hold the circuits of the superior court, one judge holding
a liberal contribution from the state. Since its establishment  such superior court quarterly  each year.  2. Of county
in 1824, it has received 24158 patients, of whom 1267 have  courts, held in each county three times a year by one judge,
recovered, 778 improved, and 243 died: April 1, 1853, there  appointed annually by the legislature. The assessed value
were 170 patients in the institution.  The expenditure for  of property in Connecticut in 1850, was $119.088,672; the
the year was $36,349. The Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Iaret-  state debt $91,212, (in 1853;) and the ordinary expenses, exford was the first institution of the kIind established in the  elusive of debt and schools, $115,000. Receipts in the year
United States. Appropriations are made for the benefit of  1853-4, $150,000; expenditures, $154,000. There were 53
their own citizens in this institution, severally by Slnine,  banks in April, 1854, with an aggregate capital of $15,157,100,
New  Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and  Rhode  a circulation of $6,640,000, and.800.000 in coin.
Island.  Of the 200 pupils in the institution in 1853, lay 1,    History. —The  early history of Connecticut is fraught
37 were supported by the State of Maine, 15 by New Hamp-  with adventure, savage forays, and abundance of incident
shire, 22 by Vermont, 74 by Massachusetts,      6 by Ithode  for the novelist;'but this is not the place to dwell upon
Island, 29 by Connecticut, 14 by their friends, and 3 by the  such themes, and we enter at once upon a few brief facts.
asylum. The charge for tuition, board &c., is $100 per an-  Though the Dutch had erected a trading house at I-artford
num, an extra charge being made during sickness. The  as early as 1631, the English colony at Windsor, an off-shoot
State Prison is at Wethersfield, and in March 31, 1853, had  of the Plymouth, is generally considered the first perus181 inmates, 130 of whomf were white males, 12 females, and  nent settlement in Connecticut.  Two years after, HIartford
39 colored males. The male convicts are employed in mann- was founded by English emigrants, Wethersfield in 1636,
facturing shoes, cabinet-ware, and cutlery, and the females  and New IHaven in 1638. In 1637 the settlers in Connectiin cooking, washing, mending, and boot-binding.  There is  cut were much annoyed by the Indians, several persons
a library of about 1000 volumes connected with the insti-  killed, and animals destroyed at Wethersfield and Saybroolk.
tution for the benefit of the prisoners, who are also in-  Shortly after, however, the savages were completely subsiructed in the elements of knowledge.  There is a Sunday-  dued in enagageements at Mystic and Fairfield, and neves
school also in the prison.  The receipts for 1853 exceeded  more gave the whites of this state serious trouble. Some
the expenditures by more than $1200. According to the  difficulties occurred between the Dutch of New York and
census of 1850, there were in Connecticut 42 public libra-  the people of this colony, as to the right of possession, which
ries, with'38,609 volumes; 111 school and Sunday-school  was terminated by a treaty in 1650. New Haven was for
libraries, with 43,484 volumes; 8 college libraries, with  several years a separate colony; and when Charles II., in
82,600, and 3 church libraries, with 625 volumes.              1665, granted a charter to Connecticut, sherefused her adPopulation.-The population of Connecticut is, in common  hesion for a time, but at length submitted, and the Connecwith the other New England States, of more pure English  ticut colonies were consolidated into one government.  Sir
origin than most of the other states of the Union, though of  Edmund Andros was sent over by King James II., in 1686,
latter times an influx of emigrants from  foreign countries  to resume the charters granted to the colonies. The assemhas commenced. In1790, there were in this state 238,141 in- bly was in session on his arrival at H-Iartford, and while the
habitants; 251,002 in 1800; 262,042 in 1810; 275,202 in 1820; subject was under consideration, the lights were suddenly
297,675 in 1830; 309,978 in 1840; and 370.792 in 1850; of  extinguished, and the charter secretly conveyed away and
whom 179,884 were white males; 183,215 white females; 3820  concealed in the cavity of an old oak. This tree is still in
colored males; and 3873 colored females. This population  existence, and is called the" Chartes- Oak."  After the dewas divided among 73,448 families, occupying 64,013 dwell-  position of Andros, the charter was resumed, and continued
ings. To confine one's attention to the increase of the resi- in force till 1818, when the present constitution was adopted.
dents of the state, would give a very inaccurate idea of the  Connecticut early toolk an active part in the cause of Amerlincrease of the enterprising and sturdy sons of Connecticut.  can independence, and throughout the entire contest susShe has been sending forth all over the Union, leading  tained an eminent distinction both for the wisdom of her
merchants, statesmen, and lawyers, who have not only as-  statesmen and the bravery of her soldiers.
sisted in founding new states, but are among the prominent    CONNECTICUT FARMS, or UNION, a village of Essex
men who direct the affairs of-those already formed. Of the  co., New Jersey, 6 miles S.W. of Newark.
population in 1850, 289,984 were born in the state; 41,576 in    CONINELL, a small barony of Ireland, on the Liffey.
other states of the confederacy; 5091 in England; 26,689 in    CONNELL, GREAT, a parish of Ireland, in Lainster, co.
Ireland: 2027 in Scotland and Wales; 970 in British Ame- of Kildare.
rica; 1671 in Germany; 321 in France; 704 in other coun-    CONNELL, OLD, a parish of Ireland, in MIunster, co. of
tries; and 794 whose places of birth were unknown. Pop. Kildare.
to the square mile, 78.06. Number of deaths in the year    CONINELLSVILLE, a thriving post-borough and townending June I st, 1850, 5781, or nearly 18 in every 1000 per-  ship of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on the rig.ht bank of the
sons. The number of paupers who received aid in the same  Youghiogheny River,.180 miles W. by S. of Ilarrisburg, conperiod, were 2237, of whom 465 were foreigners. Of 186 blind, taius 4 churches.  A bridge connects it with New Haven,
12 were colored persons. Of 404 deaf and dumb, 6 were co- on the opposite bank of the river. There is a paper mill, a
lored.  Of 470 insane, 6 were colored. Of 287 idiots, 4 were  large woollen factory, and several iron foundries in the vicolored. Of the population in 1850, 151 were engaged in  cinity. Pop. of township, 1553.
mining, (increased manyfold since that date,) 56,955 in agri-    CONNESIARA, k~n'ne-marra, (i. e. "the bays of the
culture, 2743 in commerce, 27,932 in manufactures, 2700in  ocean,") a district of Ireland, co. of Galway, occupying its W.
navigating   the ocean, 431 in internal navigation, and 1097  portion, about 30 miles in length, and from 15 to 20 miles
in the learned professions.                                    in breadth. It consists chiefly of mountains and bogs, inuLsnties.-Connecticut is divided into 8 counties, viz. air-  terspersed with many small lakes. Its coasts lre indented
field, IHartford' Litchfield, Middlesex, New Haven, New Lou-  with innumerable bays amd arms of the sea. Pop. 62,564.
don, Tolland, and Windham. Capitals, alternately H-Iartford    CONNERN, (Cinnern,) kbn/nern, a walled town of Prusand New iaven.                                                 slan Saxony, 16 miles N.W. of Halle. Pop. 2730. Good
Cities and [Twns. —New IHaven is the largest town in Con- building stone is quarried in its vicinity.
necticut; population, in 1850, 20,345. The other most impor-    CONINERO'S CREEK, of Pickens district, South Carolina,
tant towns are Hartford, population, 13,555; Norwich, 10,265; flows into the Kiowee about 8 miles S.W. of Pendleton.
491




CON                                                            CON
CONtNER'S MILLS, a post-office of Cooper co.,,Missouri.       CONISTABLE, a township of Franklin co., New York.
CONINERSVILLE, a post-office of Harrison co., Kentucky.  Pop. 1447.
CONNERSVILLE, a flourishing post-village and town-    CONISTABLEVILLE, a post-village of Lewis co., New
ship, capital of Fayette co., Indiana, is pleasantly situated  York, 138 miles N.W. of Albany.
on the W. bank of the Whitewater River, 56 miles E.S.E. of    CONISTANCE, (Ger. Constanz or Kenstanz, kon-stntsf, anc,
Indianapolis.  It is noted for its fine public buildings; the  Constan/tia.) a fortified city of the Grand Duchy of Baden.
court-house is one of the largest and nsost elegant in In-  capital of a circle on the S.W. shore of the Lake of Constance,
diana. It contains several churches, 2 banks, and 2 news-  at the influx of the Rhine, 35 miles N.E. of Zurich. It is
paper offices.  TIhe trade is facilitated by the Whitewater  highly pictresqclue       in its architecture: Chief edifices, a
Valley Canal, which also affords abundant water-power.  magnificent cathedral, founded in the eleventh century; the
The railroad which is projected fronm Iamilton, Ohio, to  K!Cavfhoaus, in which the famous council of Constance sat
Rushville, will pass through Connellsville.  Laid out in  from 1.414 to 1418, (and which deposed three anti-popes, and
1817. Pop. in 1850, 1396.                                      condemned iuss and Jerome of Prague;) an ancient palace
CONN, LOUGIH, 1u koun, a lake of Ireland, co. of Mayo,  a grand-ducal residence, various conventual establishments,
between Castlebar and Ballina, about 10 miles in length, and  and a theatre. One of its suburbs is connected with it by
2 or 3 miles in breadth. Its lower extremity, called Lough  a long covered bridge across the Ithie.  It has manufacCulleen, is separated from the main body by a narrow chan-  tures of cotton goods, watches, and silk fabrics. Market
nel, spanned by a bridge called the Pontoon.                   gardening and navigation occupy many of the inhabitants.
CON/N1OR, a village, parish, and episcopal see of Ireland,  Constance is one of the oldest towns in Germany.  It was
in Ulster, co. of Antrimn  18 miles N.N.W. of Belfast. Though  formerly a free imperial town, but fell under the ban of the
once important as a fortress, it has long ceased to be of con- empire in 15148, and in 1549 was annexed to Austria,  which
sequence. Pop. of the village, 265.                            ceded it to Baden in 1810. In the fifteenth and sixteenth
CONN'S CRIEK,   a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.      centuries, the population was between 25,000 and 30,000. It
CONN'S CREEK, a village of Camden co., Missouri, 50  has now decreased to 6500, mostly Roman Catholics.
miles S. by W. of Jefferson City.                                CONSTANCE, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky.
CONOCON or CONUCON, SIERRA, se-leRAiko-no-kn!h  or    CONSTANCE,              a post-office of Iowa co., Wisconsin.
ko-noo-k6nl,  a mountain range of British Guiana, extending    CON/STANCE, LAKE  OF, (auc. Brigantilnuss   Ltfcuee;
for 30 miles in a N.E. direction from parallel 30 N. Through  Ges. Boden See, bolden-sA, Fr. Lac de Constanescc l k deli k6N('it the Rupunoony   River has forced a passage of a.bout 390  stdassf) a like in Central Europe, forming a common cenfeet wide. Its peaks in many places rise to an abrupt  tre, in which Switzerland, and the territories of Baden,
height offiom 2000 to 2500 feet.                              Wiirteimbe g, Bavaria, and Austria meet. It lies between
CONOLIOWAY creek rises in Fulton co., Pennsylvania, lat. 470 28' and 470 505 N.; and lon. 90 and 904211E.; length,
and enters the Potomac in'Washington co., Maryland.          firom  N.W. to S.E., 40 miles; greatest breadth, about 9
CONON, a river of Scotland.   See CoNAN.                    miles; area, 200 square miles; greatest depth, which is beCONOT'TEN, acreekofOhio, rises in the E. part of the state,  tveen Friedrichshafen and Rorschach, 964 feet; 1283 feet
and flowrs into the Tusca-rawas River, a few miles above  above sea-level.  At its N.W. extremity, the lake is divided
Dover.                                                        into two branches or arms, each about 14 miles in length;
CONOTTEN, a post-village of Harrsison -co., Ohio, on Co- the N. arm is called the Uberlingen Lake, after the town of
notten Creek, an affluent of the Tuscarawas River.             Ubherlingen, on its N. bank; the S. branch the Zellersee or
CONOY!, a village and township of Lancaster co., Penn-  Untersee, in which is situated the fertile island of Reichesylvania, on the Susquehanna, 18 miles S.E. of IIarrisburg.  nan, belonging to Baden, about 3 miles long, and II broad.
Pop. 1035.                                                     The Reine enters the lake at Rheinek, at its S.E. extremity,
CONQUES, k6Sk, a small town of France, department of  and leaves it at Stein, at its N.W. termination.  Various
Aveyron, 19 miles N.N.W. of Rodez.                             other smaller rivers empty themselves into it. The lake,
CONQURiS, a small town of France, department of Aude,  the waters of which are of a dark-green hue, and very clear,
5 miles N.N.E. of Carcassonne, on the left bank of the  is subject to sudden risings, the causes of which are unOrbiel.                                                        known. In 1770, it rose in one hour from 20 to 24 feet above
CONfQIuEST, a post-village and township of Cayuga co., the ordinary level.  It freezes in severe winters only. Its
New Yorlk, 15 miles N. of Auburn, bordering on Seneca  navigation by sailing vessels is rendered dangerous by sudRiver.  Pop. 1863.                                             den and violent squalls.  Steanmers ply on the lake betwveen
CONQUET, LE, leh kS6xb on!,  a maritime town of Prance, Constance and various points on its shores.  The banks are
department of FinistSre, with a port on the Atlantic, arron-  either fiat, or gently undulating, andi are not remarkable for
dissement,. and 11 miles WV. of Brest.  Pop. 1312. It has  picturesque beauty; but they are extremely fertile, and ere
manufsectures of chemicalproducts.                             covered writh corn-fields, orchards, and gardens, interspersed
CONCRAD'S STOtRE, a post-oifice of Rlockinghamn co., Vir-  with ruined castles. and other remains of the Middle Ages,
ginia.                                                         and with numerous towns and villa-es, producing, altoCONSECA, kon-silki, or COUSCEA, koo-sila, a walled  gether, a very pleasing and strilking effect.
town of Uppaer Guinea, Sierra Leone, 150 miles E.S.1E. of Free    CONSTANTIA,  kons-tanfshe-a, a village of the Cape CoTown.  Pop. 20,000.                                            lony, South Aftica, at the E. base of the Table iMountain,
CONISECON, a post-village of Cainada West, co. of Prince  12 miles S. of Cape Town, celebrated for its swine, which,
Edwarsd, 22 miles W. of Belleville, and 15 miles from Brigh-  next to Toleav, is reckoned the best liqueur known.
ton. Pop. 350.                                                   CONSTANTIA,   kon-stan'she-~, a post-village and towvnCONSEGUINA, kon-sA-ghleelni, formerly QUISIGUINA, ship of Oswego  co., New York, on Oneida Lake, 115 miles
ke-se-gheetn', a volcano of Central America, in Nic-aragua,  WV.N.W. of Albany.  Pop. 2495.
on a promontory on the S. side of Conchagua, or Ponesca    CONSTANTIA, a post-oflice of Delaware co., Ohio.
Gulf, and about 10 rsiles from the Pacific. The verge of the    CONSTANTIA CENTRE, a post-office of Oswego co., New
crater, which is half a mile in diameter, is elevated about  Yorlk.
3800 feet above the mean level; thence the interior walls    CONSTANTINA, kon-sthn-teefni, a town of Spain, 40
fall perpendicularly to a depth of about 200 feet. The last  miles N.N.E. of Seville, near the Sierra de Constantina.
eruption of this volcano occurred in January, 1835.           Pop. 6986.  It is defended by a strong castle which was rcCONSELICE, kon-stlfe-cht, anmarket-town of Central Italy,  paired bythe 1French. Near it are some argentiferous leadin the Pontifical States, 24 miles S.S.E. of Ferrara. Pop. mines.  The SiERRA D CoxSTAINTINxA, between Andalusia and
2000, who trade in rice, corn, and hemp.                       Eestremadura, is connected 1E. with the Sierra Morena, and
CONSELVE, kon-slvA,  a cmarket-town of Northern  Italy,  gives rise to the Ardila. n an ffluent of the Gundiana, and
government of Venice, 12 miles S. of Padua.  Pop. 4678.        the HIuelva, an affluent of the Guadalquivir.
CONSEINTIA.  See COSENZa.                                      CONSTANTINE. keon'stIn'teent, or CON STANTINA, konCONSHATTE CHUTE, k6.'sh~ttt shoot, a post-office of  stan-teetn', (anc. Cil4ta,) a fortified city of Algeria, capital of
Natchitoches co., Lousiana.                                    a province of the same nane, on a detached height, 1698 feet
CONSI-0110CKEN, kon-sho-hoklen. a thriving post-village  above the sea, surrounded on three sides by ravines, one of
of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on.the  left b-ank of the  which is crossed by an ancient PRoman bridge; lat. 36~ 22, 21"
Schuylkill River, and on the railroad between Ihiladelphia  N., ion. 60 37/1 E. Pop. in 1847, exclusive of fortress, 20,822,
and Norristown, 13 miles N.V. of the former.  {anjy of the  of whom 1919 were Europeans. IMean temperature of year
inhabitants are employed in iron-works.  The discovery of  630~5; winter 51059; summer 740-7,  Fahrenheit.  iouses
rich iron-mines in the vicinity, a few years ago, drew the  mostly of brick, raised on stone foundations.  It has a pubattention of capitalists to the place, and the popula.tion  lic school and hospital R.omanu remainss and a citadel on the
since that time has increased rapidly. It contains  a largee  site of the ancient Numidian fortress, with manufaetures of
blast-furnace and foundry, in which gas and water pipes  saddlery,  and other leathern goods, an export of corn to
are made, and sent to distant parts of the Union.  There  Tunis, and an active trade with the counatry southward min
are also several machine shops and 1 large rolling-mill in  the products of Centrsi Africa.  Constantine  occupies the
operation here. Two  blhast-furnaces have been erected on  site of Cirta, which was, in ancient times, a great city, and
the opposite side of the river. Pop. in 1850, 727; in 1853, capitalofthe kings of Nouaidia. Itwas ravaged in the year
about 1000.                                                   311, but afterwards rebuilt by Constantine,  who;e namne it
CONSOLATION,  a post-village of Shelby co., Kentucky,  tool. It partook  of the fortunes  of Al'iers in succeeding
on thle railroad from  Louisville to Franklfort, 41 miles E. times, till the occupation of the province by the French in
of the former, has about 50 inhabitants.                      1830. Constantine stood a siege in 1836, and held out till
492




CON                                                            CON
Otober 13, 1837, when it was taken by assault. Pop. about  dome. Near St. Sophia is the mosque of Achmet, a fine
28,000.                                                        structure with a beautiful marble pavement, and 6 minaCONISTANTINE, a parieh of England, co. of Cornwall.    rets-a numbelr possessed by no other mosque in the McCONISTANTINE, a smallvillage of Breckenridge co., Ken-  hammedan world.  This mosque stands on the At-meidan,
tucky.                                                         or "horse-course," the ancient Hippodso-se  of historic  cels
CONSTANTINE, a thriving post-village and township  brity, a space of 300 yards iu length by 150 in breadth, and
of St. Joseph co., Michigan, oin the St. Joseph's River, 89  on which are the granite Theban obelisk set up by Theodo.
miles S.W. of Lansing, and 4 miles N. of the Michigan  sins, the broken pyramid of Constantine Porphyrogenitus
Southern Railroad, It is the largest village of the county,  shorn of its bronze plates, and the identical twisted brast
and is the centre of an active trade. The river is navigable  column which originally supported the tripod in the temple
for small steamboats from  this place to its mouth. Con- of Delphi. T'rhe other principal mosquep are those of Solyman
stantine  contains a printin-office, a bank, and several  the Magnificent, a masterpiece of Saracenic  architecture, of
mills.  Pop. about 1200; of the township in 1850, 1496.        Mohammed II., Bajazet (Bayazeed) II., Selinm II., Mustapha
CONSTANTINOPLE, kon-stan-te-nolp'l, (Turk. Stambeool,  III., and Othman and Eyub, with the Yalide mosque, built
Stsamboul, stsim-booll, or Istambool, Itamcbozet. is-tAm-booll, in  by the mother of Mohammed IV., and containing pillars
common  language, and  Constatinsieh, kon-st~n-te-neeleh, firom the ruins of Troy.  Most of these establishments have
in documentary writina- modern Gr. Ietacnpoli, is-tdmtpo-le; attached to them one or more dolleges or charitable instituauc. Gr. KewvaravrLvoroAegi;  L. Constantino p tolis, i. e. the  tions: that of Mohammed II. is surrounded by 8 endowed
"city of Constantine,"') a celebrated city of Turkey in  academies, a diet-house for the poor, hospital, caravanserais,
Europe, capital of the Ottoman Empire, in lat. 410 0' 18" N., and baths all surmounted by lead-covered cupolas. There
lon. 280 59 15" E., situated oni a declivity or series of gentle are government naval and military and medical colleges, as
hills, at the E. extremity of a triangular promontory of well as numerous inferior schools; but the system of eduthe province of Room-Elee, having the Sea of MIarnmora  cation throughout the whole is on a low scale, and very inand the Bosporus on the S. and E., and the Golden Hlorn,  efficiently conducted. The bazaars are extensive and well
an inlet of the latter, on the N.  It is thus surrounded by  supplied, but have no architectural beauty.  The numewater on all sides, excepting the W. and has a sea front  rous cemeteries in and around the city are among its
altogether of about 8 miles in extent.  Taking the form of  greatest ornaments. Many new barracks, schools, and hosthe ground on which it stands, the city is also triangular in  pitals have been established in different parts of the metroshape, its apex projecting into the Bosporus, and its base, a  polls by the late and present sultans. The principal antiquilofty double wall, of 4 miles in length, stretching across the  ties are the " burnt coltmn," originally erected by Constanpromontory, from the Sea of Marmora to the Golden H-lorn.  tine the Great, a part of the column of Arcadius, the pillar
Each of the sides may be about 3"  miles in length, and  of Marcian, vestiges of the Boucoleon Palace, built by Theowithin these limits the whole of the city proper is included. dosius II., the aqueduct of Yalens, various subterranean
On the opposite side of the Golden Inorn, and also occupying  cisterns, the principal of which, called by the Turks the
the extremity of a promontory, sometimes called the.Penin-  "thousand and one columns," is a vault, 240 feet in length
sula of Pera, are situated the extensive suburbs, Galata,  by 200 feet in width, supported by 424 pillars.  About the
Pera, and Tophana.  Constantinople was formerly walled on  S.W. angle of the city is the citadel of the " seven towers,"
all sides; but those along the Golden Horn and Sea of Mar-  (I1ept  yc1r/.ieto,)   a fortress erected about A. D. 1000, and now
mora, are in a ruinous state, and in many places have alto-  used as a state prison.
gether disappeared. At present the entrance is by 28 gates.    The city proper comprises separate quarters for the Jews,
The appearance of the city from without is extremely pictu-  Armenians, and Greeks; that of the last, the "'anar,u" exresque and imposing with its mosques, cupolas, and minarets, tends along the shore of the port, or the "Golden Iorn."
interspersed with lofty cypresses, and its port crowded with  This fine harbor, which has usurped the name of the proshipping; but within it consists mostly of a labyrinth of  montory on which Byzantium  was built, extends between
crooked, ill-paved, and dirty lanes, and a crowd of low-built  the city and its suburbs Pera, Galata, &c.. for about 4,
and small houses, formed of wood or roughly hewn stone. Its  miles from  S.E. to N.W., breadth varying from 1 to 4 furdrainage is favored by its uneven andsloping siteand a great  longs. It is deep enough to float ships of the largest size,
number of public fountains, which amply'supply the city  can receive 1200 sail of the line, and is always full of umerwith water brought from artificial tanks constructed at some  cantile and other vessels, with a vast number of light boats,
distance. This capital, including its suburbs, contains 14  which here form  the principal vehicles of transport.  A
royal and 332 other mosques, 40 Mohammedan colleges, 183  bridge of boats across it, constructed in 1837, connects the
hospitals, 36 Christian churches, several synagogues, 130  Fanar with Pera; besides which suburb. those of Cassim
public baths, and 180 khans or inns, besides numerous  Pasha, Tophani, Galata, and Tershanna, with the inmperial
bazaars, coffee-houses, and caravanserais.                    arsenals and dock-yard, are on its N. shore. (See the articles
Seraglio.-On the extreme N.E. point of the promontory  on these suburbs, also Scu'tni.)  The foreign commerce of
on which the city stands, called Point Serai, is situated the  Constantinople, though extensive, is not so large as might
Seraglio, or palace of the sultan, having the Bosporus in  have been expected.  The imports consist of corn, iron,
front, and the Golden Horn on the left, and commanding a  timber, tallow, and furs firom  the Black Sea and IRussia;
magnificent view  of the opposite shore, including the beau- cotton stuffs, yarn, woollens, silks, metallic goods, watches,
tiful town of Scutari and its cypress-covered hills.  The  jewelry, furniture, dyes, and drugs from  W1estern Europe;
Seraglio, with its gardens and groves, includes an area of  corn and coffee from Alexandria; sugar from  the East and
about 3 nailes in circumference, and is washed by the sea  West Indies; and wax, copper, gums, drugs, porcelain,
for two-thirds of its extent.  IIaving been enlarged and  overland  from  China, &c.  About 2000 tons of coffee,
altered at various periods, according to the taste or caprice  1,200,000 pounds of sugar, 300,000 pounds of pepper and
of the princes and sultans, it now consists of a conglomera-  spices, 2000 puncheons of rum, and large quantities of lowtion of buildings, clustering together without order or de- priced cotton manufacturses,      are said to lbe required ansign. Its apartments,   however, are  p sptcious and richaly  naslly for home consumption. The annual imports fi-om
furnished. At the principal entrance is a large and lofty  Great Britain are estimated to amnount in value to 1,500,0001.
gate, called Babi IIumnayon, the high door or sublime porte,  The number of vessels that arrived from the Danube in 1851
firom which has been derived the well-knsown diplomatic  was  666, bringing 153,128 quarters of wheat, 201,731 of
phrase, all political business being  transacted, as sup-  Indian corn, 0205 of rye, and 224 cwt. of talloy.  The
posed, under this portal. Within the precincts of the palace  exports consist of sillks, carpets, hides, wool, goats' hair,
is the celebrated Divan, and the IHarem, with the " Garden  potash, gall, yellow berries, linseed, madder, valonen, and
of Delight," in which are numerous gorgeous parterres and  bones. Between 5000 and 6000 vessels enter and leave the
pavilions; the latter as bright with painting and gilding  port annually.  Of these, about 600, with an aggregate buras the flowers which blossom  on every side. while clusters  den of 1.50,000 tons, are British; the rest aire principally
of roses bloom in baskets of gilded wicker-work, and foun-  Greek, Austrian, Russian, Italian, and Ionian.  Scutari is
tains murmur under the deep  shadowv  of overhangoing         the place of rendezvous for caravans from Persia, Armenia,
boughs. Near by is a battery of heavy cannon. The site  &c., and is the seat of the principal corn warehouses, aind
of ancient Byzantium  is supposed to have been included  manufictures of Turkish silk and cotton goods. The other
within the present limits of the Seraglio.                    manufactures are morocco leather, saddlery, shoes, meerImmediately without the Seraglio is the principal mosque  schanum pipe-bowls, mouth-pieces, and pipe-tubes; and exof St. Sophia, originally a Christian cathedral, built by the  pressly for the manufacture of the last, large numbers of
Emperor Justinian, between 531 and 538, at a cost equiva-  cherry-trees are raised near the city. Constantinople is the
lent to at least 1,000,0001. sterling.  This edifice is in the  see of Greek, Armenian, and Catholico-Armeniau patriarchs.
form of a Greek cross, 269 feet in length, by 143 in breadth,    The social condition and every-day life of Constantinople
(in its interior,) and surmounted by a flattened dome, 180  presents some curious phases.  The streets are generally
Peet above the ground, besides several minor cupolasc and 4  dull and deserted, all bustle and animation being confined
minarets added to it by the Turks. In its interior  are  to the bazaars. Many of the houses have no windows at all
numerous lamge columns, a floor of variegated marble, and  toward the street, but only a long. narrow, dingy door;
some magnificent bronze gates; but most of the ancient  and where there are any, they are latticed and closed. Till
Byzantine paintings and decorations have been hidden by  1844-45, there were no lamps or lights of any kind in the
Turkish inscriptions, and the general effect of the building  streets, neither were the latter named. nor the houses numis destroyed by the presence of a multitude of lamps, globes,  bered; all this, however, is noaw remedied. Toward evening
and other insignificant ornaments depending from  the  the coffee-houses are much thronged; but at sunset the
493




CON                                                         CON
Turks retire to their homes, and do not go abroad till next    CONTOOCOOK'VILLAGE. a post-village in Merrimncck
day  A great number of dogs are permitted to range the  co., New Ilampshire, on the above river, 10 miles W. of CoL
streets, which actasscavengers; they have no private owners, cord. It contains a number of mills.
but belong to the community. Each ward has its own par-   CON'TOYI, or LOWGiRIRHEAD, an island in the Caribbean
ticular dogs, and should an individual trespass upon a  Sea, off the coast of Yucatan, 16 miles W. by N. of Cape
neighboring territory, he is immediately driven off by the  Catoche. Lat. 21.c 32' N.; Ion. 860 49' W.
dogs that occupy it. The climate is variable, and the tern-   CON/TRtA COSbTA, a county in the N.W. central part of
per,iture, especially in winter and spring, is subject to great California, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is
vicissitudes; snow and hard frost alternate with mild wea- bounded on the W. by San Francisco Bay, and on the N. by
ther. The mean temperature of the year is 560.3; winter, San Pablo and Suisun Bays and San Joaquin River, and
4008; summer, 110.2 Fah.  The annual quantity of rain  drained by San Ramon, Nueces, Jugerto, IHambre, and San
which falls is modeiate.  Constantinople is but indiffe- Pablo Creeks. with several other small streams, most of
rently supplied awitlh public me:tns of conveyance, the chief  which are generally dry in summer. The soil is for the most.
one being the caiques or wherries, the number of which  part fertile. The surface in the E. and WV. portions is level,
plying on the waters has been estimated at 80,000. They  but the Coast Range, entering it firom  the S., terminates
are extremely light, elegantly constructed, and move with  near the centre of the county. Mount Diabolo is the pringreat rapidity. There are, besides the caiques, a class of  cipal elevation. Excellent limestone and building stone are
large and heavy boats that ply regularly between the city  found, and also red fireestone; gypsum has been discovered
and the opposite shores. Omnibuses have been recently  in one place. Sulphur springs, mostly tepid, are abundant,
introduced: besides plying on the thoroughfares, they run  saline springs also exist. Capital, Martinez. Pop. in 1852,
also to Adrianople.                                         2745.
Constantinople was originally founded by Byzas,. c. 656,   CONTRA COSTA, a post-once of Alameda co., California.
and rebuilt by Constantine, a. D. 328, who gave it his name.   CONTRARIIETIES ISLAND, in the South Pacific Ocean,
No city in the world has been subjected to such numerous one of the Solonoon Islands. Lat. 90 49' S.; ion. 1620 3' E.
and celebrated sieges; and no other has undergone so many    CONTRERAS. kon-tr~lrAs, a celebrated battle-field of Mexivicissitudes of fortune. Yet it has only been taken twice, co, about 14 miles S. of the capital. The battle was fought,
namely, in 1204 by the Crusaders, who retained it till 1261, August 18 and 19, 1847, between the United States forces
and by the Turks under Mohammed II., May 29, 1453-an  under General Scott and a division of the Mexican army
event which completed the extinction of the Roman Em- commanded, by General Valeucia.  The result was a compire in the East. Pop.; including the suburbs, 786,990, plete dispersion of the Mexican forces, Yalencia having lost
comprised of Turks, Arabians, Greeks, Armenians, Jewvs, all his artillery, about 2000 men killed, and near 1000 priand Europeans.-Adj. and inhab., CONSTANTINcOPOLITA/N, soners, including 4 generals, 4 colonels, and 30 captains.
kon-stan-te-no-poli-tpan, BYZANTINE, be-z anftin, and BYZAN-  Scott's loss amounted to not more than 60 killed and
TIvN, be-zan/she-an, (see BYzAiNTIUM;) Turk. SaAMBOOLeLEE, wounded.  The Pedregal is an almost impassable field of
st'm'bool-leel.                                            lava, which the American army crossed at the commenceCONSTANTINOPLE, CIHANNEL OF. See BosPoRus.               mernt of the battle of Contreras, August 18 and 10, 1847,
CONSTITUCION, LA, I1  kon-ste-too-se-rn/, a small sea- situated about 14 miles S. of the city of Mexico.
port town of Chili, department of Maule, at the mouth of    CONTRE'RAS, ra post-office of Butler co., Ohio,
the river of same name, 115 miles N.E. of Concepcion. The    CONTRERAS (kon-tro' ras) ISLANDS, a group of small
duties collected here in 1852 amounted to $256.             islands in the North Pacific, S.W. coast of Guatmala,' proCONSTITUIQAO, kon-ste-too-e-sNtNIG. a modern town of  vince of Veragua, close in shore. Lat. 70 50' N.: Ion. 820 W.
Brazil, 115 miles N.E. of San Paulo, on the Piracicaba. Pop.   CONTRES, kdUNt'r, a town of Prance, department of Loir2500.                                                       et-Cher, 14 miles S.S.E. of Blois. Pop. 1817.
CONSTITUITION, a post-office of Franklin co., Arkansas.    CONTREXYILLE, kNGl'tri'veelf, a village of France, deCONSTITUTION, a post-village in Washington co.. Ohio, partment of Voesges, 14 miles S.W. of Mirecourt. on the
on the W. bank of the Ohio River, 6 miles S.W. of Marietta.  Faire. Pop. 708.  It has a celebrated establishment of
CONSUEGRA, kou-soo-YgrA, (anc. Consabrsron or Consa- mineral waters.
buorus,) a town of Spain, province, and 35 miles S.E. of Tole-    CONTROGUERRO, lon-tro-gwvRloo, a town of Naples,
do, on the right bank of the Anoarguilla. Pop. 5124. It has province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 16 miles N.N.E. of Teramo
manufactures of coarse woollens. It has the remains of an  Pop. 2500.
ancient castle, and various Itoman antiquities.               CONTRONE, kon-troths', a town of Naples, province of
CONTAI, kon'ti, a town of IHindostan, presidency of Ben- Principato Citra, 10 miles S.S.E. of Campagna. Pop. 2000.
gal, lat. 210 48' N., Ion. 870 54' E., on a hill about 5 miles from  CONTUIIRSI, kon-tooxfsee, a town of Naples, province of
the sea.                                                    Principato Citra, on the Sele, 26 miles E. of Salerno. P.3000.
CONTAMINES, LES, 1l k6NG't7meen/, a village of Savoy,   CONTWOY-TO, kon-twoi-to`, or RUM  LAKE, a lake of
province of Faucigny, on the route fromn the Col du Bon- British North America, in the country of the Copper Indians,
homme to St. Maurice, W. of Mont Blanc. Pop. 1000.          intersected by the parallel of 650 35 N. and the meridian
CONTAN'AGURI, a town of Ilindostan, presidency of Ben- of 1110 50' W.
gal, 112 miles N. by E. of Moorshedabad. It was formerly a    CONTY or CONTI, k6NG'teel, a town of France, departplace of some note, and still contains one of the finest sment of Somme, 12- miles S.S.W. of Amiens, on the Seille.
temples in Bengal, but is now in other respects in a state  Pop. 897.
of decay.  Lat. 250 44' N., Ion. 880 43/ E.                   CONVEY NIENCE, a post-village in Payette co., Ohio, 25
CONTARINA, kon-t-reetnit, a town of Austrian Italy, 29  miles N.W. of Chillicothe.
miles S. of Venice, on the Po, which here forms the boundary    CONVEINIENT, a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee.
between the Austrian dominions and the Papal States.    CONIVENT, a post-office of St. James parish, Louisiana.
Pop. 2850.                                                    CONVERSANO, kon-v&n-s'lno, a town of Naples, 19 miles
CONTAS, Brazil  See RIO-Dn-CONTAS.                        S.E. of Bari. Pop. 7720. It is enclosed by decayed walls,
CONTENTINIA, a post-office of Pitt co., North Carolina.   defended by a Norman castle, and is pretty well built.
CONTENT/NY, (sometimes written  CONTENTNED,) a  Chief edifices, a fine cathedral, several convents, a bishop's
creek, in the E. central part of North Carolina, rises near the  palace, diocesan seminary, hospital, and foundling asylum.
E. extremity of Wake co., and flowing soUith-eastward, falls  A brisk trade is carried on between it and Bari in wine, oil,
into the Neuse River, about 10 miles N.E. of Kingston. It'ailmoends and other fruits, flax, and cotton. In the Middle
is navigable by fiat-boats 90 miles from its mouth.         Ages itwas the capital of the Norman possessions in Eastern
CONTESSA, kon-tis/sA, a town of Sicily, intendancy of  Italy.
Palermo, 9 miles SW. of Corleone. Pop. 2500.                  CONVIL-CAYO, kon-vil-klIyo, a village and parish of
CONTESSA, a village of Sicily, delegation of, and near  South Wales, co. of Carmarthen, 71 miles N.W. of Landovery.
Messina. Pop. 1000.                                           CONIVIS, a post-village and township in the N. part of
CONTESISA, a village of European Turkey, in Roomilia, Calhoun co., Michigan. Pop. 621.
on the N. shore of the Gulf of Contessa or Orphano.           CONIVOY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal.
CONTESSA. GULF OF, Turkey. See ORPaANo.                     CON/WALL or CONEIWAL, a parish of Ireland, co. of
CONTITEY, k6wGatl, a town of Switzerland, canton of Donegal.
Valais, 3 miles W. of Sion, on the Meorge, near its mouth, in    CONIWAY or CONWY, konfwee, a river of North Wales,
the RhOne. Pop. 2239. Excellent wine is produced in its  issues from a snmall lake, flows mostly N.N.W., and joins
vicinity.                                                   Beaumaris Bay by a broad estuary, 11 miles E. of Beauma.
CONTI, a town of France. Sqe CONTY.                       ris.  Total course, 30 miles.  It is navigable firom  near
CONTICII, konltiK, a village of Belgium, province, and 6  Llanrwst to its mouth, where a mussel-pearl fishery is carmiles S.S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 3640. It has manufactures  oied on.
in hats and leather, and trade in horses and fuel.            CONWAY, or ABVER-CONTWAY. a parliamentary andr uCON/TIN, one of the largest parishes in Scotland, co. of  nicipal borough, seaport town, and parish of North Wales,
Ross, comprising a village 5 miles S.W. of Dingwall, with  co. of Carnarvon, on the estuary of the above river, here
Lochs Fannich, Luichart, &c. Pop. 1770.                     crossed by a noble tubular suspension bridge, 327 feet in
CON/TOOCOOK, a river of New Hampshire, rises in Ches- length, on the line of the Chester and Holyhead Railway,
hire co., and running through HIillsborough, falls into the  13 miles E.N.E. of Banger. Pop. of parliamentary borough,
Merrimack River in Merrimack co., about 8 miles N. of  in 1851, 2105. It occupies a steep slope, and is enclosed by
Concord.                                                   embattled walls, with towers and gateways, still in good
494




CON                                                         COO
repair. The castle, built by Edward I., on a precipitous  300,000 acres of land, to aid in construction of the canal
rock above the river, is also in many parts still entire, above named. Pop. 43,385.
and is one of the grandest feudal fortresses remaining in    COOK, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.
Britain. The harbor dries at low water, and the trade is    COOK/IBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
insignificant. It unites with Carnarvon, Bangor, Criccieth,   COOKE'S CORNERS, a post-office of Erie co., Ohio.
Nevin, and Pwllheli in sending one member to Parliament.    COOK/-IAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
It gives the title of baron to the Marquis of HIertford.      COOK/IIAM, a post-village of Fairfield district, South Ca.
CON/WAY, (or MII)DLE  RIVER,) a small river of Virginia, rolina, 18 miles N. of Columbia.
flowing into the Rapidan, on the boundary between Greene    COOK INLET, in Russian America, is between lat. 580
and Madison counties.                                      and 610 N., ion. 1510 and 1540 W., opposite the island of
CONWAY, a county near the centre of Arkansas, contains  Kodiak. Length from S. to N., 130 miles; breadth, 70 miles.
about 1200 square miles. The Arkansas River bounds it   COOK ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, S. of Polynesia, in
on the S.W., and it is drained by Cadron and Cypress  the S.W. of the Society Islands, between the Archipelago
Creeks. The sulface is diversified, and producesfine pasture. of Tonga on the W., and Tahiti on the E. The principal are
The streams afford fine water-power. Stone coal is found  Mangeia, Atiou, Harvey, and Raratonga.  Pop.estimated at
along the Arkansas River. Capital, Springfield. Pop. 3583, 50,000. (?) They are of the Malay race, and many of them
of whom 3343 were free, and 240 slaves.                    have been converted to Christianity by English missionaries.
CONWAY, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.             COOK STRAIT, in New Zealand, separatds the two prinCONWAY, a post-village and township of Carroll co., New  cipal islands. Named after its discoverer, Capt. Cook,-in 1770.
IIampshire, on Saco River, about 75 miles N.N.E. of Con-    COOKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
cord. The streams afford motive-power for mills. Pop. 1767.    COOKLEY, a village of England, co. of Worcester, 3 miles
CONWAY, a post-village and township of Franklin co., N. by E. of Kidderminster. It is the seat of long-established
Massachusetts, 100 miles W. by N. of Boston, on the S. side  and extensive iron-works.
of Deerfield River. It contains an academy, an insurance    COOKS/BURG, a post-village of Albany co., New York, 28
office, and has extensive manufactures of cotton goods, and  miles S.W. of Albany.
of other articles. Pop. 1831.                                COOK/SI-SIRE, a village of Canada East, co. of Sherbrooke,
CONWAY,. a post-village and township of Livingston co., 13 miles N. of Lenoxville.
Michigan, 25 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. 460.                  COOK'S LAND, or MORE/TON BAY DISTRICT, a mariCON/WAYBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Hiorry  time territory in New South Wales, extending from about
district. South Carolina, on the Waccamaw River, at the  lat. 260 to 2900 S. Its chieftown is Brisbane.
head of navigation, 110 miles in a direct line E. by S. of    COOK'S LAW-OFFICE, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.
Columbia.  It is situated in a level and sandy district,   COOK'S BM'ILLS, a village of Canada. See CROWLANDVILLE.
which produces abundance of pine timber. Turpentine is    COOK'S RUN, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
procured in this vicinity.                                   COOK'S STORE, a post-office, La Fayette co., Mississippi.
CONIYERS, a post-village of Newton co., Georgia, on the    COOK'S STORE, a post-office of Caddo parish, Louisiana.
Georgia Railroad, 141 miles W. of Auousta.                   COOKS/TOWN, an inland town of Ireland. in Ulster, co.
CONIYERSVILLE, a thriving post-village of. IIenry co., of Tyrone, on the Ballinderry, 5 miles W.N.W. of StewartsTennessee, a few miles N. of Paris, the coun-y seat.,It is town.'Pop. 3006. It has a large Gothic church, a court-house,
situated in a rich farming district, and has several stores  union work-house, bank, market-house, and linen-hall.
and mechanics' shops.                                         COOKSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of M;eath.
CONYNGHI-IAM, klinting-ham, a post-village of Luzerne    COOKS/TOWN, a post-office of Burlington co., New Jersey.
co., Pennsylvania, on Nescopec Creek, 90 miles N.E. of lar-   COOKSTOMWN. a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,
risburg. It contains several stores, and over 50 dwellings.  on the Monongahela River, about 30 miles S. by E. of PittsCONZA, konfz/, (aunc. Covep/sa,) a town of Naples, pro- burg, contains glass-works and a steam mill.
vince of Principato Ultra, district, and 9 miles S.E. of St.   COOKSTOWN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
Angelo-de-Lombardi.  Pop. 2000.  It has a cathedral, an  Simcoe, about 15 miles S. of Barrie.
archbishop's palace, and a diocesan seminary.  It was of    COOK'S VALLEY, apost-office of Calloway co., Kentuckly.
sonsiderable importance in the Middle Ages, but was nearly    COOKS/VILLE, a post-office of Howard co., Maryland.
destroyed by an earthquake in 1694.                          COOKSVILLE, a post-village of NoxuLbee co., Mississippi,
COOBCABIA, COUBCABIA or CUBCABIA, koob-kA/be-t, 132 miles E.N.E. of Jackson.
a town of Central Africa, in Darfoor, in a fertile district, 41    COOKSVILLE, a post-osfice of IHoward co., Indiana.
miles W. of Cobbe, lat. 140 N., lon. 260 30' E. It- is the en-   COOKS~ILLE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, 18
trepot of goods from the West of Af/rica. and has a large fair miles S.E. of Madison. It has 1 church, 3 stores, 3 mills,
twice a week. It has been long celebrated for its com- and35 dwellings.
merce in coarse cotton cloth, called I.keas, and in leathern    COOKS/VILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
sacks.                                                     York, 16 miles S.W. of Toronto.  It contains several saw
COOCH-BAHAR, kooch-bi-harlf, a rajahlsbip of British  mills and stores. Pop. about 350.
India. presidency of Bengal, near the Bootan frontier. and    COOLANEY, koo-l3/nee, a market-town of Ireland, co.,and
now comprised in the district of Ruungpoor.                8. miles S.S.W. of Sligo, contains a court-house. Pop. 380.
COOCI'S BRIDGE, a post-office, New Castle co., Delaware.   COOLBAUGHS, kool'baw/, a post-township of Monroe co.,
COODOO/NIA, a river in the N.W. of Africa, in Soodan, Pennsylvania, 38 miles N.W. of Easton, drained by the
territory of Jacoba, rises in a mountainous district in lat. sources of the Lehigh River. Pop. 246.
9~ 7' N., lon. 100 E., and faills into the Niger a little N.W. of    COOLE, a village of Ireland, co. of Westmeath, 4 miles
Egga, in lat. 80 37' N., lon. S8 W.                        N.W. of Castle Pollard, on the road to Grantrd. Pop. 371.
COO/GEE, a small seaport town of New South Wales, co.   COOLGRANEY, kool-grJtnee, a village of Ireland, co. of
of Cumtberland, about 4 miles S. of Sydney, on a fine sandy  Wexford, 3 miles S.S.W. of Arklow. The vicinity was the
bay of the same name.                                      scene of the last pitched battle between the insurgents' and
COOK, an inland county of New South Wales, of an irre- royalists' forces during the disturbances of 1798. Pop. 311.
gular formi 5S miles in length from N.W. to SE.; breadth,    COO/LIN, or CUCHULLIN (koo-Kootlin) HILLS, a range
45 miles. It sends, in conjunction with the county of Iun- of wild, romantic hills, Scotland, Isle of Skye, extends from
ter, one member to the Legislative Council. Pop. 3598.     the head of Scavaig Bay, in a N.W. direction, enclosing
COOK, a county in the N. part of Texas, bordering on  the romantic valley of Loch Cornish, and that of Hart-o-,A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




coo                                                        coo
O0COO                                                         0
COOLYILLE, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, on the    COOPIERSYILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn
Hockhocking River. 96 miles S.E. of Columbus.              sylvania, 55 miles S.E. of Harrisburg.
COOL WELL, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.         COOPE'RS~ILLE, a post-office of Union district, Soutj
COOMAS/SIE, the capital town of the Ashantee dominions  Carolina.
in Guinea, about 120 miles N.N.W. of Cape Coast Castle.   C00PERS~ILLE, a post-office of Fentress co., Tennessee.
Lat. 60 34' 50" N., ion. 20 12' W. Pop. estimated by Bow-   COOPERSVILLE, a post-office of Dearborn co., Indiana.
ditch at 18,000. It stands in a wooded valley, environed    COOP/ER'S WELLS, a noted watering-place of Hinds co.,
by swamps, is regularly built, and has a fortified palace, Mississippi. The water has the reputation of curing various
and an active trade with Central Africa.                    diseases, and is extensively patronized by the people of MisC00MBE-BISISET, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.        sissippi and adjoining states.
COOMBE-KEYNES, koom-klnz, a parish of England, co.   COOP'S CREEK, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee, 107
of Dorset.                                                  miles S.E. of Nashville.
COOMBLA, a town of India. See CUMLY.                        COORG, koonG, a subdivision of Hindostan, between lat.
COOMBS, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.               120 and 130 N., extending from the Tambacherry Pass on
COO/MER, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.          the S., to the river IHemavutty on the W.
COON CREEK, a post-village of Jasper co., Missouri, 170    COOS, (commonly pronounced ko-6sl,) a county forming
miles S.WV. of Jvfferson City.                              the N. extremity of New Hampshire, has an area of about
COON'DAPOORI, a maritime town of British India, presi- 1950 square miles. It is bounded on the W. bythe Connectidency of Bombay, district of Canara, on the Malabar coast, cut River, and is drained by the Androscoggin,Saco, Upper
53 miles N.N.W. of Mangalore.                               Amonoosuck, and smaller streams.  The Connecticut River
COONEWAB/, a post-office of Pontotoc cO., Mississippi.    has its source in this county, near its N. extremity. The
COON HILL, a post-office of Santa Rosa co., Florida.      surface is generally rough and mountainous, and not fitted
COON ISLAND, a post-office,Washington co.,Pennsylvania.  for cultivation; but along the banlks of the Connecticut and
COON MEADOWS, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois.   some other streams it is comparatively fertile. The celeCOON PRAIRIE, a post-office of Bad Axe co., Wisconsin.  brated White Mountains, among which the Saco River has
COONSMBOROUGII, a post-office of Orangeburgh district, its principal sources, are situated in the S. part of this
South Carolina.                                            county. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad passes
COON'S MILL, a post-office of Boone co., Virginia.       through the S. part of Coos. Organized in 1803, and named
COON/VILLE, a post-village of Mills co., Iowa.           from the pine forests with which a portion of the county is
COOPANG. See CoEPANG.                                    covered; coos, in the Indian language, signifying "pines."
COOP!ER, a county in the central part of Missouri, has an  Capital, Lancaster. Pop. 11,853.
area of 558 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the    COOSA, kools1, a river of Georgia and Alabama, is formed
MIissouri lRiver, intersected in the N.W. part by Laininc  by the confluence of the Etowah and 0ostenaula, which
River, and also drained by Little Saline and Moniteau  unite at Rome, in Georgia. It flows south-westward to the
Creeks.  The surface is generally undulating and hilly,  N.E. extremity of St. Clair county in Alabama. after which
consisting of praisies and timbered land in convenient piro-  its general course is nearly S. until it unites with the Telportions; the soil is highly productive and easily cultivated. lapoosa and forms the Alabama, about 10 miles N. of MoitThe mineral resources of the county are said to bb inex-  gomery.  Its length is estimated at 350 miles.  Several
haustible. Cannel and bituminous coal of good quality are  small steamboats navigate this river between Rome and
founded throughout the county; it [tlso contains rich mines  the Ten Islands, a distance of 180 miles. Between the latof iron and lead near Lamine River; marble and hydraulic ter point and Wetumpka the channel is obstructed by nulimestone are found in several localities; and a rare  de-  merous shoals, which prevent navigation, excepting the
scription of sand, used in the manufacture of flint-glass, is passage of flat-boats down the stream.
abundant on Moniteau Creek. Lamine River is navigable    COOSA, a county in the E. central part of Alabama, has
from  its mouth to the entrance of Blackwater River. an area of 860 square miles. Its entire boundary on the
Named in honor of Colonel Cooper, an early settler of the  S.W. is formed by the Coosa River, from which the name is
county, and a native of Tennessee. Capital, Booneville. derived; it is also drained by Sochapatoy and other creeks.
Pop. 12,950, of whom 9859 were free, and 3091 slaves.      The surface is elevated, and in some parts broken. The soil
COOPER, a post-village and township of Washington co., is fertile, and supplied with perennial springs of the purest
Maine, 20 miles N. of Macbias. Pop. 502.                   water. It is particularly adapted to pasturage, and to the
COOPER, atownship of Miontour co.,Pennsylvania.  P. 322. cultivation of grain.  Quarries of statuary granite and fine
COOPER, a post-office of Wayine co.. Ohio.               marble have been opened in the county. The following inCOOPER, a post-township in the N.VW. part of Kalamazoo  tesosting extract, relating to the-mineral productions of this
co., Michigan. Pop. 733.                                   county, is from a lettdr of one of our correspondents, a genCOOP/ER-BRIDGE, a station on the Leeds and Manches- tleman of the highest respectability, residing at Wetumpka:
ter Railway, England, 24 miles S.W. of Leeds.                About a mile from the village of Bradford thnere is found
COOPER ISLAND, in the British West Indies, Virgin  the best statuary grianite yet discovered in the United
Islands, is an islet 5 miles S.E. of Tortola.               States. It is of the most beautiful gray color, easy of acCOOPER POINT, a headland on the E. coast of Australia.  cess, being almost entirely above the surface of the ground,
Lat. 170 20' S., Ion. 1450 50' E.                           and what. according to my iniformation, is an exceedingly
COOP/ER RIVER, of South Carolina, rises in Charleston  rare excellence, it may be split in any direction the entire
district, and flows S.E. until it unites with the Ashley  length of the block, and is capable of being worked into
River, below Charleston, to form Charleston Harbor.         any desirable shape or size. In addition to this, a planlkCOOP/ER'S, a post-office of Franklin co., Virsinia.      road passes by the quarry. We have specimens, in several
COOP/ERSBURG, a post-office, Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.  buildings here and in Montgoniery, of the New Itampshire
COOPER'S CREEK, of Camden co., New Jersiey, enters the granite, between which and the Coosa granite there is no
Delaware immediately above the city of Camden.              comparison. In the northern part of the county there is
COOPER'S GAP. post-office, Rutherford co., North Carolina. also a very superior marble, equalling, in the opinion of
COOPEllt S GAP, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia.    judges, the best Italian marble, a specimen of which may
COOPER'S MILLS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.     be seen in the Washington Monument. It is so h1is supeCOOPER'S PLAINS, a post-office of Steuben co., New York. rior to any thing yet seen in the United States, that I noCOOP/ERSTOWN, a post-village in Ostego township, and ticed in some of the Northern papers an insinuation. if not
capital of Otsego co., New York, is pleasantly situated at the a direct charge, that it was an imposition of Italian for
outlet or S. end of Otsego Lake, 69 miles I'. of Albany. American marble; when, in truth, it was quarried by Mr.
This lake is 9 miles in length, and firom 1 to 2 miles in width, Nix, our own townsnmall, out of his own quarry, and poand is environed by hills about 400 feet in height, which lished and lettered within one-quarter of a mile firom where
present much interesting scenery. The village contains I now write. Indeed, I have seen richer specimens often
churches of 5 denomninations, an academy, 2 banks, and 3 firom the same quarry. All the tombstones and all the
newspaper offices. A female collegiate institute has recently marble used in building or furniture, in the southern part
been established here. The building is 222 feet long by 46 of this state, is obtained from  this quarry.  It extends
wide, exclusive of the wings2 Pop. in 1853, about 1600.    from  the northern part of Coosa, through Talladega, into
COOPERSTOWN, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, Benton county. Lead and iron ore are also found in this
3 miles S.W. of Burlington, contains 2 churches.            county."  The streams of the county furnish an ample
COOPERSTOWN, a village of Camden co., New Jersey, 6  supply of motive-power. Large steamboats can navigate
miles E. of Camden.                                        the Coosa River as high as Wetumpka. A plank-road is in
COOPERSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Venango co., progress of construction from this town to the Tennessee
Pennsylvania. on Sugar Creek, 75 miles N. of Pittsburg. It River. The county was formed out of part of the Creek
has a woollen factory and several mills.                   Indian  Territory, and  organized about 1834.  Capital,
COOPERSTOWN, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee. Rockford. Pop. 14,543, of whom 10,423 were free, and 4120
COOPERSTOWN, a post-office of Brown co., Illinois.       slaves.
COOPERSTOWN, a post-office of Brown co., Wisconsin,   COOSA, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia.
about 120 miles N.E. of Madison.                             COOSAU/DA, a village of Autauga co., Alabama, on the
COOPERSTOWN, a village and township of Manitoowoc  W. bank of the Alabama River, about 8 miles N. by W. of
co., Wisconsin, on Benton Creek, CO miles S. of Milwaukee. Montgomery.
Pop. 91.                                                     COOSAWAT/TEE, a small river of Georgia, rises in the
496




COO                                                        COP
Blue Ridge, in Gilmer county, and unites with the Conna-  (New King's Market) covers an extensive space ailmos
sauga, in Murray county, to form the 0ostenaula.           in the very middle of the town. No fewer than 12 stieets
COOSAWATTEE, a post-office of Murray co., Georgia.       open into it; and in its centre is a colossal equestrian
COOSAWHATICHIE, a post-village, capital of Beaufort statue of Christian V., with curious allegorical figures.
district, South Carolina, about 100 miles S. of Columbia.    Its E. side forms part of the Gothersgade already menCOO0SIMA  or KOOSIMA, koo-seelma, a small volcanic  tioned, which is the principal thoroughfare, and contains
island in the Japanese Archipelago, at the entrance of the  the finest shops. On the N. of the city, and connected with
Strait of Sangar. Lat. 410 21' N., ion. 1390 46' E.        it by an esplanade, is the citadel of Frederickshavn, a reguC00SO0!  or KOO'S00, a town of North-western Africa, in  lar polygon with 5 bastions. The city contains many noble
Guinea Yarriba Territory, on the N. side of the Kong  public buildings, among which are the Palace of AmalienMountains. Lat. 80 53' N.. ion. 40 451 E.                  bung, inhabited by the royal family, the Castle of ChariotCOOTEHILL,; koot/hill. a market-town of Ireland, in U1- tenburg, now used as an academy of the fine arts, with its
ster, co. of Cavan, on the Cootehill River, an affluent of the  parks converted into a botanic garden, the Castle of RosenAnnalee, 28 miles W.N.W. of Dundalk. Pop. 2425. It is burg, built in 1.604, in which are deposited the regalia and
pretty well built, and has a neat church, and several schools, many antiquities; the Town-house, built 1805-15; the
a court-house, bridewell., union work-house, with a brisk  University, partly rebuilt between 1831 and 1836, and the
trade in linens, and in corn, beer, and spirits. Quarter ses- Royal Theatre. The chief ecclesiastical buildings are-the
sions at Easter and in October.                            Frauen Kirche, the metropolitan church of the kingdom,
COPAIS, a lake of Greece. See TorosIAs.                  adorned with the finest culptures of Thorwaldsen; St. PeCOPAKE, ko-pail/, a post-village and township of Colum- ter's, or the German Church, with a spire 250 feet in height;
bin co., New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 50 miles S. of  the Trinity Church, on the round tower of which is placed
Albany. Pop. 1652.                                         the astronomical observatory; and the Church of our SaCOPAN, ko-p nI, a ruined city of Central America, in the  viour, in Christianshavn, with a spire 288 feet high.
state of Guatemala, 30 miles E. of Chiquimula. Its remains   Among the educational institutions the University natuextend for 2 miles along the Copan River, an affluent of the  rally takes the first place. It was founded by Christian I.,
Motagua, and comprise the walls of a supposed temple 624 feet in 1478. The number of professors and lecturers at the comnin length, and many pyramidal structures with sculptured  mencement of 1850 was 46, of whom only 16 have a seat and
idols resembling the remains of Egyptian or Ilindoo art, vote in the Senatus or Consistorium. The average attendand which are described and delineated in SvEPHr.ns's Central ance of students is from 1000 to 1200. The University is
Amoerica.                                                  well endowed and possesses numerous bursaries-the ReCO0PAN1, a post-office of Haywood co., Tennessee.        genz, (doeaus resa,) an establishment connected with it,
COPANO, ko-pah/no, a small post-village of Refugio co., lodges, and partially maintains 120 students. To the UniTexas, on Aransas Bay.                                     versity, too, belong the chirurgical academy, two observatoCOPAY, ko-pAf, a small uninhabited island of Scotland, ries, the botanical garden in Nyehavn, and the polytechnic
one of the Hebrides, co. of Inverness, in the Sound of Harris. school, in which a complete preparatory course is given. The
COP/DOCK a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            other principal schools are the Metropolitan School, the VeCOPE/LAND, a post-village of Telfair co., Georgia, 75 miles terinary School, the Military Iligh School, the naval and
in a direct line S. of Milledgeville.                       military cadet academies, and the town schools. CopenhaCOPE/LAND ISLANDS, a small group on the N.W. coast gen possesses several extensive and valuable libraries. That
of Ireland, co., of Down, off the S. side of the entrance to  of the University has 120,000 volumes; but by far the most
Belfast Lough. On Cross Island, about 5 miles N.N.E. of important is the Royal Library, which occupies a large buildDonaghadee, is a light-house, elevation 131 feet, lat. 540 4'44'/ ing to the S. of Christiansborg, and contains 400,000 volumes,
N., ion. 50 32' W.                                          and 15,000 MSS. It is particularly rich in northern literaCOPENHAGEN, ko-pen-hgIghen, (Dan. Kjibenlhavn, ky'6- ture, and among the MSS. is Rask's Sanscrit and Singhaben-hewn!, i e. "1merchant's have;  Ge.n                                                                         1
bn-hn,.. "merchant's haven;" Ger. Iopenhagen, lese collection, which is said to be unique in Europe. i The
k~opgn-h&tghen;  Fr. ib1penhague, ko'pen-Ag, L. Haflnia,) the  principal scientific and literary associations of Copenhagen
capital of Denmark, and one of the finest cities of Northern  are-the Academy of Arts, the Royal Danish Literary and Sc'
Europe, is situated partly on the E. coast of the island of See- entific Society, the Royal Society for Northern Antiquities,
land, and partly on the N.W. coast of the adjacent island of  the Agricultural Society, the Art!Union, Artist's Union, MunAmager; lat. (observatory) 550 40' 9,1 N., lon. 120 34' 7" E. sical Union, &c. This city is also rich in museums and curiPop. in 1852,133,140, mostly Protestants. It occupies an ox- ous collections. The most recently formed, but at the same
tensive fiat, so'very low as to require to be protected by em- time, perhaps, the most interesting of these, is Thorwaldbankments even firom  the tideless Baltic, and hence, in  sen's Museum, situate on the Slotshdlm. It contains the
whatever direction it mnay be approached, it neither becomes  rich bequest which that great sculptor made to his country,
visible at any great distance, nor presents a very imposing  of his compositions and collections, during the course of
appearance. Its form is that of an irregular circle, with a  half a century. The Mluseum of Northern Antiquities oodiameter of about 2 miles; circumference rather more than  cupies a wing of the palace of Christiansborg, but a consi6 miles. It is strongly fortified, being surrounded on the  derable part of the collections properly belonging to it is
land side by a lofty wall flanked with bastions, and by a  deposited in the Royal Museum, in the Droningen Tvergade.
broad, deep ditch, filled with water from  the 1Baltic, and  These combined collections form a museum which is almost
defended toward the sea by most formidable batteries, espe- unique. The antiquities are arranged in four sections, accially one on the water-level, called Trekronner, and the pc- cording to the ages to which they belong, and proceed in
lygonal citadel of Frederickshavn, a maiden fortress- deemed  regular gradation, from the rudest efforts of heathenism to
almost impregnable. In consequence of repeated confiagria- the age of chivalry. The Royal Museum of Natural History,
tions, the greater part of the older houses of Copenhagen,  in the Storm-ade, is rich both in zoological and and minerawhich were chiefly of wood, have disappeared, and been re- logical specimens. Among the latter, the most deserving
placed by edifices of modern construction, lofty and well of notice is a mass of native silver from Norway, the largest
built, either formed into handsome squares, or lining the  in the world, about 6 feet long, 2 feet broad, and; 8 inches
sides of long spacious streets; usually of brick, but occa- thiclk. The other important collections are the royal cabisionally of Norwegian granite. In general the pavement, net of coins and medals, in the Castle of Rosenborg, alike
particularly for foot passengers, is very indifferent; and Co- remarkable for the number and the rarity of its specimens;
penhagen suffers much by one of the worst evils to which a  the Ethnographical Museum, and the Royal Gallery of Painttown can be subjected-a deficiency of good fresh water. ings in the Christiansborg, containing about 1000 pictures,
The boundary between the old and new town, a designa- many of them by the first masters.
tion now nearly obsolete, is a principal street, called Gothers-   Copenhagen possesses numerous hospitals and asylums,
gade, (Goth's Street,) which, with its continuation along  in which no kind of disease, poverty, or helplessness appears.
the canal of Nyehavn, (New Haven,) stretches through Co- to be forgotten. At the head of these establishments is
penhagen Proper from  N. to S., and divides it into two  Fr'ederick's Hospital, which has beds for 350 patients, and
nearly equal parts. The W. part, or old town, where it has which, in addition to the admirable accommodations of its
not been replaced by modern buildings, exhibits the Copen- interior, has a spacious court, laid out in planted alleys, as
hagen of the olden time, and consists generally of narrow  a promenade for the convalescent. The inhabitants of Cocrooked streets, lined by mean, and in many cases, wooden  penhagen have a keen relish for public amusements, and
houses. Many of the finest public buildings, however, be- find ample means of gratifying it in their theatres, casinos,
long to this division. particularly that part of it called Slots- and tivolis.
helm, (castle ihland,) a kind of island which is formed by    Har-bor, Trade, dc.-The harbor is formed by the chanthe channel already mentioned, and canals branching from  nel between the islands of Seeland and Amager, and posit, and which, though the original nucleus of the city, has  sesses all essential requisites, being deep, spaclous, and
become one of its newest sections. The E. part, or new  secure. The channel is closed at both ends-on the W. by
town, and also Christiansharn, (which is on the island of  the Langebrte, (long bridge.) which opens in the middle,
Amager,) are almost entirely of modern construction, the  and has a length of 440 feet; and on the E. by a con tinuaformer being built according to a plan, which, if com- tion of a floating bridge, stretching in the direction of the
pleted, would give Copenhagen a first place among Euro- channel for 1100 yards, and dividing it into two unequal
pean cities. The city is entered by four gates, and con- parts, that on the S. forming the great naval station of Dentains 16 public squares and market-places. The largest mark, where each ship has its place, and a wooden gallery
and handsomest of these  squares, Kongen's Nyotory, ranges round, so as to enclose the whole fleet, and make it
2 G                                                                             497




COP                                                           COQ
as easy to view the ships as if they lay on dry ground. The    COPIAPO. a province which included the whole N. p6r ion
average width of the channel is about 70 yards; its depth  of Chili is now incorporated with the province of Coquimbo.
from 18 to 22 feet; and from either side of it numerous canals    COPINSItAY! or COPENSAY, sometimes written COPENbranch off, those on the S. giving access to the arsenal, the  SHAW, one of the Orkney Islands, in Scotland, off the S. end
building and graving docks, and other extensive premises  of Mainland; lat. 58~ 55' N., ion. 20 26' W. It is about 1
required by the navy, while those to the N. often penetrate  mile long, and, mile broad.
a considerable way into the city, and give important facili-    COPLE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
ties for trade. The manufactures of Copenhagen are not    COP/LEY, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio, 124 miles
very important, and are almost entirely confined to the  N.E. of Columbus.
supply of articles for home consumption, or for the army    COPO0PA, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.
and navy. The chief of these are woollen cloth, for which,    COPPARO, kop-paro, a town of the Papal States, 11 miles
in additional to private establishments, there is a govern- E.iN.E. of Ferrara.  Pop. 2330.
ment factory, employing 1200 persons, and annually fIrnish-    COPPENAME, kop'p8n-;meh, COPONAME or CUPANAing about 150,000 ells; linen, and sailcloth, leather, tobacco, MA, kiip n-&m&, a river of Dutch Guiana, rises in the
ironware, and porcelain.  The shipping trade of Copenhagen  mountains of the Guacanayas country, flows N., and falls
is less extensive than might be expected from its admirable  into the ocean at the mouth of the Saramacca. Total course,
position and other advantages. About250 vessels belong to  93 miles.
the port, with a tonnage of 15,579. The average entries of    COPPENBRUGGE, (Coppenbrtigge,) kopfpen-briig'gheh, a
foreign vessels is 1400; tonnage 145,040. Of these, 250 come  small town of, and 19 miles S.S.W. of Hanover.
from Great Britain, with cargoes almost exclusively confined    COP/PERAS CREEK, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois,
to coal, salt, and iron. The transit'trade has considerably  on a creek of. same name, near its entrance into the Illinois
diminished; the ports, from which much of it used to come, ERiver, about 50 miles N. by W. of Springfield.  The produce
now communicating directly; but the coasting trade still  of the vicinity is shipped here in steamboats, and in 1852
gives the entries at 4000 vessels, tonnage 115,920. The chief  amounted in value to $150,000.
imports are colonial produce, wine, tobacco, and naval stores;    COPPERAS HILL, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont.
the chief exports, grain, hides, and cattle. Copenhagen is    COP/PEAR CREEK, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois.
regularly visited by steam packets, chiefly from ports in the    COPPER CREEK, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, 76
Baltic, and a railway, to connect it with Corsler, about 62  miles E.N.E. of Iowa City.
miles S.W., has been completed as far as Rbeskiide.             COPPER CREEK, a post-office of Rock Island co., Illinois.
_fistory.-Copenhagen is first mentioned as a fishing ham-    COPPER  HILL, a post-office of IHunterdon co., New
let in 1043. In 1168, Bishop Absalofi founded a haven, and  Jersey.
erected a fort on the Slotsholm, as a place of refuge against    COP/PERMINE MOUNTAINS, a low mountain range in
the northern pirates. It then bore the name of Axelhuis.  the N.W. part of British America, running parallel to the
Shortly after it rose to importance, and acquired its present  Rocky Mountains, from lat. 630 N. to the Arctic Ocean.'
name of Kjbbenhavn, or Merchant's Haven. It has occa-    COP/PERMINE RIVER, in British North America, Northsionally suffered much from hostile ravages, and still more  western Territory, enters an inlet of the Arctic Ocean N.E.
from accidental fires, which have repeatedly laid the greater  of the Great Bear Lake, after a course estimated at 250 miles.
part of it in ruins. It was taken by Nelson, April 2, 1801,    COPPER RIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co., Tennessee.
but its crowning disaster was the bombardment by the Bri-    COPPET, koplp/, or COPET, a village of Switzerland, in
tish in 1807. Being  elevated but little above the level of  the canton ofVaud, on the lake, and 9 miles N.N.E. of Gothe sea, Copenhagen is liable to be overflowed during storms, neva. It is only remarkable for its oh&teau, with gardens
and it suffered much from this cause in 1824.                and park, once the residence of Bayle, (1670-72,) afterwards
COPENHA/GEN, a post-village of Lewis co., New York, on  of the financier Necker, and his celebrated daughter MaDeer River, about 25 miles E. of Sackett's Harbor, contains  dame de Sta5l-Holstein, who' are both interred in a chapel
several stores and mills. A little below the village there is  near it. In its vicinity several Roman inscriptions have
a remarkable water-fall.                                      been found. Pop. 600, all Calvinistic Protestants.
COPENHAGEN, a post-village of Caldwell co., North Ca,    COP/PINGEORD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
rolina, about 200 miles WIV. by N. of Raleigh.                  COP/PULL,  a chapeiry of England, co. of Lancaster.
COPENHAGEN, a post-office of Caldwell parish, Louisiana.    COPRATES, a river of Persia.  See DEZsooL.
COPENHIAGUE, a city of Denmark.  See CoPEsHAaErN.             CO'PUL/, a strongly fortified town of India, Deccan, NiCOP/ENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Chester.            zam's dominion, 210 miles S.W. of Hyderabad; lat. 150 19'
COPENSAY, one of the Orkney Islands. See CoPINSHAY.  N., Ion. 760 10' E, It was stormed and taken by the British
COPERTINO, ko-pla-teelno, a town of Naples, province of  in 1819.
Otranto, district, and 10 miles S.S.W. of Lecce, enclosed by    COQ, LE  leh kok, a town of Senegambia, co. of Foot-i
walls, defended by a strong castle, and having several  Toro, at the V. extremity of the island Morfil formed by a
-churches and convents. Pop. 3500.                            branch of the Seonaegl; lat. 160 38' N., Ion. 150 5 W.
COPE'S MILLS, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio, 146    COQUAGO, ko-kw~/go, or OQUAGO, o-kw3/go, the principal
miles from Columbus.                                          branch of the Delaware River, rises in New York on the W.
COPET a village of Switzerland.  See CoPPrT.                declivity of the Catskill Mountains, near the boundary beCOP/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                tween Schoharie and Delaware counties.It flows first S.W. to
COP/GROVE, a parish of England, co. of York, West Deposit, only about 10 miles from the Susquehanna River,
Biding.                                                       where it suddenly changes its course to S.E.; and, after
CO/PI, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, 12 miles W.N.W. forming the bounda,.y between New York and Pennsylvania
of Iowa City.                                                 for a few miles, unites with the Popacton, the other conCOPI/AH, a county in the S.W. part of Mississippi, has an  stituent branch, at IHancock.  The whole length is proarea of about 960 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by  bably 100 miles.  It is a beautiful and  rapid stream,
Pearl River, and drained by the head-streams of Bayou  affording extensive motive-power.
Pierre and ITomochitto River. Small boats sometimes navi-    COQUET, kok/et, or COCK/ET, a small river of England,
gate the Pearl River as high as this county. Copiab is an  rises in the Cheviot Hills and enters the North Sea near
Indian word signifying "screech-owl."  Capital, Gallatin.  Warkworth.  Its valley, Coquetdale, forms a civil division
Pop. 11,794, of whom 6314 were free, and 5480 slaves.         of the county. Opposite its mouth is Coquet Island, 1 mile
COPIAH CREEK, a post-village of Copiah co., Mississippi. in circumference, and having the remains of an ancient moi
COPIAPO, ko-pe-g-po/, a river of Chili, falls into the Pacific  nastery.
at Copiapo, after a N.W. course of about 150 miles.             COQUILAGE, ko'kee'lqzh/, (GRANDE, grcNd, and PECOPIAPO or SAN FRANCISCO  DE SELVA, san fran- TITE, peh-teet/,) two islands in Chagos Archipelago, Indian
sisko (or s~n fi'-An-seesko dA sll/vA,) a town of Chili, pro- Ocean, about lat. 50 20' B., lon. 720 20/ E., covered with cocoa
vince of, and 177 miles N.N.E. of Coquimbo, on the right trees.
bank of a river of its own name, 30 miles from  its mouth,   COQUIMBO, ko-keem/bo, or LA SERENA, lA st-rmAni, a
at which is situated the port of Copiapo, in lat. 270 19t 30"  seaport town in Chilicapital of a province of its own name,
S., lon. 710 2' W. A railway was finished from  Copiapo to  beautifully situated on the left bank of Coqulmbo River, not
Caldera in 1851. The town is regularly built, and most of forfrom its embouchure in the Bay of Coquimbo; lat. 290 5 /
the houses are of brick. It has a college, and several con-  12"' S., Ion. 710 19' W. The town is small, but well and regunvents. E]arthquakes'are  here of daily, or almost hourly  larly built. The houses, one story in height, are mostly
occurrence, Dri. Meyen relating that during his stay six or  constructed of sun-dried brick, and stand apart from each
seven occurred every 24 hours.  In 1519 and 1822, Copiape  other, with large gardens   between.  It contains several
was almost wholly destroyedi by earthquakes; and again on  churches and convents, a public school and hospital, and at
Miay 26, 1851, it was seriously damaged, and the houses in  the S. extremity is the plaza or public square. The port or
one street nearly all destroyed by one ofthese visitations, harbor at Balsas, 6 or 7 miles distant, is excellent, and is-on
Copiapo is the centre of thle principal mining district of  this account much frequented, notwithstanding that both
Chili-copper, gold, silver, mercury, iron, sulphur, nitre, wood and water are difficult to obtain. The trade of the port
and lapis lazuli being found im its vicinity. A considerable  consists principally of the export of copper and more precious
portion of the metallic ores are smelted near the port, which  metals obtained in the province; the imports are provisions,
is also the centre of an important import and export trade. &c., for the supply of the inhabitants and of the mines. The
The duties collected here in 1852 amounted to $145,494. number and tonnage of vessels that entered the port in
Pop. of. town, 4000; of port, 1200.                           1847, was 145; tonnage, 39,987.  Value of cargoes, 150,850/
498




COQ                                                        COR
Cleired in thbe same year. 145; tonnage, 39.987. Value of  Andes, in Patagonia., near the Pacific coast. Lat. 430 10' S.,
cargoes, 259,2111.  Amount of duties collected in 1852, lon. near 730 W. Hleight, 7510 feet.
17,9821.  The name L.A SERENA, sometimes given to the    CORCOBLADO or COIRCOVADO, GULF OP,'on the W. coast
town, alludes to the serenity of its climate. Pop. about 8000. of South America, between the S. part of the island of
COQUIMiBO, a laige province of Chili, composed of the  Chiloe and the mainland. Named from its proximity to
former provinces of Copiapo and Coquimbo united, ex- the above mountain.
tending from the Bolivian frontier, lat. 250 28' S., to the    CO RCOMOHIDEf, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, cos.. of
river Chuapa, lat. 310 40' S.  It is upwards of 400 miles  Cork and Limerick.
long, and as it occupies the entire breadth of the state, from  CORCOVADO, koR-ko-vJdo, a remarkable mountain of
the Andes to the Pacific, is generally about 100 miles  Brazil, 2 miles from   Rio  Janeiro, rises in an isolated
broad. Area, 48,000 square miles. Pop. 30,000.             peak to an elevation of 2000 feet above the level of the sea.
CORA, ko/fl, a town, capital of the island of Samos, in  The view from the summit is magnificent, comprising the
Asiatic Turkey, 3 miles from its S.-coast, and on a portion  harbor, city, and environs of Rio Janeiro.
of the site of ancient Samos, which was anciently one of    CORCUBION, kor-koo-be-6n/, a fishing town of Spain, on
the most flourishing cities of Greece.                     a bay of the same name, 50 miles W.S.W. of Coruna. Pop.
CORA, atown of Italy.  See CoRn.                         864. It was formerly fortified, but dismantled by the EngCOIRA, a village of Henry co., Iowa, 25 miles W.N.W. of  lish in 1809; in the same year it was burned by the French.
Burlington.                                                  CORCYRA. See CoRFu.
CORAL, korl1l  or ko-rilf, a small rocky island of Brazil,   CORIDAVILLE, a post-office, Worcester co., Massachusetts.
SE. coast, 20 miles S.S.E. of Paranagua, lat. 250 45' 5., ion.   COtDEMAIS, koa'deh-m45, a market-town of France, de480 351 W.                                                 partment of Loire-Inf6rieure, 16 miles W.N.W. of Nantes.
COPJAL, a post-village and township in McItenry co., Illi-  Pop. 2238.
nois, near the Galena and Chicago-Railroad, 60 miles N.W.    CORDES, koRd, a town of France, department of Tarn, 13
of Chicago. Pop. 980.                                      miles N.W. of Albi.
COR/AL SEA, a part of the Pacific Ocean, bounded W. by    CORDES (koRd or koRldes) BAY, south coast of Patagonia,
Australia, and E. by the archipelago of New Hebrides, so  S trait of Magellan, 45 miles N.W. of Cape Froward. Its encalled from the numerous coral reefs it contains.          entrance is obstructed by sandbanks, and in some places by
COIRAM, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, about rocks. Discovered in 1599 by Simon de Cordes, a Dutch
60 miles E. of New York city, contains a few stores.       navigator.
CORANNAS, ko-rAn'nds, a tribe of South Africa, inhabit-   CORDILLERA, kor-dilfle-rI, (Sp. pron. koa-deel-yA/rA,)
ing the country lying between Griqua-land on the E., and  the Spanish name of a mountain chain. See ANDES.
Namaqua-land on the W.  They are chiefly to be found    CORDOUAN, LA TOUR DE, 1i' tooa dfeh koR'doo-SNGIcf, (. e.
along the banks of the Great Orange River, are good-look- "The Tower of Cordonan,") alight-house at the mouth of the
ing but excessively filthy.  They cultivate nothing but to- Gironde, on a rock-the remnant of the island of Antros,
bacco, subsisting chiefly on the milk of their cattle, of which  60 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. The light-house is 207 feet
they have great numbers; their flocks also are immense.    in elevation, and the finest in France.
CORANSAR, ko-rin/slh, a district of Upper Guinea, near    CORDOVA,korldo-va,* (Sp. Cordoba or Cbordova, koscdo-va;
the centre of the Ashantee county. Principal.towns —Co-  Fr, Cordbue, kosdoo'; anc. Corclduba and Coltsina Ptatrecica,
ransah, Sasafoor, and Boben.                                or simply Pcttricia,) a city of Spain, capital of the province
CORATO, ko-r!to, a city of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 14  and formerly capital of the kingdom  of Cordova, in a samiles S.E. of Barletta. Pop. 11,080. It has a fine church, lubrious plain on the Guadalquivir, 86 miles N.E. of Seville;
5 convents, and an orphan asylum.                           lat. 370 52' 15" N., ion. 40 49, 36'/ W. Pop. 41,976. Its Moorish
CORAY, ko'rA/, a market-town of France, department of  walls, built on Roman foundations, enclose a large area,
Finistbre, 13 miles E.N.E. of Quimper. Pop. 1850.           much of which is now occupied by gardens or by ruins, exCORAZON, ko-ra-sinl, (i. e. "RHeart,") a mountain of Ecu- cept one large square, bordered by lofty and handsome
ador, in the Andes, 20 miles S.W. of Quito. Its summit is  edifices; the city is generally badly laid out, meanly built,
occasionally covered with snow, and bears the form of a  and dirty. It communicates with a suburb across the river
heart, from which it derives its name.                      by a noble stone bridge of 16 arches, built by the Moors in
CORBACH, or KORBACH, koRtbtK, a walled town, in Cen- the eighth century, and commanded by a Saracenic castle,
tral Germany, capital of the principality of Waldeck, on the  still kept in a state of defence. Its Cathedral, formerly one
Itter, which divides it into an old and a new town, 28 miles  of the most holy mosques of the MohammSdan world, and
S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 2200. It has a castle, Lutheran and  still oneof the most remarkable edifices in Spain, presents
and Calvin churches, a college, orphan asylum, and menu- in its interior a "labyrinth of columns" of all orders and
factures of woollen stuffs.                                 materials, which wese brought from various ancient temCORBALVLY, a parish of Ireland, cos. Tipperary and King's.  ples all around the Mediterranean.  Other principal buildCORBALLY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford.         ings are 13 parish churches, gorgeously adorned, about 40
CORBALLY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.              convents, the Bishop's Palace, with fine gardens, and a
CORBEAU, kor-bo-, a village in the N.E. part of Clinton  library of 15,000 volumes, the remains of a palace of the
co., New York.                                              Moorish sovereigns, now converted into stables for a royal
CORBEIL, koa'bs/, a town of France, department of  breeding stud, the City Rall, 16 hospitals, foundling and
Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, at the influx of the Essonne, and  other asylums, 3 colleges, and several schools. It was noted
at the head of a branch of the Paris and Orleans Railway, for the famous preparation of goat-skins, called Cordovan.-f
18 miles S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 4725. It is divided  This branch of industry, however, has declined into insig-'
by the Seine into an old and a new town. It was formerly  nificance; but the silversmiths and fligree  workers of Corfortified. Principal edifices comprise a corn-hall, large corn  dove maintain their repute; and manufactures of paper,
magazine, public library, and theatre. It has various menu-  barrels, hats, and silken fabrics are carried on.
facturing establishments, and is the centre of an active    Cordova was founded by the Romans, but at what period
trade in corn and flour for the supply of Paris.           is uncertain. It was afterwards taken by the Goths and
CORBETTA, koa-bWltlt, (anc. Codria Pidta,. Ccs'bitum, ) a  again by the Moors in 672, and for many centuries aftertown of Austrian Italy, government of Milan, 22 miles  wards remained the splendid capital of the Caliphate of the
N.N.W. of Pavia, and 10 miles WV. of Milan. It is well built, West. In 1236 it was taken and almost wholly destroyed
and has a large parish church and a castle. Pop. 4020.     by Ferdinand III. of Castile, a blow fisom which it never
COR/BETTSVILLE, a post-office of Broome co., New York. recovered. It afterwards became the capital of one of the
CORBIE, koa~beel, a town of France,,department of Som- four old provinces of Andalusia, with the title of kingdom.
me, on the Canal de la Somme, and the Railway de Nord, 9  It contained in the tenth century nearly a million of inhabimiles E. of Amiens. Pop. 1819.                             tents, 300 mosques, 900 baths, and 600 inns-a statement
CORBIPRES,-koa'be-aiRl, (Ger. Korbers, koR/bgcs,) a pa- which sufficiently marks the importance and splendor filom
rish and village, formerly a town of Switzerland canton, which it has fallen. Cordova was for some time comprised
and 9 miles S. of Freyburg,on the Sarine. Pop. 193.        in the country of the kings of Seville. It is the birthplace
CORBIGNY, kor'been'yee/, a town of France, department of the two Senecas, the Roman poet Lucan, the Arab physiof Ni~vre, on the Arguisson, 30 miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. clans, Avicenna and Averroes, and Gonzalves Fernandez.
1729.                                                      -Adj. and inhab. CocoOVESE, koR'do-veez; or Coa'DuBEsEF,
COBtBRIDGE, a village and parish of England, co. of when the ancient town is referred to.
Northumberland, on the Tyne, here crossed by a sevenarched bridge, and with a station on the Newcastle and          -      — " the regal seat
Carlisle Railway, 3! miles E. of tlexham. Pop. 2103.          Of Abdalazis, ancient CoRDosA."
COWB/Y, a market-town and parish of England, co. and                     "till they saw
30 miles S. of Lincoln. Pop. 714.                             The temples and the towers of CORDOBA
CORBY, a parish of England, co. of Northanipton.            Shining majestic in the light of eve."
CORBY, GREAT, a township of England, co. of Cumber-                                SOUTHEY'S Rodseick, Book V.
land.                                                          "And strangers were received by thee
CORCIEUX, koacse-uhf, a malrket-town of France, depart-       Of ConDovA the chivalry."          BERON.
ment of Vosges, 20 miles E. of Epinal. Pop. 1640.            t This word has been corrupted ino our cordwain, whence
CORCOBADO  or CORCOVADO, koa-ko-vI/do, (i. e. the  shoemalkers in England derived their old name of cordwaisers,
"Humpbacked" Mountain,) a volcanic mountain of the  and in France that of cordonniers.
499




COR                                                        COR
CORIDOVA, province of Spain, Andalusia, is bounded N. by    The manufactures of Corea, comprise strong and coars6
Badajos and Ciudad Real, E. by Jaen, S. and S.E. by Granada  tissues of hemp, cotton, and grass;.silk in considerable
and Malaga, anti S.W. by Seville. It retains its old bonn- quantity, but not very fine; pottery and porcelain, somedaries unaltered by the decree of 1834. Area, 5068 square  times of monstrous size; excellent arms-Corean sabres and
miles. It is naturally divided into two parts by the Guadal- poignards being much sought for by the Chinese; and wellquivir. Pop.348,956.                                       made matchlocks. Paper constitutes an important branch of
CORDOVA, ko/do-va, a town of the M]exican Confederacy, manufacture, entering, as it does in Corea, into the construestate of, and 50 miles W.S.W. of Vera Cruz, on the S. route  tion of numerous articles. Of it are made hats, umbrellas,
to Mexico.  Pop. 6000. It is well built of stone, and has sacks, and cloaks, which appear to wear well. A few slips
many handsome public edifices, an active trade in sugar, of wood, covered with paper, forms a door, through which
tobacco. and coffee for the supply of Mexico, and manufac- the occupant, by making a hole with his finger, is enabled
tures of cotton and woollen fabrics.                        to see what is going on in the street. Ships in Corea are
CORDOVA,konldo-va, acity of the Argentine Republic, (La  simple and light, from 30 to 50 feet long: the wood work
Plata,) capital of a province of its own name, situated in a  clumsy, and fastened with wooden pegs, no metal being embeautiful valley on the Primero, and is well sheltered from  ployed in joining any part of them.
the N. and S. winds, 387 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres, lat. 310    The foreign commerce is trifling, and confined to China
35' S., ion. 630 50' W. It is well built, and contains many  and Japan.  Skins, silk, raw and  manufactured, cotton
churches and a university, once held inhigh repute, but now  cloths, paper, and ginseng, are exported; and aromatic
dwindled down to a mere provincial school. It was for a long  woods, pepper, various kinds of horn, and Japan ware, are
period the residence ofa bishop. Here, also, was the celebrated imported. A strong feeling of jealousy on the part of the
library belonging to the Jesuits, which, on their expulsion  government existing in regard to intercourse with foreign
from the city, was transferred to Buenos Ayres. Cordova is countries, there is little or no commercial communication
the centre of communication between Buenos Ayres and the  with Europeans, and scarcely with the Chinese. Internal
upper provinces. Its produce, which consists principally  commerce there can be almost none, fiom the want of good
of hides and wool, is sent to the capital of the republic,  roads; those that are best not being capable of admitting
from which it receives goods of European manufacture in  more than four men abreast, and frequently, by rocks or
return. It was founded by the conquerors of Tucuman in  large stones, reduced to half that breadth; many are melre
1573. Pop. 13,000.                                          paths, scarcely traceable, and often inundated. The bridges,
CORDOVA, a province of the Argentine Republic, (La  composed of stakes fixed in the stream, and covered with
Plata,) in South America, near its centre, bounded by San-  earth, are swept away by evil-y flood; but numerous
tinge, La Rioja, San Luis, and Santa F6. Estimated pop. streams have not even this apology for a bridge, but are
90,000. Little wheat is raised, that consumed being im- supplied only with stepping-stones.
ported from  San Juan.  Cattle, sheep, and goats are nu-    Corea is governed by a king, whose sway is, in a manner,
merous, and beef, maize, and fruits are the principal pro- absolute, and though tributary to China, his freedom of
ducts. Its E. portion is nearly uninhabited,                action seems quite uncontrolled. The governmental constiCOR/DOVA, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.       tution of the crown is organized like that of China. The
CORDOVA, a post-office of Grant co., Kentucky.           ministry is divided into five departments, which form the
CORDOVA, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois, on the  centre of all civil and militalry appointments, so that from
Mississippi River, about 25 miles above Rock Island City.    them  issues the administration of every religious, political,
CORDOVADO, koR-do-vd/do, a village of Northern Italy, and social ordinance.  The power of the king is held invioin the government of Venice, 23 miles S.W. of Udine. Pop. lable and sacred, from the union in his own person of the
2400. It has a fort, a cathedral, and bishop's palace.      hierarchical and secular sovereignty.  The country is diCORDUBA and CORDUBESE. See ConRDovA.                      vidled into eight circles, or provinces, each of which is placed
CORDUJENE or CORDYENE. See Ko00IsISTAN.                   under the authority of special governors, who, as in Japan,
COREA, or KOREA, ko-ree'a, (called by the natives Tsyo- are personally responsible to the government. The king's
sien, by the Chinese,; to whom it is tributary, Kao-lee, and  revenues, which are very considerable, are derived chiefly
by the Japanese, Ko-rai, ko'ri, whence its European name  from the letting out of lands, and a tithe of all produce, he
of Corea, or Korea,) is an extensive peninsular country in  being the possessor of nearly all the landed property in the
North-eastern Asia, whose limits are not accurately known, kingdom. The prevailing religion is Boodhism, which was
bounded E. by the Sea of Japan, S: by the strait of Corea, introduced from China, in the year 372, although there apand W. by the Whanghai, or Yellow Sea, and the Gulf of  pears to be another religion in existence in the country,
Leao-tong.  The capital, Kingkitao, is situated  on  the  like the Sin-too in Japan, and the Taosyn in China. CorKiang River, in the centre of the kingdom, lat. 370 40' N., sucIus is also much esteemed in Corea, and has many foland ion. 1270 20' E. Corea comprises a peninsula with a  lowers.
small portion of the continent to which it is attached; the    Of all the languages of North-eastern Asia, the Corean is
continental portion extending in breadth from Ion. 1240 to  the least known. It appears to have been corrupted by the
1320 E., the peninsula from ion. 1250 15' to 1310 30' E., be- introduction of a multitude of Chinese words, and by the
tween lat. 330 20' and 430 N., its average width being about general use of Chinese characters, which are employed by
135 miles, while the total length of the country, from N. to  the higher classes for all official, scientific, and religious
S., is somewhat less than 600 miles. Corea also includes  purposes, while, for the use of private life, another kind of
numerous groups of islands in the Yellow Sea and Strait of  character is used, remarkable for simplicity.
Corea, and the'island of Quelpaert, 50 miles S. of the penin-   Corea was first subjected by the Tartars, but in about B. o.
sula.  Area of continental portion, about 80,000 square  1120, the Chinese appear to have gained possession of the
miles.                                                     country. The Japanese conquered and held it between the
The peninsula is traversed through its length by a cordil- years 1692 and 1698, when it again fell under the sway of
lera, abrupt and precipitous on the E., but forming a gentle  China, and still pays a small annual tribute of 800 ounces
slope on the WV. side, which, being watered by the principal of silver to the emperor; to whom, also, an embassy is sent
rivers of the country, is exceedingly fertile. The coasts are, every year with presents, and to communicate information
for the most part, rocky and almost inaccessible; yet there  of any political event of importance that may have occurred.
are some excellent harbors. The climate is very cold, and  --— Adj. and inhab. COREAN or KOREAN, ko-reean.
in the summer rain is frequent. In the N. the only grain    COREA or KOREA, ARCHIPELAGO  OF, or COREAN
that can be grown is barley; but in the S., the soil is fertile, ARCHIPELAGO, an extensive group, or a series of groups
and wheat, cotton, rice, millet, indifferent legumes, and  of islands, chiefly in the Whanghai or Yellow Sea, on the
hemp, are grown extensively. A decoction of pinang, a kind  W. coast of Corea, and extending from the island of Quelof walnut, is substituted for tea. The ginseng root is a pro- paert, (let. of the N. part, 330 29' 42" N., Ion. 1200 56' 30")
duction of Corea, greatly valued in China and Japan, where  E.. to lat. 360 50' N. They are very imperfectly known, but
high prices are given for it. Potatoes were introduced by  form several groups, of which. reckoning from S. to N., may
Gutzlaff and Lindsay, in 1832. The uncultivated northern  be named Port Hamilton, Lyra's, Amherst,  Hatton's, and
parts of the kingdom  are covered with extensive forests. Clifford's islands. They are chiefly of granite rock, rising
Fruits are abundant, including pears, plums, strawberries,  at times to shaip peaks of 2000 feet high, and having freblackberries, apricots, and grapes; but, on account of the  quently most fantastic shapes, rugged and bare; basalt likecontinual summer rains, all are watery and insipid. Gold, wise occurs, and sometimes is columnar.
silver, copper,, rock-salt, iron, and coal, are found, but are    COREA, STRAIT OF, a narrow sea connecting the Sea of
little attended to. The domestic animals are oxen, pigs, Japan with the Yellow Sea, and having the peninsula of Cogoats, dogs, and cats, and a small race of horses, very strong  rea on the N.W., and the Japanese island of Kioo-Sioo on
and spirited, called mon-k-wat. Oxen only are used for ag- the S.E.
ricultural labors, the horse being reserved expressly for the    COREILEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
saddle. Sheep are almost unknown, there being, it is said,   CORELLA, ko-ril'yA, a town of Spain, province of Navarre,
a prohibition against rearing them. The royal tiger and  on the Alhama, 49 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona, in a fertile
panther are so numerous that their skins form an article of plain. Pop. 4648. It' has a hospital; and several distilleries,
commerce with foreigners. These animals are distinguished  oil mills, and liquorice factories.
from those of the same kind found in the tropics by the    CORENTYN, ko-rin-tinf, or CORANTYN, a river of South
{reater length of the hair-the Bengal tiger being far infe-  America, rises in Mount Acarai, in lat. 10 N., 25 miles E. of
ieor in beauty of coat to that of Cores. Corean musk is  the Essequibo, flows generally N., separating British and
much used as a medicine and perfume.                      Dutch Guiana, and enters the Atlantic by an estuary, in lat.
500




~~~_  -~~~~1
COR                                                        COR
60 N., ion. 570 W., about 25 miles across at its mouth. It    CORINGA, ko-rintgg, a town of Naples, province of Calawas ascended in 1836, by Sir. R. Schomburgk, as high as bria Ultra II., 15 miles W.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 3000.
lat. 40 21' 30" N., Ion. 570 35' 30" W., where it forms a series    CORINGA, ko-ringgg, (anc.CarasiIga,?) a considerable seaof fine cataracts, and is 900 yards across. It is navigable for port town of British India, presidency of Madras, district,
boats from the sea to the influx of the Cabalaba, (lat. 50 N.,) and 35 miles S.E. of Rajahmundry, on one of the mouths of
a distance of 150 miles.                                   the Godavery, with the only harbor (except Blackwood's)
CORE SOUND, on the coast of North Carolina, is about 35  having smooth water on the W. side of Bengal Bay during
miles long, and from 2 to 5 miles broad. It joins Pamlico  the S.W. monsoon. A great number of small vessels are
Sound.                                                      annually built here. Cotton stuffs and teak are exported,
CORFE, korf, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        and silk, paper, copper, &c. imported. In'1784, an inundaCORFE CASTLE, a decayed borough, town, and parish of  tion of the sea destroyed many lives and much property.
England, co. of Dorset, Isle of Purbeck, 43 miles S.S.E. of    CORINIUM. See CIRENcESTERa.
Wareham, within the parliamentary borough of which it is    CORININA, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, situnow comprised.  Pop. in 1851, 1966, partly employed in  ated on an affluent of the Sebasticook, a large stream, affordstone quarries. The town, which appears to have derived  ing fine water-power, and on the Penobscot and Kennebec
its origin from its celebrated castle, is poorly built, and has  Railroad, 60 miles E. of Augusta. It contains 2 churches, 6
little trade. The castle, founded during the Saxon era, is a  stores, 1 grist and 5 saw mills, 6 shingle machines, cutting
well-preserved ruin, on a steep, rocky hill, and surrounded  about 50,000 shingles annually, 4 boot and shoe factories,
by a dry moat; it was dismantled by the Parliamentary  and 1 carding and cloth-dressing machine. Pop. 1550.
army. The borough sent 2 members to the House of Con-   CORINNA CENTRE, a thriving post-village of Penobscot
mons until disfranchised by the Reform Act. King Edward  co., Maine, on a fine mill-stream, an affluent of the Sebastithe martyr was murdered here, at the instance of his step- cook, and on the Penobscot and Kennebec Railroad, 60 miles
mother, Elfrida, A.D..978.                                E. of Augusta. It contains a church, a town-house, a social
CORFE-MULILEN, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.    library, an academy, built in 1851, and 6 stores. Pop. 300.
CORFU, kor-foo! or kortfu, (modern Gr. Kopqoo, koa-feef;   CORIINTH, (anc. L. 6brinthus; Gr. Koptn0og; Pr. CGorinthe,
Fr. Corfou, koatfoo!; anc. Gr. Kopivpa, Korskura; L. Cbrcyfra,) ko'rtNtV,) an ancient and celebrated city of the kingdom of
one of the Ionian Islands, and the seat of their government, Greece, on the Isthmus of Corinth, between the Gulfs of Lenext in size to Cephalonia, in the Mediterranean, separated panto (anc. Silnus Corinthilacns) on the W.,. and   Egina
from the coast of Albania by a narrow channel between lat. (anc. Silnus Saronficus) on the E., 48 miles W. of Athens.
380 40' and 390 40' N., and mostly between Ion. 190 10'and Pop. 2000. Its citadel, called Acro-Corinthus, was nearly
200 E. Its shape is elongated and irregular. Extreme length, ruined during the wars of independence. Prom its port,
40 miles; breadth, from 2 to 18 miles. Area, 227 square miles. in the Bay of Corinth, it exports dried grapes, wheat, oil,
Pop. 74,913. The surface is hilly, and very picturesque; soil honey, and wax. In remote times, Corinth was one of
fertile; climate hot, very variable, and unhealthy on the the most flourishing cities of Greece, being an entrepSt for
coasts. The principal products are corn, sufficient for four all merchandise passing from sea to sea, and commanding,
months' consumption annually, with a good deal of inferior at the same time, all the traffic from N. to S. The city early
wine and oil, more than half the island being covered with  became renowned for its riches.  Its inhabitants formed'
olive groves; with oranges, lemons, salt, honey, and wax. numerous colonies, and acquired great riches, so that the
It is subdivided into 7 cantons, each sending 1 member to city became proverbial for its luxury; travellers from all
the legislative assembly. Besides the city of Corfu, it con- parts came to admire its magnificent works of art. St. Paul
tains only some villages.                                   preached the gospel here during more than a year. It
CORPU, a fortified seaport city, capital of the above island, was profusely adorned with fountains, statues, theatres,
near the centre of its E. coast, 10 miles S.S.W. of Butrinto, and various public buildings, of such peculiar excellence in
(in Epirus.) Lat. of the citadel, 390 37' 1" N., Ion. 200 6' 2" E. design, as to give rise to a new order of architectuie  now
Pop. nearly 20,000. It is beautifully situated on an emi- known by its name.  But no portion of this splendor has
nonce, and has been greatly improved of late; it is defended  existed for centuries; and for ages the visitor to Corinth has
by a detached citadel, by forts Neuf and Vido, (the latter on  had to climb over masses of masonry, and by ruined walls,
a small island, the ancient Ptyicha,) and various new fortifi- to reach the streets of the modern town.' The traces of the
cations. The principal edifices are the cathedral, numerous  ancient walls of the city are still discernible; but the prinother richly decorated Greek and Roman Catholic churches, cipal and most interesting monuments of antiquity now rethe arsenal, military hospital, residence of the lord high  maining are the citadel or Acro-Corinthus, and seven Doric
commissioner in the citadel, lunatic and orphan asylums, a  columns, the remains of a Doric temple, at the S.W. extrelight-house, and an aqueduct. On the esplanade is a fine  mity of the town. The citadel stands on an elevation 1800
statue of Count Schulenberg, who successfully defended the  feet high, on the S. side of the city, and is considered the
city for the Venetians against the Turks, in 1716. Corfu is  second strongest fortification in Greece. The view from this
the seat of the parliamentary senate, and high judicial court point is singularly magnificent. Ancient Corinth was sacked
of the Ionian Islands, of a university and college, and is the  and nearly destroyed by the Romans, i. c. 146; nearly all
residence of the archbishop of the Greek Latin Church. It the treasures of art there accumulated were carried to Rome
is well supplied with necessaries, has a safe and convenient The later city was possessed successively by the western emharbor, and communicates by weekly packets with Otranto, perors and the Venetians; from the latter, Mohammed 11.
and twice monthly by steamers with Triest, Athens, Gi- wrested it, A.D. 1458. It was recovered afterwards by the
braltar, and England.                                       Venetians in 1687, and retaken by the Turks in 1715, who
CORIFU, a post-office of Genesee co., New York.          held it till 1823.-Adj. and inhab. CORINTHIAN, ko-rinithe-an.
CORFU, (kor-foo',) CHANNEL OF, an arm of the Mediter-    COR'INTH, a post-village and township of Penobscot co.,
ranean, between the island of Corfu and the mainland of  Maine, 20 miles N.W. of Bangor. The village is flourishing,
Epirus, about 30 miles in length from N. to S., and varying  and has 2 churches, a well-conducted academy with about 80
in breath from 2 to 16 miles. Corfu and Butrinto are the  pupils, 3 public houses, about a dozen stores, and numerous
chief towns on its banks,                                  mechanics' shops. Pop. 1600.
CORHAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.            CORINTH, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont, 20
CORI, korree, (anc. Colta,) a town of Central Italy, in the  miles S.E. of Montpelier. It has an academy, and manufaoPontifical States, 29 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 3000.       tures of boots and shoes, leather, &c. Pop. 1906.
CORIA, kofre-A, (anc. Gaufrium,) a town of Spain, 47 miles    CORINTH, a post-township of Saratoga co., New York, 52
N.N.W. of Caceres, on the Alagon. Pop. 1770. It is enclosed  miles N. of Albany, bordering on the Hudson River. P.1501.
by granite walls of Roman origin, and has a castle of the    CORINTH, a thriving post-village of Heard co., Georgia,
fifteenth century, remarkable for its solid construction, a  135 miles W. of Milledgeville.
Gothic cathedral with fine sculptures, several convents and    CORINTH, a village of Sumter co., Georgia, about 100 miles
hospitals, and a modern aqueduct. In 1812, it formed the  S.W. of Milledgeville.
winter-quarters of the troops under Lord Hill.                CORINTH, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
CORIA, a market-town of Spain, 6 miles S. of Seville, on    CORINTH, GULP OF, orGULF OF LEPANTO, (anc. Cothe Guadalquivir, noted for a manufacture of large jars for rinthilacus Sifnus,) an arm  of the Mediterranean, extending
storing oil and almonds. Pop. 3156.                        into the centre of Independent Greece, and separating the
CORIGLIANO, ko-reel-y/lno, a town of Naples, province  Morea on the S. fi-om Hellas on the N. Length, from W. to
of Calabria Citra, capital of the district, 6 miles W.N.W. of  E., 75 miles; average breadth, 15 miles. It receives numerRossaso, and 4 miles fiom the Gulf of Taranto. Pop. 8260. ous small rivers, and communicates northward with the
It is gloomy and ill built, but well supplied with water by  Gulf of Patras, by the Strait of Lepanto. The shores are
an aqueduct fiom the neighboring mountain; it has a fine  highly picturesque, and in many parts very fertile; around
castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth, caps, and soap, them are the towns of LepantoGalaxidi, Livadostro, Corinth,
with a trade in wine and fruit, the product of the vicinity. and Vostizza.
Near it is the site of Sybaris, the type of ancient luxury and    CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF, a neck of land in Greece, unit* indolence.                                                ing the Morea with Attica, between the gulfs of Corinth and
CORIGLIANO, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, dis- iEgina. Length, about 20 miles; the breadth varies fi-om
trict, and 14 miles S.S.E. of Lecce. Pop. 2160.            4 to 8 miles. Its scenery is very interesting, and on it are
CORINALDO, ko-re-nAldo, a town of Central Italy, in the  various remains of antiquity, including the Isthmian wall,
Pontifical States, between the Misa and the Cesano, 25"niles  and traces of the famous temple of Neptune. The village
W. of Ancona. Pop. 5859.                                   of Kalamaki is on its N., and Kenkris on its S. coast.
501




COR                                                           COR
CORIO, kolre-o, a market-town of the Sardinian States, and Maclise, Of O'Keefe, and of the dramatic author Sheri
20 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 5813.                          dan Knowles.
CORISCO, ko-ris/ko, a bay of Western Africa, Bight of Bin-    CORK, the most southerly and largest county of Ireland,
fra; it is 32 miles broad, and extends from Cape Esterias on  in Munster, hounded on the N. by Limerick, N.E. by Tipthe S. to Cape St. John on the N., and 14 miles inland. It  perary, E. by Waterford, and on the other sides by the Atreceives the Moonjee Angra or Danger on the N., and the  lantic Ocean. Area, 2885 square miles, or 1,846,333 acres.
Moondah on the S.                                             of which about 1,308,000 are arable, 52,180 in plantations
CORISCO, an island of Western Africa, at the mouth of  and 465,889 waste.. Pop., including the city of Cork, 618,903.
the above bay, is 12 miles long by 6 broad. Lat. 00 54' 30"  The surface is mountainous in the W. Old red sandstone
N., ion. 90 16' E.                                            and mountain limestone are the predominant rocks, with
CORK, L. Corcagia or Corragia,) a city, parliamentary bo- some seams of coal. The coast is deeply indented by some
rough, and river-port of Ireland, capital of the county of Cork, of the finest bays and harbors in the world, the principal
on the Lee, 11 miles above the entrance of Cork harbor, and  being Bantry and Dunmanus Bays, and Kilonakilty, Kin137 miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1841, 80,720; in 1851, sale, Cork, and Youghal harbors. The principal rivers are
84,485, five-sixths of whom are Roman Catholics. The city  the Blackwater, Lee, and Bandon; the first chiefly, the others
proper is built on an island formed by the Lee, which river  wholly within this county. Small lakes are numerous, and
is here crossed by 9 modern bridges, several of them elegant in many parts the scenery is highly picturesque.  From
structures.  Its main streets are broad, well paved, and  1500 to 2000 hands are employed at Allahies in raising coplighted with gas; but a large part of the city consists of  per; after which limestone is the principal mineral product.
wretched lanes, inhabited by a population in the lowest  The county is subdivided into East and West Ridings.
destitution. The houses in the more ancient quarter are  After Cork, the capital, the principal towns are Youghal,
mostly of limestone; elsewhere they are of brick, frequently  Bandon, and Kinsale.  The county sends 2 members to the
- faced with slate, and nowhere do they present much regu- IHouse of Commons. The ancient territory wasmore extenlarity of architecture. Among the most striking edifices are  sive than at present, and,previous to 1172, formed a kingthe City and County Court-houses, erected at a cost of 22,0001.,  dom under the Macarthys.
and having.-a portico, surmounted by a group of colossal    CORK, a post-village of Butts co., Georgia.
figures; the Mansion-house, on a fine walk termed the Mar-    CORK, a post-village of Ashtabula co., Ohio.
dyke; the Exchange, Commercial Buildings, Old County    CORK, a post-office of Dearborn co., Indiana.
Court-house, county and city prisons, House of Correction,   CORK  H-IAlIBOR,, a fine land-locked basin of Ireland,
Convict Dep~t, Savings Bank, North and South Infirmaries,  formed by the estuary of the Lee, which is navigable to 1Lunatic Asylum, Custom-house, Cork Royal Institution, and  miles above Cork. City.  It is large and deep enough to conthe episcopal palace of the united diocese of Cork, Cloyne,  tain the whole British navy, and has an entrance 1 mile
and Ross. The Cathedral is a plain and uninteresting build-  across, within which it expands to 8 miles in breadth. It
ing. Here are 3 large Roman Catholic churches, one of which  contains Spike and Iaulbo wline Islands, on which are artilranks as a Roman Catholic cathedral, various other places  lery barracks and varions ordnance works. Lat. 510 50, 4N
of worship, Augustine, Franciscan, Dominican, and Capu- N., Ion. 80 19' W.  On its shores are the towns of Cove and
chin monasteries, (the two latter possessing very handsome  Passage, with quays 4 miles in length, which were erected
chapels,) and two nunneries, to which are attached large  at a cost of 100,0001.
female schools. The charitable institutions comprise, besides    CORLAY, koal',,  a town of France, department of the
the infirmaries, fever, lying-in, and foundling hospitals, the  Cbtes-du-Nord, 17 miles N.W. of Louddac.  Pop. 1475.
Magdalen Asylum  and Refuge for Females, green and blue    CORLAY, IIAUT, ho kor'Ai, a village of France, adjacent
coat schools, the Monk's schools, government pawn bank, to the above town. Pbp. 1608. 
(mont de pit6,) established in 1841, and numerous o:ther    CORLEONE, koln-l-o/na, a town of Sicily, 21 miles S. of
charities of less note. The principal scientific institutions  Palermo, on a hill near the source of the Belici.  Pop.
are Queen's College, the School of Medicine and Surgery, 16,000. It is pretty well built, and has several churches
Cork Library, Philosophical Library, fine art, Cuvierinn, agri-  and convents, a royal college, prison, and hospital, wvith a
cultural, horticultural, and other societies, and the Mecha- brisk trade, chiefly with Palermo, in corn and oil
nics' Institution. Cork has several club-houses and banks, a    CORLETO, koR-lalto, a town of Naples, in the province
chamber of commerce, 3 theatres, a circus, and 3 news- of Basilecata, 23 miles S.E. of Potenzsa.
papers. Near it are cavalry and infantry barracks, adapted    COROLEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
for 2000 men, and a public cemetery. Its beautiful environs    CORLIN, (Ctrlin,) kilI-leenl, a town of Prussian Pomeare studded with country residences belonging to mer- rania, 16 miles S.W. of Ctslin.  Pop. 2430.
chants, &c. The city of Cork forms a county of itself.          CORMACHITI, ko-nl-mA-Kee/tee, (anc. Croespmyon s rom c os?The principal manufactures are of leather, iron and other  totrium,) a lofty promontory, sometimes called' Mount Cormetallic goods, glass, gloves, and paper, and there are some  machiti, on the N. of the island of Cyprus; lat. 350 23' 48/,
large breweries and distilleries; the woollen and cotton  N.; ion. 320 55, 15" E.
manufactures, formerly important, are now all but extinct.   CORMANTYN, koR-minftin. or kon-mln-tinelor CORIANThe trade is extensive; the exports consist of corn, flour, TINO, kon-man-teelno, a large and populous village of Upper
butter, and other Irish produce; the imports chiefly of  Guinea, Ashantee.  It lies on a steep hill, and is saidby the
manufactured goods from England; wines, fruits, and salt  negroes to be the old[e in the kingdom of Fantee. From the
from Portugal and the Mediterranean; and timber from the  name of this village many of the blacks in the West Indies
Baltic and North America. The custom  duties received at  are called Coromanstis.
Cork in 1848, amounted to 286,1131., in 1850, 246,4621., and    CORMANTYN, LITTLE, an abandoned Dutch fort of Westin 1851, 236,5301. In 1848, the number of vessels registered, ern Africa, on the Guinea coast, 3 miles B. of Anamaboe.
belonging to the port, was 396, tonnage, 46,453; and 20    CORMAYEUR, koa'm&yurJ, or CORMAJOR, kon-m-yornr,
steamers, tonnage, 4276. The shipping trade of Cqik, in  a village of North Italy, Piedmont, 19 miles N.N.W. of
1848, stood as follows:-                                       Aosta, on the left bank of the Dora Baltea, and 4029 feet......____________________         _    ~above the sea. Pop. 1535. It has many good houses, and is,
OUTwaRo.         aINWaD.        in summer, resorted to for the sake of its mineral springs.
~essesi. _Te.    eesl.   lae. CORME,  konlmn,  or CORINE, ko-reenuA, a small port on
Vessels.  Ton.    Vessels.  2Tons.   the.~NV. coast of Spain, in Galicia, 30 miles W. by S. of Co(casting.............a.......   1752   110s665    203   21274  runna, on a bay of the same name, which receives several
Steamers...................    286   116,593    280   112,5'-9  streass of excellent water.
Colonial...................  75    19,057'    85    23,511    CORMEILLES, koa'mA/yg or kon'maia, a market-town of
Foreign...c................. 25     42,317    5 387     63,051   France, in the department of the Oise, 15 miles N. of BeauTotal..................   2323   289,232 i  3355   411,985  vats.  Pop. 1620.
CORMEILLES,    a market-town of France in the departThe aggregate tonnagre of the shipping which entered and  ment of Eure, 38 miles W.N.W. ofEvreux.  Pop. 1390.
cleared in 1851, was 681,152 tons. The foreign export trade    CORMEl-ROYAL, konim-ro'yAll/, a town of France, departof Cork has not varied materially for many years. In 1840  nlent of Charente-Infdrleure, 9 miles W. of Sanlutes.
it amounted in value to 110,0061., in 1850 to 116,24C81., in    CORMtERY,  koa'meh-reel, a town of France, in the depart1852 to 141,0741., andin 1853 to 129,6581.                     ment of the Indre-et-Loire, 11 miles S.E. of Tours, on the
Cork communicates by steam-packets with London, Dub- left bank of the Indre.  Pop. 1048.
lin, Bristol, Liverpool, and Glasgow. Its corporation con-    CORiMICY, kon'meesseet, a market-town of France, in the
istas of a mayor, recorder, sheriff, 16 aldermen, and 48  departmuent of Marne, 10miles N.W. of Rlheims. Pop. 1500.
town-councillors, elected fl-om  its 8 wards. It is the seat    CORMONS,  kosrmons, a walled town of Illyria, in the
of assizes for the city and county of Cork, of quarter-ses- government of Triest, and 7 miles W. of Gbrz.  Pop. 3600,
sions, and a recorder's weekly court; and the head-quarters  partly engaged in silk manufactures.
of the southern military district of Ireland.  It sends two       ORtINA AD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
members to the House of Commons. Cork was built in the    CORNARD, LITTLE,    a parish of England,' co. of Suffolk.
6th century, probably by the Danes, and in the 12th ac-    CORNATE, kon-nBtO, or CORONATE, ko-ro-nAt/, a vilknowledged the sovereignty of Henry II.  After the revo- lage of Austrian Italy, 21 miles N.N.E. of Milan.  It is well
lution of 1688, it was occupied by King James II., but was  built and contains a Jesuit College.  Pop. 2000.
besieged and taken in the ytar 1690 by the then Earl of    CORN CREEK, of Conecub o., Alabama, flows into ConeMarlborough. Cork is the birthplace of the artists Barry  cub River f'om the N.
502




COR                                                            COR
CORN CREEK,  a post-office of Utah Territory.                 CORN/TON, a post-office of Cumberland co., Illinois.
CORNEGLIANO, koa-nl-y4/no, or CONI1GLIANO, ko -    CORNUCOPIA, a post-office of Carroll co., Indiana.
ieel-ygino, a market-town of the Sardinian States, 3 miles    CORNUDELLA. ko -noo-dl6/yA, a town of Spain, Catalonia,
W. of Genoa, on the Mediterranean.                            24 miles N.W. ofTarragonain a mountainous district. P. 1637.
CORNEGLIANO, a market-town of the Sardinian States,    CORNUS, ko!lniicel, a market-town of France, departin Piedmont, 26 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 1814.               ment of Aveyoaon, on the Boras, 15 miles E.S.E. of S.
CORNEILLE-LA- RIVI]]RE,  koanail/-l1-ree've-aia1,  a  Affrique.
town of France, in the department of the Pyr6ndes-Orientales,    COIRNVILLE, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on
arrondissementof Perpignan.                                   an affluent of the Kennebec, about 40 miles N. by E. of
CORINELLY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.            Augusta. Pop. 1260.
CORI/NEi GUM, a post-office of Currituck co., North    CORN/WALL,* a co. of England, forming its S.W. extreCarolina.                                      -              niity,, enclosed on all sides by the sea, except on the E.
COR/NER IN/LET, of Australia, New South Wales; lat.  whern it is mostly separated firom  Devonshire by the river
380 471 S., lon. 1460 20' E., behind Wilson's Promontory.     Tamar. Length, 78 miles; breadth, 43 miles. Area, 866,474,
COR/NERSBURG, a post-village in Mahoning co., Ohio, acres, of which 650,000 are estimated to be arable, pasture,
about 5 miles N. of Canfield.                                 and meadow lands. Pop. in 1851, 355,558. The surfitce is
COR/NERSVILLE, a post-village near the N.E. extremity  intersected, from W. to E., by a ridge of rugged and bleak
of Marshall co.. Mississippi.                                 hills, and very scantily timbered, but it has some very picCORNERSVILLE, a post-village of Giles co., Tennessee,  turesque and fertile valleys.  William of Worcester states,
is situated in a rich and beautiful valley. It has 3 stores.   that between Mount's Bay and the Scilly Islands, there had.CORNERSVILLE, a post-village in Graves co., Kentucky,  been woods and meadows, and arable lands, and 140 parish
about 250 miles S.W. of PFrankfort.                           churches, which, before his time, were submerged by the
CORNERSVILLE, a small village of Saline co., Illinois.   ocean; and the sub-marine forests show, in this tract, a
CORNETO, koR-nul/to, (anc. Cornetum?) a maritime town  subsidence of at least 12 feet.  On the northern coast, a
of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, 12 miles N. of  considerable extent of surface has been overwhelmed with
Civita Vecchia, on a lofty height, bordering the Mlediterra-  sand, covering hills of several hundred feet in height.
nean, and 1 miles from  the ruins of Tarquinii, to which  The shores are greatly indented by inlets of the sea, the
city it succeeded in the sixth century, as a bishop's see. Pop. principal of which are St. Ives and Padstow, harbors on
3800. It has a Gothic cathedral of the ninth century, with a  the Irish Sea; and on the English Channel, St. Blazey
fine dome and various antiques; many private houses and  Bay, Falmouth Harbor, and Mount's Bay, between the
churches are built, partly with materials firom  the ancient  promontories of the Lizard and Land's End. Principal RiTarquinii. In the chapel of one of its convents, Madame Mere, vers, the Tamar, Lynher, Towey, Fal, and Camel or Alan.
the mother of Napoleon, and Cardinal Fesch, are buried.        Corn and potatoes are the chief crops, and agriculture has
COR/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.            lately improved.  The pilchard fishery employs capital,
CORN/FOIRTII, a township of England, co. of Durham.         varying from 200,000/. to 250,000/. Cornwall is rich in meCORN GROVE, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.           tals; its tin-mines have been known and wrought from
CORN/IIILL, a chapelry of England co. of Durham, 2 miles  remote antiquity.  The great metallic district extends from
E. of Coldstream. Its castle was twice destroyed by the Scots. Dartmoor in Devonshire, on the E., to the Land's End, on
CORNIA, kon/ne-1, a river of Tuscany, enters the Mediter- the W. Tin is found most abundantly in the St. Just,
ranean, 3 miles E. of Piombino. Length, 24 miles. Its basin  St. Ives, and St. Austell districts; copper in the districts of
is remarkable for volcanic phenomena, tprings of carbonic  Gwennap, Redruth, Camborne, Breague, Marazion, and
acid, and mineral wtJters.                                    Gurnunear.  Silver, lead, zin., iron, manganese, antimony,
CORNIGLIANO.  Sse ConrEGLIANO.                              cobalt, bismuth, are also found in varsious localities. Tbe
CORNIGLIO, kon-neel/yo, a town of Italy, 25 miles S.S. capital invested in the Cornish mines is estimated at nearly
W. of Parma, at the confluence of the Beatica and Parma   2,500,000/., and about 71.000 hands are emnployed. The BoRivers. It has cavalry barracks, and a medical school. P. 5335. tallach copper-mine is situated close to Cape Cornwall, a few
CORNIMONT-HORNENBERG, koR'nee'mnte!/ hoR'nlNG-  miles N. of Land's End, on a shore exposed to the full fury
baiR/, a town of France, department of Vosges. Pop. 2720.   of the Atlantic.  The workings are on the very verge of the
CORN/ING, a flom~ishing post-village and township, capital cliff, and descending beneath the sea, are carried 480 feet
of Canisteo co., New York, 103 miles N.W. of New York. The  beyond low-water mark. The dashing of the iyaves is disvillage is beautifully situated on Chemung Diver, and on the  tinctly heard by the miner at his work, and in stormy
New York and Erie Railroad, at the terminus of the Chemung  weather the large stones driven towards the beach grate
Canal, 18 miles W. of Elmira. The Corning and Blossburg  upon each other with a noise resembling thunder. The
Railroad connects it with the bituminous coal regions of average annual produce of tinll is about 4000 tons, and that
Pennsylvania. In 1853, 9,444,000 square feet of timber, of copper 12,000 tons. The actual produce of fine copper in
77,559,000 of lumber, 6,959,000 shingles, 298 tons of staves,'1847 and 1848, was 12,87'0 tons, obtained from 155,616 tons
and24,724 of coal, were shipped at this point, and the business  of ore. Nearly all the ores are sent into South Wales to
is rapidly increasing. The village contains 5 churches, a  be smelted. About 5000 tons of soapstone, and 7000 tons
court-house, erected the past year, 2 banks, 5 hotels, 2 print- of porcelain clay, are shipped annually from  Cornwall for
ing offices, and upwards of 50 stores, including 9 for dry- the potteries.  The exports are nearly confined to msngoods. It has also 7 railroad depat$, 3 of which are manu- ing produce and  ish.  Cornwall, including the Scilly
factoring deplts, 1 canal warehouse, 5 lumber offices, 3  Islands, is subdivided into 9 hundreds. Before the Refobrm
wholesale and retail coal offices, 2 large iron foundries, and  Act, it contained 20 boroughs, each sending two members to
manufactures ofrailroad-cars, wagons and carriages, cabinet- Ithe HIouse of Commons. It now, with its towns, returns 10
ware, boots and shoes, cigars, lime, bricks, &c. Pop. at the  members, including two for each division of the county. Its
time of its incorporation in 1848, 1726; in 18155, 4000.      principal towns are Bodmin, Truro, Launceston, Falmoutlh,
COR/NISH,  a: post-township of York co., Maine, on the  Penryn, and Penzance. This part of Britain was not subSaco River, 60 iMiles S.W. ofn Augusta. Pop. 1144.            dued by the Saxons till the time of Athelstan, and its verCORNISH, apost-township of Sullivan co., New Hampshire, nacular language (the Cornish, a dialect of the Celtic,) bhas
on the Connecticut, 50 miles N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1006.   become extinct only during the present century.  The disCORNISH  FLAT, a post-office of Sullivan co., New  trict contains many Druidical stones andother rude moHampshire.                                                    numents, as also ruins  of baronial castles. Cornwall forms
CORNISH VILLAGE, a post-village of York co., Maine,  a royal duchy, settled on the eldest son of the sovereign,
on the Saco River, 36 miles from  its mouth.  It has 2  who, accordingly, to his other titles adds that of "Duke of
chus'ches.  a high school;t and 6 stores. Pop. about 300.     Cornwall." — Adj. Coef/xs[n;  inhab. COrIJNISHMAN.
COR/NISHVILLE,  a thriving post-village of Mercer co..    COR1N/YALL, a county of Van Diemen's Land. It is war
Kentucky, on Champlain River, about 8 miles W. of Htar-  tered by the North and South Elk and other streams.  Its
rodsburg; - The waterpower of the river is employed in saw   principal mountain., DBenlomond, is 4200 feet in height.
and grist mills.                                                CO0NWALL,  a post-village asd township of Addison co.,
CORNISIIVILLE'a village of McHlenry co., Illinois, about  Vermont, on the WV side of Otter' Creek, about 40 miles
200 miles N.N.E.  of SpAingfield.                             S.W. of Montpelier. Pop, 1155.
C01NO4 MONTE; mln/tt k6ssno, or MONTE  CAVALLO,                CORNWALL, a post-village and township of Litchfield co.,
mmntA  ka-val/io,:  called, also, GRAN-SASSOD' ITALIA,  Connecticut, on the E. side of iloisatonic River, and on the
grou-sas~so-de-tOtle/-,(the "Great Rock of Italy,") a moun- IRousatonic Railroad, 40 miles W. by N. of Hartford.  It
tain of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra, about 70 miles  contains the villages of Cornwall Bridge and West CornE.N.E. of Rlome, lat. 420 27' N., ion. 130 38' EB. It is the  wall.  Pop. 2041.
highest peakl of, the Apennines, its summit being 9519 feet    CORNWALL, a post-village and township of Orange co.
above sea level. Snow lies on it nine months in the year.   New York, 90 miles S. of Albany, berdering on the Hudson
CORNOOUAILLES   ko1nnoo-wMl/, a former  district of  Rver. Pop 4471
France, in Lonwer RBrittany, now comprised in the depart-    CORNWhALL, apost-township ofLebanonco.,Pennsylvania.
ments of binistbre,Cotes-du-Nord, and Morbihan. Its crapitaOl was Quisoper Cosenton                                       Corrupted from Cornu Gallies, i. e. " the horn or extremity. CORN/PLANTER, a post-township in the central part of          o      I  le  anner  Wales (called Gallcs by the French)
Venango co., Pennsylvania, on the northern side of the  is derived from Gallia —the Welsh nation being a remnant of tie
Alleghany Itiver.: Pop. 693.:                          ancient Geuls.
503




COR                                                         COR
CORNWALL, a town of Nova Scotia, King's co., on an in-    COROWAUGIT, korlo-waw, a post-office of Isle of Wight,t of the Bay pf Fundy, 50 miles N.W. of Halifax.          co., Yirginia.
CORNWALL,  a county-town of the cos. of Stormont, Dun-   CORPACH, kor-pAk, a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
das, and Glengarry, situated at the mouth of the Cornwall on the E. bank of the Loch'Eil, 21 miles N. of Fort William
Canal, in Canada West, 82 miles S.W. of Montreal, and 120  It is situated at the entrance of the Caledonian Canal,
miles from Kingston. It contains 4 stores, saw and flour formed by a series of 11 locks, including the sea-loclk. Eight
mills, and several hotels. Pop. about 1500.                of these are within 1~ miles of the sea, and are called "NepCORNWALL BRIDGE, a post-village in Cornwall town-  tune's Staircase."  On a hill hard by is a monument to Coship, Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the Housatonic Rail-  lonel Cameron, who fell at Quatre Bras, June 15, 1815,
road, on the W. side of the HIousatonic River, about 43  Pop. in 1851, 1060.
miles W. by N. of Hartford.  It contains a blast-furnace, be-   CORPS, koR, a town of France, department of Is're, on
sides other manufacturing establishments. There is a bridge  the Drac, 28 miles S.S.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1414.
over the river at this place, from which it derives its name.    CORPS-NUDS LEs-TRoIs-MAIsoNs,   koa.niidl -trwAi-mAe0se',
CORNWALL IHIOLLOW, a post-office of Litchfield co., Con-  a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 10 miles S.E,
necticut.                                                   of Rennes. Pop. 2342.
CORNWALL ISLAND, an island of New Shetland, in the    CORPUS CHRISTI, kor/pus krisftee, a post-village, capital
South Atlantic; 1at. 610 S., ion. 540 28' W.                of Nueces co., Texas, and on the bay of the same name, at
CORNWALL ISLAND, an island in the Mluigrave Archi-  the mouth of Nueces River, 230 miles S.W. of Galveston.
pelago, in the Pacific, N. of Radack Island.                It is a place of active trade, and has steamboat communicaCORNWALL ISLAND, in British North America, in the  tion with New Orleans.  Pop. 1200.
Arctic Ocean, E. of Bathurst Island; lat. 650 N., ion. 950 W.    CORPUS CHRISTI BAY, a lagoon of North America, in
CORNWALL LANDING, a village on the Hudson River, Texas, co. of Refugio, lat. 270 30, N., Ion. 980 WV., forming
8 miles below Newburg, and at the N. termination of the  the N. extremity of the Laguna del Madre, and separated by
Highlands.                                                  nustang Island from  the Gulf of Mexico, with which it
CORNWALL, NEW, a name given to a portion of the WV. communicates by Aransaso and Corpus Christi inlets. At
coast of North America, on the Pacific Ocean, between New  its W. extremity it receives the river Nueces.
Norfolk and New Hanover, extending from lat. 540 to 570 N.,   COR/PUSTY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
and from about ion. 1300 to 1360 W., and belonging partly    CORRAL DE ALMAQUER, kon-RAl! dl al-ma-kail;, a town
to the British and partly to the Russians. It is traversed  of Spain, province, and 45' miles E.S.E. of Toledo, in a fertile
in its whole length by a branch of the Rocky Mountains. plain near the Rianzares. Pop. 3378.
On the coast are numerous islands, among which are those    CORRAL DE  CALATRAVA, koa-agl dA k[-l&-trlva, a
of the Prince of Wales and Duke of York. The climate near  town ofNewCastile, 8 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1315.
the sea is mild. Slate quarries are found, and there are    CORRALES, ko.-RA/lls, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 52
several hot springs.                                       miles E.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 1671.
CORN/WALLVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., New    COR'REGAUMI, a village of British India, presidency of
York, 38 miles S.S.W. of Albany.                           Bombay, 17 miles N.E. of Poonah, on the Beemah, and meCORNIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.           morable for an obstinately and successfully contested action,
CORNWELL TURNOUT a post-office of Chester co., South  fought on December 31,1817, by a few British troops, against
Carolina.                                                  the whole army of the Peshwa, estimated at 20,000 cavalry
CORN/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            and several thousand infantry, mostly Arabs.
CORN/WORTIHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            CORREGIO, kon-ald/jo, a town of Northern Italy, duchy
CO/RO, a maritime city of South America, in Venezuela,  of Modena, 9 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 4000. It is remarkof which it was once the capital, now capital of a province, able as the birthplace of Antonio Allegri, commonly known
in a sandy plain near the Gulf of Maracaybo, 155 miles  as Corregio.
W.N.W. of Valenci a. Pop. 4000. It is meanly built, and has    CORR'ESE, koaR-MR!s, a village of Central Italy, Pontifical
few public edifices; its trade with the West India, Islands  States, 18 miles S.S.W. of Rieti, near a river of the same name,
has greatly declined.                                       on the site of the famous ancient city of Cures, capital of
COR'OFIN! or CUR'OFIN!, a market-town of Ireland, in  the Sabines.
Munster, co. of Clare, 13 miles S.W. of Gort. Pop. 007. It    CORR~ZE, koalanaiz, or koan'iz/, a river of France, rises
is ill built, and not thriving. It has petty sessions every  in the mountains of Monedilres, in the department of CorWVednesday, and 7 annual fairs.                             r~ze, flows S.W. and joins the Vezhre at St, Pantaleon, after
COROLI/NA, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi.   a course of about 50 rmiAles.
COROMANDEL, koro-man/del, a harbor on the E. coast of    CORR~ZE, a department of France. formed of part of the
New Ulster, an island of the New Zealand group, on the W. old province of Limousin, near its centre, between the departside of the peninsula terminating in Cape Colville, which  ments of Creuse, TIaute-Vienne, Dordogne, Lot, Cantal, and
forms the estuary of the Thames. Lat. 360 46' S., ion. 1750  Puy-de-DSme, and between lat. 440 55' and 450 40' N. Asrei,
27' E.                                                      2218 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 320,864.  Surface hilly.
COR'OMANtDEL COAST, in India, extends along the side  Principal rivers, the Dordogne and Vezbre, of which latter
of the peninsula, through nearly 6 degrees of iat., from Point the CorrBze is an affluent.  Soil poor. Corn is raised for
Calymere to the mouth of the river Kistnah. It has no good  exportation, but many of the population subsist on chestharbor, and is heavily surf-beaten. The cities of Madras, nut flour. Cattle are reared for the Paris markets. Other
Tranquebar, and Pondicherry, and the towns of Sidras, chief products are timber, coal, iron, copper, lead, and millCuddalore, Cartical, and Negapatam are on this coast.       stones. It is divided into the 3 arrondissements of Tulle,
CORON, a seaport-town of Greece.  See KonoN.             the capital, Brive, and Ussel.
CORONA, ko-rolng, a hamlet of Northern Italy, govern-    CORRRZE, a town of France, department of Corrkze, 9
ment of Venice, 15 miles N.WV. of Verona.  Celebrated for a  miles N.E. of Tulle. Pop. in 1852,1760.
battle between the French and Austrians, January 15, 1797.   CORRIB, LOUGH, 1Bh kor/rib, a large lake of Ireland, in
CORONADA, ko-ro-nuo'l, a town of Spain, in Estremsn-  Connaught, co., and 3 miles N. of Galway. The shape is very
dura, province of Badajos, on a rocky plain near the Sujar. irregular. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 20 miles; the breadth
Pop. 1407.                                                  varies from 1 mile to 6 miles. Area, 43,485 acres. It conCORONATA, ko-ro-ndt, an island of Dalmatia, in the  tains numerous islets, receives the Clare and other rivers,
Adriatic, 18 miles S. of Zara. Length, from N.W. to S.E.. 15  with the surplus water of loughs Mark and Carra, and dismiles; greatest breadth, 11 miles. Surface mountainous. charges its own surplus by the Galway River into Galway
The inhabitants. are eniployed in rearing sheep, making   Bay. On its banks are the towns of Cong and Oughterard.
cheese, fishing, and trading in wine and olive oil. It has    CORRIENTES, koR-ce-8n1t6s, a department of the Plata
one village, and three tolerable harbors.                   Confederation, mostly between lat. 270 and 300 S., and ion.
CORONATE. See CORNATE.                                    570 and 590 W., having E. and S. the Missiones and Entre
CORONA/TION GULF, in the Arctic Ocean, in British  Rios, and VW. the river Paranna, which river also separates it
North America, is W. of Victoria Land and Kent Peninsula. on the N. from Paraguay.  Estimated area, 20,000 square
Lat. 680 30' N., ion. 1100 Wi.                              miles, and population firom 35,000 to 40,000. Surface on the
CORONATION ISLAND, in New South Shetland, in the  S. undulating, fertile, and wooded; in the N. swampy, and
South Atlantic Ocean, is in lat. 560 32' S., ion. 460 52 WV. It  comprising the Lake Ybara. Products, maize, cotton, suwas discovered in 1821.                                     gar, indigo, tobacco, and a kind of silk, (seta sylvestre.)
CORONATION ISLAND, in Russian America, VW. of Prince  Chief towns, Corrientes and St. Lucia. Corrientes, the capiof Wales's Archipelago. It was discovered by Vancouver in  tel, is situated on the Parann, near the confluence of the
the last century'                                           Pasauay.   Lat. 270 27'31" S.; lon. 580 46' W. Pop. 45,000.
CORONDA, ko-ron/di, a town in the province of Santa F6, A river, same state, and several capes in Cuba, Mexico, and
Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 36 miles from the city of  New Granada, have same name.
Sanita F. Pop. 2000.                                          CORRIEVIEREKIN, CORRYRECIfKAN, cor-re-vrak/kan,
CORONIL, ko-ro-neelt, a town of Spain, 24 miles S.E. of  or CORItYIBRECCIIAN, kor're-brZk/tan, a formidable whirlSeville, on a crown-shaped hill, (whence its name,) with  pool off the WV. coast of Scotland, between the islands of
ruins of a Moorish castle. Pop. 3920.                      Jura and Scarba, occasioned by the tide-stream  being opCOROORA or CORURA, ko-roofrA, an island in the North  posed by a pyramidal rock, which rises 15 fathoms below
Pacific Ocean, one of the Pelew group, about lat. 70 30' N., the surface.
Ion. 1350 E.                                                 CORfRINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
504




COR                                                        COR
CORRINGIHAM, GREAT and LITTLE, a parish of Eng-    CORSICA/NA, a thriving post-village, capital of Navarro
land, co. of Lincoln.                                      co., Texas, on the main road from Austin City to NorthCORMISKIN. LOCH, a small lake of Scotland, in the  eastern Texas, 180 miles N.N.E of Austin City. Corsicana
Isle of Skye, near its S. coast, 12' miles S. of Portree. Length  has a seminary and 4 or 5 stores. Pop. in 1853, about 400.
from  N. to S. about 2 miles, by  mile across. It is very    CORSICO, koR/se-ko, a village of Lonmbardy, 4- miles S.W.
deep, contains several islets, and is finely described by Sir of Milan, on the Naviglio Grande. It is the depot for the
Walter Scott, in the "Lord of the Isles."                  best cheese, called parsesan or grana, made in the pro.
CORROPOLI, koR-noplo-lee, a town of Naples, province of  vinces of Milan and Pavia.
Abruzzo Ultra I., 14 miles N.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 2000.      CORSILEY, a village and parish of England, co. of Wilts,
CORSE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.           3 miles N.W. of Warminster. Pop. 1621.
CORSE, CAPE, the N. point of the island of Corsica.        CORSO, koilso, or COIRSE, koRs, (anc. Promontotrium &SdCORSEICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         cs-nm,) a cape forming the N. extremity of Corsica; lat.
COR'SENSIDE, a parish of England, co. Northumberland. 430 01 35"l N., ion. 90 23' 3"l E.
CORSEUL, kon'sull, (anc. Fenanum  Jlarltis,) a village of    CORSO, an island on the W. coast of Patagonia, about 8
France, department of CStes-du-Nord, 26 miles E. of St. miles long, lat. 490 48' S., Ion. 750 34/ W.
Brieuc, with 4236 inhabitants, and numerous Roman re-   CORSOER, or KORSOR, (Korsbr,) kor/sdJaamaritime town
mains.                                                     of Denmark, province of Seeland on the Great Belt opposite
CORSE!WALL POINT, a headland of Scotland, on its  Nyborg, with 1600 inhabitants, an old castle, a small port,
S.W. coast, co. of Wigton, 12 miles N. of Port Patrick, with  and a ferry station. It communicates by railway with Co.
a light-house having an elevation 112 feet; lat. 550 1' N., ion. penhagen, 61 miles N.N.E.
50 9, W.                                                     CORS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
CORI/SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, with a    CORISTONE-HACKIET, a parish of England, co. Worcester.
station on the Great Western IR ailway, 4 miles S.W. of Chip-   COR'STORPHINEI, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.
penham. Itsparsonage-house was formerly apriory. The seat    CORTACHY, korltt-kee', and CLOIVA, two conjoined paof Lord Methven contains a choice collection of paintings.   rishes of Scotland, co. of Forfar, the village of Cortachy being
CORSICA, korlse-ka, (anc. Cysrnos, afterward  Corlsica, 7V miles N.W. of Forfar. Pop. 867. They comprise a very
Fr. Cbrse, kons,) an island in the Mediterranean, situated  picturesque portion of the Grampians; and contain Corbetween lat. 410 20' and 430 N., and lon. 8~ 30' and 90 30, E. tachy Castle, the seat of Lord Airlie. and Clova Hiouse.
separated S. from  Sardinia, by the Strait of Bonifacio, 10    CORTAILLOD, ko'tdth'yo/  or koR't~h'yodl, a village and
miles wide. It is somewhat irregular in shape, but toler- parish of Switzerland, 5 miles S.W. of Neufchatel. Pop. 1070.
ably compact, except towards the N., where it terminates    CORTALE. kon-tNlA, a town of Naples, province of Calain a long and narrow tongue of land, about 22 miles long, bria Ultra II., 9 miles W.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 3030.
by about 6 miles broad.  Greatest length, from N. to S.,   CORITA MADEIRA, a town of Marin co., California.
110 miles; greatest breadth, near its centre, 53 miles; area,    CORTI, koact/, a town of Corsica, near its centre, 31 miles
3377 square miles.  The E. coast is remarkable for its  S.W. of Bastia. Pop. in 1852, 4719. It is defended by a
uniformity, presenting a line which is broken in only one  strong castle, and has a polytechnic school, called the
or two places by comparatively small indentations. To  School of Paoli, a hospital, and trade in corn and wine.
this the W. coast presents a striking contrast, a number of  Near it are extensive quarries of jasper and marble.
deep bays following each other in rapid and almost unin-    CORTE DEL PALASIO, koR-tA dSl p-lhl/se-o, a village of
terrupted succession. Of these, the most important, pro- Austrian Italy, 4miles N.E. of Lodi. Pop. 1380.
ceeding from N. to S., are the Gulfs of St. Fiorenzo, Calvi,   CORTEGANA, kon-tA-g&/nA, a fortified town of Spain, 43
Porto, Liscia, Ajaccio, and Valinco. The interior is tra- miles N.N.E. of Huelva, at the foot of the Sierra Aracena.
versed by a mountain chain, which has its principal direc- Its parish chinch is built of marble.
tion N. and S., but throws out several lateral branches,    CORTEMAGGIORE,  kon'ta-mAd-jolr /,  (anc. Casltrum
particularly to the N.W. The culminating point, Monte  Lauosi? or Clu/ria  f!ajoss?) a town of Italy, duchy of Paraa,
Itotondo, near the centre of the island, has a height of  15 miles E. by S. of Piacenza, on the Arda. Pop. 2000.
9054 feet, while several of the other summits considerably    CORTEMARCQ, kosctA~m~ntk/, a market-town of Belgium,
exceed 7000 feet, and the greater part of the year are covered  province of West Flanders, 15 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop.
with snow. From the E. and W. sides of the chain, nume- 4015, who manufacture woollen fabrics.
rous streams descend to the opposite sides of the coast.   CORTEMIGLIA, koa-tA-meel/yA, a town of the Sardinian
They are mere torrents; short and rapid, and altogether  States, in Piedmont, divided into two parts by the Bormida,
unfit for navigation. Along with the other torrents which  34 miles S.W. of Alessandria.
take the same direction, they have accumulated large quan-   CORTE-OLONA, kor/tA-o-lo/nA, a town of Austrian Italy,
titles of debris and alluvium, which, preventing the egress  government of Milan, 11 miles S.S.E. of Pavia, on the Olona.
of the waters, have gradually formed, on the E. coast, a  Pop. 1330.
l(mg series of lagoons and morasses, and made that part of    CORTERATE. See CouTRAs.
the island very unhealthy; but, with this exception, the    CORTES, koR/tts, a town of Spain, province of Navarre,
climate is one of the finest in Europe. The heat is some-  12 miles S.E. of Tudela, near the Ebro. Pop. 960.
times excessive, but the sky is generally clear, and the air    CORTES-DE-ARENOSO, koeitis-dA-A-rA-no/so, a town of
bracing. Owing to the mountainous nature of the surface, Yalencia, 28 miles N.W. of Castellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 1775.
the greater part of it necessarily remains in a state of nature,    CORTES DE LA FRONTERA, konR/ts dA 1 fron-tWrA, a
covered with primeval forests, or, when not absolutely naked  town of Spain, 48 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 2970. It
and barren, clothed with herbage well fitted for the rearing  has manufactures of leather.
of young cattle. Numerous valleys, however, lie between    CORTES DE LA FRONTERA, a bay on the S.W. coast of
the lofty ridges, and sometimes plains of considerable ex- the island of Cuba.
tent occur, the soil of which is generally fertile, and well   CORTETZ, koic-tttst, or CORTITZ, koR-tits', an island of
adapted for the growth of all the ordinary cereals. Not less  Russia. government of, and 39 miles S. of Yekaterinoslav,
than one-seventh of the whole surface is devoted to the cul- formed by the Dnieper. It stands 165 feet above the level
ture of grain, and a return of twenty-fold is not uncommon. of the river, and is surrounded on all sides by masses of
Rearing live stock is the chief branch of industry; next to  granite which make it without the aid of art almost imcattle, the chief products are timber, honey, wax. olive-oil, pregnable;  It was early selected by the Zaporog Cossacks
the fruits of Italy and the South of France, and fish, which  as the site of their celebrated Setcha; and on their removal,
latter are, however, mostly taken by Genoese and Neapolitan  in 1784, to the banlks of the IKooban by Catharine II., was
fishermen. Corsica is rich in minerals, but few mines are  settled by a colony of Germans composed entirely of Pruswrought; and manufactures are nearly limited to the pro- sian Mennonites.
duction of coarse woollens, hardwares, and leather.          CORTINA, kon-teefnu, a town of Austria, duchy of Tyrol,
From  the Phoenicians, its first colonists, the island took  on the Botta, heorecrossed by a fine bridge, 64 miles S.E. of
the name of Cyrnos; and firom the Romans that of Corsica.  Innspruck.  Pop. 2700.
On the decline of the Roman Empire it was seized by    CORTLAND, kirt.land, a county near the centre of New
the Goths, and passed from them to the Saracens. In 1481, York, has an area of about 480 square miles. It is drained
it fell under the dominion of the Genoese, who retained it, by  Tioughnioga and Orselic Rivers, and other smaller
with some interruption, till 1755, when a great part of it streams. which afford valuable water-power.  The surface
was wrested from  them, and made independent, by the  is moderately uneven, and the soil is principally a gravelly
celebrated General Paoli. It was ceded to France (of which  loam, well adapted to both grazing and tillage. Iron ore,
it forms a department) by the Genoese in 1768. Paoli and  sulphur springs, and salt springs have been found. OrganNapoleon were born in the island. The department is di- ized in 1802, having been formed from part of Onondaga
vided into the 5 arrondissements of Ajaccio, Bastin, Calvi, county, and named in honor of the Van Cortlandt family,
Corte, and Sartena. In1848, a light-house was erected on the  early and distinguished emigrants from  Holland. Capital,
island Giraglia, off the N. point of Corsica, in lat. 430 1 45"  Cortland village. Pop. 25,140.
N., ion. 900 24' 17" E. Pop. in 1852, 2.36,251, mostly of Italian    CORTLAND, a post-township of Westchester co., New
descent.-Adj. and inhab. ConsoczAN, kor/se-kan.            York, on Croton and Hudson Rivers, 100 miles S. of Albany,
CORISICA, a thriving  post-village of Jefferson co., Penn-  intersected by the Hudson River Railroad. Pop. 7758.
sylvania, 177 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.  It contained in    CORTLAND, a post-office of Newton co., Texas.
1850. alout 150 inhabitants.                                CORTLAND or COURTLAND,- a post-township in Kent
CORSICA, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio.              co., Michigan, 170 miles W. by N. of Detroit. Pop. 406.
505




COR                                                           COS
CORTLAND, a post,-office of Jackson co., Indiana.           co.. Indiana; and fornmerly the capital of the state, is situCORTLAND  VILLAGE, a post-village in Cortlandville  ated On Indian Creek, 115 miles S. of Indianapolis, and 24
township, capital of Cortland co., New York, on the Tiough-  miles W. of Louisville, in Kentucky.  The seat of governnioga River, and on the Syracuse and  Binghamton Rail-  ment was removed from this place to Indianapolis, in 1824,
road, 143 miles W. by S. of Albany.  It contains, besides  after which event the prosperity of Corydon declined, and
the county buildings, churches for the Presbyterians, Rap- it remained stationary for a considerable period. But within
tists, Methodists, and  Universalists,  several newspaper  a few years an improvement has taken place, and it is now
offices, one or two academies, and a paper mill. There are  a flourishing village. A plank-road, 20 miles long, extends
over 200 dwellings, some of which are elegant edifices.       firom Corydon to New Albany, on the Ohio. The village conCORT'LANDVILLE, a post-township of Cortland co., New   tains 4 churches, 1 academy, about 15 stores, and several
York, on the Syracuse and Binghamton  Railroad, 33 miles  mills. Pop. in 1853, about 650.
S. of Syracuse, drained by the Tioughnioga River. Pop. 4203.    CORYDON, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa.
CORITON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.                 COIRYTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
CORTONA, koR-to/n&, (anc. Coriytuss or Cor/ythut, after-    CORYTUM  or CORYTHUS.  See CORTONA.
wards Core'ea,) a town of Tuscany, in ancient times one of    COS, KOS, kRs, or STANCHIO, stnl/ke-o, an island of
the 12 principal cities of Etruria, province, and 50 miles S.E. Asiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, 21 miles long and 5
of Florence, on a hill facing the lake of Thrasymene.  Pop.,  miles in breadth. A lofty mountain range rises on the S.
exclusive of suburbs, 3400. Its ancientOyclopean walls, sup-  coast; the rest of the island is a beautiful and fertile plain,
posed to have been erected 3000 years ago, remain perfect in  with a delightful climate. Produce, corn, cotton, silk, and
two-thirds of their extent.  Around the city, and in its nu-  wines, fruit, and formerly flocks of sheep. Cos, the only
merous museums, are a g'eat variety of Etruscan and some  town in the island, is beautifully situated, and its port much
Iloman antiquities; and Cortona has a cathedral of the tenth  frequented by merchant vessels. In ancient times the island
century, which, like many of its other churches, contains  was celebrated for a temple to Esculapsus, and was the
fine works of art, also a castle built by the Medici, a famous  birthplace of Hippocrates, Apelles the painter, and Ariston
academy of sciences, founded in 1726, a theatre, and trade  the philosopher. — Adj. and inhab. CoAN, koan.
in wine and olives.                                             COSALA, ko-silg, a town of the Mexican Confederation,
CORiTON-DEN/I1IAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  state of Cinaloa, 80 miles N.E. of Mazatlan.  Near it is a go'idCORTORIACUMI. See COURTrIA.                                 mine, exceedingly rich, but not worked at present. Pop. 6000.
CORTSIVILLE, a small village in Clarke co., Ohio. P. 48.   COSIBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
CORUCIE, ko-roolshA, a town of Portugal, province of    COSCILE, ko-shee/lI, or SIBARI, seel/i-re, (anc. SIbIAlemtejo, on the Erria, 50 miles E.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2520. aris,) a river of Naples, province of Calabria Cita: after an
CORUISKI(, LOCH, ioni ko-roofishk, a small lake of Scot- E. course of about 20 miles it joins the Crati 4 miles from
land, Isle of Skye. 12 miles S. of Portree, from 1 to 2 miles  the Gulf of Taranto, and near the site of the ancient city of
in length. by I mile in breadth.                              Sybaris.
CORUN/NA, (Sp. Coroda, ko-roonly, F.r. Corogne, ko'rol/,    COSEL or KOSEL, (Clsel or Ktsel,) koisel, a fortified town
L. Coreo/nium?) a fortified city and seaport of Spain, capital of  of Prussian Silesia, 26 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln, on the left
a province ofits own name, in the baysofBetanzos and El Fer- bank of the Oder. Pop. 3600. 
rol of the Atlantic,) 320 miles N.W. of Madrid. Lat. (Fort St.   COSENZA, ko-smnlz/i, (anc. Cossenfti,) a city of Naples,
Antonio).430 22' 5' N., ion. 8 22' 7" W. Pop. 19,415. It stands  capital of the province of Calabria Citra, at the confluence
on the E. side of a small peninsula, and consists of an upper  of the rivers Crati and Busento, 12 miles E. of the Mlediterand a lower town, the former having the citadel, and the  ranean, 29 miles S.W. of Rossano. Pop. 13,847. It is enclosed
latter containing the theatre, custom-house, reading-room,  by walls, and has an old castle now converted into barracks,
palace of the captain-general, court-house, arsenal, and bar- a sfine court-house, a cathedral, diocesan seminary, royal colracks.  Its harbor is safe. and defended on the E. by Fort  lege, theatre, large foundling asylum, academies of science
San Diego, and W. by Fort San Antonio.  North of it is the  and literature, manufactures of earthenware and cutlery,
tower of lIercules, a light-house 92 feet in height, on a  an active trade ii silk, rice, wine, manna, flax, &c. Cosontia
Roman foundation. A great part of its population is emn-  was anciently the capital of the Bruttii. It submitted to
ployed in the herring  and pilchard fishery on the coast. th: Romans, antl was taken by Hannibal, from whom  the
The vessels entered the port in 1846, were 89, tonnage  Romanis  recaptured  it soon  after.   Alaric, the Goth,
14,063; cleared 138, tonnage 22,491.  Principal nianufac-  laid siege to it in 410, but died before its walls, and was intures, linen goods, hats, cordage, canvas, and segars-in the  terred by his scldiers in the bed of the Busento.  It was
manufacture of which last, 1500 females are employed. Some  aifterwards  sacked by the Saracens, who were expelled in
ship-building is carried on, and it lis a school of navigation.  turn by the Northmen, who, having founded the kingdon
From this port the Spanish Armada set sail in 1588, and near  of the Two Sicilies in 1130, made Cosenza the capital of Cathis, on the heights of Elvinn, the French were  defeated,  labria Citra.
January 16,1809, by the troops under Sir John Moore, who    COSFELLD  or KOSFELD, (Cbsfeld or KRsfeld,) hbseflit,  a
was mortally wounded in the action. There is regular steam   town of Prussian Westphalia, 20 miles W. of Miinster, with
communication with Southasmpton in summner.                   some fortifications.  Pop. 3510.
CORUNINA,    a thriving post-village, capital of Shiawassee   COSFELD or KOSFELD, a parish and village of Prussian
co., Michigan, on both sides of the Shiawassee River, 85  Westphalia.  Pop. 3000.
miles N.W. of Detroit and 28 miles N.E. of Lansing.  The    COS/GRAVE IIALL, a post-office, Union co., Pennsylv-tnia.
river affords excellent water-power. It has improved rapidly    COSIGROVE or COVESIGROVE, a parish of England, co.
since the county seat was permanently located here. It  of Northampton.
has a brick court-house, which cost $7000, a flournug mill, a    COS, GULF OF, called also GULF OF BOODOOM, (anc.
large woollen factory, 2 iron foundries, 8 stores, and 1  Ccramlicus Si/nos,) on the coast of Anatolia, near the above
printing office. An extensive bed of coal has been opened  island, is 17 nmiles wide at its entrance, and extends inland
within 2 or 3 miles from  the village. Pop. in 1853, 500.     52 miles. It is very deep, being seldom  less than 300 feet
CORURA, an island in the Pelew group. See COnoonA.   even near the shore.
CORVO, kon/vo, the northernmost and smallest of the    COSHECTON.  See CoREnovoN.
Azor-es Islands. Lat. of S. point, 390 41' 41" N. It is 6 miles    COSIHES/TON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.:long and 3 miles broad, with an elevated mountain at each    COSHIOCITON. a county in the N.E. central part of Ohio,
extremity, and a hollow centre, giving it the form of a sad-  has an area of 516 square miles. The Tuscarawas and Waldie. It is fertile, and the climate is delicious, but the in- honding Rives unite near the county seat to foirm the Muskhabitants are idle, poor, and ignorant. Pop. 900.             ingum. The county is also drained by Vernon River and by
COR/WEN, a market-town and parish of North Wales,  WVills and Killbuck Creelks. The surface is mostly undulataos. of Merioneth and Denbigh, on the Bee, 11 miles E.N.E. ing, and in some parts hilly. The soil presents abrupt tranif Bala.  Pop. in 1851, 2069..sitions from sand to clay, and is generally good. Stone coal
COR/WIN, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ohio.             and iron are abundant in the county.  It is amply supplied
CORWIN, a village of Warren co., Ohio, on the Little  with water-power, and is intersected by the Ohio Canal, and
MIiami Railroad, 67 miles S.W. of Columbus.                   by the-Steubenville and Indiana Railroad. Organized in
CORt/WINVILLE, a small village of Lorain co., Ohio.         1811. Capital, Coshocton.  Pop. 25i674.
CORYCIAN (ko-rish/e-an) CAVE, Greece, government of    COSIIOCTON, a post-villae, capital of Coshocton co., Ohio,
Boeotia, is a fine stalactitic cavern on the S. slope of Mount  on the left bank of the Muskincurm  liver, just below the
Parnassus, 10 miles E.N.E. of Salona, said to be capable of  junction of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding, 75 miles N.E.
containing 3000 persons. It is named the "Forty Courts,"  of Columbus.  The. Ohio Canal Cana-l connects it with Lake
by the inhabitants of its vicinity. It was long the resort  Erie and with the Ohio River, and also affords a fine wsaterof the robbers of Parnassus.                                  power at this place. The projected railroad leading from
CO1RYDON, kor/e-don, a township of McKean co.) Penn-  Steubenville to Columbus will pass through Coshocton.  It
sylvania.  Pop. 80.                                           is pleasantly situated on four natural terraces, the highest
CORYDON, a post-village and township of Warren co., of which is about 40 feet above the water. A bridge across
Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany River, about 2 miles from   the river connects this village with Roscoe. Coshocton conthe N. boundary of the state.  Pop. of township, 228.         tains 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 1 woollen factory, and
CORYDON, a post-village of Henderson co., Kentucky, 11  1 flouring mill.  Pop. in 1850, 850.:miles from  ienderson, the county seat.                        COS/SATOT, or- COSSELOSE CRE EK, of Arkansas, rises
CORYDON, a handsome post-village, capital of Harrison  in Polk co., and flowing S. joins Little River in Sevier county.
~50/




COS                                                           COS
COSI. kofsee, or KOOSE, koolsee, Or KO0SA, (Hind. Kau,    COSISAL, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
yil/i.) a river of 1-indost'tu, tributary to the Ganges, which   COSSATO, kos-satto, a market-town of the Sardinian States,
it joins in Bengal, about 30 miles S.W. of Purneah, after a  in Piedmont, province of Biella, 42 miles N.E. of Turin, on
southward course estimated at 300 miles. It is very liable  a hill.  Pop. 2500.
to inundation; and at all seasons it is navigable by boats of    COSSEIRt, a seaport town of Egypt. See KosseIn.
firom  400 to 500 maunds burden as high as some rapids at    COSSE-LE-VIVIEN, koss-leh-vee've-lNOf, a market town
its exit fionm the hills of Nepaul.                            of France, department of Mayenne, 11 miles S.W. of Laval,
COSIC UINA, ko-se-gheefnd, a volcanic mountain of Cen-  on the Oudon. Pop. 2000.
tral America, in Nicaragua, about 80 miles S.E. of Gunato-    COSSILA, kos-seellA, a village of Piedmont, province of
mala, in lat. 130 N., and ion. 870 30' W. A great eruption   Biella. on the Oropa. Pop. 2328.
of this volcano occurred in 1835.                               COS'SIMB AZARtI or COSSIM'BUZARt, a considerable town
COSIIIUIIRIACIII, ko-se-we-re-Alchee, a town of the Mexi-  of British India, presidency and province of Bengal, about 1
can Confederation, state of Chihuahua, under the parallel  mile S. of Moorshedabad, of which it is the port, on the
of 28 12' N. Its population, which formerly amounted to  Bhagirathi or IIoogly branch of the Ganges. It has ma10,700, has, in consequence of the falling off in the produc-  nufactures of carpets, satins, and stoclkings, and a large trade
tiveness of the mines in the neighborhood, been reduced  in silk. &c.
to 3000.                                                        COS'SIMCOTITA, a small town of British India, presiCOSLIN, (Ctslin,) COESLIN, or KOSLIN, (Ktslin,) kgs-  dency of Madras, 28 miles W.S.W. of Vizagapatanm.
leenf, a town of Prussia, province of Pomerania, 7 miles from    COSISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
the Baltic.  Lat. 54012 7" N., on., 160 10' E. Pop. 8230. It    COSSINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
was burnt in 1718, and rebuilt by Frederick William I.,    COS'SIPOORf, a town of British India, in Bengal, 64 miles
whose statue adorns the marketplace.  It has a provincial  N. of Bareily.  It is a place of Hindoo pilgrimage,with nun.
society of arts, a college, a normal school, and manufactures   merous temples, and an active trade with North-western
of woollen stuffs, hosiery, sillrs, and leather. On the Ellen-  IHindostan.
berg, a hill near it, is a monument to the Pomera nians  who     COSSONAY or COSSONEX, kos'so'nil, a town of Switzerfell in the war of 1813.                                      land, canton of Vaud, on the Venoge, 9 miles N.W. of LauCOSMOLEDO(kos-mo-0'ldo) ISLANDS, s group in the In-  sanne.  Pop. 1080. It was formerly a rich priory of the Bedian Ocean, at the N.E. entrance to the Mozambique Chan-  nedictines.,nel, about lat. 90 404 S., Ion. 470 42' E. This group consists  COSSYAH (kos'se-A or koslyih) HIILLS, in Farther India,
of a ring of coral about 30 miles in circumference, enclosing  about lat. 250 30' N., ion. 910 30' E., embrace all that tract
a magnificent lagoon, into which there is no apparent en-  of country between Assam and Sylhet, and from the Bengal.tiance.                                                       district of Mymunsingh to Caclhar. In many parts they are
COSNE, kone, (anc. Condafte,) a town of France, depart-  interspersed with fertile valleys, in others they rise to upment of Ni~vre, on the Loire, 27 miles N.N.W. of Nevers.  wards of 4000 feet in elevation. Here are the sanitary sta-Pop. in 1852, 6326, who forge anchors and heavy iron-work,  tions Cherrapoonjee and Darjeeling.
and manufacture hardwares and cutlery, in all of which it    COSTA, koslti, a village of Northern Italy, government
has an active trade.                                           of Venice, 4.miles W.S.W. of Rovigo, on the Adigetto. Pop.
COS'POOR/, or KIIASPUR, ats'poorf, the capital town of  2000.
Cachar, in Farther India, on the Madhura, an affluent of    COSTAMBONE,  a city of Asia Minor.  See KAScATooNaE.
the Brahmapootra, 60 miles E. of Sylhet.                        - COSTA RICA, kostfl reelk5, (i. e. "rich coast,") the most
COSSACKIS, kostsaks, (COUNTRY OF TtIE DON,) (Russ.  southern state of Central America;'bounded N. by NicaraZemlia Boisca Doss S/cago, ztmnle-a bois/kA don sktego, a vast  gull, firom which it is partly separated by the river San Juan.
plain of Southern Russia, traversed by the river Don. and  N.E. by the Caribbean Sea, S. by New Granada, firom which
bounded N. by the government of Saratov, S. by the govern-  it is partly separated by the river Escuda and partly by the
meat of Caucasus and the Cossacks of the Black Sea, El. by  Cordillera de Cabecares, and S. and W. by the Pacific; beAstrakhan, and W. by Voronezh andYelkaterinoslav. Area,  tween lat. 80 and 110 30' N., lon. 830 and 850 W. Area, about
62,974  square miles. Capital, Teherkask.  The territory   16,250 squar    e miles.   The country is intersected diagonally
is fertile, but ill cultivated. The chief industry is agricul-  by the primary range of the isthmus, which throws off nuture, fishing, and cattle rearing. Though the Cossacks pos-  merous spurs on either side, giving to the surface a consess several characteristics by which they are easily distin-  tinned alternation of abrupt heights and sudden depresgesished, they do not appear to have sprung from  one or!-  sions. The principal range  contains several lofty eminences
ginal stock. There is evidently a mixture of blood among  and volcanoes both active and extinct or dormant, includ-.
them. They bear a close resemblance to the Russians, but  ing those of Orosi, Votes, and Cartago; from the summit of
are of a more slender make, and have features which are de-  the last of which  both the Pacific and Atlantic can be discidedly more handsome and expressive. They-have a quick,  tinctly seen. The N.W. districts are more rugged and Umounkeen eye, andI an ear which is ever on the alert, and are  tainous  than the S.W., but along the coast of the Pacific,
active, spirited, and brave. Education has made some pro-  especially around the Bay of Nicoya, the country has a most
gress among them, and their old capital, Staro-Tcherkask,  beautiful and picturesque appearance, being diversified by
contains a gymnasium, in which the proficiency of the Cos-  valleys, and intersected by numerous streams. Costa Rica
sack pupils would not suffer by comparison with that of any   contains some of the richest gold-mines in this portion of
other town of the Russian Empire.  Their language is a  America, whence the origin of its name; these mines, howmixture of Russian, Polish, and Turkish; their religiosi that  ever, are now not at all, or very little wrought.  Silver and
of the Greek Church, to which they are strongly attached.  copper are also found, but they, in like manner, receive
The martial tendencies of the Cossacks are very decided, and  little notice. In all parts of the state, with exception of the
have from  time immemorial formed their distinguishing   sea-coasts, the climate is mild and temperate, never subject
feature. The whole structure of society among them  is  to excessive heats or colds, and rarely experiencing any other
military. Originally, their government formed a, kind of  vicissitudes than those from the dry to the rainy season. It
democracy, at the head of which was a chief or hetman, of  is, therefore, extremely well adapted to agricultural purposes,
their own choice; while, under him, was a long series of  and capable of bringing to maturity  many European plants,
officers, with jurisdictions of greater or less extent, partly  as well as most of those peculiar to the tropics.  The soil
civil, and partly military, all so arranged as to be able, on  is remarkably fertile, especially on the table-lands, and in
any emergency, to furnish the largest military array on the  the valleys between the mountains. Among its agricultural
shortest. notice. The democratical part of the constitution   productions are coffee, cocoa, Indian corn, tobacco, sugar, and
has gradually disappeared under Russian domination. The  a little wheat. The birds include vultures, pelicans, parrots,
title of chief hetman is nowv vested in the heir apparent to  pigeons, ducks, quails, and teal.
the throne, and all the subordinate hetmans and other    The woods of Costa Rica are valuable, comprising mahoofficers are appointed by the crown. Cdre, however, has  gany, cedar, Brazil, and various other kinds of timber; and
been taken not to interfere with any arrangements which   on the sea-coast of Nicoya, some pearls, and large quantities
fostered the military spirit of the Cossacks; and hence all  of mother-of-pearl shells are found. Coffee, however, forms
the subdivisions of the population intopulks and minor sec-  the most important product of the state. Its cultivation,
tions, with military heads, and of the villages into stanitza,  though only introduced about the year 1830, has increased
still remain.  Throughout the empire, wherever particular  so rapidly that from 3000 to 4000 tons of seeds are now exalacrity, vigilance, and rapidity of movement are required,  ported annually. Tobacco, which is of excellent quality, is
the qualities by which the Cossack is distinguished mark  a government monopoly, and is sent chiefly to Nicaragua,
him  out for employment. He is almost always on horse-  though some of it finds its way to the British market. The
back, and is in his element when scouring the open fields.  other exports are gold, sugar, Brazil-wood, and mother-ofPop. in 1852, 793,758.                                        pearl.  The imports consist chiefly of manufactured goods.
COSSACKS OF THE  BLACK  SEA, is a territory of  Total exports in 1845, 126,3401.; imports, 87,6001.
Southern Russia, bounded E. by the government of Cau-    Costa lica is divided into three departments-the Eastern,
coosus, W. by the Sea of Azof, S. by Circussia, and N. by the  the Western, and that of Nicoya. Each of these is again
country of the Don Cossacks. The capital is Yekaterinodar  subdivided into part/dos or districts. The principal cities
on its S. boundary, and on the right bank of the Kooban.  are San Jose, thee capital, Cartago, Erredia, Estralla, Esparza,
It is occupied by a population of Cossacks, who form a sort  and Ujarras. The two established ports of entry arePuntas
of democratic republic, and who, in 1828-9 attempted to  Arenas, in the Gulf of Nicoya, and Matina, on the Caribbean
render themselves independent.                                 Sea.  The government of Costa Iica was established in 1823,
507




COS                                                         COT
~nd is accounted the best and most liberal in Central Ame-   COTE-ROTIE, klt-roltee/, a village of France, department
Fica. It has a representative legislature, and the executive  of Rhdne, arrondissement of Lyons, canton of St. Colombe,
is intrusted to a supreme chief. The religion is Roman Ca- with a vineyard producing the celebrated red wine of that
thplic. The annual net revenue of the state averages about name.
26,4001.  The inhabitants are extremely industrious and    COTE SANS DESSEIN, ktt sin dls-sinf, a post-village in
Orderly. They were formerly subjected to great poverty,  Callaway co., Missouri, on the N. bank of Missouri River,
and it is only of late years, and since the cultivation of about 12 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City.
coffee onan extensive scale began to be encouraged, that they    COTES DU NORD, klt dii noR, a maritime department of
have attained to any thing like their present prosperity.    the W. of France, formed of part of the old province of BreIn 1849-50, the government granted to M. G. Lafond,  tagne. It is situated between lat. 480 3' and 480 57' N.,
the French consul-general, a tract of land firom the Gulf of bounded N. by the English Channel, in which it comprises
Dulce, on the Pacific, to the Boca del Toro, on the Caribbean  several small islands, S. by the department of Morbihan, E.
Sea, fcr the purpose of opening a route between the two  by Ille-et-Vilaine, and WV. by Finistire.  Area, 1967 square
oceans. The route across the isthmus by the San Juan  miles. Pop. in 1852, 632,613.  The principal rivers are the
River, along part of the frontier of Costa Rica, is so far Rance, Arguenon, Gouet, Trieux, and Oust, all small. The
opened that steamers now ply on the river in connection  soil is mountainous and undulating, and contains iron, lead,
with others on the Lakle of Nicaragua. Pop. 150,000, of excellent granite, and many mineral springs. Corn and cider
whom 25,000 are Indians.                                    are exported; hemp and flax are extensively raised; many
COS/TESSY or COS/SEY, a perish of England, co. of Nor- horses and cattle are reared. Linen goods are exported in
folk.                                                       immense quantities. Capital, St. Brieuc. The department
COSTIGLIOLE D'ASTI, kos-teel-yoflA dbs'tee, a town of  is divided into the arrondissements of Dinan, Guingamp,
the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division of Alessandria, Lannio, Loudeac, and St. Brieuc.
8 miles S. of Asti. Pop. 5016.                                COTES, LES, l ktt, several vineyards of France, depart.
COSTIGLIOLE DI SALUZZO, kos-tel-yoe/a dee se-loot/so, ment of Gironde. Those which produce the best grapes exa town of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division of Cdni, tend along the Garonne, between Ambares and St. Croixprovince, and 6 miles S. of Saluzzo. Pop. 2654.            du-Mont.
COSITOCK, or CORT/LINGSTOCK, a parish of England, co.   COTE ST. ANDR], LA, IA kit sAet 8N-'drl/, a town of
of Nottingham.                                             France, department of Is~re, 19 miles E.S.E. of Vienne. Pop.
COS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          in 1852, 4429. Its vicinity produces. the celebrated liqueur
COSTON, a parish of England, co. of of Norfolk.          called Eaux de la COte.
COSIUMiNE, a post-office of Sacramento co., California.    COTES'WOLD, or COTSIWOLD HILLS, in England, a tract
COSWIG, kos/iOiG, or KOSWIGK, kos'Rik, a town of Cen- of abdut 200,000 acres in the centre of the county of Gloutral Germany, duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, on the Elbe, and cester, extending from Bath horthward to Chipping Campon the Berlin Railway, 11 miles E.N.E. of Dessau. Pop. 2800. den, and separating the basins of the Thames and Severn.
COTABAMBAS, ko-t.-blm/bs, a province of Peru, depart- The surface is generally bare.  Extreme elevation, near
ment of Cuzco, between the Apurimac and Pachachaca, in- Cheltenham, 1134 feet.
tersected from  S. to N. by the Oropesa, an affluent of the    COT/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
Apurimac. It is 78 miles long, and 50 broad, almost entirely    COTIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
covered with mountains, which are clad with snow during    COTHIIELTONE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
the greater part of the year. Pop. in 1850, 23,241, of whom   COTIIEN, (C0then,) a town of Germany. See KRIiTE N.
18,000 are Indians.                                           COTHIi/ERIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
COTAGAYTA, SANTIAGO DE, sin-te-A/go dl ko-tA-ghjtt,    COTI/ERSTON, a township of England, co. of York, North
a small town of Bolivia, department, and 15 miles S.S.E. of  Riding.
Potosi. on the river Cotagayta, an affluent of the Pilcomayo.   COITHY, a river of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen, which,
COTEAU DES PRAIRIES, ko'tt! dl prl'r.ee, an elevated  after a southward course of 25 miles, joins the Towy about
region or swell in the prairies of North America, separating  5 miles above Carmarthen.
the basin of the Mississippi from that of the Missouri. It    COTIGNAC, ko'teen'ylk/, a town of France, department of
commences about the parallel of 460 N., and between the  Var, 16 miles W. of Draguignan. Pop. 3397. It has trade
meridians of 980 and 990 W., and extends S.S.E. 200 miles in silks, leather, confectionery, and wine.
to the head of the Blue Earth River, where it gradually falls    COTIGNOLA, ko-teen-yo'll, a town of Central Italy, in
to the level of the surrounding country.                    the Pontifical States, 34 miles S.S.E. of Ferrara, near the
COTEAU DU LAC, ko'tO/ dii Ilk, a post-village of Canada  Sennio. Pop. 3335.
East, co. of Vaudreuil, on the river St. Lawrence, 42 miles    COTILE, ko'teelf, a post-office of Rapides parish, Louisiana.
S.W. of Montreal, and 42 miles from Cornwall. It contains    COTINDIBA, ko-teen-dee/bhI, or COTINGUIBA, ko-teenseveral stores and hotels. Pop. about 350.                  ghee/bI, a river of Brazil, rises in the N. side of Mount [taCOTEAU (koeter) LANDING, a post-village of Canada East,  baianna,flows almost due E., and falls into the Atlantic 18
co. of Vaudreuil, on the St. Lawrence River, 45 miles S.W. miles N.N.E. of Sergipe del Rey, after a course of about 90
of Montreal, and 34 miles from Cornwall. It contains several miles.
stores and a hotel. Pop. about 350.                           COT/LAND,'a  post-office of Newton co., Texas.
COTE'BLANCHE,  ktt bll'sh. a bay in the S. part of Lou-   COTLEIGH, kotflee, a parish  of England, co. of Devon.
isiana, washes the S.W. border of St. Mary's parish, commu-   COTOIMA, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama.
nicating with the Gulf of Mexico on the S., and Vermilion    CO/TON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
Bay on the W.                                                 COTOPAXI, ko-to-pax/ee, (Sp. pron. ko-to-ph/tiee,) a volCOTE DES NEIGES, kit di naish, a small village of Cana- cane of South America, in Ecuador, in the E. Cordillera of
da East, in the rear of Montreal Mountain, 21 miles WV. of the Andes, 34miles S.S.E. of Quito. Lat. 00 41' S., lon. 780 42'
Montreal. Pop. about 150.                                  WV. Its shape is perfectly conical; height above the sea,
COTE DIOR, ktt doe, (i. e. " coast or region of gold,") a  18,875 feet, or 9800 feet above the adjacent valley, being the
chain of mountains in France, which separates the basin  highest volcano in America that has been active in modern
of the Saene fromthose of the Seine and Loire, and connects  times. The upper 4400 feet of the mountain are covered
the C~vennes with the Vosges.. The name has special refer- with snow, except a section around its summit. The scorine,
ence to the small chain which extends from Dijon to the  lava, and rocky fragments which are the produce of its
southern limit of the department of COte d'Or, and was be- eruptions, cover an area of some 50 or 60 square miles. Its
stowed on it on account of its valuable vineyards. Culmi- first recorded eruption occurred about the time of Pizarro's
nating point, Le Tasselot; height 1968 feet.               invasion of South America. In 1698, an eruption destroyed
COTE D'OR, a department in the E. of France, formed  the city of Tacunga.  In 1738, the flames rose 3000 feet
of part of the old province of Burgundy, between lat. 460 55' above the brink of the crater; and in 1743, the fire burst
and 480 10' N., and surrounded by the departments of Aube, forth flom several new apertures near the summit, followed
Yonne, Salne-et-Loire, Jura, Jlaute-SaOne, and Haut-Marne., by profuse torrents of water, which flooded and desolated
Area, 3354 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 400,297. The chief  the whole plain below. In the May also of the following
rivers are the Seine, the Armanton, Serain, and Aube, in  year, 1744, the internal fire opened for itself new passages;
the basin of the Seine; the Salne, which is navigable, the  and again, in April, 1768, the smoke and ashes were so dense,
Vingeaune, and the Tille and Ouche, its affluents.  The Ca- and caused such darkness, that many of the inhabitants of
nal of Burgundy (Canal de Bourgogne) traverses the depart- the province were compelled to go about with lanterns during
mient filom S.E. to N. W. The soil is rich in mines of iron  almost the whole day. In 1803, another eruption occurred,
and coal, marble, gypsum, and building and lithographic  after an apparently complete state of quiescence during 20
stones. A great part of it is covered with forests. It is fer- years. In the January of that year, the snows began sudtile in grain and fruit, but especially in the vine, which ren- denly to melt; and in a single night the internal fires beders this one of the most important departments of France. came so active that at day dawn the outer walls of the cone
Capital, Dijon. The department is divided into four arron- were seen to be quite bare, and of a dark brown hue, like
dissements-Beaune, Chltillon-sur-Seine,Dijon,and Semur. vitrified scorise or lava. At the port of Guayaquil, which is
COTENTIN, ko6't6NGt.lsNG, (ano. Usselli or Feneci,? or Con- 130 miles distant in a straight line, Humboldt heard, day
stanti/nus,?) a district of France, in the old province of Nor- and night, the roaring and explosions of this volcano, like
mandy. It forms apeninsula in the N. of the department of  continued discharges of a battery of artillery.
Manche, extending into the English Channel; its N. extre-   COTOISA, a post-office of Walker co., Georgia.
misy is Cape La Hague; the principal town, Coutances.        COTRONE, ko-trolnA, (anc. Crotoena,) a town of Naples,
508




COT                                                       COU
province of Calabria Ultra II., on its E. coast, near the    COTTONVILLE, a post-office of Christian co:, Kentucky.
mouth of the Esaro, 6 miles N.W. of Cape Nan. Pop. 5500.   COTTONVILLE, a village of Jackson co., Iowa, 70 miles
It is enclosed by walls, and defended by a strong citadel. N.E. of Iowa City.
Among its narrow streets and shabby houses are a cathe-   COTITONWOODI a post-village of Shasta co., California.
dral and several other churches, a diocesan seminary, mili-.COTTONWOOD, a small town of Vole co.. California.
tary and civil hospitals, and several asylums and convents.    COTTONWOOD CRIEEK, of Shasta co., California, falls
It has a small harbor; trade insignificant.  In ancient into Sacramento River, about 20 miles below Shasta City.
times it was famous for the school of Pythagoras, and as   COTTONWOOD GROVE, a post-office of Bond co., Illinois.
the birthplace of the famous Milo and other celebrated    COTTONWOOD POINT, a post-office of Pemiscot co., Miswrestlers.                                                souri.
COTRONEI, ko-tro-nJ'ee, a market-town of Naples, pro-   COTtTRELVILLE, a post-village and township of St. Clair
vince of Calabria Ultra II., 20 miles W.N.W. of Cotrone. co., Michigan, on the W. side of St. Clair River, about 40
Pop. 1400.                                                miles N.E. of Detroit. Pop. 013.
COTTA, kot/tA, a village of Ceylon, 6 miles E. of Colombo,    COTUIT, kot/u-it, a post-village of Barnstable township,
formerly one of the capitals of the kings of Ceylon. There  Barnstable co., Massachusetts, 68 miles S.E. of Boston.
is here a Christian institution. Singhalese and Malabar    COTUIT PORT, a post-village and seaport of Barnstable
youths receive instruction in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, township, Bannstable co., Massachusetts, on Oyster Bay, 70
and English languages, mathematics, and theology. There  miles S.E. of Boston.'are also here a chapel and a printing office.              COTUY or COTUI, ko-tweel, a town of the island of Hayti,
COT/TAGE, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.    in the North-eastern department, near the river Yuna, 44
COTTAGE, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. miles N.N.E. of San Domingo. Pop. 2000. In its vicinity
COTTAGE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland.     are copper and iron mines.
COTTAGE GROVE, a post-office of Union co., Indiana.       COTYIEUM. See KvTAIE..
COTTAGE GROVE, a post-village and township in Dane    COUBCABIA. See C00BCABIA.
co.; isconsin, about 12 miles SE. of Madison. Pop. 785.     COUCHES, koosh, a village of France, department of
COTTAGE GROVE, a post-village of Washington co., Min- SaSne-et-Loire, 14 miles E.S.E. of Autun. Pop. in 1852,2860.
nesota, 25 miles N.E. of St. Paul.                          COUCHE'S (kmwfchez) GAP, a small village of Greene co.,
COTTAGE HILL, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Ten- Tennessee.
nessee.                                                     COUCHE'S MILLS, a post-office of IIuntingdon co., PennCOTTAGE HILL, a post-office of St. Joseph co., Indiana.   sylvania.
COTTAGE HILL, a post-village of Du Page co., Illinois,   COUCKELAERE, k~w-kh-lPreh, a village of Belgium, proon the Chicago and Galena Railroad, 16 miles W. of Chi- vince of West Flanders, 11 miles S.W. of Bruges, on the
cage.                                                     Westebeke. Pop. 4152.
COTTAGE HILL, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa.         COUCY-LE-CHATEAU, koo'ceefleh-shit0I, a town  of
COTTAGE HOME, a post-office of Ilarford co., Maryland.  France, department of Aisne, 10 miles N. of Soissons. It
COTTAGE HOME, a post-office of Lincoln  co., North  has the remains of a fine old feudal castle, whence its name.
Carolina.                                                 Pop. in 1852, 830.
COTTAGE INN, a post-office of La Fayette co., Wisconsin.    COUDEAC, kooldA-&Ak, or PETICODIAC, pet-e-kolde-akh, a
COTTAGE MILL, a post-office of Muscogee co., Georgia.   river of British North America, in New Brunswick, fdlling
COTTBUS or KOTTBUS, kottlbo6s, a town of Prussia, into Shepody Bay, at the head of the Bay of Fundy, after a
province of Brandenburg, capital of a circle, on'the Spree, course of about 60 miles.
43 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort.  Pop. 8127. It is enclosed by    COUDEKERQUE, kood'kenacf, a village of France, departwalls, and has several suburbs, a royal palace, college, orphan  ment of Nord, 3 miles S.E. of Dunkerque. Pop. 1593.
asylum, and various other public institutions; also ex-   COUDERSPORT, k6w/derz-port, written also COWDERStensive manufactures of woollen cloths, linen, hosiery, and  PORT, a post-village, capital of Potter co., Pennsylvania, on
tobacco, with breweries, distilleries, and export and transit the Alleghany River, 174 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. It
trade.                                                    has 1 newspaper office. Pop. about 400.
COT/TENHAM, a village and parish of England, co., and    COUDES-MONTPEYROUX, kood-m6acNpiroof. a village of
6* miles N. of Cambridge. Pop. 1833. In 1109 some monks  France, department of Puy-de-DI)me, with remains of the
of Crowland resorted hither as lecturers, whence is supposed  Castle of Montpeyroux. Pop. 1473.
to have resulted the system of academical instruction at    COUDOONIA, koo-doolne-(?)ariver of Western Afirica, in
Cambridge.  Archbishop Tenison, Pepys, and Lord Chan- Soodan, falling into the Niger 5 miles N.W. of Egga.
cellor Cottenham were born in this parish.                  COUDRES, kood'r, (Fr. Isle ass C(ossres, eel 0 kood'r,
COT/TERED, a parish of England, co. of Herts.           "Hazel Island,") an island of Canada East, in the St. LawCOT/TERSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Northamp- rence, 55 miles N.E. of Quebec. Length. 6 miles. Pop. 300.
ton, 2 miles N.N.E. of Cundle. Various Roman antiquities    COUERON, koo-AArNcO, a town of France, department of
have been discovered here.                                Loire-Inf6rieure, on the Loire, with a basin and quay on the
COT/TESBATCH, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.    Loire, 14 miles S.E. of Savenay. Pop. 1162. Commerce in
COTITESBROOK, a parish of England, co. of North-  linens, cloths, wine, brandy, and fish.
ampton.                                                     COUESMES, kwaim or kwlm, a village of France, departCOT/TESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        ment and 11 miles N.N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 1640.
COT/TESMIORE, a parish of England, co. of Iutland.       COUESNON, koo-A'n6G/, or kwA'm6eo/, a river, of France,
COT/TIAN ALPS, (ainc. AllFpes Cobitine,) adivision oftheAlps, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, enters Cancale Bay nearly opextending from Monte Viso north-westward to Mount Cenis. posite Mont St. Michel, after a generally N. course of 55
COTTICA, kot-teelkA, a river of Dutch Guiana, rising in  miles, for the last 20 of which it is navigable.
the N.E. part of the colony, and falling into the Commewyne.   COUFFE, koof, a village of France, department of LoireCOT/TINGHAM, parish of England, co. York, East Riding. Infdrieure, 6 miles W.N.W. of Ancenis. Pop. 1750.
COTTINGHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   COUGH/TON, a parish of England, co. of Warwicik.
COT/TISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         COUHt], kooW, a town of France, department of Vienne,
COT/TLEVILLE, a post-office of St. Charles co., Missouri.  11 miles N.N.W. of Civray, on the Dive. Pop. 1913. It has
COT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           manufactrtes of coarse woollen stuffs.
COTTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford.           COULAN. See QUmLo.
COT/TON, a township in Switzerland co., Indiana. P. 1872.   COULL, kool, a partish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, W. of
COTTON CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Tennessee.   Lamphanan, with 462 inhabitants, and the ruins of a large
COTTON GIN, a post-office of Freestone co., Texas.      feudal castle.
COTTON GIN PORT. a post-village of Monroe co., Missis-   COULLON, kool'l6NoG, a village of France, department of
sippi, on the Tombigbee River, 15 miles above Aberdeen. Loiret, 33 miles S.E. of Orleans. Pop. 2060.
Cottoneis shipped here in steamboats.                       COULMAN, an island in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 730
COTTON GROVE, a post-office of Davidson co., North  36' S., lon. 1700 0' 2" E. Discovered by Sir James Ross, on
Carolina.                                                 January 17, 1841.
COTTON GROVE, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.    COULOMMIERS, koolom'me-A/, a town of France, departCOTTON GROVE, a post-village of Madison co., Tennes- ment of Seine-et-Marne, on the Grand-Moron, an affluent of
see, 142 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. Pop. about 100.       the.Marne, 13 miles S.E. ofMeaux. Pop. in 1852, 4257. Its
COTTON GROVE, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa.       chief edifices are a large parish church and the ruins of an
COTTON HILL, a post-office of Fayette co., Virginia.    old castle. It has an active trade with Paris in corn andt
COTTON HILL, a post-village of Randolph co., Georgia, flour, Brie cheeses, fruit, and cattle.
150 miles S.W. of Milledgeville.                            COULONGES-SUR-LAUTIZE, koo'l6Nzh1-stit-l6'teez/, a
COTTON PLANT, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.  town of France, department of Deux-Shvres, 12 miles N.N.W.
COTTON PLANT, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.         of Niort. Pop. 1845.
COTTON PLANT, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.   COULSIDON, khlstdon, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
COTTON RIDGE, a post-village of Itawamba co., Missis-   COULISON'S (kI6lsonz) MILLS, a post-office of Linn co.,
sippi.                                                    Missouri, 110 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.
COTTON VALLEY, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.       COUL/STON, (kOl/ston) EAST, a parish of England, co. of
COT/TONVILLE, a post-village in Marshall co., Alabama, Wilts.
about 120 miles N. of Montgomery.                           COULTER, LOCII, Iol lKcoloter, a small lake of Scotlanl
50O




coil                                                         cou
COU                                                          @C0U
co. of Stirling, parish of St. Ninian's, about 2 miles in cir-    COURRITRES3 kooiRse-aiaR, a town of France, departsumference. Its waters are reported to have sunk from 10 to  meat of Pas-de-Calais, 18 miles E.S.E. of Bethune. Pop. 2538.
12 feet at the time of the great earthquake at Lisbon,, in 1756.   COURS, kooRn, a village of France, department of Rhone,
COULITER'S CROSS ROADS, a small village of Lancaster  20 miles W.N.W. of Villefranche, on thp Trambouze.  Pop.
co.. Pennsylvania.                                            in 1852, 4688. It is the centre of an extensive manufacture
COULITER'S STORE, a p6st-office of Macon co., Missouri{.  of cotton goods, called Beaujolais.
COUL!TERSVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Pennsyl-    COTJURSAN, kooaRs'SNG, a village of France, department
vania, 175 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.                      of Aude, 4 miles N.N.E. of Narbonne.  Pop. 2000.
COULITON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.               COURISENVILLE, a village of Sussex co., New Jersey, 9
COUNICJL BEND, a post-office of Crittenden co., Arkansas.  miles N.N.E. of Newton, has a store and a mill.
COUNCIL BLUFF, in the Indian Territory, on the W.   COURSEULLES,.koosesullf, or COURSEULLE-SUR-MER,
bank of Missouri River, about 660 miles from the mouth, is  kooa'sullf-siia-maia, a village of France, department of Calvathe highest point to which steamboats ascend. A noted  dos, near the English Channel, 11 miles N.N.W. of Caen.
Indian council was once held here.                             Pop. 1540, employed in lace-making, and coasting trade:
COUNCIL BLUFFS, CITY OF, formerly KANESVILLE.                  COURSON, koos)NGcl,   a village of France, department of
a post-village and capital of Potawatomie co., Iowa, near the  Yonne, 103 miles S. of Auxerre.  Pop. 1530.
Missouri River, 250 miles W. of Iowa City. It has 30 or 40    COURSON. a village of France, department of Calvados, 40
stores. The Davenport and Iowa Railroad is ntended ulti-  miles S.W. of Caen.  Pop. 1360.
mately to be extended to this place. Pop. in 1854, 3500. It    COURTABLEAU  (koosti'b16i) BAYOU, of Louisiana, is
was first settled by the Mormons.                              formed by the Boeuf and Crocodile Bayous, which unite
COUNCIL CITY, a flourishing post-village of Kanzas Ter- about 8 miles N.N.E. of Opelousas.  Flowing south-eastritory, on the great thoroughfare to Santa F,6. 85 miles W. ward, it enters the Atchafalaya on the E. border of St. Lanof the Missouri boundary. It contains several stores. steam   dry parish, after a conrse of 30 or 40 miles. During high
saw mills, a grist mill. &c. In the vicinity are coal mines,  water it is navigable by steamboats from  its mouth to
lime and sandstone quarries, beds of clay, &c. The villagne  Washington, and is important as a channel by which the.
is owned by a joint stock company. Pop. about 1000.           produce of the ptrish is exported.
COUNCIL HILL, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois,   COURTAIS (koortt4) CREEK, of Missouri, flows into the:
8 miles N.E. of Galena, has rich lead-mines in its vicinity.   Osage Fork of Marcmee River, in Crawford county.
COUND, a parish of England, co. of Salop.                     COUCITEENHALL, a parish of England, co. of North-:
COUNIDON, a township of England, co. of Durham.             ampton.
COUNITESTH(OIPE, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicester.   COURTELARL.   See CounRTARL.
COUN/TISBURPY,   a parish of England, co. of Devon.           COURTENAY, kooRet'nV, a town of France, department of
COUNTS/VILLiEGa post-o   ce of Lexington district, South  Loiret, 15 miles E.N.E. of Montargis.  Pop. 1984.
Carolina.                                                       COURITESY, a village of Floyd co., CGeorgia,  about 60
COUNITY LFNE, a post-offace of Niagara co., New York.    miles N.W. of Atlanta.
COUNTY LINE, a post-offce6 of Davie co., North Carolina.    COURT HILL, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.
COUNTY LINE, a post-viilage, Cnmpbell co.. Georgia, on the    COURT-HOUSE, a post-office of Bolivar co., Mississippi.
left side of Chattahoochee River, 32 miles W.S.W. of Atlanta.    COURTINAY, koor/te-nA], a large village of British India,
COUNTY LINE, a post-village of Tallapoosa co., Alabanma,  presidency of Madras, district and 10 miles N.W. of Bellary.
40 miles N. by E. of Montgomery.                                 COURTISOLS, kooaltee'sol/, a village of France, departCOUNTY LINE, a post-village of Newton co., Mississippi,  ment of Marne, arrondissement, and 7 miles E.N.E. of Chi60 miles E. by N. of Jackson.                                 olens, on the Vesle. Pop. 1900. Its inhabitants, said to. be
COUNTY LINE, a post-office of Pike co., Arkansas.           descended from an ancient Greek colony, are distinguished
COUNTY LINE CREEK, of Caswell co.. North Carolina,  by their agricultural knowledge, their atois, and many peflows into Dan River at Milton, near the N. boundary of the  cular customs.
state.                                                           COURTLAND, ktrt/land, a post-village of Lawrence co.,
COUPANG, a town of Malay Archipelago.  See COEPANG.   Alabama, on the railroad between Tuseumsbia and Decatur,
COUPE-(koop)-LENCI:I-NEWIIALLIKEY, a township of  about 20 miles E. of the former.
Englard, co. of Lanceister, 4 miles S.S.E. of Ilaslington.       COURTLAND, Miichigan.  See CnRTLAND.
COUPIAC, koo'pe-Ak/, a town of France, departnment of    COURTLAND, a small village of Jackson co., Indiana, has
Aveyron, 25 miles S. of Rodez. Pop. 2763.                     a steam mill and a few stores.
COURBEVOIE, kooa'beh-vw&t, a village of France, depart-    COURTLAND, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.
ment of Seine, on the Seine, and on the Paris and Versailles     CIJRTLARI or COURTELARI, koont'1i'reel, a marketRailway, 51 miles N.W. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 5065.           town of Switzerland, canton, and 24 miles N.W. of Bern. It
COURCELLES, kooa'sell1, a village ofBelgium, province of  has an old castle. Pop. 878.
IIainnaut, 41 miles N.W. of Charleroi. Pop. 3226.  COURcELLE    COURT'MACSIHER'RY. a fishing village of Ireland, in
or COURCELLES is the name of several other villages of France. Munster, co. of Cork, on the W. shore of the bay, 7 miles E.
COURCEMONT, kooasseh- m6No, a town of France, depart-  of Clonakilty.' Pop. 740.  Courtmacsherry IHouse, in the
ment of Sarthe, 14 miles N.N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1862.    vicinity, is a marine villa of the Earl of Shannon.
COURCIT]e, kooa'seestAl, a market-town of rance, depart-    COURTINEYVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennment and 17 miles E. of Mayenne.  Pop. 1900.                   sylvania.
COURDEMANCHE, kooa'deh-mtNshl, a village of France,    COURTRAI or COURTRAY, kooa'tril, (ans. Cortoriacunz;
department of Sarthe, 11 miles S.W. of St. Calais. Pop. 1660.  Flem. Kortrykl, Ikoat/rike,) a fortified town of Belgium, proCOURLAND or KURLAND, koorllfind, (Ger. pron. kooRn/-  vince of West Planders, capital of the arrondissement, on
lints) a government of Russia, mostly between lat. 560 and  the Lys, 26 miles N.W. of Ghent, with which, as also with
580 N., and lon. 210 and 270 E.; having S. the government  most of the other principal places in Belgium, it communiof Wiloa, E. Vitebsk, N. Livonia and the Gulf of Riga, and  cates by railway. Pop. 19,682. It is well built and clean;
W. the Baltic.  Area, 10,608 square miles. Pop. 539,270, chief edifices, a Gothic town-hall and cathedral, St. Martin's
mostly Protestants, and of Lithuanian descent. Coast flat;  Church, and a public library of 12,000 volumes. It has vasurface undulating.  Principal rivers, the Dunn, Buller, Aa,  rious public schools. In and around it extensive msanufacand Wiudan; lakes numerous. Soil fertile in the E., but in  tures of linen and cotton fabrics, of damasks, lace, and yarn
many other parts swampy; about two-fifths of the surface  are carried ci; and it has also manufactures of woollen
are covered with forests of fir and oak. More corn is raised  goods, hosiery, paper, tobacco, soap, beer, and leather, with
than is required for home consumption, with flax, hemp, to-  large fairs on Faster-Monday and August 24.
bacco,.and fruits. Pasturage scanty, and the oxen, sheep, and    Courtrai  is of early origin; in Roman times it was called
horses are generally of inferior breeds. In manufacturing  Cortori-cusm. The Normans took and fortified it in 880; the
industry Courland ranks nearly the last among the Russian  locality was made a countship in 988. The (first) "Battle
governments; it has only a few manufactures of paper and  of Spurs" was fought close to the town, July 11, 1302, becopper-wares, with distilleries and tile factories. Principal tween the Flemings and French, in which the latter were
towns, Mitau, the capital, Libai, Goldingen, and Jacobstad. defeated with immense loss, including the 8000 gilt spurs of
Cournland formed an independent duchy from 1561 to 1795; the killed or vanquished French knights, friom which circumit was incorporated with Russia in the latter year, but the  stance the fight took its name. In 1382, the French took and
Courlanders maintained their ancient rights and privileges. sacked the town, professedly to revenge this signal defeat. In
COURNON, kooa'n6NGl, a town of France, department of  1385, Count Philip the Hardy erected new fortifications and
Puy-de-DIme, 6 miles E.S.E. of Clermont-Fermand, near the  strengthened the old, as did the French in 1647; the latter
Allier. Pop. 2545.                                            took the town again in 1793. Courtrai, under their repubCOURONNE, LA, l1 koo'ronnI, a village of France, depart- lic and empire, became chief town of an arrondissement of
ment of Charente, 4 miles S.W. of Angoulmne. Pop. in 1852, the department of the Lys. In 1814, it reverted to the Ne2340. It has numerous paper mills.                            therlands.
COURONNE, LA, two villages of France, department of   COURTWRIGHT'S (kart/rIts) MILLS, a post-office of IroSeine-Inf6rieure, near the left bank of the Seine, 6 miles  quois co., Illinois.
W. of St. Rquen. United pop. 2630.                              COURYILLE, kooR~veelT, a town of France, department of
COURPIERE,  kooa'pe-aiaf, a town of France, depart- Eure-et-Loir, on the Eure, 11 miles W. of Chartres, with
ment of Puy-le-DOme, on the Dore, 22 miles F. of Clermont.  1540 inhabitants.
Pop. in 1852, 3810.                                            COURZIEU  or COURSIEUX, koonaze-uhl, a village oc
510




COU                                                        COV
France, department of Rh~ne, 12 miles W. of Lyons. Pop. gyeat and general improvement effected in the appearance
1630.                                                      of the town. The whole is well paved and lighted with
COUSERANS, LE, leh kooezeh-r8No/, an ancient district of  gas; and the inhabitants are abundantly supplied with
France, situated among the Pyrenees, near the frontiers of  water from the corporation water-works.  Among the more
Spain. Its capital was St. Lizier.                         remarkable buildings are St. Michael's Church, a masterCOUSIATITEE ChIUTE, (shoot) apost-officeofNachitoches  piece of the lighter Gothic style, and having a beautiful
parish, Louisiana.                                         spire 363 feet high; Trinity Church, with a spire 237 feet
COUSSAC-BONNEVAL, koos'stkfbonn'v~M/. a village of  high; St. John's Church, a plain cruciform structure of the
France, department of IHaute-Vienne, 21 miles S. of Li- time of Edward III.; Christ Church, a handsomne modern
mioges. Pop. in 1852, 3007. It has manufactures of porcelain. building, attached to the elegant spire of the Greyfiiars'
COUTANCES, koo't8Nssf, (anc. Constanltia,) a town of  monastery; and St. lMary's IHIall, erected in the time of
France, department of Manche, capital of the arroudisse-  Henry VI., and esteemed one of the finest specimens of the
ment, at the confluence of the Souenile and Bulsard, 8 miles  ornamental architecture of the fifteenth century in Engfrom: the English Channel, and  1 miles S. of Cherbourg. land. To these buildings may be added the Theatre, the.
Pop. in 1852, 8064. It stands on a hill slope, surrounded  Town-hall. the Drapers' Hiall, the Jail, barracks, and several
by an old wall; it is not well built, but has an ancient ca- other handsome public structures. During the monastic
thedral, and two other handsome churches, a bishop's pa- ages, Coventry had a large and magnificent cathedral,
lace, prefecture, commercial college, public library, and  which was destroyed at the Reformation. Besides the six
theatre.  MIanufactures of worsted stuffs, druggets, tape,  churches belonging to the Establishment, it has a handlace, parchments, and hardwares, and a brisk trade in corn, some Gothic Roman Catholic chapel. and places of worship
flax, hemp, butter, and cattle, and two considerable annual belonging to Independents, Baptists, Methodists, Unitafairs. Coutances is an ancient town, and had a bishop in  cians, and the Society of Friends.  The charitable institu430. It was afterwards fortified, and became the capital of  tions are numerous and well endowed, the principal of
the district of Cotentin. The fortifications have almost on- which are Sir Thomas White's Charity, founded in the
tirely disappeared.                                        reign of Henry VIII., -with an annual income of between
COUTERNE, koo't3n/, a town of France, department of  20001. and 30001.; the Bablake Moan's Hospital, income about
Orne, on the Vie, near its confluence with the Mayenne, 11  15001.; and the Bablake Boy's Hlospital, with an income of
miles E.S.E. of Domfront. Pop. 1720.                       about 9401. Besides these, there are various other conCOUTHEZON, koo'teh-z6Nc/, a village of France, depart- siderable charities, and several minor ones. The scholastic
merent of Vaucluse, arrondissement, and 10 miles N.N.E. of  foundations are, the Free Grammar School, a richly endowed
Avignon, on a branch of the Ouveze. Pop. 2558.             institution.  with  exhibitions and fellowships attached;
COUTHUIN-REPPE, k6w-toin1-rlptpeh, (Fr. pron. koo'- several other charity schools, a school of design, and a numtW1tNG/'rpp,) a village of Belgium, province of Liege, on the  ber of well-conducted private academies. There are also a
Meuse, 4 miles W. of iHuy. Both coal and iron are worked,  library,. a mechanics' institute, a society for the diffusion
and there are also lime-klins. Pop. 2499.                  of religious and useful knowledge, several dispensaries, a
COUTICIIES, koo'teesht, a village of France, department  hospital, and a beautifully laid out cemetery.
of Nord, 8 miles N.E. of Douai. Pop. 2110. It has mann-    Coventry was celebrated for its manufactures of cloth
factures of beet-root sugar.                                caps and bonnets as early as the sixteenth century, and
COUTOUVRE, koo'toovR), a village of Franc, department  also for a kind of blue thread, called " Coventry true blue."
of Loire, 8 miles N.E. of Roanne. Pop. 1750.                These were succeeded by the manufacture of woollen broadCOUTRAS, koo'tr/, (anc. Corterate,) a town of France, de- cloths of various descriptions, which continued long the
partment of Gironde, on the Dronne, 26 miles N.E. of Bour- staple trade of the town, till superseded, in  turn, by
deaux. Pop. 1355.                                           weaving, now, together with watch-making, the staple
COUTURE, LA, ia koottiei, a village of France, depart- business of the place. Gauze  and ribbons of all descripment of Pas-de-Calais, 5 miles N.E. of Blthune. Pop. 2360.  tions are made, and fringe-making and silk-dyeing are carCOUTURE, LA, a village of France, department of~ Eure, ried on. This city is the greatest emporium for ribbons in
14 miles S.E. of Evreux, with manufactures of wind-nstru-, England; and watch-making, introduced at a very remote
ments.                                                      period, has so much increased. especially within the last 40
COUVES, k61vhs or koloo'vhs, two small islands of Brazil, or 50 years, that a greater number of watches is now made
off the coast of. the province of Sho Paulo. Let. 230 25' S.;, here than in London, and of equal quality. Coventry was
ion. 440 551 W.                                             formerly surrounded with lofty walls, in which were 12
COUVET, koo'vi/, a village of Switzerland, in the Val-de- gates. Its pageants and processions were of the most magTravers, 14 miles W.S.W.'of Neufch'ltel. It is the centre of  nificent description, and 2f!steries were here enacted in a
the lace manufactures of the canton.                        style nowhere else equalled. The old predilection of the
COUVIN, koo'vAsG, a village of Belgium, province, and  people of Coventry for gorgeous pageantry, is still maul35 miles S.W. of Namur. Pop. 2000. It has rich iron-mines, fosted by the triennial processional show in honor of the
and important and celebrated manufactures of steam ma- Countess Godiva, who unwittingly tempted "Peeping Tom
chinery and cables.                                         of Coventry" into the indiscretion which obtained for him
COUX, LE, leh koo, a village of France, department of  the soubriquet by which he has been immortalized.  The
Dordogne, 13 miles W.S.W. of Sarlat. Pop. 1583.             origin and meaning of the well-known figurative threat of
COVE, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, on  "sending to Coventry" has been variously given, but is
the S. shore of Nigg Bay, 4 miles S.S.W. of Aberdeen.  still uncertain.  Coventry sends 2 members to the Ihouse
Pop. 421.                                                  of Commons, and has done so since 1453. The municipal
COVE, a maritime village of Ireland, co. of Cork, 1 mile  government is vested in a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30
E. of Kinsale. Pop. 352.                                   councillors.  Pop. in 1841, 30,743; 1851, 36,801.
COVE, a post-village of Shelby co., Alabama, 70 miles N.   COVYENTRY, a township of Grafton co., New Hampshire,
by WV. of Montgomery.                                      about 70 miles N.W. of Concord.
COVE, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas.                 COVENTRY, a post-village and township of Orleans co.,
COVE CREEKR  a post-office of Tazewe!l co., Virginia.    Vermont, 50 miles N. by E. of Mlontpelier. Pop. 867.
COVE CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.          COVENTRY, a post-villalge and township of Rent co.,
COVE DALE, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.          Rhode Island, on a branch of the Pawtuxet  River, which
COVE HYTHE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         affords water-power. and on the New York and Boston AirCOVEILANID, a post-village, capital of Island co., Oregon  line Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Providence. This township
Territory.                                                 is the seat of varied and extensive manuiactures, comCOVEILONG, a maritime town of British India, presi- prising mouseline-de-laines, calico prints, coarse cotton
dency, and 22 miles S. of Madras, district of Chingleput. A  goods, cotton, and other machinery, &c. Pop. 3620.
fort here, now destroyed, was taken by Clive in 1752.         COVENTRY, a post-village and township of Tolland co.,
COVEtNEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.         Connecticut, on the Willimantic Rives, 29 miles E. of IHartCO VENHAM ST. BI RTHOL/OMIEW, a parish of England, ford. Its manufactures are very extensive, comprising maco. of Lincoli.                                             chinery, articles of hardware, cotton  and woollen goods,
COVENHAM  ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of muslins, and an immense number of hats. Pop. 1984.
Lincoln..                   COVENTRY, a post-village and township of Chenango
COVE, NORTII, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        co., New York, 21 miles S.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. 1677.
COVENTRY, ktivlen-tre, (L. Ooven/tria,) a city of England,   COVENTRY, a village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, ca
no. of Warwick, 85 miles N.W. of London, 9- miles N.N.E. of  French Creek, about 67 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. It has
Warwick. on the London and No-rth-western Railway. It a church, an iron forge, and a mill.
is situated partly on a gentle eminence risingin avalley, and    COVENTRY, a post-township in the S. part of Summit
partlyonahill, fallingawa.ygr.duallyoneachside-thewhole  co., Ohio. Pop. 1299.
stretching from E. to W. for neasly 2 miles, and bounded on    COVENTRY  CENTRE, a post-office of Kent co, Rhode
the N.E. by the river Shos-bourne and the brook at Radford. Island.
The more modern parts of the town are regularly and well   COVENTRY DEPOT, a post-office of Tolland co., Connecbuilt; but a few irregular and narrow streets still remain, tlicut.
lined with houses in the style of the fifteenth and sixteenth    COVTENTRYVILLE, a post-village of Chenango co.. New
centuries. Seveoral new streets have been formed of late  York. 114 miles W.S.W. of Albany, contains 2 churches and
years, a nunmber of new and handsome houses built, and a  several stores.
511




COV                                                        COw
COVE OF CORK, now QUEENSTOWN, a seaport and  and flourishing institution, under the direction of the Bapmarket-town of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 10 miles E.S.E. tists, and 3 newspaper offices. Here are manufactories of
of Cork, on the S. side of Cove Island, in Cork harbor.  cotton, hemp, silk, and tobacco, a large rolliung mill, and an
Pop. 5142. It occupies a steep slope, its houses being dis- extensive establishment for packing pork and b  f. Pop. in
posed in successive terraces. Principal edifices, a handsome  1853, about 13.000.
parish  church, large Roman  Catholic chapel, national    COVINGTON, a thriving post-village of Miami co., Ohio,
school, hospital, dispensary, bridewell, club-rooms, and a  on Stillwater Creek, 78 miles W. of Columbus. It is situated
spacious market-house. Roche's Point, at the E. entrance  in a rich and beautiful country. Pop. 451.
of Cork harbor, lat. 510 47' 331 N., ion. 80 13' 14" W., is sur-    COVINGTON, a village of Preble co., Ohio, about 100
mounted. by a light-house, and at the E. end of the town  miles W. by S. of Columbus.
are a pier, quays, and a station-house for pilots and officers    COVINGTON, a flourishing post-village, capital of Founof the port of Cork. Cove is protected by formidable bat- tain co., Indiana, on the left bank of the Wabash Eiver,
teries, and opposite it are several islets, with additional and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 73 miles W.N.W. of In-.fortifications, barracks, magazines, and victualling stores. dianapolis.  Since the canal was completed thus far in
In summer. Cove is a good deal resorted to for bathing by  1846, this village has rapidly improved. Large quantities
the inhabitants of Cork, with which city a continual com- of grain are shipped here by canal. A bridge has recently
munication is maintained by steamers. The Isle of Cove, been built across the river here, and several plank-roads
area about 13,000 acres, is fertile, mostly occupied with  are in process of construction. The vicinity abounds in
villas and plantations, and connected with the mainland  coal and iron ore. Laid out in 1826. Pop. in 1850, 1176;
by several bridges.                                         in 1853, about 1500.
COVE POINT, on Chesapeake Bay, N. of the entrance to    COVINGTON, a village of Washington co., Illinois, on
Patuxent River. On it is a fixed light, 50 feet high.      the Kaskaskia River, about 100 miles S. of Springfield.
COIVERHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, North    COVINGTON, a post-office of Montgomery co., Missouri.
Riding.                                                       COVINGTON, a small village of Warren co., Missouri.
COIVERLEY HIALL, a village of Centre co., Pennsylva-   COVINGTON and THANKtERTON, a parish of Scotland,
nia, in Nittany Valley, 12 miles N.E. of Bellefonte. The  co. of Lanark, on the Clyde.
name of the post-office is Nittany.                          COWIAL or COWIALL, a peninsular district of Scotland,
COVERT, ktv/grt, a post-village and township of Seneca  co. of Argyle, between Loch Long and the Frith of Clyde
co., New York, on the W. side of Cayuga Lake, 25 miles S. on the E., and Loch Tyne on the W. Pop. in 1851, 8936.
by E. of Waterloo. Pop. 2253.                              In  it are Lochs Goyle and Eck, the villages of InverCOVE. SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        hallon, Kilmodan, Kilmun, Kililuan, Strathlachan, LochCOVES/VILLE, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York.    goilhead, Kilmorisch, and the royal castles of Dunoon and
COVESVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.  Carrick.
COVESVILLE, a post-village of Albemarle co., Virginia,    COWAL/LIS, a post-office of Benton co., Oregon.
103 miles W.N.W. of Richmond, has 1 church.                  COWANES/QUE, a creek of Pennsylvania, rises in Potter
COVILHA, ko-veel-ydN/o, a town of Portugal, province of  co., flows through Tioga co., and enters the Tioga River in
Beira, 21 miles S.W. of Guarda. Pop. 5000. It has a Latin  Steuben co., New York, about 7 miles S. of Corning.
school, woollenmanunfactures, and near itare thermal springs.   COW/AN'S FORD, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., North
COVINGTON, kUv/ing-ton, a parish of England, co. of Carolina.
Huntingdon.                                                   COW'ANSIHANINOCK, a creek of Pennsylvania, falls into
COVINGTON, krvting-ton, a county of Alabama, bor- the Alleghany in Armstrong county.
dering on FlIorida, has an area of, 1240 square miles. It is    COWANSHIANNOCK, a township of Armstrong co., Pennintersected by the Conecuh River, and also drained by Yel- sylvania. Pop. 1318.
low-water River. The surface is uneven; the soil is sandy. COWIANSVILLE, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennand poor, and mostly covered by forests of pine. Lumber sylvania.
is the chief article of export. Capital, Montezuma. Pop.   COW.ANSVILLE, a post-village in Rowan co., North Ca.
3645, of whom 3165 were free, and 480 slaves.               rolina, about 100 miles WV. by S. of Raleigh.
COVINGTON, a counity in the S. part of Mississippi, has    COWANSYILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
an area of about 680, square::miles. ~ It is drained by Boute  Missisquoi, 38 miles S.E. of St. John's, and 55 miles fronm
River and Sun Creek, affluents of Leaf River. The soil is  Montreal.
sandy and rather ligh't, producing a sparse growth of pine    COWARNE, (k/alrn,) LITTLE, a parish of England, co.
timber. Named in honor of General Covington. Capital, of Hereford.
Williamsburg. Pop. 3338, of whom  2224 were free, a'nd    COWARNE, MUCIH, a parish of England, co. of IHere1114 slaves.                                                ford.
COVINGTON, a post-village and township of Wyoming    COWIBIT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
co., New York, 33 miles S.W. of Rochester. Pop. 1385.         COWIBRIDGE, or PONT-YAEN, (vi:en) a municipal boCOVINGTON, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. rough, market-town, and parish of South Wales, co. of GIaPop. 448.                                                   morgan, on the small river Ddau, here crossed by a stone
COVINGTON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. bridge, 12 miles W. of Cardiff. Pop. of parliamentary borough,
Pop. 650.                                                   1080. -It unites with Cardiff and Llantrisent in sending 1
COVINGTON, a thriving post-village and township of  member to the House of Commons. In the vicinity are the
Tioga co., Pennsylvania, on the Tioga River, and on the  remains of a castle, and of a Druidic temple.
Corning and Blossburg, Railsoad, 138 miles N. by WV. of    COW  CREEK, of Shasta co., California, falls into the SacHarrisburg. It has an active trade in lumber. Pop. of the  ramento River about 10 miles below Shasta City.
township, 1162.                                               COW  CREEK, a township of Gallatin co., Illinois. Pop.
COVINGTON, a flourishing post-village, capital of Alle- 7560.
ghany cc., Virginia, on Jackson's River, a branch of James    COW  CREEK, a post-offie of Saline co., 3Missouri.
River, 196 miles W. by N. of Richmond. It is situated in    COW/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
abeautiful and healthful region among the Alleghany    COWDERSPOIRT.  See CouERaso aTr.
Mountains, and is to be the terminus of the James River       COW/IEE, a post-office of IMacon co., North Carolina.
Canal, which is completed to Buchanan, in the adjoining    COW'EKEE/, a creek of Barbour co., Alabama,. flows into
county. Pop. in 1853, about 500.                            the Chattahoochee, about 10 miles above Eufaula.
COVINGTON, a post-village in Richmond co., North Ca-   COWEKEE or COWIKEE, a post-office of Barbour co.,
rolina, about 80 miles S.W. of Raleigh.                     Alabama.
COVINGTON, a post-village, capital of Newton  co.,   COWELITSK, kow'el-itskl,(alsowritten COW'LITZ,) INGeorgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 130 miles W. of Augusta. DIANS, a tribe of Washington Territory, N. of the ColumIt has a brick dourt-house, an academy, a church, and 8  bia River, near Fort Vancouver. See COWLITz.
stores.                                                       COWELL'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Currituck co., North
COVINGTON, a post-village, capital of St. Tammany pa- Carolina.
rish, Louisiana, and 45 miles N. of New Orleans.              COWI/ER., a trading place of North-western Africa, on the
COVINGTON, a post-village, capital of Tipton co., Ten- Gambia, about 80 miles from its embouchure.  Lat. 130 37/
nessee, 200 miles W. by S. ofNashville.                     N., ion. 140 30' W.
COVINGTON, a flourishing city of Kenton co., Kentucky,   COWES, k6wz, (WEST,) a seaport-town and watering-place
situated on the Ohio River, opposite Cincinnati, and just in the Isle of Wight, on the W. side of the river Medina, at its
below the mouth of the Licking River, which separates it mouth, (here  mile across,) and at the N. extremity of the
from the city of Newport. It is built on a beautiful plain, sland, 10~ miles S.S.E. of Southampton, and 11 miles W.S.W.
several miles in extent. and regularly laid out in accord- of Portsmouth, with. both of which ports it communicates
ance with the plan of Cincinnati, of which it may be con- daily by steamers. Pop. 4107. Being built on a steep and
sidered a suburb. The facilities of intercourse are such, wooded slope, it has a striking appearance firom the sea. and
that many persons reside here, whose places of business are  comprises many good residences, with hotels, assembly and
in Cincinnati. Covington is connected with Lexington by  reading rooms. At the angle, formed by the river and sea,
a railroad about 90 miles long. A charter is also obtained  termed Egypt Point, is a battery originally built by Henry
or a railroad from this place to Louisville. It contains  VIII.; a handsome church is the other chief public edifice
about 10 churches, 3 banks, a large city hall, 2 female aca- Cowes has a good bathing establishment, and docks for
demies, the Western Theological College, a richly endowed  ship-building; and it is the head-quarters of the Royal
512




Kf                       C07 COW                                                   CRA
Yacht Club, who hold their annual regatta here. It now    COX'S. MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North Canumbers about 170 members, who have yachts of sizes va-  rolina.
rying from 30 to 450 tons; total tonnage, 10,000, employing    COX'S MILLS, a post-office of Wayne co., Indiana.
about 1500 seamen. Its coasting trade consists chiefly of    COX'S STORE, a post-office of Washington co., Tennessee.
exports of agricultural produce and malt; imports coal, co-   COXTOWN, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
lonial produce, and manufactured goods. Registered ship-   COXIVILLE. a post-office of Pitt co., North Carolina.
ping in 1847, 9239 tons.                                      COXVILLE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama.
COWES, (EAST,) a village in the Isle of Wight, on the    COX/WELL, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
E. side of the river Medina, at its mouth, opposite West    COXWELL, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of Berks.
Cowes, and 4 miles N. of Newport. Pop. 880. It has the    COXIWOLD, a village and parish of England, co. of York,
custom-house for the port of Cowes. Near it are Norris  North Riding, 5 miles N. of Easingwold. The celebrated
Castle and Osborne-house, the marine residence of Queen  Laurence Sterne once had the curacy of this parish.
Victoria.                                                    COYACAN, ko-yA-k~n/, a town of Mexico, situated on a
COWE'TA, a county in the W.N.W. part of Georgia, has  small stream flowing into Laguna de Oxochomilco, about 10
an area of 378 square miles. The Chattahoochee River  miles S. of the capital. It was at this place that General
forms its boundary on the N.W., and Line Creek on theE.; it  Scott issued his orders for the attack on Churubusco,
is also drained by Cedar, Wahoo, and Sandy Creeks. The sur- August 20, 1847.
face is uneven; the soil is a loani, more or less sandy, and    COY-CIIURCiH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
generallyfertile. Strips of pine timber are distributed through    COYLE, koil, a river of I-Iindostan, rising in Bahar, and
the county, butthe greater part produces the oak and hickory. falls into the Bay of Bengal; lat. 200 47/ N., Ion. 850 20' E.
One gold-mine was worked in 1850. The county is inter-  Total course about 300 miles.
sected by the Atlanta and La Grange Railroad. Organized    COYLE, a small town in British India, presidency of Benin 1826, and named in honor of General William McIntosh, gal, upper provinces, district of Agra, on an island in the
a half-blood Creek Indian, and head chief of the Coweta  Jumna, 6 miles S. of Muttra, and rendered conspicuous by
towns. Capital, Newnan. Pop. 13,635, of whom 8220 were  its numerous mosques, turrets, and pinnacles.
free, and 5415 slaves.                                        COYLEIVILLE, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.
COWIFOLD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.              COYLtTON or COYLSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.
COWIGROVE, a tything of England, co. of Dorset.            COY/TEE, a post-office of Monroe co., Tennessee.
COW-II0NEYBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Glou-    COYITY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
cester.                                                       COZIBY, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee.
COWIICK, a township of England, co. of York, West    COZES, koz, a mar'ket-town of France, department of
Riding.                                                     Charente-Inf6rieure, 43 miles S.S.E.ofLa Rochelle.  P.1950.
COWIKEE. See CoW.KEs.                                       COZUIEL (ko-zoodnflf) ISLAND, off the E. coast of YuCOW'ISHAR/, a town of Nepaul, near its N.W. extremity, catan. in Central America, lat. 200 35' N., ion. 860 41' W.,
on the Googra. Lat. 1310 16' N., Ion. 810 5, E.             24 miles in length from N. to S., and 7 miles in width. SurCOWILAM, a parish of England. co. of York, East Riding. face level.
COWLIESVILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.   CRAB BOTTOIMI, a post-office of Ihighland co., Virginia.
COW/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.            CRAB ISLAND is situated 10 miles off the W. coast of
COWLEY, a parish of EnRland, co. of Middlesex.            Madagascar; lat. 210 4' S.
COWLEY. a parish of England, co. of Oxford.                 CRAB ISLAND, of British Guiana, is situated in lat. 60 21l
COWILING, a parish of England. co. of Suffolk.            N., ion. 570~331 W.
COWLING, a township, England, co. of York, West Biding.   CRAB ORCIHIARD, a post-office of Wythe co., Virginia.
COW/LITZ, COWILITSK or COW/ELIT-SK'. a considerable    CRAB ORCHARD, a post-village of Lincoln co., Kentucky,
river of Washington Territory, joins the Columbia about 60  60 miles S. by E. of Frankfort. It is connected by a turnmiles fiom its mouth.                                       pike with Lexington. The mineral springs of this ptlace atCOWLITZ or COWLITSK, a county of Washington Terri- tract numerous visitors. It contains a church,, an academy,
tory, having S. the Columbia, and intersected by Cowlitz 8 stores, and about 500 inhabibsmts.
River. Area, 1050 square miles. Capital, Ionticello.          CRAB ORCHIIARD, a post-office of Williams co., Illinois.
COVWLITZ LANDING, capital of Lewisn co., Washington    CRAB ORCIIARD, a post-office of Ray co., Missouri.
Territory, on Cowlitz River, about 62 nmiles N.E. of P'scific   CRAB TREE, a post-office of iHaywood co., North Carolina.
City.                                                         CIRACATO0A, a small and mountainous island in the iMaCOWIPASTURE RIVER, of Central Virginia, unites with  lay Archipelago, in the Straits of Sunda, between Sumatra
Jackson's River to form JamesRiver.                         and Java.
COWlPEN, a township of England, co. of Nortthumberland.   CRACH, kr sh, a village of France, department of MorbiCOWIPEN, a post-office of Attala co., Mississippi.        han, 19 miles S.E. of L'Orient.
COWPEN  BIRANCH, a post-office of Barnwell district,   CRACKER'S NECK, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia,
South Carolina.                                             about 30 miles N. of Milledgeville.
COW/PENS, a post-village of Spartanburg district, South    CRACOW  or KRAKOW, kri-k, (Polish, Krakdsw, lkr4VCarolina.             Inkoof; Gee. Kraekau, kr/k6w; Fr. Kracovie or Cracovie, kr'COWPENS, a village of Walton co., Georgia.               ko'vee/; L. Gracchop/olis, Corrodusnum and Cracoviac;) a city
COWPER HILL, a post-office, Robeson co., North Carolina. and ancient capital of Poland, more recently the capital of
COWS/BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. the republic of Cracow, but now comprised in the Austrian
COW/SKIN. a post-office of Ozark co., Mlissouri.         Empire, is situated on the left bank of the Vistula, which
COW/THORPE, a parish, England, co. York, West Riding. separates it from the suburb of Podgorze, at the head of a
COWtTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of York, North  branch railway recently constructed connecting it with ViRiding.  Noen   and SonT CowTo.' are townships in the  enna, Berlin, and Warsaw, 158 miles S.S.W. of Warsaw.
same- parish.                                              Lat. 50 31' 59" N., ion. 190 51' 50" E. Pop. about 43,000, of
COX. an island of IHindostan, at the mouth of the IIoogly,  whom about 12,000 are Jews, residing on an insular quarter
contiguous to the N. end of Sagor Island. It is about 3 miles  in the Vistula.  Mlean temperature of the year, 470; wintear
in length. and 2 miles in breadth.                          270, summer 660 Fahrenheit.  It is irregularly built, and
COX, a. river of New South Wales, rising in Cook co., 75  greatly dilapidated; a few years ago 40 of its churches were
miles N.W. of Sydney, and falls into the Wollondilly. ~    in ruins. It has, however, many venerable and historically
COXE'S BAZAR/, a town of British India, presidency, and  interesting edifices; viz. the castle, founded A. D. 700, a mugprovince of Bengal, district of Chittagong, on the river Nauf,  nificent cathedral, containing 20 chapels and the tombs of
near its mouth, 70 miles S. of Islamabad.                  the most celebrated Polish kings, the bishop's palace, and
COXE'S iIILLS. See E&sT-PcuiEsoscN.                     council-house; a university, founded in 1364, has attached
COX/HOE, a township of England, co. and 5'- miles S.S.E. to it a botanic garden, an observatory, and a library with
of Durham, with a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle  30,000 printed volumes and 4500 MISS.  Cracow has also a
Railway. Pop. 3904.                                         gymnasium. school of arts, and academy of painting. Near
COXIM, ko-sheezat, a river of Brazil, rising among the  it are the mounds said to mark the tomb of the founder of
mountains in the S. of the province of Matto-Grosso, and  the city in the eighth century, and about 3 miles W. is a vast
joins the Taquari, in lat. 180 24' S. In the upper part of its  tumnulus to the memory of Kosciusko, 120 feet in elevation.
course it is very impetuous, and is broken by numerous — Adj. and inhab. Ca.covIAN, kri-lcknve-an.
rapids; but about W0 miles of the lower part are available    CRACOW or KRAKOW, formerly a parit of the old kingfor canoes, which descend from the confluence of the Came-  dom of Poland, and more recently an independent republic,
puan to the Taquari in 7 or 8 days, and ascend the same  lying between lat. 490 52' and 500 17' N., and ion. 190 7' and
distance in 25 days.                                        200 17' E.: about 48 miles in length, and 14 miles wide
COX'LODGE, a towvnship of EngLand, co. of Nortlhumber-  throughout the broadest portion. Area, 444 square miles.
land, parish of Gosforth, 21 miles N.N.W. of Newcastle.  By the P'artition Treaty of 1795, Cracow fell to the share of
Pop. 924. The Newcastle rac-course is in this township.    Austria; and in 1809 forsmed, with Western Galicia, the grand
COXSAC/KIE, a post-village and township of Greene co., duchy of Warsaw. At the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, it
New York, 22 miles S. of Albany. It has a landing  on the  was formed into an independent republic by theallies, but
Hudson, and contains a bank, several stores, and about was subsequently, in 1846, again incorporated with Austria,
1000 inhabitants. Pop. 3741.                               and is now included in the government or grand duchy of
COX'S MILLS, a post-office of Gilmer co., Virginia.      Cracow, the most western division of Galicia.. Pop. 140,000.
2 11                                                                            513




CRA                                                        CRA
CRADILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Woircester.        CRANIAGE, a-township of England, co. of Chester.
CRADLEY, EAST AND WEST, a parish of England, co.   CRANIBERRY, a post-village of Middlesex co., New Jer.
of IIereford.                                              sey, on the Camden and Amboy Railr-oad, 40 miles N.E. of
CRADIOCK, a district in the E. of the Cape Colony, in  Camden. It contains 2 Presbyterian churches, 2 academies,
South Africa, having E. British Kaiffraria, S. the district of  and several stores. Pop. estimated at 600.
Somerset, N. Colesberg, and W. Graaf Reinet. Area, 3168    CRANBERRY, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvanila
square miles. Pop. in 1845, 8118.                         Pop. 2256.
CRADOCK, a village of South Africa, Cape Colony, in the    CRANBERRY, a post-village and township of Venango
above district, on the left bank of the Great Fish River, 3  co., Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany River, opposite Frankmiles N. of Somerset, has a Dutch church and chalybeate  lin. Pop. 1317.
springs.                                                     CRANBERRY, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.
CRAD00, kr&doof, a town of South-western Africa, on the    CRANBERRY, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 1042.
coast of Guinea, in the kingdom of Jaboo, at the junction of    CRANBERRY  BROOK,  of Middlesex co., New Jersey,
the Palmer River with the lake or lagoon of Cradoo; lat. flows into the Millstone, about 3 miles S.E. of Princeton.
60 38'N., ion. 30 56' E. It is a well-known mart for the Jaboo    CRANBERRY CREEK, a post-office of Fulton co., New,ioths, which are to be had here in great abundance. and of  York.
fine quality. The Lake of Cradoo, on the N. bank of which    CRANBERRY FORGE, a post-office of Warauga co., North
the town is situated, is of a crescent form, about 50 miles in  Carolina.
length, and 6 miles in breadth in the centre. It communi-    CRANBERRY ISLES, a post-office of IIancock co., Maine.
cates with the sea by a narrow channel, at its W. end, called    CRANBERRY LAKE, in the S. part of St. Lawrence co.,
Lagos River.                                               New York, is the source of Oswegatchie River. Length
CRAFTSIBURY, a post-village and township of Orleans about seven miles.
co., Vermont, 30 miles N. by E. of Hartford. The streams    CRANBERRY PLAINS, a post-office of Carroll co., Virafford water-power for the manufacture of paper, starch, ginia.
rakes, and other articles, and in the village is an academy.   CRANBERRY PRAIRIE, a post-office of Mercer:co., Ohio.
Pop. 1223.                                                   CRANBERRY SUMMIT, a thriving village of Preston
CRAFTSIVILLE, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.     co. Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 243 miles
CRAIG, (anc. loch Brioch,) a maritime parish of Scotland,  W. of Baltimore.
co. of Forfar, comprising the villages of Ferryden, Rossie,   CRANBORNE, kranlborn, a market-town and parish of
and Usan.                                                 England, co. of Dorset, 9 miles N.N.E. of Winborne, and 13
CRAIG, a new county in the S.W. central part of Vir- miles S.W. of Salisbury. Pop. in 1851, 2737. The town is
ginia. It is drained by the sources of Craig's Creek, from  pleasantly situated, and has some remains of a castle and
which the name is derived. The sulrface is mountainous, ancient church, originally partof apriory. BishopStillingthe main Alleghany extending along the N.W. border. The  fleet was born here in 1635. Cranborne Chase is a tract of
soil of the valleys is fertile. The census of 1850 fqrnishes wood and parkiand extending nearly to Salisbury, and still
no returns for this county, which was formed since that abounding in deer. Its castellated mansion-house, containyear out of parts of Giles,:Botetourt, and Roanoke Zounties. ing the Chase prison, was formerly a royal lodge.
Capital, Newcastle.                                         CRANIBROOK,  ca parish and market-town of England,
CRAIG, a post-village and township of Switzerland co., co. of Kent. Area, 10,460 acres. The town, 40 miles S.E.
Indiana. Pop. 1849.                                       of London, on a brook called the Crane, is neatly built. and
CRAIGIE, krhfghee, a parish of Scotland, co.'of Ayr.    partially paved and lighted with gas. The first woollen
CRAIGMILLAR (krgn-milfler) CASTLE, a picturesque  manufactury attempted in England was established here
ruin, co., and 3 miles S. of Edinburgh, on an eminence in  by the Flemings in the reign of Edward III. This trade,
Liberton parish, formerly a royal residence, and the seat of  however, has long since disappearied, and traffic in:hops has
a famous conference in 1566.                              become the chief business.  Pop. 3996.
CRAIGNEISII, krig'nish, a maritime village and parish    CRANE, a township in Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 287.
of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on apeninsula N. of Jura Sound,   CRANE, a township in Wyandot co., Ohio. Pop. 790.
19 miles W.S.W. of Inverary. Here are various remains of    CRANE, a township of Defiance co., Ohio.
Danish encampuments.                                        CRANE CREEK, of Richland district, South Carolina,
CRAIGNETIAN (krig-nlthtau) CASTLE is a fine ruin  flows into Broad River, a few miles above Columbia.
of Scotland, co. and S.W. of Lanark, parish of Lesmahagow,   CRANE CIREEK, a post-village of Barry co., Missouri,
on-the river Nethan.                                      about 150 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City.
CRAIG-PIIADRIO, krfg-fddlrik, a lofty hill of Scotland,   CRANE RIVER, of Arkansas, flows through Arkansas
co. of and near Inverness, and having extensive remains of  co., into White River..
an ancient fortress, composed of vitrified stones.          CRANE'S FORGE, a post-office of Assumption parish,
CRAIG'S CREEK, in the S.W. central part of Virginia, Louisiana.
rises in Giles and Montgomery counties, and fells into    CRANE'S GROVE, a post-office of Stephenson co., IliJames River, in Botetourt county, after a course of about nois.
50 miles.                                                    CRANE'S RUN, a small village of Greene co., PennsylCRAIG'S CREEK, a post-office of Botetourt co., Virginia.  vania.
CRAIG'S HILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.   CRANE'S TOWN, a village of Wyandot co., Ohio, 70 miles
CRAIG'S:VILLAGE, a village of British Guiana, a few  N.N.W. of Columbus.
miles from the mouth of Berbice River. Pop. 1500.            CRANE'S VILLAGE, or CRANESVILLTE, a post-village
CRAIGSVILLE, a post-office of Orange co., New York.    of Montgomery co., New York, on the Utica and'SehenecCRAIGSVILLE, a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- tady Railroad, 13 nmiles firomSchenectady.
vania, onthe Central Railroad, about 50 miles E. of Pitts-   CRANESIVILLE, a post-office of Essex co., New Jersey.
burg.                                                        CRANESVILLE, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on
CRAIKE, a parish of England, co. of Durham.              the Beaver and Erie Canal, 25 miles S.W. of Erie.
CRAIKII/HALL, a township of England, co. of York, North    CRANESVILLE, a post-village of Prestohi co., Virginia,
Riding.                                                    about 250 miles N.W. of Richmond.
CRAIL, krle,'a royal:and parliamentary burgh, seaport-   CRANESVILLE, Tennessee. See CRAINSvui.
town, and:parish of Scotland, in the "East Neuk" of the    CRANESVILLE, a post-office of Paulding co., Ohio.
co. of Fife, on the North Sea, 9 miles S.E. of St. Andrews.   CRANEVILLE, a small village of Marquette co., WisPop.' of town, in 1851,1247. It has many massive and an- consin.
tique houses,:an ancient church, once collegiate, and some    CIRANTFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
remains of a royal palace. Its harbor, formerly a great ren-   CRANWFORD, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
dezvous for boats employed in the herring fishery, is small   CRANFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
and inconvenient. It existed is a town in the middle of    CRAN'GANOREt, a maritime town of Southern India,
the ninth century,'and was called Caryll: its trade and  Travancore dominions, rajahiship, and 16 miles N. of Cochin,
manufactures have now decayed. The borough unites with  on the backwater of the Malabar coast, formerly possessed
St. Andrew's, Anstruther West and East, CupaO, Kilrenny, by the Portuguese, and latterly by the Dutch. It is the see
and Pittenweem in sending 1 member to the House of Com- of a Roman Catholic bishop.
nMons.                                                      CRANfHAM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
CRAILTINCG, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.         CRANHAM, a parish of England, co.1f Essex.
CRAILSHEIM, a town of Wiirtemberg. See KRAILsnEIM.   CRANWLEY, a parish and village of England, co. of Sui'rey,
CRAIN'S CORNERS, a post-office of Herkimer co., New  8 miles S.S.E. of Guildford. Most part of the village is built'York.                                                     around an open common. Its church has a fine chancel.
CRAIN'S CREEK, a post-office of Moore co., North Ca-   CRANIMORE, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Sorolina.                                                   merset.
CRATINSVILLE, a post-office of Hardeman co., Tennessee.   CRANMORE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of SoCRAMBE, aparish of England, co. of York, North Riding. merset.
CRAMILINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Northum-   CRANIOE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
berland.                                                    CRANS/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
CRAMOND, krah/mond, aparish of Scotland, cos. of Edin-   CRANTISHIAWS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.
burgh and Linlithgow.                                       CILANS/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton
514




CRA                                                         CRA
CRANSITON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.          CRAWFORD, a county in the western central part of
CRANSTON, a townthip of Providence co., Rhode Island,  Georgia, has an area of 289 square miles. It is bounded on
6 miles S.W. of Providence. It contains a bank, and has  the S.W. by Flint River, on the N.E. by Echaconnee Creek,
manufactories of cotton goods, prints, thread, and ma-  and drained by Spring and Walnut Creeks. The surface is
chinery. Pop. 4311.                                         uneven; the soil of the northern part is moderately producCRAN/TOCR, a parish of England, co. of Corvnwall.        tive; the southern part is sterile and covered wilh pine
CRANIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           woods. It was named in honor of William HI. Crawfoird,
CRANtWICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           United States senator front Georgia, and at one time secreCRANIWORTII, a parish of Englond, co. of Norfolk.         tary of the treasury. Capital, Knoxville.  Pop. 8984, of
CRAON, kri'dN-i, a town of France, department of Ma- whom 4355 were firee, and 4629 slaves.
yenne, on the Oudon, 18 miles S.W. of Laval. Pop. in 1846,    CRtAWFORD, a county in the western part of Arkansas,
3153. Volney was born here in 1755.                         bordering on the country of the Cherokee Nation, contains
CRAONNE, kr'onnf, a town of France, department of  585 square miles. The Arkansas River, navigable for steam.
Aisne, 12 miles S.E. of Laon. Pop. 1056. In the battle of  boats, forms the entire southern bbundary: the county is
Craonne, on the 7th of M[arch, 1814, the army under Bliicher  also drained by Frog Bayou and Lee's Creek. The surface
was routed by Napoleon.                                     is diversified by mountains, some of which are among the
CRIAPONNE, kraip6nnt, a town of France. in the depart- highest in the state. Boston Mountain is estimated to have
ment of the Haute Loire, 19 miles N. of Le Puy. Pop. 2260. an elevationof about 2000 feet. Stohie coal and other valuIt has manufactories of lace and woollen fabrics.           able minerals are found. Capital, Van Buren. Pop. 7960,
CRA/iRY'S MILLS, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New  of whom 7027 were free, and 933 slaves.
York.                                                         CRAWFORD, a county in the N. central part of Ohio,
CRAITER'S MILLS, a post-office of Iredell co., North  contains 412 square miles. Itis drained by the head streams
Carolina.                                                   of the Sandusky and Olentangy Rivers. The surface is
CRATFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           nearly level, and is among the highest parts of the state.
CRATIIIS. See CRaTI.                                      The southern part of the county is adapted to grazing; the
CIRATHIORNE, a parish of England, co. of York, North  other portion is mostly appropriated to the growth of wheat.
Riding.                                                     Three important railway lines meet at Crestline, in this
CRATHY (krnthee) and BRAEMAR, brilmir, an exten- county. Capital, Bucyrus. Pop. 18,177.
sie united, and the most inland parish of Aberdeenshire,    CRAWFORD, a new and unorganized county in the N.
Scotland, iln the district of Mat'r, and intersected by the Dee  central partof ilichigan, contains about 620 square mniles.
River. Pop. 1712. The ancient Caledonian forest of Marv, for- It is drained by the sources of Aux Sable River.  The surmerly covered the whole parish, and part still remains at  face is not well known. The census of 1850 furnishes no
Braoemar, where are also extensive plantations of fir and  returns for this county.
larch. The great military road from Blairgowlie to Fort    CRAWFORD, a county in the southe-n part of Indiana.
George intersects the district.                             bordering on Kentucky, contains 280 square miles. The
CRtATI, krttee, (ane. Cralthis,) a river of Naples, in  Ohio River washes its southern border, and it is also drained
the province of Calabria Citra, rises in the forest of Sila, by the Blue River. The surface is uneven and broken; the
flows N. and E.. and enters the Gulf of Taranto,  13 miles  soil is rather poor, except near the river.  Coal and iron ore
E.S.E. of Cassano. Total course, about 50 miles. Its chief  are abundant in the county. The surface rock is carboniaffluents are the Coscile and Busento.                      ferous limestosie. Capital, Leavenworth.  Pop. 6524.
CRATO, krmtto, (ane. Isensoto?) a town of Portugal, in the    CRAWFORD, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, borprovince of Alemtejo, capital of a comarca, near the Ervedal, deriug on Indiana, has an area of 420 square miles. The
11 miles WV. of Portalegre. Pop. 3000. It was formerly an  Wabash River forms the eastern boundary, the Imbarras
important fortress, but its defences are now in decay.      River flows through the south-western part, and the North
CRATO, krAto, a city of Brazil, in the province of Ceara, Fork of the latteri flows along the western border. The su180 miles S. of Fortaleza. It is situated in a fertile district, face presents a large proportion of prairie, the soil of which
with a rapidly increasing population. It received the title  is good. Named in honor of William II. Crawford, former
of city in 1817.                                            secretary of the treasury. Capital, Palestine. Pop. 7135.
CIAUGITWELL, krawlwell, a post-town of Ireland, co.,   CRAWFORD, a county in the south-eastern central part
and 14 miles E.S.E. of Galway. Pop. 274.                    of Missouri, has an area of 1380 square miles. It is interCRAU, LA, 14 kTs, (sometimes called in ILatin, Laoptdrci sected by the Maramec River, and also drained by the Osage
Llm/pi, i. e. "Stony Fields,") a plain, in the S. of France, Fork and Dry Fork of that river, and by the head streanms
occupying the western part of the department of Bouches-  of Bourbeuse Creek. The surftce is uneven, and in some
du-Rhfne, arrondissement of Aries and Aix, between the  parts hilly; the valleys and iver bottoms contain some exRhone and the ]tang de Berre, its northern part being tra- cellent land, and the hills afford valuable timber.  Tho
versed by a branch of the Canal of Craponne. The surface  county contains several prairies which are moderately fertile.
is generally arid and covered with boulders, but it is inter- This county is remarkable for its rich mines of iron, copper,
spersed with some excellent vineyards, and various olive and  and lead, all of which are worked with success, and t-he first
mulberry plantations,                                       quite extensively. The iron and copper are found in the
CRAVEN,  kr'Jsven, a county in the E.S.E. part of North  sterile hills, in the vicinity of the IMaramec River. Stone
Carolina, bordering on Pamlico Sound, at the mouth of the  coal has recently been discovered in the same district. The
Neuse River, by which it is intersected. The area is esti- mineral region is estimated to comprise about two-thirds
mated at 1000 square miles. The sm-face is level, and  of the county. Massie's iron-works, on the Maramec River,
much of it is covered by swamps and forests of pitch pine. have been in operation many years, employing from 50 to
It was formed in 1729, as a precinct of Albemarle county. 150 hands. The streams of the county afford extensive
The name was given in honor of the Earl of Craven, one of water-power. Capital, Steelville. Pop. 6397, of whom 6112
the lords proprietors. Capital, Newborn.  Pop. 14,709,' of were free, and 285 slaves.
whom 8758 were friee, and 5951 slaves.                        CRAWFORD, a new county in the western part of Iowa,
CRAVEN MILLS, a small village of Wayne co., Tennessee. has an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by
CRAWVENSVILLE, a pest-village in Daviess co., Missouri, Boyer and Soldier Rivers, affluents of the Missouri. The
on the northei-n bank of Grand River, about 140 miles N.W. county is not included in the census of 1850, and has few
of Jefferson City.                                          inhabitants.
CRAWIFISH RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Columbia    CRAWFORD, a county in the south-western part of Wiscounty, and flowing  nearly southward, enters Rock River  cousin, bordering on the Mississippi River, which separates
at Jefferson, in Jefferson co.                              it fiom Iowa; contains 612 square miles. It is bounded on
CRAW/FORD, or CRAWFORD-DOUGLAS, a parish of the S.E. by the Wisconsin River, and drained by Kickapoo
Scotland, co. of Laark.                                     River. The surface is hilly, and partly occupied by prairies.
CRAWFORD, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, on the  Organized in 1818. Capital, Prairie-du-Chien. Pop. 2498.
Clyde, here crossed by a chain-bridge, 15 miles S.S.E. of    CRAWFORD, a township of Washington co.,: Maine, 120
Lesmahagow. It has opposite to it the ruined castle of  miles N.E. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 324.
Crawford-Lindsay, the ancient seat of the Earls of Crawford.   CRAWFORD, a post-village and township of Orange co.,
CRAW/FORD, a county in the north-western part of New York, 20 miles W. of Newburg. Pop. 1912.
Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio, has an area of about 975    CRAWFORD, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
square miles. It is intersected by French Creek, and also  Pop. 542.
drained by  Shenango, Oil, Cussawago, and Conueaut   CRAWFORD, a post-village, capital of Stokes co., North
Creeks. The surface is undulating, and the soil generally  Carolina, 110 miles N.W. of HRaleigh. It was laid out about
fertile, though a large portion of it is better adapted to grazing  1850, when Stokes county was divided and Forsyth county
than to tillage. The county contains iron ore and lime  formed.
marl.  It is intersected bythe Beaver and Erie Canal, and    CRAWFORD, a district in HIlarris co., Georgia. Pop. 835.
by the Pittsburg and Erie Railroad, not yet finished.  The    CRAWFORD, post-village, capital of Russel co., Alabama,
Franklin branch of the State Canal also terminates in the 72 miles E. of Montgomery. It contains, besides the county
county. Organized in 1800, and named in honor of Colonel buildings, 1 church, 1 newspaper office. Pop. about 200.
William Crawford,  who was captured and put to death by    CRAWFORD, atownshipitn Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1552
the Indians at andusky, Ohio, in 1782. Capital, Meadville.    CRAWFORD, a village of Crawford co., Ohio, 70 miles N
Pop. 37,849.                                               of Columbus.
615




CRA                                                           CRE
CRAWFORD, a post-village and township in Wyandot co.,    CREED, a pairish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Ohio, about 12 miles N.N.E. of Upper Sandusky.  Pop. 1300.    CREEK AGENCY, a post-office of Creek Nation, Arkansas
CRAWFORD, a post-office of Gallatin co., Illinois.            CREEK INDIANS, formuerly a numerous and powerful
CRAWFORD COVE, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama. tribe, dwelling in Georgia and Alabama.  Their number
CRAWFORD HOUSE, a post-office of Coos co., New I-amp-  was much reduced by the war of 1814;  and of those who
shire.                                                         survived most have removed beyond the Mississippi.  Some
CRAW/FORD-JOHN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.  of them have made considerable progress in civilization.
CRAWIFORD'S MILL, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa,    CREEKISEA, or CRIXITIITH, a parish of England, co. of
on Skunk River, about 37 miles W.N.W. of Burliugton.           Essex.
CRAWFORD'S MILLS, a post-office of Westmoreland co.,    CREEK  STAND, a post-office of Macon co., Georgia.
Pennsylvania.                                                    CREEK  STAND, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.
CRAWFORD'S MILLS, a post-office of Medina co.. Ohio.           CREEKS/VILLE, a village of Otsego co., New York, about
CRAWIFORDSVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg dis- 90 miles W.S.W. of Albany.
trict, South Carolina.                                           CREEK TOWN, a village of Guinea, on an affluent of the
CRAWFORDSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Taliaferro  Old Calabar River, 70 miles above its mouth. Lat. 50 56' N.,
co., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 45 miles N.N.E. of  ion. 80 40' E.
Milledgeville.  It has one church and an academy.                CREELS/BURG,  a post-village of Russel co., Kentucky,
CRAWFORDSVILLE, a post-office of Lowndes  co., Iis-  on the Cumberland River, about 5 miles below Jamestown.
sissippi.                                                        CREES/VILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.
CRAWFORDSVILLE, a thriving town of Union township,    CREETIING  ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of
and capital of Montgomery co., Indiana, is beautifully situ-  Suffolk.
ated on Sugar Creek, 45 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis, and 28    CREETING ST.-MARY-wVITii-ST.-OI/AYE, a parish of Engmiles S. of Lafayette, with which it is connected by railroad.  land. co. of Suffolk.
It is surrounded by an undulating and fertile country, in    CREETING  ST. OLAVE, a parish of England, co. of
which stone coal and timber are abundant. It contains  Suffolk.
many handsome public and private buildings, and is distin-    CREETING  ST. PETER, a pnaish of England, co. of
guished for its educationaladvantages. W1abash College, of  Suffolk.
this place, founded in 1835, is one of the oldest and most    CREE/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
respectable literary institutions of the state. The original    CREE/TOWN, or FERRYTOWN OF CREE, a maritime
edifice was consumed by fire in 1838, together with a library  village and burgh of barony, Scotland, Stewartry Kirkcudof 3000 volumes. This village also contains a county semi- bright, parish of Kirkucabreck, at the mouth of the Cree in
nary, a female institute, and 2 newspaper offices. Sugar  Wigton Bay, 4 miles N.E. of Wigton, with which it comCreek furnishes water-power in the vicinity. The railroad  municates by packet-boats.  Pop. in 1851, 900.  It has good
which connects this town with Lafayette was opened in  anchorage, and some coasting trade. Near the village is an
1852, and is to be extended southward to meet the New  extensive granite quarry, employing upwards of 300 hands.
Alblny and Salem Railroad. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2500. Dr. Thomas Brown was born here in 1780.
CRAWFORDSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co.,    CREFELD, kr&/fjlt, a thriving town of Rhenish Prussia,
Iowa, 35 miles S. of Iowa City.                                12 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 23,420. It is well built,
CRAW/FORD  TAR/RANT, a parish of -ngland, co. of  and is the principal town in the Prussian dominions for the
Dorset.                                                        manufacture of silk goods-a branch of industry introduced
CRAWILEY, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.           here by refugees  from  Juliers in the seventeenth  and
CRAWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                 eighteenth centuries, and employing about 2500 looms in
CRAWLEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.   the town and vicinity, the products of which are estimated
CRAY, FOOTS, a parish of England., co. of Kent.             to be worth nearly 1,000,0001. annually.  Many silks inCRAY/FORD, a town and parish of England, co. of Kent,  troduced into Great Britain as French are from  Crefeld.
8 miles E.S.E. of Greenwich.  Pop. 2403. Here are two  Here are also manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen
extensive works for printing articles of dress, as shawls, fabrics, lace, oil-cloths, &c., with potteries, tanneries, and
cravats, handkerchiefs, &c. In its vicinity are numerous  distilleries.  An old castle in the vicinity is now used as a
chalk-pits. Here, in 457, Hengist totally defeated Vortimer,  dye-house.
in the second great battle between the Saxons and Britons.    CREG/GAN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Armagh.
CRAY, NORTH, a perish of England, co. of Kent.                 CREGLINGEN, krko'ling-en, a town of'Wtirtemberg, circle
CRAY, ST. MARY'S, a parish of England, co. of Kent.         of Jaxt, on the Tauber, 44 miles N.E. of Heilbronn.  Pop.
CRAY, ST. PAUL'S, a parish of England, co. of Kent.       1376.
CRAYITONYILLE, a post-village of Anderson district,    CREGRINA, krA-greelna,  a parish  of South Wales, oo. of
South Carolina.                                                Radnor.
CREACHIVILLE,  a post-office of Johnson co., North Caro-    CREICH, kreech, a village and perish of England, co., and
lina.                                                          12 miles N. of Derby, near the North Midland Railway.
CREATCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               Pop. 3698, partly employed in the manufhcture of silk and
CREAIGERSTOWN. a post-village of Frederick co., Mary- cotton.
land, 12 miles N. by E. of Frederick.                            CREIL, krA,   or krclye, a town of France, department of
CREAGH, kIA, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork.  Oise, 6 miles N.W. of Senlis, on the Gise. Pop. 2151. It
CREAGH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.               was formerly strongly fortified, and has remains of an old
CREAGH'S MILLS, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama.   royal palace, on an island in the river, a large porcelainCREAKE, NORTHt, a partish of England, co. of Norfolk.   factory, and some trade in oil, timber, and corn.
CREAKE, SOUTH, a parish of Eng land, co. of Norfolk.           CREMA, krhm/n, a town of Lombardy, on the Serio, 25
CRAANCES, krI'6rNsss, a town of France, department of  miles E.S.E. of Milan. It is enclosed by old fortifications, is
Manche, 12 miles N.N.W. of Coutances.  Pop. 2350.              wdll built, and has several handsome churches and palaces.
CREA/TON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North-  It has manufactures of lace. hats, thread, and silk. Cremeca
ampton.  Holmby House, in which Charles I. was kiept  was founded by some Longobards who fled from the cruelties
prisoner. is in this parish.                                   of Alboin, the first Lombard king of Italy. During the
CREATON, LITTLE, a hamlet of Northampton co., 7  wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, it took the part of the
miles N.N.W. of Northampton.                                   former, and was destroyed by Frede-ick I. in 1160, but was
CR]CY or CRESSY, kresfsee, (Fr. pm-on. krAseel,) a town  soon after rebuilt. In 1797, it was taken by- the French.
of France, department of Somme, 10 miles N. of Abbeville,  Pop. 9200.
on the Maye, famous in British history for the signal victory    CREMEAUX, kr'm6, a village of France, department of
gained here, August 26, 1346, by the troops of Edward IlI. Loire, 11 miles S.S.W. of Roanne. Pop. 1540.
of England, over a larsge French army under Philip ofiValois.    CREMIEUX, krPme-uh, (anc. GCremiaccuc?) a town of
CRECY, a town of France. department of Seine-et-Maomne,  France, department of Is~re, 41 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop.
on the Grand Mo-in River, 25 miles E. of Paris.  Pop. 1049. 1585.
ORI!CY SUR SERRE, krA'see/ siP. saiR, a town of France,    CREMMEN, krimtmen, a town of Prussia, province of
department of Aisne, 10 miles N. of Laon. Pop. 2044.           Brandenburg, 26 miles N. of Potsdam.  Pop. 2450.
CREIDENHIILL, a parish of England, Co. of IHereford.           CREINITZ, a town of Hungary.  See KrMRNITZ.
CR]~DIN, krA'-dA.N/, a village of France, department of    CIREMONA, cre-motna, (It. pc-on. kr i-molng,) a fortified
Morbihan, 10 miles N.W. of Ploirmel.                           city of Lombardy, on the Po, here crossed by a bridge,-48
CRED!ITON, a market-town and parish  of England, co. of  miles S.E. of Milan. Pop. 28,318. It is handsomely built,
Devon, on the Crede, near its confluence with the Exe. 8  and has a cathedral and numerous other churches rich in
miles N.W. of Exeter.  Pop. 5947. It has a noble chuich  works of art. Close by and connected with the cathedral is
of the Tudor era, a flourishing grammar school, founded by  the Torazzo, the loftiest and most beautiful tower in Italy,
Edwarcd VI., a blue coat school, and otbher well-endowed  372 feet in elevation, having 490 steps to the bell story; also
chasrities. Woollens were once extensivelv  woven here. In  a fine baptistry, city-hall, 2 theatres. barsraclks. hospitals, and.srdakn times it was the see of a bishop, afterwards transferred  charitable institutions.  Some of the ancient palaces of Creto Elxeter.                                                   mona are beautiful specimens of architecture.  There were
CREE, a river in the south-western part of Scotland, joins  for-merly many convents here, but most of them  are now
Wigton Bay, by the estuary Loch Cres, after a course of 20  demolished. It is the seat of a bishopric, aid has civil, erimimiles, in the latter part of which it is navigable.           nal, and commercial tribunals, a lyceum, gymnasium, and a
516




CRtE                                                          CRE
public library. Its corso is fine and much resorted to. Its  mountains, presenting few indentations, so that only one
infant oschools were the first established in Italy. Its violins  marked promontory is formed, Cape Mataie or Theodia, and
and other musical instruments formerly had a -world-wide  an extensive bay, that of Messara.  About 6 miles E., howreputation; but the manufacture of these articles has now  ever, of Cape Matala, are some small bays, the most intedeclined.  Their manufacture was almost wholly confined,. resting of which is that in which the vessel bearing the
for nearly 100 years, to a family of the name of Amati. The  apostle Paul to Rome took refuge, on her way to Malta or
first of this family, Hieronymus Amati, who distinguished  Melita, and still called by the Greeks, Fair IHIavens.  The
himself as a violin-maker, became famous about the begin- island is traversed throughout its entire length by a chain
ning of the seventeenth century.  Cremona has flourishing  of mountains.  Mount Ida, near its centre, rises to 7674 feet
manufactures of silk and cotton fabrics, porcelain, dyes, and  in height. Caverns are very numerous, and one of great
chemical products. Inthe sixteenth and seventeenth centu- extent, near Mount Ida, is supposed to have been that anries it was the seat of ahighlymeritorious school of painting.  ciently celebrated as the retreat of Minotaur. There are
l:istory.-Cremona was known to the ancient Romans  few plains, and no rivers or lakes of any importance. The
nnder its present name, and is mentioned by Virgil in his  climate is, in general, mild and healthy, the heats ofsumBucolics, Eclogue IX. It had been colonized by the R.omans,  metr being tempered by a N. wind, called by the natives,
and subsequently became a populous and flourishing town. enbat, which blows throughout the greater part of the day.
In the war between Vitellius and Vespasian, it was plundered  The only useful minerals known to exist are gypsum, lime,
and burnt by the troops of the latter: but was subsequently  slate, and whetstone.  Vegetation is extremely luxuriant
rebuilt by Vespasian.  After the fall of the empire it shared  in favorable situations, although a great portion of the soil
the fate of the other cities of Lombardy, and eventually fell is dry and stony, and not well adapted for the production
under the dominion of the Visconti of Milan, since which  of grain. In many places, however, fruits and vegetables
time it has continued to form a part of the Milanese state. grow spontaneously; myrtles and  rose-laurels cover the
In 1796 it was taken possession of by the Frenuch.  Vida,  banks of the rivulets, and the plains and pastures are
Bishop of Alba, the celebrated Latin poet, was born here in  enamelleid with the most beautiful and fragrant flowers.
1490.-Adj. and inhab. CanerOINESE, krAnDo-neezf.              The principal products are tobacco, oil, oranges, lemons,
CRENIDON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.    silk, wine, raisins, carohs, valouea, Wool, cotton, and honey.
CREPSA. See Crsnso.                                         The corn raised is insufficient for home consumption. The
CIRtPY, kri'peef, or CRESPY, (L. Crespiacsam,) a town of  other manufactures, which are mostly domestic, comprise
France, department of Oise, 13 miles B. of Senlis.  Pop. some leather and spirits, with coverlets, sacking, and coarse
2607. It has a handsome church, the remains of an old  cloths. Soap is its staple article of manufacture.  The excastle, manufactures of fine cotton fabrics, coarse linens, lace, ports go mostly to Egypt, Turhkey, and Greece, and in 1847
paper. and leather, monthly markets, and two annual fairs.  amounted in value to 284.2801.  The imports, consisting
CRiPY-EN-LAONOIS, krAipee! 5Nia 1Ao'nwA1, a town of  chiefly of cotton goods and ot her manufactured products,
Fraince, department tofAisane, 5 miles N..  of Laon.  P. 1520. colonial goods, rice,wheat, and barley, amounted to 248,6561.,
CRERAN, LOCtI, lon- kree!ran, an inlet of the sea. on the  mostly from  Britain and Austria. During the year, 901
W. coast of Scotland, extending 5.E. from Loch Linnhe.        vessels arrived, with a burden of 40,657 tons.
CIRES'CENT, a post-office of Sanratoga co., New York.         History. —Crete, the cradle of the civilization brought to
CRESCENT, a post-office of Lycoming  co., Pennsylvania.   Europe by the Phoenuicians and Egyptians, received its nasme
CRESCENT CITY, a thriving post-towen of Klamath co., from Cres, the first of its monarchs, of whom. and his succesCalifornia, in the N.Wi. corner of the slate, near Point St.  sors,however,little is known,and th-atlsitleis sointermingled
George; lat. 410 485 N., Ion. 1240 51 WV.  It was laid out near  with fable, as to be of hardly any historicalvalue. Among the
the close of 1851, and has increased rapidly. It is now an  monarchs were two of the name of Jupiter, and two of the
important entrepat of trade with the Upper Mines.             name of Minos, one of whom was esteemed the wisest legisCRESCENT CITY, a town of Tuolumne co., California, on  lator of antiquity.  His laws were engraven on tablets of
the righlt bank of the Tuolunine River, about 20 miles above  brass, and were adopted by the Greeks.  In the time of
its entrance into the San Joaquin.                            I-Iomer, Crete was crowded with inhabitants. and contained
CRESCENTINO, krA-shln-tee!no, (anc. Quadrata?2) a town  a -reat number of flourishing cities. The original or true,
of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, province, and 18 miles  Cretans, were called Eteocretes, to distinguish them  firom
W.S.W. of Vercelli, at the confluence of the Dora Ballen  the foreign settlers, and inhabited the S. division  of the
with the Po. Pop. 5547. It has a church of the 8th century,  island.  The last iKing  of Crete was Idomeneus, whose
manulictures of silk and woollens, and Roman remains.         exploits are recorded by IHomer.  For ten centuries, Crete
CRES/CENT ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, is one of the most  repelled all foreign aggression, but was at length subdued
easterly of Dangerous Archipelago, in lat. 230 20' S., ion. by the Romans, who subsequently ceded it to the Marquis
1340 35' IT. It is 31 miles in length.                        of Montferrat, by whom  it was sold to the Venetians in
CRES/CENTVILLE, a village within the chartered limits  1204, when it obtained  the name of Caniia.   It was afterof the city of Philadelphia, on Tacony Creek, 0 or 7 miles N.  wards taken by the Turks, in whose possession it remained
by E. of the State-house.                                     till 1830, when it was ceded to Mehemet All, Viceroy of
CRESILOW, a parish  of England, co. of Bucks.               Egypt, who, in turn, was oblised in 1841 to restore it to
CRESPANO, kres-pSlno, a town of Austrian Italy, govern-  Turkey.  Besides the classical interest which attaches to
ment ofVenice, 22 miles N.W. of Treviyo. Pop. 2023.           Crete, from  its heroic and mythological associations, and
CRESPINO, kris-peefuo, a town of It.aly, government of  from its having  been a chosen seat of the arts and sciences,
Venice, capital of a district, on the Po, 40 miles S.S.W. of  is the higher interest wvhich arises from its having been
Venice. Pop. 4000, chiefly engaged in trade on the river.    one of the first places in the world favored with the light
CIRESISING, a parish of England, co. of Eseex.              of the gospel. The Christian fith vwas introduced into the
CRlESSINGIIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of  island by St. Paul, whose. disciple, Titus, was the first
Norfolk.                                                      Bishop of Crete.-Adj. and inhab. CaETAw, kroeltan, or
CRESSINGIIAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of  CANDIAN, kantde-an, also CANDnoT or CAanTnor, kantde-ot'.
Norfolk.                                                        CRETE, a post-township of Will co., Illinois. Pop.
CIRESSY, a village of France. See CRdcv.                     CRETEIL, kreh-tAilS, a village of France. departument of
CREST, krlst, a town of France. department of DrOme, on  Seine, on the Marne, 0 miles S.E. of Paris.  Pop. 1570.
the sight bank of the DrGme, 14 miles S.S.E. of Valence.    CREITINGIAM, a parish of England co. of Suffolk.
Pop. in 1S52, 4918. It stands at the foot of a hill, crowned    CREUILLY, kruhl'yee, a town of France, department of
by the remains of an old castle. It has manufactures of  Calvados, 10 miles N.WV. of Caen, on the Seule.  Pop. 1000.
woollen and silk fabrics, and printed cotton fabrics, &c. -   It has mnanufictures of lace.
CREST, a market-town of Frince, department of Puy-de-    CREUSE, kruz, a river of France, departments of Creuse
Dime, 7 miles S.S.E.ofClermont-Ferssand.  Pop. 1080.         and Indre, joins the Vienne, 12 miles N. of Chatellerault,
CREST-LINE, a thriving village of Crawford co., Ohio, is  after a N.N.WV. course of nearly 175 miles, of vwhich only the
situated on the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 60 miles  last 4 miles are navigable.
N. by E. from Columbus, and 5i miles S. of Sandusky City.    CREUSE, a department in the centre of France, stilametd
The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad terminates here, and  between the departments of Indre, Haute-Vienne,  Corrze,
connects wvith the Ohio and Indiana Railroad, now in course  Puy-de-DOme, Allier, and Ches.  Area, 2133 square miles.
of construction. The village was laid out in 1850 or 1851, Pop. in 1852, 287,073.  Surface mostly mountainous, and
and one year after it contained 3 stores and 2 warehouses. great part of it arid. This is one of the poorest departments
A union-school has been established here.                    of France; from 20,000 to 24.000 of its laboring population
CRETE, kreet, or CA NDIA, kantde-a, (anc. L. Cre'te;  emigrate annually to Paris, &c., as masons and other  arltlGr. Kp-qry, lkr&t; Fr. Candie, k'-'de';' Turk. Kir-di, kee-  sans. Principal mineral products, coal and salt. Capital,
reddee,) a large and famous island of the Mediterranean,  Gu6ret. It is divided into the 4 arrondissemen ts of Aunow belonging  to Turkey, betwveen lat. 340 55' and 350 43  busson, Bourganeuf, Boussac, and Gu6ret.
N., and Ion. 230 30' and 260 20' E.  Length, 150 miles;    CREUTZNACIT, kroitsen&m. See KRmUTrzczcIm.
brafdth. from  6 to 35 miles.  Pop. estimated at 158,000,    CREUZBURG, kreoit.sff:t,       a town of Prussia    Silesia,
comprising 100,000 Greeks, and 44,000 Tue-ks. The N. coast, 24 miles N.N.E. of Oppeln.  Pop. 3710.
eith numerous indentations. forms the Capes of Ruzo,    CREIEUZOT, LE. ]h kruh'zol. a village of France, dirxprtSpade, Mialek, Retimo, Sassoso,St. John. Sidero, and the  ment of Salne-et-Loi,-e, 12 miles S.S.E. of Autun.  Pop. in
Bayvs or Gulfs of Klisamos. Canen or RKhania. Suda. Armyro,  1852, 8083, employed in raisinu  iron and col, uand in bleast,
1 timo, and Mirabel.  The S. coast is lofty, bordered by  furnaces, steel-mills, foundries, and steam-engine factories.
517
i                                                                                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ii




CRE                                                         CRT
CRIVEC(EUR, kriv'kotp,  a village of France, department    CRIMEA, krim-eefa, (Russ. Krim, unc. Tazr'icca (Cn-eorsae
of Oise, 12 miles N. of Beauvais. Pop. 2125.               sus,) a peninsula of Southern Russia, formed by the Sea
CRhVEC(EUR, a villageo of France, department of Nord, of Azof and the Black Sea, comprising the chief part of
on the Scheldt, 5 miles S. of Cambrai. Pop. 1875.          the government of Taurida. Pop. 190,063. It is separated
CRhVEC(EUR, kriv'lkun, a fort of the Netherlands, pro- into two distinct regions by its largest river, the Salghir;
vince of North Brabant, on the Mense, 4 miles N.N.W. of  the N.W. portion' forms a vast plain, the soil of which is
Bois-le-Duc.                                               impregnated with salt, and only fit for pasturage, while the
CREVEC(EUR, a Dutch fort on the coast of Guinea, in Ac- S.E. part is in general mountainous, and interspersed with
era, E. of St. James, lat. 50 325 N., Ion. 0 11' W. See AccRa. fertile valleys. The mountain chain runs in a N.E. and S.W.
CREVE C(EUR, a post-office of S. Louis co., Missouri.     direction, its culminating point, Tchatir dagh, (anc. BeCREVILLENTE, krA-veel-y~nltA, a town of Spain, in  rostsusn) is 5180 feetin elevation. The climateof the N.W.
Valencia, 18 miles S.W. by S. of Alicante, at the E. base of portion is cold and humid in winter, and hot and dry in
the hills which form the boundary of the province of Murcia. summer; but the S.E. part, defended by the mountains
It possesses a parish church, 2 chapels, town-hall, prison, from the N. winds, is mild and salubrious. The oil is rich
5 schools, and a cemetery. Pop. 7226.                       and fertile, producing  in abundance all the grains and
CREWE, kru, a market-town and great railway dep6t, of fruits of Southern Europe; the mountains are covered with
England, co. of Chester, parish Barthomley, on the London  valuable forests, and present the most varied and pictuand N.W. Railway, at its junction with the Chester and  resque scenery. Vast herds of cattle are reared, and the
IHolyhead line, 34 miles S.E. of Liverpool, 47 miles N.N.W. honey of tile Crimea is celebrated for its excellent quality.
of Birmingham, 21 miles S.E. of Chester, and 166 miles  Among the Tartar population the dromedary is used as a
N.W. of London. Population chiefly employed in stations  beast of burden. This country was called Taurida by the
and foundries connected with the respective railways here  Greeks, who formed in it the small kingdom of Bosporus;
centring, and with the recent construction of which the  was held by the Mongols in the thirteenth century, subtown has entirely sprung up. It consists mostly of houses  jected to the Turks in 1475, and ceded to Russia in 1783.
and neat cottages with gardens, for the railway officers and  Its changing history is indicated by the circumstance that
servants; has a handsome station in the Elizabethan style, each of its towns has at least three different names.-Adj.
a fine hotel, elegant church, Roman Catholic chapel, schools, and inhab. CRIMEsAz,  kriim-eelan.  See TAORSDA.
lecture-room, librasy, mechanics' institute, baths, and na-   CRIMMITZSCHAU, krim/nits-shbw1.  a town of Saxony,
merous shops. Markets on Saturday. It gives the title of  10 miles N.W. of Zwickau, on the Pleisse, and on the railBaron to the Crewe family, whose seat is in the vicinity,    way fi-om Altenburg to Zwickau.  Pop. 4300, employed in
CREWVKERNE, a market-town and parish of England,  woollen, cotton, and needle factories.
co. of Somerset, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ilchester. Pop. in 1851,   CRIMIOND, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
4497. The town, paved and lighted with gas, has a fine    CRIMPILESHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
cruciformn  church, in the Tudor style, and richly orna-    CRINAN (kreelnan) CANAL, in Scotland, co. of Argyle,
mented; a grammar school with 4 exhibitions to Oxbford  connects Loch Gilp with Jura Sound, across the head of the
University, and an alms-house.                             peninsula of Rintyre. Length about 9 miles; average width
CRICITA, Brazil. See CaIxA.                               24 feet, and depth 12 feet. It has 15 locks, is navigable for
CRICIITON, kriK/ton, a village and parish of Scotland, vessels of 200 tons, and was completed between 1793 and
co. of Edinburgh. The village is thriving; and near it are  1801, at a cost of 183,0001. Near its extremities are the villimestone quarries, and the ruins of Crichton Castle, de- lages of Crinan and Lochgilphead.
scribed by Sir Walter Scott, in " Marmion."                   CRINAN, LOCH, lou kreelnan, a small arm of the sea in
CRICHIITON'S STORE, post-office, Brunswick co., Virginia. Scotland, on the W. coast, about 5 miles E. of the N. end of
CRICK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, with a  the island of Jura. At the head of the loch is the entrance
station on the London and Birmingham Railway, 4& miles  to the Crinan Canal.
N. of Weedon.                                                 CRINIGLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
CRICKIADARN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon, 7    CRINIOW, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
miles N.N.W. of Talgarth. Pop. 441.                           CRIPIPLE  CREEK, a post-office of Greenvile district,
CRICKEITI  or CRICCIETHI. krikith, a borough, mar- South Carolina.
ket-town, and parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon, on    CRIPPLE CREEK, a post-office of Rutherford co., TenCardigan Bay, 9 miles E.N.E. of Pwllheli. Pop. of parlia- nessee.
meutary borough, in 1851, 797. It unites with Carnarvon,   CRIPPLE DEER, a post-office of Tishemingo co., MissisBangor, Conway, Nevin, and Pwllheli in sending 1 member  sippi.
to the House of Commons.                                     CRIQUEB(EJUF EN CAUX. Ireekebufl 8Nc kS, a village of
CRICKIET MLIERIERBIE, a parish of England, co. of  France, department of Seine Inf6rieure, 20 miles N.E. lHavre.
Somerset.                                                     CRIQUEB(EUF SUR SEINE, kreek'bufl stiR sdn a village
CRICKET  ST. TIIOMAS, a parish of England, co. of  of PFrance, department of Eure.
Somerset.                                                     CRIQUETOT LESNEVAL, kreek'tol lA'nfh-vill, a village
CRJIICItIIOWELL, (Welch Ci.gq-rHwell. ku,-hlhtwel,) a  of France, department of Seine-Inf~rieure, 12 miles N.NE.
market-town and parish of South Wales, co. and 125 miles  of Havre.
E.S.E. of Brecon, on the Usk, here crossed by a bridge of 14    ClIQUETOT  SUR OUVILLE, kreektol sil  oo'veel, a
arches. Pop. ofparish, in 1851, 1403. The town, picturesquely  village of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, arronsituated, and greatly resorted to both by tourists and inva- dissement of Yvetit.
qlids, has the remains of a castle, and is the head of a poor-    CRISP PRAIRIE,   a post-office of Dade co., Missouri.
law union, and the seat of petty sessions.                    CRITICHELL, LONG, a parish of Englad. co. of Dorset.
CRICKILADE,  a parliamentary borough, and market-    CRITCHELL, MOORE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
town of England, co. of BWilts, on the Isis, and the Thames    CRIT/TENDEN. a county in the E. part of rkansis, borand Severn Canal, 3 miles N. of the Purtoan station of the  dering on the Mississippi River. which separates it from
Gloucester and 0windon Railway. Pop. of parliamentary  Tennessee, contains 994 squaremiles.  The St. Francis Iiver
borough, which embraces most part of4 adjacent hundreds, forms the entire W. boundary. The surface is an alluvial
and the town Swindon, 34,381. It has 2 antique churches, plain, part of which is often overflowed by the Mississippi.
an ancient cross, aunion work-house, and the remains of an  The soil is very fertile where it is not occupied by swamps.
old priory. The borough sends 2 members to the House of  The St. Francis River is navigable fionm its mouth to the
Commons.                          -                        upper part of the county. Capital, Marion.  Pop. 2048, of
CRIECII or CREICH, kreeK, a parish ofScotland, co. ofFife. whom 1847 were free, and 801 slaves.
CRIECH or CREICII. a parish of Scotland, co. of Suther-    CRITTENDEN, a county in the W. part of Kentuclry,
land.                                                      borderinc  on the Ohio River, which separaftes it fi-om IlliCRIEFF, kreef, a town, burgh of barony, and parish of  nois, has an area estimated at 420 square miles. Tradewater
Scotland, co., and 15 miles W. of Perth, on the Earn, a tri- Creek forms its boundary on the N.E., and Cumberland
butary of the Tay, here crossed by a four-arched bridge. River on the S.W. The surface is mostly level or gently
Pop. in 1851, 4504. It stands near the foot of the Granm- undulating, but the E. part is more hilly; the soil is fertile.
plans, at the entrance of one of the principal passes to the  Stone coal is abundant in the county, and the mines of lead
highlands, and ranks as the second town in the county. and iron are said to be inexhaustible.  Formed in 1842, and
It has 3 good churches, a town-house, several branch banks, named in honor of John J. Crittenden, for many years
an elegant assembly room, subscription and circulating  senator from Kentucky, and twice attorney-general of the
libraries, active manufadtures of cotton, linen, worsted and  United States. Capital,  Marion.  Pop. 6351. of whom 5503
woollen stuffs, tanneries, corn and oil mills, distilleries, and  were free, and 848 slaves.
a trade in tanmboring and flowering webs for Glasgow houses.   CRITTENDEN, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
Previous to 1770, it was the site of the largest cattle-market    CIRITTENDEN, a post-village of Grant co., Kentucky, on
in Scotland, which was then transferred to Falkirk.        the turnpike from Covington to Lexington. 27 miles S. of
CRIFFEL (kriff9el) or CRIPFFLE, a granite mountain of  the former; it has 3 churches and 5 stores.
Scotland, in Dumfries and Gallowayshire. Elevation, 1892    C]ITTENDEN, a village of Iendrickls co., Indiana, on
feet.                                                      the Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad, 26 miles W. by
CRIGGLESTONE, a township of England, co. of York, S. of Indianapolis.
West Riding.                                                  CRITTENDEN, a post-office of Howard co., Indiana.
CRIGILERSVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Virginia.    CRITTENDEN, a post-office of Franklin co., Illinois.
518




CRI                                                        CRO
CRITTENDEN, a post-office of Datviess co., Missouri.        CROGHAN, krolhan, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
CRITTENDEN  SPRINGS, a post-office of Crittenden co., Kings co.
Kentucky.                                                    CROGHAN, a post-township of Lewis co., New York, about
CRIVITZ, a town of Northern Germany. See KRIVITZ.   60 miles N. of Utica, bordering on Beaver River. Pop. 1135.
CRIXA or CRICH-IA, kreelshA, a river of Brazil, rising in    CROGHAN, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.
the mountains N. of the town of Goyaz, flows N.W., and    CROIGHANSVILL], a village of Sandusky co., Ohio, on
joins the right bank of the Araguay. Its whole course is  the Sandusky River, opposite Fremont, the county seat.
about 200 miles, and it is partly navigable.                 CROG/ILIN, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
CIRIXA or CRICHA. a city of Brazil, province, and 135    CROIA, CROJA, kro/yA, or AK-HISSAR, ak-his-sdr/, (i.e.
miles N. of Goyaz, and 10 miles S. of the above river. The   "White  Castle,") a town of Turkey in Europe, Upper Altitle of city was conferred on the old borough of Crixa in  bania, pashalic of, and 42 miles S.S.E. of Scutari, and capi1836. Pop. 5000. ()                                        tal of a sanjak of its own name. It stands on a lofty mounCROA, kro/I, the name of five small islands at the em- tain-spur, about 500 feet above the plain, and is defended by
bouchure of the Anmazon.                                   a strong chstle. The celebrated Scanderbeg was born here.
CROAGH, kro~gi, a village and parish of Ireland, in Mun- Pop. about 5000.
ster, co. of Limer-ick, 31 miles N.N.E. of Rathkeale. Its    CROISIC, LE, 1eh krwlseekl, a seaport town of France,
church was formerly collegiate.  Pop. of village, 187.     department of Loire-Inflrieure, on a point of land between
CRO/AGH PAT/RICK, or REEK, amountain of Ireland, in  the mouth of the Loire and Vilaine, 44 miles W. of Nantes.
Connaught, co. of Mayo, on the S. side of Clew Bay, 6 miles Pop. 2196. It has an exchange, a school of navigation, triW.S.W of Westport. Elevation, 2530 feet. It is an object bunal of commerce, and a port of great extent and depth,
of superstitious reverence to the Irish.                   with active fisheries of herring, mackerel, and pilchard; and
CROATIA. kro-,Alshe-a.(called bythenatives Hol vdthOrszdg, refineries of salt and soda procured fi-om neighboring salthoa'vlt! oR'sig/; t Ger. leoaticen,  kro-ite-en,) a province of the  marshes. About 6 miles seaward is Le Four, an extensive
Austrian Empire, formerly dependent on the crown of Hun-  anddangerous reef of rocks, now marcked by a light-house.
gary, bounded N. by Illyria, Styria, and Hungary, E. by Sla-   CROISILLE, LA, 1A krw  zeei!. a village of France, departvonia and Turkish Croatia, S. by Dalnmatia, and W. by the  ment of Haute-~ienne, 20 miles S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 2120.
Adriatic. Area, 3398 square miles. Pop. 538,204. It is divided    CROIX-ROUSSE, LA, la ki-rwlroossl, a town of France, deinto Civil Croatia, capital Agram, chief towns Waresdin and  partment of RhOne, arrondissement and canton of Lyons,
Creutz; and Military Croatia, chief towns Carlstadt, Belo- of which it forms a suburb, on the right bank of the Rhone.
var, Zeng, and Carlopago. The form and surface of Croatia  Pop. in 1852, 18,933. It has manufactures of silk.
are very irregular; between the Save and the Adriatic, it is    CROIX, SAINT, one of the West India Islands. See
traversed by a range of limestone mountains, an extension  SANTA CRUz.
of the Julian Alps, varying in height from 3500 to 5Y00 feet.    CROIX, ST. See ST. CRoix.
A characteristic feature of the mountains is the number of    CRO/KER ISLAND. (native name, IHERAIKI, hl-rilkee,)
deep ravines and subterranean caverns and channels which  one of the Low Islands, in the South Pacific, in laIt. 110 26t S.,
they contain. In the latter, the waters of important streams  lon. 1430 206' W. It is sometimes called Tuscan Island.
are often lost; and after pursuing a mysterious course, re-    CR0/KER ISLAND, on the N. coast of Australia, off Coappear. Its minerals comprise copper, iron, lead, and coal. burg Peninsula. Its N. point, Cape Croker, is in lat. 100 58/
It has salt-mines, and many mineral springs. The climate  S., lon. 1320 38' E.
is mild and salubrious in the southern districts; on the    CROLLES, kroll, a village of France, department of Isbre,
higher summits, snow lies during a great part of the year,  11 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1550.
and it is visited by violent and excessively cold N.E. winds.    CROMA, LA. See LACHRoMA.
The plains of the E. and N.E. are very fertile, and furnish    CROMARTY, kromarx-tee, a small county ofScotland, formvarious kinds of grain, fruits, and especially a wine of ex- ing the promontory called AnDmEIANACH, or "Black Isle,"
cellent quality; there are extensive forests of oak and beech. consisting of about 171 square miles, but including also 9
The chief occupation of the inhabitants is cattle rearing, detached portions of land in various parts of Rosslshire
There are almost no manufactures.  The inhabitants are of  The district is now included in the sheriffdom of Ross, with
Slavonian descent, and mostly belong to the Roman Catholic  which it joins in sending a member to the House of Comand Greek churches.                                         mons; and a sheriff's court is held every alternate Friday
Croatia was anciently inhabited by the Pannonians, who  at the town of Cromarty.  The parish and county belonged
were subdued by the Romans under Augustus. In A. D. to the eccentric Sir Thomas Urquhart.
489, it was taken possession of by the Goths, and in A. D. 640,    CROMARTY, a parliamentary burgh, seaport town, and
the Croatians, a tribe from Bohemia, settled in it, and gave  parish of Scotland, capital of the above county, beautifully
their name to the country. In the tenth century, its princes situated on Cromarty Frith, at the S. side of its entrance,
assumed the title of Kings of Croatia, which they subse-  near South Sutor, 16 miles E.N.E. of Dingwall. Pop. in 1851,
quently changed into that of Kings of Dalmatia.  About 1988. It has.2 churches, some ship-building docks, an exthe end of the twelfth century it was incorporated with  cellent harbor, and a pier accessible by vessels of 400 tons,
Hungary, and thenceforth sent representatives to the Diet, manufactures of ropes, sacking, sail-cloth, and beer. The
but retained, and still retains, many of its peculiar political exports of pork to England are estimated at 20,0001. in anrights and privileges. By the new arrangements of pro- nual value. Steamers ply weekly between it and Leith. It
vinces according to the constitution of March 4,1849, it was was once a royal burgh, and now unites with Kirkwall,
withdrawn from Hungary, and incorporated with the king- Wick, Dingwall, Dornoch, and Tain in sending. one member
dom of Dalmatia.-Adj. and inhab. CROATIAN, kro-i/she-an. to the House of Commons.
CROATIA, MILITARGRENZE, (Militiirgrenze.)  See Mi-   CROI0MARTY  FRITH, (anc. Porltus Saintis? i. e., the
LITAnY FaONTIERa.' IHaven of Safety,") an inlet of the North Sea, in Scotland,
CROATIA, (kro-I/she-a,) TURKISIH, a part of ancient Cro- and one of the finest bays in Britain, on its N.E, coast, imatia, comprised in the Turkish Empire, in which it forms  mediately W. of the Moray Frith, and between the counties
the sanjak of -Banialuka, dependent on-the eyalet of Bosnia. of Cromarty and Ross. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 18 miles;
It is situated between Austrian Croatia, Bosnia, and HIerze- the breadth within varies from 3 to 5 miles; average depth,
govina.                                                    from  9 to 12 fathoms. It is entered b~ a strait, between
CROCE FIESCHI, krolch& fe-3s/kee, a village of Sardinia, 13  wooded headlands called South and North Sutors, only 11
miles N.N.E. of Genoa, with the palaces of Balbi and Dagiio. miles across.
Pop. 3687.                                                    CROMBIE, an ancient parish of Scotland.  See ToRayCROCE FIESCHI MOSSO, kro/chA fe-Is/iee  mos/so, a vil- BnRN.
lage of Sardinia, province of Biella. Pop. 1630.              CROM'DALE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness.
CROCKIERSVILLE, a post-office of Geneses co., Michigan. (RO'MER, a small seaport town and watering-place of EngCROCKIERY CREEK, a post-village and township of Ot- land, co. of Norfoiblk, on its N. coast, 21 miles N. of Norwich.
tawa co., Michigan, on Grand River, 8miles from its mouth. Pop. in 1851, 1366. It has some remains of ancient walls,
Pop. 247.                                                   and of an abbey. a fort and battery, a fine church in the
CROCKIETT, a thriving post-village, capital of Houston  Tudor style, with baths, hotels, and a public library. About
co., Texas, on the San Antonio road, 190 miles N.E. of Aus- three-fourths of a mile eastward is the first of four lighttin City, and 12 miles E. of Trinity River. The valley of  houses between it and Yarmouth. All attempts to form a
Trinity River is especially rich, and adapted to cotton, rice, harbor have been baffled by the heavy sea, which is here
and sugar-cane. The village has several stores, a flourish- continually gaining on the land, and vessels load and unload
ing school, a Masonic lodge, and a Temple of Honor. Laid  on the open beach. The inhabitants are mostly encaged in
out in 1838. Pop. in 1851, about 400.                       fishing. Cromer Bay, from the danger of its navigafon, has
CROCKETT'S BLUFF, a post-office of Arkansas co., Ar- been named by seamen the "devil's throat."
kansas.                                                       CR011IFORD, a neatly built market-town of England, co.
CROCK/ETTSVILLE, a village in Russell co., Alabama, of Derby, in the picturesque valley of Matlock-dale, at the
about 65 miles E. by N. of Montgomery.                      terminus of the Peak Forest Railway, 2 miles S. of Matlock.
CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.             Pop. in 1851, 1190, mostly employed in the cotton faictories
CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.            of the Arkwright family, who have a handsome seat heie,
CROFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              and whose celebrated member, Sir Richard Arkwright, estab.
CROFT, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.  lished here, in 1771, the first great cotton mills ever erected
CROF/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.   CROM/tHALL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
519




CRO                                                         CRO
CROMMYON  or CROMYON  PROMONTORIUM.   See    CROOKED CREEK, of Monroe co., Missouri, flows S E
nORMaACHITI.                                               into the North Fork of Salt River. It furnishes moti,.eCROMPITON, a township of England, co., of Lancaster.    power for mills during a few months of the year.
CROMIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Notts.               CROOKED CREEK  of Iowa, enters the Skunk River at
CROMIWELL, a post-village and township of Middlesex  the N.W. corner of Henry county
co., Connecticut, on the W. side of Connecticut River, about    CROOKED CREEK, a small post-village of Tioga co., Penn25 miles N.N.E. of New Haven.  Pop. about 1100.             sylvania.
CROMWELL, a township of Iiuntingdon co., Pennsylva-   CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Stokes co., North Caia. Pop. 1297.                                             rolina.
CROMWELL, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.             CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Arkansas.
CROMWELL, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.              CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana.
CROMWELL, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.              CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Clinton co., Illinois.
CRONBERG, krlnfb cG, or KRONENBEREG, krknen-    CROOKED CREEK, a township of Jasper co., Illinois.
braG', a town of Nassau, 11 miles E. of Kbnigslein. Pop. Pop. 658.
2133. Near it is the mineral spring of Kronthal.              CROOKED CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co., Missouri.
CIRONDALL, a parish of England, co. of Hants.               CROOKED CRtEEK, a small village of Shelby co., MisCRONSPURG, kr6nsp66Gao, a village of Ravaria near Altorf. sourpi.
CRONSTADT or KRONSTADT, krfn/st/tt, a seaport town    CROOKED CREEK FURNAQE, a post-office of Bullitt co.,
of Russia, government of, and 20 miles W. of St. Petersburg, Kentucky.
on the long, flat, and arid island of Kotlin, neart the E. ex-   CROOKED FORK, a post-office of Morgan co., Tennessee.
tremity of the Gulf of Finland; lat. of the Cathedral, 590 59'   CROOKED HILL, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn42" N., ion. 290 46' 30" E.  The town is built in the form of  sylvania.
an irregular triangle, on the S.E. extremity of the isle, oppo-   CROOKtED ISLANDS, a group of the Bahamas, consistsite the mouth of the Neva, and is strongly fortified on all ing of Crooked Island. Aklin's Island, Fortune Island and
sides. On the S. side of Kotlin is the narrow  channel,  Castle Island. Let. of S. point of Castle Island 220 7/ N., ion.
through which only one vessel can pass at a time, firom the  740 21' W.
gulf to the capital, and scores of guns would here be brought   CROOKED LAKE, in the western part of New York, is into hear on an enemy, by means of a fortress erected on a de- eluded in the limits of Steuben and Yates counties. Length,
tacehed islet; or, if arriving on the opposite side, by means of  about 18 miles; greatest breadth, 1- miles. At the N. end
the batteries of Riesbank, and the citadel of Crouslot. Cron- it is divided into two forks or branches, one of which is
stadt is regularly built, and contains many straight and well- about 5 and the other 8 or 9 miles long. Its surface is stated
paved streets, and several squares. The houses, however, to be 487 feet above Lake Ontario; that is, 718 above the
are all low, being generally of one story, with those singular  level of the Atlantic. This lale usually freezes over in the
red and green painted roofs common in Russia, and are  winter. At other seasons, a steamboat leaves Penn Yan, at
mostly of wood, with exception of' those belonging to the  its N.N.E. extremity, for IHammondsport, at its S.W. extregovernment, which number nearly 200, and are nearly all mity, at 1 o'clock, P. M., and returns the next morning.  The
built of stone. The town is entered by three gates, and is  scenery along the shores is very beautiful and picturesque.
divided into two sections, the commandant's division sad  The outlet which flows into Seneca Lake has a descent of 271
the admiralty, each of which is subdivided into two dis- feet in about 7 miles, affording valuable water-power.
tricts. It is also intersected by two canals, which have their    CROOKED LAKE, a post-office of Marquette co., Wissides of granite, and are both deep and wide enough to ad- cousin.
mit the largest vessels. The one, Peter's Canal, is used as a    CROOKED RIVER, a small stream in the S.W. part of
repairing  dock; and the other, Catherine's Canal, for corn- Maine, rises in Oxford county, and flows into Sebago Pond
mercial purposes. Cronstadt contains three Greek churches in Cumberland county.
-that of the Transfiguration, a large wooden edifice, built   CIROOKtED RIVER, of Missouri, a small stream which
by Peter the Great, and covered with  images; Trinity  flows S.E. through Bay county into the Missouri River, a few
Church, and St. Andrew's Church, in the Byzantine style, miles below Lexington.
with a handsome cupola. There are also 2 Grecek chapels,   CROOKtHAVEN, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
~ rd 3 other churches, for Lutherans, English, and Roman  Cork, on Crookhaven Harbor, 19 miles W.S.SW. of St. KibCatholics.  Between the two canals stands a handsome  bereen.
palace, built by Prince Menshikof, now occupied as a naval    CROOKSIVILLE, formerly BANCROFT'S MILLS, a thrivschool, and attended by 300 pupils. The other public build-  ing manufacturing village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, is
ing deserving of notice are the Marine iospital, fitted up  delightfully situated on Ridley Creek, about 3 miles W. of
with 2500 beds, the Exchange, Custom-house, Admiralty,  Chester. It contained in July, 1853, two large woollen facArsenal, Barracks, Cannon F'oundry, &c., and the small palace  tories, in which nearly all the working population of tbe place
in which Peter the Great resided, in the gardens of which  are employed; also a neat church, and firom 50 to 60 dwellings.
are several oaks planted by his own hand.  The shady    CR00M, a town and parish of Ireland. in Munster, co. of
alleys of the gardens form the principal promenade.  The  Limerick, 5 miles S.S.E. of Adare. It was of considerable
harbor lies to the S. of the town, and consists of three sec- importance in earlier ages, and still has a strong castle, built
tions-the military or outer harbor, which is the great naval in the reign of King John.
station of Russia, and is capable of containing 35 ships of    CROOME, (kroom,) EARL'S, a parish of England, co. of
the line; the middle harbor, properly intended for the fit- Worcester.
ting out and repairing of vessels; and the innermost har-   CROOME  D'ABITOT, a parish of England, co. of Worbor, running parallel with the last, and used only by mer- cester.
chant vessels, of which 1000 might lie in it. Two-thirds of    CROOME HILL, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
the external commerce of Russia passes through Cronstadt,    CROPPENDSTADT, (Croppenstidt,) krop/pen-stitt', awallalthough the depth of water at the bar is scarcely 9 feet, and  ed town of Prussian Saxony, in Magdeburg, 7 miles S.S.E.
ice blocks up the harbor nearly five months in the year, the  of Oschersleben.  Pop. 2061.
shipping season continuing only from lMay to November. In    CROP/PER'S DEPOT, a post-office of Shelby co., Kentucky.
1849, the number of vessels that entered the port was 1611,   CROPIIEADY, a parish of England. co. of Oxford.
of which 940 were British; the departures were 1550, of    CROPTHORN, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
which 880 were British. (For the trade of the port, see Sc.   CROPIWELL, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama.
PErEasnuRc.) Cronstadt has constant communication with    CROP'WELL-BIS1tOP, a parish of England, co. of Notthe opposite shores, and steamers now ply regularly between  tingham.
it and the capital. It was founded by Peter the Great in    CROPIWELL-BUT/LER, a hamlet of England, co. of Not1703. Pop. in winter, not above 6000, exclusive of the garri- tingham.
son and marine; but including these, in summer, not less    CROS/BY, a township of iHamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 2488.
than 40,000.                                                  CR08/BY GARlIBET, a village and parish of England, co.
CRONSTADT, Transylvania.  See KnoNSrTAcT.                 of Westmoreland, in a picturesque secluded vale at the foot
CROOK AND BILfLY-ROW, a township of England, co. of  of Crosby-Fell.
Durham.                                                       CROSBY, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
CROOK/ED CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in the WV. cen-    CROSBY, LITTLE, a township of Fngland, co. of Lantral part of th6 state, and joins the Alleghany River in Arm- caster.
strong county.                                                CROS/BY RAIVENSWORTH, a parish of England, co. of
CROOKED CREEK, of South Carolina, rises near the N.E. Westmoreland.
extremity of the state, and flows south-westward through    CROtBY-uwose-E/IDEN, a parish of England, co. of CumMarlborough, district into Gr-eat Pedee River.              bes-land.
CROOKED CREEK, of Paulding co., Ohio, flows into the    CROS/BYVILLE, a post-village in Chester district, South
Auglaize River.                                             Carolina, about 50 miles N. of Columbia.
CROOKED CREEK, of Spencer co., Indiana, falls into the    CROStCOMBE,  a parish of Enpgland, co. of Somerset.
Ohio a few miles above Rockport.                              CRtOSS, a parish of the Orkney Islands, in Scotland.
CROOKED CREIE(K  of Indiana, rises in Steuben co., and,   CROSSAKEELP, a post-town of Ireland, co. of Meath, 6
passing into Michigan, enters Fawn River.                   miles S.W. by WV. of Kells. Pop. 316.
CRtOOKED CREEK, in the W. part of Illinois, falls into    CROSS ANICROR, a post-office of Spartanburg co., South
the Illinois Rliver near Beardstown.                       Carolina.
520




CRO                                                           CR0
CROSISANEYILLE,  a small post-village in Perry co., Ohio.    CROSS SOUND, in  Russian America, separates King
CROSS BAYOU, of Catahoula parish, Louisiana, coromu-  George III. Archipelago, towards the N.W., from  the mainnicates with Saline Bayou.                                    land.  Cross Capeis at its S.W. entrance.
CROSS/BOYNE, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of    CItOSITON, a village and parish of.England, co. of Lan.
Mayo.                                                         caster. Pop. 3939.
CROSS CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Ohio River 3 or 4    CRtOSS TiM/BERS,        a village of Ilickory co., Missouri.
miles below Steubenville.                                       CROSSIVILLE, a post-office of Lump kin co., Georgia.
CROSS CRiEEK, a township of Washington co., Pennsyl-    CROSSVILLE, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee, 111
vania. Pop. 1921.'                                            miles IE.S.E. of Nashville.
CROSS CRtEEtK, a post-township of Jefferson co., Ohio.   CROSSIWICKS, a post-village of Chesterfield township.
Pop. 1912.                                                    Burliugton co., Now Jersey, on the left bank of Crosswicks
CROSS CREEK VILLAGE, a post-office of Washington co., Creek, 5 miles S.E. of Trenton, and 4 miles E. of Bordentown.
Pennsylvania.                                                 It has 3 churches, and several stores and mills.
CRtOSS CUT, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.      CROSSWICKS CREEK, of New Jersey, rises in.the cenCROSSEN or IKROSSEN, krostsen, a town of Prussia, pro- tral part of the state, and flows along the boundary between
vince of Brandenburg, 32 miles S.E. of Frankfort, at the  Mercer and Burlington coupties, until it enters the Dela-.confluence of tihe Bober with the Oder.  Pop. 6450. It has  ware at Bordentown.
manunlctures of woollen cloth and hosiery, tan neries and    CROSTHWAITE, kross/thwait, a parish of England, co.
distilleries.  It is walled, and has an old citadel. It was  of Cumberland
taken by the Russians in 1758.                                  CROSTHWAITE  AND LYTII, chapelhy of England, co.
CRtOSS-FELL, a mountain of En-lnd,co. of Cumberland,  of Westmorelland.          Pop. 717.
11 miles E.N.E. of Penrith.  Elevation, 2901 feet.              CROSTIWICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
CROSS!FORD, a village  of Scotland, co. of Fife, 2' miles    CROST/WIGIHT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
W. of Dunfermlinc.    Pop. 443, mostly weavers.                 CR0/TON, a post-village in Delaware co., New York, about
CROSS IFORK, a post-offi'ce of ClintOn co., Pennsylvania.   80 miles W.S.W. of Albany.
CROSS/GARI, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down,    CROTON or CROTON LANDING, a post-village and sta5 miles N.W. of Downpatrick.  Pop. 695.                       tion of Westchester co., New York, on the Hudson ]River
CRtOSS!GATES,  a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 31 miles  Railroad, and on the IHudson River, at the mouth ofCroton
miles E. of Dunfernmline.     Pop. 646.                       tiver, 36 miles N. of New York.
CROSS'H/AIVEN, a village and harbor of Ireland, co. and    CROTON, a post-office of IHunterdon co., New Jersey.
10 miles S.E. of Corki, in Cork Htarbor.  Pop. 519.             CROTON, a post-oflice of Licking co., Ohio.
CROSS IIILL, a post-village of Laurens  district, South    CROTON, a post-office of Newaygo co., Michigan.
Carolina, 14 miles S.E. of Laurens Court-House. It has 2    CROTON, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa.
high schools, which are in a prosperous condition.              CROTONA; Italy. See COTRONE.
CROSSINGVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Penn-    CR0/TON COR/NERS, a post-village of Chemung co., New
sylvania, about 240 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.               Yoirk.
CROSS KEYS, a post-village of Camden co., New Jersey,    CROTON  FALLS, a post-village and railroad station of
about 18 miles S.S.E. of Camdcn.                              Westchester co., New York, on Croton River, and on the
CROSS KEYS, a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia.   Harlem ]aluroad, 51 miles N.N.E. of New York City.
CROSS KEYS, a post office of Union district, South Caio-    CROTON  RIVER  rises in Dutchess co., New York, and
lina.                                                         flowing in a southerly course through Putnam  county,
CROSS KEYS, a district in De IKalb co., Georgia. Pop. 798.  turns westsard into Westchester county, and enters the
CROSS KEYS, a post-office of De Kalb co., Georgia, about  IHudson River about 35 miles above New York City. From
112 miles N.W. of Milledseville.                              this stream  the city of New York is supplied with water.
CROSS KE(YS, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.           See Nes Yot.
CROSS KEYS, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.            CROTOY, LE le.h lroctwe, a town of France, department
CROSS/KILL MILLS, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsyl-  of Somme, 10 miles N.W. of Abbeville, with a snimall port on
vania.                                                        the Somme, near its mouth. It has remains of a fortress in
CROSS LAKE, of Louisiana, situated in Caddo parish,  which Joan of Arc was imprisoned.
immediately W. of Shreveport, communicates on the N.    CROT/TY. a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
with Soda Lake. Length, about 15 miles; mean breadth, 2    CROUGtHITON, kro/ton,  a parish of England, co. of Northor 3 miles.                                                   ampton.
CRtOSS (or LA CROSSE, IA kross,) LAKE, in British North    CROULIN (Lioo/in) ISLES, a group in Scotland, off the
America, 20 miles in length fioci N. to S., receives the Bea- W. coast of Ross-shire, 14 miles S.W. of Loch Carron. The
ves, and gives origin to the Mississippi.  On its W. side is  largest island is about 1 mile in length.
Fort La Crosse, lat. 550 26' N., Ion. 10S0 W.                   CR01WAN, a parish of Engulad, co. of Cornwall.
CROSS/LAND, SOUTII, a township of England, co. of    CROW/COMBE, a. paish  of England, co. of Sonmerset.
York, West Riding.                                              CRtOW  CREEK, a post-office of Piekens co., South CaroCRtOSS'PdAGLEN/, a neat mnarket-town of Ireland, in UI- lina.
ster, co. of Armagh, 10 nsiles N.W. of Dundallk.  Pop. 546.     CROW  CREEK, a post-office of Franlklin co., Tennessee.
CRtOSS'M11CIIAEL, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of    CROW/DER'S CREEK, of North  Carolina and South
Kirlkcudbrigh t.                                              Carolina, enters the Yadkin in York district of the latter
IROSSMOLINA, kross'mo-le-n/, a market-town and pa-  state.
fish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo, on the Deel, 6      CIROWDER'S CREEIK, a post-office of Gaston co., North
miles S.W. of Ballina.  Pop. of town, 1672.                   Carolina.
CROSSON'S STORE, a post-office of Randolph co., Ar-    CROWDER'S MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Gaston co.,
kansas.                                                       North Csrolina.
CROSS PLAINS, Georgia. See DALTON.                            CII0/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
CIROSS PLAINS, a post-village of Benton co., Alabama, 13    CROW/IIUPRST, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
miles N. of Jacksonville.                                       CROWHIURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
CRtOSS PLAINS, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.         CIROW  IN/DIANS, a tribe dwelling  in the central and
CROSS P'LAINS, a post-office of Fulton co., Arklansas.      south-weste'n part of MNissouri Territory.
CROSS PLAINS, a post-village of Robertson co., Tennessee,    CROWLAND, a town of England. See CROYLAND.
35 miles N.N.E. of Nashville.                                   CTROWLANDVILLE, lkroland-vil. or COOK'S MILLS, a
CROSS PLAINS, a post-village of htipley co., Indiana, 80  post-village  of Canada West, co. of Welland, about 9 miles
miles S.E. of Indianapolis.                                   S.V. of Chippewa.  It contains churches of the Wesleyan
CROSS PLAINS, a village of Callaway co., Missouri, about  aind Episcopal Methodists. Pop. about 150.
40 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.                              CROWLE, kr51, a markiet-town and parish of England,
CROSS PLAINS, a post-township in Dane co., Wisconsin, co. of Lincoln, near the confluence of the Trent and Don, 5h
about 16 miles W. of Madison.  Pop. 324.                      miles E.S.E. of Thorne.  Pop. 2544.
CROSS RIIDGE, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi.    CROWIEX, a parish of Ensland, co. of Worcester.
CROSS RIVER/, Guinea.  See CaLABAR.                           CROWI/MARSIt-GIF/FORD,  aparish ofEngland, co. Oxford.
CIROSS RIVEIt, a post-office of Wtestchester co., New         CROW  MEADOW.   a post-village of Marshall co., Illinois,
York.                                                         122 miles S.W. of Chicago.
CROSS ROADS, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,    CROW  MEADOWS,            a post-office in Marshall co., Indiana.
S miles S.W. of Mhount Holly..         CROWN POINT, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
CROSS ROADS, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.    New York, on the western shore of Lake Chamsplain, about
CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Bedford co.,'irginia.        75 miles N. of Albany.   The fortifications which rendered
CROSS ROADS: a post-office of Jackson co., Mississippi.   this place fuinous is the history of the American War, are
CROSS IROADS, a post-office of Franklin co., Arkansas.      now in ruins.   Pop. 2378.
CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky.        CROWN POINT, a post-village, capital of Lakie co.,!ndiCIROSS ROADS, a postoffice of Madison co., Ohio.            n-ar. about 130 miles N.WX. of Indianapolis.  It contains 2
CROSS ROADS, a post office of Johnson co., Illinois.        or 3 cshurches. a high school, and about 400 inhabitants.
CROSS ROADS, a village of Osage co., Missouri, about 15    COWNSISVILLE, a post-office  of Anne Arundel co..
miles S.S.E. of Jefferson City.                               Mlarylmd.
521




CRO                                                           CSI
CROWNTIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            CRUtCIFEiR, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee, 121
CROW RITVER, of MIinnesota Territory, is formed by the  miles W.S.W. of Nashville.
union -of its North and South Forks. Flowing nearly E.,    CRUIDEN, a parish of Scotland, co., and 20 miles N.N.E,
it falls into the Mississippi River nearly opposite to Itasca.  of Aberdeen.  Pop. 2349. Here are the remains of ta DruidiEntire length, including that of the North, or principal, cal temple, and the fine  castle of Slaines, the seatof the Earl
Fork, about 100 miles.                                        of Errol. In the eleventh century, this parish was the scene
CROW'S NEST, a peak of the IHighlands, is situated on  of a battle between the forces of Malcolm II. of Scotland and
the W. side of the IHudson, in Orange co., New York.          of Canute, afterwards King of England.
CROW'S POND, a post-office of Daviess co., Kentucky.          CRUD/WELL, a parish of England, co.; of Wilts.
CROWSWVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg  district,    CRUIGES, a post-office of Westchester co., New York.
South Carolina.                                                  CRUIIT ISLAND, of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, is
CROW/VILLE, a post-office of Warrick co., Indiana.          in the Atlantic, immediately off its N.W. coast, 6 miles
CIMOW  WING, a village and trading-post of Benton co., N.N.W. of Dungloe.  Length, from N. to S., 2 miles.
Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, at the mouth of Crow        CRUM CREEK, of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, flows into
Wing River.                                                   the Delaware River.
CROW  WING RIVER, of Minnesota Territory, has its    CRUM ELBOW, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
source in a group of small lakes S. of Lake Itasca.  It falls    CRUMILIN, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of.
into the Mississippi S or 9 miles above Fort Ripley.  Enlire  Antrim, 12 miles W.N.W. of Belfast.  Pop. 568.
length, near 100 miles.                                          CRUMLIN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dublin.
C ROXtALL-wITrI-E DIINGHALL, a parish of England, cos.    CRUMIMOCK-WATER, a lake of England, co. of Cumberof Stafford and Derby.                                         land, between Buttermere and Lowes Water.  Length, 4
CROX/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.               miles; breadth, { mile. The Cocker carries its superfluous
CROX/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Staffoid.             waters to the Derwent. The surrounding mountain scenery
CROX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.            is beautiful. Scale-Force, the loftiest cascade of "the lakes,"
CROXTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.               having a fall of 156 feet in one cnear leap, is in its vicinity.
CROXTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfollk.                CRIUM/SALL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
CROXTON, a township of England, co. of Staifford.           Pop. 2745.
CROXITON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio.               CRUNIDAL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
CROXTON-KEYRIAL, keere-al, a parish of England, co.   CRUNIWEAR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
of Leicester.                                                   CRU/SO. a post-office of Seneca co., New York.
CROXTON, SOUTIH, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.    CRUIWYS-MOPRCHARD, a parish of England, co. of
CROY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Nairn and inverness, 8 Devon.
miles N.E. ofInverness. Pop. 1684.  It comprises theMoor of    CIRUX-EASITON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
Culloden, memorable for the defeat of Prince Cha rles's army,   CRUYIBEKE, a village of Belgium, province of East Flanin 1746, by the royal troops under the Duke of Cumberland. ders, 6 miles S.W. of Antwoerp.
CROY, a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway.   CRUYSIIANTEM, krois'hdnltlm, a  illage  of Belgium,
CROYA, a town of Albania.  See KROYA.                       province of East Flanders, 11 miles S.W. of Ghent. LinenCLROYIDON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  weaving employs about 600 looms. Neasr the centre of the
Surrey, on the London and Brighton Railway, 101 miles S.  commune is an ancient castle. Pop. 6769.
of London Biridge.  Pop. in 1851, 20,031. The town is well    CRYSTAL, krisltal, mountains of Africa, 1at.60S. lon.200E.
built, and.increasing in size; principal edifices, a handsome    CRYSITAL LAKE, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois,
parish church, with many tombs of archbishops of Canter-  on a small lake of the same name, about 50 miles N.W. of
bury, various other places of worsship, the Town-hall, occa-  Chicago.
sionally used as a corn-market: the Poultry Marlket-house,    CItRYSTAL LAKE, a post-office of Waupaca co., Wisconsin.
Trinity Hospital, for the maintenance of 40 poor persons,    CRYSTAL SPIIINGS, a post-oltice of Autauga co., Alabama.
(revenue, upwards of 29001. a year;) several alms-houses,    CSABA, chObl. h', a village of Hungary, beyond  the
the Jail, Union Work-house, and, near the town, some bar-  Theiss, co., and 7 miles S.S.W. of Belies. Pop. of the dis;,
racks.  Addington Parlk, the seat of the Archbishop of Can-  trict, 24,590.  This is the largest village in Europe. It has
terbury, is near Croydon.  Among its numerous public  a Roman Catholic and a Protestant church, and an extenschools are Archbishop Tenison's, and a school of the So-  sive trade in corn, cattle, firuit, wine, hemp, and flax.
ciety of Friends, removed to Croydon from  Islington in    CSACZA, chOt/sO6h, or CSATTCZA, a market-town of Hun1825.  Addiscombe College, for cadets in the East India  gary, circle of Hither Danube, 54 miles N.E. of Trentschin,
Company's service, is about 11 miles distant, and has 14  on the S. slope of Mount Jablunka, and right bank of Kisprofessors, with from  120 to 150 pupils.  Croydon, alter-  zucza. Pop. 4540.
nately with Guildford, is the seat of the county assizes.  It    CAIIKIS'EN, chi-kisftWn, or BATAILLONS DISTRICT,
has a court of reques:  antd petty sessions. An active trade  bA-tAl-yans!  dis/trikt, a district of IIungary, in Military Slain corn for the London markets is carried on; and the di- vonia, on the angle formed by the Danube and the Theiss.
rect London  and  Portsmnouth  Railway here joins the  Pop. 30,600.
Brighton line. Croydon is supposed to occupy the site of    CSAKATHURM, ch. k'-tooam', CSAKVAR, chhk'varY/,
the ancient Nicvioesa/agus, and near it many remains of an-  or TSAKTORNYA, ts'k-tonnlyA,  a town of Hungary, co. of
tiquity have been discovered.                                 Szalad, 7 miles N.N.E. of Warasdin, on the Tarnova.  It
CROYDON, a parish of Ecngland, co. of Cambridge.            contains an old castle. Pop. 1680.
CROYIDON, a post-township of Sullivan co., New IHamp-    CSAKOVA, chdh/ko'vShx, a town of IHungary, circle of
shire, 40 miles W.N.W. of Concord.  Pop. 861.                 Thither Theiss, on the Temes, 18. miles S. of Tenesvar.
CROYDON FLAT, post-office, Sullivan co., New s-lampshire.  Pop. 4250.
CROYILAND or CROW/LAND, an ancient town and pa-    CSAKYAR, ch'tk'vars, a village of Hungary, co. of Stuhlrish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the river W'elland, here  weissenburg, 27 miles W.S.W. of Buda, with a castle and a
crossed by a bridge built in the time of Edward II., and  Protestant church.  Pop. 4840.
much admired by antiquaries, 14 miles E.N.E. of Stamford.    CSANAD, ch~h'nAtd, a marlket-town of Eastern Hungary,
Pop. in 1951, 3183. It-Qis celebrated for the ruins of its once  capital of the county, 44 miles N. of Temesvar, on the Maros.
splendid abbey, founded in 716, out of the remains of which  Pop. 3730. It was once a flourishing town, and has the rea church has been constructed.                                mains of an ancient castle.
CROZET (kro'z/) ISLANDS, a group of four small islands    CSANTAVER, chbn'tdh'vaiem. a vill.ge of Hungary, circle
in the South Indian Ocean, between Kerguelen and Prince  of hither Danube, near Magyar Kanisa.  Pop. 3186.
Edward Islands. The easternmost, called East Island, is    CSANY or TSANY, ch1Ai, a village of Hungary, circle of
placed by Sir James IRoss in let. 460 27' S., lon. 520 14' E.    Hither Theiss, 3 miles from Hatvan.  Pop. 2175.
CROZIERVILLE,   krotzher-vil, a thriving manufactur-    CSASZAR, chds'sar/, a village of Hungary, circle of Hither
ing  village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, on  Chester  Danube. 8 miles fiom Tata.  Pop. 2388.
Creek, where it is joined by its West Branch, and on the    CSATII, CSAT. orCSATT, chat. amarket-townofIHungary,
West Chester Railroad. 16 W.S.W. of Philadelphia.  Pop. in  circle of Slither Theiss, 13 miles from  Miskolcz.  Pop. 5740.
1853, about 800.                                                 CSATSAK or TSATSAK, cha'chklk, a town of Servia, on
CROZON, kro'zSNG1,  a town of France, department of Fi-  the 1Morava, 90 miles S.W. of Belgrade, and lately rebuilt in
nistmre, 25 miles N.W. of Quimper, on a peninsula S. of lBetst  a regular style. It is the see of a Greek bishop.
Roads. Pop. 8858, chiefly supported by navigation and fishing.    CSEB, chlb, a village of IHungary, circle of Hither Danube,
CROZON, a village of France, department of Indre, 6 miles  3 miles frem Polaunca.  Pop. 2043.
S.W. of La Chatre.  Pop. 1080.                                  CSVEPEL or TSEPEL, chA'p6lt, a river island of HIungary,
CRUACHEN, BEN.  See B N\CacAcur.                            immediately S. of Pesth, formed by the Danube.  Greatest
CIIUACI-ILUSSA. kroofac loosisa, or CRIUACII-LUSACII, length from N. to 5., 25 miles; average breadth. 4 miles.
kroo!ass lusanm (" the mountain of plants.") a mountain cf   CSERVENKA, chtn'vSntlcSh', a town of Hungary, circle
Scotland. co. of Amgyle. disirict of Knapdale, 3000 Obet high. of IHither Danube, 10 miles fimom Zombor. Pop. 2791.
CRUCES, krooWss, (the plural of the Spanish word  Cruz,    CSETNEK, chttnek', a market-town of Northern huna " cross,") a village of South Amnerica, in New Granada, on  gary, co. of t4omom, 8 miles W'. of Rosenan.
the Isthmus, 20 miles N.N.W. of Panrtara. Boats ascend the    CSIKER-ST U1L, cheelk-er-stoolf, a districtof Transylvania,
Chagres River to this point.  In 1760 it was sacked and  on the borders of Moldavia, forming a part of the Military
burned by Morgan, the English pirate.                         Land.
522




CSO                                                          CUB
OSOKA, chlfkbh', a market-town of Hungary, circle of  able rivers. The latest calcreous formation is entirely coThither Theiss, about 5 miles from  Torok-Kanisa, on the  raliferous, and goes on at present accumulating on all the
Theiss, over which there is a ferry. Pop. 2640.               coasts, and contains numerous animal remains.  No traces
CSOKONYA, cho'kon'ydh', a market-town of IIungary, of volcanic eruption, properly so called, have hitherto been
circle of Thither Danube, 6 miles S.W. of Babocsa. Pop. 1530. discovered.
CSONGRAD, chon'grgd/, a market-town  of Hungary,    The mineral riches of Cuba have not yet been fully excapital of the co. of same name, at the confluence of the  plored, but it is known not to be deficient in this respect.
Theiss and Kirbs, 70 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 13,686. It  The precious metals have not been found in sufficient quanis well built. Its co-council and high court has been trans-  tity to repay  the cost and labor of working. Coppci is more
ferred to Szegedin, 32 miles southward.                       abundant, there being several extensive mines of this metal
CSOINA, choRnOSh', a market-town of Western Hungary,  in active operation in the Sierra del Cobre, (Copper Moun30 miles E.S.E. of Oedenburg. Pop. 3990. It is surrounded  tains.) They were wrought by the Spaniards at an early peby gardens, and has a Benedictine abbey, built in 1180.  t iod, but had been abandoned for upwards of a century.  when
CSURGO, choonR/go', a town of Hungary, circle of Thither  they were reopened about 1828. Mines of alum and copperas
Danube, 27 miles S.S.W. of Martzali.                          were also at one time worked in the mountains of Juragua,
CTESIPiON.  See MODA,.N.                                    but were speedily abandoned. Coal has recently been discoCUAJINIQUJALPA, kwf-ne-Te-kwAltpA, a town of Central vered near Havana. A variegated serpentine marble. chalceAmerica, state of Guatemala, and the largest between that deny, magnesia, icon pyrites, quartz, and feldspar slates
city and Sonsonate. Pop. from 2000 to 3000.                   and schists have been found in various places- The schistose
CUAMA. See ZAIsZE.Z.                                        formation shows itself most conspicuously at the base of the
CUAUTLAY-AMILPAS, kwI wt-li'1-meeVpls. atown of the mountains of San Juan and Trinidad, where great masses
Mexican Confederation, state, and 70 miles S.W. of Puebla.  of slate are to be found, of a dark blue color, and of a pyriCUBA, kulba, (Sp. pron. koo/bA,) an island in the Carib-  tous and bituminous quality. ~ In the quarries near IHabean Sea, belonging to Spain, the largest of the West Indian  vane, a thick slate is found, fit for floors and pavements.
group, and the most important of all the Spanish colonial  The mineral bitumen spoken of, exhibits itself under a va,
possessions, is situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico,  iety of aspects-sometimes in a liquid state. like naphltha,
about 130 miles S. of Florida, from which it is separated by  issuing fiom the fissures of the rocks; sometimes soft, like
the Bahama Channel; on the E., it is separated from HIayti  wax or half-melted resin. There are several mineral springs
by the windward passage, about 48 miles wide; on the S., in different parts of the island, and on the N. coast are exfrom Jamaica, by a portion of the Caribbean  Sea. 90 miles  tensice lagoons, which, in dry years, produce immense
across; and on the W., from Yucatan, by the Yucatan Chcan- quantities of mnunine salt.
nel, about 130 miles wide.  It is about a third larger  than    Clicnate, Soil, Vegetable Productions,  -c.-The climate is
Hayti, and nearly five times the size of Jamaica. It extends  hot and dry during the greater part of the year. The  cean
from lon.740 to near 850W., and is about 650 miles in length  temperature is 780 3', but in the interior only 730 4'.'The
from E. to W.; greatest breadth. at Caps de Cruz, 110 miles   hottest months, July and August, do not give a greater
average width, fiom 50 to 60 miles; while towards its W. ex-  averagge than 830 8/; and the coldest, December and January,
tremity it does not exceed 30 miles. The extreme E. end of  present the mean of 690 8'. In summer, the thermometer
the island, Point de slaysi, is in lat. 200 15' N., lon. 710 7' seldom rises above 820 or 860, and its depression in winter
W.; theW,San Antonio, in lat. 210 15, N., ion. 840 57'129" W.  so low as 500 or 530 5, is rare. Rain often descends in toc
and it extends firom  let. 190 50' to 230 10/ N.  Estimated  rents firom  July to September, and occasional showers fill
area, 34,800 square milis.  Coast line, exclusive of minuter  for a month or two before and after these periods. No snow
sinuosities, about 2000 miles.                                 is lknown ever to fall on the highest mountains; but fiest
General Description. —The island is intersected longitn-  occurs occasionally, forming ice of several lines in thickdinally by a range of mountains, diminishing in height  ness. Inhil sto-rms  are rare, and hurricanes much less fiefrom E. to W. At the E. end, where they are liffused over  quent than in the other Antilles.  The vegetation of Cuba
nearly the entire surface, they attain their greatest elevation, is exceedingly luxuriant.  Forests of mahogany, ebony,
which is about 8000 feet.'rom  the bases of these highlands,  cedar, fustic, and other useful woods abound; and the fields
the country opens into extensive meadows, or beautiful  are covered sith flowersa and odoriferous plant.s. IThe prin
plains and savannas, with occasionally some low swampy  cipal cereal cultivated is the indigenous maize. or Indian
ti-acts. Owving to the cavernous structure of the limestone  corn. Twvo cops of it ace obtained in the yeac.  Licecis also
deposits, the great inclination of their strata, and the small  produced in considerable quantities in many districts; but
breadth of the island, there are very few rivers of any mag   the principal crops are sugar, coffee, and tobacco, also a little
nitude, and a large portion of the territory is subject to se- cotton, cocoa, and indigo. A considerable extent of country
vere droughts. Yet the undulating surface of the country,  is appropriated als  o to cattle-breeding farms, and to pjtsreros,
the continually renewed verdure, and the distribution of  farums on which vegetables are raised, maize, mallochia grass,
vegetable forms, give rise to the most varied and beautiful  cassava, onions, garlic, poultry, wsax, and lhoney. The p'inlandscapes.  Everywhere, however, the eye falls only upon  cipal fiuits of the island are the pine oc- ananas, oranges,
a mass of luxuriant vegetation; and nowhere is the stiuc- shaddocls, plantains, bananas, melons, lemons. and saaeet
tune of the country to be seen, except on scarped, treeless  limes; figs and stravwberries are also to be had.
mountain slopes. The largest river in Cuba is the Canto,         -nimaols.-The most valuable domestic animinals are the
(kdwfto,) at the E. end of the island, having its sources in  ox. horse, and pig, which form  a large proportion of the
the Sierra del Cobre, or Copper Mountains, and falling into  wealth of the island; the sheep, goat, and mule are inferior
the Bay of Buena Esperanza, after a course of about o90  in quality and numbers.  Jackasses and rabbits have been
miles.  None of the streams are navigable excepting by  recently introduced. The sylvan birds are numeerous, and
small boats, and only for a few miles inland. The coasts of  in great variety, but birds of prey few; the principal is the
Cuba are in general exceedingly foul, presenting reefs and  bald-headed vulture, or turikey-buzzard.  The only indioeshallows, which extend from 2 to 21 miles into the sea, and  nous  quadruped ever known in Cuba is the hufti, which
make the approach to the land both difficult and dangerous. resembles a large rat, about 18 inches long without the
Within these reefs there is often a good sandy beach; but  tail.  Snakes and reptiles are not very numerous.  The
for the greater part of the circumference of the island, there  most remearlebs are the mnaja, 12 or 14 feet in length. and
is a belt or zone of lowland very little raised above the level  18 or 20 inches in circumference; anad the Jubo, about 6
of the sea, subject to floods and inundations, and so wet at  feet in length:  the latter is considered more dangerous
all seasons of the year, as to be constantly in a state ap- than the former, and is also more common. Phosphorescent
preaching to mud, rendering the access to the coast, and  insects abound, as do also those of a noxious descripition,
the ordinary communication between the interior and the  including chisres or jiggers, ants, mosquitoes. and a singusea, next to impossible in the rainy season, and not very  larly  disgusting-looking spider, with a poisonous sting.
easy during any month in the year. There are, however,  a  TIhere are also centipedes and scorpions.
number of harbors and bays on all the coasts, including the    Agriczltu.re,  dc.-As elsewhe re rmentioned. sugar, coffee,
Iatsana, one of thefiniest harbos ini the West Indies. Sonme  and tobacco form the principal objects of cultivation; but
others are also excellent, such as Guantanamo, Santiago,  of these, the first is by f-cr the most inmportant.  The quanManzanillo, and Jagua, (or Xagua,) on the S. coast, Bahia  tity of sugar produced in Cuba, per acre. is estimated at a
Hionda and Puerto de Cabaias on the N..W. coast, mend Nips, little more than 2000 pounds. being' somewhat better than
Baracos H-arbor, Port Na-ranjo, Puerto del Padre, and iatan-  Jamaica, but greatly short of Barbedoes.  Thie coffee plantazas. on the N. and N.E. coasts.                               tions arme confined almost solely to the N. side of the island,
Geology and Mileraloqy.-Geologically, the island of Cuba  the only part where the precise dcgree  of heat most favormay be shortly described as composed of granite, gneiss, able to the growth of the plant is to be found. The best
syenite, and euphotide, overlain by secondary and tertiary  season for planting the trees is in the middle of the month
f.rmations, chiefly calcareous. containing numerous fossils, of May; the gathering commences in August; but Noveamandthrough which the primitive rocks are often protiuded.  her and December are the most active and important
The mountains of the S.E. part of the island appear to have  months of the harvest. The best tobacco is grown  in the
a. submarine connection with the heights of Hayti and Ja-  district of Vuelta de Abajo, a little Wi. of Iavana, about 84
maica; and in this section earthquakes are firequently felt, miles in length, and 21 in brea dth;  and here the mildest
though they rarely extend to the W. part. In some localities  and finest flavoured is produced on the banks of the San
the limestone is exceedingly porous and cavernous, absorb-  Sebastian, most of which is miade into cigars, celebrated
ieg rapidly the tropical rains, and even engulfing consider- under the name of Havana cig-ars, reckoned the best made
523




CUB                                                                      CUB
anywhere.  Previous to 1S20, the cultivation and sale of                   The leading articles of import from  the United States few
tobacco seere subjected  to the same sort of monopoly in   the year 1851 were as follows:Cuba as in Mexico; but at the period referred  to, the trade                      l           ll    18,094            crn.        bsh.,
Whale oil.......... galls. 184,0941  Indian corn........ bush. 229,10,k
was thrown open.  The cattle-breeding farms of the island   Linseed oil.........galls.    3,311  Indian meal........bbls..   3,398
are said not to be in a very prosperous condition.  In 1852   Tallow candles.....lbs...              56,925  Potatoes............bush.  66,058
there were in  Cuba 1560 sugar  plantations, 1218  cofife   Sperescts   can-                                  Aples.............. bbls..      64
plantationse  512,  cattle farm s, 13  chocolate   plantations, 2       n dles                       d          e..............bs..
~ -de.......ls.                                               715,764   Rice................ tres..  27,6 1 
planttios5128 cattl I'coote a ao            Dried fisc..........qtls..  41062  Soap................lbs...   380,748
cotton plantations, 34,439  firuit and  vegetable farms, 7979   Pickled fish........bbls.    2,289  Leather.............lbs...  16,864
tobacco plantations, and  2284 coloenares, (kol-nA.-n  ros,  Tallow.............lbs... 548,367. Tobsacco........... lbs...  191,615
from  coiferee, an "apiary,") fiarms devoted exclusively to   Butter.............lbs... 418,777  Beer, cider, &e.....galls.  85,251
the production of honey.  The produce of the foregoing for  Ce                                        saiClsls..,0.5
the production of honey.  The produce of the for~egoing  foi-Cheese.............lbs... 256,162  Nails...............lbs...2,698.886
ork...............lbs...   3,364  Steel and irosen......
the year was sug'ar, 7,291,309 cwt.; coffee, 291,725 cwt.; to-    los a,,,        d Bacon...lbs...1,240,083  Manufactured castbacco, 444,040 cwt.; molasses, 267,l85 hogsheads; brandy,    ard...............lbs...7,836,153    ings..............dolls. 534,422
39,411 pipes; honey, 106,175 barrels;  and beeswax, 18,725 cast.  Boards and Planks..M0....   54,491  Paper and stationMareseefactures e, Conmnerce, efc.lThe manuiectusres of Cuba   Other lumbe r...dlls.   37,816    er.............. dolls.   1,11
sWooden  mannfc-                   Paints andvarnish.dolls.  11,830
ass confined to the making  of engas, noolaesses, and  cigars, Wedsesre-Pnscovrnbdl. 183
_s ~,nfined to the making of s Ir                       tures.............dolls.1,353,616  Glass..............dolls.  23,225
bleaching wax, and the preparation of coffee.  The cigars   Furniture..........dolls.  58,783  Coal................dolls.  14,092
which  the lower orders smoke —and  in  Cuba every  one  Specie and bullion..dolls.               s1,033,8 8   Ice.................dolls.  18,320
smokes, man, woman, and child —cost about $4 per 1000.  Prints.     dolls, 10 4   epper.                lbs... 60,1
Cocoa..............lbs...  98,343  Cordage............lbs...  29,326
Fe'om  the  same quality  of tobacco, the first,                   an       eseco. n b,.. 1  4    e    sls. aonad
second,  Figs................lbs...  33,374  Sall................lbs...  77,491
third  class of cigars are made.   When  the  cigars   are
twisted, and before they ase sorted, they are said to be ee eu               The total value of imports  into Cuba from  the United
revolucion."   They are now  sorted and pickled, and about  States in 1851 was $6,524,123, of which $6,318,962 was in
25 per cent. of the whole are chosen, and these are called of  American bottoms.  The total export to all the Spanish
the first clash; the restare divided into seconds and thirds,   dominions in 1851 was $13,249,056.   The total export to
and the prices vary fionm.$8 to $15 per 1000.  The commerce   the United States was $17,046,9 31, a greater amount than
of Cuba, on the whole, may be said to be in a flourishing   was received  there from  any other country except Engcondition.  The export of sugar had  more than doubled   land and France.  The total trade between Cuba and the
firom  1837 to 1849, and exceeded in value all other articles  United States, in 1852, amounted to $6,517,551 imports, and
of commerce; coffee, however, has treatly declined.  The  $17,861,728 exports, and  in 1853 to $6,257.,59   imports, and
chief imports are grain and fie oa,  salted meats,  salted  fish,  $18,585.755 exports; the shipping employed the latter year
cheese, brandy, vinegar, wines, spices, fruits, and  cotton,  amounted to 388,122 tons inward, and 493,062 tons outward.
linen, and woollen manufactures, of which, to the value of  The shippinga owned  in the island in 1851 comprised 7 ves$5,620,000, were imported from  Great Britain  and Ireland,  eels of ovec  400 tons, 30 of from  200 to 400 tons. 09 of from  80
in the year ending December 1853.  The exports are sugar,  to 200 tons, 295 of firon 20 to 80 tons, 208 of less than 20 tons,
coffee, molasses, tobacco, mahogany, cedar, fustic, and other  and 2454 of still smaller burden.
valuable timbers, fruits, and the precious metals.                           Inle-r nl  I    sprovements.e The roads in Cuba, formerly in a
The following   statement exhibits the value of the prin-  most wretche d condition, have latterly been much improved;
cipal articles of Cuban produce for the year 1849:-                       and the internal traffic  of the island is now facilitated by
Garden fruits.........814,839,500   Beef....................$3,605,750  the laying   of railways, of which no less than 351 miles were
Sugar................   18,699,924   Port...................  1,346,055  in operation at the commencement ofthepresent year, (1854.)
Esclents..............    6,097,080    ggs...................  1,166,880so    A railway from  H1avana to Guines, a distanceof 46 miles, was
Tobacco............... 5,042,829   Birds..............        1,0746                n  1837,            the  irst  ever constructed  in  any
Geirce.1,200,131 Suite.:.: ~ opened an 18e37, beinec the firset uese constructed iso any
Co tfe..................  2,206,131  Mrilk...................   326 4,0,0
endisan corel.  aooe8  ~Hides..........             aS o   Spanish  country.   It was not till 1848 that a railroad was
Charcoasl.............. 1,70,10       utton.................    120,000  opened in  Spain.    From  Havan a a railrway extends across
Cedar, nmlahogany, &c..  1,711,193                                    -   the islasd to Batabano, senuding off a branch westward to
SIolasses...............  1,462,728       Total........... $59,791,462  San  Antonio and Gunuajay.  At Union it connects with  the
Other agricultural prolutber..gri..tre...l pa-  327                                           5atanzas railway, and, trether E., with the railway extendlucts................. 3,728,175
Oasis. 1,72lue,1t 9                                 lugrtsadimpins to Cardeasas.  A railway extends from  Jucaro. on the N.
The total value of the ex~ports and imports of the island    coast, 34  aihes  into  the  interior;  and  fioo  Cionfueges
at diferentperios basbeen  s folows:-coast, 341 miles into the interior; and  fi'om    Cienfuegos
at different periods bs    en s follos                 another penetrates  the interior of Santa Clara.  A rmilway,44 miles in length, connects Nuevitas with Puerto Principe,
ear.   Exports.   Imports.   Ya             Exports.    Imports.
Ye______________. ____ts    Io   Y1        lXand another extends from  the city of Cuba to El Cobre.
18-37...   2           2,0,,3       181-..  $18,;812 Th3,499357            ese  ailays   have many important branches leading into
1841...  20,774,618   25,001,408  1-t8...  o26,07o,0o8    25,4:d5,565    the richest paris of the island.   Various  railways are ahso
1842...   26,684,701   24,637,527  13849...   22,436,556      6.320,i460O  projected or in progress,  which, when comnpleited, will render
1843...   257, 0'.-J, 79. 2 23,492,096 I18150... [25-,631,91ts  28;')83,227
15...    11,020,792    33,422,00  5...,631   it      every  parst of the island  easily accessible.  The magn etic
1844...   25,426,591   23,771,865   1851...   31,341,683   32,311,430
telegraph    is in operation between Havana   and Bateban6;
Of the total exports fion   Cuba in 1850 1198 per cent. was  and IIMtvona is beine  connected wislh oiMataanzas,    Cardenas,
to Spain, 32061 per cent. to the United States, 27e55 per cent,  and Guanajay,   the wires followiag   the railroads.  Lines are
to England, 7'30 per cent. to  Germany, 7'27  per cent. to   also beingu externded from  Pinar del Rio, in the W. part of
France, and 2'26 per cent. to Spanish America.  Of the ir-  the island, to Santiago de Cuba, in the E. part, with branches
ports 2981 per cent. was fiom Spain, 22'96 per cent. fiom  the  to the principal towns on the coasts.
United States, 21'10 per cent. from  Eungland, 7' 27 per cent.    The means of external communication with the principal
from  Germasny, 6'03 per cent. from  France, and 6'91 per cent.  points on the island are very extensive.  Havana is confrom  Spanish America.                                                     nected by daily lines of steamers with MBatanzas, Cardenas,
The following comparative  tables exhibit the principal  and Jucaro, arriving at Matanzas in five hours.   Between
articles exported and imported, with their declared value for  Betabau6 and Santiago de Cuba, in the E. part of the island,
the years 1837 and 1849:-                                                  steamers ply regularly' touching  at Cienfuegos. Trinidad,
Santa Cruz, and IManzanillo, reaching Santiago  de Cuba in
EXPORTS.                      1847.          1849.        five days.  Steamers ply daily between Lataban6 and Bailen,
touchiun at Davantruias, Coloma, and Punta de Cartes;  also
um................................         0010            232,790     weely  between  Batabano  and the Isle of Pines.   Ocean
Sugar..............................    7,9,59,       15      745                 connect Iva           with the principal ports on the
Coffee..............................    2,133,567        877,636
Ce es.2,132,502                         877606      ~~steamiers connect Iavans with tile principal posts on the
Wax................................       171,800        134,9 80     Anmerican continent.
Honey..............................        63,384         48,103         Slave Trade, c. —It has been a generald impression that
Molasses..................1051..........    180          1,4~78.202    the slave trade of Csba, notwithstanding the treaty with
Cigar.~..............................   1,'267,496  ]   1,236,7(12
~Ciganrs.             1 67 455        1,226,703     Spain  for its abolition, has been not only connived at, but
Leaf Tobacco...6..................        660.98          501,055
Fruit...............................        81,562,19      protected. by the Spanilsh government.  It is, at any rate,
Mfahogany.........................        128,906         113,195     certain that the degree of encouragement it meets nwith deCedar..............................          39,967        39,541      pends much, ifnot entirely, on the disposition of the captaingeneraol of the island for the tinme being.   The slave trade
IMPORTS.                      1837.           1849.       papers fobr 1846 report that the Cuban slave trade Was almhost
__   __  - ~__~        ~annihilated under the honorable administration of CaptainLiquors, e&c.........................   $1,8'7,764    $2,732,3100     general Valdez.  But it soon after reived under anothloer
Beef, pork, &c......................    1,425,4971      1,971,2600      overosr, and ultineetely  attained a height which it had
Spices and fruits....................     293,565        23,950',0
rsine and flour....................3,102,849            4, 56004 0    never reached before.  In 1844, no fewer than 10,000 slaves
CF;ish ea.......................    437,909         653i6800     were introduced intlo Cuba; and this was under the governorOthber provisions....................    1,6';9,161     1,96880       ship of General Valdez.  In  1850, the nunober   of slaves in
Cotton masnufactures................        3,2i3,120  2,487,00       Cuba, accoarding to the cen sus returinss was 436,100; althoutgh
Linen       do..................  2,881.999         2,849,9)80
biasen      do.2Oi0................       576178         487,90       in 1853 it manikes the number but 330,425.  There can be but
Woollen  do.                              576,170    417,890
Silk       do................       516,484        330.)40      little doubt that a large  portion of them  are  wrlongfully held
Leather............................ O504,450  4it3,710  in bondage, there being a Spanish law to the effect tlth   every
Lumber, bc.........................      979,838       1,72li,'00  neg.ro btought iito  Cuba after a specified date should be
Mliscellaneous.......................    3,424,930     5,975,910     ions that furnish Cuba   it
ipsofacto free.  The Aftican nations tha  fsretash Cuba sifl
5241




CUB                                                                  CUB
slaves are the Mandingoes, who occupy the greater part of  for its capital a town of same name, being the principal
Soenegambia, and are the most intelligent, beingn more or  towns of the island.
less imbued with Arabic civilization; the Gangoes, inhabit-    -Revcnue. —The  revenue of Cuba for the five years end
ants of the coast from  Cape Palmas S. of the Cordillera of  ing with  1837 averaged $80948,581, 61 per cent. of which
Kong; the Minas, who come firom  the Gold Coast; the Lucu-  was derived from  the customs, and the rest was made up
mies, from  the  Slave Coast; the last furnish the greatest  firom  various internal revenues.  In 1844 the revenue was
numbler of Cuban slaves, and are distinguished by brands  $10,490,252; and for the three years ending 1849, it was as
on their cheeks; the Carabalies, from the Kingdom of Benin;  follows:the Congoes, from Congo, and the Macuaes, found in Mozambique.  The Cubans divide the negroes of the island into                                                1847.        1548.       1849.
three classes, as follows:-bozale s, (bo-ze lks,)  comprising                                                                    14
those lately arrived, and ignorant of the Spanish language;  Inland tax..................   $,056,065             $6,038,715   15,840,760
ladinos, (]A-dee/noce,) those speaking the language; and cri-  Import duties and tonnage..    6,174,533      6,580,500    5,844,783
Export duties...............     032          1I2        541,
olos, (kre-6Vyoce,) those who are born in the island. dxpet09,325 d81eaa                                                 i        0,471
Edciucation.-Public instruction in Cuba has made com-                    Total..................   1-,880,446 $-3,43,4'1,109,4-0
mendable progress since the establishment of the Universities of Havana and Santiago de Cuba, and especially since    In 1851 the revenue is stated by Spanish authorities at
1842, when an important change was effected in the esta-  $13,821,456, and the expenditi-es at $11,969,750.  The taxes
blishments for public education.  The Royal University   of the island are said to have included both these sums,
is permanently  organized at IHavana, with a rector and a  makling  the real revenue $25,791,206, the $13,821,456 being
corps of 30 professors;  and there is now in course of erec-  the amount sent to Spain.-(" De Bow's Review.")
lion here, by the government, a large edifice for an insti-             The internal tax is made  up principally from  the Diezmos,
tution called the Royal College of Havana.  It is also proi    a tithe collected on certain agricultural products; the Alraposed to establish a similar institution at Puerto Principe.  v-ala, a duty of 6 per cent. upon the sales of all lands, houses,
There is at IHavana, and likewise at Santiago de Cuba, a col-  negroes, or  other property  requiring  a notary; and the
lege  subject to  special regulations, in which theology is  lotteries, of which there are 16, yielding, in 1848, $600.000.
taught, including  the humanities            and  philosophy.  The  The circulating medium of Cuba, like that of Spain, consists
schools for elementary  instructibn  in  Cuba  are  under  of the precious metals. there being not a single bank on the
the inspection  and control of boards specially appointed  island.  It is said, however, that a large amount of paper
by  the government.  The number of persons employed  currency finds its way into the market.
in giving primary instruction in the island  is estiniated    Pt ieatio ee.-Half a century after the discovery of Cuba,
at 500, and the number of pupils at 9000.  In the country  the indigenous population, said by the first navig ators   to
parts, the most profound  ignorance  reigns;  the  master  have been numerous, had entirely disappeared, having been
and the servant, the agricultural people of all sorts, are  extcerminated by the Spaniards.  At different periods the
equally  in  ignorance of the first elements of education.  populatisn of the island has been as follows:Neither religion nor morals are in a better condition.  The
Roman  Catholic is, nominally, the  prevailing  religion,   Years.                 White.    Free Colored.    Slaves.           Total.
though Mr. Glanville  Taylor declares that he never knew    15...ee
an instance of saen going to church  at all in Cuba, and   ie6ee                                                                  40,O
that no reverence whate'er was exhibited  for churches,  1775..I                     4,4,            41,336         169,370
padres, images, or saints.                                              i7       a...                            199,1           660,e0
MIilitary F'orcc.-According to an official statement made   1587...               o,            10e,49        2ess942         704,407
0040...     418,291       1.52,838s      436,495       1,007,624since the commencement of 1854, the land forces of Cuba are   as50.                 0,6050        a 205,5s0 436,10            a,247,20
on the most brilliant footing, both with respect to military discipline and equipment. The army is composed of 16 reiments               The annexed  table, from  De Bow's Review, is on  the
of infantry of 1000 men each; 2 companies of picked men, 125   authority of Don Jos6 M. de la Torra, member of the IReal
in numbher; 2 regiments of lancers, of four squadrons each,  Sociedad Economica, of HIavana.
each comprising 602 men  and 500 horses; besides which there                         Fixed  _Poeplaal     of Cuba in 1853.
are 4 light squadrona, each consisting of 191 men and 125
horses.  There is also a regiment of foot, with 8 batteries of                                 Sq.           FrPs                  Pop. eof
Jurisdiction.            White          Slaves. Total.  Chief
artillery, a brigade of 5 batteries, and a cmnopany  of sappers                              miie      its.  Cid.  il ownv  T
and miners, together with a large reserve of chiefs and other
officials, making the total number of veteran troops in the   Westers  Depariment.
island as follows:-Infiantry, 17,500 men; cavalry, 1808 men   Pinr del Rio.......  2,08  21,843  3,824  9,998   35,665  1,00
and 1500 horses; artillery, 1500 men and 190 horses and   Si. Cristob.........                   684 1,78  1,923  6,048   20,040    270
mules; sappers and miners, 130 men.  Total, 20,038 men   Bahia Iou da........                  586  4,124    621  5,494   10,139    570
and 1690 horses, not including the Civic Guard, which is   Mlariel...............   432 15,921  2,849 19,422   38,192  1,296
also a ptart of the veteran troops.  In addition to the above,  Sn  Antonio.........   117 12,28   1,7211 10,188   24,193  2.ie90
o     H,,-a..............     675 87,916 32,5940 26,850  147,360 0305,05
there  are on the island 1 regiment of militia infthntry,              S of Saig...........   16 79   1,597  4,04   1,705   2,274
Santiag~o........... 16'2  7,194[ 1,597[ 4,964   13,755  2,274S
disciplined militia cavalsy of 781 horses; also 8 rural squad-   Bcjucal..............   144 10,817  1,740  7,938    0,50   2
rons of 2 companies   each, with  100 horses.  The urbam    S*nGannabacoa.........                 1     s26 10,721  3,273  4;1322   18,316  8,100
companies of cavalry also number 740 mounted men, making   Rosario..............    234 11,764  2,841  5,425   20,1)033    450
in all 3500  mounted men, and a total land force  of 24,-38   GUinies                 -......0...   8,14   1,44  00,91      174   7,042
"I   Guies............ 855 18,214[ 2,44:.| 16,918   87,574  3, 5 4'2
Jarr5 ned...............   387 10,218  1,8775| 8,136   20,229    611
troops.  Some 4000 or 5000 troops have been landed on the   Matanz cs............               648 34,721  5     40,728       81,397    0
troops                                                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~648 34,7210 5,9{i  411,728   50,1001 26,000
island from  Spain since the publication of the document   Cardenaes............                95  27,521  3,824 55,016   86,361  6,1.73
referred to, but are intended chiefly to fill vacancies.  The   Sagua................1,107 14,534  1,1723 10,001   25,708  2,510
expense of the army was $55,908,963.     TheCuan navalfoce   Cienfuegos.........s    1930 17,811  4,0    1,318               3,0    4,0
Santa Clara.........1,017 25,592  8528,  5,301   39,421  6,{104
consists of 1 frigate of 44 guns, 7 brigantines,  carrying  104   Scisidad..           -      607 30,208  3,324   9,318    1,800  14,119;1                   t, 104 ~~~~~~Trinidad............   6571 15,2081 7,324/ 9,318!  31,85 1 4,119
guns, 11 steam-vessels, with 54 guns, 4 schooners, with 11   Remedios............    1,845 15,149  3,8151  4,0121  22,9:.1   0,i0
guns, 2 gun-boats, with 6 guns, and 2 transports; in all, 25   Sto. Espiritu........,889 24,321  6,394   6,816   37,12   9,982
vessels, carrying  219 guns, manned by 3000 men.  There are                                   -— are s      _ _ -_  
also 2 war-steamers  now being constructed in Spain, destined
for Cuba.  Expense of the navy, $1,965,444.                            Eastern Departmenit.
Government, cd-c.-Cuba, with the Spanish islands depend-   Puerto Principe......  4,545 26,893 10,318  9,321   46,530 6,684
eat on it, forms the captain-generalcy or military govern-   Nuevitas.........    1,710  2,720    397  1742    4,060    207
Tuna1s...............  2,0611 3,818  1,8211   7 221   6,3611 2,004
meat of La Havana.  The captaingeneral, being also civil'  rnais.               2....1,001   2,02  1,821    72              6,261,004
atnza~uillo...........1,044  7,321 10,143    917   19,381   3,050
governor, is assisted in his duaties by a sub-governor, and a   H-olguin.............1,95  19,427  3,271  3,827   2,               3,54
colonial junta of seven memnbers.  The division of the island   Bayarnio.............    990 10,721 11,217  2,724   24,662  5,875
is fivefold-ecclesiastical, civil. military, fiscal, and marie.    Jiguani.............   53          f,721  4,318    684   11,723   950
C u ba................  2,403 21,524'29,718 34,0001  8 5,242I 24,253
Ecclesiastically, it is divided into two, the E. end presidedi   Cuens7........              11,       54 29,718 34            8,2   24,23
Guyatanamo.........      s.574  2,201  5,928    9,7831   863
over by an archbishop,  who has his seat at Santiago, and                 races       - 0....   110,         3,721  15842    9,381  2,400
the W. end by a bishop, resident at  tayana.  The civil divisions are also two, called provinces, but not contemmino os             Total............ 17,505 104 5    8,25  61,708  141,450
with  the ecclesiastical division.  Each  province contains 
Total of Island... 35,757 i 10,988 176,6171330,4251 1,009,60
severalo smaller  subdivisions, and has its distinct governor,that of the W. or Lat Havana being the captain-generatl, and             The population to the square mile in the Western Departs
that of the E. end or Cuba being a separate governor, inde-  ment is 42, in the Eastern 14, and in the Island 28.
pendent of the former in civil and political matters.  The               In the area  and population of Hlavana is included the Isle
two principal civil tribunals are the audienciacs of La 1Iavana  of Pines; in the population of the city of Havana is not in
and of Puerto Principe, and of which the captain-general is  cluded the suburbs of hegla, and Casa Blanca, whoseaggregate
president ex offcio.  The military division is into three de-  population amounts to 8310. The area and population of all!
partments-eastrn, central, and  western. over  each  of  the islands and keys adjacent to Cuba are included in the
which is a commandant-general.  The fifth or marine divi-  above table.  The white population of Cuba may be classified
sion is into five plovince s-I- Havana, Trinidad. San Juan de  as follows: Natives of Spai-n, 90,000; Canary Islands, 25,000,
los Remedios, Nuevitas, and Santiago de Cuba, having each   France, 3000; England, 1000; North America and othei
525




CUB                                                        CUE
countries, 3000; leaving more than 400,000 natives of the  Ion. 720 10' W~. IA was discovered by Juan ds San Martit
island. Ethnographically considered, the inhabitants are in 1534.
Caucasian, African, American, and Mongolian.  Of the    CUDBDALOREt, a maritime town of Ilindostan, in the Car.
latter race, none were seen in the island prior to 1847, natic, and one of the largest and most populous in the S. of
except an occasional sailor from China. Since then, the  India, 17 miles S. by WV. of Pondicherry, on the right bank
introduction of Asiatic colonies has commenced, and about of the Trivadi, at its embouchure in the Bay of Bengal;
6000 persons from Chinahave arrived in the island. They  lat. 110 43;' 30" N., Ion. 790 450 451" E. It has a court-house,
are introduced by contract, generally, as field-laborers for a  a custom-house, and some trade, particularly in exporting
term  of years. Some 20 or 30 of them  have returned to  to Madras the cottons produced in this part of the peninChina.                                                      sula. It is one of the principal stations for soldiers who
Hstsory.-Cuba was discovered by Columbus on the 28th  have been invalided.  This place has been the scene of many
of October, 1492.  Ie first named the island Juana; it was contests, and has firequently changed masters. It was capafterwards called Fernandina, and next Santiago; but its  tured firom  the French by the British army under Colonel
Indian name has survived all these. The island was divided  Coote, in 1760, and continued under the dominion of the
into nine independent principalities, under as many different Nabob of Arcot until 1782, when it was taken by the Rajah
caciques, among whom  the most perfect tranquility pre- of Mysore, with the assistance of some French troops. In
vailed. The aborigines were an exceedingly mild and indo- 1795, Cuddalore, with the remainder of the province, was
lent race, and, beyond all other Indian nations, they were  consigned by treaty to the East India Company, who have
the most easily converted to Christianity. Columbus re- ever since retained it.
visited the island in April, 1494, and again in 1502. In 1508    CUDtDAPAH, (anc. C6ripa?) an extensive district of BriCuba was circumnavigated by Sebastian Ocampo. In 1511, tish India, presidency of Madras.
the Spaniards formed the first settlement on the island,    CUDDAPAIT, the capital of the above district, on the Cudand have retained possession of it ever since. In 1762, dapah River, 138 miles N.W. of Mladras. It was formerly
Havana was taken possession of by the British, but was  the capital of an independent state. and has a mud fort conrestored to the Spaniards in the following year. From this  taining the gfajah's residence, the court house, and prison.
period, the history of Cuba presents nothing more interest- The diamond mines are 7 miles N.E. of the town, on the
ing than a catalogue of captains-general and bishops-except  Penner.
that, in 1789 and 1791, permission was given to foreigners to    CUDIDEBACKVILLE, a post-office of Orange co., New
bring slaves into the island-down to the years 1809-1811, York.
when the ports were opened to the ships and trade of foreign    CUD/DESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
countries; during which period 54 or 56 captains-general    CUDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
have in turn ruled the island. The next events of import-   CUDDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 1 mile
ance in its history are the attempts, made in May, 1850, and  N.N.E. of Ewell. Henry VIII. built in this parish his magagain in August, 1851, by a band of United States ajiven-  nificent palace of Nonsuch, which was destroyed in the wars
tutres, under the command,of aSpafniard, named Narcisso  of the 17th century.
Lopez, to revolutionise the island Both expeditions signally    CUDIDYIIUNK, a post-office, Yallabusha co., Mississippi.
failed. The whole 450 men who landed were either slain in    CUtIIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
dight or taken prisoners; of the latter, 50 were shot; and    CUDILLERO, koo-deel-y/ro, or OLEIRIO, o-lAe-ro, a town
shortly after Lopez himself was garotted.-Adj. and inhab. and seaport of Spain, in Asturias, 22 miles N.W. of Oviedo,
CUBAN, ku'bau.                                              on the Bay of Biscay. A few small vessels frequent the
CUBA, koo/bd, a town and parish of Portugal, province of  port. Pop. 2210.
Algarve, 14 miles N.N.E. of Beja. Pop. 2410.                  CUDREFIN, ktiidreh-f.ANcG, a town of Switzerland, canton
CU/BA. a post-village and township of Allegheny co., New  of Vauend, with a small port on the E. bank of the Lake of
York, on Oily Creek, where it is crossed by the New York  Neufchltel, 5miles N.W. of Avenches.
and Erie Railroad, and on the canal connecting the Alle-   CUDIWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ghany River with the Erie Canal, 390 miles from New York    CUDWORTII, a township of England, co., of York, West
city. The village is a place of active trade; it contains a  Riding.
bank, and about 1000 inhabitants. Pop. of township, 2243.   CUELLAR, kw6l-yala, a town of Spain, 30 miles N.N.W.
CUBA, a post-office of Rutherford co., North Carolina.    of Segovia. Pop. 2851. It has a fine castle, formerly beCUBA, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.             longing to the Albuquerque family. Its environs are very
CUBA, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, about 80 miles  fertile, and famous for poultry.'
S.W. of Columbus.                                             CUENCA, kwln/kg, a city of Spain, in New Castile, capi.
CUBA, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.                tel of a province of its own namne, near the confluence
CUBA, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.                 of the Huescar and Jucar, 84 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop.
CUBA. a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.              0037. It is enclosed by high walls, and has 7 gates, a richly
CUBA, a township in Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 333.         adorned cathedral, a handsome episcopal palace, 14 parish
CUBAGUA, koo-ni/gWa, a small island of South America, churches, 13 convents, several colleges and hospitals, a dioin Venezuela, department, and 30 miles N. of Caracas, in the  cesan school, and 8 bridges across the rivers. In its vicinity
Caribbean Sea, between Margarita and the mainland.          are agreeable promenades. It has manufoctures of woollen
CUBA. See SANTIAGO DB CUBA.                               stuffs and paper. It gives its name to the Sierra Cuenca,
CU'BAIIAT/CIIEE, a creek of Alabama, enters the Talla- a part of the Iberian Mountains, which traverse the propoosa River from the S.E., near the W. part of Macon county. vince. Cuenca was at one time celebrated for its literature,
CUBAITATCHIEE or CUBEIIATCHEE, a post-office of  its arts, and manufiactories.
Macon co., Alabama.                                           CUENCA, a province of Spain, in New Castile, between
CUBAN, a river of Caucasus. See KOOBAN.                   lat. 390 20' and 400 471 N., ion. 10 5t and 30 W. It is bounded
CUBA, SANTIAGO BE. See SANTIAGO DE CUBA.                  on the N. by the province of Guadalajara. Area, 7,990
CUBB CREEK, a post-office of Perry co., Tennessee.        square miles. Pop. 252,723.
CUB'BERLY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.          CUENCA, lkwcms/ll, or RAMIBAE, a city of South America,
CUBRtBINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.       in Ecuador, department of Assuay, capital of a province of
CUBCABEA or CUBKABIA, a town of Darfur. See Coon- its own name, in a wide plain, 8640 feet above the sea, 85
CABSA.                                                     miles S.S.W. of Quito. Though not well built, it is reguCUB CREEK, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia.     larly laid out, and it has a cathedral, various other ecclesiCU/BERT, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.           astical edifices, a university, and trade in cheese, confecCUB HILL, a post-office office of Baltimore co., Maryland.  tionery, hats, bark, and rural produce. In its vicinity are
CUB/LEY, a parish e1 England, co. of Derby.              various Peruvian antiquities.  It is the see of a bishop,
CUBILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.          erected in 1786. There are here extensive sugar refineries.
CUBLIZE, kiib'leezt, a village of France, department of  A little to the S. is the mountain of Tarqui, which ConRhdne, on the Rhone, 27 miles N.W. of Lyons. Pop. 2504.   damine and other French astroniomers selected for their
CUBZAC, kiibhz/k/, a village of France, department of  meridian in 1742. After Quito, Cuenca is the most popuGironde, 11 miles N.N.E. of Bordeaux, on the Dordogne, with  lous city in Ecuador, Pop. about 20,000.
a small port, and fine suspension bridge. Pop. 1000.          CUERNAVACA, kwrtm-nI-vktIk/, a town of the Mexican
CUCK/FIELD, a parish and market-town of England, co. Confederation, state, and 40 miles S. of Mexico, on a mountain
of Sussex, pleasantly situated on an eminence, 34 miles S. by  spur jutting into a valley. It consists of nunmerous steep
E. of London, and within 1 mile of the railway from London  and narrow streets, with ranges ofone-storied houses, fronted
to Brighton. Pop. 3444.                                     with balconies and porches, and has quite " a Neapolitan apCUCKOOVILLE, kOsk'koo-vil, a post-office of Louisa co., pearance."  Its suburbs, inhabitated by Indians, are also
Virginia, 46 miles N.W. of Richmond.                        very picturesque. In its vicinity is an old isolated mount
CUCUISAS, LAS, lis koo-kwees'ss, a town of Venezuela, with Indian ruins.
28 miles S.W. of Caracas. It lies in the beautiful valley of    DUERO. kwmro, a post-village and former capital of De
Aragua, and properly speaking, it is composed of three  Witt ccq, Texas, on the Guadalupe River, 90 miles S. by E.
towns, near each other. Pop. 5000.                         of Austin.
CUCURRON, kiikiikft'RNc /, (anc. s Ccuro  ) a town of France,   CUEItS, kwait, (anc. Cois/r/'un? de Cor/cis,?) a town of
department of Vaucluse, 7 miles S.S.E. of Apt. Pop. 1568.   France, department of Vae, 11 miles N.E. of Toulon.
CUCUTA, koo-kooltt, a valley of New G-ranada, province    CUEVA DE VERA, kw/vl dt vth/m, a town of Spain, 42
of Pamplona, on the Venezuelan frontier; lat. 70 30' N., miles N.E. of Almeria, at the mouth of the Almanzor, ie
526




CUE                                                         CUL
the Mediterranean.  Pop., including its suburbs, 10,140. which Prince Charles lodged on the night previous to the
Many of its inhabitants are employed in fishing, in the ma- battle.
nufacture of saltpetre, and in potteries. It has risen into    CULLOtDEN, a post-village of Monroe co., Georgia, 32
importance from the silver mines recently discovered in its  miles WV. of Macon, and 65 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.  The
vicinity.                                                   situation is pleasant and healthy. The village contains 1
CUEVAS )E SAN MARCOS, kwdvvs dA sin mlgakos, or  church, a seminary and other schools of high character, and
ALTAS, Jlt s, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 38 miles N. several stores.
of Malaga, on a declivity. Pop. 3711.                         CULLOITMA or COLUMA, a post-town, capital of El DoCUEVAS DE VINROMA, kwA/vls dlveen-rolml, a town of  rado co., California. is situated on the left bank of the South
Spain, 23 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2600.    Pork of American River, and on the road from Sacramento
CUFFEIGHTRIN, ktif-fA/trin, a parish of Ireland, in U1- City to Nevada, 107 miles in a straight line N.E. of San
ster, co. of Antrim.                                       Francisco. In the vicinity of this town is Sutter's Mlill,
CUGGIONO-MAGGIORE, kood-jolno-mld-jolrh, a town of  where the first discovery of gold in California was made.
Lombardy, 18 miles W. of Milan. Pop. 3629.                 There are a number of saw mills, which produce great 5uauCUGLIERI, kool-y~lree, a town of Sardinia, division of  tities of lumber, and have materially contribhted to the
Sassari, 9 miles S.E. of Bosa. Pop. 4052.                   building facilities of this place. Pop. between 2000 and 300.
CUIABA, a town of Brazil, See CuYAnA.                      CULLOMPTON, a town of England,  See COLLUMPTON.
CUISERY, kwee'zeh-reef, a town of France, department    CULLY, killee', a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud,
of Salne-et-Loire, on the Seille, 11 miles S.W. of Louhans.    on the Lake of Geneva, 5 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne.  It has
CUISSEAUX, kwee's0l, a village of France, department some Roman antiquities.
of Salne-et-Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Louhans. It has a fine    CULILY, a post-township of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania,
church of the fourteenth century.                          has 175 inhabitants.
CULARO. See GRENOBLE.                                      CULMI and CULMBACH.  See KULn  and KULMB1ACII.
CULIBERTSON'S, a small.post-village of Mercer co., Penn-    CULIMERVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylsylvania.                                                  vania.
CULIBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the    CULIMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Bristol Channel, 81 miles W. of Minehead. The village and    CULMISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
church are so buried among the lofty and almost perpen-    CULINA, (ane. Khalana,) a town of British India, presidicular hills, with an elevation of 1300 feet, that for 3 months  dency and province of Bengal, in the district of Jessore, on
in winter the sun is never seen.                           an arm of the Ganges, 78 miles E.N.E. of Calcutta.
CUIT/BREATH, a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia,    CULNA, a town of British India, presidency and province
about 20 miles N.W. of Augusta.                             of Bengal, in the district of Burdwau, on the HIoogly River,
CULCICIETI, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.    43 miles N. of-Calcutta. There is here a circular area comCULIDAFF, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. posed of two concentric circles, the outer one of which conCULEBRA, koo-l/brl, a river of Central America, in the  tains 108 temples, and the inner 35. Here also is a flourstate of Costa Rica, enters the Caribbean Sea near the Lake  ishing school and a mission station in connection with the
of Chiriqui.                                                Free Church of Scotland. It is one of the principal ports
CULEBRA, koo-lA/brA, or PASSAGE ISLAND, a small on the Roogly for the Burdwan district, and carries on a
island of West Indies, belouging to the Virgin group, off the  thriving trade. Near it is a magnificent residence of the
E. coast of Porto Rico; let. 180 17' N., Ion. 650 17' W. It Burdwan rajah. Pop. 40,000.
is about 7 miles long, and 3 miles broad.  Pop. 300.          CULNAT, kool-nit a village of Peru, in the Andes, district
CULEBRA, an island in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to  of Canta, about lat. 100 10' S., remarkable only for its great
the Philippines; lat. 10 181 N., ion. 123~ 3' E.            elevation, being about 10,000 feet above sea-level.
CULEBRA, koo-lA/brA, a seaport of Central America, in    CUL'PEEI, a town of British India, presidency and prothe state of Costa Rica, in lat. 100 35' N., Ion. 850 38' W. It vince of Bengal, in the district of 24 Pergunnahs, in a
is one of the finest ports on this part of the coast and af- jungly and unhealthy position, on the Hoogly River, about
fords safe anchorage for ships of any burden.               34 miles W.S.W. of Calcutta.
CULtFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.              CULtPEPPER, a county in the N.E. central part of Yir
CULIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxfoid.             ginia, has an area of 673 square miles. The southern and
CULIIUACAN, kool-wd-kInl.  See PALENQUE.                  north-eastern borders are respectively washed by the RapiCULIACAN, koo-le-A-ktnl, a town of Mexico, 90 miles S.E. dan and by the North Branch of the IBappahannock, which
of Cinaloa, in a fertile tract, on the river Culiacan. Pop. unite at the eastern extiremity of the county. The N. part
7000. It is a depot for goods passing betweenGuaymas and  of the county is drained by:Iazel IRiver. The surface is
Mazatlan.                                                   finely diversified with hill and dale; the soil is of a deep
CULLA, koollyl, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 26 miles N. red color, and highly productive.  The Rappahannock liver
by W. of Castellon do la Plane, near the Seco, on a hill has been made navigable along the border of the county.;
cmowned by a Moorish castle. Pop. 1405.                     small boats also navigate Hazel River. The county is inCULLARI-DE-BAZA, kool-yaRfdl-bt/thAi, a town of Spain, tersected by the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, lately
in Andalusia, 68 miles E.N.E. of Granada. Pop. 5509.       finished. Organized in 1748, and named from Lord CulpepCUL'LATOOR' and CULLOORI, two towns of India, the  per, Governor of Virginia in 1681. Pop. 12282, of whom 5599
former in British India, the latter in Nizam's dominions, were free, and 6683 slaves.
200 miles E.N.E. of Iyderabad.                                CULPEPPER COURT IO0USE, Virginia. See FAIRFAX.
CUI/LEN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, sea-   CULPITO, khlffo, a parish of En-land, co. of Suffolk.
port-town and parish of Scotland, co. and 12 miles W.N.W.    CULROSS, kfl-ross, a parliamentary and municipal boof Banff, on the Cullen, here crossed by a bridge at its  rough, seaport-town and parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. on
mouth in Cullen Bay, (N, Sea.) Pop. of parliamentary ho-  the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 19 miles V.N.W. of Edinrough in1851,1853. The borough unites with Elgin, Banff, burgh. Pop. of parish, in 1851, 1487. It stands on a steep
Rintore, Peterhead, Macduff, and Inverury in sending 1  acclivity, and is meanly built; the chief edifices,are a pamember to the Rouse of Commons. It gives the title of  rish church, formerly collegiate and belonging to a monasbaron to Lord Seafield, chief proprietor, whose mansion, rich  tery, the remains of an ancient chapel, and those of Cuhross
in valuable paintings, is adjacent.                        Abbey, successively the seat of the Bruce and Dundonald
CULILEN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, 6  families.  The borough unites with Queensferry, nlavermiles N.W. of Mill-Street. Iere are the remains of several keithing, Dunfermline, and Stirling in sending 1 member
baronial castles.                                          to the iHouse of Commons. In the vicinity are the remains
CULLEN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Rinsale.             of two Danish camps, and the house of Castle-hill, on the site
CULLEN. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.           of an ancient stronghold of the Macduffs. called DunneCULLEN'S WOOD, Ireland, in Leinster, is a suburb of  merle, and where the murder of the wife and two children
Dublin, on its S.E. side.                                   of Macduff, by order of Macbeth, is reputed to have taken
CULLERA, kool-yAlri, (anc. Suacro?) a maritime town of  place.
Spain, province and 24 miles S.S.E. of Valencia, on the Medi-    CULSALMOND, ktil-sawlmond, a parish of Scotland, co. of
terranean, at the mouth of the Jucar. Pop. 7114. It exports  Aberdeen.
rgain, wine, fruits, vegfetables, paper, and salt fish to an aver-   CULtTER, a parish of Scotland, co., and 11 miles S.E. of
ase annual value of 101,4821. Cullera has always, firom its  Lanark. Culterfell Mountain, in this parish, has an elevanatural position, been esteemed a place of great military im- tion of 2430 feet.
portance; the walls, towers, and fortifications have been    CULTS, a parish of Scotland. co. of Fife, 3 miles S.W. of
repeatedlydismantled, and as often repaired:or rebuilt.     Cupar. Its antiquities comprise a Roman camnp, and in the
CULILERCOATS, a township and watering-place of En-  parish is the superb mansion of the Earls of Lindsay and
land, co. of Northumberland, 1~ miles N.N.W. of Tyne- Crawford. The celebrated painter Sir David Willkie, was a
mouth.                                                     native of Cults.
CULLOI)EN or DRUMMOSISIE-MOOR, a wide, moory    CUL'VER, a post-office of Calhoun co., Micligan.
ridge of Scotland, co. of Inverness, in the parish of Croy; and    CUJLWORTIt, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
memorable for the total defeat of Prince Charles's army, on  CUUMA, koolmi, a fortress of Southern Italy, 11 miles WV
the 16th of April, 1746, by the royal troops under the Duke  of Naples, close to the Mediterranean, occupying the site of
of Cumberland. On the moor, 4 miles E.N.E. of Inverness,  the ancient Cilsdm, of which it has a few remains.
stands Culloden house, the old seat of the Forbes fimmily, in    CUMANA, koo-m'-ni, a maritime city of South Americe
527




CUM                                                            Cum
in Venezuela, capital of a department and province on the    CUMBERLAND, a county in the S.S.W. part of New Jor
Gulfof Cariaco, at the mouth of the Msanzanares.  Lat. of  sey, has an area of about 480 square miles. It is bounded
Fort Boca del Rio 100 27' 6" N., lon. 640 11' W. Pop. 6500. on the S.W. by Delaware Bay, and on the E. by Tuckahoe
It has several suburbs, and a fort on an adjacent height, Creek; and is intersected by Maurice River and Cohansey
but no remarkable edifices; and, on account of fiequent  Creek. The surfacte is generally level, with some low bridges
earthquakes, all its houses are low-pitched. Its roadstead  between the streams. Marl is found in the W. part of the
is excellent, and capable of holding the coabined navies of  county, and iron ore in Greenwich township. Organized in
Europe. Export trade in cattle, snmoked meat, salt fish, co-  1748, and formed from part of Salem county. Capital, Bridgecoa, and other provisions pretty extensive. Inthe year 1847,  ton.  Pop. 17,180.
10 vessels, aggregate burden 682 tons, entered, and 6, bur-    CUMBERLAND, a county in the S.S.E. part of Pennsylden 658 tons, cleared from  the port. Cuenana is the oldest vania, has an area of 545 square miles.  The Susquebaunna
European city of the New Continent, having been founded  River forms the boundary on the E.; Conedogwinit Creek
by Governor Diego Castellon in 1523. It has suffered se- flows through it towards the E., and Yellow Breeches Creek
verely by two earthquakes; by that of 21st October, 1766, forms part of the S.E. boundary.' The greater part of the
it was entirely destroyed in the space of a few minutes. county lies within the Kittatinny or Cumberland Valley,
On 14th December, 1797, more than four-fifths of the city  enclosed -between the Blue Mountain range on the N., and
were again completely demolished. Before the revolution  the South Mountain on the S.E. The soil is calcareous, exof 1823 its population was upwards of 30,000, now it is only  ceedingly fertile, And in a high state of cultivation. Limeabout 6500.                                                    stone of fine quality is abundant in the Cumberland Yalley,
CJUMANA, a departaent, Venezuela, bounded on the W. and iron ore is also found. The county is copiously supby the department of Caracas, S. bythe river Orinoco, and on  plied with good springs, and with permanent water-power.
the other side by the Caribbean Sea, has an area of 370,000  It is intersected by the Cumberland Valley Railroad, and
square miles, and comprises, besides the cities of Cumana  by turnpike roads extending to Baltimore and -Harrisburg.
(the capital) and Barcelona, the towns of Cariaco, Carupano,  Organized in 1750, and named.from  Cumberland county,
Araguna, and El Pao.                                           EnglLnd.  Capital, Carlisle. Pop. 34,327.
CUIMANACOA, koo-maa-nkola, a town of South America,    CUMBERLAND, a county towards the S.E. part of Virin Venezuela, department, and 40 miles S.E. of Cumana. ginia, has an area of 310 square miles. The Appomattox
Pop. 2800: It has a cool and healthy climate.                  bounds it on the S.E., the James River washes its N. border,
CUMANIA or KUMANIA. koo-mnane-a, (Ger. Kumaoezien,  and Willis River flows through it. The surface is undukoo-nmitne-en; Hun. Keunsdg,  koon'sh~gI.)  GaRsr CuAINIA, lating; the soil was originally fertile, but in some parts has
(Hun. Nagy eunsedg, nldj or nfdy kooneshgl,) is an iude- been worn out. Formed from part of Goochland in 1748.
pendent district of Hungary, in the province "beyond the  Capital, Cumnberland Court House. Pop. 9751, of whome 3422
Theiss," between 470 and 470 40' N. lat., and 200 30' and  were free, and 6329 slaves.
210 10, E. Ion.'The area is about 424 square miles. The    CUMIBERLAND, a county in the S. Central part of Noith
whole surface is a low plain, and rendered so swampy by  Carolina.  Area estimated at 1680 square miles. It is interthe inundations of the rivers, that nearly one-half of Cu-  sected by Cape Fear River, which, in its passage through
mania is a mere bog. There are here no large land propri-  the county, is joined by Little River and Rockfish Creek.
etors or feudal lords, as in most parts of Hungary; the pee-  The surfiace  is diversified. The line which separates the
p16e have an independent jurisdiction of their own, and send  tertiary formation of the low country from the granite and
representatives to the Hungarien diet. The Cumanians   are  hilly region of North Carolina passes nearly through the
a robust, athletic race, and very fond of rural pursuits, and  middle of the county. The soil is generally fertile. The
are altogether a rich, happy, and independent people. The  county contains large forests of pitch-pine, from which lumpopulation amounts to about 55,000, of wohom  37,000 are  her and turpentine are procured, and exported by means
Protestants. Great Cumania contains one market town, of steamboats which navigate Cape Fear River. Its prosKardzag-uj-Szlllds. Lat. 470 20' N., hon. 200 55t E.         perity has been increased by several plank-roads recently
LITTLE CUe:ANIX, (Hun. Iis KIeunsdi, kish koon'shagf,) laid, the aggregate length of which is above 300 niles.
a district of Hungary, in the province "this side the Theiss,"  Water-power is abundant on Cape Fear River, and is emIt consists of several detached portions of land, with an  ployed in a number of cotton mills. Organized in. 1754.
aegregate area of about 1000 square miles, so that it is moare  Capital,'Favetteville.  Pop.' 20,610, of whom  13,393 were
than twice as large as Great Cumania.*  Pop. about 61,000.  free, and 7217 slaves.
(P. C.) The general features of the country, as well as the    CUMBERLAND, ac county in the S. part of Kentucky,
character and condition of the inhabitants, correspond with  bordering on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 375 square
that iven under the head of Great Cumania. Their largest  niles.  It is intersected by Cumberland River, (frono which
town is Felegyheza. Lat. about 460 43' N., Ion. 190 54' E. —    the namne is derived,) dividing it into nearly equal parts.
Adj. and inhab., relating to both districts, CUMeNIAN, ku- The river is bordered by hills of considerable height. The soil
melne-an.                                                     is noderately fertile. The river is navigable by small boats
CU.IBAL, koom-bAl', a mountain peak of the Andes in  through the county. There is a renoarkable' oil spring" on
New Ge-sada, a little N. of the equator. HIeight, 15,620 feet. the bank of the river, in this county. Capital, Buirksville.
CU:'IIBE IRLAND, the most N.W  county of England, hay- Pop. 7005, of whoem 5502 woere fiee, and 1485 slaves.
ing N. Solway Frith and the Esk and Liddle Rivers sepa-    CUIBEIRLAND,  a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois,
riting it fronm  Scotland. and WV. the Irish Sea. Area, 1565  has an area of 310 square niles. It is intersected by the
square miles,  (1,001,000) acres, two-thirds of which are  Emberras River, an affluent of the Wabash.  The surface is
enclosed and cultivated. Pop. in 1851., 195,402.  Surfiece  diversified with prairies and tracts of timber; the soil is
mountainous, and highly picturesque.  Skiddaw rises to  good. The Mississippi and Atlantic Railroad, when finished,
3020 feet above the sea. The principal rivers are the Eden, will connect it with St. Louis and T1erre Haute, in Indiana.
Esk, and Derwent.  In this county are the beautiful  lakes  Capital, Greenup.  Pop. 3720.
of Derwent-wrater, Bassenthwaite, Borrowdale, Buttermere,    CUMIBERLAND, a post-village and township of Cumberand Ulles-water, on the borders of Westmoreland. The county  land co.. laine, on Casco Bay, and on the  eennebec'nd
is traversed by the Lancaster and the WVhitehaven and Car- Portland Railroad, 55 niles S.W. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 1656.
lisle Railways.  Near Whitehaven and Newington are ex-    CUMBERLAND, a township of Providence co., Rhode
tens-:e and profitable beds of coal, gnd in Borrowdale is a  Island, on the Blackstone River, and on the Providence
eamous mine of plumbago or graphite. The principal towns  and'Worcester Railroad, 10 miles N. of Providence.  It has
are Carlisle, Whitehaven, Cockermouth, Penrith, Keewick,  4 banks, and nanufactures of iron castings, machinery, carand Egremont. It sends to the IHouse of Commons two   inages, boots and shoes, bonnets, paper hangings, sash and
members for each division of the county.  Within the limits  blinds, calico prints, and thread.  Pop. 661.
of this county is a considerable extent of the great Itceoean    CUMBERLAN D, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvancia.
wall elected in the time of Hadrian.'             Pop. 3588.
CUMI/BERLAND, a county in the S.W. part of iMaine, has    CUMBERILAND, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
an area of about 990 square miles. The Androscoggin River  Pop. 2143.
forms part of the N.E. boundary, and the Atlantic Ocean    CUMIBERLAND, a flourishing town, capitl of Alleghany
washes it on the S.E. It contains several ponds, the princi-  co., Maryland, on the left bank of the Potomac Rive,. and
pal of which is Sebago Pond, flom which a canal has been  on the Baltimore  and Ohio Railroad, 179 miles WV. by N. of
constructed, affording a comnunication with the Atlantic. Baltimore.  It is the eastern teraminus of the National Load,
The soil is fertile, and under good cultivation. This county  and the western terminus of the Chesapeakle and Ohio Cahas several bays, the chief of which, Casco Bay, affords fa- nal, extending to Georgetown, in the District of Columbia,
dilities for navigation, and for fisheries, perhaps not to be  and has an extensive trade. In respect to population it is
equalled on tohe coast. The railroad connecting Boston with  not surpassed by any city in the state, excepting Baltimore.
Waterville, and the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroads  It contains, besides the county buildings, churches of five
pass through this county, and that from  Gorhanm  is in- or six denominations, 3 newspaper offices, 3 banks, and 1
cluded within it. Capital, Portland. Pop. 79,538.             savings' institution. There are several flouring mills in
— __~ - ___  ______-_ -the vicinity. Large quantities of stone coal are mined a
few miles W. of this town.  Pop. in 1850. 6073.
* The origin of the distinctive epithets of  ittle and Great, as   ele'X.o t      to      o    n 1, 67
applied to these districts, is not known. The relative size of the    CUBERLAND, a post-office of Grundy co, Tenessee.
iwo territories meay possibly have changed since the names were    CUMBERLAND, a small village of Cumberland co., ienfrst bestowed.                                                tucky.
528




CUM                                                      CUM
CUMBERLAND, a village of Guernsey co., Ohio, about 80  Pennsylvania, about 100 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. Pop.
miles E. of Columbus.                                    1114.
CUMBERLAND, a village of Licking co., Ohio, 18 miles    CUM/BERNAULD, a burgh and parish of Scotland, co. of
E. of Columbus.                                           Dumbarton, on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, 14
CUMBERLAND, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, on  miles N.E. of Glasgow. Pop. in 1851, 3778. The town, in afine
the National Road, and on the Central Railroad, 10 miles valley, has a good church and subscription library. The prin.
E. of Indianapolis, has about 200 inhabitants.           cipal shops, workshops, and dwellings are lighted with gas.
CUMBERLAND, a post-office of Fayette co., Illinois, 75  In the N. part of the parish are some remains of Antonimiles S.S.E. of Springfield.                             nus's wall.
CUMBERLAND, a county in the N.W. part of Nova Scotia,   CUMIBERSDALE, a township of England, co. of Cumberbordering an Northumberland Strait, and partly separated  land.
from  New Brunswick by Chignecto Bay. The coasts are    CUMIBER, UPPER and LOWER, are two contiguous padeeply indented, affording many fine harbors. The surface  riches of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Londonderry.
is broken, a portion being occupied by Cobequid Mountain.   CUMIBERWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Cumberland county contains some of the richest coal-mines   CUMBERWORTI, a chapelry of England, co. of York,
that are to be found in all Nova Scotia, and from them the  West Riding.
North American Mining Company annually obtains large    CUMBERWORTH, HALF, a township of England, co. of
quantities of excellent bituminous coal. The underlying  York.
rock of this coal formation also furnishes immense quanti-    CUMiBO/LA, a mining village in Schuylkill co., Pennsylties of beautiful and compact gray and buff-colored grind- vania, on the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, which extends
stones, which are exported to all of the United States. The  from Pottsville to Tamaqua.
county also abounds with gypsum. Capital, Amherst. Pop.   CUMBRA, krmn-bral, or CIMBRAES, sim-brazel, GREAT
in 1851, 14,339.                                         and LITTLE, two islands of Scotland, co. of Bute, in the
CUMBERLAND, a peninsula of British North America, Frith of Clyde, 2 miles S.W. of Large. Little Cumbray lies
having N.E. Davis's Strait, and S.W. Northunmberland Inlet, southward, separated from the county of Ayr by a channel
between the parallels of 640 40' and 670 30' of N. lat.  3 miles across, and has a lighthouse, in lat. 550 43' 16" N.,
CUM/BERLAND, a county in E. Australia, lat. 140 S., and ion. 40 58' W. Both islands contain remarkable trap
Ion. 150 E., bounded E. by the ocean, and landward the coun- dykes intersecting the old red sandstone.
ties of Northumberland, Hunter, Cook, and Camden  In it   CUMBRE, LA, lI koomn/brA, a town of Spain, in Estremaare the towns of Sydney, Parmarta, Richmond, W indsor, dura, 20 miles E.S.E. of Caceres, in an extensive plain. Pop.
Hawkesbury, and Liverpool, with Ports Jackson, Ilackins, 2081.
and Botany Bay.                                            CUMBRE, LA, i koomlbrA, (i. e. " the summit,") a princiCUMBERLAND, a county in Van Diemen's Land, in Clyde pal pass across the Andes, between Santiago, in Chili, and
district.                                                Mendoza, in lat. 330 S., Ion. 700 20' W. Elevation, 12,454
CUMBERLAND BASIN, celebrated for its fisheries, is the  feet.  From  the end of May to the end of October,
N-E. portion of Chignecto Bay, which communidates on the  generally, but not always, the Cumbre and great part of
S.W. with the Bay of Fundy. Lat. 450 40' N., ion. 6104 30' W. the valleys leading to it on each side can be passed on foot
In 1850, there were 213 fishing boats at the various stations only.
in the Basin, manned by 520 men. Among the fish taken    CUMBRES-MAYORES, koomrbrs-mg-yolrls, a modern
were 4100 barrels of shad.                               town of Spain, 55 miles N.N.E. of IHuelva. Pop. 2056.
CUMBERLAND BAY, a portion of Lake Champlain, ex-   CUMIBRIA, an ancient British principality, comprising,
tending into Clinton co., New York, near Plattsburg.     with the greater part of Cumberland, the Scotch districts
CUMBERLAND BAY, on the N. side of the island of Juan  of Strathclyde, Galloway, Kyle, Carrick, and Cunningham,
Fernandez, off thecoast ofChili, in lat. 33 37/ S., ion. 780 53 W. in the counties of Wigtown and Ayr. Early in the eleventh
CUMBERLAND CENTRE, a post-village of Cumberland  century it was given to Malcolm, Prince of Scotland, to be
co., Maine, about 55 miles N.W. of Augusta.              held as a fief of the crown of England. Its name is proCUMBERLAND COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of served, not only in that of Cumberland, but in the islands
Cumberland co., Virginia, 55 miles W. of Richmond. It is of Cumbray, and in many places in Clydesdale.-Adj.
situated on a ridge, between the Appomattox and Willis CUMBRIAN, kfsm/bre-an.
Rivers, about 5 miles from each.                           CUMIBRIAN MOUNTAINS, a range of hills in England,
CUMBERLAND FORD, a post-office of Knox co., Ken- occupying part of the counties of Cumberland, Westmoretucky.                                                   land, and North Lancashire.
CUMBERLAND   GAP, a post-office of Claiborne co., Ten-   CUMIBRIE, an African tribe, to be met with chiefly in the
nessee.                                                  kingdom of Yaooree, (Yaouri,) in Houssa, and in the towns
CUMBERLAND HILL, a post-village of Providence co., and villages on the banks of the Niger, in the central parts
Rhode Island, on Blackstone River, 12 miles N. by W. of Pro- of Soodan, towards the S. They are a mild, harmless, and
videnco.                                                 industrious race.
CUMBERLAND HOUSE, a station of the Hudson Bay    CUMIANA, koo-me-Ina, a market-town of Piedmont, 7
Company, in British North America, on the W. side of Pine  miles N. of Pignerolo, on the Cisola. Pop. 3453.
Island Lake, in lat. 540 N., ion. 1020 40' W.              CUMIINESTOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen,
CUMBERLAND INSTITUTE, a post-office of White co., parish of Monquhitter, founded in 1760 by Cumine of
Tennessee.                                               Auchry. Pop. 477.
CUMBERLAND IRON-WORKS, a post-village of Stewart   CUMINO, koo-meefno, or COMINO, ko-meetno, a small
co., Tennessee, on the Cumberland River, 55 miles W.N.W. island of the Mediterranean, between Malta and Gozo, 1I
of Nashville.                                            miles in length, by three-fourths of a mile across. Pop. 900.
CUMBERLAND ISLAND, on the N. coast of Georgia, off  West of it is the island of Cominotto.
Camden county, is about 20 miles long, and from 1 to 5 miles   CUMLY, koomflee, or COOMIBLA, a maritime town and
wide.                                                    fort of British India, presidency of Madras, on a peninsula
CUMBERLAND ISLAND, in British North America, is surrounded by a salt lake, near the Malabar coast, 20 miles
a peninsula between Davis Strait and Northumberland  S.E. of Mangalore.
Inlet.                                                     CUM'MERTREES', a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries,
CUMBERLAND ISLAND, in the Pacific, one of the Dan- on Solway Frith. Here is Kinmount House, the superb
gerous Archipelago.                                      seat of the Harquis of Queensberry, chief proprietor in the
CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, a range of the Appala- parish, and the ancient castle of Hoddam, built early in the
chian system, forming a part of the boundary between Vir- fourteenth century.
ginia and Kentucky, and between North Corollna and Ten-   CUM'MING, a pleasant post-village, capital of Forsyth co.,
nefsee.                                                  Georgia, on Vickery's Creek, 109 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
CUMBERLAND RIVER, one of the largest affluents of the  It has a healthy situation, and is surrounded by beautiful
Ohio, rises among the Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky, scenery. Sawney's MIountain, about 21 miles from the vilnear the S.E. boundary of the state. Flowing westward and  hage, contains rich gold-mines. Cumming has 2 churches, 2
south-westward, it enters Tennessee between Jackson and  schools, and 2 hotels.
Overton counties; and after making an extensive circuit of   CUMMING, or DOUBLE WELLS, a pbost-village of Warnear 250 miles through Middle Tennessee, and passing the  ren co., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 57 miles W. of Aucity of Nashville, turns towards the N.W. and again enters gusta.
Kentucky about 10 miles E. of the Tennessee River. Its   CUMIMINGS, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
subsequent course is nearly parallel with the latter river Pop. 505.
until it enters the Ohio at Smithland. The whole length is   CUMMING'S MIILL, a small village of Jackson co., Tenestimated at above 600 miles. During high water, large nessee.
steamboats ascend to Nashville, about 200 miles from its   CUMIMINGSVILLE, a post-village of Itawamba co., Mismouth, and small boats nearly 300 miles further. About 14 sissippi.
miles from Williamsburg, in Kentucky, the river has a ver-   CUMMIINGSYILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio,
tical fall of 60 feet. The area drlained by this river is esti- on the railroad from Cincinnati to Dayton, 5 miles N. of the
mated at 17,000 square miles.                            former.
CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY. See L sANoN, Tennessee.   CUM'MINGTON, a post-village and township of HIampCUMBERLAND VALLEY, a post-township of Bedford co., shire co., IMassachusetts, 90 miles W. by N. of Boston, on the
2 1                                                                        529




CUM                                                           CUR
Westfield River.  It has manufactures of scythe stones,  town-hall, jail, public library, various dissenting chapels,
leather, castings, woollen yarn, plaids, &c. Pop. 1172.       reading rooms, newspaper offices, and banks; an active maCUMMINGTON, a small village of Maconpin co., Illinois, nufacture of linen goods, spinning   mills, corn, snuff, and
30 miles in a direct line S.W. of Springfield.                fulling mills, breweries, and tan-yards. The borough unites
CUMMINGTON WEST VILLAGE, a post-village of Hamp-  with St. Andrew's, the two Anstruthers, Crail, Kilrenny,
shire co., Massachusetts, on Westfield River, 110 miles W. of  and Pittenweem  in sending one member to the i-louse of
Boston.                                                       Commons. On a mound, E. of the town, was anciently the
CUIJMINS, a post-office of Arkansas co., Arkansas.          principal residence of the Macduffs, feudal Earls of Fife, and
CUM/MIN'S CREEK, Texas, flows into Colorado River  here are also some other historically interesting sites.
from the N., near Columbus.                                     CUPICA, koo-pee!kl, a village and seaport of New GranaCUMIMINSVILLE, a post-office of Iuntingdon co., Penn-  da, on a bay of the same name, near the entrance to the Bay
sylvania.                                                     of Panama, in lat. 60 40' N., Ion. 770 50 W. There is some
CUMMINSVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  probability that this bay will one day be the western termiHalton, on the N.W. shore of Lake Ontario, 41 miles S.W.  nation of a ship canal across the Isthmus of Darien, as the
of Toronto.  It contains a cloth factory, a grist mill, and  course from the Gulf of Darien up the river Atrato, thence
saw mills. Pop. 250.                                          up its affluent, the Naipi, and overland to this bay, would
CUM/MUM, a town of India, presidency of Madras, 75  appetqr to be the route offering greater probabilities of sucmiles N.E. of Cuddapah.                                       cess for such an undertaking than any other on the contiCUMPiMUMAIT, a town of India, in Nizam's dominions,  nent. Native boats at present ascend these streiams  and
110 miles E. of Hiyderabad.                                   disembark their goods at a point on the Naipi, about 1 miles
CUMPNOCK, NEW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, imme- distant from the Bay of Cupica, the remainder of the jourdiately S. of Old Cumnock.                                    ney being completed overland.
CUMNOCK, OLD, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of    CURA, koolr, a town of South America, state and departAyr, on Lugar Water, here crossed by 3 bridges, 12 miles E.  ment of Venezuela, 45 miles S.W. of Caracas. Pop. 4000.
of Ayr. Pop. 2836. It is lighted with gas, has an old church,    CURA0A, ku-ra-solaor ktifrr-stI, (Sp. Cuoraao, koc-rA-slo,)
many good shops, some banks and public libraries, a mann- one of the West Indin islands, belonging to theDutch, off the
factory of snuff-boxes, of which between 25,000 and 35,000  N. coast of Venezuela.  Lat. 120 N., lon. 690 W. Length,
are produced annually, atrade in cotton stult:s and earthen-  40 miles; breadth, from  6 to 10 miles.  Pop. 15,164, of
wares, and an active-retail trade. It gives the title of baron  whom 9728 are slaves. It rises wild, bare, and abrupt, and
to the Crichton-Stuart family, who chiefly own the parish,  consists of two ridges of greenstone, connected by a limeand whose fine seat stands near the banks of the Lugar.       stone dyke 1, miles thick.  Iron and copper occur, but
CUMINOR, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 5 miles  are not wrought.  The soil is not rich, and the island is doN.N.E. of Abingdon.  It has an endowed fiee school and  ficient in water, yet a good deal of sugar, indigo, tobacco,
other charities. Cumnor palace, the ancient residence of the  and maize are raised. The staple of the island, however is
abbots of Abingdon, and supposed scene of the murder of  salt, obtained by natural evaporation, and of the finest quaAmy Robsart, Countess of Leicester, (see Sir Wa,ITa ScoTT's  lity. The salt exported in 1847 was 108,347 barrels; that
"Kenilworth,") was situated in this parish.                   produced, 250,000. The amount of cochineal produced in
CUM/tREW, a parish of England, co. of Cumberlanud.          1848 was 18,050 pounds. In 1847, 662 vessels (tonnage,
CUMIRU, a township  of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 36,212) entered the port of Cura0oa. The islands of Curajoa,
3489.                                                         Bonaire, Oruba, (or Aruba,) and Little Curaioa, form a Dutch
CUMWIWHITTON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.  government, the residence of the governor being at WilCUN/DAH or KUN/DAH. a town of IHindostan, Holcar's  helmstadt.  Curagon was settled by the Spaniards, early in
dominions, 100 miles S.E. of Oojein. Pop. 4000 or 5000.       the sixteenth century; it was taken in 1632 by the Dutch,
CUNIDALL-AND-LECK/BY, a parish of England, co. of  and was captured by the British in 1798, but restored at the
York, North Riding.                                           peace of Amieus. It was taken again by the British in 1806,
CUNDEEGUR/REE, a village of Hindostan, province of  and finally ceded to -Holland at the general peace, in 1814.
Orissa, 25 miles from Cuttack. Hiere are three hills, which  The government is vested in a stadtholder, assisted by a
are perforated in every direction with caves of all dimen-  civil and military council.
sions, many being the dwellings of devotees or priests of the    CURAQOA, LITTLE, a small island in the Caribbean
Jain worship. Above the entrance to several are long in-  Sea, about 6 miles S.E. of Curagoa, in lat. 120 2' N., lon. 680
scriptions in a forgotten tongue.                             38' W.
CUNDINAMARCA, kdon-de-na-maaik', the central depart-   CURARAY, koo-r'J-rP, a river of Ecuador, rising in the
ment of New Granada, in South America, comprising the  Andes, on the N. side of the Llanganate Mountain, 65
provinces of Mariquita, Neyva, Bogotd, &c. It comprises miles S.S.E. of Quito, and after a direct course of 385 miles
also the capital city of the republic, Santa Fe de Bogota. through afat country, falls into the Nape 87 miles below San
Pop. in 1853, 564,995.                                        Miguel.
CUNDWAII, a town of India.  See CuNOA.                        CUR/BRIDGE, a hamlet of England, co. of Oxford, parish
CUNENE or CUNENI, koo-nune, a river of South-western  and 2 miles W.S.W. of Witney., Pop. 596.
Africa, in Benguela, flowing circuitously along the S.E. ex-    CURDS/VILLE, a post-village of Buckingham co., Virginia,
tremity of the kingdom, and falling into the Atlantic under  on Willis River, at the head of navigation. It has a large
the name of Nourses.                                          flouring mill.
CUNEG, a town of Piedmont. See Cor.                           CURDSVILLE, a small village of Mercer co., Kentucky,
CUNHA, koon/yA, a town of Brazil, 120 miles E.N.E. of  on Dix River.
Sao Paulo, on Mlount Falc'o.  Pop. 3000.                         CURDIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick, 3
CUNHINGA, koon-yeeng/gA, a river of Western Africa, miles N.N.W. of Coleshill.
Angola, rising in lat. 110 10, S., lon. 200205 E., and aftera N.W.   CURE, kiin, a river of France, rising in the department of
course of 130 miles enters the Coanza.                        Nitvre, and falls into the Yonne after a course of 66 miles.
CUNNERSDORF, a town of Prussia.  See KUNNceaSDo nF.           CUREN. See CYrENe.
CUNININGHAM, a district of Scotland, co. of Ayr, about    CURES. See CouceseE.
20 miles in length, and from 9 to 12 miles in breadth.          CURE/TON/S BRIDGE, a post-office of Henry co., Ala,
CUNININGIHAMi'S, a post-office of Bastrop co., Texas.       bama.
CUNNINGHAM'S ISLAND, near the W. end of Lake Erie.   CURETON'S STORE, a post-office of Lancaster district,
is about 12 miles N. of Sandusky City, 3 miles long and 27  South Carolina.
wide, constituting a part of Ottawa county, Ohio.                CURIA, or CURIA RH(ETORUM.  See CHUR., CUNNINGHAM'S MILLS, a small post-village of Miercer    CU/RIA, a small post-village of Independence co., Arkanco., Pennsylvania.                                            sas, 90 miles N. by E. of Little Rock.
CUNNINGHAlA'S STORE, a post-office of Person co., North    CURIA MURIA  or KURIA  MURIA (koo're-A moofre-A)
Carolina.                                                     ISLES, a group of five islands off the S.E. coast of Arabia,
CUNTIS, koon-teecef. a town of Spain, in Galicia, 15 miles  Ilellaneeyah, (Jlellaniyah,) the largest and only inhabited
N. of Pontevedra, on a small river.  Near it are mineral island, being in lat. 170 33' N., ion. 560 6' E. The surface is
baths, much frequented in their season..                       sterile.
CUORGNI,, kwoUn/yA, a market-town of Piedmont, 127    C UIRIBUIIM  a town ofBritish India, presidency of Mladras,
miles W.S.W. of Ivrea, on the Orca. Pop. 5614. It has  province of Orissa, about 82 miles N. of Chicacole.
several churches and convents, a hospital and a copper    CURICO, Ikoo-reelko, a maritime district of Chili, contain.
foundry.                                                      ing a rich mine of gold and copper mingled.
CUPAR-ANGUS. koo/per-ang/gus, a burgh of barony, and    CURICO, a town of Chili, capital of the above district, 120
parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Forfar, on the Isla, a  miles S. of Santiago.  Pop. 2000.
tributary of the Tay, 13 miles N.N.E. of Perth, and on the    CURISCHE-HAFF  or  KURISCI-IE-IIAFF, koolrish-hDundee and Newtyle Railway. Pop. of parish, in 1851,2972. hlff/, a lagoon, or back-water of the Baltic, in Eastern PrusCU/PAR-FIFE, a royal, parliamentary and municipal bo- sia, extending  along the coast for about 53 miles S. of Mesough, market.town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the  mel, separated by a narrow sandyridge-the Curische-Neh-ounty of Fife. in the  centre of the "-leowe" of Fi-fe, on the  rung, (kooee/rish-oh nIt/rl6ng)-from  the sea with which it
11Eden, 9 miles W. of St. Andrew's station of the Edinburgh  communoicates at its N. extremityby Meemel Deeps, a channel
and Northern Railwvay. Pop. of parish, in 1851,.7427. It  300 yards across, and 12 feet deep. It receives the Niemen.
ias a good parish church, a handsome court-hall, with a    CURITIBA, koo-re-teetb,  a river of Brazil, rises in ths
530




CUR                                                        CUT
W. of the mountains of CubatRo. follows a circuitous course  miles N.E. of Assution.to    It is a depot for yerba-mate, or
towards the S. passes of Sao Panulo, and, after receiving the  Paraguay tea, collected in its vicinity.
Sio Jos6, turns W., and precipitates its waters over the ca-   CURVALE,  kUiirnval, a village of Prance, department of
taract of Cayacunga; it ultimately joins the IguagL, which  Tarn, on the ]Lance, 1I miles E. of Albi. P)op. 2567, partly
sometimes is considered as a continuation of the Curitiba, employed in adjacent lead-mines.
and bears its name.                                          CURVELLO, koo-v~l/io, a town of Brazil, province of
CURITIBA, a town of Brazil, capital of a comarca of the  Minas-Geraes, 150 miles N.N.W. of Villa tica. Pop. 1500.
same name, province of Sbo Paulo, 108 miles W. of Para-   CURIWINSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Pike townnaguna, on the left bank of the Curitiba. Lat. 250 40' S., ship, Clearfield co., Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of
Ion. 500 5, W. It has manufactures of coarse woollens.     the Susquehanna River, 6 miles S.W. of Clearfield, has an
CUR'LAND, a parish of England, co of Somerset.           active trade in lumber. A bridge crosses the river here..
CURLS/VILLE, a post-village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania,   CURRY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
about 8 miles S. by W. of Clarion.                           CURZOLA, kooed-zo.ll, or CORZOLA, koad-zoqll, (anc.
CURNOUL. See KURNoeL.                                    Corcy/ra~-Nilgra; Slavonic, Koezsl, koa-zool/,) an island in the
CUR/RA AH'or KUR/RAIl, a town of British India, presi- Adriatic, the most beautiful of all the islands of Dalmatia.
dency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district, and 38 -miles  Lat. of Port Biaggio 420 57' 24" N., ion. 17~ 8 E. Separated by
N.W. of Allahabad, on the Ganges, with numerous Moham- a narrow strait firom the peninsula of Sabioncello.  Length,
medan remains on the high banks of the river.              from E. to W., about 25 miles; average breadth, 4 miles. The
CURtRAN, a township of Saline co., Illinois. Pop. 1052.  greatest part of it is covered with trees. Pop. 4268, mostly
CURRAN, a post-office of Stone co., Missouri.            employed in commercial navigation and fishing. Principal
CURRENT ISLAND, an island off the N.E. coast of Ce- products, timber, corn, wine, and fruits.
lobes, Molucca Passage, in lat. 00 271 N., Ion. 1240 431 E.  CURZOLA, a town of Austria, capital of the above island,
CURRENT ISLAND, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, situated near its N.E. extremity, on the strait between the
between Papua and the Pelew Islands. in lat. 40 38t N., Ion. island and the peninsula of Sabioncello. It rises from the
132 03/ E. This island is sometimes called ANNA, or PooLe  water's edge in a triangular form, and is surrounded by
ANNA.                                                      massive walls, defended by huge old towers built in 1420.
CUE/RENT RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas, rises in  A fort commands the strait.  It contains the palace of the
Texas co., Missouri, and flowing south-eastward into Ar- Venetian governors. All the vessels of the Austrian Lloyd's
kansas. enters the Black RiVer in Randolph county. Its  Company are built here. Pop. 1846.
whole length probably exceeds 250 miles. The water is re-   CURZOLARI ISLES, coast of Greece. See KURzoL,&R.
markably clear. The river is navigable for flat-boats, and    CUSANO, koo-s/no, a town of Naples, province of Terra
abounds with excellent fish. Branch.-Jack's Fork, which  di Lavoro, in the mountains, 19 miles N.W. of Benevento.
is properly an affluent, enters it from the right, in Shannon  Pop. 4000. It has 3 churches and an hospital.
co., Missouri.                                               CUSH, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
CURERIE, (anc. Cofria.) a parish of Scotland, co. of Edin-    CUSIHENDALL', or NEW/TONGLENS, a market-town of
burgh.                                                     Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim, on the Dall, near its
CUR'RIGLASSI, a village of Ireland, co., and 23 miles N.E. mouth, 32 miles N. of Belfast. Pop. 545. It is fiequenten  as
of Cork. Pop. 262.                                         a watering-place.
CUR/RIN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Monaghan    CUS'HENDEENI, a village of Ireland, co., and 36 miles
and Fermanagh.                                             N.N.W. of Antrimn, on a small bay of the same name.
CURIRITUCK,. an island of the United States, off the    CUSHING, k66shfing, a post-village and township of LinN.E. coast of North Carolina. It is 30 miles long and 2 miles  coin co., Maine, on St. George's River, about 40 miles S.E. of
broad, and encloses a sound of the same name.               Augusta. Pop. 807.
CURRITUCK, a county forming the N.E. extremity of    CUSHINGSVILLE, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia.
North Caeolina, bordering on Virginia and Currituck Sound.   CUSHIINGVILLE, k66shfing-vil, a post-office of Potter co.,
Area estimated at 200 square miles. North River, an arm   Pennsylvania.
of Albemarle Sound, washes the S.W. border. The surface    CU/SOP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
is level, and the soil sandy. The limits of the county com-   CUSSAC, kiis'sdk/, a town of PFrance, department of Hauteprise several islands, separated from  the mainland by  Vienne, 21 miles S.W. of Limoges. Pop. 1990.
Currituck Sound. The name is derived from a tribe of    CUSSAWA'GO, kLs-sa-wd'go, a creek of Pennsylvania,
Indians who once possessed the land. Capital, Currituck  rises in Erie county, and joins French Creek near Meadville.
Court-house. Pop. 7236, of whom 4789 were free, and 2447    CUSSAWAGO or COSSAWA/GO, a, post-township of Crawslaves.                                                    ford co., Pennsylvania, 12 miles N.W. of Meadville, drained
CURRITUCK COURT-HOUSE, capital of Currituck co., by Cussawago Creek.
North Carolina, on the sound of the same name, 242 miles    CUSSET, kiis'sl, a town of France, department of Allier,
E.N.E. of Raleigh, and about 12 miles from the sea.        32 miles S.E. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, 5510. It is pleaCURRITUCK SOUND, on the coast of North Carolins{, in  santly situated in a valley, and has manufactures of coarse.
the N.E. part of the state, is separated from the main sea by  woollens and paper.
low, narrow islands, and communicates on the S. with Albe-   CUSSEfTA, a post-village in Chambers co., Alabama, on
marie Sound. Length, about 50 miles; greatest breadth, 10  the Montgomery and West Point Railroad, about 65 miles
miles.                                                     N.E. of Montgomery.
CUR'RODE', a town of British India, presidency of Bom-    CUSSY-EN-MORVANT, kiis'see/-gNc-moR`v8Ne/, a village
bay, on the Nerbudda, 25 miles E. of Surat.                of France, department of Sabne-et-Loire, 12 miles N.W. of
CUR'RUCKDE/AH, a town of British India, presidency of  Autun. Pop. 1750.
Bengal, district of Boglipoor, 100 miles S.E. of Patha.      CUSITARD'S, a small post-village of Crawford co., PennCURWRUCKPOOR1, a town and zemindary of British India, sylvania.
province of Bahar.                                           CUSTRIN, a town of Prussia. See (Kiistrin.)
CUR'RYBARIRY, an extensive zemindary of British In-    CUTCIH or KUTCHI, kltch, (written Catch, in French,) a
dia, presidency of Bengal, E. of the Brahmapootra.         state and province of Western Hindostan, mostly between
CUR/RY MAL'LET, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  lat. 230 and 240 N., and lon. 680 30' and 710 E., having W.
CURRY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   the Koree branch of the Indus, S. the Indian Ocean, E. the
CURRY  REVELLE, a parish  of England, co. of So- Gulf of Cutch, and N. the Runn-an extensive salt morass,
merset.                                                    which seaparates it from the Indian Desert, formed after an
CURRY'S  MILLS, a post-office of Washington  co., earthquake in 1819. Estimated area 7400 square miles. A
Georgia.                                                   chain of rocky hills extends through the country from E. to'
CURi RY'S RUN, a post-office of Harrison co., Kentucky.   W., and abounids in volcanic products, elsewhere rare in InCURSATO, koon-sotto, a mountain chain of British Gui- die. The rivers are small, and the soil in many parts sterile
ana, intersected by the parallel of 20 47' N.; the highest fi'om want of water. Chief products, cotton, dates, iron ore,
summit rises 3000 feet above the Takutu.                   horses, and goats, which are exported to Sinde and the MaCURTATONE, kooa-td-tofnA, a village of Austrian Italy,  labar coast, in return for corn and other provisions. The
government of Milan, 3 miles from Mantua, on the Lagoo  ruling family is Mohammedan. Principal towns, Bhooj, the
Superlore of Mantuna, and on the high-road firom Cremona to  capital, Anjar, Teerah, Luckput, and  Kuntcote, all fortiMilan. Pop. 5306.                                          fled, besides which the country is studded with fortresses.
CURITIS CORNER, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.   The people are treacherous and demoralized.
CUI/TIS ISLAND, an island of Bass Strait, S.S.E. of Wil-   CUTCII GUNDAVA, kfstch gin-dOt/v, a province of Belooson's Promontory, 1060 feet high.  Lat. 390 28' S., Ion. 1460  chi,;tan, mostly between lat. 270 10' and 290 50' N., and Ion.
40' E.                                                     670 21' and 699 15' E., having W. the provinces of Sarawan
CUR/TIS ISLAND, an island (of dry sand) between the  and Jhalawan, N. Afghanistan, and E. Sinde. Length,fi-om
N.W. coast Australia and Timer. Lat. 120 27' S., lon. 123c  N. to S., 160 miles; breadth, 130 miles. Area, 10,000 square
55' E.                                                     miles. Pop. 100,000 (?) Surface low and generally level, but
CUR/TISVILLE, a post-village in Stockbridge township,  ill watered, and destitute of forest-land; and the climate is
Berkshire co., Massachusetts, 120 miles W. by S. of Boston.  oppressively hot. Where irrigated, however, fine crops of
CURTISVILLE, a post-office of Tuolumne co., California.   grain, pulse, cotton, sugar, madder, and fruits are produced;
CURT/WRIGHT, a post-office of Greene co., Georgia.       and this is the most valuable part of the Khan of Kelat's doCURUGUATY, koo-roow-te,   a village of Paraguay, 135  minion. It has also some commercial importance, from being
531




CUT                                                         CYC
traversed by the principal routes from Sinde into Afghanis-  Lake Erie at Cleveland.  At Cuyahoga Falls, in Snumit
tan. Principal towns, Gundava, Dadur, Bhag, Lehree, and  county, the river descends about 200 feet in the space of 2'
Kotree.                                                    miles, and affords abundant water-power.
CUTCIIOGUE, k~tt-chag/, a post-village of Suffolk co., New    CUYAHOGA, a county in the N.N.E. part of Ohio, borderYork, about 235 miles S.S.E. of Albany.                    ing on Lake Erie, has an area of 426 square miles. It is inCUT/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         tersected by the Cuyahoga River, from which the name is
CUT/ETANT' CREEK, of Tioga co., New York, falls into  derived, and also by Chagrin and Rocky Rivers.  The surOswego Creek about 2 miles N. of Oswego.                   face is nearly level, with a moderate declivity towards the
CUTHIBERT, a post-village, capital of Randolph co., Geor- N. The soil is good, and adapted to grazing. Sandstone
gia, 150 miles S.W. of Milledgeville.  It contains a brick  underlies a portion of the surface; large quantities of grindcourt-house, 2 or 3 churches, and 2 academies. Incorporated  stones and building stone are procuredfrom it. The county
in 1834.                                                   is intersected by the Ohio Canal, and by three railroads,
CUTIGLIANO, koo-teel-ya/no, a town of Tuscany, 33 miles which unite at Cleveland, and connect it with Pittsburg,
N.W. of Florence, on the Lima, here crossed by a handsome  Erie, and Cincinnati.  Cuyahoga is the most populous
bridge. Pop. 1151.                                          county in the state, excepting Hamilton. CApital, CleveCUT/LER, a pcst-township of Washington co., Maine, on  land. Pop. 48,099.
the Atlantic Ocean, 130 miles E. by N. of Augusta, has a    CUYAHIOGA FALLS, a flourishing post-village of Tall-.
good harbor. Pop. 820.                                      mage township, Summit co., Ohio, on the Cuyahoga River,
CUT OFF, a post-village of Walton co., Georgia, 75 miles and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 128 miles N.E. of
N.N.W. of Milledgeville.                                    Columbus. It has a beautiful situation, and contains many
CUT OFF, a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas.             elegant buildings. The river here passes through a deep
CUT'TACKI, (anc. C'atac, kA't.k1, "a royal residence,") capi- r.vine, enclosed by swalls of stratified rock near 200 feet
tal of a district of its own name, is situated on the Maha- high, and presenting a variety of picturesque views. Withnuddy, 220 miles S.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 200275 N., Ion. 860 5' in a distance of 2- miles there is a fall of more than 200
B. Pop. 40,000 (?) It has a godd main street, a spacious mar- feet, which affords immense water-power.  There is an
ket-place, some military cantonments, and some handsome  abundance of coal in the vicinity. It contains 1 bank, 1
Mohammedan structures, the whole secured against inun- academy, 2 paper mills, 1 manufactory of steam-engines,
dation by solid embankments along the river. It is a place  1 of hayforks and hoes, and 2 furnaces.  The Akron branch
of resort for bathing, and one of the healthiest stations in  of the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad connects it with
India. In some seasons, large importations of rice talke  that line at Hudson.
place here; and a good deal of timber, destined for Calcutta,    CUYLER, kfler, a post-village of Cortland co., New York,
is floated hence down the Mahanuddy.                       125 miles W. of Albany.
CUT'TACK', a large maritime district of British India, on    CUYILER~ILLE, killer-vil, a post-office of Livingston co.,
the W. side of the Bay of Bengal, between the Midnapoor  New York.
and Berar, and the N. part of the Madras presidency. Area,   CUYOS (koo'yoce) ISLANDS, a group of small islands of
9000 square miles. Pop. 1,296,365 (?)                      the Philippines, in the Mindoro Sea, between Palawan and
CUT/TERAII, a village of British India, presidency of  Panay. The largest of them, Great Cuyo, is in lat. 100 52'
Bengal, Upper Provinces, 30 miles S.E. of Bareily. Here the  N., ion. 1210 15, E. Cuyo is defended by a fort, and has a
Oude and British forces totally defeated the Rohillas in  small port on the N.W. side.
1774.                                                         CUYUNI, CUYUNY, koo-yootnee, or CUYUWINI, kooCUT/TINGSVILLE, a post-village in Rutland co., Vermont, yoo-weefnee, a river of British Guiana, tributary to the Esseabout 60 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier.                        quibo, which it joins from  the W. in lat. 60 26' N., ion. 580
CUT'TUBI, a small town of British India, presidency of  43' W., after receiving the Maparoony. Its banks are less
Bengal, 13 miles S. of Delhi, with many tombs of Mogul em- picturesque than those of the latter river, and it is much
perors, and the Cuttub-Minar, an edifice of a kind unri- less navigable; but it traverses a more productive region.
valled in iindostan, 242 feet in height, with several balco-   CUZCO, koos/ko, a city of Peru, capital of a department, an d
nies. ascended by a staircase, and erected early in the thir- formerly capital of the Incas, 200 miles N. of Arequipa, and
teenth century.                                            11,380 feet above the sea. Let. 130 30' 55,'S., lon. 720 4 10" W.
CUTITUP or KUT/TUP', a town of North-western Africa, Pop. in 1850, 41,152, who manufacture cotton and woollen
state, and 75 miles N. by W. of Jacoba. Lat. 90 451 N., ion. stuffs, leather, embroidery, &c., having considerable repute.
100 15, E. It consists of a number of hamlets almost adjoin-  Its cathedral and Augustine convent are among the finest
ing each other, occupying a beautiful and extensive plain.   edifices in South America; and here are a mint, hospitals,
CUT/TYiUNK' ISLAND, the most south-western of the  collegiate schools, and a university. Its Dominican convent
Elizabeth Islands, at the entrance of Buzzard's Bay, Massa- occupies the site of a famous Peruvian temple of the sun, and
chusetts. At its S.W. end is a fixed light, 48  feet above the  many massive specimens of ancient Peruvian architecture
level of the sea. Lat. 410 24' 35"1 N., Ion. 700 57' 20" W.  are extant in and around the city. On its N. side are reCUT/WA, (iindooKangtmjta,) a town of British India, mains of a vast fortress of a cyclopean kind, and traces represidency of Bengal, 30 miles N. of Burdwan, on the Hoogly  main of a magnificent road extending thence to Lima.
~ River.                                                       Cuzco is the most ancient of the Peruvian cities, being
CUVO, kooevo, a river of Western Africa, in Lower Gui- founded, according to common tradition, in 1043, by Manca
nea, Benguela, enters the Atlantic 120 miles S. of the Coan- Capac, the first Inca of Peru. In 1534, it was taken by
za, after a course estimated at 400 miles.                  Pizarro, who was surprised with the grandeur and magnifiCUXIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.              cence it exhibited. Its streets were then large, wide, and
CUXIHIAYEN, kRtx-hAlven or k00x-hIfen, a' seaport vil-  straight; and its churches, palaces, and temples, the latter
lage of North-western Germany, about 58 miles W.N.W. of including the famous Temple of the  Sun, were richly
Hamburg, to which it belongs, on the W. bank of the Elbe, adorned with ornaments of gold and silver, which glittered
at its mouth, in lat. 530 53' N., Ion. 8~ 44' E. Pop. 1000. It on the walls. While still in possession of Pizarro, it was
has public baths, and a regular packet communication with  besieged by the whole Peruvian force, and a great part of it
England.                                                   destroyed.
CUXITON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 CUZCO, a department of Southern  Peru, mostly beCUX/WOLD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           tween lat. 130 and 15~ S., and Ion. 700 and 730 W., having
CUYABA or CUIABA, koo-yd/bA, a river of Brazil, rises in  W. and S. the departments of Ayacucho and Puno. Area,
the district of Diamantino, in lat. 130 12' S. It flows circui- 44,900 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 339,718. Its chief towns
tously, and joins the Porrudos, or Sao Lourengo, on its right are Cuzco, Abangay, and Urubamba.
bank. Above the town of Cuyaba it is navigable for canoes,   CWMSI, koom, or COMBE, a parish of North Wales, co. of
but is much broken by rapids, and even for 60 miles below  Flint.
the town its course is very impetuous.                       CWMvCARVAN, koom-karlvan, a parish of South Wales,
CUYABA or CUIABA,, a city of Brazil, capital of the  co. of Monmouth.
province of Matto-Grosso, near the river of the same    CWMDARE, koomidair, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of
name. Lat. 15c 26' S., ion. 560 W. Pop. 3000. It is ill Glamorgan, 4 miles S.E. of Merthyr-Tydvil.  Pop. 2404. In
built and irregular; houses mostly of clay. Chief edifices, its vicinity is a cascade, the schistous bed of which emits an
the churches of Bomn Jesus, Sio do Rozario, and San Anto- inflammable gas.
nio; it has an imperial hospital, a lazaretto, a school of phi-   CWMDU, koom/dee, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Gla,
losophy, and a Latin and other schools. Cuyaba supplanted  morgan. Pop. 2380.
Matto-Grosso as capital of the province in 1820. It is the    CWMRHEIDOL, koom-rildol, a township of South Wales,
seat of the provincial assembly, of the military command- co. of Cardigan. Pop. 758.
ant, and of the bishop of the diocese of Matto-Grosso. Its    CVWM-TOYDDWR, koom-toil/roor, (oo as in poor,) a parish
commerce consists chiefly in the exchange of iron imple- of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
ments and other European manufactures for gold.' The    CWMYOY, koom/yoy, a parish of England, co. of Iereford
comared of which it is capital comprises numerous villages, and Monmouth, 6 miles from Abergavenny. The beautiful
and has a population of 25,000, comprising miners, agricul-  ruins of Lanthony Abbey are situated on the summit of a
turists, and many half-civilized Indians. The rich gold- cliff, in the romantic vale of Ewyas, in this parish.
mines of the district have been worked since 1719.           CYCLADES, sikla-dEz, (so called because they lie in a
CUYAHOGA, ki-a-ho/ga, a river of Ohio, rises in the N.E. circle, [Cclos,] around Delos, regarded as the most imporpart of the state, and after a very circuitous course, enters  tant on account of its famous oracle,) the principal islands of
532




CYF                                                         CYZ
the Grecian Archipelago, situated between lat. o60 and 380  which waters the valley of Nicosia, flows E., and falls into
N., and ion. 240 and 260 30' E., belonging to the kingdom of  the sea at Famagosta.  The climate is in general healthy,
Greece, of which they form the governments of Tenos, Syra, excepting in some points on the S. coast during the heats
Naxos, and Thera, comprising the islands of Lyra, Kythnos, of summer, much increased by the burning winds from the
Thera, Tenos, Andro,  Naxos, and Melos.  United area, Arabian and African deserts, which, causing a rapid eva.
13,000 square miles. Pop. 18,908, many of whom are Roman  poration, give rise to a dangerous malaria.  Temporary
Catholics. These islands are generally mountainous, but blindness is sometimes occasioned by the sun's reflection
most of them  fertile.  Produce of the whole, comprising  firom the white chalky soil; and to avoid sun-stroke, the
wine, silk, barley, olive-oil, estimated at 121,0001 Tbtal an- natives wrap their heads in thick shawls.
nual revenue to the government, 55,0001.; expenditure,    The mountains of Cyprus are covered with vast forests
10,0001. About 1000 vessels, with an aggregate burden of  of excellentbuilding timber, and the island is esteemed the
50,000 tons, are owned in the Cyclades. The inhabitants, richest and most fertile in the Levant; yet it has few level
whose chief occupation is maritime trade, are among the  tracts of country, those around Nicosia, Famagosta, Larmost industrious and best educated'in the kingdom.         nice, Limasol; and Baffa being the chief.  Agriculture,
CYFOETII-Y-BRENNIN,  kif/fo-6th-e-brlnInin, a town- however, is in a very backward state. The cultivable Surship of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.                      face of the island is estimated at about 2,500,000 acres, of
CYGINET, a post-office of Richland co., Wisconsin.       which not much more than 130,000 acres are actually under
CYLCH-Y-DEE, kilk-e-dee, a township of South Wales, tillage. Fertile spots in the neighborhood of the village are
co. of Pembroke, parish of St. David's. Pop. 1086.         cultivated, but the more distant tracts are neglected. Of
CYLY-CUM, kille-koom, a parish of Wales, co. Carmarthen. the vegetable products, cotton may be esteemed the most
CYME. See SANDARLEE.                                     important; it is sent chiefly to Marseilles and Leghorn;
CYMRY. See WALEs.                                        excellent wheat and barley are raised, the surplus of which
CYNELL-MAWR, kijnlell-mowr, a township  of South  is exported to Syria; tobacco of good quality is grown in the
Wales, co. of Cardigan.                                    S.W. pa'rt of the island, and is on the increase; madder,
CYNITHIAN, a village and township of Shelby co., Ohio, after that from Smyrna, the best in the Levant, is raised in
90 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 797.                     numerous localities, and in quantity  augments yearly.
CYNTHIANA, sin-the-ah/na, a post-village, capital of Her- Silk is produced abundantly in the vicinity of Baffa, and in
rison co., Kentucky, on the South Fork of Licking River, 37 other quarters.  Carobs are extensively grown; but the
miles N.E. of Frankfort. It contains 3 or 4 churdhes, an olive is much neglected. Wine is the most noted producacademy, 1 bagging factory, 1 woollen factory, and 2 tan- tion of the island, and is of an excellent quality. The other
neries. Incorporated in 1802.                              vegetable products are sugar, flax, sesamum, poppies, liquorCYNTHIANA, a post-village of Pike co., Ohio, 58 miles ice, exquisite fruits, including the orange, citron, date, fig,
S.S.W. of Columbus, contains about 200 inhabitants.        pistachio nuts, caper, &c.
CYNTHIANA, a village of Hamilton co., Indiana, about'Manufacturing is carried on to some extent. Salt, in large
20 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.                             quantities, is obtained from  salines at Limasol and LarCYNTHIANA, a post-village of Posey co., Indiana, 22  nice. The Greek females of some of the towns and villages
miles N.E. of Mount Vernon.                                do beautiful embroidery, and make silk net, which will
CYIPRESS, a post-office of Yazoo co., Mississippi.       stand comparison with the finest European lace. The feCYPRESS, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky, on Cy- males also weave some common cotton, woollen, and linen
press Creek, 190 miles W.S.W. of Prankfort.                fiabrics-the last chiefly sacking. Good morocco leather is
CYPRESS, a post-village of Scott co., Missouri, about 5 miles  made at Nicosia; and calicoes, imported from Britain, are
S.W. of the Mississippi River, and 140 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis. here dyed in brilliant colors, and exported to Syria, Smyrna,
CYPRESS, a post-office of Kenosha co., Wisconsin.         and Constantinople. Pottery, sufficient for home consumpCYPRESS BAYOU, of Arkansas, forms the boundary be- tion, is made; and on the W. side of the island, the peatween Hempstead and Washita counties, and enters the  santry distil rose, orange, and lavender water, and myrtle
Little Missouri f-om the right.                             and laudanum  oil.
CYPRESS CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Tennessee    The island forms a pashalic, of which the capital is Nifrom the N. at Florence. Little Cypress unites with it a  cosia. For ecclesiastical affairs it is divided into the four
few miles from its mouth,                                   dioceses of Nicosia, Larnica, Cerina and Baffa, and Limasol
CYPRESS CREEK, of Arkansas, unites with  Cadron  -the first being administered by an archbishop, appointed
Creek in Conway county.                                    by the sultan. The principal ports, as well as the principal
CYPRESS CREEK, of Warwick co., Indiana, flows into  towns, are Cerina, Famagusta, Larnica, Limasol, and Baffa.
the Ohio.                                                     Originally peopled by the Phoenicians, and afterward
CYPRESS CREEK, a post-office of Bladen co., North  colonized by the Greeks, Cyprus was, by the latter people,
Carolina.                                                   dedicated to Venus, whose most celebrated temple was at
CYPRESS CREEK, a post-office of Johnson co., Illinois.   Paphos, now Baffa. It belonged successively to the kings
CYPRESS GROVE, a post-office of New Hanover co., of Persia, of Egypt, to the -Romans, and to the Greeks of
North Carolina.                                             the lower empire. It was one of the first places, out of
CYPRESS INN, a post-office of Wayne co., Tennessee.      Palestine, that received the gospel, and was visited by Paul
CYPRESS MILLS, a post-office of Perry co., Arkansas.     and Barnabas on. their missionary tour. In the time of
CYPRESS TOP, a post-office of Harris co., Texas.         the Crusades it was taken from the Saracens by Richard I.
CYPRESSVILLE,  a post-village of Gallatin co., Illinois, of England, and given by him to the princes of the Lusit190 miles S.S.E. of Springfield.                            nan femily, who had it till the year 1570, when it was conCYPRUS, stlprtls, (Turk. Kibris, kee'breece'; Gr. Kvnrpo;  quered by the Turks. In 1830 it was taken by the Viceroy
Fr. C/hypre, sheep'r; Gec. Cypern, tseepgcrn; Itel. Cipo, cheer- of Egypt, but was retaken, in 1840, by the Turks, who have
pro,) an island of Turkey in Asia, and the easternmost in the  introduced various changes into the government of the
Mediterranean, near the mouth of the Gulf of Iskande-  island, tending much to the advantage of the inhabitants.
roon, 44 miles S. of Cape Annmoor, in Antolla, and 76 miles  The King of Sardinia bears the title of King of Cyprus and
W. of Latakeeain Syria; Cape St. Andrea, its N.E. extremity,  Sardinia. Pop. in 1841, 100,095, of which 70,000 were Greeks,
is in lat. 350 41' 42" N., ion. 340 35' 30" E.; and Baffa, near its  30,000 Turks, and the remainder Roman Catholics, Maronites,
S.W. extremity,is in lat. 30  47 158 N., lon. 32c 21 30'' E. It and Armenians. —Adj. and inbab. CYPRaAN, sipfre-.n,
stretches from Cape Gatto, lat. 340 29' 18, to lat. 350 41' 42" N. CYPvRIOT Or CYPIvRI/os. The former should be employed only
or Cape St. Andrea. It is about 148 miles in length, with a  when ancient Cyprus is referred to.
width of about 40 miles; but its N.E. extremity diminishes    CYRENE, si-reelnee, (Cr. Kvpiei, Aeuriss.) called by the
greatly, and terminates in a long, narrow peninsula, about natives GRENNE, grclninh, or GRENNAI, a misecable
40 miles long, and not over 15 miles broad. The whole  town of.North Africa, regency of, and 550 miles E. of Tripoli,
island is occupied by a range of mountains stretching fieom  on the pl~teau of Barcea, occupying the place of the ancient
N.E. to S.W., known in heathen mythology as the third  Cyrene, 1800 feet above the sea level; lat. 320 50' N., Ion.
range of Olympus, and whose culminating points, Santa  210 47' E. Numerous interesting remains of antiquity have
Croce (Olympus) and Thrados, are 7000 feet high. On the  beendiscovered here. Cyrenewas the birth-place of AristipN.E. side of the island the slopes of these mountains are pus, Eratosthenes, and Callimachus. It was founded in the
bold and rugged; and one of the elevated valleys contains  year 632 B. c., by a colony of Greeks, and became the capital
Nicosia, the modern capital of the island. On the S. side  of a district, to which it gave its name, extending from the
the hill-slopes are even bolder. presenting a deeply serrated  Great Syrtis to the Gulf of Plates. This country formed a
outline, with thickly wooded sides, furrowed by deep val- monarchy which lasted for 180 years. It was made tributary
leys. The prevailing formation of the mountain range, in  to Egypt under Ptolemy Sorer, and, along with Crete, was
its N.E. division, is limestone. which assumes many abrupt ultimately formed into a Roman province.
and remarkable forms. The S.'W. portion of the mountains    CYMRUSTON, a post-village in Lincoln co., Tennessee,
is of crystalline formation, and yields excellent asbestos; about 70 miles S. by E. of Nashville.
also talc, red jasper, copper in abundance, gold, silver,   CYSOING, see'xzwe~t,  a village of France, department 3f
emeralds, and the Paphian diamond; but the only mine- Nord, 8 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. 2746.
rals wrought are the first three named.                      CYTHERA, sith-eelra.  See CERGcO.
Cyprus is deficient in water; its streams being clhiefly    CYZICUS, sizle-kfts, a peninsula of Asia Minor, in Anatolia,
mountain torrents, which dry up in summer, the only per- extending into the Sea of Marmora, S.E. of the island of Mar.
manent river of importance being the Pedia, (anc. Pedous,)  mora, and 70 miles S.W. of Constantinople, connected by a
5a3




CZA                                                        DAD
narrow neck with the mainland.  Length from  S. to N., fought here between the army of the King of Poland an            I
about 9 miles; breadth, 18 miles. It. is noted for picturesque  that of Prince Lubomirski. It has a station on tile railwai
beauty. On its isthmus are theremains of the ancient town of from Warsaw to Cracow.
Cyzicuns, the principal being those of a fine Roman amphi-   CZ[iPTSA, a river of Russia. See TcIeTETSA.
theatr~.                                                     CZERDYN, a town of Russia.  See TCeI:DYN.
CZARNIKOW, chaolne-kov', a town of Prussia, 63 miles   CZERERWE, ch,-rek/vA, two small towns of Bohemia,
S.W. of Bromberg, capital of the circle, on the Netz. Pop. circle, and 34 miles E.S.E. of Tabor.
3510. It has manufactures of linen fabrics.                   CZERIKOW, a town of Russia. See TCoRnEov..
CZARNOWO.  chart-nolvo, a village of Poland, 80 miles    CZERNA, tsarenh, a river of Austria, falling into the
O.N.E. of Plock. on the right bank of the Orz, celebrated  Danube at Orsova. after a course of from  50 to 00 miles
for a victory by the French over the Russians, December from its source in the East Carpathians.
23, 1806.                                                     CZERNIEJEVO, ch6gn-yA-yAivo, a town  of Prussian
CZASLAU. chhs/l6w, a town of Bohemia, capital of the  Poland, circle of Bromberg, 10 miles S.WV. of Gnesen.
circle, 45 miles E.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 3400. In its church,   CZERNIGOW  or CZNERNIGOV.   See TCoErPNIoeV.
which has an elevated spire, is the tomb of the Hussite    CZERNOWITZ, chte/no-vits. or TSCHIEIINOWITZ. (more
leader, Ziska. I-lere Frederick the Great gained a victory  correctly, CZERNOWICE, chls~no-vitesh,) a town of Auover the Austrians, May 17, 1742.                           strian Poland, in Bukowina, capital of the circle of same
CZEBE, tsalbeh, or TSCIIEBEN, ch"tben. a village of  name, on a hill near the Pruth, 146 miles S.E. of Lemberg.
Hungary, co. of Zarant, S18 miles from Deva. Pop. 1576.     Pop. 12,000. Ithas a Greek cathedral, 700 houses, a gymnaCZECZE, tstt/lhx, a village of Hungary, circle of Thither  sium, and high schools, manufactures ofclocks, silver goods,
Danube, on the Sarviz, over which there is a ferry, 9 miles  hardwares, and carriages, and an active trade.
from Filidvar. Pop. 2199.                                     CZERNOWITZ, a village of Bohemia, circle, and 13 miles
CZEGLED, tshtgl6d&, a large village of Central Hungary, E.S.E. of Tabor.
co. and 40 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 16,650. It has Roman    CZERSK, chktsk, a town of Poland, province, and 22
Catholic and Calvinistic churches, and a trade in red wines. miles S.E. of Warsaw.
CZEMPIN, chlm'pin, a small town of Prussian Poland,   CZIRKNICZ. See ZTKNITZ.
20 miles S.S.W. of Posen.                                     CZORTKOW, choetPkov, a town of Austrfian Galicia, capiOZENSTOCHOW, chkns-tolKov, or CZENSTOCHOWA, tal of the circle, on the Sereth, 105 miles S.E. of Lemberg,
chins-to-sor1v,   a town of Poland, province, and 75 miles with 2300 inhabitants, a castle, and an important manufacS.E. of Kalisz, with 3500 inhabitants, woollen manufac- ture of tobacco.
tures, and a fortified convent. In 1665, a bloody battle was   COZYRKASSY, a town of Russia. See TCHEtKASK..
D
AAVREFJELD.  See DoVsEcED.t                              ])ACIIEET RIVER, Arkansas. See DAv0~ToeZ.
DABIBLING1, a village of Thibet, on the Sutlej, 920    DACHSTEIN, daklstine, (Fr. pron., d k'stlnl,) a town
feet above the level of the sea; ]at. 310 45' N., lon. 780 37' E. of France, in the department of the Bas-Rhin, 10 miles
DABER, dO1ber, a fortified town of Prussia, government  W.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. 565.
of Stettin, 18, miles N.N.E. of Stargard. Pop. 1560.          DACIA, dA'she-a, a former country of South-Eastern
DABO, daIbol, a village of France, in the department of  Europe, bounded on the N. by the Carpathian Mountains,
Meurthe, arrondissement of Sarrebonrg, canton of Phals- on the E. by the Dneister and the Black Sea, on the S.
bourg. I-Iere is a ruin said to be the remains of a castle, by the Danube, and W. by the Theiss.  It comprised what
built by King Dagobert, in which Pope Leo XI. was born. is now the eastern part of Hungary, Transylvania, Moldavita,
pop. 1226.                                                 and Wallachia.-Adj. and inhab. DACIAN, dAishe-an.
DABRINGHAUSEN, d0bring-h~w'zen, a village of Rhe-   DACOTAH. See DAKOTA.
nish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, circle, and 8 miles    DACQS. See Dtx.
S.E. of West Lennep.  Pop. 242.                              DACRE, d/kpr,.parish of England, co. of Cumberland, 4V
DABUL, dglbool, a town of British India, in the presi- miles W.S.W. of Penrith.  It has an ancient church built
dency of Bombay, district of Concan, 85 miles S.E. of  out of the ruins of a monastery, and a castle, the ancient
Bombay.                                                    seat of the barons of Acre, whose ancestor's exploits as a cruDACICA, a city of British India, ranking as the second  sader at Acre, in Palestine. obtained for the family this name.
in the province of Bengal, and formerly its capital, now the    DACRE, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding.
seat of one of the six circuit courts of its presidency, and a    DAICUSVILLE. a post-village in Pickens district, South
capital of a district on the Dallye Creek, which connects  Carolina, about 120 miles N.W. of Columbia.
the Ganges and Brahmapootra Rivers, and is here crossed    DACZICZE, a town of Moravia. See DATscsvTZ.
by 10 bridges, 155 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 230 42' N.,    DADARAII, dA-dhr', a large village of Sinde, on the
Ion. 900 17/ E. Estimated population 200,000. It has an  Indus, 34 miles S.W. of Larkhanan.
imposing external appearance, with its Numerous minarets    DADE, a county forming the north-western extremity
and spacious buildings, and some good European residences  of Georgia, bordering on Tennessee and Alabama, contains
with gardens attached; but much of its interior is said to  160 square miles. It is drained by Lookout Creek. The
be like the worst parts of Calcutta. There are in the city  county occupies Lookout Valley, which is environed  by
and suburbs, 13 ghauts or landing places, 7 ferry stations, high mountains.  Iron ore. bituminous coal, and other
12 bazaars; Protestant, Roman Catholic, Armenian, and  valuableminerals arefoundinthe county. Named in honor
Greek churches and cemeteries, and 180 Mohammedan and  of Major Francis Launghorne  Dade, who was slain in the
119 Hindoo places of worship; the other conspicuous build- Florida War in December, 1835. Capital, Trenton. Pop. 159.
ings being the offices of the British magistrate, judge, col-   DADE, a county of Florida, forms the southern extrelector, and revenue commissioner,; the post-office  jail, mity of the peninsula, bordering on the Atlantic.  The
native hospital, lunatic asylum, British military canton- area is estimated at 1000 square miles.  The surface is
ments, (unhealthily placed, however, on the borders of a  level, and mostly occupied by the Everglades, a vast exlarge marsh,) the commissariat department, military or- pause  of shallow water studded with myriads of small
phan asylum, and elephant depdt. Several of its ruined  islands.  The pine, palmetto, and orange are indigenous
palaces were once fine edifices. It has a government college, in this region. It is proposed to reclaim  the inundated
attended, in 1845, by 342 students; a hospital for the in- lands of this county by means of canals. There is a good
sane, and numerous Baptist missions, with Hlindlo  and  harbor for vessels drawing 9 feet water, with a light-house
Mohammedan schools. The manufactures of fine and strong  at its entrance on Cape Florida. Indian Key is the princimuslins for which Dacca was formerly famous, is wholly  pal village of the county. Pop. 150.
extinct; scarf embroidery, and manufactures of gold orna-   DADE, a county in the south-western part of Mhissouri,
meants, musical instruments, necklaces, and idols are im- has an area of 498 square miles. It is intersected by Sac
portant branches of industry. Much of the trade is in the  River, an affluent of the Osage, and also drained by Horse
hands of Armenians.  In 1608, the seat of government was and Cedar Creelks, which rise within it.  The surfatce is
removed from Rajmahl to this place. Dacca was formerly  somewhat diversified, and consists partly of prairie; the soil
much more extensive than it is at present, and exhibited a  is generally fertile. Pop. 4246, of whom 3977 were free, and
degree of splendor to which it has now no pretensions, as the  269 slaves.
magnificent ruins of bridges, causeways, caravansaries, pa-   DADE, a small village of Dade co., Missouri.
laces, gardens, &c., within its ancient limits sufficiently    DADEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Tallapoosa co.,
prove. Theseremains are now surrounded withjungle and  Alabama, 6 miles E. of Tallapoosa River, and about 50
overrun with ranki vegetation.                             miles N.E. of Montgomery.
DACICA, and DACICA JELVALPOORI, two contiguous dis-   DADI, dA/dee, a village of Greece, 24 miles N.W. of Livadia.
tricts of British India, in the presidency of Bengal, inter- It faces the plain of the Cephissus, and is built  n terraces
sected by the main streams of thr Brahmapootra and Ganges. in theform of an amphitheatre.
D)ACHIAU, dOKSw, a market town of Upper Bavaria, on    DADREE, daldreex, a town, N.W. of Hindostan, Rajpol.
the Ammer, 10 miles N.N.W. of Munich. Pop. 1300.           tana, 56 miles S.W. of Delhi.
534




DAD                                                        DAH
DADSYILLE, a post-office of Marion eco. Tennessee.          DAUIHER, a town of Nubia.  See ED DBnnEr.
DADUR, d-3doorl, a town of Beloochistan, in the province    DAIINA, AL, 3l-dAHnin, a wide sandy plain occupying
of Cutch-Gundava, 5 miles E. of the Bolan Pass. Pop. about all the north-eastern part of Arabia, bordering on the Turkish
3000. It is stated to be "one of the hottest places in the  pashalic of Bagdad, and extending S. to about lat. 270 N.
world."  Here, in November, 1840, the British troops routed    DAHIOMEY or DAHOMAY, d h'ho-mA/,* (called by the
a Kelat force.                                              natives, Dakosea, dAtko-mA',) a kingdom of Western Africa, on
DADVOLA, dMd-voflA, a village of Sinde, 40 miles S.W. the coast of Guinea, with boundaries not well ascertained,
of Subzulcote, in a populous and well cultivated country. they being liable to extension or abridgment with the
Lat. 280 2' N., ion. 690 8' E.                             power or weakness of its sovereign. At present it appears
DAENY, dQ.e-nee', or DANIE, dWnee, an island in the  to occupy the space between 60 and 80 50' N. lat., and IC
Persian Gulf, on the Great Pearl Bank. Lat. 240 571 300/ and 30 E. ion.
N., ion. 520 25' E.                                           The country appears to be in general extremely fertile,
DAET, dA-6t/, a town of Luzon, one of the Philippine  and, what is not a little surprising, is well cultivated, espeislands, in a district of its own name, and capital of the pro-  cially in the neighbourhood of the towns and villages. On
vince of North Camarines, 140 miles S.E. of Manila.        the coast, particularly in the neighbourhood of Whydah, the
DAFAR, Arabia. See DuIOcFA.                              principal port of the kingdom, there are many farms in a
DAGANA, d'gAtn1l, a town of Western Africa, Sene- high state of cultivation, the houses clean and comfortable,
gambia, on the Senegal; lat. 160 28' N., lon. 150 30"  W. It and the scenery singularly beautiful. These farms, howis a small but flourishing place, deriving much of its conse- ever, are mostly in the hands of persons returned from the
quence from containing a French fortified trading station,  Brazils, and who had, doubtless, benefited by their agriculwhich fronts the river. It is a rude edifice, surrounded by  tural experiences in that country; although Mr. Duncan
a wall mounted with 10 cannon. Pop. about 1200.            found an equal degree of skill exhibited many hundred
DAGELET, dazheh-lJI, an island in the Sea of Japan, miles in the interior.  Another class of colonists here are
about midway between Japan and Corea, 8 miles in cir- emancipated slaves from Sierra Leone. The principal crops
cumference. Lat. (N. point,) 370 25' N., ion. 1300560 E.   raised here are Indian corn, yams, and the manioc-root,
DA/GENI-IAM, a parish of En-land, co. of Essex.          which is ground into meal, and forms a principal article of
DAG/GEI'S SPRING, a post-village of Botetourt co., Yir- food. Two crops of corn are obtained in the year; and of a
ginia, 18 miles N. of Fincastle. Extensive buildings have  smaller sort of ried corn four may be obtained. Inland, the
been erected here for the entertainment of the public.     country loses none of the beauty and fertility by which
DAG/GETT'S MILLS, a post-village of Tioga co., Penn- it is distinguished on the coast.
sylvania, about 150 miles N. of Harrisburg.                  Dahomey, though generally level, or but slightly and
DAGIJESTAN, da'ghis-tnt, (firom dagh, "mountain,"  gradually rising from  the coast, has yet several pretty
and stan, " country,") a province of Russia, extends along  extensive mountain. ranges and hilly tracts, formed, it is
the western coast of the Caspian Sea, mostly between lat. believed, by offsets of the Kong Mountains. Most of these
410 and 430 N., and lon. 460 and 50~ E., bounded S. and  mountains rise abruptly from the plain, and are very steep,
S.W. by the Caucasus Mountains and Georgia, and N. by  being on some sides nearly perpendicular.  Some of them
the province of Koomikee. According to some writers, DA-  consist of immense blocks of granite. They are much inoGIIESTAN is the " country of the [ancient] Dahce," a Scythian  fested with wild beasts-especially a range called the Dassa
people who dwelt S. and E. of the Caspian Sea. It is, how- Mountains, in the form of a crescent, which abounds with
ever, not impossible that they derived their name from  lions, hynenas, and panthers.
the mountainous district originally inhabited by them.-       Although springs and rivulets are numerous and the
Adj. and inhab. DAGHESTANEE, dA'ghis-t&nee.                 country, on the whole, well watered, there are no rivers of
DAGILINGWORTI, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. any magnitude. The luxuriance of the vegetable producDAGMERSELLEN, dAg'mur-sflllen, or DAMMERSEL- tions of Dahomey afford evidence of the singular fertility
LEN, dlna'mer-s~lflen, a village and parish of Switzerland,  of the soil.  Its forest trees attain the most magnificent
canton, and 18 miles N.W. of Lucerne, on the Wigger. dimensions, and are interspered with firuit trees of various
Pop. 1828.                                                  kinds, including the tamarind, of which there are two difDAGOE, (Dagoe,) d9/g0'eh, or DAGO, dalgo, DAGDEN, an  ferent species, a yellow fig and damson, cashew, kolla, and
island of Russia, government of Esthonia, in the Baltic Sea, ground nuts. Gireen grapes are also plentiful. The cocoa
near the entrance of the Gulf of Finaland, separated firom the  tree, and palms of various kinds, abound on the cdast. The
island of Oesel, on the N. by Sele-Sund. Length, nearly 34  rocks and trees are festooned with beautiful parasitinal
miles; breadth, 15. The soil is chiefly sand or chalk, and  plants, and the clematis and jessamine fill the air with their
unfertile; and the cattle, though the pasture seems good, delightful odor.
are of an inferior stunted breed. The population amounts    The wild animals of Dahomey are of the same kind as
tol10,000, who are mostly employed in fishing and rearing  those met with throughout Western Africa, consisting of
cattle. The coasts are rocky.                              lions, hysenas, panthers, and deer. Monkeys also abound;
DAGSIBOROUGH, a post-village of Sussex co., Delaware, and elephants are met with in the vicinity of the swamps
on Pepper Creek, 50 miles S.S.E. of Dover.                 in the interior. Alligators and hippopotami are numerous.
DAHIA, dl'hl, a market-town of Bavaria, in the circle of  Boa-constrictors, of enormous size, are met with in the intePfalz, on the Lauter,20 miles S. of Kaiserlautern. Pop. 1300. rior, andinsects, in greatvariety, abound. Birds of beautiful
DAIlAB  or MESI,8A DAIHAB, mr/lse  dl-hbf, ("golden plumage are met with in great numbers; as are also Guinea
port,") a port of Arabia, peninsula of Sinai, on the western fowl, the common and Muscovy duck, crows, and pigeons.
coast of -the Gulf of Akabah. Lat. 280 28' N., Ion. 340 37' E.   The general condition of the people under the present
DAI-LE. See DAGIESTAN.                                   king, who seems to have effected an extensive and beneficial
DAtIALAC or DAHIALAK. See DOALAK.                        reform, appears to be prosperous and happy. The Dahomans
DAIII, dlh'hee!, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 50 miles manufhcture a very good cotton cloth, and in many places
S.E. of Loheia.                                            iron is wrought with considerable dexterity and skill into
DAHH RA,daaHirl, atown, Arabia, 80 miles S.S.W. ofMuscat. vas'ious useful articles.
I)AHLEN, d3lien, a town of Rhenish Prussia, in the circle    The Dahomans are all pagans, and their worship Fetish.
of Diisseldorf, 4 miles S.W. of Gladbach. Pop. 1360.       The sovereign power is absolute, extending to an entire conDAHLEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Sax- trol over the lives and properties of the people, who invest
ony, on a railway, 27 miles E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2081.      their king with the attributes of deity, believing him to be
DAHLONIEGA. a thriving post-village, capital of Lump- superior to aliil human wants and infirmities. The posseskin co., Georgia, 141 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. It is  sion of this extraordinary power and influence by a barbasituated on a high hill, commanding a magnificent view of  rous prince, combined with the gross ignorance and supermountains in various directions.  The gold mines in this  stition of his people, has led to the perpetration of the most
vicinity aire among the richest in Georgia, and the adjoining  fearful atrocities, wholesale murders forming the principal
hills have been completely riddled with the operations of the  and most acceptable part of all state and religious ceremominers. The gold was first obtained from the alluvion of  nies.  The number sacrificed on these occasions is now
the streams, afterwards from veins embedded in pyrites  greatly diminished, there having been 32 only put to death
of quartz rock.  Several valuable mines have been dis- in 1849, and there is reason to believe that most of these, if
covered quite recently.  A Branch United States Mint is not all, were criminals. Formerly, many hundreds used to
established here, which, including the machinery, cost be sacrificed at the Customs, as such celebrations were called,
$100,000.  The deposits of gold, at this mint, for the year and allguiltless of anyoffeance. Oneofthemostextraordinary
1853, amounted to $452,289.  The village contains 2 large  manifestations of barbarian spirit and sentiment in this
hotels, 3 churches, 1 academy, and 1 printing-office. The  country, is exhibited in the king's female army, consisIndian name was Tau-lau-ne-ca, which signifies "yellow  ting of from 5000 to 8000 women, formed into regiments,
money."  Pop. in 1850, 1277.                               and armed with long Danish muskets, short swords, and
DAIILONEGA, -post-village,Wapello co., Iowa, on theroad  clubs.
from Keokuk to Fort Des Moines, 65 miles S.W. of Iowa City.
DAHIIE, demeh,  a town of Prussia, in the province of' "Rash adventarer, bear thee bask,
Brandenburg.  government of Potedam, on the river Dahme,               Dread the spell of DAHo.iAv,
44 miles S. of Berlin. Pop. 3750. It is enclosed by walls, and           Fear the race of ZNaiarak,
defended by a strong citadel; it has woollen, linen, and to-           Daughters of the burning day."
bacco factories. The French were defeated here in 1713.                        ScorT's sBridal of Fsierssain, Canto. Ill.
535




DAI                                                           DAL
Although the King of Dahomey has always expressed the    DAL-ELF, d~l-8lf, (i. e. P Dal River,") a river of Sweden,
utmost anxiety to form friendly alliances with the British  formed by the union of the Oster and Wiester Dal, flows suegovernment, it has been found impossible to prevail upon  cessively S.E. and E., traversing many lakes, and enters the
him  to abandon the slave trade, from which he derives a  Gulf of Bothnia 10 miles E. of Gefle. Total course, from the
large and immediate revenue, about 9000 being annually  source of the Oster-Dal, about 250 miles. It forms numershipped from his kingdom.  Pop. in 1850, estimated at 200,000, ous cataracts, and, except near its mouth, it is only navigaof which not more than 20,000 are free.-Adj. and inhab. ble for rafts.
DPAnoaAN, dlhtho-man.                                            DALEM, d19lem, a village of Holland, province of GelderDAIIJLY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, with a village  land, within 1 aile of Gorinchem or Gorkum. Pop. 400.
on the Girvan River, 6 miles E.N.E. of Girvan.                   DALEN, dOflen, a village of the Netherlands, province of
DAIMAN, ds-mtnl, or ARANGUA, A-rdntgw[, a river of  Drenthe, 2- miles N.E. of Coevorden.  Pop. 1600.
South America, in the Banda Oriental, is an affluent of the    DALENBURG, dA/f19n-b65nIm, a town of hanover, 15 miles
Uruguay, rising in a mountainous district, in the centre of  S.E. of Liineburg.  Pop. 800.
the state, its whole course being about 110 miles.               DALESIVILLE, a village of Delaware co., Indiana, about
DAIMIEL, do-me-6l1, a modern town of Spain, province,  40 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
and 20 miles E.N.E. of Ciudad-Rteal. Pop. 9128. There are    DALESZYCE, d1-li-shit/s,, atown ofPoland, province, and
several salt-marshes in its vicinity. It has manufactures of  9 miles S.E. of Kielce, in a deep valley. Pop. about 1520. It
woollens and linens, and is one of the richest and most im-  has a fine church. Near it are extensive mines.
portant places in La Mancha.                                     DALE/VILLE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
DAINA, di/nA, a village of Syria, pashalic, and 20 miles    DALEVILLE, a post-village of Dale co., Alabama, about
WV. of Aleppo. Here are numerous ruins, supposed to be  70 miles S.S.E. of Montgomery. Formerly the county seat.
those of the ancient etsma, and near it the convent and    DALEVILLE, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Mississippi,
ruined pillar of St. Simon Stylites.                           about 100 miles E. of Jackson.
DAINGERFIELD.  See DANGERsIELD.                                DAILEY'S, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.
DAIR-EL-KAMiER. See DEIR EL KAMER.                             DALFSEN, dilf/sen, a village of the Netherlands, province
DAIRISIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife. 2, miles E. of Overyssel, on the Vecht, 7 miles E. of Zwolle.
of Cupar. Here is an old castle, in which a parliament was    DALGETY, dal-ghltlee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on
held in 1355; subsequently, Archbishop Spottiswood resided  the Frith of Forth, 2 miles N.E. of Inverkeithing.  Coal and
In it, and built the church and bridge across the Eden.       salt are exported from its harbor. Donibristle iouse, in this
DAT/IY, a post-office of Scotland co.. Missouri.            parish, was in 1592 the scene of the murder of Earl Moray.
DAJEL, dA'j1tl, a small town and fort of North Sinde, 40    DALGINROSS, daltghin-ross', a village of Scotland, 22
nmiles S.S.W. of Dera Ghazee Khan, and commanding a route  miles W. of Perth.  Pop. 317.
from the Indus through the Bolan Pass.                          DAL/HAM, a-parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
DAKHEL, EL, Si d/Kel, or EL DAKHLEIT, 61 d&K/llh, the    DALHOUSIE, dal-hoolzee, a village of Scotland, co., and 8
W. oasis of Upper Egypt, near lat. 250 30' N., Ion. 290 E., 50  miles S.E. of Edinburgh. parish of Cockipen. In its vicinity
miles WV. of the oasis of El Khargeh. Length, filom  E. to  is Dalhousie Castle, seat of the Earl of Dalhousie.
AV., 28 miles; breadth, 15 miles. Estimated population, be-   DALHOUSIE, dal-hoo/zee, a port of entry, capital of Restitween 6000 and 7000. The soil is very fe,-tile, yielding large  gouch6 co., New Brunswick, on the right bank of the Restiquantities of dates, olives, and other fruits. It contains the  gouch6 River, at its entrance into the Bay of Chaleurs, about
small towns of El Kasr and Kalamoon, numerous villages,  200 miles N. of St. John. In front of the town is a welland the remains of many ancient towns, with a remarkable  sheltered, crescent-shaped cove, with good holding ground
temple.                                                        for ships in 9 fathoms water.  Fine wharves and excellent
DAKIKEH,(anc. Psec/cis,) a village of Nubia, on the left  timber ponds have been constructed here, affording every
bank of the Nile, 40 miles N.E. of Derr, with a temple of the  convenience for loading the largest ships. The Restigouch6
Ptolemaic era.  Opposite to it, E. of the Nile, are cousidesrable  and its branches drain at least 4000 square miles of fertile
remains of the ancient MetaoCsmpso.                          country, abounding in timber and other valuable resources,
DAKOITA, a county in the E.S.E. part of Minnesota, con- the whole of which must find its way to the sea through
tains about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by  the port of Dalhousie. The number of foreign arrivals for
the Mississippi, on the N.W. by St. Peter's or Minnesota  1851 was 108, (tons 21,774,) the clearances 102, (tons 23,6066,)
River, on the S.E. by the Cannon, and intersected by Ver- imports $128,570, exports $152,015.  Pop. about 800.
milion  River. The surface is undulating or level, the soil    DALIAS, ditle-[s, a town of Spain, province, and 20 miles
productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the sta- W.S.W. of Almeria, near the Mediterranean.  Pop. 11,970.
ples. The census of 1850 gives no statistics of this county,    DALINGHOE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
except the population, which was 584. Capital, Mendota.          DALUINTOIBER, a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, about
DAKOTA, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.           1 mile N.W. of Campbelton. Pop. 1762.
DAKOTA, a village of Fillmore co., Minnesota Territory,    DALJA.  See DALLYA.
on the right bank of the Mississippi, 143 miles S.E. of St.   DALKEITH, dal-keetht, a burgh of barony, market-town,
Paul.                                                         and parish of Scotland, co., and 60 miles S.E. of Edinburgh,
DAKOTA INDIANS.  See Siovx.                                 between the North and South Elsk Rivers, has a station on
DALAI-NOR, dl;-il-nor, a lake of Mongolia, near the Rus-  the Hawick Branch of the North British Railway.  Pop. of
sian frontier, in hat. 540 N., Ion. 116 E.                    parish; in 1851, 6521; of town, 5086. The town is well built,
DALAROE, (Dalarbe,) da/lkm-d'lh, a maritime village of  paved, and lighted; has a parish church, (a Gothic edifice,
Sweden, 20 miles S.E. of Stockholm, with a fort on the Gulf  formerly collegiate,) several other chapels, a classical schiool,
of Bothnia. Pop. 600, mostly pilots and fishermen.            scientific institution, subscription library, various banks, 2
DALBEATTIE, dal-bitee, a village of Scotland, stewartry  market-houses, numerous good shops and residences, asad
of Kirkcudbright, 49 miles E.S.E. of Castle Douglas.          one of the lasrgest corn markets in Scotland. In and a'ound
DALBURY, d~lfber-e, a parish of Engiand, co. of Derby.   it are extensive corn mills, with brewes-ies, iron foundries,
DALBY, dfllbee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        tanneries, and coal-works. In its vicinity is Dalkeith Palace,
DALBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.  the principal seat of the Duke of Buccleuch, and where
]ALIBY MAGINA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   George TV. resided during his visit to Scotland in 1822.
DALIBY-oN-Trm-NVOLDS, a parish of England, co. of Lei-    DALKEY, dfSl/kee, a maritime village and parish of Irecester.                                                       land, in Leinster, co., and 8 miles S.E. of Dublin, on the Irish
DAL/BY PARIVA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.    Sea, immediately outside Dublin Bay. The village was a seaDALDERBY, d'llder-be, a parish of England, co. of Lin-  port town of some consequence in the seventeenth century,
coin.                                                         and its harbor is protected by 7 strong forts, now in part
DALE, a maritiae village and parish, formerly a borough  dismantled. Dalkey Island and battery are separated from
and market-town of South Wales, co. of Pembroke, 69 miles  the mainland by a narrow sound.
W. of Milford, on a peninsula bounding Milfordhaven on    DALLA, dil/I, a town of Burmah, province of Pegu, on
the NW. Pop. of parish, in 1851, 406. In this parish is St. a river of the same name, 50 miles S.W. of Rangoon.
Ann's I-lead, in lat. 510 41' N., ion. 50 10' 25"N W., with two    DALLAN, d'lllan, a town of Baden, circle of Unter Phein,
light-houses; elevation, 192 feet. The Earl of Richmond, (Lower Rhine.) It contains two parish churches and a small
afterwards eHenry VII., landed here to contest the crown of  castle, and has tile-works and several mills. Pop. 1157.
England in 1485.                                                 DAL/LAS or DOLILAS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin.
DALE, a county in the S.E. part of Alabama, bordering    DALILAS, a new county in the peninsula of Florida,
on Florida, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is in-  formed since the census of 1850 was taken.
tersected by Choctawbhatchee  River.  The surface is uneven;   DALLAS, a county in the WV. central part of Alabama, has
the soil generally sandy and unproductive. A large portion  an area of 890 square miles. The Alabama River divides
3f the county is covered by forests of pine. Capital, Noewton.  the county into two nearly equal parts, and, in passing
Pop. 63146; of whom 5625 were filee, and 721 slaves.          through it, is joined by the navigable river Cahawba, and by
DALE, a post-office of Wyoming co., New Yorke.              Cedar and Mulberry Creeks. The surface is uneven; the
DALE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.             soil highly productive, and extensively cultivated. In 1850,
DALE, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana.                there were raised 35,275 bales of cotton and 1,267,011 bushels
DALECAItLIA, di-le-kaatle-A, or DALARNE, diflan-ni, of corn. The quantity of cotton was the greatest produced
an old province of Sweden, now  comprised in the 1o-n of  in any one county of the United States, except Tuscaloosa
Falun.                                                        county, Alabama; and that of corn greater than in any
536




PAL                                                          PAL
other of the state, except Greene county. The Alabama River    DALLYA  or DALJA, ddl/y,{, a market-town, Austrian
is navigable by steamboats through its whole extent. The  dominions, in Slavonia, co. of Verocz, on the right bank of
unfinished railroad connecting the Alabama with the Ten- the Danube, 19 miles E.S.E. of Eszek.  Pop. 3430, partly
nessee River has its terminus at Selma, in this county. Pal-  engaged in extensive sturgeon fisheries in tile river.
las county is one of the most populous in the state. The de-    DALMACHERRY, dal-ma-chtr/ree, a town of British Inficiency of water which was formerly felt during the summer  dia, presidency, and 100 miles N.W. of Madras.
months, has been supplied by nnmerous Artesian wells,    DALMAL'LY. a village of-Scotland, co. of Argyle, 16 miles
which vary in depth from 200 to 900 feet. Named (as well  N.E. of Inverary.
as most or all of the following) in honor of GeORGE M. DAL-    DALM ATIA, dal-iso/she-a, (It. pron. ddI-mfte-A, Ger. DolLAs, formerly Vice President of the United States. Capital,  msaten, dll-ma/te.en; Fr. Dalsatie, dal'imntee/) KINGDOMI
Cahawba. Pop. 29,727; of whom 7469 were free, and 22,258  OF, a province of the Austrian Empire, comprising the anslaves.                                                       cient kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatias. Slavonia and the town
DALLAS, a county situated towards the N.N.E. part of  and territory of Fume —the latter three of which were forTexas, contains about 950 square miles. It is drained by  merly comprised in the kingdom of Hungary, firom  which
the forks of Trinity River, two of which unite within it. they were disjoined by the constitution of March 4, 1849.
The soil is mostly productive, and the county is well sup-  The following  article refers only to the first division; the
plied with water and timber. Capital, Dallas. Pop. 2743; others will be found noticed under their respective heads.
of whom 2536 were free, and 207 slaves.                         The kingdom of Dalmatia consists of a long- narrow tract
DALLAS, a county in the S.W. central part of Arkansas,  of mountainous country, and a number of large islands,
contains 860 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the  along the iN.E. coast of the Adriatic Sea, bounded, N. by
Washita, and on the E. by Saline River. The surface is  Croatia, and N.E. by Turkey. It extends from. about lat.
nearly level or undulating; the soil is fertile. The Washita  420 9' N. to lat. 410 25o N. In breadth it is very limited, not
is navigable by small boats on the border of the county. exceeding 40 miles in any part; and at the narrowest, near
Capital, Princeton. Pop. 6877; of whom4335 were free, and  Rlagusa, about 2 miles; its whole  area, comprises 4928
2542 slaves.                                                  square miles. The surface is much varied; a ridge of limeDALLAS, a new county in the S.W. central part of Mis-  stone mountains separates the N. portion from Turkey, and
souri, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by  another runs nearly parallel with the coast; they are sterile,
the Niangua River, (an affluent of the Osage,) flowing from   and destitute of soil. The highest peaks are, Orien, 6332
S. to N., and also drained by the head streams of the Little  feet; Dinarea, 6040 feet; and Partovo, 5929 feet; and the
Niangua. The surface presents no great elevations, and  larges t and loftiest part of the N. range is that of Velebich,
consists of prairies and forests; the soil is generally good,  to the N.E. of Zara, which is 5439 feet. On the coast range
and particularlyadapted to pasturage. The streams furnish  occur the peaks of Mount Mossor, 4464 feet; and, S.E.,
valuable water power, and the county is supplied with good  Mount Biocovo, 5899 feet. The inland parts of Dalmatia
springs of limestone water. Dallas county was formed a few   are diversified by undulatory ground, hills, and high mounyears ago out of part of Polk county. Capital, Buffalo. Pop. trains-many of the latter having the same rugged barren
3648; of whom 3560 were free, and 88 slaves.                  aspect as those of the coast; others, again, are partially coDALLAS, a new county in the S.W. central part of Iowa, vered with low wood. There are also several extensive and
has an area of 576 square miles. It is traversed by Racoon  unwholesome marshes in various parts of the country,
River and Beaver Creek, affluents of the Des Moines. The  causing deadly fevers in hot weather.  The soil, though not
soil is stated to be productive. The county is intersected by  rich, is good, and the produce, as a whole, suffices for the
the State Road from Fort Des Moines to Council Bluffs. Ca- limited population of the country; but, altogether, it casnpital Adell.                                                  not be otherwise considered than as a poor, unproductive
DALLAS, a township  in  Luzerne  co., Pennsylvania. territory, though not without some rich and beautiful valPop. 9(04.                                                    leys; but these are generally very narrow.  It has few
DALLAS, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.            rivers, and all with short courses. The principal are-the
DALLAS, a post-village, capital of Gaston co., North Caro- Narenta, in the S., having a depth of water sufficient to
line, about 170 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. The county was  admit large steamers; the Zermagna, Kerka, and Cettinm
formed in 1846, from the S. part of Lincoln county.           On some of these rivers the scenery is singularly wild and
DALLAS, a post-office of Paulding co., Georgia.             picturesque. The Kerka has several magnificent cascades;
DALLAS, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi.         rind on the Cettina there are two, from 90 feet to upwards
DALLAS, a post-village of Madison parish, Louisiana, on  of 100 feet high. There are also numerous small lakes; but
Bayou Tenses, 15 miles W. of Richmond.                        most of them  become dry in hot weather. The waters of
DALLAS, a thriving post-village, capital of Dallas co., many of the Dalmatian streams have a petrifying quality,
Texas, on Trinity River, just below the mouth of the Elm   and cover the rocks over which they flow with a coarse
Fork, about 215 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. It is situated  stalagmitic deposit.  The country is not rich in metals,
in the region known as the "Three Forks of the Trinity."  It  although, in ancient times, it produced large quantities of
had, in 1851, 5 dry-goods stores.                             gold; but iron and coal are wrought-the latter in the disDALLAS, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Arkansas, 170  trict of Dernis, where there are several mines.
miles W.S.W. of Little Rock. It is situated in a mountain-    The coast is indented with numerous harbors and bays,
ous region, which is remarkably rich in minerals, including  the principal of which are Cattaro, Sebenico, and Ragusa.
silver, lead, zinc, iron, and stone coal. The population of  A vast number of islands, also, of all dimensions, stretch
the county is sparse, and the village has very few dwvellings. along, and parallel to its shores. -Most of these are mounDALLAS, a township in Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 406.    tainous, and present the same general aspect as continental
DALLAS, a small village of Darke co., Ohio, on the Belle- Dalmatia; but are valuable for their productions, such as
fontaine and Indiana Railroad.                                timber, wine, oil, cheese, honey, salt, and asphalt; and in
DALLAS, a post-office of Iigliland co., Ohio.               several of them ship-building is carried on to a considerable
DALLAS, a post-township in the N.W. part of Clinton co., extent. The climate of Dalmatia, generally, is warmer than
MIichigan. Pop. 185.                                          in any other part of the Austrian dominions; and in spring
DALLAS, a post-village of Greene co., Missouri, about 16  the African sirocco is occasionally felt, but not to the same
miles E.N.E. of Springfield.                                  extent as in Sicily or Greece.
DALLAS, a village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, on the West    Agriculture is in an extremely backward state. At preoBranch of Pekatonica River, a few miles from Mineral Point.  sent, the greatest proportion of available land is in pasture,
It is situated in the vicinity of rich mines of leai and cop-  the next in wood, and then arable land and vineyards.
per, and has an active business.  Pop. about 500.             The principal agricultural productions are Indian corn,
DALLAS, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.                  rye, barley, figs, olives, and vines; but sufficient grain is
DALILASBURG, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.           not produced to supply the wants of the country-the defiDALLASBURG, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.              ciency being imported from Turkey and hIlungary. Various
DALLAS CITY, a small village of Henderson co., Illinois,  fruits are also  grown, including  apples, pears, plums,
on the Mississippi River.                                     almonds, peaches, apricots, lemons, oranges, carobs. and
DALILASTOWN, a postoffice of York co., Pennsylvania.   pomegranates.  Comparatively  few  sheep  or cattle are
DALLES, a post-office of Clackamas co., Oregon.             reared; horses are rare, and of very diminutive size.
DALLES (dflz) OP THE COLUMIBIA, a narrow portion of    Dalmatia has hardly any manufactures worthy of the
the Columbia River, some 50 miles above the Cascades. This  name. Neither the Dalmatians of Italian origin, nor those
channel, which receives the whole volume of the river, is  of the Slavonic race, are noted for any skill, except the
formed by walls of basaltic rock, and is only 58 yards wide  ship-builders of Curzola, the manufacturers of liqueu:s at
in the narrowest place. The word "dalles" (fi-om  "dalle," a  Zara, and the venders of oil and wine throughout the
" slab") appears to signify " trough," in the language of the  country.
French hunters.                                                 The whole of Dalmatia is divided into four circles or deDALULINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  par-tments —Zara, Spalatro, Ragusa, and Cattaro, which are
DALLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             again subdivided into districts, of which there are in all 26.
DALLU, a town of West Soudan.  See DELOW.                   Each circle is governed by a capo, or capitano  circolare,  who
DALLY. d9il/lii, a village and parish of Sweden, 15 miles  superintends the police and all the civil administration.
E.N.E. of Malmi. It contains a royal residence, forming a  Somewhat less than a fifth of the people of Dalmatia are
monastery, and was once the see ofa bishop. In the church-  Greelk Catholics; the rest, with the exception of a few Jews
yard the Danish king, Harald Rein is buried.                  send Calvinists, are all Roman Catholics. Education is very
537




DAL                                                        DAMI
generally diffused by the system of national schools. Prin-    DALUPIRI, di-loo-pe-reel(?) one of the Philippine Islands,
cipal towns, Zara the capital; Spalatro, and Ragusa.  Dal-  N. of Luzon. Lat. 190 15' N.; ion. 1210 34' E. It is 30 miles
martia was conquered by the Romans in the time of Angus- in circumference.
tus. In the seventh century it was taken by the Slaves,   DALWOOD, dal1wldd, a hamlet of England, co. of Dorset.
who founded there a kingdom  that lasted till 1050, when    DALZIEL, dA'6l', a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.
the greater part of it was united to lungary, and the re-   DAM, (DEN,) the name by which Appingedam is known
mainder passed under the protection of Venice. In 1797, to the country people of Friesland.  See ApINGEDAorn.
the Venetian portion, along with the city of Venice, was    DAMAGHIAN, dAnim-g~n1, a fortified town of Persia, proceded to Austria; but in 1805, by the treaty of Presburg, vince of Khorassanm, 50 miles S.S.E. of Astrabad. Its ruinous
it fell into the hands of Napoleon, who first united it to the  walls are about 21 miles in circumference, but not one-half
kingdom of Italy, and subsequently, in 1810, to the king- of the space within them is occupied by buildings.
dom of Illyria.  The events of 1814 brought Dalmatia again    DAMAK, dA,'mAk', a town of Java. See DEoaK.
under Austrian rule. Pop. in 1850, 393,715.-Adj. and    DAMALA, d/JnilI, a village of Greece, in the Morea, deinhab., DALMATIAN, dal-mA/she-an.                           partment of Argolis, 26 miles E.S.E. of Argos, on the Gulf
DALMAITIA, a postlvillage of Northumberland co., Penn- of Eagina. It was the seat of a congress during  the Greek
sylvania, 40 miles N. of Harrisburg.                        revolution. Near it are the remains of the ancient Truzen.
DALMATIE or DALMATIEN.  See DALMATIA.                       DAMAN, a district of the Punjab. See DAMAUN. 
DALMATOV.  See DOLMATOV.                                    DAMANHOOR  or DAMANHOUR, d'man-hoorl, (anc.
DALMELILINGTON, a parish and burgh of barony of  Hersopfolis-Parfva,) a town of Lower Egypt, capital of the
Scotland, co., and 13 miles S.E. of Ayr. Pop. 2910.         province of Bahireh, 37 miles E.S.E. of Alexandria. It has
DALMEINY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on  cotton-spinning and woollen-weaving factories, in which
the Frith of Forth, 12 miles E.S.E. of Queensferry. Pop. in  latter are woven coarse capotes for the army, afterwards
1851, 1243. It has, among other antiquities, a picturesque' sent to Boolak to be finished.
castle of the Earl of Rosebery, and a Saxon church in fine    DAMANHIOUR SHO'BRA or CI-IOBRA, a village on the
preservation.                                               Nile, 5 miles miles N. of Cairo, where the Egyptian pasha
DALMOW, dl1m'nwl, a town of India, dominion of Oude, has a summer residence.
on the N. bank of the Ganges, 54 miles S. of Lucknow.         DAMAR, damaaf, or DEMAR, dem'aRI, a town of Arabia,
DALMY, dal/mee, a small island in the Persian Gulf, off  in Yemen, 60 miles S.S.E. of Sana, with a citadel, a college,
the Arabian coast, in lat. 240 36' N., Ion. 520 24' E.      and 5000 houses.
DALRY, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 19    DAMARAN, d/'mA-r1nf, an island of the Malay Archimiles S.W. of Glasgow, on the Scottish South-western Rail- pelago, E. of Palawan.  Lat. 100 45' N.; lon. 1200 5' E. It
way, is beautifully situated on an eminence on the right is 45 miles in circumference.
bank of the Garnock. It is rapidly increasing, and im-   DAM\ARISCOTITA, (RIVER,) of Lincoln co., in the S. part
proving in the character of its buildings. Though it has a  of Maine, may be considered as an arim of the sea. It is
gas-work the streets are not lighted, being sufficiently illu- navigable for 16 miles, nearly its whole length, for ships of
minated by the glare of the adjoining iron-furnaces. Until any burden.
the last few years, the principal occupation of the inhabit-   DAMARISCOTTA, a township in Lincoln co., Maine, on
ants was silk and cotton hand-loom weaving, but the greater  the Damariscotta River, about 44 miles N.E. of Portland.
number are now employed in the numerous coal and iron  It has a bank, and is the centre of extensive ship-building
mines in the vicinity. Pop. in 1851, 8867.                  and of some coast trade. Pop. 1328.
DALRY, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kikrcudbright,    DAMARISCOTTA  MILLS, a post-village in Lincoln co.,
on the Ken, 3 miles N.W. of New Galloway. Height of  Maine, about 45 miles N.E. of Portland.
Blacklarg Mountain 2890 feet.                                 DAMASCOVILLE, Ohio. See DAMASCUS.
DALRYIVIIMPLE, a illage and parish of Scotland, co., and    DAMASCUS. (anc. Dasoes/c, d~-msskf; Arab. Sham-el41 miles S.E. of Ayr. Pop. in 1851, 1096. The village, situ-  Kebers, shnm-6l-ke-beerl, i.e. "Damascus the Great," and
ated on the Doon,.gives name to an eminent Scotish family,  Shans-es*-Shereef, i.e. "Damascus the IIoly,") a celebrated
anciently lords of the barony.                              city of Asiatic Turkey, in Syria, capital of a pashalic of its
DALRYMIPLE, PORT OF, is an estuary at the mouth of  own name, is beautifully situated on a plain, at the E. base of
the Tamar, on the N. shore of Van Diemen's Land. Let. of  the Anti-Libanus range, about 180 miles. S. by W. of Aleppo;
light-house, 410 31 5" S., ion. 1460 47' 5" E.              lat. 330 27' N., ion. 360 25' E. It is supposed to be the most
DALISERF, a psri1h of Scotland, co. of Lanark.            ancient city'in the world. It is 6 miles in circumference, and
DALSITON, a parish of England, co. Cumberland.            is surrounded by a dilapidated wall. Its appearance, when
DALSTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Middlesex, form-  it first opens on the view, has been spoken of by all traveling a N. suburb of London.                                  lers, in all ages, in the most rapturous terms. The Arabs
DALITON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.           regard it as one of their four terrestrial paradises. It is said
DALTON, dawltton, a township of England, co. Lancaster.  of Mohammed, that when he looked on it, he exclaimed, that
DAL/TON, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire,  as man could have but one paradise, he would not ehter
on the E. side of the Connecticut River, 90 miles N. by W. it. lest he should have none above. Strabo also speaks of it
of Concord. Pop. 751.                                       in the most eulogistic terms; and Julian calls it the great
DALTON, a post-village and township of Berkshire co., and sacred Damascus, surpassing every city, both in the
Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 146 miles W. of  beauty of its temples and the magnitude of its shrines.
Boston. It has manufactures of cutlery, paper, machinery, Addison describes the view of the city as " one of the most
and woollen goods. Pop. 1020.                              nmagnificent prospects in the world."  Lamartine speaks of
DALTON, ibrmerly CROSS PLAINS, a fiomiishing post- it in the same enthusiastic language; and Lord Lindsay
village, capital of Whitefield co.. Georgila, on the Western  likens it, with its pituresque minarets, to " a fleet sailing
and Atlantic Railroad, 271 miles W.N.W. of Augusta, and 100  through a sea of verdure.   The plain on which Damascus
miles N.N.W. of Atlanta. Dalton was laid out in 1846, and  stands is of great extents and extraordinary fertility, covered
owes its rapid growth to the construction of the railroad, with the most beautiful gardens and orchards, irrigated by
which was completed about the year 1849.  It is also the  the limpid waters of the Barrada, forming a waving grove,
southern terminus of the East Tennessee and Georgia Rail-  of more than 50 miles in circuit. rich in the most luxuriant
road, leading to Knoxville, and forming part of the direct foliage and the finest fouits. As, however, is the case in
route from the Eastern States to those of the South-west. unearly all Eastern cities. the interior of Damascus by no
Large quantities of grain, produced in the adjacent counties,  means corresponds with the exquisite beauty of its enare received here and forwarded by railroad. Dalton is envi- virons. The streets are narrow, and have, many of them, a
roned by mountains of considerable height. Pop. about 2000. gloomy and dilapidated appearance.  In  the Armenian
DALTON, a post-office of Chickesaw co., Mississippi.      quarter, the houses are built with mud, and pierced, toward
DALTON, a thriving post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, near  the street, by a very few small grated windows, with redthe Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, about' 100 miles N.E. painted shutters. They are low, with fiat-arched doors, reof Columbus. Large coal beds are found in the vicinity. sembling those of stables, while a dunghill and pool of
Pop. in 1853, about 800.                                    putrid water almost invariably stand before each door. In
DALTON, a small village of Wayne co., Indiana, about many of them, however, a singular contrast is presented
60 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis.                            between the dull, prison-like outer walls of gray mud, and
DALTON-IN-FUR/NESS, a parish of England, with a  the richness within.
market-town, co., and 18 miles W.N.W. of Lancaster. Pop.   The best and wealthiest part of the city is what is called
2201, mostly engaged in iron mines and foundries, and  the Moslem quarter, where the streets are wider and cleaner,
In malting. In its vicinity are the splendid ruins of Fur- and the houses higher and better built. The Christian and
uess Abbey, and remains of a castle called the Peel of  Jewish quarters are the most miserable. Among the places
Foundey, erected on an islet, to defend the harbor.         most worthy of notice in Damascus are the bazaars, which
DALTON-LE-DALE, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
DALTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, East  *  In this and similar cases, the article el is changed in sound
Riding.                                                     to es, so as to correspond with the initial letter of the word to
DALTON-ON-TEES, a township of England, co. of York, which it is prefixed; accordingly, SHAa-EL-SHEIEEF is to be
North Riding.                                              pronounced snd may be written Sham-es-Shereef. When SHAsI
is used to designate the country of Syria, the article is usually 
DALTON, SOUTI, a parish of England, so. of York, East employed, e.g. EL SnAMa, pronounced e.-s/han. In like mainer,
Riding.                                                    EL-DAHoaER is pronounced and may be written Ed-Dahmer.
538




DAM                                                          DAM
are merely long streets-the prir.zipal one 16 miles in length    DAM'AUN!  or DAMAN, dci mnf, a seaport town of Hindo-covered in Vith high wood-work, and lined with shops, stan, povince of Guzerat, at the mouth of the Gulf of Camstalls, magazines, and caf~s. In the midst of the bazaars  bay, 100 miles N. of Bombay. Lat. 200 251 N.; lon. 720 58' E.
stands the Great Khan, said to be one of the most magnifi-  It belongs to the Portuguese, who conquered it i] 1531, and
cent structures of this kind in the East. It is an immense  have kept possession of it ever since. The town has a precupola, supported on granite pillars, and built, in part, of  possessing appearance from  the sea, the houses being genealternate layers of black and white marble. Its gate is one  sally whitened, but the streets are narrow and dirty. It has
of the finest specimens of Moorish architecture~to be seen in  several churches and convents. The commerce of the iplace
the world. The principal mosque is also a fine edifice, and  is rapidly declining; but ship-building is still carried on to
was originally a Christian cathedral. There are three Latin  a considerable extent, timber being obtained from the adjoinmonasteries in Damascus-those of the Franciscans, Capu-  ing teak forests.  Pop. about 6000.
chins, and Lazarists.   The first of these has an extensive    DAMAUN or DAMAN, a district formerly in Afghanistan,
library. There is also a school for boys attached to the Fran-  now included within the territory of the Punjab, compreciscan convent, in which the pupils are instructed in Arabic  hending the tract of country between the Salt range on the
and Italian. The principal Roman Catholic churches form   N., the Sooliman Mountains on the W., the Indus on the
part of the monastic buildings; there are besides, a number  E., and Sungur, in Upper Sinde, on the S.; extending about
of detached churches belonging to different sects in various  220 miles from N. to S., by an average breadth of 60 miles.
parts of the city. Besides the more remarkable architec-    DAMAZAN, dAm~zeaGl, a town of France, department
tural objects mentioned, there is an extensive citadel, also  of Lot-et-Garonne, 11 miles N.N.W. of N6rac.  Pop. 1680.
a seral' or palace, in which the pasha resides.  The house    DAMBACH, damrb/ki, a town of France, department of
of Judas, to which Ananias went, is still pointed out, as  Bas-Rhin, 4 miles N. of Sch6lestadt.  Pop. in 1852, 3539.
well as that of Ananias himself. This city still continues  Near it are mines of iron and manganese.
to be thoroughly oriental in all its features and charac-    DAMBAKANEI1, dim-bA-k.neh, a village of Western
teristics.  No wheeled vehicles of any kind are used, nor  Africa, on the Senegal, in the Damga country. Lat. 150 8t
are there glass windows to any of the houses.                N.; lon. 130 30' W.
Damascus is the chief emporium of the trade in European    DAMBEA, a lake of Abyssinia.  See DssDoA.
manufactures with Bagdad, Bassorah,Persia, and the neigh-    DAM/BELING, LAKE, a large salt-water lake of Western
boring countries; it is also a place of great manufacturing  Australia, about 100 miles S.S.E. of Beverly.  It is the
industry. Traders and merchants arrive and depart with  largest of several lakes in this territory, about 15 miles
the caravans /o and from Mecca once a year; to and from   long, by 7 or 8 miles broad, shallow, with many low islands
Bagdad, Mesopotamia, and Persia two or three times a  of various and beautiful form.
year; to and fl-om Aleppo twice a month; to and from Bey-    DAM'BOOLI, or DAMBOILO, a village in the island of Ceyroot weekly. It is one of the holy cities, and here the pil- ion, 45 miles N.W. of Kandy, and 70 miles N.E. of Colombo.
grims assemble on their journey to, and separate on their  It lies at the junction of four lines of road, and has a comreturn from  Mecca. The business classes in the city con- modious rest-house, and carries on some little traffic. It
sist of Mohamnmedan, Christian, and Hebrew  merchants. receives its name filom  a large mass of rock, situated about
The traders are the retailers of British goods; and also the  a mile from the village, and named Damboollagalla, which
shopkeepers, grocers, and druggists. There are also a num-  rises about 550 feet above the level of the surrounding
her of manufacturers of silk, damasks, cotton, and other  plain. On the S. side of the rock, about 100 feet from  the
fabrics; the looms for working which amount to 4000. There  summit, are five remarkable cave-temples, devoted to the
are, besides, numerous cotton printing and dyeing establish-  worship of Boodha, partly natural and partly artificial.
ments, tobacco factbries, copper and iron foundries, glass-  In one is a long and interesting inscription, throwing conworks, soaperies, &c. The manufacture of Damascus blades,  siderable light on the state of the government of Ceylon in
for which the city was once so celebrated, no longer exists;  the twelfth century. In another there is a colossal statue
but.saddles and bridles, rich and highly finished, fine cabi- of Boodha hewn out of the rock; and similar figures, though
net work, and elegant jewelry, are largely produced. Until  smaller, are in some of the other caves. In all of them
a very recent period, no Christian could walk the streets of  there are numerous carvings and images. These caves, a
the city without incurring the risk of being insulted, and  hundred years before the Christian era, served as a place of
probably maltreated. This intense hatred of the Frank, refuge from  the invading Malabars, to the Ceylonese mohowever, is now considerably abated; although an obtrusive  narch Walagamnbabu, who, in gratitude for the protection
display on the streets of nationality in costume, might still  thus received, ordered them to be enlarged, placed in them
be attended with unpleasant consequences.                    images of Boodha, appointed priests to take charge of them,
Of the origin of Damascus nothing certain is Iknown. The  and dedicated certain lands for their support. Notwithbuilding of it has been ascribed both to Abraham  and to  standing all the changes that have taken place since that
his steward, Eliezer. There is, however, abundant evidence  period, the priests of Boodha still take charge of, and offiof its great antiquity, being mentioned in Gen. xiv. 15, as  clate at the cave-temples of Dambool.
existing 1913 years B.c., and appearing even then to have    DAMBORSCHITZ, dim/bor-shits' or DAMBORITZ, dminbobeen a place of note. At subsequent periods, it fell suc- rits', amarket-townofMoroavia, 17 miles S.E. ofBriinn. P.1617.
cessively under the power of the Persians, Greelks, and Ro-    DAMER, a town of Nubia.  See E-DAHMen..
mans, attaining great eminence under the last. In 1516, it    DAM/ERIIAM, SOUTh, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
fell into the hands of the Turls, who retained it till 1832,   DAMERY, dg'meh-reel, a town of France, department of
when it was taken by Ibrahim Pasha, but reverted again to  Marne, 4 miles W.N.W. of Epernay, near the right bank of
the Turks, when the Pasha of Egypt was compelled to eva- the Marne. ~ Pop. 1770.
cuate Syria. It is the native place of the geographer and    DAMGARTEN, dAm'gar/Jten, a fortified town of Prussia,
historian Abulfeda. Beyroot, distant about 58 miles N.W.,  in Pomerania, 25 miles W. of Stralsund.  Pop. 1411.
is the seaport of Damascus. Pop. 112,000, of whom  about    DAMGHAN, drm'gh/nl, a town of Persia, it, Khorassan,
12,000 are Christians, and 5000 Jews.-Adj. and inhab.,  capital of district of the same name, 50 miles S. of Astra.
DASASCENE, dam'a-seent; Arab. SHAMEE. shilmee'.              bad. It is now in a state of utter ruin and decay, not a
DAMASCUS, the largest pashalic of Syria, comprising all quarter of the space within its walls being occupied by
that country between Lebanon and the Euphrates; lat. habitable buildings.
from 310 to 360 N., Ion. fiom 350 to 41c E., having N. the    DAMIETTA, dam-e-etfta, (Arab. Damiat, dgi-me-Atl; anc.
pashalics of Aleppo and Diarbekir; W. those of Tripoli, Acre,  TFhmiaothis,) a town and river port of Lower Egypt, on
and Gaza; and E. and S. the Arabian Desert. Chief cities, the right bank of the East Branch  of the Nile, on its
Damascus, I-oms, Hamah, and Jerusalem; here also are the  delta, 8 miles from  its mouth in the Mediterranean. Lat.
remains of Palmyra, and other cities celebrated in ancient  310 25' N., Ion. 310 490 E. Pop. estimated at 28,000. It
and sacred history. The pashahi- is divided into 20 districts  is in general meanly built, but it has some good mosques,
or governorships, has 8 cities and 1522 villages, and a popu-  houses, and marble baths, a school for infantry officers,
lation of 526,812, exclusive of Bedouins.                    and a cotton-spinning factory. Its harbor is bad, and its
DAMAS/CUS,  a thriving post-villase  and township of  commerce having  become mostly monopolized by AlexWayne co., Pennsylvania, is finely situated on the Delaware  andria, it has now little more than a coasting trade with the
River, and on the Erie Railroad, 17i 8 miles N.E. of Harr-is-  ports of Syria, &c., in dried fish and agricultural produce.
burg, opposite the village of Cochecton. A bridge, 550 feet The ancient town of Damietta (Tamiathis) stood about 5
lon-, crosses the river at this place. The village contains an  miles nea-rer the sea, or farther N. It was consitdered the
academy and several mills. Pop. 1102.                        bulwark of Egypt, on this side, in the time of the Crusaders;
DAMASCUS, a post-village of MIontgomery co., Maryland,  and its capture was always looked upon as the most impor70 miles N.W. of Annapolis.                                  taut object in their expeditions against that country. The
DAMASCUS, a post-village in Spartanburg district, South  danger to which it was exposed, however, fi-om its position
Carolina, about 75 miles N.Wt. of Columbia.                  on the shores, induced the Egyptian caliphs to change its
DAMASCUS, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 160  position, and to remove it to where the modern town no;s
milesN.E.ofColumbus. Itisontheline betweenthiscounty  stands, about the year1251. The present town contains
end Mahoning. The name of the post-office is Dam.scoville.  many antique columns and blocks, supposed to have been
DASIASCUS, a post-village and township of Henry co., brought fiom the old city. It was taken by the Pasha 4f
Ohio, on the Maumee Iliver, and on the Wabash and Erie  Egypt in 1833.
Canal, 135 miles N.N.W. of Columbus.  Pop. of the town-    DAMM, dlmm, or DAMME, dalm/mh, a fortified town of
ship, 232.                                                   Prussia, province of Pomerania, government of and 5 miles
539




DAM                                                      DAN
E.S.E Stettin, on the railway to Stargard, at the mouth of  by the British, on which occasion General Woostelr, tho
the Pline, in the Dammsche-See. Pop. 2890.                American commander, was killed. An appropriate monuDAMi, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, on the  ment has been recently erected to his memory by the citlAschaff, here crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1609.             zens of the place. Pop. of township, 5964.
DAMMA, dimnm, a small island of the Molucca group,   DANIBURY, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.
Malay Archipelago, N.E. of Timor, lat. 70 51 S., ion. 1280    DANBURY, a township of Ottowa co., Ohio, occupying the
30' E. It yields a considerable quantity of sulphur, and  N.E. part ofthe peninselaformed by Sandusky Bay. Pop. 501.
has some good anchorages.                                    DAN/BY a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
DAMMABRIE, d~m'm  reel, the name of several villages in    DANBY, a post-village and township of Rutlahd co., Verthe central departments of France; the principal in Eure- mont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 70 miles S.S.W.
et-Loir, 8 miles S. of Chartres. Pop. 1131.                of Montpelier. Pop. 1535.
DAHMARTIN, d m'maRatANM/, a town of France, depart-   DANBY, a post-village and township of Tompkins co.,
ment of Seine-et-Marne, 11 miles N.W. of Meaux.  Pop. New York, on the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad, 7
1827. Several villages, in the departments of Doubs, Jura,  miles S. of Itl;aca. Pop. 2411.
Haute-Marne, &c., have the same name.                        DANBY, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity of
DAMME, dimm, or d m/meh, a fortified town of Belgium, Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 262.
province of West Flanders, 4 miles N.E. of Bruges, on a ca-   DANBY, a post-office of Dupage co., Illinois.
nal. Pop. 800.                                               DANBY FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Rutland co.,
DAMMiiE, dAm/meh, a village of Northern Germany, duchy, Yermont.
and 43 miles S. of Oldenburg, with an extensive cattle market.   DANBY  WVIISKE, a parish of England, co. of York,
DAMMIE, d~m/meh, an island in the Malay Archipelago, North Riding.
3Banda Sea, between Ceram  and Timor, lat. 70 10' S., ion.   DAN/CYVILLE, a post-village of IHaywood co., Tennessee,
1280 40' E.; about 12 miles square. It is very mountain- 190 miles W.S.W. of Nashville, has 2 or 3 stores, and about
ous, and has a lofty active volcano in its N.E. part, where  100 inhabitants.
there are also hot springs.                                  DANDA, dn/dfd, or DANDE, d~n/dlh, a river of SouthDAM'MER, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the  western Africa, bounds the state of Angola on the N., enters
S. extremity of Gilolo, in lat. 10 S., lon. 1280 10' E.   the Atlantic 60 miles N. of the mouth of the Coanza, after
DAMMERSELLEN. See DoAGMERSELLEN.                        a northern course estimated at 200 miles. Dande is a village
DAMMGARTEN. See DAI)ARTEN.                              near its mouth.
DAMM, LAKE OF. See DAMMSoHE-SEE.                          DAN/DRIDGE, a thriving post-village, capital of Jefterson
DAMMESCHE-SEE, dimm/sheh-st, or DAMMISCHE-SEE, co., Tennessee, on French Broad River, at the head of steam
danlme-sheh-sA, a lake of Prussia, province of Pomerania, go- navigation, and 30 miles E. of Knoxville. It has an active
vernment of Stettin, formed by the Oder near its month. trade, and contains an academy for both sexes.
Length, 10 miles; greatest breadth, 2 miles. It is navigable    DANE or Dine.  See DENMAgEK.
in all its extent.                                          I)DANE, a county in the S. central part of Wisconsin, conDAMOO, damool, a town of Thibet, 40 miles N.N.E. of the  tains 1235 square miles. The Wisconsin River forms a part
Niti Pass; lat. 310 26' N., Ion. 790 53' E.               of its N.W. boundary; it is also drained by the Sugar and
DAMPIER, dam/pesr, an island on the N. coast of Papua, Catfish Rivers. The latter is the outlet of the Four Lakes,
or New Guinea, in lat. 40 40' S., Ion. 1450 50' E.        which lie in a row near the centre of the county, and are
DAMPIER ARCHIPELAGO, is off the N.W. coast of  connected by short outlets. The largest of these lakes is
/Australia, in lat. 210 S., ion. from 1160 to 1170 E., and comn- six miles in length. The surface is diversified by hills of
prises Enderby, Lewis, Rosemary, Legendre, Depuch, and  moderate height and gentle ascent. The soil is mostly calmany smaller islands. Dampier Strait, between the islands  careous  and fertile. Prairies and oak openings occupy nearly
of Waigeoo  and Papua, is about 70 miles long, and 35 miles  the whole area of the county. In the W. part is an emibroad.                                                     nence  called the Blue Mound, which is about 1000 feet
DAMPIERRE, dlmspe-aio/, a village of France, depart- high. The streams afford valuable water-power. It is interment of Jura, near the right bank of the Doubs, 12 miles sected by the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad. OrganN.E. of Dole. Pop. 591.                                   ized in 1839. Capital, Madison. Pop. 16,639.
DAMPIERRE, SUR  SALON, dae'pe-airi, sip. saaltc1N, a    DANE, a post-township in Dane co., Wisconsin, about 15
market-town of France, department of laute-Sagne, on the  miles N.N.W. of Madison. Pop. 322.
Salon, 9 miles N.E. of Gray. Pop. 1422. DAMIERRaa  the    DANEMARK, (Ddnemark.)  See DIENMARK.
name of several villages in Central and Western France.     DANEMORA, dilt-ne-motrt, a village of Sweden, 24 miles
DAMPOOR, dam'poor-, a town of British India, presidency  N.N.E. of Upsala, celebrated for the iron mines in its vicinity,
of Bengal, 38 miles N:W. Moradabad.                        which have been worked without interruption fi-om the
DAMISA, a beautiful islet of the Orkneys, in the Bay, and  fifteenth century, and produce the finest iron in the world.
forming part of the parish of Firth. Circuit about 1 mile.   DANEMORA, New York. See DANNES RAs.
DAMUGGOO, d&-mifg-goo', a town of Africa, in Guinea, on    DANEMORA, a village of Darke co., Ohio, about 110 miles
the left bank of the Niger; lat. 70 N., lon. 70 50' E. It is  W.N.W. of Columbus.
lasge and populous, but extremely dirty.                     DANGEAU, dON'zhl/, a village of France, department of
DAMVILLE, dtm'veel/, a village of France, department Eure-et-Loir, 9 miles N. of Chkteaudun. Pop. 1500.
of Eure, 11 miles S.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 804.                DANGER (daln'jer) ISLAND, of Chagos Archipelago, on
DAMVILLERS, dbs'vee'yB/, a village of France, depart- the W. edge of the Great Chagos Bank; lat. 6~ 23' S., Ion.
ment of Meuse, 13 miles S. of Moutmedy. Pop. 1075.         710 18' 30/" E.
DAN, a city of antiquity in Palestine, at the N. extremity    DAN/GERFIELD or DAIN/GERFIELD, a thriving post.
of the "Promised Land." The site of Dan has been fixed by  village of Titus co., Texas, about 320 miles N.E. of Austin
Robinson at the Tell-el-Kady, 3 miles W.N.W. of Banias.    City. It is pleasantly situated in a rich farming region,
DANA, d/nA, a village of Northern Syria, pashalic, and  and has a large boarding school for girls, and a college.
20 miles W. of Aleppo, with many remains of antiquity.     Pop. in 1853, about 350.
DANA, di/na, a post-village and township of Worcester   DANGER, ISLES OF, a small group in the Pacific. Lat.
co., Massachusetts, 65 miles WV. of Boston. Pop. 842.     110 S., ion. 1660 W.
DANAKIL. See DANKALI.                                     DANGEROUS ARCHIIPELAGO, a group of islands in the
DANAPRIS. See DNIEERa.                                  Pacific Ocean, in lat. 210 S., ion. 140 WV., nearly identical
DANASTRIS. See DIsEsTErn                                 with the Low AcHInrEao Go.
I)ANAW. See DANUBE.                                       DANGEIE RIVER, (Danger is a corruption of D'Angra
DAN/BOROUGH or DAN/VILLE, a post-village of Bucks or JRio d'Angra, i.e. the "River of the Bay,") a river of
co., Pennsylvania, 4 miles N. of Doylestown.              Western Africa, which falls into the Bight of Biafra, forming
DAN/BURG, a post-village of Wilkes cO., Georgia, about 65 a considerable bay at its mouth, in lat. 1~ N.
miles N.E. of Milledgeville.                                DANIHOLM, dintholm, formerly STRALE, strdhi), a small
DANBURY, dan/ber-e, a pasish of England, co. of Essex. island in the Baltic, in the narrow strait between Riglen
It has an ancient Danish camp, whence its name.            and the mainland.
DANBURY, a post-village and township of Grafton co.,   DANIE. See DAENY.
New lIampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 39 miles N.Wi.   DAN/IEL, PORT, a bay of Canada East on the S. side of
of Concord. Pop. 934.                                     the district of Gasp8 near the entrance of Chaleur Bay.
DANBURY, a post-town and semi-capital of Fairfield co.,   DANIELS' MILLS, a post-office Person co., North Carolina.
Connecticut, on the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad, 18    DANIELSONVILLE. See WEST KiLLINGLY.
miles N.N.W. of Bridgeport. It is a pleasant borough, built   DANTIELSVILLE, a post-village of Spottsylvania co., Yirprincipally on one street, more than a mile in length, and  ginia, 90 miles N. of Richmond.
contains, besides the county buildings, 3 or 4 churches, 1    DANIELSVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Georgia,
bank, 1 savings institption, and a printing office, at which  87 miles N. of Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail,
a weekly newspaper is issued. The industry of the inha- a church. and 2 stores.
bitants is chiefly directed to making hats, there being fi-om    DANIELSVILLE, a post-office of Diclkson co., Tennessee.
35 to 40 manufactures of this kind in the town. Combs are    DAN/IELTON, a post-office of Beaufort district, South Caalso extensively manufactured. Still River, a branch of the  rolina.
IHousatonic, passes through the town, and affords good    DANILISITA, di-ne-leefshb, a populous village of Russia,
ivwater-power. Incorporated in 1696. In 1777itwas burned  government of Perm, of which city it is a suburb.
540




DAN                                                          DAN
DANILOV or DANILOW, dl-ne-lov/, a town of Russia, go- mouth of the river, or in the roads, which afford good an
rerument, and 40 miles N.N.E. of Yaroslav, on the Pelenda.  chorage for vessels of any burden. Its principal manufac.
Pop. 1764. It is surrounded by collieries, and has manufac- tures are fire-arms, tobacco, silks, vitriol, and jewellery;
tures of candles, and dye-works.                               and it has numerous distilleries, breweries, flour mills, dyeDANILOVETSCIII, dA-ne-lo-vttchtee, a market-town of  works, and sugar refineries.  The principal exports are
Russia, government, and 80 miles N. of Minsk.  Pop. 1200.  wheat, rye, barley, oats, ppase, flour, linseed, rape, biscuits,
DANISCIE-WV ALD, (Ddnische-Wald,) d!nish-eh-/iAlt', a  provisions, ashes, zinc, bones, timber, staves, flax, hemp,
country of Denmark, in Sleswick, between the Gulfs of Eck- linens, spirits, black beer, and wool. The imports comprise
enfiorde and Kiel.                                            woollen and silken stuffs, and other manufactured goods,
DANISH orDAN_/SCH, (Diinisch.)  SeeDENMARaK.                colonial products, dyes, wine, oil, spice, fruit, salt, and furs.
DANKALI, ddn'kd-lee/, or DANAKIL, d-l-n/keel' or da- Among its exports, in 1852, were comprised 20.495 quarters
n~kil, formerly a province of Abyssinia, now an independ- of wheat, 1250 of barley, 21,960 of rye, and 4470 of peas.
ent state, bounded N.E. by the led Sea, and S.W. by a  The total annual exports are valued at 900,0001., and the imrange of mountains running nearly parallel to the coast, and  ports at 300,0001.
forming a frontier line towards Tigr6 and the Galls country.    The proper port of Dantzic is Neufahrwasser, at the mouth
It is about 250 miles in length, by about 56 in width, at the  of the Vistula, the number of sandbanks which encumber
broadest part, and extends from about lat. 130 to 15~ 30, N. the river immediately above seriously obstructing the na-iIt is in general low, sandy, dry, and unproductive, although  gation. Now, however, by means of a canal about 150 feet
said to have been formerly a rich country. The heat is  wide by 15 feet deep, the worst of the obstructions are
often excessive, the thermometer rising frequently to 1100. avoided, and vessels of large size come up close to the town.
In the dry season it is almost destitute of water. Its popu- The corn granaries, with warehouses for linens, ashes, hemp,
lation is composed of various Arab tribes, known under the  &c., are all situated on a small island formed by the Mottlau.
general name of Dankal, or Danakils, and described by all    The history of Dantzic reaches back to the times of histotravellers as being an unprincipled and ferocious race, and  rical obscurity.  As early as 970, there was a town here.
the most treacherous and cruel of all the inhabitants of  In 1271, it was taken by Mestwin, and in 1204 by the Poles.
Africa. Pop. estimated at 70,000.                             It was occupied by the Teutonic knights fl-om 1310 till 1454,
DANKARA, dmn/'kArAd, or DINKIRA, dinlck-rn', a town  when it became independent under the protection of Poland,
of Western Africa, in Upper Guinea, capital of a kingdom of  and was for a long period a principal member of the IIansethe same name, on the Gold Coast, 47 miles W. of Coomassie. atic League. Dantzic was assigned to Prussia at the second
The kingdom  is tributary to Ashantee, and contains rich  partition of Poland.  It capitulated to the French in 1807.
gold mines.                                                   Since 1815, its fortifications have been greatly extended and
DANKOV or DANKOW, dtn-kovf, (written also DON- improved, but its commerce has never regained its former
KOWVI,) a town of Russia, government, and 90 miles S. of  prosperity. It is the birth-place of Fahrenheit.-Inhab.
Riazan, on the Don. Pop. 2500. It is mostly built of wood, DANv/zICKER.
and has 6 churches.                                             DANTZIC, GULF OF, in East and West Prussia, is au
DAN'NAIKENCOTITA, a town of British India, in the  inlet of the Baltic, 65 miles in breadth a-t its entrance. It is
presidency of Madras, 32 miles N. of Coimbatoor.              separated from  the Frische HIaff by the Frische Nehrung, a
DANNEMARIE, dknn'm -ree/, a market town of France, long narrow tongue of land on the S.E.  On it are the towns
department of the Ilaut-Rhin, and 12 miles E. of Belfort, on  of Pillau, Putzig, and Hela.
the Canal of the Rhone and Rhine. Pop. 1214.                    DANTZICK.  See DANTZIC.
DANNEMORA, a town of Sweden. See DANEMORnA.                   DANIUBE or DAN/AW, (nce. Donulbins  and Isfter; Ger.
DANNEMOIRA, a post-village in Beskman township, Clin- Donau, dOfn~w; Hun. Duna, doolnuSh,) a celebrated river of
ton co., New York, 150 miles N. of Albany. Pop. about 100. Europe, originates in two small streams, the Brege and the ~
DANNENBERG, dln/nen-b8RGo, a walled town of Hinio- Brigach, rising on theeastern declivity of the Schwarzwald,
ver, 30 miles E.S.E. of Liineburg, on the Jeetze. Pop. 1500. in the grand duchy of Baden, at an elevation of 2850 feet
DANOIS.  See DENxmINK.                                      above the sea level, about lat. 480 3' N.; Ion. 80 12' E.; and
DAN RIVER, of Virginia and North Carolina, rises in  uniting at Donaueschingen.  Its general course is from WV.
Patrick co., Virginia, and flowing first S.E., then E., it crosses to E., falling into the Black Sea by four different outlets,
the boundary of the two states no less than five times; and, called respectively the Kilia, Stambool, Sulineh, and the
after a course of about 200 miles, it unites with the Staunton  Edrillis or St. George's Mouths. The Sulineh mouth or chanor Roanoke, at Clarksville, in Mecklenburg county, Virginia. nel, the deepest, is in lat. 450 9' 18" N.; lon. 290 40' 30" E.
It is navigable by batteaus to Danville, Virginia, which is the The extent of the basin of the Danube is estimated at 269,189
principal town on its banks. The water-power at Danville miles, the direct distance, from source to mouth, upwards of
is very abundant, but is as yet little used.                  1000 miles, and its developments, including windings, are
DAN'S FORK, Missouri.  See BLACK RrEmn.                     2423 miles. From its source the Danube flows N.E. to RaDANSK. See DENMARK.                                         tisbon, in Bavaria, lat. 490 1, N.; lon. 120 5, 52"1 E.; when it
DANSWVILLE, a thriving post-village of Livingston  co., takes a S.E. by S. direction, to Waiteen, in Hungary, lat. 47030!
New York, on Canaseraga Creek, about 40 miles S. of Rto- N., previously passing Vienna and Presburg. At Waitzen it
chester.  It contains churches of four or five denomina-  suddenly bends round, and flows nearly due S. to the point
tions, a bank, and 3 or 4 newspaper offices. The falls of the  where it is joined by the Drave, near Eszek, in Slavonia;
creek at this place furnish valuable water-power, which is  thence it runs S.S.E. to Belgrade, on the northern confines
employed in mills and factories of several kinds. Dans- of the Turkish province of Servia, of which it subsequently
ville is connected with  the Genesee Valley Canal by a  forms the boundary, continuing its general eastern course,
branch canal about 10 miles long. Pop. 2500.                  to the point where it is joined by the small river, Bereska,
DANSVILLE, a township of Steuben co., New  Yol-k. lat. 440 28' N., it abruptly turns to the N.E., and continues
Pop. 2545.                                                    in this direction to Orsova, a distance of about 25 miles,
DANT/ZIC or DANITZICK. (Ger. Danzig, dlntsio; Polish, when, by suddenly taking a S.E. course, it fairly enters the
Gdansk, g'dinsk; Fr. Dantzickc, dANt'zeekt; L. Dantis/cuas,) a  Turkish European provinces, forming the boundary line
fortified city and seaportof West Prussia, capital of an exten- between Wallachia and Bulgaria.  At Bassova, on the S.E.
sive government of its own name is situated on the left bank  extremity of the former province, it takes a direction nearly
of the Vistula, 3- miles from its outlet at Weichselmiinde, and  due N. to Galatz, when it bends round to the S.E., and, after
here joined by the Mottlau and Randanne, which traverse the  a fiorther course of about 80 miles, falls into the Black Sea.
city. Lat. (of parish church) 540 21' 4/" N., lon. 180 39' 34" E.    The great basin of the Danube has been divided into ~
Pop. in 1852, including its nine suburbs, 58,012. The mean  four minor basins. The first consists of a vast plateau of a
temperature of the year is 450 6'; winter, 300; summer, 610 90  pentagonal form, 1640 feet above sea level, 150 miles in
Fahrenheit.  It is nearly of a circular form, and ranks as a  length, and 125 miles broad, surrounded by mountains, and
fortress of the first class, being both surrounded by walls  comprising a portion of the principality of Hohenzollern,
and bastions, defended by a citadel and several outworks, part of the kingdom of WUirtemberg, and the greater part
and provided with the means of laying a considerable part of the kingdom of Bavaria.  This tract is, by far, the most
of the surrounding country under water.  It is entered by  fertile and most populous through which the Danube passes
four gates, has nine suburbs, and is divided into five parts-   during its entire career. The principal affluents within tiis
the Old, New, and Low Town, the Speicher, (granaries,) an  space are the Iser and Lech, both from the right, or S.-those
island, andLauggarten.  The lastis themore modern part of  from the left, or N., being trifling. At Ulm it is about 330
the town, and is both regularly and well built. In the other feet in width and becomes navigable.
parts the houses are generally old and indifferent, and the    The second basin belongs to the empire of Austria, haystreets narrow and winding. The principal public edifices are uing Vienna nearly in its centre, and comprising the archa cathedral, finished in 1503; numerous Lutheran and Roman  duchy of Austria, Ihungary as far E. as Waitzen, and S tyria.
Catholic churches and chapels, 2 synagogues, an English  It is very irregular, and is bounded, on all sides, by very
church, several monasteries  and nunneries, a gymnasium, high mountains.  The soil is rich in mineral products, and
a royal school of navigation, schools of commerce, arts, and  the climate one of the best in Europe. The principal afliutrade, a public library with 30,000 volumes; an observatory, a  ents in this basin are the March, or Morava, and the Ensmuseum, society of natural history, an orphan asylum, house  the former from the left, and the latter from the right. The
of industry, and several hospitals, 2 towb-halls, an arsenal,  Danube here flows through a succession of the most pictuand an exchange. Vessels drawing 8 or 9 feet of water can  resque scenery, till it passes Vienna. Below  Presburg it
reach the city; others lie in the Neufihrwasser, at the  runs with great velocity, and is crowded with islands. In
541




DAN                                                           DAC
this portion of its course, also, it sends off numerous arms,    DANVILLE, Bucks  co., Pennsylvania.  Seo  DANBs.
enclosing  hlrge tracts of country.                         ROUGoH.
The third basin of the Danube comprises IIungary, E. of    DANVILLE, a flourishing  post-borough, capital of MonWaitzen, and the principality of Transylvania, and consists  tour county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the North
of an immense plain, almost without undulations of any  Branch of the Susquehanna River, about 12 miles above
kind, and only 394 feet above the sea level. It is inter-  Sunbury, and 67 miles N. by E. firom  Harrisbmurg.  It is a
sected by large rivers, with marshy banks, and interspersed  place of great activity, and is especially noted for the manuwith stagnant pools, salineand sandy wastes; rich, however,  fotnure of iron. By its position on the Northern Branch
in mineral products, in flocks and herds, and in wines. It  Canal, in the vicinity of rich and inexhaustible mines of
comprises about one half of the entire basin of the Danube.  iron ore, and anthracite coal, Danville possesses a great ad..
The principal affluents in this basin are the Save, the Drave, vantages for this biranch of industry.  The celebrated Monand the Morava. Below  Moldava the Danube flows for 60  tour's Ridge: which extends 21 miles along the river, in the
miles through a succession of rapids and shallows, inter-  immediate vicinity of this town, abounds in excellent iron
spersed with rocks and sandbanks, and between Drenk-  ore and limestone, which is used as a flux in the process of
ova, in Hungary, and Scala Kladova, in Servia, the naviga-  smelting. Since the anthracite coal has been used as a fuel
tion is effectually inteirrupted by three gisreat rapids, the  in the iron furnaces, the prosperity of the region in wlich
principal, or last and lowest, of which is the famous cataract  these three substances are abundant, has received a rapid
called the Iron Gate, where the stream rushes through a nar-  development; 5 blast furnaces, 3 rolling mills, and several
row channel, between stupendous rocks, with great rapidity,  foundries are kept in constant operation.  The town conending with a series of whirlpools, eddies, and smaller falls.  tains a bank, and an academy. Two weelly ndwspapers
The fourth basin comprises Wallachia,  Moldavia, aportion  are published here.  The Montour Iron Works for the ma
of Bessarabia, and Bulgaria.  This tract is flat, inundated, nufacture of railroad iron are among the most extensive
and marshy along the banks of the river. The principal affiu-  establishments of the kind in the United States.  A bridge
ets in this basin are the Aloota, (Aluta,) Sereth, and Pruth.  connects the opposite banks of the river at this place. DanIn its progress through Turkey the Danube gradually in-  ville was settled about 1780; the seat of justice was estacreases insvidth, from 1400 to 2100 yards; and below Hirsova,  blished here firom  1813 to 1845. when it was removed to
in Bulgaria, it forms an expanse of water like a sea, and is  Bloomsburg by the vote of the citizens, and the countyof
studded with islands. Excepting between Drenlkova and  Montour was formned. Pop. in 1850, 3302.
Kladova, the Danube may be said to be navigable for steam-    DANVILLE, the principal village of Pittsylvania county,
vessels from Ulm to the sea, although, in some places, ren- Virginia, on the Dan River, 5 miles fi-om the North Carolina
dered difficult bythe occurrence of shallovws and sandbanks.  Line, and 168 miles W.S.W. of Richmond.  The town is
The Danube receives 60 navigable tributaries, and its volume  pleasantly situated on high ground, near the head of inaviof water is nearly equal to that of all the other rivers that  gation, and is a place of active business.  It is surrounided
empty themselves intothe Black Sea takentogether. Its ra-  by a fertile ferming region, which abounds in stone coal,
pidity is. in many places above Orsova, so great as to render  iron ore and limestone.  The canal which has been conany navigation, except that of steam, impossible; but below  structed around the falls at this place affords abundant
that point its current is gentle and equable.  Before 1830, water-powver. A railroad is extending from  Richmond to
when steam navigation was introduced into the Danube, Danville.  The village has 4 or 5 churches, 3 academies,  2
the boats which descended it were very rarely, if ever taken  banks, and several iron foundries and mills. Pop. in 1854,
back, but were broken up at the end of their voyage.          3000.
The number of merchant vessels sailing from the Danube    DANVILLE, a post-village of Sumter co.. Georgia, on
into the Black Sea, in 1851, was 1668, carrying 417,180  Flint River, 75 miles S.E. of Columbus.  Pop. about 250.
quarters of wheat, 997,299 of Indian corn, 105,597 of barley,    DANVILLE, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.
71,024 of rye, and 4349 cwt. of tallow.  Adj. DANUIBIAN.        DANVILLE, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi.
DANUBE, a post-village and township of IHerkimer co.,    DANVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Texas, 15
New York, on the Mohawk River and Erie Canal, 70 miles  miles N. of Montgomery, the county seat.
W.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 1730.                                    DANVILLE:. a small village of Pope co., Arkansas.
DANUBE, CIRCLE OF, one of the four circles of Wiir-   DANVILLE, a post-village, capital ofYell co., Arkansas,
ternberg, comprehending the south-eastern part of the king-  on the Petit Jean River, about 80 miles W.N.W. of Little
dom, and bounded, N: by the Jaxt circle, E. by Bavaria, S.  Rock.
by Bavaria and Lake Constance, and W. by Baden liohen-    DANVILLE, a post-town, capital of Boyle county, Kenzollern, and the circles of Schwarzwald (Black Forest) and  tucky, 42 miles S. of Frankfort, is situated in one of the
Neckar. Area, 2348 square miles.  Pop. 376,594.               most fertile and highly improved parts of the state. MacDANUBE, HITHER, and DANUBE, THIITHER., (oer.  adamized roads extend fimom this village in seven directions.
Diesseits der Donnau, and Jenseits der Donasc;  or, this side  A railroad 35 miles long is in course of construction firom
the Danube, and beyond the Danube,) two of the four prin- Danville to Lexington, and another is projected from  this
cipal divisions of Hungary, comprehending all the western  place to Nashville.  Centre College, in this town, has about
portion of the country. and called, also, Nieder or Lower   200 students and a library of 5500 volumes.  The State
Hungary; Thither Danube, subdivided into 11 counties, Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, which is established here,
comprehends generally the whole of the kingdom situated  has about 67 pupils: the building is a fine specimen of the
on the right bank, and W. of the Danube; and Hither  Doric style. Danville also contains a handsome court-house,
Danube, sub-divided into  13 counties, comprehends a  a bank. and several mills and factories.  It was the capital
considerable portion of the northern and western part of  of the state for several years previous to 1792. Pop. in 1850,
the kingdom N. and E. of the Danube, and WV. of the Theiss. 2150.
DANUBE, UPPER and LOWER, (Ger. 0/bec and Utetr    IJANVILLE, a village of Highland co., Ohio, 7 miles S.W.
Donaue, 66nter do/n6w,) two former circles of the Bavaria,  of Ilillsborough.
now called Swabia and Lower Bavaria.                            DANVILLE, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, about 60
DANUM.  See DoNCASrEi.                                      miles N.E. of Columbus, is surrounded by a rich farming
DAN/VERS, a post-village and township of Essex county, district. Pop. near 400.
Massachusetts, on the Salem  and Lowell Railroad, 15 miles    DANVILLE, a small village of Madison co., Ohio, a few
N. by E. of Boston.  It contains 10 churches, 15 schools, 2  miles S. of London.
banks, a savings' institution, and an insurance office. It    DANVILLE, a post-village, capital of Hendricks county,
has also numerous manufactories, among which are 30 of  Indiana, on the Indiana and Illinois Central Railroad, 20
leather and 35 of boots and shoes. There are 1184 males and  miles W. of Indianapolis.  There is also a plank-road lead693 females employed in the boot and shoe business. The  ing to Indianapolis and the Wabash River.  There is here a
number of pairs of boots and shoes annually made arnounats  county seminary. Pop. 1000.
to 1,123.000. The number of dwellings in 1840 was 479; in    DANVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Vermilion
1850, 1020.  The principal village may be regarded as a  co., Illinois, on the Vermilion River, 125 miles E. of Springsubirb of Salem. Pop. 8109.                                   field. The Lake Erie, Wabash, and St. Louis Railroad,
DAN/VE'ERSFORT, a post-office of Essex co., Massachusetts.  when finished, will extend fiom this place to Port Wayne
DANIVILLE, a post-village and township  of Andros-  or Toledo.  The river furnishes  excellent water-power;
coggin co., Maine, on the Androscoggin River and at'the  stone coal and timber abound in the vicinity. Danville
Junction of the Atlantic and- St. Lawrence and the Andros-  contains 3 or 4 churches, a United States land-office, and 2
coggin and Kennebec Railroads, 30 miles S.W. of Augusta.  newsp:aper offices.
Pop. 1636.                                                      DANVILLE, a post-village, capital of Montgomery c,,
DANVILLE, a post-township of Rockingham  co., New   Missouri, 50 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City.
Hlampshire, 25 miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 614.               DANVILLE, a small post-village ofDes Moines co., Iowa,
DANVILLE, a post-village and township, capital of Cale- about 14 miles W. by N. of Burlington.
donia co., Vermont, 20 miles E.N.E. of Montpelier.  It con-    DANVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Shert;ins, besides the county buildings, 5 churches, a newspaper  brooke, 9 miles S. of Richmond, and 34 miles from  Sheroffice, and 2 hotels; also manufactories of rakes, woollen  brooke.
goods, &c. Population of the village, about 500, and of the    DAN WEBSTER, a post-office of Henmy co., Indiana, 52
township, 2577. -                                             miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis.
DANVILLE, a post-village of Warmren co., New Jersey,    DANZIG, a city of Prussia.  See DANTrsC.
12 miles N.E. of Belvidere, contains a Presbyterian church.    DAORIA. DAOURIA, or DAURIA, da-oolree-A, a coun542




DAO                                                       DAR
try of Asia, included partly in Mantcheoria, (a division of which is much increased by the prevailing winds, which
the Chinese Empire,) and partly in the Russian govern- blowin the same direction with the stream for at least 10
ment of Irkootsk.-Adj. and inhab. DAORnIAN or DAou- months in the year. The Asiatic side presents the most
RIAN, d~-oolre-.an.                                        beautiful scenery, and is seen gradually rising from the sea
DA00OIITAN or DAOURIAN MOUNTAINS, a part of the upwards to the range of Mount Ida. The European side is,
Stanovoi chain, between the basin of the Amoor and Lake in general, steep and rugged. Its various inlets form secure
Baikal. They are rich in silver, zinc, copper, iron, and harbors for vessels of every size, and well sheltered from N.
mercury.                                                   gales. On both shores there are numerous forts and batte
DAOUDCAUNDY, dg-ood-kawnfdee, a town of British In- ries. Of these, there are eight upon the European side,
dia, in the presidency of Bengal, on the Brahmapootra, 30  mounting in all, 340 guns; and, on the Asiatic side, seven.
miles W. of Comillah.                                      mounting 383 guns. The modern name of this strait is doe
DAOUDNAGUR, dl-ood-nia-ghrf or dA-ood-nLhgtgLr, a town  rived from the castles called the Dardanelles, on its banks at
of British India, in the Bahar district, on the Sone, 30 miles the S.W. entrance; that on the Asiatic side being near the
S.S.W. of Patna.                                           site of.Dardanus, an ancient town built by Dardanus, the
DAOULAS, d~'oo'li, a village of France, in the depart- ancestor ofPriam; its ancient name Hellespont, (i.e. "Seaof
ment of Finisthre, 10 miles E. of Brest, with a port on the  Helle,") from Hello, daughter of Athamas, King of Thebes,
Atlantic. Pop. 501.                                        who was drowned in it. It is also memorable as the scene of
DAR, a village of Asia, in Sinde.                        the death of Leander, who used to swim across at Abydos, the
DARA, ditrd, a ruined town of Asiatic Turkey, in the  narrowest part of the strait, a feat also achieved by Lord Bypashalic of Bagdad, 20 miles S.S.E. of Marldeen, with exten- ron. The invading armies of Xerxes and of the Turks crossed
sive remains of granaries, tombs, and reservoirs.          it to enter Europe.
DARA, dfra,  a village of Western Af-ica, in the Bondoo    DARDANELLES, a post-office of Jackson co., Oregon.
country, about 12 miles WV. of the Falmr; lat. 140 40' N.,   DARDENNE, a village in St. Charles co., Missouri, about
ion. 120 16' WV. It is a large and populous place, built on a  35 miles W. by N. of St. Louis.
plateau commanding a view over an undulated and well   DARDENNE CREEK, of St. Charles co., Missouri, enters
wooded country.                                            the Mississippi River above the mouth of Illinois River. It
DARABGHERD, da-rab-gherd', or DARABJERD, dA-rAb-  is a fine mill stream.
jerdl, a town of Persia, province of Fars, 130 miles S.E. of    DARDESITEIM, dairdds-hlme', a town ofPrussian Saxony,
Sheeras.  It is pleasantly situated on a small river in an  circle and 11 miles N.W. of Ilalberstadt.  Pop. 1655.
extensive plain, and surrounded with groves of dates,   DARENT, d4!rent, a river of England, rising about 5
oranges, and lemons, the latter in such abundance that the  miles W. of the Seven Oaks, and after a course of about 20
juice is exported to all parts of Persia. About 3 miles S. miles falls into the Thames near Erith.
of the town are some remarkable remnants of antiquity,    DAIRENTIt, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
consisting of excavations and sculptured rocks. Pop. from    DARE[TOWN, a small village of Salem  co., New Jersey,
15,030 to 20,000.                                          on Salem Creek, about 25 miles S.S.W. of Camden.
DARAI, d rA, a village of Asia, in Sinde.                   DARtFIELD, a village of England, co. of Yorlk, West
DARAJEE/, a town of Sinde, in the delta of the Indus, 39  Riding, 20 miles S. by E. of Leeds, and near the North
miles S.S.W. of Tattah. Pop. about 2000.                    Midland Railway, is well built.
DARAK, d&'rbk/, a village of Asia. in Sinde.                DARFO, dacnifo, a village of Austrian Italy, government
DAR-AL-BEIDA, d1r-&l-b4/d&, (the "white house,") a  of Milan, 30 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Oglio. Pop. 1711.
small fortified maritime town of Morocco, kingdom of Fez,    DARFOOR, DARFOUR, DARFUR, dar'foor/, or DAR-ELT
on the Atlantic, 46 miles N.E. of Azamor. Pop. 700.         FOOR, (i. e. "Country of the Foor or Foorians,") a country
DARANAGUR, d&-rA-n0tfgtghr, a town of British India, of Africa, East Soodan, whose boundaries are but imperfectly
presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 67 miles N.E. of Delhi. kinown, but which may be represented, generally, as lying
DARAPORAM, dar'rd-po-raml, a populous town of British  between lat. 110 and 150 N., and ion. 260 and 290 E. It lies
India, presidency of Madras, district, and 42 miles S.E. of  VW. of Kordofan, from which it is separated by a strip of
Coimbatoor.                                                 country inhabited by wandering Arab tribes, rich in cattle
D'ARBONNE, dar'bonnt, a bayou of Louisiana, formed by  and horses. Dasrfoor is said to be 50 days' journey in length,
three branches, viz. the South Fork, Middle Fork, and Cor- from N. to S., and about 15 days E. to WV.; and it is traneille Creek, which unite in Union parish. Flowing thence  versed longitudinally by a ridge of mountains named
S.E. it falls into the Washita about 6 miles above Monroe.  Marrah, from  whose sides, E. to WV., descend numerous
Steamboats ascend 60 miles from its mouth. The South  streams, none of which are of any size. The heat in Darfeoo
Fork rises in Claiborne parish, and flows nearly eastward. is excessive, and there are, properly speaking, only three
The Middle Fork rises near the N. border of Claiborne pa-  seasons in theyear-spring, summer, and autumn.s Autumn
rish, and its direction is E.S.E.  Corneille Creek, or Cor- is the season of the rains, which continue 75 days, during
ney's Creek, rises in Union co., Arkansas, and flowing S.E.  which time four or five rainbows may often be seen at once.
into Louisiana, unites with the main stream, a few miles  During summer, the mirage prevails on the plains.
WV. of Farmersville.                                          The crops chiefly cultivated are millet, rice, maize, sesaD'ARBONNE, a post-office of Union parish, Louisiana.    mum, for its seed, not for its oil, and legumes. Among the
DARBY, a pleasant post-village and township of Delaware  fruit tiees are the tamarind and date. Tobacco, both wild
co., Pennsylvania, on Darby Creek, at the head of tidewater, and cultivated, abounds, and is much used hy the natives
1 miles S.W. of Philadelphia, is one of the oldest settlements  in all its forms.
in Pennsylvania.  It has not increased as rapidly as most   The inhabitants are a mixture of Arabs and negroes,
of the towns in this state, though situated in a rich and  though many individuals of both races still retain their
populous neighborhood. Pop. 1310.                           peculiar physical characteristics.  Education is little atDARBY, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.               tended to, and is confined to learning to rea.  the Koran,
DARBY, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 551.         and that by the male children only. The religion is MoDARBY, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1166.    hammedanism. As a result of its position, the commerce
DARBY, a township in Union co., Ohio. Pop. 881.           of Darfoor is all inland; but this is very considerable. Ils
DARBY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Delaware  principal intercourse is with Egypt, carried on by caravans
River, about 8 miles below Philadelphia.                    which traverse the desert, carrying away slaves, camels,
DARBY CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Logan co., flows south- ivory, horns of the rhinoceros, teeth of the hippopotamus,
eastward, and enters the Scioto River, near Circleville.    ostrich feathers, gum, pimento, tamarinds, leather sacks fior
DARBY CREEK, a post-office of Madison co., Ohio.         water, paroquets, monkeys, and guinea-hens, and a little copDARBY PLAINS, a post-office of Union co., Ohio.           per. There is also considerable trade with Mecca, combined
DARBY'S, a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia, 94 miles  with religious objects. The commerce is conducted wholly
E.N.E. of Milledgeville.                                    by barter.
DARBYVILLE, a post-village on Darby Creek, in Picka-   Darfoor is governed by a sultan, who is completely despoway co., Ohio, 40 miles S. of Columbus.                    tic, and always surrounded by a numerous corps of priDARDA-NAGY, daRld6h.-ntdj/, amarket-town of Hungasy,  vileged old women, who assist in various ceremonies. The
Thither Danube, co. of Baranya, in a plain, 38 miles S.S.E.  sultan seldom or never speaks to either rich or poor, except
of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 2160.                                through the medium of an interpreter.
DARDANELLE, dar-da-nlll/, a village of Pope co., Arkan-   In 1794, Cobbe, lat. 140 11 N., Ion. 280 8' E., was the
sas, about 14 miles S. of Dover.                           capital; the royal residence, however, is now believed to be
DARDANELLE, a post-village of Yell co., Arkansas, 72  Tendelty, about 20 miles-S.S.E. of the former. Several other
miles N.W. of Little Rodek.                                towns are named, but very little is known of them. The
DARDANELLES, da"'da-nflz1, or IIELLESPONT, (ane. population, according to Browne, is about 200,000; but by
Hellespone/tus,) called also the STRAIT OF GALLIPIOLI, a  the estimate made by Mohammed Ebd-Omar-el-Tounsy, who
narrow  strait between Europe and Asiatic Turkey, con- resided in the country from 1803 to 1820, and enjoyed most
necting the Sea of Marmora, and the Jgean Sea. is situ- ample opportunities o, investigation, the number is estiated between lat. 400 and 400 30, N., and lon. 260 10, and  mated at three or four millions, all speaking a dialect of the
260 40'E., having S.E. Asia Minor, and N.WV. the penin-  Arabic.   Adj. and Inhab. Fo0RseAN or FuRnAN, foolre-,n.
sula of Gallipoli.  Length, from  N.E. to S.W., 40 miles;    DARGUN, dar/goon, a market-town  of Mecklenburg
breadth fi-om   to 4 miles. There is alwavcys a rapid cursoent  Schwerin, on the Klostersee, 27 miles EN.E. of Giistrowv
in the channel, running S., the volume and velocity of  Pop. 1817.
543




DAR                                                        DAR
DARIEL, di-re-1f, (anct. Pyflce Casfpcc,  the "Caspian    DAR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
Gates.") a Russian fortress of Circassia, in.a narrow defile of    DARLEY  ABBEY, a township of England, co. of Derby,
the Caucasus, on the Terek. 80 miles N. of Tiflis.         parish of Alkmund. on the Derwent.
DARIEN, da/re-en, (Sp. pron. dA-re-6n1,) a former province    DARILING, a principal river of Central Australia, rises by
in the N.E. part of New Granada, bordering on the Gulf of  numerous heads, between lat. 260 and 270 S., and ion. 1510
Darien.                                                     and 1520 E.; it flows south-westward, and has been traced
DARIEN, dt're-Wn, apost-village and township of Fairfield  as far as lat. 320 24' 20" S., ion. 1420 24' 26" E., where it has a
co., Connecticut, on Long Island Sound. on the New York  southward course, and unites with the Murray near lat. 340
and New Haven Railroad, 35 miles S.W. of New Haven. S., ion. 1420 E. It receives the Boegan from  the S.E., traPop. 1454.                                                  verses a bare and sterile country, and in most part of its
DARIEN, a post-village andtownship of Genessee co., New  course its waters are salt.
York, and on the Buffalo and New York City and the New    DARLING DOWNS, a grassy hill-chain of Central AustraYork Central Railroads, 26 miles E. of Buffalo. The streams lia, N.E. of the source of Darling River. Lat. 280 S., Ion.
afford water-power for 6 saw-mills and 2 grist mills besides 1520 E., and with an average elevation of 2000 feet above
several lath and shingle machines. There are also mann-  the sea.
factures of carriages, and sash and blinds. The village con-    DARLING RANGE, is a granite series of mountains of
talus a Methodist church. Pop. 2084.                        Western Australia, parallel with the coast, and abounding
DARIEN, a small village on the S.E. border of IHancock  with sandal-wood and other large timber trees. Length, 250
co., Georgia, a few miles E. of MIilledgeville.             miles; greatest height, 3500 feet.
DARIEN, dA/re-en, a port of entry, and capital of McIntosli   DARILINGSVILLE, a small village of Pike co., Pennsylco., Georgia, on the left bank of the Altamaha River, 12 miles vania.
from the sea, and 60 miles S.W. of Savannah. The situation    DAR/LINGTON, a market-town and parish ofEngland, co.,
is not healthy. It had formerly an extensive trade in pro- and 181- miles S. of Durham, on the Great North of England
duce, a portion of which has been diverted'to another mar- Railway, 45 miles N. of York. Pop. in 1851, 12,453; of the
ket by the construction of the Central Railroad.  large  town, 11,582, a large number of whom  are Friends. The
quantities of pine lumber are received here by the river. streets diverge from  a spacious market-place; the town is
The shipping of the port, June 30th, 1852, was 306 tons  well built and lighted. It has a bridge of three arches across
registered, and 859 tons enrolled and licensed. The foreign  the Skerne, an affluent of the Tees, a fine church of the
arrivals for the year were only 3; tons, 724; and the clear-  twelfth century, and formerly collegiate, a new church, a
ances for foreign ports, 6; tons, 1359. The town contains 5  grammar school founded by Queen Elizabeth, a blue-coat
churches, 1 academy, and 12 stores. Pop. about 550.        school, union work-house, formerly an episcopal palace, a
DARIEN, a post-village and township in Walworth co., town-hall, mechanic's institution, manufactures of worsted
Wisconsin, on the plank-road from  Racine to Janesville,  and linen yarn, and metal foundries. It is a titular borough,
about 55 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1013.               under the bishop of Durham, and the place of election for
DARIEN  CENTRE, a post-village in Darien township,  the southern division; county and petty sessions, and bo.
Genessee co., New York, on the Buffalo and New York City  rough courts are held. It communicates by railway with
Iailroad, 26 miles E. of Buffalo.  It has a Presbyterian  Bishop Auckland and Stockton. It gives the title of earl to
church, a seminary, and about 150 inhabitants,             the Duke of Cleveland.
DARIEN CITY, a small village in Darien township, Ge-   DARILINGTON, a district in the N.E. part of South Caronessee co', New York, on the Elmira and Buffalo Railroad.  lina, has an area of 800 square miles. It is bounded on the
DARIEN DEPOT, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecti- N.E. by the Great Pedee, on the S.W. by Lynche's Creek,
cut, on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 35 miles  and intersected by Black Creek. The surface Is undulating
W.S.W. of New Haven.                                       rather than hilly, and partly covered with forests of pine.
DARIEN, GULF OF, a portion of the Caribbean Sea, New  The soil along the streams is fertile, and that of the uplands
Granada, in lat. 90 N., and lon. 70 W., having WV. the isthmus  sandy and light. The district is intersected by the Wilmingof Darien or Panama. Shores steep, and on it are few good  ton and Manchester Railroad, lately constructed.  Capital,
places for embarkation. At its S. extremity an inlet termed  Darlington. Pop. 16,830; of whom 6789 were free, and 10,041
the Bay of Choco, receives the river Atrato.               slaves.
DARIEN, ISTHMUS OF. See PANAMA, ISTUmUS OF.                DARLINGTON, a post-borough and township of Beaver
DARIEN (or DOBAY) LIGHT, on the S. point of Sapelo  co., Pennsylvania, on Little Beaver Creek, about 59 miles
island, E. of McIntosh co.,Georgia, is 74 feet above the level N.W. of Pittsburg.  It contains 1 or 2 churches, and several
of the sea, and revolves once in five minutes. Lat. 310 33' stores. Pop. of township, 1160.
N., ion. 81 f 15N W.                                         DARLINGTON, a post-village of Harford co., Maryland,
DARJEELING, dar'jeelling, or DARJILING, dar-jilling,  32 miles N.E. of Baltimore, has 2 churches and an academy.
a British sanatory station for the British troops in India, in    DARLINGTON, a post-village, capital of Darlington disthe Sikkim territory; lat. 270 3/ 9' N., ion. 880 28' E., about trict, South Carolina, 78 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. It con318 miles N. of Calcutta. It has an elevation of 7400 feet tains a court-house, jail, several churches, and stores.
above sea-level. The atmosphere is humid and moist, and    DARLINGTON, a post-village in St. Helena parish, Louithe annual fall of rain, 120 inches.                        siana, about 75 miles N.E. of Baton Rouge.
DARK, a post-office of Perry co., Arkansas.                 DARLINGTON, a pleasant post-village of Montgomery
DARK, CORNER, a post-village of Campbell co., Georgia, co., Indiana, on Sugar Creek, 8 miles I.N.E. of Crawfords110 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville.                         ville.
DARK CORNER, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.    DARLINGTON, a post-office of Lafayette co., Wisconsin.
DARKE, dark, a county in the W. part of Ohio, bordering    DARLINGTON  IEIGHTS, a post-office of Prince Edward
on Indiana, has an area of 609 square miles. It is drained by  co., Virginia.
the sources of Greenville, Stillwater, and Franklin Creeks.   D'ARLON, dar'Honu, a village of Gibson co., Indiana, on
The  surface is mostly level, and consists partly of small the Evansville and Illinois Railroad, about 20 miles N. of
prairies; the soil is good, and well timbered. This county  Evansville.
is intersected by three railroads; namely, the Greenville    DARMSTADT, datum/stitt, a town of Western Germany,
and Miami, the Bellefontaine and Indiana, and the Column- capital of the grand-duchy of HeItse-Darmstadt, and of the
bus, Piqua, and Indiana. Organized in 1809, and named in  province of Starkenburg, at the N.W. extremity of the Odenhonor of General William Darke, an officer in the war of  wald, on the little river Darm, and on the Frankifort and
the Revolution. Capital, Greenville. Pop. 20,274.           Mannheim  Railway, 58 miles N.E. of Carlsruhe.  Pop.
DARKE, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.                 27,000. It consists of an old and new town, both enclosed
DARKEHleEN, daa-kR/mhn, a town of East Prussia,  by walls. The former is ill built; the latter has broad and
15 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen, on the Angerapp. Pop. 2260. handsome streets. It has old and new ducal palaces; the
DARKHAN, (daaWK9nS,) MOUNT, a lofty granite nmounr- former of which contains a picture gallery, museum of natain range, in Mongolia, 140 miles S.E. of Oorga, near the  tural history, with valuable fossils, and of ancient and
route thence to Peking; on it is a monument to which the  modern sculpture, a hall of antiquities, collections of cork
M[ongol tribes repair annually to celebrate the memory of  models, armory, and a library of 200,000 volumes; other
Jenghis Khan.                                               edifices are the palaces of the hereditary prince, and the
DARKING. a town of England.  See DoRKI-G.                 Landgrave Christian, the opera-house, in the Italian style,
DARKSIVILLE, a post-village of Berkley co., Virginia, on  artillery depot, several churches, one of which contains the
Sulphur Spring Creek, 165 milld  N. by W. of Richmond,  tombs of the landgraves, ancient princes of this territory,
contains 1 church and a femw stores.                        the Casino, hall of the commons, military hospital, royal staDARILASTON, a town and parish of England, co., and  bles, orphan asylum, ducal chapel, synagogue, &c. It has
t7 miles S. by E. of Stafford. Pop. ofparish, in 1851, 10,590. an agricultural normal school, a gymnasium, school of arts
The town is rapidly increasing and gradually improving. and sciences, artillery, sculpture, and drawing. The preThe principal manufacture is that of iron, which is made  sence and expenditure of the court form the chief source of
here of all descriptions, and of excellent quality. Articles  subsistence to the inhabitants.  Manufactures of tobacco,
of iron are also manufactured to a great extent, such as gun- wax candles, carpets, silver articles, paper, cards, starch, &c.
locks, bolts, bars, screws, door-latches, bullet-moulds, cast- are carried on. The celebrated chemists, Schleiermacher and
tugs, &c. The coal and iron mines in the parish, are also  Liebig, were born here.
extensively worked.                                           DARNAC, d'~angk1, a village of France, department of
DARLIETON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.            IHaute-Yionne, 8 miles N.N.W. of Bellac. Pop, 2214.
514




DAR                                                        DAU
DAR1NAWAY CAS/TLE, the seat of the Earl of Moray, in    PARTON, a village and parish of England, co. of York,
Scotland, co. of Elgin. See DYKE.                          West Riding, 4 miles N.W. of Barnsley.  Pop. 3583.
DARNES/TOWN, a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary-    DARUVAR, dlroo-vatl, a town of the Austrian Empire,
land, near the left bank of the Potomac, 55 miles W. by N. in Slavonia, 28 miles NW. of Posega. It has sulphur bathe
of Annapolis.                                              and marble quarries.
DBARNETAL, daRaneh-tbl/, a town of France, department    DBARVEL,  a village of Scotland, co. and 15 miles N.E. of
of Seine-Infdrieure, on the Aubette, arrondissement, and 2  Ayr, on the Irvine Water. Pop. 1362.
miles E. of Rouen.' Pop. in 1852, 6002.  It has manufac-    DARVERNUM.  See CANTERBuaRY.
tures of woolleu cloths, blankets, flannels, &c.             DARVILLE, a post-office of Dinwiddie co., Virginia.
DARNEY, daa'n/, a village of France, department of    DAR/WAR', a district of British India, presidency of BomVosges, 15 miles S.E. of Minecourt. Pop. 1880.             bay, bordering on Mlysore. Area, 9122 square miles. Pop.
DAP/NICK, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxborough, 1  838,757.
mile W. by N. of Meirose. It contains an ancient tower    DARWAR, a town and fortress of Ilindostan, capital of
built during the fifteenth century. Pop. 280.              the above province, in lat. 150 28' N., Ion. 750 8'E. The town
DARNLEY (darn/lee) ISLAND, in Torres Strait, Australa-  is situated to the S. of the fort, and is surrounded by a wall
sia, isabout 100 miles N.E. of Cape York.                  and ditch. The fort is naturally strong.  This place has
DAROCA, dt-ro'/k, a town of Spain, on the Jiloca, pro- been taken and retaken many times, both by native princes
vince and 48 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 2510.           and by the British.
DAROWIEN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery,    DAR/WEN, LOW/ER, a township of England, co. of Lan6 miles E.N.E. of Machynlleth. Pop. 1043.                  caster, 2 miles S.E. of Biackburn.  Pop. in 1851, 3521.
DARnRINGTONg    a parish of England, co. of York, West    DAR/WEN, 0IVER, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 3}
Riding.                                                    miles S. of Blackburn.  It is well though irregularly built
DARRITOWN, a post-village in Butler co., Ohio, about 30  of freestone, well supplied with water, lighted with gas, and
miles N. by WV. of Cincinnati.                             rapidly increasing and improving. The cotton manufacture
DAR/SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           is carried on to a great' extent, no fewer than 3800 looms,
DART, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in Dartmoor, with 63,000 spindles, being now at work, with the prospect
flows south-eastward past Totnes, and after a course of 35  of an increase. Paper manufacturing and staining, and
miles joins the English Channel by an estuary which forms handloom  silk weaving are also carried on extensively,
the harbor of Dartmouth.                                   while the carpet manufacturing is just commencing. There
DART, a post-office of Perry co., Arkansas.              is a station here on the Bolton, Blackburn, Clitheroe, and
DART/FORD, a market-town and parish of England, co. West Yorklshire Railway. Pop. in 1851, 11,702.
of Kent. on the navigable Darent, here crossed by an ancient    DARWENT, a river of England. See DERWENT.
bridge, and near the line of the London and Gravesend Rail-    BA1RtWIN, a thriving post-village and township, capital
way, 15 miles E.S.E. of London. Pop. in 1851, 6224. The town, of Clark co., Illinois, on the Wabash River, about 20 miles
situated in a narrow valley, has a large church, a grammar  below Terre Haute, and 133 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. Pop.
school, a church charity school, alms-house founded in the  of township, 1343.
reign of IHenry VI., some remains of a, nunnery founded    BAR/WIN, MOUNT and SOUND. Terra del Fuego, on the
about 1355, and made a royal residence at the reformation, a  S.W. side of King Charles's South Land; the mountain,
county bridewell, union work-house, maarket-house, branch  near the coast., is estimated to be 6800 feet in height.
bank, with large gunpowder, paper, oil, and flour mills, an    DAR/YSAW', a post-office of Jefferson co., Arkansas.
extensive steam-engine factory, and considerable trade with    BASCHITZ, d0/shits, a market-town of Bohemia, 7 miles
London by the river. It is the seat of lathe sessions and a  N.N.E. of Chrudim, on the Laucna.  Pop. 1500.
court of requests. The insurrection of Wat Tyler, the    DASHKOVA  or DASCIIKOWA, d~sh-ko/vg, a town of
blacksmith. commenced here.                                Russia, government, and 12 miles S. of Moheelev, on the
DART/FORD, a thriving  post-village of iMarquette co., Wis- right bank of the Dnieper. Pop. 1100.  Ilere the French
cousin, on the outlet of Green Lake, 65 miles N.N.E. from   were defeated by the Russians, on the 10th of July, 1812.
Madison. It had in 1853 1 or 2 churches, 5 stores, 4 mills,    DAS MORTES, a river of Brazil.  See Rio DAS MOlTAS.
and about 400 inhabitants.                                    DASSAU. dfistsow, (written also DASSOW,) a market-towv n
DARTTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          of Northern Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 20 miles
DARTIMOOR, a table-land of England, occupying a large  W. of Wismar, on the Stepenitz. Pop. 1045.
part of the S. half of the county of Devon. Area, Z50,000    DASSEL, dslspel, a town of ianover, 23 miles N.N.W. of
acres. It comprises many granite heights, termed tors; the  Gtttingen. Pop. 1811.
Yes-tor has, an elevation of 2050 feet; and Cawsand Beacon,   DASISEN ISLAND, in South Africa, Cape Colony, in the
1782 feet. The surface is mostly heath or woodland; it has  Atlantic, 40 miles N.N.W. of Cape Town. Lat. 330 26' 12" S.,
numerous mines.                                            ion. 180 6' 45"' E.
DARTMOUTH, dart/mftth, a parliamentary and munici-    DBASSET-oN-A/VON,  a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
pal borough, and seaport town of'England, co. of Devon, on    DATCIIET, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, on the
the WV. side of the estuary of the Dart, which forms its har- Thames, opposite Windsor. Here are many elegant manbor, and 8 miles S.S.E. of the Great Western Railway at sions, including Lord Montague's seat of Ditton Park, reTotnes. Pop. in 1851, 4508. The town is most picturesquely  markable for its fine oaks. Datchet Meadis famous for  albuilt on a steep acclivity, forming a succession of terraces, staff's adventure in "Mlerry Wives of Windsor."
often connected by stairs, and its dock-yard and quay pro-   DATCH/WORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Ilerts.
ject into the river, which here resembles a lake with finely-   DATE ISLAND, a small island on the E. coast of Anam,
wooded banks, and is crossed by a floating bridge. The Dart in let. 130 30' N., Ion. 1080 15' E.
is defended at its entrance by a castle and strong batteries,   DATNOVO, d[t'nolvo, a market-tdwn of Russian Poland,
and is navigable to the town for vessels of 150 tons burden. government, and 70 miles N.W. of Vilna.  Pop. about 1400.
The principal exports are barley, woollen goods, and cider.   DATICIJITZ, dSlchits, (Moravian Daczicze, di-chee/ch,.) a
The imports are wine, oil, fiiits, salt from the Mediterra- town of Moravia, 25 miles S. of Iglau, on the Thaya, with
nean, and fish, many of the inhabitants being engaged in  1600 inhabitants, and a castle.
the pilchard and Labrador fisheries. Steamers ply hence    DATTOLI, dlt-tollee, a cluster of small rocky islets around
daily to Totnes. Registered shipping of the port in 1848, the island of Pananria, Lipari group, in the Mediterranean,
452 vessels; aggregate burden, 32,099 tons. It returns one  conjectured to be a part- of the ancient volcanic island Evomember to the House of Commons.  It gives the title of  nymus.
earl to the Legge family.                                    DAUBA, d~wfba, or DUBA, dooeba, a town of Bohemia,
DART/IOUTIT, a seaport of British America, in the N. circle, and 19 sniles N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1700.
part of Prince Edward Island, in Prince co., on Rlichmond    D'AUBIGNY, dS'been'yeel, a village of Canada East, in
Bay, in lat. 460 33' N., ion. 630 54' W.                   the parish of PointeLevi, opposite Quebec, to which a small
DBARTMiOUTH, a seaport town of Nova Scotia. co. of Hall-  steaner crosses several times daily. It contains several stores;
fax, situated at the entrance of a small river into IIalifax    DAUCIITE, daw-cheat!, also written  DORCI[EAT/, a
harbor, opposite the town of Halifax.                      bayou of Arkansas and Louisiana. Rising in the S.W. part
DART/MOUTH, AR\TEMONT/, or ONGLAIY,. ong'gl]- of the former state, it flows southward into Louisiana, and
hee', a river of IMadagascar, rising in the mountains in the  forms the W. boundary of Claiborne parish until it fdlls into
central S. part of the island, flows nearly due W., and fills  Lake Bistineau, about 8 miles S.W. of Minden. Steamboats
into the Bay of St. Augustine under the Tropic of Capri- navigate the lower part of this bayou.
corn. Its entire course may be about 150 miles.              DAUBLEB, dowd/16b, or BAUDLEBY, dowd/lb-ee, a vilDARTMOUTH, a post-village and township of Bristol co., lage of Bohemia, circle of Kliiniggrtz, capital of a distrij t
Massachusetts. on the N. side of Buzzards's Bay, 50 miles  of the same name, on the Adler. Pop. 1008.
S. by E. of Boston. Numerous inlets setting up from  the    DAUGI, dowtghee, a market-town of Russian Poland,
hay afford many fine harbors. The whale fishery is carried  government of Vilna, 25 miles S.W. of Troki, Pop. 1200.
on from this port to a considerable  extent; in 1853,   BAULE, d~wnli, a large navigable river of Ecuador, rises
2 ships arrived, bringing 385 barrels of sperm  oil, 1870  near San Miguel, in lat. 350 S., Ion. 800 38' E., from which
of whale oil, and 25,800 pounds of whalebone. There are  point it flows S. to Guayaquil, where it joins the river of
several villages in the township, which has a population  this name.
of 3868.                                                    DAULE, a village of South America, in Ecuador, 22 miles
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, New Hampshire. See HlA.sovr. N.N.W. of Guayaquil, on the river Daule.
2K                                                                             545




DAU                                                        DAV
DAUILIA, a village of Greece.- See DAVI-..               bor, separated into two branches, and extending several
DAUMERAY, dO'meh-rA/, a village of France, department miles inland.
of Maine-et-Loire, 19 miles N.W. of BaugS. Pop. 185'3.        DA/VID  CLARK ISLAND, in the South Pacific Ocean,
DAUN, dOwn, a village of Rhenish Prussia, capital of a  Low Archipelago. Lat. 170 19' S., ion. 1380 30' W.  It is
circle, 29 miles N.N.E. of Treves. Pop. 460. It has a castle  about 20 miles in circumference, low and dangerous.
of the Counts of Daun, and mineral springs.                   DA/VIDSBOROUGIL, a  post-office of Washington co.,
DAUNTISEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             Georgia.
DAUIPHIN, a county in the S.E. central part of Pennsyl-    DA VIDSBURG, a village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, on the
vania, has an area of 530 square miles.  Susquehanna  Central Railroad, 125 miles WV. of Harrisburg.
River forms its entire boundary on the WV. and S.W., Ma-   DAIVIDSON, a county in the W. central part of North
hantango Creek washes its northern border, and it is Carolina, has an area estimated at 630 square miles. It is
traversed by Swatara River, and by Wiconisco, Powell's, bounded on the W. by Yadkin River, and intersected by
Clark's, and Paxton Creeks. The surface is mostly occupied  Abbott's and other creeks. The surface is diversified by
by parallel mountain ridges and intervening valleys, the  hills and valleys, the soil of which is generally fertile.
general direction of which is N.E. and S.W. The Kittatin-  Gold has been found near the S. border. It also contains
ny, or Blue Mountain, raises its crest across the middle of  valuable mines of lead and silver. The route of the Centhe county. South Mountain extends along the S. border  tral Railroad (not finished) passes through the county.
of the county. The soil has almost every variety; the val- Capital, Lexington. F'ormed in 1822 from  Rowan county,
ley in the southern part is of limestone formation, and is  and named in honor of General William Davidson, an offiextremely fertile. Extensive mines of anthracite coal are  cer in the war of the Revolution. Pop. 15,320, of whom
worked in the northern part. Iron is also found. The Sus- 12,328 were firee, and 2992 slaves.
quehanna Canal extends along the western border of the    DAVIDSON, a county in the N. central part of Middle
county, and the Union Canal passes through the southern  Tennessee, has an area estimated at 750 square miles. It is
part.  It is traversed by the Lancaster and Harrisburg  traversed by Cumberland River, dividing it into nearly
Railroad, and by another connecting Harrisburg with  equal parts; and also drained by Harpeth and Stone's
Reading.  Organized in 1785, and named as a compliment Rivers. The surface is gently undu!ating: the soil is ferto the Dauphin of France, afterwards called Louis XVII. tile, well watered, and extensively cultivated. Fine limeHarrisburg is the county seat and capital of the state.     stone is abundant in the county. Steamboats navigate the
DAUPIIIN, a thriving post-borough of Middle Paxton  Cumberland River in this part of its course. Eight good
township, Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna  turnpike-roads, extending to distant parts of the state, meet
River and the Pennsylvania Canal, 10 miles N. by W. of  in this county at the city of Nashville, the county seat and
Harrisburg.  Stony Creek enters the river at this point. capital of Tennessee. The Nashville and Chattanooga RailPop. 650.                                                  road also terminates at the same place. Davidson county is
DAUPHINE, d6'fee'nA, an extensive old frontier pro- the most populous in the state. Pop. 38,881, of whom 24,706
vince in the S.W. of France, now  comprised in the de- were free, and 14,175 slaves.
partments of D-ame, Hautes-Alpes, and Isbre. After having    DAVIDSON, a post-township on the S. border of Sullivan
been governed for several centuries by palatine counts, who  co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 536.
were called danucpiss, it was ceded to Philip of Valois in    DAVIDSON, a post-village in Mecklenburg co., North Ca1349; and from that time to the revolution of 1830, the  rolina, about 135 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.
eldest son of the King ofFrance had the title of dauphin.     DAVIDSON, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana, about
DAUIPHIN, FORT, on the E. coast of Madagascar, lat. 105 miles S. of Indianapolis.
250 1' S., Ion. 460 50' E., is a square fortress 150 feet above    DAVIDSON  CENTRE, a post-office of Genesee co., Mithe sea, belonging to the French.                           chigan.
DAU'REER, a village of Hindostan, province of Malwah,   DAVIDSON COLLEGE, a post-village in Mecklenburg co.,
on the Nerbudda. Lat. 220 12' N., lon. 760 23' E. At this  North Carolina, 120 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. The College,
spot the navigation of the Nerhudda is impeded by a fall from which the place derives its name, was founded in 1838,
of 30 feet in height.                                       has about 60 students, and a library of between 5000 and
DAUSS, daws, an island of the Persian Gulf, in a bay of  6000 volumes.
the Arabian coast. Let. 250 10' N., Ion. 530 3' E.            DAVIDSON'S CREEK, of Burleson co., Texas, flows southDAV/ENIAMi, a parish of England, co. of Chester. A  eastward into Yegua Creek.
battle, between the royal and parliamentary armies, was    DAVIDSON'S RIVER, a post-office of Ilenderson co., North
fought at Budheath, in this parish, in 1643.               Carolina.
DAVIENPORT, a post-village and township of Delaware    DAIVIDSONVILLE, a post-village in Anne Arundel co.,
co., New York, 13 miles N. of-Delhi. Pop. 2305.             Maryland, 12 miles W. of Annapolis.
DAVENPORT, a flourishing city, capital of Scott co.,   DAIVIDSTOW, a perish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Iowa, is finely situated on the Mississippi RItiver, at the foot   DAIVIDSVILLE, a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsylof the upper rapids, opposite the town of Rock Island, 330  vania, 18 miles N. by E. of Somierset.
miles above St. Louis, and 60 miles E. of Iowa City. It has    DAVIE, dA/vee, a county in the W. central of North Caroadvantages which indicate that it will continue to grow in  line, has an area estimated at 250 square miles. It is weextent and importance. The prosperity of Davenport is in- tered by the Yadkin River and Iunting Creek. The surcreased by its connection with the East by means of the  face is elevated and uneven. Formed in 1836, and named
Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. The Davenport and  in honor of General William R. Davie. Capital, Mocksville.
Iowa Railroad, opened about the Ist of January, 1854, to  Pop. 7866, of whom 5695 were firee, and 2171 slaves.
Iowa City, is located to Fort Des Moines, and is ultimately    DAVIESS, d:[vis, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky,
to be extended to Council Bluffs. During low water the  bordering on Indiana, contains an area estimated at 550
navigation is obstructed by the rapids, which extend 20  square miles. The Ohio River washes its northern  border,
miles above this place. The project of bridging  the "gmeat and the Green River, navigable for steamboats, bounds iton
river" at this point is exciting considerable attention. Two  the S. and WV. The surfice is-nearly level, and the soil feror three newspapers are *a.blished here. Iowa College was tile. Extensive beds of coals are found. Daviess county
*established in Davenport in 1846 or 1847, and is a flourish- was formed in 1815, and named in honor of Colonel Joseph
ing institution. Stone coal is so abundant and cheap in  ii. Daviess, who fell at the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital,
the vicinity, that steam-power is chiefly used for manufac- Owenborough.  Pop. 12,361, of whom 9472 were fiee, and
-turing purposes. Davenport is built at the foot of a bluff, 2889 slaves.
which rises gradually fiom  the river, with a chain of    DAVIESS, a county towards theS.W.part of Indiana. has
rounded hills in the background. The scenery around the  an area of 423 square miles. The East Fork and West Fork
town is scarcely surpassed by any on the river. It was of White River respectively form  its boundaries on the S.
first settled in 1837, and is now incorporated as a city. Pop. and W., and unite at the S.W. extremity of the county.
in 1853, estimated at. 4500.                                The surface is mostly level or undulating; the soil varies
DAVENPORT CENTRE, a post-village of Delaware co., from sandy to clayey, and is generally fertile. Extensive
New york, on Charlotte River, 65 miles W.S.W. of Albany.  beds of bituminous coal are found in the county. It is inDAVENPORT CENTRE, a village of New York.  See  tersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal; and White River
CENTRE.                                                     and its branches are navigable in high water. Organized in
DAVIENTRY, commonly pronounced d[nftree, an ancient 1817. Capital, Washington. Pop. 10,352.
mssnicipal borough, town, and pas-ish of England, co., and    DAVIESS, a county in the N.WV. part of Missouri, has an
12 miles'W.N.W. of Northampton, and 5 miles S.W. of the  area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Grand
Wee on Station of the London and North-western Railwvay. River, which flows in a S.E., direction, receiving in its passPop. in 1851, 4430. The towvn, on an eminence, has a good  age the Cypress, Big, and Honey Creeks.  The surbthe is
modern church, a free grammar school, founded in 1576, the  slightly undulating; the soil fertile.  Capital, Callatin.
remains of a priory, founded in 1090, a branch bank, and  Pop. 5298, of whom 5057 were free, and 241 slaves.
manufactures of shoes and whips. A branch of the ancient   DAVILICAN, d[-ve-le-kanf, a bay on the E. coast of the
Watling Street runs E. of the town, and on Brough (or island of Luzon, one of the Philippines. Lat. 160 40' N.
Dane) Hill, in the vicinity, is the largest and loftiest Roman    DAVIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
encampment in the kingdom.                                   DAIVIOT, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Inverness and
DAIVEY, PORT, of Van Diemen's Land, on the S.W. Nairn.
coast. Lat. 43.8' S., ion. 1460 E. It is an excellent her-   DAVIOT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
5 ~6




DAY                                                        DAY
DAIVIS, a county in the S.S.E. of Iowa, bordering on Mis-    DAWSON'S, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.
souri, has an area of 480 square miles. It is intersected by    DIAW/SON VILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Mary.
Fox River and Soap Creek, and drained also by the sources  land, about 60 miles W. by N. of Annapolis.
of the Wyaconda and Fabius Rivers, which flow south-east-    DAW!SON VILLE, a post-office of Greene co., Virginia.
ward. The surface is rolling; the soil rich and well watered,   DAWULGHAUT, dawr'wl-gawt/, awalledtown of India, In
but mostly destitute of timber. Named in honor of Garrett  the Deccan, N izam's dominions, 54 miles S. of Boorhanpoor.
Davis, former member of Congress from Kentucky. Capital,   DAX, dax, AX or AQS, ix, (anc. Afqs-tm-Aigusioe,) a town
Bloomfield. Pop., which is rapidly increasing, was in 1850,  of France, department of Landes, in a fertile plain, on the
7 264..                             left bank of the Adour, 30 miles S.W. of Mont-de-Marsan.
DAVIS, a county of Utah, on the E. side of the Great Salt Pop. in 1852, 5842. It is enclosed by old Roman walls, is
Lake. Area, above 1000 square miles. Capital, Farmington. pretty well built, and has a cathedral, a bishop's palace.
Pop. in 1853,15,980 Mormons.                               court-house, prison, chamber of commerce, and theatre;
DAIVISBOIROUGII, a village of Washington co., Georgia, with manufactures of earthenware, linen-thread, linseedon the Central Railroad, 122 milesN.W. of Savannah.        oil, vinegar, and leathelr, and some trade in corn, wine,
DAVIS'S COVE, an inlet near the W. extremity of Ja- brandy, Bayonne hams, and wood. It was celebrated in
maica, 5 miles S.W. of Lucca.                              the time of the Romans for its hot saline springs. (temperaDAVIS' (or DAVIS'S) CREEK, Missouri, flows into Cur- Lure, 1620 Fahr., and is still much frequented by invalids.
rent River from the right at Van IBuren, in Riipley county.  The origin of the name D1ax is somewhat curious. In the
DAVIS' CREEIK, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.    Middle Ages the town was called Civitas A/kensis or Aquensis;
DAVIS' CREEK, a post-office of Dubois co., Indiana.      i. e. the':"city of Aquc," whence the French Ville cdAcqs,
DAVIS' CREEK, a post-office of Washington co., Iowa.    (town of Acqs,) or simply d'Acqs, d'Ax, or Dax.
DAIVIS INLET, a bay formed by the Atlantic on the E.    DAXLANDER, dAxflnidnr, a village of Baden, 4 miles W.
coast of Labrador, 80 miles S.E. of NaIn. Lat. 550 37' N., of Carlsruhe, on the Rhine. Pop. 1470.
Ion. 600 20' W. It extends 57 miles inland, with a mean    DAXWEILER, dixli'Pler, a village of Prussia, governbreadth of 6 miles.                                        ment, and 28 miles S. of Coblentz. Pop. 605.
DAIVIS ISLAND, in the Bay of Bengal, Mergut Archipe-    DAY, a post-village and township of Saratoga co., New
laeg, is about 10 miles in circumference. Lat. 90 40' N., ion. York, 50 miles N. by W. of Albany.  Pop. 1045.
970 50' E.                                                   DAYIANVILLE, a village of Lewis co., New York, 140 miles
DAVIS' MILLS, a village in Barnwell district, South Ca- N.W. of Albany.
rolina. about 60 miles S.W. of Columbia.                     DAY BOOK, a post-office of Yahcey co., North Carolina.
DAVIS' MILLS. a small village of Bedford co., Tennessee.    DAYLES&FORD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester, 31
DAVIS' MILLS, a post-village of Bedford co., Virginia, 130  miles E.S.E. of Stow-on-the-Wold.  The celebrated Warren
miles WV. by S. of Richmond.                               Hastings resided here.
DA/VISON, a post-township, Genesee co., Mlichigan. P. 376.    DAY'S STORE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
DAIVISONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Jasper co.,   DAY'S STORE, a post-office of Iopkins co., Kentucky.
Indiana, on the Iroquois River, about 100 miles N.N.W. of    DAYSIVILLE, a manufactui'in  village of Killingly townIndianapolis.                                               ship, Wiudham co., Connecticut, about 45 miles E. by N. of
DAVIS' (or DAVIS'S) SPRING, a post-office of Robeson  Hartford.
co., North Carolina, 73 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh.              DAYSVILLE, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky.
DAVIS' STORE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.       DAYSVILLE, a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, on Rock
D)AVIS'S (dlAvis-iz) STRAIT, between  Greenland and  River, 174 miles N. by E. of Springfield.
British North America, connects Baffin's Bay with the At-   DAYITON, atownship in Aroostook co., Miaine. Pop. 49.
lantic.  Length, about 750 miles. The narrowest part of the   DAYTON, a post-village of Dayton township, Cattaraustrait is precisely at the point where it is intersected by the gus co., New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad,
Arctic Circle, being there 220 miles broad, the widest being  447 miles from New York City.  Pop. of the township, 1448.
probably about 600 miles. The E. coast is thickly strewed    DAYTON, a post-office of Roclkingham co., Virginia.
throughout its whole length with rtcics and islets, and ser-    DAYTON, a pleasant and flourishing post-village of Ma.
rated with numerous narrow inlets, which penetrate a good  rengo co., Alabama, 76 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. It owes its
way into the land. The W. coast'has fewer, but larger, in- growth and prosperity to the salubrity of the situation and
dentations, the most extensive being Hudson's Strait and  its proximity to a fertile cotton-growing region, known as
Northumberland Inlet. Strong currents set from it south- the "Canebrake." Many wealthy planters, who own estates
ward, and though greatly encumbered with ice, it is much  in the vicinity, have fixed their residences in this place, for
frequented by whaling ships.  Named in honor of the  the benefit of good society and good schools.  Several
celebrated navigator, John Davis, who discovered this strait churches and flourishing seminaries have in consequence
in 1585.                                                    been established here, and thle village is rather eligible as'a
DAIVISTON, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, about 42  retreat from business than as a place of trade.
miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                                     DAYTON, a flourishing city, capital of Montgomery co.,
DAVISTON, a post-village in Clay co., Indiana, about 60  Ohio, is situated on the left or E. bank of the Great Miami,
miles S.W. of Indianapolis.                                 at the mouth of the Mad River, and on the line of the Miami
DAIVISTOWN, a post-village of Greene co., Pennsylvania, Canal, 52 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati, 67 miles W. by S. of
about 220 miles W. by S. of Harrisbnrg. Pop. about 200.    Columbus, and 460 miles from  Washington. Lat. 390 44~
DAIVISVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode  N., Ion. 840 11' W. This is the fourth city of Ohio in reIsland.                                                    spect to population and wealth, and surpasses all other
DAVISVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,  Western towns of equal size in the variety and extent of its
13 miles S.S.E. of Doylestown.                             manufactures. It is the terminus of six railway lines, viz.,
DAVISVILLE, a post-office of Jasper co., Mississippi.    the Mad River and Lake Erie, the Dayton and Cincinnati, the
DAVLIA or D)AULIA, dav-leela, —see XVIII. 25 on page  Dayton and Western, the Greenville and Miami, the Dayton
19 —(anc. Dav/lis,) a village of Greece, government of Boeotia,  and Xenia, and the Dayton and Micbigan, leading to Toledo.
9 miles N.W. of Livadia, at the foot of Mo unt Parnassus.    A continuous line of railroad is under contract from the Ohio
DAVOID-GORODOK, da-voidl-go-rodolk, a market-town of  River, at Wheeling, to the Missssippi, opposite St. Louis,
Russian Poland, government, and 132 miles S.S.W. of Minsk.  on which Dayton is one of the principal points. Nine MaoPop. 3000.                                                 adamized or hard gravelled roads radiate in all directions
DAVOI, da-vo'lee, a town of Naples, province of Cala- from Dayton, with an aggregate length of more than 250
bria Ultra II., 18 miles S. of Catanzaro. Pop. 3000.       miles. The town is laid out with streets 100 feet wide,
DAVOS, dOvos, a small town of Switzerland, canton of  crossing each other at right angles. The public buildings
Grisons, 15 miles F. of Chur, (Coire.)  It is the principal  are remarkably splendid, and excellent taste is displayed in
place in the valley of the same name. Pop. 600.             the construction of the private residences, and in the emDAVRELI, ddv-rA/lee, a market-town of Russian Poland,  bellishment of the adjoining grounds. The county courtgovernment of Vilna, 45 miles N.E. of Vilkomeer. Pop. 1100.  house, built of compactwhite marble, quarried in the viciDAWVKIN'S MILLS, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.     nity, is perhaps the most elegant edifice of its class in the
DAW'LEY MIAGINA, a parish of England, co. of Salop.    Western States. The style of architecture is that of the
DAWILISH, a village and parish of England, co. of Devon,  Parthenon, with slight modifications. The dimensions are
on the British Channel, 3 miles N.N.E. of East Teignmouth,  127 feet in length, by 62 in breadth. It cost about $100,000.
and having a station on the Great Western Railway. Pop. Dayton contains about 15 churches, a public library, 3
3132. The village is frequented as' a wvatering-place, on ac- banks, 2 market-houses, 6 well-organized free schools, and
count of its fine climate, beach, and scenery.             the Cooper Female Academy, a large and flourishing ins'iDAWN, a post-office of Livingston co., Missouri.         tution. Three or four daily newspapers are published in
DAWtSON, a considerable river of Eastern Australia, Dayton, and about as many weeklies. The streets, stores,
lately discovered near lat. 250 S., ]on. 1500 E.           and public buildings are lighted with gas. Quarries of exDAAWSON, a post-vilage of Habersham  co., Georgia, 125  cellent limestone are -worked in the vicinity, and furnish
miles N. of MiledSeville.                                 material for the finest buildings of Cincinnati. The abunDAWISONBURG, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa.         dant water-power which Dayton possesses is one of the chief
DAIV'SON ISLAND, a considerable island of Terra del elements of its prosperity. In 1845 an hydraulic canal was
Fuego, in the middle of the Strait of Magellan, intersected  constructed, by which the water of Mad River is brought
by the parallel of 540 S., and by the meridian of 700 30' WV.  through the city. It is the seat of extensive manufactoriea
547




DAY                                                        DEA
of railroad care, of wrapping and printing paper, snd of  unites with Sandwich in sending 2 members to the ffouse
stovss and hollow wars.  The annual products of these  of Commons.
thres branchss are valued at near $1,000,000. It also con-    DEAL, a village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, 3 miles S.
tains several cotton factories, woollen factories, oil mills, and  of Long Branch, and 1 mile from the sea.
flouring mills. Dayton was first settled in 1796, and incor-    DEAL'S MIILLS, a post-office of Caldwell cc., North Caro.
porated  in  1805.  Assessed value of property in 1846, lina.
$2,651,828; in 1853. $5,309.928. In 1829 the Miami Canal    DEAMONDS, a district in De Ka-b co., Georgia  Pop. 617.
was opened from Cindinuati to this point, from which event    DEAN, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland..its prosperity may be dated. It contained, in 1830, 2954    DEAN, a parish of EuglanD, co. of Lahcaster.
inhabitants; in 1840, 6007; in 1850, 10,976; and, according    DEAN, a parish of England, to. of Northampton.
to the census taken, in 1813, 10,562.                         DEAN, a parish of England, to. of Southampton.
DAYTON, a post-office of Berrien to., Michigan.             DEAN,'AST, a parish of England, co. of Southampton,
DAYTON, a pleasant post-village of Tippecanoe co., Indi- 51 miles N.W. of Romsey, with a station on a bi-anch of the
ana, 10 miles S.E. of La Fayette. It is situated on the  South-Western Railway.
border of a prairie, and has valuable water-power in the    DEAN, EAST, two parishes of England, to. of Sussex.
vicinity. Pop. about 500.                                     DEAN, LITTLE, a parish of England, to. of Gloucester.
DAYTON. a village of Adams to., Illinois, about 55 miles    DEAN, NETHER, a parish of England, to. of Bedford.
W. by N. of Springfield.                                      DEAN  PRIOR, a parish of England, to. of Devon.
DAYTON, a post-office of La Salle to., Illinois.            DEAN, PRIORS, a parish of England, to. of Southampton.
DAYTON, a village of Fremont so., Iowa, 241 miles W.S.W.    DEAN, WEST, a parish of England, to. of Wilts.
of Iowa City.                                                 DEAN, WEST, two parishes of England, co. of Sussex.
DAYTON, a post-office of Yam Hill co., Oregon.              DEAN, a river of Scotland, to. of Forfer, issuing from
DXYTON BAYOU, a smell village of Desha co., Arlcansas. Forfar Loch, and falling into the Isle 1 mile N. of Meije.
DEAD  FALL, a post-office of Abbeville district, South    DEAN or DEEN, a s-ver of England, ricing in the to. of
Carolina.                                                   Leicester, end felling into the Trent at Newark.
DEAD LAKE, in the S.W. pert of Franklin to., New York.   DEAN/FIELD, a township of Hancock co., Maine, SO miles
Length, about 5 miles.                                      N.E. of Augusta.
DEAD RIVERt of Maine, rises in Franklin county, in the    DEAN FOREST, England, to. of Glouceste-, comprised
N.W. pert of the state, end fells into Rennebec River, about formerly the thief part of the to. W. of the Severn, but ass a
20 miles below Mooseheed Lalke. This important affluent of  royal forest it is now reduced to 22,000 acres, about i miles
the Kennebec flows through a very fe-tile and well-wooded  S.W. of Newuham, and of which about one-half is under
part of the saate.                                         enclosure for navy timber. Pop. in 1851, 10,566, mostly.DEAD SHIVER of New IlHmpshire, rises in Coos county, employed in iron and coal mines, with which the thbrest
and falls into the Margallaway River.                       and neighboring wastes abousd. It contathis flue plantaDEAD RIVER, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.         tions of oak, beech, &c., and orchas-ds  yielding the fasnous
DEAD SEA  or SEA  OF SODOM, (Arab. Birket Loot, styre-apple cider. Numesous railways connect the sines
b6iR/ket loot, "Lalke of Lot,' or Ba/sr Loot, but'rloot," Sea  with the Severn, Wye, &c. It is divided into 6 parochsial
of Lot;"'r. E/Se- Morte, maia mooat; Get. Todtes-M1cer, tbt/tes-  districts, end belongs to the cs-own. The inhabitants are
male; anc. Lalcus Asp/holtaes.t;  L. Ala/re,lsrtscsse,)   cataled  exenopted from county rates, and have other ancient privi-,is Scripture, SALT SEA, SEA OF THIE PLAINS, and EAST  logos.
SEA, a celebrated lake of Asiatic Turkey, near the S. ox-   DEAN MITCHIELL, a perish and mas-ket-town of Engtremity of Palestine, 25 miles E. of Jerusalem, and 10  land, so. of Gloucester, 11 miles W. of Gloucestes-.  Pop. 665.
miles S.E. of Jericho. Centre about let. 310 30' N., Ion.    DEAN'S CORNERS, a poet-office of Saratoga so., New
50 45' E. Length, fl-sm N. to S., about 41 miles; breadth  York.
at the widest past, 91miles; evesage, about i- miles. The    DEAN'S ISLAND, a lagoon island in the South Pacific
basin or hollow in which the Deed Sea reposes forms the  Ocean, between the Low Islands and the Society Islands.
southern termination of the great depression through which  Let. 150 5' S.; ion. 1480 W.
the Jordan flows, that river entering it et its northern ex-   DEANSITON, a village of Scotland, so., and 30 miles S.W.
tlemity. The surface of the Sake is 1312 feet below the level of Perth, on the Teith, about 1 nile W. of Doune. Pop.
of the Mediterranean, and 984 feet below Lueke Tiberias, 982, employed in the Deanston cotton factories,
froa which the Jordan issues, it being thus by taer the    DEANS/VILLE, a post-village~of Oneida to., New York, on
deepest known fissure on the earth's sui-dote. It lies im- the Chenassgo Canal, about 15 miles S.W. of Utica.
bedded between lofty cliffs of naked limestono, its shores    DEARIBORIN, doer/born, a county in the S.E. pert of Inpresenting a steno of indescribable desolation end solitude, diana, bordering on Ohio, contains 291 square miles. It is
encompassed by desert sends and bleak, stony, salt hills;  drained by the Whitewater tiver, and the Ohio touches its
excepting where there are fresh-water streams, in which  S.E. corner. The surface is divessified, some parts being
rocalities the shores are fertile. Lofty mountains, exhibiting  level, end others hilly; the soil is mostly fertile. The prinfrightful precipices, rise on the E. shose to the height of  cipal rock is limestone. The county is intersected by the
2000 and 2500 feet above the water; a d on the W. the  Whitewater Canel, and the u-ailroad extendinug from Laurocky b criers attain an elevation of 1100 feet. Its-waters  renceburg to Indianapolis. Pop. 20,166.
are thoroughly impregnated with salt, and it has not been    DEARtBORN, a township of Kennebec so., Maine, 20 miles
proved that any tninoal exists in this sea. A mountain of  N. of Augusta.
rock-salt on its S.W. side, called LTeI-r Oosdece, " stone of So-   DEARLBORN, a township in the central part of Wayne co.,
f       rdom"pseserves the name of that city- ruined with othess, Michigan. Pop. 1185.
As descubed in Genesis xix. 24-28; and traces of towns or    DEARBORN'S RIVER, the first tributary of any importbusldin  assre  reported, on doubtful authority, to have been  ance whic~h the Missouri receives after the junction of its
seen at certain times in its bed. Asphaltumn was thrown to  three heed bs-anches.  It rises in the Rocky Mountains,
thbe-surfate.at its sout-isern. extremity, in lasge quantities, and flowing S.E., unites with the Missouri, about 110 miles
after the easthquakes of 1814 and 1837. Messrs. Robinson  above the Great Falls. Length, about 150 miles.
and Smith have found the Asclcpias gigncntea growing at   DEAR/BORNVILLE, a thriving poet-village of Dearborn
Engeds, on its W. toast, the fruits of which, (the flamed  township, Wayne so., Michigan, on the S. branch of the
"apples of Sodom,") though inviting in appearance, crumble  Rouge River, and on the Central Rtailroad, 10 miles WV. of
in the handatto powder.                                     Detroit. The United States Arsenal at this place compreD)EAD STREAM,b Mane, joins the Penobscot at Orono.    hends 11 buiclc. buildings, arranged around a square, whose
DEAKOYAR, di-&ko'vas/, a market-town of Hungary, side is 160 feet. The main building is 120 feet long by 30
In Stavonia, cQ..of Verltze, 22 miles S.S.W. of Eszek. Pop. feet deep, and is 3 stories high. The several buildings are
13000.                                                      connected by a strong wall, 12 feet in height.
DEAL, deel, -amunicipal and parliamentary borough,    DEAR'DORFF'S MILLS, a post-office of Tuscarrawas Co.,
maritime town,-and parish of England. co. of Rent, a mem-  Ohio.
her of the tinque~port of Sandwich, fromn  which town it is   DEAR1HAMd, a parish of England, so. of Cumberlaud.
41 miles S.E., on the shore of the North Sea, near the S. cx-   DEARIMAN'S, a post-village, lauding, and r-ailroad stati-emity of the Downs, opposite Goodwin Sands, 8 miles tion of Westchester co., New York, on the hudson Siver
N.N.E. of Dover, and 102 silos E.S.E. of London. Pop. in  and Railroed, opposite Piormont. It has a ferry across the
1851, 7067. The town consists of Upper, Middle, and Lower river.
Deal; the last, stretching in parallel streets along the coast,   DEASE (does) INLET, Arctic Ocean, Rusesin America,
is indifferently built; Upper and Middle Deal are well S.E. of Point Barrow, in lat.71013N., Ion. 750 10'1W.,is about
built, and comprise many detachod houses. The principal 5 miles broad, and has 2 fathoms of water.
buildings, are a church, court-houee, jail, naval store-house,   DEASE lIVER, of British North America, rising in the
custom-house, usd new -Public rooms with a library and  Coppe-mine Mountains, and flowing into the N. side of
baths. At the S. and N. extremities of the borough are Great Bear Lake. Named, as well as the following river and
Walmer and Sandown Castles, and intermediate is Deal strait, after Lieutenant Dease, one of the party who first oxCastle, a fortress built'by Ilenry VIII.  The inhabitants  plored it in 1837 by order of the Hudson's Day Company.
are mostly connectod With naritime traffic, and the skill   DEASE STRAIT, a channel in the Arctic Ocean, communfl boldness of Deal boatmen is proverbial.  Of late, Wal- nicatiug with Cosonation  Gulf, and having  Mlelbourne
met has been resorted to for sea-bathing.  The borough  Island at its E. extremity; intersected by the parallel of
514s




DEA                                                           DEC.
690 N. It is about 120 miles long, and 23 miles average  fertile.  The prairies of this county are separated by nume.
breadth, and at its widest part is considerably obstructed  rous groves of hard timber distributed among thewaterby islands.                                                   courses.  A company of Hungarian refugees, about 300 in
DEATESVILLE, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky.         number, under Governor Ujhazy, have formed a settlement
DEAITONSVILLE, a post-village of Amelia co., Virginia,  in this countyat New Buda. Pop. 965.
52 miles S.W. of Richmond.                                      DECATUR, a post-village and township of Otsego co., New
DEA RVERTOWN, a post-village of Miorgan co., Ohio, 16  York, 60 miles W. of Albany.    Pop. 927.
miles S. of Zanesville.                                         DECATUR, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
DEBA, d&sbg, or DHAPA, d'hitpa, a town of Thibet, capi- Pop. 445.
tal of a province, near the Upper Sutlej, 14,918 feet above the    DECATUR, a post-township in the E. part of Mifflin co.,
sea. Lat. 300 13' N.; ion. 800 21'E. It is built of stone, and  Pennsylvania, 42 miles N.W. of Itarrisburg. Pop. 990.
has a large temple of Vishnu, and monastic establishmenlt    DECATUR, a handsome and thriving post-village, capital
with some trade in wool and salt.                             of De Kalb co., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 165 miles
DEBA, d.'bA, or DIBIBAii, a fortified seaport town of Ara- W. of Augusta.  The situation is reputed to be one of the
bia, on the Arabian Sea, 100 miles N.W. of Muscat. The inha- most healthful, beautiful, and agreeable that can be found
bitants number between 1000 and 1200, who collect shark  on any of the great thoroughfares of the South. It confins, and send about 90 boats to the pearl fishery, the yearly  tains 2 seminaries. About 6 miles E. is the famous Stone
returns amounting to between 45001. and 62501.                Mountain, which is visited every year by thousands of adDEBAI, dlbil, a maritime town of Arabia, on the Persian  miring spectators. Pop. in 1850, 7441. See STONE MOUNTAIN.
Gulf, let. 250 16' N., Ion. 550 25' E. It may be considered    DECATUR, a thriving post-village of Morgan co., Alathe termination of the Pirate coast.                          bama, on the left bank of Tennessee River,3SO  miles W.S.W.
DEBALPOOR, dA-b[1-poorl, a town of India, in the Pun-  of Huntsville. It is the eastern terminus of the Tuscumbia
jab, between the Sutlej and Ravee Rivers, 77 miles S.W. of  and Decatur Rail'oad, 44 miles long.
Lahore.                                                         DECATUR, a post-village, capital, of Newton co., MissisDEBDEN, a parish and village of England, co. of Essex.    sippi, 76 miles E. by N. of Jackson.
DEBIENHAM, a market-town and parish of England, co.   DECATUR, a post-village, capital of Meiges co., Tennessee,
of Suffolk, 13 miles N. of Ipswich. Pop. 1667.                about 140 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.
DEBI or DEBIE, d&beex, a village of Senegambia, on the    DECATUR, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, about 100
left bank of the Senegal, about 20 miles from its mouth, and  miles S. by W. of Columbus, has about 300 inhabitants.
7 miles E. of the Atlantic Ocean.                               DECATUR, a township in Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1052.
DEB'LOISI, a township of Washington co., Maine, incorpo-    DECATUR, a township in Washington co., Ohio. Pop. 807.
rated March 4,1852.                                             DECATUR, a thriving post-village and township  in Van
DEBO, dtu/bo, or DIBBIE, dibfbee, (Arab. Bahr-Tieb, baH'r-  Buren co., Michigan, on the Central Railroad, 168 miles W.
teeb, the " black lake,") a lake of Central Africa, in Nigritia,  of Detroit, 12 miles S.S.W. of Pawpaw, the county seat, and
150 miles S.W. of Timbuctoo, and traversed by the Joliba  about 25 miles E. of Lake Michigan.  It is situated in a
River, which enters on its S., and emerges fiom its N.E. side.  rich farming  district, which is settling rapidly.  Pop. of the
On its S.W. shore is a town of same name.                     township, in 1850, 386.
DEBOO or DEBOU, d,-boos, a village of Western Aftica,    DECATUR, a post-village and township, capital of Adams
in Bondoo, on the Pa16m6. Lat. 140 20' N.; ion. 120 14' co., Indiana, on the St. Mary's River, 24 miles S.S.E. of
W. It is situated on a cliff overhanging the river, and has  Fort Wayne, was settled in 1837.  Plank-roads extend in
the appearance of a considerable village, with clean, well-  several directions fi-om this vill-age. Pop. 231.
built huts.                                                      DECATUR, a township in Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 1008.
DEIBRECZIN or DEBRETZIN, d&-brbtsin, a royal filee    DECATUR, a flourishing post-village, capital of Macon
town of Eastern IHungary, and, next to Pesth, the largest  co., Illinois, is situated 1 mile N. of Sanamnon River, and
in the kingdom, capital of the co. of Bihar, is situated in a  40 miles E. of Springfield.    The Central  Raihload  and
sandy plain,116 miles E.ofPesth. Pop. 63,000, mostly MaR-  Northern Cross Railroad intersect each other at this point.
yars, and nearly43,800 of whom are Calvinists. The houses  It is surriounded by an excellent agricultural district, and
are almost all one story in height, and thatched; the streets  is rapidly advancing in population and business. Besides
are broad, unpaved, and in wet weather a mass of liquid  the county buildings, it contains several churches and
mud. Its principal edifices are 5 churches, a monastery,  stores. Laid out in 1829.  Pop. in 1853, about 1000.
several hospitals and intfirmaries, an orphan asylum, and a    DECATUR. a post-office of'Decatur co.: Iowa.
town-hall. It has a Calvinistic college, with  a library of    DECATUR. a thriving  post-village in Decatur township,
20,000 volumes, founded in 1792, and said to be the best Green co., WXisconsin,  is pleasantly  situated  on  Sugar
educational institution in iHungary, and upwards  of 2000  River, 87 miles WV.S.W. of Milwaukee.  Sugar River is a
students:  a Piarist college, and a Romcai  Catholic high  fine durtable stream,  affordting   exte-n sive  water-power, which
school.  It has manufactures of soap and tobacco pipe-  has been improved by the ecection of mills. Lead and limebowls, of which latter about 13,000,000 are made annually. stoune are abundant here. Pop. fitom 300 to 400.
Shoemaking  is also carried on to a vast extent, and about    DECAITURVILLE, a thriving- post-village, capital of De25,000 sheep-skins are prepared annually; besides which, it catur co., Tennessee, 110 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. It behas manufactures of furs. combs, and coopers' and tutnery-  came the county seat in 1846, when the county was organwares. It was taken by the Turks in 16384, but abandoned  ized. Pop. about 350.
by them in the same year.                                       DECATURVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Obhio.
DEBTLING, detiling, a parish of England, co. of Kent.         DECAZEVILLE, deh-bklzveel/. a village of Tra-ce, departDEBURIEII, deb'oo-ree'th, (the Dabtcurath of antiquity,)  ment of Aveyron, 19 miles N.E. of Villefranche, with extena village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 2 miles S.E. of Naza- sive iron forges. Pop. in 1852, 5938.
reth.                                                           DECCAN or DEKKANN  deklkan, (Sanscrit, Dacsbina, dikDECATUR, de-kitt.er, a county forming  the S.W. extre-  sheelnu, "tlhe south,") a term formerly applied to the whole
mity of Gcorgia, bordering on Florida, has an area of 1062  of Ilindostan S. of the Nerbudda, but latterly limited to the
square  miles. It is intersected by the Flint River, and  country between that riverand the Kistnah, or from lat. t160to
bounded on the IV. by the Chattahooche, and also drained  230 N.: and comprising the provinces ofGundwanah.Orissa,
by Spring Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven, the soil the Northern Circars, Candeish, Beret, Beeder, Hyderabad,
genecally fertile. Both of the rivers above mentioned are  Aurungabad, and Beaepoor.  In 1818, the following districts
navigable by steamboats. Nauned, as well as those which  were ceded to Britaic,  and constitute the British Deccan:follow, in honor of Comnmodore Stephen Decatur.  Capital, Candeish, Ahmednuggee,    Poonah, and Darwar, under the
Bainbridge. Pop. 8262, of whom 4623 were free, and 3639  presidency of Bombay  and the ceded districts on the Nerslaves.                                                       budda,  under the presidency of Bengal. The remainder
DECATUR, a county in the W. central part of Tennessee,  of the Deccan is under the rajah of Berer. the Nizam, the
has an areau of 325 square miles.  The Tennessee River  rajah of Sattarab, the Guicowar and the Gwalior sovereien.
founrs its entire E. boundary, and Beech River flows through    DECCAN, dlkfkan, or DUKKINSHAIABAZPOOR, dtlkit. The surc-ce presents no great inequalities; the soil is  kin-shtI-h&bIz-b poou:, an island in the Bay of Bengal, at the
mostly fertile. Decatur county was formed in 1846, out of  month of the Megna or BrahmapootNa, fi-om  the sediment
the W. part of Perry county. Capital, Decaturville. Pop. of which it is formed. It is 30 miles long, and from 10 to 13
6003, of wrhom 5280 were free, and 723 slaveS.                miles in avera'e breadth.
DECATUR, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, contains    DECEPITION ISLAND, near South Shetland, in the An372 square miles. It is drained by Laughery, Clifty, and  tarctic Ocean, lat. 620 55' 6" S., lon. 60o 35' WV., is volcanic,
Sand Creeks. The surface is neatly level, or gently undu- and consists of alternate layers of ashes and ice, with a deep
lating; the soil is mostly a rich loam, based on limestone. lake, 5 miles in circumference, and hot springs; temperature,
The county is ilntersected by the Michigan plank-road, ex- 1400 Fah.
tending  from the Ohio River to Lake MIichigan, and it is    DECESPAGI. See DrTEuze.
conunected by railroad with the Ohio River at Lawrence-    DECETIA.  See DECIE.
burg. Organized in 1821. Capital. CGreensburg. Pop. 15,107.   DE  CIHIEN  BAYOU. do sheen (Fr. pron. deh-she-cNcI)
DECATUPR, a county in the S. part of Iowa, bordering on  bioo. in the IV. part of Kentucky, flows westward through
Missouri, has an area of 528 square miles. It is traversed  the S. part of Hickman co.. into the Mississippi River.
from  N. to S. by the Wveldon River, and by the Crooled    DECIHKIN.  See DtSecjurTN.
Fork of Grand River. The surface is undulating; the soil    DECIMOMANNU, dacche-mo-nln-nool, a village in the
549
_______________________________  ______________________________________________________i.




DEC                                                       DEE
island of Sardinia, 7 miles N.W. of Cagliari, at the con-   DEEP CUT, a village of Allen co., Ohio, on the Miami
fluenee of the Santaliana and Mannu.                       Canal, 100 miles N.W. of Columbus.
DECIZE, deh-seez/, (ane. Decectia,) a town of France. de-   DEEP CUT, a small village of Auglaize co., Ohio.
partment of Nilvre, 18 miles S.E of Nevers. Pop. in 1852,   DEEP CUT, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.
3994. It is situated on a rock in the middle of an island in    DEEP/ING, MAR/KET, a market-town and parish of Engthe Loire. The islet is connected with one bank of the river land, co. of Lincoln, 93 miles N.N.W. of London.
by a stone, and with the other by a suspension bridge, and    DEEP/ING, ST. JAMES, a parish of England, co. of Linits highest summit is crowned by an old castle of the Dukes coin.
of Nevers. Decize has extensive iron-works; the coal-mines    DEEPIING, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
in the neighborhood are among the richest in France. The    DEEP RIVER, a branch of Cape Fear River, in the cenglass-works, 1 mile distant, make about 100,000 bottles tral part of North Carolina.. Rising near the W. border of
monthly.                                                   Guilford county, it flows first south-eastward, through RanDECKENDORF, a town of Bavaria. See DEGGENDoror.          dolph county, and then nearly eastward, until it unites
DEUK/ERD, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee.      with IJaw River, at Haywood, in Chatham  county.  Its
DECMEER'S CREEK, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.  length probably exceeds 100 miles. It flows through a
DECKERS FERRY, a post-office of Knox co., Indiana.    hilly and fertile country, and affords abundant motiveDECKIERTOWN, a thriving post-village of Wantage town- power. The river has lately been rendered navigable firom
ship, Sussex co., New Jersey, on Deep Clove Cresk, 13 miles  its mouth to the inexhaustible beds of anthracite and bituN.N.E. of Newton. It is surrounded by beautiful moun- minous coal which have been opened along its banks in
tain scenery, and contains 2 or 3 churches, an academy, a  Chatham county. The aboriginal name is Sapponah.
bank, and mills of various kinds.  Pop. estimated at 600.    DEEP RIVER, of Indiana, flows into the Calumet, in
DECOIRAILI, a small post-village, capital of WVinneshiek  Lake county.
co., Iowa, on the Upper Iowa River, 33 miles W. of the Mis-    DEEP RIVER, a post-village of MIiddlesex co-, Connectisippi at Columbus, which is the nearest landing-place. The  cut, on the right bank of the Connecticut River, at the conriver furnishes water-power.                              fluence of a small creek, 30 miles E. by N. of New Haven.
DECORIRI, a post-office of Benton co., Minnesota Terri- It contains 2 or 3 churches, and a bank, and has extensive
tory.                                                      manufaictures of bitts and augers.
DECS, daitch, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, co.   DEEP RIVER, a post-office of Guilford co., North Carolina.
of Tolua, 3 miles from Szexard. Pop. 1666.                   DEEP RIVER, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana.
DEDIDINGTON, a market-town and parish of England,    DEEP RIVER, a post-office of Poweshiek co., Iowa.
co., and 16 miles N.N.W. of Oxford. Pop. in 1851, 2178. It   DEEP WATER, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi.
has endowed almshouses, and breweries of excellent ale.      DEEP WATER, a post-village of Henry co., Missouri, on
DEDELEBEN, de-deh-l/ben, (GRouess, groce, and KLEIN, a tributary of the Osage, 110 miles W. by S. of Jefferson.
kline,) two adjacent villages of Prussia, government of Mag-   DEEPWATER  CREEK, of tlenry co., Missouri, flows
deburg, near Oschersleben. Pop. 1323.                      eastward into Grand River.
DEDHAM, ded/am, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         DEEP WELL, a post-village of Iredell Co., North Carolina,
DED/tHAM, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, 10  125 miles W. of Raleigh.
miles S.E. of Bangor, intersected by Union River. Pop. 546.   DEER, capital of Nubia. See DenRR.
DEDHAM. a post-village and township, capital of Norfolk    DEER BROOK, a post-village of Noxubee co., Mississippi.
co., Massachusetts, is situated on Charles River, 12 miles    DEER CREEK, of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, enters
S.W. of Boston; connected with the Boston and Providence  the Alleghany Rliver a few miles N.E. of Pittsburg.
Railroad by a branch railroad about 2 miles in length. The    DEER  CREEK, in the N.E. part of Maryland, flows
village is large and flourishing, and contains 4 churches, 2  through Baltimore and IIarford counties, and enters the
newspaper offices, a bank, a savings institution, and an in- Susquehanna about 7 miles firom its mouth.
surance office. It has some mnanufactures of machinery and    DEER CREEK, of Mississippi, enters the Yazoo from the
prints. Pop. of the township, 444i7.                       N. in Warren county.
DEDIAMI, a post-office of Weakley co., Tennessee.         DEER CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Scioto River in
DEDILOVA or DEDILOWA, da-de-lolvJ, a town of-Russia,  Ross county, about 10 miles N. of Chillicothe.
government, and 20 miles S.E. of Toola. Pop. 1000.           DEER CREEK, of Indiana, a fine mill stream, rises in IHowDEE, a river in Wales, rises in Lake Bale, co. of Me-ioueth, ard co., and flows westward into the Wabash, near Delphi.
flows between the county of Denbigh on the W. and Flint-    DEER CREEK, of Putnam co., Indiana, flows into Mill
shire and Cheshire on the E., nesrly encircles the city of  Creek.
Chester, and is thence continued by an artificial channel 8    DEER CREEK, also called SOUTI-I YUBA and DOBBIN'S
miles in length, to an estuary 14 miles in length, and from  CREEK, Yuba co., toward the N. part of California, rises on
2 to 6 miles across, betWeen the counties of Flint and Ches-  the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and running first in a S.W.,
ter, by which it communicates with the Irish Seo. Total and then in a W. course, falls into the Yuba River 25 miles
course, 70 miles. Its estuary is encumbered by sand banks, above Marysville. Good timber is found on its banks.
but it has important inland communication with the rivers    DEER CREEK, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania,
of Central England.                                        on the Alleghany River, 11 miles above Pittsburg. Pop. 200.
DEE, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises in Cairn-   DEER CREEK, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania,
germ Mountains, and flows, with a generally E. course, to  225 miles W.N.W. of IHarrisburg.
the North Sea at Aberdeen. Total course, 96 miles. Near its    DEER CREEK, a post-office of Issaquena co., Mississippi.
source its waters are hemmed into a narrow, intricate chasm  DEER CREEK, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 583.
of rock, flowing over which it forms the "' Linn of Dee." Its    DEER CREEK, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop.
salmon fishery is one of the most valuable in Scotland, and  1354.
lately yielded 80001. a year.                                DEER CREEK, a post-office of Livingseton co., Michigan.
DEE, a river of Scotland, flows southward below Kirkcud-   DEER CREEK, a post-office of Carrol co., Indiana.
bright and enters Solway Firth after a course of 50 miles, for   DEER CREEK, a township of Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 664.
the last 7 of which it is navigable.                         DEER CREEK, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 612.
DEED'S CREEK. a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana.    DEER CREEK, a township of Perry co., Indiana. Pop. 710.
DEEDS'VILLE, a post-village of Jeflorson co., Iowa, on    DEER CREEK, a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon.
Skunk River, about 40 miles N.W. of Burlington.             DEERIFIELD river rises in Windham  co., in the S. part
DEEG, a town and fortress of Ilindostan,presidency of  of Vermont, and falls into the Connecticut River in FranikBengal, 57 miles N.W. of Agra. There are here the ruins  lin co., in the N.N.W. part of Massachusetts.
of 7 remarkcably fine palaces. It was thought to be impreE-    DEERFIELD, a post-village and township of Rockinugham
nable by the people of India till it was taken by storm by  co., New Hampshire, 15 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 2022.
Lord Lake in 1805.                                           DEERFIELD, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,
DEEGOA, de-golt, a large walled town of Bornoeo, in Cen- Massachusetts, at the junction of Deer-field and Connecticut
tral Africa, 60 miles S. of Kooka. Pop. 30,000 (?)         Rivers and on the Connecticut River Railroad, about 100
DEEL, a river of Ireland, rises in the Orrery Mountains, miles W.N.W. of Boston.' Pop. 2421.
and flows into the Shannon.                                  DEERFIELD, a township of Oneida co., New York. Pop.
DEEM, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.                2287.
DEEN, a river of England. See DEAN.                        DEERFIELD. a post-township of Cumberland co., New
DEEP CLOVE CREEK, of Sussex co., New Jermsey, rises  Jersey, on Cohansey Creek, contains the village of Bridgeat the S.E. base of the Blue Mountain, and enters the Wall- ton. Total pop. 3373.
kill River a little below Deckertown.                        DEERFIELD, or DEERFIELD STREET, a post-village of
DEEP CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Tar River the above township, 7 miles N. of Bridgeton, contains a
a few miles above Tarborough.                             Presbyterian church, and about 40 dwellings.
DEEP CREEK, of Anderson district, South Carolina, en-   DEERFIELD, a post-village and township of Tioga co.,
ters Kiowee River a few miles flom its mouth.             Pennsylvania, on Cowanesque Creek, 16 miles N.N.W. of
DEEP CREEK, a post-villare of Norfolk co., Virginia, at Wellsborough. Pop. 721.
the northern terminus of the Dismal Swamp Canal, 10 miles    DEERFIELD, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania,
S. of Norfolk. It has an active trade in shingles, which a-re Pop. 1022.
procured from the Dismal Swamp and shipped by schooners    DEERFIELD, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, 180
to the northern cities.. miles W.N.W. of Richmond.
550




DEE                                                        DEK
DEERFIELD, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana.      DEFRIETSVILLE, de-freetsvil, a post-village of RensseDEERFIELD, a post-village and township of Portage co., laer co., New York, 4 miles S.E. of Albany.
Ohio, 15 miles S.E. of Ravenna. The village has 2 churches,    DEFYNOCK, de-fmnlok or de-finlok, a parish of South
and a few stores. Pop. 1371.                               Wales, co. of Brecon.
DEERFIELD, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1325..   DEGAGNAC, deh-g[n'yAkt, a town of France, department
DEERFIELD, a township of Ross co.,0 Ohio. Pop. of town- of Lot, 6 miles S.S.W. of Gourdon. Pop. 2000.
ship, 1315.                                                  DEGERLOCH, dAfgher-loK,  a village of Wiirtenmberg, cirDEERFIELD, a post-village and township, of Warren co., cle of Neckar, 3 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1313.
Ohio, on the right bank of Little Miami River, 32 miles N.E.   DEGGENDORF, degfghen-doRfx, or DECKIENDORi, a
of Cincinnati. The Little Miami Railroad passes near it. town of Lower Bavaria. on the Danube 29 miles N.W. of PasPop. of township, in 1850. 295.                            sau. Pop. 3800. Itis well built, andhas 3 hospitals,breweDEERFIELD, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, on  ries, distilleries, tanneries, and potteries.
the railroad connecting Monroe and Adrian, about 22 miles    DEGGINGEN, dlgtghing-on, a village of Wiirtemberg, cirW. by S. of the former.                                    cle of Danube, near Geislingen. - Pop. 1767.
DEERFIELD, a township  of Livingston co., Michigan.    DEGHICZE, or DEGIIITCHE, dA-gheerchl, a town of RusPop. 882.                                                  sian Poland. government of Vilna, 44 miles W.N.W. of
DEERFIELD, a pleasant post-village of R andolph co., In- Yoorboorg. Pop. 1100.
diana, on the Mississinewa River, and on the Winchester    DE CGLAIZE, a post-office of Morehouse parish, Louisiana.
and Portland plank-road, 7 miles N. of Winchester.           DE GLAIZE BAYOU, of Avoyelles parish, Louisiana,
DEERFIELD, a township ef Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 494. communicates with Atchafalaya Bayou.
DEERFIELD, a post-village and township of Lake co.,   DEGLIA, d.llyv,  or DELIA, dIlle-A, a town of Sicily, 11
Illinois. 200 miles N.E. of Springfield. Pop. 811.         miles S.S.W. of Caltanisetta.  Pop. 2600.
DEERFIELD. a post-village and township of Dane co.,   DEGNIZLI, dinlyiz-lee], or DENIZLI, din'iz-leel, a town
Wisconsin, 15 miles E. of Madison. The village contains  of Asia Minors in Anatolia, 53 miles S.E. of Alashehr, (Allahabout 15 dwellinags. Pop. of township, 639.                Shehr.) It is inclosed by mountains and vine-clad hills, and
DEERFIELD STREET, New Jersey. See DEERFIELa.             has a castle, severial mosclues, and bazaars; but it has never
DEERFIELD VILLAGE, Warren co., Ohio. See DEiRaIEaLi. regained the importance  it had previous to 1715, when it
DE ER GROVE, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois, 30 miles  was destroyed by an earthquake, and 12,000 of its inhabi.
N.W. of Chicago.                                           tants are said to have perished. Pop. about 6000.
DEER/IHURST, a parish of England, co., of CGloucester, 21    DEGO, d~lgo, a town of the Sardinian States, 18 miles S.
miles S.W. of Tewkesbury. It gives the title of viscount to  of Aequi. Pop. 2167.
the Earl of Coventry.                                        DE GRAFF,  a village  of Miami township, Logan co.,
DEER/ING. a post-township of H-illsborough co., New  Ohio, on the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad, 106 miles
IHaimpshire, 18 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 890.           from Cincinnati. It was laid out about the year 1850.
DEER ISLAND, an island of Ireland, on the W. shore of    DEHIAK, do-hhik, or DO'IAK, a village of Persia, province
the estuary of the Fergus, 3' miles N.E. of Kildysert.      of Irak-Ajemes, 53 miles N.W. of Ispahan.
DEERL ISLAND, an island of New Brunswick, in Passa-   DE HART'S CREEK, a post-office of Macon co., North
maquoddy Bay, near its entrance, on the S.W. side, about  Carolina.
7 miles long, and 3 miles broad.                              DEII-I-ITAJEE, dA-ee-hiljee`, a walled town of AfghanisDEER ISLANDS, two small islands in the Malay Archi- tan, 20 miles S. of Candahar. Pop. 2000.
pelago, in Macassar Strait. Lat. 50 9 S., Ion. 1190 14' E.    DEILI, a province of Hindostan. See DELHiI.
DEER ISLE, a post-office of IHancock co., Maine, 54 miles    DEtIR. the capital town of Nubia. See DE-n.
E. by S. of Augusta.  It comprises the island of its own    DEI-IRA, din/rA or d[IrA, or DEYRAHI  D00N, dIirjl doonr,
name, and several smaller ones lying in Penobscot Bay. a large village of North-western Hindostan, in Gurhlwal, in
Ship-building, navigation, and the fisheries constitute the  the Doon Valley, 42 miles N.E. of Seharunpoor. and near
chief occupation of the inhabitants.  Pop. 30307.          which is tlhe cantonment of Landour, established for British
DEER LICK, a post-office of Mason co., Virg-inia.        troops in 1827.
DEER LICK, a post-office of William co., Ohio.             DERRUNG, dcih.ngf,  a district of Assam, on the N. side
DEER'NESSI, a parish of Scotland, in Orkliney, island of  of the Brahnmapootra, about 30 miles square.
Pomona, forming  a peninsula, between the North Sea and    DEIDESHEI5M, d-1/des-hime', a town of Rhenish Bavaria,
the inlet of Deer Sound, which forms an excellent harbor.   13 miles W.N.W. of Speyer. Pop. 24100.
DEER, NE W, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.          DEIGIITON-KIIRK,  deelton-kirkt, a parish of Enguland, co.
DEElR. OLD, a parish of Scotland, cos. Aberdeen and  aniff. of York, WXest Riding.  A chapelry and parish in North
DEEtrPARK, a township of Orange co., New York, on  Allerton, and a township and parish in Escrick, co. of York,
Neversink River, 38 miles W. of Newburg. Pop. 4032.         are also named DEIGHTON.
DEERPARK, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.           DEINUM, da/num, a village of Holland, province of FriesDEERPARK, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, about land, 3 miles VW. of Leeuwarden, on the canal thence to
120 miles N. by E. of Springfield.                          Franeker. Pop. 400.
DEER PLAIN, a post-office of Calhoun co., Illinois.         DEIR or DAIR. dir or d~r, an Arabian word signifying a
DEER RIVER, a village of Franklin co., New York, on a  "monastery," forming the name, or the prefix to the names
small stream of the same name, 160 miles N.W. of Albany.   of various places in Palestine and Egypt.
DEER RIVER, a post-office of Lewis co., New York.          DEIR or DER, dar, a town in Asiatic Turkey, on the EuDERRS/VILLE, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, 12  phrates, near 350 10' N. lat.
miles W. of Cadiz, the county seat. Pop. 400.                DEIR-EL-KAMER or KARMMER, d6r-?l-kamfer, or DAIRDEES, dais or daiz, a market-town  of Transylvania, EL-KAMAR, dir-l-lkAm/ar, inSyria, pashalicof Acre, 10miles
co. of Szolnok. at the confluence of the Great and Little  S.E. of Beyroot, on the road to Damascus, and the chief
Szamos, 28 miles N.N.E. of Klausenburg.  Pop. in 1846, town of the Druses, whose emir resides inits citadcl.
5300. It is a depgt for salt raised in its vicinity.         DEIRA, dilrm, a river and plain of Persia, province of
DEEtSA, a town of India, in Guzerat, 88 miles N.N.W. of  Khoozistan; the river, an affluent of the  Ieolwan River,
Ahmedabad, and the head-quarters of a brigade of the Bom- S.W. of Zohab; and the plain it traverses the place of a breedbay army. It is hot and unhealthy, but near it is the fine  ing stud. famous throughout Persia.
salubrious retreat of Mount Aboo.                            DEIRA, di/rI or d'-Vr, the name-of one of the two soveDEF/FORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester, with  reignites into which the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northuma station on the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, 4  berland was divided. in the middle of the seventh century.
miles N. of Tewkesbury.                                      DEIROOT, or DEIRUT, dt-rootl, a town of Lower Egypt,
DEFI/ANCE, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, border-  province, and 18 miles S.S.E. of Rosetta, on the W. bank of
ing on Indiana, contains 414 square miles. It is intersected  the Nile.
by the Maumee and St. Joseph's Rivers, and also drained    DEISLINGEN, distling-en, a village of Wtirtemberg, circle
by the Auglaize and Tiffin Rivers, which enter the Maumee  of Black-Forest. 35 miles S.W. of Tiibingen. Pop. 1500.
at the county seat. The surface is nearly level and heavily    DEJTAR, ditais, a village of Iiungary, co. of Neograd, 5
timbered. The soil is fertile. The county is intersected by  miles fioom Balassa-Gyarmath.  Pop. 1297.
the Fort Wayne and Toledo Railroad, and by the Wabash    DE KALD', a county in the.N.W. central part of Georgia,
asid Erie Canal. Capital, Defaince.  Pop. 6966,            hIs an area of 437 square miles. The Chattahoochee River
DEFIANCE, a thriving post-village in a township of the  forms its boundary on the N.W.; it is also drained by the
same name, and capital of Defiance county, Ohio. is plea- sources of South River, one of the main branches of the Ocsantly situated on the Maumee River, at the moutlh of the  mulgee, and by Peachtree, Nancy's, and Utoy Crieeks. The
Auglaize, and on the WYabash and Erie Canal, 152 miles  surface is elevated and undulating. The famous Stone
N.W. of Columbus.  Steamboats can ascend the river as far  Mountain, in the E. part of the county, is estimated to rise
as this village during high water, and boats of C0 tons in  about 2000 feet above the nearest stream. See STONE MOUNordinary stages. In 1794, General Wayne built Port De- TAIN. The soil in the vicinity of the river is excellent. Gold
fiance at this place, which was then occupied by a large  has been found in small quantities; and the county contribe of Indians, who had extensive cornfields mand orchards.  talins iron, and an abundance of giranite. Chalybeate springs
Two newspapers are published hmer. Pop. about 1000.        occur at Decatur and Atlanta. Four of the principal railDEFRANCEIVILLE, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsyl-  roads of the state terminate in the county, at the city of
vania.                                                     Atlanta. Named in honor of Baron De Kalb, who bravely 
551




DEK                                                           DEL
fell at the battle of Camden, in 1780.  Capital, IDecatur.  mences in the N. part of Terre Bonne parish, and flows S.W.
Pop. 14,328, of whom 11,401, were free, and 2924 slaves.      into the Gulf of Mlexico.
DE KALB,. a county in the N.E. part of Alabama, border-    DEL'AVANf, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.
ing on Georgia, is about 50 miles long, and has an area of    DELAVAN, a post-village of Tazewell co., Illinois, 45 miles
775 square miles. It is intersected by Wills Creek, an afflu- N. by E. of Springfield.
ent of Coosa River, dividing the county into nearly equal    DELAVAN, a thriving post-village of Delavant township,
portions. This creek flows through a valley of the same  Walworth co., Wisconsin, on the plank-road leading fcom
name, about 60 miles long, and 5 miles wide, which is en- Racine to Janesville 45 miles W. finom the former.  Turtle
closed by Lookout MountOain on the S.E., and Sand Moun- Creek and the outlet of Swan Lake unite here and supply a
tain on the N.W. The soil of the valley is fertile and much  valuable water-power, which is partly improved. Pop. of
improved. Water-power is abundant.  The county is noted  the entire township, 1260.
for its romantic scenery. Capital, Lebanon.  Pop. 8245, of    DELAWARE, d5lVa-war, called by the Indians ED!.cerisk,.twhom 7739 were free, and 506 slaves.                          ton, an important river of the United States, rises in New
DE KALB, acounty in the N. central part of Tennessee, York. on the WT. declivity of the Catskill Mountains, by two
has an area estimated at 100 square miles. It is intersected  branches, the Coquago (or Ocquago) and the Popacton, which
by Caney Fork, an affluent of the Cumberland River, and  unite at the village of IHancock, on the boundary between
also watered by several creeks which furnish motive-power. New York and Pennsylvania, near the N.E. extremity of
The surface is agreeably diversified; the soil productive,  the latter state. It flows first south-eastward for a distance
The turnpike from  Lebanon to Sparta passes through the  of more than 70 miles, to Port Jervis, where it encounters
county. Capital, Smithville. Pop. 8016, of whom 7318 were  the Kittatinny (or Shawangunk) Mountain, by which its
free, and 668 slaves.                                          course is inflected to the S.W.  Pursuing this direction to
DE KALB, a county'in the N.E. part of Indiana, border- the N. extremity of Northampton county, it passes through
ing on Ohio, contains 346 square miles. It is drained by  the mountain ridge at the well-known Delaware Water Gap,
the St. Joseph's River of the Maumee, and by Cedar Creek. one of the most remarkable curiosities in the state. The
The surface is mostly undulating, and the soil fertile. Or- mountain on each side rises almhnost perpendicularly fi-om
ganized in 1836. Capital, Auburn.  Pop. 8251.                 the water's edge to the height of 1000 or 1200 feet above the
DE KALB, a county in the N. part of Illinois, has an  river.  From  this point its general course is southward
area of 648 square miles. It is drained by Sycamore and In- until it crosses the South Mountain, a few miles below
dian Creeks, affluents of the Kishwaukee and Fox Rivers. Easton, and turning again to the S.E., falls over the primiThe surface is undulating and the soil good. The greater  tive ledge at Trenton,  and meets the tide-water 132 miles
part of the county is prairie, with some good timber. Capi- from the sea. Now increased to a fine navigable river, about
tel, Sycamore. Pop. 7540.                                     half a mile in width, it takes a south-westward course,
DE KALB, a new county in the N.W. part of Missouri, passes by Philadelphia, and empties itself into Delaware
has an area of 440 square miles. It is drained by Blue and  Bay, about 40 miles below that city. Its entire length is
Grindstone Creeks, effluents of Grand River, and by Livings-  about 300 miles.  The main stream, through  its whole
ton Creek, and the Third Fork of Platte Liver.  The surface  course, formis the boundary between the states of New York
is diversified by prairies and woodlands; the soil is produc- and New Jersey on one hand, and Pennsylvania and Delative. De Kalb was formed out of part of Clinton county. ware on the other. It is navigable for ships of the largest
Capital, Marysville. Pop. 2075, of whom  2010 were free, size to Philadelphia, and for steamboats to Trenton; smaller
and 65 slaves.                                                boats can descend the stream through its whole course.  A
DE KALB, a post-township of St. Lawvrence co., New  canal has been constructed along this river firom Bristol to
York, on the Oswregatchie River, 15 miles S.S.E. of Ogdens-  Easton, a distance of 60 miles, and a heavy trade in coal,
burg. It contains the village of Richville.  Pop. 2389.       lumber, and grain is carried on by this means. The chief
DE KALE, a post.office of Gilmer co., Virginia.            towns on the Delaware are Easton and Philadelphia on the
DE KALB, a village of Kershaw district, South Carolina,  right, and Trenton, Burlington and Camden on the left
on Pinetree Creek, about 1 mile from Camden, has a cotton  bank. The area drained by the Delaware is estimated by
factory.                                                      Darby at 11,250 square miles. The great inflections of this
DE KALB, a post-village, capital of Kemper co., heissis-  river and of the Susquehanna, exhibit a remarkable paralsippi, about 105 miles E.N.E. of Jackson.                     lelism, and both receive their largest tributaries from the
DE KALB, a post-village of Bowsie' co., Texas, 14 miles  right hand. Islands of small extenit occur in various parts
N.W. of Boston, the county seat, and 29 miles E. of Clerks-  of its channel, one of which lies between Philadelphia and
ville, contains 3 or 4 families.                              Camden, where the river is about 1 mile wide. Substantial
DE KALB, a post-village of Crawford co., Ohio 70 miles  bridges extend across this river at several points, of which
N. by E. of Columbus.                                         Trenton is the first that occurs in ascending frum its mouth.
DE KALB, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana.             The New York and Erie Railroad follows the course of the
DE KALB, a township of De Kalb co., Illinois. Pop. 486.  Delaware for a distance of about 90 miles, and two canals
DE KALB, a post-village of Dne  Kalb co., Illinois, about  extend from this river to the Hudson, namely, the Mlorris
200 miles N. by E. of Springfield.                            Canal, and the Delaware and Hudson.  This river was
DE KALB, a post-village of Buchanan co., Missouri, 50  bridged with solid ice at Philadelphia in the winter of
miles N.W. of Independence.                                   1851-2, but this only happens in seasons of unusal severity.
DE KALB CENTRE, a post-office of Do Kalb co., Illinois, Lam-ge numbers of sh.a are caught in the river in the lower
near 200 miles N. by E. of Springfield.                       part of its course.  The name of the riiver Delaware, as well
DEKIKAN, a country of Hindostan.  See DEccAn.               as the Delaware Indians and territory, was given in honor
DEKNAL, dik-inIl;, or dlk-nawlf, a town of British India, of Thomas West, Lord De la Ware, awho visited the bay in
presidency of Bengal, district, and 40 miles N. of Cuttack.    1610, and died on his vessel iat its mouth. The Delaware
DEKOR/lA, a post-village and township of Columbia co., was originally called by the Dutch the SOUTI (Zuyd) River,
Wisconsin, on the left bank of Wisconsin River, 6 miles be- to distinguish. it from the Hudson or NORTH River.
low Winnebago Portage, and 30 miles N. of Madison. Small   DELAWARtE,   one of the Middle States, and one of the
steamers can ascend from the Mississippi to this village. It  original thirteen, is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E.
has 1 church, 1 mill, and 150 inhabitants.  Pop. 661.         by the Delaware  River and Bay, (which separates it from
DELAFIELD,  a post-village and township of Waukesha  New Jersey,) and the Atlantic Ocean, and S. and W. by
co., Wisconsin, 25 miles VW.of Mhilwaukee.  It has 2flouring   Marylhnd.  It lies between 380 23' and 390 50' N. lat., and
mills, 4 stores, and 1 machine shop. Pop. of township, 1134.  between 750 and 750 45' W. Ion., being about 96 miles in
DEL'AGO1A   Bay, an inlet of the Indian Ocean, in South- leingth, and 37 in its greatest breadth, including an area (the
eastern Afr-ice, 55 miles in length, from N. to S., by 20 miles  smallest except Rhode Island in the Union) of 2120 square
across. Lat. of Cape St. Mary, Myach Island, 25s 58' S., Ion. miles, or 1,356,000 acres, of which 580,862 were improved in
330 15' E. The shores are fSat, marshy, and unhealthy in  1850.
summer. The bay, commnodious and safe, is a good deal fre-    Fice of the C sountry, M'ine.rals, ec. —There are no mounquented by South Sea whalers.  It rieceives the Imianice  tains  in Delaware, but the northern portion is beautifully
River from  the N., and Mapoota, or Mlachavanna, from the  variegated by hill and vale, while the central and southern
S., and has on its W. side an estuary, termed English River, sections are mostly level. Delawacre formnis a part of a low
formed by the mouth of several streams,  one of which, the  peninsula between the Chesapealke and Delaware Bays, of
Delagoa, is navigable by vessels drawing 12 feet water for 40  which the Eastern shore of Maryland constitutes the Ilager
miles, and by boats for 200 miles. The Portug'uese have a  portion. There is a slightly elevated region on the westein
fort near Cape Inyack,  whence a limited export  tirade in  side of Delaware, running N. and S., which is occupied by a
ivory and gold dust, and a trade in slaves, is carried  on.   swampy tract, the source of the streams which flow in oppoDIELAMA1R, a small post-vilice.  Tioga co., Pennsylvania. site directions to the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. This
DELAMERE, deli.-meer. a parish of Einsland. co. of Ches- elevation is terminated by a cypress swamp at the south.
ter. It gives the title of baron to the Choimondeley family.  Delaware has few minerals; a fine sand for glass manufacDE LANICEY, a poest-office of Madison co.. New York.       ture is found near the head of Delawarme Bay, which is exDELANICO, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, at the  ported to New iEngland.  Bog iron ore exists in the southern
junction of the Rancocus Creek with the Delanware, 12 miles part of the state.
above Camden.  Pop. 200.                                       Rivers, Bays, &c.-The Delawaie  River  and Bay, as hab
DB  LA PALMA. dIi'Ispleal iia, apost-office. Brownco.,Ohio.  been elsewhere stated, bound this state on the E. There
DE LARGE BAYOU, d8 larj biloo, of Louisiana, com- are no other large waters.  The Brandywine   and Christiana




DEL                                                            DEL
Creeks. the former running  S.E. from  Pennsylvania, and  quantities of peaches, lumber, (from  the cypress swamps,}
the other coming in from  the S.W., unite at Wilmington,  and sand for the manufacture of glass.
and pour their waters into the Delaware one mile below            Education.-The school fund of Delaware amounted in
their junction.  There are a number of other creeks which  1853 to $33,829; the number of free schools was 236, with
empty into the Delaware Bay, that are navigable by coasting  10,230 scholars. educated at an expense of $49.469, of which
vessels for a short distance, and therefore important to the  $23,9009 was defirayed by taxation.  Newark College, with 45
inhabitants.  Indian ILiver floes into the Atlantic Ocean,  students, and 7500 volumes in its library, and St. Mary's
iear the southern extremity of the state.  The Choptank  College, at Wilmington, are the only colleges in sDelavwais
anid Nanticoke  oave their origin near the middle of De!a-  Wilmington is noted for its boarding-schools.  There are
ware, and fliow  S.W. into Chesapeake Bay. The Birandy-  also flourishing academies or high schools in New Castle,
wine, so well known for the important battle foiught on its  Georgetown. Milford, and other towns.
shores, just beyond the limits of Delaware, is a very fine    Pielgisous Drs.osonisations. —Of the'180 churches in Delaswares
mill stream, and has numerous flour, powder, and other  in 1850, the different sects of Baptists owned 12; the Episcomills on its banks.                                             palians, 21; the Friends, 0; the Methodists, 106: the PresObjects of Interest to Tourists. —The banks of the Brandy-  byterians, 260  the Rtoman Catholics, 3; the Union Church,
wine near Wilmington are very romantic aand wild, and  1; and the Afiricans, 2.  Of the fl-ee adult population, 10,181
near them  are the Birandywine Chalybeate Springs, much  could not read and write, of whom  404 were of foreign
visited by Philadelphians, who seek a pleasant retreat with  birth.
thei- fiomilies in the sumnmer months. Lewes, or Lewistown,    Popldation.-The  number of inhabitants in 1790 was
near Cape Henlopen, is becoming a bathing resort.  Near it  59,096; in 1800, 64,273; in 1810, 72,674; in 1820, 72,749; in
is Delaware Breakwater,    about two-thirds of a mile in extent,  1830, 76,748; in 1840, 78,085; and in 1850, 91,532, of whom
with one face presented to the sea and another to the current  35,746 were white males, 35.423 white females, 0036 free
of the river; the latter to protect vessels fiom  floating ice; colored males, 9037 free colored females, and 1174 nmle and
The ice-breaker is about 1500 feet long.  Both are built of  1116 female slaves.  This population was divided into 15,439
massive stone, at an expense to the United States govern-  families, occupying 15,290 dwellings.  Of the population,
ment ofover $2,00,000.  The deep cut in the Delaware and  72,523 were bern in the state, 11,455 in other states, 952'in
Chesapeake Canal is 90 feet perpendicular, and is said to be  England, 38513 in Iseland, 172 in Scotland and dWales, 21 in
the deepest excavation of the kind in any canal in the world.  British America, 343 in Germany, 73 in France, 137 la other
Climate, Soil, Proclductions.-The climate of the N. of  countries, and 63 whose places of birth'were unknown. In
Delaware is severe at times, but in the southern part the  the 12 months ending June Ist, 1850, there died 1209 persons,
air is ameliorated by the influence of the sea.'The soil in  or about 13 in every thousand; and in the same period 607
the N. and on the shore of the Delaware River is good, but  paupers, of whom  123 were foreigners, received aid, at an
the southern portion is sandy; in the centre it consists of  expense of about.35 dollars each. There were also, in 1850,
clay and sand mixed.  Wheoat. Indian corn, and butters are  54 deaf and dumb, of whom 4 weres fiee colored and 2 slaves;
the staples of the state; besides which considerable quanti-  39 blind, of whom 14 were free colored; 68 insane of whom
ties of oats, live stock, wvool, Irish and sweet potatoes, market  20 were free colored; and 92 idiotic. of whom  14 were fi'ee
vegetables, hay, and fruiits, with some rye, barley, buckwheat  colored, and 4 slaves.  Of the population. 5 were employed
peas, beans, wine, cheese, grass seeds, hemp, flax, hops, bees- in. mining, 16,015 in agricultuse, 467 in commerce, 4060 in
wvax, and honey, are produced. The peaches of Delaware  manufactures, 401 in navigating the ocean, 235 in internal
have become very celebrated: the other fruits are apples,  navigation and 199 in learned professions.
pears, plums, grapes, and berries       of different kinds. In     Delawar-e has 3 counties, namely, Kent, Newcastle, and
1850 thbere were in Delaware.6063 farms under cultivation,  Sussex.  Capital, Dover.
occupying 580,862 acres of improved land. and producing    Cities actd Towes.-Wilminnton is the largest town in the
482.511 bushels of wheat, 3,145,542 of Indian corn, 804,518  state.  Pop.in 1853, 16,163.  T'he other principal towns are
of oats, 240.512 of Irish potatoes, 65,443 of sweet potatoes,  Dover, pop. about 1000, and New Castle, pop. 1202, Lewes,
orchard products, valued at $I6,574,  marlket goods, worth  Smyrna,  and Georgetown.
$12,714, live stock, S1,,849.281, slaughtered asinoals, $373,665.  Govesrnment, Fi'nanes, &c. —The governor of Delaware is
1,055.308 pounds of butter, 57,750  of wool, and 41,2-S8 of  chosen for 4 years, and receives a salary of.~1333 pier annum.
beeswax and honey.                                              The sensate is composed of 9 members, elected for 4 years,
Ilternal If2provsements.t Delaware is crossed by two lines  and the house of represeutatives of 21 members, chosen for
of railway, forming parts of the great chain of communiora-  1 year.  These officers are all elected by the direct vote of
tion between the North and East and the capital of the  the people.  The legislature meets biennially, on the 2d
Union; about 40 miles of their tracks are included within  Tuesday in October.  Every white male citizen over 22 years
the state. A railroad is being built filom Wilmington thru-ouh  ofagev who has paid a tax, and resided one year in the state,
Dover to Soaford.  The Philadelphia, Wilmington. and Bal- and one montlh next preceding the election in the county
timao'e RPailway crosses through  BWihinington and Newarsk,  where he votes. is entitled to the right of suffraige.   These
leaving the state near Elkton, Maryland.  The New Castle  between 21 and 22,  not otuerawise disquanlified  may vote
and Frenchtowvn Railnway forms part of a steanmboat line  without having paid a tax   Delaware has but one member
between Philadelphia and Baltimore, much travelled when  in the national house of representatives, and three electoral
navisation is open. An air-line railway is talkied of fi-om   votes for president of thle United States.  This small state,
Norfollk to New York, through the southern and eastern  however, has furnished several distinguished men to the
part of Delawarse.  The Chesapeakle and Delaware Canal  national councils: John Dicksiason to the llevolutionary
connects the bays of the same names at Delaware City and  period, and Jiodney,  Bayard, McLane,  and Clayton, since
Baick Creek, and forms an important link in the coast navi-  that period.  The judiciary consists-l: Of a superior court,
gation betwveen Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the ports of  one chief and thlree associate judges; 2. A court of chancery,
Tirginia.  It is of sufficient depth to allow schooners and  with one judge; 3. An orphanss' court, composed of a chansmall steamers to pass through.                                 cellor and a judge of the superior court; and, 4. A proobate
Matausfsscteuates.oBWilminagton in this state is a manufac-  court. A new and amended constitution waas subusitted to
turing   towvn, and has long been celebrated for its powder,  the people in 1853 and rejected.  The assessed value of propaper, and flour mills; recently, coach-macing has beconme  perty in Delaware in 1850 was $17,412,640; productive proe
a y-ery  iaportant branch of industiry in this town. In 1850  perty, $190.000;  ordinary  expenses, $11,000 per annum,
there were in Delaware 513 nanusalctoles,      each producing  exclusive of schools. Public debt, none. There sere  in
over$t500 annually.  A considerabnle ausmoun t of ship-bsislding  1853l 9 banks in Delaware,   with an as grefaeat- capital of
is done at Wilmington.  Of the manufiacturing establish-.1.440,000, a circulation of S.I000,000, and $250.000 in coin.
ments in the state in 1850, 12 wecre cotton  mills, empl'ing     tiustory.-Delasware was first settled by the Swvedes and
a capital of $460,100, and 413 mile and 425 female hands,  Finns about 1627: was subjected by the Dutch friom  New
consuming- raw material valued at $712,068, and producing  York in 1.655: IAut fell into the hands of the En-lish  witla
3,521. -a yards of stuffs, and 533.000 pounds ofyarn, wvorth  that colony in 1664. It formed a part of the grasnt to Penn
together $538,439;  8 woollen mills, employing a capital of  from  the  crown in 1882, under the name of the "Three
$148,500, and 122 male and 18 female  hands, consuminsg  Lower Counties of Delaware;"   but in 1701 was separated
r'tw mtterial worth $204,172, and producing  152,000 yards  firom  Peansylvania,  thouglh subject to the same governor
of stuffs valued at $251,000; 15 torges, furnaces, &c., employ-  down to the perisd of the levolution.
ing a capital of i388,500, and 300 male hands, consumine          DELAWA AE, a county in the S.S.E.  part of New  Yorb,
~ raw matserial  worth $173,352, and producing 4170 tons of  ha-s aun asrea of about 1550 square amiles. It is bounded on
vr-oug-ht and cast iron, valued at $3022,462; nud 16 tananesrias, thbe NW.1I by the Eh branch of the Susquehanna, and on the
employing a capital of $99,350, coansumingu raw  mnaterial  S.W. the Delawar-e Eilver separates it fi-om  Pennsylva-ia.
worth $i,9,620, and producing leather valued at $163.742;  It is drained by the Coquaago and Pnacateon bra-sches of
hosme-made  manufactures valued at $32,809 were  also fbri-   the Delaware Puiver Olaut Creekr, and oether smaller str: —ms.
carted.                                                        The surftce is generally hilly or mountainous. wsith sfrtile
Oussoucs cce.-Thou s lbounidedbv navig-slule wvates- far nearly  intervenr-ine valleys.'Ihe Delawase  and Susquaehaca a:se
half her extent, Del-sare has but little lbreoign trade, because navi-g-ab-le for boats firom  this county. and las-e  quanrtities
oftierprosxim nity to tbhilsadelaphi.aandEk.altisose.   Ilhetonnage  oflunbler asse annually safted down   them.'Tle New Yrk
owned by the state in 1852 w-as 1.26-14 tons; 4nd the number  and  l           — iee Mqaihoad traverses the S-W.  part of the connty.
of vessels built the same year was 33, tonnag-e 4,43a.  DolP- a-med fic-  the Delaware Itver, which has its source in
ware exports to other states considerable flour, gaina, large  ithe N.E. part of the county. Capital, Delhi. Pop. 70,834.
55i3,
I -




DEL                                                          DEL
DELAWARE,      a county forming the S.E. extremity of  breadth. 25 miles. Numerous shoals in the bay render the
Pennsylvania, bordering on the state and river of the same  navigation in some parts difficult.  The want of any good
name, has an area of 180 square miles. It is intersected by  anchorage ground on this portion of the United States coast
Darby, Crum, Ridley, and Chester Creeks.  Brandywine  has induced the general government to construct an extenCreek forms the boundary onil the S.W.'fThe surface is go- sive breakwater within Cape Hlenlopen. By this means a safe
nerally undulating or hilly, excepting the level tracts along  and capacious harbor, with adepth of from 4 to 6 fathtoms, has
the Delaware River. The soil being derived from  primary  been formed. A beacon, on the N.W. end of the Breakwater,
rocks, is not naturally the most fertile: but has been rsn- exhibits a red fixed light, 56 feet above the level of the bay.
dered highly productive by the use of lime and other    DELAWARE BRIDGE, a postroffice of Sullivan co., New'
manures. A large part'of the land is occupied by dairy  York.
farums.'rThe principal rocks which  underlie  the county    DELAWARE CITY, a thriving post-borough of Newcastle
are gneiss and  mica slate; the quarries of the former co., Delaware, on the Delaware River, near its mouth. 46
furnish a largo quantity of building  material for Phila- miles below Philadelphia. It is the eastern terminus of the
delphia.  Whetstones of good quality are procured near Chesapeakeand Delawsare Canal, andcontains 2 or3 churches,
Darby Creek, and exported to all parts of the Union. a bank. and numerous stores. Pop. in 1850, 908.
The county is liberally supplied with water-power, which    DELAWAIRE CITY, a settlement in Kanzas Territory, on
is employed in numerous manufactories.   It is intersected  the left bankr of the Missouri IRiver, about 25 miles above the
by the West Chester, the Philadelphia and Columbia, and  junction of the Kanzas.
the Philadelphis  and WVilmington Railroads.  The earliest    DELAWARE COLLEGE. See NEmwAnr, Delaware.
settlement of the province was made in this county, by the    DELAWARE GROVE, a post-village of iMercer co., PennSwedes ie 1643.  Organized in 1789 and named from  the  sylvania.
Delaware Riiver. Capital, Media. Pop. 24,679.                   IDECAWARE HILL, a village of Greene co..'Arkansas.
DELAWARE,  a county in the central part of Ohio, has    DELAWARES, a tribe of Indians, occupying  a portion
an area of 478 square miles. It is traverssed from N. to S.  of the United States territory assigned to the Indians WV. of
by the Scioto and Olentangy Rivers, and also drained by  the Missouri.  They were formerly numerous and powerthe Big Walnut, Alum, and Mill Creels.   The surfaice is  ful, occupying part of New York, Pennsylvania, and New
generally level; the soil productive. There are  valuable  Jersey; their present number is about 800.
sulphur springs at the county seat.'T'he county is libe-    DELAY/, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi.
rally supplied with water-power.   It is intersected by the    DELBINO, a village of Turkey.  See DELvrINo.
Cleveland and Cincinnati Railroad, and by another, leading    DELBRUCK, (Delbrtiick.) dil/briik, a marlket-town of Prusfrom Springfield to Loudonville.  Capital, Delaware. Pop. sia, Westphalia, 9 miles W.N.W. of Paderborn.  Pop. 1110.
21,817.    ZDELDEN, dullden, a town of Holland, province of OverDELAWARE, a county in the E. part of Indiana,  con-  Yssel, 31 miles SE. of Zwolle. Pop. 1495.
tains 400 square miles. It is drained by the White and    DELECITABLE HILL, a post-office of Pike co., Indiana,
Mississinewa Rivers. The surface is nearly level; a small  120 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.
portion of it is occupied by wet prairies, anhi cch are adapted    DELEMONT, dul'mn6GI, (Ger. Delsberg, dtlsUblRG,) a town
to grass. The soil is generally pioductive. The streams aifford  of Switzerland, canton, and 29 miles N. of Bern, on the left
an ample supply of water-power.  The county is traversed  bank of the Some. Pop. 1422. It has a manufactory of
by the Bellefontaine   and Indianapolis Railroad. The namne  watches.
is derived from the Delaware tribe of Indians, by whom, the    DELFT, dtlft, (commonly pronounced d6lf.) a town of tihe
county was once inhabited. Capital, Muncie.  Pop. 10,843.   Netherlands, province of South lHolland, 9 miles N.W. of RotDELAWARE, a county in the E.N.E. part of Iowa, has  terdam, on the canal between it and the Hague.  Pop. with
an area of 576 squcare miles.  It is intersected by the Ala-  suburbs, 17.500. It is well built of brick, and clean, but
koqueta Rliver, an affluent of the Mississippi, and by Duf- dull. Principal edifices, the palace, in which Prince William
falo Creek. The surfsce is uneven, and in some parts bro-  I. of Orange was assassinated, July 10th, 1584, now used as
ken; the soil is mostly oroductive.  Timber and warter are  barracks; a Gothic church, with the magnificent tomb of
said to be abunidant, and the climate is considered healthy. that prince, and that of G'otius (IHugo van Groot,) born at
Capital, Delhi.  Pop. 1750.                                    Delft, April 10th, 1583; the old chesch. with the tombs of
DiHELA.WARE, a township of Camden co., New  Jersey.  Admiral Van Tromp, the famous lPeter Hiein, and the natuPop. 2577.                                                    rlist Leeuwenhoek, the council-house, arsenal, and school
DELAWARE, a township of HIunterdon co., New Jersey.  of military engineering. It has nmany breweries and distillePop. 2514.                                                    riss with manufactures of carpets, coverlets,  woollen  clih,
DELAWARE, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania.   soap, and earthenwares, but most of the coarse table goods
DELAWARE, a townahip of Mercier co., Pennsylvania. -knowra as "Delft ware," ar-e in reality made in England.
Pop. 2863.                                                       DELFT, (original name Nedoontivoe or Long Island,) a
DELAWARE, a township of Northumberland co., Penn-  small island off the N.W. coast of Ceylon, about 8 miles
sylvaniai. Pop. 1908.                                         long by 3 broad, and entirely surrounded by coral reels.
DELAWARE, a post-village and township of Pike co.,   DELFTSHAVEN  dlfts'h'/ven,  a town of the NetherPennsylvania, on the Delaware  River, about 40 miles N. by  lands, South Holland, on the right baink of the Mleuse, 2
E. of Easton.  Pop. 754.                                       miles S.W. of Rotterdam, with 3000 inhabitants engaged in
DELAWARE, a towanship of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 445.  ship-building, in the herring fishery, and in distilling. It
DELAWARE, a post-township in the central part of  was the birthplace of Peter Hein.
Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 3323.                                   DELFZYL, or DELFZIJL,  dilf-zsl/, (L. Casltrstss  DelfsilliDELAWARE or DELAWAIRE  COURT-HOUSE, a post- anam,) a maritime town and fortress of Holland, province,
town, capital of Delaware co., Ohio, situated in the above  and 16 miles I.N.E. of Groningen, at the mouth of the old
township. on the right bank of the Olentangy River, and on  Delf or Dameterdiep, and on the estuary of the  Emns.
the railroad between Cleveland  afnd  Columbus, 24 nailes N. Pop. 1704.
of the latter. It is pleasantly situatted on rolling ground,    DELHI, dfllee, (Sanscrit, lIdraprast'la,) a city of Ihindosand is neatly built.  There is a bridge across the river here.  tan,presidency of Bengal, capital of the above province, and
The Ohio Wesleyan University, established at this place in  anciently of the Patan and Mogul Empires, let. 250 40' N.,
1845, has a library  of 5700 volumes and about 350 students.  lon. 770 16l E. It is about 700 miles N.E. of Bombay, and
Delaware has a medicinal spring, resorted to by many per-  about 790 nailes N.W. of Calcutta, and now the residence of
sons, the wvater of which is cold hydrosulphurous.  The  the Kingof Delhi. Itwasatone time the largest city in IlinSpringfield and Loudonville Railroad, crosses the river at  dostan, covering a space of 20 square miles, and having a
this point. Delaware contains 5 or 6 churches, 2 printing  population of two millions. It is now reduced to a circumoffices, 1 bank, a union school, and the'; Hinton House," one ference of 7 miles, and its population to about 250.000. A
of the largest hlotels in Ohio. Assessed value of property in  vast tract covered with the ruins of palaces, pavilions,
1847. $315.192; in 1853, $641,894. Pop. in 1850, 2074.        baths, gardens, and mausoleums, markl the extent of the
DELAWAIRE,  a township of aIancock co., Ohio. Pop. 1035. ancient metropolis of the Mogul Empire. The present city,
DELAWAJIE, a townshipbofaiamiltonco.,Indiana. P.867. built on two rocky eminences, is surrounded by walls of
DELAWARE,      a post-village and township of Ripley co., red sandstone, 30 feet high, and filom 3 to 5 feet thiclk, with
Indiana. 36 miles N. by E. of Madison. Pop. 1274.              a moat 20 feet broad. There are seven colossal archcd gates,
DELAWARE,      a post-village of Jersey co., Illinois, 59  defended by round bulwarks,, and all built of freestone. The
miles S.W'. of Springfield.                                   streets are all narrow, exeepting two, which are, or raihee'
DELAWARE,  a post-ofi  ce of the Indian country, No- were, of the breadths respectively of 30 and 40 yardss. but
braska.                                                       now narrowed and otherwise  disfgured by the icntrusion of
DELAWARE,  dellFa-war, a post-village of Canada West,  new buildings.  One of them divides the city from. E. to WV.
co. of Middlesex, 149 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 12 miles  The houses here are of sandstone and brick, and ace of two
firomn London. Pop. about 4-00.                               and three stomies in height.  The bazaars have a vey'
DEiLAWARE BAY, a large arm of the sea, separating the  attractive appearance, being filled aswith  rich and showy
states of New Jersey  and Delarware, communicates with  goods displayed to the best advantage, and  thronged waith
the Atlantic Ocean between Cape Slay and Cape Henlopen,  busy crowds.  bhe palace or residence of the Gresat hopl,
13 miles distant from each other.  Its entire length to the  built by Shahe Jehan, is by far the mostt interestil-r buildidng
entrance of the Delaware Iiver, of which it may be re- in Delhi aind the most magnificent structure of the kind in
gainied as a broad estuary, is about 60 miles; greatest  India.  It is situated on the bank of the Jumna, and is
564




DEL                                                           DEL
about a mile and a half in circuit. Itslofty embattled walls,  N.E. of Merseburg, on the Lobe'. Pop. 4670. It is well built
stupendous towers surmounted by elegant pavilions, marble  and has a castle, 3 churches, a hospital, with manufactures
domes, and gilded minarets, form altogether an unequalled  of tobacco, woollen stockings, and gloves.
assemblage of taste and magnificence.  Another remarkable    DELVLAMCOT/TA, a fortress ofNorthern Hindostan, in
object in the city is the Jamma mosque, a splendid struc-  Bootan, 47 miles E.S.E. of Sikkim. It was taken by the EBriture in the Byzantine-Arabic style, and considered by the  tish in 1773, but again restored.
Mohammedans  the wonder of the world. It is built of    DELLE, dll, a village of France, department of Hautwhite marble and red sandstone.  At the two extreme cor- Rbin, 11 miles S.E. of Belfort. Pop. 965.
ners rise minarets 150 feet high, and between them two lofty.   DELLI, d~lllee, a town and small state on the N.E. coast
domes. A splendid view of the city and adjoining country  of the island of Sumatra.  The town stands at the mouth
is obtained from  the summits of the minarets, which are  of a river of the same name. Lot. 30 46k N., lon. 980 42' E.
ascended by winding staircases within. There are no fewer    DELLIBLAT, dtl'le-bldtf. a village of HIungary, about 10
than forty other mosques in different parts of the city, many  miles fironm Neudorf. The inhabitants are Wallachians. P.3986.,
of them  having lofty minarets and gilded domes.  Five    DELLNICZE, d~ll-neet/sai, a village of Austrian Croatia.
miles S. of the city is the tomb of the Emperor Itoomaloon,  Pop. 1679.
the largest and handsomest of the sepulchral monuments    DEL!LO, a town of Sumatra, on the Strait of Malacca, at
of Delhi, and at the distance of a few hundred paces are the  the mouth of a river, nearly opposite Penang.
tombs of several saints; the most remarkable of which is    DELLYS, dil/leezx, a seaport town of Algeria, 49 miles E.
that of the celebrated Mussulman saint, Nizam-ud-Deen, dis-  of Algiers.  It is built out of the ruins of an ancient city,
tinguished by its elegant arabesques and filagree work, exe-  supposed to be the Rusocu~otnm of Pliny.  Steamboat comcuted in beautiful white marble.  The famous observatory  munication is kept up with Algiers.  Pop. 1800.
of Jye-Singh, RIajah  of Jeypoor, at the S.W. extremity of    DELILY, MOUNT, a headland of British India, presidency
the city, has been much dilapidated, and its astronomical  of Ma:dras, on the W. coast, 15 miles N.W. of Cananore.
instruments nearly all destroyed or carried off. The princi-    DEL'MARI, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. P. 2149.
pal European structures are an arsenal, a church, a college,    DELL PRIAIRIE, a post-office of Adams co.. Wisconsin.
attended in 1845 by 460 students, a printing office, and the    DELIHENHORIST', a town of North-western Germany,
dwellings of the British functionaries, who exercise the real  grand duchy, and 16 miles E.S.E. of 0ldenburg, on the Delme.
authority at Delhi, the Mogul emperor receiving a yearly  Pop. 1777.
stipend of 150,0001. from the Indo-British government. The    DELORAINE dtilo-rinf, a town of Van Diemen s Land, 32
vicinity is fertilized by the canal of Ali-Merdan, re-opened  miles from Launceston.
by the British in 1820. Delhi has manufactures of scarfs,    DEILOS, two small islands in the Grecian Archipelago,
embroidery, harness, and ornamented goods in great variety; Cyclades; the largest, in lat. 370 24' N., ion. 250 15' E.. is 41
and its bazaars are furnished with most of the produce of  miles long, and 2 nmiles broad.  It is the ancient Rlheea..
the East.                                                     The smaller island, a.bout half a mile E. of the former, is ceDelhi, or as it was anciently called, Indraprast'ha, is men- lebrated in antiquity as the birthplace of Apollo and Diana,
tioned by the Mohammedan historians as early as A. D. 1008, and as containing a famous temple and oracle of Apollo.
when it was the residence of the Hindoo rajahs. It has at    DE LOS PATOS, a lake of Brazil.  See PATvs, LAKE.
various times undergone great vicissitudes, having been fre-    DELOW, di-lowl, or DALLU, dll-lool, a town of West Sooquently taken by hostile powers, and subjected to all the  dan, 20 miles S.E. of Boossa, in lat. 90 55' N., ion. 50 15' E.
miseries of such events. In the beginning of the present  Pop. 10.000. It was formerly the capital of Mandara.
century, the prosperity of the city and country around was    DELPHI-, a mountain of Greece.  See EunBA.
almost entirely annihilated, and the Mogul Emperor and    DEL/PHI, asmall town of ancient Greece, in Phocis, near
royal family reduced to the utmost poverty and distress by  the site of the modern CASTRI, (which see.)  It was remarkthe  Mahrattas, who took possession of his capital, of his  able as containing a celebirated oracle ofApollo.
gardens and houses, and used his name to oppress and im-   DEL/PIII, a post-vcillage of Onoudaga co., New York, 210
poverish  the people by firaud and extortion. From  this  miles W. of Albany.
miserable state of desolation and ruin the city was rescued    DELPIII, a village of Marion co., Tennessee, on the W.
by the British in 1803, when it was entered and taken pos- side of Sequatchie  Rivem, 114 miles S.E. of Nashville.
session of by Lord Lakle, after-he had defeated the army of    DELPHIt a flourishing post-village, capital of Carroll co.,
Dowlub Row Scinda, in the neighborhood. Peace and order Indiana, on the 1Wabash and Erie Canal, 1 mile E. of the
were now restored to the city and territory, and a halndsome  Wabash River, and 65 miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis.  It is
annual allowance made to the emperor and fanmily.  Pop. surrounded by a fertile and improving country, the surplus
250,000; of whom the Mohammedans are to the IIindoos in  produce of which is shipped here by canal.  An immense
the proportion of 2 to 7.                                     water-power is produced by a dam  across the river.  Delphi
DELHI or DEHLI, an old Mohammedan province of  has several churches and 2 newspaper offices.  Pop. 2000.
I-indostan, between lat. 280 and 310 N., and Ion. 750 and.DELPHI, a post-village in Gasconadre co., Missouri, 80
800 E., surrounded by the provinces of Gurhwal, Oude, miles W.N.W. of St. Louis.
Agra, Rajpootana. and Lahore.  It is now one of the six    DEL'PIIOS, formerly SECTION  TEN, a flourishing postadministrative divisions of the North-western provinces, and  village of Allen co., Ohio, on the Miami Extension Canal, 116
comprehends but a small portion of the ancient province. miles N.W. of Columbus.  It is the largest village and prinArea, 6274 square miles. Pop. 1,488,556. Several canals  cipal market of the county, and owes its rapid growtlh to the
traverse the country, the chief of which is the Doab Canal, navigation of the canal, which affords extensive vwaterand the canal of All Merdan Khan, extending from  Kur- power. The village contained, in 1850, a large  iron foundry
naul to Delhi. The province came under British rule in  and machine shop, 2 woollen factories, sevecal boat-yards,
1803. Delhi is the capital.                                   and mills of different kinds.  Laid out in 1844. Pop. in
DELHI, dillhI, -a post-villagce and township, capital of De-  1853, about 1200.
laware co., New York, on the Coquago River, a branch of    DELI.AY1, a post-office of Upson co., Georgia.
the Delaware, 77 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It contains a    DELItEY, dTl-rAf,  a post-office of Anderson co., Tennessee.
court-house, several churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices,   D)EL'A, del/t~, (the name of the Greek letter A.) often
and an academy. Pop. 2909.                                    applied to the alluvial tracts enclosed between the bifurcatDELHI, a township of lHamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 1942.    ing branches of a river and their common recipient. Deltas
DELHI, a small village of Delaware co., Ohio, 32 miles  are called fluvial, lacustrine, Mediterranean, and Oceanic,
N.N.W. of Columbus.                                           according to the recipient of the streams which form  them.
DELHI, a township of Ingham co., Michigan.  Pop. 402.  They are simple deltas when the stream is divided into two
DELIHI, a post-village  of Jersey co., Illinois, 14 miles  branches only, and compound when intersected by other
N.N.W. of Alton.                                              branches. The principal deltas are those of the Nile, Ganges.
D.ELRI, a post-village, capital of Delaware co., Iowa, near  Niger, and Mississippi.  Deltic braezches of a river arme those
the Makloqueta River, about 40 miles W. of Dubuque.           which enclose a delta; and deltic islaords are those formed by
DELHI, a post-village of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, on  the aosa-deltic branches of a compound delta.
the right bank of Fox River, 80 miles N.E. of Madison.  It    DELcTA, a county of Michigan, forms the southern extrehas 3 stores, 2 mills, and 40 dwellings.                      mity of the upper peninsula, bordering on Lake Mlichigan
DELHII CENTRE. a post-office of Ingham co., Michigan.   and Green Bay, has an area estimated at 3500 squiare miles.
DELIA, a village of Sicily.  See DEGLIA.                    The Menomonee Iliver forms its boundary on the S.W., sepaDE;LIA LAKE, in the western part of Essex co., New York,  rating it from Wisconsin. It is drained by Ford and Whiteone of the sou-cesofthe Hudson Iiver. length, about 5 miles. fish  Rivers. The surficeis uneven, and mostly covered writh
DELI-BABA, dllee-b/bA'~,a village of Asiatic Turkey, 48  forests. The rocks which underilie this county arelimestone
miles E.S.E. of Erzroom.  It is inhlabited solely iby Arme- and sandstone. Namedprobably fiom its triangular shape.
nians. The only building of note is a large Turkish tomb,    DELTA, a post-village of Lee township, Oneida co., New
to which the village owes its name.                           York, 20 miles N.W. of Utica. It contains 1 or 2 churches,
DELICETO, d4-le-ch/to, a town of Naples, province of  and several stores and mills.
Capitacata. 3 miles S.E. of Bovino.  Pop. 3000. It has a    DELTA, a new post-village, capital of Conhoma co., Miscollegiate chuich, and various charitable establishments.     sissippi, on the Mississippi uiver, at the Yazoo Pass, 66 miles
DELIKLITASH/I. dhl-e-kle-tdshl, a town of Asiatic Turkey,  below Memphis. It contains, perhaps, 20 dwellings.
pashalic, and 25 miles S.S.W. of Seevas.                        DELTA, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio, about 30 miles
DELITZSCII, d'litsh, a town of Prussian Saxony, 19 miles  S.W. of Toledo.
555




DEL                                                            DEN
DELTA, a posttownship forming the north-eastern extre-    DEMONTE, dL-montA, a fortified town of the Sardinian
mirty of Eaton co., Michigan.  Pop. 242.                       States, in Piedmont, 15 miles S.W. of Coni, on the right
DELTA, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.                  bank of the Stura.  Pop. 6956. It has been repeatedly beDELTA, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois.  sieged, and was taken by the French and Spaniards in 1774.
DELITING, a parish of Shetland. island of Mainland, on         DEMOPIOLIS, a flourishing post-village of Mlarengo co.,
its N. coast. Pop. 2019, who mostly live by fishing.           Alabama, on the Tombigbee River, just below the mouth of
DELITON, a post-village of Deltona township, Sank co.,  the Black Warrior, 64 miles S.S.W. of Tuscaloosal.   It is s
Wisconsin, 50 nmiles N.N.W. of Madison, has 2 or 3 churches  place of considerable trade, and the principal depot for the
and about 40 dwellings.                                        cotton exported firom  the county, the capital and labor of
DELUWI, del'oo-eef, a village of Persia, province of Kho-  which is almost entirely devoted to the cultivation of that
rassan, 140 miles S. of Meshed.  Pop. 300, of the Arab race.  article. The salubrity of the air, the refined society, and
DELVINACHI-I,' dl-ve-nifkee, a village of European Tur-  the excelience of the schools, render this an attractive place
key, containing about 300 houses, 28 miles E. of Delvino.      of riesidence.  It contains 4 churches and a United States
DELVINO  or DELBINO, dlltve-no. a large village of Eu-  land office. Pop. about 1000.
ropean Turkey, in Albania, 47 miles W.N.W. of Yanina, on          DEM'ORESTIVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
a hill-slope covered with olive and orange plantations, for-  Prince Edward, 9 miles N.IV. of Picton, 12 miles fi om Bellemerly the residence of the pasha.                               ville, and 4 miles firom North Port. North Port is the landDEMNAK, dkmiltk, or DABMAK, diOmIkl, a town, district,  ing-place for Demnorestville. Pop. about 300.
and river on the N. coast of the island of Java, province of.  DEMOS, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
Samarang.  The town, 15 miles E.N.E. of Samarang, on the          DEMOTICA, de-motfi-ka, (anc. Dideysoticlios 2) a town of
river of the same name, is populous, and was formerly capi-  European Turkey, in Ioom-Eilee, on the Maritza, at the foot
tal of the kingodom of Dieminak.                               of a castle-crowned hill, 25 miles S. of Adrianople. Pop. 8000.
DEMAR, a town of Arabia. See DMAXR.                          It is well built, has several Greek churches, and schools. It
DEMARCAITION  POINT, a cape on. the Arctic coast of  was the residence of Charles XII. for a year after the battle
North America, in Lat. 690 451 N., Ion. 1410 W., marking the  of Poltisrn.
boundary between the British and Russian North American          DEMPISEYTOWN, a small post-village of Venango co.,
possessions.                                                   Pennsylvania.
DEMIAVEND, (dcm'i-v3nd/,) MOUNT, a volcanic niountain          DENAIN, deh-nIN.f-, a village of France, department of
of Persia, and the loftiest peak of the Elbroos  chain, between   Nord, a station on the railway from Abscon to Valenciennes,
the provinces Irak-Aljamee and Mazanderan, 40 miles N.E.  14 miles E. of Douai. Pop. in 1852, 8691. In 1712, Villars
of Teheran. It has an clevqtion of14,695 feet. Its shape is  gained a victory here over Prince Eugene.
conical, with a crater-shaped summit. It yields large quan-    DENANE, de-nain/, a village of Saline co., Illinois, 90 miles
titles of pumice-stone, and pure sulphur.  Around its base  S.S.E. of Vandclaliao.
are many hot springs; between it and Teheran is the small    DENB13IGH, dtnfbee, or DENBIGTISIIRE, dlnlbee-shir,
town of Demavend,                                              a maritime   county of North Wales, having N. the Irish Sea.
DEMBEA,A  d~mfbe-a, improperly pronounced dnm-beefa,  Area, 603 square miles, or 385,920 acres, of which about
written also DAMBEA,  or TZANA, a lake of Abyssinia, in  150,000 are estimated to be arable, the rest being mostly in
lat. 120 N., ]on. 370 1.5 E. Length, firom  N. to S., 60 miles;  pasture.  Pop. in 1851, 92e583. The surfatce is mostly rugaverage breadth. 25 miles. It contains several islands, the  ged and mountainous, but it contains the fertile valley of
largest named Dek, and its S. part is traversed by the Bahr-  Llangollen.  The principal rivers are the Clwyd, Dee. Conel-Azrek, or Blue Nile.                                        way, and Yalle-Crucis.   The Conway forms its V., and the
DEMBIA, dm/be-sa,  a  river of Western Africa, in Sierra  Dee most part of its E. boundary.  Wool is manufactured
Leone, supposed to rise in the mountainous district on the  into stockings, flannel, and coarse cloths by the rural popuS.E. of Sene-ambia, flows in a S.W. direction, and fails into  lation.  It has mines of coal, lead, iron, flint, and slate; in
the Atlantic at lat. 90 45/ N.                                 the Rhinabou hills are several iron-works, and a cannon
DEMISBLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             foundry. The IHolyhead lailway crosses the N. part of the
DEMED,  dkm'dt,  a village of the Algerian Sahara, 174  county. Exclusive of its boroughs, it sends 2 meemlbers tu
miles S. by E. of Algiers.  The houses, which are low and  the Hiouse of Commons.  The chief towns are Denbigh, Ruill constructed, are surrounded with gardens containing  thin, Wrexham, Llaurwvst, Abergely, lIolt, and lThuabon.
fruit-trees, pulse, and grapes of excellent quality.  Powder       ENBIGIH, a parliam entery and municipal borough, maris manufectured here. Pop. about 200.                          ket-town, and parish of North Wales co. of Denbigh, on an
DEMEIR, di'sImer,  a river of Belgium,  provinces of Lim-  affluent of the Clwyd, 5 miles S. of St. Asaph. Pop. of parish.
bourgand Sosthi B'rabant, joins the Dyle 60 miles S. of Lou-  in 1851, 3591; of the parliamentary borough, 5498. It stands
vain after ae W. course of 47 miles, for the last 18 of which it  on a steep acclivity, crowned by the ruins of its stately
is naviabsle.                                                  castle, and has many handsome antique houses, an old parDEMERARA,  dens-er-m'a,  written      also DBEMERARY, a  ishl church, an ancient chapel, two firee schools, a town-hall,
river of South America, in British Guiana, risesnear let. 50  assembly-room, literary society, and nearlket-house, with some
20' N., and after a N. course of perhaps 180 nmiles, enters the  manufactures of gloves and shoes. Quarter sessions are held
Atlantic Ocean near lat. 6~ 50' N. lon. 580 20' V., by an estu-  here.  The borough is a polling place for the county, and
ary, on the E. side of which stands Geor,"etown.               joins with Wrexham, Ruthin, and IHolt in seending one
DEMEiIAIIA, a populous district of British Guiana, inter-  member to the IHouse of Commons. The Eistedfflod. or trisected by the above river.  Pop. im 1851, 50,259.              ennial assembly of the Welsh bards, is sometimes held here.
DE/JERIIIE'IS FEPRlIY, a post oftc of Burke co., Georgia.  It gives the title of earl to the Fielding family.
DEMI.ANKA, dA-me-nllka, a river of Siberia, rises in Lake    DENBIGIISII.iE.  See DENBIGH.
Oogansko.  government of Tobolsk, flows E., and, after a    DENIBUIRY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
course of about 200 miles, joins the h'tish fromthe right.       DEN/BY, a parish Of England, co., and,7 miles N.N.E. of
DEMIANSK, dim-e-inskl, a town of Russia, government,  Derby.  Pop. 1338, partly employed in collierios.  Flmand 106 miles S.E. of Novgorod.  Pop. 1200.                    stead, the astronomer, was born here in 1646.
DEMIANSK, a village of Siberia  government, and 100    DENBY, a chapeh'y of England, co. of York, WVest Riding.
miles N.N.E. of Tobolsk.                                         DENCIItWORTII. a parish of England, co. of Perks.
DEM'IING. a post-office of Iameilton co., Indiana.             DENDER, dlntde-, a river of Belginum, provinces of HainDEMIR-IHISSAR, d-meer/-his'sarI  "Iron Castle," (anc.  ant and East Flaseders, after a N. course of 42 miles joins
T'erac!ela?) a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on  the Scheldt at Dendermonde. It is  navisable fcromn the
the Struma, 13 miles.N.'N.W. of Seres.  It stands at the f ot  Scheldt to Ath by the help of numeious sluices, and serves
of a hill, which is crowned with an old fort, wshence its  extensively for the conveyance of coal.
name. Pop. 8000.                                                 DENDER, din/der. a river of Nulbia, tributary to the Blue
DEM1TSIS, dl mish, wwritten  also ODEMIES, a commercial  Nile, which it joins 40 miles N. of Seneanr, after a NV.W.
town of Asia Mninor, in Anatolia, 50 miles E.S.E. of Smyrjna.  course of 250 miles.
DEI311N, d'm-meenl. a town of Prussia, province of Po-    DENDERAIH, dhn/der-ah, (anc. Tentyra,) a village of Upper
merania, 73 miles WV.N.V. of Stettin. at the mouth of the  Egypt, near the left bank of the Nile, opposite Keneh, ise      -
Tollense and the Trobel. Pop. 6140.  It has a superior  portant for its antiquities. and especially its grand temple,
school, manufactures of hats, woolsen cloths, linen, stock-  which is 220 feet in length by 50 in breadi:h, with a portico
ings, and leather, distilleries,e bseweries,  as b'si'. tOrade in  supported by 24columns.  In itis also a fimous zodiacalceilcorn, tobacco, timber, and g'loves. The exports of grain in  ing; its planisphere  was removed toParsis in 1822. See EsI'res.
1852 comprised 64-112 quarters, of which 50,420 were vlwheat;     DENDERM'IONDE,  den'der-msnlldeh,  DENDERMOND
It is very ancient, and celebrated for the numerous  sieges  denuder-mnstl. or TERMONIJE, trn-montdeh (Fr. pron. tSIit has sustained;  its fortifications were razed in 1 759.       ld?,) a fortified town of Belsun, proviurce     i o s  ManDEilOCCRACY, a post-office of Pike co., Kentucky.           doesm  capital of the arrondissenment, at the confluence of the
DEMOCTlACY, a post-office of Knox co. Ohio.                Dender and the Scheldt, and on the railway fiom  Mechlin
DEMSIt)CRAT, a post-ofiece, Buncombe co., North Carolina.   to Ostend, 16 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 8548. It hs a citadel
DE:MOClAT, a township in Carroll co., TIndiana. Pop. 681.  of the sixteenth century, a town-hall and hospital, lunatic
DEMOCRATl.  a post-office in Iroquois co., llinc;is.        and orphan asylums, several churches and convents. It has
DEM1ONESOI, Sea ofMarmora. See PnrNCES. ISLANDS.            manufactures of cotton yarn. lace, and woollens.
DEM'IONF, VAL, v'l dlt-motnn, ai old division in the N.E.   DENEKAIIP, d;n''-lkuempp, a plarish and village of the
of Sicily, now partly comprised in the province of Messina.  Netherlandsin Overyssel, Smiles N.E. of Oldenzaal. P.4068.
556




DEN                                                         DEN
DENIERDIS'TON. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        mar;ii and woods entirely of oaki are rarely met with. Birch
DEN/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.         occurs in single trees only.
DEN'GELEG /or GONOGILAG, a village of IHungary, co. of    Agriculture,    Cattle-Breediig., cEv.-Although not particnSzathmar, about 5 miles from Piskolt. Pop. 1320.             larly favored by nature, Denmark is yet pre-eminently an
DENMIME, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                agricultural country; but improvement islgreatly retarded
DEN1IAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 2 miles  by want of capital, and, in no small degree, by want of enN.EN.W. of Uxbridge.,It has a      lunatic asylum.         ergy and industry also, on the part of the cultivators of the
I)ENHALI, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk.         soil, by an extremely minute sudivision of property, by op-.
DENIJOLM, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, parish  pressive dues and services, and, lastly, by bad roads. Of
of Cavers, 5 miles E.N.E. of Itawick.  It is neatly built. It late years, however, considerable advances have been made
is the birth-place of Leyden, the poet.                      in agricultu-al skill and management, notwithstandin g    these
DENIA, diqne-l, (sun. Dialniun,) a maritime town of Spain, very serious impediments, particularly in HIolstein and Slesprovince, and 45 miles N.E. of Alicante, on theMediterranean.  wick. The kinds of grain most largely cultivated are barPop. 2980. It is enclosed by walls, and has a ruined castle,  oy, riye, wheat, and oats. Barley, the oldest cereal of the
and several hospitals. It has manufictures of woollen and  north, is grown chiefly in Seeland, and in some parts of Jutlinen cloths, and an export trade in fruits. The vessels en- land, and on the islands of Samsee and Bornholm.  It is
tering and sailing fi-om Denis asverage annually 400, tonnage  largely used in brewing  beer, the common beverage of the
47,000. This city was bombarded by the French in 1813, country, and is manufactured into flour and groats.  RJye,
when most of its fortifications and public buildings were  the principal product of the soil, is grown throughout the
demolished, and though since partially restored, it has never  whole peninsula, in Holstein and Lauenburg, and in the
recovered its former consequence. Its harbor is now mostly  islands of Punen and Seeland, and some of the islands on
cholked with sand.                                           the W. coast.  From  this grain the greater part of the
DEN/I0O, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carnarvon.        bread used in Depmark is made. Wheat is grown chiefly
DEN/IS (or ORIXA, o-ree'shl) ISLANDS, the north-east- on the marshes on the E. coasts of Sleswick and Holstein,
erinmost island of Seychelle Archipelago.  Lat. 30 49, S., lon. on the islands of Laaland and Langeland, and on large
550 44' E.                                                   estates in other quarters of the kingdomn.  Oats are raised
DENIZLI.  See DEIcIZLr..                                  in almost every part of the country, but the best are proDENKENDORF, d6nlilen-dorf', a market-town of WVir-  duced in Jutland. Large quantities of all these grains are
tembaig, circle of Neckar, on the Kersch, 3 nailes S. of Ess-  exported annually. Buckwheat is cultivated in Jutland,
lingen.  Pop. 1459. It has remains of a monastery.           in the central part of the duchies, and in the island of FiiDENMfARK, (Dan. Dane,,,7cark, dlneh-mainl;, Ger. Dnsee- nen. The quantity produced is sufficient for the demands
mark.s dt/neh-nmaak'; Fr. Danemearkc, dan'namsk/; It. DDane- of the country, but little remains for exportation.  The cularks-/ca, ds-nA-mua/lc; Sp. Disemarca, dle —minaRc/kA; L. rtivation of rapeseed, which has been found to be a profitDastoia,) Ki1xoNso   or, a state of North Europe, composed of able crop, has been greatly improved and extended of late
three parts: —1. The islands in the Baltic and Atlantic; years.  Potatoes, which were introduced  into Denmark
2. The peninsula of Jutland; 3. The duchies of Sleswick. early in the present century, are now very generally cultiHolstein, and Lauenburg.  The principal portion is situated  vrated, the annual produce being  estimated at 5,040,000
between lat. 530 22' 42' and 570 44' 52' N., and lon. 80 5' and tons. Red and white turnips are also grown, and various
120 37' E. The following exhibits the area and population  einds ofvegetables in considerable quantity; but horticulof the monarchy of Denmark, including its colonies:-         ture is, on the whole, still in a backward state, especially in
Jutland and Seeland.  It is otherwise, however, with herbage plants and grasses, which are now carefully cultivated.
Area in  Population.  ear.  Beans, peas, and  tares  are  also  extensively  produced
sqt.  miles.    ~ 
throughout the whole country, and form  an important artidle offood, little being left for.exportation.  Flax, hemp,
Denmark Proper..................  15,896    1,407,747   1850  hops, tobacco, madder, lavender, and  mustard-seed are
fDuecy of Sies-ic      -           0.........ea.....e,600  es3,000    18is0  grown, but not in sufficient quantities to supply the home
Holsteia.................   8,230  482.364   1850
Lauenburg...............    400     9,560          demand, the deliciency being imported firom other countries.
Laaeisearc -      ~~400      39,556    i 5"5
FarUe Islands......................  516    8,150   1851  The places most remarkable for the production of fruit are
Iceland............................    38,400   57,100   e1840  the islands of Funen and Alsen.   But cattle-breeding,
Greesst-5d.........................          8,      sea 1840  grazing, and the dairy engage the greatest share of the farW~est India Islands —Santa Cruz,I
Wes~dia Csissds-S   res, C  188      40.955   1811  mier's attention in Denmark;  28,000 oxen, 7000 cows, and
St. Thomas, and Sase Juaes....                                                D
Nicebar Islands....................  640    6,000          10,000 calves, besides immense quantities of pork  and
smolked or hung beef, being annually exported from  the
Tei ef issrcsy  -      Si.........   itesi         country.  A  great increase has of late years taklen place
also in dairy produce, particularly butteri, of which 45,584
It is bounded N. and W. by the North Sea, E. by the Catte-  tons are made annually. Of this quantity, 862-4 tons are
gat and the Baltic, and S. by the Elbe.  The coasts are  exported.  Nearly the half of the butter exported is progreatly indented, and the country is perfectly flat; in the N. duced in Iolstein; the remainder is supplied by Sleswick
sose parts of it are below the level of the sea, from the in- and Jutland.  Considerable quantities of cheese are also exvasions of which it is defensded by dykes. On the E. the  ported, chiefly from Holstein and Sleswick.  Private sociesurface rises into gentle elevations. The highest part of the  ties have lately been formed fos the improvement, or rather
peninsula is 500O feet, and of the islands 400 feet, above tihe  restolration, of the Danish horse, which had been rapidly
sea. Holstein and Lauenburg are the best watered districts. deteriorating.  About 10,000 are exported annually firom
Among  the islands, only Seeland and Funen have rivers,  the mainland, and about 1000 from the islands-the greater
the others being   watered by mere brooks.  Extensive  part firom IFunen.  Sheep-rearing is also on the decline in
marshes exist in all the valleys of the peninsula and the  Denmark, although considerablie improvement has of late
islands.  Next to the Elbe, whlich forms the southern  taken place in this hbranch of husbandry.  The rearing of
boundary  of the kingdom  for 80 miles, the Eider is the  hoss is much attended to; about 12,000 are annually exlargest and most important river. The largest lake is the  ported to IHamburg; while the export of lard amounts to
Arve, in Seeland.  The principal gulfs are the Lym-fiord    3087S tons, of which article Jutland  produces nearly as much
Ringkimbing-flord, Nissum-fiord, and the bays of Kalle  as the duchies. The rearing  of bees occupies a large share
and Fleasborg, on the continent; the Ise-fiord in Seeland, of attention, antd the production of honey and wax is rapidly
and Odense-fiord in Funen. Between the islands and the  increasing; of the latter, 88,000 pounds are now exported
peninsula of Denmark and Sweden, there are several pass-  annually, while formerly both honey and wax were importages called sounds, the chief of which are Ore Sund, (the  ed into the country.
Sound,) and the Great and Little Belts. The climate of    As Denmark has no mountains, except in Bornholm,
Denmark is humid and cloudy; but, notwithstanding its  where an inferior quality of coal is fousd, its mineral pronorthern position, it is, fimom the lowness of its level and  ducts are insiglnificant.  From  the absence of coal, metals,
the influence of the surroundin,  seas, much milder than  and water-power, fhere are no manufactures of importance
the countries  of Germany situated farther S. Mean tempe-  in Denmarkl.  Woollen cloths, linens, bonnets, and paper
rature of the yem-, 460 0 Fahr.; shortest day, 06  hours;  are manmufctured for home consumption.  The making of
longest day, 17t hours.  Storms are rare, and of short du-  paper has of late years been greatly improved and extended.
ravtion; average days of storm, 9; rain, 137; snow, 32. There are a considerable number of iron foundries in DenPrevailing winds, W. during spring and summer, and S.W.  mark, 12 of which are in Copenhagen; some of them very
in autumn and winter. Soil almost entirely alluvial, co- extensive establishments.  The government formerly provered with a vegetable mould well adapted for cultivation,  tected several branches of manufactures, but these are now
in Jutland and the duchies, and producing excellent pas-  confined to the porcelain-works at Copenhagen and the cloth
ftur-age in the marshy districts.  The proportion of culti-  factory at UsseriJd.  Carriages, musical instruments, tovated to marsh land is as two to one. Bew of the great fo- bacco, candles, both wax and tallow, and soap are among
rests with which the country was once covered now remain. the principal  manufectures of Denmarlk.  There are also a
The principal tree is the beech, constituting, perhaps, about  number of thriving sugar refineries in Jutland, Sleswick,
four-fifths of all the growing tinber; the rest consists chiefly  and Holstein. There are souen  brandy distilleries and exof elm and limno. Oak, thou-gh  once the most abundant lkind  tensive tanermeies, chiefly confined to the towns.  These
of tree, now forms but a small portion of the forests of Den- last have greatly multiplied within the last few years.
557




DEN                                                          DEN
Trade and Comntmerce.-The commerce of Denmark has  Eider, where it joins that river, and thus communicatee
greatly increased since the peace of i815. The principal ar-  with the North Sea. It is 10 feet deep, 100 feetbroad at the
tides of trade are corn and other grain, butter, tallow, lard,  surface, 44 feet at the bottom, and is about 18 miles long.
rapeseed, rapeseed-oil, potatoes, clover-seed, cattle, and  About 2500 vessels pass throug.h the canal annually, of
horses. The greater part of these are shipped from Altona.  whichone-halfare under foreign flags. The Steckenitz Canal,
The exports from  Iceland, Greenland, and the Fhriie Is-  one of the oldest in Europe, connects the Elbe with the
lanudls, consisting of eider-down, feathers, skins, dried fish,  Tirave, joining the former above Lauenburg, and the latter
and wool, are mostly shipped at Copenhagen.                    above Lubeck.  Its general breadth is about 17 yards, but
The annexed table exhibits the exports of gratin from   so shallow that it will not carry  vessels drawsing  more than
Denmark, for the years specified:-                            4 or 5 feet water, and so inadequately supplied with water,
that it is navigable only twice or thrice a week. The canal.........___~ -                  in Funen connects Odense with the sea, and that in SeeArticles.      1846.      1847.      1850.      1851.    land forms a communication between the lake Bavelse and
the Baltic.  There are two railsoads;   one on the mainland,
Wsheat, tons......    190,306    154,454    235,220    238,003  fi'rom  Altona to Kiel, with branches to Gliiclkstadt and
Rye,    ".293,042    215,076    303,5588    212,69   Rendsburig;  and one on the island of Seeland, fiom CopenB-aley,......  1,192,343    954,908   1,921,097   1,390,142  hagen to Roeskilde, to be continued to the Great Belt.
Oats,.......    28,696    429,765    527,004    378,138    People.  Lnrge,     c.-The population of Denmask is comPeas,......    170,095    137,255    140,014    119,545      o Ls ae,
Flour,......     30,600    29,338     21,044     21,200  posed chiefly of Danes, Germans, Frises, and Angles, and
some 70,000 Jews. The Danes occupy the islands. Jutland,
All sorts....   2,187,101   1,9582,554   3,164,072   2,387,475  and a small part of Sleswick. They still maintain their
ancient reputation of being bold and hardy seamen; the
The value of the commerce of 1852 was as follows: —Ex-  vast number of islands of which their kingdom  consists,
ports from Denmasrk  Proper, $7,509209; imports, $12,700,954:  and the numerous sea-arms intersecting its continent-al porexports from  Sleswick, $2.503,904; imports, $3,523,678: ex- tion, necessitating a certain amnount of acquaintasnce  with
ports fi-om Holstein, $5,043,599; imports, $4,372,141. Total seafa'ring life, facilitates and tends materially to Ieep up
exports, $15,140,112; imports, $20,596,573.                    the maritime spi'it.  The German population is settled in
After grain, the most important export is butter. The  Holstein, Lauenburg, and the greater part of Sleswick.
export of this article in 1830 amounted to 114,548 cwt.; in  The Fr1ises and Angles, two German tribes, inhabit the W.
1847 it had increased to 183,790 cwt., three-fourths of which  coast of Sleswick and the islands of the Gesrman Ocean.
was firom the duchies; of this, again, six-sevenths fell to  The Jews, who are of German descent, are confined to Cothe share of IIolstein.  In 1848 the export of butter from   penhagen, Altona, and a few other towns. The Danish lanDenmark proper amounted to 23,342 cwt. The exports of  guage, a mixed Scandinavian and Teutonic dialect, is spoken
cheese in 1847 amounted to 8770 cwt., of which 5112 were  by two-thirds of the inhabitants, being almost exclusively
from Ilolstein.  The trade in flesh and pork has more than  used in the islands and in Jutland; German is spoken by the
doubled in the last 26 years. In 1831, these amounted to  remaining third of the inhabitants, and over Sleswiclc. Hol7060 cwt. of flesh, and 18,150 of pork; in 1847, to 21,914 cwt. stein, and Lauenburg.  In some of the S. localities F'risian
of flesh, and 38,235 of po;k; in 1848, the exports from Den-  is spoken.
mark proper were 9993 cwt. of flesh, and 9398 of pork. The    Government, Laws, Rel'gioi, dc.-The government of
trade in wool was nearly stationary for many years previous  Denmark was originally an elective monarchy, the right of
to 1840, since which the increase has been very consider-  election being  vested in the three estates —the nobles, the
able; in 1847, the exports from Denmark proper alone were  clergy, and the commons. But taking advantage of popular
10,065 cwt.  The exports of skins and hides in 1840 were  discontents, the partisans of the crown, in 1660, succeeded
27,307 cwt., and in 1847, 14,723 cwt. The falling off in this  in making it hereditary; and in the following year an Act
branch is attributable to the establishment of new tanneries  of Sovereignty was obtained, conferring absolute power on
in the kingdom. The export of oil-cake averaged 101,237  the monarch.  This state of things continued till 1848,
cst. for 5 years up to 1840; the latter year it reached 170,000  when, on a sudden. almost the whole continent of Europe
cwt., and in 1847, 208,519 cwt.  The great bulk of this  was convullsed, and the Danish  constitution underwent
article is exported fromn the duchlies, Denmark proper fur- great modifications, and now belongs to the class of heredinishing one-twelfth. Almost the whole goes to England. tary constitutional monarchies.  Accocrding to a charter
The export of hemp and flax in 1845 amounted to 207,625  adopted by the king and diet, June 5, 1849, it is declared
pounds, and in 1847 to 21.5,674 pounds. In 1848, the export  that the executive power is in the king alone; the legislafrom  Denmark proper alone amounted to 234,106 pounds. tive. in the king and diet jointly. The person of thei king is
Brandy forms an important export, of which the greater  inviolable, but he rules by a responsible ministry.  He
portion goes to Hamburg. Considerable portions are like-  must be a member of the evangelical Lutheran church,
wise exported to Iceland, Greenland, and the Fiire Islands.  which is declared to be the religion -of the state. The diet
The wool goes almost wholly to Swveden, and is shipped  consists of the Landesthing and the Yolksthing —the forchiefly from Renders and Aarhuus from  the former in the  uer a kind of senate or upper house, and the latter a house
raw state, fromthe latterin yari. The skins are sent chiefly  of commons. To the Landesthing any male subject is elito Hambuig, the fisli to the ports of the Mediterranean, the  gible who is 41 years of age, does not labor under mental
oil to Germany, and the Iknitted woollen fabrics to IHolland. incapacity, and either pays two hundred iixdolhirs of dihect
The chief imports are iron, timber, coals, wine, salt, to- taxes, or enjoys a yearly income of twelve hundred rixbacco, coffee, tea, and sugar. The imports from  the West dollars.  To  the Volksthinu,  any male bouseholder, 25
India colonies, in 1844, included 1650 tons of sugar, and  years of age, is eligible, provided he does not laibor under
119,078 imperial gallons of rum, chiefly from  Santa Cruz. any incapacity which would deprive him  of the right of
The value of imports from  Great Britain and Ireland, in  voting.  This right is the same in regard both to the
1852, amounted to$10,945,000. The commerce of Denmark  Landesthing and the Yolksthing, and belongs to every
with the United States is smsel, employing, in 1852, but  householder who has reached his 30th year, who is niot in
4290 tons of shipping inwards, and 1083 outwards. The  the actual receipt of public charity, or who, if he has at any
value of imports was $115,652; of exports, only $16,611.  former time been in the receipt of it, has repaid the sesus
In 1844 there were 4184 vessels belonging to Denmark;  so received, and who does not labor under mental iucaspatonnage, 197,774.                                             city. The members of the Landesthing hold their seats for
Fisherlies. —The fisheries were formerly a more important  eiaht, and those of the Volksthing for three years. The
branch of national industry than now. Iss 1828, the cured  diets meet annually on the first Monday of October, proherrings exported amounted to above 126,000 tons; which, vided the king does not summon them  on an earlier day.
in 1845, had dwindled down to 7560 tons. The quantity  The duchies of Sleswick and IHolstein have reserved their
now taken hardly suffices for the consumption of the coun- own separate institutions and laws; and several districts
try. The principal fishing ground is between the mouth  and towns have their own peculiar provincial laws.  The
of the Schlei and the peninsula of Arnis; those of the Lym-  laws of Denmark are among the best in the world; they are
fiord, and N. parts of the E. coast. being now unimplortant. equitable, brief, and  explicit, and  their administration
Next to the herring, the turbot, torsk, and salmon are the  prompt and effective. Unlimited toleration is extended to
most abundant.  Fish ponds were at one time very general  every sect. The bishops are nominated by the crown. The
over the country, and were profitable, but are now chiefly  subordinate clergy amount in numsber to between 1500 and
confined to Holstein.  The seal fisheries of Denmark are  1600.
considerable, the principal station  being  the island  of    Education, Literature, Art, and Science.-Few countries,
Anholt.                                                       in proportion to their size, have done so much for oducaInternal Improvenments.-The roands  of Denmark ase in ge- tion, literature, and art, as Denmark.  At the head of the
neral bad; the best are in Seeland, Funen, and the duchies. educational institutions stand the University of CopenThe geographical position of the country, however, is favor- hagen. and the I-Hollberg Acadomy at Sorie. In the 64 proable for water communication, and in consequence large  vincial towns, are 20 schools, in which the learned lanexpenditures have been made in the construction of canals. guages are taught, and 130 town, free, and upper general
Of these, there are four, two on the mainland. and one in  schools, besides a number of private establishments; in the
each of the islands of Seeland and Funen. The Sleswick  country there are 2504 common schlools, or Volks-schulen,
R nd Holstein Canal is between Kiel Fiord,'at a point 3  and 5 normal schools, in which ptersons are quslified to bemiles N. of the town of that name, and RLendsburg, on the  come teachers. Denmark has the greeaiest number of pupils
55a




DEN                                                          DEN
In school, in proportion to the total population, of any  posing part of the Germanic Confederation  alleging that
country in the world. Among the eminent Danish writers  the duchies of Sleswick and HIolstein, which had hitherto
may be mentioned Oehlenschlliger, whose reputation as a  been regarded as important portions of the kingdom of Dendramatic writer stands high not only in Denmark, but also in  mark were "male fiefs," and did not admit of the succession
Germany; Ingemann, who haa had considerable success as  of "females."  On this plea, which had for its ultimate oba novelist; BaRgesen, who has written voluminously and  ject the separation of the duchies from  Denmark, by prewell, both in Danish and German; and Hans Christian  venting the former from descending along with the latter to
Andersen, whose delightful tales are well known in this  a queen, the powers above named invaded Denmark, and a
country through the medium of translations. In science, series of hostilities was the result, highly creditable to
Denmark early attained considerable eminence in the per-  Danish skill and prowess, though often of a very  sanson of Tycho Brahe, and still continues to maintain a high  guinary character. But, in July, 1849, a treaty of peace
reputation in various departments of scientific inquiry. In  was signed by the King of Prussia and the Germanic Conart, Thorswaldsen has given her a first place, and taken the  federation on the one part, and the King of Denmark on
most effectual as well as patriotic means of enabling her to  the other, swhich terminated the interference of the former
keep it, by the bequest of his works.                         in the quarrel. The duchies, however, continued the conArmy and NTravy.-The land force of Denmark, in time of  test on their own account, until defeated at the battle of
peace, consists of 25,000 men; in time of war it is increased  Idstet, fought on July 25, 1850, when they finally subto 75,169. The army is recruited by conscription.  The pc- mitred to the authority of their sovereign, the King  of
tied of service-is eight years, commencing with the 20th  Denmark. —        Adj.  DiiSH,  d tlnish;  (Dan. DAieSK, d'nsk;
year of the recruit's age, four years in the line, and four in  Ger. DWiscn, dianish;  Fr. DANwos. d,'nwVl; It. DASEe.  dithe reserve. After this period, they serve for other eight nt/sA; Sp. Div.'s sQ.u ES, de-ni,-man/tks,  or DzaNeS;) inhab.
years in the class called Festmannen, similar to the Prus- DANE, dain; (Dan. DANsc, dAnsk; Ger. DANE, dA'neh.)
sian Landwehr, and are subsequently enrolled in the re-   DENtMAIIK, a post-township of Oxford co., 3latse, 50
serve force, in which they remain till the termination of  miles S.W. of Aug usta. Pop. 1203.
their 45th year. The regular troops in the West India    DENMARK, a post-township of Lewis co., New York, on
colonies amount to about 300 men. The navy consists of  Black Diver, 66 miles N. by W. of Utica.
six ships of the line, of 84 guns each, and one of 66 guns;    DENMARK,       a ithriving post-village of Madison co., Tenseven frigates of 40 and 48 guns, four corvettes of 20 and 28  nessee, on the road fi'om Memphis to Jackson, 12 miles S.W.
guns, five brias, six steamers, and 91 other craft, in all 120  of the latter.  It has 5 stores.  Pop. about 200.
vessels, carrying 883 guns.                                     DENMARK, a pos ttownship ofAshtabuli co., Ohio. P. 2411
Fisnances.-The revenue of the  kingdom  of Denmark    DENMARK, a village of Iroquois  co., Illinois, 150 miles
amounted, in 1854, to $7,500,000, and the expenditure to  N.E. of Springfield.
$8.000.000.  Of the expenditures, $3,5000100  was for the    DENMARK, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, about 10 miles
civil list, $2,050,000 for war, $725,432 for the marine.  and  N. of the Mississippi River at lort Mn-disou.  Pop. about 150.
$3,25,4e48 for interest on the public debt, which at this date    DETNN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co., of Cavan.
(1854) amounted to $111,198,560.  The principal sources    DENNEWITZ,  dn/neh-slits l, a village of Prussia, in the
fieon  which the revenue is derived are the land-tax, and  province of Brandenburg, 3 miles SW.. of Jiiterbogk. It has
the customs and excise. Next to these are the woods and  an iron monument to commemorate the battle between the
forests, and other crown property, house-tax, lotteries, and  French and alies on the 06th of September, 1813.
tax upon rank and s-aeries.                                     DENINING,  a post-village and township of Ulster co,
Histery. —The three kisgdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and  New York, 70 nailes S.W. of Albany. Pop. 447.
Norway were originally called Scandinavia. At this remote    DEN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
period. Denmark was divided into a number of petty states,    DENINIS, a post-village and a township of Barnstable co.,
inhabited by a fierce and warike people, whose, principal  Massachusetts on the peninsula of Cape Cod, 84 miles (by
occupation was piracy. On the decline of the Romans, the  railroad) S.E. of loston, and 5 miles fieom the eastern teremiDanes, Swedes, and Norwegians, under the general name           nus of' the Cape Cod Railroad. The township extends enof Normans, began to make themselves known  to  and  tliely across the peninsula,  which is here about 8 miles
dreaded by the more southerns nations, whose territories  wide. It contains 6 clhurches, numerous stores, a bank,
they invaded and plundered. In 832, they landed in Eng- (just chartered,) and two marine insurance companies.
land, and thiere established two kingdoms. Two centuries  The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in commerce. About
afterwards, Canute, King of Denmark, completed the con-  250 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 35,000 tons, are
quest ofEngland. and subdued a pa.rt ofScotland.  He also  employed in the coast trade; and, in 1853, 48 vessels (3160
introduced the Christian religion into his dominions, and  tons) were engaged in the mackerel fishery. The mackerel
thus effected a great change in the general character of his  inspected in 1852 was 10,290' barrels.  Besides the above,
people. Canute died in 1036, leaving a powerfol kingdom   there are 10 or 12 ships (owned here wholly or in part) erato his successors. After the extinction of the princes of the  ployedi in the freighting business.  Some shipbuilding is
amily of Skiold, the Danes elected Christian I., Count of  carried on. Bass River, navigable for two miles, separates
Oldenburg, in 1448. This Christian was the founder of the  Dennis from Yarmouth, and is crossed by two tollibridges.
royal Danish family, which has ever since kept possession  The property  valuation of 184s0  was $123,729;  in 1810,
of the throne, and from  which, in mniodern times, Russia,  $7908,934; and in 1854, it is estimated at over $1,000,000.
Swveden, and Oldenburg, have received their rulers.  Ile  The vill:age of Dennis, in the northwestern part of the townconnected  Norway, Sieswick, and  IIolstein, with  the  ship, where the first settlement was made, contains a postcrown of Denmark. In 1726, Denmark united with the  office, a Unitarian, and a Methodist church. Pop. 3257.
crown the county of Rantzau; in 1761, iolstein-Plin; and    DENNIS, a post-township of Cape May co., New Jersey,
in 1773, HolsteinGottorp.  In return for the latter, by a  8 miles N. of the Court-house.  Pop. 1604.`treaty wvith Russia, it ceded the counties of Oldenburg  and    DENNIS' CREEK, in the western part of Cape Mlay co.,
Delmenhorst, wvhich was acquired in 1667. Denmnark. siding  New Jersey, flows into the Delaware Bay.
with Napoleon during the Continental War, had her capital    DENNIS' CREEK, a village of New Jersey.  See DENNiwsbombarded by the British in 1807, and her territory ocru- VIL:.
pied after the battle of Leapsic, in 1813, by the Northern    DENNIS' MILLS, a post-office of St. Helena parish, Lonipowers, who were united against France.  She concluded a  siana.
peace with England and Sweden, January 14,. 1814, at    DEN/NISON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on
Kiel  entered into an alliance against France, and contri-  the Lehigh River, 15 miles S. of Wilkesbarre.  Pop. 1517.
buted a body of troops to the allied forces. She was obliged    DEN/NISVILLE, or DENNIS' CREEK, afiourishing postto cede IHeligoland to Great Britian, (receiving in exchange  village of Dennis township, Cape Mlay co., New Jersey, is
the West India Islands,) and Norway to Sweden, (for which  situated on both sides of a creek of its own name, 7 miles
she was compensated by Swedish Pomerania and Riigen.)  N. of Cape May Court-house.  It has two churches, and soA peace was concluded witsh Russia in February, 1814. veroal stores.  Around this village is an extensive deposit of
January 14, 1815, Denmark ceded Swedish Pomerania and  sound cedar tiUmber in the soil. Ship-building and trade in
Rii-en to Prussia, and received for them  Lauenburg   and a  lumber are carried on to some extent.  Pop. about COO.
pcucniary compensation. June 8, 1815, the king entered into    DENNISVILLE, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia.
the Germani Confederacy with Holstein and Lauenburg, and    DEN/NY, a thriving village and parish of Scotland, co., and
received in it the tenth place, and three votes in the general 7 miles S.E. of Stirling.  Pop. about 2000.
assembly, (the plenum;) after which, by the appointment    DEN/NY. a post-office of Warren co., Illinois.
of a dece.viral commission, preliminary measures were    DEN/NYSVILLE, a post-township of Washington  cc,
talken to introduce a representative government into Hol- Maine, 135 miles E. by N. of Augusta. I op. 458.
stein. In March, 1848, the duchies of Sleswick and Itol-    DENOON, deh-noon,' a pestvillage of Waukesha co.. Wisstein revolted from Denmark, ostensibly in consequence of  consin, on the Millwaukee and Rochester Plank-road, 80
its having been proposed in a new constitution submitted  miles E.S.E. of Madison.  It has a church. Pop. about 100.
by tihe king, dated January 28, 1848, that the representa-    DEN/SONTOWN, apost-office of Rankin co., Mississippi.
tires of the duchies should act with the representatives of    DENT, a village and chapelry of England, co. of York,
Denmark, the people, mostly German in their language and  West Riding, on a small stream of the same name, 3 miles
predilections, being desirous rather of joining the new Ger-  from Jedburglh.  Time village is large, has a chapel, many
man Empire; but the real question at issue was one of suc-  antlique houses, and is a polling-place for the West Riding.
cession, the King of Prussia and several of the powers com-  The secluded valley of Dentdale is singularly picturesque.
559




DEN                                                           DER
DENT, a new county in the S.E. central part of Missouri. or Fox River. 6 miles from  its mouth and 110 miles N. of
It is drained by the sources of the Maramec River, and  Mihwanleee.  It is at the head of lake and at the foot of river
by small affluents of the Current River. The surhface is di-  navigation,  and has abundant water-power.  The river is
versified by hills and valleys.  The soil in some parts is for- crossed by a drawbridge 2500 feet long. De Pore contains 2
tile. The county is not included in the census of 1850, or 3 churches, 10 stores, and 7 mills. Pop. in1853, about 1200.
having been recently formed o-Lt of the northern part of    DE [EYSTER, d pilster, (ISLANDS,) a group of about
Shannon county. It was named in honor of Frederick Dent, seventeen islands in the South Pacific Ocean; let. S8 4' S.,
an early and highly respected citizen of Missouri.            ion. 178S  291 E. One of them  is of considerable size, the
DENT, a post-office of Hamilton co.. Ohio.                  others are small and low.
DENTA GYENTA, dinftoWh dy~nftth', a market town of    DEPEYSTER, de-pil/ster, a post-village and township of
Hungary, 28 miles S. of Temesvar, on the Bezava. Pop. 5110. St. Lawrence co., Newv York, on the Oswegatchie River, 10
DENT-DU-1MIDI, dNG/dii-mee'deel, a mountain of the  miles S.E. of Ogdensburg.  Pop. 906.
Alps, on the frontiers of Valais and Savoy, 10,771 feet in    DEPOS/IT, a thriving post-village of Delaware co., New
elevation. It was ascended for the first time in 1781.         York, on the Coquago River, where it is crossed by the
DENTILA, d~n-tee!lh,  a state of Western Africna, Seno-  New York and Erie Railroad, 177 miles fionm  Newv  York
gambia, between the rivers Ganbin and Fal~m., about let. City. There are extensive tanneries in the vicinity.  Pop.
130 N., Ion. 120 W.  Its surface is elevated.                  about 1400. It corntains several churches and an academy,
DENITON, a perish of England, co. of Huntingdon.             and freight houses of the railroad company.
DENTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                      DEPTFORD, dld/ford, a parliamentary borough and naval
DENTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 4 miles  port of England,  in the counties of Kent and Surrey, on
S.W. of Grantham. A Roman tesselated pavement has been  the Thames, where it is joined by the ravensbourne, and
discovered here.                                               on the London and Greenwich Railway, contiguous to
DENTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.                Greenwich, and 3 miles S.E. of London Bridge.  Pop. 27,876.
DENTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.            It is irregularly and in most parts meanly built. Its chief
DENTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                  buildings are the parish churches, a well endowed charity
DENTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.             school, 2 large ancient hospitals for decayed pilots and shipDENTON, a torwnship of England, co. of York, West  masters and their wvidows, belonging to the Trinity IHouse,
Riding, on the Wharfe.  Here is the beautiful seat of Sir C. and an extensive naval arsenal, victualling-offic, and dockIbberston, Bart.                                               yards, established here by Henry YIII.,  and occupying an
DENITON, a county in the northern part of Texas, lhas  area of 31 acres.  This, with large private yards iboi shipan area of 960 square miles. It is intersected by the Elm   building, mostly employs the population.   The borough
Fork of Trinity, and also drained by the Denton Fork of   created by the Reform Act)jons with Creenwich,lWoolwich,
that river, and by IHickory Creek. The county is partly oc-  kc., in sending two members to the House of Cousmons.
cupied by extensive forests, called the Cross Timnbrs, and    DEPTFORD, dltt'ford, a tovwnship of Gloucester co., New
contains fertile prairies.  Capital, Alton.  Pop. 641, of whom   Jersey, on the Delaware River.  Contains Woodbury, the
631 were firee, and 10 slaves.                                co. seat.  Pop. 3335.
DENTON, a post-village, capital of Caroline co., Miaryland,    DEPUCH (de-put?) ISLAND, off the N.W. coast of Australia,
on the E. bank of Choptank River, 65 miles E. of Annapolis.  in lat. 200 37/ 451 S. ion. 1170 44 E., 8 miles in circunmfrence,
DENTON, a post-office of Newton co., Arkansas.              composed of a vast collection of greenstone rocks rising to 514
DENTON CREEK, a post-office of Denton co., Texas.           feet above the sea,  and forming a remarkable contrast to
DENTON, EAST, a township of England, co. of North-  the adjacent low mainland. Here have been found some
umberland.                                                     curious native sculptures.
DENTON FORK, of Trinity River, Texas, rises in Cook    DERA, a town of Palestine.  See DPRAA.
co., and, flowing S.E., unites with Elm Fork, in Dallas co.      DERABUND, dir'a-btnd1, or DRABUND, dr['b-mndl, a
DEN/TON, NETHIER, a parish of England, co. of Cui-  town 30 miles S.W. of Dera Ismael Khan, and a rendezvous
borland.                                                       for Lohanee caravans. Pop. about 1000.
DENITONSVILLE, a village of Hanover co., Virginia, 22    DERA DEEN PUNAHI, drla deen poolnlt. a town of Afmiles N. of Richmond.                                         ghanistan, 40 miles N.N.W. of Mooltan, and nearly opposite
D'ENTRECASTEAUX  (dONt'krfks'tO) CHIANNEIL, Van  a village of the same name, on the eastern bank of the Indus.
Diemen's Land, in lat. 430 25' S., and hon. 1470 15' E., sepa-   DERA FATI  aHAN, dlr/a fltee kUn, a town of Afghanisrates Bruny Island from the mainland.  Length, from  N. to  tan, 15 miles N.W. of Leli. Pop. 5000, who trade in cotton,
S., 35 miles; breadth varies from 3 to 9 miles. At its north- grain, indigo, sugar, and opium.
ern end it opens into the estuary of the Derwvent River, and    DERA GIIAZEE KIIAN, dlr/ra-gA'zee/kln, a considerable
that of thee Iuon joins it from the                            tw. tomn of Afglhanistan, 4 miles fiom  the right bank of the
D'ENTRECASTEAUX ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean;  Indus, and 65 miles N.W. of Bhawlpoor; let. 300 5' N., Ion.
lat. 100 S., Ion. 1510 E.                                      700 52' E. Pop. 25,000. It stands at the junction of several
D'ENTRECASTEAUX  POINT, in  Western  Australia;  great routes, and has a bazaar, reported to contain If00
lat. 340 52' 30" S., eon. 1160 E.                              shops, with manuifactures of silks, cottons, scarfs, and cutDENIVER, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.                lery to about 20,0001. annually, an active transit trade and
DENIVILLE; a post-office of Morris co., New Jersey.          extensive commerce.
DENZLINGEN, dluts/ling-en, a village of Baden, in the    DEIRAIA, a town of Arabia.  See DERAYvE. EL.
circle of Upper Rhine, 4 miles S. of Emmeudingen.  It    DERAISMIAEEL(or ISMAIL)KIIAN, dlr/lishs'mlee-l /kln,
sometimes takes the name of LaiNGEcNDELINGcEN (Long Denz-  a town of Afghanistan, near the western bank of the Indus,
lingen.) Pop. 1461.                                            17 miles N.N.W. ofBukkur; lat. 310 50' N., lon. 700 58' E. Pop
DE'OBUND/, a town of British India, in the presidency  8000. It has extensive manufactories of white cotton cloth.
of Bengal, upper provinces, 21 miles S.S.E. of Salhartnpoor.    DERAYETH  EL  I1 dn-rilbh, written also DERAIA, DEDEOGHUR, dee'o-gtrl, a town of India, in the Beracr domi-  RAYE, and DERRAYEHI, a town of Arabia, formerly capital
nions, capital of a district, 56 miles N.W. of Nagpoor.        of the country of the WXahabees, is situated neacly in the
DE'OGHURI, a town of India, in Bundelcund, 29 miles  centre of Nedjed; lat. 250. 15' N., Ion. 460 30' E. Pop.
N.N.E. of Dittcah.                                             15,000. It consists of five separately fortified quarters:  and
DEOGHUR  BAIDYANATH, dee'o-gfrr! bide-,lmo t'h/,  a  had formerly nearly 30 mosques, and as many colleges,
celebrated place of IIindoo pilgrimage, in the presidency and  besides bazaars; but, in 1819, it was nearly ruined by the
province of Bengal, district of Beerbhloom, 106 miles N.WX. of  troops of Ibrahim Pasha, after a siege of seven months.
lIoorshedabad, with a temple.                                    DER/BE, an ancient city of Asia Minor, probably the mo-'
DEOGIIUR WARA, dee'o-gtirfw?/rI, a village of India, 5  dern village of Devli, 28 miles N.E. of Karaman.
miles S.E. of Indore.                                            DERBEND, der'blndl or DERBENT, d0r'bent, i. e. the
DEOILA, a fortified town of Hindostan, 55 miles S.E.  " closed gates," (anc. Albane?) a fortified maritinme town of
of Odeypoor.                                                   Russia, capital of the provinee of Daghestan, on the Caspian
D0OLS, d6'oll, or BOURG-DIEU, bood e-uhf, (anc..Dol- Sea, 135 miles NW.W. of Bakoo. Pop, 12,000 Mohammedans,
hoe,?) a town of France, in the department of Indre, 15c with a few Armenians and Jews. It is situated at the foot
miles N.N.E. of Chiteauroux, on a kind of peninsula formed  of a mountain at the entrance of a defile in the Caucasus,
by the Indre and Angolin.  Pop. 2180.                          called by the ancients the "Albanian Gates," and formerly
DEONA.  See CrEseER..                                        shut in on the N. by an iron gate. The town is enclosed by
DEOPI-IAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              two walls of singular masonry, 8 feet thick, and 26 feet high,
DEOTSUIH, dee'ot-soot, an elevated table land of Little  probably 1500 years old; and seven gates lead to the difThibet, S. of the Valley of Iskardo.  It is about 30 miles  ferent quarters.  The streets are straight and regular,
long and 15 broad, and is 12,000 feet above the level of  but narrow.  The upper city, which is separaited by a wall,
the sea. Lat. 340 30' N., lod. 750 20' 1.                      forms the citadel, and is still in repair.  Derbend has no
DEPAUIVILLE, de-p5'vill, a post-village of lefferson co., proper harbor; ships cannot come near it, and consequently
New York, on Chaumgnt River, 178 nriles N.W. of Albany.  there are many shipwrecks.  It was taken by Russia from
It has several stores and mills.                              Persia in 1795.               -
DEPIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.                  DERBY, der/bee or dartbee, (the latter pronunciation was
DEPEDELEN. See TEPELENI.                                    once universal,) or DERBYSHIRE, der/be-shir, an inland
DEPERE, de-pair,or de-pe er- a post-townssip and village, and central county of England, having N. the county of
capital of Brown co., Wisconsin, on both sides of the Neenah   York, E. Notts, S. Leicestelr, Warwick, and Stafford, and WV
560




DPER                                                       DER
Stafford and Cheshire.. Area 669,180 acres, of which about for its gardens and orchards, is remarkably well built and
510,000 are in pasture, or arable. Pop. in 1851, 296,084.  clean. It has a very ancient cruciform  church, formerly
In the N.W. is the S. termination of the Penine chain of  part of a convent, founded about A.D. 750, and containing' a
mountains, highest elevation from 1700 to 1809 feet, corn- rich antique font, and a monument to the poet Cowper; who
posed of limestone, and abounding in romantic hill and dale  was buried there in 1800.
scenery, caverns, and other natural curiosities, (see PeAK;)    DERE/ItAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
elsewhere level or gently undulating.  Principal rivers, the    DERENBURG, dsi/ren-bdORG', a town of Prussian Saxony,
Trent, Derwent, Dove, and Wye. Collieries and iron works are  in Magdeburg, 7 miles W.S.W. of IIalberstadt.  Pop. 2400.
numerous  in the N.E., and valuable lead mines in the Peak  It is enclosed by walls, and has an ancient castle, paper and
districts, where marble and various kinds of spar are also oh- oil mills.
tained. Canals are flumerous, and branches of the Midland    DEtRENDAII, dlr/Zn-da', a town  and  fort of Asiatic
railway intersect the county throughout. Derbyshire sends 2  Turkey, pashalic, and 65 nfiles S.E. of Seevas.  The town
members to the House of Commons for each of its two parlia- stands on a platform of the rock, on the summit of which
mentary divisions, (N. and S.,) and 2 for its county town.   the castle is situated, 300 feet above the river bed.
DERlBY, a parliamentary and municipal borough and    DERETSCI-IN, da~-rt/chin or d.i-rkt-chin', a market-town
manufacturing town of England, capital of the county, on  of Rtussian Poland, government, and 53 miles S.E. of Grodno.
the Derwent, at the head of its navigation, and on Markeaton  Pop. 1500.
Brook, both here crossed by handsome bridges, also at the    DERG, LOUGH, 15H d~rg, Ireland, is the longest and most
junction of the principal branches of the Midland Railway, picturesque of the expansions of the Shannon, and separates
35 miles N.N.E. of Birmingham, and 151 miles W.S.W. of  Munster (co. of Tipperary) from Connaught, (co. of Galway.)
Nottingham. Pop. in 1851, 40,609. The streets are clean  Shape serpentine; length from N. to S. 24 miles; breadth
and well paved, and lighted; the older, crooked and narrow, varies from 2 to 6 miles. Area, 29.570 acres.
the newer, well built; and it has a spacious market-place, in    DERG, LOUGH, a lake of Ireland, Ulster, at the S.E. exwhich are a covered market and a large assembly-room. The  tremity of the co. of Donegal, about 9 miles in circumference,
other principal edifices are a fine Grecian structure, containa- and containing the fimnous islet called St. Patrick's Purgaing the Post-office, Derbyshire Bank, a hotel, and public  tory, which is visited annually by 15,000 devotees.
rooms, a museum, All-hallows' Church, with fine tower and    DERIABI, dlr'ee-W/bee, one of the Kartan Islands, on the
monuments, an elegant Roman Catholic church, many new  S.E. coast of Arabia, at the entrance of the Bay of Curia
chapels of ease and dissenting chapels, almshouses built by  Muria; lat. 170 35' N., ion. 550 55/ E.
the Duke of Devonshire, the Infirmary, county and town    DERJICKSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office cf Worcester
halls, and an excellent jail. The Free School, founded in the  co., Maryland.
time of Henry II., is considered one of the most ancient in    DERM1BACIH, dlam/bax, a town of Saxe Weimar, near the
England. Among numerous public institutions are; philo- Pulda, 60 miles S.W. of Weimar. It has a castle and sayings
sophical society, town and county library, mechanics' insti- bank, and has several mills. Pop. 1080.
tute, and various charitable asylums. Adjacent to the town    DERNE, DEB LNEII, der/nlh, or DERINA, (ane. Daerfnis,) a
are public grounds possessing much beauty. DerbJy is favor- seaport town of Northern Afirica, Tripoli dominions, 140
ably situated for manufactures and trade, standing at the S. miles N.E. Bengazi. It is regularly but meanly built. It
extremity of a large coal-field, and communicating by canals  was one of the cities of Pentapolis. Pop. 6000.
and railsays with a large part of England. It is a principal    DERNIS, dsa/nees', a village of Dalmatia, 50 miles S.E. of
seat for manufactures of silk twist and hosiery; and in 1839  Zara, on the Cicola. Pop. 1010. It was formerly fortified,
it had 17 silk-mills, employing about 3000 hands.  Silk  and had the rank of a town, with a population of from 10,000
ribands, cotton fabrics, hosiery, lace, porcelain of great  to 15.000.
beauty and elegance, fluor-spar and marble ornaments, are    DERNYE, dinnlyUt, a town of Austria, Croatia, on the
also made in large quantities: and it has many rolling- Drave, over which there is here a ferry, about 4 miles from
mills, foundries, and other metallic works, soap factories,  Neudorf. Pop. 1699.
tanneries, bleachinsg-grounds, corn-mills, andmalting-houses.   DEROCHE, de-rtshf, a post-office, Hot Spring c., Arkansas.
Wages are stated to be generally higher and steadier than    DERPT, a town of Russia.  See DonPAr.
in most other large manufacturing towns; yet this town    DERR, DEIIR or DEER, din or daiR, a town of Eastern
was the centre of the great strike of operatives in 1833-34. Afica, capital of Nubia, on the S.E. bank of the Nile. Lat.
It sends 2 members to the House of Commons. It gives the  220 44t N., lon. 320 15' E. It is stated to be increasing in
title of earl to the Stanley family. The town was called  trade and importance, and is the residence of a native NubiNorthworthige by the Saxons, and Deoraby by the Danes, an kashef under the Egyptian pasha. It is celebrated for its
and is supposed to have been the Roman station of Deryen/-  ancient temple.
tiF. It is the birth-place of Linacre, the founder of the    DER'RALOSSORY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of
royal college ofphysicians, Dr. Darwin, the antiquary Hutton, Wicklow.
and the novelist Richardson.                                  DERRAYEIHI, a town of Arabia. See DEnAYEH, EL.
DER/BY, a post-village and township of Orleans co., Ver-    DERR/TOWN, Pennsylvania. See LEwisBuno.
mront, on Lake Memphremagog, 50 miles N.N.E. of Mout-   DERtRY, a rivulet of Ireland, falling into the Slaney, 1I
pelier. The village contains several churches and an aca- miles below Clonegall.
demy. Pop. 1750.                                              DERRY, a co. and city of Ireland. See LoNDONDERR.Y.
DERBY, a post-village and township of New Haven co.,   DEEPRY, a post-village and township of Rockingham co.,
Connecticut, at the junction of the Naugatuck River with  New  Ianmpshire, on the Manchester and Lawrence Railthe Housatonic, 10 miles W. by N. of New Haven. Derby  road, 25 miles S.E. of Concord.  The village, pleasantly
village, situated on the E. side of the Housatonic River and  situated on Beaver River, contains several churches and a
on the Naugatuck Railroad, is a flourishing place, with some  bank. Pop. 1850.
manufactures and about 1000 inhabitants. It has steamboat    DERRY, a small village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
communication with New York, and is connected by a sub-   DERRY, a township, Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. P. 1649.
stantial bridge with Birmingham, which occupies the tongue    DERRY, a township, Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1342.
of land formed by the union of the Naugatuck and Housa-   DERRY, a township, Montour co., Pennsylvania. P. 853.
tonic. Pop. of the township, in 1850, 3824.                   DERRY, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania.
DERBY, a post-village of Perry co., Indiana, on the Ohio  Pop. 4152.
River, 90 miles below Louisville, Kentucky. Pop. about 100.   DERRYAGIIY, dr're-a-Hee', a parish of Ireland, Ulster,
DERBY CENTRE, a post-village in Derby township, Orange  co. of Antrim.
co., Vermont, on the Passumpsic River Railroad, 53 miles    DERRYHIIEIGHIAN, dr-re-heHan, a parish of Ireland, co.
N. by W. of St. Johnsburg. It has 3 churches, 6 stores, a  of Antrim.
flourishing academy, and 500 inhabitants.                     DERRYLORAN, a parish ofIreland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone.
DERBY HAVEN, a maritime village of England, Isle of    DER RYNOSE1, or MADDEN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster,
Man, 2 miles N.E. of Castleton, with a good safe harbor.    co. of Armagh.
DERBY LINE, a post-village in Derby township, Orleans   DERRYYULfLEN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Ferco., Vermont, on the boundary between the United States  managh, comprising Lowtherstown, (which see.)
and Canada, and on the Passumpsic River Railroad, 57    DERSINGIHAM, ~derlsing-.m, a parish of England, co. of
miles N. by W. of St. Johnsburg. It has a church, a bank,  Norfolk.
2 hotels, and 5 or 6 stores. A fine stream of water flows   DERTINGEN, dhlting-en, a market-town ofWTiirtemburg,
past the village, affording motive power for several mills.    circle of Neckar, 4 miles N. of Maulbronn. Pop. 1800.
DERBYSHIRE, a county of England.  See DEnBY.                DERTINGOEN, a market-town of Germany, in Baden, cirDERBY, WEST, is a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. cldo of Lower Rhine, 6 miles E. of Wertheimn. Pop. 950.
included in the borough of Liverpool.                         DERTINGEN, (OIBER and UNTER, 56n/ter,) two-contiguDERECSKE, dWraichlkil, a village of Eastern HIungary, ous villages ofWiirtemburg, not far from Biberach. P. 618.
co. of Bihar, 12 miles S. of Debreczin. Pop. 5320. In its    DERTONA. See ToRTONA.
vicinity are5 salt lakes, and a small pearl-fishery.         DERTOSA. See ToRTosA.
DERE/HAM!, EAST, or MARKET-DEREHAM, a market-    DE RUYTER, de ri/ter, a post-village and township of Matown and parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 16 miles W.N.W.  dison co., New York, 22 miles W. of Albany. It contains
of Norwich, and 10 miles N.N.W. of Wymondham, where it  the De Ruyter Institute. Pop. 1931.
sommunicates by a branch with the East Counties Railway.    DERIVAL or DARIVAL, a manufacturing village of Scot
Pop. in 1851, 4385. The town. situated in a district noted  land, co. of Ayr, on Irvine Water, 9 miles E. of Kilmarnock.
2L                                                                             561




DERVENICH, d3alvA-nkik', an islet in the Adriatic Sea,    DESERTAS, LAS, lMs d.,-sh/t s,  a group of islets in theo
near the coast of'Dalmatia, 12 miles S.W. of Trau.            Atlantic Ocean, S.E. of Madeira: the largest is 6 miles long,
DERWVOCK, a neat village of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Antrim,  and. a mile broad. It supports many cattle.  They are
4 miles N.N.E. of Ballymoney. Pop. 545.                       visited by shepherds froom MadCira.
DERWEN,  a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.             DESERTCEEIIGHT d6zrert-kraitt,     a parish of Ireland, co.
DERWENT, der/went, a river of England, co. of Derby, of Tyrone.
rises in the High Peak, near the N. extremity of the county,   DES'EIRTLYNt\, a parish of Ireland, co. of Londonderry.
and joins the Trent on the border of Leicestershire. Length    DES'ERTMAR/TIN, aparish of Irelandco.of Londonderry.
nearly 50 miles. Its upper vale is strikingly picturesque.      DESERTOI1HILL, dqz'ert-toil/,  a parish of Ireland, co. of
DERWENT, a river of England, co. of York', East liding,  Londonderry.
a large part of which it drains, rises in the Wolds, and, after    DESIERTSERIGES, a parish of Ireland, in co. of Cork.
a S. course, joins the Ouse at Barmby, whence it is navigable    DES5FOFID, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
to Malton.  Total length about 60 miles.                         DESFUL or DESFOUL.  See Der0ooL.
DERWENT, a river of England, co. of Cumberland, rises    DESHA, de-sh., acounty in the S.E. part of Arkansas, bocin the district of Borrowdale, and, after forming the cataract  dering on the Mississippi River, contains 869 square miles.
of Lodore, flows N. through the lakes of Derwent-water and  It is intersected by the Arkansas and White Rivers, and by
Bassenthwaite-water, and thence WI.S.W. past Cockermouth  Bartholomew  Bayou.  The surface is an alluvial phld.n,
to the Irish Sea, which it enters at Workington. Its banks  partly subject to inundation by the large rivers which
abound with fine scenery, especially where it expands into  meet on its E. border.  The soil and climate are adapted to
the celebrated lake of Derwent-water.                          the production of cotton and nmaize.  Capital, Napoleon.
DERfWENT, one of the principal rivers of Van Diemen's  Pop. 2911, of whom 1742 were free, and 1169 slaves.
Land, rises from Lake St. Clare. in the centre of the island,    D'ESCIIAMBAULT, doshlba-b5!, a post-village of Canada
flows very tortuously S.E. fthrouglh the district of New  East, co. of Portneuf, on the river St. Lawrence. 39 miles
Norfolk, and, between Pichmond and IIobart-Town, enters  S.S:E. of Quebec.
Storm Bay by an estuary 4 miles across. IHobart-Town and    DESIIIKIN, DESCHIKIN,. or DECHKIN, dish-kin  or!New Norfolk are on its banks.                                 dish-keen/, a town of Russia, government, and 30 miles
DERWENT-WATER,  or KESTWICK LAKE. a celebrated  N.N.E. of Orel, on the Oka. Pop. 2000. It has a harbor and
and picturesque lake of England, co. of Cumberl:md, stretches  salt magazines.
S. firom Keswick, for 4 miles, to Borrowdale, and is near the    DESEITI PYAZ, d7shttee piOzh, a large village of Persia,
middle 17 Niles across. Its banks are rocky and abrupt; in  in IKhorassan, 150 miles S. of Meshed, surrounded by one
it are several richly wooded islands. and a remarkable mass continued garden of mulberry and filuit-trees.
of soft land, which sometimes partly floats on its surface.    DESITIA, dlh-seelmI, an artificial island of Japan, immeIt is an enlargement of the Derwent River.                     diately opposite the city of Nagasaki, with which it comDESAGUADERO, cld6s-A-gWsvit-oo.     (i. c. the "outlet,") a  municates by a stone bridge, strictly guarded.  The island
river of Bolivia, rises from  the Lake Titicaca. of which it is about 600 feet in length by 250 in breadth, and to it the
forms the only outlet; it flowvs S. 180 miles, anid enters Lake Dutch merchants in Japan are in general closely restricted.
Aullagas 160  miles N.W. of Potosi.  It.is the only river of    DESIO, d7,-seefo, (anc. Des'mums?) a town of Lombardy, 11
any importance the entire basin of which is wholly within  miles N. of Milan.  Pop. 2000.
Bolivia.                                                         DESIRADE, dcltzee-ritd/, called also DESIRADA, ds-se-r&DESAGUADERO, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La-  dA, and DESIDERA/DA, an island of the Little Antilles, 4
Plata,) between the provinces of San Luis and Mendoza, but  miles W. of Guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency. Length,
dried up iO summer.                                            from N.E. to S.W., 6 miles; average breadth, 2 miles. Pop.
DESAGUADERO, a vast depression or inter-alpine valley, 2568, of whom 2070 are slaves. Surface elevated and unferin Bolivia and Peru, between two huge ridges of the Andes,  tile. It was the first island discovered by Columbus on his
into which the great chain divides, near the well-knowrn city  second voyage, November, 1493.
of Potosi, in lat. 190 35' S., and again unites at the peak of    DESKI/FORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.
Vlicafota, lat. 140 30, S., lon. 780 50' W. The great valley or    DES MOINES, de momh, the largest river of Iowa, rises in
table-land occupying the intermediate space is about 400  the S.W. part of Minnesota, and runs S.E, until it enters
miles in length, with a breadth varying from 30 to 80 miles. Emmet county of Iowa. Below this its general direction is
It comprises an area of 150,000 square miles, and includes  SI.S.E. to Fort Des Moines, where it turns towards the S.E.,
the great lake Titicaca, 12,800 feet above sea-level, and the  and empties itself into the Mississippi River at the S.E. exsmaller lake Aullagas or Uros, 570 feet below the level of  tremity of the state, about 4 miles below Keokuk.  It is
the former. the latter of which receives the superfluous wa-  thought that it can be made navigable for steamboats, with
ters of Titicaca by the river Desagnuadero.                    a moderate expense, as far as Fort Des Moines, a distance
DESAGUADERO DE OSORNO, des-i-gwi-dA'ro  dA o-soRs  of above 200 miles, and the state government has recently nuno, a lake of Araucania, Chili, 35 miles in length by an ave-  dertaken the work.  The river faows thiough an undulating
rage breadth of 5 miles. It discharges its surplus waters  and fertile region, in which numerous prairies arefound.
by the Osorno River into the Pacific Ocean.                      DES MOINES, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, borderD)]SAIGNES, ds'zxfil or d',zaifil, a town of France, de- ing on Illinois, has an area of 408 square miles. The Mispartment of Ard6che, on the Doux, 16 miles W.N.WV. of  sissippi iiver forms its boundary on the E. and S.E., and
Tournon.  Pop. in 1852, 3953.                                  the Skunk River on the S.W.; it is drained also by Flint
DES ALLEMAND'S (d~ze  tll'mMNG! or dn &l'leh-mAnzt)  Creek. The surfaceis agreeably diversified, and is divided
LAKE, in the S.E. part of Louisiana, about 5 nailes from   betwveen prairiesand woodlands in convenient proportions;
the right bank of the Mississippi, joined by a bayou of its  the soil is excellent, and is extensively cultivated. Limeown name with Lake Washa. Length, about 7 miles.               stone and stone coal are abundant. The plank-road leading
DES ARC, d~z ark, a thriving post-village of Prairie co., firom  Burlington to Fairfield passes through the county.
Arkansas, on White River, 50 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It  Des Moines is the second county in the state in respect to
is situated in a rich cotton and corn-growing district, and  population. Capital, Burlington.  Pop, 12,987.
has an active trade.  The river is navigable by steamboats    DESMOINES CITY, a village in the S. part of Clarke cc.,
from this point to its mouth in all stages of water. Cypress, Missouri, near the Mississippi River.
cedar, and white-oak staves are exported extensively. Laid    DESMOINES CITY, a post-office of WVapello co., Iowa.
out in 1848. Pop. about 300.                                     DIESMOND, Michigan.  See Por HURnoN.
DES ARC BAYOU, din ark b!loo, of Arkansas, flows south-    DESNA, d~sfng, a river of Russia, governments of Smoeastward into White River, at the north-eastern extremity  lensk, Orel, and Tchernigov, joins the Dnieper nearly oppoof Prairie county, a little above the village of Des Arc.      site Kiev, after a S. course of nearly 500 miles, for the most'
DESBOROUGII, a village and parish of England, co. of  part of which it is navigable. It has been proposed to unite
Northampton.                                                   the Oka with the Desna, and thereby  give a continuous
DES/BOROUGH or DESIBORO, a seaport on the N. coast of  water communication between the Caspian, the Black Sea,
Prince Edward Island, co. of Queen's, with a harbor for  and the Baltic.
small craft.  Lat. 460 21' N., Ion. 630 13' W.                 IE SOITO, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Mis.
DESCIHKIN. See DEsuiKsN.                                     sissippi, bordering on Tennessee, has an area of about 960
DESEADA, an island of the West Indies. See DESIRADE.  square miles. The Mississippi washes its N.W. border; it
DESEMBOQUE, dA-smn-bo/kA, a town of Brazil, province of  is also drained by Coldwater Creek. The surface is nearly
Minas-Geraes, on the Velhas, about 400 miles S.W. of Goyaz. level, the soil fertile.  The industry of the county is almost
In the neighborhood are mineral springs considered very effi-  entirely devoted to the cultivation of cotton, which is concaciousin cutaneous affections. Pop. oftown and district,5000.  veyed by wagons to Memphis as the swamps in the W.
DESENZANO, dts-On-zn/no, a town of Lombardy, 16 miles  part prevent access to the nearest part of the river. In
E.S.E. of Brescia, on the S.W~. bank of the Lake of Garda, on  1850, this county produced 32,907 pounds of beeswax and
which it has a fishing port. Pop. 3600. It is defended by  honey-the greatest quantity produced by any county in
en old castle, and has a gymnasium, several churches, bar-  the United States. About eighteen years ago the county
racks, and manufactures of silk hosiery.                      was a wilderness, in the possession of the Chickasaw InDES/ERETt, a name sometimes given to the newly-organ-  dians. It was organized in 1836, and named in honor of
ized Mormon territory in the United States. See UTrIn.        Iernando  De Soto, a Spaniard, who first explored this region
DES/ERET, a co. of Utah territory, W. of the Great Salt  about 1541. Capital, Hernando.  Pop. 19,042, of whom 9489
Lake, and between Tooele and Weber counties.                  were frle, and 9553 slaves.
562




DES                                                           DET
DE SOTO, a parish in the N.WV. palrt of Louisiana, border-  into tLiangular sections by a number of avenues, which conihg on Texas.  Area, 910 square miles. It is drained bythe  verge to an open area called the Grand Circus. These aieRed and Sabine Rivers, which flow respectively on its'N.E.  oues vary in width firom 120 to 200 feet.  The principal
a: d S.W. ]orders.  The soil is fertile.  Steamboats navi- buildings and public offices are situated on Jefferson and
gat  Red River on the border of this parish, and convey  Woodwaird avenues.  The city is adorned with several pubproduce to New Orleans. De So&c was formed since 1840, lic squares, one of which is named the Campus MarLtius.
from  Natchitoches parish.  Capital, Mansfield.  Pop. 8023, Jefferson avenue, one of the finest streets in the city, is
of whom 3573 were free, and 4450 slaves.                      well paved, with brick and stone sidewalks.  Woodward
IDE SOTO, a thriving post-village of Floyd co., Georgia, on  avenue, crossing the first at right angles, is the prisncipal
the Oostenaula River,opposite Rome.  It waslaidout in 1851. business street.  Congress street is also distinguished for
DE SOTO, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.          its fine appearance. Among the remarkable edifices may
DES PERES, dA paiR, a post-village of St. Louis c., Mis  be mentioned the old State-house, a commodious brick
souri. 15 miles W. by S. of St. Louis.                        building, 90 feet by 00, with a dome and steeple 140 feet
DES PLAINES,  dA plain, (usunally called O'PLAIN,) a  high, which commands an extensive view, embracing the
river of Illinois, rises in the S.E. corner of Wisconsin, and  city with its environs, Lake St. Clair, and the Canadian
flowing first southerly, and then south-westerly, joins the  shore; the City Hall, which is a brick building 100 feet by
Kankakee at Dresden, to form the Illinois River. Length,  50; and the Bank of Michigan a substantial structure of
about 150 miles. The name is derived filom  a species of stone, in the Grecrian style, which cost about $t40,000. The
maule, called glaine by the French. The Indian appellation  railroad company have alarge brick freight-house, about 600
was She-schik-tah-o.                                         feet long by 100 feet wide.  A custom- house and a mar-ine
]ELSPOBLADO.   See PLATA, LA.                               hospital are now in counse of erection.  Detroit has a well
DESPOTO DIAGII, iSs-polto dig, (ane. Rhlodlope,) a moun-  organizecd system  of public schools.  It contains about 25
tain chain of EIuropean Tunskey, in Room-Elee, leaves the  cho'ches, 4 banks, a museums theat're and 2 orphan asylums.
Balkan, about 40 miles E. of Ghiustendil, extends S.E.,  nd Ten or eleven nesrpapess ase published  hesre, three  of thes
tes'minates on the bank of the Maritza, the basin. of which  daily, and the others tri-'weekly or weekly. The city is
river it bounds on the S.W. Elevation, 7800 feet.            lighted with gas and also supplied with water of the purest
DEISSAU, dcs/s6w, written also DES/SAW, (L. Dessalvia,) q-islily Osom Dofroit l'ives-  It is fist forced by seectm-po5er
a walled town of Northern Germany; capital of the duchy  into a reservoir having  an elevation of about 50 feet, whence
of Anhalt-Dessau, is situated on the left branch of the  it is distributed by pipes to various parts of the city.
Mulde, near its confluence with the Elbe, here crossed    Detroit is admirably situated for commerce, and its iaby a fine bridge, 67 miles S.W. of Berlin.  Pop. 12,000, of  portanee is greatly enhanced by its intimate and extensive
whom 800 were. Jews. It consists of an old and sa new town  relations with a region towards which a prodigious tide of
and several suburbs, and is well built and lighted.  Prin-  emigration is flowing.  By its position on the great chain
cipal public edifices, the Ducal Palace, built in 1470, and  of lakes, and by means of the connecting rivers and canals,
haviing a theatre, a good collection of paintings, and other  it has a ready communication with the principal centres of
works of art; two other palaces, the Amelia Asylum, the  trade.  A number of large steam-packets, fi'eighted with
Riding School, Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and 2 Calvinist  the merchandise of all climes, and with emigrants fom ivachurches, and a synagogue.  It has a college, a normal  rious nations, are constantly ploughing the waters  of Lalke
school, schools of music, a separate female school, and a   urie between Detroit and Bulffalo.  The Detroit River is an
Jewish classical seminary, with manufiactures of woollens,  excellent stream  for navigation, and never ovemrflows its
hats, and leather, numerous distilleries, and a brisk trade  banks. The average difference between high and low wain corn. The ground around Dessan, originally a sandy  ter is only 2 or 3 feet. It is closed by ice absout fonur months
waste, has been completely reclaimed, and is now covered  in the year. The Michigan Central hIailroad, which is 218
with beautiful gardens, forming the principal attraction of  miles long, extends am'oss the state to Lake Michigan, and
the place. The celebrated Mendelsohn was born here.           connects with another road leading to Chicago. The nunmDESTERIO0, ds-tr/tro,  or NOSSA SIENIHORA  DO DES- her of passengers on this road, during the year ending Juneo
TERRO, nostsi sin-yoe/i do dfs-trtfiRo, a city of Brazil, capital 30, 1852, exceeded 200,000. The Great Western PRailway of
of the province of Santa Catharine,  on'the W. coast of the Canada, connecting Windsor, opposite Detroit, with  the
island of Santa Cathariua. 460 miles S.W~. of Rio Janeiro. railway system of New York, was opened in January, 1854,
Pop. of the district, 6000. Chief buildings, the palace of the by which Detroit has been brought within 24 hours' travel
president of the province, an arsenal, and a small hospital. of the Atlantic seaboard.  Several plaiakroads also extend
It is defended by several forts, and has an excellent port.   fiom the city towards the interior. one of which connects it
DESYRES, div'r or daiv'rv   a town of France, department with the capital of the state.  The business of Detroit is imof Pas-de-Calais, 11 miles E.S;E. of Boulogne.  Pop. in 1852, mense. The annual exports coastwise amount to above
2909. It has manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, earthen- $ 4,000,000, and the imports to upwards of $15,500.000.  Conwares, and leather.                                           sideracble trade is also carried on with Canada. The shipping
DETI-11WICK-LEA, a village and chapelry ofEngland, 14  of the port, Juule 30. 1854. amounted to an aggregate of
miles N. by W. of Derby. The Cromford and High Peak Rail- 52,456 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 21,368 tons
way passes within a quarter of a mile of this place. Pop. 488. were employed in steamn navigation. During the year, 42
DETIMOLD,  (Ger. pron dtflmolt,) a town of North-west- vessels, (7 of them  steamers,) with an aggregate burden of
ern Germany, capital of the principality of Lippe-Detmold,  7042 tons, were admeasured.
on the Werra, 47 miles S.W. of Hanover.  Pop. 4710. It    The mianufitctures of the city are extensive and important,
consists of an old and new town, with a suburb..  The  consisting of locomotives, steam-enginees va-rious other Ikinds
principal public edifices are a neat palace of the prince; a  of machinery, mill-irons, stoves, ploughs. cabinet-ware, &c.
Lutheran and two Calvinist churches. It has a normnal Tanning is also carried on to a considerable extent.  At the
school, a gymnasium, a good library, a Bible society, and a  different steam sawm mills here in operation about 10,000,00.0
school of arts and sciences. In the vicinity is a summer feet of lumber are annually turned out.
palace of the princes, and the battlefield on which the army    Detroit, founded by the French  about 1670, has ever
of Yarns was destroyed by the Germans under Hermann,  since been a military post. It was the capital of Michigan
(Arminius,) A. D. 9, to commemorate which event a menu-  fiom the settlement of the state until Lansing was selected
ment was erected there in 1838.                               as the seat of government.  Pop. in 1830, 2222; in 1840 it
DETOUR (de-toorl) POINT, a headland of the United  wvas 9102, and in 1850, 21,019; in 1853, 3.4.436.
States, on the N. shore of Lake Michigan, opposite the W.    DETROIT, a village of Peoria co., Illinois, on the western
extremity of Manitoulin (or Drummond) Island. Lat. 450  shore of Peoria Lake, 6 miles N.N.E. of Peoria.
57' N., Son. 840 4/ W.                                          I)ETROIT, a post-office of Pike co.,. Illinois.
DETROIT/, a post-village and township of Somerset co.,    DETROIT (IFr. Dtseoit, ditrwI, i. e., a'istrait," or "sarMaine, about 45 miles N.E. of Augusta.  The village is  row passage,") RIVER, the name of the river or strait consituated about three-quarters  of a mile S. of the Penobscot  necting Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie. Length, 25 miles,
and Kennebec Railroad, in course of construction, and on a  breadth, from half a mile to a mile.
fine mill-stream, an affluent of the Sebasticook. It contains 2    DETS. See DEcs.
stores, 1 saw mill, and 2 tanneries. Pop. of township, 517.      DETTA, dit/t6hx, or GYEDU, dyftldoof, jtdool, a marketDETROIT, a post-office of Marion co., Alalbama.             town of Hungary, 23 miles S. by E. of Temesvar, on the
DETROIT, de-troit,/ (Fr. pron. diA'rw/; named from  the  Berzava.  Pop. 1480.
riveror "strait," inFrench, dltroit, on which the cityis built;)    DETTELBACH, dflt/tel-bAK', a town of Bavaria, on the
a flourishing city and port of entry of the state of Miichigan,  Main, 10 miles E.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 2445. Its churches
and seat of justice of Wayne county, on Detroit River, 18  are much resorted to by pilgrims.
miles above the head of Lake Erie, 80 miles E.S.E. of Lau-    DETTENHEIM, dit/ten-htime', a village of Bavaria, circle
sing, 302 miles WV. of Buffalo, and 526 miles fircm Washing- of MTiddle Franconia, 25 miles S. of Anspach.
ton. Lat. 420 20' N., Ion. 820 58' WV. It is beautifully situ-    DETTINGEN, ditlting-en, a market-town of Germany, in
ated on the W. bank of the river, which is here about half a  Wiirtenmberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Erms, 6 miles
mile wide, dotted with beautiful islands. AtDetroit itforms  S.W. of NTiirtingen.  Pop. 2851.
one of the finest harbors in the United States, of a depth suffi-    DETTINGEN, a town of Wiis temberg, circle of Danube, 18
zSent for the largest ships. The part of the city contiguous  miles E.S.E. of Niirtingen.  Pop. 2283.
mo the river is built on a rectangular plan, extending 1200    DETTINGEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jaxt, b15
feet back from the shore; the space beyond this is divided L miles N.N.E. of.UlIm.  Pop. 1437.
563




DET                                                       DEV
DETTINGEN, avillage of Bavaria. circle of Lower Fran- also the Wreigh-house, a large, old, isolated building. The
zonia, on the right bank of the Main, 8 miles N.W. of As- Reformed have two churches, the Lutherans one, the Men.
chaffenburg. In June, 1743. the allied British and Anustrian  nonites one, and the Roman Catholics one; the Jews have
army, under George II., gained a victory here over the  a small synagogue. Though no longer the third commnerFrench, under Marshal Noailles.                           cial city of Holland, it still derives great advantages from
DETTWILLER, dltt'veellaia5, (Ger. Dettez7ecr, dltti/'lIer,)  its harbor on the Yssel. It exports 600.000 pounds of buta town of France, department of -Bas-Rhin, 4i  miles E.N.E. ter, and 365,000 Deventer cakes, annually; has a royal
of Saverne, on the Zorn. Pop. 1846.                        Turkey carpet manufactory, an iron foundry, a stocking
DETTVA, dltt/vdhl, a town in the N.W. of Hungary, co. of  manufactory, and various other industrial establishments.
Sohl, in a valley E. of Altsohl. Pop. 7240.                Among its public institutions are the great hospital for old
DEUCAR, du'kar/, a town of Nepaul. Lat. 280 8' N., Ion. people, a burgher orphan-house, St. Elizabeth's Hospital for
820 E.                                                     the Insane. and four other hospitals, including a military
DEULE, dul, a river of France, rises in the department of one. The Athenssum  comprises a drawing school, a lecPas-de-Calais, passes Lille to Quesnoy, in the department of ture-room, and a hall for the Chemical and Physical Society.
Nord, and joins the Lys on the right. The Canal-de-la-Deule There are also a Latin and an industrial school, with 5)0
joins the Scarpe and the Lys, and passes Lille and Quesnoy; scholars, a fine arts society, and natural history and chemilength, 41 miles.                                          cal society, a department of the public utility society, and
DEULINA, dii-leeln,;a village of Russia, government, and  one for the encouragement of industry, and eibght other
33 miles N. of Moscow, on the Voria. A[ treaty was con- schools, with 2200 scholars. Pop. in 1850, 14,3i78, of whom
cluded here in 1618, between the Poles and Russians.       10,650 are Protestants, 3000 Roman Catholics, and 280
DEURNE, dMtisRneh, a village of the Netherlands. pro- Jews.
vince of North Brabant, near the Peel Marsh, 5 miles E. of    DEVEREAUX, dlv/e-r5', a post-office of HIerkimer co., New
Helmond. Pop. 3354.                                        York.
DEURNE, a village of Belgium, 2 miles E. of Antwerp.   DEVEREAUX, a village of Hancock co., Georgia, 18 miles
Pop. 5196.                                                 N.E. of Milledgeville.
DEUSLEMIONT, dul'm&Nz, a town of France, department   DEY/ERHILL LONGPBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of
of Nord, 8 miles N.W. of Lille. Pop. 2125.                 Wilts.
DEUTICI-EM, dO/te-Kam, or DOETICHEMI, doofte-rm,   DEVERHILL MONCK/TON, a parish of England, co. of
a town of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the  Wilts.
Old Yssel, 16 miles E. of Arnhem.  Pop. 1831.               DEV/ERON, a river of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and
DEUTSCHBROD, a town of Bohemia. See Baon.               Banff, enters the North Sea at Banff. Length, 40 miles.
DEUTSCIHENDORF, doitchlen-doRf', or POPRAD, po'prld/.   DEVETSER, di&vlt-sair/, or DEVECSER, d.Avlch'airl, a
a town of Northern Hlungary, co. of Zips; 7 miles S.W. of market-town of Ilungary, 81 miles S.W. of Pesth. Pop, 2800.
Kesmarkt. Pop. 1370.                                        DEV'ICOT/TA, a fort and seaport town of British India,
DEUTSCHES-BUND. See GERMANY.                            presidency of Madras, district, and 60 miles N.E. of Tanjore.
DEUTSCIHI-HAUSE, doitch-h~w/zeh, (Moravian, Hesusoia,   DEV/IL ISLAND, of Terra del Fuego, is in lat. 540 58 30/
hoo-so/v:,) a town of Moravia, 16 miles N.N.E. of Olmutz, S., Ion. 690 4/ 50/ W.
Pop. 1602.                                                  DEVIL LAKE.  See MfINNIWAKAN.
DEUTSCIH-KRONE, doitch-krolneh, a town of West Prus-  DRVILLE-LES-ROUEN, dAl'veei/-ll-roo-8Ntc, a village of
sin, on Lake Radnor, 61 miles W.N.W. of Posen. Pop.O000. France, department of Seine-Inferieure, on the Cailly, 2
DEUTSCIHILAND, doitch/llnt.  See GERMANY.               milesN.W. of.Rouen. Pop.in 1852,3884. Ithas manufacDEUTZ or DUYTZ, doits, (the Tid/tiuvs of the Romans,)  tures of cotton cloths.
a fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of    DEVIL'S, an island off the coast of French Guiana. Let.
the Rhine, opposite Cologne, with which city it is united  50 16' N., ion. 520 34' W.
by a bridge of boats, at the head of the railway to Minden.   DEV/IL'S BA/SIN, the name given by Cook to a port in
Pop. 3088. It has an ancient Benedictine abbey, and mann-  Christmas Sound, Terra del Fuego. Lat. 550 16' S., Ion. 700 W.
factures velvets and silken fabricS.                        DEVIL'S BRIDGE crosses the Reuss, in Switzerland,
DEUX/IHILL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.          canton of Uri, 16 miles S. of Altorf.
DEUX-PONTS, duh'-plNs/, (Ger. Zweibriscoen. tswi-briik/-   DEVIL'S BIT MOUNTAINS, a mountain range of Ireken, L. Bipon/tizsm,) a town of Rhenish Bavaria, formerly  land, in iIunster, co. of Tipperary, extending S.W. and N.E.
capital of an independent duchy, and, since 1814, of a dis- for about 24 miles, and separating the basins of the Shantrict and county, on the Erbach, near its confluence with  non and Suir. IIeight, 2084 feet.
the Serre, 50 miles W. of Speyer. It is well built, and has    DEVIL'S PEAK, a mountain of South Africa, Cape Colony,
remains of an ancient ducal palace, a Lutheran cathedral, in lat. 330 57 12/" S., lon. 180 31' 45" E. IHeight, 3315 feet.
Calvinist and Lutheran churches, a college, and manufac-    DEVIL'S PUNCII-BOWL, a small lake of Ireland, co. of
tures of woollen cloths, leather, cotton, and tobacco. In the  Kerry, near the summit of Mangerton Mlountain, at an elevicinity are the ruins of a fine castle, built by Stanislaus, vation of between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea-level.
King of Poland. Deux-Ponts, with its duchy, formed, from    DEVIZES, de-vi/ziz, (" The Vize," or "L Vies,") a parliament1802 to 1814, an arrondissement of the French department ary and municipal borough and town of England, co. ofWilts,
of Mont-Tonnerre. The French name DEux-PoNTs, and the  on the Kennet and Avon Canal, 23 miles N.N.W. of Salisbury,
German ZWErnRUCKEN, both signifying " two bridges," are  and 10 miles S.E. of the Chippenham  station of the Great
derived fsom the circumstance of its old castle being situated  Western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 6554. It is built on an
between two bridges. Lat. 490 10' N., ion. 70 20' E. Pop. eminence near the N. limit of Salisbury plain. The main
about 7000.                                                streets, branching from a large market-place, are spacious,
DEUX-SEVRES, a department of France. See SEVRES.    well paved and lighted. The principal buildings are 2 anDEVA, d/v~h', (Ger. Diemsrich, deemnriK, or Schlossbcrg, cient churches, an endowed school and almnshouse, a handshlassfbico; L. Decnp/elis?) a market-town of Transylvania, some town-hall and cross, large county jail, and a union
co. and 10 miles N. of Hunyad, on the Maros. Pop. 4000. work-house. Devizes has numerous inns, having formerly
In the vicinity are a copper-mine and paper mills,        been a great halting-place on the Bath Road; also mills for
DEVA, dAvI, a town of Spain, province of Guipuscoa,: silk-throwing, manufactures of snuff, malt, and, on Tbhurswith a small port on the Deva, near its mouth in the Bay of day, one of the largest markets for corn in the W. of EngBiscay. Pop. 2490.                                        land. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
DEVA or DEVA CASTRA. See CHESTER.                         DEVOCH (dee/vik) WATER, a lake of England, co. of CumDEVANA. See ABERDEEN.                                   berland, 41 niles E. of Ravenglass, and formed by the
DEVAPRAYAGA, divA-prI-&gA, a town of Northern  sources of a tributary of the Esk. Area, 300 acres.
Hindostan, in Gurhwal, reckoned holy to Hindoos as being    DEVION, or DEVONSHIRE, dlv/on-shir, (L. Devosnia,) a
the place where the Bhagirathi and Alakananda Rivers  county of England, forming part of.its S.W. peninsula, and
unite to form the Ganges. It has an ancient temple, and  having N. the Bristol Channel, E. the counties of Somerset
numerous stone houses inhabited by Brahmins.              and Dorset, S. the English Channel, and W. Cornwall. Area,
DEV/ENISH, an island of Ireland, in Lough Erne, 2 miles  2589 square miles, or 1,654,400 acres, of which about 1,200,000
N.N.W. of Enniskillen, containing some interesting remains  acres are reported to be arable or in pasture, and upwards
of ancient religious establishments,                      of 300,000 waste. Pop. in 1851, 567,098. The surface is greatly
DEVENISII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh.       broken and diversified, but, except the wild, sterile tracts
DEVENTER or DEWENTER, d~v/en-ter or dAv~n-ter, (L. Dartumoor and Exmoor, generally remarkable for fertility.
Davenstria,) an ancient and fortified city of Holland, province  The vale of Exeter, and the district bordering on the English
of Overyssel, 8 miles N. of Zutphen, on the Yssel. The streets Channel, called the South Hams, are especially beautiful and
are generally narrow, but the market-places large and wide. rich. The principal rivers are the Exe, Dart, Tamar, Taw,
Successive changes in the fortifications have reduced the  Torridge, Teign, and Axe, the estuaries of most of which
gates to seven. An extensive prospect is enjoyed from the  form  good harbors. The inlets of Torbay and Plymouth
ramparts, but the favorite promenade is the Worp, on the  Sound are respectivelyupon its S.E. and S.W. sides. The
farther side of the Yssel, whose fine old linden-trees were county is famed for its cider. The red Devon breed of cattle
destroyed by the French in 1813, but it is now laid out is highly esteemed; and Dartmore feeds large numbers of
with great taste in the English garden style. The Town- small ponies. Mines of copper and tin are extensive. The
house is of great size; in it the Athenssum  has its library. Great Western Railway extends through the S. part of the
The Court-house and Prison are handsome structures, as is county, past Exeter to Plymouth. Capital, Exeter. Ply504




DEV                                                          DIHA
mouth, Devonport, Tavistock, Tiverton, Barnstaple, Honiton,    DE WITT'S ISLANDS, off the S. coast of Van Diemen's
Totness, Ashburton, and Dartmouth are the chief towns and  Land, between South Cape and South-west Cape.
boroughs, and together send 18 members to the House of    DE WITT'S VALLEY, a village of Alleghany co., New York.
Commons. The county sends 2 for its N. and 2 for its S. di-    DE WITT/VILLE, a post-office, Chautauque co., New York.
vision. It gives the title of duke to the Cavendish, and of    DEWITTVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
earl to the Couritney family.-Adj. I)EVONIAN, de-vo'ne-an. Beauharnois, 50 miles S. of Montreal. It contains several
DEV/ION, a river of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Clackman-  stores, saw and carding mills. Pop. about 150.
nan, rises in the Ochil Mountains, and joins the Forth near    DEWLISSH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
Alloa. It has remarkable falls near the village of Crook of    DEW/SAH, a considerable town of Western Hindostan, 32
Devon, and its fine scenery has been celebrated by Burns.    miles E. of Jeypoor, enclosed by a wall.
DEVON, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.                   DEWSALL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
DEVON, NORTIh, a tract of the Arctic region, in North    DEWSBURY, dewz/ber-e, a market and manufacturing
America, lat. 750 N., ion. from 80~ to 920 W., having E. Baf- town, parish and township of England, co. of York, West
fin's Bay, WV. Wellington Strait, and S. Barrow Strait, sepa- Riding, on the Calder, 8 miles S.S.W. of Leeds, and having a
rating it from North Somerset.                                station ontheManchesterand Leeds Railway, 7 miles W.N.W.
DEVONPORT, div/pu-port, (until 1821 called PLYMOUTH   of Wakefield.  Pop. of parish, in 1851, 28,103. The town lies
DOCK,) a parliamentary and municipal borough, maritime  low, but has some good streets and stone houses, and it is well
and fortified town, and naval arsenal of England, co. of  paved and lighted. It has a free school, a mechanics' institute,
Devon, at its S.W. extremity, on the E. shore of the estuary  branch banks, a blanket-hall, with large and thriving mannof the Tamar, termed the Hamoaze, 2 miles W.N.W. of Ply- factures of blankets, carpets, and other low woollen fabrics,
mouth. The borough comprises the parishes of Stoke-Ba- made from  refuse woollen rags re-spun. Miore than 3000
merel and East Stonehouse. Pop. in 1851, 50,159. Thetown  persons are engaged in the manufactures of the place. The
stands on high ground, and is enclosed by ramparts, de- Calder Navigation connects the town with Hull and Liverfended by various batteries. It is, however, as a naval ar- pool. Pop. of town, in 1851, 14,051.
senal, the largest by far in Great Britain, that I)evonport    DEX/TER, a post-village and township of Penobscot co.,
attracts attention, and from which it derives its chief cha- Maine, 70 miles E. by N. of Augusta.  The village, situated
racteristics.  The national works, constructed for govern-  on an affluent of the Sebasticook, is one of the most flour.
ment purposes, cover not less than 358 acres, comprising one  ishing in the county. It contains 4 churches, a newspaper
of the finest dock-yards in the world, and which will be  office, a high school, a lyceum and library, 20 stores, a large
equalled in magnitude by another, now in process of forma- hotel, gas-light company, &c. The above stream  affords extion, for the equipment of men-of-war steamers. The two  cellent water-power, which is here employed for 4 large
dock-yards will comprehend an area of about 150 acres. In  woollen factories, an iron foundry, machine shop, planing
1848, 529 hands were employed in this yard, but as many  machine, carding and cloth-chdessing mill, an extensive tanas 3000 have been sometimes engaged here. The principal  nery, several shingle machines, 2 saw mills, and other esta,
structures are the residence of the port admiral, the bar- blishments.  The above employ about 300 hands. Immeracks, the military hospital, chapels of ease, assembly-rooms,  diately N. of the village there is an extensive floating bridge
theatre, and a Doric column erected on a height to comme- across the neck of a large pond. Pop. of the village, about
morate the changing the name of the town. Devonport has  800; of the township, 1948.
breweries, soap factories, and an extensive trade in refitting    DEX/TER, a post-village of Brownsville township, Jefferand victualling ships. It sends 2 members to the ilouse of  son co., New York, at the entrance of Black River into Lake
Commons.                                                      Ontario, about 7 miles W. of Watertown.  It contains a
DEVONSHIRE.  See DEvoN.                                     a number of manufactories and saw mills, and hasa landDEVRA-TAB00R, dlv/rl-td-booa/, or DEBRA-TABOUR,  ilng place for steamboats, and imported merchandise, Dexter
dlb/rA-tc-booR/, a populous town of Abyssinia, 35 miles E. of  being a port in the collection district of Sackett's Harbor.
Lake Dembea, in lat. 110 55, N., Ion. 370 45' E.                DEX/TER, a thriving post-village of Scio township, WashDEVRIGHI, dev'ree-ghee/, (anc. Nicoplolis?2) a town of Asi- tenaw co., Michigan, on the Michigan Central Railroad, at
atic Turkey, pashalic, and 62 miles E. of Seevas, on the Egkin.  the confluence of lill Creek with Huron River, 50 miles W,
IDEVYNOCK, de-vhn/ok, a village and parish of Wales, co. by N. of I)etroit. It is abundantly supplied with waterof Brecknock, 7 miles W. of Brecknock.                        power, and has several mills.
DEWA, a river of Hindostan.  See GOGGRA.                      DEX/TERtVILLE, a village of Chautauque co., New York,
DEWANGARY, dee'wan-gl/ree, a populous village of Boo- at the dutlet of Chautauque Lake, about 18 miles S.E. of
tan, 2100 feet above the sea, and having several Boodhic  Maysville.
temples.                                                         DEYNZE or DEYNSE, dintzeh, (anc. Don/oza.) a town of
DE'WASS/, a town of India, province of Malwah, 23 miles  Belgium, province of East Flanders, 9 miles S.W. of Ghent,
S.E. of Oojein. It is the capital of a rajahship, under Bri- on the Lys, and near the railway between Ghent and Courtish protection.                                               trai.  Pop. 3600.
DEW/CHURCHI, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of    DEYPAULPOOR, dl[pawl'poors or di'pawl'poor/, a town
HIereford.                                                    of Hoindostan, 22 miles N.W. of Indore, having about 1000
DiEWICHIURCH, MUCIHI, a parish of England, co. Ilereford. houses.
DEWENTER, a town of Holland.  See DevwVENr.                   DEYRAIT, a town of Hindostan. See DEHuA.
DE WITT/, a county in the S. central part of Texas,   DEYUZE, dAfiiz/, a town of Belgium, province of East
contains 968 square miles. It is drained by the Guadalupe  Flanders, on the Lys, and the Ghent and Courtrai Railway,
River. The surface of the uplands is rolling and highly pic- 9 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 3630. It has celebrated manuturesque, and the soil is fertile, especially in the vicinity of  factures of gin.
the Guadalupe. The population is sparse, but increasing   I)EZA, dlithA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 35 mniles S.E.
rapidly. Named in honor of De Witt, an empresario, under  of Soria, on a rugged hill. Pop. 1424.
the Mexican government, of what was termed De Witt's co-   DEZFOOL, DEZFUL, or DEZPHOUL, diz'fool/, written
lony. Capitol, Clinton.  Pop. 1716; of whom  1148 were  also I)IZ'FOUL/, DESFOUL, and DESFUL, a town of Persia,
free, and 568 slaves.                                         province of Khoozistan, in which it is now the principal
DE WITT, a county in the central part of Illinois, has an  mart, on the Desfool River, (Coprates,) here crossed by a fine
area of 675 square miles. It is drained by the head streams  bridge of 22 arches, 32 miles W.N.W. of Shooster. Pop.
of Salt Creek, an affluent of the Sangamon River. The sur- 15,000. (?) It is not so well built as Shooster; and flom the
face is generally level, and diversified by prairies and forests  inferior size of its bazaar, the merchants expose their goods
of good timber; the soil is highly productive, and easily cul-  for sale in private dwellings or caravanserais.  Near it are
tivated.  Stone coal is found. The county is intersected by  many mounds, evidently of Sassanian origin. It has ruins
the Illinois Central Railroad. The name was given in honor  of ancient buildings, and Mr. Layard supposes that here was
of De Witt Clinton, governor of New York. Capital, Clin-  the site of the " Castle of Oblivion," in which Shahpoor conton.  Pop. 5002.                                              fined the Armenian king, Arsaces II.
BE WITT, a post-village and township of Onondaga co.,    DIIAFAR, a town of Arabia.  See DHOFAa.
New York, on the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, and on the    DIHALAK, dANlk/ or d'hqlAkl, or DAIHALAK. d&-h&lak,!
Erie Canal. 4 or 5 miles E. of Syracuse. Pop. 3302.           (anc. O-ine.2) an island in the Red Sea, 25 miles BE. of MassoDE WIliT, a thriving post-village of De Witt township,  wah. in Abyssinia, 23 miles in length from N. to S., by 15 in
capital of Clinton co., Michigan, on the Looking-glass River, breadth.  Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in a coral
8 miles N. of Lansing. The river furnishes water-power, fishery.  On its S. coast is the village of Dhalak. Several
which gives motion to several mills. Pop. about 600.          small islands near it are called the DHALAK ISLANDS.
DE WITT, a post-village of De Witt co., Illinois, 60 miles    DIHAMIE, di'mee/, one of the Sikh states of North-western
E.N.E. of Springfield.                                        Hindostan. S. of the Sutlei, protected by the British.  Pop.
l)E WITT, a post-village of Carroll co., Missouri, on the  3000. It has an armed force of 100 men.
N. bank of Missouri River, 85 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.    DIIAMONEE, dfmo-nee/, or DHAMANI, dOnmaneef, a forDE WITT, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Iowa, 70  ti-fiedtown of India, dominions,andl150miles S.S.E. of Gwalior.
miles E.N.E. of Iowa City, and 4 miles N. of the Wapsipini-    DIIHAR, dan, or IIARANUGGUR., dAira-nflg/gflr, a city
con River.                                                    of Central IHlindostan, capital of a rajpoot state of 1466 square
BE WITT LAND, a region of Australia, on its N.W. coast, miles, 32 miles W.S.W. of Indore. Elevation, 1908 feet.
between. Ion. 1200 and 1230 E., opposite Dampier Archipelago,   IDRARWAR.  See DARWAn.
discovered by De Witt in 1628.                                  DIIAWALAGHIRI, da-w6l'a-ghr/ree, a lofty peak of tho
565




DHO                                                            DID
Himalaya Mountains, in Northern  Hindostan, formerly    DIANO, de- no, a town of Naples, province of Pr~ncipatc
supposed to be the culminating point of the earth's surface, Citra, in the Val-di-Diano, on the Calore, 45 miles finom  Sabetween Nepaul and Thibet, in lat. 290 N., lon. 82" 50' E. lerno.  Pop. 5000.
Estimated elevation, 28,000 feet. See HIMAL&YAS.                DIANO-MIARINO, de-,fno-ma-reelno, a town of the Sardi.
DHOFAR or DOFAR, do'faal, written also DHAFAlA, for- nian States. division of Nice, I miles N.ofOneglia Pop. 2538.
merly a celebrated city of Yemen, said by Arab writers to    DIANO E'ALBA, de-iino  dl/bA, (anc. Dianit.a Albesl.eiou,a
have been the residence of most of the kings of that coun- Pampjcsanoseroc-?) a town in Piedmont, of Sardinian States,
try. This was probably the   plohasrametropolis of Ptolemy,  31 miles S. of Alba. Pop. 2000.
and Saphar-Regia of Pliny.                                       DIARBEKIR, dee'anrbe-kees!, or DIARBFKI.Ic dee-anlbhkr,
DI{OLKA, dolfkh or d'hollka, a town of Ilindostan, presi- a city of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a pasbaic of its own
dency of Bombay, 20 miles W.S.W. of Kaitra.                    name, is situated nearthe Tigris, in lat. 370 55 30'1" N., los
DI-IOLPOOR, d6l'poosl, a town of iindostan, 31 miles S.E.  390 52' E. Pop. about 8000 fhmilies: cniefly Turks a'd Ai
of Agra.                                                       menians.  It is enclosed by a vast wall of dark stone, is sub
DIIOORCATEE, doortlckhtee' or d'hoorlck-teef, the smallest  stantially built, and has a citadel, some cotton and sill looms,
of the Sikh States, in North-western 1-lindostan, protected by  and copper-works; but its manufactures  have of lateemate[
the British.  Pop. 200.                                        rially diminished. It is the see of a Chaldean patriarich.
DHOOR1WYE, dooa'wE, a small rajahship of India, in Bun-    DIARBEKIR or DIARBEKR, a pashalic of Asiatic Tur-key
delcund, under British protection. Pop. 8000.                  forming the W. part of Turkish Armenia, mostly between
DIIURRUMPOOREE, dhr'rtim-poolree, a decayed town of  lat. 37" and 390 N., and lon. 38" and 42" E., havingi N.. and
HIindostau, province of Malwah, on the Nerbudda, in lat. 22"  S. the Euphrates, separating it from the pashalics of Erz10, N., ion. 750 26' E.                                        room, Seevas, Marash, and Damascus, and E. the pashblics
DIABLERETS, d4',b'leh-rAl, a remarkable mountain of  of Van and Koordistan. Its centre is traversed by the Uppes
Switzerland, in the Bernese Alps, between the cantons of  Tigris.  The chief cities are Diarbekir, Oorfah, and Mardoeei.
Bern and  [alais.  Height above the sea, 10,190 feet.            DI/AS CREEK, a post-office of Cape May co., New Jersey.
DIADIN, dee-ltdeen, a town of Turkish Armenia, pashalic,    DIIBBLEVILLE, a village near the S.W. corner of Livingsand 25 miles W.N.W. of Bayazeed, on the North Branch of  ton co., Michigan, about 51 miles N.W. of Deteroit.
the Euphrates.  It has a la.rge ruined fort, and was, until    DIBIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.
lately, a place of some importance.                              DIBVERTSYILLE, a post-office, Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
DIALA, dee-3lJ, or DIYALAt, dee'yalhh, a river of Asiatic   DEIDIO,  See Dijon.
Turkey, an affluent of the Tigris, formed by the junction of    DIBONG, dee'bongl, a river of Thibet, one of the head
the  Shirvan, Holwan, and various other intermediate  streams of the Brahmapootra, joins the Dihong in 270453 N.
streams, all flowing from the mountains of Kirmanshah. It  lat., and 950 10' E. ion.
is supposed to coincide with the ancient GQnydee.                DICE'S HEAD, a point or cape at the entrance of Castine
DIALIGUALY, dee-'lee-gAt'lee, a village of Western Af- 1Ia'iboi, Maine.  On it is a fixed light, 116 feet above the
rica, in the Bondoo country, on the FaiLmS, in lot. 14" 36' leve lofthesea. 0Lat. 44. 21' N., lon. 680 45' 30' W.
N., Ion. 12" 10' W.                                              DICKELVENNNE, dik'-kel-vnnul, a village of Belgium, proDI'AL'S CREEK, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina. vince of East Flandeis. on the Schelldt.  Pop. 1632.
DIAMANT, dee''m6SN I, a town of the French colony of    DICK/RENSONVILLE, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia,
Martinique, in the Antilles, on the S. coast of the island, 8  340 miles W. by S. of Richmond.
miles S.S.E. of Fort Royal, near the Morne de Diamant; a    DICKIERSONVILLE,apost-officeofNiagaraco.. New York.
volcanic mountain 1568 feet in elevation.  Pop. 1534:            DICKIEYVILLE, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin,
DIAMANTE, de —minclta, a coast-town of Naples, province  about 21 miles N.NNV. of Galena.
of Calabria Citra, 30 miles N.W. of Cosenza.  Pop. 1700.         DICKINSON, a new county in the N.WV. part of Iowa, borDIAMANTINA, de-A-mtn-teelnl, formerly TEJUCO, th- deriig on Minnesota, has an area of about 430 square miles.
zhoolko, a flourishing modern city of Brazil, province of li-  It is intersected by the Okoboji River, a branch of the Little
nas-CGeraes, capital of the diamond district, situated in a val-  Sioux  ivAer.  It has several small lakes, the principal of
ley surrounded by high mountains, 220 miles N.N.E. of  which is Spirit Lake.  Namsed in honor of Senator DickinOuro-Preto, 5700 feet above the level of the sea. It was   son, of New York.
erected into a city in 1831. It is built in the formn of an    DICKINSON, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,
amphitheatre.  The streets are wide and paved. Pop. about  New York, on Racket River, 16 miles S.W. of Malone. P.11.1.9.
6000. Its district comprises several villages and a popula-    DICKINSON, a post-office, Cumnberland co., Pennsylvania.
tion of 14,000.                                                  DICKINSON, a post-village of Franklin co., Virginia, 2W0
DIAMANTINA, a town of Brazil, in the province of Mlatto-  miles W.S.W. of Richmoud.
Crosso, at the confluence of the rivers Ouro and Eianman-    DICKINSON  COLLEGE, Pennsylvania.  See CARLISLE.
tino, 70 miles N.N.W. of Cuyaba.  Pop. 4500. Thie Rio DIA-    DICIKINSON'S LANYDING, a post-village of Canada West,
MANTrNO, ("Diamond River,") so called firom  the valuable  co. of Stormont, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, at the
diamonds found in its basin, was discovered in 1728. The  head of Cornwall Canal, 90 miles S.W. of Montreal. In 1851,
Spanish government closed the district, in order to monopo- 69334 vessels (tons 526,210) passed down this canal.  The villize the gold and diamonds, which led to an extensive emci- lage contains churches of 4 denominations, 6 or 7 stores,
gration in 1749. The present town of Diamantina occupies  several fiactories and naills, and has a collector of customs.
the site of the old village of Alta Paraguai-Dianmantina.      A ferry crosses the river here to Messina, in New York.
DIAMANTE, de-A-m~nftA, NEUQUE, nIoo-kA, or NEU-  Pop. 700.
GUEN, nS'oo-ghlnI, a large river of the Argentine Republic,    DICK JOHNSON, a township of Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 669.
(La Plata,) an affluent of the Rio Negro, having its sources    DICKLEBURGII, dik/el-burg, a parish of England, co. of
on the E. slopes of the Chilian Andes, about lat. 36" 16' S.,  Norfolk.
lon. 70" W. Its whole course is about 170 miles.                 DICKfSBURG, a village in Knox co., Indiana, on the N.
DIAMOND GROVE,'a post-village in Brunswick co., Vir-  bank of the West Fork of White River, 14 miles S. of Vinginia, 86 miles S.S.W. of Richmond.                            cennes.
DIAMOND GROVE, a post-office of Jasper co., Slissouri.         DICKISON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee,
DIAMOND (di/mnd) IHIARBOR, British India, presidency  has an area estimated at 650 square miles. It is drained by
of Bengal, is in the river Hoogly, 34: miles below Calcutta,  IHarpeth River, and other affluents of Cumberlanid Iiveor,
with which it communicates by a good road.                     which washes its N.E. border. The surfitce is undulating;
DIAiOND HILL, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode  the soil moderately fertile. Capital, Charlotte. Pop. 8404;
Island.                                                        of whom 6286 were free. and 2118 slaves.
DIAMOND HILL, a post-office of Anson co., North Caro-    DICK'S RIVER, a small stream  of Kentucky, sises in
lina, 154 miles from Raleigh.                                  Rockicastle co,, and flowing N.WV., enters the Kentucky River
DIAMOND HILL, a post-office of Abbecille distsict, South  10 miles N.E. of IHarrodsburg.
Carolina.                                                        DICOMANOC de-ko-mi/no, (anc. Decztmalbcum  ) a town of
DIAMO0ND ISLAND, British India, Burmsese dominions,  Tuscany, 18 miles N.E. by E. of Florence, at the confluence
is in the estuary of the Basssain River, 12 nailes S.E. of Cape  of the Dicomano with the Sieve. Pop. 1480.
Elegrais.  It abounds with turtles.                              DIDAM, de'd.ml, or DIEM, deem, a village of the NetherDIAMOND MILLS, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvrmani,  hands, province ofGelderland, 13miles S. of Zutphen.. P. 2100.
on Two Lick Creelk, 53 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of Pitts-    DIDIBROOKE,  a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
wurg, has 1 foundry and 2 mills. Pop. about 150.                 DID/COT JUNC/T'ION, a station on the Great Wesiern
DIAMOND POINT, of Sumatra, bounds W. the Strait of  Railway, England, co. of Berlks, 53 miles W. of London.
Ualacca.  Lat. 5" 16' N., Ion. 97" 40' E.                        DID/DEI, a large and thriving  village of Western Africa,
DIAAMOND RIYER, a small stream  of Coos co., in the N.  Bondos country, situated near the Falbm  River, in lac. 130
part of New Hampshire, faills into Dead River.                 52' N., Ion. 120 18' WV.
DIAMPER, de-Am-paial, a town of Ilindostan, in Trayan-    DIE!DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
core, 14 miles E. of Cochin, ii lat. 9 56' N., ion. 76" 29' E.   DIDIDLEiBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
DIANA, di-anla, a post-township of Lewis co., New York,    DIDILING,  a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
45 miles S. of Ogdensburg.  Pop. 970.                            DDI/LINGTON,  a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.'
DIANA MILLS, a post-village of Buckingham co., Virginia,    DTI!EMARTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.,n Slate River, 75 miles WV. of Richmond.                       DIIDO. a post-office of Choctasw co., Mississippi.
DIANIUM. BSee DoNis.                                          EDIDSBUItRY, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster
566




DIE                                                            DIG
DIE, dee, (anc. Dela 6r Dela Yecoentiofr'tueo,) a walled town  Brabant, on the Demer. and 17 miles N.E. of Louvain. Pop.
of France, department of Drnme,'on the right bank of the  7720. It has manufactures of woollens and hosiery. Diest
Prome, 26 miles E.S.E. of Valence. Pop. in 1852, 3928. It  was once a feudal barony, of which the princes of Orange
has manufactures of silks, paper, and leather.                were lords. It was taken by Marlborough in 1705.
DIEBURG, deelb5WaG', a town of Central Germany, in    DIETENHEIMI, deelten-himer, a town of Wiirtemberg, cirHesse-Darmstadt, on thle Gersprenz, 9 miles E.N.E. of Darm-  cle of Danube, on the Ilels, 15 miles N.E. of Biberach. Pop.
stadt.  Pop. 3100. It is defended by a strong castle.         1251. It has a fine church,.nd ruins of a castle.
DIEDEREN, a village of Holland. See DIEREN.                   DIETFURT, deetffl5nt, a town of Bavaria, cirle  of Upper
DIEDITZ: dee'dits, or DIEDICE, de-3-deet/sl, a town of  Palatinate, on the Ludwigs Canal, at the mouth of the AltMoravia, 16 mniles E.N.E. of Briiun, on the Hanna. Pop. 1366. miihl, 23 miles W. Ratisbon. Pop. 957.
DIEGO, de-Algo or deelgo, a bay of Anegada, in the West    DIETFURT, a village of Bavaria, cicle of Middle FranIndies.                                                       conia, on the Altmiihl, 2 miles N.W. of Pappenheim.
DIEGO ALVAREZ.  See Goumos ISLAIND.                           DIETIGHEIM, deeltiG-hime, or DITTIGIEIM, ditttiGDIEGO GARCIA, de-algo gaRn-seest, the most S. of the Mal- hime, a village of Baden. circle of Lower Rhine, on the Tandive Islands, in the Indian Ocean, with an excellent harbor, ber, 1 mile S. of Bischofsheim. Pop. 989.
DIEGO SAURIEZ, de-Afgo s6're-Y, or BRITISH SOUND, a    DIETIKON, dee/te-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton,
fine harbor, near the N. extremity of Miadagascar. Lat. (N. and 8 miles W.N.W. of Zurich.  Several contests took place
point) 120 13' 48" S., ion. 490 23' 30" E.                    here in 1799 between the French and Russians, generally to
DIEGO RAMIREZ.  de-Y/go rIt-meetrks, an island group in  the advantage of the former. Pop. 1050.
the South Pacific, 60 miles S.W. of Cape I-Iorn. Lat. 560 25'   DIETLINGEN, deettling-en, a village of Baden, circle of
S., Ion. 680 44' W.                                          uMiddle Rhine, 12 miles S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1340.
DIEKIRCH, dee'k6ia., a town of the Netherlands,    pro.   DIETWEIL, GROSS, groce deet/Wile, a village and pavince. and 18 miles N. of Luxembourg, on the Sure. P. 3000.  aish of Switzerland, canton, and 8 miles N.N.E. of Lucerne.
DIELLI, de-6l/lee, a fortified town of the island of Timor, Pop. 2297.
on the N. coast, capital of the Portuguese government of    DIETZENBACII, deetlsen-biK', a village of Hesse-Darn+.
Dielli, and residence-of the governor.                        stadt, province of Starkenburg, about 7 miles E. of FrankDIELSDORF, deelsldoitf, a village and parish of Switzer-  fort-on-the-Main. Pop. 1239.
land, canton, and 8 miles N.N.W. of Zurich. Pop. 642.           DIEU, an island on the W. coast of France. See ILE-D'YEU.
DIEEMEL, dee/noel, a river of Central Germany, in Prus-    DIEU-LE-FIT, de-uhl-leh-fee, a town of France, department
sia, Westphalia and Iesse-Cassel, joins the Woerra 24 nmiles  of Drfme, in a mountainous district, 17 miles E. of MonteN. of Cassel, after a N.E. course of 50 miles, past the towns  limart. Pop. in 1852, 4222.  It has Roman Catholic and
of Stadtberg and Reinhardtswald.                              Protestant churches, a model Protestant school, manufacDIEMRICH, a town of Transylvania.  See DEVA.                tures of woollen cloths, earthenwares., and glass. In the
DIENVILLE, de-ANo'veel/, a. town of France, department  town are 2 acidulated springs, and 2 miles N.E. is a curious
of Aube, 13 miles N.W. of Bar-sur-Aube.  Pop. 1264.           stalactitic cave called " Tom-Jones."
DIEPENBEK, dee/pen-bBkl, a village of Belgium,  p-ovince    DIEULOUJARD, de-uh'loo-and.  a village of France, departof Limbourg, and 3 miles S.E. of Iiasselt.  Pop. 2508.        ment of Meeurthe, 10 miles N.N.W. of Nancy.  Pop. 1430.
DIEPENIEIMI, des'pgn-hlme', or DIEPEN, deefpgn, a    DIEUZE, de'uzl, (anc. Delcein Palgi,) a town of France, detown of Holland, province of Overyssol, 17 miles E. by S. partment of Meurthe, 9 miles E. of Chiteau-Salins.  Pop.
ofl Deventer.  Pop. 1389.                                     3863. It is enclosed by walls, and has a large church, 2
DIEPHOLZ, deeplh(lts', a town of Hanover, capital of a  hospitals, manufactures of linen cloth, hosiery, hats, and
county, 60 miles W.N.W. of Hanover, on the H-unte. Pop. 2523.  soda. A mine in the vicinity yields annually 5000 tons of.DIEPPE, dy~pp or de-6ppf, a seaport town of France, de- rock salt.
partment of Seino-Inf6rieure, at the mouth of the Arques,    DIEZ or DIETZ, dleets, a town of Germany, 10 miles N.E.
at the W. terminus of the Rouen and Dieppe Railroad, on  of Nassau, on the Aar, at its mouth in the Lahn.  Pop.
the English Channel, and 33 miles N. of Rouen.  Lat. of  2204.  It consists of an old and a new town, and has an anlighthouse, 490 55, 7" N., ion. 10 512K E. Pop. in 1852,17,669. cienut castle, used as a house of correction, 2 churches and a
It is divided into the town proper, and the suburb le Pollet,  school of horticulture.  Three miles from  the town is the
which communicate by a flying bi-idge, both being well fur-  castle of Oranienburg, (o-rcnt-en-bb3 o,) the residence of
nished with water from an aqueduct supplying nearly 200 -the Dukes of Nassau.
fountains.  The principal edifices are an old castle on a    DIEZE, DIESE, deelzeh, or DIES, dees, a river of Holland,
cliff W. of the town, 2 churches, the town-hall, commercial  province of North Bratraot, formned by the junction of the
college, theatre, public library, baths, and a school of navi-  Aa and the Dommel, and itlls into the Meuse.
gation. The port, enclosed by 2 jetties, and bordered by    DIFFNANE (diff'n\n/) ISLAND, in the Red Sea, one cf
quays, can accommodate from  60 to 80 vessels under 600  the Dhalak group, 8S miles from the nearest shore.
toibs; but it dries at low water, and is otherwise inconve-    DIGtBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
nient. Dieppe has an active general trade, ship building    DIGBY, a village of Nova Scotia, on Annapolis Harbor,
docks, manufactures of ivory wares, watches, lace, &c., and  11 miles S.W. of Annapolis.  A steamboat plies regular'ly
is a packet station, communicating daily by steamboats  between this port and St. John's, New Brunswick.
with Brighton, the traffic having increased considerably    DIGBY, a county in the W.S.W. extremity of Nova Scosince the opening oftheParis and Rouenl Railway. Among  tia, bordering on the Atlantic. Brials Island, and a rethe imports of 1852, were 22,984 tons of coal from Newcastle.  markable headland called Dighy Neck, encloses St. Mary's
Dieppe is the chief watering-place of France, and is much fre- Bay on the N.W. The surface is extremely diversified with
quented by visiters in summer, but still more towards  mountains, valleys, and lakes, the last of which give rise
autumn, during the recess of the legislature, and vacation  to several considerable rivers.  Copper and silver ores are
of the colleges and government offices at Paris.  It was  found in the county. The underlying rock consists of difonce the principal port of France, and its inhabitants were  ferent colored sandstones of the coal measures. Capital,
distinguished for their enterprise. It was bombarded and  Digby. Pop. in 1851, 12,252.
much damaged by the English and Dutch combined fleet in    DIGBY, a seaport-town of Nova Scotia, capital of Ditby
1694. It owes much to the Duchess de Berri, who first made  county, is situated on the N. shore of the neck'of the same
it fashionable as a bathing place.                            namne, about 110 miles W. of Halifax. This is one of the
DIEREN, dee!ren, properly DIEDEREN, deelder-on, a vii- principal seats of the fisheries, and the herrings of Dihby
lage of Holland, province of Gelderland, in the Veluwe, 9  have obtained a wide celebrity for their excellence. Pop.,
miles N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1300.                              consisting of Hessians, American refugees, and French,
DIERSBURG, deersob66no, a village of Baden, circle of  about 600.
Middle Rhine, on a mountain slope. Pop. 1100.                   DIGGES ISLANDS, a group of three small islands in the
DIERSDORF, deersrdorf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 14  Arctic Ocean, on the S.W. side of Hudson's Strait. Lat. 62~
miles N.N.E. of Coblenta, on the Wiedbach.  Pop. 1400. It  37' N., lon. 740 18' W.
has a fine castle, and manufactures of woollen cloths, linens,    DIGtGERS, a name applied to various tribes of miserable
and leather.                                                  and degraded Indians in Oregon and California, who subsist
DIES, a river of Holland.  See DoEzr.                       on roots, which they dig out of the earth, and on insects,
DIESBACI-I, OBER, o/ber deesfbak, a village of Switzerland, lizards, &c.
canton, and 11 miles S.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish, 5915.        DIGIHTON, difton, a post-township of Bristol co., MassaDIESBACH, UNTER, 66iin/ter deesobAK a village of Swit- chusetts, on the W. side of Taunton River, 35 miles S. by W.
zerland, canton of Bern.  Pop. 1330.                          of Boston.  Pop. 1641.
DIESE, a river of IHolland.  See DiEzE.                       DIGNANO, deen-ydno, a town of Illyria, in Istria, 48
DIESSEN, deesfsen, a market-town of Upper Bavaria, on  miles S.S.E. of Triest, pleasantly situated on an eminence
Lower Ammer, 13 miles S.E. of Landsberg.  Pop. 1330.          about 3 miles from  the Adriatic.  Pop. 3600. It has a caDIESSEN, a scattered but prettily situated village of Hol-  thedral and 2 monasteries.
land, plovince of North Brabant, 15 miles S.W. of Bois le    DIGNE, deeoi, (anc. Di'nia,) a walledtown ofFrance, capital
Due, on the Diesse. Pop. 540.                                 of the department of Basses-Alpes, on a hill side near the
DIESSENROFEN, deesfsen-ho'fen, a town of Switzerland,  left bank of the Bleone, 55 miles N.E. of Aix. Pop. in 1852,
canton of Thurgau, on the left bank of the Rhine, 5i  miles  4781. It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, courts of assize
E. ofSchaffhausen.  Pop. 1517, mostly Protestants.            and commerce, a public library, tanneries, and trade in
DIEST, deest, a walled town of Belgium, province of South  prunes, almonds, corn, hemp, and catttl.
567




DIG                                                            DIN
DIGOA. See DEEGOA.                                            DILITON, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts.
DIGOIN, dee'gwAc'at, (anc.Denagozltihn?) a town of France,    DILIWORTH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
department of 8a6ne-et-Loire, on the Loire, at the entrance    DILtWORTI-ITOWN, a post-village of Chester co., Penn.
of the Canal duCentre, 14 miles W. of Charolles. Pop. in 1852, sylvania, 78 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.
3291. It has manufactures  of earthenware, and trade in salt.    DILIWYN, a parish  of England, co. of Hereford.
DIGSIWELL, a parish of England, co., of HIerts.                DIMA, deeimi, a large town of Abyssinia, state of Amhara,
DIGUE, LA,'1 deeg, an island of the Seychelles Archi- district of Gojam, near lat. 100 30, N., ion. 380 5' E.  It is
pelago, in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 40 21' 12"t S., Ion. 550 55,  divided into many quarters by stone walls; the houses are
15" E.                                                        mostly of stone, and its church is one of the largest edifices
DIHONG, dee'hongf, the great western stream forming the  in the country.
Brahmapootra River, in Farther India, which breaks through    DIMCHUCIICH, a parish of England. See Dvmcinucc.
the Himalayas, near lat. 280 15' N., ion. 950 10, E., and has    DIMITROYSK or DIMITROWSK, dee'me-trovskf, a town
been supposed identical with the San-poo, in Thibet.  See  of Russia, government, and 47 miles S.W. of Orel, on the
BRniHMAr00OTA.                                                 Oscheritz, at its confluence with the Neroosa. Pop. about 3000.
DIJON, dee'zh6NOl, (anc. Diblio orDivlio,)a river of France,    DIMITZANA, dee-meet-send, a town of Greece, in Morea,
capital of the department of COte-d'Or, at the confluence of  on an affluent of the Carbanara, 15 miles N.W. of Tripolitza.
the Ouche and Suzon, on the Canal of Burgundy, (Canal de  Before the Russian invasion in 1770, this town was one of
Bourgogne,) and on the railway froin Paris to Lyons, 160  the most important places in the country.
miles S.E. of Paris.  Pop. in 1852, 32,252. It is enclosed by    DIM/MICK, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
ramparts, and has many fine public wallrs, and beautiful en-    DIM/OCKS, a post-village and township of Susquehanna
virons. The chief pulblic buildings are a palace of the princes  co., Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. of Montrose.  Pop. 1056.
of Conde, a castle built by Louis XI. and XII., and serving    DINABURG, a town of Russia. See DUNAUcroG.
for barracks, the town-hall, prefecture, a large old court-   DINAGEPOOR or DINAJPOOR, dee-niij-poorl, (i. e. "the
house, a theatre, hospitals, prisons, and an orphan asylum. abode of beggars,") capital of a district of its own namne, and
It has 2 public libraries, one containing 40,000 volumes with  seat of a British jurisdiction, is 105 miles N. of Moorshada5SS., a cabinet of natural history, a national court for the  bad. Estimated pop. 30,000. It is meanly built. It is the
departments of COte-d'Or, Haute-Marne, and Sa~ne-et-Loire,  seat of the British judicial and revenue courts, but is, on the
courts of assize and commerce, an acadie universitaire, 8  whole, a very poor place. The vicinity is sandy soil, and ill
colleges, schools of medicine and the fine arts, and a botanic  supplied with water.
garden. It has manufimctures of linen, cotton, and woollen    DINAGEPOOR, a district of British India, presidency of
-abrics, hats, earthen-ware, soap, beer, and leather; but its  Bengal. Area, 5374 square miles. Pop. 2,341,420.
chief dependence is on its wine trade, it being the principal   DINAMARCA, DNl.4MtARBQrES.  See DexisARK.
depot and market for the sale of Burgundy wines.  Many    DINAN, deeWnGNal, a town of France, department of COteseminent men were natives of Dijon, the celebrated Bossuet, du-Nord, on a height near -the Rance, 14 miles S. of St.
Cr6billon, Saumaise, (Salmasius, the antagonist of Milton,) Malo.  Pop. in 1852, 8437. It is enclosed by a wall, dePiron, Rameau, Guyton, Morveau, &c. St. Bernard, the fat- fended by a fine old castle. The principal edifices are two
mous founder of Citeaux, was born in a neighbouring vii- Gothic churches, a clock-tower, town-hall, commercial collage, and a bronze statue of him has lately been erected in  lege, hospital, public library, concert-hall, &c. It has manna new quarter of Dijon, called the St. Bernard suburb. Dijon  factures of sail-cloth, linen and cotton fabrics, shoes, hats,
is a very ancient city, and is believed to be of Itoman foun-  and leather; salt refineries, beet-root sugar factories, and a
dation. The annals of the Middle Ages give constant evi- brisk trade in butter, hemp, linen thread, &c., carried on by
duce of its importance in early times as the capital of a  means of the river, which is navigable up to the town. In
principality, the rival of ancient France in extent of terri- 1389 it was besieged by the Duke of Lancaster, and defended
tory, and occasionally its superior in power.                 by Du Guesclin.
DIJONNOIS or DIJONNAIS, dee'zhonnVt/, an old division    DINANT, de-numntl or deesnuceN/, (L. Dinsans/t/i e,) a town
of France, in the province of Burgundy.  Its capital was  of Belgium, province, and 15 miles S. of Namur, on the deDijon, it is now comprised in the department of Cate-d'Or.   clivity of a rocky and castle-crowned height, near the Meuse.
DIKETWID, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.         Pop. 6388. It has a Gothic cathedral, two hospitals, a Latin
DILIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.                school, manufactures of hardwares, woollen fabrics, paper,
DILIHORNE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.            and leather. The existence of Dinant dates from the sixth
DIL/IGENT STRAIT, a channel or passage in the Bay of  century, and, according to old chronicles, its name is deBengal, between the SE. coast of the middle Andaman and  rived from the goddess Diana, who was worshipped and had
some contiguous islands, and a group or chain of larger  a temple here. As early as the twelfth century it was
islands, extending from lat. 110 48/ to 120 20' N. It is friom   strongly fortified, and deemed impregnable.  In 1486, Philip
6 to 9 miles wide, except towards the middle, where it is only  the Good, Duke of Burgundy, with 50,000 men and a for2 or 3 miles in width.                                        midable artillery, took it by assault, razed it to the ground,
DILLENBURG, dillgn-bO6RRG, a town of Germany, duchy,  and, taking 800 of the inhabitants, tied them by twos, back
and 37 miles N.E. of Nassau, on the Dille. Pop. 2500. It  and back, and threw them into the Meuse.  It was rebuilt
has an ancient ruined castle, a college, hospital, and orphan  in 1493, but has since been twice taken by the French,
asylum, and manufactures of woollen fabrics. In the vi- namely, in 1554 and 1875.
cinity are copper mines, potash, and lime-works.                 DI'NAPOOR/, a town of British India, presidency of BenDIL/LERSVILLE, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylva-  gal, district, and 14 miles W. of Patna, with a quay on the
nia, on the Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad, 1 mile W. right bank of the Ganges.  It has handsome military canof Lancaster.                                                 tonments, and 3200 houses, chiefly of mud, and tiled.
DILLE'S BOTTOM, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.           DINARIC (de-n/rlic) ALPS, (L. AC2pes Diner/icce,) consist
DILLI, dilllee, or DELLY, dilflee, a town on the N.W.  of that portion of the Alpine system which connect the Jucoast of the island of Timor, Malay Archipelago, in the Por-  lian Alps with branches of the Balkan in Turkey, and cover
tuguese possessions.  Lat. 30 33' S., Ion. 40 33 S., ion.     South Croatia, Dalmatia, and Herzegovina, with their ramiDILLINGEN, dillling-gn, a town of Bavaria, circle of  fications, separating the basin of the Save from the region
Swabia, capital of a district on the left bank of the Danube, watered by the Kerka, Narenta, and other rivers flowing  to
24 miles N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 3453. It is enclosed by  the Adriatic Sea. They seldom rise to more than 7000 feet
ancient walls, and has a palace, the residence of the bishops  in height, and are chiefly of a caicareous formation.
of Augsburg, 3 Roman Catholic churches, an orphan asylum,    DIN/AS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
barracks, gymnasium, and superior schools, ship-building    DIN/AS-MOWDDUL, (mlrwvee,) a decayed borough and
docks, and manufactures of cutlery.                           market-town of North Wales, co. of Memloneth, on the Dovy.
DILLING EN, a village of Ithenish Prussia, 28 miles S. of  Pop. 300. It is most picturesquely situated on the sies of a
Treves. Pop. 1390. It has paper mills, and copper and iron  precipitous mountain. and though but a miserable village,
Ifoundries.                                                   has the local designation of a  city."
DIL/LINGERSYILLE, a postroffice of Lehigh co., Penn-    DIN/DER. a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
sylvania.                                                       DIN'DIGULI, an old division of the Madras presidency, in
DILLN or DILN. See DULLN, (Difilln.)                        British India, now comprised in Madura.
DILLON, a post-office of Tazewell co., Illinois.              DIN'DIGULI, a town of India, 30 miles N.W. of Mladura,
DILLON'S RUN, a post-office of IHampshire co., Virginia.   with a fort on a high  granite rock. Pop. 3200.
DILLSIBOROUGH, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana,   DIN'DING! ISLES, a group off the WV. coast of the Malay
85 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.                                Peninsula, 70 miles S.S.E. of Penang.  Lat. 40 20' N., Ion.
DILLSIBURG, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 15  1000 32' E. PoeLo D\INING is a beautiful granitic island,
miles S.W. of Harrisburg.  Pop. 270.                          250 feet high, and covered with thick woods from  the marDIL/LY or DEL/LY MOUNT, a headland of South Hindos-  gin of the sea to the summit.
~-tan, which may be considered as marking the limit between    DINE/DOR, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
the coasts of Canara and Malabar; lat. 120 2k N., Ion. 750 16' E.   DIN\EVAWR/ CASTLE, a ruined fortress of South Wales,
DILMAN, deelPmiin/, a new  and considerable town of  co. of Cartmanthen, anciently a seat of the Caribrian princes.
Northern Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 50 miles'N.N.W. of  It now gives the title of baron to the Cardonnel family.
Ooroomee/yah.  It is a new town, there being an old one of    DINGII,  daNGizhoI, a town of Prance, department of Ille-eAlhe same name, now almost in ruins, about 4 miles W. of it. Vilaine, 17 miles N. of Rennes.  Pop. 1830.
It is surrounded by gardens. Pop.. estimated at 15,000.        DINGELSTADT, (Dingelstidt,) ding-el-stttV, a walleo
568




DIN                                                             DIS
town of Prussian Saxony, on the Unstrut, 10 miles N.N.W.  ny, el'cle, and 11 miles S. of Dresden, on the  Weisseritz.
of Miihlhausen.  Pop. 3062.                                   Pop. 2406. It has manufitctures of woollen and linen cloths.
DINIGESTOW, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.             DIPSO, dip/so, a town of Greece, on the island of Nearopon t
DIN/GLE, a seaport and market-town, parish, and dis-  or Euboea, on the channel of Talanda, 30 miles N.y. of the
franchised borough of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry, on  town of Negropont.  It is supposed to replace the ancient
the N. side of Dingle Bay, 8 miles E. of Dunmore Head. Pop.  (Edep7sus, famed for its hot baths.
of town, 3386. Its linen manufacture has declined. Dingle    DIPTFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Bay is much exposed to the swell of the Atlantic, but the    DIRECTION  ISLAND, in the Indian Ocean, is one of the
harbor is safe.                                               Keeling group, in lat. 120 5' 2411 S.
DING/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.           IDIRECtTION ISLAND, at the entrance of the China Sea,
DINGtIMAN, a post-village and township of Pike co., Penn-  off the S.W. coast of Borneo; lat. 15~ N., ion. 1080 2' E.
sylvania, on the Delaware River, about 8 miles below Mil-    DIRECTION ISLANDS, a group of small islands off the
ford.  Pop. 638.                                              N..coast of Australia, near Cape Flattery: lat. 140 25 S., Ion.
DING/MANSBURG, a thriving village of Shelby co., Ohio, 1450 30' E.
on the Miami River, opposite Sidney, 72 miles W.N.W. of    DIIIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Columbus.  Pop. about 250.                                      DIR1LLO, de-rillo, (anc. Acha/tes,) a river of Sicily,, inDING/MAN'S FERRY, apost-office, Pike co.,Pennsylvania.  tendency of Syracuse, enters the Mediterranean 24 miles
DINGOLFING, dinglol-fing'; a town in Lower Bavaria, on  W.N.W. of Modica, after a W.S.W. course of about 30 miles.
a rock near the right bank of the Isar, 10 miles W.S.W. of    DIRK-HAR/TOG ISLAND. off the W. coast of Australia.
Landau.  Pop. 1897. Ecclesiastical councils were held here  Lat. 260 S., lon. 1130 E. Coast steep; length from N. to S.,
in 772 and 932.                                               45 miles; breadth, 10 miles.
DING/WALL, a royal burgh and parish of Scotland, capi-    DIRKSLAND, difks/lIFnt, a village of IHolland, province
tal of the co. of Ross, at the head of Cromarty Firth, where  of South Holland, 20 miles S.W. of Rotterdam.  It has a
oined by the Peffer, 11 miles N.W. of Inverness.  Pop. of  harbor, communicating S. with the iaringvliet.  Pop. 2030.
borough, 1739. It has wharves for vessels drawing 9 feet    DIRLETON, derl/ton, a maritime village and parish of
water, but very little trade. It joins with Tain, Dornoch,  Scotland, co., and 61 miles N. of Hk,?ddington, on the S. shore
Wick, and Kirkwall in sending 1 member to Parliament.    of the Frith of Forth. Its village one of the most beautiful
DINIA. See DsrNE.                                           in Scotland, is situated in a plain, on one side of which are
DINKELSBUHL, (Dinlce]sbiihl,) dink/els-biile', a fortified  the noble ruins of Dirleton Castle.
town of Bavaria, circle of Middle Franconia, on the Wernitz,    DIRMSTEIN, d66nm/stine, a town of Rhenish Bavaria,  -
20 miles S.W. of Anspach.  Pop. 5019. It was formerly a  circle ofPalatinate,4 miles E.N.E. of Grtinstadt.  Pop. 2049.
free town of the empire, and has manufactures of woollen    DIIISCHAU, dHbR/sht w, a town of East Prussia, capital of
cloths, camlets, leather, stockings, and gloves, and a brisk  a circle, 20 miles S.S.E. of Dantzic, on the left bank of the Vietrade in corn.                                                tula, and on the railway from Berlin to Danteic. Pop. 3510.
IDINKLAGE, ding/klgheh, a village of Northern Ger-  It has tanneries, breweries, and a transit trade on the river.
many, grand duchy of Oldenburg, capital of a district and    DIRT TOWN, a post-village of Chattooga co., Georgia,
lordship, 8 miles S.W. of Vecht. Pop.1384. It has 4 an-  about 180 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
nual fairs.                                                      DIS, a walled town of South Arabia, near the coast, 53
DIMI/MIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West  miles E.N.E. of Makallah, with 1000 inhabitants.
Riding.                                                          DIS'APPOINTIM ENT ISLAND, one of the Bonin group in
DINSIDALE, a parish and watering-place of England,  the North Pacific Ocean; lat. 270 16' N., ion. 1400 51' E.
co. of Northampton, on the Tees, 5 miles S.E. of Darlington.    DISAPPOINTMENT ISLAND, in the South Pacific Ocean;
It has a medicinal spring, with baths and hotel.              lat. 500 36' S., Ion. 1660 E.
DINSLAKEN, dinsll:ken, a town of IRhenish Prussia, 24    DISAPPOINTMENT ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific, in
miles from Dusseldorf. Pop. 1624.                              Sat. 140 5' S., and discovered by Byron in 1765.
DINSIMORE, a post-township of Shelby co., Ohio, 75 miles    DISCIHIINGEN, dishling-en, a market-town of WTiirtem.
W.N.W. of Columbus.  Pop. 701.                                burg, on the Egge, 5 miles S.S.E. of Neresheim. Pop. 1150.
DINTELOORD, dinteh-l1att, a village of the Netherlands,    DISCHINGEN, UPPER, a market-town of Wiirtemburg,
province of North Brabrant, 5 miles W.S.W. of Willemstad.  on the Danube, E. of Ehingen.
Pop. 1000.                                                      DIS/CO, a large island belonging to Denmark, in Davis'
D)IN/TING,  a township of England, co. of Derby, on the  Strait, off the WY. coast of Greenland.  Lat. 690 11' N., Ion.
Sheffield and Manchester Railway, 30 miles N.W. of Sheffield.  530 20' W. It contains stone quarries and coal mines, posDIN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.                 sesses valuable fisheries, and, with a number of small surD[NTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                  rounding islands, forms a division of the inspectorate of
DINWIDIDIE, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, con- North Greenland.
tainus 540 square miles. The Appomattox River bounds it    DISCOVIERY  BAY, on the S. coast of Australia, between
on the N., and the Nottorway on the S.W.; it is also drained  Capes Bridgewater and Northumberland. It is about 50
by Stony and Namazine Creeks. The surface is undulating. miles wide. Centre in lat. 380 5, S., lon. 1410 E.
The rocks which underlie this county are of the primitive    DISCOY/ERY PORT, a harbor of Oregon, near the head of
formation. The railroad from  Richmond to Weldon, North  the Straits of Juan de Fuca, stretching inland for 8 miles,
Carolina, passes through the county. Formed in 1752, and  to the parallel of 480 N., and having an average width of 2
named in honor of Robert Dinwiddie, then governor of Vir-  miles.
ginia.  Capital, Dinwiddie Court House.  Pop. 25,118, of    DISENTIS.  See DesSENTIs   {USTAR.
whom 14,238 were free, and 10,880 slaves.                       DISE/WORTH, a parish of England,  co. of Leicester.
DINWIDIDIE COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of    DISIMAL SWAMP extends firom near Norfolk, in Virginia,
Dinwiddie co., Virginia, on Stony Creek, 35 miles S. by W. into North Carolina. Length fromn N. to S., about 30 miles;
of Richmond.                                                  greatest breadth, 10 or 12 nmiles.  It is in some parts covered
DINWIDIDIE'S TAN YARD, a post-office of Campbell co.,  with reeds, in others with a heavy growth of trees with a
Virginia.                                                     thick undergrowth. In the centre is LAKE  DRUI0MONIo
DINXPERLO, dinx'pka-lo/, a village of the Net lherlands,  covering about 6 square miles; when full, the surface is 21
province of Gelderland, 7 miles S.W. of Bredevoort. Pop. 700. feet above tide-water.
DIOIS, dee'wV, an old district of France, in the province    DISNA, disi/nl, a thriving town of Russia, government,
Dauphin6, the capital of which was Die. In 1414 it was  and 109 miles N.N.E. of Minsk, capital of a circle of same
ceded to Charles VI. by Louis-de-Poitiers.                    name, at the mouth of the Disna.  It has some shipping,
DIOMA, de-olml, a river of European Russia, govern-  and a considerable trade.  Pop. 2219.
ment of Orenboorg, after a N.N.E. course of 150 miles, joins    DISNA, a river of Russia, rises in a lake of same name, in
the Biela near Oofa. It has many copper mines on its banks. the N.E. of the government of Vilna, and joins the Dwina
DI/OMEDE ISLAND, a group in Behring Strait, midway  after a course of abont 90 miles.
between Asia and America, consisting of Fairway, Krusen-    DISON, dee'zcool, a village of Belgium, province of Liege,
stern, and Ratmauov Islands, the central one in lat. 650 46' 2 miles N.N.W. of Verviers.  Pop. 2900. It has important
N., Ion. 1680 55, W.                                          manufactures of woollen cloths.
DIOSCORID)IS INSULA.  See SecoTRA.                            DISS, a market-town and parish of England, co. o: NorDIOS-GYOI, (Dios-Gyor,) dee'oshfjla/, a market-town of  folk, on the Waveney, 20 miles S.S.W. of Norwich.
Northern IHungary, co. of Borsod, in a pleasant valley 51    DISSAIS, dees'st, a village of France, department of Vimiles WV. of Miskolcz.  Pop. 3264.  It has manufectures  enne, 9 miles N.N.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1556.
of barrels and toys.  Near it are important iron mines.         DISSAY, dees'sl, and village of France, department of
DIGS, NOMiBRE  DE, nm!brA dl- dee/oce, a town of  Sarthe, 21 nmiles S.S.W. of St. Calais, on the left bank of the
Mlexico, state, and 50 miles S.E. of Durango. Pop. 7000.      Long. Pop. 1600.
DIOZEGII, dee'o'z6-!, a market-town of HIungary, co. of    DIS/SEl', or VALENTIA, an island in the Red Sea, W. of
Bihar, 23 miles S.El. of Debreczin.                           the Dankali coast, about lat. 150 18' N., lon. 400 25' E. It is
DIOZ!{GII, a market-town of IHungary, co., and 25 miles  about 27 miles long, and I of a mile brocad, and is reinarC'able
E.N.E. of t'Preosur, on the Dudwag.  Pop. 1714.               for its pleasant appearance.
DIPIGNANO, de-peen-y/no, a village of Naples, province    DISSIEN,  dislsen, a market-town of Hanover, 13 miles
of Calaboia Citra. 3 nsiles S. of Cosenza.  Pop. 2400.        S.S.E. of 0snaburg.  Pop. 1550.
DIPPOLDISWALDE, dip-pol'dis- vqlldeh, a town of Saxo-    DISSENTIS MUSTAR, dis-sn'tis moos/tan,. or DISEN569




DIS                                                            DIV
TIS, dee-senltis, a town of Switzerland, canton of Grisons,  government of the Congress of the United States, and with.
3800 feet above sea-level, on a gentle slope, near the conflu-  out any representation in the national Congress, or any vote
once of the Further and Middle Rhine, 34 miles W.S.W. of  for president. The judiciary consists, 1. Of a circuit court,
Chur, (Coire.)  Its chief attraction is an ancient convent of  with one chief and two associate judges, the former receivina
Benedictines, which is said to have been founded, in 600, by  $2700, and the latter $2500 each, per annum; 2. Of a criminal
Sigisbert.  Its superiors were once princes of the empire. It  court, presided over by one judge, receiving $2000; and, 3.
was almost destroyed by the French in 1794. The environs of  Of an orphans' court, with a judge receiving $1500 per annum.
Dissentis exhibit some of the finest Alpine scenery. Pop. 1436. Assessed value of property in 1850, $14,018,874. In January,
DISISERTHI, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.          1852, there were in the district four banks, with an a,2gregate
DISITINGT ON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.   capital of $1,182,300, a circulation of $356,000, and $300,000
DISTTLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester.            in coin.
DISiTRICT, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. P. 842.   History.-In 1790, Maryland and Virginia ceded 100 square
DISITRICT OF COLUMIBIA, a small tract of territory set  miles to the United States. This tract was named the Disapart as the site of the capital of the United States, was  trict of Columbia, in honor of the great discoverer of America.
ceded to the General Government by the state of Maryland,  This district, about two-thirds of which was on the Maryland
by which it is bounded on all sides except the S.W., which  shore of the Potomac, was designed for the site of the capital
is washed by the Potomac River. The capital in Washington  of the nation, and, in accordance with this intention, a city
is in lat. 380 53' N., lon. 770 2' W. from Greenwich.  American  was laid out, public buildings eected, and, in 1800, the
geographers, however; often compute longitude from  this  government officials  removed thereto fromn  Philadelphia.
place. Originally, the District of Columbia was 10 miles  During the war of 1812, the British forces took Washington,
square, or 100 square miles; but, by the retrocession of  and burned the Capitol, (including the library of Congress,)
Alexandria co. to YVirginia in 1846, it was reduced to about 60  and the president's  house. In 1846, Alexandria co. was
square miles, or 38,400 acres, 1.6,267 of which are improved.  retroceded to Virginia.
&is-face.-The  surface is generally undulating, with some    DIT/CIIEAT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
marshes. There are eminences of sufficient prominence to    DITCIHELILING, a parish of England, so. of Sussex.
command fine views and give variety to the scene.                DITCIINGIIAM, ditlchin-am,  a parish of England, co.
Rivers.-The Potomac River separates the district from   of Norfolk.
Virginia, which, except a small tributary called the East    DITMARSCJ  (dit/macsh) NOsTIT and  SOUTH, (Ger.
Branch, and  Rock  Creek, separating Washington  from   A order  nonrder  and Siider si'der Ditarssc chen, dit/manGeorgetown, is the only stream of importance.                 shen,) a subdivision of the Duchy of IHIolstein, in Denmark,
Productions. —The  district has very little agricultural  between the Elbe and the Eider.  The North district contains
importance. Products in 1850, 17,370 bushels of wheat; 11villages;chief town, Heide. Area, 231square miles. Pop.
5509 of rye; 65,230 of Indian corn; 8134 of oats; 28,292 of  in 1847, 30,200. The South district contains 13 villages;
Irish potatoes; 14,872 pounds of butter; 2279 tons of hay, chief town, Meldorf.  Area, 275 square miles. Pop. 33,400.
with some tobacco, peas, beans, sweet potatoes, barley, buck-    DITINEY HIILL, a post-office of Dubois co., Indiana.
wheat, wine, cheese, beeswax, and honey.  Value of live    DITRO-VARIIEGY,  deestroL-varnh~ djI, (Ger. Burgberg,
stock produced, $71.643;  of orchard products, $14,843; and  bOoInebne, ) a village of Transylvania. in Szekler-laid, on
of market garden, $67,222.                                    the Maros, 8 miles N.W. of Gyergyo St.'iiklos, with mi1fiissufactures. —In 1850 the District of Columbia had 1  neral springs.
cotton foctory, employing $85,000 of capital, and 41 male and    DITITE'AH, a town of Hindostan, in Bundelcund, capital
103 female hands, consuming raw  material worth $67,000,  of a rajahship, 15 miles N.W. of Jhansi. It is enclosed by
and producing 1,400,000 yards of stuff, valued at $100,000; 1  walls, and mostly built of stone. The rajahship, area 850
woollen factory, emnployinsg $700 capital and 2 male hands,  square miles, pop. 120,000 is under British protection.
consuming raw material worth $1630, and producing 10,000    DI1T/TERIDGE.  a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
yards of stuff, valued at $2400; 2 furnaces, employing    DITTERSBACH, dit'ters-bAK', or S'TARSOW, stanasov, a
$14,000 capital and 80 mn.e hands, consuming raw material village of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, in a valley about 40
worth $18,100, and producing 512 tons of castings, &c., valued  miles W. of Olmutz.  Pop. 1105.
at $52,695; $12,000 were invested in the manufacture of    DITTFURT, ditlf66it, a market-town of Prussian Saxony,
malt and spirituous liquors, consuming 5000 bushels of  28 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2120.
barley, and producing 1350 barrels of'ale; and 2 tanneries,    DITTIGIIEIM, a village of Baden.  See DIETIGHoEi.
employing $25,000 capital, consuming raw material worth    DITITISI-HAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
$25,600, and producing leather valued at $40,000.                DITITON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.  A handsome
In/ternal Inf -eroveme nts. —A  few miles of the Washington  mansion in the vicinity is supposed to have been part of.~
and Baltimore Railroad are in the District of Columbia, and  abbey founded in the reign of William Rufus.
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal has its terminus at George-    DITTON, FEN, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
town. These constitute the internal improvements of the    DITTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
district.                                                        DiTITON  PRIIORS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Cosomerce.-The imports of 1851-52 amounted to $54,142,    DITTON, TIAMES, a parish of EnIgland., co. of Surrey.
and the exports to $79,005; tonnage entered, 901; cleared,    DITTON, WOOD, a parish of England., co. of Cambridge.
2014; belonging to the district,'26,197, of which 3327 was    DITWYL, dit/vil, er DIIFTWYL  deetfitl, a village of
steam tonnage, the number of vessels built, 27, the tonnage  Switzerland, canton, and 8 miles N.N.E. of Lucerne, on the
of which was 1995.                                             Reuss.  Pop. 2.50, mostly engaged in agriculture.
F'ducation.-IIn 1850 there were in the District of Columbia,    DITZINGEN, dit/sing-un, a village of WTiilrtemburg, circle
according to the census returns, 2 colleges, with 218 students  of Neckar, bailiwick of Leonberg.  Pop. 1293.
and $24,000 income, 1 medical school, with 40 students, 22    DIU, dee-ool, a fortified maritime  town of West Hindostan,
public schools. with 2169 pupils and $14,232 income, and 47  belonging to the Portuguese, on an island off the S. coast of
academies, with 2333 pupils and $84,040 income,                the Guzerat Peninsula, E. of Diu-head. Pop.4000.(?)  It has
Religious Denominations. —Of 46 churches, the Baptists  the remains of a once famous Hindoo temple, a citadel, and
owned 6, Episcopalians 8, Friends 1, Lutherans 2, Methodists  a good harbor.
16, Presbyterians 6, Roman Catholics 6, and Unitarian 1,   DIU-IEAD CAPE is in let. 200 43' N., lon. 710 3' 2" E.
making  about one church for every 1109 persons; value of    DIUMi  PROMONTORIUM.  See CAse SAssoso.
church property, $363,000.                                       DIVEN, deevyen, or DIVIN, dee/vin, (IHun. Diveny, dee'Public institutions. —See WAsHrINoGe  and GEOnorEGowe.      v6/,) a muarket-town of Rungary, co. ofNeograd, 20 miles S.E.
Popeulation.-The District of Columbia had 14,093 inhabit-  of Altsohl. Pop. 1056. It has glass-works and a ruined castle.
ants in 1800; 24,023 in 1810; 33,039 in 1820; 39,834 in 1830;   D IVEN, a market.town of Southern Russia, province of
43,712 in 1840; and 51,687 in 1850, of whom  18,548 were  Daghestan, on the Rubass, 22 miles W.S.W. of Derbend.
white males, 19,479 white females, 4210 free colored males,    DIVEN, a niarket-tow n of Russian Poland, government
5763 free colored females, and 1422 male and 2265 fiemale  of Grodno, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Kobrin.
slaves. Of the free population, 24.967 were born in the Dis-   DIVES, deev, a town of France, department of Calvados,
trict, 17,989 in other parts of the Union, 32 in British  12 miles W. of Pont l'Ev~qie, on the right bank' of the
America, 622 in England, 2373 in Ireland, 162 in Scotland  Dives, near its mouth.  Pop. 589. It has a small harbor.
and Wales, 1404 in Germany, 80 in France, 234 in other    DIVIIDING  CREEK, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
countries, and 77 wvhose places of birth were unknown; 19  New Jersey, 17 miles S.S.E. of Bridgeton. It has 2'churches,
were deaf and dumb, of whom 2 were flee colored and 1 a  and from 200 to 300 inhabitants.
slave; 23 blind, of whom 8 were free colored and 1 a slave;    DIVINA. KIs, kish, and NAGY DiVINA, nidj dee'vee/nah',
22 insane, of whom 8 were flee colored, and'1 a slave; and 11  (i. e. Little and Great Divine,) two adjacent villages of Hunidiotic, of whom  4 were free colored. In the year ending  gary, in Hither Danube, co. of Trentschin,  on the Waag,
June lst, 1850, 846 deaths occurred, being about 16 in every  about 3 miles from Solna.  United pop. 1525.
thousand persons.                                               DIVIO.  See DiJoN.
Cobnties.-The entire district constitutes the co. of Wash-    DIVODURUM.  See METz.
ington.                                                         DIVONA.  See CAnons.
Cities.-Washington, the capital of the United States, pop.   DIVONNE, dee'vonnf, a villmge of France, department of!0,000, and Georgetown, 8366, include nearly the entire  Ain, canton, and 6 miles from Gex. It has paper-mills  and
population of the district.                                  iron-foundries.  Pop. 1500.
Governsent.-The District of Columbia is under the direct    DIVOSCHI  or DIWOSCII, dee/vosh', a village of Austria,
570




IIW                                                           DOB
in  Slvonia, co. of Syrmia, at the foot of the mountains of  and towers. The resident's abode is in a fort which commands
Syrmia, about 22 miles S.W. of Peterwardein.  Pop. 1462.   both the palace and the town.  There are here a church,
DIWISCIIAU, deelve-sh6w', or DIBISCHA.U, dee/be-shdwl, school, and shot foundry. Besides the European guards of
a town of Bohemia, circle of Kaurzim, 30 miles S.E. of  honor, the sultan has a guard composed of young females
Prague.  Pop. 1600.                                           armed with lance, sword, and pistol, who perform service on
DIX, a township of Chemung co., New York. Pop. 2953.  horseback as well as on foot, and firom among whom he froe
DIXIAN, a town of Abyssnia, state of Tigre, 65 miles N.E. quently selects his wives. I'r. 90,006.
of Axoom, on the Danakil frontier.                               DJOLIBA.  See JoLIsa.
DIXBOROUGI{, a village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 34    DLE-POLE(?)avillage  of IIHungary, in Hither Danube, co.
miles W. of Detroit.                                          of Trentschin, about 10 miles from Silliun. Pop. 3114.
DIXICOYE FORT, a British settlement of West Africa, on    DLTUHA, dloolhdh, or DLIIA, dl,, a village of Hungary,
the Gold Coast. Lat. 40 45/ N., Ion. 10 57t W., in a fiue bay,  co. of Arad, on a river of the same name, here crossed by two
in which ships of 100 tons can load.  The town, which lies  bridges, 9 miles from Kubin. Pop. 1087.
below the fort, has a permanent pop. of 1200. Behind Dix-    DMITROV, d'me-trov/, a town of Russia, government, and
cove is a small lake with brackish water, in which the  40 miles N. of Moscow, capital of the circle, on the Jakihnegroes maintain a number of crocodiles.                      rama, an affluent of the Volga. Pop. 3000. It is ancient
DIX CREEK, a post-ofi1ce of Chickasaw co., Mississippi.   and ill built, and has a college, and manuficturees of woollen
DIXIFIELD, a post-township of Oxfo,'d co., Maine, on the  cloths and leathero  Near it is a porcelain fiactory, and the
N. side of Androscoggin River, 35 miles W.N.W. of Augusta.  palace of the Counts Soltikov, burnt by the French in their
Pop. 1180.                                                    retreat, October, 1812.
DIX HILL, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.             DMiITROVSK, d'me-trvoskl, a town of Russia, government
DIXMONT, deexm6,NGo, a market-town of France, depart-  and 40 miles S.W. of Orel, capital of the circle, on the Iemeet of Yonne, 20 miles N. of Auxerre. Pop. 1540.             roosa, and on the high road from Moscow  to Kiev. Pop.
]IX`IONT/, a post-village and township of Penobscot co., 39135.
Maine, about 40 miles N.E.  of Augusta. It has manufac-    DNIEPER, nee/pr, (Russ. D1nicer, dnytp/p'r;  anc. BorysL
tures of lumber and edged tools. Pop. 1605.                   thenes, and Danaepris,)  a river of Russia, rises in the
DIXMONT COLRNE,    a village in Dixmont township, government of Smolensk, flows generally S., and passes
Penobscot co., Maine, about 40 miles N.E. of Augusta.         Smolensk, (where it becomes navigable,) Moheelev, Kiev,
DIX'IONT MILLS, a village in Dixmont township, Penob- Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, and enters the Black Sea on the
scot co., Maine, about 43 miles N.E. of Augusta.              N. by several mouths.  Length, 623 miles; including windaDIXHUDE, dixnmiidel, (Flem. Dixoteyden, dix-moilden,)  ings, 1230 miles. Chief affluents on the right,Droots, Berea town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, pleasantly  sina, Pripets, and Bug; on the left, Sozh, Desna, Soola, Korol,
situated on the right bank of the Yser, 12 miles N. of Ypres.  and Samara.  The navigation is interrupted by rapids for
Pop. 3566. It has a handsome perish church, a hospital,  47 miles belovw Yekaterinoslav. A magnificent wrought-iron
and a workhouse, breweries, and tanneries. The town was  bar-chain suspension-bridge  has been  erected  over the
first walled in the tenth century, and was fortified in 1270  Dnieper at Kiev, by the command of the Em3eror of Russia.
and 1411. It was often taken and retaken by the Germans  It is halfa mile in length, and 521 feet broad, and cost400,0001.
and French.                                                   The river here is 35 feet deep in summer; but spring-floods
DIXION, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1192.          raise it to 50 feet, and even 55 feet. The mouth of the esDIXON, a thriving post-village, capital of Lee co., illinois,  tuary is defended by the fortresses of Otchakov and Kinon both sides of Rock River, and on the Northern Brandch  boorn. The Borysthenes was absurdly reckoned the greatest
of the Central Railroad, 110 miles W. of Chicago. A dam   river of the ancient world, after the Nile. The Greeks had
has been built across the river, producing extensive water-  very exaggerated ideas of the fertility and beauty of the
power, which is employed in mills ofvarious kinds.  Dixon  surrounding lands of its lower waters; but of its sources
contains a court-house, a United. States land-office, several  and early course they knew nothing. Near its embouchure
churches, and a number of stores. Pop. in 1850, 1073.         was the Milesian colony of Olbia, founded for trading with
DIXON, a post-office of Scott co., Iowva.                   the wandering races of the interior.
D)IXON'S ENITRANCE, a strait in North America, W.    DNIESTER, neeslter, (Russ. DDniestr, dnylslt'r; anc. Tylcoast, lat. 540 30' N., ion. 1320 W., between Queen Charlotte  ras, afterwards Dceana/tris  or Danas/ter,) a navigable river
Island and the Prince of Wales Archipelago.  Length from   of Austria and Russia, rises in the Carpathian Mountains,
NY. to E., 100 miles.                                         (Galicia,) separates Bessarabia firom the governments of PoDIXON'S MILLS, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama.   dolia and Kherson, flows E.S.E., passes Sambor, Halicz,
DIXON'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Smith co., Ten- Chotym, Moheelev, Bender, Akerman, and enters the Black
nessee, 51 miles E. of Nashville.                             Sea on the N.W.  Length, 400 miles; including windings,
DIX/ONVILLE, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri, 9  500 miles.  Chief affluents on the right, Stry, Reout, and
miles W. by N. of Jefferson City.                             Botna; on the left, Sered and Podhorce. Navigation difficult.
DIX/TON, NEWTON, parish of England, co. of Monmouth.    DNIEPROVSK, ~ERKHNE F, (Verkril,) vhk/-nee d'ineDIX/VILLE.  a township of Coos co., New Hampshire, 43  A'provsk/, a town of European Russia, capital of the district
miles N.E. of Lancaster.  Pop. S.                             of same name, government, and 41 miles W.N.W. of YekaterDIYAILAH,-a river of Persia. See DIALA.                     inoslav, on the Dnieper.
DIZFOUL or DIZFUL.  bee DEZaeoo.                              DOAB or DOOAB, doo'bb, ("two waters,") a name applied
DJ. For places someetimes spelled with the,se initial letters, in Ilindostan to tracts between two rivers, and especially to
and not found here, refer to DI and J.                        that between the Ganges and Jumna; the "Jullunder
DJAGARAGA, jgrig,    a town of Java, province of  doab," between the Sutlej and Beas Rivers. Punjab was
Madion, 48 miles S.E. of Somarang.in     Pop. 6000.           acquired firom the Sikhs by the British in 1846.
DJANGGUTAI, j~n-goo-tel, a market-town  of Southern    DOAKSIVILLE, a post-office of Choctaw Nation, Arlkansas.
Iussia, province of Daghestanu 60 miles N.Y. of Derbend.   DOANI, do-Ant, a town of Arabia, near its S.E. coast, 111I
Pop. 5000.                                                    miles WV. of Dhofar.
DJAPAN, a town of Java. See JAPAN.                            DOAN'S (d~nz) CREEK, of Indiana, enters the West Fork
DJAPARA, a town of Java. See JAPAoA.                        of White River, near the S. line of Greene county.
]DJAR, or EL DJAR, 61 jai, a maritime town of Arabia,   DOANESBURG, ddnz/btirg,   a post-office of Putnam  co.,
in Hejaz, on the Red Sea, 45 miles S.S.E. of Yembo.           New York.
DJAVAT, jO-vatf, a town of the Russian Transcaucasia,    DOAZOT, do'"zeel,'a village of France, department of
province of Shirvan, on the left bank of the Koor, at its  Lan-des, 18 miles S.S.W. of Moat de Marsan.  Pop. 1500.
junction with the Aras. 36 miles S. of Shamaka.                   OBARtVA, the northernmost town of Abyssinia, 98
DJAWANA, a town of Java. See J-AWAN.A.                      miles N. of Axoom, formerly important.
DJE-I.  See EmA.                                               DOBASNIZZA, do-bis-nitsli, or DOBASCHIZA, do-btDJEMILAI.H.     See JEMiLAn.                                shitsla, a village and seaport of Austria, in llyria, capital
DJERASHI, a city of Syria.  See GOAOsA.                     of the district of same name, 21 miles S.S.E. of Flume.
DJESR-ERKENE. See JEZAt-EXENoE                              Pop. 2160.
DJILLOLO, an island of the Malay Archipelago. See GILOLO.     DOBBIN'S CREEK, California. See DoER  C._tEs.
DJIDDA.  See JnoDA.                                           DDOBBIN'S RANCH, a post-office of Yuba co., California.
DJIGELLI, a town of Algerie.  See JijrtL.                     DOBB0, a town of the Malay  Archipelago.  See Aneoo
DJIMAJA or JAMAJA, ja-mOjO, an island of the China  lsLaND.
Sea; lat. (S. point) 2 50' N., ion. 105 52/ E. Length, 12 miles.   DOBB'S FERRY, a post-village of Westchester co., New
DJIRDJEH, a town of Egypt. See GimaEH.                      Yorko, on the Hudson River-, and on the rhilroad of that
DJOHIOR, a town of Malacca.  See JonorE.                    name, 22 miles N. of New York. It is a thriving village,
DJOKIJOKARTA or- DJOCJOCARTA, jok-yho-elrfta, written  with a steamboat landing, and a ferry across the river.
also YUGYAKARTA, a Dutch residency of Java, on the    DOBEIN, (Dibein,) d5lbine, a town of Saxony, circle, and
S. coast of the island near its centre.  This was formerly one  35 miles EE..E  of Leipsie, on an island formed by the
of the most important native states of Java. Pop. in 18'0, Mulde.  Pop. in i849, 915S. It has 2 churches, a hospital,
330,000.                                                      and manufiactures of woollen cloth, linen, and cotton.
DJOKIOKARTA, a town, capital of the ablove, lat. 70 47'   DOBERAN, dolbser —n5, a   earket-town and sea-bathing
S., ion. 100 24' E., is well built. The sultan's watee-palace is  estailiishment of Germany, in  Mecklenburg- Schwerin,
a curious town of itself, with subterranean appro-aches, walls  duchy, and 40 miles N.N.E. of Schwerin, capital of the dis571




DOB                                                         DOG
trict, on a small river which falls into the Baltic, 21 miles    DODDENHAIAM, dod/den-am, a parish of England,?o. of
below the town. Pop. 3223. It has a grand-ducal palace, Worcester.
sea-water baths at the mouth of the river, and mineral   DOD'DERHILL, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
springs and baths, temperature, 420 Fah.                      DODIDINGHURST, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
DOBLEN, do-blWnf, or DOBLEIHN, do-blainl, a large mar-    DOD/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
ket-town of Russia, government of Courland, circle, and 18    DODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
miles W. of Mitau.                                            DODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
DOBLING, (Ddbling,) ddbhling, a suburban village of   DODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of NorthumberVienna. 3 miles N. of the city, with mineral baths, and nu- land. In the vicinity is a valuable coal-mine.
merous villas.                                                DODDINGTON, DRY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln,
DOBOI, do'boyt, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia,   DODDINGTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of
on the left bank of the Bosna, 42 miles N.E. of Travnik.    Northampton.
DOBOKA, do'bo/k~h, a village of Transylvania, co. of Do-   DODDISCOMBSLEIGIH, dod/dis-komz-lee, a parish of Engboka, 12 miles W.S.W. of Szamos-Ujvar. The county of land, co. of Devon.
Doboka is partly mountainous and infertile. Pop. 66,900.      DODIDLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
DOBOZ, do'bozl, a village of Hungary, co. of Bekes, on the    DODIDRIDGE, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia,
Black K6lrtis, about 4 miles from Gyula. Pop. 1714.         contains 300 square miles. It is drained by Hughes ]liver
DOBRA, dolbrA, a town of Poland, ploviece, and 25 miles  and Middle Island Creek. The surface is hilly, and the
E.N.E. of Kelisz. Pop. 1000. It has 2 churches, a syna- land adapted to pasturage. The Miiddle Island Creek is
gogue, and manufactures of linens, gloves, and hosiery.     navigable by fiat-boats, in which lumber is exported. CapiDOBRA BONOP/OLIS, a village of Transylvania, co. of  tal, West Union. Pop. 2750, of whom 2719 were free, and
Hunyad, on the Maros, and on the frontier of the Banat, 31 slaves.
50 miles W.S.W. of Karlsburg.                                 DODDSIVILLE, a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois.
DOBRAN, do-brtnl, or DOBRANY, do-br/nee, a town of    DODDIVILLE, a post-office of Rock Castle co., Kentucky.
Bohemia, circle, and 10 miles S.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1835.    DODEBERG, (Dldeberg.) See DOEDIBESae.
DOBRAUC. See LIEBENTHAL.                                    DOD/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
DOBRAWVITZ, do/brA-fYits', or ROTH-DOBRAWITZ, a    DODGE, dQj, a new county in the N. part of Missouri,
town of Bohemia, 30 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1161.        bordering on Iowa, has an area of 210 square miles. It is
DOBRE MIASTO, a town of Prussia  See GUTSTADT.            drained by the head streams of Locust and  Medicine
DOBRIGNO, do-breenlyo, a village of Austria, Illyria, in  Creeks. The slope of the surface is towards the S. Named
the island of Veglia. 24 miles S.S.E. of Finme. Pop. 1700.   in honor of IHenry Dodge, long a resident in Missouri, and
DOBRILUCK, dolbre-160lk, a town of Prussia, in Branden- afterwards Governor of Wisconsin. Pop. 375, of whom 373
burg, on the Dober, 66 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1200. were free, and 2 slaves.
DOBRINCZE, do-brint'sA, or DOBRINZEN, do-brint/sen,   DODGE, a county in the S.E. central part of Wisconsin,
a village of Austria, in Slavonia, co. of Syrmia, in a plain, contains 930 square miles. It is intersected by Rock River
22 miles S.SE.. of Peterwardein.  Pop. 1505.               and by C'-awfish and Beaver Dam Creeks. The surface is
DOBRODJA. See DesunoUJA.                                  diversified by prairies and "oak openings," or uplands,
DOBROKOZ, do'bro'kozl, a market-town of IHungary, co. which are covered with a scattered growth of burr and pin
of Tolna, 84 miles S.S.W. of Pesth. on the Kapos. Pop. 2550. oaks, while the large streams are bordered by dense forests
DOBROMIELITZ, do/bro-mee'lts, a village of Austria. in  of oak, ash, elm, maple, &c. The soil is calcareous, and very
Moravia, circle of Olmutz, 7 miles from Prossnitz. Pop. 864. fertile; the Winnebago Marsh, (an  immense mill-pond,
DOBT/ROMIL', a town of Austrian Galicia, 23 miles E. of through which Rock River flows,) covers an area of 44
Sanok. Pop. 1600. It has important cattle fairs.           square miles. Limestone, suitable for building, is found in
DOBROSLAWITZ, do-bro-sltIvits,    a village of Austrian  considerable quantities. It is intersected by the'Fond du
Silesia. about 41 miles N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 1422.         Lae and Chicago Railroad. Rock River furnishes valuable
DOBROTA, do-bro'tl, a market-town of Dalmatia, 2 miles motive-power, and is navigable for small boats. This is
N.E. of Cattaro, on the Adriatic. Pop. 1700.               one of the most populous and -fourishing counties of the
DOBRUDJA or DOBRUDSCHA,  do-broo/jA, written also  state. Named in honor of Henry Dodge, first Governor of
DOBRODJA, DOBRUJE, and DOBRUZA, a country on the Wisconsin. Capital, Juneau. Pop. 19,138.
right side of the Danube, extending from Silistria and Yarna   DODGE CENTRE, Wisconsin. See JUNEAU.
to the mouth of the Danube: inhabited by Tartars.            DODGEVILLE, a village of Des Iloines co., Iowa.
DOBRUSCIKA, do-broosh/kg, or DOBRJUSKA, do-broosak',   DODGEVILLE, a thriving post-village and township in
a town of Bohemia, circle, and 15 miles E.N.E. of Kiniggriitz. Iowa co., Wisconsin, 6 miles N. of Mineral Point. Rich
Pop. 1900. It has a trade in corn, ilax, yarn, and wine,   mines of lead and copper are worked in the vicinity. The
DOBRZAN, dofbzhan, a town of Bohemia, 8 miles S.S.W. village has 3 churches, 9 stores, and 1 smelting furnace.
of Pilsen, on the right bank of the Radbuza. Pop. 2000.    Pop. in 1853, about 1200; of the township in 1850, 2117.
DOBRZYN, dob/shin, a town of Poland; government of    DOD/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Plock, on the Drewenz, 18 miles N.N.W. of Lipno. Pop.   DODINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
2200, one-half of whom are Jews. It has a fine castle, and    DOD/SON, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 1217.
manufactures of woollen cloth and leather.                    DOD/SONYILLE, a small post-village in' Jackson  co.,
DOBSCIHAU, dob/sh6w, or DOBSINA, dob'-sheel-nlh', a  Alabama.
market-town of Northern IHungary, co., and 21 miles N.N.E.   DODSONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Highland co.,
of Gbmbr, on the Dobsina.  Pop. 5410, mostly Geimans. It Ohio, 50 miles E. of Cincinnati.  Pop. in 1853, about 200.
has extensive iron, copper, and cobalt mines.                 DOD/WORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West
DOB-TISZA, dob-tees/sah, a market-town of Hungary, on  Riding.
the Theiss, 12 miles S.S.W. of Tokay. Pop. 2274.              DOEDIBERG or DnrBnaEn, ditide-bWnlG, a principal summit
DOCE, d'sal, (i.e. "sweet,") a river of Brazil, rises in the  of the Swiss Alps, 17 miles S.S.W. of Glarus, at the S. exprovince of Minas Geraes, flows N.E. between the provinces tremnity of the canton. IIeight, 11,887 feet. Elevation of
of Porto Seguro and Espiritu Sauto, and enters the Atlantic  pass between the valleys of the Linth and Vorder Rhein,
60 miles N. ofVictoria. Its direct course N.E. is 330 miles; 9609 feet.
but its whole course, including windings, cannot be less    DOE HILL, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.
than 500 miles. Its navigation is very much interrupted    DOE RUN, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
by cataracts.                                                 DOESBURG, doos/btaI, (anc. Driesi Bur/gum?) a fortiDOCIHART, doaKfrt, a lake of Scotland, co. of Perth, parish  fled town of the Netherlauds, province of Gelderland. on the
of Killin. Length, about 3 miles. Its banks are beautifully  Yssel, 10 miles E. of Arnhem. Pop. 3347.
wooded; there are ruins of a castle on can islet, and a curious    DOES/SAII, a large village of British India, presidency of
floating island. A river of the same name, 8 miles in length, Bengal, 56 miles S.W. of Ramghhur.
carries its surplus waters through Glen-Dochart, into the    DOETICHEM, a town of Holland. See DeUTICuamM.
Lochy.                                                        DOFREFIELD or DOFRINES, the central portion of the
DOCK/ERY'S STORE, a post-office of Richmond co., North  mountain chain of Scandinavia. See Dovn.-FJPLD.
Carolina.                                                     DOGAREE, do-gi'ree, a town of Hindostan, province of
DOCKIlNG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            Ajmeer, 23 miles N.E. of Boondee, on the margin of a bearsDOCK/LOW, a parish of Englahd, co. of Hereford.           tiful lake, surrounded by pagodas and other buildings.
DOCTOR'S CREEK, of New Jersey, rises in Monmouth    DOG CREEK, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio.
co., and falls into Crosswvicks Creek, 3 miles N.E. of Borden-   DOG/GER-BANK, a sand-bank occupying all the centre
town.                                                       of the North Sea, between tat. 540 10' and 570 24' N., and
DOCTOR'S CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Altamaha  ion. 10 and 60 7' E., intermediate between the shores
from the left, on the W. part of McIntosh county.          of England and Denmark. It is the seat of important
DO/DA, a town of HIlindostan, Punjab, on the Chenaub, fisheries. On the 5th of August, 1781, an obstinate contest
here crossed by a cable-bridge, 115 miles N. of Lahore. It took place between the English and Dutch off its southern
has a fort and a good bazaar.                              extremity.
DODAIREE, do-dilree. a town of India, in the Deccan,   DOG ISLAND, at the E. side of the middle entrance to
MIysore dominions, 22 miles ENE. of Chitteldroog.          St. George's Sound, on the S. coast of Florida. On its W.
DOD/BROKE, a small market-town and parish of Eng- end is a light 50 feet high, revolving once in three minutes.
land, co. of Devon, half a mile E. of Kingsbridge. Pop. 1229. Lat. 290 43' 30/ N., ion. 840 41' W.
572




DOG                                                        DOM
DOG ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, one of the Timer  Archangel, in the Arctic Ocean, 55 usiles S. of the island
group; lat. 70 40' S., ion. 1260 2' E.                     of Vaigats.
DOGLIANI, dbl-yS/nee, (anc. Dolia.n2c? or Doeialnnmc?) a    DOLGOI, an island of Russia. at the mouth of the Neva,
town of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, province, and 11  at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland.
miles N.E. of Mondovi, on the Rea. It has a communal   DOLHA. dollhilh, or DOHA, do/hih', a market town of
college, a small hospital, the remains of an old castle, and  Hungary, co. of Martmaros, on the Dolha or Borsavo, 30 miles
several government offices. Pop. 5000.                     from Szigeth. Pop. 886.
DOGIMERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of South-    DOLINA, do-leehn-, a town of Austria, Galicia, 22 miles
ampton.                                                     S.S.E. of Stry. Pop. 3120. It has IRoman Catholic and ProDOGNACSKA, dog'nach/k6h,a market-town of Hungary, testant churches.
co. of Krasso, 40 miles S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 2335. It has    DOLINGTON, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,
mines of copper, lead, and zinc.                           120 miles E. of IHarrisburg.
DOG RIVER, a small stream  of Washington co., Ver-   DOLITZ NIEDERHEIM, dollits neede-r-hIme', a village
mont, falls into Onion River, a few miles below Montpelier.  of Saxony, S. of Leipsic, on the bank of the Pleisse, with an
DOG RIVER, Mississippi. See ESCATAPPA.                   old castle. Pop. 930.
DOG RIVER COVE, a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee.    DOIYLAR, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of ClackDOGS, ISLE OF, or POPLAR MARSHES, a peninsula  mannan, 10 miles N.E. of Stirling. Pop. 1562. The village
of the Thames, England, co. of Middlesex, 3' miles E.S.E. is beautifully situated on the Devon. The Dollar Acadenmy
of St. Paul's. The West India docks are situated here, and  is an elegant structure founded in 1819, under the will of
the city canal intersects it.  In former times the king's  Captain M'Nab, who left nearly 80,0001. for the purpose.
hounds were kept here.                                      Coal is wrought here, and iron-stone is abundant. The fine
DOGSfTHORPE, a hamlet of England, co. of North- old ruin of Castle-Campbell is in this parish.
ampton, 11 miles N. of Peterborough. Pop. 500.                DOLI/LAR-LAW!, a mountain of Scotland, co., and 9'
DOG/TOWN, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- miles S.S.W. of Peebles. Elevation, 2840 feet.
vania.                                                        DOL/LART, (L. Si/nes Emdclenus or Doelklrius,) a gulf oi
DOGWOOD NECK, a post-offce of Horry district, Somtth  the German Ocean, at the estuary of the Ems, between
Carolina.                                                   Hanover and the Netherlands, 10 miles in length from N. to
DOGWOOD VALLEY, a village of Walker co., Georgia.    S., by about 7 miles across, owes its origin to a destructive
DOHARAB, do'hA-rlbt. an island in the Red Sea, E. side; inundation in 1276. The town of Emden is on its northern
lat. 160 18' 30' N., ion. 410 59/ E.                        shore.
DOHNA, dinA, a town of Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Dres-   DOLLOVA, dollo'voh', a village of IIungary, in  the
den, in abeautiful and fertile district on the Muglitz. P.1294. Banat district of Temesvar, 21 miles E.N.E. of Belgrade.
DO'HUDI, a town of Hindostan, province of Malwah. Pop. 2035.
Lat. 220 55' N., lon. 740 20' E.                              DOLM, dolm, a small island of Norway, on the coast of
DO'IUL/, an island in the Red Sea, N.W. of Dhalak; lat. Trondhjem, near the island of Hitteren, and between it and
150 55/ N., Ion. 390 40' E.                                 Froyen. Its greatest length is 6 miles. Two summits rise
DOIRE. See DORA BALTEA.                                   to the height of nearly 3000 feet.
DOKKUM, doktktim, a town of the Netherlands, province    DOLM[ATOV  or DOLM]ATOW, dol-mA-tovl, written  also
of Friesland, on the ship-canal Dokkumdiep, 6 miles from   DALMATOV, a town of Asiatic lussia, in the goversment
the North Sea, and 12l miles N.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 3797. of Perm, on the left bank of the Iset, 30 miles W.N.W. of
It is the principal market for flax, has a town-hall, a Latin  Shadrinsk. Pop. 1600. It has a fine monastery, and an
school, ship-building docks, salt refineries, and breweries.    annual fair, visited by merchants from Siberia.
DO'KO/ or DOKOE, a pigmy race of negroes inhabiting a    DO/LO, a town of Northern Italy, 13 miles W. of Venic,
region of Tropical Africa, S. of Abyssinia, near 30 N. lat., and  on the Brenta and Brentano. Pop. 3600.
370 E. ion. They are four feet in height, of a dark olive    DO'LOI, a village of Africa, in Senegambia, near the left
complexion, and perfectly wild. They are supposed by some  bank of the lower Senegal.
to be the "pigmies" of the ancients.                          DOLONNOR. See TcHAo-NsAMss-SooME.
DOL, dol, a village of France, in the department of Ille-   DOLORES, do-lo/rs, a town of Spain, province, and 21
et-Vilaine, 13 miles S.E. of St. Male. Pop. in 1852, 4181. It miles S.S.W. of Alicante, on the Segurn. Pop. 2433.
is enclosed by old fortifications, and is ill built, but it has a    DOLORES, a town of the Msexican Confederation, depart.
fine cathedral, a hospital, and trade in corn, hemp, and  ment, and 45 miles N.E. of Guanajuato.
cider.  Dol was taken and retaken many times during the    DOL/PTIINTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.
Middle Ages, and the troubles of the league. In 1793, the    DOL/PIIINGSTON, a hamlet of Scotland, co. of IHadVendeans repulsed the republican forces in an assault dington,  2 miles W. of Tranent.
upon it.                                                      DOL/SENTOWN, a village of Orange co., New York, about
DOL-BEN-MAEN, (mi/en,) a parish of North Wales, co. 100 miles S. by W. from Albany.
of Carnarvon.                                                 DOL/SON, a post-office of Clark co., Illinois.
DOLCE, Gute and RIVEa. See DULCE.                           DOLTON, dl1/ton, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
DOLCE  ACQUA, dolchA Nikw, (L. Dostucis a/qua, i. e.   DOL-WIVYDELLAN, dol-we-d~th/lan, a parish of North
"sweet water,'") a market-town of the Sardinian States, 21. Wales, co. of Carnatrvon, on the river Ledan, 6. miles S.S.
miles E.N.E. of Nice, on the Nerrvia. Pop. 1892.            W. of Llanurwst. On a rocky hill, in this parish, are the
DOLCEDO, dol-ch'/do, a village of the Sardinian States, ruins of Dol-Wydellan Castle, in which Llewellyn the Great
in the province of Oneglia. Pop. 2568.                      was born.
DOLCIGNO, a town of Turkey. See DuLCIGNO.           -      DOMAGN], do'mlnyAl, a village of France. department
DOLE, dol, (L. Do'la or lbllium; anc. Dolliums?) a town  of Ille-et-Vilaine, 8 miles W.S.W. of Vitr6. Pop. 1000.
of France, department of the Jutr, at the foot of a vine-clad    DOMAIZE, do'mizt or do'onuz;, a village of France, dehill, on the right bank of the Doubs, 29 miles N. of Lons-le- partment of Puy-de-DSme, 22 miles S.S.E. of Clermont-FerSaulnier. Pop.in 1852,10,830. It is irregularlybuilt. The rand. Pop. 1671.
principal edifices are the Court-IHouse, the Old and New Pri-   DOMALAIN. do'mS'nl~csN/, a market-town of France, departsons, 2 hospitals, and a theatre.  It has a public library, ment ofllle-et-Vilaine, 22 miles E. of Rennes. Pop. 2830.
manufactories of straw-hats, leather, ea-thenwares, hard-   DOMANIS, do'mOhnl'eesh;, or DOMANISA, do'mnh'nee!wares, and an active trade in agricultural produce. Dole  shih', a market-town of Hungary, co., and 30 miles E.N.E.
was founded by the Romans, and in later times was the ca- of Trentschin. It contains two castles. Pop. 1370.
pital of Franche-le-Comt6, till its annexation to the kingdom    DOMART, do'nmacl, a town of France, department of
of France. In 1442, it became the seat of a parliament and  Somme, 14 miles N.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1314.
a university, established by Philippe-le-Bon. The fortifica-   DOMBAI, dom'bi;, a large village of Asia Minor, CO miles
tions, once of great strength, were dismantled in 1674. Pre- W. of Ak-Shehr. Near it are many ancient ransains.
viously it had been besieged, taken and retaken several   DOMBASLE, ddsbilt,   a village of France, dep. of Meurthe.
timse, alternately by the Germans and French.                 DOMBES, dtsib, an old division.of France, in the proDOLE, LA, 1 dol, a mountain of Switzerland, canton of vince of Bourgogne, now comprised in the department of
Vaud, in the chain of the Jura, on the French frontier, 16  Ain. The principality of Dombes was long governed by parmiles N. of Geneva, 5509 feet in elevation. It is celebrated  ticular princes. Its capital was Tr6voux.
for its magnificent prospects.                                DOM'BOVARI, a market-town of Hungary, 21 miles N.N.W.
DOLGELLY, dol-gOth/lee,orDOLGELLEN, a market-town  ofFilnfbkirchen. It contains the ruins of an old castle which
and parish of North Wales, capital of the county of Merion- made a considerable figure in the wars with the Turks.
eth, on the Mynach, here crossed by a bridge near the foot Pop. 1330.
of Cader-Idris, 46 miles W. of Shrewsbury.  Pop. of parish,   DOM'BROVIT/ZA or DOMNBROVIT/ZY, a town of Russian
in 1851, 3479. The town is surrounded by magnificent hill Poland, government of Volhynia, 150 miles N.N.W. of Zhitscenery, and contains a church, with fine tower, a county-  omeer (Jitomir.) Pop. 2645.
hall, jail, and house of correction. It has manufactories of    DOMBROWICE, dom-bro-veet's&,   a town of Russian
coarse woollens, and considerable markets for flannels.  Poland, about 84 miles WV. of Warsaw. Pop. 1159.
IIere Owen Glendwr held a parliament in 1404.                DOMBROWNO, a town of Prussia. See GI.cnsoNua.
DOLGOI, dol-goy!, an island in the Caspian Sea, off the    DOMBURG, dom/b~taG, a small town of the Netherlands,
coast of Khiva; lat. 450 N., lon. 510 30' E.               in the province of Zealand, on the western coast of the
DOLGOI, an island of European Russia5 government of  island of Walcheren, 6- miles N.W. of Middelburg.
573




DOM                                                             DON
DOTtNE,   dolm~n! or dohnain!, a Tillage of France, de-    D05MPTER. RE, a village of France,  depa-rtment of Haute
partment of Isbre, 5 miles N.E. of Grenoble.  Pop. 159(5.        Vienne. 12 miles N.E. of Bellac.  Pop. 1700.
DO'iR.AT, dom" r&'t, a village of France, department of    DC.I1.E)5Y, dcsr'mr m/ee, or ddsoM.reh-mee/.   or DOMIF.1MYAllier, 3 miles W.N.W. of Montluoon.    Pop. 3022.                LA-PUCt1LE, L'relh- mee e-p'sl ], a  sxillsg  of France,
DOIES/TIC, a post-office of Williams  co., Ohio.               depa rtment of Voses, 7 miles N. of oNeuh'fclteau, on the left
DOMFIFRONT, cdborfrtxat, (L. DomfJrontin, ) a o      own of   bank of the Meuse.  It is the native place  of' oanm of Arc,
France, in the department of Orne, capital of the aorrondisse-   (called La Pucelle, i.e. the Maid, or Yirgsin,") whose houne
ment, on a steep rock, near the Varene,  35o  miles X.N.WX  is preserved as a national relic. Opposite to it isa handsomne
of Alenqon.  Pop. 2086. It has a fine  old church;  also ma- monument, with a colossal bust of tho heroine.
nUfactories of coarse linen and honmp  cloths, and 11 large         DOAIRIANSK, dom-re-onskk  ao markiet-town of European
annual horse and cattle fairs.  Domiront was founded carly. Pussia, government, and 10 miles N.N.E. of Perm. Pop. 1600.
in the eleventh century, and was formerly a coveted strong-         DO/155US, a manritime town  of IBritish India, presidency of
hold.  It was besieged and taken in 1203 by King PIhilip  Bombay, 16 miles S.W. of Suret, at the mouth of the Tap.
Augustus; in 1356 and 1418, by the English;  in 1574, by  tee, in the Gulf of Camobay.
the forces of Catherine-de-3M1edlcis, from the Ituguenots; and    DON, (asc. Tanocis; Tartar, Doelas,) a river of  ouropean
in 1589, from the Leaguers, by Henry IV.                          Runssia, rises in the governmeret of Toola, flows gsenreally S.,
DOMFIRONT, a village of PFrauce, department of Sathe,  passes Danliov, Lehedian, Tcherkarssk Nakhitchoevan, Azof,
10 miles N.W. of Le Mans.  Pop. 1440.                             and Rostov, and enters the Sea of Azof by many months on
DOMINICA  or DOMENICA,  dom-e-neetka, (Fs. Doei-  the N.E. Chief adliuests on the riaht. the Soscn and the
niqoue, dom-e-neek!,) a British Woest India  I'sland  of the  Donets; left, the Voronezhn, (or Voronetz,) Khoper, MelvieLeeward group, 22 miles N. of Martiisque;   lat. of Roseau, ditsa, Sal, and Manitch.   Length,  direct, 468 miles; includ15 18I' 4" N., Ion. 010 24' 7" W. Its length, from N. to S., is  ino windings, 995 mniles. The navi-ation of the Don is dilf
29 umiles; its breadth, 16 miles. Pop. 22,200, of whom about  ficult in summer, Iwhen the water is low; but in wmiter it
800 are whites. It is of volcanic origin, and the most elevated  is traversed by lasge vessels. The Don and the Vorooezh
of the lesser Antilles, the extreme height being 5314 feet. communicate by canals with the Oia, an affluent of the
Though in part mount'ainous and ruggoed, it is interspersed  Volga, and thus unite the Sea of Azof to the Caspian.  The
with fertile valleys well watered. The shores are but little  delta of the Don is an expanse of sandy fiats, running 28
indented, and entirely without harbors; but on the WV. side  miles up, and 22 mileswaide at the coast-line.
there are several good anchorages and bays, the coast being    DON, a river of England, *co. of York, West Ridcino  rises
all along bold asnd clear of danger.  H-lot and sulphurous  in the moors W. of Pennistone, and joins the Ouse after a
springs abound. The soil is fertile, and well suited for coffee  course of 55 miles.  It is navigable ficom Sheffield.  It comand sugar. The other products are maize, cotton, cocoa, municates by canals with the Trent and the Calder.
tobacco, splendid timber trees, and cabinet wood.  IHogs,    DON, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises in Ben
poultry, bees, and game are plentiful.   The temperature of  Aven, and enters the North Sea 1  miles N. of Aberdeen,
the low districts ranges from 690 to 880 Fahrenheit, but in  after a course of 02 miles. Banks mostly level, except in
the more elevated parts, it is much lower, the air being  the last part of its course, wherle it flows rapidly through a
frequently chill.  The wet season  lasts fromn  September  narrow channel; and it is navisable from the. sea only for a
to January, but raina gills frequsently during the other  short distance. Its salmon-fisheries were lately rented for
months.  The thunder storms asre niot generally severe, 20001 per annum. Balgounie Bridge is an old Gothic oneand earthqunakes are of rare  occurrence.  There are 1 Epis-  arched bridge near its mouth, alluded to by Lord Byron in
copal, 2 Dissenting  churches, 7 free schools, and 3 private  one of his early poems; a splendid new bridge of 5 arches
schools.  In 1852, 65,788 hundredweights   of sugar, 81,01.6  crosses the river a little farther down.
gallons of molasses, 35,S794 gallons of romn, O67594 pounds of    DON,  do'~   a river of France, departments of Maine-elcoffee, with cocoa, cane-juice, copper ore0 &c.. were exported  Loire and Ille-et-Yilaine, joins the Nilaine  6 miles E.N.E. of
to the United Kingdom.   The total value of exports in 1849  lledon, after a W. course of about 40 miles, for the last 10 cf
was 48.5231., and the value of imporst s  50.58lo4.  In the year  which it is navigable.
1844, 343 ships, of an aggregate busrden of 14.783 tons, entered,   DON, a post-office of Sullivan co., Iowa.
and 350 ships, of an agt'g: ate of 1.4,595 tons. cleared, front    D0/NA, a small village or steamboat landing of Delaware,
the ports of the island.  The registered shaippins' amounted      on Delaware  Bay, is the terminus of the Dona and Sealford
to 14 vessels, of an az'gregate  burden of 502 tons. The  Railroad.
principal harbors are IRosean. oss the "sestern  aad Prince         DONABATE, don-a-hait/, a village and parish of Ireland,
IRupert Bay on the northelrna cost.   The -overnanent is in  co., and 10 msiles N.N.E. of Dublin, with a station  on the
the hands ofa governor, council, and a legislative  assembly  Dublin and Drogheda Ilailway.   Area, 2715 acres..Pop. 479.
of 20 members. There is here a well organized nmilitia.    DONAOII, don/lh,     a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan.
The public revenue of the island amouonted,  in 1849, to    DONAGHI, a parish  of Ireland, co. of Donegal.
8877g. and the expenditulre to 101530l  Theisland iscs ivided    DONAGIIADEE,  don'a-u —deel or don'a-ga-dee. a seaport
into 10 parishes.  The chief towns are Plosean. the capital,  market-town, and parish  of Ireland, co. of Down, on the
and St. Joseph. It was discovered by Columbus in 1498,  Irish  Channel, 1C6  miles E.N.E. of Belfast.  Pop. of town,
and ceded by France to OGreat Brsitai  n in  17i3.                3151. It is well built,  and has a good harbor, with  a
DOMINICA. dom-e-neekba, (native, Ou'e/ahol0) one of the.ight house. Embroidering is here carriled on to a considerMlarquesas Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean;  lat. (N.   able extent, and in.the toWn are many flax mills.  Steamers
point) 90 34/ S.o and ]on. 1390 4' X. It is the largest of the  ply hence to Polrpatrick.
group. being about 18 miles in diameter.                            DONAGI-ICLOINEY, don'a-klonlee, a parish of Ireland, co.
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC.  See S.a DoMINGo.               of Down.
DOMINICIK,  a village of La Salle col, Illinois, about 50    DONAGHEADY, don'a-hidlee, a parish of Ireland, co. of
miles N.N.E. of Peoria.                                           Tyrone.
DOMITS. (Dmitnz,) doomits, a fortified town of Northern           DONAGHEAVY,  donia-htvfee, or FINDONACH, fin-donlGermany, grand duchy of Moecklenburg-Schweri       n, capital of  Yn, a parish of Irelhasd, co. of Tyrone, comprising the town
a district, 33 miles S.S.W. of Schwerin, at the confluence   of Fintono.
of the Elde with the Elbe. Pop. 2545. Its citadel on an             DONAGH-HENRY, don'a-htnfree, a parish of Ireland, co.
island in the Elbe, is now used as a house of correction.  It  of Tyrone, including Stewartstowsn and a part of Coal Island.
has manufactures of tolbacco, distilleries, and breweries.          DONAGHMOtRE, don'a-mnra, a parish of Ireland, co. of
DOMM'i, dom osAl, a a'ullage of France, department of  Donegalh inciluding  the toswn of Castle  Linn.
Dordogne, and on the Derdogne, 36 miles S.E. of Ptrigueux.    DONAGII[MORILE, a parish of Ireland,  co. of Tyrone.
Pop. 1444.                                                          DONAGIIMORE,   a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.  It gives
DOMl/MEL, (ane. DuthImelac?) a river of the Netherlands,  the title of earl to the Hsly-IIutchison family~
in the province of North Brabant.  Afte' a tortuous north-    DONAGHMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.
ern course of 45 miles, it joins lthe Meuse at Fort Crfvecoeur.    DONAGHIIMOIIRE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.
DOIMMITSH, dom/mitch, a town of Prussian Saxony, 8    DONAGHMOftE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.
miles N.N.W. of'lTorgau.  Pop. 2050.                                DONAGHM'IORE, a parish of Ireland, Queen's county.
DOMNAU, dominOw, a town of East Prussia, 23 miles S. E.    DON AGIHtO]RE,  two parishes of Ireland, co. of 1Meath.
of K3iinigsberg.  Pop. 1281. It has an ancient castle.              DONAGIHMORE, a parish of Irelanld, co. of Limerick.
DOMO D'OSSOLA, do/mo dos!so-IL, (L. Oscrce or Oscesum,)    DONAGHMOPRE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
a town of Northern Italy, in Piedmont, on the Simplon               DONAGIIMOREt       a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
route, near the Swiss frontier, and 16 miles N.WX. of Lago          DONIAGtIMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare.
Mlaggiore.  Pop. 2025.  It is built chiefly of stone, and de-    DONAGHMOYNE, don'a-mmo't, a parish of Ireland: co. of
fended by a small fort.                                          Monaghan.
DOM'PAIRE, d6&r'pbR/, a town of France, department of    DON'AGIOPAT/RICK.    a parish of Irelaand, co. of Galway.
Vosges, 7 miles S.E. of Mirecourt. Pop. 1600. It has mann-    DONAGIHPATRICK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath.
factlures of lace.                                                 DON/ALDSON, a thriving post-village of Schuylkill co.,
DOM)1PIEBUIE, daro'pe-ai', a village of France, depart-  Pennsylvania, 15 miles S.W. of Pottsville. It is situated in
ment of Charente-Infgrieure, 6 miles N.E. of La Rochelle.  in the vicinity of coal-minaes, and   owes its rapid groon th lo the
Pop. 2686.                                                       the trade in coal. Laid out aboull1845. Pop. in 1853, about 700.
DOMPTIERE, a village of France, department of Allier,    DON/IALDSONVILLE, a post-office of Abbeville  district,
16 miles E.S.E. of loulinus.  Pop. 1620.                         South Carolina.
574




DON                                                        DON
DONALDSONVILLE,   a town antd river-port, Cpit'l of    DONE,  a, village and township of Washington co.,
Ascension parish, Louisiana, on the right    n  f  he lis-  Pennsy h aa, i   ibordeing    on Virginia, kant intersected by
sissippi River, at the head of Bayou La Fourche, 82 inles   the  inempfield  le!'road.  Pop. 1679.
above New Orleans. It was formerly capital of the state.     DONEGAL, a post-village and township of Westmoreland
It has a landing for steamboats, and contains several stores.  co., Pennsylvania, 44 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. Pop. 3352.
DONANY. do-nah/nee, a town on the isle of Mohilla. one    DONEGAL BAY, an inlet of the Atlantic, extends in-of the Comnoro Islands, in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 120 10 S., watrds about 25 miles; breadth at entrance, 20 miles.
Ion. 440 E. It is walled, and along the sea-face is a solid    DONERAILE, doni-er-ailf, a marklet-town and parish of
rampart or platform  for a battery of guns. The queen's  Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, on the Awbeg, here crossed
house is built in the European style.                       by a handsome stone bridge, 6 miles N.N.E. of Mallow. Pop.
DONAU, a river of Europe. See DANUBE.                     of town, 2722. It is a poor place, with a few good residences,
DONAUESCIIINGEN, dofn6w-6sh/ing-pn, a  town  of  a neat church, large Roman Catholic chapel, nunnery, disSouthern Germany, grand duchy of Baden, circle of Lake, pensary, and market-house.  It gives the title of viscount
37 miles N.W. of Constance, at the confluence of the Bri-  to the St. Leger family. The ruined castle of Kilcolman in
gach and Brege. Pop. 3050. It is well built, and has a fine  its vicinity was a favorite residence of the poet Spenser.
residence of Prince Fitrstenberg, in  the court-yard of    DONETS or DONETZ, do-nutsf, a river of Southern Ruswhich is a spring considered the fountain-head of the  sia, and the principal affluent of the Don, rises in the goDanube.                                                     vernment of Koorsk, flows mostly S.E. through the goDONAUSTAUF, dofn~w-st6wf', a town of Bavaria, circle  venment of Kharkhov and the Don Cossack country, and
of Upper Palatinate, 9 miles W.N.W. of Wbrth, on the left joins the Don on the right. 40 miles N.E. of Novo-Tcherbank of the Danube. Pop. 1164. Near it is the Walhalla  kask, after a course of 400 miles. It is wide and deep, and
temple.                                                     its banks are highly fertile. Principal affluents, the Oskol,
DONAUWORTIIT,  (Donauwbrth,) doln6wv-Sv at-, written  Aidar, and Kalitva-all from the N. On its banks are the
also DONAUWERTIH, a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia,  towns of Bielgorod, and Zmiev, (where it becomes navigable,)
capital of a district, at the confluence of the Wernitz with  Izioom, and Slavianoserbsk.
the Danube, (the latter here crossed by a bridge,) 25 miles    DONGEN, dongfHen, a village of HIolland, province of
N.N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 3000. It was formerly a free town  North Brabant, 8 miles N.E. of Breda, on a stream of its own
of the empire; is enclosed by walls, and well built. It has  name. Pop. 560.
several churches anud hospitals, a monastery, and a fine pub-    DONGES, d6bzh, a market-town of France, department of
lic promenade. Its inhabitants are mestly employed in rais-  Loire-Inf6rieure, 25 miles N.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 2700.
ing fruits, flax, hemp, and hops, in brewing, and a transit    DONG-NAI, dongL-nif, a river of Anam, enters the China
trade on the Danube. In 1704, Marlborough here gained a  Sea by many mouths, near lat. 100 20' N., Ion. 1070 E. It
victory over the Bavarians.                                 is navigable for large ships to the city of Saigdn, 40 miles
DON BENITO, don bt-nee/to, a town of Spain, 57 miles  from its mouth.
E.N.E. of Badajoz, near the Guadiana. It is the capital of a    DONG-NAI, a town of Anam, on a tributary of the Dougpartfido (district) of the same name, comprising 8 villages.  nai River.
Pop. 15,124.  It has manufactures of woollens.                DONG-NAI, a considerable province in the S. part of Anam,
DONCIASTER, (anc. Dafnuzn,) a municipal borough, mar-  bordering on the Gulf of Siam and the China Sea.
ket-town, and parish of England, co. of York, West Riding,    DONTGO, (anc. Acdlunlcu.2) a village of Austrian Italy,
on the navigable river Don, here crossed by two fine stone  20 miles N.N.E. of Como, at the foot of a mountain, which
bridges, and on the great Northern Road, 32 miles S. of  rises above the W. shore of Lake Como. Pop. 1299.
York, and 9 miles E. of the Swinton Station of the North    DONGOLA, dongfgo-lM, a province of Upper Nubia,. ill deMidland Rlailway.  Pop. in 1851, 12,052. It is pleasantly situ- fined, but generally represented as lying between lat. 170 50,
ated, and is one of the cleanest and best-built towns in the  and 190 30' N. It consists of an extensive plain, about M50
kingdom.  The High Street, nearly 1 mile in length, is re- miles long, but of quite a limited breadth, embracing   both
markably handsome. The chiefedificesare the Parish Church, banks of the Nile, by which it is traversed throughout its ena noble cruciform structure, with atower; Christ Church, an  tire length, encircling in its course the island of Argo. It
elegant modern edifice; a grammar school, supported by  was taken from the Memlooks by Ibrahim Pasha in 1820.
the corporation;   St. Thomas' Hospital, for decayed house- --— Inhab. DONGOL.wsEE, dong-go-li/wee.
keepers; a large county deaf and dumb institution; a no-   DONGOLA, New, or MARAKA, mi'-~rkl, a town of Nuble mansion-house, or residence for the mayor; the Town-  bin, capital of the province of Dongola, on the W. bank of the
hall, Jail, and Cross; a public library, theatre, lyceum,  Nile, in lat. 190 10/ 19/, N., Ion. 309 22'15, E. It is populous,
branch banks, and numerous fashionable hotels; and, on  and important, both as a military depot and a place of trade;
the celebrated race-course adjoining the town on the S.E., a  its exports are chiefly slaves in return for goods of all dlescripmagnificent grand stand, noblemen's stand, with every other  tions from Cairo. It has an indigo factory belonging to the
convenience for its far-famed races, which directly or indi-  Egyptian pasha. Pop. 5000.
rectly contribute to the chief resources of the inhabitants.    DONGOLA, (0,i,) a ruined town of Nubia, on the right
They were established in 1703. In 1776, the famous St. Leger  bank of the Nile, 75 miles S.S.E. of New Dongola. The pastakes for 3 year olds were founded by.Colonel St. Leger, and  lace of the ruler of Nubia may still be distinguished by its
have been since annually run for in September by the best  size and form.
horses in England.                                            BONGOTLA, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, on PaDONCHIERY, d6No'sheh-reet, a town of France, department  toka Creek, about 14 miles E. of Princeton.
of Ardennes, on the right bank of the Mleuse, here crossed    DON/HEAD ST. AN/DREW, a parish of England, co. of
by a stone bridge, 3 miles WV. of Sedan. Pop. in 1852, 1784. Wilts.
It is surrounded with walls, and was formerly strongly for-    DONHEAD ST. MARY, a parish of England, co'. of Wilts.
tified. On a large open space is a town-hall and a residence for    DON/INGTON-oN-BAIN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
a military governor; it has a hospital and cavalry barracks.    DON/INGTON CASTLE, a town and parish of England, co.
DON COSSACKS, COUNTRY OF. See COSSACKS.                   of Leicester, 2 miles from Keyworth station, on the Midusnd
DONIDRA HEAD, (anc. Dewandre, i. e. "'island's end,")  Railway. Pop. 2500.
the southernmost extremity of the island of Ceylon. Lat.    DON/IPIHAN, a post-village of Ripley co., Missouri.
50 55, N., ion. 800 38' E.                                   DONIPIIAN CITY, a thriving town of Kanzas Territory,
DONEGAL, don-e-gawlf, a maritime  county of Ireland, in  at the junction of Independence Creek with the Missouri. 4
Ulster, having E. and S. the counties of Londonderry, Ty- miles N. of Atchison City.
rone, and Fermanagh, and on other sides Donegal Bay and    DON-ISLE oi- DON/HILL, a parish of Ireland, in Munster,
the Atlantic. Area, 1865 square miles, or 1,193,600 acres, co. of Waterford. with ruins of Don-Isle Castle.
of which 393,191 acres are a-able, and 769,587 are waste.   DONJON, LE, leh dJcNG'zh6Nst, a town of France, departPop. in 1851, 255,160. Surfacemountainous; principal rivers,  ment of Allier, on the Odde, 26 miles S.E. of Moulins.
the Swilly and Leenan. Shores greatly indented, and the  Pop. 1600.
county contains Loughs Swilly and Mulroy, with Sheepha-    DONKERBROEK, donk'er-brb6Oji, a village of Ilolland, proven, Gliddore, Guybarra, and Lochrnus Bays, and many  vince of Friesland, 22 miles S.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 780.
islands off the coast. The inland lakes are numerous; the    DONKOV or DONKOW. See DANKOv.
principal is Lake Derg, in which is the island of St. Patrick's    DON/NA ANA, a new county in the S. part of New Mexico.
Purgatory. Fisheries in 1849 employed 12,188 hands and    DONNAI, of Anam. See )ONG-NAI.
2810 vessels.  Principal towns, Ballyshannon and Letter-   DONNAOE, don/nAi-eh, an island of Norway, off the coast
kenny, with the ports of IRathmelton, Donegal, and Killy- ofNordland. at the mouth of the Ranec Fiord; about 18 miles
begs. It sends two members to the House of Commons.    long by 6 broad. Lat. of the centre, 660 7' N.. Ion. 120 45' E.
DONEGAL, a seaport, market-town, and parish of Ire-   DONNAS or DONAS, do/nus, a village of the Sardinian
land, co. of Donegal, at the mouth of the Esk, in Donegal States, in Piedmont, on the Dora Baltea. Pop. 1530.
Bay, 11 miles N.N.E. of Ballyshannon. Pop. of town, 1366.   DON/NELL'S a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. ~
It is ill built, but has a neat church, a spacious market-place,    DONTNELSVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Ohio, a few
sulphur baths, the ruins of a monastery, the remains of a  miles W. of Springfield. Pop. about.200.
fine castle, a harbor for vessels drawing 12 feet of water; it    DON/NINGTON, a market-town  and panih of Enland,
exports corn and butter.                                   co., and 27 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. A canual connects the
DONEGAL, done-gawl/. a village and township of Butler  town with Boston. Hemp is largely cultivated, in the vicinity
co., P ennsylvania, 7 miles N.E. of Butler. Pop. 1177.       DONNINGTON, a parish of England,  co. of Salop.
5 7 5




DON                                                           DO~
DONNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the  DORAR,) dalrlk. a town of Persin, p;ovince of Khoozistan,
Arundel and Portsmouth Canal.                                 200 miles S.W. of Ispahan, at the confluence of the Jerahi
DONNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of IHereford.           and Doorak Rivers. It has manufactures of silk handkerDON/NYBROOK, ST. MARY'S, a parish of Ireland, in  chiefs and Arabian cloaks. Pop. 8000.
Leihster, co. of Dublin, including the small towns of Irish-   1DOOR1 CIREEK, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.
town, Ringsend, and Sandymount, (which see.) Pop. 9825,   DOORN, dOon or doorn, GREAT and LITTLE. two rivers
of whom 1610 are in the village; the latter, on the Dodder,  of Southern Africa, in Cape Colony, tributary tbo Elephant
here crossed by a handsome bridge, has an elegant parish  River, in the district of George.
church, a large hospital, a dispensary, a hat factory, and    DOORNEBURG, d6r/neh-bmioG, or DOORNENBURG, d5rf.
several mills, but is chiefly famous for its fair, held during  nen-bfnRc, a village of Holland, province of Gelderland, S
the week commencing August 26th.                               miles E.N.E. of Nymwegen, with a finue castle. Pop. 600.
DO'NOBEW/, a town of the Burmese dominions, province    DOORNIK, a city of Belgium.  See TOURNAY.
of Pegu, on the Irrawaddy, 60 miles above Rangoon.               DOORINSPYK, dSmn/spike, a village of the Netherlands,
DONfOIJILL, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.           province'of Gelderland, on the Zuyder Zee, 1. miles S.W.
DONTREIX, dNccatrA/ or d&NG'trixl, a village of France,  of Elburg.  Pop. of parish, 2815.
department of Creuse, 20 miles E. of Aubusson.  Pop. 2250.   DOOR VILLAGE, a little post-village of La Porte co.,
DONIYATT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.              Indiana, 3 miles S.W. of La Porte, is situated in a fertile
DON/YLAND EAST, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           prairie.
DONYSA, one of the Grecian islands.  See IERAKLIA.             DOOSIJAK, doo'shik/, a walled village of West Afghanis
DONZDORF, dontsldo f, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the  tan, on the route between lerat and Candahar.
Lauter, 5 miles N. of Geislingen. Pop. 1659.                     DOOSHiAK, a town of West Afghanistan. See JEiLALABAD.
DONZENAC, d6NaGzeh-nlnlk, a town of France, department    DOOSTEE or DUSTEE, doss/tee', (written  also DUSEE,
of Corr5ze, 5 miles N. of Brives. Pop. in 1852, 3409.          DOOST, DOUST, and DUST,) ariver of Beloochistan, province
DONZEERE, d6as'zaiRa, a town of France, department of  of Mekran, enters the Arabian Sea, in lat.250 15' N., Ion. 610
DrOme, on the Rhone. 35 miles S. of Valence. Pop. 1707.        50' E., after a course of perhaps 1000 miles, but very shallow
DONZY, d6NGz'eel.  a town of France, department of Ni~vre,  throughout.
on the left bank of the Nonain, arrondissement and 10 miles    DOR, D'OR, or DORE, (MONT,) m1Nc/dop,     a group of
E.S.E. of Cosne.  Pop. in 1852, 4057.                          mountains in France, comprised in the mountains of AuD00B BAI, a small river of Sinde, rises in the S. part of the  ver-ne, depaitment of Puy de DBme. Lat. 450 32' N., Ion. 20
Keertar Mountains. After a course of about 45 miles, it forms  50' E. The principal summit is the Pic de Saucy, 6188 feet in
a junction with the Damajee, near 250 N., let. and 680 E. ion. elevation. These mountains contain many volcanic products
DOO'BAUNT/ or DOO'BAUNGI, (Indian, Toobaung, i. e. and some craters.  The rivers Dor and Dogne have their
"turbid water," a small lake of British America, near 620 N. sources here, and the celebrated mineral baths of Meont Dor
lat., and 980 W. Ion. DooeAUNT RiVEe is a small stream flow-  are situated in the N. of the mountains. The Dor Mouning into it.                                                   tain is often mistaken for the Mont D'Or, in the department
DOOBOSARY, D'UBOSARY  or DUBOSARY,doo'bo-zd/- of Rh~ne.
ree, (written also DUBOZARI  or NO/VO-D00OBOSARY,) a    DOIRA, a village of Wabash co., Indiana, on the Salamnotown of Russia, government of Rherson, on the Dniester, 42  nie River, 8 miles E. of Wabash.
miles N.W. of Tiraspol.  Pop. 1600.                              DORA, a village of Broome co., New York, 18 miles E. of
DOOBOVKA, DOUBOVKA, DUBOVKA, doo-bov/kA, or  Binghampton.
DUBOVSKI-POSAD, doo-bov/skee-po-sd/ a town of Europe-    DORA BALTEA, dol/ra bl-tA/A, (anc. Dscria ~aeor,) a river
an Russia, government and 180 miles S.S.W. of Saratov, on  of Northern Italy, in Piedmont, rises at the foot of the Little
the right bank of the Volga. It is an entrepgt for all the  St. Bernsard, and after an E. and S.E. course of nearly 90
produce of the N. of Russia, sent by land to KRatchalinsk, on  mlies, joins the Po near Crescentino.  Under the French it
the Don, for the use of the southern provinces. Pop. 1300.  gave name to a department of which Ivrea (which is on its
DOODBPUTILEE, a town of Farther India, in Cachar, 40  banks) was the capital.
miles E. of Sylhet, and where, in 1824, a British detachment    DORAK, do'l.kt, a town of Persia, province of Khoozistan,
was repulsed by the Burmese.                                   90 miles S. of Shooster. It is walled, and reported to be
DO0fISH, a mountain of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Done-  populous, and to have some thriving manufactures.  S.E.
gal, 10 miles W.N.W. of Letterkenny; height, 2143 feet.        of it are the remains of Eskee (or Old) Dorak. Pop. 6000.
DOOKOVCHEENA, DOUKOVTCHINA, or DUKOVTSCIII-    DORAMA, do-rn/m/, a town of Central Arabia, in Nedjed,
NA, doo-kov-cheeln&, a market-town of Russia, government  30 miles N.E. of Derayeh.  It is a place of provisioning for
and 32 miles N.E. of Smolensk.                                the Mecca caravans. In 1818, it was taken and sacked by
DOO/LE'A, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay,  Ibrahim Pasha, when nearly every individual excepting 200
district of Candeish; lat. 210 1i N., Ion. 740 47' E.          females was slaughtered. Pop. 7700.
DOOLU/RIA, a town of British India, presidency of Ben-    DORAN, doerna, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on a moungal, S.W. ceded districts, 13 miles S.W. of Hosungabad.        tain. 30 miles S. of Sana. It has some remarkable tombs.
DOOLY, a county in the S.W. central part of Georgia, has    DORA RIPAIRA, dotrA re-pi/rA, (anc. Du/sria 3/isnor,) a river
an area of 1530 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by  of Northern Italy, in Piedmont, rises in the Cottian Alps,
Flint River, and drained by the sources of the Alapaha, and  and after an E. course of 60 miles, joins the Po near Turin.
by Lumpkin's, Gum, mnd Cedar Creeks. The surface is level,    DORAT, LE, leh do'r~, (anc. Oratoriun?) a town of France,
and partly covered with pine woods. Much of the land is  department of Haute-Vienne, 7 miles N. of Bellac. Pop. 1852.
productive.  Organized in 1821, and named in honor of Co-    DORCIHEAT, a post-office of Claiborne parish, Louisiana.
lonel John Dooly, an officer in the war of the Revolution.    DORCHIEAT RIVER. See DAuCcHIrE.
Capital, Vienna.  Pop. 8361; of whom  5586 were free, and    DOI/CHEESTER, (anc. Durnovalria, and Dsrinuss; Sax2775 slaves.                                                   on, Dorsceaster, probably a corruption of Durini Cbstrsa, i. e.
DOOMAIRAHI or DUMAIRA, doo-nesrA, an island in the  the "Station  of burinum,") a parliamentary  and emRed Sea, off the Abyssinian coast, in lat. 140 N., ion. 430 30/ nicipal borough and town of England, capital of Dorset,
E., of great height, running up to a remarkable sharp peak  on an eminence on the right bank of the Frome, 8 miles
in the centre.                                                 N. of Weymouth, on the English Channel, and 115 miles
DOON, a river of Scotland, co. of Ayr, flowing from  Loch  SW.. of London, on the South-western Railway. Pop. in
boon, in a N.N.W. course of about 18 miles, into the Frith of  1851, 6394. It is almost wholly surrounded by fine aveClyde, 3 miles S. of Ayr. The name of this beautiful stream   nues, and handsomely built, the poorer edifices being conhas been immortalized by Burns.                                fined to the adjoining suburban village, Fordingrton. It has
BOON, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.                 3 churches; St. Peter's is an ancient structure, containing
DOON'GURPOOR/, a town of Western IhIidostan, in Raj- some curious monuments and stained glass; a small grampootana, 48 miles S. of Odeypoor, and the capital of a small mar school, having exhibitions to the university; several
rajahship, tributary to the British.                           ancient endowed peeoors' hospitals, a county hospital, union
DOON, LOCH, 1SK doon. of Scotland, 22 miles S.S.E. of Ayr,  workhouse, handsome town-hall with market-house, neat
is about 5 miles in lengthi and three-fourths of a mile in  shire-hall, county jail and house of correction, large cavalry
breadth.  It is inclosed by mountains, and has an islet on  barracks; theatre, some banks, and several interesting Roman
which are the ruins of a castle.                               remains, including traces of the ancient walls; and, in the
DOOR, DOUR., or DUB, door, (rhyming with peo,)  a town  close vicinity of the town, twostrongly entrenched stations,
of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 83 miles N.N.W. of Bagdad, and the remarkable amphitheatre of Maeumbury, the most
on the Tigris.                                                 perfect in the kingdom. The last is enclosed by sloping sides
DOOR, DOUR.. or DUR., door, a village of Persia, province  or seats of chalk, rising 30 feet above the spacious arenia.
of Irak-Ajemee,75 miles N.W. of Ispahan.                       Dorchester has a flourishing retail trade, breweries of celeDOOR, dOr, a county of Wisconsin, is a narrow peninsula  brated ale, and large fairs for the vast numbers of sheep and
between Laie Michigan and Green Bay, forming the N.E. ex- lambs pastured on the adjacent downs. It sends 2 members
tremity of the state.  The area is about 400 square miles. to the House of Commons. It gives the title of baron to the
It was separated from  Brown county in 1850. Capital, Carleton family. Judge Jeffreys's "bloody assize" was held
Gibraltar.                                                    here in 1685.
DOORA, d/alr, a village of Holland, province and 11 miles    DORCHEIIISTER, (anc. Dusociea or Dorocina,) a village and
E.S.E. of Utreclht.  Pop. 1002..      parish of England, co. and 9 miles S.S.E. of Oxford, on the
DOORAK, DOURAK. or DURAK. door'ak/, (written also  Thames, here crossed by an elegant stone bridge. Pop. in
576




DOR-DOR
1851,1061. The ancient cruciform church of the village was  capital of Wammer, one of the Arroo Islands. It is well built,
originally the cathedral of St. Birine. who fixed here the seat has a battery, and a small but nieat Christian church.
of his bishopric, (the largest ever formed in England,) about   DOR/KING or DAR/KING, a market-town and parish of
A. D. 635. It still contains the tomb of the saint and his  England, co. of Surrey, in a valley famed for picturesque
leaden font, said to be the most ancient of the kind known.  beauty, 21 mniles S.S.W.ofLondon. Pop.in 1851,5996. The
DORtCI-ESTER, a county in the S.E. part of Maryland, town stands chiefly on a slope hfacing the N., and contains
bordering on Delaware State, and on the Chesapeake Bay, many new and handsome residences, a church newly rebuilt,
which washes the W. border. Area, 640 square miles. The  containing the mausoleum of the Dukes of Norfolk, lords of
Choptauk Rliver forms its boundary on the N. and N.W., and  the manor, and in the cemetery of which are traces of the
the Nanticoke River on the S.E. It is also drained by Hund- Roman Stone Street. The trade in lime and chalk from
son and Marshy I-lope Rivers.- The surface is level, and  adjacent pits is considerable. Around the town are nunlepartly occupied by marshes. The Choptank and Nanticoke  rous fine seats and mansions, including Deepdene, the resiRivers are navigable along the borders of the county. Or- deuce of the late Mr. Hope, author of" Anastasius,'.' and the
ganized in 169. Capital, Cambridge. Pop. 18,887; of whom   Rookery, the birth-place of Malthus.
14,595 were firee, and 4282 slaves.                           DORLA, dor/lA, UPPEa  and Lowra, two contiguous vilDORCIIESTER, a post-township of Grafton co., New IHamp- lages of Prussian Saxony, 3 miles S.S.W. of Miihlhausen.
shire, about 50 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 711.         United population, 2170.
DORCITESTER, a beautiful and flourishing post-town of    DORMAGEN, do,-ml/ghen, (ane. Durnit/Iagus,?) a village
Norfolk co., Massachusetts, on Boston Bay, 4 miles S.E. of  of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles S.S.E. of Dusseldorf, near the
Boston, with which it communicates by the Old Colony  Rhine. Pop. 1486.
Railroad, and the New York and Boston Air-line Railroad.    DORMANS, doR/m8sNx, a town of France, department of
It contains 11 churches, 2 banks, and a savings' institution;  MIarne, 14 miles W. of Epernay. Pop. in 1852, 2249.
it has 3 paper mills, 2 chocolate mills, 1 cotton factory, 3    DOI/MANSVILLE, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
large iron foundries, 1 wire factory, 3 plining mills, 1 large    DOR/NICKTOWN, a post-office, Monongaliaco co.,Virginia.
Britannia ware factory, 1 sash and blind fisctory, 1 establish-    DOR/MINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
ment for the manufacture of refriogerators, 21 for the manu-   DORMSIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
facture of furniture, 1 of starch, and 7 of tin ware. Dor-   DORMS/TON. a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
chester is a favorite place of residence with persons doing    DORNACIt, doecnikl, a village of France, department of
business in Boston. Many of its dwellings exhibit a de- Haut-Rhin, 21 miles by railway N.W. of Miilhausen. Pop.
gree of elegance and taste rarely surpassed.  [he township  in 1852, 2983, engaged in cotton spinning and weaving.
contains 3 post-offices, viz., Dorchester, Ilarrison Square, and    DOlRNACH, doRnulk', a village of Switzerland, 19 miles N.
Neponset. Settled in 1630, by a company of Puritans fteom  of Soleure. It is celebrated for the victory of the Swiss over
England, and named in honor of the Reverend John White  the Austrians, July 22, 1499.
of Dorchester, England. Pop. in 1840, 4875; in 1850, 7969.    DORNBACIt. don/bitAK, a village of Lower Austria, 3
DORCHESTER, a riverport and capital of WIestmoreland  miles N.W. of Vienna, with the castle of Neuwaldegg.
co., New Brunswick, situated on the left bank of the Petico- Pop. 960.
diac River, near its entrance inuto Shepody Bay. The river    DORNBIRN, doan/blran, or DORNBURN, (Dornbiirn,)
is navigable for ships of any size and Dorchester is rapidly  doRnfbiien, a market-town of Austria, in Tyrol, principality
becoming a place ofimportance. Avaluanble  mineral, which  of Vorarlburg, 6 miles S. of Bregenz, on Lake Constance.
by some is designated:'jet coal," and by others considered  Pop. 4600.
pure asphaltum, has recently been discovered in its vicinity,   DORNBURG, doan/b6esa, a small town of Germany, duchy
and it is now being worked to a considerable extent. The  and 15 miles E. of Weimar, on the Saale. It is the seat of a
mineral is of a brilliant black, highly inflammable, and  court of' law and several public offices, and contains 3 casyields a large quantity of gas of great illuminating power.  ties, one of which was often the residence of Goethe.
DORCHESTEIR, a post-village of Cumberland co., New    DORNDORF, doin/doImf, a town of Prussia, province-of
Jersey, on Maurice River, 20 miles S.E. of Bridgeton.       Westphalia, about 20 miles S.W. of Miinster, on the Lippe.
DORCHIESTER, a decayed village of the parish of St. It contains a  F'ranciscan monastery and hospital. Pop. 2824.
George's Dorchester, Colleton district, South Carolina, half a    DORNES, doean, a village of France, department of Niyvre,
mile E. of the left bank of Ashley River, and 18 niles N.N.W. 21 miles S.S.E. of Novers. Pop. in 1852, 1282.
of Charleston. This is the principal scene of the romantic    DORNES, doRl/ns, a market-town of Portugal, on the
tale of the "Partisan," by Simms.                           Zezere, 14 miles N.E. of Thomar.
DORCHESTER, a village  of Liberty co., Georgia, about   DOR/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
5 miles from  Sunbury, containing an academy and 12    DORNHAN, doRn/hAn, or DORNHEMV, doetnhim, a town
families.                                                   pf Wiirtemburg, circle of Black Forest, 40 miles S.W. of
DORCHESTER, a post-office of Lafayette co., Arkansas.   Stuttgart.  Pop. 1550.
DORECHESTER, a county in the E. part of Canada East,   DORNO, dRl/no, (L. Dorenus,) a town of Piedmont, division
extending  from the river St. Lawrence on the N.W. to the  of Novara, 3 miles S.E. of Mortara. Pop. 3683.
State of Maine on the S.E. The Chaudilre and Etchemin    DORNOCH, dor/noK, a royal and parliamentary burgh, maRivers pass through this county. Area, 2050 square niles. ritime village, and parish of Scotland, capital of the county
Pop. 43,105.                                                of Sutherland, on the frith of the same name, 14 miles N. of
DORIDASYILLE, a small village of Pope co., Arkansas.    Cromarty. Pop. of burgh, 599. The town is poor, but has a
DORDOGNE, dor'dln/, (Fr. pron. doRadoffl,) a department  church, (originally a cathedral,) elegantly fitted up by the
in the S.W. of France, between the departments of Haute- late Duchess of Sutherland, and fine remains of the bishop's
Vienne, Charente, Charente-Inflrieure, Gironde, Lot-et-Ga- castle. Sheriff's courts are held here. It unites with Kirkronne, Lot, and Corrlze. Capital, PCrigueux.  Area, 3492  wall, Cromarty, Dingwall, Tain, and Wick in sending one
square miles. Pop. in 1852, 505,789. The chief rivers are  member to the House of Commions. Dornoch was, until the
the Dordogne and Vezbre, both navigable, Haute-Yezlre, and  revolution, the seat of the bishops of Caithness.  The last
Isle. The surface is many parts is uncultivated, and has  victim in Scotland ofthe laws against witchcraft was burnt
numerous marshes. The soil, generally dry and sandy, is  in this parish in 1722.
rich in minerals, including iron, copper, lead, coal, manga-   DORNOCII FRITH, a deep inlet of the North Sea, on the
nose, and lithographic stones; it has marble quartries and  N.E. coast of Scotland, between the counties of Sutherland
mineral springs. Chestnuts are extensively cultivated, and  and Ross. Breadth of entrance, about 15 miles. The nayithe truffles are the best in France.  The p-incipal manufac-  gation, for large vessels is obstructed by sandbanks.
tures are iron, paper, brandy, and liqueurs.                  DORNOCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfeie.s.
DORDOGNE, (anc. Dturatnieis, and Dordl/nia?) a river in    DORNSTETTEN, donn/stht-ten, (ann. TFrodu/nume?) a town
the S.W. of France, is formned by the junction of the Doer and  of Wii-rtemburg, circle of the Black Forest, 35 miles S. W.
Dogne, in the department of Puy-de-DOme, and after a course  of Stuttgart.  Pop. 1200.
of 220 miles, 167 of which are navigable, joins the Garonne    DORNuM, dorn/5um, a village of Ilanover, 13 miles N.W.
13 miles N. of Bordeaux.                                    of Aurich. Pop. 1580.
DORDRECtIT, a town of the Netherlands.  See DoeT.           DOIROGII, do'rogl, a town of Hungary, co. of Szabolcs, in
DORE, a chapelry'of England, co. of Deiby.                a marshy district, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Debreczin. Pop.
DORE ABBEY, a parish of England, co. of 1-ereford.        6640.
DOREBAT, do'ee-bgt/, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 45    DOROGHI. KIs, Rish, and NAGY, Done I, nldj, do'rog/,
miles E.N.E. of Mocha. It is the residence of a sheikh.     (" Little and Great Dorogh,") two adjacent villages in HunDORE L'EGLISE, don lI'gleez/, a village of France, depart- gary, co. of Tolha, on the Sarviz, which is here navigable, 62
ment of Puy-de-DI6me, 12 miles S. of Ambert. Pop. 2090.   miles S.S.W. of Pesth. Pop. of Kis Dorogh, 1055; of Nagy
DORES, d6rz, a parish of Scotland, co., and 8 miles S.S.W. Dorogh, 2666.
of Inverness, on Loch Ness;                                  DOROGOBOOZIt or DOROGOBOUJ, do-ro-o-boozh/, writDORGALI, doa-g/loe, a village of the island of Sardinia, ten also DOIROGOBUSH and DOROGOBUJ, a town of Ruscapital of a district, 62 miles E.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3356. sia, government, and 55 miles E.N.E. of Smolensk, capital
It has manufactures of coarse silks.                       of a circle, on the Dnieper. Pop. 5000. It is enclosed by
DODHEIM, din/hime, a market-town of Germany, in  walls, well built, and has numerous churches, a fine m-rHesse-Cassel, 16 miles N. of Hlanau, on the Wetter. Pop. 688. ket-place, a ruined citadel, and a brisk general trade.  On
DORJELING. See DARJEEcLIe.                               the 12th of October, 1812, the Frenchwere defeated here by
DOEJELLA, dor-y6ll/, a village of the MIalay Archipelago,  the Itussians.
2 ~                                                                            577




DOR                                                       DOU
DOROGOI], do-ro-goiAl, a town of MIoldavia, in its N. bor, building docks, numerous saw-mills, salt and sugar
part, 70 miles N.W. of Yassy, (Jassy.)                    refineries, linen-bleaching grounds, white lead and tobacco
DORON, do-r6nt, a small river in the Sardinian States, factories, and a large trade in flax, corn, salt-fish, train-oil,
Savoy, which rises in the Grecian Alps; and, after a course   and timber, floating hither down the Rhine. Among the
of about 45 miles, joins the left bank of the Isbre, at Mou- imports in 1852, were 8248 tons of coal from Newcastle. D)ort
tiers.                                                    was the original residence of the Counts of IHolland, and the
DOROSMA, do'roshtmbhx, a village of Central Hungary, place where, in 1572, the independence of the United ProLittle Cumania, 6 miles W.N.W. of Szeged. Pop. 8030?      vinces was first declared.  It is the birthplace of the broDOROSZLO, doerosilox, a village of Iungary, on the Mos- thers Do Witt. The famous Synod of Dort, which annthetango, about 8 miles from Zonmbor. Pop. 2235.              matized the doctrines of Arminius, and was productive of
DORPAT, doRepIt, or DERPT, diRpt, (L. Tolpasums and  much intestine disturbance in the Netherlands, was held
Duo'betum; Russ. Y{rievor Yooriev,) a town of Russia, govern- here in 1618-19.
ment of Livonia, capital of a circle on the Embach, here    DORTH31UND, doattm66nt (L. Dortmunlda and Tremnolsia,)
crossed by a stone bridge, and on the road between Riga and  a walled town of Prussia, Westphalia, capital of a circle on
St. Petersburg, 150 miles N.E. of Riga. Pop. 12,000. Mean  the Emster, and on the Cologne and MIinden Railway, 27
temperature of the year 410.8; winter, 300.1; summer, 630  miles W.N.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 7620. It is the seat of a
Fahrenheit.  It has a very picturesque appearance, is well mining-hoard, and has a Roman Catholic and 4 Lutheran
built and paved, and comprises a town proper, and the su- churches, 3 monasteries, 3 hospitals, and a provincial acaburbs of St. Petersburg and Riga. Its old fortifications have  demy, founded in 1543. Its manufactures are linen, woollen
been converted into ornamental gardens and public walks. and cotton stuffs, tobacco, nails and cutlery. Dortmnund
Principal edifices, the ancient, but partly ruined Cathedral, early became a place of some importance, rose to be a free
the government offices, a college, founded in 1589, female  imperial town, and joined the HIanseatic League. With the
and numerous other schools, and a spacious market-house. dissolution of this league, its prosperity began to decline,
Its celebrated university, originally founded in 1632 by Gus- and during the Thirty Years War, its trade was almost
tavuns  Adolphus of Sweden, and re-established by Paul I., ruined. In 1802, it came into the family of Nassau Diez,
had in 1846, 80 professors, 574 students, an extensive libra-  and was given to Prussia, in 1815, at the Congress of Vienna.
ry, a museum of arts, an observatory, and a botanic garden.   DOR/TON, a parish  of England, co. of Bucks. It has a
The Dorpat Observatory was rendered famous by the observe- chalybeate spring and handsome bath establishments.
tions made here by Tycho Brahe. It is the chief school for    DORUM, do/rO6m, a town of Hanover, duchy, and 44 miles
the Protestant clergy in Russia, and the Reformed Synod of  N.N.W. of Bremen, capital of the district of Wurstein.  Pop.
Vilna send their students to Dorpat.                       628.
Dorpat is an ancient city, and in the thirteenth century    DORZBACH, donst/b/x, a town of Wilrtemberg, on the
was a place of so much trading importan6e as to be admitted  Jaxt, 7 miles S. of Mergentheim. Pop. 1480.
amiong the Hanse Towns. In 1223 it was taken by the Ger-    DOSA-JASZ, dosshohlydsst, a village of lHungary, co., and
mans from the Russians; the latter repossessed themselves  about 36 miles E. of Pesth, on the Tarna. Pop. 2504.
of it in 1558. The Poles captured it from  the Russians in    DOS BARRItOS, doce blte/e-oce, a modern town of Spain,
1582, from whom again the Swedes recamptured it in 1625. province, and 27 miles E.S.E. of Toledo.
Peter the Great ultimately took it, and it has since remain-   DOS HERMANAS, dore tom/nits, a town of Spain, proed in the possession of Russia.                            vince, and 6 miles S.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 2915.
DORR, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 124.        DOSSENIEII, dos!sen-hine, a village of Baden, circle,
DORR, a township of Mellenry co., Illinois.               Lower Rhine, 4 miles N. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1425.
DORIRANCE, a post-township of Luzerne co., Pennsyl-    DOSSOLO, doseso-lo, a village and commune of Austrian
vania. Pop. 420.                                            Italy, government of Milan, 7 miles E. by N.-of Viadana,
DORRANCE, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois.           on the left bank of the Po. Pop. 3846.
DORRE (dorr) ISLAND, West Australia, is 15 miles N. of    DOTIS, do'tish', a market-town of West Itungary, co., and
Dirk IHartog Island, and with it bounds Shark Bay on the  12 miles S.E. of Komorn.  Pop. 4:869.  It consists of an upper
W.; lat. 250 10' S. Length from N. to S. 20 miles.          and a lower town, between which are ruins of a celebrated
DORRIHIA, dorlr,, or DUTRIROW, diihfr6, a parish of Ire- ancient castle, which was inhabited by Mathias Corvinus;
land, Mlunster, co. of Tipperary.                           it has also a castle, with fine gardens, belonging to the
DOPJRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         Esterhazy family, a Calvinist, and several Roman Catholic
DORR/VILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Rhode  churches, a synagogue, a Capuchin monastery, a Plarist colIsland.                                                     lege, gymnasium and high school.
DO/SET or DORSETSHIRE, dor/lset-shir, a maritime    DOITY'S COR/NER, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
county of England, on its S.W. coast, having N.W. the    DO/TYVILLE, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin,
county of Somerset, N. of Wilts, E. of Hants, W. of Devon- 37 miles S. S.W. of Providence.
shire, and S. of the English Channel.  Area 987 square    DOUAI or DOUAY, doos', (L. Duecuies, anc. Duetogum s?) a
miles, or 643,840 acres, about one-third of whichis estimated  fortified town of F'rance, department of Nord, on the
to be arable. Pop. in 1851,184.207. Surface in the N. mostly  Scarpe, and on the Railway du Nord, at the junction of the
level; in the centre, traversed by chalk downs, on which many  branches to Lille and Valenciennes, 18 niles S. of Lille.
sheep are pastused; in the S. finely diversified by hill and  Pop. in 1852, 20,528. It is well built, and has several handdale; in theE. are some wide heaths. Principal rivers, the  some old clhurches, a fine arsenal aid cannon foundriy,
Stour and Frome. Coast on the S. presents tihe islands of  several hospitals, a theatre, botanic garden, national college,
Portland and of Purbeck, with St. Alban's IIead, and on  university, academy, and other public schools, and it is the
the S.E., the inlet Poole Harbor.  Porthland and Purbeck  seat of a national court, and numerous flourishing scientific
stone, coarse marble and potter's clay, are raised in large  institutions. It has important manufictures of lace, gauzes,
quantities. In 1847, 1120 persons were employed in linen, cotton stuffs, earthenware, beet-root sugar. glass, soap, and
silk, and woollen factories.  The South-Western Railway  refined sugar. Douai is one of the most ancient towns of
from London, extends through the S.E. part of the county, France, and existed in the time of Julius C2ssar, who mento Dorchester. The county forms an archdeaconry of-the  tions it as a place occupied by Caluaci. It had acquired
diocese of Salisbury. Capital, Dorchester. It sends, with  considerable importance, and was strongly fortified in the
its boroughs, 12 members to the House of Commons, 3 of  ninth century. Its possession was afterwards strongly conwhom are returned by the county.                           tested by the Flemish and French, by whom it was repeatedly
DORISET, a post.village and township of Bennington co., taken and retaken. It was finally secured to the latter by
Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 190 miles S.S.W. the peace of Utrecht.
of Monitpelier.  It has extensive quarries of marble, the    DOUARNENEZ, doo'artneh-nu, (L. Dorvanena,) a town of
working of which, constitutes the chief occupation of the  France, department of Finistbre, on the bay of Douarnenez
inhabitants. Pop. 1700.                                    12 miles N.W. of Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 4193.  It has a
DORSET, a post-village and township in Ashtabula co., considerable fishery.
Ohio, 175 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 236.                  DOUAY, a town of France. See DounL
DORSET, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, 66 miles    DOUBLE BItANCIHES, a post-office of Anderson district,
WV. by S. of Chicago.                                      South Carolina.
DORSETSIHIRE.  See DORSETs.                                DOUBLE  BRANCHES, a post-village of Lincoln  co,
DOR/SEY, a post-office of Woodford co.. Kentucky.        Georgia.
DOI/SINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       DOUBLE BRIDGE, a post-office of Lunenburg co., ViDORSTEN, doeis/ten, a town of Prussia, Westphalia. 35  ginin, 87 miles S.W. of Richmond.
miles S.W. of Miinster, on the Lippe. Pop. 2900.  It has    DOUBLE BRID/GES, a post-village of Upson co., Georgia.
manufactures of woollen cloth.                             11 miles S.W. of Thomaston, the county seat.
DORST'ONE, a parish of England. co. of Hereford.           DOUBLE BRIDGES, a post-office of Lauderdale co., TenDORT, denat, or DORDRECIIT, doa/drtit, (L. Dordre-dscs,) nessee.
a town of the Netherlands, province of South IHIolland, on an    DOUBILE CAB/INS, a post-village of IHenry co., Georgia,
island in the M{erwe, ( iteuse,) 10 miles S.E. of Rotterdam.  65 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville.
Pop. 20,991. Chief edifices. a fnlue town-hall, a Gothic church,   DOUBLE OAK, a post-offce of Camden co., Missouri.
with a tall square tower, and numerous monuments and    DOUBLE PIKE CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Mary
curious works of art. It has a Latin school, and many  land.
public ins;titutions several quays and canals, a good her-   DOUBLE SIIOALS, a post-office of Morgan co., Georgia.
578
KL_




DOU                                                        DOU
DOUBLE SPRING, a post-office of Benton co., Arkansas.   miralty Island and the mainland. Lat. 580 15' N.; ion.
DOUBLE SPRINGS, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mtis- 1340 24' W.
Aissippi.                                                    DOUGLASS, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.
DOUBLE  SPRINGS, a post-office of Jackson co., Ten-   DOUGLASVILLE, a post-village of oBerks co., Pennsylvanessee.                                                    nia, 64 miles E. of H-arrisburg.
DOUBLE SPRINGS, a post-town, capital of Calaveras co.,   DOUKOVTCIIINA, a town of Russia. See DOOKVCOnEENA.
California, is situated on the main road finom Sacramento    DOULEVANT, dool'v8No1, a town of France, department
City to Sonora, 87 miles E.N.E. of San Francisco. It is in  of Haute-Marne, 9 miles S. of Vassy, on the Blaise. Pop. 707.
the vicinity of one of the principal mining districts, and is    DOULLENS, dool'l1aGl  a town of France, department of
much resorted to for supplies by traders and miners.       Somme, on the Authie, 17 miles N. of Amiens. Pop. in
DOUBLE WELLS, Warren co., Georgia. See CUMnING.   1852, 4357. It has a citadel, a prison, and a theatre. It
DOUBOVKA. See DoosovKa.                                  was taken by the allies in 1814.
DOUBS, doobz, (anc. Du'bis,) a river of France, rises in the    DOULTING, d0ltting, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Jura, at the S. extremity of the department of Doubs, passes    DOUNE, doon, a village of Scotland, co. of Pertb. beautiDole, where its natural navigation commences, and joins  fully situated on the Teith, 51 miles N.W. of Stirling.
the Saane at Verdun-sur-Sbane; it is accompanied by the  Pop. 1559. Donne Castle, one of the most majestic feudal
Canal of the Rhone and Rhne firom Voujancourt to its junc- remains in Britain, was built in the fourteenth century,
tion with the Satne. Length 263 miles. Near Morteau, it and last occupied as a fortress by the adherents of Prince
forms a cataract 88 feet high.                             Charles. in 1745. It was frequently occupied in the sixDOUBS, a department in the E. of France, formed of part  teenth century by Margaret. daughter of Henry VII., and
of the provinces of Franche-Comt6.  It is situated between  widow of James IV. It was also the residence occasionally
the departments of Itaut-Rhin, Haute-Saene, and Jura, and  of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was in possession of the rebels
on the frontier of Switzerland. Area 2028 square miles. in 1745, under the command of Macgregor of Glengyle.
Pop. in 1852, 296,679. Chief rivers, the Doubs and Lone.    DOUR, doon, a town of Belgium, province of HIainaut, 9
The Canal of the Rhone and Rhine traverses the department  miles W.S.W. of ions. Pop. 5833. It has a custom house,
from  S.W. to N.E.  The surface is nearly covered with  and extensive iron and coal works.
ramifications of the Jura range. Soil in many parts fertile,   DOUR, a town of Turkey. See DooR.
especially in the valley of the Doubs. It has mines of iron,   DOURAK, a town of Persia. See DOORAK.
salt, gypsum, and mineral springs.  Capital, Besangon. It   DOURDAN, doo'dtcONl, (L. Dordone'tns,) a town of France,
is divided into the 4 arrondissements, Beaume-les-Dames, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the Orge, 18 miles S.W. of
Besanqon, Montb6liard, and Pontarlier.                    Versailles.  Pop. in 1852, 2508.  It has an old castle, a
DOUBTFUL ISLAND, an island of the South Pacific  handsome Gothic church, and manufactures of silk hosiery
Ocean. Lat. (E point) 170 20' S.; Ion. 1420 23 WV.         and coarse woollen goods.
DOUBTFUL ISLAND, a small island in the South Pacific    DOURGA  (dooregA) STRAIT, is on the S. side of the
Ocean, near the S. coast of Australia. Lat. 340 24' S.; Ion. island of Papua, near Torres Strait. The N.W. entrance is
1190 3/' E.                                                 about 12 miles wide, the W. point being in lat. 70 27' S.,
DOUCATES. See DUcATES.                                    lon. 1380 46' E., and the E. point in lat. 70 22' S., lon. 1380
DOUCE, doos, a mountain of Ireland, co. of Wicklow, 5-1 55' E.
miles S.S.W. of Bray. Elevation, 2392 feet.                   DOURGNE, dooit, a market-town of France, department
DOUCH-Y, doo'sheel, a village of France, department of  of Tarn, 9 miles S.S.W. of Castres, at the foot of MIount Noire.
Nord, on the Selles, 27 miles S.S.E. of Lille. Pop. 1558.   Pop. 1009.
DOUDEVILLE, dood'veelf, a market-town of France, de-   DOURNAZAC, dooRtnn'zgkf, a commune and village of
partmoent of Seine-Inftrieure, 8 miles N. of Yvetot. Pop. France, department of Haute-Vienne, arrondissement aind
1785.                                                       15 miles S.E. of Rochechouart.  Pop. in 1852, 2355. It has
DOUDSIVILLE a post-office of Pendleton co., Kentucky.   important iron foundries.
DOU:, doo-Al, a town of France, department of Maine-et-   DOURO, doolro, (Port. pron. dSfro; Sp. Dsero, doo-A'fro;
Loire, 10 miles W.S.W. of Saumur. Pop. in 1852, 3194. It anc.] Durius,) an important river of Spain and Portu al,
has vast Roman ruins and curious grottoes in its vicinity.   rises in the province of Soria, in Spain, flows generally WV.
DOUERA, doo-YrA, a walled town of Algeria, 10 miles  through Leon to Miranda, then turns S.S.W., forming the
S.W. of Algiers. Pop. 1573.                                 boundary between Spain and Portugal; and, lastly, again
DOUGHTY'S FORK, of Rillbuck Creek, Ohio, falls into  W., and having divided the Portuguese provinces of Trasthe main stream, in Coshocton county.                       os-Montes and Beira, and intersected the province of Oporto,
DOUGLAS, dfig/lass, a seaport, market-town, watering- enters the Atlantic at Sin Jogo da Foz, 3 miles iV. of Oporto.
place, and capital ofthe Isle of Man, on a fine bay on its E  Total course estimated at 400 miles. Its basin, between the
coast, 81 miles N.W. of Liverpool. Pop. in 1851, 9880. Its  Asturian Mountains, N., and the Sierras Guadarrama and
old streets are narrow, irregular, and dirty; but several Estrella, &c., is the most extensive in the Spanish Peninhandsome ones, with terraces, a crescent, and numerous  sula; but its course is chiefly through narrow and cragg y
detached villas, have been recently built. It has 4 episcopal  valleys.  Chief tributaries, the Pisuerga, Elsa, Eresma,
churches, several meeting-houses, a handsome custom- Tormes, and Tavora. Its course is rapid, and so impeded
house, market-house, general post-office for the island, by rocks, that, until lately, it was navigable only to S'o
house of' industry, assembly rooms, libraries, baths, with  J. de Pesquiera; but it has recently been rendered so into
excellent lodging-houses and hotels, including a very ele- the Spanish territory.
gant one, formerly a seat of the Duke of Athol. The har-   DOURO, a recently formed province of Portugal, in the N.,
bor, which admits of vessels drawing from 10 to 12 feet at having W. the Atlantic Ocean, and on the other side the prohigh water, has a good pier, 520 feet in length, with a  vinces of Minho, Tras-os-Montes, Upper Beira, and Estremalight-house at its N. head. Lat. 540 10' N.; ion. 40 29' W. dura. Area, 3872 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 868,712.
Liverpool, Glasgow, and Irish steamers often touch here,   DOUSIIAK, a town of Afghanistan.  See JELALABiD.
and bring many visitors. Small vessels are also built, and    DOUST. See Dosr0TEE.
the town has some coastingo trade and fisheries. It is the    DOUSTRE, doos-t'rl, a small river of France, department
seat of the Deemster Court for the island.                  of Corrtze, joins the Dordogne near Argentat, after a S.
DOUGLAS, a village and parish of Scotland, co., and 9A  cournse of 25 miles.
miles SS.W. of Lanark, on a stream of same name, which    DO)UITHET, a post-office, Anderson district, South Carolina.
rises in Cairntable Mountain, and flows 16 miles N.E.,    DOUVAINE, doo'v~n! or doo'vainl, (L. Dsuvo/nia,) a town
through Douglas-dale into the Clyde. Pop. in 1851, 2011. of the Sardinian States, province of Chablais, 9 miles S.W. of
The parish gives the title of baron to its almost sole pro- Thonon, near the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1140.
prietor. the heir-at-law of the Douglas family, and that of    DOUVE, LA, 1t doov, a river of -France, rises at a place
marquis to the Dtike of Hamilton. The ruin of St. Bride's  called Fontaine Douve, near the village of Tollevast, and
Church is full of family tombs, including the beautiful one  falls into a bay in the English Channel, after a course of 25
of "1 the good Lord James," the friend of Bruce, and the hero  miles. In spring-tides it is navigable as far as St. Sauveurof Sir Walter Scott's "Castle Dangerous."  The remains of le-Vicomte, about 19 miles.
that fortress still stand near the seat of Lord Douglas.      DOUVRES. See DovER.
DOUGLAS, digollass, a post-village and township of Wor-   DOUVRES or DOUVRES-LA-DhLIVRAND)E. doov'R-l&cester co., Massachusetts, 40 miles S.W. of Bor.on. P. 1878. dl'-lee'vrcNdl, (anc.Dslbris ]Viducadslfsum,) avillage of France,
DOUGLAS, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, on the  department of Calvados, 7 miles N. of Caen. Pop. 1311.
Schuylkill River, 15 miles S.E. of Reading. Pop. 1018.       DOUWV, (dtwv or dtw,) POOLO,  written  also DAW,
DOUGLAS, a post-village and township of Montgomery  DAAUW, or DAO, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 35
co., Pennsylvania, 21milesN.N.W. of Norristown. Pop. 1265. miles S.. of Timor. Lat. 100 48' S.; ion. 122~ 41' E. ProDOUGLAS, a posf-village of Nacogdoches co., Texas, about perly speaking, it is no more than a barren rock, yielding
240 miles N.E. of Austin.                                  only spelt and native beans; still so attached are its inhaDOUGLAS, a town of Kanzas Territory, on the right bank  bitmints to it, that they refused the offer of transference to
of Kanzas River, opposite the mouth of Soldier Creek, a few  Timer. Pop. 5000.
miles above Lawrence.            6DOUX, don, (" sweet,") a river of France, department of
DOUGLAS FORT, in British -North America, is near the Ardbche, joins the Rhone, near Tournon, after a S.E. course
confluence of the Assiniboine and Bed Rivers.              of -25 miles.
DOUGLAS ISLAND, in Russian America, is between Ad-   DOUZE, dooz, a river of Prance, departments of Gers and
579




DOV.           DOV
Landes, joins the Midou at Mont-de-Marsan,  after a N.W. I (1854.)  Threarei also 8 boot and shoe manufactories, several
course of 55 miles.                                           of them extensive, a manufictory of oil-carpets, 1 of flannels,
DOVADOLA, do-v4-dotll, a town of Tuscany, 10 miles  1 paper-mill, an extensive iron-foundry, and a brass-foundry.
S.W. of Terra-del-Sole, on the MIontone.  Pop. 2293.          About 12 vessels of all sizes are owned in the town. ShipDOVE, dftv, a river of England, rises near Buxton, and  building, formerly carried on here, is about being resumed.
after a S. course of 39 miles, joins the Trent below Burton.  Dover is lighted with gas, and will pirobably be chartered as
Its banks are highly picturesque, especially in the vicinity  a city by the legislature now in session, (June, 18554.) It i
t f Ashbourne, where it winds through a remarkable chasm,  the oldest town in the state, having been settled by a conm2 miles in length, termed Dovedale.                            pany from England in 1623. Pop. of the township in 1850,
DOIV ER, (Fr. Dozucrs, doov'r; anc. Dzt/br.s,) a parliamen-  8196.
tary and municipal borough, cinque port, and town of Eng-    DOVER, a post-village and township of Windham  co.,
land, co. of Kent, on the N.WV. side of Dover Strait, at the  Vermont, 90 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 709.
terminus of the South-eastern Railway, 66 miles E.S.E. of    DOVER, a post-village and township of Norfolk co., MassaLondon.  Lat. of castle, 510 7' 8,' N., ion. 10 19' 5,' E. Area  chusetts, on Charles River, 15 miles S.W. of Boston. Pop.
of borough, 320 acres.  Pop. in 1851, 22,244. The town con- 1927.
sists mostly of a collection of old streets on the N. side of its    DOVER, a post-township of Dutchess co., New York, 20
harbor, and a long street on the banks of a small stream, the  miles E. of Poughkeepsie, intersected by the Harlem  Railwhole enclosed and backed by chalk downs, on which are the  road. Pop. 2146.
Castle, Citadel, and several strong detached forts. On the W.   DOVER, or DOVER PLAINS, a post-village in the above
the railway enters the town through a tunnel cut in the  township, on the Harlem  Railroad, 80 miles N.N.E. of New
cliffs, which hese abut into the sea. The Castle is a collection  York. It contains 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and several
of formidable works, occupying 35 acres; its foundation has  stores.
been attributed to the Romans, and it contains Roman and    DOVER, a thriving post-village of Randolph township,
Saxon towers, a spacious keep forming a bomb-proof maga- near the centre of Morris co., New Jersey, is situated on the
zinc, and barracks for 2000 men. The other principal edi- Rockcaway River and on the Morris Canal, about 7 miles
fices are a military hospital, the two parish churches, a  N.N.W. of Morristown. The inhabitants are extensively
handsome new chapel ofeaso, numerous dissenting chapels, a  engaged in iron manufactures. There are several forges,
synagogune, the Town-hall and Jail, and the Ifospital Maison- foundries, rolling-mills, sf-ike-factories, and steel-furnaces.
Dieu, Custom-house, Work-house, Theatre, Assembly Rooms,  The Morris and Essex Railroad passes through this place.
Mfuseum, baths, docks, bonding warehouses, and numerous  The village contains a bank.
good hotels. The harbor consists of 3 basins, the outer one    DOVER, a township of Ocean co., New Jersey. Pop. 2385.
enclosed between 2 piers 150 feet apart; large sums have    DOVER, a post-village and township of York co., Pennsylbeen spent upon it in different reigns, since Henry VII., vania, on Conewago Creek, 7 miles N.W. of York. Pop
but its entrance is unfortunately impeded by a movable  2164.
shingle bar. Operations are in progress to establish here a    DOVER, a handsome and flourishing town, seat of justice
ha-bor of refuge, by throwing out jetties of great magnitude  of Kent co., and capital of the state of Delaware, on Jones'
still fltheor into the sea. The works authorized by the  Creek, and on the Dona and Seaford Railroad, 50 miles S. of
government are to cost 2,500,0001. Dover, the chief port of  Wilmington, and about 5 miles W. of Delaware Bay. Lat.
communication between England and the Continent, has  390 10' N., lon. 750 30/ W. It has a fine state-house, with
continual intercourse by steamboats with Calais and Bou- an open lawn in front, 4 churches, 2 large hotels, 1 newslogne. It imports large quantities of eggs, fruit, and other  paper-office, a telegraph-station, a bank, several seminaries,
rural produce, from  France, and has a thriving coasting-  and many  elegant residences.  The houses are mostly built
trade and fishery. Ship-building, with sail, rope, and paper  of brick. Dover has increased rapidly for some years past.
making, employ many of the population. Regular shipping  Pop. about 1000; of the hundred, 4000.
in 1847, 109 vessels; aggregate burden, 5249 tons. In 1849    DOVER, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
the total number of steamers arriving and departing was:-        DOVER, a village of Greene co., Georgia, 41 miles N. of
British, outwards, 781, tonnage, 87,381; inwards, 784, ton- Milledgeville.
nasa, 87,639;  foreign, outwards, 566, tonnage, 74,557; in-   DOVER, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia.
wards, 565, tonnage, 74,555. Of other vessels the total num-    DOVER, a post-village in Russel co., Alabama, about 75
her was, outwards, 265, tonnage, 11,578; inwards, 580, ton- miles E. by N. of Montgomery.
nags, 54,545; in both cases the larger portion being coasters    DOVER, a post-office of Yazoo co., Mlississippi.
averaging sunder 80 tons each. In October, 1851, telegraphic    DOVER, a post-village, capital of Pope co., Arlkansas, near,csommunication was established between England and the  Illinois Bayou, about 90 miles N.W. of Little Rock.
Continent by means of a submarine wire laid across the chan-    DOVER, a post-village, capital of Stewart co., Tennessee,
oel from Dover to Calais. Shakcespeare's Cliff is situated at  on the left bank of Cumberland River, 75 miles W. by N. of
-a little distance from the town and is perforated by a tunnel  Nashville.:OL the South-eastern Railway.  In May, 1847, a huge mass    DOVER, a thriving post-village of tMason co., Kentucky,.of this chalk-cliff scaled off, and fell to the base; the mass  on the Ohio River, 10 or 12 miles below Maysville.  A conwas 254 feet in height, 15 feet thick, and was calculated to  siderable quantity of tobacco and hemp is exported from.contain 48,000 tons of Chalkc. Shortly after, another fall of  this place. It contains 2 or 3 chuiches, a large flouring1d,000 cubic yards took place. The cliff is 350 feet high, and, mill, and a steam saw-mill. Pop. about 600.
though sufficiently remarkable in form, does not bear out the    DOVER, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1232.
magnificent description of the poet. Dover is the principal    DOVER, a post-village and township of Cuyahoga co.,
station and seat of government of the Cinque Ports, and  Ohio, on the S. shore of Lake Erie, 14 miles W.S.W. of Clevehas returned 2 members of Parliament since the time of Ed-  land. Pop. 1102.
ward I.                                                          DOVER, a township in Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 581.
DOEIVR, a post-village and township, capital of Piscataquis    DOVER, a post-village, capital of Fulton co., Ohio, 170.co., Maine, on the Piscataquis River, about 70 miles N.E. of  miles N.W. of Columbus, and 35 miles W. of Toledo. It was
Anuossta.  It has a newspaper-office and manufactures of  laid out about the year 1850.
aoollen goods. Pop. of the township, 1927.                       DOVER, a flourishing village and township of Tuscarawas
DOVER, a beautiful and flourishing post-town, capital of  co., Ohio, is situated on the right bank of Tuscarawas River,
Strafford co., New Hampshire, is situated on both sides of  just above the mouth of' Suar Creek, 103 miles E.N.E. of
Cocheco River, at the lower falls, where it is crossed by the  Columbus. It owes its importance to the navigation of the
Boston and Maine Railroad, 68 miles N. of Boston, and 12  Ohio Canal, on which large quantities of wheat and flour
miles N.W. of Portsmouth. Lat. 430 13' N., ion. 700 54' W. are shipped at this place. In 1851 the amount was comThe kite of this town presents an agreeable variety of sur- puted at 534,415 bushels of wheat, and 40,495 barrels of
face, and some of the streets cross each other in an oblique  flour. Dover also has facilities for manufacturing,  which
direction. It contains a handsome town-hall, 3 banks, a  are yet only partially improved. A hydraulic canal has
savings institution, an insurance office, 3 newspaper-offices,  been completed from Sugar Creek to the town, by which a
an academy, a high school, (cost of building, $5000,) and 9  thll of 22 feet is obtained.  Dover has churches of 5 denomichurches, viz., 3 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Congregational, 1  nations, 1 woollen-factory, 2 iron-furnaces, and several mills.
Episcopal, 1 Unitarian, 1 Friends', and 1 Universalist, a  The name of the post-office is Canal Dover. Pop. in 1853,
lyceum  for lectures and a public library, both flourishing.  1500; of the township in 1850, 3248.
The principal hotels are the American Ihouse and the New         DOVER, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 700.
Hampshire  Hotel. Dover is favorably situated for trade, at    DOVER, a post-township in the south-east part of Lenawee
the head of sloop navigation, and is connected by the Co- co., Michigan. Pop. 1223.
checo  Railroad with Alton, on Winnipisiogee Lake. The    DOVER, a small post-village of Washtenaw co., Michigan,
river at this place has a direct fall of 32 feet, affording  on -Huron River, 54 miles WV. by N. of Detroit.
abundant water-power. The Cocheco Manufacturing Con-    DOVER, a thriving village of Dearborn co., Indiana, on
pany, with a capital of.t1,300,000, have erected here 4 large  the State Road fiom Rushville to Cincinnati, about 90 miles
cotton mills, from 5 to 7 stories high. in which they employ  S.E. of Indianapolis.  Pop. near 300.
iabout 1500 operatives, working 1200 looms and 47,000 spin-   DOVER, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, 144 miles
dies. This companyn manuiatuere s and prints about 10,000,000  N. of Springfield.
yards, or 5682 miles, of cloth, annually. They have in con-    DOVER, a post-village and township of Lafiayette co., MIst.emplation the erection of anoth6r mill the present season, souii, 108 miles W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1415.
580




DO'                                                        DOW
DOVER, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa.                      DOWN, a maritime co. of Ireland, in Ulster. Area, 957
DOVEIR, a village of Davis co., Iowa, on Fox River, 80  square miles, or 612.480 acres, of which about 514.000 are
miles S.S.W. of Iowa City.                                  arable. Pop. in 1851, 328,751. Carlingford Bay separates it
DOVER, a post-village of Iowa' co., Wisconsin, 27 miles  from Leinster on the S., and the Newry Canal and Lagan
W. by N. of Madison, has 20 dwellings, with about 100 in- River foirm its boundaries on the W.  The other rivers are
habitants.                                                  the Bann and Annahill.  It contains Lough Strangford,
DOVER, a small village and township of Racine co., Wis-  Dundrumn Bay, and the Mourne Mountains, the highest of
consin.  Pop. 890.                                          which, Slieve Donard, is 2796 feet. Surface, mostly monnDOVER, a post-village and township of Walworth co., tainous or hilly, but in many parts tolerably fertile. The
Wisconsin, about 48 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1268.   Ulster Railway crosses the N. part of the county. Capital,
DOVERA, do-vAirh, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- Downpatrick.  The county returns 2 members to the House
ment of Milan, 4 miles N.N.E. of Lodi. It is famous for its  of Commons.
cheese. known by the name of stracchino. Pop. 1683.           DOWN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
DOIVERDALE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.          DOWN, (EAST,) a parish of England, co. of Devon.
DOVER HILL, a thriving post-village, capital of Martin    DOWN, (WEsT,) a parish of England, co. of Devon.
co., Indiana, 1 miles fionm the Eastern fork of White River,    DOWTNARDa post-office of Iowa co., Iowa.
and 92 miles S.S.WX. of Indianapolis.  The surrounding        DOWNE, a township of Cumberland co., New Jersey
counm~y contyns cotal and iron ore. Laid out in 1845.       Pop. 2341.
DOVERIDGE, dilvIrige, a parish of England, co. of Derby.    DOWNER'S GROVE, a post-township of Du Page co.,
DOVER MILLS, a post-village of Goochland co., Virginia, Illinois, 24 miles W.S.W. of Chicago.
on Dover Creek and on the James River Canal, 21 miles W.   DOWINERVILLE, a post-office of Yuba co., California.
of Richmond. It has a valuable water-power and a flouring-    DOWNHAM, downfam, a parish of England, co. of Cammill.                                                       bridge.
DOVER PLAINS, New York. See DovEa.                          DOWNHAM, a parish of England. co. of Essex.
DOVER SOUTI MILLS, a post-office of Piscataquis co.,   DOWNIIAM-MARKET, a market-town and parish of EngMaine.                                                     land, co. of Norfolk, on the Ouse, here crossed by a stone
DOVER. STRAIT OF, (Fr. Pas-de-Calais, pi deh k'lIA, i. e. bridge, with a station on the East Anglian Railway, 10the "passage of Calais;" L. PreYsuom  Gallicuve,) the strait miles S. of Lynn. Pop. in 1851, 3262. The town is well
which separates England and France, and connects the Eng- built, has an antique church, a union work-house, a large
lish Channel with the North Sea. It extends from Dunge-  bell-foundry, and markets.
ness and Cape Gris Nez N.E. to the South Foreland and    DOWNITEAD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Calais. Length, 22 miles; breadth, (where narrowest,) 21    DOWN-IHIOLLAND, a township of England, co. of Lanmiles. See EaGLIsn CHAiANNEL.                               caster. It is crossed by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
DOVESVILLE, dfev1vill, a post-office of Rockingham co.,   DOWNIHOLME, a parish of England, co. of York, North
Virginia.                                                   Riding.
DOVREFIELD,  DOVREFJELD,  dofvre-fe-ld/, or DO-   DOWNIEVILLE, dOw/ne-vill, a post-town of Sierra co.,
FRINES, dolfreent (Norw. Daavrqfjeld, d6tvr6-fy61d/,) a  California, about 150 miles N.N.E. of Benicia, is situated on
mountain range of Norway, forming the central part of the  Yuba River, near its source. Pop. 810.
Scandinavian system, and extending in an E.N.E. direction    DOWNING'S MILLS, a post-office of Strafford co., New
from the valley of Lessbe, near lat. 62~ N., where the Lang-  Hampshire.
field range terminates, to the Syltfjiillet, lat. 630 N., where the    DOWNINGSVILLE.  See DoWNINGVmLLE.
chain of Kidlen or Kliel begins. It is generally composed    DOWNINGTON, a post-village of Metigs co., Ohio, about
of gneiss and micaceous schist, and possesses, in the Skag- 40 miles S.W. of Marietta.
stols-tind, which has an altitude of 8390 feet, the highest    DOWNIINGTOWN, a pleasant post-village of East Caln
summit in the Scandinavian Peninsula. This mountain  township, Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and
raises its gigantic mass above the lofty plateau on which  Lancaster Turnpike, and on the Philadelphia and Columbia
the chain rests, till its snowy heights are lost among the  Railroad, 29 miles W. of Philadelphia.  The East branch
clouds. Four passeslead across theDovre-Field range. The  of Brandywine   Creek passes through it. The houses are
most frequented of these is in the line of road which leads  neatly and substantially built of stone. Downingtown is
from Christiania to Trondhjem, by the E. side of Sneehaettan.  the western terminus of the Chester Valley Railroad, which
Its greatest height is 4200 feet. The name is derived from   extends to Norristown. It contains a boarding-school for
DAavRE (d0Svreh,) a small village, near lat. 620 N. and Ion. girls. Pop. estimated at 7 00.
90 20' E., andfecd orfjeld, "a niountain ridge."  The appel-    DOWVN/INGVILLE or DOWNtINGSVILLE. a post-village
lation of DOVEFIrELD is often incorrectly applied to the whole  of Grant co., Kentucky, on Eagle Creek, 10 miles WV. of Wilchain of mountains which divide Norway fi-om Sweden.        liamstown, the county seat.
DO/VY or DYIVI, a river of Wales, cos. of Merioneth and    DOWNINGVILLE, a village of Carroll co., Ohio, on the
Mlontgomery, rises near Bala, and, after a S.W. course of  Sandy and Beaver Canal.
about 30 miles, joins the Irish Sea 7 miles N. of Aberystwith.   DOWVNINGVILLE, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.
DOWVAGIAC, do-waje-sak, a small river of Michigan, rises    DOWNPATIRICK, a parliamentary and municipal bein Cass and Van Buren cos., and flows into the St. Joseph's  rough, seaport town, and parish of Ireland, in Ulster, capital
River, near Riles.                                          of the co. of Down, near the mouth of the Quoyle, 21 miles
DOWAGIAC, a post-village of Case co., Michigan, on the  S.S.E. of.Belfast. Pop. of town, 4651. The town consists
above river and on the Central Raihlroad, 179 miles W. from   chiefly of foumr streets, and is divided into English, Irish,
Detroit.  Settled in1848. Pop. in 1853, about 300.          and Scotch quarters.  The principal edifices are a catheDOWALILY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 3 miles  dral, parish chumch, chapels, diocesan school, county courtN.N.W. of Dunkeld, with which it is united. Here was a  house, prison, infirmary, fever hospital, almshouses, large
royal chase, and the hills are still partly covered with wood,  barracks, and a union work-house. It has a library, newsaboundiug In red and roe deer.                              room, various schools, some convenient quays, manufactures
DOWVDESWVELL, dowdsfwell, a parish of England, co. of of linen, leather, soap, and breweries.  Near the town are
Gloucester.                                                 the ruins of the old cathedral, a remarkable ancienit mound,
DOWELTON, a post-office of Yadkin co., North Carolina.  a racecourse, and wells, resorted to by Roman Catholic pilDOWLAND, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               grnims. It sends one member to the House of Commons.
DOWLES, dowls, a parish of England, co. of Salop.         Downpatrick claims to be one of the oldest towns in Ireland,
DOWLETABRAD, DOWLATABAD, DOULETABAD, dOw'- having been the place of residence of the ancient native
la-tl-bldf, or DEOGHIIRI, (the Fortunate City,) an inland  Kings of Ulster, and the chosen residence of St. Patrick, who
town and fbrtregs  of Ifindostan, province, and 10 miles  founded two religious establishments here, and presided
N.W. of Aum-ungabad, is situated in lat. 190 57' N., lon. 750 16' over them  till his death, in 493, when his remains steme
E. It is one of the most remarkable fortresses in India, and  deposited in the abbey of Down, as were, subsequently,
stands upon an isolated rock, 300 lfeet-some accounts say  those of St. Bridget and St. Columbkill.
500 feet-high, and for about one-third of its height as per-   DOWVNS, THE, a portion of the North Sea, off the S.E.
pendicular as a wall, and presenting no visible means of  coast of England, co. of Kent, between the North and South
reaching   the summit, which is only to be attained through  Foreland, and opposite P]?msgate, Deal, &c., where valuable
an excavation in the heart of the rock. The,iew from the  shelter is insured for shipping by the Goodwin sands, which
summit is extensive and beautiful. In 1306 this fortress  serve as a breakwater, and where large numbers of ships
was taken from a powerful Hindoo chief by the troops of the  are often lying.
Emperor of Delhi. About 1555 it fell into the hands of    DOWN  ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Ahmed Nizam Shah of Ahmednuggum, and in 1634 it passed    DOWVNS/VILLE, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.
into the hands of the Moguls, from whom it was taken by    DOWVNSVILLE, a post-office of Ocean co., New JTersey.
Nizam ul Mulh, and has since continued in the possession    DOWNSVILLE, a post-office of Union parish. Louisiana
of the Nizam  of Ilyderabad. R1ear it are the cave-temples    DOWNITON, a disfimanchised borough, town, and parish
of Elora.                                                  of England, co. of Wilts, on the Avon, which here divides
DOWVLETABAD, a ruined fort of Afghanistan, on thb Fur- into three arms, 0 miles S.S.E. of Salisbury. Pop,. in 1851,
rah-rood, 140 miles S. of HIerat.                          3898. It has a long irregular street, with some good houses,
DOWTLISIH  WAKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. a large cruciform church, several chapels, a grammar-school,
DOWLISI, WVEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  and some traces of an ancient castle.
581!L




DO~rW                                                    DRA'n
DOWNTON, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.            DRAKE'S ISLAND, in Plymouth Sound, En gland, off the
DO WSBY-wrTmGRABY, a p  arish of England, co. of Lincoln. town of Plymouth, has a fort and military quarters.
DOXA or DOXAN. See HIuscHBEaG.                             DRAKE'STOWN, driksltown, a post-village of Morris co.,
DOYLESTOWN, doilz/t6wn, a pleasant post-borough and  New Jersey, on Schooley's Mountain, about 16 miles W. by
township, and the capital of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 100  N. of Morristown.
miles E. of Harrisburg. A turnpike connects this place with    DRAKESVILLE, driks/vil, a post-village of Morris co.,
Philadelphia. It is pleasantly situated on an eminence, in  New Jersey, on the Morris  Canal, 12 miles N.WY. of Morristhe midst of a beautiful, fertile, and well-cultivated country. town.
The county buildings are substantial edifices of sandstone.   DRAKESVILLE, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, on the
It contains an academy, a seminary for young ladies, 3  road from the lower part of the Des Moines Valley to the WV.
churches, 5 or 6 newspaper-offices, a public library, and a  line of the state.
bank. A railroad has been projected, which will connect   DRAMA, drAim[, a town of European Turkey, in MaceDoyleston with Norristown and New Hope. Pop. in 1850, donia, sanjak, and 30 miles E.N.E. of Seres. A few miles
1006; of the township, 2315.                               S.E. is the celebrated Plain of Philippi, on which the forces
DOYLESTOWN, a small village of Paulding co., Ohio.       of Brutus and Cassius were defeated B. c. 42.
DOYLESTOWN, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, on the    DRIAMANET, drn'mAnet/,  a town of Senegambia, on the
road from WVooster to Akron, 104 miles N.E. of Columbus, right bank of the Senegal, kingdom, and 5 miles S.E. of
contains 350 inhabitants.                                  Galam. Pop. 4000.
DOYN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.          DRAMBURG, dramlb03aR, a town of Prussian Pomerania.
DRAA, drA, or EDRHA, Md'rtftwritten also DERA, (anc. 50 miles S.S.W. of Cbslin, on the Drage. Pop. 3321.
Edrei?) a town of Palestine, a few miles S.E. of Mezareeb, in    DRAMMEN, drhm/men, a seaport-town of Norway, stift
a deep valley. The ruins of the ancient city cover an extent of Aggershuus, on both sides of the Drammen, near iis
of about two miles in circumference.                       month in the Christiania fiord, 22 miles S.W. of Christiania.
DRABUND, a town of Afghanistan. See DERABUND.            Pop. 8095. It consists of the two formerly separate villages
DRAC, drhk, a river in the S.E. of France. departments  of Bragernms and Stromsee, which are united by a bridge
of Ilautes-Alpes and Istre, rises in the Alps, and joins the  across the river. It is well built, and has a college, v-arious
Is~re 3 miles below Grenoble, after a N.W. course of 70 miles. schools, distilleries, manufactures of carriages, sail cloth,
DRACHENFELS, dr/Ken-fMlse, (" Dragon'S Rock,") a cele- rope, tobacco, and earthenwares, and an active trade in timbrated mountain peak, one of the ranges of the Sieben- ber, iron, pitch, and other Baltic produce. The number of
gebhirge, in Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the  vessels that arrived in 1842 was 548, tonnage 92,671; deRhine, 10 miles S.E. of Bonn; elevation, 1056 feet. Its  parted, 654, tonnage 108,961. Thisport is second in Norway
summit, crowned by the ruins of a castle, commands a  for the export of timber.
noble prospect.                                              DRANESVILLE, drainstvil, a post-village of Fairfax co.,
DRACUT, dr. kftt, a post-village and township of Middle- Virginia, 17 miles W. of Washington.
sex co., Massachusetts, on the N. side of Merrimack River,   DRANSE. dr~n/seh or drcsz, a river of Savoy, province of
opposite Lowell, (with which it is connected by two substan- Chablais, enters the Lake of Geneva 21 miles N.E. of Thotial bridges,) 28 miles N. by W. ofBoston. The village con- non, after a N. course of 24 miles. See BDArNES-LEr-CHABLE.
tains 4 churches, 5 stores, and 2 manufactories of woollen    DRANSE, a river of Switzerland, canton of Valais, joins
goods and cotton duck; Pop. of township, 3503.             the Rhone near Martingy, after a N. course of 24 miles.
DRAGE, drAGhegh, a river of Prussia, rises in the forest    DRANSFELD, drdnstf~lt, a town of Hanover, landrake of
of Draheim, flows circuitously S.S.W., expanding into, or  Hildesheim, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Gottingen. Pop. 1342.
communicating with, several small lakes, and, after a course    DRAIPERSTOWN, a market-town of Ireland, co., and 27
of about 90 miles, joins the Netze from the right.         miles S.E. by S. of Londonderry.  Pop. 373.
DRAGOMESTIRE, drAtgo-m.sttrA, (anc. Astacs?) a seaport   DIRAIPERI'S VALILEY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Virtown of Greece, in IIellas, government of Acarnania, on an  ginia.
inlet of the Ionian Sea, 28 miles S.S.E. of Vonizza.         DRAIPERSVILLE, a post-office of Mecklenburg  co., ~irDRAGOMESTRE, BAY OF, sheltered on the S.W. by the  ginia.
Dragonera Islands, is 6 miles in length by 1 in breadth.     DRAS. See DumAs.
DRAGOMIRNA, drha'o-mSla~nh,      a village of Austrian    DRASENHOFEN, drd/zen-ho'fen, or TRASENHOFEN,
Poland, in Bukowina, 35 miles S.W. of Tehernovitz, on the  trzen-ho'fen, a village in the Archduchy of Austria, disfrontier of Moldavia.                                     trict of Potsbrunn, on a small stream of the same name, 49
DRAGON, BOCA DEL, botkl d~l ch'l-g~n/, (i. e. Dragon's  miles N.N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1232.
mouth,) is a passage, in New Granada, province of Veragua,   DRAU, a river of Europe.  See DRAvE.
leading from Lake Chiriqui into the Caribbean Sea.           DRAUGHI-TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
DRAGONERA, drA-go-nlrl,  an island of the Mediter-   DRAUGH'TON'S STORE, a post-office of Sampson co..
raneanu, belonging to Spain, off the W. end of Majorca, about  North Carolina.
2 miles in length, and having a fort on its highest point,   DRAUSEN, driw/zen, a small lake in Western Prussia, S.
but otherwise uninhabited.                                 of Elbing.
DRAGONERA, a group of the Ionian islands, immediately    DRAVE, dr/v, or drlav, (auc. Drafesc; Ger. Drau, dr6w; Slaoff the coast of Acarnania, 6 miles S.VW. of Dragomestre.  vonian, erava, drl/vA,) a river of South-eastern Europe, and
DRAGONEERA, a group of islands, S. of the Morea, and  one of the principal tributaries of the Danube, rises in the
immediately E. of Cerigo.  Tyrol, about 17 miles E. of Brunecken, flows E. between the
DRAGONI, dri-gotnee, (auc. Cbmnbultiera,) a town of Naples, basins of the Mur and Save, at first through Carinthia and
province of Terra di Lavoro, 12 miles N.N.E. of Capua. Pop. Styria, and afterwards separating Hungary from Croatia
2400.                                                      and Slavonian, joins the Danube 14 miles E. of Eszek, after
DRA/GON'S MOUTHt is the passage between the island of  a total course of 360 miles, for the latter three-fourths of
Trinidad and the peninsula of Paria, in South America, 12  which it is navigable.  The chief afiluents are the Mur,
miles across from E]. to W., and interspersed by islets.   Mohl, Gurk, Lavant,:atl Gail. In its upper part it is rapid,
DRAGOR, (Dragbr,) drigfir', a maritime village of Den- and is little used for commercial purposes.
mark, on the Sound, at the S.E. extremity of the island of    DRAWV/BRIDGE, a nost-office of Sussex co., Delaware.
Amager, 7 miles S. of Copenhagen. Pop. 1800.                 DRAX, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.
DRAGTEN, drla/ten, a thriving town of the Netherlands,   DRAYCOT CERNE, dr/Ykot sern, a parish of England, co.
province of Friesland. 15 miles S.E.of Leenwarden. P. 4400. of Wilts.
DRAGUIGNAN, drh:gheen'yJI, (anc. Dracesnum?) a town    DRAYCOT FOLLIAT, folle-at, a parish of England, co.
of France, department of Var, 40 miles N.E. of Toulon. of Wilts.
Pop. in 1852, 8972. It is picturesquely situated, and has    DRAYCOT AND WILNE, a chapelry'of England, co. of
many public fountains, a botanic garden, and manufactures  Derby.
of broadcloth. The town is said to have been founded in the    DRAYCOTT-Nre-Tu-MOORS, a parish of England, co. of
fifth century; and was early one of the chieftowns ofProvence.  Stafford.
It was last fortified in 1615, and its possession was much co-   DRAYTON, drlton, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
veted during the political and religious contests of France.    DRAYTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
DRAHT, drcl, or DRATIA, dr/h', a river, province, and town    DRAYTON, two parishes of England, co. of Oxford.
of MIorocco. The river rises in Tafilelt E. of the Atlas and is    DRAYTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
lost in the desert after a S. course of 250 miles.           DRAYTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Hauts.
DRAHOTUSCHI, dri/ho-toosh', a market-town of Austria,   DRAYTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Sussex, with a
hn Moravia. on the Boschkan, 22 miles E.N.E. of Olmutz.    station on the South Coast Railway, 2 miles E. of Chichester.
DRAINY, drlnee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin.       DRAY/TON, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland.
DRAKRENBEROG, mountainsof Afiica.  See QUAvHLAsmA.    DRAYTON. a post-villafge of Dooly co., Georgia, on PenDRAKES, drks, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio.        nabatchee Creek, near its entrance into Flint River, 85
DRAKE'S CHAN/NEL, in the British West Indies, is im- milts S.W. of Milledgeville.
mediately S.E. of the island of Tortola.                    DRAYTON  BEAUCHAMIP, beelchfim, a parish of EngDRAKE'S CREEK, in the S. part of Kentucky, enters  land, co. of Bucks.
the Big Barren IRiver in Ware-en county.                    DRAYTON BUS/SET, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
DRAKE'S CRE EK, a village of Shelby cc., Illinois, about Drayton-manor here is the seat of Sir Rlobertr Peel. Bart.
5 miles E.S.E. of Springfield.                             DRAYTON, DRY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
582




DRA                                                         DRE
DRAYTON,  AEST, a parish  of England. co. of Notts.       silk and woollen stuffs, leather, carpets, gloves, jewelry,
DRAYTION, FEN, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.  musical and scientific instruments, artificial flowers, chemlIDAYTON, FEN!NY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester,  cal products, a bomb and cannon foundry, sugar refinery,
61- miles W.N.W. of Hinckley.  George Fox the founder of  and a wool-market, recently established, and it is the resort
the sect of Friends, was born here in 1624.                 of numerous artists of all descriptions.  Its trade is less
DRAY/TON-i-cHALES, or A1IP1IKET-iN-HALES, (anc. than might have been supposed, yet a good deal of busi2.cdcolaenues?) a market-town and parish of England, co. of  ness is done with the upper parts of the Elbe by means of
Salop, on the Liverpool and Birminghamn Junction Canal, the steamers which ply up as far as Trentchen, passing on
174 miles N.N.E. of Shrewsbury.                            their way through the Saxon Switzerland.  Three lines of
D1RAYTON PARlSLOW, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. railway meet at Dresden, and have their termini  near
DRAY/TONSVILLE, a post-villageiin Union district, South  each other in the Neustadt-the railway to Leipsic, that to
Carolina, 75 miles N.N.W. of Columbia.                      Ghirlitz and Prussian Silesia, and that to Prague. The city
DRAYTON, WEST a parish of England, co.'of Notts.         is well supplied with beautiful and elegantly laid out
DRAYTON, WEiST, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex,  walks. After the Continental War, the whole of the fortifieswith a station on the Great Western Itailway, 13~ miles W. tions were thrown down, and their site converted into garof the terminus at Paddington.                              dens and promenades; besides which the Briihl Terrace, in
DREBACII, dr't/baK, a village  of Saxony, circle of Zwic- firont of the Briihl Palace, overlooking  the Elbe; the Great
kau, $ miles S.W. of Lengefeld.  Pop. 2000.                 Garden (Grosse Gartoen) in Pirna suburb, 5 miles in circunmDREBKAU, drlp/kdw,  a town of Prussia, government, ference, and adjoining it the nursery of fruit trees, the garand 50 miles S.S.W. of Fr ankfo ron-the-Oder. Pop. 902.     dens of the Japanese Palace, the gardens of the Marcolinian
DREG, drSg, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.    Palace, the Botanic Gardens, and Prince Maximilian's GasDREG/GIJORN, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr. den, are all pleasant and favorite places of public resort.
The village is 2 miles S.E. of Irvine.  Pop. 1222.          Dresden appears originally to have been a village of Wendish
DREiIERSVILLE, dreorz/vil, a post-offace of Schuylkill fishermen on the right bank of the Elbe, where the present
co., Pennsylvania.                                          Neustadt is situated. In the eleventh century the present
DREItEI:CIIf:ENIIAIN.  See HAccN-zua-Dasicini~.          town was built on the left bank, where the Alstadt now
DREEM, a village of Scotland, co., and 4 miles N. of Had-  stands. In 1510 it was fortified; and. in the beginning of
dington, with a station on the INorth British Railway, 16t  the eighteenth century, under Augustus I. and II., it atmiles E.N.E. of Edinburgh.                                  tained its greatest point of splendor. Since that time it has
DREMPT, drt'mpt, a village of Holland, province of Gel- been the theatre of many and important historical events.
derland, 8 miles S. of Zutphen, on the Old Yssel. Pop. It suffered severely during the Seven Years' Wars and dur1100.                                                      ing the French War it was alternately the headquarters of
DRENGFURTH, drlng/f46at, a town of East Prussia, go- Napoleon, and of the Russian and Prussian army. In 1813,
vernment of Ktinigsberg, on the Yeisse, 12 miles N.N.E. of  on the 26th and 27th of August, the Allies were defeated
Rastenburg. Pop. 1760.                                      under its walls by the troops of Napoleon, on which occasion
DREN/NON SPRINGS, of Henry co., Kentucky, on the  the celebrated general MIoreau was mortally wounded.  SepKentucky River. This fashionable  watering-place is half a  tember 9, 1830, a popular revolution took place, in conseday's distance from Louisville by steamboat, situated in the  quence of which King Arton resigned in favor of his nephew,
most delightful region imaginable, and encompassed by an  and Saxony obtained a constitutional form of government.
amphitheatri of woody heights. The buildings are capable  Another insurrection brolke out in MIay, 1849, when many
of entertaining 1000 persons. The Western Military Insti-  lives were lost; the Opera louse and part of the Zwinger
tute of this place is a school of high reputation.          were busnt, and much damage done in various parts of tlhe
DRENSTEINFURTH, drsnlsttn-fai5t', a town of Prussian  city. Pop. in 1834, 06,133; in 1849, 94,092, of whom 88,181
Westphalia, government, and 13 miles S.S.E. of Mifunster. were Lutherans, and 4411 Roman Catholics.
Pop. 1150.                                                    DRIESDEN, one of the four great circles, (KreisdirectionsDRENTHE, dran/teh, a frontier province of the Nether- bezirk,) into which the Kingdom  of Saxony is divided,
lands, having E. the Hanoverian dominions, N. and N.E.  bounded N. by Prussia, E. by the circle of Bautzen, S.E. and
provinces of Groningen, W. Friesland, S. anid S.W. Overys- S. by Bohemia. and W. by the circles of Zwickau and Leipsic.
sel. Area, 1032 square miles. Pop. in 1853, 87,944.  Sur- Area, 1680 square miles. It wholly belongs to the basin of
face level, and much of it marshy; its E. fiontier is formed  the Elbe, which traverses it from  S.E. to N.W., and toward
by the Bourtanger M'oor. Soil generally poor; buckwheat both banks of which the surface slopes down into tolerably
is the principal grain raised. The rearing of live stock is  level tracts of great fertility. In other parts it is very mounthe chief branch of rural industry. Chief towns, Assen, tainous. Pop. in 1852, 507,705.
M1 eppel, amnd Coevorden.                                     DRES/DEN, a post-village and township of Lincoln co.,
DREPANUM.  See TRAPANI.                                   Maine, on the E. side of the Kennebec River, 15 miles S. by
DRESDEN, drhzfden or drnslden, (L. Dresl.da, or Dresdena?  W. of Augusta. Pop. 1419.
Fr. Dresde, drezd,) a city of Central Europe, capital of the    DRESDEN, a post-township of Washingtn co., New York,
Kingdom of Saxony, on both banks of the Elbe, here crossed  lies between Lakes Champlain and George. 20 miles N.N.E.
by a fine stone bridge; let. (Frauenkirche) 510 3' 18/" N., of Sandy Hill. Pop. 674.
ion. 130 41' 47" E., 103 miles S. by E. of Berlin, and 230 miles    DRIESDEN, a post-village of Yates co., New York, on the
E.N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It is situated in a pictur- W. shore of Seneca Lake, about 7 miles E. of Penn Yen. It
esque and fertile valley in the Saxon wine district, and con- has 1 church, 10 stores, and about 500 inhabitants.
sists of the Alstadt, (Old Town,) with its suburbs, Pirna,   DRESDEN, a post-office of Navarro co., Texas.
See, and Wilsdruf, and the adjoining new quarter of Frie-   DRESDEN, a post-village, capital of Weakly co., Tennesdrichstadt on the WV., all on the left bank of the river; and  see, 120 miles W. of Nashville.
the Neustadt, (New Town,) on the right bank. The Alstadt   DRESDEN, a post-village of Jefferson township, Muskinis composed of lofty houses, with streets narsow and dingy, gum  co., Ohio, is situated on the Miuskingum  River, 69
though tolerably clean. The new town, including the Noneu- miles E. by N. from Columbus, and 15 miles N. of Zanesville.
tadt, is more openly built; the houses are not so lofty, but It is at the head of steamboat navigation on this river, and
are generally of a pleasing exterior, and frequently having  is connected with the Ohio Canal by a side-cut, 2 miles long.
gardens attached. Elevation, 322 feet above the North Sea. These advantages render it a place of active business. The
MIean temperature of the year, 490~1; winter 320.7; summer village is well supplied with water-power, and the neigh660 Fahrenheit. The old town, on the S. bank of the river, boring hills abound in coal and iron ore. The proposed
was formerly enclosed by fortifications, which were destroyed  railroad filom Zanesville to Cleveland will pass near this viiby the French, and their site is now laid out in fine public  lage. Pop. in 1850, 1445.
walks, outside of which are several suburbs; and the whole    DRESDEN, a village of Greene co., Indiana, about 70
vicinity is very picturesque. The Royal Palace is a vast and  miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.
antiquated building, containing a royal library, a Roman    DRESDEN.    a post-village of Grundy co., Illinois, on the
Catholic church, with a tower 378 feet in height, and the State  Illinois River and Canal, 52 miles S.W. of Chicago.  It conTreasury, with an immense collection of valuable property. ttaned, in 1852, a ware-house and 6 dwellings.  The produce
The far-fimed Dresden Gallery of Paintings, for the reception  shipped at this place during the year amounted in value to
of which a new building is in progress, is considered the finest $30,000.
collection north of the Alps. The Palace of the Princes, the    DRESDEN, a village of Perry co., Mtissouri, about 86
Japanese Palace, or Augunsteum, and the Zwinger, also con- miles S. by E. of St. Louis.
tain large collections of valuable works of art and scientific    DRESDEN MILLS, a postoffice of Lincoln co., Maine.
treasures, for its wealthin which Dresdenhasbeen termedthe    DRES/SERVILLE, a past-office of Cayuga co., New York.
"Germaan Florence."  Other principal objects of interest are   DREUMIEL, droiomel, a village of Holland, province of
the Briihl Palace, many splendid churches, and residences of Geldenland, 17 miles WV. of Nymwegen. Pop. 1465.
noblemen, rich in works of art, an opera house seated for 8000    DREUX, druh, (anec. Durocaslses, aftervwards Drolcae,) a
spectators, a smaller theatre, the residence of the command- town ofFrance, department of Eure-et-Loin, on the Blaise, 20
ant, the MIiut, Arsenal, Hall for the Annual Exhibition and  miles N. of Chartres. Pop. in 1852, 6764. It is regularly and
Sale of Works by Saxon Artists, an academy of arts, various well built; it has a fine Gothic church and town-hall, a well
colleges, schools, and asylums, the House of Assembly, endowed asylunm, public baths, atheatre, and a pleasant vwalk
Royal Guard-house, new Post-office, trades' and city halls, along the river, with manufactures of serge, woollen hosiery,
and excellent public baths. Dresden has manufactures of hats and leather. When it was founded is uncertain; but
583




DRE                                                           DRO
It had its own counts and a mint A. D. 1031. It was taken        DROGI[EDA, drchtne-da, a parliamentary and municipal
and ravaged by the Anglo-Normans in 1188; in 1593 Henry  borough, seaport, and town of Ireland, in Leinster, cos. of
IV. took it by assault, after an obstinate siege of 18 days.   Meath and. Louth, on both sides of the Boyne, 4 miles firom
DREW, a county in the S.E. part of Arkansas, contains  its mouth, and 31i miles N. of Dublin, by railway.  Pop. of
about 900 square miles. It is intersected in the E. part by  town, 16,621. It was formerly enclosed by walls, some re
the Bayou Bartholomew, and partly bounded on the W. by  mains of which still exist. It has two churches, a chapel oi
Saline River. The surface is nearly level, and partly co- ease, an elegant Roman Catholic cathedral, numerous movered with forests of cypress, ash, &c.; the soil is produc-  nasteries and nunneries, an endowed  classical and five
tive. Capital, Monticello.  Pop. 3275, of whom  2360 were  other schools, an infirmary, a mendicity-house, an institufree, and 915 slaves.                                          tion for Protestant clergymen's widows, an  alms-house,
DREW, a post-office of Randolph co., Arkansas.              mansion-house, jail, barracks, union work-house, custom,
DREWENZ, dr~vints, a river and lake of Prussia; the  house, linen-hall, and market-house.  Linen and cottonlake in the circle and close to Osterode is 7 miles in length,  spinning are carried on in Drogheda, or its immediate
from  E. to W., and traversed by the river; which, after a  vicinity, to a very considerable extent, there being several
S.W.  course of 80 miles, past Neumark, Strasburg, and Do- large mills on the banks of the Boyne near the town.
brzyn, joins the Vistula, 3 miles E. of Thorn.                 There is also an extensive foundry and steam-engine maDRtEWIERSBURG, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana,  nufactory, two breweries, a number of tanneries, several soapabout 84 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis.                         works, and a small ship-building yard. Drogheda carries on
DREWTRYSVILLE, a post-village of Southampton co., likewise a pretty large export trade, (chiefly with Liverpool,)
Virginia, 75 miles S.S.E. of Richmond.                         in which several first-rate steamers ply. The number of
DREWRYSVILLE, a post-office of Pike co., Georgia.            sailing vessels belonging to the port in 1848 was 46, tonDREWSIVILLE, a post-village of Cheshire co., New IHamp- nage 4868; steamers 6, tonnage 1585. The harbor of Droshire, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 45 miles W.S.W.  gheda is formed by the waters of the Boyne, 4 miles from
of Concord.                                                    sea, and extends about half a mile below the bridge, with
DRIBURG, dreerb65PaG, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 39  16 to 18 feet of water abreast the quays.  At the entrance
miles S. of Minden, at the foot of a mountain surmounted  of the harbor are three light-houses.  The navigation of the
bythe ruins of the ancient Castle of Iburg.  Pop. 2320. It  Boyne for barges of 50 tons extends inland, to Navan, 19
is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of glass and  miles.
fire-arms, and mineral baths.                                   Drogheda was a principal rendezvous for the forces which
DRI/BY, a parish of England, co. Lincoln, 41 miles W.S.W. were so frequently required in Ulster between the fourof Alford. Area, 1410 acres.  Pop. 97.                        teenth and seventeenth centuries. In 1649 it was storemed
DRIEBERGEN, dreefbhG-eln, a village of the Netherlands,  by Cromwell, and its garrison put to the sword: and in
province, and 6 miles E.S.E. of Utrecht, with a statioon n  1690 it resisted the attack of a division of Kiing  Willlm's
the Amsterdam and Arnhem Railway.                             army. Within 2 miles of its walls was fought the famnous
DRIEDORF, dreao'doaf, a walled town of Germany, duciy,  "Battle of the Boyne." Drogheda was also the scat of masny
and 25 miles N.E. of Nassau.  It contains two castles. Irish parliaments at various periods, particularly during
Pop. 646.                                                     the fifteenth century.  Among the remarkable architectuDRIEL, dreool, a village of the Netherlands, province of  ral antiquities with which this ancient town and its viciGelderland, 6 miles S.S.E. of Bommel. Pop. in 1840, 2815.   nity abound, are Magdalen's Steeple and Lawrence Gate;
DRIESEN, dreefzen, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- the first is all that remains of a Dominican convent founded
denburg, 64 miles N.E. of Frankfort, on an island formed  in 1224.
by the Netze. Pop. 3840. It was formerly well fortified; and    DROIILTSHIN  or DROHICZYN, dro-hit'shin, a town of
has 2 large market-places, manufactures of woollen cloth, Russian Poland, province, and 55 miles S.SVW. of Bialystok,
linens, and leather.                                          on the Bug.  Pop. 1000. It is the most ancient town cf
DRIETOMA, dree-tofml, a village of Hungary, in!tither  Podlachia, and has several churches, convenuts, and public
Danube, co., and 6 miles firomn Trentschin. Pop. 1719.        schools.  Au engagement between the Poles and Russians
DRIIPFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.         took place here on the 20th of July, 1831.
DRIFFIELD, GREAT, a market-town and parish of EnRug-    DROGCITSIITNT, a town of Russian Poland, governmenut
land, co. of York, East Riding, with a station on the Hull  of Grodno, 25 uciles E. of Kobrin.
and Scarborough Balvway, 20 miles N.N.W. of Iull. It has    BROHOBICZ, drotho-bitch' or DROIMOVISCIM' (written
an ancient church, a union work-house, branch banks, and  also DROIIOBICE,) a towvn of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 1.8
large markets for corn.                                       miles S.E. of Sambor, on the Tiszmanicka.  Pop. in 1845, 72C06.
DRIFFIELD LITTLE; a chapelry of England, co. of York.  It lihas 8 suburbs, numerous churches, (one of which is the
DRIFT/WOOD, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. Pop.  finest specimen of  ancient architecture in Caicia,) a syna602.                                                          gogue, several schools, and important annual cattle anid corn
DRIFTWOOD, a pos-office of Iroquois  co, Illinois, 135  markets. Near it are pitch-wells, iron-minesu and salt-works.
miles N.E. of Springfield.                                      DROITWICIH, droitl/itch, (anc. Scsione?) a parliamentary
DRIFTWOOD CREEK, abranch of Sinnemahoning Creek,  and  municipal borough and town of England,                   co.: and 7
rises in the N.N.WV. part of Pennsylvania.                    miles N.N.E. of Worcester, with a station on the Bristol
DRIFTWOOD FORK, of White River.  See WHInrE Rave.   and Birminghism  hiaillwav.  Pop. of tosn, in 1851, 3125; of
DRIGILINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West  parliamentary borough, 7096. It has several churches, a weilRiding.                                                       endowed poor's hoslpital, and other charities, and a union
DRILO or DRILON. See Dam.                                   sworlk-house. In the centse of the town a-rethe famous brineDRIMEIRCHION, dre-mir/ke-on, a parish of North Wales, springs, wrought fiom the time of the ancient Britons, and
co. of Flint.                                                 which at present yield annually about 30,000 tons of salt.
DRIMIOLEAGUE,  drimfo-leeg', or DROMDALEAGUE,  The borough    f-ormerly sent two members to the Iouse of
drlmlda-leeg',,a parish of Ireland, in Munster co. of Cork.    Commons; at present, one. Near it are Hindlip Hall and
DRIM'TEM/PLE or DRUM'OTEM/PLE, a parish of Ire-  other fine mansions.
land, in Connaught, cos. of Galway and Roscommon.                DROLSI AGEN,  droisfhA'ghen, a town of Prussia, proDRIN, dreen, (anc. Dri/nis,) a river of European Tur-  vince ofWespstphaia-, 5 miles E.N.E. ofCologne. Pop. 497.
key, in Bosnia rises in the Dinaric Alps, and, after a N.    DROMAGIL dromtih', a village of Ireland,in sMlunster, co.
course of 180 miles, partly separating Bosnia from  Servia, of Conrk, 5' miles S.. of Kanturk, with a castle and extenjoins the Save 63 miles W. of Belgrade.                       siye collieeics.
DRIN, (anc.. Dri/lEo or DritloEz, and Drilzus?) a river of Eu-    DROMAhTAI.E, drom'a-hlair,   a barony and village of Ireropean Turkey, in Albania, formed by the junction of the  land. co. of Leetrim, 7k miles E.S.E. of Sligo. Pop. 548.
Black and White Drin, 17 miles S.S.W. of Prisrend, whence    DROMIARAGM:, cdromnt-rh, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.
it has a generally WV. course of 110 miles, and enters the    DRO.iCLIFFE, dromclif, or OGOiOMUCK, ogoo-mtk/l, a
Gulf of Drin (Adriatic) 5 miles below Alessio.                 parish of Ireland. co. of Clare, comprising the town of Ennis.
DRINAGI, drin/llah, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork          DtROME, (Drmle,) drSm, (aic. D/runa,) a river of France,
DRINAGIH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.              rises in the IIautes-Alpes, flowvs iW. through the department
DRINKSTONE, drinktsttmn, a parish of England, co. of  of Drbme, and joins the Rhone 12 miles S.S.WV. of Valence,
Suffolk.                                                      afler a course of 60 miles.
DRIOS, dree/oce, a district or settlement of British Gui-    DROIME, a department in the S.E. of France.  enclosed by
anas, oil the banks of the Upper Coriltyn, about lat. 20 1' N., the Alpine  depastmeints of Is re, Vaucluse, and the Rihone,
lon. 560 28' W.                                               which river separates  it on the W. from  Ard~che.   Area,
DRIPIPING SPRING, a post-office of Edmondson co., Ken-  2,508 sq. uniles.  Pop. in 1852, 326,846.  Chief rivers, the
tucky.                                                        Rhone, Icsre, and Drsome.  Surface, muountainous  in the E.,
DRISIANE, dre-shain/, a parish of Ireland, in Munster,  and level in the W.  Soil generally infertile. Silk -and sine
co. of Cort, comprising the town of Millstreet.              am'e inmportant products, HIermit-ae beig samong the growths
DRISTRA. a town of European Turkey.  See ILISTcRsA.    of the latiter.  The mineral products consist of coal, i r-on,
DRIVER'S HILL,  a post-office of Clinch co., Georgia.      copper, lead, marble, and gmranite,   DrUme is divided into
DROBAK, drotb k, a seaport town of Norwayl. stift of Ag- the four arrondissemenents of Valence, (the capital,) Crest,
gershuns, on the E. side of Christiania Fiord, 18 miles S. of  Die, and Montlimarut.
Chtistiania. Pop. 1476. It has trade in timber.                DROMlERISIHIEIM. di oimers-lhmen, a tow, n of Desse-Darm.
DROCaE.   See Dacux.                                       stadt, in1 Rheiuhessen, nearr Bingen. lPop. 892
584




F-= -
DRO                                                           DRY
PROg'IN, drolmiu, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.       DRUM'LEASE!, a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim.
DRIOMIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Louth.                   DPRUM'PLOI/MAN,    a pasrish of Ireland, co. of Cavan.
DI- OMISKIN, droromis-lkin, aparish of Ireland, co. of Louth.   DRUM  MLHELZIER/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles.
DItROMOD, dro/mod, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.         DRUMIMOND, a post-office of Washington co., Georgia.
PROMORE, dro/more, an episcopal city and parish of Ire-    DRUMMOND. a county in the interior of Canada East,
land, in Ulster, co. of Down, on the Lagan, 14* miles ST. of  comprising  an area of 1641 square miles. The river of St.
Belfast, on the road from Dublin. Pop. ofcity, 2110. In its  Francis passes through  this county.  Pop. 16,562.
cathedral lie the remains of Jeremy Taylor and other bishops;   DRU 4IMOND  CASTLE, the seat of Lord Willoughby
and it has an episcopal residence, and yvarious antiquities.   d'ErLiesby,  in Scotland, co. of Perth, 2 miles S. of Crieff.
DIROMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone.    DRUMMOND'        S ISLAND is the farthest W. of the Mani
-Some villages in the counties of Clare and Sligo have this  toilin Islands, in Lakle lstinon, North America, 30 miles E. of
name.                                                         Mackinaw;  20 miles in length froom E. to W., by 10 miles in
DIRON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.                  in its greatest breadth. Hlere is a British fort and trading post.
DRONERO, dro-nA/ro, (anc. Dracone/riism  or Di'agonel- a      DRUMMO ND I SLET,  a small island of the China Sea, in
riusa?) a city of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, province, the Paracels group. 220 nmiles S.E. of Hainan
and 12 miles W.N.W. of Coni, picturesquely situated on an    DRUIMMOND LAKE.  See DisaAL SWAMP.
eminence at the confluence of the IRoccabrunn with the    DRIUMMIOND TOWN' See ACCOMACK CouRvt HousE.
Maira.  It has a Benedictine monastery, a college with    DRUMIMONDViLLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
about 200 students, and an hospital erected on the site of  Welland. on Niagara River, near the Palls, where the Great
the old Castle of Dronero. Pop. 3365.                         Western Railway comninunicates with the railway systemu of
DRONFIELD, dron/feeld, a village and parish of England, New York; 48 miles S.E. of Hamilton, and 24 miles N.N.W.
co. of Derby, 51 miles N.N.W.'of Chesterfield.  Pop. in 1551, of Buffalo. It has churches of four denominations, an as5231. The village has a beautiful ancient church and a  surauce agency, and several stores and hotels.  Pop. 700.
grammar school. Beauchief Abbey, in ruins, was founded    DRUMMONDVILLE,   a post-village of Canada East, co. of
by Fitz-Ranulph in 1163, in expiation of the murder of  Drummond, on the St. Francis River, 50 miles S. of Three
Thomas-k-Becket.                                              Rivers, and 90 miles f'om Quebec. The district courtof the
DRONNE, droun, a river of France, after a S.W. course of  county is held helre.
90 miles, unites with the Isle near Contras.                    DRUMMOSISIE MOOR.  See CULOoDEN.
DRONRYP, dron-ripo', a village of the Netherlands, pro-    DRUM'MUL/LY,   a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Movince of Friesland, 6 miles W. of Leeuwavrden.                naghan and Fermanagnh. h
DRONTIIEIM, Norway. See TlooNDIIJEM.                          DRUM'OAK/, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and
DRORANDORF, dro/rain-doaf', a fortified town of Lower  Kincardine.
Austria, on the Moravian frontier, 20 miles IV. of Znaym.    DRU/MORE, a township of Lancaster co., Penns:ivsaia.
It has a castle, formerly belonging to the Templars.          Pop. 2826.
DROSAU, drolze w, DROSCHIAU, dro'sh6w, or STRA-    DRUMSQUINI, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone,
CZOW, strlchov, a town of Bohemia, 8 miles S.S.W. of  71 miles W. of Omagh.   Pop. 452.
Klattau, on a height above the Bradank. Pop. 1474.               DRU-RAGTI. dritm/rah, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone.
DROSENDORF, dro/zen-don.f, a town of Lowrer Austria,          DRUMRAN/ER, or DRUitM';ATII/,  a parish of Ireland, in
32 miles N. of Krems.  Pop. 791.                              Leinster, co. of Westmeath.
DROSSEN, dros!sen, a town of Prussia, province of Baun         DI.RUMREILLY, drfmm-rilee, a parish of Ireland, chiefly in
denburg, 14 miles N.E. of PFrankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 4200. Connaught, co. of Leitrim.
It has several Lutheran  churches, and manufactures  of    DRUMSIHAIAMB0, a village of Ireland, in Connaught, co.
woollen cloths, linen fabrics, and leather.                   and  1 nmiles N. of Leitrim,  on the Shannon, at the S. extreDROTINGHOLMI, d-rotting-h5lmx, a royal castle of Sweden,  mity of Lough Allen. Pop. 517.
6 nmiles W. of Stockholm, on the N. shore of Lake Maclar.       DRUMSI/NA, a small but thnriving  market-town of Ireland,
Its noble parks are much resorted to by the inhabitants of  in Connaught, co. of Leitrim. on the Shannon, 4* miles
Stockholm.                                                    E.S.E1. of Carrick.  Pop. 516.
DROUMTARIFF, dr~m-tar/iff, a parish of Ireland, in    DRUIMS'NAT, a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan.
Munster, co. of Corkl.                                          DRUNEN. drillnen, a village of the Netherla-ids, province
DROWNtING CREEK, a post-office of Bulrke co., North  of North Brabant, 7 iscles V. of Bois-le~Duc.  Pop. 1400.
Carolina.                                                       DRUNG,   a psrish  of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Carvan.
DROWNINGF ORK, apost-officeofMcDonough co.,Illnois.    DRU/RY'S LANIsDING, a village of Rock Island s., IlliDROX/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Hunts.               noms, on the left side of the Mississippi River.
DROYLS/DEN, a thriving village of England, co. of Lana    DRUSENIEI31, droofzen-himel, (Fr. pron. dr[Pz3n8:nml,) a
caster, 4 miles E. of Manchester. Pop. 4933. The Moravian  town of lFrance, department of Bas-Rhin, at the confisenca
settlement of Fairfield is in this township.                  of the Moder and the Rhine, 17 miles S. of WYissembourg,
DROYSSIG, drois/si, a village of Prussia, province of  Pop. 1616.
Saxony, 12 miles S.S.E. of Weissenfels, with a fine castle.    DRUS-KOPOL, droosh-ko/pol(l) a town of Russian PoPop. 783.                                                     land, government of ~olhynia, 32 miles S.S.E. of Vladimeer,
DRUENT, droo-nt/ or droo-6SN,!or DRUENTO, droo-kn/to, (Vladimir.)  Pop. 10O0.
(L. Darsten atm,) a village of the Sardinian States, provinc,    DRUSES, drooszizs  a people who inhabit tihe chain of Leand about 7 miles N.W. of Turin.  Pop. 2000.                  banon, in Syria, but chiefly the S. part, E. and S.E. of BeyDRUM, or ELARDIRIUM',   a parish of Ireland, in Con- root, and as frs S. as the district of Hasbeza, about the
naught, co. of Roscommon.                                     sources of the Jordan. They are remnarkable for patient and
DRUM, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo.    persevering industry, for hospitality, valor, ancd love of
DRUM'IACHOSE, dr-m/a-hose', a parish of Ireland, in U1- country, wvith extreme  pride of birth. Their religious rites
setr, co. of Londonderry.                                     are but little knowvn; but they have a priesthood, and abDRUM'AULI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.              hor all religionas excepting their own. They neither fast
DRUMBALLYROtNEY, a parish of Ireland, cO. of Down.   nor psay, but believe in the transmigration of souls. Their
DRUM'BLADEt, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.         language is Arabic. The capital of the Druses is Deir-elDRUM'BOEt, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down.   Krnaer.
DRUMXCAN/NON, a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford.          DRUTEN, dr/itten, a village of the Netlherlands, province
DRUMCLIFFE, drftmlkliff/, a parish of Ireland, in Con- Gelderland, on  the Waal, 11 miles W.N.W. of Nymscegen,
naught, co. of Sligo.                                         with a castle, and 2700 inhab.itants.
DRtUICOL/LIKE-R, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.        DRYIBURG,  a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
D RUM'CON/DRA or DRUMTCON/RA, a parish of Ireland,    DRYBURGII ABBEY, dri/bir-rfih ab/bee or drilbtrg ablin Leinster, co. of Meath.                                    bee, a beautiful ruin of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, on the
DRUMCONDRA  or DRUMCONRA, a village of Ireland, Tweec,I 4 miles S.E. of Melrose. It was founded by HIugh de
in Leinster, co. and about two N. of Dublin.  Pop. 227.       Morvilie about A. a. 1150, and is now the property of' tihe
DRUMCOR/EE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Armagh.             Earl of Buchan.  The ruin forms a fitting cemetery for the
DRUMCOREE, a village of Ireland, co. of Westmeanth.         great bard of romance, Sir Wail-ter Scott, whose remain s were
DRUM'CUL/LEN,  a parish of Ireland, King's county.          int-rred hebe in 1832.
DIRUI'GAT3II,    a parish  of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down.    DRY CREEK, of Knox co, Ohio, enters the Vernon Iiver
DRUMSGLASS, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone.            I near Mount Vernon.
DRUIPGOO/LAND, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.              DRY CREEK, rises in El Dos-ado county, in the N. ceuDRUM'G00NI, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Cavau.  tral part of California; it flows first in a W.S.W. and then
DRUM'110OL)I/ or DRUMsHOME/, a parish of Ireland, in  in a southerly course, forming part of the boundary beUlster, co. of Donegal.                                       tween Sacramento and Sn- Joaquin counties, and falls into
DRUMIKEE/RAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh.    the ovyloquelumne  River about 20 miles abovs its junction
DRUS'IKEERtAN, a village of Ireland, co. of Leitrim. P.469. with the San Joaquin.
DRtUM'LANE/,  a parish of Ireland, co. of Cavan.              DRY CRliEKi  No. 1, a small stream of Yuba co., toward-s
DRU:MI ANPRIG CASTLE, a mansion of the Duke of Buc- the N. upart of California, falls into Bear Rliver about 5 miles
cleug-h, in Scotland, co. of Duminfries, on the right bank of from its moisth.
the Nf th, 31 miles N. WV. of Thornhill.  Built by the Duke    DI'  C-EIr, No. 2, a small stream of Yuba co., flows in to
of Queensberry in 1689.                                       the Feat her River 0 miles above the mouth of Bea  River
585




DRY D3          ~                                              aUB
DRY CREEK, No. 3, of Yuba co., after receiving several  Irish Sea, 66 miles W. of Holyhead, and 135 miles IV. of
Kmall streams, falls into the Yuba River. Its whole length  Liverpool.  Lat. of observatory, 530 23' 2" N., ion. 60 20' 5"l
is about 40 miles. Cold is found on this stream, which also  W.  Mean temperature of tie year, 490; winter, 390.8;
affords valuable waterpower.                                  summer, 590.6, Fahrenheit.  It is the residence of the
DRY CREEIK, a post-office of Lancaster district, South  Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the seat of the see of the Arch
Carolina.                                                     bishop of the southern province, and the centre of all the
DRY CREEK, a post-office of Covington co., Mississippi.   political, ecclesiastical, educational, fiscal, commercial, and
DRY CREEK, a small village in Monroe co., Tennessee.   military institutions of the kingdom.
DRY CREEK, a post-office of Kenton co., Kentucky.             Dublin is divided into two nearly equal parts by the LifDRYIDEN, a post-village and township of Tompkins co., fey, which is erabanked with granite, and lined on botL
New York, S miles E. of Ithaca. Pop. 5122. Near the village  sides with spacious quays, and spanned by nine bridgesis a mineral spring.                                           seven of stone and two of iron. The city is flanked, N. and
DRYDEN, a post-township in Lapeer co., Michigan, 80  S.. by the Royal and the Grand Canals; and is nearly surmiles E. by N. of Lansing. Pop. 1131.                          rounded by a highway called the Circular Road, from 8 to
DRYFESDALE, drisf/dal, or DRYSIDALE, a parish of  9 miles in extent, which may be considered the entire ciArScotland, co. of Dumfiies.                                     cumference of the city. Its length from  E. to W. is about
DRY FORK, of WXhitewater River, rises in Franklin co., 21 miles; greatest breadth, about 2 miles. The ground on
Indiana, and joins the main stream in Ohio.                    which it is built rises gently to the N. and the S.W.; the
DRY FORK, a post.office of Barren co., Kentucky.             S.E. portion was reclaimed from the river. It is paved and
DRY FORK, a post-office of HIamilton co., Ohio.             lighted with gas, and supplied with water, chiefly from  the
DRY FORK, a village of Bond co., Illinois, about 67 miles  Royal and the Grand Canals. Nearly in the centre of the
S. of Springfield.                                            southern half of the city is Dublin Castle, an edifice of difDRY GLAZE, a post-office of Camden co., Missouri.           felrent ages, built on an elevated site, and containing sn arDRY HILL, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Tennessee.       senal, an armory, the viceregal chapel, and various governDRY/MEN, a large village and parish of Scotland, co., and  ment offices, with the state apartments of the Lord Lieu18 miles W.N.W. of Stirling. Pop. 1515.                       tenant of Ireland.  Adjoining the castle on the S. are its
DRYON.  See DuRIAbN.                                        gardens; and on its N. side is the elegant Exchange, from
DRY POND, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina.    which a line of streets extending may be considered, with
DRYPOOL, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. the Liffey, to separate Dublin into four quarters.
DRY RIDGE, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.       The S.W. quarter, occupying all the site of the ancient
DRY RIDGE, a post-village in Grant co., Kentucky, 50  city, is mostly ill built, irregular,  and filthy; in this part
miles N.N.E. of Frankfort.                                    are Christ Church and St. Patrick's Cathedrals, both containDRY RIDGE, a post-office of IIHamilton co., Ohio.           in0 interesting monuments, the Archbishop's Palace, and the
DRY RUN. a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, in  royal and foundling hospitIals.  The N.W. quarter, much
Path Valley, 165 miles W. of Philadelphia.  It contained in  more regularly built than the foregoing. is principally inha1850 about 100 inhabitants.                                   bited by the trading and middle classes. On its outskirts
DRY RUN, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.          are many good edifices, and here are the new liouse of IaDR.YSDALE, a parish of Scotland.  See DaYFESD.ALE.          dustry, Richmond Penitentiary, Blue-coat IHospital, Royal
DRY TOWN, a post-town of Calaveras co., California, is  Barracks, Smithfield and Ormond MIarkets, the Linen-hall,
situated on the S. bank of Dry Creek. It is a fine locality  and the new Courts of Law erected on King's Inn Quay, at a
for wintera minini.                                           cost of 200,0001. The E. quarters of Dublin are by faa the
DRY VALLEY, a small village of Union co., Pennsyl-  handsomest; and the finest approach to the city is on the
vania.                                                        N.E.  The quarter in this direction comprises Sackville
DRY VALLEY, a post-village of White co., Tennessee, 90  street, one of the finest thoroughfares in Europe, and in
miles E. of Nashville.                                        which are the Post-office and the Rotunda; and in its centre,
DRY XWOOD, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, 150 miles  the Nelson Pillar, a Doric column 134 feet in height, and       i
W.S.W. of Jefferson City.                                      surmounted by a statue; in this quarter are also the CusDRY/WOOD CREEK, of Bates co., Missouri, flows north-  tom-house and Royal Lying-in Hospital, with Mountjoy and
ward into Mara-iton Creek.                                    Rutland Squares, and Marlborough Green. The S.E. quarter
DRY WOODS, a village of Jones co., Iowa, 32 miles N.N.E. comprises St. Stephen's Green, in which is the equestrian
of Iowa City.                                                 statue of George II., Merrion andl Fitzwilliaa  Squares, ColDRZEWICA, dzh& -veet/sA, a town of Poland, province  lege Green, now a paved area, on which are the Bank of Ireof Sandonaier, (Sandomir,) 29 miles W. of Radom.  Pop. 800. land, (fornmerly the Parliament louse,) Trinity College, and
DSANGBO, a river of Thibet.  See SANP0o.                    a bronze statue of William III.; Dame street, Sir P. Dunn's
DSCIIURDSCHOWA, a town of Wallachia. See GIunaeEvo.  iHospihal, the Dublin Royal Society House, and the Mansion
DUAGIH, du/ah, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.          HIlouse, near which is an equestrian statue of George I.
DUANE, du-Al/, a post-township ofFranklin co., New York, The principal edifices not hitherto mentioned comprise St.
about 140 miles N. by W. of Albany.  St. Regis River takes  George's Church, with a steeple 200 feet in height, 29 other
its rise among the numerous lakes of this township, which  Protestant parochial churches, and as many chapels of ease,
contains extensive beds of iron ore. For many years previous  9 IRoman Catholic parochial churches, 7 fiiaries, 3 monasteto 1849 forges were erected in different localities, but chiefly  ries, 8 convents, numerous dissenting chapels- and a synsaon Deer River, and sres to a considerable extent were smelted. gogue; the Commercial Buildings, Corn Exchange, Rtoyal
Some good steel has been manufactured.  Pop. in 1850, 222. IIospital at Kilmainhain, various barracks, the new Inns of
DUANESBURG, a post-village and township in Schenec-  Court, the County Infirmary, Richmond Surgical, Dublin, St.
tady co., New York, 23 miles W.N.W. of Albany.  Pop. 3464.  Vincent's, Steeven's, Mercer's, and several other general hosDUANE STREET, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia.           pitals, many maternity hospitals, the General Dispensary,
DUAULT, dti'6', a village of France, department of Cotes-  Richmond Lunatic Asylum, numerous other charitable indin-Nord, 18 miles S.W. of Guingamp.  Pop. 2380.              stitutions., the City Assembly HoIuse, Corporate Halls, SesDUB'BOIP, a populous town of India, dominions, and 38  sions-house, Neagate  and several other prisons, and three
miles N.E.of 3aroach.with renmins of ancient fortifications,  theatres.
and a temple adorned with some of the finest Indian sculp-   Its University, chartered in 1591, and situated in Trinity
tures.                                                        College, is attended by about 2000 students, possesses a
DUBEN. doolben. a townofPrussian Saxony, on the MIulde,  landed revenue of 15,0001. a year, a library of 150,000 vo18 miles V. of Torgau. Pop. 2380.                             lumes, a park, printing-house, anatomical and chemical deDUBENETZ, doolben-lts, a village  of Bohemia, circle of  partments,  a botanic garden, and an observatory.  Dublin
KOniooggrtz about 6 miles from Jaromir, (or Jaromirz.)  In  has colleo:es of physicians and surgeons, an apothecaries'
the vicinity are the ruins of the strong castle of Kalnowitz.  hall, royal Irish and IHibernian academiess a royal instituPop. 1538.                                                    tion, zoological, geological, phrenological, agricultural, hortiDUBICZA or DUBITZA, doo-beet/sl, a fortified town of  cultural, and other societies, various clubs, and a mechanics'
European Turkiey, in aaosnia, on the right ba-nk of the Unna,  institute. The Zoological Society has gardens in the?hcenix
23 miles WV. of Gradiska.  Pop. 6000. It was taken by the  Park. a fine open space at the XV. extremity of the city, and
Austrians in 1738.                                            in which is the VWellington Testimonial, a heavy obelisk,
DUBICZA, AUSTRIAN. is a village on the military frontier,  raised at a cost of 20,0001. This park, t he Rotunda a-ad Zooon the left bank of the Unna, opposite Turkish Dubicza.    logical Gardens. are the favorite places of resort for the inhaDUBICZA, a market-town of Croatia, circle of Dubicz.  bitants.  The villages of Ringsend, Irishtown, Sandymount,
Pop. 3320.                                                    Ballsbricidge,  Donnybrook, Ranclagh, Rathmines, Herold's
DUBIECKO, doo'be-.k/ko, a town of Austria. in Galicia,  Cross, Kilmaichanm, GlIassnevin,  Drumcondra, and Clontarf,
circle of Sanok, on the bank of the San, 75 miles W'. of Lena- are immediate suburbs  of the city, the environs of which
berg.  It has valuable salt-nmines, which yield annually  have much picturesque beauty.
about 2000 tons of salt. Pop. 1050.                             Dublin comnmunicates with the  V. of Ireland by the
DUBITZA, a town of Turkey. See DuBasZA.                     Grand and Royal Canals, by railways with Drogheda, IaingsDUBILIN, (Irish, Bclly-ath-clicth,I "the town on the ford  town, and Limerick, and by steampackets with Belfast, Glasof the hurdles," or Dabh-linn, "Black pool;" the  Pblana of  geow, Liverpool, Iolyhead, Bristol, Cork, Plymouth, SouthPtolemy,) the capital city of Ireland and of the county of  ampton, London, and IHavre.   The Dublin  end Drogheda
Dublin, on the Liffey, close to its entrance into Dublin Bay, Railway is 31{- miles in length, and borders the coast of the
586




DUB                                                        DUO
Irish Sea N. to Ballbriggan, which, with Clontarf, Malahide,  Sea, and landward, from the S. round to N.. the counties of
anti Baldunjani, are on this line. The Dublin and Kings- Wicklow, Kildare, and Meath. Area, 354 square miles, or
town Railway, 6 miles in length, has a S.E. direction from   226,414 acres; of which 196,063 acres are arable, 19,312 unDublin, and a continuation by an atmospheric line to Dal-  cultivated, 5519 in plantations, and 1820 in towns, excludkey, 2 miles farther S. Its harbor, which comprises an area  ing Dublin city. Pop. in 1851, 404,992. The surface is level
of 3030 acres, has been latterly much improved; and near  or undulating; principal river, the Liffey.  Capital, Dublin
the month of the Liffey are the Grand Canal and the Cus-  city. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
tom-house Docks, the latter occupying-8 acres; depth at low   DUBLIN MILLS, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.
wiiter 12 feet, at high tides 24 feet; the wharves and docks    DUBNICZ, doob'nitsl, a market-town of Hungary, co., aud
are accessible by vessels of 900 tons. Dublin had formerly  7 miles N.E. Trentlschin, near the Waag. Pop. 1868.
important manufactures of woollen, silk, and cotton fabrics,    DUBNICZA, doob\nit/sc,  a town of European Turkey, in
but they have declined into insignificance, and at present Bulgaria, 22 miles S. of Sophia, on the left bank of the Djerits chief trade is in linens, poplins, porter, provisions, &c. ma. Pop. 6000. It has extensiveiron-workis.
Its timber trade has very recently increased so much, that    DUDNO, doob/no, a town of Russian Poland, government
in 1846,14,253 loads of timber and deals were imported from   of Volhynia, on the Irwa, 32 miles W. of Ostrog. Pop. 8700.
Northern Europe, and 19,661 from North America. In 1850, It has a castle, numerous Greek and Roman Catholic
the value of foreign exports amounted to 50,3541.; in 1851, churches, and a Greek abbey.
to 50,0701.; it 1852, to 75,1821.; and in 1853, to only 23,8001.   DUBOIS, du-boil or du-boist, a county in the S.W. part of
In 1840, the value of exports was 60,3958. The customs du-  Indiana, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is interties collected at the port in 1850 amounted to 874,9413., and  sected by the Patok  River, iand bounded on the N. by the
in 1851, to 893,3831. The registered tonnage in 1851 com- East Fork of White  River. The N.E. part is rolling, and the
prised 444 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 39,353 tons. other portions level.  The county is heavily timbered. The
The foreign commerce employed 1,393,822 tons of shipping, soil is generally fertile. Exteusive beds of stone coal are
including both the entrances and clearances.               found in this county. Organized in 1818, and named in hoThe corporation of Dublin consists of a lord mayor and 15  nor of Toussaint Dubois, a merchant of Vincennes. Capital,
aldermen, and 45 town councillors, elected out of the 15 mu- Jasper. Pop. 6321.
nicipal wards. Besides the lord mayor's weekly courts, here    DUBOYKA or DUBOVSKI-POSAD.  See DooBovcA.
are courts of conscience for debts under 40 shillings Irish,   DUBOZAAII.  See DOooosArvY.
and 5 manor courts; and Dublin is the seat of a chamber    DUBRAVA,  ALSO, 6lsh0l doo-brl.vOlh, a village of HIunof commerce, and the Ouzel-galley Society for the Arbitration  gary, co. of Szalad, on the Slurakiz, near the junction of
of Commercial Disputes. The see of the archbishop com- the Mur with the Drave.  Pop. 2026.
prises the counties of Dublin and Wicklow, with part of Kil-    DUBRO0NA, doo'brov/nla, a town of Russian Poland, 47
dare, and his jurisdiction is nearly co-extensive with the  miles N.N.E. of Moheelev, on the left bank of the Dnieper.
provinces of Leinster and Munster.                          Pop. 4000.
The environs of Dublin are remarkably beautiful, al-   DUBIOWNIK.; See CoRonrA.
though the city itself is somewhat unfortunate in its ap-   DUBUQUE, du-bookf, (oo as in moon,) a county in tlo E.
preaches, none of which do it justice. The bay is noble and  part of Iowa, bordering on Illinois and WAisconsin, has an
picturesque and esteemed one of the finest in the United  area of about 600 square miles. The Mississippi River forms
Kingdom;  it is about 7 miles in breadth at its entrance. be- its north-eastern boundary, and the county is also drained
tween Ilowth Head on the N. and Kingston on the S., with  by Fall River and Little Mlakoqueta River. The suriface is
a light-hoause.  It extends inland for about the same dis-  uneven, and extensively covered with timber.  The county
tnrce; and along the shores are the villages of Kingstown, comprises the principal portion of thle mineral region of Iowa.
Blackrock, Cloutarf, Ratheny, &c., and terraces of handsome  Large quantities of lead are annually taken fioom the mines
houses and scattered villas.  In the centre flows in the  of this county, and sent down the river by steamboats. The
Liffey, and on either side the Dodder and Tolka.            rock which underlies the county is limestone. A railroad
The metropolis of Ireland claims a high antiquity, having  extends from  Dubuque to Keokuk.   Named in honor of
been in existence, as is alleged, since the time of Ptolemy. M. Dubuque, a Frenchman, who obtained a grant from the
Its original native name was Drom-Col-Coille, or the " Hill Spanish government for miinig lead in this region. Capiof lMazel-wood."  In the earlier part of the ninth century, tal, Dubuque. Pop. 1.0,841.
Dublin was tlaken by the Danes, who infested it for several   DUBUQUE, a flourishing city of Iowa, and seat of justice
centuries thereafter. In 1169, it was taken by storm by the  of Dubuque county, is situated on the right bank of the
English under Strongbow, who died there seven years after- Mississippi River, about 200 miles above Burlington. 450
wards, and was interred in Christ Church Cathedral. PFrom   siles above St. Louis, and 24 miles by wat'r fieom fGalena.
about this period the history of Dublin is that of Ireland. The situation of Dubuque is regarded by sonme persons as
The city returns 2 nmembers to the House of Commons, and. more beautiful than that of any other city in Iowa., It
the University returns other two. Pop. in 1841, 232,726; in  stands on a broad plateau or terrace, which extends along
1851. 254,850.                                              the river for several miles. The city is reg'ularly laid out,
DUTLIN, a post-village and township of Cheshire co., New  and contains a number of handsome buildings. Dubuque is
ilampshire, 35 miles S.W. of Concord. It has manufactures  the central depot of the mining regiona of Iowa, and is a
of woollen goods and leather. The view from the summit place of active trade. Large quantities of lead are talken
of Breed's Mountain, near the centre of this township is ex- fiom the mines in this vicinity, and sent down the river by
eoedingly beautiful. Pop. 1.088.                            steamboats; stone coal and limestone are also abundant. It
DUBLIN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, about is stated in the public journals that a quarry of variegated
7 miles N.N.W. of of Doylestown.                           brown marble has been recently found on the bank of the
DUBLIN, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. P. 686. river opposite Dubuque. The city contains a Catholic catheDUBLIN, a township of HIuntingdon co., Pennsylvania.  dral, a number of Protestant churches, a United States landPop. 908.                                                  office, 4 newspaper offices, and 2 banks. In 1852, about 100
DUBLIN, a post-village of Harford co., MIaryland, 68 miles  houses, chiefly of brick, were erected, and large sums were
N. by B. of Annapolis.                                     expended in improving the harbor and in paving the streets.
DUBLIN, a post-village of Butts co., Georgia, 8 miles S.E. The reported value of imports in 1852, was $1,670,390, of
of Jackrson, the county seat.                              which $560,000 was for dry goods, $188,000 for groceries, and
DUBLIN. a post-village, capital of Laurens  co., Georgia, $136,000 for steam engines and machinery. The value of
half a mile from the Oconee River, and 120 miles W. by N. of  exports was $629,140, including 116,000 pigs of lead, valued
Savannah, It has a court-house, a church, and several stores.  at $348,000. The number of steamboat arrivals in 1851 was
DUBLIN, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.           351, and in 1852, 417.  Dubuque is the terminus of the
DUBLIN, a post-village of Graves co., Kentuclky, 11 miles  Northern Branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, and of the
W. of Mayfield, the county seat.                           Dubuque  and Kcokuk Railroad, the former of which (Sept.
DUBLIN, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, on the Scioto  1854) is nearly or quite completed, and the latter in an adRiver, 12 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 274.               vanced process of construction. It is the oldest town in the
DUBLIN, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 914.         state, having been settled by French Canadians about 1786.
DUBLIN, a village of Parke co., Indiana, on Raccoon Creek, Pop. about 5000.
about 10 miles S.E. of Rockville.                             DUCATES or DOUCATEIS,doolka"tOs(?)atown of European
DUBLIN, a post-village and township of Wayne co., In-  Turkey, in Albania, 8 nmiles 8. of Avlona. It is the capital
diana, on the National Road, and near the Central Railroad, of a numerous tribe of Albanian Yapys, whose government
45 miles E. of Indianapolis.  Pop. 713.                    is patriarchal.
DUBLIN BAY, an inlet of the Irish Sea, co. ofDublin, be-   DUCEY, dies:Al, a village of France, department of lanche,
tween Howth IHelad on the N., with Baily light-house, in  7 miles S.S.E. of Avranohss. Pop. 1822.
lat. 530 21' 40" N., bon. 60 3' 5' WV., and Kingestown on the S.,   DUCITOUQUET, du\shoo-kt/ or du'shoo-kaf, a township
with the light-house in lat. 530 1.8' N., lon. 60 8' W;  Its  in Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 1408.
length, and breadth of entrance, are each about 7 miles. The    DUCIIS. See Dux.
Shores are bold and highly picturesque. At its WV. end is    DUCIE (dulsee) ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is ovalthe mouth of the river Liffey, with Dublin IHarbor, and on  shaped, and of coral formation, with a lagoon in its centre.
its shores are the villages of Ratheny, Clontarf, Blackrock, Lat. 240 30' S., ion. 1240 20' W.
and Kingestown.                                               DUCK BRANCH, a post-office of Barnwell district, South
DUBLIN COUNTY, Ireland, in Leinster, has E. the Irish  Carolina.
587




DUO                                                         DUK
DUCK CREEK, in Central Australia, is an arm  of the    DUENAS, doo-8ntyas,  a town of Spain, province, and 9
MAacquarrie River, W. of its marshes, and the principal chan-  miles S. of Palencia, near the Pisuerga.  Pop. 2490.  In its
nel by which its waters reach the Darling River.            vicinity  is a handsome  it-on  suspension-bridge called
DUCK CREEK, of Delaware, forms the boundary between  "Puerto de la Union," recently constructed.
Kent and New Castle counties, and enters Delaware Bay.        DUERNA,  doo-airtnu, a riner of Spain, rises in the E.
DUCK CREEK, in the S.E. part of Ohio, falls into the Ohio  slope of the Sierra del Teleno, and after a course of 40 miles.
River 2 or 3 miles above Marietta.                          joins the Tuerto from the right, near La,Baneza
DUCK CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the Whitewater    DUERO, a river of Spain and Portugal.  See Donno.
River a few miles above Brookville.                           DUE WXEST CORNER, a post-office of Abbeville district,
DUCK CREEK, a hundred in Kent co., Delaware. Pop.  South Carolina.
about 4500.                                                   DUFFEL, dlif/fel, (Fe. pron. di'f~11,) a village of Belgium,
DUCK CREEK, a post-office of Walker co., Georgia.         10 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the railway, thence to Brussels,
DUCK CREEK, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio.          and oni the Nethe. Pop. 4098.
DUCKENFIELD.  See DUKINFILD.                             DIUF/FIELD, a village and parish of England, co., and 44
DUCK ISLAND, in Lake HIuron, North America, off the  miles N. of Derby, with a station on the North Midland
S. coast of the Great Manitoulin Island.                    Railway. Pop. 17,664, employed in manufactures of cotton
DUCKILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         and cotton lace, and in collieries. It has several endowed
DUCKIMANTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.           alms-houses.
DUCK RIVER, of Middle Tennessee, rises in Coffee and    DUFFIELD, NORTII, a township of England, co. of York,
Franklin counties, near the base of the Cumberland Menu-  East Riding.
tains, and enters the Tennessee River on its right bank, in    DUF/FIELD, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland.
the S.W. part of IIHumphreys county. Its general course is    DUE/FIELD'S a post-o.ice of Jefferson co., Virginia.
nearly W.N.W., and its whole length is estimated at above    DUF/FIN S CREEK, a village of Canada West, co. of York,
250 miles. A company has been formed to improve the na-  22 miles N.E. of Toronto. It contains 2 stores, saw  and
vigation of this river by dams and locks.                   grist mills. Pop. 250.
DUCK RIVER, a post-office of Hickman  co., Tennessee.       D UFF'S FORKS, a post-office of Fayette co., Ohio.
DUCK SPRING, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alablama.        DUFF'S ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific Ocean,
DUCLAIR or DUCLER, dtiiklrA/, a town of France, depart-  N.E. of Queen Charlotte's Islnds;  lat. 10~ 23' S., ion. 1650
ment of Seine-Infdrieure, on the Seine, 10 miles W.N.W. of  49' E. They are about 11 in number, extending 14 or 15
Rouen. Pop. 1700.                                           miles firom N.W. to SE.
DUDICOTE, a paiish of England, co. of Berks.                DUFI/FUS, a parish of Scotland, co., and 3 miles N.N.W. of
DUD/DESTON, a town of England, co. of Warwick, form-  Elgin, with a village, picturesquely built near Moray Frith.
ing the N.E. suburb of Birmingham. It is well laidout on  It contains Duffus Castle. a ruin of great antiquity.
an elevated plain, lighted with gas, and is rapidly increas-    DUF/TON, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.
ing in size and population. Pop. in 1.841, 20,079..           DUG, a considerable town of India, 80 miles S. of Kotah,
DUDIDINGSTON, a parish of Scotland,ico. of Edinburgh.   and containing about 2000 houses.
DUDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    DU/GAN'S LANDING, a small village of Jefferson co.,
DUDIDON, a river of England, rises near the junction of  Arkiansas.
the counties of Cumberland, Lancaster, and Weetmoreland,    DU(I'DESMO0NA, a village of Catahoula parish, Louisiana,
and after a S.W. caurse of about S miles, between Cumber-  on Bayou Castor, about 40 miles W. of Harrisonburg.
land and Lancashire, joins the Irish Sea N. of Morecanb6    DUGDEMOINA, a post-oflice of Jackson co., Iowa.
Bay by a wide estuary, mostly dry at low water. The river    DUGI/ERS FERR/Y, a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee.
is celebrated in a series of sonnets, by Wordsworth.          DUGNANO, doon-y/ino, a village of Austrian Italy, proDUDELDORF, dooldel-doafx, a town of Prussia, govern-  vince of ailan, 6 miles W. of Mionza. Pop. 1421.
ment and 18 miles N. of Treves. Pop. 870.                     DUG SPUR, a post-office of Carroll co., Virginia.
DUDELSHEIM, dooldels-hime', a market-town of Hlesse-    DUC-/WAY, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
Darmstadt, Oberhessen, near Biidingen. Pop. 1258.             DUiDA, dweeldi, a magnificent mountain of South AmDUDENHOFEN, doolden-ho'fen, a village of Hesse-Darm-  rice, Venezuela, near its southern extremity; lot. 30 10' N.,
stadt, province of Starkenburg, district of and near Sell-  lon. 66 10' W'.; about 20 miles N.E. fron  the point where
genstadt. Pop. 1131.                                        the natural canal of the Cassiquiare, leaves the Orinoco. It
DUDERSTADT, doofder-sthtt', a town of IHanover, on the  rises to an elevation of 8500 feet, and being perpendicular
Hahle, 15 miles E. of GOttingen. Pop. 441.4, mostly Roman  S. and W., bare and stony on the summit, and clothed on
Catholics. It has a Roman Catholic college, and an Ursu-  its less steep decievities with vast forests, presents a most
line convent.                                               imposing spectacle, forming a landmnark which guides the
DUDINGEN, (Diidingen,) dii/ding-en, a village of Switzer-  voyager on the Orinoco for hundreds of miles. The summit
land. canton and 3 miles N.N.E. of Freyburg. Pop. 2342.    of the mountain is so steep that no person has ever ascended
DUDLEY, d-clllee, a parliamentary borough, town, and  it. At the beginning and end of the rainay season, small
parish of England, co. of Worcester, of which it is a de-  flames, which appear to shift, are seen upon it. On this
tached part, surrounded by the county of Stafford, 10  account it has been called a volcano.
miles W.N.W. of Birmingham.  Pop. in 1851, 37,962.  It    DUINO, dweetno, (anc. hastel/lrer7 PrcC/eornum?) a small seahas several good streets, a fine modern Gothic parish  port town of Austrian Empire, Illyria, government, and 12
church, a.chapel of ease, and numerous dissenting chapels;  miles N.W. of Triest, on the N. coast of its gulf. Near it is
a gramnmar school founded in the reign of Elizabeth, and  a quarry of black marble.
free to all parishioners, Baylie's Charity School, a blue-coat    DUII/NISII or DUfRINISI, a parish of Scotland, co. of
school, several other liberally endowved schools, money chari-  Inverness, comprising the WV. part of the Isle of Skye.
ties, and a bank. It is a principal seat of tthe iron trade,    DUISBURG, doo'is-b33ae, (anc. Cas/teecer Deuso/nis?) a
its vicinity abounding with mines of coal and iron, and with  town of Ithenish Prussia, 15 miles N. of Dusseldorf, between
limestone quarries. On a hill N. of the town are the re-  the Ruhr  and Anger, near the Rhine. Pop. 7770.  It is
mains of a castle founded A. o. 700, by a Saxon chief named  partly walled, and has 2 Lutheran and 2 Catholic churches,
Duds, from whom Dudley appears to have derived its name;  a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen and cotton
and W. of the castle are the ruins of a priory. Since the Re-  fabrics, and has ship-building docks. It is said to derive its
form Act, it has sent one member to the IHouse of Con-  name from the Teutones, who had a camp on this spot; it
mons. The Dudley Canal, 13 miles in length, joins the Bir-  was called by the Iomans 6Castrein.Deetrsoneis. A forest in
mingham and Worcester Canal 4 miles S. of Birmingham.  the vicinity is mentioned by Tacitus, under the name of
Richard Baxter, the celebrated Non-conformist divine, was  Saltus Fertobzrrgeesis.   Duisburg has been declared a free
for some time master of the grammar school in this parish.  port.  Lat. 510 265' N.. ion. 6 46' E.
Dudley confers the title of earl on the family of Ward.       DUIVELAND, doieveh-lint', (" pigeon land,") an island in
DUD/LEY. a post-villeage  and township of Worcester co.,  the Netherlands, province of Zealand, in the East Scheldt,
Massachusetts, 50 miles S:W. of Boston. It is wratered by  separated from  Schoewen by a narrow channel. Length,
several good mill streams, and comprises the village of Dud-  from E. to W., 8 milese  breadth, 5 miles. It is deifended by
ley Hill, Tufts and Merino. Pop. 1443.                      dykes, and on its N. side is the towna of Krammer.
DUDLEY, a post-village and township in the E. part of    DUIVEN, doilven, a villa'e of'IIolland, province of Gel
Hardin co.. Ohio, 60 miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 529.      derland, 6 miles E. by S. of Arnhem.  Pop. 700.
DUDLEY, a post-township in IHenry co., Indiana. P. 1279.    DUKE/DOM, a post-office of Graves co., Kentucky.
DUDLEY, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, about 60    DUKELLA,  doo-ek/tlf,  a maritime district of Morocco,
miles S. by E. of Indianapolis.                             S.W. of the Morbeya, btweeen lat. 320 10 and 330 15' N.
DUDLEY, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on the river    DUKE OF YORKI,  (native Octefri, o-ItS-fool,) an island of
Des Mloines, about 10 miles below Fort Des SMoines, the  the South Pacific Ocean; lat. 8~ 36' S., lon. 1720 23' 52" W.; it
county town. It is surrounded by a fertile prairie.        is 3 miles in length from E. to W., and 21 miles broad from
DUD/LEYTOWN, a post-village  of Jackson co., Indiana,  N. to S.. and is of coral ormantion.
78 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis.                           DUKES, duiks, a county consisting of several islands in
DUDILEYVILLE, a post-village in Tallapoosa co., Ala-  the Atlantic Ocean, (the principal of which, 1Martha's Vinebasis, 150 miles E.S.E. of Tuscaloosa.                     yard, is separated from iBarnstable county by Vineyard
DUDZEELE, dhd-z1lleh, a town of Belgium, province of  Sound, wrhich is abourt 5 nmiles aride,) has an area of about
West Flanders, 4b miles N. of Beures.   Pop. 1600.         118 square miles. A large part of the surface is covered rwith
588




]DUK                                                        DUMUn
wood.'inny of the inhabitants are engaged in navigation    DUMBARITON  or DUMBARTONSIIRE, dnim-ba.rtgnandd the fisheries.  This county was organized in 1695. shin, formerly LENTOX, ae county of Scotland, chiefly enCapital, Edgartou.   Pop. 4540.                             closed by Lochs Lonond and. Long, and trfe Frith of Clyde,
DUKE'S, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio.                having a detached portion eastward, between the counties
DUKE'S TOWVN, Guinea. See CALABAsR~.                     of Stirling- and Lanark. Total area, 165,760 acres.  Pop.
DU/KINFIELD, a village and township of England, co  in 1851, 45,103. Principal river the Leven.  Surface mostly
of Chester,with a station on the Manchester and Staley- mountainous, and soil poor; but in the lowlands fertile and
bridge lailway, 1, miles S.W. of Staley-bridge.             well cultivated. It contains iron and coal mines, freestone
DUKLA, doolkli, a frontier town of Austrian Poland, in  and limestone quairries;  principal towns, Dumbarton and
Galicia, 17 miles S.E. of Jaslo, on the Jasielka. Pop. 2300. Ilelensburgh.  The county sends 1 member to the Hlouse
It has a fine castle, and a Roman Catholic church.          of Commons.
I)UKORA, doe-kolrA, a market-town of Russia, govern-    DUIMBARTON or DUNBARITON, a royal parliamentary
mert, and 22 miles S.E. of Minsk.                           and municipal borough, seaport town, and parish of ScotDUKOVTSCHINA. See Do0K0Vsc   ENA.                         land, capital of the county of Dumbarton. on the Leven,
DUILAS, a parish of England, co. of Hlereford.            near its confluence with the Clyde, 13 miles N.W. of G]asDULAS, a hamlet of England, South Wales, co. of Gla- gow. Pop.in 1851,4590; ofparlimentaryy borough, 5445. A
morgan.                                                     subu'b called Renton, is situated on the W. side of the river,
DULAS, a maritime hamlet of England, on. the N. coast  DumbartSn  Castle, on a bold isolated basaltic rocki  pro.
of Anglesey.  Several small rivers of Wales have this name.  bably a Roman station, at the river's mouth, is a fortress
DOULBAIIANTA, dool'bl-hintA, a district of North-eastern  of great antiquity and historical interest. The Leven is
Africa, Soenuli country betwreen lat. 80 and 100 N., and  navigable from its mouth to the quay, at high water; and
lon. 460 and 490 E. It is a level country, abounding in  the town has flourishing glass works, some ship-building
grass, water, and timber,; without a stone, and forming ex- and rope making. The novelist, Smollet, was a native of
tensive pasture ranges.                                    Dumbarton.  It has been a stronghold for at least 1000
DJLCE, dool/sA, (sometimes called 1G0olfo Dnlce".) a lake  years, and was at different times in possession of Edward I,
of Central America, state, and 102 miles N.E. of Guate- but came subsequently and successively into the possession
mala, forming the principal water-way of the state to the  of Baliol, Bruce, Queen Mary, Chailes I., and Cromwell.  It
Atlantic. It is about 25 miles long, and 10 miles in average  was from this castle that the unfortunacte queen just named
breadth; has 18 feet wvater at 300 or 400 yards from  the  was conveyed to France while yet a child. In 1563, at a
shore, and, in most other places, from 30 to 60 feet; commu- more happy period of her troubled career, she visited it
nicatesewith the Gulf of IHonduras through a smaller one  with a numerous retinue on a progress to Argyleshire. The
called the Golfete, on the small river Dulce, the entrance  last memorable occurrence connected with this ancient
to which, from the sea, is impeded by a bar, which cannot fortalice, was the visit'of her present majesty, Queen Yicbe passed by vessels drawing more than 6 or 7 feet; though  toria, August 17th, 1847, on her way to the Highlands.
once over, there is a general depth of 15 feet.             Dumbarton Castle is one of the four stipulated to be kept in
DULCE, (Golfo Dulce,) a gulf of Central America, formed  repair by the articles of the Union. Dumbarton was known,
by the Pacific, on the coast of Costa Rica. Its entrance is  in ancient times by the name of Alclnyd, which, in the
between the points of Burica, lat. 80 N., lon. 830 W., and  British language, signifies the rock high on the Clyde. It
Gorda, lat. 80 32' N., Ion: 830 50t W., on the latter of which,  unites with Port-Glasgow, Renfirew, Rutherglen, and Ril
is a fort.                                                  marnock in sending a member to the H-louse of Commons.
DULE,  RTO, reeso doollsA or dool/thA, a river of South  Pop. in 1841, 3782; in 1851, 5411.
America, La Plata, rises in the district of Tucuman, flows    DUMBARTONSHIRE, a county of England. See DuoS.E. past Santiago, and empties itself into Porongos Lake.   CARTON.
DULCI, a post-office of Htolmes co., M ississippi.          DUMBLANE, of Scotland. See DUNBL.AE.
DULCIGNO, dool-cheenfyo, written also DOLCIGNO, (anc.   DUMIBLETON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Olciniius; Turk. Ol'goonl,) a seaport town of European Tur-   DUMBRAVICZE, doom.brah-veet/sA,t,     a town of HIungary,
key, in Albania, on Cape Kadilie, a rocky peninsula in the  Thither Theiss, about 40 miles from Arad. Pop. 1746.
Adriatic, 12 miles W.S.W. of Scutari. Pop. from 7000 to 8000,   DUMIDUM', the valley of the Pir Panjal Pass between the
Ebout half Turks.                                           Punjab and Cashmere.  Elevation 11,800 feet, traversed by
DULEEK;, a disfranchised  borough, market-town, and  a river of the same name.
parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of M5eath, on Nanny Water,    DUMIDUM, a village and cantonment of British India,
5 miles S.S.W. of Drogheda. Pop. 1158. It has a handsome  presidency and province of Bengal, 6 miles W.N.W. of CalRoman Catholic chapel, and some remains of an abbey of  cutta, and the head-quarters of the Bengal artillery.
the tvwelfth century.                                         DUMFRIES, dtLm-fireecel, or DUMFRIES-SHIRE, a frontiei
DULKEN, (Diilken,) diillken, a town of Rhenish Prussia,  county of Scotland, bounded E. and S. by Cumberland and
regency, and 20 miles Wi. of Dusseldorf, on the canal betwveen  Solway Frith. Its estimated area is 1007 square miles, about
the Rhine and Venlo (Netherlands.)  Pop. 2370.              one-fourth of which is arable. Pop. in 1851, 78,123. The
DULL, a large parish of Scotland, co. of Peerth.          whole valley of the Nith is composed of a red sandstone.
DUL'LINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.   The mountainous districts are of the lower silurian' strata.
DULLN, (DillIn,) diiln, DILLN or DILN, diln or dil'n, There are mineral springs at Moffat. The county is subdi(Hun. Bela.-Bazmya, bhA/lh'b&nfyoh',) a royal free town of  vided into Nithsdale, Annandale, and Eskdale, watered by
North-western Hungary, co. of Honth. 8 miles S.W. of Alt- the three principal rivers, the Nith, Annan, and Esk.
sohl. Pop. 1680, engaged in adjacent silver mines.          There are nine lochs in the vicinity of Lochmaben, and
DULIMEN, dool/men, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 17  Loch Skene, near the head of the Moffat water, at an slevamiles S.WV. of Miinster.  Pop. 2500.  It has a castle, the  tion of 1300 feet. A considerable part of the county is
residence of the Duke of Croy, lord of the county and town; mountainous, especially towards the N. and N.E. Amongst
several churches and hospitals, and manufactures of linen. the highest mountains are Black Larg 2890 feet, Lowther
DULOE, duilo, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.       3130 feet, Queensberry 2140 feet, IIartfell 3300 fbet.  The
DULUDE RIVER, Mich. See BLCCK RIVER.                      high grounds afford good pasturage; and cattle, sheep, and
DULTVERTON, a market-town and parish ofEngland, co. pig rearing forms an important branch of rural industry.
of Somerset, 151 miles W.S.W. of London.  Pop. in 1851, The Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway has recently
1497. The towrn has a union workhouse and branch banks.  been constructed. The principal towns are Dumfries, the
DULWICH, dfillich. a hamlet of Englancd, co. of Surrey,  capital, Annan, Sanquhar, and Lochmaben, which are royal
and suburb of London, parish of Camberwell, 4A miles  buerghs. The county sends 1 member to the House of ComS.S.E. of St. Paul's. Pop. in 1851, 1632. It is beautifully  omens. Dumfries originally comprised the stewartry of Kirksituated, partly in a valley and partly on a commanding  cudbright, and by the Romans was comprehended under
height; and has numerous handsome mansions and villas. the province of Vclentia.
Dulwich College, founded in 1019 by Edward Alleyne, a    DUMPFRIES, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
celebrated tragic actor of Shakespere's time, is a very hand- river-port, and parish of Scotland, on the Nith, across
some and spacious Elizabethan  edifice, with a chapel, gar- which it communicates with its suburb Maxwellton, by
dens, and library. The picture-gallery, containing one of  two bridges, (one of 7 arches, as old as the thirteenth
the choicest collections of Italian and Flemish paintings in  century,) 9 miles firom its mouth, and 28t miles W.N.W. of
Britain, was left to the college in 1811 by Sir Francis Bour- Carlisle. Pop. in 1851, 11,107; of parliamentary borough.
geois.                                                     13,166. It is handsomely though  irregularly built, and is
DUMAIRA. an island of the Red Sea. See DooeIeuakn.    regarded as the provincial capital of South Scotland. Around
DUMANIWAY, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, it, of late, many handsome villas have been erected. Prinneroar the junction of three streams, which form the river  cipal edifices, 3 parish churches, 1 with an extensive ceme
Bandon, 29 miles W.S.W. of Cork. Pop. 3086.                tery, a vast number of monuments, and which contains the
DUItARAN, doosmA-rkn! an island of Malay Archipelago, remains and tomb of Burns; numerous dissenting chapels,
Philippines, N.E. of Palawan.  Lat. 100 30' N., hon. 1200 E. a tower in the High Street (the work of Inigo  Jones,) the
It is about 20 miles in length and breadth, with a towrn of  Crichton Royal Institution, (a lunatic asylum,) the Inthe same name, on the S.W. coast. Pop. 1460.               firmary, Dispensary, Court-house, Jail and Bridewell,
DU'M1AS', a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.      Theatre, and Assembly Rooms. Here are 4 endowed semiDUSIAS'S STORE. a post-office of Richmond co., North  naries united under the name of the Dumfries Academy,
Carolina.                                                  various other schools, several associations with libraries,
589




DUM,UN
reading rooms, an observatory, and a mechanics' institu-   DUNIAWAY' S, a post-office of Clark co., Kenttucky.
tion. In Queeusberry Square is a handsome Doric, column    DUNBAR, dOn-barl, a royal parliamenta:ry and municipal
erected in 1780 in- honor of'Charles, Duke of Queensberry. borough, seaport-town, and parish of Scotland, county, and
The principal manufactures are hats, hosiery, leather, bas- 10 miles E.N.E. of I-addington, at the month of the Frith
kets, clogs, and shoes. Vessels of above 60 tons can ap- of Forth, with a station on the North IBritisol Railway, 25~
proach the town quay, between which and the mouth of  miles E.N.E. of Edinburgh.  Pop. of town, in 1851, 3038.
the river are 3 other quays for larger vessels. Cattle, to the  Itis regularly laid out, and has a new Gothic parish church,
value of about 350,0001. are annually exported hence to Eng-  Dunbar House, the residence of the Earl of Lauderdale,
land. Principal imports, coal, slate, iron, tallow, hemp, handsome assembly rooms, various oublic libraries, and
bones, timber, (from the Baltic and North America,) wine,  the remains of an ancient castle; also ship-building docks,
and colonial produce. Steanuers ply hence to Liverpool. Re- sail-cloth and cordage factories, iron foundries, breweries,
gistered shipping, in 1847, 8366 tons. The borough unites  and distilleries. The harbor is accessible by vessels of 300
with Kirkcudbright, Sanquhar, Lochmaben, and Annan in  tons; the principal imports aret coal and foreign grain; the
sending 1 member to the HIouse of Commons. Dumfries be- exports, corn, whisky, and f1sh for the London markets.
came a royal burgh in the twelfth century, about the end of  Dunbar joins with North Berwick IHaddington, Lauder,
which a monastery was founded here; in its chapel John  and Jedburgh in sending   1 member to Parliament. The
Comyn, a competitor for the Scottish throne, was stabbed by  name DUNBa.c  signifies the - Castle of Bar'," and originated
Robert Bruce, in 1305. On the banks of the Cluden are the  from its having been bestowed, in the 9th century, by Kenruins of a nunnery. Dumfries gives the title of Earl to the  neth, King of Scotland, on Bar, a valiant captain who had
Crichton-Stuart family.                                     signalized himself in the war against the Picts.
DUMFRIEIS, dftm-freece! or dtsm-freezl, a post-village of    DUN BA1V, a township Fayette co., Pennsylvania.  P. 2156.
Prince William  co., Virginia, on Quantico Creek, 90 miles    DUNBAR/NIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
N. of Richmond, was formerly a thriving place, containing    DUNBARTON, a town of Scotland. See DUMBAnTOX.
2 churches, and several mills, but it is now in decay.        DUNBAR/TON, a post-village and township of Merrimack
DUMFRIES-SHIRE, a county of Scotland.  See Duo- co., New IHampshire, 10 miles S. by W. of Concord. Pop. 915.
FRIEs.                                                        DUNBARTON, a post-office of Barnwell district, South
DUMIAMER, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.        Carolina.
DUM/MER, a post-township of Coos co., New IHampshire,    DUNBARTON, a post-ofice of Adams co., Ohio, 96 miles
100 miles N. by E. from Concord, on the eastern side of An-  S.S.WV. of Columbus.
droscoggin River. Pop. 174.                                   DUNBEATH, dfnm-baithl, a riiver of Scotland.
DU/VIRERSTON, a post-village and township of Wind-    DUNBEATH. a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Caithham co., Vermont, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 100  ness, 3 miles S.W. of Latheron, with a castle on a peninsular
miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1645.                          rock in the North Sea.
DU1MMI01DAII, a river of British India, presidency of    DUNBLANE!   or DUMBLANE, a burgh or barony, marBengal, joins the I-Toogly River, 30 miles S.W. of Calcutta, ket-town, parish, and formerly an episcopal city of Scotland,
after a south-eastern course estimated at 300 niles. Its val- county, and 23 miles S.W. of Perth, on the Allan, here
ley is capable of furnishing large supplies of coal.        crossed by a single arched bridge of the fifteenth century.
DUMONTI'VILLE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Ohio, 32  Pop. of town, in 1851, 1816. It is a good deal resorted to in
miles S.E. of Columbus.                                     the summer for the sake of a mineral spring.  It has a
DUIPVPLIN ROCK LIGItT, on one of the Dumplin Rocks, public library, founded by Bishop Leighton. Near it, on
in Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts.  It is a fixed light, 43  the 13th of November, 1715, was fought the indecisive batfeet above the level of the sea; let. 410 32' 10" N., ion. 700  tie of Sheriffusuir, between the royal forces under the Duke
55' 40'" W.                                                 of Asrgyle, and the troops of the Pretender under the Earl
DUM'POI, a town of Thibet, 40 miles S. S. W. of Garoo;  of Mar. Dunblane gives the title of Viscount to the Osborne
lat. 310 6' N., ion. 800 15' E.                             family.
DUN, an island in the China Sea. See DUNE.                  DUNBOE, dtn-bof, a parish of Ireland, co. of Londonderry.
DUN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forlhr.                   DUN'BOGI, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
DUNA, (Diina,) d/iiln, or SOUTIIERN DWINA,-dwee'nA,    DUNBOYNE, dmn'boin/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Malath.
(ane. Tuss-un!tseas or Ts-rudlvtus,) an important river of Rnussia,    DUNCIAN, a post-office of Wood co., Virginia.
rises in the W. of the government of Tver, near the sources    DUNCAN, a post-office of Mercer co., Kentucky.
of the Volga, with which it is connected by a canal, flows    DUNCAN, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Michigan.
at first S.W. between the governments of Smolensk and    DUNCAN/INON, a maritime village of Ireland, Leinster,
Pskov, and afterwards N.W., in the lower part of its course  co. of Wexford, on Waterford Harbor, 2 miles S.S.E. of
separating Courland on the S. from Vitebsk and Livonia,  Ballyhack. Pop. 521. It has a fort, and gives the title of
and enters the Gulf of Riga, 7 miles N.W. of Riga. Its  Viscount to the Earl of Besborough.  After the battle of the
length direct is 400 miles, for nearly all of which it is navi- Boyne, James II. embarked from this place for France.
gable; although its mouth and many other parts of the river    DUNCANNON, a post-officeof Perry co., Pennsylvania.
are encumbered by shoals, rendering its navigation unsafe,   DUNC/AN CHA'N/NEL, an inlet in Prince of Wales' Archiand only fit for small vessels, except during the spring thaws  pelago, Russian America.
and autumnal rains.  Opposite Riga it is about 2400 feet    DUNCIAN IS/LAND, Pacific Ocean, near the centre of
broad, and crossed by a floating bridge, which is taken down  the Galapagos group.
annually in September and again erected early in April.   DUNCAN ISLAND, in the China Sea, belongs to the
The principal affluents are the Evst and Drissa from the N., Paracels, (which see.)
and the Mezha and Desna from the E. and S. It is con-   DUNCIANSBY HEAD, the N.E. headland of Scotland,
nected by canals with Lake Ilmen, the Beresina, and the  co. of Caithness, about 1. miles E.N.E. of John O'Groat's
Niemen.                                                     House; lat. 550 390 N., ion. 30 1T W. On its highest parst is
DUNA, (Diuna,) diti/n, a town of Russia, on a railway in  an ancient watch tower, commanding a magnificent view.
course of construction from St. Petersbur-g to Warsaw.        DUNC/AN,S CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into the
DUNA, a river of Europe. See DANUBE.                     Ennoree River, on the N. border of Newberry district.
DUNABURG, (Dfinaburg,) dufna-btrg  or diilnit-boog'=,       DUNCAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Cleveland co., North
DINABURG, dee/na-booag,a strongly fortified town of Rus- Carolina.
sian Poland, in the government of Vitebsk, on the right    DUNCAN'S FALLS, a post-village of Muskingum  co.,
bank of the Diina, where it is crossed by the railway in  Ohio, on the Myuskingum  River, 9 miles below Zanesville.
course of construction from St. Petersburg to Warsaw, 57  Pop. in 1853, about 250.
miles W.N.W. of Drissa. A railway is also in course of con-    DUNCAN'S MILLS, a village of Mahaska co., Iowa, on
struction connecting Diinaburg with Riga, and another is  Skunk River, 65 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City.
projected to Moscow. The town has Greek United. and Ro-    DUNCIANSV1LLE, a post-village of Blair co., Pennsylman Catholic churches. Pop. 6300.                           vania, on the Portage lailroad, about 3 miles W. of I lolliDUNAEVTSYI, doo'nat-Svt'see, amarlket-town of Russian  daysburg.
Poland, in the government of Podolia, 12 miles N. of Kam-    DUNCANSVILLE, a post-village of Barnwell district,
ieniec. Pop. 3000.                                          South Carolina, 70 miles S.S.W.  of Columbia.
DUNAGIHY, drnea-bee, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.    DUNC/ANTOWN, a post-office of White co., Illinois.
DUNAMANAGH, dfin'ntn/tn, a village of Ireland, co.   DUNC/ANVILLE, a post-village of Thomas cc., Georgia,
of Tyrone, 8 miles E.N.E. of Strabane.                     212 miles S. by W. of Milledgeville.
DUNAMUNDE,  (Diiunamiinde,)  dii/ni-miin'deh, (i. c.   DUNCARD, a village of Pennsylvania. See DUNKARD.
"the mouths of the Diina,") a fortress of Russia, govern-    DUNCIJIDEOCK, dun-kid/e-ok, a parish of England, co.
ment of Livonia, 9 miles N.W. of Riga, on an island at the  of Devon.
mouth of the D'ne, which it defends. It has a custonm-house    DUN/CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick
and a quarantine establishment.                              DUNCITON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
DUNA VEOSE, doosn6h' vt/chx, a market-town of central   DUN'DAFF/, a post-borough of Susquehanna co., Pensyl-!Hungary, co., and 40 miles S. of Pesth, on the left bank of  vania, near Crystal Lake. 10 miles N. of Carbondale. It
lhe Danube. Pop. 7910.                                    has a church, academy, and glass ftctory. Pop. in 1850, 295.
DUNA VECSE, a village of European Turkey, in the pro-    DUNDALK, dfin-dawk/, two baronies, and a parliamnen
since of Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, 22 miles  tary and municipal borough. seaport-town and parish of
from its mouth.                                            Ireland, in the province of Leinster; county of Louth. on
sit




DUN                                                           DUN
the southern bank of Castletown River, near its mouth in  tionalist churches, 3 Episcopal chapels, 3 Roman Catholic,
Dundalk Bay, 45 miles N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of parish,  I Friends', and several other Dissenting places of worship.
13.204; of town and borough, 10,782. The principal build- The other public buildings of note are-the Town-hall,
inge are a spacious parish church, a large Roman Catholic  Trades-hall, Academy, the New Exchanuge, containing, bechapel, a county court-house, county jail, market, and cus-  sides other accommodation, a handsome reading-room; the
tom-houses, an infirmary, a guild-hall, linen-hall, news and  Watt Institution, Theatre, Infirmary, and the Royal Lunaassembly-rooms, a large barrack, union workhouse,  and  tic Asylum, To these may be added, the Jail, and Bridewell,
several ruined ecclesiastical edifices. It has various schools, which cost 26,0001.; and an imposing Norman triumphal
one called the Dundalk Institution; also steam  flour-mills, arch, erected in front of the mid quay, to commemnorate the
a pin factory, breweries, tanneries, and a large distillery.  landing at Dundee of Tier Majesty, Queen Victoria, in Septera.
Its harbor is safe, the fisheries  somewhat important, and  ber, 1844.  There are two handsome cemeteries, one on the
it exports a good deal of rural produce, with timber, slates, northern, and the other on the western side of the town, both
and coal. In 1834, the gross produce of the customs, was  tastefully laid out; and above the former is the new bleachonly 44600., while in 1848, it amounted to 44,3093. The num- lug-green, bordered by trees and shrubs, and intersected by
her and tonrage of sailing vessels belonging to the port  gravel  Iwalks.
in 1848 was 27, with an aggregate tonnage of 2307, and 3    Besides the Academy, the principal seminary of the town,
steamers, of 1023 tons. Comparing the five years ending  the Grammar School, and the Sessional School, there are a
January 5, 1850, with the preceding five years, the foreiugn  large number of private schools, including several connected
trade had more than doubled itself-the increase being 65  with the spinning establishments of the town, the teachers
vessels, of an aggregate of 12,480 tons, inwards, and 40 yes-  of which are paid by the proprietors of these works.  The
sels, of 8039 tonss outwards. The rise of the tide at the bas,  principal are the Dundee Public Library, con sist.ing of sewhere there is now a light-house on the screw principle, is  veral thousand volumes; the Watt Library, and the Law Li106 feet. Kinrg  Edward Bruce, brother to Robert Bruce. of  brary; the Dundee Literary Institute has a handsome readScotland, was killed in battle near Dundalki, and part of his  mug-room and library in a central part of the town. Exclubody is buried at P place called Faughart, close to the town. sire of the Infirmary and Dispensary already alluded to,
Dundalk returns a member to the House of Commons. there sare a number of charitable and benevolent institutions
There is a direct railway communication between Dundalk, and societies, and various religious associations.
Drogheda, and Dubin. Pop. in 1851, 11,000.                     D-idee has long been celebrated for its manufactures,
DUNDALK  BAY, a shallow  inlet of the Irish  Sea, and is now the principal seat of the linen.manufactures
between Cooley and Dunany points, 8 miles in lesegth and  in Great Britain.  Its fabrics comprise Osnaburghs, sheetbreadth. It contaios large oyster beds, and receives the  ings, duck and coarse linens generally, besides which linen
rivers Dee. Fane, and Castletown.                             yarn, cotton-bagging, canvas, and cordage are extensively
DUNDARRACI-I, dtin-dartrah, a post-office of Robeson co., manufactured.  The linen manufactur es employ altogether
North Carolina.                                               10,157 individuals, of whom  4543  are femnales; and their
DUNDAS, dhn-dassf, a post-office of Calumet co., Wisconsin. entire value is estimated at from 1,500,0001.to 1,600,0000. anDUNDAS, dtu-dasst, a county in the eastern part of Cans- nually. The linen yarns are manufactured partly in the
da West, bordering on the St. Lawrence River, and inter- town, and partly in the neighboring towns and villages; and
sected by a proposed railroad connecting the Ottawna with  a portion of them is exported to France and other foreign
Ringston. Area, 377 square miles. Capit1l, Corn wall.  Pop. countries. All the mills are driven by steam-power. The
in 1852, 13,811.                                               staple articles of import are flax and hemp firom  foreign
DUNDAS, a post-town of Canada West, co. of Wentwomth  countries, and coals and limne coastwise. The principal exHalton, at the head of Burlington Bay, formed at the W. ports are linens and linen yarns; to which may be added
extremity of Lake Ontario, and on the Hamilton and Lon-  since the opening of steam  communication with London
don Branch of the Great Western Railway, about 5 miles  large exports of black cattle, sheep, and agricultural proW. of Hamilton. It has a branch of the Bank of British  duce. About half the linens shipped at Dundee are exported
North America, agencies of three assurance companies, a  to foreign countries, being generally sent in the first place
printing-office, issuing a weekly newspaper, and churches  to Glasgow,  Liverpool, and London, where they are refor the Wesleyan Ilethodists, Episcopalians, United Presby-  shipped for their destination.   In 1850, the total foreign
terians, Chuich of Scotland, and Roman Catholics. It con- exports amounted to 91,6721.  Another manufacture of
tains about 20 stores, an iron foundry, and a machine shop,  some importance is the Dundee lid gloves, famed for their
sash factory aced planing machine, an axe factory, soap and  neatness and durability.  Sugar-refining, worling in iron,
candle factory, a comb factory, woollen mills, and grist and  and shipbuilding, the last including the construction of
other mills. Pop. about 3000.                                 iron steamers, are also important.  The harbor accommodaDUNDAS! ISLAND, of British North Amelica, is in the  tion, and docks of Dundee, are of the best description; and
Pacific, 40 miles N.E. of Queen Charlotte Island.             include two wet docks, one of 6~ acres, and another of 5i
DUNDASI ISLANDS, off the Eastern coast of Africa. acres, with a tidal harbor of 4~ acres, connected with them;
between the Equator and lat. 1.0 S., comprise nearly 500  the breadth of the lock of the former to which is attached a
coral islets, from 21 to 4 miles in length. but with only one  splendid graving dock, is 40 feet; and that of the latter,
secure harbor near the mouth of the Durnford River.           which is fitted to admit steamers, 55 feet. A wet dock of
DUNDAS RIVER, an affluent of English River, Delagoa  14- acres, is now being constructed, the lock of which will
Bay, Eastern Africa.                                          he 60 feet; and there are others embraced by the harbor
DUNDAS  STRAIT, of Northern  Australia, separates  plan, which, when executed, will greatly ext-nd this speMlelville Island from  Coburg Peninsula, and is 18 miles  cies of accommodation. The quays are wide, affording berthacross.                                                       age for above 65 vessels, and thee are spaeons carpenters'
DUNDEE,* ddn-dee!, a royal burgh and seaport of Scot- and shipbuilding yards, with a slip capable ofdrawing up a
land, county of Forlhr, finely situated on the loft bank  a vessel of 800 tons. A large crane, of eO tons powerv is
of the Frith of Tay, about 8 miles fiuom the sea, and 37  erected on the S.E. corner of Esarl Grey's Dock, for tlhe purmiles N. by E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 560 27' 360" N., ion. 20  pose of lifting the heavy machinery and boilers of steam
571 4511 W.  It stretches along the Tay, for about l1 miles, vessels, there being now a considerable business casried on
and recedes inland, with a gradual ascent, to a distance of  in coustructing and fitting  in the machinery of steamers.
asout hralfa mile. Its appearance flrom the sea, and opposite  The registered shipping of Dundee, in 1851, numnbered 382
the shore, is at once striking and pleasing; an effect much  vessels; agregate  tonnage, 72,754; the customs' duties colenhanced by the beautiful green hills which forhin the  lected, amounted to 63,3421. In 1850, 63,1831. were collected
background of the picture. In the centre of the town is a  at the port.
large open space, surrounded with good, substantial free    Dundee wras long considered one of the most unhealthy
stone buildings, of four stories in height, called the Cross, towns in the United Kingdom, but some later icnquiries
or Market-place, 360 feet long, by 100 broad, from  which a  show that the aggregate duration of human life is greater
number of the principal streets diverge. The more re-  here than in either Liverpool or Glasgow. The communicacently formed streets are, in general, spacious and hand-  tion between Dundee and the opposite shore, a distance of
some; but most of those of more ancient date are narrow,  from 1 to 2 miles, is maintained by a large and handsome
irregular, and ill built. The town is lighted with gas, and  steamer. About 100,000persons are conveyed across annually,
is amply supplied with water. The most conspicuous ol- besides carriages, horses, cattle, &c. The trip is performed
ject in Dundee is its old tower, 156 feet high, founded by  in 20 minutes.  There are four railnways connected with the
David, Earl of Huntingdon, in the twelfth century, and the  town-one to Newtyle, from which are branches to Cupas.
only remaining portion of an edifice burnt down in 1841;  Angus acnd Glammis, on the Scottish Midland Junction,
and to which three modern parochial churches have been  (this being the first railway line in Scotland;) one to Arbuilt in the form of a cathedral, the nave, choir, and tran-  broath, with a branch to iontrose, and continuation to
sept respectively forming a separate church, and the whole  Aberdeen; another (the Edinburgh,  Perth, and Dundee) to
constituting one of the most striking architectural features  Edclinburgh. crossing the Friths of Tay and Forth by powerof the town. In all, there are 5 Established Churches, and  ful steanmers; and a fourth to Perth, and thence to the
2 chapels; 11 Free, 6 United Presbyterian, and 3 Congrega_ South, by the Scottish Central, &c.
Dundee was at an early period a place of considerable
This name appears io be a corruption of Dien-Tho, or the  note, and, like most old tocns, cas originally walled. It
"C Castle of the Tay."  Buchanan calls it, in Latin, cTasoddemu,  was erected a royal burgh by William  the Lion, was twice
which is equivalenC to " Dun-Tay."                           in the possession of the English under Edward I., was as
591




DUN                                                        DUN
often retaken by Wallace and Bruce, and is the reignis sub- added to it, and almost equals it in extent, occupies about
sequent to that of the latter was ranked the third town in  one-half of the population.  There are also numerous spin
Scotland after Edinburgh.  At the Reformation it was dis- ning mills, extensive malleableiron-works, alargepower-loomn
tinguished by the, name of "The Second Geeneva," for its  factory, and. in the vicinity, several important collieries.
zeal in behalf of the new faith. In 1645, it was besieged, Dun fermline connects E. with a branch of the Edinburgh and
taken, and sacked by the Duke of Montrose;  and six years  Northern,  and W. with the Alloa and Dunfermline Raiafterwards, namely, in 1651, it was stormed.by Lo'ln, when  ways, both of which have a common station immediately
a great number of its inhabitants were put to death, not  N. of the town. The town, erect.ed into a royal burghin
fewer, it is said, than a sixth part, or about 1300 persons,  1588, unites with  Stirling, Inverkeithing, Culross, and
During the reigns of the Scottish kings Dundee was one of  Queensferry, in sending one member to the IHouse of Comtheir places of residence. It is the birthplace of Hector mons. Adjoining the Abbey was a palace, enlarged by James
Boece, the historian; lHalliburton, who was the first openly  IV. in 1500, in which Charles I. was born in 1000, and
to profess the reformed religion in Scotland; Sir George  where Charles II., in 1650, subscribed the League and CoM~'Kenzie, Lord Advocate; Ferguson, the poet; and of Ad- venant.
miral Duncan, the hero of Camperdown.  Sir William            DUN/FORD BRIDGE, a station on the Sheffield and IManWallace was educated here. The town ireturns one member  chester Railway, 18, miles N.W. of Sheffield.
to the Hiouse of Commons. Pop. in 1841, 60,553; in 1851,   DUNGANNON dftn-gan/non, a parliamentary and munici78,829.                                                     pal borough and market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
DUN'DEEt, a small village of Canada West, co. of North- Tyrone, 11 miles N.N.W. of Armagh.  Pop. 3801. It stands
umberland, 19 miles W. of Belleville, and 3 miles fieom   on a hill-slope, consists of an ol and a new town, is regularly
Brighton. It contains several saw mills and a grist mill.   ani-pretty well built. and has a good church, an endow-ed
DUNDEE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Beauhai- royal school, founded in 1628, fever hospital, several bralnch
nots, 78 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 100.            banks, and manufactures of linen and earthenware.  The
DUNeDEE/, a post-village of Yates co., New York, 190 miles  borough sends one member  to the House of Commons.
WF. by S. of Albany. It contains 2 churches, 2 academies or  Dungannon was the chief seat of the O'Neils, IKings of U1union schools, 20 stores, and mills and factories of different ster from the earliest period of Irish history till 1607, when
kinds.  Pop. in 1854, about 1500.                           the last of these powerful chieftains fled to the Continent,
DUNDEE, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.      a      nd his possessions were granted by James I. to Sir Arthur
DUNDEE, a thriving post-village and township of Mon- Chichester.
roe co., Michigan, on the Raisin River, 15 miles above MIon-   DUNGAN/NON, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio,
roe, has an ample water-power, which is partially improved. on the Sandy and Beaver Canals, 142 miles N.E. of CoPop. about 600; of the township, 1239.                      lumbus.
DUNDEE; a flourishing post-village and township in Kane    DUN/GANSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.
co., Illinois, on the Fox River, 48 miles N.W. of Chicago.   DUNVGAR/VAN, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
The river affords valuable water-power.  Pop. 1374.         seaport town, and parish of Ireland, in Munster,  co., and
DUNDERHEIM, do6nlder-hime' a village of Baden, circle  25 miles W.S.W. of Waterford, on the Colligsn, near its
of Middle Rhine. Pop. 800.                                  mouth in the Bay of Dungarvan, and across which a handDUN'DON/ALD, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of  some one-arched bridge connects it with its suburb, AbbingAyr, district of Kyle, 4 miles S.S.W. of Irvine.  On the Frith  side. Pop. of town, 8625. It is neatly built, and resorted to
of Clyde are ruins of a castle, supposed to have been built  for sea-bathing. The principal edifices are a parish church,
by the Stuarts before their accession to the throne, and in  4 Roman Catholic chapels, a convent, a castle of the fifteenth
which they afterwards frequently resided. It gives the title  century, now used as a barrack, a bridewell, session-house,
of earl to the Cochrane family.                             union work-house, and market-house.  It has little trade,
DUN'DON/ALD, a village and parish of Ireland, co. of  its harbor being only fitted for vessels under 150 tons. It
Down, 5 miles E. of Belfast.                                sends one member to the House of Commons, and gives the
DUNIDRIENINAN, the old name of a parish of Scotland,  title of viscount to the Earl of Cork.
co. of Kirklicudbright, containing the ruins of a once famous    DUNGARYAN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kilabbey.                                                      kenny.
DUNIDRU iI, a village of Ireland, on the inner harbor of   DUNGEN, (Diinaen,) dumg.ng/n, a village of the NetherDundrum Bay.                                                lands, province of West Brabant, 3 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc.
DUNDRUM, a village of Ireland, 41 miles S. of Dublin.    Pop. 1100.
DUNDRUM BAY, Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, is a bay    DUNGENESS, dtinj-nss], a headland of England, formof the Irish Sea, 7 miles S.W. of Downpatrick, having St. ing the S. extremity of the county of Kent, and projecting
John's Point on its N.E. side, and the M3ourne Mountains  into the English Channel, about 3h miles S.S.E. of Lydd. It
on the S.W. Breadth at the entrance, about 10 miles. A  has a fort and light-house, in lat. 500 54' 59' N., lon. 580 E.
heavy S. and S.E. swell sets into it; and near its N. side are  Elevation of light-house, 92 feet.
the rocks Cow and Calf, joined by a reef with the mainland.   DUNGIVEN, din-ghiv/en, a market-town and parish of
The steamer Great Britain was stranded here in 1846.       Ireland, in Ulster, co., and 16. miles E.S.E. of Londonderry,
DUN/DRY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           on the road from Armagh.  Pop. of town, 1016.
DUNE or DUN, doon, an island in the China Sea, off the    DUNGLASSI/. a promontory of Scotland, co., and 21 miles
E. coast of Anam, in lat. 120 151 N., hon. 1090 30' E.     E.S.E. of Dumbarton, parish of Ol'd Kilpatrick, projecting
DUNEAN, din-ain/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.    into the Clyde. Here was the W. termination of the walls
DUN EDIN. See EDINBuscn.                            of Antoniuus, which is crowned by a ruined castle of the
DUNES, diin, a town of France, department of Tarn-et- Colquhouns.
Garonne, 29 milee W. of Miontauban. Pop. 1248.               DUN'GLOW/, a village of Ireland, co. and 11. miles N. by
DUNFANAGtIY, din-fan/a-ne, a market-town of Ireland,  WV. of Donegal. Pop. 449.
in Ulster, co. of Donegal, on the S. side of Dunfanaghy Har-    DUNfHAM, a parish of England, co. of Noits, on the
bor, 12{- miles N.W. of IKilmacrenan.                      Trenut, here crossed by a bridge of 4 arches, 5~ miles E.N.E.
DUNFEENEY or DOONFEENY. doon-fee/nee, a parish of  Tuxford.
Ireland, in Connaught, co. of hayo.                          DUNHAM, a post-village and township in the WV. part of
DUNFERMLINE, dim-fer/lin, a parliamentary and muni- McHenry co., Illinois, 200 miles N.N.E. of Springfield.
cipal borough, manufacturing towni, and parish of Scotland,   DUNIHAM, or DUNHAPI FLATS, a post-village of Canada
co. of Fife, 13 miles N.WY. of Edinburgh. Pop. of town, in  East, co. of M3iseisquoi, 56 miles S.E. of Montreal, and 45
1851, 8577; of the parlianmentary borough, 13,80036. It is miles from  Staustead.
generally handsome, though irregularly built, on an emi-   DUNHAM, GlBEAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
nence, separated fronm  a large suburb on the W. by a    DUNHAM), LITTLE, a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.
ravine, crossed by a bridge. The principal edifice is its fine    DUNHAM   MAS/SEY, a township of England, co. of
collegiate church, erected in 1821, contiguous to the ruins  Chester.
of the ancient edifice. The Abbey, originally founded by    DUNHAll'S BASIN, a village  of Washington co., New
Malcolm and his queen, between 1070 and 1086, was a mo- York, on the Champlain Canal, about 54 miles N. by E. of
nastcry of Culdees. Here sEdward  of England resided for Albany.
some months in 1304, and on leaving it set it on fire. It    DUN/IKARI)  or DUNCARD, a post-village and township of
was rebuilt by Bruce, and here his body was interred. In  Greene co., Pennsylvania.  Pop. 1395.
1589, the Abbey, with its lands, was erected into a temporal' DUNKA]RD  CREEKI. of Greene co., Pennsylvania, fiows
lordship, and eonferred upon Anne of Denmark, wife of James  into thePhMonongsihela River.
VI. The nave and tower and some parts of the refectory, still   DUNIIOLMEi, dcfn/hom, a parish of England, co. of Linremain, and are partly of Saxon and partly Norman architec-  coin.
ture. In the town are various other places of worship, a    DUNIERES, dithne-aiR/, a village of France, department of
guildhall with a spire 102 feet in height, town-hall and jail, Haute-Loire, 10 miles N.E. of Yssingeaux, on the left bank
several public schools, a flourishing mechanics' institute,  of the Dunitres.   Pop. 2409.
several learned associations, and subscription libraries. The    DUNINO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
staple manufacture is table linen, in regard to which the    DUN/IPACE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, joined
town early took the lead, and is still unrivalled by anyother  with Larbert, near PFalkirk. IHere ri-e two singular artifitown in the kingdom. This manufacture, together with  cial mounds of Celtic or Roman origin.  Torwood, a part
that of colored worsted and cotton covers, which has been  of the old Caledonian forest, still remains in this parish.
592




DUN                                                          DUN
DUNKELD, din-k~l/, a burgh of barony, and market-town    DUNKIRK, a thriving post-village and township of Dane
of Scotland, co. ofPerth, Old Dunkeld (parish of Dunkeld and  co., Wisconsin, 20 miles S.E. of Madison.  It has a water.
Dowally) being 13 miles N.N.W. of Perth, on the great East  power, with several mills. Pop. 852.
Pass to the Highlands, and on the N. bank of the Tay, across    DUN'KITTI, or DUNIKELD1, a parish of Ireland, in Lein.
which it communicates with the suburb, Little Dunkeld, by  ster, co. of Kilkenny.
an elegant bridge of 7 arches. Pop. in 1851, 1104. In an-    DUNKILIN, a county near the S.E. extremity of Missouri,
cient times, Dunkeld is said to have been the seat of the  bordering on Arkansas, has an area of abc-at 700 square
Pictish kings.  A cell of Culdees was here early established,  miles. It is bounded on the W. by St. Francis River, and
and in 1130 was made the seat of a bishopric by David II.  on the E. in part by Lalke Pemiscot, intersected by Castor
Its cathedral was built in 1330, but long before this period  River, and extensively occupied by swamps. The surface
Dunkeld was celebrated in the ecclesiastical annals of the  consists partly of open plains or prairies. This county, to.
kingdom. Near the cathedral stands the ancient palace of  gether with several adjoining, was severely injured by the
the Dukes of Athole, an old-fashioned square building, and  earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. The state legislature in
at a short distance the new mansion of the late duke. 1850-51 made an appropriation for the reclamation of the
Within the grounds are shown the two first larches intro-  sunken lands. The soil, where not overflowed, is highly
duced into Britain, brought from  the Tyrol in 1738. The  productive. Named in honor of the late Daniel Dunldin,
larch is now naturalized in Scotland, and forms one of the  former Governor of Missouri.  Capital, Kennet.  Pop. 1229;
most valuable and extensively cultivated timber-trees in the  of whom 1216 were free, and 13 slaves.
country. Pop. in 1851, 1102.                                    DUNKUR, dtinlkha', a village and fort of Hindostan, in
DUNKELD, a parish of Ireland. See DUNKITT.                  Kunawur, on the Spiti, 32 miles N.N.W. of its confluence
DUNKERQUE. See DUNK'IIK.                                    with the Sutlej, 140 miles S. by E. of Leh; let. 320 18' N.
DUNK/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           Ion. 780 20' E.
DUNK/ESWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               DUNLAP/, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.
DUNWKINEEILY or DUNKANELY, a village of Ireland,    DUNLAP'S CREEK, in the S.W. central part of Virginia,
co., and 3 miles W. of Donegal, N.E. of the head of Macswine's  rises in Monroe county, flows north-eastward, and falls into
Bay, with a parishchurch and a Wesleyan chapel. Pop. 475. Jackson's River near Covington.
DUJNK/IINSVILLE, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.            DUNLAPSIVILLE, a post-office of Laurens district, South
r'UNIKIRK  (Fr. Dunkerque, dUiNcGkaiakl; Ger.Dtinkirchen,  Carolina..dn'-k611aKen,) a fortified seaport town, and the most N. of    DUNLAPSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Union co.,
France, department of Nord, capital ofthe arrondissement, on  Indiana, on the East Fork of Whitewater River, 70 miles
the Strait of Dover, 40 miles N.W. of Lille, and 45 miles E. of  E.S.E. of Indianapolis; contains 1 church.  Pop. 250.
Dover, at thejunctionof3canals, and on the Railway duNord.   DUN'LAV/AN, a town and parish of Ireland, co. of WickPop. in 1.852,29,080. Itis defended by a citadel, has a town-hall, low, 5 miles N.W. of Donard.  Pop. of the town, 990.
theatre, concert-hall, severalfine churches, a lofty belfry, seve-   DUNLECKINEY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Carlow.
ral hospitals, military and civil prisons, barracks, a college, and    DUNLEER, a small post-town and disfranchised borough
public library of 18,000 volumes, soap, starch, and iron-works. of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Louth, on the Dublin and
The harbor, chiefly artificial, is shallow, but the roadstead is  Belfast Railroad, 11 miles S. of Dunkalk.'Pop. 808.
good, and since Dunkirk was made a free port in 1826, it has    DUNLEITII, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois.
had a brisk and increasing trade in wines. In 1844, the    DUN-LE-PALLETEAU, d-ilhp-leh-pil'leh-t6/, (or pIll'tl,)
numberof vessels belonging to the port were 197, (18,299 tons.)  a town of France, department of Creuse, arrondissement,
A considerable number of these were engaged in the cod  and 14 miles N.W. of Gu6ret.  Pop. 1421.
fishery, from  which the number of vessels of all nations    DUN-LE-ROI, dftaG-leh-rwA, (anc. Casltrume Duoni?) a town
which entered the port in the same year was 94, (7270 tons.)  of France, department of Cher, 11 miles N. of St. Amend
In 1849, the total number of vessels entered was 1740, (134,828  Montrond, on the right bank of the Anuron.  Pop. in 1852,
tons,) and cleared, 1659, (184,927 tons.)  The receipts at the  4948. It was an important city in the fifteenth century.
Custom-house in 1848, were 5,277,000 francs, and in 1849,    DUNLEVIY; a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.
5,963,000 france. Dunkirk is the seat of a court of first re-    DUNLOP/, a village and parish of Scotland, cos. of Ayr and
sort and commerce, and of a maritime syndicat, and pos- Renfrew, 71 miles N.E. of Irvine. Pop. 1206. It is famous
sesses a chamber of commerce, an exchange, and an agricul-  for its excellent cheese.
tural society. This town is said to owe its origin to a chapel    DUNLUCEA, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim,
founded by St. Eloi, which, from  its situation among the  including part of the town of Bushmills.  Dunluce Castle,
sandy downs of the coast, took the name of Dun-kirk, i. e. a structure of the fourteenth century, is now a picturesque
the "church of the downs."  It appears to have become a  ruin.
place of some importance in the tenth century, when it was    DUN'MAN/US BAY, an inlet on the S.W. coast of Ireland,
first surrounded by walls. The possession of it was repeat- co. of Cork, 4 miles in breadth at its entrance, and stretchedly contested by the Spaniards and French. In 1658, it was  ing inland about 12 miles.
given up to the English by Turenne, and continued with    DUNMAN/WAY, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster,
them till 1662, when Charles II. sold it to Louis XIV.        co. of Cork, 13 miles W. of Bandon. Pop. 3086.
DUN/KIRK, an extra-parochial district of England, co. of    DUN'MORE/, a village of Scotland, co., and 7 miles S.E. of
Kent.                                                         Stirling, parish of Airth. Pop. 153. The castle is the ancient
DUN/KIRK, an important post-town of Pomfret town-  seat of the Murray family, to whom it gives the title of earl.
ship, district of Buffalo Creek, Chautauque co., New York,   DUNMORE, a town and parish of Ireland, in Connaught,
on Lake Erie, at the western terminus of the New York and  co. of Galway, 71 miles N.N.E. of Tuam. Pop. of the town, 917.
Erie Railroad, 469 miles from New York City. It is beauti-    DUNMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 3fully situated, the ground rising as it recedes from the lake,  miles W.N.W. of Kilkenny.  Here is a curious cave of conso that at a distance of a mile from the shore it is 100 feet  siderable extent.
above the level of the water. The railroad company are    DUN'MORE/, a smallvillage ofLancaster co., Pennsylvania.
making preparations for an extensive business. Individual    DUNMORE, a thriving post-village in the N.E. part of Luenterprise also is actively engaged in developing the re- zerne co., Pennsylvania, on the railroad which extends'from
sources of the place. In 1824, the United States government  Scranton to the Lackawaxen River. The origin of this viierected a light-hquse on the W. point of the bay, and subse- lage is very recent; it has been built up by the mining opequently a beacon light at the principal channel. Since then, rations of the Pennsylvania Coal Company. A large numa breakwater has been thrown across the harbor, making it  her of hands are employed in the coal mines near this place,
one of the best protected on the lake. It is much resorted  which are very extensive. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 100.
to by vessels in bad weather; it is free from ice somewhat    DUNMORE, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia.
earlier in the spring than that of Buffalo. From  its facili-    DUNMORE, EAST, a seaporttown ofIreland, inMunlster,
ties of communication both with the E. and W., and from   co., and 81 miles S.E. of Waterford, on Waterford IHarbor.
the great amount of trade and travel which, from  its  Pop. 302. It is well built, and much frequented as a watercentral position, it must attract to it from  all parts of  uing-place. It has a handsome church, and a harbor and quay.
the count-y, Dunkirk is likely to become one of the most  Mail steam-packets ply regularly between it and Milford.
important towns on the lake.  Among the articles re-    DUN/MOW, GREAT, a market-town and perish of Engceived at this port in 1852, were —flour, 182,139 barrels, value  land, co. of Essex, on the Chelmer, 12 miles N.N.W. of Chelms$819,625; wool, 4796 bales, $359,700; furs, 1022, $153,300; ford. Pop. in 1852, 3235. The town, supposed to have been
leather, 1490 rolls, $178,800; bacon, 2800 casks, $140,000; the Roman Corsaromagus,    is pleasantly situated on an emibutter, 1,761,150 pounds, $317,007; live hogs, 14,805, $117,660; nence, and well built. It has a fine church, a market-crocs
pork, 6643 barrels, $112,931; tobacco, $105,920. The total built in 1578, a union work-house, and some manufactures
value of all the articles received by lake, for the year ending  of sacking.
December 31, 1752, was $3,274,856.  Dunkirk contains 2    DUNMOW, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
banks and 1 newspaper office. A railroad connects it with    DUNMUR/KY, a village of Ireland, co. of Antrim, on tht
Buffalo, and another with Erie, in Pennsylvania, 50 miles Glenwater, and on the Ulster Railway, 4. miles S. by W. of
distant. Pop. of Pomfret township, in 1850,4483; of Dun- Belfast. Pop. 211.
kirk, in 1855, 4392.                                            DUNN, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. Pop. 330.
DUNKIRK, a post-office of Calvert co., IMaryland.             DUNiNET, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of CaithDUNKIRK, a post-office of Greenville district, South Ca- ness, on Pentland Frith, with a village, 7' miles E.N.E. of
rolina.                                                       Thurso.
2N                                                                               593




DUN                                                         DUP
DUNiNET IIEAD, a rocky peninsula of Scotland. forming  has a church originally the nave of a celebrated prlay,
the N. extremity of Great Britain, and having on it a light-  founded by Henry I. The early Norman kings had a palace
house, 340 feet above the sea, in let. 580 40' N., ion. 30 21' W. here.
On the S.W. side is the deep inlet of Dunnet Bay.             DUNSTABLE, a post-village and township of Middlesex
DUNNICHEN, dtnfniK-en, a parish of Scotland, co. of  co., Massachusetts, on the N. boundary of the state, 30 miles
Forfar.                                                     N.W. of Boston. Pop. 590.
DUNINING, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, with a neat    DUNSTABLE, a post-township of Clinton co., Pennsyl
village, S8 miles S.S.W. of Perth.                          vania, on the W. branch of the Susquehanna River, a few
DUNNINGEN, d05n/ning-en, a village of Wirtemburg,  miles below Lockhaven. Pop. 356.
circle of Schwarzwald, 7 miles W.N.W. of Rottweil. P. 1411.   DUN'STAFF/NAGE, an ancient royal castle of Scotland,
DUNINING'S CREEK, of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, falls  co. of Argyle, on Loch Etive, 2' miles N.E. of Oban. It beinto the Raystown Branch of Juniata River.                  longed to the Scottish monarchs in early times, and is of
DUNNING'S MOUNITAIN, Pennsylvania, a ridge extend-  unknown antiquity. The famous palladium stone of Scoting nearly northward from the N.W. central part of Bedford  land, now in WVestminster Abbey, was kept here previous to
county, E. of Dunning's Creek, into Blair county.           its removal to Scone.
DUN/NINGSVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Penn-   DUN/STER, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
sylvania.                                                   Somerset, 321 miles W.N.W. of Somerton. Pop. in 1851,
DUN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. and Ainsty of  1184. Here are the remains of a castle.
York.                                                         DUNISTEW, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
DUN'NOSE/, a lofty headland of the Isle of Wight, near    DUNISTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
the middle of'its S.E. coast. Lat. 500 37' N., Ion. 10 11' 36"/ W.   DUNSTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
DUN'NOT/TAR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, on    DUNSITON, a village of Cumberland co., Maine, 9 miles
the North Sea, and comprising the town of Stonehaven. S.W. of Portland, has 1 church, and 4 stores. Pop. 900.
The extensive ruin of Dunnottar Castle, formerly the seat    DUN-SUR-MEUSE, dil'NG-sii-nMuz, a town of France, deof the Keiths, Earl-Marischals, stands on a perpendicular  partment of the Meuse, 12 miles S.S.W. of Montmrdy, on the
rock, 160 feet above the sea, and almost separated firom the  left bank of the Meuse. Pop. 966. It was formerly fortified.
mainland by a deep chasm. The castle was taken in 1290,   IDUN/SYRE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.
by Sir W. Wallace. During the commonwealth, the Scottish    DUN/TERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
regalia were kept there; and on the surrender of the garri-    DUNTOCHIER, dfln-ta/.er, or dfin-tc{/er, a large usanuson to Cromwell, the crown was secreted in the church of facturing village of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, 8 miles N.V.
IKineff. In 1685, many Covenanters were imprisoned in the  by W. of Glasgow, containing several large cotton-spinning
dungeons of D)unnottar. It was dismantled after the rebel- and weaving factories, and manufactures of agricultural io:
lion of 1715.                                               plements, &c. Pop. 3809.
DUNNS/BURG, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.    DUNITON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
DUNN'S COR/NERS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.    DUNTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
DUNNSTOWN, a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, on    DUNTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, opposite Lock-    DUNTON, a parishl of England, co. of Norfolk.
haven.                                                        DUN/TON BAS/SETT. a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
DUNNSYIVLLE, a pest-office of Albany cc., New York.         DUN/TONSVILLE a post-office ofEdgefleld district, South
DUNNSVILLE, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia, 56 miles  Carolina. 
N.E. of Richmond.                                             BUNTS/BORNE ABDBOTS, a parish of England, co. of
DUNOIS, diinwN, an ancient territory of France, pro- Gloucester.
vince of OrlBanois, (0rlsanais,) now forming parts of the de-   DUNTSBORINE ROUSE, a parish of England, co. of Glonpartments of Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, and Loiret.        cester.
DUN'OL/LY, a ruined castle'of Scotland, co., of Argyle, on    DUNW'EG/AN. a bay and headland of Scotland, on the W.
a rock forming the N. point of Oban Bay. The M'Dougals, coast of the Isle of Skye.
descendants of the Lords of Lorn, are its proprietors.        DUN'VEG/AN FORT, in British North America, on the
DUNOON/ AND KIL/MUN, a parish and village of Scotland, Peace River. Lat. 560 14' N., ion. 1170 30' W.
co. of Argyle, on the W. side of the Frith of Clyde, 72 miles    DUNIVILLE, a thriving  post-village and river-port of
W. ofGreenock. The village is frequented as a-watering-place, Canada West, co. of IHaldimand, on GCTrand River, which is
and numerous steamers touch there. It has the ruins of a  here navigable for steamboats, and on the Buffalo, Rrantford,
castle of the early Stuarts.                                and Goderich Railroad. 40 miles S.S.E. of Iamilton, and 50
IDUNREGfGAN, a village of Scotland, co. and 16 miles N.W.  miles by water WV. by N. of Buffalo. It has chus-chee of the
of Dumfries.  Pop. 277.  A bridge across Dalwhat Water  Episcopsslians and Methodists, an assurance agency, 8 stores,
connects it with the village of Minnyhive.                  a foundry, grist and plaster mill, and extensive lumber
DUN'EOBIIN CAS/TLE, in Scotland, co. of Sutherland, is  yards. The imports in 1851 amounted to $110,840, all fromn
a residence of the Duke of Sutherland, parish of Golspie, on  the United States, and the exports to $85,164, of which
a height on Dornoch Frith, 7 miles E.N.E. of Dornoch.       $76,416 went to the United States. Pop. about 1000.
DUNiROSS/-NESS, a parish forming a peninsula at the S.   DUNWICH, dtn/ich, a decayed borough, seaport, and
extremity of Shetland mainland, and terminating in Sum- parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on the North Sea, 26 miles
burgh Head.       i                                         N.E. of Ipswich. Pop. 237. It was anciently an important
DUNS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             city, the capital of East Anglia, but has been almost entirely
DUNS'CORE/, a parish of Scotland, co., and 9 miles N.W. of  destroyed by inroads of the sea; and the ruins of a monastery,
Dumfi-les. Ellisland Farm, residence of the late poet Burns, a church, and a chapel, are all that remain of its ancient
is in this parish.                                          ecclesiastical edifices, said to have been 50 in number. The
DUNSE, dunss, aburgh ofbarony, market-town, and parish  borough formerly sent 2 members to the House of Commons.
of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on an eminence, at the S. point of It was a Roman station.
Dunse Law, and on a branch of the North British Bailway,    DU PAGE, a co. in the N.E. part of Illinois, has an area
13 miles WV. of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Pop. of town, 2656. It  of 340 square miles. It is drained by the E. and W. branches
has nuany private schools, a town-hall, subscription and  of the Du Page River. The surface is nearly level, and the
other libraries, a reading-room, and 2 branch banks. John  soil highly productive. A lasge portion of the county is
Duns Scotus, Boston, author of the Fourfold State, Dr. M'Crie,  prairie. The Illinois and Michigan Canal passes along the
thehistori-anofKnox, and Sir Joseph Paxton, architect of the  S.E. border. The county is intersected by the Chicago and
Crystal Palace, were all born in the town or parish of Dunse. Galena Railroad, and two or three short lines of railsoad
DUNSfFOLD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.            terminate in the W. part. Capital, Napierville. Pop. 9292.
DUNSIFORID, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              PU PAGE, a post-township, forming the N.W. extremity
DUNSIHIAUGHLIN, dfn-sheaw/lin, a market-town and  of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 620.
parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath, 11 miles S.S.E.    DU PAGE, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, on Du Page
of Navan. Pop. of the town, 524.                            river, 14 miles N. of Joliet.
DUN'SIIELT/, or DANESHIALT, diin-sh8ltl, a village of    DUPLAIN/, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity of
Scotland, co. of Fife, 1 mile S.E. of Auchtermuchty, on the  Clinton co., Michigan. Pop. 419.
Eden. Pop. 646.                                             I DUPLIN, dutplin, a county in the S.E  part of North
DUN'SINNANE/, one of the Sidlaw Hills, in Scotland, co., Carolina, has an area estimated at 670 square miles. It is
and 7 miles N.E. of Perth. Elevation, 1114 feet. It has  intersected by the N. branch of Cape Fear River, and by
been a military station, surrounded by ramparts and fosse, Goshen Creek. The surface is a level and sandy plain, partly
attributed to Macbeth.                                     covered with forests of pitch pine. The soil is said to be
DUN'SINSK/, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dub- fertile near the large streams. In 1850 this county prolin, 4 miles W.N.W. of Dublin Castle, and on a hill ncar  duced 253,097 bushels of sweet potatoes, the greatest quanwhich is Trinity College Observatory.                      tity produced by any county in the state. It is intersected
DUN/STABLE, a market-town and parish of England, cs, by the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. Capital, Kenansand 18 miles S.S.W. of Bedford, on the Watling Street, at ville. Formed in 1749. Pop. 13,514, of whom 7507 were
the E. base of the Chiltern Hills, 10 miles E.N.E. of the  free, and 6007 slaves.
Boxmore.Station of the London and North-western Railway.   DUPONT/, a thriving post-village of Jeferson co., Indiana,
Pop. in 1851, 3589. The town, situated among chalk downs., on tihe Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of
onsists of antique but mostly respectable brick houses, and I Madison, contains a railway station and several stores.
594




DUP                                                          DUR
DUPPAUI, d0p!'pw, a market-town of Bohemia, 18 miles    DURBUY, dfrs-boil, (Fr. pron. dtia'bwee!,) a small town of
E.N.E. of Elnbogen, in a deep valley on the Aubach. P. 1400. Belgium, in Luxembourg, on the right bank of the Ourthe,
DUPIPLIN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.            11 miles N.N.E. of Marche. Pop. about 400.
DUPREE?, a district in Clarke co., Georgia. Pop. 419.       DURCAL, dooR-kil], a village of Spain. in Andalusia, 15
DUPREE'S (du-preezt) OLD STORE, a post-office of Char- miles S. of Granada, in a beautiful plain at the foot df
lotte co., Virginia.                                        Mount Sahor. Pop. 1821.
DUQUESNE, du-kainf, a fort formerly occupying the site    DURELLI./, a post-township of Bradford co;, Pennsylvania,
of Pittsburg. See PITTSBURG.                                on the Susquehana River, a few miles below Towanda
DUQUESNE, a post-borough of Reserve township, Alle- Pop. 1202.
ghany co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Alleghany    DUREN, (DUren,) dftlren, or MARK-DUREN, maRk-ditPRiver, 1 or 2 miles above Pittsburg. It has been mostly  ren, (anc. Mcarcods/srum,) atown of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles
built since 1845, and contains numerous saw-mills, tann- E.N.E. ofAix-la-Chapelle, on the Roer, and on the Cologne and
ries, and ice-houses for the supply of Pittsburg. Pop. 870.   Aix-la-Chapelle Railway. Pop. 8010. It is pleasantly situated,
DUQUOIN, du-kwoinl, a post-village of Perry cc., Illinois, and has a Roman Catholic and numerous Lutheran and
145 miles S. of Springfield.                                Calvinist churches, a female high school, manufactures of
DUR. See Doon.                                            woollen  cloths, cassimeres, cotton goods, nails, cutlery,
DURAK, a town of Persia. See DooRAX.                      watches, soap, leather, and colored silks. In its vicinity
DURANCE, didr6Nss,! (L. Druenltia,) a river in the S.E. are oil, paper, and wire mills. Diiren is of Roman origin,
part of France, rises near Mont Genbvre, department of and is mentioned by Tacitus under its name of Marcodurum.
Hautes-Alpes, and, after a tortuous S.W. course of 160 miles, It was besieged by Charles V. in 1543, with an army of
joins the Rhone 3 miles S.W. of Avignon. It is rapid and  60,000 men, and, after an obstinate resistance, taken and
innavigable, but is used to float down numerous rafts from   destroyed.  Charlemagne here defeated the Saxons, and
the mountains.                                              held diets in 775 and 779. It was the capital of the departDURAND, du-rand,! a post-office of IHenry co., Ohio.      ment of Roer under the French Empire.
DURANGO, doo-r nfgo or doo-rangfgo, a town of Spain,   DURGERDAM, dftae'ur-dm!., a fishing village of IHolland,
province of Biscay, 13 miles S.E. of Bilbao, on the right bank  province of North Holland, on the Y, opposite Amsterdam.
of the Durango, over which are 3 stone bridges. It has an  Pop. 450.
hospital, several public schools, and 2246 inhabitants.       DURIIHIAM, a maritime county in the N. pt'rt, of England,
DURANGO, doo-ra.nglgo, an inland state or department of having E. the North Sea. Pop. in 1851, 390,997. The surfa;ce
the Mexican Confederation, between lat. 230 37! and 270 45' is mountainous in the W., where one range has an elevation
N., and ion. 1020 30' and 1070 17' W.; surrounded by Chi- of from  1000 to 2196 feet, whence several other ranges
huahua, Cohahuila, Zacatecas, Jalisco, Sonora, and Cinaloa; decline toward the coast. The river Tees forms the southlength from N. to S., about 280 miles: breadth, 150 miles; ern boundary, and the Tyne the northern; the other rivers
area, about 48,489 square miles. It is mostly rocky and  are Wear, Skerne, and Derwent.  The valley of the Tees
mountainous, and is traversed by the Sierra Madre, which  and eastern shores of the county are composed of magforms the connecting link between the plateau of Anahuac  nesian, limestone, and new red sandstone.  The western
and the Rocky Mountains. It is watered by only a few  part of the county consists of mountain limestone, rich in
streams, the most important of which is the Rio-de-las-Nases,  lead ore; greenstone and basalt dykes intersect the diswhich loses itself in the Lake of Cayman, in the Bolson-de- trict.  The Teeswater breed of short-horned cattle, raised
Mapimi. The greater part of this state is a barren and irre- here, is deservedly famous. The Durham Collieries are the
claimable waste; but there are some fine meadows, well most extensive and valuable in the kingdom; near the
adapted for grazing, and along the banks of the streams the  coast are numerous coal-mines; lead, iron, and grindingsoil is rich and fertile, producing, in abundance, corn, maize, stones are also highly important products. All the eastern
rice, and other cereals.  Agriculture, cattle-rearing, and  part of the county is intersected by railways, and the Great
working the gold, silver, and iron in the mountains, are the  North of England line traverses it from S. to W. Durham,
chief employments. Durango is greatly infested by several as a county palatine, was formerly under the sovereignty of
Indian tribes, especially by the Comanches, who, at certain  its bishop, most of whose jurisdiction has now merged in
seasons, overrun the N. and W. portions of Mexico, driving  that of the crown. Principal towns, Durham, Sunderland,
cattle, and massacring, without mercy, all who come in their  Darlington, Gateshead, South Shields, and Stockton.  It
way. Pop. 137,593.                                          sends in all ten members to the House of Commons, four of
DURANGO, a town of Mexico, capitaI of the above state, whom are returned by the county. It gives the titleof earl
7295 feet above sea-level; lat. 240 25' N., ion. 1030 3,14' 37/ W. to the Lambton family. At the time of the Roman invaIt is picturesque, but dirty; and has 2 large churches, a  sion, the principal part of the county was included in tha
college, an hospital, several convents, a mint, and numerous territory of the Brigantes. William the Norman, soon aftei
woollen and cotton manufactories; and a good trade in  the Norman conquest, subjugated and laid waste the whole
cattle and leather. In 1845, $43,732 in gold and $600,608 in  district.
silver were coined at the mint. Iron mines are wrought in    DURIIAM, originally DUNIIHOLME, (L. DuneYmia, Dunthe vicinity. It was founded about the middle of the six- ecesum or Duneholmum,) an ancient city, parliamentary and
teenth century. Pop. 22,000, of whom a majority are rogues  municipal borough, and famous episcopal see of England,
and beggars.                                                capital of the above county, nearly in its centre, on a branch
DURANJGO, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa.             of the Great North of England Railway, 14$ miles S. of NewDUtRANT'S NECK, a post-office of Perquimans co., North  castle. Pop. in 1851,13,188. It has a most imposing external
Carolina, 215 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh.                      appearance, its cathedral and castle occupying the summit of
DURAS, doo-rbs!, or DRAS, dri-s, a valley of Ladakh, a steep rocky eminence; surrounded by hanging gardens and
about lat. 340 22' N., ion. 750 301' E., at a short distance N. plantations, and n'early encircled by the Wear, here crossed
from the northern frontier of Cashmere, elevated 9000 feet by several bridges, and beyond which, on either side, are the
above the sea.                                              quarters of Framwellgate, Elvet, &c. The Cathedral, founded
BURAS, dii'rlss!, a market-town of France, department of  in 1093, and one of the noblest edifices in the kingdom, inLot-et-Garonne, 12 miles N. of Marmande. Pop. 1700.         cluding the western porch, is 507 feet in length, by 200 feet
DURAS, or KINVARRA-DURAS, kin-vkrlrd-dutras, a pa-  in its greatest breadth, and has a central tower 214 feet in
rish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway.               height; it is chiefly of massive Norman architecture, and has
DURAVEL, diiUr&v6l, a town of France, department of  the tomb of St. Cuthbert, the chapel of'the venerable Bede,
Lot, 18 miles W.N.W. of Cahors, on the right bank of the  a fine W. front, with a Galilee chapel, and two richly ornaLot. Pop. 3120. It has a large annual cattle fair in October. mented towers 143 feet in height. The See, founded near
DURAZZANO, doo-rit-slno, a village of Naples, province  the end of the tenth century, was long the richest bishopric
of Terra di Lavoro, 7 miles E.S.E. of Caserta. Pop. 2300.    in England. In 1843 its gross income was 22,4161., but its
DURAZZO, doo-r t'so, or BURAS, doo-ra&s, (enc.  ozpieel- arrangements have been materially remodeled by the comseus, afterwards, Dyrrhachium,) a fortified maritime town of  missioners, and the bishop's annual income fixed at 80001. AdEuropean Turkey, in Albania, 30 miles W.N.W. of El-Bas- joining the cloisters are the deanery, library, chapter-house,
san, on the rocky peninsula of Pell, in the Adriatic. Pop. prebendal college, and exchequer. The Castle, a little N. of
filom 6000 to 7000. Its harbor is safe. and, though moderate- the cathedral, was founded by William the Conqueror, and
sized vessels must anchor more than 1 mile flom the shore, contains apartments for the bishop, but is otherwise chiefly
the town has an active import trade in Manchester and Birm- appropriated to the Ecclesiastical University, incorporated in
ingham goods by way of Triest, and an export of tobacco and  1837, and which succeeded one existing from the time of
corn to Italy. The ancient Epidamnus, which was a colony  Cromwell to the Restoration. A new college, called lIalfield
of Corcyreans, was the most powerful maritime town of  IHall, has been attached to the former, in which students can
Illyria. The expulsion of its aristocracy, n.c. 436, was the  be educated on much cheaper terms than in the University.
origin of the Peloponnesian War. No traces of the ancient An additional college, on similar terms to Halfield Hall, was
city now exist, excepting pieces of columns and marbles  opened in October, 1851. Durham has 6 parish churches, a
scattered over the burial-grounds or built in the walls.   Roman Catholic and various other chapels, a grammar
DURBEN, d51rJben, a market-town of Russia, government  school, with exhibitions to Oxford and Cambridge, a wellof Courland, on the S.E. shore of Lake Durben, 15 miles  endowed blue-coat and numerous other schools, an infirmE.N.E. of Libau. Pop. 1500. It has an ancient castle.      ary, alms-houses, and many other charitable institutions,
UR/B1N'S CORNNERS, a village and post-cffice of WTil- public libraries, and assembly-rooms. In the old town, on
lama coa, Ohio.                                            the N., are the Market-place, Theatre. and principal shops;
595




DUR                                                       DUS
In Elvet, the County Jail and Court-house, erected at a cost Moravia, 25 miles S.W. of Brunn, on the Thaya. It has an
of 140,0001. The trade and population of the city have re- old castle and an hospital. Pop. 2407.
cently received a rapid increase, owing mainly to the exten-   DURNTEN, (Diirnten,) diianlten, MITTEL, mitrtel, OEER,
sion of the coal trade. The borough is divided into 3 wards, ohber, and UNTER, 5unlter, ("Middle, Upper, and Lower,")
and governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 councillors. a parish and scattered village of Switzerland, canton, and 16
Durham is the seat of the county assizes, borough sessions, miles S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1503.
and sheriff's courts. It sends two members to the House    DURIOC, du-rolf, a post-office of Benton co., Missouri.
of Commons. About 2 miles from the cits4is Neville's Cross,  IDUROCASSES. See D Esux.
erected to commemorate the defeat of David II. of Scotland,    DUROCATALAUNUM. CnALONS-SUr —MARNE.
in 134 6.                                                    DUROCORTORUM. See REIMs.
DURHAM, a post-village and township of Androscoggin    DUROVEIRNUM. See CANrEnsvRY.
co., Maine, on the left bank of the Androscoggin, across    DURRANGIDRA, a town of Hindostan, in Guzerat, 85
which is a bridge, 30 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1886.    miles N.W. of Cambay.
DURHAM, a post-office of Strafford co., New Hampshire.    DURRENBERG, diilaren-b6roG, a village of Prussian SaxDURHAM, a beautiful post-village and township of Mid- ony, 5 miles S.S.E. of Merseburg. Pop. 320. It has saline
dlesex co., Connecticut, 20 miles S. of Hartford. The village  springs, yielding annually 240,000 hundred-weight of salt.
consists of one wide, handsome street, and contains 2    DURRENBERG, (Diirrenberg,) a mountain of Upper Auschurches, 2 or 3 stores, an academy, a hotel, and several tria, near the Salza, 2 miles S.S.W. of Hallein, containing
boot and shoe manufactories. The surrounding country is mines, from which upwards of 150,000 tons of salt are raised
fertile and highly cultivated. Pop. 1026.                  annually.
DURHAM, a post-village and township of Greene co.,   DURRENBERG, a village of Upper'Austria, near the
New York, on Catskill Creek, 30 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. Salza, 2 miles S.S.W. of Hallein.
2600.                                                        DURRENROTH, (Diirrenroth,) diirfaen-rtt, a village and
DURHAIM, a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, parish of Switzerland, canton, and 22 miles N.E. of Bern, in
on the Delaware River, about 50 miles N. of Philadelphia. an elevated and picturesque locality, surrounded by greon
Pop. 948.                                                  slopes and wooded hills. Pop. 1542.
DURHAM, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.           DURRENSTEIN, (Dtirrenstein,) diisRlen-st1ne~, a town of
DURHAM, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois.         Lower Austria, on the Danube, 3t miles W.S.W. of Krems.
DURIHAM, a county of Canada West, on the N. coast of  Pop. 500, with the Castle of Nirhemberg and an abbey of
Lake Ontario, comprising an area of 620 square miles. It is the Augustines. On a high rock near the town are the
intersected by 2 proposed railroads. Capital, Port Hope. ruins of the fortress in which Richard Cenur-de-Lion was
Pop. 30,732.                                              imprisoned on his return from Palestine, in 1192, by LeoDUREHAM (OMsIowrWN,) a post-village of Canada East, co. pold, Duke of Austria. In 1805 the French were defeated
of Beauharnois, 45 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 200. here by the united Russian and Austrian armies.
DURHAM  (ST. FRANciS,) a post-village of Canada East,    DURIRETSVILLE, a post-office of Richmond co., Virginia.
co of Drummond, on the river St. Francis, 56 miles S.E. of    DURRHEIM, (Dirrheim,) ditra/hlme, a village of Baden,
Port St. Francis.                                          circle of Lake, 4 miles S.E. of Villingen, on the TW. slope of
DURIHAI, a county of New South Wales, in the N. part  the Black Forest. Pop. 1049.
of the colony.  In it are the settlements of Muscleton,    DURVRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Edenglassie, Morton, Duhvich, Paterson, and Clarence.        DURRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
D)URHIAM, a district of Western Australia, surrounded    DURIRIS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.
by the districts of Grey, Carnarvon, Landsdowne, Howick,   DURRMENZ-MUHLACKER, (Mtihlacker,) dldafmintsand Victoria.                                              miitltk'ker, a market-town of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, bn
IDURHAM  CEN/TRE, a post-office of Middlesex co., Con- the Enz, 17 miles WV. of Ludwigsburg. Pop. 1490.
necticut.                                                    DURIROW, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Lein
DURHAM CREEK, of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, flows into  ster, Kilkenny and Queen's counties, 5. miles S.S.W. of
the I)elaware River.                                       Abbeyleix. Pop. of the town, 1318. It has extensive flour
DURIHAM  CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co., North  mills.
Carolina.                                                    BURROW, a parish of Ireland, in Lainster, chiefly in
DUR/IAMVILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, King's county.
125 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches,   BURR-SEE, (Diirr-See,) diiaa'st', a small lake of Switzerand perhaps 300 inhabitants.                              land, canton, and 37 miles S. of Bern, nearly 4000 feet above
DURIHAMYILLE, a post-office of Orange co., North Care- the sea-level.
line.                                                        DURIRUS, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.
DURHAMVILLE, a thriving post-viliage of Lauderdale    DURISEY, an island of Ireland, in Munster, off its S.W.
so., Tennessee, 190 miles W. by S. of Nashville.           extremity, between the estuary of the Kenmare River and
DURIA MAJOR. See DORA BALTEA.                            Bantry Bay. Length, 2t miles. Pop. 200.
DURIA MINOR. See DORA RIPAIRA.                             BURSILEY, a market-town and parish of England, co., and
DURIAN, doo're-&n! or doo-ri/an, or DRYON, drIlon, 14 miles S.S.W. of Gloucester, and 41 miles E.S.E. of the
GREAT and LITTLE, two islands at the S.E. entrance of  Berkeley Station of the Gloucester and Bristol Railway.
the Strait of Malacca. Let. 00 50t N., ion. 1030 50' E.    Pop. in 1851, 2752.
DURIAN STRAIT lies between the E. coast of Sumatra    DURS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
and the island of Lingen. It is about 120 miles in length.    DURTAL, diit'tgll, a town of France, department of
DURINISH, of Scotland. See DemRosnH.                     Maine-st-Loire, on the Loire, 20 miles N.E. of Angers. Pop.
DURINUM Or DURINICASTRA. See-DoocusseSa.                 1566.
DU'RISDEERI, a parish of Scotland, co., and 17 miles   I)URWAZ, dooa'w&z! a territory of Independent ToorkisN.N.W. of Dumfries. Drumlanrig, Castle, the magnificent tan, between Budukhshan and the Pamer Bolor Mountains,
seat of the Duke of Buccleruh, on the right bank of the  intersected by lat. 380 N. and Ion. 710 E. It is exceedingly
Nith, is in this parish.  It was built by the Duke of  mountainous, and its dizzy paths can only be traversed by
Queensberry in 1689, uniting the aspect of a palace and a  footmen. Cotton is grown on what little soil there is.
castle.                                                     DURWES/TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
DURIUS. See Douarto.                                        USED. See DoosrSEE.
DURKHEIM, (Diirkheim,) dtiaikfhme, a town of Rhenish    DUSHAK, a town of Afghanistan.  See JELALAnAOD.
Bavaria, on the Isenach, 18 miles N. of Landau.  Pop. 4529.   DUSIHIET, doo'shftt, a town and fort of Georgia, in Asia,
It has a castle, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist 28 miles N. of Teflis.
churches, and a high school, with manufactures of tobacco,   DUSHOREI, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
cutlery, and paper.                                        DIUSKIY BAY, a large inlet on the S.W. coast of Middle
DURLACH, dSnJpl~K, a town of Western Germany, in  Island, New Zealand, lat. 450 40' S., lon. 1660 20' E., affordBaden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Pfinzl, with a station  ing good anchorage, and having in it Resolution and other
on the Baden Railway, 3 miles EI.S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. islands. Discovered by Cook in 1769.
4840. It was formerly the residence of the Baden mar-  DIUSSAUN!, a river of Hindostan, has its sources in the
graves, whose castle on a contiguous height is now a ruin, Vindhaya Mountains, flows N., and joins the Betwah in lat.
in the gardens around which some Roman antiquities have 250 45' N., ion. 790 30' E. Entire course, about 180 miles.
been discovered. It has a cavalry barrack, and manufac-   DUSSELDORF, dds'sel-dorf', (Ger. Diisseldorf, diiseseltures of tobacco and earthenwares.                        doef'; L. Dusseldolrffiuem,) a town of Rhenish Prussia, capital
DURLACI, dbixlak, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- of a government of its own name, is beautifully situated,
sylvania, 38 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.                 among villas arid gardens, on the right bank of the Rhine,
DURLEIGII, dtir/lee, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. here crossed by a bridge of boats, at the influx of the Dtissel,
DURtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.       21 miles N.N.WV. of Cologne, on the railway from thence to
DUl/NESS, a parish forming the N.W. extremity of Scot- Minden, and 16 miles W. of Elberfeld, with which it is also
land, co. of Sutherland, and including Cape WVrath.      connected by a railway, and of which it is the port. Pop.,
DURNIFORD, a river of Eastern Africa, coast of Zangue- including the suburbs of Neustadt and Rugselburg, 23,517,
bar, falling into the Indian Ocean in lat. 10 8' S.      chiefly Roman Catholics. It is the residence of the governor
DURNIFORD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  of the Rhenishprovinces, and is generally well built. Near
DULNHOLZ, (" rnhooi,) diian/h6lts, a town of Austrian  the river and quays the streets are full of factories and ware
595




DUS                                                       DYN
houses, but beyond these are many handsome streets and  hemia, circle,and 18 miles W.N.W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 864,
planted squares. Its fortifications were destroyed by the  The town belongs to the counts of Waldstein, whose castle
French, and their place is now occupied by public walks. contains a fine library of 13,000 volumes, a picture gallery,
Principal edifices, the castle of the former electors, several and cabinet of natural history.
fine churches, a town-hall, large barracks, a synagogue, and    DUXIBURY. a township in Washington co., Vermont, on
a mint. Its institutions include several hospitals, an aca- the S. side of Onion River, 15 miles W. of Montpelier. Pop. 845.
demy of sciences, originally seated at Duisburg, a famous   DUXBURY, a post-village and township of Plymouth co.,
school of painting, founded in 1777, by the Elector Theo-  Massachusetts, on Massachusetts Bay, 30 miles S.E. of Bosdore, and entitled the "Academy of Art," many excellent ton. The inhabitants are principally engaged in ship-buildeducational establishments, an observatory, museums, and  ing, commerce, and the fisheries. Pop. 2679.
the remains of a noble collection of paintings which were    DUXIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
chiefly transferred to Munich. It has manufactures of    DUYTZ, a town of Prussia. See DuvZa.
woollen stuffs, carpets, hosiery, and chemical products, and    DVINA, two rivers of Russia. See DUNA and DWINA
a trade with Elberfeld and Solingen in woven fabrics, iron    DWALDER, dweltder, an island in the Sea of Java, near
wares and linens, which are exported into Switzerland and  the S. entrance to the Macassar Strait. Lat. 40 12' S., Ion.
down the Rhine to the Netherlands, along with coal for the  1160 21' E.
mines on the Ruhr. The commerce of the town has nearly    DWARACA, dwA-r&kA, a maritime town of Western Kindoubled within the last ten years. From its position at the  dostan, in the Baroda dominions, at the western extremity
mouth of the Dtissel it derived its name DUSSELDORF  of the Guzerat Peninsula. Lat. 220 14' N., Ion. 680 58/ E.
(Diisseldorf) or the " village of the Diissel."  It was raised  IIere is a temple of Krishna, with a pyramid 140 feet in
from the rank of a village to that of a municipal town, by  height, and resorted to annually by 15,000 pilgrims. The
Adolphus V., Duke of Berg, in 1288. It afterwards became  town, enclosed by walls, has an important trade in chalk,
the capital of the duchy of Berg.                         which, having a high sanctity is used by the Brahmins, for
DUSSELDORF, agovernmentofRhenish Prussia, bounded  marking their foreheads.
N. and W. by IIolland. The surface wholly belongs to the    DWIGI-IT, a village of Pope co., Arkansas, on Illinois Ba..
basin of the Rhine, which divides it into two nearly equal you, about 9 miles S.W. of Dover.
parts. Area 2096 square miles. Pop. 907,151.                DWINA, dwina, or dweefnA, or DVINA, (Russ. pron.
DUS/SERA, a fortified town of Hindostan, province of Gu- dvee/nl,) or NORTHERN DWINA, an important river of
zerat. Lat. 230 16' N., Ion. 710 51' E. Pop. 6000.       RItussia, governments of Vologda and Archangel, is formed
DUSSLINGEN, d06s/ling-en, a market-town of WViirtem- by the confluence of the Sookhona, (Sukhona,) and Vitchegda,
berg, 5 miles S. of Tfibingen. Pop. 2287.                 flows N.W., and enters a gulf of the White Sea by several
BUS/TEE or DUST. See DoosTEE.                           mouths, 20 miles below Archangel. Total course, 330 miles.
DUS/TON, a parish of England, co., and 2 miles W. of  Chief affluents. the Pinega, Vaga, and Emtsa. It is connected
Northampton. Ithas remains of an abbey built in 1112.   through the Sookhona with the Nova by the Loobiuskee,
DUTCH, and DUTCHMAN.  See NaETHERnLANDS.                (Lubinski,) Canal, and through the Vitchegda with the Kama
DUTCH CREEK, a small post-village of Washington co., and Volgaby the Severnot Canal. From shoals at its mouth,
Iowa, 35 miles S.W. by S. of Iowa City.                   it does not admit vessels drawing more than 14 feet of water.
DUTCHI CREEK, a post-office of Brown co., Wisconsin.    Opposite Archangel it is 4 miles in breadth; and it is the prinDUTCH EAST INDIES, a name sometimes given to the cipal channel for the trade between Central Russia and the
Dutch Possessions in the Malay Archipelago. See NETHER- White Sea.
LANDS.                                                      DWINGELOO, dwing'uIe-15, a pleasant village of Holland,
DUTCHIIESS, a county in the E.S.E. part of New York, has province of Drenthe, 14 miles S.S.W, of Assen. Pop. 700.
an area of about 816 square miles. It is bounded on the E.   DWOREC, a town of Moravia. See HOF.
by the state of Connecticut, and on the W. by the Hudson    DWYGYFYLCHI, dwe-ghe-fillkee, a parish  of North
River. It is drained by Wappinger's Creek, Fishkill River, Wales, co. of Carnarvon, on the Irish Sea.
and other smaller streams, which turn numerous mills. The   DYARDANES. See BRAHMaAPOOTRA.
surface is uneven, and in the E. and W. parts hilly. The   DY/BERRY, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.
soil is generally fertile, and under good cultivation, although  Pop. 1085.
a large portion is better adapted to grazing than grain. In    DYBERRY CREEK, of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, falls
1850 this county produced 782,605 bushels of corn, and into the Lackawaxen River.
1,066,177 of oats, the greatest quantity of each produced by    DYCE, dis, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. Here
any county in the state. Limestone abounds; iron and lead  are some Druidical remains.
ore, marble, and slate are found. The harlem  and the    DY/CUSBURG, a post-office of Critteuden co., Kentucky.
Ihudson River Railroad traversethe county. Capital, Pough-   DY/ER, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, bordering
keepsie. Pop. 58,992.                                     on the Mississippi River, which separates it from Missouri.
DUTCH GUIANA. See GUIANA.                               Area estimated at 400 square miles. It is intersected by
DUTCIh ISLAND, in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Obion and Forked Deer Rivers, which flow south-westward.
On its S. end is a fixed light. Lat. 410 29' N., Ion. 710 24 WV. The surface is level; the soil is highly productive and well
DUTCIIMIAN'S CREEK, of Davie co., North Carolina, timbered. Large quantities of lumber (yellow poplar) are
flows S.E. into the Yadkin River.-                        procured in the county. Capital, Dyersburg. Pop. 6361, of
DUTCHMAN'S CREEK, of Lincoln co., North Carolina, whom 4893 were free, and 1468 slaves.
flows into the Catawba from the N.W.                        DY/ER'S BAY extends into Steuben township of Hancock
DUTCHMAN'S CREEK, of Fairfield district, South Caro- co., Maine. Depth, 4 or 5 fathoms.
lina, flows into Wateree River firom the right.             DYIERSBURG, a flourishing post-village, capital of Dyer
DUTCH NECK, a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey, co., Tennessee, on Forked Deer River, 161 miles W. of Nash18 miles N.E. of Trenton.                                 ville. It is surrounded by a fertile country, and has several
DUTCH SETITLEMENT,  a village of St. Mary's parish, steam saw mills.
Louisiana, on Bayou Teche, 100 miles W.S.W. of New Orleans.   DYE'S MILLS, a small village of Grundy co., Missouri.
DUTCHIVILLE, a post-office, Granville co., North Carolina.   DYFFRYN CLYDACH, diffrin klidlnk, a hamlet of South
DUTVHILL-Axm-ROTI IIEMURCIIUS, roth'e-mtlr/ktls, a Wales. co. of Glamorgan.
united parish of Scotland, cos. of Elgin and Inverness, on    DYHERNFURTH, dee/hern-f65att, a town of Prussia, prothe Spey.                                                 vince of Silesia, 18 miles N.N.W. of Breslau, on the Oder.
DUTOTStBURG, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsylva- Pop. 1400.
nia, on the Delaware River, 4 miles E. of Stroudsburg.      DYKE AND) MOY, a united parish of Scotland, cos. of ElDUTTEAH, a town and rajahship of India. See DITTEAH. gin and Nairn, on the Moray Frith, 3 miles W. of Fortes.
DUT/TON, a township of England, co. of Chester, 41 miles In this parish are Iardmoor Heath, on which Macbeth is
E. of Frodsham.  Pop. 361. The Grand Junction Railway  supposed to have met the weird sisters, and Daruaway'iaduct here crosses the valley of the Weaver, and is a stu-  Castle, the princely seat of the Earl of Moray, surrounded
pendous structure of stone, consisting of 20 Gothic arches, by vast pine woods.  This edifice still contains the oriabout 70 feet in height and 60 feet in span. Button Hall is ginal baronial hall built by Regent Randolph, the nephew
a ruin of the sixteenth century.                          of Bruce.
BUTTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.          DYKE/MAN'S, a post-office of Putnam co., New York.
DUTTWEILER, d0f6t1vler, a village of Prussia, 40 miles    DYLE  or DYL, dil, a river of Belgium, provinces of
S.S.E. of Treves, on the Fischbach. It has extensive alum   South Brabant and Antwerp, after a N. and WV. course of
and vitriol works; a seam of coal in the neighborhood has  50 milesjoins the Nethe to form the Rupel, 4 miles N.W.
long been burning below ground. Pop. 1387.                of Mechlin. Chief affluent, the Demer, f-om the influx of
DUVAL, du-vill, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, which the Dyle is navigable to its termination, a distance
bordering on the Atlantic, has an area of 430 square  of 22 miles. It gave its name to the department of Dyle,
miles.  St. John's River flows along the eastern border under the French Empire.
until it enters the sea, and Nassau River forms its N.   DYMCIIURCHI, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
boundary. The surface has but little elevation. Capital,   DYM/OCK, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. John
Jacksonville. Pop. 4539, of whom 2433 were free, and 2106  Kyrle. Pope's "Man of Ross," was born here.
slaves.                                                     DYNOW, dintov, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia,
DUVALL'S BLUFF, a post-office of Prairie co., Arkansas.  17 miles N. of Sanokr, on the San. Pop. 2675.
DUX or DUCILS, d6ix, or DUXOW, d66x/ov, a town of Bo-   DYBtRHACIHIUM. See DuaAzzo.
597




DYS                                                      EAHI
DYSART, dlzart, or DESART, a royal parliamentary and    DYSELT GALLEN or DYSART GALLEN, a parish of
municipal borough, seaport town. and parish of Scotland, co. Ireland, in Leinster, Queen's county.
of Fife, on the N. coast of the Frith of Forth, 12 miles N.N.E    DY/SERTI-, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint.
of Edinburgh.  Pop. in 1851, 8739.  It consists of several    DY/SON'S, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio.
narrow thoroughfares meeting in a central open space; the    DY/SON'S MILLS, a post-office of Edgefield district, South
high street is lined with substantial antique houses. On  Carolina.
its W. side is Dysart House. the seat of the Earl of Rosslyn.   DYSORT/VILLE, a post-office of McDowell co., North CaIt has manufactures of ticking and checks to the value of  rolina.
about 150,000/. a year, a flax-spinning mill, and a trade in    DZANBO or DZANGBO, a river of Thibet. See SANP00.
coal and building stone. The borou.gh unites with  ilrk-   DZIALOSZICE, dze-&-lo-sheet/sA, a town  of Poland, procaldy, Burnt Island, and Kinghorn in sending one member vince, and 36 miles S.S.W. of Kielce, on the right bank of the
to the House of Commons. It gives the title of earl to the  Warta. Pop. 3193.
Tollemache family. West of the town are the ruins of    DZIALOSZYN, dze-A-losh/in? a town of Poland, provioce,
Ravenscraig Castle. Dysart is mentioned in Scottish his- and 57miles S.S.E. of Kalisz, on theright bank of the Warta.
tory as early as the Danish invasion of Fife in 874.       Pop. 1100.
DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Killkenny.   DZIANGNAMRING, dze-Anglunm'ringl,   a town of Thibet,
DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.    150 miles W. of Lassa.
DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Ros-   DZITOVO, dze-to/vo, a market-town of Russian Poland,
common.                                                    government, and 97 miles S.S.E. of Grodno. Pop. 1000.
DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Waterford.   DZIUZILOV, dzyoo-zee/lov or dzyoo-zee-lov/. a marketDYSERT, two parishes of Ireland, in Munster, co. of town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia, 70 miles E.
Kerry.                                                     Kamieniec.  Pop. 1500.
DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of West,   DZOUNGARIA, a country of Central Asia. See SooNGARIA.
meath.                                                       DZWINOGROD, dziee/no-grlod, a market-town of Au.,
DYSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Louth.   trian Poland, in Galicia, 25 miles S.W. of Kamieniec. Pop.
DYSE3tT, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Limerick. 1800.
E
E A, a village of Holland. See EEs.                          EAGLE  MOUNITAIN, of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down, is
EAGLE, eefg'l, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.      one of the highest of the Mourne Mountains. Elevation,
EAGLE, a post-township of Wyoming co., New York, 15  2084 feet.
miles S.S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1381.                           EAGLE PASS, a post-village, capital of Kinney co., Texas,
EAGLE, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania.        on the left bank of the Rio Grande, 450 miles S.W. of Austin
EAGLE, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1134.         City, contains about 400 inhabitants.
EAGLE, a post-township in the central part of Hancock    EAGLE POINT, or ELK/HORN GROVE, a small postco., Ohio, 82 miles N.W. by N. of Columbus. Pop. 950.      village of Ogle co., Illinois, about 100 miles N. of Peoria.
EAGLE, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 476.           EAGLEPORT, ee/g'l-p1rt, a post-village of Morgan co.,
EAGLE, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of  Ohio, on the Muskingum River, 18 miles S. of Zanesville.
Clinton co., Michigan, 15 miles W. by N. of Lansing. Pop.    EA/GLE RIV/ER, Kentucky, rises in Scott co., flows first
521.                                                       nearly N. through Owen county, then turning suddenly to
EAGLE, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, 110 miles  the S.W., enters the Kentucky River near the border between
N.N.E. of Springfield.                                     Owen and Carroll counties.
EAGLE, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. ~ Pop. 623.       EAGLE RIVER, a post-village of Houghton co., SlichiEAGLE, a post-office of Harrison co., Missouri.          gan, on the shore of Lake Superior, about 375 miles N.W
EAGLE, a township of Saulk co., Wisconsin. Pop. 336.    of Lansing. It is the seat of extensive mining operations.
EAGLE, a post-township forming the south-western ex-    EAGLE ROCK, a post-village in Wake co., North Carotremity of Waukesha co.. Wisconsin. Pop. 816.              lina, 14 miles E. of Raleigh.
EAGLE BRIDGE, a post-office and station where several    EAGLESCLIFFE, eesg'lz-kliff, or ECCLESCLIFFE, eklk'lzrailroads meet in Rensselaer co., New York, 32 miles N.E. of  kliff, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
Albany by the Albany and Rutland Railway route.              EAGLESHAM, eetg'lz-am, a village and parish of ScotEAGLE CLIFFS, a post-village of Monroe co., Illinois, on  land, co. of Renfrew, 9 miles S.E. of Paisley. It has much
the Mississippi, 115 miles S.S.W. of Springfield.          beautiful scenery, and moors abounding in game. HIere
EAGLE CREEK, a post-office of Bradley co., Arkansas.    are remains of a castle, built by Sir J. SMontgomuery, with
EAGLE CREEK, of Hancock co., Ohio, flows into Blan-  the ransom-money of Henry Hotspur, whom  he took prichard's Fork at Findlay.                                   soner at the battle of Otterburn. Pollock, author of "The
EAGLE CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Ohio River, a few   Course of Time," was born in this parish in 1798.
miles above Ripley, in Brown county.                         EAGLESHIAY, eelg'l-shA, one of the Orkney Islands, 1 mile
EAGLE CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Boone county, and  E. of Rousay. Length 2- miles; breadth 1 mile.
flowing nearly S., enters White River, 4 miles below In-    EAIGLESMERE, a post-office of Sullivan co., Pennsyldianapolis. It affords unfailing water-power.             vania.
EAGLE CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Tennessee.      EA/GLE'S-NEST, (TuE,) a rock, of Ireland, in Munster, co.
EAGLE CREEK, a township in Lake co., Indiana. Pop. Kerry, between the Upper and Middle Lakes of Killarney,
315.                                                      4 miles S.W. of Killarney. It is an almost perpendicular
EAGLE FALLS, a post-office of Rockingham  co., North  crag, 1300 feet in height.
Carolina.                                                   EAIGLETOWN, a post-village in Choctaw nation, 160
EAGLE FOUNIDRY, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn-  miles W.S.W. of Little Rock, Arkansas.
sylvania.                                                   EAGLETOWN, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana,
EAGLE FURtNACE, a post-village of Roan co., Tennessee,  21 miles N. of Indianapolis.
140 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.                              EAtGLE VIL'LAGE. a post-village, in Wyoming co., N.Y.,
EAGLE GROVE, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.      about 38 miles S.E. of Buffalo.
EAIGLE  HARIBOR, a post-village of Gaines township,    EAGLE VILLAGE, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana,
Orleans co., New York, on the Erie Canal, 57 miles E.N.E.  on the Michigan Road, 14 miles N.W. of Indianapolis.
of Buffalo. It contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, and    EA/GLEVILLE. a post-village of Tolland co., Connecticut,
several warehouses. Pop. about 500.                        on the Willimantic River, which affords water-power for' a
EAGLE HARBOR, a post-village of Houghton co., Michi-  cotton factory, and on the New London Willimantic and
gan, on a fine bay, opening into Lake Superior, about 175  Palmer Railroad, 22 miles E. of Hartford.
miles N.W. of Lansing. It is a small but thriving place in    EAGLEVILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, on
the vicinity of rich copper mines.                        the Bald Eagle Creek, 100 miles N.W. of IHarrisburlg.
EAGLE  ISLAND, in Ireland, Connaught, co. of Mayo, in    EAGLEVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Pennthe Atlantic, and 4 miles W.S.W. of Erris-Head. It has 2  sylvania.
light-houses. Lat. 540~ 7/ N., lon. 100 61 W.               EAGLEVILLE, a post-village of Williamson co., TennesEAGLE ISLAND POINT, Maine, on which is a light to  see, 30 miles S. of Nashville.
guide to the N.E. entrance to Penobscot Bay.                EAGLEVILLE, a thriving post-village of Ashtabula co.,
EAGLE LAKE, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas.       Ohio, on Mill Creek, 200 miles N.E. of Columbus.
EAGLE LAKE, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.       EAGLEVILLE, a village of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin.
EAGLE LAKES (TIE) are situated in the N. part of    EAGLEVILLE, a post-village of Waukesha co.. Wisconsin,
daine, in Aroostook and Penobscot counties.               on the railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi, 36 miles
EAGLE MILLS. a post-office of Rensselaer co., New York.  W.S.W. of the former.
EAGLE MILLS, a post-office of Iredell co., North Caro-   EAHEINOMAU WE, e-A-hl-no-mlw'wee, the native name
dina.                                                     of the most N. of the two great islands of NEW ZEAL~AND,
EAGLE MILLS, a post-office of Hardin co., Tennessee.    which see.'
598




r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EAK                                                       EAS
EAK/RING, a parish of England, co. of Notts.            river of the same name.  Pop. 6349.. It has an anclen*
EALAN-NA-COOMB, A/lan-na-koom, an islet of Scotland, castle.
off the coast of Sutherland.                                EAST ABRING/TON, a post-village of Abington township,
EALING, ee/ing, a parish of Englahid, co. of Middlesex, Plymouth co., ilIassachusett., near the Old Colony Railroad,
with a station on the Great Western Railway, 6 miles W. of 18 miles S.S.E. of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively
Paddington.                                               engaged in the manuifacture of boots and shoes.
EAMONT (edmont) BRIDIGE, a township of England, co.   EASTIA BO/GA, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.
of Westmoreland.                                            EAST AL/LEN, a township of Northampton co., Pennsyl~
EAP, a village of Holland. See ErE.                     vania. Pop. 1473.
EAR/DISLAND. a parish of England, co. of Hereford.        EAST AL/LENTOWN, a village of Lehigh co, PennsylEARIDISLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, 5 vania, on the Lehigh River, near Allentown. Pop. 564.
miles S.S.E. of Kingston. In its vicinity is a gigantic oak    EAST AL/TON, a post-village of Belknap co., New Hamp400 years old.                                            shire, about 30 miles N.E. of Concord.
EARL, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 13   EAST A/IItHERST, a post-office of Erie co.. New York.
miles E. of Reading. Pop. 1047.                             EAST ANI/UICIlY, a district of Walker co., Georgia. P. 840.
EARLE, erl, a township in La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 819.   EAST AMt/WELL, a township of Mlercer'co., New Jersey,
EARLE'S, eriz, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky. (formed since the last census.)
EARLESYiLLE, erlztvil, a post-office of Spartanburgh    EAST ANiDOVER, a post-village of Merrimack co.. New
district, South Carolina.                                IHampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 25 miles N.N.W. of
EARLEVILLE, erl/vil, a post-village of La Salle co., Illi-  Concord.
nois. about 140 miles N.N.E. of Springfield.                EAST ARL/INGTON, a thriving village recently sprung
EARLSFERRY, erlzc/fr-ree, a decayed burgh of Scotland,  up in the E. part of Arlington township, Bennington  co., Vetco. of Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 1 mile WV. of Elie.   mont, about 95 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It is abundantly
EARL-SIIIlTON, a village and chapelry of England, co. supplied with water-power which is employed for nmanuf~-cof Leicester.                                             tories.
EARLISTOKE,  a parish of'England, co. of Wilts. Pop. in    EAST ASHIFIELD, a village of Franklin co., Massachu1851, 970.                                                setts, about 40 miles N.W. of Springfield. It has a church,
EARL/STON or ERCILDOUNE,.ersil-doon, (formerly Er- 2 stores, a pottery, tannery, and about 100 inhabitants.
cildoun,) a parish of Scotland, Co. of Berwick, 6. miles S.S.E.   EAST ASHFORD, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New
of Lander.  It has an endowed academy, library, and  York.
savings' bank, and is famous as the birthplace of Thomas    EAST AU/BURN or BE/MY'S MILLS, a post-village of
the Rhymer.                                               Androscoggin co., Maine, on the Androscoggin River, about
EARL VILLE or EARLEVILLE, a post-village of Madison  35 miles S.W. of Augusta.  It contains a Baptist church, a
co., New York, on the Chenango River and Canal.of that store, and about 200 inhabitants.
name, about 32 miles S.W. of Utica. It contains 2 or 3    EAST AURO/RA, a thriving post-village of Erie co., New
churches, about 8 stores, and 200 or 300 inhabitants.     York, on Cazanovia Creek, which furnishes good waterEARLY7ILLE or EARLEVILLE, a small village of Lan-  power, and on the Buffalo and Pittsburg Railroad, about 15
caster co., Pennsylvania.                                 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It contains 5 churches, an academy,
EARLVILLE. a post-office of Portage co., Ohio.          a printing-office, 2 insurance offices, 10 stores, 1 woollen facEARLY, er/lee, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, boher- tory, 2 iron foundries, 8 blacksmith shops, 2 tanneries, 2
dering on AIlabama, contains 864 square miles.  It is  fouring mills, 2 shinglefactories, a sheep-skin manufactory,
bounded on the W. by the Chattahoochee, and drained by  beside several other establishments. In the vicinity of the
the Colamoka and Spring Creeks. The surface is a level village are several small lakes or ponds, around which are
and fertile plain, in which scarcely a rock can be found. mounds and embankments, containing large quantities of
The greater part of it is occupied by forests of yellow pine  human bones. IHuman relics also are found in the village,
and oak, or by plantations of cotton and Indian corn. and for miles around, scarcely a well or cellar being dug
Steamboats navigate the river along this county, and the  without meeting  with thigh bones, skulls, &c. There is a
creeks furnish extensive motive-power.  On the bank of  post-office at each end of the village, about 1 mile apart. Pop.
Colamoka Creek is an artificial mound, 75 feet in height,  about 2000, of whom 300 are employed in manufacturing
with a level surface on the top, 80 yards by 30 in extent.   EAST AY/ON, a post-village of Avon township, LivingsNamed in honor of Peter Early, Governor of Georgia in  ton co., New York, 220 miles W. by N. of Albany, and 2
1813.  Capital, Blakeley.  Pop. 7246, of whom  3717 were  miles E. of Avon Springs. It is situated on the line of the
firee, and 3529 slaves.                                   Buffalo, Corning, and New York Railroad, and contains 2
EARLY GROVE, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Care- churches. Pop. 450.
line.                                                       EAST BALDIWIN, a post-village in Cumberland  co.,
EARLY GROVE, a post-village of Marshall co., Missis-  MIaine, 45 miles S.W. of Augusta.
sippi, 175 miles N.E. of Jackson.                           EAST BAR/NARD, a post-village in Windsor co., VerEAR/LYSVILLE, a post-village of Albemarle co., Vir- mont, 40 miles S. of Montpelier.
ginia, 94 miles W.N.W. of Richmond.                         EAST BAR/RE, a post-office of Orleans co., New York.
EARN/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             EAST BARRE, a post-office of Huntingdon so., PennsylEARN, LOCH, I1a  6nn, a lake of Scotland, co., and 24  vania.
miles W. of Perth. Circumference about 19 miles. Depth    EAST BATON tROUGE, eest batfpn roozh, a parish in the
said to be 100 fathoms. Benvoirlich is the loftiest of the  S.E. central part of Louisiana, contains about 500 square
mountains surrounding this lake, the scenery of which is  miles. The Amite River washes its E., and the Mississippi
much admired.                                             its W. border. The surface is level in the N., and gently
EARN, LOCH, a river issuing from the above lake, flows  undulating in the S., and the soil is moderately fertile.
E. through the rich valley of Strathearn, and joins the Tay  The parish contains extensive forests in which live oak, the
after a course of 30 miles, near Abernethy. It is navigable  cypress and magnolia are found. Capital, Baton Rogue.
for vessels of 50 tons to the Bridge of Earn, a small water- Pop. 11,977, of whom 5626 were free, and 6351 slaves.
ing'place, 3 miles E.S.E. of Perth.                         EAST BEEK/MANTOWN, a post-office of Clinton co., New
EARNSIHILL,  a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      York.
EARPVILLE, 9rplvil, a post-office of Upshur co., Texas.   EAST BEND, a post-office of Yadkin co., North Carolina.
EARSDON, 9rs/don, a parish of England, co. of Northum-   EAST BENNINGTON. See BsENNINOr0N EAST.
berland.                                                    EAST BERGEN, (usually pron. berijen,) apost-office of GeEARSHAM, er/sham, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. nesee co., New York.
EARTHAM, erth/am, a parish of England. co. of Sussex.    EAST BERK/SHIRE, a post-village in Franklin co., VerEAS/BY, a parish ofEngland, co. of York, North Riding.  mont, 50 miles N. by W. of Mlontpelier.
EASDALE or EISIDALE, eezcdRl, a small island of the    EAST BER/LIN, apost-office of Iartford co., Connecticut.
Hebrides, let. 560 20' N., lon. 60 25/ E. Area, about 12 square    EAST BERLIN, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylmiles. It is noted for slate quarries, which have been  vania, on the Conewago Creek, 24 miles S. by W. of Harriswrought for 150 years.                                    burg, and 15 miles W. of York. It has several stores, and
EASEBOURNE, eezrborn, a town and parish of England, about 100 houses.
co. of Sussex, 15 mile N.E. Midhurst. Pop. 1708.            EAST BERLIN, a post-village of St. Clair co., Michigan,
EAS/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.         90 miles E. by N. of Lansing.
EASINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            EAST BERNE, a post-Village of Albany co., New York, 19
EASINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East  miles WV. of Albany.
Riding.                                                     EAST BETH/ANY, a post-village in Genesee co., New
EASINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North  York, contains 1 or 2 churches, and several stores.
Riding.                                                     EAST BETHIEL, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, on
EAS/INGWOLD, a market-town and parish of England, the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about 50 miles W.
co. of York, North Riding, 125 miles N.N.W. of York. Pop. of Augusta.
of town, 2171. It has an endowed school, a union work-   EAST BETHEL, a post-village of Bethel township, Windhouse, and 3 branch banks.                                sor co., Vermont, near the Vermont Central Railroad, 38
EASKEY, ais/kee, a village and parish of Ireland, Con- miles S. of Montpelier, and 39 miles N.E. of Windsor.
naught, co. of Roscommon, 195 miles S.S.W. ol Sligo, on a    EAST BETHI!LEHEIi    a post-township of Washington co,
699




EAS                                                       EAS
Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela River, 33 miles S. of  16 miles N.E. of New York. The township is intersected by
Pittsburg. Pop. 2266.                                     the Harlem Railroad, and by the New York and New Havea
EAST BIR/MINGIlAM, a borough of Alleghany co., Penn- Railroad. The creek is navigable from the East River to
sylvania, on the S. bank of the Monongahela, opposite Pitts- the village, which contains 2 or 3 churches, and 400 inha
bur, and immediately above Birmingham.  Pop. 1624.        bitants. Pop. of township, 1679.
EAST BL00OOM/FIELD, a post-village and township of On-   EAST CHICKAMIN/GA, a district in Walker co., Georgia.
tario co., New York, on the Canandaigua and Niagara Rail- Pop. 2688.
road, 8 miles W. of Canandaigua. The village has 2 chm-ches,   EAST CIIIINA, a post-village of Wyoming co., New York,
and an academy. Pop. of the township, 2262.                270 miles W. of Albany.
EAST BOSTON, Massachusetts. See BOSTON.                    EAST CHURCH, a pearish of Esigland, co. of Kent.
EASTBOURNE, eest/bsrn, a market-town, watering-place,    EAST CLAR/ENDON, a post-village of Rutland co., Yerand parish of England, co. of Sussex, 6~ miles S. of Hails- mont, 60 miles S.W. of Montplier.
ham.  Pop. 3015.  The town has a theatre, ball-room,   EAST COLARIIDON, a post-village of Geauga co., Ohio
library, a chalybeate spring, and an excellent beach for 174 miles N.E.-ofColumbus.
bathing. In its vicinity is Beachy I-lead.                   EAST CLARKSIFIELD, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio.
EAST BOWDOINHAM, boeden-ham, a post-office of Saga-   EAST "LARK/SON, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.
dahock co., Maine.                                           EAST CLEVE/LAND, a post-office of Cuayhago co., Ohio,
EAST BRADtFORD, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.  about 4 miles E. of Cleveland.
EAST BRADFORD, a flourishing manufacturing village    EAST COB/LESKILL, a post-village of Schoharie co., New
of Bradford township, Essex co., Massachusetts, on the  York, 38 miles W. of Albany.
right bank of the Merrimack River, 28 miles N. of Boston.    EAST COCALIICO, a township of Lancaster co., PennsylEAST BRADFORD, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- vania. Pop. 2117.
vania. Pop. 1330.                                            EAST CONCIORD, a flourishing post-village of Concord
EAST BRAN/DYWINE, a township of Chester co., renn- township, Merrimack co., New Hampshire, on the E. bank
sylvania. Pop. 1115.                                       of the Merrimack River, and on the Boston Concord and
EAST BREWS/TER, a post-village in Barnstable co., lMlas-  Montreal Railroad, about 2 miles from Concord.
sachusetts, 55 miles S.E. of Boston.                         EAST CONCORD, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
EASTIBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Rent,            EAST CONCORD, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois.
EAST BRIDGEIWATER, a post-village and tcrvnship of      EAST CON'EQUENES/SING, a township of Butler co.,
Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Bridgewater Branch  Pennsylvania. Pop. 1142.
of the Old Colony Railroad, 25 miles S. by E. of Boston.   EAST CONISTABLE, a post-office of Franklin co., New
The village contains 2 or 3 churches, and an academy incor- York.
porated in 1837. The inhabitants are extensively engaged    EAST CO!INTTH, a post-village of Penobscot co., MIaine.
in the manufacture of boots and shoes. There are also manu- It contains an academy, and several establishments for the
factures of carriages, castings, edged tcjis, &c. Pop. of the  manufacture of lumber.
township, 2545.                                             EAST CORINTH, a post-village of Orange co., Vermont,
EASTIBROOK, a township of Hiancock co., Maine, 30  25 miles S.E. of Montpelier.
miles E. by S. ofBangor. Pop. 212.                           EAST/COTTS, a chapelry of England, co. of Bedford.
EASTBROOK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.   EAST COVI/ENTRY, a township of Chester co., PennsylEAST BROOK/FIELD, a post-village in Orange co., Yer- vania. Pop. 1288.
mont, about 15 miles S. of Montprlier.                       EAST CRAFTS/BURY, a thriving post-village in CraftsEAST BROKFIELD, a post-village in Worcester co.. bury township, Orleans co., Vermont, about 30 miles N.E.
MHassachusetts, 60 miles W. by S. of Boston.               by N. of Montpelier.
EAST BROOK/LYN, a village of Windham  co., Gonnecti-   EAST CREEK, a post-office of Herkimer co., New York.
cut, about 45 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It is the seat of    EAST CREEK, a post-office of Cape May co., New Jersey.
the Quinuebaug Cotton Mills.                                EAST DEER, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
EAST BRUNSIWICK, a township of Schuylkill co., Penn- Pop. 2021.
sylvania. Pop. 1337.                                         EAST DE KALB, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New
EAST BUFIFALO, a village and township in Union co., York.
Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of the Susquehauna, im-   EAST DEN/NIS, a post-village in Barnstable co., Massamediately S. of Lewisburg. Pop. 970.                      chusetts, near Cape Cod Bay, 65 miles S.E. of Boston. The
EAST BURKE, a post-village of Caledonia co., Vermont, industry of the inhabitants is chiefly directed to commerce.
50 miles N.E. of MontpeIier.                               Some 10 or 12 ships owned here are employed in the foreign
EAST BURN/HAM, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, 40  trade, besides which the fisheries and coastwise trade are
miles N.E. of Augusta.                                    important. About 6 ships and brigs and several schooners
EAST CALAIS, (kal/is), a post-village of Washington co., have here been built within the last 10 years.
Vermont, 15 miles N.E. of Montpelier.                        EAST DIX/FIELD, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, 35
EAST CALN, (kaln,) a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- miles E. by N. of Augusta.
vania. Pop. 2292.                                            EAST DIXIMONT, a post-village in Dixmont township,
EAST CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts. See CAMBIDGE.             Penobscot co., Maine, about 12 miles N.E. of Augusta.
EAST CAMBRIDGE, (kAm/brij,) a post-office of IHenry co..   EAST DONEGAL, (don-e-gawl,) a township of Lancaster
Illinois.                                                  co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1997.
EAST CANAAN, eest kAnan, a post-village of Grafton    EAST DOR/SET, a post-village in Dorset township, Benco., New Hampshire, 45 miles N.N.W. of Concord.            nington co., Yermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad,
EAST CANAAN, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti-  about 80 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. In its vicinity are
cut, 40 miles W.N.W. of lHartford.                         numerous valuable marble quarries, the working of which
EAST CAN/ADA CREEK rises in Hamilton co., in the E. furnishes the chief occupation of the inhabitants.
central part of New York, and after forming the boundary    EAST DOUGILASS, a post-village of Worcester co., Massabetween Herkimer and Fulton counties, falls into the  chnsetts, about 45 miles S.W. of Boston. It contains seveMohawk.                                                    ral manufactories of printed goods.
EAST CANIDOR, a small post-village of Tioga co., New    EAST DOIVER, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Maine.
York.                                                        EAST DUANES/BURG, a post-office of Schenectady co.,
EAST CAPE, New Zealand. See CAPe WAi-Apoo.               New York.
EAST CAPE, Madagascar. See CAPE EAST.                      EAST DURIHAM, a post-village of Greene co., New York,
EAST CAPE, Asia, on Behring's Strait. See CAPE EAST.  40 miles S. by WT. of Albany.
EAST CARL/TON. a post-office of Orleans co., New York.    EAST EIDEN, a postoffice of HIancock co., Maine.
EAST CENITREVILLE, a post-office of Indiana co., Penn-   EAST EDEN, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
sylvania.                                                    EAST ED'INGTON, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine,
EAST CHARLEMONT,  a post-village of Franklin co., 75 miles N.E. of Augusta.
Massachusetts, on or near the' line of the proposed toosick    EAST EL/LIOTT, a post-village in York co., Maine, near
Tunnel Railroad, about 50 miles N.W. of Springfield.       the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Railroad, about 45 miles
EAST CHARLESITON, a post-village of Orleans co., Ver- W.S.W of Portland.
mont. on the route of a proposed railroad to connect Rouse's   EASHTER, a village in Pittsfield township, Berkshire co.,
Point with the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about Massachusetts, about 115 miles W. by S. of Boston.
60 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier.                              EASITERGATE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
EAST CIIARLESTON, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn-   EASNTER, GOOD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
sylvania.                                                   EASTER. HIGH, a parish of England. co. of Essex.
EAST CHAT/HAM, a post-village of Columbia co., New    EASTER ISLAND, or TEAPY ISLAND, in the Pacific, in
York, near the intersection of the Hudson and Berkshire  lat. 270 6' S., lon. 1090 17' W., about 200 miles W. of the
Railroad with the Western Railroad, and communicating  coast of Chili. It is small and of volcanic origin, and rises
with both, 28 miles S.E. of Albany.                       1200 feet in elevation.
EAST CHESITER, a post-village of Rockingham co., New    EAS/TERN  (or GLOUCESTER) POINT, at the entrance
Hampshire, 25 miles S.E. of Concord.                      of Cape Ann HIarbor, Massachuseets. On it is a light-house
EAST CHESTER, a post-village and township of West- containing a fixed light L. Lat 42 34' 40 N., ion. 700 39' W.
chester co., New York, on a creek of its own name, about   EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO.  See MALAY ARcHIELcAO.
600




EAS                                                       EAS
]AS'TERSNOW, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. factures, the, fisheries, and the coast trade. Pop. of the
of Roscommon.                                             township. 2358.
EAST EU/CLID, a village of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 10 miles    EAST GREENWICH, a post-ofice of Washington co.,
N.E. of Cleveland.                                        New York.
EAST'EVANS, (ivtanz,) a post-office of Erie co., NewYork.   EAST GRINISTEAD, a market-town and parish of EngEAST FAIR/FIELD, a post-village of Columhiana co., land, co. of Sussex, 26 miles S. of London. Pop. 3586. The
Ohio, about 150 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                 town has a grammar school. It formerly sent 2 members
EAST FAIRFIELD, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver- to the House of Commons.
mont. 45 miles N.N.W. of Montpelier.                        EAST GRIStWOLD, a village of New London co., Conner,
EAST FAL/LOWFIELD, a township of Chester co., Penn- ticut, about 45 miles E. by S. of Hartford. It contains a
sylvania. Pop. 1289.                                      cotton factory.
EAST FALLOWFIELD, a township of Crawford co., Penn-   EAST GROVE, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, 66 miles
sylvania. Pop. 739.                                       S. of Iowa City.
EAST FAL/MOUTIH, a post-village in Barnstable co., Mas-   EAST GROVEILAND, a post-office of Livingston co., New
sachusetts, 60 miles S.E. of Boston. It is the seat of the  York.
Pacific Cotton and Woollen Manufacturing Company.           EAST GUILFORD, a village of Windham  co., Vermont,
EAST FAR/AMINGTON, a post-office of Ontario co., New  about 115 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. It contains several
York.                                                     comb manufactories.
EAST FARMINGTON. a post-village in Oakland co.,   EAST GUILFORD, a post-village of Chenango co., New
MIichigan, 20 miles N.W. of Detroit.                      York, about 100 miles W. of Albany.
EAST FELICIANIA, a parish in the N.E. part of Louisi-   EAST HAD/DAM, a post-township of Middlesex co., Conana, on the Mississippi River, has an area bf about 480  necticut, on the E. side of the Connecticut River, 35 miles
square miles. The Amite River bounds it on the E., and it S. by E. of Hartford. It contains the manufacturing village
is drained by the Comite  River and several creeks. The  of Mechanicsville, and on the Connecticut are the villages
surface is gently undulating; the soil is fertile and easily  called the Landing and Goodspeed, each of which has a
tilled. A railroad 25 miles long extends from the Missis- steamboat landing. Considerable trade is carried on by the
sippi River to Clinton, the seat of justice. The parish con- river. Pop. 2610.
tains an asylum for the insane, and a college. Pop. 13,598,   EAST  TAD/DAM LANIDING, a village of Middlesex co.,
of whom 4084 were free, and 9514 slaves.                  Connecticut, on the left bank of Connecticut River, about
EAST FINDILEY,  a post-township of Washington co., 1 mile below the entrance of Salmon River, and 35 miles S.
Pennsylvania, 38 miles S.W. of Pittsbnurg. Pop. 1281.     by E. of Hfartford. It is a place of active trade, and has a
EAST FISHtK1LL. a post-township of Dutchess co., New  bank for discount, several stores, and a shipyard where sereYorlk, about 75 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 2610.            ral large ships have recently been constructed. Steamboats
EAST FLOR/ENCE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York. plying between Hartford and New York touch here.
EAST/FORD, a post-village and township in Windham    EAST/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
co., Connecticut, 35 miles E.N.E. of Hartford. It has ma-   EASTHAM, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
nufactures ofwoollen goods. Pop. of the township, 1127.     EAST/HAM, a post-township of Barnstable co., MassaEAST FORK, a post-office of Adairco., Kentucky.         chusetts, situated on the peninsula of Cape Cod, extending
EAST FORK, a post-village of Mlontgomery co., Illinois, from the Atlantic on the E to Cape Cod Bay on the W.,
50 miles S.S.E. of Springfield.                           about 70 miles (in a direct line) S.E. of Boston. The inhaEAST FORK, a post-village of Macon  co., Missouri, 110  bitants are extensively engaged in the freighting business,
miles N. by W. of Jefferson City.                         fisheries, and making salt. About 2000 tons of shipping
EAST FOX/BOROUGH, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mas- are employed in fireighting, and 1600 tons in the fisheries.
sachusetts, 25 miles S. by W. of Boston.                  Pop. 845.
EAST FRANK/LIN, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver-   EAST SIAMtBURG, a post-office of Erie co., New Yorlk.
mout, 60 miles N.N.W. ofi\ontpelier.                        EAST HAMIILTON, a post-village of Madison co., New
EAST FREE/DOM, a post-village of Blairl co., Pennsylva, York. about 95 miles W. by N. of Albany.
nia, on a branch of the Juniata River, 130 miles W. of Har-   EAST  HAMPDEN, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
risburg.                                                    EAST IIAMPDEN, a post-office of Columbia co., WisEAST FREEITOWN, a post-office of Bristol co., Massa- cousin.
chusetts.                                                   EASTIIAMP/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
EAST FREETOWN, a post-office of Cortland  co., New    EAST HAMP/TON, a post-village and township of IlampYork.                                                     shire co., Massachusetts, on the W. side of Connecticut
EAST GAINES, glnzlapost-office of Orleans co.,New York. River, 80 miles W. by S. of Boston. The village is situated
EAST GAINES/VILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., New  about 4 miles from. the river, on the route of the New
York.                                                     Raven and Northampton Railroad. It contains 2 churches,
EAST GAL/WAY, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York. an excellent institution called Williston's Seminary, and
EAST GEN/ESEE, a township in Genesee co., Michigan. is noted for the manufacture of buttons and suspenders
Pop. 844.                                                 Mount Tom, about 2 miles E.S.E. of the village, rises abEAST GENOIA, a post-village of Cayuga co., New York, ruptly to the height of 1214 feet. Pop. of township, 1342.
about 20 miles S. of Auburn.                                EAST H-AMPTON, a post-village of Middlesex co., ConEAST GEOR/GIA, a post-village of Franklin co., esermont,  necticut, 18 miles S.E. of Hartford.
on the Vermont Centrail Railroad, 48 miles N.W. of Mont-   EAST HAAMPTON, a post-village and township of Suffolk
pelier.                                                   co. New York, the township forming the E. extremity of
EAST GER/MAN, a post-office of Chenango co., New York. Long Island, terminating in Mlriontauk Point. The village
EAST GERIMANTOWN, a post-office of Wayne co., In- is situated near the ocean, about 110 miles E. by N. of New
diana.                                                    York, and has 2 churches, an academy, and 600 inhabitants.
EAST GLASITENBURY, a village of Hartford co., Connec- Pop. of township, 2122.
ticut, about 9 miles S. of Hartford. It is the seat of the    EAST HANIOVER, a township of Dauphin co., PennRoaring Brook Manufacturing Company.                      sylvania. Pop. 1658.
EAST GLEN/VILLE, a post-office of Schenectady co., New    EAST HANOVER, a post-township forming the N.W. exYork.                                                     tremity of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, 20 miles N.E. of HarEAST GOSIHEN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylva- risburg. Pop. 1815.
nia. Pop. 768.                                              EAST HARD/WICK, a post-village of Caledonia co., VerEAST GRAFITON, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New  mont, 20 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier.
York.                                                       EAST IHART/FORD, a post-village and township of SartEAST GRAN/BY, a post-village in Ilartford co., Connecti- ford co., Connecticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River,
cut, 15 miles N.N.W. of Hartford.                         opposite Hartford. The village is pleasantly situated on a
EAST GRAN/VILLE, a post-village in Hampden co., Mas- plain, and contains one broad, handsome street, finely
sachusetts, about 100 miles E.S.E. of Boston.             shaded with elms and other trees. Manufacturing is carEAST GREEN/BUSH, a post-village of Rensselaer co., ried on to a considerable extent, and includes the making
New York, 6 miles E.S.E. of Albany.                       of paper, screws, spoons, carriages, leather, &c. Pop. 2497.
EAST GREENE, a post-office of Chenango co., New York.    EAST IHAR/WICH, a post-village of Barnstable co., MasEAST GREENE, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.    sachusetts, 65 miles S.E. of Boston.
EAST GREENIFIELD, a township in La Grange co., In-   EAST -AIVEN, a post-township of Essex co., Vermont,
diana. Pop. 400.                                          45 miles S.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 94.
EAST GREENIVILLE, a post-village  of Stark co.. Ohio,   EAST  HAVEN, a post-village and township of New
110 miles N.E. of Columbus.                               iaven county, Connecticut, on Long Island  Sound, 4
EAST GREENTWICH, apost-village and township, capital miles E. of New  Haven. A  company, organized since
of Kent co., Rhode Island, on the W. side of Narraganset November, 1852, with a capital of $400,000, have erected
Bay, on the Stonington and Providence Railroad, 14 miles in the south-western. part of the township, on New Ilaven
S. by W. of Providence. It has a fine harbor, and contains  Bay, several extensive buildings, with furnaces and other
the county buildings, 2 banlks. 4 or 5 churches, a flourishing  appurtenances necessary to the smelting of copper ore. This
academy. 5 or 6 cotton factories, and numerous stores. The  is to be brought by waster, for which purpose the company.ndustry of the inhabitants is chiefly devoted to manu- have constructed a wharf. Between East Haven and Bran
601




EAS                                                        EAS
ford lies a beautiful sheet of water, called Salt.olsi-all Lake,   EAST LITCIIFIELD, a post-office of Litchfie!d co., Con.
from which New Haven is mostly supplied with ice. The necticut.
village is pleasantly situated on the New Haven and New    EAST LIVtERtMORE, a post-vllage and township of An.
London Railroad, and contains 2 churches, and a number droscoggin co., Maine, on the Androscoggin River, and on
of stores. Pop. of the township, 1670.                    the Andioscoggin Itailroad, about 25 miles W. by N. of
EAST HAIVERHILL,' a post-village of Grafton co., New  Augusta. The village contains 3 churches, 4 stores, and
Hampshire, about 15 miles N.N.W. of Concord.              several mills. Pop. of township, 891.
EAST HAVERHILL, a post-village of Essex co., Massa-   EAST LIV/ERPOOL, a flourishing post-village of Colun
chusetts, about 33 miles N. of Boston.                    biana co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 48 miles below PittsEAST IIAW/LEY, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. burg, 430 miles above Cincinnati, is beautifiully situated on
EAST HEIBRON, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, on the a bank gradually ascending  from  the river.  Its rapid
Buckfield Branch Railroad, 45 miles N.N.W. of Portland.    growth has been caused by the discovery of a fine material
EAST HEMP/FIELD, a township, of Lancaster co., Penn- for stoneware, 11 manufactories of which are in operation,
sylvania. Pop. 2266.                                      employing several hundred hands. Pop. in 1850, 835.
EAST IHERRICK, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl-   EAST LONGMEAD0OW, a post-village of Hampden co.,
vania, about 110 miles N.N.E. of I'Harrisburg.            Massachusetts, 80 miles E.S.E. of Boston.
EAST IIIGH1 GATE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver-   EAST LY/MAN,  a post-village of Grafton co., New Hampmont, about 55 miles N.N.W. of Montpelier.                shire, about 80 miles W.N.W. of Concord.
EAST HILL, a post-village of Nunda township, Livingston    EAST LYME, a post-village and township of New London
co., New York, about 255 miles W. of Albany.              co., Connecticut, on the New IHaven and New London RailEAST HOLD'EN, a post-office of Pehobscot co., Maine.    road, 43 miles E. of New Haven. The township is bounded
EAST HOL/LISTON, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mas- on the S. by Long Island Sound, from which a deep inlet
sachusetts, about 23 miles W.S.W. of Boston.              sets up, abounding in shad and other fish. Manufacturing
EAST HOMER, a post-office of Cortland co., New York.   is caried on to a limited extent. Pop. 1382.
EASTIHOPE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.             EAST MACDONIOUGH, a post-office of Chenango co., New
EASTITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         York.
EASTHOTLI/LY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         EAST MACIIIAS, a post-township of Washington'co.,
EAST IIOUNDSIFIELD, post-office, Jeffersona co,NewYork. Maine, at the entrance of East Machias River into Machiss
EAST HUNT/INGDON, a township of Westmoreland co., Bay, about 130 miles E. by N. of Augusta. The inhabitants
Pennsylvania. Pop. 1873.                                  are mostly engaged in the lumbering business, navigation,
EAST IN/DIES, a collective name vaguely applied to Hin- the fisheries, and ship-building. Pop. 1905.
dostan, Farther India, and the Malay Archipelago. See   EAST MAICON, a village of Bibb co., Georgia, on the left
INDIA, and MALAY ARCHIPELAGO.                             bank of the Ocmulgee River opposite MSacon.
EAST/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      EAST MAD/ISON, a post-village of Somerset co., Maine,
EAST ISLAND, Indian Ocean. See CRozeT ISLANDS.          40 miles N. of Augusta.
EAST JAF/FREY, a post-village of Cheshire co., New    EAST MADISON, a post-office of Carroll co., New 11ampIHampshire, 36 miles S.W. of Concord. It contains a bank, shire.
and several establishments for the manufacture of heavy    EAST MADISON, a small village of Morris co., New
sheetings.                                                Jersey.
EAST JA/VA, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.       EAST MAIIO/NING, a township of Indiana co., PennsylEAST JEW/ETTT  a post-office of Greene co., New York.   vania. Pop. 869.
EAST JOHN/SON, a village of Lamoille co., Vermont, on    EAST-MAIN, or SLADE RIVER, a river of Labrador, enthe Eden Branch of Lamoille River. It contains 2 stores, 2  ters James Bay on its E. side, in lat. 520 15' N., ion. 780 41'
saw mills. and a number of weorshops.                     W., after a course estimated at 400 miles, in which it traEAST KENT. a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut.   verses numerous lakes.
EAST KILILINGLY, a post-village of Windham co., Con-   EFAST MAINE, a post-office of Dsroome co., New York.
necticut, about 50 miles E. of Hartford. The inhabitants    EAST MA/RION a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.
are extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton    EAST MARION, a post-village of Livingston co., Michigan,
goods.                                                    40 miles E.S.E. of Lansing.
EAST KINGSITON, a post-township of Rockingham co.,   EAST MARIBIOROUGH, a township of Chester co., PennNew Hampshire, 40 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 532.        sylvania. Pop. 1425.
EAST KNOX, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.             EAST MARSII/FIELD, a post-village of Plymouth co., MaesEAST KOY, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.       sachusetts, 20 miles S.E. of Boston.
EAST KOY CREEK, in the W. part of New York, unites    EAST MED/WAY, a post-village of Norfolk co., Massachuwith West Key Creek, and enters the Genesee River in Alls-  setts, an the Air-line Railroad (in progress) from New York
ghany county.                                             to Boston, 20 miles S.W. of the latter.
EAST LACK'AWAN/NOC, a township of Mercer co., Penn-    EAST-ME/ON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
sylvania. Pop. 922.                                         EAST MID/DLEBOROUG1t, a post-village of Plymouth
EAST LAM/PETER, a township of Lancaster co., Penn-  co., Massachusetts, 38 miles S.S.E. of Boston.
sylvania. Pop. 1980.                                        EAST MID/DLEBURY,      a post-village of Addison co., VerEAST LANDAFF/, a post-office of Grafton co., New llamp- mont, 35 miles S.W. of Montpelier.
shire.                                                      EAST MONIMOUTH, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.
EAST LANISING, a post-office of Tompkins co., New York.   EAST MONTPE/LIER, a post-township of Washington
EAST/LEACH, MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of  co., Vermont, 6 miles E. by N. of Montpelie-r. Pop. 1447.
Gloucester.                                                  EAST MONTIVILLE, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine,
EASTLEACH, TURVILLE, a parish of England, co. of  about 35 miles E.N.E. of Augusta.
Gloucester.                                                 EAST MORIICHES, a post-village of Suffolk co., Long
EAST LEBIANON, a post-village of GraRon co., New  Island, about 65 siles E. of New Yorlk.
HIampshire, 50 miles N.W. of Concord, on the Northern    EAST MOULTONBOROUGII, (mil/ton-bti —hh,)  a postRailroad.                                                 village of Carroll co., New Hampshire, 43 miles N. by E. of
EAST LEE, a post-office of Berkshire co,, Massachusetts.  Concord.
EAST LEMPS/TER, a post-office of Sullivan co., New    EAST MOUNT VER/NON, a village of Kennebec co.,
Hampshire.                                                Maine, 16 miles N.W. of Augusta.
EAST LEION, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.   EAST NANT/MEAL, a township of Chester co., PennsylEAST LEW/ISTOWN, a post-office of Mahoniug co., Ohio. vania. Pop. 921.
EAST LEX/INGTON, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mas-    EAST NASSAUI, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New
sachusetts, on the Lexington and West Cambridge Raihoad, York, about 18 miles E. of Albany.
11 miles N.W. of Boston.                                    EAST NEW  MAR/KET, a post-village of Dorchester co.,
EAST LIB/ERTY, a village of Collins township, Alleghany  Maryland, 45 miles S.E. of Annaipolis.
co., Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles E.   EAST NEW/PORT, a post-village of Penobscot so., haine,
o)f Pittsburg. Pop. about 1000. The name of the post-office  55 miles N.E. of Augusta.
is Wilkins.                                                 EAST NEW  PORT/LAND, a post-village of Somerset co.,
EAST LIBERTY, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl- Maine, about 45 miles N.N.W. of Augusta.
vania, on the Yonghiogheny River.                           EAST NEW  SHA/RON, a post-village of Kennebec co.,
EAST LIBERTY, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, 126  Maine, about 25 miles N.N.W. of Augusta.
miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati.                                 EAST NEW  VINE/YARD, a post-office of Franklin co.,
EAST LIBERTY, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.      Maine.
EAST LI/MA, a township of La Grange co., Indiana.   EAST NEW  YORK, a post-village of Flatbush township,
Pop. 824.                                                 King's co., New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 6 miles
EAST LIM/INGTON, a post-villageof York co., Maine, near  S.E. of New York City. It contains several churches, stores,
the junction of the Little Ossipee with Saco River, about and manufactories.
65 miles S.W. of Augusta.                                   EAST/NOR, a parish of England, co. of IHereford. 1' miles
EAST LINE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New York, E.S.E. of Ledbury.  The Earl of Somers's seat here is a
about 20 miles N. by W. of Albany.                       magnificent fabric.
EASTILING, a parish of England co., of Kent.              EAST INOITII/PORT, a pest-office of Waldo co., Maine.
602




EAS                                                        EAS
EAST NORTITI1WOOD, a post-village of Rockingham co.,   EAST PAPWSONFIELD, a post-office of York co.. Maine.
New Hampshire, 18 miles E. by S. of Concord.                  EAST PAW-PAW, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.
EAST NORTHt YARtIMOUTTII, a post-village of Cumber-   EAST PEMIBROKE, a post-village of Genesee co., New
land co., Maine, about 45 miles S. by W. of Augusta.       York, on the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, 6
EAST NORWEIGIAN, a township of Schuylkillco., Penn- miles firom Batavia.
sylvania. Pop. 1031.                                         EAST PENN, a post-township forming the S. extremity
EAST NORIWICIHI, a post-village of Queen's co., New  of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River, 90 miles
York, on Long Island.                                      E. by N. of IIarrisburg.  Pop. 689.
EAST NOTTINGOIIAM, a township of Chester co., Penn-   EAST PENNSIBOROUGH, a post-village and township of
sylvania. Pop. 2412.                                       Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River,
EAST OG/DEN, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan.  opposite HIarrisburg. The township is intersected by the
EAS/TON, a pasish of England, co. of Wilts.              Cumberland Valley Railroad. Pop. 1605.
EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.               EAST PEP/PERELL, a post-village of Middlesex co., MasEASTON, a parish of England, co. of IHuntingdon.         sachusetts, about 40 miles N.W. of Boston.
EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.               EAST PHARSAMLIA, a post-village of Chenango co., New
EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.         York, about 100 miles W. by S. of Albany.
EASTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.                 EAST PIERIPONT, or COXE'S MILLS, a thriving postEASTON, a post-township of Bristol co., Massachusetts,  village of Pierpont township, St. Lawrence co., New York,
20 miles S. by W. of Boston. Tributaries of Taunton River  on Racket River, which here affords extensive water-power,
flow through the township, furnishing motive-power for  about 4 miles S. of Potsdam.  A dam was built across the
several cotton and woollen factories. Pop. 2337.           river here in 1819, and a bridge in 1828. The village conEASTON, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut, tains from 40 to 50 families, a starch factory, yielding about
about 20 miles W. by S. of New IIaven. Pop. 1432.          30 tons of starch annually, a grist mill, and several saw
EASTON, a post-village and township of Washington co., mills, one of which, erected in 1852, has 50 gang saws, and
New York, on the IIudson River, 26 miles N. by E. of Al- is capable of being increased to twice that number.
bany. The village has 3 churches, several stores, and per-   EAST PIKE, a post-village of Wyoming co., New York,
haps 400 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 3225.          about 250 miles W. of Albany.
EASTON, a post-borough, capital of Northampton co.,   EAST PIKE, a small village of Washington co., PennsylPennsylvania, on the Delaware River, immediately above  vania.
the mouth of the Lehigh, 100 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg,    EAST PIKE/LAND, a township of Chester co., Pennsyland 56 miles N. of Philadelphia. The New Jersey Central vania. Pop. 722.
Railroad, 78 miles long, connects it with New York City. It   EAST PIKE RUN, a township of Washington co., Pennis built on a point of land at the confluence of the Lehigh  sylvania. Pop. 1358.
River and Bushkill Creek with the Delaware. A fine bridge,   EAST PIT/CAIRN, apost-office, St. Lawrenceco., New York.
about 500 feet long, crosses the latter river, and a chain    EAST PITTSIFIELD, a post-~illage of Somerset co., Maine,
bridge connects Easton with South Easton, on the right 40 miles N.N.E. of Augusta.
bank of the Lehigh. The town is laid out in rectangular    EAST PITTS/TON, a post-village of Kennebec co.; Maine,
blocks, is lighted with gas, and supplied with good water, about 15 miles S.S.E. of Augusta.
conveyed by pipes from a spring one mile distant. It con-   EAST PLAIN/FIELD, a post-village of Sullivan co., New
tains 2 banks, a public library, several academies, 8 print- Hampshire, 45 miles N.W. of Concord.
ing offices issuing newspapers, and is the seat of Lafayelte    EAST PLYM/OUTI-I, a post-village of Ashtabula co., Ohio,
College, a flourishing institution, founded in 1832, with a  212 miles N.E. of Columbus.
library of 5000 volumes. The building is among the princi-    EAST POESTENKILL, eest pooslten-killl, a post-office of
pal ornaments of the town. Easton is one of the most flour- Rensselaer co., New York.
ishing towns in the state, advantageously situated at the    EAST POINT, a post-office of De Kalb co., Georgia.
junction of the Delaware, Lehigh, and Morris Canals, by    EAST POILAND, a post-village of Androscoggin co., Maine,
which vast quantities of stone coal, lumber, grain, and other  on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about 35 miles
produce are received and exported. A railroad connects this  S.W`K of Augusta.
town with Philadelphia and with Belvidere; it is to be con-   EAST/PORT, a port of entry and township of Washington
nected with the North Pennsylvania Railroad. The town has  co., Maine, pleasantly situated on the S.E. part of Moose
abundant water-power, and is the seat of extensive manufac- Island, 234 miles N.E. of Portland. Lat. 440 545 N.. ion.
tories, among which are 7 or 8 flouring mills, several oil mills, 660 56' WV. Besides a bridge. extending from the N. part
extensive iron foundries, saw mills, cotton factories, and 2  of the island to the mainland of Ferry, the town comrifle factories. It is surrounded by a beautiful, rich, and  municates by means of ferries with Pembroke, Lubec, and
highly cultivated country, which abounds in iron ore and  the British islands adjoining. It contains from  60 to 70
limestone. Laid outin 1738, and incorporatedin 1789. Pop., stores, 6 or 7 churches, and a bank.  The harbor is remarkexclusive of South Easton, in 1840, 4865; in 1850, 7250.    able for its high tides, which usually rise 25 feet, thereby
EASTON, a post-village, capital of Talbot co., Maryland,  preventing the accumulation of ice. Extensive provision
at the head of tide navigation on Treadhaven Creek, 12 miles has been made to meet the requirements of commerce, by
from its entrance into Choptank River, and 80 miles by water the construction of wharves, of which there are nearly 60.
from Annapolis. It contains 4 churches, 1 bank, an armory  Eastport is eligibly situated for trade with the British probelonging to the state, and 2 newspaper offices. Settled  vinces. It is also an important lumber deplt, and is largely
about 1785. Pop. in 1850, 1413.                             engaged in the fisheries and in the coast trade. The shipEASTON, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.                ping of the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggreEASTON, a township of Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 397.   gate of 13,955 tons registered, and 17,467 enrolled and liEASTON, a flourishing town of Kanzas Territory, beauti- censed. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 15,973 tons
fully situated on the Fort Riley Road, where it crosses Kan- were employed in the coasting trade, and 1184 tons in the
zas Creek, 12 miles W. of Fort Leavenworth.  It has one cod and mackerel fisheries. During the year there were
saw mill, and fine sites for others.                       1164 foreign arrivals-tons, 152,995: of which 88,455 were
EASTON, BAYENTS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. in American bottoms. The clearances for foreign ports were
EASTON-IN-GORDAINO, parish of Enland, co. of Somerset. 669, with a burden of 81,258 tons; in Amelrican bottoms,
EASTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        46,068 tons. The same year 17 ships, 7 brigs, and 14 schooners,
EASTON, GREY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.         with an aggregate of 10,691 tons were admeasured.  In
EASTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.       1853, 15,095 tons of navigation were built in the district.
EAS/TON, MAG/NA, a chapelrhy of England, co. ofLeicester. Much of the shipping constructed here is for other ports.
EAStTON, MIAUDIT, parish of England, co. Northanmpton. This place, which is on the easternmost fi-ontier of the
EASTON, NESTON, parish of England, co. Northampton. United States, is defended by Fort Sullivan.  It has steamEAST ORANGE, a post-village of Orange co., Vermont, boat communication with Calais, on the St. Croix River, and
16 miles E.S.E. of Montpelier.                              with Boston, Portland, and places along the coast. The
EAST ORANGE, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.        township consists of Moose Island, comprising about 2000
EAST ORtANGEVILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., New  acres, and several other small islands in Passamaquoddy
York.                                                      Bay. Pop. 4125.
EAST ORtLEANS, a post-village of Barnstable co., MIassa-    EASTPORT, a steamboat landing  of Alabama, on the
~husetts, 65 miles S.E. of Boston.                         Black W'Varrior River, below Tuscaloosa.
EAST OR/RINGTON, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine,   EASTPORT, a flourishing post-village of Tishemingo co.,
65 miles E.N.E. of Augusta.'Mississippi, is situated on the left bank of Tennessee River,
EAST OTTO, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New York, near the N.E. extremity of the state, 270 miles N.N.E. of
about 300 miles W. by S. of Albany.                        Jackson.  It is built on a bluff, separated from the river by
EAST PAIN/TED POST, a post-village of Steuben co., a bottom, half a mile in width. Eastport is the largest town
New York, 210 miles E. by S. of Albany.                    in the county, and has an active trade. It contains about
EAST PAL'ESTINE, a post-village of Columbiana co., 15 stores.
Ohio, about 160 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                    EASTPORT, a village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, near StillEAST PALMY/RA, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, water Creek, 100 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
195 miles W. by N. of Albany.                                EAST POULTNEY, plt'nee, a post-village of Rutland co.,
EAST PAIRISlI, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.    Vermont, 65 miles S.W. of Montpelier.
603




EAS                                                        EAS
EAST PRINCE/TON, a post-village of Worcester co., Mlas-  iEAST STOUGCITTON, (stolton,) a post-village of Norfolli
saclhusetts, about 45 miles W. by N. of Boston.           co., Massachusetts, on the Fall River Railroad, 17 miles S. of
EAST PROVIIDENCE, a township of Bedford co., Penn- Boston. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the mann.
sylvania. Pop. 991.                                       facture of boots and shoes.
EAST RAISINVILLE, (rAlzen-vil,) a post-office of Monroe    EAST STRONG, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.
co., Michigan.                                               EAST SUF/FIELD, a post-village of I-Iartford co., Connee.
EAST RANTDOLPH, a post-village of Orange co., Vermont, ticut, 18 miles N. of Hartford.
about 25 miles S. by E. of Montpelier.                       EAST SUL/LIVAN, a post-office of IHIancock co., Maine.
EAST RANDOLPIH, a post-village of Norfolk co., Massa-   EAST SUL/LIVAN, a post-office of Cheshire co., New Hamp.
chusetts,.about 15 miles S. of Boston. The chief industry of  shire.
the inhabitants is directed to the manufacture of boots and    EAST SUMINER, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
shoes. Pop. about 1700.                                     EAST TAUN/TON, a post-office, Bristol co., Massachusetts.
EAST RANDOLPH, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New    EAST TENNESSEE COLLEGE. See KNOXVILLE, Tennessee.
York, on the Erie and New York City Railroad, (in course    EAST THET/FORD, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont.
of construction,) about 55 miles S. by W. of Buffalo. It    EAST THOMASTON, a village of Maine. See IRoCKLAND.
cont ains 2 churches, 2 hotels, 4 dry goods, and several other   EAST THORN/DIKE, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
stores.  It has a good natural water-power, improved in    EAST TOWN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
part for 3 or 4 saw and grist mills, a large furnace and  Pop. 710.
moulding establishment, an extensive chair factory, and a    EAST TOWNSEND, a village of Windham co., Vermont,
tannery.                                                   about 95 miles S. of Montpelier, contains an academy.
EAST RANDOLPII, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis-   EAST TOWN/SEND, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio.
cousin.                                                      EAST TRENtTON, a post-office of Hlancock co., Maine.
EAST RAYtIVIOND, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.   EAST TROY, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.
EAST READ/FIELD, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.   EAST TROY, a thriving post-village and township of WalEAST RICH/LAND, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, 20  worth co., Wisconsin, on the plank-road from Milwaukee to
miles E. of Columbus.                                      Janesville, 32 miles S.W. of the former. The village has 5
EASTIRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East stores and 2 mills. Pop. about 400; of the township, 1318.
Biding, with a station on the Hull and Selby Railway, 20    EAST TRUM/BULL, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio
miles W. of Hull.                                           EAST TUR/NER, a post-office ofOxford co., Maine.
EAST RIVIER, of New York, is properly a strait connect-   EAST U/NION, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.
ing Long Island Sound with New York Bay, and is navi-   EAST UNION, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 18
gable by large vessels. It contains several small islands, miles WV. of Coshocton.
and has a pass called Ifellgate, (which see,) 7 miles N.E. of    EAST UNION, a post-township in the S.E. part of WVayne
New York City. Length, about 20 miles; breadth between  co., Ohio, about 100 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1940.
New York and Brooklyn, three-quarters of a mile.            EAST U/NITY, a post-village of Sullivan co., New I-IampEAST RIVER, a post-office of Mercer co., Virginia.      shire, about 40 miles W. by N. of Concord.
EAST RIVER, a post-office of Valton co., Florida.         EAST VARIICK, a post-office of Seneca co., New York.
EAST ROCIT/ESTER, a post-village of Columbiana co.,   EA ST VASISALBOROUGH-, a post-village of Kennebec co.,
Ohio, 120 miles E. by N. of Columbus.                     Maine. about 16 miles N.E. of Augusta.  It contains an
EAST ROCK/FORT, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., Ohio.    academy.
EAST RODIBIMAN, a post-village of Jefferson co., New    EAST VEN/ICE, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York.
York, 150 miles N.W. of Albany.                              EASTIVILLE, a post-village, capital of Northampton co.,
EAST/ROP. a parish of England, co. of Ilants.           Virginia, 180 miles by water E. by S. of Richmond, and a few
EAST ROX/BURY, a post-office Washington co., Vermont. miles E. of Chesapeake Bay. It contains a court-house, 2
EAST RUMIFORD, a post-office of Oxford co., Mlaine.      carriage shops, and several stores. Pop. about 300.
EAST RU/PERT, a post-village of Bennington co., Ver-   EAST/VILLE, a post-village in Randolph co., Alabama, 160
mont, 80 miles S.W. of Montpelier.                        miles E. of Tuscaloosa.
EAST/RY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                EASTVILLE, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky.
EAST SAG/INAW, a post-village of Saginaw co., Michigan,   EAST VIN/CENT, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
on the right bank of the Saginaw River, about 100 miles Pop. 1505.
N.N.W. of Detroit. It contains several steam saw mills, and    EAST VIRIGIL, a post-village of Cortland co., New York,
has a plank road leading to Flint. Pop. in 1852, about 500. 130 miles W. of Albany.
-EAST SA/LEM, a post-village of Washington co., New    EAST WAKE/FIELD, a post-office of Carroll co., New York
York, about 50 miles N.N.E. of Albany.                       EAST/WALL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
EAST SALEM a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsylvania.    EASTVWALL, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
EAST SALISBURY, (sawlzcbbr-re,) a post-village of Essex    EAST WAL/LINGFORDx, a post-office of Rutland co.,
co., Massachusetts, 35 miles N.E. of Boston.               Vermont.
EAST SAN/BORNTON, a post-village of Belknap co., New    EAST WVAREII/AM, a post-village in Plymouth co., MasHampshire, about 30 miles N. of Concord.                   sachusetts, about 50 miles S. by E. of Boston.
EAST SAND!WICII, a post-village of Barnstable co.. Mas-   EAST WVASHIINGTON, a post-village in Sullivan co., New
sachusetts, about 60 miles S.E. of Boston.                 Hampshire, about 33 miles E. by S. of Concord.
EAST SA NDY, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania.   EAST WAITERFORD, a post-village ofJuniata co., PennEAST SAN/GERVILLE, a post-office, Piscataquisco.,Maine.  sylvania, on Tuscarora Creek, 50 miles N.WV. of IIarrisburg.
EAST SCHUYLER, (skiler,) a post-office of IHerkimer co.,   EAST WEARE, (wair,) a post-village of Hillsborough co.,
New York.                                                  New Hampshire, on the New Hampshire Central Railroad,
EAST SCOTT, a post-office of Cortland co., New York.     16 miles N.W. of Manchester.
EAST SEA. See BALTIC.                                      EAST WEST/MORELAND, a post-village of Cheshire co.,
EAST SHA/RON, a post-village of Norfolk co., Massachu- New Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, 13 miles S.S.E. of
setts, 20 miles S.S.W. of Boston.                          Bellows Falls.
EAST SHARON, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania.   EAST WESTIVILLE, a post-village of Mahoniug co., Ohio,
EAST SHEF/FIELD, a post-village of Berkshire co., Mas- 150 miles N.E. of Columbia.
sachusetts. 140 miles WV.S.W. of Boston.                     EAST WEY/MOUTH, a post-village in Norfolk co., MassaEAST SIIEL/BURNE, a post-office of Franklin co., Massa- chusetts, on the South Shore Railroad, 15 miles S.S.E. of
ehusetts.                                                  Boston.
EAST SHEL/BY, a post-village of Orleans co., New York,   EAST WItATE/LY, a post-village in Franklin co., Massa140 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                                chusetts, 80 miles W. of Boston.
EAST SHEL'DON, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont.   EAST WIIITE/LAND, a township of Chester co., PennsylEAST SID/NEY, a thriving village of Clinton township, vania. Pop. 1194.
Shelby co., Ohio, on the Miami River, which separates it   EAST/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Herns.
from Sidney, the county seat, 72 miles from Columbus. Pop.   EAST WILITON, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.
in 1853, about 350.                                          EAST WVILTON, a post-village of Hillsborough co., New
EAST SMITI/FIELD, a post-office of Bradford co., Penn- Hampshire, at the ternin us of the Nashua, Lowell and WVilsylvania.                                                 ton Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of Nashua.
EAST SPRING/FIELD, a post-village of Otsego co., New    EAST WINDIIHAM, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
York, 60 miles W. of Albany.                                EAST WINDISOR, a post-office of Berkshire co., MassaEAST SPRINGFIELD, a post-office of Bradford co., Penn- chusetts.
sylvania.                                                   EAST WINDSOR, a pleasant village and township of HartEAST SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, ford co., Connecticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River,
120 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                             where it receives the Scantic, about 10 miles N.N.E. of HartEAST SPRING/WATER, a post-village of Livingston co., ford.  It contains churches for the Methodists, Baptists,
New York, 215 miles W. of Albany.                         Congregationalists, and Episcopalians, an academy, and is
EAST STAND11ISH, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. the seat of the Connecticut Theological Institute, under the
EAST STERILING, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsyl- direction of the Old School Congregationalists. There are
vania.                                                   in the township some manufactures of cassirberes, tweeds,
EAST STONE/HAMl, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.    buttons, &c. Pop. 2633.
601




EAS                                                       EBE
EAST WINDSOR, a township of Mercer co., New Jersey.  on Little River, 24 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It has 
Pop. 2596.                                                cotton factory, employing about 100 operatives, and a capi
EAST WINDSOR HILL, a post-village of Hartford co., tal of $70,000.
Connecticut, about 12 miles E.N.E. of Hartford.             EATIONTOWN, a post-village of Monmouth co., New JerEAST WIN/THROP, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. sey, 11 miles E. of Freehold. It contains an academy, and
EAST WOIBURN, a post-village of Middlesex co., Massa- between 30 and 40 dwellings.
chusetts, 8 miles N.N.W. of Boston.                         EAT0ONYILLE, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York,
EAS'VWOOD, two parishes of England, co. of Essex.       75 miles W. by N. of Albany.
EASTWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.         EAU-PLEINE, 0 plain, a post-office. Portage co., Wisconsin.
EASTWOOD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew.           EAUX-BONNES, LES, lAze 0-bonn, or AAS, As. a hamlet
EAST WOODISTOCK, a post-office of Windham co., Con- of France, department of Basses-Pyrsnles, 22 miles S. of
necticut.                                                 Pan, frequented for its sulphur springs.
EAST WORCESTER, (wOds/ter,) a post-village of Otsego co.,   EAUX-CHAUDES, LES, llze 6-sh~d, or AIGUES-CHAUNew York 53 miles W. by S. of Albany.                     DES, aig-shbd, a hamlet of France, adjacent to Eaux-Bonnes.
EASTYN, a town of Wales. See HOPE.                        EAUX-VIVES, 5-veev, a village of Switzerland, canton of
EATIINGTON, a parish of England, cc. of Warwick.        Geneva, on the S.E. shore of Lake Leman. Pop. 1462.
EATION, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.            EAUZE, 6z, or EUSE, uz, (anc. -eusa,) a town of France,
EATON, two townships of England, co. of Chester.        department of Gers, on the Gelise, an affluent of the Garonne,
EATON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.               arrondissement, and 15 miles S.W. of Condom. Pop. in 1852,
EATON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.               4082.
EATON, a post-township of Carroll co., New Hampshire, 60    EAYRSTOWN, airs/town, a village of Burlington co., New
miles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1743.                         Jersey, on the S. branch of Rancocus Creek, 4 miles S. of
EATON, a post-village and township of Madison co., New  Mount Holly. It has 2 mills and about 20 houses.
York, about 100 miles W. of Albany. The village has 2 or 3    EBBERSDORF-AM-MOOS, a village of Austria.  See
churches, several factories, and about 500 inhabitants. In  EBREICnSDORF.
the township is Morrisville, the county seat. Pop. 3944.    EB/BERSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
EATON, a post-township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, Riding.
on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, opposite    EBBESIBORNE-WAKE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Tunkhannock. Pop. 914.                                      EBBS-FLEET, a hamlet of England, co. of Kent, 31 miles
EATON, a thriving post-village of Gibson co., Tennessee, W.S.W. of Ramsgate.
on the Forked Deer River, 143 miles W. of Nashville.  The    EBELEBEN, Abeh-VlIben, a small town of Central Gergreater part of the cotton produced in the county is shipped  many, 9 miles S.W. of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Pop. 831.
at this place.                                            It has a palace of the sovereign prince.
EATON, a post-village in Fayette co., Ohio, 160 miles N.N.E.   EBELSBERG, a village of Austria. See EBERSBeRG.
of Jackson.                                                 EB'ELTOFT, a seaport town of Denmark, in Jutland, 18
EATON, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 1111.       miles E.N.E. of Aarhuus, on a bay of the Cattegat. Pop.
EATON, a post-village of Washington township, and capi- 1100. It has a small harbor.
tal of Preble co., Ohio, on Seven Mile Creek, 46 miles N. of    EB'ENE/ZER, a post-office of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.
Cincinnati. It is situated in a rich farming country, and is   EBENEZER, a village of Effingham co., Georgia, on the
well supplied with water-power. About a mile W. of Eaton  Savannah River, 25 miles above Savannah. It is among the
is the site of Fort St. Clair, which was erected in the winter oldest places in the state. The first settlers were Ger-mans.
of 1791-2. General Harrison, who was then an ensign, con-   EBENEZER, a post-village of Morgan co., Georgia, 112
manded the guard during its erection. Eaton is on the  miles W. of Augusta.
Dayton and Western Railroad, at the terminus of the Eaton    EBENEZER, a post-village of Holmes co., Mississippi.
and Hamilton Rail'road, which connects it with Cincinnati.   EB'ENEfZER CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Savannah
A college is about being established at this place. It con- River about 9 miles E. of Springfield, in Effingham county.
tains about 4 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, a union    EB'ENE/ZERYILLE, a post-village of York district, South
school, and a woollen factory. Laid out in 1806. Pop. in  Carolina, SO miles N. of Columbia.
1850, 1346; in 1853, about 1600.                            EBENFURT, A/ben-f6at5t a town of Lower Austria, 24
EATON, a county near the centre of Michigan, contains miles S. of Vienna, on the Leitha. Pop. 1000.
576 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by Grand    EIBENSBURG, a post-borough, capital of Cambria co.,
River, and drained by the sources of Thornapple and Rattle  Pennsylvania, is situated on an eminence a few miles W. of
Creelks. The surface is undulating, and the soil is mostly a  the main Alleghany chain, 74 miles E. by N. of Pittsburg.
deep calcareous and sandy loam. The middle and N. part is It contains a court-house, an academy, 4 churches, and
heavily timbered; the southern portion is occupied with  about 600 inhabitants.
plains, over which oak trees are scattered. Named in honor    EBERBACHI, Afbgr-biK', a village of Baden, circle of Lower
of John H. Eaton, Secretary of VWar under President Jack- Rhine, on the right bank of the Neckar, 23 miles E. of
son. Capital, Charlotte. Pop. 7058.                       Mannheim.  Pop. 3650.
EATON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Eaton co.,   EBERBACIT, a village of Nassau, near the right bank of
Michigan, about 18 miles SW. of Lansing. Pop. 539.       the Rhine, 3 miles N. of Hattenheim. It had formerly an
EATON, a post-village in Benton township Eaton co., important abbey, the buildings of which are now used as a
Michigan, on Thornapple River, about 20 miles S.W. of house of correction. Its vineyard is the most elevated in
Lansing.                                                  Rheingau, (200 feet,) and produces one of the best wines of
EATON, a post-office of Crawford co., Illinois.         the district.
EATON, a small village of Cedar co., Missouri.            EBERGASSING, 8bter-g's'sing, or OEBERGASSLING,
EAT/ON BISHIOP, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.   ((EAbergiissling,) b/ber-g]h~s'sling, a village of Lower Austria,
EATON BRAY, a parish of England, co. of Beds.           on the Fische, 15 niles S.S.E. of Vienna.
EAT/ON CEN/TRE, a post-village of Carroll co., New Ilamp    EBIERLEE, a village of Putnam co., Indiana, 7 miles N.E.
shire, 60 miles N.E. of Concord.                          of Greencastle.
EATION CON/STANTINE, a parish of England, co. of    EB/ERLEVILLE, asmall village of Lancaster co., PennSalop.                                                    sylvania.
EATON FIELD, England. See EDENFIELD.                      EB/ERLY'S MILL, a post-office of Cumberland co., PennEATON GIRANT, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.    sylvania.
EATION HASTINGS, (hAs/tings,) a parish of England, co.   EBERMANNSTADT, A/ber-mAnn-stAtt, a town of Bavaof Berks.                                                 ria, circle of Upper Franconia, 15 miles S.E. of Bamberg.
EAT/ON, LITTTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.  Pop. 651.
EATON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Derby.           EBERN, A/bern, a town of Bavaria, on the Baunach, 45
EATION RAPlIDS, apost-village and township of Eaton co., miles N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1162.
Michigan, about 20 miles S.S.W. by N. of Lansing. A news-   EBERNBURG, AEbern-bbbaRc, a village of Bavaila, Palatipaper is published in the village. Pop. 1525.             nate, on the Nahe, 20 miles S.W. of Mentz.
EAT/ON'S CORINERS, a village of Schenectady co., New    EBERSBACH,  beers-bAK', a village of Saxony, 14 miles
York, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                    S.W. of Bantzen, on the Bohemian frontier. Pap. 5620. It
EATION'S NECK, the E. side of the entrance to Hunting-  is one of the principal seats of the lirnen manufacture of
don's Bay, Long Island  On it is a fixed light, 134 feet Saxony.
above the level of the sea. Lat. 400 57' 5,' N., lon. 730 24'   EBERSBERG, lhbers-bl(o', or EBELSBERG, A/bels-bhtG',
12" W.                                                    a village of Upper Austria, on the Traun, 4 miles S.S.E. of
EATON SOCION, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.      Lintz. The'rench defeated the Austrians here, May 3d, 1809.
EATIONTON, a flourishing post-village, capital of Putnam  EBE'RSBERG, a village of Upper Bavaria, 18 miles E.S.E.
co., Georgia, is situated on a high ridge, 22 miles N.N.W. of of Miinich, with 1004 inhabitants.
Mlilledgeville. A branch railroad extends from this village   EBERSBURG, Abers-bORaG',   a village of Wiirtemberg, A
to Milledgeville, and connects with the Central Railroad. It miles E. of Backnang.
is a place of some inmportance on account of its excellent   EBERSDORF, A/bers-doRf', a market-town of Germany, in
schools. It contains a court-house, a bank, 2 academies, and  the principality of Reuss, 39 miles S.S.E. of Weimar, and a
[.carriage factory.                                       fine residence of the sovereign prince. Here Napoleon issued
EATIONTON FAC/TORY, a village of Putnam  co., Georgia, his first proclamation to the Saxons, in 1806. Pop. 1312.
605




EBE                                                         ECL
EBERSDORF-AM-MOOS. See E nEIeCsnoOF.                        ECDALtLAIH or EKDULILAIt, a town of British India,
EBERSDORF, KAISER, (kBizer,) avillage ofLower Austria, presidency of Bengal, 50 miles W.N.W. of Allahabad, on the
5 miles S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1130.                          Ganges.
EBERISHEIM,  /bers-hfme', a village of France, depart-   ECIIACONINEE, also called TOCIHIOCUTNO, a creek of Geor.
ment of Bas-Rhin, on the Strasbourg and Mulhausen Rtail- gia, flows S.E., and enters Gcmulgee River at the S. extieway, 4 miles N.N.E. of Schelestadt.  Pop. 1564.             mity of Bibb county.
EBIERSOLE'S WAREIHOTUSE, a post-office of Mason co.,   ECHACONNEE, a village of Bibb co., Georgia, on Echacon.
Kentucky.                                                   nee Creek.
EBERSTADT, Yber-stttt', a market-town of Hesse-Darm-    ECIIALLENS, A'shVlMlScNO, a village and parish of Switzer
stadt, 4 miles S. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1792.                  land, canton of Vaud, on the Talent, 8 miles N. by W. of
EBESFALVA, Ilb~sh'fdlv/h', a royal free town of Tran-  Lausanne.  Pop. 800.
sylvania, 35 miles N.E. of IIermmannstadt.  Pop. 2900.        ECIIAUFFOUR, 4'shaf'fooel, a town of France, depart
EBIIAUSEN, 6b-h6w/zen, or MOLLHAUSEN, (Mil11hau-  ment of,nme, 19 miles E. of Argentan.  Pop. 1705.
sen,) mbl-hiwlzen, a village of Wiirtemberg, aboxt 4 miles    ECIHELLES, LES, llze AXshlllf, (i.e. "the stairs,") a village
N.W. of Nagold.                                             of the Sardinian States, province of Savoy, 12 miles S.W. of
EBtER, a town of Persia. See AnnHE.                      Chambiry, on the Guiers.'It is named from  the stairs
EBINGEN, Afbing-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, 10 miles  which formerly existed here, and which have been replaced by
E.S.E. of Bahlingen; on the Schmiecha. Pop. 4384. It has  a new road cut in the mountain, over a space of 1000 feet,
manufactures of woollen cloths, hosiery, and leather.       begun by Napoleon, and finished by the King of Sardinia
EBLANA.  See DUBLIN.e                                     in 1817.
EBLERN, 8b/lern, a village of Austria, in Styria, circle of    ECHMIED'ZINI or ETCHMIADZIN, ktch-me-ad-zeen/, a
Judenberg. on the Ens. Pop. 600. It has copper-mines and  town, and the ecclesiastical capital of Armenia, in the Rusfoundries, producing annually from 18,000 to 20,000 cwt. of  sian dominions, province, and 15 miles W. of Erivan, and 25
copper pyrites, 150 cwt. of sulphir, and 500 cwt. of vitriol.   miles N. of Mount Ararat. It has a large fortified convent,
EBOE, a town of Guinea. See ABOH.                         comprising a magnificent church, bazaars, &c., and is the
EBOLI, Albo-le, or EVOLI, A/vo-le, (anc. SEunri,) a town of  seat of the Catholicos, or primate of the Armenian Church.
Naples, province of Principato Citra, 16 miles E.S.E. of Sa-    ECIIMIN, a town of Egypt.  See AKarlr~sr.
lerno. Pop. 4200.                                             ECHT, 6Kt, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
EBIONY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                   ECHT; SKt, or EGT, uHt: a village of Holland, province of
EBORA, a town of Portugal. See EVORA.                     Limrburg, 9 miles S.W. ofRoermond, on the Meuse. Pop. 1500.
EBORACUM. See YorK.                                         ECHTEIRDINGEN,  klter-dingen, a village of W irtemEBRE, a river of Spain. See Eono.                         berg, circle of Neckar,  5 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1630.
EBREICHSDORF,  WbrlKs-doaf', or EBERSDORF-AI-   ECHTERNACH, Sklter-nDK', a town of Netherlands, proMOOS, ibers-doRfa-Am-m3 ce, a village of Lower Austria, 6  vince of Luxemburg, on the  Sure, 19 miles N.E. of Luxmiles N.N.E. of Ebenfurt. Pop. 800.                         eaburg. Pop.3726..
EBREUIL, A/brullt (ane. Ebrolium?) a village of France,   ECHIZELL, 8K-ts~ll, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt. in Oberdepartment of Allier, 5 miles W. of Gannat, on the Sioule. hessen, on the Horloff, 5 miles S.S.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1615.
Pop. in 1852, 2446.                                           ECIJA, 8/the-nA, (ane. Astfgi,) a town of Spain, province,
EBRINGEN, Wblring-en, a village of Baden, circle ofUpper  and 52 miles E].N.E. of Seville, on the Genil. Pop. 28,370.
Rhine, 4 miles S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1100.                 It has numerous convents, hospitals, churches, and Roman
EB'RINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 2  remains; and a fine public walk near the river, ornamented
miles E.N.E. of Chipping-Camden.  It gives the title of vis- with statues and fountains.  Its vicinity is fertile in corn
count to the Fortescue family.                              and oil, but the town is so hot as to be called the " fryingEBRO, eelbro, (Sp. pron. eth/ro; Fr. Ebre, aib'r; anc. Ibelrus,)  pan of Andalusia."  It has manufactures of coarse woollen
a river in the N.E. of Spain, rises in the province of Santander, cloths, linens, and leather.
12 miles W. of Reynosa, flows generally S.E., past Logroflo,    ECK, LOCII, 1iK 6k, a lake of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
Calahorra, Tudela, Saragossa, and Tortosa, and enters the  between Lochs Lone and Fyne. Length, 7 miles, breadth,
MI'editerranean, in 1t. 400 42' N., Ion. 0~ 50' E.  Length,      a mile.
340 miles.  It is navigable from Tudela, but its navigation    ECKARTSBERGA. klk.arts-b~a'g',  a town of Prussian
is difficult, on account of its rapidity and the rocks  in its  Saxony, 25 miles S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1628.
bed, and several canals have been cut for its improvement.    ECKENBERG, a village of Austria. SeeEGCFENo ERo.
EBRODUNUM, or EBURODUNUM  CATURIGIUM. See    ECKERNFORDE, (Eickerunfirde,) klkern-fia'deh, or ECKEasMBUN.                                                    ERNFIORD,  k'.eron-fe-oRdl, a seaport town of Denmark, in
EBSAMBOOL, or EBSAMBUL.  See IPSAMBoo L.                 Gottorf, on an inlet of the Baltic, 10 miles E. S. E. of SlesEBSTORF, 6bsftoaf or 6psftoaf, a town of Hanover, princi- wick. Pop. 3800. It has a suburb joined to it by a bridge,
pality, and 15 miles S. of Liineburg. Pop. 866.             an invalid asylum, and a normal school; with distilleries,
EBUDES. See HEBRIDES.                                    ship-yards, and malting-trade.
EBURACUM. See YOaK.                                         ECKERSDORF, 6klkers-donfx, a village of Prussia, in
EBURI. See EBoe.                                         Breslau, circle of Glatz. Pop. 055.
EBUROVICES.  See EvREUX.                                    ECKERSDORF, a village of Prussia, government of LiegEBUS, i/boosl, or BOS, b6s, one of the Philippine Islands, nitz, circle of Sagan. Pop. 1042.
off the N.W. coast of Mindoro; with which it forms a good    ECKERS]DORF, a village of Prussia, government of Bresharbor. It is about 15 miles in circuit.                   lau, circle of Namslau. Pop. 1183.
EBUSUS. See IvwgA. -                                        ECKIFORD, a parish of Scotland. co. of Roxburgh, in the
ECAUSSINES, Ak6ss'seenl, a village'of Belgium, province  vale of Teviot, 5 miles S.S.W. of Ielso. Ilere are ruins of
of Hainant, on the Senne and on the Namur IRailway, 13  the border tower of Cessford.
miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 2680!.  ECKFORD, a post-village and township in the E. part of
ECBATANA. See IIAMANA.                                    Calhoun co., Michigan, about 45 miles S. by W. of Lansing.
ECCHINSWELL, k/kinez-well, a chapelry of England, co. Pop. 715.
of IIants..                          ECKiUNG CI000, 6k'kfing! choo, a river of Thibet, supECICLES, a parish of England,.co. of Lancaster;           posed to be the main head-stream of the Indus.  It rises in
]CCLES, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk              theKailas lMountains, lat. 310 20' N., ion. 810 15/ E., whence
ECCLES,  a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.  The cele- it flows N.E., and assunes the name of tihe Indu  about Ion.
brated Lord Kaimes was born in this parish.                 790 E. At ion. 800 E. it is joined by the Singhey Choo.
ECCLESALL-BIERtLOW, Skk'lz —l-beer/1l, a township of    ECKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
England, co. of York, West Riding.                            ECIKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
ECCLESCLIFFE, a parish of England. See EAGLESOLFFE.    ECKR'MANSVILLE, a pos[village of Adams co., Ohio, on
ECCLESFECI{AN, Sk/kl's-ftklan, a village of Scotland, co., the plank-road from Ripley to Locust Grove, 16 miles N. of
and 14 miles E. of Dumfries.  Pop. 768.                     the Ohio River.
ECICLESFIELD, aparish ofEngland, co.York,WestRiding.   ECO II{OL, 5kamil,  (Ger. ltygmiihl  Sk/miil,)  a village  of
ECCLESI-ALL,  kIk'lIz-hal, a market-town and parish of Bavaria, circle of Lower Bavaria, 13 miles S.S.E. of Ratisbon,
England, co. of Stafford, on the Grand Junction Railway,  on the Great Laber. Il is celebrated for a victory of the
where it joins the Manichester and Birmingham   Railway, 65  French over the Austrians, 22d April, 1809, for which D])a
miles W.N.W. of Staffiord. Pop. 4730. Its church afforded  voust was created Prince of Eckmfihl.
a sanctuary to Queen Ma.rgaret of Anjoll.  The Bishops of    ECLIPSE, e-klipsf, a post-office of Macon co., Tennessee.
Litchfield  owned the manor at the time of the Conquest,  and    ECLIPSE  (e-blips) ISLAN]DS,   a cluster of small, rocky,
have inhabited the castle here since the thirteenth ceptury. barren islands in the South Pacific Ocean, near the S.W.
ECICLESHILL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.  coast of Australia; lat. 350 12/ S., let. 1170 53' E.
FOCCLESHILL,  a township of Eneland, co. of York.           ECLUSE, L', lI'klI[z!, an important frontier fort of France,
ECCLESMACHAN, Skfk'lz-maK/aln, a parish of Scotland.  department of Ain, above the Rhone, 34 miles S.W. of Geneva.
eo. of Linlithgow.                                         It commands the only entrance into France between Seyssel
ECICLESTON,  a parish of England, co. of Chester.        and St. Genaix, and has latterly been greatly strengthened
ECCLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Laneaster.        by additional batteries.
ECCLESTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.        ECLUSE, L', a village  of France, department of Nord, f
ECICLESTON, GREAT, a township, England, co. Lancaster. miles S. of Douai. Pop. 1691.
656
--------------- --- _________ - -.__ 




EO0                                                            ECU
ECLUSE, L1, the French name of the Dutch town SLurs.   between the temperate heights and those interminable and
ECOMMOY, a'kom'mw/,,    a town of France, department of  periodically desert plains below, which are here called by
Sarthe, 13 miles S.S.E. of Le-Mans. Pop. in 18f52, 3631.       the Spanish name Llanos, and which resemble the pampas
ECONOMY, a thriving post-village and township of Beaver  and savannas of other regions.
co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Ohio River, and    Cordilleras.-The central ridge or elevated region of Ecnaon the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 17 miles N.W. of  dor is formed by a double range of snow-clad mounftinsPittsburg. It is a settlement of Germans, called the 11ar- several of them  active volcanoes-which enclose a longitomony Society, who, under the direction of George lRapp,  dinal valley, varying in elevation firom  8800 to 13,900 fee.t,
emigrated from Germany, and finally established themselves  and divided, as will be seen, by transverse barriers. These
here in 1825. They own 3500 acres of land, which, together  mountains, which figure as the most remarkable volcanic
with their other property, is held in common. The village  group on the earth, are as follows:is situated on a plain, and contains about 100 houses, a          W. Henge.      Abs. Height.    B. Range.       Abs. Height.
large church, a school-house, a museLum, and manufactories                           Feet.                          Feet.
of wool, cotton, silk, and flour. Their patriarch Rapp died      Paste.................13,450  Cayambe.............19,535
in 1847. Pop. of the township, 1390.                             Cumbal...............15,620    Guamani.................
E~CONOMY, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio.      (utacache...........16,380      Antisana............19,137
ECONOM[Y, a post-offlce of Hilihland co.,           O           ihinco.           1594        Ctpx.i,7
Pichincha.......15,924        Cotopaxi.............18,87
ECONOMY. a post-village of Wayne co., Indiana, on a            Corazo...15,795        Quelemdama............
branch of the WIhitewater River, 14 miles N.W. of Centreville.    Iliniia.................17,380  Tunguragua...........16,424
ECORCE, Nkorst, a post-township in the E. part of Wayne        Carguarazo...........15,540   Sangay...............16,136
co., Michigan, on the W. side of Detroit River, 80 miles E.S.E.    Chimboazo......... 2,424
of Lansing.  Pop. 653.                                           Thus, within a distance of 250 miles, there rise in succes
ECORE A FABRE, a village of Arkansas.  See CA.nDEN.   sion at least a dozen mountains surpassing Mont Blanc
ACOSSE end ECOS3SA~S.  See SCOTLAND.                        in absolute elevation, besides many more which just reach
ECOUCH11, A'koo'shl, a town of France, department of  theline of perpetual congelation.  AttheN. limitofEcuador,
Orne, 5 miles S.W. of Argentan, on the 0me. Pop. 1505.    the two chains uniting form  the Paramos de los Pastos,
ECOUEN, {4koo-$NG or A4Xkwl8NG, a nmrket-town of Fiance,  having on their N. and S. borders respectively the volcanoes
department of Seine-et-Olse, 10 miles N. of Paris.  Pop. in  of Paste and Cumbal, and inhabited to a height of 10,200
1852, 1042. Its fine ch'tean, built in the time of Francis I., feet. Towards the S., the snowy Cordilleras, separating,
is now a house of education for the children of military  enclose the long valley of Quito, which is, however, more
officers.                                                     elevated than the city from which it takes its name. The
ECOURT-ST.-QUENTIN, /tJkooR1-SJNG-kNG't'Nc4, a town  village of Lulumbamba or Gualabamba in this valley, and
of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, arrondissement of  the Nevado of Cayambe, lie directly under the equator.
Arras, canton of Marquiom  Pop. 1803. It has  maufac- About 40 miles S. of the equator, the valley of Quito is closed
tures of cloths.                                              by the Alto de Chisinche, where the two branches of the
ECREIJOU, Ak'r'hoo5, a group of low rocky islets in the  Andes unite in a single narrow ridge, not quite 500 feet
English Channel, about 5 miles N.E. of the island of Jersey. above the adjacent phoins.  S. of Chisinche again the ridge
EC'RICOK!  or IC'RICOKI, a town of Guinea, capital of a  opens, and the valley of Hatmbato extends about 150 nailes
chiefship, on the Old Calabar River, here upwards of 1 mile  in length, between Chimborazo and Carguarazo on the one
in breadth, about 100 miles N. of its mouth. The houses  side, and the group of Sangay on the other. It terminates
are of-earth and raised on platforms. OLD ECaICox is much  on the S. at the trachytic ridge of Assnay, where the Paranmo
higher up the same river.                                      attains the absolute height of 15,440 feet. Beyond this,
ECSED, a village of Hungary.  See ETSED.                     towards the S., the valley of Cuenca succeeds, and stretches
ECSEG, A'chkgf, a village of IHungary, in Hither Danube, about 30 miles to the mountains of Loja, the elevation of
co. of Neograd, on the Zagyva, about 12 miles from IHatvan. which does not exceed 7000 feet. None of the summits on
Pop. 1529.                                                     the sides of this valley attain the height of perpetual snow;
ECrTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.            indeed, the highest of them probably does not exceed 11,000
ECUADO., 6k-wA-dtR/, (i.e. "Equator;" Fr. Efuatecr,  feet; and beyond the valley of Cuenca, towards the Marafion.
zl'kw/'ttur.; Port. ldujador, A-kwil-dSrd,) a republic of South  the hills sink to an elevation of 2000 or 3000 feet. Amona3
America, lying under the equator, whence it, takes its name. the mountains enumerated above, Chimborazo holds the
It extends alofig the coast of the Pacific, from the mouth of  first place. Cotopaxi, though not the highest, is the most
the Patia, in lat. 20 30' N., to the S. end of the Gulf of  celebrated and conspicuous peak in this most remarkable
Puna or Bay of Guayaquil,. in lat. 30 20' S. From this point  region of the Andes.  It at once attracts the eye, being a
the boundary line strikes S.E. along the river Tumbez, about  perfectly symmetrical truncated cone, presenting a uniform
60 miles to the Cordillera, which it follows S. to lat. 60 20' S., unfurrowed field of snow of resplendent brightness.  It is
and then, turning E. till it reaches the Maraion, which it  not to its beauty, however, that it owes its celebrity, but to
follows in its winding course E. by N. into the wilds of the  its terrific eruptions, which, recurring frequently in the
interior.  Such is the S. boundary of the state. The N.  course of the last and the beginning of the present century,
boundary is traced in like manner, E. from the source of the  totally changed the face of the S. part of the valley of IIamPatia across the Cordillera, to the source of the Fragua, and  bate, overturned the towns, or buried them  under secorim
down this stream to the Japura, which it follows E.by S. into  and ashes. Riobamba was destroyed, in 1797, by an erupthe boundless forests.*  The Japurn joins the MarafLionu or  tion of Tungurangua when the rivers, dammed up by masses
river of Amazons within the Brazilian territory, and the line  of rock falling from the mountains, swept away every vestige
of demarcation between the two states in the unfirequented  of the town. Great numbers of the inhabitants perished
region of the interior has not been as yet, we believe, autho- on  that occasion.  Pichincha, which, previous to  the
ritatively settled. Geographers, however, draw a boundary  Spanish conquest, was an active volcano, rises immediately
line nearly in the meridian of 700 WV., fiom Tabatinga, where  above the plain of Quito.  Its crater is 3 miles in circumthe Javari joins the Marafion, to the river Japura or Caqueta,  ference, and may be viewed by a spectator lying fiat on the
so that the state, thus limited, has New Granada on the N.,  precipitous rockswhich forim its brim. Thus seen, it appears
Peru on the S., the Pacific on the W., and Brazil on the E. to be nearly on at level with the plain of Quito, or about
Its greatest breadth from N. to S. is near the sea-coast, be- 6600 feet (1I  miles) deep, and is quite black within, while
tween the extreme points already indicated; towards the E. its upper edges are covered with snow.
it contracts uniformly. Its length, fromCape SanLorenzo,    Valleps. —The cultivated land of Ecuador lies chiefly in
Ion. 800 40t, to its E. limit, is about 800 miles; and the area  the valley which extends along between the summits of the
of the state, probably, does not fill short of 240,000 square  Cordillera, and which may be considered as divided by transmiles.                                                        verse ridges or dykes into the valleys of Quito, Hanmbato,
General View.-This state, like the others situate along  and Cuenca.  The average height of this tract is,aboot 1000
the Cordillera of the Andes, embraces every variety of cli- feet above the sea, though at its S. extremity, at and beyond
mnate, having tierrss calientes or low tracts, insufferably hot;  Loja, it sinks about 2000 feet. Deep clefts or crevices sometempleadas or temperate regions, fronm 6000 to 9000 feet above  times occur, which bring the tropical vegetation into imramethe sea; frias or cold districts, extending from the upper  diate contiguity with that of the elevated plains.  Thus the
limits of the preceding to the borders of the paranws or cold  luxuriant vale or glen of Chota penetrates the plain of
deserts, lying between the elevation of 11,000 feet and the  Ibarra, at a depth of nearly 5000 feet. The inhabited dislimnits of perpetual snow; and, finally, the nevados  or snowy  tricts on the sea-side at Barbacoas, Esmeraldas. and Guayaheights themselves. The culminating summits in this part  quil, are of small extent, and the slopes of the Andes on
of the Andes are ranged close together in double file, or  both sides are still covered with wild forests, on which the
along the outer edges ofa narrow elevated longitudinal ridge, encroachments of human industry are scarcely perceptible.
in the hollows of which is collected the chief population of  These forests, with the snowy heights and the dreary parthe state. On the W. of this ridge, towards the sea, the de- mos on the borders of the snow, occupy nineteen-twentieths
clivities of the Cordillera are covered with dense forests. of the area of the state.
On the E. also impenetrable forests occupy the mid region,    Geology, &c.-The Andes of Ecuador may be entitled, collectively, a volcanic group, but as yet little has been done
n o the man sccompatnying Lieutenant Herndon's explora-  towards the minute examination of their structure.  Chimtion of the Amazon, no part of the Amazon'or Blaraion is on or
within the boundaries of Ecuador, nor does the Japura formin any  borazo is known  to be a mass of trachyte; the ridge of
part of the N. boundary; but as it has no expnlaation in the text,  Assuay displays the same formation; lavas, pumice, and
we have prefirred to followi the Imperial Gazetteer.          cinders, cover extensive tracts in the neighborhocd of Coto607




ECU                                                           ECU
paxi and Sangay. Yet the syenitic rocks and porphyries,  wit.h the black bear, frequent the mountains near Quito,
elsewhere so characteristic of the Andes, occur here also; and descend even to the sea-shore. The tapir (of two species)
and on the heights of Cuenca the causeways and ruined  is one of the largest of the wild quadrupeds; deer are
temples of the Incas are constructed of freestone. It is said  numerous, but generally small. The sloth, bats, of which
that gold was formerly collected in several river beds in the  one species (the vampire) is destructive to cattle, carvies,
valley of Hambato and S. towards Zeruma, and silver ores  iguanas, much prized as delicate food, and monkeys of
are believed to exist in various parts of the Cordillera; sul- many species, people the interminable forests. As to the
phuret of mercury is found in Cuenca, and platina in Bar- feathered tribes, the reptiles, and insects, they are far too
bacoas; but no attention is now given to the mines, except- numerous to be specified in a brief sketch like this. On the
ing those of iron and copper. Emeralds, however, are still  sea-coast, life is rendered miserable by the incessant stings
gathered, chiefly by Indians, the mines being, for the most  of flies and insects; snakes lie coiled in the path of the
part, in impenetrable forests, on the side of the river Esmer-  traveller; and the banks of every stream  are guarded by
aldes.                                                         alligators.  iish of many kinds are inconceivably abundant
Rivers, &-c.-The rivers are, for the most part, rapid tor-  along the shore, but, owing to the great heat of the climate,
rents, quite unavailable for purposes of internal communi-  they are of little value to the inhabitants; they feed, howcation.  Some of the streams on the coast may perhaps be  ever, myriads of birds, of varioun  species, and the condor,
plied for a few miles by the canoes of the Indians, but com- among the rest, is said to visit the beach twice a day from
merce derives no aid from their navigation. The rivers of  his home on the highest Andes —100 miles distant —to feast
the eastern water-shed, all tributaries of the Amazon, have  on the shell-fish washed ashore by the tide.
long courses, but are not generally navigable till they reach    Vegetation.-The botanical productions of this country are
the plains beyond the limits of the settled parts of the  many and intrinsically valuable, but not absolutely peculiar
country: The Amazon, however, (here called Marafcon,) is  to it. The cinchona, china, or quina, (Jesuit's bark,)  of
navigable to San Borja for large vessels, and for lighter  Loja, is of the best kind, and was formerly in general decraft to Chuchunga. Flowing into it are the Santiago,  mand; but the price now paid for it ba-ely defrays the
Morona, Pastaga or Pastaza, Chambira, Tigre, Napo, Iea or expense of carrying to the sea-coast. The cocoa of the same
Putumayo, and Caqueta or Japura; the last three rivers  locality, and of the coast near Guayaquil, is excellent, and
of from 600 to 1000 miles in length, and all having a S.E. finds a ready sale in Mexico. Rice and pepper also are culticourse. The government of Ecuador has recently thrown   vated in the low country, while the plain of Quito produces
the navigation of the Amazon and its tributaries open to  sugar-cane, cotton, maize, and, higher up, wheat and barley.
the world; but as the mouth and so large a portion of the  Wheat, which here attains the greatest perfection, and is
course of that river is in the possession of Brazil, the act is  extremely prolific, particularly when grown on irrigated
of little practical importance, except as an indication of in- lands, may be regarded as the characteristic product of this
creased liberality in commercial intercourse.  The commu- country.  It is exported chiefly to Guatemala.  In the
nication by post with the settlements (chiefly missionary) of  equable climate of Quito, wheat can ripen at any time of
the interior, on the banks of the Maradon was formerly and is  the year, and the season of sowing it, depends, in the
still carried on to a considerable extent by means of Indians, several localities, on slight differences of elevation. An indiwho, with the packets of letters tied in a handkerchief round  genous species of tobacco, very mild, and rendered fragrant
the head, swim for 300 or.400O miles down the great river, by the process of drying, is cultivated in the neighborhood
aided only by a balsa or float of light wood, which supports  of Loja. The vast forests of large timber, and the abundance
them in the descent of the rapids. On the W. or maritime  of tropical fruits, on the sides and chiefly at the W. foot of
side of the mountains the chief rivelrs are the Patia, noted  the Andes, add little to the wealth of the state, and serve
only for the extreme insalublrity of its valley; the Mira, the  at present only to shelter and support a few tribes of wild
Esmeraldas, so called from the ancient emerald mines (now  Indians. Agriculture, considered as a science, is in a low
deserted) on its banks; and the river of Guayaquil, formed  condition in this as in the neighboring states, being chiefly
by the junction of two small streams, the Caracol and Daule. in the hands of the aboriginal race, who cling obstinately to
The estuary at the mouth of this river, being protected  their old habits.
towards the sea by tie large island of Puna, forms a secure    Commesce and Icndustry.-The Indians of Ecuador may be
and capacious harbor, sometimes called the Gulf of Puna.  considered industrious, though they never manifest the
This island is remarkable as being the landing-place of  energy of the European race. They weave cotton cloth,
Pizarro, when, in 1530, he led his adventurous band to the  make quilts and carpets, which last are highly prized on
conquest of Peru. Guyaquil, one of the principal gulfs on  account of their brilliant and unchangeable colors. Their
the Pacific coast, lies partly within the republic of Ecuador,  pottery also merits commendation. The Indians are the
and partly within Peru.                                       miners, the agriculturists, the herdsmen, and, to a great
(Climate.-From its geographical position, and double range  extent, the manufacturers also, of the state. On the coast
of snow-clad mountains, Ecuador may be readily inferred to  they formerly carried on a profitable pearl-fishery; but of
possess variety of climate, so far at least as temperature is  late years this has been abandoned, chiefly owing, it is said,
concerned. But the practical effects of this variety are less  to the dread of a large cuttle-fish, the grasp of which is fi.tal
striking and important than might be expected. The inhla- to the divers. That the natives are not deficient in nautical
bitants of the coast, of European origin, are few in number;  skill and boldness is evident from their balsas or rafts, made
and the influential population has selected for its abode not of light wood, on which they often venture to sea, and make
merely a temperate, but even an almost invariable, climate.  voyages of 200 or 300 miles along the coast. The balsas are
On the plain of Quito, 9300 feet above the sea, there reigns  sometimes 60 feet long, and capable of carrying 25 tons of
a perpetual spring, with a temperature so constant that even  merchandise.  The native ingenuity is still further maulthe snow-line on the surrounding mountains seems hardly  fested in the taravitas or rope bridges, of various kinds,
to vary throughout the year. The absolute height of the  thrown over torrents and across profound chasms. The comline of perpetual congelation is here about 15.700 feet, which  merce of Ecuador is very small, and is chiefly carried on
is considerably lower than in Bolivia, where, owing to the  through the adjoining ports of New Granada and Peru. There
dryness of the climate, the fall of snow is scanty. At Quito  is, however, some trade through Guayaquil, its only port.
the rain is abundant, falling generally for a few hours in    Government, dl. —The form  of government is republican,
the afternoon, and rarely so constant or so heavy as to mar  with a president and vice-president'as the head, who, in
seriously the enjoyment derived from  the usually bright  conjunction with a senate and house of representatives,
sky and delicious atmosphere. It is popularly believed  constitute the law-making power. In the administration
that, since the earthquake of 1797, the temperature of Quito  of the government the president is assisted by a council of
and the adjoining valley has been lower than before; but it  state. The revenue of the republic in 1849 was $792,9000.
does not appear that any change has taken place in the  Men of all races and complexions are politically equal. Revegetable productions of the country since that event. ligious liberty, freedom of the press, and election to office,
Farther S., in Loja, and E.,. in the plains, there is less rain  are now  established by law. But the whites or Spanish
than at Quito; while in the opposite direction, at Barbaeoas,  creoles, though numerically weak, still maintain a leading
it rains nearly every day in the year. The country round  position, by means of their superior education and inielliGuayaquil is inundated to a great extent in the rainy season, gence. It is said, however, that they are excelled in the
(July,) after which it remains for some months a pestilential  moral qualities and in purity of life by the native race; rind
marsh, from which issueincrediblemultitudes ofmosquitoes, that when these shall have been raised by education, the
reptiles, and noxious insects. The exemption enjoyed by  power of the state must necessarily pass into their hands.
Quito and the elevated valleys from these plagues is counter- In dress and domestic manners these people differ in nothing
balanced by their liability to violent earthquakes, of which  from  the natives of Peru. The Spaniards are much given
they are constantly reminded by the ground gaping in deep  to indolent enjoyment, swinging in hammocks, and smoking
tracks, by tottering  buildings, and other monuments of  cigars. A  very broad hat, braided jacklcet and breeches,
former ruin. The high lands are often visited, too, by gusts  coarse buskins on hbare legs, and spurs with rowels ofenorof wind, of indescribable violence, sometimes accompanied  mous size, form  the dress of the peasant. The cavalier
with snow.                                                    generally hides his other finery beneath an ample mantillo
Zoolor-c. — ll that we know of the zoology of Ecuador is  or cloak of cloth or velvet. The ladies also sometimes conderived firom popular report, compared with the scientific  ceal themselves in capotes, but the French style of dress is
information gathered in the other tropical regions of America. now generally adopted by the upper classes. The Spanish
The puma, cougar or American lion, (Filis concolor,)and the  language is spoken, but education is in a very backward
still more formidable jaguar or American tiger, together  state.
fd8




ECU                                                        EDE'Divisions.-The State of Ecuador is at present divided into    EDrDYSTONE LIGHT-HOUSE, on the Eddystone rocks,
three departments, viz.: Ecuador, which comprises Pichin-  in the English Channel, off the coast of Cornwall, 14 miles
cha, Chimborazo, and Imbambura; Guayaquil, comprising  S.S.W. of Plymouth Breakwater. Lat. 50013' 54"t N., ion. 40
Guayaquil and Manabi; and Assuay, subdivided into Cuenca,  15 53" WV. It was built in 1759, of Portland stone encased
Loja, and Jaen de Bracamoros. The department of Guaya- in granite, and is about 100 feet high, furnished with 16
quil comprises the entire maritime district of the state; the  powerful argand-burners, which give a fixed light of the
other two embrace the heights of the Cordillera. As to the  first magnitude.
mode in which the Llanos or great eastern plains are shared    ED!DYSVILLE or EDIDYVILLE, a post-village of Wapello
among the provinces, we cannot find any statement; and, co., Iowa, on the river Des Moines, 10 miles N.W. of Otindeed, it does not appear that the civilized populstion of tumwa.
Ecuador have as yet descended anywhere into those plains,   EDIDYTOWN, a post-village of Yates co., New York, about
which, so far as the missions extenO slon, the N. banks  190 miles W. of Albany.
of the Amazon, are considered as depending on Jaen de    ED/DYVILLE, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New
Bracamoros. The Galapagos or Turtle Islands under the  York, about 300 miles W. of Albany.
line, and in ion. 890 30, to 910 31 W., are also claimed though    EDDYVILLE, a village of Ulster co., New York, on the
not yet occupied by this state.                             Rondout Creek, near its entrance into the IHudson River,
Chief Towns. —The chief towns (proceeding from N. to S.) about 55 miles S. of Albany. It is the terminus of the
are Ibarra, at the foot of Cutacache; Quito, the capital, with  Delaware and Hudson Canal.
70,000 inhabitants; Biobamba, near Chimborazo, and within    EDDYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Caldwell co., Kena few miles of the site of the old towvn; Cuenca, which ranks  tucky, on the Cumberland River, at the mouth of Eddy
next to Quito in population, having 20,000 inhabitants;  Creek, about 15 miles W. of Princeton.  It has 1 or 2
Loja; Jaen de Bracamoros, only a large village; and Guaya- churches, 10 stores, and 4 warehouses. Pop. about 700.
quil. the chief port of the state, and nearly equal in size,   EDDYVILLE, a village of Iowa. See EDDYSVuLE.
while superior in wealth, to Cuenca.                          EDE, EEDE, A/deh, or EDEN,,lden, a village of I-olland,
Population, -c.-Of the population of Ecuador, the abori- province of Gelderland, 11 miles W.N.W. of Arhrnm, on the
ginal red race or Peruvians, as they may be called, speaking  road to Amsterdam. Pop. 1000.
the Quichua or some cognate language, form more than    EDELENEY, A'd1lliI a market-town of Hungary, IHither
half; the rest are negroes, mulattoes, mestizoes, zamboes, Theiss, co. of Borsod, on the Bodva, 12 miles N. of Miskolcz.
and whites, the last a small minority. The negroes are  Pop. 1470.
comparatively few, and chiefly on the coast; indeed, the    EDELFINGEN, A!del-finge9n, a village of Wtirtemberg,
little maritime towns of Esmeraldas, Rio Verde, and Ata- circle of Jaxt, on the Tauber, 2 miles N.N.W. of Mergentcames, are peopled almost wholly by zamboes, or that breed  helm. Pop. 1090.
of mixed negro and Indian blood which is is said to inherit    EDEN, a village of HIolland.  See EDE.
all the vices of both parent stocks. The entire populattion    EIDEN, a river of England, rising in county Westmoreof the state probably exceeds 500,000.                      land, flows through Cumberland, after a N.W. course of 48
Antiquities. —In the time of the Incas the mountain region  miles into Solway Frith; its banks, in many parts are very
from Quito S. ranked next to the plains round Titict:aica, as beautiful. Its salmon fisheries are valuable.
the seat of Peruvian civilization, and the remains of royal   EDEN, a river of Scotland, co. of Fife, fiowing, after an E.
roads or causeways, and of tambos or palaces, still attest, at course of 18 miles, into the Bay of St. Andrews, in the North
Cayambe and on Assnay, (more than 13,000 feet above the  Sea.
sea.) the perseverance, grandeur of design, and careful   EDEN, a river of Scotland, joins the Tweed after a SE.
workmsnship of the natives.                                 course of 18 miles, 3_ miles below Kelso.
History.-Quito orued part of the viceroyalty of Pse-u till   EDEN, a post-township of Hancock co., laine, in the
1564, when it was erected into a separate presidency. In  northern part of Mount Desert Island, 35 miles S.S.E. of
1717, it was annexed to New Granada, but at the end of five  Bangor. Pop. 1127.
years returned to its former separate condition, and so con-   EDEN, a post-village and township of Lamoille co., Yertinned till the revolution, which broke out in 1809. The  mont, about 30 miles N. of Montpelier. The village confirst attempts at insurrection were twice suppressed; and it tains 1 church, 1 store, 1 tavern, and a number of starch
was not till 1822 that the royalists were finally vanquished  fioctories. Pop. of the township, 668.
in Quito, which then united with New Granada and Voen-   EDEN, a post-village and township of Erie co., New York,
zuela to form the republic of Columbia. Continual troubles  16 miles S. of Buffalo. Pop. 2494.
and revolts harassed the new republic, till, at last, in 1831,   EDEN, a post-office of McKean co., Pennsylvania.
the three ill-united states agreed to separate, and to form so    EDEN, a post-office of Randolph co., North Carolina.
many independent confederated republics, dividing equitably    EDEN, a post-office of Laurens co., South Carolina.
between them the Columbian debt. On this occasion Quito,   EDEN, a post-village of Bryan co., Georgia, 50 miles N. of
with its associated provinces, took the name of Ecuador.    Darien.
ECUREUILS, lkiPrul! a village of Canada East, Co. of      EDEN; a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1013.
Portneuf, 24:1 miles S.W. of Quebec:                          EDEN, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1584.
EDAMI, Ad.;lml, (L. Edsamuoo,) a town of the Netherlands,   EDEN, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, about 150
province of North Holland, with a port on Zuyder-Zee, 12  miles N.E. of Columbus.
miles N.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 4024.                           EDEN, a township in Wyandott co., Ohio. Pop. 646.
EDAM, Addaml, an island on the N. coast of Java, 9 miles    EDEN, a post-office of Ingham co., Michigan.
N.N.E. of Batavia, about 2 miles in circuit and very woody.   EDEN, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana.
There are here some storehouses for salt; but the island is    EDEN, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. Pop. 649.
chiefly used as a place of banisihment.                       EDEN, a post-office of Tazewell co., Illinois.
E/DAY, one of the Orkney Islands, in Scotland, between    EDEN, a small village of Randolph co., Illinois.
VWestray and Stronsay, to the latter of which is a iferry, 3    EDEN, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. Pop. 806.
miles across. Length, 6, miles; breadth, 24 miles.           EDEN, a post-office of-Fayette co., Iowa.
ED/BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             EDEN, a post-township in the S.E. part of Fond du Lac
EDD. Wdd, a maritime village of Abyssinia, lat. 1310 58' N.,  co., Wisconsin, 70 miles N.E. of Madison. Pop. 840.
Ion. 410 40t E., on a sandy plain, and consisting principldly E- DENBRRIDGE,  a parish of England, co. of Kent, with a
of oblong huts. with arched tops, and an outer covering of  station on the South-Eastern Railway, 5 miles N.N.E. of
coarse grass mats.                                         Godstone.
ED-DAIISIER, &dP-dAhtmer, a town of Nubia, on the righlt    EIDE'NIURGE.   a thriving post-village, of Shenandoah co.,
bank of the Nile, at the influx of the Atbara. 80 miles N. of  Virginia, on Stony  Creek, 6 miles firom Woodstock. It is
Shendy.                                                     connected by a turnpike with Staunton.
EDDER, a sriver of Germany. See EnEa.                       EDENBUlEG, a post-office of Cameron co., Texas
EDDERACITYLIS, 6dlder-raK-il-is, a parishl of Scotland,    EI.I)DENDERRY, a market-town  of Ireland, Lelnster,
co. of Sutherland.                                          King's County, near the bog of Allen, 324 miles W.. of Dublin.
EDDERTOUN, Md/der-toon',  a parish of Scotland, co. Ross. Pop. 1850.
EDIDINGTON, a post-village and township in Penobscot    ErDENFIELD or EATON FIELD, a chapelry of England,
co., Maine, on the E. bank of Penobscot River, 70 miles N.E. co. of Lancaster.
of Augusta.  Pop. 696.                                        EDENFIELD, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia.
EDDLESBORPLOUGII, dd'lz-bfsr-fh, a parish of England,    EIDENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland, 3
es. of B ucks.                                             miles N. of Penrith.  The church contains monuments of
ED)IDLESTONE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles.      the Miusgrave -family, whose noble mansion gives name to
EDDY, 6d/dee, an island of Ireland, in Galway Bay, co., the parish.
and 5 miles S. by E. of Galway; area, 95 acres. It contains    ETDENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 24 miles
the iruins of an old castle.                               N.IV. of Bourn.  Grimsthorpe Castle, seat of Lord W.
ED/DY'S CREEK, in the W. part of Kentucky, enters  D'Eresby, is in this parish.
Cumberland River, in Caldwell county, near Eddyvillo.        EDENKILLIE, ee'den-kilflee, a parish of Seotland, co
EDfDYSTONE ISLAND, a small island in the South Pa- of Elgin.
cific, east of New Guinea; let. 80 15' S., lon. 1560 30 40/" E.   EIDENKOBEN, A/den-kosben, a market-town of Rhenish
The natives, who are black, and have woolly hair, are can- Bavaria, circle of Pfalz, 7 miles N. of Landau.  Pop. 4900.
nibals.                                                    It has mineral springs, and important grain markets.
20                                                                            609




.EDE                                                        EDI
E IENSOR, a parish of England, co. of Derby.                EDGE, a township of England, co. of Chester.
EIDEN'S RIDGE. a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.    EDGEBASTON, 6j-baslton, a parish of England, co. of
EIDENTON, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New York.   Warwick.
EDENTON, a post-town, port of entry, and capital of    EDGECOMB, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, on a
Chowan co., North Carolina, is situated at the head of Ed- peninsula formed by two deep inlets of the sea, about 30
qnton Bay, which opens into Albemarle Sound, a little below  miles S. by E. of Augusta.  Considerable navigation is
the mouth of Chowan River, 150 miles E. of:Raleigh. It is  owned here, and ship-building is carried on to some extent.
one.of the principal towns in the N.E. part of the state, and  Pop. 1231.
carries on some trade. June 30th, 1852, 1640 tons of ship-    EDGECOMBE, 6jlkom, a county towards the N.E. part of
ping were owned and employed in the coast trade, and  North Carolina. Area, estimated at 600 square miles. It
during the year 3 schooners, with an aggregate buriden of  is traversed by Tar River, and watered by Fishing, Sandy,
215 tons, were built. Edenton contains acourt-house, bank, and Contentny  Creeks. The surface is nearly level; the
an academy, 1 newspaper office, and several churches. It  soil is generally sandy and fertile. Turpentine is procured
was settled in 1716. Pop. 1607.                             fronm the pine forests.  Tar River is navigable from  its
EDENTON, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.             mouth to the county seat.  The county is intersected by
EIDEN VALILEY, a post-office of Erie co., New Yorlk.      the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. Organized in 1783,
EIDEN VILfLAGE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- and named in honor of the Earl of Mount Edgecombe. Casylvania.                                                   pital, Tarborough. Pop. 17,189, of whom 8642 were free, and
EIDENYILLE, a post-village of Orange co., New York, 119  8547 slaves.
miles S. by W. of Albany.                                     EDGECOTT, 8jlkott, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
EDER, [i/der, or EDDER, 8d/der, a river of West Germany,    EDGECOTT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 6
rises in Rhenish Prussia, about 42 miles N.E. of Coblentz, miles N.N.E. of Banbury. In the Wars of the Roses the adand joins the F'lda, 8 miles S. by W. of Cassel. Gold has  herents of Edward IV. were defeated here.
been found in its sands.                                      EDGECUMBE BAY, in Eastern Australia, is an inlet of
EIDEt, a town of West Hindostan, 100 miles N.N.W. of  the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 200 S., lon. 1470 30' E.
Baroda, and estimated, in 1820, to comprise 2500 houses, but:EDGECUMBE MOUNT, a picturesque hill of England, in
at present is little else than a large village.             Devonshire, on the Tamar, opposite Plymouth, on which is
EIDERN,'dsanP, a town of France, department of Finis- the beautiful seat of the MIount Edgecumbe family.
btre, 8 miles S.E. of Chlteaulin. Pop. 1734.                  EDGEFIELD, 6jffeeld, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
EDERINION, a beautiful valley of North Wales, co. of    EDGE'FIELD, a district in the western part of South CaMerioneth, between Corwen and Bala. It contains many  rolina. bordering on the Savannah River, which separates it
icne seats, including Crogen, formerly the residence of Earl from  Georgia, has an area of 1540 square miles.  It is
)adley and Ward. Pop. of hundred, 4905.                     bounded on the N. by Saluda River, and drained by the
EDES FALLS, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.       sources of Edisto and Little Saluda Rivers. The surface is
EDESIHEIM, A/des-hime6, a market-town of Bavaria, Pa- moderately hilly; the soil productive. In 1850 the district
lati.na e, on the Queich, here crossed by a stone bridge, 6  produced 25,850 bales of cotton, 1,155,489 bushels of corn,
miles N. of Landau. It contains 2 castles, and has an im- and 285,926 bushels of oats. The quantities of corn and
port.at annual fair.'Pop. 2069.                            oats were the greatest raised by any one district in the
EDR SSA. See OoRFA.                                       state, and the quantity of cotton was not exceeded by any
EDEYRN, 4/dairn or adirnm, a parish of North. Wales, co. excepting Abbeville. The streams furnish abundant moof 0a.rnaron.                                               tive-power. The Savannah River is navigable by steamEDFOO., EDFOU or EDFU, ed/foo', (anc. Ap4leinopolioZs JI-gal- boats to the southern part of the district; the South Carosin; Coptic Atbo,) a village of Upper Egypt, on the W. bank of  lina Railroad has its western terminus in it, and the
the Nile, 50 miles S.S.E. of Thebes, consisting of a cluster of Greenville and Columbia Railroad passes near the northern
mud. lts, around some of the finest ruins in Egypt. Pop. border.  Capital, Edgefield Court-House.  Pop. 39,262, of
from 1500 to 2000, Arabs and Copts, which last manufacture  whom 16,537 were free, and 22.725 slaves.
blu.e cotton cloths, and earthenware similar to the ancient    EDGEFIELI), a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.
tgyptian pottery. T'he remains of antiquity comprise a    EDGEFIELD, a pleasant village of Davidson co., Tennes.
luay and 2 fine temples. both of which appear to have been  see, on the right bank of Cumberland River, opposite Nasheonstructfd in the age of the Ptolemies.                    ville. It contains a handsome church, 2 schools, and a maEDGAI, a post-office of St. John Baptist parish, Loui- nufactory of lard-oil and candles. The village was comsiana.                                                      menced about 1849. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
EDIG-ARR a county in the E. part of Illinois, bordering on    EDGE/FIELD COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of
Indiana, a few miles from the Wabash River. Area, about:Edgefield district, South Carolina, 56 miles WV. by S. of Cod00 -square miles. It is drained by Brulette and Clear Creeks, lumbia. It is situated in a beautiful and fertile country,
affiuen-s of the Wabash River, and by Little Embarras  which is mostly occupied by plantations of cotton. The
River. The surface presents no great inequalities; the soil village has 3 or 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, and above
is good.  The county contains extensive prairies, and many  1000 inhabitants.
iparts of it are well thimbered. Named in honor of Colonel'   EDGE/HILL, an elevated ridge in England, co. Of WarJohn Edgar, one of the earliest and most distinguished  wick, 7 miles N.W. of Danbury. Here was fought, in 1642,
pioneers of Illinois.  Capital, Paris. Pop. 10,692.         the first battle between Charles I. and the Parliamentary
EDI/GAR, PORT, on the S.E. coast of West Falkland' forces. At the foot of the hill is the Vale of Red Horse, so
Island, lat. 520 0, 42"t S., ion. 600 13' 15" W. It is a very  called from the colossal figure of a horse cut on the side of
secure harbor. The rocks on both sides of the entrance are  the hill.
bold; there are from 15 to 17 faithoms in mid-channel.        EDGEHILL, in England, co. of Lancaster, a suburb of
ED/GARITOWlN,  a post-village:and township, port of entry  Liverpool, which it adjoins, and with which its population
and seat of justice of Duke's co., Massachusetts, on the S.E. is united. The Liverpool Botanic Garden is situated here.
side of the island of Martha's Vineyard, about 75 miles S. by    EDGE HILL, a post-office of King George co., Virginia.
E. of' Boston. The island is separated from the main land    EDGE/WARE, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
by an arm of the ocean, about 4 miles wide, called Vineyard    EDGE/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Sounld. The village contains, besides the county buildings,    EDGEWORTH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
a good town-house, 3 fine churches, 2 flourishing public    ED)GE/WORTHSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Loinster,
schools, occupying houses which cost about $2500 each, a  co., and 6~ miles E.S.E. of Longford. It was the residence of
bank-about to go into operation with'a capital of $100,000,  B. L. Edgeworth, Esq., and his gifted daughter.
and a very extensive oil manufactory. One newspaper is    EDGINGTON, Sj'ing-ton a small post-village of Rock
published here. The harbor is small but one of the safest Island co., Illinois.
in the world, and has a depth of from 4 to 5 fathoms. At   EDGMOND, Sjimend, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
its entrance, on a pier extending 1000 feet from the WV.   EDG/MONT, a post-township on the N.W. border of Delabeach, is: a fixed light 50 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. ware co.. Pennsylvania, 10 miles from Chester; Pop. 623.
410 25' N., Ion. 700 27' W. The shipping of the district, June    EDGTON, Zjttgn, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 5797 tons regis-   EIDIN, a village of Delaware co., Ohio, on the railroad
tered, and 2174 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the regis- fiom Springfield to Londonville, about 30 miles N. of Cotered tonnage, 3964 tons were employed in  the whale  lumebus.
fisheries, and of the enrolled and licensed 1498 tons in    ERINA. See EnDNTeoss.
the coast trade, and 473 tons in the cod and mackerel   EDI/NA, a post-village and township, capital of Knox cc.,
fisheries. The foreign arrivals for the year were 82, (tons, Mlissouri, on the South Fabius River, 125 miles N. of Jeffer14,999,) of which 78 (tons, 14,386) were by American yes- son City. Pop. 163.
eels. The clearances for foreign ports were 18, (tons, 6537,)   EDIItNBOOROUG, a post-borough of Erie co., Pennsylvaall in American bottoms. The district includes Martha's  nia, on Conniattee Creek, 20 miles S. of Erie, is situated in
Vineyard and the adjoining islands. The interests of Ed- a fine grazing region. A phonk-road connects itwith Meadgartown are entirely commercial, and probably no other ville.
town in New England of equal population has so many    EDRINBURG, a poet-township of Penobscot co., Mlaine, 25
ship-masters and mates of vessels.  Pop. of the village  miles N'.E. of Augusta. Pop. 93.
about 1500; of the township, in 1850,' 1990.                 EDINBURG, a post-township, of Saratoga co., New York,
EiDGE,'., a tything of England, co. of Gioucester.      45 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 11136.
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EDINBURG, a post-office of Mercer co., New Jersey.      I occupies the crest of the ridge, bearing, at different points,
EDINBURG, a village of Middlesex co.. New Jersey, on  the names of Canongate, Netherbow, High street, Lawn
the Assunpink Creek, 8 miles 1. of Trenton.               I Market, and Castle Hill. It is upwards ofl  mile in length,
EDINDURG, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.  rising gradually, with a regular and steep incline, from a
EDINBURG, a post-village of Leake co., Mississippi, 76 small plain at the E. end of the town, on which stands the
miles N.E. of Jackson.                                     Palace of HIolyrood, and terminating in the huge rock on
EDINBURGI, a post-village and port of entry of Cameron  which the castle is built, 443 feet above the sea level. The
co., Texas, on the Rio Grande. It has a custom-house and  appearance of this street is rendered exceedingly imposing
several stores.    Pop. about 500.                         by the loftiness and antique aspect of the houses with
EDINBURG, a post-office of Garrard co., Kentucky.        which it is lined, many of them ranging from five to seven
EDINBURG, a post-village and township of Portage co., stories in front, and several more in the rear. The streets
Ohio, about 140 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1101.         in the New Town most worthy of notice are Prince's street,
EDINBURG, a village ofWayne co., Ohio, 80 miles N.E. of George street, and Queen street, all running parallel to
Columbus. Pop. 250.                                        each other. Prince's street extends along the edge of the
EDINBURG, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.      hollow which separates the New Town from the Old. Being
EDINBURG, a thriving post-village of Johnson co., Indi- built only on the N. side, a magnificent view of the Old
ano, on the Blue River, and on the Madison and Indiana  Town, with its lordly castle towering high and darlkly on
Railroad, at the terminus of the Shelbyville Branch Rail- its rocky ridge, and of the intervening valley, is obtained,
road, 30 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.  The river furnishes  rendering it one of the most delightful promenades of
abundant water-power.                                      which aay city can boast.  At the E. extremity of this
EDINBURG, a village of Grundy co., Missouri.             street is the Calton Hill, a rocky eminence studded with
EDINBURG, a village of Scotland co., Missouri, about 140  monuments, and having a broad verdant summit, conmmiles N. of Jefferson City.                                manding a beautiful view of the Frith of Forth, with its
EDINBURG, a post-village in Jones co., Iowa, 45 miles shipping and surrounding shores.  On the S. side of the
N.E. of Iowa City.                                         town are the Meadows, a large level park, surrounded with
EDIINBURG CENITRE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New  trees and walks for the recreation of the inhabitants, upYork, 45 miles N.W. of Albany.                             wards of 1 miles in circumference; adjoining the Meadows
EDINBURGH, 6d/in-bhLr-rtlh, EDINBURGHSIIIRE, Wd/-  are Bruntsfield Links, an extensive common, of uneven
i a-bhfr-rfih-shir, or MID-LOTHIAN, mid-loTvne-an, a county  surface, much frequented by the golf-players of Edinburgh.
situated io the eastern part of the S. division of Scotland, From the higher parts of the Links, which overlook the
bounded on the N. by the Frith of Forth. Area, 358 square  beautifully situated village of Morningside, a view is obmiles. Pop. in1851, 259,435. The S.E.partof the county isinter- tained of the Pentland Hills, and of the intervening valley
sected by the MToorfoot Hills, a branch of the Lammermoors,  or strath, with the romantic hills of Braid, rendered classiof greywack6 or lower silurian formation. From the S.W. cal by Sir Waltor Scott. Beyond the E. extremity of the
the Pentland range runs towards the N.E., comliosed of por- town a huge belt of precipitous rock, called Salisbury Crags,
phyry, while the greenstone hills of Corstorphine extend  rises to the height of many hundred feet from the deep valfi-om the Frith of Forth southward, and are continued by  ley below.  Immediately behind, a conical hill, with a narthe greenstone and basaltic elevations of the Castle Rock, row, rocky summit, called Arthur's Seat, towers above the
Arthur's Seat, and Caltonn in the vicinity of the capital. Crags, attaining an elevation of 796 feet. A broad pathway
Carnethey, the most elevated of the Pentland range, is 1802  winds along the face of the Crags, and a carriage drive leads
feet above the  sea.  From  the S. the county gradually  round the entire hill; many points fi-om both afford prosslopes towards the borders of the Frith, and on the E. and  pects of unrivalled beauty and splendor.
W. extends into level and fertile plains.  The principal   Public Buildings, Monsunents, Statues, ec. —In  the Old
rivers ase the Water of Leith, the Esk, the Almond, and the  Town the most remarkable, and, next to IHolyrood, the
Tyne. The greater partof the county belongs to the coal most interesting public building is the Castle, the position
formation, and coal is extensively wrought.  Sandstone of a  of which has already been described. It is composed chiefly
very superior quality abounds, and is extensively quarried at of a cluster of irregular buildings, begirt with embrasured
Craigleith, Granton, and Hailes. Limestone is found inmany  walls, excepting on the S. side, where a lofty, antique-looklocalities, especially at Gilmerton, Crichton, andBurdiehouse.  in, edifice rises sheer fnom  the lace of the rock, which it
No metal is wrought except iron, which exists as ironstone  emulates in grandeur and sternness of aspect, overlooking
in the coal strata. The countyis chiefly agricultural, and  the Grass Market.  The fortress contains accommodation
faxming is conducted on the best modern principles. There  for 2000 soldiers, and the armory space for 30,000 stand of
are extensive paper mills on the Esk and Water of Leith,  arms. On a small flagged area, occupying the highest sumand several distilleries, breweries, and potteries, but no  mit of the Castle, and called the bomb battery, stands conother manufactures of importance.  The Edinburgh and  spicuously a huge piece of ancient ordnance called Mentes
Glasgow, North British, Caledonian, and Edinburgh and  Jfeg, built of malleable iron staves, cask-fishion, and beNorthern Railways traverse the county.  Capital, Edin- lieved to have been forged at Mions, in Flanders, A. D. 1486.
burgh. It sends one member to the House of Commons. In an apartment in the Castle is kept the ancient regalia of
Mid-Lothian and the surrounding districts, at the period of  Scotland, found in the year 1818 in an old oaken chest,
the Roman conquest, was formed into the province of Va- where they had lain undiscovered for upwards of a century.
les/tia. The country was subsequently occupied by Saxon  They consist of a crown, sceptre, and sword of state. At the
invaders from the north of England, and by them  chiefly  E. end of the lofty range of ancient buildings on the S.E.
retained till about the year 1020, when the Lothians were  side of the castle a small room is pointed out, in which
ceded to the Scottish monarch, Malcom II.                  Queen Mary gave birlth to James VI.. June 19, 1566. This
EDINBURGH, Adlin-bhtr-fth or 6dtin-brtih (L. Edinburf- castle was anciently called Castrute  _PoleP larum. the "Camp
gum, or Ediena; Celtic, Dunen in; F'. Lldimbourg, Aidhtt'- of the Maidens," on account, as tradition has it, of its
boorJ; It. Edinborlgo,'din-bo/go,) the metropolis of Scot- having been the place of residence of the daughters of
land, a royal and parliamentary borough, capital of the  the Pictish kings previous to their marriage. On the esplaabove county, about 1} miles filom the S. shore of the Frith  node in flront of the Castle stands a bronze statue of the
of Forth, 42 miles E. by N. of Glasgow, and 333 miles N.W. late Duke of Yorlk, and a little lower down, on the face
of London. Lat. (observatory) 550 57' 24" N., lon. 30 11  W. of the acclivity, the house in which Ramsay, the poet,
The city stands on three parallel ridges, of considerable ele- died.
vation, lying E. and W., and is remarkable for the general    The Palace of Holyrood, or Ilolyrood House, as it is more
excellence and elegance of its buildings. It is divided into  generally called, is situated, as already mentioned, at the
an Old Town and New Town.  The former occupies the  lower or eastern extremity of the street leading to the
central and highest ridge; the loftiness of the houses here, Castle. It is of a quadrangular form, with a central court
rising in huge, dark, irregular masses, along the edges and  94 feet square. The front is flanked by'two castellated ciron the steep slopes of the acclivities, add greatly to its pic- cular towers at either end, and between them, in the centre,
turesque appearance; but, like most old towns. it is exceed- is the entrance gate. No part of the present palace is older
ingly irregular in the arrangement of its streets.  The New  than the time of James V., (1528.) while the greater portion
Town occupies a ridge of much broader crest and less abrupt  of it dates only from the time of Charles II.  In the N.W.
ascent, to the N. of the Old Town, from which it is separated  angle of the building are the apartments which were occuby a deep hollow, formerly filled with water, and called the  pied by Queen Mary, nearly in the same state in which
North Loch. The houses here are built of a beautiful white  they were left by that unfortunate princess. The palace
freestone, obtained from quarries in the vicinity, and are  was twice partially destroyed by fire, first by the English
remarkably handsome, while many of the squares, crescents, during the minority of Queen Mary, and afterwards by the
circuses, &c. are truly magnificent. On the S. of the Old  soldiery of Cronmwvell. On the area in front stands a statue
Town, and separated from it by a hollow, stands the remain- of Queen Victoria, in freestone, by Ritchie.
ing portion of the city. With the exception of a few unim-    Adjoining the palace on the N. side, are the ruins of the
portant streets, this is also comparatively a new town; but  chapel belonging to the Abbey of Holyrood, founded ena 128
without any of the pretensions or elegancies of the other. by David I., the only portion of that establishment now reAbout a quarter of a mile farther S. is the handsome suburb  maining. In this chapel, Queen Mary was married to Lord
of Newington. The entire city is about 1' miles in length, Daruley, July 29, 1565, and in its S.E. corner are deposited
and'the same in breadth, with a circumference of about 5}  the remains of David II., Jamnes II., James V., and Magdamiles. The principal street in the Old Town is that which  len his queen, Henry, Lord Darnley, and other illustrious
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and noble personages. It is still used as a place of sepulture  public monuments of Edinburgh, is that erected to Sir
by families ofdistinction.  A privilege of sanctuary for in-  Walter Scott, on the S. side of Prince's street. It is in the
solvent debtors is attached to this abbey, extending over  form  of an elaborate Gothic cross, 200 feet high, being a
Arthur's Seat, Salisbury Crags, and for a considerable dis- composition firom  Melrose Abbey, designed by Geor-ge M.
tance E., including, altogether, a space of about 5 miles in  Knemp.  A marble sitting figure of the novelist and poet, by
circumference.                                                Steele, occupies the platform of the monument, and over it
The Cathedral of St. Giles, the tutelar saint of the city, the groined arches form a canopy.'On Calton Hill are the
situate in High street, is a large ancient edifice in later monuments to Admiral Nelson; Dugald Stewart, the metaGothic style, of no great beauty, but having, on the whole, physician; Playfair, the mathematician; and the National
rather an imposing appearance. It Was in this church that  Monument, intended to be a literal reproduction of the
the Solemn League,-id Covenant was subscribed in 1643, Parthenon, to commemorate those who fell at Waterloo, aned
by the Committee of Estates of Parliament, the Commission  in the different engagements by sea and land during the
of the Church, and the English Commissioners. It contains  last war with'rance, but for the want of funds, its progress
three separate places of worship; and the monument of the  was arrested, when only 13 columns for the W. end of the
Regent Murray, assassinated at Linlithgow in 1569: his re- edifice has been erected, so that it now appears like a ruined
mains, along with those of the Marquis of Miontrose, are in-  temple, and imparts to Calton Hlill an aspect somewhat reterred within the church. The entire building is 206 feet sembling the Acropolis of Athens. The other noteworthy
in length, by 110 in breadth. On a commanding situation  monuments in the city are those to the poet Burns; Hume,
at the top of High street, stands Victoria or Assembly  the historian; and Lord Melville; with bronze statues of
Hall, a magnificent new structure in the decorated Gothic  the Earl of Hopetoun, George IV., and William Pitt; the
style. Its elegant spire rises to the height of 241 feet, and  last two by Chantrey.
is seen from all points, a conspicuous and beautiful object.   Eduzcation, Science, c.-Considered simply as a centre of
Here the General Assembly of the Established Church meet learning, Edinburgh is the most distinguished town in the
annually in May. It is used also as a place of worship. British Empire.  The Edinburgh Review has long ranked
Adjoining St. Giles' Church is an open area called Parliament among the most able journals in Europe. The University
Square, in the centre of which is ans equestrian statue of  of Edinburgh is especially celebrated, having included among
Charles II., erected in 1685.  At the S.W. corner of the  its professors men distinguished in almost every department
square is.the entrance to the Parliament House, thee various  ofscienceand literature. Thebuildingoftheuniversity, situhigher courts of law, and the Advocates' Library.  The ated on the N. side of the town, in Nicolson street, occupies
Parliament House, now known by the name of the Outer a large and somewhat heavy-looking quadrangular edifice,
House, is the place in which the Scottish parliament met with a spacious court in the centre, founded in 1789, the unsbefore the Union. It is a magnificent hall, 122 feet long, versity itself having been founded in 1582. The E. flont is
by 49 feet broad, with a lofty open timber roof, and con- adorned with a portico, supported by Doric columns, 26 feet
tains marble statues of Ilenry Dundas, first Lord Melville, in height.' There are 32 professors in 4 frculties-divinity,
and Lord President Blair. The only other buildings of any  law, medicine, and the arts.  The average annual number
note in the Old Town are the Tron Church, founded in  of students is about 1200. The library is a magnificent
1637; the County Hall, containing the sheriff courts; the room, 198 feet, in length, by 50 in breadth, and above 50 in
Royal Exchange, founded in 1753; the New Corn Exchange  height. It contains about 100,000 volumes. The museum
in the Grass Market; and the Bank of Scotland.                comprises a rich collection of specimens in the various deDean Bridge, a noble structure thrown across a deep ra- partments of natural history. A little S. of the university
vine, at the bottom of which flows the Water of Leith, con- is the Royal College of Surgeons, an elegant modern buildnects the ridge on which the New Town stands, with the ing of the Ionic order; it has a valuable museum.  The
country to the N. of it. Its height to the top of the parapet  New  or Free Church College occupies an elegant strucis 109 feet above the bed of the river. There are 4 arches,  ture in the Tudor style, situated in the Old Town, at
each 96 feet span. The Physicians' Hall, in Queen street, the head of the Earthen Mound; having professors in the
lately erected, is a handsome edifice, embellished by colossal theological, moral, and natural sciences; and attached to
figures in fisont. The Assembly Roonms  and Music Hall, it is an excellent library and a museum.  In the New
the Edinburgh and Glasgow, and the Conmmercial Banks,  Town, at the foot of the Earthen Mound, and fronting
the Western Bank. the British Linen Company's Bank, and  Prince's  street, stands the Royal  Institution, erected
sundry others, are all elegant, and some of them  ornate  for the accommodation  of the Royal Society  of Edinstructures.  The 1Register Office, or General Register-house  burgh, and for the Board of Trustees, instituted in 1727, for
of Scotland, at the E. end of Prince's street, forms a square  encouraging trade and manufactures in Scotland, and for
of 200 feet, surmounted by a dome 50 feet in diameter, and  the Royal Institution, having for its object the promotion
contains upwards of 100 apartments for the transaction of  of the fine arts. It is a Grecian edifice, with anu exterior
public business.  On the elevated platform  in  front is  peristyle of Doric columns, and a fine octastyle portico in
erected a bronze equestrian statue of the Duke of Welling-  front, three columns  in depth, supporting a pedinsest. The
ton, by John  Steele. The Theatre-Royal, General Post-  building is surmounted by a colossal statue of Queen Vicoffice, and Stamp-office, are substantial edifices. The Jail  toria in stone, and is justly considered one of the finest
and Bridewell, a cluster of castellated buildings, surrounded  structures in the metropolis. The Edinburgh High School,
by a high wall, on a rocky ledge of the Calton Hill, was  a splendid Doric edifice, 270 feet in length, is situated a
founded in 1815, and opened for the reception of prisoners  little E. of the prison; and on Calton Hhill, above is, stands
in 1817, when the old jail, poetically called the I"Heart of  the Royal Astronomical Observatory.  The other more proMid-Lothian," was taken down, and its inmates renmoved to  minent educational institutions are the Edinburgh Acethe new prison, now the only one in Edinburgh. There are a  demy, and the Scottish Naval and Military Academy, estanumber of other handsome edifices in the New Town which  blished for the purpose of affording education to pupils desdo not come'under the designation of public buildings, such  tined to serve in the army, navy, or East India Company's
as the Newv Club in Prince's streetj finely situated opposite  service; and the Royal Scottish  Academy of Painting,
the Castle, &c.                                                Sculpture, and Architecture. There are also several public
Churches, d-c. —Besides St. Giles', the Tron, and Victoria  seminaries, and a number of schools for the education of the
h-all, ahleady  adverted to, Edinburgh possesses 23 churches  poorer classes, two normal schools, Hersot Schools, seven in
in connection with the Established Church, of which St. number, and the School of Arts, established in 1821, for the
George's, St. Stephen's, St. Mary's, and St. Andrew's may be  instruction of mechanics and tradesmen in the elements of
specified as elegant buildings. There are 25 Free Churches, scientific knowledge. The societies and institutions for the
the finest, in an architectural point of view, being Firee St. promotion of science and other branches of knowledge are
George's, and the Free hIigh Church, the latter forming part  exceedingly numerous. Besides the Royal College of Sur~of the New College buildings. There are 15 United Preshy- geons, above mentioned, the principal are the Royal College
teriann, and 8 Episcopalian;  of the latter, St. Johnls, in  of Physicians, incorporated in 1681; the Highland Society,
Prince's street, and St. George's, in York Place, are very  instituted in 1785, for the promotion of agricultural inelegant Gothic structures. The other places of worship in-  provements in Scotland; the Royal Society; the Astronoeclude 6 Baptist, 3 MIethodist, 3 Congregationalist. 2 Original  mical Society; the Society of Antiquarles,  established by
Seceders, 1 Reformed Presbyterian,   2 Roman Catholic, with  royal charter in 1780; the Medico-Chirurgical Society; the
places of meeting for Glassites, Friends, Jews, &c.  The  Royal Medical Society; the Wernerlan, the Botanic-l, and
lGreyfriiars' Church-yard. attached to the Old and \New  Grey- the Speculative Societies. Adjoining the Parliament House,
fi-iars' Churches, busrned down in 1845, is noteworthy from   with which it has a communication, is the Advocates' Libthe numerous rencarkable personages interred in it, among  rary, containing the largest and most valu-iable collection
* vhom as-e George Buchanan, the historian; Alexander Hen- of books in Scotland, the printed works amounting to
derson, nmoderator' of the Glasgow Assembly of 1638; Sir  150,000 volumes, and the manuscripts to 1700. In an ad-George McKenzie, well known as "bluidy McKenzie," a  joining building is the Signet Libray, belonging to the
celebrated lawyer in the time of Charles II.; DIr. Pitcairn;  Writers to Her Majesty's Signet, containing about 50,000
Maclaurin, the mathematician; Allan Ramnsay, the poet;  volumes. There are 5 other public libraries in the city, andRobertson, the historian, &c. In this churich-yard are also  3 public gardens connected with  scientific objects-the
interred many who suffered martyrdom  during the times  Zoological Gardens, the Caledoriian  Horticultural'Society's
of the persecution; and here, on the top of the grave-stones,  Garden, and the Royal Botanic Garden, all situated in the
thi National Covenant was signed in 1638.                    N.E. environs of the city.
The most remarkable, and by far the most elegant of the   tIeitals and other Charitable Institutions.-Few cities of
612
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EDI                                                           EDI
equal extent are possessed of more numerous and more  sons, is obtained from a large reservoir, formed in a gorge
magnificent hospitals and charitable institutions.  Many  of the Pentland Hills, at the distance of between 6 and 7
of the edifices built for these institutions are among the  miles.  A further supply is about to be brought from  the
finest in the city, and resemble rather ducal palaces than  Bevilaw Springs, about 8 miles S.W. from the city.
receptacles for orphans or the children of indigent parents.    The inhabitants of Edinburgh are, to a gre t extent, iprAmong these may be mentioned the Infirmary, situated  sons of independent property, annuitants, &c., and include
near the College, as one of the most prominent.  It is a  a larger proportion of the more liberally educated classes
spacious edifice, built in 1736, containing 400 beds; a sur- than any other town in the United Kingdom. It has also
gical hospital, fever hospital, and lock hospital, occupying  become the central point of several important railways-the
separate buildings, are connected with it. Heriot's HIospi-  Edinburgh and Glasgow, North British, and Granton lines
tal, on the S. side of tihe city, founded by George  ierliot,  have their termini in the low ground between the Old and
goldsmith and jeweller to James VI., is a fine old Eliza- New Town, W. of the North Bridge; the'Caledonian has its
bethan structure, designed by Inigo Jones, and one of his  terminus in the westei-n, and the Dalkeith Mineral Line in
finest works.  The object of the institution is the mainte- the eastern part of the city; and the Union Canal furnishes
nance and education of poor boys, the sons of freemen of  an additional means of transit'for goods to the WV. of Scotthe town of Edinburgh; and the surplus funds are em- land. Leith (which see) is the port of Edinburgh, and may
ployed in establishing and maintaining free schools in va- almost be said to form a suburb of it.
rious parts of the city. Another large and exceedingly ele-   Name and History.-The name Edinburghb"Edwin's Castle
gant structure, of quite recent erection, is Donaldson's IIos-  or fort")is supposed to be derived from  Edwin, King of
piteal, in the WV. part of the city; it is a Tudor building, and  Northumbria, a Saxon prince, who, in the seventh century,
intended to maintain 200 poor boys and girls. Of the nu- possessed the southern part of Scotland, and who is alleged
meeous other hospitals and benevolent institutions, many  to have built a stronghold on the site of the present castle.
of which have handsome and extensive buildings, the fol- It was anciently written EewiaNESBURG or EDWINESBURCI
lowing may be specified:-George Watson's Hospital, John  The Gaelic name Dan Rlin or Dunedin, is merely a transla
Watson's Hospital, Gillespie's Hospital, and the Orphan  tion of the Saxon name; while its poetical name, Edisza, was
Hospital.  Besides these, there are the Lying-in IHIospital,  introduced by George Buchanan.  Edinburgh, according to
the Asylum for the Blind, the Deaf and Dumb Institution, Chalmers, first attained the dignity of a capital in the time
the City Work-house, the Canongate Charity Work-house,  of James V., the principal town of Scotland previous to that
and the West Kirk Poor-house, at the W. end of the city;  period having been Scone, where the Scottish kings were
the House of Refuge, the i-louse of Industry, and the Night  crowned. It was, however, a place of considerable imporAsylum for the H-louseless. There are also many public  tance long prior to this, having been recognised as a burgh
dispensaries, where medicine and medical attendance are  by David I. in 1128. In 1215, Alexander II. held here his
gratuitously afforded to the poor.              *             first parliament: and 20 years later, a provincial synod was
Courts of Law, d-c. —Edinburgh is the seat of the Supreme  convened in the city by the pope's legate.  It suffered filom
Courts of Scotland. The principal of these is the Court of  the successive attacks of the English during the wars of
Session, composed of 13 judges, each of whom  is distin-  independence; and was all burned down, excepting: the
guished by the title of lord. They are formed into two divi- Castle, by Richard II. in 1385.  The town was rebuilt
sions of 7 and 6, and sit in sepa-ate.apartmente, forming  under shelter of the Castle, and for a long period was condistinct courts, but on important occasions unite. From   fined to the central ridge. In the fifteenth and sixteenth
these divisions there are 5 judges detached, 2 from the one, centuries, the city was walled, and the southern loch or
and 3 from  the other, called Lords Ordinary, who sit in  morass being drained, became the seat of the Cowgate and
judgment in separate apartments, and betfore one or other  Grass Market,  in which the wealthier class of the commuof whom  all cnses must be tried in the firstinstance; but a  nity took up their residence.  In 1513, Edinburgh was
right of appeal lies to the division befoire whose ordinary  visited by the plague;  and in 1532 the College of Justice
the case has been tried; and ultimately to the House of  was established. It was taken and burnt in 1554 by an
Lords. The Court of Session tries all questions affecting  English army under the Earl of IIertford; but soon recivil rights, and decides not only on the law of the case, but  covered fron  the consequences of that disaster. On the 3d
also in matters of equity. They also constitute the Teind  of December, 1557, the first Covenant was signed in the
Court, which is held for the settlement of all civil matters  the city; and during the remainder of the sixteenth cenrelating to the church. The Court of Justiciary, or supremne  tury it was the scene of numerous interesting events, incriminal court, instituted in 1672, is composed of the iLord  cluding many in the history of Queen Mary and in the
Justice-General, the Lord Justice-Clerk, and 5 lords corn- earlier history of the Reformation, more especially in conmissioners.  All criminal causes come before this court at  nection with John IKnox, whose house (fiom  a window of
the instance of the Lord Advocate, who is the public prose-  which he firequently preached) is still standing, sncea- the
cutor. The inferior courts are the Sheriff Court, the Jus-  top of the Canongate.  On the 28th of February, 1638, the
tice of Pac-e Court, and SmallDebt Court.  The College of  National Covenant was signed in the Greyfi-iars' ChurchJustice, established by James V. in 1532, consists of all yard. After the overthrow  of Charles I., the Scots having taken
members connected with the Supreme Courts. They enjoy  up arms in favor of his son, Cromwell invaded their country,
several privileges, and are exempt from  some of the city  and took Edinburgh Castle.  It remained in the possesSion
taxes. The Faculty of Advocates, presided over by a dean,  of the English till the Restoration, which was followed by
is an association of barristers who have the privilege of  the memorable religious persecution in Scotland, carried on
pleading causes before the Court of Session, or. any others  under the auspices of the Duke of York, afterwards James
courts of record. The Writers to the Signet are an incorpo-  II., during  which the Grass Market, the common place of
rated body, the members of which ase qualified to conduct  execution, where so many of the Presbyterian Protestants
cases before the Supreme Courts, and have the exclusive  suffered martyrdom, became the most notable place in the
privilege of subscribing the writs that pass the royal signet in  city. In 1736, John Porteous, captain of the city guards,
Scotland. Solicitors before the Supreme Courts are a  society  having been reprieved by Queen Caroline (thenW  regent)
of lawyers who also practise before the courts, but with in-  from a sentence of death, pronounced upon himhbc-; ordering
ferior privileges to those of the Writers to the Signet.      the guard to fire upon the multitude assembl ed to witness
Manucfactures   and Trade. —The manufactures of Edin-  the execution of a smuggler, by which six people were killed
burgh are neither extensive nor important; ale brewing,  and eleven severely wounded. —was forcibly taken out of
for which it has been famous for upwards of 200 years, is  prison by the populace, carried to the Grass Market, and
the principal. There were lately 26 breweries in the city,  there hanged upon a dyer's pole. In 17-5, the city was
whose annual consumption of malt amounted, altogether, to  taken possession of by the rebels under Prince Chaile1
329,606 bushels. Shawl-making, coach-building, type and  Edward ~tuart. The only other event in the history of
iron founding, soap, and candle making, are carried on to a  Edinburgh sufficiently momentous to be noted ohee took
considerable extent; and also the making of various kinds  place May 18, 15-13, when the Assembly of the Established
of machinery, generally of the smaller class. Glass-painting  Church of Scotland, then holding its annual meeting in St.
and staining are also prosecuted to some extent, and with  Andrew's Church, was severed by tihe secession of 203 of its
much success. Edinburgh is the head-quarters of the book- members, who, retiring to Tanfield Iall, Canonmills, formed
trade in Scotland, and as a literary mart it is the second  themselves, with the addition of other seceding ministers
town in the United Kingdom, being in this respect excelled  and elders, into the first General Assembly of the Free
only by London. Themanufacture of linen was at one tinme  Church of Scotland.  Edinburgh returns 2 members to the
an important branch of industry here, but is now nearly  Ilouse of Commons.  Registered electors, in 1850, 5520.
extinct..                           Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1841, 138,152; in 1851,
Mcunicipal  Govcernment, c-c.-The affairs of the city are  158,015.
conducted by a lord provost, magistrates, and council,    EDINBURGII;  NEW, a seaport of South America, proelected by the citizens, according to the Burgh Reform Act. vince, and 118 miles E.S.E.  of PaInama, on the Gulf of
The council consists of 33 members, 31 of whom are returned  Darien.
by the five wards into which the, city is divided; the dean    EDINBURlGHSHIRE,    a county of Scotland.  See EDINof guild, elected by thle guildry; and the trades' convener, BitoGI.
elected by the incorporated trades.  The lord provost is    EDIINFIELD. a village of Irwin co., Georgia.
high sheriff and lord-lieutenant within the city and liber-    EDIINGIIALL or ED/INGALE, a parish of England, cos,
ties. The streets are lighted wvith gas. The supply of water, of Stafford and Derby.
which is frequently found inadequete, especially in dry sea-    ED/INGLY, a parish of England, co. of Notte.
613




EDI                                                        EE L
EDfNGTHIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         EDISTONE, a parish of England, co. of York, North
EDIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 31 miles  Riding.
E.N.E. of Westbury.  The bishops of Salisbury had for-   EDWALTON, 6d-wvlton, a parish of England, co. of Notmerly a palace here, which was destroyed, in 1450, by the  tingham.
populace, who dragged the bishop from the altar and stoned    EDIWARDS, a county in the E.N.E. part of Illinois, has
him to death. Beatton Hill, in this parish, has a Danish  an area of 200 square miles. The Wabash River touches its
encampment, which was taken by King Alfed. The figure  south-eastern extremity; the Little Wabash flows through
of a white horse, cut on the side of the hill, is supposed to  the western part, and Bon Pas Creek forms its eastern
commemorate this victory.                                  boundary, The sirface presents a succession of rolling
EDIINGTON, a post-office of Rock Island co., Illinois.   prairies and forests. and the soil is good. A plank-road
EDIISTO, a river of South Carolina, formed by the union  extends from the Wabash Rliver to Albion, the county seat.
of the North Edisto and South Edisto. The former rises Named in honor of Ninian Edwards, governor of the terrinear the western extremity of Lexington district, and flows tory of Illinois. Pop. 3524.
S.E. to Orangeburg Court House, where it turns southward    EDWARDS, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New
and unites with the other branch a few miles W. of Branch- York, on Oswegatchie River, 22 miles S.S.W. of Canton.
ville. The SouthEdistorises in Edgefield district, andflows  Pop. 1023.
along the boundary between Orangeburg and Barnwell dis-   EDIWARDSBURG, a thriving post-village of Cass co.,
tricts to the junction. The main stream flows S.E. and S. Michigan, on Pleasant Lake, 140 miles S.W. of Lansing. It
until it enters the Atlantic by two channels, called the  is pleasantly situated on the border of a rich prairie, and
North and South Edisto Inlets, between which Edisto  was settled about 1835.
Island is situated.                                          EDWARDS' DEPOT, a post-office of Hinds co., Mississippi.
EDISTO, a post-office, Lexington district, South Carolina.    EDIWARDSPORT, a post-village in Knox co., Indiana,
EDISTO ISLAND, a post-office of Colleton district, South  on the W. bank of the West Fork of White River, 40 miles
Carolina.                                                  S. by E. of Terre H-aute.
EDISTO MILLS, a post-office of Edgefield district, South    EDIWARDSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Carolina.                                                   EDIWARDSTOWVN, a village of Canada East, co. of BeauEDITHI-WES/TON or ED/WESTON, a parish of England, harnois, 54 miles S.E. of Monti-eal.
co. of Rutland.                                             EDWARDSVILLE, or THE NARROWS, a post-village in
EDILASTON, a parish of England, co.of D)erby.           the township of Morristown, St. Lawrence co., New York,
EDILINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- on the N. side of Black Lake, about 18 mile S.S.W. of Ogland. Here are the remains of an old castle.              densburg. A ferry to cross Black Lake from this point,
EDVLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        was established many years ago, but not licensed till 1851.
EDLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West It has several times been proposed to construct a bridge
Riding.                                                   across'the lake, which is here narrow, and is divided near
EDLIPO, 8dfle-po', a picturesque town of Asiatic Turkey, the middle by an island.  A Union Church was erected in
Syria, 32 miles S.W. of Aleppo, on one of the routes from  the village in 1'847, by the joint industry of the Presbytethat city to the S. Pop. 2500.                            rians and Methodists.
EDIMESTON, a post-village and township of Otsego co.,   EDIWARDSVILLE, a'post-village of Warren co., Ohio,
New York, 18 miles W. of Cooperstown. Pop. 1885.          about 80 miles S.W. of Columbus.
EDIMONDBYERS, a parish of England, co. of Durham.         EDWARDSVILLE. a thriving post-village, capital of
EDIMONDS, a township of Washington co., Maine, 80  Madison co., Illinois, on the Cahokia Creek, 74 miles S. by
miles E. of Bangor. Pop. 446.                             W. of Springfield.  It is pleasantly situated in a highly,
EDMONDS, a post-office of Brunswick co., Virginia.      productive district. It contains a United States land-office
EDVMONDSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.        several churches, and an academy.
EDIMONDSON, a county in the south-west central part of    EDWESTON, a parish of England. See EDITR-WESTOc.
Kentucky, has an area estimated at 225 square miles. It is    EDIWIN-LOACII, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
intersected by Greene River, bounded on the W. by Bear    EDWIN-RALPH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Creek, and also drained by Nolin Creek. The surface is    EDfWINSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
generally undulating and in some parts hilly; the soil is    EDIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Bedfordshire.
fertile. The county is occupied by extensive beds of stone    EDIZELL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fortlr, 6- miles
coal anM cavernous limestone; the latter formation contains  N.N.W. of Brechin. It has ruins of a stately castle, and
the celebrated Mammouth Cave, a description of which will several Druidical remains.
be found under the head of KENTUCKY. Organized in 1825,   EE, A, or EA, V/A, a village of Holland, province of Friesand-named in honor of Captain John Edmondson, who fell land, 18 miles N.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 980.
at the battle of River Raisin. Capital, Brownsville. Pop.   EEOCHANK/, a town of India, presidency of Bengal, 103
4088, of whom 3763 were free, and 325 slaves.             miles S.S.E. of Patna.
EDIMONDTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.    EECKEREN,  /ker-en, a town of Belgium, 4 miles N. of
EDTMONSTONE, an island of Iindostan, in the Bay of  Antwerp. Pop. 3934.
Bengal, at the mouth of the IIoogly. Let. 210 32' N., lou.   EECLOO, A.k1I, or ECCLOO, Mk-klSl atown of Belgium, pro88~ 20t E. From a mere half-tide sandbank, this alluvial vince of East Flanders, on the post-road between Ghent and
phenomenon rapidly became an island of 2 miles in length, Bruges, 11 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 9151. It has a townand half a mile in breadth, covered with shrubs, and afford- hall, ancient convent, prison, seve-al churches, numerous
ing a supply of fresh water; in 1817 a tripod was erected on  schools, and manufactures of woollens, tobacco, and chocoit as a sea-mark for ships, and in 1820 it was adopted as a  late, with breweries, and salt refineries.
marine station. But it has been as rapidly demolished as    EEDE, a village of Holland. See EDE.
it was formed, by the encroachments of the sea, being now    EEDILABAD, ee'dil-l-bAdl, or IDUJLABAD, ee'dtil-A-bAdl,
without a particle of vegetation, and nearly covered by the  a small walled town of Ilindostan, province of Candeish, on
sea at high tides.                                        the Poorna, lat. 210 4! N., Ion. 760 8, E.
EDIMONTON, a village and parish of England, co. of    EEGIIOLM, (aiglholm,) GREAT and LITTLE, 2 small
Middlesex, on'the London and Cambridge Railway, and  islands of Denmark, in the Great Belt, 21 miles W. of Seethe Kerr River, 8 miles N. of London.  It has a large  land.
ancient chapel, and considerable trade in timber by the    EEJMUT, eej'm-t4, a small town of Sinde, near the InRiver Lea.                                                 dus, 17 miles S.E. of Shikarpoor. Lat. 270 55' N., ion. 680
EDIMONTON, a fortified village of British North America; 56' E.
lat. 530 45' N., ion. 1130 20' W. It is built of redearth, en-   EEL, a township in Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 2251.
closed by high pickets, and entered by battlemented gate-   EELCIIEE or EELCHI. See KHOTEN.
ways. Its vicinity is rich in coal and other minerals. ~     EEL CREEK, rises in the southern part of Trinity county,
EDIMONTON, a post-village of Barren cc., Kentucky, 114  in the N.W. portion of California, and running in a N.W.
miles S.W. of Frankfort.                                   course, falls into the Pacific in about 400 40' N. lat.
EDtMUND'S-BURY. See Bvtm  ST. EDMUND'S.                    EELDE, ail/d9h, a village of Holland, province of Drenthe,
EDtNAM or ED'ENIHA'M, a parish of Scotland, co. of Rox- 10 miles N. of Assen, and connected with Groningen by a
burgh, on the Eden, 21 miles N.N.E. of Kelso.  It has  canal. Pop. 700.
an obelisk to the memory of Thomson, "poet of the Sea-   EELEE, ELE, ILI, ee/lee', GOOLDJA. or GOULDJA, gooltsons," who was born in the manse of Ednam, A.D. 1700.    jA, written also GULDSCHA, (Chinese, iloei-yuan-tching, hoED/NEYVILLE, a post-office of Henderson co., North  /-yoo-an'-chiug,)  a city of the Chinese Empire, in Soongaria,
Carolina.                                                 capital of a district of its own name, on the right bankl of
EDOLO, A/do-o, a village of Lombardy, 44 miles N.E. of  Eelee River.  Lat. 430 46' N., Ion. 820 30' E. It is enclosed
Bergamo, on the Oglio. Pop. 2000.                         by a stone Wall, and contains barracks, forts, granaries, and
EIDOM, a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia.       public offices for the use of government: and is a place of
EDOM, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.             banishment for Chinese criminals. Outside the town are
EDRAY/, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia.      the barracks for the troops. It carries on a considerable
EDREI, a town of Palestine. See DRAA.                   trade with China through the cities in the pc-ovince of
EDIROMb, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.          Kansoo, and also with other towns. Pop. 75,000.
EDISALLVILLE, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl-   EELEE, or ILI, eellee', a river of Asia, rising about lat. 420
vania, 125 miles N, of Harrisburg.                        N. and Ion. 81~ E., in the mountains of Thian-Shan-Nan-Loo,
614




EEL                                                         EGG
flows N.E., and then turns N.N.W., passing the city of    EFFINGHAMI, a post-village in Darlington district, South
Eelee, and falling into Lake Tengheez, or Balkash, on the  Carolina.
frontier ofSiberia. after a course ofabove 300 miles.        EFFINGHAM  FALLS, a post-village of Carroll co., New
EEL RIVER, (Shoamaquec of the Indians,) of Indiana, Hampshire, about 55 miles N.E. of Concord.
rises in Allen county, and flowing south-westward about    EF/FORT, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
100 miles, enters the Wabash at Logansport. It is a rapid    EF/IRD'S MILLS, a post-office of Stanley co., North Carostream, and furnishes abundant water-power. The average  lina.
width, for a distance of 60 miles, is near 50 yards. S/o-a-   EGA, 4lg4, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 7 miles
mnaque signifies " slippery fish."                         S.S.W. of Coimbra,
EEL RIVER, of Indiana, rises in Boone county, and, flow-   EGA,  /gA, a town of Brazil, province of Pars, on the
lug first S W. and then S.E., enters the West Fork of White TeffU, near the Amazon. Pop. chiefly Indians, who cultiRiver about 5 miles above Bloomfield, in Greene county. vate manioc, rice, maize, cocoa, and sarsaparilla, in which
The whole length is estimated at 100 miles, and the average they trade by bartelr.
width of its lower part at 50 or 60 yards.                   EGADI. See  oGADES.
EEL RIVER, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.,           EGBELL, g'b6111, a market-town of Hungary, Hither
EEL RIVER, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 572. Danube, co., and 53 miles N.W. of Neutra, on the Sirkovi,
EEL RIVER, township, Hendricks co., Indiana. Pop. 1346. not far above its junction with the March. Pop. 2860.
EELS, seIz, EELEEVYATS  or ILIYATS, eeolee-yftsl, a   EGDEAN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
name applied to the wandering tribes of Persia, and also    EGEA (or EJEA) DE LOS CABALLEROS, A-nll. dA loce
to those who are employed in the pearl-fishery. They dis- kg-sAl-yA/roc,,  a town of Spain, 34 miles N.N.W. of Saragossa.
claim  connection with the old Persian stock, and preserve Pop. 3082.
their peculiar habits and customs.  Their communities   EGEDESMINDE, Agle-des-min'dgh, a district of North
usually consist of 20 or 30 families. The men have well-. Greenland, comprising numerous islands. It was named
made, powerful frames, piercing black eyes, noses generally fromn  Hans-Egede, who visited it as a missionary in 1741.
inclined to be aquiline, frequent overhanging thick mous-   EGELN, Ngheln, a town of Prussian Saxony,- 16 miles
tachios, which, united with black, bushy beards. almost en- S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2800.
tirely conceal their dark brown skins. Their appearance is   EGELSHOFEN, Yghels-ho'fen, or EGOLSHOFEN, a viialtogether strongly characteristic of health, hardihood, and lage  and parish of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, in a
independence. The women, when youngn, are often hand- beautiful district surrounded by vineyards, 3 miles W. of
some; their complexion is of a delicate nut-brown hue, eyes Constance. Pop. 1386.
dark and expressive, nose well formed, the mouth small, and    EGENBURG,  ghen-b66Rax, or EGGENBURG, 6g/ghgnadorned with beautiful teeth, and the expression of the coun- b66co', a walled town of Lower Austria, in a valley at the
tenance full of good humor. All these attractions, however.  W. foot of the Mannhartsberg, 38 miles NW. of Vienna.
soon disappear as they advance in life; their skins become Fine amethysts are often found in the vicinity, and the
parched and withered. When aged, they become the most whole district is rich in monuments of the Middle Ages.
shrivelled and repulsive-looking hags it is possible to imagine. Pop. 1662.
EEM, aim, a river of Holland, originates in numerous    EGENHAUSEN, A/ghen-h6w/zen, a village of Wtirtemstreamlets, which rise in Gelderlanud and unite near Amers- berg, circle of Schwarzwald,  5 miles W. of Nagold. Pop.
foort, whence the stream flows N.W. to its outlet in Zuvder  1059.
Zee. It is navigable to Amersfoort.                           EGER, lg/9r or Yglghr, a river of East Germany, joins the
EEMNES, aim/nes, a village of the Netherlands, province  Elbe 33 miles N.N.W. of Prague, after a course of 125 miles.
of Utrecht, near the Rem, 8 miles N.N.W. of Amersfoort.    EGIER. (Bohemian Cheb, kib.) a frontier town of BbhePop. 1390.                                                 mia, on the Eger, 92 miles W. of Prague. Pop. 10,500. It
EERSEL, aiRllsl or EERZEL, aiRlzcl, a village of Hol- is built on a rock, and was formerly an important fortress.
land, 8 miles S.W. of Eindhoven. Pop. 270.                 In its old castle, in, 1634, the principal friends of WallenEE'SAUGHUBJ, a town and strong fort, Hindostan, 100  stein were put to death, while Wallenstein himself was asmiles W.S.W. of Gwalior.                                   sassinated in a house in the market-place.  Eger has some
EES/SAR SOMAUI/LEE or SOMAULI, a powerful tribe in  handsome buildings, including the town-hall and parish
East Africa, who inhabit the territory  of Adel, on the coast church, college, barracks, numerous schools, and hospitals,
of the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. They lead a wandering life, and manufactures of chintz, cotton fabrics, and woollens.
roving from place to place, wherever they can find pasturage  Near it are the baths of Franzenbrunnen.
for their flocks and herds. Few of them wear any clothing,   EGER, a town of HIungary. See ELAnU.
exceptinga leatherapron. Theyare armedwith spear, shield,   EGERDIR, Sg'er-deer/, a lake and town of Asia Minor,
bows, and arrows. Their arrows are poisoned. They are  pashalic of Anatolia, 15 miles N.E. of Isbarta.  The lake, 27
held in great dread by their neighbors, the Danakils, who  miles in length from N. to S., greatest breadth, 10 miles, is
describe them as thieves, and murderers.  See ADEL.        highly picturesque, and communicates at its N. end with
EFAT, a province of Shos, Abyssinia.  See ABYSSINIA.     Lake Hoiran.  At its S. extremity is the town, in 1at. 370
EFBE, Uf/bA, an island in the Malay Archipelago, near  52/ N., ion. 310 6' E., at the foot of a high cliff, and with a
the S. coast of Mysol; lat. 20 12' S., Ion. 1300 E., about 5 or  castle on a promontory in the lake. From 500 to 600 houses,
6 miles in length.  Birds of paradise migrate hither during  all Turkish.
certain seasons, and are caught by the natives, who day    EGERI, A/gher-ee, a small lake of Switzerland, canton, and
them in their feathers, and send them to Europe.           4 miles S.E. of Zug. Length 31 miles; breadth varying to
EFENECHTYD, 6f-en-ki/tid, a parish of North WVales, co. 1I miles; depth very great.
of Denbigh.                                                  EGEROE, (Egerbe.) -gler-b'eh, an island on the S.W. coast
EFFERDING, f/fer-ding', a town of Upper Austria, near  of Norway, 40 miles S.S.E. of Stavanger; lat. 580 26' N., lon.
the Danube, 13 miles W. of Lintz, with an old stronghold of 50 50' E;
the Princes of Starkemberg. Pop. 1300.                       EGERSUND, igler-soond', a maritime town of Norway,
EF/FINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3-  38 miles S. of Stavanger, on the strait which separates it firom
miles S.W. of Leatherhead. Its village, formerly a large  the small island of Egerbe; lat. 58~ 26' 10" N., Ion. 50 57! 81'
town, gives title of earl to a branch of the Howard famsily.   E. Pop. 1262. It has a small port, and is the centre of an
EF/FINGHIAM  a county in the E. part of Georgia, has an  extensive herring fishery.
area of 480 square  miles. It is situated between the Savan-    EGERSZEG, A'ghiasIg/,  a village of West Hungary, on
nab and Ogeechee Rivers, which  respectively form  its  the Zala, 70 miles S.S.W. of Eaab.  Pop. 3422.
boundaries on the E. and W.; the former separates it from    EGELITON, a parish of England, co. of Kent
South Carolina. The county is also drained by Ebenezer    EGG, 8ig', a village and parish of Switzerland, canton, and
Creek. The surface is level, and partly covered with forests  9 miles S.E. of Zurich, 2380 feat above sea-level. Pop. 2763.
of pine and cypress; the soil is sandy, and, with small    EG;IGA, a large town of Guinea, on the S.W. bank of the
exceptions, unproductive. The county is intersected by  Niger, 70 miles N.N.W. of its junction with the Chadda;
the Central Railroad. Named in honor' of Lord Effing-  1at. 80 42' N., lon. 6040/ E. It extends for more than 2 miles
hasm, a British officer, who resigned his commission rather  along the river, and is very populous. A large population
than take arms against the American colonies. Capital,  also live here on board of canoes, and trade up and down
Springfield. Pop. 3864, of whom 2016 were free, and  1848  the Niger from  Egga, importing Benin and Portuguese
slaves.                                                    goods. Near it, on the opposite bank, is a considerable
EFFINGIHAMI, a county in Illinois, situated towards the  market town.
S.E-. part of the state, contains about 500 square  niles. It    EGGARAHI, West Africa. See ArTArn.
is drained by the Little Wabash River.  The surface is    EGG-BUCK/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
nearly level, and is divided almost equally between prairies    EGI/GEBEE', a walled town of West Africa, Zeg-Zeg, 80
and woodlands. The soil is fertile. Mines of copper, iron  miles S. by W~. of Kano; let. 100 52' N., ion. 90 6/ E.. delightand lead have recently been discovered here. The railroad  fuilly situated in the midst ofa beautiful plain. Pop. about
between St. Louis and Terre HIaute, when finished, will 14,000.
pass through the county, also the Central Railroad leadingc   EGGENBERG, 8gtghen-bng', ECKENBEERG, ik/ken-blRo,
to Chicago. The Little Wabash Iiver affords water-power.  or EGGENBURG, 8g/gfhgn-b66Ra, a village and lordship of
Capital, Ewington. Pop. 3799.                              Austria, Styria, circle of, and about 2 miles from Griitz. It
EFFINGtHAMI. a post-township of Carrol] co., New Hamp- has a castle, a simple but umajestic structure, which con
shire, 55 niles N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1252.                tains a good collection of paintings. Pop. of lordship, 3516,
615




EGG                                                           EGY
EGGENBURG, a town of Austria. See EGENBUsnG.                rising to about 8840 feet above the sea. Lat. 390 15' S., ion,
EGGENFELDEN, pglgheu-fSl'den, a market-town of Upper  1740 13' E.
Bavaria. on the Rott, 34 miles W.S.W. of Passau. Pop. 1484.    EGMONT, PORT, West Falkland Island. off its N. coast,
EGGENSTEIN, 6glghen-stIne', a village of Baden, circle  between Keppel and Saunders Islands, inll lat. 510 21' S., ion.
of Middle Rhine, near Carlsruhe.  Pop. 1179.                  60' W. It affords anchorage and fresh water, but little or
EGGESFORD, Agzlford, a parish of England, co. of Devon.  no wood.
EGG HARTBOR, a township of Atlantic co., New Jersey,    EGNACH, ZgnAx, a parish and village of Switzerland,
bordering on the ocean and Great Egg Harbor Bay. Pop. 2688. canton of Thurgau, 2. miles W. of Arbon.  Pop. 3276.
EGGIINTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.                 EGOI ISLES, Pacific Ocean. See CARnoLINEs.
EGG ISLAND  POINT, the southern extremity of Egg    EGOLSIHOFEN, a Swiss village.  See EGDSHOFe..
Island, in the Delaware Bay, near the left shore, has a fixed    EGIIA, a town of Germany. See EGce.
light, 40 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 390 10' 24" N.,    EGIREMONT, a market-town and parish of England, co.
Ion. 750 95W.                                                 of Cumberland, on the Ehen, 37 miles S.S.W. of Carlisle.
EGIGLESTONE, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.   Pop. 1750. It has ruins of a massive Norman castle. It
EGGMUHL, a village of Bavaria. See ECKMUHL.                 gives the title of earl to the Wyndham family.
EGGOLSIHEIM, 6glgols-hime', a market-town of Bavaria,    EGREMONT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carnmarthen.
on the Nuremberg, and Neumarkt Railway, 11 miles S.   *EGREMONT, a township in Berkshire co., Massachusetts,
of Bamberg.  Pop. 918.                                        120 miles WV. by S. of Boston. Pop. 1013.
EGIHAM, a village and parish of England, co. of Surrey,    EGREMONT PLAIN, a post-office of Berkshire co., Massaon the Thames, 3 miles E. of Windsor. The village is con- chusetts.
nected with Staines in Middlesex "by an iron bridge over    EGRES,,l'greshl, or EGRIS, Aigrish!, a village of Hungary
the Thames. Adjoining it is the field of Runnymede, where  in Banat, on the Mares, about 15 miles from Komlos. P. 2840.
King John held the memorable conference with his barons,    EGREVILLE,  ghl'r-veell, a town of France, department
which ended in the signing of Magna Charta, A. D. 1215. Seine-et-Marne, 17 miles S.S.E. of Fontainebleau.  Pop. 1477.
Cooper's Hill, in this parish, is celebrated in the poetry of    EGRIPO or EGRIPOS ISLAND, Greece. See EuBesA.
Denham and Pope.                                                EGRIPO or EGRIPOS, a town of Greece. See CuALCas.
EGIHOLM,   a small island of Denmark, in the Little Belt,    EGRIS, a village of Hungary.  See EREss.
4 miles N.E. of 2Eroe Island. Also a small island in the    EGT, a village of Holland. See EcuT.
Lymfiord, Jutland.                                              EG!TON, a parish of England, co. of York, North lRiding.
EGIDISTADT, in Transylvania.  See NAGv EvNYeD.                EGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
EGIN, Ag'een!, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates.    EGUILLES, Agheei!, a town of France, department of
22 miles N.E. of Arabgheer, (Arabgir.)                        Bouches-du-Rh~ne, 5 miles N.W. of Aix. Pop. 1557.
EGINA, an island and gulfofGreece.  See EGINA.                EGUISHEIM,.'ghees'6mf, EXHEIM, Axfhime, or EX!EN,
EGITTO.  See EoYPT.                                         a town of France, department of Ilaut-Rhin, near the Lauch,
EGILETON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.              on the Strasbourg and Basel Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of ColEGILINGHAM,-a parish of England, co. of Northumber- mar. Pop. in 1852, 2133. It owes its origin to a strong casland. Here are ruins of a border tower.                       tie, supposed to have been erected in the eighth century,
EGILINTON-CASITLE, the seat of the Earl of Eglinton,  of which a massive hexagonal tower, about 130 feet high,
Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the Lugton, 2 miles N. of Irvine. It  still exists.
is a magnificent modern Gothic structure, surrounded by a    EGYEK,.d'yWk!, a village of Hungary, co. of Szabolcs, on
park of 1200 acres. It gives the title of earl to the 3lont-  the Theiss, about 15 miles from  Nadudvar.  It contains a
gomerie family, whose ancestor, a relative of the Conqueror,  Roman Catholic and a Protestant church. Most of the incomdmanded the van at the battle of IIastings.                habitants are Protestant.s.  Pop. 2570.
EGLISAU, Agle-z6w', a small town of Switzerland, canton,    EGYPT, (Gr. Atyvrros;  L..Eyp4us; Hiebrew, Jfisr or
and 14 miles N. of Zurich, on the right bank of the Rhine,  Mzsozraim; Coptic, Ch/m or Khem; Fr. Egypte. Aczheept'; Ger.
near the Baden frontier.  Pop. 1600..Egyptess,  A-ghipften; It. _Vegitlo, A-jit'to; lArab. Jlissr, milsr, or
EGLISHI, a parish of Ireland, in Loinster, King's co.       Afsssr; Turk. Jsibt or Teebt,) a country in the N.E. of Africa,
EGLISIT, a parish. of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh.    remarkable alike for its physical peculiarities, and ior its
EGILON, an ancient city of Palestine, identified with the  historical interest, and which still retains, in its wonderful
village of Ajlan, pashalic, and 18 miles E.N.E. of Geaz.      monuments the ea-liest records of civilizatlon. Itembraces
EGLOSHAYLE, 6g-9-shA11, a parish of England, co. of  properly the lowest and most northesn   division of the
Cornwall.                                                     valley of the Nile, fronm the last cataracts  to the sea. In
EGLOSKERIRY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.    lat. 2-140 3' 45e N., the river. issuing from  the rockyv']e"  of
EGLWYS, signifying a "church," forms a part of a sum-  Lower Nubia, sweeps in a smooth but rapid stre'sa rsond
her of Welsh names.                                           the little island which was called by the Greeks Philc, by
EGLWYSBREWIS, 6grloo-is-brewlis, a parish of South  the Arabs Bilak. (both names being corruptions of the Co2ptic
Wales, co. of Glamorgan.                                      p 7-laih, that is," the limit,") and then immlnediately hurses
EGLWYS, CYMMYN, (kimlmnin,)a parish of South Wales, down the cataracts, or rather rapids, of Asswan, (Syene,)
co. of Carmarthen, 4 miles from Lieugham. Ithas ruins of 2  and by the island of Elephantine, about 2 miles below Philee.
castles; and 2 subterranean rivers fall here into Carmarthen  Here the obstructions to the navigation of the Nile are at
Bay.                                                          an end, and the river extends in a general course N. by W.,
EGLWYS, EIRW, (I/roo,) a parish of Wales, co. of Pem- to lat. 310 355 N., where, in the neighborhood of Damietta,
broke, 6 miles S. of Cardigan.  The ruins of Pencil!i Chapel the pincipal bsranch falls into the Mediterranean Sea. The
are in the parish.                                            length of Eyptc mceasured on the meridian, is but 450 geoEGLWYS, FACK, a parish of Wales, cos. of Denbigh and  grsaphical miles;  but along the wisd ing  valley of the river,
Carnarvon.                                                    which is truly the lhrabitabl  country, it has an extent of
EGLWYS, ILtAN, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on  above 600 miles. The averase width of the valley of the Nile
the Taff, 9' miles N.W. of Cardiff.  Ilere is a bridge across  may be assumed to be 8 nmiles: the greatest width of the
the Taff, having a shingle arch of 140 feet span.             delta, from Alexandria  on the 1i. to the ruins of Pelusium
EGLWYS, RHIOS, a parish of South Wcales, co. of Carnavon.  on the E., is about 160 miles. The whole area comprised in
EGIMANTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.               the valley and delta, may be taken at 11,000 square miles.
EGI MERE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.                Descrstson. —The island of Philoe, at the S. extremity of
GSMOND-AAN-ZEE, 6glnmont-Ain-zi, a village of the No- Egypt, has been compared by Arab writers to an emerald
therlands, province of North Holland, on the North Sea, 5  set in gold; and this allusion to its luxuriant vegetation,
miles W. of Alkmaar. Pop. 1338.                               compared to the nakled surface of the surrounding desert, is
EGMOND-BINNEN, Ag/mont-bintnen, and the castle of  equally applicable to the valley lower down. The Nile, in
Graven (Counts,) Van Egmond, are adjacent.                    the valley of Egypt, is every where an agreeable object; not
EGIMlONT, or SIX ISLANDS, in the Indian Ocean, Chbagos  so much owing to the majesty of the stream, or the variety
Archipelago.  The largest is in lat. 60403 S., lon. 710265 30"  of its scenery, as to the strong contrast betwveen the freshE. The whole group produces about 6000 gallons of cocoa- ness, verdure, and animation of the river's banks, and the
nut oil yearly.                                               desolation which reigns beyond them. The scenery of the
EGIMONT BAY, an inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in  river is, in the S. part of Upper Egypt, wild and romantic;
North America, on the S.W. coast of Prince Edward Island.  but as we descend, it grows continually more tamne and moLat. 460 34' N., Ion. 640 E.                                  notonous, till at loength every lively and picturesque feature
EGMIONT ISLAND, an island in the Pacific Ocean, Low  is lost in the nuniform level of the delta.
Archipelago, in lat. 190-245 S., ion. 1390 15' W.               11esisttains, Valleys, &c. —The valley of the Nile, throughEGMONT ISLAND, the largest of the Santa Cruz Archi- out its whole extent, from  Philo to the vicinity of Cairo, is
pelago, or Queen Charlotte Islands, in the Pacific.  Lat. 100  hemmned in on both sides by continuous chains of hills;
53' S., Ion. 1650 50'E.  Length, 20 miles; breadth, 10 miles. those on the E. side approach more closely to the river, iwhile
It is of coral formation, steep, well wooded, and fertile.   the Libyan hills on the W. rise with a gradual ascent, and
EGMIONT KEY, at the entrance to Tampa Bay, W. coast  sometimes recede to a distance of 10 or 15 miles. Tovwards
of Felorida. On it is a light-house, showing a fixed light, 40  the delta these chains of hills diverge; that on the E. side
feet high. Lat. 270 36' N., Ion. 820 48' W.                  turning E. by Jebel Mlokattem, (that is, "the hewn," so called
EGMONT, MOUNT, an active volcano of New Zealand, in  probably from its quarries,) near Cairo, and sinking graduthe N. part of the islcnd, 18 miles S. of New Plymouth, and  ally, till it disaepears in the Isthmus of Suez; while the Li616




EGY                                                           EGY
byan chain skirts to the N.W. the plains of the Natron Lakes.  delphus, after Pharao Necho and Darius had both attempted
The desert between the Nile and the Red Sea is intersected  its construction, and failed. In a few years, however, it bh
by several chains of mniountains,  which iicrease in elevation  came choked up and useless, but was restored by Trajan,
towards the E., so that the ridges inearest to the Red Sea at- only to fall again to ruin.  Some traces of it still remain,
tain a height exceeding  perhaps 6000 feet. W. of the Nile,  but for the most part it is wholly obliterated. One of the
the Libyan chain separates the river from a widevalley, which  greatest works carried on in Egypt in modern  times is that
is supposed not to be above the level of the sea. The openings  projected by Mohammed Alee for the damming up or barrage
or lateral valleys with which we are best acquainted,  are, ol  of the Nile below Cairo, and for the establishment of canals
the E., the Valley of the Wanderings, (of the children of Is-  above the barrage which should carry the water  of the
rael,) leading from  the neighborhood of Cairo to the head  stream over the surface of Lower Egypt.  The barrage is esof the Gulf of Suez, and that through which passes the road  tablished at the point of the Delta where the Nile bifurcates
from  Koptos to Kosseir, on the Red Sea. In early ages,  into two great branches, one flowing to IRosetta, the other
when the commerce of the Rled Sea wvas fsr more important  to Damietta.  It is 115 miles from Alexandria, and 09 miles
than it is at present, the roads fromn the Nile through the E. fi-om Rosetta, 12 miles below Cairo, and in view of the great
desert were numerous and frequented; and there still re- pyramids of Gheezeh, (Gizeh.) The worIks were completed
mains indubitable evidence, chiefly in the ruins of guard-  about the commencement of 1853, and comprehend —1. A
houses, and solidly constructed wells, of the industry walch  sluice bridge on each of the two branches of the river, with
once animated these inhospitable wastes. VW. of the Nile,  a levelling quay, to fix the points of the Delta. 2. Three great
in lat. 290 20t N., a deep sinuosity in the Libyan chain of  canals. one cut on the right bank o:f the Diaumietta branch in
hills forms the fertile valley of Fayoom, (in Coptic, PLome,'the direction of iMansoorah, another running along the left
the  sea or lake,") in the NY.V. and lowest part of which is the  bank oG the Rosetta branch in the direction of Alexandria,
lake called Birket-el-Keroon.  From this valley a road leads  iand the third placed in the axis of the Delta. The canal
W., through the hills, to the oasis of El Dakhel.  The roads  directed tow:rds Alexandria is 197 feet wide; the two others
from Girgeh  or Jirjeh and EsUneh to the great oasis are much  are each 328 feet. The quay wall constructed at the poisnt
frequented; and several other openings of less note offer  of the Delta is 5291 feet in length.
communications with the fertile spots which characterize        Lakes.-The first place among the lakes of Egypt has been
the depressed region W. of the river.                         hitiherto usually assigned to the Birket-el-Keroon, lying N.W.
Oases.-These extend, in a narrow line, along the hollow   of Fayoom, owing probably to the celebrity which attached
region of the Libyan desert, parallel to the general direction  to it from  the supposison that it was a remnant of the anof the valley of the Nile, and above 80 miles W. of it. The  cienut Lake Mceris.  The embalikments enclosing the site of
Groat Oasis, called, from its chief town, El1Wah el Khargeh,  that lake (Moeris) were discovered in the E. part of the Faylies immediately W. of the Thehaid, and has a tength of 100  oum  Valley,  by IM. Linant de Bellefonds, in 1842.  The
miles. About 50 miles W. of the N. extremity of this oasis, Birket-el-Keroon has a length of about 34 miles, and a aenelies the Wbah el Dakbel, 24 miles long and 10 miles broad. ral breadth of 6 miles. The Nile, in cases of high flood,
In the parallel of Gisjeh, and VW. by S. of the Fayoonim, the  makes its way to its waters, whiclh then rise 4 or 5 feet. On
date-groves of the Little Oasis, (Oasis Parva,) or W~ah  el BD-  its shores stands a castle, the projecting spouts of which
harieh, display their unusual verdure. Ia.this fertile spot have procured for it the appellation of Kasr-el-Keroon, (Tiorn
artesian wellsare nunerous, and some of ancient construe-  Castle,) -whence the lake takes its name.  About 50 miles
tion have been recently discovered, which have a depth ex-  N. of the Birket-el-Keroon, a low  tract, extending S.E.
ceeding 400 feet. On the road between this oasis and that,and N.W., exhibits in the rainy season a chain of pools,
of BR  Dakbhel occurs the Webhel Fersafreh, of small extent.  Irnown as the Natron Lakes; from  which. in the dry seaW. of Fayoomni, and about 200 miles from the Nile, lies the  don, the water evaporsates, leaving  the ground  thickly
oasis of Seewah, (Siwah,) where the foucndations  of the once  encrusted cwith natron, (sesquicarbonate of soda,) better
celebrated temple of Jupiter Ammon may still be traced. The  klnown in commerce under the name of tonea.  The fertile
renion of the oases terminates towards the N. in the desert  land of the Delta is, for the most part, separated from  the
of the Natron Lakes, which the Copts called Scete, and where,  eea by a series of lakes, or rather vast lagoons, which are
in the midst of the dreary wilderness, prison-like monas-  themselves fenced firom the sea by very narraow  necks of land.
tories offered a congenial home to gloomy and ascetic tempers. Between the Rosetta and Damiettna arms of the Nile, Lake
The deserts on the W. bank of the Nile generally present to  Boorlos occupies half of the coast, or above 30 miles; E. of
view uniform  plains of gravel, or of fine drifting  sand; on  the latter arm, Lake Menzaleh covers an extent of 500 square
the E. the scene is varied by rocks and mountains, but the  miles; while Lake Bardowal (auc.  urebolnis) stretches 70 miles
aridity is extreme, and the heat, reverberated firom  sus-  still farther E. ma kiug,  altogether, a frontier covered by
rounding cliffs, is often insupportable.                      these lagoons but little short of 200 miles.
vicers, Cainss, etc. —The only river of Egypt is the Nile,    Geology,  &c. —The general rocks of Egypt are limestone,
which receives no accession ftom  tributary streams (occa- overlain with sandstone  and granite, which breaks through
sional. torrents from  extraordinamy nains eexcepted) in the  and overspreads both. The granite region lies at the S. ex- 
last 1500 miles of its course.  It enters Egypt with a breadth  tremity of Egypt. In Lower Nubia, the summits of the greof 3000 feet, and though often contracted lower down to 2000  nitic rocks rise 1000 feet above the level of the river.  This
feet. its average width throughout may be taken at half a  rude and wild scenery continues down to Asswan, where
mile, and therefore, with the canals depending on it, beers a  the cataracts are formed by the cliffs and brolken masses of
considerable proportion to the whole area of the habitable  granite which line the bed of the river. The rock at Assvalley. Of the canals, one of the most remarkable is that  wan or Syene is not the syenite of modern geologists. Blackcommonly called the Bahr Yoosef, or Joseph's River or Canal, ened by the sun's rays, and often highly polished, it has firewhich, leaving the Nile at Deiroot, (lat. 260 15',) runs along  quently beenr mistaken for basalt; and, indeed, it is not
the foot of the Libyan hills, which it enters at the opening  certain that volcanic rocks may not be found mingled aith
of El-Lahoon, and, having  watered the valley of Fayoom, it the granite. The cliffs near Asswan have supplied the maagain issues firom the Libyan chain and joins the Nile. The  terials for all the colossal and monolithic monuments of
Bahr Yoosef has a length of 140 miles, and the level plhin. Egypt.  From Asswan to Esneh (lat. 250 19, N.) extends the
often 10 or 12 miles wide, included between it and the Nile, sandstone formation, which is very dnurable, and easily
forms, with the valley of FayEoom, the most fertile part of  worked. The quarries at Jebel Silsilis (Chain Mountatin) and
Egypt. Popular belief ascribes the construction of this we- a few other points in this region, furnished the materials for
ter-course to Joseph, but competent observers pronounce it  the superb s-ructures  of Thebes, and, indeed, for most of
to be an ancient branch of the river, flowing between banks  the templesof ancientEgypt. Beloc Esnehb the limestone  profor the most part of natural origin.  The apex of the Delta  dominates, tbhough sandstone hills still occasionally interrupt
was, in the time of IHerodotus, at Cercasorus, 10 miles below  the calcareous songe.   The Eg yptian limestone is generally
M[emphis; it is now about 6 miles still lower down, at Batn-  grey, contaiuing fislh  shells, and corals; but in the E. deel-Bakers. The river, at. the early period referred to, sepa- sort, specimens have been rfound of handsome mnarble; and
rated at once into three brenches, the Ctanopic going N.W,  in the paralle1 of 5iuieh, lat. 2980 4 N., and about 100 miles
the Pelusiac N.E., and the Sebenuytic branch proceeding  E. of the Nile, were discovered a few yearss ago, the spleudid
directly N. to the sea. The latter also threw off two other  ruins of the ancient Alabastropolis, which once derived
branches, namely, the Saitic, WV, and the MIendesian E.  wealth ifom  its quarrie      s of alabaster.  Flather S. in the
Near the former of these flowed the Bolbitine, and, at some  desert, towards the limits of the granite, we come upon the
distance to the B., the Bucolic branches, both artificial. ancient mines or quarries of jasper, porphyry, and vernd anThese were the seven mounths of the Nile, as described by  tique. The emerald mines of Zebsreah lie near the Red Sea,
Iierodotus. At the present day, only two of them continue  in the paramllel  of Syene. Diluvial heaps of oyster and other
to flow in uninterrupted navimgable  chI nnels to the sea, and  shells ftrequently occur at conasiderable elevaticons in the calthose are the Bolbitine and Bucolic arms. now named re- ca-reous region, and a fyw miles E. of Cairo, in the Jebei Jospectively, froom the towns at their mouths, the Rlosett (Ra- karttem, als extensive tract is covered with  the silicified
sheed) and Damietta (Damyat) branchos. Among the ancient  trunks of;:ees.  This phenomnenon of a petritied fbrest precanals of Lower Egypt, one merits especial notice, namely,  sents itself again in the desert of the Natiron  Lakes, W. of
that which, starting from the Nile a little below the modern  the Nile, and also far to the S. in Nubia.
Cairo, ram  N.E. andE. siato Lhe desert, and then turning S..   A'Aluvitc. —The    alluvial soil of Egypt is a no less interestthrosg;h the maoroshy district of the Bitter Lake s, terminated  inc- object, of study than the roclky foundation on which it
at Arsinos, at Che head of the Gulf of Suez, thus uniting- he  rests.  Tihe Nile, during the floods, deposits  in the valley of
Nile rnd the Red Sea. It was completed by Ptolemus Pthila- I gypt the earthy particles with which it beconmes loaded iml
617




EGY                                                           EGY
the early and impetuous part of its course, and it is easy to    ZooZogy. —The list of the wild animals of Egypt is not
recognise, in the dark brown mould of Egypt, the disinte-  large. The wolf, hyeena, and jackal, habitual1 inhabitants
grated trachytes of Abyssinia.  Wherever the velocity of  of the desert, occasionally visit the Valley of the Nile: there
the stream is checked, the earthy sediment is deposited, and  the ichneumon or mangouste, which lives chiefly on  gs,
a thin,'slimy film  spreads over the ground. The increase  and preys on those of the crocodile among others, is still
of the soil by this means is said to proceed, in Upper Egypt,  numerous.  The jerboa, or kangaroo-like rat, bunrlows in
at the rate of 4 or 5i inches in the century; in the Delta it  the sands, and frequents, in great numbers, the plains of
goes on more slowly.  From the depth of the sedimentary  Gheezeh, round the pyramids. The crocodilevery rarely desoil covering causeways, or heaped around monuments at  seends the Nile below Girjeh, and the hippopotamus has long
Thebes, which doubtless stood originally above the reach  since retired to Upper Nubia, and never visits the waters
of the inundation, it has been calculated that the age of  of Egypt, except when forcibly borne down by the flood, as
that city must reach back at least to the year 2960 a. c.      happened in 1836, when one of these alnimals rose into
limnate.-The climate of Egypt is remarkable for its dry-  view before Damietta.  Wild swine are still numerous in
ness and general uniformity. Peculiar circumstances, such  the marshes and thickets bordering on the Delta, but they
as the vicinity of the sea, and the freshness of the N. wind, are little molested by a Mohammedan population.
modify at the N. and S. extremities of the country, respec-    Agriciltoure —The system of husbandry pursued in Egypt
tively, the cold of wvinter, and the burning heat of summer.  is probably the' same now that it was 3000 years ago, whereIn the Delta, the mean temperature of winter is about 540  ever the government has not interfered with it, by introFah.; that of summer, 820; at Asswan, the thermometer  ducing new objects of culture. The Egyptian peasant is
often rises, in the latter season, to 906. It is, however, extremely tenacious of ancient usages; his plough  at the
characteristic of Egypt and the neighboring deserts, that a  present day exactly resembles that figured in the hiero.
great fill of temperature, from  140 to 200, takes place at  glyphics; for a harrow he uses a roller made of a piece of
night, owing-, as it is usually explained, to the setting in  the trunk of a palm-tree; and he allows no rest to the inunof the N. wind at sunset, or rather perhaps attributable to  dated land, but relieves it only by a change of crops. Wheat
the' general dryness and perfect transparency of the atmo- and barley, which are among the principal crops in Egypt,
sphere, which favor rapid evaporation, and the radiation of  are quite ripe in May in the Delta, where the produce of the
heat.  This nocturnal cooling sometimes, though  very  field arrives at maturity generally a month later than in
rairely, ginks just before sunrise to congelation; and ice has  Upper Egypt.  Durrab, (&orghuni  vulgase,) the grain on
been found on the Nile even at Asswan, (Syene.)  The hot  which the natives chiefly subsist, and millet, are sown
S. wind, or Khamseen, (that is, 50 days' wvind,) sets in at the  later, and gathered earlier. Of maize, two crops are often
vernal equinox, and lasts, as the name implies, nearly two  raised in the year. Rice, the sale of which is a monopoly
months; the thermometer sometimes rising during its con-  of the government, is a novelty to the Egyptian husbandtinuance to 1000; E. winds prevail after the autumnal equi-  man, and is grown chiefly in the low grounds near Rosetta
nox; during the remainder, or about eight months of the  and Damietta. Beans, lupins, lentils, and various kinds of
year, the wind blows firom the N. and neighboring points. pulse, with onions, bamich, (Hybiscus  esculestus,) and rnalIn the maritime parts of the Delta, considerable fdlls of rain  lowr, are cultivated, and consumed in great quantities. The
occur 25 or 30 times between October and March; only half  cultivation of cotton, begun in 1821, has now  extended
of this quantity falls at Cairo, and above the 26th.parallel  widely; indigo succeeds in the Fayoom  and Upper Egypt.
rain is hardly known; hail is very iare, and still more so  The growth of the sugar-cane is confined to the latter counsnow, which fell, nevertheless, in 1833, in the Delta, to the  try; the manufacture of the sugar being carried on at Mingreat surprise of the people. There seems to be little reason  yeh. For the sake of the silk manufacture, 3,000,000 of mulfor supposing  that the climate of Egypt is insalubrious,  berry trees have been planted in Egypt; but the hot winds
As to the plague, it is doubtful whether it be generated in  often prove fatal to the silk-worims.  The cultivation of the
Egypt; but its rapid diffusion, as well as the prevalence of  olive, also, is now encouraged; and attempts have been
elephantiasis, and other apparently endemic diseases, may  made even to naturalize the coffee plant, clove, and cinbe naturally ascribed to the filthy habits and wretched con- namon.
dition of the people.                                           Industry.-The Egyptians still adhere to their ancient
&asons. —In Egypt, the seasons are reduced to three, viz.  custom  of uniting the followers of each business or prothe inundation, spring, and harvest, the distinction being  fession into a guild or corporation, governed by their chief
immediately dependent on the Nile. At the beginning of  or sheikh, who acts, if need be, as their representative.
June, the hot winds being over, and most of the crops cut,  These: guilds are exceedingly numerous, as might be exthe country begins to resemble the adjacent desert, and the  pected, among a people whose social organization rieaches to
parched ground cracks and opens in all directions, when. in  a remote antiquity. Of all the trades pursued in this cournthe third week of the month, the river is observed to rise. try, the most remarkable is hatching of eggs by the artificial
The increase of the water becomes in a short time regular,  heat of ovens-a peculiarity of Egypt, handed down from
till it reaches its maximum, about the second week of Sep- ancient times. The poultry reared in this way are wholly
tember. As the canals become filled, the water is allowved  without the instincts which relate to the care of offspring;
to run over the fields and gardens, the low dams which  the artificial method of hatching, therefore, when once reprotect them  being successively trodden down.  During  sorted to, soon becomes necessary, and the natural system
this season, Egypt resembles a great sea, in which the  of incubation is totally superseded. It is said that 24,000,000
towns, villages, and groves of trees figure as so many  of eggs are submitted annually to the vivifying ovens in
islands. By the middle of November, the river has re- Egypt, of which number about one-fifth  fail. The busiturned to its old bed, and, as the waters retire, the fields  ness of tanning is one in which the Egyptians succeed peremerge from  the inundation in a most unsightly guise, fectly, by a process peculiar to themselves. They make excovered with blackish mud; the seed is quickly sown; the  cellent morocco leather, of goatskin dressed and dyed in a
refreshed earth teems with life; and, in an incredibly short  particular manner. The pottery of Egypt, also, deservetime, the face of the country, lately so deformed, is clothed  praise, chiefly for the merit of the bardaks or water-jars.
wcith the richest verdure.  This spring-time lasts till the  The best bardaks are those made at Keneh, which, besides
Khamseen, or hot winds, after which comes the harvest, and  being impregnated with a fine and lasting perfumne, are, in
occupies the period that intervenes till the return of the  various degrees and forms, permeable'to water; so that
inundation. The Nile may rise at the present day 28 feet, ahile some serve as filters, others exude the purified fluid,
without occasioning any damage.                               and keep it cool by evaporation, which effect, in such a
Botany. —The wild plants of Egypt are generally dicoty-  climate as Egypt, is a matter of great importance.  But the
ledonous annuals, characterized by a hairy or thorny exte-  manufactures, which require capital, and are carried on
riot-, lon;g roots, and leaves of pale green  color, and dry tex-  with skill and the aid of machinery, all owe their introducture. The most common wild shrub is the Acacia seyal, tion to the late Mohammed Alee, and are, in fact, the prowhich is almost leafless, and armed with long thorns.  The  perty of the government.  That energetic ruler established
palm-tree is rarely seen in a perfectly wild state; yet forests  above 20 cotton mills on a large scale, horses or oxen being
of the date-palm, of great antiquity, exist on the E. borders  eumployed as the moving power. I-His linen maniufactories
of the Delta, and on the site of Memphis.  The doum-paim,  deliver annually 3,000.000 pieces, asid compete in Italy with
(OLcifera tlhebaica,) singular in its bifurcated forms, arrives  the productions of Germany and England.  The manufacat perfection is Upper Egypt, anid yields a fruit of the size  ture of silk, as well as the rearing  of the silk-worm, reof an orange; but much less esteemed than the date. The  ceived from  him   a powerful impulse.  Woollen  cloth,
sycamore is the largest and most umbrageous of Egyptiian  hempen cordage, sugar, indigo, oil, gunpowder, and various
trees, often obtaining a circumference of 23 or 30 feet, but  chemical products, all engaged his attention; and in every
withl a moderate height; it bears a kiind of fig on its trunk  case he established manufactories, to be conducted on the
and larger branches. The oranges, figs, and tamarinds of  public account. lIe erected an iron foundry a-t Boolsk. a
Egypt are excellent; but the European fruits grown there  suburb of Cairo, on the Nile.  His establislhments for the
are of inferior quality. The chief timber-trees are the acacia  manufacture of fire-arms, and of military accoutrements in
lebekh, the cypress, and the Aleppo pine.  The sant or aca-  general, merit commendation, especially on grounds of
cia nilotica. valuable for its hard wood, and producing gum   policy.
arabic, increases in size as we ascend the Nile. The late    Cbommerce.-The commerce of Egypt, under the present,
Viceroy, Mohammed Alee, is said to have planted, chiefly in  viceroy, appears to be in a very prosperous condition-a reLower Egypt, above 16,000,000 of trees of various kinds;  suit owing, it is said, to the system' of government which
and his son, Ibrahim Pasha, plan~ed more than 5,000,000.    has prevailed since the death of Mohammed Aloe. The prin.
618




EGY                                                           EGY
ripal articles exported are cotton, beans, pease, rice, wheat,  districts, or, as the Greeks termed them,  bames.   Upper
barley, gums, flax, hides, lentils, linseed, mother-of-pearl,  Egypt, or the Saeed, was often named by classic writers the
sesamum, senna, and ostrich feathers. The chief imports  Thebais: and Middle Egypt, divided into 7 Nomes, the H1eptaare cotton and iron manufactures, coals, olive-oil, indigo,  nomis.  These ancient territorial divisions, being founded
earthenware, sugar, drugs, liquors, and pitch. The annexed  on nature, have never dhllen wholly into disuse, though distable exhibits the value of the exports firom Egypt for a se- guised uder new  names. The late  Viceroy, Mohammed
ries of years, ending 1851:-                                   Alee divided the whole country into seven Mooderliks or pro841..... $9,913,507   145.    $9,289,119   1849...... $10,152,811  vices, superintended by a Mooder; each Mooderlik being
1842..,022,330   1846.     9,3,       180......  1,767,898  subdivided into departments, and these again into cantons,
1843..... 9,576,920   1847..... 15,017,175   1851...... 16,290,234  each having its proper and responsible chief.
1844.... 8,393,422   1848..... 7,862,827                         itet        lon     t,  n   ito      As  te Arabic an.Literature, Monuments, and History.-As the Ara~bic lau.
The value of imports into Egypt in 1849 was $9,350,000; in  guage has been for twelve centuries the language of Egypt,
1851 it had increased to $11,500,000.  According to the cus-  the literature of the country has necess arily become merged
tom-house returns, Great Britain occupies the first place in  into that of Arabia.  The truly indigenous liteuature of the
Egyptinn commerce, the Noirth of Europe the next, Austria  country, therefore-that which belonged to Egypt when its
the third, and France the fourth. To facilitate the internal  historical importance was at its height-ns ust be sought for
trade of the country, a railway about 120 miles long, was in the graven monuments of that period. Passing over the
opened from  Alexandria to Cairo in the early part of 1955, 2500 years during which Egypt was ruled by gods and demiand is to be extended to Suez.                                gods, we come to the Menes, the founder of the first of thirSy
Government.-The government of Egypt is in the hands of dynasties, recorded more or less perfectly by Manetho, the
Turks, and, as might be expected, is an unqualified despo-  high-priest of Isis et Sebennytus, who lived about 300 n. c.
tism. Mohammed Alee, (ilehemnet Al,) the fiBst viceroy and  But so arbitrarily has the high-priest's information been dealt
founder of the present dynasty, in 1808 aeolished the right  with by the writers who have handed it down to us, that
of private individuals to hold estates in laud, thus becoming  we cannot decide whether he places Menes 5400 or 3900
himself the sole proprietor of the whole kingdom, houses and  years before the Christian era.  His son and successor is
gardens excepted. He took into his own hands all the agri-  said to have written a book on anatomy, and to have had a
culture, as well'as all the manufactures of the lkingdom.  ie  tenmple at Memphis. This city was already  the capital of
aimed at developing the resources of Egypt, but he never  the kingdom, and miention is made, at the same early age,
dreamt of turninga to account the mainspring of national pros-  of Bubastos or Pu-Pasht, (Pibeseth, Ezek. xxx. 17,) dediperity, namely, the untiring energy with which every mnon  cated to the goddess Pasht, the renmains of which may still
labors to promote his own welfore.  All his reforms, his  be traced at Tel-Bastah, on the E. side of the Delta.  With
schools, manufactures, canals, plantations,  well appointed  the fourth dynasty begins the period of undoubted contemarmy, and increasing navy, all tended towards the organiza- porary monuments.  Shfifo (Cheops) built the great pyration of a system on which he reckoned for the increase of his  mid in which his name is written; his immediate successor
financial means and political power, never taking into the  built the second; and his nephew, Menkare, the third. A
account the instruction or well-being of his people. They  portion of the coffin of Menkare, with his name inscribed on
were left but a wretched subsistence.                         it, is now in the British Museum, being probably the oldest
Revenues and Expenses.-The reovenues  of Egypt are de-  specimen of writing extant, beyond the pyramids and the
rived from various sources, the chief being the meeree (miri) tombs of Gheezeh and Sakkara.  These earliest known specior land tax, which yields nearly half of the whole income. mens of hieroglyphic writing exhibit the art in complete
Next in importance are the proceeds of monopolies, namely,  maturity, and, coupled with;the  pyramids, prove that
of cotton, indigo, sugar, rice, opium,  &c. Then come the capi-  Egypt under the fourth dynasty was already far advanced
tation,  the' customs, taxes on grain brought to market, on  beyond the infancy of civilization.  The eleventh dynasty
cattle slaughtered, on date-trees, fishing, &c.; in all produc-  was the first of the Diospolitan or Theban kings, whose ceing about 2,500,0001. The Egyptian army is composed of  lebrity, however, commenced with the twrelfth, to whlich be130,000 regular troops, 12,000 of whom are cavalry, and of  longed Sesortasen, one of those ktings whose achievements
about 40,000 national guardS.  To these may be added  have been ascribed to the half-fabulous Sesostris, and of
about 40,003 ir-egular cavalry, (Bedouins, chiefly in Ara-  whom there remains an inscribed pillar, recordiung his conbia.)  The fleet consists of 10 or 11 ships of the line, 6 fri- quests in Nubia, and of his son, Ammenhemes III., who emgates, and a dozen smaller vessels; connected with it and  banked Lake Meeris and built the Labyrinth. This edifice,
with the arsenals is a force of 40,000 men.  The entire  the foundations of which may still be traced, appeared to
militavy force maintained in the kingdom cannot fall much  the Greeks, even while Karnak stood in all its glory, to be
short of 270,000 men.                                         the greatest and most wonderful in the worold.  The fifRace, Pobulation, df.-Of the inhabitants of Egypt, the  teenth and two  succeeding dynasties were those of the
great majority-those of the peasant class, or F'ellabhs, as  Ilyksos or shepherds, whose tyrannous rule continued for
they are called-are undoubtedly indigenous, and may be  some centuries.  With the eighteenth dynasty begins the
regarded as descendants of the ancient Egyptians. These, most brilliant peliod of Egyptian history, and the greatness
having embraced Mohammedanism, are now generally de-  of Thebes.  Aahmes, (Amosis,) the first Iking of the eighnominated Arabs, though easily distinguished from the true  teenth dynasty, is supposed by some to have been the PhaArab, who invariably regards the Fellah  with contempt. raoh (Ph-re, king) under whom  the Exodus toolk place;
The Copts are the Egyptians who still cling to the Christian  though others suppose the Exodus to have taken place in
faith; though comparatively few, they contrive to hold a  the reign of Ramses, (Sesostris,) the last king, or the last
respectable position in society by means of their education  but one, of this dynasty. Subsequently comes a series of
and useful talents.  The Fellahs  are generally peasants  great princes-Amenoph, Thothmes, Horus, Ramses, and
and laborers. With these aboriginal Egyptians are min-  Menephthah, to whom  are due the grand monuments of
gled, in various proportions, Turks, Arabs, (chiefly Bedou- Karnak, Luxor, (el-Akhsar,) Medinet Aboo, Amada, Secneh,
ins,) Armenians, Greeks, Berbers, Negroes,  Jews, and  &c. Their conquests are recounted on obelisks, temples,
Franks.  The Turks form a privileged class, or kind of aris- tomnbs, and represented by paintings, with hieroglyphic extocracy, and hold the principal offices under government. planations so elaborate and frequent, as to furnish the maThe Arab tribes considered as belonging to Egypt, and to  terial of a voluminous though still obscure literature. Some
whom  lands have been assigned, are the Bedouins, who  papyri, written in the reign of Menephthah II., the last of
supply the country with camnels, sheelp, and, to some extent,  the twelfth dynasty, (and son of Ramses I1., the Sesostris
with horses; their nunmber is about 250,000. The whole  of most writers, 1340 n.c.,) have been partially interpreted,
population of Egypt has been estimated by the government,  and throw a curious light on the-manners of the ae.  One
from apparently ample data, at 3k or nearly 4 millions, but  of them contains instructions written by a minister of state
Europeans who have examined this question on the spot  for the secret preparation of a certain feast, whence it apconcur in reducing the estimate to 21 millions; the Fellahs  pears that the Ethiopian feast entitled'" Table of the Sun,"
being nearly 2,000,000, the Copts, 145,000, and the ruling caste  (in old Egyptian phrase, tho kiing,) as described by IerodoofTurks and Memlooks, (that is, slaves chiefly from Caucasus,  tus 800 years latfer, had its origin in Thebes.  Under the
taken young, and reared as Turks,) not above 20,000.          twentieth dynasty conmmenced the decline of Egypt and of
Divisiois. —Egypt falls naturally into  two divisions, Egyptian art, while Assyria, oni the other haid, begai to
namely, Upper and Lower Egypt; thelatter comprising the  rise. A Pharaoh, probably the last, of the twenty-first dybroad plains of the Delta, and the former the comparatively  nasty (Tanites, by Isaiah called the Princes of Zoan,) gave
narrow valley of the riveos higher up. These were anciently  his daughter in marriage to King Solomon, (1 Kin'-s ix. 1.6.)
regarded as separate kingdoms, denoted in hieroglyphics by  The twenty-second began with Sesonclhis, the Shishak of
different crowns or royal tiaras. Whenever they were united  Scripture, (the first Pharaoh mentioned by name in the
under the samae rule, the Pharaoh bore the title of "The  Sacred Volume,) to whom Jeroboam  fled, and who afterLord of the two worlds."  But the lowver part of the valley,  wards sacked Jerusalemn.  The next dynasty was founded
which includes the Fayoom and the plains woatered by the  by Sabtaco, (So, the ally of Hiosea, 2 King-s xvii. 4,) originally
Bahr Yoosef, differs widely again from the narrower portion  from  Upper Nubia.  His name, as well as that of his folhigher up; -hence the division into Upper, Middle, and Lower  lower, Tirhaka,. oi Zerach thie Ethiopian, is found on the
Egypt; or, to use the Arab names, Saeed (Said) or Macrs, (in  monuments.  The twoen1tysixth dynasty is distinguished
Coptic, the South;) Wustanee or Vostani;iand Baharee, (Ba-  chiefly by Psammetichus, in whose reign the Greesks began
hari,  "maritime,") or Er-RIeef, (El lil.)  The whole country  to grow numesrousin Egypt. This wasfollowedbythe Persian
appear; to have been subdivided from the easliest ages into  Canmbyses and his successors for 124 years, after which p,
619




it                    ~EG~                                                             EIG
riod we have again three dynasties of native princes, the  1688. It was again besieged by General Marceau in 1796,
last king of Egyptian race being Nectanebus, of whom there  and taken in 1799  it was demolished after the peace of
remains a temple and inscription at Philc. He was driven  LunCville, but has been restored by the Prussian  governfrom  the throne in 341 s. c. by a usurper, who was soon  ment  since 1815, and is now a first class fortress, capable of
aftelr displaced by Darius Ochus; and he in turn was obliged  containing a garrison of 14,000 men.
in 332 B.c. to make way for Alexander.                           EItIIENFIPIEDEMSDORF, Atr'en-fireefders-donf', a town of
Among the trophies brought by the British army from   Saxony, circle  of Zwickau, on the slope of the Sanberg,
Egypt was the Rosetta stone, a large black slab, covered  about 15CO feet above the sea, 44 miles S.W. of Dresden.
with inscriptions in three different characters.  The last of  Pop. 2620.
these is Greek, and informs us that, in the ninth year of    EHRENIItAUSEN.'Oren-h6w/zen, a ma'ket.town of AusPtolemy Epiphanes, (196 B. c.,) the priests of Egypt, con- tria, in Styria, cirle, and 10 miles N.N.W. of Marburg. on
vened for the purpose, decreed certain honors to that king, the Mur, here crossed by a covered bridge. In 1809, a batand ordered thattheir decree  should be engraved on hard  tie was fought here between the French and Austrians.
stone, "in sacred. (hieroglyphic,) demotic, and Greek cha-  Pop. 708.
racters."  The ceitainty that the hieroglyphic inscription   EHI-IENSTETTEN, 5fren-stltten, amarket-town of Baden,
here contained the same matter as the Greek, induced Dr. 8 miles S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1564.
Thomas Young, in 1813, to examine it attentively, and hlie   NIBAU  or EYBAU,         Ybsw, (ALT, &lt, and NEu, not,) two
soon detected the often-repeated names of Ptolemyand Cleo- contiguous villages of Saxony, on the Iumburger.  Pop
patra. The first steps ha'sing been successfully made, the  4900. This is one of the chief seats of the celebrated linen
progress that ensued was astonishingly rapid, insomuch that  manufacture of Lusatia.
Champolliou left behind him  at his death, in 1830, a com-    EIBELSTADT, i'bel-sthtt,  or EIYIVELSTADT. vel-sthttO, a
plete Egyptian grammar and dictionary of hieroglyphics. In  town of cBavaria, in Lower Franconia, on the Main, 5 miles
consequence, therefore, of this remarkable discovery, we of  S.E. of Wiirzburg.   Pop. 1500.
the nineteenth century have a much better knowledge of    EIBENSCI1TZ osr IIBENSCI-IHUTZ, (Eibenschlitz,) Mebpnthe monuments and history of ancient Egypt than was pos- shuits', a town of Moravia, on the Iglawa, 12 miles S.W. of
sessed either by the Greeks or Romans.                        BrDinn. Pop. 3549.
Modern Histnory. — In A. D. 639, the Arabs effected the con-    EIBENSTOCK, ibhen-stock', a town of Saxony, 16 miles
quest of Egypt, which, under its Mohammedan rulers, soon  S.S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 46668. It has manufitctures of chebecame totally changed. In 1250, the government. was seized  mical products, muslin, and lace. There are tin-mines and
by the Memlooks (slsaves, chiefly from  Caucasus, bred to  stone-quarries in the vicinity.
military service,) who had growmn into power by the favor of' EIBISWALD, i/bis-  ilt',  a market-town of Austria, in
Saladin.  These were subdued by Solim, the Ottoman sul-  Styria, 24 miles W.N.WV. of Marburg.  Pop. 917.
tan, in 1520; but the descendants of the defeated chiefs kept    EIBTADT, ih/sttt oi  1p/st~tt, (GROSS, groce, and
the country in disorder for more than two centuries; and  KLEIN, kld,) two villab es of Bavpsria, in Lower Franconia,
when, in the first half of the eighteenth century, the Otto- near KIonigshofen, on the Saale.  Ochre is mined, and wine
mnai empire was hard pressed by Russia and Austria, Egypt  is extensively grown in the vicinity. Pop. of Gross Eibstadt,
again fell under the turbulent sway of the Menmlooks, who  522; Klein Eibstadt. 642.
continued to retain the sovereign power during the French    EICH, i1, a village and pauish of Holland, province of
invasion in 1798; b-lt on the expulsion of the French, the  Luxemburg, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. 4600.
young officer,-Mohammed Alee Bey, commanding the Tur-    EICH, 1K, a village of IHesse-Darmstadt, in Rheinhessen,
krish forces, contrived to shorten the contest by entrapping  near the Ilhines   9 miles N. of Worms.   Pop. 1342.
and treacherously murdering the Memrlook leaders. Such    EICHIIENBUtIIL, si'en-bcsle, a village of Bavaria, in Lower
was the act which founded the fortunes of the future pasha.  Franconia, district of, and near Miltenberg, at the conflu
As he consolidated his power in Egypt, the porte, with sin-  ence of the Schippach'and Erf. Pop. 985,
ister intentions probably, commanded him to suppress the    EICHO, a town of Portugal.  See Eixo.
Wahabee, (Wfahlbi.)a fanatical sect in Arabia, grown formi-    EICHIORN. sKthorn, a village of Moravia, 18 miles W. of
dable by their numbers and audacity.  But his energy  and  Brinn  on the Schiwarziawa, with an old fortress, powder
perseverance  overcame all difficulties. He soon subdued the  mills, and iron-works.
Wahabee, and annexed to his dominions all the provinces    EICIISTADT or AICHSTADT,!kMstht, a town of Bavaria,
of Arabia bordering  on the Red Sea. On the banks of the  capital of a principality given in 1817 to Prince Eugene
Nile his conquests extended to Sennaar and Kordofan. At  Beauharnais, 42 miles W.S.WV. of Ratisbon, on the Altlength he broke openly with the porte, and the Ottoman  mtihl.  Pop. 7396. It has a ducal residence, a cathedral,
and Egyptian forces meeting in the plains of Nizeeb, (Nizib,)  and several other churlches. a Capuchin convent, bishop's
in Syria, in June, 1839, the latter gained a decisive victory;  palace, gymnasium, Latin and other schools, a public librathe result of which was a treaty confirming  to Mohammed  ry, museums, and manufacture s of earthenwares, hardAlee the vice-royalty of Egypt, as a fief of the Ottoman Em-  wares, and woohlen goodsa, with breweries and stone qunarpire, hereditary in his family.- Adj. and inhab. EGYPTrIAN, ries. Eichstidt was the head-quarters of the French under
e-jiplshan, (Arab. Miusree.)                                  Dessaix in 1796.
EIGYPT, a post-vit!age of 3Monroe co., New York, about    EICHSTETTEN. iktsth-ten,  a market-town of Baden, on
200 miles V. by N. of Albany.                                 the Dreisam, 8 miles N.W. of Freiburg.  Pop. 2517.
EGYPT, a small village of Washington co., Pennsylvania.    EICIITERShItJIM, iK/teirs-hime,  a village of Baden, circle
EGYPT, a post-office of MIonroe co., Virginia.              of Lower Rihine, near W iesloch.  Pop. 835.
EGYPT, a post-office of Effingham co., Georgia.        _        IDEIC, i/der or idlsr, (L. Eidecra,) an important river of
EGYPT, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas.                Denmark, rises in IHolstein, 8 miles S. of Kiel, and florws
EGYPT, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.             generally W. to the German Ocean, past Rendsburg and
EGYPT'S MILLS, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.          Friedrichstndt, forming, wvith the canal of same name which
EHEN, e/hen, a river of England, co. of Cumberland, flows  continues it, the limit between the duchies of Sleswick and
through the Lake and Yale of Ennerdale, past Egremont    olstei.  Lengt   90  ies, for 70 miles.f hich it is naviand thence S. to the Irish Sea.                               gable. It opens a communication between the Baltic and
ETHINGEN, /ing-en, (anc. Dracuina?) a town of Wihrtem- the German Ocean, and the tides are felt as far as Rendsberg, 15 miles S.W. of Unm. Pop. 3000. It has a Roman  burg.
Catholic gymnasium, an hospital, and 4 churches.                EIDSVOLD, ids/vold, or EIDSVOLD-BAKKEN, lds'voldEItNIIEI..   a town of France. See OBE0.NAs.                bklr/kkn, a town of Norway, 32 miles N.N.E. of Christiania,
EHININGEN, it/ning-en, a village of Witrtemberg, circle  on the Vermnen-Eif. It has iron for-es, and was the seat of
of Schwavarzald, 7 miles W. of Urach. Pop. 5010.              the Nationals  Assembly, held after the treaty of Kiel, JannEHININGEN, a village of Wiirtemberg, 4 miles S.W. of  ary 14, 1814, by which Denmark abandoned Norway to
Bblirngen.  Pop. 1530.                                         Sweden.
EHRANG, llr'ng,  a town of Prussia, Rhine province,    EIFEL, itfel, a riange of schistous hills, in Prussisa, progovernment, and 4 nailes N. of Troves, on a height at the  vince of Lower Rhine, connected, WV. with the Elast Ardenconfluence of the Kyll with the Moselle. It is surrounded  nes, and trending  E. by S. toewards the Ithine, chiefly bewith walls, and has extensive  iron-works. some trade in  tween the riveras Ahr and Nette.  Theyare sometimnes dicattle, and an important annual fair. Pop. 1050.              vided into HIohen-Eifel (" high Eifel,") Vorder Eifel, (" hither
EISiENBERG,   A/ren-btn~G, (ALT, Alt, and NEU, nos,) two  Eifel,") Mad Schneifel, (" snoy Eifel.")  The calmin ating
conatiguous villages of Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz.  Pop. peak is about 2300 feet high.  Numerous extinct craters and
of Alt Ehrenberg- 2579; Neu Ehrenberg, 1320.                  other traces of volcanic action are net with; and they are
EIIfRENBRE1TSTEIN,   iren-brittstne,     a town of Rbhe-  still the haunt of the wolf and the boar.
nish Prussia iamnediately opposite Coblentz, wibh  whiIch    EIG, E1GG, eer, or EGG (Agg) ISLAND, one of the Hieit is connaected by a bridge of boats. Pop. 2100. It is situ- brides of Scotland, co. of Inverness, 12 miles W. of Arisaig,
ated at the fcot of a rocky  mountain, 408 feet in elevation,  on the mainland.  Pop. 540. here are some remarkable haand thence called E/ses'bseitsteie-is —rh alc, (' Ehrenbrei t-  saltic cliffs.
stein in the valley ") it commanads extensive views of the    EIGELTINGEN,   oghel-ting'en,  a village  of Baden, Lake,
Rhine, and has a steeam-cooking  apparatu s which prepares  circle, baisliwick of. and near Stockiach.  Pop. 7903.
provisions for 1000 men daily. The Fortress of Ehrenbreit-   EIGER, iVgher, a miountain of Switzerland, in the Ber.
~tein, swhich covers the rock, was originally a  iomnan cas- nese Oberland, 2 miles N. of the Msnachi. Elevation    13045
tsumn.  It was in -vain besieged by the French in 1632 and  feet.
620




EIG                                                           EKH
EIGHIT BROTIPERS, or SOWAUBA, so-wavwfbh, a group    EISACHI, IVzJr, or EISAK, Vizlk, a river of Austria, ir
of small islands on the N.E. coast of Abyssinia, at the mouth  Tyrol, rises on the S. slope of Mount Brenner, and flows into
of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. about 15 miles N. of Ras Bir;  the Adige.
the larg'est in lat. 120 28/ N., Ion. 430 28' 50" E. The highest    EISENACIT, Vzen-AK', a town of Central Germany, Grand
rises about 350 feet above the sea, with a small bay on its N. Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, capital of the principality of Elsenside.                                                         ach, on the IHrsel, at the foot of the Wartburg, and on the
EIGIHTEEN  MIILE, a post-office of Pickens district, South  railway from  Leipsic to Cassel, 44 miles. W. of Weimar.
Carolina.                                                     Pop. 9439. It is the principal town in the Thuringian
EIGHITEEN MILE CREEK, of South Carolina, enters  Forest, and has many good public edifices, including a
the Kiowee a few miles S.W. of Pendleton.                     ducal residence, mint, town-hall, prisons, hospitals, gymnaEIJERLAND, or EIERLAND, iler-lnt`, ("egg-land,") a  slum, forest and various other schools, manufactures of
former island of Holland, province of North Holland, now  cotton goods, soap, and white lead, dye-works, and tanneries.
forming the N. part (about two-fifths) of the island of  Near it is the castle of Vartbmrg, once the residence of the
Texel. It receives its name from the number of sea-fowls' landgraves of Thuringia, and in which Luther  passed ten
eggs found upon it.                                           months of durance, from May 4th, 1521, to March 6th. 1522,
EIKEN, 1/ken, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau,  under the friendly arrest of the Elector of Saxony. The
near the Rhine, 10 miles N. of Aarau.  Pop. 1078.             principality of Eisenach has an area of 285 square miles,
EILAU  or EYLAU, /15w, (DEUTScH, doitch,) a town of  and a pop. of 76,845.
Prussia, province of West Prussia, 29 miles E.S.E. of Ma-    EISENBERG, IVzen-bnRc,, a town of Central Germany,
rienwerder, on the Lake of Genserich. Pop. 2280.              in Saxe-Altenburg, 24 miles W.S.W. of Altenburg. Pop. 4744.
EILAU  or EYLAU, (PeUsIsscH, proilsish,) a town of  It has a castle, with an observatory, and manufactures of
Prussia, province of East Prussia, 22 miles S.S.E. of Kiinigs- woollen stuffs and porcelain.
berg, on the Pasmar. Pop. 2580. It is well known for the    EISENBURG, iVzen-bOOaRx, or VAS-VARMEGYE, voshvictory gained by the French over the Prussians and Rus- vaRtmA'dyJ/, a co. of Hungary, in Hither Danube, bounded
sians, February 8, 1807.                                      W. by Styria, and N.W. by the Archdnchy of Austria.
EILDON (eel/don) HILLS, three conical peaks of Scotland,    EISENBURG, I/zen-b66Ro', or YASVAR, vtsh'vR/, a town
co. of Roxburgh. Elevation of the loftiest, 1350 feet. Tradi-  of IIungary, co. of Eisenburg, near the Herpenyo, 27 miles
tion relates that these hills were originally one mountain,  S.E. of Giins.  Pop. 670.
cloven into three parts by the power of the wizard Michael    EISENDORF, I/zen-donf', a village of Bohemia, circle of
Scott!  The view from their summits embraces some of the  Klattau, 38 miles W. by S. of Pilsen, in the BJhnmerwald
most interesting scenery of the border.                       Mountains, on the frontiers of Bavaria.  Pop. 742.
EILENBURG, ilen-b0nOG, a town of Prussian Saxony,    EISENERZ, izen-hatsx, or INNERBERG, in'ner-bWao, a
27 miles E.NE. of Merseburgr, on an island in the Mulde.  market-town and lordship of Austria, in Styria, circle, and
Pop. 8740. It is enclosed by walls, and has an old castle.  19 miles W.N.WV. of Bruck, at the foot of the Erzberg or Iron
Luther preachedhere at the commencement of the Refor-  Mountain. It contains a Gothic church of the thirteenth
mation in 1522.                                               century, and is celebrated for its iron, which has been worked
EILENDORF, illen-donRf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, on'the mountain for 1000 years. Pop. 2575.
3 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle.  It has a Roman Catholic    EISENSTADT, iVzen-st tt', (IIun. Kis Martony, kish macn'church, a copper mill, and mines of calamine and lead.        toW,) a royal free town of Hungary, 12 miles N.N.W. of
EIL, LOCH, ]SKi eel, a salt-water lake of Scotland, forming  (Edenburg, near the W. bank of Lake Neusiedl.  Pop. 5700.
the upper part of Loch Linnhe, on the borders of the coun- It is divided into the town, district, and the demesne of
ties of Argyle and Inverness. Here is the residence of the  Prince Esterhazy.  The former has a town-house and a
chief of clan Cameron.                                        Franciscan convent; and the latter contains the magnificent
EILSEN, Il/sen, a village of Northern Germany, in Lippe- palace of the prince, with a chapel, theatre, and other
Schaumburg, 2 miles E.S.E. of Btickeburg, on the Au, at  splendid apartments. In the park is an extensive orangery.
the foot of the Haarlberg Mountain.  It has celebrated  containing 400 orange-trees, and 70,000 species of exotic
mineral springs, and a bathing establishment.'plants.  N. of the town are the princely Zoological Gardens.
EIMAUK COUNTRY, Asia. See IIUZAREs.                           EISEY, ee/zee, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
EIMBECK, tmlblk, a town of Hanover, capital of the    EISFELT, ice/f 1lt, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Meeiningen,
principality of Grubenhagen, on the Tim, 39 miles S.E. of  on the Werra, 23 miles E.S.E. of Meiningen. It stands in
Hanover. Pop. 5867. It is enclosed by fortifications.  The  an extensive Valley, more than 1400 feet above the sea, and
S. side, restored since the burning of 1826, is well built and  is divided by the river into the old and new town. Pop.
regular, has a gynasium and various endowed institutions.  2796.
EIMEO, ime-o, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific    EISGRUB, Icefgr55p, a market-town of Moravia, 29 miles
Ocean, N.W. of Tahiti.  Let. 170 30' S., lon. 1500 10' W.  S.S.E. of Bruinn. on the Thaya.  It contains a fine seat of
Length 9 miles; breadth 5 miles. Estimated pop. 1300. It  Prince Liechtenstein.  Pop. 1954.
is mountainous, has an abrupt coast, and is noted for its ex-   EISK, aisk or isk, a maritime town of Russia, at the head
cellent timber. It is the church station of the missionaries  of a landlocked bay of the same name, on the E. shore of the
in these islands, who have established here some cotton, Sea of Azof, territory of the Cossacks of the Black Sea, 50
rope, and other factories.                                    miles W.S.W. of Azof.
EINDIHOVEN, ind/ho'ven, a town of the Netherlands, pro-    BISLEBEN, isrli-ben, a town of Prussian Saxony, 23 miles
vince of North Brabant, on the Dommel, at the influx of  N.W. of Merseburg.  Pop. 8340, employed in linen-wea-vinthe Gender. 19 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 3028. It has  and mines of silver and copper in the vicinity.  It is divided
a Latin school, and manufactures of linens and woollens. into an old town enclosed by walls and ditches. a new town,
It was formerly fortified.                                    with suburbs; and has an old castle, a gynnasium,  nd.the
EINOD, (EinSd,) inSt, a village of Austria, in Styria, 54  house in which Luther was born, in 1483, now a charity
miles N.W. of Judenburg, with mineral springs. In 1797. school.
a skirmish took place here between the Austrians  and    EISLINGEN, GROSS, groce ice/ing-pu, a village of WierFrench under Massena. There are numerous villages in  temnburg, circle of Danube, 2 miles E. of GlppiDgen, on the
Germany called Einid, or EinSde.                              Fils. Pop. 1228.
EINSIEDEL, inssee'del, a village of North HIungary. circle    EISNERN or AISNERN, ice/nern, a village of AuStria, in
of Zips, on the Golnitz, 114 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2370.  Illyria, circle, and 24 miles W.N.W. of Laybach.
EINSIEDELN, intseedel1n, a town of Switzerland, canton,    EITERFELD, iter-f6lt', a market-town of Western Gerand 9 miles E.N.E. of Schwitz, in the valley of the Sihl.  many, in IHesse Cassel, 7 miles S.E. of Itersfeld.   Pop. 632.
Pop. 3000. It comprises about 75 inns and ale-houses for    EIVELSTADT, a town of Bavaria.  See EIrBEsTAnT.
the reception of pilgrims, &c.; and owes its origin to the    EIXO  or EIC-10, A/e-sho or  /sho, a town of Portugal,
famous Benedictine Abbey, superior of all the Benedictine  province of Beira, 27 miles S.S.W. of Laminego, near the
abbeys in Switzerland.'The abbey is situated above the  Vouga.  Pop. 3100.
town, at an elevation of 2985 feet above the sea, in a cold,   EJEA DE LOS CABALLEROS.   See ECGA D)  LOS CAexposed district. It was founded in the ninth century, has  DAisneS.
spacious apartments, a hospital, library, with 26,000 vo-    EKATERINBURG. See YEKATEc'asnoono.
lumes, museum of paintings and Roman antiquities, and a    EKATERINODAR.  See YEKATERIoanAc.
marble chapel, with an image of the virgin, which, on the    EKATERINOGRAD.  See YEKAT'RINc. oacA.
14th September annually, attracts on an average 150,000 pil-    EKATERINOSLAY or EKATEEIINOSLAW.  See YKXAgrims. Its rich treasury was despoiled by the French in T.EaiNoSL&V.
1798.  The reformer Zwingli was curate of Einsiedeln,    EKENAS or EKENES, ck/eh-nlce%, written also EKNAS,
which was also the birthplace of Paracelsus.                  a small seaport of Russia, in Finland, province of Nyland,
EINURU, i'noo-roof, a town of British India, presidency  on a tongue of land near the N.E. entrance of the Gullfof
of Madras, in lat. 130 5' N., ion. 750,161 E., and having a  Finland, 60 miles S.E. of Abe.  Pop. 1260.
Brahminical, and numerous Jain temples.                         EKEROE, hk/er-U'eh, one of the Aland Islands. in the
EINVILLE, SANGveel/, a market-town of France, depart-  Gulf of Bothnia, immediately W. of Aland. Length, 12
ment of Meurthe, 44 miles N. of Lun~ville, with a ch'tteau,  miles, breadth, 4 siles.
in which Stanislaus of Poland resided. Pop. 1146.               EKIIE, klteh, or IGA, ig/a, a river of Mongolia, issues firom
EIRKE, airk, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, cos. of  the S. end of Lake IKoossaigool, in about lat. 500 28' N.,
Queen's and Kilkenny.                                         Ion. 1000 E., from which it flows S.E., and joins the Selenga
621......~                                                                          _     _




EKI1                                                         ELB
at lat. 480 300 N., Ion. 1040 E. Entire course, about 170  sandbanks. It is connected by canals with the Oder and
miles.                                                      the Trave; and light steam-packets ascend it as far as MSeinik
EKHMIM, a town of Upper Egypt.  See AKHMym.               in Bohemia.
EKIMI IIHAN, Wk'eem! Kan, a town of Asiatic Turkey,    ELBERFELD, 6lbepr-felt', (Dutch, Elbervelde, Wlrber-f 6140 miles E. of Seevas. near the junction of the Kamak or  deh,) a town of Ilhenish Prussia, on the Wipper, 16 miles
Ana with the Euphrates. Pop. from 1000 to 1500.:. of Dusseldorf, with which it is connected by railway.
EKNAS, a town of Russia.  See EKENIAS.                    This is one of the richest and most important manufacturing
EKRtON, an ancient town of Palestine, identified with  towns of Germany. Pop. 35,100. It is long, straggling,
the village ofeAkroe, pashalic of Gaza, 23 miles W.N.W. of  and irregularly built; but in the newer parts of the town
Jerusalem.                                                  are several good streets, well paved, and lighted with gas.
EKSJO, (Eksji,) Wk/shU, a town of Sweden, lmn. of Smd-  It is the seat of several commercial companies, and has a
land, on an elevated plain, 160 miles S.W. of Stockholm. gymnasium, with a librasy and museum, a school of manuPop. 1100.                                                  factures, and 22 burgher schools, with 7743 pupils. It has
EILA. a post-township in the S. part of Lake co., Illinois. 5500 families, and 160 great houses engaged in mannufecPop. 988.                                                   tures. Its chief business is in dyeing, printing, and clothEL AASY, a river of Syria. See ORONTES.                   weaving. It has 70 dyeing establishments. 10 bleachingEL-ABIAD or BAIR EL-ABIAD. See NILETs.                    grounds, 6 cotton-spinning factories, and 1 woollen-mill.
ELAGUI, a river of Siberia. See YELAGOOEE.                It is famed for the dyeing of Turkey-red, and a great
EL-AHSA.  See LAHSa.                                      amount of yarn is eannually sent here to be dyed. ElberEILAMISVILLE, a post-village in Patrick co., Virginia, feld and Barmen, which adjoins it, supply all Germany
about 200 miles W.S.W. of Richmond.                         with tapes and bands. See BxAnAsE.  It has extensive
EL-ARAISI, el-Prishl, or AL-ARAISCIT, el-A'rlshf, ("the  exchange transactions, a Rhenish WXest-Indian trading conmGarden of Pleasure,") improperly LARACHE, a fortified  pany, and a mining company. Bleach-fields were established
seaport town of Morocco, on a declivity near the mouth of  here in 1450, but it first assumed importance at the cona river flowing into the Atlantic, 45 miles S.S.W. of Tangier. clusion of the Seven Years' War.
Lat. 350 13' N., Ion. 60 9' W. Pop. 4000, of whom 1300 are    ELlBERT, a co. in the E.N.E. part of Georgia, has an area
Jews. It has a castle, a handsome mosque, a large market- of 514 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and S.W. by
place, and a dock-yard. The port receives only small vessels, Broad River, and on the N.E. by the Savannah, which
and its trade has of late very much declined.               separates it from  South Carolina. It is also drained by
EL-AREESIH or ARIS/I, A-reeshf, avillage of Lower Egypt,  Beaverdam, Coldwater, and Cedar Creeks. The surface is
on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Wady-el-Areesh, hilly; the soil in the vicinity of the rivers is good, and in
"Torrent of Egypt," on the route from Egypt to Syria. It other parts moderately fertile.  On the bank of the Savannah
is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient )hinoclura.    River are several artificial mounds, one of which is 40 or 50
ELAVER. See ALLER.a                                       feet high, and bears on its summit a large cedar. The
EL-AZREK or BAIIR EL-AZREK. See NiLa.                     county was named in honor of Samuel Elbert, formerly
ELBA, Sl/ba, (Fr. Elbe, Slb, anc. Ilt/ma and _Xthallia, Gr. governor of Georgia. Capital, Elberton. Pop. 12,957, of
AtOalta,) thelargestislandofTuscany, in the Mediterranean,  whom 6692 were free, and 6267 slaves.
between Corsica and the coast of Italy, from which it is sepa-   EL/BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
rated by thechannel of Piombino. It is of a triangular form,   EIJBERTON, a thiiving post-village, capital of Elbert co.,
rounded on the W., coasts elevated and steep, deeply indented  Georgia, 78 miles N.W. of Augusts. The situation is healthy
by 7 gulfs, which form several good ports, the best of which  and the water good. A fine court-house and several other
is that of Porto-ferraio, the capital. Length from E. toW.,  buildings were erected in 1851; and measures have been
17' miles; breadth, from 2~ to 10-j milbs. The population, taken to lay a plank-road to Augusta.  The village contains
which has been gradually increasing, was, in 1842, 18,448  1 academy and 2 carriage-shops.
civilians, of whom 7546 were proprietors of the soil. The    ELBERVELDE, a town of Prussia. See EtL3EorstD.
island is entirely mountainous, covered with the contreforts    ELBE-TEINITZ, 1/beoh-tniats,  a town of Bohemia, 19 miles
of 3 chains, which meet S.E. of the capital; the culminating  W. of Chrudim, on the Elbe, and on the Prague and Olmuts
point is 3134 feet in elevation. The climate is temperate  Railway.
and healthy, except in some low  districts on the shore.   ELBEUF  or ELB(EUF, Sl1buf/, (L. ElboZvfun or El.
Excellent wine and delicious fruit are produced.  Iron  leboviun,)  a  town  of France, department of Seineabounds in many parts of the island, but is worked only  Infdrioure, 11 miles S.S.W. of Rouen, and about 4 miles
near Porto-ferralo. The port of embarkation for all the  fi-om the Paris and Rouen Railway.  It is beautifully
minerals of Elba is Follonica, on the Gulf ofPiombino. By  situated in a picturesque valley, on the left bank of the
the treaty of Paris, in 1814, the island was eiected into a  Seine; its newer streets are wide and handsome, some of
sovereignty for Napoleon, and it was his residence from May  them opening into a spacious area, bordered with chestnut
3d, 1814, to February 26th, 1815.-Adj. and inhab. E1fANe. trees, called the Champ de Foire; and it has eight Artesian
EL/BA, a village of Essex co., New York, 25 miles W. by  wells, with six well-supplied public fountains; and is lighted
N. of Elizabethtown.                                        with gas. It is the seat of a tributary of commerce, a conELBA, a post-village and township of Genesee co, New  sultative board of manufactures, and a council of prud'York, 6 miles N. of Batavia. Pop. 1772.                     hommes. Elbeuf is chiefly noted for its spinnerles, numerELBA, a poest-office of Jackson co., Virginia.            ous factories, dye-works, &c.; for the manufacture and finish
ELBA, a post-office of Coffee co., Alabama.               of woollen cloths —being the third town in France for this
ELBA, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.            species of manufacture.  A  rivulet, which traverses the
ELBA, a township, Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 225.         place, in several windings, called the Puchot, is usefully
ELBA, a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin.              employed in these operations, and in fulling, washing, &c.
EL BALAD, SI b-5-ll/d, an ancient city of Arabia, of which  The lighter woollens, such as zephyrs, habit-cloths, chequered
the ruins only now remain, on the S.E. coast, within 100  stuffs, fine colored flannel fabrics, mostly for China, billiardyards of the sea; lat. 170 1' N., Ion. 540 12' 30" E. The ruins table covers, and all sorts of fancy goods, are made to a great
are spread over a space 2 miles long and 600 yards broad, extent, employing about two-thirds of the inhabitants, beand consist of extensive mounds of loose hewn stone, worn'sides more than 2000 persons in the surrounding towns.
and blackened by long exposure to the weather. It is not Elbeuf is also an entreplt for the better cloths of Louviers
certainly known when or by whom this ancient city was  andl Sedan, and for the wool of Spain,. Italy, Germany, and
built; but there is a tradition that it was founded about  England. Soap, chemical stuffs, oil, and all sorts of mathe middle of the twelfth century.                          chinery for the woollen manufactures, are likewise made.
EL-BASSAN, Sl-bis's'nt, AL-BASSAN, Al-bgs'sgn/, or IL- It has also some trade in graini and timber, and daily traffic
BASSAN, il-bas'sln/,  a town of European  Tutrkey, province  by steamer with Paris, Rouen, and IHavre. Elbeuf is an
of Albania, 64 miles S.E. of Scutari, on a tributary of the  old town, and, as early as the sixteenth century, had 80
Scombi; lat. 410 11' N., ion. 100 56' E. Pop. 3000.         cloth manufactories; but its importance as a great exporting
ELBE, Slb, (Ger. pron. 6l1beh; ane. Albis; Bohemian, Labe, cloth mart, dates from about A.. 1720. Pop. in 1831,10,258;
Ibi; Dutch, Elce, Si/veh,) an important river of Germany, in 1852, 17,534.
rises in the western slopes of the Schnee-Koppe, in the    ELBING, Sllbing, (Polish, Elbiag, SlrbySrN;  L. Elbitn/a,)
the Riesengebirge, Bohemia, from 30 springs, the southern- a fortified seaport town of Eastern Prussia, 34 miles E.S.E.
most of which, the Elb-brunnen, is situated at an elevation  of Dantzic, on the Elbing, 5 miles from  its mo th in the
of 4500 feet above the sea. It flows generally N.W., and  Frische Ilaff.   Population 20,000. It consists`of an old
waters Bohemia, Saxony, and Prussia, separates HIanover town, a new town, and suburbs, the last partly enclesed.
and Mecklenburg, and forms part of the S. boundary of within the town walls, which are entered by 7 gates. The
Denmark. It enters the German Ocean near the port of principal edifices are a Roman Catholic and 8 Protestant
Cuxhaven. Length, in a direct line, 395 miles; including  churches, a synagogue, a gymnasium, with a public library,
windings, 550 miles. Its chief affluents are the Havel, the and numerous schools and charitable establishments, inMoldau,Eger, and Saale. It is navigable from the cenfluence  cludiug a house ofindustry, founded by Cowle, (an Engof the Moldau, but its navigation is impeded by the lowness lishman,) and in which 400 children are educa.ted. It has
of its bed, the greater part of which is only from 150 to 300  manufactures of woollen cloths, refined sugar, vitriol, pearlfeet above the level of the sea. It is 14 miles wide at its ash, tobacco, sail-cloth, oil, starch, soap, chiccory, in some of
mouth, and ships drawing 14 feet of water can ascend it at which steam machinery is used.  Its trade is extensive,
aW  times to Hiamburg, but its estuary is encumbered by  and about 500 vessels are employed.
622




IELB                                                       ELE
ELBINGERODE, 8lbinug-oa-roldeh, a town of Hanover. in  whose family it remained until the last century. A noble
the Harz, 20 miles E. of Clausthal. Pop. 3051, employed in  oak, still standing near the village, bears the name of the
mining, iron-forging, and brewing.                          patriot, whom its branches are said to have sheltered from
ELIBINSVILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsyl-  the English.
vania.                                                        ELIDERSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., PennELBOGEN or ELLBOGEN, l-bolehen, or ELNBOGEN,  sylvania, about 30 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg.
11n-booGhpn, (elbow,) a fortified town of Bohemia, capital of    ELIDERTON, a post-village of Armstrong co., Pennsyla circle Of the same name, 74 miles W. byN. of Prague. It is  vania, about 14 miles S. E. of Kittanning.
situated on a steep, rocky promnontory, round which the Eger,    ELIDON, a township of England, co. of Durban, 3 miles
here crossed by a chain bridge, makes an elbow-like bend. S.E. of Auckland. It gives the title of earl to the descendto which the town owes its name. It is fortified. Pop. 2000. ants of the Lord Chancellor Eldon.
EL-BOTHER, el-boft'her, a low sandy island in the Red    ELDO/RA, a post-office of HIardin co., Iowa.
Sea, on the Arabian coast, lat. 150 25' N., ion. 410 30' E., 3    EL DORdADO, M1 do-rA!Do, a name given by the Spaniards
miles N.W. of Kamaran Island.                               to a part of South America. It signifies "the golden" country.
EL!BRIDGE, a post-village and township of Onondaga co.,    EL DORADO, 61 do-rahfdo, a county towards the N. part of
New York, 165 miles W. by N. of Albany. The village is  California, bordering on Utah Territory, has an area of about
situated 1' miles N. of the Old Syracuse now Central Rail-  2000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the American
road, and 24 miles S. of the Erie Canal and the new track  River; it is also drained by the South Forke of the American
of the Central Railroad, on the outlet of Skaneatales Lake,  River, which forms  the outlet of Bonpland Lake, and by
which serves as a feeder to the canal, and also furnishes an  Carson's and Walker's RIivers, which flow E. into Utah Terabundant and never-failing water-power.  It contains an  ritory.   The surface is uneven, being traversed by the
establishment for the manufacture of knit wrappers, a pail Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range of California. The census
factcory, chair and other ihetories, a flouring-mill and 2 saw- of 1852 gives no returns for this county. It is however,
mills, the whole employing about 100 hands; 3 churches known to be one of the most populous in the state. The
and the Munro Academy, founded and munificently en- number of inhabitants is estimated in the governor's late
dowed by Nathan Munro, Esq., of Elbridge, lately deceased. message at 40,000. Capital, Culloma.
The building (not quite completed) is one of the finest in    EL DORADO, a post-office of Culpepper co., Virginia.
this section of the state. It is built of fine stone, and will    EL DORtADO, a neat and thriving post-village, capital of
cost upwards of $20,000. The institution has a permanent  Union co., Arkansas, 145 miles S. by W. of Little Rock. It
fund of $20,000. Two plank roads intersect each other at  has a few handsome buildings, a spacious brick court-house,
this village, one extending from  Syracuse W., the other a good seminary, a newspaper office, and several stores
from  Skaneatales N. to Cato. There are 3 other villages  Pop.in 1853, about 500.
besides Elbridge in the township. Pop. of the village about    EL DORADO, a post-village of 1iercer co., Kentucky, on
900; of the township, in 1850, 3924; and in 1854, about the turnpike from Frankfort to IHarrodsburg.
5000.                                                        EL DORADO, a post-village of Clark co., Missouri, 25 miles
ELBRDIIGE, a post-village of Edgar co., Illinois, 10 5Iiles  W. of the M[ississippi River.
S.E. of Paris.                                               EL DORADO, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.
ELBR00Z, ELBROUZ, or ELBRUZ, 8l'bropzf, written    EL DORADO, a post-township in the N. part of Fond du
also ELBURZ or ELBURJ, a range of mountains, in Cen-  Lac co., Wisconsin.  Pop. 504.
tral Asia, occupying a middle position between the Anti-   EL/DRED, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania.
Taurus and the Kuen-lun, and forming the connecting  Pop. 492.
range by which these two systems are united. The Elbrooz    ELDRED, a township of McKean co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
pursue a course nearly E. and W., skirting  the S. shores of 527.
the Caspian, and stretching E. to the highlands of Merghab,    ELDRED, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. P. 194.
in the N.W. part of Afghanistan. This mountain tract, irre-    ELDRED, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.
gular in shape, and spreading outin some parts to a breadth    EL/DREDVILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., Pennsylof full 200 miles, is divided longitudinally into ridges, sepa- vania.
rating valleys which communicate with each other by passes   ELDRIDGE., ldtrij, a post-office of Wallrer co., Alabama.
or defiles, and form anextensive aggregate of districts, many    ELDRIDGE'S  HILL, a post-office of Salem  co., New
of which are well inhabited and cultivated.                Jersey.
ELBURG, 41/b&re, a maritime town of Holland, province    ELE, a city of Chinese Toorkistan.  See EEEe.
of Gelderland, on the Zuider Zee, 33 miles N. by W. of Arn-   ELEOIHEE, or ILITST, Toorkiistan. See KrsTEN.
hem; leat. 52~260 56 N., lou. 50 50' E. Pop. 2100.            ELEIGH, eeslee, or MONKS-ELEIGH, a parish of EngELOEBUS or ELCEBUM. See SCHELESTADT.                     land, co. of Suffolk.
ELCHE, Ichi., (anc. Illici or llice,) a town of Spain, 13    ELEK, $l'k/, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, co. of
miles S.W. of Alicante.  Pop. 18,068.  It is enclosed by  Arad, about 15 miles firom Simand. Pop. 2314.
walls, and has wholly an Oriental appearance, being built   ELEMER., A'lA'mail, a village of Hungary, Banat, co. of
in the Moorish style, and surrounded on all sides by exten- Torontal, 9 miles N.W.; of Nagy-Becskerek.  Pop. 2773.
sive plantations of date-palms, which furnish its principal   ELVEPHANITA, a small island of British India, presiarticle of export, shipped from Alicante as "Barbary dates."  dency and in the harbor of Bombay, 7 miles S.W. of the
The chief edifices are, a fine old castle of the Duke of Arcos. a  city. It is 6 miles in circumference, and has some remarkchurch with a majestic dome, convents, schools, and a hand- able cave-temples, in one of which is a colossal bust 15 feet
some bridge across a ravine which intersects the town. It in height, representing a triune Brahminical divinity. A
has many Roman inscriptions, and an ancient palace and  gigantic figure of an elephant (whence the name of the
fortalice, called Callaforra. Itis the birth-place of Don Jorge  island) formerly stood near the shore, but it has now fallen
Juan, the travelling companion of Ulloa in South America.  to decay. The great temple-cave is 130 feet long, and 123
ELCHE DE LA SIERRA, 4l1chb d. 19 se-arnI, a town of broad, rests on 26 pillars, and contains many mythological
Spain, 65 miles S.S.W. of Albacete, on the Segura, with  figures of a remote and unknown age.
manufactures of coarse cloths.                               EL/EPHANT BAY, of South-western Africa, Benguela, is
ELCHINGEN, 4l/King-un, (Onre,) a village of Bavaria, an inlet of the Atlantic, in lat. 130 14' S., Ion. 120 33' E. It
on the left bank of the Danube, 8 miles N.E. of Ulm. Cele- has excellent anchorage, but no fresh water.
brated for a victory of the French over the Austrians, 14th   RELEPHANTINl,         -.e-fin/t e'nA, (Arab.  Jozeret-el-Sbas,
October, 1805, which procured for Marechal Ney the title  j8-zeelrit-61-sh, if, "islet of flowers,") an island of Upper
of Duke of Elchingen.                                      Egypt, in the Nile, opposite Asswan (Syene.)  It is 1 mile
ELDA, l/dil,, (anc. AdaVl/um,) a town of Spain, 26 miles  long, and ~ mile' broad, highly fertile, and covered with
N.~. of Alicante, on the Elda. Pop. 3846. It has manu- gardens, dwellings, and mills, interspersed among canals
factures of paper, soap, lace, leather, and brandy.        and ruins. It has extensive quarries of granite, traces of
ELDAGSEN, Aldlg-'sen, a town of Hanover, 15 miles Roman edifices, and remains of temples erected by the PhaS.S.W. of IIanover. Pop. 2210.                             raohs.
ELDE, 6l!deh, a river of Mecklsnburg-Schwerih, which,   ELEPHIANT  ISLAND,  Senegambia, in  the  Gambia
rising in Lake Miiritz, forms Lakes K5lpin, Flesen, Mal- River, 100 miles from its mouth. It is very populous, and
chow, and Plau, flows W. by S., receives the waters of Lake  on it the French formerly had Fort Podor.
Schwerin on the right, and falls into thIe Elbe at Dnmitz,   ELEPIIANT'S RIVER, of Cape Colony. See OLIFANT'S
about 62 miles S.E. of Itamnburig.  Total course 94 miles.    RvrIVm.
ELDEN, Ul/den, a village of Holland. See ELST.             ELESD, X'Ishdl, or ELLES, 8l1'Ish/, a market-town of
ELDEN, a parish ofEngland.  See ELVEDON.                 lungarsy, Thither Theiss, co. of Bihar, on the Kbr[s, 50
ELDENA, 41deh-nA, a village of Prussian Pomeransia, 5  miles S.E. of Debreczin. It has a trade in salt. Pop. 1370.
miles E. of Greifievalde. It has a royal school of agriculture.   ELELTZ,  a city of Russia. Sea YELETZ.
EtLDER'S FERRY, a post-office of Jackson co., Missis-    ELEUSIS, e-lusis., an ancient and famous city of Greece,
sippi.                                                     the remains of which exist near Lepsiola, in the government
EILDERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.    of Attican, at the mouth of the SarandeF iro. ins the Gulf of
EL/DERSLIE or ELILERSLIE, a village of Scotland, co.'Egina, 12 miles N.W. of Athens. The whole plain around
of Rlenfrewr, 2 miles N.E. of Paisley.  Pop. 1200, chiefly  is stresed  with ruins, and the ancient cacusewayhence to
Weavers, spinners, and colliers. This is the ancient patri-  Athens, feo-ms the modern highway.
mony and supposed birth-place of Sir William Wallace, in    ELEU!TIIERIA ISLAND Ae KEYS, one of the Bahama
623




ELE                                                           ELI
Islands in the West Indies; lat. of Pigeon Key, 250 11' N.,  from  the latter. The river affords water-power, which isL
ion. 76~ 15' W., 50 miles N.E. of New Providence, and sepa- employed in mills of various kinds.  Elgin is situated in a
rated from Abaco by the Providence Channel.  Length, SO  fertile and populous country, and has an active business.
miles; breadth, 10 miles. At its N. end is a hasrbor fort. It contains several churches, an academy, and a number of
Fop. 2568.                                                     stores.  Pop. 2359.
ELEUTIER.OPIOLIS, or BETOGABIRA, an ancient city    ELGIN, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.
of Palestine, identified with Beit Jibreen, (Beit-Jibrin,) a vil-    ELCIGN, a county in the W. part of Canada West, situated
lage in the pashalic, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Gaza, with ruins  upon the N. shore of Lake Erie, comprises an area of about
more extensive than any in South Palestine, except those  700 square miles.  Otter Creek traverses the E. part, and the
at Jerusalem and Hebron, and comprising a large loman  Thames forms a part of the boundary between Elgin and
fomtriess  and massive vaults.  Near it are remarkable  arti- Mliddlesex counties. Capital. St. Thomas. Pop. 25,418
ficial caverns.                                                  ELGINSIHIIRE, a county of Scotland.  See MoRAxY.
ELEVA/TION, a post-office of Johnson co., North Cerolina.    ELGIOBAR, l-He-o-nael, a town of Spain, province of GuiELEVIEN POINTS, a small river of Missouri and Ark- puzcoa, 10 miles W.S.W. of St. Sebastian, on the Deva. Pop.
ansas, rises in the S. part of the former, and flowing S.E. 2035.
into Arkansas, enters the Black River, about 12 miles S.W.    ELGORAB, &I-go-rt bl, a small island in the Red Sea, near
of Pocahontas, and near the mouth of Spring  River.  It is  the coast of Arabia, in let. 160 8' N.
navigable by flat-boats.                                         ELGUETA, 6I-gsjt/, a town of Spain, province of GuipuzELFDAL, 1f'ddl;, ELFDALEN, Wlffdt'len, or ELFVEDAL,  coo, on an elevated plateau, 30 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian.
llflve-dalP, a parish and village of Sweden, 72 miles N.W. of  Pop. 1517.
Falun.  Pop. 2700. It has porphyry quairies and iron-works.    ELIIAAM, a small market-town and parish of England, co.
ELFEILD, 6lfSi1t, or ELTYILLE, 31t/vill, a town of Cen- of Kent, 65 miles N.N.W. of Folkstone.  Pop. 1445.
tral Germany, duchy, Nassau, on the Rhine, 5 miles S.W.    EL-HAYZ, R1-hMz or iPhizl, a small oasis of the Libyan
of Wiesbaden. Pop. 2234.                                      Desert, in lat. 280 8' N., Ion. 280 53' E.
EL'FORD, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.                EL-HELILEII, a village of Upper Egypt, onthe right bank
EL FIRAT.  See EUnasTE-S.                                   of the Nile, opposite Esneh.
ELFSBORG, lfst!bong, or WENERSBOB1G, 1in/nrs-bontg            ELHENITZ, 6l1hI-nits, or LIIENICSE, lI-nitIse, a marketa hen or county of South-western Sweden, bounded E. by  town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin, on a height, amniong
Lake Wener.                                                   mountains and forests, 23 miles S. of Pisek.  It has a parish
EL FUERTE. See CALeUco.                                     church, a chapel, and two mills. Pop. 1218.
ELFVEDAL, a village of Sweden.  See ELFDAL.                   EL  IANGOODY, a large and populous village of British
ELGAtR,  an islet of Orkniey, in Scotland, S. of Shapinsay.  India, presidency of Madras, 25 miles N.W. of Raomad.
ELGG, 51k, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 1S miles    ELIAS, MOUNT ST. See MouNT ST. ELTIS.
N.E. of Zurich.  Pop. 3000. It has an old castle and a glass    ELIIDA, a post-village and township in the S. part of Winfactory.                                                      nebago co., Illinois, 100 miles N. by E. of Springfield.
ELGIN, [l1/hin,  a royal parliamentary, nunicipal burgh, Pop. 499.
ancient city, and parish  of Scotland, capital of the co. of Mo-   ELIE or ELY, eOlee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on
may or Elgin, on the Lossie, 118 miles N. of Edinburghl, and 5  the Frith of Forth, here forming the Bay of Elie, 2. miles
miles S.W. of Lossiemouth, its seapoit. Pop. in1851,ofroyal  S.S.E. of Colinsburgh.  The village has a-n excellent harbor
burgh, 5383; of municipal do. 6337. The town is situated in a  and pier.  The ruins of Andross Castle are in the vicinity.
fertile valley, anciently called "'the garden of Scotland," and    ELIIJAH'S CREEK, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky.
extends about a mile in length along the right bank of the    E'LIMSPORT', a post-village of Lycoming co., PennsylvaLossie, with the suburban village of Bishopmill on the left. nia, 20 miles fi-om Williamsport.  Pop. about 200. 
About the beginning of the present century, the town still    E/LING, a parish of England, co. of Ilants.
retained the antiquated and stately aspect of an ancient         JILLS, a dopartm ent of the kingdom  of Greece, on the
ecclesiastical metropolis; but more recently, most of the old  N.W. coast of the Morea.  The chief town is Pyrgo.
houses have given place to modern structures. It contains    ELIS, the name ofa small river in the district of Elis, an
a neat modern  church  in the High  street, occupying  affluent of the Iliaco Peneus.
the locality of old St. Giles', a modern court-house and    PLIS, a town of Greece. See GASTOUNTi.
prison, Gray's Hospital or Infirmary on elevated ground to    ELISABETGRAD, a town of Russia.  See YELISABETGRAD.
the W., endowed with 26,000t., to which is attached a luna-    ELISABETHSTADT, 4-leeczi-bit-st.tt', a royal free town of
tic asylum; an orphan institution, endowed in 1532 with   Traansylvania, on the Kiiiillo, 35 miles N.E. of Ilermann70,0001., by General Anderson, a native of the town, and  stadt.  Pop. 4000.
who left it for India a private soldier. There is an English    ELISAIETOPOL, A-lee'zi-vA-toepol, written also ELIZAchapel, free church, and several other churches; a literary  BETHPOL and ELIZAVETPOL or GANJEH, ghn/jeh, or
and scientific institution with museum, assembly rooms, GA-  JA, gin/ij, a fortified town of Georgia, 90 miles S.E. of
and public fountain. There is also an excellent academy, Tefiis. Pop. 12,000. It was formerly important as the resitrades-schools and infant school; some ancient alms-houses  duce of an Alghovavian primnate, and a Persian khan. Near
and other charities for the poor. The ruins of the Cathe- it are the villages of Anenfeld and HIelmendorf, two Gerdral, by far the most extensive and beautiful of any anciemt  man colonies.
Scottish remains, are on the N.E. of the I-High street. The    ELI/ZA, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois.
Cathedral was founded in 1224 by Bishop Andrew Moray,      ELZA, a post-office of Black Hawk co., Iowa.
was busned in 1390 by the WYolfe of Badenoch, and rebuilt   IELIZIABETH, a tovwnship of Essex co., New- Jersey, conby Bishop Barr. It is in the form of a cross, 289 feet in  training Elizabethtown, the county seat.  Pop. 5583.
length; breadth of transept, 120 feet; height of two western    EL!ZABETH, a post-township of Alleghany co., Pennsyltowers, between which is the grand entrance, 83 feet. The  vania. Total population, 5090.
great central tower and spire which fell in 1711, was 198        SLIfZABETII, athriving post-borough in the above townfeet high. The chapter-house is entire asd highly orna-  ship, is beautifully situated on the right bank of the Mononmented. The architecture is a mixture of Saxon and mid-  gahela River, 16'miles S.E. of Pittsburg.  It contains 4
die Gothic. An ancient wall inclosed a space of ground  cihurches, 3 boat-yards, and several manufactories of glass
called "the college," in which resided the dignitaries of the  and other articles.  Steamboats run regularly from  this
Cathedral.  Several of the old mansions still enrasin entire.  place to Pittsburg.  Pop. in 1853, about 2500.
There aie remains of a monastery of Grey Friars, and a    ELIZABETI, a towrnship of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,
conical eminence called Lady Iill, the ruins of an ancint  15 miles N. of Lancaster.  Pop. 2300.,castle or stronghold of the Earls of Moray, on wrhich is now   ELIZABETIH, or ELIZIABETtITOWN, a village in Wood
erected a pillar to the memory of the late Duke of Gordon.  co., Virginia, on the W. bank of Kanawha River, about 300
Elgin is supposed to have derived its name from IHelgy, a  miles N.W. of Richmond.
Norwegian  general, and awas created a royal burgh by    ELIZABETiI, or ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-village, capiWilliam  I. Along with Banff, Cullen, Inverary, Kintore,  tal of BIaden co., North Carolina, on the right bank of Cape
and Peterhead, it returns 1 member to the Hiouse of Coin- Fear River, 90 miles S. of Raleigh.
mons.  S-Iere is held the shs'iff and head burgh court of the    ELIZABETHI, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Arcounty. In the vicinity is Grant Lodge, a seat of the Earl  kansas, on White River, a few miles below the mouth of
of Seafield. The Eatrl of Elgin derives his title fromn this  Black River, and about 100 miles N.E. of Little lodk. The
town. The beautiful and secluded valley of Pluscasrine, in  rivers above named are navigable for steamers during 8 or 9
S.W. of the parish, contains the ruins of Pluscardine Priory,  months of the year.  Large qusitities of cypress and ash
founded in 1230 by Alexander II.; it is a model of Melrose  timber are exported from the county.
on a smaller scale, and less ornamented,  but of beautiful    ELIZABETIIH, a township of Lawrrese co., Ohio. Pop. 2529.
proportions, and simple style of architecture.  The church    ELIZABETH, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1433.
walls are pretty entire, and the refectory has been fitted up    ELIZABETH, a pleasant post-village of IHarrison co., Inas a chapel of ease for the S.I. part of this extensive parish.  diana, 4 siles from the Ohio River, and 12 miles S.E. of Co- 
ELGIN, a post-village of Catgaraugas co., New York, about rydon, the county seat.
300 miles W'. by N. of Albany.                                  ELIZABETH, a post-village, capital of IIardin co., Illinois,
ELGIN, a thrivins post-villatge and township of Kane co., on the Ohio River, 219 miles S.S.E. of Springfield.
Illinois, on Fox River, and on the railroad between Chicago    ELIZABETIT, apost-village of Jo Daviess co., llinois.'is
and Galena. 42 miles W.S.W. of the former, and 138 miles  pleasantly situated on the road between Galena and Chi624




ELI                                                        ELK
eago, 18 miles S.E. of the former. It has considerable bust- W. of the latter. It is handsomely built of brick, and con
nlaess, and derives its importance mainly firom the rich mines ains 3 churches and 2 seminaries.
of lead with which it is surrounded. Pop. in 1853, about 500.   ELIZABETHTOWN, a village in Guernsey co., Ohio, 35
ELIZ/ABETH CITIY, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia,  miles E.N.E. of Zanesville.
bordering on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of James River,   ELIZABETHTOWN,  a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio,
has an area of 50 square miles. Hampton Roads form the  on the Whitewater Canal. about 18 miles W. of Cincinnati.
boundary on the S., and Back River washes its N. border.    ELIZABETHTOWN,   a village of Licking co., Ohio. Pop,
The soil is fertile. The county occupies the extremity of the  about 200.
peninsula formed by James and York Rivers. It was one    ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-village of Bartholomew co.,
of the 8 original shires into which Virginia was divided in  Indiana, on the railroad from Madison to Columbus, 7 miles
1634. Capital, Hampton. Pop. 4586; of whom 2438 were  S.E. of the latter.
free, and 2148 slaves.                                        ELIZABETHTOWN, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, on
ELIZABETH CITY, a post-town, capital of Pasquotank  White RIiver, 65 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis.
co., North Carolina, on the right bank of Pasquotank River,   ELIZABETIITOWN, a post-village, capital of Hardin co.,
about 20 miles from its mouth, 215 miles E. by N. of Raleigh, Illinois, on the N. bank of Ohio River, about 200 miles S.S.E.
and 50 miles S. of Norfolk, in Virginia. It is one of the  of Springfield.
most considerable towns in the N.E. part of the state. Small   ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-office of Mlonroe co., Missouri.
vessels ascend the river to this place, and it communicates    ELIZIABETIIVILLE, a post-office of Dauphin co., Pennwith Norfolk, in Virginia, by means of the river and the  sylvania.
Dismal Swamp Canal. Lumber, and other products of the    ELIIZAVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., New York,
pitch pine, are exported. Pop. estimated at 2000. It con- about 42 miles S. by W. of Albany.
tains 2 banks, 3 newspaper offices, and several churches.     ELIZAVILLE, a post-village of Fleming co., Kentuclry,
ELIZABETH ISLAND, or HENfDERSON'S ISLAND, in  70 miles E. by N. of Frankfort.  Pop. about 200.
the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 210 21' S., Ion. 1280 18' W., is of a    ELIZAVILLE, a village of Boone co., Indiana, about 33
peculiar coral formation, 5 miles in length by 1 mile in  miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis.
breadth, and thickly covered with shrubs.                     ELIZONDO, A-le-thonldo, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 20
ELIZABETH  ISLAND, an uninhabited  island in the  miles N. of Pamplona.  Pop. 1100.
Strait of Magellan; lat. of the N.E. point, 520 50' S., lon.   ELJAS, Slluns, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 58 miles
900 30, W. It is long, and, compared with the adjacent land, N.N.W. of Caceres, near the borders of Leon. Pop. 2739.
low, not being more than from 200 to 300 feet high.           EL-JERMM, 6l-jhml, (anc. Tysldrus,) a village of Barbary,
ELIZABETH ISLAND, one of the Admiralty Islands, in  105 miles S.S.E. of Tunis, with remains of an amphitheatre,
the South Pacific Ocean;*lat. 20 558 S., Ion. 1460 49' E.  inferior in size only to those of Rome and Verona.
ELIZABETH  ISLAND, one of the Marshall Islands, in    ELK, a county in the N.W. central part of Pennsylvania,
the North Pacific Ocean; lat. of the S. point, 50 481 N., lon. has an area of 800 square miles. The Clarion Sliver and its
1690 36' E.'branches traverse the WV. part; the Bennett's Branch and
ELIZABEThI ISLAND, one of the Society group; lat. of  Driftwood Branch of the Sinnemahoning Creek flow through
the E. point, 15~ 58' S., Ion. 1450 48' W.                  the S.E. part. The surface is broken by iryegular mounELIZAB.ETII  ISLANDS, off the coast of Massachusetts,  tains  and hills, the highest of which is Elk Mlountain, in
are situated between Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound. the S. part, from which the name is derived. The greater
They are very small, 16 in number, of which only 2 or 3 are  part of the county is covered with dense forests. The soil
inhabited.                                                  is mostly adapted to pastoral pursuits. Bituminous coal is
ELIZABETHPOL, a town of Russia. See ELISAvETOP0L.  abundant. The route of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad
ELIZABETIH PORT. a thriving manufacturing post-vil-  passes through the county. Organized in 1843. Capital,
lage in Essex co., New Jersey, on Staten Island Sound, 14  Ridgeway. Pop. 3531.
miles W.S.W. of New York, and 7 by railroad S. of Newark.   ELK, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1484.
It contains a church, an extensive ropewalk, a foundry, and   E]LK, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 414.
a number of steam saw mills. It is the eastern terminus    ELK, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 955.
of the Central Railroad. A steamboat makes several trips    ELK, a post-township in the central part of Vinton co.,
daily between this town and New York. Pop. in 1853, Ohio.~ Pop. 1645.
about 1000.                                                   ELK, a small village of Crawford co., Wisconsin.
ELIZABETHPORT, Cape Colony, district ofUitenhage, on    EL KAB, 61 kBb, (anc. Eilythyas?) a town in Upper Egypt,
the'W. side of Algon Bay, and the most frequented seaport  on the right bank of the Nile, 40 miles S.S.E. of Thebes.
along the S. coast of Africa.                                 EL KADER, 31 kahtder, a thriving post-village of Clayton
ELIZABETH RIVER, a small stream of Virginia, empty- co., Iowa, on the Turkey River, 90 miles N. of Iowa City.
ing itself into Hampton Roads. A light-ship is stationed on  The river affords abundant water-power. El Kader has a
Craney Island Flats, at its mouth.                          large flonuing mill and several stores.
ELIZIABETHTOWN, a post-village and township, capital   EL-KASR or EL-KASAR, 6l-kds'rf, (i. e. " the castle,") a
of Essex co., New York, on Boquet River, about 125 miles  large village of Upper Egypt, capital of the great western
N. of Albany.  The village contains, besides the county  oasis Dl)akhel, lat. 25" 41' N., Ion. 29" E. It is the residence
buildings, 1 or 2 churches and several stores. Pop. 1635.    of a sheikh, is surrounded by palm and acacia plantations;
ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-borough of Essex co., New Jer- and has sulphur springs, and remains of an Egyptian temple.
sey, on a creek of its own name, 2 miles from its entrance    EL KATIF.  See KMrIF, EL.
into Staten Island Sound, and 5 miles S. by Wv. of Newark.   ELK CREEK, of Washington co., Indiana, flows into the
The New Jersey Railroad intersects the Central Railroad at Muscatatuck River.
thisepoint, connecting Elizabethtown with New York, Phila-   ELK CREEK, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsylvania,
delphia, and places in the interior of the state. The borough  on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 20 miles S.W. of Erie. Pop.
has a pleasant situation on elevated ground, and is regu- 1535.
larly laid out with broad, straight streets, finely shaded, and    ELK CREEK, a post-office of Grayson co., Virginia.
crossing each other at right aingles. It contains 6 churches.   ELK CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Ashe co., North
viz. 3 Presbyterian, (large, handsome buildings,) 1 Episco- Carolina, 214 miles fi-om Raleigh.
pal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist, 2 newspaper offices, a bank,    ELK DALE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
an insurance office, and several manufactories, among which    ELK FORD, a village of Jones co., Iowa, 35 miles N.E. of
may be mentioned a large establishment for making oil- Iowa City.
cloths. Elizabethtown was formerly the capital and princi-    ELK FORK, a post-office of Vernon co., Missouri.
pal town of New Jersey, and has long been noted for its ex-    ELK GARDEN, a post-office of Russel co., Virginia.
sellent schools, and for its intelligent and polite society.    ELK GROVE, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri.
Settled in 1665. Pop. in 1853, about 4000.                    ELK GROVE, a small village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, 40
ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-borough of Lancaster co., miles W. by S. of Madison.
Pennsylvania, on the Lancaster and Harrisburg Railroad,   ELK GROVE, a post-village and township of Lafayette co.,
19 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. The turnpike leading to IIar-  Wisconsin, about 20 miles N. of Galena. Pop. 624.
risburg passes through it. It contains a town-hall, and seve-   EL-KHARGEHI, 6l-kaa'gheh, a town of Upper Egypt, capiral churches. Incorporated in 1827. Pop. about 600.        tal of the GreatOasis. Lat. 25" 28' N., Ion. 30" 40' E. Pop.
ELIZABETHTOWVN, Virginia. See GRAvE CaEsK.                6000. Among numerous ruins are those of a temple, and
ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-village, capital of Bladen co., near it is a remarkable necropolis.
North Carolina, on the right bank of Cape Fear River, 50    ELK'-IART, a county in the N. part of Indiana, boirdermiles above Wilmington.  It has about 150 inhabitants.     ing on MIichigan, contains 467 square miles. It is drained
ELIZABETHTOWN; a post-villsge, capital of Carter co., by the St. Joseph's and Elkhart Rivers, which unite within
Tennessee, on an island at the confluence of Watauga and  its limits. The surface is undulating, and the soil is very
Doe RIivers, 318 miles E. of Nashville. It is situated in a  productive. About half of the county is occupied by oakmountainous region, which contains abundance of good  openings and prairies; the remainder was originally coiron ore, and is liberally supplied with water-power. Seve- vered by dense forests. In the N. are several lakes, the
ral iron-works are in operation in the vicinity.           largest of which is near 3 miles in circuit. The streams afELIZABETHTOWN, a post-village, capital of IIardin co., ford abundant water-power. The North Indiana Railroad
Kentucky, is pleasantly situated on Valley Creek, and on  passes through the county. Capital, Goshen. Pop 12,690.
the main road from Nashville to Louisville, 43 miles S. by    ELKHART, a post-ofics of Anderson co., Texas.
2P                                                                            625




ELK                                                           ELL
ELKHAIIRT, a flourishing post-village and township of  Charleston, in Kenawha county. The whole length is per.
Elkhart co., Indiana, at the confluence of the river of the  haps 200 miles. Boats can ascend in ordinary stages to Sutsame name with the St. Joseph's River, 156 miles N. of In-  ton in Braxton county, more than 100 miles from its mouth.
dianapolis. The village is situated on the border of a fertile,   ELK RIVER, of Tennessee and Alabama, rises on tile
well-cultivated prairie. The Michigan Southern Railroad  N.W. declivity of the Cumberland Mountains in Gnuandy
connects it with Monroe and Chicago. It is the principal county, Tennessee, and passing into Alabama, enters Tenshipping point for the county, and has a large flouring mill, nessee River, on the W. border of Limestone county. Steama paper mill, and several saw mills. Pop. of township, 1035. boats navigate it from its mouth to Elkton, in Tennessee,
ELKHART, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 621.  about 40 miles.
ELKtIART, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.          ELK  (or COWSKIN) RIVER, a small stream which rises
ELKIIHART CREEK, of Houston co., Texas; flows into  in the S.W. part of Missouri, and flowing through McDonald
usrnity River.                                                county, into the Indian Territory, enters the Neosho.
ELK/HART RIV/ER, of Indiana, rises in Noble county,    ELK RIVER, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee.
and flowing N.W. empties itself into the St. Joseph's (of    ELK RIVER, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 655.
Lake Michigan) at the village of Elkhart.  Its whole length    ELK RIVER, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa.
is about 100 miles, and its breadth in the lower half of its    ELK RIVER, a post-office of Benton co., Minnesota Tercourse is from  80 to 100 yards. It furnishes abundant  ritory.
water-power.                                                     ELK RUN, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania.
ELK  HIILL, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia, 64 miles    ELK RUN, a post-uffice of Fauquier co., Virginia.
S.W. of Richmond.                                                ELK RUN, a post-township in the E. part of Columbiana
ELK/IIORN, a post-office of Franklin co., Kentucky, 9  co., Ohio. Pop. 1558.
miles from Frankfort.                                            ELK RUN, a post-office of Black Ihawk co., Iowa.
ELKIIORN, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 434.   ELKSILEY, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
ELKHORN, a post-village of Washington co., Illinois, 125    ELK  SPRING, a small village of Pike co., Missouri.
miles S. of Sp-ingfield.                                         ELK SPUR, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina.
ELKHORN, a post-village of Montgomery co., Missouri,    ELK/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
90 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.                                 ELKSTONE, a township of England, co. of Stafford.
ELKHORN, a thriving village of Ray co., Missouri, about    ELK/TON, a post-village, capital of Cecil co., Maryland, is
160 miles N. of Jefferson City, has 350 inhabitants.          situated at the junction of the branches of Elk River, and
ELKtHORN, a thriving post-village and township, capital  on the Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimorse Railroad,
of Walworth co., Wisconsin, on the plank-road leading firom   50 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore.  Several handsome houses
Racine to Janesville, 40 miles W. of the former. The sur-  have been erected within a few years past, and the place is
rounding country is fertile, and is diversified by prairies  gradually improving. It contains, besides the county buildand numerous small lakes.  Elkhorn was laid out in 1841. ings, 1 or 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a fire-insurance
It has 4 stores, a steam-mill, and about 60 dwellings.        office. Pop. 1128.
ELK HORN, a post-office of Umpqua co., Oregon.                ELKTON, a post-village of Giles co., Tennessee. on the
ELKHIORN GROVE, Illinois. See EAGLE POINT.                  Elk River, 87 miles S. of Nashville. The siver is navigated
ELKIHORN  GROVE, a post-office of Carroll co., Illinois,  by small steamboats foi- a few months in the year.
15 miles S.E. of Mount Carroll, the county seat.                 ELKTON, a post-village, capital of Todd co., Kentucky,
ELKIIHORN RIVTER, of IKentucky, rises in Fayette county,  on Elk Creek, 187 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It contains the,
by two branches, the North and South Forks, which unite  Green River Female Academy, the Jefferson Academy for
about 3 miles E. of Frankfort. After a north-westerly course  boys, and 3 or 4 churches.
of a few miles it enters the Kentucky River in Franklin          ELKTON, a thriving post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio,
county.                                                       on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 159 miles N.E. of CoELK/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  uumnbus.
ELKINGTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lin-    ELKTON, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, 130 miles
coin.                                                         S.E. of Springfield.
ELK LAKE, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl-    ELKTON, a post-village of Hickory co., Missouri, about
vania.                                                        100 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
ELKILAND, a township of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania.    ELKTON, a post-office of Umpqua co., Oregon.
Pop. 408.                                                       EL KUEIT, a town of Arabia.  See GRANE.
ELKLAND, a post-village and township of Tioga co., Penn-    ELK/VILLE, a post-village of Caldwell co., North Carolina.
sylvania, on Cowanesque Creek, 16 miles N. of Wellsborough.    ELILA-KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, East
Pop. 962.                                                     Riding.
ELK LICK, a post-township of Somerset co., Pennsyl-    ELYLAND, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Ridvania, 17 miles S. of Somerset. Pop. 1091.                    ing, on the Calder, 4 miles S.E. of Ihalifax, with a station on
ELK LICK, a village of Pike co., Missouri, 82 miles N.E. the Manchester and Leeds Railway.  Pop. 6470. It has
by N. of Jefferson City.                                      manufactures of coarse woollens.
ELK  MILLS, a post-village of McDonald co., Missouri, on    ELILASTONE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
Elk River, 220 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.                     ELLBOGEN, a town of Bohemia.  See ELnOGSN.. ELK  MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, is situated in the S.    ELLI, VlWO, a river of Prance, enters the Atlantic 30 miles
part of Elk county, immediately S.E. of Little Toby's Creek,  S.W. of Quimper, after a S. course of 38 miles. It is navigaan affluent of Clarion River. Elk Mountain is also the  ble to Quimperl6, 8 miles fl-om the sea.
name of an elevated mountain ridge in the S.E. part of Sus-    ELLEJAY, Georgia. See ELLIJAY.
quehanna county.  The height of the latter is about 2000    EL/LEJOY, a post-office of Blunt co. Tennessee.
feet.                                                            EL/LEL, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
EL-KOS, 6l-kosf, (a "bow,' so named from  its windings,)    ELLENBOROUGH, 8l/len-bhr'ihlh, a township of Enga river of Morocco, province of Fez, enters the Atlantic at  land, co. of Cumberland, on the small river Ellen, 51 miles
EI-Araish. It has a bar at its mouth, within which is a port.  W.N.W. Cockermouth.  Pop. 865, chiefly colliers.  It gives
EL-KOSH, 61-koshl, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Koor-  the title of earl to the Law homily.
distan, at the foot of the Sote Mountains, 30 miles N. of    ELLENBOROUGH, a pest-village of Grant co., Wisconsin,
Mosul.   Pop. from 2000 to 3000, said to be all Roman Catho-  on Platte River, 7 miles S.E. of Lancaster.
lies. It is a place of considerable strength, with stone    EL/LENBURG, a post-village and township of Clinton co.,
houses and a synagogue, resorted to by many Jewish pil- New York, about 155 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 1503.
grims.                                                           ELLENGOW/AN, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
ELh(  PORT, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, 80 miles    ELALENFIALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
N. by E. of Iowa City.                                           EL/LENVILLE, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, on
~: ELK  RIDGE, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.        the Delaware and Hudson Canal, about 80 miles S.S.W. from
ELIT  RIDGE LANDIING, a post-village of Howard co., Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches, about 6 stores several
Maryland, on the S. bank of Patapsco River, and on the  factories and mills, and a printing office issuing a newspaBaltimore and Washington Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Balti-  per. Pop. about 700.
more.  It has an active business, containing several manu-    ELILERBURN, a parish of England, co. of York, North
factories of iron, and mills. The railroad crosses the river  Riding.
here on a handsome viaduct of giranite, about 700 feet in    EL/LERSLIE, a post-village of Susquehanna co., Pennsyllength.                                                        vania, 140 miles N.N.E. from Harrisburg.
ELK RIV/ER, formed by Big and Little Elk Creeks, which    ELLERSLIE, a district in Harris co., Georgia.  Pop. 1768
rise in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and unite at Elkton,    ELLERSLIE, a post-village of Ha-ris co., Georgia, about
Cecil county, Maryland. Flowing thence south-westward  14 miles N.E. of Columbus.
it enters the Chesapeake about 8 miles S.E. of IIavre de    EL/LERTON  PRIIORY, a parish of England, co. York,
Grace. The Delaware and Chesapeake Canal follows the  East Riding.
lower part of this river.                                       ELLERTON-oN- SWALE, a township of England, co. of
ELK RIVER, in the W. part of Virginia, rises in Ran- York, North Riding, 1- miles E.S.E. of Chatterick.  Pop. 75.
dolph and Pocahontas counties, interlocking sources with  IHenry Jenkins, who died in 1679 at the extraordin/ry age
the Greenbrier and Monongahela Rivers, and pursuing a  of 169. was horn here.
general western course, islls into the Great Kenawha. at    EL/LERY. a post-village and township of Chautauque co.,
626




ELL                                                        ELM
New York, on Chautauque Lake,  55 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo.    ELILIOTTSVe LLE,  a post-office of Pis.ataquis co., Mained
Pop. 2104.                                                 90 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 102.
ELLiERY, a small village of Stephenson co., Illinois.      ELLIOTTSVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, on
EfLLERY CEN/TRE, a pogt-office of Chautauque co., New  the Ohio River, 145 miles E. by N. of Columbus.
Yorlk.                                                       ELILIS, a county of Texas, situated in the N. central part
E LILESBOROUG{, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.       of the state, contains about 1080 square miles. It is drained by
ELtLESMERE, a market-town and parish of England and  the Trinity Riverand its affluents. The surface is diversified
Wales. cos. of Flint and Salop, 16 miles N.N.W. of Shrews- by tracts of hard timber and fertile prairies. The census of
bury. Pop. 7081. It has a branch bank, and a large trade  1850 does not furnish the population. Capital, Waxahachie.
in  malt, carried on by a canal. which communicates with    ELILISBURG, a thriving post-village and township of
Welshpool, Chester, and the Aiersey. The site of the an- Jefferson co., New York, bordering on Lake Ontario, 17 miles
cient castle commands a rich and varied prospect.          S. of Sackett's Harbor, with which it is connected by railroad.
ELLESMERE, PORT, a village and port of England, in  The village is situated on Sandy Creek, and contains 2 or 3
Cheshire, on the Mersey, 8  miles S. by E. of Liverpool.  churches. and a number of stores, mills, and factories.
Pop. about 600.                                              ELLISBURG, a post-village of Camden co., New Jersey, 6
ELILETSVILLE   or ELILITTSVILLE, a village of Monroe  miles S.E. of Camden.
co., Indiana. on the extension of the New Albany and Salem   ELLISBURG, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Bloomington. Pop. about 150.       ELLISBU RG, a small post-village in La Grange co., IndiELLEZELLES, l11iz111, a town of Belgium, province of  ana, 150 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.
Hainaut, 16 miles N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 6205.                ELILISFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
ELL GROVE, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee.          ELILIS'GROVE,  a post-office of Randolph co., Illinois.
ELfLICE ISLANDS, a group of islets on a coral reef, sur-   ELLIS ISLAND, of New York, is situated in New York
rounding a lagoon in the Pacific, discovered in 1819. Lat. iHarbor, about a mile S.W. of the city; on it is Fort Gibson.
8~ 30' S.; ion. 1790 13' E. Pop. 250.                        ELLIS RIVER, a small stream  of Coos county, in the
EL'LICIHPOORI, a city of India, 98 miles W. of Nagpoor. N.E. part of New Ilampshire, falls into the Saco River.
Lat. 210 14' N., ion. 770 36' E. It is partly enclosed by    EL'LISTON, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, 140
walls.                                                     miles W. by N. of Albany.
ELILICOTT, a township of Chautauque co., New York, at    ELLISTON, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.
the S.E. end of Chautauque Lake. Pop. 3523.                  ELLISTON, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois.
ELLICOTT, a post-office of Erie co., New York.             ELILISTOWN, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.
ELLICOTT CREEK, a post-office of Erie co., New York.       ELILISVILLE, a post-village in Louisa co., Virginia, 60
ELLICOTT'S MILLS, a post-village and township of Hiow- miles N.W. of Richmond.
ard and Baltimore cos., Maryland, is finely situated on both    ELLISVILLE, a post-office of Bladen co., North Carolina.
sides of the Patapsco River, and on the Baltimore and Ohio    ELLISVILLE, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.
Railroad, 12 miles W. by S. of Baltimore. It contains a    ELLISVILLE.       a post-village, capital of Jones co., Missisbank, a newspaper office, numerous flouring mills, and other  sippi, on Tallahalla River, 144 miles S.E. of Jackson.
manufactories, and in the township are several lumbering    ELLISVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co.. Illinois, on
mills. The scenery in the vicinity is remarkably beautiful  Spoon River, about 75 miles N.W. of Springfield.
Pop. 1059.                                                    ELLISVILLE,    a post-village of St. Louis co., Missoui, 22
EIJLICOTTVILLE, a post-village and township, capital of miles W. of St. Louis.
Cattaraugus co., New York, on the Great Valley Creek, a    ELLITSVILLE.   See ELLErSVsLtLE.
tributary of the Alleghany River, on the line of the Buf-    ELLIMORE, a post-office of Ottawa co., Ohio.
filo and P'ittsburg Railroad, (in progress,) 10 miles N. of    ELILON.  a parish-of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
the New York and Erie Railroad, with which it is connected    ELLORA,  a town of Hindostan.  See ELenA.
by a plank-road, and 165 miles W. of Albany. It contains    ELLORE,  6o16s1, a considerable town of British India,
besides the county buildings, 4 churches, viz. an Episcopal, presidency of Madras, 38 miles N. of Masulipatam, and forPresbyterian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic, 3 printing  merly capital of one of the Northern Circars. It is the resioffices issuing weelkly newspapers, a flourishing school, 3. dence of the district collector.
public houses, 4 land offices, and 11 stores of various kinds.   EL'LOU GH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
The creek here furnishes good water-power, which at pre-   EILLOUGIITON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
sent is only used for a griist mill and saw mill. The village  Riding.
is located in a fertile and picturesque valley, inclosed by    ELLRICII or ELRICH, llraK, a town of Prussian Saxony,
hills covered with heavy forests of birch and maple. Pop. 45 miles N.N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 2600. Near it is the re1200; of the township in 1850, 1725.                        markable calcareous  grotto of Kille.
ELMLIJAY, a small river of Gilmer co., Georgia, flows into    ELLS/WORTH, an important commercial town, port of
the Coosawattee at the village of Ellijay.                  entry, and capital of Hancock co., Maine, is situated on
ELLIJAY, a post-village and capital ofGilmer co., Georgia, both sides of the navigable river Union, which is here
on the river of the same name, 171 miles N.W. of Milledge- crossed by 4 bridges, 30 miles S.E. of Bangor, and about 4
ville. It is surrounded by a mountainous region, which is miles above the entrance of the river into Frenchman's Bay.
rich in minerals. The village, contains a court-house, jail, It contains, besides the county buildings, 4 churches, 2 good
and 5 stores.                                               hotels, a bank, and 50 stores. Twenty-five vessels are often
ELLINGEN, lling-en, a town of Bavaria, on the Rezat, seen anchored here at a time. and 50,000,000 feet of lumber
28 miles S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1329. It has a manuu- are exported annually.  The shipping of the district,
factory of pianofortes.                                    (Fr-enchman's  Bay,)June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggreEL/LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          gate of 1689 tons registered, and 36,750 tons enrolled and
ELLINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- licensed. Of the latter 22,272 were employed in the coast
land.                                                       trade, 13,075 in the cod fishery, and 2860 in the mackerel
ELLINGHAM, a parish of England, co., of IHlants.         fishery. One hundred and fifty vessels are owned in the
ELLINGHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Nor- town. During the year above mentioned, 22 vessels, with
folk.                                                       an aggregate bu-den  of 3119 tons, were admeasured in the
ELLINGHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Nor- district, and in 1853 the ship-building in Frenchman's Bay
folk.                                                       amounted in 6850 tons. Ellsworth is one of the most flouELIYINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.    rishing towns in the state. Pop. in 1840, 2263; in 1850,
EL/LINGOTON, a post-village and township of Tolland co., 4009; and in 1854, about 5000.
Connecticut, 20 miles N.E. of Hartford. It contains  2 or   ELLSWORTH, a township of Grafton co., New Iampshire,
3 churches and an academy. Pop. of the township, 1399.    50 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 320.
ELLINGTON, a post-township of Chautauque co., New    ELLSWORTIH, a post-village in Litchfield co., ConnectiYork, 25 miles E. of Mlaysville. Pop. 2001.                 cut, 50 miles iW. by N. of Hartford.
ELLINGTON, a township of Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 1451.   ELLSWORTI,   a post-village and township of Mahoning
ELLINGTON, a township of Brown co., Wisconsin. Pop. 64. co., Ohio, 5 miles VW. of Canfield, and 165 miles N.E. of CoELLINGTON, a post-village of Outagamie  co., WIiscon- lumbus. The village has 2 churches and a flourishing acfisin, 36 miles IV. by S. of Green Bay. It has 2 mills. Pop. 300. demy. Pop. 954.
E'LILINGW OOD'S CORiNER, a post-office of WIaldo  co.,   ELLSWORTH, a post-village in Texas co., Missouri, on
ulaine.                                                    the Big Sandy'orki of Gasconade Iiver, 85 miles S. by E. of
ELLI OT, a post-village and township of York co.. Maine, Jefferson City.
on the Portland Saco and Portsmouth Railroad, 45 miles    ELLSWORTIH  FALLS, a post-village of Hancock co.,
S.W. of Portland. It contains an academny, and in the  Maine, 30 miles S.E. of Bangor.
township are several lumbering mills.  Pop. 1803.            ELLWANGEN, ll1wsvng-gn, a town of Wiirtemberg, on
EILLIOTT PBAY, XWashington Territory. See SEArTL.        the Jaxt, 45 miles E.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2938, employed
ELTLIOTTSBURO,  a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania. in bleach-works and tanning. It has a castle, cathedral,
ELLIOTT'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Clinton co., gymnasium, and hospital.
Kentucky.                                                    ELL/WOOD, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky,
ELLIOTT'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office, Morgan co., Ohio.   ELM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
ELLIOTT'S RANCH, a post-office of Sacramento co., Call-   EILM,  a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
fornia.                                                      ELM;1 1l'm, a parish and village of Switzerland~canton, and
127




ELM                                                         ELR
10 miles S.S.E. of Glarus. Pop. 1013. Its sulphur springs    ELMISTED, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
were formerly celebrated.                                     ELMS'THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, 3
ELM, a post-office of Fayette co.. Pennsylvania.          miles E.N.E. of Iinclley. The church, which is in ruins,
ELM, a post-office of Ballard co., Kentucky.              was occupied as the head-quarters of the officers of Richard
ELMA, a post-office of Erie co., New York.               IlI.'s army, before the battle of Bosworth.
EL MASARAIH, 41 mnsi -r-h, a village of Egypt, 10 miles    ELMISTONE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
S. of Cairo, opposite the site of ancient Memphis, with ex-   ELMISTONE-HARDIWICKE,.a parish of England, co. of
tensive ancient quarries, to which a railway has recently  Gloucester.
been constructed.                                             ELMSIWELL, a parish of England. co. of Suffolk.
ELM BLUFF, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama.            ELMITON, a parish of England co. of Derby.
ELM BRANCHI, a small village of Lawrence co., Missouri.    ELM TREE, a post-office of Weakly co., Tennessee.
ELM  CREEK, of McKinley co., Texas, flows south-east-   ELM  TREE, a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois, about
ward into the Nueces River.                                 100 miles W.N.W. of Springfield.
ELM CREEK, a post-office of Falls co., Texas.               ELMUNCHILLY, l'mtnn-chil/lee, a village of British InEL'MER, a post-office of Salem co., New Jersey.           dia, presidency of Madras, 31 miles S.W. of Viza-apatam, in
EL METEMNE-I, 61 m4-t6mlneh, a town of Nubia, on the  a valley, with a temple and some curious sculptures.
Nile, nearly opposite Shendy. It has manufactures of coarse    ELIMI VALLEY, a post-office of Alleghany co., New Yorlk.
cotton fabrics.                                               ELMIVILLE, a post-office of Colleton district, South CaELM GROVE, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.     rolina.
ELM GROVE, a post-office of Highland co., Illinois.         ELM/WOOD, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, 23 miles
ELM GROVE, a village of Clay co., Missouri, on Smith's  W. by N. of Peoria.
Fork of Platte River, 28 miles N. by W. of Independence.      ELMWOOD, a post-office of Saline co., Missouri.
ELM GROVE, a village of Marion co., Iowa, 88 miles W.S.W.   ELNBOGEN, a town of Bohemia.  See ELBOOON.
of Iowa City.                                                 ELNE, Sln, (anc. flliberis, afterwards Helena,) a town
ELMIHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  of France, department of Pyr6n6es-Orientales, on the Tech,
ELMHAM, SOUTH, or ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, 8 miles S.S.E. of Perpignan.  Pop. in 1852, 2524. It was
co. of Suffolk.                                             once a place of importance. Illiberis was the place where
ELM HILL, a post-office of Davidson co.. Tennessee.       Hannibal first encamped after passing the Pyrenees; having
ELMINA, 61-mee/nu, or ST. GEORGE DEL MINA, (dll  been rebuilt by Constantine, it received the name of his
mee/nA,) a town and fort, capital of the Dutch possessions  mother Helena.
on the Guinea coast, Africa. The fort is in lat. 50 4' 45'" N.   EL-OBEID, LOBEID, or LABAYET. See OBrem.
lon. 10 20' 30" W. The town is irregular, ill built, and dirty.   EILON, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.
Pop. from 8000 to 10,000, blacks. The fort of Elmina is the    ELON, a post-office of Ashley co., Arkansas.
strongest on the whole coast; it is surrounded with double    EL008S or ELUCE, Sl-oosl, an island and town in the Euwalls and deep ditches, has 3 rows of guns next the sea, and  phrates, in Asiatic Turkey, 8 miles N.N.W. of Hit.  The
the land side is defended by Fort St. Jago, the key of Elmina. island is 1 mile in length, with 500 houses, and some
ELMIIRA, a post-village and township, capital of Che- mosques.
mung co., New York, is situated near the junction of New-   ELORA, ELLORA, Sl-lolr/, or ELOUROU, e-loo/roo, a viitown Creek with the Chemung River, where the latter is  lage of IIindostan, in lat. 200 5' N., ion. 750 15' E., about
crossed by the New York and Erie Railroad, 273 miles from  1 mile E. of which are some cave-temples excavated in the
New York City. The Williamsport and Elmira Railroad, con- W. slope of a hill, in magnitude of execution surpassing all
necting with other railroads, opens a direct communication  other structures of their kind in India.
with Philadelphia, 271 miles distant; and the Elmira, Canan-   ELORA, e-lors, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Wadaigua, and Niagara Falls Railroad communicates with the terloo, at the confluence of the Grand and Irvine Rivers, 12
railway systems of Canada. The Chemung Canal also con- miles from Guelph. Pop. about 400.
nects Elmira with Seneca Lake, 20 miles distant; and the   ELORRIO, A-loI/Re-o, a town of Spain, 18 miles S.E. of BilJunction Canal connects it with the interior of Pennsylvania. bao. Pop. 2280.
The village is handsomely laid out, and contains, besides the   EL PASO, S1 palo/so, an unorganized county forming the
county buildings, 7 churches, a female college, capable of W. extremity of Texas. It is not mentioned in the census
accommodating 300 pupils, several other educational institu- of 1850.
tions, 3 banks, a savings-institution, 4 excellent hotels, about   EL PASO or EL PASSO. a post-office in the above county.
100 stores, a large number of warehouses, and several manu-   EL PASO DEL NORTE" Si p4lso dSl nonRltA, better known
facturing establishments and printing-offices.  Three news- as  L PASO, (often written EL PASSO,) a settlement, or
papers are issued here weekly, and two daily. Elmira has more properly a line of settlements, embracing a populasurpassed all of its competitors along the line of the New  tion of about 5000, situated in a rich but narrow valley,
York and Erie Railroad in the rapidity of its growth.  Pop. which extends 9 or 10 miles along the right bank of the
of the township in 1840, 4791; in 1850, 8166; of the village Rio Grande, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, 350 miles
in 1855,10,107. Settled in 1788 by Captain John IHendry.    S. by W. of Santa F6. The grape is extensively cultivated
ELMIRA, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.               in this locality, and considerable quantities of a weak but
ELMIRA, a post-village of Stark co., Illinois, 40 miles N. well-flavored wine and brandy (known to the American
by W. of Peoria.                                           traders as Pass wine and Pass brandy) are made. The
ELMILEY CASITLE, a parish of England, co. of Wor- houses are built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks, chiefly of
cester.                                                     one story, with earthern floors. Though supplied with abunELMLEY, ISLE OF. a parish of England, co. of Kent.    dance, the inhabitants are remarkably deficient in the consELMILEY, LOY/ETT. a parish of England, co. of Worcester  monest appliances of civilized life; glazed windows, chairs,
EL/MONT, a post-office of Clinton co., Missouri.          tables, knives and forks, and other conveniences, which the
EL/MORE, a parish of England. co. of Gloucester.          humblest American considers indispensable to comfort, are
ELMORE, a post-village and township of Lamoille co., unknown even to the rich.  Few of the people are pure
Vermont; about 17 miles N. by E. of Montpelier. The vii- white, being nearly all more or less tinged with Indian
lage contains 1 store, 1 tavern, 1 starch factory, 2 saw mills, blood. That portion of the settlement at the northern part
and other establishments. Pop. 504.                         of the valley, where the plaza, the parish church, and the
ELMORE, a village of Talbot co., Georgia, 62 miles W. of  dwellings of a few of the principal inhabitants are located,
Macon.                                                      may be considered as the town of El Paso. It is in lat. 310
ELI/MORE, a post-office of Ottawa co., Ohio.              42' N., ion. 1060 40' W., 1420 miles above the mouth of the
ELMORE, a township in Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 708.  Rio Grande, following the course of the stream, 600 miles
ELMORE, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.            in a direct line E. from of the Pacific coast, a:,'T~.00 miles
ELM POINT, a post-office of Bond co., Illinois, 60 miles S. from Washington City. El Paso is the chief thoron.-hfare
of Springfield.                                             between New Mexico and Chihuahua, and the other MexiELM RIVER, in the S.E. part of Illinois, is an affluent of can states farther S., the Rio Grande being fordable near
the Little Wabash, which it joins in Wayne county.          the town a great portion of the year. The name, signifying
ELM/SALL, NORTH, a township of England, co. of York, "the passage," is supposed to be derived from the passage
West Riding.                                                of the river through a gorge or gap in the mountain, just
ELMSALL, SOUTH, a township of England, co. of York, above the town.
West Riding.                                                  EL PENON, 81 psn-yon/, a fortified height, 81 miles from
ELMISETT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 34 miles  the city of Mexico, commanding the entrance to it from the E.
N.N.E. of Hadleigh.  tere is a curious petrifying spring,   EL!PHIN, a market-town, parish, and bishop's see of Irecalled the Dropping Well.                                  land, in Connaught, co. of Roscommon, 174 miles W.N.WY.
ELMSHORN, lmstishoan, a town of Denmark, in Hol- of Longford. Pop. of town, 1551. Its cathedral is a small,
stein, on the Elbe, and on the Kiel and Altona Railway, 10  plain church, with an ancient tower; the episcopal palace
miles E.S.E. of Gliickstadt.  Pop. 5600.  It has an active  and deanery are substantial structures. The diocese comtrade in grain.                                            prises 76 parishes in the counties of Roscomsnon, Sligo, GalELM SPRING, a thriving post-village of Washington co., way, and Mayo, and is now annexed to the sees of Kilmore
Arkansas, 212 miles N.W. of Little Rock, has a large semi-  and Ardagh.  The family of Goldsmith resided in this
hary for both sexes, and a flouring mill,                  parish, and, by some, the poet is said to have been born here
ELMISTEAD, a parish of Engliand, co. of Essex              EL/ROD. a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.
628




ELR                                                           ELY
EL ROSARIO, 61 ro-snre-o, a town of the Mexican Confe-    ELT'HAM, a town and parish of England, co. of Kent,I
deration, state ofCinaloa, 55 miles E.N.E. of Mazatlan.  Pop.  miles E.S.E. of London. Pop. 2568.  It has remains of a
5000. It had some rich gold and silver mines, no longer  royal palace, formerly consisting of four quadrangles, and
wrought, and is now important chiefly as a depot for the  possessing great magnificence, the existing edifice of which
trade between Mazatlan and the interior.                      is the hall, now or lately a barn, but in good preservation.
ELSA, 1/sA, a river of Tuscany, joins theArno 35 miles  Eltham was a favorite residence of the Plantagenet and TuWV. of Empoli, after a N.W. course of 30 miles.               dor monarchs. The palace and parks were destroyed during
ELSA, a river of Tuscany, an affluent of the Albegna.  the Commonwealth.
Total course, 12 miles.                                         ELITISLEY, a parish of England. co. of Cambridge.
ELSASS, a country of Germany.  See ALSAcE.                    ELTMANN,  ltfmln, a town of ]Bavaria, on the Main, 35
ELSIDON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  miles E.N.E. of Wiirzburg.  Pop. 1392.
Northumberland, 16 miles W.N.W. of Morpeth. Pop. 1680.    ELITON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
The Castle, built in the reign of Henry III., is now the rec-    ELTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
tory-house.  The parish abounds in coal, lime, and iron-    ELTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
stone.                                                          ELTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
ELISENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                 ELTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.
ELSPIFELD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.                ELTON, a township of England, co. of Derby.
ELSFLETH, 1lsriflt, a market-town of Oldenburg, on the    ELTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
Weser, at the influx of the Hunte, S18 miles N.W. of Bremen.    ELTON, 6Pton,; (i. e. "golden lake,") a salt lake of Russia,
Pop. 2000, employed in ship-building.                         70 miles E. of the Volga, government, and 160 miles S.S.E. of
ELSIHAM  or AILES/HAM, a parish of England, co. of  Saratov. Area, 130 square miles. It receives several rivers.
Lincoln.                                                      Upwards of 100,000 tons of salt are obtained annually from
ELISINBOROUGIJ, a township of Salem co., New Jersey, its waters.
3 miles from Salem. Pop. 655.                                   ELITON, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New York, 300
ELySING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.               miles W. of Albany.
ELSINORE, 6l'sin-tr/, or ELSINEUR, 8l'sin-Ur', (Dan. Hel-    ELTON, a post-office of Edgefield district, South Carolina.
si/ngr, hil'sing-g5'er,) a seaport town of Denmark, on the    ELTSCH, a town of Hungary.  See JOLSVA.
island of Seeland, at the narrowest part of the Sound, here    ELTVILLE, a town of Western Germany. See ELFELD.
only 35 miles broad. 24 miles N. by E. of Copenhagen.  Let.    EL-TYHI, (51 tee,) DESERT OF, (or of "the Wandering,")
(Kronborg light) 5602'12"N., Ion. 120 37 30" E. It has two  so called because it was the place of the forty years' sojourn
churches, a classical school, and a custom-house; its inhabi-  of the Hebrews in the desert, is a name applied to the petants are chiefly engaged in commerce and seafaring, and  ninsula which is between the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah,
considerable traffic is carried on with I-elsingborg on the  and Egypt and Palestine.  It is mountainous, comprising
opposite coast, this being the chief point of transit between  Jeb-el-Tyh, Mount Sinai, &c.
Denmark and Sweden. Elsinore is defended by the castle of    EL TYI-IH, WADY, w&/dee 61 tee, (or "TValley of the WanKronborg. which stands on aprojecting spitof land, and com-  dering,") is in Middle Egypt, extending between ancient
mends the Sound. It is a Gothic-Byzantine edifice, with walls  Memphis and Suez, immediately S. of the Jeb-el-Ataka.
and ditches; it is entered by two drawbridges, and was built    ELTZ, Slts, a river of South-western Germany, in Baden,
in 1574-1584. On it is a fixed light, 113 feet high. In the  joins the Rhine 20 miles S. of Strasbourg, after a tortuous
vicinity of Kronborg is the royal country palace of Marien-  course of 33 miles past Waldkirch and Kenzingen.
lyst. Elsinore is, however, chiefly noted as being the place    ELUSA.  See EAUZE.
where the Sound dues are levied on vessels entering or clear-    ELVA, 61tv', (L. flcva,) a village of the Sardinian States,
ing the Baltic. The dues, originally instituted for keeping  in Piedmont, 18 miles W.N.W. of Coni.  Pop. 1165.
up lights and landmarks on the Cattegat and neighboring    EL/VAN WATER, asmallaffluent of the Clyde, in Scotland,
coasts, now consist of dues on the ship, being light or beacon  co. of Lanark. It flows N.E. Particles of gold have been
money, and dues on the cargo, a toll paid to the Danish go-  often found in its sands.
vernment.  The total number of vessels passing the Sound    ELVAS, SIv~s, (Sp. He/es, Allv~s, or Yeyes, y~llvrs,) a forwas, in 1847, 21,526; 1848, 16,857; 1849, 18,959; of which, in  tifled frontier city of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 12 miles
1847, 4522 were British; 2562 Prussian; 2334 Norwegian;  W. of Badajos, on the Guadiana.'Pop. 16,460. It stands on a
1638 Swedish; 1507 Danish; and 1447 Dutch.  Of other  hill, on whicharethefortresses of Santa Lucia andLippe. The
countries the numbers were under 1000, and in some cases, town is generally ill built and dirty. Its streets are. lined
as America, Naples, and Hamburg, under 100.  The prin-  withvenerable Moorish buildings. Chiefedifices, theCathecipal maritime countries have consuls at Elsinore. Elsi- dral, several churches and convents, the Arsenal, bomb-proof
nore is the assumed scene of Shakspeare's tragedy of Ham- barracks for 6000 or 7000 men, a theatre, college, seminary,
let. Pop. 8000.                                               public hospital, prison, and a remarkable tower. A large
ELSON  ISLAND, in the Pacific, is one of the Gambier  Moorish aqueduct supplies the city with water from a hill
Islands.                                                      3 milesW. Ithas manufactures of arms and jewelry. Elvas
EL/SON'S BAY, an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, in Russian  was taken by Marshal Junot, and held by the French from
America, immediately E. of Point Barrow. Lat. 710 N., Ion.  March to August, 1808.
1560 W.                                                         ELIVASTON, a parish of England, co., and 4 miles E.S.E.
ELiSTEAD, a perish of England, co. of Surrey.               of Derby. Elvaston IIall, the seat of the Earl of HarringELSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                ton, is in this parish.
ELSTER, 6lster, WHITE, (Ger. Weiss Elster, wtce 6l/ster,) a    ELIVEDON or ELIDON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
river of Germany, rises near Asch, in Voigtland, flows N.,    ELVEN, 1PvGIc/, a town of France, department of Morbiand joins the Saale 3 miles S. of Halle, (Prussia.)  Length,  hen, 10 miles N.E. of Yannes. Pop. in 1852, 3496. In its
110 miles. Chief affluent, the Pleisse, on the right.         castle, now a ruin, IHIeny of Richmond (afterwards Henry
ELSTER, BLAcK, (Ger. Schwartz  Elster, shwaRts 6l1ster,) a  VII. of England) remained a prisoner for fourteen years after
river of Germany, rises 2 miles S. of Elster, (Saxony,) flows  the battle of Tewkesbury.
N.W., and joins the Elbe 8 miles E. of Wittemberg, (Prussia.)    EL/VETIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
Length, 105 miles. Chief affluent, the RUder, on the left.      ETIVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
ELSTER, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, on the  Riding.
Little Elster, with mineral springs.                            ELIVINSVILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.
ELSTERBERG, 61/ster-bkaG', a town of Saxony, 16 miles    EL/WICK HALL, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
S.W. of Zwickan, on the White Elster. Pop. 2379, employed    EL/WOOD, a post-office of Walker co., Texas.
in woollen and cotton weaving.                                  EL/WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ELSTERWERDA, 6l/ster-QRad'A, a town of Prussian S.x-    ELTWY, a river of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, joins
ony, 66 miles E.N.E. of Merseburg, on the Black Elster. Pop.  the Severn at Pennarthb.
1442.                                                           ELWY, a river of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, falling into
ELS/TON  or ELVESTON, a parish of England, co. of  the Clwyd at St. Asaph.
Notts.                                                          ELXAS, a town of Spain. See ELJAS.
ELySTOW, a parish of England, co., and 2 miles S. of Bed-    ELY, (ee/lee,) ISLE OF, a district of England, co. of
ford. John Bunyan, author of the'"Pilgrim's Progress,"  Cambridge, lying N. of the centre of the county, from
was born here in 1628.                                        the rest of which it is separated on the S. by the Onse.
ELSTRA, l1sltri, a town of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, on  Area, 225,150 acres. A smaller tract, of about 7 miles by
the Elster, 21 miles N.E. of Dresden.  Pop. 1080.             4 miles, is, however, now viewed as forming the isle strictly
ELS/TREE or ID/LESTREE, a parish of England, co. of  so called. It is surrounded by marsh, formerly covered
Iferts.                                                       with water, whence the name. The soil is very fertile, but
ELS/WICK, a township of England, co. Northumberland.  requires artificial draining. The district exhibits a level,
ELS/WOTH:,   a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.         monotonous plain, containing many marsh plants and
ELTEN, SlIten, a village of Prussia, government of DBis-  aquatic birds.  See BEDFoRD LEVEL.
seldorf, not far from  the Rhine, 6 miles N.N.E. of Cleves.    ELY, a city and episcopal see of England, capital of the
Pop. 1446.                                                    above island, on the Ouse, 16 miles N.N.E. of Cambridge,
ELTERLEIN, SI/ter-line%, a mining town of Saxony, 19  and 72 miles N.E. of London, on the Eastern Counties Railmiles S.E. of Zwickau.  Pop. 1910. It has manufactures of  way.  Pop. in 1851, 6176. The houses are mostly anc/; at
lace.                                                         The Cathedral, chiefly built between the reigns of William
629




ELY                                                       EMM
Rufus and Edward IITI., exhibits a singular yet imposing I W. side of Kennebec River, 40 miles N. by W. of Aunusta.
combination of the Saxon, Normnan, and Gothic styles. It  Pop. 971.
is 535 feet in length, by 190 feet in the transept; has an    EMBDEN CENTRE, a post-village of Somerset co., Maine;
elegant octagonal central tower, and many interesting  on Kennebec River, 40 miles N.W. of Augusta..
monuments. Trinity Church, founded in 1321, is a beauti-    EM/BERTON, or EM/MEIRTON, a parish of England. co.
fulstructure. The Bishops Palace is neatly built of brick. of Buckingham, 1 miles S. of Olney, and 8 miles from the
iere are also a grammar school, founded by IIenry VIII., Wolverton  Station  on the London  and  North-western
an endowed charity school, several oil mills, and manufac- Railway.
tures of earthenware and tobacco-pipes. In the environs    EMBLETON, Bmlmbel-ton, a parish of England, co. of
are rich orchards and market-gardens.  Ely is governed by  Northumberland.
a custos-rotuloram, and is the only city in England which    EMBLETON, a chapelry of England. co. of Cumberland.
sends no member to the I-Iouse of Commons. Its bishopric    EMBOMMA, 6m-bom/mi, a town  of Africa.  in Lower
was founded in 1107.  The celebrated Abbey of Ely, on  Guinea, Congo, on the right bank of the Congo or Zaire, 70
which the bishopric was founded, was established by Saint miles W.N.W. of San Salvador.
Etheldreda or Audry, daughter of a Saxon king, A. o. 673.   EMBORIROW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
It was destroyed by the Danes about the year 870.  The    EMBOTETIU. See MooDEso.
city and island are said to owe their name to the number    EMIBREVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
of eels which still abound here.                              EMBRO, 6mlbro, a post-village of Canada West, co. of OxELY, a beautiful demesne of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Fer- ford, 124 miles S.Wi. of Toronto, and 37 miles fromn London.
managh, comprising several woody islets about the head of It contains several stores, and two grist mills. Pop. about
Lower Lough Erne, 4 miles N. of Enniskillen.  It gives the  200.
title of marquis to the Loftus family.                        EM[BRUN,  im/brin, (Fr. pron. Wasbr-flNG/; anc. EbroELY, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa.                   dua'un.,) a fortified town of France, department of IHautesELY, a small village of Canada East, co. of Shefford, 10  Alpes, on the right bank of the Durance, 19 miles E,. of Gap.
miles S.S.E. of Melbourne, and 22 miles firom Grandy.       Pop. in 1852, 4794. It has a cathedral, with a lofty tower.
EILY LICK, a village of Rails co., Missouri, 78 miles  Under the Romans it was an importantn military post; and
N.N.E. of Jefferson City.                                  its archbishop's see, suppressed at the Revolution, is said to
ELYRIA, e-llrle-a, apleasant post-village and township, ca- have dated from the time of Constantine.
pital of Lorain co., Ohio, is situated on Black River, 7 miles    EMB/SAY, a township of England, co. of York, West
from Lake Erie, 28 miles W.S.W. of Cleveland, and 116 miles  Riding.
N.N.E. of Columbus. The village stands on a peninsula    EMBUDO, 8m-boo'do, a village of New Mexico, United
formed by the branches of Black River, which here unite. States, situated near a pass of the same name- about 50 miles
The river in this vicinity has two falls of 40 feet perpen-  N. of Santa Be.
dicular, and affords fine water-power. The railroad fi-om     EMDEN or EMBDEN, 6mtdln, a fortified seaport town of
Cleveland to Sandusky, now  in course of construction,  -Hanover, principality of East Friesland, on the Dollart, 14
passes through this place. Elyria contains a court-house, 5  miles S.W. of Aurich, with which it communicates by a
or 6 churches, a bank, an academy, and 2 newspaper offices.  canal. Lat. 530 22' 3" N., Ion. 70 12' 38" E. Pop. 11.907.
One of the churches is a Gothic building  of sandstone. In  The town is intersected by canals connected wsith the harthe vicinity are several mills, an iron furnace, a machine  bor. Principal edifices, the Council and Custom-houses,
shop, and an axe factory. Pop. in 1850, 1482; in 1853, about Barracks, Exchange, Gymnasium, and School of Navigation.
2000; of the township in 1850, 2658.                        The port, consisting of an outer and two inner harbors. is
E/LYSBURG, a post-village of Northumberland co., Penn- shallow; but the roadstead is deep enough for vessels of
sylvania, 70 miles N. of Harrisburg.                        any size. Emden is a free port, but its trade has been deELYSIAN (e-lizh/yan) FIELDS, a post-office of harrison  dclining ever since the sixteenth century, and its herring
co., Texas.                                                fishery is almost extinct. It has ship-building docks, and
ELYSIAN FIELDS, Hudson co., New York. See HOBOKENs. manufactures of linen fabrics and yarn, hosiery. hats. sotp,
ELYSIUM, e-lizhtyhm, a post-village of McHenry co., Ili- starch, tobacco, and sail-cloth. with breweries, distilleries,
nois, 50 miles N.W. of Chicago.                             and tanneries. Exports corn, butter, cheese, spit-its, talEILYTON, a post-village; capital of Jefferson co., Alabama, low, honey, wax, wool, and hides; imports timber from the
100 miles N.N.W. of Montgomery.                             Baltic. hemp, and potash.
ELZ, a river of Germany. See ELTz.                          EM]NABAD, 6m-Sn'I-bid, or AMIN'ABAD/, a town of
ELZA, 61lz1, a river of Tuscany, joining the Arno near  the Punjab, 35 miles N. of Lahore.  Lat. 320 10' N., Ion. 740
Empoli after a N.W. course of 35 miles.                     8, E.
ELZE, 4ltlsgh, a town of IIanover, 9 miles W.S.W. of    EM'ERALD or MACOUR, mikoorf, a coral island in the
HIildesheim, near the Saale. Pop. 2035.                     Red Sea, on the coast of Nubia. Lat. 230 50' N., Ion. 360 52'
EMADOO, A-mA-dool, a town of Western Africa, kingdom   30" E.
of Yarriba, about 18 miles N. of Jenna, lat. 70 10' N., ion. 30    EM/ERALD GROVE, a post-office of Rock co., Wisconsin.
10t' E., on the route from Badagry to Boosa.                  EMERALD POINT, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois.
EMAN/UEL.   a county in the E.S.E. part of Georgia. has    EMIERINA, 6m'eh-ree'nA, a district on the island of Maan area of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the  dagascar, kingdom of Ankova, and formerly an independent
N. by the Ogeechee River, on the S.W. by Pendleton's  state.  It is the highest and healthiest district in the
Creek, intersected by the Great Ohoopee, and also, drained  island.
by the Cannouchee. The surface is level and partly co-   EMERITA  AUGUSTA.  See ME aIDA.
vered with pine timber; the soil is sandy and sterile.   EMIERY, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
Named in honor of David Emanuel, at one time president   EMERY'S MILLS, a post-office of York co., Maine.
of the Georgia Senate. Organized in 1812. Capital, Swains-    EMERY'S RIVER, of East Tennessee, rises in Morgan co.,
borough. Pop. 4577, of whom 3615 were free, and 962 slaves. and flowing southward, enters Clinch River, near Kingston,
EMATRIS, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Mona- Roane county.
ghan.                                                         EMESA, a town of Syria. See Homs.
EMBA, 6mfbh, JEMI or DJEM, jim, a river of Central Asia,   EMIFRAS, 6mrfi.'sI, a considerable town of Abyssinia, on a
forming a part of the boundary between the Russian go- hill. Lat. 12012' 385  N., ion. 370 35' 30" E. Chief ttrade,
vernment of Orenboorg and the Kirghees Territory, (Inde- cloves and civet.
pendent Toorkistan,) enters the Gulf of Emba at the N.E.   EM/IGSVILLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
extremity of the Caspian Sea, after a S.W. course, estimated    EII/INENCE, a post-office of Schoharie co., New York.
at 250 miles, where it expands into numerous shallow lakes,   EMINENCE, a thriving post-village of Henry co., KIenand has valuable fisheries.                                 tueky. on the railroad from Louisville to Franklifort, 40
EMBACII, m/blAK. (Gooss, grbce, and KLEN, line; i. e. miles E. of the former.
"Great" and "Little,')  a river of Russia, govesrnment of   EMINENCE, a post-village of Logan co., Illinois, 40 miles
Livonia. It rises in the S.E. part of the district of Pernan, and, N.N.E, of Springfield.
under the name of Klein Embach, flows S.E. to near Valk.    EMINENCE.,  a post-village, capital of Shannon co., Misthen turns N., and, after a course of about 36 miles, enters  souri. on Current River, about 120 miles S.W. of St. Louis.
the S. extremity of Lake Virtze ry.  The stream which issues    EM/LENTON, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
from the N. extremity of the same lake, takes the name of   EMILEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Ridilsg.
Oross Embach, flows E. past Dorpat, where it becomes navi-  EitMLY, a small market and episcopal town and parish
gable, and enters the S.W. extremity of Lake Peipus. Total of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 8 miles W.S.W. of Tippelength, 40 miles.                                           rary. Pop. of towvn, 650. It has ruins of a cathedral.
EMBARIRAS or EMBAR/RASS, a river in the E.S.E. pnert of   EM'LYFADD/, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of
Illinois, falls into the Wabash 6 or 7 miles below Viscennes. Sligo. It has ruins of a small abbey, and of a castle built
EMBARRAS, a river of Wisconsin, flows through Wan- in 1300.
paca co., and enters Wolf River on the E. border of that   -EM/SIA, a post-village of White co., Illinois, about 1I
county.                                                    miles N.E. of the Little Wabash River.
EMBARRAS POINT, a post-village of Edgar co., Illinois,   EM/MAUS, or NICOP/OLIS, an ancient town of Palestinoe,
100 miles E. of Springfield.                               supposed to be the village of Amewas, pashalie of Gaza, on a
EMBDEN, a town of lHanover.  See EuMDEN.                 conic;l hill, 13 miles W.N.W. of Jerusalem.
EMBtDEN, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on the    EMI/MAUS, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, at
630




EMM                                                       END
the foot of the South Mountain, 5 miles S.W. of Allentown.    EMS, ims, or BAD-EMS, b/d-6ms, a quiet watering-place
The inhabitants are mostly Moravians.                      of Nassau, on the Lahn, 15 miles N. of Wiesbaden.  Pop.
EMMAUS, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.          1800. It is shut in by hills, and has a pleasant terrace along
EMMEN, GRoss, groce 6mtmen, a river of Switzerland, the Lahn, with fine scenery on the heights around it. The
canton of Bern, rises in the Bernese Oberland, flows N., and  Rurhaus is a large ducal chateau, let out in apartments to
joins the Aar, 15 miles N.E. of Soleure, after a course of 45  visitors. The springs vary in temperature from  930 to
miles. Its valley, "; the Emmenthal," is one of the finest in  1350 Fah.
Switzerland, and feeds large herds of cattle.                EMSDETTEN, Amsmd~t-ten, a village of Prussia, province
EMMEN, KsLEIN, kline 6mlmen, a river of Switzerland, ofWestphalia, government of Mtiinster, circle of, and near
canton of Lucerne, rises near the source of the above river,  Steinfurt-on-the-Ems.  Pop. 1180.
and after a N.E. con'se of 30 miles, joins the Reuse, (roiss,)   EMS HOHEN, (Ems-IHbhen,) 6ms h.!en, a market-town.
15 miles N.W. of Lucerne.                                  of Austria, in Tyrol, Vorarlberg, near the Rhine, 10 miles
EMMENDINGEN, Smtmen-ding'en. a town of Baden, on  S.S.W. of Bregenz. It contains a parish church and a castle,
the Eltz, and on the Duke of Baden's Railway, 9 miles and a quarry fiom  which fine whetstones are obtained.
N.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 2000.  It has manufactures of Pop. 2133.
paper and cotton.                                            EMSKIRCHEN, 6mstk6RaK-en, a market-town of Bavaria,
EMMERICH, 6mlmeh-rix,. or EMRICII, SmfriK, a walled  in Middle Franconia, on the Aurach, 14 miles W.N.WF. of
town of Rhenish Prussia, 49 miles N.N.W. of Dusseldorf, on  Nuremberg. In the vicinity are the ruins of the castle of
the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 6380. It has a custom-  KRnigstein. Pop. 867.
house, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, hosiery, and soap.   EMStWORTH, a small maritime town of England, co. of
EMIMETT, a county of Michigan, called also TONEDA-  Hunts, on an arm of Chichester Ilarbor, and on the ChiGANA, in the extreme northern part of the lower penin- chester and Portsmouth Railway, 8' miles E.N.E. of Portssula, bordering on Lake Michigan, has an area of about 200  mouth. Pop. 1165. It is neat and clean, and has some
square miles. The census of 1850 furnishes no information  trade in ship-building, with extensive oyster beds.
respecting this county, which is not yet organized.          EIMU, a town of Australia, in New South Wales, co. of
EMMETT, a new  county in the N.N.W. part of Iowa,  Cook, 35 miles W. by N. of Sydney, on a rising ground, on
bordering  on Minnesota, has an area of about 450 square  the river Nepean.
miles. It is intersected by the Des Moines River, and by    EMU BAY, of Van Diemen's Land, in Bass's Strait, beone of its effluents flowing from Okamanpidu Lake. There  tween Blackman's Point and Round Hill Point. La. 410 4,
are several small lakes near the N.E. border of the county. S., ion. 140 E.
Emmett county is not included in the census of1850. Named    EM/UCKSFAIR!, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama,
in honor of Robert Emmett, the distinguished Irish patriot.  160 miles N.E. of Springfield.
EMMETT, a post-village of Wilkinson co., Georgia, on the    EM'YYALE!, a small town of Ireland, co., and 5 miles
Central Ratilroad, 40 miles E. of Macon.                   N.N.E. of Monaghan. Pop. in 1811, 694.
EMMETT, a post-township in the W. part of Calhoun co.,   ENARA, A-n&]rd, or ENARE, A-netr', a large lake of RusMichigan. Pop. 1582.                                       sian Lapland, about lat. 690 N., lon. 280 E. Area, 685 square
EMMETT, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.             miles. It contains numerous islands, and communicates
EMMETT, a post-village and township in the S. of Dodge  with the Arctic Ocean by the Patsjoki River. On its W.
co., Wisconsin, about 40 miles E.N.E. of Madison.  Pop. shose is the fishing village ofEnare. Pop. 350.
1207.                                                        ENAREA, Sn-:ire-A, a country of North-East Africa. in
EMIIMETTSBURG, a post-village of Frederick co., Mary- Abyssinia, S.W. of Shoe, and between lat. 7C and 80 N., and
land, 50 miles in a direct line N.W. from  Baltimore, is sur- lon. 360 and 370 E. Neasly all the coffee, and a large prorounded by a fertile and populous country, and has con- portion of the slaves and ivory brought through Abyssiderable business. It contains several churches, an ace-  sinia to be sent to the marts N. and E., are from this coundemy, St. Mary's College, a flourishing institution under  try. Principal town, Sakka.
the direction of the Roman Catholics, having a theological    ENIBORN, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
seminary connected with it; also a female institution con-   ENCHUIISA, a town of the Netherlands.  See ENKITUYnsN.
ducted by the Sisters of Charity, and an asylum for the    EN(OIINA-SOLA, Sn-theecnA-sollA, a town of Spain, 60 miles
education of orphan girls. Pop. 812.                       N.N.E. of IIuelva, (wlSIvA.) Pop. 3441. It has manufactures
E3IMIETTSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Randolph  of woollens and linens.
co., Indiana, about 75 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis.         ENCOUN/TER BAY, in South Australia, in let. 350 30'
EMI/MINGTON or AM/MINGTON, a parish of England, S., ion. 1390 E. It receives the outlet of Lake Victoria, and
co. of Oxford.                                            is E. of Kangaroo Island, under shelter of which is good
EMIINETII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk           anchorage for small vessels.
EMIORTON, a post-office of H-arford co., Maryland.         ENCRUZILHIA1DA, Sn-kroo-zeel-y[/dA, a village and harEMTORY, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.       bor of Brazil, province of Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, to the S.
EMORY, a post-office of Holmes co., Mississippi.        of the Jacuhy near the little river Santa Barbara, about 50
EMIORYAND HENRYCOLLEGE. SeeTABLEOF COLEdaES. miles W. of Rio-Pardo. Pop. 2000.
EMORY COLLEGE, Georgia. See OXFORD.                       ENDAVA, Sn-dd]v/, a river of South America, in New
EMORY IRON-WORKS, a post-office, Roane co., Tennessee. Grenada, rises in lat. 50 301 N.. Ion. 690 20' W., and after an E.
EMOY or EMOUY. a town of China. See Aaeov.              course, joins the Orinoco near the influx of the Mete.
EMPFINGEN, imp'fing'gn, a village of Western Germany,   ENDE, ut/ld, a seaport town of the Malay Archipelago, on
in IIohenzollern-Sigmnaringen, near Haigerloch. Pop. 1910. the S. coast of the island of Flores, in lat. 8~ 52' S., Ion. 121~
EMIPINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.        42' E. It has an excellent harbor, and formerly belonged
EM/PIRE, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois.     to the Dutch.
EMPIRE, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.      ENDEAVOR (en-dv/ftir)  IVER, in East Australia, enters
EMPIRE CITY, a small town of Tuolumne co., California, the Pacific in let. 150 26' 5.. lon. 1450 E.
is situated on the left bank of the Tuolumne River, about   ENDEAVOR STRAIT, in North Australia, is between
30 miles by water above its entrance into the San Joaquin. Cape York and Wolf Island, E. of the Gulf of Carpentearia.
The river is navigable for small steamboats, during winter, Lat. 100 451 S., lon. 142~ 101 E. Breadth, 8 miles.
to this town.                                               ENDELILION, a maritime parish of England, co. of CornEMPIRE IRON WORKS, a post-office of Trigg co., Ken-  wall.
tucky.                                                       ENDENICH, 5n/den-iK', a village of Prussia, government
EMPOLI, Smlpo-lee, (anc. Em'pulum,?) a town of Tuscany, of Cologne, circle, and 2 miles W. of Bonn, on the Kreuz16 miles W. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 5500. It has  berg. Pop. 984.
manufactures of straw hats.                                  EN/DERBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
EMPORIIF. See AnaPURIs..                                   ENDERRY-BAG, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
EMPORION, Sm-po're-on, (i. e. a "centre of trade," or em-   EN/DERBY-LAND, a considerable extent of territory in
porium,) a town and island of Santorini, in the Grecian  the Antarctic Ocean, lat. 670 30/ S., lon. 500 E., discovered
Archipelago. This place derives its name from having at February 1831, by Biscoe, who so named it after the enterone time been the residence of most of the merchants and  prising London merchants, by whom he had been sent out
vine-growers of the island. Pop. 1380.                     on his voyage.
EMPO/RIUM, a small village of McKean co., Pennsvlva-   EN/DERBY-MA/VIS, a parish of England, co. of Linnia. about 170 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                   coin.
EMIPSIIOT, a parish of England, co. of Hunts.             ENDERBY-WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
ERRICII, a town of Prussia. See Eseammeco.                ENDERI, a town of Russia. See ANDmiEEVA.
EMS, Sms, (anc. Amroisia or Ami/sius,) a river of North-west-    ENDERMO, Sn'dlrcnox, a port of Japan, on the southern
ern Germany, rises in Prussian Westphalia, N: of Paderborn. coast of the island of Yesso; let. 420 20' N., ion. 1410 5' E.
flows at fi-st W., then N. throu-h the Hanover dominions,   END/FORD or ENIFORD, a parish of England, co. of
and joiis the North Sea by an estuary, between thle Nether- Wilts.
lands and East PFriesland, after a course of 160 miles. Near    ENDIAN, a town of Persia. See HINDIAN.
its mouth it expands into a basin  called the Dollart.   ENDINGEN, Sn'ding-en, a town of Baden, circle of the
Affluents, the Werse, IIaase, and Leda. On its 5anks are  Upper Rhine, 12 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg, between the
the towns of Wahlrendorf, Rheine, Lingen, Meppen, Aschen- Rhine and the Baden Railway. Pop. 3000. It has linen
dorf, Oldersum, and Emden.                                manufactories and extensiv- vineyards.
631




END                                                          ENG
E"NDINGiEN, a village of W['rtemberg, 1~ miles S.W. of  In its parish church is a monument to the Saxon chieftain
Bahlingen. Pop. 746.                                          Witikind.
ENIDON, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.                ENGERS, ng/lers, EUNOSTEIN  ENGERS,  oilno-stine'
EN/DOR, a village of Palestine, pashalic, and 18 miles  1ng1'ers, or ZOLL  ENGERS, tsoll 6ngfers, a village of
S.E. of Acre, on the western declivity of Mount Hermon.       Prussia, government, and 5 miles N.E. of Coblentz, on the
ENDOR, a post-village of Will co., Illinois.                Rhine. It has a castle, with a fine botanical garden and
ENDRED, 6n'dr~d', a village of Hungary, co. of Sumegh,  park.  Pop. 868.
near Szarmardy.  Pop. 1239.                                      ENGIHEIN, a village of France.  See MONTMRORENCY.
ENDRED or GROSS ANDRA, groce  tnfdr', a village of    ENGIIHEIN-LES-BAINS, 8,NG'ghe-4Natla-bSaa a small town
IHungary, co. of, and 8 miles from Oldeunburg.  Pop. 738.    of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the Nhorthern
EN/DRICK, a small river of Scotland, rises in the county  Railroad.
of Stirling, and flows through the picturesque valley of    ENGIIIEN, 8NaGghe-ANGl a town of Belgium, province of
Innerdale into Loch Lomonod, near Buchanan.                    Hainaut, 16 miles N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 3742. It has a
ENtERGY, a post-village of Clarke co., Mississippi.          chiteau with a park and gardens, a gymnasium, manofacEN/FIELD, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  tures of linen and cotton fabrics.  It belongs to the ArenaMiddlesex, on the London and Cambridge Railway, 2A miles  berg family, but gave the title of duke to that of Bourbonfirom Ponder's End. and 10 miles N.E. of London. It has an  CondS, till the death of the last duke, shot by order of
ancient church, with several subordinate chapels; a free  Napoleon in 1804.
school, founded in 1413; and remains of an ancient royal    E:NGIA, a corrupt spelling of EcIscA, which see.
palace.                                                          ENGLAND, ingtgland, (L. An/ylia; Fr. Ang leterre, 58oNG
ENFIELD, a village of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath,  I'tie/;  It. Ighilterra, in-ghil-tsIrrAm; Sp. and Port. Inglaterra,
with a station on the Dublin Railway, 234 niles W.N.WT. of ing-glI4-t1R111; Ger. Egland, ung/ltnt; Dutch, Eyselacd, 6ng'
Di ublin.                          ofrlnt`,) acelebrated country ofEurope, forming, with Wales,
ENIFIELD, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on  the southern, larger, and more important division of the
the E. side of Penobscot River, 90 miles N.E. of Augusta.  island of Great Britain; between lat. 490 57'42"/and 550 460'N.;
Pop. 396.                                                      and Ion. 10 46'E. and 50 42/ V. The boundary between it and
ENFIELD, a post-village and township of Grafton co., Scotland, the northern division of the island, is not very well
Now Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 59 miles N.W.  defined, but consists of a tract of moor and mountain, stretchof Concord. It has some manufactures of cassimeres, sati-  ing, in a north-eastern direction, firom Solway Frith to the
nets, cabinet ware, &c. Pop. 1742.                            Tweed. On all other sides it is washed by the sea-on the
ENFIELD, a post-townshipof Hampshire co., Massachu-  W., by the Irish Sea or St. George's Channel, which separates
setts, 90 miles W. by S. of Boston, intersected by Swift  it from Ireland, and has an average width of about 90 miles;
River.  Pop. 1036.                                            on the S.W., by the Atlantic Ocean, whose vast surges here
ENFIELD, a post-village and township of Hartford co., beat incessantly and uncontrolled upon its shores; on the
Connecticut, on the left bank of the Connecticut River, S., by the English Channel, separating it firom  France by
where it is crossed by the New  IIaven, IHartfrd, and  distances which, commencing at 100 miles in the W., conSpringfield Railroad, 14 miles N. by E. df IIartford. A  tract to 21 miles at the Straits of Dover; and, on the E. by
bridge, the first erected across this stream in the state, con-  the North Sea or German Ocean, separating it from Belgium,
nects it with Suffield. A canal, 5tn miles in length, has  Holland, and Denmark.  Its contour is very irregular, the
been constructed around the falls in the Connecticut, oppo-  coast-line presenting an almost uninterrupted succession of
site the village.  Here is the seat of the Iazard Powder  curves. bay's, estuaries, and headlands; it attains its greatest
Company. The township contains several manufactories.  width on its southern shore, and narrows as it proceeds N.,
Pop. of township, 4460.                                        terminating almost in a point. Its general shape may be
ENFIELD, a post-village and township of Tompkins co., described as that of a triangle, the base of which has its exNew York, 6 or 7 miles W. of Ithaca. Pop. 2117.                tremities at Land's End and South Foreland, while the sides
ENFIELD, post-village of King William  co., Virginia, 36  are formed by straight lines, drawn filom those two points,
miles N.E. of Richmond.                                       and converging till they meet at the town of Berwick
ENFIELD, a post-village of Hlalifaax co., North Carolina,  The three sides of the triangle thus formed  measure,
on the Weldon and Wilmington Railroad, 19 miles S. of  from Land's End to South Foreland, 317 miles; from South
Weldon.                                                       Foreland to Berwick, 345 miles; and from  Land's End to
ENFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New  Berwick, 425 miles; and when  added together, give a
York, 160 niles W. by S. of Albany.                           perimeter of 1087 miles. This, however, is only a very
ENGADINE  or ENGADIN, hn-g[-deen/, an  extensive  distant approximation to the truth.  WVhen, instead of
valley of Switzerland.  in the canton of the Grisons, league  assuming imaginary lines, the actual curvature of the coast
of "God's House," between two principal chains of the  is traced, and the opposite sides of its estuaries are included,
Rhaetian Alps, and consistisg of the upper valley of the  the perimeter is found to be not less than 2000 miles.  The
Inn. Its length, from  S.W. to N.E. is 45 miles; average  space thus enclosed has a length, measured on a meridian,
width 1 miles. Elevation, 5753 feet above the sea. Pop. frem Berwick nearly to St..Alban's I-lead, of 365 miles. Its
10,000.  It is subdivided  into the Ober and Unter-En-  breadth, measured on a parallel of latitude, attains its
gadine.                                                        maximum between St. David's I-lead, in South Wales, and
ENGANO, 6n-gfno, (Sp. Engaigo, 6n-gtnfyo,) an island of  the Naze, in Essex, where it amounts to 280 miles. The
the Malay Archipelago, off the south-western coast of Suma-  shortest distance between the waters of the opposite shores
tra; lat. 50 21' S., Ion. 1020 20' E. It is about 30 miles in cir- is in the N., where theoutlets of the Esk and Eden, in the
cuit, rather lofty, and well wooded.                           Solway Frith, are only 62 miles from those of the Blyth and
ENGANO, an island of the northern coast of Papua; lat. Wandsbeck, in the German Ocean.  The area of South'20 28' S. Ion. 1350 E. Its length is about 15 miles; breadth, Britain (i. e. all that part of Britain S. of Scotland) was
5 miles.                                                      formerly estimated by writers on geography variously at
ENGEDI, 6ng/ghe-di, or AIN-JIDY, ain-jidfee, an ancient  from 28,000,000 to 47,000,000 acres. Butfrom the most accutown of Palestine, on the western margin of the Dead Sea, rate surveys that have been made, the true area is now unat a point nearly equidistant from  both extremities of the  derstood to be 36,999,680 acres, or 57,812 square miles, of
lake; lat., about 310 30' N., ion. 250 301 E.                  which 50,377 are in England, and 7,425 in iWales.  After
ENGELBERG, hng/el-blaox, a village of Switzerland, can-  deducting all the land tvhich may be considered absolutely
ton of Unterwalden, 9 miles S.E. of Sarnen, 3284 feet in ele- waste, there remain, out of the 57,812 square miles, no less
vation, with 1500 inhabitants, and  a remarkable Bene- than 51,000 available for cultivation, consisting, generally,
dictine convent, having a fine church and library.             either of rural districts. where hill and valley, woods and
ENGELHIARDSZELL, Sng1el-hhat'sll, a town of Upper  rivers, fields of corn, and meadows of richest verdure, unite
Austria, 28 miles N.W. of Wels, on the Danube. Pop. 1100. in forming landscapes of unrivalled beauty, or of manufaeIt has a castle of the Prince of WT'ede.                       turing districts covered with large and populous towns, in
ENGELHOILM, hng/ghel-holm',     a seaport town of Sweden, which all the great branches of manufacture and commerce
on the Riinne Aa, near its mouth in a bay of the Cattegat. are carried on.
Pop. 1088.                                                       The physical features, geology, agriculture, commerce, &c.,
EN/GELLVILE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New York, of England will be found fully described under the article
about 40 miles WV. of Albany.                                  headed BRITISH EMPIRE.
ENGELSBERG, hng/ghels-bhruo, a town of Austian Sile-           el/gilion. —The Church of England is incorporated with
s'a, 24 miles Wi.N.W. of Troppau.  Pop. 2200.                 the state. The sovereign is declared to be its only temporal
ENGEN, 8ng/en, a town of Baden, on the Aach, 23 miles  head. Its leading dignitaries sit in virtue of their office, or,
N.W. of Constance. Pop. of1472. The French defeated the  what is nearly the same thing, of the emolumen ts insepaAustrians here on the 3d of May. 1800.                        rably annexed to it, in the House of Lords, and are entitled
ENGENHIIO-DO-MATTO, hn-zhhn/yo-do-mnt/to, (i. r,. the  to take part, both by speech and vote, in all its deliberaGenius of tlhe Forest,") a village and parish of Brazil, pro- tions.  The religion~ is Protestant, and the form of church
vince  of Minas Geraes, about 140 miles N.IT.  of Rio Ja-  government Episcopal, though all religious sects have perneiro. It contains a parish church, which stands 2416 feet  feet freedom  to hold their peculiar tenets, and labor assiabove sea level. Pop. 3000.                                   duously in propag'ating them, whether by the pulpit or the
ENGER, hng/er, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 15 miles  press. Episcopally, the whole kingdom is divided into the
S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1560, engaged in linen manufactures. two provinces of Canterbury and York, each presided over
632




ENG                                                         ENG
by an archbishop-the former, styled Primate and Mletropo-  of charitable uses, bankruptcy, idiocy, lunacy, &c. The Exlitan of all England, crowns the sovereign, whether king or  traordinary Court, or Court of Equity, proceeds upon rules
queen; the latter, styled Primate and Metropolitan of Eng- of equity and conscience, moderates the rigor of the comland, crowns the queen consort.  Each archbishop, con- mon law, and gives relief in cases where there is no security
sidered as the head of his. province, has a general superin- in the common law. The lord high chancellor, the keeper
tendence over the dioceses within it; and has, moreover, a  of the great seal and the highest officer of the crown, the
diocese of his own, in which he possesses the privileges and  vice chancellor, and the master of the rolls, are the judges
performs the duties of an ordinary bishop. The number of  who preside over the High Court of Chancery, each holding
dioceses is 2S, of which 21 are in the province of Canterbury,  a separate court.  The master of rolls is appointed by
and 7 in that of York. Each diocese has a dean and chap- the crown for life, and takes precedence next to the lord
ter, in whom, in the case of a vacancy, the power of election  chief justice of the Queen's Bench. This office is of high
is formally placed; but all archbishops and bishops are no- antiquity, and its emoluments are reckoned at about 70001.
minated, and, as the nomination must take effect, actually  a year. The vice chancellor holds his office during good beappointed by the crown. Their emoluments are chiefly de- hayvior, and takes precedence next to the master of the
rived from land, and have been estimated to yield, in the  rolls. His income amounts to about 50001. per annum. The
aggregate, a net produce of about 160,0001. Till recently,  office of vice chancellor was created by George III. An apthec incomes were very unequal; but by a statute of William  peal may be made from any decision of the master of the
IV. an extensive modification has been effected. The Arch- rolls or vice chancellor to the lord high chancellor, and the
bishop of Canterbury has now 15,0001. per annum; the Arch- court of the latter is of late years chiefly occupied with
bishop of York, 10,0001.; the Bishop of London, 10,0001.; the  such appeals, original causes being for the most part conBishop of Durham, 50001.; the Bishop of Winchester, 70001.; fined to the courts of the master of the rolls and vice chanand the Bishop of St. Asaph and Bangor, 52001. None of the  cellor. The superior courts are the Court of Exchequer,
rest have more than 50001., nor less than 40001. The aggre- having cognizance of all cases relating to the revenue, the
gate income of the benefices of the church is estimated at Court of Queen's Bench, which is the highest common law
about three millions sterling. Several of these are above  and criminal court in the kingdom, and the Court of Con-,
20001., and a considerable number beneath 501.; but the far mon Pleas.' In these courts the great mass of the litigation
greater proportion range between 1501. and 4001., making the  of the kingdom is carried on. The Court of Common Pleas
average nearly 2801. The doctrine of the church is con- was formerly the only tribunal for causes of a purely civil
trained in Thirty-nine Articles, which, having been ratified  nature between private persons, and is still the only court
by Parliament, cannot be altered, except by its authority. in Westminster in which a real action can be tried; but the
The public services of the church are regulated by the Book  great majority of causes between party and party may now
of Common Prayer.  The adherents of the Established  be broughtindiscriminately in any of the three courts. In
Church are estimated to comprise two-thirds of the entire  each of these there is a chief justice, and several puisue
population, leaving but one-third for the non-conformists.  judges which, in the Exchequer, are styled chief barons.
Other estimates, however, greatly reduce this proportion.  During the reigns of the Stuarts there were frequently four
Mr. Baines, of Leeds, in evidence recently given before a  puisne judges, but after the revolution the number in each
committee of the House of Commons, estimates the number  court seems constantly to have been three, constituting, toof dissenting chapels at 14,340, and the churches of the Esta-  gether with the two chief justices and the chief baron, the
blishment at about the same number, but does not think  twelve judges of England.  By act of Parliament, in 1830, a
that one-half of the population are dissenters. Of the non- fomuth puisne judge was added to each court, makingr the
conformists, the Methodists, Independents, and Baptists are  total number of the superior judges of common law fifteen
the most numerous.                                          instead of twelve. A full court, however, consists of four
doucation, Crime, dc. —For the higher andil wealthier judges,the whole five never sitting togetherat a time. The
classes. and the clergy of the Established Church, England  superior courts sit at Westminster, for the determination
possesses, in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, two  of all questions at law, each holding four terms annually,
of the most celebrated institutions in the world. For the  and twice a year fourteen of the judges make their circuits
middle classes, a much moore scanty provision has been  through England and Wales to try all questions of fact that
made. The deficiency, however, has in some measure been  arise in the country. From  each of the three courts there
supplied by the erection, within comparatively recent times, lies an appeal by writ of error to the Court of Exchequer
of a great number of colleges and endowed schools, in which  Chamber. This is not a permanent court consisting always
instruction in the various branches, both of general and  of the same members, but from whichever of the three
professional education, is furnished at a moderate expense. courts an appeal is made, the cause is brought before the
But the education which, in a national point of view, is the  judges of the other two. In case a uniform decision canmost important of all-that suitable to the great masses  not be agreed upon, a further appeal lies by writ of error to
of the populatiomi-was for a long time greatly neglected. the House of Lords. The judges of the superior courts are
The public mind, however, has finally, in a measure, been  in all cases appointed by the crown for life, and are remoi
awakened to the necessities of the case, accurate statistics of vable only upon an address from Parliament to the crown.
the educational state of the most important districts of the  For the convenience of holding the circuit courts, England
kingdom have been obtained, proving both the lamentable  and Wales are divided into eight judicial districts.
extent to which ignorance prevails, and its decided ten-    Political Divisions, dec.-The civil or political divisions
dency to foster pauperism, immorality, and crime; and all of England have necessarily undergone repeated changes.
classes of the community, more especially the religious  At the invasion of the Romans, the country appears to have
bodies in it, are now matking commendable exertions in ex- been portioned out among a number of half savage and
tending the blessingsof education. The great work of popu- independent tribes, of which the Danmonii occupied the
lar instruction in England is at present most extensively  S.W.; the Durotiges, Belge, and Regni, the S.; the Cantii,
carried on in the national schools in connection with the  the S.E.; the Trinobantes and Iceni, the E.; the Brigantes
Established Church, and by the British and Foreign School and Ottoduni, the N.; the Silures, Dimete, and Ordovices,
Society, the constitution of which is so framed as to receive  the WIV.; and the Catecuchlani, Dobuni, Cernovii, and Corithe support of all denominatious.  In addition to. these, tani, the centre. Under the Romans, the principal divithere are also great numbers of local associations, not under  sions were Britannia Prima, comprehending the whole of
the immediate superintendenceof any public body. The sup- the S. as far as the estuaries of the Severn and Thaames;
port which popular education in England receives from the  Britannia Secunda,  nearly equivalent to Wales; Flavia
government, through the board organized for the purpose, Cesariensis, occupying the centre from the Thames to the
consists only of an original grant of 30,0001., now raised to  Humber; Maxima Coesariensis, stretching across the island
125,0001. per annum. The proportion of the population  to the opposite coasts, from  the Humber tothe Tyne, onthe
which some of the Swiss cantons have under instruction in  E., and from the Mersey to Solway Firth, on the W.; and,
the schools is as 1 to 5. In England, the proportion is only  lastly, Valencia, occupying the remainder of the N., and
as 1 to 11. To this fact-the scanty provision made for the  extending indefinitely into Scotland. The next great divieducation of the masses-is to be traced one of the most pro- sion was the Saxon Heptarchy, so called from the seven
lific sources of crime; and it has been ascertained that out petty kingdoms of which it consisted. It is probable that,
of 335,429 persons committed for offences committed in Eng- even during their existence, the modern division into
land and Wales between 1836 and 1848, not fewer than  counties had begun to be established, but it does not appear
304,772, or more than 90 per cent., were uninstructed. The  to have assumed a definite form till the time of Alfred the
number of criminal convictions in England in 1840, was 19, Great, who subdivided his dominions into 32 counties, with
513; in 1844, 18,436; and in 1848, 22,277. In Wales, the  the names, and nearly the boundaries, which they still
number in 1840 was 414; in 1844, 483; and in 1848, 623.    retain. In the reign of Henry VIII. the 32 English counJudiciary.-The Iouse of Lords, sitting in its judicial ca- ties of Alfred were increased to 40, by the addition of the
pacity, is, strictly speaking, the only supreme court within  three northern counties of Northumberland, Cumberliand,
the British Islands, though that name is usually given to  and Westmoreland, of which the Scots long had dejure of
the court or courts of each kingdomni whose decisions are  de fact  possession; by the formation of Lancashire, Dur
subject to no ether review than that of the House of Lords. ham, Cornwall, and Rutland, and the annexation of Mon
The liigh Court of Chancery, next to the Parliament, is the  mouth to England.  A variety of other changes were intro.
highest court in England. It consists of two distinct tri- duced, the most important of which was the incorporation
bumials. ordinary and extsaoerdienary; from the former issue  of Wales with the English monamchy, and its subdivisior
all original writs that pass under the greatseal, commissions  into 12 counties.
633




ENG                                                                  ENG
The names, areas. and population of the different ounties  the throne in 871.  His reign is one of the brightest in Engof England and Wales, are exhibited in the annexed tables:  lish history; and his numerous virtues and admirable institutions have justly procured for him the surname of the
ENGLAND;
E~NGLA~ND.~ ~Great. Upon his death in 901, the Danes, who had form.erly
made inroads into the country, renewed their incursions,
Area   Number                   Popsulation  and in 1014, Sweyn, King of Denmark, having arrived at
CouNacrES.
Cio  n' ~'       Population      per
Squrae      of risloe.  i 15                  the head of a powerful force, obliged Ethelred, the reigning
Square    rishes. in 1851.  [Square
miles.  -P,    _Tile.                      sovereign, to take refuge in Normandy with Duke Richard,.... —~~~~  I1~~~~ {                               whose daughter he had married.  The Saxon was thus supDedford........
Bedfordn..............   46-       123       124,478      270       planted by the Danish dynasty, under which the only great
I~lls...............  [0   1St            1006          6
Buckinga.............    730      07,2        221         otmewhichappears isthatofCanute. Hisson, 1-lardicranute,
Buckngha......    70        2017      13  2         2
Cabridige...........     818       16       185,405      226       a compound of cruelty, rapacity, and intemperance, died of a
Cl1,e.tcr..............  1,105     91       455,725      412      debauch in 1041. With him the Danish dynasty ceased, and
Covnrowel..........  1,3695 205            3q5.5,5508     259      the Saxon was resumed, in the person of Ethelred's son,
Cumberlad.........    1,565        105      195,492      125
l)erby...............   1,029 140                    s296,081 28   Edward, surnamed the Confessor.  On his death, in 10C6,
Oc ssn..............   2,589 O     465       567,098      318      Harold, maternal grandson of Canute, and brother  of EdI)orset................  987      275       184,207      18(i      ward's queen, assumed the reins of government. Ihis acurham.............       I3         76      390,997       399      cession, however,. was contested by William, Duke of NorEssex.165
I.,s...............  1 ]5   414    ]  369,318    ] 222
Glousceter...........    1,2       404       369,318      32        mandy, who had been made heir to the throne by the will
Gloucester...........   [,~jS  338  458,805    36t
Hereford.............     6        23       115,489      18        of Edward, but whose title by blood was, perhaps, as deHertford.............   611       134       167,298      27         c feetive as Harold's.  William  landed at Hastings in 1066,
fluntiogdon..........    31        102:       64,18e3o    178      with a powerful army, and in the great battle which folKelt.................   1,627     413       615,76                lowed, Harold was slain and his army destroyed.  The vieLancaaster...........   1,905      67      2,031,230i   1,0166
Leicester............    803      213       230,308       87      torious chieftain thus added to his former titles that of conLincoln..............  2,776       30       407,222      14       quest, and although he chose rather to accept the sceptre as
Middles...........      281       197      1,886,57'    6,713     a gift, yet there is no doubt that he wielded it as a conMnot........... 576           1 2-3    157,418[   272,ytteei   odutta    i
llseesostls     -...   578        123       250,418      272      queror.  Ilis abilities were of the highest order, but his temNorfolk..............  2,116      748       44,714       209      queror.
Nolrtho.........    985          303       212,300      216      per was imperious, and his laws tyrannical.  lie died in
Northumlberland......    1,952      94       303,58       15       1087, and was succeeded by his eon, Williaon II., surnaned
Nottingham..........    82         212'70,427.  329       Rufus, who, in 1100, was accidentally shot in a hunting exOxford..............    739       218       170,439      231      cursion by Sir Walter Tyrrell, one of his attendants.  His
Rutlad......... d150  I  51  l     13,983      158      h
Slopan.............     150      51        22,983      1        brother Henry, a prince of great ability, but destitute of
Salop................  1,291      217       229,341      178
Somserset.............    in636    474       44:,916      271      moral qualities, usurped the crown, which of right belonged
Soutlhampton.........    1,672I   318       405,370      240      to the elder brother, Robert, who was then  absent in the
ta ffolrd..............1,138      151       608,716      535      HolyLand.  He succeeded in subduing all his enemies, but
Suiffolk...............  1481     50        3325          2"8
Su011rrey......4.....        9409            77,715       18       at the moment when the summit of his wishes seemed to be
Sue................      748     144       683,02       91
Sussex...............    1,41      314       226,844      230      gained, he was overtaken by a domestic calamity so'overWarawico.............    881       201       475,013      539      whelming that it is said he was never known to smile aOCin2
Wesoelar........    258            32        58,207       77      His only son, William, a prince of great promise, in his 18th
lt...,701.... 303    1 54,2'2]    1 88
Wrce's................  1,35er73  i3        27649,22     188      year, the unldisputed  heir to his crown, perished by shipWocester..........       738       173       276.926      375
York, East Riding...  1,201       18        228,983      10       wreck in a passage from  Normandyto England.  Upon the
- Ciy...........        4         48       3,303    9,076        death of the king in 1135, Henry, the son of his daughter
-   North Riding..  2,10          192      215,214  102           Matilda by Geoffrey of Plantagenet, eldest son of the Count
— West Riding...  2;69         19....,45              9
West Ridic   2,069.190  o,325,495            f Anjou, succeeded to the throne in 1154.  His reign is one
Totsl.......... 58,912.    9,942    16,921,888     332       ofthe ablest in English annals.  Among its most interesting
events are his struggles with the clergy, the murder of Becket,
WALES.                                  and the conquest of Ireland.  The dissension in his family
sent him  to his grave with an unrecalled malediction on his
Angleseey.............    302       74        57,327      188      undutiful children.  He was succeeded in 1189 by his eldest
Brecon..............     719.68        61,474       86      son, Richard I., whose achievements in the Crusades gained
Cardigan.........      6 693       63        70,7196     102      for him the surname ofCoeur de Lion, ("lion-hearted.") This
Carsarthea.........    947         56       110,632      117
Carnarvoron...........    579      68        87,870      151      brave prince met his death in 1199, while besieging one of his
Denbigh..............  603         60        92,58 3     153      vassals in the castle of Chalons.         During the reign of Ring
Flint................    289       25        68,156      235      John, who obtained the throne by the murder of the true
Glaseorgan......856  [ 130       3 31,849     3 68     he
Merioehan..........    85602      4       231,849      268      heir, Prince Arthur, son of Geoffrey, his next brother. was
Merpiorneth...........    602     31        38,843       61)
M1ontgomery.........    755        52        61,335       89       granted, at Runnymede, in 1215, the Magna Charta of EngPemlbroke............    628     141        94,140      149      land.  The king died the following year, and was succeeded
Radnor..............    425        52         4,716        8      by his son, Henry III., an imbecile prince, whose reign, one
Total    I —7,39-8-/    810      1,0-i,72 —     116 —-   of the longest and feeblest on record, did not terminate till
Total..........(  7,n98      838  11,005,721        136..........__________  -1272.  His son and successor. Edward I., was a man of
The population of England in  1831, was 13,091,005; in   very different character.  By his conquests he annexed
1841, 14,990,138.   Of Wales, in  1831, 806,182; in  1841,  Wales to his dominions.  He also made a barbarous at911,603.                                                             tempt to extinguish all evidence of the national indepenHistsry.-The first historical record of the island is fur-  dence of the Scots, by the destruction  of their ancient
nished by Julius Casar, who, about half a century before  records.  h-e has, however, the merit of bein4 the only
the Christian era, determined to visit its shores, and add it  prince who, up to his time, successfully resisted the arroto the number of his conquests.  His landing was opposed  gant pretensions of the Church of lome, and he introby hordes of painted and half naked barbarians, who not  duced many valuable improvements by the laws which he
only displayed dauntless courage, but possessed some ac-  enacted.  lie was succeeded in 1307 by his son, Edward II.,
quaintance with the arts of war. The superior discipline,  who, after all imaginable insults had been heaped  upon
however, of the Romans prevailed, and though Cmsar soon  him, died a horrid death in prison by the hands of assassins
withdrew, his successes were followed up by other leaders,  in 1327.  His son and successor, Edward III., wielded the
and the greater part of the island became a lioman province,  sceptre till his death in 1377, a year subsequent to that of
and continued so for nearly 400 years.  But when Rome,  his celebrated son, surnamed the Black Prince.  The great
unable longer to retain the island, in consequence  of dissen-  events of this reign are the battles of Cressy and Poictiers,
sions which had broken out in the heart of the empire with-  and a naval engagement in which an English fleet of 250
drew her legions, the spirit of freedom  had died out among  sail, commanded by the king in person, defeated a French
the natives; and when the tribes of the N. came pouring  fleet of 400 sail, with the loss of 230 ships and 30,000 men.
down upon them, the pusillanimous Britons found no better  Edward III. was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II.,
alternative than first to claim  tile protection of their old  son of the Black Prince.  He at first exhibited some intremasters, and when that was refused, to call in the aid of  pidity and presence of mind in suppressing a popular outwarlike tribes from  the E. shores of the German Ocean. The  brealk, commonly called Wat Tyler's insurrection; but was
associlants were expelled, but the new allies remained, and,  afterwards formally  deposed  by Parliament as  unfit to
continually reinforced by large arrivals of their countrymen,  govern, confined to the Tower, and there murdered in 3400.
spread rapidly over the fairer portions of the island, till the  The Duke of Lancaster now assumed the sovereignty, under
Britons were cooped up in its wildest and almost inaccessi-  the title of Henry IV., and laid the foundation of the fierce
ble fastnesses.  The Saxons, having become masters, were  and bloody contests between the houses of Lancaster and
not united under one head, but governed by a number of  York known as the War of the loses. In this reign the fires
independent chiefs, who ultimately formed what is called  of persecution were lighted against the Lollards and Wickthe Saxon Heptarchy.  Feuds soon arose, and war and in-  liffeites.  The crown next descended to Henry V., the victor
testine dissensions raged almost without intermission till  of Agincourt, who succeeded his father, Henry IV., in 1413.
827, when Egbert. in whdm  military  prowess and political  He was cut off in 1422, in the 34th year of his age, and was
sagacity were happily combined, made himself sovereign of  succeeded by his son, Henry VI., a mere infaen.  His reign
the whole country, and gave to it the name of England.  was a perpetual scene of distsaction, rival factions contendHis most distinguished successor was Alfred, who came to. ing for the superiority, and often securing it by the com.
634




ENG                                                        ENN
mission of horrid crimes.  During Henry's lifetime, the i alencia. Pop. 5751. It has manufactures  ofwoollen stuffs,
house of York resumed its ascendency in the person of Duke  and a considerable trade.
Edward, who was proclaimed king by the name of Edward    EN-IHAM, a parish of England, co. of IHants.
IV., in 1461. In 1470, he was obliged to flee, and Henry    ENIKALE, STRAIT OF. in South Russia. See YErIKAIAse.
was nominally restored. Factions still continued to rage,    ENKHUYSEN, hnk'hoilsen, ENKIIHUIZEN, ENCHUSA,
and the n/ost barbarous atrocities were openly perpetrated. 6n-kiis[ (?) a fortified seaport town of the Netherlands, proHenry's eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales, was despatched  aince of North Holland, on a peninsula in the Zuyder-Zee,
by the daggers of Clarence and Gloucester, and he himself, (zoilder-zA,) 28 miles N.N.E. of Amsterdam.  Pop. 4988. It
a few days after, met the same fate. Edward IV. was now  has a fine town-hall, a large cannon foundry, and trade in
again sole sovereign, and continued a course of cruelty and  salt, fish, timber, and cattle.
profligacy till his death in 1482. His two sons, one 13 and    ENKIRCH, nilkeenH, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 4
the other 9 years of age, were both murdered by the Duke of  miles S.W. of Zell, on the Moselle. Pop. 2090.
Gloucester, who, by a series of unparalleled atrocities, cut his     ENKJOPING, (Enkjoping,) ENKOPING, (EnIukping.) or
way to the throne. and took upon him the title of Iichard  ENKIOPING, (Enkitiping,) n'chl'ping, (almost In/chip'III. In 14465, only two years after his usurpation, he was  ing,) a town of Sweden, 27 miles S.W. of Upsal, near Lake
slain on the field of Bosworth by the Duke of Rlichmond,  Maclar. Pop. 1253.
who mounted the throne as Henry VII., and by marrying the    EN/IMORE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 4 miles
representative of the house of York, happily united the two  W.S.W. of Bridgewater.  lHere is a fine moated castle.
roses, and terminated the feuds by which the kingdom had    ENNA.  See CASTRo GIovAcni.
been torn asunder. After a long, prosperous, and peaceful   ENNASKA, 6n-ins/ki, one of the Fox islands, in the North
reign, he died in 1509, and was succeeded by his son, Henry  Pacific Ocean, 90 miles S.W. of Oomnak; lat. 520 40' N.
VIII., then in his 18th year. IHis reign is distinguished by    ENNEDA, &n-n ld, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
many events of importance; but the one which far eclipses  1 mile S.E. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 2129.
all the rest is the Reformation.  lie died in 1647, leaving a    ENINEL, or BEL'VEDEREI, a lake of Ireland, in Leinster,
son and two daughters, who all successively mounted the  co. of Westmeath, 2 miles S.S.W. of Mullingar. It is studthrone, The son, Edward VI., succeeded in his 9th, and  ded with wooded islets, and has several fine seats on its
died in his 16th year, and was followed in the succession by  banks.
Mary, daughter of Henry VIII. by Catherine of Aragon.   EININERDALE-WATER, a lake of England, co. of CurmFrom the persecutions which took place  during her reign, berland, 1 mile E. of the small village of Ennerdale, and
she has been transmitted to posterity under the name of  about 7 miles N.E. of Egremont. It is formed by the r]iver
Bloody Mary.  At her death, the throne was ascended by  Eken, and is surrounded by inland mountain  scenery.
the illustrious Elizabeth: whose reign, though not free fi'om   Length. 2, miles; breadth, -T mile.
blemishes, proved one of the ablest and most prosperous    ENNEZAT, 6nn'1&V, a village of France, department of
which the kingdom has ever enjoyed. She died in 1603. Puy-de-DIme, 10 miles N.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 1852, 1509.
Under her successor. James VI. of Scotland and I. of Eng-    ENINIS, a parliamentary and municipal borough and
land, the history of England begins to form part of that of  market-town of Ireland, capital of the co. ofClare, on the
the United Kingdom, which is accordingly contained in the  Fergus, 20 miles W.N.W. of Limerick. It has 3 bridges across
article BRITISH E iaPIrtE. Ad1. ENGLISHi, ing/glish, ANGLIAN, the Fergus, a county court-house, jail and infirmary, a feverand AXcGLICAN; inhab. ENrsLIStiMAN; (Fr. for both, ANGLAS, hospital, town-hall, barracks, work-house, market-house and
6NG'gl-s; It. INnRGLES. in-ghusa; Sp. INGES. ing-elgsf; Ger. adj. linen market, 3 branch banks, a parish, and a large iloman
IENcGriSCIc-i Sn1,1ish I inhab. ElNGLANNDE, Ingfgl n-der.)  Catholic church, a Rloaman Catholic college, 2 convents, and
ENGLI'FIELD, unggel-feeld. parish of England, co. Berks. ruins of a fine abbey. The borough sends 1 member to the
1ENGLEWOOD (Snglgigel-wood) FORIEST, a wide moor in HI-ouse of Commons. Pop. 9318.
England, co. of Cumberland, near Carlisle.                    EN'NISCOlRITHY, a municipal borough  and marketIENGLISH BAZAR, a town of British India, on the I/aba- town of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 12 miles N.N.W. of
nuddy, 55 miles N. of Moorshedabad.                         Wexford. It has a court-house, district bridewell, Roman
ENGLISHI CHANNEL, (Fr. La Manche, II mdNsh, i.e. ~"the  Catholic cathedral and convent, a stately Anglo-Norman
sleeve:" so named firom its shape;) that portion of the Atlantic  castle, the property of Lord Portsmouth, and still in good
which separates Great Britain fiom France, extending from  repair; remains of a priory granted by Queen Elizabeth t6
Dover Strait to Land's End, Cornwall.  Width at Dover, 20 the poet Spencer. Most of the corn raised in the county
miles; at Land's End, 102 miles; greatest width, 155 miles.  is sent to Wexford.  Enniscorthy was the scene of frightful
ENGLISIf-COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  outrages during the rebellion of 1793. Pop. 7016.
ENGLISH, COMIPANY'S ISLANDS, a group off the N.   EN/NISKEEN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster and Leinster,
coast of Australia, 40 miles N.W. of Cape Arnhem; lat. 120  cos. of Cavan and Meath.
10' S., Ion. 1360 35' E.                                      EN'NISKERtRY, a number of small islands off the W.
ENGLISH  COVE, a bay on the S.W. coast of New Ire- coast of Ireland, co. of Clare; of these the most important is
land, in the Pacific; Lat. 40 54' S., ion. 1520 35' E.      Mutton Island, about 1 mile firom  the shore. It contains
ENGLISIH CREEK, of Marion co., Iowa, flows into the  about 210 acres of land, and some curious caves, formerly
Des Moines fiom the S.W.                                    used by smugglers.
ENGLISIH HARIBOR, on the S. coast of the island of    EN'NISKER/RY, a beautiful village of Ireland, in LeinAntigua, is one of the best harbors in the West Indies; lat. ster, co. of Wicklow, 11 miles S.S.E. of Dublin.
170 31 N., Ion. 610 45' W.                                    EN'NISKIL/LEN, a parliamentary anudmunicipal borough,
ENGLISH  HARBOR, in Central America, Costa Rica, on  thriving market-town, and parish of Ireland, Ulster, capithe Pacific; lat. 80 50' N., ion. 830 55' W.                tal, co. of Fermanagh, mostly built on an island, on the
ENGLISH NEIGIIBORHOOD, n.bpor-hood, a post-village  river connecting Upper and Lower Lough Erne, 87 miles
of Bergen co., New Jersey, 5 or 6 miles N. of Hoboken. It NW. of Dublin. The parisI is noted for its picturesque
contains 2 churches, and several stores.                    scenery. Pop. of town, 56586. It is well built, and has a
ENGLISH  PRAIIRIE, a post-village of McIenry  co., county court-house and prison, a town-hall; in which are
Illinois, 50 miles N.W. of Chicago.                         preserved the banners borne by the Enniskilleners at the
ENGLISHI  RVI/ER, an estuary in Delagoa Bay, South- battle of the Boyne, a richly endowed school, large barracks,
eastern Africa, about lat. 250 58' 2" S., Ion. 320 36' 711/E., which  an infirmary, union work-house, linen-hall, 2 or 3 branch
receives the Mattol, Dundas, and Temby Rivers. It flows  banks, 2 weekly newspapers. &c., a small manufactory of
through a mud fiat covered with mangroves.                  cutlery. The borough sends 1 member to the House of Con.
ENGLISI{ RIVER, of Iowa, an affluent of the Iowa, is  mons. Enniskillen was founded in 1641 by Sir William
formed by two branches, which unite near the N.W. corner  Cole, to whose fimily it still mostly belongs, and now gives
of Washington county, and flowing eastward, enters the  the title of earl. The inhabitants warmly supported the
Iowa about 15 miles S. of the capital of the state. The  Protestant cause in the war of 1689, successfully defended
branches are called the North Fork and South Fork.          their town against King J ames' forces, and afterwards disENGLISH  RIVER, in Iowa, rises in the N. part of the tinguished themselves at the battle of the Boyne. From the
state, and flowing S.E., enters the Red Cedar in Black Hawk  "EI ENNSKnIL'eiNERS " has been formed the gallant regiment
county.                                                     known as "'the Enniskillen dragoons."
ENGLISIH SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Marion co.,   EN'NISKILILEN, a village of Canada West, co. of DurIowa.                                                       ham, 8 miles N.W. of Bowmanville.  Pop. 100.
ENGLISIITOWN, a post-village of Monmouth co., New    ENNIS POINT, a village of Jasper co., Missouri, 180
Jersey, 5 miles N.W. of Freehold. It has a Methodist church, miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
and about 40 dwellings.                                       ENNISTRAHIUL, en'nis-trawl~, a small island off the N.
ENGLISH  TURN, a post-office of Plaquemine  parish, coast of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, 7 miles E.N.E. of
Louisiana.                                                  Malin-Head. It has a light-house with a revolving light.
ENGUA-GUA(U, (or GUAZU,) eng'gw/-gw9LsooI, an island    EN'NIOTY/MON, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster,
of Brazil, province, and about 30 miles S.S.E. of Sbo-Pafilo.  co. of Clare, on a small river of the same name, near its
It is quite close to the main land, and has recently been  mouth in Liscanor Bay, 14~ miles W.N.W. of Ennis. Pop.
connected with it by a road built upon piles. The town of  2089. In the environs, which are singularly picturesque.
Santos stands at its N., and that of Sgo-Vicento at its S.E.  is an old castle of the O'Briens.
extremity.                                                   EN/NIS~ILLE,     a post-village of Huntingdon co., PennENGUERA, 6n-gwa.rA, a town of Spain, 47 miles S.W. of  sylvania, about 80 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.
635




ENN                                                         ENZ
ENNISVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of Lanark. 9    ENTERPRISE, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Michigan.
miles S. of Carleton Place, and 12 miles from Perth; Pop.   ENTERPRISE, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana.
about 150.                                                    ENTERPRISE, a village  of Switzerland  co., Iudiana
ENfNOREE, a small river of South Carolina, rising in  about 8 miles from  the Ohio River, and 100 miles S.E. of
Greenville district, near the N.W. border of the state, flows  Indianapolis, is a place of considerable business.
S.E., and enters the Broad River in Newberry district, a few    ENTERPRISE, a post-village of Wayne co., Illinois, on
miles below the mouth of Tiger River.                       Elm Creek, 55 miles S.E. of Vandalia.
ENINOREE, or ENOREE, a post-office of Spartanburg dis-   ENTERPRISE, a post-village of McDonald co., Missouri,
trict, South Carolina.                                      about 225 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
ENNS, or ENS. 8ns, (anc. Astisus or AAnesus,) a river of    ENTERPRISE. a post-office of Black Hawk. co. Iowa.
Austria, rises in the circle of Salezburg, 11 miles S. of Red-   ENTRAGUE, 5ab'trg!5 a village of the Sardinian States, 13
stadt, flows E. through Styria, and then N., sepai:ating the  miles S.S.W  of Coni. Pop. 3147.
provinces of Upper and Lower Austria, past Itadstadt, Steyer,   ENTRAIGUES or ENTRAYGUES, 8aG'traigf, a town of
and Enns, and enters the Danube on the right, 11 miles  France, department of Aveyron, 15 miles N.W. of Espalion,
S.S.E. of Lintz.  Chiei  affluents, the Steyer on the right, on the Lot. Pop. 1806.
and Salzas on the left. Length, 112 miles.                    ENTRAIGUES or ENTRAYGUES, three villages, in the
ENNS, (anc. LauEriacura?) a town of Upper Austria, on  departments of sBIsre, Nivre, and Vaucluse.
the Enns, near its junction with the Danube, 10 miles S.E.   ENTRECASTEAUX, 8Nt'r'kas'to/, a town of France, deof Lintz. It has 3400 inhabitaits, and manuLfctures of iron  partinent of Var, 12 miles N.E. ofBrignolles.  Pop. 2187.
and steel. The town is iaclosed with old walls, (the expense    ENTRE-DEUX-MERS, Nt'r'-duh'-mairi, (anc. Binaris?) a
of which was defi-ayedwith a part of the ransom otl Richard I. vine'country of France, department of Gironde, between the
of England,) and has a tower, erected by the Emperor  Maxi-  Dordogne and Garonne, interspersed with corn-fields and
milien. It was the head-quearters of Napoleon in 1809. Near  country seats; the best wine is produced from  the vineit is the castle of Enuseck.                                yards of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande.
EINOCII, a post township in Monroe co., Ohio, about 100    ENTRE-DOURO-E-MINHO, in Portugal.  See MaNno.
miles E. by S. of Columbus. Pop. 1439.                        ENTRE RIOS, 6nltrt reetoce, (i. e. "between the rivers,")
ENIODER, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.           a province of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) South
EINOE MILLS, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina. America, between the rivers Uruguay and Paran'i, (whence
EINON, a post-office of ilacon co., Alabama.             its name,) having E. the Republic of Uruguay, on the W. the
ENON a post-office of Perry co., Mississippi.            provinces of Santa F6, and Buenos Ayres, and on the N. the
ENON, a post-village of Clark co., Ohio, on the railroad  province of Corrientes. Estimated area, 32,000 square miles.
from Dayton to Springfield, 7 miles S. WV. of the latter. It  Pop. 30,000.   Surface alternately swvampy and in awide
has 2 churches, and about 300 inhabitants.                 prairies, on which large herds of cattle and horses wander;
ENON, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, about 7 miles  its S. part is an alluvial plain, annually inundated.  Climate
N.W. of Princeton.                                          equable and healthy; there is no frost. Cultivation is very
EINON COL/LEGE, a post-ofice of Sumnerco., Tennessee. limited.  The principal products are hides, horns, tallow,
ENON GROVE, a post-village of Heard co., Georgia, about and jerked beef. Chief towns, Paran6, Ybicuy, and Concep9 miles N.E. of Franklin.                                   cion de la China.
ENONTEKEIS, A-nonctA-klsx, a village of Russian Lap-    ENTREVAUX; 8Nt'r'v6!, a village of France, department
land, on the Torned RiEver, 190 miles N.N.W. of Torned. of Basses-Alpes, on a height near the Var, arrondissement,
Pop. 800.                                                   and 17 miles N.E. of Castellane. Pop. 1704.
EINON VALfLEY, a post-office, Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.    ENTRINGEN. hn/tring-en, a village of WFiirtemberg, circle
ENORE, hn'Sr/, a village of British India, presidency, and  of Schwarzweald, 15 miles S.E. of Herrenberg.  On a height
8 miles N. of Madras, on the bank of a salt lake.           above the town stands the castle of Hochentringen.  Pop.
ENOREE, of South Carolina.  See ENNaORE.                  1344.
EINO RIVER, a small stream  of North Carolina, flows    ENTRY  (en/tree) ISLAND, KAPITO, kh'pee-to, or IAeastward through Orange county, and enters Neuse River,  PITI, k{-peeftee, an island of New Zealand, in Cook Strait.
near the N. border of Wake county.                          Lat. 400 50' S., ion. 1740 45' E. It is 5 miles in length fi-om
ENOS, anos', (anc../nos,) a seaport town of European Tur- N.E. to S.W., by 1 miles in breadth, and rises to 1800 feet
key, province of Room-Elee, 35 miles N.W. of Gallipoli, on the  above the sea. Water, wood, and stock are plentiful, and the
gEReant Sea, at the mouth of the Maritza, in the Gulf of Enos. island is a native depot for flax.
Pop. 7000. (?) It is the actual port of Adrianople, and the seat    ENTWISLE, hut/swil, a towvnship of England, co. Lancaster.
of some trade; but its harbor is choked with sand, and ad-   ENTZ, a river of Germany. See ENz.
mits only small vessels. The Gulf of Enos, N. of the town,   ENVIE,  Nrs'veel, (L. In vibiis or Invice,) a village of the
is 14 miles in length, by 5 miles in breadth, and entered by  Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division, and 23 miles N.N.W.
a strait 21 miles in width.                                 of Conu, on the Giandone.  Pop. 2470.
EINOSBURG, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,   ENIVILLE or ENIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of
Vermont, on the S. side of Missisque River, 50 nMiles N.N.W.  Stafford, 5* miles W.N.W. of Stourbridge.  Lord Stafford
of Montpelier. Pop. 2009.                                   has a fine mansion here.
ENOSBURG FALLS, a post-village of Franklin co., Ver-   ENYENG, hn'yhng/, a village of Iungary, 10 miles firom
mont, 58 miles N. of Montpelier.                            Veszprim. -Pop. 2117.
ENOTAEVSK, Pno-t-hvsk/, a town ofRussia government,   ENZ or ENTZ, hnts, a river of Germany, in Wtiirtemburg
and 80 miles N.W. of Astrakhan.  It has a fort in which a  and Baden, rises in the Schwarzwald, 12 miles S. of Wildbad,
garrison is kept, and in its vicinity, wvandering Calmnucks  flows N.E. and E. past Pforzheim, and joins the Neckar on
encamp both summner and winter. Pop. 3000.                  the left at Besigheim. Length, 55 miles.
ENSCIIEDE, hn-skh/deh, a fi-ontier town of the Nether-   ENZBERG, hnts/bhao, a village of Wiirtemburg, circle of
lands, province of Overyssel, 40 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. Neckar, and 6 miles W. of Vaihingen, near the Enz, on the
5000.                                                      fiontiers of Baden. Pop. 1054.
ENSENADA DE BARRAGON, hn-sl-nh/dit dA baR-al-gan/,    ENZELLEE, hnzehll]ee, ENZILLI, hn'ziYlee, or ENZELI,
a bay and village of the Argentine Republic, 30 miles-S.E.of  hn'ehl/ee. written also ENZELLE and INZILI, a seaport
Buenos Ayres, in the estuary of the Plata River.           town and a lake of Persia, province of Ghilan.  The town is
ENSIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, on the  on a low spit of land between the Caspian and the lake, 18
Isis, 5 miles E.S.E. of Witney,  The village, formerly a  miles N.W. of Reshd. Estimated pop. 2500, mostly Rusmarket-town, is very ancient. It has 2 handsome stone  sians. It consists of 200 wood and reed houses, caravanbridges across the Isis, a fine Gothic church, a very curious  serais, a bazaar. and a few detached towers for its defence.
ancient cross, and remains of an abbey, founded in the  The lake, about 25 miles in length from E.to WV., communi.
thirteenth century. The vicinity has delightful scenery.   cates with the Caspian, immediately E. of Enzeli, by a chanENSISHIEIM, en/sis-hime, or ENSHEIM, hns/hIme, a  nel 500 yards across. It forms the port of Enzeli, and is fretown of France, department of Haut-Rhin, on the Ill, 15  quented by Russian craft of filom 30 to 70 tons; larger yesmiles S. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 3936.                     sels anchor in the Caspian, opposite the town.
ENSIVAL, In/se-ial, a village of Belgium, province of    ENZERSDORF., ntslers-doef'. or STADTEL  ENZERS,
Liege, on the Vesdre, 7 miles N. of Spa. Pop. 2720.         DORF, stht~tel hntsfers-do Rf; a small fortified town of Lower
EN/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.             Austria, on the left bank of the Danube, 8 miles E. of
ENTELBUCH,. nftel-b66Ka. a parish and village of Swit- Vienna, on the railway to Stockerau. It was bombarded by
zerland, canton of Lucerne, capital of valley of the same  the French in 1809.
name, on the Little Emmen, 12 miles S.W. of Lucerne.          ENZERSDORF, a village in  Lower Austria, on the
EN/TERPRISE, a thriving post-village of Lancaster co., Fischa, about 4 miles f-om Fischamend.  Pop. 1050.
Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Colunmbia Railroad,   ENZERSDORF AM GEBIRGE, hntsfers-dottf' Am ga-beeRa6 miles E. of Lancaster. It has a depat for the produce ex- gah, a village of Lower Austria, about 5 miles from Vienna.
ported flom the vicinity, and has an active trade in lumber It contains a Franciscan monastery and the ruins of a
and coal.                                                  castle. The poet Werner was born here. Pop. 820.
ENTERPRISE, a post-office of Orange co., Florida.          ENZILLI, a town of Persia.  See ENZELLEE.
ENTERPRISE, a post-office of Clarke co., Mississippi.      ENZWEIHINGEN, hnts-vithing-en, a village of WirtremENTERPRISE. a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 100 miles berg, circle of Neckar, 2 miles S.E. of Vaihingen. on the
W. by S. of Columbus.                                      Enz. Pop. 1520.
636




EOA                                                         ERB
EOA, e-oil, EOOA, e-oo4, or MIDIDLEBURG, one of the  built, and has a ruined castle, and several large and fine
Friendly Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 180 19' S., ion. public edifices, including a Gothic cathedral, a prefecturs,
1750 37' W. Circuit, about 30 miles. Surface rocky and  and a theatre, a public library with 17,000 volumes, and a
barren, rises to 600 feet above the sea. It was discovered by  museum of paintings and antiquities. It is the seat of maTasman in 1643.                                             nufactures  of embroidery, lace, linen fabrics, and thread,
EOILIA, a post-village of Dane co., Wisconsin, 20 miles hosiery, earthenware, oil. paper, and chemical products.
N.E. of Madison.                                              EPINAY, Apee'n.!, the name of several communes and
EORS-TISZA, (Ebrs-Tisza,) A'inshlteefsbh, a village of  villages of France, the principal being in the department
Hungary, co. of Hleves, about 6 miles from Tisza-Fitred. In  of Seine, 9 miles N. of Paris, and comprising many handthe vicinity are the traces of a Roman fort, near which  some country villas.
many coins have been found. Pop. 1184.                        EPINAY-SUR-ORGE, Ppee'nRY-si-sloRzh,  a village  of
EPAIGNES, eh-panl, a village of France, department of France, department of Seine-et-0ise, on the Paris and OrEure, 51 miles S.SW. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. 2317.            leans Railway, 2A,:miles from Longjumeau.
EPANOMERIA, A-p-no-mA-ree'a, a town in the island of    EPIPHANIA.  See HATAn.
Santorini. in the Grecian Archipelago, singularly situated on    EPIRUS, e-pi/rhs, (Gr. Hfretpog, Epeiros, i.e.'"mainland,")
the face of the cliffs of the N.W. promontory of the island. a celebrated country of ancient Greece, corresponding to the
The houses are piled one over another from 15 to 20 deep,the  S. portion of Albania, in which it is now included. The
whole surrounded by numerous wind-mills, perched on the  name was given to distinguish it from Corcyra and other
very top of the cliff. IMany of the dwellings are excavations  islands off the W. coast. —— Inhab. EPIr/OT or EIl/noTE.
in the rock; others are built above them, some with arched    EPOREDIA. See IveRA.
roofs. others flat, the lower tier full 400 feet above the deep    EP/PERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
waters of the gulf; the strata below are perpendicular, and    EPPINDORF, 6ptpin-doRf', a village of Saxony, circle of
of a bright red and black lava, much calcined, and scorice. Zwickau. Pop. 1515.
The town is approached from the zig-zag road cut into the    EPPINDORF, a village in the territory and 3 miles N. of
cliffs, and has a very striking appearance, the houses tower- Hiamburg, on the Alster. Pop. 708.
ing on high far above the mast-heads of the largest ships.    EP/PING, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
At night the voyager would hardly be aware of the presence  Essex, 16 miles N.N.E. of London. The town, originally a
of a town, were it not for the twinkling lights along the  hamlet of Waltham  Abbey, is pleasantly situated, and
face of the cliffs.                                         much visited in summer.  Pop. 1821. The famous royal
EPE, A'peh, or EEP, alp, a village of Holland, province of  forest of Epping still boasts of some beautiful woodland
Gelderland, 26 miles N. of Arnhem.  Pop. including ad- scenery. The river Roding divides Epping Forest from the
joining hamlets, 3300.                                      forest of Hlainaut on the S.E. The two forests together
EPEHY, A'pA'ee', a village of France, department of  cover about 10,000 acres.
Somme. 10 miles N.E. of Peronne.  Pop. 2019.                  EP/PING, a post-village and township of Rockingham co.,
EPERIES, 4'pAre-6shl, or HEPERJES. hAp6r0yZsh/, (L. New Hampshire, on Lamprey River, and on the Portsmouth
Eperi'ce,) a royal free town of Hungary, on the Tarcza, and Concord Railroad, 30 miles S.E. of Concord. The vilan affluent of the Theiss, 143 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. lage contains an academy. Pop. 1663.
8600. It is one of the best built towns of Upper Hungary,    EPPINGEN, 6p'ping-en, a town of Baden, on the Elsenz,
being surrounded by walls and gardens; it has a Lutheran  25 miles E.N.E. of Carlsruhe.  Pop. 3237.
and 4 Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, town-halls,    EPPISTEIN, 8pplstine, a romantic village, with a mineral
Catholic and Lutheran gymnasiums, an Episcopal library, spring and ruined castle, in Nassau, Northern Germany, 5
manufactures of linenS and woollens, earthenware, and  miles S.W. of K(nigstein. Pop. 346.
beer. Near it are chalybeate springs, and a royal salt-mine.   EP/SOM, (Anglo-Saxon, Ebbsham,) a town and parish of
EPERNAY, &'pl'n-U, (L. A/quce Perenlnes,) a town of England, co. of Surrey, 14 miles S.W. of London, and 8
France, department of Marsne, capital of the arrondissement,  miles W.S.W. of Croydon station, on the railway to form a
near the left bank of the Marne, 19 miles W.N.W. of Cha- part of the direct line to Portsmouth.  Pop. of the town,
lons-sur-i-arne. Pop. 5926. It was formerly fortified, and  3390. It has a town-hall and a national school. Epsom is
is neat and clean. It is an entreplt for Champagne wines.  famous for its medicinal spa, (discovered in 1618,) and firom
EPERNON, AipXn6NG/, a town of France, department of  which the sulphate of magnesia takes the name of Epsom
Eure-et-Loir, 14 miles N.N.E. of Chartres.  Pop. 1553.      salts; but chiefly for its races, which are held on the week
EPFIG, 6p'feeg/, a town of France, department of Bas- preceding Whitsunday, and are, especially on the Derby
Rhin, 6. miles N. of Sch~lestadt. Pop. 1946.                day, more numerously attended than any other in the
EPHESUS, Uf/e-sfs, (Gr. Eobesos,) a famous ancient city  kingdom, from 300,000 to 400,000 persons, mostly from Lonof Asia Minor, the ruins of which exist on the banks of the  don, resorting hither during the week.
Cayster, near its mouth in the Gulf of Scala Novo, 35 miles    EP/SOM, a post-township of Merrimack co., New HampS.S.E. of Smyrna. Its remains comprise a magnificent theatre, shire, 8 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1366.
a stadium 687 feet in length, ancient walls and towers of    EPTE, 6pt, (L.  /plta,) a river of France, rises in Seinethe Greek, Roman, and Byzantine periods, and in a marshy  Inferieure, flows S. between the departments of Seine and
tract the traces of a vast edifice, apparently the celebrated  Eure, on its right, and the departments of Oise and Seine.
temple of Diana, or a church subsequently erected on its  et-0ise, on its left, and joins the Seine above Vernon. after
site. Ephesus was anciently the capital, and one of the  a course of about 50 miles.
twelve cities of Ionia, and had one of the seven Christian    EPTINGEN, 6p/ting-en, a village and parish of Switzerchurches founded by the apostles. Subsequently a Mohamn- land, canton of Basel country, (Basel-Landschaft.) in a
medan city was erected out of the ruins of the former, but it mountainous district, among precipices so steep, that in
has also fallen into utter decay. Only a few scattered villages  winter the sun is visible only about mid-day, 15 miles S.E.
now remain, the principal of which is AYASOOLOOK or AJA- of Basel. Pop. 646.
SOLJUK, and the sea has retired and left its ancient port a deso-   EP/WORTIH, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
late marsh. The celebrated painters Apelles and Parrhasius  Lincoln, 10 miles N.N.W. of Gainsborough. Pop. 944,. mostly
were natives of this city,                                  employed in the culture, dressing, and spinning of flax, &c.
EPHRA/TAH, a post-village and township in the S. part The celebrated John Wesley was born here in 1703.
of Fulton co., New York, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Albany.   EQUADOR, a republic of South America. See EcuAeDOR.
It was originally settled by Germans. Pop. 2080.              EQUALITY, e-kwl/ e-te, a post-office of Anderson disEPH/RATAH,a township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. trict, South Carolina.
Pop. 1979.                                                    EQUALITY, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.
EPHRATAH, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylva-    EQUALITY, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.
nia, 13 miles N.E. of Lancaster City, was settled about 1730,   EQUALITY, a village of Barren co., Kentucky.
by a sect of Germans called Dunkers.                          EQUALITY, a post-village, capital of Gallatin co., Illinois,
EPIDAMNUS.  See DUnAzzo.                                 on Saline Creek, 14 miles WY. by N. of the Ohio River, and 187
EPIDAURUS, ep'e-dawlrfts, EPIDAURO, 6p-e-dv'ro, (Int. miles S.S.E.ofSpringfield. Saltismanufacturedin thevicinity.
XVIII, 25,) oi- PIDAYRO, pee-datvlro, a seaport village of    EQUATEUR or EQUATOR. See ECUADoR.
Greece, in the Morea, government, and 23 miles E. of Argos,   F'QUINUNK/, a railroad station, in Delaware co., New
on the Gulf of lEgina. Its inhabitants raise vegetables for  York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 163 miles from
the markets of Athens. It was the place where the first New York City.
Greek Congress assembled in 1821. The remains of Epicdac-    EQUINUNK, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania,
rus Limera exist in tihe government of Laconia, on the ~ge- on the Delaware River, opposite the above station, about 24
an, 3 miles N. of Monemvasia.                              miles N.N.E. of Honesdale.  It contains several tanneries.
EPILA, A-peelll, (at, c. Byoplolis?) a town of Spain, 22 miles    ERANNOBOAS or ERANOBOAS, See SoNt.
W. of Saragossa, on the Jalon. Pop. 3152.                    ERASIMUS, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina,
EPINAC, A'pee'nakl, a village of France, department of 184 miles W. of Raleigh.
SaSne-et-Loire, 10 miles E.N.E. of Autun. Pop. 1630, en-   ERAS/TUS, a post-offce of Franklin co., Georgia.
gaged in extensive coal and iron mines. It is connected by    ERBA. 04/bi, a town of Austrian Italy, Milan, province.
railway with the Canal of Burgundy, (Canal de Bourgogne.)  and 7 miles E. by N. of Como, near the Lodi. Pop. 1554.
EPINAL, A'pee'nal/. a town of France, capital of the de-   ERBACII, l/bAlaK, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, which passes
partment of Vosges, on both sides of the Moselle, 190 miles  Deux-Ponts, and joins the Bliese, after a course of 20 miles.
E.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 10,984. It is generally well   ELiRBACH, a town of Iesse-Darmstadt, on the iaimling, 2~
637




ERB                                                        ERI
miles S.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2078. It has a ducal residence, ciations, museums, a botanic garden, and a public library
with interesting collections of armor and antiquities.     of 15,000 volumes.  It has a garrison of 4000 men. Erfurt
ERBACH, a village of Nassau, beautifully situated on the  has an extensive manufacture of shoes, with others of
Rhine, 7 miles W. of Mentz. At a short distance is the old  woollen and cotton cloths, leather, vinegar, vermicelli,
convent of Eberbach, founded by St. Bernard de Clairvaux  and pearl barley. In 1808, a memorable interview  took
in 1131, now used partly as a prison and partly as a lunatic  place here between Napoleon and the Emperor Alexander
asylum. Pop. 1307.                                         of Russia.
ERBACTI, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, 8    ERGENZINGEN, 8R/ghbnt-sing'en, a village of Wiirtem
miles E. of Ehingen, near tihe Danube, with  a parish  berg, circle of Schwarzwald, 6 miles WV.N.W. of Rottenburg.
church and a fine old castle belonging to the lords of Ulm. Pop. 1528.
Pop. 1037.                                                    ERGREE  KASTREE, a town of Greece. See ARGaso
ERBENDORF, WRelbn-doRf'. a market-town of Bavaria, on  CASTno.
the Waaldnaab. 21 miles E.S.E. of Baireutph. Pop. 1410.       ERIBOLL, LOCH, 16K 6rfe-boll, an arm  of the sea on the
ERBESBUDESI-IEIM, hR'bes-boofde s-hime', a village of  N. coast of Scotland, co. of Sutherland. It is about 10 miles
Hesse-Darmstadt, in Rheinhessen, near Alzey. Pop. 865.   in length. and from I to 3 in breadth.
ERBIL, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See AuBsEL.                ERICEIRA, A-re-sle-r/, a maritime town of Portugal,
ER/BISTOCK, a parish of North Wales, cos. of Flint and  province of Estremadura, near the Atlantic, 22 miles N.W.
Denbigh.                                                    of Lisbon. Pop. 2550, mostly fishers.
ER/CALL, IIIGH, a pamish of England, co. of Salop.          ERICHT, LOCH, 18K 6r/iKt, a lake of Scotland.  cos. of
ERCE, 6a'set, a town of France, department of Ari6ge, 12  Perth and Inverness. Length, 14 miles; breadth, 1 mile.
miles S.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 1236.                        It lies in a vast uninhabited district, considered the wildERC1f-EN-LAMEE, [rWsA/SNe-  1 mA!,    a village  of France, est and most inaccessible in Scotland. Prince Charles Eddepartment of Ille-et-Vilaine. 23 milesN.E. of Redon. P.3040. ward found refuge here after the battle of Culloden.
ERCILDOWN.  See EARLSTON                                    ERICHT, a river of Scotland, E. of the co. of Perth, flowE!1CILDOWN, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.  ing into the Isla, opposite Balbrogy, after a course of 17
1RICOLANO. See HERtCULANEUM.                              miles. Its banks are singularly picturesque.
ERCSI, a'chee,. or ERCSENY, ch'chhfilf, a village of Hun-   ERICUSA or ERICODES. See AmaCUDI.
gary., co. of Stuhlweissenburg,  with a steam-packet station    ERIDANUS.  See Po.
on the Danube. 90 miles N. of Adony.  Pop. 3296.              E.RIE, one of the five great, lakes drained by the St.
ERDELY-ORSZAG. See TRANSYLVANIA.                         Lawrence River, lies between 410 25' and 420 55' N. lat., and
ERDIEVEN, 8rd'vSNG/, a villafe of 1France, department of between 780 55' and 830 34' W. ion., having Canada West
Morbihan, 12 miles S.E. of L'0rient. Pop. 3002.             on the N., a. part of the state of New York, Pennsylvauia,
ERDING, 6Reding, a town of Upper Bavaria, 20 miles N.E. and Ohio on the S., and a part of Michigan on the W. Its
of Munich. Pop. 1826, employed in woollen weaving.          shape is elliptical, the entire length being about 240 miles;
ER/DINGTON, a village and chapelry of England, co. of  greatest breadth, 57 miles; average breadth, 38 miles; com.
Warwick, 4 miles E. of Birmingham. Pop. 2579.               puted circumference, 658 miles. The depth of this lake is
ERDMANNSDORF, at/Qmnunes-doRff, a village of Prussia, less than that of any other in the chain, the greatest yet
government of Breslau, near Hirsciberg. Pop. 862.           obtained from soundings being only 270 feet; and its mean
ERDMANNSDORF, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, depth does not exceed 120 feet. Towards the shores, and
on the Zschopau. Pop. 834.                                  especially at the western extremity, its shallowness is a se-.
ERDOD, (Erdid,) kr'dbd/, a town of Easterti Hungary, 55,ious impediment to navigation, which is entirely suspended
miles E.N.E. of Debreczin, with glass-works and a ruined  during the winter months, in consequence of the shoal percastle. Pop. 1670.                                          tions being frozen. The sumrface of Lake Erie has an elevaERDOD, 6R'dod/, a village of Austria, in Slavonia, co. of  tion of 322 feet above the level of Ontario, and 565 feet above
Verocze, 10 miles fi'om Eszek. It contains the ruins of an  high-water mark in the Hudson at Albany. There is some
old castle.                                                 reason to suppose that it was once much higher than this.
EIRDIOEGY, Sndo'h~djf, a village of Hungary, on the  Ancient beaches have been discovered in Ohio and Michigan,
White Kbrns, 8 miles from Simand. Pop. 1440.                having an elevation of more than 100 feet above the present
ERDOVEGII, (Erdivegh,) R'dbd'v~g!, or ERDEWICH, WRs- surface of the water. Its principal supply is by the Detroit
deh-afv', a market-town of Austria, in Slavonia, co. of Syr- and St. Clair Rivers, which constitute the outlet of the three
mis, district, and 8 miles fimom Illok. Pop. 2460.          great lakes to the N.WV., viz., Huron, Michigan, and SupeERDtE, Red', a river of France, department of Loire-In- rior. Numerous other streams also flow into it, the more
f6rieure, joins the Loire at Nantes, after a S.WV. course of'important of which are the Maumee, Sandusky, Grand, R-u45 miles, for the last 16 of which it is navigable.         ron, and Raisin. Its own waters are discharged by tIhe
EREBUS, VOLCANO OF. See VIcTroTiA LAND.                   Niagara River into Lake Ontario, and thence by the St.
ERECH, Sr/etch, or ER/ICII, a town of Iindostan, in  Lawrence to the ocean. The principal harbors on the coast
Bundelcund, on the Betwah, 40 miles N.E. of Jhansi. Lat. are Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo, Dunkirk, Erie, Sandusky,
250 490 N., lon. 790 2' E.                                  Bay, and Monroe, all of which have been improved by the
EREE or ERIII, Srfee', one of the Sooakin Islands, in the  United States government. The commercial importance of
Bed Sea, lat. 18~ 10' N., lon. 2850 20' E., about 45 miles long. Lake Erie has been greatly increased by the construction
On the E. part are the ruins of the ancient Ptolemais The  of numerous canals and railroads, connecting its ports with
ron; the highest part is a mound of ruins, which is visible  the interior and the seaboard. The amount of business
from a distance of 3 miles.                                 and travel which these channels ofcommunication conduct to
EREGLEE, EREGLI,  m-'e-glee/. or EREKLI, Sre-klee', it is almost incalguable.  The shipping of the several Ameriwritten also EREGRI.  (anc. Heraclefa or Heraclesia,) a sea- can ports on Lake Erie, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggreport town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 128 miles E.N.E. gate burden of 148,219 tons, of which 70,562were employed in
of Constantinople.  Lat. 410 15' 30" N., Ion. 310 281' E. It steam navigation.  The commerce of the single port of Bufhas 300 houses, and architectural fragments of the ancient falo amounts to nearly $80,000,000 annually.  The lake
city, a good port, and ship-building yards. Exports timber, abounds with fine fish. A kind termed white-flsh was forsilk, and wax; imports colonial produce, tobacco. and iron. merly taken in vast quantities, but their number has someIt was anciently of considerable importance, and here the  what diminished. Lake Erie is remarkable for its violent
10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon, embarked on their return  storms, which prevail most in the months of November
to Greece.                                                  and December. often causing the most disastrous shipwrecks,
EREGLEE or EREGLI, (anc. Asclia/la   or Archdcais?) a  attended with fearful loss of life.
town of Asiatic Turkey, 80 miles E.S.E. of Konieh, with    ERIE, a county in the W. part of New York, has an area
about 800 poor houses.                                      of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake
EREGLI, (anue. Perinlthus or Heracoela,) a seaport town  Erie, N. by Tonawanda Creek, and S. by Cattaraugus Creek,
of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Sea of Marmora,  and is drained by Buffalo Creek, with its three branches,
53 miles W. of Constantinople.                              Cazenove, Seneca,'and Cayuga, and by Ellicott's and ConEREGRI, a town of Asia Minor. See EmmGLom.                quaga Creeks, with some smaller streams, which fuirnish vali
ERETS or ERETZ, A-rkSts, a fortified town of Russian  able water-power. The surface in the N. part is undulating,
Transcaucasia, district of Shinvan, near the IKoor, 50 miles and the soil well adapted to the production of grain; in the
W.N.W. of Shamaka.                                          southern portions the face of the country is uneven, and
ER.FURT or ERFURTHI, Sa/fMi6t, (L. ETphorsdia and Es-  the land more suitable for grazing. Iron ose, limestone,
fcrntum,) a fortified town of Prussian Saxony, on the Gera, water cement, and brick clay are among its mineral produc.
and on the Thuringian Railway, 14 miles E. of Gotha. tions. The Erie Canal has its western termination at BufPop. 24,640. It is old and irregularly built. Principal edi- falo, and connects with Niagara River at Black Rock, whera
fices, a cathedral, with a famous bell weighing 275 cwt.,  there is an extensive basin. The county is traversed by six
numerous churches and spires, an Ursuline convent and  railroads, which pass through or terminate in Buffalo.  Orgil-s' school, an orphan asylum, occupying the Angus-  ganized in 1821, having been formed from part of Niagara
tine convent, of which Luther was a member. The uni-  county, and named from  the great lake which forms its
versity founded here in 1392, was closed in 1816, and the  western boundary. Capital, Buffalo.  Pop. 100,993.
Phanmicenic Institute was abolished in 1828; but Erfurt   ERIE, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Pennsylhas a Protestant.and Roman Catholic gymnasia, a normal vania, bordering on New York, Ohio, and Lake Erie. has an
school, an academy of sciences, scientific and literary nsso- area of 740 square miles. It is intersected by French and
638




ERI                                                           ERN
Conneaut Creeks: Walnut and Elk Creeks rise in the county,    ErPTTITH, a parish of England, co. of Kent on the Thames
and flow  into Lake Erie, which forms the entire N.W.    ERIVAN, 6r-e-vAnl, (L. E~-ivalna,) a fortified town of Rusboundary. The surifce is generally rolling, with a ridge of  sian Armenia, capital of a province, on the Zenghi, an aftlu.
highland, extending nearly parallel with the lake shore, at  ent of the Araxes, 115 miles S.S.W. of Tiflis. Pop. 11,284. It
a distance of several miles. The soil is clayey, having a  is ill built, but has a large bazaar, several Armenian churches,
basis of slate andc sandstone. The northern part produces  an Armenian convent, Greek church, mosques, and curious
good crops of grain, the southern is better adapted to pas-  aqueducts.  Near it is a citadel on a scarped rock, in which
turage, and dairy farming.  Iron is the principal mineral.  are the governor's residence, a fine mosque, a cannon founFrench Creek furnishes extensive wator-power.  The county   dry, and barracks.  It has some manufactures of cotton
is traversed by the Erie Extension Canal, and by the rail-  stuffs, leather, and earthenware; is a station for caravans
road connecting Cleveland with Buffalo.  The Sunbury and  fi'om  Tiflis and Erzroom; and has considerable trade with
~Erie Raihroad, lately commenced, has its W. terminus at the  Russia and Turkey.  It was taken by the Russians in 1827,
county seat; and several plank roads have also been laid. and confirmed to them by a treaty with Persia in the folFormed in 1800. Capital, Erie.  Pop. 38,742.                  lowing year.
ERIE, a county in the N. part of Ohio, bordering on Lake    ERKELENZ, 6irckeh-lints', a town of Rhenish Prussia, 23
Erie and Sandusky Bay., contains 250 square miles. It is  miles N.N.E. Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 2070, engaged in linen
intersected by Huron and Vermilion Rivers, and by Pipe  weaving and lace making.
Creek.  The surface is nearly level, with a gentle declivity    ERKENE, alkl'nA,  a river of European Turkey, formed
towards the N. The soil is alluvial and remarkably rich. by several head streams that have their sources in the LitThe county contains abundance of fine limestone, which is  tie Balkan Mountains, near Viza, about lat. 410 80' N., ion.
extensively  quarried  at Sandusky.  Numerous aicient  27 40' E.  It flows first S.S.W. for about 18 or 20 miles,
mounds and inclosures are found near Huron River.  Erie  then turns W. by N. and falls into the Maritza at Jezar
county is intersected by the Mad River and Lake Erie Rail-  Erkene, lat. 4101 30  N., ion. 260 35' E., after a course of about
road, and by the Sandusky and Mansfield Railroad; another,  60 miles.
from  the county  sat to Cleveland and Toledo, is not yet    ERKENEK, rfkit-nlk', a village and pass in Mount Tanfinished. Capital, Sandusky City. Pop. 181568.                rus, in Asiatic Turkey, pashalic  of lMarash;  the pass is 45
ERIE, a post-borough, port of entry, capital of Erie co., miles N.E. of Sonmeisat, on the Euphrates, elevation 3828
Pennsylvania, on the lake of the same name, 90 miles S.W.  feet above the sea.
of Buffalo, 129 miles N. of Pittsburg, and 310 miles by turn-    ERLACtI, /RIlAK, (Fr. C'erler, s-a'le~il) a town of Switzerpike from HIarrisburg.  Lat. 420 8' N., ion. 800 10' W. It is  ]and, canton of Bern, on the Lake of Bieinne, 24 miles
pleasantly situated opposite the island of Presque Isle, lbr- W.N.W. of Bern, with 5140 inhabitants, and a castle of the
eerly a peninsula. The harbor, which is one of the largest  eleventh century, now used as a prison.
and best on the lake, is 31 miles long, and over 1 mile wide,   ERLANGEN, 8Rl/Ung-en, or ]lRLANG, 6roling, a town of
and fi om 9 to 25 feet deep the whole length.  Large sums  Bavaria, on the railway from  Bambeerg to Nur-emnberg, 11
have been expended in improving and fortifrving the harbor,. miles N.N.W. of Nuremberg.  Pop. 11,750. It is walled, and
and in erecting a lighthouse.  The island is 4 miles long,  divided into an old and new town, which latter is one of the
and 1 mile wide. Erie is an important place of outfit for  best built places in Germany.  Ilere is the only Protestant
vessels of the United States, and is remarkable for its flour- university in Bavaria, founded in 1743 by ons of the Marishin  trade. TheErieExtension Canal connects it wvith the  graves of Baireuth, occupying their ancient palace, and
Ohio River and Beaver; several railways extend to Cleve-  with which the university of Altdorf was incorporated in
land, Buffalo. &c. It is the terminus of the Sunbury and  1809. This institution has ficulties of theology, medicine,
Erie IRilroad, now in course of construction, with a branch  and arts; museums of natural history, a library of 105,000
leading to Pittsburg. Erie contains a court-house, a bank,  volumes, and a botanic garden. Number of students in
about 10 churches, a fine  hotel, an academy, and four news-  1847, 364. The town has manufactures of woollen goods,
paper offices.  The canal'affords extensive water-power, hosiery, hats, gloves, and leather; a large plate-glass facwhich is employed in mills of different kinds.  About  tory, brewsveries, and an active trade in cattle.
20,000,000 feet of lumber are received here annually by    ERLAU,  /l16w, (I-Hun. _Eger, -'gaiR/,) a fortified town of
canal, and over 80,000 tons of stone coal. The reported  Hungary, capital of the co. of Ieves, on the Erlau or Eger,
value of imports and exports in 1851, was $3,832,852.  The  67 miles N.E. of Pesth.  Pop. 19,800, mostly Roman Cashipping of the district, (Presque Isle,) June 30, 1852, tholics.  It is entered by six gates, has a cathedral, a
amounted to an aggregate of 8123 tons, enrolled and li- bishop's palace, a diocesan lyceum, with a library and ohcensed, of which 5350 tons were employed in steam naviga-  servatory, a gymnasium     and high schools, various public
tion. Incorporated in 1805. Pop. in 1840, 3412; in 1850, 5850. institutions; it is the seat of a large trade in fine red wiines
ERIE, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.                raised in its vicinity. It has also manufactures of woolien
ERIE, a township of Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 292.             and linen fabrics.
ERIE, a post-village and township in the S.E. part of    ERLBACII, hallbax, or MA!KT-ERLBACH-, makt-hal?Monroe co., Michigan, on the W. shore of Lake Erie. Pop. bhss, a market-town of Bavaria, in Middle Frumncoia, 16
1144.                                                          miles N.W. of Nuremberg.  Pop. 1211.
ERIE, a township of Miami co., Indiana.  Pop. 420.            ERLBACH,  cRllblk, a market-town of Saxony, circle of
ERIE, a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois, on Rock  Zwickau. nearVoigtsberg.  Pop. 817.
River, 76 miles N.N.W. from Peoria.                             ERLENBACH, IR/len-bhKN, a village of Switzerland, canERIE, a post-village, capital of Camden co., Missouri, on  ton, and 20 miles S.E. of Bern, on the Simmen River, at the
the Osage River, just below the Niangua, 60 miles S.W. of  foot of the Stockhorn Mountain. Pop. 1187.
Jefferson City..                                                ERLENBACH, a village of Rhenish Bavaria,  6 miles S.E.
ERIE, FORT, in Upper Canada, is at the commencement  of Landau.
of Niagara River, immediately opposite Black Rock, in New       ERMAI'[NGEN, IVm~-tingTen, a village and parish of
York. Lat. 420 54' N., lon. 790 W.                            Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the S. shore of the UnEfRIEVILLE, a post-village of Nelson township, Madison  tersee. 4 miles W. of Constance. Pop. 15824.
co., New York, about 35 miles S.W. of Utica. Pop. 300.          ERM'IELAND, Ssfmeh-lunt', (L. 1ToVunfia; Fir. Wahrmie, van.ERIH.  See EaEE.                                            meet,) an old division of Poland, forming the E. part of the
ERIIHIA.  See JeRirno.                                      circle  of Marienburg, now  comprised in the Prussian
ERIN.  See IRELaND.                                         government of Kiinigsberg.
EIRIN, a post-township of Chemung co., New York, 10.ERMELO, 6ar.meh-lof, a village of IHolland, province of
miles E.N.E. of Elnira.  Pop. 1833.                           Gelderland, 125 miles N.W. of Arinhem.  Pop. 1400.
ERIN, a post-village of Meriwether co., Georgia, near the    ERMENONVILLE,,        anmgh-ndNa~veel, a villagoe of France,
junction of Whitewater Creek with Flint River, about 60  department of Oise, 7 miles S.E. of Sculls, with an etchant
miles N.W. of Macon.                                          chateau, celebrated as the place in which Rousseau died.
EIRIN, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi.           ERMENTP a village of Uper Egypt. See AMENT.
ERIN, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas.                     ERMESLEBEN, Ic/mes-laben, a town of Prussian Saxony,
ERIN,  a township of Macmb co., Michigan, on the E. 38 miles N.W. of Merseburs.             Pop. 2290.
shore of Lake St. Clair. Pop. 974.                               EItMINEEYEH or ERMINIYEII. See ArmnIA.
ERIN, a post-village of MctIenry co., Illinois, 64 mile,    ERIMINGTON,  a paiish of England. co. of Devon.
N.W. of Chicago.'hERAONT, W 6m~NGl, a station on the Great Northern RailERIN, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. Pop. 886.   way of France, department of Seine-et-0ise, 91 miles N. of
ERIN,  a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of  Paris.
Washington co., Wisconsin.  Pop. 840.'ERMiSLEBEN, lansfllA-ben, a town of Prussian Saxony,
ERINO-KIASTRO, 6rfe-no-khsftro or 8r-e-uo/kls-tro, (anc. 38 miles N.W. of Merseburg, on the Selke. Pop. 22196.
Thec~p -a?) a village of Greece, govecrnment, and 10 miles W.   ERNE, ern,  a river and two celebrated lakes of Ireland, in
of'l h-bes, on the slope of Mount Zagros, (ane. HTelicon.)   Ulster.  The river issues from  Lake Gan'my, co. of C;avan,
Jill'IN SI-BDES, a post-office of I-Ienrico co., Virginia.  and flowing N. meies into Upper and Lower Lough Etsn.,
ERlSAY, Irle-sA, and ERISKAY, 8ris-kisx, twvo islets of  and thence flows into Donegal Bay.  It is navigable for vesthe' ihbrides; the former between IHarris and North Uist;  eels drawing 12 ifeet water to Ballyshannon, where it fornms a
the latter immediately S. of South Uist, 2 miles in length, fine cataract.  The scenery on its banks and on its two lakes
from N. to S.; it is the place where Prince Charles idwarrd  is mcgnificent.  United length of the two lakes and theui
Stu urt first landsed in 1715.' connecting river, about O60 miles. Area of upper lake, 94-3
639




ERN                                                            ESCJ
acres; of lower lake, 27,645 acres. The  lakes are studded    EIITWINSVILLE, a post-village in Cleveland co., North
with numerous islets.  Elevation of lower lake above  Doe-.  Carolina.
gel Bay, 148 feet. The Ulster Canal will connect these    ERI/WINTON, a post-office of iarnewell district, South
waters wit;h Lough Neagh and Belfast.                          Carolina.
ERlNlE,  6ginni, a towvh of France, department of May-         EIVWYRS, a township of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
enne, on an affluent of the Mayenne, 17 miles N.N.W. of    ERXLEBEN, Irx/l,{bein, a village of Prussia, governmen
Laval.   Pop. in 1852, 5614. It has a college and manufac- of Magdeburg, and 10 miles S..ofNew Ilaldensleben. P. 1587.
tuies of needles.                                                EBYTIHIIEUM  MARE. See IRED SEA.
ERNSTBRUNN, ranstfbr66n, or EIIRENSBRIJNN, at'ens-    ERYX. in Northern Italy. See Lenucs.
breon, a market-town of Lower Austria, in a beautiful val-    ERZBEIRG, 6RtstbsG, (" Ore mountain,") a celebrated
ley, 12 miles N. of Korneuburg. About 2 miles N.W., on a   uniing district of Styrian, circle of Brucl. The market-town
height, stands the castle of Ernstbrunn, with a fine garden. of Eisenerz lies at the foot of the Erzberg Mountain; and
Pop. 1400.                                                     here, for upwards of 1000 years, extensive iron mines have
ERNSTHAL, tansitl,    a town of Saxony, 12 miles N.E. of  been in operation. These yield annually 300,100 cwt. of the
Zwickau.  Pop. 2700. It has manufactures of woollens.          best iron. On the summit of the mountain a colossal iron
ER00B  or ERROOB, an island of Torres Strait. See  crucifix, 25 feet in elevation, was erected by the Archduke
DARNLEY ISLAND.                                                John in 1823. See EISNERxZ.
ERPEL, in/pl, a town of Prussia, government, and 20    ERZEN, eR/z~n, (aue. Arzianotrwm  Op/pidlmn? or T/oslmiles N.W. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 890.                pica?) a town of Asiatic Turkey, 85 miles E. of Diarbekir, on
ERPFINGEN, 8tptfing-en, a village of Wiirtemberg, 10  the Erzen River an affluent of the Tigris. Near it, on the E.,
miles S. of Rentlingen.  Pop. 744.                             is the small lake Thospitis.
ERPINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.                ERZENGAN, Wr'zen-ghnl, or EBZINGEN, r'zin-ghlhl, a
ERRIGAL, 6r're-gawll, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Erzroomi. in a fine
of Londonderry.                                                plain on the Euphrates, 75 miles W.S.W. of Erzroom.  It
EItRIGAL  KEROGUE,  r-re-gawVl kee-rbgl, a parish of  is said to comprise 3000 houses.
Ireland, co. of Tyrone. It has ancient ruins, and fine scenery.   ERIZEROUM  or ERZERUM. See ErzRooe.
ERILRIGAL TO0UGH, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Mona-    EREZ-GEBIRGE, 6ntstga-b55eRfga,   (" ore mountains,") a,ghaLn and Tyrone.                                             mountain chain of South Germany, bounding Saxony on
ERIRINGDEN, a township of England, co. of York, West  the E. and Bohemia on the N.W., and extending from  the
Riding.                                                        Fichtelberg N.E. to the Saxon Switzerland.  Total length,
Eti/RIS, a maratime district or barony of Ireland, in Con- about 120 miles; average breadth, 25 miles; average height,
naught, in the N.W. part of the co. of Mayo, with a singu-  2500 feet, but the Schwarezwald rises to 4500 feet. It is
larly wild and desolate mountain scenery. Pop. 26,428.         abrupt on its S.E. side, mostly of primary formation, and
ER/RISIIEAD, a lofty promontory in the above district,  yields numerous metallic ores, whence its name.
forms the W. point of the Bay of Broadhaven, 53 miles N.   ERIZGEBIRGER-KREIS, 6Rtsoga-b66s/gher-kres, or ERZof Belmallet.                                                 GEBIMGE, a district or citcle of Saxony prior to the new diviERROAD, erdrfdf, a town of Hindostan, presidency of  sion of the kingdom in 1835. It lay along the mountains
Madras, 55 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor; lat. 110 21' N., lon. 770  of the same name, and is now included chiefly in the circle
45' E.; on a canal from the Bhavani.                           or province of Zwickau, excepting small portions in the cirERItROL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Per-th, on the Tay, cles or provinces of Dresden and Leipsic.
10 miles, W.S.W. of Dundee. The village is beautifully    ERZINGEN, a town of Turkey. See EIZEIGAN.
situated, and gives the title of earl to the Hay family.        ERZR00OOM, ERZROUM, or ERZRUM, er'zroom/, (written
ERI/ROL, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire, on  also ERZEROUM, ERZERUM, and ABZROOM, arz'room/,)
the W. side of Umbagog Lake, 30 miles N.E. of Lancaster.  (anc. Arzen?) the principal city of Armenia, in Asiatic TurPop. 138.                                                     key, capital of a pashalic of the same name, in a plain on the
ERROMANGO ISLAND.  See NEw IlEeRtiDES.                     KIara Soo, or W'. branch of the Euphrates, from 5500 to 6000
ERRONAN, Wr'o-nin/, or FOOTOONA, fo-toolnA, an island  feet above the sea, 30 miles long and 20 mil's broad, 120 miles
in the South Pacific Ocean, in New IIebrides. Lat. 190 31 S., S.E. of Trebizond, and 155 miles'W'. of Mount Aiarat.  The
ion. 1700 8' E.                                               population, before the Russian invasion in 1830, was estiERROOB, an island of Torres Strait, in Australasia.  See mated at 100,000, but in 1844 it was only 40,000; it is, howDARNLEY ISLAND.                                               ever, regularly hicreasing. Elevation, 6100 feet. It is partly
ERROORI, a small maritime town of British India, pre- enclosed by a wall 30 feet high, and has an extensive citadel.
sidency of Madras, 50 miles S.E. of Calicut.                  The streets are narrow, filthy, and infested with dogs; the
ERSEK-UJYAR, Sa'shlkl-oo'e-vaW, a market-town of Hiun-  houses are miostly of mud, timbero or sun-diied bricks. The
gary, 22 miles S.S.E. of Neutra, on the left bank of the Neu- principal buildings are the Armenian and Greeek churches
tra.  Pop. 6785. It has a Franciscan and a normal school.  and schools, about 40 mosques, a large custom-house, and
ERSKINE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on the  numerous khans or caravanserals. Erzroom  has an extenClyde, 5 miles W.N.W. of Renfrew. The Earls of Mar took  sive trade with all the adjacent countries, and is a chief halttheir surname from this parish, formerly their property.      iog station for caravans going from Teheran to Mecca. The
ERSTEIN, s/stine, a town of France, department of Bas- imports comprise shawls, silk, cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo,
Rhin, on the Ill, and on the railway thence to Mulhausen  madder, and rhubarb, from the E., and broadcloths, chintzes,
(or Mulhouse,) 12 miles S.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852,  shawls, and cutlery, from the WV., by way of the Black Sea. Its
3688. It has extensive manufactures of cotton goods, cord- vicinity is extremely fertile; and near it many cattle, horses,
age, tobacco, tiles and earthenware.                          mules, and sheep, are reared, which, with furs, galls, &c., form
ERTINGEN, ni/ting-en, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle  the principal exports. Erzroom was founded about 415, near
of Danube,bailiwick and S. of Riedlingen. Pop. 1879.          the site of the ancient As-ze, under the name of TheodosioERTVAAG-OE, s/yvog-S/ih, an island of Norway, stift of  poals; and it was the bulwalrk of Armenia under the ByzanTrondhjem. Lat. 630 13' N., lon. 80 20'E. Length and breadth  tines, as it still is under the Turks, its position rendering it
about 12 miles each.                                          an important military post. Erzroom  is supposed to be a
ERTVELDE, 6et'v~l/deh, a village of Belgium, province  corruption of Ardz-_leoos, i. e.'the land of Rome;" the
of East Flanders, 9 miles N. of Ghent. Pop. 3060.             Tuilks sometimes applying the name Room (or Rome) to any
ERUSLAN, a river of Russia.  See Yr.oSL.XeN.                territory that was recognised as forming a part of the ancient
ERVAZ, Ia-vs'tst, or ERYAZZE, &R —vAt/lS, a village of Roman or IByzantine empire. 
Austria, in Dalmatia, circle, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Spalatb,    ERZROOMI or ERZROUM, PASHALIC OF, one of the
near the Cettina.                                             great subdivisions of Asiatic Turkey, comprising the major
ERIVING, a post-township of Franklin co.. Massachusetts, part of Turkish Armenia, mostly between lat. 390 and 4110
on the E. side of Connecticut River, and on the Vermont and  N., and Ion. 390 and 440 E., havin-   N. the pashalic of TrehiMassachusetts Railroad, 70 milesW.N.Y. of Boston. Pop.449. zond, W'. Seevas, S. Diarbeki' and Bagdad, (Kooidistn,) sed
ERVY, kicvee/, a town of France, department of Auhe, 19  E. Persia (Azerbailjan) and the Russian dominions, (GeeoneSa,
miles S.S.WV. of Troyes.  Pop. 1821. It has manufactures of  &c.) It is a lofty table-land; elevation estimated at 6000 feet;
coarse linens and wicker-work.                                traversed from  E. to W. by several mountaain  chaucs, and
ERWA, Wi/we'. an island in the Red Sea, one of the Dhalak  containing the soirces of the Euphrates, Araxes, Koor, and
group.  It is moderately high, and about 12 miles in cir- TcholuklRivers. The vinter and spring climate is severe, but
cumference.                                                    the summer heat is considerable. It has many extensive and
ER/WARTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.              fertile valleys, producing rye, barley, flax, and fine fruits,
ERWASIH, a river of England, co. of Nottingham, which  and rich pasturages, foeding' numerous herds of cattle, &c.
falls into the TI-ent, about 4 miles S.'. of Nottingham.       It is subdivided into the districts of Eerzroom, Kai's, Ipsera,
ER/WIN, a post-township of Steuben co., New York, 20  Bayazeed, Moosh, &c.; the principal tovns are ot aeme name.
miles S.S.E. of Bath; intersected by the Erie Raitroad. Pop.    ESA, a river of the Sardinian States.  See EvS.
1435.                                                           ESA, A/ls, (L. isia,) a village of the Sardinian States, in
EIRWIN CEN/TRE,  a post-village of Steuben co., New  Piedmont, 6 niles E.N.E. of Nice, on a lofty height conmYork, situated in the above township.                         manding a view of the sea, and, in clear weather, of the
ERWINTNA, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, on  mountains of CoRsIcA.
the Delaware River, opposite Frenchtowu, with which it is    ESCALA, LA, 1A s s-kcla a town of Spain. 18 miles N.E. of
connected  by a bridse.                                         erona, with a fishing port in the Mediterranean.  Pop. 2295.
64O




ESC                                                       ESK
ESOALAPLANO, 6s-kA-la-plilno, or SCALAPLANO, skil-  9 miles from the N. cosist of Yeragua. Lat. (W. point) 90 6
]&-plAno, a village on the island of Sardinia, province, and  24" N., ion. 810 34' 30" WV.
15 miles E. of Isili, on the S. slope ofea hill between two    ESCUDO DIE VERAGUA, 6s-koofdo dl vA-rilgwA, a river
streams. Pop. 1220.                                        dividing Central from South America, flows into the CaribESCALONA. &-ki-lo/nj, a town of Spain, province, and 28  bean Sea.
miles N'.W. of Toledo, on the Alberche. Pop. 500. It has a    ESCUINTLA, 6s-kweentVlI, a town of Central America,
ruined palace, and remains of ancient walls.              on the Pacific, 35 miles S.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 2500.
ESCALONA, a market-town of Spain, province, and 12    ESCULAIPIA, or SULPHIUR  SPRINGS, of Lewis co.,
miles N. of Segovia. Pop. 1098.                            Kentucky. This fashionable watering-place is situated in
ESCALONILLA, Zs-lkA-lo-neel'yA,  a village of Spain, in  a delightful valley. The buildings are large enough to
New Castile, 20 miles W.N.W. of Toledo, in a pleasant valley. accommodate 200 persons.
Pop. 2195.                                                  ESCURIAL, 8s-koo-re-All, or ESCORIAL, Zs-ko-re-All, a town
ESCAMBIA, a co. forming the W. extremity of Florida, of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 32 miles S.E. of
bordering on Alabama, has an area of 1110 square miles. Caceres, on the side of a hill. Pop. 2300.
The Perdido River bounds it on the W., and separates it   ESCURIAL, Zs-koo-re-Af, ESCORIAL, or ESCORIAL DE
from Alabama; the Escambia River, from which the name  ABAJO, &s-ko-re-&aF dA &-bIHo, a town of Spain, province,
is derived, forms its E. boundary, and the S. border iswashed  and 24 miles N.W. of Madrid, on the S.S.E. slope of the
by the Gulf of Mexico. The surface is nearly level, and is  Sierra Guadarrama. Pop. 1326. It is remarkable for the
mostly covered by forests of pine; the soil is generally poor. celebrated monastery and palace of the Escurial in its viciCapital, Pensacola. Pop. 4351, of whom 3019 were free, and  nity.  This splendid edifice, built by Philip II., is con1332 slaves.                                              structed in the form of a gridiron, and contains a magniESCAMIBIA RIVER rises in Monroe co., Alabama, and  ficent mausoleum for the members of the royal family, an
flows into an arm of Pensacola Bay. It is navigable to the  extensive collection of rare paintings, books, and MSS. It
month of the Conecuh, which is also navigable more than  is the usual residence of the court in autumn.
50 miles beyond this point. Above their junction the Cone-   ESDRIELON  or ESDRELON, As-dreellon, PLAIN  OF,
cub is the larger stream.                                 (Turk. Mesj Iboo Aneer,) a famous plain of Palestine,
ESCATAPIPA, or DOG RIVER, a small river of Alabama  pashalic, and from 10 to 30 miles S. of Acre, between Mounts
and Mississippi, flows southward and enters the Pascagoula  Carmel W. and Hermon and Gilboa E. It is highly fertile
near its mouth, and near the S.E. extremity of Mississippi. and watered by the Kishon. It has been the scene ofnumerESCATRON, As-kT-trntl, a town of Spain, 42 miles S.E. of  ous combats, both in ancient and modern times, and espeSaragossa, near the confluence of the Martino and Ebro. cially of the victory of Deborah and Barak over Sisera.
Pop. 2263.                                                (Judges iv. 12-15.)
ESCAUT, a river of France and Belgium. See SCHUEDT.       ESENS, 6zf~nss or A/z~nss, a town of IHanover, near the
ESCHIIAU,'6sh/Ow, a market-town of Bavaria, in Lower North Sea, 26 miles N.E. of Emden. Pop. 2218.
Franconia, on the Elsava, 30 miles W. of Wtirzburg. Pop. 760.   ESGUEIRA, 6s-gA/erA, a village of Portugal, province of
ESCIIELBACIt, 6shfel-b a, a village of Baden, circle of  Beira, 22 miles N.E. of Aveiro. Pop. 2900. It has a BeneLower Rhine, near Wiesloch. Pop. 973.                      dictine convent, the oldest in the kingdom.
ESCHENAU, 6shlen-6w', a village of WViirtemberg, circle    ESii, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham. It has a
of Neckar, 6 miles E. of Weinsberg, with a parish church  handsome Roman Catholic college.
and a castle. Pop. 951.                                      ESHIER, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. The royal
ESCHENBACI, Ashlen-biki, a town of Bavaria, 27 miles palace of Claremont, in this parish, was built by the great
S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1800.                               Lord Clive, and purchased for the residence of the Princess
ESCIENBACIT, a village of Bavaria, 9 miles S.E. of  Charlotte and Prince Leopold in 1816. It was the residence
Anspach.                                                   of Louis Philippe after his abdication in 1848. Esher Place
ESCIIENBACII, 6shlen-baK, a village of Switzerland, can- is a splendid Gothic structure, once occupied by Cardinal
ton, and 6 miles N. of Lucerne.                            Wolsey, and now the property of the Pelham family.
ESCIiENZ, 6shf3nts, a village and parish of Switzerland,   ESHMOUNEYN, a village of Egypt. See OsuMooNEv~.
canton of Thurgau, on the Rhine, 13 miles E.S.E. of Schaft-   ESHIOLT, a township of England. co. of York, West
hausen, consisting of Ober and Unter Eschenz. Pop. 2016.  Riding. Esholt Hall occupies the site of a nunnery.
ESCIERSIHAUSEN, 6shlers-hmw'zen, a village of Bruns-    ESI-I'TEMOIA, an ancient town of Palestine, pashalic of
wick, on the Lenne. Pop. 1070. employed in linen-weaving. Damascus, identified with the modern village of Semooa or
ESCIIMUNEIN, a village of Central Egypt. See OsiHmoo- Semua, 8 miles S. of Hebron, and has remains of antiquity.
NEYN.                                                      ESIANO, A-se-/tno, a village on the island of Sardinia,
ESCIOLTZ (8shfolts) BAY, an inlet of Kotzebue Sound, province of Cagliari, in an exposed and rugged district on
in Behring Strait, Russian America, near the Arctic Circle, the elevated plateau of Planargia. Pop. 1500.
Ion. 1610 10' WV.  iere some remarkable fossil remains have    ESINE, 4-seelnA, a village of Austrian Italy, province of
boon discovered.                                          Bergamo, 4 miles S. of Breno, on the Oglio. Pop. 1311.
ESCHOLZMATT, 6shfolts-mStt', a village and parish of    ESINO, A-seono, a river of Italy, in the Pontifical States,
Switzerland, canton of Lucerne, bailiwick of Entelbuch, rises on the N. slope of the Apennines, flows N.W., and enters 
nearly 3000 feet above sea-level. Pop. 2008.               the Adriatic 7 miles N.VW. of Ancona. Length, 40 miles.
ESCHREFF, a town of Persia. See Asnuam.                    ESKI, 6sk, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and
ESCIIWEGE, 8shfl-rAgheh, a walled town of Iesse-Cassel,  about 3 miles N.N.E. of Donegal. Area, 976 acres.
province of Nieder-IHlessen, on the Werra, 26 miles E.S.E. of    ESK, a mountain range of Ireland, in Munster, between
Cassel. Pop. 6042. It is a flourishing town, ard has mann- the cos. of Cork and Kerry.
factures of woollens and linens.                             ESK, a river of England, co. of Cumberland, rises in SeaESCHWEILER, shtfNvi'P1r, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 9  Fell, and flows S.W. for 20 miles into the Irish Seei, near
miles E.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the railway thence to  Ravenglass.
Cologne. Pop. 7884. It manufactures ribands, woollens,   ESK, a river of Scotland, co. of Dumfiries, formed by the
canvas, needles, iron wire, and machinery.                 confluence of the Black and White Esk in Eskdalemuir,
ESCLUISHAM, Anove and B  ow, the name of two town- flows 24 miles into Solway Frith, near Sarkfoot. Its valley
ships of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.                     is noted for picturesque scenery.
ESCOCIA, and ESCOCES. See SCOTLAm)D.                       ESKIDALEMUIR, Ask-dAl-miire/, a parish of Scotland, co.,
ESCOHEAG, sko-hig/, post-office, Kent co., Rhode Island. and 22 miles N.E. of Dumfries. This formed part of the
ES!COMBE, a parochial chapelry of England, co. of Durham. district of Eskdale, early settled by Norman barons.
ESCONAWTBA, a post-office of Delta co., Michigan.          ESKE, Ask, a river of England, co. of York, North Riding,
ESCONDIDO, As-kon-deefDo, (i. c. "hidden," or "shel- rises near Kildale, and flows E. into the North Sea at Whitby.
tered,") a harbor of Cuba, on its S. coast, 60 miles E. of San-   ESKEE or ESKI/, As/kee, (signifying "old,") a Turkish
tiago.                                                     prefix of the names of numerous towns. &c.
ESCONDIDO, a harbor of Venezuela, department of Zulia,   ESKEE ADALIA, As/kee  -dd'leefyd','the ruins of the anprovince of Coro, on the N. coast of the peninsula of Para- cient Side, in Asia Minor, pashalic of Adana, on the Mediterguana.                                                    ranean, 35 miles N.W. of Alays, comprising the remains of
ESCONDIDO, a harbor of New Granada, department of  defensive walls, and a large theatre.
Isthmus, province of Cauca, on the E. side of the Bay of    ESKEE ANDAVAL, As/kee [n-d -vIl, a town of Turkey,
Panama, 140 miles S.E. of Panama.                         pashalic of Konieh, 6 miles N.E. of Nigdeh, and famous in
ESCONDIDO, a harbor in the Gulf of California, in lat. 250  antiquity for its bieed of horses
551 N., ion. 1100 451 W., near Loreto.                      ESKEE BABA, Askee bAlbh, a village of European Turkey,
ESCONDIDO, a harbor of Yucatan, at the N.E. extremity  in Room-Elee, 28 miles S.E. of Adrianople.
of Lake Terminos. Lat. 18~ 50' N., lon. 910 51 W. It is the    ESKEE (or ESKI) DJUMA, As/kee joolmi, a town of Bulname of the adjacent channel from Lake Terminos into the  garia, 18 W. of Shoomla.
Gulf of Mexico, and of the Bluefields River, in Central   ESKEE (or ESKI) EREKLI, As/kee e-r1ktlee, a town of
America.                                                  Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Sea of Marmora, 55 miles W. of
ESCORIAZA, As-ko-re-althg, a town of Spain, 33 miles  Constantinople.
S.WV. of St. Sebastian, with mineral springs. Pop. 1761.    ESKEE (or ESKI) HISSAR, As.kee-his-sarl, (anc. LaodiES/CRICK, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. ce'a,) a ruined city of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 46 miles S.E.
ESCUDO, As-koo/do, an island in the Caribbean Sea, about of Al.-Shehr, (anc. Philadellsia,) has extensive remains of
2Q                                                                          641




ERSK                                                           ESQ
walls, two theatres, temples, &c.  but, having suffered    ESPAITFEL, CAPE.  See CAPE S'PAITEL.
greatly from earthquakes, its site is now wholly deserted.      ESPEJO, es-pltno, a town of Spain, 25 miles S.E. of Cot
ESKEE (or ESKI) HISSAR, (anc. StratonicwCa,) a ruined  dova, with the remains of a Moorish castle.  Pop. 5284.
city of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 55 miles S.E. of Ayasalook,    ESPELETTE, ts'peh-lttl, a village of France, department
(anc. L)ph'esus.)  It has extensive remains, including a vast of Basses-Pyrenees. 12 miles S. of Bayonne.  Pop. 1500.
temple and a theatre.                                           ESPERA. 8s-prffrl. a town of Spain, 34 miles N.E. of Cadiz,
ESKEE-SARA., s'kee sOrA,or ESKI-SAGRA, slkee sIgrg,  onthe Cuadalete.   Pop. 1577. It has linen weaving.
a town of European Turkey, province of Room-Elee, on the S.   ESIPERANCE  a post-village and township of Schoharie
slope of the Balkan Mountains, 70 miles N.W. of Adrianople.  co., New York, on Schoharie Creek, 28 miles W. by N. of
Pop. 20,000.(?) It is finely situated, and has manufactures of  Albany. Pop. of the township 1428.
carpets and leather.  Near it are hot mineral baths.             ESPERANCE. PORT,  See ADAMSeN'S HARBOR.
ESKEE  (or ESKI) SHEIIR. slkee shah'r, (ane. Dory-    ESPERAZA. &sepehi-razg,  a town of France. department
ktcumf) a town of Asia Minor, 27 miles E.N.E. of Kutaieh.   of Aude, 8 miles S. of Limoux, on the left bank'of the Aude.
ESKEE STAMBOOL, (ESKI STAMBOUL,) 8s/keo stem- Pop. 1403. It has manufactures of hats.
bohl/, is the ancient ALExANDRIA TR0AS, which see.               ESPICHEL, CAPE.  See CAr ESPrICHEL.
ElSKER, a river of European Turkey.  See ISKite.               ESPIEL, 8s-pe-ll, a town of Spain, 25 miles N.W. of CorESKI.  See EsKrE..                                          dova, near the left bank of the Guadiato. Pop. 1088.
ESKILSTUNA,  ss-kil-stoo/no, a town of Sweden, 57 miles    ESPIERRE, Ss'pe-ai/R,' a village of Belgium, West FlanWV. of Stockholnm, on the Hjelmar.  Pop. 2486.                 dens, 8 miles S.S.E. of Courtrai.  Here the French force was
ESKILUP, a town of Asia Minor.  See ISK.ELI.                 defeated by the Austrians and English, May 22. 1794.
ESKIMOS.  See ESQUIsAUX.                                       ESPINARDO, 6s-pe-nartdo, a town of Spain, province, and
ESK, NORTH, a river of Scotland, co. of Fortfar, rises in  2 miles N.N.W. of Mlurcia.  Pop. 1887.
the sGr'npians, and flows 32 miles into the German Ocean,   ESPINIHAQ0, SERRA DO, stei'l  do Ss-peen-yhfso, a monun3 miles N. of Montrose.                                       tain chain of Brazil, province of Bahia, extends from near
ESK, NORTIt and SOUTIH, two small but beautiful  Bahia to the Uruguay. It contains rich diamond-mines.
streams, rise in the co. of Peebles, flow  through  Mid-    ESPINOSA-DE-LOS-MONTEROS, 5s-pe-nolsA dA loce monLothian, unite near Dalkeith, and proceed to the sea at t/roce, a town of Spain, 52 miles N. of Burgos, near the left
Mun;selburgh.   The N. branch flows past Roslin Castle and  bank of the Trueba.  Pop. 2298. IIere the French gained a
HIawthorniden.                                                victory over the Spaniards, November. 1808.
ESK, NORTH and SOUTH, two rivers of Van Dieman's    ESPIRITO SANTO, 5s-psire-to sen/to or 6s-pee're-to sin/to,
Land, district of Launceston, flow W, and join the Mac- a small maritime province of Brazil, between lat. 18~ 30' and
quarrie and Quamby to form the Tamar River.  The town  210 20' S., having N. the province of Porto Seguro, and E. the
of Launceston is on the North and Perth on the South Esk. Atlantic. The principal rivers ase the Doce, which bounds
ESK, SOUTH, a river of Scotland, co. of Forfar, rises in  it on the N., and the Parahiba do Sul, on the S.
the Grampians, in the N.W. part of the co., flows E. through    ESPIRITO  SANTO  or VILLA  VELHA  D'ESPIRITO
Strathmor'e, after a course of 36 miles, into Montrose IHa-   SANTO, veel/l' y~llyA dhs-peesre-to saln/tb, the former capital
boe'. The towns of Brechin and Montrose are on its banks. of the above province, is situated on the S. shore of the.Bay
Fine pearls were formerly fished in this river.               of Espirito Santo. Pop. 1000.
ESLA, 4sel,, a river of Spain, which rises in the N. part    ESPIIRITU SANTO, s-pllpre-too sn/tlo or 3s-pee/re-too stnlof the province of Leon, near Valdeburon, in the S. slope of to, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, province of Badajos,
the mountains of Asturias, flows S.S.W., and joins the  42 miles E. of Lerena.
])oro about 15 miles below Zamora, after a course of about   ESPIRITU SANTO),  s-purse-too szn/to or &s-pee're-too sn/l125 vailes.                                                   to, a cape of Terra del Fuego; lt la  52 38' S.. lon. 680 375 W.
ESMERALDA, 8s-mA-rAId/i, sometimes written  ESME-    ESPIRI{TU SANTO, a town of Cuba, near the cenatre of the
RELDA, a river of South America, in Ecuador, rises near island. Pop 9982, about half of whom are whites.
Qx.to, flows N.W., and enters the Pacific in lat. 00 58/ N.,   ESPRITTU  SANTO, the largest and westernmost of the
ion. 790 40' W., after a course of 110 miles. At its mouth is New  htebrides Islands, in the Pacific. Let. 150 S., lon
a vlage of the same name.                                    1670 E.  Lenth. 05 miles; breadth. 20 miles.
ESMERALDA, a mission settlement of Venezuela, on the    ESPIRITU SANTO. an island in the Gulf of California, 30
O'inceo, 16 miles E. of its bifurcation.                      miles N. of La Paz, 13 Amiles in length by 5 miles in bresadth.
EFSMERALDAS, 6s-mhr-illdls, a maritime town of Ecua-    ESPIRITU  SANTO, a group of the Bahama Islands, 18
doer, province of Imbambura, 95 miles N.W. of Quito, at miles S. of Andros.
the month of the Esmereldas.  Lat. 10 N.. lon. 790 35' W.       ESPIRTU SAN'TO BAY, Florida.  See TAMPA BAY.
ESMERALDA, SERRA, sha/h3- 6s-mi-r,{l/dI.   a mountain    ESPITA, Ss-pee-/,I. a town of Central  America, in Yucachain of Brazil, province of Minas-Gerses, between the Dore  tan. about 30 miles. of Valladolid.  Pop. 3000.
and Belinonte Mire'rs.  Lat. 180 30' S. Length from W. to    ESPLUGA  DE FRANCOLI, Ss-plooegi dAm fi'In-ko-leel, a
E., about 170 miles.                                          town of Spain, province, and 22 miles N.N.W. of Tarragona.
ESNEIH, s/nbh, or ESN], Is/n,  written also ESNA, (Cop- Pop. 2702.
tic,'e; nuc.Lotoi2olis,)the principal commercial town of Up-    ESPORLAS, Is-poRslis, a town of Spain, on the island of.per Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. 25 miles S. of Thebes.  Majorca, 8 miles N.W.  by N. of Palma. In its vicinity are
Lt. 250 19' 39" N., lon. 320 34' 30" E. It stands on a mound  some curious natural caverns.  Pop. 1857.
of debris, 30 feet in height, and is the entreept for the Sen-    ESPOSENDA. Is-po-sn/dsa, a maritime town of Portugal,
nausr caravans.  It has manufactures of cotton shawls,  province of MinAo, at the mouth of the Cavado, 26 miles N.
pottery, a cotton-spinning factory, and a Coptic monastery; of Oporto.  Pop. 1500.
but it is chiefly remarkable for its ruins, especially for those    ES/PY, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania, on
of a vast ancient temple. Pop. estimated by Balbi at 4000.  the North Branch of the Susquehanna, about 85 miles
ESO, I/so, an island ofDalmatia, 8 miles S.W. of Zara, in  N.N.E. of Harrisburg.
the Adriatic,  between the islands of Grossa  and Ugliano.   ESPYVIILE, a post-village of Crawford co., PennsylLensgth, 7 miles; average breadth. 1. miles.                  vania, on Shenango Creek, 110 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg.
E/SOM HILL, a post-office of PauIding co., Georgia.           ESQUERMES,  s'kaimsnl, a village of France, department
ESO/PUS.  a post-village and township of Ulster co., New  of Nord.  Pop. 1707.
York, on the Hudson River, about (:8 miles S. by W. of Al-    ESQUILLADO, L', ls-keel-yI/do, a small island in the
bany. The village, situated 2 miles W. of the river. has  Mediterranean, near the coast of France.  Lat. 430 3t N.,
several stores. Pop. ibout 500. Pop. of the township, 2900. lon. 6 36/ E.
ESOPUS CREEK. of Ulster county, in the E. part of New    ESQUIMAUX, Is/ke-mO' or Ss/ke-mlz, sometimes written
York, falls into the Hudson  Rliver 15 miles S.S.W. of  ESKIMIOS, ("easters of raw flesh,") the present inhabitants
Catskill.                                                     of Arctic America and Greenland, of Mongol origin, and conESOUAN, a town of Egypt.  See AsswaN.                       sisting of three principal stocks: —the Kalalits, better known
ESPAIDACINTA; Is-p-DA-seen/tI, a. folrtified frontier town  by the name of Greenlauders; the Esquimaux proper, on the
of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, on the right bank  N. and E. coast of Labrador; and the Western Esquimaux,
of the Douro, 20 miles E. of Torre de Moncorvo.               found along Hudson's Bay, the WV. side ofBaffin's Bay, the poESPAGNE, ESPAGNOL.  See SPAoN.                              lar shores of America. as far as the mouths of the Coppermine
ESPALION, Ws'p'le-ao, a town of France, departmentof  and Mackenzie livers, and both on the American and AsiAveyronon the Lot, 16 miles N.E. of Rodez. Pop. 2500.        atic sides of Behrinug's Straits. This last locality gives them
ESPANA, ESP4NO0L.  See SPAIN.                               the remarkable peculiarity of being the only aboriginal race
ESPANOLA. See HAYTr.                                        common to the Old and the New World. Their leading phyESPARDELL, As-par-dhll/, one of the Balearic Islands, in  sical peculiarities are a stunted stature, (seldom  exceeding
the Mediterranean, a little N. of Formenteera, and between  five feet in height,) flattened nose, projecting cheeklr-bones,
that islandand auvia. Lat. 380 48' N., Ion. 10 25 E.          thick lips, eyes often oblique, and yellow and brownish
ESPARRAGOSA-DE-LARES.  Is-pa-ral-go/se  dl Il/rs, a  sklin.  The dress of the men consists chiefly of a cloak of
town of Spain, Estremnadura, 80 miles E. of Badajos;  P. 2450. seal-skins, which reaches to the knees; and that of ~he woESPARRAGUERA, 6s-pa-el'-g,/rI. a town of Spain, in  men differs from  it only in a few minute points, often
Catalonia, 14 miles N.W. of Barcelona, on the Llohbregat.  scarcely discernible.  In summer they live in tents covered
Pop. 2866. It has nunmerous cloth factories, paper mills, and  with  the skinis of rein and fallow deer; in winter they nmay
a celebrated annual fair.                                    be said to burrow beneath the snow. Their chief depend642




ESQ                                                         ESS
ence for food is on fishing, particularly on that of the seal. sumpsic, Clyde, N'ulhegan, and several other streams. It
Their weapons are bows and arrows. and spears or lances, contains numerous small lakes and ponds. The surface is
generally pointed with stones or bones, but sometimes with  rough and mountainous, and the soil generally poor and
copper. Their language consists of long compound words, unfruitful; along the bank of the Connecticut there is,
and has regula- though remarkable inflections. In gram- however, some good land. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence
matical structure, atleast, it is American. In intellect they  Railroad passes through the N.E. part of this county. Orare by no means deficient, and the success which ultimately  ganized in 1792, and named from Essex, a county in Engattended the labors of the Danish missionaries proves their  land. Capital, Guildhall. Pop. 4650..
capability of. receiving Christianity, of understanding its    ESSEX, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Massatruths, and conforming to its precepts.                     chusetts, has an area of a:bout 500 square miles.  It is
ESQUIMAUX, 6slke-m5O, an island and harbor of North  bounded.on the E. by the Atlantic, and on the S.E. by MasAmerica, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the N. or Labrador  sachusetts Bay, and is traversed by the Merrimack and
coast. Lat. 540 35' N., lon. 560 21' W. The island is 23 miles Ipswich Rivers. It has a great extent of sea coast, and
long and 1J broad, and about 200 or 250 feet in height on  many fine bays, which afford excellent harbors. A large
the N. side. The harbor is between the N. side of the island  portion of the great wealth of the inhabitants of the seaand the mainland.                                          board towns is invested in commerce and the fisheries. The
ESQUINA, 6s'keefnA, a town of the Argentine Republic, interior towns are manufacturing and agricultural. Untfil
(La Plata,) province of Corrientes, on the left bank of the  within the last few years the manufacture of leather and
ParanA. Pop. 800.                                          shoes were almost the only branches of industry; but re
ESQUIPULAS, Zs-ke-poofls, a town of Central America, cently numerous steam cotton and woollen mills, erected in
state of Guatemala, 18 miles S. by E. of Chiquimule. Pop. Lawrence, Salem, and Newburyport, have contributed very
1800.                                                      much to the industrial prospects of the county. The surESROM, 6slrom, a lake of Denmark, in the island of See- face is generally rough and iocky, and the soil hard, but
land, 11 miles W. of Elsinore. Area, 8 square miles. Near well cultivated.  The Merrimack River is navigable for
its N. end is a small village of the same name.            sloops of 200 tons to Haverhill, in this county. Essex is
ESS, ess, a magnificent cataract of Ireland, in Leinster, co. traversed by railroads connecting Boston with Gloucester,
of Wicklow. 45 miles W. of Glendalough, formed by the  Portsmouth, Portland, and Manchester, and several short
Avonbeg River.                                             lines partly intersect it. Organized in 1642.  Seats of jusESSARTS, LES, l[z 6s'sa&r, a town of France, department tice, Salem, Ipswich, Lawrence, and Newburyport. Pop.
of Vend6e, 10 miles N.E. of Bourbon Vend6e. Pop. 2727.    131,300.
ESSI, 8s'sf, a village of France, department of Ille-et-   ESSEX, a county in the N.E. part of New York, has an
Vilaine, 16 miles S.W. of Vitre, with 1703 inhabitants; and  area of about 1650 square miles. It is bounded on the E.
near which is the Roche-aux-Fes, a Druidic monument oc- by Lake Champlain, and the river Au Sable forms part of
cupying a space about 20 yards in length from S.E. to N.W., northern boundary. It is drained by the head-waters of
and consisting of 43 large blocks, 34 of which support 8  the HIudson, and by Boquet and Scrooeen Rivers, all of which
others.                                                    afford motive-power for numerous grist and saw mills. The
ESSECK, a town of Austria. See EszEa.                     surface in the western part is rough and mountainous, and
ESSEN, 6slsgn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the Co- usually thickly. wooded, but along the lake shore it is much
lone and Minden Railway, 19 miles N.N.E. of Dusseldorf. more level. Mt. Tahawus is the principal elevation and the
Pop. 7296, employed in manufactures of fire-arms. steam- highest mountain in the state. The soil is generally good4
engines, steel and iron wares, leather, vitriol, woollen and  This county abounds in ir-on ore and limestone, and some
linen goods, and coal-mines. It has Roman Catholic and  marble and blacklead have been found. Organized in 1799,
Lutheran churches, an old Capuchin convent, and a gym- having previously formed part of Clinton county. Capital,
nasium. It is the seat of a mining board and a municipal Elizabethtown. Pop. 31,148.
court of justice.                                             ESSEX, a county in the N.E. part of New Jersey, has an
ESSEN, a village of Hanover, 13 miles E.N.E. of Osnaburg. area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by
Pop. 832.                                                   Passaic River, Newark Bay, and Staten Island Sound, on
ESSEN, a village and parish of Oldenburg, circle of Klop- the W. by Passaic River and Bound Brook. and partly on
penburg, 31 miles S.S.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 748.           the S. by Rahway River.  These streams, especially the
ESISENDINE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.         Passaic, afford valuable water-power. The surfece is geneESISENDON, a parish of England, co. of Herts.            rally level, but in some portions hilly; and in the western
ESSEQUIBO, 6s-seh-keelbo, (more properly ESSEQUITEBO, partare two elevated ranges, known by the local names of
8s'se-klbo,) the principal river of British Guiana, in South  First and Second Mountains, which traverse the county
America, enters the Atlantic, in the N.W. part of that co- from  S.W. to N.E.  The soil is mostly derived firom red'
bony, by an estuary 20 miles in width, in lat. 70 N., lon. 580  shale, and is in many places highly productive. The New
40' WV., after a course of at least 450 miles. One of its sources  Jersey Railroad, the New Jersey Central Railroad, and the
has been reached by Sir R. Schomburgir, in lat. 00 411 N. Morris Canal traverse this county, which is also partly inAffluents, the Ripununy or Rupunoony, Misseroony, and  tersected by the Morris and Essex Railroad. Organized in
Cuyuni. Its course lies through forests of the most gigantic  1710. Capital, Newark. Pop. 73,950.
vegetation. It abounds with islands, and in its estuary are    ESSEX, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an area
three or four of considerable size. About 60 miles from its  of about 300 square miles. The Rappahannock River forms
mouth are the Falls of Etabally. It gives its name to a  the N.E. boundary. The surface in the WV. part is uneven;
county of British Guiana.                                  the soil is generally sandy, and moderately fertile, having
ES/SEX, a maritime county of England, having N. the  been improved by guano, lime, and marl. The river is nacounties of Cambridge and Suffolk, E. the North Sea, S. the  vigable by small vessels. along the border of the county.
Thames, and W. Middlesex and tIerts. Area, 981,120 acres, Formed in 1692. Capital, Tappahannock.  Pop. 10,206, of
of which nearly 900,000 acres are arable. Pop. in 1851, 369,318. whom 3444 were free, and 6762 slaves.
Surface, towards the Thames and the sea, flat, marshy, and    ESSEX, a thriving post-village and township in Chittenmuch broken into peninsulas and islands; in the centre  den co., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 35
and N., beautifully diversified and richly wooded. Princi- miles N.W. of Montpelies.  At Essex Junction, in this
pal rivers, the Thames, Lea, Stour, Roding,, Crouch, Colne,  township, a branch railsoad diverges to Burlington. The
Chelmer, and Blackwater. Soil mostly-a fertile loam. Cli- village contains 3 or 4 churches and several stores. Pop.
mate on the coast damp, and producing agnes; in other  of the township, 2052.
parts clear and healthy, less rain falling than, perhaps, in    ESSEX, a post-village and township of Essex co., Masseany other English county. The farming is ranked among  chusetts, on an arm of Squam Bay, 28 miles N.E. of Boston.
the best in England. The quality of the Essex wheat is  Several Vessels are owned here, employed in the coast trade
very superior. Besides the usual crops, teazels, saffron, car- and fisheries, and some ship-building is carried on. Pop. of
raway, and hops are largely grown.  Great numbers of  the township, 1585.
calves are fattened for the London market. and the butter    ESSEX, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.,
of Epping is of the finest quality. The stock of sheep is  Connecticut, on the right bank of the Connecticut River, 7
estimated at firom 500,000 to 600,000 head. Essex contains  miles from its mouth, and 30 miles E. of New HIaven. The
14 hundreds, 5 half-hundreds, and aroyal liberty, comprising  village contains 3 or 4 churches, an academy, a bank, an
406 parishes in the home circuit and dioceses of London and  extensive ropewalk, 8 or 10 stores, 2 carri-age factories, a soap
of Rochester. Chief towns, Chelmsford, (the capital,) Colches- andcandle factory, &c. The inhabitants are considerably
ter, Maldon, and Harwich. The county is intersected by the  engaged in ship-building and the coast trade. Pop. about
Eastern Counties Railway. It sends ten members to the  1200.
House of Commons, of which two are for its northern, and    ESSEX, a post-village and township of Essex co., New
two for its southern, divisions. It gives the title of earl to  York, on the W. shore of Lake  Champlain. about 130 miles
the Coningsby family.-This was the name of a kingdom of  N. by BE. of Albany.  It has a steamboat landing, 3 or 4
the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, comprising the above county, churches, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 2351.
Essex, and parts of the counties of Middlesex and Hertford-    ESSEX, a post-offiece of Fulton co., Ohio.
shire.                                                       ESSEX, a post-township in the-N. part of Clinton co., MiES/SEX, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Ver- chigan. Pop. 410.
mont, has an area of 790 square miles. It is bound6d on    ESSEX, a township in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 73.
the F. by the Connecticut River, and is drained by the Pas-   ES/SEX, a peninsular county of Canada West, is situated
643




ESS                                                       EST
between Lakes St. Clair and Huron, comprising an area of  8sttllut,) a government of Russia, between lat. 580 15' and
677 square miles. It is traversed by the Great Western  390 40' N., and ion. 220 10' and 280 5' E., having E. the
Railway, which has its terminus at Windsor in this county. government of St. Petershurg, S. Livonia  and  Lake
Capital, Sandwich. Pop. 16,817.                             Pelpus, N. the Gulf of Finland, and W. the Baltic, in
ESISIE-wnTa-NE V AY, a parish of Scotlaiid, co. of Forfar.  which it comprises the islands of Dago, Worms, &c. Area,
ES/SINGTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford.       8054 square miles. Pop. 289,800.  Surface generally flat;
ESISINGTON, Northern Australia. See PORT ESSINGTON.  shores rocky. Principal rivers, the Narva, Loksa, Keyel, all
ES-SIOUT, a town of Upper Egypt. See SIOOT.               flowing N.  Soil sandy or marshy, and climate humid;
ESSLING, 8ss/ling, a village of Lower Austria, on the Da- about two-thirds of it covered with pine forests, or unpronube, 7 miles E. of Vienna. Between this village and As- ductive.  More corn is, however, raised than is required
pern was fought a sanguinary but indecisive battle by the  for home consumption; besides flax,. hemp, hops, and toFrench and Austrians on the 21st and 22d of May, 1809. bacco. Many cattle are reared, and the fisheries are importBoth villages were at that time destroyed, but have since ant. Except distilling, the manufactures are almost wholly
been rebuilt.                                               domestic. The principal exports are corn, spirits, salt fish,
ESSLINGEN, 6ss'ling-9n, a town of Wtiirtemberg, circle of and hides. Principal imports, herrings and salt. The inNeckar, on the Neckar, and on the railway to Ulm, 7 miles  habitants are mostly of Finnish descent, and Protestants.
E.S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 6833. It is enclosed by walls, and  The government is subdivided into six circles.  Principal
ill built; principal edifices, an old castle on a height, and a  towns, Revel, IHapsal, Weissenstein, and Wesenberg.-7
handsome town-hall. It has a richly endowed hospital, va- Adj. and inhab. EST0oNIAN, 6s-tholne-an.
rious seminaries, manufactures of woollen and cotton cloths    ESITILL, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky,
and yarn, lacquered tin-wares, glue, and paper mills.       has an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is intersected
ESSONNE, Ws'sonut, a river of France, departments of  by the Kentucky River, dividing it nearly in the middle,
Loiret and Seine-et-Oise, rises 12 miles N.E. of Orleans, after  and also drained by Red River. The surface is hilly and
a N. course of 45 miles, joins the Seine at Corbeil. It turns  mountainous, and partly covered by forests. The soil is
numerous flour mills.                                       fertile. Iron-ore and stone coal are abundant in the mounESSONNE, a village of France, department of Seine-et- tains. The streams furnish valuable motive-power. Estill
Oise, on the above river, half a mile S.W. of Corbeil. Pop. in  county was formed in 1808, and named in memory of Cap1852, 3439, employed in flour, fulling and tobacco mills, and  tain James Estill, who was slain in a battle with the Inmanufactures of table linen.                                diana in 1782. Capital, Irvine. Pop. 5985, of whom 5574
ES-SOUAN, a town of Upper Egypt. See AsswAN.              were fisee, and 411 slaves.
ESSOYES, Ws'swt/, a town of France, department of Aude,   ESTILL'S MILLS, a post-office ofPlatte co., Missouri.
10 miles S.E. of Bar-sur-Seine. Pop. 1727.                    ES'TILLYILLE, a post-village, capital of Scott co, VirES'TABROOK, a thriving village of Anderson co., Ten- ginia, on Moccasin Creek, 357 miles W. by S. of Richmond.
nessee, about 160 miles E. of Nashville. It has an extensive  Iron-ore and coal are abundant at this place. It contains
manufactory of salt, and sulphur springs which are consi- 1 or 2 churches, and about 60 dwellings.
dered valuable.                                               ESTRELLA, 6s-trlltyA, a riveir of Centi-al America, state
ESTACA, PUNTA DE LA, poon/tA dA 1it s-t&k&, a pro- of Costa Rica, enters the Pacific near Quaypo, after a S.W.
montory on the N. of Galicia, forming the northernmost  course of 50 miles.
point of Spain. Lat. 430 48' N., ion. 70 42' W.               ESTRELLA, a town of New Granada, province of AnESTAGEL, 6s'tizh6lt, a town of France, department of  tioquia, 5 miles S.W. of Medellin.
Pyrdndes-Orientales, on the Gly, 11 miles W.N.W. of Per-   ESTRELLA, PORTO DA, por/to df  s-tralfla, a maritime vilpignan. Pop. in 1852, 2359. employed in distilleries and  lage ofBrazil,on thebayof Rio deJaneiro, 16 miles N.of Rio.
marble quarries. It was the birthplace of Arago.              ESTRELLA, SERRA DA, (seaRa df,) a mountain ran'e
ESTAIRES, 8sAtARI, a town of France, department of Nord, of Portugal, province of Beira, extending from S.W. to N.E.
on the Lys, 13 miles W. of Lille. Pop. 3207, employed in  for about 75 miles, and having one peak which rises to
manufactures of linens and soap.                            7524 feet in height.
ESTAMPES, a town of France. See ETAMrPns.                   ESTRELLA, SERRA BA, sart&i dA is-trtl&l.  a mountain
ESTANCIA, ts-ttnlse-t, a town of Brazil, 25 miles S.W. chain of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro. Length, from E.
of Sergipe, on the Piauhi.  Pop. 3000.                     to W., about 18 miles; average height, 3400 feet.
ESTAPLES, a town of France. See ETAPLES.                    ESTREMADURA, ts-trt-mi-Doofrt, (Fr. Estrsmadure, ts'ESTARAC, tstt'rtkt, an old,subdivision of France, in the  tr'mA'dtiri,) an old province in the S.W. of Spain, bounded
province of Guienne, of which Mirande was the capital, now   N. by the province of Leon, E. by New and Old Castile, S.
Included in the departments of Gers and Hautes-Pyrfndes.  by Andalusia, and W. by Portugal, now comprised in the
ESTARREJA, ts-tar.-Rn/zhi, a town of Portugal, province  provinces of Badajos and Caceres.  Area, 14,742 square
of Douro, on the AntuA, 23 miles from Oporto. Pop. 2000.   miles. Pop. 601,124. On the N. it is bounded by the SierESTAVAYER or ESTAYAYA, ts'ttvtlyY, (Ger Stc&fs,   ras de Gredos, Bejar, and Gate; on the S. by that of Constif/fis,) a small town of Switzerland, canton, and 15 miles  stuntina, a continuation of the Sierra Morena; and in the
W.N.W. of Freyburg, on the E. shore of LakeNeufchltel.  centre it is divided by the Sierras de Guadalupe and San
Pop. 1703. It has an old castle, a Dominican nunnery, and  Benito, into two regions, the N. watered by the Tagus, and
a Jesuits' college.                                         the S. by the Guadiana. Soil very fertile, but almost wholly
ESTE, tsteh, a river of Hanover, joins the Elbe 7 miles  devoted to pasturage.  Agriculture is greatly neglected;
WV. of Aitona, after a course of 26 miles.                  much less corn, wine, flax, hemp, &c., is raised than is reESTE, stti, (anc. Atesite,) a town of Lombardy, capital of  quired for home consumption; and chestnuts form a large
a district, 17 miles S.S.W. of Padua. Pop. 8000, employed  portion of the food of the inhabitants. Four millions of
in manufactures of silk twist, linens, and earthenwarse. It  merino sheep ase said to be driven hither to feed every
is picturesqoely situated and well built; its houses are sup-  winter; and vast herds of hogs, goats, and cattle are reared.
ported on arches, and it has a church and leaning tower in  Lead, copper, silver. and iron mines exist here, but they are
the Romanesque style. The Rocca or castle, near the town, nearly all neglected; and manufactures are insignificant.
is a fine feudal fortress, on the site of the seat of the Este  -Adj. and inhab. ES'TEME5AN.  ts-tre-meene-an. The
family, fi-om whom the sovereigns of Great Britain, Hano- Spanish ESTREsIENOS, ts-trAt-mnn/yoce is sometimes used by
ver, Brunswick, and Modena are descended.                   English writers to designate the inhabitasts.
ESTEBAN-DE-NOGALES, ts-tA-Btnfnd-nd o-gg/ls, a town    ESTREMADURA, ts-trA-mA-dooers, an  adminstrative
of Spain, 32 miles N.N.E. of Leon. Pop. 720.                province of Portugal, on the Atlantic Ocean; capital, LisESTELLA, s-tl1yt, (anc. Alba?) a town of Spain, 26 miles  bon. Area,.7256 square miles. Pop. in 1853, 748,561. The
S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 6192. It has an old castle, several Tagus divides it into two-nearly equal parts, the N. of which
churches and convents, a hospital, college, and manufac- is more mountainous than the S., but also more fertile. It
tures of woollens.                                          is frequently visited by earthquakes, Principal products,
ESITELLINE FURINACE, a post-office of Augustaco., Vir- wine, fruits, oil, honey, cork, sumach, and salt.  Nearly
ginia,                                                      sufficient corn is raised for home consumption. Few mines
ESTELVILLE, a post-oeffc of Atlantic co., New Jersey.   are wrought; and manufictures are unimportant.  The
ESTEPA, ts-tiptp, (anc. Asta pa,) a town of Spain, 54 miles  province is subdivided into the districts of Lisbon, Leira,
E.N.E. of Seville, with a fine palace of the family of Centu- and Santarem, besides which cities it comprises Setubal,
rion. Pop. 6559.                                            Torres-Vedras, Thomar, and Cintra.
ESTEPONA. gs-tA-potnA, a maritime town of Spain, 41    ESTREMERA, s-trt-mtrt, a town of Spain, in New Casmiles S.W. of Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 9251. tile, province, and 32 miles E.S.E. of Madrid, near the
Chief industry, fishing, linen weaving, and manufactures Tagus. Pop. 2996.
of leather. It has an old Roman castle in the centre of the    ESTREMOZ, ts-trt-maze, sometimes written ESTREMEZ,
town.                                                      a fortified town of Portugal, N. part of the province of AlemESTERHIAZY, tsfter-htzee, or ESTERIIAZ, (Hun. Eszter- tejo, 23 miles N.E. of Evora. Pop. 6600. It has a strong
haz, ts tt htz1,) a village of Lower Hungary, near the S.E. castle on an eminence, an arsenal, and cavalry barracks,
extremity of the Neusiedl Lake, 41 miles W.S.W. of Pres- manufactures of earthenware, and a trade in hardwares.
butrg. Pop. 375.  Hlere is a magnificent palace of Prince  Near it are marble quarsies.
Esterhazy, built in 1700 in the Italian style, surrounded by    ESTREMOZ, ts-tr'-moze/, a town of Brazil, province of
a noble park.                                              Rio-Grande-do-Norte, on the Lake of Guajiru, about 16 miles
EST1ONIA, ts-tholnet, or REVEL, r~vy8i, (Ger. Estlland,  N. of Natal, and 12 miles from the sea. - Pop. about 1700.
641:




ESZ                                                         ETO
ESZEK, ESSECK, 6sts~k', or ESSEGG, gsfsg, (Slavonic,   ETKO, &fko, a lagoon of Lower Egypt, 7 miles S.S.W. oi
Oszik, ostsik; anc. MHut-sin  or Mitrlsa,) one of the most Rosetta, 18 miles in length, and from 3 to 5 miles in breadth.
strongly fortified towns of the Austrian Empire, capital It is separated from the Mediterranean by a narrow  sandof Slavonia, on the Brave, (on which it has a steam- bank. on which is the village of Etko, 14 milesE.ofAbookeer
packet station,) 13 miles from its confluence with the Da- This lagoon was formed by an inundation of the Nile in
nube. Pop. 12,262.  The modern fortress contains many  1801.
massive buildings, including an arsenal and barracks for    ETNA, kt/na, (L.   ecna; Sicilian, Mfogibello. mon-je-b.llo,
30,000 men, strengthened by additional works on the oppo- a corruption of the Gibbe Erttasmat or "mountain of fire" of the
site bank of the Drave. Around it, beyond its glacis, are  Saracens,) a celebrated volcano in the N.E. of Sicily, near the
the upper, lower, and new towns, in which last most of the  coast. and within a short distance ofCatania. The loftiest sumtrade is conducted. It has Roman Catholic, Greek, and  mit is in lat. 370 43' 31" N., lon. 150 E., and is 10,874 feet above
other churches, a town council-house, a gymnasium, and a  sea-level. The base covers an area of nearly 90 miles in cirnormal school. It has manufactures of silk stuffs; and large  cumference; it is almost encircled by the rivers Alcantara
fairs for corn, cattle, and hides.                          and Giaretta, the sea marking its limits on the E. The
ESZTERIIAZ, a village of Hungary. See ESTeRHAZY.         dimensions of the crater have been variously stated, the
ETABLES,'t b'lt, a maritime town of France, depart- circumference from 2~ miles to 4 miles, and the depth from
ment of Cltes-du-Nord, on the English Channel, 8 miles  600 to 800 feet; but the height of the cone, the diameter of
N.N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 1018.                           the crater, and its depth, are liable to constant change from
ETAIN,'tAxNc, a town of Fmrance, department of Meuse, eruptions. Although when viewed from  a distance, Etna
on an affluent of the Moselle, in a marshy tract, 12 miles  presents a very symmetrical cone, it is found, on a nearer
E.N.E. of Verdun.  Pop. in 1852, 2875. It has a communal approach, and when examined more in detail, to present an
college, and manufactures of cottons.                      exceedingly diversified surface, and to be studded on its
EILTAL, a township of England co. of Northumberland, 9  flanks by numerous minor cones or secondary volcanos of
miles N.N.W. of Wooler. Here are ruins of a castle, built  considerable dimensions. These are altogether about 80 in
by Sir R. Manners in the reign of Edward I.                number, and the largest about 700 feet in height. When
ETALE, A-tiileh, a market-town of Belgium, province of  viewed from above. they present one of the most striking
Luxembourg, 24imiles S.W. of Bastogne.                     scenes imaginable, being arranged in beautiful picturesque
ETAMPES, A'tampl, formerly written ESTAMPES, (anc. groups, and richly clothed with wood; those in the higher
Stamlpce?) a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise,  parts with lofty pines, and those at lower elevations with
stretching, with its suburbs, for 2 miles along the post-road  chestnuts, oaks, beech, and helm. The great terminating
between Paris and Orleans, 30 miles S.S.W. oi Paris. Pop. cone, at the summit of which is the principal crater or openin 1852, 8083. It has a station on the Paris and Orleans Rail- ing, and which is continually throwing out sulniphurous vaway, a Gothic church of the thirteenth century, and the re- pours, rises from an irregular plain 9 miles in circumference,
mains of a royal castle. In the town and its vicinity are nume- and about 1100 feet below the culminating point of the
rous flour-mills, and it is estimated to supply Paris with  mountain. The interior of this crater, is inclrusted with
nearly half the quantity of flour consumed in that capital. various colored efflorescences of ammonia, sulphur, and
It has also manufactures of soap, hosiery, and linen thread. martial vitriolic salts, to the depth of about 100 yards. The
ETAPLES or ESTAPLES, Adtlp'll, (anc. Stapulce?) a seaport bottom of the crater is plain, and tolerably hard, though,
town of France, department of Pas de Calais, on the Canche,  from being composed of loose cinders, the feet sink in some
neam- its mouth, 15-miles S. of Boulogne. Pop. in 1852, 2267. places. Near the centre are two mounds of scorin and ashes,
Its importance, as a military post, has long ceased; and its  each with a large aperture at the summit, and several fiscastle, built in 1160, is now a ruin; but it retains its trade  sures aroun.d, from  whence, at intervals, issue volumes of
in salt, and has breweries and distilleries.                thick smoke, with a rumbling noise and hissing sound.
ETATS-UNIS. See UNITED STATES.                            There is also a light thin vapor, occasionally oozing from
ETAWAIH, Ut'tlwd, or ETAWEH, ttweleh, a district of the bottom and sides of the huge amphitheatre in every
British India, presidency of Bengal, in the Doab. Area. 3450. direction.  About 60 eruptions of Etna are recorded! in
square miles. Principal towns, Minpooree and Etawah.        history; the more remarkable ones of later periods are those
ETAWAIH, a town of British India, capital of the above  of 1792, 1811, 1819, and 1832. The eruption of 1792 con
district, on the Jumna, 63 miles S.E. of Agra, with remains  tinued for a whole year; the streams of lava which flowed
of former grandeur, now in decay.                           from the mountain on that occasion were often 30 feet. high,
ETICHELLS, a township of England, co. of Chester.         while in their fluid state. In that of 1832. numerous fiery
ETCHEMIN, 8t/che-min, (Fm. pron. 6tch'eh-mANs,l) or  mouths opened in the sides of the mountain, fi-om which,
ECHIEMIN, a river of Canada East, flowing from a lake of  in the midst of violent explosions and other convulsions,
the same name,.lat. 460 2i1 N., ion. 700 37' W. It falls into  accompanied by tremendous discharges of ashes and cinders,
the St. Lawrence, between 3 and 4 miles above Quebec. En-  vast streams of lava issued; and, pouring down the declivitire length, about 50 miles.                                ties, overran'cultivated fields, and threatened with destrucETCH'ILIIAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   tion the town of Bronte. The stream of lava, on this, occaETCHtINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          sion, was 18 miles in length, 1 mile broad, and 30 feet high.
ETCHMIADZIN, a town of Persia. See EcunmDozmN.            In 1669, one of these burning streams of molten matter
ETED, A'tdl, or ETETA; Alt'tOhx, a village of Austria, overtopped the ramparts of Catania, 60 feet in height, and
Transylvania, Udvarhely-Szekler-Stuhl, 25 miles E.S.E. of  fell in a fiery cascade into the city, a part of which it deMaaros-Vasarhely. Pop. 1283.                                stroyed; it however ultimately cooled, and the solid lava
ETETITZ, a village of Ilungary.  See ErE.                 may still be seen curling over the top of the rampart like a
ETHIERIDGE, a village of Jones co., Georgia, 17 miles  cascade in the act of falling. At the foot of the crater of
W. by N. of Milledgeville.                                  Mount Etna, 9770 feet above the sea, stands a small buildETHIOPIA, e-the-ofpe-a, (L..Ethioepia; Gr. AtOtotna, ing, called the English House, probably the highest inhaAithioia,) the name given by the ancient geographers to  bited place in Europe. This house is covered with snow till
the countries S. of Egypt. It was often vaguely applied to  the middle of June, and fresh snow falls on it in August.the whole southern part of Africa, from the Red Sea to the  Adj. ETNEAN, 6t-neelfan, (L. IErNTus.)
Atlantic; or, to speak more correctly, as far W. as the know-    ETINA, a post-village and township of Penobscot co.,
ledge of the ancients extended. In its most exact political Maine, on the Penobscot and Kennebec Railroad, 30 miles
sense it seems to have denoted the kingdom of Merob; but, N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 802.
with a wider application, it included also the kingdom of    ETNA, a post-village of Dryden township. Tompkins co.,
the Axomitee, besides several other tribes-the Troglodytes  New York, on Fall Creek, about 160 miles W. by S. of Albany.
and the Ichthyophagi on the Red Sea, and the Blemmyes, It has 2 or 3 churches, and several stores and mills.
Megabari, and Nubte in the interior. The people of Ethio-   ETNA, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
pin were of the Caucasian race, and seem to have spoken a    ETNA, a post-office of Ilanover co., Virginia.
language allied to the Arabic. Their religion appears to    ETNA  a post-office of Paulding co., Georgia.
have been similar to that of the Egyptians, though free    ETNA, a post-office of Decatur co., Tennessee.
from their grosser superstitions.  Some traditions made    ETNA, a post-village and township, in Licking co., Ohio,
Mero9 the parent of Egyptian civilization, while others as- on the National Road, about 18 miles E. of Columbus, P. 1307.
cribed the civilization of Ethiopia to Egyptian colonization.   ETNA, a post-office of Lapeer co., Michigan.
So great was the power of the Ethiopians, that more than    ETNA, a post-village in Huntingdon co., Indiana; about
once in its history Egypt was governed by Ethiopian kings, 90 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 105.
while the most powerful kings of Egypt do not seem at any    ETINA CENITRE, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
time to have acquired a permanet hold upon Ethiopia. At    ETOILE, Atwm ll, a town of France, department of DrSme,
present, Ethiopia is divided into Upper Ethiopia, including  7 miles S. of Valence. Pop. 1058. It has a fortified castle in
Nubia and Abyssinia, and Lower Ethiopia, comprising Con- which Louis XI. resided.
go, Lower Guinea, Kaffraria, Mocaranga, &c.-Adj. and    ETOILE, ILE L', Rle l'twgll. one of the Amirante Islands,
inhab. ETaIOPIAN, e-the-ofpe-an.                            in the Indian Ocean; lat. 50 55' S., ion. 5304 E., 1 miles long.
ETIVE, LOCh, 1H Wt/iv, an inlet of the North Sea, Scot-    ETOLIA, a province of Greece.  See EToLIA.
land, co. of Argyle. Length, about 20 miles; breadth, varying,   EfTON, a town and parish of England, co. of Bucks, on the
and often very narrow. Scenery on its shores very beautiful. right bank of the Thames, opposite Windsor, with which it
ETJOU, ft-yooP, a town of Japan, on the island of Kioosioo, is connected by a handsome bridge. Pop. in 1851, 3666. The
65 miles N.E. of Nagasaki.                                 town, which consists of one long winding street. is famous for
645




ETO                                                         E UP
its college founded by King Henry VI. in 1440, and now a  Counts of Eu. The Chateau d'Eu, inherited by the ex-king
favorite seat of preliminary instruction for the sons of the no- Louis-Philippe from this family, contains the finest colle.
bility and gentry. It consists of two noble brick quadrangles, tion of historical portraits in France, and is suerounded by
with towers. cloisters, and gateways in the Tudor style, and  a park and extensive gardens. The forest of Eu extends for
has a fine chapel and hall, a valuable library, two statues of  a considerable distance to the E. and S. The town of Eu
its royal founder, beautiful pleasure grounds, with 70 foun- was burnt in 1445 by Louis XI., to prevent its falling into
dation scholars, and about 700 stipendiary pupils. The col- the hands of the English. This was the place of an interlege is governed by a provost and fellows, and is richly en- view between Queen Victoria and the King of the French
dowed. The fellows of King's College, Cambridge, are entirely  in 1843. Pop. in 1852, 4019.
elected from Eton scholars. The ancient and curious tri-   EUBA, oilbA, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, near
ennial pageant of the Montem, when money is collected for Thum. Pop. 1539.
the senior scholar on his removal to Cambridge, is now dis-   EUIBANKS, a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia, 80
continued.  Among the many great men who received a  miles N.E. by E. of Milledgeville.
part of their education at Eton, may be named Waller,   EUBCA, u-bee/'l, or NEGIROPONT', (Turkish, Er'rinog
Boyle, Walpole, Bolingbroke, Fielding, Gray, Sherlock, or Egfspeos'; L. Euaboa; It. Ncgroposte, nuAgro-pon/tA;
Porson, Chatham, Fox, Lord Grey, Canning, and Wellington. Gr. Evfoaa, Euboia,) the largest island of the kingdom of
ET/OWAH, (generally called h/to-wah, and formerly writ- Greece, of which it forms a department, in the i gean Sea,
ten HIGHTOWER,) a small river of Georgia, which rises in  lying along the northein coast of Thebes and Attica, beLumpkin county, and flows nearly W. by S. to Rome, where  tween lat. 370 561 and 390 2' N., and Ion. 220 40' and 240
it unites with the Oostenaula, and forms the Consa. Gold  40' E., separated from  the mainland by the channels of
is found in many places on its banks.                       Eubea, (anc. E-tripus;) crossed by a bridge at its narrowest
ETOWAH, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia.              point opposite Chalcis, Talanta, and Trikeri.  Its length is
ETRETAT, Atreh-tV/, a maritime village of France, de- 115 miles, and its greatest breadth 33 miles. Pop. 43,342.
partment of Seine-Infdrieure, on the English Channel, 15  The surface is mountainous, but very fertile. The highest
miles N.N.E. of IIavre. It affords facilities for an extensive  mountains are Delphi, near the centre, on the northern
harbor, its port being defended by a natural dyke. It is coast. 6259 feet high, Kandili, 4337, and St. Elias, between
celebrated for its oysters. Pop. 1518.                     3000 and 4000 feet high. The principal products are corn,
ETRURIA, e-troo/re-A, in ancient times one of the most wine, cotton, wool, pitch, and turpentine. Many cattle, sheep,
important countries of Italy, now  forms the duchy of  and goats are reared. T'he principal towns are Chalcis, caLucca, the greater part of Tuscany, and a portion of the  pital of the northern division, (Eubca,) and Karystos, the
Pontifical States. The name was restored by Napoleon, who  chief town of the southern division.-Adj. and inhab. Euby the treaty of Lun6ville, in 1808, formed, of the grand  IMAN, u-bee/an.
duchy of Tuscany, the kingdom  of Etruria, which was    EUICHEE or UICIIEE CREEK, of Russell co., Alabama,
united to the French Empirein 1808. (See TuscANY.)-    flows into the Chattahoochee River, near Fort Mitchell.
Adj. and inhab. EtnUvIAN, e-tru/re-an.                        EUICLID, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, about
ETRU/RIA, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, parish  11 miles N. by W. from Syracuse.
of Stoke-on-T-ent, 1. miles N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne.   EUCLID, a beautifsl post-village and township of CuyaIt was the residence and seat of the manufactures of the late  hoga co., Ohio, on the southern shore of Lake  Erie, near
Mr. J. Wedgewood, inventor of the beautiful imitation of  the Cleveland and Ohio Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of CleveEtruscan vases, and the great improver of English porcelain, land. The village contains 2 churches, and an academy.
who died here in 1795.                                      Pop. of the township, 1447.
ETSCH, a river of North Italy. See ADIzE.                   EUDOKEEF, u'do-keef/, or FOGCIGY ISLANDS, a group
ETSED or ECSED, 6tchIdl, a village of Hungary, co. of  of small islands in the North Pacific, off the S.E. coast of
Heves, about 5 miles fiom Gytngyls. Pop. 1861.              Aliaska, Russian America.
ETSED or ECSED, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss,   EUERDORF, oi/er-doRf', a market-town of Bavaria, in
24 miles W.N.W.of Szathmar, near an extensive morass of  Lower Franconia, on the Saale, here crossed by a bridge, 29
Its own name, on the Kraszna. It contains an old castle, in  miles N.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 998.
which the IHungarian crown was long deposited. Pop. 1275.   EUFAU/LA, a handsome post-village of Barbour co.,
ETSKA, Utchfkthx, a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal,  Alabama, on the right bank of the Chattahoochee River, 90
on the Bega Canal, 5 miles from Nagy-Becskerek. Pop. 3243. miles E.S.E. of Montgomnery. It is finely situated on a bluff
ETTE, atlta, or ETETITZ, a'taetitsf, a village of Hungary, which rises about 200 feet above the level of the river. It
Hither Danube, co. of, and about 12 miles from Komorn, on  is the centre of an active and increasing trade.  About
the road from Papa to Dotis.  Pop. 1080.                    20,000 bales of cotton are annually shipped at this place in
ETTELBRUCK, 6lttel-broolk, a village ofHolland, duchy of  steamboats.,Eufaula has 4 churches, 25 stores, and several
Luxemburg, 3 miles S.W. of Diekirch, on theAlzette. P.2218.  newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, 3000.
ETTEN, 8t'ten, a village of the Netherlands. province of   EUFEMIA.  See SANTA EUFMIIA.
North Brabant, 6 miles W.S.W. of Breda. Pop. 5391, who    EUGANEAN (u-gfne-an) HILLS, a low range of Northtrade in corn, cattle, and fuel.                            ern Italy, 9 miles S.WI. of Padua, extending for about 10
ETTENIEIM, Ittuehime', a town of Baden, 18 miles N. miles from N.W. to S.E., and containing many fossil reof Freiburg, on the railway to Carlsruhe. Pop. 2730, who  mains, and hot springs resorted to for bathing.
manufacture linen fabrics. From 1790 to 1803, this town    EUGENE, u-jeenl, a pleasant post-village and township
was the residence of the last Prince-bishop of Strasburg, and  of Vermilion co., Indiana, on the Big Vermilion River, 82
here the Duke d'Eughien was seized and conveyed to Yin- miles W. by N. of Indianapolis.  The village, laid out in
cennes, May 16th, 1804.                                     1827, is situated in a good farming district, and has an
ET/TERS, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.         active trade. The river is crossed at this place by a bridge.
ETTISWEIL, 6t/tis-RIlf, a village of Switzerland, canton, Pop. about 600: of the township, 11,805.
and 16 miles W.N.W. of Lucerne, on the Roth. Pop. 876.        EUGENE CITY, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon.
ETTLINGEN, Utttling-9n, a town of Baden, on a railway    EUHAR/LEY, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia.
and on the Alb River,- 4 n miles S. of Carlsruhe.  Pop. 4250.   EUHARLEY  CREEK,  of Georgia, enters the Etowah
It has gunpowder, paper, and cotton mills.                  from the left in Cass co.
ETiTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.      EU-HO, a river of China.  See Yu-Io.
ETTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.             EUL[EUS.  See KARoON.
ET/TRICK, a river of Scotland, joining the Tweed after a    EULA/LIA, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, concourse of 21 miles, 2 miles below Selkirk.                  tains the borough of Coudersport. Pop. 522.
ETTRICK, a mountainous parish of Scotland, near the    EULE, oileh; or EULAU, oillow, a market-town and cirhead waters of the above river, co., and 17 miles S.W. of Sel- cle of Leitmeritz, about 12 miles fromn Aussegg. Pop. 947.
kirk. It was the ancient seat of the Buccleugh family, has    EULE, oitleh, or ELAU, Ilbw, a mining town of Robeseveral old border fortresses, and much romantic scenery. mia, 12 miles S. of Prague.  Pop. 1350. It was forimerly
Hlogg, "the Ettrick Shepherd," was born, and spent the  celebrated for its rich gold mines.
greater part of his life, in this parish.                     EULENBERG, oi'len-bso', a market-town of Moravia,
ETITRICK-FOR/EST, a beautiful pastoral tract watered  circle, and 18 miles N. of Olmutz. Pop. 331.
by the above river and its tributaries. It formed originally    EULIA, a post-office of Macon co., Tennessee.
a part of the Great Caledonian Forest, but is now almost   EUPATORIA, u-ph-to/re-a, formerly KOSLOW  or KOSentirely divested of trees.                                 LO~, kos-lovl, a seaport town of Russia, government of TauET/TRICK-PEN/, a mountain of Scotland, near the source  rida, on the western coast of the Crimea, 38 miles W.N.W.
of the Ettrick River. Heeight, 2200 feet.                  of Simferopol.  Pop. 7000. It has a high Tartar school, hosETTYEK, 6tt~'ykll, a village of Hungary, Itither Danube, pital, custom-house, a large harbor, and considerable trade.
co. of Stuhlweissenburg, about 12 miles from Martonvasar.    EUPEN, oilpen, (Fr. N'auc, nat`6,) a frontier town of
Pop. 1787.                                                 Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles S.S.W. of Aix-la-Chbapelle, on the
ET/WALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby.              Vesdre, 4& miles E. Limburg.  Pop. in 1846, 10,940. It has
ETYMANDRUS or ETYIANDER.  See HmIUn.ND.      important manufactories of woollens.
RAU, oh, (L. Auga or Augium,) a town of France, depart-    EUPHE/MIA, a thriving post-village of Preble co., Ohio,
ment of the Seine-Inflrieure, on the Bresle, near the  on the National Road and on the Eaton and Piqua RailEnglish  Channel, 17 miles N.N.E. of Dieppe. In its parish  road, 57 miles N. of Cincinnati.
church, with a crypt, are many effigies of the Artois family,   EUPHIRATES, u-fritlcz, (Turk. El-frat, i-frit,) also called
616




EUP                                                           EUR
by the natives MOORAD, so celebratedin all periods of    The permanent flooding of the Euphrates is caused by
history for the great events that have transpired on its  the mnelting of the snow in the mountains along the upper
banks, and for the renowned cities whose wIlls it has  part of its course. This takes place about the beginning
laved, has its sources in two principal branches, in about of March, and it increases gradually up to the end of May.
400 N. latitude, and between 410 30', and 420 551' E. Ion. The river continues high, and its course very rapid, for 30
Moorad Chai, its most eastern and largest branch, has its  or 40 days; but, afterwards, there is a daily decrease.
origin in the Anti-Taurus Mountains, near the meridian  which becomes very small and regular towards autumn.
last named. while a smaller branch IKarA-Soo, rises 70 or 80  From the middle of September to the middle of October the
miles farther W., though in the same range, and distant  river is at the lowest. The increment of land about the
about 24 miles N.E. of Erz-room, and 90 miles from  the  delta has been found to be a mile in 30 years,-about
south-eastern shores of the Blaclk Sea. These main con- double the increase of any other delta;-owing in part to
fluents unite near Kaban-Madan, or Kebb' n-Ma'den in lat. the nature of the soil over which the Euphrates and its
about 3SO 58' N. and Ion. 380 30' E.; and from  thence take  associated streams flow for such enormous distances; and
the name of Euphrates. The general course of the two  especially to this detrital matter being deposited in so
principal affluents before their union, as well as of the main  land-locked a body of water as the Persian Gulf, in which,
river after their conjunction, is S.W. to within about 80-  aided by the inset of the tide, the sediment is poured
miles of the Gulf of Iskanderoon, (its nearest approach to  back, instead of being swept out, by a boisterous open sea.
the Mediterranean,) at the Castle of Oroom  or Graum.    EUIE, fir or un, (anc. Ebura 2) a river of France, rises in
From this point the Euphrates flows a little 1]. of S. for 87'  the department of Orne, flows N.E. through the departments
miles —-following the stream, or 65, miles in a direct line to  of Eure-et-LoirandEure, and joins the Seine on the left,
Balis, in lat. 360 1' 2111 N, aund lon. 380 7/ 10" B.   "Here,"  above Pont-de-l'Arche.  Its chief affluent is the Iton on
in the words of Colonel Chesney, "it seems to abandon the  the left. Its length is 112 miles, for 50 of which it is navistruggle itthad hitherto maintained to reach the Mediterra- gable.
near"  and  bending off in a general south-eastern cousse,    EURE, a depastment in the N.W. of France, capital,
which, but with innumerable detours, it preserves, till it  Evreux, forms part of the old province of Normandy, situdischarges its waters into the Persian Gul;f,  after a course  ated on the estuary of the Seine, between let. 450 37t and
of more than 1780 miles, from the head waters of the Moor- 490 28' N. Area, 2248 square miles. The climate is mild
ad-Chai. The latter river of itself, has a course of 400 miles  aid humid; the surface generally fiat. The chief rivers are
before its junction with tise KariL-Soo. For about 580 miles  the Seine and its affluents, the Eure, Rille, Andelie, and the
from their sources, the Euphraites and its upward tributa-  Iton, an affluent ofthe Eure. The minerals comprise iron,
ries meander through a mountainous country, at times  building and mill stones. Corn is raised for exportation;
shut in by dark and lofty precipices. interrupted by rapids  apples and peers are important crops; pasture is extensive,
or contracted within narrow defiles and deep chasms. Near and forests coverone-fifth part of the department. Excelthe village of Pash-tdsh, the Euphrates enters one of these  lent horses, cattle, and sheep are reared. The mining and
chasms, where the precipices are from  1000 to 1500 feet manufacturing industry is very active. The manufactures
high, and the gorge so narrow as to be crossed by a bridge,  include woollens, cotton, paper, glass, iron. copper, and zinc
while the mountains rise to about 4000 feet on each side. wares. The department is divided into the asrondissemeuts
Nor does this'interesting river lack in picturesque beauty  of Les Andelys, Bernay, Evreux, Louviers, and Pont-Audebelow this point; on the contrary, till it reaches the plains  mer. Pop. in 1852, 415,777.
near incient Babylon, there is a perpetual variety in its  EUURE-ET-LOIR, uR-A-lw&la, a department in the N.W. of
devious course, which is now through swelling hills, and  France, capital, Chartres, forms part of the old provinces
now washing the base of some perpendicular cliff, crowned  of Orleanais and Ile-de-France, between lat. 470 571 and 480
with its ruined castle or fortress.  At 80 miles below Rakl- 55' N. Area, 2117 square miles. Its chief rivers are the Eure
kah, "beetle-browed precipices" rise abruptly to a height and Loire. There are many marshes inthe W. The climate
of from 300 to 500 feet above the water's edge. The ruins  is mild and temperate; the soil is extremely fertile, and a
of ancient cities, the remains of canals traversing Meso- great amount of corn is raised. It is considered the granary
potamia and uniting the Tigris and Euphrates, combine  of Paris.  Here excellent cavalry  horses are reared, and
with the picturesque scenery already noticed to give this  numerous cattle, sheep, and poultry. The department is
river an interest unsurpassed by any other cn the globe. poor in minerals, but has several iron works, and manufacAt IIit, in lat. 330 38' N. and ion. 420 52' E., the country  tories of coarse cloths, cottons, and paper. It is divided
begins to be level, and both above and below this town, into the arrondissements of Chartres, Chkteaudun, Dreux,
ancient  ii-rigating aqueducts, of costly construction, di- and Nogent-le-Rotrou.  Pop. in 1852, 294,892.
verge from the main stream. The Euphrates is 120 yards    EUREIKA, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.
in width  a little below  the junction  of its two main    EUREKA, a post-office of Woodford co., Illinois.
branches; while its general breadth varies fi-om  200 to 400.   EUREKA, a post-village of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, on
and even 600 yards; but narrows, (owing to the numerous  Fox.River, 16 miles W. of Oshkosh. It has 2 stores, 1 mill,
canals for irrigation,) below Hillah, to 160, 120, and even 60  1 hotel, and about 100 inhabitants.
yards in width. After receiving the Tigris, in about 310 N.    EURtEKA, a post-town in the N.W. part of Humboldt co.,
lat., and 470 291' E. Ion., the united rivers take the name  California, near IHumboldi Bay.
of Shatt-el-Arab, which expands to nearly half a mile, in    EURIPUS, Greece.  See EuBeA.
breadth, and for the last 40 miles to even a greitter breadth.   EUROPA, u-rofpA, or BASSAS-DA-INDIA, belshs-da-eenlThe general depth of the Upper Euphrates exceeds 8 feet, and  de-A, an island on the East African coast, Mozambique Chanbetween Kh'boor and Bassora or Basrah, the depth varies  nel, about 3 or 4 miles in diameter. Lat. 220 30' S.. on. 400 241 E.
fi-om 8 to 21 feet, the shallows being in the lower parts of    EUROPE, u/rtip, (Gr. Evpo,,i, EurPps; F-. L'Europe,
the river, in the marshes once forming the Chaldean Lake,  lui'ropV; L.    -so'pa,) one of the principal divisions of the
where the Euphrates separates into two branches, from   earth, forming the N.W. portion of the oldworld, and though
which smaller ones, and numerous irrigating  cuts diverge. called a continent, it might perhaps be more justly entitled a
Below Bassora, the depth increases to 30 feet, and in some  great peninsula. It is the least of the principal divisions of the
instances to 40 feet or more. The current varies from  2 to  earth, Australia excepted,, and yields to the others not only
4 miles an hour at high water, but is much oftener below, in general grandeur of scale, but also in appreciable gifts,
than above 3 miles. At Hit, the mean velocity is 4'46 feet per  noble rivers, luxuriant variety of vegetation, and mineral
second; while that of the Danube, at Pesth, is but 2-33 feet. treatures. Yet it is rem[rkable for its decided superiority in
According to Colonel Chesney, whom  in this article we  arms and industry, and as the quarter wherein civilization,
have generally followed, the Euphrates is navigable with-  almost constantly progressive, has hitherto attained its most
out serious interruption, from Somoisat,a distance of 1195k  perfect development.
miles, to the sea; and rafts are floated down even above the    Bousndaries.-Europe is bounded on the Ni. by the Atlattertown. There ares however, some obstructions to navi- lantic, on the N. by the Arctic Ocean or North Polar Sea.
gation at low water, caused by ledges of rocks crossing the  On the S. it is separated firom  Africa by the Mediterranean
bed of the stream, as at Kars blah, in lat. 34O 40' N. Below  (inland) Sea, which is connected with the Sea of Marmora
the Lemloon marshes, there is a narrow bankl of pebbles  or Propontis by the strait called the Dardanelles or HTlleacross the river, with 3 or 4 feet depth at loey water.       spout; ahd the Sea of Marmora is again joined on the E.N.E.
It is remarkable that, though this great river has its  to the Blacki  Sea or Euxine by a similar strait known
sources comparatively near the Caspian and Black Seas,  as the Bosporus. The Dardanelles  and Bosporus,  with
and approaches to within less than 100 miles of the IMedi- the intervening sea, divide Europe ifrom the adjaceutshores
terrauean. near its middle course, it should yet discharge  of Asias Minor. N.E. of the Black Sea is its shallow contiitself into the Persian Gulf, the most remote of the four nuation, the Sea of Azof, (unc. Paelus _Eeol/tis,) which closes
seas. The quantity of water cdischarged by thie Shat-el- the series of inland waters encompassing the shores of EuArab is computed at 236,907 cubic feet per second. The  rope on the S. and S.E. From the head of the Sea of Azof,
principal tributaries of the Euphrates descending, and in  the line which separates  Europe from  Asia, or in general
order, below KIebbdn- a'de odn are Tokhmah-Soo, the S'jur, terms, the E. boundary of Europe, is merely arbitrary and
the Khaboor, the Tieris, (iarmost equal in magnitude to thle  speculative; the practical and authoritative determination
parent stream;) and the IKtroon.                             of it is neither prompted by any interest, nor rscilitated by
The Euphrates,  particu!arly in the middle and latter  natural landmiarlks. Some geographers -trace the boundary
part of its course, is thronged with islands, especially at  line from  the Sea of Azof up the river Don, to the  point
low water.                                                   where this river approaches nearest to. the Volga; thence
047




EUR                                                         EUR
up the latter river and its E. tributary, the Kama, to the Sea, which is a deep inlet of the Arctic Ocean, extendUralian Mountains. Others prefer the line of lowest level, ing from  N.E. to S.W. between'the shores of Lapland,
which is partially marked by the river Manitch, between  Finland, and Russia, nearly 400 miles. The Strait of Gib
the Sea of Azof and the Caspian Sea, and then continue the  raltar, in one place only 19 miles wide, forms the comr
boundary up the Ural (or Yailk) River to the mountains.  munication between the Atlantic Ocean and the Medi
Others, again, carry the boundaries of Europe and Asia  terranean Sea, which latter has an extension from W. to E.
farther S. to Caucasus, where this mountain chain extends  of 2500 miles, with a general breadth of perhaps 500 miles,
frbm the Black Sea to the Caspian in a W.N.W., E.S.E. but owing to its sinuous shores and deep indentations, the
direction., All agree in assuming the Uralian Mountains to  distance from the African to the European Continent in
form part of the natural boundary between Europe and  some places Exceeds 1000 miles.  Its chief gulfs are the
Asia. This opinion, which is of modern origin-the an- Gulf of Venice or Adriatic Sea, between Italy and Illyria,
cients considered Europe  as extending indefinitely to- above 500 miles in length, and the Archipelago, which lies
ward the N.E., and embracing, the country now  called  between the Grecian Peninsula and Asia Minor. The MediSiberia-is founded merely on the apparent convenience  terranean lying generally under a warm zone, (lat. from 300
of referring the demarcation of the two continents to a  to 450,) and having only a narrow belt between it and the
chain of mountains, supposed to run for 1200 miles nearly  Great Desert of Africa, is much exhausted by evaporation,
in the direction of the meridian. But the region of the  and a constant current sets into it from the Atlantic on the
Ural, which is still but imperfectly known, presents, to a  one side, as well as from the Black Sea on the other. Hence
great extent, only a moderate elevation, attained by imper- its waters rather exceed in saltness those of the ocean.
ceptible degrees, and offering to the eye no landmark what- Owing to the great magnitude of the Mediterranean Sea, the
ever. The true E. boundary of Europe is, in fact, a con- phenomena of tides are perceptible in it; in the Black Sea
tested question, which has called forth much futile dis- there is no tide.
cussion; nature has drawn in the region referred to no de-    motsntains. —The mountains of Europe form several dis.
cisive line of separation between the E. and W.; neither has  tinct groups or systems, of very different geological dates,
political power; and the limit of jurisdiction-the line which  and capable of being considered as a whole, only from that
separates Russia from  Siberia-lies not in the Ural, -but  point of view which discloses their combined influence on
much farther E.. at the river Tobol.                       the climate, physical character, and capabilities of the conPosition, Area, &c.-The northernmost point of Europe, tinent around them. Into the succinct account here about
on the mainland, is Cape Nordkyn, in Lapland, lat. 710 6' N. to be given of them, no particulars will be admitted which
North Cape, on the island of Magerie, lies about 4 miles fhr- have not this unity of bearing. The Scandinavian Mounther N. The most southern points of the continent are Punts  tains, to which the great Northern Peninsula owes its form,
de Tarifa, lat 360, in the Strait of Gibraltar. and Cape Mata- and in some respects its peculiar climate, extend through
pan, lat. 360 17', which terminates the Morea. The island of  13 degrees of latitude, (580-710,) or above 900 miles, from
Crete, reaches a little S. of 350. On the W., Cape Finisterre  the Polar Sea to the S. point of Norway. They bear many
(coast of Spain) is in Ion. 90 271 W.; Cape Roca (Portugal)  names in succession: first, descending firom the N., we have
in ion. 90 25' W.; while Yekaterinboorg, (Elat~rinburg), in  the Lapland  Mountains; then, on the borders of Sweden, the
the Uralian Mountains, lies in Ion. 600 36' E. Thus Europe  Kiiilen; then the Dovrefield; after which come the Sognamay be said to extend, in round numbers, through 35 de- field and Itardangerfield.  The highest summit of the chain
grees of latitude, and 70 of longitude.  From  Cape Mata- are Skagttilstind, in Sognafleld, (lat. 610 24' N.,) 8390 feet; and
pan to North Cape is a direct distance of 2400 miles; from   Sneehiitten, in the Dovrefield, (lat. 620 20' N.,) 8115 feet.
Cape St. Vincent to Yekaterinboorg, N.E. by E., 3400 miles. The highest part of the chain is firom the middle, southThe exterior of Europe is made up of the following parts, wards. They nowhere form a n arow crest at their sumeach, in some measure. naturally independent of the rest, mits, but, on the contrary, expand into plains, fells, fields,
namely, the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, and the  (fjelds,) often 30 or 40 miles wide. Towards the E. the mounDanish Islands, the British Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, tain mass declines gradually  while on the W. it falls abor Spain and Portugal, the peninsula of Italy, and that of  ruptly to the sea, which forms numerous deep inlets, or
Greece.  Iceland, also, though not physically connected  fiords, along the coast of Norway.
with Europe, has been always reckoned as part of it, be-   In the British Islands, as in the Scandinavian Peninsula,
cause it was known to Europeans, and colonized by them, the mountains rise chiefly on the W.; and, indeed, the older
long before the discovery of America, to which it more pro- rocks, in both cases, seem to. lie in parallel courses, as if
perly belongs. Owing to this incompactness of figure and  they formed parts of one system. In the form of Scotland,
separation into peninsulas, the area of the European Conti- the direction of Glenmore, of the estuaries of the Clyde and
nent, notwithstanding its considerable length and breadth, Severn, and in the deep inlets on the S.W. coast of Ireland,
does not exceed 3,600,000 square miles, or 3,800,000 if Cau- may be seen strong traces of parallelism with the Scandicasus' be taken as the S.E. limit toward Asia. Toward the  navian range. But the mountains of the British group are
E. it becomes more compact, or in other words, it loses in  neither so simple and uniform in their geological characRussia its characteristic peninsular features, and takes a  ters, nor so elevated as those of Norway. In Scandinavia
transitional form before it commingles with Asia. But W. there are no traces of volcanic rocks; but on the W. side of
of Cracow and the Russian territory, there is hardly a spot  Scotland, and N. shores of Ireland, basalts, and trap-rocks
in the European Continent which is 300 miles distant from   are widely spread, and appear to have proceeded from a source
the sea.                                                    lying between, perhaps uniting, the two countries, and now
Sas.-The Atlantic Ocean takes different names in the  sunk in the ocean.
various portions of it which wash.the W. shores of Europe;    The mountains of France occupy chiefly the S. and E. dethus between the N. coast of Spain and the W. coast of  partments; the N. and W. portions of the empire belong
France lies the Bay of Biscay, whtre the ocean swell rolling  to the great plain of Northern Europe. The mountains of
into the region of variable and restless winds, produce a  Auvergne extend about 80 miles, from N. to S., separating
perpetually troubled sea. Farther N. between the coasts  the basins of the Loire and Garonne. They form  a tableof France and those of the British Islands, St. George's  land 3500 feet high, from  which again rise some conical
Channel is still more noted for uncertain and tempestuous  peaks, the Puy de Saucy, or Mont d'Or, attaining the height
weather... From this channel a branch running N. between  of 6188 feet; Cantal, 6093 feet. E. and S. of this volcanic
Great Britain and Ireland, is named the Irish Sea. Hiere, mass extend the C6vennes, for about 180 miles the N. perin lat. 520-30' N., on the E. coast of Ireland, the streams of  tion running N. and S., with the Rhone; while the S. poropposite tides from N. to S. are so exactly counterbalanced,  tion, bending to the S.W., approaches the Pyrenees, from
that the sea remains always at its mean level; while in  which it is separated by the depression through which
the British Channel, notfar off, the tides often rise 24 feet; passes the canal of Languedoc, uniting the Mediterranean
and at St. Male, on the coast of Normandy, 40 or even 50  with the Atlantic. The C6vennes form the demarcation of
feet. The sea between Great Britain and the Low Countries  the waters flowing into these two seas. Their general eleof Iollandand Germany is named the German Ocean or North  vation is about 3000 feet; but a few points rise 2000 feet
Sea. From this a great gulf or inland sea branches off to the  higher. The Jura Mountains, extending about 200 miles
S., N., and E.; taking successively the names of Skagerrack, N.E. and S.W., form a barrier between France and SwitzerCattegat, the Baltic Sea, (the Sea of the Baits orBelts, that is, land. Their average height is 3700 feet; but the most
narrow passes,) called by the Scandinavians, and thence by  elevated point, the Molesson, reaches 6588 feet. On the W.
the Germans also, the East Sea, (Ostsee.) In lat. 590 N., of the Rhine, between it and the Moselle, rise the Vosges,
the Gulf of Finland branches off to the E. from the Baltic  which form a chain 120 miles in length, from N. to S., with
for a length of 250 miles. From the same latitude extends  a mean height not exceeding 2050 feet. The dome-like sumN. the Gulf of Bothnia, nearly 500 miles.  The whole  mnits of this chain have received the name of Ballons; and
length of the Baltic Sea, from  the mouth of the Skage- the highest of them, the Ballon-de-Sulz, attains an elevarack to the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, cannot be less  tion of 4680 feet.
than 1200 miles.  There is no appreciable tide in  the    On the S., France is divided firom  Spain by the Pyrenees,
Baltic, and as this sea receives many rive s, while it a narrow chain, 250 miles long, and hardly 50 miles in
loses little by evaporation, its waters are  much less breadth, extending in an E.S.E., W.N.W. direction, firom
salt than those of the ocean, and it is popularly believed  the shores of the Mediterranean Sea to those of the ocean;
that a'continuande of N. winds renders them quite fresh. though some consider the mountains of Asturias and GaN.E. of the Gulf of Finland, a depressed tract of country, licid, which stretch above 300 miles W., as a continuation
with numerous lakes, separates that gulf from the White  of the Pyrenees. The central line or axis of this chain is
648




EUR                                                           EUR
composed of granite, overlain with limestone. The highest  point, Iaiakhura, exceeds 8000 feet: and Mount St. Elias,
point, La Maladetta, or Mont sMaudit, called also, in the  (ance. Taygctu...) in the Morea. rises 7829 feet.
provincial language, the Pic de Nethou, has an elevation of    North of the Alps, and extending E., in Germany, there rise
11-168 feet. Several other points exceed 10,000 feet; and as  several gronps and chains of mountains which collectively
the limits of perpetual congelation are found here at the  separate the basin of the Danube, on the N., from the basins
heights of 8300 feet and 9100 feet, on the N. and S. faces of  of the rivers that flow into the North and Baltic Seas. At
the mountain respectively, it is evident that a large area in  the sources of the Weser are the Harz, and, S. of this group,
the Pyrenees must be covered with perpetual snow. They  the Thuringerwald Mountains. Farther to the E., the Kraare separated, on the S., by the valley of the Ebro, from the  patski or Carpathian chain incloses the great plain of H1unelevated plain of the Spanish Peninsula.  This great plain, gary, attaining, in several places, an elevation of 8000 or
or table-land, the elevation of which varies from 2200 feet to  8500 feet. The Ural Mountains, which serve as a boundary
2800 feet, has a superficial extent of not less than 90,000  between Europe and Asia, extend nearly in the meridian,
square miles. It descends gradually on the W. towards  or from N. to S., through 180 of latitude, or from.lat. 490 to
Portugal; but on the E., towards the provinces of Catalonia  670, but N. of 600 they are not habitable by civilized man.
and Valencia, it presents an abrupt steep or line of cliffs,  The highest known summit of the Ural-the. Konjakofskoiwith the characters of an ancient sea margin.  This table-  kamen, in lat. 600 —reaches an absolute elevation of 5397
land is bounded N. and S. by chains of mountains running  feet; but, generally speaking, the chain is low, and presents
E. and W., and between which again lie three other chains,  to the eye only a series of rounded hills.
inclining from N.E. to S.W.  The first, or northernmost of    Plains. —The. great plain of Northern Europe commences
these reaches in its highest point, an elevation of about  at theN..footofthePyrenees; comprehends WesternFrance,
8500 feet. The second mountain chain of the Iberian table-  Western and N.orthern Belgium, HIolland, and part of Denland is the Guadarama, which separates the valleys of the  mark; thence all the N. provinces of Germany into Russia,
Douro and the Tagus.  Towards its W. extremity it is bet- where it expands, and terminates in the E. only at. the TUral.
ter known as the Sierra d'Estrella.  The highest point of  A large portion of this plain, beginning at the Scheldt,
these mountains, which are visible from  Madrid, is the  and extending through Holland, Bremen, Ditmarsh, HaPefialara, 8200 feet high. Between the Tagus and the Gua-  never, and the N. provinces of Prussia, is a low sandy level,
diana, comes the Sierra Guadaloupe, the fourth chain; and  sometimes covered with heath and brushwood; sometimes
between the valleys of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir, the  resembling a sandy desert, not unfrequently below tise
Sierra Moresa, both lower than the preceding, the highest  level of the sea or rivers, and protected from  inundation
ridge of the former not exceeding 5100 feet; while the Cum-  only by means of strong dykes; or if liable to be submerged,
bre de Aracena, the culminating point of the latter, rises  then converted into marsh.  Nearly the entire of European
5380 feet above the sea. The fifth chain of mountains, that  Russia is a plain, diversified only by moderate undulations;
of Grenada, called also, in its highest part, the Sierra Nevada, and that plain is, in superficial extent, equal to all the rest
which bounds the table land on the S., rises in a few points  of Europe. Owing to its vast extent, it can attain a coishigher even than the Pyrenees; and the Cerro de Mulahacen,  siderable elevation'by an ascent quite imperceptible; and
attains an elevation of 11,658 feet. Between the Sierra Ne- the ridge of Yaldai, which separates the basins of the Volga
vada, and the sea on the S., extends the chain of the Alpu-  and Dnieper, flowing into the Caspian and Black Seas, from
jarras, rising to a height of 9000 feet...     that of the Dwina, which runs into the Baltic, has an
The Alps, the highest mountains in Europe, extend un- absolute height of nearly 1200 feet. Besides this great
interruptedly from the mouth of the Rhone to the plains  plain or series of plains, there are two others, the plain of
of Hungary, through 4 degrees of latitude, (440-480 N..) and  Bohemia, and the plain of Hungary; the latter with an
about 12 degrees of longitude, (50-160 30' E.)  On the S. they  area of 40,000 square miles, a great part of which is perfectly
are bounded by the valley of the Po; on the WV. by that of  level.
the Rhone; and on the N. by the valley of the Danube, and    Geoloey.-It seems to be admitted on all hands that
some of the affluents of the Rhine; on the E. they meet the  the first rank among European mountains, with respect to
Illyrian chain. The Alps are divided by geologists into two  age as well as extent, belongs to the Scandinavian range.
distinct chains, supposed to be of different ages. The Mari- It consists almost wholly of what were heretofore called pritime Alps, the most western part of the system, strike S.S.W.  mary rocks, and, on their flanks, the oldest deposited strata,
to N.N.E.; the high Alps, or principal chlain, Stretch W.S.W.  (Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian,) containing, in their fossils,
to E.N.E. It is at the point where these two chains cross each  proofs of relative age, lie horizontal and undisturbed, tlieir
other, that the Alps attain their greatest elevation, and that  formation having taken place subsequent to the upheaval
Mont Blanc rears its snowy crest, 15,810 feet above the sea. of the mountains.  In the W. of England, and on the W.
Mont Rosa, about 70 miles farther E., rises to within 600 feet  side of the Ural, analogous strata are found distorted or
of the same elevation, and the average height of the whole  raised vertically, showing that the mountains on which
range between these two summits cannot be taken at less  they 4ean have risen since their deposition; but, at the
than 11,000 feet. The mean height of the Alps throughout  same time, proving  the antiquity of the frameitork of
their whole extent, is probably about 8000 feet; and many  Northern Europe, from  its Wr. to its E. extremity. The
points reach an elevation exceeding 12,000 feet. These  ninth great change in the physical aspect of Vestern Eumountains are divided by longitudinal valleys of great ex-  rope seems to have been produced by the raising of the Pytent. From the snowy heights of the Alps, vast glaciers de- rences, which chain, being comparatively recent, lifted with
scend along the valleys, till they reach, in some instances,  it recent strata, such as chalk and the earlier tertiary forthe moderate elevation of 3000 feet.                          mations; and as the chalk, the formation of which was arThe Apennines may be conveniently, though, from  the  rested by the convulsion which raised the Pyrenees, occugeological point of view, not perhaps correctly, considered  pies but a small portion of Europe, it is supposed that the
as a branch of the Alps.  After a winding course round the  effects of that convulsion were very widely felt, and that, in
Gulf of Genoa, they turn to the S.E., and constitute the  fact, the emergence of a large proportion of the continent
central ridge of the Italian Peninsula.  This chain has a  from the waters which then covered it took place suddenly
length of 000 miles, with a breadth varying from 20 miles  at the upheaval of the Pyrenees.  The eleventh great revoto 60 miles. In La Puglia it spreads into a wide table-land, lution was effected by the upheaval of the Western Alps;
about 1500.feet above the Mediterranean.  The highest  the twelfth by that of the High Alps; so that these, the
point of the Apennines is the Monte Corno, in lat. 420 27', greatest mountains of Europe, are also unquestionably the
9519 feet high. The loftiest ridges of the chain are on its E. youngest, withthe exception of one inconsiderable chain in
side, towards the Adriatic Sea. The Euganean Hills, near  Greece, the upheaval of which maybe assigned to a volcanic
Padua, the Albanian, near Rome, and Vesuvius, at Naples,  action still partially surviving in Etna and Vesuvius.  It is
are all of volcanic origin, and quite distinct from the Apen- remarkable that the European land which first rose above
nines. To the latter, however. belong the mountain groups  the ocean is thatwhich still continues most constantly to
which, often attaining the height of 6000 feet, form the  rise; for it is fully ascertained that the waters of the Baltic
island of Sicily; but here again the volcanic Etna 10,874  are retiring from  the shores of Sweden at a uniform  rate,
feet high, may perhaps be regarded, as a part of the Apen- or, in other words, the land is rising at the rate of about 5
nine system.                                                  feet in a century. During the formation of the tertiary
The Dianeric  or Illyrian Alps branch off from  the high  strata, nearly three-fourths of Europe-most of Russia, the
Alps at the head of the Adriatic.Sea, in a direction parallel basin of the Danube, Northern Germany, Holland, part of
to that of the Apennines. They rise nowhere higher than  France, the E. shores of Sweden, of England, of Italy, &c.6000 feet; but overhanging  the sea. and occasionally co- were under water. The rising of the Pyrenees made Europe
vered with fine forests, they have a grand appearance.  Af  a continent; the convulsion which separated England from
ter continuing in the same direction for about 200 miles, France is supposed to have been caused by the rising of the
this chain merges in the Balkan, (the HBehnus of the an- High Alps.  Scotland and Ireland remained connected, pro,
cients,) which extends to the Black Sea. As the Pyrenees bably till amuch more recent period, by volcanic formations,
and Alps cut off the two W. peninsulas, so the united chains which have subsequently crumbled and sunk in the ocean.
of the Illyrian Alps and the Balkan separate that of Greece  It is near the contact of the older sedimentary rocks with
from the rest of Europe. S. of these, and parallel to the  those of eruptive or volcanic origin that the great metallic
Balkan, runs the Despoto-Dagh, (the Rhodlope  of the an-  deposits are found.  These lie chiefly in England, Sweden,
cients,) the E. portion of which attains the height of 8240  the Ural, and in a le from the Harz, through the Erzge
feet. Still farther S., Pindus strikes to the S.E., and forms birge, to the Carpathians.
the central ridge of the Grecian Peninsula; its highest   liivers.-The various chains of mountains, from  the Ce649




EUR                                                              EUR
vennes to the'Carpathians, which divide the waters run-  degrees of Fahrenheit's  thermometer, in  the following
ning into the Mediterranean from  those flowing into the  table: —
Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, and the Baltic; form collectively a ridge, extending W.S.W. and E.N.E.. parallel to                                   titud     ean tem-Winter  Summer.
I    itud p     e             Sur er
the High Alps; and consequently  the  streams flowing                                              petue.
from  its N. side, or through the plain, all incline more or    North Cape...........'             32a       220.   42
less to the W., and, owing to the breadth of the plain,    Trondhjem (Norway).    63s                  40        23        57
n                            U~~~~~~~~lme~ (Sweden).......    64  35     14        6
which they traverse with a moderate fall, they are all navi-             (Seden.......       64        38        14        5
St. Petersburg........    60       38         4        62
gable to a considerable extent. The Ebro, at the S. foot of    Stockholm............    59            42        24        61
the Pyrenees, holds a course parallel to these mountains,   Edinburgh............    56               47        3         57
but the other large rivers of the Spanish Peninsula run, like    Kazan................      56         6        10        62
the mountain chains which confine their basins, in a direc-   Copenhagen..........          5         46        30        63
Dantzic..............   54        45        s         61
tion parallel to the High Alps. Froet these last named    Dublin................            53        49        3       159
mountains descend, as might be expected, some of the larg-   Hamburg............             534       48        32        63
est of the European rivers-the Danube, the Rhine, the                erlin................  52        4         31        64
W~arsaw.............    29                            67
Rhone, and the Po, all have their sources in this central   Larsaw.....      52        48        29        67
London...............    51        5         3         61
chain.  The first and greatest of these, the Danube, has a    Penzance.......                50       51        44        60
length of perhaps 2.400 miles, or about three-fourths of the    Praguue..53.......          50        49        31        67
length of the Nile.  It is remarkable that the Volga, which,    Paris................       49        it        38        64
among European rivers, holds the first rank for length,               rlsrhe.........       49        51        3         66
Vienna................  48        51        32        69
having a course, of nearly 1700 miles, derives but a small...............     47        51        31        75
proportion of its waters from  the heights of the South    Bordeaux.............             45        57        43        71
Ural; its chief sources are little more than 1000 feet above    Rome.................       42        60        46        73
the sea. This river drains an inimense extent of country    Nples.........                  41        60        48        73
with so moderate a fitll, that its channel is always full. The    Lisbon..............       3         6         52        7
lakes of Europe accompany the chief mountain systems. and           From this it will be manifest to what an extent the sevemay be divided into two groups-the Alpine and Scandi-  rity of winter is mitigated by the vicinity of the ocean.
navian.  A chain of lakes extends along the N. side of the  North Catpe has a milder winter, and Trondhjem  (DronAlps, through Switzerland and the Ty0'ol; and along thle S. theim) even a better climate altogether, than Kasan, which
side, through Lombardy and Styrin.  The Scandinavian  is situated in a much lower latitude —in the same parallel,
lakes extend across Sweden from W. to E., beginning at the  indeed, as Edinburgh.  That the lines of equal mean tenS. termination of the mountains;  and on the E. side of the  perature decline S. as we go farther E., is obvious from the
Baltic a number of lakes stretching in the same direction  comparison of Penzance, Paris, Carlsruhe, Vienna, and Budsa.
acrossPinland, on the borders of Russia2 mark the continn-  It is also to be observed, that if the same mean temperature
ation ofthe line of depression,                                  be traced E., the difference of temperature of the seasons villi
Climate. —Europe enjoys the great advantage of lying al-  he found constantly increasing, the summer growing  hotter,
most wholly within the temperate zone. A small portionof  the winter colder. Thus, compare Edinburgh and Hnamburg,
it only, comprising Lapland and-the N. coast of Russia, ex-  Dublin and Pt-ague, Peuzance and Buda, IN.ples and Lisbon,
tends beyond the Arctic circle.   On the other hand, the  atnd it will be seen that equability is the character of the VW.
most southern point of Europe  does rot reach within 120  Hence it is that some plants, as the vine for instance, which
of the tropic, not even attain a zone where snow  is a rare  suffer little from the cold of winter, hut the successful culphenomenon. Another remarkable advantage is the great  tivation of which depends chiefly on the summer heat, have
extent of its maritime boundaries. The fi-equent mixture  a wider range towards the E., or, in other words, they flonof sea and land tends to diffuse over the latter the equable  rish within limits which run to the N. of E., and thus make
temperature of the ocean.  It is well known that W. coasts  an angle with the line ofconstant mean tempertature.  The
are in general more warm  and humid than those that face  same advantages of mnild and genial temperature,  which
the E. This difference of climate is easily explained by the  Western has over Eastern Europe, the continent collectively
difference betwveen the ruling'winds.  The W., or rather  has over the rest of the earth.  The diminution of mean
S.W. wind, on the coast of Europe, is in reality the equate-  temperature, aOs well as the intensity of the opposite seasons,
rial cutrent of the atmosphere, which, flowing at first due  increase as we go E. across the Old World. Pekin, in lat. 40,
N. towartds the pole, continually inclines more and more to-  has as sevee a wvinter as St. Potersburg.  The hills near the
wards the E., because the velocity of the earth's movement  seaside S. of the Chusan Islands, lat. 300, arte coerted with
of rotation is greatest at theequator, and diminishes towards  snow four or five months in the year, and the snow has
tihe poles; and consequently that motion fitom  W. to E.,  hardly disappeared when. the peach-trees are in full bioswhich is latent in the equatorial current at its first statrting  som. The E. side of the American Continent is as remarkN., becomes apparent as the circles of latitude diminish, and  able as Eastern Asia with respect to absolute and equable
the wind fitom the intertropical regions, describing a curve,  temperature; and although the W. coast, at the m/outh of
reaches the European shores as a S.W. wind. A like train  the Columbia, has a much nmilder climate than the E., yet
of reasoning, with an obvious inversion of circumstances,  it is still much inferior to W. Europe, as will be seen from
will show that the N.E. wind is generally nothing else than  the following table:the polar current, bent from its originally S. course, because
it falls short of the E. motion of the lower circles.  The                                              Lati- Iean Win- Sumequatorial current of the atmosphere, determined in'its                                                 tude. tep. te.  mer.
course by circumstances, flows N., with little intermission,   New York............................           52    32    730
over the Atlantic Ocean, and, inclining E., becomes a S.W.   Halifax................................    4             21    5
wind. This is the predominating wind of Western Europe.               e       H5                                3             5
In Ireland the S.W. wind, warm  and humid, prevails dur-   Fort ancouve (Colombia W. coast)..  45               51    38   I 
ing nine months of the year; on tihe Continent its dura-   Fort George (Colombia)..                     46       48    37    61
tion, strength, and temperature decline uniformly towards
the E. At St. Petersburg it is still the prevalent wind, but    As a large proportion of the rain which falls on Europe is
farther E. it gives way to the cold and dry N.E. wind. The  borne to it by the S.W. wind, the quantity of rain dimiheat and moisture of the equatorial zone are continually  nishes towards the E., but not with regularity.  The preclflowing into the atmosphere of Europe; but the effect of  pitation of the aqueous vapor suspended in the atmosphere
this is greatly heightened  by an oceanic current.  The  being determined by great masses of high land, the heaviest
equatorial current of the ocean flows W., but being checked  rains fall, as might be expected, round the Alps, particularly
by the Anerican Continent, it turns N., flows round the Gulf  on their S. side, and at the W. side of the Scandinavian
of Mexico, and then, under the name of the Gulf Stream,  range. The peninsulas of Southern Europe-namely, Spain,
runs at a little distance from  the coasts of the United  Italy, and Greece-all feel the effects of their exposure to
States, and passing S. of Newfoundland, falls with a rela-  the heated S. winds which come to them  from  the great
tively high temperature chiefly on the shores of Ireland.  African Desert, and they have little or no rain in sumnmer.
Scotland, and Norway.  At the same time, the N. shores of  Some districts in Spain are dften without rain for nine
Europe are guarded fronm  accumulation of ice by fortunate  months together.  The Pyrenees, the Cdvennes, the Alps,
accidents of structure.  The great projection of the Conti-  and the Carpathians form  a limit of climate between the
nent W. of the Obi, and the position of Nova Zembla, dry region on the S., visited only by winter rains, and the
stretching forward to lat. 770, screen Europe effectually  humid region on which rain falls at all times of the year,
fi-om the ice formed on the N. shores of Siberia. This ice, but chiefly in summner.  Sweden, however, on the E. side of
when it breaks up, drifts to Greenland, the E. coasts of  the Scandinavian range, has but little summer rain, exhiwhich are never open, while the W. shores of Norway, in  biting in this, as in other particulars, a strong contrast with
the same latitude, are never closed.  Many circumstances,  the maritime climate of Norway. At Bergen, in the latter
therefore, concur to favor Europe generally with a pecu-  country, the quantity of rain that falls within the year
liarly genial climnate, in which the vicissitudes of season are  amounts to 80 inches; at Stockholm  it is but 17' inches.
felt without their rigor.                                        Ireland, exposed to constant S.W. winds, completely satuThe increase of temperature from  N. to S. and from E. to  rated with vapor. has 208 rainy days in the year; but the
W., as it takes place tlhroughou t lE-urope, where those ele-  rain is gentle, though  frequent, and  probably does not
msnts have been accurately determined, is exhibited, in  amount to more than 32 inches. London has 178 days of
650




EUR                                                                        EUR
rain, and  England, collectively, 31 inches; though, in  the   first, or northernmost, is that of fir and birch.  This may
mountainous districts, Cumberland  especially, the annual  be subdivided  into the zones of lichen, birch, and iz'.  The
rain  often  exceeds  60 inches.  The Alps, at their S. foot,  tundras, or mossy  plains of Scandinavia, do not equal in
have 60  inches; Friuli, 100 inches; Palermo, 21  inches;   extent those of ]astern  Russia.   The heights inancessible
Lisbon and Madrid-the one on the W. coast, the other in-  to other vegetation.up to the borders of perpetual snow, are
and, on a plain-haverespectively 35 and 91 inches of rain,  occupied  by lichens, the  most valuable of which  are  the
Going  over the continent from  W. to E., we find that I1ol-  reindeer moss and  the Iceland  moss.  The  lirch  reaches
land  has 26 inches of annual rain, and  St. Petersburg, 21   almost to North Cape; the fir ceases a degpee farther S.   The
inches; Western  France  has 24 inches; Buda, 18 inches.  cultivation of grain extends farther in these rude latitudes
The snow  which  covers the ground in  Russia during  five   than might be at first supposed. Barley ripens even under
months, from  October to April, amounts, when measured as   the  70th  parallel; wheat ceases at 640 in  Norway, 620 in
rain, by inches, to only a very senall quantity.  The line of  Sweden.  In the country of the Samoyeds, in Eastern Rusperpetual snow  is found at North Cape at the height of 2300   sia, the limit of barley is in about 670. Within this zose, the
feet above the Sea: in  Southern  Norway, at the height of   S. limit of which  extends from  lat. 64~, in NorIway, to 1at.
5500 feet.  In the Alps, the general height of this line may   620, in  Russia, agriculture has little  importance, the mnhabe taken at 9000 feet; but on the N. side and E. end of the   bitants being  chiefly occupied with the  care of reindeer  or
chain it descends to 8500 feet, while on the S. face of Mount  cattle, and in fishing.  The next zone, which may be called
Rosa it rises to 10,000 feet.  On the Pyrenees, the snow-line   that of the oak and beech, and cereal produce,  extends fiom
occurs, on the N. and S. sides respectively, at heights of 8300   the limit above mentioned to the 48th  parallel.  Next we
and 9100 feet. Thus it appears that the line of perpetual con-  find the zone of the chestnut and vine, occupying  the space
gelation falls lower on the Pyrenees tha         n on the Alps, though   between  the  48th  parallel and  the* mountain  chains  of
the latter mountains lie 30 farther N. than the former; but  Southern  Europe.  IIere the oak  still flourishes,  but the
this is the inevitable coneequence  of the vicinity  of the   pine species beconme rare.  Rtye, which.characterizes the preocean, which diminishes the intensity of the summers  heat.   ceding zone, on the continent gives way to wheat, and, in
Zooloey.-The zoology of Europe otffers little for remark.  the  S. to  maize  also.  The  fourth  zone, comprehending
The reindeer and polar bears are peculiar to the N.  The S.  the  southern  peninsulas, is that of the olive  and  everalone has lizards and serpents. In the tborests of Poland and   green woods.  The orange flourishes in the S. portion  of it.
Lithuania the urus or bouasus, a species of wild ox, is still  and rice is cultivated  in a few  spots in Northern Italy and
occasionally met with.  Bears  and wolves still inhabit the   Eastern Spain. The deciduous oak heregivesplace to the everforests and  mountains, but, in  general, cultivation  and   green and cork oaks, with edibie acorns.  The lines which depopulation  have expelled wild animals.   The domesticated   fine the region favorable to the growth of each plant generally
animals are  nearly  the  same throughout.   The  ass  and   incline S.towards the E.; but it is otherwise with the vise,
mule lose their size and  beauty  N. of the  Pyrenees and   olive, and a few other plants within certain limits. The culAlps.  A few camels are bred in the neighborhood of Sienna,  tivation of the vine begins on the coast of France, in 1st. 48,
in  Italy,  in  which  country  ailso  buffloes  ase  used  for   passes N. of Paris, in lat. 490,. and goes still farther N. in (erdraught.  The Mediterranean Sea has nmany species of fish,  many, where it reaches its northern limit; it is still, however,
but  -io great fishery; the  N. seas, on  the  other hand. are   carried on with success on the Volga, in lat. 500.
annually filled wvith countless shcals of a few  species, chiefly                The following  table  exhibits the  name and  aret of each
the herring, mackarel, cod, and sanion.                                        state in Europe, also the fosm  of government, the prevailing
Vcgetation.-With  respect to the vegetable     kingdom, Eu-  religion, and the population, revenue, debt, arniy and navy,
rope may  be conveniently  divided  into  four zones.   The   and capital city:Area, Pspsstation, rc. of  all the Esuropean Statrs.
i                t,                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ay.
States.                                             A Iea,    Poua                                 A I'Med     n'vy
States    Designation.  Reflgin.                e    P         Revenue        Debt.                               Capitals.
s'sq..                              Force.  es-       s.
Ve-Guns.!
seie.
Anhialt Ber.iburg............ Duchy....... Lutheran... 3359 -52,6-4'  8 55. $51,'54,558    370.l.          Berenburg.
Anhalt-Dessau-Kothen.Duchy....... It.& eCal.  678 111,a5s 700,00( 3ase0.512 85.. Dessae.
Austria................ i... Empire...... R.  C             atholic.  256,559 36,514s c61t17,95e,eoe0  511,500,000 639,659 104    374'   ie Vienna.
Baden................ Grand Duchy  Lutherani            5.904  1,3594"  ci t912,110       eea5,522,932  15,000            Calsrueio.
Bavaria.............. Kingdom.... R. Catholie.    A1637  4,!.';62J 13,914,274   54,798,248  58,239                        Munich.
Belgium....................   Mionarchy...Lutheran...    11,400  4,? ~09t  25,000,000            130,700,000  180,000   5      36 Brussels.
Bremen................ Free City....                      112', 4,000     s89,318     1,936,000      500               Bremen.
Brunswick.................. Duchy....... Lutheroan...     1,400    2aee208   1,171,000      4,833,000   3,000...... Brunswick.
Denmark....................  ionarchy.... Lutheran. 22,952 -2 107,39.7,500,000  111,198,560  75,169  305   853 Copenhagen.
France...................... Empire.....  R. Catholic.   200,671 3b,79,222 267,a83,620 1,115,800,000 401s247 2901 11,772 Paris.
Frrankfort...................Free City....                      90       77,971    747,080            5,083,200   1,024.      Frankfort.
Great Britain and Ireland... Kingdom.... Epis.&Pres.  120,416 21,332,145 255,900,000 3,865,8005,000 144,035 420  15,026 Lendto.
Greece................. Monarchy... R. Catholic.   18,500  1,002,112   3,984,426    25,000,000   9,848  18             86 Athens.
Hamburg.............. Free City....                     151    200,690   2,953,973    23,103,104 1,800.......   Hanibi-g.
Hanover.................... Kingdom..... Lutheran               14,811  1,819,2535  6,429,870    27,384,056  23,687...              Hanover.
Hesse-Cassel... Electrate... Caivinistic.           4,439    759,751   3,131,075      1,182,551  11,000...            Casset.
Hesse-Darmstadt.......... Grand Duchy Lutheran...                3,761    854,319   3,282,749      1,009,290  10,514i...           Darmstadt.
Hesse-Homburg............. Landgrave... Calvinistic.              106      24,921      137,353       528,146      350........  Homburg.
[silHohenzollern.-Hechingen.] Principality.. R. Catholic.           117      20,143      77,440        154,880      145...           Hechingen.
[leHoheuzoll.-Sigtuaringen.]  Principality.. R. Catholic.           335      45,431      87,12            0 40,321  356...           Sigiaringen.
Ionian Republic.....................    Greek Ch..         1,092    219,797      558,632....        4,000   4   (?)   Corfu.
Liechtenstein............ Principality  R. Cuthoeic            53       1,300      28,148....               Liectenstein.
Lippe-iDetmold..............Principality.. Calvinistic.  438    106,615  187,631           86 820.......
Lippe-Detinold..........~~~~~~~~~~~~....                                                  "                D etmold.
Lubeck............... Free City....             114     55,500      262,369 3,416,000      407s.            Lubeclk.
Meekleieburg-Schwerin...... Grand Duchy Lutlseran                 4,845    541,449   2,370,774      7,640,000   7,752.Schwerin.
Mecklenburg-Strelitz... Grand Duchy Lutheran.. 767                     99,628      221,430       871,200      800...           Strelitz.
Modena.............. Duchy....... R. Catholic.         2,073    586,458   1,682,000        338,800   3,500...            Modena.
Naples............... Kingdom.... RiR. Catholie.   41,906  8,701,472 18,536,885   88,381,852 106,519  40             500 Naples.'
Nassau...................... Duchy....... Lutheran..            1,751    429,341   1,750,000     4,080,000..Wiesiaden.
Netherlands................. Monarchy... Calvinistic.    13,643  3,962,290  17,958,438  300,217,075  57,959 i48   2,1i74 AWsterdan.
Oldenburg and Kniphauseu. Grand Duchy Lutheran..                  2,421    283,665      726,842       740,520      600....        Oienburg.
Parma............... Duchy......  R. Cathoic.         2,       5,881,274,400        2,368,000   4,148...            Parma.
Pontifical States...          St. GCatholic.   17,210  3,006,771  12,542,500  100,000 000  17,365.Rome.'
Portugali..           stisgdsui.... Ri. Catholic.   35,268  3,471,203  14,186,829    08,071,047  38,000  40           428 Lsbon.'
Prussia..        Monarchy... Luth.&R.C.  109,314 16,935,420  75,593,048  152,569,815 319.812  54                 288 Berlin.
Reuss, Old................   Principalities Lutheran                6-40    114,983     261,138        87,120      145..               Greiz.
i         su...............                                                                                                          Schleitz.
Russia............... Empire...... Greek Ch..  2,142,504 60,098,82i  87,209,270   567,772,640 699,0001 237   9,000 St. Petersburg.
San Marino.......... Repubic....                           22       7,600       6,600      8...           88.
Sardinia..'i................. Kiugdou' R.  athsolic.   28,229  5,090,245  25,630,000   114,300,000 140,000  60  900  Turin.
Saxe.Altenburg.......... Duchy....... Lutheran                   510    132,850      505,100     1,642,676    1,500.......  Altenburg.
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha........ Duchy....... Lutberan                    799    150,412      705,400     2,296,953   1,200.Coburg.
Saxe-Meiuingen.......... Duchy....... Lutheran                    971    166,364      576,580     1,670,450   2,400..           eiingen.
Saxe-We.mar-Eseuach....... uciy.L. tieran                         1,410    202,524   1,124,02       4,282,200    2o010             ii.... eimr.
Saxony.....................   Kincdom.... Lutheran              5,917  1,987,832   6,045.660   31,230,000  25,396.Dresden.
Schaucburg.Lippe......... Principality.. Calvinistic.               207     30,226       93,600....          576       -       BIlcheburg.
Schiwarzburg-Rudolstladt....  Principality.. Lutheran.    331           69,038      288,280        48,366      809.              Rudolstadt.
Schwarzburg-gondershausen  Principality.. Lutcerasn                 327      60,8-7      200,-00       524,00       700 1Sendershausen.
Spi.......................     Monarchy.   R. Cathoeii.   191,244 13,93e,218 122,595,OO0  91,930,000 130,100 157  i,231 3adrid.    -
Sweden e.. INo     y......o.. t. M..areby.... Lutheran..   292,482  4,467,155   8,2209,155         9,601,000   atel  9411  (1)   Stockchelm.
Switzerland............ Republic.......         15,261  2,390,116   3,210.000       2,913,000 108,000t Bern.
Turkey......................   Enpire......Moebaimd'n   203,628 15,350.000 36,540,000  150,000,000 448,860  62   4,0089 Constantinople.
Tuscany, with Lucca........ Grand Duchly R. Catholic.    8,586  1,778,021   5,649,184                (?)        15,376              Florence.
Waldeck..      Principality. Lutheran.. 461             59,697      266,813       435,600      520               Arolsen.
Wrenburc.................      Kingdo.... L utheran.   7,554  1,815,686   5,090,946   19,369,487  19,017.Stuttgart.
~. See note, page 745.         t And 90 gun-boats.            i And 117 steamers.        ~     And 240 gun-boats.             1 And 392 gun-boats..
651




EUR                                                        EUR
The total area of Europe. according to the estimates of the Turks, (so named from their early Sultan, Othman or Os
different states, as furnished in the foregoing  table, is man,) after being settled for ages in Asia Minor, at length
3,830,130 square miles. Of this, 2,142.504 square miles was took Constantinople in 1453, and established their empire
comprised in the territory of Russia, being 247,439 square in Europe. Previous to this event, a body of Turcomans had
miles more than half of the entire area of the Continent. forcedtheir way into iMacedonia, where their descendants still
The total population of Europe, as shown in the foregoing remain. The fishing and hunting tribes of North Siberia,.
table, is 264,209,000; the total revenue, $1,175,771.515; debt, also took part in this Western movement, and the Finns
$8,486,210,359; army, 3,938,999 men; navy, 1757 vessels,. advancing from the Obi, settled themselves in the countries
and 47,067 guns.                                            now called Lapland and Finland.  Higher up, from  the
Ethnography and Langsuage.-Europe is occupied by many  banks of the Irtish, other hordes of the same nation mingled
different races, wholly distinct or very remotely connected. with, and led by Turks and Mongols, poured down on the
The Celts once possessed the West of Europe, from the Alps  valley of the Danube, in the seventh century, and founded
to the British Islands. The only remnant of the pure Celtic the kingdom of Hungary.  The language of the Magyars,
language, at the present day, is the Gnlie, or Erse, spoken  as the IIungarians call themselves, has not yet lost all rein some districts of Ireland, the Scotch Highlands, and  semblance to that of the Ostyaks on the Obi. The inconthe Hebrides. The Welsh are probably descendants of the  venience arising firom  diversity of speech, is much dimiCimbri, (whence they are still called in the Welsh tongue nished in Europe by the great predominence of the lanCymry,) a portion of which nation, with the Teutones, in- guages of the Indo-European family, which are spoken by
vaded Italy, and were defeated by Marius about 100. c. A  nine-tenths of the whole population; the Teutonic, Sclavoportion of these Cymry established themselves in Brittany, nian, and Latin groups, each numbering about 60 millions.
where the people still speak a language resembling the    The literary cultivation of Europe, considered in the agWelsh. The Celts adopted the Anglo-Saxon writing; they  gregate, and apart from the separate national literature of
also used the Ogham, which was a sacred. but not an ancient which it is composed, suggests a few important observacharacter. Their literary cultivation began with their con- tions. It has proceeded altogether from ancient Greece. In
version to Christianity, and does not seem  to have ever poetry, history, and speculative philosophy, the Greeks ceradvanced far. In Spain, also, they were driven to the W. tainly excelled in their time; but their original and peculias
side; the E. shores, the Pyrenees, and part of Aquitania, merit was that of laying the foundations of exact science,
were held by the Iberians, of whom the Basques are now  and of the scientific examination of nature.  They conthe representatives. Their language, the Eskuara, has no  menced rearing the solid and enduring edifice of human
discoverable affinity with any other; and the Basques are  knowledge. Pythagoras. Hipparchus, Ptolemy, and Euclid,
the only European race who cannot be traced into Asia. were the forerunners of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, NewNext to the Celtic comes the Teutonic race, who have long  ton, Laplace, and Herschel; and Aristotle broke the way
predominated, and have supplied everywhere, except in  for Locke and for Cuvier. It was fortunate.that Christianity,
Russia, the reigning families. Under this name are com- while spreading W., raised in general consideration the two
prehended the Germans and Scandinavians; the language  languages which contained the seeds of civilization. When
of the former, including Gothic, Lithuanian, Flemish, Fri- the Arabs, having overrun with great rapidity the N. of
sian, Anglo-Saxon, &c., extended fi-om  Transylvania to  Africa, and part of Spain, laid aside their arms, and turned
North Britain, and from the Alpes to the Baltic Sea. The  to cultivate the arts of peace, they created, in the latter
Scandinavians, Danes and Norwegians chiefly, colonized  country particularly, a literature which was as remarkable
Iceland, and. the Firie Islands, Shetland, Orkney, and others for its extreme copiousness. as for its superficial character
of the Scotch Islands; and traces of their presence in Ire- and general worthlessness. Their example, however, worked
land may be discerned even in Ptolemy's map of that island, on the poets of Catalonia, Provence, and Italy; and to them,
A.D. 150. The literature of this race goes back to pagan  probably, weowe the introduction of rhyme into European
times, and is extremely abundant. To the E., in general, verse. It will be sufficient to mention here briefly, as an
of the Teutonic race, though sometimes mixed with it, come  epoch in the history of letters, and as a cause of European
the Slavoniaus, that is, the Poles, the Chekes, or Bohemi- superiority, the discovery of the art of printing, which, with
ens, Esthonians, the Servians, Croatians, about one-third  the liberty of the press, wherever it is established, is sure to
of the population of HIungary, and the Russians.  The  advance the interests of humanity.
Vends. or Veneti, formerly a powerful nation on the S.   Neame and Hfistory.-The origin of the name EuosRE is
shores of the Baltic, but now absorbed in the German name, uncertain. According to ancient fable, it is derived from
were of this race. An offset of the same stock penetrated to  Europa, the daughter of the Phoenician king, Agenor. Some
the head of the Adriatic Sea, and founded Venice. Among  derive it f-rom the Greek words tvps;, (eurus,) " broad," and
the Slavonians, the great mass of the people were serfs, and  lir, (oP,) the root of the verb "to see or view;" supposing
subject to harsh treatment. Hence their national name, the name to have been given by the inhabitants of the
(Slave,) which means renowned, has become, in West Europe  small Grecian islands, who first visited and beheld the
and America, the designation of one deprived of liberty, boundless prospects afforded by the continent, so different
Slavonian literature is all of modern date. In the S. and  from the limited views to which they had been accustomed.
S.E. of Europe are the offspring of the Pelasgian stock, Its first application appears to have been restricted to the
speaking the Greek and Latin, which latter absorbed the  mainland of Greece, N. of the Morea or Peloponnesus. The
Etruscanand other languages of ancient Italy. Greek was  history of modern Europe starts from Rome, as its literature
the language not merely of the Grecian Peninsula, but of  from Greece. In the early years of the Christian ersa, the
all the islands and Asiatic shores of the ZEgean Sea; it was  Romans subdued all W. and N. Europe, as far as the Baltic.
this language-rich, vigorous, and singularly perspicuous-  The Roman power was favorable to civilization; it increased
that first gave expression to that pure taste, and manly  the measure of general liberty, promoted intercourse in variconception which now form the distinction of Europe. Mo- ous ways, especially by the construction of good roads,.n a
dern Greek is spoken within a comparatively limited range, great scale, and perfected the civil law. As the Roman Emand differs from the ancient tongue, chiefly, in having lost pire declined, the Northmen, or maritime adventures of Jutmany grammatical infiexions; hence it is called Aplo-HIel- land and Norway, (including Danes and Anglo-Saxons,) rose
lenic or Simple Greek. The Albanians on the W. side of the  into importance, and obtained at last a firm footing in EngGrecian Peninsula, are probably sprung from  the mixed  land and West France. With these people rose  intovogue the
Celtic and Dacian population of the Illyrian Mountains. At feudal system, which made the tenure of land depend on the
the present day, the language of the Skipatars (as they call condition of military service. But the feudal system, as a
themselves) is one-third Celtic, and contains much Slave- military organization, proved a failure; it created turbulent
nian.                                                       vassals, and not trained soldiers, and after experiencing, in
The Latin or Roman language  was connected with the  the sixteenth century, the great superiority of the Ottoman
ireek, through the least cultivated dialect of the latter-the  troops in the field, European nations adopted the system
Eolian; and contained many words of Western origin. The  of standing armies. This change. however, was unfavorable
Teutonic, Slavonian, Greek, and Latin, (with the modern  to liberty, to morals, and to public economy; and the gratongues derived from them,) all belong to what is called the  dual discovery of the immense power connected with a wellInudo-European family of languages.  They may all be trained standing army prompted inordinate ambition. Hence
traced from the Sanscrit, the ancient language of Upper the wars and revolutions of the last and present centuries.
India, and the Himalaya, though, perhaps, the Slavonian  The extinction of ancient European dynasties, however, will
may be more conveniently referred to a cognate tongue-   hereafter be thought a matter of little importance, compared
the Zend or ancient Persian. The Gypsies also speak a lan- with the colonization which now proceeds from the WV. part
guage of Indian origin, and related to the Pall. The Celtic  of Europe over the whole earth, carrying with it a widelylanguage has so much analogy with the Indo-European  spread and cultivated language, a ripe literature, useful
stock, as to countenance the belief, that the Celts were but arts, enlightened sentiments, and Christian philanthropy.
an older wave of the same great stream of emigration from  Adj. and iuhab. EuROPE AN, u-ro-peelan.
the Highlands of Central Asia. From the neighborhood of    EUROITAS, now called VASILEE, (Basill,) vse-lee, VAthe Altai Mountains, N.E. of the Himalaya, flowed westward  SILIKO, vg-sih/e-ko, or BASILOPOTAMO, v —sil-e-potIl-mo,
another similar stream. Turkish tribes occupied the steppes a river of Greece, Morea, and the principal stream of ancient
N. of the Black Sea, probably at an early age.  At present, Laconia, falls into the Gulf of Kolokythia. Length, 60 miles.
the.Bashkirs in the South Ural, are of Turkish race, to    EURYTANIA, u-re-tA-neest or 6v-re-t-neeA, a district ol
which belong also the Tartars of Kasan, those of the Krim, diocese of Greece,.ome or province of Eolia and Acarnania
and the Nogays on the Don.  The Ottoman or Othman  Its capital is Karpenisi. Pop. 21,533.
653




EUS                                                       EVO
EUSKIRCHtEN, oisfk6S6it-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia,   EVAUX, Avtf a town of France, department of Creuse,
20 miles S.W. of Cologne. Pop. 3100.                       arrondissement, and 21 miles N.E. of Aubusson, with hot
EUSfTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            mineral baths. Pop. 1391.
EUITAW, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia.            EVIEDON, a parish of Efigland, co. of Leicester.
EUTAW, a pleasant post-village, capital of Greene co.,   EVENING'S (eevlningz) SIHADE, a post-office of Lawrence
Alabama, 3 miles W. of Black Warrior River, and 105 miles  co., Arkansas.
W.N,.W. of MIontgomery. It is surrounded by a community    EVIENLODE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
of wealthy cotton-planters, many of whom reside here for    EVIENLY, a river of England, rising in the N. part of the
the social and educational advantages which the village  co. of Oxford, and flowing S.E. past Blandford and Blenheim,
affords. The adjacent country is one of the most fertile and  into the Isis, 4 miles W.N.W. of Oxford.
wealthy parts of the state. Eutaw contains several churches,   EVENLY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
a newspaper office, and 2 female seminaries. Laid out in    EV/ENWOOD, a township of England, co. of Durham.
1838. Pop. in 1853, about 2000.                              EVERBECQ, Atver-blk', a village of Belgium, province of
EUTAW, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.       Hainaut, 22 miles N.E. of Tournai, with extensive saltEUTAW  INDIANS. See UTAH.                               refineries and linen manufactures. Pop. 4084.
EUtTAW  SPRINGS, a small affluent of the Santee River,   EVIERCREECH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
in South Carolina. On its banks was fought the battle of    EVWERDON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Eutaw Springs in 1781.                                      EVIERETT'S SPRING, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia.
EUTIN, oi-teent, a town of North Germany, capital of the    EVIERETTSTOWN, a post-village of Alexandria town.
principality of Lubeck, in a detached territory, enclosed by  ship, Hunterdon co., New Jersey, about 11 miles W.N.W. of
Holstein, 18 miles N. of Lubeck. Pop. 2816. It has a ducal Flemington.
palace on an island in an adjacent lake.                     EV/ERETTSVILLE, a village of Albemarle co., Virginia,
EUTINGEN, oitting-fn, a village of Baden, circle of Mid- near the Virginia Central Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Richdie Rhine, near Pforzheim, on the Enz. In the vicinity are  mend.
the remains of a Roman tower. Pop. 896.                      EVERGHEM, Afvgr-GhUm&, a village of Belgium, province
EUTINGEN, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarz- of East Flanders, 4 miles N. of Ghent. Pop. 7795.
weld, (Bla6k Forest,) 3 miles N.E. of lorb. It contains a    EVIERGREEN, formerly ROGERSVILLE, rojlfrz-vil,  d
parish church. Pop. 1191.                                  a post-village of Anderson district, South Carolina, 131 miles
EUXINE SEA. See BLACK SEA.                              W.N.W. of Columbia.
EUXINUS PONTUS. See BLACK SEA.                            EVERGREEN, a post-village of Conecuh co., Alabama,
EUXTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.        about 108 miles S.S.W. of Montgomery. It has 2 churches,
EVAN/GELIST ISLANDS, a group of rocky islets of South  an academy, and 3 stores.
America, off the W. coast of Patagonia, let. (southernmost)    EVERGREEN, a post-office of Newton co., Mississippi.
520 24' S., lon. 750 71 W., consisting of four principal ones,   EVERGREEN, a post-office of Avoyelles parish, Louisiana.
and some detached rocks and breakers. They form an ex-   EVtERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East
cellent leading mark for the W. entrance of the Strait of  Riding.
Magellan, near which they are situated.                      EVIERITTSVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., North
EVANS, iv/anz, a post-village and township of Erie co., Carolina, on the Neuse River, and on the Wilmington and
New York, on Lake Erie, and on the Buffalo and State Line  Weldon Railroad, about 50 miles S.E. of Raleigh. It conRailroad, 22 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. The village is situated  tains a flourishing seminary for girls.
on the shore of the lake, and has a good landing. Pop. of    EVIERLY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
the township, 2182.                                          EVIERSDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of CamEVANSBURG, ivWanz-btirg, a village of Butler co., Penn- bridge.
sylvania, about 220 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.            EVIERSDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of CamEVANSBURG, a post-village of Crawford co., Pennsyl-  bridge.
vaniai at the outlet of Conneaut Lake, about 90 miles N.N.W.   EVIERSHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
of Pittsburg. Pop. about 200.                                EVIERSIIOT, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, 6- miles
-EVANSBURG, a village of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, E.N.E. of Beauminster. Melbury Hall, the seat of the Earl
7 miles N.W. of Norristown.                                of Ilchester, is in this parish.
EVANSBURG, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, on    EVIERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.
the Ohio Canal, about 85 miles N.E. of Columbus.             EVIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Beds.
EVANS' CREEK, of Lenawee co., Michigan, enters Raisin    EVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
River at Tecumseh.                                           EVERTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
EVANS' FALLS, a post-office, Wyoming co., Pennsylvania.   EV/ERTON, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, 70 miles
EVANSHAM, Virginia. See WvYTHEvLLE.                      E.S.E. of Indianapolis.
EVANSPORT, iv/anz-plrt, a post-village of Defiance co.,   EVWESBATCH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Ohio, on Tiffin River, about 10 miles N. of Defiance, has    EVES...AMI, eevzftam or eevz/ham, a parliamentary and
about 200 inhabitants.                                     municipal borough and mnarket-town of England, co. of WorEVANS'S MILLS, a post-village of Jefferson co., New  cester, in the beautiful vale of the same name. and on the
York, 160 miles N.W. of Albany.                            navigable Avon, 15 miles S.E. of Worcester. Area, which inEVANS'S MILLS, post-office, Chatham co., North Carolina. cludes 3 parishes, 2150 acres. Pop. in 1851, 4605, m6stly emEVANSVILLE, ivlanz-vill, a post-village of Preston co., ployed in garden work in the rich environs. It has some
Virginia, about 200 miles N.W. of Richmond.                remains (including the stately tower) of its celebrated mitred
EVANSVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas. abbey, founded in 709; two branch banks, with small mannEVANSVILLE, a post-township of Vanderburg co., In-  factories of stockings, and a large market on Monday for hordiana. Pop. 3663.                                         ticultural produce. It sends 2 members to the HI-ouse of
EVANSVILLE, a flourishing town, port of entry, and  Commons. An act has been obtained for a railway connectcapital of Vanderburg co., Indiana, is situated on a high  uing Worcester and Oxford. and passing through Eveshami.
bank of the Ohio River, 200 miles from its mouth, and 200  In 1265, Edward, Prince of Wales, afterwards;Edward I.,
miles below Louisville, in Kentucky. It is connected by  here totally defeated the barons, under Simon de Montfort.
railroad with Vincennes, 55 miles distant, and is the ter-   EVESHAM, eevztham, a township of Burlington co., New
minus of the Wabash and Erie Canal, which was completed  Jersey. Pop. 3067.
in 1853. This canal, which is about 460 miles long, is the    EVESI-HAM, a village in the above township, 8 miles S.W.
most extensive in the Union. The course of the river is of Mount Holly, has a church, and 2 or 3 stores.
here so winding that Evansville is not far from the centre    EVIAN,,ve-sNGl. (anc. Aquianue.s?) a village of Savoy, on
of the county. The situation is fine, on ground which  Lake Leman 26 miles N.E. of Geneva. Pop. 2084. Near it
ascends gradually.   About one-fourth of the houses are built are the chalybeate baths of Amphion.
of brick, and the others of wood. Among the public build-   EVIE (vree) AND IIEN/DELL, a parish in the mainland of
ings are 9 or 10 brick churches, a court-house, the branch  Orkney, Scotland. Pop. 1447.
of the State Bank, a splendid and costly edifice, and a marine    EVIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
hospital. Five or six newspapers are published here. The    EVIIT'S MOUN/ITAIN, a ridge extending across the Marycommercial advantages above named, together with the  land line N.N.E. through Bedford, to the Raystown branch
navigation of the Ohio, which is seldom obstructed either of the Juniata.
by drought or ice below Evansville, render this a place of    EVOLI. a town of Naples. See EBOLs.
extensive trade, and the principal shipping-point for the    EVORA, Wvo-rA, (anc. EbVora and Liberalitas JulZia,) a city
grain and -pork of South-western Indiana. The value of  of Portugal, capital of the province of Alemtejo, on a height
exportsand imports is nearly $10,000,000 annually. The vil- 85 miles E.S.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 15,000. It is enclosed by
lage of Lamasco joins Evansville on the N.W. Pop. 9000.    ramparts, and has two ruined forts, a rich Gothic cathedral,
EVANSVILLE, a post-village of Randolph co., Illinois, on  several convents and hospitals, a house of charity, barracks,
Kaskaskia River, 135 miles S. of Springfield.             diocesan school, and a museum. An aqueduct'still in use,
EVANSVILLE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, on  and the remains of a temple of DMana, (now a slaughterAllen's Creek, 18 miles N.W. of Janesville. It has 1 or 2  house,) are attributed to the RIoman general, Quintus Serc
churches, 2 mills, and about 200 inhabitants.             torius. It has manufiactures of hardware and leather.
EVANTON, ivlan-ton, a village of Scotland, co. of Ross,   EVORA-MONTE, 6v/o-re-nionftA, a town of Portugal,
13 miles N.N.W. of Inverness. Pop. 462.                / province of Alemtejo, beautifully situated on the side and
653
L[




EVR                                                        EXE
crest of a hill, 15 miles N.N.E. of Evora. It is surrounded  English Channel, 159 miles W.S.W. of London, on a branc1t
by walls, and defended by a castle. Here, in 1834, the  of the Great Western Railway; lat. 500 441 N., lon. 30 33' W.'
Miguelites, after being defeated at Santarem, were forced to  pleasantly situated on the summit and slopes of an acclivity
lay down their arms. Pop. 940.                             rising from the river, over which, at the W. entrance to the
EVRAN, rvlrScl, a town of France, department of Cbtes- city, is a handsome stone bridge. Two principal streets
du-Nord, on the Rance, 6 miles S.S.E. of Dinan. Pop. 4500.  cross each other at right angles, from which a number ol
EVRE, aiv'r/, a river of France, department of Cher, rises  smaller ones, extremely narrow, diverge. It is well paved
in the marsh of Bourdelins, and joins the Cher near Vier- and lighted, amply supplied with water, and Ikept, on the
zon. Length, 41 miles.                                     whole, remarkably clean. The chief object of interest in the
EVREUX, 6v'ruhl, (auc. Mediolalnum, afterwards Eburo- city is the Cathedral, a noble edifice, of high antiquity.  It
vices and Ebroico) a city of France, capital of the depart- is cruciform, 408 feet in length, and consists of a nave, with
ment of Eure, on the Iton, 53 miles W.N.W. of Paris. It is  two side-aisles, two short transepts, formed out of two heavy
well built, and has many antique houses, a fine cathedral,  Norman towers, each 130 feet in height, a choir of the same
the church of St. Taurin, a clock tower, built during the  width as the nave, and 128 feet in length, 10 chapels or eraEnglish domination in 1417, a town-hall, episcopal palace, tories, and a chapter-house. The W. front is richly decotheatre, and a botanic garden. It has manufactures of cot- rated. presenting one of the most beautiful fasades of any
ton twist, woollen and cotton fabrics, and leather. In its  building in the kingdom, perhaps in Europe. The other
environs is the fine chilteau of Navarre, in which the Em- architectural antiquities are the' remains of the castle of
press Josephine resided after her divorce. P. in 1852, 12,877. Rougemont, on a high eminence N. of the city; St. John's
EVRON, v'r6bGt, atownofFrance, departmentofMIayenne, Hospital, now appropriated to a free grammar school, &c.;
17 miles E.N.E. of Laval. Pop. 2256.                        and the chapels of St. Wynard and St. Anne, and the chapel
EVRY, Av'reel, a station on the Paris and CorbeilRailway,  of the Leper's Hospital. The modern edifices worthy of
13 miles S. of Paris.                                       notice are the theatre, assembly or ball-room, bridewell,
EVST, a river of Russia. See YEVST.                      jail, sessions-house, cavalry and artillery barracks, guildEWANOWITZ,,i-t4-nofbits. or EYWANOWITZ, 5-*A-no1- hall, baths, and the new markets. There are 24 churches
Ivits, a town of Austrian Moravia, 24 miles E.N.E. of Briinn, and Episcopal chapels in the city and suburbs, besides 2
on the HIanna. Pop. 2000.                                   Independent churches, 2 Baptist, a Presbyterian, and several
EW/IBANK'S MILLS, a post-officeofJohnson co., Arkansas. other places of worship for Methodists and Unitarians, a
EWIELL, a small market-town and parish of England, co. Friends' meeting-house, a Roman Catholic chapel, and a
of Surrey, with a station on the London and Epsom Rail- synagogue.  There are 56 daily schools in the city, several
way, 1 miles N.N.E. of Epsom. Pop. in 1851, 1918.          of which are endowed, and 13 seminaries devoted to primary
EWELL. a parish of Enoland, co. of Kent.                 instruction.  This enumeration includes a free grammtar
EWELMiE, ulwllm, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, 21  school, founded by the citizens in the time of Charles I., in
miles E.N.E. of Wallingford. It has an hospital, founded  which the sons of fi-eemen are instructed gratuitously. It
by the Duke of Suffolk in the reign of Henry VI.            has sixteen exhibitions to either of the Universities of
EWE, LOCHI, 10K yoo, an inlet of the North Sea, in Scot- Oxford or Cambridge. The charitable institutions of various
land, on the W. coast of the co. of Ross. It is connected by  kinds are numeronus. Of these about 10 are devoted to
a short riverwith Loch Maree.                               education, of which the principal are St. Mary Arches
EWENINY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 5  School, the Devon and Exeter Central School, and the
miles W. of Cowbridge. It has ruins of an ancient abbey.   Exeter British School. The charitable institutions comEW'EIRBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            prise the Devon and Exeter Hospital for the sick and irndiEWESIDALE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on  gent, opened in 1747, and containing 200 beds, supported
the small river Ewes, 4 miles N. of Laungholm.  The scenery  partly by subscription, and partly from  income derived
is amongst the most beautiful on the borders.               from funded property; a dispensary, a well-conducted lunatic
EW11URST, a parish bf England, co. of Surrey.             asylum, a deaf and dumb institution, a penitentiary for
EWHURST, a parish of England, co. bf Sussex.              destitute females, an eye-infirmary, a lying-in char-ity, a
EWHURST, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.              humane society for the recovery of the apparently drowned,
EWIJK, a village of Holland. See EwKR.                    a stranger's friend society, &c., besides a number of minor
EWtING, a township of Mercer co., New Jersey, on the  charities. The scientific and literary institutions are the
Delaware River. Pop. 1480.                                  Devon and Exeter Institution foir the Promotion of Science,
EWING,-a post-office of Hockling co., Ohio.               Literature, and the Arts, established in 1817, and containing
EWING, a post-office of Franklin co., Illinois.           about 10,000 volumes; the Athen  um, a literary institution,
EWING'S NECK, a post-office, Cumberland co., New Jersey. established in 1535; a mechanic's institute, established in
EW/INGTON, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.             1825; a literary and philosophical society, founded in 1536,
EWINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Effingham   &c. Woollen goods were formerly manufactured here to a
co., Illinois, on the Little Wabash River. where it is crossed  great extent, but the trade is now all but extinct, being
by the National ItRoad, 82 miles S.E. of Springfield. It is on  limited to small quantities of serges.  The cotton and
the route of the projected railroad between Alton and Terre  shawl manufacture, at one time considerable, has entirely
Haute. The river here affords water-power.                  ceased. The weekly meetings of the woollen manufacturers
EWILOE, a township of North Wales, co. of Flint.          of Devon, however, are still held here. There are several
EW/YAS, a valley of South Wales, co. of Brecknock, near  large breweries and iron-foundries in the town, and some
the point where it joins with the cos. of Hereford and Mon- tan-yards and paper-mills in the vicinity. The principal
mouth. It is watered by the river Honddy, surrounded by  exports are serges and other woollen goods, paper, and manlofty mountains, and contains the picturesque ruins of  ganese; imports, general merchandise, timber, coals, (chiefly
Lianthony Abbey.,                           from Newcastle,) and limestone. By means ofa canal, 5 miles
EWYAS HARIOLD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. in length and 15 feet in depth, vessels of 400 tons can now
EWYK or EWIJK,,ftIk, a village of Holland, province  reach the city. A large floating basin has also been recently
of Gelderland, 6 miles W. of Nymwegen. Pop. 670.           formed; extreme length. 917 feet, width, 110A feet, at the
EXAERDE,' x-assdeh. a commune of Belgium, province  entrance, 90 feet, depth, 18 feet. On December 31, 1850, the
of East Flanders, 8 miles N.W. of Termonde.  It has linen  vessels registered at the port were 182, tonnage, 18,355;
manufactories, breweries, and corn-mills. Pop. 4235         entered coastwise, in the same year, 910 vessels, tosnage,
EX/BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             76,938; cleared, 613 vessels, tonnage, 38,682. Colonial and
EXIBURY, a parish of England, co. of HInts.              foreign vessels, inwards, 184, tonnage, 7654; outwards, 97.
EXCEL'SIORt, a post-office of Hennepin co., Minnesota Ter-   Exeter is a place of remote antiquity, having been a
ritory.                                                     British settlement long prior to the invasion of the Romans,
EXCHANGE, a post-office of Warren co., North Carolina.  by whom it was called lsca Damnoniorztm, being spoken of by
EXCHANGE, a post-office of M'Cracken co., Kentucky.    this name both by Antoninus and Ptolemy. A number of
EXCIDEUIL, 6x'see'dul/, an ancient townof France, depart- coins, small bronze statues, some tesselated pavements, and
ment of Dordogne, 20 miles N.E. of Pirigueux, on the Loun. other Roman antiquities, have been found in the immediate
It has two antique towers, with other remains of former vicinity of the city, showing that it was an important Roman
defences, and ruins of a monastery. Marshal Bugeaud was station. In the reign of Alfired it was called Exan-cestre,
born here in 1784. Pop. about 2000.                         (the Castle of the Ex,) of which the present name is a corEXE, Ax, (anc. Isaca,) a river of England, rises in Exmoor, ruption. Before the Norman conquest this place was the reco. of Somerset, and flows, after a S. course of 45 miles, into  sidence of the West Saxon kings.  The number of its religithe English Channel at Exmouth, from whence to Topsham  ous establishments was at one time so great that the Sax(about 8 miles) it has a navigable estuary.  Its chief affliu- ons called it Monkstown. It is said to have been one of the
uents are the Yeo and Clist. Bampton, Tiverton, and Exeter, first cities that returned members to the Ihouse of Commons.
are on its banks.                                           Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir  Thomas Bodley,
EXEA DE LOS CABALLEROS.  See EGEA DIE LOS CA- founder of the Bodleian Library, were riatives of the city.
BALLEROS.                                                  The Cecil family derive the titles of earl and marquis fiom
EXtELBY, a township of England, co. York, North Riding. Exeter. It forms a county of itself. Pop. in 1851, 32,810.EXEN, a town of France.  See EuinSH ma.                  Inhab. Ex/soN.
EXETER, (L. Iseca, Exotnsia, Uxe/la?) a city, seaport, and    EXIETER, or SQUAMISCOT RIVIER, a small stream of
parliamentary borough of England, co. of Devon, on the  Rockingka co., New Hampshire, fells into the Piscataqua
left bank of the Exe, 10 miles N.W. of its outlet in the  RSiver, about 10 miles W. of Portsmouth.
654




EXE                                                        FAB
EXETER, a post-village and township of Penobscot co.,    EXTON, a parish of England, co. of iants.
Maine, 60 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1853.                   EXUMAL, 6x-oolml, GREAT and LITTLE, two of the Bahama
EXETER. a post-village and township, seat of justice of  Islands; the larger in lat. 230 30' N., Ion. 750 50, W., 30
Rockingham co., New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine  miles in length, by 3 miles in breadth, and havn-ug one of
Railroad, 50 miles N. of Boston, and 37 miles S.E. of Con- the best harbors in these islands.
cord. It has a delightful situation on a river of its own    EYAFIALLA-YOKUL,'i/i-fe-l'llg-yotkOOl, avolcano of Ice
name, and contains, besides the county buildings, 30 or 40 land, 15 miles S.E. of Mount Hecla.
stoies, 4 or 5 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and a    EYALET, a Turkish term, signifyingprovince. See TuoR tY.
richly endowed educational institution, called Phillips'   EYAM, eelam or V/pm, a parish of England, co. of Derby,
Academy, founded in 1781. The fslls at this place, to which  in a romantic wooded and rocky dell, 41 miles E.N.E. of
the river is navigable, afford good water power, which is Tideswell. Eyam was once known as "the village of the
Improved for a cotton factory, an establishment for making  plague," with which disease it was visited in 1665.
gas pipes, a paper mill, a morocco factory, &c. The most    EYBAR, I-e-naRJ, a town of Spain, province of Guipuzcoa,
important business, however, is the manufacture of car- 23 miles W.S.W. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 1771. It has extensive
riages, for which there are here 8 or 10 establishments. manufactures of arms.
Pop. of township, 3229; of the village, in 1853, about 3000.  EYDON, ee/don, a parish of England, co. of Northam pton.
EXETER, a post-village and township of Washington co.,   EYE, I, a parliamentary and municipal'borough, marketRhode Island, 25 miles S.S.W. of Providence. The village  town, and parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 11 miles from
contains a bank, and several cotton and satinet factories. the Hawley-road Station ofthe Eastern Counties Railway, and
Pop. of the township, 1634.                                20 miles N. of Ipswich. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in
EXETER, a post-village and township of Otsego co., New   1851, 7531. The town mostly consists of whitewashed and
York, on Canandaigua Lake, about 72 miles W. by N. of  thatched cottages; it has a fine Gothic church, a grammar
Albany. Pop. 1526.                                         school with two exhibitions to Cambridge, a handsome
EXETER, atownship ofBerks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2074. guildhall, jail, house of industry, alms-house, and a branch
EXETER, a post-township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, bank of England. Eye formerly sent 2 members, and now
intersected by the Northern Branch of the Susquehanna  sends 1 to the House of Commons. The parliamentary boRiver. The battle celebrated in Campbell's "Gertrude of  rough now extends over 11 parishes.
Wyoming" was fought here in 1778. Pop. 833.                  EYE, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.
EXETER,a township, Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. P.187.    EYE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
EXETER, a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio.               EYE, a liberty of England, co. of Oxford.
EXETER, a post-township in the northern part of Men-    EYE, I, an island in the Malay Archipelago, the outermost
roe co., Ilichigan. Pop. 458.                              island, at the N. entrance of Gilolo Passage; lat. 00 23' N., Ion.
EXETER,, a post-village of Scott co., Illinois, about 50  1290 53' E. It is small, low, and covered, with wild trees.
miles W. of Springfield.                                     EYE or EYEO, a town o Western Africa. See KATUNGA.
EXETER, a post-village of Greene co., Wisconsin, about   EYEFORD, iVffird, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
25 miles S. by W. of Madison.                                 EYEROUTH, V/mtth, a seaport, market-town, and parish
EXETER MILLS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.   of Scotland, co. of B rwick, on the Eye, a small stream which
EXIFORD, a parish of England. co. of Somerset, on the  rises in the Lammermoor range, and here enters the North
Exe River, 71 miles N.N.W. of Dulverton.  It has several  Sea, 8 miles N.N.W. of Berwick. Pep. of parish, 1401. It
ancient tunnul, and much picturesque scenery.              exports grain, and has a fishery. Ihere is a fine bay, with
EXtHALL, two parishes of England, co. of Warwick.         an excellent harbor.
EXILEIM, a town of France.  See EcuIssnsM.                  EYGUIERES, 1'ghe-airi, (anc. Aquaria?) a town of France,
EXILLES, 6x'eeit, or ESIGLIE, s1-seelya', a village of the  department of Bouches-du-Rhfne, 20 miles E. of Aries. Pop.
Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 37 miles W. of Turin, on  2099. It has manufactures of woollens and silk twist.
the Dora Ripsira. Pop. 1785.                                  EYIKE, Ike, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
EXIN, 6x'eent, (Pol. K(synia, ksin/yA,) a town of Prussian    EYLAU, two towns of Prussia.  See EILAu.
Poland, government of Posen, 24 miles W.S.W. of Bromberg,   EYMOUTIERS, 1'moo'te-ai/l, a town of France, department
with 2000 inhabitants, and a fitmous convent.              of Haute-Vienne, 23 miles E.S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1842.
EX/MINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             EYNE. Vneh, a commune of Belgium, province of East
EXIAM0R, an extra parochial district of England, in the  Flanders, 12 miles SS.SW. of Ghent. Pop. 2453.
W. of the co. of Somerset, and N.E. of Devon. Area, 19,270    EYNESBURY, ainz/ber-e, a parish of England, co. of
acres. It consists of ranges of hills, from 1100 feet to 1600  Huntingdon.
feet in elevation, formerly forest, and the resort of the an-    EYNESFORD, aius/ford, a parish of England co. of Rent,
cient Druids, but now mostly heath or marsh. A few red  51 miles S.E. of Foots-cray. Pop. 1313. It has an ancient
deer still breed in this tract. The river Exe rises here,   church, and ruins of a Norman castle.
EXIMOUTI, a town and watering-place of England, co.   EYRAGUES, r'frg/, a village of France, department of
of Devon, parish of Littleham. on the Exe, at its mouth in  Bouches-du-Rhlne, 16 miles N:E. of Aries.  Pop. 1844.
the English Channel, 9 miles S.S.E. of Exeter. Pop. of the    EYREICOURT or AIR/COURT, a small market-town of
town in 1851, 5123. It has a ball-room, baths, and libraries;  Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway, 5 miles N.W. of Banatheextreme beautyof its surrounding scenery, withthe mild- gher. Pop. 1419. In the vicinity is the residence of the
ness of the Climate rendering it a very favorite residence. The  Eyre family.
Beacon Hill commands one of the finest views in England.   EYRE (air) CREEK, the channel of a stream  in Central
Exmnouth gives the title of viscount to the Pellew family.    Australia, between lat. 250 and 260 S., and ion. 1380 and
EXtOUTH, GULF, on the W. coast of Australia, lat. 220  1390 E., traversing a flat, flanked by high, ried sand-hills,
S., forned by a peninsula about 80 miles long, and termi- and containing abundance of water and grass. Captain
nating with the North-west Cape. It is 30 miles in width  Sturt traced this creek for 60 miles, when penetrating into
at the entrance, and about 65 miles in length.              the interior of Australia in 1845.
EX/NING, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.               EYSDEN, isWden, a village of Holland, province of TLimEXPERIIMENT MILLS, a post-office of Monroe co., Penn-  burg, 6 miles S. of Maestricht.  Pop. 930.
sylvania.                                                     EYTIORPNE, Y/thorn, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
EXPLORING ISLANDS, in the South Pacific Ocean, a    EYTON, Pton, a parish of England, co. of IIereford.
group of the Friendly Islands; lat. 170 10' S., Ion. 1780 38' WV.   EYTON-oNa-vic-WILDtMOOS,, a parish of England, co.
They are well situated for the resort of vessels; anchorage  of Salop, 21 miles N. of Wellington. Pop. 365. The celesafe and easily reached. Fruit and vegetables are abundant.  bratedl Lord Hersbert of Cherbury was born here in 1581.
EX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland, 41 miles    EYWANOWITZ, a town of Moravia.  See EwANOWavZ.
E.N.E. of Oakham. The Hall, an ancient seat of the Noel    EYIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
family, stands in a noble park.                               EZCARAY, ss-k,-ra! or 6th-ka1-ri, a town of Spain, province,
EXTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.              and 31 miles W.S.W.   of Logroilo, on the Oja. Pop. 3211.
F
-AABERG, forbi g, a village and parish of Norway, stift,   FABBIIAINO,  ftbb-abre-no, a city of Central Italy, in
F_ and 85 miles N. of Christiania, on the Lougan. Pop. tlhe Pontifical States, 29 miles W. of Macerata.  Pop. 6619.
4780.                                                      It has a cathedral, and manufactures of papei and parchFAABORG, forbona, a seaport-town of Denmark, in the  ment.
island of Funen, on its S. coast, 15 miles W. of Svendborg.   FABBRICA, i bfbre-kh,  a town of Italy, in the Pontifical
Pop. 2200. It has steam communication with Kiel, and ex- States, delegation, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Virterbo. Pop. 2149.
ports corn.                                               ]FA/ER'S MILLS, a post-village of Nelson co.. Yirginia,
F'ABARA, f'l-sar-i, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 68 miles  about 100 miles W. of Rilchmond.
S.E. of Saragossa, on the Matoranna. In the neighborhood    FABIANIHIAZA, f bean'ht/zthh, a village of Hungary,
are the ruins of a castle, onuce belonging to the Templars. co. of Szathma r, ona the Szamos. Pop. 1130.
Pop. 1370.                                                   FABIUS. fab/en[ts or flabe-ts, a river of Missour, which
655




FAB                                                       FAI
enters the Mississippi in Marion co., nearly opposite Quincy, Po. It was sacked by Sir J. IHawkwood in 1376, It was the
in Illinois, about 1'mile below the junction of its main  birthplace of the mathematician Torricelli.
branches, the North Fabius and South Fabius. The former    FRERDER or FARDER, (Fiirder,) fsiRder, a small island
rises near the N. frontier of the state, and flows S.E. through  off the S. coast of Norway, with a light-house, in lat. 590 3'
the middle of Scotland and Lewis counties. Its length is  N., ion. 100 375 E.
perhaps 150 miles. The South Fabius rises in Schuyler   F~ESULLE. See FIESOLE.
county, and pursues a south-easterly course of nearly the    FAGAGNA, f1-g ntyA, a village and parish of Austrian
same length. The Middle Fabius rises near the N. border Italy, government of Venice, 8 miles W.N.W. of Udine. It
of Missouri. and enters the North Fabius on its right bank, stands partly on a height and partly on low ground, co?
near the middle of Lewis county. Taylor's Fork flows S.E. tains a parish and 6 auxiliary churches, and the remains
through Lewis county, and enters South Fabius about 9  of an old castle, and has several mills.
miles N. of Palmyra.                                        FAGLOE, (Fliglie,)one of the Aland Islands. See FmrctLv.
FAIBIUS, a post-village and township of Onondaga co.,   FAGNANO, fdn-yllno, or FAGNANO-OLOYVA, f~.ryilnoNew York, 20 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 2410.         o-lotn4, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 19 miles N.W. of
FABIUS, a post-office of Hardy co., Virginia.           Milan, on the Olona. Pop. 1670.
FABIUS, atownship of St. Joseph co., Michigan. Pop. 497.   FAGNANO, a village of Italy, 13 miles S. of Verona. Here,
FABIUS, a township of Knox co., Missouri. Pop. 782.    in 1799, an engagement took place between the French and
FABIUS, a township of Marion co., Missouri. Pop. 1435.  the Austrians.
FABRIQUE LA NUEVA, fil-bree/kA 1i noo-/vA, a town    FAGNANO, a village of Italy, in Naples, province of
of Spain, province of Malaga, near the Guadiaro. Pop. 2475. Abruzzo Citra II., 14 miles S.E. of Aquila.
FABRIZIA, fl-bridlze-, a town of Naples, province of    FAGNANO, a village of Italy, province of Calabria Citra,
Calabria Ultra II., 16 miles S.E. of Monteleone. It suffered  22 miles N.N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 1800.
greatly by the earthquakes of 1783. Pop. 2941.              FAGNANO, a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 10
FACICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.           miles S.W. of Faenza.
FACHES, fdsh, a village of France, department of Nord,   FAIHAN, (fAhan,) LOWER, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster,
4 miles from Lille. Pop. 1257.                            co. of Donegal, on Lake Swilly.
FACIJINGEN, fA/King-en, a village of Western Germany,   FAHfAN, UPPER, a parish of Ireland, co. of Donegal.
duchy, and 9 miles E.N.E. of Nassau, on the Lahn, with    PAHLEEYAN or FAHLIYAN, fihlee'yAnf, a town of
a celebrated spring, whence 500,000 flasks of mineral water Persia, province of Fare, 45 miles N.of Kazeroon,with from
are annually exported.                                    60 to 70 houses, but formerly of more importance.
FAGILITY, a post-office of McMinn co., Tennessee.        FAHI-IUN, a town or province of Sweden. See FALUN.
FACONE, f/1-kolnA, a lake of Japan, in the island of Ni-   FARRAFELD, fWrA-flt',,    a village of Lower Austria, on
phon, 57 miles W.S.W. of Yeddo. It is 95 miles long, by 45  the Triesting, 20 miles S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 700.
broad, and gives rise to a small river of same name, which    FAIDO, fldo, a town of Switzerland, capital of the Val
falls into the Gulf of Yeddo. The Japanese attach peculiar Levantine, canton of Ticino, 22 miles W.N.W. of Bellinzona,
sanctity to this lake.                                    on the Ticino. Pop. 615.
FAC/TOR'S FORK, a post-office of Wayne co., Tennessee.    FAI-FO, fl-fo, a town of the empire of Anam, in Farther
FACtTORY CREEK, or A/BRAM'S CREEK, New York, India, and formerly the centre of its China trade, in the
formed by the union of Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks, province of Quang-nan, on a river near its mouth, in the
falls into the Hudson River, 4 miles above the city of  China Sea, and 15 miles S. of Turon, with which town it
Hudson.                                                    communicates by a canal. It has a large Boodhic temple,
FACTORY HILL, a post-office of Nansemond co., Vir- with 2 other Chinese temples; its population being mainly
ginia.                                                     Chinese. The principal exports are sugar and cinnamon.
FACITORY ISLAND, one of the Isles de Los, off the W.   FAILSIWORTH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
coast of Africa, 75 miles N.W. of Sierra Leone. Lat. 90 28    FAII00M or FAIOUM. See FAYooss.
N., Ion. 130 44' W.                                          FAIREBANK, a township of Sullivan co., In diana. Pop.958.
FACtTORY POINT, a post-village in Manchester township,   FAIRIBAULT, a post-office of Rice co.. Minnesota.
Bennington co., Vermont, on a branch of Battenkill River,   FAIR/BLUFF, a post-office, Columbus co., North Carolina
near the Western Vermont Railroad, about 80 miles S. by    FAIRIBURN, a township of England, co. of York, West
WV. of Montpelier. The inhabitants are principally engaged  Riding.
in quarrying and preparing marble. The village contains a    FAIRIBURN, a post-village on the line between Campbell
woollen factory and a tannery, both of considerable extent,  and Fayette counties, Georgia, on the Atlanta and La
FACtTORY VILILAGE, Hampshire co., Massachusetts, 3  G range Railroad, 102 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
miles N.W. of Northampton, contains extensive woollen    FAIRIDALE, a post-villagge of Susquehanna co., Pennsylfactories owned by Boston capitalists.                   i vania, 7 miles S.W. of Montrose.
FACITORYVILLE, a post-village of Richmond co., New    FAIRIDEALING, a post-office of Marshall co., Kentuciky.
York, on the N. side of Staten Island, about 155 miles S. of    FAIRIFAX, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia, borderAlbany. It has a large dyeing and printing establishment.  ing on Maryland and the District of Columbia, has an area
The name of the post-office is North Shore.               of 430 square miles. The Potomac River forms its bounFACTORYVILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., New York, dary on the N.E. and S.E., and the Occoquan washes its
on the Cayuta Creek, where it is crossed by the New York  S.W. border. The surface is hilly; the soil in some parts is
and Erie Railroad, about 264 miles from New York City. It sandy, and is not uniformly fertile. Much of the land has
has several mills or factories.                           been worn out, and is no longer cultivated. The county is
FACTORYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Wyoming co., intersected by two railroads leading to Alexandria. Mount
Pennsylvania, on'the  Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Vernon, the residence of George Washington, is on the
35 miles S. of Great Bend. It has several mills.          bank of the Potomac in Fairfax county, 15 miles below
FACTORYVILLE, a village of St. Joseph co., Michigan, Washington.  Formed in41742, and named in honor of Lord
on Nottawa Creek, a few miles N.E. of Centreville. Pop. Fairfax, the proprietor of a considerable district in the N.E.
about 200.                                                part of Virginia. Capital, Fairfax Court House. Pop. 10,682,
FADD, fidd, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, and  of whom 7432 were free, and 3250 slaves.
about 2 miles from Folna, on the Danube. Pop. 3831.         FAIRFAX, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,
FADIEVSKOI, fd-de-6v/skoi, an island of the Arctic Ocean, Vermont, on the Lamoille River, about 38 miles N.E. by N.
in Asiatic Russia, lat. 760 N., and ion. from 1410 to 1450 E., of Montpelier. It has manufactures of iron castings, starch,
between the islands of Kotelnoil and New Siberia. Length, leather, &c. Pop. 2111.
from S.E. to N.W., 100 miles; breadth, 35 miles.            FAIRFAX, or CULPEPPER COURT HOUSE, a thriving
FAD, LOCH, lox fad, a lake of Scotland, Isle of Bute, 1  post-village, capital of Culpepper co., Virginia, on the Orange
mile S.E. of Rothesay. Length 5 miles.                    and Alexandria Railroad. It is surrounded by a finely diF2EGL(EE or FAGLOE, (FdglSe,) fAgl3eh, one ofthe Aland  versified and fertile region, which is inn a high state of culIslands, in the Baltic, in the S. part of the group. Lat. 600  tivation. The business of the place has recently received a
N., lon. 200 20' E.                                       new impetus by the construction of the railroad. Fairfax
FEMUND or FAMUND, (Fiimund,) fAfmoond', a lake of  contains 3 or 4 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Founded
Norway, near the Swedish frontier, 85 miles S.E. of Trond- in 1759. Pop. in 1853, estimated, at 1000.
hjem. Length, from N. to S., 37 miles; breadth, 5 miles.    FAIRFAX, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.
F ENG(EE or FANGOE, (Fingoe,) f~ngfg'eQh, an island    FAIRFAX, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio.
in the Baltic, off the E. coast of Sweden. -at. 580 19' N., ion.   FAIRFAX, a post-office of Monroe co., Indiana.
160 57' E.                                                  FAIRFAX  COURT HOUSE, a small town, capital of
FAENZA, f -3ntza, (anc. Favenotia,) a city of Central Italy, Fairfax co., Virginia, 120 miles N. of Richmond, and 21 miles
in the Pontifical States, 19 miles S.W. of Ravenna, at the  W. of Washington, contains the county buildings, and from
junction of the canal of Zanelli with the Lamone.  Pop. 200 to 300 inhabitants.
19,752. It is inclosed by walls, and defended by a cita-   FAIRFAX STATION, a post-office, Fairfax co., Virginia.
del. It has a cathedral, and a fine marble fountain, schools   FAIR)FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
of painting, a college, hospital, lunatic and orphan asy-   FAIRFIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.
luns.  It has manufactures of a peculiar earthenware,   FAIRFIELD, a hamlet of England, co. of Lancaster, parish
called, from  the name of the town, fae'ence, silk twist, and 35 miles E.S.E. of Manchester, on the rallway thence to
fabrics, and paper, and a brisk trade by the canal to the  Stayley-bridge. The Moravians have an establishment here.
656




FAI                                                          FAI
FAIRIFIELD, a county forming the S.W. extremity of  Ohio, about 160 miles N.E. of Colqmbus. Pop. of village.
Connecticut, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is  about 400; of the township, 2385.
bounded on the S.E. by Long Island Sound, and on the    FAIRFIELD, a post-township of Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 432,
N.E. by the Iousatonic River, by which it is chiefly watered,   FAIRFIELD, a thriving post-village in Bath township,
although it has numerous small rivers falling into the  Greene co., Ohio, on the Dayton and Springfield Railroad,
sound. This stream  furnishes abundant water-power. It  64 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. It contains 4 churches, 1
has several good harbors, which afford great facilities for academy, and over 400 inhabitants.
navigation and the fisheries. The surface in the northern    FAIRFIELD, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 3174.
and western portions is hilly; in the southern and eastern    FAIRFIELD, a township of IHuron co., Ohio. Pop. 1594.
more level. The soil is fertile. The Housatonic i naviga-    FAIRFIELD, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 623.
hble for steamboats along the eastern border. The railroad    FAIRFIELD, atownship of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 871.
extending from  New York to New IHIaven, and that con-   FAIRFIELD, a post-township in the southern part of
necting Bridgeport and Albany, traverse this county. Seats Lenawee co., MIichigan.  Pop. 1327.
of justice, Fairfield and Danbury. Pop. 59,775.               FAIRFIELD, a townshipinDe Raib co., Indhina. Pop.576.
FAIRFIELD, a district in the N. central part of South    FAIRFIELD, a' flourishing post-village and township of
Carolina, has an area of 680 square miles. The Wateree  Franklin co., Indiana, on the East Fork of Whitewater River,
River forms its boundary on the E. and N.E., the Broad  48 miles N.W. of Cincinnati.  Pop. 910.
River on the S.W.; and it is drained -by Little River and    FAIRFIELD, a township in Tippecanoe co., Indiana.
Wateree Creek. The surface is hilly, and the soil fertile. Pop. 1313.
The district is intersected by the Charlotte and South Care-   FAIRFIELD, a small village of Bureau co., Illinois.
lina Railroad.  Capital, Winnsborough.  Pop. 21,404, of    FAIRFIELD, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., Illinqis,'
whom 7158 were free, and 14,246 slaves.                     150 miles S.S.E. of Springfield.  It contains a handsome
FAIRFIELD, a county in the S. central part of Ohio, has  court-house, and several stores. The plank-road, which conan area of 490 square miles. It is drained by the head  nects Graysville with Albion, is to be extended to Fairfield.
streams of the Hockhocking River, and by Little Walnut    FAIRFIELD, a village in Benton co., Missouri, on Pomme
and Rush. Creeks. The southern part is hilly, and the  de Terre River, about 100 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
remainder undulating or level; the soil is generally excel-   FAIRFIELD, a flourishing post-village, capital of Jeffer
lent, and well cultivated. The county contains quarries of  son co., Iowa, on Big Cedar Creek, about 50 miles W. by N.
limestone and freestone, which furnish good materials for of Burlington. A plank-road has been commenced between
building.  It is intersected by the Ohio Canal, and by the  this point and.Burlington; and a railroad has been proHocking Canal; also by the Zanesville and Cincinnati Rail-  jected which will connect it with Keokuk.  Fairfield is one
road, not yet completed. Capital, Lancaster. Pop. 30,264.  of the most important towns in the interior of the state, and
FAIRFIELD, a post-village and township of Somerset is the centre of an.active trade. It has 2'newspaper offices,
co., Mlaine, on the western side of the Kennebec, 25 miles  a United States land-office, a female seminary, and a college
N. by E. from Augusta. Pop. 2452.                           established by the state. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1500.
FAIRFIELD, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,   FAIRFIELD, a township, Dodge co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1143.
Vermont, 45 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has' some man —   FAIRFIELD, a post-village on the line between Rock an.-.
- factories of boots and shoes, starch, leather, &c. Pop. 2591. Walworth counties, Wisconsin. The post-office is in WalFAIRFIELD, a post-village and township, port of entry, worth county.
and semi-capitol of Fairfield co., Connecticut, is situated on    FAIRFIELD, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon.
Long Island Sound, and on the New York and New Haven    FAIRIFIELD CEN/TRE, a post-office, De Kalb co., Indiana.
Railroad, 22 miles S.W. of New Haven. The village stands    FAIPRFIELD COR/NERS, a post-village in Somerset co.,
in a fertile plain, about half a mile from the water, and is  Maine, on the Kennebec River, 22 miles N.N.E. of Augustaprincipally built on one wide and beautiful street. The    FAIRIFIELD-IHIEAD, a township of England, co. of Stafford.
dwellings on this street are mostly new and very handsome.   FAIR/FORD, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
A fine Congregational Church has recently been erected  Gloucester, on the Colne, at the foot of the Cotswold Hills,
near its centre, and on the southern side of the village is 24 miles S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. 1672. It is neatly built,
the Marine Pavilion, a mammoth hotel built for the accom- and has a beautiful church of the reign of Henry VII.
modation of persons visiting Fairfield during the summer    FAIR FORIEST, a post-office of Union co., South Carolina.
months, for its fine sea air and beautiful scenery. About 1I    FAIR FOREST, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas.
miles E. by S., is the village of Black Rock, containing a    FAIR GARIDEN, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee.
church and a post-office. Its harbor is the finest in the    FAIR GROVE, a post-office of Davidson co, North Carestate, with the exception of New London. Ships of the first lina, 96 miles W. of Raleigh.
class are built here. The western portion of the township    FAIR H-IAIVEN, a post-village and tdwnship of Rutland
comprises the borough of Southport, one of the most attrac- co., Vermont, on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad,
tive ofNew England villages, and on the N. is Greenfield Iill, about 55 miles S.W. of Montpelier.  The village is pleathe scene of President Dwight's poem, "Greenfield Hill."  santly situated on Castleton River, which here affords an
The shipping of Fairfield district, on the 30th of June, 1852, extensive water-power, and near the railroad, about 2 miles
amounted to an aggregate of 757 tons registered, and  E. of the New York State Line. In the township are seve24,508 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 23,856 ral apparently inexhaustible quarries of excellent m['rble
tons were employed in the coast trade. The foreign arrivals  and slate, both of which are extensively wrought and exfor the year were 33-tons, 4018. The clearances forb foreign  ported. There are also rolling-mills and machinery for the
ports were 31-tons, 3548, of which 2873 were in foreign  manufacture of nails, manufactures of paper, leather, &c.
bottoms. Fairfield was settled in 1659. In 1779, it was Pop. of township, 902.
burnt by order of Governor Tryon. Pop. 3614.                  FAIRHAVEN, a flourishing   post-village and township
FAIRFIELD, a post-village and township of Herkimer of Bristol co., Massachusetts, on Buzzard's Bay, about 55
co., New York, 16 miles E. of Utica. The village contains  miles S. by E. of Boston. A  branch  railroad, commuseveral churches, and perhaps 500 inhabitants. Pop. of  nicating with Boston through the New Bedford and Tauntownship, 1646.                                             ton, and the Fall River Railroads, was opened about the 1st
FAIRFIELD, a township of Cumberland co., New Jersey. of June, 1854. The village is beautifully situated on the
Pop. 2133.                                                  left bank of the Acushaet River, opposite New Bedford,
FAIRFIELD, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 11 miles with which it is connected by a bridge and ferry. It conN.W. of Newark.                                             talins 6 churches, a bank, a savings' institution, 2 cotton
FAIRFIELD, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylvania, factories, 3 oil factories, and an excellent system  of public
42 miles S.W. of IIarrisburg.                               schools, comprising a high-school, grammar, intermediate,
FAIRFIELD, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. and primary schools. A first-class hotel is about being
Pop. 1224.                                                  erected. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly directed
FAIRFIELD, a village of IHuntingdon co., Pennsylvania, to shipbuilding and thle whale fishery. About 50 vessels
on Shaver's Creek, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.  are employed in the latter business. During the year 1853,
FAIRFIELD, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. 13 ships and barques arrived at Fairhaven, bringing 8083
Pop. 1318.                                                  barrels of sperm oil, 14,172 barrels of whale oil, and 188,700
FAIRFIELD, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- pounds of whalebone. Pop. in 1850, 4304; in 1854, over 5000.
vania. Pop. 2576.                                             FAIR HAIVEN, a flourishing post-village of New HSaven
FAIRFIELD, a post-village of Rockbridge co., Virginia, co, Connecticut, is situated on the New haven and New
144 miles WV. of Richmond. It has 2 churches.               London Railroad, and on both sides of the Quinepiac
FAIRFIELD, a post-office of Hyde co., North Carolina.    River, which forms the dividing line between New Haven
FAIRFIELD, a post-village in Pickens co., Alabama, on  and East Ihaven, 2 miles E. from the public square or the
the Tombigbee River, about 50 miles W. by S. of Tuscaloosa. fbrmer. The passage of the river for ordinary travel is by
FAIRFPIELD, a post-office of Freestone co., Texas.        a wooden bridge, about 300 yards in length, and for the
FAIRFIELD, a post-village in Bedford co., Tennessee, railroad cars by a massive frame structure, supported by
about 55 miles S. by E. of Nashville.                       piers and braces, at an elevation of about 40 feet above the
FAIRFIELD, a post-village of Nelson co., Kentucky, 10  surface of the water. Most of that part of thevillage on
miles N.E. of Bardstown. It contains 1 church. Pop. 250.  the right bank of the Quinepiac is built on a beautiful
FAIRFIELD, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 2771. plain, which extends to West River, beyond New Haven.
FAIRFIELD, a village and township of Columbiana co., The streets are regularly laid out, intersecting'each other
2                                                                             657




FAI                                                       FAL
at right angles, and the dwellings are usually surrounded    FAIRPORT, a post-village of Lake co. Ohio. on Lake
with highly ornamented grounds. The left bank risesogra- Erie, At the mouth of Grand River, about 165 miles N.E
dually to an elevation of 100 or 150 feet, affording  delight- of Columbus. It has a commodious harbor and a lightful sites for residences. The view  of the river and bay, house.
with the shipping, New Haven, and the bold outline of hills   FAIRPORT, a post-village in Muscatine co., Iowa, on the
towards the N., commanded from  this eminence, is one of west bank of the Mississippi River, 40 miles E.S.E. of
surpassing beauty. About 40 vessels are owned in Fair Iowa City.
Haven, Which are employed in the oyster business. It is   FAIRISTED, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
stated that 800,000 kegs of oysters areannually exported to   FAIR/TON, a post-village of Cumberland co., New Jersey,
different parts of the United States. They are taken in the 4 miles S. of Bridgeton. It has 1 or 2 churches, and about
Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, and brought here during 50 dwellings.
the winter season to be opened. The village contains 6   FAIRVIEWI, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New York,
churches, several of them  new and beautiful edifices, an  about 45 miles S.E. of Buffalo.
academy, 2 hotels, and several first-class stores. Pop. in    FAIRVIEW, New Jersey. See QUAKERTOWN.
1853, estimated by a correspondent at 3000.                  FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Alleghany co., PennsylvaFAIR HAVEN, a post-village of Cayuga co., New York, nia, on the right bank of Alleghany River, 10 miles N.E. of
on Lake Ontario. It is the northern terminus of the Lake Pittsburg.  The name of the post-office is Houston.
Ontario, Auburn, and Ithaca Railroad.                        FAIRVIEW, a village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, about
FAIR  HAVEN, a thriving post-village of Preble co., 40 miles N.W. of Pittsburg.
Ohio, on Four Mile Creek, 42 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati.     FAIRVIEW, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania.'
FAIR HAVEN, a post-village of Carroll co., Illinois, 8  Pop. 1078.
miles S.S.E. of Mount Carroll.                               FAIRVIEW, a village of Butler co., Pennsylvania, 14
FAIRHAIVEN, a bay on the N.W. coast of Spitzbergen,  miles N.E. of Butler.
lat. 790 50' N., ion. 100 6' E.  ~                           FAIRVIEW, a village of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania,
FAIR HEAD or BENMOREI HEAD, a lofty promontory  on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, nearly opposite
on the northern coast of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Antrim, 5  IIarrisburg.
miles E.N.E. of Ballycastle. It is an immense body of co-   FAIRVIEW, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsylvania,
lumnar greenstone, 530 feet in elevation.                  on Lake Erie, with a village on the Erie and Cleveland
FAIR HILL, a post-village of Cecil co., Maryland, 7 or 8  Raihroad, 10 miles S.W. of Erie. Pop. 1760.
miles N. of Elkton.                                          FAIRVIEW, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
FAIR HILL, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.      2138.
FAIR ISLE, (fIe,) Scotland, between Orkney and Shet-   FAIRVIEW, a post-office of Washington co., Maryland.
land, 23 miles S.W. of Sumburgh Iead- Its length is 4    FAIRVIEW, a thriving post-village of Hancock co., Virmiles; its breadth, 21 miles. Pop. 232. It is accessible for ginia, is situated 2 miles from the Ohio River, and 36 miles
vessels at only one point, on the S.E.  The Duke of Medina  N. of Wheeling.
Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish Armada, was wrecked off    FAIRVIEW, a post-village in Buncombe co., North Carohere in 1588.                                              ling, 240 miles N. of Raleigh.
FAIR LAND, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.           FAIRVIEW, a post-village in Greenville district, South
FAIR LAND, a post-office of Livingston co., Missouri.    Carolina, 80 miles N.W. of Columbia.
FAIR/LEE, a post-township of Orange co.,Vermont, on the    FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Franklin co., Georgia, about
right bank of the Connecticut, which is here crossed by a  100 miles N. of Milledgeville.
bridge, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Rail-   FAIRVIEW, a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas.
road, 30 mile S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 575.                  FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Todd co., Kentucky, 190
FAIR/LEY, a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the coast miles S.W. of Frankfort.
3 miles S. of Lasgs. It has an old castle.                   FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, on the
FAIR/LIGHT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          National Road, 44 miles E. by N. of Zanesville. It contains
FAIR/LOP, in Hainault Forest, England, 12 miles N.E. of  several churches. and 400 or 500 inhabitants.
London, celebrated for an annual fair, and an oak of great    FAIRVIEW, a village of Fayette co., Indiana, 50 miles B.
age and size, now nearly destroyed.                        by S. of Indianapolis.
FAIR/MONT, a flourishing post-village, capital of Marion    FAIRVIEW, a thriving post-village of Randolph co., Inco., Virginia, on the western bank of the Monongahela  diana, on the Mississinewa River, about 75 miles N.E. of InRiver, and on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 310 miles dianapols.
N.W. of Richmond.. The river is navigable for steamboats    FAIRVIEW, a post-village and township of Fulton co.,
from this point downward. A magnificent wire suspension- Illinois, 75 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. Po'. 1047.
bridge across the river connects the village withI Palatine.   FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Pettis co., Missouri, 76 miles
A newspaper is published here. The village contains a  W. by N. of Jefferson City.
bank. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.                              FAIRVIEW, a post-village of Jones co., Iowa, on or near
FAIRMONT, a post-office of Clark co., Missouri.         the Wapsipinicon River, 33 miles N.N.E. of Iowa City.
FAIRMOUNT, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.        FAIRVIEW  VILLAGE, a post-office of Montgomery co.,
FAIRMIOUNT, a post office IlIunterdon co., New Jersey.    Pennsylvania.
FAIRMOUNT, Pennsylvania. See PHILADELPHIA.                 FAIR/VILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, 30
FAIRMOUNT, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl-  miles E. of Rochester.
vania.                                                       FAIRVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
FAIRMOUNT, a post-township, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania,    FAIRWAlTER, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., WIs22 miles W. of Wilkesbarre. Pop. 958.                      cousin.
FAIRMOTUNT, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia, 140 miles    FAIRWEATHIER, a post-office of Adams co., Illinois.
N.W. of Milledgeville.                                       FAIRWEATIIER, a mountain of Russian America, 35
FAIRMOUNT, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi.      miles N.E. of Cape Fairweather, forms an important point
FAIRMOUNT, a post-village of Miama co., Ohio.            of the Russian and British frontier, and is stated to have an
FAIRSMOUNT, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana.      elevation of 14.900 feet.
FAIR'MOUNT SPRINGS, a post-office of Luzerne co.,   FAIRWEATIIEiR, CAPE. See CAPE FAmWEATHER.
Pennsylvania.                                                FAIRWEATHER'S ISLAND, at the entrance of Black
FAIR/PLAINS, a post-office of Montcalm co., Michigan.   Rock Harbor, Connecticut. On it is a light, 45 feet above
FAIRPLAY', a post-office of Pickens district, South Ca- the level of the sea.  Lat. 410 8' 24"1 N. Ion. 730 13' 30,' W.
rolina.'AISANS, ILE DES, eel ds f'zANcsGI, (i. e. "isle of pheaFAIRPLAY, a post-village of Mbrgan co., Georgin, 115  sants,") a small island, formed by the Bidassoa, on the
miles W. of Augesta.                                       borders of France and Spain, neart Irun. Here the treaty of
FAIRPLAY, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.          the Pyrenees was concluded between France and Spain,
FAIRPLAY, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.            September 7, 1659.
FAIRPLAY, a post-village of IIot Spring co., Arkansas,   FAISON'S DEPOT, fI'zpnz deelpo, a post-villageof Duplin
a few miles N.E. of Rockport.                              co., North Carolina, on the railroad from Weldon to WilFAIRPLAY, a post-village and township of Green co., mington, 63 miles N. of the latter.
Indiana, on the Western Fork, of White River, 75 miles    FAJARDO, a town of Porto Rico. See FAxARDo.
S.W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 447.                              FAJEMIMIA, fA-jmmtmei,  a fortified town of Africa, in
FAIRPLAY. a post-office of Polk co., Missouri.           Senegambia, state of Konkodoo, (Konkodu,) and the reFAIRPLAY, a post-villfage of Grant co., Wisconsin, 12  sidence of its chief, 60 miles S.E. of Bambook.  Lat. 12~
miles N.N.W. of Galena. It has 2 churches, and about 100  50' N., Ion. 100 35' W.
dwellings.                                                  FAIKENItAM, GREAT: a parish of England, co. of SufFAIRPOINTI, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.      folk.
FAIR/PORT, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.         FA'KENHAM-LANCIASTER, a market-town and parish
FAIRPORT, (usually called IHORSEI/HEADS,) a village  of England, co. of Norfolk, on the Wensum, 24 miles N.W
of Elmira township, Chemung co., New  York, on the  of Norwich. Pop. 2164. It has a magnificent church.
Chemung Canal, 0 miles above Elmira, has 2 or 3 churches,   PAL, fdl, a river of England, co. of Cornwall, flows S.S.W.
and numerous warehouses. Pop. about 1000.  See IIoRsE- into the estuary which forms Fanlmouth IIHarbor.
BEAx~S.                                                    ]'FALIA AND SOUPTIRA, sooltra, a parish of Scotland, cos
658




FAL                                                        FAL
of Edinburgh  and Hladdington, 14 miles S.E. of Edin-  the -Highlanders, under Prince Charles Edward, and the
burgh. There was an ancient hospital here for the relief  English army.
of pilgrims.                                                 FALKJOPING, a town of Sweden. See FALK6PIN~G.
FALABA, fA-l/bA, a fortified town of Western Africa, in    FALKLAND, faiwkland, a royal and municipal borough
Senegambia, capital of the state Soolimana, 215 miles N.E. and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, at. the foot of East Loof Sierra Leone. Pop. 6000. (?)                            mond Hill, 22 miles N.N.W. of Edinburgh.  Pop. in 1851,
FALAISE, f i'hzt, (ane. Faldria?) a town of France, de- 3102. The only object of interest is the palace, a favorite
partment of Calvados, on an elevated but broken fiat, bor- hunting-seat of the Scottish monarchs. The chief part of
dering on a rocky precipice, orfalaisc, whence its name, 23  the present edifice, which is inhabited by the heritable
miles S.S.E. of Caen. It consists of three distinct parts-  keeper, was built by James V., who died here.  Falkland
the town proper, almost completely surrounded by old  gives the title of viscount to the English family of Carey.
walls; the suburbs of St. Laurent and Val d'Ante, extend-    FALKILAND, a post-office of Pitt co., North Carolina.
ing into the narrow ravine below the precipice on which the    FALKILAND ISLANDS, (Fr. Afalouines, mI'loo-een/; Sp.
town stands; and the suburbof Guibray, sometimes called  ilclvinas, m~l-vee'nds,) an island group in the South At.
the high town, and situated on a height about 1 mile E. lantic Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, consisting altoThe situation is very picturesque, but the streets are irre-  gether of about 200 islands, large and small, 250 miles N.E.
gular, the houses generally indifferent, and the appearance  Terra del Fuego, between lat. 510 and 530 S., and ion. 570
of the town, as a whole, dull and lifeless. The churches of  and 620 W. Only two of these islands are of any considerSt. Laurent, St. Gervais, and St. Guibray, the town-house,  able size; they are called, respectively, East and West Falkgeneral hospital, H-otel-Dieu, and public library, are deserv- land, separated from  each other by a sound (see FALKLanD
ing of notice, but the great object of attraction is the castle, SOUND) varying in breadth from 21 to i8 miles. East Falkthe ancient seat of the Dukes of Normandy, and the birth-  land is about 85 miles in length, and about 53 miles in
place of William the Conqueror. It occupies a commanding  breadth; area, 3000 square miles. West Falkland is 80 miles
position on a promontory connected with the plateau on  long by about 40 broad; area, 2000 square miles. The other
which the town is built on one side only, and isolated on  islands vary from 16 miles long by 8 broad, to mere islets
the others by steep ravines, and before the invention of  of half a mile diameter. The whole group is indented in a
gunpowder was a place of great strength. It is now only a  remarkable manner by bays, harbors, and sounds; two of
grand and picturesque ruin. It covers nearly 4 acres, and  the latter, Choiseul and Grantham, penetrating so deeply
is surrounded by ramparts, varying in height according to  into either side of East Falkland as nearly to divide it into
the nature of the ground, from 16 feet to 50 feet. Imme-  two parts, the intervening isthmus being little more than 2
diately within the court another tower, of loftier eleva- miles broad.
tion and more architectural merit, bear's the name of Tal-   The general appearance of the islands is by no means
bot's Tower, and is said to have been built by the English,  attractive.  Ridges of rocky hills, about 1000 feet in height,
after the capture of Falaise by Henry V. A colossal bronze  traverse extensive tracts of sombre-looking moorland, unen.
equestrian statue of the Conqueror, by Louis Rochet, was  livened by a tree, and limited, seaward, by a low, rocky
inaugurated here October 20, 1851. Falaise isthe seat of a   coast, on which the surf beats with great violence. On the
court of first resort and commerce. Its trade consists of  N. part of East Falkland the hills attain a considerable elewool, horses, cattle, and of the manufactures of the town, vation, but the whole of the S. portion is so low that it cancomprising cotton hosiery, lace, cotton goods, leather, and  not be seen from the deck of a vessel 5 miles distant. The
paper. According to the Normandy Chronicle, Falaise had  more elevated parts of East Falkland are quartz rock; clayrisen to be a place of some importance at the commence- slate prevails in the intermediate districts. Sandstone, on
ment of the eleventh century. Pop. in 1852, 8961.           which are beautifully perfect impressions of shells, occurs
FALALU, fa-l -loof, one of the Caroline Islands, in the Pa- in beds within the slate formation, and upon the slate is a
cific Ocean, N.W. of Hogolen.                               stratum of clay fit for making bricks. A peculiar feature in
FALCES, fdllthls, a town of Spain, province, and 29 miles  the geology of these islands is presented in streams of Stones,
S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 2310. It has mineral springs, and  which appear to flow down the sides of the hills. These
ruins of a Roman castle.                                    streams are 20 or 30 feet wide, spreading out in some places
FALCET, a town of Spain. See FALSET.                     to even a quarter of a mile in width. The stones are of vaFAt/CON, a post-office of Columbia co., Arlkansas.        rious sizes, from 1 to 4 or 5 feet cube. Scarcely any view
FALCONARA, fl;-ko-n{rd,,  a town of Naples, province of  can be more dismal than that from  the heights; moorland
Calabria Citra, 10 miles W. of Cosenza. Pop. 1666.          and black bog extend as far as eye can discern, intersected
FAL/CONER, a post-office of Chautauque  co.. New York.  by innumerable streams and pools of yellowish brown water.
FALCONERA, fAl-ko-n4'.-, a small island of the Grecian  The soil of the islands, so far as has been explored, is geneArchipelag9, 26 miles N.W. of Milo. Lat. 360 50' 40" N.     rally peat, although much of what seems to be a barren
FALEIE,   fatAmimA, FALEMEH, fa'lel/mth, or BA (bh) moor is solid sandy clay, covered by a thin layer of vegeFALEME-i, a river of Senegambia, in Western Africa, an afflu- table mould, on which grow shrubby hushes and a coarse
ent of the Senegal which it joins 15 miles N.W. of Galam, in  grass, affording ample nourishment to cattle. The largest
lat. 140 40' N., lon. 110 48' W., after a N. course of 200 miles. river is the San Carlos in East Falkland, about 30 miles
FALIFIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester.  long, and navigable for boats for 8 miles. The only other
Pop. 1537.                                                  stream of any note is the Arwyo Male or Matson, which falls
FALKENAU, fAl'keh-Rnw', a town of Bohemia, 5 miles  into Port San Salvador, on the N.E. coast.
W.S.W. of Elbogen, on the Eger. Pop. 1900.                    The climate is equable and remarkably salubrious, there
FALKENBERG, f/ltken-bRGo', a fortified town of Prus- being no extremes of either heat or cold. The ordinary
sian Silesia, 14 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 1632.          range of the thermometer is between 300 and 500 in winter,
FALKENBERG, f lFken-bfano, a seaport town of Sweden, and from 400 to 650 in summer. Rain and high winds are
loan, and 20 miles N.W. of Halmstad, with a small harbor,  fiequent, but lightning and thunder are rare. A peculi-ar
1660 inhabitants, and an active salmon fishery.            feature of the Falklands is the entire destitution of trees,
FALKENBURG, fillken-b56aRG, a town of Prussian Po- but there are a great variety of sweet-scented flowers, which,
merania, 47 miles S. of Cbslin. Pop. 3050.                 in November and December, nearly cover the ground. The
FALtKENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          tussac grass is the most useful and singular plant in the
FALKENSTEIN, f l'ken-stineo, a town of Saxony, circle  flora of these islands. It covers all the small islands of the
of Zwickau, 11 miles E. of Plauen. Pop. 3346.               group like a forest of miniature palms, and thrives best on
FALfKINGHAM, a parish of England.  See FOLKeeNo-  the shores exposed to the spray of the sea. Ferns and mosses
nAM.                                                        are few, but lichens are in great variety and abundance. So
FALIKINSTEIN, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.     far as yet tried, all the useful kinds of vegetables and green
FALKIRK, f'Al-kirkl, (commonly pronounced in Scot- crops generally have thriven, but fruit, has not been found
land, faw-kirkl,) a parliamentary and municipal burgh; to succeed, and it is doubtful whether corn would ripen.
market-town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, on an    The rearing of cattle and the cultivation of vegetables apeminence at the S.W. extremity of the fertile tract called  pear to form the natural resources of this country.  It is
the Carse of Falklirk, 24 miles W.N.W. of Edinburgh, on the  stated that the very few animals landed originally by the
Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, and Scottish Central Rail- Buenos Ayreans and others have gone on increasing in
way. Pop. of the borough in 1851, 8752. It has a town- numbers, entirely in a state of nature, until they are now
house, parish church, numerous schools, a public library,  reckoned at from  35,000 to 100,000, or more.  The wild
several branch banks, a foundry, and other small manu- horses of the islands, of which there are several thousands,
factures. The Great Careon Iron-works are within 2 miles  are highly thought of; and although many of the districts
of the town, which is famous for its three annual trysts, are too moist and swampy for sheep, still there is a sufficiwhich are the largest cattle fairs in Scotland, 300,000 head  ent quantity of land on which flocks could be kept advanof cattle and sheep, on an average, appearing annually, and  tageously. Pigs and rabbits are also plentiful. The numesales made to the amount of half a million sterling. Fal- rous creeks abound with a description of fish resembling a
lhrk unites with Linlithgow, Lanark, Hamilton, and Air- gray mullet, weighing up to 15 pounds, and which are caught
drie in sending one member to the House of Commons. in large quantities bythe simplest means. Sea elephant
Traces of the Roman wall of Antofiinus are found in this  and seal firequent the shores, and whales resort to the surparish. Here was fought, A. D. 1298, a battle between the  rounding waters, though now  in diminished numbers
troops of Sir William Wallace and of Edward I., when the  There are no reptiles of any kind in the Falkland Islands,
latter was victorious; also, in 1746, an engagementbetween  and of the quadrupeds a peculiar species sf fox is the only
659




FAL                                                        FAL
animal indigenous to them. The principal of the feathered  so rapidly do they succeed each other, that there is scarcely
tribe are geese, snipes, ducks, hawks, vultures, albatrosses, room between the buildings to admit air and light. Upgulls, petrels, penguins, &c., and a very few land birds.   wards of 50,000 spindles are employed in the production of'The Falkland Islands were discovered by Davis, on the  cotton fabrics, of which about 20,000,000 yards are annually
14th of August, 1592. They were afterwards visited (1690) turned out. The most extensive establishment in the place
by Strong, who gave them the name which they now bear. is for the manufacture of iron rods, hoops, castings, &c., the
In 1710. a French vessel from St. Malo touched at them, and  machinery for which is propelled by steaih. The company
named them Isles Malonines. Settlements were afterwards  employ about 500 hands, and use nearly 12,000 tons of iron
formed on them  by the French, Spaniards, and English  anually. Woollen goods, machinery, and sperm oil are also
alternately, but the latter have ultimately retained posses- largely produced. Fall River enjoys excellent advantages
sionof them. A British settlement has been recently formed  for commerce. Its harbor is safe, capacious, easy of access,
in East Falkland, called Stanley, situated at the head of  and of sufficient depth to admit vessels of the largest class.
Port William, an inlet on the N.E. coast. Lat. 510 40' 30"   The shipping of the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an
S.; Ion. 570 49' W.                                         aggregate of 3809 tons registered, and 11,375 tons enrolled
FALKfLAND SOUND, a narrow strait separating East and licensed. Of the former, 856 tons were employed in the
and West Falkland Islands from each other. It extends 45  whale fisheries, and of the latter, 4826 tons in steam nayvimiles in a N. and S. direction, varying in breadth from 2$1  gation; (none in the cod or mackerel fisheries.) The foreign
to 18 miles. The E. side of the sound islow, with geitly  arrivals for the year were 23, (tons, 4023,) 14-of which (tons,
undulating hills, seldom exceeding 150 feet in height.  The  2808) were in American vessels. The clearances for foreign
W. side is high and bold, forming a singular ridge, varying  ports were 12, (tons, 1966,) of which' only 751 tons were in
from 300 to 500 feet ip height.                             American bottoms. During the same year 12 vessels, (4 of
FALKINER'S ISLAND, of Guilford Harbor, Connecticut. them  ships,) with an aggregate burden of 4227 tons, were
It contains a fixed light 75 feet above the level of the sea. admeasured. During the year 1853, 2 whale ships arrived,
Lat. 410 12' 36"t N., Ion. 720 39' 42" W.                   bringing 360 barrels of sperm oil and 280 barrels of whale
FALKONERA, fAl-ko-nAYr, a small island in the Grecian  oil. A daily line of steamboats connects the town with
Archipelago, 45 miles from the S.E. coast of the Morea, and  New York. July 2, 1843, Fall River was visited by a de28 miles N.W. of Milo. Lat. 360 51' N., ion. 230 54' E.     structive conflagration, in which about 200 buildings, inFALKOPING, (Falklping,) or FALKJOPING, (Falkj~p-  cluding several churches and manufactories, were consumed.
ing,) fAllchb'ping, a small town of Sweden, l]en, and 38 miles The loss of propertywas estimated at upwards of $500,000.
S.W. of Mariestad, near which, in 1388, Albert, King of Swe-  Pop. of the township, 11,524.
den, was defeated and made prisoner by Margaret, Queen of   FALL RIVER, a post-village of Columbia co.. Wisconsin,
Denmark.                                                    on Crawfish River, 25 miles N.E. of Madison. It has good
FALSLASBURG, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.         water-power, with several mills, and about 35 dwellings.
FALL BRANCH, a village of Sullivan co., Tennessee.          FALLS, a new county in the E. central part of Texas, has
FALL CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Henry county, and  an area of about 950 square miles.  It is intersected by
after a course of about 75 miles, falls into W.hite River,  Brazos River, and also drained by Elm and Big Creeks.
just above Indianapolis  It is a valuable stream  for mills. The soil produces cotton, Indian corn, and grass.  This
FALL CREEK, a post-office of Early co., Georgia.          county is not included in the census of 1850. Capital,
FALL CREEK, a township in Hamilton co., Indiana.  Milam.
Pop. 1240.                                                    FALLS, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1788.
FALL CREEK, a township in Henry co., Indiana. Pop.1054.    FALLS, a post-township forming  the S.E. extremity of
FALL CREEK;atownshipinMadisonco.,Indiana. P.1553. 5Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, on the North Branch of the
FALL CREEI;'a post-office of Marion co., Indiana.         Susquehanna River. Pop. 798.
FALL CREEK, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 944.   FALLS. a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina, 191
FALL/EN TIM/BER, a post-office of Cambria co., Penn- miles W. of Raleigh.
sylvania.                                                     FALLS, a post-township in the central part of Hocking
FALLERSLEBEN, fMllers-l.ben, a town of Hanover,  co., Ohio, on both sides of Licking  River. Pop. 1744.
principality of Liineburg, 9 miles S.E. of Gif horn. The    PALLS, a township in Muskingum  co., Ohio. Pop. 2123.
poet Hoffman was born here. Pop. 1414.                        FALL'S BRIDGE, a village in Canaan township, LitchFALL/ING BRIDGE, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia. field co., Connecticut, about 35 miles N.W. by WV. of HartFALLING CREEK, a post-office of Wayne co., North Ca- ford.
rolina.                                                       FALLS/BURG, a post-village and township of Sullivan co.,
FALLtING  RIVER, a small stream  of Campbell co., New York, about 95 miles S.S.W. of Albany.  Pop. in 1840,
in the S. part of Virginia, flows into  the Staunton or 1780; in 1850, 2626.
Roanoke River.                                                FALLSBURG, a post-township forming the N.E. extreFALLIlNG SPRING, a post-office of Greenbrier co., Vir- mity of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1206.
ginia.                                                        FALLS CHURCH, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
FALL/ING  WAFTER, a small village of White co., Ten-   FALLISINGTON, a post-borough of Falls township, Buclks
nessee.                                                     co., Pennsylvania, 25 miles E.N.E. of Philadelphia. Pop. 234.
FALLING WATER, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.    FALL'S MILLS, a post-office of Cabell co., Virginia.
FALLING WATER CREEK, in the E. central part of    FALLS OF BLAINE, a post-office, Lawrence co., Kentucky.
Tennessee,  flows S.W. throughl White county, into the    FALLS OF ROUGH, a post-office of Grayson co., Kentucky.'
Caney Fork of Cumberland River.                               FALLS OF SCHUYLKILL, (skool/kill,) formerly a postFALLING WATERS, a post-village of Berkeley co., Vir- village of Philadelphia co., Pennsylvania, now  included
ginia, on the Potomac River, 188 miles N. by W. of Rich- within the limits of the consolidated city of Philadelphia, is
mend.                                                       beautifully situated on the Schuylkill River, 5 miles' above
FALILOWFIELD, a township of Crawford co., Pennsyl-  the State-house.. Here is an extensive manufactory of sulvania. Pop. 654.                                            phuric acid and other chemicals.
FALLOWFIELD, a township of Washington co., Pennsyl-   FALLS OF ST. CROIX. See ST. Choix Falss.
vania. Pop. 1132.                                             FALLSITON, a thriving post-borough of Beaver co., PennFALL RIVER, of Iowa, rises near the E. border of Dela- sylvania, on the right bank of Beaver River, about 2 miles
ware county, and flowing south-eastward, enters the Mako- from its mouth, and 30 miles N.W. of Pittsburg.  The falls
queta River, in Jackson county.                             of the river at this place produce motive-power for mills
FALL RIVER, an important manufacturing post-town  and factories of various kinds. A bridge across the river
and port of entry of Bristol co., Massachusetts, at the en- connects the borough with New Brighton. Pop. in 1850, 571.
trance of Taunton River into, Mount Hope Bay, the eastern    FALLSTON, a post-office of Ilarford co., Maryland.
amn of Narraganset Bay, and at the terminus of the Boston    FALLSITOWN, a post-village in Iredell co., North Caroand Fall River Railroad, 53 miles S.S.W. of Boston.  It has lina, 135 miles W. of Raleigh.
a fine situation on elevated ground, and enjoys superior ad-   FALLS VILfLAGE, a post-village in Litchfield co., Connecvantages for manufacturing; a stream, the outlet of Watup- ticut, on the Housatonic Railroad, 45 miles W.N.W. of 1Hartpa Ponds, uniting with the Taunton at its mouth, furnishes  ford, has a bank.
a never-failing hydraulic power. The town is well built,   FALIMER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
much of it of granite which is obtained in large quantities    FALIMOUTIHI, f~ltmftth, a parliamentary and municipal
from quarries in the vicinity, and contains 10 or 12 churches, borough, seaport town, and parish ofEngland, co. of Cornwall,
2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, a fine granite building occu- on a branch of the estuary of the Fal,:14 miles N.N.E. of the
piedas amarket-house and town-hall, and severalflourishing  Lizard Point, and 79 miles S.W. of Exeter. Lat. 50~ 8 81" N.,
schools. The streets arehandsomely adorned with shade-trees, lon. 50 2' 7" W. Pop. of borough in 1851, 4953. The town
which, during the summer months, add much to the comfort consists mostly.of a long line of streets extending along the
and beauty of the place. Fall River. front which the town  W. side of the harbor, with elegant villas ranged on the
derives its name, is about 2 miles in length, the greater part eminence behind. It is generally well built, has a church
of which distance it flows over a rocky bed, between high  and several meeting-houses, a town-hall, jail, market-house,
banks, and in the last half mile of its course has a descent customf-hous,' excise office, packet office, large bonding and
of about 130 feet. This portion of it is occupied with exten-  other warehouses, 3 banks, public rooms, subscription lisiye manufactories, generally with a separate dam  each, brary, baths, a polytechnic institution, a merchants' hospi.
either extending partiallyor entirely across the stream; and  tal for disabled seamen, and numerous schools. The bar.
610




FAL                                                        FAN
bor is formed by the estuary of the Pal, and is about 5  ofFalun: it is an immense abyss, 1200 feet across, and as
miles in length and 1 in breadth. The entrance is defended  many in depth. The daylight from abbve is sufficient for
by Pendennis and St. Maw e'   Castle, both built in the reign  the operations of the miners, so that they are not obligpd
of Henry VIII., and the former containing large barracks,  to use lamps or candles, as in other deep mines. Not only
magazines, &c. Its position, at the entrance of the English  copper, but also silver and gold are obtained here. Lat. 60~
Channel, has rendered Falmouth, for the last one hundred  35' N., ion. 150 35' E. Pop. about 4400.
and fifty years, a principal station for the foreign mail   FALUJN, FAHLUN, firloon, or STORA-KOPPARBERG,
packets, and the great rendezvous for fleets proceeding to  stofr,-koptpaR-blng', a maritime province of Sweden, mostly
the S. and WV. The foreign and coasting trade is consider- between lat. 590 52' and 620 10' N, bordering on Norway.
able. Chief imports, rum, sugar, gold, and silver, from the  Area, 12,261 square miles. Pop. 151,497.
West Indies and South America; wines, spirits, and fruits,    FAMAGOSTA, fa-mt-goslt9, or FAMAGUSTA, f -mn-goos1from the Peninsula and Mediterraneaun; timber, tallow, and  tA, a seaport town of Cyprus, on its E. coast, in lat. 350 7' 40"
hemp, from the Baltic; and provisions, from Ireland. Chief N., lon. 330 59' E. Its defences are now insignificant, and the
exports, tin, copper, pilchards, and fuel. Registered ship- town, with its palace.and numerous churches, is mostly in
ping in 1847, 6518 tons. With Penryn, it sends two mem-  ruins; its harbor is choked up, and useless except for small
bers to the I-Iouse of Commons. Palmouth is a town of re- craft. Most of the inhabitants are Greeks. Famagosta is
cent origin, and is first noticed in a charter of Charles II., built on the ruins of the ancient Arsinfoe. Under the Penedated 1661.                                                 tian rule, it was one of the principal commercial cities of the
FAL'MOUTIT, a post-village and township of Cumberland  Levant. Five miles N.E. is Old Famagosta, (ancient Saloamis
co., Maine, on Casco Bay, about 6 miles W.S.W. of Portland. and Constan/tia,) a site covered with ruins.
The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad and the Portland    FAMARS, f'mar/, (ane. Faonum  Jarlftis?) a village of
and Kennebec Railroad both pass through the township, France, department of Nord, 3 miles S. of Valenciennes.
which is also intersected by Presumpscot River, a stream   Pop. 506. It has the remains of a Roman fort.
forming the outlet of Sebago Pond, and furnishing water-.FAMATINA, fl-mA-tee/nA, an extensive valley of South
power capable of being improved to an almost unlimited ex- America, in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) province
tent. The village contains a church, a store, and about 300  of La Rioja, about 150 miles in length, and 30 miles in
inhabitants. Pop. 2157.                                     breadth, bounded E. and W. by the mountain ranges of VeFALMOUTH, a post-village and township of Barustable  lasco and Famatina. Its irrigated spots are very fertile, but
co., Massachusetts, on Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, its surface is generally barren.  It contains the town of
70 miles S.S.E. of Boston. There is some shipping owned  Chiliceto, numerous villages, and silver mines.
here, employed in the whale fisheries; and in 1853, 2 yes-   PAM/BRIDGE, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
sels arrived, bringing 2660 barrels of sperm oil, 600 barrels    FAMBRIDGE, SOUTIH, a parish of England, co. of Essek.
of whale oil, and 9000 pounds of whalebone.  The village    FAME, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi,
contains a bank. Pop. of the township, 2621.                  FAMELIQAO, VILLA NOVA BE, veel/li nofvA di fg-mFALMOUTH, a post-village of Stafford co., VirIginia, on  losw, a market-town of Portugal, 12 miles S.E. of BarFALSIOUTH, a po tvileofSaorc.,         iginia, on  l-~Et   nre-ono   otgl  2mlsSE  fBr
the Rappahannock River, 66 miles N. of Richmond; is the  cellos. Pop. 2000.
largest village in the county. The water-power of the river    FAMENNE, f'm3nn/ or fi-m~nfneh, a small district of
is employed in 2 cotton factories and 2 flouring   mills.   Belgium, province of Luxembourg, named from its inhaFALIMOUTH, a post-village, capital of Pendleton co., Ken-  bitants, called by Cesar tPcmani or P..hcmani.
tucky, on Licking River, at the junction with its South    FAMIEH:   f'mee/eh, a town of Syria, pashalic of lamasBranch, and on the Covington and Lexington Railroad, 60  cus, on the Orontes, 32 miles N.W. of Ilamah.  It is supmiles N.E. of Frankfort. It is situated on a beautiful plain, posed to occupo' the site of the ancient Apacmela.
and surrounded by heights which command an extensive    FAMINE, (faIbm/in,) PORT, on the Strait of Magellan, E.
-view.'It has 4 churches aLnd a woollen factory.           coast of Brunswick Peninsula, in lat. 530 38' 3" S., ion. 700
FALMOUTH, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, about  58' 15" W. This port was formerly called San Felipe, having
50 miles E. of Indianapolis.                                been settled by some Spanish colonists in 1582-3, all of
FAL'MOUTI-, a seaport town in the British West Indies,  whom, excepting one man, perished- of hunger and attend.
on the W. coast of Jamaica, in lat. 180 30' N., lon. 770 40'W. ant diseases; hence its name, Port Famine. -
FALMOUTH, a seaport town in the British West Indies,    FAMMAMATZ, fdm'mA-mdts/, a town of Japan, island of
on the S. coast of Antigua, with a harbor and 2 forts.      Niphon, near the coast, 50 miles S.S.E. of Okasakee, (Okasaki.)
FALRMOUTH, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Hants,   FAMUND, (Fimund,) a lake of Norway. See FoMUo)D.
on an arm of Mines Bay, opposite Newport, and about 30    FANAGORIA, f A-n-gotre-A, a small Russian village and
miles N.N.W. of Halifax. It is rapidly becoming a place of  fortress, government of the Cossacks of the Black Sea, on
importance, in consequence of the mines of coal, plaster, the Strait of Yenikale. near Taman.
limestone, and other valuable minerals found in the vicinity.   FANANO, f1-n/no, a village of Northern Italy, 30 miles
FALSE BAY, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, in South  S.V. of Modena, near Monte Ceinone. Pop. 2000.
Africa, Cape Colony, its W. side being formed by the Cape    FANAYE, fA-nV/3h.or f4-n4Yeh, a large village of Western
of Good Hope. Length and breadth, about 22 miles each. Afiica, near the Senegal, in lat. 160 24' N., ion. 150 8/ W. Its
Ships resort to Simon's Bay in this inlet from  Table Bay, people are industrious, and have a brisk trade in millet, fish,
during the N.W. monsoon, and it is the principal station  and nmatting. Its ruler is a maraboot of Foota.
of the Cape naval squadron.                                   FANCSIKA, fln'chee/kdh`, or FANCIKOVA, ftn'chbko'FALSE BAY, a bay of New Zealand, on the W. side of  vdh', a village of Hungary, co. of Ugocs, situated on a small
North Island. Lat. 360 33' S., ion. 1740 10' E.             arm of the Theiss, 3 miles from Nagy-Szollos.  Pop. 891.
FALSE BAY, an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, 60 miles E. of   F'ANICY BLUFF, a post-office of Glynn co., Georgia.
Cuttack.                                                      FANCY FARMI, a post-office of Graves co., Kentucky.
FALSE CAPE. See CAPE FALSE,                                 FANCY GROVE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
FALSET or FALCET, fil-s~tl, a town of Spain, in Catalo-    FANCY IIILL, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virginia.
nia, province, and 23 miles WV.N.W. of Tarragona, on a plain    FANCY HILL, a post-office of Iredell co., North Carolina.
at the foot of Mount Morral. It is indifferently,built, and    FANCY HILL, a post-office of Murray co., Georgia.
surrounded by the ruins of its ancient Roman walls and    FANE, a river of Ireland, falls into Dundalk Bay after a
castle. Pop. 2995.                                          S.E. course of about 20 miles.
FALSTER, filtster, (anc. Fcdstria?) an island of Denmark,    FANG/FOSS, a parish of England,' co. of York, West
in the Baltic, and separated firom that island, Miien and Laa-  Riding.
land, by narrow straits. Lat. about 540 50' N., ion. 120 E.    FANG-KI, f ng-ki, a small island off the S.; coast of China,
Length, 30 miles; breadth, from 2 to 13 miles, Pop. in 1850, province of Quang-tong, in lat. 210 18' N., ion. 1100 35' E.
23,249. The surface is fiat and well watered; and the island    FANGOE, (Fitngie,) an island in the Baltic. See FmNLE.
is so fertile in fruit, &c. as to be termed the'orchard of Ben-    FANIR0   or FANIRU, f&'nee-rool, a village of Africa, in
mark."  More corn is grown than is required for home con- Nigritia, state of Houssa, 64 miles N.W. of Kano.
umsption; timber, live stock, and bees are plentiful. Some    FANISO(, fl'neelso, a village of Africa, in Nigritia, state
vessels are built, but the manufactures are almost wholly  of IHoussa, close to Kano, enclosed by a wall.
domestic. The principal town is Nykibping.                    F ANJEAUX, fSNG'zh0/, (anc. Fan1suss Jo'vis 2) a town of
FALSTERBO, f:l/ster-boo'.a small seaport town of Sweden, France, department of Aude, on a mountain 9 miles S.S.E.
near its S. extremity,' 16 miles S.S.WV. of Malmb, on a penin- of Castelnaudary.  Pop. 1776. It was taken and burnt by
sula in the Baltic.                                         Edward the Black Prince, in 1355.
FAL!STONE, a parish  of England, co. of Northumberland,    FAN-LING-TAO, f'n-ling-tdo, an island in the Sea of
7 miles N.W. of Bellingham. Coal is abundant in this parish. Japan, E. of Cored. Lat. 36 48'.N., Ion. 1280 50' E.
FALTERONA, (fll-tt-rolnit,) MOUNT, a summit of the    FANLOB/BUS, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
Apennines, in Tuscany, 25 miles E.N.E. of Florence. Height,    FAN/NET POINT, a headland of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
5557 feet. The Arno rises on its S. side.                  Donegal, with a light-house at the W. side of the entrance
FALTSI, fil/tsee, a frontier town of MIoldavia, on the  of Lough Swilly.
Pruth, 70. miles S.S.E. of Yassy.                            FAN/NETT,   a township of Franklin co., Pennsylvania.
FALUN or FAHLUN, fdloon, a mining town of Sweden, Pop. 1970.
capital of a len, on Lake Runn, 54 miles W.S.W. of Gefde.    FAN/NETTSBURG, a post-village of Metal township,
It has a school of practical mining. museumns, and mnanufac-  Franklin co., Pennsylvania, in Path Valley, 1i miles N.W.
tures of cotton yarn, &c. HIere is the fIamous copper-mine  of Chambersburg. Pop. about 250.
661




FAN                                                       FAR
FANININ, a county in the N.N.E. part of Texas, bordering    FAREWELL/, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
on Red River, which separates it from the Indian Territory,    FARtFORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
contains about 930 square miles. It is drained by Sulphur    FARIGLIANO, fA-reel-y 1no, a village of Piedmont, pro
Fork of Red River, and Bois d'Arc Creek. The surface con-  vince of Mondovi, on the Tanaro. Pop. 2040.
sists mostly ofprairie; the soilis remarkably fertile. Named in    FARILHAO, f'-reel-yowNGc, a group of islets off the coast
honor of Colonel James W. Fannin, killed at Goliad. Capital,  of Portugal, province of Estremadura, 12 miles N.W. of Cape
Bonham.  Pop. 3788; of whom 3260 were free, and528 slaves. Peniche.
FANNIN'S DEFEAT, a post-office of Goliad co., Texas.       FARIM, fi..reeNo! or fl-reeml, a palisaded town of SenegamFANO, fOno, (ane. Fanunn  FoPrtusce,) a seaport town of  bia, Western Africa, on the Cacheo River, 50 miles N.W.
Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, delegations of Urbino  of Jeba.
and Pesaro, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Metauro, 7    FARINDOLA, fg-rin/do-l1, a town of Naples, province of
miles S.E. of Pesaro. Pop. 10,000.  It is enclosed by old  Abruzzo Ultra I., 22-miles S.S.E. of Feramo. Pop. 2556.
walls, with a lofty, bastioned front towards the sea, and is    FARINGDON, a parish of England. See FAnIscNGoeO.
superior in its treasures of art to every other town on the E.    FARKASD, faeRkoshdl, a market-town of Hungary, Hither
coast of Central Italy. Fano has one'of the finest modern  Danube, co., and 19 miles S.S.W. of Neutra, on the Waag.
theatres in Italy, remains of a triumphal arch erected to  Pop. 3330.
Augustus, and several other antiquities. Its harbor is now   FAR/LAM, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
choked up; but it has still some trade, and manufactures    FARLEIGH (farllee) EAST, a parish of Englfind, co. of
of silk twist.                                             Kent, a large part of which is laid out in hop grounds and
FANO, f fno, or FANNO, flntno, one of the Ionian Islands,  orchards.
at the entrance of the Adriatic, 14 miles N.W. of Corfu, of    FARItEIGH, WEst, a parish of England, co. of Kent, adwhich it is a dependency.                                  jacent to the above. The churchyard contains some of the
FANOE, (Fanie,) fiJn3'eh, an island of Denmark, off the  finest yew-trees in England.
W. coast of Jutland, 11 miles N.WV. of Ribe, 8 miles long, and    FARLEIGH HUNG/ERFORD, a parish of England, co. of
2 miles broad. Pop. 2800, mostly fishers.                  Somerset. Adjoining the village are the ruins of a castle
FANTEE or FANTI, fin/tee, a maritime country of Gui-  and a chapel, built about 1170. The environs abound in
nea, about lat. 50 30' N., and ion. 1~ W., bounded S. by the  rich scenery.
ocean, and enclosed lanudward by the states of Aguafoo, Was-    FARLEIGH WALtLOP, a parish of En gland, co. of IHants.
saw, and Assin. The soil is fertile; and the country popu-    FARtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
ious, owing to the protection of the British forts of Cape    FAI.LEY, a post-office of Culpeper co., Virginia.
Coast Castle, &c.                                            FARLEY, a post-office of Platte co., Mlissoui.
FANUM FORTUNE. See FANo.                                  FARLEY  CHAMilBERLYNE, a parish of England, co. of
FAOUET, LE, leh fil'oo-Al, a village of France, department  Hants.
of Morbihan, on the E116, 24 miles W. of Pontivy. It has    FARILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of IaItnts, on the
manufactures of paper.. Pop. in 1852, 3160.                coast. Here are extensive water-works, supplying PortsFAOU, LE, leh ffoon, a town of France, department of  mouth and its suburbs.
Finistlre, 8 miles N.N.W. of Chateaulin, with a port on the    FARILOW'S GIROYE, a post-village of Mercer co., Illinois,
Brest roadstead. Pop. 911.                                 20 miles E.N.E. of Keithsburg.
FARA, fslrl, a town of Piedmont, 11 miles N.W. of No-    FARLSTItORP, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
vara. Pop. 1804.                                             FARMtBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
FARA, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 7    FARIMER, a post-office of Seneca co., New York.
miles S. of Chieti. Pop. 1420.                               FARMER, a post-village and township in the N.E. part of
FARADEES or FARADIS, fd'r'deest, written also FA-  Defiance co., Ohio, 145 miles N.W. of Columbus.- Pop. 94.
RADES, a town of Northern Africa, dominions, and 38    FARMER'S, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
miles S.E. of Tunis, supposed to be on the site of the ancient    FARMER'S, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia..Aphrodisiwu.                                                FARMER'S, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky.
FARA DI GERA D'ADDA, fWlr, dee jd/rA d&d/dA, a village    FARMER'S, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana.
of Austrian Italy, province of Bergamo, 3 miles W. of Tre-    FARMERS' AND MECHANICS' MILLS, a post-office of
viglio, near the Adda. Pop. 1341.                          Jackson co., Georgia.
FARADIS, a town of North Africa. See FARADEES.             FARMER'S BRANCIHI, a post-office of Dallas co., Texas.
FARAFREH, fl-rdlfrih, or FERAFRA, fa-rifreh, an oasis    FARIMERSBURG, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, 92
of the Libyan Desert, Africa, in lat. 270 N., Ion. 280 23' E., 100  miles N. of Iowa City.
miles N.N.W. of the oasis of Dakhel. It comprises several    FARMER'S CREEK, a post-office of Lapeer co., Michig-an.
villages, and a town with traces of Greek and Roman edifices.    FARMER'S CREEK, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.
The inhabitants manufacture cotton yarn, coarse woollens,   FARMER'S FARM, a post-office of Iroquois co., Wisconsin.
and earthen vessels.                                         FARMER'S GROVE, a post-office of Southampton co., VirFARAHABAD, a town of Persia. See FERAHABAD.              ginia.
FARAJAN, fl-rd-jln, or FARAGHAN, f8-rA-gdn!, a village    FARMER'S GROVE, a post-office of Green co., Wisconsin
of Kafdristan, on the S. slope of the Ilindoo Koosh, near the    FARMER'S IIALL, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, 5'0
source of the Tagoo, in lat. 350 42' N., lon. 700 22' E.; here  miles W.N.W. of Peoria.
the Afghans and the inhabitants of Kafiristan meet to bar-    FARMER'S HILL, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
ter goods. In time of war it is held as neutral ground.      FARMER'S MILLS, a post-village of Putnam co., New
FARAKHABAD. See FURRucoiBAnD.                            York, 85 miles S. by E. of Albany, has 1 bank.
FARALLONES DE LOS FRAYLES, f-rdl-yolnls dA loce    FARMER'S RETREAT, a post-office of Dearborn co., Infrillps, a group of small islands on the coast of California,  diana.
consisting of the North, Middle, and South Farallon, (fl-rbl-    FARMER'S VALLEY, a post-office of McKean co., PennySnl.) The first named is situated 32 miles due WV. of the  sylvania.
entrance to San Francisco Bay. These islands extend in a    FARIMERSVILLE, a post-village and township of Cattadirection very nearly parallel with the coast, their extreme  raugus Co., New York, 45 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1554.
points being about 12 miles apart. They serve as land-    FARMERSVILLE, a neat village of Covert township, Semarks for navigators in approaching San Francisco Bay. FA-  neca co., New York, 6 miles S.E. of Ovid, and about 2 miles
aALLoN is a Spanish word signifying a "small pointed island."  WV. of Cayuga Lake. It contains 2 churches, 5 stores, and
The whole name may be translated "Friars' Islands."        about 400 inhabitants.
FARA SAN MARTINO, fdrAt san maa-tee/no, a town of    FARMERSYILLE, a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia.
Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 13 iniles S.W. of Lan-    FARMERSVILLE. a post-village of Meriwither co., Georciano. Pop. 2400.                                          gia, about 100 miles W. of Milledgeville.
FARAY, fird, an islet of the Orkneys, separated by a nar-    FARMERSYILLE, a post-office of Lowndes co., Alabama.
row sound from Eday. Pop. 67.                                FARMIERSVILLE, a neat and thriving post-village, capiFARAY, SOUTH, an island of the Orkneys, near. the  tal of Union parish, Louisiana, is situated on the top of a
island of Flota.  Pop. 55.                                 hill, 1 mile from the river d'Arbonne, and 290 miles by water
FARCETT/, a chapelry of England, co. )f IIuntingdon.     N.N.W. of Baton Rouge. The navigation of the river has
FARCHOUTE, a town of Upper Egypt. See FAnSHOOT.    recently been improved, so that steamers can ascend from
FARDER, (Firder,) an island of Norway. See FnDERa.   the Mississippi as far as this village.
FAR/DINGWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       FARMERSVILLE, a post-office of Caldwell co., Kentucky.
FAREIHAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of    FARMERSVILLE, a small village of Lincoln co., KenHants, at the N.W. extremity of Portsmouth Harbor, with  tucky.
a station on the South-west Railway, 45 miles N.N.W. of    FARMERSVILLE, a village of Holmes co., Ohio, about 11
Josport. Pop. of town in 1850, 3451. The town is resorted  miles S.E. of Millersburg.
to for sea bathing. It has a union work-house, a philoso-    FARMERS~ILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio,
phical institution, and manufactures of ropes and earthen-  80 miles V. by S. of Columbus.
ware, ship-building, and trade in timber, coal, and corn.   FARMIERSYILLE, a post-office of Posey co., Indiana.
FARESCOOR, FARESCOUR, or FARESKUR, fS'rAs-koorf,    FARMIERSVILLE, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin.
a town of Lower Egypt, province, and 8 miles S.W. of Dami-  Pop. 206.
etta, on the Nile. Near this place, Louis IX. of France was    FARMERSYILLE, a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin.
made prisoner, with all his army.                           FARMERSYILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
662




FAR                                                      FAR
Leeds, 15 miles W. of Brockville, and 50 miles from Kings-   FARMINGTON CENTRE, Maine. See F.rIINGTON.
ton. Pop. about 220.                                         FARMINGTON CEN/TRE, a post-office of Tioga co., PennFARMERVILLE, a small village of Union co., Pennsyl-  sylvania.
vania.                                                      FARMINGTON FALLS, a thriving post-villalge'in FarmFARM HILL, a post-office of Poinsett co., Arkansas.     ington township, Franklin co., Maine, on Sandy River,
FARM HOUSE, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia,.    about 30 miles N.W. of Augusta. It contains 2 saw-mills, 1
FARM/INGDALE; a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine. flour-mill, 1 church, and 4 stores.
Organized April 2, 1852.                                    FARMINGTON  HILL, a small village in Farmington
FARMINGDALE, a post-village and railroad station of township, Franklin co., Maine.
Queens co., New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 31 miles    FARMINGTON  RIVER, Connecticut, is formed by the
3E. of New York.                                          union of the E. and the W. branches in Litchfield co., and,
FARM/INGHAM, a post-office of Orleans co., New York.   flowing in a winding course, falls into the Connecticut in
F'ARM/INGTON, a parish of England, co. df Gloucester.    Hartford co., a few miles above Hartford. The New IHaven
FARMIINGTON, a post-village, township, and capital of and Northampton Railroad follows the course of this river
Franklin co., Maine, on Sandy River, which affords good  for about 16 miles.
water-power, about 35 miles N.W. of Augusta. The village    FARMLAND, Indiana. See FARmVILLE.
caIlledFAsuINGTON C.NTRE contains, besides the county build-   FARM  RIDGE, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, 55
ings, 4. churches, a newspaper office, an academy, an insti- miles N.E. of Peoria.
tution called Abbott's Boys' School, a bank, 3 public houses,   FARMSUM., faRm/slim, a village of Holland, province of
and 18 stores. There are two other villages, FARaINGoTON  Gronlngen, 3 miles E. of Appingedam, hard by the fortress
FALLS and FAMINGTON HIL,in the township. On the streams of Delfzyl. Pop. 1184.
are several mills and factories. Sandy River, in this part of    FARM/VILLE, a post-village of Prince Edward co., Virits course, is crossed by 3 bridges. Pop. 2725.           ginia, is finely situated on the AppomattoxRiver, 68 miles
FARMINGTON, a post-township of Strafford co., New  W.S.W. of Richmond. The South Side Railroad connects it
Hampshire, on the Cocheco Railroad, 25 miles E.N.E. of Con- with Petersburg and Richmond. The river is navigable for
cord. In this township there is a rock from 60 to SO tons in  batteaus from this place to its mouth, and the village has
weight, so accurately poised that it may be made to vibrate  an active trade. Farmville has 3 churches, 1 bank, 1 newsby the hand. Pop. 1699.                                   paper office, and several tobacco-factories.  Pop. about 1500.
FARMINGTON, a beautiful post-village and township of    FARMVILLE, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee.
of Hartford co., Connecticut, on the Farmington River, and    FARMVILLE, or FARM/LAND, a post-village and railroad
on the New Haven and Northampton Railroad, 30 miles N. station of Randolph co., Indiana, on the Indianapolis and
of New Haven, and about 10 miles W. by S. of Hartford. Bellefontaine Railroad, 8 miles W. of Winchester.
The Collinsville Braneh Railroad diverges from  the New    FARN/BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
Haven and Northampton Railroad at Plainville, in this    FARNBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Rent.
township, where the latter is intersected by the Hiartford,   FARNBOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.
Providence and Fishkill Railroad. Manufactures of various    FARNBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Ikinds are carried on in this township, comprising brass and    FARN/DALE, a township of England, co. of York, North
iron castings, forks, spoons, paper, soap, candles, &c. Farm- Riding.
ington village is built principally on one extended street,   FARN/DISH, a parish of England, cos. of Bedford and
and is noted for its picturesque scenery. Round Hill, in  Northampton.
the immediate vicinity is regarded as a great natural curl-   FARN/DON, a parish of England, co. of Chester. Speed,
osity. Pop. of the township, 2630.                         the antiquary, was born here in 1552.
FARMINGTON.     a post-township of Ontario co., New York,   FARNDON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
20 miles S.E. of Rochester. It is intersected by the Rochester   FARNDON, EAST, a parish of England, co. Northampton.
and Auburn Railroad. Pop. 1876.                              FARNE (farn) or FERN ISLANDS, a group of 17 islets
FARMINGTON, a township of Clarion cb., Pennsylvania. and rocks off the E. coast of England, co. of Durham, lying
Pop. 1124.                                                 between 2 and 5 miles firom the mainland, opposite BamFARMINGTON, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl- borough. Innumerable sea-birds build on these islands, on
vania, on the National Road, about 66 miles S.E. of Pitts- which there are now 2 light-houses, the highest, on the
burg.                                                      S.W. point, revolving, the other, on the N.W. point, fixed.
FARMINGTON, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. Lat. 550 37' N., ion. 10 39 WV. On one of these islets, where
Pop. 903.                                                  St. Cuthbert died, are a square tower, a ruined church, and
FARMINGTON, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.        the stone coffin of the saint. The passage between the
FARMINGTON, a post-village of Marion co., Virginia, on  islets is, in rough weather, very dangerous.  Here the
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.                           "Forfarshire" was wrecked in 1838, when 9 persons were
FARMINGTON, a post-village of Davie co., North Caro- saved by the heroism  of the light-house keeper and his
lina, 120 miles W. of Raleigh.                             daughter, Grace Darling.
FARMINGTON, a post-village of Clarke co., Georgia, 55    FAR/NELL, a parish of Scotland, in the E. division of the
miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville.                             co. of  orfar, 4 miles S.S.E. of Brechin. An ancient castle
FARMINGTON, a post-village of Tishemingo co., Missis- of the Ogilvies is here used as a kind of work-house.
sippi, 262 miles N.N.E. of Jackson, contains 3 or 4 stores.  FARN/HAM, a market-town and parish of England, co.
FARMINGTON, a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas.      of Surrey, 6 miles S.W. of the Farnborough station of the
FARMINGTON, a post-village of Marshall co., Tennessee, South-western Railway, and 10 miles W.S.W. of Guildiford.
50 miles S. of Nashville.                                 Pop. of the town, in 1850, 3515. The town hasan ancient
FARMINGTON, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky, church, an endowed grammar school, and a castle, forming
11 miles S.S.E. of Mayfield.                              the principal palace of the Bishops of Winchester, with a
FARMIINGTON, a small village of Belmont co., Ohio.      valuable library and collection of paintings. Two miles S.
FARMINGTON, a post-township in the N.W. part of  are the interesting ruins of Waverly Abbey, founded in
Trumbull co., Ohio.  Pop. 1283.                           1128. William Cobbett was born here in 1762.
FARMINGTON, a post-village and township of Oakland    FARNHAM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
co., Michigan, on Power's Creek, about 20 miles N.W. of    FARNIAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Detroit. The plank-road from  Detroit to Lansing passes    FARNI-IAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
through the township. The village has an active trade,   FARNHIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West
and contains several fSouring and saw-mills. Pop. 1844.   Riding.
FARMINGTON, a village of Hamilton co., Indiana, about   FARNIHAM, a thriving village of Richmond co., Virginia,
26 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.                         5 niles from the Rappahannock River.
FARMINGTON, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.           FARNHAM, EAST, a village of Canada East, co. of ShefFARMINGTON, a beautiful post-village and township of ford, 15 miles E. of St. Johns, and 38 miles from Montreal.
Fulton co., Illinois, on the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, It contains several saw-mills.
24 miles W. of Peoria. The village is situated in an undu-   FARNIHAM, ROY/AL, a parish of England. co. of Bucks,
lating, fertile country, which is finely diversified by wood- 4 miles N. of Windsor. The Earls of Shrewsbury, who
lands and prairies. Pop. 1420.                            formerly held the manor, still have the privilege of its tenure
FARMINGTON, a post-village, capital of St. Francis co., confirmed, of supporting the left arm of the sovereign, while
Missouri, 140 miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City. It has a court- holding the sceptre at the coronation.
house, several churches, and a number of stores. Mines of    FARNHAM, WEST, a village of Canada East, co. of Shefiron and lead are opened in the county.                   ford, 15 miles E. of St. Johns, and 38 miles from Montreal.
FARMINGTON, a thriving post-village of Van Buren co., It contains several saw and grist-mills and hotels.
Iowa, on the Des Moines River, about 30 miles N.W. of   FARN/HILL, a township of England, co. of York, West
Keokuk, with which it is connected by a plank-road. It is  Riding.
the oldest village in the county, and is a shipping-point for   FARNIIIURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
the produce of the vicinity.                                FARN/INGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 5
FARMINGTON, a post-village of Jefferson co., WYisconsin, miles S.E. of Foots-Cray. A bridge of four arches here
25 miles E. of MadiSon.                                   cro~ses the Darent, on which are several paper-mills.
FARMINGTON, a township in the N. part of Washington    FAIRNLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
co., Wisconsin. Pop. 504.                                  liding
663




FAR                                                        FAU
FARNLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West  interior are mountain ranges rising to 2500 or 3000 feet in
Riding.                                                     height, and interspersed with many long and narrow fertile
FARNLEY  TY/AS, a township of England, co. of York,  plains. The principal rivers are the Bundemeer, Tab, and
West Riding.                                                Nabon. Salt lakes are numerous.  The products comprise
FARNSIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Notts.           corn, rice, dates, raisins, and other fruits, fine tobacco, opium,
FAR'NUMSVILLE, a post-village of Worcester co., Masse-  saffron, hemp, cotton, attar of roses, silk, and wine. Many
chusetts, 60 miles W.S.W. of Boston, on the Providence and  cattle and sheep are reared; and the horses, camels, and
Worcester Railroad.                                         asses, are of superior breeds. The principal minerals are lead,
FARNIWORTH,     a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.  iron, marble, borax, naptha, and salt. The inhabitants are
FARO, f/ro, a seaport city of Portugal, province of Al- among the most civilized and industrious in the kingdom,
garve, capital of a comarca. on the Yalfermosa, near the S. and manufacture fine woollen, silk, and cotton stuffs. Capicoast, 20 miles S.W. of Tavira. Pop. 8440. It has a cathe- tal, Sheeraz. Fars contains the ruins of Persepolis, Pasar
dral,; several convents and charitable establishments, a  gada, and Shapoor. It was the patrimony of Cyrus, and,
military  hospital, custom-house, arsenal, and superior  with the substitute of P for its initial letter, it gave name,
schools. Its harbor is small, but it has a good roadstead. among the ancient Greeks, to the whole empire of his sucThe exports are fresh and dried fiuits, wine, cork, sumach, cessors. See PERSIA. Pop. 1,700,000.
baskets, and anchovies.                                       FARSAN (far'snf)) ISLANDS, in the Red Sea, E. side,
FARO, a village of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 12  about let. 160 30' N., Ion. 420 45' E. They are two in nummiles W.N.W. of Beja.                                       ber, and are the largest of all along this coast, but may be
FARO, firo, a village of Brazil, province of Pare, en a  considered as forming one island only. being connected. by
considerable lake, 40 miles W. of Obidos.                   a sandy spit of shoal water, across which camels frequently
FARO, f&aro, two villages of Sicily, on aend near Cape Faro. pass from one to the other. The westernmost, Farsan KeFARO, (FarS,) an island of Sweden. See FAmE.              beer, is 31 miles long, and the other, Farsan Seggeer, about
FARO (fl/re) CIAN/NEL, a name sometimes given to the  18 miles.
Strait of Messina, and the two great divisions of the Nea-    FARSHOOT  or FARCHOUTE, far'shootf, written  also
politan dominions are accordingly called the Dominij-al-di-  FARSIHIOUT, a town of Upper Egypt, near the W. balnk of
la and Al-di-quci di Faros, (" dominions on this side," and  the Nile, 20 miles E.S.E. of Girgeh. It has a Coptic church,
those " beyond the Faro.")                                  a government school, and a cotton yarn factory.
FAROE, (FilrJe,) flro or fWr6-e, or FAERO, fArS, (Dan.    FARSISTAN, a province of Persia. See FARs.
Fidrb'erne, fAlrd'er-neh, Ger. FPr-er, frij-er; Fr. Frcers, fitrA/;    FARSUND, faR/soond, a maritime village of Norway, stift
Sp. Perro, fifao,) a group of Islands in the North Atlantic,  of Christiania, 50 miles W. of Christiansand, on the North
belonging to Denmark, about 170 miles N.W. of the Shetland  Sea. The chief exports are dried fish. Pop. 1032.
Isles, between lat. 610 20' and 620 20' N., and intersected    FARTASII, far'tash, or FARTAK, farkt'd, called also
centrally by ion. 70 W. They are 22 in number, but of these  SAEEF, (Saif,) s'leeffl, or KERSAH, ker/sah, a seaport vii17 only are inhabited. The whole group stretches about 65  lage of Arabia, situated on its W. side, with a harbor affordmiles from  N. to S., and 44 miles from  E. to W. The  ing anchorage in 9 fathoms water.
largest isle is Stromije, in the centre of the group; area, 104    FARTASIH or FARTAK, CAPE. See CAPE  FAnRtASn.
geographical square miles; the other larger ones are' Osterie,   FARITHINGOE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Suderte, Sandte, Vaagte, and Bordbe; aggregate area, 370    FARTHER INDIA.  See INoDIA.
geographical square miles. The islands generally present    FAR/THINGSTONE, parish of England, co. Northampton.
steep and lofty precipices to the sea, which, in running be-   FARIWAY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
tween them, often forms fiords and bays in which good    FAR WEST, a post-office of Johnson co., Indiana.
anchorage is found. The Surface rises towards the interior,   FAR WEST, a post-village of Caldwell co., Missouri, near
and terminates in peaks. The culminating point, Slattare-  Shoal Creek, 150 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
tind, in the island of Osterte, has a height of 2800 feet.   FAS, a city of Morocco. See FEz.
The soil has sometimes a depth of 4 feet, but for the most    FAS, a kingdom of Africa. See FEZ.
part is thin, and does not exceed 6 inches. Barley is the    FASANA, fl-sd/nA, a small seaport town of Illyria, 52
only cereal that comes to maturity. Turnips and potatoes  miles S. of Triest. Opposite are the Brioni Islands, the
thrive well. There is no wood, but the want of it is corm- marble of which was used in building Venice.
pensated by abundance of excellent turf. The minerals    FASANO, fl-sllno, a city of Naples, province of Bari, 8
of the island include fineopal, and, it is said, also coal. miles S.E. of Monopoli. Pop. 8890. It contains several
The feathers of wild fowl form an important article of trade;  churches and a convent.
but the wealth of the inhabitants is derived chiefly from     FATARELLA, f'-ta-r6llyl, or FATORRELLA, fl-toR-R61/yl,
fishing, and the feeding of sheep. The islands were origi- a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 37 miles W.N.W. of Tarranally peopled by Norwegians. In the Legislature of Den- gone, in a mountainous district. Pop. 1495.
marit they are represented by a deputy, named by the king.   FATATENDA, f'-I —tln/di, a considerable town of West
Their chief magistrates are an amtmann, who is also con- Africa, on the Gambia; let. 130 22' N., Ion. 140 10' W. The
mandant, and a landvogt, who is also head of police. The  English African Company had a factory here, situated on a
capital is Thorshava, in Stromde. Pop. in 1851, 8150.       rock, and overlooking a fine country, but were driven from
FAR(E, fl/rb, or FARO, (Fart,) fMrO, an island in the Bel- it by the hostile conduct of a native prince.
tic, belonging to Sweden, off the N. extremity of Gothland,   FATCHIO, fhtchle-o, an island of tihe Japanese dominions,
of which it is a dependency, and separated from it by Faroe in the Strait of Corea; let. 340 20' N., lon. 1290 30' E. It is
Sound, 2 miles across. Lat. 580 N., ion. 190 16' E. Length  fertile, but difficult of access, and is the place of banishment
from N. to S., 10 miles; breadth 6 miles. On its E. side is a  for state criminals.
village of the same name.                                     FATEEREt, fl-teefreh, a village and ruined town in the
FARR, far, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland.       E. desert of Upper Egypt, 55 miles N.E. of Keneh, with
FARRAKABAD. See FUaRuCKABAD.                              Roman antiquities, and granite quarries.
FAR/RANDSYILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., Penn-   FATEZH, FATESCH or FATEJ., fltkzht, a town of Russylvania, on the West branch of the Susquehanna Itiver, 8  sia, government, and 33 miles N.W. of Koorsk, near the
miles above Lock Haven.                                     right bank of the Oosoja. Pop. 2000.
FARRAR, farrarf, several islands in the Red Sea, 51 miles    FATORRELLA, a town of Spain. See FATARELZA.
off the coast of Arabia. Let. (S. end) 190 17' N., Ion. 400 40'   FATSA  or FATSAII, fltlts, (anc. Phadisana,) a seaport
E. They extend N.N.W. 13 miles, and are low and sandy.   town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 60 miles E.S.E. of
FARIRINGDON or FABtINGDON, GREAT, a market-town  Samsoon. It has an old palace and a large khan, but is in
and parish of England, co. of Berks, at the foot of Farring-  decay. Two miles E. are the ruins of Polemonium.
don H-ill, in the vale of Whitehouse, 32 miles W.N.W. of    FATSIZIO, fit-seelze-o`, FATZIZIOO or PATZIZIOU, fItof Reading, and 6 miles N. of the Parringdon Road station  zee/ze-ool, an island of Japan, a dependency of the province
of the Great- Western Railway. Pop. of the town in 1851, of Yzoo, island of Niphon, lat. 330 6' N., Ion. 1400 E1. It
2456. It is an ancient and very neat town, with an inter- is 21 miles long by 71 miles broad, and contains a town
esting old church, a town-hall, a large national school, a  of the same name. State criminals are banished to this
branch bank, and an extensive trade in corn and bacon. island, and employed in manufacturing silk stuffs for the
The Fasringdon Road station is 631 miles W. of London.    court.
FARRINGDON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              FATTECONDA, flt'te-konfdl, a town of Senegambia. in
FAR/RINGTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.  Bondoo, on the Falem. River, lat. 140 25' N., lon. 110 30' WP.,
FAR/RINGTON GUR/NEY, a parish of England, co. of  32 miles N.E. of Boolibanee, (Bulibani.)
Somerset.                                                     FAUCETT'S (fewseats) STORE, a post-office of Oranee co.,
FAB/RIORYILLE. a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.        North Carolina.
FAR/ROWSYILLE, apost-village of Fauquier co., Virginia,    FAUCIGNY, fO'seeneyeel, a vill1age of Savoy, giving name
130 miles W. by N. of Richmond.                             to a province, of which Bonneville, 3 miles S.S.E., is the
PARS, or FARSISTAN, faresis-tnf., (anc. Perssis,) a pro-  chief town. This province is the highest in Savoy, and is
vince of Persia, mostly between lat. 28~ and 320 N., and ion. called "the classical country of the Alps."  Pop. 101,792.
500 and 550 ], having S.W. the Persian Gulf, and on other  The village is 2162 feet above the sea.
sides inclosed by. the provinces of Khoozistan, Irak Ajemee,    FAUCILLES, fWseelf, a mountain range of France. de(A.jemi,) Yezd, Kerman, and Laristan. The surface is very  partrments of Marne  and Vosges, connected E. with the
sarious; on the coast it is level, and the climate hot; in the  Vosges Mlountains, and S.W. with the plateau of Langres,
664




FAU                                                        FAY
separating the oasins of the Mense and Moselle from  that    FAWILEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
of the Sadne. Summit les Fourches. 1611 feet in elevation.    FAWLEY, a parish of England, co. of B-ucks, 3 miles
FAUCOGNEY, fO'kon'yAI, a village of France, department N.N.W. of lenley-on-Thames.  Fawley-court is a handsome
of Iaute-Sadne, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains, 11  structure built by Sir Christopher Wr'en in 1684.
miles N.N.E. of Lure. Pop. 1581.                              FAWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hlants.
FAUGHANVALE, faw'an-VAl!     a paLiish of Ireland, co. of    FAWN or FAWN GROVE, a township of York co., PennLondnnderry.  I                                             sylvania. Pop 1043.
F.AUtLIA,  ftwlyy. a village and pzarish of Tuscany, in    FAWN RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream which enters
the'Val di Tora, 11 miles E. ofLeghorn.  Pop. 2422.         the St. Joseph's at Constantine.
FAULHORN, ftwl/horn, a mountain of the Alps, Swit-   FAWN  RIVER, a post-township forming the S.E. exzerland, canton, and 32 miles S.E. of Bern, between the  tremity of St. Joseph co., Michigan.  Pop. 472.
valley of the Grindelwald and the Lake of Brienz, 8802 feet   FAWS/LEY.    a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 4
in elevation. It has an inn on the summit.                  miles S. of Daventry. The seat of the Knightley family,
FAULKIBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          situated in a fine deer park, is an ancient and interesting
FAUQUIER, fwl/keer, a county in the N.E. part of Vir- structure.
ginia, has an area of about 680 square miles. It is bounded    FAXARDO or FAJARIDO, fV-naafdo, a town and island of
on, the S.W. by the Rappahannock, and its branch, the  Porto Rico, on the E. coast; near the mouth of a small river
North River, and drained by Goose Creek. The Blue Ridge  of the same name. Pop. about 3000.
extends along the N.W. border; the surface is finely diversi-   FAXOE, (Faxte,) faxl/'eh. a village of Denmark, island of
fled, and the soil is mostly very fertile. Several gold mines  Seeland, bailiwick of Prest e, 33 miles S.W. of Copenhagen,
have been worked in the county. It also contains valuable  about 2 miles from the sea, It has noted quarries of buildbeds of magnesia and soapstone.  The Rappahannock is ing limestone of a pale yellow-color, and composed mainly
navigable by small boats. The county is traversed by the  of petrifactions of marine animals.
Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and by the Manassa's Gap    FAX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Railroad. The illustrious John Marshall, late Chief Justice    FAY, Rif, a village of France; department of Loire-Infdof the United States, was born in this county. Formed in  rieure, 8 miles N.E. of Savenay. Pop. 1852.
1759, and named in honor of Francis Fauquier, at that time    FAYAL, fi-Tll, one of the Azores, or Western Islands, in
Governor of Virginia. Capital, Warrenton. Pop. 20,868, of  the N. Atlantic Ocean; lat. (W. point) 380 351 36" N., Ion. 280
whom 10,518 were free, and 10,350 slaves.                   50, 30' W. Area, 27,520 acres, of which it is estimated that
FAUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR  SPRINGS, a post-vil-  10,020 acres are ander cultivation. In its centre is a mounlage of Fauquier co., Virginia, on the Rappahannock River, lain rising about 3000 feet. The $oil is remarkably fertile.
57 miles W.S.W. of Washington, is a beautiful and popular  The island produces annually about 12,000 quarters of Inplace of resort in summer.                                  dian corn, 4000 of wheat, 2000 of potatoes and onions, 200
FAUSSE (ftss) POINT, a post-office of St. Martins parish, pipes of wine, and 17,000 boxes of oranges. The principal
Louisiana.                                                  exports are oranges and wine. The imports are manufacFAUSSE RIVII7RE, ftss-re6-ve-ailr, a small village of Point tures, cotton twvist, and flax, chiefly from England, colonial
Coup6e parish, Louisiana.                                   produce from Brazil and Portugal, tea, tobacco, and soap
FAVAIOS, fa-vi/oce, (anc. Flcavias.?) a town and parish of  from the latter. Fayal has, besides, a considerable transit
Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, near the Tua, 61 miles trade. Alout 170 American whalers touch at the island
E. by S. of'Braga.                                          every year, and land the oil of such fish as they have caught
FAVALE, fd-v liA, (anc. iicgatle Lig/urecan?) a village of  on their outward voyage. This oil is afterwards shipped for
the Sardinian States, province of Chiavari, in the valley of  the American market, and amounts in value to between
Fontanabuona, almost surrounded by lofty precipices. Pop. 10,0001. and 50,0001. annually. Fayal has a good bay oppo1589.                                                       site to Pico. Opposite the town of Orta, in the bay of that
FAVARA, fd-vUr4, a town of Sicily, 4 miles S.E. of Gir- name, is the best anchorage in the Azores. The chief town
genti. Pop. 7590. It has rich mines of sulphur.             is Villa Orta, on the S.E. side of the island. Pop. 25,900.
FAVENTIA. See FAENZA.                                       FAY-AUX-LOGES, f,{'O'lozh/, a village of France, departFAVERGES, fa'vaiazh/, (L. Fabricce f) a village of Savoy, ment of Loiret, 10 miles E.N.E. of Orleans. Pop. 1053.
province of Genevese, near the Lake of Annecy, 23 miles    FAYENCE, fI'8Nsse, a village of France, department of
N.E. of Chambdry. Pop. 3641. It has manufactures of paper  Var, 12 miles N.E. of D)raguignan  It has manufactures oi
and cotton.                                                 earthenware and glass. Pop. in 1852, 2257.
FAVERNEY, f'vantnAf, a town of France, department of    FAYETTE, fA-yttl, a county in the S.W. part of PennsylHaute-Sadne, 10 miles N. of Vesoul, on the Lauterne.  Pop. vania, bordering on Virginia, has an area of 800 square
1557.                                                       miles. The Monongahela Riyer forms its entire boundary
FAVERSI-AM, favlersh-am, a borough, parish, and seaport on the W.; the county is intersected by the Youghiogheny
town in England, co. of Kent, 45 miles E.S.E. by S. of Lon- River, and drained also by Redstone, Dunlap's, Indian, and
don, near a branch of the Swale. It consists principally of  Jacobs' Creekls. The surface is finely diversified. A usounfour streets, spacious, well paved, and well lighted. In the  tain ridge, called Laurel Hill, forms the E. boundary;
centre is the Town-hall and market place. Faversham has a  another, which is the most W. branch of the Alleghany
handsome chuirch; chapels for Baptists, Independents, and  chain, extends across the middle of the county, under the
Wesleyan  Methodists, Bible ChriStians, and Latter-day  nanmeofChestnut Ridge; the land between these and the
Saints; a free grammar school, a national, and three other W. border is rolling. The soil of the N.W. part is very proschools. Vessels of 150 tons come up the Swale to the town at ductive; the other portions are adapted to pasturage. Ironcommon tides. On December 31st, 1850, the number and  ore and bituminous coal are abundant. The Monongahela
tonnage of vessels belonging to the port was 289; tonnage, is navigated by steamboats along the border. The county
11,999; and one steam-vessel of 19 tons burden. The vessels, is intersected, by the National Road. Organized in 1783, and
coastwise and foreign, which entered in 1850, were 1438 yes- named in honor of the illustrious Marquis de Lafayette.
sels; tonnage, 107,319; cleared, 1303; tonnage, 42,199. The  Capital, Uniontown. Pop. 30,112.
principal exports are corn, hops, fruit, wool, and other pro-   FAYETTE, a county towards the W. part of Virginia, has
duce; imports-timber, iron, coal, tar, &c. Faversham has  an area of 770 square miles. It is traversed by the Kanal'ong been celebrated for the manufacture of gunpowder. wha or New River, bounded on the N. by Gauley River, and
Roman cement is also manufactured here, but the oyster  on the N.E. by MIeadow River. The county has a mounfishery has now become the principal trade of the place. tainous surface, abounding in wild and picturesque scenery.
King Stephen was buried in the abbey which he founded  The principal elevations are Gauley and Sewell Mountains.
here in 1147.  The town gives the title of baron to the  The famous cliff called Marshall's Pillar, rises about 1000
Duncombe family. Pop. 4621.                                feet above New Sliver, a few miles from the county seat.
FAVIGNANA, fa-veen-yd/ng, (anc. -gulsa or.~Tshssa,) an  Several fertile plateaus, or glades, destitute of timber, occur
island of the Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, 11  among the highlands of this county. The soil is generally
miles S.W. of Trapani.  Length, from  E. to W. 6 miles; good. Iron-ore is found. The New River is a rapid stream,
average breadth, 2 miles. Surface low, except in the centre, affording abundant water-power in this part of its course.
where a hill range crosses it from  N. to S., having on its The county is intersected by the Covington and Ohio Railhighest point St. Catherine's Castle. It has stone quarries. road> (not yet finished.) Capital, F'ayetteville. Pop. 3955,
On its E. side is its principal town, San Leonardo, and on  of whom 3799 were fl-ee, and 156, slaves.
its N. coast a good harbor, defended by Fort San Giacomo.    FAYETTE, a county in the N.W. central part of Georgia,
FAVORITA, fl-vo-reeftA, a village, and beautiful country  nas an Rrea of 486 square miles. It is traversed from N. to
seat of Austrian Italy, in the vicinity of Mlantua, membrable  S. by Flint River. which rises near the N. border, and also
as the scene of several severe contests between th2 Foench  drained by Whitewater, Line, and Rose Creeks. The sur.
and Austrians, in which the former were victorloss. One face is generally level; the soil is formed by the disintegraimmediate result was the surrender of Mantuaa, with its tion of primary rocks, and is not the most fertile. Granite
garrison of 20.000 men.                                    and iron are the most valuable minerals of the county. It
FAVEIA, fVvfre-a, a market-town of Piedmont, province  is intersected by the Macon and Western, and the Atlanta
of Turin. Pop. 2745.                                       and La Grange Railroads. Capital, PFayetteville. Pop. 8709,
FAW/DON, a township of England, co. of:;o thumber-  of whom 6744 were free, and 1965 slaves.
land.                                                        PAYETTE, a county in the W.N.W. part of Alabama,
FAWttl][A M, a parish of Fugl~na, o-r.ol Kt.at.          bordering on the Mississippi, has an area of about 900
665




FAY                                                        FAY
square miles.  It is intersected by the Sipsey River and    FAYETTE, a pleasant post-village, capital of Jefferson
Luxapatilla Creek, affluents of Tombigbee Iiver.  The sur- co., Mississippi, about 30 miles E.N.E. of Natchez.  It conface is somewhat uneven, the soil fertile. Capital, Fayette Pains a court-house,  2 newspaper offices, and a number of
Court House. Pop. 9681, of whom 8460 were firee, and 1221  stores.  Pop. in 1853. about 1200.
slaves.                                                       FAYETTE, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1111.
FAYETTE, a county in the S.E. central part of Texas, has    FAYETTE, a township of Hillsdale co., Michigan.  Pop.
an area of about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by the  895.
Colorado River. The surihce is undulating; the soil is a    FAYETTE, a township in Vigo co., Indiana. Pop. 1340.
black sandy loam, very fertile. The river is navigable for    FAYETTE, a post-village in Greene co., Illinois, 50 miles
about six months in the year, as high as the county seat. S.W. of Springfield.
Some of the streams furnish water-power. Coal mines have    FAYETTE, a post-village, capital of Howard co., Missouri,
been discovered. Capital, La Grange. Pop. 3756, of whom   on Bonne Femme Creek, 60 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
2740 were free, and 1016 slaves.                            The Missouri River approaches within 10 or 12 miles of the
FAYETTE, a county in the S.W. part of Tennessee, boher- village, at two nearly opposite points. Coal and limestone
dering  on the Mississippi, has an area estimated at 550  are abundant in the vicinity. Fayette has 2 or 3 churches,
square miles. It is traversed by Loosahatchie and Wolf  a United States land-office, an academy, a college, a newsRivers. The soil is very productive, and extensively culti- paper office, and a bank.
vated. The county is traversed by a railroad leading to    FAYETTE, a post-village and township of Lafayette co.,
Memphis. Capital, Somerville. Pop. 26,719, of whom 11,455  Wisconsin, 50 miles S.W. of Madison. The village contains
were free, and 15,264 slaves.                               2 mills, 2 stores, and 30 dwellings. Pop. 753.
FAYETTE, a county in the N.E. central part of Ken-    FAYETTE CORNER, a post-village of Fayette co., Tentucky, has an area estimated at 300 square miles. The  nessee, 177 miles W.S.W. of Nashville.
Kentucky River washes its S.E. border; it is drained by    FAYETTE COURT-HOUSE, Alabama. See FAYETTEVILZXE.
Hickman's Creek, and by the North and South branches    FAYETTE SPRINGS, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennof Elkhorn River, which rise within its limits, and though  sylvania.
flowing in opposite directions, afterwards unite with Ken-    FAY/ETTEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Windham co.,
tucky River. The surface is diversified by beautiful undu- Vermont, about 100 miles S. of Montpelier.
lations; the soil is highly productive, and extensively culti-   FAYETTEVILLE, a post-village in lManlius township,
vated. In 1850 the county produced 2967 tons of hemp, Onondaga co., New York, near the Erie Canal, about 120
more than any other county in the United States, except miles W. by N. of Albany. It contains churches of 3 denoPlatte county, Missouri.  The rock which underlies the  minations, and an academy.
surface is the blue or Trenton limestone, a good material     FAYETTEVILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennfor building. The Kentucky River is navigable by small sylvania, 144 miles W. of Philadelphia. Pop. about 300.
steamboats in this part of its course. Railroads have been    F'AYETTEVILLE, a small post-village, capital of Fayette
opened connecting Lexington, the county seat, with Louis- co., Yirginia, 289 miles W. of Richmond, and about 5 miles
ville and Covington; another is in profgess, which will from New River. A few miles from the village, New River
connect that city with Maysville. In respect to population  flows along the base of a remarkable cliff or precipice of
and wealth, Fayette is the second county in the state. Ca- stupendous height, known by the name of the " Hawk's
pital, Lexington. Pop. 22,785, of whom 11,846 were free, and  Nest," or Marshall's Pillar.  Chief-Justice Marshall mea10,889 slaves.                                              sured it with a line, and found the height to be 1000 feet.
FAYETTE, a county in the S.W. central part of Ohio,   FAYETTEYILLE, a flourishing town, capital of Cumberhas an area of 414 square miles. It is intersected by Paint land co., North Carolina, is situated on the left bank of Cape
and Deer Creeks, and also drained by the North Fork and  Fear River, at the head of natural navigatiqn, 60 miles S.
Rattlesnake Fork of the first-named creek. The surface in  of Raleigh, and 100 miles N.W. of Wilmington.  The town
the N. and W. is nearly level, and in the S. gently undu- is regularly laid out, with streets of 100 feet in width. It
lating. The soil is mostly a deep black loam, and very pro- is the centre of an extensive trade, which is facilitated by
ductive. The county is intersected by the Cincinnati, Wil- plank-roads extending in various directions. The adjoin,.
mington, and Zanesville Railroad, not yet finished.  Capi- ing country is partly occupied by extensive forests of pine,
tal, Washington. Pop. 12:726.                               which supply important articles of export, in the form of
FAYETTE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Indiana, con- turpentine, tar, lumber, &c.  The navigation has lately
tains about 200 square miles. It is drained by the West been extended,'by the construction of locks and dams. as
Fork of Whitewater River. The surface varies from level far as the coal-mines of Chatham  county.  The ample
to undulating; the soil is highly productive. Probably no  water-power of the river is employed in manufactories of
county in the state is more highly improved and densely  cotton and flower. Fayetteville contains an arsenal of conpeopled.  Limestone. is the most abundant rock.  The  struction, a large establishment enclosing about 50 acres,
county is intersected by the Whitewater Canal, which af- now  nearly completed; also 3 banks and 3 newspaper
fords a great water-power, and by the railroad which ex- offices. In 1831 a large part of the town was destroyed by
tends westward from IHamilton in Ohio. Organized in 1819. fire, and nearly $100,000 were subscribed for the relief of the
Capital, Connersville. Pop. 10,217.                         sufferers by the citizens of this and other states. The prosFAYETTE, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, has  perity of this place has recently been increased by the esan area of 640 square miles. The Kaskaskia River flows  tablishment of distilleries of turpentine, and by the conthrough the county diagonally in a south-westerly direc- struction of plank-roads. The aggregate length of the latter,
tion, receiving in its passage a number of creeks. The sur-  completed and in progress, is about 350 miles. Pop. in
face is generally level, or slightly undulating, diversified by  1853, about 7000.
prairies and by forests of good timber; the soil is produc-   FAYETTEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Fayette co.,
tive.  The streams furnish motive-power for numerous  Georgia, 25 miles S. of Atlanta. It is pleasantly situated in
mills. TheCentral Railroad of Illinois passes through the  the mnidst of cotton plantations. It contains a brick courtcounty, and materially affects its prosperity. Fayette is house, 2 churches, 2 high schools, a printing office, and a
one of the oldest counties of the state. Capital, Yandalia.  Masonic lodge.
Pop. 8075.                                                    FAYETTEVILLE or FAYETTE COURT-HOUSE, a postFAYETTE, a new county in the N.E. part of Iowa, has an  village, capital of Fayette co., Alabama, about 2 miles W. of
area of 720 square miles. The Turkey River, an affluent of  Sipsey River, and 150 miles N.W. of MIontgomery.  It conthe Mississippi, is formed in the N. part by the union of its  tainss a court-house and a few stores.
two main branches, and then traverses the N.E. part of the    FAYETTEVILLE, a village in Talladega co., Alabamna.
county; the South Fork of the same stream  drains the    FAYETTEVILLE, a post-village of Fayette co., Texas, a
middle portion; the S. part is drained by Buffalo and other few miles S.E. of La Grange.
creeks. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered    FAYETTEVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of
with woods, among which are scattered numerous fertile  Washington co., Arkansas, 200 miles N.W. of Little Rock.
prairies. The streams of this county are said to afford ex- It has an elevated and highly picturesque situation, and
tensive water-power. Capital, West Union. Pop. 825.         abounds with the finest springs  of pure cold water. It is
FAYETTE, a.post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, 15  the centre of an active trade, and has 2 large. and flourishmiles W.N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1085.                         ing schools, one for each sex. The Ozark Institute. 3 miles
FAYETTE, a village of Chautauque co., New York, on  N.W. of the village, is a prosperous academy for boys,
Lakeli  Erie, at the mouth of Silver Creek, 31 miles S.W. of  founded in 1845. Fayetteville contains a United States
Buffalo.,.        land-office, 3 churches, and a handsome court-house. The
FAYETTE, a village of Chenango co., New Yore, about current of emigratibn is setting estrongly towards this part
100 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches, and several of the state. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
mille.                                                       FAYETTEVILLE,  a post-village, capital of Lincoln co.,
FAYETTE, a post-township of Seneca co., New York, ex- Tennessee, on Elk River, 73 miles S. by E. of Nashville. It
tending from the Cayuga to the Seneca Lake, 12 miles N. of  contains a court-house and a newspaper office.
Ovid. Pop. 3786.                                             FAYETTEVILLE, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, on
FAYETTE, a post-office of Alleghsny co., Pennsylvania.   the East Fork of Little Miami River, 80 miles S.W. of CoFAYETTE, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. lunbus. Pop. 318.
top. 1550.                                                   FAYETTEVILLE, a village of Fayette co., Indiana, 48
FAYETTE, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.          miles S.E. of Indianapolis.
666




FAY                                                        FEI
FAYETTEVLLE, a post-villalge of Laws nce co., Indiana,    FEDIERALSBURG, a village of Carolina co., Maryland,
about 6 miles W. of Bedford.                                50 miles E.S.E. of Annapolis.
FAYETTCEVILLE, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois,    FEDERALSBURG, a post-office ofDorchester co., Maryland.
on the Kaskaskia River, 14 miles S.E. of Belleville.          FEDIERAL STORE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New
FAYL-BILLOT, LE, leh fail (or f~l) bee'yot, or LE FAYS  York.
BILLOT, leh fA bee'yol, a town of France, department of   FED'ERALTON, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, 90
Haute-Mairne, 13 miles S.E. of Langres. Pop. 2562.          miles S.E. of Columbus.
FAY/MOUTH, a township in  Saginaw  co., Michigan.   FEDER-SEE, f/deri-sI, a lake of Wtirtemberg, about 6
Pop. 58.                                                    miles S.E. of Riedlingen. It is nearly circular; diameter
FAYOE or FEIOE, (Feibe,) fi'bfeh, a little island of Den- of about 21 miles, and falls into the Danube by the Kanzach.
mark, immediately E. of Lealand. Pop. 1500.                   FEDT, f t, a village and parish of Norway, 15 miles E.
FAYOOM, FAI00OM, FAYOUM, FAYUM, or FAIOUM,  of Christiania, on Lake Ojeren. Pop. 2360.
f -oom/, a province of Middle Egypt, consisting of a valley,   FEEDlING HILLS, a post-office of Itampden co., Massa40 miles S.W. of Cairo, on the W. side of the Nile, and con- chusetts.
siderably depressed beneath its surface. Length from E. to    FEED SPRING, a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio.
W., 38 miles; breadth, 31 miles. In its N. part is the fa-   FEE FEE, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 16
mous Lake Moeris. It is well irrigated both by nature and  miles N.W. of St. Louis.
art, and was anciently the garden of Egypt. Medinet-el-   FEEJEE, FIDJI,  FIJI, (fee/jee,) or ~ITI  (veeltee)
Fayoom, (anc. Grocodiloptolis, afterwards'Arsinfoe,) is its ca- ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific Ocean, E. of the
pital. around which are numerous remains of antiquity.      New Hebrides, between ]at. 150 30' and 190 30, S., and ion.
FAiYS-BILLOT, LE, a town of France. See FAYL-IILLOT, LE. 1770 E. and 1780 W. The entire group comprises altogether
FAYS!TON, a township of Washington co., Vermont, 15  154 islands, 65 of which are inhabited. They are the Eastern
miles V. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 684.                     and Asaua groups, the latter forming the W. side of the
FAZ, a river of Asiatic Russia. See PHASIS.               Archipelago. There are numerous spacious outlets or pasFAZELEY, faizllee, a township of England, co. of Stafford,  sages to and from the central space, enclosed by the group
tivth a station on the Birmingham  and Derby Railway, 1   known as the Goro Sea. Two of the islands only are of
miles S. of Tamworth. Pop. 1490. The late Sir Robert Peel's  large size, namely, VitiLevu, and Paoo (Paou) or Sandalwood
cotton factory was in this township.                        Island1. Among the others may be mentioned,Vuna, KfknFAZILPOOR, fi'zil-poorl, a small and decayed town of  daboo, Ovolan, Ban or Ambow, Muthuatu, and Goro; some
North-western Hindostan, in Bhawlpoor Territory, with a  of the others, though smaller, are populous. They each
fort on the Indus. Lat. 2810 30' N., ion. 690 50' E.        contain from 5000 to 13,000 inhabitants.  Most of the reFEACLE, f,/lkel, a parish of Ireland. co. of Clare.       mainder are mere islets. The Feejees are of volcanic origin,
FEADS (feedz)AND GOODIMAN'S ISLANDS, in the South  but no signs of volcanic heat have been met with, excepting
Pacific Ocean, E. from New Ireland, alet. 30 27' S., lon. 1540  at Savu-Savu, on the S. shore of the large island of Paoo.
45' E. They consist of an irregular chain of low islands and  The peaks are usually basaltic cones or needles, some of
sandbanks, encircled by a reef extending nearly N.W. and  which rise to the height of several thousand feet. A luxuS.E. 27 miles.                                              riant foliage covers these islands to-their summits, giving
FEALE, fail, a river of Ireland, in Munster, joins the  them  a singularly pleasing and picturesque aspect. The
Shannon near Guisborough, by a navigable and tidal es- soil consists of a deep yellowish loam, with a large portion
tuary called the Casheu. Length, 30 miles.                  of decayed vegetable matter, which, aided by a fine climate,
FEARIING, a post-township in the central part of Wash- and abundance of water, is extremely productive. Fruits
ington co., Ohio. Pop. 1254.                                of various kinds abound, including the bread-fruit, of which
FEARN, frn, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, near the  there are nine different sorts, the banana, cocoa, shaddocks,
Moray Frith, N. of Cromarty. It contains ruins of Feasn  papaw apple, Tahiti chestnut, and a number of other fruits
Abbey, and of Lochlinn and Cadboll Castles.                 peculiar to the islands.. The chief food of the inhabitants is
FEARN, a perish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.               the yam, of which they have five or,six varieties. SugarFEARN'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Winston co., Mis- cane, turmeric, and tobacco are also cultivated. Sandalsissippi, 105 miles N.E. of Jackson. One newspaper is pub-' wood, for which these islands were formerly noted, has
lished here.                                                wholly disappeared. Vegetation is exceedingly rapid.  AcFEASITERVILLE, a post-office ofBucks co., Pennsylvania. cording to a statement made by the horticulturist to theFEASTERVILLE, a post-office of Fairfield district, South  United States Exploring Expedition, turnips, radish, and
Carolina.                                                   mustard-seed, after being sown 24 hours, the cotyledon
FEATHfER RIVER, of California, rises in the N.E. part leaves were above the surface.  In four weeks fimom  the
of Butte co., and flowing  first in a S.W., and then in a  time of planting, radishes and lettuce were fit for use, and
S.S.W. course through that county, after separating Sutter  in five weeks, marrowftt peas. The climate is agreeable
irom Yuba and Placer counties, falls into the Sacramento  and healthful. The mean temperature of Ovolan, one of the
River about 30 miles above Sacramento City. The princi- most beautiful islands of the group, about 8 miles long by
pal towns upon its banks are Hamilton, Yuba City, Marys- 7 broad, during the six weeks that the observatory of the
ville, and Vernon.  Steamboats run  regularly between  United States Exploring Expedition was established there,
Marysville, the head of navigation on this river, and San  was 770 81'. The barometer stood at 30'126 inches.  The
Francisco.  Gold is found in abundance on this stream. lowest temperature was 620; the highest, 960. The inhaBrassches.-Middle Fork rises in the N.E. part of Butte co., bitants of these islands are a harbarous and savage race,
among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and flow- remamkable for cruelty, deceit, and cowardice.  They are
ing in a general S.W. course, unites with Feather River  also extremely covetous, and addicted to lying. Human
about 25 miles above Marysville.                            sacrifices are frequent among them, and cannibalism is comFEATIItERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of York, mon. The Feejeeans are ruled by chiefs, to whom great deWest Riding, 3 miles N.N.W. of Pontefract, with a station  ference is paid, and who in turn appear to acknowledge
on the railway thence to Wakefield.                         the supremacy of the Chief of Ambow, who has recently
FEATHERSTONE. a township of England, co. of North- assumed the title of Tui Viti, King of the Feejeeans. The
umberland, 4 miles S.W. of Haltwhistle. Its castle, the an- missionaries have made great progress in the windward
cient seat of the Featherstones, is picturesquely situated near  group. The towns of the islands are usually fomtified with
the South Tyne.                                             strong palisades, and have but two entrances, in which
FEATHERSTONE, a township of England, co. of Stafford  are gates, the passage being so narrow as to admit of only
F17]CAMP, fA'kb  cI, a seaport town of France, department one person at a time. Pop. estimated at 133,500. -—' Adj.
of Seine-Inflrieure, on the English Channel, at the mouth  and inhab. FEEJEE/AN.
of the river Fecamp, and on the branch railway from Rouen    FEELAHIYAHI, f~l-i-heefyah, a town of Persia. See DonAkl.
to Havre, 21 miles N.N.E. of IHavre. Its port, though small,   FEELtING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
is one of the best on the Channel, and has been lately much    FEELISTED, a parish of England. co. of Essex.
improved by the construction of a quay and light-house. It    FEES!BURG. a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, about 40
sends several vessels to the whale fishery.  Fecamp has  miles E.S.E. of Cincinnati. Pop. about 200.
numerous cotton, oil, and other mills, turned by water-    FEGERSHEIM, fA'ohers-hime', (Fr. pron. fAzh6a0zlm.,)
power, several steam  saw-mills, ship-building docks, tan-  a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, with a station
neries, sugar refineries, manufactures of linens, hardware, on the railway to Colmar, 7 miles S. of Strasbourg. Pop. 1771.
soda, &c., and an active trade in Baltic and colonial pro-    FEGYVERNEK, fAdj'vla'n~kl,    a village of Hungary, co. of
duce, fish, salt, and brandy. It has a remarkable church, Ileves, near':Tisza-Beo. Pop. 1396.
part of an ancient abbey; it is the seat of a chamber of    FEHRBELLIN, f~AIbel-leent, a town of Prussia, province
commerce, naval bureau, and school of navigation, and is  of Brandenburg, 33 miles N.N.W. of Potsdam. Pop. 1644.
the residence of various foreign consuls. Pop. in 1852,11,401. In 1675 the Swedes were defeated here by the troops under
FECK!ENHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.    the elector of Brandenburg.
FEDALA, fi-dfil/l, a seaport on the W. coast of Morocco,   FEIA, f-eeI, a large lake of Brazil, 130 miles N.E. of
on a promontory 40 miles S.S.WV. of Salee, surrounded by a  Rio Janeiro, near the Atlantic, with which it communicates
fine fertile country, and has an excellent roaststead..     by an artificial canal calle  P Furado. The lake is shallow
FEDtERAL POINT' LIGIIT-HOUSE, on the N. side of-the  and abounds in fish.
entrance to Cape Fear River, North Carolina. The light is    FEIGNIES, fain'yeef, a village of France, department of
elevated I8 feet above the level of the sea.                Nord, 12 miles N. of Avesnes. Pop. 1846.
667




FEI                                                        FEN
FEI-HEOU, a province of Japan. See FIGO.                    FE.LIXSTOWV. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
FEILI, fitlee, a numerous tribe of Persia, living compact    FELIZZANO.'fA-lit-sA/no, a village of Piedmont, on the
and united in one region, and not dispersed, like most of  Tanaot, 9 miles W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2175.
the others, in small detachments, in different parts. The    FELKA, f llk~h\, or FOLK-VELKA, follk-vl]/kOh, a town
tribe occupies altogether about 100,000 houses on the W. of H-ungary, co. of Zips, in a plain, on the Felkbach, 8 miles
side of the mountains of Laristan, the territory of Shooster, S.W. of Kesmark. Pop. 1322.
and other places.                                             FELtKIRK, a parish of'England, co. of Yorlk, West Riding.
FEILLENS, f'ycNGl, a village of France, department of    FELLATAIIS, a tribe of Africa.  See FooLeIS.
Aim, 15 miles W.N.W. of Bourg-en-Bresse. Pop. 2684.           FELLBACH, f~ll/bAK, a market-town of Wiirtemberm, cirFEIOE, (FeiSe,) a small island of Denmark.  See FAvoE.   cle of Neckar, 5 miles EN.E. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 2700.
FEIRA, f/e-rA, (anc. Langobtriga,) a seaport town of Por-   FELLETIN, fIll'tANGI, a town of France, department of
tugal, province of Beira, on the Atlantic, 14 miles S.S.E. of  Creuse, on the Creuse, 5 miles S. of Aubusson.  It has maOporto. Pop. 2000.                                          nufactures of carpets, velvet, and paper. Pop. in 1852, 3454..
FEISTRITZ, filstrits, a river of Styria, joins the Raab be-   FELLIN, f~l-leen', a town of Russia, government of Livolow Fiirstenfeld, after a S.E. course of about 50 miles.    nia, 110 miles N.N.E. of Riga. Pop. 3000. It is very anFEISTRITZ, a village of Styria, circle, and 9 miles N.N.W. cient, and has the remains of an oldcastle.
of Griitz, on the Mur, with 600 inhabitants.                  FELLONICA, fl-lonfe-kg, a village of Austrian Italy, proFEISTRITZ, a village of Carniola, circle, and W. of Villach, vince, and 28 milesS.E. by E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 2301.
with-iron-works.                                              FELILOWSHIP, a post-office of Burlington co., New Jersey.
FELANICHIIE, fA-l&-neechl, written also FELANITX, (anc.   FELTLOWSVILLE, a small village of Preston co., Virginia,
Cinatix?) a town of Spain, island of Majorca, 28 miles E.S.E. on the turnpike from Winchester to Parkersburg.
of Palma, in a valley surrounded by mountains. It is well   FELIMERSHIIAM, a parish of Englhand, co. of IBetford.
built, has wide streets, a parish church, chapel, town-house,    FELTMINGIAIM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
prison, two schools, a hospital, and, on the neighboring      FELOOJAH, FELUJAH, fi-loo/j,, FELUGIAII, fA-looge-ah,
mountain,SanSalvador of Felaniche, an ancient castle, with  or ANBARI, hn-bar/, a castle of AsiaticTurkey, pashalic, and
subterranean vaults, constructed by the Moors. The ma- 35 miles W.S.W. of Bagdad, on the Euphrates, here crossed
nufactures are linen and woollen fabrics, brandy, and ropes.  by a bridge of boats, about midway between I-lit:nd -illah.
The trade is in rice, coffee, sugar, wine, brandy, fr*it, and    FELOOPS, f~h'loopsf, an African people, inhabiting a mracattle. The town is of great antiquity; and among the hills  ritime territory in Senegambia, between the rivers Gambia
hard by are numerous Moorish remains. Pop. 9752.            and Casamanza, about 75 miles in length firom W. to E.,
FELBACtI, felfbhK, a village of WUrtemberg, circle of  and about 45 miles in breadth. They are supposed to numNeckar, near Cannstadt, about 6 miles E.N.E. of Stuttgart. ber about 50,000.
Pop. 2777.                                                    FELPIHTAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
FELIBRIGG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             FELSBERG, flsfberc, a town of Hesse-Cassel, in Nieder
FELCH/VILLE, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont, 65'Iessen, on the Eder, 13 miles S.S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 1233.
miles S.S.E. of MIontpelier.                                  FELSENGEBIRGE. See RocaKY MOUNa iNS.
FELDA, f~l'dA, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, Oberhessen,   FEL/SIJAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
circle of Griinberg, near Ulhichstein. Pop. 880.              FELSO, (F'els,) f'shl/, a Hungarian "word', sign'ifying
FELDBACIH, f~ldlbax or f~lt/bAK, a maritime town of  "upper," prefixed to many towns in Hungary.  For towns
Austria, in Styria, 22 miles E.S.E. of Gritz, on the Raab, commencing with this word, see additional name.
here crossed by four bridges. Pop. 708.                       FELSO (FelsS) GYOGY, of Austria.  See Fx,-GYOGYO.
FELDBERG, fMlftbRnc, the culminating peak of the Black    FELtSTED, a parish of England.  See FEELSTED.
Forest IMountains, in the grand duchy of Baden; lat. 470 53'  - FELTIIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex
N., lon. 70 55' E.  Height. 4675 feet.                        FELfTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
FELDBERG, f~ld/bUac or flt'b6Rc, a market-town of    FEL/TON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Mecklenberg-Strelitz, on a peninsula formed by the HIaus-   FELTON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
see, 15 miles E. of New Strelitz. Pop. 715.                   FELTONSVILLE, a thriving post-village in Middlesex co.,
FELDILRCI-I. f1lt/kRIa, or CAMPO DI SAN  PIETRO,  Massachusetts, atthe terminus of the Lancaster and Sterling
k m/po dee s~n pe-Altro, a town of the Tyrol, in Vorarlberg, Branch Railroad, 34 miles W.N.W. of Boston.
20 miles S.S.W. of Bregenz, on the Ill. Pop. 2300.            FELTONVILLE, a post-office of Philadelphia City, Penn.
FELDKIRCHEN, f6lt/k5aa'Ren, a village of Baden, 10  sylvania.
miles W.S.W. of Freiburg; also the name of one in Illyria,    FELTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
circle of Villach.                                            FELTRE, fil/tri, (anc. FPelitria,) a town of Northern Italy,
FELDSBERG, filtsUbRin, FELDSPERG, f lts/plaR, or government of Venice, 17 miles S.W. of Belluno, on a height
VELTSPURG, vhlts/poS1ao, a town of Lower Austria, 40 miles  near the Piave,  Pop. 5500. It is partially fortified, and has
N.N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 2322. Here is a magnificent palace  a cathedral, an-episcopal gymnasium, and a diocesan school.
of Prince Liechtenstein, and in the vicinity the best wine in  It has silk-twist and wax-bleaching fictories, and a trade in
the archduchy is produced.                                  corn, wine, and oil. In 1809, Napoleon conferred the title
FELEGYIIAZA, fl'idj'hiazSh, a town of Hungary, W. of  of Duke of Feltre on GeneralClarke.
the Theiss, on the road between Pesth and Temesvar, 866    FELT'S, a post-office of Ingham co., Michigan.
miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 17,000. It has a Roman Catholic    FELT'S MILLS, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York,
gymnasium, large cattle markets, and an extensive trade in  162 miles N.W. of Albany.
corn, wine, and fruit. Some Roman antiquities have been    FELT/VILLE, a post-office of Essex co., New Jersey.
discovered here.                                              FELTTWELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
FELETTO, fl-l-fto, (L. elec/tum,) a village of the Sardi-    FELTZ, fhlts, a village of IHolland, duchy of Luxemburg,
nian States, in Piedmont, 14 miles N.N.E. of Turin, on the  12 miles N.N.E. of Luxemburg.  Pop. 926.
Orco. Pop. 1704.                                              FELUDSIH, fl-lfidsh/, or PHELECI-IE, fMleetch, an island
FEL-GYOGY, filldyodj', or FELSO-GYOGY, (Felso-Gyogy,)  at the head of the Persian Gulf, on the entrance to Grasse
f6l'sh3/dyodj, a village, or rather a series of scattered villages  Harbor, in lat. 290 27' N.. ion. 480 16' E. Length, 71 miles,
of Austria, in Transylvania, co. of Nieder-Weissenburg, about from N.W. to S.E.; breadth, from 2 to 3k miles. The chief
8 miles from Tovis. It is inhabited by Wallachians.         town is situated on the N. side of the island.
FELICIANA, Louisiana. See EAsT and WEST FETICIANA.    FELUJAH, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See FELOOJAI.
FELICIANA, fe-lis-e-ahlna, a post-village in Graves co.,   FEMIERN or FEItMARN, fi/mnrn or fAm/mern, an island
Kentucky, 250 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort.                    of Denmark, province of Sleswick, in the Baltic, separated
FELIQtITY, a thriving post-village of Franklin township, from Holstein by Femersund, a channel 1 mile broad. Lat.
Clermont co., Ohio, 4 miles N. of the Ohio River, and 42  of Burg, its capital, 260 10' N., lon. 110 12' E. Area, 70 square
miles S.E. of Cincinnati. It has several brick churches. Pop. miles. Pop. in 1846, 8860. The surface is low and level.
about 600.                                                  Corn and cattle are abundant, but fishing and navigation
FELICUDI, fi-le-kooldee, (anc. Pkconicusa,) one Of the Li- are the piincipal occupations of the inhabitants.
pari Islands, in the Mediterranean. Lat. 380 43/ N., Ion. 140    FEMINA, fimle-nl, or FEMMINE, fml/me-nA, a small
28' E. Pop. 800.                                            rocky island off the N. coast of Sicily, 10 miles N.W. of PaFELIJ, a village of Spain. See FEIx.                      lermo.
FELITTO, fl-lit/to, a town of Naples, Principato-Citra, 20    FEMME OSAGE, flmm 6'czzhl or fim o/sejI, a post-village
miles S.S.E. of Campagna, on the Calore. Pop. 1500.         of St. Charles co., Mlissouri, 44 miles Wi. of St Louis.
FE/LIX, a small island in the South Pacific. Lat. 260 20'   FEMOE, (Fem`le,) flm/6'eh, a little island of Denmark, N.
S., ion. 800 iV.                                            of the coast of the island of Laaland. Pop. about 700.
FELIX or FELIJ. filleen, a village of Spain, in Andalusia,   IFENAGH, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Lei16 miles W.N.W. of Almeria. Pop. 2140.                      trim. It has ruins of an abbey.
FE/LIX, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.             FENAGS-H, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Carlow.
FELIX, a post-village of Moniteau  co., Missouri, 38 miles    FENAIN, f~eh'nlas, a village of France, department of
V. of Jefferson City.                                      Nord, 9 miles E. of Douai. Pop. 1942.
FEtLIX HAIPBOR, North America, in Boothia.  See Boo-   FENCE-II0USES, a station on the Newcastle and Durham
ami FELIX.                                                 Railway, in England, co., and 6 miles N.E. of Durham. 
FELIX KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, North    FEN/ELON FALLS. a post-village of Canada West, co. of
Riding.                                                    Victoria, 16 miles N. of ]Lindsay.
668




FEN                                                        FER
FENERIF, fcn-eh-reefl, or FINERIVE, fin'eh-reevl, a town    FERET, a town of Turkey. See FEiED.
and bay on the N.'. coast of the island of Madagascar, in lat.   FEREZ, f'rtth or fAirts, a town of Spain, in Murcia; 40
170 28' S., Ion. 490 231 E.                                miles S. by W. of Albacete, on a gentle height, in a mounFENESTRELLE, fA-nts-trVl[ll, a market-town of Pied- tainous district. Pop. 1336.
mont. 50 miles W. of Turin, on the Clusone. Pop. 1291.       FERGIIANA, Central Asia. See KHOIKAN.
FENfTRANGE, feh-nttrNzhf, a town.of France, depart-    FER/GUS, a river of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare,
ment of Meurthe, on the Sarre, 8 miles N. of Sarrebourg.  enters the Shannon, by a broad estuary, after a S.E. course
Pop. 1473.                                                 of about 27 miles.
FENIT, an island of Ireland. See FENNIT.                   FERIGUS, a village of Canada West, co. of Waterloo, 12
FENtITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             miles N. of Guelph. It contains several stores and a saw
FE'N/NER, a post-township of Madison co., New Yorlk,  mill. Pop. about 500.
about 112 miles W. by N. of Albany, drained by Chittenango    FERIGUSON, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania.
Creek. Pop. 1694.                                          Pop. 1601.
FENtNERSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsyl-    FERGUSON, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
vania, 110 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.                       Pop. 337.
FEN/NIMORE, a post-office of Grant co.. Wisconsin.         FER1GUSON'S CORINERS, post-office, Yates co., New York.
FEN/NIT or FEN/IT, in island of Ireland, in Munster, co.    FERIGUSONVILLE, a post-office ofDelaware co., New York.
of Kerry, forming the division between Tralee and Belly-    FERIA, fa/re-A, a town of Spain, 29 miles S.E. of JBadajos.
heigue Bays, 8 miles W.N.W. of Tralee. Pop. 215. It has a  Pop. 2437. It has manufactures of cloth.
ruined castle.                                               FERIANEH, fA-re-Pneh, (anc. Thalla?) a town of Northern
FENN'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Georgia,  Africa, in the desert, 176 mriles S.S.W. of Tunis.
40 miles E. of Milledgeville.                                FERINGABAD, fi-rin-git-bdl, a village of Beloochistan,
FENSTAN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.  agreeably situated 6 miles N.E. of Moostung, on the route
FEN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           thence to the Bolan Pass. Pop. about 800.
FENTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford.            FERLA, ftr/Jl, a town of Sicily, capital of a canton, 18
FEN/TON, a post-village in St. Louis co., Missouri, near the  miles W.N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 3596.
Maramec River, 16 miles S.W. of St. Louis.                   FERLACH, fIsflaK, a village of Carinthia, 7 miles S. of
FENTON, KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, West  Klagenfurth, on the Drave.  Pop. 2000. It has extensive
Riding.                                                    iron and steel manufactures.
FENTON, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of Stafford.    FERILIGS, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
FENITONYILLE, a post-office of Chautauque co., New         FERMANAGH, fer-man/t, an inland county of Ireland,
York.                                                      in Ulster, inclosed by the cos. of Donegal, Tyrone, Mona,/han,
FENTONVILLE, a post-village in Genesee co., Michigan,  Cavan, Leitrim, and Connaught. Area, 714 square miles.
near the East Branch of Shiawassee River, 55 miles N.W.  Mlountain limestone is the prevalent rock, with old red
of Detroit.                                                sandstone, and millstone grit.  Soil generally rich loam.
PEN/TRESS, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, bor-  Pop. 116,007. The surface varies fiom the richest vales to the
dering on KentuCky, contains 570'square miles.  It is  wildest uplands. The lakes, Upper and Lower Erne, with
drained by. Obey's River, and other affluents of the Cumber-  their connecting river, divide the county into two nearly
land. The surface is'occupied by high table-lands of the  equal portions. It sends 3 members to the IHouse of ConCumberland Mountain, which afford fine pastures. The  mons, 2 for the county, aud'l for Enniskillen, its chief town.
county contains abundance of good timber and stone coal,    FERMANAGH, fer-man/a,  a township of Juniata co.,
and is amply supplied with water-power.  Pop. 4454; of  Pennsylvania.
whom 4306 were free, and 148 slaves.                         FERMANYILLE, f3a0m8NG'veel/, a village of France, deFENITRISS, a post-office of Guilford co., North Carolina.   partment of Manche, about 9 miles from Cherbourg. P.1162.
FENIWICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.                FER'MO, fefmo, (anc. 1;is-Iumn,) a city of Central Italy,
PENY. fIR, or FONY, (Ftny,) ftfi, a village of IHungary,  in the Pontifical States, 4 miles from the Adriatic, and 34
co. of Torontal, 15 miles from Temesvar. Pop. 1947.        miles S.E. of Ancona. Pop. 7000. The city proper is inFE/OCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.            closed by a wall, entered by five gates, and has a cathedral,
FEODOSIA, or TIIEODOSIA. See KAFFA.                      a university, founded in 1824, and fine collections of art.
FEO  or (FEOU)-LEANG, fA-ocl-ll-tngl, or FOW-LEANG,  Its coast harbor, Porto di Fermo, is small, but exports corn,
f6w-le-tngf, a town of China, province of Kiang-se, 45 miles  silk, and woollens. It was the birthplace of Lanctantius and
N.E. of Yao-tchoo.                                         Galeazzo Sforza.
FERAFRA, an oasis of the Libyan Desert. See'SFARnacrsRI.    FERMIO, a delegation of the Papal States, bordering on
FERAIIABAD, feh-rg-ha-btdl, or FARAIHABAD, a marl-  the Adriatic. Qtrea, about 350 square miles. Pop. 111,751.
time town of Persia, province of Mazanderan, at the mouth    FERMIOSELLE, fla-mo-sll/lA, (anc. Ocelum Durii 2) a fron
of a river, in the Caspian Sea, 15 miles N. of Saree.      tier town of Spain, 26 miles, S.W. of Zamora, near the Douro.
FERAI KIIOLM, ferd-! kolm, an elevated district of Afgha-  Pop. 3360. It has manufactures of cloths.
nistan, having E. and S.E. the river IIelmund, and VW. and    FERMOYf, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in MunN.W. the Kohi-Baba range,  Lat. 340 20' N., lon. 670 54' E.  ste, co., and 19 miles N.N.E. of Cork, on the right bank of
It is well cultivated, fertile, and populous,              the Blackwater. Pop. of town, in 1851, 5825. The chief
PERBANE, fer-bant, a village of Ireland, in Leinster,  structures ase a stone bridge of 13 arches, erected in 1689,
King's co., on the Brosna, 9 miles N.E. of Banagher. Pop. 537. handsome barracks for 3000 troops, an elegant parish church,
FER/DINAND, a post-village and township of Dubois co.,  a court-house, bridewell, union work-house, theatre, hospital,
Indiana, 134 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 546.       and convent. It has extensive flour- mills, and a large trade
FERDINAND, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois.        in agricultural produce. It was a military station in 1797.
FERDINANDEA, fta-de-ntn-dl/h, or GRAIIHAM ISLAND,    FERNANDINA, ftI-nln-deefnt, a village of Nassau co.,
a remarkable volcanic island, which appeared in the Medi-  Florida, on the N. part of Amelia Island, 185 miles E. by N.
terraseant on the 31st of July, 1831, in let. 370 8'3" N., Ion.  of Tallahassee. It is said to have the best harbor S. of
120 42' 15" E., between Sicily and Pantellaria, and remained  Chesapeake Bay.
visible above the water for three months.                    FERNANDO DE NORONITA, fla-nbn/do dA no-rnI/yA, an
FERE CHAMPENOISE, fain shsispgih/nwzh/, a village of  island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 125 miles firom the E. exPrance, department of Marne. Pop. in 1852, 2130. Here, on  tr-emity of Brazil, to which empire it belongs. Lat. of Peak,
the 24th of March, 1814, the French were totally defeated by  30 509 10f S., Ion. 320 22' 42" W. Length, from N.E. to S.V.,
the allies.                                                8 miles. Surface mountainous and cugged. It has several
FaRE, LA, lb fgais, a fortified town of France, department  harbors defended by forts, and it serves as a place of banishof Aisne, on an island in the Oise, near its confluence with  ment from Brazil.
the Serre, 14 miles N.W. of Laon. It has manufactures of    FERNAN/IDO DE TA/OS, a post-office of Taos co., New
woollens and chemical products, a large arsenal, and a school  Mexico.
of artillery. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1536, and by    FERNANIDO P0, (Port. pron. fRs-ndn/do po; —so called
the Prussians on the 28th of February, 1814. Pop. in 1852, from the name of its discoverer,) an island in the Bight of
4441.                                                      Biafra, in Western Africa, about 20 miles from the mainland,
FERED, fAlrdN, FERET, FEREDJIK, fA-rld-jeek/, or PHE- between lat. 30 12' and 30 47' N., and ion. 80 26' and 8~ 57'
RE-H, a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 44 miles  E..It is of volcanic origin, and in form an oblong square
N.W. of Gallipoli, near the right bank of the Maritza, with  broadest in the S. extremity, 35'miles long, and 22 miles
mineral baths. Pop. 3000.                                  broad.  A ridge of mountains traverses two-thirds of its
FERE-EN-TARDENOIS, fais-6NG-taitodeh-nwb/, a town of  length, terminating in a magnificent cone, 11,040 feet high,
France, department of Aisne, on the Ourcq, 12 miles N.N.E.  called Clarence Peak, the summit of which is almost conof Chlteau-Thierry. Pop. in 1852, 2556.                    stantly enveloped in clouds. The whole appearance of this
FERENGAL, fI-rtn-gll, a remarkable lead-mine in North-  beautiful island is picturesque in the extreme, being covered
ern Afghanistan, 18 miles S.W. of Ghorhund, extensively  to its highest elevations, on the N. part, with dense forests
wrought at a remote period. but long concealed, and re-  and luxuriant vegetation, while on the S. some fine park
liscovered only a few years ago. Lat. 340 55' N., ion. 680335 E.  scenery compensates a comparative deficiency of trees. The
FERENTINO, f-rtn-teelno, (ane. PFerenti/nusn,) a town of  latter consist chiefly of palms and the magnificent bombax,
Italy, in the Pontifical States, 6 miles N.W. of Frosinone.  or silk-cotton tree. Many of these measure 150 feet from
Pop. 6800. It is abishop's see, andhas numerous antiquities.   the base to the first branch, and have, in the dry seasons,
669




FER                                                       FER
festoons of beautiful climbing plants pendant from  the  silk ribbons, wax candles, brazen utensils, and stoves; tan
branches. The other trees are the goora or sterculia, a  neries and glass-works. Under the line of Est!, it was.hf
species of ebony; a dark-colored wood like mahogany, and  capital of a sovereign duchy, and possessed one of the most
several species of shrubs. The sugar-cane also grows here  polished courts in Italy, and a population estimated at snore.
wild, in great profusion; yams, likewise, are grown'in great than 80,000. In the fifteenth century it was famous for'its
quantities, and are esteemed the finest in Africa; they form  school of painting, which ranked as one of the first in Italy;
the chief article of food of the inhabitants.              and in the sixteenth it was the asylum of Calvin. MIarot,
There are several harbors in the island, the most spacious  and many other eminent Reformers. It was the bi'thpllace
of which is Maidstone Bay, at the N.E. end, where, in a  of tGuarini, and Cardinal Bentivoglio. Pop. 30,948.-Adj
creek or cove, is situated Clarence Town, the principal Eng- and inhab. FERRARESE, f~r'ra-reez/.
lish settlement, established in 1827. Pop. between 800 and    FERRARA, a delegation in the Papal States, bounded N
900, chiefly liberated Africans from Sierra Leone. The na-  by Austrian Italy, and E. by the Adriatic. Area, 1144 square
tives, called Edeeyahs, are a peculiar race, and wholly differ- miles. It is almost entirely composed of a delta, formed by
ent in their physical characteristics and language from their  branches of the Po, and by the Panaro and Primaro, and inneighbors on the Continent. The island was discovered in  eludes within it the extensive marshes and lagoons of Coinm1471 by the Portuguese, who, in 1778 ceded it to Spain. In  machio. The delegation comprises the far greater partof what
1827 it was takenpossession  of by England.                 was formerly the duchy of Ferrara, and was long governed by
FERNAN NUN'EZ. f8R-n1n!  noonlylth, a town of Spain, princes of the house of Este. On the death of Alphonso IL,
11 miles S.S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 5652. It has manufactures  without heirs, in 1598, Pope Clement VIII. succeeded in
of woollens and linens.                                     uniting it to the Papal States. It was dissevered, in 1796,
FERN CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky.    by the French, and became one of the departments of the
FERNEY, or FERNEX, f4a'nfV, a village of France, de- kingdom of Italy, but re-united in 1814, with exception of
partment of Ain, 6 miles S.E. of Gex, and 4 miles N.W. of  the parts on the left bank of the Po-di-Maestra and Po-diGeneva, at the foot of the Jura Mountains. It was a miser- Goro, now annexed to Aust'ilan Italy. Pop. in 1850 229.862.
able hamlet till Voltaire fixed his residence there. In 1768,    FERRARA, fa-AItrA, or FERRERA, fla-aRdtri, (L. Ferrahe established a manufactory of watches, which occupied  ria,) a village of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont. 8 miles
800 hands. The house in which he lived for 20 years, is an-  from Novara, near the Albogna, or Arbogna. Pop. 1692.
nually visited by thousands of travellers.                    FERRATUS MONS. See JUoJURA.
FERN ISLANDS, England.  See FARNE ISLANDS.                  FERRAZZANO, f8a-slt-sIno, a village of Naples, province
FERNO, flatno, a village and parish of Austrian Italy, of Molise, 1 mile S.S.E. of Campobasso.  Pop. 2450.
province, and 23 miles N.W. of Milan, with a parish church.   FERREIRA, f6a-Rnile-r, (anc.  aralpia.,) a fortified town
Pop. 2180.                                                  of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 16 miles W. of Beja.
FERNS, a decayed town and parish of Ireland, in Leinster,   FERREIRA, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, 6
co., and 17 miles N. of Wexford. Pop. of town, 632. It has  miles E. of'r Thomar.
picturesque ruins of an abbey, and a modern cathedral; it    FERREIRA, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 40
was a bishop's see, comprising the whole of the county of  miles E.N.E. of Aveiro.
Wexford, until united with Ossory in 1835.                    FERREIRA,  f8s-sole-rr, a village of Spain, in Andalusia,
FEROE ISLAND, in the Atlantic. See FAnsE.                 36 miles E. of Granada. Pop. 1558.
FERO/NIA, a post-office ofTelfour co. Georgia.              FERREIROS, f6a-RA-eelroce, a town of Portugal, province
FEROZABAD or FIROZABAD, fe-ro'zi-bldl, a town of Bri- of Douro, 12 miles E.N.E. of Aveira. near the Vouga. P. 1418.
tish India, presidency of Bengal, 24 miles E. of Agra.        FERREIROS DE TENDAES, fisk-su-eelroce dm tin-d0/s, a
FEROZABAD, a town of British India, in Nizam's do- town of Beira-Alta, 16 miles friom Lanmego. Pop. 1644.
minions, on the Beemah. 112 miles W.S.W. of I-Iyderabad.      FERRERE. fl —et-rA, (auc. Foerraria Aslensiums.) a village
FEROZABAD or FIROZABAD, fe-ro-zA-bidl, a town of  of the Sardinian States. in Piedmont, 8 miles WV. of Asti. It
Persia, province of FarE, 63 miles S. of Sheeraz. It is enclosed  contains the remains of an ancient castle and a beautiful
with old walls, and has a royal palace, a large temple, and an  palace, finely situated on a height.  Pop. about 1600.
ancient aqueduct, but it is now mostly in ruins.              FERRERIAS, flu-mi-reeots, a town on the island of MiFEROZEPOOR, fl-rozelh-poorf, or FEROZAPORE, fal-rolza- norca, 19 miles N.W. of Mahon. Pop. 1128.
plr/, a town of North-western India, district of Sirhind,    FERRET, COL DE, kol deh f6RIRP, a celebrated pass the
near the Sutlej, 85 miles WV. of Loodiana.                  Pennine Alps, from the town of Orsiores in Switzerland, on
FEROZEPOOR or FEROZEPORE. a town of Tlindostan, the N., to that of Cormeyeur in Piedmont, on the S.: the
province of Agra, 5 miles S.S.W. of Ielhi.                  ascent fro-m the former direction being made by the Yal d'EnFEROZESHAIH. fl-ro'zA-shiht, a village 10 miles E.S.E. tremont, and that fi-om the latter by the Val de Ferret, a conof Ferozepoor. Hiere the British gained a v'lctory over the  tinuation of the Alle Blanche. The ascent on both sides is
Sikhs, November 18, 1845.                                   somewhat monotonous; but from the Col, which has a height
FERRANDINA, f6R-Rmn-dee/nA, a town of Naples, pro- of 7641 feet, the view is one of the most magnificent in
vince of Basilicata, 36 miles E.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 4900.   Switzerland.
FERRARA, fm-Rdr/, (anc. Feor/m Aliefni?) a celebrated    FEIRIBY, NORTHT, a parish of England, co. of Fork,
city in the Papal States, capital of the delegation of the same  East Riding.
name, 26 miles N.N.E. of Bologna, in a fertile plain, at a short    FERRIBY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
distance f-om the N. branch of the Po. It is a large and well-   FERRIERE, flRme-aiRla, a village of France, department
built town, with spacious and regular streets, and is enclosed  of Allier, 4 miles S.S.E. of La Palisse. Pop. 3228.
by a wall 7 miles in circuit. It is defended on the W. side by    FERRIERE, LA, 11 fSnRRenaiR/, a village of France, dea citadel regularly fortified. In the middle of the city is a  partment of Orne, 7 miles N.E. of Domfront.  Pop. 1497.
castle, flanked with towers, and surrounded by wet ditches,   FERRI]ERES, fR'Re-aial, a village of France, department
which was once the residence of the dukes, and is now that of Iz~re, 17 miles N.E. Grenoble.
of the le-ate. Ferrara, though still retaining many traces    FERRIIRES, a village of France, department of Loiret, 6
of its former grandeur, has long been falling into decay; its miles N.N.E. of Montargis. Pop.1782. It has marble quarries.
pavements are overgrown with grass, and the staircases and'   FER!RING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
balconies of many of its noble palaces are overrun with ivy,   FER/RINTOSHI, a village and barony of Scotland, co. of
while others are without either doors or windows. The  Ross, 1. miles S.E. of Dingwall. Pop. of barony, 2997.
population has also fallen to one-fourth of its former amount.   FER!RISBURG, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont,
It still contains a vast cathedral, and numerous churches,  on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. on the Rutland
most of which contain valuable paintings, together with  and Burlington Railroad, 32 miles W. by S. of lMIontpe]]er,
some interesting specimens of sculpture.  It has an old  intersected by Otter Creek. Pop. 2075.
ducal palace and a moated fortress. There are here a pub-   FER!RO, (Sp. Hierro, ylR/uo: Fr. Ile de Fer, eel deh faiR,)
lic gallery of paintings, called the Palazzo del Magistrato,  the most S.W. of the Canary Islands. Lat. of N.W. point,
containing many excellent works by the leading painters of  270 45' 8" N., ion. 180 71 5it W. of Greenwich. It is known
the Ferrara school; a school of medicine and jurisprudence,  chiefly as the place whence the longitude is reckoned by
and a public library, containing 80,000 volumes and 900  many of the geographers of Europe. Area of island, 100
MSS., the ilatter including some of those of Ariosto and  square miles. Pop. 4337. - It is the least fertile island of the
Tasso. The house in which Ariosto was educated, and that  Archipelago, but produces good wine and fruits; archil,
in which he lived during his latter years, and knownby  honey, small sheep, &c., which, with brandy, are exported
the names respectively of the Casa degli Ariosti and the  to Teneriffe. Chief town, Valverde.
Casa d'Ariosto, are shown to strangers.  The latter is now    FERRO CAPE. See CAPE FERuO.
national property, and is ranked among Ohe national monu-    FERROL, fuR-Rml1, a seaport-town, and one of the princiments. Another object of interest is the cell in the Ilospi- pal naval arsenals of Spain, province, and 12 miles N.E. of
tal of St. Anna, in which Tasso was imprisoned. The house  Corunna, on the N. arm of the Bay of Betanzos. Lat. of
occupied by the author of the Pastor Fido-the Casa Gua- the Mole, 430 29 30" N., ion. 8013/ W. Pop. 16,641. Its harrina-is still inhabited by the marquises of that name. bor, one of the best in Europe, is entered by a strait which
The theatre is one of the finest in the Papal States. Fer- admits only of one ship at a time, and is defended by the
rara is one of the eight archbishoprics of the latter; the  castles of San Felipe and Palma. The town on its N. shore
bishopric dates from  661; its archbishopric was founded  is strongly fortified on the land side. Its vast arsenal and
by Clement XII., in 1735. It carries on some trade in corn, dockyard, founded by Charles III., covers nearly 24 acres,,
tnd other produce of the soil. There are manufactures of  and comprises many magnificent docks and storehouses.
670




FER                                                        FEZ
It has 2 hospitals, 3 large churches, a monastery, a prison  Marquis of Ely, and interesting remains of antiquity are in
tor gtlley-slaves, the residence of the authorities, naval bar- this parish.
racks for 6000 men, and schools of navigation and mathe-   FETHIERHUFF'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co.,
matices. The manufactures comprise hats, paper, leather, Indiana.
naval stores, and hardwares. Principal exports, corn, brandy,   FETHIEROLFFSVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennrinegar, fish; imports, salted meat and manufactured pro- sylvania.
ducts of' Northern Europe.                                    FET-ISLAM, a town of Turkey.  See GLADIVA.
FERRYBRIDGE, a small town of England, co. of York,   FETILAR, one of the most northern of the Shetland
West Riding, on the Aire, and near the junction of the  Isles, separated from North Yell by a sound about two
North Midland, York, Manchester, and Leeds and Selby  miles in breadth. Area. about 12,000 acres.  Pop. 761.
railways, about 2 miles N.E. of Pontefract. ~                 FETOOKA or FETOUGA.  See HooD's ISLANDS.
FERIRYDEN, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, parish of    FETTAN, fat/ttn, a village of Switzerland, canton of the
Craig, on the South Esk, opposite Montrose, and ] mile from   Grisons, 34 miles E.S.E. of Chur. It stands amidst magnifithe North-Sea. Pop. 921, mostly fishers.                    cent scenery, nearly 5000 feet above the sea. Pop. 558.
FEV/RYHILL, a township of England, co. of Durham.          FET'TERCAIRNt, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine,
FER/RYLAND, a small maritime town of Newfoundland,  on the North Esk, 12 miles N.N.W. of Montrose. Here is an
on the S:E. coast, 35 miles S.W. of St. John's.            ancient ruin, called "Fenella's Castle," in which Kenneth
FEWfRYPORT-ON-CRAIG, a parish of Scotland, co. of  III. is said to have been murdered in the tenth century.
Fife, on the S. side of the estuary of the Tay, here crossed    FETTERES/SO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, on
by a floating bridge of the Edinburgh and Northern Rail- the North Sea, about 2 miles W. of Stonehaven. A Roman
way, 11- miles N.E. of Cupar. Its inhabitants are chiefly  camp and Druidical remains are in this parish.
engaged in the salmon fishery, and in weaving linen. I-Here    FETITERMAN, a post-office of Taylor co.. Virginia.
is one of the Tay light-houses. Lat. 560 29' N., Ion. 20 49' W.   FEUCHTWANG, foiaKt'ing, or FEUCHTWANGEN, foiKntFERRYTOWN OF CREE. See CnEE.                             d'ng'.en, a walled town of Bavaria, on the SuIz, 14 miles
FERS!FIELD. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 2550.
FEART,  LA, 1 fARtIW, an old term  signifying a feudal   FEUERBACH, foiler-bAK', a market-town of WTiirtemburg,
fortress, is the name of many towns. &c. of France.        2T miles N.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 2538.
FERTLI-BERNARD, LA,'1i frlntP!  blsnant, a town of    FEUERLAND.' See fn5mA DEL Fur.E o.
F'rance, department of Sarthe, on the Ruisne, 17 miles S.E.   FEUILLRE, LA, 11 fvh'yI,  a village of France, departof Mamers. Pop. 2595. It has manufactures of linen fa- ment of Seine-InfSrieure. Pop. 2154.
brics, linen and cotton yarn.                                 FEUILL~E, LA, a village of France, department of
FERT/-GAUCHIER, LA, 1f fSR'tA!  gSshainr, a town of Finistbre, 14 miles N.W. of Carhaix. Near the village there
France, department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 miles E.S.E. of is an ancient Pagan temple. Pop. in 1852, 2400.
Coulommiers. Pop. in 1852, 2097.                              FEUIIA BUSH, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
FERT/P-MACA, LA, l/ fhe'tPn ml.si, a town of France,    FEURS, - fuR, (auc. Folsumn  Scgusianos'tru-s,) a town of
department of Orne, 13 miles E. ofDomfront. P. in 1852, 6039. France, department of Loire, 11 miles N.E. of Montbrison,
FERTEI-MILON, LA, l& f St'A/ mee'l1cNG, a town of France,  on the Loire. Pop. in 1852, 2943. It has a port on the
department of Aisne, on the Ourcq, 15 miles N.W. of Ch&-  river, trade  in corn and hemp, and  iumerous Roman
teau-Thierry.  Pop. 1944.  It is enclosed with walls, and  antiquities.  It was the capital of the district of Foreze
has a ruined castle. It was the birth-place of Racine.      till 1441.
FERT]A,  SAINT  AUBIN, LA, 1I f  tel sANt'batJGf, a    FEVEIDA, an island of North America, in the Gulf of
town of France, department of Loiret, 13 miles S.S.E. of Or- Georgia, OregonTerritory, between Vancouver's Island and
leans. Pop. in 1852, 2117.                                  the mainland; let. 490 41' N., lon. 1240 W. Length, 32
FE'RTE-SOUS-JOUARRE, LA, 1A fh'!ta  sOO zhoo-aRn, a  miles; average breadth 2 miles.
town of France, department of Seine-et-Matrne, on the Marne,    FEVERSHAM, a town of England.  See FAVERSnAM.
11 miles E. of Meaux. Pop. in 1852, 4189. About 1200 pairs of    FEWSITON, a parish of England, co. of York, West
mill-stones are annually quatrried in its vicinity, and exported  Riding.
to England, America, &c.; and it has manufactures of pa-    FEYE, f sih, or FEYE-OE, fYPlh 8'eh, a small island off
per, ropes, and leather. It has a commercial basin on the  the western coast of Norway, stift, and 30 miles N.W. of
Marne, here forming several islands, on one of which is the  Bergen; lat. 600 46' N., ion. 40 44t E. Length, 4 miles;
ancient castle of La Barre.                                 breadth, 2 miles.
FERT/l-SUR-AUBE, LA, 1 f6Wt/ siR ab, a town of    FEZ, fez, (Arab. Fas, f/s; L. Festsa or Fezrza,) an imporFrance, department of Ifaute-Marne, 16 miles W. of Chau- taut city of Morocco, nominally the second, but in reality the
mont. Pop. 1131. It is a great timber deplt.                principal city in the empire; lat. 340 6' 3" N.; Ion. 50 I 1 11"
FERETIT or FERTYT, fir'titl or ferteetl, a little-known  W.; 100 miles E. of the Atlantic, 85 miles S. of the Meditercountry, or district of Eastern Africa, S. of Darfoor and Kor- ranean, and 245 miles N.E. of the city of Morocco. It is
dofan, watered by the affluents of the Bahr-el-Abiad, with a  finely situated on the slope of several hills, whose acclivities
town of the same name, in a hilly region, about Oat. 90 35 N., are covered with orange groves, orchards, and gardens.  It
lon. 260 42' 18" E.  Fertit is said to contain rich copper  is surrounded by walls, now in a state of utter decay. The
mines.                                                      streets are narrow, dark, and extremely dirty. The houses
FERWERD, fsSlrt, a village of Holland, province of  are high, with fiat roofs, on which the families spread carFriesland, 11 miles N.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 1600.          pets in summer to enjoy the cool breezes of the evening.
FERZAI-I, fSr'zA, a village and district of Afghanistan, 10  There are, it is said, upwards of 200 mosques in the city, the
miles N.W. of Cabool. The district is highly cultivated'and  principal of which is called El Caroobeen, (Caroubin,) contain.
fertile. It has a population of about 4000 Afghans and  ing 300 pillars, a number of gates, and two handsome founTadjiks.                                                    tains in the court. Within this mosque is a covered place for
FESA, fiseW  or ffs&, a town of Persia, province of Fars, 78  women who may choose to participate in the public prayers,
miles S.E. of Sheeraz. The population is estimated at 18,000. an indulgence not allowed in any other Mohammedan place
The town stands on a mountain defile, is of considerable  of worship. The most fiequented mosque is that of Sultan
size, and has manufactories of silken, woollen, and cotton  Muley Edris, the founder of Fez, who is venerated as a
fabrics, with a trade in superior tobacco, raised in its vicinity. saint, and whose remains are deposited here. Its minaret
FESOLE, a town of Italy. See FIEsLE.                     is the finest and loftiest in Fez. This mosque is the most
FESTSENDEN MILLS, a post-officeof Rockingham county, sacred sanctuary in all the country, affording safety and
New Hampshire.                                              protection to the most atrocious criminals. The only other
FESTENBERG, fstetn-blR1g', or TWVARDAGORA, tagan- remarkable building to be seen at Fez is the Sultan's Pad3-go!rA, a town of P:ussian Silesia, 26 miles N.E. of Breslau. lace, situated on an elevation in the new city.  It is conmPop. 2476.                                                  posed of a great number of court-yards, some half-finished,
FESTINIOG, fgs-tinlyog, a parish of North Wales, co. of others going to decay. Its gates are always kept closed, no
Merioneth. It has slate quarries, and is surrounded by beau- persons but those particularly privileged being admitted.
tiful scenery.                                              The city is well supplied with water from the river Fez.
FETCIOIAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.            There are also a great number of public baths. Fez conFETERNA, fAtlr'nt, (L. Fister-na,) a village of the Sardi- tains several hospitals, one of which is very richly endowed,
nian States, Savoy, province of Chablais, near the Dranse, 24  used for the treatment of lunatics. There are nearly 200
miles N.E. of Geneva. Mines of lignite are worked, and  caravanserais or inns, in which the guest furnishes his own
there are some fine alabaster grottos in the vicinity. Pop. food and bedclothes. The manufactures consist of woollen
125(i.                                                     cloaks, sashes, silk handkerchiefs, slippers, red caps, extenFETIIARD, a municipal town and parish of Ireland,  sively used throughout the north of Africa, and, from the
Munster, co. of Tipperary, 8 miles S.E. of Cashel. Pop. of  place of manufacture, named Fezes; coarse linen, fine cartown, 3915. It was built in the reign of King John; most pets, common earthenware, saddlery, and copper utensils.
of the original walls and gateways remain entire. It has a  The city is governed by a ka'id or governor, who, as the
very large ancient church, a Roman Catholic friary chapel, lieutenant of the sovereign, has the executive power; the
and an infantry barrack.                                   kadi is charged with the civil jurisdiction. Fez, founded
FETIHIARD, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wex- in 793, by Muley Edris, was capital -of an independent state,
ford, 4 miles S.E. of Duncannon.  The village, on Bannow  and subsequently became so famous as a'seat of Arabian
Bay, has a large lobster fishery  Loftus Hall, the seat of the  learning, that its schools of philosophy and physical science
671




FEZ                                                           FIG
were resorted to, not only from all the Mahommedan states  directions, the one E. and the other N. The Fichtelgeblrge
of Africa and Spain, but even from  Christian countries. takes its name (Piichte  or Fichtel, pine,) from the pine forests
The remains of its institutions still attract round them  a  with which much of it is covered.
number of Mohammedan doctors, and the schools are fre-    FICULLE, fe-kool/l, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, 9
quented by a great many scholars; but the studies are con- miles N.N.W. of Orvieto. Iop. 1766.
fined to the Koran and its commentators, with a slight    FILDA, fee/dd, (Chin.'eitan? ft-t[nf,) a province of Japan,
tincture of grammar and logic, metaphysics, alchemy, and  in the central part of the island of Niphon, covered with well
astrology. Fez is considered a holy town by the Western  wooded mountains.
Arabs, and was also resorted to by them  as a place of pil-   FIDALGO, fe-d~l'go, a large harbor of Russian America, on
grimage, when the way to Mecca was obstructed. After its  its southern coast, N.E. of Prince William Sound, in lat. 60~
conquest, in 1548, by Morocco, it commenced to decline, but  50/ N., ion. 1450 451 W., and bearing the name of its Spanish
recovered for a time after the fall of the kingdom of Cordova, discoverer in 1790.
and in consequence of the edicts of Philip 11. against the    FIDALLAIH, fe-d111t, or FIDALA, fe-d'1A, a walled sea.
Mohammedans. The population is estimated at 90,000, com- port town of Morocco, province of Fez, near the Atlantic, 40
posed of Moors and Arabs, 65,000; Berbers, &c., 10,000; miles S.W. of Rabat.
Jews, 10,000; Negroes, 5000.                                  FIDDICH, fid/dia, a small river of Scotland, flowing
FEZ, KINGLDOoI OF, once an independent state, now the  through the beautiful vale of Glen-Fiddich into the Spey.
most northern section of the empire of Morocco; bounded    FIDDICHOW, fid/de-Kovy, a town' of Prussian Pomerania,
N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Algeria, S. by the river Om- circle of Greiffenhagen, on the Oder, 21 miles S.W. of Stettin.
er-begh or Morbeza, which separates it from Morocco Proper; Pop. 2150.
and W. by the Atlantic. It was conquered and united to    FID/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Morocco in 1548.                                              FIDIDLE POND, a post-office of Barnwell district, South
FEZAAItAI, fA-z/rd, a lake of Algeria, 30 miles S.S.W. of  Carolina.
Bona. It is about 30 miles long and 24 broad, very shallow,    FID/DLETOWN, a post-office of Eldorado, California.
and abounds with flamingos and other wild fowl, and its    FID'DOWN/, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kilkenny,
shores with snipe and wild boar.                            on the Suir, 10 miles W.N.W. of Waterford. The noble seat
FEZZAN. filz'zbn, (anc. Phazania or Phasania,) a king-  of the Earl of Besborough is in this parish.
dom  of Northern Africa, usually considered as lying between    FIDDRI, a lake of Africa. See FrITTRA.
lat. 240 and 310 N.; and ion. 120 and 170 E.; being about 460    FIDELAIRE, LE, leh fee'deh-lAr/, a village of France,
miles in length, and 300 miles in breadth. It is bounded  department of Eure, 16 miles WVI.S.W. of Evreux. PQp. 1551.
by Tripoli on the N., and on all other sides by the Sahara    FIDELITY, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio.
or Great Desert.  In the northern part, there are three    FIDERIS, fe-d/ris, a village of Switzerland, canton of
ranges of mountains perfectly barren, of irregular form, Grisons, in the Landquart Valley, 12 miles.N.E. of Chur.
occasionally  broken  into detached  masses, and  some-   FIDJI ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean. See FEEJEE.
times rising into conical peaks of from 1200 to 1400 feet in    FIDO-KASTRO, fee/do kUsftro, a ruined fort of Epirus, on
height. To the S. of these ranges, the country consists  the northern shore of the gulf, and at the mouth of the old
of extensive sandy plains, destitute of vegetation, alter-  river ofArta, and supposed to be the ancient As/boacus.
nating with ridges of low hills, the valleys of which contain    FIELD, a Norwegian term. See FJELD.
nearly all the cultivable soil in the territory. Dates are the    FIELD-DALILING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
principal produce, and form the chief food of the inhabit-    FIELD/ING, a small post-village of Jersey co., Illinois.
ants; small quantities of maize and barley are also grown.   FIESOLE, fe-6s/o-le  or fyls/o.la,* or FESOLE, feslo-le,
Figs, pomegranates, lemons, and legumes are plentiful, as  (anc. Fteslscc.) a town of Tuscany, 3 miles N.E. of Florence,
are also pot herbs and garden vegetables. There are no  on a steep hil commanding a magnificent view of the Arno
rivers or brooks, and a few natural springs; but water is  Valley. Pop. 2404. It was anciently one of the twelve prinfound in abundance at various depths, fi-om  10 to 20 feet. cipal cities of Etruria, and has remains of Cyclopean walls,
In summer it is extremely hot, but in winter the cold is  and of a Roman amphitheatre, with a cathedral of the
pretty severe. Early in 1850, snow fell at Sockna, and ice, eleventh century, adorned with excellent sculpture and
the thickness Of a man's finger, was formed at Moorzook.  paintings, a commercial hall, an Episcopal school, and many
Rain seldom falls; in some districts it does not rain for years  country houses of the inhabitants of Florence. Near it are
together. With the exception of goats, few domestic ani- extensive sandstone quarries.
mals are reared. In the southern parts, some flocks of a    FIF, fif, or FUF, fitf, a town of Arabia, capital of the
peculiar kind of sheep are met with, and in the most fertile  district of Lahsa, about 115 miles W. of the Persian Gulf;
districts a few horned cattle. The wild animals, which are  lat. 240 53' N., lon. 490 47/ BE. It is protected by an earthen
abundant, are lions, panthers, hyenas, jackals, tiger-cats, wall 50 feet high, and a dry ditch. The walled town and its
gazelles, and foxes. A considerable trade is carried on by  suburbs together, were, in 1819, estimated to contain 15,000
caravans with Timbuctoo  and Bornoo; while Moorzook, inhabitants, of whom 600 were capable of bearing arms.
the capital, is the rendezvous of caravans coming from        FIFE, fif, or FIFESHIRE, fif/shjr, a maritime county of
Cairo, Bengazi, Tripoli, Ghadamis, Tooat, and  Soodan.  Scotland, forming a peninsula on its eastern coast between the
The natives of Fezzan are of a.mixed race, between those  Frith of Tay on the N., and the Frith of Forth on the S., and
of various African countries.  The principal towns are  having the North Sea on the E. Area, 451 square miles, or
Moorzsook, towards the southern boundary; and Sockna,  288,000 acres, of which more than two-thirds are cultivated.
towards the northern, distant from each other about 230  Pop. in 1851, 153,546. The northern portion is formed of
miles. Fezzan is governed by a chief, who has the title, old red sandstone. From  the Eden westward, it consists
and exercises the power of a sultan within his own terri-  of the coal formation, with limestone, coal, and ironstone.
tory, but is dependent on the Pasha of Tripoli, to whom he  The whole county is intersected by trap rocks. The Ochills,
pays tribute. In time of war, the sultan is said to be able  the Lomonds,  and. Largo Law are the highest summits.
to bring from  15,000 to 20,000 men into the field. The  The principal rivers are the Tay, Eden, Leven, and Forth.
population has been variously estimated at firomn 75,000 to  The" I'How of Fife," traversed by the Eden, is particularly
150.000.-Inhab. FEZANEEl.                                 productive. Fifeshire contains thirteen royal burghs, and
FIACCONE, fe-lk-kolnA, (L. Flaco,) a town of the Sardi-  an unusual number of thriving towns and villages, the
nian States, 7 miles S. of Novi. Pop. 1040.                 chief of which are Cupar, (the county town,) Dunfermline,
FIANO, fe-/no, a village of Piedmont, 14 miles N.W. of  St. Andrews, Kirkcaldy, and Elie. Fife sends 1 member to the
Turin. Pop. 885.                                            House of Commons. and its burghs join in sending 3 others.
FIANONA, fe-A-nosnA, or FLUNONA, fioo-nolng, a village    FIFE, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.
and seaport of Illyria, circle of Triest, on the Gulf of Quar-    FIIP'EHEAD-MAG/DALEN, a parish of England, co. Dorset.
nero, 19 miles S.W. of Flume. Pop. 810.                       FIFEIHEAD-NEVYILLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
FIIATT, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.              FIFE-NESS, fifness/, a promontory of Scotland, co. of
FICARIZZI, fee-lkc-rit/see, a maritime village of Sicily, Fife, projecting on the North Sea, in lat. 560 17' N., Ion. 2~
province of Messina, 6 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 1820.    36' W. Beyond it, the dangerous ridge called Carr Rocks,'FICCAROLO, fik-k4-rollo, a village of Northern Italy, extends a considerable distance into the sea.
government of Venice, 19 miles W.S.W. of Rovigt, on the    FIFESHIRE, a county of Scotland.  See FreE.
Po, here crossed by a flying-bridge. Pop. 2500.               FIFE'S POST-OFFICE, is in Goochland co., Virginia.
FICHTELBERG, fi /tel-bae,' or FICHTELGEBIRGE, fil-    FItFIELD, a parish of England co. of Oxford.
tel-ga-beeR/Ga, a mountain-range in Bavaria, forming a kind    FI/FIELD BAIVANT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
of central nucleus from which the principal ranges of Ger-   FIGASI-SIMA, fe-gefsee'seefmA, (Chinese Toony-lao, toong.
ninny diverge. It commences near the town of Baireuth;  tto,) an island of Japan, Gotoo group,sa little N.W. of Kin>and, stretching N.E. for about 36 miles, terminates on the  sioo, and belonging to the province of Fizen.
Bohemian frontiers, where the Erzgebirge begins, and continues the chain in the same direction. Its principal sum-         * "And let us from the top of FIeSOLE,
neits are the Ochsenkopf, (oxfen-kopf, i. e. "ox-head,") 3397         Whence Galileo's glass, by night observed,
feet, and the Schneeberg, (" snow-mountain,") 3450 feet high.         The phases of the moon, look round below,
No less than four important rivers here take their rise. Of           On Arno's vale      --------
these the Main or Mayn, which is the largest, flows W. to-                        ROGEnS'S Italy, Part First, XXII.
wards the Rhine; the Nasab, S. towards the Danube; and    Milton writes it FESOLE.  See Paradise  Lost, Book I.
Soth the Eger and the Saale to the Elbe, though by different  line 289.
672




FIG                                                           FIN
FIGEAC, fee'zhak! a town of France, department of Lot.    FILLMORE. a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, 14
on the Selle, 32 miles N.E. of Cahors. Pop. in 1852, 7433. It  miles N.W. of Vandalia.
is situated in a deep valley, surrounded by rocky vine-clad    FILLMORE, a post-office of Andrew co., Missouri.
heights. It has remains of fortifications, numerous antique    FILLMORE, a post-office of Du Buque co., Iowa.
dwellings and public edifices.  Beyond the, town are two    FILLMORE, a post-office of Washington co.. Wisconsin.
remarkable obelisks. Champollion was born here in 1790.         FILLMORE CITY, a post-town, seat of justice of Millard
FIGHIELDEAN, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             county, and capital of the territory of Utah, is situated on
FIGHIG or FIGUIG, fee'gheeg/. atown of North Africa, Mo-  the Nuquin, a branch of Nicollet River, about 600 miles E.
rocco, country of Sigilmessa, S. of the Atlas, 165 miles E.S.E.  by N. of San Francisco, and 1200 miles W. of St. Louis.
of Fez. A considerable trade is done with Fez, Tafilelt, and    FILILONGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Tooat, and is a rendezvous for the Mecca and Timbuctoo    FILOR, fil'fr/, or FALOUR, fAloorl, a town of the Punjab,
caravans. The people are warlike, and adepts in mining.   on the Sutlej, 78 miles S.E. of Amritseer.  It has a fort built
FIGHTING  ISLAND, an island of Upper Canada, in the  by Runjeet Singh, and a ferry across the Sutlej.
Detroit River, 3 miles below Sandwich; area, 1800 acres, of    FILS, flls, a river of Wiirtemberg, which joins the Neckar,
which 300 are arable.                                         6 miles E. of Esslingen, after a W. course of 30 miles.
FIGLINE, fe-gleetnA, or FIGHINE, fe-ghee/nA, a village    FILlTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
of Tuscany, 16 miles S.E. of Florence, near the Arno. P.4100.   FIMfBOROUGI, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of SufFIGO, fee'gol, (Chinese Fei-Heoo, fAhe-oo,) a province of  folk.
Japan, island of Kioosioo. It is more than 60 miles long.    FIMBOROUGH, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of SufChief town, Koomamoto.                                        folk.
FIGUEIRA, fe-gAfe-rA, a town of Portugal, province of    FINALE, fe-nm/lA, a town of North Italy, in the Sardinian
Beira, at the mouth of the Mondego, which forms its port,  States, 10 miles N.N.E. of Albenga, on the Gulf of Genoa.
24 miles S.W. of Coimbra.  Pop. 6000. It has an active ex-  Pop. 5018. It consists of the two communes, Finale Borgo,
port trade in salt, oil, wine, and fruits, and is a favorite  and Finale Marino.  It has a collegiate church, numerous
bathing place.                                                ruined forts, a small harbor, and some trade in firuits.
FIGUEIRA, a village and seaport of Portugal, province    FINAIE, a frontier town of North Italy, of the Modenese
of Algarve, 4 miles N.E. of Cape St. Vincent.                 dominions, near the Po, 22 miles N.E. of Modena. Pop. 8000.
FIGUEIRO-DOS-VINI-IOS, fe-gA/e-ro-doce-veenfyoce, a town  It has manufactures of silk and other fabrics, and an active
of Portugal, Estremadura,97 miles N.E.of Lisbon. Pop. 2410. general trade.
FIGUERAS, fe-gA/rds, a frontier town of Spain, and one    FIRANA, feen-yA'nA, a town of Spain, 28 miles N.W. of
of the strongest fortresses in Europe, 21 miles N.N.E. of  Alnmeria, at the foot of Mount Almirez. Pop. 3173.
Gerona, near the French firontier. Pop. 8050. It is situated    FIN/CASTLE, a handsome post-village, capital of Botein a rich plain of olives and rice. Principal edifices, a large  tourt co., Virginia, 175 miles W. of Richmond.  It is well
citadel, built by Ferdinand VI., with vast arsenals and ma-  built, and finely situated in a fertile and undulating valley,
gazines. and quarters for 18,000 men. It was taken by the  between the Blue Ridge and North Mountain, about 5 miles
French in 1808, 1811, and 1823.                               E. of the latter. The Peaks of Otter, which rise on the borFIGUIG, a town and district of Morocco.  See FIGHIG.        der of the county, are among the highest points of the Blue
FIGURINA,' fe-goo-reelnl, an island in the Arctic Ocean,  Ridge. Fincastle contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 academies, and
being the most N. in the New Siberian Archipelago; lat. 760   2 printing offices. It was laid out in 1772.
15' N., lon. 1400 40' E.                                        FINCASTLE, a post-village in Campbell co., Tennessee,
FIJI, islands in the South Pacific Ocean. See FsEJEE.       about 200 miles E. of Nashville.
FILADELFIA, fe-lA-dyllfe-',  a town of Naples, province    FINCASTLE, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, about 90
of Calabria Ultra II., 13 miles S. of Nicastro. Pop. 3300.    miles S.S.W. of Columbus. A plank road extends from this
FILADELFIA, a city of Pennsylvania. See PnMLADELPuHIA.  village to Batavia, in Clermont county.  Pop. 200.
FILIBY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.                  FINCASTLE, a post-village of Putnam  co., Indiana, 14
FILEHNE, fe-litneh, (Polish, WVulen, 1voollen.) a town of  miles N. of Greencastle. The route of the New Albany and
Prussian Poland, on an island in the Netze, 45 miles N.W.  Michigan Railroad passes near this place.
of Posen. Pop. 3480. It has manufactures of cloth and lace.    FINCASTLE, a post-office of Clark co., Illinois.
FIILEY, a small watering place and parish of England,    FINCH/AM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
co. of York, East Riding, on a tongue of land projecting into    FINCHAMISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
the North Sea, and with a station on the Scarborough and    FINCHIINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
I-lull Railway, 8 miles S.E. of Scarborough. Pop. 1590.         FINCHILEY, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 7I
FILIYAS, fil-lee'yis,/ a river of Asiatic Turkey, after, a  miles N.W. of London. The common here was once a noted
course of 75 miles, falls into the Black Sea, 20 miles S.S.W. haunt of highwaymen.
of Amastra.                                                     FINDIHORN, flInd-horn/, a river of Scotland, after a N.E.
FIL/KINS, a hamlet of England, co. of Oxford, 5 miles  course of 45 miles, enters Moray Frith. Fearful inundations
S.S.W. of Burford.  Pop. 600.                                 by this river, producing "the Moray Flood," took place in
FILILAN, a river of Scotland, co. of Perth, enters Loch  1829.
Tay after an E. course of 10 miles.                             FINDHORN, a small seaport of Scotland, co. of Moray,:on
FILLE-FIELD, 1/fll-fe-ild', a mountain plateau of Norway,  the above river, at its mouth, 4 miles N. of Fores.  Pop.
connected with the Sogne-Fjeld on the N., and the IIardan-  806. The sandbanks here are continually shifting; and the
ger-Fjeld on the S.  The summits vary in height from 4900  site of the village has been already changed on account of
feet to 6300 feet. The central summit of Suletind in which  the encroachments of the sea.
the Lerdal takes its rise is 6043 feet high.                    FINDtLAY, a township of Alleghany co, Pennsylvania.
FILLEIGIH, filllee, a parish of England, co. of Devon.      Pop. 1318.
FILLINGES, feel'ltnzh/, (L. Filisngia,) a village of the    FINDLAY, a flourishing post-village and township, capiSardinian States, in Savoy, 12 miles E. of Geneva, on the  tal of Hancock co., Ohio, on the left bank of Blasnchard's
Menoge, and the S. slope of Mount Voiron. Pop. 1952.          Fork, 100 miles by the usual route, N.N.W. of Columbus.
FILILINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          The village is situated in a rich farming country, and is the
FILLIMORE, a new county in the extreme S.E. part of  centre of an active trade. The Findlay Branch Railroad, 16
Minnesota, bordering on Iowa, contains about 1600 square  miles long, extends from it to the Mad River and Lake Erie.. miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi, which  Railroad. Here are two white sulphur springs, and two
separates it from Wisconsin, on the N.W. by the Miniska, and  wells, from which inflammable gas issue in quantity suffiintersected by Root River. - The surface is undulating, and  cient, it is said, to light the village. No use, however. is
the soil fertile. Formed since the census of 1850 was taken,  made of it. Three newspapers are issued here. Pop. of the
and named in honor of Millard Fillmore, late President of  township in 1850, 2032; of the village, 1258; in 1853, about
the United States. Capital, Minnesota City.                   2500.
FILLMORE, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York.           FINDILEY, a township of Tisercer co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
FILLMORE, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.   1066.
FILLMIORE, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania.         FINDOE, (Findie,) fin/dW'eh, a small island off the S.W.
FILLMORE, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia.          coast of Norway, 15 miles E.N.E. of Stavanger, in the BukkeFILLMORE, a post-office of Cleveland co., North Carolina.  fiord. Its church contains a monument recording a victory
FILLMORE, a post-office of Whitefield co., Georgia.        obtained over the Scotch.
FILLMORE, a post-office of Bossier parish, Louisiana.         FINIDON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
FILLMORE, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee.           FINDON, a village of Scotland.   See FINNAN.
FILLMORE, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.             FINE, a township of St. Lawrence co., New York. P. 293.
FILLMORE, a township in Allegan co., Michigan. Pop.    FINE/DON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
527.                                                           FINERIVE, of Madagascar. See F-NECIF.
FILLMORE, a post-office of MAacomb co., Michigan.            FINE'S CREEK, a post-office of H-aywood co., North Ca.
FILLnMORE, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana.           rolina.
FILLMORE, a village of Putnam  co., Indiana, on the    FINE/SHADE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
railroad from Terre Haute to Indianapolis, 34 miles W. by    FINESTRAT, fe-nus-tratl. a town of Spain, 23 miles N.hE
S. of the latter, was laid out in 1850. It has a steam  mill, of Alicante, on the Torres', near the Mediterranean. Pop,
several stores, and 200 inhabitants.                         2720. who manufacture rush-wares.
FILLMIOtORE, a small village of Coles co., Illinois          FIN ESYILLE, finzuvill, a flourishing village of Greenwich
2S                                                                               673




FIN                                                          FIN
township, in the S. part of Warren co., New Jersey, is on the  leaving only about four months for summer and harvest.
Musconetcong Creek, about 1 mile from  its mouth, and 20  The summer months are hot, and dry. The soil is very fermiles S.S.W. of Belvidere.                                  tile; considerable quantities of barley and rye are exported,
FINGAL, fing'gawlt, a district of Ireland, in Leinster, co. and Finland, when in possession of Sweden, was regarded as
of Dublin, N. of the Liffey. The inhabitants were originally  its most important granary. A great part of the land, owing to
Finnish or Norwegian settlers, (whence the name;) and they  the nature of the surface and climate, however, is fit only for
still retain a dialect and other marks of foreign origin. Fin- pasture. In the N., where vegetation is almost confined to
gal gives the title of earl to the Plunkett family.         the growth df moss and lichen, other domestic animals are
FINGAL, fing'gawll, a post-village of Canada West, co. Mid- superseded by the reindeer, of which great herds are kept.
diesex, 157 miles S.WV. of Toronto. and 25 miles from London. The forests are very extensive, and furnish one of the chief
FINGIERSVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, sources of public revenue. In addition to timber, chiefly
South Carolina.                                             fir, large quantities of potash, pitch, and rosin are obtained
FINGEST, fingjghest, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.   from them, and form the principal articles of export. The
FINGIIIALL, a parish of England, co. York, North Riding.  minerals are chiefly confined to iron, lead, sulphur, nitre,
FIN'GLASSI, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 4  slate, and granite; a great humber of excellent quarries of
miles N.N.W. of Dublin.. The poet Parnell was vicar of  granite have been opened, chiefly on the borders of the lakes
Finglass.                                                    or sea coasts, and from them blocks of extraordinary magniFINGOES, finghgrz', or WANIDERERS, a race of South  tude and beauty are obtained. One of the finest specimens
Afiicans1 belonging to various scattered tribes, originally  is furnished by the obelisk monolith recently erected in St.
from the E. coast, N. of Kaffraria,but now chiefly inhabiting  Petersburg to the Emperor Alexander. In its rough state
a tract of country formerly called the neutral ground, be- it was 12 feet in diameter, and 80 feet long. The inhabitants
tween the Lower Keiskamma and Great Fish River, but at  of the W. coast are of Swedish, and those of the S.E., of RUspresent forming part of the province of Victoria, to which, to  sian origin; but the far larger portion, amounting to nearly
the number of 17,000, they were brought, and there settled  five-sixths of the whole, are Finns; with a slight mixture
under the auspices of the Colonial Government.  Previous  of Laplanders. Up to the twelfth century, the Finns lived
to their removal to their present settlement, the Fingoes  under their own sovereigns, and were pagans. Their conlived in a state of abject slavery under the AmakosaKaflres. version to Christianity took place about the middle of that
FINIGRINI-IOE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         century after their conquest by the Swedes. They are almost
FINIIAN, feen'8NsG, or FIGNAN, feen'y8NaG, a market- all Lutherans.  In 1721, the part of Finland which formed
town of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 10 miles  the province of Wiborg, was secured to Peter the Great by
S.W. of Montauban. Pop. 1646.                              the treaty of Nystadt. The remainder was conquered from
FINHAVEN, a village of Scotland.  See OATrLAW.            the Swedes in 1809, and now forms a division of the Russian
FINISTARE, finlis-taial, originally  FINISTERRE, (L. Empire, under the name of a Grand Principality, the emperor
_PMnis Terl-r, i. e. "Land's end,") a department of France, exercising his supremacy as grand prince. The proper seat
forming its N.W. angle, and part of the old province of Bre- of government is at Petersburg; but a governor-general,
tagne. bounded N. by the English Channel, S. and WV. by the  representing the emperor, resides in Ilelsingfors. AdminisAtlantic, in which it comprises numerous small islands. tratively, Finland is subdivided into 8 lawns or counties. It
Area, 2690 square miles. Coasts steep, much indented on  is also sometimes subdivided into the two lappmarks of
the W., presenting numerous promontories and excellent  Kami. TornmeS, and the district of Viborg.  Pop. in 1851,
harbors. Surface little elevated; traversed bythe low menu- 1,636,915. —Adj. FINNSIHs, FINILANDISH, and FINO/fIAN?);
tins of Arr6e and Noires; highest point 984 feet. It is formed  Inhab. FINN.
by the basins of numerous rivers, the chief of which are the    FINILAND, GULF OF, one of the great arms of the Baltic
Elorn, Aulne, Odet, and E11l, all navigable near their mouths. Sea, extending E. between lat. 580 40' and 600 40' N., and lon.
Horses and cattle extensively reared. The minerals comprise  230 and 300 10' E., bounded N. by Finlani, and E. and S. by
coal, lead, granite, and slate. The department is divided  the Russian  governments of St. Petersburg  and Revel.
into the 5 arrondissements of Brest, Chiteaulin, Lander- Length, from  E. to W., 260 miles; breadth, freon N. to S..
neau, Quimper, and Quimperli.  Capital, Quimper. Pop. from 25 to 90 miles. It contains numerous islands, (the prinin 1852, 617,710.                                           cipal is Cronstadt,) and receives the Nova, Looga, Narova,
FINKENWARDER. (Finkenw~rder,) finklen-wa'der, an  and many smaller rivers. St. Petersburg is at its E. end, and
isla!d in the Elbe, belonging partly to Hamburg, and partly  the towns, Narva, Revel, Port Baltic, Ekenas, Borgo, Predeto the IHIanoverian bailiwick of Harburg.  It is protected  rikshamm, Helsingfors, and Viborg, are also on its coasts.
by a surrounding -wall 20 feet high. Pop. 1700.               FINLEY or FINDLEY, Ohio. See FINDLAY.
FINKS/BURG, a post-village in Carroll co., Maryland,   FINLEY, a village and township of Green co., Missouri,
about 50 miles N.W. of Annapolis.                           130 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1640.
FINK'S CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co.., Virginia.        PINtLEYVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., PennFINLA/GAN, a lake of Scotland, in the island of Islay, sylvania, 180 miles S.W. of Harrisburg.
and with an island containing ruins of a castle of the Lord    FIN/MARK, (Dan. and Sw. Finmarkcen, finnmaa'ken;
of the Isles.                                               Norw. Finmarkens/, fin/maskepns,) an extensive province of
FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY OF, (Fr. -Finlande, f$ANGo6Nd/;  Norway, forming the northernmost portion of Continental
L. Fintnin, Fienoenia, Finlan/di',) a government in the  Europe, situated between the Arctic Ocean and Russian
N.W. of Russia, bounded N. by Norway, W. by Sweden  Lapland, bounded S.W. by the province of Nordland.  Area
and the Gulf of Bothnia, S. by the Gulf of Finland; length, estimated at 27,412 square miles. It comprises numerous
from N. to S., 650 miles; breadth, near the centre, only 112  islands, on the northernmost of which is North Cape. Lat.
miles; but toward the S., where it is greatest, 370 miles: 71010 N., ion. 250 50' E. Important fisheries are established
area, about 146,850 square miles.  The coast generally  here, and give employment to the greater part of the populapresents, a face of bold and precipitous granite cliffs, and  tion. The cod fishery alone employs 2916 boats and 15,324
is lined by numberless small islands and rocks, which  men, and the produce is upwards of 16,000,000 of fish, 21,500
make the navigation extremely dangerous. The interior  barrels of cod liver oil, and 6000 barrels of roe. The inhabimay be described as a vast table land, with an average  tants are Finns and Laplanders. Pop. 43,938.
height of from 400 to 600 feet above the sea. It is not, how-   FIN/MERE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
ever, by any means a monotonous flat. The surface is much    FINN, a lake and river of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donebroken by hills and valleys, and occasionally rises into  gal. The lake, in the parish of Inniskeel, is about 2 miles
mountains, of which a chain at Mmanselke, nearly 4000 feet in length; the river proceeds from it, and, after an eastward
high, is continued S., though with several interruptions, and  course of 24 miles, joins the Foyle near Lifford.
terminates in lofty cliffs in the Gulf of Bothnia. Many of    FIN/NAN or FIN/DON, a fishing-village of Scotland, co.,
the heights are bare, but the greater part of those of mode- and 6 miles S. of Aberdeen. It is famous for its smoked
rate elevation are covered with forests, chiefly of pine wood:  haddocks.
and, in combination with the vast number of lakes enclosed    FIN/NAN, a small river of Scotland, flowing through the
by their bases, often form  very romantic scenery. These  valley of Glenfinran into the E. extremity of Loch Shiel.
sheets of water, both by their number and individual ex- A monument in this romantic vale marks the spot where
tent, furnish one of the most characteristic features of the  Prince Charles Edward first unfurled his banner, in 1745.
country. The most important are Lake Ladoga, the greater    FIN/NEY MILLS, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia.
part of which belongs to the principality; Saima, Pianajar-    FIN/NINGIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
vi, (Piajanejarwi.) all in the S., where the greater part of the    FINININGLEY, a parish of England, cos. of Notts acd
surface is occupied by waiter; the UleA, near the centre, and  York, West Riding.
the Enara, in the extreme N. The lakes of Finland form the    FINN'S POINT, of Salem co., New Jersey, is a noted point
chief basins for receiving the far greater part of the streams. on the Delaware. River, 4 miles above the mouth of Salem
Their waters are afterwards discharged into the sea by  Creek.
rivers generally of no great length, but of much width and    FINO, fee/no, or PORTO FINO, port'to fee/no, a promontory
depth. The climate varies much, according to locality. In  of the Sardinian States, on the shore of the gulf, and 17
Lappmark, in the N., it is polar, but somewhat modified. miles E.S.E. of Genoa.
Farther S., the winter begins in the middle of October and    FINO, fee/no, a village of Austrian Italy, 6 miles S. of
continues to the middle of May; but even during the coldest Como, on an eminence near the source of the Seveso. Pop
season thaws of several days' duration are not unfrequent. 1475.
Spring appears suddenly, and continues for about a month,   FINOW, fec/nov, a village of Prussia, province of Bran.
674




FIN                                                        FIS
denburg, 31 miles N.E. of Berlin, on the Finow Canal, which    FISCHA, fishld, FISCHAMEND or FISCIIAMENT, fishl/.
connects tile rivers Havel and Oder. Pop. 560.            m~nt', a market-town of Lower Austria, with a castle, on
FINS/BURY, a parliamentary borough of England, co. of  the Fischa River, 12 miles E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1220.
Mliddlesex, comprising the N. part of the metropolis, between    FISCHA, fish/A, a river of Lower Austria, in the Schneethe borough of Marylebone on the W. and the Tower Ham- berg, flows N.E., receiving the Piesting and the Rtiesenbach,
lets on the E., and on the S. bordering on the city of London  and joins the Danube at Fischa, 12 miles E.S.E. of Vienna,
and liberty of Westminster. Pop. in 1851, 323,772. It corn- after a course of 55 miles.
prises the parishes of Islington, Clerkenwell, St. Luke, &c.,   FISCHBACH, fish/bIK, a village of Prussian Silesia, 27
and derives its name from Finsbury Square. It comprises miles S.SW. of Lieguitz, with a castle of Prince William of
St. Luke's Hospital, the Charter-House, Smithfield, St. Bar- Prussia.
tholomew's, and the Foundling Hospitals, Gray's Inn, the    FISCHENTIHAL, fishlen-tlP, a village and parish of SwitBritish Museum, Clerkenwell Sessions-House and prison, zerland, canton, and 18 miles E.S.E. of Zurich, on the Tuss.
and the depot of the New River Company. Since the Re- Pop. 2814.
form Act it has sent 2 members to the House of Commons.    FISCIIHAUSEN, fish/th-w'zen, a seaport town of Eastern
FINSTER-AARI-IORN, finfster-_rehoan, a mountain of  Prussia, at the N. extremity of the Frische-Haff, 20 miles W.
Switzerland, is the culminating point of the Bernese Alps, of Kbnigsberg. Pop. 1914.
between the cantons of Bern and Yalais, 14,026 feet in ele-   FISCIANO, fee-sh/no, a village of Naples, province of
vation.                                                   Principato Citra, 7 miles N.N.E. of Salerno, with 2 parish
FINSTERMUNZ, (Finstermiinz,) finfster-mtintsx, a nar- churches and 2 convents. Pop. 1296.
row pass in the Tyrolese Alps, on the Inn, 18 miles N. of    FISEN, a province of Japan. See FIZEN.
Glurns.                                                     FISH/BACK, a post-office of Clark co., Kentucky.
FINSTERWALDE, finfst.er-Avldeh, a town of Prussia,   FISI/BOURN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
province of Brandenburg, 40 miles N. of Dresden. Pop. 4680.   FISH CREEK rises. in Lewis co., in the N. central part
FINSTERtWALDE, fin/ster-9olddgh, a village of HIolland, of New York, and falls into Oneida Lake in Oneida county.
province, and 23 miles E. by S. of Groningen, near the    FISIH  CREEK, Oneida co., New York, falls into Wood
estuary of the Dollart. Pop. 1067.                        Creek, about 2 miles from its mouth in the Oneida Lake.
FINTO/NA, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of The east branch of this stream abounds with fine mill-seats.
Tyrone, 8 miles N.W. of Clogher. Pop. 1327.                 FISH CREEK, of Saratoga co., New York, falls into the
FIN/TRAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.        Hudson River, about 25 miles above its junction with the
FIN/TRY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, with a  Mohawk.
village 5 miles S.E. of Balfron. The scenery on the Carron    FISIhI CREEK, of Michigan, rises in Montcalm  co., and
and Endrick is beautiful, the latter forming the cascade (60  flows into Maple River.
feet high) called the "Loup of Fintry."                     FISHI CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Steuben co., and flows
FIN/VOY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim.    into the St. Joseph's River of the Maumee.
FIONIE or FIONIA. See FUNFE.                               FISI CREEK, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.
FIORA, fe-orrS a river of Central Italy, in Tuscany, and    FIS  CREEK, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana.
the Pontifical States, rises near Mount Amiata, and enters   FISH/DAM, a post-village in Wake co., North Carolina,
the Mediterranean 20 miles N.W. of Civita Vecchia after a  20 miles S.W. of Raleigh.
S. course of 40 miles.                                       FISHDAM. a post-village in Union district, South Carolina,
FIORANO, fe-o-rlno, (L. Floriczseums,) a village of the  60 miles N.W. of Columbia.
Sardinian States, in Piedmont, province, and 2 miles W. of   FISIIDAMI, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.
Ivrea, on the Dora. Pop. 1040.                               FISHER-ROW, a village of Scotland. See MUSSELBURGoH.
FIORD. See FJo-R.                                          FISH/ER'S, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.
FIORENZA, a city of Italy. See FLOR ENCE.                  FISHER'S, a post-office of Catawba co., North Carolina,
FIORENZUOLA, fe'o-rln-zoo-o/l1, (anc. Plorelstia,) a town  170 miles W. of Raleigh.
of Northern Italy, duchy of Piacenza, on the 2Emilian Way,   FISHIER'S CREEK, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee.
18 miles W.N.W. of Parma. Pop. 2750. It has a collegiate    FISHER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Robertson co.,
church, and many remains of antiquity. Cardinal Alberoni Tennessee.
was born here in 1664. Eight miles S. are the ruins of the    FIShIER'S ISLAND, New York, off the E. end of Long
ancient Veleia, buried by a fall of sand in the fourth cen- Island, is 8 miles long by'l mile broad.
tury, and rediscovered in 1761.                              FIShIER SOUND, a channel of British North America, on
FIORENtZUOLA, a village of Tuscany, province of Flo- the W. coast, which separates Princess Royal Islands from
rence, on the Sauterne, 21 miles N.E. of Prate.            the continent, and forms the N. continuation of Fitzhugh's
FIORENZUOLA, a village of the Pontifical States, in  Strait. Let. 520 N., lon. 1300W. It was discovered by VanUrbino, 5i miles N.W. of Pesaro.                           couver in 1793.
FIRAN, fee's-n/, a small island in the Red Sea, about 18    FISHER'S RIVER, of North Carolina, a small stream
miles from the coast of Arabia, lat. 170 13' N., ion. 410 30' E., which flows through Surrey co. into the Yadkin.
celebrated for its pearl fishery.                            FISHER'SVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Merrimack
FIRANDO. fe-r&n/do, or FIRATO, fe-rI/to, an island of co., New Hampshire, partly in Concord and partly in BoesJapan, off the N.W. coast of Kioosioo, 55 miles N.N.W. of  cawen townships, on the Northern and Claremont Railroads,
Nagasaki.   Lat. 330 30/ N., lon. 1290 30' E. On its E. side  6 miles N. of Concord. It is pleasantly situated on both
is the town of Firando, with a good harbor. Here the  sides of the Contoocook River, near its junction with the
Dutch had a trading fort from 1609 until 1640.             Merrimack. It contains an academy, and is extensively
FIRAO, fe-r1o, a considerable town of Japan, on the island  engaged in manufactures. This village has grown up within
of Niphon, province of Yamato, 45 miles S.S.E. of Miako.   a few years.
FIRIBECK, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.   FISIIERSVILLE, a manufacturing post-village of WindFIRE ISLAND LIGHtT-IIOUSE, Long Island, on the S. ham co., Connecticut, on the Norwich and Worcester Railside of Fire Island Inlet. It is 70 feet 10 inches high, and ex- road, 10 miles N.E. of Hartford.
hibits a revolving light, produced by 18 lamps, 89 feet above    FISHERSVILLE, a post-office of Augusta co., Virgilia.
the level of the sea.                                       FISHIERTON  AN/GER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts,
FIRENZE, a city of Italy. See FLORENCE.                   of a mile W. of Salisbury. The county jail is in this parish,
FIRE/PLACE, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, on  and petty sessions are held here.
Fireplace Bay, which sets up fi-om the Atlanti, about 62    FISHERTON-DE-LA-MiERE, a parish of England, co. of
miles E. by N. of Brooklyn.                                Wilts.
FIRILE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                FISHII/ERVILLE, a post-office of Dauphin co., PennsylFIRMINY, feeR'mee'nee/, a village of France, department vania.
of Loire, 6 miles S.W. of St. Etienne, and sharing with that   FISIHERVILLE, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.
town in manufactures of silks, glass, and hardwares, coal   FISHERVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky.
mines, &c. Pop. 2258.                                        FISH/GUARD, or AB'ERGWAIN/. a seaport town and
FIRMUM. See FerMO.                                       parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke, 14 miles N. of
FIROZABAD. See FEROZABAD.                               Haverfordwest. Pop. in 1851, 2316. The town, on a cliff at
FIROZGUR, fee'roz-gbrl, a town of India, 102 miles S.WV. the mouth of the Gwain, has very steep streets, irregularly
of Hyderabad, on the Beemah.                              built, a valuable fishery, and exports of oats, butter, and
FIRSIBY, a parish of Ehnland, co. of Lincoln.            slates. The port, with a pier, a breakwater, outer and
FIRSBY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.      inner basin, and light-house, is one of the best harbors in
FIRST FORK, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.  St. George's Channel. A detachment of French, who landed
FIRST ISLAND, or MURDER ISLAND, a small island in  here in 1797, were captured by the inhabitants under Lord
the Mozambique Channel, on the S.W. coast of Madagascar, Cawdor.
from which it is distant about 3 miles. Lat. 220 5, S., ion.   FISHI  HOUSE, a village of Fulton co., New York, on
43 7' E. It was named MIurder Island by Captain Owen, Sacandaga River, 45 miles N.N.W. of Albany.
in consequence of the murder there of two of hns midship-   FISII/NG CREEK, of Columbia co., Pennsylvania, flows
men by the natives.                                       into the North Branch of the Susquehanna at Bloomsburg.
FIRST LAKE, Wisconsin. See Fonu  LAKES.                   FISHING  CREEK, in the N.W. part of Virginia, flows
FIRTH AND STEN/NESS, a united parish of Scotland, on  through Wetzel co. from E. to W., and enters the Ohio RItiver
Mainland, one of the Orkneys.                             a little below New Miartinsville
675




~~~~~FJS           ~FIU
FISHING CREEK, of North Carolina; rises in the N. part    FITCHBURQ., a post-village of Dane co., Wisconsin, 1E
Of the state, and, flowing south-eastward, enters Tar River a  miles S. of AMadison. It has 1 church, 2 stores, and 80 infew miles above Tarborough.                                    habitants.:
FISIING CREEK, of South Carolina, rises in York dis-    FITCHIPORT, a village of Garrard co., Kentucky, about 45
trict, and  flows S.E. through Chester district into the  miles S. of Frankfort.
Catawba River.                                                   FITCII/VILLE, a post-village and township in the S.E.
FISHING  CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Savannah in  part of Huron co., Ohio, about 90 miles N. by E. of ColumnLincoln county.                                                bus.  It has a Union school. Pop- 1178.
FISHING CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the East Fork    FITERO, fe-tro, a town of Spain, 53 miles S.S.W. of Pam
of White River, at Lawrenceport.                               plona,. on the Alhama. Pop. 2263.
FISIHING  CREEK, of Missouri, enters MIissouri River    FITIFUL IHEAD, a headland on the S. coast of Shetland,
from the left in Ray county.                                   W. of Quendal Bay. Elevation, 400 feet.
FISHING  CREEK, a post-village of Cape May co., New            FITSIWORTH, a small village of Madison co., Arkansas.
Jersey, on Delaware Bay, 6 miles S.W. of the county seat.        FITITLETON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
FISHING CREEK, a township of Columbia co., Pennsyl-    FITITLEWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
vania.  Pop. 1110.                                               FITTRY, fit/trnt, or FIDDRI, fid/dree', a lake of Central
FISHIKILL, a post-village and township of Dutchess co.,  Africa, in Nigritia, near lat. 140 N., ion. 200 E., 200 miles E.
New York. The township borders on the IIudson River,  of Lake Tchad.
opposite Newburg, being intersected by the Iludson River    FITZ, fits, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Railroad, about 60 miles N. of New York. The village is    FITZABADING, fit-tiib/'ding/, a beautiful fertile district
situated on Fishkill Creek, 5 miles E. of the Iudson. It  in the S.W. part of Abyssinia, province of Gojam.
contains 4 or 5 churches, an academy, a bank, 2 printing-    FITZIHEAD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. 
offices issuing newspapers, and about 1500 inhabitants.    FITZ-HENIRY, a post-office of Westmoreland co., PennThere are several other villages in the township.  Fishkill is  sylvania.
intended to be made the western terminus of the Hartford,    FITZHENRY, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois.
Providence, and Fishkill Railroad, which, it is supposed,    FITZHIUGII (fits'hu) SOUND, a strait of North America,
will connect with the New York and Erie Railroad, through  in lat. 510 33' N., ion. 1280 10' W., separating Calvert Island
the Newburg Branch Railroad, by means of a ferry across  from the mainland. It is 18 miles long, and 3 miles broad.
the Hudson.  Pop. 9240.'ITZROY, fitstroy, an island near the N.E. coast of AusF'ISHKILL CREEK, of Dutchess co., New York, falls into  tralia, 5 miles N.E. of Cape CGrafton. The N. peak is 550
the Hudson River about 2 miles below Newburg.                  feet high. Lat. 160 55' N., lon. 1460 E.
FISHKILL LANDING, a thriving post-village of Dutchess    FITZIROY HAR/BOR, a post-village of Canada West, co.
co., New York, on the HIudson River, at the mouth of Fish- of Carleton, 32 miles E. of Bytown.
kill Creek, opposite Newburg, about 60 miles N. of New           FITZIWATERTOWN, a post-office of Montgomery co., VirYork, and on the Hudson River Railroad. It has churches  ginia.
of 3 denominations, 10 or 12 stores, several factories, and an    FITZ'WIL/LIAM, a post-village and township of Cheshire
iron foundry with a machine shop. The Hartford, Provi-  co., New Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, 60 miles
dence, and Fishkill Railroad is to be extended to this point,  S.W. of Concord.  It has manufactures of pails, rakes,
between which and the New York and Eris  Railroad com-  leather, &c. Pop. 1482.
* munication is to be effected by means of the Newburg    FIULINAS, fe-oo-lee/nas, or FLORINAS, flo-ree/n/s, a vilBranch Railroad and a ferry across the Hudson. A ferry  lage on the island of Sardinia, province, and 9 miles S.S.E.
now plies between Fishkill Landing and Newburg. Pop. in  of Sassari, near the Pianora.  Pop. 2025.
1854, about 1600.                                                FIUMARA-DI-MURO, fe-oo-mnlrA-dee-moo/'o, a village of
FISHKILL MOUNTAINS. This term  is sometimes ap- Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 7 miles N.N.E. of Regplied to the highlands of the Hudson.                          gio. Pop. 1400.
FISHKILL PLAINS, a post-village of Dutchess co., New                iUME. foom   or fyoom, (Ger. Sanct tet eam olaum,
York, about 62 miles N. of New York City.                      sAnkt vite Am fiowin; Illyr. Bike, reelkA,) a seaport town of
FISIILAKE, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. Austria, capital of the Hungarian Littorale or Kiistenland,
FISH LAKE, of New York, in the N. part of Fulton co., (" Coastland,") on the small river Fiumara, where it falls
is 3 or 4 miles long, and from 1 to 1~ miles wide,             into the Gulf of Quarnero, at the N.E. extremity of the AdriFISHIIPOND, a post-village of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.       atic. Lat. of the  clock tower, 450 19 36" N., Ion. 140 26' 45" E.
FISHIPORT, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois.      It consists of the old town, built on a height, and composed
FISH  RIVER, GREAT.  See GREAT FISE  RIVER.                  of very indifferent houses, and gloomy, dirty, winding, and illFlISHITOFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             paved streets; and of the new town, situated along the shore,
FISHIWICK, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.          and presenting a very marked contrast to the old town, by
FISKEIDALE, a post-office of Worcester co., Massachusetts.  the number of its handsome buildings, and the general spaFISKENAES, a settlement in the S. part of Greenland,  ciousness and regularity of its streets. The objects most deon the coast, and the residence of an inspectorate.            serving of notice are the old capitular or high church, Mariii
FISK/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln             IHimmelfahrt, adorned with a fine front, the church of. St.
FISKERTON, a township of England, co. of Notts.              Veit, formerly belonging to the Jesuits, a handsome structure
FISKEVILLE, fisk/vil, a village in Providence co., Rhode  in the form of a rotunda, with a dome, and 8 marble pillars,
Island, on Pawtuxet River, 12 miles S.W. of Providence. The  resembling the church of Maria della Salute, in Venice; the
industry of the inhabitants is chiefly directed to the mann-  casino, an elegant edifice, the governor's residence, barracks,
facture of cotton print goods, sheeting, thread, &c. Pop. town-house, monasteries, &c. Flumeis the seatof a military
from 1200 to 1500.,governor, a mercantile and commercial court, a maritime
FISKSIBURG, a post-village in Kenton co., Kentucky, 40  consulate, sanitary directory, custom-house, and bridewell;
miles N.N.E. of Frankfort.                                     and possesses a gymnasium, a high school, and a burgher
FISK'S CORNERS, a post-office, Winnebago co.,Wisconsin.  hospital. Its manufactures include linen, leather, woollens,
FIS/LERVILLE, apost-office of Gloucester co., New Jersey.  refined sugar, refined wax, tobacco, and especially rosogtioe;
FISMES, feem, (anc. Fiines Renso/sfm?) a town of France,  but ship-building is the chief business of the place, for
department of Marne, at the confluence of the Ardre and  which the splendid forests of the Julian Alps afford the
Vele, 15 miles W.N.W. of Reims. Pop. in 1852, 2425. It has  greatest facilities. The harbor is very indifferent, and admanufactures of coarse woollens.                               mits only small vessels; but the roadstead has sufficient
FISSATA, fis-s$/t4, a seaport of North Africa, dominions, depth of witer for vessels of any size, at a few hundred yards
and 90 miles W.N.W. ofTripoli.                                 from the shore, and is well sheltered. The principal exports
FISTELLA, a town of Morocco. See TEFZA.                      are corn, tobacco, wood, fruit, and salted provisions; the
FITATS, feestits/, or FITAKI, fe-tl/ke, (Chinese, Tchang-  principal imports are sugar, rice, spices, and salt. Flume is
Too, chng-loo,) a town of Japan, island of Niphon, on a  the only important seaport for the outlet of the produce
river near the E. coast, 90 miles E.N.E. of Yeddo.             of lungary.  Its commercial importance was early perFITCH/BURG, a thriving post-town of Worcester co., Mas-  ceived, and easy communication with the interior has been
sachusetts, 50 miles N.W. of Boston. It is the terminus of  secured by a magnificent road of 73 miles to Carlstadt, where
three important railroads, viz., the Fitchburg, the Worcester  the navigation of the Save and Kulpa becomes available.
and Fitchburg, and the Vermont and Massachusette, and  On an average of 7 years, the exports from Iungary through
contains a very handsome town-house, 100 feet by 65, with  Finme amounted to about $100,000. a year. The town was
a hall capable of seating 1500 persons. 7 or 8 churches, 5 of  occupied by the French from 1809 to 1814. Pop. 11,000. 
them  brick, and 1 (Baptist) costing $25,000, a public high      FIUME, fe-oo/mti, a village of Northern Italy, 26 miles
school, in which pupils are fitted for college, 2 first-class  W.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 2000.
hotels, one of which cost $30.000, and the other $35,000, 3    FIUME DI NISI, fe-oolml dee neesee, a. seaport village of
printing offices issuing newspapers, 2 banks, a savings insti-  Sicily, on the Strait of Messina, at the mouth of the ancient
tution, and an insurance company. Among the different  C/hrysothoas, 17 miles S.S.W. of Mlessina. Pop. 2200. Near
branches of industry, paper making is the most important.  it are mines of alum, antimony, and copper.
There are 6 or 7 paper mills, and several woollen and cotton    FIUME-FREDDO, fe-oo/m/l-frhd/do, (i. e. "cold stream,")
mills. The other principal manufactures are piano-fortes,  a town of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, near the Medisteam engines, machinery, castings. and all kinds of wooden  terranean, 11 miles W.S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2400.
ware. P. in 1840, 2604; in 1850,5120; and in 1854, about 7000.    FIUME-FREDDO, a villa'g  of Sicily, on a little river of
676




FIU                                                       FLA
the same name, which flows from Mount Etna, province of    FLAMISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of IIerts.
Catania, and enters the Mediterranean at Aci. Pop. 2840.    FLANDERS, fianlderz, (L. Floandria; Sp. Flandes, flnlFIUM-ICELLO, fe-oo-me-chtlllo, a village of Northern Italy, dts; It. Fiandra, fe-Anfdrl; Fr; Flandre, f16Nd'r;  Ger.
1 nile W. Brescia, with many country houses of the inha- Flandern, fiAnldern; Dutch Vlaanderen, vln1der-pn,) a
bitants of that city.                                     former country or district of Europe, now included in HolFI UIICINO. fe-oo-me-cheefno, (ant. Porltus Auguslti.) a land, Belgium, and France,  It stretched from the Scheldt,
small seaport village of Central Italy, in the Pontifical -below Fort Lillo, W. along the Hond or West Scheldt, and
States, 15 miles S.W. of Rome, at the N. mouth of the Tiber. W.S.W. along the German Ocean, to the entrance of the
It is a place of holiday resort for the Romans.           Straits of Dover, near Gravelines. The name occurs for the
FIVE CORNERS, a postvillage of Cayuga co., New York, first time in the seventh century. The erection of the terriabout 22 miles S. of Auburn.                              tory into a county took place in the ninth century, and was
FIVE FINGERS POINT, a headland of New Zealand. Mid- made by Philip the Bold, King of France, in favor of his sondle Island, on its W. coast, in lat. 450 33t S., Ion. 1660'18' E. in-law, Baldwin, of the Iron Arm. It afterwards passed to
"THE Five FINGros" is another point onthe same coast, the united houses of Spain and Austria, and ultimately to
about 16 miles S. of Cape Foulwind. Lat. 420 2' S., lon. the latter, but underwent considerable curtailment by the
1710 25' E.                                               conquests of the French in the W., when part of it became
FIVE FORKS, a post-office of Person co., North Carolina. French Flanders, and is now included in the departments
FIVEIHEAD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        of Nord and Ardennes; and the conquests of the Dutch in
FIVE IIU~IJMOCKS POINT, a headland of Lower Califor- the N., who succeeded in including the most northerly pornia, on its WV. coast. Lat. 300 24 N., ion. 1150 40' W.   tion of it in the province of Zealand. The remainder still
FIVE ISLANDS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.    retains its ancient name, and forms the modern provinces
FIVE ISLANDS, a group of small islands in the China  of East and West Flanders, in Belgium.-Adj. FLEMIISR;
Sea, on the S. coast of China, province of Quang-tonrig, in lat. inhab. FLEafsING. (The French of both is FL AAND, fiA'mDNG1.)
210 40' N., lon. 1120 38' E.                                FLANDERS, EAST, (Fr. Flandre Orientale, fi8Nd'r o0re-8NoGFIVE ISLANDS, a group in the Tenasserim or Mergui  tglf,) a province of Belgium, bounded N. by Holland. Area,
Archipelago, 5 miles S.E. of Pine-tree Island, about lat. 100  1154 square miles. The surface forms an extensive plain,
20' N., lon. 980 E.                                       belonging wholly to the basin of the Scheldt, which, with
FIVE ISLANDS, ("Cinque Islands,") in the Bay of Ben- its tributaries, and canals connected with them, furnish
gal, off the S.E. end of Rutland Island, one of the Anda- ample water communication.  Its soil, partly of a sandy
mans, in lat. 110 22' N., Ion. 920 45' E.                 and partly of a clayey texture, is so industriously and skilFIVE ISLANDS, of Japan. See GoTo ISLANDS.               fully cultivated that it has the appearance of a vast garden,
FIVE ISLANDS IHA1RBOR, a bay on the W. coast of the  and presents one of the richest rural landscapes which anyisland of Antigua, British West Indies.                   where exists.  The principal crops are wheat and flax.
FIVE IMEN'S SOUND, in Frobisher's Strait, British North  Manufactures have made great progress, and all the ordiAmerica.                                                  nary, as well as the fine tissues of wool, cotton, and flax
FIVE MILE, a post-office, Pickens district, South Carolina. are largely produced. The province is divided into 6 arronFIVE MILE, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio.             dissements. Capital, Ghent or Gand. Pop. 781,143.
FIVE MILE CREEK, of Steuben co., New York, falls into    FLANDERS, WEST, (Fr. Flasndre Occidentale, fi.d'r olkthe Conhocton River.                                       see'd8NG'tAl,) a province of Belgium, bounded N. and N.W.
FIVE MILE CREEK, of South Carolina, flows south-west- by the German Ocean, W.S.W. and S. by France. Area, 1250
ward through Lancaster district into Catawba River.        geographical square miles. The surface is generally flat, and
FIVE MILE RUN, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New  a range of sand hills or downs, lines the greater part of the
York.                                                      coast. The S.E. portion of the province belongs to the basin
FIVE-MILE-TOWN, or BLESISINGBOURN, a small mar- of the Schelde, but the far larger part of the province sends
ket-town of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, parish, and 6S miles W. its waters directly to the German Ocean by a number of small
by S. of Clogher. Pop. 693.                                streams, chiefly employed in feeding canals. Much of the
FIVE POINTS, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania. soil is naturally sandy and poor, but the untiring industry
FIVE POINTS, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio.       of the inhabitants has converted the far greater part of it
FIVES, feev, a village of France, department of Nord, into fertile plains. Large tracts of moor, however, still exist,
within 1 mile of ille. Pop. in 1852, 3618.                and cannot well be dispensed with, as they form the prinFIVIZZANO, fe-vit-sano, a walled town of Tuscany, capi- cipal source of fuel. The most important crop is flax. The
tal of a detached portion of territory, 34 miles N.W. of Lucca. principal branch of industry is the manufacture of linen,
Pop. 1800.                                                 ordinary, and damask. The province is divided into 8 arronFIXIBY, a township of England, co. of York. West Biding. dissements. Capital, Bruges. Pop. 626,847.
FIZA, feefz~h', or FORED, (Ftired.) fS'r~d/, a market-town    FLANIDERS, (Fr. Flandre, fi5Nd'r,) an old province of
of Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Theiss, 27 miles S.E. of France, of which the capital was Lille.. It is now comprised
Erlau. Pop. 4020.                                          in the department of Nord.
FIZEN or FISEN, fee'zenf, a province of Japan, in the W.   FLAN/DERS, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, on
part of the island of Rioosioo. It also includes 1016 islands  the S. side of Long Island, about 225 miles S.S.E. of Albany.
and islets, of which the Goto group and the island of Firando    FLANDERS, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey, 54
are the most important.                                    miles N.E. of Trenton.
FJELD  or FIELD, fe-lid! or fylId, a Norwegian word,   FLANDRE OCCIDENTAL. See FLANDERS, WEST.
signifying a mountain range.                                FLANDRE ORIENTAL. See FLANDERS, EAST.
FJORD or FIORD, fe-oad! or fyoRd, a Danish and Nor-   FLAN/NEN or FLANINAN ISLES, (written also FANwegian word, signifying "bay or estuary," forming a part NAN,) or the "SEV N HUNTERs," a group of islets of the Heof numerous nutmes in the N. of JEurope.                  brides, Scotland, about 15 miles N.W. of Gallan Head, in
FLAACH, fl_&, a village and parish of Switzerland, can- Lewis. They are not inhabited, but feed numerous sheep,
ton, and 15 miles N.N.E. of Zurich, beautifully situated near  and are a great resort of sea-fowl.
the confluence of the Thur with the Rhine. Pop. 1002.       FLAT, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio.
FLACK!VILLE, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New York.   FLAT BRANCHI, a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois.
FLADIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         FLAT BROOK, a post-office of Columbia co., New York.
FLAD'STRAND, Denmark. See FrDERIKSHAsNv.                  FLAT/BROOKVILLE, a post-village of Sussex co., New
FLAGG, a township in Ogle co., Illinois.                Jersey, on the Delaware River, at the mouth of the Flatkill,
FLAG'GON, a small bayou of Rapides parish, Louisiana, 18 miles W. of Newton.
flows into Catahoula Laire.                                 FLATIBUSH, a post-village and township of King's co.,
FLAGG SPRING, a post-office of Campbell co., Kentucky. New York, 4 miles S.S.E. of Brooklyn. It contains churchds
FLAGGITOWN, a post-village of Somerset co., New Jersey, for the Episcopalians, Dutch Reformed, Methodists, and Ro6 miles S.W. of Somerville.                               man Catholics, and a flourishing institution called Erasmus
FLAGIPOND, a post-office of Washington co., Tennessee.  Hall. The American army was defeated near this village in
FLAGSTAD, fia[g'st/d, or FLAGSTAD-OE, (Flagstad-iJe,)  1776. Pop. of township. 3177.
fi/&gtst&d-Wdph, a small island off the S.E. coast of Norway,   FLAT CREEK, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows through
7 miles N.E. of Arendal.                                  Amelia county into the Appomattox River.
FLAGSTAD, one ofthe Loffoden Islands,S.ofWest-Vaagen.   FLAT CREEK, of Twiggs co., Georgia, flows into the OcFLAGSITAFF, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.       mulgee River.
FLAMIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of York, East   FLAT CREEK, of Monroe co., Alabama, flows into AlaRiding, on the North Sea, 4 miles E.N.E. of Bridlington. An  bama River 5 miles above Claiborne.
old fishing village occupies the centre of the celebrated pro-   FLAT CREEK, a post-office of Montgomery co., New York.
montory Flamborough Head, which consists of a range of    FLAT CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North Ca,
limestone rocks, elevation 450 feet, extending along the  rolina.
shore for several miles, with a light-house 214 feet above the    FLAT CREEK, a post-office of Lowides co., Georgia.
North Sea, in lat. 54071 N., Ion. 0051 E. On it are the remains    FLAT CREEK, a post-office of Bedford co., Tennessee.
ofan ancienttowerand a Danishfosse. Therock is perforated    FLATIHEAD or SAILISH  (sb/lish) INIDIANS, a tribe
by caverns, which are the resort of numerous sea-fowl.    dwelling in Oregon, in the vicinity of Clark's River and the
FLAMTBOROUGI, WEST, a village of Canada West, co. of  adjacent portion of the Columbia. Their name is derived
Halton, 3 miles S. of Dundas, and 8 miles from Hamilton.  firom a custom, formerly prevalent among them, of flatten
677




FLA                                                        FLE
Ing the heads of their children, when very young, by arti-   FLAVIONAVIA. See Avm:s.
ficial means. It is said that this practice has been aban-   FLAVY-LE-MARTEL, fliAveef-leh-maR_'tl,   a village of
doned by them, though it still obtains among several other France, department of Aisne, 9 miles S.S.W. of St. Quentin.
tribes to whom the name of Flatheads is not usually given. Pop. 1553.
These tribes occupy the the territory on both sides of the    FLAXBOUR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Columbia River, for a considerable distance from its mouth.   FLAXILEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
They are commonly of diminutive stature, and badly made;    FLAYOSO, rlleski, a village of France, department of
a wide mouth and thick lips, nose thick, and nostrils large. Var, 4 miles W, of Draguignan. Pop. 1826.
The flattening of the head is accomplished by subjecting    FLACHE, LA, I1 flaish, a town of France, department of
the skull of the infant to constant and severe mechanical Sarthe, on the Loire, 24 miles S.S.W. of Le Mans. It is
pressure during the first six or eight months of its life. It ornamented with fountains, and supplied by an aqueduct
does not appear that this operation has any effect in dimi- upwards of half a mile in length. On an island in the Loire,
nishing the capacity of the cranium, or the whole volume of  which separates the town from its suburbs, are the remains
brain.                                                     of an ancient castle. The other principal edifices are a miliFLATIHOLM, an islet of England, in the Bristol Channel, tary college, formerly a Jesuits' college, the Town-hall,
co. of Somerset, parish, and 8 miles W.N.W. of Uphill. It is Court-house, Hospital, and the Church of St. Thomas, from
about 1' miles in circumference, consists mostly of rich pas- the lofty spire (fl~che) of which the town derived its name.
ture land, and has a light-house with a revolving light, 156  It has some linen, hosiery, and glove manufactures. Pop.
feet above the sea, in lat. 510 22' 35" N., Ion. 30 713/ W., and  in 1852, 7048.
an inn resorted to by pleasure parties.                      FLECKEROE, (Fleckerbe,) fllckter-U'eh, an island off the
FLAT ISLAND, a small island of the Mergui Archipelago, S. coast of Norway, 3 miles S. of Christiansand, with a good
S.E. of Asia.                                              harbor.
FLAT ISLANDS, two islets off the W. coast of Sumatra,   FLECKtNEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
in lat. 20 20t N., Ion. 960 3t E.                            FLEDIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
FLAT!KILL CREEK, in the N. part of New Jersey, rises    FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
in Sussex county, and enters the Delaware on the boundary    FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
between that county and Warren.                              FLEET, a small river of Scotland, issuing from  a lake of
FLAT!LAND, a post-office of Humphreys co., Tennessee.  the same name, and flowing S.S.E. into Wigton Bay. It is
FLATLANDS, a post-village and township of King's co., also the name of a small river of England, an affluent of the
New York, about 7 miles S.S.E. of Brooklyn. Pop. 1155.    Trent, co. of Notts; and of ancient Fleta, which bounded
FLAT LICK, a post-office of Claiborne parish, Louisiana.  the Roman city of London on the W., and is now a covered
FLAT LICK, a post-office of Knox co., Kentucky.         sewer called Fleet-ditch.
FLATOW, fi/tov, (Pol. Zlotowo, zlo-toGvo or Ulotowo, tchlo-   FLEET, LOCH, loe  fleet, Scotland, is an arm of the sea
tolvo,) a town of Western Prussia, 83 miles W.S.W. of Mari- on the S.E. coast of the co. of Sutherland. Across its E. end
enwerder. Pop. 2320. It has manufactures of cloth and lace. a road is carried by an embanked earthen mound.
FLAT POINT, is the S. extremity of the island of Suma-   FLEET!VILLE, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvatra, and a headland on the S. coast of Borneo.            nia, about 150 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
FLAT POND, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia.              FLEETfWOOD, a new seaport and watering-place of EngFLAT RIVER, a small affluent of Neuse River, rises in  land, co. of Lancaster, parish of Poulton-le-Fylde, on the
Person co., North Carolina, and joins the Neuse near the N. Wyre, at the entrance of Morecombe Bay, 18 miles N.W. of
extremity of Wake county.                                  Preston with which it communicates by railway. Pop. in
FLAT RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream which enters  1851, 3373. The town, rapidly increasing, has a church and
Grand River in Kent county.                                hotel, market-house, custom-house, light-house, and docks.
FLAT RIVER, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan, 148  Several steamers ply between it and Ireland and Scotlandmiles W. by N. of Detroit.                                 its position, and the easy access of its harbor, giving a deFLAT ROCK, a post-office of Henderson co., North Ca- cided advantage over most other ports as a point of commui
rolina.                                                    nication between London, Belfast, and Glasgow.
FLAT ROCK, a post-office of Kershaw district, South Ca-   FLEETIWOOD  ACADIEMY, a post-office of King and
roiina.                                                   Queen co., Virginia.
FLAT ROCK, a post-village of Henry co., Georgia, about   FLEHINGEN, flAhing-gn, a village of Baden, circle of
80 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It is almost on the line be- Middle Rhine, 5 miles from Bretten. Pop. 1138.
tween Henry and De Kalb counties.                           FLEKKEFIORD or FLEKKEFJORD, filk!keh-fe-ond, a
FLAT ROCK, a post-office of Bourbon co., Kentucky.      maritime town of Norway, stift, and 55 miles W. of ChristianFLAT ROCKf a township in the W. part of Henry co., sand, amt of Mandal, on an inlet of the North Sea. Pop. 873.
Ohio. Pop. 406.                                              FLEMIING, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has
FLAT ROCK, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.            an area estimated at 600 square miles. It is bounded on the
FLAT ROCK, a post-village of Wayne co., Michigan, on  S.W. by Licking River, and drained by Fleming, Fox, and
Huron River, 25 miles S.W. of Detroit. It has good water- Triplett Creeks. The eastern part is hilly or mountainous,
power, and'several mills.                                  and the western undulating. The soil is mostly of limeFLAT ROCK, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. stone formation, and is productive. A deposit of iron fulPop. 725.                                                  gurites occurs near Licking River; the oxide of iron is
FLAT ROCK, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, near a  formed into regular tubes, from the size of a pistol-barrel to
stream of the same name, about 12 miles S. by W. of Shelby- several inches in diameter. The county is intersected by
ville.                                                    the Maysville and Lexington Railroad. Organized in 1798,
FLAT ROCK, a post-office ofCrawford Co., Illinois.       and named in honor of Colonel John Fleming, an early
FLAT ROCK, a village of Cape Girardeau co., MIissouri,  settler of Kentucky. Capital, Flemingsburg.  Pop. 13,916,
about 180 miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City.                  of whom 11,777 were free, and 2139 slaves.
FLAT ROCK CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into the    FLEMING, a post-village and township of Cayuga co.,
Wateree from the left, about 8 miles N.W. of Camden.       New York, on Owasco Lake, 4 miles S. by W. of Auburn.
FLAT ROCK CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Ilenry co., The village is situated near the Auburn and Ithaca Railflows south-westward, and enters the Driftwood Fork of road, and has 1 or 2 churches. Pop. 1193.
White River at Columbus, after a course of about 100    FLEMING, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania.
miles. It flows through a rich farming region, and fur-   FLEMING, a post-office of Livingston co., Michigan.
nishes a large amount of water-power. The Indian name    FLEMIING'S, a post-office of Weakley co., Tennessee, 121
is Puck-op-kah.                                            miles W. of Nashville.
FLAT SHOAL-CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Chattahoo-   FLEMING'S, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, 5 miles
clea River in H:arris co., a few miles below West Point.   S.W. of Shelbyville.
FLAT SIHOALS, also called FLAT SI-LOAL FACTORY, a    FLEMIINGSBURG, a post-village, capital of Fleming co.,
post-village of Meriwether co., Georgia, on the Flint River, Kentucky, 75 miles E. by N. of Frankfort. and 17 miles S.
96 miles W. of Milledgeville. The river at this place affords of MIaysville. It contains a large court-house, 5 churches, a
abundant water-power.                                      branch bank, 1 academy, 1 newspaper office, and 10 stores.
FLATTERY, CAPE, Oregon. See CAPE FLATTERY.               Pop. about 800.
FLAVACOUR, fliciva'koo l, a town of France, depart-   FLEMIINGSTONE, a perish of South Wales, co. of Glament of Oise, 3 miles N.W. of Chaumont.                    morgan.
FLATTERY CAPE, a cape of Eastern Australia, in let.   FLEMIINGSVILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., New York,
140 52' S., lon. 1450 2' 21" E.                            5 or 6 miles N.E. of Owego.
FLAT TOP, a post-office of Mercer co., Virginia.           FLEMVINGTON,    a post-village, capital of Hunterdon co.,
FLATWOODS, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.  New Jersey, is situated in Raritan township, 21 miles in a
FLATWOODS, a post-office of Braxton co., Virginia.       straight line N.N.W. ofTrenton. It has 4 churches, 9 tores,
FLATWOODS, a post-office of Izard co., Arkansas.        3 hotels, I bank, a fine court-house and jail, 2 newspaper
FLAIVEL-FLY/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Wor- offices, and many handsome buildings. Some beds of copcester.                                                   per ore near the village have given rise to a mania for speceFLAVIGNY, fiveen~yeel, a town of France, department lating in copper-mine stocks. Three or four companies exof C0te d'Or, 27 miles N.W. of Dijon, with 1234 inhabitnts, pendedl a considerable amount of money ih exploring the
and the remains of an abbey.                              mines; but, the ore not being found in sufficient quantity,
678




FLE                                                           FLI
the whole scheme has failed. A branch railroad is proposed  about lat. 320 S., ion. 1380' E., through the peninsula, surto connect this place with  the Belvidere Railroad near  rounded by Lake Torrens. Mount Serle, its chief summit,
Lambertville.  Pop. about 1000.                               is in lat. 300 30' S., ion. 1380 40' E.
FLEMINGTON, apost-village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.    FLINES-LES-MORTAGNE, fleen-li-moa't'i/, a village of
FLEMINGTON, a post-village in Wake co., North Caro-  France, department of Nord, on the Scheldt, 7 miles S.S.E.
lina, 15 miles N.W. of Raleigh.                               of Tournay.  Pop. 1832.
FLEMINGTON. a post-office of Marion co., Florida.             FLINES-LEZ-RACI, fleen-lA-rsh, a village of France, deFLEMP/TON, a parish of Enland, co. of Suffolk.            partment of Nord, 3 miles N.E. of Douai, with 3660 inhaFLENS/BERG, a village of Effingham co., Illinois, on the  bitants, and an ancient Cistercian abbey.
Little Wabash River, 97 miles S.E. of Springfield, has seve-    FLINN, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana. Pop. 1165.
ral mills. Laid out in 1851.                                    FLINN'S LICK, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.
FLENSBORG, fl6nslboRG, or FLENSBURG, fiOnsfbWRGs,    FLINSBERG, flinsbfa(, a village of Prussian Silesia, 40
(L. Flenoplolis,) a market-town of Denmark, in Sleswick, miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1700. It has
at the W. end of Flensborg Fiord, an  inlet about 20  mineral springs and baths.
miles long, by from  2 to 10 miles broad, with from  5 to' FLINT or FLINTISIIIRE, a maritime co. of North Wales,
12 fathoms water, 20 miles N.N.W. of Sleswick.  Lat.  having N. the Irish Sea, E., the Dee, and S. and W., Den540 46' 54" N., Ion. 90 26' 12" E.  It is well built, and  bighshire. Area, 289 square miles, it being the least of the
has several handsome streets, and three market squares,  Welsh counties. Pop. in 1851, 68,156. Surface level in the
a high school, and several others, 4 churches, a hospital, a  N.; elsewhere finely diversified, and a mountain range runs
penitentiary, and several charitable and useful institutions. parallel with the Dee, throughout the county. Chief rivers,
The industry of the place comprises sugar-refining, tobacco- the Dee and Clwyd.  The soil is extremely fertile in the
spinning, soap-making, iron-founding, brewing, distilling, plains and vales. Principal agricultural products, wheat,
&c.; and there are here ship-yards in which West India  and cattle of a small but excellent breed, with cheese and
merchantmen are built. In 1847 the port had 140 vessels, butter. Its lead-mines are now the most extensive in the
of 14,666 total tonnage, some of which traded to the West  empire; those of copper are also valuable, and coal, near the
Indies. In 1848, 705 vessels arrived in the port. Flensborg  Dee, is plentifully obtained for smelting works and for exis an ancient town and the most populous and important  port. Chief towns, Flint, Mold, St. Asaph, Holywell, Rhyddin the duchy of Sleswick.  As early as the twelfth century  lan, and IIawarden.  The great line of railway to connect
it was a wealthy place; but it afterwards suffered greatly  London with Ilolyhead, traverses the county. The county
from wars and conflagrations. In the war with Britain in  sends 1 member to the IHlouse of Commons, and 1 is re1807, its commerce was greatly impaired. In 1848, the Ger-  turned for Flint and its contributory boroughs.
mans took possession of Flensborg, and its environs became    FLINT, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport,
the scene of hostile operations. Pop. 16,500.                 watering-place, and perish of North Wales, capital of the
FLERS, flaia, a town of France, department of Orne, 11  county of Flint, on the estuary of the Dee,.121 miles W.N.W.
miles N.N.E. of Domfiont. It has manufactures of linen  of Chester. Pop. of parish. in 1851, 2845; of parliamentary
and cotton goods. Pop. in 1852, 8461.                         borough, 3296. It is surrounded by ancient intrenchments,
FLESSELLES, flests6ll'; a village of France, department  has the ruins of a castle of great strength, a fine county
of Somme, 7 miles N. of Amniens. Pop. 1693.                   jail and guildhall, considerablo exports of coal and lead
FLETCHIER, a post-township of Franklin co., Vermont,  from the large mines in the vicinity, and imports of timber,
20 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1084.                       &c. Its wharves are approached by vessels of 300 tons at all
FLETCHER, a post-village of Miami co., Ohio, 80 miles N. states of the tide. Flint is the principal polling-place for
of Cincinnati, has about 300 inhabitants.                     the county. It unites with St. Asaph and Rhyddlan, &c.
FLETCHIING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 31 miles  in sending 1 member to the House of Commons.
N.W. of Uckfield. Here it the Gothic mansion of the Earl    FLINT, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, Arkansas.
of Sheffield. In the church is a monument to Gibbon.            FLINT, a thriving post-village and township, capital of
FLET'TON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.           Genesee co., Michigan. on the river of its own name, 58 miles
FLEURANCE, fluhrl'rsss, a town of France, department  N.W. of Detroit. It is connected by a plank-road with Saof Gers, 14 miles N.E. of Auch.  Pop. in 1852, 41309.         ginaw River.  The river affords valuable water-power in 
FLEURBAIX, fluabAI, a village of France, department of  this vicinity. Flint is surrounded by a fertile country, and
Pas-de-Calais. Pop. 2963.                                     has an active business. The Michigan Asylum for the Deaf
FLEURIER, fluh're-/, a village of Switzerland, canton,  and Dumb and Blind has lately been established here. It
and 18 miles S.W. of Neufckhtel, in the Val Travers.          contains, besides the county buildings, a United States
FLEURS CASTLE, floorz  cassel, (rhyming with moorz,)  land-office, and 2 newspaper offices.  Pop about 2000; of
the seat of the Duke of Roxburgh, in Scotland, co. of Rox- the township, 3364.
burgh, on the Tweed, 1 mile above Kelso. It is a superb    FLINT, a post-office of Steuben co.. Indiana.
mansion, built by Vanburgh in 1718.                             FLINT CREEK, of Ontario co., New York, flows northFLEURUS, fiuh'rticel, a village of Belgium, province of  ward into the Canandaigua outlet.
Iainaut, in a wide plain, 7 miles N.E. of Charleroi.  Pop.    FLINT CREEK, of Indiana, a small stream  flowing into
2370. Sanguinary battles took place in its vicinity in 1622, the Wabash, near the northern extremity of Fountain co.
1670, 1794, and 1815.                                         An immense bed of small fragments of flint is found at the
FLEURY, fluh'reel, a village of France, department of  mouth of this creek.
Aude, 7 miles N.E. of Narbonne. Pop. 1305.                      FLINT CREEK, a little stream of Des Moines co., IlliFLEURY, a village of France, department of Yonne, 6  nois, falls into the Mississippi River.
miles N.W. of Auxerre.  Pop. 1420.                              FLINT CREEK, a post-village of Ontario co., New York,
FLEURY-SUR-ANDELLE, fiuh'ree/-siia-65NdaIllY, a village  184 miles W. of Albany.
of France, department of Eure, 9 miles N.N.W. of Andelys.    FLINT CREEK, a post-office of Harrison co., Mississippi.
Near it are the remains of Mortimer Abbey, begun in 1154    FLINT CREEK, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 35
by Hlnry II. of England.                                      miles N.W. of Chicago.
FLEURY-SUR-LOIRE, fiunhree/-siiR-lw&a, a village  of    FLINT GAP, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee.
France, on the Loire, 20 miles E.S.E. of Orleans.               FLINTITAM, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
FLEVUS LACUS. See ZUYDE.a ZEE.                                FLINT IHILL, a post-office of Rappahannock co., Virginia.
FLEWELILIN'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of De Soto    FLINT HILL, a post-village of St. Charles co., Missouri,
co., Mississippi.                                             48 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis.
FLICKSIV1LLE, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn-    FLINT ISLAND, a post-office of Mead co., Kentucky.
sylvania, 117 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.                         FLINT POINT, a post-office of Montgomery co., Missouri.
FLIEDEN, flee/den, a village of Hesse Cassel, 9 miles S.W.   FLINT RIDGE, a post-office of Lancaster district, South
of Fulda, on the Flieden. Pop. 1752.                          Carolina.
FLIJ, a town of Spain. See FLX.                              FLINT RIVER, of Georgia, (Thrsonatees/ca of the Indians,)
FLIMIBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.            rises near Fayetteville, in the western part of the state, and
FLIMS, films, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton  flowing in a general southward direction, passes by Lanier,
of Grisons, 11 miles W. of Chur, about 2700 feet above sea  Oglethorpe, and.Albany, and unites with the Chattahoochee
level. Pop. 997.                                              at the south-western extremity of Georgia, forming the
FLINIDERS, a group of four islands off the N.E. coast of Appalachicola. Steamboats ascend to Albany, which is about
Australia, near Cape Flinders, at the mouth of Bathurst 250 miles from  the Gulf of Mexico.  The whole length of
Bay. Let. 14P 11' 5" S., lon. 1440 12' 5" E.                  the Flint is estimated at 300 miles.
FLINDERS. a bay of Western Australia, co. of Sussex,    FLINT RIVER, a small river of Morgan co., Alabama,
between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Beaufort. Lat. 340 20' S. flows into the Tennessee, near Decatur.
There is no landing for a boat on its E. and N. shores.         FLINT RIVER, of Michigan, a branch of the Saginaw,
FLINDERS, a river of Northern Australia, flowing into  rises in Lapeer co., flows W. and N.W., and unites with the
the Gulf of Carpentaria.'                                    Shiawassee near the middle of Saginaw co. Length estimated
FLINtDERS' LAND is a name formerly given to the  at 100 miles. Small boats can ascend it 20 miles or more.
coast of Southern Australia, between lon. 1270 and 1400 ]1.,    FLINT RIVER, a post-office of Madison co., Alabama.
discovered by Flinders in 1802.                                 FLINT ROCK, a post-office of Catawba co., North Carolina.
FLINDERS' RANGE, in Southern Australia, is a hioun-    FLINTS, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia.
tain system, extending, with its ramifications, N.N.E. from     FLINTSHIRE, a county of Wales.  See FLINT.
679




FLI                                                         FLO
FLINT'S MILLS, a postoffice of Washington co., Ohio.    Angelo. Its walls are of brick, incrusted with black and
FLINT SPRING, a post-office of Bradley co., Tennessee.   white marble, and its floors are paved with the same mateFLINTIVILLE, a post-village of Marion district, South  rial, of various colors; it is also adorned, both within and
Carolina, about 130 miles E. by N. of Columbia.            without, with marble statues, the works of the most cmiFLIP1PO'S, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.      nent sculptors; and its paintings are, in general, masterFLISK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 5 miles N.N.W. pieces of the art. The Duomo was begun at the end of the
of Cupar. On the Tay, in this parish, stands the ruin of thirteenth century by Arnolfo di Lapo, was continued by
Bambreich Castle, the ancient seat of the Rothes family.    other successive architects, and completed in the fifteenth
FLISK, a small river of Ireland, which flows into the  century by Brunelleschi, who erected its vast dome. OppoLake of Killarney.                                          site the gates of the cathedral is the small octagonal church
FLITCHIAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          of St. John, (San Giovanni,) now used as a general bapFLITSCI: flitch, or PLESS, pluss, a market-town of  tistry for the city, the three bronze gates of which are
Illyria, 50 miles N.N.W. of Triest, on the Isonzo. Pop. 2100. celebrated as the most beautiful castings extant.  One
Near it is the Flitscher-Klause, (fiitchtfr-kl6wlzeh,) a pass of them, the work of Ghiberti, was said by Michael Angelo
cut across the Julian Alps in 1809.                         to be worthy of being the gate of paradise. None of the
FLIT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.            other churches, the number of which is said to be 170,
FLITIWICK, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.           exhibit any remarkable architectural excellence, though, in
FLIX or FLIJ, fleess, a town of Spain, 40 miles W. of Tara- many instances, their internal decorations are sufficiently
gona, on a peninsula of the Ebro. Pop. 1937. It has mann- imposing. The church  of Santa Croce contains, among
factures of linens.'                                        other interesting tombs, those of Michael Angelo, BuonaFLIXIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        rotti, Galileo, Machiavelli, and Alfieri. The two marketFLIXECOURT, fleex'koorl, a villae of France, depart- places, the Mercato Vecchio, and the Mercato Nuovo, are
ment of Somme, 12 miles N.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1729.          deserving of notice; the gallery (loggia) of the latter was
FLIX/TON, a parish of England, co. ofLancaster.           built by Cosmo I., from designs by Tasso. These markets
FLIXTON, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk.         are amply supplied with merchandise and provisions of all
FLOBECQ, flolblk, a village of Belgium, province of Hai- sorts, and with a profusion of the most gorgeous flowers, on
naut, 22 miles N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 5258. It has exten- which, it has been said, more money is spent in Florence
sive manufactures of linens.                               than in any other part of the world. Immediately behind,
FLOCKITON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West and extending S.W. from the Palazzo Pitti, are the Boboli
Riding.                                                     gardens, about 1~ miles in circumference. Magnificent lauFLODIDA or FLADIDA, an islet of the Hebrides, off the  rels, cypresses, yuccas, &c., form their chief natural attracN.W. point of Rasay.                                       tions; their artificial ornaments consist of terraces, statues,
FLODIDEN, a hill of England, co. of Northumberland,  and vases, including four unfinished figures by Michael
8 miles N.N.W. of Wooler. Around its base was fought, Angelo, said to have been intended for the tomb of Pope
September 9th, 1513, between the English and Scotch, the  Julius II. The proudest boast of F'lorence, however, is its
celebrated battle of Fleddecn Field, described with such spirit grand gallery, (Galleria Imperialq e Reale.) It occupies the
and power in the last canto of Scott's lartmion. A pillar  upper story of a fine building, called the Uffizi, erected by
has been erected on the spot, to commemorate this action.   command of Cosmo I., after a design by Vasari. In this galFLOGNY, fion'yeef, a village of France, department of  lery are contained specimens of painting and statuary by
Yonne, on the canal of Burgundy, 18 miles N.W. of Auxerre. the greatest masters in these arts. In statuary, among nuFLOII, fli, a village of Ilesse-Cassel, province, and E.N.E. merous antiques may be specified the celebrated Venus de
of Fulda, on the Nesselwasser. Pop. 1140.                   Medici, and the group of Niobe and her children; and in
FLONHEIM, flonlhime, a market-town of Germany, in  painting, there are works by Michael Angelo, Raphael, TiHesse-Darmstadt, 17 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 1602.       tian, Guercino, Correggio, Guido, and numerous others of
FLOORE, floer, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. the first names in various schools.
FLOIRA, a post-office of Smith co., Texas.                  The Laurentian Library, a long and lofty gallery, with
FLORA, a township of Sauk co., Wisconsin. Pop. 239.    beautiful windows of stained glass, contains upwards of
FLORAC, flo'ritk, a town of France, department of Lo- 9000 ancient MSS., equalled in importance by no collection,
zlre, 15 miles S.E. of Mende, on the Tarnon. Pop. 1904.    except the Vatican. The Magliabecchian Library is the great
FLORAL COL'LEGE, a small village of Robeson co., repository ofprinted books. The library, called the Biblioteca
North Carolina, 95 miles S.W. of Raleigh, has a female semi- Marucelliana, comprises a large and excellent collection of
nary of high standing.                                      books, bequeathed to the public by Abate Francesco MaruFLORIDON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            celli, who died in 1703. The Biblioteca Riccardiana is a
FLOR/ENCE, (It. Firenze, fe-rnlfza, or Fiorenza, fe-o-rutnl- fourth public library, founded in the end of the sixteenth
zd; Fr. Florence, flo'rINssl; Ger. Fioresz, flo-r~ntsl; anc. PFlo- century by Riccardo Romolo Riccardi, and has recently
senltia Tuscorum,) acelebrated city in Italy, capital of the  been purchased by the government, It contains 23,000 voeGrand Duchy of Tuscany, at the terminus of two railways,  iumes, and 35,000 MSS.; these last more especially belong
one connecting it with Prato and Pistoria, the other with  to the literature of the Middle Ages. The private libraries
Leghorn, Pisa, and Sienna, 143 miles N.W. of Rome, and 50  are numerous and extensive; that of the grand duke conmiles E.N.E. of Leghorn; lat. (cathedral) 430 46' 36" N., lon. tains upwards of 60,000 volumes, and 1500 MSS. The cha110 15' 301t E. It is intersected by the Arno, which divides it ritable institutions of this superb city of palaces are many
into two unequal parts, the larger being on the N. side of the  and important; some of them are of very ancient date; one,
river. The latter varies here in width from about 100 to 150  called the Buonuomini (good men) di San Martino, has
yards, and is crossed by four bridges, one of these, the Ponte  been in existence for 400 years. It consists of a society of 20
della Santa Trinita, is of marble, and remarkable for its light- gentlemen, who collect and distribute alms among the poor
ness and elegance; it is formed of three elliptic arches, and is who are ashamed to beg, unfortunate persons starving unadorned with statues.  There are besides two suspension  der a genteel appearance. Another, which has existed for
bridges..All these bridges are within a few hundred yards  500 years, called the Misericordia, is diffused over Tuscany.
of each other. On either side of the Arno is a spacious quay, At Florence it consists of 400 persons chosen promiscuously
called the Lunge l'Arno, (" along the Arno,") a favorite  from every rank, who volunteer their services to the sick,
lounge or promenade of the Florentines. The city is sur- the hurt, and the dead. Among those of recent creation is
rounded by an old wall, 45 miles in circuit, in which there  the Societd di San Giovan Batista, instituted chiefly for the
are seven gates. There are also two fortresses on the line of purpose of endowing poormaidens. Its distributions in Flothe walls, but they are now wholly useless for military pur- rence alone amount to between 30001. and 40001. annually.
poses.; The streets are generally narrow, but are clean, and  Schools, and other literary and educational establishments,
well paved with flagstones. The private dwellings are mostly  are also numerous. The most eminent of these is the Accadehandsome, and the palaces, of which there are a great many, mia Della Crusca, a society of Italian philologists, who comare noble and impressive structures. Many of these are  piled the great dictionary of the Italian language, and which
magnificently fitted up, and contain extensive libraries, and  continues, under another name, to discuss and decide upon
valuable collections of paintings, one of the choicest in Italy  questions concerning that language, its grammatical rules,
being in the Pitti Palace, formerly the residence of Luca  and the choice, application, and etymology of its words, on all
Pitti, the formidable opponent of the Medici family, now  of which subjects it is considered by the Italians as the highoccupied by the grand duke.. The bity contains numerous est existing authority. It has also published very correct
piazzas or squares, the most important.of which, and the  editions of several Italian classics.  The society took its
centre of public life, is the Piazza del Granduca, adorned  name, Crusca, which means " bran," with a mill for its dewith a marble fountain, and a bronze statue of Cosmo I., by  vice, to intimate that its purpose was to sift the good from
John of Bologna., Several of the other squares are of a con- the bad, the chaff from the corn.
siderable size, and many of them are named from the church    The manufactures of Florence have greatly fallen off, but
they contain.                                               still silk worms are reared to a considerable extent; and
The most remarkable building in Florence, and perhaps  woollens, silk, straw-hats, porcelain, mosaics, and pietra
the most remarkable of the kind in Europe, is the Duomo  dura, are manufactured, and likewise numerous objects in
or Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, situated in a spacious the fine arts; but the chiuf dependence of the city is on the
square, nearly in the centre of the city. It is a stupendous  visits and temporary residence of foreigners. The climate
edifice, with a dome, the largest in the world, and said to  is in general fine, though somewhat foggy in autumn; prohave excited both the admiration and emulation of Michael visions are cheap and abundant; and, besides the beauty of
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the city itself, a delightful vicinity, studded with villas, coun- 3500 square miles. On the N. and N.E. it is covered by the
try houses, and gardens, combine to render Florence altoge- North Apennines, and on the E. by the Central Apennines
ther one of the most desirable places of residence in Italy.   and the Tuscan Sub-Apennines.  Enclosed by these mounFlorence holds a conspicuous place in the history of mo- tains lies the beautiful valley of the Arno. On the N.W.
dern Italy. It owes its origin to a colony of Roman sol- are situated the lakes of Fuceechio and Bientina. The soil is
diers, sent thither by Octavianus after the victory of Peru-  very fertile. The minerals include copper, lead, and mergia, to whom he allotted part of the territory of the colony  cury; and quarries of marble, alabaster, and fine building
of Fiesole, established about 40 years before b' Sylla. Little  stone. Pop. 671,857.
inmore is known of it under the empire, and hardly a'ny re-   FLOREN SAC, flo'rSNcGs~k1, a village of France, department
mains exists of that period, except some relics of an amphi-  of H6rault, 26 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 3465.
theatre, and a few inscriptions. Christianity was established    FLORENTIA or FLORENTIA TUSCORUM. See FLORENCE.
here in the third century, and early in the fourth a bishop    FLORENTIA. See FIORENZUOL0.
of Florence attended a council at Rome. In the'beginning    FLORES, fiofr5s, FLORIS, flo/rds, END]T, 6nldA, or MANDof the twelfth century, the city had risen into importance  FIREI, mind-feetri, an island of the Malay Archipelago,
through the industry and enterprise of its inhabitants, who  and the largest of the chain that extends from Java to Tihad now commercial establishments in the Levant, France, mor, mostly between lat. 80 and 90 S., and ion. 1200 and
and other parts of Europe; and had become money-changers,  1230 E. Length, from W. to E., about 200 miles; average
money-lenders, jewellers, and goldsmiths. In the latter breadth, 35 miles. Surface hilly, and on its S. side are
end of the fourteenth century, the wealthy fitamily of  several lofty volcanic peaks. Cotton of good stapleis raised,
the Albizzi became chief rulers in Florence. These again  but the only exports are sandal wood, bees-wax, horses, and
were overthrown in 1434 by Cosinme de Medici, a popular citi-  a few slaves. The native inhabitants are Timuri, a dark
zen and princely merchtant, who assumed the first place in  curly-haired race, who occupy all the islands hence E. to
the State. On the fall of the republic in the sixteenth cen- Timor-laut, in Ion. 1310 E.; on the coast are several colonies
tury, a member of a lateral branch of the Medici, the line  of Malays and Boogis, which latter possess the valuable port
of Cosmo having become extinct, was placed by Charles V. of End6, on the S. coast. At its E. extremity is Larantuca,
as Duke of Florence. The ducal dynasty of Medici continued  a Portuguese station. The principal trade of Felores centres
to rule till the year 1737, when, becoming extinct, they  in Singapore. The Strait of Flores, on the E., separates this
were succeeded by Francis of Lorraine, afterwards Emperor  island from those of Solor and Adenara.
of Germany. From  this period the history of Florence    FLORES, flolrs, the most W. of the Azores. Lat. 390 25' N.,
merges into that of Tuscany. Among the great number of Ion. 310 12' W. Pop. 9000. Surface mountainous, but fertile;
illustrious men born in Florence, may be mentioned Dante, shores steep. The products comprise wheat, rye, yams, fine
Petrarch, Boccaccio, Guicciardini, Lorenzo d'Medici, Galileo, fruits, cedar wood, archil, and some manufactured woollen
Michael Angel; Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, An-  stuffs. Principal towns, Santa Cruz and Lagens.
drea del Sarto, and Amerigo Vespucci. Pop. in 1852,102,1.54.   FLORES, flo!frs, an island of the Plata estuary, 22 miles
-— Adj. and inhab. FLonENTINE, fiorlen-tlne, (It. FIORENTINO, E. of Monte-Video. Lat. 340 56' S., Ion. 550 55' W.
fe-o-r~n-teetno.)                                            FLORES, fiolr-s, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, on
FLOBR/ENCE, apost-office of I-Iampshire co., Massachusetts. the W. coast of British North America, not far from the
FLORENCE, a post-village and township of Oneida co., middle of Vancouver's Island; lat. 490 201 N., lon. 1250 45 IV.
New York, 33 miles N.W. of Utica. Pop. of township, 2575. It is 15 miles long, from N.W. to S.E., and is from  2 to 6
FLORENCE, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, on  miles broad.
the Delaware, 20 miles above Philadelphia.                    FLORES, flohr's, a town of Brazil, province, and 280 miles
FLORENCE, a thriving post-village of Washington co., N.E. of Goyaz, near the Parana. Pop. 2400.
Pennsylvania, on the railroad now in progress from Pitts-    FLORES IHEAD, or IRON CAPE, the most N.E. point of
burg to Steubenville, 25 miles W. of the former. Pop. 318.  Flores Island; lat. 80 1' S., Ion. 1220 50' E.
FLORENCE, a post-village of Guilford co., North Care-   FLORES SEA, that part of the South Pacific Ocean lying
lina, about 97 miles WV. by N. of Raleigh.                  N. of the islands of Flores, and S. of the island of Celebes,
FLORENCE, post-office, Darlington district, South Carolina. extending from N. to S. upwards of 30 of latitude. It is inFLORENCE, a post-village of Stewart co., Georgia, on the  terspersed with numerous islets and coral reefs.
Chattahoochee, 177 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. Pop. 200.    FLORIAN, flo're-&nl, or FLORIANA, flc-re-V/nd, a suburb of
FLORENCE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Lauder- La Valetta, in Malta, (which see.) Here are the residences
dale co., Alabama, is situated at the head of navigation on  of many English families, with the principal Protestant
the Tennessee River, and at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, burial grounds in Malta, barracks for 1000 men, a botanic
nearly opposite Tuscumbla, and 250 miles N.W. of Mont- garden, and a house of industry for 200 female children.
gomery. It is the principal shipping point for the produce    FLORIID, a post-office of Putnam co., Illinois.
of the county and the adjacent parts of Tennessee, and does    FLORIDA, forle-dd, (Sp. pron. flo-ree/D,) the most southa large business in proportion to the population.'The river, ern of the United States, and the twenty-seventh in the order
which is here about half a mile wide, is crossed by a fine  of admission into the American Confederacy, is bounded N.
bridge, which cost $150,000. The route of the railroad which  by Alabama and Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, and S. and W.
has been. commenced between Memphis and Charleston  by the Gulf of Mexico and Alabama. This state, which forms
passes near this village. A railroad is proposed which will a- peninsula in the southern part, lies between 250 and 31~
connect Florence with Natshville and New Orleans. Florence  N. lat., and between 80~ and 870 44' W. Ion. -It is about 385
contains 3 large brick churches, a female seminary, and a  miles long from N. to S., in the peninsula about 50, and in
newspaper office. There are 2 large cotton factories on Cy- the northern expanse 250 miles wide, including an area of
press Creek, 3 miles from the village, having a capital of  about 59,268 square miles, or 37,931,520 acres, of which only
$45,000 each. Shoal Creek also gives motion to a cotton fac- 349,423 were improved in 1850.
tory (9 miles distant) which cost $60,000. The river is navi-    Face of the Country. —" Florida is generally level, progable by steamboats from its mouth to Florence, a distance  bably never elevated more than 250 or 300 feet above the
of 300 miles. Pop. in 1S53, about 1500.                    sea, and the southern part of the peninsula (we quote De
PLORENCE, a thriving post-village of Boone co., Ken- Bow's'Resources of the South and West') is covered wvith a
tucky, on the turnpike from Covington to' Lexington, 10  lasge sheet of water, called the Everglades, of an immense
miles S.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. about 400.                  extent, (filled with islands,) which it is supposed may be
FLORENCE, a post-village and township in the S.E. ex- rendered available by drainage. The central portion of
tremity of Erie co., Ohio, about 110 miles N.N.E. of Colum- the peninsula is somewhat elevated, the highest point bebus. Pop. 1491.                                            ing about 171 feet above the ocean, and gradually declining
FLORENCE, a township of Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 669. towards the coast on each side. The country between the
FLORENCE, a post-township in the S.W. part of St. Jo- Suwanee and Chattahoochee is elevated and hilly, and the
seph co., Michigan, about 10 miles S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 731. western portion of the state is level."  "The lands of PFloeFLORENCE, a post-office of Switzerland co.. Indiana.     rida," says the same writer, "are almost sui generis, very
FLORENCE, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, on the  curiously distributed, and may be designated as high humright bank of the Illinois River, 11 miles E. of Pittsfield. mock, low hummock, swamp, savanna, and the different
It has a landing place for steamboats.                     qualities of pine land.  High hummock is usually timFLORENCE, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. P. 445, bered with live and other oaks, magnolia, laurel, &c., and
FLORUENCE, a post-village of Morgan co., Missouri, 54  is considered the best description of land for general purmiles W. of Jefferson City.                                poses. Low hummock, timbered with live and water oak,
FLORENCE, a village of Louisa co., Iowa, on Iowa River, is subject to overflow, but when drained is preferred for su50 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City. This place was formerly the gar. Savannas, on the margins of streams, and in detached
residence of Black Hawk, a famous Indian chief.            bodies, are usually very rich alluvions, and yielding largely
FLORENCE. a post-office of Mills co., Iowa.             in dry, but needing ditching and dyking in ordinary seaFLORENCE, a post-office of Richland co., Wisconsin.      sons. Marsh savannas, on the borders of tide streams, are
FLORIENCE, PROVINCE OF, or COMPARTIMENTO FI- very valuable, when reclaimed, for rice or sugar-cane."
ORENTINO, kom-paa-te-m~nuto fe-o-rdn-tee/no, a province  S.W. of Florida is a chain of rocky keys or islets, dangerof Tuscany, consisting of four detached portions, enclosed  ous to navigators, but favorable to the manufacture of
by the Sardinian States and the duchies of Parma, Lucca, salt, and for fisheries. On the N.E. coast are Amelia and
and Modena, and of Florence Proper, bounded N. and E. by  other islands, which it is thought may yield the celebrated
the Papal States. Area, including detached portions, about sea-island cotton advantageously. Tb, Everglades cover an
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extent of about 160 miles long by 60 broad, occupying the  maximum 920, at Fort King the minimum was 270, and
most of that part of Florida S. of Lake Okechobee, and are  maximum  1050. The Gulf coast, too, has a more severe
described by De Bow as a vast lake studded with thousands  winter climate than the Atlantic; the minimum  (at the
of islands, from one-fourth of an acre to hundreds of acres  time referred to) was 350, and maximum  920, at Tampa
in area, mostly covered with dense thickets of shrubbery  Bay. From the relative number of deaths occurring annuand vines, and occasionally with lofty pines and palmettoes. ally-taking into account those deaths which are owing not
The water is from 1 to 6 feet in depth, out of which (from a  to the climate, but to the fact of this state being a great
vegetable deposit at the bottom) issues a rank growth of  resort, at least during winter, for invalids from the northtall grass. The Everglades furnish a soil well adapted tO  it would appear that Florida is among the healthiest, if
the banana and plantain.                                    not the very healthiest, of the United States.
Rivers, Bays,  c. —Florida has a number of bays, viz.   The soil of the state is generally sandy, except in the
Chatham, Charlotte's Harbor, Tampa, Appalachee, Appala- hummocks, where it is mixed with clay; yet,,owing to the
chicola, Choctawhatchee, and Pensacola Bays, all on the W. mild climate, it is highly productive in many parts. The
side. The,last affords an excellent harbor. There is also a  best lands, however, of the state lie useless at present for
chain of lakes running through the middle of the state, the  want of drainage.  Florida is particularly well adapted to
largest and most southern of which is Lake Okechobee. grazing.  Besides the forest and fruit-trees subsequently
The rivers, too,are numerous, and mostly more or less navi- enumerated, the state produces cotton, Indian corn, sugargable. In the N.W. is the Perdido, a small river separating  cane, rice, tobacco, (of a very fine quality,) beans, peas, sweet
Florida from Alabama; followed in order by the Escambia, potatoes, and butter, in considerable quantities; and some
Blackwater, Yellow-water, Choctawhatchee, and Chipola  wheat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, barley, buckwheat, wine,
River, but none of great length, and all entering the state  cheese, hay, grass-seed, hops, flax, and silk. This state is
from Alabama, discharge their waters into the Gulf of Mex- also favorable to the growth of Sisal hemp.'In 1850 there
ice, with the exception of the Chipola, which is an affluent  were 4304 farms in Florida, containing 349,049 acres of imof the Appalachicola..  The latter, (the largest river in the  proved land, and yielding 1,996,809 bushels of Indian corn;
state,) together with the Oclockonee, Oscilla, and Suwanee, 66,586 of oats; 135,359 of pease and beans; 757,226 of sweet
enter the state from Georgia, and also flow into the Gulf  potatoes; 1,075,090 pounds of rice; 998,614 of tobacco;
of Mexico.  The St. Mary's, separating the state from   18,052,400 of cotton; 23,247 of wool; 371,498 of butter;
Georgia on the N., the St. John's, and Indian River, (or  18,015 of cheese; 2510 tons of hay, and 2,750,000 pounds of
inlet,) are the principal rivers falling into the Atlantic. cane sugar; live stock, valued at $2,880,058; market proThe St. John's is a broad and sluggish stream, resembling  ducts, $8721, and slaughtered animals, $514,685.
an inlet, and is navigable for vessels drawing 8 feet water   bForest 1-ees. —Florida abounds in forest trees, among
for more than 100 miles. The Appalachicola is navigable  which are the live-oak, so valuable in ship-building; the
for vessels of the same draught to the junction of the Chat- water, and other varieties of oak, swamp cypress, pine,
tahoochee and Flint. Rivers in this state often issue from the  hickory, magnolia, dogwood, and laurel. The palma christi,
ground with sufficiqnt force to turn a mill at their source.   or castor-oil bean, becomes a large tree; and on the islands
Objects of Interest to lburists.-About 12 miles from Talla-  and keys, boxwood, satinwood, mastic, and lignnmvita
bassee, a spring bursts from a vast depth, which has been  abound. Arrowroot grows wild, and ginger and cinnamon
sounded with 250 fathoms of line before finding bottom. may be cultivated. The pine grows from Cape Sable to near
This forms a lake of beautiful transparency, reflecting the  Indian River. Fruit-trees of great variety find a congenial
sky in all its hues, and is nearly as cold as ice in the hottest soil and climate in Florida, (except in a few seasons of unweather. The number of these springs, some of which, at usual severity.) The lime, lemon, orange, olive, cocoanut,
their source, have sufficient force and body to turn a mill, plantain, pine-apple, banana, guava, citron, pimento, coffee,
bursting from a great depth belot' the surface, has led to  pepper, cloves, &c. may all be successfully cultivated.
the conjecture that a vast cave, or series of eaves, underlies    Animals. —Hideous alligators bask on the shores of the inthe whole country in which they exist, and through whose  lets, rivers, and lagoons of Florida. Turtle, oysters, and
roof they burst with violence, wherever an opening in the  other shell and fin fish abound. Great numbers of wildrock has either been made or found. The Great Sink in  fowl are found in many parts along the coast.
Alachua county is an underground passage, by which the    3fanufactures. —This is not a manufacturing state. There
waters of the Alachua-Savannah   are supposed to discharge  were in 1850 but 121 establishments producing annually
themselves into Orange Lake. "In this place," says Bar- $500 and upwards. There were invested in cotton factories
tram, "a group of hills almost surround a large basin, that year $80,000, employing 900 male and 335 female hands;
which is the general receptacle of the water draining from  consuming raw material of the value of $30,000, and proevery part of the savanna, by lateral conduits, winding  ducing 624,000 yards of stuffs, worth $49,920; value of homeabout, and one after another joining the main creek or made manufactures, $74,362.
general conductor, which at length delivers them into this   Internal Iioprovements.-Florida has not made much adsink, where they descend, by slow degrees, through rocky  vance in works of internal communication, nor is it to be
caverns into the bowels of the earth, whence they are car- expected in a state so sparsely populated, and the greater
ried by secret subterraneous channels into other receptacles  part of whose settlements lie contiguous to some navigable
and basins.  There are three great doors or ventholes  waters. In 1854 there were 54 miles of railway completed,
through the rocks in the sink, two near the centre, and the  one connecting St. Marks with Tallahassee, and the other
other one near the ring, much higher up than the other  lola and St. Joseph's.  Railroads are projected to connect
two, which was conspicuous through the clear water. The  Pensacola with Brunswick, Georgia, and with Montgomery,
beds of rocks lie in horizontal thick strata or lamuina, one  Alabama.
over the other5 where the sink-holes or outlets are."  There    Commerce.-Florida has but little foreign commerce, and
is a warm and slightly sulphurous spring on Musquito River. its domestic trade is limited pretty much to the export of its
In Benton county are iron and sulphur springs.              products, viz., cotton, rice, live-oak and other lumber, pitch,
Climate, &il, and Productions.-The peninsula of Florida, tar, turpentine, and resin. Salt is exported from the Salt
the most southern land belonging the United States, ap-  Keys, and fish are sent to Cuba. The lumber trade is rapidly
preaches within a degree and a half of the torrid zone, of increasing in importance.  According to De Bow, 1.88,499
whose climate it largely partakes, and a number of whose bales of cotton were received at the ports of Florida in
productions it yields.  According to Dr. Perrine's tables, 1851-2, nearly all of which was probably exported. The
the mean temperature at Key West, (in lat. 240 32' 40" N.,)  foreign exports for 1852-3 amounted to $1,698,206, and imand Havana, (in lat. 230 9' N.,) in 1838, (which we extract ports to $65,434. Entire tonnage of the several districts,
from De Bow,) was —                                         12,127. The fisheries are valued at about $15,000 annually.
At the different ports of Florida, 179,476 bales of-cotton were
Months.   Key est. Havana.    ionths.   KeyWest. Haana.  received in 1851, of which 142,296 were exported.
_. _.  _ _     _        ~~Education.-According to the census of 1850, there were
in Florida 69 public schools, with 1878 pupils, and $22,386
February        70      75   August          81      55   income: 34 academies and other schools, with 1251 pupil's,
[March          73      77   September       71     719    and $13,089 income, of which $1900'werefrom endowments;
April           75      78    October  A      4      75    and 4812 pupils attending school, as returned by families.
lay             79      81    Noveiber       70      72    Of the free adult population, 4129 could' not read and write.
1J~~~Us~e  sa8~    8~[ 1      __ ____            Religious Denostinsations.-Of the 177 churches in Florida,
On the night of June 28-29, the coldest known for many  56 belonged to the Baptists, 10 to the Episcopalians, 1 to the
years, the thermometer fell to 440. Bertram, however, Free Church, 87 to the Methodists, 16 to the Presbyterians,
states, that on the 3d of January, in 1765, the thermometer  5 to the Roman Catholics, and 2 to minor sects; averaging
fell to 260, and all the orange-trees were killed. At St. 1 church to each 494 persons. Value of church property,
Augustine, the thermometer has sunk on various occasions $165,400.
to 330, 300, and 240; and at Pilatka, in lat. 290 38', to 280,   Periodicals.-In 1850.there were published 1 tri-weekly
and to 270; at Tampa, lat. 270 48' to 280, 260, 400, 280, 300, and semi-weekly, and 9 weekly newspapers, with an annual
38O, and 300. At Fort King, in the interior, half a degree  circulation of 319,800 copies.
S. of St. Augustine, the climate is more severe than on the    Peeblic Institutions.-There were in Florida, according to
coast, and ice an inch thick is sometimes seen in its vicinity, the census of 1850, 1 public library with 1000 volumes, and
The summers, however, are hotter than on the coast. While  6 school and Sunday-school libraries, with 1660 volumes.
the minimum  range at St. Augustine was 390, and the    Population.-The number of inhabitants in 1830, was
(782




FLO                                                        FLO
34,730; in 1840, 54,477, and in 1850, 87,445; of whom 25,705    FLORIDA, a thriving post-village of Monroe co., Missonri,
were white males; 21,498 white females; 418 free colored  on Salt River, at the.junction of its three main branches,
males; 514 free colored females; 19,804 male, and 19,506 fe- and at the head of navigation, 13 miles E. of Paris.
male slaves; representative population, 71,677. This num-    FLORIDA BAY, at the S. end of Florida, between Florida
her of inhabitants was divided among 9107 families, occupy- Reefs and the mainland.
ing 9022 dwellings. Of the population, 19,924 were horn in    FLORIDA, GULF OF. See BAHAMA  CHANNEL ANo GULF
the state; 25,431 in other states; 300 in England; 878 in Ire- SnRE.aS.
land; 193 in Scotland and Wales; 97 in British America;   FLORIDA REEFS, or KEYS, an almost continuous chain
307 in Germany; 67 in France; 915 in other countries; and  of small islands and sandbanks, reefs or keys, extending
58 whose places of birth were unknown; total foreign popu- from Cape Florida in a S.W. direction for a distance of 220
lation, 2757. During, theyearendingJunel Ist, 1850, 931 deaths  miles, the whole lying in a bow or curve. They are very
occurred, about 11 to every 1000 persons. In the same pe- numerous. Anmong the principal may be mentioned Key or
riod, 76 paupers received support, of whom  12 were for- Cayo Largo, Cayo Ilueso or Key West, on which the city
eigners, at an annual expense of $12.33 for each individual.  of Key West is built.
The number of deaf and dumb was 24, of whom 11 were slaves;   FLORIDIA,flo-reoede-A,a town of Sicily, intendancy of Sy30 blind, of whom 2 were free colored, and 14 slaves; 11 were  racuse, in a plain. 7 miles W. of Syracuse. Pop. 4800.
insane, of whom 2 were slaves; and 36 were idiotic, of whom  FLORIDO, RIO, reefo flo-reeldo, a village of Mexico, state,
8 were slaves. Of the population, 12,117 were engaged in  and 150 miles N. by W. of Durango. Pop. about 2000.
agriculture, 481 in commerce, 1177 in manufactures, 435 in    FLORIDSDORF, flo/rits-doaftI, called also FLORIDSDORFnavigatiugthe ocean, 118 in internal navigation:     204 in the  AM-SPITZ. flofrits-doRfI am-spits, village of Lower Austria,
learned professions, and 1 in mining.                      with a station on the railway from Vienna to Olmutz, 4
Counsies.-Florida is divided into 29 counties, viz. Ala-  miles N. of Vienna.  Pop. 1060.
chua, Benton, Calhoun, Columbia, Dado, Dallas, Duval, Es-    FLORINAS, a village of Sardinia. See FIUINAS.
cambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Iamilton,I-Iillsborough, Holmes,   FLO/RIS, a post-village in Davis co., Iowa, 75 miles S.W.
Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Madison, Marion, Mlonroe, of Iowa City.
Nassau, Orange, Putnam, St. John, St. Lucie, Santa Rosa,    FLOR/ISSANT', a post-village in St. Louis co., MIissouri, 18
Wakulla, Washington, and Walton. Capital, Tallahassee.   miles N.W. of St. Louis.
Cities and Tows. —Key West is the larmgest town in Flo-    FLORSIHEIM, (Flirsheim,) dflasthime, a village of Getrida; population in 1850, 2367. The other more important many, duchy, and 35 miles S.E. of Nassau,. on the lain.
towns are Pensacola, population 2164; St. Augustine, 1934;  Pop. 2000.
Tallahassee, 1991, and Jacksonville, 1045.                   FLORSHEIM, (Fl5rsheim,) 0OBEl, otber fliRstlhime,  a town
Govesrnment.-The executive power in Florida is invested  of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, 241 miles S.W.
in a governor, elected by the people for four years, and re- of Darmstadt.  It is an ancient commandery of the Tenreiving a salary of $1500 a year. The legislative power is tonic order. Pop. 1061.
placed in the hands of a senate of 19 members, elected -for    FLO/TA or FLOITAY, one of the Orkney Islands, adjacent
four years, and a house of representatives of 40 members, to Faray. Length, 3 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. with adelected annually, and both by popular vote. The judiciary  jacent islets, 405.
consists-i. Of a supreme court, composed of a chief and two    FLOTTE, LA, i1 flottf, a seaport town of France, departassociate judges, which holds four sessions annually, one in  ment of Charente-Inflrieure, on the N. shore of the Isle de
each of the following places-Tallahassee, Jacksonville, RE, 9 miles W.N.W. of La Rochelle. Pop. 2227. It has a
Tampa, and Mlariana; and, 2. Of four circuit courts. The  good harbor and roadstead.
judges' salaries of both courts are $2000 a year each. Flo-   FLOWSIER CREEK, a post-office of Pendleton co., Kenride has but one member in the national house of repro-  tucky.
sentatives, and three electoral votes for president. The    FLOWIERFIELD, a post-village and township in the N.W.
assessed value of property in 1850 was $22,784,837. The re- corner of St. Joseph co., Michiganl, on Rocky Creek, 154 miles
ceipts are about $60,000;. ordinary expenses, $45,000 per an- W. of Detroit. Pop. of the village, about 300; of the townnum, exclusive of public debt and schools. Estimated value  ship, 564.
of property in 1853, $25,148,497.                             FLOWERS HILL, a post-office of More co., North Carolina.
Htistory.-Florida was the earliest settled of the now exist-   FLOW/ERTOWN, a village of Mlontgomery co., Pennsyling states of the United States, but was not a part of the ter- vania, on the Bethlehem Turnpike, 8 miles E. by S. of Norritory of the Union till 1820, when it was purchased of  ristown. It contains several inns and stores.
Spain. Though so recently become a member of the Amenr-   FLOWIERY MOUND, a post-office of Concordia parish,
can Confederaiy, Florida is more fertile in materials of his- Louisiana.
tory than many of her elder sisters. Her territory was    FLOWITON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
visited by Ponce de Leon as early as 1512, and afterwards by    FLOYD, fioid, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, has
Narvaez, who invaded the country from  Cuba with 400  an area of 280 square miles. It is drained by Little River,
men, and penetrating into the interior, was never again  an affluent of the New or Kanawha. The surface is high
heard of. De Soto subdued the savages, after a bloody resist- and mountainous, the county occcupying the nortt-western
ance, in 1539. It was called Floricda (" flourishing, blooming") declivity of the Blue Ridge, which slopes gradually towards
by the Spaniards, on account of the rich vegetation which it the valley of New River. The land is generally rough, and
presented to their view. The French began settlements, but in some parts unproductive, but a large portion is adapted
after a struggle, in which mutual atrocities were perpetrated, to pasturage. The highlands contain copper, iron ore, and
they were expelled by the Spaniards, who settled St. Augus-  other minerals. The county is plentifully supplied with
tine (the first permanent colony) about 1565. Preiious to  watsr-power.  Organized in 1831, and named in honor of
the Pevolution, Florida was involved in a war with the Eng- John Floyd, at that time Governor of Virginia.  Capital,
lish colonies of Georgia and South Carolina, in which the  Jacksonville. Pop. 6458; of whom 6015 were free, and 443
Spaniards were defeated by Oglethorpe. At the peace of  slaves.
1763, Florida fell into the hands of the English, but was re-    FLOYD, a county in the W.N.W. part of Georgia, borderconquered by Spain in 1781. Since its acquisition by the  ing on Alabama, has an area of 540 square miles. It is traUnited States, it has been the theatre of many sanguinary  versed by the Coosa River and its constituent streams, the
conflicts with the Seminole Indians, led on by their daring  Etowah and Oostenaula Rivers, which unite at the county
chief, Osceola. The savages, though but a handful in num- seat; also drained by Cedar and other creeks. The surface
her, managed to baffle for years the skill and power of our is beautifully diversified, and in some parts mountainous.
armies, by retreating to their swamnps and forests, and it Taylor's Ridge is the principal elevation. The soil of the valcost the United States government many millions of dollars leys and the river bottoms is very productive. Iron, plumbefore they were finally subdued, which event took place in  bago, galena, slate, satin spar, and agate are found. There
1842. In 1846, the greater part of them were removed be- is a valuable mineral spring in the S.W. part. A branch
yond the Mississippi. General Jackson followed these In- railroad extends from the county seat to tihe Western and
dians, in 1818, into the then territory of Spain, to chastise  Atlantic Railroad. Organized about the year 1833, previous
them for depredations on the American settlers, took posses- to which time the soil was in the possession of the Cherokee
sion of St. Markks and Appalachicola, besieged the Spanish  Indians. Named in honor of General Floyd, formerly mensgovernor, who had aided the Seminoles, and brought them  ber of Congress from Georgia. Capital, Rome. Pop. 8205;
all to submission. There is a remnant of this tribe still in  of whom 5206 were free, and 2999 slaves.
Florida, who steadfastly resist all offers of the general go-   FLOYD, a county in the E. part of Kentucky, has an area
vernment to induce them to remove.                         estimated at 750 square miles. It is intersected by the West
FLORIDA, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachu- Fork of Big Sandy River, and also drained by the sources
settes, about 115 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 561.      of Licking  River.  The surface is broken by highlands,
FLORIDA, a township of Montgomery co., New York. which produce good pasture, and contain large beds of stone
Pop. 3571.                                                 coal. Floyd county was formed in 1799, and named in honor
FLORIDA, a post-village of Orange co., New York, about of Colonel lohn Floyd, an officer in the war of the Revolu110 miles S.S.W. of Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches, tion. Capital, Prestonburg. Pop. 5714; of whom 5565 were
an academy, and several mills,                             free, and 149 slaves.
FLI0)1A1.k a poet-village of Ienry co., Ohio, on the Wabash    FLOYD, a county in the S. part of Indiana, bordering on
and Erie Canal and Maumee Rivetr, 48 miles above Toledo.   the Ohio River, contains 148 square miles. It is drained by
FLORIDA, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.       Silver and Indian Creeks. The surface is diversified; tho
683




FLO                                                        FOJ
soil is not uniformly productive. A range of steep hills,   FILYFORD-GRAFITON, a parish of England, co. of Wor
called the "Knobs," extends through it N. and S., with an  cester.
altitude of about 500 feet. The county contains extensive    F'LY MOUNITAIN, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.
beds of iron ore, limestone, sandstone, and slate. The hills   FLYM'S LICK, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.
produce good timber for boat-building. The New Albany    FOATY, forte, or FOITA, a small island of Ireland, in Cork
and Salem Railroad passes through the county. Organized  Harbor, 6 miles N. of Queenstown, connected with the mainin 1819. Capital, New Albany. Pop. 14,875.                land and with Great Island by two handsome bridges.
FLOYD, a new county in the N.N.E. part of Iowa, has an    FOBIBING, a parish of Englaud, co. of Essex, near the
area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by Cedar Thames, 3~ miles E. of Hordon-on-the-//ill.   Jack Cade's reRiver, and also drained by Lime and Shellrock Creeks, bellion commenced here.
(branches of English River,) which unite in the S.W. part   FOCA, folkA, a small island on the W. coast of Africa, at
of the county. The slope of the county is south-eastward. the mouth of the Calabar River. It contains a town of the
It is not included in the census of 1850.                  same name, and furnishes supplies of wood, water, and proFLOYD, a post-village and townshipof Oneida co., New  visions.
York, 6 miles E. of Rome. Pop. 1495.                         FOCITABERS, foKta-berz, a town of Scotland, co. of Moray,
FLOYD, a village of Camden co., Georgia, near the mouth  on the Spey, here crossed by a 4 arched bridge, 9 miles E. of
of Santilla River, 35 miles S. of Darien.                  Elgin. Pop. 1135. It is very neatly built. In the vicinity
FLOYD, a township in Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1386.  is the Duke of Richmond's magnificent domain of Gordon
F'LOYD COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Floyd  Castle.
co., Virginia, 180 miles W/S.W. of Richmond.                 FOCHIT'S FORGE, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl-.FLOYD KNOBS, a post-office of Floyd co., Indiana.       vania.
FLOYDSBURG, a post-village in Oldham co., Kentucky, 35    FODII/DERTY, a mountainous parish of Scotland, cos. of
miles W.N.W. of Frankfort.                                 Ross and Cromarty.
FLOYD'S FORK, a post-office of Shelby co., Kentucky.       FOEIL, LE, leh fur, a village of France, department of
FLOYD'S MILLS, a post-office of Horry district, South  CQtes-du-Nord, 9 miles S.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2485.
Carolina.                                                    FOGARAS,fotg6h'rl6sh1, or FRAGET SCHIMARKT, frtgghlt
FLOYD'S RIVER, of Iowa, rises in the N.W. part of the  shmaRkt, a town of Transylvania, on the Aloota, (Aluta,)
state, and flows S.W. into the Missouri, near the mouth of  55 miles E. of Hernmannstadt. Pop. 5100. It has a ProtestSioux River..                                            ant gymnasium, Churches of various sects, and an old forFLOYD'S SPRINGS. a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia.    tress.
FLUELEN, or FLUHLEN, (Fliihlen,) ffiilen. a village of   FOGGIA, fodljA, a walled city of Naples, in Capitanata, in
Switzerland, canton, and on the Lake of Uri, 2 miles N. of  the great plain of Apulia, 80 miles E.N.E. of Naples.  Pop.
Altorf.  liere is a chapel erected to the memory of William   24,058. It is well built, but unhealthy.  The principal
Tell in 1388, and resorted to annually by a large concourse structures are the governor's residence, a Gothic cathedral,
of persons in Ascension week.                             about 20 other churclhes, theatre, the corn magazines, (fosse,)
FLUKE'S, a post-office of Botetourt co., Virginia, 163 miles extending under a large part of. the city, the remains of a
W. of Richmond.                                           palace built by the Emperor Frederick II., and a new proFLUME, a post-office of Grafton co., New Hampshire.     menade.  It is the entrep~t of a large trade in corn, wool,
FLUMENDOSA, floo-nimn-dols,: (anc. Sfpclhus?) a river of  cheese, cattle, wine oil, and capers. It is the place of regisSardinia, which, after a S. and E. course of 60 miles, enters  tration for the flocks feeding in the Apulian tavelicrc, and
the Mediterranean on the E. coast of the island, 30 miles has an important annual fair.
N.E. of Cagliari.                                           FOIGLESVILLE, a post-village of Macungy township, Le
FLUMINI-MiAJORI, fioome-ne-mni-yolree, a village on  high co., Pennsylvania, 9 miles W. by S. of Allentown, and
the island of Sardinia, 10 miles N.W. of Iglesias. Pop. 1760. 80 miles E. of Harrisburg.
FLUMS, flooms, a village and parish of Switzerland, can-   FOGLIA, f6ll'y, a river of Italy, which rises on the E.
ton, and 23 miles S. of St. Gall, near the Seez. Pop. 2634.    slope of the Apennines, in Tuscany, about 3 miles W. of Ses,
FLUNONA, a village of Illyria. See FIANONA.             tino, and fatlls into the Adriatic at the latter town, after a
FLUSHING, (Dutch Vlissingen, flistsing-en; Fr. Fleissin- course of about 38 miles.
gmcc, fi&SASsNIo,) a fortified seaport town of the Netherlands,   FOGLIZZO, fol-yit/so, a village of the Sardinian States, 17
province Zeeland, on the S. side of the island of Walcheren, miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2917.
at the mouth of the Western Scheldt. Let. of the light-   FOGLO, (Fggl,) f01gl5. a small island of Russia, Aland
house, 510 26' 4" N., ion. 30 341 7" E. Pop., exclusive of gar- group, at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia In let. 600 N.,
rison. 7725. It is strongly defended,and has 2 harbors with  ion. 200 30' E.
extensive dock-yards, and a fine town-hall; but most of its   FOIGO or FUEGO, foo-Algo or fwvl/go, (i. e. "fire," named
public buildings were destroyed during its bombardment from its volcano,) one of the Cape Verd Islands, W. of Sanby the English in 1809. It is the seat of an admiralty board, tiago, nearly circular, and 40 miles in circumference. It is
and has considerable trade with both Indies, England, &c., formed almost entirely of the slopes of a volcanic mountain
and extensive communications by packet boats. Admiral 9157 feet in elevation. The first eruption of this volcano on
de Ruyter was born here in 1607.                          record occurred in 1680, and the last, which caused great
FLUSIING, a small seaport of England, co. of Cornwall, destruction, on the 9th of April, 1847. Its inhabitants suffer
one-fourth of a mile N. of Falmouth.                      severely from the want of water; during three years of
FLUSHING, a post-village and township of Queen's co., drought (from 1730) two-thirds of the inhabitants perished
New York, on Long Island Sound, 9 or 10 miles E. of New  from this cause. In 1831, the population was reckoned at
York.  The village is pleasantly situated at the head of  17,000, 6nd in 1843 only 7000. The climate is excessively
Flushing Bay, and contains churches of 5 or 6 denomina-  dry, and the temperature elevated. It is extremely fertile,
tionS, a boarding school and other seminaries, 2 printing  and produces the best grain and fruit in the archipelago.
offices issuing newspapers, and about 20 stores. It is noted  The chief port is Nossa Senhora da Luz, (nosfs& s~n-yoer di
for the extensive gardens and nurseries of William  R. loss.) Lat. 140 53' N., Ion. 240 30, 5l W.
Prince, of Parsons & Co., and several others, which attract   FOIGO, a small island off the E. coast of Africa, in Mogreet numbers of visitors from New York and Brooklyn. zambique Channel.
Steamboats ply regularly between Flushing and New York.   FOGO, an island'N.E. of Newfoundland, in lat. 490 4Y N.
A railroad connects it withWilliamsburg. Pop. about 2500; Ion. 540W.
of the township, 5376.                                       FOGO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.
FLUSHING, a village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, on the    FOGO, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan.
Neshaminy Creek, 3 miles from its entrance into Delaware    FOGUS SPRINGS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.
River, about 20 miles N.E. of Philadelphia.                  FOHR, (FShr,) f51, an island of Denmark, off the W. coast
FLUSHING, a post-village and township in the N.E. coi- of Sleswick, in the North Sea, in lat. 540 43' N., lon. 80 301 E.
ner of Belmont co., Ohio, 10 miles N.W. of St. Clairsville. Pop. Area, 25 square miles. The W. part of the island, with a
1486. The village contains several stores, and 400 inhabitants. population of 2100, belongs to Jutland, and the E. part, with
FLUSHING, a post-township in the W. part of Genesee co., 2650 inhabitants, including the village of Wyk, to Sleswick.
Michigan. Pop. 708.                                        Great numbers of oysters are exported hence to Hamburg,
FLUSOR. See CRIENTr.                                     and numerous wild fowl are taken here in autumn.
FLUVAN/NA, a county in the S.E. central part of Vir-   FOIX, fwA, a town of France, department of Ari~ge, 44
ginia, has an area of 170 square miles. The James River miles S. of Toulouse, on the Arilge, at the foot of the Pyreforms the S. boundary, and Rivanna River flows through  nees. Pop. in 1852, 4684. It has a communal college and a
the middle of the county. The surface is partly broken and  normal school, and is surmounted by a cavernous rock, on
partly level; the soil in some parts is fertile, in others almost which are 3 Gothic towers, the remains of an old castle,
barren. The James IRiver Canal passes along' the border of celebrated in the Middle Ages for the sieges it sustained. It
the county. Gold has been found near Palmyra, the county  has several iron-forges, and a trade in cattle, leather, wool,
seat. Formed from Albemarle county in 1777. Pop. 9487; iron and steel goods. It is the birth-place of Gaston de Foix.
of whom 47,50 were free, and 4737 slaves.                 This was the capital of the old Comt6 do Foix, part of the
FLUVANNA, a post-village of Chautauque co., New York, domain of Htenry IV., now forming the department of
about 325 miles W. by S. of Albany.                       Arige.
FLY CREEK, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.         FOJANO or FOIANO, fo-yi']no, a market-town of Naples,
FLY CREEK, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.     23 miles S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2000.
684
]I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1~~___




FOJ                                                         FON
FOJANO or FOIANO, a rnarket-town of Italy, in Tuscany,    FOLKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
in the Chiana Yalley, 15 miles S.S.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 8550.   FOILKSIWORTIHI, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon
FO-KIEN, foblse-6n, a maritime province of China, mostly    FOLKITON, a parish of England, co. of York, East ].iding.
between lat. 240 and 280 N., and Ion. 1160 and 1210 E., having    FOILIFOOT, a township of England, co. of York, West
S.E. the China Sea. Pop. 14,777,410. The surface is moun- Riding.
tauinous. The principal river is the Min, which enters the    FOLLO, fol/lo, (L. b/Plum,) a village of the Sardinian States,
sea below Foo-choo-foo. the capital city. Though one of the  division of Genoa, 7 miles from Levanto. Pop. 2276.
smaller provinces, it is among the most wealthy in China,    FOLLONICA, fol-lonfe-lk, a maritime village of Tuscany,
producing a good deal of the finest black tea consumed in  province of Pisa, on the Mediterranean, opposite Elba, and
the empire, with the best camphor, tobacco, sugar, iron, in-  12 miles E. of Piombi.no. It has rapidly increased in size,
diwo, and alum. The town of Amoy and the island of For- having had in 1830 only 3 houses, whereas now it has in
mosa are comprised in this province.                        winter from  1200 to 1500 inhabitants, employed in iron
FOK(TCHANY or FOKCHIIANI, fok-chglnee, a frontier town  works. All the ore from  Elba is brought hither to be
of Moldavia and Wallachia, European Turkey, on the Mil- smelted, and during 8 months of the year 1,000,000 pounds
kov, 92 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Pop. 6000, mostly Greeks  of iron are produced from its furnaces.
and Jews. It was burned by the Turks in 1822.                 FOLISOMDALE, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.
FOLDYAR, (Fl1dvar,) or FOLDYAR  DUNA, fild'v~a!    FOMBIO, fomlbe-o, a village of Austrian Italy, province
doon6ohb, a market-town of Hungary, Thither Danube, co. of  of Lodi, 2 miles S'W. of Codogno. In 1790, the French hero
Tolna, on the right bank of the Danube, 17 miles E.N.E. of  defeated the Austrians. Pop. 1485.
Simonsthurm. It is pleasantly situated, partly on the crest,   FOM/NIER CREEK, of Arkansas, flows through Clark co.
and partly on the side of a hill. It had once strong fortifi-  into Little Missouri River.
cations, of which some remains still exist; it contains a    FONWDA, a post-village of Mohawk township, capital of
Roman Catholic, and a Greek non-united church, a high  Montgomery co., New York, on the N. bank of the Mohawk
school, barracks, and Franciscan monastery, and has an im-  RIiver, and on the Utica and Schenectady Railroad, 42 miles
portant sturgeon fishery. The district is fruitful, both in  W.N.W. of Albany.  It has a handsome court-house, 2 or 3
corn and wine. Fbldvar is a steamboat station. Pop. 10,400. churches, and several manufactories.  One newspaper is
FOLDVAR; a market-town of Austria, in Transylvania, 12  published here. Pop. about 500.
miles from Kronstadt. Pop. 2100.                              FOND-DES-NEGRES, f6NO-dJ-nltg'r, a town of IHayti, in
FOLDYAR, or MARIENBURG, ml-reefen-b0rGo, a village  its S.W. peninsula, 55 miles W.S.W. of Port au Prince.
of Austria, in Transylvania, on the Alt, about 12 miles from  FOND DU LAC. (i. e., " end of the lake,") a name somePorumbuk. Pop. 1100.                                       times applied to the S. extremity of Lake Winnebago, WisFOLDVAR TISZA, f1ld'vARI teesls6lh', a village of Hun-  cousin.
gary, Hither Danube, co. of Ieves, on the Theiss, 8 miles    FOND DI LAC, (Fr. pron. f6NG it% lak,) a co. in the E.
from Szolnok. Pop. 3349.                                    part of Wisconsin, at the S. end of Lake Winnebago, conFOLEMBRAY, fo'llazbr:., a village of France, department  tains 754 square miles. It is drained by the sources of Mi1of Aisne, 15 miles W. of Laon. Pop. 1057. It has an ex-  waukee and Rock Rivers, and by Fond du Lac River. A
tensive glass factory, employing 900 workmen, and prq- high, steep ledge of limestone extends through the county
ducing eight millions of wine bottles annually.             from  S.W. to N.E. On the S.E. side of this, the land is
FOLESIHILL,'a parish of England, co. of Warwick.          heavily timbered; the W. part of the county contains exFOLGARIA, fol-gi&lre-A, or FULLGREIT, (Fiillgreit,) fiill!- tensive prairies. The soil is calcareous and fertile. A plankgrIte, a village of Austria, in the Tyrol, near Roveredo. P. 1430. road extends from Lake Michigan to Fond dlu Las, and a
FOLGEFONDEN-FIELD, follgh~h-fon'den-fe-1ldP, an ele- railroad has been commenced which will connect it with
vated plateau  and mountain range of Norway, stretching  Chicago. The settlement of the county began in 1835, and
from N. to S., at no great distance from the W. coast. Its  has progressed with great rapidity. "Fond du Lac," in
culminating point is 5790 feet in height; but its most re- French, signifies " the end of the lake."  Capital, Fond du
markable feature is its glacier, which is about 5000 feet Lac. Pop. 14,510.
above the level of the sea, and 40 miles long by 20 broad.   FOND DU LAC, a flourishing town, capital of Fond du
Its depth has been estimated at 600 feet. A stream issuing  Lac co., Wisconsin, is admirably situated at the S. end of
from its base forms a magnificent waterfall.                Winnebago Lake, 72 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee, and 90
FOLGOAT, LE, leh fol'go-Vt, a village of France, depart- miles N.E. of Madison. Lake Winnebago, which is a beaument of Finistbre, 14 miles N.N.E. of Brest, remarkable for tiful sheet of water, 30 miles long and 10 miles wide, forms
a magnificent parish church built in the fifteenth century.  a link in the chain of navigable waters connecting, Lake
FOLIA, folle-Oh', a village of Hungary, co. of Temes, on  MIichigan and its tributaries with the Mississippi iliver,
the Oburda, 4 miles from Zebely. Pop. 1609.                 and is the channel of an active and extensive trade. The
FOLIGNO, fo-leen'yo, (anc. Fulginia c ror.Fulgsinium,) a  Fox River, by which Winnebago Lake communicates with'walled town of Central Italy,' in  the  Pontifical  States, Green Bay, is to be rendered navigable for steamboats, and
20 miles S.E. of Perugia, in a beautiful vale winding among  a canal has been cut from the same river to the Wisconsin.
the Apennines, and watered by the Clitumno.  The only  Fond du Lac has grown up almost entirely since 1845, and
public buildings worthy of notice are the Cathedral, dedicated  the population has increased with surprising rapidity. A
to St. Felician, and the Palazzo Communale, a handsome edi- plank-road has been constructed from thisplace to Sheboyfice, recently erected, in the Ionic style. Foligno has a high  gan, on Lake Michigan, and similar roads are projected in
reputation throughout the Papal States for its manufactures  several other directions. The Fond du Lac and Rock River
of woollens parchment, and wax candles. Soap and playing-  Railroad, nearly finished, will connect Fond du Lac with
cards are also made; there are silk-mills and tanneries, and  Chicago. The town is built on ground ascending gradually
it has some trade in cattle. The town was nearly destroyed  from the lake, and is pleasantly embowered among groves
by the earthquakes of 1831 and 1832. It was anciently a place  and clumps of trees. It has an abundance of the purest
of some importance, being at the head of a confederacy of  water, obtained by means of Artesian wells, which vary in
Umbrian cities. In 1439 it was incorporated with the Pon- depth fiom 90 to 130 feet. These wells are very numerous,
tifical States, by Cardinal Vitelleschi, on the extinction of  almost every family being provided with one. It contains
the Friaci family. Pop. 15,400.                            3 newspaper-offices, 2 banking-houses, 1 car-factory, 1 ironFOLKE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.                foundry, 12 dry-goods stores, and about 60 otlher stores.
FOLKE/STONE, (L. Laopis epololi?) a parliamentary and  Pop. in 1850, 2014; in 1855, about 5000.
municipal borough, seaport, market-town, and parish of    FOND DU LAC, a settlement of Itasca co., Minnesota, on
England, co. of Kent, 5 miles W.S.W. of Dover, of which  the St. Louis River, 22 miles from its entrance into Lake
cinque-port it is a member. Pop. in 1851, 7549. The town, Superior. It is accessible by steamboats fi-om the lake.
on the line of the South-eastern Railway, here carried    FONDETTES, f6aN'dlt1, a village of France, department of
across a lofty viaduct, lies in a hollow between two high  Indre-et-Loire, 4 miles N.N.W. of Tours. Pop. in 1852, 2283.
cliffs, on the English Channel, opposite Boulogne. It is   FONDI, fon.dee, (anc. Funfdi,) a town of Naples, province
irregularly built; has an ancient church, an endowed school of Terra di Lavoro, on the Appian Way, 14 miles N.W. of
and charities, a battery, a pier, harbor admitting vessels of  Gaeta. Pop. 5000. It is unhealthy firom the proximity of a
from 10 to 12 feet draught at high water, and recently much  salt lagoon, (anc. lFcsuda/ns Lalcus;) but it has a G ethic catheimniproved by the removal of shingle; a market-house, excel-  dral, and various other public buildings, with extensive relent baths, and other accommodations for visitors, whom   mains of Cyclopean walls. Its vicinoity (the ancient Ckcsccbuts
the fine sands and beautiful surrounding scenery attract  Alger) is extremely fertile, and was anciently fimous for its
hither. Folkestone greatly suffered by encroachments of  wine.
the sea, and its trade has much decayed; but it has still   FONDO, fonido, a market-town of Austri/, in Tyrol, at the
valuable fisheries and considerable traffic with Boulogne.  confluence of the Wildbach and Rovella, 25 miles N. of
Earl Radnor, as lord of the manor, owns the jail and appoints  Trent. Pop. 1426.
the keeper. The borough joins with Hythe in sending 1    FONDON, fon-d6n!, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 28
member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of  nmiles N.W. of Almeria, in a valley between the Sierras
viscount to the earls of Radnor. - Harvey, the celebrated dis- Nevada and de Gador. Pop. 1951.
coverer of the circulation of the blood, was born here in 1578.   FONESIWOOD, a post-office 6f Westmoreland co., Virginia
FOLIKINGIIAM or FAL'KINGHAM, a market-town and    FONG, fong, a prefix to the names of many cities of China.
parish of England, co., and 26 miles S.S.E. of Lincoln.  See also FuorN.
Pop. 820.                                                     FONG or FUNG:YANG, ffiMg-ying, a town of China, pro.
685




FON                                                        FOO
XVince of Nganhoei, on a mountain near the Hoa'i-ho, 495   FONTELLO, fon-telllo, a market-town of Portugal, pio
miles S. by E. of Peking. It is the birthplace of the founder vince of Beira, on the Douro, 4 miles E.N.E. of Lanmego.
of the Ming dynasty.                                         FONTENAY-LE-COMTE, f(aG'teh-nA,'-leh-kNtt, a town of
FONG-TSIANG, fong-tse-Angf, a city of China, province of France, department of Yendfe, on the Vendfe, where it be.
Shen-see, on an affluent of the HIoei-ho, 90 miles W. of comes navigable, 33 miles S.E.ofBourbon-Vindde. Pop. in
See-ngan.                                                  1852, 7884. It is pleasantly situated, and has a communal
FONNI, fontnee,  a village of the island of Sardinia, 34 miles college, barracks, hospitals, a church with a spire 311 feet in
N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 3053.                             height, and a ruined castle. It has manufactures of coarse
FONSECA, fon-s6JkA, a town of Spain, 12 miles S. of linen and woollen cloths; and it is an entrepat for, the
Toledo. Pop. 4162. It has manufactures of cloth, dye- Gironde and Charente wines. FONTENAv is the name of
works, and brandy distilleries.                            numerous communes and villages of France, the chief of
FONSECA GULF, in the Pacific Ocean. See CONCHAGUA.   which is FONTENA~-AUX-R0SES,       department of Seine, S. of
FONTAINEBLEAU, ffN-tkn-blTf, probably contracted from  Paris, with a station on the railway to Sceaux.
FONTAINE BELLE EAU, " fountain of beautiful water," (L. Fons   FONTENAY-SOUS-BOIS, f6NGateh-n/-nsoo-bwA, a village of
J3Bellcaqueus, Pons Bleat li,) a town of France, department of France, department of Seine, 1 mile E. of Vincennes. Pop.
Seine-et-Marne, in the midst of one of the finest forests in  1696.
the empire, on the railway from Paris to Lyons, about 2 miles    FONTENOY, f6N'tegh-nwV, a village of Belgium, province
from the left bank of the Seine, and 37 miles S.S.E. of Paris. of Hainaut, 5 miles S.E. of Tournay. Here on the 30th of
It is well built, partly of stone and partly of brick, with spa- April, 1745, the forces under the Duke of Cumberland were
cious and regular streets. It is the seat of a court of first re- defeated by the French under Marshal Saxe.
sort, and several public offices; contains fine barracks, a com-   FONTENOY-LE-CHkTEAU,  fNGcteth-nw.-l9h-sh5't0/, a
munal college, school of design, public library of 28,000  town of France, department of Vosges, on the Toney, 17
volumes, public baths, and several hospitals. The castle or miles S.S.W. of Epinal. Pop. 1372.
palace of Fontainebleau, from which the town derives its chief    FONTES, fon/ths, a town of Portugal, province of Tras-osimportance, is one of the most magnificent in France. Many  Montes, about 15 miles W. of Villa Real. Pop. 1600.
of its sovereigns have madeittheir favorite residence, and vied    FONTEVIVO, fon-tA-vee/vo, a village of Italy, duchy of
with each other in lavishing upon it all the embellishments Parma, in a plain 9 miles W.N.W. of Parma. It contains
that art could furnish. Henry IV. expended upon it about a magnificent marble mausoleum of Ferdinand, Duke of
100,0001., Louis XIV. above 200,0001., Napoleon, 250,0001., and  Bourbon, who died here in 1802, and a college of Maria
Louis Philippe, it is said, still more than any of his prede- Louisa. Pop. 2630.
cessors. The park, laid out like a vast garden, and adorned    FONTEVRAULT, ftbc'tgh-vrT0, a town of France, depart.
with statues, temples, fountains, lakes, and waterfalls, cor- ment of Maine-et-Loire, 8 miles S.E. of Saumur.  Pop. 1400.
responds to the magnificence of the palace. The forest, It owed its foundation to a famous abbey, destroyed during
which has an area of 84 English square miles, abounds  the first revolution, a part of which is now a prison.'The
with all kinds of game. Fontainebleau has manufactures  other remaining portions are a church of the twelfth century,
of calico, porcelain, and stone-ware; also quarries of sand- in which are the tombs of IIenry II. and Richard I. of ERgstone, extensively used in paving the streets of Paris and  land, Eleanor of Guienne, and Isabelle, widow of King John.
the roads of the surrounding districts; and a trade in wine,.'FONT/HILL, BISI/OP'S, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
fruits, preserves, horses, and cattle. Fontainebleau  is the    FONT'HIILL GIF/FORD, aparish of England, co. of Wilts,
birthplace of Philippe IV., Henry III., and Louis XIII., 1I  miles S.E. of IIindon. Here stood Fonthill Abbey, the
Kings of France, and Dancourt and Poinsonet, dramatic superb and singular mansion of the late W. Beckford, Esq.
authors. Christina, Queen of Sweden, resided here after   FONTIVEROS, fon-te-vt/roce, a town of Spain, in Old
her abdication. Pope Pins VII. was detained here for 18  Castile, province, and 25 miles N.N.W. of Avila. Pop. 694.
months, and here Napoleon signed his first abdication in    FONT/MELL-MAG/NA, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
1814. Pop. 1852, 10,365.                                     FONTVIEILLE, f6aNGve-lt/ or f6Na've-at/y, a village of
FONTAINE FRANCAISE, f6aN'tAn/ (or fqa''tln/) fr8'NS Az/, France, department of Bouches-du-Rhbne, 5 miles N.E. of
a town of France, department of Cbte-d'Or, 20 miles N.E. of Arles. Pop. 1780. Near it are excellent stone quarries.
Dijon. Pop. 1208. It has a fine chateau and a monument   FONZ, fons or fonth, a town of Spain, 35 miles E.S.E. of
to Hlenry IV. of France.                                   Huesca. Pop. 2160. It has Roman remains.
FONTAINE L'EVEQUE, faN'tlnf lIW-vWkt, a town of Bel-   FONZASO, fon-zc/so, a village of Northern Italy, governglum, province of Hainaut, 6 miles W. of Charleroi. Pop. ment of Venice, 22 miles W.S.W. of Belluno. Pop. 2700.
3018, employed in iron forges, hardware manufactures, &c.    P00, PO;U, or PU; a Chinese word signifyinga "city" or
FONTAINE NOTRE-DAME, f6a-'\tln/ not'r-dam, a village  more properly a  city of the first class," joined to many
of France, department of Nord, 2 miles W. of Cambrai. Chinese names, as KAt FoNe Foe, YJUNNAN Foo; these conmPop. 1582.                                                 pounds being nearly equivalent to the "great city of Kal
FONTANA, fon-t/nlg, a village of Italy, in Naples, province  Fong," the "great city of Yunnan," &c. It may, however, 
of Terra di Lavoro, S miles S.S.W. of Sora. Pop. 2100.    be observed that there are several other Chinese words repreFONTANA, fon-tIn/u, a village of Italy, in the duchy of sented in English by Poo having altogether a different sigParma. Pop. 1000.                                          nificattion flom the above.
FONTANA FR]EDDA, fon-tO/nA frid/di, a village of North-   FOO or FOU, foe, a town of China, province of Shensee,
ern Italy, 32 miles W.S.W. of Udine.                       situated on the Lo-ho, 45 miles S. of Yenngan.
FONTANAROSA, fon-t'nat-ro/sa, a town of Naples, province    FOOAH, FOUAH, or FOUA, fooeA, (anc. Yacteis,) a village of
of Principato Ultra I., 4~ miles W. of Trigento. Pop. 3000.   Lower Egypt, on the W. arm of the Nile, opposite Atfeh, 16
FONTANELLA, fon-t-n l/lA, or FONTANELLA  DEL  miles S.S.E. of Rosetta.
PIANO, fon-tA-n6lIA dil pe- fno, a decayed town of Northern    FOO'CHOO, FOO-CHOO-F00, foo'choo'fool, FOO-CHOWItaly, 17 miles S.S.E. of Bergamo.                         FOO, FOO-TCHOW-FOO, foo'chdw'foof, or FOU-TCIHEOUFONTANELLATO, fon-t&-nil-lto, or FONTANALLATA, FOU, foo'chb-oo'foo', a city of China, one of the five
fon-t-nAl-lA/tA, a village of Italy, 7 miles W.N.W. of Parma. ports recently opened for commerce, capital of the proPop. 1600.                                                vince of Fo-kien, on the Min River, 25 miles from  its
FONTANE-MORE, fon-tA/nA-mo/rA, (L. Fontaszsa-Ma/dra,) a  mouth. Lat. 260 12' 24" N.. Ion. 1190 30' E. Pop. estimated
village of Piedmont, 36 miles E.S.E. of Aosta. Pop. 1190.    at 500,000. It is surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills,
FONTANETO-DI-NOVARA, fon-t&-nA/to-dee-no-v/ra', a vii- about 4 miles distant, and is enclosed by a castellated wall,
lage of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, about 15 miles 9 or 10 miles in circumference, outside of which are suN.N.W. of Novara, near the Agogna. Pop. 2531.              burbs as extensive as the city itself. The whole is comFONTANETO-DI-VERCELLI, fon-tA-nA/to-dee-vn-chll/lee, manded by a fortified hill 500 feet above the plain, and
a village of the Sardinian States, 15 miles S.W. of Vercelli, inside of the walls is another height crowned by a conspi.
near the Po. Pop. 2234.                                    cuous watch tower. A long bridge, erected on granite pil.
FONTARABIA, fon'ta-rA/be-a, (Sp. Fuenterrabia, fwin-tA- lars, here crosses the river, and is partly covered with shops.
rA-bee/A,) a fortified town of Spain, in Biscay, situated at the  The walled city is very superior to that of Amoy; it has
mouth of the river Bidassoa, which forms a part of the  good shops and houses, a main street, with residences for
boundary between France and Spain. It is chiefly interest-  the public functionaries. Large quantities of cotton goods
ing on account of its historical associations. The town itself  and well dyed blue cloths are manufactured here, antd 500
has been frequently besieged, and its vicinity has been the  ovens for the production of porcelain, are constantly emsceneof numerous military operations. In 1837, some severe  ployed in the city and its vicinity. Near it are also extenfighting took place here between General Evans and the  sive lead mines; and the black tea district being within 70
Carlists, the forrmer eventually taking the town. Lat. 430  miles, tea is procured at Foo-choo 25 per cent. cheaper
22' N., Ion. 10 47' W. —— Adj. and inhab., FONTARAInA, fonr- than at Canton. A large commerce is carried on with the
tA-cAbe-an.                                                 maritime provinces of China, both by land and water, also
FONTCOUVERTE, facekooevaiatf, (L. Fons Operftus,) a vil-  with the Loo-choo Islands and Japan. Principal exports,
lage of the Sardinian States, on the Aryan, about 3 miles  timber, tea, paper, bamboo, oranges, and other fruits, spices,
W.S.W. of San Giovanni di Moriano. Pop.'1500.              copper, and corn. Imports comprise salt, sugar, European
FONTE, fobltA, a village of Austrian Italy, government manufactures, and a great variety of other goods. Besides.of Venice, 21 miles W.N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 1630.        the trade by land, it is estimated that shipping to 29,000
FONTECCHIO, fon-tik/ke-o, a village of Naples, province  tons is employed in the trade of Foo-choo; and the value of
~f Abruzzo Ultra IH., 15 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 863.    the import and return cargoes is supposed to amount to
686




FOO                                                        FOR
7.000.000 annually. One half the population are suppposed for the romantic beauty of its scenery. The rivers Senegal,
be addicted to smoking opium, on which above $2,000,000  Gambia, and Grande, have their source within this district.
are annually spent.                                         The capital, Timbo, in lat. 100 25' N., ion. 100 40' W., con.
FOO-CHOO-F00 or FOO-CHOW-FOO, a city of China, pro- tains a pop. of about 7000.
vince of Kiang-see, 240 miles N.W. of the foregoing city.     FOO-TCIIOW-FOO or FOO-CHOW-00.  See Foo-CHoo.
FOO-KEU, foo'kul, or foo'ke-ool, a town of China, pro-   FOOT/DEE or FUTTIE, foot/tee, a fishing-village of Scotvince of Honan, on an affluent of the Hoai-ho, 45 miles S. land, in Aberdeenshire, forming a suburb of New Aberdeen,
of Kaifong.                                                 and immediately adjacent to the entrance of the harbor.
FOO'LADOOI, a mountainous district of Western Africa,   FOOTSITZ or FOUTSITZ, foot'sitst, a town of Japan, on
near the sources of the Senegal, between Ion. 80 and 100 W., the island of Niphon, province of Bingo, 105 miles N.E. of
and intersected by the 13th parallel of N. lat. The scenery  Miako.
of this country is represented as singularly grand and    FORBACH, fob'btkl, a town of France, department of Mo.
sublime, with villages perched among precipices of many  selle, on the Nancy and Manuheim Railway, 43 miles N.E. of
hundred feet in perpendicular height.                       Metz. Pop. in 1852, 4826. It manufactures woollen cloths
FOOLAHS, FOULAIS, or FULAITS, foo/1z', by some and tobacco-pipes.
writers called FELLATAHS, f61-11tTz,  a remarkable race,   FORBACIH, foR/bSi, a village of Baden, on the Murg,
widely diffused through West Africa, particularly Senegam- here crossed by a suspension bridge, 24 miles S.S.W. of
bia. Theirprincipal kingdoms areFoota Toro, Bondoo, Foolsa- Carlsruhe.  Pop. 1245.
doe, Kaarta, Ludamar, andKasson.  Their original locality is   FORBES, foR/bhs, a market-town of Bohemia, 8 miles S.E.
unknown. Though allied to the negro family, they differ of Budweis.  Pop. 720.
widely in their physical characteristics from that race, having    FORBES' (forbz/iz) ISLANDS, off the N.E. coast of Ausneither their deep jet color, crisped hair, fiat nose, nor thick  tralit, in Temple Bay; lat. 120 30' S., Ion. 1430 20' E.
lips. In person they are tall, well proportioned, and of erect   FOR'BUSI-I, a post-office of Yadkin co., North Carolina.
and graceful figure. In speaking of the negro nations, they    FORCADOS, RIO DOS, ree/o doe foR-kyidoce, a river of
always rftqk themselves with the white people. They are  Western Africa, Upper Guinea, falling into the Bight of
shrewd and intelligent, are active traders, and industrious  Benin; lat. 50 221 N., ion. 50 19' 15" E. The bar, at its mouth,
agriculturists, which is their chief and favorite employment. is 1 mile broad, 3 miles long, and carries 13 feet at low
They have many large commercial towns, large tracts of  water. Forcados is considered the most accessible estuary
highly-cultivated lands, and numerous schools.  They are on the coast, with a noble sound of smooth water, 5 fathoms
mostly Mohammedans, to which religion they became con- deep, immediately within the bar.
verts about 400 years ago.                                    FORCALL, foe-killt, a town of Spain, 44 miles N. of CasF00-MING, foo'ming/, a town of China, province, and 18  tellon de la Plana, on an affluent of the Ebro. Pop. 2000,
miles N.W. of Yunnan, on an affluent of the Yang-tse-kiang. engaged in the manufacture of sandal-cords.
FOONAI or FOUNAI, bo'enit, a considerable town of Ja,   FORCALQUIER, foe'kiglke-A/, a town of France, departpan, island of Kioo-Sioo, near its N. coast.                ment of the Basses-Alpes, 24 miles S.W. of Digne.  Pop.
FOO-NING or FOU-NING, foo'ningf, a city of China, pro- 1998. It wits formerly fortified.
vince of Fokien, capital of a department, 70 miles N.E. of. FORtCETT, aparish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
Foo-choo-foo.                                                 FORCII-HEIM, foeKfhIme, a fortified town of Bavaria, on
FOO-NING or FOU-IING, a city of China, province of the Regnitz, 16 miles S.S.E. of Bamberg, on the railway
Pe-chee-lee, near the Yellow Sea, 165 miles E. of Peking.    thence to Nuremnberg. Pop. 3000. It has a collegiate church,
FOO-PIM or FOU-PIM, foo-pimf, a town of China, province a synagogue, and an arsenal.  Rudolph of Rheinfield was
of Pe-chee-lee, 63 miles W. of Pao-ting.                    elected emperor here by the diet of 1077.
FOO-PIN or FOUPIN, foo-pinf, a town of China, province   FORCIHTENAU. foItc/tek-nfw', (Hun. Frakwo-Allpya, frlk/of Quang-tong.                                              no'6l11y6h%,) a market-town of Hungary, co., and 11 miles W.
FOOR and FOORIAN.  See Da -Fooe.                         of (Edenburg. Pop. 729. It has an elegant new residence
FOORICARIA, foo-re-kitre-d, a large town of West Africa, of the Eszterhazy fismily.
in the MIandingo country, 75 miles N.N.E. of Sierra Leone.    FORCHTENBERG, foIbttgn-b6n&G, a town of WiirtemFOOSEE, FOUSI or FUSI, foo'seel. the loftiest mountain in  berg, 18 miles N.E. of IIeilbroun.  Pop. 1164.
the empire ofJapan, commonly called by the Japanese Fo0SEr-   FORD, f~rd, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland,
YAMA. It is situated in lat. 350 15' N.. ion. 1380 35 E., in the 7  miles W.N.W. of TWindsor.  Ford Castle is partly moprovince of Soorooga, island of Niphon. Its height, accord- dern. It was taken, previous to the battle of Flodden,
ing to Siebold, is 12,440 feet; it stands in an isolated position, by James IV.
in the centre of a boundless landscape of uncommon beauty.   FORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
It is an ancient volcano, formerly the most active in all Ja-   FORD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
pan; but a century and a half have elapsed since the last   FORD, a township of England, co. of Durham.
eruption, and its crater is now filled with water. It is re-   FORD, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio.
garded with a superstitious reverence; and, in the month of    FORDE, foe/dbh, a parish and village of Norway, 76 miles
August, Boodhist devotees make pilgrimages to its summit,  N.N.E. of Bergen. Pop. of parish 3760.
to offer prayers to the idols which have been placed in the    FOR/DEN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery.
ravines of the rock by their ancestors. According to Ja-   FORDIIHAM, a parish of England, co.'of Cambridge.
panese historians, this mountain emerged fi-om the bosom    FORDIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
of the earth in the year 285 n.c., and a corresponding  depres-   FORDHAM, a parish of England, co. of Nor-folk.
sion of the ground produced, in a single veigit, the great Lake    FORDIHIAM, a post-village of Westchester co., New York,
Mitsoo, or, as Siebold names it, Biwako. The last eruption  on the IHarlem Railroad, 12 miles N.N.E. of New York. It
occurred at the close of the year 1707.                    is the seat of St. John's College, (Roman Catholic,) a thrivFO0-SHAN  or FOU-SCIIAN, foo'shinS, a large city of  ing institution founded in 1841.
China, province of Quang-tong, 21 miles E.N.E. of Canton,   FORD/INGBRIDGE, a market-town and parish of Engon theisland of See-Kiang, (Si-Kiang.)  A portion of its in- land, co. of Itants, on the Avon, here crossed by a stonehabitants, as is common in many other towns in China, live  bridge, 19 miles N.W. of Southampton.  Pop. in 1851, 3178.
in boats. Pop. estimated at 200,000.                          FORD/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
FOO-SIAN  or FOU-SKAN, foo'shbnf, a town of China,   FORDOCtIE, for'desh/, a small bayou of Louisiana, flows
province of Kiang-soo, on the Yang-tse-klang, below Nan- through Pointe Coup6e and Iberville parishes, and comauking, at the base of a fortified height.                    nicates with Atchafalaya Bayou.
FOOSTYAMA or FOUSIYAMA. See FoosEE.                         FORDOCIHE, a post-office ofPoint Coup6e parish, Louisiana.
FOOfTA, a territory of Western Africa, in Senegambia, S.   FOR/DON, a town of Prussia, Poland, 7 miles E.N.E. of
of the Senegal, extending from Dagana, on the N.W., to  Bromberg, on the Vistula.  Pop. 2080.
North Guererr, on the S.E., between lat. 150 and 160 26' N.,   FOR/DOUN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.
Ion. 120 36' and 160 36' W. It is divided into three parts,   FORD'S CREEK, a post-office, Catahoulapar-ish, Louisiana.
of which that on the W. is called Foota-Tora, that in the    FORD'S DI~POT. a post-office of Dinwiddie co., Virginia.
centre Foote, (Proper.) and that on the E. Foota-Damra.   FORD'S FERRY, a post-office of Crittenden co., Kentucky.
The soil is fertile, well watered, and well cultivated; but the    FORD'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia.
climate is extremely hot. The principal productions are    FORDS/VILLE, a post-village in Miarion co., Mississippi,
rice and other cereals, cotton of excellent quality, and  on the western bank of Pearl River, about 100 miles S.by E.
tobacco. The forests are extensive, and the district con- of Jackson.
tains several iron mines. The natives profess the Moham-    FORDSVILLE, a post-village of Ohio co., Kentucky, 130
medan religion. The goverument is theocratic and elective; miles W. by S. of Frankfort.  -
but the asmcamy or chief must be chosen f-om certain privi-   FORDYCE, for-dissf, a maritime parish of Scotland, on
leged families, by a council of five persons  The aslmasy is  North Sea, co. of Banff. The village is a burgh of barony.
controlled by the council of five, to whom he must constantly    FORE, a decayed town of Ireland, Leinster, co. of West
submit his acts, and who possess the right of reprimanding,  meath. 3 miles E. of Castlepollard. Pop. 119. The town,
deposing, and even, in certain cases, of putting him to death. built in the reign of Edward III., has an ancient stone
FOOTA-BOND0OO. See BONDOO.                               cross, ruins of a priory and chapel, and the cell of a hermit,
FOOTA-JALLON, foott-jAl'lonu, a considerable district of tenanted so late as 1764.
Western Africa, in Senegambia, intersected by let. 130 N. and    FORE'LAND, (NORTH AND SOUTH,) two celebrated head
Ion. 130 W. It is extremely mountainous, and remarkable  lands in England, co. of Kent; the first forming the N.E.
687




FOR                                                        FOR
angle of the county, and the most easterly land in England.  g-4s, a maritime county of Scotland, having E. the North Sea,
It consists of chalky cliffs, nearly 200 feet in height, pro- and S. the Frith ofTay. Pop.in 1851,191,269. The surihce
jecting into the North Sea, and having a light-house with  is naturally divided into four parallel belts, running firom
fixed light, elevated 184 feet, in lat. 51~ 22' 5" N., ion. 10 26' N.E. to S.W., viz., the Braes of An-us, a part of the Grampian
7'" W. The South Foreland is about 16 miles S. of the for- range; the Vale of Strathmore; the Sidlaw Hills; the rich
mer, the Downs lying between, It has two light-houses, in  plain on the Frith of Tay and the sea. The principal rivers
lat. 51~ 8' 4" N., ion. 10 22' 5" E., elevation 372 feet, with  are the North and South Esks, and the Isla. Forfar is the
fixed lights, to warn ships coming from the S., of their ap- chief seat of the coarse linen manufactures of Scotland. It
preach to the Goodwin Sands.                               has 5 royal burghs, viz., Dundee, Arbroath, Forfar,Montrose,
FOREIMARK, a parish of England, co. of Derby.            and Brechin. It sends 3 members to the House of Commons,
FORENZA, fo-rln/za, (a~c. Fbrentumf) a city of Naples, 1 being for the county.
province of Basilicata, in the Apennines, 15 miles N.E. of    FORFAR, a parliamentary, municipal, and royal burgh
Potenza. Pop. 6100.                                        and parish of Scotland, capital of the county of Forfar, in
FORrEST, a township of England, co. of Durham. Pop. the vale of Strathmore, near a small lake, 14 miles N.N.E.
884, partly employed in lead mines. Here are cascades of  of Dundee, with which, and Arbroath, it is connected by
the Tees and romantic scenery.                             railway. Pop. in 1851, 11,009; pop. of borough, 9311. It is
FOREST, a village of Belgium.  See FOReT.                well built, has handsome county buildings, an excellent
FOREST, a county in the N.N.W. part of Pennsylvania, news-room  and library, numerous schools, and places of
has an area of 376 square miles. It is intersected by Cla- worship, with  considerable manufactures  of Highland
rion or Toby's River, and the northern part is traversed by  brogues and coarlse linens. Forfar unites with Montrose,
Teonista Creek, The surface is uneven and hilly, and ex- Arbroath, Brechin, and Bervie, in sending 1 member to the
tensively covered with thick forests of pine. The soil is  House of Commons.
moderately fertile, except where it is too rough and rocky    FORFARSHIRE, a co. of Scotland. See FORFAR.
for cultivation.  Lumber is the chief article of export.    FORG, forg, a town of Persia, province of Laristan, 175
Stone coal is-found. The Clarion river is navigable by small miles S.E. of Sheeraz. It is inclosed by an earthen rampart,
boats through the county, and the route of the Sunbury  is well furnished with water, and has a fortified palace, and
and Erie Railroad passes near the north-eastern extremity. about 200 houses.
This county was formed, about the year 1851, out of the    FORIGAN, (formerly St. Philflans,) a parish of Scotland,
northern part of Jefferson, and is not included in the census co. of Fife, on the Tay, opposite Dundee, with which it comreturns.                                                   municates by a steam ferry.
FOREST, a township in Genesee co., Michigan. Pop. 178.   FORWGANDEN/NY, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and
FOREST, a township in the north-eastern part of Fond- Kinross, 6 miles S.W. of Perth. It has remains of Roman
du-Lac co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1256.                          and Banish camps.
FOREST, BLACK, Germany..See BL.AcK FOREST.                FORGARIA, foR-g~Fre-A, a villageof Austrian Italy, goFORrESTBURG, a post-township of Sullivah co., New  vernment of Venice, near the Tagliamento, 16 miles N.W.
York, 44 miles W. of Newburg. Pop. 715.                    of Udine. Pop. 1050.
FOREST CANITONS, Switzerland, are the cantons of.   FORGES-LES-EAUX, fonzh-lbz-a, a town of France, deLucerne, Schwytz, Uri, and Unterwalden, in the centre of  partment of the Seine-Inf~rieure, 22 miles N.E. of Rouen.
which is the Lake of Lucerne, or Lake of the Four Cantons. Pop. 1653. It has mineral springs, and an establishment
FORIEST CITtY, a post-village of Tompkins co., New  of baths, frequented from July to September. Its three
York, 145 miles W. of Albany.                              springs, L. REINETTE, LA ROYALE, and LA CARDINALE, were
FOREST CREEK, of Union district, South Carolina, flows  so named from  having been resorted to in 1632 by Louis
S.E., and enters the Tiger River 10 miles S.E. of Unionville. XIII., his Queen, and the Cardinal Richelieu. They are
FORI/ESTDALE, a post-office of Rutland co., Vermont.     chalybeate, and have a temperature of 450 Fahrenheit.
FOREST D]POT, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.     FORGE VILLAGE, a post-village in Middlesex co., MasFOREST GATE, a station on the Eastern Counties Rail- sachusetts, on the Stony Brook Railroad, 6 miles from
way, England, co. of Essex, 5 miles E.N.E. of London.      Groton, and about 30 miles N.W. of Boston.
FOREST  GROVE, a post-office of Claiborne, parish,    FORIGLEN", a parish of Scotland, county, and 74 miles S.
Louisiana.                                                 of Bauff. The ancient castle of Forglen is situated on the
FOREST GROVE, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana.    romantic banks of the Deveron.
FORIEST HILL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          FOR/GUE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. 
FOREST HILL, a station on the London and Brighton    FORIA, fo're-A. or FORIO, fo/re-o, a seaport town ofNaples.
Railway, 5 miles S. of London Bridge. Around it is much  on the western coast of the island of Ischia, district, and 16
beautiful scenery, which is interspersed with many hand-  miles W.S.W. of Pozzuoli. Pop. 5100.  It is beautifully
some villas.                                               situated, and has a good harbor. Near it are mineral baths.
FOREST HILL, a post-office of Union co., Pennsylvania.    FORK;ED DEER RIVER, of WVest Tennessee, is formed
FOREST HILL, a post-office of Ilarford co., Maryland.    by two branches, the South and North Forks, which unite
FOREST HILL, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana.      in Dyer county. Flowing thence south-westward, it enters
FOREST HOME, a post-office of Newton co., Arkansas.   the Mississippi, near the north-westward extremity of LauFOREST HOUSE,'a small village of Butler co., Penusyl-  derdale county. Keel-boats ascend the South Fork, the
vania.                                                    largest branch, as high as Jackson, which is 150 miles firom
FOREST HOUSE, a post office, Waukesha co., Wisconsin.  its mouth.  The North Fork rises near the north-eastern
FOREST IVRONWORKS, a post-village of Union co., Penn-  extremity of Madison county, and joins the South Fork a
sylvania.                                                  few miles S. of Dyersburg.
FOREST LAKE, a post-township of Susquehanna co.,   FORKtED  HEAD, a headland of North America, Cape
Pennsylvania, 7 miles N.W. of Montrose. Pop. 780.          Breton, on the S.E. coast, between Fourchon Harbor and
FORESTO, fo-r~s/to, a village of Austrian Italy, province  Portland Cove.
of Bergamo, 3 miles W. of Sarnico. Pop. 1251.                FORKED  RIVER, a post-village of Dover township,
FOREST OAK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland.  Ocean co., New Jersey, is situated on a stream of its own
FOREST-QUARTER, a township of England, co. Durham.  name, about 9 miles S.S.E. of Toms River. It has 2 grist
FOREST RETREAT, a post-office of Nicholas co.,Kentucky.  mills, 1 saw mill, a ship-yard, a school-house, and a store.
FOREST SPRING, a post-office of Greenup co., Kentucky.  Most of the citizens are engaged in maritime pursuits at a
FORIESTVILLE, apost-village of Hartford co., Connecticut,  distance firom home; but there are in the vicinity of the
o0 the Hartford Providence and Fishkill Railroad, 15 miles  village many excellent farms.
W. by S. of Hartford.                                        FORKED RIVER, a post-office' of Monmouth co., New
FORESTVILLE, a thriving post-village of Chautauque co., Jersey.
New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 8 miles E. of    FORK/HILL. a pamish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh.
Dunkirk. It contains churches for the Methodists, Baptists,    FORK/LAND, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Alaand Universalists, and about half-a-dozen stores. Pop. 800.  bamr, at the junction of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee
FORESTVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Rivers, 18 miles S. of Eutaw.
F'ORESTVILLE, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Virginia.    FORK LICK, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia.
FORESTVILLE, a post-village in WVake co., North Care-   FORK MEET/INGIHOUSE, a post-office of Baltimore cc,,
lina, 15 miles W. of Raleigh.                              Maryland.
FORESTVILLE, a village of Stephenson co., Illinois.        FORKINER'S HILL, a post-office of Laclede co., Missouri.
FORESTVILLE, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.          FORK RIDGE, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.
FORET or FOREST, fo'rf, or fo'rhl, (Flemish Yorst,   FORKS. a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania.
voast,) a village of Belgium, province, and 7 miles S.E. of  Pop. 2321.
Liege, on the Vesdre. Pop. 2028.                            FORKS, a township of Sullivan  co., Pennsylvania.
FORET, LA, 1-1 fo'rA/, or fo'rlhl, a maritime hamlet of  Pop. 343.
France, department of FinistSre, arrondissement of Quim-   FORKS OF ELK/HORN, a post-office of Franklin co., Kenp8r, on a bay of its own name. Pop. 1500.                 tucky.
FOREZ, fo'r.V, an old division of France, in the province    FORKS OF PIGEON, a post-office of Haywood co., North
of Lyonnais, the capital of which was Miontbrison, now form- Carolina.
Ing the greater part of the department of Loire.            FORKS OF POTOIMAC, a post-office of Hampshire co.,
FOR/FAR, FORFARSIIIRE, for/f4r-shir, or ANGUS, ang-. Virginia.
688




FOR                                                          FOR
FORKISTON, a post-village and township of Wyoming co., provinces of the mainland, employs about 300 vessels. The
Pennsylvania, about 105 miles N.E. of IIarrisburg. Pop. 694. rice grown in Formosa is of superior quality.  Wheat, milFORKSIVILLE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Virginia. let, maize, several kinds of vegetables, sugar-cane, oranges.,
FORKS'VILLE, a small post-village -of Washita parish, pine-apples, guavas, cocoa-nuts, areca-nuts, peaches, apriLouisiana, 13 miles W. of Munroe.                           cots, figs, grapes, pomegranates, chestnuts, and melons are
FORKSVILLE, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 50 miles  also raised in large quantities. The commerce of Formosa
N.N.W. of Chicago.                                          is confined chiefly to Fokien, and to a few of the other E.
FORKITOWN, a post-village in Somerset co., Miaryland, provinces of China, from which it imports tea-green tea
about 90 miles S.S.E. of Annapolis.                         only, and that of a peculiar kind, being cultivated on the
FORK UNION, a post-office of Fluvanna co., Virginia.     island-raw silk, woollen, and cotton stuffs, and other maFORLI, fon-leel, (anc. Forrum Livlii,) a walled city of Cen- nufactures.  The exports besides rice, are camphor, salt,
tral Italy, in the Papal States, capital of a delegation of its  sulphur, maize, fruits, timber, and other produce.  The
own name, 38 miles S.E. of Bologna, at the foot of the Ap- domestic animals are cattle, buffaloes, horses, asses, goats,
eninnes, in a pleasant and fertile plain, watered by the  sheep, and hogs. The E. part of the island is said to be inI{onco and Montone. It is handsome and well built, with  fested with tigers, leopards, and wolves, but none are met
a spacious square, and contains many beautiful' buildings, with in the cultivated districts on the W. side. In 18148,
including several palaces, one of which, the Palazzo Guerini,  coal of excellent quality, and extending over a large area,
is after the designs of Michael Angelo, It also has a cathe-  was discovered at the N.E. part of the island, in the vicinity
dral, and several other churches, most of which are adorned  of the village of Kelung-tow or Killon. The aborigines are
with fine paintings, by Cignani, Guide, and other masters. of a slender shape, olive complexion, wear long hair. and'
There are likewise numerous convents in the town, and a  blacken their teeth. They are divided into numerousclans
famous citadel, now a prison. Forli is a bishop's see, and  or tribes, have no written language, are honest, and just in
the residence of the legate. It has a college, a public ii- their dealings, but revengeful when provoked. The Chi'
brary, and some literary societies; manufactures of silk  nese portion of the island is divided into four districts, the
ribbons, silk twist, oil-cloth, woollen stuffs, wax, nitre, capital of which is Tai-wan-foe. The Chinese had no knowand refined sulphur; and a considerable trade in corn, ledge of Formosa till the year 1403, and their sway was not
wines, oil, hemp, and aniseseed. Forli was taken by the  established over it till 1683. Since then it has greatly flouFrench in 1797. Pop. 16,000.                               rished through their industry, perseverance; and agriculFORLI, a delegation of the Papal States, bounded on the  tural skill.'An extensive emigration is still going on from
E. by the Adriatic. Area, about 750 square miles. Capital, the continent; and lands are taken up by capitalists, who
Forli. Pop. 1850, 208,000.                                  not only encourage the people to gdover, but purchase
FORLI, a village of Naples, province of Molise, 7] miles large numbers of poor persons to occupy them. The coloN. of Isernia. Pop. 2200.                                  nists are wealthy and unruly, and are a source of great anFORLIMPOPOLI, foa-lim-popfo-le, (anc. l/olonm Pbopilfii,)  noyance, from the frequency of their revolts, to the Chinese
a town of Central ltaly, in the Pontifical States, 5 miles government.  Literature is in a flourishing state in the
E.S.E. of Forli. Pop. 4191. It has an ancient castle, a  island, and the people of Fokien sometimes send their sons
eathedral, and some trade in wine, flax, and silk.          there to obtain literary degrees. Formosa has few available
FORMIBY, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.         harbors, owing to the shallowness of their entrances. The
FORMIENTERA, fon-mIn-tArlr, (anc. Pityulsce,) one of the  channel S. from the island is remarkable for the violence of
Baleeric Islands, in the Mediterranean, 0 miles S. of Iviga. its N. winds and for its heavy seas. In 1632 the DutchbeLength from W. to E., 13 miles; breadth, firom 2 to 10 miles. came masters of it, but they were expelled by the famous
Pop. 2000, engaged in agriculture.                          pirate Coxinga, whose successors ruled here till 1683. The
FORMERIE, foa'meh-ree', a town of France, department Nerbudda transport and the brig Ann were wrecked on Forof Oise, 21 miles N.N.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1257.            mesa in 1841, and nearly all their survivors were ultiFORMICHE, fon-mee/kA, two small islands in the Medi- mately put to death with great cruelty by the Chinese.
terranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, intendency, and 5 miles  Pop. estimated at 2,500,000.
S.W. of Trapani, the E. and larger being covered with stone    FORMOSA, fon-mo'sa, the northernmost of the Bissagos 
buildings, and having a tolerable harbor.                   Islands. off the W. coast of Africa. It is fertile and well
FORMICHE, foa-meelkA, a group in the Mediterranean, wooded; but has no good water. This is the name also of
off the SJE. extremity of Elba.                             the river of Benin, of bays oa the Brazil and Zanguebar
rORMICHE DI GROSSETTO, fon-meelkA dee gros-skt/to a  coasts, of a mountain of Johore, Malacca, and of a village of
group in the Mediterranean, including Monte Christo, Gian- Sicily, S.E. of Trapani. with 2000 inhabitants.
nuti, Giglio, &c.                                             FORMOSA or FORSMIOSO. See BeNIN, RivEa OF.
FORMICOLA, foR-meetko-l&, a village of Naples, province    FORMOSA, (for-mo/sA,) MouNT and RivER, near the S.E.
of Terra di Lavoro, 7 miles N.E. of Capua. Pop. 2000.       extremity of the Malay Peninsula, in Malacca Strait. The
FORMIGA, foR-mee/gA, a town of Brazil, province of Minas- mount is in lat. 10 49' N., ion. 1020 55' E., 40 miles E. of
Geraes, 140 miles E. of Villa Rica, near the source of a small Malacca. The W. end forms the bluff point of land called
river of the same name, comarca of Rio Grande. Pop. 2000. Point Sizan, on the E. side of the entrance of Formosa
FORMIGARA, foR-me-g~r/, a village of Austrian Italy, River,,which extends a considerable way into the country,
province of Cremona, 6 miles S.S.W. of Soresina. Pop. 1186.  and fills into the Strait of Malacca, at lat. 20 N., Ion. 1020
FORMIGAS, foe-mee'gils, a town of Brazil, province of  50, E.
Minas-Geraes, 100 miles W.N.W. of Mines-Novas. Pop. 1000.   FORMIOISA, a village of Cole co., Missouri, on the MisFORMIGINE, foa-me-jeefnA, a town of Italy, duchy of Mo- souri River, near the mouth of Osage River, about 10 miles
dena, on a canal 6 miles S.S.W. of Modena. Pop. 1800.       below Jefferson City.
FORMIGN Y, foa'-meen'yeel, a town of France, department    FORMOSE, an island of China. See FoRaosA.
of Calvados, 12 miles from Bayeux, famous for a battle be-   FORNAS, fo'nAes, a village of Asia Minor, in Antolia, 7
tween the French and English, in 1450, in which the latter  miles S.E. of the ruins of Xanthus, and near which are the
were defeated, and in consequence of which they were com- remains of the ancient Patosa.
pelled to abandon Normandy. A monument to commemo-   FORNICETT ST. MIARY, a parish of England. co. of
rate the event was set up in 1834, near the highway be- Norfolk.
tween Paris and Cherbourg, at the spot where the closing    FORNCETT ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of
struggle is recorded to have taken place. Pop. 537.         Norfolk.
FORMOSA, (Chinese cti-wsan or Tai-ouan, ti-wAn/; Fr. For-   FORNELLA, foe-nl/1A, a fortified harbor of the island of
smose, focomoz/; Port. F-ormosa, foa-molsd, i. e. "beautiful,")  Minorca, on its N. coast, 12 miles N.N.W. of Port Mahon.
an island of the China Sea, between 220 and 250 30' N., and    FOR/NEY'S, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina.
lon. 1200 30' and 1220 E. Length firom N. to S., 245 miles;    FORN/HASI ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of
breadth at the broadest part, which is at the centre, about  Suffolk.
100 miles. Area, 15,000 square miles. The whole coast of the    FORNHAM ST. GENEYEVE, a parish of England, co. of
island ifacing the mainland, and for a considerable distance  Suffolk.
inland, belongs to China, and is included in the government   FORNIAMI ST. iMARTIN, a parish of England, co. of
of the province of Fokien, from which it is distant about 90  Suffolk.
miles.'The remainder. or E. side of the island. is occu-   FORNO, foteo, several villages of Northern Italy, the
pied by aborigines. Formosa isintersected throughout its  principal being FaORNO DI RIvAA, for/no dee re-v/rA, in Piedwhole length by a ridge of mountains called [ufh K~an Shan, mont, 31 miles N.W. of Turin. Pop. 2612.
some of whose summits are supposed to reach an eleva-   FORNOS D' ALGODRES, for/noce dill go.dr.s, a town of
tion of 12.000 feet, and are covered with snow during the  Portugal, province of Beira Alta, 16 miles S.E. of Viseu
whole year. Their declivities are clothed with fine trees  Pop. 1123.
and pasture-grounds, giving the island a very attractive ap-   FORNOVO, fon-no/vo, (anc. Fosrum Novsum,) a marketpearance from the sea, whence its Portuguese name. These  town of Northern Italy, duchy, and 13 miles S.W. of Parnm
mountains present many evidences of former volcanic  Here the French. under Charles VIII., defeated the Mi
action. Rivers are numerous on the W. side. but most lanese and their allies in 1495.
of them are mere mquntain torrents. The soil of the lower   FORtRABURY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
tracts and the more gentle slopes of the mountains is ex-   FOR/RES, a parliamentary, municipal, royal burgh, pnd
tremely fertile, well cultivated, and the climate salubrious.  parish of Scotland, co. of Moray, 10 miles W.S.W. of Elgin
The rice trade alone, between the island and the maritime  Pop. of town, 3339. It is neatly built, has a town-house, an
2T                                                                            689




FOR                                                       FOR
excellent academy, a library, some remains of a castle, a  Wisconsin, on Bock River. just below the mouth of the
tower in honor of Nelson, and near it a remarkable ancient Bark River, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Madison. It is situated
obelisk, called Sweno's Pillar, probably erected in memory  in a rich farming district. It has 2 churches, 8 stores, and
of a victory over the Danes. Forres unites with Inverness,  about 500 inhabitants.
Fortrose, and Nairn in sending 1 member to the House of    FORT ATKINSON, or FORT SUMtNER,aformer military
Commons. According to Shakspeare and the old chronicles, it post in Kansas Territory, at the crossing of the Arkansas
was on a "blasted heath" near Forres that Macbeth first met River, on the Santa F8 Road. Here the Laramie treaty with
the weird sisters. Findhorn. 4 miles to the N., is the seaport. the tribes of the Arkansas River was ratified, July, 1853.
FOR/RIS, a post-office of Hancock co., Virginia.           FORT AUGUSITA, Pennsylvania.   a revolutionary fort on
FORRO, for/an', written also FORROU, a market-town of  the site of Sunbury.
IHungary, in Hither Theiss, co. of Abauajvar, 10 miles N.E. of   FORT AUGUSTA, Georgia, an ante-revolutionary fort 9n
Szickso, on the Hmerad.                                   or near the present site of Augusta. 
FORRO, or BRENNDORF, brln/doaf a village of Iungary,    FORT AUGUSITUS, a fort and village of Scotland, co. of
in Transylvania, about 15 miles from Nagy-Enyed. Pop. 1016. Inverness, on the line of the Caledonian Canal, at the S.
FORRU, for-ntoo, a village on the island of Sardinia, divi- extremity of Loch Ness. The village is mean and irregular;
sion of Cagliari, 23 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 960.    the fort, bfilt in 1730, is now all but abandoned.
FORS/BROOK, a township of England. co. of Stafford.        FORT BAIN/BRIDGE, a village of Russel co., Alabama,
FORS/COTE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         on the line of the (proposed) Girard and Mobile Raihload.
FORSE, forss, a river of Scotland, co. of Caithuess, falls    FORT BALL, New York. an ante-revolutionary fort near
into the Pentland Frith, near s village of the same name.   Rome, between the Mohbawk and Wood Creek.
FORSTE, foas/teh, or FORSTA, foas'td, a town of Prussia,    FORT BAR/RINGTON or FORT BAR/RINGTON FER/RY,
province of Brandenburg, 43 miles S. of Frankfort, on an  a post-village of McIntosh co., Georgia, on the Altamaha
island in the Neisse. Pop. 3610, employed in potteries, and  River, 12 miles N.W. of Darien.
in weaving linens and woollens.                              FORT BEND, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, contains
FORISTERVILLE, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia, 80  about 850 square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos
miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                               River, and Bernard River bounds it on the S.W. The surFORSYTH, for-srTHI, a county in the N.W. central part face is nearly level; the soil is alluvial, and some parts are
of North Carolina; area estimated at 250 square miles. It fertile, especially on the river bottoms. The uplands are
is drained by Yadkin River and by Muddy Creek. The sur- mostly uncultivated, and destitute of timber; the large
face is diversified by hills and valleys; the soil is said to be  streams are fringed with forests of live oak, red cedar, &c.
fertile. The rocks which underlie the county are primitive.  Steamboats navigate the Brazes through this county during
A plank-road is in progress, which will connect Salem with  several months of the year. Capital, Richmond. Pop. 2533,
Fayetteville. Formed in 1849, from  the S. part of Stokes  of whom 970 were free, and 1554 slaves.
county. Capital, Winsten. Pop. 11,168, of whom 9815 were    FORT BEN/TON, in Nebraska Territory, is situated on the
free, and 1353 slaves.                                     N. side of the Missouri, about 10 miles below the Great Falls.
FORSYTH, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has  Lat. 470 20' N., lon. 1090 451' W.
an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the    FORT BEVERSEDE, b,/vfer-sAtldfh, Pennsylvania, built
S.E. and S. by the Chattahoochee, intersected by the Eto- on the Schuylkill, near its mouth, by the Dutch, in 1648.
wah, and also drained by Vickery's and Sittingdown Creeks.   FORT BLOCK/H OUSE and FORT MONCK/TON, two forts
The surface is diversified by hills or small mountains; the  of England, co. of Hants, defending the entrance of Portssoil in the vicinity of the rivers is alluvial and rich, and the  mouth Iharbor, on the W.
uplands are moderately productive. "Forsyth county lies    FORT BOIS1~, bw'zA/, a fort belonging to the Hudson
in the gold region. Sawney's Mountain, near Cumming, Bay Company, is situated in Oregon, on the Lewfs River, at
contains abundance of gold. Silver and copper are found  the mouth of Red River. Lat. 43c 491 22" N., lon. 1160 47' W.
in several places, and a few diamonds and other precious    FORT BOONE, an old fort on the site of Booneville, Kenstones have been found." (Winr-'s,Statistics of Georgia.)  tucky. It was erected by Colonel Boone in 1775.
Named in honor of John Forsyth, an eminent statesman of    FORT BROOKE, is situated at the head of Tampa Bay,
Georgia. Capital, Cumming. Pop. 8850, of whom 7823were  Florida.
free, and 1027 slaves.                                      FORT BROW/DER, a post-office of Barber co., Alabama.
FORSYTH, a thriving post-village, capital of Monroe co.,   FORT BROWN. See BaoWNSsvLLsE.
Georgia, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 25 miles N.W.    FORT BUF/FINGTON, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia.
of Macon. It has a brick court-house, 3 churches, 2 schools,   FORT BUT/LER, a post-office of Orange co., Florida.
a newspaper office, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 500.           FORT BYRD, Pennsylvania, an ante-revolutionary fort on
FORSYTII, a post-village, capital of Taney co., Missouri, the Monongahela, at the mouth of Red Stone Creek, near
on White River, at the mouth of Swan Creek, 150 miles the site of Brownsville.
S.S.W. of Jefferson City.                                   FORT CASISIMIR, Delaware, near the present site of NewFORT AD/AMS, in Narraganset Bay, one of the defences  castle, was erected by the Dutch about 1650.
of Newport. See NEwPoDT.                                     FORT CASWELL, one of the defences of the harbor of
FORT ADAMS, a post-village of Williinson co., Mississip- Smithville, North Carolina.
pi, on the Mississippi River, 40 miles S. of Natchez.        FORT CHARLES, an old fort near the present site of
FORT AL/AMO, of Bexar co., Texas, near San Antonio. Richmond, Virginia, erected in 1645.
Here, March 6, 1836, a small galrrison of Texans bravely re-   FORT CHIP'PEWYTAN and FORT WED/DERBURN, two
sisted a body of Mexicans ten times their number, and pe- forts of British North America, at the W. extremity of Laker
rished to:a man; whence this spot has been called the Ther- Athabasca.
mopylse of Texas.                                            FORT CHRISTIANA, kris'te-t/n'l, founded by the Swedes
FORTALEZA, foa-tA-lIAzA, a city of Brazil, capital of bhe  in 1638, stood near the site of Wilmington, Delaware.
province of Ceara, on a bay in the Atlantic, at the mouth of   FORT CLARK, a post-office of Alachua co., Florida.
the river Ceara. Lat. 30 42' S., lon. 380 30' W. Pop. 3000.   FORT CLARKE, in Humboldt co., Iowa, on Lizard River,
It has a palace of the governor, a Latin school, and an hos- 165 miles W.N.W. of Iowa City.
pital. Previous to 1823 it was catlled CEARA,or  LL.A  o0 FoaRTE.   FORT CLINRtTON, one of the defences of West Point during
FORT AM/STERDAM, New York, on the S. point of Man- the Revolution.
hattan Island, founded in 1626. It was called FoRT JAMES    FORT CLYDE, an old fort of New York, near Fort Plain,
under the British rule.                                    in Montgomery county.
FORTANA, fot-tA/nii, the easternmost of the Bonin    FORT COLUM/BUS, is situated on Governor's Island.
Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, near lat. 250 N., lon. 1430 30' E. See NEW YORK.
FORT ANICIENT, a pOst-office of Warren co., Ohio.          FORT COLYVILLE, a fort belonging to the Hudson Bay
FORTANETE, foa-tA-nA/ta, a town of Spain, 34 miles  Company, is situated in Washington Territory, on the left
E.N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2002. It has manufactures of linen. bank of the Columbia, near 480 30' N. lat., and 118 W. ion.
FORT ANNE, ffrt ann, a post-village and township of   FORT CON/FIDENCE, a fort of British North America, at
Washington co., New York, on the Champlain Canal. and  the N. extremity of the Great Bear Lake.
on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 67 miles N\. by    FORTCONSTITUTION. SeePortTsomOsI,  NEWNrwHcMPSIRse.
E. of Albany. The village contains churches for the Me-   FORT CORNWALILIS, a revolutionary fortress erected
thodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, a bank, about half a  by the British at Augusta, Georgia.
dozen stores, several tanneries, and other establishments.   FORT COY/INGTON, formerly FRENCII'S MILLS, a postThere are 3 -locks here in the canal, which has its highest village and township of Franklin co., New York, on Salmon
level in this township.  A fortification, filom  which the  River, about 18 miles N.W. of Malone. The village is situplace derives its name, was erected at the head of boat ated on the E. side of the river, about 5 miles from its ennavigation here, on Wood Creek, in 1756, during the wars  trance into the St. Lawrence. Steamboats ascend nearly to
with the French. Pop. of the township, 3383.               this point. It is handsomely laid out, and contains churches
FORT AR/BUCKLE, a post-office of Choctaw co., Arkansas. of three denominations, an academy, and several mills. Pop.
FORT ARINOLD, the name of one of the redoubts at West of the township, 2641.
Point. in the war of the Revolution.                        FORT CRAWtFORD, a post-office of Conecuh co., Alabama.
FORT ATIKINSON, a post-village of Winnishiek co., Iowa,   FORT CROI/GHAN, of Potawatamie co., Iowa, on the right
i10O miles N. by W. of Iowa City.                         bank of the Missouri River, N. of Council Bluff.
LiORT ATKINSON, a thriving post-village of Jefferson co.,   FORT CROWN POINT,  New York. Seo CnovwN PozN.
690




FOR                                                       FOR
FORT CUMIBERLAND, a strong fortress of England, co. ral artificial mounds, the largest of which is 75 feet in height,
of Hauts, on Portsea Island, 4 miles E. of Portsmouth, and  with a level surface on the top, 80 yards by 30 in extent.
defending the entrance of Langston Harbor.                From the base of the mound a broad road or canal, 500
FORT CUMBERLAND, an old fort on or near the present yards long, extending to the creek, is still well defined, and
site of Cumberland, Maryland, erected by Braddock in 1750. in some places is about 12 feet deep. A vertical shaft has
FORT DADE, a post-office of Benton co., Florida, on the  been sunk in the mound to the depth of 50 or 60 feet, but
Withlacoochee River, 170 miles S.E. of Tallahassee. Near nothing found except charcoal, and a white substance supthis spot, in December, 1835, Major Dade, with his 112 com- posed to be decomposed bones.
panions, perished while heroicglly defending themselves    FORT GAINES, a post-village of Cass co., Minnesota Teragainst an overwhelming force of Indians. Only one of the  ritory, on the Mississippi River, 22 miles N. of St. Paul. It
number escaped.                                           is now called FoRs  RIPLEY, which see.
FORT DAUPIIIN, a ruined French fort and town on the    FORT GAR/RY, a fort of British North America, at the
S. coast of Madagascar.  Lat. 250 11 S., lon. 460 40' E.  junction of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers, 40 miles S. of
FORT DAYTON. See FORT IIERKIMER.                        Lake Winnipeg. It is a strong and regular fortification, and
FORT DECAITUR, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama, near it are many good dwellings, with Roman Catholic and
near the Tallapoosa River, and on the railroad from Mont- Protestant churches.
gomery to West Point, 30 miles E.N.E. of the former.        FORT GEORGE, a fort of Scotland, co. and 9 miles'N.E. of
FORT DEFILANCE, a post-office of Caldwell co., North  Inverness, and the northernmost of the three forts on the
Carolina.                                                 line of the Caledonian Canal, on a point of land jutting into
FORT DES MOINES, (de-moin',) a thriving post-town, Moray Frith. It covers 15 acres, has quarters for 3000 men,
capital of Iowa, situated at the junction of the Des Moines bomb-proof magazines, and is esteemed the most complete
and Racoon Rivers, 120 miles W. of Iowa City. The seat fortification in Britain.
of the state government was established here in 1855.   FORT GEORGE, the citadel of Madras, in British India.
The Des Moines is susceptible of steam navigation to this    FORT GEORGE, the citadel of Astoria, in Oregon Territory.
point, which is the terminus of the slack-water improve-   FORT GEORGE, an old fort (now a picturesque ruin,) at
ment now prosecuted by the state. The projected railroad  the S.E. end of Lake George, New York.
from Davenport on the Mississippi River to Council Bluff is    FORT GIBISON, or CAN/TONMENT GIBSON, a post-vilexpected to pass through this place. Mines of stone coal lage and military station in the Indian Territory, on the
have been opened in the vicinity, and timber is abundant. Neosho River, near its entrance into the Arkansas, in about
The river furnishes extensive water-power, which is par- 350 45/ N. lat., and 950 30 WV. Ion.
tially employed in flouring mills and saw mills. Two news-   FORT GOOD HOPE, Connecticut, commenced in 1623, by
papers are published her. The old Fort Des Moines was the Dutch, was near the present city of Hartford.
evacuated by the troops of the United States in 1846.       FORT GOT/TENBURG, built by the Swedes, on Tinicus
FORT DICKIINSON, an old fort situated near Wilkes- Island, 12 miles below Philadelphia, in 1642.
barre, Pennsylvania.                                        FORT GOWIER, Ohio, a revolutionary fortress on the
FORT DUNICAN, a post-village and military station of  Ohio, at the mouth of the Great Hockhocking.
Kinney co., Texas, on the Rio Grande, at what is called the    FORT GRAN'BY, a revolutionary fort near Columbia,
Eagle Pass, 250 miles W.S.W. of Austin.                    South Carolina.
FORT DU QUESNE, Pennsylvania. See PITTSBURG.               FORT GRATIOT, grashle-ot, a military post and settleFORT DURIKEE, an old fort built in 1769, near Wilkes- ment in St. Clair co., Michigan, at the head of St. Clair
barre, Pennsylvania.                                       River, 55 miles N.E. of Detroit.
FORTEAU  (fortf) BAY, an islet on the S.E. coast of    FORT GRIERSON, greertlson, one of the revolutionary
Labrador, near the S.E. extremity of the Strait of Belleisle. forts at Augusta, Georgia.
It receives a considerable river, and possesses valuable    FORT GRISIWOLD, Connecticut, a revolutionary fortress
fisheries.                                                 near New London.
FORT EDI/WARD, a post-village and township of Wash:    FORTII, forth, a river of Scotland, rises on the N.E. side of
ington co., New York,' on the E. bank of Iudson River. Ben Lomond, and after a winding course eastward, through
The village is situated on the Saratoga and Washington  some of the finest scenery in the kingdom, it expands into
Railroad. and on the Champlain Canal, 23 miles fronm  the arm of the sea called the Frith of Foirth, dividing the
Whitehall.  It contains churches for the Episcopalians,  counties of Perth, Clackmannan, and Fife on the N., from
Methodists, and Baptists, a bank, some half a dozen stores, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, and Haddington on the S.
and the remains of old Fort Edward, erected in 1755. A  The course of the Forth, including its many "links" or
dam, 900 feet in length, and 27 feet high, was erected many  windings, is estimated at 170 miles. Breadth at Queensyears ago, across the Hudson, a little N. of the village, and  ferry, 3 niles; at Leith Fort, 6 miles.  Chief tributaries,
served formerly to supply the canal by means of a feeder the Teith, Allan, and Devon. The Forth has many good
half a mile in length. In the immediate vicinity occurred  harbors, the principal of which is Leith; above Queensferry
the murder of Miss McCrea by the Indians.  Pop. of the  is one of the safest roadsteads in the island. The river is
township, 2323; of the village, about 600.                navigable to Stirling for vessels of 100 to(s, and to Alloa for
FORT EDWARD CENTRE, a post-office of Washington co., vessels of 300 tons. It is connected with the Clyde by a caNew York.                                                 nal 38 miles in length. See FoaTH, FRITH OF.
FORT ELISINBURG, New Jersey, was built in 1643, by    FORT I{ALE, Connecticut, named FORTa ROCaK in the Revothe Swedes, near the present site of Salem.               lution, is on an insulated rock, 2 miles from New Haven.
FORT ENITERPRISE, a fort of British North America,   FORT HALL, a fort belonging to the Hudson Bay Comabout 150 miles N. of the Great Slave Lake.               pany, and an important station on the route to Oregon,
PORT ERIE. See EerE, FeUT.                              situated on the left or S. bank of Lewis River. Lat. 430 1'
FORTESQUE (fog'tisk!?) BAY, a beautiful bay of Van  30" N., ion. 1120 29' 54" W.
Diemen's Land, on the E. coast of Tasman's Peninsula.       FORT HIAMIILTON, a pleasant post-village of King's co.,
FORTEVENTURA Island.  See FUERTEVENTURA.                New York, situated on the Narrows, at the W. extremity of
FORTEVYIOT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.         Long Island, 7 miles S. of New York. Here is a strong forFORT FAIRICHILD, a post-office of Aroostook co., Mlaine. tification, defending the entrance of New York Harbor. The
FORT FAIRIFIELD, a post-village in the E. part of Aroos- village has a large hotel or boarding-house, and is a place of
took co., MIaine, on the S. side of Aroostook River, 150 miles summer resort.
N.E. by N. of Bangor. It contains a barrack, and is chiefly    FORT HARIDY, New York, near the site of Saratoga, a
interesting from its having been a military post during our  revolutionary fortress, now in ruins, at the junction of the
difficulties with England in 1839.                        Fishkill Creek with the Hudson.
FORT FILLMORE, a military station and post-office    FORT HARILEY.     a post-office of Alachua co., Florida.
below Donna Ana, on the Rio Grande, in the S. part of New    FORT HEM/BREE, a post-office of Cherokee co., North
hexico.                                                    Carolina.
FORT FOOTE. a post-office of Neshoba co., Mississippi.     FORT ItENWDERSON, a small post-village of Macon co.,
FORT FRANKILIN, New York, a revolutionary stockade  Alabama, 50 miles WV.N.W. of Montgomery.
at Lloyd's Neck, Long Island.                                FORT HEN/RY, Virginia, founded by Lord Dunmore, in
FORT FRANKLIN, a fort of British North America. Lat. 1774, and named by him Fincastle, near the site of Wheeling.
650 12' N., lon. 1230 13' WV., with a mean annual tempera-   FORT HENRY, an old fort, erected in 1646, on the site
ture of 170 Fahrenheit.                                    of the present town of Petersburg, Virginia.
FORT FRONTENAC.  See KINGsToN, Canada.                    FORT HERtKIMER, New York, known in the RevoluFORT GAGE, of New York, an ante-revolutionary fort, tion as Fort Dayton, near the site of the present village of
situated a little S. of Fort George.                      Herkimer, was erected during the Old French, or Seven
FORT GAINES, siunz, a thriving post-village of Early co., Years' WVar.
Geor-ia on tihe Chattahoochee River, 175 miles S.W. of Mil-   FORTH, FRITHI OF, Scotland. After the river Forth is
led-seville.  It is situated on a high bluff, 160 feet above joined by the Devon, on the N. it begins to widen, and gracommon water mark. Steamboats navigate the river for dually assumes the appearance of a bay.. This bay, called
about eight months of the year. Fort Gaines is the chief  the Frith of Forth, is about 50 miles long, and, where
mart for the sale and shipment of the cotton produced in  widest, is near 15 miles broad.
Early county. It contains several churches. On the banks    FORT HILL, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 45 miles
of Colamoks Creek, a few miles S.E. of Fort Gaines, are seve- N.N.W. of Chicago.                        691
69




FOR                                                        FOR
FORTIH MOUNITAINS, a range of hills of ireland, in bherland, on an arm of Cumberland Bay, about 90 miles N,
Leinster, 4 miles W. of Wexford. In 1798, about 15,000 in- by W. of Halifax.
surgents encamped here, previous to the attack and capture    FORT LEAV/ENWORTH, an important military post of
of Wexford. The maritime barony of Forth forms a penin- Kanzas Territory, on the W. side of the Missouri River, 398
sula, studded with the ruins of Anglo-Saxon towers, built miles above its mouth, 31 miles above the mouth of the
to protect the invaders from the Irish.                   Kanzas liver, and 4 miles below Weston, Missouri, in lat.
FOB/THO or FUiBTHIO, a parish of England, co. of North- 390 21 14" N., and lon. 940 44'W. This is the oldest fort on
ampton.                                                    the Missouri, having been established in 1827. It is the
FORT HOW/ARD, a thriving post-village of Brown co., great firontier dep6t for the other military posts on the Santa
Wisconsin, on the W. bank of Fox River, near its month, F6 and Or-egon routes, and the general rendezvous for troops
opposite Green Bay. It has a large foundry, with a ma- proceeding to western forts. The government reservation
chine-shop, 2 steam saw mills, and from 400 to 500 inhabit- extends 6 miles along the Missouri, and about 3 back. The
ants. Here was formerly a military post.                   fort is about 2 miles N.'of Leavenworth City. It has a good
FORT HIIUNITER,  a post-office of Montgomery co., New  landing for steamboats. All the buildings are well conYork, and the site of an old fortification, of which there are  structed, and present quite an imposing appearance. They
still some remains, on the Erie Canal, about 35 miles W. by  consist of the barracks for the troops, a large structure, three
N. of Albany.                                             stories high; an hospital, which cost from $12,000 to $15,000;
FORT HUNTER, New York, on the Mohawk, at the the quartermaster's building, a capacious warehouse, &,.
mouth of the Schoharie Creek, was founded during the Connected with the fort are several large farms, and stabling
French and Indian War, razed during the Revolution, and for 8000 horses and 15.000 mules.
again partially restored.                                    Fort Leavenworth is rapidly improving. New streets are
FORITIFIED ISLAND, or BASWARAGE, baslwar-aj'. in  being laid out, and many new buildings are in course of
British India, presidency, Madras, is a small island opposite erection.  The parade-ground  is remarkably. handsome.
Onore, on the Malabar coast, and fortified by Tippooee Saib, Here centre all the great military roads of the territories:
from whom it was taken in 1792.                           one road runs S. to the Texas forts, one S.W. to Santa F6,
FORT INDEPENDENCE, is on Castle Island, in Boston  another due W. to Fort Riley, and a fourth N.W. to Nebraska,
Harbor, 3 miles below the city. It was called Castle Wil- Utah, Oregon, California, &c. FortLeavenworth is supposed
liam in and before the Revolution. The present name was to possess the greatest advantages for the starting-point of
given by the elder Adams while president.                 the Pacific Railroad. Here was the rendezvous of General
FORT INDIAN, a celebrated fortress of the Narragansetts, Kearney in June, 1846, before his expedition to Santa F6,
near Kingston, Rhode Island, in the early colonial times.   and from this place have started the expeditions of General
FORTINGALt, for'tin-gawll, a large mountainous parish  Joseph Lane to Oregon in 1845; Captain Stansbury to the
of Scotland, occupying the N.W. part of the county of Salt Lake in 1849; the surveyors of the Central Pacific RailPerth.  Area, nearly 450,000 acres.  Pop. in 1851, 2486. road route in 1853; Colonel Fremont for the similar purpose
Remains of a Roman camp, and of numerous Celtic forts in the same year, &c. In the vicinity of the fort are several
and feudal castles are still visible, and in the district of Ban- very flourishing  missions and manual-labor schools.
noch are large remnants of the ancient Caledonian forest.   FORT LEE, a village of Bergen co., New Jersey, on the
In Fortingal churchyard is a yew tree, supposed to be the  Hudson River, at the foot of the Palisades, 9 miles above
largest in the kingdom. In the parish are Schiehallion, New York. Here was a noted military post, now in ruins.
Glen Lyon, and Lochs Rannoch, Etricht, and Garry.            FORT LIBERTY, lee'b5n'tP, formerly called Port Dauphin,
FORT INGE, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas.            a seaport town of Hayti, on its N. coast. Lat. 190 42' N., ion.
FORT ISLE AUX  NOIX, eel 6 nwf, fortified by the  710 571 W. Itis well built, and has a good harbor.
French in 1759, and again by Schuyler in 1775, is now a    FORT LITITLETON, a post-village of Fulton co., Pennstrong British fortress in the Sorel River, near the southern  sylvania, 80 miles W. by S. of harrisburg.
boundary of Canada East.                                     FORT LOIGAN, named from  Colonel Logan, who led a
FORT JACKISON, a village in the township of lopkinton,  party of settlers in 1774, was situated in Lincoln co., KenSt. Lawrence co., New York, on the E. branch of St. Regis  tucky, a mile W. of the town of Stanton.
River, about 40 miles E. of Ogdensburg.  It contains 2    FORT LOUDON, lw/don, an ante-revolutionary fort, on the
churches, a saw-mill, clothing works, starch factory, &c.; Tennessee River. near the confines of Georgia and Tennessee.
and in the vicinity is a quarry of Potsdam sandstone, yield-   FORT LOUIS; for loolee/, a town of France, department
ing a beautiful material for building.                    of Bas-Rhin, near the Rhine, 21 miles N.N.E. of Strasbourg,
FORT JAMES, a British station on the coast of Guinea. with the remains oft a fort, built by Vauban, and destroyed
See ACCRA.                                                by the allies in 1815.
FORT JEFIFERSON, a village of Ballard co., Kentucky.       FORT MAcHEN/lY, situated on Patapsco Bay, guards the
FORT JEFFERSON, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, 5  entrance to Baltimore, Maryland.
miles S.W. of Greenville. The fort at this place was built   FORT MAclINTOSH, Pennsylvania, a revolutionary stockby General St. Clair, in 1791.                             ade on the Ohio River, 36 miles below Pittsburg, at the
FORT JEN/KINS, Pennsylvania, 8 miles above Wilkes- mouth of Beaver River, near the site of the town of Beaver.
barre, was built in 1776. A second fort of the same name    FORT MacKEAN. See FoRT PLAIN.
was built half way between Wilkesbarre and Sunbury, on    FORT MACKINAW. See MAcKlINAc, MICIGAN.
the Susquehanna.                                             FORT MIACON is situated near Beaufort harbor, North
FORT JEN/NINGS, a post-village of Putnam co., Ohio, on  Carolina.
the Auglaize River, about 112 miles N.W. of Columbus.        FORT MIADIISON, a flourishing town, capital of Lee co.,
FORT JEStSUP. a post-office of Sabine parish, Louisiana. Iowa, on the Mississippi River, 12 miles above the head of
FORT JOHN, a post-office of Nebraska Territory.          the lower rapids, 22 miles above Keokuk, and 22 miles below
FORT JOHINS/TOWN, New York, an ante-revolutionary  Burlington. The situation is beautiful and healthful; the
fortress on the Mohawk, 3 miles W. of Amsterdam.           ground rising gradually from the water to the W. part of
FORT JOHNSTOWN, North Carolina, a revolutionasy  the town. The latter is well built, with a large proportion
fortress on the Cape Fear River, 2 miles from its mouth, on  of brick houses. It contains the state prison, a handsome
the site of the present town of Smithsville. There is still a  brick court house, and 5 or 6 churches of the same material.
fortress here of the same name, forming one of the defences Two or three ferry-boats ply constantly across the river,
of Smnithville Harbor.                                     which is nearly a mile wide. Fort Madison is a place of
FORT JONES. on Scotts River, in Siskiyou co., California, much activity in trade and manufactures; in the latter of
near lat. 410 35' N.                                       which it appears to have made more progress than any other
FORT KASKASIKIA, an ante-revolutionary and revolu- town in the state. Two or three newspapers are published
tionary fortress or stockade, on the site of the present town  here. Large quantities of grain, pork, &c. are shipped at
of Kaskaskia, Illinois.                                    this place, which is also an extensive dep~t for pine lumber.
FORT KEARINY, in Indian country, Nebraska, on the  Pop. in 1850, 2300; in 1853, about 3000.
Platte River, and on the Oregon route, near 990 W. Ion.      FORT MANN, a former military post of Kansas Territory,
FORT KENT, a post-village of Aroostook co., Maine, at the  on the Santa F6 route. on the N. side of the Arkansas River,
mouth of Fish River,about 155 miles N. ofBangor. It con- 24 miles above steamboat navigation. It, was established
tains 5 stores and excellent water-power, which is improved  about 1845, but was discontinued upon the erection of Fort
for mills. Fort Kent originated during the Aroostook War. Atkinson, at the main crossing of the Arkansas.
FORT KOOTANYE, koo-t'o-ni, in Oregon, on Kootanye    FOIRT MARION. See ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.
or Flat Bow River, in lat. 480 N.                           FORT MASSACHU/SETTS, New Mexico, in the valley
FORT LAFAYETTE, a fort surrounded by water, in the  of the Rio Grande, 10 miles E. of the river, and W. of the
Narrows, at the entrance of New York Harbor, immediately  Sangre de Christo Pass, in the Rocky Mountains, and about
in front of Fort IHamilton.                               150 miles due N friom  Santa F6, in about 370 45' N. let.,
FORT LAR/AMIE, a military post and settlement on the  and 1050 30' W. ion.
North Fork of Platte River, on the route to Oregon. Lat. 420    FORT MER/CER, on the Jersey shore of the Delaware. 4
12' 10" N., Ion. 1040 47' 43" W.  [t has a post-office of the  miles below, was a revolutionary fortress, now in ruins.
same name.                                                  FORT  MIF/FLIN, a revolutionary fortress, still garriFORT LAU/RPENS, a revolutionary fort, near the present  soned, at the junction of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers,
town of Bolivia, in Ohio, founded in 1778.                0 miles below Philadelphia.
FO1T LAWIRnENCE, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Cum-    FORT MILL, a post-office of York district, South Carolina.
692




FOR                                                       FOR
FORT MILMLER, a post-village of Washington co., New    FORT PLAIN, a revolutionary fortress, at the junction
York, on the E. side of the Hudson, and on the Champlain  of the Mohawk and Osquaga Creeks. This fort was, for a
Canal, 40 miles N. of Albany. There is here a fall of about time, called FoaR McKEAN.
20 feet in the river, across which, a dam, 8 feet high has   FORT PLAIN, a post-village of Minden township, Montbeen constructed, and a channel opened to serve as a feeder gomery co., New York, on the right bank of the Mohawk
to the canal. The:village contains a church, some half a  River, and on the Erie Canal. 58 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
dozen stores, several factories, and about 400 inhabitants.   It contains several churches, a bank, Fort Plain Seminary
FORT MILLER, of California, situated near the entrance and Collegiate Institute, and 2 newspaper offices. Excellent
of the San Joaquin River into the plains, is a few miles building stone is quarried in the vicinity. Pop. 1500.
above the head of navigation on that stream.                FORT PLANK or BLANK, New York, a revolutionary
FORT MILLER, a revolutionary fort on the site of the  fort, 2 miles N.W. of Fort Plain, in Montgomery county.
present town of the same name, on the Hudson, in New    FORT PREBLE. See PORTAND, Maine.
York.                                                       FORT PRINCE, a post7office of Spartanburg district,
FORT MITCHIELL, a post-village of Russell co., Alabama, South Carolina.
12 miles from Columbus, Georgia.                            FORT PRINCE GEORGE, one of three frontier forts, on
FORT MONTGOM'ERY, a post-office of Cherokee co., North  the Savannah River, of early colonial date. It was about
Carolina.                                                 300 miles from Charleston.
FORT MONTPEILIER, a small post-village of Baldwin    FORT PUTTNAMI, the principal fortress at West Point, in
co., Alabama.                                             the Revolution, now a commanding and picturesque ruin,
FORT MOORE, an ante-revolutionary fort near Sand Bar  several hundred feet above the river.
Ferry, on the Savannah River.                               FORT RACOONI, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa.
FORT MORGAN. See MOBILE, Alabama.                         FORT RECOVIERY, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.
FORT MOTTE, South Carolina, a revolutionary stockade    FORT RENSSELAER, a revolutionary fortress, near Canaon the Congaree, 33 miles below Columbia.                 joharie, New York.
FORT MOTTE, a post-office of Orangeburg district, South    FORT RIDGE/LY, a United States fort of Pierce co., MinCarolina.                                                 nesota Territory, on the left bank of the Minnesota, about
FORT NASISAU, New Jersey, a fortress erected by Captain  200 miles from its mouth.
Jacobus May, (under the command of Henry Hudson,) on    FORT RI/LEY, of Kanzas Territory, a military post, was
the Delaware, near the site of the present town of Gloucester, established in the springof 1853, at the junction of the two
in 1631. This was the first settlement on the shores of the  main branches of the Kanzsas River. (called Republican and
Delaware, but it was not permanent.                       Smoky Hill Forks,) 140 miles from Fort Leavenworth; lat.
FORT NECES/SITY, Pennsylvania, an ante-revolutionary  390 3 38/" N., ion. 960 24' 56,' W.; elevation above the Gulf
fort, erected by Washington, in 1754, near the site of the  of Mexico, 926 feet. It possesses excellent military advanpresent town of Union, in Fayette county, in a tract which  tages, being in the midst of a fertile country which abounds
was then known as "the Great Meadows."'                   in timber, building materials, good water and grass, and is
FORT NELISON, a revolutionary fortress, and Fort Nor- on the route of troops and emigrants going to California and
folk, erectedin 1812, both defended Norfolk, Virginia. On the  New Mexico. At favorable seasons of the year the Kanzas
site of the former stands the United States Marine Iospital. River is navigable to this place. The original plan of the
FORT/NER'S HILL, a post-office of Laclede co., Missouri. fort contemplates barracks of stone for 8 companies, part of
FORT NESQUALLY. See NESQUALLY.                           which were erected last year, (1853,) and it is expected that
FORT NEW/PORT, New York, an ante-revolutionary for- the rest will be finished this summer, with all such other
tress on Ward Creek, a tributary of Oneida Lake.           buildings as are necessary for a large mounted force. Near
FORT NIAGIARA, Canada West, an ante-revolutionary  this place is a Methodist mission. A splendid military road
fortress, still garrisoned, built by the French at the mouth  was constructed from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Riley in 1854;
of the river of that name, on the British side, about 1727.   and in 1855 Congress made an appropriation of $100,000 toFORT NINETY-SIX, South Carolina, (so called because wards extending it W. to Bridger's Pass.
it was 96 miles from the frontier fort of Prince George, on    FORT RIP/LEY, formerly FORT GAINES, a post-village of
the Keowee,) in Abbeville district, 0 miles from the Saluda  Case co., Minnesota, stands on the bank of the Mississippi,
River. This fortress, mostly held by the British, was the  at the mouth of the Nokay River, 122 miles N. of St. Paul.
scene of some severe conflicts in the Revolution.           FORT'ROSEI, a royal and parliamentary burgh and seaFORT NON/SENSE, New Jersey, near Morristown, erected  port of Scotland, co. of Ross, parish of Rosemarkie, on Moray
by order of Washington, to give employment to his men  Frith, opposite Fort George, to which there is a ferry, and 8
(hence the name) during the winter of 1779-80.            miles N.N.E. of Inverness. Pop. of burgh, in 1851, 1148. It
FORT  OGLETHORPE, olg'l-thorp, or OGLETHORPE  has a good harbor, an episcopal chapel, an academy, at
BARRACKS, on St. Simon's Island, near the month of the  which the late Sir James Mackintosh received his early eduAlabama, was founded by Oglethorpe about 1737. It is now  cation, and remains of the ancient cathedral of the Bishops
in ruins, but was the scene of hostilities both in the Revo- of Roes.  The burgh unites with Inverness, Forres, and
lutionary War, and that of 1812.                           Nairn in sending 1 member to the House of Commons.
FORT OKONAGIAN, a fort belonging to the Iudson Bay    FORT-ROYiAL; afortified town and seaport, in the French
Company, on the E. bank of Okonagan river, a few miles  West Indies, capital of the island of Martinique; lat. 140 36'
above its junction with the Columbia.                      N., ion. 610 4 15" W.; situated on the N. side of a deep and
FOR/TON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.       well-sheltered bay, protected by a fort, which covers the
FORTON a parish of England, co. of Stafford.            whole surface of a peninsula, commanding the town and
FORT ONTARIO. See FouR OSWEco.                          harbor. The streets are straight and spacious; houses, in
FORT OPLANDT, o/pl~nt, an old fort built by the Dutch  general, well built. The principal edifices are the parish
in.1631, near the site of Lewes, Delaware.                 church, government offices, the barracks, arsenal, prison,
FORT ORANGE. See ALBANY.                                and hospital. At its E. extremity, near the careening place,
FORTORE, foa-to/ri, (anc. Freesto,) a river of Naples, rises is a fine parade, called the Savannah, forming the glacis of
in the Apennines, about 20 miles N.E. of Benevento, flows  Fort St. Louis. From its situation on the W. side of the
mostly N., separating the provinces of Capitanata and Mo- island, the bay is protected from the prevalent winds. In
lise. and enters the Adriatic by two mouths, 34 miles N.N.W. 1839, Fort-Royal was almost wholly destroyed by an earthof FEoggia, after a course of 45 miles.                    quake. Upwards of 500 persons, including nearly all the
FORT OSAGEI, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, 151  inmates of the principal hospital, were killed by the falling
miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City.                           of the buildings. Fort-Royal is the residence of the French
FORT OSWEGATCHIIE, New York,. on the site of Og- governor. Pop. 11,300.
densburg, an old French fort, called on their maps, as early    FORT SAINT SEBASTIAN, s~ nt se-bast'yfm, (Port. So
as 1740. Fort Preservation andFortLaGallette. Itwastaken  sebastiao, sOwzeN s&-b9S-te-6wNG/,) the citadel of the Portuguese
by the British in 1760, then called Fort William Augustus.  settlement of Mozambique, in East Africa, which see.
FORT OSWE/GO, an old stockade on or near the site of    FORT SAO JOACHIM, swNaG zho-A-keeNx/, a settlement
Oswego, New York, on the W. side of Oswego River, was of Brazilian Guiana, on the Branco, an affluent of the
erected as early as 1696, by Count Frontenac; but Fort Amazon. Lat. 30 1' 46" N., Ion. 600 3' W.
Ontario, on the E. side, built in 1755, was the principal for-   FORT SCHUYLER, (Naw,) New York. See RosE.
tress after 1758. The forts here were the scene of many    FORT SCHUYLER, (OLD,) New York. See UTcA.
stirring events in the wars between France and England,   FORT SCOTT, formerly a post-office and military post of
and of a skirmish in 1814.                                Kanzas Territory, established about 1844, is on the Marmiton
FORT PAR/IS, in Stone Arabia, MIontgomery co., New  Creek or River, a small branch of the Osage River, 8 miles VW.
York, is a revolutionary fortress, 3 miles N. of the Mohawk. of the Missouri State line. The amount of nilitary force
FORT PAUILUS HOOK, NewJersey, on the present site of here stationed in 1848 and in 1850, was 1 company; in
Jersey City, a revolutionary fortress, erected by the British. 1852, there were 3 companies. numbering 11", under lMajor
FORT PE'QUOT/, Connecticut, an Indian fort, of early  W. F. Sanderson. In 1853 the troops were withdrawn and
colonial date. on. Pequot5 Hill, 8 miles N.E. of New London.  transferred to Fort Riley and ether western posts.  This
FORT PITT. See PITTSBURGs.                             place is attended as a missionary station at least once a
F0RT PITT, a fortification  near Chatham. in England.   month by the Catholic clergy from the OsaIe Mission on the
FORT  ITTr, a fortification of British North America, on  Neosho liver, from  which it is distant 45 miles.
the Saskatchewan. Lat. 470 30, N., Ion. 1080 W.             FORT SCOTT, a post-office of Bates co., Missouri.
653




FOR                                                        FOS
FORT SEN/ECA, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.           FORT WASHINGTON, on Manhattan Island, was cal'
FORT SLONIGO, a fortress erected by the Tories in 1781, tured by the British in November, 1776.
Treadwell Neck, on Long Island.                              FORT WASHITA, wgsh/e-taw',  a post-office of Chickasaw
FORT SMITIHI, a thriving post-village of Sebastian co., Nation, Indian Territory.
Arkansas, on the right bank of the Arkansas River, 163    FORT WASHITA, Chicksaw Nation, is situated on Red
miles by land, W.N.W. of Little Rock, and at the western  River, about 265 miles W. by S. of Little Rock.
boundary  of the state. Lat. 340 451 N., ion. 950 W. It    FORT W-AT/SON, is situated on Santee River, in Sumtel
has an extensive trade with the Indian tribes, and is a  co., South Carolina.
military post of the United States. A weekly newspaper    FORT WAYNE, wain, a flomurishing town, capital of Allen
is published here. The government buildings are of brick. co., Indiana, is situated at the confluence of the St. Joseph's
There is 1 frame church in the place. According to some  and St. Mary's Rivers, which form the Maumee. and on th(
authorities, Fort Smith is the present county seat. Pop. Wabash and Erie Canal, 122 miles E.N.E. of Lafayette, and
about 1500.                                                112 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.  Fort Wayne is a town of
FORT SNELVLING, a military post and post-village of  rapid growth, and is one of the most important places in the
Ilennepin co., Minnesota, stands on the point formed by the  state. It is the western terminus of the Ohio and Indiana
confluence of the Minnesota with the Mississippi River, 7  Railroad, which connects with the Ohio and Pennsylvania
miles above St. Paul.                                       Railroad at Crestline, and is to be extended westward to
FORT fOREL/, on the site of the present town of Sorel, at Chicago. When this road is finished, Fort Wayne will be
the mouth of the river of that name, erected by Sorel, a  connected with Philadelphia by a continuous line of railPrench engineer, in 1665.                                   ways more than 600 miles in length. Another railroad is
FORT STANWIX, New York. See RoME.                        in course of construction to Muncie. Several plank-roads
FORT ST. DA/VID, a fortress of Hindostan, on the Coro- lead from this place to different parts of the state and of
mandel coast, 12 miles S.S.W. of Pondicherry. A factory  Ohio. It has 8 churches, a bank, a Methodist female colwas established here in 1691; and, after the capture of  loge, and 2 newspaper offices. The surrounding region is
Madras by the French, in 1746, it became the head of the  highly productive, and a large portion of the land is under
British settlements in this quarter till 1758, when, after a  cultivation. On the site of the town was the old "Twightshort siege, it was taken by the French under M. Lally, and  wee village," of the Miami tribe. IHere Fort Wayne was
the fortifications were demolished.                         erected in 1794, by order of General Wayne, and it continued
FORT ST. EL/MO, the citadel of La Yaletta, in Malta, to be a militarypostuntil 1819. The Miamies were removed bewhich see.                                                  yond the Mississippi in 1841. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 6500.
PORT ST. FRED/ERIC, the first in point of time of the    FORT WEBB.  See WEST POINT.
fortifications at Crown Point, New York, built about the    FORT WEDDERBURN.  See FORT CmRIPPEWYAN.
middle of the last century.                                   FORT WEL/LINGTON, a fort on Coburg Peninsula, in
FORT SULLIVAN.  See EASTPORT, MAINE.                      Northern Australia, near Port Essington.
FORTS/VILLE, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York.       FORT WELLINGTON, a small fortress near Prescott,
FORTSVILLE, a village in Jones co., Georgia, 18 miles Canada West.
W. of Milledgeville.                                          FORT  WILHEL/MUS, on  Princes Island, near Fort
FORTSVILLE, a village of Hancock co., Indiana. on the  Orange, (Albany.)
Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of    FORT WILtKINS, a post-office of Houghton co., Michigan.
Indianapolis.                                                 FORT WILLIAM.  See CALCUTTA.
FORT TAY/LOR, a post-office of Benton co., Florida.         FORT WILLIlAM, a fortress of Scotland, co. of Inverness,
FORT TICONDEROGA. See TICONDEROGA.                        on Loch Ell, near the foot of Ben Nevis, and at the S. exFORT TOMP/KINS, is situated on Staten Island, oppo- tremity of the Caledonian Canal, adjacent to the village of
site Port Hamilton, at the entrance of New York IHarbor.    Maryburgh.  It was originally built by General Mlonk, and
FORT TOW/SON, in the S.E. part of Arkansas, on Rod  reconstructed in the time of William III., whence its name.
River.                                                      It is now garrisoned by only a few invalids.
FORT TRUMIBULL, a revolutionary fortress on the W.   FORT WILLIAM, a fort of British America, on the N.W.
side of the Thames, a little below New London, Connecticut.  coast of Lake Superior. Lat. 480 25' 33" N., Ion. 890 20' W.
Opposite is Port Griswold, both still garrisoned.             FORT WILLIS or WYLLYS. See WEs PoINrT.
FORT TRY/ON, a revolutionary fortress, in the vicinity    FORT WINNEBA/GO, Wisconsin. See PORTAGE CITY.
of New York City.                                             FORT WIN/TERMOOT, one of the revolutionary forts of
FORTUNA, foa-toofni, a market-town of Spain, 16 miles  Wyoming Valley.
N.N.E. of Murcia. Pop. 4010. It has mineral baths and a    FORT WOLCOTT. See NEWPORT, Rhode Island.
saltpetre factory.                                            FORT'WORTH, a village, Tarrant co., Texas. Pop. 300.
FORTU/NA, a village of Graves co., Kentucky.                FORT WYO/MING, Pennsylvania, a fortress on the sits
FORTUNATE   INSULt. See CANARIES.                         of the present town of Wilkesbarre.
FOR/TUNE, BAY, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, on    FOR/TY PORT, a post-office of Luzerne  co., Pennsylvania.
the S. coast of Newfoundland. Lat. 470 N., Ion. 550 W., giv-    FORT YU/MA, a United States fort in California, at the
uing the name to a district on its N. side. It contains Brund  junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers, on the N.W. bank
Island, and at its entrance are the French islands of Micque- of the united stream.
lon and St. Pierre.                                           FORUM  ALIENI. See FERARsA.
FORTUNE ISLAND, a small islet off the coast of Sumatra.   FORUM  CORNELII. See IMOLA.
FORTUNE ISLAND, in the Malay Archipelago, in Mo-   FORUM JULII.  See FaInLI.
lucca Passage. Lat. 00 55, S.. Ion. 1240 8' E.                FORUM  JULII, or FORUM JULIUM. See Fmzuus.
FORTUNE ISLAND, in the Malay Archipelago, in the    FORUM LIVII.  See FOtLI.
Banda Sea. Lat. 50 3' S., ion. 1320 11/ E.                    FORUM  NOVUMI. See PoaNovo.
FORTUNE ISLAND, in the Sooloo Sea. Lat. 140 4' S.,   FORUM POPILII, in Gallia Cisalpina. See PoRLos orPoLo
Ion. 1200 32' E.                                              FORUM POPILII, in Lucania.  See POLLS.
FORTUNE KEY, one of the Bahama Islands.                    FORUM  SEGUSIANORUM.  See FrunR.
FORT U'NION, a United States fort on the route from        FORUM  SEMPRONII.   See FossoosceoNa..
Independence to Santa FP, in New Mexico.                     FORUM  VOCONTII. See VDAosUaN.
FORT VALILEY, a thriving post-village of Ilouston co.,   FOPJWARDSTOWN, a post-offlee of Somerset co., PennsylGeorgia, 28 miles S.W. of Macon. It is situated on the  vania.
South-western Railroad, at the terminus of the Muscogee    FORWICH, for/dich, a small municipal borough, parish,
Railroad, leading to Columbus, about 70 miles distant. and member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich, England, co.
Since the completion of the railroad, this place has been  of Kent, on the navigation of the Stour, 2 miles E.N.E. of
much improved, and has become a depOt for cotton. It con- Canterbury. Pop. 231. It has an ancient church, and was
tains 1 church, 1 large academy, and 3 dry-goods stores. formerly of importance.
Pop. in 1853, about 1000.                                    FOS, fos, a village of France, department of IHaute-GaFORT VICTORIA, vik-tolre-A, in the Malay Archipelago, is ronne, in the Pyrenles, 60 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop.
the citadel of the capital town of Amboyna.                11597. Near it silver mines were worked in the time of the
FORT VILLARINO, vil-l -reetno, a frontier settlement in  Romans.
Patagonia, on the island of Choleechel, in the Rio Negro,   POSCALDO, fos-k/lldo, a market-town of Naples, province
and named after its founder in 1782.                       of Calabria Citra, 16 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2000.
PORT WALfLAWAL'LA, in Washington Territory, on the    FOSDICK, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.
left bank of the Columbia, at the mouth of the Wallawalla    FOSDINOVO, fos-de-nolvo, (L. Fosdeno/vuems,) a village of
River, near 460 N. lat. It belongs to the Hudson Bay  Italy, duchy of Modena, 7 miles N.W. of Carrara, 1814 feet
Company.                                                  above the sea.  Pop. 1448.
FORT WAR/REN, Boston, is situated upon Governor's   FOSriDYKE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 6 miles
Island. See BosTON.                                       N.N.W. of Holbeach. FOSDYKE-WASH, an arm of the sea, 1
FORT WASRIINGTON, is situated on the Potomac River, mile in width, is here crossed by an embankment and
in the S. part of Prince George's County, Maryland.       bridge.
FORT WASHINGTON, a post-village of Prince George's    FOSNES or POSNAS, (Posnis,) fos/nAce, a maritime vilco., Maryland, on the E. side of the Potomac, 15 miles S. of latge and parish of Norway, stift, and 90 miles N.N.E. of
Washington City.                                          Trondhjem. Pop. 2600.
69l




FOS                                                       FOU
FOSSACECA. f(ossA-chAlk1, a village of Naples, province of  of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 27 miles N.E. ot
Molise, 9 miles N.Wi. ofCampabasso. Pop. 2450.            RIenues, pleasantly situated on a height near the Nanson,
FOSSACECA, a village of Naples, province ofAbruzzo Ci- Pop. in 1852, 9083. It has a commercial college, mineral
tra. near the Adriatic, 4i miles S.E. of San Vito. Pop. 2360. springs, and manufactures of sail-cloth and hempen fabrics,
FOSSACECA, a village of Naples, province of Terra di and trade in corn, butter, and honey. It was formerly one
Lavoro, 12 miles N.W. of Piedmonte.  Pop. 800.            of the strongest places in Brittany, and was often taken and
FOSSANO, fos-sOno, (ane. Fossa/num,) a town of the Sar- re-taken during the wars with the English firom the eledinian States, in Piedmont, on the Stura, 14 miles N.E. of  venth to the fifteenth centuries. A memorable engagement
Coni. It is picturesquely situated on a hill, enclosed by old  took place here, November 15, 1793, between the Vendeans
walls, and crowned by a fine'castle. Internally it is an- and the Republicans.
tique and gloomy, the houses built over arcades, which form    FOUGEROLLES, foo'zheh-rolll, a village of France, departthe footways. There are several squares, none of them very  ment, and 19 miles N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 2324.
remarkable; a fine cathedral, containing a few good paint-   FOUGEROLLES, a village of France, department of Hauteings; other churches and conventual buildings, several pa-  SaSne, 13 miles N.N.W. of Lure. Pop. 1139. It has a conlaces, a theatre, hospital, sont-de-piit, orphan asylum, ce- siderable manufacture of cherry brandy.
metery, a royal scientific academy, several educational   FOUGES, foozh, a seaport town of Asia Minor. See PHOCrA.
establishments, and mineral baths. Its manufactures are  The GrLF Or FOUGES is an inlet of the Egean Sea, immedisilk, leather, iron, woollen goods, and paper. It has a trade  ately N. of the Gulf of Smyrna.
in agricultural produce, and two well-attended annual fairs.   FOUILLOUSE, LA,. lI foo'yoozl, a village-of France, dePop. 16,041.                                              partment of Loire, 6 miles N.WV. of St. Etienne. Pop. 873.
FOSSAWAY  and TULLIEBOLE, tiil'le-bl1/, a united    FOUL/BRIDGE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Kinross, 6 miles W. of   FOUL/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Kinross. Pop. 1724. The castles of Tulliebole and Aldie are    FOULIDEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.
in this parish.                                             FOUL ISLAND, in the bay of Bengal, off the W. coast of
POSSE or FOSSES, foss, a village of Belgium, province, Burmah, lat. 180 4" N., Ion. 930 57' E.
and 8 miles S.W. of Namur. Pop. 2900.                       FOULW'IRE, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
FOSSNAES, a village of Norway. See Fosexs.                FOUL/NESS, an island and parish of England, co. of
FOSSOMBRONE, fos-som-brot/S, a town of Central Italy, Essex, on the North Sea, 9 miles E.N.E. of Rochford. It is
in the Pontifical States, 10 miles E,S.E of Urbino, on the  the largest of a cluster of islands, near the mouth of the
Metauro, here crossed by a fine modern single-arched bridge. river Crouch. Area. 8060 acres. Pop. 674.
Pop. 6421. It sprang from the ruins of the ancient Forue    FOUL/POINT, a village on the E. coast of Madagascar,
izwmpronii, about 2 miles distant, and has a cathedral and  formerly the principal settlement of the French on that
flourishing manufactures.                                 island. Lat. 170 40 S., Ion. 490 30' E.
POSSUM, fos/soom, a village of Norway, stift of Agger-   FOULS/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
shuns, 62 miles S.W. of Christiania. It has a cobalt mine,   FOUL/STON, a township of England, co. of York, West
and extensive iron-works.                                 Riding.
FOSTAT, fos'tlt/, or OLD CAIRO, (ki/ro,) a town of Central   FOULTA. See FULTA.
Egypt, on the Nile, 3' miles S.W. of Cairo, opposite Gheezeh.   FOUNAI, a town of Japan. See FooNA1.
See CAmo.                                                   FOUN/DRYVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., PennFOS/TER, a post-village and township of Providence co., sylvania, about 14 miles E. by N. of Bloomsburg.
Rhode Island, on a tributary of the Pawtuxet, which affords   FOU-NING. See FoO-NING.
good water-power, 15 miles W. by S. of Providence. It con-   P FOUN/TAIN, a county in the western part of Indiana,
tains several churches and a bank. Pop. 1932.             bordering on the Wabash River, contains about 400 square
FOSTER, a post-village of Bracken co., Kentucky, on the  miles. It is drained by Coal Creek. The surface is mostly
Ohio River, about 50 miles in a straight line N.E. of Lex- level, and is diversified by majestic forests and beautiful
ington.                                                   prairies, the latter of which occupy about one-fourth of the
FOSTER CENTRE, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode  county. The soil is generally a black loam, and is highly
Island.                                                   productive. Coal and iron-ore are abundant. The Wabash
FOS'TERDALE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, and Erie Canal passes through it. Capital, Covington. Pop.
120 miles S.W. of Albany..                      13,253.
FOSTER MILLS, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia.     FOUNTAIN DALE, a post-office of Adams co., PennsylFOSTER'S, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.     vania.
FOSTER'S, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, 15 miles    FOUNTAIN GREEN, a post-office of Chester co., PennS.S.E. of Vandalia.                                       sylvania.
FOSTER'S BAR, a post-office of Yuba co., California.      FOUNTAIN GREEN, a post-village of Hancock co., IlliFOSTER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Bledsoe co., nois. 10 miles N.E. of Carthage the county seat.
Tennessee.                                                  FOUNTAIN ITEAD, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee.
FOSTER'S FORK, a post-office, Prince Edward co., Virginia.   FOUNTAIN HILL, a post-office of Greene co., North CaFOS/TERTOWN, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,  rolina.
6 miles S. of Mount Holly.                                  FOUNTAIN HILL, a post-village, capital of Ashley co.,
FOSI'TERVILLE, a post-village of Cayuga co., New York, Arkansas, 155 miles S.E. of Little Rock.
155 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                                 FOUNTAIN INN, a post-office of Greenville district, South
FOSTERVILLE, a village of Henry co., Georgia, on the  Carolina.
Macon and Western Railroad, 80 miles W.N.W. of Milledge-   FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE, a post-township in the eastern
ville.                                                    part of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Pop. 420.
FOSTERVILLE, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennes-   FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE, (formerly called FALL RIVER,)
see, 42 miles, S.E. of Nashville.                         a small village of Columbia co., Wisconsin.
FOS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             FOUNTAIN  RUN, a post-village of Monroe co., Ken.
FOSTON, a parish of England co. of Leicester.           tucky.
FOSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.   FOUNTTAIN'S AR/BEY, one of the finest monastic ruins
FOSTON-ON-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of York, in England, co. of York, West Riding, in the beautiful
East Riding.                                              park. of Studley-Royal, about 3 miles S.W. of Ripon.  It
FOSTOIRIA, a post-village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, on  was founded in 1204, and formerly occupied 12 acres of
the Pennsylvania Railroad, 124 miles W.N.W. of IHarrnisburg. ground, 2 of which are still covered by magnificent ruins,
FOTH/ERBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         and in a more perfect state than most others in the king.
FOTH/ERINGAY, a parish of England, co. of North- dom.
ampton, 31 miles N.N.W. of Crundle. Edward, Duke of   FOUN/TAIN SPRING, a post-office of Schuylkill co., PennYork, who died at Agincourt, and Richard, Duke of York, sylvania.
slain at the battle of Wakefield, were buried in its church.   FOUNTAIN SPRING, a post-office of Wood co., Virginia.
The castle, founded in the reign of the Conqueror, the birth-   FOURCItAMBAULT  foos'shric'b0t, a village of France,
place of Richard III., and -the scene of Mary Queen of Scots' department of Nilvre, 5 miles from Nevers, on the Loire,
imprisonment, trial, and execution, was razed to the ground  here crossed by a suspension bridge. Here are extensive
after the accession of James I.                          iron-smelting furnaces and forges, employing about 3000
FOU, a town of China. See Poe.                          workmen.
FOUAH, a village of Egypt. See FooAn.                     FOURCIHE A REYNAULT, foorsh a rAn61/ a post-village
POU-CHOU, of China. See Foo-Cuoo-Foo.                  in Washington co., Missouri, 65 miles S.W. of St. Louis.
POUESNANT, foo-fs'nBNco, a town of France, department   FOURCHIE A TIHOMAS, foorsh a tomm /, a small stream
of Yinistbre, 8 miles S.E. of Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 3363.    which rises in the S. part of Missouri, and flowing southward
FOUG, foog. (anc. Fa/gus Lecosrum,?) a village of France, into Arkansas, enters Black River above Pocahontas.
department of leurthe, about 5 miles from Toul. A hill in    FOURCItE DUMAS, foorsh doo'mJ, a post-office of Ran.
the vicinity is crowned by the remains of a castle and pa- dolph co., Arkansas.
lace, which belonged to the early kings of Prance. Pop. 1484.   FOURCIIE LA PAVE, foorsh l' f'v, a small stream of
FOUGERAY, foo6zheh-rA/, a town of France, department Arkansas, rises near the S.W. border of Scott county, and
of Ille-et-Vilaine, 17 miles E.N.E. of Redon. Pop. in 1852, 5619. flowing eastward, enters' the Arlkansas in Perry county.
FOUG~RES, foozhai/, (L. Filicarie   Rhedonums,) a town    FOUR BROTHERS. See QuAiTn.-Fara.s.
695




FOU                                                      FOX 
FOUR COR/NERS, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio, 104  nually, pilchards, china clay, and stone.  Fowey was a
niles N. by E. of Columbus.                               plae of great importance in the thirteenth and fourteenth
FOUR EVAN/GELISTS, a group of four islets, off the W. centuries, having numerous ships, and a formidable name in
coast of Patagonia, at the entrance of the Strait of Magellan, the naval annals of the time. During the siege of Calais,
lat. 520 34' S., Ion. 750 5' W., and which, with eight others, under Edward III., it sent. 47 vessels to that monarch's
about 15 Imiles W., compose a group called the "Twelve  aid, being a greater number than was contributed by any
Apostles."                                                 other town in England.
FOUR LAKES, a name given to a chain of lakes in Dane    FOWLA or FOULA, fw/llI, written also FOUL, one of
co., Wisconsin, extending in a row from N.W. to S.E., and  the Shetland Islands, 18 miles W. of the others, in lat. 60~
discharging   their waters into Catfish River. The water of  8' N., ion. 20 6' W. Length, about 2 miles; breadth, 13
all these lakes is pure, and deep enough in most places for miles; elevation 1369 feet. Pop. 215, mostly fishermen and
the purposes of navigation. In describing them we shall fowlers. This islet, which affords good sheep pasture, is
reverse the order in which they are named, beginning with  conjectured to have been the Ultima Thule of the ancients.
the uppermost, and descending. Fourth Lake, at the N.W.   FOW-LEANG, a town of China. See FEoo-LEANG.
extremity of the chain, is considerably the largest, being    FOW/LER, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New York,
6 miles in length, and 4 miles in its greatest breadth. The  on the Oswegatchie River, 27 miles S.W. of Canton. It conwater is cold and pure. It is navigable for small steam- tains extensive beds of iron-ore, and quarries of white limeboats; the depth in some parts is estimated at from 50 to  stone. Pop. 1813.
70 feet. This bbautiful lake is mostly fed by springs, having    FOWLER, a post-township in the eastern part of Trumhut one tributary. It has clear, white, and gravelly shores. bull co., Ohio, 160 miles N.E. of Columbus.  Pop. 1089.
The surface is estimated at 210 feet above Lake Michigan.   FOWLER'S, a post-office of Brooke co., Virginia.
Third Lake, the next below, is 61 miles long, and 2 miles    FOWLER'S BAY, South Australia, near the head of the
wide. Madison, the capital of the state, is situated on the  great Australian bight, immediately WV. of Point Fowler, in
N. shore of this lake, on the strip of land between it and  lat. 320 3/ S.. ion. 1320 40' E.
Fourth Lake. Second Lake, the next in order, is 3l miles    FOWLER'S KNOB, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia.
long, and near 2 miles wide. First Lake, the lowest of the    FOWLER'S MILLS, a post-village of Geauga co., Ohio, 170
chain, is rather more than 3 miles long, and about 2 miles miles N.E. of Columbus.
wide. The region in the vicinity of the Four Lakes is a    FOW/LERSVILLE, a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylbeautiful country, with a rich limestone soil, well adapted  vania.
for agricultural purposes.                                   FOW/LIS WESITER, a parish and village of Scotland, co.
FOURMIES, fooR'mee/, a village of France, department and 12 miles W.S.W. of Perth.. Here is a very curious anof Nord, 8 miles S.S.E. of Avesnes. Pop. 1883.             cleat cross.
FOUR MILE BRANCH, a post-office of Barnwell district,   FOWLSITOWN, a village in Decatur co., Georgia, about
South Carolina.                                           200 miles S.W. of Milledgeville.
FOUR MILE BRANCH, a post-office, of Monroe co., Ten-    FOWNIHOPE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
nessee.                                                      FOX, a new county in the N.W. central part of Iowa, has
FOUR MILE CREEK, of Michigan, flows into the Kala- an area of about 550 squares. It is intersected by Lizard
mazoo River, in Kalamazoo county.                          River, an affluent of the Des Moines. This county is not
FOUR MILE CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Preble county, and  included in the census of 1850; the population is very small.
enters the Miami River near Hamilton.                      The name is derived from the Fox tribe of Indians, who
FOUR MILE CREEK, a post-office of Erie co., New York.  were recently removed from this part of the state.
FOUR MILE GROVE, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois.       FOX, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 50.
FOUR MILE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Van Zandt co.,   FOX, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 764.
Texas.                                                     F~ OX, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1452.
FOUR MILE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Fayette co., Illi-   FOX, a township in Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 846.
noits.                                                       FOX/BOROUGH, a post-village and township of Norfolk
FOURNI (foor/neex) ISLANDS, (anc. Corlser,) a group of co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Providence Railroad,
the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to Asiatic Turkey, and  21 miles S.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 1880.
consisting of about 20 islets, 5 miles S.W. of Samos. They    FOX/BURG, a small village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania,
are mountainous, and abound with caverns.                  on the Alleghany River, at the mouth of the Clarion Rilver.
FOURTEEN MILE CREEK, of Mississippi, flows through    FOXBURG, a post-office of Forest co., Pennsylvania.
IHIinds county into Big Black River.                        FOX/CHASE, a pleasantly situated post-village within the
FOURTEEN MILE CREEK, of Indiana, flows through  chartered limits of Philadelphia, 9 miles N.N.E. of the State
Clarke county into the Ohio, 14 miles above the Falls of the  I-louse.
Ohio.                                                        FOX/COT or FOSICOTT, a parish of England, co. of BuckFOURTH LAKE. See FouR LAKES.                            ingham.
FOUR TOWNS, in Scotland, co. of Dumfries. See HIGHTAE.   FOX CREEK, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 28
FOU-SHAN, a town of China. See Foo-SHAN.                 miles W. of St. Louis.
FOUSIYAMA, a mountain of Jap an. See FoesIvAMx.            FOX/CROFT, a post-village and township of Piscataquis
FOUSSERET, LE 1I fooss'seh-ra/, a town of France, de- co., Maine, on the N. side of Piscataquis River, 60 miles
partment of Haute-Garonne, 28 miles S.W. of Toulouse. N.N.E. of Augusta. It contains an academy, and has mannPop. in 1852, 2271.                                        factures of woollen goods, castings, forks, &c. Pop. 1045
FOU-TCHOW-FOO, a city of China. See Foo-csoo-Foo.*         FOX/EARTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
FOUTSITZ, a town of Japan. See FeoTSITZ.                   FOX/FORD, a small market-town of Ireland, in ConFOUVENT-LE-BAS, foo'vcNGc-l9h-b4l, a village of France,  naught, co. of Mayo, 9 miles S. of Ballina. Pop. 680. It has
department of Haute-SaSne, 16 miles from Gray. In Its  a market-house and barracks.
vicinity are three large grottoes, in one of which, 5. Cuvier    FOX/HALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
discovered, in 1800, the fossil bones of a great number of    FOX/HOLES, a parish of England, co. of York, East
quadrupeds; and in 1827, on a second search, M1. Thirria  Riding.
found relics of the rhinoceros, elephant, hyena, bear, horse,   FOX INDIANS. See SAcs.
ox, and lion.                                                FOX ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean. See ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.
FOVANT/, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                FOX LAKE, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.
FOVEAUX (fo'vl') STRAIT. in New Zealand. lat. 470 S.,   FOX LAKE or WAUSHARA, wA-shah/ra, Wisconsin, in
Ion. 1670 E., separates New Munster from New Leinster. Dodge 5o. Fox Lake township is about 3 miles long and 2
Breadth varies from  10 to 25 miles. It contains many  miles wide.
islets.                                                      FOX LAKE or WAUSHARA, a thriving post-village and
FOIVERAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 1 mile township of Dodge co., Wisconsin, on Beaverdam Creek, the
S.S.W. of Newburgh. Here are the ruins of 2 castles. The  outlet of Fox Lake, about 54 miles N.E. of Madison. It is a
Ythan River in this parish, has a pearl fishery.           place of active business, and contains a flouring mill. Pop.
FOW, or FAUX, fr, an island in the Malay ArChipelago, in 1853, about 500.
Gilolo passage, about lat. 00 6' S., ion. 1290 30' E., sepa-   FOXLEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
rated from the WV. shore of Geby by a narrow channel, about   FOXLEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
a quarter of a mile wide, which forms a safe harbor, with    FOX RIVER, of Iowa and Missouri, a small stream which
depths fi-om 10 to 15 fathoms.                             rises in Davis co., Iowa, and enters the Mississippi ii Clarke
FOWEY, foy, writted also FAWEY, a river of England, co., Missouri, about 2 miles below the mouth of Des Moines
enters the English Channel near Fowey, after a course of  River. It is sometimes marked ARoMrAT/IC RIVia on the
about 10 miles. It has a broad estuary, and is navigable to  maps.
near Lostwithiel.                                            FOX RIVER, or PISHTAK/A, rises in Waukesha co., WisFOWEY, a decayed seaport, borough town, and parish  cousin, and running (in its general direction) nearly due S.
of England, co. of Cornwall, at the mouth of the above  till it reaches OsCwego, in Illinois, then changes its course to
river, 25miles S.S.W. of Launceston. Pop. in1851, 1606. The  S.W., and falls into Illinois River at Ottawa. The entire
rown is situated amidst scenery of singular beauty. Its  length is estimated at 200' miles. It affords great waterharbor admits the largest vessels,. and is defended by one  power.
ancient and two modern forts. The principal exports are    FOX RIVER, (NEENAH of the Indians,) of Green Bay, one
copper-ore, of which many thousand tons are shipped an-  of the most important rivers of Wisconsin, rises in Mar696




FOX                                                          FRA
quette co.. and flows first nearly S.W. towards the Wiscon-   FRAMINGUIAM, EARL, a parish of England, co. of Nor.
sin, but, when within 11 miles of that river, it suddenly  folk.
turns towards the N. After a course of a few miles, it   FRAMIlNGHAM PIGOT; a parish, England, co. Norfolk.
assumes its general N.E. direction, and passing through    FRAMILINGIIAM, a market-town and parish of England,
Lake Winnebago, falls into the S. end of Green Bay. A  co. of Suffolk, 15 miles N.N.E. of Ipswich, on the shore of a
canal has been cut from this river to the Wisconsin, and the lake communicating with the river Ore. Pop. in 1851, 2450.
channel below Lake Winnebago is to be improved, so that It has a fine old church, containing several monuments of
steamboats can pass fi'om Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. the early Dukes of Norfolk, and the ruins of a magnificent
The whole length is estimated at 200 miles. The rapids in  castle.
the lower part of its course furnish immense motive-power.    FRAMILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northum.
FOX  RIVER, GREAT and LITTLE, two rivers of Canada, herland.
within 2 miles of each other, and both falling into the Gulf   FRAMMERSBACIH, fr{m'mers-b a', a market-town of Ba.
of St. Lawrence between Griffith's Cove and Little Vali6e,  varia, circle of Lower Franconia, 28 miles N.W. of Wiirzon the N.E. side of the district of Gaspe.                    burg. Pop. 2188, partly engaged in iron-mines.
FOX'S CHIANNEL, a strait of British North America,    FRAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
stretching N. from. the N.W. extremity of Hudson's Strait,    FRAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
having WV. Melville Peninsula and Southampton Islands,   FRAMPITON COT/TERELL, a parish of England, co. of
and E. an unexplored country.                                 Gloucester.
FOX SPRING, a post-office of Overton co., Tennessee.          FRAMPITON-oN-SEVIERN, a parish of England, co. of
FOX SPRINGS, situated in Fleming co., Kentucky, about  Gloucester.
10 miles from Flemingsburg. They contain sulphur and iron.   FRAMSI)EN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
FOXITON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.               FRAMURA, frl-moolr,  a village of the Sardinian States,
FOXTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.              division of Genoa, 5 miles N.N.W. of Levanto. Pop 1113.
FOXIVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, on    FRAMIWELLGATE, a township ofEngland, co. of Durham.
the Rappahannock River, 108 miles W.N.W. of Richmond.    FIRANCA, frsnk/k, or VILLA-FRANCA-DO-IMPERAB0OR,
FOXVILLE, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.         veelld.-fr n-lk&-do-eem-pS-r:dSe', a town of Brazil, province,
FOY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.                  and 270 miles N.N.E. of So-Paulo, on the Mugi.
FOYERS. pronounced and sometimes written FYERS,    FRANgAIS, CAPE.  See CAPE FRANgAIS.
(fiterz,) a small river of Scotland, joins Loch Ness about    FRANQAISE, LA, 1, frcNGsr &zl, a town of France, departhalf way between Fort Augustus and the N.E. end of the  ment of T[Irnet-Garonne, 9 miles N.W. of Montauban. P. 3825.
loch, 2 miles above which junction it falls over a ridge, esti-    FRANQAIS, LE, leh frhn'sY, a small town on the W. coast
mated at 90 feet in height, forming the finest cataract in  of Martisuique.
Britain. There is another fall of 30 feet about one-fourth    FRANC-ALEU,  frdnk-'luhl, a country of France, in the
of a mile above this, crossed by a bridge. The grandeur of  ancient province of Auvergne.  Its capital was Sermur.
these cassades is aided by surrounding scenery.                 FRANCASTEL, frSNG'kcs4tl1, a village of France, departFOYLE, a river of Ireland, formed by the confluence of  ment of  ise, 25 miles from Clermont. Pop. 828.
the Finn and Mourne at Lifford, flows thence N. in a broad    FRANCAVILLA, frn-lka-vill, a town of Naples, province
tidal stream, till it expands into Lough Foyle, after a course  of Otranto, 20 miles E.N.E. of Taranto.  Pop. 11,800. The
of 14 miles. It has a large salmon fishery, and is navigable  chief edifices are a cathedral, a college, several hospitals,
for vessels of 600 tons to the bridge at Londonderry.         charitable institutions, and convents.  In 1734, it suffered
FOYLE, LOUGH, 18H foil, of Ireland, is a large arm  of greatly from an earthquake. It has manufactures of woollen
the sea, forming the estuary of the above river. Length, asd cotton stuffs, earthenware, and snuff.
18 miles; breadth, 9 miles.                                      FRANCAVILLA.   a town of Naples, province of Basilicata,
FOZ, foth or fts, a market-town of Spain, 42 miles N.N.E.  25 miles E. of Lagonegro.  Pop. 2000.
of Lugo, on a bay of the Atlantic.                              FRANCAVILLA, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo
FOZ, a village of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, on the  Citra, on the Adriatic, 7 miles N.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3150.
Tagus, 27 miles N.E. of Lisbon.  It has extensive iron-    FRANCAVILLA, a town of Sicily, intendancy of Messina,
works.                                                        10 miles W.N.W. of Taormina. Pop. 2900.
FRADES. fri'des, a small island of Brazil, province of Ba-    FRANCAVILLA, a village of Naples, province of Calabria
hia, in All Saints' Bay, 25 miles N.W. of Bahia.              Citra, 4t miles N.E. of Cassano.  Pop. 1100.
FRADES, frDols, a village of Spain, 22 miles S. of Sala-    FRANCAVILLA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
manca, with mineral springs.                                  Ultra II., 13 miles S.S.W. of Nicastro.  Pop. 1650.
FRAGA, frfgi, (anc. Gaolica  Flavia?) a town of Spain, 55    FRANCE, (L. Gaollia, or Frantcia; Fr. La France, 1l
miles S.E. of Huesca, on the Cinca, here crossed by a wooden  fr'hNss; It. Francia, frsnfchd; Sp. Fsra-cia, fr{nithe-; Port.
bridge of 22 arches. Pop. 5028. Its environs are noted for  Froasa, fr.n/sls; Ger. Frankreich, fir.nktrlK; Dutch, PsFranexcellent  figs and pomegranates.  It has several Roman  kryk, frinkfrik; D)an. Franls-ige, fhi'nk/r-eegheh; Sw. EFrankruins.                                                        site, frbnklree'ki,) an empire, one of the usost populous
FRAGETSCHMARKT.  See FOARIAS.                               and. influential in the world, is situated in the W. part of
FRAGNETO, fr n-ylfto, (FRAoNETO MOeFORTE, frgn-yAlto  Europe, between lat. 420 20' and 510 5' N., and between
mon-foti, and FRAGNETo L'ABATE, fs.in-ysfto li-hbIl/tA,) two  Ion. 40 50, W. and 80 25' E.; bounded N. by the German
contiguous villages of Naples, province of Principato Ultra,  Ocean and the Straits of Dover; N.W. by the English Chanand respectively 17 and 18 miles W.N.W. of Ariano. Pop. nel, (La Monche;) W. by the Atlantic Ocean. including that
of the former, 1820; of the latter, 2120.                     part of it called the Bay of Biscay, (Go2ef de Gescgne;) S. by
FRAGOLET/TA, a post-office of Mlarion co., Georgia.         Spain and the Mediterranean Sea; E. by the Sardinian States,
FRAGUA, frlgwi, a river of New Granada, rises on the  Switzerland, and Baden; and N.E. by' Rhenish Bavaria, RheS.E. slope of the Sierra de Pardaos, and after a S.E. course  nish Prussia, Luxemburg, and Belgium.
of about 180 miles, joins the Japura in 1at. 00 50' N., lon. 740    Besides the continental territory here indicated, the em10' W.                                                        pire includes under its sovereignty numerous islands and
FRAILES, fritls, a modern town of Spain,'province of  colonies in various parts of the world, the area and populaJaen, jurisdiction of Alcala-la-Real.  Pop. 2174.             tion of which, according to the most recent official returns,
FRAIN or' FRAYN, frine, (Mosavian, Wiranow. vr~Inov,)  are exhibited in the subjoined table:a market-town of Moravia, 11 miles W.N.W. of Znaim, on the
Thaya, with a celebrated manufactory of porcelain. P. 840.
FRAIPOINT, fripwIaNG, a village of Belgium, province                                                 Are,    Popuation.
and 9 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1058.. iles.
FRAISTHORPE, frls'thorp, a parish of England, co. of  France, including Corsica...................  200,671  35,779,222
York, East Riding.                                           Algeria (Fr. Alg6rte)........................     90,000   2,119,s26
~~~~York, liast Riding.                        C~~~~oloies in West AfricaFRAIZE, frsz, a village of France, department of Vosges,    Senegal.........14,516...............        14,876
25 miles E. of Epinal.  Pop. 2501.                            Bourbon, orIle de laReunion, Indian Ocean    1,000   108,000
FitAILEY, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.  St. Marie, (near the island of Madagascar).........       4,000
Pop. 649.                                                     Asiatic PossessionsFRAMFIELD, a parish of Enand, c. of Sussex.   Pondicherry (Pondichiry,) Karikal, GanRM ELD, a parish of Enlnd, co. of Sussex.      jam, Chandernagore, Yanaon, Surate,
FRAMIERES, frO'me-ai!R a village and commune of Bel-           and Mah...............................10,
1~~~~1....... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 170,000
glum, province of Hainaut, about 3 miles S.S.W. of Mons.  West IndiesPop. 9073.                                                     Martinique, Guadeloupe, N. part of St.
FRAIMINGHAM, a post-village and township of Middle-            Martin, Marie Galante, Desirade, and
the Saintes Group.......................    1,200  270,718
sex co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Worcester IRail- French Guiana, South America.............   27,560     19,195
road, which here sends off a branch road to Milford, 21 miles  St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands, on the
W. by S. of Boston. Saxonville, on Concord River, in the N.   coast of North America, near Newfoundpart of the township, is connected by a branch railroad with   land.....................                  85       2,101
South Pacific Ocean —
the Boston and Worcester Railroad at Natick Framingham          Marcquesas Islands, Taiti and Akarao, in
contains a bank, a state normal school estabslished here in      New Zealand......................1....   500      2,000
1853, and a high school. On the E. border lies a part of Co- New Caledonia, (Nouvelle-Calddonie)......
chituate Lake, from which Boston is supplied with water.         Totl.................................. 1 321,016   8,489,91
Pop. 4252.                                                                                                   97
3 1 068,89,97




FRA                                                         FRA
In tracing the general contour of France, the projections  the nanes of Argonne and Ardennes. Their average ele.
and indentations which occur are eo numerous, that the  vation is under 1200 feet, scarcely entitling them  to be
country necessarily assumes the shape of a polygon com- classed among mountain ranges.
posed of many unequal sides. If, however, we connect the    The coasts of the English Channel are generally bordered
more salient points which are on the N., the WV., the E., the  by sandy downs; those of Brittany are covered with rocks.
S.W., and the S.E. by straight lines, the included space,  S. of the mouth of the Gironde, is a vast extent of country
constituting a pentagon, will comprise the whole of the  covered with marshy lakes (6tangs) and shifting sands.
French territory, and give a good general idea of its shape.    Geology.-France, as might be anticipated, firom the exThe longest lines that can be drawn across the country are  tent of space which it occupies, possesses all the geological
two diagonals-one from the S.E. to the N. W. extremity, formations, in a greater or less degree of development. The
670 miles in extent; the other firom  the S.W. to the  mountains generally have a nucleus of granite, which acN.E., having a length of 625 miles.  Measured on the  cordingly forms a prevailing rock in the Alps, on the
meridian of Dunkirk, the greatest length is 600 miles; and  eastern frontier, and their branches S. to the shores of
measured on the parallel of 4SO 20'. the greatest breadth is  the lMediterranean, in the Pyrenees, the CUvennes, and
582 miles. The breadth near the centre is 400 miles, and  the elevated Plateau de Langres. In the Vosges, it is more
between the mouth of the Gironde and the frontiers of Sa- sparingly developed, its place being often occupied by porvoy, where the country is narrowest, it does not exceed 330  phyry; and in the Jura, where limestone. occurs in such
miles. The length of the coast line, without allowing for enormous masses as to have given its name to a peculiar
minor indentations. is, along the German Ocean and Eng- formation, it does not appear at all in situ; but. on the other
lish Channel, 560 miles; along the Atlantic, 500 miles; and  hand, almost the whole of the extensive peninsula, includalong the Mediterranean, 260 miles, giving an aggregate of  ing the old province of Britanny, and part of those of Nor1320 miles. It is difficult to say what addition would be  mandy and Poitou, is covered by it. The other crystalline
made by minutely tracing the bays and headlands; but the  rocks, consisting chiefly of trachytes and basalts, have rewhole length of the coast line may be safely estimated at ceived a magnificent development in Auvergne, where
not less than 1500 miles. The continental boundary formed  whole mountains are composed of them, and where the
on the S.W. by the Pyrenees, is 250 miles; on the E. by the  effects of remote volcanic agency are still presented to the
Alps, 155; the Jura, 167; and the Rhine, 100 miles; and on  eye in extinct craters and lava streams. The granite is
the N.E. by an arbitrary line of about 290: in all. 962 miles; overlaid by primitive stratified rocks of gneiss,. and of micathus giving, in coast and mainland, a general perimeter of  ceous and argillaceous slates, succeeded, particularly in the
about 2462 miles, including an area of 197,340 square miles. Pyrenees, by mountain limestone, which there assumes
On taking a survey of this great country, itis impossible not a form worthy of the name, and is found on Mont Perdu,
to be struck with the advantages which it derives from its  full of its characteristic fossil shells, at the height of 10,230
position. It notonlyforms a continuous and compact whole, feet above the level of the sea. The secondary formation,
but though united to the Continent by a line of above 900  commencing with this limestone, and continued in ascendmiles, is so much isolated from it by great natural bound- ing series up to the chalk, always possesses peculiar interest,
aries, that the only direction in which it can be considered  because, within it valuable mines of lead and iron, and all
open to hostile attack is on the N.E., where a line of strong  the workable seams of coal, are included. It is largely dofortresses has made a barrier almost as impenetrable as those  veloped in many parts of France, and furnishes a considerwhich, in other directions, have been provided by nature. able number of coal and mineral fields, to which more
Again, on the N. and WV., a long line of coast gives it imme- particular reference will afterwards be made. The tertiary
diate access to the great ocean thoroughfares, while on the  formation, including all the limestones, sands, and clays,
S. its harbors in the Mediterranean give it a commanding  above the chalk, occurs continuously in two great divisions,
influence both in Africa and the East, and secure to it a large  and partially, in a number of isolated spots, covering a vast
share in the traffic of that most important of all inland seas. extent of surface. The larger continuous division is in the
Physical Foatures,  osousntains.-The Alps in the E., and  S.W., where it commences at the foot of the Pyrenees, and
the Pyrenees in the S.W., connect the mountains of France  occupies a very large portion of the basins of the Garonne
with the most magnificent ranges of Europe; but only a  and of the Adour. The lesser, but better known division,
few very lofty summits are situated within the French ter- takes the name of the Paris basin, and has been made famiritory. Of these, Mount Olan, on the borders of Savoy, liar to the scientific world by the labors of Cuvier and other
forms the culminating point, rising 13,819 feet. Two other  distinguished naturalists. It occupies a large extent of
summits in the same locality exceed 13,000 feet. The chain of  space around Paris, and stretches southward into the valley
the Pyrenees culminates near its centre, in Maladetta,which  of the Loire. The same formation is found to a considerahas its highest peak in Spain; but the adjoining pealk, ble extent in the basin of the Rhone, particularly along the
N6thou, which nearly equals it, having a height of 11,168  eastern bank of that river and also of its tributary, the
feet, is in France. Several other summits on the French  SaSne. Of more recent alluvial formations, the only one
side of the Pyrenees exceed 10,000 feet. Both of these  particularly deserving of notice is thedelta of the Rhone.
ranges throw out numerous branches; but they all subside    Ilyldrograhpy.-The great watershed by which the whole
rapidly as they recede from their central axis, and fall fcr  of Europe is divided into two vast basins, the one sending
short of the heights which have been already mentioned. its waters S. to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the
The range next in importance is the CUvennes, the S. corn- Caspian, and the other W. and N. to the Atlantic, North
mencemnent of which has been placed somewhat arbitrarily  Sea, and the Baltic, passes in a waving line across France
in a depression where a lateral branch of the Pyrenees  fiom S.W. to N.E., and divides it into two very unequal perseems to terminate and the Canal du Midi, connecting the  tions. In France, this watershed commences at the western
Atlantic with the Mediterranean, has its summit level.  extremity of the Pyrenees, and proceeds E. in the line of
From this point, called the Col de Narouze, the Civennes  its central axis till it reaches the south-eastern extremity
proceed first in a north-easterly direction as far as Monti of Ari6ge. Here it meets a branch thrown off at right
Pilat, in the S.E. of the department of Lbztre, and then  angles from the principal chain, and proceeds with it N. to
N. to the Canal duCentre. Their whole length is about 360  the Col de Narouze, already referred to as the summit level
miles. The average height of the central ridge does not ex- of the Canal du Midi. Its course is now determined by the
ceed 3000 feet; the loftiest summits are found not in it, but CUvennes, with which it proceeds first, tortuously, almost
in its westerly branches, forming the mountains ofAuvergne, N.E., and then nearly due N., crossing the Canal du Nord,
where the culminating points occur in Mount d'Or, 6188 and thereafter continuing with the COte d'Or to the Plateau
feet, and the Plomb de Cantal, 6093 feet.  Though the de Langres. Having crossed this plateau, the Monts FauCUvennes are considered as terminating at the Canal du  cilles give it an easterly direction as far as the Ballon d'AlCentre, they are continued N.E., under the appellation of sacs, where, as if retracing its steps, it proceeds 8.S.W. along
C6te d'Or, to an elevated plain, stretching longitudinally  the great wall of the Jura, and quits the French territory
E. and W., and known by the name of the Plateau de on reaching the slopes of the Jorat. The portion of France
Langres. At its eastern extremity the chain of the Vos- to the S. and E. of this great watershed is not equal td a
ges commences in a ramification, called Monts Faucilles. fourth of its whole surface, and is almost wholly drained
The principal chain lies considerably E., commencing in  by the Rhone and its tributaries. The only secondary bathe Ballon d'Alsace, in the N.E. part of the department of sins deserving of notice are those of the Tech, Tot, Gly, and
Ilaute-Safne, stretching almost due N. along the WV. of the  Aude, which have their sources in the Pyrenees; and the
departments of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin, into Germany. I I6rault, descending from  the C6vennes. The far larger
The whole length of this principal chain in France is about 95 part of France, situated N. and WV. of the great European
miles; but if to this we add the Faucilles, the Plateau de watit'shed, contains, in addition to a number of secondary,
Langres, and the C~te d'Or, by which it is brought into con- four principal river basins-the Rhine, belonging to the
nection with the C6vennes, we shall have a total length of North Sea or German Ocean; the Seine, belonging to the
about 270 miles. The average height does not exceed 3000 feet; English Channel, and the Loire and Garonne. both beand the most remarkable summits-the Ballon deGuebwiller, longing to the Bay of Biscay. The first of these basins,
IHaut de Honec, and the Ballon d'Alsace-are, respectively, though the largest of all, is developed to a very limited
4300,4391, and 4688 feet. A chain of heights stretching S., extent within the French territory. All the others are
connects the chain of the Vosges with that of the Jura, and  wholly French. The more important secondary basins on
has an average height of about 3000 feet. Another low  this side of the great watershed, are those of the Somme
chain. continued from  the Plateau de Langres, pioceeds  and the Orne, belonging to the English Channel; and the
N.N.W., and forms two other ranges or plateaux, known by  Vilaine, Slvre-Niortaise, Charente, and Adour, belonging
698




FRA                                                             IFRA
to the Bay of Biscay. The lengths of the principal rivers,  29 square miles, and is altogether devoid of interest.  The
and the area of their basins, are exhibited in the following  next largest, St. Point, in the-Jura, does not cover 3 square
Tables:-                                                         miles. Others, of still less dimensions, become more interesting from  their localities in the lofty regions of the PyreLensgth  of the Prisoeiopal Rivers.               uses. or in the deep hollows of ancient craters in Auvergne.
Length.                         Length.    Climate.-No country in Europe can boast of a climate
Rivers.     Eng. m.             Rivers.     Eng. m. superior to that of France.  With a very limited excepAdour....................... 204 Meuse (French part)......... 220  tion, it lies wholly within the more moderate portion of
Allier.......................... 200' Moselle...................... 328  the temperate zone between the isothermal lines of 500 to
Allior.    255 Macoils.           328 ~~~the temperate zone between the isothermal lines of 500 to
Aude......................... 130 Moselle (French part)......... 167
Chrcotse................   130.248 smae.    ~s   600, and consequently with a mean annual temperature
Cher......................... 2291 Oise.......................... 158  varying only 10 degrees.  It is obvious, however, that a
Crense....................... 173 Oise (French part)............ 148  country whose territory extends over more than 8 degrees
Dordogne.................... 310 Orne......................... 86
Ilardecee. 310 Orne.            86 ~~~~of latitude, presents a coast of many hundred miles, partly
Doubs........................ 263 Rhine.........................    962of latitude, presents a coast of many hundred miles, partly
Durance......................'235 Rhine (French part).......... 136  to the ocean and partly to an inland sea, and in its interior is
Escaut (Scheldt).............. 223 Rhone, with Lake)............ 534  composed of lofty mountain ranges, elevated plateaus, unEscaut (French part)......... 55 Rhone (French part).......... 322  dulating slopes, and low level plains, must possess a much
rnneen..................... 4635 Rhone, as far as Lyons...   328  greater variety of climate than is indicated by the mean of a
Girode....................... 50 Sane........................ 316            ervations made at its northern and southern
tirault......................83 Seine.........................  497  series of observations made at its northern and southern
Is6re......................... 198 Somme....................... 117 -extremities.  The peculiar vegetable products which the difIsdre (French part)............ 105 Tarn.......................... 220  ferent districts of France are able to mature furnish one of
Loire......................... 645 Vienne....................... 220  thebestmeansofjudgino ofitselimate. Thewholecountry
Loire.     642 Vienna.           220 ~~~~~the best insanesof judging of its climate.  The whole country
Lot........................... 266 Vilaine.....................  130
Lot.       2e6 Vil~~~~~~~~~ain.            8         b    conveniently  divided into  four distinct regions.
Meuse........................ 434 Yonne...................    155  may be c
VWithin the first and warmest, the olive is successfully cul-.Area of the _Sincipal River Basins.                tivated.  This forms the S.E. part of France, and is chiefly
ReA Bsn  reasss,               8Area,  limited to the departments which border on the MediterRice asis.  sq. M.  ier aig.      eq      ianean.  The second region is characterized by the general
Adour....................... 3,000 Seine, below Paris.......... 6,500  cultivation of maize or Indian corn.  Its N.limit is deterGironde.............8.......  350  Marne...................  3,500  mined by a line drawn diagonally in a E.N.E. direction from
Garonne, as far as Bee          Yonne...................... 2,000
d'Ambr s.............  20,000 I Meuse (French part)....... 1,000  the department of Gironde to the department of Bas-Rhin.
Dordogne, as far as Bec         Rhine..................... 42,000  The third region reaches N. to the extreme limit of the
d'Amb6s.............   4,800 Rhine (French part)........ 2,000  profitable culture of the vine, and may be considered as
Charete.................... 4,500 MoselleFrench part)....... 6,500  determined by a line stretching between the mouth of the
Loirer.......................29,000 [ Rhone...................... 25.000,
Allier...................... 4,500 Rhone (French part)...... 18,500L
Vilaine.....................2,500 Sane.................... 1,000  dennes. All the country beyond this line is included in the
Seine....................... 22,00   urance.................... 3,000  fourth region. In the N., the winters are sometimes rigorous, and last more than half of theyear. In the S., the sumBut few of the rivers of France are navigable for large  mers are long and warm, the sky almost always serene, and
vessels.  The greater portion of them flow with a swift cur-  the winters of short duration.  In the centre the temperarent through channels interrupted by shallows or rapids  ture is mild, and more steady than in the N. or S., (mean
and many have their entrances obstructed by sand banks. temperature. 580 Fahrenheit.)  The mean annual quantity
The Rhine, in  commercial importance  one of the first  of rain in the S. is 23 inches; in thle W. 24; in the N. 22;
rivers of Europe, forms part of the eastern boundary, along  and in the valley of the Rhone 35 inches. Number of rainy
which it is navigable for steamboats to Bkle, in the N. of  days, between lat. 430 and 460, 134; in the latitude of Paris,
Switzerland, a distance of about 500 miles from  the sea. 105; on the coasts of the Mediterranean, 66; on the AtlanBy means of a canal its waters communicate with those of  tic, 152; and in the interior, 147.  Along the coasts of the
the Seine. This last river is navigable for vessels of from 250  Mediterranean, the S. winds, heated by the burning desert
to 300 tons to Rouen, and for those drawing 6 feet ofwater, of Africa, often spread desolation.  The obistral, from  the
to Paris. Shifting sand banks at the mouth of the Seine, N.N.W., occasionally arrests vegetation by its furious blasts
together with its extremely tortuous course, between the  in the basin of the Rhone, while the E. wind, from  the
metropolis and the sea, present serious obstacles to naviga- snowy Alps, is equally dreaded in the E. departments. The
tion.  Steamboats require two days for the descent, and  basin of Garonne is visited by cold S. winds from the Pyrefour days for the ascent. The Loire, the largest river in  nees, and by storms from  the Bay of Biscay. But after
France, has a navigable channel of 512 miles, and is con- making allowance for all these, more than four-fifths of the
nected with the Seine by the Orleans Canal, and with the  surface remains under an atmosphere remarkable for its saluRhone, through the medium of a canal which joins it with  brity, serenity, and brightness.
the navigable waters of the Sabne.  The rapid current of            Yegetaton and Agriculture.-In the variety of its vegetable
the Rhone, and its large tributaries was formerly a great  products, France surpasses all the other countries of Europe.
obstacle to navigation, but the introduction of steamers  The number of its plants, either indigenous or completely nanhas in a great measure obviated this difficulty, and added  turalized, has been estimated at more than 7000.  One-half
vastly to the commercial importance of the river.  It is  of these belong to the cryptogamous class, composed chiefly
said that France has, in all, 133 navigable rivers extend-  of ferns, lichens, and funguses, and for the most part deing to about 8000 miles. See Means of Internal Comoinnica-  void of economical value; but the phenogamous class, intion, page 702.                                                  eluding all flowering plants, and among them all which furBays, Lakes, Cbpes, dc. —On the coast of France are two  nish products essential to the existence and comfort of man,
great gulfs or bays, viz.: the Bay of Biscay, (Golfe de Gas-  contains 3540 species; while Germany has only 2280, Engcogne,) formed by the Atlantic on the W., and the Gulf  land 1370, and Prussia 1079.  Of course, the far greater part
of Lyons (Golfe de Lyon) setting up fiom  the Mediterra-  of these are interesting only to the botanist; and many
nean, on the S. The former extends from  Cape Ortegal on  others, though possessed of a value which makes their prethe northern coast of Spain, to the island of Ouessant at  servation and propagation an object of national importance,
the west extremity of Brittany, a distance of not less  are by their very nature excluded from a course of regular
than 360 miles, having an average breadth of about 250  culture. Existing in natural forests, they perpetuate themmiles. The latter extends inland about 80 miles; the dis-  selves by throwing off shoots from the parent stems, or by
tance across its mouth is about 130 miles. The other prin-  shedding their seed, and, when formed into regular plantiacipal bays are Cancale and St. Brieuc on the N.; Brest  tions, they grow up with little care, and continue in vigor
Road and the bays of Douarnenez and Audierne on'the  for centuries.  In these natural and artificial forests, France
W. of Brittany; the bays of La Forest, and Quiberon, and  is well supplied, and finds an important source of wealth.
Penerf Road on the S. of Brittany; the Bay of Bourgneuf  They extend over about one-seventh of the whole surface,
S. of the mouth of the Loire; Basque Roads, or the Bay of  and are the more valuable from  usually occupying ground
La Rochelle, and the Basin of Arcachon, IW. of the depart-  which could not in any other way have been turned to good
mnent of Gironide; the Roads of Toulon, Cavalaire, Grimaud,  account. Their principal localities are the Ardennes, Yesges,
Napoule, and Jonan. on the Mediterranean.  Brittany (Bre-  and Plateau de Langres,. in the N.E.; the Jura in the E.,
tagne) is a remarkabile peninsula in the W., separating the  and the CUvennes, particularly the mountains of Auvergne,
English Channel fromthe Bay of Biscay; and another pro-  in the centre.  The two loftiest of the French mountainjection, called Contentin, extends far into the English Chan-  ranges, the Alps and the Pyrenees, are comparatively poor
nel. The principal capes are G-is-Nez, in the Straits of Dover; in wood. Isolated forests exist in various other quarters, as
Cape Barfleur and Cape la Hague, the former at the north-  at Compilgne, Villers-Coterdts, HIallate, Chantilly, Fontaineera, and the latter at the north-western extremity of the  bleau, the mouth of the Seine, and in the Landes, along the
peninslsla of Contentin; the Bec-du-Raz, and the Point-de-  Bay of Biscay.  In the last locality, a forest of sea pine,
Penmarch in Finist6re. Among the islands along the coasts  about 100 miles long by 7 miles broad, has been formed, and
may be mentioned Corsica. IHy6res, and LUriss, in the Medi-  not only furnishes good timber and large quantities of rosin
terranean; Noirmoutier, O16ron, R6, Belle-Isle, Dieu, Graix,  and other vegetable products, but serves the important purSein, and Ouessant, in the Atlantic.  The lakes are so few   pose of protecting a large tract of territory from  clouds of
in number. and individually so limited in extent, as to- be  dust and whirlwinds of sand, which must soon have conundeserving of separate notics.  The largest, Grand-Lieu, in  verted it into a desert.  The other localities in which the
the department of Loire-Infirieure, covers an area of only  pine prevailsare the Vosges and the Jura, where the prin.
690




FRA                                                           FRA
cipal species is the common fir, (Pinus dbiec,) and the loftier  giving an annual aggregate of gross produce amounting in
Alps, where it is the larch, (Pinus Laris.)  In the other  value to $353,260,838. The crops next in importance to these
forests the prevailing trees are the oak and the elm. Where  are meslin or mixed corn, (oeteit,) potatoes, hemp, rape, maize,
artificial plantations have been formed, one tree to which a  buclkwrheat, flax, and beet. The most valuablecrops,of which
just precedence has been given is the chestnut, equally  the cultivation on a great scale is not general, but confined
valuable for the food and the timber which it furnishes. Ah- to particular districts, are madder, tobacco, saffron, and hops.
other tree, perhaps of more importance than any other, but. In France, the grass is on a much more limited scale than
chiefly confined (by the degree of warmth which it requires)  the arable husbandry, the land in permanent meadow being
to the S. of France, is the mulberry, on which the most cele- in extent only one-sixth of that under the plow. This conbrated branch of national industry is founded. It is culti- trasts strikingly with England, where the grass land exceeds
vated on the most extensive scale in the departments of  the arable. The races of oxen, instead of being confinedto
Gard, Vaucluse, and Basses-Alpes, and more partially in  a few of the more perfect types, are almost as various as the
the departments of Vae, Bouches-du-Rhbne, Drome, Ar- different districts into which the countryisdivided; theyind6che, and Lozire. The number of mulberry-trees in France  elude a few good breeds, particularly in the rich plains of
has been estimated at 5,760,000. Another tree of great eco-  Lower Normandy, with many more of the most inferior denomical importance is the olive; but a severe winter, in  scription.  The rearing of sheep is more successful, and
1789, having destroyed or seriously damaged a vast number  though the improvement of the carcase, by imparting to it
of the trees, the cultivation has lost much of the fiavor  the best feeding properties, continues to be too much overwith which it was  previously regarded. In some districts, looked, the fleece has in many districts been carefully and
particularly along the shores of the MIediterranean, it main-  skilfully improved, and much wool, scarcely inferior to that
tains its ground, but in general both the quantity and qua, of the merino, is raised. The general employment of cattle
lity of the produce are defective.  The best oil comes from   for agricultural purposes gives little encouragement to the
the plain of Salon, in the neighborhood of Aix, department  rearing of draught horses; but the warlike propensities of
of Bouches-du-Rh~ne.  Among the other trees and shrubs  the nation has always created an extensive demand for horses
which form  objects of culture in the olive region, may be  of a description adapted both for heavy and light cavalry.
mentioned the orange, lemon, pistachio, and caper. To the  Considerable pains have been taken to improve such breeds,
N. of it, the more important orchard fruit is the plum, which, by the establishment of government studs, and the rearing
in the midland districts, is of the finest quality, and when  of them  is extensively and successfully carried on. Asses
dried forms an important article of export. Still farther N.,  and mules, generally of a superior description, are much
where the vine begins to fail, its place is supplied, on an ex- used in France, and also reared in considerable numbers for
tensive scale, by the apple and pear, particularly in Nor- exportation.  One of the most important branches of French
mandy, where their fermented juice furnishes the general agriculture still remains to be noticed. As already menbeverage.                                                     tioned, the quantity of land in vineyards is about one-twentyBesides the large portion of France-occupied by forest tim- fifth of the whole surface; but, as there are extensive and
her, and trees valuable for their leaves and fruits, another  continuous districts where there are no vineyards, the proportion nearly of equal extent, estimated at about one-  portion which vine land, or the districts properly adapted
seventh, is either absolutely waste or so rugged, moorish,  to it, bears to the whole land under cultivation, attains a
sandy, and marshy, as to be properly classed with waste. much higher ratio. In every thing relating to this branch
The remainder, subject to some minor deductions, is the  of culture the French are unsurpassed. The various first
cultivable land. Of this, a quantity equal to one-half of the  class wines which they produce, under the names of Chainwhole French territory is under the plow, one-eleventh in per-  pagne, Burgundy, Bordeaux, &c. are in high repute, and in
manent meadow, and one-twenty-fifth in vineyards.  To se- general demand all over the world. The vineyards produce
cure the productiveness of the land thus occupied, it has been  annually about 7,706,961i.pipes of wine, valued at $52,084.018,
seen that nothing is wanting to the climate. The soil presents  and 228,129 pipes of brandy, valued at $11,433,852, givingall imaginable varieties-rich alluvium, vegetableloam, calca-  an aggregate value of $63,517,870.  The comparative value
reous earth, tenacious clay, hungry gravel, and sand. Taken  of land under the vine, and of land under the ordinary
as a whole, however, it is of at least medium fertility, and in  cereals, is thus placed ins a clear light. It has been seen
nmany districts possesses a fertility which cannot easily be sur-  above that the annual produce of the four most important
passed. In regard to the management of arable land, the  cereals, occupying at least one-fourth of the whole surface,
French cannot claim much praise. WVhile every thing else  amounts in value to $213,000,000.  According to the prohas been undergoing rapid change, the system of agriculture  portion of land occupied, the vine produce should only be
has remained almost stationary. Owing to many causes, the  about $55:500,000.  In other words, the produce of land
quantity of land taken into cultivation has been enlarged,  under the vine is nearly dne-eighth more than its produce in
and the annual produce has increased, but it is very doubt-  grain. It ought to be added, that much of the land from
ful if this increase has been obtained by improved modes  which this superior produce is obtained consists of rocky
of agriculture. On the contrary, in many districts the most  steeps and terraces on which corn could not be grown.
antiquated routine continues to be followed, the implements   Xiines —The coal fields of France exist in no fewer than
used are generally of an inferior description, and the large  33 departments; but most of the coal pits are so limited in
farming establishments for which England and Belgium are  extent, that, while the proportion of the whole surface occudistinguished are here even of much rarer occurrence than  pied by workable seams is in Great Britain one-tenth, and
on many other parts of the Continent.  One great cause of  in Belgium one-twenty-second, in France it does not exceed
this state of matters is the almost endless subdivision of pro- one-hundredth.  Several of the smaller fields occur in the
perty, which necessarily results from the French law of suc- N.W., and also in the S., where, besides common coal, both
cession, by which all children inherit equally. In conse- anthracite and lignite are also found; but the fields whose
quence of this, the death of every father operates like a new  importance entitle them to particular notice are those of Vasubdivision of whatever land he may have died possessed  lenciennes in the N.E., forming the W. extremity of the
ofl and the whole country is in course of being broken down  great Belgian coal field, and that of St. Etienne, to which
into innumerable patches, too small to deserve the name of  the manufactures of that town, Lyons, and the surrounding
farms, or to require either the exercise of skill, or the ex- districts are indebted for much of their prosperity.  The
penditure of capital in their management. According to  annual product is about 4,150,000 tons, but falls so far short
Balbi, France is possessed by nearly eleven millions of pro- of the annual consumption that a large import takes place
prietors, liable to direct taxation. This gives to each an ave- from  England and Belgium, particularly the latter, and
rage holding of only five acres of arable land. But to show   wood continues to be the common fuel throughout France
that the limit of subdivision is not yet attained, Balbi adds  for domestic purposes. The coal fields contain seams of iron,
that "as a very great proportion of these proprietors  are  which are extensively worked, and furnish ore to a great
fathers, whose children are not yet in possession of the  numbser of blast furnaces; but the chief supply to these works
shares which must fall to them, and as they all have heirs  appears to be derived, not from them, but partly from alluvial
more immediate or more remote, we must necessarily expect beds, in which the ore occurs in the form of balls, especially in
to see property partitioned still more and more."  Be the  the departments of Ardennes, iMloselle, IHaute-Marne, lHautemerits of this arrangement, morally and politically, what  Saane, Ni6vre, Cher,'&c., partly flom  seamg occurring in
they may, it is evidently incompatible not only with an en- profusion among the strata of the Jura limestone, particulightened, but with any thing that can properly be called  larly on the W. slope of that mountain chain, and partly
a general system of agriculture. Still, the aggregate amount from veins of iron diffused among the crystalline and priniof produce raised in such circumstances must be very great. tivre rocks, chiefly of the Alps, Pyrenees, and Vosges. The
The millions who depepd entirely on the land for their sub- number of mines actually worked is about 2000, and the
sistence, are in a manner necessitated to tax its powers to  quantity of pig iron annually produced exceeds a million
the utmost; and accordingly, the result of their labors, when  of tons.
drawn up in a tabular form, presents a most imposing ap-   Few countries are understood to be so rich in lead as
pearance.                                                     France. It occurs in greater or less quantity in a mfiltitude
In France as in all countries situated within the milder  of districts. and is generally argentiiferous.  It would seem,
portion of the temperate zone, the ordinary cereals form the  however, that the richness of the seams is not in propergreat bulk of the cultivated crops. These, in the order of  tion to their number, as the working of it is chiefly, if not
their importance, are wheat, oats, rye, and barley, the aver-  entirely confined to Poullaouen, Iluelgoat, department of
age annual value of each of which is estimated respectively  Finist6re; Vialas, department of Loz6re; and Ponitgibaud,
at $213,108,704, $58,082,216, $57,3d2,272, and;24,707,696,  department of Puy-de-Dnme.  The produce in silver is about
700




FRA                                                               FIRA
3000 pounds, in lead 26.280 tons, and in Iitharge 33,970 tons.    It will be perceived by these figures, that during the first
Manganese is very widely diffused, but is worked only in  period of 8 years, the imports exceeded in value, the exports
12 mines, of which the most important is that of RomanBche,  tothe amount of $103,100,000, while. during the last period,
department of Seine-et-Loire.  The average annual produce  the aggregatevalue of the exports has been $348,196,000 more
is about 2800 tons. Gold exists both in the sands of rivers  than that of the imports.  The average increase in the agand in sitit in thin streaks imbedded in quartz. Attempts  gregate value of the imports in the latter period over the
have been made to work it, but not with success. A vein of  former, has been $254,444,000, while that of the exports has
quicksilver was opened about the middle of the last century,  reached $705,740,000.  Of the total value of imports for 1851,
and was successfully worked for 12 years, and then aban-  $146,800,000 was by sea, and $84,800,000 by land; and of the
doned. Zinc, copper, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt exist, but  exports, $253,000,000 was ocean commerce, and $72,800,000
not in such quantities as to be worked with profit.  The  was conveyed by land. The following table exhibits the trade
principal saline substances are alum and common salt.  The  of France for the year 1850 in articles of domestic produce
former occurs extensively in bituminous schists abounding  and for domestic consumption with the countries specified.
with iron pyrites, and is worked in 7 departments; the latter
occurs in the form of rock salt, both in the N.E. departments                           OFFICIAL VALUE.         ACTUAL VALsE.
and in the Pyrenees, and is worked to the average extent                              Exports    Imprts.        prts.   Imports.
annually of about 43,000 tons.  But the great source from                            $5,0,000 $14,000,000   47,800,        $
which salt is derived are the lagoons and salt marshes,  United States....  35,600,000  24,600,000  38,80,000  24,400,000
which line many parts of the coast; of these the produce   Belgium........   32,200,000  21,000,000  20,00,000  23,60,000
is about 300,000 tons. A large revenue is also derived from    Spain...........  14,200,00    7,000,00   12,000,000    6,000,00
quarries.  They are classified under the head of polished or   Switrld.                11,200,000    4,,                   4,,
Sardinia.........  11,600,000[ 14,400,000  10,200.000~ 14,600,0~%
worked stones, including the granites of Finisthre, the mar-           a    i.1,400,000,00000,,000
Goessa lUnion.. 9,450,5000 6,600,00 9,ee0e0e  7,2ee,eoe
bles of the Pyrenees, Mayenne, and the Ardennes; the litho-   Turkey...........   4,600,000   8,800,000   4,000,000   8,000,000
graphic stones,of Chtteauroux, the millstones of Fert&-sous-  Brazil...........   4,500000   2,400,000   3,800,000   2,200,000
Tuscany....i....   3,400,000]  2,000,000   3,'200,009]  2,000,000
Jonarre and Bergerac, and the once valuable but now almost 
Russia......l....   3,600,000o  5,000,000   3,600,000   4,000,000
forgotten gun-flints of Loir-et-Cher; building stones, in-           aples               800000   3000        000 
cluding the granites of the N.W. peninsula, the lavas of Puyde-DOsme, the calcareous rocks of the Jura formation, and            The total official value of the exports to Great Britain,
the sandstones of the Paris basin; plastei or gypsum, also  was $59,000,000, an increase of 57 per cent. on the 5 precedabounding ha the same basin; limestone, diffused over many  ing years.  Value of imports, $24,400,000; exports to the
districts; and roofing slates, extensively quarried at many  United States, 354,600,0000, imports, 327,400,000, an increase
points, and more especially in the Ardennes and at Angers.  of 50 per cent. on an average of the 5 preceding years; exTo quarries may be added valuable beds of common clay,  ports to Belgium, $23,400,000; imports, $31,600,000 or 23
fine potters' earth, and kaolin.  Thenumber of quarries and  per cent. more than the average of the previous 5 years;
beds from  which all these materials are extracted exceeds  exports to Spain, $51,200,000; imports, $10,000,000, increase
20,000, and the value of their gross annual produce has been  over the 5 previous years 27 per cent.  Exports to Sardinia,
estimated at $7,704,000.                                           $16,400,000, imports, $18,200,000.  Exports to the German
2MIanufactzure s.-Owing to the remarkable subdivision of  Union $12,800,000, imports 9,000,000.  Exports to Turkey,
property, to which reference has already been made, the agri-  $7,200,000; imports, $11,200,000. The general export trade to
cultural outnumbers the  manufacturing  population  of  Algeria, in 1850, amounted to'17,600,000, and in  1851,
France in the proportion of 5 to 1, and hence the value of  $21,200,000. Theincrease inthe officialvalueofthetradewith
the produce of manufactures, on which only one-fifth of the  the other colonies from 1850 to 1851, were Martinique, 66 per
population are employed, cannot be expected to be compara-  cent., Guadeloupe, 51 per cent., Bourbon, or Ile de Reunion,
tively as great as that of such a country as England, where  7 per cent., andFrenchGuiana, 4 per cent. Of the $231,600,000,
the relative proportions of the two great classes of popula-  the total value of imports into France in 1851, 60 per cent.
tion are nearly reversed. In these circumstances, the irm-  was raw material, of which 76 per cent. was for the supply
portent position which France holds in regard to all the  of the factories, and of the totalexports, (3325,800,000,) 32 per
great branches of manufncturing industry, and the decided  cent. was natural produce, and 68 per cent. manufactured
lead which it takes, at least in one of them, is extremely  articles.
creditable, and bears strong testimony both to the industry          The exports of cereals in 1850, amounted in  value to
and ingenuity of its inhabitants.  The most important tie-  $14,800,000;  in  1851 to  $19,200,000; of wines  in 1850,
sue is silk, which, in a great variety of forms, plain and  $14,000,000, in 1851 to $16,000,000; of brandies and spirits
figured, has its principal locality at Lyons, and the towns  of wine in 1850, to $4,600,000, in 1851, to $6,000,000; articles
of the surrounding districts, particularly St. Etienne, and  of sillk manufacture in 1851, $40,800,000, being $800,000 less
is also successfully manufactured, though to an inferior ex-  than in 1850; of cotton manufactmures in 1850, $27,800,000, in
tent, at Paris, Nimes, Avignon, Annonay, and Tours. After  1851, $33,000,000; woollen fabrics in 1850, $25,200,000, in
it, though at a considerable distance, follow  cotton stuffs,  1851, $26,400,000;  nd of prepared skins in 1851,  $7,400,000,
pure and mixed, at Rouen, St. Quentin, Troyes, Lille, &c.; an increase of $1,200,000 over the previous year; the official
woollens, including broadcloths, at Louviers, Elbeuf, Sedan,  value of manufactured articles of every class exported in 1849,
Carcassonne,Abbeville; &c.;lighter woollen stuffs at Rheims,   was $194,000,000, and in 1850, $209,400,000, being an inocrease
Amiens, and Beauvais; carpets at Paris, Aubusson, Felle- of $15,400,000, or 8 per cent. The increase on the average of
tin, and Abbeville; and tapestry at Paris and Beauvats;  the five previous years was 22 per cent. The increase in
linens, including fine muslin, gauze, and lace, at Valen- the importation of raw material for 1850, as compared with
ciennes, Courtrai, St. Quentin, Alengon, Caen, &c.; porce- the average of the five previous years, was as follows:-Silks,
lain at S~vres, Paris, Limoges, and Bayeux; stoneware at  $5,200,000; wool, $2,600,000; coal, $1,200,000; raw  hides,
Nevers, Monteraun, &c.; and common pottery at Sarregue- $600,000; flax, $1,200,000, cotton, $1,200,000; and colonial
mines, and Meillonas; beet-root sugar, chiefly in the de- sugar, $600,000.  There has been a decrease in the importapartment of Nord; leather, and the various articles made  tions of 1850, as compared with the five previous years, in
of it, including gloves; paper, plain and stained; hats, ho-  leaf tobacco, of $2,200,000; indigo. $210,000; olive oil, $200,000,
siery, steel, iron, brass and zine ware, plate and flint glass,  and of foreign sugars, $2,800,000.  The imports of cotton
&c.  Besides these, a great number of articles in which  from the Uni.ted States in 1851 amounted to 310,000 bales;
skill, taste, and ingenuity are more especially required, have  and in 1852, to 420,728 bales.  The fisheries yielded 403,777
their common seat in the capital. Among others, may be  metrical quintals, of fresh and dry cod, in 1850, and 432,041
mentioned all articles of verti, jewelry, clocks and watches, in 1851; 20,157 quintals of whale oil and bone in 1850, and
surgical and mathematical instruments, carriages, works in  in 1851 only 17,477 quintals.
ivory, types, books, and engravings.                                 The following table exhibits the exports and imports of
Trade apzd CMbsamerce.-This is usually divided into inter-  the precious metals for six years, ending 1851:hal and external. The former is unquestionably the lar'ger
of the two, but its amount cannot be ascertained with any                            IMO-PTD.                   EXPORTE.D.
degree'of exactness.  The principal towns of the interior,                      Gold.        Silver.       Cold.        Silver.
constituting the centres from wvhich it emanates, are Paris,   1846......1,612,041 I  21,02,24          2,731,67   $12,089,596
Lyons; Rouen, Lille, Strasbourg,Toulouse,Nines   e,Nancy,and   1847.....    4,251,443    27,800,63.,743,6,27
foreign powers for the last 16 yeare, is shown as follows:-    seas           3z.51    58,576,70 261 6,743,66650   16949,267 
Perpignan.  The commerce  of France, with its colonies and   1848.....0   8,399.552    46,500,821           1,172,027     3,03,93646
foreign powers for the last 16 years, is shown as follows:-        1849.....    2,432,160    58,576,752    1,129.680     9,369,592
1850.....   12,219,420    28,850,132    8,835,200   17,502,060
Imports.     Experts.           Imports.     Epors.        1851.....   23,204,920    35,850,688    6,286,980     20,204,708
1830  $187,400,000  $191soo,200,000 1846  $21,400.000  $236000000  The amount of gold coined in France in 1846 was $391,203;
1809.189,400,000   20,0600,000  1847   268,600,000   254,200,000  in 1847, $1,444,897; in 1848, $7,443,320; in 1849, $5,033,042;
180    210,400,000   202,500,000 1848   172,400,000   230,600,000  in  1850, $15,973,569; in  1851, $45,239,269; and in  1853,
1841   224,200,000   213,200,000 1849   228,400,000   284,600,000  $121,460,148.
1842   228,400,000   188,0oc0,0o0oo  1850   234,800,000   306,200,000  The total amout of mecntile tonnaed   shipping ar1843   737,400,000   198,400,000  1851   231,600,000   325,800,005
18431                                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~The tota l amount of mercantile tonnage and shipping ar1844   238,600,000   229,400,000 1852   287,680,000   336,200,000  riving at, and departing firom. the ports of France is given
1045~ 2408,000,00~
1845   248,000,000   237,400,000 1853   3143,364,000   392,800,000  in the annexed table, showing how this department of coonot. $,7e6,8,000:$7o0   o.     4 -',      -    merce stood prior to the revolution, and for nearly five years
Tot. $1,763,800,000$1,660,700,0001 Tot. $ 2,018,244,000, $'2.03,4a0,000
after it: —'                                       701',a~




FRA                                                                FRA
TiE NUMBER AND TONNAGE OF SAILING  AND STEAM VESSELS,  commences at Chulons-sur-SaOne, and proceeds to Diioin,
French and Foreign, which ENTERED and CLElARED at PORTS  on the Loire; the Rhone and Rhine Canal, so called firom
in PRANCE, with Cargoes and in Ballast for Foreign Coun-  uniting these two rivers, partly by the intervention of the
tries in the years 1843-1852.                                    Doubs; and the Canal of Burgundy,which, proceeding also
from the Sahne, communicates with the Yonne, and through
ENTERED.                CLEARED.           it with the Seine.  The effect of these three canals is to
IVessels. i   Tons.     Vessels.        Tons.    break down the barriers which isolate the basins of the
18, 4 04sels  Tons.9    Vesse,64 9              Rhone, Loire, Seine, and Rhine, and give navigable  access
1841. 18,450  2,120,905  18,649   2,140,912    from  any  one of them  into the other three.  The longest
1844...........   18,586    2,173,147     18,280     2,120,986
1814.........   1,586 2,13,14  18,80,120986   fr'om  any one of them  into the other three. The longe~sf,
1845...........   20,195   2,329,231     20,231     2,332,405    of all the canals, but only partially executed, is that which
1848.            13,82..T.....           12,731
1006...........  22,116    2,696,021     21,761     2,593,567   is to unite Nantes with Brest. Its commercial importance
1847...........   21,092   2;779,342     12,396     1,497,466   is not very apparent, as the natural mode of proceeding
1849...........   15,323    [1,890,660   13,857     1,483,919
188...... 13,825      1,777,022  12,732     1,367,843                                                                   z
1849.........   -5,23,890660 13,57  1483919    from  one port to another must be to sail over the ocean
1850...........    16,300  2,068,963     15,626     1,616,189    which flows continuously between them.  The chief use
185i...........   17,424   2,201,917     17,212     1,886,269    will be to keep open an important channel of communica1852...........   18,702   1 2,439.704    16,398    1,863,189   tion in time of war, when it might otherwise be effectually
The  following, placed inthe order of their importance,  closed by British cruisers.  The whole number of canals
which France possesses, is 86, having a united length of
are the twelve powers with which maritime intercourse was  2350 miles.
most active in 1851, and the share of the French flag in               T es
each:-                                                                The roads of France are usually  classified under the heads
of Great Roads (routes royales) and  Department Roads.
Ttal Tnne.   Share of the  The former, 26 in number,, have a length of 24,900 miles;
e French Flag.    the latter, 97 in number, a length of 22,500 miles. Besides
-    these, there are a great number of country or bye-roads,
England...........      1,6657,983    24 per cent.
United StalesAtl s...  155,408    4 perent.    (chemins vicinaux,) the length of which is unknown.  lBut
United States Atlantic Coast..       355,400   "
Sardisia......................      170,096     51             the roads which may now be considered to constitute the only
Norway..................          141317       3   "         true thoroughfares, those on which the comparative wealth
Naples.;.......................     129,714      38   "
Turkey......................       129,5213     78 10and prosperity of a country depend, are railways.  In the
Spain........................       118,420      37             construction of these France ie among the foremost nations
Russia........................       88,558      28   "         in Europe.  Taking Paris as the centre, a main trunk proLow Countries................       70,185      44             coeds N. to Amiens, where it divides into two branches,
Tuscany.......................      67,807      65   "         one of which proceeds N. to the coast, at Boulogne, and the
Sweden........................      64,346       6       "
Brazil.........................      6434 62,102   o0 "         other N.E., past Lille, into Belgium.  A branch from  Lille,
Brazil............. 63,102  80
turning W., ultimately throws off two branches, one proceedThe coastwise trade of 1852 is represented in weight by  ing to Calais. and another to Dunkirk.  Starting again from
2,544,785 tons, it having been 2,121,520 tons in 1851. and  Paris, a line runs W.N.WV., keeping close to the banks of the
1.918,030 tons in 1S48.  The proportion of the Atlantic in   Seine, till it reaches Rouen, when it forks, sending one branch
the movement of 1852 was 1,835,590 tons, and that of the  N. to Dieppe, and the other W. to IHavre.  Thus the traveller
Mediterranean 109,195 tons, or 72 per cent. through  the  firom  England to France has the choice of five different terAtlantic ports, and 28 per cent, through the Mediterranean.  mini on the coast-Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, and
The six principal ports, in the order of their importance,  Havre. The next great trunk from Paris proceeds, with very
stood as follows:-                                                little deviation, E. to Strasbourg, and then, almost due 8.,
Tons.                            Tons.    through the left valley of the Rhine, to Basel, (Edle.) AnBordeaux............. 22,135    Mavre................. 138,535    other trunk, extending S., forks soon after quitting Paris;
MIarseilles............. 188,117    Nantes................ 111,086
Cette.................. 154,577  Rouen................ 109,973
Cot~te.................. 154,511    l~snouen.lOS.....,.,.     91109  one branch takes a S.E. course, first to Dijon, and thence to
The amount of the six ports coming next in importance    halons, where, for the present, it terminates; the other
branch continues S. to Orleans.  Here it again forks, and
varies from 96,128 to 47,721 tons, and the next ten ports
from 43,314 to 20,290 tons.  The movement in the leading  sends off two important lines, one S.S.E., to Borges and
articles was as follows:-                                          Nevers, and the other, S.W., to Tours. From Tours a branch
Tons,~ Te~ns,                        ~ goes W.S.W. to Nantes, and another S. for Bordeaux, though,
Tons.                           Tons.'Wine................ 431,643    Building Materials.... 242,172    as yet, not completed beyond Poitiers.  From  Bordeaux, it
Timber.................312,135    Oysters............... 112,000    is intended to carry it along the Garonne, and, nearly in the
Corn and Flour....... 288,690    Coals................. 98,528   line of the Canal dlu Midi, to the Mediterranean.  The only
Salt................... 212,749    Brandies.............. 16,222    railway not connected with Paris is at the S.E. extremity
The exports of silk fabrics in 1853 amounted in value  of the country.  It commences at Marseilles, and proceeds
to $57,600,000; in cottons to $32,800,000; in  woollens to   circuitously N.E. to Avignon, from which it is to be carried
$29,200,000; in linens to  06,800,000; in gloves and hosiery  almost due N., to meet the Paris trunk line, which is now
$9,400,000; and in wines to $15,150,000. Value of merchan-  (January, 1855) nearly or quite comnpleted to Lyons. A branch
dise that crossed the French territory in 1853, $217,050,800.  of the Marseilles line leaves it at Beaucaire, and is carried W.
The general movement in the foreign colonial coasting  to Ntimes,'where it forks, sending a small branch N. to Alais,
trade and fisheries is exhibited in the following   table:-        while the main line proceeds S.W. past Montpellier, to the
ARRIVALS.                               port of Cette.  These lines include all the principal railways
IVessels.    Tonnage.     Crews.    in France, completed up to 1853, with the exception of a few
Vessels. _  C rews.  I          secondary branches.  The united length of the railways in
Atllntic Ports............  94,1617   4.287,613      563,129    operation in the empire at this date was 2303 miles, and
Mediterranean Perts......    25,143    1,863,220'171,4411    1111 miles were in course of construction.  Above 20 lines
Total...........    119,410    6,100,833    731,570    were chartered during this and the preceding year.
_________________ _   _Governmont.-France, though for many ages almost a pure
DEPARTURES.                              despotism, only limited by the power of the parliaments,
Veosels.    Tonnage. ICrews.    (more  judicial than  legislative,) principally  confined  to
registering the decrees of the king, which they might reAtlantic Ports............   94,719    4,354,561      463,098   fuse, but seldom dared to do, has changed its form of governMediterranean Ports......    25,8    1,811,669        171,780    ment more frequently since 1789 than any civilized nation
Total.........     119,947    e,226,230j   634,818    on the globe, having had fourteen different constitutions in
-a period of 65 years. The first serious check received by
Since the introduction  of steam, intercourse between  the old despotism was in theassemblage of the States-General
France and England has been greatly extended.  Durinn   in 1789.  This body, called together at 11irregular   and disthe year 1852, 26,404 persons arrived from  London, 28.035  taut periods, at the pleasure of the sovereign, on'this occafrom Dover, 30,663 from Folkestone, 5586 from Southampton,  sion framed a constitution embracing the idea of a limited
and 6221 firom Newhaven; total from the five 0ports, 92,909.   monarchy, with but one legislative body, elected by uni
Measns of Internal C6ommusonication.-The  canals of France  versal suffrage.  The constitution was sworn to by the king
are numerous, and, both in the directions which have been  in 1791.  In 1793 it gave place to a purely demociratic congiven. to them, and in their general construction, furnish   stitution, which, however, continued only a few years, imsignal displays of engineering skill.  The object has been  portant changes having taken place in 1795 and 1799.                  Nov.
to connect all the great river basins, and thus give a con-  9th. 1799, Napoleon was chosen consul; under him  France
tinuous water commlunication throughout the interior, and  became an empire in 1804, and so continued, with some
from  sea to sea. The Canal du Midi, or, as it is sometimes  interruption, till his final exile and the restoration of the'alled, the Canal of Languedoc, starting from a point in the  Bourbons in 1815, in the person of Louis XVIII.  On the
Garonne a little below Toulouse, is continued, in an E.S.E.  accession of the latter to the throne, he gave his people a Condirection, into the lagoon of Than, and thereby gives a con-  stitutional Charter, with a Chamber of Deputies, elected by
tinned navigable communication between the Atlantic and  a constituency of 70,000 voters, and a Chamber of Peers,
the Mediterranean, in the line of the important towns of  named by the king.  The revolution of 1830, which was
Bordeaux, Agen, Toulouse, Carcassonne, and Narbonne.  In  caused by the infiingement of the Charter by Chzarles  X.,
like manner, three separate canals cut across the basin of  placed Louis Philippe on the throne. who re-affirmed and
the Rhone; the Canal clu Centre, or of Charollais, which   considerably extended the constitutional privileges grantea
702




FRA                                                           FRA
by Louis XVIII. In 1848, the French people became again  prehends moral and  religious instruction, ancient and
dissatisfied with the government, Louis Philippe was driven  modern languages, philosophy, history, geography, mathe
into exile, and a republic was formed, with a president elect-  matical and physical science. This education is given chiefly
ed for four years, and a National Assembly, all chosen by uni-  in colleges.  Primary instruction is intended for the whole
versal suffrage.  In December, 1851, took place the famous  population, with a few unimportant exceptions. It comorecoup d'dlctat of Louis Napoleodh, then President of France; and  hends moral and religious instruction, reading, writing, the
on January 14th, 1852, a draught of a constitution was pro- elements of the French language, and of arithmetic.  Were
mulgated, in which it was stated that "the Constitution  this education actually received by all for whom  it is inreadmits, confirms, and guarantees the great principles pro- tended, the proportion of pupils at school ought to be about
claimed in 1789, and which are the bases of the public right  1 in 5 of the whole population. By careful inquiry it was
of the French.  The government of the French republic is  ascertained that in 1843 the proportion was only 1 in 10-9.
confided for ten years to Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,    Beligion.-Religion is, in like manner, under the cognithe present President of the Republic.  The President of the  zance of the state, and falls within the province of the high
Republic governs by means of Ministers, the Council of State,  functionary already mentioned, who adds to his designation
the Senate, and the Legislative Body. The legislative power  of minister of public instruction that of minister des cultes.
is exercised collectively by the President of the Republic, Here, however, his power of interference is much circumthe Senate, and the Legislative Body."  By this constitn- scribed. For while the charter which was granted by Louis
tion Senators were appointed by the president, for life; their XVIII., and,.till formally abrogated, must still be considered
number could not exceed 150, of whom 80 were appointed at the fundamental law of the state, declares that the Roman
the outset. Their services were to be gratuitous; but the  Catholic is the religion of the majority, it does not establish
president might grant any of them  30,000 francs a year. it, but, on the contrary, places all forms of religion on an
The legislative body, consisting of 261 members, was to be  equal footing, and professes to deal impartially with all. by
elected by the people, by universal suffrage, for 6 years,' in  paying salaries to their ministers.  By assuming, on very inthe proportion of a representative to every 35,000 electors. sufficient grounds, that all persons who do not openly avow
The legislative body might discuss and vote proposed laws  themselves to be Protestants or Jews are Roman Catholics,
and imposts which had been previously sanctioned by the  these are  represented  as constituting fourteen-fifteenths
Senate, but possessed no power to make amendments or  of the whole pcpulation.  They have 80 dioceses, of which
originate bills. Its sittings were to be public, but might be  15 are archiepiscopal.  Each diocese has a seminary under
private on the demand of five members. The sessions of the direction of a bishop. The Archbishop of Paris has an
the Senate were to be secret. In 1853 the republic was  annual stipend from  the state of $7684; the other archchanged to an empire, but no important alteration was  bishops of S3000, and the bishops of 2000. There is, besides,
made in the constitution.                                     an aggregate annual allowance of about $20,000 for diocesan.Administratson of rTstics.-In accordance with the general  visits, and other similar purposes. The Protestants are conarrangement, which divides the whole country into depart-  sidered as either Calvinists, belonging to the Reformed
ments, each department into arrondissements, and each  Church, or Lutherans, adhering to the Confession of Augsarrondissement into cantons, and each canton into coin-  burg.  Their number is estimated at 1,500,000. The Calvimunes,-a series of courts and judges, commencing with  nists comprise about two-thirds of the whole. They have
the lowest of these divisions, rise above each other in regular  consistorial churches in 59 departments, and a faculty of
order. First, each commune has a justice of peace, (juge de  theology at Montauban.  The Lutherans, constituting the
peaix,) who judges in petty causes, but whose more appro-  remaining third, are most numerous in the N. and E. Their
priate function is understood to be to act as a kind of umpire  general consistory is at Strasbourg, where also they have
between parties at variance, and induce them to settle their  a seminary and ficulty of theology. The Jews have a cendifferences without proceeding to formal litigation. If the  tral consistory at Paris, and synagogues at Paris, Strasattempt at conciliation fails, the complainant brings his  bourg, Colmar, Metz, Nancy, Bordeaux, and Marseilles.
action before a court which, from  being that in which the    -Arsny, Navy, and Finance.-The army of France, after
action must originate, receives the name of court of primary  that of Russia, though not the most numerous, is the most
or first jurisdiction, or resort, (tribunal de preosiere instance.)  effective in Europe, January 1, 1854, it numbered 401.247
very arrondissement has such a court, and has, moreover,  men, of whom  371,244 were infantry, 71,031 cavalry, and
if any more important t-ading town is situated within it, a  58,972 artillery.  This force is kept up partly by voluntary
tribunael de commerce, to which mercantile and commercial  enlistment, but principally by the conscription, in virtue of
causes are appropriated. It has, also, occasionally, a court,  which, all Frenchmen between the ages of 20 and 26 are
called conseil deprucd'homme s, in which persons of skill and  liable to be forced into military service. In the budget for
character, not vested with ordinary legal functions, settle  1855, the expenditures on the army (Guerre) are estimated
disputes on principles of equity, and, apparently, in the  at $63,179,558. The navy comprises 53 ships of the line, carrycharacter of arbitrators. From  these courts of primary re-  ing 5096 guns, (9 ships of 120 guns each, 14 of 100, 19 of 90,
sort, an appeal lies to a number of courts, which.used to be  and 11I with f-om 80 to 82 guns each;) 58 frigates, with 3955
called cours royales. They are in all 27, have each jurisdic-  guns; 39 corvettes, with 868 guns; and 140 other vessels,
tion over several departments, and are ranged into three  carrying 1854 guns, making an aggregate of 290 sail yesclasses; namely, two courts composed of five, nine courts  sels, carrying 11,773 guns.  The steam  fleet consists of 3
composed of four, and sixteen courts composed of three  ships of the line, 20 frigates, 30 corvettes, and 64 other
chambers.. These courts generally hold their sittings in the  vessels, with engines in the aggregate equal to.28,750 horsemost important town situated within their jurisdiction,  power. The expenses of the navy for 1855, are estimated
Above all these courts, and properly the only supreme court  at $25,520,480.  The following is the
in the state, is the cour de cessation, so called from its power     Bedget for 1852, as bsouglhtforwoad July, 1851.
of reviewing and annulling the decrees of inferior courts.
It sits in the capital. A general idea of the quantity of              EXrPETsnTUE.                       EVE
business which comes before these courts, and of the extent  Justice................ $5,152,271    ec   xes9,30,81
Foreign Affairs........ 1,384,956 Revenue and Sale of
of litigation throughout the country, may be obtained fi/om   Public Instructions.....    4,413,107    Lands............... 2,123,98
Public Snstrsctien-4130          Led         -,13,9
the following summary, upon an average of five years, end- Religious Worship.....8,113,766 Forets and Fisheries.. 6,771,532
ing with 1843..The annual average of cases which came  Interior (Homie Depart-               Indirect Taxes........151,196,953
before justices of peace was 714,953, and of these 521,487        ent..         4,3,273  ota    fects           60,80
were settled amicably out of court; before courts of first  Agriculture  nd   n                  iversii38,8
roerce................ 3,440,426  Departmental Service.. 3.717,120
resort, 198,031, of which 151,819 were decided; before the  Public Woks.........  11,427,448  Algeria................ 2,374,504
royal courts, 18,192, of which 11,387 were decided; and  War................... 52,922,300  India..................  203,280
before the cozr de cessation, 729, of which'the decisions in   trine................ 19,949,43   Cles1,0,13
379 cases dismissed, and 350 sustained the  Fppeal.           Public Debt............ 60,960,680 Miscellaneous.......... 3,758,356
3 9cases dismissed, and 310 sustainsd the appeal.useis                     -,5lc2Rpyenby.RaDo tations.............. 1,751,692 Repayment by N. Rail.
Thistruction.-In France, education in all its branches has  General Service....... 5,445,217   way Conpany.......   774,400
long been taken under the special cognizance of the state, Expenses of Collection. 18,918,124 Reserve  of  Sinking
and the superintendence of it is expressly committed to a  Repaynes                 15,641,263   Fd1418,5
Sinking Fund, Dotehigh functionary, who takes the name of minister of public    o         nd  nts
instruction and religious worship, (des cultes.) The principal
educational establishments are classed under three heads:-   Total Ordinary Exps. $259,722,832   xpendire         25,22,832
academical or superior, secondary, and primary. At the  Extraordinary Works.$13,138,131  Excess of Revenue.... $7,960,788
head, and as the centre of the whole, stands the university.
The minister of public instruction is considered its grand    In the budget for 1855, the total expenditures are  esti
master; and, with a council, composed of 30 members, exer- mated at $312,406,000, and the revenue at $313,202,400. Of
cises a universal educational jurisdiction over all France.  the former, S80,652,500 was bfor interest on public debt;
For this purpose, the jurisdiction of the university is divided  $29,267,000 for public works, and $13,123,940 for public
into 27 circonscriptiosns, each of which has the name of aca-  instruction. Debt in 1854, $137,500,000.
diemie universitaire  of the chief place within its district.    Divisions, dc. —Long before the Gallic conquest, the RoThus, for instance, the one which includes the three depart-  mane possessed the 8,10. of modern France, under the aame
ments of Charente, Dordogne, and Gironde, is called the  Gallia Transalpine. The remainder of the counmry is deacaedimieusniversitairc ofBordeaux. At these establishments,  scribed by Ceesar under three principal divisions-one in
the education given is of the highest professional description,  the N., occupied by the Belge; a second in the S.W., inhaand need not be particularized. Secondary instruction con-  bitoed by the Aquitani; and the rest was in the possession
703




FRA                                                                       FRA
of the Galli proper, or Celtae.  After the completion of the   The Departments   of France, their Area, Population, Capitld
Roman  conquest, these  names in a great. measure  disap                     City, and the Number of  Arrondissements, Cantons, aznd
peared, and a division into four provinces took place.  At a                  bCommu nes, into which they are subdivided.
still later period the names of the provinces were again
changed, and their number was increased to 12.  Without                                              e.       
particulariziun  the whole, we may mention, as of most fire-                                 Area,                    Populatio
quent occurrence in history, Narbonensis Prima and Secun-    Departments.   sq. M.                                                        a les.  Ca
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
da, in the S; Lugdunensis  Prima, Secunda, Tertic, and                                                    F 
Quarta, in the E. and the centre; and Aquitania Prima and                                                                    _ I  2
Secunda, in the S. and  S.W..During the decline of the   Ain............  2,25                        5   3     446   372,939 Bourg.
Roman Empire, a number of German tribes had gained a   Aisne..........                             2,322    5   37    838   558,989 Laon.
footing in the country, and appeared to have formed a con-  Allier..........2,762   4   26    316   336,7581Meaoulins.
Ard~che........   2,11      3   31    333   386,505 Privas.
federation under the designation  of Franks, or freemen;  Ardennes.......    1,95                      5  31   478   331,0290  ziies.
but when the empire fell, the victorious barbarians who had   Arige..........   1,73                   3   20    306   267,435 Foix.
effected its overthrow, Vandals, Huns, Suevians, Burgun-  Aube...........  2,51    5   26   447   265,247 Troyes.
diana, &c., appeared on the frontiers of Gaul, deifeated the   Aude...........   2,340    4   31    434   289,747 Carcassonne.
Aveyroe      n,4...42.   234~  004,100 nRodes.
Franks, who attempted to oppose them, and finally formed   Aeyron........
Basses.Alpes...,600    1   30    255   152,070 Digne.
permanent settlements.  The Franks, though  weakened, uasoea-Pyrieies    2,862    5   40   500   446,997 Pau.
had not been subdued.  Not contented with retaining their    es-uhine.....    1,770    4   33    543   587,434 Strlasbourg.
ground, they made new conquests, and at last succeeded both   Bou.-du-Rh6ne..   1,95                   3   27    106   428,989] lMarseilles.
in giving their name to the country, and in  founding the   Calvado                      s........  2,145    4   3  72    401,200  e.
Cantal.....'....   2,259|                   253,329 |Aurillac.
French  monarchy in  the person  of their king, Clovis, to-  Chasrente.......  2,300                       5   29    43    382,912  Angoulme.
wards the end of the fifth century.  Were it practicable, it  Clfarente-Infer..  3,500   0   39   400   469,992 La Rochelle.
would be scarcely worth while to attempt to trace the various   Cher............2,747    3  2                   21   30,261 Boules.
subdivisions which the monarchy subsequently underwent.  QOze.........  2,218    3   29   26   320,864  ulle.
Gonaica, (Gorse)  3,331    5   00    350   206,216eAjacci.
Suffice it to say, that not without numerous changes and in-  C6te-dOr.......  3,54    4  3                     727   400,207 Dijono.
terruptions of prosperity, it continued to advance, till, under   Cbtes-du-Nord..   1,967    5  4                378   632,613 Saint Brieuc.
Louis XIV., its extent became nearly the same as at pre-  Creuse..........  2,133   4   25   22   27,03 Gurot.
sent.  The subdivision of the country into provinces had   Dordogne......   3,492   5   47    55   505,789 Priguenx.,Doubs..........    2,028   4   27   640   296,679 Besanon.
long been adopted, and was now  completed, the number of   Drame..........,508    4             2 326,86 Valence.
long                                                   un~~            ~           ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~rme 4 2    002.... 32,40Yalenee.
provinces amounting  to 33.   In  1789, when the love of   Eure...........    24                      5  3      704   405,77 Evreux.
change became  paramount, the  provinces were not per-  Eure-et-Loir....    2,117   4   34    42    24,892 Chartres.
mitted  to escape; and the whole of France, including the   Finistrec..   2,540    5   42   202   617,010 Qulasper.
island of Corsica, was parcelled out into  86 departments,  Garl...........    300    4   30    340   400,100 4                 oes.
Ges...........              5   2       7    0,479 Auch.
and  each department subdivided successively into arron-  Gironde                             3714    6   40    546  604,07 Bordea.x,
dissements, cantons, and  communes.   This division  has   Haute-Garonne.    2,529    4   30    579   40,704 Toulouse.
since maintained  its ground, and perhaps deserves it, be-   Bute-aux e...on,000    3   28    350   300,005 Le Pay.
cause, instead of beinag merely anrt artificial nomenclature,  it   aute 21p0105              2,105    2   20   520   200,00 GO onst.
Hautes- Alpcs...  22             4    1       3,038 [Gap.
has the merit of being a kind of natural clastification —each   Haut e-Sne...2,028    3   28    581   37,096Vesoul.
department being named after the most important physical  Hautes-Pyrnes,0    3           47   250,4.
feature which it contains, and thus furnishing in the name.  aaute-Vienne..,11                    4   27   199   319,379 Limoges.
some knowledge of the space which it designates.  The pro-                    tSh             1,           2     40   40,47 la.
n  Heault.......    21.382    4   36    330   389,286 ~Montpellier.
-vinces,  however, though no longer recognised in legal and                                   2                  330   3,2       enes.
other formal documents, continue so familiar to the French   i                                           dre..........  2,624    4   23    271,938 cneuroux.
In dre~~~4    2                 4    372,020. GChteauroux.
themselves, and are so frequently mentioned, not only by   Indre-et-Loire.    2,332                    3   24    281   315,641 Tours
earlier writers, but in the geographical, historical, and sta-  Islre..........   3,163   4   45   551    03,497 Grenoble.
Jura............   1,894    4   32    581   313,299 Lous-le-Saulnier.
tistical details even of the present day, that a knowledge of                n                 3,490    3   28   333   302 12     L ont-de-Maluin.
Laodes             3.40.3 20.02.02 00  lonst-de-Mtaleae.
their locality is still of great importance.  The first of the   Loir-et-CherS....           230    3   4    2           1,2 Blos.
following tables exhibits the old  provinces in alphabetical  Loire...........   1,e                  3   28   32    472,588 Monthrison.
order, and in parallel columns the departments correspond-    Loire-Infdrieure    2,es           95    5   45    006   530,64 Ntes.
L2iret 4..........02  Orleans.'
lug to them, and their capital towns; the second table, in   Loe......   2,0          31   350   341,0220 neass.
Lot............   2,0           9    3'    9G''4Cnh  rs.
like manner, shows the departments in alphabetical order,   Lot-et-2aronne,07   4 0                         312   341,4 Agen.
their area, population, &c.                                               Lozere..........    1,965   3   24    193   14,75 Mende.
Maine-et-Lore..   2.755    5   34    375   515.452 Angers.
Tlhe Old Provinces of  France, and their Capitals, with  the   Manche.........  2,263    6  48    643    00,882 Saint-Lo.
Corresonding Departments into whic/h they have been di-  Strn                       5. 3,116           32    675   373,302 Chalous-sur-Mer.
e~ided.                                               S     ~ayenne.......   1,966    3   27    274   074,566 Laval.
~~~~~~~vided&. ~ ~ ~S Meurthe.........322    5   29    714   450,425 Nancy.
Meuse..........   2368    4   2       5. 328,57 Bar-le-Duc.
Capitals of    Morbihan....     2.661    4   7    232   478,172 Vannes.
Provinces.                   Departments.              Provinces.    Moselle.........   2.034    4   27   62    459,684  etz.
Alsace..............eaut-Rhin; Bas-Rhin................Strnsbourg.    Nivre..........,595    4   25    316    27,61 Neves.
Angoumois........harent.............................Angoulie.    Nord...........   2,170    7    0              2  1,158,2   Lille.
Anjou..............Maine-et-Loire......................Angers.         Oise.........   2,21         4   35    100   403,857 Beauvais.
Artois..........e...Inland or S.E. part ofPas-de-Calais..Arras.          Orne...........   2,0    4  36    511   439,4 Alengon.
Aunis..............Maritime part of harente-Inrie ure.LasRochelle.   Pas-de-Calais...   2,50    0   43   903   602,004 Arras.    [rand.
Auvergne...........Puy-de-Dome and Cantal............Clermont.           Puy-de-Dme....3,039    5   50   413   5.897 Clermont-FPerBarn...............Basses-Pyrnues,.....................Pau.            Pyrinocs-Orien.  1Pc1    3   07    208  181,955 Perpignan.
Berri..............Cher, Indre........................ Bourges.        Rhne.......   1,066    2              25    574,45 Lyons.
Bourbonnos........Allier................................ oulins.        Sane-et-Loire..    3,270    5   40    505   574,720 1con.
Burgundy, (Boar-'.Sarthe.........  2,371    4   33   391   472,0   Le Matns.
goge)............Ain,CSte-d'Or, SaOne-etrLoire,Yonne Dijon             Seine...........    185    3   20       1  1,420,0 Paris.
Brittany,    (Bre- CbtOSes du-Nord,Finistre, Ille-et-Vil- 2               Seine-et-tarne.    2,1lc     5   20    537   345,076 Melun.
tagne)..........    aine, Loire-Infdrieure, lorbihan  Rennes.           Seine-et-Oise...  2,l41    6           684   471,880  Y'ersilles.
Champagne........Ardennes, Aube,lMarne,Haute-Marne Troyes.               Seine-lnfIeneree   2,20    5   50    701   762,039 Rouen.
Comtn-de-Foix......Aridge, and the Republic of Andorre..Foix.            Svres (Deux-)..   2,315    4   31    355   323,15 Niort.
Dauphin..........-.aautes-Alpes, Dreme, Isre..........- Grenoble.      Somme.........  2,343    5   41         2   50,637 Amiens.
Plandre............Nord.................................Llle.           Tarn...........  2,1       4    5   315   33,07  Albi.
Franche-Comt     -.....Doubs, Jura, Iaute-SaSSne...........Besangon.     Tarn-et-Garone   1,405    3   24   102   23,553 Montauban.
Gascony,   (Gas-( Aveyron, Dordogne, Gers, Giroude,                       Va............   2,773    4    5    202   357,7 Dragugnn.
c ne)..........    Lot, Lot-et-Garonne,  LandsACh                 Vaucluse.......  1.32      4   22    149   264,18  Avignon.
cGuienne.........(    autsPyrn esTarn-et   aonn se        daux.    Vende........   2,595    3   30     296   38,734 Bourbon-Vende.
Gnienes.     (IautesPyrnises,Tarn-et-Garoneaea
Isle ofFrance,lIsle5 Oise, Seine, Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-                Vienne.........2,74    5   31    296   317,05 Poities.
~ a!s    osges......220            5 3       66 47,9 Epinal.
de France).....     Marne, S. part of Aisne..........                 Voges.....          20    5    0    54    427,0plal.
Lu.. Ard'che, Aude, Ga:rd,H~rault,Haute-',       Yonne..........   2,781    5   37    402   380,856 Auxerre.
LangedeocsA.....A... Garonin e                 unaute-LoireLoz~re,Tarn  Toulouse.         -        -     -     ____
Limousin...........C ort nze, Haute-Vienne..............Limoges.              Total -      200,67       2847 36,843 135,779,222
Lorraine...........Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, Vosges.....Nasncy.
Lyonnois...........Loire, Rhbne........................Lyons.               Races, Language, &' —The population  of France. as exMaine........Mayenne, Sarthe....................Le Mans.          hibited  in  the  above  table, averages 173096 persons per
M.%rche.............OCreuse...............................Gu~ret.                          The leading stock frou  which this popula,Odinehe. Grouse-Gainot.                              ~~squaro mile.   The leading  stsck  fl-ot which this popuh,Nivernois..........Niwvre...............................Nevera.
Niveneobo     -     Nie-Nsa-sCalvsdos, EureMpncheOmeSeine )rin.        tion springs is Celtic, but Celtic extremely modified by long
masdie)            l........    Infrieuree, N. parof  E Sure-et-Lor oen.  and extensive intercourse with  the Romans, and the inOrl6aunois.........Eure-et-Loir,   Loiret, Loir-et-Cher...Orleans.      cursion  of numerous hordes from  the N., who must ultiPiceardy,  (P.. en    Comme, SoNmaritile  part of Pes-de-  Amiens.        mately have formed no small proportion of the inhabitants.
die)............    Caais, N.  part of Aisue -..........
P ~tou... eS~res, Vedie, Viee - Poiticns               The different races have become completely amalgamated
Potton............ Deux-S~vres, Veudde, Vienne........ Poitiers.
Provence.........  Basses-Alpes,  Bouches-du-Rhbne, 0Ai                  over the greater part of the country, and form  the French,
Var, E. part of Vaucluse........                 properly so called; but a distinction of race is still marked
oussillone......... Pyrdnnes-Orientales         -........... -,.Perpignan.  1in several districts, as in the Germans of the N.E., the BasSaintonge........ Eastern or Inland part of Charente-   Sates.           ques of the S.W., and the Bretons of the N.W.  The basis of...... Inf~rieure........................SthlagaeiLai.TeognlwrdofifrntOgn
eontat-d'Aviguon..-Western part of Vaucluse...........Avignon.         the language is Latin.  The original words of different oriin
are chiefly Celtic and GOrman.  Of the latter, about 1000
704




FRA                                                           FRA
roots have been counted, exclusive of derivatives and corn-  the previous history of the world has no parallel. Atheism
pounds. According to the French themselves, their aInn-  and the wildest democracy then walked hand in hand, and
guage is superior to all modern, and scarcely, if at all, in- left no doubt as to what must at all times be expected when
fergor to the most celebrated of ancient, tongues. More  they gain the ascendant. The reign of terror was followed,
impartial judges form a different estimate; and, while ad- by a military despotism, headed by a man whose wonderrmitting its possession ot a flexibility and'nicety of distianc-  ful talents raised France to the highest pinnacle of mnilition which admirably adapts it not only for conversation  tary fame, and whose overthrow  after years of struggle,
and all the branches of lighter literature, but also for the  the combined powers of Europe finally succeeded in effectsevere sciences, find it deficient in force and dignity. The  ing, and doomed him  to spend the last years of his life
people, intellectually considered, take the first rank. In  and die a prisoner on a rugged and solitary isle of the
ingenuity they are unsurpassed, and in the higher walks  ocean. The Bourbons regained their throne, but soon showed
of literature, with the exception of the highest kind of  that the lessonA of adversity had been lost upon them.
poetry, they have writers of the most distinguished name. They were again expelled, in 1830, and Louis Philippe, the
Their moral qualities are perhaps less to be admired. They  head of the collateral branch of Orleans, gained the crown,
are courteous and generous, and are wanting neither in sen-  and retained it for eighteen years.'February 24th, 1848, in
sibility nor enthusiasm; but as a nation, they are deficient  consequence of a rising in Paris, originating in causes too
in solidity and strength of character, and hence are alike un- numerous to be here specified, Louis Philippe found it nefitted to bear either prosperity or adversity.  In private life, cessary to abdicate the throne and take refuge in England.
more especially in large cities, dissoluteness prevails. In  A republic succeeded, which, after dragging out a-feeble and
Paris, of 30,141 children born in 1849, 9941 were illegitimate;  uncertain existence of little more than two years and eight
in other words, in Paris, every third mother is unmarried, months, was brought to an end by its own President, Louis
and everythird child has a stain on its birth. This, however  Napoleon Bonaparte.  Becember 2d, 1851, supported by the
exhibits French society in its worst aspect; and it there-  army, he dissolved the House of Representatives, imprisoned
fore ought to be added, that over the whole country the  a large number of its members, including some of the most
proportion of illegitimate to legitimate births does not ex- eminent men in the country, many of whom  he subseceed 1 in 14-4, the illegitimate having been, in 1848, 67,791, quently banished to Cayenne, or otherwisE. expelled firom
and the legitimate, 980,957; and that while crimes against  France. HIe subjected the citizens of Paris to the fire of his
the person are moee, those against property are less numer-  troops, destroying not only those who attempted to resist
onus than in England.                                         his usurped authority, but also a number of those who were
Name and Histowy.-GAUL or GALLIA, the name of ancient  peaceably sitting in their own homes. The number then slain,
France, is sometimes applied -to the modern kingdom in the  has been estimated as high as 3000. It is due, however, to
language of the poets. The present name was derived fi-om   state that the government which Louis Napoleon established,
the Franks, (in Latin Franfci,) i. e. "Freemen," a con- has been administered with firmness and ability; and that,
federacy of various German nations, who overran Gaul, on  under it, all the material interests of France have bben highly
the decline of the Ronman power, and afterwards were united  prosperous.-Adj. FaarcsI, (Fr. Ft ANcass, fr8NcesU,  fetlunder one head by Clovis, who founded the French mo-  nine, FRANPxase, fraNo'sAz?; It. FRANCesco, frin-chlslko; Sp.
narchy about the beginning  of the sixth century.  With  FRANcs, frln-thas'; Ger. FRANzosascH, fi'ut-s3ozish.) Inhab.
Clovis, the Merovingian race of kings commenced. It ceased  FaNCHa.iAN, (Fr. FaANcAIS; It. FRANcESE, firn-chisA; i Sp.
with Childeric III., in 752, when Pepin le Bref obtained  FRANAces; Ger. FRANZosE, fi'nt-so'zeh.) GAVLic and GAOL are
the crown. The Carlovingian dynasty commenced with him,  either poetical or else used in reference to ancient Gallia.
or. more properly, with  his son Charles, surnamed the    FRANCE, ISLE OF. See MAUnRIUs.
Great, (in  Latin  Carolus Magnus, now  corrupted into    FRANCE, ISLE OF, (aprovince.)  See ILE DE FRANCE.
Charleneagne,) who established his sovereignty not only    FRANICES, a bay in the island of Santiago, the principal
over France, but also Italy, (except its S. part) and the far  of the Cape de Verde Islands, about 3 or 4 miles W. of the
larger part of Germany. This empire fell to pieces shortly  S.E. point of the island. This bay has been frequently misafter his death in 771. His successors kept the throne of  taken for Porto Praya, which is 4 or 5 miles further S.W.
France till the death of Louis V., when theCapetian dynasty.    FRANCESCAS, fr-ln'sas'klsI, a town of France, departwhih had virtually commenced in the person of Hugh Capet  ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 6 miles S.E. of Nerac.  Pop. 200.
the Great, was formally established by the coronation of his    FRANICESTOWN, a post-village and township of Hillsson at Rheims, in 987. This dynasty was continued in a  borough co., New Hampshire, 20 miles S.W. of Concord.
direct line till the death of Charles IV. The most distin-  The village contains a bank, an academy, and several stores
guished name in the direct line of Capetian kings is that  and fictories.  The township is rich in minerals, conaof St. Louis, whose reign of 44 years, from  1226 to 1270, is  prising  black-lead, crystal, garret, and soapstone.  The
among the most illustrious in French annals. Charles IV. latter is found in great abundance, and, when polished,
was succeeded, in 1328, by Philip VI., grandson of Philip  resembles verd antique marble.  Pop. 1114.
the Bold. by his third son, Charles of Valois. He was thus    FRANtCESVILLE, a post-office of Pulaski co., Iowa.
out of the direct line of the Capetian kings, and hence the    FRANCEZA, frln-sAWsl, a small island of Brazil, prodynasty which he established is known as that of the col- vince of Rio-de-Janeiro, a little S.W. of Cape Frio.
lateral branch of Valois. It was conatinued directly till    FRANCHE-COMTl~, frfash-ksiNG'tA/, an old province in the
1493, and then successively in the collateral branches Valois  E. of Frasnce, the capital of which was Besangon, now divided
Orleans, Valois; Angoulme, and Valois Bourbon. The last  into the departments of Doubs, the IHaute-Sabne, and Jura.
commenced, in 1589, with Henry IV., surnamed the Great.    FRANCIIIMONT, fr8NG'shee'mSoGl, a hamlet of Beelgum,
During the three previous reigns, Protestantism  had made  about 10 miles S.E. of Liege. It once gave title to a mairqmiwonderful progress in France, and bade fair for the ascend-  sate, and was noted for the enterprise of its inhabitants. The
ant, when two dreadful blows were struck at it-the one by  castle, now in ruins, and crowning a neighboring  height, is
an atrocity among the foulest on record, the Massacre of St. alluded to in Scott's poemof Marmion. It was a noted strong
Bartholomew, in honor of which the Pope ordered a medal  hold as early as the 12th century. When Liegre was besieged,
to be struck, and Te Deum  to be sung; and the other by  in 1467, by Charles the Bold and Louis XI., 600 of the people
the act of HIenry himself, who rewarded the fidelity with  of F'ranchimont cut their way into the camp of the hesiegers,
which the Protestants had clung to him, and fought his  and nearly succeeded in killing or carrying off the king and
battles, by publicly abjuring their religion. To his honor,  the duke, but were finally overpowered and all slain. Pop. 294.
however, he not only refused to persecute it, but gave it    FRANCISICO, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.
complete toleration, byissuing the Edict of Nantes. This    FRANCIS/CO, a post-office of Montgomery co., Illinois.
was more than Rome could endure; and she themefore sent    FRANCISICOVILLE, a post-office of Jaclkson co., Michigan.
him  his reward in the dagger of a Jesuit assassin. Itie was    FRANCIS CREEK, post-office, Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin.
succeeded, first, by his son Louis XIII., surnamed the Just,    FRANCIS MILLS, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.
though it is difficult to know why; and then by his grand-    FRANCISVILLE,   a post-village of Crawford co., Georgia,
son, Louis XIV,, surnamed the Great. During his reign, 31 miles W.S.W. of Macon.
many great literary names occur; but the monarch himself,    FRAN/CISVILLE, a village of Boone co., Kentucky, about
when stripped of the trappings of royalty, which he knuew  16 miles S.W. of Cincinnati.
well how to set off to the best advantage, stands forth in no    FRANCOFONTE, fran-ko-fonttA, a town of Sicily, 25 miles
more honorable light than that of a sensualist and a bigot.  W.N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 3480.
In the former character, he made his court a harem; and in    FRANCOLI, fri-n-ko-leel, a small river of Spain, Catalonia,
the latter, recalled the Edict of Nantes, and, by the revoca-  after a course of about 30 miles, fills into the Mediterration, cruelly drove multitudes of his best subjects from   nean. about 1 mile S.W. of Tarragona.
their homes, and gave the national prosperity a shock from      FiRANCONIA, fran-kofne-a, (Ger. Franlken, frfnktgn, or
which it has not recovered.  The licentiousness of his reign..-'san7enrlased, fir-nklen-l5nt`, i. e. the "' Land of the Franks,")
was continued in a more disgusting form during that of his  an old duchy, afterwards a circle of the Germanic Empire, besuccessor, Louis XV.; and when, in the person of Louis  tween Upper Saxony, the Upper and Lower Rhine, Swabia,
XVI., the crown passed into the hands of a sovereign, who, Bavaria, and Bohemia. The chief cities are Nuremberg,
though not distinguished for talents, was of unblemished  Wiit-zburg, and Anspach.  Since 1806, it has been divided
morals, and loved his country, the day of retribution had  between the grand duchies of Badena and IHessen, and the
arrived, and all remedies were too late. The whole frame- kingdoms of Saxony and Bavaria. It gives name to three
work of society was broken up, and the most fearful atrocities  circles of the kingdom of Bavaria.-Adj. and inhab. FRAN
were openly perpetrated, on a scale of magnitude to which  cONIAN, f-an-kolne-an.
2 U                                                                               705




FRA                                                        FRA
FRANCOINIA, a post-township of Grafton  co., New  Miihlberg, Sachsenhausenberg, and Lerchesberg; 20 miles
Hampshire, 75 miles N. by W. from Concord.  This is said  N.E. of Mentz. It consists of the town proper, situated on
to be the coldest place in the United States. Mount Jack-  the right bank, and the suburb of Sachsenhausen on the
son, adjoining the "Notch," here exhibits the famous  left bank of the river, here crossed by a stone bridge.
" profile," or "Old Man of the Mountain."  It consists of a    The environs are covered with handsome country seats,
peak of solid rock, 1000 feet high nearly perpendicular. the old walls, ramparts, and stagnant ditches, have been
The township abounds in magnetic iron ore. Pop. 584.      removed, and the space occupied by them has been planted
IFRANCONIA, a post-township of Montgomery co., Penn- with trees forming  fine promenades. It is still, however,
sylvania, 14 miles N. of Norristown. Pop. 1270.           entered by large gates, nine in number-seven belonging to
FRANCONIA, a post-village of Putnam co., Ohio, on the  the town, and two to Sachsenhausen. Two of these gates
Auglaize River, 120 miles N.W. from Columbus.             retain their original form-the Gallus Thor, and the EsFRANCONVILLE, firSN'k6Nssveel1, a village of France, de- chenheimer Thor. The latter, situated on the N. consists
pertinent of Seine-et-Oise, with a station on the Northern  of a lofty tower, crowned by five turrets, and affords a good
Railway, 90 miles N. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 1248.        specimen of the architecture of the 14th century. The other
FRANEKEI, frlnl/-ker, a town of the Netherlands, pro- old gates have been removed, and their places supplied by
vince of Friesland, 10 miles W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 5149. handsome modern structures, formed on ancient models.
It is well built, clean, intersected by canals, and has an  Among these the Ober Main, or S.E. gate in imitation of the
athenseum, several Latin schools, a public library, and bo- porches of the Campus eMilitum at Pompeii, and the Bockertanic garden.                                             helm or lMentz gate, with a guard and toll-house, all modelled
FRANGY, frbNs'zhee], a village of Saxony, province of after the temple of Wingless Victory, on the Acropolis of
Genevese, on an affluent of the Rhone, 31 miles N. of Chain- Athens, are particularly deserving of notice. The north or
b6ry. Pop. 1434.                                          right bank of the river here curves gentIy towards the land,
FRANGY, a village of France, department of the SaGne- and is lined by a spacious quay, along which the town
et-Loire, 8 miles N.N.E. of Louhans. Pop. 2035.           stretches E. to W., from the Ober Main to the TUnter Main
FRANKEN. See FRANCONIA.                                 gates, for about 2000 yards. The breadth, measured nearly
FIRANKEN, a post-office of Saginaw co., Michigan.       due N. from the river, is about 1400 yards. The circuit is
FRANKENAU, frinkfeh-nwl, a village of Germany, rather more than 4 miles. Fronting the quay already menBesse-Cassel, province of Ober Iessen, 30 miles S.W. of Cas- tioned is a range of magnificent houses, occupied chiefly by
sel. Pop. 1042.                                           diplomatists, bankers, and rich merchants; but immediately
FRANKENAU or FRANKENHEIM, frink'fn-hlme', a vii- behind it is the Old Town, consisting generally of indiflage of Bavaria, province of Middle Franconia, 14 miles W. ferent houses, huddled together without any regularity, in
of Anspach. Here is a fine castle of Prince HIohenlohe-Schil- narrow streets and lanes, and often built of wood, with overlingsfiirst.                                              hanging gables. There is, however, a remarkable exception
FRANKENBERG, fiAnklen-bkln, a town of Saxony, 7  in the Zeil, a fine spacious street, which stretches in a long
miles N.N.E. of Chemnitz, on the Zschopau, an affluent curve from E. to S.W., and forms the principal thoroughfare.
of the Mulde. Pop. 6273. It is one of the most important It contains a great number of splendid mansions, having
manufacturing towns in Saxony, and has extensive esta- originallybeen the chosen residence of the Frankfort arisblishments for cotton and linen weaving, and mining.      tocracy; but the necessity of providing for the increasing
FRANKENBERG, a town of Germany, Hesse-Cassel, pro- demands of trade has gradually dislodged them, and filled
vince of Ober Hessen, 32 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 3253. It the whole street with shops, extending along it like a conhas manufactories of woollen cloth, tobacco, and paper.   tinuous bazaar. Within the town no fewer than 29 squares
FRANKENBURG, frAnkfen-bdibRG, a market-town of  are counted. The most deserving of notice are the RossAustria, 25 miles W.S.W. of Wels. Pop. 1017.              mnarkt, the largest, with a fine fountain in its centre; the
FRANKENHAUSEN, frinklen-h~w'zen, a town of Cen- Paradeplatz, the Liebfisauenberg, the Paulsplatz, and the
tral Germany, principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on  Rbmerberg. The Rimer, or town-house, a venerable structhe Wipper, 27 miles N. of Erfurt. Pop. 4873. It has been  ture of very early date, is situated in the RBmerberg, and
nearly rebuilt since the great buirninga of 1533. In 1814, a  supposed to have derived its name from the Italians, consalt spring was discovered in its vicinity.              monly called "R~imer," (Romans,) who, at the great fairs of
FRANKENLAND. See FRANCONIA.                             the town, lodged their goods in it. It was first pur-chased by
FRANKIENLUST. a post-office of Saginaw co., Michigan. the magistrates in 1405, and, continuing to undergo sucFRANKENMIARKT, fr~nklen-mnakt', a market-town of  cessive alterations and additions, till it assumed its present
Austria, 31 miles W.S.W.  of Wels. Pop. 937.              form in 1740. In one of its halls, called the Wahlzimm er,
FRANKENSTEIN, frinklfn-stine,' a town of Prussian  the electors of the empire met and made their arrangements
Silesia, 39 miles S. of Breslau, on a branch of the railway  for the election of the emperor, and the Senate of Frankfort
from Berlin to Dresden. Pop. 6042. It has Roman Catho- now holds its sittings. In another, the Kaisersal, the emlic and Lutheran churches, and manufactures of woollen  peror was banqueted after his election, and waited on at
and linen fabrics.                                        table by kings and princes. The ceiling of this hall has been
FRANKENTIJAL, frs-nk16un-tal,  a town of Rhenish Ba- richly decorated by modern artists, with strict adherence to
vania, 15 miles N.N.W. of Speyer, and connected with the  the original style, and the niches in its walls contain 52
Rhine by a canal 6 miles in length. Pop. 4656. It is regu- portraits, being those of the whole German Emperors, in
larly built, the inhabitants are industrious and commercial. regular succession, from Conrad I. to Francis II.
FRANKENWALD, frAnklen-Ult', a small chain of moun-    There are 12 churches viz. 6 Lutheran, 2 Calvinistic,
tains in the N.E. of Bavaria, between the Main and Saale, and 4 Roman Catholic. There is also a Jewish synagogue.
uniting the Fichtelberg with the Thuringerwald.           The most remarkable church edifices are the Domkirche
FRANKIFORD, a market-town  of Ireland, Leinster, or Cathedral, belonging to the Roman Catholics, an ancient
King's co., 85 miles N.E. of Birr. Pop. 1345.             structure, surmounted by a fine tower, begun in 1415, and
FRANKIFORD, a township of Sussex co., New Jersey. carried on for a century, though still unfinished. It is inPop. 1941.                                                teresting both as the scene of the emperor's coronation, and
FRANKFORD, a village and township of Cumberland co., as containing the chapel in which he was formerly elected;
Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W. by N. of Carlisle. P. 1241. St. Paul's.. the principal Protestant church, a modern edifice
FRItANKFORD. a post-borough within the chartered limits  of an oval form; St. Catherine's Church, Lutheran, surof the consolidated city of Philadelphia, on Tacony Creek, mounted by a spire 200 feet high, and interesting as the
which furnishes water-power, 5 miles N.E. of the State- church in which Protestantism was' first preached in Frankhouse. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in manu- fort; the French Reformed Church, a very handsome edifice;
flectures, which consist principally of woollen goods, prints, St. Leonard's Church, close upon the river, on the spot once
and iron ware. The village is chiefly on one broad street, occupied by the palace of Charlemagne, of which not a yesand contains 3 or 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and  tige now remains; and a church in Sachsenhausen, originally
several schools.  Frankford Asylum  for the Insane, a  belonging to the Teutonic knights, adjoining their old castle.
well conducted institution, under the direction of the  Other buildings deserving of notice are the courts of justice,
Society of Friends, is in the immediate vicinity. Pop. in  the Saalhot a gloomy-looking building, on the site of a palace
1850, 5346.                                               of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne; the New Exchange
FRANKFORD, a post-village in Greenbrier co., Virginia, the large palace of the Prince of Thurn and Taxis; the Mint,
180 miles WT. by N. of Richmond.                          Post-Office, Theatre, the house in which Luther lived, and,FRANKFORD, a post-village in Pike co., Missouri, on an  that in which Goethe was born, August 28, 1749.
affluent of Salt River, 80 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.    Art,.Literatuare, dc.-Frankfort is rich in establishments
FRANKFORD CREEK, Pennsylvania. See TAcoNY.              intended to promote art andliterature. The chief of these are
FRANKFORT (frtnklfftrt,) oN Tre MAIN, (Ger. PFrasnl rft- the Stiidel Institute, so namned after its founder, a Franebfort
am-Main, frlnk/fb6at.im-mmn; Fm. Francfort, frSNk foer;  banker, who bequeathed about 80,0001. to establish a public
IL. Fsancofsrltusa ad MJaf um, or Trajec'tunm Francorum, i. e. gallery and school of art, and whose views have already been
the "passage of the Franks") a free city of Germany, seat carried out to aconsiderable extentby the formation of a good
of the Germanic Diet, and capital of the territory of its  picture gallery and other collections; the Senkenberg  iuown name, is situated on the Main, in a beautiful but seum of Natural History, containing many rare specimens
narrow valley, bounded on the N. by the gentle heights  brought from Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, by the traveller
of the R'1ienburg, terminated at some distance by the  Riippel; the town library, possessed of 60,000 volumes and
lofty summits of the Taunus, and on the S. by the  valuable MSS1., besides other curiosities, and a picture gai706




'FRA                                                        FRA
lery. In the garden of the banker Bethmann is to be seen  named Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine.
the beautiful and well-known statue of Ariadne, by Dan- Several places were added to the territory already possessed
necker. The literary and other scientific associations in- by him; among others, the hitherto free city of Frankbfort.
elude a medical institute, physical, geographical, polytech- In 1811, the grand duchy, comprising an area of 2376 square
nic, and several musical societies. The chief educational miles, contained a population of 292,983. At the Congress
establishments are the gymnasium, the Muster, the Middle, of Vienna he was deprived of his states, and treated in the
several other public. and numerous private schools. Among  same manner as the secularized bishops of 1803, receiving
the benevolent institutions are the Senkenberg Hospital, an annual pension of 100,000 florins from the sovereigns
the Hospital of the Holy Ghost, the Orphan Asylum, the  who shared his possessions.
House of Refuge, the lunatic and the deaf and dumb asy-   FRANK/FORT oN THE ODER, (Ger.,rankcfurt-an-der-Oder,
lums, and a number of almshouses. About a mile outside  fr-nk/f63sRt An d6R older; L. Francofsurtum ad Orderasn or
the walls is the New Cemetery, at the gate of which is a  Viadsum,) a city of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, and cahouse where bodies are deposited for a time previous to in- pital of the government of Frankfort, on the Oder, 50 miles
terment, and watched till decomposition commences. Here  E.S.E. of Berlin, with which city it communicates by railway.
every convenience of warm  baths and other applicances  Lat. 520 22' 8" N., ion. 140 33 24" E. It consists of the town
needful in cases of suspended animation are kept in rea- proper, surrounded by walls and ditches, and of three subdiness.                                                     urbs on the left bank, and of another suburb on the right
The manufactures of FrankIfort are not important. It  bank of the river, which is here crossed by a wooden bridge
was formerly famous for its woollens and linens, but they  about 290 yards long. It is built with considerable reguhave almost ceased to exist. Those which still maintain  larity, four spacious streets traversing it nearly in parallel
their ground are chiefly articles of vertel in bronze and metal lines. It is the seat of a superior court of appeals, of other
gilt, chemical products, chocolate, gbld and silver thread,  courts, and public offices, and contains 6 churches, of which
japan and brass ware, machines, types, playing-cards, snuff  the Marien, or Oberkirche, of the thirteenth century, is
and tobacco, straw hats, tapestry, carpets, wax cloth, and  most deserving of notice, a Roman Catholic chapel, synablack for copperplate and lithographic printers. The cenhtal  gogue, town-house built in 1617, a gymnasium, burgher and
situation of the town has long secured to it an extensive  numerous other schools, a theatre, a house of correction, an
trade, both transit and general.  The former, however, orphan and two other hospitals. The university which
threatens to be seriously affected by the railway system,  Frankfort possessed from an early period was transferred to
which has raised up a number of formidable competitors in  Breslau in 1816. The manufactures consistof woollen and
towns which have been brought within reach of the great linen cloth, silks, hosiery, gloves, leather, delft and common
thoroughftares, and hence classes of goods for which Frank- earthenware, wax, sugar, and brandy; and the trade, genefort was the entrep~t, either take different directions,.or pass  ral and transit, is extensive both by land and'water, paron without transhipment. The general trade is chiefly in  ticularly the latter, there being about 2000 vessels which
wine, silk, raw and manufactured cotton, wool, iron, and  annually pass the town. There are also three important antimber. The trade in English wares, formerly extensive, has  nunal fairs, much frequented by dealers from Poland. At
greatly fallen off since Prankfort joined the Zollverein. The  the extremity of the bridge, on the right bank, a monument
export duties collected in 1852, amounted to $10,000, against has been erected to Prince Leopold of Brunswick, who
$15936 in 1851; transit duties in 1851, $3266, in 1852 only  perished in endeavoring to rescue a family during an inun$1860; import duties in 1851, $603,324, and in 1852, $626,355. dation of the Oder; and in the neighborhood, near KunersTotal in 1851, $612,526; in 1852, $638,215. But by far the  dorf a great, though not decisive battle, was fought between
most important trade of Franlkfort is in money and bank-  the Prussians under Frederick the Great, and the united
ing.  Its capitalists, among whom  Rothschild and Beth-  army of the Austrians and Russians, somewhat to the admann take the lead, exert no inconsiderable influence in  vantage of the latter. The poet Kleist, a native of the town,
the money markets of Europe. Frankfort has two annual  was killed in this battle, to whom a monument has been
fairs, once visited by 400,000 strangers.                   erected. Frankfort possesses a bathing establishment, with
Naose, History, &e. —0f the origin of the name FRANKFURT  chalybeate springs, aid vapor and sulphur baths. Pop. 30,432.
little is known beyond the signification, the "ford of the    FRANKFORT, a government of Prussia, forming the S.E.
Franks," which is nearly equivalent to the Latin Trajectcses  portion of the province of Brandenburg; Area, 7500 square.E-ancorscs. This place appears to have been originally a  miles. Pop. 860,087.
Roman station, but did not attract much attention till the    FRANK/FORT, a demesne of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
time of Charlemagne, who had a palace, and held a council Kilkenny, 31 miles N.E. ofUllingford,  It gives the title
here in 793. It was fortified in 838, and made a free city in  of baron to the Montmorency family, descendents of the
1154. Subsequent emperors made it the seat of their court, nephew of Earl Strongbow.
and conferred on it important privileges.  A charter by the    FRANKFORT. a post-village and township of Waldo co.,
name of the Golden Bull, granted in 1356, by Charles IV., is  Maine, on the W. side of Penobscot River, 10 miles S. by WV.
still preserved among the archives of the town. In 1555, of Bangor. The village contains 1 bank, 3 churches, 20
Charles V. conferred upon it the privilege of coning money.  stores, and an extensive steam  saw mill. Ship-building is
The peace of Westphalia confirmed it in the possession of  extensively carried on; 2 ships and 5 brigs were built here
all its rights. Under Napoleon it became the capital, first in 1853. Pop. of the township, 4233.
of a principality, and then of a grand duchy, -with an area    FRANK/FORT, a post-village and township of Herkimer
of nearly 2000 square miles. Ils downfall restored its in- co., New York, on the Erie Canal and Mohawk River, 9 miles
dependence; and the Congress of Vienna constituted it a  S.E. of Utica. It contains churches of 4 denominations, 7
member of the Germanic Confederation, giving it precedence  or 8 stores, several mills, and about 100 dwellings. Pop. of
among the four free towns of the empire. In 1831, it was the township, 3023.
made a free port. In the N.E., outside the Friedburg gate,   FRANKFORT, a village of Greenbrier'co., Virginia, 10
a group of colossal granite rocks marks the spot where the  miles N.E. of Lewisburg, contains I or 2 churches.
Prince of Iesse-Phillipsthal, and many of his gallant follow-   FRANKFORT, a post-village of Hampshire co., Virginia,
ere, fell, in 1792, in the successful storming of the town; and  on Patterson's Creek, 203 miles N.W. of Richmond.
in the gardens around are many beautiful statues and other    FRANKFORT, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.
works of distinguished artists. At still greater distances are    FRANKFORT, a handsome town, capital of Kentucky,
many spots to which 1leasant excursions may be made, and  and seat of justice of Franklin county, is beautifully situwith little expenditure, either of time or money, in couse- ated on the right (or N.E.) bank of Kentucky River, 60 miles
quence of the numerous easy and cheap means of convey- from its mouth, 24 miles W.N.W. of Lexington, 53 miles B.
ance which are here enjoyed. Communication with Frank- of Louisville, and 550 miles from Washington. Lat. 38 14'
fort is facilitated by lines of steamers which ply daily on  N., ion. 840 40TW. It stands on an elevated plain or valley,
the Main to Wurzburg, and railroads branch off in all between the river and the bluff, which rises a short distance
directions-to Mentz and Wiesbaden, to Darmstadit and Hlei- behind the town to the height of about 150 feet. The river,
delburg, to Cassel, Ianau, and Offenbach. Pop. in 1852, which is here near 100 yards wide, flows in a deep channel
62,511.                                                     of limestone rock. The eminences on the N.E. side of the
The TERRITOAY OF FRANxFORT has an area of about 90 square  town present a delightful view of the picturesque scenery
miles, and lies immediately around the walls on both sides for which this river is so remarkable. Frankfort is reguof the Main. The government is vested in a senate, com- larly planned, and generally well built. The State-house
posed of 42 members, chosen in the first instance by all stands on a small eminence, nearly midway between the
Christian citizens not under legal incapacity. As a member  river and the northern limit of the valley. It is a handsome
of the confederation, Frankfort unites with the other three  edifice of Kentucky marble, quarried in the vicinity, with a
free towns in holding the 17th place in the Diet, and has portico supported by six columns of the Ionic order. The
only one vote in common with them in the lesser council; governor's house is a plain building of brick. The other
but has a full vote to itself in the plensum. Its contingent  public buildings are the State Penitentiary, a court-house, 4
of men to the confederation is 1024, among whom are in- churches, 1 academy, and 2 banking houses. Seven newseluded132 riflemen. Its revenuein 1854 was $747,080, ex- papers are published in Frankfort.  The town is.supplied
penditure, $707,324, and debt, $5,083,200, of which about with excellent spring water, whichis distributed throughthe
$4,500,000 are lent upon railways. Pop. in 1852, 77,971.   town through iron pipes. It is the centre of an active trade,
FRANKIPORT, GRAND DuIOcJ  OF, the name of a temporary  which is facilitated by railroads leading to Louisville and
sovereignty of Germany, formed in 1806, by Bonaparte, in  Lcxington. and by the navigation of the river. The latter
favour of the Arch-Chancellor or Elector of Mentz, who was has been improved by means of daees and locks, so that
707




FRA                                                        FRA
steamboats can ascend from its mouth to the junction of its  by any county of the state, except Lancaster. Limestone,
constituent branches. A chain bridge connects the town  marble, and slate are abundant; the mines of iron ore are
with the villageof South Frankfort, on the opposite bank. rich and extensively worked. The county is intersected by
Pop. in 1853, about 5000.                                   the railroad extending from Carlisle to IIagerstown, and by
FRANKFORT, a thriving post-village of Concord town- a turnpike from  Philadelphia to Pittsburg.  Organized in
ship, Ross co., Ohio, on the North Fork of Paint Creek, 11  1784. Capital, Chambersburg. Pop. 39,904.
miles N.W. of Chillicothe. It is situated in a rich and popu-   FRANKLIN, a county in the S. part of Virginia. has an
lous farming district. Pop. 650.                            area of 864 square miles. The Staunton River forms its
FRANKFORT, a flourishing post-village, capital of Clinton  N.E. boundary, and the Blue Ridge extends along its N.W.
co., Indiana, on a branch of Wildcat River, 42 miles N.N.W.  border. The surface is hilly or rolling; the soil has a subof Indianapolis. It is surrounded by fertile and well-im-  stratum of clay, and is very productive. Iron ore is found
proved farms. A plank-road extends from this village to  in several parts of the county. Formed in 1784. Capital,
Lafayette and Delphi on the Wabash. It contained, in 1853, Rocky Mount. Pop. 17,430; of whom 11,704 were firee, and
5 churches, several stores, and 700 inhabitants.            5726 slaves.
FRANKFORT, a post-village of Franklin co., Illinois, 160    FRANKLIN, a county in the N.N.E. part of Nlorth Caremiles S. by E. of Springfield, was formerly the county seat. lina, has an area estimated at 450 square miles. It is interIt contains several stores.                                 sected by Tar River.  The surface presents no great inFRANKFORT, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 844. equalities. The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad passes along
FRANKFORT, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, 90 miles  or near its border. Capital, Lewisburg. Formed in 1779.
N.E. of Jefferson City.                                     Pop. 11,713; of whom 6206 were free, and 5507 slaves.
FRANKFORT HILL, a post-office, Herkimer co., New York.   FRANKLIN, a county in the N.E. part of Georgia, boerFRANKFORT MILLS, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine,  dering on South Carolina, has an area of 650 squaroe miles.
on Mlarsh Stream, which is navigable to this point, about 10  The Tugaloe River, a branch of the Savannah, forms the N.E.
miles S. of Bangor. It has a church, a pottery, and 2 stone  boundary for more than 40 miles. The county is intersected
quarries, which furnish employment to about 300 hands. by the main branches of Broad River, called the North Fork
The lumber trade is extensively carried on.                 and Hudson's Fork. The surface is uneven; the soil is
FRANKFORT SPRINGS, a post-borough of Beaver co., mostly fertile, especially near the river. Iron ore is abunPe nsylvania, about 25 miles W. of Pittsburg.               dant, and a little gold has been found. The streams furnish
FRANKFURT, and FRANKFURTH, cities of Germany. extensive motive-power. The county is copiously supplied
See FRANKFORT.                                              with springs of good water.   Capital, Carnesville.  Pop.
FRANK/LAND ISLANDS, off the E. coast of Australia, in  11,513; of whom 9131 were fiee, and 2382 sltaves.
lat. 170 16' S., lon. 1460 E.                                 FRANKLIN, a county of Florida, bordering  on the Gulf
FRANKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         of Mexico, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is inFRANKtLIN, a county in the W. part of Maine, has an  tersected by the Appalachicola River, navigable by steamarea of 1600 square miles. Dead and Sandy Rivers, branches  boats. The surface is low, the soil sandy, and mostly unof the Kennebec, have their sources in this county; It has  cultivated. Capital, Appalachicola. Pop. 1561; of whom
also several smaller streams, which turn numerous grist  1184 were free, and 377 slaves. 
and saw mills. The surface is undulating, with some moun-    FRANKLIN, a county in the N.W. part of Alabama, boertainous districts.  Mount Abraham  and the Saddleback  dering on Mississippi, has an area of 12C0 square miles. It
Mountain are comprised within its limits. The soil is gene- is intersected by'Bear and Cedar Creeks, and the Tennessee
rally fertile. In 1850 this county produced 49,717 tons of  River forms its entire N. boundary. The surface is hilly;
hay, and 540,720 pounds of butter, a greater quantity of each  the soil is generally fertile, and extensively cultivated.
than was produced by any county in the state, except Somer- Steamboats navigate the Tennessee!liver along the N. borset. Organized in 1830, having been formed out of portions  der. The railroad which extends from the head to the foot
of Oxford and Somerset counties, and named in honor of the  of the Muscle Shoals in that river has its western terminus
philosopher and statesman, Benjamin Franklin.  Capital, in this county, and the routeof the Mlemphis and CharlesFarmington. Pop. 20,027.                                    ton ltailroad passes through it. Pop. 10,610; of vhom 11,413
FRANKLIN, a county in the N. part of Vermont, has an  were free, and 5197 slaves.
area of about 630 square miles. It is bounded on the WV. by    FRANKLIN, a county in the S.W. part of Mississippi,
Lake Champlain, and is drained principally by the Mis- has an area of about 730 square miles. It is intersected by
sisque and Lamoille Rivers, which afford abundant motive  the IHomochitto River. The surface is uneven; the soil is
power. The surface is uneven, and in the E. part hilly. said to be rather poor, excepting the river bottoms.  The
lMarble of good quality is found at Swanton, and iron ore  pine is abundant in the county. Capital, MIeadville.  Pop.
in other parts of the county. The soil is fertile. Lake  5904; of whom 2554 were free, and 3350 slaves.
Champlain, on the WV. border of the county, is navigable for    FRANKLIN, a parish in the N.E. part of Louisiana, convessels of 90 tons burthen. It is intersected by the railroad  tainus 740 square miles. It is watered by Rceuf and IMacon
connecting Burlington and  Rouse's Point. Organized in  Bayous. The surface is uneven; the soil and climate are
1792. Capital, St. Albans. Pop. 28,586.                     adapted to cotton and Indian corn. The streams furnish
FRANKLIN, a county in the N.W. central part of Massa- abundant water-power, which is only employed in a few saw
chusetts, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is in- mills. The bayou Boeuf is navigable by steamboats.  Capitersected by the Connecticut River, and is watered by the  tal, Winnsborough. Pop. 3251; of whom 1678 were free, and
Deerfield and Miller's Rivers, and other smaller streams,  1573 slaves.
which afford good water-power. The surface is hilly, and in    FRANKLIN, a county of Arkansas, situated towards the
some parts mountainous. The soil is fertile. The Connec- N.W. part of the state, contains 770 square uiles.  It is inticut River, by means of canals around the different falls and  tersected by the Arkansas tiver, which divides it into two
rapids, is navigable for small boats. The railroad connect- nearly equal parts. The surface is hilly; the soil of the
ing Hartford and Bellows Falls traverses the county, which  lowlands is mostly fertile. Capital, Ozark. Pop. 3972, of
is also intersected by that extending from Lowell to Gfeen- whom 3500 were free, and 472 slaves.
field. Organized ia 1811, having been taken from  iramp-   FRANKLIN, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, borSdershire county. Capital, Greenfield. Pop. 30,870.             ing on Alabama. Area estimated at 780 square miles. It is
FRANKLIN, a county in the N.E. part of New York, has  drained by the head streams of Elk River, an affluent of the
an area of about 1764 square miles. It is drained by the  Tennessee River. The surface is mountainous, particularly
Saranac, Chateaugay, Salmon, St. Regis, and Racket Rivers, in the S.E. part, which is occupied by a branch of the Cumwhich afford valuable water-power. It has several lakes or berland MIountains.  The soil is mostly fertile.  Waterponds, among which may be mentioned Saranac and Loon  power is very abundant on Elk River and its branches.
Lakes. The surface is uneven, and in the S.W. part moun- The Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad passes through a
tainous, and well wooded.  The soil is generally fertile.  mountain by a tunnel 2200 feet long; and the Winchester
The south-eastern portion of the county abounds in iron  and Alabama Railroad has its N. terminus in this county.
ore of excellent quality. The N. part is traversed by the  Capital, Wiachester.  Pop. 13,768, of whom  10-115 were free,
railroad connecting Ogdensburg and Rouse's Point. Organ-  and 3623 slaves.
ized in 1808, having previously formed part of Clinton    FRANKLIN, a county in the N. central part of Kentucky,
county. Capital, lalone. Pop. 25,102.                       has an area estimated at 200 square miles. The Kentucky
FRANKLIN, a county of Pennsylvania, bordering on  River flows through the middle, and F'lkhorn  Piver flows
lMaryland, has an area of 740 square miles. It is drained  through the E. part into the former stream.   The surface is
by the Conedogwinet, Antietam, Tuscarora, and Coneco- finely diversified, undulating, and hilly.  The Kentucky
oheague Creeks. The South Mountain forms its boundary  Iliver in this county flows through a chasm  betaween steep
on the E., and Tuscarora or Cove Miountain on the N.W.  cliffs of limestone several hundred feet higl. The soil is
Parnell's Knob, a high and picturesque peak in the N. part very productive, and much improved. The rock wshich unsof the county, is the S.W. termination of the Kittatinny  derlies the county is the blue or Trenton limestone. Quarrange.!The highest points of Cove Mountain art estimated  ries of marble are also worked near the Kentucky ]miver.
to be about 1500 feet above the valley. The greater part of  The river is navigable by steamboats in this county, which
the county consists of a broad limestone valley,  watered   is intersected  by the Louisville and  Lexington Rallroad.
with copious and unfailing mountain springs, and having a  Organized in 1794. Frankfort is the county seat and capital
soil of unsurpanssed   featility.  I   i50 this county yielded  isof the state. Popy. 12t462 of wihom  0 97were freex and 3a 65
837,062 bushels of wheat, the greatest quantity produced  slaves.
70s




FRA                                                       FRA
FRANKLIN, a county of Ohio, situated a little S. of the    FRANKLIN, township, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. P. 642.
centre of the state, contains 530 square miles. It is drained    FRA NKLIN, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
by the Scioto and Olentangy Rivers, and by Walnut and  Pop. 1059.
Alum Creeks. The surface is level; the soil is fertile, and    FRANKLIN, township, Montour co., Pennsylvania& P. 738.
much of it is well cultivated. Four important railways    FRANKLIN, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvaradiate from  Columbus towards the chief towns of the  nia. Pop. 703.
state, and several plank-roads have been laid in the county.   FRANKLIN, a thriving post-borough, capital of Venango
Franklin is the fourth county of the state in respect to po- co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of French Creek, impulation, and is rapidly improving. Capital, Columbus. Pop. mediately above its entrance into the Alleghany River, 212
42,910.                                                    miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg, and 68 miles N. of Pittsburg.
FRANKLIN, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, border- It is the southern terminus of a canal extending to Meading on Ohio, contains about 380 square miles. It is drained  ville. Small steamboats ply between this town and Pittsby the forks of Whitewater River, which unite near the  burg. Franklin contains a court-house, 1 or 2 academies,
centre of the county. The surface is level in some parts and 2 newspaper offices; and has bridges across the river
and hilly in others: the soil contains a large proportion of  and creek. Fort Franklin was erected on this site in 1787;
lime, and is mostly fertile. The county is amply supplied  the town was laid out in 1795. Pop. in 1850, 936; in 1853,
with water-power, and has manufactories of cotton, paper, about 1200.
and flour. It is traversed by the Whitewater Canal. Ex-   FRANKLIN, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsyltensive beds of blue or Trenton limestone are found. Or- vania. Pop. 2560.
ganized in 1810. Capital, Brookville. Pop. 17,968.          FRANKLIN, a township, York co., Pennsylvania. P. 815.
FRANKLIN, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an    FRANKLIN, a village of iBaltimore co., Maryland, on the
area of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Mud- South Branch of Patapsco River, 34 miles N. of Annapolis.
dy River, and also drained by Saline Creek. It is heavily    FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Pendleton co., Virtimbered; the soil is mostly fertile. Capital, Benton. Pop. ginia, on the South Branch of the Potomac, 20 miles from
5681.                                                     its source, and 165 miles N.W. of Richmond.
FRANKLIN, a county in the E. part of Missouri, has an    FRANKLIN, a post-village of Southampton co., Virginia,
area of 874 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Mis- on the Blackwater River, and on the Portsmouth and Roesouri  River, intersected by the Maramec and Rivi!re au  noke Railroad, 88 miles S.S.E. of Richmond.
Brunf, and also drained ty Bourbeuse, Berger, St. John's,   FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Macon co., North
-end Indian Creeks. The surface is undulating and hilly;  Carolina, on the Tennessee River, where it is crossed by the
the soil is mostly fertile, especially on the bluffs of the Mis- Western Turnpike, 325 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. It is situsouri and along the other streams. Large quantities of cop- ated in a mountainous region.
per, lead, and iron are found on the banks of Marame    FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Heard co., Georgia,
River and Bourbense Creek. Two iron furnaces are kept on the left bank of the Chattahoochee River, 145 miles W.
in constant operation. Mines of copper and lead have been  of Milledgeville. Water-power is abundant in the vicinity.
opened in numerous places, and yield good profits. It is Franklin has a good court-house, and a new bridge across
plentifully supplied with  water-power.  The Maramec  the river.
River has been navigated by small steamboats in the    FRANKLIN, a post-village of Henry co., Alabama, on the
county, and with little improvement it would be navigable  Chattahoochee River, about 100 miles S.E. of Montgomery.
to the Virginia mines.  The route of the Pacific Railway  It contains 5 stores. Pop. about 250.
has been surveyed through the county. Capital, Union.   FRANKLIN, a village in MIacon co., Alabama, on the
Pop. 11,021, of whom 9562 were f-ee, and 1459 slaves.      Montgomery and West Point Railroad, 45 miles E.N.E. of
FRANKLIN, a new county towards the N. part of Iowa, Montgomery.
has an area of about 600 square miles. It is drained by the    FRANKLIN, a post-village of Holmes co., Mississippi, 60
Iowa River, and by Otter and Pipe Creeks, tributaries of  miles N. of Jackson.
lRed Cedar River. This county ii not included in the census    FRANKLIN, a thriving post-town and port of entry, capiof 1850.                                                  tel of St. Mary's parish, Louisiana, on the right bank of the
FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of IHancock co., river Teche, 65 miles by water from the Gulf of Mexico, and
Maine, at the head of Frenchman's Bay, 30 miles S.E. of  125 miles S.S.W. of Baton Rouge. It is situated in a rich
Bangor. Pop. 736.                                         planting district. and has an active trade. Cotton, sugar,
FRANKLIN, a township of Oxford co., Maine. Pop. 188. and maize are exported by the river, which is navigated by
FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of Mlerrimack  large steamers. The shipping of the port, (Teche DiStrict,)
co., New Hampshire, on the W. side of Merrimaclk River, on  June 30,1852, amounted to an aggregate of 2158 tons, enthe Northern Railsoad, 19 miles N.N.W. of Concord. The  rolled and licensed, of which 1219 tons were employed in
inhabitants are extensively engaged in manufactures, corn- steamboat navigation. Pop. about 1400.
prising denims, batting, wicking, warp-yarn, &c. Pop. 1251.   FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Robertson co., Texas,
FRANKLIN, a post-township of Franklin co., Vermont,  about 90 miles N.E. of Austin.
55 miles N.N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1646.                    FRANKLIN, a post-township in Chicot co., Arkansas.
FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of Norfolk co.. Pop. 561.
Massachusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad, 27 miles    FRANKLIN, a post-office of Fulton co., Arkansas.
S.W. of Boston. Pop. 1818.                                   FRANKLIN, a township in Izard co., Arkansas. Pop. 604.
FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of New London    FRANKLIN, a township in Sevier co., Arkansas. Pop. 402.
co., Connecticut, on the New London Willimantic and Pal-   FRANKLIN, a township in Union co., Arkansas. P. 1394.
mer Railroad, 20 miles N. by W. of New London, and 30    FRANKLIN,  a post-village, capital of Williamson co.,
miles E. by S. of Hartford. Pop. 895.                      Tennessee, on the Harpeth River, 18 miles S. of Nashville,
FRANKLIN, a post-village and township of Delaware co., with which it is connected by turnpike.  A company has
New York. about 82 miles W.S.W. of Albany. The village  been formed for the construction of a railroad fionm this
contaius-3 or 4 churches, an academy, about a dozen stores, place to Nashville. Franklin contains a bank, a cotton facand 800 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 3087.           tory, an iron foundry, and 2 newspaper offices.
FRANKLIN, a township, Franklin co., New York. P. 724.   FRANKLIN, a post-village, capital of Simpson co., KenFRANKIiLIN, a township,Bergen co., NewJersey. P.1741. tucky, on Drake's Creek, 150 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It
FRANKLIN. a post-village of Essex co., New Jersey, 11  contains 2 churches, and about 400 inhabitants.
miles N.W. of Newark.                                        FRANKLIN, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop 1963.
FRA1NKLIN, a township of Gloucester co., New Jersey.   F'RANKLIN, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1108.
Pop. 2984.                                                   FRANKLIN, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 3061.
FRANKLIN, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey, con-   FRANKLIN, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. P. 1164.
tains a part ofNew Brunswick. Pop. 3062.                     FRANKLIN, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 966.
FRANKLIN, a thriving village of Sussex co., New Jersey,   FRANKLIN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 551.
11 miles E.N.E. of Newton.  It contains a Baptist church, 2    FRANKLIN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1851.
iron forges, 1 blast furnace, and several mills.             FRANKLIN, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 720.
FRANKLIN, a township, Warren co., New Jersey. P. 1564.   FRANKLIN, a village and township of Harrison co., Ohio,
FRANKLIN, township, Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 1806. 14 miles N.W. of Cadiz, the county seat. Pop. of the village,
FRANKLIN, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. about 200; of the township, 1062.
Pop. 1327.                                                  FRANKLIN, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1295.
FRANKLIN, a tovnship of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.   FRANKLIN, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1059.
Pop. 2410.                                                  FRANKLIN, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 356.
FRANKLIN, a township, Beaver co., Pennsylvania. P. 625.   FRANKLIN, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1588.
FRANKLIN, township, Bradford co., Pennsylvania. P.767.   FRANKLIN, a post-township in the E. part of Morrow co.,
FRANKLIN, a township, Butler co.,Pennsylvania. P.1119. Ohio. Pop. 1456.
FRANKLIN, a township, Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 687.   FRANKLIN, a township of PoitaRge co., Ohio. Pop. 1749
FRAN\KLIN, township, Fayette co., Pennsylvania. P. 1432.   FRANKLIN, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1257.
FRANKLIN,a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania, con-   FRANKLIN, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 642.
tains Waynesbu rg, the county seat. Total pop. 2443.        FRANKLIN, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 788.
FRANKLIN, a township of Huntingdon co., Pensylva-    FRANKLIN, a post-village  and township near the N.W
uia. Plop. 1401.                                          extremity of Warren co., Ohio, on the  liami Canal, and on
709




~FRA                                                     FRA
the left bank of Miami River, 33 miles in a direct line N. by  Keeseville. The inhabitants are principally employed in the
E. of Cincinnati. It is one of the largest villages in the  lumber business.
county, and has a high school and 3 places of worship. The    FRANKLIN  FURNACE, a post-village in Hardiston
railroad between Cincinnati and Dayton passes quite near township, Sussex co., New Jersey, is situated on the Walthis place. Pop. of the village, about 1200; of the town- kill River, about 11 miles in a straight line N.E. of Newton.
ship, 2544.                                              It has a large blast furnace for making pig-iron, and a cuFRANKLIN, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1450.  pola furnace for making stoves and plough castings.
FRANKLIN, a township of Lenawee. co., Michigan.   FRANKLIN FURNACE, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio,
Pop. 1231.                                               near the Ohio River, 12 miles E.S.E. of Portsmouth.
FRANKLIN, a thriving post-village of Oakland co., Michi-   FRANKLIN GROVE, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois.
gan, 21 miles N.W. of Detroit, is pleasantly situated near the   FRANKLIN ISLAND, in the Antarctic Ocean. Lat. 760
sources of Rouge River. It has a good water-power, and  8' S., ion. 1680 12' E. It is 12 miles long, and composed encontains several mills and stores.                       tirely of igneous rocks. Discovered by Sir James Ross.
FRANKLIN, a township in De Kalb co., Indiana. P. 900.   FRANKLIN ISLAND, on the eastern side of the entrance
FRANKLIN, a township of Floyd co., Indiana. Pop. 758. to St. George's River, Maine. At the N. end is a fixed light,
FRANKLIN, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana. 50 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 430 51' N., ion. 690
Pop. 889.                                                10' VW.
FRANKLIN, a township of Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 1102.   FRANKLIN ISLAND, in the South Pacific, off the S.
FRANKLIN, a flourishing post-village and township, ca-  coast of Australia, lat. 320 32' S.,lon. 1330 35' E.
pital of Johnson co., Indiana, on Young's Creek, and on the    FRANKLIN MILLS, a thriving post-village of Franklin
Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 20 miles S.S.E. of In- township, Portage co., Ohio, on the Cuyahoga River, and on
dianapolis, and 66 miles N.W. of Madison. It is the prin- the iMalihoning Canal, 6 miles W. of Ravenna, the county
cipal station on this railroad between the two cities above  seat, and 134 miles N.E. of Columbus. The river has a fall
named.  The railroad was opened from Madison to this  of 40 feet at this place, affording abundant water-power,
point in 1846, since which time the population of Franklin  which is partly improved. The village is the seat of flourishhas been tripled, and its business has increased in a much  ing manufactories of wool, glass, and flour. It contains 4
higher ratio.  Franklin is the E. terminus of a railroad  or 5 churches, 1 bank, and about 1600 inhabitants.
leading to Martinsville, and of a plank-road about 20 miles    FRANKLIN  SPRINGS, a post-office of Franklin co.,
in length, which extends to a branch of White River at Georgia.
Moorsville. Franklin College, at this place, is a flourishing    FRANKLIN SQUARE, a post-village of Salem township,
institution, under the direction of the Eaptists. The village Columbiana co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railcontains a large county seminary, and about 5 churches. road, 155 miles N.E. of Columbus. It contains 2 or 3 stores,
Pop. of the village in 1853, about 2000; of the township, 3166. several mills, and about 300 inhabitants.
FRANKLIN, a township  of Kosciusko co., Indiana.   FRANKILINTON, a village of Schoharie co., New York,
Pop. 1201.                                               about 30 miles W.S.W. of Albany.
FRANKLIN, a township of Marion co., Indiana. P. 1506.   FRANKLINTON, a post-village of Franklin co., North
FRANKLIN, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana. Carolina, on the railroad from Gaston to Raleigh, 27 miles
Pop. 1487.-                                              N.E. of the latter. It has grown up since the construction
FRANKLIN, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 1153. of the railroad. Pop. in 1853, about 300.
FRANKLIN, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. P. 1218.   FRANKLINTON, a post-village, capital of Washington
FRANKLIN, a township of Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 1815. parish, Louisiana, on Bogue Chitto, 68 miles N. of New OrFRANKLIN, a township of Washington co., Indiana. leans.
Pop. 3032.                                                 FRANKLINTON, a village of Itenry co., Kentucky, 8
FRANKLIN, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. P. 1362. miles E. of Newcastle.
FRANKLIN, a village and township of De Kalb co., Illi-   FRANKLINTON, a village of Franklin  co., Ohio, on the
nois. Pop. 716.                                          W. side of Scioto River, opposite Columbus, was the first
FRANKLIN, a village of De Witt co., Illinois, on Salt seat of justice.
Ortek, 40 miles N.E. of Springfield.                       FRANK/LINTOWN, a post-village of York co., Pennsyl.
FRANKLIN, a township of Kendall co., Illinois. Pop. 357. vania, about 18 miles S.W. of Harrisburg, has about 100
FRANKLIN, a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, about inhabitants.
12 miles S.E. of Jacksonville.                             FRANKILINVILLE, a post-village and township of CattaFRANKLIN, a post-office of Howard co., Missouri.       raugus co., New York, 13 miles E. of Ellicottville, and about
FRANKLIN, a pleasant post-village of Lee co., Iowa, 24  45 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. The village is situated in the
miles N. by WV. of Keokuk City. Pop. in 1853, about 300.   valley of Ischua Creek, and contains about 800 inhabitants.
FRANKLIN, a post-office of Decatur co., Iowa.          Pop. of the township 1706.
FRANKLIN, a small village of Iowa co., Wisconsin.        FRANKLINVILLE, a village of Essex co., New Jersey,
FRANKLIN, a post-village and township at the S.W. ex- about 10 miles N.W. of New York, contains a church, and
tremity of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 12 miles S.W. of Mil- perhaps 25 dwellings.
waukee. The village has 2 stores, 2 hotels, and about 100    FRANKLINYILLE, formerly LITTLE EASE, a small
inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 1170.                 village of Gloucester co., New Jersey, 16 miles S.S.E. of
FRANKLIN DAY, on the N. coast of North America, be- Woodbury.
tween Port Fitton and Cape Parry, and intersected by the    FRANKLINVILLE, a post-office of Montour co., Pennmeridian of 1250 W.                                      sylvania.
FRANKLIN CENTRE, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa.         FRANKLINVILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.
FRANKLIN CITY, a post-village in Norfolk co., Massa-   FRANKLINVILLE, a thriving post-village of Randolph
shusetts, 30 milus S.W. of Boston.                       co., North Carolina, on Deep River, 70 miles W. of Raleigh.
FRANKLIN  COLLEGE, a post-village of Davidson co., It has a fine water-power, and a cotton factory.
Tennessee, a short distance from Nashville. It is the seat   FRANKLINVILLE, a small village of Boone co., Illinois.
of Franklin College which was founded in 1845, and in 1852    FRANKLINVILLE, a small village of McHenry co., Illihad 80 students and a library of 2500 volumes.           nois, on the Kishwaukee prairie.'FRANKLIN COLLEGE, Georgia. See ATHENS.                  FRANK PIERCE, (peerce,) apost-office ofJohnson co.,owa.
FRANKLIN COLLEGE, Ohio. See Naw ATHENS.                  FRANKREICH, FRANKRYK or FRANKRIJK, FRANKFRANKLIN COLLEGE, Louisiana. See OPELOUSAS.            RIGE, and FRANKRIKE.  See FAsCE..
FRANKLIN CORNERS, a nest-office of Erie co., Penn.       FRANK'S ISLAND LIGHTIHOUSE, on Frank's Island,
FRANKLINCREEK, of Ohio, rises in Darke county, and  at the entrance of the Mississippi River, by the N.E. Pass.
falls into the Miami River in Butler county.             It shows a fixed light 78 feet above the level of the gulf.
FRANKILINDALE, a thriving post-village of Fishkill Lat. 290 81 30" N., Ion. 890 1 24" W.
township, Dutchess co., New York, on Wappinger's Creek,   FRANKSTADT, frink/st~tt, a town of Moravia, 35 miles
about 65 miles N. of New York. A fall in the creek here  E.N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 3200.
affords an extensive water-power, employed for numerous    FRANKSTADT or FRENSTADT, frlnfstatt, a town of
mills. The village contains churches of 4 or 5 denomina- Moravia, circle, and 22 miles N.N.W. of Olmutz. P. 1580.
tions, and extensive cotton factories, print-works, &c., which    FRANKS/TOWN, a post-village and township of Blair co.,
furnish the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The name Pennsylvania, on the Frankstown branch of Juniata River,
of the post-office is Wappinger's Falls. Pop. about 1200.  and on the Pennsylvania Canal, 3 miles E. of HollidaysFRANKLINDALE, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsyl- burg. Pop. 1482.
vania.                                                     FRIANKS/VILLE, a post-office of Claiborne parish, LoutFRANKLIN DEPOT, a post-office of Southampton co., siana.
Virginia.                                                  FRANKTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
FRANKLIN FALLS, a post-village of Franklin co., New    FRANKITOWN, a post-office, Northampton co., Virginia.
York, on the Saranac River, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Malone.   FRANKITOWN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
A fall in the river here affords good water-power, which is Lanark, 9 miles S. of Carleton Place, and 15 miles from Perth.
employed in manufacturing lumber. In 1852 a confiagra- Pop. about 100.
tion destroyed the entire village, with the exception of two    FRANKVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.
small houses, but it has since been mostly rebuilt. A plank-   FRANSIHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
toad, with but 4 miles of interruption, connects it with    FRANSHAM,.LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk
110




FRA                                                       FRE
FRANSOITNIA, a post-office, of Rlichland co., Illinois.   FRAIZER, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
FRANT or FANT, a parish of England. cos. of Kent and    FRAZER (fra/zer) RIVER, in British North America, W.
Sussex, 3 miles S. of Tunbridge-Wells. Here are the ruins  of the basin of the Columbia, enters the Gulf of Georgia,
of Beigham Abbey.                                         opposite Vancouver Island, in lat. 450 N. Forts George,
FRANZBURG, fr~nts'bSRco, a town of Prussia, govern-  Alexandria, and Langley, are on its banks.
ment, and 14 miles S.W. of Stralsund, on a lake at the    FRAIZERSBURG,.      a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio,
source of the Little Trebel. Pop. 1144.                   on the Ohio Canal, 61 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
FRANZENSBRUNNEN, frgntsfens-br66n'nfn, FRANZ-    FRAIZIER'S BOTTOM, apost-office of Putnam co., Virginia.
ENSBRUNN, fr~utslens-br66nn', (" Francis' Spring,") or    FREASIBURG, a village of Salem co., New Jersey, 12 miles
FRANZENSBAD, firltsfens-b~tt, ("Francis' Bath,") a vil- S.E. of Salem.
lags of Bohemia, 17 miles W.S.W. of Elbogen, with cole-   FREASE'S STORE, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio.
brated bath establishments, from  which 200,000 jars of    FRECHEN, frs/len, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles
mineral water are exported annually. Named in honor of  S.S.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2640. It has manufactures of
one of the German emperors.                               earthenware.
FRANZENTIAL, frints/Vn-tfl', a village of Bohemia,   FRECHENFELD, fr~lIen-f~lt', a village of Bavaria, in
circle of Leitmeritz, on the Pulsnitz. Pop. 1484.         the Palatinate, S. of Landau. Pop. 1420.
FWIANZOSE and FRANZ6SICH. See FRANCE.                     FRECHILLAi friA-cheellyi, a town of Spain, in Leon, 21
FRASCAROLO, frds-kd-rollo, (L. Friscariolumn.) a village of miles W.N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1706,
Piedmont, 30 miles N. of Novara, on the Po. Pop. 1673.      FRIECKENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
FRASCATI, frds-kA/tee, (anc. Tucstculum,) a town of Cen-   FRECKENHORST, fr-k'ken-hoast', a town of Prussia, protral Italy, in the Pontifical States, 12 miles S.E. of Rome. vince of Westphalia. 15 miles E.S.E. of Munster. Pop. 1510.
Pop. 4975. It is beautifully situated on one of the lower    FRECKLETON, fr6klel-tgn, a township of England, co. of
Alban hills, and comprises a modern cathedral, with monu- Lancaster.
ments to Cardinal York and his brother Prince Charles    FREDEBURG, frAldeh-b66a', atown of Prussia, WestphaEdward, the pretender, who died here on the 31st of Janu- lia, 18 miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 739.
ary, 1788, an old cathedral, an episcopal palace, formerly a    FREDENSBORG, frA/dens-boRG', a Danish fort, on the
fortress, various convents, churches, and fountains, a public  Guinea coast, with the village Ningo, 30 miles N.E. of Accra.
seminary, and the villas Aldobrandini, Bracciano, Mondra-   FREDIERICA, a thriving post-village of Kent co., Delagone, apd Ruffinella, the last of uhich belonged to Lucien  ware, on Motherkill Creek, 13 miles S. of Dover. It has 2
Bonapbrte, and has in its precincts a planted hill called  churches, 2 hotels, and about 10 stores.
"Parnassus."  On the crest of the hill, above this domain,   FREDERICA, a small post-village of Glynn co., Georgia,
are the remains of    csculum, the birthplace of Cato, and  is situated on St. Simon's Sound, about 70 miles S.S.W. of
famous as the residence of Cicero, Lucullus, and Meecenas. Savannah.
It was totally destroyed by the Romans in 1191, and now com-   FREDERICIA, fred'eh-rishle-A, or FRIDERICIA, fre-dehprises only the ruins of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and baths. rishle-i, a seaport-town in Denmark, North Jutland, bailiFRASERBURGII, fr.zer-bhr'rfih, a seaport town, muni-  wick, and 13 miles S.E. of Weile, on a tongue at the N. encipal burgh, and parish of Scotland, co., and 37 miles N. of  trance of the Little Belt. It is a regular fortress, with
Aberdeen. Pop. of town, in 1851, 3093. It has a harbor, con- nine bastions, and three ravelins on the land side, and
sidered one of the best on the N.E. coast of Scotland; large  two bastions towards the sea. It is entered by four gates;
herring fisheries, and considerable exports of grain and dried  contains 4 churches, a synagogue, an hospital, and a cusfish. The municipal government is under the control of Lord  tom-house, at which all ships passing through the Little
Saltoun, provost, whose seat, Pilorth House, is in this parish'  Belt, pay toll; and has a harbor of the fourth class, with 12
FRASNES, frbslnks, or fr~n, a town of Belgium, province  feet of water, some shipping, and considerable manufactures
of Hainaut, 11 miles N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 4643.           of tobacco, which is grown in the vicinity. Pop. 4600.
FRASSINETO-D'IVREA, fr~s-se-nA.to-dee-vrA/A, a village    FRED!ERICK, a county in the N. part of Maryland, borof the Sardinian States, 15 miles W.S.W. of Ivrea. P. 2143. dering on Pennsylvania, has an area of 770 square miles. It
FRASSINETTO or FRASSINETTO-DI-PO, frbs-se-ntf/to-  is bounded on the S.W. by the Potomac River, which sepadee-po, a village of Piedmont, 16 miles N.N.W. of Alessan- rates it from Virginia, intersected by Monocacy Rivet and
dria. Pop. 2087.                                          also drained by Catoctin, Pipe, Linganore, and Ben'ett's
FRASSINO, fris-seelno, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, Creeks. The South Mountain, a continuation of the Blue
19 miles N.W. of Coni. Pop. 1698.                          Ridge of Virginia, forms its western boundary, and the surFRASSO, fr.stso, a town of Naples, province of Terra di face is generally undulating. The soil in different parts is
Lavoro, 12 miles E.N.E. of Caserta. Pop. 4000.            formed of decomposed limestone and slate, and is highly
FRASTANZ, frislt/nts, a village of Austria, Tyrol, on the  productive. According to the census of 1850, this county proIll, about 4 miles from Feldkirchen. Pop. 1521.            duced 23,838 tons of hay, and 723,064 pounds of butter, more
FRAT. See EUPHRATES.                                     of each than any other county in the state. The limestone
FRAITING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             which underlies the surface is of superior quality: a quarry
FRATTA, frilt/t, asmalltown of Central Italy, in the Pon- of fine white marble has been opened in the county, which
tifical States, 13l miles N. of Perugia, on the Tiber. Pop. 1226. also contains valuable mines of copper, iron, and manganese.
FRATTA, LA, Al frbt'tA, a village of North Italy, 7 miles The county is intersected by the Baltimore and Ohio RailW.S.W. of Rovigo, with many handsome country houses. road, and has the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal on its S.W.
Pop. 2000.                                                 border. Capital, Frederick.  Pop. 40,987, of whom 37,074
FRATTA MAGGIORE, frgttAt mitd-jolrA, a city of Naples, were free, and 3913 slaves.
in the district of Casoria, 6 miles N. of Naples. Pop. 8500.   FREDERICK, a county in the N.N.E. part of Virginia,
FRATTA is also the name of a small river of North Italy, tri- has an area of 378 square miles. The Opequan, Sleepy, and
butary to the Brenta.                                     Black Creeks, affluents of the Potomac, rise within it and
FRATTE, fret/tA, a village of Italy, in Naples, province of  flow N.E. The surface is beautifully diversified with mounTerra di Lavoro, 13 miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 2900.       tain scenery: the principal elevation is the North MounFRATTE, a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 16  tain, extending along the W. border. The county occupies
miles S.E. of Urbino. Pop. 1072.                          part of the Great Valley of Virginia, and is one of the most
FRAUBRUNN, frow/broon, or FRAUENBRUNN, frfwln- wealthy and highly cultivated in the state. Blue limestone
broon', (the "Virgin's Fountain;" L. Fons Bealtce YVirlinis, underlies a large portion of the surface. The streams fur"Fountain of the Blessed Virgin,") a village of Switzerland, nish abundant motive-power for mills and factories. A rail10 miles N.N.E. of Bern.                                  road extends from Harper's Ferry to Winchestelr, the capital
FRAUENBURG, fr~wtepn-b53aR', a town of Prussia, 42  of the county. Turnpike roads radiate in several directions
miles S.W. of KEnigsberg, on the Frische-Hiaff. Pop. 2380. from the latter town. Formed in 1738. Pop. 15,975, of whom
Here, in the cathedral of Ermeland, is the tomb of Coper- 13,681 were free, and 2294 slaves.
nicus.                                                      FREDERICK, a post-township of Montgomery co., PennFRAUENFELD, frfwlen-f~lt', a town of Switzerland, in  sylvania, 15 miles N.N.W. of Norristown, drained by PerThurgau, on the Murg, 21 miles N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 2858, kiomen Creek. Pop. 1431.
It has cotton mills, dyeing, and print works.                FREDERICK, a village of Barren co., Kentucky, 17 miles
FRAUENKIRCHIEN, frdwlen-k1a'aKen, or BOLDOG-AS- N.E. of Glasgow.
ZONY, bol'dosh/-[s'soitt, a market-town of Hungary, co. of    FREDERICK, a township in Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 712.
Wieselburg, 9 miles S.S.E. of Neusiedl. Pop. 2100.          FREDERICK, a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, about
FRAUENMARKT, frowlen-maakt', a market-town of  60 miles S.E. of Cleveland.
Hungary, co. of Honth, 56 miles N.N.W. of Pesth. P. 2358.   FREDERICK, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. P. 309.
FRAUENSTEIN, fr~w/en-stine%,   a town of Saxony, 20    FREDERICK CITY, capital of Frederick co., Maryland, is
miles S.S.W. of Dresden, with 1107 inhabitants, a castle, a  situated 2 miles W. of the Monocacy River, 44 miles N.W.
silver mine, dye works, and linen manufactures.           of Washington, and 60 miles WV. of Baltimore. A branch
FRAUSTADT, frdw/stitt, a frontier town, of Prussian- railroad, 3 miles long, connects it with the Baltimore and
Poland, 48 miles S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 5310. It has a Lu- Ohio Railroad. It is considered as the second city of the
theran and 3 Roman Catholic churches, a college, barracks, state in wealth and commercial importance, and is the third
an orphan asylum, manufdctures of woollen and linen, &c.  in population. The houses are generally built of brick or
FRAYLES, LOS, loce frtlls, several small islands, groups stone; the streets are wide and straight, crossing each other
tn the Caribbean Sea, off the S. cost coast of Hayti.     at right angles. The town contains a handsome court-hous4
711




FRE ~                                                      FRE
churches for Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Methodists, Rap-   FREDERICKOTOWN, a post-office of Marion co., Illinois.
tists, German Lutherans, German Calvinists, and Roman    FREDERICKTOWN, a post-village, capital of Madison co.
Catholics, 3 banks, and a Roman Catholic college and other Missouri, 158 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. It has a brick
seminaries, and 4 or 5 newspaper offices. It has also mann- court-house, 1 or 2 churches, and several hundred inhabit.
factories of iron, wool, paper, flour, ropes, and earthenware.  ants. Copper and lead are found in the vicinity.
Pop. in 1850, 6028.                                          FRED'ERICTON, a city and port of entry of New Bruns
FREDIERICK HENRY, a bay on the S.E. coast of Tas- wick, capital of the province, and of York co., is situated or
mania, (Van Diemen's Land,) 9 miles E. of Hobart-Town.   the right bank of the River St. John, 60 miles in a direct
FREDERICKSBERG, frtdIth-riks-bscaG, FREDERICKS-  line N.N.W. of St. John'; lat. 45c 55' N., ion. 450 32' 30" W.
BORG, fredtpr-iks-boaQo; or HILLEROD, (Hillerld,) hille-riid',  The streets are regularly laid out, some of them being 1 mile
a village of Denmark. province of Seeland, 21 miles N.N.W. long, and, for the most part, continuously built with wooden
of Copenhagen, with a palace, the usual summer residence  houses. The public buildings comprise the Province Hall,
of the Danish royal family,                                where the provincial assembly and the courts of justice asFRED/ERICKSBORG', a citadel of Sweden, 15 miles E.N.E. semble, the Government House, churches of the Episcopaof Stockholm, and defending the entrance to its harbor.    lians, Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists,and Roman CathoFREDtERICKSBURG, a post-office of Lebanon co., Penn- lie. The river, which is here I mile wide, is navigable to
sylvania.                                                  this point, 80 miles from the Bay of Fundy, for sea-going
FREDERICKSBURG, the chief town of Spottsylvania co., vessels of 120 tons; small steamers ascend 65 miles above
Virginia, on the right bank of the Rappahannock River, at the town, to Woodstock, and occasionally a trip is made to
the head of tide water, 65 miles N. of Richmond. It is the Grand Falls, a distance of about 75 miles from Woodpleasantly situated in a fertile valley, and has advantages  stock. In 1849 the sum of $40,000 was appropriated by the
for commerce and manufactures. The railroad from Wash- legislature of New Brunswick to be expended at the rate of
ington to Richmond passes through the town, and a canal $8000 per annum in improving the navigation of the St.
has been constructed from this place to a point on the river John's above Fredericton. The work of removing obstruc40 miles above, by which large quantities of wheat, flour, tions was commenced in 1850, and it is thought that by the
and tobacco are received for exportation. The river affords  end of 1855 the river will be entirely free, and that steamers
extensive water-power, which, however, is not much used. of light draught will be enabled to ascend without binLarge quantities of fine granite and freestone are found in  drance fiom the Bay of Fundy to the Grand Falls. Fredericthe vicinity. It contains 5 churches, 1 orphan asylum, 2  ton wasmade a port of entry in 1848, since which it has beseminaries, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, and 2 banks. Pop. in  come the chief entreplt of commerce with the interior,
1840, 3974; in 1850, 4062.                                receiving large quantities of British merchandise for disFREDERICKSBURG, a post-village, capital of Gillespie  tribution in the province, while the timber and lumber
co., Texas, 65 miles in a straight line W. by S. of Austin.    from the upper districts are collected here before they are
FREDERICKSBURG, Kentucky. See WARSAW.                   floated down for exportation to St. John, with which place
FREDERICKSBURG, a thriving post-village of Salt Creek  there is a regular communication by steamers. It is estitownship, Wayne co., Ohio, 9 miles S.E. of Wooster. P. 573. mated that not less than 50,000 persons were transported
FREDERICKSBURG, a post-village of Washington co., by steamers between St. John  and Fredericton in 1851,
Indiana, on the Blue  River, about 15 miles S.S.W. of Salem. during which year two vessels entered the port from BosFREDERICKSBURG, a post-office of Osage co., Missouri.  ton. Fredericton was formerly called St. Anne. Pop. in
FREDEiRICKSBURG, a village of South Africa, Cape  1852, 4458.
Colony, district of Albany, 28 miles N.E. of Bathurst.       FREDERIKSHAMN, frNdfer-iks-hAm, or HAMINA, hAFREDERICKSHALD, frdledr-iks-hild', or FREDERICK- meelng, a fortified seaport-towvn of Finland, on an inlet of
SHALL, fr-dler-iks-hAll, a maritime   town of Norway, stift the Gulf of Finland, 53 miles W.S.W. of Viborg..Pop. 3500.
of Aggershuus, on a small river, near the N.E. angle of the  In 1809, the treaty was signed here by which Sweden ceded
Skager-rack, 58 miles S.S.E. ofChristiania. Pop. 5503. It is Finland to Russia.  In 1821 the town was almost wholly
famous for its strong fortress, Frederickstein, at the siege  destroyed by fire.
of which Charles XII. of Sweden was killed, December 11th,   FREDERIKSHAYN, fi'-dPer-iks-hbwn', formerly FLAD1718  The town is singularly picturesque. The streets are  STRAND, fiAdstrtnd, the most N. seaport-town of Denwide'and regular, houses mostly of two stories, and built mark, province of Jutland, stift, and 36 miles N.N.E. of
since a destructive conflagration in 1759. It has an active  Aalborg, on the Cattegat. Lat. 570 27' 1"1 N.. ion. 100 33' E.
trade in timber and iron; manufactures linens and tobacco. Pop. 1400. It has a citadel, light-house, and regular comFREDERICKSHALL, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia. munication with Frederiksvaern.
FREDERICK'S OORD, Tfi'dler-iks bad, a pauper colony    FREDERIKSSUND, fridlr —iks-soond&, a small town of
of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 5 miles N.E. of Denmark, in the island of Seeland. on Roeskiide Fiord, 22
Steenwyk. It was founded in 1818; and a great number of  miles N.W, of Copenhagen. Pop. 450.
paupers are profitably employed there by the state in agri-   FREDERIKSVAERN or FREDERICKSVAERN, fr~dfercultural occupations, brick making, spinning, and weaving. iks-vaian', a maritime village and fortress of Norway, stift
FREDERICKSSTAD, fredter-ik-stAtd, or FREDERICK- of Aggershuus, 7 miles S. of Laurvig, on the Skager-rack.
STADT, frpdfpr-ik-st tt', a fortified town of Norway, stift of  It has a harbor and dockyard.
Aggershuus, at the mouth of the Glommen, 48 miles S.E. of    FREDERIKSVARK (Frederiksviirk,) fr'd/er-iks-venkx, or
Christiana. Pop. 2673. It has an arsenal, harbor, and a  FRIEDRICHSWERK, freeldriKs-fvaRk', a market-town of
tobacco factory.                                           Denmark, on Ise Fiord, 30 miles N.W. of Copenhagen, with
FREDERICKSSTADT, frNdpr-ik-stItti or FRIEDRICH- a royal residence, a cannon foundry, gun-powder fictory,
STADT, freedfriK-stlttx, a town of Denmark, province, and 23  and copper-works. Pop. 500.
miles W.S.W. of Sleswick, on the Eider, near its mouth in the    FREIDON, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
North Sea. Pop. 2500. It was founded in 1621 by the Ar-   FREDOINIA, a post-village in Pomfret township, Chauminians driven from Holland by the decisions of the Synod  tauque co., New York, about 40 miles S.W. of Buffalo.  It
of Deort. It is built in the Dutch style, and has Lutheran, contains 4 or 5 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, an
Roman Catholic, and other churches, a synagogue,. ship- academy, several mills, and springs of carburetted hydroyards, and woollen manufactures..                        gen gas, used for the purpose of lighting the houses. Pop.
F'REDERICKSVARN, FREDERIKSYARK, &c. See FR- about 1200.
DERIKSVARN, FrEDEsIKSVARIK, &C.                              FREDONIA, a post-village of Chambers co., Alabama, 175
FREDERICKSTADT, a town of Russia, government of miles E. by S. of Tuscaloosa.
Courland, on the Dwina, 48 miles E. of Mitau.                FREDONIA, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.
FREDERICKSTED, fredter-ik-stld', a town of the Danish    FREDONIA, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.
island of Santa Cruz, in the West Indies, on its W. coast,   FREDONIA, a post-village of Caldwell co., Kentucky, 12
with 2400 inhabitants, a fort, and a roadstead.            miles W. of Princeton.
FREDIERICKSVILLE, post-office, Berks co., Pennsylvania.   FREDONIA, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 10 miles
FREDERICKSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Schuyler N.W. of Newark.
co., Illinois, on the Illinois River, 80 miles below Peoria. It   FREDONIA, a small village of Noble co., Ohio.
is the principal shipping point for the produce of the county.   FREDONIA, a township of Calhoun co., Michigan. P. 623.
FREDIERICKTOWN, a seaport-town of Nova Scotia, co.   FREDONIA, a post-village of Washtenaw co.,. Michigan.
-f Cumberland, at the head of Wallace Bay, on a small es-   FREDONIA, a post-village of Crawford co., Indiana.
tuary, about 82 miles N. of Ilalidex.                        FREDONIA, a post-village of Williamson co., Illinois, on
FREDERICKTOWN, a village of Washington co., Ken- Muddy River, about 15 miles N.W. of Marion.
tucky, on the Beech Fork of Salt River, 8 miles N.W. of    FREDONIA, a village of Louisa co., Iowa, at the junction
Springfield.                                              of Iowa and Cedar Rivers.
FREDERICKTOWN, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio,   FREDONIA, a township in the N.E. part of Washington
on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 168 miles N.E. of Columbus.  co., Wisconsin. Pop. 671.
FREDERICKTOWN, a flourishing and well-built post-   FREDONIA, a post-office of Ozaukee co., Wisconsin.
village of Knox co., Ohio, on Vernon River, and on the rail-   FREEIBOURN, a township of Dunklin co., Missouri.
road from Sandusky to Newark, about 50 miles N.E. of   FREE BRIDGE, a post-village of Gordon co., Georgia, on
Columbus. It has a Union school. The river furnishes the Oostenaula River, 170 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
crater-power, which is employed in saw, flour, and carding    FREEIBURG, a post-village of Union co., Pennsylvania,
mills. Pop. in 1850, 712; in 1853, about 1000.            about 50 miles N. of Harrisburg.
712




FRE                                                       FRE
FREE'DENSBURG, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Penn-    FREEPORT, a thriving post-village, capital of Stephenson
sylvania.                                                 Co., Illinois, on the Pekatonica River near the mouth of
FREEIDOM, a post-village and township of Waldo co., Yellow Creek, on the Chicago and Galena Railroad, 260
Maine, 28 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 948.                miles N. of Springfield. The Northern Branch of the CenFREEDOM, a post-village and township of Carroll co., tral Railroad passes through it. It is bordered on different
New Hampshire, 45 miles N.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 910.      sides by prairies and groves. It has several churches, and
FREEDOM, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity  2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 1436; in 1853, about 2000.
of Cattaraugus co., New York, about 320 miles W. by S. of    FREErSHADE, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia.
Albany. Pop. 1652.                                          FREEISTONE, a new county in the N.E. central part of
FREEDOM, a township of Adamsco., Pennsylvania. P. 473. Texas, has an area of about 840 square miles. The Trinity
FREEDOM, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania, on  River, navigable by steamboats, forms its N.E. boundary,
the Ohio River, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Rail- and it is drained by Richland and Buffalo Creeks. This
road, 23 miles N.W., of Pittsburg. It has a manufactory of  county is not n-amed inthe census of 1850. Capital, Fairfield.
steam engines, and a boat-yard for building steamboats.     FREEITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
FREEDOM, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.          FREE-TOWN, or ST. GEORGE, a town of Upper Guinea,
FREEDOM, a township of HIenry co., Ohio. Pop. 83.       in Western Africa, capital of the British settlement of Sierra
FREEDOM, a post-township in the N. part of Portage Co., Leone, on its W. coast. Lat. 80 27' N., ion. 130 14' W. Pop.
Ohio, 140 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 996.               in 1847,18,000. It is enclosed landward by an amphitheatre
FREEDO0I, a village of Stark co., Ohio, near the Ohio and  of mountains; is regularly built, mostly of wood, and has
Pennsylvania Railroad, 136 miles N.E. of Columbus.        various schools, government offices, and barracks, a theatre,
FREEDOM, a towvnship of Washtenaw co., Michigan. and around it many European country houses.
Pop. 1215.                                                  FREEITOWN, a post-township of Bristol co., MassachuFRE EDOM, a post-village of Owen co., Indiana, on White  setts, 40 miles S. of Boston. Pop. 1615.
River, 64 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.                       FREETOWN, a township of Cortland co., New York, 11
FREEDOM, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 332. miles S.E. of Cortlandrille.  Pop. 1035.
FREEDOM, a post-township of La Salle co., Illinois, 210    FREETOWN, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 64
miles N.E. of Springfield. Pop. 908.                      miles S. of Indianapolis.
FREEDOM, a post-village and township of Lafayette co.,   FREETOWN CORNERS, a post-village of Cortland co.,
Missouri, 95 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1445.    New York, 135 miles VW. by S. of Albany.
FREEDOM, a post-office of Ontagamie Co., Wisconsin.       FREE UNION, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.
FREEDOM  PLAINS, a post-village of Dutchess Co., New    FREGELLE. See CEPRANO.
York, 79 miles S. of Albany.                                FREGENAL DE LA SIERRA, fi'e-R-nl-nl di't 1 se-hnrpa,
FREE'IIOLD, a village of Green co., New Yorkc, on Cats- a town of Spain, 39 miles S.E. of Badajos.  Pop. 5975. It
kill Creek, about 26 miles S.S.W. of Albany.              has extensive tan-yards and manufactures of linens.
FREEHOLD, a post-village and township, capital of Mon-   FREGIONAJA, frt-jo-nt/yA, a village of Italy in Lucca, 6
mouth co.. New Jersey. The village is situated on a plain, miles W. of Lucca. It has an ancient monastery, founded
30 miles E. of Trenton, and contains 5 or 6 churches, an  in 1107.
academy. 3 newspaper  offices, and a bank. A branch -ail-   FREIAMT, frinmt, a town of Baden, circle of Upper
road connects the village with the Camden and Amboy  Rhine, in the bailiwick of Emmendingen. Pop. 2179.
Railroad. The battle of Monmouth Court IHlouse was fought   FREIBERG or FREYBERG, fritlbnGc, a town of Saxony,
here, June 28, 1778. Pop. about 500; of the township, 2633. capital of its mining district, 20 miles S.W. of Dresden, near
FREEHOLD, a post-township of Warren co., Pennsylva- the Mulde. Pop. in 1849, 14,151. It is enclosed by ancient
nia, on the N. boundary of the state, 15 miles N.W. of War-, fortifications, is well built, paved and lighted, and has a fine
ren. Pop. 1162.                                           cathedral, with some remarkable monuments and works of
FREEL, a post-office of Polk co., Iowa.                 art, an orphan asylum, a gymnasium, burgher school, &c.;
FREEILAND, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.    and outside of the town is the old cathedral of Freudenstein.
FREELAND'S, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.       It is the seat of the administration of mines,, and foundsies
FREEIMAN, a post-township of Franklin Co., Maine, 45  for the kingdom, and of a famous mining academy, found4ed
miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 762.                          in 1765, having 13 professors, Werner's collection of minerals,
FREEIMANSBURG, a pretty and thriving post-village of  a library of 18,000 volumes, and attended by from 50 to 70
Northampton co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the  pupils, who work practically in the neighboring mines. In
Lehigh River, 10 miles from its mouth.                    the vicinity are said to be about 130 mines of silver, copper,
LXFREE/MANISLANDIING, apost-office of Hancock co., Vi-'lead, cobalt, &c., employing 139 officials, 5796 miners, and
ginia.                                                    supporting a population of 11,200 persons; the principal is
FREEIMANSVILLE, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia. the Hinmnelsftirst, one of the most productive silver mines
FREEIMANTLE, a town of Western Australia, co. of  in Europe. Extensive smelting works and foundries are
Perth, at the mouth of the Swan River, and about 80 miles seated at Halsbriicke, 3 miles distant. Freiberg has also
S.W. of the town of that name; lat. 320 5' S., ion. 1150 40' E. flourishing manufactures of gold and silver lace, woollen*
FREEIMANTON, a post-village of Effingham co., Illinois, cloths and cassimeres, some extensive breweries, and the
on the National Rsad, 5 miles W. of Ewington, is situated  only shot fouuidry in the kingdom. It communicates by
on a fertile prairie. Laid out about 1840.                railway with Breslau and Schweidnitz.
FREE'O,a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.            FREIBURG or FREYBURG, fr'1b66RG, a city of the grand
FREEIPORT, a post-village and township of Cumberland  duchy of Baden, Upper Rhine, on the Treisam, and on the
co., Maine, on Casco Bay, and on the Kennebec and Port- Baden Railway, by which it communicates with Mannheim,
land Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Portland. The inhabitants  Basel, &c., 75 miles S.S.WV. of Carlsruhe. Pop. (including
are engaged in agriculture, commerce, the fisheries, and  suburbs) 15,380. Elevation, 920 feet. It is well built, and
ship-building. Ten ships; varying from  700 to 1200 tons its cathedral, with a spire 380 feet in height, is one of the
burden were on the stocks, in course of construction, in  noblest Gothic edifices in Germany. The other principal
April last, (1854.) This branch of business has more than  buildings are the grand ducal, and archbishop's palaces, 3
doubled since 1850. About 10 vessels are owned here, and  hospitals, custom-housep, exchange, &c. Good public walks
employed in carrying cotton and breadstuffs to foreign  and vineyards replace the old fortifications; and in the cencountries, and coastwise.  A river, flowing through the  tre of the fish-market is a public fountain with a statue of
township, furnishes motive-power for a grist mill, with  the founder of Freiburg, Duke Berchtold III. of Zi~hringen.
which is connected several kinds of machinery. There are  The University, founded about 1454, and famous as a school
here manufactories of fire-plates, shoes, &c. The village  of Roman Catholic theology, has about 220 students. The
contains 3 churches, a high school, 4 stores and 300 inhabit-  town has numerous museums, a botanic garden; a gymnaants. There are 3 other villages in the township, one of  sium, a school of forest economy, Herder's Institute of Arts,
which has a population of 200, and the others about 150  various other public schools, and alibrary of 100,000 volumes.
each. Pop. of the township in 1850, 2629.                 Its chief sources of prosperity are its University and other
FREEPORT, a post-office of Queen's co., New York.       public establishments; but it has also manufactures of
FREEPORT, a flourishing post-borough of South Buffalo  chiccory, chemical products, leather, and potash, with bell
township, Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylva- foundries, gunpowder and paper mills. Near it is'the
nia Canal, and on the right bank of the Alleghany River, ruined castle of Zihringen.
10 miles above Pittsburg. It contains several woollen fac-   FREIBURG, fi.ib66aG, a walled town of Prussian Silesia,
tories and mills. Pop. 1073.                              36 miles W.S.WV. of Breslan, on the railway. Pop. 4000. It
FREEPORT, a small village of Blair co., Pennsylvania.    has manufactures of linen and tobacco.
FREEPORT, a village of Greene co., Pennsylvania, near    FREIBURG, a village of IHanover, 18 miles N.N.W. of
the S.W. corner of the state, 5 miles from the Baltimore and  Stade, with a port on the Elbe. Pop. 913.
Ohio Railroad.                                              FREIBURG, a canton of Switzerland. See FRvYnoacic.
FREEPORT, a post-office of Wood co., Virginia.            FREIBURG, fitlb6noR, a town of Prussia, province of
FREEPORT, a thriving post-village and township of Hsr-  Saxony, 13 miles S.W. of Merseburg, in a fertile district on
rison co., Ohio, 100 miles E. by N. of Columbus. Pop. of the  the Unstrut.  Pop. 2608.
village in 1850, 350; of the township, 1127.                FREICIHIO.  See FREexo.
FREEPORT, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, on Blue    FREIDENSBUIIG, Pennsylvania. See Fnnm)ENSBURc.
River, 9 miles N. by E. of Shelbyville.                     FREIENOHL, frilgh-n51, a village of Prussian Westphaiia,
713




FRE                                                        FRE
on the Ruhr. Pop. 970. It is the centre of an extensive  of which it is the capital, about 70 miles N.N.E. of Benicia
manufacture of woollen wares.                             Pop. in 185:3, about 1000.
FREIENSERN, fri/n-sSnn0, a market-town of Hesse-Darm-   FREMONT CENTRE, a post-office of Sullivan co.,New York.
stadt, province of Oberhessen, circle, and 9 miles N.E. of    FREMONT CENTRE, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.
Hungen, on the Seebach. Pop. 1132.                          FREMONT'S BASIN or FREMONT BASIN. See GREAT
FREIHIIAN, frithan, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, BASIN.
38 miles N.N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 1211..FRENCHBMAAand FRENIVCH.  See FRANCE.
FREIJ1EIT, fri/hite, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow,   FRENCH, a township in Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 344.
on the Aupe, at the foot of the Rehhorngebirge, 25 miles    FRENCH BROAD, a posteoffice of Buncombe co., North
E.N.E. of Gitschin. Pop. 609.                             Carolina, 265 miles W. of Raleigh.
FREINSI-IEIM, frins/hIme, a market-town of Rhenish    FRENCH BROAD RIVER, of North Carolina and TennesBavaria, 22 miles N.E. of Landau. Pop. 2191.              see, rises near the base of the Blue Ridge, in Henderson
FREINWALDE, frin/~l'`deh, or FREYENWALDE, frit- county of the former state, and flows nearly north-westward
pn-9vll~deh, a town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on  into Tennessee.  After passing the mouth of the Nolithe Alt-Oder, 33 miles N.E. of Berlin. Pop. 3670. It has  chucky, it turns towards the S.W., and enters IHolston
alum-works, and manufactures of sulphate of soda from the  River, 4 miles above Knoxville. The whole length is estineighboring springs of Alexandrienbad and Freienwalde.    mated at 200 miles. It is navigable by steamboats to DandFREINWALDE, a town of Prussia province of Poraerania, ridge. The scenery along the banks of this river is very
32 miles E. of Stettin. Pop. 1180. It has manufactures  fine, especially at the Warm  Springs, in Buncombe county,
of cloths.                                                 North Carolina.
FREISING, frfzing, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the    FRENCH CAMP, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.
Isar, 20 miles N.N.E. of Munich. Pop. in 1845, 5350. It   FRENCH CAMP, California. See CASTOmIo.
has breweries and tobacco factories.                         FRENCH CREEK, of Chester co., Pennsylvania, enters
FREISTADT or FREYSTADT, frilstitt, a town of Prus- the Schuylkill at Phoenixville. It affords extensive watersian Silesia, 23 miles W.N.W. of Glogau. Pop. 3330. It has  power.
manufactures of woollens.                                    FRENCH CREEK, in the N.W. part of Pennsylvania,
FREISTADT, a town of Western Prussia, 16 miles S.E. called, by the Indians, Venango Creek, is formed by two
of Marienwerder. Pop. 1875.                               branches which unite in Erie county. It flows south-westFREISTADT, a town of Upper Bavaria, palatinate, on the  ward to Meadville, where it takes a S.E. course, and enters
Schwarzach. Pop. 798.                                     the Alleghany River at Franklin, Venango county. The
FRIEIWALDAU, fri/fc9d11w, a town of Austrian Silesia, whole length is estimated at 150 miles. A canal extends
40 miles W.N.W. of Troppau, 1300 feet above the sea. Pop. along this creek from its mouth to Meadville.
1422. It has a castle, a paper mill, and a hydropathic esta-   FRENCH CREEK, a post-village and township in the S.W.
blishment.                                                extremity of Chautauque co., New York, about 350 miles
FREIXO (or FREICHO) D'ESPADA-A-CINTA, fretsho dis- W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 725.
ptldI —seen/ta, a village of Portugal, province of Tras-os-   FRENCH CREEK, a post-village and township in the N.E.
Montes, on the Douro, 45 miles S. of Braga. Pop. 845.     extremity of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, 210
FREIXO  (or FREICIHIO) DE NUMAO, fr/sho dt noo- miles W. by N. of Harrisburg. Pop. 691.
mOWNG, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 40 miles    FRENChI CREEK, a township of Venango co., PennsylE.N.E. of Viseu.                                          vania. Pop. 962..FRIkJUS, frAzhiicet, (anc. (Forrum  JTsliusn  or  eloifru  FRENCH CREEK, a village of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
JuIli,) a town of France, department of Var, 15 miles S.E.   FRENCh CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.
of'Draguignan. It has a cathedral, episcopal palace, and    FRENCIh CREEK, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois.
remains of Roman walls. At St. Raphael, a fishing village   FRENCH CREEK CHURCH, a post-office of Bladen co,
1' miles distant, Napoleon disembarked on his return fiom  North Carolina.
Egypt, in 1799, and reembarked on his voyage to Elba in    FRENCH GROVE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois,
1814. Pop. in 1852, 2665.                                 50 miles N. of Peoria.
FRELIGHSBURG, freelligs-b-irg, a post-village of Ca-   FRENCH  GUIANA. See GUIANA.
nada East, co. of Missisquoi, 28 miles S.E. of St. John's, and    FRENCH  ISLAND, an island of Australia Felix, in the
50 miles from Staustead. It is a port of entry.           harbor of Western Port, about 6 miles long and 5 broad.
FRELStBURG, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas, about   FREINCH ISLAND, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana.
80 miles E. by S. of Austin.                                FRENCH LICK, a post-township in Orange co., Indiana,
FREM/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         88 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 1243.
FRE/MONT, a county forming the S.W. extremity of    FRENCHMAN'S BAY, on the coast of Maine. Lat. 440
Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 500 square  15' N., lon. 680 25' IV. It extends inland nearly 30 miles,
miles. The Missouri River forms its entire boundary on  with an average breadth of about 20 miles. It contains
the W., the Nishnabatona River and Keg Creek flow through  Mount Desert and many other islands; and abounds with
the county towards the S.W. The surface is diversified; indentations forming excellent harbors, which are at all
the soil is said to be good. The county contains a large por- times accessible, being never obstructed with ice.
tiou of prairie. Named in honor of Colonel J. C. Fremont,   FRENCHMAN'S CAP, a lofty mountain of Van Diemen's
chief of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Land, 5000 feet high, 6 miles N.E. of the N.E. corner of Macto Oregon and California. Capital, Austin. Pop. 1244.     quarie Harbor. Lat. 420 18' S., Ion. 1450 42' E.
FREMONT, a township of Hancock co., Maine. Pop. 1425.   FRENCH MOUN/TAIN, a post-office of Warren co., New
FREMONT, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.    York.
FREMONT, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee.           FRENCH PARK, a small market-town of Ireland, co. of
FREMONT, formerly LOWER SANDUSKY, a post-village  Roscommon, 161 miles S.W. of Leitrim. Pop. 515.
and township, capital of Sandusky co., Ohio, on the left or   FRENCIH RIVER, of British North America, in Canada
W. bank of the Sandusky River, 24: miles W.S.W. of San- West, flows W. from Lake Nipissing into Lake Huron, (or
dusky City, and 105 miles W. by S. of Columbus. It is at Georgian Bay,) which it enters in lat. 450 53' N., and Ion.
the head of navigation, and has considerable business. The  810 5' W., after a course estimated at 55 miles.
Cleveland and Toledo Railroad passes through the place,   FRENCH RIVER, of British North America, in Canada
and steamboats run frequently from this town to the ports  West, joins the estuary of the Abbitibbe and Moose Rivers,
on Lake Erie. It has a bridge across the river, and contains at the S.W. corner of James's Bay, (Hudson's Bay.) Let. 510
a court-house, 5 or 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 1 iron  8, N., Ion. 810 W.
foundry, and 1 woollen factory. This place is on the site of    FRENCH'S CORNER, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.
Fort Stephenson or Sandusky, gallantly defended by Colonel   FRENCH'S MILLS, a post-office of Bradford co., PennsylCroghan, August 2, 1813, against the British and Indian  vania.
forces. Pop. 1725.                                          FRENCHITOWN, a post-village of Alexandria township,
FREMONT, a post-village in the S. part of Shiawassee co., in Huntingdon co., New Jersey, is situated on the Delaware
Michigan.                                                 Iliver, 16 miles above Lambertville.  It has 3 churches, 2
FREMONT, a post-village and township in Steuben co., hotels, 5 stores, 1 grist mill, and 1 saw mill. The Belvidere
Indiana, about 160 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 539. and Delaware Railroad passes through it. Pop. about 800.
FREMONT, a township in Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 776.      FRENCHTOWN, a post-village of Bradford co., PennsylvaFREMONT, a township in Buchanan co., Missouri. P. 882. nia, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, about
FREMIONT, a post-village, capital of Cedar co., Missouri,  134 miles N. of HIlarrisburg.
near Sac River, 110 miles in a direct line W.S.W. of Jeffer-   FRENCHTOWN, a landing-place  and railroad station of
son City.                                                 Cecil co., Maryland, on Elk River, 1 mile S. of Elrkton, and
FREMONT, a thriving post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, 64 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. The railroad to Newcastle and
70 miles S.W. of Iowa City.                               Philadelphia connects here with the Baltimore steamboats.
PRESIONT, a post-office of Steuben co., Iowa.             FRENCHTOWN, a post-village in Lewis co., Virginia, 200
FlREMONT, a post-office of Brown co., Wisconsin.        miles W.N.W. of Richmond.
FREMONT, a village of Waupacca co., Wisconsin, onWolf   FRENCI-ITOWN, a township of Monroe co., Michigan
River, 11 miles S.W. of Mukwa, has 2 stores. Pop. about 100. Pop. 1242.
FREMONT, a post-village of Volo co., California, is situ-   FRENCH VILILAGE, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illiiated on the Sacramento River, in the E. part of Yolo county, nois, 7 or 8 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis, Missouri.
114




FRE                                                        FRI
FRENCH VILLAGE, a village of St. Francis co., Missouri, consists of the upper or French town, and the lower or
50 miles S.W. of St. Louis.                               German town on the brink of the river, here crossed
FRENCHIVILLE, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- by a stone bridge, 2 wooden bridges, and a fine iron
vania, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 14 miles suspension bridge, 905 feet in length, 28 in breadth, and
E.N.E. of Clearfield.                                     174 feet in elevation, completed in 1834. Fribourg has
FRENES, a town of France. See FRNESES.                  many quaint old houses, a cathedral with a spire 275 feet in
FRENEUSE; freh-naiz, or GRAND LAKE, a lake of New  elevation, a Jesuits' monastery, college, town-hall, diocesan
Brunswick, 9 miles E. of Fredericton, 9 miles long by 2 wide, school, museum, hospital, orphan asylum, work-house, priand in some places 40 fathoms deep.                       son, public baths, several libraries, and medical, natural hisFRENSIIHAM, a parish of England, cos. of IHants and  tory, and antiquarian societies; with manufactures of woolSurrey.                                                   len cloths, straw  hats, hardware, porcelain, and leather,
FRENTO. See FORTORo.                                    sugar-refineries, dye-houses, and a considerable annual
FRENZE, franz, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.     cattle market.
FRIESHIFORD, a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, co.,   FREYBURG, FREIBURG or FRIBOURG, a canton of
and 9 miles N.N.W. of Kilkenny. Pop. 2075. It has an an- Switzerland, bounded N. and E. by the canton of Bern.
cient church, formerly part of an abbey.                  Area, 565 square miles.  Pop. 99,805, mostly Roman CaFRESIIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       tholics. It is situated mostly in the basin of the Aar, and
FRESII POND, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.    partly in that of Thiele and Lake Neufchtel.  Surface
FRESIW MX/TER, a parish in the Isle of Wight, 1 miles hilly in the S. and E., where it is traversed by ramifica$,S.W. of Yarmouth. The cliffs of Freshwater Bay are per- tions of the Bernese Alps; culminating points, the Bent de
forated by remarkable caverns, and surmounted by a light-  Brenlaire, 7723 feet, Dent de Folligran, 7716 feet, and Mont
house.                                                    Moleson, 6583 feet. Principal rivers, the Sarine and the
FRESNAY, frA'nl, or FR]NAY-LE-VICOMTE, frA)nl- Broie. The greater part of Lake Morat is in this canton.
1bh-veekroNt1,atown of France, department of Sarthe, 16 miles Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people in the N.,
W.S.W. of Mamers, on the Sarthe. Pop. in 1852, 3371, em- and cattle-rearing in the S. districts. Corn is grown suffiployed in manufactures of table and other linens.         cient for home consumption, and dairy husbandry is more
FRESNAYE, LA l& fr4nict, a town of France, department advanced than in any other Swiss canton.  Timber and
of Sarthe, 8 miles N.W. of Mamers. Pop. in 1852, 1452.    peat are important products. The inhabitants are mostly
FRESNEDA or LA FRESNEDA, lI frls-nUDe, a town of  of Gallic descent, and French is the prevalent language in
Spain, in Aragon, 70 miles N.E. by E. of Teruel, and 15 miles  the towns.; but German is spoken in the N.E., and.oS.E. of Alcaliz. Pop. 1635.                               mansch in the S.  Chief towns, Freyburg, Romont, and
FRESNES or FRENES, frain, a town of France. depart-  Bulle.
menit of Omrne, 12 miles N. of Domfront. Pop. in 1852, 2108.    FREYCINET (frpse-nit') HARBOR, an inlet of Shark Bay,
FRESNES, a town of France, department of Nord, S. of in Western Australia. Lat. 260 20' S., Ion. 1140 E.
the Scheldt, 5l miles N. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 4913.   FREYCINET ISLAND, in the Pacific, in Dangerous ArFRESNES SUR APANCE, frain stiR Ap6Nss1, a town of  chipelago.  Lat. 770 55i S., lon. 1400 520 WV. Discovered by
France, department of Haute-Marne, 23 miles E.N.E. of  Duperry in 1823.
Langres. Pop. 1252.                                          FREYCINET'S PENINSIJLA, of Van Dieman's Land, on
FRESNILLO, frNs-neellyo, a decayed mining town of the  the WV. coast, forming, with Schouten's Island, the E. side
Mexican Confederation. 25 miles N.W. of Zacatecas. P. 80001  of Oyster Bay. Lat. 420 181 S., lon. 1480 20' E.
FRESNO-DE-LA-V EGA, fris1no-dA-li-vA/g,, a town  of    FI1EYENWALDE.  See FREIENWALDE.
Spain, 16 miles S. of Leon, near the Elsa. Pop. 2061.       FREY-OE, (Frey-5e.) fr'YSbgh, an island off the W. coast of
FRESNO-EL-VIEGO, fr~stno-6l-ve-Algo. a town of Spain, in  Norway, stift ofTrondhjem, immediately S. ofChristiansund.
Leon, 34 miles S.W. of Valladolid, between the rivulets of    FREYStBUSII, a post-village of Montgomery co., New
Lanzon and Menines. Pop. 1016.                            York, about 340 miles W. by S. of Albany.
FRESNOY-LE-GRAND, friAnw[t-leh-gr8eu, a village of   FREYSTADT, a town of Prussia. See FREISbADT.
France, department of Aisne, arrondissement of St. Quentin.   FREYSTADT or FREISTADT, fr'st tt, a town of Upper
Pop. in 1852, 4001.                                       Austria, on the railway between  Lintz and Budweis, 18 miles
FRESSE, friss, a village of France, department of Haute- N.N.E. of Lintz. Pop. 3000. It has 2 castles, a Piarist college,
SaSne, 8 miles N.E. of Lure. Pop. 2858.                   and a high school.
FRESSE, a village of France, department of Vosges, 12    FREYSTADT, a town of Austrian Silevia, circle, and 11
miles S.E. of Remiremont, near the Moselle. Pop. 1200.     miles N.W. of Teschen. Pop. 900.
FRES'SINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 4    FREYSTABTEL, (Freystiidtel,) fi-/stlt'tel, or FREYSZmiles S.S.E. of Harleston. Pop. 1456. Archbishop Sancroft  TAK, fir's'tARk, a market-town of Hungary, 15 miles N.W.
was born and died here.                                    of Neutra, on the Waga, opposite Leopoldstadt. Pop. 4660.
FRESITON or FRISITON, two parishes of England, co. of    FREYSTROPE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
Suffolk.                                                     FREYWALDAU, of Austrian Silesia. See FREIWALDAU.
FR]TAVAL, frita'v{ll, a town of France, department of    FREYWALDAU, frYIvl'd6w, a village of Prussian Silesia,
Loir-et-Cher, on the Loire, 9 miles N.E. of Vendome. Near 49 miles W.N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1020.
this the troops of Philip Augustus were totally defeated by    FRIIARS POINT, a post-village of Coahoma co., Mississipthe English in 1194.                                       pi, 150 miles N.N.W. of Jackson.
FRETHIERNE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.        FRIAS, free/ls, a small town of Spain, 35 miles N.N.E. of
FRETITENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        Burgos, near the Ebro. Pop. 1210. It gives the title of duks
FREUCHIE, frulKee. a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 2  to a distinguished family.
miles E. of Falkland. Pop. 713.                              FRIAUL, of Italy. See FuLom.
FREUDENBERG, froidgn-b~no,  a village of Germany, in    FRIBOURG, Switzerland. See FEsYBURG.
Baden, on the Main, 8 miles W.S.W. of Wertheim. P. 1718.   FRIBUSS, freeb66ss, FIRUBIS, (Friibis,) friifbis, or FRUFREUDENBERG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government, PAS, (Friipas,) friillp's, a town of Bohemia, circle of Elboand 39 miles S.S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 675.                 gen, in the Erzgebirge, 84 miles N.N.W. of Prague.
FREUDENBERG, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern-   FRICENTO, a town of Naples. See FeIocavo.
mentofTreves, circle, and 6 miles S.S.. of Saarburg. P.745.   FRICK, frik, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 8
FREUDENSTADT, froildgn-st~tt', a town of Southern Ger- miles N. of Aarau. Pop.. 1817.. The Frickthal, of which it
many, in Wiirtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Murg, is the capital, is a valley of about 100 square miles in extent,
40 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 4130. It has manufactures  with a population of 20,000, mostly Roman Catholics, and
of woollen cloths, white lead, and Prussian blue.          employed in cotton spinning, and trading in cattle, wine,
FREUDENTHAL, froilden-tUl, a walled town of Austrian  and timber.
Silesia, circle, and 20 miles W. of Troppau. Pop. 3608. It   FRICKENHAUSEN, frik.en-h6w'zen, a town of Bavaria,
has a large palace, a Piarist college, a high school, and ma- in Lower Franconia, on the Main, S.E. of WFirzburg. P. 1052.
nufactures of linen and woollen cloths.                      FRICKLEY, England. See CLAT'v0N-WrT-FeiCKLreY.
FREUDENTHAL, a village of Wtirtember,, circle of Nec-   FRICK'S GAP, a post-village of Walker co., Georgia, 200
kar, 4 miles W.N.W.ofBesigheim, with a royal castle. P. 833. miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
FREVENT, freh-vS8N, a town of France, department of    FRI/DAYTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of York, East
Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, 21 miles WV. of Arras. Pop. Riding.
in 1852, 3650. It has manufactures of linens and woollens.   FRIEDAU, freeld6w, or FRIDAUT, free/dow, a village and
FREWSYVILLE, a post-village of Chautauque co., New  lordship of Lower Austria, 6 miles S.W. of St. Polten. P. 700.
York, about 24 miles E.S.E. of Maysville.                    FRIEDBERG, freedlbeRe or freetfbh&R, a town of Bohemia,
FREYBERG, frlb6eo, (Moravian, PSrzibon, pzhee'bon,) a  27 miles W.S.W. of Budweis, on the Moldanu. Pop. 789.
town of Moravia, 42 miles E.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 3600. It   FRIEDBERG, freedlbhRe, a town of Styria, 39 miles N.E.
has a Piarist college and a gymnasium.                    of Gratz, on the Pinzau. Pop. 550.
FREYBURG, a city of Baden. See FREBURG.                   FRIEDBERG, a town of Austrian Silesia, 47 miles N.W.
FREYBURG, frib6iSea, FRIBOURG, free'booer, or FREI- of Troppau, at the confluence of the Schlippe and Setadorf.
BURG  IN  UECHTLAND, firb65ea   in iitfllhnt, a town  Pop. 931.
of Switzerland, capital of the canton of the same name,   FRIEDBERG, freedrbhle, a fortified town of Hesse-Darm.
on the Sarine, 17 miles S.W. of Bern.  Pop. 9065. It is  stafdt, on the Frankfort and Cassel Railway. 21 mniles N. of
highly picturesque, and enclosed by ancient walls; and  Frankfort. Pop. 2700
715




FRI                                                        FRI
FRIEDBERG, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Bavaria, lians, a bank, a flourishing academy, several stores, and
4 miles E.S.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 2000.                     about 700 inhabitants. The inhabitants are extensively enu.
FRIEDBERG el FRIEDEBERG, freeldeh-b6aRG, a town of  gaged in the timber trade. Pop. 1765.
Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 56 miles N.E. of Frank-    FRIENDSIIP, a post-village of Anne Arundel co., Maryfort, on the Peza. Pop. 4540. It is surrounded by lakes, land, 25 miles S. by of Annapolis.
enclosed by walls, and has woollen cloth factories and tan-   FRIENDSIIIP, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
neries.                                                      FRIENDSIIIP, a post-village of Guilford co., North CaroFRIEDEBERG, or FRIEDEBERG-AMI-QUEISS, freeldeh-  lina, 95 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.
bhWG'm kwiss, a town of Prussian Silesia, 46 miles W.S.W.   FRIENDSIIIP, a post-office of Sumter district, South Caof Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 2140.                     rolina.
FRIEDEBERG, OPBER, a town of Silesia, 19. miles S. of   FRIENDSHIP, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama.
Liegnitz.  Here, in 1745, the Austrians were defeated by    FRIENDSIIIP, a post-office of Franklin co., Mississippi.
Frederick II.                                                FRIENDSIIP, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.
FRIEDEBURG, freeldeh-b05RC,,   a village of Hanover, in    FRIENDSHIP, a post-office of Saline co., Arkansas.
East Friesland, 16 miles E.S.E. of Aurich.                   FRIENDSIIIP,. a post-office of Dyer co., Tennessee.
FRIEDECK, freefdrk, a town of Austrian Silesia, 14 miles    FRIENDSHIP, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio.
W.S.W. of Teschen, on the Ostrawitza. Pop. 3700. It has    FRIENDSHIP, a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois.
a large castle, a pilgrimage church, mineral baths, and ma-   FRIENDSHIP, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.
nufactures of linen cloths:                                  FRIENDS' SIAW'NEEE  LABOR SCHOOL, of Kansas, is
FRIEDENSBURG, freetdenz-bfsrg, a village of Schuylkill situated 3 miles W. of Kansas and about 2 miles from
co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles S.S.W. of Pottsville.          Westport, Missouri. It has 30 pupils, who are instructed in
FRIEDENSVILLE, freeldgnz-vill, a post-office of Lehigh  learning, agriculture, and domestic matters. and is supported
co., Pennsylvania.                                         by the three Yearly 5eetings which have it in charge, withFRIEDERSDORFfiree eders-dooRff,orFRIEDERSDORF-ASM-   out any aid from the Indians. The farm contains over 200
QUEISS, (dm kwiss,) a frontier village of Prussian Silesia, acres of land in fence, and its proceeds afford a surplus for
20 miles S.E. of Giirlitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1266.       sale. The Friends have been laboring among the Shawnees
FR1IEDERSDORF-AN-DER-LANDSKRONE,  free'ders- for fifty years, including the period before their removal.
doaf'-dn-d6rt-l nts/kro-neh, a village of Prussia, province of    FRIENDSITVILLE, a post-village of Susquehanna co., PennSilesia, W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 977.                        sylvania, 140 miles N.N.E. of IHIarrisburg.
FRIEDEWALD, freeldeh-v4lt', a market-town of Hesse-   FRIENDSVILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co., MaryCassel, province, and 24 miles N.N.E. of Fulda. Pop. 1545. land, about 40 miles W. of Cumberland.
FRIEDEWALDE, free/deh-Wv4Pdeh, a village of Prussian    FRIENDSVILLE, a village of Blount co., Tennessee, on a
Silesia, on the railway from Neisse to Brieg, about 45 miles small affluent of iolston River, 2 miles from the latter.
S.S.E. of Breslau.                                          FRIENDSVILLE, a post-village of Wabash co., Illinois, 8
FRIEDLAND, freedfland or freet/lint, a town of Germany, miles N. by W. of Mount Carmel.
in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 30 miles N.E. of New Strelitz. Pop.   FRIESACII, freefzAK, a town of Prussia, province of Bran4656. It has manufactures of various fabrics, and an active  denburg, 33 miles N.W. of Potsdam, with a station on the
trade in horses.                                           railway from Berlin to Hamburg. Pop. 2300.
FRIEDLAND, a town of Eastemn Prussia, government, and    FRIESACH, fiee/zAK, or FRISCHES WASSER, firishlts
27 miles S.E. of Kbnigsberg. Pop. 2478. IHere the Fre'ach de-  Qslser, (anc. YFrucnuni) a town of Austria, in Illyria, 23
feated the allied Russians and Prussians, 14th of June, 1807. miles N.N.E. of Rlagenfurth, on the Metnitz. Pop. 1273.
FRIEDLAND, a town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, N.of   FRIESENIEIM, freefzen-hIme', a village of Germany, in
the Lausnitz Mountains, 68 miles N.N.E. of Prague. Pop. Baden, 8 miles S.S.W. of Offenburg. Pop. 2034.
3497. It gave the title of duke to Wallenstein, whose castle    FRIESENIEIM, a village of Bavaria, Palatinate, on the
is in the immediate vicinity.                              Rhine, about 3 miles S.W. of {annheim.  The allied armies
FRIEDLAND, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, 46  crossed the Rhine here in 1814. Pop. 1200.
miles S.W. of Breslau, on the Steinau. Pop. 1343.            FRIESLAND, fireezfland,or VRIESLAND, freesellnt, (Fr.
FRIEDLAND, freedllint, a market-town of Moravia, on the  Frise, freez; L. Frisia,) a province of the Netherlands, on
Ostrawitza, 44 miles E. of Olniutz. Pop. 1905.            the N.E. side of the Zuyder Zee. Area, 1272 square miles.
FRIEDLAND, a market-town of Moravia, 22 miles N.N.E. Pop. in 1853, 259,508. The surface is flat, and, being below
of Olmutz, in a valley on a mountain slope. Pop. 754.      the level of the sea, its coasts are protected by dykes. Sluch
FRIEDLAND MARKISCII, freedll~nt maalkish, a town of of it consists of sandy heaths. Capital, Leeuwarden.Prussia, 20 miles-W.S.W. of Marienwerder. Pop. 2300.       Adj. FRIESIAN, fireezhyan, and Frissio, fieelzic; inhab.
FRIEDLAND, PRUSISIAN, a town of Prussia, 70 miles  FsIESLNDEoa or FRISIAiN,
W.S.W. of Bfarienwerder.  Pop. 1600.                         FRIESLAND, (EAST,) PeNCIrPALIsY OF, the N.W. porFRIEDRICHRODA, freedlrix-ro'dA, a town of Germany, tion of I-Hanover, forming, with Hlarlingerland, the district
duchy of Saxe-Gotha. 9 miles S.W. of Gotha. Pop. 2130.     of Aurich. See IHIsiovea.
FRIEDRICIISFELD, freedfriKs-fltx, is a station on the    FRIESOYTI-IE, freelzoi-teh, a town in the Grand Duchy
Mayn-Neckar Railway, in Baden, between IHeidelberg and  of. Oldenburg, on the Soeste, 18 miles W.S.W. of Oldenburg.;
Ladenburg.                                                 Pop. 1036.
FRIEDRICHSFELDE, freedfrins-f ldeh, a village of Prus-   FRIES/TIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
sia, province of Brandenburg, 21 miles N.E. of Potsdam.    PRIESITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Pop. 1000.                                                   FRIG/ATE  ISLE, an inhabited island of the Indian
FRIEDRICIISIIAFEN, freed/riKs-hl'fen, or BUCHIHORN, Ocean, the easternmost of the Seychelle group. Lat. 40 32'
bMSKlhonn, a town of Wiirtemberg, at the S. terminus of the  S., lon. 560 E.
Widrtemburg Railway, on Lake Constance. Pop. 1672.           FRIGENTO, fre-jin/to, or FRICENTO, fre-chinto, (anc.
FRIEDRICHSHAMN, freed/riKs-him, a town of Russia, Frequcen/tsose?) a town of Naples, province of Principato
in Finland, on a peninsula of the Gulf of Finland, 110 miles  Ultra, 17 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 3000. here are
W.N.W. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 1026.                      some ancient ruins.
FRIEDRICHISHULD, Prussia. See BILLERBEoe.                 FRIGILIANA, fre-He-le-/lnI, a town of Spain, 27 miles E.
FRIEDRICHSRUH, freed/rias-roox, a village of Germany,  of Malaga, near the Mediterranean.  Pop, 2596.
in Holstein, on the Berlin and Hamburg Railway, 18 miles    FRIGNANO,  freen-y/no, (MAGGIORe, mdd-jolra, and
S.E. of Hamburg.                                           MuINeRE, me-nolrd.) two contiguous villages of Naples, proFRIEDRICISSTADT. SeeFrEDErtrK-s      ADr.               vince of Terra di Lavero, 10 and 11 miles S.W. of Caserta.
FRIEDRICIISTRAL, freedfriKs-tl'1, a town of Prussian  United pop. 2356.
Silesia, 15 miles N. of Oppeln. Pop. 1058.                   FRILSI/HAS, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
FRIEDRICKSHALL, Norway. See FasnDERICKSnALD.               PRIMILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey.
FRIE NDIFIELD, a post-office of Mlarion district, South    FRINCO, frin/ko, a village of the Sardinian  States,
Carolina.                                                  division of Alessandria, 7 miles N. of Asti, on the Versa.
FRIENDLY, frlndlee, (or TONGA, ton/ga,) ISLANDS, a  Pop. 1080.
collection of upwards of 150 islands in the Pacific Ocean,   FRINDS/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
composing the TONGA and FEEJEE  groups, (which see,) be-    FRING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
tween lat. 130 and 250 S., and ion. 1720 W. and 1770 E.   FRINCG/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Principal islands, Tacanova, Ambow, and Tongataboo. They    FRIN'GYBAZAR/, a town of British India, presidency'of
were discovered by Tasman in 1643, but received their col- Bengal, 16 miles S.E. of Dacca, on a river uniting the Ganges
leetive name from Cook. See POLYNESIA.                     and Miegna.
FRIENDS, a post-office of Chautauque co., New York.        FRIN/STED, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
FRIENDS' GROVE, a post-village of Charlotte co., Virginia,   FRINITON, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 12 miles
104 miles S.W. of Richmond.                                S.E. of Ianningtree. A great part of the parish has been
FRIENDISHIP, a post-township of Lincoln co., lMaine, 35  swept away by the sea.
miles S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 691.                            FRI0, CAPE, a promontory of Brazil. See CAPE FaeRIo.
FRIENDSIIIP, a post-village and townshiip of Alleghany    FRIOCKHEIM, free/ok-heem', a village of Scotland, co. of
co., New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad. 383  Forfar, 6' miles N.W. by N. of Arbroath.  Pop. 1104,
miles from New York City. The village contains churches    FRISANCO, fie-snl/ko, a town of Austrian Italy, govern,
for the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Episcopa- ment of Venice, near Friuli. Pop. 2200.
716




FRI                                                        FRO
FRISIBIE'S MILLS, a post-office of Warwick co., Indiana. 25 boys are clothed and educated, and a charity school for
FRISBY-ON-TIHE-WREAK, a parish of England, co. of  20 girls. There is a flourishing savings-bank in the town;
Leicester.                                                 and a literary association was formed in 1844, which met
FRISCHAU, frishl5w, a village of Austria, in Moravia, 20  with immediate success. Frome has been long celebrated
miles E. of Znaim. Pop. 705.                               for the manufacture of woollen cloths, particularly broadFRISCIAU  or FRISSAWA, fris-sfva, a village of Aus-  cloths and cassimeres.  Silk, livery cloths, carriage-linings,
trian Moravia, 30 miles from Gross-Meseritsch. Pop. 767.   and hats, are also manufactured to a considerable extent.
FRISCIE-HAFF, frishleh haf, ("Freshwater Bay or La-  The river Frome is crossed at the town by a neat stone
goon.") an extensive lagoon of Eastern Prussia, between lat. bridge of five.arches. The environs are beautiful, and are
540 15' and 540 45' N., ion. 190 151 and 200 25' E., separated  adorned bynumerous handsome mansions and villas. Frome
from the Baltic by the Frische-Nehrung, a tongue of land 38  returns a nember to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1851,
miles in length, by 1 mile in breadth, and at the N.E. extre- 10,148.
mity of which it communicates with the Baltic by a channel   FROME, BISHOP'S, a parish of England. See BisroP'smile across. Length of the Hlaff from S.W. to N.E., 57  FROME.
miles; average breadth, 5 miles. Depth in no place more    FROME, LOWER, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, an
than 12 feet. It receives the Pregel and Passarge Rivers, affluent of the Avon.
and two arms of the Vistula at its delta. The towns of    FROME, UPPER, a river of England, co. of Gloucester,
Pillau, Fischhausen, and Brandenburg, are on its shores.    an affluent of the Severn.
FRISKINEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            FROMISTA, fro-meesstd, an old and decayed town of Spain,
FRISITON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            province, and 20 miles N. of Palencia, near the Canal of
FRITHIELSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        Castile. Pop. 1029. It has brandy distilleries.
FRITHIVILLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          FRONSAC, fr6aG's&kl, a town of France, department of
FRITITENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           Gironde, on the Dordogne, opposite Libourne. Pop. 1529.
FRITITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             FRONT, fr6aN, (L. Prons,) a village of the Sardinian
FRITTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            States, about 10 miles S. of Turin, on the Amalone. P. 1304.
FRITIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.             FRONTEIRA, fron-tde-ri, a town of Portugal, province
FRITZLAR, fritsflaa, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel,  of Aleimtejo, 12 miles E. of Avia. Pop. 2480. The ~Portu16 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 3049. It has an Ursuline con- guese defeated the Spaniards here in 1663.
vent.                                                        FRONTENAC, fron'te-nakl, (Fr. pron. fr6rNGtph-nnk1,) a co
FRIULI, fre-oollee, (It. pron. freeloo-le; Ger. lriaun, of Canada West, bordering upon Lake Ontario, near its out
f-ee'6wl; anc. Foeru-m  Juolli,) an old province of Northern  let, and extending to lat. 45 N. It is intersected by two
Italy, formerly divided between the empire of Austria. nd  proposed railways, and interspersed by numerous small
the Venetian territory, now forming the circle of Goritz, lakes and rivers. The Rideau Canal connects Kingston. in
part of Triest, and the delegation of Friuli, (capital, Udine,) this co., with Bytown.  Capital, Kingston.  Area, 1342
in Lombardy.                                               square miles. Pop. 30,735.
FRIZIELBUSRG, a post-office of Carrol co., Maryland.       FRONTENAY, fi(NxGteh-nf, a village of France, departFROBIISI-IER STRAIT, in British North America, between  ment of Deux-Sfv-es, arrondissement of Niort. It was once
Hudson's Strait and Northumberland Inlet, leading from  a fortified town, but was taken and dismantled by Louis
the ocean W., and separating the districts of Metaincog and  VIII., in the thirteenth century. Pop. 1482.
Nita. Length, 240 miles; medium breadth, 30 miles. Its    FRONTENHAUSEN, fronftfn-hlwazen, a market-town of
shores, on both sides, are rugged and mountainous. It was Bavaria, on the Vils, 52 miles N.E. of Munich. Pop. 1007.
discovered, in 1576, by Sir Martin Frobisher.                FRONTERA DE TABASCO, LA, 15 fron-tird dA tA-bis/ko,
FROCESTER, frosfter, a parish of England, co. Gloucester. a town of the Mexican Confederation, department, and on
FRODESLEY, frodzllee, a parish of England, co. of Salop. the Tabasco, about 3 miles firom its mouth in the Caribbean
FRODIINGHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       Sea, 70 miles N.N.E. of San Juan Bautista, (Villa Hermosa,)
FRODINGHAIM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of of which it is the port.,It has some stone dwellings, but its
York, East Riding.                                         houses are mostly of mud and bamboo. The principal
FRODISHAM, a market-town and parish of England, on  building is the custom-house. About 1 mile distant is a
the Mersey and Weever Rivers, co., and 11 miles N.E. of  fort on the river. It exports logwood, cocoa, timber, dyeChester. Pop. in 1851, 6382, chiefly employed in salt-works  woods, and drugs.
and cotton manufactures. The town has a fine old church,   FRONTIER/, a post-office of Clinton co., New York.
a grammar school, and a graving-dock for building vessels.    FRONTIGNAN, fr(NGsteen'yANGc, a town of France, deFRODSIIAM, a lordship in the above parish, 11 miles partment of Hfrault, on the lagoon of Maguelonne, 12
N.N.E. ofChester. Pop. 1022.                               miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 1966.
FROEN, (Freen,) frtlen, an island of Norway, off its W.   FRONTON, fr6NG't.Ntcl, a village of France, department of
coast. Lat. 610 47' N.                                     Haute-Garonne, 16 miles N. of Toulouse. Pop. 2225.
FROEN, (Frilen,) a village and parish of Norway, 115 miles   FRONTON. fron-tin/, a village of Cameron co., Texas, on
N.W. of Christiania, on the Lougan. Pop. of parish, 4800. Point Isabel and on the Laguna del Madre, a few miles firom
FROG LEVEL, a village of Newberry district, South Carm- the Gulf of Mexico, and about 30 miles E.N.E. of Brownsville.
lina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 40 miles    FRONT ROYIAL, a flourishing post-village, capital of
from Columbia. The name of the post-office is changed to  Wsarren co., Virginia, 140 miles N.N.W. of Richmond, and
PROSPERITY.                                                1 mile E. of Shenandoah River. It is pleasantly situated
FROGITOWN, a district inLumpkin co., Georgia. Pop. 575. in a valley between the river and the Blue Ridge. The railFROHBURG, frolbnRG, a town of Saxony, 21 miles S.S.E. road from Alexandria to Strasburg passes through this viiof Leipsic. Pop. 2523.                                     lage, and a plank-road 20 miles long connects it swith WinFRO0INA,a village in the S.E. part of Perry co., Missouri, chester. The water-power of the river has been imnroved
about 5 miles from the Mississippi River.                 by the erection of numerous flouiing-mills. Pop. about 500.
FROHNLEITEN, fr~n/li'ten, a village and railway station    FROM100 E ST. QUENITIN, a parish of England, co. Doiset.
of Styria, 14 miles N. of Griita.                            FROOME VAUICIIURCH, a parish of England, co. iDorset.
FROHSDORF, frjsfdoaf, a village of Lower Austria, on    FROSIN0ONE, fro-se-no/nA, (auc. erusino,) a town of Italy,
the Leitha, -near Wiener-Neustadt, with a castle, the rese- in the Pontifical States, on the Cosa, an affluent of the Sacco,
deuce of the Duke do Bordeaux and the Duchess d'Angou-  near the Neapolitan frontier, and 48 miles E.S.E. of Rome.
1Ime in 1849.                                              Pop. 7660. Its vicinity is notorious for brigandage, to reFROISE, frolseh, a village of Prussian Saxony, govern- press which it has a special tribunal. It is a bishop's see,
ment, and 6 milesS.S.E. of Mlagdeburg, ontheElbe. Pop. 932. has some antiquities, and is the seat of a large annual fair.
FROME, a river of England, co. of Dorset, flows past   FROSINONE, a delegation of the Papal States, composed
Frampton and Dorchester, into Poole Bay.                   ofa small isolated portion called Ponte Corvo, enclosed within
FROME, a river of England, an affluent of the Lugg, co. the Neapolitan province of Terra di Lavoro, and of Frosiof Hereford.                                               none Proper, bounded S.V. and S. by the Mediterranean.
FROME, a river of England, co. of Somerset, which after a  Area, about 800 English square miles. The S.W. portion of
N. course of 20 miles, flows into the Avon.                the delegation is occupied by the Pontino Miarshes. P. 148,378.
FROME, or FROME SEL/WOOD, a parliamentary borough,   FPROSOLONE, fro-so-lo/nS, a village of Naples, province of
town, and parish of England, co. of Somerset, 19 miles S.E. Molise, 11 miles E. of Isernia. Pop. 4200.
of Bristol, is pleasantly situated on the E. and N.E. declivity    FROSSASCO, firos-s&sl/ko, a village of the Sasdinian States,
of a hill, at the base of which flows.the river Frome. Great 4 miles N. of Pinerolo, on the Noso. Pop. 1398.
improvements have taken place of late years, both as regards   FROSSAY, fros'slta, a village of France, department of
the widening of the streets and the construction of the  Loire-Infi6rieure, on the Loire, 18 miles W. of N-antes. P. 2820.
houses. The town is now lighted with gas and supplied    FROST, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia.
with water. There are 3 parish churches in Frome, besides   FROST/BURG, a post-village of A-leghany co., Maryland,
places of worship for Baptists, Independents, Wesleyans, on the Cumberland Itoad, 10 miles W. of Cumberland. A
Primitive Mlethodists, Presbyterians, and the Society of large quantity of stone coal is procured in the vicinity.
Friends. The schools and'charities are one British, one    FROS/TENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
National, four Dissenters' schools, and one attached to each    FROST VILLAGE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
of the three churches, besides A number of respectable pri- Shefford, 40 miles N.W. of Stanstead, and 62 miles from
vate schools. There are also a blue-coat school, in which  Montreal.
717




FRO                                                       FUE
FROTTSTEDT, frottfsttt, a village  of Germany, Saxe-   FUEGO, VOLCANO DE, vol-kilno dA fwA1go,(f oo-igo,) i. e.
Gotha, on the Thuringian Railway, 90 miles WV. S.W. of  "fire-volcano," amountainofCentral America, stateofGunateHalle. A railway 4miles long, connects it with Waltershausen. mala, 20 miles W. of the Volcano d'Agua, (" water volcano.")
FROUARD, froo-asr, a village of France, department of Violent eruptions frequently take place, and smoke is comMeurthe, on the Paris and Strasbourg Railway, 5 miles N.W. monly seen issuing from one of its peaks.
of Nancy.                                                   FUENCALIENTE, fw6n'kA-le-6nltA or foo-en'k-le nltA, a
ROW/LESWORTI, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. town of Spain, province, and 45 miles S.S.W. of Ciulad-Real.
FROXIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.         Pop. 2105.
FROXIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. It has   FUEN-CHOO, FUEN-TCHOU, or FUEN. CH00-F00, fwun'an endowed hospital for 50 widows, (30 being those of clergy- choo'foof, a considerable town of China, province of Shansee,~
men,) founded by the Duchess of Somerset in 1686.         on the right bank of the Fuen-Ho, 50 miles S.W. of Taiyuan
FROYEN or FROJEN, frofyln, an isladcd of Norway, off   FUENGIROLA, fwin'He-rolIA, a town of Spain, 20 miles
its W. coast, stift, and 52 miles W.N.W. of Trondhijem, sepa- S.WV. of Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 1182.
rated from Hitteren. Island by Froy-fiord. Lat. 630 40' N.,   FUEN-HO, fwvn'hot, a river of China, province of Shansee,
Ion. 80 40' E. Length from  E. to W., 20 miles; greatest joins the Hoang-Ho in lat. 350 30' N., ion. 1100 281 E., after
breadth, 8 miles.                                          a course mostly S., and supposed to be navigable for 300
F'ROYLE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.              miles. The cities of Tai-yuan, Fuen-choo, Piu-yang, and
FRO!ZEN CREEK, a post-office of Breathitt co., Kentucky. Kiang, are on its banks.
FROIZEN STRAIT, in British North America, is between    FUEN-LABRADA, fwivnlq-brr DA, a village of Spain, in
Southampton Island and Melville Peninsula. Lat. 660 N., New Castile, 9 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 2027.
ion. 850 W. Average breadth, 15 miles.                       FUEN-LABRADA-DE-LOS-MONTES-fwPn'l-br&DA-dA-loceFRUBIS, a town of Bohemia. See Farnuss.                  monltis, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 100 miles E. of
FRUGAROLO, froo-g~-roflo, a village of Italy, in Pied- Badajos.  Pop. 1029.
mont, on the Turin and Genoa Railway, 4 miles S.S.E. of    FUEN-MAYOR, fw~n'mAt-ytR, a town of Spain, province,
Alessandria.                                               and 6 miles W. of LogroNo, near the Ebro. Pop. 2037.
FRUGES, friizh, a town of France, department of Pas-de-    FUENSALIDA, fwhn's?-lee/DJ', a town of Spain, province
Calais, 32 miles W.N.W. of Arras. Pop. 1852, 3052  It has  and 16 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2739.
manufactures of woollens and hosiery.                        FUENSANTA, fwkn'sen/tt, a town of Spain, province
FRUIT, a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois.            and 58 miles S. of Cuenca. Pop. 1831.
FRUIT HILL, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.    FUEN-TCHOU, a town of China. See Fur _-ci0oo.
FRUIT HILL, post-office, E.dgefield district, South Carolina.   FUENTE-ALAMO, fwinltA-,/l-mo, a town of Spain, 18
FRUIT HILL, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky, 190  miles S. of Murcia. Pop. 6250.
miles S.W. of Frankfort.                                     FUENTE-ALBILDA, fwtn1tAt-l-beeldA, a village of Spain,
FRUIT HILL, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana           in Valencia, 24 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1117.
FRUPAS, a town of Bohemia. See FamBusS.                    FUENTE-CANTOS, fw6nftt-klnttoce, a town of Spain, 48
FRUSINO. See FaosiNoNE.                                  miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5190.
FRUTIGEN, froolting-en, a flourishing village of Switzer-   FUENTE-DEL-ARCO, fwtnftt-dtl-4Ailko, i town of Spain,
land, canton, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 1000.      in Estremadura. 80 miles from  Badajos, on the N. slope
FRYIBURG, a village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, about -of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 1100.
10 miles S.S.E. of Allentown.                                FUENTE-DEL-FRESNO, fwmn/tA-d6l-frtsfno, a town of
F YBURG, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.     Spain, in La l Mancha, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ciudad-Rodrigo.
FRYBURG, a small post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio.     Pop. 2315.
FRYEBURG, fri'btirg, a post-village of Oxford co., Mlaine,    FUENTE-DEL-JIAESTRE,fw6nlti-d[l-mi-Ssttrt, a town of
on the left bank of Saco River. 58 miles W.S.W. of Augusta. Spain, 30 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 6106.
It is built principally on one b~road street, finely shaded, and    FUENTE-DE-PEDRO-NARRO, fwvn/tA-dA-poDr-o-nas/rYo, a
contains a church, a hotel, and a flourishing academy. A  town of Spain, in New Castile, 50 miles W.S.W. of Cuenca.
south-eastern branch of the White Mountain range termi-  Pop. 1260.
nates at this village, rendering the scenery highly pictu-    FUENTE-EL-SAUCO, iwt8n/tA-l-stwfko, a town of Spain,
resque. Daniel Webster was for some time a teacher in the  48 miles S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 2599.
academy at this place. Pop. of the township, 1523.           FUENTE-ENCARROS, fw8n/tA-8n-k9r/Roce, a town  of
FRYERNING., a parish of England, co. of Essex.           Spain, in Valencia, 55 miles from Alicante. Pop. 1475.
FRYIER'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.       FUENTE-G UINALDO, fwmn/tA-ghe-nl/do,  a  town  of
FRYER'S PONDS, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia.      Spain, in Old Castile, 17 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad-Rodrigo.
FRYKEN, fritt/ken, a lake, or rather chain of lakes, in  Pop. 1283.
Sweden, N. of Carlstad. It stretches from N. to S. about   FUENTE-HERIDOS, fwQn/tt-,A-reeoDoce,   a town of Spain,
40 miles, and seldom exceeding a mile in width, has the  in Andalusia, 64 miles N.W. of Seville, in a mountainous
appearance of a broad river. It discharges itself into Lake  district. Pop. 1229.
Wener by the Nors. Fryksdal, the name of the valley in    PUENTE-LA-HIGUERA, fwin/tA-lI-e-g~frA, a town of
which it lies, contains some of the finest scenery of Sweden, Spain, province of Valencia, 43 miles N.W. of Alicante.
and is sometimes called Swedish Switzerland.               Pop. 2626.
FRY/STONE, FER/RY, a parish of England, co. of York,   FUENTE-LA-PEgA, fwln/tA-lf-plnyA, a town of Spain,
West Riding.                                               29 miles S.W. of Zamora. Pop. 1576.
FRYSTONE, MONK, a parish of England, co. of York,   FUENTE-OVEJUNA, fwrnltA-o-vA-noo'nA, (anc. ellaira,?)
West Riding.                                               written also'FUENTE-ABEJUNA, fwrn/tA-A-Bs-oRoo  /nA, and
FUBINE, foo-bee/nA, a village of Piedmont, 9 miles W.N.W. FUENTE-OBEJUNA, fw8n/tA-o-vA/noo/nA, a town of Spain,
of Alessandria. Pop. 2234.                                 36 miles N.W. of Cordova. Pop. 4660. It has manufactures
FU/CA, or JU/AN DE FUICA, (Sp. prou. noo-An/ dA foo/kl,) of woollens and leather.
a strait of North America, in Oregon Territory, leading from  FUENTE-PALMERA, fwnn/tA-p9l-mdrA, a town of Spain,
the Pacific into the Gulf of Georgia, S. of Vancouver Island, in Andalusia, 25 miles S.WV. of Cordova, in a plain. P. 1556.
and forming a part of the British and United States bound-    FUENTEPELAGO,  fwln-t[-p61/ -go,  a town of Spain, 16
ary line. Lat. of entrance 480 10' N., ion. 1240 W.        miles N. of Segovia. Pop. 1352. It manufactures linen.
FUCECCHIO, foo-chlk/ke-o, a town of Tuscany, on the    FUENTERRABIA, in Spain. See FONTARABIA.
Arno, 23 miles W. of Florence. Pop. 5233.                    FUENTES-DE-ANDALUCIA, fw8n/t~s-d-An-da-looe-thee'A,
FUCECCHIO, a lake of Tuscany, province of Pisa, is about a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 32 miles E.N.E. of Seville.
7 miles long, by 3 miles average breadth, and flows by a  Pop. 5915.
small stream S.W. to the Arno.                               FUENTES-DE-DON-BERMUDA, fwvnftls-dA-don-bpl-moo/FUCINO, LAGO liAgo foo-chee/no, or CELANO, chit-l&/no, uDR, a town of Spain, 12 miles W.N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 3065.
(anc. _Fuci/zus La/cus,) a lake of Naples, province of    FUENTES-DE-EBRO, fwnltls-dA-A/bro, a town of Spain,
Abruzzo Ultra II., about 11 miles long, 5 miles broad, and  in Aragon, 20 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa, on the Ebro. P. 1446.
35 miles in circuit. It lies 2181 feet above sea-level,   FUENTES-DE-LA-CAMiPANA, fw6nltls-dA-lS-kAm-p tn,
enclosed on the N.E., E., and S.E., by the Apennines, S. a town ofSpain, 27 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 8672.
by Mount Salviano, and WV. by the Roman sub-Apennines,   FUENTES-DE-LEON, fwvn/tls-d.A-h-6n1, a town of Spain,
and is open only on the S.W., leaving the country in that direc- in Estremadura, 50 miles S. of Badajos, on the borders of
tion exposed to its inundations. A remedy was attempted  Seville. Pop. 2920.
by the Emperor Claudius, who caused an aqueduct to be    FUENTES-DE-ONORE, fw~n'tts-dA-o-no/rA, a town of
constructed across Salviano, for the purpose of discharging  Spain, province of Salamanca, 16 miles S.W. of Ciudad
the surplus waters of the lake into the Garigliano. Of this Rodrigo, and, in 1811, the scene of various engagements
vast work, on which 30,000 slaves are said to have labored  between the English and French troops.
11 years, there are only a few remains. The lake is generally    FUERITE, fw~S/tA, a small island off the N.W. coast of
believed to be the crater of an extinct volcano.          South America, New Granada, in the Caribbean Sea, 86
FUEGOS, fwAlgoce, foo-A/goce, (i. e. fires,") one of the  miles S.S.W. of Cartagena.
Philippine Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, 30 miles N. of    FUERTE, RIO DE, ree'o dA fwMnRtA, a river of Mexican
Mindanao. Lat. 90 N., lon. 1230 301 E. Length, 20 miles, Confederacy, in Cinaloa. enters the Gulf of California, lat,
by 6 miles in breadth. It is so named from having in its  260 50' N.. ion. 1090 10 WA., after a W. course of about 180
centre a volcanic peak.                                   miles. See VILLA DEL FUER'TE.
718




FUE                                                         FUL
FUERTE, EL. SeeVILLA DEL FuF.ITE,                           FUL-SEE, (Fill-See,) fiil-si or fiil-za, a lake of Denmark,
FUERTE DE SAN JOSE, fw~rlt& dJ srn nO-SW, a town  on the W. coast of Jutland, bailiwick of Ribe.  It is nearly
of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 95 miles N.E. of  rectangular, with exception of a small narrow expanse in the
Tucuman.                                                    SE., where a small stream furnishes its principal supply of
FUERTEVENTURA, fw6rftA-vyn-tootrAt, or FORTEVEN- water. It is about 30 miles in circuit, and area 8 geogra.
TURA, foal/t-vln-toofrA, one of the Canary Islands, in the  phical square miles. Its greatest depth is about 22 feet.
E. part of the Archipelago, separated from Lanzarote, on    FULISTOW, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
the N. by the canal of Bocayna. Let. of its N.W. point 280    FULTA, fohltA, written also FOULTA, (anc.'Phalata, "fer.
42' N., ion. 140 1' W. Area, 758 square miles. Pop. 11,860. tility,") a considerable village of British India, presidency
It is less mountainous than the other Canary Islands. Sur- of Bengal, 20 miles S.S.W. of Calcutta, on the E. bank of the
face deficient in streams, but has some tracts of great fer- Hioogly, which here affords a safe anchorage.
tility. The capital is Betancuria, with a pop. of 900; Cabras    FULTON, fdhhlton, a county in the E.N.E. part of New
on the E. coast, with the principal harbor, has a population  York, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is bounded
of 2200, and is rapidly extending. See CANARIES.            on the W. by East Canada Creek, and is drained principally
FUERTY, fu-erftee, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, by it and Sacandaga River, with their tributaries, which
co. of Roscommon.                                           afford valuable water-power.  The surface is hilly and unPUGA, foolgA, an island of the Malay Archipelago, Ba- even, and in some parts mountainous. The soil is generally
buyanes, 25 miles N. of Luzon, and about 35 miles in circuit. fertile. The railroad connecting Albany with Utica passes
Let. 190 N., ion. 1210 20' E.                               through the S.W. corner of this county. Organized in 1838,
FUGELOE, (Fugelbe,) foogh~hqli'h, an island of Norway,  having previously formed part of Montgomery county, and
Pinmark, in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 790 181 N., ion. 200 40' E. named in honor of Robert Fulton, who first successfully apFUGEN, (fiigen,) fiifhen, a village of Austria, Tyrol, in a  plied steam to the propulsion of boats in America. Capital,
beautiful and fertile plain, on the Zillerbach, at the foot of  Johnstown. Pop. 20,171.
the Hartberg, 25 miles E. of Innspruck. Pop. 814.             FULTON, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, borFUGIGLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 1 mile  dering on Maryland, has an area of about 380 square miles.
N. of Wilton. It has 2 endowed hospitals for aged persons. It is traversed by Conoloway and Licking Creeks, affluents
FUIINEN, an island in the Baltic. See FUNEN.             of the Potomac. The surface is mountainous. Cove MounFULAILEE, foo-li-leel, or FULLALEE, fil-l1-leef, a river  tain forms the E. boundary, and Sideling Iill traverses the
of Sinde, forming the E. arm of the Indus at the delta. It  W. part. The valleys havc some fertile land. and the highleaves the Indus about 12 miles N. of Hyderabad, which  lands are covered with timber. A large part of the county
city it insulates, by sending off a branch to rejoin the main  is unsettled. It is intersected by a turnpike from Chambersstream 15 miles below. Thence it is called GOONEE.          burg to Bedford.  It was formed a few years ago out of the E.
FULANGA, foo-linlg/g, one of the Feejee Islands, in the  part Bedford county. Capital, McConnellsburg.  Pop. 7567.
Pacific Ocean. It is surrounded by a coral reef.              FULTON, a county of Arkansas, situated in the N. part of
FULIBECK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            state, bordering on Missouri, contains 860 square miles. It
FULIBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.        is drained by White River, and the Big North Fork of that
FULIBROKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           river.  The surface is hilly or undulating, and the soil
FULBR00OK, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            mostly fertile, especially along the streams.  Capital, Salem.
FULDA, f0i1/dd, a river of Germany, joins the Werra to  Pop. 1819, of whom 1769 were free, and 50 slaves.
form the Weser, after a course of 90 miles.                   FULTON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of KenFULDA, familiarly called PULD, fi51d or f6i1t, a walled  tucky, bordering on the Mississippi River, and on the State
town of Germany, Hesse-Cassel, on the Fulda, 54 miles S.E. of Tennessee, has an area estimated at 200 square miles.
of Cassel. Pop. 9570.  It has a fine cathedral, bishop's  The surface is diversified; the soil is mostly fertile. Formed
palace, Franciscan and Benedictine monasteries, numerous  in 1845, out of part of Hickman county. Capital, Hickman.
hospitals, asylums, an arsenal, prison, and  workhouse.  Pop. 4446, of whom 3503 were free, and 943 slaves.
Most of its inhabitants are Roman Catholics, over whom,   FULTON, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, bordering
the Roman Catholic Bishop of Fulda has supreme eccle-  on Michigan, contains 337 square miles. It is drained by
siastical jurisdiction. Public institutions comprise a Ro- Tiffin's River, an affluent of the Maumee. The surface is
man Catholic seminary, Protestant gymnasium, lyceum,with  nearly level, and the soil fertile. Formed a few years ago
a public library, school of industry, orphan asylum, &c. by a division of Lucas county. Capital, Dover. Pop. 7781.
Manufactures linen and woollen fabrics, tobacco, and leather.   FULTON county, situated in the N. part of Indiana, conFULIDAH,, a post-village of Spencer co., Indiana, 10 miles  tains 366 square miles. It is drained by the Tippecanoe
from the Ohio River.                                       River.  The surface is nearly level, and is diversified by'
FULEK, foo'l1k/, a village of Hungalry, district of Little  forests, prairies, and oak openings. The soil is mostly producCumania, 48 miles S.E. of Pesth.  Pop. 2600.                tive. It abounds in iron-ore, and is liberally supplied with
PULE, NAGY, (Nagy-Fiile,) nhdj-fiillA', a village of Hun- water-power. Organized in 1836. Capital, Rochester. Pop.
gary, Thither Danube, co. of Stuhlweissenburg, near Vesz-  5982.
prim. Pop. 1300.                                              FULTON, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area
FULlPORD, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, of 870 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Illi2 miles S. of York.  Principal edifices, barracks, and a  nois River, intersected by Spoon River, which divides it
Friends' lunatic asylum, termed "the Retreat."              into nearly equal parts, and also drained by Otter, PutFULGINIUM or FULGINIA.  See FOLIcGNO.                     nam's, and Copperas Creeks. The surface is undulating
PULIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on the  and diversified by beautiful prairies and forests, which in a
Thames, 5. miles S.W. of St. Paul's, London. It is mostly  state of nature were of nearly equal extent. The soil is exlaid out in rich market gardens; has some handsome man- ceedingly fertile, and well cultivated. Rich mines of stone
sions, with alms-houses, schools, and other charities. The  coal have been opened in the county.  The Spoon River
palace of Fulham, a residence of the Bishops of London  furnishes motive-power for numerous mills. The banks of
since the reign of IHenry VII., is a large and commodious  the rivers and creeks are well tinmbered.  The Illinois River
brick quadrangle, surrounded by beautiful grounds, and en- affords great facilities for exporting produce; and the Peoria.
circled by a moat communicating with the Thames. Pop. 9319. and Oquawka Railroad passes along or near the northern
FULIGNO, a town of Italy.  See PoLGNO.                    border of the county.  Capital, Lewistown.  Pop. 22,508.
FULILER'S POINT, a post-village of Cole co., Illinois, 70    FULTON, a post-village and township of Oswego co., New
miles E. by S. of Springfield.                              York, on the Oswego River, 24 miles N.W. of Syracuse. The
FULLERSVILLE or FULLERVILLE IRON WORKS, a  village is situated on the Oswego Canal, on the right (E.)
post-village of St. Lawrence co., New York, on a tributary of  bank of the river, where it has a fill of about 20 fibet. prothe Oswegatchie, 3 miles E.S.E. of Little Yorlk, and 28 miles  ducing a fine water-power, and on the other side of the
S.S.W. of Canton. It contains a grist mill, and extensive  stream  passes the Oswego and Syracuse Railroad. It has
manufactories of iron, one of which for making malleable  churches of 4 or 5 denominations, a bank, an academy, and
iron is capable of producing 1200 pounds per day.           numerous mills. One newspaper is published here. Pop.
FULILETBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           of the township, 2344: of the village, about 2000.
FULLSTEIN, (Ftiillsteiu,) fiillfstine, a village of Austrian    FULTON, a township in the central part of Schoharie co.,
Silesia, 15 miles from Jiierndorf.  Pop. 766.               New York. Pop. 2566.
FULL-SUTITON, parish of England, co. York, East Riding.   FULTON, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
FULLWOOD'S STORE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co.,   FULTON, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania.
North Carolina.                                               FULTON, a post-village in Davie co., North Carolina, on
FULfMER, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.              Yadkiin River, 110 miles P.N.W.  of Raleigh.
PFULIMODESON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          FULTON, a post-village in Sumter district, South CareFULINECK, a village ofEngland, co. of York, West Riding,  line, 40 miles S.E. of Columbia.
6 miles S.W. of Leeds. The inhabitants are mostly More-    FULTON, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia.
vians, who settled here in 1723, and have a large boys' and    F'ULTON, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama.
girls' school, a chapel, and a species of convent for single    FULTON, a post-village, capital of Itawamba co., Missesbrethren and sisters.                                       sippi, on the Tombigbee River, at the head of navigation,
FULNECK, PULNEK, f5llnlk, or PULNIK, f55lunik, a  210 miles N.N.E. of Jackson.  Small steamboats ascend to
town of Moravia, 26 miles N.E. of Prerau.  Pop. 3500. It this place in high water. Pop. firom 300 to 400.
has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics.                FULTON, a post-village of Hempstead co., Arkansas, or
719




FUL                                                        FUR
Red River, 140 miles S.W. of Little Rock. A plank-road has    FU'NEN or FUIINEN, (Ger. Filnen or Fiihsen, fuln n, Dai
been commenced between this place and Camden.             Fyen, fien; L. iironia; Fr. Ftic, fee'o'nee,t) an islan4:
FULTON, a post-village of Lauderdale co.,Tennessee, on a  the Baltic, and next to Seeland, the largest of the Jinisb
bluff of the Mississippi River, about 35 miles N. of Memphis. Islands, is situated between lat. 550 4' and 550 38' N.,
FULTON, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 625.       and ion. 90 44' and 100 53' E., separated from Soel:nd or
FULTON, a post-village and township of Hamilton co., the E. by the Great Belt and fiom the main land o,. the IV
Ohio, on the Ohio River, immediately above Cincinnati, of by the Little Belt. Area, 1123 square miles. ]op. in 1851,
which it is a suburb. High hills rise behind the village  170,450. Surface undulating; hilly in the W. and S.W.
not more than a-few hundred yards from the river, and con- Shores greatly indented, and in the N.E. by the Odinrse
tain valuable quarries of limestone, Suitable for building. Fiord, which receives the Odense, the principal river, 35
Fulton contains 4 churches, 10 boat-yards, a dry dock, a  miles in length. Lakes numerous: the largest iS Arreskov
rollin-mill, a foundry, and several steam mills. Steamboat See. Soil very productive. Corn is raised for export,
building constitutes the chief business of the place. Pop. and flax, hemp, and fruit are cultivated. Funen exabout 3500; of the township, in 1850, 3222.                ports a great many cattle; the other principal exports
FULTON, a post-township in the N. part of Rock co., Ohio. are honey, corn, horses, fruit, lard, butter, leather, salted
Pop. 828.                                                  meat, and some manufactured goods. The trade is active,
FULTON, Stark county, Ohio. See CANAL FULTON.            and chiefly with Norway and Sweden. Funen, with LangeFULTON, a post-village in Barry co., Miichigan, 130 miles  land, an island S.E., forms a stift, subdivided into 3 amts.
W. by N. of Detroit.                                       Principal towns ofFunen, Odense, Svendborg, and Nyborg.
FULTON, a township in Fountain co., Indiana. P. 1009.   FUNFHAUS, (Ftinfhaus,) filnf/hdws, FUNFHAUSEL,
FULTON, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana.            (Ftinfhatlsel,) fiinfhoi'zel, or HANGENDENLISSEN, hilg;FULTON, a villageof Fulton co., Illinois, on Spoon River. en-d~n-lisesen, a village of Lower Austria, about 2 miles from
FULTON or FULTON CITY, a post-village of Whitesides  Vienna. Pop. 2400.
co., Illinois, on the M[ississippi River, 130 miles in a direct   FUNFIIRCHEN, (Flinfkirchen,) fiinf/kShcxK'n, (" five
line W. of Chicago. It has an active trade.                churches;" Hun. Pecs or Pets, paitch,) a royal free town of
FULTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Callaway co., Southern Hungary, capital of the county of Baranya, 105
Missouri, 20 miles N.E. of Jefferson City, and 12 miles from  miles S.S.W. of Buda. Pop. 14,500. It. is well built, and
the ]lissouri River. It is the seat of the State Lunatic  has a cathedral on the site of a Roman fortress, numerous
Asylum, and the Asylum  for the Deaf and Dumb. The  remains of mosques, baths, and other edifices built by the
former, which was established in 1848, is a beautiful edifice  Turks, who held the town from 1543 to 1680, a Roman Catho210 feet long, and 5 stories high, containing 112 apartments. lic diocesan school, a college, and military and high schools.
The people of the county gave $12,000 and 460 acres of land,   FUNG or _0O1MG, f-mng or f66ng, a prefix to the names of
to secure the location of this institution. The village con- numerous cities, &c. of China.
tains several churches, academies, and 1 newspaper office.   FUNG-THIIAN, a city of Mantchooria. See  eiOOKDEN.
There are large manufactories of earthenware in the place.    FUNG-WAH, fimng-wA, a city of China, province of CheFULTON, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.             kiang, about 30 miles from Ningpo. It was taken by the
FULTON, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, near Rock  British in 1842.
River, about 34 miles S.E. of Madison.                       FUNG-WHIANG-CIIING, fUng'-hw- ng`-ching1. sometimes
FULTON CENTRE, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.    written FOUNG YANG HOUANG-TCHING, a city of China,
FULFTONIHAM, a post-village in Fulton township, Scho- province of Leao-tong, near the Corean frontier, and the only
harie co., New York, on Schoharie River, about 35 miles WV. entrepit of the trade between China and Corea.
by S. of Albany.                                             FUNG-YANG, fltng'-yrng;, or fdng'yhng/, written also
FULfTONHAI, or UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Mus- FOUNG-YANG, a city of China, province of Ngan-hoei, capital
kingum co., Ohio, 57 miles E. of Columbus. Pop. 340.       of a department. 95 miles N.W. of Nanking.
FULTON IIOUSE,post-village, Lancasterco.,Pennsylvania.   FUNKS/TOWN, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania,
FULTON LAKES, in HIamilton and Herkimer cos., New  10 miles S.E. of Chambersburg. Pop. in 1853, about 400.
York, consists of 6 or 8 small lakes connected with Sloose    FUNKSTOWN, a post-village of Washington co., MaryRiver by short outlets.                                   land, on Antietam  Creek, 98 miles N.W. of Annapolis. It
FULTONVILLE, a post-village of Glen township, lMIont- is one of the principal villages in the county. Pop. 793.
gomery co., New York, on the Erie Canal and IMohawk River,   FUN/NY LOU/IS, post-office, Catahoula parish, Louisiana.
44 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It contains 1 or 2 churches, seve-   FUNS/TONVILLE, called also LAIRDSIVILLE, a post-vilral stores, and a printing office issuing a weekly newspaper. lage of Lycomino co., Pennsylvania, on Little Muncy Creek,
FULVII FORUIM. See VA.ENZA.                             98 miles N. of Harrisburg, has 1 church, 2 stores, several
FULIWVOOD, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.     mills, and about 200 inhabitants.
FUMAY, fii'mi, a town of France, department of Ar-   FUN/TINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
dennes, on the Meuse, 16 miles N. of Mvizires. Pop. in    FUR. See DABRooa.
1852, 3447.  It stands very picturesquely among wooded    FURCA, LA, la foorik4, (Fr. La osur-ch/e, 1 foonsh,) a mounheights, two of which, termed the Dames de la ofeuse, (" la- tain of Switzerland, canton of Valais, immediately W. of
dies of the Meuse,') overhang the river.                  MIount St. Gothard. Height, 8268 feet.
FUSIEL, fi'im1zl/, a town of France, department of Lot-et-   FUREAU, fti'rO/, a village of France, department of BouGaronne, on the Lot, 26 miles N.E. of Agen; Pop. 1349.     ches-du-Rhene, 7 miles S.E. of Aix. Pop. 1897.
FUMONE, fo-mo/nA, a town of the Papal States, 7 miles   FULED, (Fiired,) fttrEd/, a village of Hungary, on the W.
N.N.W. of Frosinone. It contains a castle situated on a  shore of Lake Balatony,9miles S. of Veszprim, resorted to as
height, and fiamous as the place in which Pope Celestinus  a bathing place. Pop. 1046.
was imprisoned, after having been forced to resign the pope-   FUR ED, (Flired,) TISZA, tee/sbh' fiiUrld, a market town of
dom to Boniface VIII. Pop. 1000.                           Hun'arv, on the Theiss, 21 miles E.S.E. of Kardzag. P. 4020.
FUNCIIAL, foon-sh'fll, the capital town of the island of   FULEEDABAD, foo-ree'dd-bbd', a town of British India,
Madeira, on its S. coast. Lat. of the British consul's house, Upper Provinces, district, and 17 miles S. of Delhi.
32 37' 7"N., Ion. 160 54 7" WV. Pop. 18,000. Mean tempera-   FUREEDPOOR, foo-reed-poorl, or DAC/CA JEL'APOOR/,
ture of the year, 670-6; winter, 630.5; summer, 710'6. Its  a district of British India, presidency of Bengal, between
white houses, built on declivities, give it a handsome appear- lat. 230 and 240 N., and Ion. 890 and 900 30' E.
ance from the sea, and its streets are well paved though nau-   FURItEEDPOORI, or FUR'REEDP00ORl;  the chief town of
row. The chief edifices are a cathedral, the governor's resi- the above district is situated 37 miles W.S.W. of Dacca, lat.
deuce, hospital, and theatre. The harbor is indifferent, but 230 37' N., ion. 89~ 53' E.
Funchal remains the entrepit of the wine trade  of the    FUREEDPOOR, a town of British India, district, and 10
island. Its environs are pleasant, and ornamented by nu- miles S.E. of Delhi.
merous villas.                                               PtUIAN. See DARFOO.
FUNDAO, (Fundgo,) foon-dMwNGI, a town of Portugal, pro-   FUR'ISIIPOOR/, a town of Hindostan, province ofMalwah,
vince of Beira, 36 miles S.W. of Garda. Pop. 2600. It has  17 miles from Ashta. Pop. about 7000.
manufactures of cloths.                                      FURK, f5sIkc, a castle and village of Eastern Persia, 105
FUND/ENIH ALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      miles N.W. of Lake IHamoon.)  The castle is reputed to be
FUNDI. See FONDi.                                        the strongest in Khorassan. Pop. ofthe village about 1500.
FUNDY, BAY OF, an inlet of the Atlantic, separating    FURLO, foozi/lo, a village of Central Italy, Pontifical States,!lova Scotia firom New Brunswick. Lenth, near 170 miles; 8 miles S. of Urbino; near it is the famous Pass of Furlo,
breadth, varying from 30 to 50 miles. At its upper extre- (anc. /Istra Intercitsa.)
mity are Chignecto Bay and IMIines Channel, leading to    FURLOG, fotlelog', FURLAIT, foon/iSh', or FERLYUG,
Mines Basin. Passamaquoddy Bay opens into it near its ftrJlyoog, a village of'Hungary, in Thither Theiss, about
mouth. The Bay of Fundy is deep, but its navigation is 8 miles from Lugos. Pop. 2625.
dangerous. The tides, which here rise to the height of 71    FUR/NACE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
feet, rush in with such rapidity that swine are often over-   FURtNACE, a small village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania,
taken and drowned while feeding on shell-fish. Grindstones    FURNACE, a post-office of Erie co., Ohio.
and gypsum or plaster of Paris are obtained at the head of    FURNACE CREEK, an affluent of Clarion River, in Elk
this bay. It comprises the Grand Mienaes and Long Iselands, co., Pennsylvania.
and receives the St.John and St. Croix Rivers. The city of    FURNACE HIOLLOW, a village of CONN. See STAFFORD.
St. John (Now Brunswick) is on its N. coast.                FURNACE YVIILAGE, a village in Salisbury township,
7 20




FUR                                                       FUT
Litchfield co., Connecticut. 50 miles W.N.W. of Hartford,.con-    FURTIH. (Fiirth,) a firontier town of Bavaria, on the Chain,
tainus manufactures of iron.                              40 miles N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop.2244.
FURNAS, fooRlnds, a village on the E. coast of the island    FURTH, (Fiirth,) a village of Hesse-Darmstadt,16 miles
of St. Michael, Azores, with sulphurous springs.          S.E. of Darmstadt.
FURNEAUX  (fdr'n6l)  or  FOURNEAUX   (foor.n6l)   FURTHER INDIA. See INDIA.
ISLANDS, a group of Australasia, Bass's Strait, between    FURTWANGEN, fiRVttst ng-9n, a town of Baden, 1 mile
VYan Diemails Landand Australia. Lat.40c S.lon.1480 E. They  E.N.E. of Freiburg. Pop. 965.
consistofthreeor four large and many smaller islands, Great   FURUDPOOR, a town of India. See DACCA.
Island, the principal, being 35 miles long, by 10 miles broad.   F'UIRY-AND-IIECILA STRAIT, North America, in lat. 70~
Cape Barren; Clark, Hummock, and Babel Islands are those  N., ion. 850 W., leads westward into Boothia Gulf, having N.
next in size. The soil is sandy, and vegetation feeble. Dis- Cockburn Island, and S. MlelvillePeninsula. Itsbreadth varies
covered by the English navigator, Furneaux, in 1773.      from 8 to 40 miles, with numerous islands.
FURNEAUX, an island in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 170 S.,   FURY POINT, of British North America, Prince Regent's
Ion. 1430 6' W.                                           Inlet, on the W. side of North Somerset, in lat. 720 40' 30"
FURNES, fiiRn, (Flemish Veurne, vbrsneh,) the most W. N., Ion. 910. 53' W. Here Sir James Ross wintered in 1822-3.
town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, at the junction    FUSAGASUGA, foo-s-g-soolgA, a river of New Granada,
of several canals, near the North Sea, and 26 miles W.S.W. flowing W., and falling into the Magdalena 52 miles W.N.W.
of Bruges. Pop. 4699. It has an active trade in cattle.   of Santa-Fe-de-Bogota.
FURINESS, a manorial liberty of England, on the Irish    FUSARO, foo-slro, (ane. cldc4eron,) a lake of Naples, proSea, in the N.W. part of the county of Lancaster, with a  vince, and 11 miles W. of Naples, on the peninsula of Bair.
beautiful ruin of the celebrated abbey of Furness, founded    FUSE, foozelh, a river of Germany, joins the Aller at Cells
in 1127, by Stephen, afterwards King of England.          after a course of 60 miles.
FURRAGENE, fitr'ra-jeen/, (?) a little island in the' Red    FUSHT, ffzsht or foosht, an island in the Red Sea, on the
Sea, on the W. side, about lat. 180 16' N., ion. 380 20' E.  E. side, in lat. 160 11' N., ion. 420.25/ E. It is 2 miles long.
FUR/RAH, a decayed town of Afhanistan, on the Furrah-   FUSIGNANO, foo-seen-y fno, a village of Northern Italy,
rood River, (which enters the Lake of Hamoon,)l40.miles  Pontifical States, 30 miles S.E. of Ferrara, on the Senio.
S.W. of Herat. Lat. 320 24' N., Ion. 620 7/ E.  In 1810;it was  Pop. 4759. It is the birth-place of Monti.
large and populous, but between that date and 1839, it had    FUSINA, foo-seefna, a village and post-station of Northern
been completely ruined in the hostilities of the chiefs of  Italy, 4 miles W.S.W. of Venice, on the Brenta Canal.
Herat and Candahar.'USSEN, (Filssen,) fiistsen, a frontier town of Bavaria, on
FURRAH, a village of British India, presidency of Ben- the Lech, near the Tyrolese border, 56 miles S.W. of Augsgal, district, and N.W. of Agra.                          burg. Pop. 1315. It has a castle, and manufactures of muFURRAH-ROOD, ftlrtr-rood', a river of Western Afghanis-  sical instruments.
tan, rising in the mountains N.E. of Tooki-Gusseerman, flows    FUTI-PANJAL, fooftee-p n'jAlt, a mountain of Cashmere,
S.W., and falls into LakeHamoon in lat.320 4' N., ion. 600 45' E. upwards of 12,000 feet high; lat. 330 20' N., ]on. 740 30' E.
FURRUCKABAD, ftir.rtik-A-b~d1, or FARAKHABAD, (i. e.   FUTTAK or FUTAK, foot't6kf, a town of Southern Hun"happy residence," see INT. xvi. 1, Ohs.,) a town of British  gary, on the left bank of the Danube, 8 miles W. of PeterIndia,capital ofthe above district, is situated near the Ganges, wardein. Pop. 4700. It has a fair in November, attended
100 miles E.N.E. of Agra, lat. 270 23' N., lon. 790 33' E. Pop. by Turkish, Greek, and Armenian merchants.
66,000. It is enclosed by a wall, has some wide streets, and    FUTTAK, UJ, ootee foot'tSkt, or NEW  FUTTAK, a town
is one of the principal commercial towns of Upper IHindostan.  of Hungary, co. of Bacs, has a ferry over the Danube, towards
Lord Lake defeated the troops of Holkar here, in 1805.     Cserevics. Pop. 4800.
FURRUCKABAD, or FEROCKABAD, a district of British    FUTTEGHIUR, a fort of Afghanistan, near the E. end of the
India. presidency of Bengal.                               Khyber Pass; lat. 330 58' N., ion. 710 30' E.
FURRUCKNAGUR, ffzr-ritk-n&-giirl, two towns of British    FUTTEIIABAD, fht'teh-hil-bid1, (" the abode of victory,")
India, presidency of Bengal, district of Delhi, one being 10  a town of Hindostan, 14 miles S.W. of Oojein, so named
miles E.N.E. and the other 26 miles S.W. of that city.     after a great battle gained here by Aurengzebe.
FURSTENAU, (Ftirstenau,) fiiRssteh-n6w', a town of Ger-   FUTTEHABAD, a town of British India, presidency of
many, kingdom of Hanover, 23 miles N.W. of Osnabriick. Bengal, 24 miles N.W. of Delhi.
Pop. 1285.                                                   FUTTEHABAD, f`it'teh-hA-b~d/, a town of Afghanistan,
FURSTENAU, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of  plain of Jelalabad, in let. 340 21' N., Ion. 700 13' E., and ocStarkenburg, 20 miles S.E. of Darmstadt, with a fine resi- cupied by the trbops of Sir R. Sale during the advance on
dence of the counts of Erbach.                             Cabool in 1842. Also, a district in the Nizam's dominions,
FURSTENAU, a village and castle of Switzerland, canton  comprising the towns of Daroor, Cullum, and Latoor.
of Grisons.                                                  FUTTEHGHUR, f`it'teh-giitr, or FATAGHAR, f-tg-gaai,
FURSTENBERG, (Fiirstenberg,) fiiRslten-bSRe, a town of  (i.e. "the fort of victory,") a town of British India, presiGermany, in Mecklenberg-Strelitz, on the Havel, 10 miles  dency of Bengal, (Agra,) 3 miles S.E. of Furuckabad, on the
S.E. of Old Strelitz. Pop. 2425.                           Ganges. It has a strong fort, and military cantonments,
FURSTENBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Branden-  and is the residence of the head civil and military authoriburg, on the Berlin Frankfort and Breslau  Railway, 63  ties of the district. A superior manufacture of tents is carmiles E.S.E. of Berlin. Pop. 1560.                         ried on here.
FURSTENBERG, a village of Prussia, province of WVest-, FUTTEHGHUR, a town of North-western Hindostan, 30
phalia, on the Aa, 9 miles E.S.E. of Biiren. Pop. 1555.    miles N.E. of Bhawlpoor, on the Ghara or Sutlej.
FURSTENFELD, (Fiirstenfeld,) f~iRstten-f`ltx, a town of    FUTTEIHIGHUR, a ruined fort of the Punjab, on the route
Styria, 30 miles E. of Griitz, on the Feistri'tz. Pop. 2000. It from Attock into Cashmere.
has a large imperial tobacco factory.                        FUTTEHGUNGE, ftit'teh-g injl, or FATAHGANJ, f -tiFURSTENFELD (Fiirstenfeld)BRUCK, ftinsRten-f`lt'br05k,  gfnj1, a walled town of Hindostan, province of Oude, 8
a village of Upper Bavaria, 15 miles N.W. of MIunich, with a  miles W.S.W. of Lucknow. It was formerly the residence
military hospital.                                        of Rajah Tickait Roy.
FURSTENFELDE, (Fiirstenfelde,) ftiaslten-f6l'deh, a town    FUTTEHPOOR, fft'teh-poor/, a town of India, Sinde, in
of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 26 miles N. of Frank- the delta of the Indus, 45 miles S. of Hyderabad.
fort. Pop. 1506.                                            FUTTEHPOOR, fft-teh-poorl, alarge inland town of HinFURSTENWALDE, (Fiirstenwalde,) fiiUsRten-4Vlideh, a  dostan, province of Allahabad, 65 miles S. of Lucknow, in
town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on the Spree, 21  lat. 250 56' N., Ion. 800 45' E. It is surrdunded with tombs,
miles W. of Frankfort, and on the railway thence to Berlin. and contains several good houses, and an elegant mosque.
Pop. 4412. It has manufactures of linens and woollens, and    FUTTEIPOOR, a village of Beloochistan, province of
an active trade by the river.                              Cutch Gundava, 5 miles S. of Gundava, in lat. 280 25' N.,
FURSTENWERDER, (Fflrstenwerder,) fiastten-48nIder. a  lon. 670 35' E.
town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 13 miles W.N.W.   FUTTEHPOOR SIXRA. See ForUIPooa SIKA.
of Prenzlow, between two lakes. Pop. 1600.                  FUTTIHPOOR, fut-te-poorl, or FUTTEHP00R, a town of
FURTA, foorhtYhl, a village of Hungary, in Thither Theiss, Hindostan in the Punjab, in a fertile and well cultivated
co. of Bihar, about 15 miles from Grosswardein. Pop. 1371. country, on the Ravee, 82 miles S.W. of Lahore, on the route
FURTEI, foon-tilee, or FORTEI, fan-tR ee, a village on the  thence to Mooltan.
islandof Sardinia, about 20 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 950.   FUTTIPOOR SIKRA or FUTTEHPOOR SIKRA, an inland
FURTH, (Fiirth,) fiint, the principal manufacturing town  town of Hindostan, province, and 19 miles W.S.W. of Agra,
of Bavaria, after Nuremberg, at the confluence of the Beg- inlat. 260 6' N., lon. 770 34 E. Itwas enclosedand fortified by
nitz and Pegnitz, 5 miles N.W. of Nuremberg, with which it the Emperor Akbar, and contains remains ofapalace formerly
communicates by railway. Pop. 14,987, of whom 2600 are inhabited by him. The portion of this deserted palace containJews, the rest mostly Lutherans. It has several churches  uing the apartments of Abu —Fazel, the celebrated prime mi
and synagogues, and numerous schools. The Jews, inter- nister of Akbar, is in a better state of preservation than
dictedfrom settling in Nuremberg, have rendered Fiirth a for- most of the other buildings. The walls are of great strength
midable rival to that city, and possess here a separate court of and solidity, all the apartments being arched, and it apjustice, Hebrew schools, 2 printing establishments, and enjoy  pears, from what remains, were once richly decorated. The
unusualprivileges. The manufactures comprise fabrics of vae- exterior is all of a sombre red freestone, in a fine style
rious kinds, mirrors, lacquered wares, horn, and bone articles. of oriental Gothic. There is also a tomb of elaborate work2 V                                                                             721




FUT                                                         GAD
manship, in which several members of the royal family were  ket-town of Hungary, in Thither Theiss, Bekes, on the Beburied; it stands in the centre of an arcaded square, and is  rettyo, equally distant from Gyula and Csaba. Pop. 4950
approached through a gate of noble proportions.               FYEN. an island of Denmark.  See FUNEN.
FUTTOOLAHI-KILLA, fLt-toofl-killl'1, or PUTTOOLA-    FYEPRS. See FeoYERs.
KILLA, ptit-toofla-kil/G, a village and fort of Afghanistan,    FY/FIELD, a parish of England: co. of Berks.
50 miles S.E. of Candahar, 3918 feet above sea level. Its    FYFIELD. a parish of England, co; of Essex:
supply of water brought by a canal from hills about 50 miles    FYFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hints.
N., can be easily intercepted. The British army suffered    FYILINGDALES, a parish of England, co. of York, NTorth
severely from this cause when encamped here, in April, 1539. Riding, on the North Sea, 4' miles S.S.E. of Whitby.  On
FUTTYPOOR, ftit-te-poorl, a town of British India, presi- Raven Itill, in this parish, Htibba, the Danish chieftain, undency of Bengal, Nagpoor ceded districts, 48 miles E.S.E. of  furled his standard in 867.
tosungabad.                                                   FYNE or FINE,'LOCH, loK fin, an inlet of the sea, in
FUTTYPOOR, a town of British India, in Rajpootana, 90  Scotland, co. of Argyle, commencing between the islands of
miles N.W. of Jeypoor.                                      Bute and Arran, and running up between the districts of
FUTTYPOOR, a large village of Sinde, on a branch of the  Kintyre and Cowal for about 40 miles, with an average
Indus, 10 niles S. of Larkhana.                             breadth of about 5 miles. The shores are deeply indented,
FUTWA, f~tlwl, a town of British India, presidency of  and finely screened by projecting mountains. The town of
Bengal, 8 miles S.S.E. of Patna, on the Ganges, at the influx  Inverary stands near the head of this loch.
of the Pompon, here crossed by a bridge.                       FYUM. See FAYoo0i.
FUUR, fooR, or FUURLAND, foos/llnd, an island of    FYVIE, flvee, a parish of Scotland, co., and about 24 miles
Denmark, province of Jutland, 30 miles N.W. of Yiborg, in  N.N.W. of Aberdeen. Fyvie Castle, the seat of Gordon of
the Lymfiord.  Area, 11 square miles. Pop. 1000. It has  Fyvie, is a stately Gothic edifice. Hiere are also the fine
mineral springs, and traces of an extinct volcano.          ruins of Gight Castle, and of a priory.
FUYEAU, ftt'va1, a village of France, department of Bou-    FYZABAD, fi-zA-b~d/, (i. e. "a beautiful residence,") a town
ches-du-Rhdne, 7 miles S.E. of Aix. Pop. 1897.              of India, 4 miles W. of Oude, on the Kalee. It is large,
FUZER, (Ftiizer,) fulzir, a village of Hungary, co. of  populous, and has the remains of a fortress and of ai palace.
Abaujvar, 15 miles S.E. of Kaschau. Pop. 665.                 FYZABAD, a village of British India, presidency of BenFUZES, (Fiizes,) fiifz~shl, or FIZESCI{, feeszishl, (L. Scli-  gal, in Agra. Near it is a ruined hunting-seat of the Emcisum,) a village of Hungary, co. of Kraszna, on the slopes  peror Shah-Jehan.
of two hills, surrounded by woods, 15 miles firom Somlyo:  FYZABAD,  a village of Afghanistan, on the HIerri-Rood,
It is inhabited by Wallachinns.  Pop. 2414.                 32 miles E. of Herat.
FUZES (Fiizes) GYARMATH, f iWztshl dyoa'mvt/, a mar-   FYZABAD~atownofIndependentTartary. See BUDUeSsHnAN.
G
1 AABENSE, golben-seh, a village and ferry station of    GAC1, gA'sY/, a town of France, department of Orne, 15
Denmark. on the N1. coast of the island of Falster.     miles E.N.E. of Argeutan. Pop. 1500.
GAAD, gd, a village of IHungary, co. of Torontal, on the    GACILLY, LA, 1I gdAsee'yeel, a town of France, departTemes, about 12 miles from Detta. Pop. 1108.                ment of Morbihan, 20 miles E.N.E. of Vannes. Pop. 1403.
GABARDAN, g'baa'd8,No/, or GAVARDAN, ggvasTdhNG1,   GACS, gltch, or GACZ, gats, a market-town of West Hunan ancient vicomtd of France, belonging to Condomois. It  gary, circle of Neograd, 64 miles N.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 4300.
is now included in the E. of the department of Landes, on    GADAMIS, a town of Africa. See GHADnAirs.
the S.W. of Lot-et-Garoune.                                   GADDADA, ggd-dcildA, TCHIN-TCHOO, (TCHIN-TCHOU,)
GABARIRET, g&'baaOnIs, a town of France, department of  chin'choo! or TCHIN-TCHIU, chin'che-oolariver of HindosLandes, 25 miles E.N.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 854. It tan, joins the Brahmapootra, in Bengal, district, and 45
was formerly capital of the vicomtd of Gabardan.            miles N.E, of Rungpoor, after a S. course estimated at 150
GABAS, g'bfs', a frontier village of France, department  miles.
of Basses-Pyrdn6es, 30 miles S. of Pan.                       GADIDESBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
GABBIANO, gI -be-ino, a village of'Aistrian Italy, pro-   GADIDESDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
vince, and 18 miles S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 2022.               GADDESDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of IHerts.
GABEL, gl/bel, GABLON, gl-bl6nf, or GABLONY, gt-   GAD!DEYSVILLE, a postoffice of Robeson co., North
blolnee, a town of Bohemia, on the Adler, 37 miles E.S.E. Carolina.
of KRniggritz. Pop. 605.                                      GADIDISTOWN, a post-office of Union co.. Georgia.
GABEL, gd/bel, GABDAU, gbld6ww, or JABLONA, jl-blof-   GADE, gaid, a river of England, co. of Iterts, after a S.
is, a town of Bohemia, on the Jungfernbach, 50 miles  course, joins the Colne near Rickmansworth.
N.N..E. of Prague. In the neighborhood is the castle of    GADEBUSCH, gi/deh-b03sh', (L. Dei Lse'css,) a walled
Falkenberg. Pop. 2135.                                      town of Northern Germany, 13 miles W.N.W. of Schwerin.
GABELA, g&Ibal1, or GABELLA, git-billli, a town of Eu-  It has a chapel where King Albert of Sweden is buried.
ropean Turkey, in  lerzegovina, on the Narenta, 26 mile       t KSirner the poet fell here in the war of the liberation.
S.W. of Mostar.                                             Pop. 2284.
GABERA, gi-blri, a town of Spain, province, and 52    GADES. See CADIz.
miles S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1574.                           GADIFLY, a post-office of Barry co., Missouri.
GABES, a town of Africa.  See CABES.                        GADITANIAN.  See C.ADIZ.
GABIAN, g&be-6NGS, a town of France, department of    GADITANUM FRETUM.  See GIBRnALTAR, STRAIT OF.
Irerault, 12 miles N.N.E. of Bdziers.  Pop. 1023.            GADJATSCI, gid-yatcht, GADATCH, (Gadiitch,)  giGABIANO, gil-be-i'no, a town of Piedmont, province, and  ditch/ or GADITCH, g<l-itchf, a town of Southern Russia,
12 miles W. of Casale, on the Po. Pop. 2353.                government, and 60 miles N.W. of Poltava, on the Psiol.
GABLON or GABLONY, a town of Bohemia. See GABnEL.  Pop. 3643. It has 7 churches.
GABLONZ, gilblonts, (Bohemian, Goblssnkd. gi-bloon/ki,)    GADMEN, gid/men,a village and parish of Switzerland,
a market-town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau,on the Neisse. canton of Bern, 12 miles S.S.E. of Sarnen. It is hemmed in
Pop. 3209. It is the centre of an extensive trade in orna-  by lofty mountains. some of them 9000 feet high. Pop. 697.
mental glass, the preparation of which employs 6000 men.   GADONI, gil-dofnee, a village on the island of Sardinia,
It has also large cloth factories and wool-spinning works.    division, and 49 miles N. of Cagliadri.  Pop. 690.
GABOON, gAlboon!. a river of Western Africa, enteis the    GADOO, g[-dooe, a native state of Senegambia, S. of FoolaAtlantic by a wide estuary, near the equator.  The French  doo and Brooko. It is mountainous and well watered by
planted a colony in its vicinity in 1845.                   the Senegal, and contains mines of gold, iron, and saltpetre.
GAtBRIEL CHANNEL, a remarkable channel in the    GADOR, gA-doRs. a town of Spain, province, and 10 miles
Terra del Fuego Islands; lat. 540 20' S., lon. 700 40' W., be- W. of Almeira, on the Almeira. Pop. 1954.
tween Dawson Island and a range of hills on the E. side of    GADSIDEN, a county in the W. central part of Florida,
Maladlen Channel, having Cape Frowa-rd directly opposite  bordering on Georgia, and on the Gulf of Mlexico, contains
its N.WV. extremity. The width of the channel, at both ex-  about 1260 square miles. The Appalachicola River forms
tremities, is from 2 to 3 miles; but the shores gradually  its boundary on the W., and the Ocklokonee River on the
approach each other midway, and the coast on each side  E. The surface is uneven; the soil is generally fertile. By
rises abruptly to the height of 1500 feet. The whirlwinds  the census of 1850, this county produced more tobacco, moor hurricane squalls, called by sealing vessels  "williwaws,"  lasses, and sweet potatoes, than any other county in the
so frequent in Terra del Fuego, operate with great violence. state, and more corn than any other excepting Leon. In
Bursting over the mountainous ridge which forms the S. 1850 the products were 776,177 pounds of tobacco; 292,850
side of the channel, they descend, and, striking against the  bushels of corn; and 143,000 of sweet potatoes. Capital,
base of the opposite shore, rush up the steep, and carry all Quincy. Pop. 8783, of whom 3904 were free, and 4879 slaves.
before them.                                                 GADSDEN, a post-office, Richland district, South Carolina.
GABRIEL'S CREEK, a post-office of Madison co., North    GADSDEN, a thriving post-village of Cherokee co., AlaCarolina.                                                  bama, on the Coosa Sliver, about 130 miles N. of Mont722




GAD                                                         GAL
gomery. The cotton raised in the vicinity is exported at   GAINES, a township of Kent co., Michigan.
this place by steamboats. A railroad has been commenced    GAINESBOROUGI,  Virginia. See GAINSBOROUGi-.
between Gadsden and Selma, on the Alabama River. It   GAINESBOROUGIH, glnz/btlr-r[h, a post-village. capital
contains 4 large warehouses.                               of Jackson co., Tennessee, on Cnmberland River, 73 miles
GADSIIIILL, England, co. of Kent, 23 miles N.W. of Re- E.N.E. of Nashville.
chester, famous as the scene of Falstaff's and Prince    GAINES CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Rappahannock
Henry's rencounter.                                        co., Virginia, about 120 miles N.N.W. of Richmond.
GAE, gd/l/ or gA, a large village of Western Africa, in    GAINES'S LANDING, a small village of Chicot co., Ar]oota-Toro, on the Senegal. Let 160 281' N., Ion. 15~ 28' W.  kansas.
GIESTRIKLAND, Sweden. See GESTItIKLANO.                    GAINESTOWN, gsnz'town, a post-village of Clarke co.,
GAETA, g&-A/tI, (anc. Catieta or Cajeta;E Fr. Gate, gi'aitt,) a  Alabama, on the Alabama River. Here is a steamboat
strongly fortified seaport city of Naples, province of Terra di landing.
Lavoro, occupying a peninsula on the N.W. side of the    GAINESVILLE, ginzlville, a post-village and township of
Gulf of Gaeta. 40 miles N.W. of Naples. Pop. (besides mili- Wyoming co., New York, on the Buffalo and New York City,
tary,) 3000. It has a handsome cathedral, 9 other churches, Railroad, 45 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo.  The village contains 1
several convents, a public seminary, hospital, and foundling  or 2 churches- and several stores and mills. Pop. of the
asylum. In its immediate vicinity stood the villa of Cicero, township, 1760.
in the grounds of which he met his death, B.c. 43. It is the    GAINESVILLE, a post-office of Prince William co., Virsee of an archbishop, and the centre of an active trade; its  ginia.
port is one ofthe best in Italy. Gaeta is a place of great   GAINESVILLE, a handsome post-village, capital of Hall
antiquity, having been a place of resort for the wealthy Ro- co., Georgia, on the Chattahoochee River, 110 miles N. of
man families. It was taken by the French in 1789 and 1800. Milledgeville, has a pleasant situation and a delightful
Pope Pius IX. sought an asylum here in 1849, having escaped  climate, which render it a fashionable place of resort in
in disguise from Rome.                                     summer.
GAETA, GULF OF, an inlet of the Mediterranean, on the    GAINESVILLE, a post-village in Sumter co., Alabama,
W. coast of Italy; lat. 410 N., ion. 130 40' E. On its N.E. on the right bank of the Tombighee River, at the mouth of
side it receives the river Garigliano.                    the Noxubee River, 54 miles W.S.W. of Tuscaloosa. It is a
GAFSA, GIIAFSA, giflsi, or CAPSA,kif/ss, (anc. Oa2Isa,) a  place of active business, and the principal shipping point
town of Africa, in Tunis, 74 miles W.N.W. of Cabes.       of the county. It contains 3 or 4 churches, about a dozen
GAG or GAGA, an island of the Malay Archipelago.  stores, an academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 1500;
See GAGv.                                                    GAINESVILLE; a post-village of IHancock co., Mississippi.
GAGE'S LAKE, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.       It has a newspaper office, and about 800 inhabitants.
GAGE S POINT, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.    GAINESVILLE, a post-office of Cook co., Texas.
GAGE/TOWN, a town of New Brunswick, capital of Sun-    GAINESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Green co., Arbury, on the St. Johns River, about 28 miles S.E. of Frede- kansas, about 7 miles W. of St. Francis River, and 165 miles
ricton. On the bordersof Grand Lalce, a short distance above, N.E. of Little Rock.
on the opposite side of the river, are extensive coal-mines,   GAINFAHIRN, GAINVARN, ghinlfaan, or CONFARN,
from which large quantities of coal are annually raised.   kon/fann, a village of Lower Austria, about 4 miles from
GAGGENAU, g-g/ghen-6w1, a village of Baden, on the  Baden. Pop. 1300.
Murg, 14 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1150.               GAIN/FORD, a parish and village of England, co. of DurGAGLIANO, gil-yi/no, a village of Naples, in Abruzzo  ham, on the Tees, 7] miles W.N.W. of Darlington. Pop. in
Ultra II. Pop. 1500.                                       1851, 7348.
GAGLIANO, a village of Naples, in Calabria Ultra II.   GAIN?/BOROUGIH, a seaport, market-town, and parish
Pop. 1400.                                                 of England, co.,,and 16 miles N.W. of Lincoln, on the Trent.
GAGLIANO, a village of Naples, in Otranto. Pop. 2700.   Pop. of the town, in 1851, 7506. The town is densely built,
GAGLIANO, a village of Sicily, province, and 36 miles  but clean, well paved, and lighted. It has a church, the
WV.N.W. of Catania. Pop. 2886.                             tower of which was built by the Knights Templars, a gramGAGLIAVOLA, gil-y&-voll/, (L. Haliavola,) a village of mar school, town-hall, neat theatre, curious ancient hall,
the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 28 miles S.S.E. of No- said to have been a palace of John of Gaunt, and a union
yara, on the Agogna. Pop. 735.                             work-house. Chief foreign imports, linseed, rapeseed, bones,
GAGY, gi/ghee, GAG, gkg, or GAGA, g g&, an island in  and timber; exports, Manchester, Birmingham, and Shefthe Malay Archipelago, Gilolo Passage. Lat. (N. point,) field manufactures.  The canals connecting it with the
00 20' 5., ion. 1290 53' E.                                Trent render Gainsborough a natural outlet on the E. coast
GAIAN/NA, a post-office ofFranklin co., Ohio.            for the midland counties, in consideration of which it was
GAIA, VILLA NOVA DE, vil/l no/va dt ghI/i, a town  made a port in 1840.
and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, on the Douro,   GAINSBOROUGII, a post-village of Frederick co., Virimmediately opposite Oporto. Pop. 5390.                    ginia, 150 miles N.N.W. of Richmond, contains 2 churches,
GAIDARONISI, gl's-ro-neelsee, or GAITHARONISI, (anc. and about 30 houses.
Hyelusc/sa) an island off the S.W. coast of Asia Minor, in the    GAINSBOROUGH, Roanoke co., Virginia. See BDa LIcK.
YEgean Sea, 13 miles S. of Samos. Lat. 370 28' N., ion. 270 E.   GAINING, a town of Hungary. See GAJAS.
GAIDARONISI, (anc. Ch/yse?) a small island of European    GAIRLOCII, gr1/K, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross.
Turkey, in the Mediterranean, on the S. side of Crete.   GAIRLOCH, a branch of the Frith of Clyde, co. of DumLat. 340 38' N., ion. 250 45' E.                           barton, between the parishes of Row and Rosneath, oppoGAIL, gsle,'(Slavonian Sille, sillA,) a river of Illyria, in  site Greenock.  Length from  S. to N., 7 miles; average
Carinthia, rises near the Tyrol, and joins the Drave 2 miles  breadth, 1 mile.
below Villach, after an E. course of 65 miles.               GAItO, ghifro, a village of Sardinia, 3 miles from Lanusei.
GAILDORF, gIl/doeaf, a town of WTiirtemberg, on the  Pop. 1100.
Kocher, 31 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1510.               GAIRSA, girls,, or GAIRSAY, glr's., one of the Orkney
GAI/LEY'S MILL, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia.      Islands, parish of Rendal, from which it is divided on the
GAILLAC, glh'yik! or gilly k!, a town of France, depart- N. by a strait. Length, 2 miles. Pop. 71.
ment of Tarn, 12 miles W. of Alby, on the Tarn. It has a    GAIS, ghilce, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 4 miles
cammunal college, manufactures of wine casks and turned  N.E. of Appenzell, on the S. dsclivity of the Gibris Mounwares, and distilleries. Pop. in 1852, 8245.               tains, 2900 feet above the sea.
GAILLAC, a village of France, department of Aveyron,   GAJAR, gdhy'0r, orGAIRING, ghifring', a market-town
18 miles N.N.W. of Milhau. Pop. 1243.                      of HTungary, co., and 24 miles N.N.W. of Presburg, on the
GAILLAC  TOULZA gAh'yik/ tool'z/, a village of France, Rudana. Pop. 3000.
department of Ilante-Garonne, arrondissement, and 16    GAJDOBRA, ghi'do/br6h', a village of IIungary, co. of Bacs,
miles S.S.E. of Muret. Pop. 1723.                          7 miles from Palanka. Pop. 3000.
GAILLAN, gih'ybae/ or gilI'y6NaG, a village of France, de-   GAKOVA, gA-h'ko\vbh1, a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs.
partment of Gi-onde, 1 mile N.N.W. of Lesparre. Pop. 1793. Pop. 3000.
GAILLON, gih'yb6a/ or gil'y6sNI, a village of France, de-   GALACZ, a town of Moldavia. See GALATZ.
partment of Eure, 8 miles E.S.E. of Louviers, with a station    GALADZET (gh-lid-zes) HILLS, a range in the Burmese
on the Paris and Rouen Railway, 48 miles N.W. of Paris. dominions, in Farther India, about 100 miles N; of RanPop. in 1852, 3246.                                        goon. They are steep and rugged, and extend for about 60
GAINfER'S STORE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.     miles fi-om E. to W.
GAINES, gAnz, a post-village and township of Orleans co.,   GALAMI, or KAJAAGA, kA-j/gti, a country of Africa, in
New York, 6 or 7 miles S. of Lake Ontario, and about 33  Senegambia, intersected'by the parallel of 140 45' N., and
miles W.N.W. of Rochester. The village has 2 or 3 churches, by the meridian of 130 10' W. It occupies a narrow space
an academy, and perhaps 100 dwellings. The Erie Canal along the Senegal, and isdivided by the Falem6 into two
passes through the S. portion of the township. Pop. of the  parts, of which tlhe W. is called Goy6 or Lcwer Galam, and
township, 2722.                                            the E. Kamera or Upper Galam. It is fertile, and rich in
GAINES, a post-township on the W. border of Tioga co., vegetable products; the rivers abound with fish, and their
Pennsylvania. Pop. 510.                                    banks with crocodiles and hippopotami; and the forests with
GAINES, a post-township in the S.W. part of Genesee co., lions, elephants, wild boars, and apes. The inhabitants are
Mlichigan.  Pop. 286.                                      an industrious, agricultural, and commercial peopie, almost
723




GAL                                                         GAL
exclusively employed as carriers. The supreme power is  value of importations by sea during the year was $2,423,886,
conferred according to the principle of collateral succession; of which $1,164,940 was manufactured goods, $277,912 re
but the authority of the tunka, or chief, is restricted by a  fined and crushed sugar, and $188,183 iron. Pop. 36,000.
national or representative council.                          GA/LA WATER, a river of Scotland, rises in the Muirfoot
GALAM, gA'ldm/, or FORT ST. JOISEPH, a town of West Hills, co. of Edinburgh. flows mostly S.S.W., and joins the
Africa, capital of the above country on the Senegal River.   Tweed close to Abbotsford.
GALANTIIA, g/i'ln/titP, a fortified village of Western    GALAXiDI, g/-lAx/e-de, (ansc. t/the,) a seaport town of
Hungary, 29 miles E. of Presburg. Pop. 2870.                Greece, government of Phocis, on the Gulf of Salona, 12
GALAPAGOS, gA-llp/-goce, commonly pronouncedin Eng- miles S. of Salona or Amphissa. It has two harbors, and
lish gal-la-pfi/gts, (Ger. Schildkreteninseln, shilt/kri-ten-in/-  was one of the most flourishing commercial towns in Western
seln, or " Tortoise Islands;" Fr. Gallaoagos, gAtl&'-p/lgost, Hellas, but was ruined by the Turks in 1821.
les des Tortues, eel dA toRttiif, "Islands of the Tortoises;") a    GAL'BAL'LY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Ligroup of islands in the Pacific Ocean, on and near the  merick, 7 miles S.S.W. of Tipperary.  It has an ancient
Equator, between ion. 890 and 920 W., 730 miles W. of the  church, and ruins of a monastery.
coast of Ecuador, South America, and consisting of 6 prin-   GALDAR, gAl-dar1, or GALDAS, gAl/dAs, a village of the
cipal and 7 small islands; the largest, Albemarle Island, Great Canary Island, on its N.W. coast, 5 miles N.W. of
being 60 miles in length, by 15 miles in breadth, and reach- Palmas, with the remains of a residence of the ancient
ing an elevation of 4000 feet. All are volcanic, and abound  Guanche chiefs, and extensive caverns. Pop. 2500.
in lavas. They are frequented by turtles of enormous size,   GALEATA, gA-lA-/t/, a town of Tuscany, on the Bidente,
whence the name of this group is derived, (in Spanish Gal- about 2 miles from Civitello. Pop. 1026.
apagos,) iguanas, and other reptiles. On Charles Island    GALEGA, g-lAgA,,  a small island in the Indian Ocean,
a small colony of Spaniards has been planted, forming a  N.E. of Madagascar. Lat. 100 29' 50" S., ion. 560 45' E. It
penal settlement; the other islands are mostly unpeopled.  is covered with cocoa-trees, and exports a large quantity of
The principal islands are Albemarle, Indefatigable, Chat- oil to France, of which it forms a possession.
ham, Charles, James, Narborough, Hood, Barrington, Bind-    GA/LEN, a township of Wayne co., New York, intersected
loes, and Abingdon.                                         by the Erie Canal. Pop. 4609.
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, an unimportant group of the    GALE/NA, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, 20 miles
West Indies, Bahamas, N. of Abaco.                          N.N.E. of Columbus.
GALAROZA, gA-1i-rofthA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,    GALENA, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, 20 miles from the
58 miles N. by E. of Huelva, on the Martiga. Pop. 1936.    Ohio River at Portsmouth, contains about 200 inhabitants.
GALASHIELS, gal'a-sheelzt, a burgh of barony and pa-   GALENA, a post-office of Floyd co., Indiana.
rish of Scotland, cos. of Roxburgh and Selkirk, 5 miles    GALENA, ga-leena, a flourishing city and capital of Jo
W.N.W. of Melrose. Pop. of town, in 1851, 5918. It is irre- Datviess co., Illinois, on Fevre River, 6 miles from its entrance
gularly built of stone on both sides of the Gala, here crossed  into the Mississippi River, 450 miles above St. Louis, 180'by three bridges; it has 3 churches, 2 libraries, a mechanics' miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and 250 N. by W. of Springfield.
institute, 2 branch banks, and flourishing manufactures of  " The river on whose rocky shelf this town is built is more
stockings, flannels, blankets, &c.                          properly an arm of the Mississippi River, setting up between
GALATA, gA/lA-tA, the largest suburb of Constantinople,  lofty bluffs, around whose base it winds with picturesque
on the N. side of the Golden horn, $ of a miles W. of the  effect. The streets rise one above another, and communiSeraglio Point.  It is about 4 miles in circumference, en- cate with each other by flights of steps, so that the houses
closed by walls, and entered by numerous gates. The inha-  on the higher streets are perched like an eagle's eyrie, overbitants are mostly European Christians, and Galata is the  looking the rest, and commanding an extensive prospect.
chief seat of the foreign trade of the Turkish capital. It  Pleasant churches meet the eye on the first ledge or terrace
has many Roman Catholic, Greek, and Arnmenian churches, above the levee, and private residences, wearing an aspect
a remarkable tower 140 feet in height, and the custom-house  of neatness and comfort. adorn each successive height."
for the port of Constantinople.                             (TuompsoN's Letters.) Galena owes its growth and importGALATA, a village of Greece, government of ~Etolia, W. of ance mainly to the rich mines of lead with which it is surLepanto, near the Phidaris.                                 rounded in every direction. Considerable quantities of copGALATA, a village and cape of Bulgaria, on the Black  per are found in connection with the lead. The amount of
Sea, 4 miles S.E. of Varna.                                lead shipped at this place in 1852 was 40,000,000 pounds,
GALATE/A, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.          valued at $1,600,000.  The Fevre River is navigable by
GALATINA, Naples. See SAN-PIETRs-IN-GA&TINrA.             steamboats, which make regular passages firom Galena to
GALATONE, gA-lA-to/nA, a town of Naples, province of  St. Louis, St. Paul's, and other ports on the Mississippi
Otranto, 17 miles S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 4150.                 River. The commerce of the place is extensive, and rapidly
GCALATRO, gA-litro, a town of Naples, province of Cala- increasing. The total value of exports in 1851 was combria Ultra I., 18 miles N.E. of Palmi. Pop. 1730.           puted at $1,800,358. A large portion of Wisconsin, Iowa,
GALATZ, gllAts, GALACZ, or GALATCH, gA/lAtch, and Minnesota are tributary to this town. It is the west(anc. Axiopolis?) a town of Moldavia, capital of the district ern terminus of the Chicago and Galena Railroad, and a
of Kovourloni, on the left bank of the Danube, between the  branch of the Central Railroad connects it with Peru. Gaconfluences of the Sereth and Pruth with that river. Lat. lena contains 1 bank and 3 newspaper offices. An error in
(church of Uspenski,) 450 26' 12" N., ion. 280 2' 58"1 E. The  the spelling and pronunciation of Fevre River (named from
older parts of the town consist of miserable wooden houses, La Fevre, an early French trader) has given some currency
6r rather huts, confusedly huddled together, and forming a  to an unfounded impression that the place is unhealthy.
series of narrow, filthy, and irregular streets. In the newer The name of the city is taken from galcena, a species of lead
quarters are numerous well-built houses of stone. There  ore. Pop. in 1850, 6004; in 1853, about 8000.
are here several Greek churches, a convent, a hospital, and    GALENA, a post-office of Stone co., Missouri.
a large bazaar, always well filled with merchandise. The    GALENSTOCK, gA/len-stok, a mountain of Switzerland,
lower part of Galatz consists almost entirely of warehouses, on the confines of the cantons of Yalais and Uri, forming by
end has from time immemorial possessed the right of a free  its N.E. side one of the barriers of the magnificent glacier in
port —a privilege which was extended to the whole city in  which the Rhone has its source. Its loftiest summit exceeds
1834. Galatz is the principal port in the principality, and  11,000 feet.
the chief medium of the commerce carried on between Ger-   GALEO /TA POINT, the S.E. point of the island of Trinimany and Constantinople, vessels of 300 tons being able to  dad, in the West Indies. Lat. 100 9' N., lon. 600 59, W.
ascend the Danube thus far. Its trade was formerly entirely    GALERA, gA-lA/rc, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, proin the hands of the Greeks, but now many English and other vince of Tarragona, 6 miles S.W. of Tortosa. Pop. 1574.
foreign houses have established themselves there. The prin-   GALERA, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and
cipal exports are grain, wine, planks and deals, wool, tallow, about 70 miles N.E. of Granada. On a height above it stood
and preserved meat, the amount of which, with some other the former town of Galera, which was completely razed,
trifling articles, exported in 1845, was $1,828,217. The im- every inhabitant being destroyed, by the Infante Don John
ports are chiefly British manufactures, sugar, tin-plates, of Austria, during the wars against the Moors. Pop. 1781.
iron, tar, pitch, coal, oil, olives, dried fruits, lemons and    GALERA, gA-iAr, (anc. Galc'/ia?) a deserted but picoranges, carobs, tobacco, caviar, salted fish, glassware, lamb- turesque village' of the Pontifical States, co. and 13 miles
skins, leather, and alba, or coarse cloth. The whole imports  N.W. of Rome, on the Arrone.
in 1845 amounted to $1,084,097. The number of vessels de-   GALERA, gA-li/cA, a river of Brazil, province of Mattoparting from Galatz in 1851 was 619, tons 101,592, manned  Grosso, joins the Guapore, 50 miles N.N.W. of Villabella, after
by 6589 men, and taking cargoes to the value of $2,402,421, a course of about 90 miles.
of which $683,598 was wheat, $1,357,837 Indian corn, and    GALERA, gA-lA/rA, a point of South America, in New
$240,625 rye. Of the vessels, 178 were English, 139 Greek, Granada, 28 miles N.N.E. of Cartagena, bounding a bay of
103 Turkish, 42 Austrian, 40 Sardinian, and 31 Russian; its own name on the N. Let. 100 51' N., Ion. 750 25' W.
296 taking, among other things, 35,368 quarters of wheat,   GALERA, g[-liA/r, an island of the Pacific, in Solomon Ar295,295 of Indian corn, anl 15,664 of rye, and 1925 hundred- chipelago. Let. 90 15, S., lon. 1610 30' E.
weight of tallow, were bound for England; and 176, with    GALES, gailz, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, 99
44,984 quarters of wheat, 20,407 of Indian corn, 6205 of rye, miles S.S.W. of Albany.
2424 hundred-weight of tallow, 429,515 planks and deals,   GALESBURG, gailz/burg, a post-village of Kalamazoo co.,
tnd 18 casks of wine, were for Constantinople. The total Michigan, on the Central Railhoad, 130 miles W. of Detroit.
724




GAL                                                        GAL
GALESBURG, a thriving post-village of Knox co., Illinois, very warm. Deep snow is not uncommon in the middle of
on the Military Tract Railroad, at its junction with the Au- April, and the grape never ripens.
rora Branch Railroad, 46 miles W. by N. of Peoria, and 120    In the more mountainous districts the soil often forms a
N.N.W. of Springfield. It is situated in a rich farming dis- thin covering on bleak and almost barren rocks, where
trict, and has an active business. Knox College, a Manual scanty pasture only is obtained. In other parts of the same
Labor School here, stands high among the institutions of district, both the quality and depth of the soil improve, the
the state. Two newspapers are published. Pop. in 1853, pastures become excellent, and many-magnificent forests
about 1000.                                                occur. In general, where the elevation is small, the ground,
GALES'S FERRY, a post-village in New London co., Con- more especially where resting on a substratum of limestone,
necticut, 45 miles S.E. of Hartford.                       is of great fertility, and yields abundant crops of corn and
GALESVILLE, gailztvill, a post-village of Washington co., maize. Hemp, flax, and tobacco are also extensively grown;
New York, 37 miles N.N.E. of Albany.                       and, in the district around Lemberg, rhubarb is cultivated
GALESVILLE, a village and steamboat landing of Anne  on a large scale. The domestic animals include great numArundel co., Maryland, on West River, 12 miles S. by W. of bers of horned cattle, generally of a superior description,
Annapolis.                                                 and a fine hardy breed of horses, well adapted for cavalry.
GALESVILLE MILLS, a post-office of Ulster co., New  Sheep are in general very muchneglected; but goats, swine,
York.                                                      and poultry abound. The rearing of bees is much attended
GAILEY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry.    to. The minerals include marble, alabaster, copper, calaGALGA, gilfg6hW, a river of Hungary, joins the Zagyva  mine, coal, iron, and rock-salt. Only the last two are of
30 miles E.N.E. of Pesth, after a course of nearly 40 miles.  much importance. Iron occurs in numerous parts of the
GALIANO (gt-le-glno) ISLAND, of British North America, central Carpathian chain, and bog-iron ore is frequently
in Queen Charlotte's Sound, is in lat. 510 9' N., ion. 1280  met with in extensive seams on the plains. They are both
2' W.                                                       worked to a considerable extent. The rock-salt is particuGALICIA, gal-ish'e-a, (Sp. pron. gi-leelthe-A or g~-leefse-; larly abundant, stretching in continuous beds for nearly
anc. Galcelcia, the country of the Gallrci,) an old province  250 miles along the base of the Carpathians, beyond the
of Spain, with the title of kingdom, and, since 1833, form- limits of Galicia, into Bukowina and Transylvania. The
ing the provinces of Corunna, Lugo, Oreuse, and Pontevedra, most important mines have their central locality at Wielat the N.W. extremity of the Peninsula, between lat. 410 501 icka. Manufactures have not made much progress; but
and 430 50' N., and ion. 60 50' and 90 151' VW. Area, 10,920  distilleries exist in every quarter. The principal exports
square miles.  Pop. 1,730,929.  Its surface is generally  are salt, wood, coal, aniseseed, linen, and brandy. The popumountainous; and its principal rivers are the Minho, Sil, lation is generally of Slavonian origin, and consists of two
and Ulla. The forests are extensive, and feed large herds  principal branches-Polish in the W., and Russniak in the
of hogs. There are also good pasture lands and wide tracts  E. The number of Jews is considerable. The Roman Caof heath. Chesnuts, maize, rye, flax, potatoes, wheat, bar- tholic is the established religion; but a majority of the
ley, and inferior wine, form the principal vegetable pro- inhabitants belong to the Greek church. Educational estaducts. The first compose most part of the food of the Gali- blishments, both for superior and ordinary instruction, are
clans; the rest are partly exported. Sheep and horses are  numerous. At the head of the former stands the univerextensively reared. The mineral products comprise copper, sity of Lemberg, and the lyceum, at Przemysl. The latter
lead, tin, antimony. marble, and jasper. The mass of the  are spread over the whole country, and appear to be toleraGalicians, or Gallegos, are very poor, ignorant, and uncivi- bly well attended, as the number of persons at school has
lized, but hardy and industrious; and they make the best been estimated at one in eight of the whole population.
agricultural laborers, soldiers, and domestic servants in the  For administrative purposes it is divided into the three gopeninsula.-Adj. and inhab. GALLEIGAN, (Spanish GALLECO, vernments of Lemberg, Cracow, and Stanislau. Lemberg
g4l-yt'go,) and GALICiAN, gal-ishfe-an.                     is the capital. Galicia was originally called Halics, (of which
GALICIA, gal-ishte-a, or, KINGDOM  OF AUSTRIAN P0- it is only a corruption,) a name derived from an old castle,
LAND, (Polish Halicz, h'ilitch; Hun. Halics, h/litch'; Ger. on the banks of the Dniester, but now includes, in addition
Golizien, g-lit/se-en;) a province of Austria, composed of the  to the old duchy of Halics, an independent duchy, called
kingdom of Lodomeria, the duchies of Auschwitz and Zator, first WYolodmir or Vladimir, and thereafter Lodomeria.
and the grand duchy of Cracow, and formerly including the  From the 12th to the 14th centuries these duchies belonged
duchy of Bukowina. It lies beween lat. 470 40' and 500 35' to Hungary, but passed by marriage to Poland. In 1772,
N., and ion. 180 55' and 260 25' E.; bounded, N. by Poland, on. the first partition 8f that unhappy kingdom, the EmN.E. and E. by Russia, S.E. by Bukowina, S. by Hungary, press Maria Theresa obtained restitution of these duchies,
and W. by Moravia, and a small portion of Prussian Silesia; and formed them into the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomegreatest length, E. to W. 325 miles; breadth, towards the  ria, a name still sometimes used, though that of Lodomeria
E1., where the widest, a little W. of the meridian 250, 190  is more frequently dropped, and the name Galicia applied to
miles, and thence gradually diminishing westwards, till, near both.-Adj. and inhab. GALICIAN, gal-ishfe-an.
meridian 190 30', it is reduced to its minimum of 27 miles.    GAILIEN, a small river of Berrien co., Michigan, flows
Its area and population in 1842 were as follows:-           into Lake Michigan.
Area in                       GALIGHER, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio.
square miles.    Population.     GAI/ILEE, (L. Gaeitea, Gr. raALXaoa,) a province of anKingdom of Lodomeria 2......55.....4,386,168     cient Judea, comprising the country W. of the Jordan. from
Duchies orAuschwitz and Zator.  776.........  170,428  Samaria nearly to Sidon, together with both shores of the
Grand Duchy of Cracow.........   444.......... 145,787  Lake of Galilee (or Tiberias.) It now forms the central part
Tota.. 30,111~    4,1'02,303     of the pashalic of Acre, in Asiatic Turkey.
GALINARA, g/-le-nd/rd, (anc. Gallinalria,) a small island
Its contour is generally well defined by natural bounda- of the Sardinian States, in the Mediterranean, province, and
ries; on the S., in particular, by the Carpathians, which  2 miles S.E. of Albenga. Its ancient name was derived from
form a lon, and irregular curve, stretching W. to E. along  the number of hens (in Latin Gatuince,) that were raised here.
its frontiers; N.W. by the Vistula; S.E. by the Bialy Cze-   GALION, gdfle-on or gg-le-Snf, an island on the N.E. coast
ramos, a tributary of the Pruth, and for a short distance by  of Java, and E. coast of the island of Madura; lat. 70 S., Ion.
the Dniester; and E. by the Podhorce, a tributary of the  1140 13' E.
Dniester. Part of the N., bordering on Poland, and all the    GALtION, a flourishing post-village of Crawford co., Ohio,
N.E., are without natural boundaries. The great physical on the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad, 56
features of the country are, in a manner, determined by the  miles N. by E. from  Columbus, and on the Bellefontaine
Carpathians, and their ramifications. The principal chain, and Indiana Railroad. The completion of the railroads has
comprising the far greater part of the Western Carpathians, given a vigorous impulse to the growth of this place. It is
commencing in the S.E. of Galicia, near the sources of the  now the principal depot for the produce which is exported
Theiss and Pruth, forms a curve, not quitting the frontiers from the county.
till it reaches its western extremity, having its culminating    GALISTES, gl-leesttes, a town of Spain, Estremadura,
point in the mountains of Tatra. The loftiest summit, the  42 miles N.N.W. of Caceres, on a height above the Jerte.
Great Kriwan, has a height of 8150 feet. Galicia is partly  Pop. 1205.
traversed by the great watershed which divides the whole    GALITA, gtlee't, (anc. Callathe,.) an island of the Medicontinent of Europe into two great basins. The chief river, terranean, off the N. coast of Tunis; lat. 370 31' N.. Son. 80
on the N. and W. of this watershed, is the Vistula, which, 55" E. Between it and the mainland are the Sorelli Rocks,
before quitting the frontier, receives the Sola, Raba, united  on which the British steam-frigate Avenger foundered, 20th
Poprad and Donajecz, Wyslocka and San, and also drains a  Dec. 1847.
large portion of the E., by its tributary, the Bug. The    GALITCH, a town of Austria. See HAo.ICZ.
chief rivers on the other side are the Dniester, which rises   GALITCH, g~llitch, a town of Russia, government, and
near the centre of the kingdom, and flows across it in an  60 miles N.E. of Kostroma, on the Lake of Galitch. Lat. 580
E.S.E. direction, receiving numerous tributaries on both  20' N., ion. 420 28' E. Pop. 3000. It has 13 churches and 2
banks. The only part of the surface belonging to the basin  old forts.
of the Danube is in the S.E. The climate is severe, particu-   GALIZIEN. See GALICIA (Austrian).
larly in the S., where more than one of the Carpathian    GALKOT, gl'kot', a small town of Nepaul, consists of
summits are beyond the limit of perpetual snow. The win- about 500 huts, surrounding the house of the chief; lat.
ters are long, and the summers compnaratively short, but 280 17' N., ion. 830 14' E.; 76 miles W.N.W. of Gorkha.
725




GAL                                                           GAL
GALKOT, a territory of Nepaul. It is very small, but   GALLE.  POINT DE, pwANa deh gall, or point deh-g~l,
well cultivated, and has copper and iron mines.               a town of Ceylon, on the S.W. side, lat. 60 1I N., ion. 800
GALLA, ALso, dl'shbt golql0h', a village of Hungary, co. 13' E., a station where steam-packets call.
of Komorn, at the foot of Mount Steinberg, about 6 miles    GALLESE, gl-lX.lsA, a village of Central Italy, in the Por,
from Tata. Pop. 800.                                          tifical States, 16 miles E.S.E. of Viterbo.  Pop. 1060. It is
GALLA, FELSe, fU'shb! g[lli6h', a village near the former. supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Fescenfsnium.
Pop. 900. Both are inhabited by Germans, and belong to    GALtLEY CREEK, a small post-village of Pope co., ArPrince Esterhazy.                                             kansas.
GALLIECI and GALLIECIA.  See GALICIA, (of Spain.)             GALtLEYIIEADI, a promontory of Ireland, in Munster,
GALfLAGHERV ILLE,.      a post-village of East Cain town-  co. of Cork, between the Bays of Ross and Clonakilty.
ship, Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and    GALLIA.  See FANCE.
Columbia Railroad, 36 miles W. of Philadelphia. Large    GAL1LIA, a county in the southern part of Ohio, conquarries of marble are worked in the vicinity. Pop. about tains about 420 square miles. The Ohio River forms its
200.                                                           boundary on the E. separating it from Virginia, and it is
GALILAIIER, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.  drained by Racoon and Symmes Creeks.  The surface is
Pop. 210.                                                      generally hilly.  Stone coal and iron are found in the county.
GALTLANT, PORT, in the Strait of Magellan, on the  Settled in 1790, by a colony of Frenchmen, some of whose
W. coast of Brunswick Peninsula. Lat. 530 41' 42"I 5.          descendants now reside in Gallipolis. Hence originated the
GALLAPAGOS.  See GALAPAGOS.                                  name, Gellia being the Latin appellation for France. CapiGALLAR, gdl-yaal, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 28 miles  tal, Gallipolis. Pop. 17,003.
N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 1015.                                    GALLIA  FURNACE, a post-village of Gallia co., Ohio, 20
GALLARATE, gail-la-rAt, a market-town of Lombardy,  miles W. of Gallipolis.
23 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 3900.                               GALLIANO, g1l-le-atno, a village of Northern Italy, S.E.
GALLARDON, gfi'laR'dtNl, a village of France, depart-  of Como, has a curious Lombard church, with inscriptions
ment of Eure-et-Loir, 10 miles E.N.E. of Chartres. Pop. of the fourth, and frescoes of the 11th century.
1496.                                                            GALLIATE, g/i-le-attA, a village of Piedmont, province,
GALLARGUES, gAli'aRcg, a town of France, departmept  and 41 miles E.N.E. of Novara.  Pop. 5858.
of Gard, 12 miles S.W. of Nimes on the railway to Montpel-    GALLICANA, gal-le-kAlna, a village of Italy, in the Ponlier. Pop. 1972.                                               tifical States, 19 miles E. of Rome.  Pop. 1300.
GALLAS, gall'iz, a numerous and powerful race, chiefly in-    GALLICANO, g1l-le-kl'no, a town of Tuscany, 16 miles
habiting a territory in Eastern Africa, S. of Shoa, but dispersed  N. by W. of Lucca, near the Serchie. Pop. 1317.
in great numbers over the countries adjoining, especially    GALLICUM  FRETUM.  See DovEa, STRAIT Or
N. and E. They are divided into many tribes, but are all    GALLICUS OCEANUS. See BiscAY, BAY oF.
distinguished by the same general characteristics, moral    GALLICUS SINUS. See GULs or LYONS.
and physical.  Their color varies from  a deep black to a    GALLIGNANA, g51-leen-y/ni4, or GALLINIANA. gal-lebrownish yellow; stature tall; bodies spare, wiry, and mus- ne-and, a town of Austria, in Illyria, 45 miles S.E. of Triest.
cular, have agreeable countenances, and are brave, but fero- Pop. 1411.
cious and cruel, massacring in war alike the resisting and    GALLINA, gal-lee'ni, an island off the W. coast of Africa,
unresisting, young and old, male and female.  Their lan-  belonging to the Bissages or Bijuga group.
guage is spoken throughout a great part of Africa, S. of the    GALLINARIA.  See GALTNA.A.
equator.  They are in a low state of heathenism, have no    GALLINAS, gal-leefnas, a river of Western Africa, falling
priests, and are opposed to the introduction of a new reli- into the Atlantic, in lat. 70 N., ion. 110 38' W., and formerly
gion.  They know  only about a Being, whom  they call noted for the number of slaves shipped from it.
Wake, to whom, on particular occasions, they sacrifice a    GALLIPOLI, gal-lipfo-le, (anc. Cailioleois,) a seaport-town
cow or sheep, but have no system of religion.                  of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the E. coast of the
GALLATIA, gal-li/she-a, a post-office of Saline co., Illinois. peninsula of same name, at the entrance of the sea of MarGAL'LATIN, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, bor-  mora, 132 nfilesW.S.W. of Constantinople. L-t. 400 24' N., lon.
dering on the Ohio River, which separates it from Indiana,  260 40' E. Pop. about 17,000. It has two ports, and is the
has an area estimated at 150 square miles.  The Eagle  principal station of the Turkish fleet. The town is illbuilt
Creek forms the southern boundary. The surface is diver- and dirty; but has extensive bazaars.  It has manufacsified by hills, which are well timbded.  The blue or Tren- tures of cottons, silks, and earthenwares, and the best-Moton limestone nnderlies the county. Capital, Warsaw. Pop.  rocco leather madt in Turkey.  It is a Greek bishop's see,
5137, of whom 4433 were free, and 704 slaves.                 and residence of a Capidan Pasha. It was the first Europedan
GALLATIN, a county in the S.S.E. part of Illinois, has  town taken by the Turks.
an area of 310 square miles. It is intersected by the North    GALLIPOLI, (gAl-liplo-le,)PENINSULA OF (anc. Thralcica
and South Forks of Saline Creek, an affluent of the Ohio.  Chersonelsus.) is situated between lat. 400 3, and 400 38' N.,
The surface is extensively covered with forests.;The soil is  and ion. 260 10' and 270 E., extending S.W., separating the
fertile. Salt is procured from'springs on the banks of Sa- Hellespont on the S.E. from  the AEgean Sea and Gulf of
line Creek, near Equality.  This county is among the oldest  Saros on the W. and N. Length 63 miles; breadth from 4
in Illinois. Organized aboutthe year 1812. Named in honor  to 13 miles.
of the distinguished Albert Gallatin.  Capital, Equality.    GALLIPOLI, gal-lipso-le, (anc. 6bgliploelis.) a fortified seaPop. 5448.                                    -                port town of Naples, province, and 29 miles W.S.W. of
GALLATIN, a township of Columbia co., New  York.  Otranto, on a rocky inlet in the Gulf of Taranto, connected
Pop. 1586.                                                     by a bridge with its suburb Lizza, on the mainland. Pop.
GALLATIN, a post-village, capital of Copitab co., 3Missis- 8500. It is well built, and has a cathedral and a castle, and
sippi, on Bayou Pierre, 40 miles S.S.W. of Jackson. A news-  schools; but is chiefly noted for its extensive cisterns, excapaper is published here.                                       vated in the rock, and peculiarly adapted for clarifying olive
GALLATIN, a post-village, capital of Sumner co., Ten-  oil.' One mile W. is the island of St. Andrea, between
nessee, 25 miles N.E. of Nashville, and 3 miles N. of Cum- which and the town is a harbor, with from 10 to 12 fathoms
berland River.  It contains 2 newspaper offices, several  water.  This port is one of the most frequented in the
academies and churches. A turnpike extends from  this  Neapolitan dominions, as the great mart for the oil of Apulia.
place to Nashville. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.                  The town has also manufictures of muslins, woollens, and
GALLATIN, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, on the  cotton hosiery, a tunny fishery, and an active trade in corn,
S. bank of Racoon Creek, 16 miles N.E. of Terre IHaute.        wine, and fruits.
GALLATIN, a post-village, capital of Daviess co., Mis-   GALLIPOLIS, gal'le-po-leece', a thriving post-village and
souri, about 1 mile S.W. of the West Fork of Grand River, township, capital of Gallia co., Ohio, is pleasantly situated
and 190 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.                          on the Ohio River, about 100 miles S.S.E. of Columbus.
GALLATIN'S  RIVER, the most easterly of the three  It is surrounded by a fertile district, and has considerable
branches which form  the Missouri River, rises in about  trade. It contains chmurches of 4 denominations, 12 or 15
440 N. lat., and 110~ W. lon., and flows northward to join  stores, 2 printing offices, 1 academy, and a number of steamJefferson's River.                                             mills. Pop. of the township, 2228.
GAL/LATINVILLE, a post-village of Gallatin township,    GALLIPOLI, STRAIT OF. See DArmANELLES.
48 miles S. of Albany.                                           GALILITZIN, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.
GAL'LAUDETTI. a post-office of Marion co., Indiana.            GALLNEUKIRCIIEN, gall'noi-kO  sRfxn, a market-town
GALLEGO, gal-yjA/go, a river of Spain, rises in the Pyre-  of Upper Austria, 4 miles N.N.E. of Steyereck.  Pop. 913.
nes, and joins the Ebro, about 1 mile below Saragossa, after    GALLOON;, a parish of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh.
a southward course of 80 miles.                                 GAL'LOPVILLE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New
GALLEGOS.  See GALzcsA.                                     York, on the St. Lawrence River, a few miles N.N.E of OgGALLEGOS, gal-y.A;goce, a small and rapid river of Pata-  densburg.  The name of the post-office is Lisbon.
gonia, enters the Atlantic, opposite the Falkland Islands,    GALILOWAY, a district comprising the S.W. part of
in la1. 510 33' S., Ion. 690 WV., by a large estuary, in which  Scotland.  It gives the title of earl to the Stewart family.
the tide is said to rise 46 feet.                               GALILOWAY, a township of Atlantic co., New  Jersey.
GALILEN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, Ring's co.       Pop. 2307.
GALLENKIRCII, g~ltlen-k6Rx', a village of Austria, in    GALLOWAY, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, 115
Tyrol, about 35 nmiles from Feldkirch.  Pop. 1560.           miles N.N.E. of Springfield.
726




GAL                                                        GAM
GALLOWAY, MULL OF, a bold rocky headland forming    GALVEZ, g.llv~th, a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles
the, extreme S. point of Scqtland, in lat. 540 38' 6" N., ion. S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2263. It has manufactures of serge.
40 51' 15". W., having a lighthouse 325 feet above the sea.   GALVEZ, a group of islands. See IAPAI.
GALLOWAY, NEW, a royal and parliamentary borough    GALWAY, gawVlway, a maritime county of Ireland, in
of Scotland, co., and 19 miles N.W. of Kirkcudbright, situ- Connaught, bounded on the W. by the. Atlantic.  Area,
ated on the Ken. Pop. 430. It unites with Wigton, Stran- 2,447 sq. miles. Pop. in 1851, 322,212. The surface in the
raer, and Whithorn in sending 1 member o the House of  W. includes the Lakes Corrib and Mask, and the district of
Commons. Kenmure Castle stands in its vicinity.             Connemara, one of the wildest and most mountainous in
GALL ST. of Switzerland.  See SAINT GALL.                 Ireland, with a seacoast deeply indented with inlets. In
GALLUCIO, gMl-loolcho, a village of Naples, province of  the E. it is mostly flat and sterile, but interspersed with
Terra di Lavoro, 25 miles E.N.E. of Giieta. Pop. 1972.      bogs. Chief rivers, the Shannon, which bounds the county
GAL'LUPVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New   on the S.E., the Black River, and the'Suck. Agriculture
York, 25 miles W. of Albany.                                very backward. Fisheries valuable.  The Irish language is
GALLURA, ggl-loo/rd, one of the four quarters into which  in many districts universal.  The county, which is the
the island of Sardinia was divided in the Middle Ages. It  second in extent in Ireland, is divided into 2 Ridings, East
occupied the most northern part of the island.              and West. Capital, Galway. It sends 4 members to the House
GALLUZZO, gal-loot'so, a town of Tuscany, province, and  of Commons; 2 for the county, and 2 for the chief town.
3 miles S.S.W. of Florence. Pop. 638.'                        GALWAY, a town and seaport on the W. coast of Ireland,
GALOENGONG, gA'loon'gongf, or GALONGONG, galon'-  capital of the above county, is situated on the N. side of
gong!, a volcano of Java, province of Preanger, division of  Galway Bay, at the W. terminus of the Midland GreatTjanjor, after which the surrounding beautiful and fertile  western Railway, 117 miles W. of Dublin; lat. (light) 530 15!
district is named. No eruption of this mountain was on  12" N., ion. 90 3' 30" W., at the mouth of the Corrib, issuing
record, ot in the recollection of the inhabitants around, till from Lough Corrib, and across which there are two stone
October 8, 1822, when a fearful outburst took place. Ashes, bridges. In the more ancient parts of the town the streets
stones, and lava were thrown out, and a large surrounding  are narrow  and  irregular; but in  the modern  pordistrict of country laid waste, and 114 villages, upwards of  tions the streets are spacious, and the houses in general
4000 people, many cattle, rice-fields, and three-fourths of a  handsome and substantial. The town is well lighted with
million of coffee trees were destroyed.                     gas, and is abundantly supplied with water. The prinGALOFARO, gb-lo-fWro, (auc. Charyb'dis,) a famous whirl- cipal buildings are the Queen's College, a beautiful strucpool immediately outside of the harbor of Messina, in the  ture in the Elizabethan style; the Established Collegiate
strait between Italy and Sicily, near Cape Faro. Opposite  Church of St. Nicholas, a large old edifice, in the decoto it on the coast of Italy is the rock of Scylla.          rated English style; several Itoman Catholic chapels, 3
GALSA, gbllsshl, a village of Hungary, in Thither Theiss, monasteries, 5 nunneries, Presbyterian and Methodist meetco., and about 12 miles fiom Arad. Pop. 1800.              uing-houses; the County and Town Court-houses, both handGALISTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.               some Grecian structures; and prisons, the County Infirmary,
GALT, galt, a town of Canada West, co. of Halton, on Grand  Fever Hospital, an endowed and a charter school, the Custom
River, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Hamilton.  It contains  House, the Union Work-house, and 2 barracks. The buildchurches of 6 denominations,.3 branch banks, 3 assurance  ings of the Franciscan Nunnery, or Convent of St. Clare,
agencies, 2 printing offices issuing weekly newspapers, about  and of the Presentation Convent, are extensive and impos15 stores, and has manufactures of axes, iron castings, ma- ing.  The Grammar-school or College, the endowment of
chinery, paper, soap and candles, lasts, pails, &c. Pop. about  Erasmus Smith, is a spacious and neat structure. There
2300.                                                       are three news-rooms, called, respectively, the County ClubGALTEE or GALTY (gawltee) MIOUNTAINS, of Ireland,  house, the Galway Institution, and the Commercial Readin Munster, extend E. and W. for about 20 miles.           uing-room; and a trades mechanics' institute. The benevoGALTELLE, gbl-tbltl, a village on,the island of Sardinia,  lent and charitable institutions are the town Infirmary and
67 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 950.                         Dispensary, and the Fever Hospital. Galway is not a manuGALfTRES FOREST, a tract ofland in England, co. of York,  facturing place, but there are two breweries, two distilleries,
NorthRiding, lying between Aidborough and the city of York. a paper mill, a foundry, a tanyard, and several flour mills,
GALT'S MILLS, a post-office of Amherst co.. Virginia.    in the town ani its vicinity. Its retail trade is considerGALT/VILLE, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.    able, there being no other town of any importance within 20
GALTY ISLANDS, Ireland. See GALTEE.                       miles. The commerce of the port was at one time extensive,
GA/LUM. a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, 144 miles S. but has now much declined. The principal exports are corn,
of Springfield.                                             flour, kelp, marble, wool, and provisions; imports-timber,
GALVEAS, g~l-v~/gs, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- wine, salt, coal, hemp,'tallow, and Swedish and British iron.
vince of Alemtejo, 37 miles W.S.W. of Portalegre, with an  The vessels registered at the port, in 1848, were 21; tonnage,
annual fair. Pop. 1107.                                     4033. The coasters, from January 1, 1847, to January 1,
GALIVESTON, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, border- 1848, were, inwards, 173; tonnage, 20.066; —outwards, 41;
ing on the Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay, has an area  tonnage, 4354. In the colonial and foreign trade the numof 330 square miles. It comprises a long, narrow island of  ber of vessels was, inwards, 139; tonnage, 26,161; —outits own name, separated from  the mainland by West Bay. wards, 145; tonnage, 25,676. The harbor, which has an exThe surface is nearly level; the soil is sandy. Capital, Gal- tensive line of quays, is in process of being connected with
veston. Pop. 4529, of whom 3815 were free, and 714 slaves.   Lough Corrib by a canal. Its floating dock, area 5 acres,
GALVESTON, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.   admits vessels of 14 feet draught.  On Mutton Island, in
GALVESTON, a port of entry, the seat of justice of Gal- front of the harbor, is a light-house, 33 feet above high water.
veston county, and the most populous and commercial city    On the right bank of the Corrib, and forming a suburb, is
of Texas, is situated on an island at the mouth of a bay of  a large fishing village, called a Claddagh, inhabited by a
its own name, about 450 miles W. by S. of New Orleans, and  peculiar and primitive race of people. About 10 tons of'230 miles S.E. of Austin City. Lat. 290 17' N., lon. 940 50' salmon are taken yearly out of the Corrib River. The boW. The island of Galveston, which separates the bay from  rough returns 2 members to the House of Commons. It
the Gulf of Mexico, is about 30 miles in length and 3 miles  gives the title of viscount to a branch of the Arundel family.
in breadth. The surface is nearly level, and has a mean  Galway was conquered, in 1232, by the Anglo-Normans unelevation of only 4 or 5 feet above the-water. The bay ex-  der De Burgh, many of whose descendants still reside in
tends northward from the city to the mouth of Trinity  the town. During the Middle Ages it had a flourishing trade
River, a distance of 35 miles, and varies in breadth from 12  with Spain, whence the Moorish character of its architecture.
to 18 miles. The harbor of Galveston, which is the best in  The town suffered greatly during the troubles of the seventhe state, has 12 or 14 feet of water over the bar at low tide. teenth century. Pop. in 1841, 17,275; in 1851, 24,697.
Galveston is one of the most flourishing ports on the Gulf    GALWAY, gawlfway, a post-village and township of Saraof Mexico, and carries on an active trade. Its shipping, toga co., New York, 36 miles N.N.W. of Albany.  Pop. 2158.
June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 1489 tons regis-    GALWAY BAY, on the N. coast of Ireland, is a large extered, and 4004 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, pause of water, about 18 miles broad at its seaward extremnity,
3646 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 1808 tons  dimininishing to about 8 miles inland, and being about 20
in steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year were  miles long from E. to W. It is protected from the swell of
21, (tons, 5974,) of which 19, (tons, 5480) were by foreign  the Atlantic by the Arran Isles, of which there are three.
vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 21,-tons,    GARWEN, gbl-wln!, a town of Eastern Africa, in the re6287, of which 1461 were in American bottoms.  Steam- gion S. of Abyssinia, on a river, near lat. 10 43' N., lon. 440
boats make regular passages to New Orleans, and to the  35' E. Pbp. 9000 (?).
towns in the interior of Texas. Three or four newspapers    GAMACHES, gA'm.sh!, a town of France, department of
are published here. The.city contains a fine market-house,  Somme, 14 miles S.W. of Abbeville, on the Bresle. Pop. 1273.
a town hall, about 8 churches, and several large hotels.   GAMALERO, ga-mI-lh/ro, a village of the Sardinian States,
Tihe private houses are mostly of wood, ind painted white. 9 miles S.S.W. of Alessalldria.  Pop. 1379.
The streets are wide, straight, and rectangular, and bordered    GAMBALARUM, gbm-bA-lb/rum, a river of Africa, in Niby numerous flower gardens. Railroads are projected from   gritia, falling into the S. extremity of Lake Tchad, after a
Galveston to H-ouston, and to Red River. First settled in  course of about 85 miles, direct distance.
1837. Pop. io 1853, estimated at 7000.                        GAMBARA, gbm-bbrb, a village of-Northern Italy, 19 miles
GALVESTON, a post-office of Cass co., Indiana.            S. of Brescia.
727




GAM                                                        GAN
GAMBARARE, gAm-bA-rfrA,, or GAMBARARO, gAm-ba- Germany, duchy of Brunswick, on the Gande, 36 miles S.W.
r4'ro, a village of North Italy, 9 miles W. of Venice.      of Brunswick. Pop. 1925.
GAMBAROO, gAm-bA-roof, a ruined town of Borneo, on    GANDESA, gan-dAIsA, a market-town of Spain, province,'he Yeoo, 5 miles.N. by W. of Old Birnee.  It contains some  and 42 miles W.S.W. of Tarragona.  Pop. 2316.
extensive ruins, and was formerly the residence of the sul-   GANDIA, gin/de-i, a town of Spain, province, and 34
tans of Bornoo.                                             miles S.S.E. of Valencia, near the Mediterranean.  Pop.
GAMBATESA, gAm-bA-til/s, or GAMIBETESA, g m-bA- 5751. It has a ffie collegiate church, college, and a palace
tWsl, a village of Naples, province of Molise, 16 miles E.S.E. of the Duke df Gandia.
of Campobasso. Pop. 2700.                                     GANDICOTTA, g~in-de-kot'tA, a town and fort of British
GAMBIA, g.mtbe-., (the Stachir of Ptolemy,) a river of  India, presidency of MIadras, 43 miles N.W. of Cuddapah, on
Western Africa, in Senegambia, the centre of which region  the Penna.
it traverses, entering the Atlantic at Bathurst, 110 miles    GANDINO, g~n-dee'no, a market-town of Lombardy, 12
S.E. of Cape Verd, in lat. 130 28' N.; ion. 160 35 WV., after a  miles N.E. of Bergamo.
W.N.W. course, estimated at upwards of 1000 miles. At its    GANDIOLLE, g8cN'de-oll/, a village of Western Africa, at
mouth it is about 4 miles across, but immediately within  the mouth of the Senegal River, 10 miles S. of Fort St.
this its width is doubled, and a forty-gun brig may ascend  Louis, said to have 5000 inhabitants.
it for about 150 miles. Vessels of 150 tons can reach the    GANtEREW, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
vicinity of Barraconda. ion. 130 50, W., where the navigation    GANGALA, gAn-gilVa, an island of Western Africa, in the
is stopped by falls. It has numerous affluents, and the Ca- Fal6mS.  Lat. 140 44' N., Ion. 120 12' W.
samanza, which enters the Atlantic about 60 miles farther    GANGES, ganljez, (Fr. Gancge, glNzh; Ilindoo, Gunga,
S., is considered one of its arms.                         gngfglt, or GCnga, gingfgA, so called as flowing through
GAMBIA, a British colony of Western Africa, consisting  Gang, the earth, to heaven,) the principal river of IHindosof the island of St. Mary, with the town of Bathurst, &c., at tan, through the N. part of which it flows from W. to E., tra,
the mouth of the river Gambia, and several forts on its versing the middle of the presidency of Bengal, almost in its
banks, along which British influence extends beyond McCar- entire length. It rises by two principal heads, Bhagirathi
thy Island, in lat. 130 30' N., ion. 140 40' W. Pop. in 1851, and Alakananda, in let. 310 N. and Ion. 70 E., from an im5693, of which 191 were whites. It is stated to be the most mense mass of snow at an elevation of 13,000 feet, flows at
healthy European settlement in Western Africa, and has a  first S.W. to Hurdwar, and thenceforward mostly E.S.E. to
flourishing trade.  Exports, including wax, hides, ivory, the Bay ofBengal. which it enters by numerous mouths, its
gold-dust, rice, palm oil, horns, and timber, in 1852, amount- easternmost arm uniting with the Megna or Brahmapootra,
ed in value to 217,856/. Value of imports, 110,174Z., of which  and its W. branch being the Iloogly River. Its total length
45,1901. were from Great Britain, and 24,0171. fromthe United  is estimated at 1960 miles. In its course it receives 11 afStates. Foreign arrivals during the year, 528 vessels, tons,  fluents, some of which are equal to the Rhine, and none
29,274; clearances, 260 vessels, tons, 30,188. Gambian is a  smaller than the Thames; the principal are the Jumna,
dependency of Sierra Leone.                                 Banmgunga, Goomety, Goggra, Sone, Gunduck, Koose, MahanGAM'BIERf, a post-village of Pleasant township, Knox co., uddy, and Teesta, which have courses varying from  300 to
Ohio, on the Vernon River, 5 miles E. of Mount Vernon. 600 miles in length. Between Hurdwar and Allahabad it
Kenyon College, founded here in 1826. under the auspices  is usually from 1 to 1 mile across; below which its breadth
of Bishop Chase, of the Episcopal Church, is a richly en- increases fiequently to 3 miles, and at 500 miles from the
dowed institution. Two or three religious periodicals are  sea it is 30 feet in depth, and so continues to near its
published here.                                             mouth, where, however, the quantity of deposit it brings
GAMIBIER' ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, lat.  down often forms bars and shoals. It is crossed by no bridges
230 8' S., lou. 1340 551 W., consisting of five large islands  after it leaves the mountains.
and several small islets in a coral reef lagoon, and important    About 200 miles from the sea, the Delta of the Ganges;
as being (except Pitcairn Island) the only known station  which is considerably more than double that of the Nile,
between Chili and Tahiti where good water is procurable.    commences. It is a flat alluvial tract of from  80 to 200
GAMBIER ISLANDS, a group in Spencer Gulf, South  miles in breadth. The S. extremity, or that part which
Australia, Wedge Island, the largest, being in lat. 350 12' S., borders on the sea, is known as the Sunderbunds, a dreary,
lon. 1360 30' E.                                            unhealthy region, covered with wood, and broken up by
GAM/BLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Georgia.         numerous creeks and rivers, all of which are salt except
GAMIBLES, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.   those that communicate immediately with the principal
GAMBOLO, g{mlbo-lo, a village of Piedmont, division,  arm  of the Ganges. In tracing the sea-coast of the Delta
and 18 miles S.E. of Novara. Pop. 5075.                     eight openings are found, each of which appears to be a
GAMBROON, a town of Persia. See GOaseBooN.                principal mouth of the Ganges. The navigation through
GAME POINT, a post-office of Stafford co., Virginia.     the Sunderbunds is chiefly effected by means of the tides,
GAMIEREN. g mmeh-ren, a village of Holland, province  there being two distinct passages, the one named the South
of Gelderland, 11 miles S.W.of Thiel, on the Waal. Pop. 1042. or Sunderbund passage, and the other the Ballaghaut passGAMKA, g&m/kA, or GREAT LION, a river of South  age. The first leads through the widest and deepest rivers,
Africa, in Cape Colony, rises near Beaufort, lt. 320 24' S., and opens into the Ioogly about 65 miles below Calcutta.
Ion. 220 48' E., and flows S.W. through the Great Karroo, The Ballaghaut passage opens into a shallow lake on the E.
till its junction with the Dwyka or Rhinoceros River, when  side of Calcutta. The navigation by these passages extends
the united streams form the Gauritz.                        more than 200 miles through a thick forest, divided into
GAMLA KARLEBY, g-im/lA kaa/leh-bii, (i. e. "1Old Karle- numberless islands by channels of exceedingly various width.
by,") a town of Finland, lbn, and 68 miles N.E. of Vase, 1 The whole coast of the Deltais one mass of mud banks, which
mile from the Gulf of BothniAn. Pop. 2000.-NEw KAuRLcB is are continually shifting, and among which there is scarcely
a maritime town, 43 miles N.E. of Vasa.                     a channel, with the exception of the Hoogly, which ships of
GAMfLINGAY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.    burden can safely enter.
GAMMERTINGEN, ggmtmgr-ting'en, a town of Western    The periodical inundation of the Ganges, which commences.
Germany, 11 miles N. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 973.              about the latter end of April or beginning of May, proceeds
GAMIRIE, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Banff, from the tropical rains which begin to fall about that period.
with a village on the North Sea, 7 miles E.N.E. of Banff.  The rise of the river is at first slow and gradual, not exceedOn the coast here are stupendous cliffs, perforated by caverns, ing an inch a day fot the first fortnight.  Afterwards it inand frequented by vast flocks of sea-birds.                 creases to 3 or 4 inches, and, latterly, when the rains have
GAMRUN, a town of Persia. See GoMBRooN.                   become general in all the countries through which it passes,
GAMSIURST, gims/hO6ast, a village of Baden, in a  it rises about 5 inches a day, until it has attained a height
marshy and unhealthy district N. of Offenburg.. Pop. 1377. of 32 feet above its ordinary level. By the end of July, all
GAMISTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.              the flat country of Bengal, contiguous to the Ganges and
GAN, g8NG, a town of France, department of Basses- Brahmapootra, is overflowed to an extent in breadth of 100
Pyren6es, 4 miles S. of Pan. Pop. 1139.                     miles, nothing being visible but villages and the tops of
GANANOQUE, gAniA-nik', a post-village of Canada West, trees, the former being built on artificial mounds above the
co. of Leeds, on the St. Lawrence River, 18 miles N.E. of  height of the flood, After the middle of August, the waters
Kingston, and 32 miles from Brockville. Pop. about 800.   begin to subside, running off at the rate of from 3 to 4 inches
GANAT, gIn'ltf, or JANAT, jdlnldtl, a town of West a day till November, from which period to the month of
Africa, in Fezzan, 120 miles S.S.W. of Moorzook, in a sandy  April they decrease at the rate of about  inch a day. The
and barren region, but, owing to its position on the caravan  quantity of water discharged into the ocean by the Ganges
routes. rich and populous.                                  is computed to be 500,000 cubic feet per second in the four
GANCI, gitnlchee, a town of Sicily, province of Palermo, months of the flood season, and 100,000 cubic feet per second
24 miles S.S.E. of Cefailu. Pop. 9352.                      on an average during the remainder of the year. The quanGAND, a city of Belgium. See GHENT.                       tity of mud brought down annually by the stream is comGANDAPOOR, gWn'-di-poorl, a town of British India, presi- puted at 235,521,387 cubic yards, and it discolors the sea to
dency of Bombay, district, and 62 miles N. of Ahmednuggur.  a distance of 60 miles from the coast. Owing to the looseGANDELLINO, gAn-dul-lee/no, a village of Austrian Italy, uess of the soil on the banks, large portions of them are
8 miles from Clusone, on the Serio. It has iron-works sup- being constantly swept away by the force of the current,
plied by extensive mines in the district. Pop. 1127.        and with such rapidity, in some cases, that an acre of ground
GANDERSIIEIM, g~nlders-hime', a town of Northern  has been known to disappear in less than half an hour.
728




GAN                                                        GAR
The phenomenon called the Bore, a sudden and rapid in-    GANINET ISLAND, in the South Pacific Ocean, on the
flux of the tide, in the form of an enormous wave, rising as  WV. coast of New Zealand, N. island. Lat. 370 57' S., ion. 17 10
perpendicular as a wall, assumes a more formidable appear-  2' E.
ance in the Ganges than in any other river in Asia, with    GANNET ISLAND, of British North America, on the coast
the exception of the Brahmapootra. In the Hoogly, the  of Labrador.  Lat., 540 N., ion. 560 34' W.
Bore rushes onwards with an appalling noise, at the rate    GANiNET ROCK  LIGIITIIOUSE, on Gannet Rock, a
of between 17 and 18 miles an hour, and at Calcutta it some-  small island, 6i miles from the S.W. head of Grand Menan,
times causes an instantaneous rise of 5 feet. having been  Maine. The light revolves, and is elevated 90 feet. Lat.
probably more than double that height at the mouth of the  460 32' N., ion. 660 52 WV.
river. The waters of the Ganges are held sacred by the    GANINONSVILLE, a post-office of Jennings co., Indiana.
Hindoos, from Gangootri, about 15 miles from its source, to    GANOS, g nose, a maritime town of European Turkey, in
the islandof Saugur,at themouth of the Hoogly. There are, Room-Elee, 44 miles N.E. of Gallipoli, on the W. side of the
however, particular places more eminently sacred than the  Sea of Marmora.
rest, and to these pilgrims resort from great distances to    GANOWVITZ, a town of Austria.  See GoNoWITz.
perform their ablutions, and carry off water to be used in    GANSERNDORF, gdntsern-doaf', a village of Lower Ausfuture ceremonies. The Ganges water is also esteemed for  tria, with a station on the Northern Railway, at the juncits medicinal properties, and in the British courts of justice  tion of the Presburg Pesth and Szolnok Railway, 19 Ihiles
witnesses of the Brahmninical faith are sworn upon it.      N.E. of Vienna.
The valley of the Ganges is one of the richest on the globe,    GANSEVOORT, gans'voort, a post-village of Saratoga co.,
and contains a greater extent of vegetable mould, and of  New York, on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 11
land under cultivation, than any other country in this con- miles N.E. of Saratoga Springs.
tinent, with the exception, perhaps, of the Chinese Empire.    GANTE, GANTOIS. See GHENT.
For hundreds of miles along its course, down to the Gulf of    GANTI-IEAITME (g.n't6mm) BAY, of Australia, on the WV.
Bengal, notastone isto be seen. Wheatand other European  coast of Edel Land. Lat. 270 46' S., lon. 1140 7' E. Two
grains are produced in the upper part of this magnificent  small rivers fall into this bay, from about 12 miles inland.
valley, while in the S. every variety of Indian fruit, rice,    GANITON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding,
cotton, indigo, opium, and sugar, are produced in the great-  8 miles S.S.W. of Scarborough, on the railway thence to
est profusion. The sources of the Ganges are at an elevation  York.
of upwarids of 13,000 and 18,000 feet respectively above sea-   GAN-WHAY, aprovince of China. See NGAN-HOEI.
level; yet the fall of the river from Hurdwar, nearly at the    GANYA, ggnfyth', or GANITSA, gi-nutls/, a village of
foot of the Himalayas; tothe  Delta, a distance of about 1200  Hungary, co. of Marmaros, 18 miles from  Szigeth. Pop.
miles, is only 1000 feet. Its banks, in many places, exhibit  1500.
scenes of great beauty, while in the stream itself clusters of    GAP, gbp, (anc.'Fapin/cusc,)a town of France, capital of
picturesque rocks occasionally occur, interesting not only  the department of Hautes-Alpes, 46 miles S.S.E. of Grenoble,
from their own appearance, but from the associations con- on the Lule, 2392 feet above the sea. It has a Gothic cathe
nested with them. One of these, the Fakeer's Rock, which  dral, with the tomb of the Constable Lesdiguieres,  a cornoccurs about 200 miles above the Delta, is a picturesque  munal college, normal school and public library, a courtpile, consisting of several masses of gray granite, heaped one  house, town-hall, prefecture, bishop's palace, barracks, and
updn the other, and forming ledges and terraces, which are  a lacge public reservoir constructed in  1832.  Pop. in
the sites of several small temples, a principal one rising from   1852, 8797.
the summit and overtopping all. This place has been held         GAP, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, on
sacred for ages, and has been the abode of Fakeers from time  the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 18 miles E. of
immemorial, who levy tribute on all passers-by..The rock  Lancaster.  It has an active trade in lumber and stone
is also interesting to the antiquarian, being covered with  coal.
sculptured figures of great antiquity, and numerous inscrip-   GAP, a small post-village of Walker co., Alabama.
tions in an unknown character.                                GAP CIVIY/IL, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina.
The Ganges is navigable for boats of a large size nearly    GAP CREEK, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina.
1500 miles from its mouth;'and the busy scene which it daily    GAP CREEK, a post-office of IKnox co., Tennessee.
exhibits, together with the numbe- and variety of boats with    GAP GROVE. a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois
which it is crowded, is not, perhaps, equalled on any other    GAPLO, a lalke of Prussia.  See GoeLo.
river in the world. It forms, with its tributaries, the great    GAP MILLS, a post-village of Monroe co., Virginia, 8
route of communication and traffic throughout interior  miles of the court-house, has several mills and a woollen
India, there being few roads adapted for the conveyance of  factory.
goods; and its value as a highway for commerce is all the    GAPPLITZ, a town of Bohemia. See KAPLITZ.
more increased, from the numerous important towns and    GAP SPRINGS, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas.
cities that lie either immediately on its banks, or at no    GARACHIICO, gA-r-cheesko, a town of the island of Tenegreat -distance from them. Ascending the stream, may be  rife, on its N. coast. Pop. 2500. It was nearly destroyed
named Calcutta, Mool-shedabad, Bahar, Patna, Benares, by a volcanic eruption in 1705, before which it was one of the
Allahabad, Cawnpoor, and Furruckabad. It forms, also  most important places in the island.
the great military highway by which India was conquered,   GARAII, gSdr&, or AM-EL-SAGHIER, Am-.l-slbghe-~r, a
and is the main artery by which British power is diffused  small town or village of Egypt, on the oasis of the same
through Hindostan.-Adj. GANGETiC, gan-jltlik.               name, in the Libyan Desert, about 250 miles S.W. of Cairo.
GANGES, gSNzh, a town of France, department of Ii6rault, It rise's above the palm-trees, and bears a striking resenm25 miles W.N.W. of Montpellier. It has a chamber of mann- blance, at first sight, to an old ruined castle of feudal times.
factures, and factories of silk gloves, hosiery, and twist, with  The oasis consists of a level plain, enclosed by abrupt precia trade in wine. Pop. in 1852, 4600.                        pices, and covered in part with beautiful palm woods. Salt
GANtGES, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio, 11 mriles N. pools occur here and there, surrounded by an efflorescence
of Mansfield.                                               of dazzling whiteness.
GANGES, a township of Allegan co., Mlichigan. Pop. 246.   GARA, LOUGH, 1iH gahlra. a lake of Ireland, in Connaught,
GANGES CANAL. See INDis, page 900.                        13 miles W. of Carrick. Aiea, 4537 acres. it receives the
GANGETICUS SINUS. See BENGAL, BAY OF.                     Lung River on the S.W. Its outlet is the river Boyle.
GANGI, g~n/jee, a town of Sicily, province of Palermo, 19    GARAMA and GARAMIANTIS.  See Mooczoom.
miles S.S.E. of Cefalu. Pop. 9350.                            GARBAGNATE, gaa-bin-yyitt, a village of Austrian Italy,
GANGOOTRI, gingooltree, a famous place of pilgrimage  province of Milan, 5 miles N.N.W. of Bollate. Pop. 1362.
in Northern Hindoostan, in Gurhwal, near the source of    GARBANA, gaa-bgnA, (L. Garban-esa Dertholen/siusm,) a
the Ganges, in lat. 300 59' N., Ion. 780 56' E., and 10,073 feet town of the Sardinian States, division, and 22 miles S.S.E. of
above the sea.                                              Alessandris.  Pop. 1293.
GANGPOOR, ging-poorl, a town of British India, presi-    GARBIE1T, gaRtbee'eh, a maritime province of Lower
dency of Bengal, on the Braminy River, 70 miles N.E. of  Egypt, in the delta of the Nile. Chief town, Mehallet-elSumbhulpoor.                                                Kebeer.
GANITSA, a village of Hungary. See GANYA.                   GARIBOLDISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
GANJA or GANDJA, ggn/jA, a town of Russia, govern-    GARCIIIZY, gaisshee'zeet, a village of France, department, and 30 miles S.E. of Tiflis.                         ment of Nibvre, 14 miles N.W. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852. 4595.
GANJAMI, gn.-jmnt, the most northern district of the    GARD, gan, or GARDON, gaaeddrNG, a river of Southern
presidency of Madras, in British India, on the Coromandel PFrance, formed by the union of the Gardon d'Alais and
Coast. Area, 3700 square miles. Pop. in 1837, 588,079. Garden d'Anduze, and joins the Rhone 5 miles N.E. of
Capital, Ganjam.                                           Tarascon, after an E.S.E. course of 55 miles.
GANJAM, the capital of the above district, on a river.   GARD, a department of Prance, in the S., formed of part
near its mouth, in the Bay of Bengal, 90 miles S.W. of of the province of Languedoc, bounded E. by the Rhone,
Cuttack. It was formerly populous and handsome, but has  and S., for 10 miles, by the Mediterranean. Area, 2256 square
latterly decayed.                                          miles. In the N. it is traversed by high mountains; in the
GAN.EH, a town of Georgia. See ELISABETOPOL.             S., numerous lakes and marshes render the country unGANNAT, g&n'nlJ, a town of Prance, department of  healthy. Chief rivers, the Rhone, Vidourle, and Ilerault,
Allies, capit'l of an arrondissement, on the Andelot, 34  which flow to the Mediterranean, and the Ceze and Garden,
miles S.S.W. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, 5422.               affluents of the Rhone. The department is traversed by
729




GAR                                                      GAR
the canal from Beaucaire to Aigues-Mortes, and by a rail- 6486; but by the formation of new townships, into which
way from Alais to Beaucaire by Nimes, and from Nimes to  portions  of its territory have been incorporated, the numCette by Mlontpellier. It has mines of iron, coal, lead, sul- her of inhabitants has been reduced to 4876.
phur, and zinc. Corn is raised insufficient for home con-   GARDINER CITY, a post-village of Oregon.
sumption, but wine, brandy, olive-oil, and fruit are abun-    GARDINER'S BAY, of New York, at the E. end of Long
dant. Silk-worms are extensively reared. Capital, Nimes. Island, is about 8 miles long and 6 wide.
The department is divided into the 4 arrondissements of   GARDINERfS ISLAND, New York, situated between the
Alals, Nlmes, Uzzs, and Le Vigan. Pop. in 1852, 408,163.   above bay and the ocean. Length, about 4 miles; breadth,
GARDA, gaRldt, a village of Northern Italy, government from 4 of a mile to 1 mile.
of Venice, 17 miles N.W. of Verona, on the E. shore of the    GARDINER, a post-village and township of Worcester co.,
Lake o'f Garda. Pop. 3000.                                 Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts RailGARDAFUI, CAPE, Africa. See CArE GUAODArir.             road, 50 miles W.N.W. of Boston. The inhabitants are exGARDAIA, gae-dAI, or GIJARDEIA, gaR-dA/yA, a town of  tensively engaged in the manufecture of chairs. Pop. 1533.
Algeria, in the Sahara, oasis of Wady Mzab. Lat. 310 571 N.,   GARDNER, a small village of Morgan co., Ohio.
Ion. 20 50, E. It is surrounded by a wall with battlements,   GARDNER'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Martin co., North
and defended by nine towers, capable of containing 300 to  Carolina.
400 combatants, and has ten gates.  The town contains    GARDNER'S CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Monroe
6 mosques, one of which is of extraordinary size.. A consi- co., North Carolina.
derable trade is carried on with Tunis, Algiers, &c. in oil,   GARD/NERSYILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New
corn, butter, negroes, groceries, pottery, and numerous  York, 45 miles W. of Albany.
other articles. The government of the town is administered    GARDOKH, a village of Thibet. See GAaoo.
by a national assembly, presided over by a chief, who, how-   GARDONE, gan-dofne, a village of Northern Italy, 10
ever, can decide nothing without first taking the advice of  miles N.N.W. of Brescia. Pop. 1500. It has manufactures
the religious chief. whose word has the authority of law. of firearms, jewelry, and silk goods.
The Jews have a synagogue here, and live in a quarter by    GARDONE RIVIERA, gaR-dofnA re-ve-A/rA, a village of
themselves. Gardaia is surrounded by immense orchards, Austrian Italy, province of Brescia, 2 miles N.E. of Salo,
watered by wells, which sometimes have a depth of 900 feet. near the W. shore of Lake Garda. Pop. 1442.
In these orchards are cultivated the vine, and all other    GARD, PONT DU, p6Nr' dii gaR, an aqueduct bridge, 10
kinds of fruit common to that part of Africa, except oranges  miles N.E. of Nimes, celebrated as one of the most mngand citrons.  Rain is of rare occurrence. On a mountain in  nificent Roman remains in France.
the neighborhood are the ruins of a large tower, supposed    GARD'S POINT, a post-office of Wabash co., Illinois.
to have belonged to the Romans.  Pop. uncertain, but   GARDTOP, a village of Thibet. See GAnRo.
stated to be little inferior to that of Algiers.            GAREEP or GARIEP, a river of Africa.  See OARANGE
GARDA, LAKE OF, or BENACO, bt-n ko, (anc. Lafcuss  RIVER.
Benalcus,) the largest lake of Northern Italy, between let.   GARESSIO, g&-rAlse-o, or GARESSO, gg-r~lso, a town of
450 26' and 450 56' N., and ion. 100 35' and 100 50' E. Piedmont, province, and 16 miles S.S.E. of Mondovi, on the
Length, from N. to S., 35 miles; breadth, from 2 to 10 miles. Tanaro. Pop. 5436.
Height above the sea, 320 feet; greatest depth, 951 feet. At   GARET, gd-rtt, a district of Morocco, province of Fez,
its N. extremity it receives the Sarco. River, and at its S.E. bounded N. by the Mediterranean.. Melilla is its principal
end it discharges itself by the Mincio into the Po. In sum- town.
ner, firom the melting of the Alpine snows, it rises 4 or 5    GARFAGNANA, gaR-ftn-yinlu, a district of Northern
feet, and, like all similar inland waters, is subject to violent Italy, in Tuscany, formed of the upper valley of the Seirchio.
storms. On its shores are the towns and villages of Pes- Area, 155 square miles. Pop. 31,717. Chief town, Castelchiera, Riva, Gargnano, Sale, and Garda. Near its E. shore  nuovo-di-Garfagnana..
the battle of Rivoli was fought in 1797.                     GARIFORTIH, a parish of England, co. of York, West
GARDANNE, gacditnl, a town of France, department of  Riding.
Bouches-du-Rhane, 5 miles S. of Aix. Pop. in 1852, 2837.     GARG, a village of Hungary. See GRGaoS.
GARDE FREINET, LA, 1I gaud fit',nA, a village of    GARGALIANO, gae-gA-le-A5no,'a decayed town of Greece,
France, department of Var, 15 miles S. of Draguignan.  It near the W. coast of the Morea, 114 miles N. by W. of Navastands on a lofty eminence, nemethe site of the celebrated  rino, on a height. Pop. about 350.
Saracen castle, the ruins of which still exist. Pop. in 1852,   GARGANO, gaa-glno, (anc. Gargalnus,) a mountain pe2537.                                                      ninsula of Naples, province of CapitaRnata, extending for
GARDELEGEN, gaRedfh-l4'ghen, a town  of Prussian  about 30 miles into the Adriatic, with a breadth varying
Saxony, on the Milde, 30 miles N.N.W. of Magdeburg. from 15 to 30 miles. Its loftiest summits are Calvo, near its
Pop. 5750.                                                 centre, 5450 feet; Sagro, on the E.; Spigro, on the N.; Gar
GARDEMPE, a river of France. See GAnTEMPE.               garano, on the W.; and Riguano, on the S. They are comGAR/DEN,  a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.             posed almost throughout of limestone and the accompanyGARDEN GROVE, a post-village of Decatur co., Iowa, 50  ing rocks of the Jura formation, and contain some metallic
miles in a direct line S. of Fort Des Moines.              veins and beds of ironstone, none of which are worked.
GARDEN PLAIN, a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois, They continue clothed, as Horace describes them, with lofty
95 miles N.N.W. of Peoria.                                 forests of pine.
GARDEN PRAIRIE. a post-office of Boone co., Illinois.     GARGANTA-LA-OLLA, gaR-ganIttI-l-olIyA,atown of Spain,
GARDEN VALILEY, a post-office of Smith co., Texas.       in Estremadura, province, and 65 miles N.N.E. of Caceres.
GARDIA, gar/dee', a village of West Africa, in Ben- Pop. 1972.
doe, in a plain, surrounded by tamarind and other trees.   GARGANUS. See GARGANO.
Lat. 140 5' N., lon. 120 28 WV.                              GARGARUS, garlga-rtis, (Turk. Kazc-dcghli, kz'dg,)  a
GARDIKI, gaa-deelkee, a town of European Turkey, in  mountain of Asia Minor, in Anatolie, 10 miles N.W. of AdEpirus. 12 miles N. of Delvino. Previously to 1812, it was a  ramyti. It is the most elevated summit of the range of Ida,
flourishing city, but it was then taken and mostly ruined  4955 feet in height, and subdivided into a triple zone of culby Ali Pasha.                                             tivated land, forests, and snow.
GARIDINER, a city of Kennebec co.,. Maine, on both    GARGNANO, gaan-y/no, a village of Northern Italy, 23
sides of Cobbessecontee River, (which here enters the miles E.N.E. of Brescia, on the W. shore of Lake Garda.
Kennebec from the right,) and on the Kennebec and Port- Pop. 4000.
land Railroad, 53 miles N.N.E. of Portland, and 7 miles S.   GARIGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of York, West Ridof Augusta. A bridge 900 feet in length, has been con- ing, 44 miles W.N.W. of Skipton.  Here are remains of a
structed across the Kennebec during the past year, connect- Roman villa.
ing Gardiner with Pittston. The town possesses excellent   GAR'GUN/NOCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling.
fiocilities for manufacturing, the Cobbessecontee having    GARIHA, a river of Hindostan, joins the Chumbul.
in this part of its course a succession of falls, affording ex-   GARHWAL, a province of India.  See GUiHWAL.
tensive hydraulic power.  Eight dams have been built   GARIEP, a river of South Africa. See ORANGE RIVER.
across this stream within the distance of a mile. The prin-   GARIGLIANO, gl-reel-yd/no, (anc. Li/ris,) a river of
cipal manufacturing establishments are 10 saw mills, with  Naples, rises about 5 miles S.E. of Tagliacozzo, flows S.E.,
shingle, clapboard, and lath mills, 1 or 2 flouring mills, 2  and enters the Mediterranean 9 miles E. of Gaeta, after a
extensive paper mills, a woollen factory, an ilron foundry, 2  course of 75 miles. Affluents, the Sacco and Melfa.
machine-shops, 4 sash and blind factories, a pottery, and a    GARIJP, a village of Holland. See GARYP.
tannery. About 550 persons are employed in these various    GARIOCI, gNre-ka. an inland district of Scotland, co. of
manufactories. Gardiner is also advantageously situated  Aberdeen. comprising 150 square miles, and including 15
for commerce, the Kennebec being navigable to this point parishes in the centre of the county.
for ships.  About 6000 tons of shipping are owned here,   GAR/LAND, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 75
above half of which is employed in the Southern and fo- miles N.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1247.
reign trade, and the remainder in the coastwise trade. The   GARLAND, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania.
city contains 8 churches, a city-hell, an alms-house, 2 banks,   GARLAND'S, or GARLAND'S STORE, a post-office of
a savings institution, a public high school, a mechanics' as- Albemarle co., Virginia, 95 miles W. by N. of Richmond.
sociation with a library of 1000 volumes, and about 80 stores.   GARILANDVILLE, a post-village of Jasper co., MissisTwo weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1850, sippi.
730




GAR                                                       GAR
GARLASCO, gan-l1srlko, a market-town of Piedmont, 23  It contains 4 churches, 1 woollen factory, 1 axe factory, and
miles S.E. of Novara. Pop. 5436. The Austrians crossed  2 flouring  mills. Pop. about 600.
the Po near it in their invasion of Piedmont, March, 1849.  GAIIIIIGA, LA, 1! gaft-ReelgA, a village'and parish of
AiARILIESTON, a small seaport town of Scotland, co., and  Spain, in Catalonia, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Barcelona.
5 miles S.S.E. of Wigton, on a small bay of the same name. Pop. 1180.
Pop. 700. A Liverpool steamer touches here. In the vici-   GARIRIGUELLA, LA. 14 gar.-re-ghllfy, a village of Spain,
nity is the seat of the Earl of Galloway.                 in Catalonia, about 21 miles N.N.E. of Gerona. Pop. 1720.
GARLIN, gainANG/, atown of France, department of Basses-    G AbPJIOTT'S LANDING, a post-office of Trimble co., KenPyr6n6es, capital of the arrondissement, 18 miles N.N.E. of  tucky.
Pan. Pop. in 1852,1418.                                      GAIRIISONIS, a post-office of Putnam co., New York.
GARMISCH, gas/mish, a market-town of Upper Bavaria,    GARIRASONVILLE, a post-office of Stafford co., Virginia.
on the Loisach, near' its confluence with the Isar, 50 miles    GAIRBISTOWN, a village and parish of Ireland, co., and
S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1560.                                16 miles N.N.W. of DIublin. Pop. 2000.
GARIMON'S MIILL'S, a post-office of Cabarras co., North    GARROBILLAS, gIc-ao-seellyas, a modern town of Spain,
Carolina.                                                 27 miles N.N.W. of Caceres, near the Tagus. Pop. 4434.
GAR/MOUTH, a small seaport town of Scotland, co. of    GARRON, a headland of Ireland. See GeRno N.
Elgin, at the mouth of the Spey, 3 miles N. of Fochabers.    GARROTE, gde-Ro/tU, a post-office of Tuolumne co., CaliPop. 600.                                                 fornia.
GARNACHE, LA, 14 ga'nish/, a village of France, de-   GARROVILLAS- DE-ALCONETAR, g~an-Ro-veel/y~s-dA-&lpartment of Vendde, 17 miles N. of Les Sables. Pop. 2926.   ko-nA-tars, a town of Spain, in Estremnadura, province, and
GARNAVIL/LO  or GAIPNAVILLE, a thriving post-vil- 19 miles N. by W. of Caceres. Pop. 6573.
lage, capital of Clayton co., Iowa, on the mail-route from   GAR/ROW  MOUNTAINS, a mountain range of Farther.
Dubuque to Prairie du Chien, about 100 miles N. by E. of  India, between lat. 250 and 260 N., and Ion. 900 and 920 E.
Iowa City. It is pleasantly situated on a high, rolling prai- This region rises to an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet, and
rie.  Lead is abundant in the vicinity.                    is inhabited by an independent people, who bring their surGARINER'S FORD, a post-village of Cleveland ce., North  plus produce, mostly raw cotton, into the adjacent Bengal
Carolina.                                                 districts, where they exchange it for other kinds of merGAR/NETSYILLE, a post-village of Meade co., Kentucky,  chandise.
on Otter Creek, about 30 miles S.W. of Louisville.           GARIRY ISLAND, in the Arctic Ocean, British North
GARNWKII/, a station on the railway between Glasgow  America, off the mouth of Mackenzie River, in let. 690 30'
and Edinburgh, in Scotland, 54 miles E.N.E. of Glasgow.    N., ion. 1350 W.
GARINOCK, a small river of Scotland, Co. of Ayr, joins the    GARRY LAKE, in British North America, in lat. 660 N.,
Irvine River near its mouth, after a course of 12 miles.  ion. 990 30 WIV., receives Black's River from the W.
GARNSEE, gaanR/sA, or SLEMNO, slnm/no, a town of    GARRY, LOCH, loK gar/ree, a small lake of Scotland, co.
Prussia, 8 miles S. of Marienwerder. Pop. 1985.            of Perth, in the wild district of Athole Forest. The river
GARO/GA, or GAROGA CREEK, a post-village and town- Garry, flowing firom the above lake, after an impetuous E.S.E.
ship of Fulton ce., New York, about 40 miles E. of Utica. course of 20 miles, joins the Tummnel about 5 miles S.E. of
Pop. 589.                                                  Blair-Athol.
GAROGA, a small lake near the centre of Fulton co., New    GAR/RY 0/WEN, a post-village in Jackson co., Iowa, 15
Yorlk.                                                     miles S. of Dubuque.
GAROGA CREEK, of New York, rises in Fulton county,   GARS/DALE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
flows S.W., and enters the Mohawk near Fort Plain.         Riding.
GAROM/NA, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, co. of    GARSIDON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Galway, about 6 miles N. of the South Arran Isles. Area,   GARISINGTOI, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
about 3' square miles.                                       GARS/TANG, a msarlket-town andparish of Englana, co.
GARON, a headland of Ireland. See GERaON.                and 11 miles S. of Lancaster, on the Wyre, and on the LanGARIONNE, gh'ronn/, (anc. Ga-urnm/na,) a river of France,  caster and Preston Railway and Canal. Pop. in 1851, 7465,
rises in the Pyrenees, in the Val d'Aran, on the confines of  employed in cotton and worsted mills, and calico print works.
Spain, enters Prance near the village. of Pont-du-Rnoi, and  In the vicinity are the ruins of Greenhalgh Castle, garripasses, in the department of Haute-Garonne, St. Beat, Mont- soned for King Charles I. by the Earl of Derby in 1643.
r6jeau, St. Martory, and Cazgres, (where its natural naviga-    GARS/TON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
tion commnences,) Carbonne, Muret, and Toulouse, near which    GARSTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
it is joined by the Canal du Midi. At Blaye the river loses   GCARTACIT, gaaltda, Gaoss, groce, and IKLEiN, kline,
its name, and assumes that of the Gironde, (see GanoNDE,) two nearly contiguous villages of Wiirtemberg, 11 miles W.
which it receives at its junction with the Dordogne, at Bec  of Heilbroun, on the Leinbach  Pop. of Gross Gartach, 1615;
d'Ambls.' Length, 384 miles. Chiefaffluents on the right,  of Klein Gartach, 780.
Salat, Aridge, Tarn, Lot, I)orpt, and Dordogne; on the left,   GARi/TAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal.
Neste, Gers, and Giron. The Garonne is subject to over-   GARTAN, LOUGH, los, of Ireland, is about 2 miles in
flow, on account of the general flatness of its banks; its  length.
bed is variable, its navigation difficult, and often inter-    GARTEMPE, gaR'tSip', or GABDEMPE, ga'dSkrp/, a river
rupted by low water. The Canal du Midi connects it with  of Central France, which, after a course of 120 miles, at first
the Mediterranean.                                         WV. and then N., joins the Creuse 25 miles E.N.E. of Poitiers.
GAROO. g'roo/, GARDTOP, gaafidtopp, GARTOP, gasrtop/,   GARTHI, garth, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of GlamorGORTOPEJ, gonat(pl, or GARDOKH, gaatdo:/, a village or gan, 5 miles N.N.W. of Caerphilly. Pop. 1209.
station of the Chinese Empire, in Southern Thibet, near a    GARTH, a hamlet of North Wales, co. of Montgomery, 2
source of the Indus, in lat. 310 40' N., ion. 800 21' E. Ele- miles N.N.W. of Welshpool. Pop. 252.
vation, 16,000 feet. It is a collection of a few houses, with a    GARTHBEIBIO, garth-bi/be-o, a parish of North Wales,
number of felt tents pitched beside them in summer; an  co. of Montgomery.
active trade is then carried on in the exchange of tea, shawl-   GARTHBRENGY, garth-brung/ghee, a parish of South
wool, and other products of China and Thibet, for those of  Wales, co. of Brecon.
Cashmere and India.                                          GAR/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
GAROUPAS, a town of Brazil. See Potnt BELLO.               GARITLY, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and
GARRA, a river and village of India. See GHARA.         Banff.
GAR/RAGILL, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland.    GAR/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Biding,
GAl/RARD, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, on the North Sea, 12 miles E.N.E. of Hull. Grimston-Garth,
has an area estimated at 250 square miles. The Kentucky  the seat of the descendants of Sylvester de Grimston, standRiver forms its boundary on the N., Dick's River on the  ard bearer of William the Conqueror, is a large castellated
S.W., and Paint Lick Creek on the N.E. The surface is di- edifice, finely situated in this parish.
versified, undulating, and hilly; the soil is very productive.   GARTON-oN-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of York,
The Kentucky River is navigable on the border of the  East Riding, 3 miles WV.N.W. of Great Driffield.
county. Formed in 1796, and named in honor of Jatmes    GARTOP or GARTOPE, a village of Thibet. See GARoo.
Gaarsd, Governor of Kientucky. Capital, Lancaster. Pop.   GARUMNA. See GAsoNNE.
10,237, of whom 7061 were free, and 3176 slaves.            GARVAGH, gan/tvi, a small market-town of Ireland, in
GARRARD'S FORT, a village of Greene co., Pennsylvania. Ulster, co. of Londonderry, 9 miles S; of Coloraine.  Pop.
GARI/RATTSVILLE,,  a post-village of Otsego co., New York, 851. It gives the title of bar-on to the Canning family, who
86 miles WV. of Albany.                                   own the town, and whose seat is adjacent.
GARREGUEL, ga'Raeh-ghyl/, a large village of Africa, in    GARVAGHY, gaR-vaHtee, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.
Senegambie, on the Senegal. Let. 15~ 27' N., ion. 120 46' W.   GARBVALD BARIA, a parish of Scotland, co.. and 5 miles
GAR/IRETTSBURG, a post-village of Christian co., Ken- E.S.E. of Haddington. IHere are the ruins of Yester Castle.
tucky, 214 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, contains 1 church    GAR/VESTONE, or GAR/STON, a parish of England, co.
and feveral stores.                                       of Norfolk.
GARLRETTSYILLE, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn-   GARIVOCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.
sylvaoia.                                                   GAR/IVAY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
GARRETTSVILLE, a manufacturing village of Portage    GARYP or GARIJP, gA-rpel/, a village of Holland, prco., 0hi% on the Mahoutug River~ 12 miles N.E.p                            g of  Holavndna.o
cn., Ohio, on the Mahoning River, 12 miles N.E. of Havenna. vince of Friesland, 8 miles S.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 620.
731




GAR                                                       GAT
GA/RYSBURG, a post-village of Northampton co., North  the Erie Canal, about 30 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo, named
Carolina, on the railroad from Petersbuig to Weldon, where  from springs here which emit an inflammable gas.
It is crossed by. the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, 23 miles   GASSEN, gds/sen, a town of Prussia, province of BrauN. of Weldon.                                              denburg, 47 miles S.E. of Frankfort.  Pop. 990.
GAIRYSVILLE, a post-office of Prince George co., Virginia.   GASSINO, ges-seeeno, a market-town of Piedmont, proGARZ or GARTZ, gaRts, a town of Prussia, province of vince, and 8 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2597.
Pomerania, 16 miles S.S.W. of Stettin, on the Oder. Pop.   GASTDORF, g~stfdonf, or GASTORF, gAsetoRf, a town of
3800..                       Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz, 29 miles N. of Prague. Pop.
GARZ or GARTZ, a town of Prussia, on the island of Rii- 1073.
geu, in the Baltic, 10 miles E. of Stralsund. Pop. 1650:.   GASTEIN, g$sltine, or HOF-GASTEIN, h-Sggsftlne, a
GARZENO, gasd-zA/no, avillage of Austrian Italy, province market-town of Austria, duchy, and 44 miles S. of Salzburg,
of Como, 6 miles from Dongo. Pop. 1404.                    on the Achen. It contains a school and a bathing establishGARZWEILER, gaRtsri'rler, a village of Rhenish Prus- ment, supplied by wooden pipes from the springs of Wildsia, government, and 18 miles S.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. bad-Gastein, about 6 miles distant. There is a series of fine
~1096.                                                      cascades in the vicinity, formed by the Achen, which deGASCOGNE, a province of France. See GAscoNY.             scends, by successive leaps, nearly 300 feet. Pop. 4000.
GASCOGNE, GOLFE DE. See BIsCAY, BAY OF.                    GASTEIN, gAsotine, BAD GASTEIN, bAt gAsttine, or WILDGASCONADE, gas'ko-naid/, a river of Missouri, which  BAD GASTEIN,  ilt'bAt g~s/tIne, a villageand wateringrises by several branches in Wright co., in the S. part of the  place of Austria, 49 miles S. of Salzburg, 3006 feet above the
state, interlocking with the sources of White River of Ar- sea. Here are several hotels, and well-frequented mineral
kansas. Its general direction is N.N.E. It is a beautiful springs; temperature, 1100 Fahrenheit.
stream  of clear water, flowing through a hilly country    GASTEL, gAs/telt, NEW and OLD, two contiguous villages
abounding with picturesque scenery, and covered by exten- of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 14 miles W.
sive forests of pine and other timber. Steamboats have  of Breda. United pop. 2917.
ascended about 60 miles from its mouth when the water is   GASTEREN, gAsotA-rpn, a valley of Switzerland, on the S.
high. Large rafts of.yellow-pine lumber are floated down  frontiers of the canton of Bern, and W. of the Blumlis Alp.
the stream annually. It enters the Missouri in Gasconade  It is almost unsurpassed in savage grandeur, having for its
county, 40 miles below Jefferson City, after a course of about background the great Tschingel glacier, between the Schilt250 miles. Branches.-The Osage Fork rises near the W. horn and Sackhorn, whose summits exceed 9000 feet in
border of Wright county, and flowing N.E., enters the river height. A footpath leads out of this valley over the Hochin La Clede efiunty. The Robidoux Fork, rising in Texas weyden Alps and the Ldtschen glacier to Keppel, in the valcounty, flows N., and falls into the river a few miles from  ley of the Lutschen, canton of Valais.
Waynesville, Pulaski county. The Big Piney Fork rises in    GASITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
the S. part of Texas county, and flowing N., enters the main    GASITON, a county in the S.W. part of North Carolina,
stream near the centre~of Pulaski county, after a course of  bordering on South Carolina, has an area estimated at 350
about 100 miles. These are more properly affluents than  square miles. Catawba River forms -the E. boundary, and
constituent branches.                                     the South Catawba flows through the county. The surface
GASCONADE, a county in the E. part of Missouri, has an  is diversified by hills and valleys; the soil is fertile. Formed
area of 540 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Mis- from the S. part ofLincoln in 1846. Capital, Dallas. Named
souri River, and intersected in the N.W. part by the Gas- in honor of the late William Gaston, a judge of the supreme
conade, from which the name is derived. The Bourbeuse  court of North Carolina. Pop. 7073; of whom 5961 were free,
Creek and several of its branches flow through the S.E. part and 2112 slaves.
of the county. The surface is uneven; the soil is inferior,   GASTON, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa.
excepting the river bottoms and lowlands. Iron ore and sul-   GASTON, a post-village of Northampton co., North Carophur are abundant, and indications of copper along Bour- line, on the left bank of the Roanoke River, 85 miles N.N.E.
beuse Creek are reported. Limestone underlies the greater of Raleigh. It is the terminus of two railroads, which conpart of the county, and burrstone of good quality is found  nect it with Raleigh and Richmond, in Virginia. Gaston is
on the Gasconade.  Small steamniboats navigate the river a depot for tobacco and wheat.
when the water is high. Capital, Hermann. Pop. 4996; of    GASTON, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.
whom 4884 were f-ee, and 112 slaves.                         GASTOR, gAs-totl, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, about
GASCONADE, a post-village of Gasconade co., Missouri, 36  75 miles N.E. of Cadiz. It contains chalybeate and sulphurmiles S. of Jefferson City.                                ous springs. Pop.1200.
GASCONADE FERRY, a post-office of Gasconade co., Mis-   GASTORF, a town of Bohemia.  See GAsTDooR.
souri.                                                       GASTOUNI or GASTUNI, ggs-toolnee, (anc. Bllis,) a vilGAS/CONY, (Fr. Gascogne, gds'koi/;: Sp. Gascula, ghs-koonu- lage of Greece, in Morea, 9 miles S.E. of Cape Klarentza.
yA; L. Vasco/nia,) an old province in the S.W. of France, now    GASTOUNI or GASTUNI, GULF OF, a bay opposite Zante,
forming the departments of Landes, Gers, IIautes-Pyr6n6es,  between Capes Kurnia and Skaphidia, and receiving the
and part of Basses-Pyr6nues. It was a dependency ofGuienne,  river Iliaco, (ancient Pene/us.)
and its capital was Auch. A portion of it belonged to the    GASTRIKLAND, (Giistrikland.) See GrKSTIRKLAND.
sovereigns of Navarre, and it was united to France in 1589.   GATA, gA/tt, a market-town of Spain, province, and 65
--— Adj. and inhab. GAs/coN; (Fr. GAscn, gAs'k8NG/.)      miles N.W. of Caceres, on the river Gata, an affluent of the
GAS FACtTORY, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.   Alagon. Pop. 2004.
GASK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.                  GATA, gA/ta, a village of Spain, in Valencia, 55 miles N.E.
GASKO, gAs/ko, a town of European Turkey, in Herzego- of Alicante, on the Jalon. Pop. 1645.
vine, 50 miles S.E. of Mostar.                               GATA, CAPE. See CAPF GATA.
GASPAR, GRANDE, grAn/dA g's-panR/, a petty island in    GATA, SIERRA DE, se-r/nA dA g tA, a mountain range
the Gulf of Paria, South America, near the N.W. extremity  of Spaina and Portugal, separating the basins of the Tagus
of Trinidad.                                               and Douro Rivers, and the old Spanish provinces of EstreGASPARILILA (or GASPARILrLO) SOUND and ISLAND,  madura and Leon.
are situated on the W. coast of Florida, near Charlotte    GAT/COMBE, a parish of the Isle of Wight, in England.
Harbor.                                                      GATEIHOUSE, a municipal borough, riverport, and marGASPARINA, gAs-pA-reefnA, or GASPERINA, ggs-pA-reel- ket-town of Scotland, co. of Kirkcudbright, on the Fleet, 5
nA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 11 miles miles N.W. of Kirkcudbright. Pop. in 1851,1750. It has a
S.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2600.                            branch bank, news-room, with some manufactures of cotton,
GASPS1, g-s'pA/, a district of Canada East, consists of the  soap, and tan-works. The river is navigable for vessels of
counties of Bonaventure and Gasp6, situated on the S. shore  180 tons. A canal of about 1 mile in length abridges the
of the river St. Lawrence, and is bounded N. by that river, length of navigation about one-half, by means of which
E. by the gulf of the same name, and S. by the Bay of Cha- about 170 acres of land have been reclaimed from the river.
leur and the province of New Brunswick. The population    GATEILEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
is principally on Gasp6 Bay, the other parts of the coast be-   GATES, a county in the N.N.E. part of North Carolina,
uing mostly unsettled. They are chiefly engaged in the fishe-  bordering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 500 square
ries and the timber trade.                                 miles. It is intersected by Nottoway River, and bounded
GASPi. a maritime county of Canada East, occupying the  on the S.W. by Meherrint and Chowan Rivers. The surface
E. portion of the Gasp6 Peninsula, has an area of 4063 square  is nearly level, and is partly covered by forests of oak and
miles. Capital, Gasp.. Pop. in 1851, 10,904.               pine. Chowan River is navigable along its border. Formed
GASPE, or GASPE BASIN, a post-town and port of entry  in 1779, and named in honor of General Horatio Gates. Caof Canada East. capital of the co. of Gasp6, situated on the  pital, Gatesville. Pop. 8426; of whom 4555 were free, and
S.'side of the entrance to the harbor formed by Gasp6 Bay, 3871 slaves.
496 miles E. by N. of Quebec. It has a custom-house, is the    GATES, a post-township of Monroe co., New York, 3 miles
seat of an extensive cod fishery, and several vessels are  WV. of Rochester, intersected by the Erie Canal and several
owned here employed in the whale fishery. The value of  railroads. Pop. 2005.
imports for 1851 amounted to $53,352, and the exports to    GATES, or GATES'S MILLS, a post-village of Cuyahoga;141,740.                                                 co., Ohio, on Chagrin River, 16 miles E. of Cleveland.
GAS/PER, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 908.        GATES, a post-office of Newton co.,:Iissos-ri.
GAS PORT, a post-village of Niagara co., New York, on    GATESIHEAD, a municipal and parliamentary borough,
732




GAT                                                       GAV
and parish of England, co. of Durham, on the York Newcas-    GAUALGESHEIM, gowl/l-ghes-hime', a town of Hesse.
tie and Berwick Railway, and on the right bank of the Tyne,  Darmstadt, 3 miles W. of Ober-Ingelheim.  Pop. 1862.
opposite Newcastle, with which it is connected by a splen-   GAUCHOS, gdwfchocethe cattle-rearing inhabitants of the
did railway bridge, and by a handsome stone bridge of nine  Pampas of La Plata. See PLATA, LA.
arches. It consists of one wide, irregular street, with sere-   GAUCIN or GAUZIN, gbw-theen! or g6w-seenl. a strongly
ral narrow streets and lanes diverging from it on either fortified and garrisoned town of Spain, in Andalusia, 47
side; has a mean and unprepossessing appearance, and is miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 3098.
densely inhabited by the working classes.  The town is    GAUDENZDORF, gdwldents-doRf', a village of Lower Auslighted with gas, and well supplied with water. The parish  tria, on the Wien, here crossed by a wire bridge, and prochurch is an ancient cruciform structure, with a finely illu- perly a suburb of Vienna. Pop. 2000.
minated window; and there are, besides, four chapels of ease,   GAU-EL-KEBEER, giw-6l-keh-beerl, (anc. Antcop/lolis,) a
of which St. John's, opened in 1825, and St. Cuthbert's, in  village of Egypt, with the remains of a temple on the E.
1848, are handsome buildings; and places of worship for  bank of the Nile, 26 miles S.E. of Sloot.
Presbyterians and Methodists. There are several charitable    GAUIR, gowler a river of Scotland, rises near Loch Etive,
and benevolent institutions, the principal of which are St. and enters Loch Rannoch, in the co. of Perth.
James's Hospital, some charity schools, and almshouses, a    GAUKARNA, gaw'kar/nA, a maritime town of British Indispensary, and mechanics' institute. The manufactures of dia, presidency of Madras, on the Malabar coast, 21 miles
Gateshead include anchors, chain cables, and nails; ship- N.W. of Onore, with about 500 houses. Let. 140 32' N., ion.
building, hemp and wire rope making, iron-founding; paper, 750 25' E.
glue, vinegar, hats, brass and copper works, &c. There are    GAUL. See FRANCE.
also several glass and chemical works, and a large soap-   GAULBY or GALBY, gawibee, a parish of England, co.
work. In the neighborhood are extensive collieries, and  of Leicester.
also quarries of the well-known Newcastle grindstones. The    GAULEY (gawflee) BRIDGE, a post-village of Fayette co.,
borough is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 coun-  Virginia, is situated just below the junction of the Gauley
cilors, and returns a member to the House of Commons. and New Rivers, about 300 miles WV. of Richmond. It is the
Daniel De Foe is said to have written the " Adventures of  head of navigation on the river, which presents here a
Robinson Crusoe" whileresiding in this town. Pop. in 1841, beautiful fall of 22 feet.
19,505; in 1851, upwards of 24,000.                          GAULEY RIVER, in the WV. central part of Virginia,
GATESIHEAD-FELL, a parish of England, co. of Durham. unites with the New River at Gauley Bridge, in Fayette co.,
GATEISIDE, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 4 miles 36 miles above Charleston. Below the junction, the river
S.E. of Paisley. Pop. 673.                                is called the Great Kanawha. The valley of Gauley River
GATES'VILLE, a village of Washington co., New York, is about 60 miles long.
53 miles N. by E. of Albany.                                 GAULNA, gawlfni, a hill fort and town of British India,
GATESVILLE, a post-office of Early co., Alabama.         presidency of Bombay, 103 miles E.S.E. of Surat, taken by
GATESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Gates co., North  the British in 1804, and finally ceded to them in 1818.
Carolina, on Bennett's Creek, an affluent of Chowan River,   GAUNERSDORF, gdw/ners-doRff, a market-town of Lower
140 miles N.E. of Raleigh.                                 Austria, on the Werdenbach, 25 miles N.E. of Korqeuburg.
GATESVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.      It consists of three distinct parts, called Mlarkt, Wieden, and
GATHA, gAittA, GATTA, g&tft~h', or GATTENDORF, gft'-  Aigen-Gaunersdorf. Pop. 1337.
ten-donf\, a village of IHIungary, co. of Wieselburg, on the    G-AU-ODERNHEIM, a town of Germany. See ODERInEIM.
Leitha, 12 miles S.W. of Presburg. Pop. 1731.                GAUR, a city of Hindostan.  See Govua.
GATINAIS. See GATINoIs.                                    GAUR, a town and district of Afghanistan.  See GoEns.
GATINARA, gi-te-niIrl. or GATTINARA, gat-te-nirA, a    GAURE, g1R, an ancient country of France, capital of
market-town of Piedmont. province, and 23 miles N.W. of  Fleurance, in the former province of Guienne.
Vercelli. Pop. 4701.                                         GAURIAC, g6're-Ak!, a village of France, department of
GATINE, gAteen!, a district of France which belonged to  Gironde, 4 miles S.S.E. of Blaye. Pop. 1774.
the former province of Poiton, and is now included in the    GAURITZ, gbwfrits, a river of South Africa, in Cape
department of Deux-SBvres. Its capital was Parthenay.      Colony, formed by the union of the Gamka and Dwyka
GATINEAU, gAtee'nsl, a river of Canada East, rises in  Rivers, and separating the districts of George and Zwellensome large lakes, in lat. 480 N., ion. 750 30' W., from which  dam to the sea, which it enters after a tortuous S. course of
it flows S., and falls into the Ottawa near Hull. Steamboats 50 miles.
have ascended this river for 4 miles. It is navigable for    GAUSSON, gfs'esNG!, a village of France, department of
canoes upwards of 300 miles.                               CStes-du-Nord, 10 miles N. of Loud~ac. Pop. in 1852, 2118.
GATINOIS or GATINAIS, ggatee'nA/, an old division of    GAUT/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
France, dependent on the provinces of Orl~anais and Isle of    GAUTULCO, gOw-toollko, a harbor of the Mexican ConFrance, and now subdivided among the departments of  federation, state, and 110 miles S.E. of Oajaca, on the
Seine-et-Marne, Loiret, Nikvre, and Vonne.                 Pacific.
GATO, gito, GATTO, gattto, AGATTON, A-gft-tonl, AGA-   GAUZIN, a town of Spain. See GAucIN.
TIIO, &-geto, or AGATON, Ai-ga'ton', a town of Upper    GAVARDO, gd-varfdo, a market-town of Lombardy, 10
Guinea, the port of Benin, from which town it is distant miles E.N.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 1900.
15 miles S.S.W., on a creek of the Benin River, and accessible    GAVARNIE, gWvaRaneef, a frontier hamlet of France, deto vessels of 60 tons.                                     partment of Hautes-Pyrdnues, 34 miles S. of Tarbes, 4378 feet
GATRONE, ga-trotna, a town of Northern Africa, in Fez- above the sea, with mineral springs, an inn, and'near it a
zan, 77 miles S.S.E. of Moorzook, on the S. extremity of a  magnificent amphitheatre called the circus, or valley of
sandy plain. In the centre is a castle, occupied by Mara-  Gavarnie, (orMarbord.)  It is situated on a small stream
bouts.                                                     called Gave-de-Pau, in which is the Fall of Gavarnie, one of
GATSCHINA, a town of Russia. See GATsHINA.               the finest cascades in Europe.
GATSIIINA  or GATSCHINA, gat-sheelna, a town of    GAVE, giv, (i.e. "water,")the generic name of every
Russia, government, and 30 miles 8.S.W. of St. Petersburg.  stream in the French Pyrenees departments.
Pop. 7000. It is well built, and has an imperial palace, with    GAVE D'ASPE, gAv d'sp, and GAVE D'OSSAU, gav
extensive parks, and Greek, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic  dos's0l, department of Basses-Pyrundes, rise near the Picchurches.                                                  du-Midi, and unite near Oldron, to form the Gave d'0O1ron.
GATTA, a village of Hungary.  See GATHrA.                Length of the Gave d'Aspe, 30 miles; of the Gave d'0ssau,
GATTENDORF, a village of HIungary.  See GATHA.           30 miles.
GATTEVILLE, gAtt'veel!, a village of France, department    GAVE DE PAU, gav deh p6, rises in Spain, near Mount
of Manche, arrondissement of Cherbourg. Pop. 1308. It Perdu, flows N.W. through the valley of Gavarnie, and
gives its name to the promontory forming the E. angle of joins the Adour, 15 miles E.N.E. of Bayonne, after-a course
the peninsula of Cotentin, called the Raz-de-Gatteville.   of 110 miles. Principal affluent, the Gave d'Oleron.
GATTICO, g~t'te-ko, a village of the Sardinian States, in    GAYELBO, gg-v~llo, a village of Austrian Italy, governPiedmont, 20 miles N.N.W. of Novara. Pop. 1876.            ment of Venice, 8 miles E.S.E. of Rovigo. It occupies the
GATTINARA, git-te-na/rd, a walled town of the Sardinian  site of an anciernt town of the same name, which was deStates, in Piedmont, 17 miles N.W. of Novara, on the Sesia. stroyed partially by the Hungarians, and afterward totally
It contains a parish church on a magnificent scale, 4 other by the inundation of the Adige and the Pc, but whose
churches, and the remains of some feudal castles. Pop. 4701. splendour is still attested by its ruins. Pop. 2000.
GATTO, a town of Egypt. See GAvo.                          GAIVER'S, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.
GAT/TON, a village and parish of England, co. of Surrey,   GAVI, gtlvee, a fortified town of the Sardinian States,
17 miles S. by W. of London. Pop. 250.                     province, and 5 miles S. of Novi. Pop. 5702.
GATITONSIDE, a village of Scotland.  See Mmnose.           GAVIA, gaive-a, a mountain of Brazil, province, and
GATUN, ga-toon!, a river of the Isthmus of Panama, in  S.W. of Rio de Janeiro.
Central America, rises in the mountains E. of Puerto Bello,   GAVIA LA CRICA, gitve-[ 1a cheebka, a village of Spain,
flows N., and joins the Chagres River 8 miles firom the Ca- province, and 6 miles S.W. of Granada.
ribbean Sea.                                                 GAVIA LA GRANDE, gI/ve-a l1& grhnldl, a village of
GATUN, g-toonl. a town of New Granada. in the Isthmus  Spain. province, and 6 miles S.W. of Granada.
of Panama, situated fiear the junetibn of'the Gatun with    GAV[AO, (Gavifo,) gg-ve-6wNal,  a town   of Portugal, prothe Chagres, about 8 miles flrom the sea.                  vince of Beira-Baixa, 21 miles N.W. of Crato. Pop. 1234.
733




GAV                                                         GED
GAVIAON. gl-ve-6wNot, a market-town of Portugal, pro-    GAZA, gilzi, (Arab. Guzzel,. gfizfzeh,) a city of Palestine,
vince of Alenitejo, 30 miles W.N.W. of Portalegre. PopIli..about 2 miles from  the Mediterranean, and 45 miles S.W.
GAVILAN, SIERRA  IDE, se-WRa/a dl gi-ve-l'nt, a moun- ofJerusalem. Lat.31029"N., ion. 340 29' E. Pop.probably
tain range of Cuba, near the centre of the island, forming a  15,000 or 10,000 (Robinson.) It is an open town, partly built
part of the great chain by which the island is intersected in  of stone, but mostly of earth, and unbaked bricks, on the
its whole length.                                           site of the ancient city; and it is a principal entrepOt for
GAYIRATE, gy-ve-rtlt3.  a village of North Italy, 18 miles the caravans passing between Egypt and Syria. Gaza is
W.N.W. of Como, on the Lake Varese. Pop. 2100.              mentioned very early in hIoly Writ (Genesis x. 19.) It was
GAVOI, g/-voi, a village on the island of Sardinia, 64  one of the chief cities of the Philistines, and it appears to
miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1476.                        have always remained a place of some importance; but it
GAVORRANO, g-voniautno, a town of Tuscany, in the  has very scanty remains of antiquity.  GAZA was also a
Maremma Grossetana, 36 miles S.W. of Sienna. It was for- name of the Atropatenian Ecbatana, Persia, in the province
merly surrounded by walls, and defended by a strong castle, of Azerbaijan, identified with TUKnTI SULEIMAN.
now in ruins. Pop. 540.                                       GAZACA. See TABRaEEZ.
GAVRAY, gpvrA/,  a town  of France, department of    GAZEILEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk
Manche, 12 miles S.S.E. of Coutances. Pop. 1057.              GAZNA, a city of Afghanistan.  See GHuzNrc.
GAVRILOVSA,  gyv-re-lovs/s, a large village of Russia,   GAEUOLO, gld-zoo-ollo, or GAZZUOLO, glt-soo-ollo, a viigovernment, and 30 miles N. of Vladimeer.                   lage of Lombardy, 11 miles W.N.W. of Mantun. Pop. 2000.
GAVRILO0SA, a village of Siberia, government of Tonmsk,    GAZZANIGA, glt-st-nee/gI, a village of Austrian Italy,
district of Barnaul.                                        9 miles N.E. by N. of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 1494.
GAW'!COTT, a chapelry of Enogland, co. of Bucks.            GAZZO, gct/so, a village of North Italy, government of
GAWELGHIUR, gl-w~l-ghuir  or GAWULGUR, g'-whl- Venice, 8 miles N.N.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 1660.
ghur/, a hill fortress of iindostan, in Nizam's dominions, 14    GAZZOLDO, glt-sol/do, d village of Austrian Italy, 10
miles N.W. of Ellichpoor, formerly considered very strong,  miles W. by N. of Mantua.  Pop. 1309.
but stormed and taken by the Duke of Wellington (then   CGDANSK, a city of Prussia.  See DANTSIC.
General Wellesley) in 1803.                                   GBOV. g' dov, a town of iussia, government, and 120
GAW/LER  RANGE, a range of mountains in South  miles S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the Odovka. Pop. 1000.
Australia, about 23 miles N.E. of Adelaide, remarkable for    GDOW or GDOY, gdov, a small town of Austrian Galitheir sterile and arid character, being without timber or  cia, 13 miles W.S.W. of Bochnia.
vegetation of any kind, and without a single stream or    GiANT; zhllaNG!, (i. e., " giant.") one of the principal sumwater-conrse. The country around is equally barren and  mits of the Pennine Alps, Savoy, 41 miles N.E. of Mont
repulsive. Their utmost elevation is about 2000 feet.       Blanc, 13,099 feet in elevation. The Col (or pass) du G6ant,
GAWS/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Chester.         is 11.140 feet in elevation, and leads from Courmayeur, in
GAYA  or GAYAH., ghia, a city of British India, pre- Piedmont, to Chamouni, in Savoy, by the Mer de Glace.
sidency of Bengal, 43 miles S.W. of Bahar, on an affluent of    GEARS/VILLE, a small village of White co., Tennessee.
the Ganges. The population has been estimated at 36,000,    GEAS/IIILL, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co.,
(the Bepugal Gazetteer states 100,000;) it is variable, often  71 miles N.W. of Portarlington.  I-here are the ruins of a
being augmented by many thousand pilgrims. Gaya con- castle, heroically defended by Lady Bigby during the civil
sists of the old city, on an eminence, inhabited by many  war in 1641.
Brahinins, and considered a town of great sanctity; and    GEAUGA, je-awgla, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio,
Sahibgunge, the trading quarter, regularly and well laid out, contains about 430 square miles. It is drained by the head
on the river's bank. Some silk and cotton manufactures are  streams of the Cuyahoga, Grand, and Chagrin Rivers. The
carried on here, and the town has well-supplied markets,  surbace is rolling, and partly covered with dense forests;
and is noted for its stone-cutters.  Boodha-Gaya (which see) the soil contains a large proportion of clay.  Sandstone
in the vicinity, is supposed to have been the place whence  underlies a part of the surface. Capital, Chardon. Organized
the Boodhist religion emanated; but at Gaya proper, the  in 1805. Pop. 17,827.
Brahminicel faith reigns supreme, and here is a remarkable    GEB, (i.e., "mountain,") is an Arabian prefix of the
temple of Viohnu.                                          snames of numerous heights in Asia and Africa. See Jon
GAYA, ghi/, (horavian, Kygow, kiglov) a town of Aus- and JEBEL.
tria, in MIoravia, 17 miles S.W. of Hradisch. Pop. 1922, of    GEBA, a river of Africa.  See JEOA.
whom 500 are Jews.                                            GEBA, a village of West Africa, in Senegambia, on a river
CAYA, (ghild,) ISLANDS, two islandsin the Indian Archi- of the same nane, lat. 120 15' N., Ion. 140 35, W. Pop. 750.
pelago, one on the N.E. coast, the other on the N.W. coast    GEBAIL, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See JEsAL.
of Borneo: the first in lat. 40 56' N.: ion. 1180 52' E., the    GEB-EL-DOKItAN,  jIbR6l do\kln!,  (anc. Porphyri/tez
second in lat. 60 2' N., Ion. 1160 E.                       Mous,) in the E. desert of Upper Egypt, about lat. 270 18'
GAYBIEL, ghi-be-hl/, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 25 miles  N., lon. 300 18' E., with extensive ruins, and vast porphyry
W. by N. of Castellon-de-la-Plans.  Pop. 1224.              quarries.
GAYIDON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.               GEBESEE, gltbeh-r9u a town of Prussian Saxony, 11 miles
GAY READ, a remarkable promontory at the S.W. end  N.N.W. of Erfurt, on the Gera. Pop. 2009.
of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, elevated 134 feet above    GEBIIARDSDOBF, ghlblharts-doaf', (ALT, Alt, i. c., OLD,)
high water. On it is a revolving light, 173 feet above the  a village of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles W.S.W. of Leignitz.
sea. Lat410 21' N., lon.700 50' 40" XW.                     Pop. 2000.
GAY HEAD, a post-office of Greene co., New York.            GEB/IIART'S, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
GAY IHIILL, a post-office of Washington co., Texas.         GEBSEII, ghdbfseh. GEIBOOZEII, or GEIBUZIEII, glGAY/IhURST. a parish of England, co. of Buclis.           boo-zeh, sometimes written KIIVYZA, (anc. Libyssa?) a town
GAYLESVILLE, gailz'vil, a post-village in Cherokee co., of Asiatic Turkey, Gulf of Ismeed, (Izmid,) 26 miles S.E.
Alabama, near Coosa River, 150 miles N.N.E. of Mont- of Constantinople.  It contains a fine mosque of white
gomery.                                                     marble, and some good baths, built by the grand vizier to
GAY/LORDSVILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., Con-  Selim I. at the time of the conquest of Egypt.
necticut, on the iHousatonic River and Railroad, about 40    GEBY, jib/ee? an island of the Malay Archipelago, Gilolo
miles W. of Hartford. It has manufactures of boots and  passage, on the equator, ion. 1290 30' E. Length, about 26
shoes, leather, iron castings and machinery.                miles; average breadth, 3 miles.
GAYO/SO, a post-village, capital of Pemiscot co., Mtissouri,    GEDDES, gh~d/dez, a post-village and township of Gnon310 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. It is situated near the  daga co., New York, on the W. side of0 Onondaga Lake, and
Mississippi River, at Walker's Bend, 40 miles by water on the Erie Canal and Oswego and Syracuse Railroad. 5
below New MSadrid. The earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 ex- miles N.W. of Syracuse, and 133 miles W. by N. of Albany.
hibited the greatest violence in this vicinity. Laid out in  The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the manufacture
1851.                                                       of salt, producing upwards of 250,000 bushels annually.
GAYS/PORT, a tlhriving post-borough of Blair co., Penn- Pop. 2011.
sylvania, on a branch of the Juniata River, which separates    GED/DINGTON, a parish  of England, co. of Northit from  Ilolidaysburg,  120 miles WV. of IHIarrisburg.  The  anmpton.
Central Railroad passes through it. It contains a railroad    GEDEl, gEldph, a mountain of Java, province of Preandepat belonging to the state, and an iron foundry. Pop. in  ger, about 46 miles S. by E. of Batavia. It is one of the
1850, 590.                                                  loftiest mountains in the island, its highest peak named
GAYSIVILLE, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont, 3  Pangerango, being 9868 feet high. The peak called Gedeh,
miles S. by E. of Montpelier.                               is only about 10 or 12 feet lower, and sends forth at times
GAY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             thick volumesof smoke, and also flames and ashes; but
GAYTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.          neither lava nor stones, as far as yet known. It is covered
GAYTON, a parish of England, co., of Stafford.           to its very top with a thick rank vetetation.
GAYTON-LE-MARSII, a parish of England, co. of Lin-   GEDEIRN, gl/dern, a village of Germany, grand duchy
oln.                                                      Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 miles E.S.E. of Nidda. Pop. 2000.
GAYTON-LE-WOLB, a parish of England, co. of Lin-   GEDBLING, a parish of England, co. of Nottinghaum.
ni}o~~~~~~lnus~. ~GED/NEY, a parish of Elngland, co. of Lincoln.
GAYTON THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        GEDROSIA.  See Broocnus eAN.  *
GAY'W00D, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             GEDUMIA:  gl-doomli,  a state of West Africa, on the N.
724




GEE                                                       GEMI
frontier of Senegambia, having N. the Sahara, and S. the  nected by a lower ridge with Mount Lichema, which is still
Senegal, which separates it from  Galam or Kajaaga, and  higher.
Bondoo.                                                     GEISLINGEN, ghiseeling-en, a town of Wtirtemberg, on
GEIEL, a town of Belgium. See GnHEEL.                   the Wiirtemburg Railway, 17 miles N.N.W. of Ulm. Pop.
GEELONG, gheedlongf, a town in the S.E. of Australia. colo- 2231.
ny of Victoria or Port Philip, co. of Grant, near the head of   GEISPOLZHEIM, ghlselpolts-hime', or GEISPITZEN, giGeelong harbor, (the W. arm of the bay of Port Philip,) not spit'sen, a village of France, department of the Bas-Rhin,
far from the left bank of the Barwon, 40 miles S.W. of Mel- on the Strasbourg and Bile Railway, 7 miles S.W. of Strasbourne.; lat. 380 8' S., Ion. 1440 251 E. It is the second town  bourg. Pop. 2166.
of the colony, and is very flourishing.  Numerous ware-    GEITHAIN, ghitlhine, or GEITEN, ghIten, a town of
houses have been erected here, and the neighborhood is  Saxony, circle, and 24 miles S.S.E. of Leipsic.  Pop. 3089.
adorned with cottages and gardens.  The surrounding    GELDERLAND   or  GUELDERLAND,  gh~ldder-land,
country is exceedingly beautiful, the soil fertile, and the  (Dutch, Gelderland, Hl1dgr-l~nt',) a province of the Netherclimate healthy.  The shipping point is the small, but lands, having N.W. the Zuyder-Zee, S.E. the Prussian dofine harbor of Corio, enclosed by picturesque green cliffs, minions, and on other sides the provinces of Overyssel,
probably within less than a mile of the town.  The desti-  Utrecht, South Holland, and North Brabant.  Area 1972
nies of this settlement are likely to undergo a complete  square miles. Pop. in 1853,387,423. Surfhce more hilly than
change from the recent discovery, (1851,) of what appears  in most of the Dutch provinces; principal rivers, the Weal
to be inexhaustible mines of gold, at a hill called Bunin- and Old Rhine, the Yssel forming its N.E., and the Mleuse
yong or Ballarat, 40 miles N.N.W. of Geelong, and 55 miles its S. boundary. Along their banks a good deal of fruit is
WV. by N. of Melbourne; lat. 370 40' S., Ion. 1430 551 E. The  raised for export. with corn, hops, and tobacco; elsewhere
deposits met with here are represented as far exceeding in  the land is generally poor. Some of the waste lands have been
value any that have yet been found in any other part of  latterly planted with pines and oaks. Principal crops, wheat,
the world, while the well-authenticated instances of indi- rye, potatoes, buckwheat, and tobacco. Many cattle are reared.
vidual success, resemble realizations of the wildest and most It has manufactures of linen fabrics, paper, and leather, with
extravagant flights of the imagination. The gold field is  tile making; brewing and distilling are extensively carried
believed to eKtend for miles around the central point at on. The province is divided into 4 districts; chief towns,
which the first discovery took place; rich deposits having  Arnhem the capital, Nymwegen, Thiel, and Zutphen.
been found 6 miles distant from Ballarat. The revenue of   GELDERMALSEM, gh6lder-mlPsem, a village of the NeGeelong in 1.851, was 27851.; in 1852 it reached 10,697l., therlands, province of Gelderland, 6 miles W. of Thiel.
most of which was spent in works of public improvements.  Pop. 1569.
GEELVINK, ghlllvink', A bay, on the N.W. coast of    GELDERN, ghllldern, (Fr. Gueldres, ghlld'r,) a town of
Papua, between Great Bay and Dampier Strait; lat. 10 54' Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles S.W. of Wesel, on the Niers. Pop.
S., Ion. 1370 5' E. It has from 20 to 25 fathoms of water.    3648. It was founded in 1097, and was the residence of the
GEELVINK CHANNEL.   See GELVIiNK.                        sovereigns of Geldern till 1343. Its fortifications were razed
GEERTRIUIDENBERG, HaR-troi/den-bWRG', or GERTRUY-  in 1764.
DENBERG, Hua-troildenu-bnR6, a fortified town of the Nether-   GELDERSHEIM, ghll/ders-hlme~, a village of Bavaria, in
lands, province of North Brabant, 9 miles N.N.E. of Breda. Lower Franconia, 4 miles N.N.E. of Werneck. Pop. 1082.
Pop. 1625. It was taken by Prince Maurice in 1595.           GELD/ESTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
GEERYLITE, Hnarfiee'teh, a town of Holland, province    GELDROP, gh/lldrop, a village of the Netherlands, proof South Holland, 5 miles E.S.E. of Briel, where the Spuy  vince of North Brabant, 23 miles S.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc.
unites with the old Meuse. Pop. 589.                       Pop. 1730.
GEEZEH, a town of Egypt. See GHEEZEH.                      GELEEN, gA-lain?, a village of the Netherlands, province
GEFELL, gA-fllf, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony, of Limburg, 11 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 2065.
55 miles S.E. of Erfurt. Pop. 1574.                          GELENAU, ghl/en-fiw', or GELNAU, ghFl/nbw, a village
GEFLE, yvllI, a fortified seaport town of Sweden, capital of Saxony, 3 miles N.E. of Thum. Pop. 4221.
of a le n of its own name, at the mouth of the Gefie River, in    GELLAHI, gh1lOh, a town and fortress of North Africa,
the Gulf of Bothnia, 100 miles N.N.W. of Stockholm. Pop. Algeria, 105 miles E.S.E. of Constantine, on the Tunis
8086. The river here separates into three arms, enclosing two  frontier.
islands, on which. and on either bank, the town is situated.   GELLAH, a town of Africa, 20 miles N. of Tunis, said to
It is irregularly built, but has wide streets, an excellent be the ancient Castra Corneliana.
harbor, having a depth of 18 feet near the shore. Principal   GELLEJ, ghPlllI, a village of hIungary, co. of Borsod.
edifices, an old castle, now the government-house, the  Gellej Katona, a Hungarian writer of some eminence, was
council-house, high school, lazaretto, and hospitals. It has  born here. Pop. 1077.
ship-yards, sugar refineries, and tanneries.                 GELLI-GAEI, ghlithflee-ghlr, a parish of South Wales,
GEFLE, ylv/lA, or GEFLEBORG, yv/lIA-boac?, a maritime  co. of Glamorgan.
Isen or province'of Sweden, mostly between lat. 600 and 620    GELLIVARE, y6lIe-vA'rA, a village of Sweden, hsen of
20' N., and Ion. 150 and 170 30' E., having E. the Gulf of Pitel, in Luled Lappmark, about 100 miles N.N.W. of
Bothnia. Area, 7561 square miles. Capital, Gefie. Pop. in  Pitei. It has extensive iron-works, the ore of which. yield1850, 120.158.                                            ing nearly 67 per cent. of pure iron, is obtained in solid
GEFREES, ghif-r.cef, a market-town of Bavaria, circle  masses from two mountain ridges in the neighborhood.
of Upper Franconia, 13 miles N.E. of Baireuth.'Pop. 1212.    GELNIIAUSSEN, ghllnlhtw'zen, a town of Germany,
GEHO, GEHOL, or JEHO. See ZHEROL.                       in Hesse-Cassel, 14 miles E.N.E. of Hanan, on the Kinzig.
GEHREN, g/ren, or AMT-GEHREN, Amt-geren, a vil- Pop., with suburbs, 4334. On an islatnd in the river here, is
lage in the principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 24  the castle Burghausen; and near the town are the remains
miles S.E. of Gotha. Pop. 1370.                            of a palace of Barberossa.
GEIB, ghibe, (Hun. Bibbe, hibfbA', or lyby, hiblbee0,) a    GELOSTER, je-los/ter, a village of Kalamazoo co., Michimarket-town of North Hungary, on the Waag, 106 miles  gan, 135 miles W. of Detroit, contains several stores.
N.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2240.                                  GELVEIRDIEH, ghll-v~r/deh, a village of Asia Minor,
GEIBUZEH. See GEssEH.                                  pashalic of Karamania, 60 miles S.W. of Kaisareeyeh.
G EIERSBERG, ghllers-b&aR, SUPIHORA, soo-pe-hofrg,    GELVES, H6ll/vS, a market-town of Spain, 3 miles W.S.W.
er KYSSPERK, kissfplak, a town of Bohemia, 32 miles S. of Seville, near the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3654.
of Kiiniggriitz, on the Still Adler. Pop. 1360.              GELVINK, ghpllvink, (written also GEELYINK) CHANGEIGER'S (ghlghgrz,) MILLS, a post-office of Berks co., NEL, S.W. of Australia, between Houtman's Abrolhos and
Pennsylvania.                                              the mainland. It is about 30 miles in width, and 60 miles
GEILENKIRCHEN, ghllen-k55aKmen, a town of Rhenish  in length.
Prussia, 13 miles N. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Wurm. Pop.,   GEMAPPE. See JEMMaAcPES.
including Hunshofen, 1507.                                   GEMARKE, ggh-maanlkeh, a town of Rhenish Prussia, in
GEILNAU, giln6wi, a celebrated watering-place of Nas- the centre of the district of Barmen. Pop. 2430. See
sau, on the Lahn, 9 miles E. of Coblentz. The water, which  BA MEN.
is similar to that of Selzer, is annually exported to the ex-   GEMBLOUX, zhliabloof, a village of Belgium, province,
tent of 200,000 bottles.                                  and 10 miles NW. of Namur. Pop. 2317. ~ It had in former
GEISA, gh1zl, a town of Geiemany, 24 miles S.S.W. of times a famous Benedictine abbey. The French gained a
Eisenach, on the Ulster. Pop. 1787.                       victory over the Austrians here in 1794.
G EISELHORING, (Geiselhdring,) ghzicl-h6'ring, a mar-   GEMENOS, zh&tml'nost, a village of France, department
ket-town of Lower Bavaria, on the Little Laber, 19 miles of the Bouches-du-Rhlne, 12 miles E. of Marseilles. Pop.
S.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1179.                              1835.
GEISENFELD, ghizen-flt', a market-town of Upper Ba-   GEMERT, inlnlat, (Fr. pron. zhA'maiiQ,) a village of
vaeia, on the Ilm, 26 miles E.N.E. of Landshut. Pop. 1400. the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 18 miles S.E.
GEISENIEIM,  ghi'ze-hImex. a market-town of Ger- of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1600.
many, duchy of Nassau, on the Rhine, 14 miles W. of Mentz.   GEMISHKHANA, ghlmmish-kl/nah, or GUMISHKANA,
Pop. 2509.                                                gumish-kia/nah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Eraz
GEISI, gesh, a lofty mountain of Abyssinia, kingdom   room, near tlhe source of the Kharshoot, 45 miles S. of Tre.
of Amhara, at the sources of the Blue Nile; lat. 110 N., ion. bizond, well built; has several thousand inhabitants, and
360 55' E.; height 9700 feet above sea-level. It is con- silver and copper mines in the vicinity.
735




GEM                                                           GEN
GEMMIMI, gbhm  mee, a remarkable mountain-pass across    GENESEE, a township of Alleghany co., New  York.
the Alps in Switzerland. between the cantons of Bern and  Pop. 672.
Valais, about 24 miles S. of Thun, 7595 feet above the level   GENESEE, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania.  Pop.
of the sea.                                                 301.
GEMONA, jA-mofnA, a market-town of Northern Italy,   GENESEE, a post-office of Genesee co. Michigan.
15'miles N.N.W. of Udine, near the Tagliamento. Pop.   GENESEE, a post-township in the S.i4. part of Waukesha
4800.                                                       co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1289.
G-PIOZAC, zh4mo'zlkf, a village of France, department    GENESEE FALLS, formerly PORTAGEVILLE, a village
of Charente-Inf6rieure, 13 miles S. of Saintes. Pop. 2675.    of Great Falls township, Wyoming co., New York, on the
GERHUND, (Gemiind,) gheh-miintf, a small town of Ger- Genesee River, about 50 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. It contains
many, in Rhenish Prussia, 23 miles S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, 4 churches and 3 hotels. Pop. about 1000.  The Buffalo
on an affluent of the Ruhr. Pop. 900.                       and New York City Railroad crosses the river, 1 mile N. of
GEMUND, of Austria and Bavaria. See GM6UNc.               the village, by a magnificent bridge, 800 feet in length, and
GEMUN)EN, g'miinlden, a town of Germany, Bavaria, 234 feet in height. The river at this place is bordered by
on  the Main, where it is joined by the Saale, 21 miles  precipices about 400 feet high, and has several picturesque
N:N.W.. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1543.                            fells, which are much visited by tourists and parties of pleaGEMUNDEN, a town of Germany, Hesse-Cassel, pro- sure. The Genesee Valley Canal passes across the river by
vince of Ober-I-Iessen, 15 miles N.E. of Marburg. Pop. 1430. an aqueduct of stone.
See GIeUNDEN.                                                 GENESEE FORK, a post-office of Potter co., PennsylGEMUNDEN, g'miinld9n, a village of Rhenish Prussia, vania.
30 miles S.S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 918.                        GENESEE GROVE, a post-village of Whitsides co., IlliGENA-BUM. See ORLEANS.                                   nois, 94 miles N. by W. of Peoria.
GENALGUACIL,  HA-nal-gwi-theell, a town of Spain, An-    GENESE/O, a handsome post-village and township, capidalusia, about 55 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1139.        tal of Livingston co., New York, on the Genesee' River, 25
GENAPPE, zheh-nappl, a village of Belgium, province  miles S.S.W. of Rochester. The village contains, besides the
of South Brabant, on the Dyle, 17 miles S.E1. of Brussels. county buildings, 3 or 4 churches, 2 banks; a large academy
Pop. 1800. Near this village various military actions took  or high school, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1555, estiplace in 1815.                                              mated at 1600.
GENARGENTU, jA-nan-jln-tooe, the loftiest mountain    GENESEO, a flourishing post-village of Henry co., Illinois,
range of Sardinia, near the centre of the island. Its prin- on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 78 miles N.N.W.
cipal summit rises to 7000 feet above the sea.              of Peoria. Geneseo is the largest village in the county, and
GENARO, MONTE, mon'tt jA-nd/ro, or-GENNARO, j~n- is situated on a fertile prairie.'It contains ahigh school with
n /ro, a mountain of Italy, Pontifical States, 21 miles N.E. three departments, occupying a brick building 40 feet by 50.
of Rome, 4185 feet in height, and one of the loftiest of the    GENESTELLE, zheh'nis'tllf, a village of France, departhills bounding the Campagna di Roma on the E.               ment of Ardche, 9 miles W. of Privas. Pop. 1975.
GENAVA. See GENEVA.                                         GENEST, LE, l1h zheh-na/, a village of France, department
GENAZENO, jA-n~d-zVno, a town of the Papal States, in  of Mayenne, 6 miles N.W. of Laval. Pop. 1072.
the Campagna di Roma, 24 miles E.S.E. of Rome, beauti-   GENEVA, jen-eetva, (Fr. Gensve, zheh-naivl, or zheh-nSv/;
fully situated on the slopes of a steep hill above the Rivo- Ger. Genf, ghlnf; It.'Ginevsa, je-nwvrw; Sp. Ginebra, He-nmVtana torrent, surmounted by a castle, and protected by  BrA, or He-nA/vra; ano. Gendeva or Genalva,) a city of Swita drawbridge. It contains the rich chapel of Miadonna di zerland, capital of a canton of its own name, on the declivities
Buon Consigilo, one of the most famous shrines in this part of two hills, in the centre of a basin, the sides of which are
of Italy. Pop. 2396.                                        formed partly by the lower slopes of the Jura, and partly by
GEND, a town of Belgium. See GoENT.                       secondary chains of the Alps, at the WV. extremity of the Lake
GENDRINGEN, ghln/dring-en, a village of the Nether- of Geneva, where it narrows almost to a point, and pours out
lands, province of Gelderland, on the Alt-Yssel, 22 miles the blue Rhone, here crossed by several bridges, and dividing
E.S.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 4827.                                the town into two portions; the larger and molre important of
GENEGANTSILET RIVER, a small stream of Chenango  which is on the left or S. bank. The environs are covered
co., of New York, falls into Chenango River.                with handsome villas, and the city itself, when approached
GENEMUIDEN, n{Ineh-moiPdn, a village of the Nether-  either by land or water, has a very imposing appearance.
lands, province of Overyssel, 8 miles N. of Zwolle. Pop. It is surrounded by walls, flanked with bastions, and is
1200.                                                       entered on the land side by three gates. Geneva is divided
GAN]RAC, zhn~t'rrltkf, a village of France, department into two parts, upper and lower. The upper town, occupied
of Gard, 7 miles S. of Nimes. Pop. 1944.                    chiefly by the burgher aristocracy, contains a considerable
GENIERAL WAYNE, a post-office of Mlontgomery co., number of well-built houses and hanidsome hotels; the
Pennsylvania.                                               lower town, the seat of trade and residence of the poorer
GENEROS/TEE  CREEK, of Anderson  district, South  classes, is very indifferently built, consisting chiefly of
Carolina, flows S.W. into Savannah River.                   houses remarkable only for their disproportioned height,
GENES. See GENOA.                                         and lining narrow; irregular, dark, and ill-cleaned streets.
GENESEE, jlnue-see/, a river of New York, has its sources The chief exception is along the banks of the Rhone, where
in Pennsylvania, near the boundary between the two states. a quay about 400 yards long is bordered by a row of handIt flows first in a north-westerly course into Alleghany  some modern houses. The more important public buildcounty, then turning it runs in a north-easterly direction  ings and institutions are the Cathedral or Church of St.
through Wyoming and Livingston counties, and enters  Pierre, a Gothic structure of the tenth, eleventh, and
Lake Ontario, about 7 miles N. of Rochester. Near its mouth, twelfth centuries, occupying the highest site in the town,
there are falls about 100 feet high, and at Rochester  and by its three towers forming the most conspicuous ohothers of nearly the same height.  Above the falls are  ject within it; the Town-house, in the Florentine style;
rapids, from the head of which a feeder leads into the Erie  the Musfe Rath, a neat building named after its founder;
Canal. In the northern pamt of Alleghany county, there  the Arsenal, with a collection of ancient armor; the Old
are three other falls-one of 60, one of 90, and the other of  Prisbn, originally the bishop's palace; the Casino, Peniten110 feet; and for two or three miles along both sides of the  tiary, and House of Correction. The house in which Calvin
river are perpendicular walls of rock, near 400 feet high.  lived and died is rather conjectured than known, and the
At Rochester the Erie Canal is carried across this river by an  very site of his grave is lost. Among the principal educaaqueduct, built of freestone, of 9 arches, each of 50 feet span. tional Institutions may be mentioned the College, which
GENESEE, a county in the western part of New York, was founded by Calvin, and has never ceased to prosper,
has an area of about 486 square miles. It is drained by  average attendance 413; the Academy, composedof the four
Tonawanda, Allen's, and Oak Orchard Creeks, and other faculties of theology, law, science, and literature, with 26
smaller streams. The surface is slightly undulating. The  professors, and about 250 students; the primary schools, a
soil is fertile, chiefly a moist sandy, or gravelly loam, well number of other schools supported by the state or special
adapted to both grazing and tillage. Iron-ore, limestone, endowments, and a great many private boarding-schools,
water-cement, and salt-springs are among its mineral pro- some of which are of considerable celebrity. Besides these,
ductions. It is intersected by the Buffalo and Rochester there is the Evangelical School, in connection with the SoRailroad, the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, and  ciet6 Evangelique, a theological seminary, in which young
by a branch of the New York and Erie Railroad. It was men are prepared either for the ministry or for the misorganized in 1802, (having been formed out of part of Onta-  sionary field. Among its teachers in 1852, were Gaussen
rio county,) when it contained all that part of the state  and Merle d'Aubign6. Geneva has a museum  of natural
lying W. of the Genesee River, from which it derived its  history, enriched with the geological collections of Saussure,
name. Capital, Batavia. Pop. 28,188.                        and the fossil plants of Brogniart and Decandolle, a botaGENESEE, a county in the E. central part of Michigan, nical garden, and an astronomical observatory.
contains 500 square miles. It is drained by the Flint and    The only important manufacture of Geneva is that of
Shiawassee Rivers, and by Thread and Kearsley Creeks. watches, musical boxes, and jewelry, which employ about
The surface is rolling; the soil is mostly a dry and fertile  3000 persons, who annually make above 100.000 watches,
mandy loam. Extensive oak openings are found in the S.; and work up 75,000 ounces of gold, 5000 merks of silver, and
the other parts produce dense forests of pine and other tim- precious stones to the value of 40,0001. The trade is very
her. Organized in 1830. Capital,'Flint. Pop. 12,031.       much restricted by the narrow limits of the Genevese terri
736




GEN                                                        GEN
tory, and the jealous watch which the Sardinian and French    GENEVA, a flourishing post-village and township of Walgovernments keep along its frontiers. There is also a want worth co., Wisconsin, finely situated at the E. end, and on
of a proper navigable outlet, the navigation of the Rhone  the outlet of Geneva Lake, 70 miles S.E. of Madison. It is
below Geneva being very much obstructed. Its chief trade, the largest village in the county, and has several churches
in addition to that furnished by its staple manufacture, and mills. Settled in 1838. Pop. in 1853, about 800; of the
consists in supplying the surrounding districts with cols- township, 1557.
nial products, and numerous minor articles.                   GENEVA BAY, a post-village of Walworth co., Wisconsin,
The origin of Geneva is unknown, but its antiquity is  on the N. side of Geneva Lake, 64 miles S.E. of Madison.
proved by the reference which C.esar makes to it. On the    GENEVA, LAKE OF, or LAKE LE/MAN, (Ger. Gevferinvasion of the N., it was successively occupied by the  See, ghlnlfer-sA/; Fr. Lac de Gen&nde, lUk deh zhgh-naiv!; anc.
Burgundians, who made it their capital, the Ostrogoths,  Lemalnus Lalcus,) a lake of Europe, between Switzerland
and Franks. It next formed partofthe second kingdom of  and the Sardinian States. It is crescent-shaped. Length,
Burgundy, and became incorporated with the Germanic  45 miles; breadth, from 1 to 9. miles; area, 82 square miles;
Empire. By a grant of the emperors, the temporal was height above the sea, 1230 feet; and greatest depth near its
added to the spiritual power of the bishops, and the Counts  E. extremity, 984 feet. It is traversed by the IRhone from
of Savoy having succeeded in controlling the nomination  E. to W., and receives the Dranse, Venoge, and other small
of the bishops, became in a manner masters of Geneva. rivers. Its waters have a peculiar deep blue color, are very
This state of affairs was suddenly interrupted by the Ite- transparent, and contain a great variety of fish; it is never
formation, to which the Genevese are indebted both for  wholly frozen over, and it is subject to seiches, or remarkable
their civil and religious freedom. The celebrity which they  risings of from 1 to 4 or 5 feet, which last only about 25
afterwards acquired, chiefly under the guidance of Calvin  minutes. Steam navigation was introduced in 1823.
and his distinguished associates, is matter of European his-   GENEVA LAKE, in the S. part of Walworth co., Wiscontory. The city wastaken bythe Frenchin 1798, andformed,  sin, is 8 miles long, with a mean width of 1 mile. The
till 1813, the capital of the department of Leman,in the French  shore is bold, and the water pure and deep.
Empire. In 1814, along with a small territory, it joined the    GENItVE. See GENEVA.
Helvetic Confederation. Pop. in 1850, 29,108.-Adj. and    GENEVESE, jA-nA-vAse, or GEN]~YOIS, zheh-nuAvwA!, a
inhab. GENEVESE, jtn'e-veez!.                               province of the Sardinian States, in the W. of Savoy, bounded
GENEVA, a s'mall canton of the Swiss Confederation,  W. by the Rhone. Capital, Annecy.
bounded W. and N.W. by France, N. by the canton of    GENEVESE.  See G.ENEvA (of Switzerland.)
Vaud and the Lake of Geneva, and E. and S. by the Sar-   GENEVIEVE, j~n'eh-veev!, a township inSt. Genevieve
dinian States, and including also the communes of Celigny, co., Missouri. Pop. 1301.
Le Coudre, and Petit Bois, enclosed by Vaud. Area, 91    GENPVOIS, a province of the Sardinian States.  See
English square miles. The surface is broken by several G.ENErv sE.
hills, none of which are more than 400 feet above the lake.   GENtVRE, MONT, m6Na zheh-naiv'r!, one of the most reThe whole canton belongs to the basin of the Rhone, and  markable summits of the Cottian Alps, between the French
the only streams of importance are that river and the Arve, departments of Hautes-Alpes and the Sardinian province of
which joins it a little below the town of Geneva. The soil Susa, 11,614 feet in elevation. It is crossed by a route con
has been so much improved by skilful and persevering cul- structed by Napoleon, at an elevation of 6560 feet.
ture, that the whole territory wears the appearance of a    GENF, a town of Switzerland.  See GENEVA.
large and beautiful garden. Even the natural flora is re-   GENFER-SEE, a lake of Geneva. See GENEVA, LAKE  OF.
markably rich, and makes the surrounding country a fa-   GENGENBACH, ghlnglen-bA,{, a walled town of Baden,
vorits resort of the botanist. Within a circle of 25 miles, on the Kinzig, 5 miles N.N.W. of Zell. Pop. 2400.
round the town of Geneva, 1470 species of plants have been    GENIL, JENIL, or XENIL, HA-neell, a river of Spain, in
found. Part of the surface is under the culture of the vine, Andatlusia, joins the Guadalquivir, 33 miles S.W. of Corbut the wine obtained is not remarkable either for quantity  dova. after a W.N.W. course of about 120 miles.
or quality. The manufactures are extensively carried on,   GENILLE, zheh-neell, a village of France, department
and consist chiefly of clocks and watches, gold, silver, and  of Indre-et-Loire, 22 miles S.E. of Tours. Pop. 1954.
other metal wares, woollen cloths, and silk goods of various    GENIS, zheh-neel, a village of France, department or
descriptions, hats, and leather.  The territory of Geneva  Dordogne, 23 miles E.N.E. of P6rigueux. Pop. 1429.
having, by the arrangement of the Congress of Vienna, ob-   GENISSAC, zheh-nees'slik, a village of France, depalr
tained an accession of 15 communes, detached from France  ment of Gironde, 32 miles E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1115.
and Savoy, was admitted a member of the Swiss Confedera-   GENITCHI. See SivAsn.
tion in 1814, and ranks as the 22d canton. The legislative   GENITO, a post-village of Powhattan co., Virginia, on the
power is exercised by a great council, composed of deputies Appomattox, 29 miles WV. of Richmond, has a flouring-mill.
of 25 years of age, elected by all male citizens of 21 years of    GENLIS, zhNcqlee], a village of France, department of
age, and not under legal incapacity. The number of de- COte d'Or, 10 miles S.E. of D)ijon. Pop. 969.
puties is at the rate of 1 for every 333 inhabitants, and    GENNARO, jtn-nAro, a mountain of the Papal States,
amounts at present to 186. All religious denominations  about 9 miles N. of Tivoli. It belongs to the E. branch of
are declared to have perfect freedom, but two of them are  the Central Apennines. Height, 4289 feet. With the exceppaid by the state-the Roman Catholics, amounting to ra- tion of Guadagnolo, it is the highest point in the chain
ther more than a third of the population, and the Pro- which bounds the Campagna on the E., and is supposed by
testant National Church. Pop. in 1850, 63,932.              some to be the Mons Lucretilis celebrated by Hlorace. The
GENEIVA, a post-village of Seneca township, Ontario co., summit commands one of the finest views in Italy.
New York. is beautifully situated at the N. end of Seneca    GENNEP, lfnlnlp, a town of HIolland, province of LimLake, on the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 50 mile. burg, on the Prussian frontier, 12 miles S.E. of Nymwegen.
E.S.E. of Rochester. It is handsomely built, and contains a  Pop. 950.
number of churches, a bank, 3 printing-offices issuing news-   GENNES, zhbnn, several villages of France; the principal
papers, and about 50 stores, besides several mills and other  in the department of Maine-et-Loire, 17 miles S.E. of Angers,
establishments. The Episcopal church is a fine stone edifice  on the left bank of the Loire. Pop. 1727.
in the Gothic style, built at a cost of $25,000. Hiere is the    GENNESARETIT, LAKE OF. See TAIAaEYAnH.
Hobart Free College, under the direction of the Episcopalians:    GENOA or GENOVA, a maritime division of the Sardinian
it was founded in 1823, and in 1854 it had 5 professors, 67  States, bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Genoa. Area,
students, and a library of 5400 volumes. The Medical Insti-  about 1250 square miles. It forms 9 provinces.  Capital,
tute of Geneva College, founded in 1835, has 6 professors and  Genoa. Pop. in 1852, 571,167.
about 80 students. The Geneva Union School is attended by    GENOA, jhnfo-a, (Ital. Genova, jknlo-vi; Fr. Ghnes, zhain;
about 300 pupils. Steamboats ply daily between Geneva  anc. Gec'tsa,) a famous fortifiedseaport city ofNorthern Italy,
and Jefferson, at the head of tIe lake. Pop. 5057.         in the Sardinian States, on the coast of the Mediterranean,
GENEVA, a post-office of Taibot co., Georgia.             between two rivers, the Bisagno and the Polcevera, 75 miles
GENEVA, a post-office of Coffee co., Alabama.             S.E. of Turin. Lat. 440 24' 54" N., ion. 80 53' E. The opGENEVA, a post-village and township at the N.E. ex- pearance of the city from the sea is beautiful and striking:
tremity of Ashtabula co., Ohio, on the S. shore of Lake Erie, it is in the form of a crescent, and rises gradually from the
and on the railroad firom Cleveland to Erie, 50 miles E.N.E. shore-the whiteness of the houses, the imposing outlines
of the former. Pop. 1358.                                  of the intermingling palaces, and the distant villas and
GENEVA, a township in Jennings co., Indiana. Pop. 1770. gardens, heightening the effect of its picturesque position.
GENEVA, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.              Immediately behind the city rises an abrupt hill, covered
GENEVA. a thriving post-village and township, capital with villas and country houses. The city is enclosed by a
of Kane co., Illinois, on Fox River, 40 miles W. of Chicago. double line of fortifications, forming a vast semicircle, sup
The river is a rapid stream, affording fine waterlpower, ported by numerous detached forts, redoubts, and outwhich has been largely improved. Geneva village is con-, works, crowning hill after hill, and constituting one of the
nected, by a branch road, with the Chicago and Galeia  most extensive town fortifications in Europe; the outer
Railroad, and is a place of rapid growth and active trade. wall being about 7 miles in extent. In the older parts of
It contains a bank, several churches, and a newspaper  the town, the streets are extremely narrow, being seldom
office. Pop. 911.                                          more than 10 feet wide, with lofty buildings on either side.
GENEVA, a village in Morgan co., Illinois, about 40 miles  They are also dark, steep, and crooked, and almost wholly
W.S.W. of Springfield.                                     inaccessible to carriages.  In the newer quarters, again,
2W                                                                             737




GEN                                                         GEN
many of them  are spacious, and are lined with noble edi-  and Venice, so famous in Italian history, began to manifest
fices. The finest of these streets are the Strada Nuova and  Itself.  For nearly seven centuries, with some interruption,
the Strada Balbi, in both of which are palaces of the most Genoa was the capital of a demous commercial republic,
superb architecture. Most of the streets are paved with  which planted numerous colonies in the Levant and on the
smooth slabs of lava, having a pathway of bricks in the  shores of the Black Sea.  After a long period of'nternal
centre to afford footing to mules, and to persons carrying  distraction and misrule, the citizens instituted a supreme
burdens. Many of the palaces are crowded with works of  magistrate. called  odge, for life, excluding by law all tihe
art, and splendidly fitted up. The principal are the Ducal nobles. This form  of government continued for two cenPalace, and the palaces of Doria, Serra, Giustiniani, Cam- turies, but without remedying the evils it was intended to
basis, Balbi. Durazzo, and the palace of the queen-mother.   correct, tumult and faction continuing as before. Another,
The churches and hospitals of Genoa rival the palaces in  and more efficient form  of government was introduced by
splendor. The most remarkable of the former is the Duomo, Andrea Borea, in 1528, which existed till overturned by
or Cathedral of St. Lorenzo, founded in the eleventh cen- Bonaparte. The city, in 1799, being then in the possession
tury, but not completed till the beginning of the twelfth. of the French, was taken by the united forces of Austria
The most conspicuous church in the general view of the  and England; and finally, in 1815, afters a rapid succession
city is that of Carignano, finely situated on a hill, and  of changes, united, by a decision of the Congress of Vienna,
having a resemblance to St. Peter's in its general plan. The  to the Sardinian monarchy. Pop. in 1838, 115,257; in 1852,
other churches of note are Sto. Stefano della Porta, a hand- 125,339. —— Adj. and inhab. GENOESa, jinjo-eez/.
some structfre, but chiefly remarkable for containing a    GENOA or GENOVA, an ancient duchy, and afterward a
painting of the martyrdom of the titular saint, the joint  republic, which, by the Congress of Vienna in 1814, was
production of Raphael and Giulio Romano; San Sire, (St. annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia. It is now included
Cyr,) the most ancient Christian foundation in Genoa;  chiefly in the division of Genoa, but partly also in that of
St. Ambrosia. containing several fine paintings, and splen- Nice.
didly decoratcd within; and L'Annunziata, also magnifi-    GENOA, usually pronounced je-n0fa, a post-village and
cently fitted up interiorly.  There are a number of other  township at the S.E. extremity of Cayuga co., New York, on
interesting ecclesiastical edifices, although more than half the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 160 miles W. of Albany. The
the churches in the city were demolished by the French. village is pleasantly situated on Salmon Creek, has 2 churches,
The principal charitable institution is the Albergo de' Po- an academy, 2 mills, and an iron foundry. The route of
veri, in which 1600 individuals, orphans and old people, the Auburn and Ithaca Railroad passes through it. Pop.
find shelter; the children are brought up to different trades,  of township, 2503.
and the girls who marry out of the hospital receive a decent    GENOA. a township in the S.E. part of Delaware co., Ohio.
dowry. The house itself unites the beauties of architecture  Pop, 1369.
on the most splendid scale, with the most perfect conve-   GENOA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Livingston co.,
nience. The Ospedale del Pammatone is another splendid  Michigan.  Pop. 754.
institution for benevolent purposes, founded in 1430. The    GENOA, a small post-village and township of Be Kalb
Deaf and Dumb Institution, (Sordi Mutti,) is also much  co., Illinois, about 220 miles N. by E. from  Springfield
celebrated. There are in and about Genoa 15 different reli- Pop. 605.
gious establishments for females, all regulated according to    GENOA CROSS ROADS, a post-office, Delaware co., Ohio.
the monastic system, though none of the inmates take    GENOA, GULF OF, a wide bay of the Mediterranean, N.
vows.  The largest of these institutions is that of the  of Corsica, and S. of the Sardinian States, forming an angle,
Fieschine, which contains 250 persons, all employed in such  near the summit of which Genoa is situated. It receivee
light work as lace-making, embroidery, and the manxufac- numerous small rivers. The Gulf of Spezzia is its chief inlet.
ture of artificial flowers. There are two theatres in the    GENTOESE. See GENOA, Italy.
city, one of which, the Teatro Carlo Felice, is an elegant   GENOLA, jt-nola., (L. Gavenola.) a village and circle of the
structure, the Bank of St. George, one of the most ancient Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 10 miles E.S.E. of Saluzzo
and celebrated in Europe, and a university, also a hand- Pop. 1956.
some building.  Besides the University, the other chief   GENOLItAC. zhgh-no'lqk1, a town of France, department
educational institutions are the Theological Seminary, the of Gard, 17 miles N.N.WV. of Alis. Pop. 1491.
School of Fine Arts, the Royal Marine School, and the School   GENONI, ji-no/uee, a village on the island of Sardinia, 4
of Navigation. Genoa is the seat of royal appeal courts, of a miles firom Laconi. Pop. 1078.
chamber of commerce, and an admiralty court. It is sup-   GENOVA. See GENOA.
plied with water by aqueducts 18 miles in length.             GENSAC, zh8aN's'ltk, a town of France, department of GiThe manufactures of Genoa are considerable. Its velvets ronde. 31 miles E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1305.
and silk are world-famed; and it likewise possesses factories    GENSANO, a town of the Papal States. See GENZANO.
of cloth, stockings, blond, oilcloth, hats, paper, essences,   GENSINGEN, gh~nlsing-gn, a village' of HIesse-Darmstadt,
and soap.  Besides these, its works in gold, silver, and  7 miles S.E. of Bin-cn. Pop. 943.
marble, have a high reputation; indeed, for silver-filagree,   GENT, ghent, a town of Holland, Gelderland, 7 miles
delicately and artistically wrought into bracelets, brooches, E.N.E. of Nymwegen. Pop. 400.
bunches of flowers, and other kinds of ornaments innume-   GENTHIN, gl6n-teenl, a town of Prussian  Saxony,
rable, the Genoese workmen stand unrivalled, and their 30 miles N.E. of Magdeburg, on the Plauen Canal, and
productions are sent to all parts of the world. The port is  with a station on the Berlin and Magdeburg  Railway.
of a semicircular form, about three quarters of a mile in  Pop. 2340.
diameter, formed by two moles projecting into the sea from    GENTILLY, zhdNG'tee'yeef, a village of France, departopposite sides, but not opposite each other; the Mole Nuovo, ment of Seine, 4 miles N.E. of Sceaux, on the Bilvre, S. of
or New Mole, on the E. side, being about 790 yards S. of the  Paris. Pop. in 1852, 13,877. The commune comprises the
Mole Vecchio, or Old Mole, on the W. Both rise firom 16 to  village of Bic~tre. celebrated for its vast Castle, serving as
18 feet above the sea. Near the abutment of the New Mole  an hospital for 5000 superannuated and imbecile old men,
is the Light-house, a beautiful structure, 300 feet in height. and a prison for 2000 culprits, mostly destined for the
There is, besides, a fixed harbor-light on each of the moles. hulks. This edifice also contains extensive workshops for
Genoa is a free port, and the chief outlet, by the Mlediterra- polishing glass, woollen spinning, and various manufactonean, for the manufactures of Switzerland, Lombardy, and  ries. Ithas a well, sunk in the rock, 183 feet deep. Near
Piedmont. There is an immense number of bonding ware- this is the new fort of Bictre.
houses situated in one locality, called Porto Franco; these    GENTILLY, zh8NG'teelfyee, or zh8SNteel'yeel, a post-vilare surrounded by walls, and form a small separate town. lage of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 75 miles S.W. of Quebec.
The principal articles of export are rice, oils, fruit, cheese,   GENTRY, jun/tree, a new county in the N.N.W. part of
rags, the products of its manufactures, &c.; imports, cot-  Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 770 square
tons, raw cotton, woollens, cochineal, indigo, colonial pro- miles. It is intersected by Grand River, flowing in a S.S.E.
duce, tobacco, salt fish, hides, grain, lead, nutgalls, &c. In  direction, and also drained by the East and West Forks of
ancient times, the Genoese merchants were remarkable for that river, which enter the main stream near the middle of
their enterprise, and for the extent of their dealings. They  the county. Named inchonor of Colonel Richard Gentry,
brought the productions of Iindostan from  Ispahan to  who was killed at the battle of Okeechobee, Florida, in
Trebizond., and from thence conveyed them through Kaffa, 1837. Capital, Gentry Court HIouse. Population, 4248, of
in the Crimea, and afterwards through Constantinople to  whom 4198 were free, and 50 slaves.
Europe.  Their commerce subsequently declined greatly,    GENTRY  COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Genbut is now. and has been for some years past, reviving.  try co., Missouri. near a fork of Grand River, about 220 miles
The exports amount to about $15,000,000 annually, and the  N.W. of Jefferson City.
imports to $10,000,000. The foreign trade in 1846 employed    GEN/TRYVILLE. a post-village of Spencer co., Indiana,
2424 vessels (tons, 297,147) inwards, and 2268 vessels (tons, 17 miles N. from Rockpoit,  the county seat.
279.558) outwards.                                            GENTRYVILLE, a post-village of Gentry co., Missouri,
The origin of Genoa is said to be more remote than that  90 miles N. of Independence.
of Rome. As early as the eleventh century, the Geoese    GeENTS, ghlntsh, a village of HIungay, co. of Szathmar,
had become formidable at sea; and, notwithstanding an  near Szent Mliklos.  Pop. 1080.
almost continuous succession of wars through several ages,   GENTSIVILLE, a post-office of Abbeville district, South
gradually increased in power and importance. Aboupt the  Carolina.
middle of the thirteenth century, the rivalry between Genoa    GIENTSVILLE, a post-office of Walton co., Florida.
738




GiEN                                                      GEO
GENUA. See GENOA.                                        seses excellent advantage for fisheries and navigation.
GENZANO, j~n-z/no, or GENSANO, j~n-se4no, a town  Pop. 1121.
sf Italy, Pontifical States, 18 miles S.E. of Rome, on the    GEORGETOWN, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
Appian Way.  Pop, 4622.  It is picturesque, and has a  Massachusetts, 29 miles-N. of Boston. It contains 3 or 4
palace of the Duke of Cesarini, a Capuchin Convent, and a  churches, and a bank with a capital of $100,000. In the
modern cathedral. An annual festival, here called the  township are manufactories of boots and shoes, and leather.
Infiorata di Genzano, (in-fe-o-r[/t& dee j~n-zdino,) is fire- About 40,000 pairs of boots and shoes are annually produced.
quented by numerous visitors from Rome.                   Incorporated in 1838. Pop. of the township, 2052.
GENZANO, a town of Italy, Naples, province of Basilicata,   GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut,
18 miles N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3150.                       on the Norwalk and Danbury Railroad, 14 miles S. by W. of
GEOGRAPILE, jee-o-graf/, or zhA-o-gr[ff. a strait in Van  Danbury.
Diemen s Land, separating Schouten's Island from Frey-   GEORGETOWN, a post-village and township of Madison
cinet's Peninsula. It is. scarcely a mile in width at the  co.. New York, 30 miles S.E. of Syracuse, and 112 miles W.
narrowest part.                                           of Albany. The village has 2 or 3 churches. and about 300
GEOGRAPIIE, a bay of Western Australia, co. of Sussex, inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 1411.
of which it occupies the whole northern extremity, being    GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New
about 35 miles in width.                                  Jersey, 9 miles N.E. of Mount Holly.
GEORGE, a maritime district of Cape Colony, in South    GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania,
Africa, bordering on the ocean. Area, 4033 square miles. on the left bank of the Ohio River, about 40 miles below
Pop. 9193. Capital, George Town.                          Pittsburg.
GEORGE, a lake of New SouthWales, between the coun-   GEORGETOWN, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,
ties of Argyle and Murray, 2000 feet above the sea, 16 to 18  about 15 miles S.E. of Lancaster.
miles in length. and about 7 miles at its greatest breadth.  GEORGETOWN, a village of M1ercer co., Pennsylvania, on
GEORGE D'ELMINA, (ST.) See ELMINA.                      the turnpike from Pittsburg to Erie, about 75 miles N. by W.
GEORGE, LAKE, called also HOREICON, a beautiful of the former.
mountain lake of New York, between Warren and Wash-   GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Northumberland co.,
ington couhties, 36 miles in length, with a breadth varying  Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Susquehanna River,
fromnt three-quarters of a mile to four miles. The water is  40 miles above Harrisburg.
remarkably transparent, and in some parts is more than    GEORGETOWN, a small village of Washington co., Penn400 feet deep. To a passenger traversing this lake, scarcely  sylvania.
any thing can be imagined more. beautiful or picturesque    GEORGETOWN, a flourishing  post-village, capital of Suethan the scenery along its banks.  The romantic effect of  sex co., Delaware, 386 miles S. by E. of Dover. It contains
the prospect is greatly enhanced by a multitude of delight-  a court-house, an academy, and several other flourishing
ful islands, of various forms and sizes, which meet the gaze  schools, a bank, 3 or 4 churches,  a newspaper office, a fine
of the beholder on every side. Ofthese, if we include many  Odd-Fellows'  Hall, and 10 or!12 stores. Pop. estimated at
little islets and rocks, there are more than 300: a popular 1200.
notion prevails that their number corresponds to that of    GEORGETOWN, a city and port of entry of Washington
the days of the year. Twelve miles from the south-western  co., District of Columbia, at the head of navigation on the
extremity of the lake there is an island of about 20 acres, Potomac River, about 125 miles (following the windings of
called, from its position, Twelve Mile Island. A mile far- the channel) from its mouth, and 2 miles W.N.W. of Washther north there is a high point, or tongue of land, called  ington City, firom which it is separated by Rock Creek. It
Tongue MIountain, westof which projects a small arm of the  is situated on the left bank of the river, on a range of hills,
lake, named North-west Bay. Here the Narrows, that is,. the most elevated of which are denominated the I/eights.
the narrowest part of the lake, commence, and continue 7  These eminences, which are occupied by numerous elegant
or 8 miles. Near the W. end of the Narrows. on the eastern  villas, command a view of the most exquisite beauty, ema
side of the lake, is Black Mountain, the summit of which is bracing  the city,Washington, the Potomac, and an almost
regarded as the highest point in the immediate vicinity of  illimitable expanse of country. On the north-western  ethe lake, having an elevation of 2200 feet above its surface. clivity of the HIeights, is Oak Hill Cemetery, a burial-place
About 12 miles beyond Black Mountain there is a rock  of classic elegance, laid out in 1849. The entire grounds are
about 200 feet high, rising almost perpendicularly from the  thickly shaded, and enclosed by an iron fence. Georgetown
surface of the water. During the French War, Major Rogers, exhibits quite an antiquated appearance, though within a
being closely pursued by the Indians, slid down this steep  few years past it has been greatly improved. It contains 7
declivity, and landed safely on the ice, leaving his pursuers  or 8 churches. 2 banks. and several fine hotels, It is chiefly
petrified with astonishment at the dangerous exploit which  distinguished for its literary advantages and for its polite
they had witnessed. Firom this circumstance the rock has  society. The Russian and some of the other foreign ministers
been named Roogers' Slide. Two or three miles beyond the  have made it their place of residence. Among the literary
place just mentioned is Lord Howe's Point, where the divi- institutions, the college under the control of the Catholics
sionof the English army under Lord Howe landed previous  may be mentioned as the most important. It was first
to their attack on Ticonderoga.                           founded as an academy in 1789, chartered as a college in
GEORGENBOURG, a town of Russia. See YooBoorcG.    1799, and in 1818 Congress invested it with authority to
GEORGENSGMIUND, g'-onfghens-m65nt`, a village of Ba- confer degrees. The institution occupies two commodious
varia, on the Royal Bavarian Railway, about 40 miles S. of brick edifices, standing at the western extremity of the city,
Nuremburg.                                                in the midst of a large tract of land owned by the corporaGEORGENTHAL, gA-oR!ghen-tll', a town of Bohemia, 25  tion. The college is furnished with an extensive philosomiles VW. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1703.                       phical apparatus and a museum of natural history. ConGEORGENTIHAL, a village of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 8 miles nected with it is a flourishing female academy, taught by
S.S.W. of Gotha. Pop. 617.                                the nuns, and a fine botanic garden. Besides the above,
GEORGE-NYMiIP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. the city contains numerous private seminaries, among which
GEORGES, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. is an excellent boarding-school for young ladies, conducted
Pop. 2536.                                                by Mrs. English. The newspaper press consists of two issues,
GEORGE'S CREEK, of South Carolina, enters the Sa- a triweekly and a weeldy. Georgetown is one of the greatest
luda from the right, a few miles E. of Pickensville.       shad and herring markets in the United States. Vast quanGEORGE'S CREEK, a post-village of Massac co., Illinois, titles of these fish, taken in the Potomac, are brought here
125 miles S. by E. of Vandalia.                           for barrelling.
GEORGE'S MIILLS, a post-office of Sullivan co., New    This port has considerable foreign commerce, and also carHIampshire.                                               ries on an important coast trade. The shipping, of the collecGEORGE'S STORE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee. tion district, June 30th, 1854, amounted to2884tons registered
GEORGE'S TOWN, a township of Fayette co, Penn-  and 33,099 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 42
sylvania.'Pop. 2371.                                      sloops and canal boats, and 2 steamers, with an aggregate
GEORGES/VILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, burden of 2814 tons, were admeasured. The flouring busi12 miles S.V. of Columbus.                                ness is extensively carried on, and keeps nearly 50 mills in
GEORGE/TOWN, a district in the E.S.E. part of South  operation. Manufacturing has also been introduced, and
Carolina, bordering on the sea, has an area of 813 square  of late has become an important branch of industry. The
miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by Santee River, and  Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is carried over the Potomac at
intersected by the Pedee, Waccamaw, and Black Rivers, this place in an aqueduct, a stupendous structure, 1446 feet
which unite in the S.E. part, and flow through Winyaw  in length, and 36 feet above the ordinary surface of the
Bay into the Atlantic. The surface is a level plain, in many  water. Cost of construction, $2,000,000. Pop. in1850, 8336.
places marshy, and partly covered with pine woods; The   GEORGETOWN, a port of entry, and capital of Georgesoil is moderately fertile. In 1850 this district produced  town district, South Carolina, is situated on the W. shore
46,765,040 pounds of rice, the greatest quantity produced  of Winyaw Bay, a little below the confluence of the Great
by any county or district in the United States, except Beau- Pedee, Black, and Waccamaw Rivers, about 15 miles from
fort, of South Carolina. Pop. 20,647, of whom 2394 were the sea, and 132 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. The confluence
free, and 18,253 slaves.                                  of these three navigable rivers renders the position advanGEORGETOWN, a post-township of Lincqln co., Maine, tageous for trade. It contains a court-house, a bank, several
composed of two islands, 35 miles S. by E. of Augusta, pos- churches, and seminaries; Georgetown is one of the oldest
739




GEO                                                         GEO
towns in the state; but, in consequence of a bar obstructing  and the trade in 1853 employed 591 vessels, (tons, 101,764,'
the entrance to its harbor, and the previous unhealthiness inwards. Pop. in 1848, 23,000, of whom 19,000 were negroes
of the place, it has remained in statu quo for many years. and people of color; in 1851, 25,508.
Recently, however, its salubrity has been improved by a    GEORGE TOWN, a town of Cape Colony, South Afiria,
change in the cultivation of rice in the vicinity, and several 125 miles E. of Zwellendam.  It is poorly built, and a few
steam saw-mills and turpentine distilleries have been erected. years ago was among the least flourishing places in the
It has also 1 iron-foundry and 1 shoe factory. The shipping  colony. Trade chiefly in timber, and supplies for the farof the district, June 30th, 1852. amounted to an aggregate  mers in the Lange-kloof.
of 1896 tons registered, and 2696 tons enrolled and licensed.   GEORGE TOWN, a maritime town of Van Diemen's Land,
The clearances for foreign ports during the year were 14, co., and 28 miles N.W. of Launceston, on the Tamar; lat. 410
(tons, 2091), all in American bottoms. The census of 1850  6, S., ion. 1460 50' E.
gives this town a population of 704. Two papers are issued    GEORGE TOWN, a village, capital of the island of Ascen
here.                                                       sion, with a fort and some military works.
GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Randolph co., Georgia,    GEORGE TOWN, a maritime village of Prince Edward
on the Chattahoochee River, nearly opposite Eufiula, in  Island, North America, on its eastern coast, 31 miles E. of
Alabama. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats.               Charlotte Town.
GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Copiah co., Mississippi,   GEORGE/TOWN, a seaport town, capital of Penagn, or
on the W. bank of Pearl River, 40 miles S. of Jackson.       Prince of Wales Island, in Malacca Strait. Lat. 50 25 6'" N.,
GEORGETOWN, a post-village, capital of Williamson co., ion. 1000 19 45" E. See PENANO.
Texas, on San Gabriel River, about 40 miles N. of Austin.     GEORGETOWN, a seaport town, capital of Kings co.,
GEORGETOWN, a flourishing post-village, capital of Scott Prince Edward Island, on the peninsula between the Brudeco., Kentucky, on the North Elkhorn River, 17 miles E. of  nell and Cardigan, at the entrance into Cardigan Bay, on
Frankfort. It stands on elevated ground, surrounded by a  the S.E. side of the island. Lat. 460 12' N.. ion. 620 33' W.
beautiful and fertile region. Georgetown College, under the    GEORGETOWN, a village end township of Canada East,
direction of the Baptists, is a prosperous institution, with  38 miles N.E. of Montreal.
about 130 students, and a library of 6500 volumes. The    GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
main college edifice is 100 feet long, and 60 wide. There are  Halton, 34 miles N.W. of Toronto, and 35 mile's fi-om
also 2 female seminaries in the place. It contains 2 news- Hamilton. Pop. about 650.
paper offices, 2 woollen factories, and 2 bagging and rope    GEORGETOWN  CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Kent co.,
factorles.  Pop. estimated at 2000.                         Maryland.
GEORGETOWN, a post-village in Pleasant township, and    GEORGE/VILLE.  a post-village of Canada East, co. of
capital of Brown co., Ohio, 100 miles S.S.W. of Columbus,  Stanstead, 62 miles S.E. of St. Johns, and 12 miles from
and 7 miles from the Ohio River. It is situated in a rich  Stanstead.
farming district, and has considerable business. It contains    GEORGIA, jorfje-a, or GRUSIA, groo/se-a, (Pers. Goorgfstan
5 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. about 800.        or* Gouryistan, goor-ghis-tAtn, or Gooejistan, goor-jis-taint;
GEORGETOWN, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 150  written  also  Gurdschistan and Gwojistan,) a country of
miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. over 200.                      Asia, situated near the centre of the Russian possessions, on
GEORGETOWN, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, 6 miles  the S. side of the Caucasian range, and now included in the
S.E. of Cadiz. contains 150 inhabitants.                    Russian government of Tiflis. It is bounded S. by an ArGEORGETOWN, a post-township in the S.E. part of Ottawa  menian range, which separates the basin of the Koor from that
co., Michigan, on both sides of Grand River. Pop. 196.      of the Aras, and WV. by a branch of the Caucasus, forming part
GEORGETOWN, a village of Case co., Indiana, on the  of the wvater-shed between the Caspian and the Black Seas.
Wabash River and Canal, 8 miles WV. from Logansport, has  The name is sometimes employed to designate the whole terriabout 100 inhabitants.                                      tory possessed or claimed by the Russians S. of the Caucasus.
GEORGETOWN, a post-village and township of Floyd co., In this large sense it may have an area of 28,800 geograIndiana, 9 miles WV. of New Albany. Pop. 1198.              phical square miles; but, when more correctly confined to
GEORGETOWN, a small village of Clay co., Illinois.        Georgia proper, the area does not exceed 12,800 geographical
GEORGETOWN, a village of Randolph co., Illinois, about square miles. The central part is occupied by a large and
15 miles E. of Kaskaskia.                                   fertile valley, in which the Koor flows from W. to E., and
GEORGETOWN, a post-village of Vermilion co., Illinois, receives almost all its drainage. The soil, generally, in the
10 miles S. of Danville.  It has a plank-road leading to the  lower grounds, and more especially in this valley, is of great
Wabash River.                                               fertility; and, having the advantage of a delightful climate,
GEORGETOWN, a post-village, capital of Pettis co., Mis- grows in abundance not only all the ordinary cereals,
souri, on the West Fork of La Mine River, 37 miles WV.S.WV. maize, hemp, and flax, but great quantities of wine and
of Booneville.                                              cotton, and unlimited supplies of the most exquisite fruit.
GEORGETOWN, a post-office of Lafayette  co., Wis- Important improvements have taken place in agriculture
consin.                                                     since the Russians acquired possession of the country from
GEORGETOWN, a post-office of El Dorado co., Call- Persia. in 1800; but it has not yet recovered from the disasters
fornia.                                                     brought upon it by ages of misrule and almost incessant
GEORGE/TOWN, (Dutch, Stabrocel, sti/br35k,) the capital  warfare. The natives, forming about three-fourths of the
city of British Guiana, and of the county of Demerara, at whole population, belong to the Caucasian race, and have
the mouth of the Demerara River, on its E. blank; lat. been as much celebrated as the Circassians for the athletic
60 49' 24" N.; lou. 550 11' 30"/W. It is built with Dutch  frames of the men and the beauty of the women. These
regularity; the streets are broad and intersecting at right properties have created a large demand for both sexes-the
angles, mostly with canals in the middle, communicating  males to serve in the armies, and the females to become inwith each other and with the river, and crossed by a mul- mates of the harems of the Turks.  The nobles long derived
titude of bridges. The houses are built in straight lines,' their chief revenue from this inhuman traffic, valuing their
and, as a security against damp, are raised 3 or 4 feet flom  serfs only for the money which they could obtain for them
the ground on hardwood posts; many have gardens at- in the Turkish markets. Under the Russian sovereignty
tached, and the luxuriant foliage embowering them  adds  this traffic has ceased; and the distinction which divided
greatly to the pleasing aspect of the city. WVater street, the whole population into the classes of nobles and serfs,
which faces the river, is wholly occupied by merchants, nearly equivalent to those of mnasters and slaves, though still
whosewarehouses andwharvesjut outintothe stream. This  subsisting,  has been greatly modified. The power of life
is the only street exclusively inhabited by Europeans. The and death, which the nobles claimed, and made no scruple
principal buildings are tb.)'Town-hall, with the government of exercising, has been expressly abolished. The Georgians
offices, an imposing stone edifice. in a pure style; the Elis- belong nominally to the Greek church; but both clergy
copal cathedral also of stone. and the Colonial Iospital, and people are generally ignorant.  The Bible, however, was
(expenses in 1852, $43,392.) There is also a second Epis- translated into their native language, a peculiar dialect,
copal church, a neat Scotch church, a Roman Catholic, greatly resemblinug the Armenian, as early as the beginning
and 8 other chapels, belonging to Wesleyans, Baptists, of the fifth century; and its benefits, though hitherto not
the London Missionary Society, &c.: numerous schools, very apparent, promise to be greatly extended, by means
under the guidance of the various religious communities; of a printing-press which the Russians have established.
a mariners' hospital, a lunatic asylum; astronomical and  Capital, Tiflis. Pop. of Georgia proper, about 300,000.-Adj.
botanical societies, instituted in 1844; 2 banks, 3 news- and inhab. GsEORGIAN, jor/je-an.
paper offices, barracks, and 2 theatres. The Market-place,   GEORGIA, one of the original states of the United States
adjoining  the Town-hall, is open, airy, and surrounded  of North America, is bounded on the N. by Tennessee and.by elegant shops, well supplied with all kinds of pro- North Carolina; E. by South Carolina, (from which it is sepavisions. At the mouth of the Demerara is Fort Frederick-  rated by the Savannah River,) and by the Atlantic Ocean;
William; connected with it are excellent barracks and a  S. by Florida, and W. by Florida and Alabama, from which
nmilitary hospital, and near it is a fine light-house. George- it is partly separated by the Chattahoochee River. Georgia
town, from its low, swampy position, is unhealthy; the prin- lies between 300 21' 39" and 350 N. lat., and between 810 and
cipal diseases are yellow and intermittent fever, dysentery,  85~ 531 38" W. Ion., being about 300 miles in length from
diarrhrea, and dropsy. Anchorage good in 17 feet water; N. to S., and 256 in its greatest breadth from E. to WV., inbut at the river mouth is a bar, on which there is only 15  cluding 58,000 square miles, 37,120,000 acres, of which only
feet vater. The exports consist of sugar, rum, and coffee, 6,378,4'9 are improved, showing that this already great and
740




GEO                                                       GEO
flourishing  state is but in the commencement of developing  and Mississippi valleys. Georgia has about 80 miles of seaher resources and wealth.                                  coast, which is lined by small islands, on which grows the
Face of the Coun:try.-Georgia has every variety of surfatce, celebrated sea-island cotton.  These islands are cut off
from the mountains of the north, through all gradations of from the mainland by narrow sounds, inlets, or lagoons.
rough, hilly, aud undulating country to the alluvial fiats    Objects of Interest to Tourists. —The geologist will find in
which begin about 100 miles from the sea, to which they  the alluvions of the south-eastern counties of Georgia exextend.  We learn from White's "Statistics of Georgia,"  tenfive fossil remains, while her minerals and mountains
from which we are obliged to condense, that "commencing  will offer much for his examination;  and the antiquarian,
at the Atlantic Ocean, and spreading out from 100 to 150  too, may find objects, even in this new country, to baffle his
miles westward, we have an extensive plain of a tertiary  most ingenious theories. In Hancock county is an Indian
formation, gradually swelling up to a height of 500 feet, at mound, of a semioval form, 2000 feet long and 37 high, and
a line passing near the head of navigation of the Savannah,  -'.....unded by a ditch. Human bones have been found
Ogeechee, Oconee. and Ocmulgee Rivers, where it meets a  nere. About 9 miles B. of Macon is a mound, covering
primary formation."  An angle of cretaceous formation, un- about 300 acres at its base and 50 at its top, which seems to
derlying the tertiary, enters Georgia from  Alabama, be- be a natural elevation, but is covered on the summit with
tween Fort Gaines and Columbus, and extends, with its the ruins of a limestone fortification. There are several arapex, to a point between Macon and Knoxville. The N. tificial mounds in the same neighborhood, and in other
side of this triangle is about 50, and the S.E. about 100  parts of the state. One in Cass county is 1114 feet in cirmiles in length. The primary formation crosses the state  cult and 75 feet high, in which have been found large quanin a S.W. direction, above the falls of the rivers named, titles of pottery. To the lover of the picturesque, Georgia
with a breadth of 160 miles at the northern, and 100 miles  offers many grand scenes, and among them the Stone Mounat the southern limit. A second plain above the falls suc- tain, in De Kalb county, 7 miles in circuit, and 2220 feet in
ceeds, of about 60 or 70 miles in width, beyond which. on  height; the Falls of Tallulah, a branch of the Tugaloo, in
the N.W. side of the primary belt, and running nearly pa- Habersham  county, where it passes through a ridge of
rallel with it, we come upon the Blue Ridge Mountains, mountains, forming cliffs from 200 to 500 feet, and descendwhich reach an elevation varying from 1200 to 4000 feet. ing in a succession of four falls through the space of a mile;
The N.W. of Georgia consists of transition rocks, except in  Toccatco Falls, in the same stream, 185 feet high; Amicolah
the extreme N.W. counties, which are carboniferous in their Falls, in Lumpkin county, with a descent of 400 feet in as
fornmation. In the S.E. is Okefonokee Swamp, or rather se- many yards; the Towaligo Falls, in Monroe county; the
ries of swamps, which have a circuit of about 180 miles, Eastatoah and Stockoa Falls, in Rabun county, (thought
filled with pools and islands, and covered with vines, bay- by many to surpass the Toccaco;) a series of falls in the
trees, and underwood. Alligators, frogs, lizards, cranes, &c., IIiawassee, sometimes with a descent of about 100 feet; Nifind a congenial home in this region.                     cojack Cave, opening into the Racoon Mountains, near the
Misnerals.-Previous to the discovery of the gold mines of N.W. extremity of the state, extending for miles into the
California, Georgia was the Eldorado of the United States; mountain, which it enters by a portal 160 feet wide, and
but though her mines are almost swept out of mind by the  60 high; through this passes a stream, up which the visiter
richer yields of the new state on the Pacific, a soberer time  must be boated for three miles, when further progress is
may come again, when slow and patient industry may be  stopped by acataract; (Wilson's Cave is described in the same
content to develop the golden treasures of this region. The  neighborhood, by Sears; whether or not it is the same cave
tract containing the gold mines has its centre in Lumpkin  under a different name we have no means of determining;)
county, in the northern part of the state; and at Dahlonega, Nix's Cave, in Floyd county; Track Rock and Pilot Menuin this county, a branch mint has been established, which  tain, (1200 feet high,) both in Union county-are all worthy
coined in 1851, $351,592 in gold, $476,788 in 1852, and  of a separate description in a work of a different character.
$452,289 in 1853. Besides this precious metal, Georgia con-    Climate, Soil, and Productions. —"  While the inhabitants
tains some silver, copper, iron, lead, manganese, titanium,  (we quote De Bow's Resources of the South and West) of
graphite, antimony, -and zinc; also granite, marble, gypsum,  Southern and Middle Georgia are being parched with heat,
limestone, coal, sienite, marl, burrstone, soapstone, asbestos, firequently so intense as prevent comfortable rest, even at
slate, shale, tripoli, fluor-spar, barytes, toursmaline, arra- night, the more northern climate, among the mountains,
gonite, kaolin, epidote, porcelain clay, ruby, opal, augite, is such as to render necessary a blanket in order to comcyanite, emerald, prase, cornelians, chalcedony, agate, jas- fortable repose. A more lovely heaven does not smile upon
per, amethyst, precious garnets, schorl, zircon, rose quartz, the classic land of Italy than upon the favored inhabitants
beryl, and even diamonds. Fossils are found in abundance  of Georgia."  According tometeorological observations made
in the S.E. counties near the sea.                         at Savannah by Dr. Posey, during the year ending May,
Rivers, Bays, cd-c.-Georgia is abundantly supplied with  1852, the maximum  in June, at 2 P. si., was 970.4; minirivers, both for the purposes of navigation, and for pro- mum  70; mean for the day, 770'10: maximum  for July,
pelling power. To the central plateau which forms the falls  990.3; minimum, 90~'5; mean, 810.7: maximum for August,
or rapids, the rivers are mostly navigable for steamers, and  930; minimum, 820.5; mean. 790.70: maximum for Septemamong and above them they finnish advantageous sites for her, 88301; minimum, 660.2; mean, 670~7: maximum  for
mills. Of the 36 cotton factories in Georgia in 1851, 34  October, 850.6; mininum, 560~9; mean, 660.25: maximum
were driven by water. The Oconee and Ocmulgee rise in  for November, 770.1; minimum, 500.1; mean, 560'12: maxithe N. of the state, pass through its centre to within 100  mum for December, 580.5; minimum, 430~3; mean. 470'27:
miles of the ocean, where they unite to form the Altamaha,  maximum for January, 750; minimum, 29035; mean, 410.75:
which flows eastward into the Atlantic Ocean. The Alta- maxiuum  for February, 810.7; minimum, 600; mean,
maha is navigable to Darien for vessels drawing from 11 to  550.45: maximum for March, 840; minimum, 430.9; mean,
14 feet water, and its confluents to Macon and Milledgeville  610.30: maximum for April, 86'o7; minimum, 670.9; mean,
for steamboats. The Savannah, which forms the greater  630.27: and maximum  for May, 940.9; minimum, 690-9;
part of the eastern boundaty, dividing Georgia from South  and mean, 750-52. There were 85 rainy days in the year,
Carolina, is formed by the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers. It viz. 13 in June, 12 in July, 10 in August, 4 in September,
is about 500 miles in length, is navigable for ships to Sa- 5 in October, 5 in November, 7 in December, 4 in January,
vannah, and for large steamboats to Augusta. The Ogee- 5 in February, 7 in March, 8 in April, and 5 in May. The
chee, a river flowing S.E. about 200 miles, drains the coun- thermometer was highest, July 30, 2 r. m., 990'3, and lowtry between the above named rivers. It is navigable for est, January 20, 7 A. 55., 130.8. The peach blossomed F'esloops 30 or 40 miles, and for keel-boats to Louisville. Can- bruary 20th, and the plum on the 23d. Snow faills somenouchee, a western branch, is navigable 50 miles. The  times, but does not lie long.
Santilla and St. Mary's drain the south-eastern counties,   The diversity of soil is not less than that of climate, from
and the Flint, Oclockonee, and Suwanee, with their branches, the rich alluvions near the seacoast and rivers, to the thinthe south-western. The Santilla and St. Mary's are navi-  ner soil of the pine barrens (not so sterile by far as their
gable for sloops about 30 or 40 miles, and for keel-boats per- name implies) and the rougher mountain regions.  The
haps as much more. The Flint, a branch of the Chattahoo- good and bad lands of Georgia are so interiningled, that it
ehee, is about 300 miles long, and is navigable to Albany  is difficult to describe them by districts. In the south, we
for steamboats.  The Chattahoochee rises in the N.E;. of have on the coast the islands with their light sandy soil,
Georgia, crosses the state in a S.W. direction till it strikes  but fertile in sea-island cotton; and on the mainland are
the W. boundary, which it follows for about 150 miles to its  the rich alluvions, but interspersed with swamvps, which,
union with the Flint, at the S.W. extremity of Georgia, however, yield rice in abundance. The bottom lands of the
where their united floods form  the Appalachicola.  The  Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, and the smaller rivers,
Chattahoochee is navigable to Columbus for steamboats. are exceedingly fertile, and produce, rice, cotton, Indian
The Tallapoosa and Coosa, headwaters of the Alabama, and  corn, and, sugar. Farther west, about 60 miles from the
the Iliawassee, one of the sources of the Tennessee River, coast, commence the pine barrens, at present mostly vatake their rise in the N. of this state. The Suwanee and  luable for their timber and naval stores, but easily cul.
the Oclockonee pass S. into Florida. A line run through  tivable and productive, should occasion require.  In the
the middle of the state, from S. to N. would nearly divide  south-west the soil is light and sandy, but fertile, and prothe waters flowing into the Atlantic from those flowing into  ductive in cotton. The sugar-cane is also sometimes culthe Gulf of Mexico; but this line would trend to the E. both  tivated successfully. The soil, though fertile, is ecsily exin the N. and S., and to the WV. in the centre. The waters hausted, and requires manuring to restore it. The middle
of the Hiawassee, however, reach the gulf through the Ohio  region consists of a red loamy soil, once, productive, but,
741
j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I




GEO                                                         GEO
owing to a bad system of culture, much impoverished.  Its  and Atlanta,and various intermediate points; and with Nashproducts are cotton, tobacco, and the various kinds of grain.  ville, Knoxville, and numerous smaller places, in Tennessee.
We now come to the Cherokee country in the north. once  Augusta is also connected indirectly with the same places
in possession of the Indians of that name, and containing  The railroads from Charleston and Savannah form import,
lands among the most fertile in the state, particularly in its  ant arteries in the trade between the North and the Southvalleys, which, though worked by the Indians for ages  western States, and have entirely diverted a large portion of
past, are still capable of producing from 50 to 75 bushels of  it from  its ancient channels.  Branch roads diverge to
grain to the acre. This region is not so well adapted to the  Athens, Washington, Warrenton, Rome, West Point, Milculture of cotton, though it can be raised successfully, but  ledgeville, Eatonton, and other places. Railroads are either
yields wheat, corn, Irish potatoes, peas, beans, &c., abund- projected or in course of construction to connect Savannah
antly. Here, too, are to be found gold, iron, coal, marble, with Charleston, Pensacola, in Florida, with Port Gaines, and
granite, limestone, and other minerals, valuable in build- with Memphis, in Tennessee; also to unite Brunswick to Penlug and the industrial arts. The iron is represented as be  sacola. There are only a few short canals in Georgia-one
ing of very superior quality. Our summary of the natural connecting the Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers; another
resources and the physical characteristics of this flourishing  from Brunswick to the Altamaha; and a canal round the
state, brings us to the conclusion that it is surpassed by no  fdlls in the Savannah, at Augusta, making a total of about
Atlantic or Gulf state, to say the least, in the elements of a  50 miles.
rapid growth in agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.    Commerce.-Georgia is favorably situated for internal
With a soil capable of yielding most of the great staples of  trade, having a number of navigable rivers, which may be
the country, and some tropical fruits, with a mild climate, ascended by steamboats from 200 to 300 miles from the sea,
yet cold enough in the north for the restoration of health  and still farther for keel-boats. She has an active coasting
to the enervated inhabitant of the south, and for the pro- trade with her sister states; and, besides sailing vessels, has
duction of the winter grains; with rivers that can be navi- lines of ocean steamers running regularly between Savangated by steamboats to her centre, and whose branches fur- nab and New York, and the same port and Philadelphia.
nish water-power in abundance, what element of prosperity  The principal exports of Georgia consist of her great staple,
does she lack, if she be true to herself?  The prime articles  cotton, and of rice, lumber, and naval stores. Her exports
of cultivation in Georgia are cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, to foreign countries amounted in 1853 to$371,883, and her imand Indian corn, besides which large quantities of live stock, ports to $508,261.  Tonnage entered, 52,175; cleared, 81,527.
wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas, beans, Irish potatoes, fruits, Georgia exports also largely of her rice, lumber, and cotton
market products, butter, cheese, hay, sugar, molasses, bees- to other states of the Union. There were received at the
wax and honey, and some rye, barley, buckwheat, wine, different ports of Georgia, in 1853, 394,490 bales of cotton,
grass seeds, hops, flax, and silk are produced. Georgia is  and 39,929 tierces of rice were exported; but the exports of
first of the states of the Union in the amount of sweet pota- cotton have reached 600,000 bales in a single year. The tontoes raised, and second in that of rice and cotton. In 1850  nage of the state, in 1853, was 22,130, of which 5667 was
there were in this state 51,759 farms, containing 6,378,475  steam tonnage; the number of vessels built in 1852 was 2,
acres of improved land, averaging about 120 acres to a farm,  whose tonaage was 323.
and producing 1,088,534 bushels of wheat; 53,750 of rye;    Education.-According to the census of 1850, Georgia had
30,080,099 of Indian corn; 3,820,044 of oats; 1,142,011 of  13 colleges, with 1535 pupils, and $105,430 income, of which
peas and beans; 227,379 of Irish potatoes; 6,986,428 of sweet $21,720 was from endowments; 1251 public schools, with
potatoes; 11,501 of barley; 38,950,691 pounds of rice; 432,924  32,705 pupils, and $182,231 income, of which $16,959 was
of tobacco; 199,636,400 of cotton; 990,019 of wool; 4,640,559  from the public funds, and $21,520 from taxation; and 219
of butter; 46,976 of cheese; 23,449 tons of hay; 1,644,000  academies and other schools, with 9059 pupils, and $108,983
pounds of cane sugar; 732,514 ofhoneyandbeeswax; 216,150  income, of which $7397 was from endowments; and 77,016
gallons of molasses; live stock valued at $25,728,416; orchard  attending schools, as returned by families. Georgia is celeproducts at.92,776; market goods  at $76500; and slaugh- brated for her female institutes.  Among the numerous
tered animals at $6,339,762.                                high schools and academies, we may mention the Georgia
_kbrest Trees.-There are extensive forests of pine and live- Female College, at Macon, which (WVHITE says) is generally
oak in the S.; the swamps afford cedar and cypress, and the  attended by 140 pupils, who go through an extensive course
middle country oak and hickory. The other forest-trees are  of study. Of the colleges in 1853, 1 was a theological school
walnut, chestnut, poplar, sycamore, beech, maple, ash, gum, with 6, and 1 a medical college with 115 students.  The
elm, fir, spruce, magnolia, laurel, and palmetto.           school fund amnounted in the same year to $23,086. As
Asnimals.-Bears, deers, wolves, panthers, foxes, gophers, an evidence of increasing interest in the subject of educaand rabbits, among quadrupeds; alligators, terrapins, li- tion, a common-school journal has been established at Columzards, scorpions, and rattlesnakes, among reptiles; and tur- bus, in this state.
tie, rock, black, and flying-fish, trout, bass, drum, sheeps-   Beligious Denominations.-Of the 1862 churches in Georhead, Spanish mackerel, porgey, and mullet, among fish, gia in 1850, 879 belonged to the different sects of Baptists,
are the leading objects of animated nature in Georgia.      20 to the Episcopalians, 795 to the Methodists, 97 to the
Manufactures.-Georgia has recently made great advances  Presbyterians, 8 to the Roman Catholics, and 30 to the
in the establishment of manufactures, for which she enjoys  Union Church. The rest were owned by the Bible Chrisgreat facilities in the abundanceof her water-powerandfuel, tians.  the Christians, the Congregationalists, the Free
in the nearness of the raw material to the manufacturer, and  Church, Friends, Independents, Lutherans, Moravians, and
in the number of her navigable rivers and iron roads ready  Universalists; making 1 church to every 486 persons. Vato carry her fabrics to market. In 1850, there were in Geor-  lue of church property, $1,269,159.
gia 1407 manufacturing establishments, each producing    Periodicals.-There were published in Georgia, in 1850, 5
$500, or upwards, annually;. 35 of these were cotton facto- daily newspapers, 3 tri and semi-weekly, 37 weekly, and 6
ries, employing $1,736,156 capital, and 873 male and 1399  monthly and semi-monthly magazines, with a total annual
female hands, consuming raw material worth $900,419, and  circulation of 4,070,866 copies.
producing 7,209,292 yards of stuffs, 4,198,351 pounds of    Public Institutions.-There is a State LunaticAsylum near
yarn, valued at $2,135,044; 3 woollen factories, employing  Milledgeville, which went into operation in 1842, and which
$68,000 capital, and 40 male and 38 female hands, consum, receives $15,000 annually from the state, and had in 1853
ing raw material worth $153,816, and producing 340,600  120 inmates. The state has recently appropriated $25,000
yards of stuffs, valued at $88,750; 10 forges, furnaces, &c., for enlarging the building. There is also an Asylum for
employing a capital of $70,200, consuming raw material the Deaf and Dumb in Murray county, which received, in
worth $43,776, and producing 1405 tons of pig, wrought, 1852, $17,000 from  the state. The State Penitentiary at
and cast iron, valued at $118,884; 140 tanneries, employing  Milledgeville is a three-story granite building, 200 feet by
$262,855 capital, consuming $185,604 worth of raw material, 30. The convicts are employed in manufacturing leather,
and producing leather valued at $361,586; and home-made  wagons. shoes, pails, and many other articles, the sale of
manufactures of the value of $1,838,988.                    which leaves a small balance over the expenses of the peniIn Hunt's Magazine of May, 1852, it is stated that there  tentiary. It had 122 convicts in 1853, Georgia had, in 1850,
were 36 cotton mills in Georgia, employing a capital of  3 public libraries, with 6500 volumes; 26 school and Sun$1,611,100, and 1266 male and 771 female hands, and con- day-school libraries, with 3788 volumes; and 9 college librasuming raw material worth $805,648, and producing stuffs ries, with 21,500 volumes.
valued at $1,626,485.                                         Population. —The original settlers of Georgia were English,
Internal Improvementss-Georgia takes the lead of the  Scotch, and German, with the usual admixture of other
southern States in the number and extent of her railways, nations, (as shown by the figures below,) as the peopling of
which cross the middle and N. of the state in all directions, the state progressed. Up to 1838, the Cherokee Indians. one
connecting her commercial centre with all the important of the most civilized, intelligent, and numerous of the abetowns of her own interior, with Alabama on the W., and  riginal tribes, formed a considerable part of the population
with Tennessee and the great Ohio and Mississippi Valleys of Georgia. In 1790 the number of inhabitants was 82,548;
to the N. and N.W. In January, 1854, there were in Geor- 162,101 in 1800; 252,433 in 1810; 340,987 in 1820; 516,823 in
gia 884 miles of railway in operation, and 445 in course of  1830; 691,392 in 1840; and 906,185 in 1850; being a ratio of
construction. 1053 miles of railway, either already made or increase greater than any of the original states since the first
in course of construction, centre in Savannah, whichis con- census in 1790. This population is divided into 91,666
nected, directly or indirectly, with Macon, Columbus, and  families, occupying 91,206 dwellings. Of the population in
with Montgomery, in Alabama; with Augusta, Oglethorpe, 1850, 266,233 were white males, 255,339 females; 1375 freo,
742




GEO  GER
colored males, 1556 free colored females; 188,857 male slaves, contests with the Spaniards of Florida, who claimed the
and 192,825 female slaves. Of the free population, 397.5C0  country as far as the 33d degree of N. latitude. l'n 1739,
were born in the state; 119,890 in other states of the Tnien; Oglethorpe invaded F;lorida, took Fort Diego, and besieged
679 in England; 3202 in Ireland; 380 in Scotland and Wales;  St. Augustine, but was obliged to raise the siege and return.
108 in British America; 9-.7 in Germany; 177 in France; 514  The Spanish in turn invaded Georgia in 1742; but, being
in other countries, and 517 whose places of birth were un- alarmed by a stratagem of Oglethorpe's, they retreated withknown. Representative population, 753,512; pop. to square  out coming to blows. Slaves were first admitted into the
mile, 15'62. In the year ending June Ist, 1850, there died  colony in 1749. The proprietors, harassed by the difficulties
9923 persons, or about 11 in every 1000 persons, showing a  that surrounded them, gave up the province to the crown
ratio of mortality less than that of any Southern state except in 1752, when Dr. Franklin was appointed its agent near
Florida, and of the entire Union except three. In the same  the British government. In 1761 the Cherokee Indians
period, 1036 paupers received aid, of whom 58 were foreigners, were attacked by Colonel Montgomery, on which occasion
at an expense of about $30 to each person. There were 266  the savages so bravely resisted, that, though MIontgomery
deaf and dumb, of whom 1 was free colored, and 57 slaves; claimed the victory, he thought it advisable to retreat. The
357 blind, of whom 4 were free colored, and 129 slaves; 324  following year Colonel Grant burned their towns, laid waste
insane, of whom 2 were free colored, and 28 slaves; and 664  their country, and forced them to sue for peace. Georgia
idiotic, of whom 1 was free colored, and 148 slaves. Of the  entered warmly into the Revolution, and, during parts of
population, 574 were engaged in mining, 209,383 in agricul- 1778, 1779, and 1780, was in the hands of the British troops.
ture, 2428 in commerce, 7984 in manufactures, 262 in navi- Savannah was captured by them  December 29th, 1778, and
gatins the ocean, 352 in internal navigation, and 1250 in the  the combined American and French armies were repulsed
learned professions.                                        in an attempt to retake it in October, 1779, with a loss to
This state has 97 counties, viz.: Appling, Baker, Baldwin,  the allies of 1100 men. In 1838 the Cherokee Indians were
Bibb, Bryan, Bullock, Burke, Butts, Camden, Campbell, removed from the state to the Indian territory, beyond the
Carroll, Cass, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clark, Clinch, Mississippi, and Georgia came into possession of the longCobb, Columbia, Coweta, Crawford, Dade, I)ecatur, De Kalb, coveted Indian reservation, regarded as among the best lands
Dooly, Early, Effingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fayette, Floyd, of the state. —— Inhab. GEORGIAN, jortje-an.
Forsyth, Franklin, Gilmer, Glynn, Gordon, Greene, Gwin-   GEORGIA, an island in the Pacific, in Solomon Archinett, Habersham, Hall, Hancock, Harris, Heard, Henry,  pelago, E. of New Guinea.
Houston, Irwin, Jackson, Jasper, Jones, Jefferson, Laurens,    GEORGIA, a post-township of Franklin co., Vermont, on
Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowudes, Lumpkin, MlcIntosh, Macon, Lake Champlain, and on the Vermont Central Railroad, 40
Madison, Marion, MIeriwether, Monroe, Montgomery, Mor- miles N.W. of MIontpelier. Pop. 2686.
gau, Murray, Muscogee, Newton, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pike,   GEORGIA, a post-office of Be Soeto co., Mississippi.
Pulaski, Putnam, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Scriven,   GEORGIA, a district in Clarke co., Georgia. Pop. 741.
Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatuall, Taylor, Telfair,   GEORGIANIA, a county of East Australia, New South
Thomas, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Wales.  It is traversed by the Abercorn River and its
Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Whitefield, Wilkes, affluents, the Lachlan forming its WV. boundary.
Wilkinson. Milledgeville is the capital.                      GEORGIAN BAY. See HIURON, LAKE.
Cities and Towns.-The towns of Georgia have received a    GEORGIA, SOUTII, an island in the South Atlantic. Lat.
new impetus Since the completion of her railways; and  540 5' S., Ion. 380 15' W.
places that were mere crossroads a few years ago, with their    GEORIGIAVILLE, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode
tavern, store, and smithy, have become flourishing manufac- Island.
turing villages. Savannah, the principal city, had 15,312    GEORGIE~SK or GHEORGHIESK., gA-ox-gheb-v-k, a
inhabitants in 1850; Augusta, 9559, (in 1852,11,753;) Colum- fortified town of the Russian dominions, government of
bus, 5942; Macon, 5720; Athens, 3795; Atlanta, 2572; Griffin, Caucasus, near an affluent of the Kooma (Kuma,) 90 miles
2320; Milledgeville, 2216; and Lagrange, 1523.              S.E. of Stavropol. Pop. 3000, mostly Cossacks. Itwas founded
Governnment.-This state is similar in its governmental in 1771, is regularly built, and was the capital of the governdivisions to the other members of the confsderacy. The  ment till 1802.
legislature meets biennially, on the first Monday in October.   GEORGIE~SKOE, gA-or-ghe-5v/sko-i, a village of Russia,
The governor is elected by the people for 2 years, and receives government, and 120 miles N.W. of ~iatka, on the Kaman.
a salary of $3000 per annum.  The senate consists of 47    GEORGSWALDE, glorgs-al'deh,   a market-town of Bomembers, and the house of representatives of 130, both  hemia, 64 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 4499.
elected for each session of the legislature, and receiving $5    GEPPERSDORF, gh.plpers-doif', a village of Austria, in
per diem. Every white male who has paid a tax the pre- Moravia, circle of Olmutsz.  Pop. 736.
vious year, and resided in the county where the election    GEPPERSDORF, ghp]/pers-doal', a village and lordship
takes place 6 months before the election, is a legalized elector. of Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau. Pop. 1340.
The state of Georgia is entitled to 8 members in the national   GER, zhaiR, the name of several villages of France, the
house of representatives, and to 10 electoral votes for presi-  principal in the department of Manche, 8 miles E.N.E. of
dent of the United States.                                  Mortain.  Pop. in 1852, 2624.
The judiciary is'composed —1. Of a court of errors and    GERA, gArA, a river of Central Germany, flows northward,
appeals, presided over by 3 judges, elected for 6 years by the  and, after a course of about 38 miles, joins the Unstrut, 12
legislature; 2. Of a superior court, held in every county in  miles N. of Erfurt.
the state twice a year, and presided over by judges elected    GERA, a town of Central Germany, principality of Reuss,
for 4 years by the legislature; 3. Of an inferior court, consist-  on the White-Elster, 35 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 11,255.
ing of 5 justices in each county, elected by the people for 4  It is enclosed by walls, and has several churches and hosyears, and holding 2 sessions a year; and, 4. Of justices' pittals, an orphan asylum, a richly endowed gymnasium,
courts, consisting of 2 justices for each militia district,  with a public library and museums,'normal and various
elected by the people of their respective districts. The state  other schools. It manufactures woollen and cotton fabrics,
is divided into 11 judicial districts. Thejudges of the superior  leather, hats, tobacco, porcelain,colors, earthenware, and carcourt are elected by the legislature for 4 years. The judges  -riades; and has dye-works, breweries, and brick-kilns. In its
of the supreme court receive $2500 per annum.               neighborhood are well frequented public baths. 
The public debt of Georgia in 1853 was 2,801,972. The    G1RACE, jAirAVchil, (anc. Lo/crsX) a town of Naples, prosources of revenue (which averages about $700,000 a year)  vince of Calabria Ultra II., 34 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop.
are a general tax, a special tax on bank stocks and railhoad  between 3000 and 4000. It is a bishop's see.
stocks, and an income from the State Railroad. The expen-   GERACI, jA-rilchee, a town of Sicily, in the Val Bimona,
ditures, for the pay of legislators, civil establishments, judi- 16 miles S.S.E. of Cefalu. Pop. 3360.
ciary, public charities, &c., are about $131,000 a year, of    GERARD-DE-RYS,. zhl'rar -de-reece, an  island in the
which $30,000 (in 1853) was contributed to the deaf and  Pacific Ocean; lat. 30 10, S., ion. 1480 10' E. Length, about
dumb and lunatic asylums. The public debt consists of  40 oiles; breadth, 8 miles. It is mountainous, densely
bonds issued for the construction of railways. Estimated  wooded, and inhabited by Papuan Negroes.
value of real and personal property in 1852, $368,968,825; to    GI.ARDMER, zhl'raRd'mairl, or GI(ROMME, zh'ro'mt,
each individual, $366. In 1854 there were 18 banking insti- a village of France, department of Vosges, between  the
tutions in the state, with an aggregate capital of $12,957,600, Lakes Ge'ardmer, Longemer, and Retournemer, 15 miles S.
a circulation of $9,518,777, and $1,576,813 in coin.        of St. DiBS. Pop. 1597.
History.-Georgia was the last settled of the origbaal  - GERIARDSTOWN or GERiRiARDSTOWN, a post-village
thirteen states of the American Confederacy. A charter for  of Berkley co., Virginia, 166 miles N. by W. of Richmond,
establishing the " Colony of GEORa A," (named in honor of  contains 3 churches.
the king,) was given by George II., June 9, 1732. The first    GERASA, je-r/sa, JERASH, je-rnshl, written also DJERsettlement was made by Oglethorpe at Yamacraw Bluff, now   ASH, a ruined city of Syria, in ancient I)ecapolis, 80 miles
called Savannah, in 1733, more than 100 years after the  S.S.WV. of Damtscus, on the opposite slopes of two hills, 200G
settlement of most of the original colonies, and 63 years  feet above the level of the sea; lat. 320 20' N., lon. 360 3
after that of South Carolina, her nearest neighbor. Three  E. The ruins of this city have been compared to those of
years afterwards, some Germans founded Ebenezer on the  Baalbec and Palmyra. Here may be seen a magnificent
river, about 25 miles above Savannah. The settlement of  triumphal arch of the Corinthian order, a naumachia, a
Darien was commenced about the same time by some Scotch  theatre, and a small temple, with a spacious semicircular
Highlanders. The infant colony was involved in some severe  colonnade of the Ionic order, from which a street, with a
743




GER                                                      GER
range of columns on each side, traverses the whole length    GERMAN  REFORMED  COLLEGE.  See MERcSnvcsG,
of the city. The street is crossed at right angles by three  Pennsylvania.
parallel streets, on either of which aie the remains of inte-   GERIMAN  SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Preston co.
resting and magnificent buildings. Beyond the north wall is Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 270 mile,
an extensive necropolis, with numerous finely-executed  N.W. of Richmond. The village is called Mount Carmel.
sarcophagi. Gerasa was built by the Romans after their   GERIMANSVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Penusylconquests in the E.; taken by storm  by Alexander Jan- vania, 18 miles from Allentown.
neaus; burned by the Jews in their vengeance on the Sy-   GERMAN'S-WEEK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
ripns, for the massacre of their brethren at Cesas-rea; taken    GERIMANTON, a post-village of Stokes co., North Care
by Annius, a general under Vespasian, who burned down  lina, 110 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh.
what remained of it; and in 1122, its castle was destroyed    GERIMANTOWN, a post-village and township of Columbia
by Baldwin II. of Jerusalem.                             co., New York, on the E. side of the Hudson River, and on
GERAU, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt. See GRoss GERAU.  the Hudson River Railroad, 12 miles below Hudson. Pop.
GERBA or GERBI. See JERBA.                              1023.
GERBEROY, zhZscbeh-rwd, a, small ancient town of    GERMANTOWN, a village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,
France, department of Oise, 12 miles NW. of Beauvais. near the Monongahela River, about 195 miles W. by S. of
Pop. 282.                                                 Harrisburg.
GERB]YILLER, zh8R0bAvee'yairs, a market-town of    GERMANTOWN, formerly a post-borough of Philadelphia
France, department of Meurthe, 6 miles S. of Luneville. co., Pennsylvania, but now included within the chartered
Pop. in 1852, 2293.                                       limits of the city, is pleasantly situated on the the GermanGEItBIER-DES-JONCS, zh8RWbe-..dA-zhdsG%  one of the town Branch Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of the State-house. It
C6vennes Mountains, in France, department of Ardfche, 18  consists of ofe broad street, extending about 4 miles in a
miles W.N.W. of Privas. Its summit was lowered by the  N.N.W. and S.S.E. direction, and several others, recently
effect of an earthquake in 1.821, from 5610 feet to 5125 feet.  built up, intersecting it at right angles. Many of the merGERBSTADT, (Gerbstldt,) gh6Rbtstftt, a town of Prussian  chants of Philadelphia, and other persons retired firom busiSaxony, 25 miles N.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1950.           ness, here have their country seats, some of which are of
GERDAUEN, ghklsdiw-en, a town of East Prussia, 40  surpassing elegance, and are enclosed with spacious grounds,
miles S.E. of Kinigsberg. Pop. 2400.                     adorned with fountains, statuary, and green-houses.  It
GEREMOABO, zhA-rA-mo-ifbo, a town of Brazil, in the  contains 14 places of worship, a newspaper office, a bank, an
interior of the province of Bahia. Pop.3000.             insurance office, and several schools. It is lighted with gas
GERIENTON, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.  and supplied with pure water from Tulpehocken Creek.
GERENZANO, j-rdn-zd/no, a village of Austrian Italy, The water is first raised by steam-power to a reservoir on a
15 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 1430.                       hill, and thence conducted by distributing pipes through
GEREZ, SERRA  DE, sWRAn/    dA zhilrhz, a mountain  the various streets of the place. Pop. in 1850, 0209; in
chain, of Portugal, forming a ramification of the mountains  1854. about 7000; of the town in 1850, 8336.
of Asturias, and situated between the basins of the Douro    GERMANTOWN, a village of Bath co., Virginia, half a
and the Minho to the W. of Montalegre. It stretches about mile from the Warm Springs. It has 2 stores, 1 hotel. Pop.
18 miles from N. to S., and is generally composed of a suc-  100.
cession of lofty granite peaks. Its culminating point, the    GERMANTOWN, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia,
Murro de Burageiro, has a height of 4296 feet. Maarshal 95 miles N. by W. of Richmond.
Soult, in 1809, when retreating, led his army through a    GERMANTOWN, a post-village in Hyde co., North Caroterrific gorge forming one of the passes in this chain.  lina, near the W. end of Pamlico Sound, 135 miles E. by S.
GERGAL, aHa-gdlf, a market-town of Spain, province, and  of Raleigh.
18 miles N. of Almeria. Pop. 5028.                          GERMANTOWN, a thriving post-village of Shelby co.,
GERGEI, jht-jA/ee, a village on the island of Sardinia, 34  Tennessee, near Wolf River, and on the Memphis and
miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 2161.                         Charleston Railroad, 15 miles E. of Memphis, is situated in
GERGEN, ghlnghln/, a small town and ruined castle of a rich cotton-growing district, and has an active trade.
Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates. Lat. 370 56' 30"f N., lon. Pop. about 400.
390 11' E.                                                 GERMANTOWN, a handsome post-village of Bracken co.,
GERGENTI. a city of Sicily. See GIR'GENTi.             Kentucky, about 70 miles N.E. of Frankfort, is connected by
GERGOFALVA, gh6R/gonf5lIvlhL a town of Transylvania, a turnpike with Maysville. A part of the village with the
16 miles W.N.W. of HIermanustadt.                        post-office stands in the county of Mason. Pop. near 500.
GERIDEH, ghlh/ree'deh, (anc. Jraltia? or Elviop/olis) a    GERMANTOWN, a handsome post-village of German
town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, 32 miles E. of Boli. township, Montgomery co., Ohio, on Twin Creek, 44 miles
GERINDOTE, HA-reen-do/tA, a town of Spain, in New Cas- N. of Cincinnati. It is situated in a beautiful and fertile
tile, 16 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1253.                valley. The settlers were mostly of German descent, and
GERINGSWALDE, gArings-f-kdeh, a town of Saxony, natives of Pennsylvania. It contains 5 churches, a flourish30 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2318.                     ing academy, 2 newspaper offices, and a woollen factory.
GERK, gh6Rk, a village of Austria, in Slavonia, near the    GERMANTOWN, a post-village in Marion co., Indiana, 18
confluence of the Bossut, and Save. Pop. 2810.            miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
GERLACHSHEIM, ghrlslAKs-hlme0, a village of Prussia,   GERMANTOWN, a post-village of Wayne co., Indiana, on
province of Silesia, government, and W.S.W. of Lid-nitz.    the Central Railroad, 56 miles E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 462.
GERLACHSHEIM, ghsr/lAks-hrmex, a village of Germany,   GERMANTOWN, a post-office of Clinton co., Illinois.
grand duchyofBaden, 13 miles EE..E. of Wertheim. P.1100.   GERMANTOWN, a small village of Warren co., Missouri.
GERLACHOSHEIM  GERLINGEN,(ghRltling-np,) a village    GERMANTOWN, a township of Washington co., Wisconof Wiirtembnrg, circle, and 3 miles E. of Leonberg.       sin. Pop. 1714.
GERMA, ghrs/mA, a town of Central Africa, in Fezzan, 50    GERMAN  VAL'LEY, a post-village of Morris co., New
miles N.W. of Moorzook. It is enclosed by ramparts and a  Jersey, 17 miles W. of Morristown, has 2 churches.
ditch; supposed by some to be the ancient Garama, but has    GER/MANVILLE, a post-village of Edgefield district,
no vestiges of antiquity.                                 South Carolina, 30 miles W. of Columbia.
GERPM.A4.    SeeGERMANY.                                GERMANVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.
GERMAN, jer/man, a post-township on the W. border of    GERMANY, (L. Germa/nia; Ger. Deutsctleand, doitchlChenango co., New York, 120 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 903. lInt; Fr. Allemagne, Illlmalf; Sp. Alemania, A-lU-mA-nee/;)
GERMAN, a township, Fayette co., Pennsylvania. P. 1894. the name given to a very large portion of Central Europe,
GERMAN, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 1008.       not forming a single sovereignty, but composed of a great
GERMAN, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 1470.  number of independent states, and parts of states, united
GERMAN, a township of Clarke.co., Ohio. Pop. 1912.    together by a  common league, called the Gesmanic ConfederaGERMAN,' post-township of Darke co.. Ohio. Pop. 1502. tion, (Deutsches Besd, doi/ches bflnt.) It lies between lat.
GERMAN,  a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 982.      450 and 550 N., Ion. 50 5, and 190 20' E., and is bounded N.
GERMAN, a township of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1361.   by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic, E. by West PrusGERMAN, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1517.    sia, with the Duchy of Posen, Poland, Galicia, and HunGERMAN, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. P. 2789. gaiy; S. by the Adriatic Sea and Austrian Italy; S.W. by
EMANa   township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. Pop. Switzerland; and W. by France, Belgium, and Holland.
947EMN      onhpi   atooe  oIdaa o.                      Greatest length from N. to S., 695 miles; greatest breadth
GERMAN, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. P. 614. from E. to W., 638 miles; area, 235,029 square miles. It is
GERMAN, a  township in Vanderburgco., Indiana.' P. 1084. obvious that the contour of Germany is not defined either
GERMAN FLATS, a township of Herkimer co., New York, by political or natural boundaries-notby political boundaon the Mohawk River and Eiie Canal, 15 miles S.E. of  ries, because several of its more important states have large
lUtica. Pop. 3578.
UtGRMANIA.  3578.                                  possessions which are not included in it; and not by natural
GERMANIA.  See GERMANY.                             boundaries, because, though partially washed by th-ree seas,
GERMANIC CONFEDERATION. See GERMANY..                  the North Sea, Baltic, and Adriatic, and barred in on differGEIRMANICUS OCEANUS. See NonRT   SEA.                  ent directions by lofty mountains, its frontiers generally are
GERMAN/NA, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia.      only marked by imaginary lines. The following table gives
GERMA/NO, a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio.         the name, area, and population of the different states which
GERMAN OCEAN. See NoaRa   SEA.                         compose the confederation:744




GER                                                                     GER
States of the German Cosfederation, their Area, Population, Contingent to the Federal Army, and Nsumber of Votes in the Diet.
STATs.               S.                          AeDesignaPops Population.   Pp. per.                     Cotiget Votes.
Desigation.     q miles.             sq. mile.                        Ary.:Auhalt-Bernlburg.........................  Duchy..........         339         52,641        155'28      ernbrg                 370      1
Analt-essau............................       300          68,02        18011    Dessa                      52       1
[EAnhalt-Kthenl..13..................... 1 318             43,677       13734    Kothen                     325      1
AUSTRIAArchduchies..........................
Styrin................................
Carinthia and Carniola...............
Part of the coast territories..            Empire.........      0,293     11,893,19        18919
Tyrol, with Vorarlberg and Salzburg.. 
Bohemia.........................
Moravia and Silesia..................
Duchies of Ausehwitz  and Zator in
Galicia..............................
~Baden  ~~~~~~~~~...................... Carlsruhe.....                                                    1,0
*Baden... -......Grand Duchy...                        5,904      1,356,943       2298310,000
-HBavaria.                                    Kigdom......   29,37             4,559,452       156.22    Mnich........         35,600      4
Bremen...........................   Free City.......        112           4,000          71      reen                    48       1
*'Brunswick............................   Duchy..........          1,100        271,208       193'00    Brunswick......        2,096      2
~Frankfort..................Pr.........        e. Free City.......  90         77,911       865'67    Frankfort.....            6S3      I
Hamburg.......................................         15l         200,690     1,329'07    Hamburg......          1,298      1
nHanover...................n.......          Iindom.......    14,811       1,819,253       1283    Hanover........    13,054            4:HesseCassel........................  Electorate......    4,439        759,751       17115      Cssl..........        5,679      3:Hesse-Darm stadt....................      Grand Duchy...        3,761        854,319      122715    Darmstadt......         6,195      3
411esse-Homburg..........................  Landgrave......          106         24,'921      231492    Heiburg........             00 
[~Hohenzollern-Hechingen   ]..............   Principality....      117           20,143      17216    Hchingen......            145      1
[ ohenollern-Sigmaringen t]............                             335          45,431       162        Si arien....             3        1
Holstein and Lauenburg............         Duchies.....          3,729         526,850       14128    GlAcksberg......        3,00       3
Liechtenstein.............................                          53           7,360       13849     Vadutz..........         55       1::Lippe-Detmold......................         438         106,615       24318    Detmold........           731      1
Lippe-Schaumburg........7.......... 207               30,226       14602    Bckeburg......           200       1
Labeck..................................  Free City........        114          55,500       48680    Llbect..........          407      1
nxLuxemburg with Limburg...............  Grand Duchy...            2,181        400,000       18331    Luxemburg.....           2,536      3.l'Mecklenburg-Schwerin...................              4,84         541,4419      11166    Schwerin.......         3,580      2
Mecklenburg-Strelitz.........................                     767          99,628       12989    Strelitz.........         718      1
-ONassau.................................  Duchy..........    1,751        429,341       245'19    Wiesbaden.....         4,039      1
Oldenburg and Kiphasen............. Grand Duchy...                 2,421        283,665       11717    Oldenbrg......,07       1
Pnussia. —Divisios:Brandenburg, with Niederlausitz......
Pomnerania, with Efgen.............
Silesia, with Glatz....................
Prussian Oberlausitz.....ingdom                                  641        11,775,198       1 8    Berlin.
Kingdom.....    I64111,15181 172
Saxony, with Altmark and Thuringia.
Westphalia, with Manster and part of
Oshabrack.....................
Lower thine, with Juliers, Cloves, and
Berg............................
WReuss, (old line)..........................  Principality....      149          35,159        356    Greiz............          23      1:iSeuss, (young line)..                                               491          79,824       10357    Sctleitz.522                      1
4ixony..................................Kingdom........    5,917           1,987,832       33594    Dresden...            1000        4
OSaxe-Altenburg............                                                                     6 D9chy..........  510  132,850  260g  982 
-,Saxe.Coburg-Gotha...........................        799         150,412       18837    Coburg..........        1,1       1
k'Saxe-Mciniugen.............                                        971             3         16103    Meiningen......            I      1
#Saxe-Weimar-Eisenn ch.................                            1,418         262,524       18513    Weimar.........,01      1
kSchwsarzburg-Rudolstndt.................Principality....           331          69,038       20857    Rudolstsdt......          53      1
-XSchwarzburg-Sondershausen............                               327          60,847       18608    Sondersasen               451      1
Waldek................................                              461          59,697       13008    Arolsen.........                  1
Wilrtemberg.............................  Kingdom.......           7.554      1,815,686       24036.    Sttgart.13,95                     4
Total................121................  23029                        41,187,669.02,1 
eThe states marked with a. belong, either in whole or in part, to the ZOLLVEREIN or Customs' League.
t The vote belonging to the extinct line of Saxe-Gotha is given by the three existing Gotha lines, making a total of 69 votes.
TAnliblt Kothen, it is stated, has recently been absorbed in the other two divisions of Anholt.  The two Hohenzollerns have lately
been purchased by the King of Prussia.
Plhysical. _Features.-These are greatly diversified, and pre-              AilJnerals. — Germany possesses numerous and varied minesent such an irregular succession   of mountains and valleys,  ral riches.  Gold is found in Austria and Baden; silver in
table-land and  plains, as makes it extremely  difficult to   Saxony and Hanoveir; copper, iron, tin, rock-salt, and alum
arrange them  for the purpose of a distinct general descrip-  in Prussia and Austria; lead and litharge in Hanover and
tion.  The whole country seems, however, to admit of being   Austria; manganese  in  Saxony  and  Austria;  cobalt in
divided into four distinct parts-anmountainous region in the   Saxony  and Prussia; antimony  and bismnuth  in  Austria;
S., a central plateau, a central mountain region, and a N.  arsenic in Prussia and Satxony; mercury in Austria and Baplain.  The region in the S. is covered by the Alps, which,  varia; and sulphur in Saxony and Austria.  Coal, marble,
entering  Germany on the S.E. of Switzerland, proceed E.  alabaster, kaolin, calamine, molybdenum, cinnabar, lime,
through the Tyrol,throw off one large branch, which descends  asbestos, slates, millstones, freestoine, trass, and sundry preS. through Illyria to the Adriatic, and continues E. with the   cious stones-as amethysts, garnets, &c.-are also found in
other main branch till it becomes linked with the chain of  various localities.  The country is likewlie extremely rich
the West Carpathians. Thecentral mountain region, of much   in mineral waters, including  chalybeate, sulphurous, alkaless elevation than the former, since it nowhere attains the  line, saline, and warm  springs of all kinds.
limit of perpetual snow, is much more complicated, consist-                  Rivers. —Germany is a remarkably well watered country.
ing of a great number of separate ranges, whlich ramify in   Its central mountain  region and plateau form  part of tihe
all directions, and become so interlaced with each other that  great water-shed of Europe, and either give rise to more than
the limits assigned to them  are in many instances arbitrary.  one of its most important rivers, or send them  their princiBetween, or rather enclosed by, the ianges of the two great  pal affluents.  Thus the Danube, rising near its W. extremountain  regions now referred to, lies the central plateau   mity, proceeds across it in an E. direction till it reaches the
of Germany, covering a space of about 60,000 geogralphical  confines of lungary, and has itself not only become a large
square miles.  Neither in extent nor in elevation can it be  navigable river, but been augmented  by important  navigacompared to the great plateaus  of the African' and Asiatic   ble tributaries.   The  Rthine, in  like manner, though  it
continents, though in miniature it bears a considerable re-  neither rises nor terminates within Germany, flows within
semblance to them.  Its average height above the sea level  it for more thtn a half of its course, and forms its boundary
is from 1400 to 1500 feet; and its surface, by no means uni-  for more than a half of the remainder.  After these come
form, is both  broken by hills and intersected  by valleys,  the Elbe, strictly speakling the greatest river of Germany, in.
within which important rivers pursue their courses.  To the   asmuch  as its whole basin  lies within it, the Oder, Weser,
N. of the central mountain region is the great plain, which   Main, Neckar, Mosel, Ems, and Eider-all of which are  ulnviextends without interruption to the German Ocean and the   gable.
Baltic, and becomes so low when it approaches these waters,                  Climate, Vegetation, and Zoology.-Though  Germany exas in many places to require artificial protection from  their  tends over 100 of latitude, its mean  annual temperature is
waves.  Its length, from  W. to E.. is about 550 miles, and   remarkably  uniform, excepting the limited district S. of the
its average breadth 200 miles.  To all appearance it has once   Alps, the mean  annual temperature  at Triest being 580.
been covered by the sea, alluvial deposits of great depth be-  Excluding this district, the mean annual difference does not
ing spread over almost every part of its surface, and gene-  exceed 50, the range being between 450 and 500.  This unirally with so large a proportion of sand as to make it for the   formity is owing mainly to the different elevations of the
most part naturally unfertile.                                            surface, the low plains of the N. having a higher, while the
745




GER                                                         GER
hills and plateaus of the S. have a loweir temperature, than  various races bear to each other, and also of their distribu.
their latitudes might seem to indicate. The climate, how-  tion according to their religious belief:ever, is more continental than insular, and hence the range
of the thermometer is very considerable; and delicate plants,       Nationalities.                  Religion.
which grow vigorously, and receive their full supply of heat    Geran...............,400,    Roman Catholic.......  ea,see
in summer, often perish by the keen frosts of winter. Both    Slaves..................5,586s, 000 Protestant.............e16,415000
the Rhine at Mannheim, and the Danube at Vienna, usually    French and Walloons.....300.000 Jews......................346,000
receive a coiting of ice. The mildest climate is enjoyed by    Jews.....................318,000  Greeks.....................5,000
the valleys of the Rhine and the Main, where both the    Italians.10,   Armen.................5
Greeks an(1 Arminians.....5,500 Gypsies..........................500
almond and chestnut are matured. The cultivation of the    Greeks and Arminians. 5      i.....500
vine is general S. of 510 N. latitude, and N. of that parallel    Gypsies.        5
it ceases to be profitable. With the exception of the loftier    Lasnguage. —The language of the Slaves includes several
mountain districts, where the surface is fit only for pasture,  dialects; of which the most marked are those of Bohemlia
(and often where even that fails, richer treasures are found  and Moravia, and that which is spoken in Silesia, and is
beneath it,) the growth of all the ordinary cereals is univer-  identical with Polish. The German language, an offset of
sal, and in some parts to such an extent as to leave a large  the Gothic, in like manner includes a great number of diasurplus for export. Potatoes, hemp, and flax also form most  lects; which, however, admit of being reduced to the two
important crops, and in many parts tobacco and hops are  great classes of High German, (foch-Deutsch,) and Low
cultivated on an extensive scale. The forests are of great  German (Platt-.Deutsch.)  The Low German is the vernacuextent, particularly in the mountain districts, as indicated  lar of the Lower orders, and presents itself under a great
by their names of Schwarzwald, (Black Forest,) Bijhmerwald,  variety of modifications, as Alemannic in Switzerland, Swa(Bohemian Forest,) Thilringerwald, (Thuringian Forest,) &c.  bian in the Schwarzwald and the greater part of WiirtemThey abound in all the finest trees of the temperate zone,'berg, Bavarian on the Bavarian plateau, &c. High German
and furnish timber which cannot be surpassed. The cen-  is the spoken language of the great majority of the educated
tral plateau is more sparingly wooded,. but the E. part of  classes, and, in fact, the only proper German language, bethe N. plain has extensive tracts of oaks and beeches along  cause the only one which is written and printed. This disthe shores of the Baltic, and of pine, with a considerable in-  tinction it owes, not so much, perhaps, to its intrinsic supetermixture of birch in the interior. Among domestic ani-  riority over Low German, as to the accidental circumstance
mals, the horned cattle of the districts along the North Sea  of Luther having published his translation of the Bible in
and the Baltic, the sheep of Saxony, Silesia, Bohemia, and  it-a fact equally honorable to the Reformer tand to the
Moravia, and the swine of Westphalia, have long been  Reformation; to the Reformer, as indicating the consumfamous.. The horse, the noblest of all, appears to be much  mate ability with which he had performed his task; and to
neglected. Game is very abundant, and includes, in addi-  the Reformation, as proving the intellectual superiority of
tioco to the smaller kinds, the boar and the wolf. Fish are  those who espoused it, and the close connection which it
very numerous, both in the rivers and lakes, but do not in-  established between religious freedom and literary progress.
clude many of the finer varieties.                          This language, from  its peculiar structure, is well adapted
Xanufcactures.-Linens are made in every part of Ger-  to a concise, scientific style; and yet, from its great fleximany, but more especially in Westphalia, Silesia, Bohemia,  bility and full open vowel sounds, its richness in words, its
and Saxony; woollens in the Prussian provinces of the  wondrous capacity for variations and combinations, and
Rhine, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia, in the kingdom   the power it possesses of expressing with clearness and preof Saxony, in Moravia, and Bohemia; cottons, which have  cision the minutest shades of meaning, it is equally powerincreased in a remarkable degree. in the Prussian provinces  ful in conveying to the mind the most exuberant imagery
noted above, in Saxony, and Upper and Lower Austria; silk,  and fanciful creations of the poet, and the profoundest ideas
in Lower Austria and the Rhine provinces, where even the  of the mental philosopher. The German is rich in standard
Lyons fabrics are equalled. The manufactures of leather,  works in every branch of knowledge and art. In philoof metals, porcelain, glass, wax, tobacco, fancy flowers, straw   sophical criticisms, in metaphysics, and in some departments
hats, musical instruments, watches, clocks, wooden wares,  of poetry, their literature takes a higher rank than that of
including toys, &c., are likewise important; and breweries  any other nation.
and distilleries are to be met with everywhere.               Constitution.-The characteristic feature in the political
IPailwaycs. — The railway system  has made considerable  institutions of Germany, is the number and variety of the
progress in Germany; and now extends in a connected series  sovereignties into which it is divided. No fewer than 38
(forming in the N. part of the county a close network) from   states are possessed of sovereign rights, and the modes in
the Baltic to the Alps, and from the North Sea to Vieuna,  which they exercise them  are of the most heterogeneous
and close upon the Adriatic at Triest.  From  Hsamburg,  description; some claiming powers which border on desVienna may be reached by lines passing either through Ber-  potism, others presenting themselves under the form of
lin and Breslau, or through Dresden and Prague; and Swit-  constitutional monarchies, in which the populaFr`rinciple
zerland may be reached either by lines passing through  is more or less largely developed; and others, both bearHanover and Frsankfort, or through Leipsic and Nurenmberg.  ing the name, and occasionally, though not always, perTo the W., the German lines connect with the Belgian and  forming the part of free towns or. repnblics. The necessity
French, to the N. with the Danish, and to the E. with the  of a common head, under which all the forces of these heRussian and Hungarian railways; so tllat traveller starting  terogeneous bodies might be concentrated, and made availfrom Paris, or from the coast terminus of any of the French  able for the common defence, was felt at a very early period;
or Belgian lines at Havre, Boulogne, Calais, Ostend, Antwerp,  and Germany was no sooner restored to nominal indepen&c., may pursue his journey by railway to any of the more  dence, by the dissolution of the empire of Charlemagne,
important towns of Northern and Central Germany, or even  than recourse was had to an elective monarchy; accordto Cracow and Warsaw, to Vienna and Pesth; and In a short  ing to which, those states called Electoral, while retsining
time he will also be able to reach the Adriatic at Triest or  their individual independence, made choice for lifei of an
Cronstadt, St. Petersburg, and Moscow. The entire length  emperor, to whom they swore allegiance, binding themof railways in Germany open to the public at the commence-  selves to him and to each other in an indissoluble league,
of 1853 was 5736 miles; of which 1136 were in Austria, 2332  offensive and defensive.  This elective monarchy, estain Prussia, 662 in Bavaria, 244 in Saxony, 465 in Htanover, 189  blished in the ninth century, underwent many modificain Wiirtemburg; 193in Baden, and 515 in the principalities.  tions. but was continued by a regular succession of eouThere were also 851 miles of railway nearly completed.       perors till the beginning of the 19th century, when it was
Peoie. —The inhabitants of Germany belong to two prin-  brought to a termination in the person of Francis II., who
cipal stocks-Teutonic or Germans proper, and Slaves, or  renounced the name of Emperor of Germany for that of
those of the Slavonic race. The latter, who originally en-  Emperor of Austrila. The German Empire was replaced
tered Germany from the E., are found chiefly in Moratvia,  temporarily by the Confederation of the Rhine, which had
Bohemia, some of the Alpine valleys of Styria and Illyria,  for its object mutual assistance and the maintenance of
on the N. slopes of Upper Silesia, and along the shores of  peace among  the confederate parties, which consisted of
Pomerania; though'ofone stock, they are known in different  the Kings of Bavaria and Wiirtemberg, and several petty
districts by different names-as Czechs, Wends, Slowsaks,  sovereigns.  The Confederation was established at Paris,
&c. The Teutonic race, which is by far the most numerous,  July 12, 1806, under the protection of Napoleon. Its tesriand which accordingly stamps the character of the people,  tory was considerably augmented filom time to time, till its
is spread over the whole of the N., W., and S. of Germany.  dissolution in 1814. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna estaThe proportion between the two stocks is about 1 to 61.  blished the Germanic Confederation, composed of all the
There is probably closely intermingled with both stocks  German States, (see table, page 745,) the governments of
the remains of several ancient Celtic tribes. In addition  which folbrmed an alliance to secure to their respective territo the two great races alseady spoken of the Italians pre-  tories the integrity of their laws, and the maintenance of
vail on the S. side of the Alps, in Tyrol, Friuli, and  peace and order within their dominions.
Istria; and French in the Rhenish provinces on the W.    The affairs of the confederation are managed by a reprebank of the Rhine.  The Greeks, Armenians, and Jews  sentative assembly, called a Diet (Butde-Vecsasltssles,)
scarcely require to be particularized. With respect to the  which meets in Frankiifrt-on-the-Main, (Austria presiding,)
religion, the Germtans are chiefly divided between the Tllo-  and sits permanently, but has the power of adjournment
man Catholic and Protestant churches. The following table  It acts either as. a General Assembly or Plenum, in which
will give a general idea of the proportion in numbers the  every state has one or more votes, according to rank, the
746




GER                                                           GER
whole number being 69; or in a Minor Assembly, or com-  rious German states for purposes of trade and commerce,
mittee, in which, as the whole number is only 17, the larger  by suppressing the rates and tariffs which each had estastates have no more than a single vote, and the inferior states  blished, and fixing both a uniform scale and mode of levyonly parts of a vote; several of them being grouped toge-  ing, by means of which merchandise, after one fixed payther so as to give single votes by delegates: thus, while 11   erent on the frontiers. might be transmitted  over the
states have a vote each, 27 states have only six joint votes.  country without the impediment and annoyance of new
The initiative is vested in the Minor Assembly or commit-  inspections and new payments on the frontiers of every
tee, which arranges the business generally, and decides  separate state.  Having  no compulsory powers, Prussia
what matters are to be submitted to the Plenum; but no  could only adopt the form of a voluntary association,'and
organic change can be made till sanctioned by the Plenum;  endeavor to allure the different states into it, by conrincand carried by a majority of at least two-thirds of its votes. ing them of its accordance with their true interests.  The
In regard to peace and war, all the states must act federa- success has been very remarkable, and the Zollverein now
tively; in other words, no individual state can negotiate  embraces an area of 131,615 geographical square miles, and
with the enemy separately; and the contingent of men and  a population of 28,534,399, being 63'08 per cent. of the whole
money which each must contribute is fixed generally ac- area, and 64'35.per cent. of thepopulation; the several states
cording to the population.                                    included in this union wfsl  be found marked with an asteName and History.-Nothing is known of the early his- risk (*) in the preceding Table, page 745.
tory of Germany, dxcept what we derive from the Romans.    The annexed table exhibits the quantity of the principal
In the time of Julius Cmsar, the Germans (Germani) were  articles imported into eleven of the states and one free city,
regarded as the most formidable and warlike of all the Eu-  included in the German Zollverein,. viz: Baden, Bavaria,
ropean barbarians.  To this character they appear to have  Brunswick, Frankfort, IHesse-Cassel, lIesse-Darmstadt, Luxbeen indebted for the appellation by which they were known  enaburg, Nassau, Prussia, Saxony, Thuringia, and Wtirtem
amongthe surrounding nations.'ehtsr-ian, i.e. "war-mnan,"  burg, for two years, 1851 and 1852:
was changed by the Iomans into Gersman, as they probably
had no other mode in which they could indicate more                            1852.   1851.                   1852.  185l.
nearly the sound of the barbarian name.*  In the early part                             et
of the 3d century the Alemanni or Allemanni appear as one  C        wl.w                          - - -        cwt.  cwt.
Cotton wool.....   668 i44    590,809 Rice............. 591,2,20 388,943
of the most conspicuous and powerful of the German na-  Cotton yarn.....  467,503  489,450 Molasses......... 20,407  5,595
tions, if they were not rather a union of various nations, as  Cotton mannis,c   0      8,101 Tobacco inleaves
their name (Allemannen, all nen, or all sorts of mesn,) would  Iron, raw........ 2,281.305  284,127  and stems.    335,714 291,882
seem to imply. Though often defeated, the Allemanni ha-  Irn manac..    9,2   1,927 Tbc, in roll
rassed almost continually the Roman filontier on the side  Flax ad hemp,                         an.           11,7  11,
raw...       275,107  243,604 Cigars........... 17,906  41,613
of Germany, during the decline ofthe Western Empire. But Linen yarn.            72,127  56,040 Snuff........    73   1063
having, in a sanguinary battle, beea  utterly routed by the  Linen and hem-                   Sugar........... 803,176 781,10
Franks, under Clodwig, in 496, they were afterwards united    pen gds            6,4     6,   Oil, in casks.   746  514
Brandy, of all                  Silk goods.......  3,371  3,316
to the Suevi, and with them  consolidated into a dukedom,  Brand,          nis321dsil goods..   1,972  1.94
kinds....421.ai-il.gas..9"1.4
called the Duchy of Allemannia. From  the Allemanni the  Wi,.                 203,407  216,02 Tallow.          34 141
French and Spanish names of Germany, AllZemagne and Ala- Butter...........  45,780  24,277 Woollenyarn.... 70,140 69.33
mania, are derived. The Germanic Empire dates firom  the  Fruits...........164,7   1          Wollen goods
time of Charlemagne, by whom it was founded, in the latter   eS01,106  54,001 Silk, rw...... 1 8 
~~~~~~~5,1Spicesra..........           15,870 14,8 i0
time f Chalemage, bywhom t wasfoundd, inthe ltterCoffee.......... 944,715  905,179 Whale oil....... 141,3o54 20'2.207i
part of the 8th century. Conrad, the first Duke of Franco- Cocoa.......        14531  11983 Herrings........1 26603522571
nia, was elected emperor about the year 911, fi-om  which
time the crown of Germany remained elective till 1806, when    The total amountof duties collected in thedifferent States
Francis II. abdicated  the imperial crown of Germany. composing the Zollverein in 1851 was $16,2S9,235: and in
After the French revolution of February, 1848, an attempt  1852, $16,688,804, of which $16,640,845 welre import duties,
was made to replace the German Diet by a representative  $230,944 export, and $257,015 transit duties. Of the amount
parliament, to meet at Frankfort-on-the-Main.  Such  a  collected in 1852, the four powers which received the largest
body, composed of 500 replresentatives, did meet in Frank- shares  were, Prussia, $8.311,286;  Bavaria,  $2,265,147;
fort, March 30th, and drew up a plan of representation;  Saxony, $947.977; Wtirtemberg, $903,506.  The duty colin accordance with which the first German National As- lected on 17,229,350 quintals of beet-root, for manufacturing
sembly was elected, and met likewise in Frankfort, May 18, into sugar, was $1:206,054. The manuthcture of sugar fron
1848. This Assembly elected Archduke John of Austria  beet-root has increased rapidly, and it was estimated that in
to be Lord Lieutenant, or Regent, (lReichsveisoeser,) of this  1S53 the amount would be nearly doubled.
newly-constituted German Empire.  The same prince was,    There formerly existed what was called the Customs'
in like manner, elected Regent by the Diet, then also sitting  Union of Hanover, but the states composing it, with the exin Frankfort, and with this transaction the existence of the  ception of Lippe-Schaumburg, about two years since became
Diet may be said to have, for the time being at least, vir- absorbed in the German Zollverein.- Adj. and inhab.
tually terminated. The neivly-constituted Assembly pro- GEaRMAN; (Ger. DEUTSCH, doich; Fr. ALLEMAND, allpmiNal; It.
ceeded to form a constitution for the German Empire, which, TEDESCo, ti-dtslko; Sp. ALEMAN, -4A-minu.)
however, after being passed, was not recognised by several   GERIMANY, a township, Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 720.
important states; dissensions ensued, and, on May 30, 1849,   GERMANY, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylv~ania.
the Assembly resolved to transfer its place of meeting to    GERMERSHEII, ghbrnmers-hlme', (anc. Vicuss Jaulius?) a
Stuttgart. But this resolution not being acquiesced in by  fortified town of Bavaria, on the Rhine, 8 miles S.S.W. of
the government, it resolved to remain in Frankfort; while  Speyer. Pop. 2200. Near it is the ruined castle of Frieda large body of the members withdrew to Stuttgart, where  richsbtihl, where Rudolph of Ilapsburg died, A. D. 1291.
the German Parliament was summoned for June 6. This    GERMI, ghelsmee, a village of Persia, province of Azerproved the final death-blow to that Assembly, which at one  baijan, 120 miles N.E. of Tabreez. It is large, and its inhatime seemed destined to play so important a part in German  bitants are rich in flocks and cattle.
history. Subsequently, Prussia endeavored to form a con-    GERMOE, a parish of England. co. of Cornwall.
federation (Beund,) with herself at the head of it. This plan    GERNRODE, ghRan/rodeh, a town of Germany, duchy of
wias opposed by sundry states, including Austria; which  Anhalt Bernburg, 13 miles S.S.,. of Halberstadt. Pop. 2193.
last, proceeding to act on the old law of the Confederation,    GERNSBACII, gh6ans/bAK, a town of Germany, grand
by which, since 1815, the Diet of German states has been  duchy of Baden, on the Murg, 17 miles S.W. of Cailsruhe.
annually  assembled at Frankfort, convoked the Diet for  Pop. 2265. Near it is the castle of Eberstein.
May 10, notwithstanding the remonstrances of Prussia.   GERNSHEIMI, ghkanslhime, a town of Germany, garandWith the exception of Prussia and Oldenburg, all the states  duchy of IIesse-Darmstadt, on the Rhine, 11 miles S.W. of
obeyed this summons. Again the pretensions of Prussia  Darmstadt.  Pop.2843. Itis namedina annalsdating  aasfar
to form and head a separate confederation, nearly involved  back as 773. and has a castle. and a remarkable town-hall.
Germany in a general war; which was, however, happily    GEROLSTEIN, gA/rol-stIne', a.town of Rhenish Prussia, 34
prevented.  IMeetings between the ministers of Prussia and  miles N. of Treves, with mineral baths.  Pop. 720.
Austria took place, and differences were so far arranged that    GEROLZHOFEN, giAriolts-ho'fen, a town of Bavaria, on an
these two leading powers,with the concurrence of the other  affluent of the Main, 20 miles N.E. of Wiirtzburg. P. 2160.
states, united in attempting to re-constitute the Germanic    G]ROM]i, a village of Fr ance.    See GFERuoIR.
Confederation. Various propositions to effect this object    GERONA, JERONA, or XERONA, nA-rolnA, (ane. Gerue/have been made, but no definite result (February, 1852,) da,) a city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name,
had been attained.                                            on the Ter, at the junction of the 0Ga, 52 miles N.E. of
Zollverein, or Customs' League. —This celebrated commer- Barcelona. Pop. 7661. It stands below the fortified height
cial union was formed by Prussia, in order to unite the va- of Monjuiz, its only remaining out-work. The town is partly
enclosed by walls. Principal edifices, theCathedral, afine and
It is curious to observe how often w, in a Teutonic language  conspicuous building of the fourteenth century, the college
is changed to g in a Romanic. Among many other instances, we  church of San Felice, the Capuchin Convent, with an Aramay cite the following: Ger. wehr, Sp. guerra, Fr. guerres Eng., bin bt  the diocesan school, with a large library, several
w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~bardat, the diceanrdao, wFth agarge libr aste, S.asta,Frgte
ward, Sp. guaerde, Fr. garde; Eng. oalste, Sp. gaoler, Fr. plar  hospitals, and 9 convents. Gerona has manufactures of
(originally gaeter;) Eng. wager, Fr. gager; Eng. warrant, Fr.
gareir. (Ssee noete  ta CEns.wkr,  page 169; lsa, Iat. XXVII,    coarse woollen and cotton  -oods, hosiery, eoap, and paper,
0rantir.  (See lotetto CtaeItwsrLL,ected intalso,s rCt.h                                                        bCa
but little trade. It was erected into a bishopric by Charle0.)                                                                                                           747




GER                                                         GiHE
magne, and is the seat of an ecclesiastical tribunal, a sub- are large and beautiful edifices. The town contains I bank,
delegate of police, and a military governor. It has been  I academy, 7 churches, 4'newspaper offices, and 10 carriage
several times blockaded, especially by Philip V. in the war manufactories. The manufatcture of carriages is carried on
of the succession, and in 1809 by the French under Auge- more extensively than any other mechanical business. In
reau, who lost 15,000 men here in seven months.             1851, copper mines were opened in several places near this
GERONA, a maritime province of Spain, in Catalonia, town. Pop. in 1850, 2150; in 1853, about 3000.
bounded, N. by France, E. and S.E. by the Mediterranean,   GETTYSBURG, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 102
Area, 2413 square miles. Capital, Gerona. Pop. 262 594.    miles WV. of Columbus.
GERRANS, gh~rfranz, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall    GEULE, Hnq1eh, (Gel. pron. goifleh,) a stream of Holland,
GERRESHEIM, ghURIRes-hime', a town of Rhenish Prus- rises in Rhenish Prussia, and flowing  N.W., falls into the
sia, 4 miles E. of Diisseldorf, with a station on the railway, Meuse, 5 miles N.N.E. of Maestricht. Length, 33 miles.
thence to Elberfeld.  Pop. 1090.                              G]r~AUDAN, zh'v6'd8NGl,  an old division of France, in
GERRI, nl.-nieef, (anc. Aceriris?) a market-town of Spain, the province of Languedoc, now comprising the departments
59 miles N.E. of Lerida, on the Noguera. Pop. 519.          of Haute-Loire and Lozlre.  Its capital was Mende.
GER/RON, GA3tVRON or GARlON, a conspicuous head-   GEVELSBERG, gA/fels-b6Ro', a village of Westphalia, 20
land of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim, on the Irish Sea, miles S. of Dortmund, on the railway thence to Elberfeld.
between Glenarm and Red Bays, 6 miles N. of Glenarm.          GEVREY, zheh-vrAl. a village of France, department of
GERtRY POST, a township of Chautauque co., New York, Cote d'Or, on the Paris and Lyons Railway, 10 miles S. of
Pop. 1332.                                                  Dijon. Pop. 1538.
GERS, zhaia, (anc..#gericus?) a river of France, joins the    GEWITSCII, gAflitch, (Moravian, Gewiczlo, gA-vitchfko,)
Garonne near Agen, after a course of 75 miles.              a town of Moravia, 20 miles N.N.E. of Briinn. Pop. 2420.
GERS, a department in the S.W. of France, formed of a    GEX, zh~x, a town of France, department of Ain, capital
part of the old province of Gascony.  Area, 2390 square  of arrondissement, and formerly the fortified capital of a
miles. Pop. in 1852, 307,479. Surface mostly covered with  small territory, now annexed to Switzerland, on the E. side
ramifications of the Pyrenees. Principal rivers, the Gers, of the Jura Mountains, 11 miles N.W. of Geneva. Pop. 2874.
Save, Gimone, Raise, and Adour, all having a N. course.   GEYER, ghPer, a town of Saxony, 20 miles E.S.E. of
Much of this department consists of heaths and waste land. Zwickau. Pop. 3561.
Soil infertile, and scarcely enough corn is raised for home    GEYERSBERG. See GEIEnSnaER.
consumption. Wine is produced much beyond consump-   GEYSERS or GEISERS. See ICELAND.
tion, and a good deal of it is converted into Armagnac    GHADAMIS, GIIADAMES, or GADAMIS, g9-d0tmis or gAbrandy. Many mules are reared for the Spanish markets.  dAmess, atown of North Africa, in an oasis of the same name,
Gers is divided into five arrondissements; principal towns, in the Desert of Sahara, 310 miles S.S.W. of Tripoli; lat. 300 5 ~
Auch (thecapital,) Condom, Lectoure, Lomibez, and Mirande. N., Ion. 80 24 23~ E. It is surrounded with ruiled walls; the
GERSAU, gihtarsm w, a village of Switzerland, canton, and  houses are generally three and four stories in height, built
6 miles W.S.W. of Schwytz. on the Lake of Lucerne. Pop. in the Moorish style; streets narrow and winding, covered
1361, inclusive of its small territory, which formed an in- in, and dark, having only small open spaces here and
dependent state fiom 1390 to 1798.                         there to admit the light; they are thus constructed to exGERSFELD, ghtaskfllt, a market-town of Bavaria. circle  elude the summer heats, and the rigorous blasts of winter.
of Lower Franconia., on the Rhkn, with 3 castles. Pop. 1700. Pop. about 3000.
GERSTETTEN, ghl/nstft'ten, a village of Wirtemberg, 8    GIARA or GARRA, gArltr, a village of Sinde, on the
miles S.W. of IHeidenheim. Pop. 1524.                       N.W. border of the Delta of the Indus, and 25 miles from its
GERSTiOFEN, gh~ast/ho'fen, a station on the Royal Ba- bank; lat. 240 44' N., ion. 670 36' E.
varian Railway, between Augsburg and Nordheim.                GHARA or GARRA, a small stream in Sinde, flowing past
GERSTUNGEN, gh8Rs'tt5ng-en, a village of Germany, in  the village of the same name, and falling into a long creek,
Saxe-Weimar, on the Thuringian Railway, 11 miles WV. of  opening into the Indian Ocean, 10 miles E. of Kurrachee;
Eisenach, on the Werra., Pop. 1465.                         lat. 24045' N., ion. 670 10' E.
GERTRUYDENBERG.  See GEEaRTsRUIuENBERo.                     GHARA or GARRA, grtrlr, the name given to the SutGERUNDA. See GErRONA.                                    lej River, in the Punjab, from the influx of the Beas, 34 miles
GERUSALEMME.  See JEUSALEm.                              S.S.E. of Amritseer, to that of theChenaub, near Ooch, adisGERZAT, zhba'zP, a town of France, department of Puy- tance of about 260 miles, throughout which it forms the W.
de-DOme, 4 miles N.E. of Clermont.  Pop. in 1852, 2594.     boundary of Rajpootana and Bhawlpoor. At its commenceGERZEN, ghkatisen, or GERZENSEE, ghkat/sen-sA, a vil- ment it is from 200 to 270, and at its termination 500 yards
lage of Switzerland, canton, and 9 miles S.S.E. of Bern, on a  across.
small lake of the sanme name; among the most conspicuous    GHARDETA, a town in Algeria.  See GARDAAA.
objects are the cone of the Niesen, and the mural precipices    GHIARvMY, gao/mee, a village in the Libyan Desert, beof the Stockhorn. It has an old and a new castle. Pop. 808. longing to Egypt, about 330 miles W.S.W. of Cairo, on a
GESEKE, A-zAlkeh, or GESECKE, ga-zlklkeh, a town of  height overlooking some ruins, supposed to be those of the
Pr:ussia, in Westphalia, 26 miles N.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 3210. temple of Jupiter Ammon.
It has a nunnery for noble ladies.                            GIIASSA, gds'ss, (written also GASSA,) a town of NorthGESERICH-SEE, gAIzer-iK-s/l, a lake of Prussia, 27 miles ern Hindostan, in Bootan. on the Tchin-Choo (Tchin-tchiu)
E. of Marienwerder. Length fiom N. to 8.,15 miles; breadth, River; lat. 270 56' N., lon. 890 18' E.
3 miles.                                                      GHAT, glt, an oasis of Africa, in the Sahara, S. of Tripoli,
GESORIACUM. See BOULOGNE.                                 and S.W. of Moorzook; lat. 250 N., lon. 110 15' E.
GESPUNSART, zh~s'pftNGssan!, a village of France, depart-   GITAUTS, gawts, THE. two mountain chains which borment of Ardennes, 6 miles N.E. of M8zilres. Pop. in 1852, der the coasts of the peninsula of IIindostan, diverging
2192.                                                       from each other northward at the Nelgherry Ihills, lat. 110
GESSENAY, a town of Bohemia, 20 miles from Buntzlau. 20' N., Ion. 760 E., and enclosing E. and W. the Deccan, or
GESSO-PALENA, jls'so-pa-I1nA, a village of Naples, pro-  great table-land of SouthIndia. —The EASTERN GI-AUnS stretch
vince of Abruzzo-Citra, 20 miles S.S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3070. N.E. for about 500 miles, broken through by the Cavery
GESTI, zhlstI, a market-town of France, department of  and Pennar, to the Kistnah River. - Greatest height about
Maine-et-Loire, 0 milesW.S.W. of Beaupr-au. Pop. 1993.      3000 feet. Summits usually rocky and bare.-The WESTERN
GESTEL, Oisftel, a village of the Netherlands, province  GoAUvs   extend through 130 of lat., from Cape Comorin to
of North BRi-abant. 4 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2000.   the banks of the Taptee, with a short but remarkable break,
GESITINGTHORPE or GUESITINGTHORPE, a parish of  the Paulghautcherry Pass, S. of the Neilgherries.  AveEngland, co. of Essex.                                      rage  distance from the sea, 30 to 40 miles; average elevaGESTRIKLAND. GASTRIKLAND, (Glstrikland,) ys'-  tion, between 3000 and 5000 feet.  The highest summit
trik-lUnd, or GESTRICIA, j~s-trishle-a, a former province of  of the Neilgherries is 9941 feet. They are commonly abSweden, forming now the S. part of Gefieborg's len.         rupt on the WV. side, and crowned with fine forests of bamGESTURI, jls-toolree, a village on the island of Sardinia,  boo, rattan, poon, ind the finest teak known. The term
division, and about 28 miles N.N.W. ofCafliari.  Pop 1779.  Ghant signifies a pass through a range of hills, but has
GESUALDO, jil-soo-Alfdo, a town of Naples, province of been transferred to the general mountain range.
Principato Ultra, 2 miles S.W. of Frigento.  Pop. 3200.       GIIAYN, gine or KHAIN, kIne, a town of East Persia,
G  TAFE, HA-tgffi, a town of Spain, province, and 8 miles 230 miles E.N.E. of Yezd, on the route into Afghanistan,
S.E. of'Madrid. Pop. 2800.                                  with a fortress, and some manufactures of felt and carpets.
GETITYSBURG, a post-borough, capital of Adams co.,   GHAZ'IP00R!   or GIIAZ'EEPOORI, a town of British InPennsylvania, on the turnpike road from Philadelphia to  dia, the capital of a small district of its own name, is situPittsburg, 114 miles W. of the former, and 36 miles S.W. of  ated on the Ganges, 38 miles E.N.E. of Benares. Principal
Harrisburg. It stands on elevated ground, in the midst of  buildings, the fine but dilapidated Saracenic palace of Cosa fertile farming country. The court-house and public offices  sim Aloe Khan, now used for a custom-house, a new fort,
are built of brick, and are sufficiently commodious; the  convenient military cantonments, the church, school, and
private dwellings are generally built in a neat and substan- jail; and on the parade-ground, the mausoleum of the Martial manner. The Lutheran Theological.Semin ary of this  quis Cornwallis, who died here in 1805.
place, founded in 1826, has a library of 7000 volumes. The    GIIEBRABA, ga-brtb[, a town of Persia, in Irak Ajetown is also the seat of Pennsylvania College, a flourishing  mee, about 5 miles N.W. of Ispahan.
institution. The buildings occupied by these institutions    GHtEBSE, a town of Asia Minor. See GEtsEII.
748




GHE                                                         GIl.HEDI, giAdee. a village of Lombardy, 9 miles S.S.E. of  new Palais-de-Justice, a handsome structure, intended both
Brescia, with a castle.  Pop. 3500.                        to accommodate the courts of law, and serve as an exchange;
GHEDMAN, gid-manf, a town of East Persia, 18 miles S. the Maison-de-Force, (house of correction,) an immense octaof Herat.                                                   gonal building; the Beguinage, a huge nunnery, surrounded
GHIEEL or GEEL, gail, a town of Belgium, province, and  by a wall and moat, and occupied by about 600 inmates; and
26 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 7038. From time imme- the new Theatre, on which the municipality are said to have
morial, idiotic or insane persons of peaceable habits from   expended 100,0001. The principal literary and scientific and
the neighboring provinces, have been boarded here in farm- other institutions are the University, a handsome modern
houses, &c. In 1839 the number of them was 679.             structure, finished in 1826. adorned with a noble Corinthian
GHEESAN  or GIISAN, ghee'slnf, a seaport town of  portico, modelled on the Pantheon at Rome, and having a
Arabia, on the Red Sea, 84 miles N.N.W. of Lohela, lat. 160  museum of natural history, a library of 60,000 volumes, and
45' N.. Ion. 420 3k E.                                      an attendance of about 350 students; an athenseum, episGIlEEZEH,* GHIZEI{, GIZE1I, GEEZEIL, gheefzeh, or  copal seminary, industrial school, academy of painting,
JIZEH, jeelzeh, a town of Middle Egypt, in a province  sculpture, and architecture, a superior primary school, sciof the same name, on the W. bank of the Nile, 3 miles S.W. entific, literary, and musical societies, a deaf and dumb inCairo, and famous for its vicinity to the great Pyramids;  stitution, a lunatic asylum, and a soci&t6'moatirmoniaole, said
the largest of these, being that attributed to Cheeps, is 763l  to be one of the most useful associations of the town, and
feet square at its foundation, covering 13 acres, and rising to  has for its object the legitimation of natural children; the
460 feet in height. See PYRAMIDS.                           Jardin-des-Plantes, (botanic garden,) boasted of as the finest
GIIEIYAII, g/v,, a village of Asia Mlinor, in Anatolia,  in Belgium; and the General Hospital. Ghent is the see of a
16 miles E.N.E. of Ismeed, (Nicomedia,) near the Stakareeyah  bishop, and the seat of courts of primary resort and comRiver, (ane. Sacso#arius.)  It is said to have 400 houses.  merce; of a superior appeal court for both East and West
GI-IELENJEEKI or GHELENDJIK, g4-ln-jeekl, written  Flanders, and of a court of assize.
also GHELENCIHIK, a bay and seaport of Cii-cassia, on    The extent to which the cotton manufacture is carried on
the N.E. coast of the Black Sea; lat. (of fort) 440 33' 21"  in Ghent, has procured it the surname of the Belgian ManN., ion. 3580 3/ 15/" E. The bay is about 1 mile wide at the  chester. It absorbs about $8,000,000 of capital, gives ementrance with 7 and 71 fithoms water in the middle. It  ploynment to 30,000 workmen, and produces about a million
affords good anchorage.                                     of pieces of calico, plain and printed. The other manufacGHELUWE, H&lfi3eh, a village of Belgium, province of  tures of importance are refined sugar, common and table
West F'landers, 9 miles S.E. of Ypres. Pop. 3718.          linen, woollen cloth, flannel, serge, silk, lace, thread, ribGIHEMLEK, a town of Asia Minor. See GHIo.                 bons, hosiery, wax-cloth, oil,. chemical products, irmor,
GIHEiMMIE, ghlmfnmo, a market-town of Piedmont, pro- physical, mathematical, and surgical instruments, articles
vince, and 14 miles N.W. of Novara. Pop. 2935.             in steel, bronze, and crystal, carriages, paper, hats, delftGIIENNEI or GIENEI, a town of Egypt.  See KENEH.  ware, tobacco, starch, &c. There are also extensive maGIIENT  ghnt, (Fr. Gasd, g8NG, Flem. Gend, Hnnt; Sp. chine  works, roperies, tanneries, breweries, and distilGante, gvntIt; L. Gande and Gbadavum,) a famous fortified  leries. The trade in corn, oil, seeds, wine, and Flemish linen
city of Belgium', capital of the province of East Flanders,  -particularly the last, which has here one of its chief enin a fertile plain at the confluence of the Lys with the  trepOts-is very important.  Every Friday, about 18,000
Scheldt; on the Terneuzen Canal, which communicates  pieces of linen are exposed for sale; and several of the anwith the sea, admitting vessels drawing 15 feet water, and  nual fairs are very numerously frequented.
on the railway from Ostend to Brussels, 31 miles N.W. of    The origin of Ghent is uncertain. It Is first mentioned as
Brussels.  It occupies a triangular space, above 8 miles in  a town in the seventh century, but does not appear to have
circuit, is surrounded by walls, defended by a strong citadel, acquired much importance till the twelfth century, when
and entered by 7 gates. In the interior, the most striking  its fortifications were completed. At this time it only occn
feature is the great number of canals which branch off from   pied the space contained between the Lys and the Scheldt'
the Lys in all directions; and, forming a kind of net-work  but, by the end of the thirteenth century, it was nearly as
within the town, divide it into 26 islands, communicating  large as at present, and so much larger than Paris then was,
with each other by 42 large, and 46 small bridges. Another  as to justify the ben-met long afterwards used by Charles V.
striking feature is the number of fine promenades; of which  -Je mettrais Paoris dans snoe Gand (Gant.)* In the bloody
the most remarkable is the Coupure, formed by rows of  feuds which agitated Flanders up to the middle of the
trees. along the Bruges Canal. The town is, on the whole, fourteenth century, Ghent took a leading, but not always a
well built. In some of the older parts, the streets are often  successful part; and repeatedly, by the turbulence of its
dark, and so narrow, that two carriages  can scarcely pass; citizens, provoked a fearful retribution. In 1369, when the
here many of the houses have gable fronts, which rise tier  county of Flanders passed by marriage to the house of Burabove tier, presenting a very fantastic appearance; in the  gundy, Ghent followed its fortunes, but shortly afterwards
other quarters, the streets are in general straight and spa- revolted; and, notwithstanding seven reverses, in one of
cious, with rows of handsome houses fronting canals en- which it lost 20,000. and in another 16,000 of its citizens,
closed by magnificent quays. There are a great number of scarcely ceased to be prosperous.  The spirit of revolt, howsquares, among the most deserving of notice are the March6-  ever, was subdued; and Charles the Bold was peacefully
du-Vendredi, ("Friday'Market,") where the weekly market  crowned at Ghent in 14,7. In 1500, Charles V. was born
is held, and where, in early times, the Counts of Flanders  at Ghent, and eighteen years after succeeded to the most
were inaugurated, and the trades unions used to rendez- extensive monarchy which had existed in Europe from the
vous; the Canter or Parade, planted with lime-trees, and  days of Charlemagne. The Gantois appear to have dreaded
surrounded by elegant edifices; the Plain de St. Pierre, a  a collision with such a power; but at last, in 1557, when an
large space used especially for reviews and military exer- extraordinary subsidy was demanded, broke out in open
cises; the Corn-market, near the centre of the town; the  resistance. Severe punishment soon followed, and the citiPlace St. Pharafide, where the gate of the castle of the  zeus, in addition to other enormous fines, were obliged to
Counts of Flanders still stands; and the Plaine-des-Recol- pay for the erection of a citadel, intended to keep them in
lets, remarkable for the number of its fine mansions and  bondage. Ghent afterwards suffes-ed much during the aghotels. Before leaving the squares it may be proper to men- gressions of Louis XIV., the campaigns of Marlborough, and
tion, that near the Marchl-du-Vendredi, there is an enor- the commotions of the French revolution; but the advanmous cannon 18 feet long, 10 feet in circuit, and nearly 3  tages of its position, and the industry of its citizens, seem
feet wide at its mouth, evidently a prototype or twin-sister  to make it superior to all calamities, and its prosperity is
of the famous Mons Meg, now in Edinburgh Castle. It is sur- again as great as ever. Pop. in 1852, 112,410.-Inhab.
named Dulle Griete, equivalent in Flemish to Mad Margaret. GANTocs, g&N'twV.
The principal buildings are the Cathedral of St. Bayou, a    GIIENT, a post-village and township of Columbia co., New
vast structure, somewhat heavy in its exterior, but within  York, on the I-Harlem Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Albany. Pop.
finely proportioned and richly decorated, possessed of many  2293.
interesting monuments and fine paintings; the Church of   GIENT, a post-village of Carroll co.. Kentucky, on the Ohio
St. Nicolas, the oldest in Ghent; the Church of St. MIichael, River, 59 miles N. of Frankfort, has 3 churches. Pop. 300.
with a celebrated crucifixion by Vandyk; the Church of St.   GIIHEORGHIIEVSK.  See GEoncIEVscK.
Pierre, with a beautiful dome, and a facade adorned with    GIIERBA, an island in the Tunis dominions. See JenDA.
Corinthian columns; the HI1tel-de-Ville, composed of two    GIIERGONG, ghla'gongf, a townl of Farsther India, once
buildings, the one of the seventeenth century, combining  the capital of Assam, on an affluent of the Brahmapootrathree distinct orders of architecture, and the other of the   GHIERIAII, ghlrfee'a, a foctress of British India, preslfifteenth century, of florid Gothic; the HItel-de-l'Octroi,  dency ofBombay, on a rocky promontory in the Indian Ocean,
(custom-house,) decorated with Doric and Corinthian pilas-  172 miles S.S.E. of Bombay; taken by the British in 1750.
ters; the Beffroi, (belfry,) a lofty square tower, surmounted    GIIEIlZEI-I, ghlrlzlh, or KEtI/ZIEII, (anc. Cac-edse,) a town
by a gilded dragon, and containing a fine chime, a clock, of Asia MIinosr, on the Black Sea, 20 miles S. of Sinope.
and several bells, one of which weighs nearly five tons, the   GIHESAN, a seaport town of Arabia. See GIIEESAN.
GHIAMIDA, ghee'ilmdI, a town of Thibet, 110 miles E. by
* It is a curious fact, thiat there is the same difference in the N. of Lassa. It contains two Boodhist temples of colossal
sound of this and many other names among the Arabs as we  proportions, and is a station of a Chinese garrison.  It carmight suppose would arise among Englishmen attempting to pro-   5 That is, "I could put Paris into my glove," or "into my
nounce Gize/; some making the G hard, others soy't         Ghent."
749




GHI                                                           GIA
ries on a considerable trade in lapis-lazuli, deers' horns, and    GIURRY, gfirlree, a considerable village of Sinde, near ian
rhubarb with Lassa, and with the Chinese provinces of Se- offset of the Indus, in lat. 270 31' N., ion. 690 7' E.
chuen and Yunnan.                                                GHURUN, a town of Turkey.  See GUinN.
GHIAN. See GUYANDOTTE.                                         GHIUZEL HISSAR, a town of Asia Minor. See AIDIoN.
GHIEUZEL HISSAR, a town of Asia Minor. See AIDIN.    GIIUZNEE, GIIUZNI. gfizfnee`, GAZNA, gzfni or ggazfrl
GHIILAN or GILAN, ghee'ldnf, a province of Persia, be- or G1IIZNI, ghizhnee', a fimous fortified city of Afghanistan,
tween lat. 360 30' and 380 30' N.. and ion. 480 30' and 500  on the W. extremity of a hill range, elevation, 7726 feet, 80
30' E., having on the N.E. the Caspian Sea. Area, probe- miles S.S.W.ofCabool. Lat.33034' N.lon.68018'E. Pop. (exbly 6000 square miles. The Elbrooz Mountains bound it on  cludinggarrison) variously estimatedatfrom3000 to 10,00l. It
the S. It is very fertile, densely wooded, swampy, and un-  stands on a scarped roclk, 280 feet above the adjacent plain, on
healthy.                                                       its W. side; andits walls, about 35,feet in height, and flanked
GHIILAN, a village of Persian Koordistan, 30 miles S. of  with numerous towers, form  an irregular square about 1~
Zohab, with some remarkable antiquities.                       miles in circumference, the whole being enclosed by afausseGHILARZA, ghe-laRdfzi, a village ofSardinia, division of brcaye and a wet ditch. In the N.E. part of the town is the
Cagliari, 20 miles N.E. of Oristano. Pop. 2045.                citadel, with a palace, magazine, and granary; the whole
G-IIO, gheefo, GfIEMLEK, ghlm'l6k1, or KEtMLIC, likm-  city is, however, commanded by adjacent heights. From its
likl, a small but flourishing seaport town of Asia Minor, in  elevated position, the winter's cold is intense-from 100 to
Anatolia, on the Bay of Moodania, 16 miles N.N.E. of Brusa.  200 below zero. It has several bazaars, and is an entrep6t
It has about 600 Greek and 25 Turkish houses, with a large  for the trade between Afghanistan and the Punjab.  Old
export trade in olives, silk, wines, and spirits to Constanti-  Ghuznee, destroyed in the twelfth century, is about 3 miles
nople, &c. It is the principal port on the Sea of Marmora  N.E.; its ruins cover an extensive space, and here are two
for the import of corn from the Black Sea.                     fine minarets, and the tomb of Mahmoud of Ghuznee,
GIIIOURA, one of the Grecian Islands.  See GYAnos.           whence the famous  gates of Somnauth" were removed in
GHIRZA, gh66rlzA, a valley of Northern Africa, 150 miles  1842. Under the dynasty of MIahmoud of Ghore, and his
S.E. of Tripoli, with some remains of Roman antiquities.       father Subuctaghin, about the beginning of the eleventh
GHISALBA, ghe-sil/bi, a village of Austrian Italy, pro-  century, Ghuznee was the capital of an empire reaching
vince of Bergarmo, 2 miles from  Martinengo, on the Serio.  from the Ganges to the Tigris, and from the Jaxartes to the
The gates and part of the fortification, including the walls  Indian Ocean. It was stormed and taken by the British
and towers of a castle which figured during the civil wars, under Lord Keane, July 23, 1839; in 1842 the garrison surstill remain.  Pop. 1374.                                     rendered it to the Afghans, but it was retaken in the same
GIISAN, a town of Arabia. See GHEESAN.                      year by the troops under General Nott.
GI-IISONI, ghe-sotnee, a village of Corsica, in the E. part    GHUZNEE RIVER, of Afghanistan, rises about 12 miles
of the island. Pop. 1815.                                      N. of Ghuznee, and enters Lake Abistada, after a S. course
GHIISTELLES, ghees't~lll, a town of Belgium, province  estimated at 60 miles. Near Ghuznee, which itpasses on the
of West Flanders, 11 miles S.S.W. of Bruges.  Pop. 2500.      E, itwas embanked in the eleventh century by Mahmoend of
GIIIUSTENDIL, ghyoos'tn-deelf, or KOSTENDIL, (anc.  Ghuznee, whose bund, though much damaged by the GLksre
Tustiniafna Secunclda?) a town of European Turkey, in Room- sovereigns, is still fit for the purpose of irrigation.
Elee, capital of a sanjak, near the Kara-soo, or Strymon, 65    GIHYRCIE, GlIYRCE, ghir/chih, or KIRCHEH, kifchh,
miles E.N.E of'Uskup, (Ushub.) Pop. 8000, (?) mostly Turks.  (ans. Tut/zis,) a large village of Nubia, on the W. bank of the
It has sulphur baths, and near it are iron, gold, and silver  Nile. Lat. 230 16' N., Ion. 330 E. It has o;e of the most remines.                                                        markable temples in Nubia.
GHIUZEL IIISSAR, a town of Asia Minor.  See AIDIN.            GIIYRETTY, ghi-rdt/tee or ghe-rltltee, a town of British
GHIZNEE or GIIIZNI, a town of Afghanistan.   See  India, presidency and province of Bengal, near the Hoogly,
GHUZNEE.                                                     opposite Fulta.
GHLIN, olin or glAN, a village of Belgium, province of    GHYSABAD, ghi-sa-bidl, a town of British India, in BunHainaut, 3 miles W. of Mons.  Pop. 2697.                      delcund, 35 miles S.W. of Lohargong.
GIOA, goit/, or GWA, gwd, a seaport town of Aracan, on    GIABAR, ghei-barl, or JIABAR, je-9-b rl, a town and casthe Bay of Bengal, 62 miles S.E. of Sandoway.  It was for- tie of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Diarbekir, on the Eumerly important for its commerce.                             phrates, 23 miles W.S.W. of Rakka.  The town has about
GHOLAM, a town of Afghanistan.  See Kiootoom..              1000 houses and tents.
GIHOLAMI-SHAII-KA-KOTE, go'lim/-shih-ki-kot, a town    GIACOMO  DI LUSIANA, ji/ko-mo dee loo-se-i/na, a vilof Sinde, in British India, on the W. branch of the Indus,  lage of Austrian Italy, government ofVenice. Pop. 2500.
35 miles S.W. of Tattah.                                         GIAGLIONE, jil-yofni, a village of the Sardinian States,
GIOLISON, a post-village of Noxubee co., Mississippi, 110  3 miles WV. of Susa, on the Dora. Pop. 1496.
miles N.E. of Jackson.                                           G IANJAR,je-in-jarl(l(? ) a smnalldistrict or native state in
GIIOL'SONVILLE, a post-village of Brunswick co., Vir-  the Malay Archipelago, on the S.E. coast of the island of
ginia, on the Meherrin River, 75 miles S.S.W. of Rich-  Bali. Its capital, of same name, lies about 8 miles inmond.                                                          land, and is the residence of the Rajah.  Pop. of the state,
GIOOS or G3IIOUS, goes, (ane. Apoilisnoptolis Parlva,) a  200,000.
town of Upper Egypt, on the Nile,7i miles S. of Keneh.           GIANNUTI, jin-noottee, or, GIANNUTRI, jin-nooftree,
0 HIOOZKAN, goozklknt, a village of Persia, province of  (anc. Dianissm,) a small island of the Mediterranean, belongKhorassan, 14 miles E. of Meshed, perpetually harassed in  ing to Tuscany, 9 miles S. of the peninsula of Argentaro.
the forays of the Turcomans. Pop. 1000.                        Length, 2 miles.
GIIO'RAGIIAUTI,  a town of British India, presidency of    GI/ANT'S CAUSErWAY, a celebrated basaltic formation
Bengal, 96 miles N.E. of Moorsiedabad.  It was formerly of  on the N. coast of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim, to the
importance, and has a greatly venerated Mohammedan  W. of Bengore Head, about 2 miles N.N.E. of Bushmills.
tomb.                                                          The coast here is for a great distance distinguished by curious
GHOIRA TRUP, a village of Afghanistan, on the Indus, and magnificent basaltic cliffs and caves, but the "cause11 miles S.W. of Attock.  Lat. 330 46' N., lon. 720 9' E.  way," properly so called, is a platform projecting into the sea,
There is here a very dangerous rapid, resulting from   from the base of a stratified cliff, about 400 feet in height,
the lateral contraction of the high  and rocky sides of  and resembles a pier 700 feet in length, 350 feet in breadth,
the river, which is here narrowed to a width of only 250  and varying to 30 feet in height above the strand. It is
feet. Through this narrow  channel the Indus rushes at  separated by whinstone dykes into three divisions, comthe rate of from 9 to 10 miles an hour, and with a noise like  prising together about 40,000 perfectly formed, closely united,
thunder.                                                       and very dark colored polygonal columns, each consisting
GHORBUND, gor'btind/, a village of North Afghanistan,  of several pieces. Their depth below the surface is unascerin lat. 350 4' N., Ion. 680 47' E., whence a pass proceeds  tained. Popular legend ascribes this stupendous fornmation
across the Koosh into Khoondooz.                               to the labor of giants, seeking to construct a road across
GHORE, ger, or GAUR, glwr, a town and independent  the sea to Scotland.
district of West Afghanistan, 120 miles S.E. of Hierat, and    GIANT'S MOUNTAIN, in Asia Minor, on the E. shore
the original possession of the famous Mahmoud of Ghore, of  the  Bosporus, 13 miles W.N.WV. of Constantinople.
who established  the Afghan  dynasty in IHindostan  in  On it is a grave greatly venerated by the Turks, and near
1186.                                                          its S. fort are some batteries, and the ruins of a church
GIIOUS, a town of Egypt. See GHoos.  -                       built by Justinian.
GHOUSGHUR, goos'gtr!- a large fortified town of British    GIARRATANA, jim-Rm-t niA, (anc. Ceratanum?) a village
India, presidency of Bengal, 27 miles S.S.W. of Seharunpoor.  of Sicily, 13 miles N.E. of Modica. Pop. 2440.
GHOY, goy, a village of Belgium, province of HIainaut, 15    GIARRE, jisrnA, a town of Sicily, at the E. slope of Mount
miles S.E. of Mons.  Pop. 2147.                                Etna, 7 miles N. of Ac Reale. Pop. 4700.
GIIUMOURDJINI or GIIUMURDJINA, a town of Turkey.    GIARRETTA, jia-RMtAt, or SIMETO, se-mi/to, (anc. SySee GUMOORJEENA.                                              msetthcs,) a river of Sicily, rises in the mountains, about 20
G1IUNPOOR/, a fortified town of India, in the Nizan's ter- miles S.E. of Caronia, and after a very tortuous S.E. course of
ritory, capital of a large district, 60 miles S.S.WV. of Hyder- 50 miles, enters the Mediterranean, 6 miles S. ofCatania. Afabed. It appears to have been formerly a place of import- fluents, the Adriano, Trachino, Dittaino, and Chrisas.
ance, and had one of the largest and finest mosques in the    (IAT, zhe-il, a town of France, department of Puy-deNizam's dominion.                                             D~me, 31 miles W.S.W. of RI-cm. Pop. in 1852, 2150.
150




GIA                                                         GIB
GIAVE, j/vs, a village on the island of Sardinia, 28 miles  bordering on the Mediterranean. Cottons, woollens, &c., are ~,S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 1575.                                imported from England; sugars and rum from the West InGIAVENO, jd-vAno, a town of Piedmont, division, and 17  dies; tobacco, rice, and flour from  America; and wines,
wpiles W.S.W. of Turin. Pop. 8866.                          silks, wax, &c., from the East. The chief export is wine.
GIBARA or JIBARA, ne-bArc, a seaport village of Cuba, The revenue of Gibraltar, for the year 1849, was 29,7701.; and
on a height on its N. coast, 100 miles E. of Puerto Principe. the expenditure, 31,1171.; the difference being met by a parGIBBS'S (ghibz) CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Cumber- liamentary vote in aid. No executive or legislative counsel
land co., North Carblina.                                   exists here. The administration is vested in the governor,
GIBBS'S CROSS ROADS, a posteoffice of Smith co., Ten- who is also commander-in-chief of the troops; and the setnessee.                                                    tlement is treated as a garrison-town, the power of enacting
GIBBVILLE, ghiblvil, a small post-village of Sheboygan  laws being vested in the governor alone. All criminal cases
co., Wisconsin.                                            are determined according to the laws of England. Every
GIBEALI, ghible-, an ancient town of Palestine, a few  precaution is taken to prevent the increase of new residents.
miles N. of Jerusulem.                                     Foreigners are permitted to remain during specified periods
GIBELLINA, je-b~l-leelnu, a village of Sicily, 30 miles  only, and on giving the required security. The strength of
E.S.E. Trapani.  Pop. 5300.                                 the garrison is generally between 3000 and 4000, of all arms.
GIBEON, ghib/e-on, an ancient city of Palestine, about 7    Gibraltar, under the name of Calpe, and Mount Abyla,
miles N. of Jerusalem.                                     now called Apes' Iill, opposite to it on the African coast,
GIBESONVILLE, a post-ffilce of Hocking co., Ohio.        were called by the ancients the Pillars of Hieruenles; and in
GIBOLDEIIAUSEN. See GIEBOLDEHAOSEN.                      very early ages were regarded by the people dwelling E. of
GIBRALEON, ne-brA-lA-bnt, a town of Spain, province, and  them  as the western boundary of the world. Gibraltar
8 miles N. of Huelva, on the left bank of the Odiel. Pop, came into possession of the English, by conquest, in 1704;
2704. It has an ancient palace of the Dukes of Bejar.      it has been since repeatedly besieged, but always without
GIBRALTAR, je-brawlter. (Sp. pron. ne-brAl-tasJ; It. C'i- success. The last, and most formidable attack made on it,
bilterra, jee-bil-thi~; anc. GTelpe; Arab. Jebel-taril-, jdblel-t&- occurred he September, 1782, when the Spaniards, aided by
reekt —the Hill of Tarik, a Berber leader, who conquered the  a powerful fleet and army from France, assailed the fortress
fort in 711,) a town and strongly fortified rock at the S. with floating batteries; but were defeated with great loss
extremity of Spain, in Andalusia, belonging to Great Britain; by the garrison, commanded by General Elliot. On this oclat. 360 9' N., ion. 50 21' W. This remarkable fortress, which  casion an incessant discharge of red-hot shot'was mainforms the key to the Mediterranean, standing on a penin- tained onthe attacking boats,with the most destructive effect.
sula at its entrance, is connected with the Continent by a  Pop. in 1850, 13,123, of which 3641 only were females.
low sandy isthmus, 1 miles long and { mile broad, having    GIBRALTAR, a post-village of Brownstown township,
the Bay of Gibraltar on the W., and the open sea of the  Wayne co., Michigan, on the WV. bank of Detroit River, at
Mediterranean on the E. Near the point ofjunction of this  its entrance into Lake Erie, 22 miles below Detroit. It has
isthmus with the mainland  are the Spanish lines, between  a good harbor, the entrance to which is facilitated by a
which and the rock is a space called the "Neutral Ground."  light-house. The Gibraltar and Clinton Canal (unfinished)
The highest point of the rock is about 1400 feet above sea- terminates here and affords water-power.
level; its N. face is almost perpendicular, while its E. side is    GIBRALTAR, a.post-village, formerly BAILEY'S HARfull of tremendous precipices. It terminates at its S. ex- BOR, capital of Door co., Wisconsin, on the W. shore of Lake
tremity, in what is termed Europa Point. On the WV. side  Michigan, about 65 miles N.E. of Green Bay.
it is less steep than'on the E., and between its base    GIBRALTAR, BAY OF, is formed by Europa Point on
and the sea, is a narrow  span almost level, on which the  the E., and Point St. Garcia on the W. It is of a semicirtown is built. hiere the rock is secured by extensive and  cular form, about 6 miles in length, and 4miles in breadth;
powerful batteries, rendering it apparently impregnable.  with depths varying from 4 to 260 feet. The tide rises 4 and
The body of the rock consists of a kind of primary mar- 5 feet. The shipping is protected on the British side by two
ble, running in strata of 30, 40, and 50 feet in thickness. formidable moles, called the Old and New Mole, one on the
At the N. extremity are perpendicular fissures, on the  N. and the other on the S. side of the town of Gioracrta.
ledges of which a number of hawks nestle and rear their  The former runs 1100 feet into the sea; the latter 700 feet.
young, in the breeding season. There are numerous re- An elbow formed by the shore affords shelter for large vesmuarkable caves in various parts of the rock, some of them   sels in winter; the farthest out lying in 6 and 5 fathoms.
beautifully picturesque,but all difficult ofaccess. The most Opposite the town of Gibraltar, on the WV. side of the bay,
singular of these natural excavations is St. Michael's, on the  is the Spanish town of Algeciras.
S.W. side, the entrance to which is 1000 feet above sea-level.   GIBRALTAR, STRAIT OF, a narrow channel between
When seen from a ship's deck, no appearance of vegetation  the S. part of Spain and the N. of Africa, forming the enpresents itself on the rock, the whole having an exceedingly  trance to the Mediterranean from  the Atlantic; its width
barren and forbidding aspect; but it is not in reality so  at the narrowest part is about 15 miles; greatest depth, 960
destitute in this respect as it seems; acacias, fig, and orange  fiathoms. Through this strait a powerful central current,
trees grow freely, together with a great variety of odorifer- running at the rate of frocm 3 to 6 miles an hour, sets cononus plants.                                                stoutly from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean. There
Vast sums of money, and an immense amount of labor, are also two lateral currents-one on the European, and one
have been spent in fortifying this celebrated stronghold. on the African side; each'of them about 21 miles broad, flowNumerous caverns and galleries, extending from  2 to 3  ing at about the same rate as the central current; and ebbing
miles in length, and of sufficient width for carriages, have  and flowing with the tide, setting alternately into the Medibeen cut in the solid rock; forming safe and sheltered com- terranean and into the Atlantic. An excess of water is conmunications from one part of the garrison to another, with-  stantly flowing into the former from  the latter, to supply
out being exposed to the fire of an enemy, in cases of attack. the loss sustained by evaporation.
Along these galleries, at intervals of every 12 yards, are port-   GIBSON, ghiblsgn, a county in the IV. part of Tennessee,
holes bearing upon the neutral ground and bay; while  contains about 550 square. miles. It is intersected by the
trees, shrubs, and flowers of various kinds, have been  North and Middle Forks of the Forked Deer River, and by
planted at different points, both for ornament and utility. Rtutherford's Fork of Obion River. The route of the Mobile
On the summit of the rock there are several barracks, towers, and Ohio Railroadpasses through the county. Capital, Trcnand fortresses. Of late years the fortifications have been  ton. Pop.' 19,548, of whom 15,354 were free, and 4194 slaves.
carefully strengthened at every vulnerable point. The total   GIBSON, a county in the S.V. part of Indiana, bordering
number of guns now mounted on the rock is-said to be not on Illinois, contains 449 square miles. It is drained by the
less than 1000. The principal defences are on the W. side, Patoka River- and the WVabash forms its WV. boundary. The
fronting the bay; but there is also a battery on the E., though  surface is undulating, and the soil fertile. The county conthe steepness of the rock renders it almost unnecessary.    tains extensive beds of coal. It is intersected by the WIaThe town of Gibraltar, situated, as already remarked, on  bash and Erie Canal, and has a railroad from Princeton, the
a plain between the W. declivity of the rock and the sea, county seat, to Evansville, on the Ohio. Pop. 10,771.
consists chiefly of one spacious street, about half a mile in    GIBSON, a post-village of Steuben co., New York, about
length, lined with shops, and paved and lighted. The prin- 200 miles WV. by S. of Albany.
cipal buildings are the Governor's and Lieutenant-Governor's   GIBSON, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 332.
houses, the Admiralty, Naval Hospital, Victualling-Office, and    GIBSON, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylbarracks, and a handsone theats-e. There are Protestant and vania, 16 miles E.S.E. of Montrose. Pop. 1459.
Roman Catholic churches, four Jewish synagogues, 7 regi-   GIBSON, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 485.
mental and 2 public schools, public libraries, &c. There are   GIBSON, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio.
also a lunatic asylum, almshouses, &c. The water for the   GIBSON, a township of Washington co., Indiana. P.1095.
supply of the town and garrison is collected during the rainy    GIBSON, a post-office of Delware co., Indiana.
season; the roofs of the houses being so constructed as to    GIBSON'S STORE, a small village of Mercer co., Pennrereive the falling rain, whichl subsequently finds its way to  sylvania.
a tank beneath, with which every house is provided. Gib-   GIBSON'S STORE, a post-office of Richmond co., North
raltar is a free port, but its trade has greatly declined within  Carolina.
the last half century. - It still, however, continues to be a    GIBSON'S WELLS, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.
valuable entrep~t for the distribution of British  manufac-   GIBISONVILLE, a post-village of. Livingston co., New
tures to the Barbary States, and to the different countries York, about 235 miles W. by N. of Albany.
751




GIC                                                         GIL
GICZIN, a town of Bohemia.  See GITSCHIN.                   GILA or JILA, ueellA, a considerable river of North An,,.
GIDDING, ghidlding. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. rica, in the S.W. part of the United States, and formerly conGIDDING, GRIEAT, a parish of England, co. of IHunt- stituting the N. boundary of the Mexican state of Sonora. It
ingdon.                                                     has its sources in the mountains of New Mexico, about lat.
GIDDING, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of HIunt-  320 45' N., and ion. 1080 30'  W., from which it flows W., and
ingdon.                                                     joins the Colorado, just befoe that river falls into the Gulf
GIDDINGS, ghidfdingz, a post-office of Sank co.,Wisconsin.  of California, at lat. 320 30' N., and about lon.114040" W.,its
GIDDING, STEEPLE, a parish of England, co. of Hunt- whole course being about450 miles. About108040'W. ion.,or
ingdon.                                                     probably about 60 miles from its source, it is 50 feet wide, with
GIDEA, (Gide/,) yidte-5, a river of Sweden, lhns of Umed  an average depth of 2 feet, swift and clear; the banks covered
and Hernosand, enters the Gulf of Bothnia, 60 miles N.E. of  with trees and luxuriant vegetation; the former consisting
IHernosand, after a S.E. course of 100 miles. Near its source  chiefly of' cotton-wood, a new sycamore, mezquit, pala, a
is the village of Gided.                                    few cedars and larch. Farther down, or about lon. 1100 W.,
GIDLEY,. ghidllee, a parish of England, co. of Devon.     the banks of the stream and the country around, assume a
GIDLEY'S STATION, a post-office of Jackson co., Mi- wild, rugged, and inhospitable appearance; the mountains
chigan.                                                     of trap, granite, and red sandstone, in irregular and conGIEBOLDEHAUSEN  or GIBOLDEHIAUSEN, gheebol- fused strata, but generally dipping sharply to the S., cluster
deh-hiwfzen, a market-town of Hanover, duchy of Gruben- so closely together that it becomes difficult to tell from what
hagen, 14 miles E.N.E. of Gattingen.  Pop. 2141... direction the river comes, or in what direction it is going.
GIEN, zhe-Nae, a town of France, department of Loiret, on  A few miles lower down, the valley of the Gila widens, and is
the Loire, 37 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. Pop. in 1852, 6112. covered with a dense growth of mezquit,. (Acacia prosopis,)
~ It has a fine ancient castle, and a spacious quay.        cotton-wood, and willow, the pitahaya, and every other vaGIENGEN, gheenglgn, a town of Wiirtemberg, 24 miles  riety of cactus, the latter flourishing in great luxuriance.
S.S.E. of Ellwangen, on the Brenz. Pop. 2000.               The Rio San Pedro, which joins the Gila from  the S., and
GIERSDORF, ghee/ers-dofP, avillage of Prussia, province  the rivers San Francisco, Salines, and Bonita, from the N.,
of Silesia, government, and S.W. of Liegnitz.  Pop. 1388.    are almost the only affluents of which any thing has been
GIESIM, ghee'sim., a town of Nubia, on the Rahad, a tri- ascertained. Most of the tributaries are insignificant at
butary of the Nile, 123 miles E.S.E. of Sennaar.            their junction with the main stream, and can be stepped
GIESMANNSDORF, gheestmdnns-doRfV,  (OsBra, olber, across, the result of their traversing deserts of sand, and
MITTEL, mit/tel, and NIEDEn, neetder,) a village, or rather rainless regions of arid wastes, by which their waters are
three contiguous villages, of Prussia, province of Silesia, 10  gradually absorbed. The Gila is navigable for small boats
miles S.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 2028.                         only, and that but to the village of Pijmo, about 100 miles
GIESMANNSDORF, a village of PrussiS, province of Siloe- aboxe its junction with the Colorado. The ruins of numsia, circle of Sprottau. Pop. 1183.                        berless houses are found along the whole course of the Gila,
GIESMANNSDORF, a village of Prussia, province of Sile- proving that these regions were much more populous at a
sia, circle of Bolkeuhain. Pop. 1245.                       former period than they are now. These ruins are uniGIESSEN, ghees/sen. a town of Germany, grand duchy  formly of the same kind; not one stone now remains on the
of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Lahn, and on the railway from  top of another; and they are discoverable only by the broCassel to Frankfort, 33 miles N.N.W. of Frankfort.  Pop. in  ken pottery around them, and stones laid in regular order,
1846, 9000. It was formerly fortified, and is irregularly  showing the traces of the foundation of ahouse.
built; but it has some good edifices including the Castle,   GILAD, ghee'ldfl, a village of Ilungary, co. of Temesvar,
now the seat of the provincial government, the Arsenal, on an arm of the Tomes. Pop. 4000.
Town-hall, and Observatory.  Its University, founded in    GILAN, a province and village of Persia.  See GnILAN.
1607, has recently become famous for its school of organic    GILtBERDIKE, a township of England, co. of York, East
chemistry, under Baron Liebig, whose class is attended by  Riding.
students from all parts of Western Europe, and even from     GILIBERT ISLANDS, or KINGSIMILL GROUP, a group
North America. The University has a library of 36,000 vol-  of 15 islands in the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 10 S., and
umes, and some manuscripts, collections in natural history, 20 30' N., and lon. 1720 and 1740 30' E. They are of coral
&c. In 1847 it had 40 professors and teachers, and 570 students. formation, all low, the highest land in thi group not exGiessen has also a normal school, school of forest economy, ceeding 20 feet, and are fast wearing away by the action of
and other institutions of learning, on which its prosperity  the sea. Their soil, which is but a few inches in depth, is
mainly depends.                                            of coral, sand, and vegetable mould. Their cultivation conGIETERVEEN, Gheeter-vain, a village of Holland, pro- sists for the most part, in that of the cocoa-nut and pan
vince of Drenthe, 10 miles E. by N. of Assen. Pop. 595.    danus, which are the chief articles of food. The natives
GIETHOORN, gheeltoan, a village of the Netherlands, also cultivate, with great care, a species of the taro. (Arum
province of Overyssel, 16 miles N. of Zwolle.  Pop. 1570.   cordifolium.)  The bread-fruit tree is to be found on the N.
GIFFORD, ghif/ford,, a village of Scotland, co., and 4 miles islands. The inhabitants of this group resemble the MaS.S.E. of Haddington. Pop. 600. Knox, the Reformer, was  lays. Pop. of the entire group estimated at 60,000.
born here in 1505.                                            GILBERTSBOROUGHI, a post-ofice of Limestone co., AlaGIFIIORN, ghif/hoan, a town of Germany, in Hanover, on  barma.
the Aller, 36 miles E.N.E. of Hanover. Pop. 2269.             GILBERT'S MILLS, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
GIGANSK, a town of Siberia.  See JoGaees-.                  GILTBERTSVILLE, a post-village of Otsego co., New York,
GIGANTINU, je-gon-te-noo', a mountain in the island of  95 miles W. of Albany, contains 3 or 4 churches, about half
Sardinia, a little S.E. ofTenpio, 4101 feet ligh. It rises al- a dozen stores, and 400 inhabitants.
most perpendicularly from the surrounding plain.              GILBERTSVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., PennGIGIGLESWICK, a parish of Eugland, co. of York, West sylvania.
Riding, on the Ribble, 1 mile W.N.W. of Settle. Here is a    GILBOA, ghil'bola, a post-village and township in the S.
celebrated grammar school, founded by Edward VI., having  part of Schoharie co., New York, on Schoharie River, about
six scholarships in Christ's College, Cambridge. Giggles- 50 miles S.W. of Albany. The village contains 2 Methodist
wick Tarn is a considerable lake near the village.         churches, 3 or 4 stores, and several factories and mills. Pop.
GIGIIA, ghee/gil, one of the IIebrides, in Scotland, sepa- of the township, 3024.
rated from the district of Kintyre by a channel 31 miles in    GILBOA, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia.
breadth. Area, about 5000 acres. Pop. 550.                   GILBOA, a thriving post-village of Putnam  co., Ohio, on
GIGLIO,jeelfyo, or ISOLA DI GIGLIO, eelso-l dee jeolyo, the Blanchard River, 94 miles N.W. of Columbus.  It is
(anc. Igil/ium,) an island in the Mediterranean, belonging  liberally supplied with water-power.
to Tuscany, 10 miles S.W. of Mount Argentaro. Pop. 1530,   GILCHRIST'S (ghil/krists) BRIDGE, a post-village of
mostly collected in the village of Giglio. It is 5 miles in  Marion district, South Carolina.
length from N.W. to S.E., mountainous and fertile.            GILlCRUX, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
GIGNAC, zheenlydklk, a town of France, department of    GILtDER, a post-office of Greenville district, South CaHI6rault, 12 miles S.E. of Lodfve, on the Il6rault. P. 2951.  rolina.
GIGNOD,jeen-yod/, (L. Ginodium,) a town of the Sardinian    GILIDERSOME, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
States, 3 miles N.N.W. of Aosta, on the Banteggio.  P.1260. Riding.
GIGUELA, ne-gAllt, a river of Spain, joins the Guadiana,    GILDONE, jil-doidn, a market-town of Naples, province
35 miles N.E. of Ciudad-Real, after a course of 90 miles.  ofMolise, 4 miles firom Campobasso. Pop. 2300.
GIIION, a river of Asia. See Oxus.                         GILrEAD, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on the
GIJIGtIINSK or GIJIGINSK, a town of Siberia. See JI- Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, and on the AndrosJIGIcs-.                                                   coggin River, 60 miles W. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 359.
GIJON, JIJON, or XIXON, He-hfn!, a fortified seaport-   GILEAD, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1680.
town of Spain, province, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Oviedo, on    GILEAD, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio, on the Maumee
the Bay of Biscay. Lat. 440 55' 19" N., Ion. 50 44~ 49" WV. River 140 miles N.N.W. of Columbus.
Pop. 6522. It is handsome, and has a triumphal arch, a    GILEAD, a post-township in the S. part of Branch co.,
collegiate church. a high school, a school of navigation, and  Michigan. Pop. 503.
public library, with manufactures of stonewares, hats, and    GILEAD, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, about 82
linen fabrics; an active export trade in nuts and fruits, and  miles N. of Indianapolis.
import trade n colonial produce.                            GILEAD, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, near the
752




GIL                                                        GIN
Mississippi River, 90 miles S.W. of Springfield, has several   GILI/MANTON, a post-village and township of Belknap co.,
hundred inhabitants. It was formerly the county seat.    New Hampshire, 20 miles N.N.E. of Concord. The village
GILEAD, ghil/e-ad, MOUNT, (Arab. Jeb-el-Jilad,  jb-el-je- contains churches of 4 denominations, an insurance offic,
lMdI,) in Syria, pashalic of Damascus, is 25 miles N.N.E. of  a flourishing academy, and the Gilmanton Theological Sethe Dead Sea, lat. 320 7' N., ion. 350 468 E., and near the  minary, conducted by the Congregationalists.  It was
extremity of the region of Gilead, which extended for some  founded in 1835, and has a library of 4500 volumes. Theinhadistance northward, along the E. side of the river Jordan.   bitants of Gilmanton are extensively engaged in the manuGILENA, JILENA, or XILENA, He-lIAnA, a village of facture of carriages; hardware and shoe-pegs are also manuSpain, in Andalusia, province, and 56 miles E. by S. of Se- factured. Pop. of the township, 3282.
ville. Pop. 1688.                                           GILMANTON' IRON WORKS, a post-village in the above
(ILES, jIlz, a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, has an  township, about 20 miles N.N.E. of Concord.
area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by the    GILMER ghilmer, a county in the W.NW. part of VirKanawha or New River, and also drained by Walker's, ginia, has an area of 512 square miles. ~ It is traversed from
Wolf, and Sinking Creeks. The surface is very mountain- E.to W. by the Little Kanawha River, and also drained by
onus; the principal elevations are Walker's and Peter's  Lick, Leading, and Steer Creeks. The surface is mostly coMountains. The soil, excepting the vicinity of the rivers vered with forests. The county contains salt springs and
and creeks, is rocky and unproductive. Since the census iron ore. It is intersected by the Parkersburg and Weston
of 1850 was taken, the dimensions of the county have been  Turnpike. Formed a few years ago out of part of Lewis
reduced by the formation of Craig county out of the N.E. county, and named in honor of Thomas W. Gilmer, member
part. Named in honor of William B. Giles, Governor of  of Congress from Virginia. Capital, Glenville. Pop. 3475,
Virginia in 1828. Capital, Parisburg. Pop. 6570, of whom  of whom 3403 were free, and 72 slaves.
5913 were free, 657 slaves.                                  GILMER, a county in the N. part of Georgia, bordering on
GILES, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, bordering  Tennessee, has an area of 792 square miles. It is intersected
on Alabama, has an area of 600 square miles. It.is inter- by the Tocoa River, and also drained by the head waters of
sected in the S.E. part by Elk River, and also drained by  the Connasauga, Coosawattee, and Ellijay Rivers. The surthe branches of Richland Creek. The soil is very produc- face is diversified by mountain ridges connected with the
tive, and extensively cultivated. In 1850, the county pro- Blue Ridge, and is remarkable for picturesque scenery.
duced 322,487 pounds of butter, the greatest quantity made  Some of these elevations are known as the Cohuttah, Frog,
in any county of the state. A macadamized road extends to  Bald, Tallona, and Sharptop Mountains. Gilmer county is
Nashville. Capital, Pulaski. Pop. 25,949, of whom 16,591  remarkably rich in minerals.  Gold-mines are worked in
were free, and 9358 slaves.                               several places, and are productive. MaW- persons are emGILES COURT HOUSE, Virginia. See PAnISnURo.             ployed in quarrying marble, which is of fine quality; and
GILESTONE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. the county contains an abundance of good iron. Named in
GILFORD, ghillford, a small market-town of Ireland, in  honor of George R. Gilmer, who was Governor of Georgia in
Ulster, co. of Down, on the Bann, 4 miles N.W. of Banbridge. 1830. Capital, Ellijay. Pop. 8440, of whom 8240 were free,
Pop. 653. Gilford Castle is in the vicinity.              and 200 slaves.
GILFORD, ghilfford, a township of New IHIampshire, 38    GILMER, a thriving post-village, capital of Upshur co.,
miles W. of Concord. Pop. 2072.                            Texas, about 320 miles E.N.E. of Austin City. It is situated
GILFORD, a post-village and township, capital of Belknap  in a rich planting region, which is diversified by prairies
co., New Hampshire, on the S. side of Winnipiseogee Lake, and forests. Laid out in 1848. Pop. in 1853, about 600.
and on the Concord and Montreal Railroad, about 35 miles N.   GILMER, a township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 1051.
by E. of Concord. The village is pleasantly situated, and con-   GILMER, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 35 miles N.W.
tains, besides the county buildings, several churches and  of Chicago.
stores. Pop. of the township, 2425.                          GiLMER'S STORE, a post-office of Guilford co., North Ca.
GILGE, ghillgheh, a river of Prussia, one of the mouths  rolina.
of the Memel. It fatlls into the Curisthe-haff, 34 miles N.E.   GIL'IERTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.
of Ktnigsberg.                                               GILIMORTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
GILGE, a village at the mouth of the above river. P. 990.   GILOLO, je-lo/lo, GILLOLO, DJILLOLO, jil-loflo, or IIALGILGENBURG, ghillghen-b35Rao, (Polish, Domebrowno, MIASIERA, hAl-md-h4rA, a considerable island in the Malay
dom-brovino,) a town of East Prussia, 32 miles N.E. of Ki- Archipelago, on the Equator, ion. 1280 E., separated from
nigsberg. Pop. 1262.                                       Celebes by the Molucca Passage, and from Ceram by Pitt's
GILGHIT, ghil'ghitf, a small independent territory of Passage, respectively about 130 miles across.  Estimated
Central Asia, on the N. declivity of the Hindoo Koosh, with  area, 6500 square miles. Its shape, like that of Celebes, cona village, in lat. 350 35' N., ion. 740 151 E. on the Gilghit sists of four peninsulas, radiating N., E., and S. from a comRiver, an affluent of the Upper Indus.                     mon centre.  The interior is mountainous, and in many
GILING-AUTING, jeeling! aw'ting/, or GIL/I-ANGI, and  parts densely wooded; the coasts are resorted to by pirates.
GILION, je-le-6n, two small islands in the Malay Archipelago,  The products are sago, cocoa-nuts, spices, fruits, edible
off the E. end of Madurn.                                  birds'-nests, pearls and gold-dust, horses, horned cattle, and
GILL, ghill, a lake of Ireland, in Connaught, co., and 2  sheep. The imports are mostly from the Dutch East India
miles S.E. of Sligo. Length, 4 miles.                      settlements, and comprise manufactured  goods, opium,
GILL, a post-township of Franklin co., Massachusetts, on  china-ware, and iron. The island is subdivided into several
the W. side of the Connecticut, and on the route of the Con- petty states; principal towns, Ossa and Gilolo.
necticut River Railroad, 100 miles W. by N. of Boston. P. 754.   GILOLO, PASSAGE OF, separating the above island, on
GILL, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop. 1241.    the E., from the islands of Waigeoo, Battanta, Mysol, is
GILLAM, ghilflam, a township, Jasper co., Indiana. P. 453. from 100 to 140 miles across.
GILILELAND CREEK, a post-office of Travis co., Texas.    GILOP/OLIS, a post-office of Robeson co., North Carolina.
GILLESPIE, ghil-lstpee, a county in the W. central part   GILPAIGOAN, ghil-pi-gtno, written also GILPAIGON,
of Texas, has an area of 1980 square miles. It is traversed  a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 100 miles W.N.W.
from W. to E. by Rio Llano, and also drained by Pedernales  of Ispahan.
River and'Sandy Creek. The surface is uneven. Capital,   GIL'ROYI, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.
Fredericjksburg. Pop. 1240, of whom 1235 were free, and    GILROY, a post-office of Santa Clara co., California.
5 slaves. Named in honor of Captain Gillespie, who was    GILSILAND, a hamlet and district of England, co. of Cumkilled at Monterey.                                       berland, on the Carlisle and Newcastle Railway, 8 miles N.E.
GILLESPIE, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.        ofBrampton. It abounds in romantic scenery, has medicinal
GILLESPIEVILLE, a post-office of Ross co., Ohio.         springs, and is much resorted to as a watering-place.
GILL HALL, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.   GILS'TONE, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
GILLINGIAM, ghil/ling-am, a parish of England, co. of    GILISUM, a post-township of Cheshire co., ~ew HampDorset, on the Stour. It has an ancient church and school, shies, i5 milesW.S.W. of Concord. Pop. 668.
and traces of an ancient Saxon palace in the enclosed forest   GIMBSIIEIM, ghimpslhime, a village of Germany, in
of Gillingham.                                             Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 miles N.W. of Worms  Pop. 1594.
GILLINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              GIMENA, JIMENA or XIMENA, He-mIlng, a town of
GILLINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         Spain, province, and 50 miles E.S.E of Cadiz. Pop. 5878.
GILILIONS, a post-office of Baker co., Georgia.           GIMIGNANO, je-meen-yl/no, a town of Tuscany, 20 miles
GILtLISONVILLE, a post-office of Beaufort co., district S.S.W. of Florence. Pop. 5818.
South Carolina.                                             GIMIINGITAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
GILLOLO, a island in the Malay Archipelago. See GILOLO.   GIMINO, je-meesno, a market-town of Austria, in Illyria,
GILL'S CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.    about 60 miles from Fiume. Pop. 3558.
GILL'S MILLS, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky.        GIMONE, zhee'mono, a river of France, joins the Garonne
GILL'S STORE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.  about 3 miles S. of Castelsarrasin, after a course of 65 miles.,
GILLSIVILLE, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia, 18 miles    GIMONT, zheemnallt, a town iof France, department of
E. of Gainesville.                                        Gers, on the Gimone, 14 miles E. of Auch. P. in 1852, 3053,
GILLY, zheel'yeel or zhee'yeel, a village of Belgium, pro-   GINEVRA and GINEBRA. See GENEVA.
vince of Hainaut, 3 miles N.E. of Charleroi. Pop. 5618.     GINGEE or JHINJI, jinljee, a fortified town of British
GILMAN, ghillman, a post-township of Hamilton co., New  India, presidency of Madras, 80 miles S.W. of Madras. Its
York, 68 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 101.                extensive fortifications cover most part of three detached
2X                                                                           753




GIN                                                          GIT
rocky hills of difficult ascent, and. comprise a remarkable  coast is a port, with a mole built by Charles III. in 1756,
seven-storied tower, a pagoda, mosque, a castellated palace,  two light-houses, extensive corn magazines, a prison, &c.
various military works, and some interesting ruins. It has  The extensive remains of the ancient city, E. of the modern
been repeatedly taken; the last time, in 1750, by the French,  town, comprise the magnificent temple of Concord, the most
who ceded it to the British in 1761.                        perfect existing structure of early Greek architecture; the
GINGELOM, ningthA-lomn  or zh1Nazheh-ldN4", a village of  remains of a vast temple of the Olympic Jupiter, 369 feet in
Belgium, on the railway, 48 miles E. by S. of Brussels.     length, (basement,) 182 feet in breadth, and 120 feet in
GINIGERBREAD GROUND, a dangerous reef of the Baha-  height; the tomb of Theron; and portions of the temples of
ma Islands, 35 miles S. of the Great Bahama. Lat. 250 56'  Juno, Hercules, Vulcan, Castor and Pollux, &c. Girgenti
N., ion. 780 251 E.                                         is the chief port in Sicily for the export of sulphur; the other
GINGEIR HILL, a small post-village of Washington co.,  principal exports are corn, almonds, sumach, oil, and soda.
Pennsylvania.                                                  GIRGENTI, a province on the S.W. coast of Sicily, corn.
GINGER ISLAND, West Indies. See VIRGIN ISLANDS.           prising an area of about 1377 square miles. Pop. 233,187.
GINGST, ghingst, a village of Prussia, on the W. side of    GIRIFALCO, je-re-ftll/ko, a market-town of Naples, prothe island of Riigen, in the Baltic. Pop. 778.              vince of Calabria Ultra I., 9 miles S.W. of Catanzaro.
GINNEKEN, Hintnr-ke n, a village of the Netherlands,  Pop. 3300.
province of North Brabant, 1 mile S.E. of Breda. Pop. 700.    GIRISHK, ghee'rishkt, a fort and village of Afghanistan,
GINSENG, jinlseng, a post-office of Wyoming co., Virginia.  on the Helmund. Lat. 310 46' N., ion. 640 18' E. The fort
GIN TOWN, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia.            is built upon a mound, about 2 miles from the river.
GIOIA. See GIoJA.                                           GIRJEII, a town of Egypt.  See GIRnGE.
GIOJ, jolee, a village of Naples, province of Principato    GIROMAGNY, zhee'ro'm~n'yeet, a town of France, departCitra, 6 miles N.W. of Vallo. Pop. 1600.                    ment of -Haut-Rhin, 8 miles N.N.W. of Belfort.  Pop. in
GIOJA or GIOIA, joly[, a city of Naples, in Terra di Bari,  1852, 2700.
19 miles E. of Altamura. Pop. 9500.                           GIRON, JIRON,XIRON, re-rdnf, or GIRONA, He-rofnii, a
GIOJA, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II.,  small town of New Granada, department of Boyaca, 46 miles
15 miles S.W. of Avezzano. Pop. 1900.                       W. of Pamplona.
GIOJA, a village of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 6    GIRONDE, je-rbndf, (Fr. pron. zhee'r&ndS,) an estuary of
miles S.E. of Piedimonte. Pop. 2400.                        Western France, formed hy the union of the rivers Garonne
GIOJA, a village of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I.,  and Dordogne. Length, about 50 miles; the breadth varies
27 miles N.E. of Reggio, near the gulf of its own name. It  from 2 to 6 miles, its month being 3 miles across. It is naviwas almost destroyed by the earthquake of 1783. Pop. 429.  gable throughout, but greatly encumbered with sand-banks,
GIOJOSA, jo-yo/sA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria  and subject at flood-tide to a heavy reflux from the sea,
Ultra I., 7 miles N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 7619:                termed the mascaret, similar to the bore (balrre) in the Seine.
GIOJOSA, a town of Sicily, on its N. coast, 5 miles N.W.    GIRONDE, a maritime department in the S.W. of France,
of Patti. Pop. 3300. It was built at the foot of the moun-  formed of part of the old province of Guienne, having W. the
tain on which stood Giojosa Vecchio, (or Old Giojosa.)      Bay ofBiscay. Area, 3714 square miles. Pop.inlIS52, 614,387.
GIORGIEV or GIORGIEF. See GIURGEVO.                       Surface generally level, and all the W. portion is a sand-flat,
GIORNICO, jonlne-ko, (Ger. Istsnis,) a town of Switzerland,  interspersed with lagoons, and termed the " landes."' Princanton of Ticino, on the Tessin.                            cipal rivers, the Garonne and Dordogne, with the estuary of
GIOVYATA, jo-v~Itt, a small seaport town of Asia Minor,  Gironde formed by their union. Most of the claret-wines
in Anatolia, at the head of the Gulf of Kos, (here called the  are grown in this department, the vineyards in which form
Gulf of Giova, jofvg,) 50 miles E. of Boodroom.             its chief source of wealth. There are stone quarries and
GIOVENAZZO, jo-vA-n~tlso, (ant. Natiolum,) a fortified  smelting-works, but few mines. Gironde is divided into 6
seaport town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, on a rocky penin-  arrondissements; chief towns, Bordeaux, (the capital,) Bazas,
sula in the Adriatic. Pop. 6000. It has a cathedral, con-  and Blaye.
vents, hospitals, and a castle.                               GIIRTHON, ghirfthon, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of
GIPPING, ghiptping, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.   Kirkcudbright.
GIR. See NaroR.:                                             GIRTON, ghirfton, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
GIRAGLIA, je-rglty[, a small island in the Mediterranean,    GIRTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
11 miles off the N. extremity of Corsica.                     GIRVAN, ghirlvan, a river of Scotland, co. of Ayr, rises in
GIRAPETRA, je-rd-p]trA, a small maritime town of the  a small lake, and flows westerly into the Irish Sea, opposite
island of Crete, on its S. coast, 17 miles S. of Spina-Longa.    Ailsa Craig.
GIRARD, je-rardl. a township of Clearfield co., Penusyl-    GIRVAN, a burgh of barony and parish of Scotland, at
vania, on the Susquehanna, 12 miles N.E. of Clearfield. Pop.  the mouth of the above river, co., and 17 miles S.S.W. of Ayr.
286.                                                        Pop. of the town, in 1851, 7319. It is mostly inhabited by
GIRARD, a beautiful post-borough and township of Erie  cotton weavers, and has a town-hall, two branch banks, and
co., Pennsylvania, on Lake*Erie, 16 miles S.W. of Erie. The  a harbor containing from 9 to 11 feet of water.
borough is pleasantly situated on the Ridge Road, and on    GISBURN, ghizebtirn, a parish of England, co. of York,
the Beaver and Erie Canal, about 2 miles from the lake. It  West Riding, on the Ribble, 10' miles W.S.W. of Skipton.
is surrounded by rich and well-cultivated farms, and con-  Gisburn Park, the seat of Lord Ribblesdale, is remar'kable
talins 1 academy and several stores. Pop.in 1853, about 500;  for its herd of wild cattle, similar to those of Chilliugham.
of the township in 1850, 2843.                                GISLEIIAM, ghiztel-.am, a parish  of England, co. of
GIRARD, a thriving post-village of Russell co., Alabama,  Suffolk.
on the right bank of the Chattahoochee  River, opposite Co-    GISLINGHAIM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
lumbus, Georgia. It is the largest place in the county, and    GISOIRS, zhee'zoR', a town of France, department of Eure,
has considerable trade. Girard contains 1 printing-office,  on the Epte, 33 miles N.E. of Evreux. Pop. in 1852, 3653.
several stores, and about 1000 inhabitants. The route of a  The principal edifices are an old castle, partly built by
railroad has been surveyed from Girard to Mobile.           IIeury IT. of England,  and a curious parish church of the
GIRARD, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, on the Ma-  thirteenth century. In the Middle Ages, Gisors was a forthoning River, 170 miles N.E. of Columbus. The Pennsylva-  roess of importance; here several memorable interviews took
nia and Ohio Canal passes through it. Pop. about 300.       place between IHenry I. of England and Pope Calixtus,
GIRARD, a post-township in the N. part of Branch co.,  Henry II. and Louis VII., &c. It has a communal college,
Michigan. Pop. 934.                                         and an active trade in corn, &c.
GIRARD, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.            GISR. See JEZAR.
GIRDLENESS/; a headland of Scotland, co. of Kincardine,    GISSER, ghistser, an island of the Banda group, Malay
forming the S. point of the entrance of the Dee, 2 miles S.  Archipelago. It is low and sandy, surrounded by a coral reef.
of Aberdeen. It has a light-house with 2 fixed lights. Let.    GISSI, jistsee, a market-town  of Naples, province of
570 8' N., ion. 20 3' W.                                    Abruzzo Citra, 10 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 3400.
GIRGtEH or JIRJEHI, jgSe/jih, (written DJIRDJEIH by    GISSIGIIEIM, ghistsig-himeO, a village of Baden, on the
the French,) a town of Upper Egypt, capital of a province of  Brehm. Pop. 958.
its own name, on the Nile, 60 miles N.W. of Thebes. Pop.    GISISING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
700. (?) It is large, and in Upper Egypt ranks nextin import-    GISWEIL, ghistfile, or GYSWYL, ghisvill, a village of
ance after Soot (Siout). It has several mosques, a govern-  Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, on the Lauwibach, 6
ment cotton factory, a school, attended, a few years ago, by  miles.S.WV. of Sarnen. A little above the village tihe out100 boys, and a Latin convent, which is now the oldest Ro-  let of the Lungernsee forms two fine cascades. Pop. 1406.
man Catholic establishment in Egypt.                          GITS, nits, (Fr. pron. zheet,) a village of Belgium, proGIPGENTI, jle-jlnttee, orGERGENTI.? (anc.y grigentum,)  vince of West Flanders, 15 miles N.E. of Ypres. Pop. 3825.
a city of Sicily, on the slope of a mountain, nearly 1200 feet    GITSCIIIN  or GICZIN, ghitchlin, a walled town of Boabove the sea, which it faces at about 3 miles distant. Pop.  hemia,  on the Czidlina, (chid-leeln~,)  50 miles N.E. of
18,569. It has an imposing external appearance, but is ir-  Prague. Pop. 3828. It has a fine castle, built by Wallenregularly laid out. The public buildings are large, though,  stein, and a gymnasium.
except the public seminary, library, and museum, they are. GITTELDE, ghit/ttl'deh, a town of Northern Germany, 35
without merit; the principal are a cathedral of the thir-  miles S.S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 1213.
teenth century, with some antiquities and treasures of art,    GITTISIHAM, ghitfte-sham, a parish of England, co. of
and a great many other churches and convents. On the  Devon.
751




GIU                                                       GLA
GIUBIASCO, joo-be-asrko, a village of Switzerland, canton  Forfar, on the Dundee and Newt.yle Railway. The veneof Ticino, 2 miles S.W. of Bellinzona. Pop. 013.           rable and stately Castle of Glaminis, the seat of the Earl of
GIUGLIANO, jool-y ino, a market-town of Naples, 0 miles Strathmore, contains an interesting collection of antiquities.
N.N.W. of Naples. Pop. 8300. It has 4 churches, an hospital, A passage is still shown, in which Malcolm II. is said to
and a fine noble residence.                                have been murdered, A. D. 1031.
GIUGLIANO, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ci-   GLAMORIGAN, or GLAMORGANSHIRE, glam-orlgantra, district of Chieti. Pop. 1400.                        shir, the southernmost county of Wales, having S. and W.
GIULAMERK, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See JooA- the Bristol Channel. Area, 856 square miles of which about
MEK. n.                                                    one-half are arable or pasture lands. Pop. in 1851, 231,849.
GIULIANA, joo-le-&ni, a seaport village of Dalmatia, on  The surface is mountainous in the N., level in the S.; the
the E. side of the peninsula of Sabioncello.               "YVale of Glamorgan" is of fertility unsurpassed in Wales.
GIULIANOVA, joo-le-&-nolvA, or GIULIANUOYA, joe-le- The principal rivers are the Tawe, Neath, Taff, Romney,
1-noo-o/vA, (anc. Chststrum Noeosum.,) a town of Naples, pro- forming the boundary on the side of Monmotthshire, and
vince of Abruzzo Ultra I., 14 miles E.N.E. of Teramo, near on the W. the Loughor, which, with the Bury estuary,
the Adriatic. Pop. 2000.                                   bounds N. the peninsula of Gower. All the N. part of this
GIULIOPOLI, joo-le-oplo-le, a village of Naples, province  county belongs to the great coal field of South Wales. Large
of Abruzzo Citra, 24 miles S. of Lanciano. Pop. 1055.      iron-works are established at Merthyr-Tydvil, Aberdare, and
GIUPANA, joo-p4tnA, or SCIPAN, she-pan/, an island of  Herwain; and smelting-works at Swansea and Neath, conDalmatia, in the Adriatic, near the coast, 3 miles S. of Slano. nected with the coast by a railway to Cardiff and its branches.
Pop. 850. Length, 5 miles: average breadth, 11 miles.      The Neath and Swansea Canals are also in this county. CapiGIURGEVO, GIURGEWO, jooa-jAlvo, or DI)SCHIURDSCHO- tal, Cardiff. The county sends 2 members to the IHouse of
WA, a town of Wallachia, on the Danube, 40 miles S.W. of  Commons, and its boroughs send 3.
Bucharest, of which it is the port. Pop. 7000. It is a poor   GLAMORPGAN, a county of Van Diemen's Land, bounded
place, but has an active trade, especially with some of the  N. by the St. Paul and South Esk Rivers, separating it from
Austrian ports on the Danube. The fortifications formerly  the county of Cornwall, and on the E. by the ocean. Capiencircling the town, were levelled by the Russians in 1829.  tel, Swansea.
GIUSSANO,joos-s/no, avillageofAustrianItaly, province,   GLAMORGANSHIRE. See GLAM0ORGAN.
and 18 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 1983.                         GLAN, glen, a lake of Sweden, inthe N.E. part ofthe lIen of
GIUSVALLA, joos-vA1/1', a village of the Sardinian States, Linkl ping, about 9 miles long by 6 miles wide. The Motala,
about 21 miles S.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 1186.           which discharges Lake Wetter, after passing through Lake
GIVIENDALE or GWENIDALE, a parish of England, co. Roxen, enters the S.W. extremity of Glan; and, issuing
of York, East Riding.                                      from its E. extremity passes the town of NorrijiSping and
GIVIENSVILLE, a post-office of Pontotoc co., MIississippi. forms a long estuary called Braviken in the Baltic.
GIVET, zhee'vA/, a fortified town of France, department of   GLANDPVE, gl6aNGdaiv/, a hamlet and former town of
Ardennes, on the Meuse, 26 miles N.N.E. of M6liSres, on  France, department of Basses-Alpes, on the Var, 17 miles N.E.
the Belgian frontier. Pop. in 1852, 5639. Here ate exten- ofCastellanne,ruined by repeated inundations of the river.
siye barracks, a military hospital, and on an adjacent height   GLAND/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
is the citadel of Charlemont.                                GLANDIFORD-BRIGG (or BRIDGE,) a market-town of
GIVORS, zhee'vosl. a town of France, department of  England, co.,and 24 miles N.N.W. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851,
RhOne, 13 miles S. of Lyons, on the railway from thence to  2201. Steam-packets connect the town with IIull.
St. Etienne, and on the Rhone, near where it is joined by the    GLANIDON. a harbor of Ireland, co. of Cork, 3 miles W.
Gier River and the Canal of Givors. Pop. in 1852. 9118. It of Ross Bay, about 1 mile wide, and stretches inland about
has a considerable trade in coal and ironstone, brought 3 miles.
hither by its canal, which is about 10 miles in length.      GLANDON, a village of Ireland, co. of Cork, about 2 miles
GIVRY, zhee'vree], a town of France, department of  above the mouth of the harbor.
Sa6ne-et-Loire, 6 miles W. of Chtlons-sur-Salne. Pop. in    GLAN'DORE, a harbor on the S. coast of Ireland, co., and
1852, 3071.                                                34 miles S.S.W. of Cork, in lat. 510 35, N., ion. 90 5t W.
GIZEH, a town of Egypt. See GnEEzer.                       GLANDORE, a town of Ireland, co. of Cork, situated on
GJAT or GJATSK, a town of Russia. See GZaATSK.           the E. side of the harbor, contains many handsome houses,
GLADBACH, gl'd/bdb, or MONCHEN  GLADBACH, a  erected for the accommodation of bathers and others attracttown of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles W. of Dusseldorf, on the  ed to it by the beauty of its situation and the salubrity of
railway from Aix-la-Chapelle to Holmberg. Pop. 3160.       its climate.
GLADBACH, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government of    GLANDORF, gl~nldoaf, a village of Itanover, province of
Cologne, 6 miles N.E. of Mulheim. Pop. 2550.               Osnabriick. Pop. 980.
GLAD/DEN'S GROVE, a post-office of Fairfield district,   GLANE, glen or glgneh, a stream of Switzerland, joins
South Carolina.                                            the Saane below Attenryff.
GLADE, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. Pop.   GLAN'MIREt, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co., and 5
420.                                                       miles E.N.E. of Cork. Pop. 453.
GLADE HILL, a post-office of Franklin co., Yirginia.       GLAN/TON, a township of England, co. of NorthumberGLADE MILLS, a post-village of Butler co., Pennsylvania, land.
on Glade Creek, 22 miles N. of Pittsburg.                    GLANTWORTH, a village and parish of Ireland, in MunGLADE MINES, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia.         ster, co. of Cork, 5' miles S.S.W. of Mitchelstown. Pop. of
GLADENBACH, gl4/den-ba'K, a market-town of Germany, village, 1012. Iere are the ruins of a noble castle, forfeited
in Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 miles W.S.W. of Marburg. Pop. 1050. by Lord Fermoy in 1641.
GLADE RUN, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.   GLAP/THORN, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
GLADE'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Putnam co., Geor-   GLARNISCIHI, (Glirnisch,) glaintr/nish, a mountain of Switgia, 32 miles N. of Milledgeville.                        zerland, canton, and about 5 miles S.W. of Glarus, has seveGLADE SPRING, a post-village of Washington co., Vir- ral peaks, and is connected with the TJdi. It is 8925 feet
ginia, on the route of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, high, rises abruptly from the valley below, and is difficult of
10 miles from Abingdon. It is the seat of Emory and Henry  ascent. Lat. of the Vorder Gliirnisch. 4701 22/t N., ion. 90 2
College, founded by the Methodists in 1838.                30,, E.
GLADE SPRING, a post-office of HIa.rrison co., Texas.      GLARUS, gli]r/5s, or GLARIS, glbreece, a town of SwitGLADIESTRY, a parish of South Wales: co. of Radnor.    zerland. capital of a canton of its own name, on the Linth,
GLADESVILLE, a post-office of Jasper co., Georgia.      at the foot of Mount Glarnisch.  Pop. in 1850, 4082. Its
GLADEVILLE, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.     church is shared both by Protestants and Roman. CathoGLADOVA, gll-do/vA, (Turk. Fet-lslam,s f t-isnlim',)  a town  lies, and it has a hospital, town-hall,'free  school, public
of Servia, on the Danube, immediately below the' iron gate,'" library and reading room, with manufactures of muslins,
or rapids of that river, 13 miles S.E. of New Orsova. It-is printed cottons, woollen cloths, and Schabzieger cheese.
the chief station of the Danube Steam Navigation Con-   GLARUS or GLARIS, a canton of Switzerland, enclosed
pany, and its inhabitants are actively employed in the con- by St. Gall, the Grisons, Schwytz, and Uri. Area, 280 square
veyance of merchandise, by land, between it and Orsova. miles. Pop. in 1850, 30,197. The Liuth and its affluents
About'2 miles below it are the remains of the bridge built pour themselves into the Lake of Wallenstatt, on its N.
by Trajan across the Danube.                              frontier; on all other sides it is hemmed in by high mounGLADSMUIR, gladzlmiire, a parish of Scotland, co., and 4  tain ranges, and the Dbdi at its S. extremity, 11,887 feet in
miles W. of IHaddington. The battle of. Gladsmuir, better height, is the loftiest summit in East Switzerland.  Orknown as that of Prestonpans, was fought partly in this chards are numerous; little corn is produced; cattle rearing
parish.                                                   and manufactures of cotton and linen goods form the chief
GLAD'WIN, a new county towards the E. part of Michi- occupations of the inhabitants. Capital, Glarus.
gan, contains about 570 square miles. It is intersected by    GLAS/BURY, a parish of South Wales, cos. of Brecon and
the Titibawassee River. This county is not included in the  Radnor.
census of 1850, and has few, if any, inhabitants.'          GLASICO, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, on HudGLADY CREEK, a post-office of Barbour co., Virginia.    son River, 48 miles S. of Albany. It has a steamboat landGLAIDStDALE, a parish of England, co. of York, North  ing and extensive brick-yards.
Riding.                                                     GLASCOMOE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
GLAMIMIS, a parish of Scotland, co., and 5 pmiles S.W. of    GLASCOW, a village of Canada West, co. of Waterloo, sep&755




GLA                                                         GLA.
rated f'om Bridgeport by the Grand River, over which there  on the north side of Trongate, is a noble range of buildings
is a bridge, 2 miles N. of Berlin. Polp. about 75.          with a superb  palatial-looking front, supported on rusticaGLASEN, (Glisen,) gl4lzeu, a village of Prussia, govern- ted arcades. Adjoining to it, at the Cross and the foot of
ment of Oppeln. Pop. 880.                                   the HIigh street. is the quaint-looking steeple of the old
GLASENBACH, gl tzen-b~K', a village of Austria, duchy  Tolbooth, with a'fine chime of bells; and W. from it is the
of, and near Salzburg.                                      steeple of the old Tron Church, a well-known landmark in
GLASENDORF, gl zen-donf', a village of Bohemia, circle  the city. fMany of the banks are among the chief architectof Bidschow. Pop. 290.                                      ural ornaments of Glasgow; the Union, British Linen,
GLASERSDORF, (Glesersdorf,) glAtzerz-donf', a village of  Royal, National, Western, and City Banks, may especially
Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1217.                     be particularized for their elegance.  The Western Club
GLASERSDORF, (Glesersdorf,) a village ofPrussia, govern- HIouse, Assembly Rooms, now the Athenseum, Hutchesons'
ment of Liegnitz. circle of Ltiben. Pop. 977.              iHospital, the Trades' Hall, the Universities, the Established
GLASERSDORP  (Gliisersdorf) OBER, a village of Prussia, and Free Church Normal Seminaries, City Hall, Corn Exgovernment of Liegnitz, circle of Liiben. Pop. 665.         change, the extensive Lunatic Asylum at G artnavel, 2 miles
GLASIFORD. a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.           W. from the city, and the Observatory, about half a mile
GLAS1GOW, (L. Glastcua,) the principal commercial and  nearer in the same direction; some of the more recently
manufacturing city of Scotland, co. of Lanark, Lower Ward, erected schools, both private and charity, are all more or
on both sides ofthe Clyde, 42 miles W. by S. of Edinburgh. Lat. less deserving of notice; as are also the Town's Hospital,
of Glasgow Bridge, 550 ii'5 54"t N., Ion. 40 16' W.  Greatest and the North and South Prisons. The public monuments
length from E. to W., 3 miles; breadth from N. to S.; 2 miles;  comprise that to Nelson in the Green, an Egyptian obelisk,
circumference about 8 miles. The city proper stands wholly  144 feet in height; an equestrian statue of King William III.
on the right bank of the river, having the suburbs of Calton  at the Cross; the statues of Sir John Moore, a native of
and Bridgeton on the E., and those of Anderston and Fin- Glasgow, by Flaxman, and one of his finest works; of James
nieston on the W., the whole forming one continuous town; Watt, by Chantrey; and a fluted Doric column, surmounted
besides these, the suburban villages of Camlachie, West- by a figure, in freestone, to Sir Walter Scott-the last three
muir, and Parkhead on the E., and of Partick on the W., in George Square; and the equestrian statue of the Duke
are so closely connected with it as to be likewise almost con- of Wellington, by Marochetti, in front of the Royal Extinuous.  On the opposite or left bank of the Clyde is the  change.
ancient suburb of Gorbals; and, of more modern growth,    Churches and Places of Worship.-There are, within the
those of Hutchesontown on the E., and Laurieston, Trades- parliamentary city and burgh of Glasgow, 143 places of
ton, andKingston on the W., the whole so blended as to con- worship-Established Church 25, Free 30, United Presby'
stitute one uninterrupted series of streets and houses, with  terian 23, Episcopalian 5, Roman Catholic 7, Independent
which the village of Govan, on the W., is almost united. 11, Baptist 7, other denominations, 35; affording, altogether,
These two sections of the town are connected by three sub- seats for 114,275 persons.  As specimens of ecclesiastical
stantial stone bridges; and an elegant suspension bridge  architecture, many of these churches are of a high order.
was in process of erection in 1852; in addition to these, an- First, is the ancient Cathedral or High Church, a majestic
other stone bridge crosses the river at the E. extremity of  pile, situated on the N., and the oldest part of the town,
the town. The greater part of the city, and its suburban  on the edge or W. bank of a ravine, traversed by the Moportions, stand on level ground, lying along the banks of  lendinar Burn. This fine old edifice was founded in 1123,
the river; but on the N. and N.W., at once comprising the  during the reign of David I., by John Achaius, Bishop of
oldest and newest parts, it rises to considerable elevations, Glasgow, and dedicated to St. Mungo or Kentigern. It reoccupying, in the former quarter, the face and summit of a  ceived, however, subsequently, many additions and embelsteep ridge; in the latter, ascending, and crowning several lishments, by successive prelates, as far down as the Regentle acclivities. Its plan is very regular, both on the N. formation. It is in the early pointed style, with a lofty
and S. sides of the river, the streets generally extending E. tower and spire rising from the centre 225 feet. The whole
and W., nearly parallel to the river, or N. and S., at right an- edifice has recently been subjected to a complete repair.
gles to it.                                                 "The crypt of the cathedral," according to Mr. Rickman,
The general appearance of Glasgow, on being approached  "is not equalled by any in the kingdom; the piers and
in almost any direction, is not, perhaps, very preposses- groins are all of the most intricate character, the most
sing, owing to its generally low situation, and to the obtru- beautiful design, and excellent execution."  Among the
sion of a vast number of tall smoking chimneys, and other Established churches, St. Andrew's, a building of the commanifestations of manufacturing industry; still, the great posite order, and one of the oldest, is also, in many respects;
number of its handsome spires forms a striking feature in its  one of the finest in the city; after it, St. David's, in the degeneral aspect, when viewed from a distance; and, when sur- corated Gothic style, St. George's, and St. Enoch's, in the
veyed in detail, it is found to possess many pleasing and at-  Roman style, may be named as most worthy of notice. The
tractive features. All its buildings, with the exception of fac- finer specimens of ecclesiastical architecture, of more irecent
tories and a few suburban houses for the working-classes, are  erection, are the Free churches of St. John, St. Matthew,
constructed in a superior style, of fine white and generally  St. Peter, and St. Stephen, all Gothic buildings, with elepolished freestone, imparting a peculiar air of combined  gant and lofty spires; the Renfield street United Presbysolidity and elegance to the whole city. Many of the streets  terian Church, and the new Independent Chapel, tasteful
are handsome and spacious, some of the public edifices mag- Gothic structures.
nificent, and the new crescents, squares, and isolated rows    Educational, Literary, and  cienific lnstisions.-At the
of dwellings, particularly in the W. end of the town, present head of the educational institutions of Glasgow stands the
as beautiful specimens of modern domestic architecture as  University, founded, in 1450, by Bishop Turnbull. It comare to be seen any where; having the additional advantage, prises 22 professors, in the four faculties of arts, theology,
in numerous instances, of fine commanding situations. law, and medicine; there is, besides, a lecturer on the strucThe principal streets are, in general, remarkably straight, ture and diseases of the eye.  The building, situated in
and most of them of considerable width. They are kept in  High  street, comprises 5 quadrangles or open  courts,
good order, and are well paved, and lighted by between 7000  bounded by the various rooms and offies belonging to the
and 8000 gas lamps. Water is furnished at the rate of 27  institution. Its street front is in the Elizabethan style,
gallons a day to each inhabitant, the total daily supply be- and dates about the middle of the 17th century. Behind
uing 12,000,000 gallons. The principal street is the Trongate, is the Hunterian Museum, so called from its founder, the
with its continuations-the Gallowgate on the E., and Ar- celebrated Dr. William Hunter, who studied at the Univergyle street on the W.; it lies E. and W., is in all about 2  sity. It is an elegant Roman Doric edifice, contains Dr.
mileslong and 80 feet wide, and is justly considered one of  Hunter's valuable collection of anatomical preparations, a
the handsomest streets in Europe. The finest N. and S. collection of objects of natural history, a cabinet of coins, a
streets are Buchanan street and Queen street; the former library of 12,000 volumes, and a small, but choice collection
the fashionable street of the day, and the most remarkable  of paintings, purchased for the founder by Sir R. Strange,
for the elegance of its shops. The squares of Glasgow are  including several of the originals of the finest works of
few in number, and generally small. The crescents and ter- that eminent engraver. The professors derive their incomes
races are of modern creation, and are, therefore, all confined  partly from fees paid by the students, and partly from funds
to the growing, or W. and N.W. end of the city.            belonging to the college, augmented by annual grants from
Public Buildings, Bridges, Alonuments, c&c.-Glasgow has  Government. There is only one session in the year, commany public buildings of great architectural merit; but by  mencing in the beginning of November, and terminating
far the most magnificent is the Royal Exchange in Queen  on the 1st of May. The number of students varies fi-om
street. It is in the Corinthian style, surmounted by a  1000 to 1200.  The Andersonian University was founded,
handsome circular clock-tower, has a lofty octostyle portico, for the use of unacademical classes, in 1795, by John Anthree columns in depth, and is adorned on the sides by  derson, professor of natural philosophy in the University
engaged columns, giving the whole building a singularly  of Glasgow, and endowed by him  with a valuable philonoble appearance; the news-room is about 100 feet long by  sophical apparatus, museum, and library.  Other public
40 broad, with a rich coffered roof, supported by Corinthian  educational institutions are the Mechanics' Institution,
columns. The new County Buildings in connection with  the first of the kind established in Britain; the High School
the adjoining Merchants' Hall, compose a magnificent pile, or Grammar School, under the superintendence of the inof a simple, but imposing character. The Tontine, contain- corporation; the Normal Seminaries of the Established and
ing the Old Exchange and Town-hall, situated at the Cross, Free Churches, for the training of teachers-the former the
T56




GLA                                                           GLA
first seminary of the kind in Scotland, the latter conducted  a considerable extent. The calico print-works produce goods
on Stow's Training System; and the Government School of  of every variety and quality.  The following table, will give
Design. The number of minor elementary schools is also  a good general idea of the extent to which the various manuvery great; but there seems to be still a very large amount factures already alluded to are carried on, including the
of educational destitotion in the city, especially as regards  additional branches of flax-spinning and rope-making:children between the ages of 5 and 10 years; the number
of whom, not attending school, Dr. Strang estimates at be- Statistical Table of the Fctories   and Print   orks situated in,
tween 6000 and 7000. The principal literary and scientific                         and near Glasgow.
institutions are the Philosophical Society, Literary and                             Number  Acgregate            Aggregate
Commercial Society, Maitland Club, AthenT umn, the Glas-          Nature of Work.      of      persons   Asggregate   PowerWoks    mployed. Spindl~es.  Looms.
gowMedical Society, and tlhe Medico-Chirurgical Society. The                          Works.  Employed.            Loms.
public libraries are Stirling's Library, about 12,000 volumes;  Cotton Spinning.......   40
the Glasgow Library, 15,000 volumes; the College Library,  Cotton Weaving........   39
101,000 volumes; and the libraries of the Athenum, the   Cotton Spinning and
Adersonian University, and the Mechanics' Institution.    Weaving.............          16
There are 3 public reading-rooms-the Royal Exchange, the                                95      21,737    868,436   19,272
Tontine or Old Exchange, and the Athennum,-besides a  Woollen and Worsted
number of minor rooms established by private individuals    spinning and weaving?         700    14,392       60
in different parts of the city. There were, in 1852, 14 news-  Silk throwing and winding...................  4         700    30,705
papers published in Glasgow —9 weekly, 3 twice a-week, 1  Flax spinning and ropethrice a-week, and 1 daily. Several of these are conducted       niking..............   4       1,350    35,000
with great ability.
mit~~~~ great ability. ~~~~~~~~~110 -24,487   948,533  19,332
Benevolent Institutions.-These are so numerous, that we  Calico print works....    11,119,332
Calicoprint orks.....   11 3,164
can do little more than name the principal. They comprise                              -
the Royal Infirmary and Fever Hospital, Eye Infirmary,                  Total........  121     27,651   948,5331  19,332
Night Asylum  for the Houseless; the Town Hospital, or
City Poor-house, and the Barony and Govan Parish Poor-    To complete this section of the manufactures, dyeworks
houses; the Asylum for the Blind, Institution for Deaf and  must be added; in which there are employed, in dyeing
Dumb, Indigent Old Men's Asylum, House of Refuge for Turkey red, for which Glasgow has long been noted, about
Females, House of Refuge for Males, Lock Hospital, three  350 hands; and in other colors connected with manufactures
Lying-in Hospitals, Hutchesons' Hospital for the Mainte- about 720. But a very inadequate idea of the extent of the
nance of Decayed Burgesses and their Widows, and the  Glasgow manufacturing interests, in the branches already
Education of Boys, (sons of burgesses;) a Lunatic Asylum, mentioned, will be formed, unless it be recollected that, in
Humane Society, the Merchants' House, and the Fourteen  addition to the factories enumerated in the preceding table,
Trades Incorporations, the last two dispensing a large sum   the hand-loom  weavers in all the villages for many miles
annually; besides numerous free schools for the poor, bene-  round are employed directly by Glasgow houses; and that
volent societies, and minor charities.                         the spinning and weaving factories of Blantyre, Lanark,
The Green, Botanic Gacden, amd Cemeteries. —The Green,  Catrine, Deanston, Rothesay, &c., and the print works of
as it is emphatically called, is a large and beautiful park, Alexandria, Bonhill, Barrhead, and Neilston, &c., are quite
comprising 140 acres of smooth verdant lawn, and adorned  as much the factories of Glasgow as those situated within
at various points by rows of noble trees. It is situated at  the bounds of the city.
the south-eastern part of the city, on the right bank of    The embroidering of muslins, commonly called the sewed
the river; is the common property of the inhabitants, and  muslin manufactures, is a branch of business almost pecuis used principally for purposes of recreation. The Botanic  liar to Glasgow; about nine-tenths of the whole of this kind
Garden, about a mile N.W. from the city, or about 2 from   of work being done for that city, the remaining tenth fos
the Cross, comprises 21 acres, occupying the gentle slope  Belfast. The number of persons employed; either excluoverlooking the wooded banks of the Kelvin, which forms  sively or partially in these manufactures, in the counties
part of its boundary. It is tastefully laid out, and has an  of Lanark, Ayr, and Renfrew in Scotland, and in the 2
extensive collection of native and exotic plants. The Ne- of Ireland, is very great; they are chiefly females who work
cropolis occupies a steep rocky eminence rising, from  the  in their own homes, many of them, however, only at byeMolendinar Burn, opposite the Cathedral; and is taste- hours. One Glasgow firm  employs upwards of 26,000; and
fully and profusely adorned with trees and shrubs. The  the total number employed by Glasgow houses is estimated
numerous monuments, many of them  exceedingly hand-  at about 110,000. The embroidering also with silk on woolsome, with which it is crowded, are finely displayed in ter-  len fabrics, such as ladies' dresses, vestings, &c., gives work
races, rising above each other on the face of the steep. to many thousand hands, residing chiefly in the surroundThere are three other cemeteries of a similar kind in the  ing villages, and scattered over the three counties aboveoutskirts of the town; and, altogether, the number of places  named.
of sepulture in and around the city is 21.                       Iron. —The iron manufactures of Glasgow, in all their de_asarkets, and Consumption of  sod.-Glasgow is well sup- partments, are at least as important as those of cotton. In
plied with all kinds of provisions; but has only one gene-  1849, there were 79 smelting furnaces around the town, each
al public market-place that need here be noticed-namely,  producing an average of 6000 tons of pig-iron per annum, or
the Bazaar, in Candleriggs street, which is spacious and  475,000 tons yearly. The principal articles manufactured
well arranged. The cattle-market, at the east end of the  from this metal are-land and marine engines, locomotives,
city, occupies an area of 30,000 square yards, and is well laid  railway wheels and axles, carriages, wagons, trucks, rails,
out. It appears that the use of bread has doubled since  chairs, and power-looms, and machinery of all kinds, hy1846. To supply the demand, there are, besides numerous  draulic presses, mills of various descriptions,  anchors,
smaller bakeries, several very extensive establishments, at  chains, and ship-mounting in general, bars, &c.; and a
the largest of which as many as 40,000 quartern (4 pounds) vast quantity of iron is now consumed also in the buildloaves have been baked for some weeks in succession. The  ing of both sailing vessels and steamers. The following
number of animals slaughtered in Glasgow, during the  table furnishes a view of one department of iron manufacyear 1851 was-oxen 20,569, calves 4443, sheep 72,589, lambs  tures, that connected with marine engines and steamers,
50,499, goats 50, and pigs 5157.                               in which the number of hands employed is between 4000
Sanitary Condition.-The climate of Glasgow is marked  and 5000:by great humidity, and the prevalence of S. and S.W. winds. Maasne Engines and Iron Steamers constructed at Glasgow
It seems particularly unfavorable to human life during                            in the years 1847-1851.
childhood, no fewer than one child out of every 20, under 15
years of age, dying here annually; while in Edinburgh,                                 No o  essels   No of Iron
Horse-Power  oe No.hich thoese  Ntoemers built.  Aggregate
Dundee, and Greenock, only 1 child out of every 30 dies an-       es.   Marine Engines    Eue -goegt
nually. To adults, however, and the aged, the climate is                   consltruted.  ower mude   Paddle. orew.
more favorable; Glasgow being ranked, in regard to these,
as the fourth healthiest town in the kingdom. The most   1847.                3,155        14         12            6,585
prevailing disease is consumption; next, bowel complaints;   1848.....       5,220         19                3      4,305
and next, typhus fever. Of late years, much has been done    1849.....       2,691         17        12      3     9,875
by the public authorities towards the improvement of the    1850.....         43           19         9      6     8,409
1851...      3,444         23          9     9    12,109
sanitary condition of the city, but much still remains to be
done. There are, at present, 42 miles of main sewers; 21          Total..    18,891         91 -51    21    41,853
miles of which have been formed during the last six years.
Manufactures,-The principal textile manufactures of Glas-    Besides what is done for private companies, a considerable
gow are cotton, which include an immense variety, from   amount of work is also performed for government; the
coarse, unbleached, to the finest bleached imitations oflinens;  Clyde, on which steam navigation first commenced in Brisheetings, twilled and plain, counterpanes, bed-covers, ging-  tain, still retaining preeminence for its steamers and marine
hams, checks, and stripes; cords, in colored fabrics for foreign  engines. The Cunard mail packets, were all built here,
markets; calicoes, cambrics, jaconets, lawns, muslins plain  and their engines were constructed by Robert Napier of
and fancy, &c. Besides these, mixed fabrics of cotton and silk,  Glasgow.  From  March to August, 1853, there were built
cotton and wool, and cotton and linen are manufactured to  or building here, for British American marine service, 5
757




GLA                                                        GLA
steamers, with an aggregate burden of 6820 tons and 1560  river, and cutting away all points and projections which
horse-power, and 8 sailing vessels, measuring, in the aggre-  impede the flow of the tide. Altogether, there has been exgate, 5243 tons.                                                 pended by the Clyde Trust, on construction and repairing
Chemical ubstance.s. —The most extensive chemical works  of quays and sheds, general management. interest of debt,
probably in existence are those of St. Rollox, in the N.E.  &c., and in deepening and improving the river, from 1770,
part of Glasgow.  They cover over 12 acres of ground, em-  to June 30, 1851, the sum  of 1,888,6240.; of which sum
ploy about 1000 hands, have several lofty chimney-stalks,  1,062,8461. have been expended since 1842.
one of which is 450 feet high, 50 feet in diameter at the bass,     That this great outlay has not been fruitless, is evidenced
and 14 feet at the top; and consume annually from 70,000  by the following tables, showing the number of vessels
to 80,000 tons of coal. About 50,000 tons of raw materials  arriving at the port, and the rapid increase in their size.
are used in these works, and the manufactured products
amount to about 25,000 tons annually, principally of alkali,  Tab, shw          e      ease   f   n       etween  eers  din
bleaching-powder, vitriol, and soap.  Iodine is manufac-                             Jutly, 1828, Jssiy, 1850.
tured to a great extent by several houses in Glasgow;
indeed, with the exception of one establishment in the N.               s.       8. 1840. 180.          s.    188.          s.
of Ireland, a small one at Greenock, and another at Bor-   Under 40... 2017  0256  4319  000 to 50..    e    e1    213
"~nder$O ]. 2' —~l'32-~- 4 —11 30~0:~-~-~ —
rowstouness, all the British iodine is made in this city.   40to 60... 2847  4286  2245  350to400....   0    73    145
Cudbear is almost exclusively  a  Glasgow  manufacture.    60 to 80... 4605  3945  2894  400 to 450....   0    63    110
80 to 100...! 1399 i2975!3204 1450 to 500....   0 I18!4
]ichromate of potash is largely produced. The other prin-                                                                     34 to ass...  13s  oem 7 3004    sto s00....   5    a 
100 to 050...   213 ] 922  50 0   to 600....   5    659   al 
cipal chemical manufactures are naptha, pitch-oil, pitch,  1  to 200...   20  326 17  600 to 700....                   3     15
sulphate of ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, and liquid   200 to 250...   14   171   321  700 & upward   0 5               
ammonia; animal charcoal, salt of ammonia, and bone tar;   250 to 300..    1   28    128 I
piroligneous acid, acetic acid, and their combinations, such
as sugar of lecad, iron moralaunts, &c., extensively used in
as sn~ar of lead, iron mordaunts, &c., extensively need in The whole tonnage which arrived during the same period
dyeing and printing; a small quantity of tartaric acid and  was as follows:cream  of tartar, with aquafortis, muriatic acid, and the                                 Sailing Vessels.      Steam Vessels.
various solutions and  combinations of tin, iron, copper,                                      Tons.               Toes.
&c., used by calico-printers and dyers, are also manufac-               1828..... 2............214,315................481,946
tured.  Alum and prussiate of potash are extensively made                1840....................271,942...............894,387
by Glasgow houses; but the works are at some distance                   1850...................392,33............873,15
from the city.                                                      Trade and Cbmmerce.-Besides being the seat of a great
Potteries, Tobacco-pipes, Mlass,,c. —Till 1837 there was only  amount of trade arising from what may be called its native
1 pottery-work in Glasgow; in 1852 there were 8, with the  manufactures, Glasgow is a general mart for all the mannprospect of a rapid increase; the town being quite as favor-  factures of Scotland, and for much of those of the N. of Ireably situated, with respect to clay, as the Staffordshire pot-  land. It has also an extensive foreign and coasting trade,
teries; and much more so with respect to fuel, and the ready  for the accommodation of which there are numerous spacious
means of conveyance of goods to all parts of the world. All  bonded warehouses and granaries in convenient localities,
kinds of ware are manufactured, from the coarsest descrip- most of the former being in the vicinity of the quays.  One
tion to the finest porcelain, employing upwards of 1300  of the most important articles of the commerce of Glasgow
nands.  The common ware is made of red clay obtained in  is grain, the quantitiesof which imported firom Ireland and
the vicinity of the town; and for the finer kinds about  other countries to the Clyde, and by way of Grangemouth,
10,000 tons of clay are annually imported, chiefly from the  (the latter arriving at Port-Dundas, the extensive harbor
counties of Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall.  Besides the pot-  of the Forth and Clyde Canal,) for the years 1850 and 1851,
teries above alluded to, there is an extensive manuiactory   were as follows:of firebricks,eand other articles from  fire-clay, including
chimney tops, vases, and other ornamental objects. But                     Ireland.               Foreign, and Gravsgemoeth.
probably the most remarkable advances made in the manu-                                         -        - 
factures of clay have taken place in the making of tobacco-                       185.   185..    851.
pipes, which is now  carried on to a greater extent in Glas-  Wheat......bol.  9,570   7,330    Wheat.....qrs. 182,462 331,780
gow  than in any other place in Great Britain.  Twenty  Flour......sks. 28,470  21,730    Flour......sks. 52,556  80,634
years ago there were but 50 persons employed in this branch   Oats.........bol. 122,900 130,320   Flour......brls. 129,900 278,831
of manufacture in the city; while in 1852 there were 450,  Oatmel....lds. 10,900   8,00    Ots.......qrs. 23,429  13,325
Barley......bol.  9,830   3,350    Barley......qrs. 45,096  42,696
which produced from  6000 to 7000 gross (about 1,000,000)  Beans.......bol. 11,390  20;320   Beans......qrs. 44,615  28,858
of pipes weekly. These are exported to all parts of the world.                                    Peas.......qrs. 10,406   4,800
The manufacture of green glass bottles commenced in 1730,
and of flint glass in 1777. For many.years there was only          Besides these importations of grain, about 30,000 tons are'I manufactory of each; in 1852 there were 11-of which 6  brought annually from the E. of Scotland by the Edinburgh
are bottle, 4 flint, and 1 crown, employing altogether about  and Glasgow  Railway.  The quantity of fresh and salted
400 persons. Flint glass is exported to a considerable extent,  meat imported in 1851 was 19,798 tons, of which 18,378 tons
chiefly to Canada and the East Indies. There are 10 distil-  came by sea. There were imported into the harbor the same
leries within the bounds of the Glasgow collection, produc-  year, 8900 tons of eggs, butter, and lard; nearly the whole
ing annually about 2,500,000 gallons of spirits; and in the  of which was foreign.  The number and register tonnage of
city and suburbs there are 5 breweries, the most extensive  steam vessels which arrived at Glasgow from 1st July, 1850,
of which exports 240,000 dozens of bottled malt liquor, and  to 30th  June, 1851, was 11,062; tonnage 1,021,821.  The
pays 4000Z. annually for corks. The number of manufacto-  numbel and tonnage of the  sailing vessels, foreign and
ries of hard confections is 6; the largest of these establish-  coastwise, which arrived and departed during the same
ments works the pans by steam-power and uses a ton of  period is shown in the following table;sugar daily. The extent to which beef hams are cured —
a business almost peculiar to Glasgow-may be inferred
from the fact, that during the six mnonths endingo Dec. 31,                          was                      Ouwa.
1851, upwards of 128 tons of fresh beef came from Edinburgh   LiNEs oFs
alone, to be converted into hams.                                 COAsT.    Loaded.    In Ballast.       Loaded.    In Ballast
flarbor and Quays.-The improvements of the river and
the accommodation provided for shipping, are two of the                     No. Tonnage. No. sTonnage. ONo. Tonnage. No. Tonange.
most remarkable features connected with the city of Glas-            lad,95  45,72 1,54 109,5              82,907  81
Scotland 1 —35  45,21,-9,4 1 —9,7 —5' 30-231 82 —— 7-81   621
gow.  The harbor at the Broomielaw, below Glasgow Bridge,   Esgland   523  65,705   57  10,054   889  86,0653   2            718
is usually crowded with vessels from all parts of the world,  Iceland   1,122  65,542   35   3,863  853  44,289
from the stately ship to the humble scow  or gabbard.  The                    -
que.ys which line each side of the river were, in 1813, 941                3,590 177,909 12,046 123,932 4,750 213,261  83    6.933
qunys                                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ferelen    535.122,3,26    1    4501  716 276,44   13 26,10e
feet in length; in 1835 they had extended to 4451 feet; and   Forein    575 123,36    1    4            71616,441  16    3.18
now they are 10,873 feet in extent, furnished with long              Total 4,16  300,355 2,047 124,430  -:466 389,702  99   00,119
ranges of sheds and strong cranes, and capable of accommodating vessels of 1000 tons burden. There being no wet
docks, all vessels must lie in the river. The averagse  avail-    The quantity, in tons, of the various goods imported into
able depths at high water of neap-tides, is 16 feet. Various  Glasgow, foreign and coastwise, firom July 1, 1850, to June
formidable obstructions, including a shoal, called the Iirst,  30, 1851, was 428,102; the exports for the same period,
extending a quarter of a mile up and down the river, on  595,124. The total value of exports in 1840 was 2,214,3201.;
which there was only 15 inches at low, and 39 at high-water,  in  1851, 3,499,0821.; in  1852, 3,570,375/.; and in 1858,
and some islands one or more of which was situated from 2  4,968,6301.
to 3 miles below  the city, have been removed, and a clear    No general statenment that can be made, will give a clearer
passage made to the sea.. In 1816, the depth of the water, at  view of the great extent and rapid increase of the commerce
the top of spring-tides was 91 feet; which now is about the  of the port, than the following table, showing the progressive
depth at the lowest state of neap-tides.  The process of  increase in the tonnage of shipping, (Glasgow property,) and
deepening is still going on, and fulrther improvement is also  the amount of customs' duties collected at various pec
in progress by straightening the general  course of the  riods; the increase in the latter beingall the more remark.
758




GLA                                                           GLA
able, from  the well-known fact, that many and important  tablishing St. Itollox Chemical Works, already alluded tc.
duties have in recent years been wholly abolished.             The importance of the discovery of bleaching powder will
be appreciated, when it is stated that the quantity of cot-'Years              No. of                                   ton goods now manufactured is so great, that the entire
ended     Duties.    Ships. Tonnage.       R    KS.          surface of Great Britain would not suffice to bleach them by
Jan.5.          Sh~~~~~ips.
~~~~~~~Jan. ~5.~ ~the old method of exposure to the air. The first steamboat
1796      25 1.3 OM                                         (the Comet) successfully propelled on a navigable river it
1812,121 4        3      2,620  Glasgow ships reqequired to  Europe, was started on the Clyde, by IHenry Bell, in 1812,,24  41/    5     260Clso   hp
1815    8,300 4 3%    55    4.829   be registered at Port-  (steam navigation was commenced oa the Hudson in 1807.)
Glasgow or Greenock
tGlasgow  or Greietoni  In 1828 Neilson obtained a patent forusing heated air in the
tilt 1819, and it continued optional to do so  manufacture of iron, commonly called the "hot blast," by
till 1824.            the introduction of which the extensive iron fields in the
1820   11,000 6 9     85    6,604 Glasgow made a bonding  vicinity of Glasgow, hitherto only partially worked, were
182    41,154 6 7    111   14,084   port for particular ar-  rendered fully available.
ticles in 1817 and 1818,
and in 1822 extended to    Among the remarkable men, who can be claimed as natives
all articles except to-  of Glasgow, may be named General Sir Thomas Munro, Genebacco and tea.         ral Sir John Moore, who fell at Corunna, and Thomas Camp-.1830   59,013 17     233   40,978  Glasgowr  made a port of bell, the poet.
imaportation of Eastn           poet
dia goods in 828.t  In-   Glasgow is a royal, municipal, and parliamentary burgh,
1835  270,667 8 9   297   54,335  Glasgow made a port for  and is governed by a lord provost, 8 bailies, and 39 coun1840  468,974 12 2   351   11,878   importation and ware- cillors. Its income in 1851 vas 20,4901., and the expendi1845  6t51,851 2 5   42   011,620   housing of tobacco in  ture 18.9031, It is the seat of justiciary, sheriff, burgh,
1800  640,568 7 9    507  137,909   1832, and of tea in 1831.  county,' small debt, and police courts; has also a river court,
1851  675,044 15 18   512  140,741
185 25r704,419 1  91508,145,684                            and a chamber of commerce; and sends 2 members to tlhe
House of Commons. Pop. in 1785, 45,889; in 1801, 83,769;
Raslways and Canals —On the N. side of the river, the  in 1821, 147,043; in 1831, 202,426; in 1841, 280,682; and in
Edinburgh and Glasgow, the Caledonian, and the Glasgow,  1851, 347,001.
Garnkirk, and Coatbridge Railways have their termini; and    GLASGOW, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware, on
on the S. side, are those of the joint Glasgow, Paisley, and  the Newcastle and Frenchtown Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of
Greenock, and Glasgow and South-western; the Glasgow,  Wilmington.
Barrhead, and Neiston; the Clydesdale Junction; and the    GLASGOW, a small village of Walker co., Alabama.
General Terminus and Harbor Railway.  Of these, the last    GLASGOW, a post-village, capital of Barren co., Kennamed, and the Glasgow, Garnkirk, and Coatbridge, are  tucky, on the ratiload from  Louisville to Nashville, 126
exclusively mineral lines.  The Forth and'Clyde Canal, miles S.W. of Frankfort.  It contains 3 houses for worship,
communicating, as its name indicates, with the Clyde on  2 academies, and 2 tanneries. Pop. about 800.
the one hand at Bowling, and the Forth on the other at    GLASGOW, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.
Grangemouth, unites at Port Dundas, with the Monkland    GLASGOW, a post-village of Scott co., Illinois, 40 miles
Canal. The former is the medium  of an extensive trade  S.W. of Springfield.
with the E. coast of the country, and with the Baltic, &c.;    GLASGOW, a flourishing post-village of Howard co., Misthe latter is chiefly used for conveying coal and iron to the  souri, on the left (N.) bank of the Missouri River, 72 miles
city, from the mining districts to the E. of it.               by land- N.W. of Jefferson City. It is a place. of considerable
History. —The name Glasgow  (in  old  documents f-e- trade; the surplus produce of Howard county, and some
quently spelt Glascu and Glasgu) is probably derived from   others, being mostly shipped here.  A plank-road is prothe Celtic Clis-dhu, (dark ravine,) in allusion to the locality  jected between Glasgow and Huntsville.  Two newspapers
in which the Cathedral is situated. This locality was first  are published here. Pop. in 1853, tibout 1200.
settled about 560. As early as the thirteenth century, Glas-    GLASGOW, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.
gow appears to have possessed a regular magistracy and    GLASGOW, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou,
ourts  of justice; and nearly a century before this, the an-  on the East River, near its entrance into Pieton Ilarbor,
nual fair, still continued, was established.  Glasgow has been  about 90 miles N.E. of Halifax.
the scene of but few important historical events. In 1638    GLASHUTTE, (Glashiitte,),,glsthiit'teh, a town of Saxony,
was held, in the Cathedral, the famous Glasgow Assembly  circle of Dresden, 5 miles E.S.E. of Dippoldiswalde. Pop. 1085.
of the Kirk of Scotland, which deposed the bishops, abolished    GLASNEVIEN, a village and parish ofIreland, in Leinster,
Prelacy, restored Presbytery, and accomplished what has  co., and 3l miles N.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1226. Ithas a botanic
been called the Second Reformation in Scotland. In 1652, garden belonging to the Dublin Royal Society, laid out on
a third part of the city, including almost all the shops and  the grounds formerly attached to the house of the poet
warehouses, was destroyed by fire; and a similar visitation, Tickell, a handsome cemetery containing the remains of the
in 1677, consumed upwards of 1000 houses and 150 shops. celebrated John Philpot Curran, an agricultural school, and
The inhabitants of Glasgow were engaged in whale-fishing  a deaf and dumb institution.
as early as 1667. About the same time were established    GLASOW, a town of Russia.  See GLAZOV.
various branches of manufactures.                                GLASS, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and Banff.
But it was not till the eighteenth century that the ad-    GLASS, a lake of Scotland, co. of Ross, parish of Kiltearn.
vantageous  position of the city for commercial pursuits-   Length, 4 miles.
situated on a navigable river, and in the immediate vici-    GLASISARY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.
nity of exhaustless fields of coal and iron-fairly began to    GLASSBOROUiGH, a thriving  post-village of Franklin
affect its fortunes. The union of Scotland and England, in  township, Gloucester co., New Jersey, 11 miles S. by E. of
1603, having opened Virginia and Maryland to British en-  Woodbury, and about 20 miles S.E. of Philadelphia. It is
terprise, Glasgow very soon became a great mart for to-  pleasantly situated about 160 feet above the Delaware River,
bacco, and supplied the farmers-general of France with that  and is noted for the manufacture of glass, for which there
article. In 1718, the first vessel built on the Clyde crossed  are here 4 establishments, employing about 250 hands. It
the Atlantic, and direct communication was established  contains an Episcopal and 2 Methodist churches, and Oddwith America.  November 14, 1715, appeared the Glasgwo  Fellows' and Sons of Temperance' Hall, a steam  saw and
Courant, the first newspaper published in the city. About  grist mill, and 5 stores. The surrounding country is fertile,
the same year the manufacture of linens, lawns, cambrics, and highly cultivated. Settled about the year 1770, by a
&c., was introduced, which continued a staple until super-  German by the name of Stranger, who soon after erected
sededbymuslins. Inkle-looms were introduced fiom Harlem   a glass factoryhere. Pop. in 1854, about 1500.
in 1732.  In 1740, Alexander Wilson, formerly professor of    GLASS CREEK, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan.
astronomy in the University of Glasgow, along with his    GLASISEIRTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton.
friend John Bain, introduced the art of type-founding; this    GLASSrFORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.
foundry soon after became the most famous in Europe for the    GLASSLOUGII, glansllbu, a small mnarket-town of Ireland,
beauty of its types, as well as for its extent. The first print-  in Ulster, co., and 6 miles N.N.E. of Monaghan. Pop. 562.
field belonging to Glasgow was established at the neighbor-  Adjoining it is Leslie Castle.
ing village of Pollokshaws, in 1742.  bVhile residing in this    GLASSTOOLE or GLASSTHULE, glass-toolG, a village of
city, (1763-4,) James Watt, then a young man of 27 years  Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 5 miles S.E. of Dublin, on Dubof age, commenced the series of practical experiments on  lin Bay. Pop. 849.
the steant-engine, which resulted in his splendid improve-    GLASS VILLAGE,  a post-office of Conway co., Arkansas.
ment of that invaluable aid to manufactures.  In 1785,    GLASSY MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Pickens district,
Turlkey-red dyeiug, not previously existing in Britain, was  South Carolina.
introduced into Glasgow by George Macintosh and David    GLASITENBUKY, a township of Bennington co., Vermont,
Dale. Cotton-spinning works were established in 1792, and  9 miles N.E. of Bennington.  Pop. 52.
in the following year (1793) power-looms were introduced.    GLA STENBURY, a post-village and township of Hartford
From this period the progress of the Glasgow manufactures  co., Connecticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 7 miles
was exceedingly rapid. In the latter end of the eighteenth  S. by E. of Iartford. It has manufactures of leather, soap
century, Charles Tennent discovered bleaching liquor, and  and candles, woollen goods, sewing silk, &c. Pop. 3390.
in 1798 bleaching powder was invented by Charles Macln-    GLASITON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
tosh; and soon thereafter these two chemists united in es-    GLAS/TONBURY, an ancient municipal borough and mar
759




GLA                                                        GLE
ket-town of England, co. of Somerset, 25 miles S W. of 13Bath.    GLENCOE, a post-office of Gallatin co., Kentucky.
Pop. in 1851, 3125. It occupies a peninsula formed by the    GLEN'COLLU MBKILL/, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster,:o.
river Brue, anciently known as the island of Avalon or Apples. of Donegal.
Most of the houses have been built out of the materials of its    GLEN COVE, a post-village of Queen's co., New York, on
superb abbey, once covering 60 acres, but of whichthe beauti- IHempstead Harbor, 176 miles S.SE. of Albany. It has a
ful ruins of the church, with St. Joseph's Chapel, and the Ab- church and a steamboat landing.
bet's Kitchen now form the chiefremains. Other structures    GLENCROE, glln-kr0', a vale of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
of interest are the ancient Market-cross, St. George's Inn, for- near the N.E. extremity of Loch Long. Its scenery, with thai
merly the abbey hospitium, the Tribunal, the Abbey House, of the neighboring vale of Glenkinlass, is remarkably fine.
the Great Gate House, now also an inn, the Hospital of St.   GLEN'CROSE/ or CLEN'CORSE/, a parish of Scotland, co.
John, founded in 1246, the two ancient parish churches, and  of Edinburgh, on the Pentland Hills.
St. MIichael's Tor, a curious tower on a hill adjoining the    GLEN/DALE, a thriving post-village in West Stockbridge
town. Glastonbury has a town-hall, 2 or 3 banks, small township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 110 miles
manufactures of silk, and some export trade in timber, W. by N. of Boston. It contains a cotton mill, 2 stores, and
slates, tiles, and agricultural produce, by a canal connecting  a sash and blind works. Pop. about 200.
it with the Bristol Channel. Its ancient abbey was founded    GLENDALE, a post-office of Camden co., New Jersey.
in 605, on the site of a British church, said to owe its origin    GLENDALOUGH, glin-dal/th, a lake and valley of Ireland,
to St. Joseph of Arimathea, whose "miraculous thorn,"  in Leinster, co. of Wicklow, 24 miles S. of Dublin, famous
which constantly blossomed on Christmas day, together for its wild grandeur and interesting ruins.
with the shrine of St. Dunstan, used to attract multitudes    GLEN'DER/MIOT, or CLONDER/MIOT, a parish of Ireland,
of devotees to Glastonbury in the Middle Ages. It was the  in Ulster, co. of Londonderry.
burial-place of the renowned King Arthur, whose remains    GLEN'DEY/ON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
were many centuries ago discovered here. Fielding, the no-   GLEN/DON, a thriving village of Northampton co., Pennvelist, was born at Sharpham Park, in the vicinity, in 1717. sylvania, on the right bank of the Lehigh, 2 miles above
GLATT, glatt, a river of Switzerland, canton of Zurich, Easton. It is the seat of the Boston Company's iron-works.
joins the Rhine below Eglisau.                              GLEN/DON-BARIFORD, a parish of England, co. of NorthGLATT, a small town of Germany, with a castle on the  ampton.
Glatt River, 35 miles N.W. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 486.         GLEN\ELG/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on the
GLATTFELDEN, glattlffl'ddn. a village and parish of  coast opposite the Isle of Skye. It gives the title of baron
Switzerland, canton, and 13 miles N. of Zurich. Pop. 1098. to the Grant family.
GLAT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.         GLENELG, a river of Australia, in Victoria, receives all
GLATZ, gluts, (Pol. Klodz/ko,) a fortified town of Prussian  the rivers S.W. of the Grampian Mountains, and enters the
Silesia, 52 miles S.S.W. of Breslau, on the Neisse, near the  Southern Ocean between Capes Northumberland and BridgeBohemian frontier; elevation, 971 feet. Pop. 7800, or, in- water, near lat. 300 S., lon. 141' E.
cluding the garrison, 10,000. It is strongly walled, and    GLEN'ELG/, a maritime town of South Australia, 6 miles
situated between two heights, one crowned with an old cas- S.W. of Adelaide, on the Sturt.
tie,. the other with a modern fortress. It has Ronoman Catho-   GLENELG, one of the northernmost counties of West
lic and Luthern churches, a Roman Catholic gymnasium, Australia, about 50 miles from E. to W.
and several schools, an arsenal, large barracks, and other   GLENELG, a river of North-west Australia, in Tasman
buildings for military service, with manufactures of damasks, Land, falls into Doubtful Bay. Length, from 60 to 70 miles.
woollen cloth, plush, ribbons, muslins, hosiery, lecther, to-   GLENFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
bacco, &c. It was taken by the Prussians under Frederick    GLEN'FIN/LAS, a narrow and picturesque valley of Scotthe Great in 1742, by the Austrians in 1759, and by Wi~r- land, co. of Perth, parish of Callandar. It is inhabited by
temberg and Bavarian troops in 1807.                       the Stuarts, clansmen of the Earl of Moray.
GLAUCHAU, gltw/KOw, or GLAUCHA, glow/na, a town    GLENFIN/LAS, a post-village of Jefferson co., Missouri,
of Saxony, 8 miles N.E. of Zwickau, on the Mulde. Pop. in  on Big River, 45 miles S.W. by S. of St. Louis.
1848, 8184. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle of the    GLENFIN/NAN, a valley of Scotland. See FINNAN.
urinces of Schbnburg, of whose mediatized principality it   GLENFRU/IN, a valley of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on
is the capital.                                           the W. side of Loch Lomond. It was the scene of a bloody
GLAZE/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           conflict between the Macgregors and Colquhouns, in 1602.
GLAZOV, GLASOW, or GLAZOW, gla-zov/, a small town    GLENGAD/, a headland of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Doneof Russia, government, and 98 miles E. of Yiatka, on the  gal, forming the W. point of Culdaff Bay, 81 miles E.S.E. of
Tcheptsa.                                                  Malin Head.
GLEHN, glain, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles S.W.   GLENGAR/IFF HARBOR, a branch of Bantry Ray, in Ireof Dusseldorf. Pop. 1250.                                  land, Munster, co. of Cork, on the N. side of the bay, 5 miles
GLEHN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government of Aix- NW. of Bantry.
la-Chapelle, circle of Schleiden. Pop. 388.                  GLENGAR/RY, a beautiful valley of Scotland, co. of InGLEIWITZ, glViits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 43 miles  verness, WV. of the Caledonian Canal, and about 12 miles
S.E. of Oppeln, on the Klodnitz, with a station on the rail- W.S.W. of Fort Augustus. It contains a fine lake, with a
way. Pop.7350, chiefly employed in some royaliron-fouudries.  castle of the MacDonalds.
GLEMHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    GLEN/HAM, a thriving post-village of Dutchess co., New
GLEMHAMI, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. York, on Fishkill Creek, 88 miles S. of Albany. The inhbaGLEMS/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         bitants are extensively engaged in the manufacture of woolGLEN, a river of England, flows E. into the Till.       len goods, prints, &c.
GLEN, a river of England, enters Fosdyke Wash.             GLENHOLM, glen-home/, a former parish of Scotland, co.
GLENA, glkn/ah, a beautiful vale and bay of Ireland, of Peebles, now united to Broughton.
near Killarney, in Munster, co. of Kerry. Here Lord Kien-   GLEN'I-IOPE/, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania,
mare has a cottage.                                        about 120 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.
GLENAL/TA, a post-village of Marion co., Georgia, 23 miles    GLENISLA, glQn-/la, a parish of Scotland; co., and 17
S.E. of Columbus.                                         miles W.N.W. of Forfar. It has the ruins of two castles of
GLENANS, gleh-nhNGs, a group of rocky islets belonging  the Ogilvies.
to France, in the Atlantic, 9 miles from the S. coast of the    GLEN'KENSI, a district of Scotland, forming the N. part
department of Finistbre.                                   of the stewartry of Kirkcudbright.
GLEN'ARM!I, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of   GLENLIVIET, a valley of Scotland, co. of Banff, about 20
&ntrim, on an inlet of its own name from the Irish Sea, 25' miles S.W. of IHuntly. It was the scene of a memorable enmiles N. of Belfast. Pop. 881. It is picturesquely situated, counter, in 1594, between the adherents of the Earls of
with a castle, the seat of the Earls of Antrim.            Huntly and of Argyle.
GLENART/NEY, a valley of Scotland, co. of Perth, with an    GLEN'LUCEI, a village of Scotland, co. of Wigton, near
extensive deer forestbelonging to Lord Willoughby d'Eresby. Luce Bay, 16 miles WV.N.W. of Wigton. Pop. 890. Glenluco
GLENAVY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim.  Abbey, now a spacious ruin, was founded in 1190.
GLEN'BEGHI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.             GLENLY/ON, a fine mountain vale of Scotland, co. of
GLEN'BER/VIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.  Perth, extending alofig the river Lyon, W. of a lake of the
GLEN BROOK, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky.        same name, for 28 miles. It has much romantic scenery,
GLEN'BUCKtET, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.    and gives the title of baron to the heir of the Duke of Athol.
GLEN/BURN, a post-township of Penobscot co., MIaine, 60    GLEN-MAO/NA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 905.                            GLENWIALURE E, a wild mountain vale of Ireland, in
GLEN'CAIRN/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.     Leinster, co. of Wicklow, on the Avonbeg River. It was the
GLENCAPLE, gl~n'kaptel, a village of Scotland, co., and 5  scene of outrages during the rebellion of 1798.
miles S.S.E. of Dumf-ies. Pop. 268.                         GLENV'MORE/, a vale of Scotland, cos. of Moray and InverGLENCOE, glln kI/, avalley of Scotland, co. of Argyle, near ness, on the Spey, containing extensive fir forests of the
the head of Loch Etive. Its bed is swept by Ossian's " dark  Duke of Richmond.
torrent of Cone," and no other portion of tihe Highlands   GLEN'MORE/, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.
presents such a scene of gloomy sublimity. The massacre    GLENMORE, a post-office of Buckingham co., Virginia.
Pf the MacDonalds occurred here in February, 1692.         GLEN3IOR'ISTON.,   a valley of Scotland, co. of Inverness.
GLENCOE, a post-office of Bolivar co., Mlississippi.   It contains a parish united to Urcquhart.
760




GLE                                                        GLO
GLENMO1VRIS, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Hal-    GLINIANY, gle-ne-lnee  almost gleen-yi-nee, a town of
ton, 6 miles N.W. of Galt. Pop. about 120.                Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 25 miles E. of Lemberg. Pop.
GLENMUICK, glln-mtikef, a parish of Scotland, co. of  2350.
Aberdeen.                                                   GLINIANY, a small town of Poland, province, and 18 miles
GLENN, a post-township of Montgomery co., New York, N. of Sandomier, (Sandomir.)
on the S. side of the Mohawk River, 43 miles W.N.W. of Al-   GLINITON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
bany. Pop. 3043.                                            GLITINESS, one of the smaller Shetland Isles, 6 miles N.E.
GLENN, a post-office of IMIcKean co., Pennsylvania.     of Lerwick.
GLENN GROVE, a post-office of Fayette co., Georgia.       GLOBE, a village in Woonsocket township,Providence co.,
GLENNIE (gllnfnee) ISLANDS, a cluster of small islands  Rhode Island, about 12 miles N. by W. of Boston.
off the S. coast of Australia, in Bass' Strait, in lat. 390 12' S.,   GLOBE, a post-office of Caldwell co., North Carolina.
Ion. 1460 15/ E.                                            GLOBE, a post-office of Johnson co., Missouri.
GLENN MILLS, a post-office of Culpepper co., Virginia.    GLOBE VILLAGE, a flourishing manufacturing postGLENN'S, a post-office of Gloucester co., Virginia.     village of Worcester co., Massachusetts, about 60 miles S.W.
GLENN'S, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa.             of Boston. It is the seat of the Globe Mills.
GLENN'S FALLS, a thriving post-village of Warren co.,   GLOCKNER. See Gaoss GLOCKNER.
New York, on the Hudson River, about 50 miles N. of Al-   GLOCKNITZ, gl~kfnits, written also GLOGGNITZ, gloglbany. It contains churches for the Presbyterians, Method- nits, a market-town of Lower Austria, 42 miles S.S.W. of
dists, Baptists, and other denominations, 2 banks, 1 or 2  Vienna, is a station on the railway to Grlitz. Pop.j1520.
academies, 2 newspaper offices, about 25 stores, several ma-    GLOGAU, glolglw, or GROSS GLOGAU, groce glolgow,
chine shops, 3 or 4 gang saw mills, and extensive establish- sometimes written GLOGAW, a strongly fortified town of
ments for working in marble. Marble of excellent quality  Prussian Silesia, government, and 35 miles N.N.W.ofLiegnitz,
is quarried in the vicinity. The river is crossed by a bridge  on the left bank of the Oder, and on a branch railway from
at this place, and has a fall of about 60 feet, furnishing  Frankfort to Breslau, the town being connected by a
abundant water-power. The village is connected by a feeder wooden bridge with the Dom Insel, or Cathedral Island, in
with the Champlain Canal.  Pop. about 2400; of the town- the Oder, which is separately fortified. Pop. in 1846,12,450,
ship in 1850, 2717.                                       or, including the garrison, 14,591. Besides its cathedral,
GLENN'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Spartanburg dis- Glogau has many other Roman Catholic and some Protesttrict, South Carolina, 86 miles N.W. of Columbia.  It ant churches, a synagogue, a citadel with a large garrison,
is surrounded by beautiful scenery, and is a place of great Roman Catholic and Protestant colleges, and a school of
resort. The water is said to contain magnesia and sulphur. midwifery; with manufactures of beet-root sugar, tobacco,
GLENN'S VALLEY, a post-office of Johnson co., Indiana. paper, woollen and cotton fabrics, and straw hats, and a conGLENN/VILLE, a thriving village of Barbour co., Ala- siderable corn market.
banma, on the road between Eufitula and Columbus, in Geor-   GLOGAU, UPPER or LITTLE, a town of Prussian Silesia,
gia, 18 miles N. of the former. It derives its importance  23 miles S. of Oppeln, on the Hotzenplotz. Pop. 3760.
chiefly from its excellent schools. Pop. about 900.         GLOGGNITZ, a town of Austria. See GtLOCKrTZ.
GLEN-oF-uHE-HORSE, a stupendous ravine of Ireland, in    GLOGOVATZ, glolgo-vtts', a market-town of Hungary, co.
Munster, co. of Kerry, on the side of Mangerton Mountain, of Arad, on the Maros. It is built out of the ruins of the
about 5 miles S. of Killarney.                             old and celebrated town of Orod, which was founded by the
GLENOGLE, glhn-6'g'l, a valley of Scotland, co. of Perth, Emperor Probus in 277, and afterwards destroyed by the
at the head of Loch Earn. It is remarkable for the gloomy  Tartars. Pop. 2085.
and savage grandeur of its scenery.                          GLOMEL, glo'm~ll, avillage of France, department of CitesGLENORCIHY (glen-orlfKee) and IN'ISHAILr, a united  du-Nord, 26 miles S.S.W. of Guingamp. Pop. in 1852, 3814.
parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 12 miles N.N.E. of Inve-   GLOMMEN, glomfmen, almost glfslmfmn, the principal
rary. Near Loch Awe, in this parish, stand the fine ruins  river of Norway, rises in the Dovrefield tableland, 70 miles
of the castle of Kilchurn, and on the island of Inishail, are  S. of Trondhjem, flows generally S., traverses the Oleren Lake,
the remains of a small monastery.                         and enters the Skager-rack at Fredericksstad. 50 miles S.E
GLEN RIDIDLE, a post-office of Delaware co., Pennsyl- of Christiania, after a course estimated at 280 miles. Its
vania.                                                    navigation is impeded by numerous falls.
GLEN ROCK, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, on    GLONS, gl6Ns, a village of Belgium, province, and 7 miles
the York and Baltimore Railroad, 15 miles S. of York. It N. of Liege. Pop. 2000.
has a small cotton factory.                                 GLOOKHOV, GLOUKHOV, GLUCHOV or GLUCHOW,
GLENIRtOYI, a valley of Scotland, co. of Inverness, parish  gloo-kov/, a town ofRussia, government, and 130 miles E.N.E. ~
of Kilmanivaig, Lochabar. It is noted for its "parallel of Tchernigov. Pop. 7000. It is enclosed by earth ramroads," supposed by some to have been the shores of a former parts, and has several churches and convents, with S annual
lake, which had several distinct epochs of subsidence; by  fairs, and a large trade in corn and spirits. It was formerly
others to have been formed by the periodic upheaving of the  the residence of the Cossack hetmen, and the governors of
land, washed by the waters of the sea.                    Little Russia.
GLENSIJEEf, a narrow valley of Scotland, 7 miles long,   GLOOS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
at the N.E. extremity of the co. of Perth.                  GLOPIPEN, a parish of Norway, stift, and 100 miles N.N.E.
GLENSHEE, SPITTAL OF, a stage on the great military  of Bergen, on a fiord of the same name. Pop. 3350.
road to Fort George, 20 miles N.N.W. of Cupar-Angus.        GLORIOISA ISLANDS, a small group in the Mozambique
GLENSHIEL, gl~n-sheelf, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, Channel, 100 miles from the N. extremity of Madagascar.
adjoining Glenelg on the N. The Ilighland Jacobites were    GLOS/SOP, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
defeated here in 1719.                                    Derby, on the Manchester and Sheffield Railway, and 19
GLEN/THAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         miles W.N.W. of Sheffield. The town consists of two porGLEN/TIES, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Doinegal, tions, called the New and the Old Town; the former is irre6 miles E.N.E. of Ardara. Pop. 317.                       gularly built, and the latter contains many respectable
GLEN'TILTV, a long, narrow mountain pass of Scotland, shops and dwellings. It has a town-hall, market-house, a
co. of Perth. Lord Glenlyon has a beautiful demesne here.  handsome church, and places of worship for Wesleyans, InGLENTTWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       dependents, Roman Catholics, and other Dissenters, an enGLENIVILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut, dowed school, and a savings' bank; and is the principal seat
about 60 miles S.W. of Hartford.                          in Derbyshire of the cotton manufacture. There are also
GLENVILLE, a post-township of Schenectady co., New  woollen and paper mills, dyeing, bleaching, and print-works,
York, on the Mohawk River, 20 miles N.W. of Albany. It and iron foundries. Pop. of the parish, 22,898.
is intersected by the Utica. and Schenectady, and by the    GLOUCESTER or GLOUCESTERSHIRE, glosfter-shir, a
Saratogae and Schenectady Railroads. Pop. 3409.           county of England, in its W. part, bordering on the estuary
GLENVILLE, apost-village, capital of Gilmer co.,Virginia, of the Severn. Area, 1258 square miles, or 805,120 acres, of
on Little Kanawha River, 210 miles in a direct line W.N.W. which about 750,000 are grass and arable. Pop. in 1851,
of Richmond.                                              458,805. It has three natural divisions: the E. being the
GLEN WILD, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.     Cotswold Hills; the middle forming the fertile valley of the
GLEN/WOOD, a post-office of Erie co., New York.         Severn and its adluents; and the division W. of the Severn
GLENWOOD, a post-office of Susquehanna cc., Pennsyl- consisting mostly of the Forest of Dean. Chief rivers, the
vania.                                                    Severn, Upper and Lower Avon, Wye, and Isis. In the
GLENWOOD, a post-office of Mills co., Iowa.             hills, sheep-farming is the chief branch of industry. The
GLEVUM. See GLboCESTER.                                 vale of the Severn, once famous for vineyards, is nowequally
GLIMS/IIOLM, one of the smaller Orkney Isancts, nearly  so for its corn-lands, orchards, and gardens. Chief minerals,
2 miles S. of Pomona.                                     coal and iron ore, extensively worked in the forest district.
GLIN, a markliet-town and seaport of Ireland, in Munster, Gloucester is divided into 29 hundreds. Capital, Gloucester.
co. of Limerick, on the Shannon, 18 miles N.E. of Tralee. Railways connect the county town with Birmingham, viae
Pop. 1208. Here is the castle of the Knights of Glin, de- Cheltenham and Worcester; with Bristol, with Dean Forest,
scendauts of the Desmond family.                          and with London, by junction at Swindon with the GIreat
GLINA, glee/ni, a fortified town of Croatia, in the Hun- Western Railway. A canal, via Stroud, connects the rivers
garian military frontier, on the Glina, 26 miles E.S.E. of Karl- Thames and Severn; another connects the cities of Gloqcesstadt. Pop. 1760.                                         ter and Hereford; and a third, 18 miles in length, by en761




GLO                                                          GLU
abling large vessels to avoid the dangerous navigation of  employed in this fishery.)  There are about 25 firms eln.
the Severn, brings them up to the city of Gloucester. The  gaged in fittinug out vessels and packing mackerel. The
county sends 6 members to the House of Commons; 2 are  halibut fishery is a new enterprise, having been commenced
for its E. division, 2 for its W.. and 2 for its boroughs.    within a few years. The number of vessels engaged in it,
GLOUCESTER, pronounced and often written GLOSITER,  owned at Gloucester, was 30 in 1844, 63 in 1846, and about
(anc. Glelvua,) a city, county of itself, parliamentary and  75 in 1852. The cod fishery has been successfully prosemunicipal borough, and river port of England, capital of  cuted here for more than a century.  From 1765 to 1775,
the county of Gloucester, on the E. bank of the Severn, 33  the average annual fleet sent out was 146 vessels, tons
miles N.N.E. of Bristol, and 8 miles W.S.W. of Cheltenham. 5530, employing 888 men; and from 1786 to 1790. 160 yesArea of the city, 680 acres. Pop. of the parliamentary bo- sels, tons 3600, manned by 680 men. In 1852, the tonrough in 1851, 17,572. It occupies a slight eminence beside  nage owned in the district, and employed in the cod fishery,
the Severn, where it divides to enclose the island of Alney,  was 12,153. Of the ports of Massachusetts, only Boston and
each of the two channels being here crossed by a handsome  Salem, it is said, surpasses Gloucester in foreign imports,
~bridge. It has four principal thoroughfares, crossing at  which consist of sugar, molasses, &c. from Surinam, and of
right angles, and directed towards the cardinal points; and  coals, wood, salt, and lumber from the British Provinces.
on its S. side is a new and handsome suburb.  The Cathe- During the year ending June 30, 1853, the number of foreign
dral, formerly the church of a rich Benedictine abbey, and  arrivals was 207, of which 24 were American vessels. The
built in 1047, is one of the finest'in England; it possesses  clearances for foreign countries were 204 vessels. Nearly
a square tower 223 feet in height, a large E. window, stalls  31,000 tons of shipping are owned at Gloucester. During
of fine workmanship, and the tombs of Edward II. and  the year 1853, 41 vessels were built, averaging a little more
Robert, Duke of Normandy. It is the place of a triennial than 80 tons each. The harbor of Gloucester is one of the
musical festival, alternately with Worcester and Hereford. best on the coast, and is accessible at all seasons for vessels
Several of the parish churches are handsome. Other chief  of the largest class.  Gloucester was occupied as a fishing
buildings are the episcopal palace, shirehall, city-hall, county  station as early as 1624, being the first settlement made on
infirmary, lunatic asylum, jail, market-house, theatre, as- the N. shore of Massachusetts Bay. It was incorporated in
sembly-rooms, and pump-room over a spa, said to exceed that  1639. Pop. in 1850, 7786.
of Cheltenham in the efficacy of its waters. The grammar    GLOUCESTER, a township of Providence co., t1hode Isschool has two exhibitions to Pembroke College, Oxford; land, 15 miles W. by N. of Providence.  It contains the
an hospital; a blue-coat school; and another charity school, manufacturing village of Chepachet.  Pop. 2872.
a revenue exceeding 1001. It has manufactures of cutlery,    GLOUCESTER, a village of Atlantic co., New Jersey, 13
soap, pins, &c., acd an old-established bell foundry.  Until miles N.E. from  May's Landing. It contains an iron furthe completion of the Berkeley Canal, by which vessels of up- nace and a grist mill.
wards of 500 tons now ascend to the city, the trade of Glouces-    GLOUCESTER, a township of Camden co., New Jersey.
ter was mostly conducted through Bristol; but it has now  Pop. 2371.
extensive wharves, and an increasing trade in timber, corn,    GLOUCESTER, a city of Gloucester township, Camden co.,
&c., and imports merchandise from the West Indies and the  New Jersey, on the Delaware, about 4 miles below Camden.
Baltic.  Arrangements were in progress in 1852 to bring  This flourishing place has increased in population, within
coal to Gloucester from the Forest of Dean and the Welsh  the last five years, from some 50 to about 3000. Its growth
coalfields. The docks comprise an area of about 8 acres.  is chiefly owing to the establishment of several cotton and
The number of vessels entering, the port in 1851 was 1652, other factories. Within the last three years 4 churches
and ranging  up to 1000 tons register.  The foreign and co- have been erected.  Steamboats ply continually'between
lonial produce imported in the same year was 160,000 tons. this place and Philadelphia.
Gloucester has returned 2 members to the House of Con-    GLOUCESTER, a maritime county of New Brunswick,
mons since the time of Edward I.  Glevuss, said to be de- bordering on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Charived from  the British C'ert-Glow, "the fair city," was a  leur. The surface is extremely diversified with mountains
place of importance when made a Roman station under  and rivers, and on its coasts are numerous islands —the
Claudius, A.D. 44; and throughout the Saxon and Norman  principal of which are Shippegan and Miscoue. Great Shipperiods it retained a large share of consequence. Its bishop-  pegan Harbor, comprising 3 commodious harbors, and Little
ric, founded by HIenry VIII., was united with that of Bris-  Shippegan and Bathurst Harbors, are in this county. Into
tol in 1836. Its neighborhood abounds in fine scenery and  the latter flow 3 large rivers.  Ship-building is carried on
the residences of wealthy individuals.                        to a considerable extent, and there is a large export trade in
GLOUCESTER, gloslter, a county iu the S.W. part of New  timber, deals, &c. It is proposed to construct a railroad
Jersey, has an area of 950 square miles. It is bounded on  through Gloucester county, connecting Bathurst, the county
the N.W. by the Delaware River, N.E. by Big Timber  seat, with the European and NorthAmerican Railway. Pop.
Creek, and S.W. by Oldman's Creek, and is drained by Re- in 1851, 11,704.
coon and Manuta Creeks. Along the Delaware River, for    GLOUCESTER, a maritime county of New South Wales.
about 7 miles from its bank, the soil is a clayey loam, very  The chief river is the Manning, which separates it from the
fertile, and highly cultivated.  S.E. of this it is sandy, and  county of Macquasrie.  Chief towns, Raymond Terrace, the
generally covered with pine forests.  In 1850 this county  capital, Carrington, and Stroud. 
yielded 254,870 bushels of sweet potatoes, the greatest quan-    GLOUCESTER COURT-IIOUSE, Gloucester co., Virginia,
tity produced by any county in the state. Marl is found  82 miles E.S.E. of Richmond, near an arm of the Chesapeake.
along the bank of the.Delaware, and for several miles in-  It contains an academy and seveial churches.
land; iron ore near Woodbury, which is exported for mann-    GLOUCESTER FURNACE, a post-village of Atlantic co.,
facture; and beds of shells in different places. The inha-  New Jersey, 74 miles S. of Trenton.
bitants are largely engaged in glass and iron manufactures.    GLOUCESTER  ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is a small
The proposed railroad from  Camden to Cape May will pro- island in lat. 190 7t S., ion. 1400 37' W.
bably pass through this county. Organized in 1677, and    GLOUCESTERSIHIRE. See GLoucESTER.
named from  Gloucester, a county of England.  Capital,   GLOUCIIOV or GLOUKHOV.  See GLOOKuOV.
Woodbury.  Pop. 14,655.                                          GLOVER, glL.v'er, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont,
GLOUCESTER, a county of Virginia, situated on Chesa- 35 miles N.N.E. ofMontpelier.  Pop. 1137.
peake Bay, in the S.E. part of the state, contains 280 square    GLOVERSVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co., New York,
miles. The Piankatank forms its N. and the York River its  40 miles N.W. of Albany.  It has 2 churches and 1 bank.
S.W. boundary. The waters contain an abundance of fish  The chief industry of the inhabitants is directed to the maand oysters, which furnish employment and subsistenceto  nufacture of buckskin gloves, mittens, &c. Pop. 1965.
a great number of the inhabitants.  Large quantities of    GLOVER VILLAGE, a post-village in Glover township,
oysters and wood are exported to New York and Philadel- Orleans co., Vermont, about 35 miles N.E. by N. of Montphia. Formed in 1642. Capital, Gloucester Court-House. pelier. It contains 2 places of worship, one of which, the
Pop. 10-527, of whom 4970 were free, and 5557 slaves.          new Congregational church, is a spacious and splendid
GLOUCESTER, a post-town and port of entry of Essex co., edifice.
Massachusetts, 28 miles N.N.E. of Boston, is situated on the    GLOWNO, glovIno, twosmall towns of Poland, one N. of
S. side of the peninsula of Cape Ann, and connected by rail-  Posen, the other 56 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw.
road with the principal cities and towns of the seaboard and    GLUCHOV and GLUCHOW.  See GLoonKov.
interior. It is beautifully situated, and handsomely and    GLUCKSBURG, (Gltcksburg,) gliiks/b6eORG, a village of
compactly built. It contains churches for the Congrerra- Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, 5. miles N.E. of Flenshorg,
tionalists, Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians, Roman Catho- with 750 inhabitants, and the fine residence of the Duke
lies, and Universalists; a bank, a savings institution, 2  of Holstein-Gliiclksburg.
insurance offices, and a gas-light company, incorporated in    GLUCKSTADT, (Gliickstadt,) glfidkstAtt, a town of Den1853, with a capital of $100,000.  Three newspapers are  mark, capital of the duchy of Holstein, a marshy tract, at
published here. The interests of Gloucester are almost en- the mouth of the Little Rhine, on the Elbe, 29 miles N.W. of
tirely commercial. It has a greater amount of tonnage em-  Hamburg. Pop. in 1847, 6000, chiefly employed in navigaployed in the domestic fisheries than any other town in the  tion, and its harbor is being greatly extended and improved.
United States. In 1851, 241 vessels, with an aggregate bur-  It was formerly important as a fortress; but in 1814, its
den of 13,639 tons, owned here, and manned by 2326 pe — defences were demolished, and its old arsenal is now used
sons, were employed in the mackerel fishery. (This em- for a prison and a work-house. The town is intersected by
braces more than one-fourth of the tonnage of the state  canals, but so deficient in good water that rain has to be
762




GLU                                                          GOD
carefully preserved in cisterns. It has a school of naviga- bishopric, and has a diocesan seminary. It was held with
tion, and several other schools; since 1830 it has been a free  its territory by the English from 1807 to 1815. See PANJIM.
port. It communicates by railway with Altona, Kiel, and    GOA or. GOACH. See MCAssAAR.
Rendsburg, and by steam-packets with the ports on the    GOACK, golkl, a town of the island of Celebes, in the
Elbe.                                                     Malay Archipelago, immediately S. of Macassar, and the
GLUIRAS, glwee'rsf, a village of France, department of  former residence of its sultan. It was taken by the Dutch
Ardbche, 8 miles N.N.E. of Privas. Pop. in 1852, 2764.     in 1778. See MACASSaR.
GLURNS, gloouns; called also GLUIENTZ, gloolrints, a    GOAHIATI, go-A-hl'tee, GOWI-IATI, gtw-hltee, or GWAsmall town of Austria, in Tyrol, on the Adige, 40 miles  HATTEE, gwg-hit/tee, a small town of Lower Assam, in
W.N.W. of Botzen; it was destroyed by the French in 1799. Farther India, on the Brahmapootra, 64 miles E. of GoalPop. 842.                                                 parea.
GLUSIBURN, a township of England, co. of York, West   GOALPARA, go-9l-p~lrf, a town of British India, presiRiding.                                                   dency of Bengal, on the Brahmapootra, near the Assam
GLYDE, a river of Ireland, in Ulster and Leinster, rises frontier.
in the county of Mionaghan, flows south-eastward, and en-   GOANDS, GONDS, gtndz, or KIIOONDS, a wild tribe of.
ters Dundalk Bay conjointly with the Dee.                 Indians inhabiting the hills of Omerkuntuc, central IinGLY'MONTI, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland.      dostan, at the sources of the Sone and Nerbudda.   They
GLYMPIPVILLE, a post-office of Newbury district, South  are one of the lowest classes in the scale of civilization to be
Carolina.                                                 found throughout India; their manners and customs are
GLYMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          peculiar to themselves, and their physiognomy differs very
GLYN or GLYNN, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Car- widely from  the usual characters found in the natives.
marthen, 41 miles N.N.W. of Llanelly. Pop. 908.           Their skin is much blacker than the ordinary shade, lips
GLYN-CON/NON, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Glamor- thick, hair woolly, resembling that of an African; their
gan, 6 miles S. of Merthyr-Tydvil. Pop. 1614.             forms are well proportioned, being strong and athletic.
GLYNDE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 3 miles  They live upon wild roots and vegetables, and such aniE.S.E. of Lewes, with a station on the South Coast Railway.  mals as they can snare or kill.
GLYNN, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, bordering    GOATIHILL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
on the sea, contains about 400 square miles. The Altamaha    GOATIHURST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
River bounds it on the N. The surface is partly occupied    GOAT ISLAND, in Newport harbor, Rhode Island, diby pine barrens with a sandy soil, and by extensive swamps, rectly in front of the town. Fort Wolcott is on this island,
which, when drained, are productive. The county includes  and on the N. end is a light-house, exhibiting a fixed light.
several islands on the coast, one of which is about 12 miles Lat. 410 29' 18" N., ion. 710 20' 51 W.
long. Formed in 1777, being among the oldest in the state,   GOAT ISLAND. See NCAGARA FALLS.
and named in honor of John Glynn, an English lawyer, and a    GOAT ISLAND, dne of the Philippines, Strait of Manila;
warm friend of the American colonies. Capital, Brunswick. lat. 130 55' N., Ion. 1200 24' E.
Pop. 4933, of whom 701 were free, and 4232 slaves.           GOAT ISLAND, or POOLO CAMBING, pooplo kInmebingl,
GLYNNCORWG, glinn-korloog, a parish of South Wales, on the N.E. coast of Sumbawa, Flores Sea; the N. point is
co. of Glamorgan.                                          in lat. 80 71 S., Ion. 1180 46' 181 E.
GLYN-TAFF, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan,    GOAT ISLANDS, two steep islets, off Terceira, Azores.
5 miles W. of Caerphilly. Pop. 998.                          GOAVE, go'vt, the name of two towns of Hayti, LE
GLYN-TRAIAN, glin-trlan, a township of North Wales, GrANo (1h grbNe) GOAVE, being 7 miles E. of Le. PETIT (leh
co. of Denbigh.                                            peh-teel) GoavE, which is on the Bay of Gonaives, 48 miles
GMUND, (Gminud,) g'miint, or GMUNDEN, (Gmiinnden,)  W.S.W. of Port-au-Prince, with a good harbor, and an active
g'miinulden, an old walled town of Germany, in Wiirtemberg,  foreign trade.
on the Rems, 29 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 6100. It has    GOBANIUiM. See AEnaoAVE.NNv.
numerous churches, a fine town-hall, asylums for the blind    GOBI, go/bee', COBI, or SI-IHAMO, sh3'mol, (i. e. " sea o*
and for deaf mutes, a normal and Latin schools, and manu- sand,") a wide region of Central Asia, between lat. 400 -nn
factures ofjewellery, wooden wares, and woollen stuffs.    500 N., and ion. 900 and 1200 E., comprising a great part of
GMUND, a town of Germany, in Lower Austria, 73 miles  Mongolia and Chinese Toorkistan. Length from E. to W.
N.N.W. of Vienna, near the Bohemian frontier. Pop. 426.   about 1200 miles; breadth varies from 500 to 700 miles. Its
GMUND or GEMUND, (Gemiind,) gheh-miint', a town of  central portion consists of a desert of shifting sands, about
Germany, in Illyria, Carinthia, 26 miles N.N.W. of Villach, 3000 feet above the sea, skirted on the N. and S. by extenon the Leser. Pop. 160.                                    sive rocky or stony tracts, interspersed with some oases,
GMUNDEN, (Gmtinden,) g'm~lntden, a town of Upper  affording a scanty vegetation.
Austria, situated among the finest scenery in Austria, on    GOCH, goe, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles S. of
the river and Lake of Tiaun, (or Gminden See,) 36miles S.W. Cleves, on the Niers. Pop. 3800. It is enclosed by walls,
of Lintz. Pop. 3300. It has a depot for the salt of the  has a castle, Catholic, Lutheran, and Mennonite churches.
neighboring mines, a port for the steam packets on the lake,    GOCI-HOP or GOCHEB. See GoJeB.
and a station for the horse-power railway to Lintz.          GOCHSI-IEIM, goKsthime, a town of Germany, grand
GNADAU, gn&dtw, a village and Mopravian settlement  duchy of Baden, 18 miles N.E.of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1370.
of Prussian Saxony, 12 miles E.S.E. of Magdeburg, on. the    GOCHSHEIM, a village of Germany, in Bavaria, near
railway, thence to Leipsic. Pop. 400.                      Schweinfurt, with a castle. Pop. 1727.
GNADENHUTTEN, gnctden-hii'ten, a post-village of    GOCKLINGEN, (GCcklingen,) gbk1ling-8n, a village of BaTuscarawas co., Ohio, 95 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.         varla, in the Palatinate, 7 miles S.W. of Landau. Pop. 1519.
GNADENTHAL, gnltden-tal', a Moravian missionary sta-    GODA, (Ctda,)  gS1da, or GODAU, (Gddau,) g61diw, a viltion of South Africa, 70 miles E.S.E. of Cape Town.        lage of Saxony, 5 miles W.S.W. of Bautzen. Pop. 938.
GNESEN, gnl/z9n, (Polish, Gniezno, gne-izlno,) a town    GODIALMING,   a municipal borough, market-town, and
of Prussia, duchy, and 30 miles E.N.E. of Posen. Pop. parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the Wey, 4 miles S.S.W.
7140. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, 8 other  of Guildford. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 2224.
Roman Catholic churches, several convents, and a diocesan    GODANO, go-dS/no, a town of North Italy, in Sardinia,
school, it being the see of the archbishop primate of Prus- 13 miles N.W. of Spezzia, near the Vera. Pop. 3379.
sian Poland. It has also breweries, distilleries, and a large    GODAVERY, go-di/ver-e, a large river of India, in the Decfair for cattle and horses.                                can, rises from the West CGhant Mountains and Chandpoor
GNIEWKOWO, gneev-kolvo, a town o, Prussia, province, hills, and after a tortuous south-eastward course, estimated
and 72 miles E.N.E. of Posen. Pop. 900.                    at 700 miles, it divides into two principal branches, which
GNOIEN, gnoilen, a town of North Germany, in Meclden- subdivide as they enter the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 160 30' N.,
burg-Schwerin, 25 miles N.E of G-istrow.  Pop. 2982.       Ion. 820 E. During the rainy season it is in many places 1I
GNOSALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.           mies across; but at the pass of Papkoonda, is contracted by
GO/A, (ane. Govay?) a fortified maritime city and capital precipitous mountains, 2000 feet high to a quarter of a
of the Portuguese dominions in the East, on an island at the  mile. Principal affluents, the Wurdah and Manjera.
mouth of the Manudona River, on the W. coast of India, 250    GOD/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
miles E.S.E. of Bombay; lat. 150 28' 2"' N., Ion. 730 51' 2" E.   GODIPLLA, go-D/11y, a town of Spain, 4 miles N. of VaPop. about 4000. It is a city of churches, and the wealth  lencia, on tie canal of Moncado. Pop. 1244.
of provinces seem to have been expended in their erection,   GODELLETA, go-Dil-y/tA, a village of Spain, about 15
their architecture far surpassing in grandeur and taste  miles W. of Valencia. Pop. 1069.
whatever of their kind has been attempted by Europeans in    GODERICH, gTd/rik, or GOODIRICH, a parish of Engthe East. The chapel of the palace is built after the model land, co. of Hereford, on the Wye, 3] miles S.W. of Ross.
of St. Peter's at Rome; the Church of St. Dominic is adorned  It has picturesque remains of a castle, partly built before
with paintings by the Italian masters; that of the Jesuits th6 conquest, and once the residence of the Talbots. It
contains the fine tomb of St. Francis Xavier; the Cathedral figured greatly during the Parliamentary War, and was one
would be worthy of any principal city of Europe; the  of the last castles in England which held out for the king.
Augustine church and convent are also noble structures;  Goderich Court contains a rare collection of armor, &c.;
but most of these edifices are stated to be decaying; the  and Goderich gives title of viscount to the Robinson family.
viceroy's palace, and the building formerly occupied by the    GODERICH, gfd'ritch, a post-town and port of entry of
Inquisition, have long been unoccupied. Goa is an arch- Canada West, and seat of justice of Huron, Perth, and Bruce
763




GOD                                                       GOL
cos., is pleasantly situated on Lake IIuron, at the entrance    GOFF'S MILLS, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
of Maitland River, and at the W. terminus of the Buffalo    GOFFSITOWN, a post-village and township of Hillsbe,
Brantford and Goderich Railroad, (in progress,) 157 miles  rough co., New Hampshire, on the W. side of Merrimack
N.W. of Buffalo, and 32 miles W.N.W. of London. It is the  River, and on the New THampshire Central Railroad, 12
only shipping point for many miles on the lake, and has a  miles S. of Concord. The Merrimack here has a descent of
harbor, protected by a pier with a light-house at the mouth  about 48 feet in the distance of half a mile, called Amoskeag
of the Maitland. There are churches for the Episcopalians, Falls, around which is a canal.  lhe township has mannPresbyterians, Secessionists, Methodists, and Roman Ca- factures of cottons, woollens, &c. Pop. 2270.
tholics, a branch bank, 3 assurance agencies, and about 10    GOFFSTOWN CENTRE, a post-village of Hillsborough co.,
stores. The town has also a grist and saw mill, woollen  New Hampshire, on the New Hampshire Central Railroad,
factory, 2 tanneries, and grammar schools, &c.; 2 news- 15 miles S. of Concord.
papers are published here. Pop. about 2000.                  GOGAN, go'gihn, a village of Persia, province of AzerGODERICH, an inland co. of West Australia, about 55  baijan, on the E. side of Lake Ooroomeeyah.
miles square. The capital, Kojonup, is 90 miles N.W. of   GOGERI, a town of India. See GoGo.
Albany.                                                      GOGGINGEN, (Giggingen,) gbg/ghiug-9n, a village of Ba,
GODESBERG, goldps-binmo, a village of Rhenish Prussia, varia, on the Wertach, 2 miles SW. of Augsburg. Pop. 1222.
20 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, on the Rhine. Pop. 1170.         GOGGINGEN, a village of Bavaria, grand-duchy of Baden,
GODEWAERSVELDE, god'vXa'Wvld/, a small village of  circle of Lake, E. Mosskirch. Pop. 622.
France, department of Nord, 7 miles N.E. of HTazebrouck.   GOGIGINSVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.
Pop. 1836.                                                   GOGGRA, gog/gr, GOGRA, SARJOU, sar'joo/, DEtWA, or
GODIFREY, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois.       KANAR, k&narl, (Hindoo, Gharghara, gar/gA-rd ) a river of
GODHAWVEN, or more properly GODIIAYN, goD/hdwn,  North Hindostan, and one of the chief tributaries of the
(i. e. "good haven,") a Danish colony on the S.W. part of  Ganges, whichitjoinsabout100 miles E.N.E. ofBenares, after
Disco Island, in Davis's Strait, and residence of the in- a S.E. course of from 400 to 500 miles through Nepaul, Oude,
spector of North Greenland. Pop. 250.                      and the Bengal territory. The towns of Fyzabad and Oude are
GODIASCO, go-de-~s!ko, (L. Godias/cum,) a town of the  on its banks. It is the Ssareyu of Hindoo mythology, and acSardinian States, 18 miles E. of Alessandria. Pop. 1607.   cording to Rennel, the Agoraoes  of Arrian. The river is
GODING, (GSding,) g1'ding, a town of Moravia, 34 miles  regarded with peculiar veneration by the Hindoos, is freS.E. of Briinn, on the March, and on the railway between  quently mentioned in their sacred poetry, and its banks are
Briinn and Prerau. Pop. 2975.                             resorted to by numerous devotees.
GODJAM and GODJEB. See GoJAse and GoJEB.                  GOGNMAIGOG HILLS, England, co., and 3 miles S.E. of
GODBLEY, a township of England, co, of Chester, 8 miles Cambridge. On their highest summit are remains of an
E.S.E. of Manchester, on the railway thence to Sheffield.    ancient camp with a triple entrenchment.
GOD/MANCHESTER, a municipal - borough and parish    GOGNA, a river of Piedmont. See AGOGNA.
of England, co., and 9 mile S.S.E. of Huntingdon.  Pop.   GO/GO, or GOGEH, golgheh, a maritime town of British
in 1851, 2337. It is supposed to have been the Roman  India, presidency of Bombay, district of Ahmedabad, on the
DurolEipons.                                              W. side of the Gulf of Cambay, with a safe roadstead during
GOD/MANHAM, a parish of England, co. of York.            the S.W. monsoon.
GODI/IANSTON~E, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.        GOGRA, a river of Hindostan. See GoconA.
GODI/MERSIIAiM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.          GOHUD, golhidt, a town of British India, presidency of
GODOLLO, (GidUll3J,) g'dd0l'11, a town of Hungary, 15  Bengal, in the upper provinces, district, and 22 miles N.E.
miles N. E.of Pesth, with 2330 inhabitants,                of Agra. Lat. 260 24' N., ion. 780 20' E.
GODOLVPHIIN, a hamlet of England, co. of Cornwall, parish    GOHUN, go'hfln/, a town of India, in Bundelcund, 11
of Breaze, 5A miles W.N.W. of Helstone. It gives the title of  miles N.W. of Jaloun.
baron to the Osborne family, who have a seat here.           GOIANINHA, go-yd-neen/yA a town of Brazil, province of
GO/DRA. a town of India, Gwalior dominions, 142 miles  Rio-Grande-do-Norte, 28 miles S. of Natal. Pop. 1500.
W.S.W. of Oojein. Lat. 220 48' N., Ion. 730 44' E.           GOIL, LOCH, los goil, a branch of Loch Long, Scotland,
GODS/HILL, a parish in the Isle of Wight.                co. of Argyle. extending for 4 miles N. to Lochgoilhead.
GOD/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 27 miles    GOIRLE, goir/leh, a village of Holland, province of North
S.S.E. of London, by the S.E. railway, on which it has a  Brabant, 15 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 795.
station. It is celebrated for its sandstone quarries, and has    GOISERN, goi/zern, a village of Upper Austria, on the
many elegant mansions.                                     Traun, 6 miles N.N.W. of Hallstadt. Pop. 708. It is conGODTHAAB, god/tkb, a village of South Greenland, in  sidered the handsomest village in Austria.
Davis's Strait. Pop. of district, 740. It was the first Danish    GOITO. go/e-to, a village of Lombardy, 8 miles N.W. of
colony in Greenland, established by Hans Egede in 1721. Mantuna, on the Mincio. Poe. 1800.
It has a mission seminary, and is the residence of an in-   GOJAM or GODJAM, go'jilm/, a district of Abyssinia, in
spector.                                                  Amhara; lat. from 100 to 110 N., lon. from 370 to 380 E. It
GODI/WINVILLE, a post-office of Bergen co., New Jersey.  is mostly a grassy plain, traversed in some parts by high
GOEDEREEDE, goo'deh-rAdeh, a town of the Nether- mountain ranges, and by affluents of the Abel.
lands, in South Holland, 10 miles S.W. of Briel, on the    GOJEB or GODJEB, goljibl, written also GOCHEB, GOisland of Goeree. Pop. 1045.                              CHOP, and GOSHOP, a river of Africa, in the country S. of
GOENONG-API or GOENONG-APEE. See GOONONG-AriE. Abyssinia, flowing E., in lat. about 60 N., supposed to join
GOENONG TELLA, a town of Celebes. See GosNONo TELLA. the Abai.
GOENTOER, goon'toor,/ or GOONTOOR, goon'toorl, or   GOKAUKt, a town of British India, presidency of BomGOENONG-GOENTOER, goon'ong/-goon'toor/, an active vol- bay, 50 miles N.N.W. of Darwar, on the Gutpurba, (an aefiucans on the Island of Java, province of Preanger, about 94 ent of the Kistnah,) which forms here a sort of cataract.
miles S.E. of Batavia. Height, 6689 feet. Its eruptions in   GOKTSCHE-DENGHIS,(GOktsche-Denghis,)glkft/shd'-ding!
1818,1825,1835, and 1841, all caused great damage to the ees', (" blue lake,") also called KEGHAM  (kAgm/) SEA,
surrounding country, destroying large numbers of coffee- and sometimes SEWAN, s wmin, a lake of Russian Armenia,
trees, and covering extensive tracts with ashes, sand, and  to the N.E. of Erivan, about 40 miles long from N.W. to S.E.,
stones.                                                   and on an average 12 miles broad. It is situated about 5000
GOEREE  goo'r/, GOEDEREEDE-ENOVERFLAKKE, feet above the sea-level, in a basin surrounded by mountains,
goo'deh-r/d'e-ln-o/ver-ftlk/keh, written also GOERE, an  manyof them covered with the richestverdure, not a few of
island of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, be- the most fantastic forms, and several covered with snow. In
tween Cramerand Hollands Diep, now united to the island  the N.W. of the lake there is an island, called Sewan or
of Over-Flakkee. The town of Goeree or Goereede is on the  Seven, with a convent on it.
E. coast.                                                    GOILANDSVILLE or GOILANSVILLE, a post-village in
GOES, nO6ce, or TER-GOES, ter-H66cel, a fortified town of  Caroline co., Virginia.
the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the island of South    GOLA-SECCA, go/lI-sik/kA, a village of Austrian Italy,
Beveland. Lat. 410 30' N., Ion. 30 53' E. Pop. 5425. It has province, and 33 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Ticino, which
a curious ancient monastery, a harbor on an arm of the  Hannibal crossed at this place with his elephants. Pop. 1601.
Scheldt, ship-building docks, and an active trade in salt,   GOL/BORNE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster,
hops, corn, &c.                                            with a station on the London and North-western Railway,
GOES, go/is, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 19  2 miles N.N.E. of Newton. Pop. 1657.
miles E. of Coimbra.                                         GOL/CAR, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding.
G(ETA-ELF', a river of Sweden. See G6THA.                  GOLCONDA, gol-kon/di, a fortified town of Hindostan, in
G(ETEBORG  or GOTEBORG.   See GOTHENBUno.                Nizam's dominions, 3 miles W. of HIyderabad.  Lat. 170 15'
G(ETTINGEN. See GUTTINGEN.                               N., ion. 780 32' E. It has been noted as a depOt for diG(ETZEUBRUCK, ghht'zvh'brik/, a village of France, de- mends, which are brought hither from the plains at the
partment of Moselle, 15 miles S.E. of Sarreguemines.  It base of Neela Hulla Mountains, on the banks of the Kisthas a manufactory of watch glasses, employing 600 hands, nah and Penner Rivers, no mines existing in the vicinity;
and producing 45,000 glasses daily.                       and a large amount of treasure is supposed to be kept here,
GOF/FLE, a village of Passaic co., New Jersey, about 3  as Europeans or native strangers are not usually allowed to
miles N. of Patterson.                                    enter the gates. On its N. side are some famous tombs, frGOFF's CORNERS, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. quently resorted to by holiday parties from Secunderabad.
764




GOL                                                       GOM
In the district are found opals, chalcedonies, and other    G OLDSCHIEUER, goltshoi'or, a village of Germany, grandgems.                                                     duchy of Baden, on the Rhine, 6 miles W.N.W. of OfenGOLCON/DA, a post-village, capital of Pope co., Illinois, on  burg. Pop. 572.
Ohio River, at the mouth of Lusk Creek, 220 miles S.S.E.    GOLDtISHAW-BOOTI, a chapelry of England, co. of Lanof Springfield. It has a brick court-house.               caster, 21 miles N.E. of Haslingden. Pop. 748.
GOLDANGER, a parish of England. See GOLeHANcGER.          GOLDSITON, a post-office of Chatham co., North Carolina.
GOLDAPP, gol/ddpp, a town of Eastern Prussia, 21 miles    GOLDSIVILLE, a post-office of Cherokee co.,.Georgia.
S.E. of Gumbinnen, on the Goldapp River. Pop. 3880.         GOLDIVILLE, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.
GOLDAU, golfd~w, a village of Switzerland, canton, and    GOLEGA, go-lI/g/, a town of Portugal, province of Estre53 miles W.N.W. of Schwytz, at the S. foot of the Rossberg, madura, on the Tagus, 70 miles N.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2600.
by a landslip of which mountain the former village of the    GOLEK-BOGI-IAZ, goqll~k-bo'glzt, (the " Cilician gates" of
same name, with the villages of Bussingen, Rother, and a  antiquity,) a pass in Asiatic Turkey, through the Bulgharpart of Lowertz, were totally buried, on September 2, 1806.   Tagh, (Taurus,) between the pashalics of EKaramania and
GOLDBERG, golt'b6aG, a town of Germany, in Prussian  Adana, 30 miles N.W. of Tarsoos, and defended by Turkish
Silesia, 11 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Katzbach, an af- batteries.
fluent of the Oder. Pop. 7350. At its high school the famous    GOLFE, ISLES DU, eel di! golf, (i.e. "islands of the
Wallenstein was educated. About 6 miles E. is the hamlet gulf,") two inhabited islands in the South Pacific Ocean;
of Wahlstadt, where the troops under Blitcher defeated the  lat. 100 15' S., Ion. 1610 460 E.
French under Macdonaldc, August 26, 1813.                   GOLFO-DULCE, a lake of Central America. See DULCE.
GOLDBERG, a town  of Germany, in  Mlecklenburg-   GOLGOITHA, a post-village of Cobb co., Georgia, 123 miles
Schwerin, 28 miles E. of Schwerin, orn the small lake of  N.W. of Milledgeville.
Goldberg. Pop. 2646.                                        GOLI, gollee, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic
GOLDICLIFF, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth, 41  Sea, 3 miles N.E. of the island of Arbe.
miles S.E. of Newport, with remains of a priory of the 12th    GOLI, a town of Western Af-ica, in Senegambia, on the
century.                                                  estuary of the Jeba, 5 miles N.E. of Bissao. Pop. 4000. (?)
GOLD COAST, a country of Guinea, in West Africa, ex-   GOLIAD, gonle-ad/, a county in the S. part of Texas, has
tending along the Atlantic Ocean, from the river Volta 00  an area of 1750 square miles. It is intersected by the San
40' E., to Cape Lahou, about ion. 50 W., and bounded N. by  Antonio River, and bounded on the S.WiY. by the Aransas
Ashantee. It was discovered by the Portuguese, who founded  River. The soil is fertile. Capital, Goliad. Pop. 648, of
an establishment at Fort Elmina in 1482. The English first whom 435 were free, and 213 slaves.
settled here in 1664. The country is fertile; deer are plenty    GOLIAD, a post-village, capital of Golad co., Texas, on
in the interior, and fish along the coasts. The principal the right bank of the San Antonio River, 120 miles in a
European establishments are Accra, Axim, Cape Coast straight line S. by E. of Austin.
Castle, Dixcove, and Elmina.                                GOLLERSDORF, (G1llersdorf,) gl/ers-doif', a market
GOLD CREEK, a post-office of Brown co., Indiana.        town of Lower Austria, on the Gllershach, 23 miles N.W.
GOLDtEN, a small market-town of Ireland, in Munster,  of Kornenburg. Pop. 1278.
co. of Tipperary, in the'" Golden Vale," a rich valley of the    GOLLNOW, gol/nov, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 14
Suir, 3' miles W. of Cashel. Pop. 602.                     miles N.E. of Stettin, on the Ihna, and on the railroad from
GOLDEN BRIDGE, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co., Stettin to Dantzic. Pop. 4700.
and 1l miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1090.                    GOLLOUSIER, gol-loo-seer/, (Fr. pron. gol'loo'se-/, a petty
GOLD/EN GROVE, a post-village of Greenville district, maritime town of the island of Socotra, Indian Ocean, on
South Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 8  its N. coast.
miles from Greenville.                                       GOLLUB, gol/loob, a town of Prussia, on the Drewenz.
(}OLDEN HILL, a post-office of Dorchester co., Maryland. Pop. 2320.
GOLDEN LAKE, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.   GOLLUMnBINCZE, gollloom-bin'si, or GOLUBINCZE,
GOLDEN PLACE, a post-office, Onslow co., North Carolina. go/loo-bin'sA, a village of Austria, in Slavonia, 22 miles S.E.
GOLDEN POND, a post-office of Trigg co., Kentucky.       of Peterwardein. Pop. 3500.
GOLDEN RIDGE, a township in Oxford co.. Maine. P. 194.   GOLMA, an island of Sweden. See HOLMoN.
GOLDEN'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Westchester co.,    GOLNITZ, (Gbinits,) gi/1nits, a market-town of IIunNew York, 120 miles S. by E. of Albany.                    gary, co. of Zips, 18 miles S.W. of Eperies. Pop. 5300. It is
GOLDEN SPRINGS, a post-village of Anderson district, the seat of a mining council and tribunal; in and around
South Carolina.                                           it are iron and copper mines, iron forges, and factories of
GOLDENSTEIN, gol/dfn-stine`, or KOLDSSTEIN, kolt/- iron wire and cutlery.
stine, a town of Moravia, 35 miles N.W. of Olmutz, on a    GOLO, gollo, a river of Corsica, enters the Mediterranean
hill above the Bord. It has two castles, one of them an an- on its E. coast, 12 miles S. of Bastil. Length, 38 miles.
cient fortress, in ruins, an Augustine monastery, and two  Near its mouth are supposed to be the ruins of Msa-irna.
glass furnaces. Pop. 1020.                                   GOLS, goish, or GALOS, gSh'losh/, a market-town of HunGOLDEN VALE, England, co. of Hereford, lying W. of  gary, co. of Wieselburg,32 miles S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1800.
the city of Hereford, on the river Dover. It owes its name    GOL/SPIE, a pa-ish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, on
to its rich soil and beautiful scenery.                    Dornoch Frith, 12 miles N.N.E. of Dornoch.  Dunrobin
GOLDEN VALLEY, a post-office of Rutherford co., North  Castle, the seat of the Duke of Sutherland, is in this parish.
Carolina.                                                    GOLSSEN, golslsen, a town of Prussia, government, and
GOLD/HANGER or GOLDANGER, a parish of England, 46 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, on the Dahme. Pop. 1061.
co. of Essex.                                                GOL/TITO, a parish of England. co. of Lincoln.
GOLD HILL, a post-office of Buckingham co., Virginia.     GOLTSCH-JENIKAU, goltsh-yAtne-kiw', a town of BoheGODD HILL, a post-village of Rowan co., North Carolina, mia, circle of Czaslau, 50 miles E.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 2030.
contains several stores. There is a gold-mine in the vicinity.   GOLUBINCZE, a village of Austria.   See GoLLUss IsCszzE.
GOLDINGEN, gol/ding-gn, a town of Russia, government   GOMIANIZZA, go-m'-nit/es, a village of European Turkey,
of Courland, 72 miles W.N.W. of Mitau. Pop. 2624.         in Albania, 43 miles W.S.W. of Yanina, (Janina.) Lat.(S.E.
GOLDIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.        point) 390 28' 42" N., Ion. 200 18' E.
GOLDKRONACH, gold/kr'nlAK, a well-built town of Ba-   GOMARINGEN, golmar-ing'pn, a village of Wiirtemburg,
varia, on the Kronach, 7 miles N.E. of Baireuth, with three  5 miles W. of Reutlingen, on the Wiesatz. Pop. 1485.
castles. Pop. 940.                                           GOMBAS, gomib6sh/, a village of Hungary, co. of Liptan,
GOLD RE/GION, a post-office of Moore co., North Carolina. 7 miles from Rosenberg. Pop. 1000.
GOLDSBOROUGH, g6lds/btir-r-th, a parish of England, co.   GOMB'RNOON/, GOM'BEROON/, GAMRUN,  ghnmroon,/
of York, West Riding, 21 miles E.S.E. of Knaresborough. GAMI'BR00N/, BUNDER ABBAS/, bmin/der-,b/bls', BENIThe Earl of Harewood has a mansion here.                   DER ABIBAS/, or BUN/DER AB'BAS/SEE, (formerly 11or%GOLDS/BOROUGI{, a township of Hancock co., Maine, on  mooz/, HoIersuzs  or Hai-smolzia,) a seaport town of Persia, prothe Atlantic coast, 90 miles E. of Augusta, has many excel- vinceof Kerman, but latterly forming a part of the Muscat
lent harbors. Pop. 1400.                                   dominions, on the Persian Gulf, near its mouth. about 12
GOLDSBOROUGH, a village of York co., Pennsylvania, on  miles N.W. of the Island of Ormuz. Lat. 270 18' 1N., ion. 56c'
the Susquehanna River, and on the York and Cumberland  30, E. Pop. 5000. (?) It owed its importance and modern
Railroad, 18 miles N. by W. of York. It was laid out in 1850. name to Shah Abbas, who, in 1622, with the aid of the
GOLDSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., English, drove the Portuguese from Ormuz, the trade of
North Carolina, on the Neuse River, where it is crossed by  which island was then tri-ansferred hither. Some remains of
the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 50 miles S.E. of Ra- European factories exist, and one serves for an occasional
leigh. The first house was built in 1841. About the year residence of the Imam of Muscat. The imports consist of
1848 it began to improve rapidly, and is now one of the  Indian and other piece goods, and China ware; the exports
most flourishing places in the state. The public buildings comprise Persian carpets, tobacco, and dried fruits.
are new and remarkably fine. Steamboats can ascend the    GOMER, a post-officeof Allen co., Ohio.
river as high as this place for about two-thirds of the year.   GOMERA, go-mrcvr, one of the Canary Islands, W. group,
Goldsborough is the E. terminus of the North Carolina  west of Teneriffe, fronm which it is separated by a strait 13
Railroad, now in progress of construction.  Three news- miles broad.  Length, 12 miles; breadth, 9 miles.  Pop.
papers are published in the village, which has a flourishing  11,742. It has some primary mountains, covered with perseminary for each sex. Pop. in 1853, about 1500.           petual snow, and many fertile valleys, producing corn,
763




GOM                                                         GOO
fruits, wine, cbtto., sugar, &c. The principal town is San    GONNINGEN. (GtOnningen,) giinfningen, a village of Wiir
Sebastian.                                                  temberg, circle of Black Forest, at the foot of the Rossberg,
GOMERA, go-mlrA, a river of Morocco, province of Fez, 5 miles S.W. of Reutlingen.  Pop. 2422.
enters the Mediterranean near Yelez-de-Gomera, after a N.W.   GONNORD, gon'nol/, a market-town of France, departcourse of 50 miles.                                         ment of Maine-et-Loire, 18 miles S. of Angers. Pop. 1878.
GOMERA, YELEZ DE, villlth dr go-m~ire, or BADIS, b&-   GONNOS-CODINA, gon/nos-ko-dee'nt, a village of Sardeecel, (anc. Patrietina,?) a town of Morocco, province of Fez  dinia, about 20 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 544.
with a fort on the Mediterranean, 55 miles S.E. of Ceuta. It    GONNOS-FANADIGA, gontnos-fs-ng-deelgia,   a village of
is situated between two high mountains, and contains about Sardinia, 30 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari.  Pop. 2925.
700 houses.                                                   GONNOS-TRAMATZA, gontnos-trs-mt/sA, a village of
GOIMERSAL, a township of England, co. of York, West Sardinia, about 18 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 850.
Riding.                                                       GONOWITZ, gotno-*its, or GANOWITZ, gVno-Pits', a
GOMIETRA or GOMIETRAY, a small island of Scotland, market-town of Austria, in Styria, 19 miles S.S.W. of Marco. of Argyle, between Staffa and Mull, and separated from  burg. Pop. 670.
Ulva by a very narrow sound.                                  GONSINSKOIE-OZERO, go-sin-skoifA-o-zAtro, a lake  of
GOMEZ, go!mls, an island of South America, New Gra- Asiatic Russia, government of Irkootsk, 58 miles N. by W.
nada. in the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Magdalena.  of Kiakhta. Near it are several pagodas.
Lat. 110 6' N., ion. 740 50' W.                                GONTENSWEIL, gonftens-lsle\, or GUNDISCHWEIL,
GOMMEGNIES, gom'man'ycee, a town of France, depart- goonldish-fivle', a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau,
ment of Nord, 14 miles N.W.of Avesnes. Pop. in 1852, 3093. about 14 miles S.S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 2119.
GOMMENITZA. gom-mt-nit/sA, a small seaport town of    GONZAGA, gon-zftg, a market-town of Northern Italy,
European Turkey, in Epirus, on an inlet of the Mediterra- in Lombardy, 14 miles S. of Mantuta.
neartn, opposite the S. extremity of Corfu.                   GONZALES, gon-zahllhz, a county in the S. or S. central
GOtIMERN, gomntmrn, a town of Prussian Saxony, 9  part of Texas, has an area of 1140 square miles. It is intermiles E.S.E. of Mlagdeburg. on the Ehle. Pop. 1880.         sected by the Guadalupe, and also drained by San Marcos
GOMONA, go-moing, a small island of the Pacific, Xulla  River, and by Castleman's Fork. Capital, Gonzales. Pop.
Islands, in lat. 10 46k S., ion. 1270 27' E.                1492; of wvhom 891 were free, and 601 slaves.
GOMOR, (Gtmir,) g3'mnlR, a county of IIungary, Hither    GONZALES, a post-village, capital of Gonzales co., Texas,
Theiss, comprising an area of 1615 square miles. It contains on the Guadalupe River, 70 miles S. by E. of Austin. It was
the lofty summits of Krona. Tresznik, Czigan, and Sztudena. formerly a considerable village, but was burnt during the
It has mines of iron, cobalt, tin, and saltpetre. Pop. 170,962. Texas revolution.
GOMOR (GQnsr) SAJO, g8'mzRl seyo', a village of Hungary,   GONZALO. See SXo  GoN9Ago.
in the county of GOmiir, on the Sajo, 88 miles N.E. of Pesth.   GOOCH/LAND, a county towards the S.E. part of Virginia,
Pop. 1049.                                                  has an area of 260 square miles. James River forms the S.
GOMUL, go'mtill, or GOOLAIREE, goo-l/ree or goo-liree, boundary through the whole length of the county. The
an important pass on the middle route from Ilindostan into  surface is undulating; the soil, originally fertile, has been
Afghanistan, leading from  Dera Ismael Khan to Ghuznee, in some parts exhausted. Extensive mines of bituminous
along the channel of the Gomnul River.                      coal are worked here, and gold has been found in small
GOMUL, go'mnUdl, a river of Eastern Afghanistan, rises  quantities. The James River Canal connects the county
about lat. 330 N., ion. 690 22' E, 50 miles S.S.W. of Ghuznee, with Richmond. Formed in 1727, and named in honor of
and crossingthe Suleiman rangeof mountains about lat. 320  one of the governors of the colony. Capital, Goochland
25' N., is lost in the sand. During the rains, however. it Court-House. Pop. 10,352; of whom 4507 were free, and 5845
continues its course to the Indus; lat. 320 5' N., ion. 710 E.  slaves.
GONAIVE, LA, l& go'nuvf, an island of the West Indies,   GOOCHLAND COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of
W. of Hayti, in the Bay ofhleogane. Length, about 36 miles; Goochland co., Virginia, 1 mile N. of James River, and 28
average breadth, 8 miles. It has no permanent population. W. of Richmond. The public buildings are neat and sub.
GONAIVES, (Gonaives,) LES, IA go'niv/, a town of Hayti, stantial.
capital of an arrondissement, on the Bay of Gonalves, 65    GOOCII'S MILLS, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, on
miles N.W. of Port an Prince. It has an excellent harbor, Little Saline Creek, 35 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
a naval and military hospital, and public baths.              GOOD/ALL LAKE, a township in Lake co., Illinois. P. 423.
GON/ALDSTONE. a parish of England, co. of Noets.            GOOD/ERSTONE, or GOOD/SON, a parish of England, co.
GONCELIN, gtNzssseh-laN/, a town of France, department of Norfolk.
of Isre, 17 miles N.E. of Grenoble.  Pop. 1547.              GOODE'S, a station of Virginia, on the Virginia and TenGON/DAR, the capital city of Abyssinia, 21 miles N.E. of  nessee Railroad, 8 miles from Lynchburg.
Lake Dembea, or Zana, in lat. 120 50' N., lon. 370 32' E. It   GOODE'S PRE/CINCT, a post-office, Clarke co., Kentucky.
is built on a lofty, insulated hill, which is an extinct vol-   GOOD/FIELD, a post-office in Meigs co., Tennessee.
cano, between two rivers, which unite below the town; En-   G00D/FIRM, a township in Grundy co., Illinois. Pop 101.
tire circumference of the city, about 11 miles. It contains    GOOD GROUND, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York,
a ruined palace, many churches, and other buildings de- about 240 miles S.E. of Albany.
voted to religious purposes. Gondar was formerly a royal   GOOD HOPE, a small post-village of Cumberland co., Pennresidence; but is now, with the whole province in which it sylvania.
is situated, in the hands of the Gallas, and has lost much    GOOD IIhOPE, a post-village of Walton co., Georgia, 7 miles
of its former splendor. Cottoot cloths of a fine quality are  E. of Monroe.
manufactured here. The people of this city are represented    GOOD ttOPE, a post-village of Fayette co., Ohio, 7 miles
as extremely licentious, and addicted to the most barbarous  S.B. of Washington, the county seat. Laid out in 1849.
and brutal practices. Pop. estimated at 50.000.              GOOD HOPE, a township of IHocking co., Ohio. Pop. 630.
GONDELSHEIMI, gon/dels-himex,  a village of Baden, 14.GOOD HOPE, a post-office of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 9
miles E.N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1320.                      miles N. of Milwaukee City.
GONDRECOJRT, g8Nd'kooa, a town of Francs depart-   GOOD I-HOPE, a fort of British North America, on the
ment of Meuse, on the Ornain, 17 miles S.S.W. of Commercy. McKenzie River. Lat. 670 30' N., Ion. 130~ 40 XV. Old Fort
Pop. 1681.                                                 Good Hope is on the same river, 105 miles N.W.
GONDREVILLE, g&Nd'rveel/, a village of France, depart-   GOOD HOPE, BAY OF, a bay of Russian America, in lat.
ment of Meurthe, on the Moselle, 4 miles E.N.E. of Toul. 66~ 30, N., ion. 1610 to 164  V W., at the termination of KotzePop. 1307.                                                 bue Sound. It contains Chamisso Island. The land around
GONDS, a tribe of Indians. See GoANDS.                   it is swanmpy.
GONDWARA  gond w'/rfs,  a town of DBritish India, presi-    GOOD/IUE, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, bordency of Bengal, district, and 18 miles S.S.W. of Purneah.   dernng on the Mississippi Eiver, and on Lake Pepin, which
GON/ERBY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           separates it from  Wisconsin, contains about 650 square
GONESSE, go'nssst, a town of France, department of Seine- miles. It is intersected by Cannon Oliver.  Formed in 1852-3,
et-0ise, 10 miles N.E. of Paris, on the Cron. Pop. in 1852, out of a part of Wabashaw county. Capital, Redwing.
2263. It is the birth-place of Philip Augustus.  0llre, after    GOOD/AING'S GROVE, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 25
the battle of Watersloo, the head-quarters of the British army  miles S.W. of Chicago.
were established, July 2, 1815.                              GOOD INTENTI, a post-office of Washington co., PennsylGONFARON, g'asfiThr6.se,   a village of France, department vania.
of Var, 22 miles N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 1663.                  GOOD/LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
GONIADZ  or GONIONDZ, g6n/ydNz', a town of Russian    GOOD'LUCKI, a village of Dover township, Ocean co., lNew
Poland, government, and 32 miles N.W. of Bialystok, on the  Jersey, 7 miles fionm Tom's River. This town is one of the
Bober. Pop. 1550.                                          oldest settlements on the Jersey shore, and has a Methodist
GOINIC, a post-villasge in Strafford co., Neaw Hampshire, on  church and 2 schools.
the Cocheco Railroad, 8 miles from Dover.                    GOOD/IAN, a district in Harris co.. Georgia. Pop. 1260.
GONIONDZ, a town of Russia. See GONIADZ.                   G00DIATN'S CCROSS ROADS, a post-office of IHarris co.,
GONNEVILLE, gonn'veel/, a village of France, department Georgia.
of Manche, 5 miles E. of Cherbourg. Pop. 1370.               GOODMAN'S ISLANDS. See FEAD's AND G00DasAND'S ISGONNEVILLE. a village of France, department of Seine-  LANDS.
rufntrieure. 11 miles N.N.E. of Havre.                       GOOD/NESTON, two parishes of Eng land, co. of Kent.
766




GO                                                         100
GOODRICH, a parish of England. See GoDECIco.             sidency of Bengal, dishict of Tipe.rah, joins'the BrahmaGOODIRICH,   a post-of ce of Genesee co., )lichigan.     poort, 20 miles S.E. of Dacca. Comilla is on its S. bank.
GOOD SPRING, a post-village of Williamson co., Tennes-   G00NABAD, GOUNABAD, or GUNABAD, gooni-bidl, a
see, 13 miles S. of Nashvilles                            towVn of East Persia, province of Khorassan,135 miles W.S.W.
GOOD SPRING, a post-office of Limestone co., Alabama.   of Meshed.
GOOD SPUR, a post-office of Carroll co., Virginia.         GOONANG TELLA, of Celebes.  See GoooNGo TELLA.
GOOD SUCCESSI BAY, Terra del Fuego, Le Maire Strait,   GOONDA, goon/dA, a town of Iindoostan, dominion, and
in lat. 540 49t S., ion. 650 13' W.  It is a good anchorage. 25 miles N.W. of Oude.
Heights about 1200 feet above the sea surround the bay.      GOONDIAM or GOUNDIAM, goon-de-Aml. a village of West
GOODIVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. Africa, in Upper Galam, on the Falm6; lat. 140 40' N., ion.
GOOD WATER, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.         120 12' W.; inhabited during the season of cultivation, but
GOODIWIN SANDS, a range of shoals in the Strait of  after harvest it is evacuated, in consequence of the incruDover, extending off the S.E. coast of England, co. of Kent,  sions of the Bambarras and Moors.
between the North and South Forelands, about 7 miles E.   GOONEE, goolnee, an arm of the river Indus, in Sinde,
of Deal and the Isle of Thanet, the roadstead, termed the  continuous with Fulailee below  Hyderabad, enters the
Downs. lying between them  and the mainland. Length  Indian Ocean by the Koree and Sir mouths of the Indus at
about 10 miles, by 11 miles in breadth. They are divided  its delta. New Luckput, its E. branch, traverses a lake
into two portions by a narrow channel, are in many places  formed by an earthquake in 1819. Its W. branch is navibare at low water, and, owing to their shifting and loose  gable from the Ali-Bunder, in Maghribee, to the sea, a disnature, they have, perhaps, proved more fatal to life and  tance of 50 miles.
property than any other quicksands known. Floating lights    GOONIAM-AMAD00OO  or GOUNIAM-AMADOU,             goe-nehave long been fixed here, and some lofty beacons have been  tm/-A-ma-doo', a village of West Africa. in Bondoo, about 24
erected.                                                   miles S. by W. of the former.
GOODIWIN'S MILLS, a post-office of York co., Maine.        GOONIAM (or GOUNIAM)-SISSE, goo'ne-aml-sees'seh, a
GOOD/WOOD, the fine seat of the Duke of Richmond, in  village of West Africa, in Bondoo; lat. 140 50' N., ion. 120 24'W.
England, co. of Sussex, 3 miles N.N.E. of Chichester. Good-    GOONIEHII, GOUNIEII, or GUNIEH, goolnee'eh, a walled
wood races are held annually in the park during the last town of Asiatic Turkey, 100 miles E.N.E. of Trebizond, on
week in July.                                              the E. coast of the Black Sea.
GOODIWYNSVILLE, a post-office ofDinwiddie co.,hirginia.    GOONONG-APEE, GOUNONG-API, or GUNONG-API, an
GOODIYEAR'S BAR, a mining settlement of Sierra co., island of the Malay Archipelago, in the Flores Sea, N.E. of
California. Pop. about 400. It has a post-office of the same  Sumbawa. Lat. 80 15 S., lon. 1190 8' E. It has a volcano.
name.                                                        GOONONG-APEE, GOUNONG-API, GUNONG-API, GOE.
GOOJARI, goo1j, a town of Sinde, on the route between  NONG-API, go6'Bonglapeeo, or GOENONG-APU, goo0nong/.
Tattab andKurrachee,10 miles W. of Tattah, and on a navi- 5Ppfii, a burning island of the Banda group, in the Malay
gable creek of the Indian Ocean.                           Archipelago, 180 miles S. of Booro. Lat. 60 35t S., lon. 1260 45
GOOJERAT, a town and province of India. See GUZERAr. E. It contains a volcanic peak, which in 1820 broke out in
GOOKEKA, GOUKEKA, goo/ke-kA, or GOUKCHA, gook'- a fearful eruption.
chq, or SEVAN, se4ven, LAKE OF, Georgia, is between let.   GOONONG-TELLA, GOENONG-TELLA, goo'nong/~tilf, or
400 9' 40" and 400 35' N., ion. 450 E., 23 miles N.E. of Eri- GORONTALO, go'ron-tlo, a spacious bay on the E. coast
van. Length from N.W. to S.E., 47 miles; breadth varies  of the island of Celebes, with a breadth of 55 miles at the
from 6 to 21 miles. Height above the sea, 5300 feet. It is  entrance, widens towards its inner extremity, which is very
very deep, and yields fine fish; contains the island of Sevan, little. known, to 100 miles. On the N. side of the bay, and
with an Armenian monastery, and receives several small not far from  its entrance, is Gorantalo River and village.
rivers. The village of Gookeka is on its W. side.          Lat. 00 28' 301" N., Ion. 1230 15' E.
GOOLAIREE, a pass of India. See GOMUL.                     GOONONG-TELLAorGOENONG-TELLA, amaritimetown
GOOLD, goold, an island on the N.E. coast of Australia, of Celebes, on the N. coast of the Goonong-Tella Bay, between
in Rockingham Bay, lat. 180 9' 54" S., lon. 1460 11' 30" E., the N. and E. limbs of the island. Lat. 00 30, N., ion. 1230 E.
about 7 miles in circumference.                              GOONTOOR, a volcano of Java. See GOENTOER.
G OOLE, gool, a river-port and town of England, co. of York,   GOOR, g6a, a town of the Netherlands, province of OverWest Riding, on the Ouse, at the influx of the Don, 3 miles S. yssel, 28 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 1627.
of Howden. Pop. in 1851, 5001. The docks of Goole form its    GOORBAN, goor'bEn/, a river of Sinde, rising between
most important feature. One of these, the ship dock, is 600  Kurrachee and Sehwan, about lat. 250 20' N., lon. 670 38' E.
feet long by 200 feet broad, with 18 feet of water; the other, and, after a S.W. course of about 60 miles, falls into the Bay
the barge dock, is 900 feet long by 150 feet broad, and will of Kurrachee, in lat. 240 48' N., Ion. 670 6' E.
contain 200 vessels averaging 50 or 60 tons each. The num-   GOORGAUN, GOURGAN, or GURGAN, goor'ghn! or gooerher and tonnage of sailing vessels registered as belonging to  gawnt, a town in the N.E. part of Persia, on a small stream
the port in 1850 was 512, tonnage, 32,878; steamers, 8, ton- of its own name, which flows into the Caspian Sea. Lat 370
nage, 551. The number and tonnage of vessels that entered  10' N., ion. 550 30' E.
and cleared at the port during the same year was-sailing,    GOORIEL, GOURIEL, GURIEL, goo-re-8l1, or GURIA, a
steam, British, and foreign, inwards, 3318, tonnage, 194,632; province of Asia, shared between the Russian and Turkish
outwards, 2940, tonnage, 173,128. The gross amount of  dominions, at the E. extremity of the Black Sea. It formed
customs' duties for the same year was ~34,258. The town  a part of the ancient Colchis. The principal towns are Barowes its rise and subsequent importance chiefly to the open- toom, in the Turkish; Poti, Teras, and Fort St. Nikolai in
ing of the Knottingley and Goole Canal by the Aire and  Its Russian division.
Calder Navigation Company, by which a direct inland navi-   GOORIEV, GOURIEV, or GURIEY, goo-re-v/, a town'nd
gation has been effected to Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, &c. fortress of Russia, government of Orenboorg,on the Ural, at
GOOLKO,, gooPkool, a mountain range of Afghanistan,  its embouchure in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 470 10' N., ion.
30 miles S.W. of Ghuznee, lat. 330 22' N., lon. 670 50' E., up-  520 R. Pop. 2000.
wards of 13,000 feet high, and covered with snow throughout    GOORKIIA, goorPkA, a city of Nepaul, nearly in the centre
the year.                                                  of the kingdom, 58 miles W. of Khatmandoo, in lat. 270 52'
GOOMISII (GOUMISH, or GUMISH)-KHANEH, goomt-  N., lon. 840 22' E., formerly the capital of the Goorkhas.
ish-Kisneh, (" place of silver;" anc. Bylce,?) a town of Asiatic    GOORS00 F, GOURSOUF, or GURSUF, goon-sooff, a mariTurkey, pashalic, and 100 miles W.N.W. of Erzroom. It is  time village of Russia, in Crimea, on its W. coast. It was
built in successive terraces up the sides of a ravine, and is  called Es-isthena (?) by the ancient Greeks.
stated to have nearly 1000 houses, mostly inhabited by Greeks    GOORUMCONDA,GURRAMCONDA, or GURRUMCONDA,
and Turks. Near it are some productive silver, lead, and  goor-rflm-kon/da,  a strong hill-fort of British India, presicopper mines, the ores from which are all reduced at Tokat.  dency of Madras, 52 miles S.S.W. of Cuddapah.
GOOMREE, GOUMRI, or GUMIRI, goom/ree, a ruined    GOOS, GOUS, or GUS, goes, a river of Russia, rises in the
town of Russian Armenia, 54 miles N.W. of Erivan, on  government of Vladimeer, and, flowing S., empties itself into
which has been recently built the important fortress and  a lake, after a course of 60 miles.
city of ALXANDROPOL. Pop. 10,000. From the great eleva-    GOOSEBERRY ISLANDS, a group of small islands in
tion of the land in this district, (average, 5860 feet,) the  Newfoundland, on the E. coast of Bonavi- ta Bay.
cold is intense; men are often frozen to death in the open    GOOSE CREEK, in the N.E. part of Virginia, falls into
fields, and wild animals are driven into the towns from  the Potomac 4 miles E. of Leesburg, after a course of nearly
hunger. Caravans of from 50 to 100 camels bring provi- 50 miles. By means of dams, &c., it has been made navisions for the Russian troops stationed here.              gable for a distance of about 20 miles. An affluent, called
GOOMSUR, goomnstr?, (Hindoo, Ghumsara, goom-sAIra,)a  the North-West Fork, enters this creek from the left hand,
town of British India, presidency of Madras, 73 miles W. of  near the middle of Loudon county.
Juggernaut.                                                 GOOSE CREEK, of Michigan. See RAIsIN RivER.
GOOMTY or GOOMTEE, goom.tee, (IHindoo, Gomlati, goemS-   GOOSE CREEK, a post-office of Rtitchieco., Virginia.
tee, "winding,") a river of British India, presidency of Ben-   GOOSE CREEK, a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee.
gal, a tributary of the Ganges, which it joins 17 miles N.E. of    GOOSE ISLAND, one of the Furneaux Islands, in lat 400
Benares. Its chief affluent is the Sye. The cities of Luck- 19' N.. lon. 1470 47' E.
now, Sultanpoor, and Juanpoor, are on its banks.            GOOSE ISLAND, in Christmas Sound, off the S. coast of
GOOMTY or GOOMTEF, a river of British India, pre- Terra del Fuego; so named by Captain Cook.
767




GOO                                                       GOR
GOOSE ISLAND, an island in the St. Lawrence River, vania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 10 miles
in Canada East, 13 miles N.E. of the island of Orleans.    from Lancaster.
GOOSE ISLAND, a rocky islet in Bass' Strait, on which a    GORDONSVILLE, a post-village of Orange co., ~irginia,
light-house was erected in 1840.                          on the Central Railroad, and at the terminus of the Orange
GOOSE LAKE, in Asiatic Russia. See GONSINS0oE —OZERO. and Alexandria Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Richmond.
GOOSE POND, a post-village of Oglethorpe co., Georgia, 70    GOIRDONSVILLE, a post-village of Smith co., Tennessee.
miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville.                              GORDONSVILLE, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky.
GOOSNARGIt, goostnarg, a chapelry of England, co. of    GORIDONTON, a post-office of Person co., North Carolina
Lancaster, 5 miles N.N.E. of Preston. IIere is a richly en-   GORE, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio.
dowed institution for decayed persons of the higher classes,   GORE, gfr, a district of Canada West, comprising the
founded by Dr. Bushell in 1735.                            counties of Wentworth and Halton, bounded E. by Lake
GOOTA or GUUTA, gooetr, a village of West Africa, in  Ontario. Pop. about 40,000.
Bondoo, on the Fal6md, in lat. 140 24' N., ion. 120 18 W. It   GOREE, gorA/, an island and town of Western Africa, behas a citadel, erected by the sovereign of Bondoo as a palace longing to the French, immediately S.E. of Cape Verd, in
and retreat to Sambala, King of Kasson.                    lat. 140 391 N., lon. 170 24' W. Pop. about 5000, compris-ing
GOOTY or G00ITEE, a strong fort and town of British  18 Europeans. It is about 3 miles in circumference, and
India, presidency of Madras, 50 miles E. of Bellary, on a  steep on the W., S., and E. sides. At its N.E. extremity is
mountain, 2171 feet above the sea.  The military works a roadstead. The town is well built, and covers about twohere are very extensive, and Gooty was formerly the capital thirds of the island: it is the seat of civil and commercial
of a petty Mahratta state.                                 tribunals, and an entreplt for gunm-Senegal, ivory, gold-dust,
GOIPHER CREEK, of Iowa, flows into the Mlissouri a  &c. It has latterly been pretty strongly fortified, but is
little below the mouth of Boyer River.                     deficient in wood and water. It has been repeatedly taiken
GOPLO, goplo, or GAPLO, gip/lo, a lake of Prussia, govern- by the English and Dutch in the last and the present cenment of Bromberg. It forms a long and narrow expanse, turies.
having nowhere a breadth of 2 miles, and yet is above 20    GOREE, an island and village of the Netherlands,near the
miles long.                                                mouth of the Meuse, (Maas.)
GOPPINGEN, (GSppingen,) giipfping-pn, a town of Wih'-   GOREE, go'rA,! a village of Jersey, on its S.E. coast, 7 miles
temburg, on the Fils, 27 miles N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 5035. E.S.E. of St. Helier's, and immediately below Mount-Orgueil
It is well built, and has a royal residence, a remarkable  Castle.
town-hall, mineral baths, manufactures of woollen cloth and    GORE ISLAND, or ST. YATTHEW, an island in Behrugin
earthenwares, bleaching-works, and an active trade in wool. Sea, about midway betwOetn America and Asia. Lat. of its
Near it are the baths of Boll, and the ruined castle of  S. point, 600 18' N., lon. 1720 4' W. Length from N.W. to
Hohenstauffen, the cradle of the imperial race that held the  S.E., 28 miles.
German Empire in the twelfth century.                        GO'RELOYA one of the Aleutian Islands, containing an
GOPSIALL, an extra-parochial liberty of England, the  active volcano. Lat. 510 56' N., lon. 1780 40/ W.
seat of Earl Howe, co. of Lincoln, 4* miles N.W. of Market-    GORESBRIDGE, girzlbrij, a village of Ireland, in LeinBosworth.                                                  ster, co. of Kilkenny, 2* miles E. of Gowran. Pop. 921.
GORA, gotrA, a small town of Poland, government, and    GO/REY, a municipal borough and market-town of Ire19 miles S.S.E. of Warsaw.                                 land, in Leinster, co., and 24 miles N.N.E. of Wexford.
GORA, a village of Prussia, province of Posen, 22 miles Pop. 3365.
S.S.W. of Bromberg.                                          GORIGANSVILLE, a small village of Rutherford co.,
GORA, a town of Prussian Silesia. See Guninu.            North Carolina.
GORABUNDER, go'ar-bnfdider, a village and fort of British    GORGONA, goR-golng, a small island in the Mediterranean,
India, presidency, and about 20 miles N. of Bombay, at the  belonging to Tuscany, province of Pisa, between Corsica and
N. extremity of the island of Salsette, separated from the  Leghorn. It is a wooded rock, about 2 miles in length and
mainland by a narrow arm of that sea.                      breadth, inhabited by families engaged in its fishery of
GORAM, go'r~ml, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 20  anchovies.
miles in circuit. Lat. 40 31 S., ion. 1310 50/ E.            GORGONA, gon-gofnA, an island of South America, New
GORIBALS, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Lanark and Ren-  Granada, in the Bay of Choco, in the Pacific, 110 miles S.W.
frew.                                                      of Buenaventura.  Lat. 20 57' N., ion. 78O 25' W.
GORBATOV or GORBATOW, goR-bt-tov!, a town of Russia,   GORGONA, a village of New Granada, on the isthmus,
government, and 36 miles W.S.W. of Nizhnee-Novgorod, on  and 20 miles N.W. of Panama, on the river Chagres.
the Oka. Pop. 2070.                                          GORGONILLA, goR-go-neeltyA, an island in the Pacific
GORCHEN, (Glrchen,) gUsRsen, or MI[F.TSKA GORKA, Ocean, off Point Manglares, Ecuador.
meets/ki gorJ/k, a town of Prussia, province, and 52 miles    GORGONZOLA, goat-gon-zofl, a village of Lombardy, 12
S. of Posen. Pop. 1418.                                    miles E.N.E. of Milan. Pop. 2310. It has an extensive
GORCUIM, a town of Holland. See GoaoKM.                  trade in the celebrated Strachino cheese.
GORDES, goad, a town of France, department of Vaucluse,    GORGUE, LA, 1 gong, a market-town of France, depart10 miles W.N.W. of Apt. Pop. in 1852, 2948.                ment of Nord, 10 miles S.E. of Hazebrouck. Pop. in 1852,
GORIDO, a post-office of Pickens co.. Alabama.           3293.
GORlDON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, 8 miles    GORHAM, golram, a thriving post-village and township ot
N.W. of Kelso. It is famous as having given the title of  Cumberland co., Maine, on the York and Cumberland Railduke to the Gordons, a Norman family, whose earliest seat road, 10 miles W. by N. of Portland. The village contains 4 or
in Scotland was fixed here in the reign of Malcolm Ceanmore. 5 churches, an academy, and about 1000 inhabitants.  The
GOB/DON, a new county in the N.W. part of Georgia. It manufacture of cotton goods, machinery, edged tools, &c.,
is traversed by the Oostenaula River, a branch of the Coosa, is carried on to a considerable extent. Pop. of the townand also drained by Pine Log and other creeks. The soil in  ship, 3088.
general rests on a stratum of blue limesone, and is highly    GORHAM, a post-township of Coos co., New IHampshire,
productive. The county is intersected by the Western and  on the Atlantic and St.'Lawrence Railroad, about 100 miles
Atlantic Railroad. Formed out of parts of Cass and Floyd  N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 224.
counties in 1849-50, and named in honor of William W.   GORHAM, a post-village and township of Ontario co.,
Gordon, Esq., first president of the Central Railroad. Capital, New York, on the Elmira, Canandaigua and Niagara Falls
Calhoun. Pop. 5984, of whom 5156 were free, and 828 slaves. Railroad, 15 miles W.S.W. of Geneva. Pop. 2645.
GORDON, a thriving post-village of Wilkinson co., Georgia,   GORHAM, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity
on the Central Railroad, at the junction of the Milledgeville  of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 906.
Railroad, 21 miles E. of Macon. Large quantities of cotton    GORI, gofree', a considerable town of West Afi-ica, on
are exported from this place. It has 6 dry-goods stores, and  a small island of the same name on the. Niger, about middoes an extensive grocery business. Laid out in 1843.      way between Egga and the confluence of the Chadda,
GORDON, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.                (Tchadda.)
GORDONA, goat-dofn*, a village of Austrian Italy, govern-   GORI, golree or goree', afortified townofRussie, inGeorgia,
ment of Milan, 5 miles S.S.W. of Chiavenna, on the Mera, at on the Koor, 43 miles W.N.W. of Tiflis. Pop. 3000. It has
the ent'ance of the valley of Bodengo. Pop. 975.           several Greek and Armenian churches.
GOR/DON CASITLE, or CASTLE GORDON, the seat of the    GORI or GORY, a village of Russia, government, and 42
Duke of Richmond, in Scotland, co. of Elgin, about 1 mile  miles N.E.:of Moheelev.
N. of Fochabers. It stands in a magnificent park, and is    GORIN, golrin or go-reen/, a river of Russian Poland, joins
one of the finest structures in Scotland.                 the Pripets, by two arms, about 50 miles E. of Pinsk, after a
GORDONCILLO, gos-don-theellyo, a town of Spain, pro- tortuous northerly course of 230 miles.
vine, and about 22 miles from Leon, in a plain. Pop. 1808.   GORINCHEM, a town of the Netherlands.  See Gosouc.
GORIDONS, Ohio, a station on the Greenville and Miami    GOIRING, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, on the
Railroad, 22 miles from Dayton.                           Thames and the Great Western Railway, on which it has a
GORIDON'S POINT, a small village of Beaufort district, station, 8, miles N.W. of Reading.
South Carolina.                                             GORING, a perish of England. co. of Sussex, on the South
GORIDON'S SPRINGS, a post-villae of Walker co., Georgia, Coast Railway, 3 miles W. of Worthing. Castle Goring, the
about 200 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                   seat of the Shelley family, is in this parish.
GOPJ/DONSVILLE.  a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl-   GORISSEIFEN, (Gijrisseifen,) OBER, o/ber gi'ris-s'fgn, a
768




GOR                                                         GOS
village of Prussian Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop.   GORREVOD, goevod/, a village of France, d]partment of
2240.                                                       Ain, 18 miles N. of Bourg. Pop. 1783. It was created a
GORITZ, (Gdritz,) g~lrits, (Ger. Girz, gilets; It. Gorizia, go- duchy by Louis XVIII.
ridlze-A,) a town of Illyria, 22 miles N.N.W. of Triest, on the    GORRON, goaltdNO, a village of France, department, and
Isonzo. Pop. 12,137. It consists of an upper or old town, en- 11 miles N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 1634.
closed by walls, and with a partly ruined castle, now a prison;   GORSBACIT, (Girsbach,) gbiislb/il, a village of Prussia,
and a lower, or new and well-built town. Principal build- province of Saxony, about 35 miles E.N.E. of MIerseburg,
ings, a fine cathedral, several other churches, the bishop's  with a church. Pop. 965.
palace, the barracks, formerly a Jesuits' college, the circle-   GORSEL, goRspel, a village of IHolland, province of Gelderhall, town-house, alms-houses, and an elegant new theatre. land, 5 miles N. of Zutphen. Pop. 629.
It has the diocesan school for the government of Triest; a    GORSUCH'S (gorlsiUks) MILLS, a post-office of Baltimore
philosophical academy; Piarist and other colleges; Ursu- co., Maryland.
line, Jews', and other superior schools; societies of agricul-   GO0T, a market-town of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of
ture and arts; and manufactures of silkcs, rosoglio, leather, Galway, 16 miles N.N.E. of Ennis. Pop. 3056. It is almost
&c., with dye-works, sugar-refineries, and a brisk general embowered among trees, is very neatly built, and has a bartrade. The ex-iing of France, Charles X., died herein836.  racks, union work-house, and large nmarkiet. It gives the
GORITZ, (Giritz,) gbirits. a town of Prussia, province of  title of viscount to the Vereker family, whose mansion,
Brandenburg, 12 miles N.N.E. of Frankifort. Pop. 1750.      Loughcooter, is 2 miles firom the town.
GORIZIA, a town of Austria. See GoRITz.                    GORITON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 3 miles
GORKiIA, gos/kd, a town of Northern Ilindostan. and  E.S.E. of Manchester, on the railway thence to Sheffield.
(the ancient capital of Nepaul,) 50 miles W.N.W. of Khat-   GORTZKE, (Gbrtzkle,) giststkeh, a tdwn of Prussia, promandoo, reported to comprise 2000 houses, with a temple to  vince of Saxony, 27 miles E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1434.
the tutelar deity.                                            GORUCKPOOR, go-rtck-poorl, a town of Ilindostan, proGORKUM, GORCUM, gorekfim.  or GORINCIHIEM, gorink- vince, and 104 miles N.N.E. of Benares, on the Raptee. Lat.
erm, a fortified town of the Netherlands, province of South  260 46' N., ion. 830 19' E. It is reckoned one of the most
IIolland, on the Meuse, (Maas) at the influx of the Linge, 22  healthy places in India.. In its W. suburb is a temple of
miles E.S.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 8199. It has a court of  Geracnath, a IIindoo deity in high repute in these quarters.
primary jurisdiction, college, learned association established    GORUCKPOOR, a district of British India, presidency of
in 1815, manufactures of tobacco-pipes, active salmon fishery, Bengal, having Nepaul on the N. Area, 9520 square miles.
and a considerable trade in corn, cheese, hemp, and horses.   GORWYDD, gor/wiTH, a township of North Wales, co. of
It is the birthplace of several eminent Dutch painters; and a Cardigan. Pop. 608.
house once occupied by Grotius still exists in the town.     GORY, a town of Russia. See GORI.
GORLA, goRelA, (MAGGIORE, mAd-jolra, "Greater," and    GORZ, (Gbrz,) a town of Illyria. See GORITz.
MINORE, me-nofr,'" Lesser,") two adjacent villages of Aus-   GORZE, gonz, a town of France, department of Moselle,
trian Italy, 4 miles from Milan. Pop. 2067.                 9 miles W.S.W. of Metz. Pop. 1763.
GORLAGO, goe-Itgo, a village of Lombardy, 7 miles E.S.E.   GOSARILY, a considerable town of Hindostan, in the Maof Bergano.. Pop. 1200.                                     cherry dominions, 60 miles W.N.W. of Agra.
GOR/LESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            GOSIBECK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
GORLICE, goe-leetlstl, a market-town of Austrian Poland,    GOStBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
20 miles E.N.E. of Neu Sandec. Pop. 2547.                     GOSIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2 miles
GORLITZ, (GUrlitz,) giillits, almost grllits, (Wendisch,  S.W. of IHalstead. Gosfield Hall is one of the finest remainForlerz, forJlerts; Polish, Gorlic, goellits,) a town of Prussian  Ing specimens of architecture of the reign of Henry VIII.
Silesia, 52 miles W. of Liegnitz, on the Neisse, and on the rail-   GOSIFORTH, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
way from Dresden to Breslau. Pop. 15,230. It is walled,   GOSFORTH, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland, 6
entered by 11 gates, and has 3 suburbs. Principal edifices, miles S.S.E. of Egremont.
the Church of St. Peter and Paul, a structure of the fif-   GOISHEN, a post-township of Sullivan co., New Htamgteenth century, the town-hall, 4 hospitals, a prison, and an  shire, 30 miles E. by N. of Concord. Pop. 659.
orphan asylum. It has a Protestant college, and a philoso-   GOSHEN, a post-township of Addison  co., Vermont.
phical society, with a libiary of 20,000 volumes and several Pop. 486.
manuscripts; extensive manufactures of linen and woollen    GOSIIEN, a post-township of Hampshire co., Massachucloths, bell-foundries, steel and iron factories, lithographic  setts, 100 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 512.
printing and bleaching establishments, and an active trade    GOSHEN, a post-village and township of Litchfield co.,
in linen fabrics and wool.                                  Connecticut, 30 miles W. by N. of Ilartford; said to be the
GORIMANSTOWN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of most elevated township in Connecticut. It is noted for its
Meath, 13 miles N.W. of Balbriggan. Pop. 160. It gives the  excellent dairy farms and numerous tanneries; and lhas
title of viscount to the Preston family, who acquired the  manufactures of boots and shoes, soap and candles, hardmanor in the reign of Edward III., and whose baronial resi-  ware, gash and blinds, &c. Pop. 1457.
dence~adjoins the village.                                    GOSHEN, a post-village and township and semi-capital of
GORO, golpeo, or KORO, ko/ro, one of the Feejee Islands.  Orange co., New York, on the Erie Railroad, near the juneLat. (N. point) 170 141 S., ion. 1790 26' W. It is 9, miles  tion of the Newburg Branch Railroad, 70 miles N.N.W. of
long, and 4 miles broad, high, and apparently susceptible  New York. It contains, besides the county buildings, 3
of cultivation to its very top. Pop. estimated at 2000.     or 4 churches, 2 banks, a flourishing academy, about 15
GORODISCIITCHII, go-ro-dishIchA, or GORODICHTCIII, stores, and several manufactories; 3 or 4 newspapers are
go-ro-dishfchee, a town of Russia, government, and 16 miles published here. The township is noted for the excellent
E.N.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. It has a monastery in which  quality of its butter. Incorporated in 1809. Pop. of the
the Grand Duke Alexander lived as a monk. Pop. 3000.    township, 3149.
GORODISCHTCHAi, a market-town of Russia, government    GOSHEN, a post-village of Cape May co., New Jersey; 5
of Grodno, near Novogrodek. Pop. 1500.                      miles N.W. of the court-house. It has a Methodist church
GORODISCHTCHY1l or GORODITCII, go-ro-ditchl, a town  and about 20 dwellings.
of Russia, government, and 35 miles E.N.E. of Pensa. P. 2000.   GOSIIEN, a village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, 23 miles
GORODISCIITCHRE or GORODITCII], go-ro-deelchA, a  S.F. of Trenton.
tovn of Russia, government, and 40 miles S.W. ofTver. Pop.   GOSIIEN, a former township of Chester co., Pennsylvania,
1271.                                                       now divided into East and West Goshen.
GORODNIA, go-rod/ne-a, a town of Russia, government,    GOSHEN, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
and 33 miles N.E. of Tchernigov,  with 1700 inhabitants.    Pop. 160.
GORODOK, go-ro-dokl, a town of Russia, government, and    GOSIHEN, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 58
20 miles N.N.W. of Vitebsk. Pop. 1700, mostly Jews.         miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.
GORODOK BORISSOV, go-ro-dok! bo-ris-sov!, a town of    GOSHEN, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland.
Russia, government, and 63 miles S.W. of Moscow, and    GOSIHEN, a post-village of Lincoln co., Georgia, 96 miles
founded by the Czar Boris-Godanov, whence its name. N.E. of Milledgeville.
GoroDnR is the name of several villages in the government   GOSHIEN, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
of Minsk.                                                    GOSHEN, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.
GOROGUEA, go-ro-geIA, or GURGUIA, gooe-g!A/, a river    GOSH-EN, a post-office of Oldham co., Kentucky.
of Brazil, between the provinces of Fiauhi and Pernambuco,   GOSHEN, a township in Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 336.
joins the Parahiba 95 miles N.N.W. of Oeiras, after a N.E.   GOSIIEN, a village in Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1867.
course of 320 miles.                                         GOSHEN, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1943.
GOROKIIOV, go-ro-keov, or GOROKHOVETZ, go-ro-ko-   GOSIIEN, a post-village and township in the N. part of
vits', a town of Russia, government, and 95 miles E. of Via- Clermont co., Ohio, 24 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 1937.
dimeer, on the Kliasma. Pop. 2400.                           GOSHEN, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 590.
GOROKHOV, a village of Russia, government of Volhynia,   GOSHEN, a township of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1720.
30 miles S.E. of Vadimeer.                                   GOSIIEN, a thriving post-village, capital of Elkhart co.,
GORONTALO, a bay of Celebes. See GooNOING TELLA.         Indiana, is beautifully situated on the right bank of the
GORREDYK or GORREDIJK, goel-iR-dik', a market-town  Elkhart River, and on the railroad from Elkhart to Peru,
of the Netherlands, province of Friesland, 18 miles S.E. of 146 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has an active trade, and is
Leeuwarden. Pop. 1700.                                     supplied with water-power, which is employed in mills for
2 Y                                                                            769




GOS                                                        GOT
grinding and sawing. It contains several churches, a bank,    GOTHA, DUcrnY or, forming part of Saxe-Cobutg, lies on
and, in 1853, about 1000 inhabitants. First settled in 1831. the N. part of the Thuringian Forest, and has a population
GOSILEN CREEK, of Duplin co., North Carolina, flows  of101,461.
_ southward into Cape Fear River.                              GOTHA, (Gbtha,) or GOTA, (GBta,) glt/t, (Sw. Gta-elf, yi'GOSHEN HILL, post-office, Union district. South Carolina. t9-Ilf,) a river of Sweden, forming the outlet of Lake Wener
GOSHEN  -ILa  otoffice ofMaolgc.Oh.
G        IOSIIN MILLS, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.  falls into the Cattegat. Lat. 570 40' N., ion. 11~ 50t E. It is
GOISIIENVILLE, a post-office ofChester co., Pennsylvania. navigable through its whole extent.
GOSIER, LE or GOZIER, LE, leh go'zeert, or leh go'ze-4/, a    GOTI-IA (3t4tl  or ylutA) CANAL, of Sweden, unites the
maritime village of the island of Guadeloupe, arrondissement,  Lakes of Wener and Wetter, and the Baltic Sea, with the
and 5 miles S.E. of Point-h-Pitre. Pop. 3242.               Cattegat, by the Goeta-elf, Trolhsetta Canal, &c. Length,
GOSLAR, gos/lar, a town of Hanover, 27 miles S.E. of Hil- nearly 25 miles; breadth, at base, 40 feet; depth, 0 feet.
desheim, on an affluent of the Ocker, at the N.E. foot of the  The Gdtha navigation line, which is open to ships of all
Harz. Pop. 7179, mostly employed in the adjacent mines of nations, was completed in 1832.
the Rammelsberg, but partly in manufactures of vitriol,    GOTOHAiM or GOTEIHA-IM, a parish of England, co. of
shot, hardwares, carpets, leather, &c.  It is enclosed by  Nottingham.
walls, with houses in an antique style, it being one of the    GOTIHENBURG or GOTTENBURG, gotlen-btarg, (Sw. Giteoldest towns in Germany. It was formerly a frequent seat  berg, yitt&-b-mg,) a sea-port city of Western Sweden, capital
of the German diets and residence of the emperor. The prin-  of almsn of its own name, and at the head of a fiord on the Catcipal buildings and antiquities are-portions of the cathe- tegat, which receives the Gttha River, immediately opposite
dral, demolished in 1820, and of an imperial palace, now a  theN. extremityof Denmark. Pop 28,758. Itconsistsofa
corn magazine; with some churches and conventual edi- lower and an upper town; the former in a marshy plain,
fices, a hospital, a college, and the Zweiggegr, an old tower, and intersected by canals; the latter picturesquely scattered
now used for a place of entertainment. Goslar is the seat  over adjacent rocky heights. It is well built, and its terraceof the mining council of the Harz, and of the corn dep~t for  roofed stone houses, with avenues and gardens interspersed,
the Hanoverian portion of that region.                      remind a traveller of Southern Europe. Principal edifices, the
GOSPICII, gostpiK, a market-town of Austria, in Croatia, Exchange, Arsenal, East India House, Town-hall, a cathedral
14 miles E. of Carlopago. Pop. 1000.                        and several other churches, (one built with stone fl-om ScotGOStPORT, a fortified seaport town of England, co. of  land,) the Theatre, barracks, and some hospitals. It has a
Ilants, separated from Portsmouth by the mouth of Ports-  school for 100. children of soldiers, (founded by the present
mouth Harbor, across which a floating bridge connects the  King of Sweden,) a free school for the board of 200, and edutwo towns. It is at the termination of a branch of the  cation of300 children, and two orphan asylums; with a college
South-western Railway, 66 miles S.W. of London. Pop. in  and public library, a society of arts and sciences, a chamber
1851, 7414, mostly engaged in government navy works, or  of commerce, &c. The harbor, defended by three forts, has
in retail trade and the supply of shipping. Gosport has ex- 17 feet of water; and Gothenburg is, after Stockholm, the
tensive barracks, the Royal Clarence victualling yard. a  most important trading city of the kingdom, having factories
powder magazine, iron foundries, and a county house of  for weaving, spinning, and printing cotton goods, manncorrection. Outside of the town, on the S., is IHaslar Hios- factures of woollens and sail-cloth, nnuff, glass, and paper,
pital, the largest naval infirmary in Britain.              porter breweries, tanneries, and ship-building decks, &c.;
GOSIPORT, a township of Rockingham  co., New Hamp- the products of which establishments form, after iron, timshire. Pop. 102.                                            ber, tar, copper and other metals, oak-bark, bones, berries.
GOSPORT, Virginia. See PoRtsMouTr.                       and rock-moss, the principal exports. The imports mostly
GOSPORT, a post-village of Clarke co., Alabama, on the  comprise colonial products, salt, rice, and herrings, which
Alabama River, about 100 miles above MIobile, has a steam- last were formerly the chief article of export.
boat landing.                                                 GOTIHIENBURG, a Iln or province of Sweden, having W.
GOSPORT, the principal post-village of Owen co., Indiana, the Skagerrack and Cattegat. Area, 1891 square miles.
on the West Fork of the White River, and on the New Al- Capital. Gothenburg.  Pop. 187,583.
bany and Salem Railroad, 44 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, has    GOTHIA, an old division of Sweden. See GOTHLAND. 
an active business in shipping produce.  It contains 2    GOTHLAND (or Gti'HLAN,). gothtland, ("land of the
churches and 3 warehouses. Pop. about 600.                  Goths;" Sw. Gtta-land, yb'ti-lind'; Fr. Gothic, go'tee; L.
GOSSAU. goslstw, a village of Switzerland, canton and 6  Gotthioa;) a former division of Sweden, comprising all the
miles W.S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. 520.                         kingdom  S. of lat. 590 201 N. It was divided into East,
GOSSELIES, gosseh-leef, a village of Belgium, province of West, and South Gothland. None of these appellations,
Hainaut, 4 miles N. of Charlerol. Pop. 4686.                however, are recognised in the recent distribution  of
GOSSNITZ, (Gissnitz,) gdsstuits, a village of Germany,  Sweden into provinces. The province of East Gothland, or
duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, on the Pleisse, 31 miles S. of Leip- Ostrogothia, is mostly identical with the In of Linkhping;
sic, on the railway thence to Zwickau. Pop. 1528.           and West Gothland, or Westrogothia, with those of MarioGOSTENH1OF, goasten-hof.t a nmarket-town of Bavaria, 1  stad, part of Wenersborg, and Gotheuburg.
mile S.W. of Nmeemberg, on the Ludwig Canal and the Furth    GOTIILAND, an island, the Baltic Sea.  See GsrLo.A.
Railway. Pop. 1638.                                           GOTKEE, gottkeeL, a small town of Sinde, on the Indus,
GOSTYN, gos/tin, a town of Prussian Poland, 38 miles  37 miles N.E. of Shikarpoor.
S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2320.                                     GOITO, GOT/TO, CGOTS ISLANDS, or the FIVE ISLANDS,
GOSTYNIN, gos-te-neenf, a village of Russian Poland, go- the westernmost group of Japan, consisting of five islands
vernment and 65 miles W.N.W. 6f Warsaw. Pop. 1300.          between lat. 320 40' and 330 30', N., and about ion. 1290 E.
GOTA, (Gbta,) a river of Sweeden. See GdTnA.              The two largest islands are each nearly 25 miles long.
GOTA, gott&, a town of India, in the Sattarah dominions,   GOTTENBURG, a city of Sweden. See GoTHENBURG.
23 miles S.W. of Bejapoor, enclosed by a well-built stone wall,    GOTTERN, got/tern, (OLD and GrEAT,) two villages of Prusand havhing a respectable appearance.                       sian Saxony, 23 miles N.WV. of Erfurt. Pop. of Old Gottern,
GOTEBORG, (Gdteborg.)  See GOTHENBaRG.                    1128; of Great Gottern, 1806.
GOTIIA, gotta. a town of Central Germany, capital of the    GOTTESBERG, gotttes-bUG',  a town of Prussian Silesia,
principality of Saxe-Gotha, on the Thuringian Railway, be- 46 miles S.W. of Breslanu.  Pop. 2350.
tween Eisenach and Halle, 14 miles W.S.W. of Erfurt. Pop.   GOTTESGAB. got'tes-glb', a small mining town of Bobe.
13,874. It stands on the dcclivity of a hill, crowned by the  mis, circle, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Elbogen. Pop. 1222.
palace of Friedenstein, the uc:ual residence of the sovereign    GOTTESIHAUS BUND, Switzerland.  See GelSONS.
of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a structure resembling Windsor    GOTTINGEN, (GUttingen,) or G(ETTINGEN, g~t'ting-gn,
Castle in miniature, and containing a good gallery of paint-  (Gaer. pron. glUtinog-n, Fr. Gofttinsgeli ghbtty Ng,/, L. Gettin/gea,)
ings, a library of 120,000 volumes and 5000 manuscripts, one  a town ofHanover, capital ofthe principality of Gttingen, on
of the finest cabinets of coins in Europe, collections of Ja-  the Leine, 60 miles S. of Hanover. Lat. 510 31' 47" N., Ion.
panese and Chinese curiosities, and various museums of arts 90 56 451" E, Pop. 10,644. It is pleasantly situated at the
and science. Gotha is one of the best built towns in Ger- foot of the mountin Iaimberg, is enclosed by walls, enmany, and enclosed by handsome boulevards, which replace  tered by four gates, and consists of the old and new towns,
its ancientfortifications.  Itcontains numerous churches, an  and the quarter of Masch. The streets are broad and well
arsenal, a gymnasium, one of the most esteemed in Ger- paved, and the ramparts, planted with trees, form a pleamany, a new ducal high school, orphan and lunatic asy- sant public promenade. Principal edifices, three Lutheran
lum, a house of correction, an institution for neglected  churches, a Calvinist church, and a Roman Catholic chapel,
children, the Caroline Establishment for Poor Girls, a poly- the University-hall, finished in 1837, the Court-house, surgitechnic and a normal school, school of trades, society of arts, cal and lying-in hospitals, an astronomical and a magnetical
a life and fire assurance society for all Germany, &c. Mann- observatory, theatre of anatomy, museum, and a large.factures comprise cotton and woollen fabrics, carpets, yarn, riding-school.  Its University, founded by George II. in
sail-cloth, leather, tin, and lacquered wares, fire engines, pa- 1734, and rechartered in 1830 as the Acadesia Georgia Auper hangings, and musical and scientific instruments. It gusts, was, down to 1831. the chief of the German universihas many dyeing establisments, and a large porcelain fac- ties, and the number of its students in 1822 and 1826 avetory; and Gotha sausages are in high repute in all parts of  raged 1481 annually. In 1845 it had only 633 students.
Germany. Near it are the  observatory of the Seeburg and  Connected with the establishment is a library of 330,000
the ducal residence of Friederichstal. Since 1764, the excel- printed volumes, and 5000 manuscripts, a noble academical
770
len  Anuvc deGt&'h-benpbise   ee                              uene  onedi   77,ada  oaicgre  li   c




GOT                                                         GOV
ander Hailer's superintendence in 1739, and various other    GOUNIAM-SISSE.  See GOONIAM-SISSE.
institutions, including the Spruclh. iollegiom, a judicial so-   GOUNIEIT, a town of Turkey.  See Goo0IEn.
ciety, for whose decision questions are brought from  all    GOUNONG-API. See GOoNONG-AEE.
parts of Germany. Gross annual expenditure of the Uni-    GOUR or GAUR, gTwr, (Hindoo, Lakshmanavati; Mohamversity, about 50,0001. Connected with the University is a  medan, Jensatabad.jln'ne-tg-badf, "abtde of paradise;"peroyal society of sciences, established 1751, a female high  haps the Gange 1~gia of Ptolemy,) a ruined city of Hindosschool, (Uther Ttichter-schule,) and a house of correction. tan, presidency, and province of Bengal, (of which it was anGittingen was formerly one of the Hanse towns, and has  ciently the capital,) 50 miles N.W. of Moorshedabad. Its remanufactures of woollen and linen stuffs, colored paper, mains extend along a dry channel of the Ganges, being scatmusical and surgical instruments, iron and steel wares, tered over an estimated area of 20 square miles, on which
starch, and soap; but those of tobacco-pipes and sausages, only a few straggling villages now exist. Extensive embankand the sale of books, are the only flourishing branches of  ments faced with brick, bridges and roads of the same matetrade, and the town has hitherto depended for support rial, two fine gateways, a large fort containing a mausoleum
mainly on its University. Under the French, from 1807 to  and traces of a palace, 7 or 8 deserted mosques, a lofty tower,
1814, it was the capital of the department of Leine.        and a multitude of large tanks and reservoirs, are the prinGOTTINGEN, PRIECIPALITY Oc, a political and administra-  cipal remaining structures, most of which are of Mohamtive division, forming the southernmost part of Hanover.  medan origin. The cities of Moorshedabad and Dacca, with
Area, about 800 square miles. It is mostly covered with  Malda, Rajamahal, &c., have beenin a great part built of the
mountains belonging to the  tIarz.  Pop. (Protestants,)  materials of its edifices, and some of its fine buildings have
111,640.                                                    been destroyed to erect the cathedral of Calcutta.
GOTTLABND or GOTIULAND, gott/land, (i. e. "'good land,")    GOURDON, gooa'dlNa/, a town of France, department of
an island of the Baltic, belonging to Sweden, of which it  Lot, capital of the arrondissement, 21 miles N. of Cahors.
forms the rlon of Wisby, between lat. 560 555 and 580 N., and  Pop. in 1852, 5060. Ithas a handsome churoh, manufactures
Ion. 180 10, and 190 10, E. Area, 1227 square miles. Pop. of woollen stuffs, and an orphan asylum.
41,575. Surface generally from 200 to 300 feet above the sea;   GOURIDON, a small seaport and fishing village of Scotcoastsindentedbynumerousbays. Soil pretty fertile, though  land, co. of Kincardine, 1 mile S. of Bervie. Pop. 390.
ill cultivated. Corn and other vegetable products are raised    GOURIDIVINE, a post-office of Union co., North Carolira.
in quantities sufficient for home consumption, and live stock    GOURGAN, a town of Persia. See GoonRoAUN.
are plentiful; timber, marble, sandstone, and lime are ex-   GOURIEL, a province of Asia. See GoomEL.
ported to Stockholm. Principal town, Wisby, on the N.AV.   GOURIEV, a town of Russia. See GeooeEv.
coast.                                                       GOURIN, goo'rANo/ a village of France, department of
GOTTLIEBEN, got/lee'ben, a village of Switzerland, can- Morbihan, 51 miles N.W. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852, 4310.
ton of Thurgau, 2 miles W. of Constance, and having a    GOURNAY, gooR'nSI or GOURNAY-EN-BRAY, gooiO'nsi/castle, which was successively the prison of the reformers  5iN-ebrl, a town of France, department of Seine-Infirieure,
John IIuss, Jeroqme  of Prague, and Malleolus.             on the Epte, 27 miles E. of Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 3306.
GOTTO, gotfto, a country of Africa, between Bambarra    GOUtROCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew.
and Timbuctoo, formerly divided into several petty states    GOURONCONDA.  See Go00nUCONDA.
dependent on Bambarra, but now an independent kingdom,   GOURSOUF, a village of Russia.  See Goorssoor.
of which Mossidoo is the capital.                             GOUS, a river of Russia.  See Goes.
GOTTO ISLANDS, of Japan.  See GoTo.                         GOUSTA, goes/ta, or GOUSTA-FJELD, goos/ta-fy~ld, a
GOTTOLENGO, got-to-iun/go, a village of Lombardy, dele- mountain of Norway, lat. 600 N., belonging to, and on the E.
gation, and 17 miles S.E. of Brescia. Pop, 3300.            side of the Langfjeld range. Height, 6354 feet, and comparaGOTTORF, gottoRf, or GOTTORP, got'tonp, an amt of ble, in respect of the magnificence of its scenery, to some of
Denmark, with a castle 3 miles S.W. of the town of Sleswick. the loftiest summits of the Alps.
GOTTSCI-IEE, got/ch., or -IATSCIIVIE, hAtch/vee, a town    GOUVEA, gS-vA/, a town of Portugal, province of Beira,
of Illyria, capital of the duchy of Auersberg, 39 miles S.E. 53 miles E.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 1700.
of Laybach. Pop. 628.                                         GOUVERNEUR, goov'er-noor/, often pronounced gtrv'erGOTT'-S CROSS ROADS, post-office, Sullivan co., Tennessee.  neer/, a post-villege and township of St. Lawrence co.. New
GOTTSKA-SANDOE, (Gottska-Sandiie,) gott'sk4-s2n/d6'eh,  York, about 200 miles N.W. of Albany.  The village is situa small island in the Baltic, belonging to Sweden, lion, and  ated on the Oswegatchie, (here about 80 yards in width,
30 miles N.N.E. of Gottland. Lat. 580 25' N., lon. 290 15'E. with a fall furnishing an abundant hydraulic power,) and
Length, 5 miles; breadth, 3 miles.                          on the Pottsdam  and Watertown Railroad. It is incorGOUDA, g6w'da, (Dutch pron. e6w/dA,) or TERGOUW, porated, and contains 4 churches, a large and fiousishing
ter-gw/l, a town of the Netherlands, province of South Hol- academy, called Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, with its
land, on the Yssel, 11 miles N.E. of Rotterdam.  Pop. 14,451. building handsomely located, fronting the public square.
It is neatly built. Principal edifice, the large church of St. a newspaper office, and manufactories of iron, machinery,
John, (S3t.Janskerk,) remarkable for its stained glass windows. thills, cabinet-ware, wagons, sleighs, pot-ash, pearl-ash, &c,
It has four other churches, a fine town-hall, several hospitals,  Thills ofan excellent quality ase manufactured from hickory
a Latin school, and a town library with curious manuscripts;  obtained in the vicinity, for a large portion of the state and
numerous tobacco-pipe factories, employing 3000 hands, New England. There are also saw and grist mills. Pop.
brick kilns, and manufactures ofwoollens, sail-cloth, cordage, about 1000; of the township, 2783.
and large markets for cheese and other rural produce.         GOUY-LE-PIETON, goo'ce'-leh-pe-AtbVN/, a village of BelGOUD/IURST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            gium, province of HIainaut, 9 miles NiW. of Charleroi.
GOUFFRE, gooff'r, a river of Canada East, rises in the  Pop. 3043
Mont-des-Roches, co. of Saguenay, and falls into the St. Law-   GOUZEAUCOURT, goo'z'klooio, a village of France, derence opposite the island of Coudres; lat. 470 25' N., ion. 700  partment of Nord, 9 miles S.S.W. of Cambrai. Pop. 2354.
30' W. It is tortuous, and full of rapids, but none either    GO/VAN, a parish ofScotland, cos. ofLanark and Renfrew.
violent or formidable. The estuary of this river, with the    GOIVANSTOWN, a post-village of Baltimore co., Maryexception of its bed, is almost dry at low water.          land, 5 miles N.W.W. of Baltimore.
GOUGH'S (goff's) ISLAND, or DIEGO ALVAREZ, de-,&go    GOVEN, go'vlNc/, a village of France, department of IlleAl-v/rnz, an island of the South Atlantic; let. 400 20' S., et-Vilaine, 26 miles N.N.E. of Redon. Pop. 2356.
Ion. 90 44! W.                                                GOVERNADOR, go-v6R-nAc-dtr, an island of Brazil, in the
GOUKEKA or GOUKCIIA, LAKE OF. See GOOKEKA..              bay, and 8 miles N. of Rio Janeiro. It is very irregular
GOULBURN, gll/bfsrn, a town of New South Wales, co. in shape, its coast being much indented by creeks. It is
of Argyle, 125 miles S.W. of Sidney, near the angle formed  about 8 miles in breadth, and 28 miles in circuit. In some
by the junction of the Mulwaree, with the principal branch  parts, sugar-canese, manioc, millet, and haricots are grown.
of the river Wollondilly, called Goulburn Plains. Pop. 1171. The island contains a church and a primary school, and a
GOULBURN'S ISLANDS, two small islands off the N. building which; though little deserving it, bears the name
coast of Australia, 50 miles E.S.E. of Coburg Peninsula. of imperial palace.
Lat. 110 30' S., ion. 1330 25' E.                             GOVERNOLO, go-vis-no/o, a town of Lombardy, 9 miles
GOULD'S, Ohio, a station on the Stubenville and Indiana  E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 900.
Railroad, 5 miles from Stubenville.                           GOY/ERNOR'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Anne Arundel co.,
GOULDSBOROUGII, a post-village and township of Han-  Maryland.
cock co., Maine, occupying a peninsula extending into the    GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, is situated at the right ofthe main
Atlantic, about 110 miles E. by S. of Augusta. It possesses  entrance to Boston Iarbor. Fort Warren is on this island.
excellent facilities for navigation through Prospect IIarbor-.    GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, New York, situated in New York
Considerable shipping is owned here, and ship-building is  Harbor, about 11 miles S. of the City Hall. It belongs to
extensively carried on. Pop. 1400.                         the United States, and is strongly fortified by Castle WilGOULDSIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          liamS, Fort Columbus, and a battery commanding the enGOULJA. See ELEsE.                                       trance through Buttermilk Channel.
GOURIISII-KHIIANEH.  See Gooasn-KnuIANEI.                   GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, a post-office of Macon co., North
GOUMRI, a town of Armenia. See GoOsmicEE.                Carolina.
GOUNABAD, a town of Persia. See GooNskaD.                   GOVIND, a river and town of Africa. See JUBs.
G OUNDIAM., a,illage  of West Africa. See GOONDIAsu.       GOVONE, go-voyn:, a village of Piedmont, province of
GOUNIAM-AMIADOU. See GooNIIAss-AsIAD0o.                  Alba, near the Tanaro, 28 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 2838.
771




GOW                                                        GRA
GOWANIDA, a post-village of Cattaraugus   co., New York,   GlABOW, grbeov, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg
about 250 miles W. of Albany.                               Schwerin, on the Elde, 24 miles S.S.E. of Schwerin, with a
GOWANUS, go-w'Alnfs, a village of King's co., New York, station on the railway between Hamburg and Berlin. P. 5130.
situated on Gowanus Cove, about 1 mile S. of Brooklyn.        GRABOW, a town of Germany, in Prussian Poland, 9
GOWIDEYS~ILLE, a post-office of Union district, South  miles N.E. of Schildberg, on the Prosna. Pop. 1490.
Carolina.                                                     GRABUSA, gril-boolss, (anc. Cimarus,?) a small island, in
GOW/ENSVILLE, -a post-village in Greenville district, the Grecian Archipelago, off the N.W. extremity of Crete.
South Carolina.                                               GRAQAY, grT's, a village of France. department of
GOWER, gtw/9r, or GWEI, gooler, a peninsula of South  Cher, 24 miles W.N.W. of Bourges. Pop. li05.
Wales, projecting into  Bristol Channel, and forming the    GRACEIIAM; a post-village in Frederick co., Maryland,
westernmost part of the co. of Glanmorgan.  Length from   75 miles N.W. of Annapolis.
N.E. to S.W.. about 15 miles; average breadth, about 5    GRACEIIILL, or BAL'LYKENPNEDY, a Moravian setmiles. Pop. 10,000. It has bold, rocky, and deeply in- tlement in Ireland, Ulster, co. of Antrim, 2 miles W.S.W.
dented shores, several interesting  ancient remains, and  of Ballymena. Pop. 300.
much fine scenery. A colony of Flemings have occupied the    GIRACEIVILLE, a post-village of Houston co., Georgia, 68
S.W. extremity of this peninsula since the reign of Ienry  miles S.W. of Milledgeville.
I. They have preserved much of their original language,    GRACIAS-A-DIOS, grAlse-As A deeGoce, a town of Central
dress, and manners, and rarely intermarry with the Welsh. America, state Honduras, 40 miles W.N.W. of Comayagua,
GOWER (g6wfer) ISLAND, one of the Solomon group; in a fertile plain, and peopled, some years ago, by about 400
lat. 70 531 S., lon. 1600 55' E. Its shape resembles an arrow; families.
it is low and covered with wood.                              GRACIAS-A-DIOS, a headland, E. of Patagonia, near the
GOW/ER'S FERRY, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa.        mouth of the Gallegos River.
GOWIIATI, a'town of India. SOee GOAHATI.                    GRACIOSA, gr-se-ofsA, one of Azores islands, in the AtGOW/RAN, a small market-town of Ireland, in Leinster,  lantic, N.W. of Terceira, and N.E. of Fayal. Lat. 390 5' N.,
co. of Kilkenny, 60  miles N.N.E. of Thomastown.  Pop. Ion. 280 4' W. Length 20 miles; breadth 6 miles. Pop. 12,000.
1169. In the vicinity is Gowran Castle, the seat of Viscount Principal town, Santa Cruz, with a pop. of 3000.
Clifden.                                                      GRACIOSA or LA GRACIOSA, I grA se-oersd,the most N.E.
GOWRIE, Scotland. See CASE oF GowRIE.                     of the Canary Islands, is small and unimportant.
GOX'HIL], a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              GRADACHATZ, gri-da-kAts', a town of European Turkey,
GOXHILL, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. in Bosnia, 42 miles N.W. of Zvornik, said to be enclosed with
GOYA, golya, a town in the province of Corrientes, Ar- walls, and to have an active trade in cattle and timber.
gentine Republic, (La Plata,) on the left bank of the    GRADE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Parand. Pop. 1000.                                            GRADIFES, grA-Deetf~s,  a village of Spain, province, and
GOYANNA, go-y~n/na, a city of Brazil, province of Per- 16 miles E. of Leon, in a plain on the Esla. Pop. 1935.
nambuco, on the Goyanna River, 35 miles N.W. of Olinda.   GRADIGNAN, grAfdeen~yANc/, a village of France. departPop. 5000. It was erected into a city in 1840, has a Latin  ment ofGironde, 4 miles S.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1650.
and some other schools, a hospital, a convent, 5 churches,   GRADISKA, grf-disfkA, or BERBIR, bhr/beer, a fortified
and numerous ifactories. It is the seat of civil and criminal  town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, on the Save, 23 miles
courts, and has an active trade.                            N.N.E. of Banialuka. Immediately opposite to  it is the
GOYAVE, go-yAvl, a town on the island of Guadeloupe,  Austrian fortress of Alt (Alt, " Old") Gradiska, Slavonia, 38
West Indies, on a bay of the same name, at the mouth of a  miles WV. of Bred, with a cathedral, a Greek church, and the
small stream called the Petit-Goyave.                       head-quarters of a staff for the military frontier. Pop. 2299.GOYAZ, go-yaz', a city of Brazil, capital of a province  Nsu (not, "new") GRAnDISKA is a market town, 7 miles N.E.
of its own name, formerly called Villa Boa. It is situated  Pop.2000.
nearly in the centre of the empire. Lat. 160 211 S., Ion. 50~    GRADISTA, grg-disltA, a village of European Turkey, in
35' W. Chief buildings, the governor's palace, and two  Albania, 12 miles N.E. of Yalona, on the declivity of a hill,
bridges across the river Vermelho, which divides the town  on which are extensive Cyclopean antiquities.
into two parts. It has 7 churches, a Latin school, a school of    GRADLICZE, a town of Bohemia. See GRACSLITZ.
philosophy, and is the seat of the legislative assembly of the    GRADLITZ, grAd/lits, or 1HRADISKO, hrA-dis/ko, a marprovince. Pop. near 8000.                                   ket-town of Bohemia, circle, and 15 miles N. of Ktniggritz.
GOYAZ, the central province of Brazil, extending be- Pop. 1090.
tween lat. 80 and 200 S., and ion. 460 and 520 W. Area esti-    GRADO, grA/do, a maritime town of Illyria, government
mated at 274,700 square miles.  Pop. 185,000. Principal of Triest, 22 miles S.S.W. of Goritz, on an island near the
mountains, the' Sierra of Matto Gordo.  The Cordillera  headoftheAdriatic. Pop.2200.
Grande, in its centre, rises to no great height. Principal    GRADWEIN, grAdtgivne, a village of Styria, on the Mlur,
rivers, the Tocantins in the centre, the Araguay, forming  with a railway station, 7 miles N.WV. of Griitz. Pop. 579.
its WV., and the Rio Grande, its S. boundary. The soil is    GItADYVILLE, a post-office of Adair co., Kentucky.
fertile. ~ast herds of horned cattle are reared. Gold was    GRIECIA. See GEcCE.
formerly plentiful; no mines appear to be now wrought, and    GRAEG or GRAIG, grAg, a hamlet of England, co. of
every branch of industry is most backward.  Principal Monmouth. 3 miles W.N.W. of Ne wport. Pop. 589.
town, Goyaz,                                                  GR]TRMSAY, grlm/say, an islet of the Orkneys, 1I  miles
GOYCK, go-ilk, a village of Belgium, province of South  S of Stromness. Pop. 214.
Brabant, 12 miles S.WV. of Brussels. Pop. 3043.               GRAEN. See GaAN.
GOY-ESILI, a village of Sardinia. See GUAsILA.              GRAENA, gr —&AnA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, proGOYITREY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.           vince, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Granada.  It has a parish
GOYZUETA, go-e-thwAtt, a town of Spain, province of  church, a palace belonging to the Marquis of Peflafior and a
Navarre, 27 miles N.N.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1460.            court-house.  About 1 mile E. are thermal baths, visited
GOZO or GOZZO, gotzo, (anc. Gauelos,) one of the Maltese  annually by about 800 persons; temperature of water from
group of islands in the Mediterranean, 4 miles N.WV. of  840 to 1040.  Pop. 445.
Malta. Length, 9 miles; breadth, 4A miles. Pop. 16,000.   GRJESOE, (GrCuste,) grstso-eh, or GRIESOEN, grA/sti'n,
It has a richer soil, and is better cultivated than Malta; its  an island of Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, latn Stocksurface is agireeably diversified, and has many fertile valleys. holm, and separated from the mainland by a narrow strait.
Rabato, its chief town, is situated near the centre. Fort  Lat. 600 25' N., ion. 180 20/ E. Length from N. to S. 20 miles;
Chambray is on its S.E. coast. The chief object of interest average breadth 3 miles.
in the island is the Giant's Tower, a Cyclopean building.     GRAETZ, a city of Austria. See GRATZ.
GOZZANO, got-sA/no, (L. Gaudianum,) an ancient town    GRAFENAU, grAften-ow'. a town of Lower Bavaria, on an
of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, 22 miles N. by W. of  affluent of the Ilz, 22 miles N.N.WV. of Passau. Pop. 703.
Novara, in a plain. It has some good modern houses, a    GRAFENBERIG, (Gritifenberg,) grA/fn-b6o'1, a town of
large and handsome parish  church, and the remains of a  Bavaria, 24 miles S.S.E. ofBanberg. Pop. 10390.
strong castle. Pop. 1763. GRAFENBERG, (GCiifenberg,) a village of Austrian SileGIAAF-REINET, grsf-rilnet, or REYNET, a division of  sin, circle of Troppau, celebrated for the first hydropathic
Cape Colony, in South Afirica, between Ion. 230 and 260  establishment instituted by Priessnitz in 1831.
l., and extending N. from  lat. 330 S. Area, 8000 square    GRAFENI-IAUSEN, grAflen-h6w'zen, a village of Baden,
miles. Pop. in 1845, 8878. Capital, Graaf-Reinet. Pop. 2500. circle ofLake, 9 miles W. of Stuhlingen. Pop. 1273.
G RAAF-1IEI NET,   the capital of the above division, is    GRAFENIHAYNCHEN, (Grifenhaynchen,) grA/fen-h~u'situated on Sunday River. 108 miles N.N.W. of Uitenhage. Ken, a town of Prussian Saxony, 9 miles N.E. of Bitterfeld.
Pop. about 3000.                                            Pop. 2670.
GRAASTEEN, a village of Denmark. See GRAveNSTE1N.          GRAFENORT, grAfen-oRtP, a village of Prussia, province
GRAUWV,  niirw, a village of H-olland, province of Zea- of Silesia, government of Breslau. It has an elegant castle'end, 15 miles S.W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Pop. 812.           belonging to the Count of Herberstein. Pop. 1210.
GRABALL. a post-office of Jones co., Georgia.              GRAFIENSBURG, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania.
GCRABALOS, geri-nl/loce,  a town of Spain, in Old Castile,   GRAFENTIAL, (Grifenthal,) grt/fen-tAlI,a townof Gerprovince, and 35 miles S.E. of Logroho. Pop. 991.          many, Saxe-Meningen, 9 miles S.S.W. of Sealfeld. Pop. 1422.
GRABIER, gra/ber. or GRABERN, grgaIbern, a town of Bo-   GRAFENTONNA, (Grifentonua,) grt'/ffen-ton'nA, a town
hemi  circle of Leitmoritz, 38 miles N. of'Prague. Pop. 965.  of Germany, Saxe-Coburg, 10 miles N. of Cotha. Pop. 1480.




GRA                                                       GRA
GRAFENWOTIT. (Grafenwdtrth,) gr~/fen-*5at'. or GRA-    GRAfHAMI, a post-village, capital of Alamance co., North
FENWERD, grd/ffn-  Rt', a market-town of Lower Austria,  Carolina, on the North Carolina Railroad. about 55 miles
on the little river Ramp, about 8 miles from Krems. P. 878. W.N.W. of Raleigh. It has 7 stores. Pop. 400.
GRAFFtIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.       GRAHIIAM, a small village of Guilford co., North Carolina.
GRAFFI-IAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           GRAHAM, a small village of Orange co., North Carolina.
GRtAFRATH, (Grif~rith.) gr:t'frit, a town of Rhenish    GRAHAM, a post-office of Independence co., Arkansas.
Prussia, 14 miles E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1595.              GRAHAM, a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana.
GRAFITON  REloIs, a parish of England, co. of North-   GRAHAMf, a post-office of Nodaway co., Missouri.
ampton, on the London and Birmingham  Railway, 4 miles    GRAHAM ISLAND, Mediterranean. See FYRnINANDsEA.
E.S.E. of Towcester. It gives the title of duke to the F'itz-   GRAIHIAMi LAND, a tract of elevated land, in the Antarcroy family, descendants of Charles II. by the Duchess of  tic Ocean, stretching from lat. 630 to 680 S., and ion. 610 to
Cleveland.                                                680 W. Discovered by Biscoe in 1832.
GRAFITON, a county in the N.W. central part of New    GRAHIAMI'      S CREEK or GRAIHIAMII'S ]FORK, of Indiana.
HIampshire, has an area of about 1463 square miles. It is rises in Ripley county, and enters the Moscatatnuck at th.e
bounded on the W. by the Connecticut, and is drained by  N.E. extremity of Washington co.
the Pemigewasset, the principal branch of the Merrimack,    GRAHiiAMSTOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew,
LowerAmmonoosuck,and the head waters of the Saco River. 3 miles S.E. of Paisley.-GRAn AsToo wN is the name also of
It has many small lakes and ponds, the principal of which  suburbs of Glasgow and Falkirk.
are Squarm Lake and Newfound Lake; the former, a large    GRAHAM'S TOWN, a town in the E. part of the Cape
portion of which lies in Carroll county, is celebrated for its  Colony, South Africa, capital of division Albany, in a valmagnificent scenery. The surface of Grafton is hilly and  ]ey about 25 miles from  the ocean. Lat. 330 195 S., lon. 260
umountainous. In 1850 this county produced 244,177 bushels  31' E. Pop. in 1845 estimated at 0000. In point of importof oats; 1,006,237 of potatoes; 103,001 tons of hay, and  stnce it is the second town in the colony. It has spacious
1,278,984 pounds of butter. The quantity of oats, hay, and  stores, a handsome Roman Catholic church, WVesleyan and
butter was each the greatest produced by any county in the  other chapels, a Protestant church, in which is a monument
state, and the quantity of potatoes the greatest produced by  to Colonel Graham, several tanneries, breweries, barracks,
any county in the United States.  The Boston, Concord, and 3 weekly newspapers. A military road extends f-om it
and MIontreal Railroad, a branch of which connects with  to the Tarka district N.E., and a post road W. to Port ElizaBristol, passes through the county, and the Northern New  beth, Uitenhage, George, Zwellendam, and Cape Town.
Ianmpshire  Railroad iutesects the southern part. Capitals,   GRAHIAM'S TURNOUT, a post-office of Barnwell district,
Ilaverhill and Plymonth. Pop. 42,343.                     South Carolina.
GRAFTON, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, incorpo-   GRAIIIAMSVILLE, a post-village of Sullivanl co., New
rated, March 9th, 1852.                                   York, 20 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
GRAFTON, a post-township in Grafton co., New ITamp-   GRAIIIAMTON, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsylshire, on the Northern Railroad, 44 miles N.N.W. of Con- vania, about 115 miles W.N.W. of IIarrisburg.
cord. Pop. 1259.                                            GRAHAMTON, a village of Meade co., Kentucky, at the
GRAFTON, a post-village and township of Windham co., falls of the Otter Creek, about 30 miles S.W. of Louisville.
Vermont, 90 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. Soapstone of an  It has 1 or 2 churches, and a manufactory of cotton and
excellent quality is found here in great abundance. Cassi- woollen goods.
meres are manufactured to some extent. Pop. 1241.            GRAflIAMVIILLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
GRAFTON, a post-village and township of Worcester co.,   GRAI-IAMVILLE or GRAIIAMSVILLE, a post-village in
Massachusetts, 40 miles W.S.W. of Boston. The S. part of  Beaufort district, South Carolina, 120 miles S. of Columbia.
the township is traversed by the Norwich and Worcester    GRAIGUE, gr4g, a town of Ireland, in Leinster, Queen's
Rairoad and Blackstone River and the N. part by the Bos- county, forming a suburb of Carlow, with which town it
ton and Worcester Railroad, from which a branch road, 4  communicates by a bridge across the Barrow. Pop. 1675.
miles in length, diverges to Milbury. The latter railroad    GRAIGUE, a town of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny, also on
has two depots in the township, and the former, one. On a  the Barrow, 5 miles S. of Goresbridge. Pop. 2248.
branch of Blackstone River is situated New England Village,   GRAIN COAST, West Africa, is that portion of Guinea,
withvaluable water-power, and extensive cotton mills. There  W. of the Ivory coast, and extending between lat. 40 and 70
is a beautiful village in the centre ofthetownship with about N., and lon. 70 and 110 E. It comprises mnost part of the
1400 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the manufacture of  territory of Liberial belonging to the United States, but no
boots, shoes, and leather. In this business, Grafton ranks  other Christian settlements of importance. See GUINEA.
as the fourth town in the state. The village contains 3    GRAINE, ISLE OF, an island and parish of England, co.
churches, an academy, 4 stores, and the Grafton post-office. of Kent, formed by the Thames, Medway, and Yantlet
About A a mile W. on the same stream with New England  Creek, at the mouth of the Thames, W. of Sheppey, and 1l
Village is Centre Village, the seat of the Kingsbury Cotton  miles W. of Sheerness. Area, 3160 acres of marshy pasture,
Mills, ruuning  40 looms. IhIere is also a grist mill with two  protected by embankments. Pop. 337.
run of stones, and a saw mill. In the S.W. part of the town-    GRAINGER. See GANoren,  a co. of Tennessee.
ship, on the Blackstone is the thriving manufacturing    GRAINSIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
village of Saundersville, the seat of extensive cotton mills.   GRAINITIORPE, a-parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
On another portion of the Blackstone is a cotton mill with    GRAITNEY, a village of Scotland. See GRETNA.
60 looms, known as Fisher's Mills; and near where the Black-   GRAJAL DE CAMPOS, gr&-nhl5 dA kim-poce', a town of
stone receives the above-mentioned stream, there is a con- Spain, province, and 35 miles S.E. of Leon. Pop. 1233.
siderable village, known as Fasrnum'sVillage. It has a large    GRAJEIIU, grA-zhA-hool, a river of Brazil, province of Macotton mill with other business, and improves the water-  ranhlgo, after a course of 240 miles, joins the Miarim.
power on both streams. Pop. of the township, in 1850, 3904;   GRAJEWO, grA-yA-oo, a small town of Poland, province,
in 1.854, about 4300.                                     and 25 miles S.W. of Augustowo, on the Lyck. Pop. 1206.
GRAFTON, a post-township of Rensselaer co., New York,   GRAMAT, gr'mnl, a town of France, department of Lot,
20 miles N.E. of Albany. Pop. 2033.                       27 miles N.E. of Cahors, on the Alzon. Pop. in 1852, 3995.
GRAFTON, a post-village and township in the S.E. ex-   GRAMMICHELE, gr.m.me-kel/, or GRANMICHELI,
tremity of Lorain co., Ohio, on the railroad from Cleveland  grgn-me-ksqlee, a town of Sicily, 30 miles S.W. of Catania.
to Columbus, and at the terminus of the Cleveland and Toledo  Pop. 7900.
Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of Cleveland.. Pop. 947.           GRAMMIONT, grhm'mlN0I,(Flemish Geeradsbersgen, HhrldsGRAFTON, a post-office of Monroe co.. Michigan.         hoR'en,) a town of Belgium. province of East Flanders, on
GRAFTON, a post-villae of Jersey co., Illinois, on the  the Dender, 211 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 7364. It was
Mississippi River, about 84 miles S.W. of Springfield. P. 222. founded and originally fortified in 1068; it has a college,
GRAFTON, a township of MlcHenry co., Illinois. P. 446. manufactures of cotton yarn, lace, linen and woollen fabrics,
GRAFTON, a post-village of Ozaukee co., Wisconsin, on  paper, and snuff, bleaching and dye-works.
the Milwaukee River, 22 miles N. of Milwaukee.             GRAMPIANS, gram/pe-anz, a celebrated mountain chain
GRAFTON, atownship,Washis/gton co.,Wisconsin. P. 710. in Scotland, forming the natural rampart which separates
GRAFITON, a village of Canada West, co. of Northumber- the Highlands from the Lowlands. Their limits may be
land, on the post road from Kingston to Toronto, 38 miles  said to stretch from the W. coast of Argyleshire and DumS.W. of Belleville, and about 7 miles from Cobourg. It con- bartonshire north-eastward across the Island, terminating
tains 8 saw mills, 2 flour mills, and a hotel. Pop. about 300. on the E. and N.E. coast of the counties of Aberdeen and
GRAFTON CENTRE, a post-village of Grafton co., New  Banff, in two branches, running on each side of the river Dee
Hampshire, about 45 miles N.N.W. of Concord.              General aspect wild and rugged, especially on the N. side;
GRAFTON ISLAND, the most N. of the Bashee Islands, on the 8. acclivity the slopes are gentler, the pasture finer,
Philippines, East Archipelago.                            and the numerous defiles which indent the range often preGRAFTON, TEMPLE, a parish of England, co.of Warwick.  sent scenes of the most romantic beauty.  The streams
GRAFTON  UNDERWOOD, a parish of England, co. of flowing from the N. side are mostly affuents of the FindNorthampton.                                              horn, Spey, Don, and Dee; those on the S. join the Forth,
GRAGLIA, grillyA, a town of Piedmont, division of Turin, Tay, and South Esk.- The loftiest sumnmits are Ben Nevis,
8 miles N.E. of Ivrea. Pop. 2875.                         Ben Msacdhui, Cairntorm. Cairntoul, Schihallion, Ben Aven,
GRAGNANO, grn-yifno, a town of Naples, province of  Ben Lawers, Ben More, and Ben Lomond. The name GramNapoli, 2 miles E. of Castel-a-Mare. Pop. 7200.           plans is not used by the natives of this part of Britain. It
773




GRA                                                        GRA
is derived from the -Mons Grampius, mentioned by TACITUS is the see of an archbishop, the residence of a captain-general,
in his " Agricola."                                        and of civil and military provincial authorities, and the seat
GRAMPIANS, a mountain range of Australia, in Victo- of several courts of law, though it has lately lost the most
ria, stretching crescent-wise N. and S., between lat. 360 52' important of all, the supreme court of appeal, by its remce
and 370 38' S., and ion. 1420 251 and 1420 47' E., bounding  val to Albacete. It was first founded by.the Moors in the
eastward the basin of the Glenelg and its affluents. Height tenth century, near the site of the ancient llliberi, and beof Mount William, its loftiest peak, 4500 feet.            longed to the kingdom of Cordova. In 1235, it became the
GRAMItPION HILLS, a post-office of Clearfield co., Penn- capital of a new kingdom, and attained to almost matchless
sylvania.                                                  splendor. Its population attlhis period has been estimated
GRAMIPOUND, a municipal borough and town of Eng- as high as 700,000. In 1491, it remained the last stronghold
land, co. of Cornwall, parish of Creed on the Pal, here crossed  of the Moors in Spain, and mustered 60,000 men to defend
by a fine stone bridge, (whence the name Grandpo nt, i. e. itself against Ferdinand and Isabella, who had now arrayed
"great bridge,")14 miles N.E. of Falmouth. Pop. 607. This  against the town, the flower and strength of their united
obscure place sent 2 members to the House of Commons kingdoms, and took~possession of it in 1492. The great body
until disfranchised for gross bribery in 1824.             of its inhabitants still were Moors, and its prosperity conGRAN, gr'n, (Hun. Gacrtame, g~hrdml; Slav. Hron, ron,) tinned almost without diminution till 1510, when the decree
a navigable river of North-western H-ungary, joins the Dan- was issued for expelling the Moors from all parts of Spain,
ube opposite Gran, after a winding course of 130 miles.    upon which it sunk, and has never recovered. Pop. 61,610.
GItAN, grdn, (Hun. Esztergom, "sWtia'gom'; anc. Stri'go-   GRANADA, an old province, and formerly a kingdom of
nium?) a royal free city of Hungary, capital of the county of  Spain, in Andalusia, bounded on the S. by the Mediterranean.
same name, with a steam-packet station on the Danube, op- Area, 4354 square miles. Pop. 427,250. Capital, Granada.
posite the influx of the Gran, 24 miles N.W. of Buda. Pop. Thekingdom of Granada, the last possession of the Moors in
about 12,000. It was once the finest city of Hungary, and  Spain, was conquered by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.
is still the residence of its prince-primate. The chief edi-   GRANADA, grii-nd'dA, a city of Central America, state,
fice is a superb new Cathedral in the Italian style, begun in  and 30 miles N.N.W. of Nicaragua, on the N.W. shore
1821; and though unfinished, the most magnificent modern  of the lake. Pop. 10,000. (?) It is well built, having handbuilding in Hungary, occupying, with the Archbishop's Pa- some streets and public edifices; the latter comprise several
lace and Chapter-house, a precipitous height, formerly the  fine churches. It is the seat of a flourishing trade in cocoa,
site of a fortress. Gran has 2 other Roman Catholic churches, indigo, Nicaragua wool, and hides, which are exported in
a Greek church, town and council halls, an hospital for poor flat-bottomed boats by the lake and river San Juan, to the
citizens, and a Roman Catholic gymnasium. Its inhabit-  harbor of San Juan del Norte, in the Caribbean Sea.
ants weave and dye woollen goods, but its trade is chiefly    GRANADA, NEW. See Naw GRANADA.
in wine.                                                    GRANADELLA, grg-nA-D6l/yA, a town of Spain, province,
GRAN, a town of Arabia. See GRAN.                      and 17 miles S.E. of Lerida, N. of the Ebro. Pop. 1714.
GRANA, grinlye, a town of Spain, province, and 10 miles    GRANADILLA, gr~-nu-Deellyg, a town of Spain, province,
N.E. of Corunna, and near the mouth of its harbor, on the  and 70 miles N. of Caceres, with a chlteau and fine gardens
river Ferrol. Pop. 1580.                                   of the Duke of Alva. Pop. 434.
GRANA, grtnA, a village of Piedmont, division of Ales-   GRANADILLA, a town in the Spanish colony of the Ca,
sandria, province, and 10 miles S. of Casale.  Pop. 1363.  nasies, on the S. side of the island of Teneriffe.  Pop. 2563.
GRANADA, grA-nada, (Sp. pron. grA-nD/Dk; anc. lliberi.;   GRAN'ARD, a market-town and parish of Ireland. in Lein.
L. G.ranata; Fr. Grenade, greh-n'id,l) a city of Spain, in  ster, co. of Longford, 59 miles W.N.W. of Dublin.   Pop. of
Andalusia, capital of a province, and formerly of a kingdom  town, 2408. It gives the title of earl to the Forbes family.
of its own name, beautifully situated partly on two spurs of    GRANATULA, grl-na-toolld, a town of Spain, province,
the Sierra Nevada, and partly on the flat between them   and 13 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1972. It is the
forming the extremity of the rich plain of Vega, and on the  birthplace of Baldomero Espartero, Regent of Spain.
Genil; lat. 370 18' N., ion. 30 50' W. Its site being about   GRAN BRETARA or GRAN BRETTAGNA.  See GaREA
2445 feet above the sea, and snowy mountains forming  BRITuIN.
the back ground, the city possesses an air of delicious   GRAN/BY, a parish of England, co. of Notts. It gives the
freshness even in the hottest seasons; the sky is generally  title of marquis to the eldest son of the Dukle of Rutland.
serene, and the whole district abounds in scenery of great   GRANtBY, a post-township of Essex co., Vermont, 45
beauty and grandeur. In the time of the Moors, Granada  miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 128.
was surrounded by lofty walls, flanked by 1030 towers,   GRANBY, a post-village and township of IHampshire co.,
and was entered by 20 gates. The most of these have dis- Massachusetts, 100 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has seveappeared, with the exception of a small portion of the N. ral factories and mills. Pop. 1104.
enclosure, still in tolerable preservation, and consequently    GRANBY, a post-township of Hartford co., Connecticut,
the town is now open. It is divided into four quarters-  on the New Haven and Northampton Railroad, 15 miles
Alhambra, a celebrated fortress and palace, occupying  N.N.W. of Hartford. This township contains the celebrated
one of the hills; Albaicin, a suburb occupying another; Simsbury mines, formerly used as a prison. It has several
Antequeruela, another suburb, the residence chiefly of  factories and mills. Pop. 2498.
the working classes, and the town proper, covering the    GRANBY, a township of Oswego co., New York, on the
space between the two hills, and extending into the plains. Oswego River, 24 miles N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 3368.
Fountains and gardens, spacious squares, and handsome    GRAN/BY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Shefford,
mansions, are seen in many quarters, and even where the  50 miles S.S.E. of Montreal, and 48 miles from Sherbrooke. It
houses are of an inferior description, their antiquity and  contains several stores, and 2 saw and grist mills. Pop. 1302.
oriental structure make it impossible to view them without   GRANBY CENTRE, a post-village of Oswego co., New
interest, but the far greater part of the streets are extremely York, about 25 miles N.W. of Syracuse.
narrow and tortuous. The most remarkable buildings are    GRAN CANARIA. See CANARY ISLAND.
the Alhambra. an immense Moorish structure, of rather for-   GRAN CHACO, a region of South America. See CITACO.
bidding exterior, but within gorgeous almost beyond de-   GRAND, gr8Na, a marKet-town of France, department of
scription, partly remaining as the Moors left it, with its  Vosges, 9 miles W. of Neufchateau. Pop. 1314.
splendid Court of Lions, so called from the beautiful foun-   GRAND, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 353.
tain in its centre, supported by 12 lions, surrounded by a   GRANDAS-DE-SALIME, grdn/d4s  dA sg-leetm, a village
gallery resting on 120 pillars of white marble, and partly  of Spain, province, and 54 miles W.S.W. of Oviedo. P. 1426.
occupied by an unfinished palace, commenced by Cherles    GRAND BANK. See NEWFOUN)LAND.
V.; the Cathedral, a heavy and irregular building, pro-   GRAND BLANC, grand blank, (Fr. pron. griaN blNa,) a
fusely ornamented,-and surmounted by a dome resting on  post-village and township of Genesee co., Michigan. on tie
12 arches, and containing in the adjoining royal chapel, Detroit and Saginaw Road, about 50 miles N.W. of Detroit.
among its numerous fine monuments, those of Ferdinand  Pop. 1165.
and Isabella. The Church of Nuestra Scflora de ]as Angus-   GRAND BLUFF, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.
ties, with two beautiful towers, and splendid high altar;    GRAND-BORNAND, gSrqoa-bo'na6NG, a village of the SarChurch of San Joe6, a modern edifice; the old Carthusian  dininn States, 15 miles E.N.E. of Annecy. Pop. 2143.
Convent, finely situated on a height in the suburbs, and    GRANDIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co., of Bucks.
adorned with fine paintings by Cane, Murillo, and Morales;   GRANDBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
the Monastery of St. Geronimo, founded by the great Cap-   GRAND-BOURG, grdNG'booai, a town of France, depamttain Gonzalo de Cordoba, whose remains lie deposited in a  meat of Creuse, arrondissement of Gueret. Pop. 2464.
splendid mausoleum contained in its church; the Gen eralife,   GRAND-BOURG, atown in the Antilles. See Borcre,GaANDs.
a beautiful Moorish palace, surrounded by fountains and    GRAND CAILLOU, (k[h'yoo/,) a bayou of Terre Bonnu
gardens; the Episcopal Palace, the General Hospital, Col- parish, Louisiana, commences near Iouma, and flowing
lege, &c.                                                  south-westward through Lake Caillou, enters the Gulf of
The manufactures of silk and of sail-cloth, once very im- Mexico. It is navigable for small boats. The lake is 10
portant, were almost extinguished by the loss of Spanish  miles long, and 3 or 4 wide.
America, and the annihilation of the Spanish fleet; and the    GRAND CANAL, in Ireland, in Leinster, cos. of Dublin,
only manufacture now deserving of notice, is that of coarse Kildare, and King's, proceeds from Dublin westwamrd, and
woollens, still carried on to a considerable extent in the  joins the Shannon near Banagher.  Length, 85 miles;
suburbs of Albaicin. The trade is insignificant. Granada  breadth at surface, 40 feet; depth, 6 feet. It has a branch
774




G~~~~~~~~~~~~g_ ~ ~ ~ ~         ~         ~        ~       ~       --
GR~IA                                                    GRA
27 miles in length, to Athy, where it joins the Barrow River,   GRAND JUNCTION, a station of Massachusetts, at the
and other branches to Ballinasloe, Portarlington, Mount- union of the Providence and Worcester Railroad with the
mellick, &c. Begun in 1765, and completed at a total cost Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 1 mile from Worcester.
of 2,000,0001. Annual amount of tolls, 40,0001.             GRAND LAKE, on the E. border of Maine, commnuni
GRAND CANARY. See CANAaY ISLAND.                        cates with the St. Croix River. Length, about 15 miles;
GRAND CAVE, a post-office of De Soto parish, Louisiana. greatest breadth, 4 or 5 miles.
GRAND-CHAMP, gr6NG-shS6N,  a town of France, depart-   GRAND LAKE, a post-village of Chicot co., Arkansas, on
ment of Morbihan, 8 miles N.N.W. of Vannes. Pop. 5233.   the Mississippi, about 24 miles by land S. of Columbia. It
GRAND COTEAU, grAud ko't05, a post-village of St. Landry  has a landing for steamboats.
parish, Louisiana.                                          GRAND LEDGE, a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan.
GRAND COTE PRAIRIE, grANd HMt prl!ree, a post-vil-    GRAND-LIEU, gr8NQ-le-uht, a lake of France, departmen
lage of Perry co., Illinois, 65 miles S.S.W. of ~andalia.  of Loire-Infdrieure, 6 miles S.W. of Nantes. Length, 8 miles
GRANDCOUR, gr&Nrskooel, a village of Switzerland, can- average breadth, 4 miles. It receives the Boulougne and
ton of Vaud, near the Lake of Neufchdtel, 28 miles N.N.E. Ognon Rivers, and discharges itself into'the Loire by the
of Lansanne. Its old castle was once a residence of the Bur- Achenau, all navigable.
gundian kings.                                              GRAND LIGNE, grand leen or grANd leeN, a station on
GRAND DETOUR, (dJ-toorf,) a thriving post-village of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, Canada East,
Ogle co., Illinois, on Rock River, 166 miles N. by E. of Spring- near St. John's.
field. Pop. 378.                                            GRAND-LUCI, grSNG-lisI, a town of France, department
GRANDE, or GRANDE-ILIIA. See IrrA-GnANDE.              of Sarthe, 15 miles S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 2316. It was deGRANDE, or GRANDE-RIO.  See RIo-GaANDE.                 stroyed by fire in 1786, but has been rebuilt, and has an acGRANDE-ANSE, gr6Nd-6Nse, a village and parish of Mar-  tive trade.
tinique, on its N. coast, 15 miles N. of Port Royal.        GRAND MANAN, (man-ant,) or MENAN, (men-ant,) an
GRANDE BRETAGNE.  See GaEAr BRITAIN.                    island off the N.E. part of Maine. Length, 20 miles; average
GRANDE-CHARTREUSE, LE, leh gr3NG-shaR'tuvzt, a fa- breadth, about 5 miles; coast deeply indented, affording
mous monastery of France, department of Isbre, in the Alps, numerous fine harbors. In 1850, there were at the various
14 miles N. of Grenoble, in a picturesque situation, sur-  stations in the island, 118 fishing vessels and boats, manned
rounded by mountains, 3323 feet above the sea, and very  by 473 men.
difficult of access. It was founded in 1084; but the present   GRAND MARSH, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.
building, which is of vast extent, was erected in 1676. In 1826    GRAND MOUND, a post-office of Thurston co., Utah Terit was restored to its original destination; and afew years ago  ritory.
it was inhabited by 33 Carthusian monks, and 18 servitors.   GRANDOLA,  grin-dolY1, a town of Portugal, province of
GRANDE CHUTE, Wisconsin.  See APPLETON.                 Estremadura, on the Davino, 49 miles S.E. of Lisbon. P. 2185.
GRANDE CHUTE, grand shoot, a township of Brown co.,   GRANDOLLA, grAn-dol/la, a town and parish of Portugal,
Wisconsin. Pop. 619.                                      province of Alemtejo, 29 miles S.S.E. of Setubal. Pop. 2000. 
GRAND ECORE, (A'klrl,) a post-office of Natchitoches    GRAND PRAIRIE, (prtree,) a post-township in the N.
parish, Louisiana.                                         part of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 474.
GRANDE-ILHA. See ILHA-GRANADE.                             GRAND PRAIRIE, a post-village of Marion co., Ohio.
GRANDE-PAROISSE, LA, 1I gr8NG-paR'wesst, a village of   GRAND PRAIRIE, a post-office of Pulaski co., Arkansas.
France, departmentnof Seine-et-Marne, 3 miles W.S.W. of    GRAND PRAIRIE, a post-office of Marquette co., WisMonterea.  "Pop.1256.                                      consin.
GRANDE-RIO. See RIO-GRANDE-                                GIAND-PRI], grSNe~prA, a town of France, department of
GRANDES VENTES, LES, 1A gr8Ns v6Nt, a village of Ardennes, on the Aire, 30 miles S.S.E. of Mbzi~res. P. 1300.
France, department of Seine-Inftrieure, 12 miles S.E. of    GRAND RAPIIDS, A city, capital of Kent co., Michigan, is
Dieppe, with 2043 inhabitants.                            finely situated on the rapids of Grand River, 40 mniles from
GRANDE-TERRE, West Indies. See GUADELOUPE.              its mouth, and 60 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. It is handsomely
GRAND FALLS, a post-office of Newton co., Missouri.    laid out on the left bank of the river, and has a pleasant and
GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN, of North Carolina, is an  healthy situation, commanding a fine view of the river, and
isolated mass of land, rising N.N.E. of Mount Mitchell, to  of the Indian mounds on the opposite shore. It is one of
the height of 5788 feet above the sea.                    the most important and flourishing inland towns of the
GRAND-FONTAINE, gr6NGsf6GO-tain, a village of France, state, and a place of much activity in trade and manufacdepartment of Vosges, arrondissement of St. DiS. P. 1623.  tures. Large steamboats run daily from this place to Grand
GRAND GLAZE, a post-office of Jackson co., Arkansas.   Haven, at the mouth of the river, where they connect with
GRAND GULF, a post-village of Claiborne co., Mississippi,  the lake steamers; and a smaller boat ascends from  the
on the Mississippi River, 2 miles below the mouth of Black  head of the rapids to Lyons, which is about.50 miles distant
River, and 60 miles above Natchez. It contains a town. by water. Salt and gypsum of good quality are found here;
hall. 2 or 3 churches, a market-house, a Masonic lodge, and  limestone and pine lumber, and other materials for buildseveral steam mills. A considerable quantity of cotton is ing, are abundant in the vicinity. Nearly 20 manufactories
shipped here. Pop. in 1853, about 800.                    were in operation here in 1851. The river at this place is
GRAND HAIVEN, a thriving post-town, capital of Ottowa  about 300 yards wide, and falls 18 feet in the course of a
co., Michigan, is situated on the S. bank of Grand River, at mile, producing an amount of hydraulic power that is not
its entrance into Lake Michigan, 93 miles W. by S. of Lans- surpassed by any in the state. Grand Rapids is the seat of
ing. The river, which is here 350 yards wide, forms the  St. Mark's College, established in 1850, and contains 8 or 10
best harbor on the E. shore of the lake. The water is fiomn  churches, 2 newspaper offices, and several seminaries. Set15 to 30 feet in depth, and the capacity of the harbor is suf- tied in 1833, and incorporated in 1850. Pop. in 1853, 5000.
ficient for 500 vessels. A light-house has been erected at   GRAND RAPIDS, a post-village and township of Porta/-e
the entrance of the harbor. Steamboats from Chicago and co., Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River, 125 miles N. by W.
other ports touch here daily, and an active business is done of Madison. The village has 1 church, 3 stores, and 4 saw
in storing and forwarding produce, &c.                    mills. Many of the inhabitants are employed In the lumGRAND HILL, a village of Orange co., North Carolina.   her business. Pop. about 400.
GRAND ISLAND, situated in the Niagara River, having    GRANDRIEU, gr8Nsdre-uhl, a village of France, departits lower extremity about 4 miles above Niagara Falls. ment of Loz~re, 18 miles N.N.E. of Mende. Pop. 1504.
Length, between 8 and 9 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles.   GRAND RIVER, of Louisiana, forms the boundary beGRAND ISLAND, a post-office of Erie co., New York.    tween St. Martin's parish on the W., and Iberville, AscenGRAND ISLE, a county forming the N.W. extremity of sion, and Assumption on the E. It communicates with
Vermont, has an area of about 77 square miles. It consists Atchafalaya bayou on the N., and with Lake Chetimaches
of a number of islands inthe northern part of Lake Cham- at the S.E. extremity of the latter'.
plain, and the southern part of a peninsula lying between    GRAND RIVER, of Ohio, rises in the N.E. part of the
the lake (including Missisque Bay) and the Richelieu River. state, and flows into Lake Erie; in Lake co., about 3 miles
The surface is undulating, the soil fertile. This county is from Painesville.
regarded as producing the finest apples in the state.  It is   GRAND RIVER, of Michigan, (Wssashtenong of the Intraversed in the N. part by the Vermont Central Railroad. diane,) an affluent of Lake Michigan, is not exceeded in
Organized in 1802. Capital, North Hero. Pop. 4145.        length or volume by any river which traverses the peninGRAND ISLE, a post-township of Grand Isle co., Ver- sula. Its branches rise in Washtenaw and Ilillsdale counmont, on the N. part of the island of South Hero, in Lake  ties, and after a course of a few miles unite near Jackson.
Champlain, 50 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It would appear The river then flows in a general N.W. direction, with many
that South Hero being the largest island in Lake Chain- windings, to Lyons, in Iowa county, where it is joined by
plain, was originally called Grande Isle (" Great Island") by  the Maple River. From this point it pursues a general
the French, whence probably originated the name of the  westerly course, and enters the lake at Grand Haven. Its
township as well as the county of Grand Isle. Pop. 666.    length is estimated at 270 miles, and it is about 320 yards
GRAND ISLE, Michigan, in Lake Superior, near the S. wide near its mouth. The harbor formed by its mouth is
shore. Length, about 15 miles; greatest breadth, 7 or 8  the best on the W. side ofthepeninsula. Large steamboats
miles. Between it and the mainland, on the S.E., is Grand  navigate the river daily, from the lake to Grand Rapids, a
Isle Bay, on the shore of which are the famous "Pictured. distance of 40 miles, and a smaller boat ascends about 50
Rocks."                                                   miles farther. The "Rapids" are caused by a stratum of
775




GRA                                                       GRA
limestone rock, which extends about lb miles along the  road is also projected through it. Clinch Mountain con
channel, with a descent of 18 feet, affording abundant water- tains abundance of iron ore and other minerals. Capital,
power. The chief towns on its banks are Jackson, Lansing,  Rutledge. Pop. 12,370; of whom 11,335 were free, and 1035
and Grand Rapids.                                          slaves.
GRAND RIVER, of Missouri, an affluent of the Missouri   GRANGER, a post-township of Alleghany co., New
River, is formed by two small branches, the East and West York, 10 miles N. of Angelica. It has an academy. Pop.. 1309.
Forks, which unite in Gentry county. It flows S.E. through    GRANGER, a post-township in the E. part of Medina co.,
Daviess and Livingston counties, and then forms the bound- Ohio. Pop. 1317.
ary between Carroll and Chariton, until it enters the Mis-   GRANGERSVILLE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New
souri, 30 miles above Glasgow. The lower part of the chan- York, 35 miles N. of Albany.
nel is navigable for small boats. Braeches. —The East and    GRANGERVILLE, a post-village of Macon co., Georgia,
West Forks rise near the N. border of the state, and pursue  about 90 miles S.W. of Milledgeville.
a southerly course. The Crooked Fork, which is properly    GRANIICUS, or OSTROLA, os-tro/il. a small but famous
an affluent, rises in the S. part of Iowa, and flowing south- river of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, enters the Sea of Marward, enters Grand River in Livingston county, a few miles mora, after a N.E. course of perhaps 60 miles. On its banks
S.W. of Chillicothe.                                       Alexander the Great gained his first decisive victory over
GRAND RIVER, of Missouri, rises near the W. frontier Darius, i3. c. 334.
of the state, and flowing S.E., falls into the Osage in Benton    GRANIITE, a village of Knox co., Illinois, 50 miles W.N.W.
county, a few miles from Warsaw.                           of Peoria.
GRAND RIVER, a branch of the Colorado, rises in the    GRANWITEVILLE, a thriving post-village of Edgefield disRocky Mountains, near Long's Peak, and flowing nearly  trict, South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 126
S.W., joins Green River after a course of about 300 miles.    miles W.N.W. of Charleston, and 11 miles E. of Augusta.
GRAND RIVER, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa.           The situation is remarkably beautiful. A creek, tiowing
GRAND SAILINE, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, Ar- through the place, furnishes excellent water-power, which is
kansas.                                                    used in the manufacture of cotton.
GRAND-SERRE, LE, leh gr8Nsc-sail, a village of France,   GRANJA DE TORRE-IHERMOSA, LA, li gransnd, dl ton'department of DrOme, 25 miles N.E. of Valence. Pop. 1688. re-SR-mol-s, a town of Spain, province, and 35 miles S. of
GRANDSON  or GRANSON, gr6Nas60t;l, (Ger. Gransee, Badajos. Pop. 2500.
grgnfs&l,) a small decayed town of Switzerland, canton of    GRANJA LA.  See SAN ILDEFONSO.
Vaud, on the S.W. shore of the Lake of Neufchktel, 20 miles   GRAN MICHELI.  See GRAMMoncsEE.e
N. of Lausanne. Near it, March 3, 1476. the Swiss defeated    GRAN NANA, grn-ni/ni6h', a village of Hungary, about
the Burgundians, under Charles the Rash, with great loss. 75 nmiles E.S.E. of Presburg, on the railway finom Vienna to
Pop. 830.                                                  Pesth.
GRAND SPRING, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.        GRANNOCIT, LOCI[, loK grtInnon, a lake of Scotland,
GRAND TRAVIERSE, a new county in the N. part of  stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Length, about 3 miles; breadth,
Michigan, bordering on Grand Traverse Bay of Lake  half a mile. It is extremely deep, and abounds with the
Michigan.                                                  finest trout and char.
GRAND TRAVERSE, a post-office of Grand Traverse co.,   GRANOLLRS   DE VALLS, grln-nol-yaias/ da vils, or
Michigan.                                                  GRANOLLERS DEL VALLES, grln-nol-yai9s'dil vllyks,      a
GRAND TRAVERSE BAY, Michigan, near the N. end of town of Spain, province, and 16 miles N.N.E. of Barcelona.
the Lower Peninsula, extends S.E. from  Lake Michigan. Pop. 3092. It has extensive manufiactures of sandals.
Length, near 30 miles; greatest breadth, 7 or 8 miles.       GRAlON, grin-yon/, a town of Spain, province, and
GRAND VIEW, a post-township forming the N.E. extre- about 30 miles from Logroflo. Pop. 1077.
mity of Washington co., Ohio, on the Ohio River. Pop. 1154.   GRANOZZO, grI-notfso, a village of the Sardinian States,
GRAND VIEW, a post office, Spencer co. Indiana.          in Piedmont, 6 miles S.S.W. of Novara. Pop. 1300.
GRAND VIEW, a post-village and township in Edgar co.,   GRANS, grN.G, a village of F'rance, department of BouchesIllinois, 12 miles S.W. of Paris. Pop. 1337.               du-Rhlne, 20 miles N.N.W. of Aix. Pop. 1780.
GRAND VIEW, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, 8 miles    GRAN SASSO D'ITALIA.  See CORNO, MONTE.
N. of Wapello, has about 100 inhabitants.                    GRANS!DON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of IIHuntGRAND VIEW, a post-office of Richland co., Wisconsin.   ingdon.
GRANDIVILLE;  a thriving post-village of Kent co., Michi-   GRANSDON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Camgan, on the S. bankr of Grand River, at the mouths of Buck  bridge.
and Rush Creeks, 8 miles below Grand Rapids City. The    GRANSEE, grIn/sa, a town of Prussia, province of Branriver is navigable by steamboats of the first class as high as denburg, 43 miles N.N.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 2600. It has a
this place. The creeks afford water-power, by which a large  monument to Louisa, late Queen of Prussia.
quantity of lumber is manufactured fi-om the extensive    GRANSON, a town of Switzerland. See GRANsoN.
"pineries" in the vicinity. Laid out in 1835.                GRANS/TON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Penmbroke.
GRANDVILLE, a small village of Effiugham co., Illinois,    GRANT, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has a-n area
on the National Road, 4 miles W. of Ewington.              estimated at 200 square miles. It is drained by Eagle River,
GRANDVILLIERS or GRANVILLIERS, graNG'vee'yA/, a  an affluent of the Kentucky. The surface Is undulating;
village of France, department of Oise, 17 miles N.N.W. of the soil is good and well timbered. The county occupies the
Beauvais. Pop. 1861.                                       Dry Ridge, which divides the waters of the Licking filom
GRANE, GRAN, grtn, or QUADE, kwld, (Arab. El those of the Kentucky River. The Trenton limestone unKuveit. 61 kwlt,) a seaport of Arabia, district of Lahsa, on a  derlies this division of the state. Organized in 1820, and
bay of the same name, near the N. extremity of the Persian  named in honor of Colonel John Grant, an early settler of
Gulf, in lat. 290 23' N., lon. 470 571 E. It is inhabited by nu- Kentucky.  Capital, Williamstown.  Pop. 6531: of whom
morons rich merchants, who trade to the Red Sea, and to  5999 were free, and 532 slaves.
finde, Guzerat., and other parts of India. Pop. about 8000.   GRANT, a county situated in the N.E. central parnt of InGRANGJERDE, grln-ylan/dh, a village of Sweden, 1an, diana, contains 420 square miles. It is drained by the Misand 33 miles S.W. of Falun, with extensive iron-works.     sissinewa River. The surface is mostly level, and was occuGRIANGE, a village of Switzerland. See GRENcuEr.         pied a few years ago by dense forests of large timber. The
GRANGE, grSNsh, a village of France, department of  soil is extremely fertile. Organized in 1831, and named in
Vosges, 12 miles S.W. of St. Dii. Pop. 1335.               honor of Samuel and Moses Grant, who were slain in battle
GRANGE, grlnj, a parish of Scotland, co., and 16 miles  by the Indians in 1789. Capital, Marion. -Pop. 11,092.
S.W. of Banff. Here are the ruins of the "grange" of the    GRANT, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Wiscmanabbots of Kinloss.                                         sin, bordering on Illinois and Iowa, has in area of 1224
GRANGE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh. square miles. The Mississippi forms its boundary on the
Several smaller Irish parishes have this name.             S.W., and the Wisconsin on the N.W. It is drained also by
GRANGE/IOUTHT.     a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Stir- the Platte, Grant, Blue, and Fevre Rivers. The suriface is
ling, on the Carron, 11 miles S.S.E. of Stirling. Pop. 1488. diversified by prmaiies and woodlands, and presents a sueIt has a custom-house and bank, extensive quays and ware- cession of ridges and valleys. The former consist of limehouses, a dry-dock, a good harbor for vessels drawing 12 feet  stone, and are traversed by fissures which  contain ani
of water, establishments for ship-building; exports of corn, abundance of lead and zinc. The soil is excellent. The S.
wool, the manufactures of Stirling, and the products of the  part of the county is represented as one vast lead mine,
great Carron iron foundry; and imports mostly of timber, which has produced more than six million pounds of lead
hemp, flax, and tallow from the Baltic. Registered shipping  in a year. The county is liberally supplied with waterin 1847, 7329 tons.                                        power. It is intersected by the Mississippi and Milwaukee
GRANGER, grainijer, (often improperly written GRAIN- Railroad, not yet finished. Organized in 1836. Capital, LanriE1,) a county in the N.E. part of Tennessee, has an area  caster.. Pop. 16,169.
estimated at 330 square miles. Clinch River forms its    GRANT, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.
boundary on the N.W., and Holston River on the S.E. The    GRANTA, a river of England. See CaM.
surfitce is elevated, and is traversed by Clinch Mountain.    GRANT/CHESTER. a parish of England, co., and 2. miles
Steamboats navigate the iolston on the border of this  S.S.W. of Cambridge. It is supposed to be the ancient Camncounty. The Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, lately corm- befiturn, the original seat of the University of Canmbridge.
inenced, will connect the county with Knoxville. A plank-    GRANTHAM, grant/am, a parliamentary and municipal
7176




GRA                                                        GRRA
borough, town, and parish of England, co., and 23 miles    GRANYILLE, a village of Livingston co., Mlissouri, on
S.S.W. of Lincoln. Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in  Grand River, 120 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
1851,10,873. It consists chiefly of four nearly parallel and    GRANVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.
some minor streets, and has a church, a fine edifice of the    GRANVILLE, a post-office of Mahaska co., Iowa.
thirteenth century, with a spire 273 feet in height. and    GRIANVILLE, a post-township of Milwaukee co., Wisconmany costly monuments, and a grammar school in which  sin. Pop. 1713.
Sir Isaac Newton received his early education. Other chief    GRANVILLIERS.  See GaANDVILeErS.
buildings are several dissenting chapels. the Guildhall,    GRAO, VILLANUEVA DEL, veel/yA noo-d/va dfl gr o, or
Borough Jail, Union Work-house, and a neat theatre, The  GRAO DE VALENCIA, grao dA va-lan/the-a, a seaport town
principal trade is in malting and export of corn, and import of Spain, at the month of the Guadalaviar, 4 miles E. of
of coal by a canal connecting the town with the Trent. It  Valencia, of which it is the port. Pop. 2736..
sends 2 members to the House of Commons.                     GRAPE GROVE, a post-office of Green co., Ohio.
GRANTHAM, a parish of Canada West, district of Nia-   GRAPE ISLAND, a post-office of Pleasant co.,:Virginia.
gara, on the S. side of Lake Ontario, 30 miles S. of Toronto.    GRAP/PENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
GRANTTHAM, a post-township of Sullivan co., New IRamp-   GRASI/OLM or GRESH/OLMI, an island of South Wales,
shire, 35 miles N.W. of Concord. It contains numerous  co. of Pembroke, in lat. 510 43' 54" N., Ion. 50 28' 45" W., about
ponds, and a noted mniineral spring. Pop. 784.             three-fourths of a mile in circumference.
GRANT/LY HARBOR, an inlet of Behring Strait, in Rus-   GRASLITZ, gr~salits, GREKLIS, grlk/lis, or GRADLICZE,
sian America, immediately E. of Port Clarence, is 10 miles  grAd-leet/st, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.N.E. of Eger.
in length, 2~ miles across, generally from 2d to 3 fathoms in  Pop. 4790, employed in cotton spinning, paper mills, and in
depth, and supposedto communicate with a large inland lake. manufactures of musical instruments, looking-glasses, &c.
GRAN/TOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on    GRASIMERE, a parish of England, co. of Westmcorelarnd,
the Spey, 22 miles S. of Foraes.                           21 miles N.W. olAmbleside.  Its village stands at the head
GRANT RIVER, a small stream of Grant co., Wisconsin, of Grasmere Lake, which is about 1~ miles in length, and
flows into the Mississippi.                                has an island in its centre.
GRANT'S BOROUGIH, a post-office of Campbell co., Ten-   GRASMERE HILL or GRASMERE FELL, a mountain
nessee.                                                    of England, co. of Cumberland, E. of Crunmmoclk Water.
GRANT'S CREEK, a post-office, Switzerland co., Indiana. Elevation, 2750 feet.
GRANT'S LICK, a village of Campbell co., Kentucky.         GRASO, (Grlisi,) grasdi', an island of Sweden, at the enGRANTSIVILLE, apost-office of Allegheny co., Maryland. trance of the Gulf of Bothnia, and only separated firom
GRANTSVILLE, a post-village of Coweta co., Georgia, on  the mainland, on which the town of Oregrund stands, by a
the Atlanta and Lagrange Railroad, 52 miles S.W. of Atlanta. narrow channel, in lat. 600 25' N. It consists of along, narGRANTIVILLE, a post-village of Norfollk co., Massachu-  row tract, stretching S.S.E. and N.N.W. Length, about 18
setts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 13 miles from  miles; average breadth, not more than 3 miles.
the former.                                                   GRASSANO, grds-sd/no, a town of Naples. province of
GRIANVILLE, gr8NaGveelf, (anc. Grannonamt?) a fortified  Basilicatan, 25 miles E. of Potenza. Pop. 4000.
seaport town of France, department of Manche, at the mouth    GRASSANO, grAs-stno, or GRAZZANO, grdt-sdno, a viiof the Bosq, at the foot of a rocky promontory, projecting  lage of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, division of Alesinto the English Channel, 30 miles S.W. of St. L6. Lat. of  sandria. on the Rotaldo, about 8 miles from Casale. Pop. 1360.
the light-house, 480 50' 7"/ N., ion. 10 35' 57"' W. It has a    GRASS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
strong citadel, a custom-house, a fine granite mole enclosing    GRASSE, grhss, a town of France, department of Var,
a small harbor, a Gothic church, hospital, and public baths. capital of an arrondissement, 23 miles E.N.E. of Draguignan.
It is the seat of a commercial tribunal, and a school of navti- It is picturesquely situated on a declivity ftacing the S.,
gation, and the residence of a commissary of marine. Its in- commanding fine views, and has a large Gothic church, a
habitants are mostly engaged in cod, oyster, and whale fishe- communal college, 3 hospitals, a town-hall, an exchange, a
ries, which last employs 800 hands. It has also some trade  theatre, an old tower, some Roman antiquities;  a public
with the East and West Indies, and the Channel Islands,  library of 5000 volumes, and a gallery of paintings. Large
and exports eggs, &c. to England. It was burned by the  quantities of perfumery are  made at Grasse. It has also
British in 1695, and besieged by the Vendeans in 1793. Pop. manufactures of coarse woollen stuffs, silk organzine; linen
in 1852,10,035.                                             thread, leather, liqueurs, and brandy, and an active trade
GRAN/VILLE, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, in firuits ansd oil. Pop. in 1852,11,802.
bordering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 750 square    GRASSE, LA, 1 gra-ess, a town of France, department of
miles. It is intersected by the Tar River, and also drained  Aude, 15 miles S.E. of Carcassone.  Pop. 1320.
by several creeks which flow S. into the Neuse.  The sur-    GRASS HILLS, a post-village of Carrol co., Kentuclky.
face is undulating or hilly; the soil is fertile. In 1850 this    GRAS/SINGTON, a small market-town of England, co. of
county yielded 3,420,884 pounds of tobacco, the greatest  York. WVest Riding, 81 miles N.N.E. of Skil'ton. Pop. 1056.
quantity produced by any county in the state. Sandstone    GRASS LAKE. a flourishing post-village and township of
underlies a large part of the surface. It is intersected by  Jaclkson co., Miichigan, on a small lake of the same name,
the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad. Capital, Oxford. Formed  and on the Central Railroad, 65 miles W. of Detroit. It
in 1746, and named from the title of the proprietor, the Earl contains  flouring mills, for which the outlet of the lake
of Granville.  Pop. 21,249; of whom 11,384 were fi-ee, and  affords motive-power. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1281.
9865 slaves.                                                  GRASS LAND, a post-office of IH-arsrison co., Virginia.
GRANVILLE, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont,   GRASS RIV/ER  rises in the S.E. extremity of Lawrence
on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of  co., New Yorvko, and, running first N.W., then N.E., falls into
Montpelier. Pop. 603.                                      the St. Lawrence River, about 40 miles N.E. of Canton. Its
GRAN VILLE, a township of Halmpden co., Massachusetts,  whole length is about 120 miles.
100 miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has manufactures of pow-   GRASS VALILEY, a post-office of Nevada co., California.
der, leather, &c. Pop. 1305.                                  GRASISY COVE, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee.
GRANVILLE, a post-village and township of Washington    GRASSY CREEK, of North Carolina, rises in Granville
co., New York, on the Albany and Rutland Railroad, 68 miles  co., and flows across the N. boundary of the state into RoaN.N.E. of Albany. The village has 3 or 4 churches, about noke River.
halfa dozen stores, and perhaps 100 dwellings. Pop. of the    GRASSY CREEK, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.
township, 3434.                                               GRASSY CREEK, a post-office of Yancey co., North CaroGRANVILLE, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyl. lina.
vania, 16 miles W.S.W. of Towanda. Pop. 1033.                 GRASSY CREEK, a post-office of Pendleton co., Kentuclky.
GRANVILLE, a township of Mlifflin co., Pennsylvania.    GRASSY CREEK, a post-office of Livingston co., Missouri.
Pop. 1052.                                                    GRASSY POINT, a post-village of Rockland co., New
GRANVILLE, a post-village of Monongaia co., Virginia, York, on the Hudson River, about 100 miles S. of Albany.
on the Monongahela River, 295 miles N.W. of Richmond.    It has a steamboat landing.
GRANVILLE, a post-village in Jackson co., Tennessee.        GRASSY  POND, a post-office of Spartanburg district,
GRANVILLE, a flourishinag post-village and township in  South Carolina.
the central part of Licking co., Ohio, 28 miles E.N.E. of Co-   GRASSY VALLEY, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana,
lumbus. The village is pleasantly situated on an affluent 9 miles S.W. of Corydon.
of the Licking River. A side cut connects it with the Ohio    GRASVILLE, GRAVILLE, gr'veel/, or GRASVILLE-L'Canal at Newark. Granville is neatly built, and is noted  ITIEURE, (luos,) a village of France, department of Seine-Tnfor its excellent educational institutions.  It contains 2  f6rieure, 3 miles E.N.E. of IIavre. It has a curious church
female seminaries, a good Union school, and Granville Col- of the eleventh centary, and many pleasant country resilege, founded by the Baptists in 1832, also a bank, a news- deuces belonging to wealthy inhabitants of Ravre. Pop. in
paper office, an an iron fobundry. Pop.ofthetownship, 2116. 1852, 12,794.
GRANVILLE, a village of Mlercer co.. Ohio. Pop. 564.       GRATALLOPS, grl-tal-yops', atown of Spain, in Catalonia,
GRANVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, on  24 miles from Tarragona.  Pop. 1177.
the Mississinewa River, 65 miles N.E. of Indianapolis, has 2    GRATCHEISKA, grA-chlv/skA, afort and village of Russia,
churches.                                                  government, and 125 miles N.W. of Astrakhan, on tjce Volga.
GRAN VILLE, a small post-village of Putnam co., Illinois,    GRATELEY, grait/lee, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
6 miles from Iennepin. It contains an academy.               GRATIANOPOLIS. See GaRENOBLE.
77




GRA                                                       GRA
GRATIOT, grash.e-ot, a new county in the S. central part Netherlands, province of North Brabant, on the Meuse, 2(
of Michigan, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is miles E.N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2486.
intersected by Pine and Maple Rivers, and also drained by    GRAVE CREEK, a thriving post-village, capital of Mar
Salt and Beaverdam Creeks. The surface is undulating and  shall co., Virginia, is pleasantly situated on the left bank
well wooded. The soil is said to be fertile. This county is  of the Ohio, 12 miles below Wheeling. Big and Little Grave
not included in the census of 1850.                        Creeks enter the river here, leaving an interval of a mile in
GRATIOT, a post-village of IMuskingum co., Ohio, on the  width, on which the village is built. It is-divided into two
National Road, 42 miles E. of Columbus. It contains 3  distinct villages, of nearly equal size, namely, Elizabethtown
churches and several mills.                                and Moundsville, the former of which is the seat of justice.
GRATIOT, a post-village of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, on  The name of the post-office is Grave Creek. The town conthe Pekatonica River, 28 miles E.N.E. of Galena, contains  tains a classical academy, 2 steam flouring mills, and about
about 10 dwellings.                                        1200 inhabitants. Moundsville derives its name from the
GRAtTIS, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity of  Mammoth Mound, in the vicinity, one of the largest in the
Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 2107.                               United States.
GRATTITUDE, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.       GRAVEDONA, grA-vA-dolng, a market-town of Lombardy,
GRATSANITZA, gr~t-s'-nit/es, a town of Turkey, Dos- and on the W. shore ofthelake, 27 miles N.N.E. Comno. P. 3200.
nia, 14 miles W.S.W. of Zvornik.                             GRAVE, LA, IA grtv, a town of France, department of
GRATSANITZA, a town of Turkey, in Bosnia, 37 miles Hautes-Alpes, situated on a projecting rock, backed by vast
W.S.W. of Zvornik;                                         snowy heights, 19 miles N.W. of Briangon. Pop. 1886.
GRATITAN, a post-office of Kent co., MIichigan,            GRAY/EL BANK, Ohio, a station on the railroad from
GRAT/WICH, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.         Sandusky to Dayton, about 80 miles S.S.W. of Sandusky.
GRATZ, (Griitz,) or GRAETZ, gr~ts, (Slavonitan, _Nrimetzki-   GRAVE/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
Gradetz,ne-mltsfke-grl-dlts,)the capital city of Styria,and one    GRAYELEY, a parish of England, co. of Ilerts.
of the most important in the Austrian Empire, picturesquely    GRAY/EL HILL, New Jersey. See BLAIRSTOWN.
situated on both sides of the MIur, in lat. 470 4' 13'" N.,. ion.   GRAVEL HILL, a post-office of Buckinghamn co., Virginia.
150 26' E. Pop. in 1846, including military, 50,000. With    GRAVEL HILL, a post-office of McNairy co.. Tennessee.
its suburbs, it is about 7 miles in circumference, and pretty    GRAVELINES, g,-v'leenl, a strongly fortified seaport
well built, having many good private and some fine public town of France, department of Nord, on the Aa, near its
edifices. The city proper, small and irregularly laid out, is mouth in the English Channel, 12 miles E.N.E. of Calais.
enclosed by ramparts and a glacis. which serve for the prin- It stands in a marshy plain, protected from the sea by duines
cipalpublicwalks. The cathedral hassome finemonuments. or sand-hills, and which may be laid wholly under water.
Near it is a chapel with the tomb of Ferdinand II., and  It has an arsenal, military magazines, and a military hoshere are about 20 other churches. The convict, the largest pital. Its port is small but convenient, and frequented by
public building in Grjitz, formerly a Jesuits' College, now  fishing vessels. Here, in 1520, Henry VIII. met the Emperor
serves for a school of the university. The other principal Charles V., on returning to England after his interview with
buildings are the ancient palace of the Styrian dukes, now  Francis I. Pop. in 1852, 5678.
the governor's residence, the Citadel, the Observatory, the    GRAYVELLONA, gr'-v6l-lo/nu, a village of Piedmont, 11
new council-house, built in 1807, the theatre, and landhans, miles S.E. of Novara. Pop. 1914.
with a large collection of ancient armor. The Johanneum,    GRAV/ELLY  HILL, a post-office of Bladen co., North
"the pride of Grditz and of Styria," was founded by the  Carolina, 120 miles S. of Raleigh.
Archduke John in 1812, for the encouragement of the arts    GRAVELLY LANDING, New Jersey. See PORT REPUsLIC.
and manufactures of Styria; it has rich museums of zoology,   GRAVELLY SPRING, a post-office of Lauderdale co.,
botany, mineralogy, antiquities, and coins, a chemical labora- Alabama.
tory, a botanic garden, a library of 15,000 volumes, and 700    GRAVEL PIT, Ohio, a station in Indiana, on the Ohio
MSS., consisting of the best European works, and open to  and Mississippi Railroad, 17 miles W. of Cincinnati.
the public, gratuitous courses of lectures, and at reading-   GRAVEL PIT, a station on the railroad from Cleveland
room supplied with all the chief European journals. The  to Sandusky, about 28 miles W. of Cleveland.
university, re-opened in 1827, has a library of 38,500 printed    GRAV/EL RIDGE, a post-office of Bradley co., Arkansas.
volumes and 7500 MSS., and in 1842 it had 28 professors and    GRAVEL RUN, a post-office of Washteuaw co., Michigan.
942 students. Griitz has a gymnasium, an episcopal academy,   GRAVEL SPRING, a post-office of Frederick co., Virginia.
military and numerous other schools, 6 hospitals, and many    GRAVEL SWITCHI, a station on the Pacific Railroad, 22
other charitable establishments, military magazines, a jail, miles W.N.W. of St. Louis, Missouri.
work-house, &c., and a splendid abbey built by Frederick II.   GRAVIELTHORPE, a township of England, co. of York,
for the Capuchins, now serves fdr a lunatic asylum. Grita WVest Riding.
is the residence of the military commandant for Styria,   GRAVENDEEL, gr'ven-deill, a village of Holland, proIllyria, and the Tyrol, and of the Prince-bishop of Leckan; vince of South HIolland, 3 miles S. of Dort. Pop. 928.
and is the seat of various courts. It has manufactures of    GRAVENIHAGE,'S, Netherlands. See IHAGUE.
cotton, silk, and woollen fabrics, leather, ison and steel   GRA/VENHURST, LOWER, a parish of England, co. of
wares, rosoelio, &c.; a large trade in timber, iron, and seeds, Bedford.
and transit trade between Yienna and Triest, two large    GRAVENHURST, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of
annual fairs, and a market well supplied with most kinds  Bedford.
of produce. It communicates by railways N. with Vienna    GRAVENSTEIN, grdfven-sthne', or GRAASTEEN, gr_and S. with Cilly, whence a line is in progress (completed in  steen, a village of Denmark, in Sleswick, with a castle, 11
1854 to Laybach) to connect it with Triest. It is the birth- miles N.E. of Flensborg. Pop. 500.
place of the Orientalist Von Hammer.                         GRA/VENY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
GRATZ or GRAETZ, a town of Austrian Silesia, 4 miles    GRAVES, graivz, a county in the WV. part of Kentucky,
S. of Troppau, on the Mora.                                bordering on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 600 square
GRATZ, GRAETZ, or GREIDZLACK, grlts/lk, a town of miles. It is drained by Mayfield's Creek, and the WV. branch
Prussian Poland, 27 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 3595.        of Clark's River. The surface is nearly level, and the soil
GRATZ, (Gr~itz,) gr~ts, or GRODZISKO. grod-zis/ko, a  fertile. Formed in 1823, and named in honor of Major
town of Prussia, province, and 22 miles S.W. of Posen. It Benjamin Graves, who fell at the battle of the river Raisin.
has a Bernardine monastery, and 4 annual firs. Pop. 3321. Capital, Mayfield. Pop. 11,397, of whom 9958 were free, and
GRATZ, gkats, or GRATZ/TOWN, a post-village of Dauphin  1439 slaves.
co., Pennsylvania, 48 miles N. by E. of Ifarr-isburg.        GRAVES, a post-office of Caswell co., North Carolina.
GRATZ, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.                GRAVES, a post-office of HIempstead co., Arkansas.
GRATZEN, BOHMISCH, (Bbhmisch,) b53mish gritsfen, a    GRAVES CITY, a small village of Graves co., Kentucky.
town of Bohemia, 19 miles S.E. of Budweis. Pop. 1272.        GRAVESEND, graivz'6ndl, a municipal borough, riverGRAUBUNDEN, a canton of Switzerland. See GnssoNs.  port, town, and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the right
GRAUDENZ, grbwfdlnts, a fortified town of Western  bank of the Thames, 20 miles E.S.E. of London. Pop. of
Prussia, 18 miles S.S.W. of Marienwerder, on the Vistula, borough, in 1851, 6633. The older part of the tbwn, near
here crossed by a bridge of boats, 2700 feet in length. Pop. the river, has narrow steeets; the upper town is more open,
in 1846, including military, 6800. It is enclosed by walls, and has many tasteful rows of houses and detached villas.
and has a strong fortress, a gymnasium, a high school, a  The summit of the hill, on which it is built, is crowned by
Lutheran and a Roman Catholic church.                     prospect towers, commanding views of the Thames, and is a
GRAULHET, gr&'lP, a town of France, department of favorite place of holiday resort. Gravesend has afree school,
Tarn, 10 miles N.E. of Lavaur, on the Adour. Pop. 4125.    some handsome endowed alms-houses, a battery on its E.
GRAUN, grlwn, a village and parish of Austria, in Tyrol, side, town-hall, union work-house, a commodious market30 miles S.SW. of Imst, near a lake of the same name, and  house, custom-house, bank, numerous good baths, and libramore than 4500 feet above the sea. Pop. 736.              ries, new terraces, and two piers on the river,'forming
GRAUPEN,'gr. w/pn, or KRAUPEN, krsw/pen. ra mining  agreeable promenades, and several public gardens. Fortown of Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz, with the old castle  merly the trade consisted in supplying ships with stores, vesqf Heinrichsrshe. Pop. 1408.                              sels from London being obliged, until lately, to clear out
GRAUS, grlwce, a town of Spain, province, and 37 miles here. Its more recent and still rapidly increasing prosE. of Huesca, on the Sera. Pop. 2400.                     perity dates from the establishment of steamboats, which
GRAVE, gr/veh, or GRAAF, grf, a fortified town of the  run to London in two hours, and during summer, especially
778




GRA                                                       GRE
on Sundays. bring immense crowds of visitors. Many also    GRAYSIPORT, a small post-village of Yaltlobusha co.,
of the wealthier class of trades-people reside here. A rail- Mississippi.
way, communicating with the London and Greenwich line,   GRAY'S TIEUR/ROCK, a market-town and parish of Eng.unites with one which passes through a tunnel, upwards  land, co. of Essex, on the N. bank of the Thames, 3 miles
of 2 miles in length, and connects the town with Rochester,  N.W. of Gravesend. Pop. in 1851, 1713. The town has a
distant about 7 miles. There is a ferry across the Thames wooden pier at which steamers stop, and large brick-works.
to Tilbury Fort. The town was burnt by the French in the    GRAY'S VAILLEY, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn.
time of Richard II. On its W. side are the garden and sub-   GRAYS/VILLE, a post-office of Herkimer co., New York.
urb of Rosherville.                                          GRAYSVYILLE, a pot-village of Hunterdon co., PennsylGRAVESEND, a post-township of King's co., New York, vania, about 100 miles W. of IIarrisburg.
bordering on the Atlantic, 9 miles S. of New York. Coney    GRAYSVILLE, a post-village of Todd co., Kentucky, 194
Island, which forms a part of the township, is a famous  miles S.W. of Frankfort.
place of resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 1064.                  GRAYSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, about
GRAVES' FERRY, a small village of Ohio co., Ken-  8 miles S.W. of Woodsfield.
tucky.                                                       GRAYS/VILLE or GRAY/VILLE, a post-village of White
GRAVES' MILLS, post-office of Washington co., Virginia. co., Illinois, on the Wabash River, 150,miles S.E. of SpringGRAVES' MILLS, a post-office of Madison  co., Ken- field. It has an active trade, and is improving rapidly.  A
tucky.                                                     plank-road, 10 miles long, connects it'with Albion.  The
GRAVES' MOUNTAIN, a conical peak in Lincoln co., village contains 3 churches, and 8 steam mills. Pop. 600.
Georgia.                                                     GRAZALEMIA, grA-th9-l/mnA, a town of Spain, province,
GRAVESVILLE, graivz/vil, a post-village of Herkimer co., and 48 miles E.N.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 5000. It stands on a
New York, about 80 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                 steep rock in the Sierra of the same name.
GRAVEZANDE, grA-veh-zn/ldeb, (L.Arena ebsefitis?) a    GREAN, green, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
village of HoIlland, 8 miles S.W. of the Hague, on the sand- Limerick.
downs on the sea-coast. Pop. 1346.                          CGREASIBOROUGH, a chapelry of England, co. of York,
GRAVINA, grt-veeln', an episcopal city of Naples, pro- West Riding.
vince, and 35 miles S.W. of Bari, on the left bank of the    GREASfLEY, a parish of England, co., and 7 miles N.W.
Gravina River. Pop. 8000. It has a cathedral, 8 other of Nottingham. Here are ruins of the ancient castle of the
churches, several convents, and a college.                 Cantilopes, and of Beauvale Priory, founded in the reign of
GRAVINA. gra-veelnA, a port of Russian America. Lat. Edward III.
600 44' N., 1on. 1450 46' W.                                 GREASY CREEK, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia.
GRAY, grd, a town of France, department of lTaute-Sabne,    GREASY CREEK, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.
on the SaSne, here bordered by a fine quay, 29 miles S.W. of   GREAT and LITTLE TOMBS, two small islands in the
Vesoul. It has a communal college, public library, an old  Persian Gulf, about 20 miles S. of Kishm, the larger being
palace of the Dulkes of Burgundy, cavalry barracks, a remark- 4 or 5 miles in circumference. Near it, Nearchus is supable water-mill, and an active trade. Pop. in 1852, 7151.    posed to have anchored the fleet of Alexander.
GRAY, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 50 miles    GREATA, a river of England. See GRETA.
S.S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1788.                                GREAT AUGHtWICK CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters
GRAY HAWK, a post-office of Owsley co., Kentucky.        the Juniata River in Iuntingdon county.
GRAYIINGHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         GREAT BARRIER ISLAND. See OTEA.
GRAY ROCK, a post-office of Titus co., Texas.              GREAT BARRINGTON, a post-village and township of
GRAYS/BURG, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.      Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River and
GRAY'S COUNTY, Washington Territory, bounded W. by  Railroad, about 45 miles W.N.W. of Springfield.  The village
the Pacific. Area,1800 square miles. Capital, Gray's Harbor. is pleasantly situated in the midst of picturesque scenery,
GRAY'S CREEK, a post-office of Cumberland co., North  and contains 3 or 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, an acaCarolina.                                                 demy, and a bank. The township contains beds of iron ore
GRAY'S CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co., Iowa.        and quarries of variegated marble. It has manufactures of
GRAY'S FLAT, a post-office of Marion co., Virginia.     edged tools, cotton sheetings, prints, sattinets, India rubber
GRAY'S HARBOR, capital of Gray's co., Washington Ter- goods, hats, &c. Great Barrington possesses superior naturitory, at the entrance of Chehalis River into Gray's harbor. ral advantages, and its manufacturing interests are very
GRAY'S HILL, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.     prosperous. Pop. of the township, 3264.
GRAY'S LANDING, a village of Calhoun co., Illinois.        GREAT BASIN or FREMONT BASIN, a remarkable tract
GRAYSON, grAlson, a county in the S.S.W. part of Vir- or region situated in the W. part of Utah Territory, between
ginin, bordering on North Carolina, contains 340 square  the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains. It is
miles. It is drained by the Kanawha River. The Iron  above 500 miles in extent from. E. to W., and 350 from N. to
Mountain extends along the N.W. border, and the Blue  S., and is bounded on every side by high hills or mountains.
Ridge along the S.E. It contains iron ore. Organized in  Only a part of it has been thoroughly explored; it is, how1793, and named in honor of a member of the Virginia Con- ever, known to contain a number of lakes and rivers, none
vention which riatified the Federal Constitution. Capital, of whose waters ever reach the ocean, being probably taken
Independence. Pop. 6677, of whom 6178 were free, and 499  up by evaporation, or lost in the sand of the more arid disslo1,anT.                                               I tricts. As far as known, the lakes are all salt except Utah
GRAYSON, a county in the N. part of Texas, bordering  Lake. See GREAT SALT LAKE.
on Red River, which separates it from the Indian Territory,   GREAT BEAR LAKE. See BEAR LAKE, GREAT.
area 910 square miles. The East Fork of the Trinity River   GREAT BEND, a, post-village of Jefferson co., New York,
rises in the county. The surface is undulating; the soil on Black River, about 160 miles N.W. of Albany. It has a
is very productive. The county contains extensive prairies. bridge over the river, and several mills.
Named in honor of Peter W. Grayson, a candidate for the    GREAT BEND, a prettily situated post-village and townpresidency of Texas. Capital, Sherman. Pop. 2008, of whom  ship of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania, the village on both
1822 were free, and 186 slaves.                           sides of the Susquehanna River, and on the New York and
GRAYSON, a county in the W. central part of Kentucky,  Erie Railroad, 175 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. The Lackahas an area estimated at 700 square miles. Rough Creek  wanna and Western Railroad connects this point with the
forms the N. boundary, and it is also drained by Bear, coal mines of Luzerne county. It is an important steation
Clifty, and Caney Creeks, affluents of Greene River. The  on the railroad, and has an active business. Pop. 1150.
surf'ce is level and undulating; the soil is moderately fer-   GREAT BEND, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.
tile. Stone coal and carboniferous limestone underlie part   GREAT BRIDGE, a post-village of Norfolk co., Virginia,
of the surfaice. A great number of white sulphur springs 80 miles S.E. of Richmond.
are found near Litchfield, the county seat. Formed in 1810,   GREAT BRITAIN, brin-t'n, (Fr. Grande Bretagne, graNd
and named in honor of Colonel William  Grayson, United  breh-tf1/; It. Gran Brettagna, grtn  br~t-tn/ya; Sp. GC-an
States senator from Kentucky. Pop. 6837, of whom  6571  Bretaoa, grin brl-thn/yg; Ger. Grosse Britannicen, groce brewere free, and 320 slaves.                                 ttnlne-en; anc. A/bion, afterwards Br-itaosn/ia or Britan/nia
GRAYSON, a post-office of Crittenden co., Arkansas.       a~'ors-manojr, i.e. ~ greater," being added in order to disGRAYSON, a post-village, capital of Carter co., Kentucky, Atinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes called
on Little Sandy River, 110 miles E. by N. of Frankfort, is  Britannia or Britannia  Misnor, i.e. "Lesser Britain,") the
situated in a hilly region which abounds in coal and iron ore, largest island of Europe, containing the coutries of EngGRAYSON COURT-HOUSE, of Virginia. See INDEP'c- land, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, its southern exDENCE.                                                    tremity, is in lat. 490 57' 30" N., Dunnet Head, in Caithness,
GRAYSON SPRINGS, a post-office of Grayson co., Ken- the most N. point, in lat. 580 40' 24" N. The most E. point
tucky.                                                    is Lowestoft, on the coast of Norfolk, 10 46' E. ion. The most'GRAYSON SULPHUR (su/lf ir) SPRINGS, of Carroll co., W. Airdnamurchan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire,
Virginia, on the bank of New IRiver, 272 miles W. by S. of  Scotland, is in 60 13' W. ion. The distance from Lizard
Richmond. These springs are surroundedbyahilly country, Point to Dunnet Head is about 608 miles. The greatest
remarkable for its salubrity. Buildings have been erected  breadth of the island, from Land's End to the most eastern
for the entertainment of visitors.                        part of Kent, is about 311 miles. Area, 87,903 square miles.
GRAYSOUTI-IEN, grA-suTn/rn, a township of England, The population, according to the census of 1851, is 20.816,315L
n. of Cumberland.                                        Great Britain contains, in all, 84 counties, of which 40 belong
179




GRE                                                           GRE
to England,* 12 to Wales,t and 32 to Scotland.T.  Great    GREAT KANAWII A, (ka.%naw1,a,) (called NEW  RIVER
Britain and Ireland form  together what is termed the  in the upper part of its course.)as river of North Carolina
United Kingdom, of which London is the capital. The le- and Virginia, has its sources in Ashe county of the forgislativepower is vested in the Parliament, consisting of the  mer state, between the Blue Ridge and the Ilon MounKing, the I-Iouse of Lords, and the IIouse of Commons.  For  tain.  Flowing N.E., it enters Virginia, and breaks through
further particulars, see BRInrIS   EmsrIaE.-Adj. BReT/ISe; the Iron Mountain on the N. border of Grayson county.
inhab. BnIT/oN.                                               After crossing Pulaski county, it assumes a N.W. course, and
GREAT BUTTE DES MORTS, (bute-dA-mo e,) a lake in  traverses several ridges of the Alleghany chain, known by
Winnebago co., Wisconsin, an expansion of the Neenab  the local names of Walker's, Peter's, and Greenbrier MenuRiver, about 3- miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles wide. The  tains. Below the passage of the latter ridge, the river flows
name is derived from mounds i. the vicinity, called buttes  through Fayette county to the mouth of Gauley River,
des morts, or "hills of the dead," on account of their contain-  which enters it from the right. The Kanawha here attains
ing, as it is said, the bones of Indians slain in battle.      a width of 500 yards, and takes the name of the Great RKaGREAT CAPTAIN'S ISLANDS, three in number, are in  nawha.  The falls, which occur about two miles below the
Long Island Sound, S. of Greenwich, Connecticut.  On the  junction, are somewhat remarkable for picturesque beauty,
westernmost is a fixed light.                                  and form the limit of navigation.  The whole stream is preGREAT CROSSSINGS, apost-village of Scott co., Kentucky,  cipitated over a ledge of rocks 22 feet in height. Coutinunon North Elkhorn River, 13 miles E. of Frankfort, has I  ing a N.W. course, the river flows through a hilly region
church, and over 100 inhabitants.                              abounding in salt springs and stone coal, passes by CharlesGREAT EGG IHARBOR, a bay of the Atlantic, on the S.E. ton, and enters the Ohio at Point Pleasant.  Above the
coast of New Jersey, at the mouth of a river of the same  mouth of Gauley River, it bears the local name of New
name. Length, 5 miles; breadth, from   to 4 miles.             River. The whole length is estimated at 4tt miles. and the
GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER, of New Jersey, rises in  area drained, including its affnluents, according to Darby, is
Camden county, flows S.E. through Atlantic county, and en-  10,800 square miles. It is navigated by steamboats in all
ters Great Egg IHarbor Bay. The whole length is estimated  stages of water, from its mouth to the falls at Gauley Bridge,
at about 60 miles. It drains a level and sandy tract, covered  a distance of more than 100 miles.
with pine forestsand is navigable by sloops to May's Landing.   GRIEAT  MILLS, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland.
GREAT EIQUINUNK' CREEK, of Wayne co., Pennsylva-    GREAT OGEECIIEE RIVER. See oGEECsEE.
nia, flows into the Delaware River.                              GREA T OIKOOPEE RIVER. See OnooreE.
GREAT FALLS, a flourishing post-village of St-afford co.,    GREAT (or SANIDY) POINT, the N. extremity of NanNew HaItmpshire, on the Salmon River, which here affords  tucket Island. Massachusetts. It contains a fixed light 70
great water-power, 34 miles E. of Concord. The village is  feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 410 23' 20:" N., ion.
situated at the junction of the Great Falls and Conway  700 3' W.
Railroad, with a branch 3 miles long connecting the village    GREAT POND, a post-office of HIancock co., Maine.
with the Boston and Maine Railroad. It contains 5 or 6    GREAT SALT LAKE, Utah Territory, is situated on the
churches, 2 newspaper offices, a bank, a savings' institution,  margin of the Great Basin, more than 500 miles from the
an academy, about 40 stores. It is the seat of the Great Falls  Pacific: being intersected by the 41st parallel of N. latitude,
Manufacturing Company, whose mills for the manufecture  and between the 112th and 113th meridians of W. longitude.
of cottons of various kinds are probably as extensive as any  Length, about 70 miles; breadth, about 30 miles. The suiin the state. Pop. about 4500.                               hface of this lake is 4200 feet above the level of the sea. Its
GItEAT FISI-  BAY, South-western Africa, is an inlet of  waters are a saturated solution of common salt. Utah Lake,
the Atlantic. Let. 160 30 12 S., ion. 110 47' E.               distant 38 miles in a S.E. direction, is connected with the
GREAT FISH  RIVER, a considerable river of Southern  Great Salt Lake by the Utah or Jordan River. The waters
Africa, Cape Colony, rises in the Sneeuwbergen, (Snowy  of this lake are fiesh.
Mountains,) flows tortuously S.S.E. through the districts of    GREAT SALT LAKE, city and county.  See SALT LAKE.
Somerset, Albany, &c., and enters the Indian.Ocean near lat.   GREAT SLAV YS'  AK E, (Fr. Lac c(e L'Esclave, lak deh lIsL330 25' S., hon. 270 E., after a S.E. course estimated at 230  kl'vt, "Lake of the Slave,") an extensive lake of British
miles. Its affluents are the Greaak, Tarka, and Little Fish  North America, situated between lat. 600 40' and 63' N., and
Rivers. A bar at its mouth renders it inaccessible except ion. 1090 30' and 1170 30' W. The shape is very irregular,
by boats.                                                     Length from E. to W., 300 miles; greatest breadth, 50 miles.
GREAT FISI-I RIVER, or TFIEW-EE-CIHOH, a river of  The shores, on its N. side especially, are precipitous and
British North America, rises in Sussex Lake, on the N.E. rugged, and it contains many rocky and wooded islands.
side of the Great Slave Lake, and after a tortuous N.E. It receives firom the N.E. the surplus waters of Aylmer and
course, enters an inlet of the Arctic Ocean in lat. 670 7' 31"  Artillery Lakes, and from  the S. those of Lake Athabasca
N., Ion. 940 39' 45" W.                                        by the Slave River; it discharges its own, by the Mackenzie
GREATIFORD, or GRET/FORD, a parish of England, co. River into the Arctic Ocean. It is wholly frozen over folof Lincoln.                                                    six months of the year.
GREATIIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Durham, 61    GItEAT SLAVE RIVER, of British North America, formed
miles N.N.E. of Stockton-on-Tees, on the railway thence to  by the Peace River, after it is joined by Stony River from
Hartford. The hospital of "God in Greatham," founded and  Lake Athabasca.  It enters Great, Slave Lake on its S. side,
endowed with the manor by a bishop of Durham, in 1272, by two mouths, near Fort Resolution.  Total course, 300
now supports a master, chaplain, and 13 brethren. It has  miles. The shores, in many parts, are well wooded. In its
very handsome buildings and grounds beautifully laid out. upper part it is interrupted by rapids and falls; its lower
GREATtHAMI, a parish of England, co. of IIants.              course is through an alluvial region.
GREATIHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                GREAT SOUTHi BAY, New York, on the S. side of Long
GREAT IIAMILET, a township of England, co. of Derby. Island, is about 50 miles long, and from  half a mile to 5
GREAT ISLAND, the largest of the Furneaux Islands, in  miles wide. It is partly separated from the ocean by Great
Bass' Strait, between Australia and Van Diemen's Land. Its  South Beach, which is between 30 and 40 miles long, having
Length, fromn N.to S., 40 miles; breadth, 12 miles.            Fire Island Light-house on its WV. end. -
GREAT ISLAND, the largest island in Cork Ilarbor, Ire-    GREAT VALLEY, a post-village and township of Cattaland. Length, 4* miles; breadth, 3 miles. Pop. 10,681. It  iraugus co., New York, at the junction of a creek of the same
has a fertile soil, beautiful scenery, and many handsome  name with the Alleghany River, where the former is crossed
villas.                                                        by the New York and Erie Railroad, 421 miles from  New
GItEAT ISLAND, an islet of Ireland, in Leinster, co.,and  York City. The Indian Reserve, in which the village is
3 miles N.E. of Wexford, on the N. side of Wexford hilarbor.  situated, is about 30 miles long and 1 mile wide, lying on
GREAT ISLAND, at the entrance of Portsmouth Harbor,  both sides of the Allegheny River. The reserve belongs to
New Ilampshire. near the S.W. side. On its E. point is a  the Seneca Indians, of whom there are about 700. The railfixed light, 90 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 430 3/ 30"  road passes througrh it for about 12 miles. Pop. 1638.
N., ion. 700 43' W.V                                             GREAT WALL.  See CuINA, page 445, History.
GREAT WES/TI'IM.N. a post-village of Arsmstrong co., Penn-' Bedford, Berks, Bucks (or Buckinghamnshire,) Cambridge, sylvania, on the Alleghany River, about 212 miles W.N.W.
Chester (or Cheshire,) Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon, of -HarIrisburg, is the seat of extensive iron-wvorks.  The
Dorset, Durham, Essex, Gloucester, IIants (or Hampshire,) Here- name of the post-office is Brady's Bend.
ford, HIertford, IHuntingdon, Kent, Lancaster, (or Lancashiire,)    GREAT WORIKS, a post-village of Penobscot co., Mains,
Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, iMonmouth, Norfolk, Northnmp-    n the Penobhcot Rives, about it miles E. of Augusta.
ton, Northumberland, Nottinghama, Oxford, Rutland, Salop (or
Shropishire,) Somerset, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Var-    GREAT/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
sm-isis,, Westaoreland, Wilts, Worcester, and  iork.           GREBE, grAeh, or GRIFT, grift, a small river of Holland,
mAnglesey, Brecon (or Brecknockshire,) Cardigan, Caermar-  falling into the  thine 2 miles E. of Rhenen.
then, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Glamorgan, Meurioneth, Mont-    GREBENSTEIN, grmben-stine', a town of Germany, in
gomery, Pembroke, and Radnor.                                HIlesse-Cassel, province of 1Nieder-I-Hessen, on the railway from
Aberdeen, Argyle (or Argyll,) Ayr, Banff, Berwicl, Bute, Eisenach to Karlshafen, 11 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop.
Caithness, Claekmannan, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Edinburgh, El-   45. It has an active linen tad.
gin (or Moray,) Fife, Forfar, Hiaddington, Inverness, Kincardine,e 45Ihaan tv lntd
Kinross, Kirkcuedbrighit, Lanark, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney,    GRECIA or GRECE. See Gaexc.
and Shetland, Peebles, Perth, Renfrew, Ross and Cromarty, Rex-    GREDING, gr.d/ding, a small town of Bavaria, 31 miles
burgh, Selkirk, Stirling, Sutherland, and Wigtown.            S.S.E. of Nurenmberg. Pop. 1075.
780




GRE                                                           GRE
GREECE, gris, (Gr.'EXXa;, ]Sellaos; L. wc~ecia; Fr. Grace, ters Greece in lat. 390 9' N., and falls into the Tonian Sea oppo.
grAs or gris; Sp. Grecia, grfthe-i;  It. Grecfa, grAlche-t;  site to the isle of Ithaca.  The others deserving of noticeGer. Griechenlaszdl, greelK1n-lnt'; Arab. and Turk. Room,) a  not so much on account of their importance as of the interestkingdom  in the S.E. of Europe, between lat. 360 23' and 390  ing associations connected with them-arethe Htellada or Sper131 N., Ion. 200 451 and 260 E., separated from Turkey  on the  chius, the Gavrioz or Boeotian Cephissus, the Cephissus of
N. by an irregular line which stretches between the Gulf of  Attica, the Ilissus, all, likewise, in North Greece; and the
Arta, on the W., and the Gulf of Volo on the E., in the direc-  Rouphia  or Alpheus, and the Eurotas, in the Morea. The
tion of Mount Othrys; and bounded on all other sides by  principal lakes are, in North Greece, the Topolias or Copais,
the sea-the Ionian Sea on the W., the Mediterranean proper  Vrachori, Ambrakia, and Ozeros; and in the Morea, the
on the S., and the 2Egean Sea on the E. It consists partly of  lagoons of Agolinitza, Kaiapha, and Muria, famous for their
mainland, and partly of islands. The mainland forms two  fisheries.
peninsulas, united only by the narrow Isthmus of Corinth,         lisnate.-This is mild, but variable.  In general, the first
one called Northern Greece or Livadia; and the other the  snow falls in October. and the last in April.  In the -lower
Peloponnesus or Morea. The islands are chiefly on the E. grounds it often becomes six inches deep, but melts quickly
and S.E. By far the largest is Euboea or Negropont, sepa- away; and winter, properly so called, cannot be considered
rated from the mainland of Livadia by the narrow channel as lasting beyond two months.  Summer is extremely warm.
of Euripus. Theotherislands from three principal groups:-   The thermometer often rises above 1000; and the heat would
The North Sporades, on the N.E. of Negropont, including  become almost insupportable, were it not greatly modified by
Skiatho (Sciathus,) Kilidromi (Halonoesus,) Skopelo (Scope- breezes from  the sea.  The air is then remarkably clear,
los,) and Skyros (Scyros;) the West Sporades, chiefly in the  and a mouth will sometimes pass away without a cloud
Gulf of Egina, or between it and the Gulf of Nauplia, in- being seen. Rains become frequent and copious towards the
cluding IIydra (Hydrea,) Spezzia, Poros, _igina or Egina,  end of harvest; and the streams, which had been dried up,
and Salamis or Kolouri; and the whole of the Cyclades, with  not only fill their channels, but frequently overflow them,
the exception of Scio, Samos, Lesbos, and some islands on  and lay considerable tracts under water. In this way, stagthe coast of Asia Minor, which still belong to Turkey.  The  nant pools and marshes are occasionally formed; and, as the
Cyclades are divided into three groups-a N., a middle, and  heat increases, the vapors arising from them become almost
a W. group. The N. group includes Andro (Andros,) Tino  pestilential, and intermittent fevers prevail.  Even the
(Tenos,) Miconi (Myconus,) Syra (Syros,) Thermis (Cythuos,)  plague has sometimes made its appearance; but, on the
Zea (Ceos,) and  Serpho  (Seriphos;) the middle-Naxia  whole, there cannot be a doubt that few countries in the
(Naxos,) Pare (Paros,) Nio (Ios,) Sikino (Sicinos,) Polican- world can boast of a climate better adapted for the vigorous
dro (Pholegandros,) Milo (iMlos,) Argentiera (Cimolos,) and  development both of animal and vegetable life.
Siphanto (Siphuos;) and the S. —Amorgo, Stampalia (Asty-    Vegetation, -4gricultmrme, dc.-Beyond the height of 5500
palvea,) Anaphi (Anaphe,) and Santorini(Thera.)  Area esti- feet, vegetation is almost confined to wild alpine plants.
mated at 18,500 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 1,002,112.        Below this height, magnificent forests, principally of pine,
Physical Featurcs.-On looking at the map of Greece, the  with a considerable mixture of hard wood, including oak,
first thing which strikes the eye is the comparatively vast clothe the sides and summits of the mountains. Still lower
extent of its coast line, formed by numerous gulfs, which  down, both the chestnut and walnut are frequently met
penetrate into it in all directions, and give it a remarkably  with; but it is not till we descend to a height not exceedbroken and ragged appearance. Proceeding round the coast, ing 1500 feet, that the full force of vegetation is displayed.
from  the N.W. to the N.E., we are presented in succession  The extensive zone reaching from  this height to the level
with the Gulfs of Arts, Patras, continued inland by that of  of the sea constitutes the proper agricultural range, and exCorinth, Arcadia, Koron, Kolokythia or Marathon, Nauplia,  hibits as great a variety of valuable cultivated trees, shrubs,
Egina, Zeitoun or Lamia, and the channels of Talanti and  and plants as is to be found within the same limits on any
Tricheri.  Another remarkable feature is the ymountain-  other portion of the earth's surface. All the fruits of the
ous character of the interior.  The range of the Pindus, latitude-figs, almonds, dates, oranges, citrons, melons, &c.which in the N. is linked to the Dinaric Alps, proceeds S., are grown in abundance, and of excellent quality.  The
and, on reaching the N. frontiers of Greece, divides into nu-  vine also grows vigorously. Another article, the rearing of
merous minor chains, which, with their ramifications, ex- which attracts considerable attention is the currant.  Both
tend over the whole length and breadth of the country, and  the soil and the climate are alike favorable to the culture
cover the far greater part of its surface, leaving little inter-  of the olive; and amid all the changes to which the country
mediate space for valleys and plains. The principal branch, has been subjected, the favor with which it was regarded ia
stretching E. and W. along the N. frontier, attains, in Velu- the earliest times has never been withdrawn, but still conchi, near the sources of the Ellada, and in Cheledonia, near  tinues unabated. The culture of the mulberry, for the proKarpenitza, heights varying from 7000 to 8000 feet. Farther  duction of silk, has recently been greatly extended, and
B., in the chain of (Eta, is Mount Guiona, 8240 feet, the cul- already promises important results.
minating point of Greece. Another branch, stretching in    Owing to the mountainous nature of the country, the araan E.S.E. direction towards Attica, forms the celebrated  ble land is of limited extent, and much of the soil is of a
range of Parnassus, which, in Liakhurna, its loftiest summit, thin, and by no means fertile nature. Even under a proper
exceeds 8000 feet. Other summits, continued in the same  system of agriculture, the produce, in such circumstances,
direction, though more distinguished for their classic cele- could not be abundant; and hence it is easy to understand
brity than their elevation, attain, in Citha-ron, Parnes, Pen-  how, under a system  so antiquated, that the plough in use
telicus, and Itymettus, the respective heights of 4630, 4640, differs in no respect from that which IHesiod described 3000
3640, and 3370 feet.  Another range, to the N. of the formeru,  years ago, the gramin raised barely suffices for two-thirds of
and nearly parallel to it, stretches longitudinally through  the consumption. The principal crops are wheat, barley, and
the island of Euboea, and in the Delphi Mountains, not Snr  maize. The domestic animals are neither numerous nor of
from the N.E. coast attains the height of 5400 feet. Several good breeds. Asses are almost the only beasts of burden
other summits of this range exceed 3000 feet. Quitting  employed; and the only animals from which dairy produce
North Greece, a branch from  Mount Citheeron proceeds  is obtained are the sheep and the goat.
across the Isthmus of Corinth into the Morea, and stretches       anufcnS ctueoes  and Comemmrce.-Manufactures are extremely
over it in all directions. Many of the summits exceed 5000  limited, and are chiefly confined to clothing and other artifeet; and Taygetus, W. of ancient Sparta, forming part of the  cles of domestic use, which can be prepared at home by the
range which extends S. to the extremity of the Morea, at. females, or at spare hours by the males. In some of the
tains in its culminating  point, Makryno or St. Elias, 7829  large towns, however, the weaving of woollen, cotton, and
feet.                                                          silk tissues, forms the regular employment of many of the
The roclk most largely developed in the mountains of  inhabitants, and to them may be added embroidery in gold,
Greece is limestone, where it often assumes the form of the  silver, silk, and cotton; earthenware, leather, harness, cutfinest marble, and has been extensively used both for build- lery, and firearms.  But unquestionably the most important
ings and statuary. To the E. of Attica, mica slate occurs in  branch of manufactnring industry is shipbuilding, which is
connection with the limestone; and is also seen in the moun- carried on to a considerable extent on various points of the
tains, both of the S.E. and N.W. of the Morea.  Granite and  coast and on many of the islands. Some of the vessels congneiss are found only in the N., in the E. ramifications of  structed are from  600 to 700 tons register, a much larger
the Pindus. Tertiary formations prevail in the N.E. of the  number between 300 and 400 tons, but the great majority
Stores; and in the N.W., along the shores of Elis, are con- are mere boats of from 6 to 7 tons. The whole have been
siderable traits of alluvium. Volcanic rocks are notseen on  roughly estimated at 4000 vessels, measuring 150,000 tons,
the mainland. but form  considerable masses in some of the  and employing 30,000 seamen.
islands; one of which, Santorini, is indeed only a recently-    The foreign commerce of Greece is extensivt, having adextinct volcano.  In addition to marble and limestone, vanced with wonderful rapidity since the independence of
already mentioned, the minerals include traces of gold, ar- the country was established. It consists of three prinscipal
gentiferous lead, copper, lignite, sulphur, saltpetre, alum, branches-the corn trade of the Black Sea and Alexandria,
asbestos, millstones, whetstones, serpentine, fullers' and  carried on on an extensive scale wherever open markets can
porcelain earth.                                              be found, but chiefly with Turkey, Italy, Spain, France, and
Rivers, dc. —Owing to the nature of the surface, the rivers  England; the export trade of the countries bordering the
are more remarkable for their number than for their import-  Levant, principally to London, Triest, and Marseilles; and
ance.  The largest is the Aspropotamo, (auc. -Achelolus,) the import of the cotton and woollen manufactures of Engwhich, rising in Albania, on the W. slope of the Pindus, en-  land and Germany, into Greece, Turkey, and Persia. In
781




GRE                                                        GRE
regard to the last branch, the peculiar advantages which the  lution of his empire, the power of the Macedonian sovereigns
Greeks possess, in their knowledge of the language, and ac- continued permanent in Greece till the Roman conquest,
quainta ce with the habits and wants of the people of these  n. c. 146. The early spirit of independence which had anicountries, have given them  almost a complete monopoly. mated the Greeks appeared to be now completely broken,
Even the English, who have long tried to compete with  and they were ready to be handed over from master to mas.
them, have begun to finud it hopeless. The trade with the  ter without even the semblance of a struggle. The crownUnited States is considerable, and increasing; 924 vessels  ing disaster commenced A.Do. 1438, when the Turks first
sailed for that country in 1852.  In 1851, 534 Greek vessels, obtained a footing. A long series of exterminating wars en(tons 112,438,) having as cargoes 162,963 quarters of wheat, sued, during which the Venetians and Turks contended for
312,835 of Indian corn, 5232 of barley, 927 of rapeseed 17,616  the mastery. The latter ultimately prevailed. A period of
hundred-weights of tallow, and 423,799 pieces of staves, the grossest misrule and oppression followed; but, in 1821,
sailed down the Danube from  the two ports of Galatz and  when degradation seened to have reached its lowest possible
Brahilov, (Ibrahil.)  The principal exports of Greece are  limit, a strong reaction commenced, a new spirit began to
valonia, oil, emery stone, silk, dried figs, currants, raisins, appear, and the Greeks, as if throwing off their lethargy,
honey, wax, madder, &c. The imports, cotton, woollen, and  declared their determination to be free. A protracted strug.
silk goods; colonial produce, indigro and other dyes, iron  gle took place, but the issue was still doubtful, when
and other metals, hardware, earthenware, corn, &c.          foreign powers interfered, and compelled the Turks, in 1829,
Governement and People.-The government is a hereditary  to acknowledge Greece as an independent state.-Adj. and
monarchy, established, in the line of Prince Otho of Bava- Inhab. GecEK and GrIECIAN, greelehan. (Fr. GREc or GRECoUE,
ria, under the express condition that the crown can never  grlk or graik; It. GREco, grAlko; Sp. GslEGs, gre-3/go; Ger.
be united with that of Bavaria, or with any other. As first GasIECHE, gree'xph.)
drawn upby the allied powers, the monarchy was nearly    GREECE, a post-township of Mlonroe co., New York, on
absolute; but, in 18i4, important modifications were made, Lake Ontario, 6 miles N.N.W. of Rochester. It is bounded
and a constitution granted. By it, the executive power be- on the E. by Geuesee River, intersected in the S. by the Erie
longs solely to the king; the legislative body jointly to the  Canal, and on the Lake side are three inlets setting up into
king, a senate, and a representative chamber. The Greek  it called respectively Duck Pond, Long Pond, and Braddock's
Church alone is established, and is governed by 10 bishops, Bay. The village of Charlotte, at the mouth of Genesee
but all other forms of religion enjoy toleration. Justice is River, is the shipping port for the collection district of Geneadministered, on the basis of the French civil cede, by a  see, of which Rochester is the port of entry. The township
supreme court, which has its seat at Athens; two royal also contains the villages of Hanford's, and Adams's Basin.
courts, one at Athens, and another at Nauplia; 10 courts of  Pop. 4219.
primary resort, one in each of the principal towns; and 3    GREEJEE, a town of Dahomey. See GIREGAPOJEE.
courts of commerce, one each at Syra, Patras, and Nauplia.    GREEK.  See GRnEECE.
The public revenue, derived chiefly firom the rent of national    GREE'LAND DEPOT, a post-office of Rockingham co., New
property, the produce of forests, indirect and direct taxation, Hampshire.
was estimated, in 1850, at 20,670,285 drachm6, ($3,342,880.)    GREEN, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering
Of this, $982,880 were required to meet the interest of debt. on Illinois, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is inThe army is estimated at 8918 men, and the navy consists tersected by the Pekatonica and Sugar Rivers. The surface
of a few armed sailing vessels, only two of which mount is much broken by hills of moderate height, capable of
each 26 guns, and two steamers, one of which mounts 6  being cultivated'to their summits. The S. part consists
guns. The population, in 1852 1,002,000, contains a con- chiefly of prairie, and the other portions are rather sparsely
siderable intermixture of foreign stocks, among which the  timbered. The soil is productive. Lead mines are worked
Albanese are the most numerous; but the great majority, in several parts of the county, with some profit. Limestone
though not without some taint in their blood, ate of the  is the principal rock. Capital, Monroe. Pop. 8566.
genuine Greek extraction, and, both in physical and mental   GREEN, a township in Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1774.
features, bare a marked resemblance to their celebrated fore-   GREEN, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 2345.
fathers.                                                      GREEN, a township in Summit co., Ohio. Pop. 1928.
By the enactment of June 22, 1838, Greece was politically    GREEN, a township in Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 362.
divided into 24 departments or governments, and 7 sub-de-    GREEN, a township in Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 1329.
partments or governments; but in the end of 1845 it was    GREEN, a township in Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 1478.
resolved to revert to the arrangement established April 15,   GREEN, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 566.
1833, according to which the country is divided into 10    GREEN, a township in Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 1318.
nomes or nomarchies, and 49 eparchies or dioceses:-           GREEN, a township in Platt co., Missouri. Pop. 2594.
j______        -  GREEN BANK, a post-village of Burlington co., New JerNooses.          Capitlss.    sey, on MAullica River, 35 miles S.S.E. of Mount Holly. It
rn ica and netia. Alsens.   has a glass factory, and is a place of resort in the summer
Livadlia, or Northern   Phocis and Phthiotcs...  Saltoa.  season.
Greece...............   Acarnanuia ancdfEtolia...   Vrachori.  GREEN BANK, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia.
LEuboea or Negropont....  Chalcis.      GREEN BAY, a large arm or bay on the W. side of Lake
J Argolis and Corinth....JNula
Menrarisand  Criti...   Nap   Michigan, forming a part of the boundary between WisconM. Southern Arcdi.....i...........  Tripolizza..
oree...............  Latconiat................  Sparta.  sin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. It is above 100
Gr~~~~~~esece................
GrMesseia................  Arcadia.     miles long, and from 15 to 35 broad.  The appellation Green
Achaiasand Elis........  Patras.    has been given to it in consequence of its great depth,
J Cyclades...............  l    ermo15lis.                                       r
C~lado~s H.ermopis.    which is said to exceed 500 feet.
History.-The early history of Greece, like that of all an-   GREEN BAY, a post-office of Prince Edward co., Virginia.
cient nations, is involved in great uncertainty. The oriei-   GREEN BAY, a small post-village of Des.Moines co., Iowa.
nal inhabitants, consisting of various tribes, now generally    GREEN BAY, a post-village in Lee co., Iowa, near the
classed under the common name of Pelasgi, were gradually  Mississippi River, 80 miles S. by E. of Iowa City.
expelled or driven into inaccessible fastnesses by the Iel-   GREEN BAY, a thriving post-borough, capital of Brown
lenes, apparently a people from the East, who are said to  co., Wisconsin, is situated on the right bank of the Neenah
have first arrived in the year B. c. 1384. Some centuries  or Fox River, at its mouth, and exactly at the head of Green
later, Greece is found divided into a number of independent Bay, 114 miles N. of Milwaukee, and 120 miles N.E. of Madistates, in all of which, with the important exception of  son. The town has a beautiful situation, and contains many
Sparta, a republican form of government was established. spacious warehouses, fine churches, and elegant residences.
The ambitious alms and mutual jealousies of these states  The bay and river afford a perfectly secure harbor, and the
led to almost incessant warfare, till the appearance of a  largest steamers of Lake Michigan stop here, making this
foreign oppressor, in the person of the King of Persia, when  the principal entrepit for the imports and exports of North
they were obliged to bury their animosities, and unite in one  Wisconsin. The improvement of the river by dams, which
general league, as the only means of saving their indepen- is nearly completed, will open uninterrupted steam navigadence. The first great battle, fought at Marathon,. c. 490, tion from  Green Bay to the Mississippi River. The surwas only the commencement of a series of glorious victories, rounding region contains extensive forests of piue, from
which resulted in the complete discomfiture of the Persians, which large quantities of lumber are manufactured and
and left them no inclination to renew their aggressions. The  exported. The older part of the town was formerly called
epoch embracing the next century and a half, (480-336 B. c.,) Navarino, and in 1836, the suburb of Astor' was laid out,
is the most illustrious in Grecian annals. During this period, adjoining the southern part of the former. On the opposite
all its greatest writers, orators, sculptors, and architects ap- side of the river stands Port Howard, with a thriving village
peared; and it was not only able to repel attacks on its own  of that name. Pop. in 1853, about 2500.
independence, but to assume the offensive, and enrich its    GIREENIBOROUGH, a post-village of Oswego co., New
treasury with foreign spoils. As usual, wealth introduced  York, 170 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
luxury; and the progress of degeneracy, once begun, ad-   GREEN BOTTOM, a post-office of Cabell co., Virginia.
vanced with fearful rapidity. The jealousies and enmities    GREEN BOTTOMI, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.
of the different states revived, and while the Greeks were    GREENIBRIER, a county in the W. central part of Virwasting their energies in acts of mutual oppression, Alexan- ginia, has an area of 880 square miles. It is intersected by
der of Macedon made himself absolute master of the desti-  Greenbrier iuver, from which it derives its name. The sur
hiesof their country. After Alexander's death, and the disso- face is mostly ocrcupied by mountain ridges of the Alleghany
782




GRE                                                       GRE
system and the intervening valleys. One of the former is alternating  strata of sandstone, shale, an I limestone. Rich
called Greenbrier Mountain. The mean height of the arable  mines of bituminous coal are found in many parts of the
land is estimated at 1500 feet above the sea. The White Sul- county.  Formed in 1796. having been previously included
phur Spring of this county.is the most celebrated water- in Washington county. Capital, Waynesburg. Pop. 22;1 36.
ing-place of Virginia. Formed in 1777. Capital, Lewisburg.    GREENE, a county in the E. central part of Virginia, has
Pop. 10,022, of whom 8705 were free, and 1317 slaves.      an area of 230 square miles. The Rapidan River forms the
GREENBRIIER, a post-office of Northumberland co., Penn- boundary on the N.E. The surface is diversified by high
sylvania.                                                  ridges and valleys, a part of the county lying on the S.E.
GREENBRIER MOUNTAIN, in  Greenbrier and Poca- declivity of the Blue Ridge. The soil of the valleys is ferhontas counties, in the W. part of Virginia, has an elevation  tile. Organized in 1838. Capital, Stanardsville. Pop. 4400, of
of more than 2000 feet.                                    whom 2701 were free, and 1699 slaves.
GREENBRIER RIVER, of Western Virginia, rises at the    GREENE, a county in the E. central part of North Carobase of Greenbrier Mountain, in the N. part of Pocahontas lina; area estimated at 280 square miles. It is intersected
co., flows south-westward, crosses Greenbrier co., and enters  by Contentny Creek, (navigable for flat boats,) an affluent
the Kanawha or New River, on the border between Monroe  of Neuse River. The surfatce is level; the soil is generally
and Mercer counties. The whole length is probably 150  fertile. Marl is found in several places.  Capital, Snow
miles.  The mean elevation of its valley is estimated at Hill. Formed in 1791, and first called Glasgow; the pre1500 feet, as the mouth of the river has been found by men-  sent name was adopted in 1799. Pop. 6619, of whom 3375
surement to be 1333 feet above the level of the sea.        were free, and 3244 slaves.
GREENBRIER RUN, a post-office of Doddridge co., Vir-    GREENE, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia,
ginia.                                                      has an area of 374 square miles. It is traversed from N. to
GREENIBURG, a township of West Chester co, New York, S. by the Oconee Itiver, which afterwards flows along its
on the Hudson River, 130 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 4241.    S.W. border. The Appalachee River forms the boundary on
GREEN/BUSH.  a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, the S.W. until it enters the Oconee; and the Ogeechee
on the E. side of Penobscot River, 20 miles N. by E. of Ban- River rises in the county. The surface is hilly; the soil
gor. Pop. 457.                                              was originally productive, but much of it is said to be worn
GREENBUSH, a post-village and township of Rensselaer out. The county is intersected by the Georgia Railroad.
co., New York, on the Hudson River, opposite Albany. The  Capital, Greeisborough.  Pop. 13,068, of whom 4802 were
village is situated about a mile from Albany, at the termi- free, and 8266 slaves.
nus of the Western Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad,   GREENE, a county in the W. part of Alabama, has an
and the Troy and Greenbush Railroad. Steam ferries com- area of 990 square miles. It is intersected by the Black
municate with Albany. Pop. of the township, 4945.           Warrior River, and bounded on the S.W. by the Tombigbee.
GREENBUSIHI, a post-office of Scott co., Mississippi.     The soil is exceedingly fertile, and mostly occupied by planGREENBUSSI, a small village of Brown co., Ohio, about  tations of cotton and maize. In 1.850 this county produced
90 miles S.S.W. of Columbus.                                1,336,144 bushels of Indian corn, the greatest quantity raised
GREENBUSH, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio.            in any one county of the state. Several Artesian wells furnish
GREENBUSH, a post-township in the N. part of Clinton  motive-power for mills. Greene county is the most populous
co., Michigan. Pop.318.                                     in the state, and is probably not surpassed by any in wealth.
GREENBUSI, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.           Capital, Eutaw.  Pop. 31,441, of whom 9314 were free, and
GREENBUSIHI, a thriving post-village of Warren co., Illi- 22,127 slaves.
nois, about 87 miles N.W. of Springfield.                     GREENE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Mississippi,
GREENBUSH, a post-village in Polk co., Iowa, about 110  bordering on Alabama, has an a;ea of about 830 square
miles W.S.W.  of Iowa City.                                 mills. It is watered by the Chickasawha and Leaf Rivers,
GREENBUSH, a post-village of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin,  which unite in the S. part, and form  the Pascagoula. The
on the plank-road leading from Fond du Lac to Lake Michi- soil is rather inferior. It is intersected by the Mobile and
gan, about 20 miles from  each. It has water-power and  Ohio Railroad. Capital, Leakesville.  Pop. 2018, of whom
several mills.                                              1380 were free, and 638 slaves.
GREEN CAMP, a township of Marion co, Ohio. Pop. 407.   GREENE, a county forming the N.N.E. extremity of ArGREEN-CASTLE, green-kastsel, a fort, harbor, coast- kansas, and bordering on Missouri, contains about 95C
guard, and fishing station of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Done- square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Cache, and
gal, on the W. entrance of Lough Foyle, 4 miles N.E. of  on the E. by St. Francis River. Capital, Gainesville.  Pop.
Moville.                                                    2593, of whom 2510 were free, and 53 slaves.
GREEN-CASTLE, a village of Ireland, co. of Down, in a    GREENE, a county in the E. part of Tennessee, bordersheltered cove, on the N. side of Carlingford Bay, 13  miles  ing on North Carolina; area.estimated at 750 square miles.
W.N.W. of Cranfield Point. It has the ruins of a castle of  The French Broad River forms its S.W. boundary, and the
the De Burghs.                                             Nolachucky flows through the county. The surface is diverGREENICASTLE, a flourishing post-village of Franklin co., sifded by high ridges and fertile valleys. Extensive mines
Pennsylvania, on the railroad from  Chambersburg to lia- of iron ore are worked in the county. It is traversed by the
gerstown, 56 miles S.W. of Harrisburg,  It is situated in a  East Tennessee Railroad. Capital, Greenville. Pop. 17,824,
rich and highly cultivated country, and is a place of con- of whom 16,731 were free, and 1093 slaves.
siderable business. Pop. 1125.                                GREENE, a county in the S. central part of Kentucky,
GREENCASTLE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Ohio.        has an area estimated at 525 square miles. It is intersected
GREENCASTLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Put-  by Green River, (navigable by steamboats,) and also drained
nam co., Indiana, is situated on the great line of railways by Barren Fork, and by Russell's, Iobinson's, Meadow, and
which extend through the centre of Indiana E. and W., 40  Pitman's Creeks. The surface is generally undulating  and
miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis, and 1 mile E. of the Eel hilly. The soil, based on cavernous limestone, is producRiver. Another railroad is in progress which will cross the  tive. Salt is procured from springs in this county. Limeformer at Greencastle, and connect it with Chicago and with  stone of good quality is abundant.  Capital, Greensburg.
the Ohio River at New Albany. The town is beautifully  Pop. 9060, of whom 6452 were free, and 2608 slaves.
situated on high table-land, in a rich farming region. It is    GREENE, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area
distinguished for the number and excellence of its nlustitu-  of 432 square miles. It is intersected by Mad and Little
tions of learning. It contains a county seminary, a female  Miami Rivers, and also drained by Ceusar's and Massey's
academy, and other high schools, and is the seat of Asbury  Creeks.  The soil is clayey, and very productive.  Good
University, a flourishing institution under the direction of  limestone is abundant, and a quarry of variegated marble
the Methodists. Laid out in 1822. Pop. in 1850, 1382.       has been opened near Xenia. It is intersected by the DayGREEN CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Sandusky River a  ton and Springfield Railroad, and four other railroads terfew miles from its mouth.                 rinate at Xenia, the capital of the county, connecting it
GREEN CREEK, a post-office of Cape May co., New Jersey.'with Cincinnati. Columbus, &c. Pop. 21,946.
GREEN CREEK, atownship of Sandusky co., Ohio. P. 1289.    GREENE, a county in the W.S.W. part of Indiana. conGREENE, green, a county in the E.S.E. part of New York, tains 540 square miles. It is watered by the West Fork of
has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the  White River. The surface is diversified by prairies, oakE. by the Itudson River, and is principally drained by Cats- openings, and forests. Iron ore and bituminous coal are
kill Creek and Schoharie River.  The surface is rough  abundant and easily procured.  The Wabash and Erie
and broken, thb Catskill Mountains passing nearly through  Canal has lately been completed through this county. The
the centre. The valleys in some parts are extensive and  river affords extensive water-power.  Capital, Bloomfield.
rich, but on the uplands and more elevated portions the soil Pop. 12,313.
is of an inferior quality, or quite sterile. Named (as well as    GREENE, a county in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, has an
those which follow) in honor of General Nathaniel Greene. area of 500 square miles. The Illinois River, navigable by
Capital, Catskill. Pop. 33,126.                            stoamboats, forms its entire boundary on the W., and
GREENE, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Penn- Macoupin Creek on the S.; it is drained by Apple Creek.
sylvania, bordering on Virginia, contains 600 square miles. The soilis highly productive and well cultivated. The county
The Monongahela River bounds it on the E., and it is also  contains several beautiful upland prairies of small extent.
drained by Wheeling, Dunkard's, and Ten Mlile Creeks. Stone coal is abundant.  Capital, Ctarro]lton. Pop. 12,429.
The surface is hilly, and cut into deep ravines by the    GR.EENE, a county in the S.S.W. part of Missouri, has
water-courses. The soil is generally fertile, being based on  an area of 1218 square miles. The Niangua; Ponmme de
983
________________________________________                                                                                   J




GRE                                                        GRE
Terre, and Sac Rivers, affluents of the Osage, rise in the    GREENFIELD, a post-office of Barnwell district, Sout.
county, and flow towards the N. It is intersected by James I Carolina.
River and Finley Creek, which flow south-westward, and    GIIEENFIELD, a post-office of Caidwell parish, Louisiana.
unite with White River of Arkansas. Limestone under-   GREENFIELD, a post-village of Sullivan co.. Tennessee.
lies a large part of the county, and lead ore is found in it. about 220 miles E. of Nashville.
Capital, Springfield. Pop. 12,785, of whom 11,555 were free,   GREENFIELD, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. P. 2113
and 1230 slaves.                                             GRE]ENFIELD, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 952.
GREENE, a new county in the VW. central part of Iowa,    GRtEENFIELD, a thriving post-village of Highland co.,
has an area of 600 square miles. It is intersected by the  Ohio, on the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 75 miles
Racoon River, an affluent of Des Moines tiver. The county  E.N.E. from Cincinnati. It is situated in a rich farming disis mostly prairie. It is not included in the census of 1850, trict, and has an active trade. It contains an academy and
and has but few inhabitants.                                several churches.  Pop. 1011.
GREENE, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, on the    GIREENFIELD, a township of Huron co., Ohio. Pop. 1332.
Androscoggin and Kennebec Railhoad, 41 miles N. by E. of    GREENFIELD, a post-village and township, catltal of HIanPortland.  Pop. 1318.                                       cock co., Indiana, on the Central Railroad and the National
GREENE, a post-village and township of Chenango co., Road, (which is here a plank-road,) 20 miles E. of IndianNew York, on the Chenango River, and on the canal of that apolis, contains a count-house, a county seminaiy, a newsname, about 56 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. The village is a  paper office, and perhaps 500 inhabitants. It was first set,
thriving place, surrounded by a rich agricultural region, tied in.1828. Pop. of the township, 1674.
and contains Presbyterian, Episcopal, Baptist, and Methodist    GREENFIELD, a township of Orange co, Indiana. P. 725.
churches, a bank, 15 stores, and about 1200 inhabitants.   GREENFIELD, a thriving post-village and township of
Its population has doubled within the last ten years. Pop. Greene co., Illinois, 60 niles S.W. of Springfield.  Pop. 237.
of the township, 3763.                                        GREENFIELD, a township, Grundy co., Illinois. P. 97.
GREENE, a township of Sussex co., New Jersey. Pop. 823.   GREENFIELD, a post-village, capital of Rade co., MisGREENE, a township of Bearver co., Pennsylvania. P. 1923. souri, on the West iork of Sac River.
GREENE, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1542.   GREENFIELD, a village of Shelby co., Missouri, near FaGREENE, atownship, Franklin co., Pennsylvania. P. 3154. bius River 100 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.
GREENE. a township, Greeene co., Pennsylvania. P. 667.   GREENFIELD, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. P. 502.
GREENE, a towrnship; Indiana co., Pennsylvania. P. 2281.   GREENFIELD, a post-villasge and township in the central
GREENE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.   part of MIilwaukee co., Wisconsin, 8 miles S.W. of MilwauGREENE, a township, IMercer co., Pennsylvania. P. 933. kee City, with which the village is connected by a plankGREENE, a township of Pike co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 357. road. Pop. 1995.
GREENE, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1520.           GREENFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Saratoga co.,
GREENE, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1902.   New York, 36 miles N. by W. of Albany.
GREENE, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 632.            GREENFIELD IIILL, or GREENFIELD, a beautiful postGREENE, a township of Clarke co., Ohio. Pop. 1230.        village in the N.W. part of Failfield township, Isairfield co.,
GREENE, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 2026.    Connecticut, 56 -'les N.E. of New York. It is the scene of
GREENE, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 1058.    Dr. Dwight's poeil of" Greenfield Hill."
GREENE, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1276.          GREENFIELD   MILLS, a post-office of Frederick co., MaGREENE, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 3948.  ryland.
GREENE, a township of Ilarrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1527.       GREEN/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Middlessex.
GREENE, a township of Ihocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1290.        GREEN/FORD, Miahoning co., Ohio. See GREEN VILLAGE.
GREENE, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1226.          GREEN GARDEN, a post-office of Will co., Illinois.
GREENE, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1658.            GREEN  GROVE, a post-office of Luzerne co., PennsylGREENE, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 1078.       vania.
GREENE, a township of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 958.         GREEN GROVE, a post-office of Conway co., Arkansas.
GREENE, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 2060.           GREENHALGHI, greenlhall, a township of England, co. of
GREENE, a township of H-ancock co., Indiana. Pop. 1019. Lancaster.
GREENE, a township of Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 754.   GREENSIAMI, a chapelry of England, co. of Berks.
GREENE, a post-village of Cape Girardeau co., Missouri.    GREEN HAVEN, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
GREENE, a post-office of Bollinger co., Mlissouri.         GREENIHEAD, a village of England, co. of NorthumberGREENE, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa.              land, 3l miles W.N.W. of IHaltwhistle.
GREENE CORNER, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maeine.   GREEN HILL, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.
GREENE'S STORE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.       GREEN IIILL,  a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia.
GREEN/FIELD, a post-township of Hancock co., Baine,    GREEN IILL, a post-office of Rutherford co., North Ca25 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 305.                          rolina.
GREENFIELD. a post-township of Hlillsborough co., New    GREEN HILL, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia.
Hampshire, 25 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 716.                GREEN HILL, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Alabama.
GREENFIELD, a township of Rockingham  co., New    GRtEEN HTILL, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.
Hamphshire. Pop. 730.                                         GREEN HILL, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.
GREENFIELD, a beautiful post-village and townshi capi-    GREEN HILL, a village of Montgomery co., Missouri
tal of Franklin co., Massachusetts, on the W. side of the    GREEN/IITITIE, a hiamlet of England, co., of Kent, on the
Connecticut, and on the Connecticut River Railroad, at the  Thames, 3 miles E.N.E. of Dartford. It consists of a main
terminus of a railroad fi-on Boston via Fitchburg, about street, and has a pier on the Thames, adjacent to which is
100 miles WV. by N. of Boston. A railroad is also in course  the elegant mansion of Ingress Abbey.
of construction to communicate with the railway systemrs    GREEN HOLM, one of the Shetland Isles, 10 miles N.N.W.
of New York at Albany and Troy. The Deerfield and the  of Lerwick.
Greenfield Rivers flow  through the township, affording    GREENIIOL3M, two islets of the Orkneys, 1. miles S.W.
water-power. The village contains, besides the county build- of Eday.
ings, 4 churches, a town-house, large public and private    GREEN-ISLAND, in IhIudson Strait, British North Ameschools, 2 banks, with a capital of $400,000. a savings insti- rica. 100 miles N.W. of Cape Chudleigh.
tution, an insurance company, and about 40 stores. Three    GREEN-ISLAND, in Russian Amnerica, at the entrance
newspapers are published here. On Green River is an ex- of Prince William Sound.
tensive cutlery establishment, employing 300 operatives.   GRtEEN-ISLAND, in Jamaica, off its W. coast, in GreenThere are also a large foundry, steam saw and planing mill, Island IHarbor, 8 miles S.W. of Lucea.
and the Greenfield Tool Factory, an establishment ini which    GREEN ISLAND; one of the Philippines; lat. 120 3' N.,
are manufactured 382 different shapes of carpenter's planes. Son. 1190 49' E.
The works are propelled by steam, and employ about 100'  GREEN ISLAND, an island in the China Sea; Sat. 43'
hands. Pop. of the township in 1850, 2580.                  N., in a direct line between the Tambelan and the most E.
GRIEENFIELD, Connecticut. See GREENFIELD IILL.            Saint  Esprit Islands.
GREENFIELD, a township of Saratoga co., New York, 9    GREEN ISLAND, an island of Australia, on the N.E. coast
miles N. from Ballston Spa. Pop. 2890.                      of Trinity Bay; lat. 160 46' S., lon. 1450 56, E.
GREENFIELD, a post-office of Uistes co., New York.          GREEN ISLAND, a small island of North America, in
GREENFIELD,atownship, Blairco.,Pennsylvania. P.1032. the St. Lawrence, 115 miles below Quebec' lat. 480 3' 24"
GREENFIELD, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsylvania, N., Ion. 690 26' W.
13 miles E. of Erie. Pop. 731.                                GREEN ISLANDS, two small islands in the Chlina Sea,
GREENFIELD, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. on the S. coast of China, called by the Chinese, Tsang-Chow,
Pop. 809.                                                   at the entrance to Bias Bay; lat. 220 22' N., Son. 1140 40' E.
GREENFIELD, a village of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania,   GIREEN RAY. See Cavo VnDE.
about 10 miles E. by N. of Pottsville.                       GREEN LAKE, Wisconsin, in the E. part of Marquette
GREENFIELD, a post-borough of Washington co., Penn-  county. Length, about 8 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Its wasylvania, on the W'. bank of the Monongahela River, about ters are deep and very clear.
20 miles E.S.E. of Washington, the county seat. Pop. 380.    GREEN LAKE, a post-township in the E. part of Mar.
GREENFIELD,  a post-village of Nelson co., Virginia, 90  quette co., Wisconsin. Pop. 725.
miles W.N.W. of Richmond.                                    GREENLAND, (Dan. Groenland or Gi-Unland, grbnfl/nd,)
78.4




GRE                                                          GRE
an extensive region or island on the N.E. of North America, Britain; Victoria Harbor, opened in 1850, has 24 feet depth
belonging to Denmark, and stretching from Cape Farewell, of water, and an area of 6 acres. Ship and steamboat buildits S. extremity, in lat. 590 49' N., northward to about 800  ing is here extensively carried on. Sugar refining is con.
15' N., and extending between ion. 200 and 750 W., having  ducted to a gwater extent than elsewhere in Britain, except
WV. Baffin's Bay and Davis Strait, N. Peabody Bay and the  in London, and it has foundries for steam-engines and maArctic Ocean, and E. and S. the Atlantic. Pop. in 1851, 9400, chincry; rope, sailcloth, hat, earthenware, paper, and strawall Esquimaux, except about 250 Europeans. The surface  plait factories; a largeo herring fishery, and a very extensive
~is generally high, rocky, and barren; the elevated portions  export trade in Scotch manufactures and produce, especially
are covered with eternal snow and glaciers, extending, in  with America and the Indies. Vessels proceeding to and
many parts, to the sea-shores. But small quantities of corn, firom Glasgow commonly touch at Greenock. The following
potatoes, and kitchen herbs are raised in the S.; and some  table exhibits the increase in the: shipping trade:edible berries, with scattered birch, alder, and willow trees,
grasses, and lichens, grow wild; July is the only month in                         TOTAL TONNAGE.        TOTAL TesNAGE.
which there is no snow. Extreme summer temperature,
593 Fahrenheit, winter, minus 400, aid in the N. the mercury                    Inward.     Outward.  Inwardand sOutward.
falls from 600 to 750 below zero; mean annual temperature   18....                201,11       3,1              4,552
1830...........|' 201,711.. 230,871'4'32-,582
of North Gfeetsland, 50 2' Fahrenheit, the lowest ever re-   1850...........    426,488      424,318           850,805
corded. The natives, or Esquimaux, are a peculiar race,   1851...........    498,533          501,409  999,942
allied to the Mongolian family, of short, squat stature and
dark skin, employed chiefly in fishing and seal-hunting.  It    This does not include the tonnage of steamers or other
is estimated that 1100 of them have been converted to Chris- craft trading on the river inside of the Cumbraes.
tianity by the labors of missionaries.  The region was first        Increase in the 
discovered by a Norwegian in 981, and soon after colonizedports of    pric l Articles.
from Iceland. Davis rtdiscovered Greenland in 1587, and
in the seventeenth century the Danes re-established a comn-                                  1830.      140.       1850.
munication with the lost colony. In 1854, the United States                 0                       ]     0        5
Expedition, under Dr. Kane, traced the W. coast ofGreeland    Sugar, tns..........          15,300     13,41      24,98
Miolasses, tons.........      3,057      9,131     20,917
to its northern face, which they followed toward the Atlau-   Timber, loads,...............    21,245  47,048     51,141
tic till their progress was arrested by an immense glacier,   Deals and battens, hundreds.     283       1,973       3,336
issuing in 600 W. ion., and offering an impassable barrier to
future explorations.  This stupendous glaiesr rises 300 feet'   Total value of exports in 1851, 491,9131.; in 1852, 418,6971.;
in perpendicular face, and is supposed to be the only obsta- in 1853, 437,5221. Greenock has wholly risen into importcle to the insularity of Greenland.  It was followed along  anco since the beginning of the eighteenth century. It
its base in a direction nearly due N. for 80 miles, and found  sends 1 member to the IHouse of Commons.
to merge into a hitherto unknown region, which the party    GREENIOCK, a post-village of Crittenden co., Arkansas,
named Washington. The country is divided into N. and S. on the Mississippi River, 135 miles E.N.E. of Little Rock.
inspectorates, separated by the Longfiord, in about lat. 700    GREENIORE, a headland and fishing station of Ireland,
N. In 1837, it comprised 38 European settlements and 2  co. ofLouth, 2 miles S.E, ofCarlingfosd. Ithasalight-house.
missionary stations, mostly established on the. WV. coast.    GREENORE, a headland of Ireland, co. of Wexford, 7'
Principal villages, Frederick's HIarbor, Julian's Harbor, miles S.S.E. of the entrance into Wexford Harbor, and sepaUpernavik, and Good IHope.                                    rated from it by Greenore Bay.
GREENILAND, a post-township of Rockingham co., New            GREEN PLAINS, a post-office of Northampton co., North
Hampshire, on the Portsmouth and Concord Rails'oad 43  Carolina.
miles E.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 730.                              GREEN PLAINS, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.
GREENLAND, a post-office of Covington co., Alabama.           GREEiN POINT, a post-village of King's co., New York,
GREENLAND  DEPOT, a post-office of Rockingham  co., on Long Island, immediately N. of Williamsburg.  It has
Virginia.                                                     been built up within a few years, chiefly by persons engaged
GREENILAW, a town and parish of Scotland, capital of  during the day in New York. Gas has recently been introthe co. of Berwick, 18 miles W.S.W. of Berwick-on-Tweed.    duced.  Pop. above 3000.
GREENLEAF, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.         GREEN POND, post-village,Union district, South Carolina.
GREEN LEVEL, a post-office, Southampton co., Virginia.   GREENIPORT, a township of Columbia co., New York,
GREEN LEVEL, a post-village, WaIVke co., North Carolina. intersected by the Iudson River Railroad.  Pop, 1300.
GREEN LOG, a small village of Pope co., Arkansas.             GREENPORT, a post-village and port of entry of Suffolk
GREEN MEADOW, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.           co., New York, on the S. side of the N.E. point of Long IsGREEN MOUNT, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania.  land, and at the E. terminus of the Long Island Railroad,
GREEN MOUNT, a post-office of Rockingham co.,Virginia.  95 miles E. by N. of New York. It contains churches of 4
GREEN MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, is situated near the  or 5 denominations, ship-building yards, and a newspaper
N. extremity of Schuylkill county,                            office. The harbor is one of the best on the coast, and is selGREEN MOUNTAINS, a range extending from near New   dom obstructed with ice. The shipping of the district, June
Haven, in Connecticut, northward through Massachusetts  30, 1852, amounted to anaggregate of 3589 tons registered,
and Vermont into Canada. It attains its greatest elevation  and 5866 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 7
in Vermont, to which it gives its sa.me, (in French sconts  vessels, tons 587, were built.  In 1853, 2 whale vessels arverts, or cverts monts, i. e. "glreen mountains.") The highest  rived, bringing 224 barrels of sperm oil, 2684 barrels of whale
summit, Mansfield, (North Peak,) rises about 4360 feet above  oil, and 28,300 pounds of whalebone. Pop. about 1200.
the level of the sea. Connell's Peak, Shrewsbury Mountain,    GREEN  RIVER rises in Wiudham  co., Vermont, and
Mansfiold South Peak, Killington Peak, and several others,  flowing in a S.S.E. course, falls into Deerfield River in
have an elevation of near 4000 feet above the sea.            Franklin county, Massachusetts.
GREEN OAK, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana.              GREEN RIVER, of Kentucky, rises in Lincoln co., in the
GREEN OAK, a township, Livingston co., Michigan. P.941. E. central part of the state.  It flows first nearly W. for
GREENIOCK, a parliamentary and municipal borough, more than half of its course, during which it traverses the
soaport-town, and parish of Scotland, co. of IRenfi-ew, on the  cavernous limestone formation, and passes by the Mammoth
S. side of the Frith of Clyde, 22' miles W.N.W. of Glasgow, Cave. After passing the mouth of Big Barren River, which
with which it is connected by railway. Lat. 550 56' 54" N., enters it from  the left, a few miles S.E. of Mbrgantown, it
Ion. 40 45' 15' WV. Pop. of borough, ia 1851, 36,689. It assumes a general N.W. direction, and enters the Ohio in
stands chiefly on a level strip of land, but partly stretches  Henderson county, 9 miles above Evansville, in Indiana.
up an abrupt height commanding noble views. The town  The whole length is estimated at above 300 miles.  The
is abundantly furnished with water for domestic purposes, lower part of this river is navigable by steamboats at all
by reservoirs belonging  to the corporation and the Shaws seasons; and by means of dams and locks, small steamboats
Water Company.  The latter, for the use of public workls, have ascended in high water to Greensburg, more than 200
has also a large supply, by an aqueduct 65 miles in length,  miles from' its mouth.  Extensive beds of stone coal occupy
extending from artificial ponds 630 feet above the level of the  the lower part of the Green River Valley.
Clyde, and occupying 368 acres. There are two lines of faills,    GREEN  RIVER, Illinois,' empties itself into Rock River,
the descent being on each line 512 feet, and equal to 1843  near 20 miles from the mouth of the latter
horses' power-. —1008 of which were in 1849occupied, and 835    GREEN  RIVER, the longest branch of the Colorado,
still unlet. On the WV. are many new streets anid handsome  rises in Oregon, near Fremont's Peak, and flowing in its
residences. The principal structures are a finecistomn-house,  general coursefirst S.S.E., and then S.S.W., unites with
the  Town-hall, Jail, Exchange, Tontine, Assembly-hall,  Grand Diver in 350 39' N. lat., 1120 55' W. Ion.             i
Theatre, Infirmary, and several handsome churches, Gnlic    GREEN RIVER, a new county in the N.E. part of Utah
and many other chapels. Greenock has a flourishing  me-  Territory, intersected by Green River, fi'om which its name
chanics' institute, several public libraries, one of which pos- is derived. It has been formed since 18.50.
sesses 10,000 volumes, and in its hall is a status by Chantrey    GREEN RIVER., a post-ofice of Windham co., Vermont.
of Watt, a native of the town; numerous banks, and a gram-    GREEN DIVER, a post-office of Columbia co., New York
mar school. One newspaper is published here. Greenock    G}IEEN RIVrER, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky.
is the seat of a presbytery, sheriff's court, and a burgh of    GREEN RI1VER, a post-office of IHenderson co., North Ca,
barony, erected in 1635. Its docks are among the largest in  rolina.
2 z785




GRE                                                       GRE
GREEN RIVER, a post-village of Henry co.,Illinois, on    GREEN SPRINGS, a post-officeof Tuolumne co., California.
Green River, 70 miles N.W. of Peoria.                      GREEN/STEAD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
GREEN RIVER, a post-office of Green River co., Utah.     GREENSTEAD NEAR ONGAR, a parish of England, co.
GREEN'S BLUFF, a post-office of Jefferson co., Texas.  of Essex. Its church, with oaken walls, is supposed to be
GREENS/BOROUGH, a post-township of Orleans co., Ver- one of the oldest in Britain.
mont, 25 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1008.            GREENS/VILLE, a village of Grayson co., Virginia, on
GREENSBOROUGH, a post-village of Greene co., Pennsyl- New River, 276 miles W. by S. of Richmond, was formerly
vania, on the Monongahela River, 20 miles S.E. of Waynes- the county seat.
burg.                                                       GREENTON, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri.
GREENSBOROUGIT, a flourishing post-village, capital of    GREENTOP, a post-office of Schuyler co., Missouri.
Guilford co., North Carolina, on the Central Railroad, 86    GREEN/TOWN or GREENS/TOWN, a post-village of Stark
miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. The situation is healthy, and the  co., Ohio, 10 miles N. of Canton. Pop. about 300.
surrounding country is fertile. Many. of the houses are of    GREENTOWN, a post-office, Currituck co., North Carolina.
wood, and others are built of brick. It is a place of consi-   GREENTOWN, a post-village of Howard co., Indiana,
derable activity in trade, and is the seat of excellent institu- about 56 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.
tions for learning, among which are several academies. It    GREEN TREE, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
also contains 2 banks, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and a num- 12 miles E. by S. of Camden.
her of manufactories.                                       GREEN TREE, a post-office, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
GREENSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Greene co.,   GREEN TREE, a post-office of White co., Tennessee.
Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 40 miles N. of Milledge-   GREE/NUP, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Kenville. It contains several elegant buildings, among which  tucky, borders on the Ohio, just below the mouth of Sandy
are a new court-house, 2 churches, and 2 academies.       River, which separates it firom  Virginia. Area, estimated
GREENSBOROUGH, a flourishing post-village of Greene  at 480 square miles. The Ohio River forms its boundary on
co., Alabama, 85 miles W. by N. of Montgomery, and 18  the N.E. and  N.W., and it is intersected by Little Sandy
miles E. of Eutaw. It is the largest place in the county, River and Tygart's Creek. The surface is uneven, and
and is the centre of an active trade. Many of the residents  partly covered with timber.'he county contains large and
are wealthy planters, who have plantations of cotton in the  productive mines of iron ore and coal. Formed in 1803, and
vicinity. The village contains several churches and flour- named in honor of Governor Christopher Greenup. Capital,
ishing schools, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Pop. estimated  Greenupsburg. Pop. 9654, of whom 9048 were free, and 606
at 2500.                                                  slaves.
GREENSBOROUGI, a post-village, capital of Choctaw    GREENUP, a post-village and township, capital of Cumco., Mississippi, on one of the head streams of Big Black  berland co., Illinois, on Embarras River, at the crossing of
River, 110 milles N.N.E. of Jackson.                      the National Road, 111 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. Pop. 948.
GREENSBOROUGIH, a post-office of Greene co., Arkansas.   GREE/NUPSBURG, or GREENUP COURT-HOUSE, apostGREENSBOROUGII, a post-village and township of Henry  village, capital of Greenup co., Kentucky, on the Ohio River,
co., Indiana, on Blue River, 36 miles E. by N. of Indian- 132 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort, contains a brick court-house,
apolis. Pop. 1190.                                        1 church, and several stores.
GREENSBOROUGIt, a post-village of Caroline co., Mary-   GREEN/VALE, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 22
land, 59 miles E. of Annapolis.                           miles N.W. of Freeport.
GREENS/BURG, a flourishing post-borough of Hlempfield    GREENVALE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.
township, and capital of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, on    GREEN VALLEY, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.
the Central Railroad, 32 miles E.S.E. ofPittsburg. It is a place    GREEN VALLEY, a post-office of El Dorado co., Call
of considerable trade, and is surrounded by a fertile country, fornia.
which is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. The    GREEN VILLAGE, a post-village of Franklin co., PennHempfield Railroad, when finished, will connect it with  sylvania, on the railroad from  Ilarrisburg to ChambersWheeling. Coal of good quality abounds in all parts of the  burg, 40 miles S.W. of the former. Pop. in 1853, about 250.
county. The boroughhas a large brick court-house, 3 news-   GREEN VILILAGE, or GREENIFORD, a post-village of
paper offices, and an academy. Pop. in 1850, 1051; in 1853, Mahoning co., Ohio, 158 miles N.E. of Columbus, is situated
about 1500.                                               in a rich and populous district. Pop. estimated at 450.
GREENSBURG, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.       GREEN/VILLE, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, borGREENSBURG, a post-village, capital of St. Helena pa- dering on North Carolina, contains about 300 square miles.
rish, Louisiana, near Tickfaw River, about 40 miles N.E. of  The Nottoway River bounds it on the N., and it is interBaton Rouge.                                              sected by the Meherrin River. The general surfice is level;
GREENSBURG, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Ken- the soil is of medium quality. The railroad from Richmond
tucky, on the right bank of Green River, 85 miles S.S.W. of  to Weldon, North Carolina. passes through the county.
lFrankfort. It contains a court-house, 3 churches, a branch  Oranized in 1784. Capital, Hicksford.  Pop.5639,ofwhom
of the Kentucky bank, and 12 stores. The river has lately  1854 were free, and 3785 slaves.
been improved, so that it is navigable for steamboats about   GREENVILLE, a district in the N.W. part of South Caro3 months in the year.                                     lina, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 060 square
GREENSBURG, a post-village of Trumbull co., Ohio, 185  miles. It is drained by the head streams of the Ennoree,
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                   Tiger, and Reedy Rivers, and bounded on the WV. by Saluda
GREENSBURG, a beautiful post-village, capital of Deca- River. The Blue Ridge extends along the N.W. border of
tur eo., Indiana, is situated on Sand Creek, and on the Mi- the district, the surface of which is beautifully diversified
chigan Road, 46 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. The place was by mountains and hills. The Saluda Mountain rises in the
first settled in 1821, and is steadily advancing in size and  vicinity of the Court-house. The soil is generally good and
importance. It is connected by a plank-road with Madison, well watered. Chalybeate and sulphur springs are found 10
on the Ohio, and is on the line of the Lawrenceburg and  miles N. of Greenville. A railroad has recently been made
Mississippi Railroad now in course of construction. Greens- fiom the Court-house to Columbia, the capital of the state.
burg contains good public buildings, a flourishing academy, Pop. 20,156, of whom 13,465 were free, and 6691 slaves.
and a newspaper office: Pop. 1850, 1202; in 1853, about 1600.   GREENVILLE, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine,
GREENSBURG CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Sandusky  80 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 326.
co., Ohio.                                                  GREENVILLE, a post-village in Providence co.. Rhode
GREEN'S CORNERS, a village and station of Oneida co., Island, 12 miles N.W. of Providence, contains a bank and
New York, on the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, 19 miles W. several cotton factories.
by N. of Utica.                                             GREENVILLE, a post-village in Preston township, New
GREEN'S FARM1S. a village of Fairfield township, Fair- London co., Connecticut, on the Quinebaug, River, about 2
field co., Connecticut, 54 miles N.E. of New York.         mies N.E. of Norwich Landing, contains 3 churches, numeGREEN'S FORK, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. rous cotton mills, and a manufactory of railroad cars. Pop.
Pop. 1569.                                                 about 1000.
GREEN'S FORK, a post-office of Wayne co., Indiana.         GREENVILLE, post-village and township of Green co.,
GREENSNOR/TON,a parish of England, co. Northampton. New York, 24 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2242.
GREENSPOND, an island and maritime village of North    GREENVILLE, a thriving village of Raritan township,
America, off the E. coast of Newfoundland, 29 miles N.W. Hunterdon co., New Jersey, about 20 miles N. of Trenton.
of Bonavista. The island is ofgraniteformation. Itis about   GREENVILLE, a village of Sussex co., New Jersey, 7
4 miles across. The village has a decent church, and some  miles S.W. of Newton.
large stores; and the fishermen's houses are neat and clean.   GREENVILLE, a village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania,
GREENS/PORT, a post-village of St. Clair co., Alabama, on  about 8 miles S.E. of Clarion.
the Coosa River, 120 miles N. of Montgomery.                GREENVILLE, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, on
GREEN SPRING, a post-village of Orange co., North Ca- Penn's Run, 147 miles W. of Harrisburg, and 8 miles E. of
rolina.                                                   Indiana, has 2 stores and about 30 houses.
GREEN SPRING, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.          GREENVILLE, a small village of Mifflin co., PennsylGREEN SPRING FURNACE, a post-office of Washington  vania.
co,, Maryland.                                              GREENVILLE, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania,
GREEN SPRING RUN, a post-office of Haampshire co., bordering on Maryland, 20 miles S.E. of Somerset. Pop. 723.
Virginia.                                                   GREENVILLE, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, on
T86




GRE                                                       GRE
the South River, near its source, 120 miles W.N.W. of Rich-  wounded, or unfortunate seamen-the noblest establishmend. It contains 1 academy, several stores, and 1 flouring  ment of the kind in Europe. Its building, the finest strucmill. Pop. from 300 to 400.                                ture in England, originally a palace of Charles II., and
GREENVILLE, a post-village, capital of Pitt co., North  erected on the site of the ancient "Greenwich House,"
Carolina, on the right bank of Tar River, about 100 miles  which, so far back as the year 1300, had beepn a favorite reE. by S. of Raleigh.  It contains a court-house, academy,  sidence of royalty-in which Henry VIII. and his queen.
and several stores. Tar and turpentine are procured from   daughters, Mary and, Elizabeth, were born; and where, too,
the forests in the vicinity, and exported by the river.    Edward VI. breathed his last-was converted to its preGREENVILLE, or GREENVILLE COURTIHOUSE, a flou- sent use in the reign of William and Mary, although not
rishing post-village, capital of Greenville district, South Ca- opened for the reception of inmates until 1705, when 42were
rolina, on Reedy River, near its source, 110 miles N:WV. of  admitted. Commenced at the Restoration by Webb, son-inColumbia. The situation is elevated and healthy, at the  law of Inigo Jones, it was carried on under the superinfoot of the Saluda Mountain, which renders it ait favorite re- tendence of Sir Christopher Wren, and finished after his
sort for persons who reside in the lower country. It is the  designs by his successor, Sir John Vanbrugh. It stands on
N. terminus of the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. the bank of the river, on an elevated terrace, is 865 feet in
Greenville has 3 churches, 2 academies, and 2 newspaper length, and covers, with the schools, civil offices, lawns, and
offices. Pop. 1305, of whom 685 are free, and 620 slaves.  burial-ground attached, a space of 40 acres. It consists of 4
GREENVILLE, a neat post-villae, capital of Meriwether  quadrangular piles, built principally of Portland stone, each
co., Georgia, on a high ridge near Walnut Creek, 108 miles  bearing the name of the sovereign in whose reign it was
W. of Milledgeville. It is situated in a region which is noted  erected-namely, King Charles, QueenAnne, King William,
for its medicinal springs. The Warm Springs, 10 miles S. of and QueenMary. Two ofthe-wings frontthe river, andtwo
this town, have a temperature of 900, and discharge 1400  the park. In the N.W. wing, or that erectedby Charles II.,
gallons of water per minute. About $75.000 worthof goods  are the governor's residence and the officers' and pensioners'
are sold in Greenville annually. It has 2 churches, 3 semi- libraries. The N.E., or Queen Anne's, is appropriated as a
naries, and about 500 inhabitants.                        residence for the officers and men. In the S.W., or King
GREENVILLE, a post-village, capital of Butler co., Ala- William's, is the Painted HIall, a noble apartment, 106 feet
bama, 40 miles S.W. of Montgomery, and 150 miles N.E. of  long by 56 feet broad, and 50 feet high, painted by Sir James
Mobile, contains a court-house, a newspaper office, several Thornhill, and containing a fine collection of pictures, constores, and from 400 to 500 inhabitants.                  sisting of portraits of naval heroes and representations of
GREENVILLE, a post-village, capital of Washington co., sea-fights. The fourth, or S.E. wing, commonly called Queen
Mississippi, on the Mississippi River, 100 miles N.N.W. of  Mary's, contains the chapel, the interior of which, designed
Jackson.                                                  by Athenian Stuart, is richly and elaborately ornamented.
GREENVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Hunt The complement of in-pensioners, or those who reside in
co., Texas, is situated near the source of the Sabine River, the hospital, is about 2710; each of whom, besides clothing,
about 250 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. It is situated in a  food, &c., receives a shilling a week as tobacco-money. To a
fertile farming region, which produces cotton, wheat, and  section of them, averaging about 450, an allowance of money
maize, and towards which an active immigration is directed. is given in place of rations. Though, many of the pensioners
The village has grown up since 1845.                      attain a great age, the annual mortality among them is 12
GREENVILLE, a post-village of Polk co., Texas, 15 miles  per cent. There are, besides, numerous out-pensioners, who
N. of Livingston, the county seat, is surrounded by a corn- receive each about 121. a year. The whole revenueof the hosmunity of thrifty planters, and is improving.              pital from property, freightage charged on treasure conveyed
GREENVILLE, a small village of Clarke co., Arkansas, by her Majesty's ships, &c., amounted, in 1849, to 148,7311.,
about 90 miles S.W. of Little Rock.                        expenditure, the same year, 146,9571. The establishment is
GREENVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Greene  managed by a governor, lieutenant-governor, two chaplains,
co., Tennessee, 250 miles E. of Nashville, and 66 miles E. by  and numerous other officers. Connected with the hospital
N. of Knoxville. It is the seat of Greenville College founded  is the Royal Hospital School, for the children of decayed
in 1794:. A newspaper is published here. Pop. about 800.   non-commissioned officers, seamen, and marines, and for the
GREENVILLE, a post-village, capital of Muhlenburg co., sons of commissioned and ward-room warrant officers, of
Kentucky, 170 miles S.W. of Frankfort, and 9 miles S. of  which last there must always be 100 in the school. It numGreen River, is situated in a region which abounds in coal hers, in its two sections of upper and lower, 800 pupils; and
and iron ore. It has 2 or 3 churches, a seminary, 6 stores, is one of the first nautical seminaries in the world. Greenand 2 tobacco factories,                                   wich Park, between the hospital and Blackheath, first enGREENVILLE, a thriving post-village and township, ca- closed by Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, Protector, in the
pital of Darke co., Ohio, on the Greenville and Miami Rail- reign of IHenry VI., contains about 200 acres of undulating
road, about 90 miles W. of Columbus. The village contains  and wooded land, has numerous herds of deer, and is a good
4 or 5 churches and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, about deal resorted to by the Londoners. On one of its eminences,
1500. In 1793, General Wayne built Fort Greenville on the  160 feet above the river, and once occupied by Greenwich
site of the present town, and here the treaty of Greenville  Castle, is the Royal Observatory, founded by Charles II. in
was concluded between Wayne and the Indians.              1674, the residence of the astronomer royal, and from which
GREENVILLE, a post-office of Montcalm co., Michigan.   the longitudes in all British charts are reckoned. GreenGREENVILLE, a post-village and township of Floyd co., wich sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Pop. of
Indiana, 15 miles N.W. of New Albany. Pop. 1809.          the parliamentary borough in 1851, 105,784.
GREENVILLE. at neat and thriving post-village, capital of    GREENWICH, greenlich, a post-village and township of
Bond co., Illinois, on the East Fork of Shoal Creek, on the  Hampshire co., Massachusetts, on the W. side of Swift
National Road, and on the railroad between Terre Haute  River, about 80 miles W. of Boston. In the township are
and Alton, about 45 miles E. of the latter. It has a field of manufactories of forks, scythes, andwoollen goods. Pop. 838.
timber on the N., and on theS. a beautiful expanse of prai-   GREENWICI-I, a post-township pf Fairfield co., Connectirie. It contains 2 newspaper offices, 3 churches, and 7 stores. cut, bordering on Long Island Sound, and intersected by
GREENVILLE, a small village of Saline co., Missouri.    the New York and New Haven Railroad, 31 miles N.E. of
GREENVILLE, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., Mis- New York City. The principal village, beautifully situated
souri, on St. Francis River, 150 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. near the water, has recently become a favorite place of resiGREENVILLE, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa.           dence to persons doing business in New York. "Putnam
GREENVILLE, a post-township in Brown co., Wisconsin. Hill," in West Greenwich, near Horse Neck, is celebrated as
Pop 98.                                                   the scene of General Israel Putnam's daring exploit in the
GREENVILLE, a post-office of Outagamie co., Wisconsin.  Revolution. This forms the S.W. extremity of New EngGREENWICH, grinlidge, a parliamentary borough and  land. Pop. of the township, 5036.
parish of England, co. of Kent, on the right bank qf the    GREENWICI, a post-village and township of WashingThames, 3] miles E.S.E. of London Bridge, the W. terminus ton co., New York, on the Hudson River, 36 miles N. by E.
of the'Greenwich Railway, partly on an acclivity, but chiefly  of Albany. Battenkill Creek flows along its S. border, and
on low, marshy ground, a large portion of which is below  the Champlain Canal here crosses the Hudson. The inhathe level of the Thames. Lat. of the Observatory, 510 28' 381 bitants are extensively engaged in the manufacture of carN., ion. 0~ 0, 0". Mean annual temperature, 480 9'; winter, riages. Pop. 3803.
370 71; summer, 600 3k Fahr. The streets are in general nai-    GREENWICH, a post-village and township of Cumberrow and irregular, and many of the houses mean in appear- land co., New Jersey, on Delaware Bay and on Cohansey
ance, though recently numerous handsome new houses have  Creek, 6 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeton. The village contains 2
been built. The town is well lighted with gas, and amply  or 3 churches, and about 100 dwellings. Pop. of the townsupplied with water. It contains four handsome Episcopal ship, 1158.
churches; also places of worship for Baptists, Independents,   GREENWICH, a township of Gloucester co., New Jersey
Wesleyan Methodists, Roman Catholics, and Scotch Presby- Pop. 3067.
terians. The educational institutions, public, private, and    GREENWICH, a township of Warren co., New Jersey.
charitable, are numerous, as are also the benevolent and  Pop. 3726.
charitable institutions; among the latter may be named    GREENWICH, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
Norfolk College, supporting 20 decayed tradesmen. But the  Pop. 1842.
object of by far the greatest interest in Greenwich is its mag-    GREENWICH, a post-township forming the S.S.E. extrnificent Naval Hospital, for the maintenance of veteran,  mity of Huron co., Ohio. Pop. 1050.
787




GRE                                                        GRE
GRIEENWICIH, a seaport at the entrance of St. Peter's  225 students, a medico-chirurgical school, observatory, bho
Bay, on the N. coast of Prince Edward Island, co. of Kings, tanic garden, museums, and a gymnasium. It has mann.
in lat. 460 28' N., Ion. 620 47' W.                        factures of tobacco and soap, oil-mills, building docks, dis.
GREENWICH STATION, a post-office of HIuron co., Ohio. tilleries, salt-refineries, and an active trade both by sea and
GREENWICH VILLAGE, a post-village of Hampshire co., land. The principal articles of export are grain, which in
Massachusetts, 73 miles W. of Boston.                      1852 included 37,667 quarters  of wheat, 22,500 of barley,
GREEN/WOOD, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 50  3450 of rye, 11,741 of oats, and 525 of pease and beans.
miles W. of Augusta.  Pop. 1118.                              GREIFSWALD-(E, grIfestl/Ad-ii'h, an islet in the Baltic
GREENWOOD, a post-township of Steuben co., New York, Sea, 9 miles S.E. of Riigen.
27 miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. 1185.                             GREIG, gr-g, a township, Lewis co., New York. P. 1074.
GREENWOOD, a townshipof Columbia co., Pennsylvania.    GREIGS'VILLE, a post-village of Livingston co., New
Pop. 1260.                                                  York, on the Genesee Canal, about 28 miles S.S.W. of
GREENWOOD, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.  Rochester.
Pop. 1127.                                                    GREIGSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Preston co.,
GREENWOOD, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Pop. 1651.                                                    GREIN, grine, or GREGNA, grlglna, a town of Lower
GREENWOOD, a small village of Mercerco., Pennsylvania. Austria, on the Danube, 27 miles E.S.E. of Lintz, about 1 
GREENWOOD, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania.  miles above the Strudel Rapid, and at the foot of a mounPop. 995.                                                   tain, crowned by the castle of Greinburg. Pop. 750.
GREENWOOD, a post-office of Doddridge co., Virginia.        GREIN, grAn, a considerable town of Arabia, in HadraGREENWOOD; a post-village in Abbevile district, South  maut, on the Wady Doan, near Makallah.
Carolina.'GREINORD. greefnord, a bay of Scotland, on the N.W.
GREENWOOD, a post-office of Jackson co., Florida.         coast of Ross-shire, S.W. of Loch Broom, 4 miles wide, exGREENWOOD, a post-office of De Kalh co., Alabama.        tending inland about the same distance, and with an island
GREENWOOD, a thriving post-village of Carroll co., Mis- of the same name at its entrance.
sissippi, on the Yazoo River, 290 miles from its mouth, and    GREIN/TON or GRENITON, a parish of England, co. of
95 miles N. of Jackson. The river is navigable for steamboats  Somerset.
during the whole year, with few exceptions, and several   GREITZ  or GREIZ, grits, a town of Central Germany,
thousand bales of cotton are shipped here annually. The vil- capital of the principality of Reuss-Greitz, on the right bank
lags has also a large business in groceries and heavy goods.  of the White Elster, 49 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic. It is enGREENWOOD, a post-village in Caddo parish, Louisiana, closed by walls, is well built, and is the residence'of the
about 350 miles N.W. of New Orleans.                        sovereign prince, who has here two castles and a summner
GREENWOOD, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas.      palace, with fine gardens.  It has a seminary, a Latin
GREENWOOD, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee.        school, and manufactures of woollen and cotton fabrics,
GREENWOOD, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.              distilleries, and breweries. Pop. 6215.
GREENWOOD, a thriving post-village of Johnson co., In-   GREKLIS, a town of Bohemia. See GRASLITZ.
diana, on the railroad between Madison and Indianapolis, 10    GRENAAE, greh-n6fth', or GRINAAE, gre-noleh, a marimiles S.S.E. of the latter.                                 time town of Denmark, province, and nealr the E. extremity
GREENWOOD, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois, on  of Jutland, amt, and 32 miles E. of Randers. Pop. 1000.
the Nippersink Creek, about 60 miles N.W, of Chicago.         GRENADA,* grgn-A/da, (Fr. Grenade, grelh-nidl,) one of the
GREENWOOD, a post-office of Shelby co., Missouri.         British West India Islands. Lat. (S. point) 110 59/ N,, ion
GREENWOOD, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin.  610 45' W. It is of an oblong form, 24' miles long N. and
GREENWOOD, a post-office of El Dorado co., California.   S., and 10 miles broad. Area, 80,000 acres. There ae seveGREENWOOD CEMETERY. See NEw YORK.                         ral bays and creeks on both sides of the island, affording
GREENWOOD FURNACE, a post-office of Huntingdon co., good anchorage. Grenada is one of the most beautiful of the
Pennsylvania.                                               West India Islands, rugged and picturesque in the interior,
GREENWOOD  LAKE, a delightful watering-place of being traversed from N. to S. by an irregular mass of volOrange co., New York, 8 miles S.W. of Chester, which is  canic mountains, which attain elevations of 3000 and 3200
situated at the junction of the Newburg and Erie Rail- feet above sea-level. In the centre ofthe island, about 1700
roads.                                                     feet above sea-level, thereis a circular lake, 2t miles in cirGREENWOOD VALLEY, a post-offio,Wayne co., Missouri. cumfereuce, enclosed by lofty mountains. Rivers and rivuGREERS/VILLE, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.           lets are extremely numerous; and most of the former caGREET, a parish of England, co. of Salop.                pable of working sugar-mills. The soil is variable; but conGREET/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          sists principally of a rich black or reddish-colored mould,
GREETHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.          well adapted to every tropical production. Cotton was forGREETLAND-wITE-ELLAND, England. See ELLAND.               merly the chief article of cultivation; but at present sugar,
GREET/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          rum, and molasses, stand first in the exports, which amountGREGAPOJEE, grA-ga-potjee, or GREE/JEE', a town of ed in 1852 to 131,0401., and the imports to 149,718l. Durin'
Dahomey, about 10 or 12 miles N.W. of Whydah; lat. 60 12' the same year, 21,478 tons of shipping were entered inwards.
N., lon' 10 32' E., on a rising ground overlooking the great    The island is divided into six districts, and has a lieulagoon which runs along this part of the coast of the Bight  tenant-governor and a local legislature. The revenue for
of Benin. Pop. 1200.                                        1849 was 19,091/., and the expenditure 12,7771. The EstabGREGG, a post-township of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 13  lished Church has 10 churches and chapels, the Roman Camiles S.E. of Bellefonte. Pop. 1473.                        tholics 8, and various Dissenters have 6 churches. Nunmber
GREGORY'S (grdg/o-rhz) MILL, a post-office of Granville  of children attending school in the island, in 1852, 1828.
co., North Carolina.                                        Capital, St. George Town. Grenada was discovered by ColumGREIFENBERG, gri/fen-bao', a town of Prussia, pro- bus in his third voyage, in 1498, at which time it was inhavince of Pomeraniat, 40 miles N.E. of Stettin, on the left bited by Ca ribs, who  were  subsequently exterminated by
bank of the Rega. Pop. 4470.                                the French. by whom the island was colonized, about the
GREIFENBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, middle of the seventeenth century, and in whose possession
34 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 2720. it remained till 1762, when it was taken by the British. It
Near it is the castle of Greifenstein.                      was recaptured by the French in 1779, and restored to BriGREIFENBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Branden-  tain in 1783. Pop. in 1851, 32,671, of whom about 5000 are
burg, 45 miles N.N.E. of Berlin, on the Sarnitz. Pop. 1300.  of the white and mixed races, the remainder blacks; males,
GREIFENBURG, grt/fen-bd5ao',   a town  of Illyria, 32  13,732; females, 15,105.
miles W.N.W. of Villach, near the Drave. Pop. 700.            GRENA/DA, a thriving post-village of Yallobusha co.,
GREIFENSTEIN, gri/fen-stIoe,  a market-town of Ger- Mississippi. on the Yallobusha River, 113 miles N. by E. of
many, in Rhenish Prussia, government of Coblentz, 10  Jackson. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, and has
miles N.W. of Wetzlar.                                      an active business. It contains a United States land-office,
GREIFENSTEIN. a village of Germany, in Lower Aus- and 2 newspaper offices.
tria, on the Danube, N.W. of Kloster-Neuburg.                 GRENADE. greh-ni d/, a village of France, department of
GREIFENSTEIN, a village of Germany, in  Prussian  Gaounne, 14 miles N.N.W. ofToulouse. Pop. in 1852, 4364.
Saxony, government of Erfurt, S. of Heili-enstadt.            GRENADE. a village of France, department of Landes,
GREIFFENItAGEN, grif/fenl-h.9ghen, a town of Prussia, 10 miles S.S.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1442.
in Pomerania, 12 miles S.S.W. of Stettin, near the Oder. Pop.   GRENADINES, grn-9-deenz/, or GRENADILLES, gren6000. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and leather.,-deelf, a group of islands in the West Indies, belonging to
GREIFFENSEE, grif/fen-sal, a petty town of Switzerland,  Great Britain, extending from  lat. 120 30' to 130 N., becanton, and 6 miles E. of Zurich, on the small lake of Greif- tween Grenada and St. Vincent, and consisting of Bequis,
fensee, which is 4 miles long, and 11 miles broad.         Carriacou, and Union, besides some smaller islands.
GREIFSWALDE,   grIfs*,Il/deh,   (formerly   written
GRIPESWOLD,) a town of Prussia, province of Pomerania,
GiRIESWOI~D, a~tmn o Pru~in proinceof Pnle~~nia  ~* G-re~ld, a, the name of one of the British West India Islands
18 miles S.E. of Stralsund, on the Ryck,, near its mouth,     Gsenada, the name of one of the British West Indi Islands
ought not to be confounded with the Spanub naioe Grisaa,
in te  Batic.Pop.11,420. It~ is enclose     d           gy                                       names Ganada
n the'Baltic. Pop. 11,420. It is enclosed by walls, iand  (sometimes improperly written with an e in the first syllable.)
has si harbor fitted for small vessels, a university, founded  Worcester pronounces Grenada gre-ai'da, probably referring to
In 1456, with a library of 20,000 volumes, and (in 1844) this mode of spelling the Spanish name.
788




GRE                                                        GRI
GRENAUGItH, grinlaw,' a parish of Ireland, in Munster,   GRETA BRIDGE, a hamlet on the above river, E. of Barco. of Cork.                                              nard Castle.
GRENCIIEN, grin!Ken, (Fr. Grange, grftzh,) a parish and    GRETFORD, a parish ofEngland.  See GREATFORD.
village of Switzerland. with mineral springs and baths, can-   GRET/NA or GRAITINEY. a village and parish of Scot.
ton, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Soleure; Pop. 1000.            land, co. of Dumfries, on the Sark, with a station on the CarGRENDELBRUCH,'gr~n/del-brOaKx, (Fr. pron. grNdc'd41- lisle and Edinburgh Railway, 9 miles N.N.W. of Carlisle.
brIik/, a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 16 miles Pop. 1761. The village of Gretna Green, situated on the
N.N.WV. of Sch6lestat. Pop. 1575.                         boundary line between Scotland and England, has long been
GRENIDON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.      celebrated as the resort of parties bent on clandestine marGRENDON-BISH/OP'S, a parish of England, co. Hiereford. riages, to avoid the English marriage law.
GRENDON-UNIDERWOOD, a parish of England, co. of    GRETtTON,,a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Bucks.                                                      GREUSSEN, groisfsen, a town of Germany, principality
GRENDON-wITi-WHITtTINGHAM,         a parish of England, of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 10 miles S.S.E. of Sondersco. of Warwick.                                           hansen. Pop. 2165.
GRENEIJJE, grehlnelll, a village of France, department   GREVE, grAvi, a river of Tuscany, joins the Arno, 3 miles
of Seine, arrondissement of Sceaux. It is comprised within  below Florence, after a course of about 24 miles.
the new fortifications of Paris, and is celebrated for the    GREVE, a town of Tuscany, 11 miles S.S.E. of Florence,
Artesian well of Grenelle, 1794 feet deep, which supplies on the Greve. Pop. 1057.
the upper part of Paris with excellent water. Temperature    GREVEN, grAyven, a town of Rhenish Prussia, governat bottom of well, 820 Fah. Pop. in 1852, 7878.           ment, and 22 miles E. of Miinster, on the Ems. Pop. 1160.
GRENNA, grplntn, a small town of Sweden, ]en, and 20    GREVENBICHT, grA/ven-bist', a village of Holland, promiles N.E. of Jonktping, on the E. shore of Lake Wetter. vince of Limburg, 12 miles N. by E. of Maestricht. Pop. 942.
It has some trade in cattle.                                GREVENBROICI, grtven-broixK, a town of Rhenish
GRENNE or GRENNAH, a town of Africa. See CYRENE.  Prussia, 13 miles S.W. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 854.
GRENOBLE, gren-ob'l or greh-nO/b'l, (anc. Cultare or Gra-   GREVENM[ACHER, grAlven-m~K'er,  a town  of the
tianop'olis,) a fortified city of France, capital of the depart- Netherlands, province, and 15 miles E.N.E. of Luxemburg,
ment of Is6re, picturesquely situated on both sides of the  on the Moselle. Pop. 2200.
Islre river, here crossed by two bridges, and bordered by    GREVISMUtLEN, (Grevismiihlen,) grAlvis-mii'len,   a
handsome quays, 58 miles S.E. of Lyons. Lat. 450 12' N., town of Northern Germany, in Mecklenberg-Schwerin, 11
ion. 50 44 E. A railway is projected to communicate with  miles W.S.W. of Wismar. Pop. 2660.
the line of railway in progress from Paris to Marseilles. The    GREVNO, gr~v/no, a town of European Turkey, in Macecity proper, on the S. bank of the river, is enclosed by bas- douia, sanjak, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Monastir.
tioned ramparts, and has a citadel; thefauburg St. Laurent,   GRE/WELL.  a parish of England, co. of Hants.
the original quarter, founded by the Emperor Gratian, on    GREY, a county of Canada West, bordering on Georgian
the opposite bank, has no strong walls, but is protected by  Bay, comprises an area of 2321 square miles. Capital, Durthe new fortofLaBastile, onanadjacentheight. Thetown  ham. Pop. 13,217.
is irregularly laid out, and badly paved. but has many good    GREY, an inland county of West Australia, about 65
residences, and has been latterly much improved. Principal miles from E. to W. It contains a large and beautiful sheet
edifices, the Cathedral. the Court-house, formerly palace of the  of water, called Lake MlcDermott.
dauphins,   ational College, with a museum and picture-   GREY ABIBEY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down,
gallery, the Episcopal Palace, Theatre, Public Library of 60,000  on Lake Strangford, 7 miles S.S.W. of Donaghadee. The
volumes, several convents, hospitals, &c. Here is a good  ruins of an abbey, founded by the D6 Courceys in 1192, are
public garden; and in a principal square is a colossal bronze  in this parish.
statue of the Chevalier Bayard. Grenoble is the seat of a' GREY ROCK, a post-office of HIarford co., Maryland.
national court, an Acadgceie Universitaire, a tribunal of    GREY/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Northumbercommerce, chamber of manufactures, board of customs, and  land.
has a normal and numerous other schools. From 4000 to    GREYISTOCK, a parish of England. co. of Cumberland,
5000 hands, in and about the city, are engaged in the mann-  5 miles W. of Penrith.  Saddleback Mountain, 2787 feet in
facture of kid gloves; besides which, it has tanneries,  height, is in this parish.
manufactures of liqueurs, and a trade in hemp, iron, and    GREY/STONES, a headland, fishing village, and coastmarble. the produce of its vicinity. In the time of the Ro- guard station of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wicklow, 3
mans this town was known by the name of Cularo, which  miles S.E. of Bray.
was afterwards, in the fourth century. changed, in honor    GREYS/VILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., Indiana.
of the Emperor Gratian, to Gratianopolis, (i. e. "city of Gra-   GREY TOWN, or SAN JUAN  DE NICARAGUA, san
tian,") of which the modern Grenoble is a corruption.  julan (or sitn oo-Ant) di ne-kt-rAlgwA, a seaport town of CenDuring the wars of Napoleon it was twice occupied by the  tral America. Mosquito Territory, on the river San Juan;
allies. Grenoble was the first place which openly received  lat. 100 55' N.. Ion. 8.O 43' W; destroyed in July, 1854, by
the emperor after his return from Elba in 1815. Pop. in  Captain IIollins, commander of the Cyane, acting under
1852, 31,340.                                             instructions from  the United  States government. It is
GRENTON, aparishof England. See GaREINTON.              said to have had a considerable trade in the export of hides,
GREN/VILLE, a county of Canada West, bordering on  indigo, and specie. Its inhabitants consisted of immigrants
Canada East and the St. Lawrence, comprises an area of 421  from England, the United States, Germany, France, and
square miles. This county is traversed by a railway con- Spain, besides the native Indians; and thousands thronged
necting Bytown with Prescott; the capital. Pop. 20,707.' thither on their way to Californiaby the San Juan River and
GRENVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Two  the Lake of Nicaragua. Two steamers from New York, and
Mountains, on the Ottawa River, 60 miles W. of Montreal. two from. New Orleans, arrived monthly with passengers,
Pop. about 250.                                           while a Bremen ship occasionally brought a load of Germans.
GRIENVILLE ISLAND. Pacific Ocean. See RovuArA.          The harbor is one of the finest on the doast of Central AmeGR~]OULX or GR]]OUX, gritoo/, a village of France, de- rice, and was declared a firee port January 1, 1851. The
partment of Basses-Alpes, 30 miles S.W. of Digne, with  communication with the Pacific Ocean is through a healthy
mineral baths known to the ancient Romans. Pop. 1347.    and eminently picturesque country, and, by aid of steamers
GRESIFORD, a parish of Wales, cos. of Flint and Denbigh, on the rivers and on Lake Nicaragua, the transit has been
with a station on the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, 3  accomplished in 36 hours.
miles N.N.E. of Wrexham.                                    GREZ, grt, or GREZ-DOICEAU grt-dw  sof, a village of
GRESH1AM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the right bank of
GRESIIOLM, an island of Wales. See GRASHOLt.            the Dyle, 18 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2150.
GRESH/VILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.    GREZANA, grd-Oz&ni, a village of North Italy, governGRESIK, a town ofJava. See GassEn.                      ment of Venice, 6 miles N.E. of Verona.
GRESIVAUDAN, gr zee vt'dSNa/, one of the most pic-   GREZ-EN-BOUlRE, grIz-za-booair/, a market-town of
turesque and productive valleys of France, department of France, department of Mayenne, 9 miles E.N.E. of ChateauIstre, traversed by the Tsbre, to its confluence with the  Gontier. Pop. 1338.
Drac, and formerly a district of Dauphiny.                   GRIAZOVETZ or GRIASOWETZ, gre-A-zo-vhtsl, a town
GRESLEY, England. See CHUnCac-GRESLEY.                   of Russia, government, and 30 miles S.S.E. of Vologda.
GRESISENIIALL.  a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. Pop. 1900.
GRESSIC, a town of Java. See GRISSER.                      GRIECHENLAND.  See GRa  cE.
GRESY, gritzeef, (L. Gr-cssiacum,) a town of the Sardi-   GRIEFSWALD. See GREIsFIWALDE.
nilan States, on the Islre, 16 miles E. of Chamb6ry. P. 1486.   GRIJGES, gre-aizh!, a village of France, department of
GRESY-SUR-AIX, gritzeeL-stia-Ax,  a village of the Sardi- Ain, 16 miles W. of Bourg. Pop. 1214.
dinian States, division of Savoy, 11 miles N. of Chamb6ry.   GRIES (gree or grees) MOUNT, an Alpine summit, bePop. 1441.                                                tween Piedmont and the Swiss canton of Valaits. Lat.460
GRE/TA or GREA/TA. a river of England, co. of Cumber-  27' 300 N., ion. 80 23' E. It is crossed by a pass between the
land, an affluent of the Derwent.                          Hasli Valley and Domo d'0ssola, at an elevation of 7821 feet.
GRE/TA, a small river of England, co. of York, North  On its S. side the Toce forms a remarkable cataract.
Riding, flows E. and N. past Brignall. into the Tees. Its    GRIES. gree, a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin,
Deauties are noticed in Sir Walter Scott's "Rokeby."       arrondissement of Strasbourg. Pop. 1398.
78S




GRIT                                                        GRI
GRIESBACHI, greesfbax, a market-town of Lower Bavar,  province of South Brabant, 6 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop
ria, 15 miles S.W. of Passau. Pop. 740.                    2700. In 1825 it was submerged by the bursting of a dyke.
GRIESBACHL, a village of Bavaria, 9 miles E. of Passau,   GRIMES, grimz, a county in the E. central part of Teias,
near the Austrian frontier. Pop. 750.                      area about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by
GRIESHElM, greeslhime, a village of Germany, in Hesse- the Navasoto and Brazos Rivers, and drained by Lake and
Darmstadt, 4 miles W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2859.             Spring Creeks. The surface is nearly level, and but little
GRIESHEIM, a village of Germany, in Baden, circle of elevated above the sea  Named in honor of Jesse  Grimes,
Upper Rhine, 14 miles SW. of Freiburg. Pop. 950.           member of Congress of the Republic of Texas. Capital, AnGRIESHEIM, a village of Germany, circle of Middle  derson. Pop. 4008, of whom 2328 were free, and 1680 slaves.
Rhine, N. of Oftenburg. Pop. 834.                            GRIMESVILLE, grimzlvil, a post-office, Grimes co., Texas.
GRIESKIRCHEN, greeslk656Ke n, a small town of Aus-   GRIMILEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
tria, circle above the Ems, 22 miles E.S.E. of Lintz. Pop. 1300.   GRIMLINGHAUSEN, grimlling-h3w'ze n, a village of
GRIETH, greet, a small town of Rhenish Prussia, on  Rhenish Prussia, 4 miles S. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 830.
the Rhine, 5 miles E. of Cleves.                             GRIMMA, grimnml, a walled town of Saxony, 17 miles
GRIETHAUSEN, greet/h6w'zen, a small town of Rhenish  S.E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde, here crossed by a jtone bridge.
Prussia, on the Rhine, 3 miles N.N.E. of Cleves.           Pop. 5034. It has a gymnasium, and manufactures of woolGRIF1FIN, a flourishing town of Pike co., Georgia, on the  len stuffs, starch, and mathematical instruments.
Macon and Western Railroad, 58 miles N.W. of Macon.   GRIMME, grimtmieh, or GRIMMEN, grim/men, a town
This railroad is a link in the chain extending from Savan- of Prussia, Pomerania, 15 miles S. of Stralsund, on the Tre.
nah to Nashville. The situation is healthy, and the water bel. Pop. 2670.
good. Griffin is noted for the prevalence of its good order   GRIMIOLDBY,  a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
and temperance, for the excellence of its schools, and for the    GRIMSIBY, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Lincoln.
activity of its trade.  Near 50,000 bales of cotton are re-   GRIMSIBY, GREAT, a parliamentary and municipal beceived here annually. Many of the stores and dwellings rough, seaport-town, and parish of England, co. of Lincoln,
are spacious brick buildings. It contains 3 or 4 churches, on the S. side of the estuary of the Humber, 15 miles S.E.
and 5 large warehouses. Laid out in 1840. Pop. in 1853, of Hull. Pop. in 1851, 12,263. -It has several good streets,
about 3500.                                               a fine cruciform church, a grammar school, founded in 1547,
GRIFFIN COVE, a small village of fishermen in Canada  a harbor, furnished with extensive docks, large bonding
East, co. of Gasp6, with a harbor 61 miles N.N.W. of Cape  warehouses, establishments for ship-building and boneRazier; lat. 480 55' N., ion. 640 23' W.                  brushing, and manufactures of ropes from New Zealand flax.
GRIFFIN'S, a post-office of Johnson co., Arkansas.      The imports of timber from the Baltic are considerable,
GRIFIFINSBURG, a post-village of Culpepper co., Vir- though the town has declined in commercial importance
ginia, 103 miles N.N.W. of Richmond.                      since the rise of Hull; but the improvements in its harbor
GRIFFIN'S CORNERS, a post-office of Delaware co., New  have restored some of its prosperity. It is also a terminus
York.                                                     of the East Lincolnshire and Lancashire Railways; and,
GRIFFIN'S CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. with the exception of IIull, is the only good port on the E.
GRIFFIN'S MILLS, a post-village of Erie co., New York, of England. It sends 1 member to the House of Commons.
on Cazenove Creek, about 15 miles S.E. of Buffalo.  It has 1    GRIMSBY, LITTLE,a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
or 2 churches, and several mills.                           GRIMSEL, grimlsel, a mountain of Switzerland, in the
GRIFFIN'S MILLS, a post-office of Lowndes co., Georgia.  Bernese Alps, at the S. extremity of the Hasli Valley, crossed
GRIFIFITH'S, a post-office ofNicholas co., Kentucky.    by a pass 7126 feet above the sea.
GRIFIFITHSVILLE, a post-office of Cabell co., Virginia.   GRIMSTAD, grim'sttd, or GROMSTAD, gromlstdd, a seaGRIFT, DE, di greeft, a river of Holland, joining the port of Norway, on the Skaggerrack Channel, 28 miles N.E.
Yssel, 2 miles S. of Hattem.                              of Christiansand. It has a savings' bank. From 10 to 15
GRIGAN, gre-ginf, one of the Ladrone or Marianne  of the larger class vessels are built here annually; about
Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean; lat. 180 48' N., lon. 1450 8000 tons of shipping are engaged in foreign trade, the prin40' E. It is about 8 miles wide, and about 2300 feet high.   cipal exports consisting of iron and wood. Pop. 712.
GRIGGSITOWN, a post-village of Somerset co., New Jer-   GRIMSTEAD, EAST, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts.
sey, on the Delaware and Raritan Canal, 9 miles S. of    GRIMISTEAD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Somerville.                                                 GRIMS/THORPE, a hamlet of England, co. of Lincoln, 4
GRIGGStVILLE, a neat and thriving post-village of Pike miles E.S.E. of Corby; near which is Grimsthorpe Castle, an
co., Illinos, 62 miles W. of Springfield, ahd 5 miles W. of the  imposing structure, surrounded by fine scenery.
Illinois River.  It has an active trade.  Pop. in 1853,   GRIMS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Liecester.
about 800.                                                  GRIMSTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of York,
GRIGNAN, green'ySwat, a town of France, department of East Riding.
Drame, 34 miles S. of Valence. The chateau of Grignan, in    GRIMWSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
which Madame de Sevign6 died, in, 1696, was partly de.   GRIMIVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
stroyed in the revolution of 1793. Pop. in 1852, 1948.      GRINAAE, a town of Denmark. See GRENAAE.
GRIGNANO, green-y lno, a village of. North Italy, go-   GRINAGER, gre-nAigher, a parish and village of Norway,
vernment of Venice, 3 miles S.W. of Rovigo.  Pop. 1900.   33 miles N.N.W. of Christiania. Pop. 3000.
GRIGNASCO, green-yl'slko, a town of Piedmont, pro-   GRINDELWALD, grin.del-4AltW, a village of Switzerland,
vince, and 21 miles N.W. of Novara. Pop. 1765.            canton, and 35 miles S.E. of Bern, at the foot of the SchreckGRIGNO or GRINJO, greenryo, a village of Austria, in  horn, in the Bernese Oberland, 3524 feet above the sea.
Tyrol, 4 miles E.S.E. of Trent. Pop. 818.. Near it are the glaciers of Upper and Lower Grindelwald.
GRIGNOLS, green'yol', a village of France, department   GRIN/DLE CREEK, of Pitt co., North Carolina, flows
of Dordogne, 10 miles S.W. of Prigueux. Pop. 1252.        into the Tar River, near its mouth.
GRIGNOLS, a village of France, department of Gironde,   GRINIDLETON, chapelry, England, co.York, West Riding.
40 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1773.                       GRIN/DON, a parish of England. co. of Durham.
GRIGNON, green'y6INU, a village of France, departments    GRINDON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
of COte d'Or and RhOne.                                     GRINDISTONE CREEK, of Missouri, enters Grand River
GRIGNY, green'yee', a village of France, departments of from the right, in Dayvess county.
COte d'Or and Rhine. It has some trade in silk, and a   GRINDSTONE POINT, a post-office of MacDonough co.,
station on the railway between Lyons and St. Etienne.     Illinois.
GRIGORIOPOL, gre-go-re-o'pol, a town of South Russia,   GRINDSTONE POINT, post-office, De Kalb co., Missouri.
government of Kherson, on the Dniester, 90 miles from its   GRINGIL'Y-ON-THEHILL, a parish of England, co. Notts.
mouth. Pop. 3000. It has manufactures of silk and cotton    GRINJO, a village of Austria. See GRiaoNo.
stuffs, and is of commercial importance.                    GRINNELL LAND, in the Arctic Ocean, discovered SepGRIGUAS, a tribe of Ilottentots. See GRaQuAS.           tember 22,1850, by the United States Grinnell Expedition.
GRIJO, gre/zho, a town and parish of Portugal, province  in search of Sir John Franklin, while in lat. 750 24' 21" N.
ofDouro, 14 miles SE. ofporto.  Pop 2111       A large mass of land was visible, extending from N.W. to
of IOT Doru    RXOA r e{ot, 14 marlesttown of Oporo.Pp.211
GRIJOTA or GRZIXOTA, gre-noldt, a market-town of Spain, N.E., with mountains in the distance rising above the clouds.
province, and 4 miles N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 1100.      This land was visited in 1854 by the United States ExpedirRIJOTAv, ariver of Mexico. See TABASCO.               tion under Dr. Kane, and its shores to the W. and N. chartGRIJOTAarierK  of MRPSExico  rpse     kk   vlae TBcof
GRIJPSKERK or GRYPSKERK, grips/kikk, a village of ed as high as 820 30' N.. Ion. 760 W., being the nearest
Holland, 9 miles W.N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 611.          land to the pole yet discovered. It is here washed by an
GRIMALDI, gre-mR/dee, a village of Naples, province of  open polar sea, presenting a surface of 3000 square miles enCalabria Citra, 11 miles S.S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2430.    tirely free from ice, and abounding in animal life. A north
GRMAD, gree-m, a village of rance, departent of  wind of 52 hours duration failed to bring  any drift-ice into
Var, near the Gulf of Grimaud, 19 miles S.S.E. of Draguignan. it. A belt of solid ice, 125 miles wide, separates this sea from
Pop. 1320.                                               the nearest southern land.
GRIMAID, GULF OF, (aue. Sambracitolnuis Si/mis,) anin-   GRINSIDALE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
GR~MAUD, GULF OF, (ant. Sambracitatnus Silnus,) an inlet of the Mediterranean, on the S. coast of France, depart-   GRINSIIHILL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
ment of Var, called also the Gulf of St. Tropez. Here Nape-   GRINSTEAD, EAST. See EAST GRNSTEAn.
leon embarked for Elba in 1814.             GRINISTEAD, WEST, a parish of En-land, co. of Sussex
GRIMBERGHEN, grim/bh-ghqn, a village of Belgium,   GRIN/TON, a parish of England, co. York, North Riding
790




GRI                                                      GRO
G(IION, gree\6not, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud,   GRODEK, grodlk, or GRUDEK, grooldlk, a town of Aus2800 feet above the sea, 27 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. In the  trian Galicia, 16 miles W.S.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 3800.
vicinity is a remarkable rock, bearing a considerable resem-   GRODEK, a town of Poland. See GRUDEK.
blance to the human form, and known by the name of "La    GRODEN, (Grbden,) gr0'den, or GARDENA, gaa-dlnl,
Pierre du Sauvage."  It forms the subject of a romance  one of the most remarkable valleys of the Tyrol, about 15
by Bridel. Pop. 436.                                     miles E. of Klausen.
GRIPESWOLD. See GitrIFSWALDE.                             GRODINO, a government of Russia, mostly between lat.
GRIQUAS, greelkwIz, or GRtIGUAS, greefgw-vz, a tribe of  520 and 540 N., and Ion. 240 and 260 E. Area, 14,817 square
Hottentots, in South Africa, dwelling N. of Orange River, miles. Pop. 795,604. Surface, generally level. Principal
between 240 and 250 E. ion. They have made considerable  rivers are, the Niemen, Bug, Narew, and Pripets.  About
progress in civilization, which they owe to the missionaries  6,825,000 hectols'of rye are grown annually, of which oneestablished among them.                                   third is exported. The forests are extensive; that of BiaGRIQUA TOWN, South Africa. See KLAARWATER.             loreja, a crown domain, covers above 200,000 acres. Mineral
GRISIGNANA, gre-seen-y4/nA, a market-town of Austria, products comprise iron, chalk, nitre, and building-stone.
in Illyria, 24 miles S. of Triest. Pop. 1370.             The agricultural produce is sent to the Baltic ports, both by
GRISLEHAM  or GRISLEHAMN, grisflgh-hlm, a small land and by the Niemen Canal. Grodno is subdivided into
seaport town of Sweden, lhen, and 60 miles N. of Stockholm, 8 circles. Principal towns, Grodno, Brzesc-Litewski,Slonim,
on the Baltic.                                            and Novogrodek.
GRISOLIA, gre-sofle-&, a village of Naples, province of    GRODNO, grodino, a town of Russia, capital of a governCalabria Citrs, 28 miles N.N.W. of Paola. Pop. 2000.      ment of the same name, 90 miles S.S.W  of Vilna.  Pop.
GRISOLLES, gree'zollf, a town of France, department of  16,000. It has a fine castle, founded by Augustus III. of
Tarn-et-Garonne, 16 miles S.S.E. of Castel-Sarrasin. P. 1758. Poland, 9 Roman Catholic and 2 Greek churches, a synaGRISONS, gree'zSNf, (Gec Graubiindten, grvw/btint-ten,)  gogue, gymnasium, school of medicine, public library, sevethe easternmost and, except Bern, the largest canton of  ral scientific  collections, and a botanic garden, with manuSwitzerland. Area, 2975 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 89,840, factures of woollens.
about three-fifths Protestants. It comprises the Engadine,   GRODZISKO, a town of Prussia. See GaATz.
or upper valley of the Inn, with the sources of the Rhine    GROEDE, groofdeh, a decayed village of IHolland, proand tributaries of the Po and Adda, being little more than  vince of Zealand, 10 miles S.S.W. of Middelburg. Pop. 2408.
a mass of mountains and narrow valleys. The scenery is    GROENENDIJK, groonfen-dik1, a village of Holland, promagnificent; in the canton there are 240 glaciers. The agri- vince of Zealand, 15 miles S.E. of Goes. Pop. 573.
cultural products are insufficient for home consumption,   GROENLAND. See GREENLAND.
and cattle form the principal wealth of the inhabitants.   GROENLO, groon'lo, sometimes written GROL, grol, or
The chief mineral riches are iron, lead, and zinc, but few  GROLLE, grolleh, (L. Grollia,) a town of the Netherlands,
mines are wrought. This canton comprises a great number province of Gelderland, 19 miles E.S.E. of Zutphen. P. 2262.
of petty republics, united into three high jurisdictions-the    GROESBEEK, groos bAk/, a village of Holland, province of
"Gotteshaus," (God's House,) " Grey," and " Ten Jurisdic- Gelderland, 6 miles S.E. of Nymwegen. Pop. 733.
tion' Leagues; and these again unite to elect an annual su-   GROFF'S STORE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylpreme government. Grisons in French signifies "gray,"  vania.
and G'raubundtens in German, the "gray allies."  The name   GROIGANSVILLE, a post-office of Rockingham co., North
originated in the following circumstance. In the year 1424, Carolina.
the chief inhabitants of this portion of the country, having    GROHNDE, gr~ntdeh, a town of' HIanover. province of Cabecome weary of the oppression of their feudal lords.-met ]enburg, on the Weser, 7 miles S.S.E. of Hameln. It conunder a large maple, in a forest near the village of Trons, tains a castle, and has a custom-house and building-dock.
and entered into a solemn compact to defend each other's  A battle was fought here in 1421; a monument marks the
property and persons, and to oblige their lords to respect the  spot. Pop. 836.
same. This was called the Gray League (Graubund, growl-   GROISY, grw4'zee/, a village of the Sardinian States, divibh5nt,) from their being dressed in gray fi'rocks. The maple  sion of Savoy, 7 miles from Annecy. Pop. 1337.
tree of Trons remained standing till near the close of the    GROITZSCH, groitch, a town of Saxony, circle of Leipsic,
last century: it was felled during the French invasion. I mile S.E. of Pegau. Pop. 2001.
Capital, Chur, (Coire.)                                     GROIX, grwA, GROAIX, gro-Axf, or GROAITS, gro-A', an
GRISSEH, grisseh, GRISS]~, gristsl, GRESSIC, gresik, island off the W. coast of France, department of Morbihan,
GRESIK, gresilk, or GRISSEE, gris/see, a maritime town  6 miles S.W. of Port Louis. Length, 41 miles, breadth, 2
on the island of Java, province of Soerabaya, on the Strait miles. Pop. 3127.
of Madura. It is populous, inhabited chiefly by Javanese    GROL or GROLLE. See GROENLO.
and Chinese, the latter of whom have an elegaunt temple.   GROMITZ, (Gramitz,) grO/mits, a town of Denmark, duchy
There are here several ship-building yards, in which are  of Holstein, on the Gulf of Lubeck, 38 miles S.E. of Kiel.
constructed numerous vessels, both for war and commerce. Pop. 1000.
Grisseh  is one of the oldest towns in Java; here Moham-   GROMO, grotmo, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and
medanism first took root, and in its vicinity are numerous 20 miles N.E. of Bergamo. It contains the remains of two
graves much revered by the Islamites.                     strong castles, which figured in the early history of Italy.
GRISITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          Pop. 769.
GRIStWOLD, a post-township of New London co., Connec-    GROMSTAD, a town of Norway. See GarisTAo.
ticut, 45 miles E.S.E. of Hartford. The Quinnebaug River   GRONAU, grofn~w, a town of Hanover, 9 miles S.W. of
and the Norwich and Worcester Railroad pass along the W. Hildesheim, on the Leine. Pop. 1919.
boundary. The river affords valuable water-power, which    GRONAU, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 30 miles N.W.
is employed in manufactures of cotton goods, muslins, of Mtinster, on the Dinkel.
threads, yarns, &c. Pop. 2065.                              GRONAU, a village of Hesse-Cassel, province and circle
GRISWOLD, a post-office of Hamilton co., Illinois, 84 miles  of Ilanau.
S.S.E. of Vandalia.                                         GRONDINES, grhn-deenf, (Fr. pron. gr&Nadeenf,) a postGRISWOLD CITY, a village in Franklin co., Missouri, on  village of Canada East, co. of Portneuf, 48 miles S.S.E. of
the Missouri River, 55 miles E. by N. of Jefferson City.  Quebec. It contains several stores.
GRISWOLD'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., New    GRONDSVELD, a village of Netherlands. See GoleSVELD).
York.                                                       GRONE, gron, a river of France, joins the Sabne 27 miles
GRISWOLDSVILLF, a post-office of Jones co., Georgia.    N. of Mdcon, after a N.E. course of about 42 miles.
GRISWOLDVILLE,a post-village of Franklin co., Massa-    GRONE, gro/neh, a town of Hanover, province of IHildechusetts.                                                 sheim, on a small stream of the same name, at its confluGRITA, LA, 14 greeftA, a town or village of Venezuela, ence with the Leine near GSttingen.: Pop. 986.
department of Zulia, province, and 65 miles S.W. of Merida.   GRONENBACH, (Grdnenbach.) grbn'pn-blAxn, a marketGRIT/TLETON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.         town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, on the Aach, 46 miles S.W.
GRIVEGNEE, gree'v~n'yV, a villase of Belgium, province, of Augsburg. Pop. 1712.
and 1 mile S.E. ofrLiege, on the Ourthe. Pop. 2200.         GRON/GAR HILL, of Wales, on.,the Towy, co., and about
GRIXOTA. See GRaIJoa.                                  11 miles E.N.E. of Carmarthen. Its beautiful scenery is the
GRIZON, gre-zon/, (Fr. pron. gree'z6NaO,) one of the Grena- subject of Dyer's celebrated poem.
dines, West Indies, 8 miles N.E. of Grenada. Lat. 120 20' N.,   GRONINGEN, (Griningen,) grinfin-en, a town of PrusIon. 610 37' W.                                           sian Saxony, 23 miles S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2390.
GROAIX or GROAIS. See Gaocx.                              GRONINGEN, (OrSningen,) or MARKTGRONINGEN,
GRO/BY or GROOfBY, a village of England, co., and 4  (Marktgrbningen,) maakIt-grbning-9n, a town of Wtirtemmiles W.N.W. of Leicester. Pop. 532.                      berg, 9 miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2674.
GROBZIG, (GrSbzig,) grUb/zin, a town of Germany, duchy    GRONINGEN, gronfing-en, (Dutch pron. srofning-nen;
of Anhalt-Dessau, 19 miles S.W. of Dessau. Pop. 1283.     Fr. Gronigue, gro'nANGt; L. Groninqga,) a fortified town of the
GROCHOW, gro-Krov, a village of Russian Poland, 3 miles Netherlands, capital of a province of the same name, 92 miles
E. by S. of Warsaw. It was the scene of a combat between  N.E.ofAmsterdam. Pop. in 1850, 33,695. The principal buildthe Poles and Russians, February 19 and 21,1831.          ings are the Town-house and the Church ofSt. Martin. It has a
GRODE, (Gride,) gr3ldeh, an islet of Denmark. duchy, and  university, founded in 1614, with 18 professors and (in 1849)
off the W. coast of Sleswick, 10 miles W. of Bredstedt.   216 students; a museum of natural history, a public library
791




GR0                                                         GRO
and botanic garden, a gymnasium, school for deaf, dumb,   GROSS GERAU, groce g.Vr6w, a town of Germany, in
and blind, an academy of the fine arts, and several learned so- Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 miles N.W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1996.
cieties. Its port is accessible for large vessels by means of a    GROSS GLOCKNER, groce gloktner, a pyramidal-shaped
canal; it has ship-building yards, paper mills, and an exten- mountain in the Noric Alps, on the borders of Salzburg, the
sive trade in cattle and butter. It communicates by canals  Tyrol, and Carinthia, has two peaks, the highest of which is
with Leeuwarden, Winschoten, and Delfzyl.                  13,100 feet in elevation.
GRONINGEN, the northernmost province in the Nether-   GROSS GLOGAU, a town of Prussia.  See GLocAu..
lands, is fiat, low, and partly exposed to the inundations of    GROSS KEULA, a town of Germany.  See XEcLa.
the sea. It is rich in pasturage, but marshy in the S.E.,   GROSS KREUTZ, groce kroits, a village of Prussia, prowhere it is bounded by the morass of Bourtang. The cli- vince of Brandenburg, 10 miles W. of Potsdam, on the railmate is humid and unhealthy.  Area, 908 square miles. way between Berlin and Magdeburg.
Pop. in 1853, 197,101.  It is divided into the districts of    GROSS MAGENDORF, Hungary.  See MAoYAR, NAGY.
Appingham, Groningen, and Winschoten.                        GROSS MESERITSCH. See MESsRITSam.
GRONINGUE, Netherlands. See GRONrNEN.s                     GROSSOTTO, gros-sot/to, or GROSOTTO, gro-sotfto, a vilGRONLAND, (Grlnland.) See GREENLAND.                     lage of North Italy, on the Adda, 18 miles E.N.E. of Sondrio.
GRONSUND, (Grdnsund,) grlnlsoond, a channel of Den- Pop. 1300.
mark, separating the islands of Falster and Mien, and giv-   GROSSROHRSDORF, groce-rasfdo'af, a town of Saxony,
ing a communication between the Baltic and the Great Belt. circle of Dresden, on the REder. Pop. 3150. It has extenIts length is about 6 miles, and its mean breadth little more  siye manufactures of linen cloths and tape.
than 1 mile.                                                 GROSS SALZA, groce sdlt/si, a town of Prussian Saxony,
GRONSVELD, gronsfftlt, or GRONDSVELD, grondslflt',  government of Magdeburg. Pop. 2300.
a village of the Netherlands, province of Limburg, 3 miles    GROSSWARDEIN, grfce-waRldine, (Hun. Nacgy   arad,
S.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1514.                             nldj vir~d',) an ancient episcopal city of Hungrey, capital
GROOBY, a village of England.  See GROBs.                of the county of Bihar, on the Kirls, 137 miles E.S.E1. of
GROOM'S CORNERS, a post-office of Saratoga co,, New  Buda.  Pop. in 1845, 18,276, mostly Roman Catholics.  It
York.                                                      consists of a fortress and 8 suburbs. Chief edifices, a catheGROOMStPORT, a fishing village and coast-guard station  dral, and several other churches. It has a royal academy, a
of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 3 miles N.W. of Donagha- gymnasium, a national, and a Greek school. In its vicinity
dee. Pop. 568. It is remarkable as the landing-place of the  are several hot mineral springs.
Duke of Schomberg's army in 1690.                            GROtTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
GROOTEBROEK, gr~fteh-brook', a village of the Nether-   GROITON, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hampshire,
lands, in North Holland, 3 miles W. of Enkhuysen. P.1200. 40 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1259.
GROOTE EYLANDT, grS'teh i/ljnt, (i. e. "Great Island,")    GROTON, a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, 15
the largest island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in North Aus-  miles W. by S. of Montpelier;  Pop. 895.
tralia, off its W. coast. Lat. 140 S., Ion. 1360 40' E. Greatest    GROTON, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.,
length and breadth, about 40 miles each.                   Massachussetts, on the Nashua and Squannacook Rivers,
GROOTEGAST, gr0'teh-ghst', a village of HIolland, pro- which afford water-power about 35 miles N.N.W. of Boston,
vince, and 12 miles W. of Groningen. Pop. 785.             and 30 miles N.N.E. of Worcester.  The township is traGROOTE (grflteh) RIVER, several rivers of Cape Colony, versed by four railroads which intersect at Groton Junction,
in South Afeica; one of which joins the Doorn, after a  viz., the Worcester and Nashua, the Fitchbueg, the StonyW.N.W. course of 84 miles.                                 brook, and the Peterborough and Shirley.  The available
GROOTZUNDERT, grat/zinmdWRt, a village of the Nether- water-power is occupied by paper, saw, and grist mills;
lands, province of North Brabant, on the Murk, 9 miles  paper is manufactured teo a considerable extent. Shoemaking
S.W. of Breda. Pop. 2800.                                  is about being introduced.  Agricultural implements are
GROOIVERVILLE, a small post-village of Thomas co., made at Groton Junction, and tanning is being commenced.
Georgia, 218 miles S. of Milledgeville.                     The village of Groton in the centre contains 3 churches, 4
GROPELLO, gro-pllflo, a village of Piedmont, division of  stores, and the Lawrence Academy, commenced in 1793. It
Novara, province of Lomellina. Pop. 2672.                  has recently been liberally endowed by the Lawrence family,
GROS BLIDERSTOFF, gre blee'dR'tofff, avillageofFrance, who were natives of Groton. It possesses a valuable libtray,
department of Moselle. Pop. 2124.                          and has funds on interest above $40,000; and the value of
GROSIO, grofse-o, a village of Austrian Italy, province, its building aidd grounds is estimated at $18,000. Pop. of
and 20 miles E.N.E. of Sondrio, on the Adds. Pop. 2127.    the village about 700. There are also two other villages in
GROSIMONT, an  ancient borough, market-town, and  the township-one on Squannacook River, and the other at
parish of England, co., and 10 miles N.W. of Monmouth. Babbitasset Falls, on the Nashua, with a dep't on the WorPop. 692.                                                  cester and Nashua Railroad. Pop. of the township, 2515.
GROSOTTO, a village of Italy.  See Geosseoco.              GROTON, a post-township of New London co., ConnectiGROSS, a German word signifying "great," prefixed to  cut, on the E. side of Thames River, at its entrance into
numerous names, as GRoss GLoGAU, "Great Glogau," &c.       Long Island Sound, opposite New London, and on the railGROSSALMERODE, groce-APmeh-ro'deh, a town of Ger-  road (in progress) from  New London to Stonington.  The
many, in Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-HIessen. P. 2107. township contains several villages. and has manufeictures
GROSS ANDRA, a village of Hungary. See ENDRED.           of brass and iron castings, Britannia ware, sash and blinds,
GROSS ASPERN, a village of Austria. See ASEraN.          cotton goods, &c. Some commerce is also carried on. It is
GROSS AUPA, groce Owfpl, a mining town of Bohemia, famous as being the scene of the massacre  perpetrated by
circle of Kiiniggratz. Pop. 2426.                          British troops under Arnold.  Old Fort Griswold, comGROSS BEEREN, Prussia. See BEEIUEN, GRoss.               manded by the brave Ledyard, who was barbarously slain
GROSS BETSKEREK. See BEcsKERRE, NAnY.                    with his own sword after he had surrendered, is still standGROSS BIEBERAN, groce beelbeh-rln', a market-town of  ing on Groton I-Heights; and a granite obelisk has been
Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg.  Pop. 1498.      erected to commemorate the patriotism of those who peGROSS BITESCI, groce be-tesh', a fortified town of Mo- rished. Pop. 3654.
ravia, 31 miles N. of Znaym. Pop. 2200.                      GROTON, a small village of ]Delaware co., New York, 12
GROSSBOTTWAR, groce-bott'-&r, a town of Wiirtemberg, miles N.W. of Delhi;
5 miles from Marbach, in the valley of the Bottwar. P. 2481.   GROTON, a post-village and township of Tompkins co.,
GROSS BRITANNIEN.  See GREAT BRiTAiN.                    New York. 12 miles N.E. of Ithaca, and about 160 miles W. by
GROSSELFINGEN, gres8sel-fing'en, a market-townof Ger- S. of Albany. The village has 2 or 3 churches, an academy,
many, 3 miles W. of IHechingen. Pop. 800.                   and a few mills. Pop. about 500; of the township, 3342.
* GROSSENEHRIG, grds'son-Prio, a town of Germany, in    GROTON, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, at the confluence of the Benne  Erie co., Ohio. Pop. 884.
and Ielbe. Pop. 865.                                          GROTON CENTRE, a village of New London co., ConGROSSENIAIN, grisesen-hhne`, a town of Saxony, 19  nectient, on the E. bank of the Thames River, opposite New
miles N.N.W. of Dresden, on the Elder. Its dye-works are  London.
in high repute. Pop. 6394.                                    GROTON CENTRE, a post-office of Erie co., Ohio.
GROSSENLINDEN, gr6sfssen-linden, a town of I-esse-    GROTON CITY, a post-office of Tompkins co., New York.
Darmstadt, in Ober-Ilessen, 4 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 992.   GROTON JUNCTION, a thriving post-village of Middlesex
GROSSENLUDER. (Grossenulider,) gr6slsen-li['der, a town  co., Massachusetts, at the intersection of the Worcester and
of Hesse-Cassel, 5 miles N.W. of Fulda, on the Liider.  Nashua, the Fitchburg, the Stonybrook, and the PeterboPop. 1567.                                                  rough and Shirley Railroads, about 30 miles N.N.W. of BosGROSSENSTEIN, gr6ssen-sthine', a village of Saxe-Alten- ton. It contains 2 stores and the office of a semi-monthly
burg, 21 miles N. of Ronneburg.  Pop. 952.                  newspaper. A church is about being erected; agricultural
GROSSETETE, groce'tAt', improperly GRtOSSTETE, a post- implements are made here, and tanning is being commenced.
office of Iberville parish, Louisiana                       The population is increasing rapidly.
GROSSETETE BAYOU, (b'oot,) of Louisiana, commences    GROTTAGLIE, grot-tllfye,         a town of Naples, province of
in Point Coupee parish, and flows S.E. to Plaquemnine Bayou. Otranto, 13 miles E.N.E. of Taranto. Pop. 5100.
GROSSETI'O or GROSSETO,'-os-sifto, a fortified town of   GROTTAMARE, grot-t~-m, rA, a town of Italy, in the
Tuscaicy, capital of the Maremma, 40 miles S.S.W. of Sienna. Pontifical States, 14 miles S.S.E. of Fermo, on the Adriatic.
Pop. 2500. It has a fine cathedral, and extensive salt-works. Pop. 4050..4 few years ago, the annual produce of liquorice
t92




GRO                                                       GRU
was from 20,000 to 30,000 pounds, and of refined sugar from   an old division of North Germany, now comprised in the land2 to 3 millions pounds.                                   grave of Hildesheim, forming the S.E. portion of Hanover.
GROTTA-MINARDA, grotftA-me-naRldd, a village of Na-   GRUBENVORST, griblben-voRst', a village of Dutch Limples, Principato Ultra, 6 miles S.S.W. of Ariano. Pop. 2800. burg, on the Meuse, 4 miles N. of Venloa. Pop. 1286.
GROTTE, grot'A, a village of Sicily, 9 miles N.E. of Gir-   GRUB SPRINGS, a post-office of Monroe co., Mississippi.
genti, on the side of a rocky hill. Pop. 4470.              GRUBWVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Missouri.
GROTTERIA, grot-tA-reeG, a village of Naples, province    GRUDEK, grooldek, or GRODEK, a market-town of Runsof Calabria Ultra II., 8 miles N.N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 3000.   sian Poland, government of Podolin, 34 miles N.N,W. of
GROTTKAU, grottfkdw, atown ofPrussia an Silesia, govern-  Kamieniec. Pop. 2700.
ment of Oppeln, on the railway from Neisse to Brieg, 25    GRUDEK, a town of Austria. See GIODEK.
miles W. of Oppeln. Pop. 3083.                              GRUDZIADZ. a town of Prussia. See GRAUDENZ.
GROTTOLE, grot/to-li, a village of Naples, on the Basi-   GRUGLIASCO, grool-yAs!ko, a market-town of Piedmont,
ento, 31 miles E.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2300.              5 miles W. of Turin. Pop. 2074.
GROTZINGEN, (Grdtzingen,) grStfsing-fen, a market-town    GRUINARD, grittnard, an inlet on the N.W. coast of the
of Germany, in Badeu, 4 miles E. of Carlsruhe, on the Pfinz. isle of Islay, co. of Argyle.
Pop. 2061. It has a metal-button factory, established in the    GRUINARD, LOCH, loK grtintard, a bay and islet of
old palace of Augustenburg.                               Scotland, on the N.W. coast of the co. of Ross, between
GROTZINGEN, (Grbtzingeu,) a market-town of Germany, Lochs Broome and Ewe.
in Wtirtemberg, 10 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1030.        GRUISSAN, gri[-ees'ssNO!, a seaport village of France,
GROTZKA, a town of Turkey.  See KRoTzKA.                departnient of Aude, 7 miles S.S.E. of Narbonne. Pop. 2861.
GROUSE, gr6wss, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, 50    GRULICII, groolixA, the most eastern town of Bohemia,
miles W. of Chicago.                                      42 miles E.S.E. of KSniggriitz. Pop. 2490.
GROUT'S CORNERS, a post-village of Frianklin co,, Mas-   GRUMBACII, gr6Sm'bhK, a village of Germany, dominions
sachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, at of Baden and Reuss.
a point from which diverges the Brattleborough Branch    GRUMIBERG, gri-m/bRG, a village of Moravia, 37 miles
Railroad, 48 miles W. of Fitchburg.                       N.W. of Olmutz.
GROUW, grdwv, formerly GROWE, grotl.h, a village of    GRUMELLO. groo-mdl'lo, or GRUMELLO DEL MONTE,
the Netherlands, province of Friesland, on the Grouw, 8  groo-mS11lo d~l monlti, a town of North Italy, 9 nailes N.W.
miles N.E. of Sneek. Pop. 1780.                           of Cremnona. Pop. 1660.
GROVE, a parish of En-land, co. of Bucks.                 GRUMIELLO, a village of North Italy, 11 miles S.E. of
GROVE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.               Berga ro. Pop. 1440.
GROVE, a hamlet of England, co. of Berks, parish, and 1I    GRUMO, groolmo, a town of Naples, province, and 6 miles
miles N. of Wantage.                                      N. of Naples. Pop. 2800.
GROVE, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York.   G RUMO, a town of Naples, province, and 13 miles S.W. of
about 260 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1154.             Bari. Pop. 3900.
GROVE, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. P. 258.   GRUNA, (Grtinmi,) griiln., a village of Saxony, circle of
GROVE, a post-office of Chatham co., North Carolina. -   Zwickau, bailiwick of Cheinnitz. Pop. 2240.
GROVE, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.               QtUNAU, groolnfw, a village of Prussian Silesia, 25 miles
GROVE, a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin.         S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1916.
GROVE CITY, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.           GRUNBACII, gr6nhtbAK, a village of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles
GROVE CITY, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Territory.   N.W. of Schorndorf. Pop. 1398.
GROVE CREEK, a post-village in Jones co., Iowa, about   GRUNBERG, (Griinberg,) griin/b8nG, a town of Germany,
50 miles N.N.E. of Iowa City.                              in IIesse-Darmstadt, province of Ober-HIessen, 14 miles E.
GROVE FARM, a post-village of Henderson co., Illinois, of GRiessen. Pop. 2439.
75 miles W. by N. of Peoria.                                 GRUNBERG, (Giinbera,) a town of Prussian Silesia, go.
GROVE FEBR/Y, England, is a station on the S.E. rail- vernment of Liegnitz, 20 miles E.S.E. of Crossen. Pop. 10.420.
way, co. of Kent, 61 miles N.E. of Canterbury.            It- is enclosed by walls, and has a Lutheran and 2 Roman
GROVE HILL, a post-office of Page co., Virginia.        Catholic churches, with manufactures of woollen cloth and
GROVE HILL, a post-office of Warren co., North Carolina. yarn, printed cottons, leather, and straw hats, and extensive
GROVE HILL, a post-office of Clarke co., Alabama.        cultivation of vines.
GROVE HILL, a post-office of Jackson parish, Louisiana.   GRUNIBY, a district in Lumpkin co., Georgia. Pop. 263.
GROVEtLAND, a post-township in Essex co., Massachu-   GRUND, gr66ut, a small mining town of Hanover, dissetts, on the S. side of Mlerrimack River, about 25 miles N. trict, and 5 miles N.W. of Clausthal, in the Harz. Pop. 1416.
by E. of Boston. Incorporated in 1850. Pop. 1286.            GRUN/DISBURGH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
GROVELAND, a post-village and township of Livingston    GRUN/DY, a new county in the S.E. central part of Tenco., New  York, 6 miles S. of Ge-nesee.  Conesus Lake  nessee, has an area estimated at 300 square miles.  It is
touches the N.E. border of the township which is intersected  drained by Collins River. The surfice is mountainous, the
by the principal tributary of the Genesee near its junction  county lying on the IV. side of the Cumberland Mountain.
with the main stream, and the Genesee Valley Canal enters Formed about 18-48, out of parts of Marion, Warren, and
it from the W. Pop. 1724.                                  Franklin. Capital, Altamonte. Pop. 2773, of whom 2537
GROVELAND, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.           were free, and 236 slaves.
GROVELAND, a post-township in the N.W. part of Oak-   GRUNDY, a county in the E.N.E. part of Illinois, has an
land co., Michigan. Pop. 988.                             area of 430 square miles. It is traversed by the Illinois
GROVELAND, a post-office of Putnam co., Indiana.        River, which is formed in the N.E. part of the county by the
GROVELAND, a post-village in Tazewell co., Illinois, near union of the Kankakee and Des Plaines: and also drained
the Illinois River, 60 miles N. by E. of Springfield.     by Mason's River. The surface is nearly level, and the soil
GROVELAND, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wisconsin, good. Beds of stone coal have been opened-in several places.
about 30 miles N. of Fond du Lac.                         The county is intersected by the Illinois and Michigan
GROVELAND CENTRE, a post-village of Livingston co., Canal, and by the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. CapiNew York, about 230 miles W. of Albany.                   tal, Morris. Namied in honor of the I-on. Felix Grundy, forGROVE LEVEL, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia, 112  merly senator from Tennessee, and Attorney-general of the
miles N. of Milledgeville.                                United States. Pop. 3023.
GROVE MEETING HOUSE, a small village of Lancaster    GRUNDY, a new county in the N. part of Missouri, has
co., Pennsylvania.                                        an area of 462 square miles. It is intersected by the Crooked
GROVE MOUNT, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia.       Fork of Grand River, Medicine, Indian, and Muddy Creeks,
GROVENOR'S (grovfngrz) CORNERS, a post-officeofScho- and also drained by Weldon River. The county consists
harie co., New York.                                       mostly of open plains or prairies, the soil of which is proGROVEPORT, grovfport, a post-village in Madison town- ductive. Capital, Trenton. Pop. 3006; of whom 2857 were
ship, Franklin co., Ohio, 10 miles S.E. of Columbus, with  free, and 149 slaves.
which it is connected by a turnpike. Pop. 480.              GRUNDY, a new county in the N.E. centiral part of Iowa,
GROVES, grbvz, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.      has an area of about 500 square miles. Itis drained by Black
GROVETON, grovfton, a post-office of Prince William co., IIawk Creek, an affluent of the Cedar River. This county is
Virginia.                                                 not included in the census of 1850; the population is small.
GROVEVILLE, grSvfvil, a post-village of Mercer co., New    GRUNDY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Kentucky.
Jersey, on Crosswicks Creek, 6 miles S.E. of Trenton.       GRUNHAIN, (Griinhain,) griin'hine, a town of Saxony,
GROWE, a Village of Netherlands. See Geouw.             circle of Zwickau, 8 miles W. of Annaberg. Pop. 1336.
GRUB, groob, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 10    GRUNHAINICHEN, (Griinhainichen,) gri-dn'hYniK-n, a
miles N.E. of Appenzell. Pop. 934.                        village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, on the Fiha. P. 1076
GRUB, a village of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, above   GRUNINGEN, (Ortiningen,) grtiu/ing-gn, a village of Gerthe former, the two parishes forming the frontiers of the twvo  many, in HesseDaimstadt, 6 miles S. of Gissen. Pop. 586.
cantons. Pop. 605.                                          GRUNINGEN, (Griiningen,) a parish  and village of
GRUBB'S  MILLS, a post-office of Putnam co., Indiana.   Switzerland, canton, and 12 miles S.E. of Zurich. pop. 1600.
GRUIBE, groobeh, a village of Denmark, duchy of Hol-   GRUNSFELD, (Grtinsfeld,) gr[nsefflt, a village of Central
stein, near the Baltic Sea, 37 miles E. of Kiel. Pop. 600.    Germany, grand duchy of Baden, 15 miles S.S.E. of Wert.
GRiUBENHAGEN. (groosbeu-hAghen:,) lPRaNcIPALr   OF, helm. Pop. 1165,
793




GRU                                                       GUA
GRUNSTADT, (Griinstadt,) griintst tt, a town of Rhenish  (ant.  lcria,) a river of Spain, rises in the Sierra AlbarBavaria, 25 miles N.N.E. of Landau. Pop. 3522.            racin, and after a S.E. course of 130 miles, enters the MediGRUSBACH, grOsebAK, or ItRUSOWANY, h'roofso-vA'- terranean, 3 miles E. of Valencia.
nee, a market-town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 miles E.S.E.   GUADALCANAL, gwA.DAl-k1-nill, a townia of Spain, proof Znaim. Pop. 1117.                                      vince, and 48 miles N.N.W. of Seville. Its celebrated silver
GRUSIA, a territory of Russia. See GEORGIA.             mines, which have been under water for 150 years, were purGRUTLI, griit/lee, a patch of meadow-land, in Switzer- chased and drained by an English company in 1848. Pop.
land, canton of Uri, on the W. shore of the Lake of Lucerne, 3884.
7 miles N.N.W. of Altorf, traditionally believed to be the    GUADALETE, gw.-Dn-lI:tA, a river of Spain, in Andalusia,
place where Stauffacher, Arnold of Melchthal, and Walter after a S.W. course of 75 miles, enters the Bay of Cadiz by
Ftirst met in 1307, and planned the insurrection against two branches.
Austria, which resulited in the independence of Switzerland.   GUADALHORCE, gwd-DA-oR/thA, a river of Spain, An.
GRUYERE or GRUYiRES, grtt'yaieJ, (Ger. Greyers, gril- dalusia. It rises on the frontiersof theprovince of Granada,
9rs,) a small town of Switzerland, canton, and 15 miles and falls into the Mediterranean 6 miles S. by W. of Malaga.
S.S.W. of Freyburg. Pop. 1000. It has a remarkable castle,   GUADALIMAR, gwA-DAI-le-maR, a river of Spain, rises
said to have been founded in the fifth century. In its vi- near Villa Verde, and joins the Guadalquivir, 14 miles N. of
cinity, about 40,000 cwt. of the famous Gruyere cheese, Jaen, after a S.W. course of 70 miles.
worth $360,000 are made annually.                            GUADALMEZ, gwA-DIl-mlth?, a river of Spain, joins the
GRYBOW, greelbov, a town of Austrian Poland, in  Zuja at Ciudad-Real, after a course of above 50 miles.
Galicia, 12 miles E.N.E. of Sandec. Pop. 1400.               GUADALQUIVIR, gaw'dal-kwiv/pr, (Sp. pron. gw/i-Dl-keGRYFE, grif, a rapid streamlet of Scotland, co. of Ren- veer!; Arab. Wad-al-kebir, wed- l-ke-bees!, "the GreatRiver:"
frew falling into the Black Cart near Paisley.             anc. Bceteis,) an important river of Spain, rises in the Sierra
GRZEGORZEW, gzhA-goRlzlv, a small town of Poland, Cazc~la, flows generally W.S.W., and enters the Atlantic 18
government of Warsaw, 4 miles E. of Kolo.                 miles N. of Cadiz. Length 280 miles. Twelve miles below
GRZYMALOW, gzhe-md/lov, a small town of Galicia, 22  Seville, it separates into three branches, forming the ismiles W.S.W. of Tarnopol.                                 lands of Isla Mayor and Isla Menor. Chief effluents on the
GSHATSK, a town of Russia. See GzrhATSK.                right, the Guadalimar and the Jandula; on the left, the
GSTEIG, g'st!G, a parish and village of Switzerland, can- Guadiana Menor, Guadajoz, and Genil. It is navigable for
ton of Bern, bailiwick of Interlachen. Pop. 5522.         large vesselsto Cordova; barges of 100 tons ascend to Seville.
GUA, LTE, leh gt, a village of France, department of Cha,   GUADALUPE, gwAq-D-loo/pA, a mountain-range of Spain,
rente-Inf6rieure, 10 miles S.E. of Marennes. Pop. 2056.   New Castile, commences with the termination of the Sierra
GUABIARE, a river of New Granada. See GUAVIARE.         de Montanche, and stretches in an easterly direction to the
GUACALERA, gwA-kA-l/rdt, a small town of the Argen- source of the Guadarranque, where it is succeeded by the
tine Republic, (La Plata,) province, and 95 miles N.N.W. of  mountains of Toledo. Its culminating point has.a height
Salta, near the right bank of the Jujuy..                 of 5254 feet.
GUACARA, gwA-klA/r&, a town of South America, in Vene-   GUADALUPE, gw-DA-IloofpA, written also GUADALOPE,
zuela, on Lake Tacarigua, 6 miles E. of Valencia. P. 4000.  a river of Spain, Aragon, joins the Ebro 14 miles S.W. of
GUACHINANGO, gw&-che-nAn'go, a town of Mexico, state  Mequinenza, after a N.E. course of 70 miles. A Moorish
of Puebla, 103 miles N.E. of Mexico, in the vicinity ofwhich a  canal, now dry, formerly connected it with the Ebro.
large quantity of excellentvanilla is raised. Pop. about 6000.   GUADALUPE. a town of Spain, New Castile, province,
GUACIIPE, gwd-cheepA, or GUACHIPAS, gw-chee/pds,  and 95 miles S.W. of Toledo, on the S. slope of Mount Altaa considerableriver of the Argentine Republic, (LaPlata,) pro- mira, has a fine church belonging to the famous monastery
vince of Salta, formed by several rivers rising in the Andes. of Geronimo. Pop. 3834.
It flows E.N.E. for 190 miles, and about 33 miles S. of Salta    GUADALUPE, a town of Spain, province, and 56 miles E.
takes the name Salado.                                     of Caceres, near the Sierra Guadalupe. Pop. 3000. It is a
GUACUBA, gwA-koo/bA or LEON, l.-6nf, a river of New  wretched place, grouped around a famous monastery, forGranada, after a N.W. course of about 150 miles, falls into  merly the "Loretto of Central Spain;" which although. deChoco Bay in the Gulf of Darien.                           spoiled by the French, still contains many rich works of art.
GUAD, (from the Arab. Ibady, a "river,") a prefix of    GUADALUPE, (commonly pronounced gaw-da-loopf; Sp.
the names of many Spanish rivers and towns, as GUADIANA, pronunciation gwA-dA-loolpA,) a river of Texas, rises in Bexar
GUADALETE, &C.                                            county, and flows nearly eastward until it enters the ailuGUADALAJARA or GUADALAXARA, gw[-Dn-a-ih-ur4,*  vial plain, which descends toward the Gulf of Mexico. Be(anc. Arriaca.) a city of Spain, capital of a province, on the  low this, its general direction is south-eastward, and after
left bank of the Henares, 34 miles E.N.E. of Madrid. Pop. passing Gonzales and Victoria, it falls into the San Antonia,
5170. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a magnificent about twelve miles from its mouth. The length is estimated
palace of the Mendoza family, a Franciscan church, and some  at 250 miles.
Moorish edifices. A woollen factory, formerly belonging to    GUADALUPE, a county in the S.W. central part of Texas,
the government, has suffered by the war of independence.   has an area of 840 square miles. It is intersected by the
GUADALAJARA, a state of Mexico. See JALsco.              Guadalupe River, from which the name is derived, bounded
GUADALAJARA or GUADALAXARA, gw&-a-il&-n-rA,* a  on the N.E. by San Marcus, and on the S.W. by the Cibolo
city of Mexico, capital of the state of Jalisco or Guadalajara,  River. Capital, Seguin. Pop. 1511; of whom 1176 were free,
on the left bank of the Rio de Santiago, 275 miles W.N.W. of  and 335, slaves.
Mexico, and about 140 miles from the Pacific, lat. 210 9, N.,   GUADALUPE, gwA-dA-loopA,, an island of the Patific
Ion. 1030 2' 15' W. It is a large and handsome city-; the  Ocean, off the coast of Lower California. Lat. 290 N., Ion.
streets spacious, and the houses excellent. There are 14  1180 22' W. Length 15 miles.
squares,12 fountainsand a number ofconvents and churches.    GUADALUPE, a small river of California, falling into the
In the Plaza Mayor is the Cathedral, a magnificent structure,  S. extremity of San Francisco Bay.
although its appearance has been much impaired by the de-   GUADALUPE or GUADALUPE HIDALGO, gwA-dA-loo'pA
struction of the cupolas of both its towers by the great earth- he-d/ltgo, often called gaw'da-loop! he-dilgo, a small town
quake of 1818; on the right side ofthe same square is the Go- 31 miles N. of the city of Mexico. It contains a famous colvernment House, in a noble and severe style, and with a fine  legiate church, which is much resorted to in pilgrimage.
falade; the arcades, which line the two sides of the square, Here a treaty of peace was concluded, February 2d, 1848,
are very handsome, and are filled with elegant and well-  between Mexico and the United States, and ratified by the
stocked shops, in which almost every description of European  Mexican Congress, May 19th, 1848. By it the territories of
and Chinese manufacture maybe obtained. The Alameda or  Upper California and New Mexico were ceded to the United
public walk is Jseautifully laid out with trees and flowers, States.
with a fountain in the centre, and a stream of water all   GUADALUPE VICTORIA, a town of Texas, on the Guaround. Various trades are carried on here with success, par- dalupe, 36 miles S.S.W. of Gonzales.
ticularly those of blacksmithing, carpentering, and silver-   GUADALUPE-Y-CALVO, gwu-dA-lootp&-e-kFIvo, a town of
smithing.  There are also manufictures of shawls, striped  Mexico, state, 173 miles S.S.W. of Chihuahua, in a mouncalico, paper, and of a particular description of earthenware;  tainous district. It derives its importance fiom the silver
greatskillis displayed inleatherworking. In 1840, $881,546  mines in its vicinity. Pop. 10.000.
were coined at its mint. The foreign trade of the town, now    GUADARRAMA, gwa-Daa-ni/mA, a river of Spain, joins
very trifling, was formerly carried on through the port of the Tagus 12 miles below Toledo, after a course of 70 miles.
San Blas, on the Pacific, but is now removed to the superior   GUADARRANQUE, gwg-oaa-unn-R fkl, a river of Spain, joins
harbours of Mazatlan and Guaymas. Guadalajara  was the Guadiana after a course of about 45 miles.
founded in 1551, and, in 1570, was created an episcopal city.   GUADASUAR, gwA-Dl-swlRa, a market town of Spain, proPop. estimated at 70,000.                                 vince, and 18 miles S.S.W. of Valencia, on a canal. P. 1500.
GUADALAVIAR, gw&-d&-lA-ve-itaR, or BLANCO, bltniko,   GUADELOUPE, gaw'da-looptorg&deh.loopl,(Sp.Gnadalupe,
gwA,-Dnu-loofpA,) an island of the West Indies, Leeward Group,
one of the principal French colonies in the. Atlantic, lies be* It may be observed that in all names beginning with gua, the one of the principal French colonies in the Atlantic. lies be
Spaniards and Mexicans scarcely sound the g at all; hence Gua- tween lat. 150 47' and 160 30' N., Ion. 610 15, and 61 45' W
dalajara is pronounced almost wah-dah-la-sahfrah. Guana- It is composed of two portions or distinct islands, separated
xuato, wah-nah-Hwahtto, &s.; hence gua is often interchanged  by an arm of the sea called Riviere Salge (salt river,) finom
with hiun, h in Spanish being usually nearly or quite silent.  30 to 100 yards broad, and navigable for small vessels. The
794




GUA                                                       GUA
W. and larger portion is Guadeloupe Proper, divided into    GUAINIA, gwitne-A, a river of South America Venezuela,
Basso-terre, and Capesterre, and is 27 miles long by about 15  joins the Cassiquiare, to form the Rio Negro.
miles broad; The E. portion, called Grande-terre, is nearly    GUAITECA, a gulf of Patagonia. See GUAY.TECAS.
30 miles long by 10 to 12 miles broad. Guadeloupe Proper    GUAJABA or GUAXABA, gw4-n.bA, a small island off
is of volcanic formation, and is traversed N. to S. by a ridge  the N. coast of Cuba. Lat. 210 50/ N., lon. 770 28' W.
of hills, having a medium height of 2296 feet. The culmi-   GUALAN, gwA-lgn/, a town of Central America, state, and
nating points are La Souffrire, an active volcano, 5108 feet 80 miles E.N.E. of Guatemala, near the Montagua. Pop.
high; La Grosse-Montagne, Lee Deux Mamelles, and La Pi- 2000 (?) It stands on a rock at the junction of two rivers,
ton-de-Bouillante, extinct volcanoes. Grand-terre, on the  and encircled by a belt of mountains.
other' hand, is generally fiat, composed of madrepores, and    GUALATEIRI, gwP-Al-ti-e-reef, a mountain peak of the
marine detritus, and nowhere rises higher than 115 feet above  Andes, near the boundary line of Peru and Bolivia. Lat.
the sea. Guadeloupe is watered by a number of small streams, 200 13' S., Ion. 690 17' W. Height 22,000 feet.
running in deeply cut beds, but becoming dry in summer;   GUALDO,gwlldo, a small town of Italy, Pontifical States,
the principal are the Goyaves, Lamentin, and Lezarde, which  delegation, and 23 miles N.E. of Perugia. Pop. 2340.
are navigable for canoes. The climate is hot and unhealthy,   GUALILLAS, gwg-leellyAs, a mountain pass in the Pethe mean temperature being 790, the ordinary extremes 710  ruvian Andes, South America, 25 miles N.E. from Tacna, in
and 970, and the greatest heat 1300, accompanied with a re- lat. 170 50' S. Height 14,750 feet.
markably humid atmosphere. Average annual fall of rain    GUALIOR, a state of India. See GwALIOR.
86 inches. Hurricanes are frequent and destructive. The    GUALTIERI, gw~l-te-Aree, a village of N. Italy, duchy of
soil is fertile and well cultivated, covered with fine forests in  Modena, 16 miles N. of Reggio, on the Po. Pop. 1500.
the mountainous, untilled parts, and with mangroves and    GUAM, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See GUAHAN.
manchineel trees on the marshy coast of Basse-terre. The    GUAMA, gwItmA, a river of Brazil, which rises in the S.E.
Tahiti sugar-cane isthe only kind cultivated, for which there  part of the province of Para, and falls into the bay of Guawere, in 1851, 560 mills. The chief articles of export, sent  jars, near the town of Belem or Para.
almost all to France, are sugar, coffee, dye and cabinet woods,   GUAMACHUCO and GUAMANGA, towns of Peru. See
rum, taffia, cotton wool, annatto, hides, sweetmeats, and  IHUAMAOCHUCO, HUAMANGA.
preserves, copper, tobacco, &c. Imports, cotton manufactures,    GUAMALIES. See HOUAMATES.
hides, wheat-meal, salted butter, cod fish, olive oil, wax can-   GUAMOCO, gwA-molko, a decayed town of South America,
dies, pottery, glasswares, salted meat, medicines, &c. The  New Granada, 70 miles N.E. of Antioquia.
principal anchorages of Guadeloupe are the Bay of Mahault    GUAMOTE, gwO-mortA, a village of Ecuador, department,
and the roads ofBasse-terre. Graude-terre possesses twoan- and near Guayaquil, on an island formed by two rivers,
chorages, that of Moule and Point-A-Pltre; the latter at the  and surrounded by lofty mountains. In 1803 it was the
S. entrance to the Rivilre Sa16e, is esteemed one of the best scene of a terrible insurrection of the Indians against the
in the Antilles, and on it was situated the important town  whites.
of St. Louis or Point-h-Pitre, destroyed by an earthquake    GUANA, gw/n[, several islands of the West' Indies, the
February 8, 1843.                                         principal being off the N. coast of Abaco, Bahamas. It is
Guadeloupe was first discovered by Columbus in 1493, and  17 miles in length by 2- miles in breadth.
was thus named by him in honor of Sainte Marie de laGua-   GUANABACOA, gwA-nA-bA-ko/A, a town of Cuba, on the
deloupe. It was taken possession of by theFrench, in 1635, E. side of the harbor of Havana. Pop. of town, 16,519.
who kept it till 1759, when it was taken by the English. It   GUANACACHE, gwA-ng.kAtchA, a lagoon of the Plata
was subsequently captured and recaptured several times by  Confederacy, South America. Lat. 310 40' S., ion. 680 30' W.,
these nations, and finally ceded to the French at the general between the departments Mendoza and San Juan. It forms
peace in 1814. Pop. 1841, 131,162: 1851, 129,050.          a series of lakes and marshes, studded with numerous small
GUADELOUPE, a government of the French West Indies, islands, and receiving the Desaguadero and other rivers.
includes the Islands of Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Les    GUANACAS, PARAMO  DE, plra-mo dA gwA-n&/kAs, a
Saintes, Desirade or Deseada, and about two-thirds of Mar- mountain knot of South America, New Granada, in the An
tinique.                                                  des, where they separate into three lateral cordilleras, at the
GUADIANA, gwA-de-inA or gwA-oe-NnA, (anc. Alnas,) an  sources of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. Let. 20 N., ion.
important river of Spain and Portugal, flowing between the  760 W.
Tagus and Guadalquivir. It rises in La Mancha, 15 miles    GUANAHANI (ISLAND,) one of the BAHAMdAS. See SAN
N.E. of Villahermosa, flow at first W. (and for some distance  SALVADOR.
under ground) through N. Castile and Spanish Estremadura,    GUANAJA, in island in the Carribean Sea. See BONAccA.
then S. through the Portuguese province Alemtejo, and be-    GUANAJUATO or GUANAXUATO, gwv-nA-rwilto, a state
tween Algarve and Andalusia, enters the Mediterranean 13  of Mexico, between let. 200 30, and 21~ 44/ N., Ion. 990 591 and
miles E. of Tavira, after a course of 380 miles, for the last 1010 47/ W; bounded N. by the states of San Luis Potosi, and
35 of which it is navigable. Chief affluents on the right, Zacatecas; W. by Jalisco, S. by Michoacan, and E. by Querethe Giguela and Guadarranque,on theleft,the Jabalon. Zuja, taro. Area, 12,618 square miles.  It is mountainous, and
Ardilla, and Chanza. GUADIANA is derived from the Arabic  traversed from S.E. to N.W. by the Cordillera of Anahuac,
Wady and Ana, a corruption of Anas, the ancient name of  whose culminating point is 9711 feet high. The only imthis river.                                                portant river is the Rio Grande. The mines of this state
GUADIANA-MENOR, gwA-De-/nn mI-nE6J, a river of Spain, were once the richest in the world, yielding gold, silver, lead,
Andalusia, joins the Guadalquivir 4 miles E.S.E of Ubeda, tin, iron, antimony, sulphur, cobalt, ochre, salts, crystals,
after a tortuous course of 30 miles.                      marble, &c. From 1796 to 1833, the gold and silver mines
GUADIARO, gwg-De-A'ro, a river of Spain, enters the Medi- produced, on the average, 73 pounds of gold, and 29,269
terrenean  11 miles N.E. of Gibraltar, after a generally S. pounds of silver, annually. A falling-off took place after
course of 40 miles.                                       1810, and in 1821 the produce was at its lowest. They subGUADIATO, gw-ose-A/to, a river of Spain, joins the Gue- sequently increased rapidly; and in 1833 the amount obdalquivir 17 miles W.S.W. of Cordova, after a very tortuous tained was 80 pounds of gold, and 11,547 pounds of silver.
course of about 70 miles.                                 The precious metals and spices form the chief exports of the
GUADIELA, -gwA-De-MIA, a river of Spain, joins the Tagus  state.  Guanajuato is the best peopled state in the con45 miles E. of Madrid; total course 65 miles.             federation. Pop.in 1854, 718,775.
GUADIX, gwo-DeeHl, (Arab, Wcadi.ash, wAdee-Ash, " River    GUANAJUATO or GUANAXUATO, a city of the Mexican
of Life,") a city of Spain, province, and 42 miles E.N.E. of Confederation, capital of the above department, in lat. 210
Granada, on the Guadix. Pop. 1051. It is enclosed by old  N., ion. 1010 W., 160 miles N.W. of Mexico, singularly situwalls and mulberry plantations. It contains a cathedral and  ated in a deep, narrow, mountain defile, 6017 feet above the
a Moorish castle.                                         sea. It is formed of a number of villages, placed round the
GUADUAS, gwA/owDs/,a town of South America, New  mines; and being built on extremely uneven ground, the
Granada, near the Magdalena, 45 miles N.W. Bogot&, and  streets are very steep, and so tortuous, that no idea can be
8700 feet above the sea. Pop. 4000.                       formed of the extent of the town but by ascending the
GUAFO, gwA/fo, or HUAFO, nwA/fo, an island in the South  heights by which it is overlooked. The houses, however,
Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Chili, 20 miles S.W. of Chiloe. are in general well built of hewn stone, and are extremely
GUAHALL, gwa/hall, one of the Scilly Islands, off Corn- handsome, particularly those belonging to the proprietors
wall. England.                                            of the neighboring mines. A practice prevails of painting
GUAHAN, gwA-hAn/, SAN JUAN, san woo-Ant, or GUAM, their fronts with the gayest colors-light green being the
gwlm, the most southern and largest of the Marianne Is- favorite. The town contains several elegant churches, nulands in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 130 27/ N., lon. 1450 E. It merous chapels, and other religious edifices. The Alhonis about 100 miles in circuit, surrounded by coral reefs, and  diga, a large square building used as a public granary, is a
has a town and a roadstead, defended by two Spaniah forts. remarkable edifice.
GUAIANECO, gwi-A-nAlro, an island group on the W.   Guanajuato owes its existence and importance to the gold
coast of Patagonia, lat. 470 41'S., Ion. 740 55' W., com- and silver mines in its vicinity, the richest in Mexico. (See
posed of two principal islands and many smaller islets-the  the preceding article.) The gold and silver coinage of the
westernmost called Byron Island, and the easternmost Wa- mint of Guanajuato, in 1844, amounted to $4,635,740, being
ger Island, separated from each other by Rundle's Passage.  the highest of all the mints of the Mexican Republic. There
GUAICUIII, a river of Brazil. See VELHAS, Rc0 DAS.      are in the town some manufactories of soap, woollen cloth.
GUAILAS, a province of Peru. See HoUAYLAS.              linen, powder, and tobacco; also some tanneries. Guana
795




GUA                                                        GUA
juato was founded by the Spaniards in 1545, constituted a  a large bishop's palace, and an old castle, whence its name.
town in 1619, and invested with the privileges Qf a city in  The French, under Massena, abandoned the strong height.
1751. Pop. in 1805, 70,600; in 1854, 63,000.                near it, March 29, 1811.
GUANAPARO, gwi-nu -pd/ro, a river of South America. in    GUARDAFUI, CAPE. See CAPE GUARDAFUI.
Venezuela, department of Caracas, province of Varinas, after    GUARDAMAR. gwscog-1-mani, a town  of Spain, province,
an E. course of about 230 miles (including Bocono) joins the  and 21 miles S.W. of Alicante, on the Seguro. Pop. 3238.
Polrtuguesa, 30 miles N.W. of San Fernando de Apure.          GUARDA MIGLIO, gwaa-dA-meellyo, a village of Lombardy,
GUANARE, gw~-nf/rA, a town of South America. in Vene- delegation of Lodi, 4 miles N. of Piacenza. Pop. 1530.
zuela, department of Caracas, on the Guanare River, 50 miles    GUARDAVALLE, gwae-d&t-vlfll, a market-town of Naples,
S.E. of Trujillo. Pop. 12,000. It is regularly and well-built,  province of Calabria Ultra II., 20 miles S. ofSquillace.  P. 2600.
and has a magnificent church. It has trade in cattle.         GUARDA-VENETA, gwtRdld-vA.-n/t, a village of AusGUANARITO, gwr-nd-reelto or w&-nd-reelto, a river of Yen- trian Italy, province of Polesine, on the Po, 7 miles S.S.E.
ezuela, rises in the Sierra Rosas, flows S. and then E., and  of Rovigo.  Pop. 1700.:
joins the Portuguesa 154 miles S.W. of Caracas.               GUA1DIA, gwdelde-A, a town of Naples, province of CalaGUANARITO, a small town of Venezuela, on the Guanare  bria Citra, 5 miles S.S.,E. of Cetraro. Pop. 1300. It Yasa
River, 40 miles E. of Guanare.                              founded by an Albanian colony in the time of the EmperoGUANAXUATO.  See GUANAJUATO.                              Frederick II.
GUANCABAIMIBA, gw/ng-kA-bdmnb, or HUANCABAMBA,   GUARDIA-ALFIERA, gwARtde-d-l-fe-il/rA, a town of Nawan-kA-bdmfbA, a large village of Ecuador, department of  pies, province of Miolise, near the Biferno, 19 miles N.E. of
Asuay. Lat. 50 10, S., Ion. 790 30' W. Elevation, 6560 feet. Campobasso. Pop. 1800. It is a bishop's see.
GUANCABELICA, Peru. See IIuANCAVELICA.                      GUARDIA-GRELE, gwia'de-A-grMIA, a town of Naples,
GUANDACOL, gwin-dg-kol, a valley of the Argentine Re- province of Abruzzo Citra, 12 miles S. of Chieti. Pop. 6190.
public, (La Plata,) department of Rioja, between the Andes    GUARDIA, LA, 1 gwAR/de-A, a town of Spain, province,
and the Pamatina Mountains, in lat. 290 S., Ion. 690 W. It is and 4 miles S.S.E. of Jaen. Pop. 1448.
traversed by the Bermejo, and is highly productive of grain.    GUARDIA, LA, a town of Spain, in Biscay, province of
GUANDACOL, a village of South America, in the Argen- Alava, 18miles S.S.E. of Vitoria, with a castle and other fortine Republic, (La Plata,) in the centre of the valley.     tifications.  Pop. 2374.
GUANERO, gwg-nslro, a river of Venezuela, joins the    GUARDIA, LA, a town of Spain, province, and 28 miles
Apure after a S.E. course of about 100 miles.               E.SE. of Toledo. Pop. 3316. It is situated on a rocky ridge,
GUANO, gwAfno, a town of Ecuador, on a small river of  in which are numerous caverns, and has old fortifications,
the same name, 80 miles N.E. of Guayaquil.                 having been a guard-station or outpost against the Moors,
GUANO ISLANDS, numerous small islands on the coast whence its name.
of South America, Africa, &c., remarkable for their deposits    GUAItDIA LOMBARDA, gwdA/de-A lomn-banldg, a town of
of Guano; the most important are the SEAL (or Lobos)  Naples, province of Principato Ultra, on the Lombarda, 3
ISLANDS. thb CrINcHA ISLANDS, and IQUIQUE.                  miles N.E. of St. Angelo dei Lombardi.  Pop. 3000.
GUANTA, a town of Peru.  See HUANTA.                        GUARDIA PERTICARI, gwmA'de-A phn-te-kItree, a town
GUANTAJAYA, gwdn-td-ini5, a rich mining district of  of Naples, province of Basilicata, 24 miles S.E. of Potenza.
Southern Peru, in the province of Tarapaca.                 Pop. 1670.
- GUANTANAMI O, gwn-td-n/mo, or CUMBERLAND HAR-   GUARDIA  REGIA, gwda'de-A rA/jA, a town of Naples,
BOR, a spacious harbor on the S. part of the island of Cuba, province of Molise, 41 miles S.E. of Bojano.  Pop. 1400.
45 miles E. of Santiago. Lat. of the E. head, 190 53' N., Ilon.    GUARDISTALIO,  gwa-"dis-tdllo,  a village of Tuscany,
750 15' W. It is comnpletely sheltered from all winds, afford- about 35 miles S. ofPisa. It was much injured by an earthing safe and excellent harbors, and has within it numerous quake in 1846. Pop. 1385.
islands..             GUARDO, gWiRldo, a market-town of Spain, province of
GUANUCO, a town of Peru. See -InANUCO.                    Palencia, 12 miles S.W. of Cervera.
GUANZATE, gwin-zAltA, a well-built village of Austrian    GUARENA, gwA-rinfyd, a village of Spain, province of
Italy, 9 miles S.S.W. of Come. Pop. 1799.                   Badajos, 16 miles S.E. of Merida.  Pop. 4020.
GUAPAI, gwd-pi, also written GUAPEY, a river of Boli-    GUARENE, gwd-rAnA, a village of Piedmont, division os
via, tributary to the Manore, which it joins after a winding  Coni, province, and 3 miles N. of Alba. Pop. 2368.
course estimated at 550 miles.                                GUARICO, gwA-reelko, a river of South America, in VeneGUAPI-MORIM, gwd/pee-mo-reea /, a village of Brazil, pro- zuela, joins a branch of the Apure 12 miles E. of San Fervince of Rio de Janeiro, between the Bay of Nitherothi and  nando, after a S. course estimated at 200 miles.
the Serra dos Orgfios. Pop. 2000.                             GUARICO, gwg-reelko, a cape of the island of Cuba, near
GUAPORE, gwA-potrA, a river of Brazil,'province of Matto  its E. extremity.
Grosso, unites with the Mamore to form the Madera, after a    GUARICURA, gwd-re-koofrd, an island of Brazil, province
course of 400 miles.                                        of Pard, in the Amazon River, opposite the town of Par6.
GUARAGUAN, CANO, knlyo gwd-rd-gwdnt, a mouth of  Length, from E. to W., 45 niles; greatest breadth, about 18
the Orinoco River, South America, enters the Atlantic, 55  miles.
miles N.W. of the Naviros, or great S. mouth.                 GUARISAMEY, gw-re-sd-mA', a mining. town of the
GUARAMBARI, gwd-rim-bl-reel, a river of Paraguay, in  Mexican Confederation, state, and 55 miles S.S.W. of DuSouth America, joins the Paraguay, 25 N.W. of Concepcion,  rango.
after a course of about 150 miles.                            GUARMEY, gwaa-md/, a maritime village of Peru, departGUARAPARI, gwd-rg-pd-ree, a river of Brazil, rises in the  ment, and 158 miles N.N.W. of Lima, at the mouth of the
Cordillera of Aimores, takes an E. direction, forming in its  Guarmey.
course a number of lakes. Its mouth is narrow hut deep,   GUARO, gwr/ro, a town of Spain, province, and 33 miles
and easily entered by coasters. Canoes proceed as far up as- W. of MIalaga.  Pop. 2119.
the Cordillera. The scenery on its banks is remarkably    GUAROCIIIRI.  See IIvnAocInnm.
beautiful.                                                    GUARUAPO, gwi-roo-1/po, two rivers of South America,
GUAKAPARI, a mountain chain of Brazil, province of  in Venezuela, one uniting the Apure and Portuguesa
Espirito-Santo, giving origin to two rivers of the same slame. Rivers; the other a tributary of the Orinoco.
GUARAPARI, a town of Brazil, province of Espirito-   GUASCAMA, (gwds-kt/md) POINT, a headland of New GraSanto, situated on- the coast, 30 miles S.W.of Espirito-Santo. nada, in the department of Cauca, 128 miles W. of Popoyan,
GUARAPICH-IE, gwd-rd-pee'chA, a river of Venezuela, de- in lat. 20 305 N., lon. 780 30' W.
partment of Orinoco, enters the Gulf of Pa-ia, Atlantic, 36    GUASCO, a seaport of Chili. See HUAsco.
miles W. of the N. mouth of the Orinoco, after a tortuous   GUASE, an island in the Persian Gulf. See KENN.
course of about 100 miles, the lower three-fifths of which are    GUASACUALCO.  See HuoAsACUALco.
said to be navigable.                                         GUASH, a river of England.  See WASH.
GUARAPUAVA, gwd-rd-pwdvd, a town of Brazil, province,   GUASILA, gwd-seedld, or GOY-ESILI, gotee A-seeflee, a viiand 300 miles S.W. of SSo-Paulo, near the Iguaqu.           lage on the island of Sardinia, division, and 24 miles N. by
GUARATIBA, gwd-rd-teelbA, a seaport village of Brazil, W. ofCagliari.  Pop. 1807.
province, and 30 miles W.S.W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 4000.      GUASTALLA, gwds-t'll, a walled city of North Italy,
GUARATINGUETA, gwd-rd-teen-g'/tt, a town of Brazil, duchy of Parqma, on the Po, 19 miles N.E. of Parma. Pop.
province, and 120 miles N.W. of Sao-Paulo, on the Parahiba. 9554. Has a cathedral, a public library of 12,000 volumes, a
Pop. of the district, 7000.                                 castle, manufactures of silk fabrics and twist, and a bronze
GUARATUBA, gwd-r-toofbi, a river of Brazil, province  statue of one of its dulkes. In 1734 the French defeated the
of Minas-Geraes, joins the Rio Verdo, an affluent of the So  Imperialists under its walls.
Francisco.                                                    GUASTATOYA, gwds-tt-totyd, a town of Central America,
GUARATUBA, a small river of Brazil, province of Sbo- state, and 35 miles E.N.E. of Guatemala.
Paulo, flows into the Atlantic, after a course of 60 miles.   GUATAYITA, gwA-td-veeltd, a village of South America, in
Lat. 250 45' S.                                             New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, 20 miles N.E.
GUARATUBA, a town of Brazil, province of Sao-Paulo, 23  of Bogota, and of great importance before the Spanish Conmiles S.S.W. of Paranagua.                                 quest. The Lake of Guatavita, near it, is about 9 miles in
GUARDA, gwdA/dA, (anc. Lascia Oppidatna,) a fortified  length, vesy deep, and had anciently on its banks many
town of Portugal, province of Beira, on the Serra de Estrella,  highly venerated Peruvian temples.:0 miles E.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 2300. It has a cathedral,    GUATEMIALA, gaw-te-mah'la or gwd-tA-m  l, or GUATIg96




GUA                                                        GUD
MALA, gwg-te-mall, a state of Central America, having Yu- or "OLD GUATEMALA," lies 24 miles W.S.W. of the newer
catan, British Honduras, and the Bay or Gulf of Honduras  capital, at the foot of the Volcan d'Agua, by an eruption of
N., the Pacific Ocean S., Honduras and Salvador E., and  which it was overwhelmed in 1541. It was again devastated
Mexico W. Lat. 130 45' to 170 45' N., and ion. 8850 10' to 930  by an earthquake in 1773, but has been since rebuilt, and is
12' W. Greatest length, from N.W. to S.E., about 350 miles; stated to have a population of 12,000 persons. Many of its
greatest breadth, 180 miles; area, 44,500 square miles. Gun-  old public buildings remain entire, comprising a fine cathetemala is, in general, exceedingly picturesque and beautiful; dral and a palace. Around it are many sugar establishand, like the other states of Central America, it is distin- ments, and in 1846 its exports of cochineal amounted in
guished by a luxuriant and varied vegetation. Each state  value to 60001.
of Central America is entirely of a different geological and    GUATEYCAS.  See GUA~TECAS.
physical character from the rest; and the change from the    GUATULCO, gwA-toollko, a port of the Mexican Confedegreen, undulating hills of San Salvador to the wild and pro- ration, state, and 105 miles S.E. of Oajaca, on the Pacific.
cipitous mountains and rocks of'Guatemala is most striking.    GUAURA, a town of Peru. See HUAUaA.
The country is wholly mountainous, the main chain of    GUAVIARE or GUABIARE, gwA-ve-/rA, a river of South
the continuation of the Andes traversing it from S.E. to  America, in New Gtianada, joins the Orinoco near San FerN.W., at no great distance from the Pacific, sending off nu-  nando, in lat. 40 N., ion. 670 30' WV., after an E. course of 450
merous branches towards the Atlantic, and forming a great miles.
many valleys, but enclosing few plains. Along the main    GUAXABA, an island of Cuba. See GUAJADA.
chain are a considerable number of volcanoes. All of them     GUAXACA. See OAJACA.
are near the Pacific; and none of them are found in the in-   GUAYAMA, gwi-Aima, a seaport town of Posto Rico, on its
terior. Six are said to be active —namely, Amilpas, 13,160  S. coast. Pop. 5120. It has an extensive commerce, its imfeet; Sapotitlan, 13,050 feet; Atitlan, 12,500 feet; Agua,  ports amounting to about $500,000, and exports to $800,000
which sends forth torrents of water, 15,000 feet; Fuego and  annually.
Pacaya. The state is well watered by numerous streams,   GUAYANA, a country of South America. See GuIANA.
of which the Lacantun, flowing N.W., and forming part of    GUAYANILLA, gwi-t-neellyA, a seaport town of the S.
the Mexican boundary, and the Motagua, and the Polochic  coast of Porto Rico, West Indies. Value of imports in 1838,
continued by the Dulce, both flowing N.E. to the Bay of  $43,364; of exports, $143,206.
Honduras, and their tributaries, are the largest; but besides    GUAYAQUIL, gwi-d-keel/, the capital of a department of
these, there are many streams of comparatively short courses its own name, and the principal seat of trade of the republic
falling into the P'acific. There are, likewise, several lakes, of Ecuador, is situated on the coast, and on the right bank
the most important heing Dulce, through which the greater  of the Guayaquil River, 40 miles above its mquth, in the
part of the foreign trade is carried on; Amatitlan and Atit- Gulf of Guayquil. Lat. 20 20' 28"' S., lon. 790 43' W. Estilan, and Peten, about 30 miles long, by 9 miles broad, near  mated population, 20,000. It is well laid out, and has some
the frontiers of Yucatan, in the little-known province of  good public edifices; but it is mostly built of wood, and on
Vera Paz. On the table-land, of which a considerable por- low ground, ill supplied with water, unhealthy, and infested
tion of the state is formed, the climate is mild, and said  with vermin. Its harbor is one of the best on the Pacific,
greatly to resemblethat of Valencia, in Spain; but in more  and defended by 3 forts; and it has some convenient buildelevated situations, the cold is quite severe. The soil, gene- ing-docks. The tide rises here sometimes 24 feet, and large
rally, is of great fertility, producing maize and wheat of  ships can ascend to the town. The exports consist of cocoa,
superior quality, excellent rice, legumes, vegetables and tro-  timber, hides, tobacco, ceibo-wool, and cattle. In 1844, 167
pical fruits in great variety.' The most important article, in  vessels (tons 14,718) arrived, with cargoes valued at. $1,001,958.
a commercial point of view, is cochineal, the cultivation of  The exports were valued at $949,578. The country inland is
which has of late years been rapidly increasing. The total hence supplied with wines, brandy, Peruvian and Chilian
amount of this article produced in the state for 1846, was  sugar, and European merchandise.
estimated at 20,000 bales-a quantity greater than the en-    GUAYAQUIJIL, a department of the republic of Ecuador)
tire annual consumption at that date. Cocoa, tobacco, sugar, South America, having W. the Pacific, and landward the
coffee, vanilla, and cotton, are grown to a greater or less ex- departments of Quito and Assnay.  Estimated area, 14,400
tent; and also considerable quantities of indigo; the silk-  square miles. Pop. 75,000. The great chain of the Andes
work is cultivated, and caoutchouc is obtained,            forms its E. boundary. Capital, Guayaquil.
In the altos or N. parts of the state, considerable flocks of    GUAYAQUIL, GULF OF, an inlet of the Pacific, mostly
sheep are raised, the wool of which is manufactured by the  between lat. 20 and 40 S., and lon. 800 and 810 W. It receives
natives into a coarse twilled fabric called getya, which, the Guayaquil, Daule, and Tumbez Rivers, and contains the
again, is made into various articles of clothing, including  islands of Puna and Santa Clara.
large plaids called poewhos, in which considerable taste is    GUAYLAS, a province of Peru.  See IHUA~LAS.
displayed. It is divided into 7 departments, each presided    GUAYMAS, gwifm~s, a seaport town of the Mexican Conover by a corregidor-namely, Guatemala, Solola, Quezalte-  federation, state of Sonora, on the Gulf of California, at the
nango, Sacatapequtes, Totonicapan, Vera Paz, and Chiqui-  mouth of a considerable river. Lat. 270 55' N., ion. 1100 16J'
mula. The name was formerly applied to the whole confede- W. It is neither large nor well built; but its harbor is one
ration. Cap. Guatemala or New Guatemala. Population of  of the best on the W. coast of Mexico, and it has an active
the state has been estimated at about 1,000,000; of which  and increasing trade.  The shipping  inwards, in 1852,
800,000 are Indians, 150,000 mestizoes, and between 7000 and  amounted to 4835 tons, bringing 718 passengers. Pop. 300.
8001 whites. Other estimates make the total 600,000.          GUAYRA, LA, a town of Venezuela. See LA GUAYRA.
GUATEMALA, Nsw, capital of the above state, is situ-    GUAYTARA, gwl-tr,-ii, a river in the N. of Ecuador, an
ated in a rich-and spacious plain, at an elevation of 4961  affluent of the fi-ontier river of Patia, which it joins after a
feet, 108 miles W.N.W. of San Salvador. Lat. 140 37' N., Ion. course of about 75 miles.
900 30' W. Pop. variously estimated fisom 35,000 to 50,000.   GUAYTECAS, gwi-tAdkts, a bay and group of islands of
It is very handsome, being stated to have the general aspect South America, off the W. coast of Patagonia, the islands
of the best class of Italian cities. is well supplied with water  forming the N. part of the Chonos Archipelago.
by a long aqueduct on arches, and extends over a large    GUBBIO, goob/be-o,.or GUBIO, goolbe-o, (ance. Ig           a.cviem,)a
space; the prevalence of earthquakes causing the houses to  city of Central Italy, Pontifical States, 27 miles S. of Urbino,
be built of only one story. The temperature varies between  on the S. declivity of the Apennines. Pop., with vicinity,
600 and 800 Fahrenheit, and rarely exceeds either of these  16.988. It. is beautifully situated, and well built. The chief
points. In the great square are situated the old vice-regal  edifices are the cathedral, a fine ducal palace of the sixteenth
palace, most of the government offices, the cathedral, an  century, and numerous churches and convents. Near. it,
archbishop's palace, and college des infantes, barracks, and  among the ruins of a temple of Jupiter Apenninus, in 1446,
most of the principal shops; in its centre is a magnificent  were discovered the famous Eugubian tables —9 plates of
public fountain. I-lere are upwards of 60 richly ornamented  bronze, inscribed with Umbrian, Etruscan, and primitive
churches, a new fort, a good cemetery and hospital, a bull- Latin characters.
ring, theatre, university, and various schools.  The con-   GUBEN, goolbon, a:walled town of Prussia, province of
ventual buildings are now mostly appropriated to lay-pur-  Brandenburg, capital of a circle, on the Neisse, and on the
poses. There are five printing offices, in which two weekly  railwvay between Berlin and Breslau, 79 miles S.E. of Berlin.
newspapers are issued. The inhabitaits are noted for their Pop. 9840. It has a gymnasium and public library, mannaptitude in arts and manufactures; they produce muslins, factures ofwoollen and linen stuffs, hosiery, yarn, and tofisse cotton yarn, silver articles, artificial flowers, and erm-  bacco, a copper foundry, building docks, and trade in cattle
broidery of high excellence. Guatemala has a flourishing  and fruit.
trade with Vera Cruz, Mexico, &c. in sugar, coffee, cotton,   GUBIO. See GUsno.
dye-woods, and other native products. The following table    GUCIILAQUE, goo-che-l]jki, a small town of Mexico, 30
exhibits the state of the imports:-                        miles S. of the city of Mexico, 7000 feet above the sea.
1840...................2,261 83.~........       88,463     GUDEN or GUDEN-AA, goolden-o, the principal river of
1801....................   212,421 1846............... 138,217   Jutlhnd, in Denmark, joins the Cattegat, about 16 miles N.E.
ie.................... 136,6527 1807.................... 1I3,508   of Randers; after a tortuous N.E. course of 80 miles.
The building  of the present city was commenced in the    GUDENSBEtIG, gooldgns-bRc,', a town of Germany, in
year 1776, three years after the earthquake of 1773, which  Ilesse-Cassel, province of Nieder IHessen, 11 miles S.W. of
nearly wholly destroyed old Gunatnala. the formner capital.  Cassel. Pop. 2097.
GUATEMIALA LA ANTIGUA, gwA-t4-mila la dn-teelgwi,   GUDERA, goo-dsrA, a town of Western Abyssinia, capital
797




GUD                                                        GUI
of a chiefship, on a low rocky height, near lat. 10~ 52' N., The surface is gently varied, but generally sloping from tht
ion. 360 57' E.                                            S. —where the cliffs are lofty-to the N. coast, which is low.
GUDOOK, g55bdookf, a pass across the Elbrooz (Elbure) It is well watered. The soil rests on a structure almost every.
mountains, in Northern Persia, between the provinces of  where granitic, and is, with the aid of sea-weed manure,
Mazanderan and Irak-Ajemee, 85 miles E.N.E. of Teheran,  rendered very fertile.  The climate is moist, but healthy,
supposed to be the Py#/ Caspice of Alexander the Great.    and so mild that oranges, melons, figs, myrtles, and the
GUIEBWILLER, ghlb'veel'laiR/, a town of France, depart-  Guernsey lily, flourish luxuriantly. The orchards furnish
ment of HIaut-Rhin, 13 miles S.S.W. of Colmar, on the Lauch,  pasture for the famous breed of cows, which are larger and
at the foot of the Ballon de Guebwiller. Pop. in 1852, 3946. more valued than even those of Alderney, and yield, on an
GUEGON, gheh-g6Nc/, a village of France, department of  average, one pound per day, throughout the year, of the
Morbihan, 7 miles W. of Ploermel. Pop. 2883.               finest butter. Trade, or rather smuggling, has greatly deGUEGUETAN. See GUEGUETLAN.                              dclined since 1807, when the exports from these islands were
GUEGIEjTENANGO, g4-gA.t-h-n~nfgo, a town of Central made subject to the general revenue laws of Britain.  The
America, state of Guatemala, capital of a department, 125  shipping is mostly employed in importing British manufacmiles N.W. of Guatemala.                                   tures, and in exporting cider. potatoes, cattle, and granite.
GUEGUETLAN, gA-gA-tAlnt, or GUiEGUETAN, gA-gA-t~n1,  Steamers ply between Guernsey and London, Southampton,
a town of Central America, in Guatemala, department of  Plymouth, and Weymouth. The island is divided into 10
Soconusco, on the river Gueguetlan.                         parishes, forming a deanery of the church of England, in
GUEGUETOCA. See HHUETvUToCA.                              the diocese of Winchester. St. Peters, on the S.E. coast, is
GUELAGO, gA-l.go, a village of Spain, province, and 28  the only town in the island, which is mostly studded with
miles E.N.E. of Granada.                                    scattered houses or cottages, embosomed in orchards. The
GUELDERLAND. See GELDERLAND.                              natives of the lower orders speak the old Norman French;
GUELDRES. a town of Prussia. See GELDEuRN.                they have long been remarkable for their adherence to
GUELEA, gAl/A', a town of Algerian Sahara, 135 miles  Protestantism. The island is under a lieutenant-governor,
W.S.W. of Gardata, consisting of 200 well-built houses, en- who represents the sovereign in the assembly of the states.
closed by a wall, and supposed to be constructed of stones  The royal court has jurisdiction over all the Channel Islands
hewn for a Roman city that occupied the same site,          except Jersey. Guernsey formed a part of the duchy granted
GUELL], gh6hl,V, a village of West Africa, in Foota-Dam- by Charles the Simple to the Norman Rollo, to whose descendga, on the Senegal. Lat. 150 18' N., Ion. 120 451 W.        ants it has now belonged for nearly 1000 years. The French
GUELPH, gwdlf, a thriving town of Canada West, capital have made many vain attempts to capture it. It is defended
of the county of Waterloo, on the river Speed, and on the line  by strong fortifications, and has a well-organized militia.
of a proposed railway connecting Lake Erie at Toronto with    GUERNSEY, gherntzee, a county in the E. part of Ohio,
Goderich, on Lake Huron, 87 miles W. by S. of the former. has an area of 460 square miles. It is drained by Wills,
It has also plank-road communication with Georgetown. Seneca, and Leatherwood Creeks, affuinents of the MuskinThe town is built on'a number of hills, which give it a very  gum River. The surface is hilly, the soil in some parts is
picturesque appearance. It contains, besides the county  clayey, and is generally good. The county contains large
buildings, churches of 7 denominations, 2 branch banks, quantities of stone coal. It is intersected by the Central
several assurance agencies, a grammar school, a library and  Ohio Railroad. Organized in 1810, and named from  the
reading-room, 2 newspaperoffices, and about 25 stores. The  British isle of Guernsey. Capital, Cambridge.  Pop. 30,438.
Speed here has a fall of about 33 feet, furnishing an abundant    GUERRERO, gh'a-RAfro, a recently organized State of
water-power, employed for 3 or 4 large flouring mills, saw  Mexico, bordering on the Pacific, and enclosed on all other
mill, carding and fulling mill, a woollen factory, &c. The  sides by the States of Valladolid, Mexico, and La Puebla;
town has also an iron foundry, 4 tanneries, and several  area, 32,002 square miles. Capital, Tixtla. Pop. in 1850,
breweries and distilleries. The court-house and many of  270,000.
the stores are built of limestone quarried in the vicinity.    GUESTVLING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Pop. about 2000.                                              GUESITRICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. GodGUfIM]IN], g4'm~'nIf, a village of France, department of  win, the author of Caleb Williams, &c., was born here.
Loire-Infdrieure, 30 miles N.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852,    GUEST STAITION, a post-office of Russel co., Yirgvnia.
4630.                                                         GUETARIA, gA-t/re-4, a town of Spain, province of GuiGUIEMIN]~, a village of France, department of Morbihan   puzcoa, 10 miles W. of San Sebastian, on the Bay of Biscay.
11 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 1543.                          Pop. 1036.
GUER, gaiR, a town of France, department of Morbihan,      GUEUGNON, gvn'y6NrI, a village of France, department
12 miles E. of Ploermel. Pop. in 1852, 3569.                of Sane-et-Loire, 41 miles W.N.W. of Miqcon.  Pop. 1659.
GUERANDE, gA'r6-dr,  a walled town of France, depart-    GUGERAT, a province of IIindostan.  See GUzERAT.
ment of Loire-Infdriemue, near the sea, 23 miles W. of Save-    GUGGISBERG, g05gtghis-b6ro', a small village of Switzernay. Pop. in 1852, 8688. It has an old castle, some manu- land, canton, and 15 miles S. of Bern. Pop. of the parish,
factures of linen and cotton fabrics, and 11 annual fairs.    5203.
GUERARA, gA-ri/ri, a town of Algeria, oasis of Wady-    GUGLIELMO, gool-yfllmo, a mountain  of Lombardy,
Mzab, 42 miles E.N.E. of Gardala. It is surrounded by a  near the E. shore of Lake Iseo, 5 miles N. of Gardone.
very high wall, and entered by three gates. All the tribes  Height, 6300 feet.
of the desert frequent this piace, either to buy or sell horses,    GUGLINGEN. (Giglingen,) giigling-en, a town of Wtir.
asses, sheep, ivory, gold dust, ostrich feathers, cotton, silk, temburg, 31 miles S.W. of Brackenheim.  Pop. 14,140.
cutlery, &c., brought chiefly from Tunis and Algiers. Pop.very    GUGLIONISI, gool-yo-nee/see, a town of Naples, province
considerable, said to be little inferior to that of Gardaia.  of Molise, 8 miles N. of Larino. Pop. 3300.
GU1RARD, gAraedl, a village of France, department of    GUGUAN, an island of the Pacific Ocean. See LADRONEs.
Seine-et-Marne, 10 miles S.S.E. of Meaux. Pop. 1922.          GUHRAU, goofr6w,'a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of
GUERIBAVILLE, ghS'bAveelf, a village of France, de- a circle, 44 miles N.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 3400.
partment of Seine-Infdrieure, 4 miles S.S.E. of Caudebec.   GUIA, gheel,, a town of Guinea, in Ashantee, capital of
Pop. 2041..the state of Buroomy, on the Volta, in let. 70 N., Ion. 00.
GUERCIIE, LA, Ii gainsh, a small town of France, de-   GUIA, gheet', a maritime town of Brazil, province, and
partment of Ile-et-Vilaine, 24miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 1984. 30 miles N.N.E. of Parahiba, on the Atlantic.
GUERCILE, LA, a village of France, department of Cher,   GUIA, a village of Brazil, province of, and on the Rio
28 miles E.S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 1935.                      Negro, near the N. frontier.
GUERCHE, LA, a village of France, department of Indre-   GUIAGUILA, ghee-A-gheeli, a village of Senegambia, on
et-Loire, 35 miles S. of Tours, on the Creuse, with a chlteau, the Senegal. Let. 140 15' N.. Ion. 120 20' W.
built for Agnes Sorel by Charles VII.                         GUIA, LA, lA ghee't, a town of the Canary Islands, on
GUERCINO, gwb-cheefno, a village of the Papal States, 12  the N.W. coast of Great Canary, near Galdar. Pop. 4332.
miles N. of Frosinone, on the Cosa. Pop. 1100.                GUIA, LA, a village of the Canaries, on the S. coast of
GUZRIET, gA'ri/, a town of France, capital of the depart- Teneriffe. Pop. 2230.
ment of Creuse, 37 miles N.E. of Limoges. It has a library,   GUIANA, GUYANA, ghe-i/ni, or GUAYANA, gwt-inA,
a communal college, a normal school, an hospital, and a  a large territory in South America, extending between lat.
lunatic asylum. Pop. in 1852, 5033.                         80 40' N. and 30 30' S., and Ion. 50~ and 680 W.; having the
GUERIGUY, gA'-ee'gheef, a village of France, department Atlantic and E. course of the Orinoco, N.; the rivers Negro
of Nilvre, on the Nilvre. Pop. 1257.                        and Amazon S.; the N. course of the Orinoco and the naGUERNE, gaisn, a village of France, department of Mor- tural canal of Cassiquiare, WV.; and the Atlantic, E. This
bihan, 6 miles S.W. of Pontivy. Pop. 3327.                  territory was divided into Brazilian or Portuguese Guiana,
GUERNICA, ghba-neelkl, a town of Spain, province of  Venezuelan British, Dutch, and French Guiana; but the
Biscay, 17 miles E.N.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 827.                last three alone are now recognised under this name, the
GUERNSEY, ghern'zee, (anc. Sarfnia,) the second in size  other two being absorbed by their respective countries.
of the Channel Islands, in the Bay of St. Michael, 30 miles   GUIANA, BRITISHI, the westernmost of the three porW. of the coast of Normandy, and 51 miles S. of Port- tions of the above territory, is about 560 miles long, from
land, English coast, and 15 miles W.N.W. of Jersey. Area, S.E. to N.W., and about 200 miles broad, having E. Dutch
16,000 acres. Pop. in 1852, 29,757. Its form is triangular, Guiana, W. Venezuela and Brazil, N. and N.E. the Atlantic,
and its coast-line, of about 30 miles in circumference, is and S. Brazil. Neither its W. nor its S. limits, however,
deeply indented with bays, and surrounded by sunken rocks. have been defined. It lies between lat. 00 40' and 80 40k N.,
798




GUI                                                        GUI
and Ion. 570 and 610 W.  Estimated area, 76,000 square  100 feet; that of Wamaru-Serika, of 45 feet; Frederick
miles. Its coast line is about 280 miles, extending fl-om the William's Cataract, of 65 feet; Smyth's, of 30 feet; Barriver Corentyn to the Punta Barima, about ion. 600 W. The  row's, of 42 feet; and in 40 20' N. lat. are a series of caswhole surface of the coast lands, from 10 to 40 miles inland, cades. with a total fall of 100 feet. Besides these, are Reis on a level with the high-water of the sea. When drained, leigh's, Stanley's, and other cataracts and rapids, all highly
banked, and cultivated, they consolidate and sink fully a  picturesque, and accompanied with wild and rugged scenery,
foot below it, in consequence of which it becomes necessary  and varied by the alternation of cataracts and rapids.
to pay unremitting attention to the dams and sluices, to'limate.-Gulana has two dry and two wet seasons, each
keep out the sea, otherwise great destruction and damage  continuing for three months; the wet embrace the months
to the land ensues. Shallows, or muddy banks, stretch  of December, January, and February-and then June, July,
along the whole line of coast, and run several miles into the  and August; the dry the other months. The mean annual
sea; they are in some parts dry, in others covered with not temperature is nearly 81~ 21. Violent thunder-storms occur
more than fiom 3 to 4 feet of water. The entire absenceof  at the change of the seasons; but hurricanes, so destrueall landmarks on these flat and monotonous shores, renders  tive in the West Indies, are unknown. In the dry seasons
it difficult for strange vessels to ascertain at what particular  the climate is agreeable, and in the interior more healthy
point of the coast they are. The level country is arrested  than in many parts of the West Indies.
by a range of sandhills, of low elevation, the highest not    Soil, Agriculture, Vegetable Products, dc.-The soil is, in
exceeding 200 feet.  Behind these hills, the high land  general, very fertile; and that of Demerara, in particular,
stretches out into level or undulating plains, rising here  well adapted for the cultivation of the sugar-cane; but, in
and there into considerable eminences. The interior is tra- consequence of the numerous large open drains with which
versed, in various directions, by chains of mountains; few of  the land is,intersected, and which have been rendered nethem, however, of any greatheight. Of these, the Pacaraima  cessary by its being below the level of the sea, the plough
range, nearly in the centre of the country, exhibits the  cannot be used. Vegetation, however, is singularly vigorloftiest elevations-the culminating point, called Roraima?  ous and luxuriant; its forest trees, which cover about oneby the Indians, rising to a height of 7500 feet above sea- half its surface, are of the most magnificent description;
level. The other principal ranges are the Sierra Imataca, especially the mira-tree, (Mimosa  excelsa,) described as atin the N. part of the country, running also N.W and S.E., taining the height of from 130 to 150 feet, and as appearing,
parallel to the coast, at an average distance of from 50 to 60  at a distance, f-om  its immense size, like hillocks clothed
miles; the Cannucu or Conocou, and the Sierra Acarai —the  with vegetation. The timber of this tree is said to be equal
last occupying the extreme S.E. corner of the territory,  to the teak of the East Indies. Among the other principal
forming its boundary in this direction. They are densely  trees are-the green heart, (belonging to the family of the
wooded, but do not reach a greater elevation than 4000 feet. Laurinccc,) the sawary, (P'ekea tuberculosa,) the bully-tree,
Geology. —The geological composition of the mountains of  (Achras  baato,) the sirwabally, crab-wood, (Carapa  Gzian.
British Guiana is various. Some of them consist of granite,  ensis,) and purple-heart. Among the indigenous fruits are'gnelss, and trappean rocks, and their different modifications; the pineapple, guava, the marmalade fruit, the anona, the
others, as mentioned above, are of sandstone; and others  sapodilla, and the Brazil and Suwarrow nuts. The cabbageagain, appear to be of white quartz, which, from the quantity  tree is common, and there are several varieties of palms.
of the particles of mica they contain, shine like gold. Gra- Medicinal plants also abound; including quassia, a species
nite, however, is probably the prevailing formation, par- of ipecacuanha, gentian, and many others. Cultivation  is
ticularly in the interior; many huge mountains, several chiefly limited to sugar, coffee, yams, cassava, plantains.
thousand feet high, being wholly composed of this sub- bananas, sweet potatoes, maize, &c. There are many fibrous
stance, frequently traversed by the veins of quartz, and  vegetables which afford substitutes for hemp and flax; and
consequently almost destitute of vegetation. Some of the  in the forests dyeing woods, cochineal, gum copal, and a
detached masses of granite present the most extraordinary  multitude of other valuable and unknown vegetable proforms; they are generally of a conoidal figure, and often of ductions abound. The flora is rich and varied, and includes
great height-others partake of both cone and pyramid. the Victoria Regia, the largest of the water-lilies, whose imAmong the more renarkable of these is an isolated rock, mense bright green leaves, and enormous white and pink
called Ataraipu, rising 1300 feet above the sea. Another  flowers, are to be seen floating on the rivers, and which now
natural curiosity of this kind occurs at the outskirts of the  forms one of the chief objects of interest at our horticultural
Pacaraima Mountains, about lat. 40 N.; being a column of  exhibitions.
granite, in the form of the trunk of a decayed tree, about    Zoology.-The animals are those of tropical South America
50 feet high. Rock crystals and red agate are met with; generally-the jaguar, tapir, armadillo, agouti, ant-bear,
and very pure white clay is found in the Essequibo.  The  sloth, deer, a great'variety of monkeys, iguanas, large alliextensive flats along the shore are composed of alluvial soil gators, and turtles; several kinds of parrots, mackaws, and
and clays, resting upon granite. These alluvial fiats are, in  humming-birds; the flamingo, Muscovy duck, toucan, and
many instances, covered with a black vegetable matter, the  spoonbill. In the forests the vampire bat abounds. Snakes
detritus of numerous rivers.                               are numerous, and many of them poisonous; and troubleRivers.-The riveirs of British Guiana have all nearly a  some insects are intolerably plentiful. The rivers abound
N. course. They are, proceeding from W. to E., the Esse-  with a great variety of fish; iuncluding the silurus, which
quibo, about 400 miles long, the Demerara, 200 miles long, often measures 12 feet in length, and weighs upwards of
the Berbice, and the Corentyn, the latter forming the E. two hundred weight. The domestic animals are-horses,
boundary. The Essequibo is from 15 to 20 miles wide at its  mules, hogs, goats, and fowls. Black cattle and horses are
mouth, and studded with beautiful low woodedislands. The  reared on the savannas.
Demerara is 11 miles wide at its entrance into the ocean,   P-roducts, Commerce, cfc.-Suear, rum, coffee, molasses,
and navigable for large vessels 100 miles. The Berbice is 3  and hardwood, form  the principal articles of export. The
miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for large vessels 50  exports for 1849 amounted to 674,9121., and the imports ta
miles, and for smaller craft 200 miles. The Corentyn is 10  658,1401.; the former showing a considerable decrease on
miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for vessels drawing  preceding years. In 1852, the imports amounted to 978,0001.,
10 feet for 40 miles. In 50 15i N. lat. it has a width of 1230  and the exports to 965,0001. Cotton was also cultivated
yards, and an average rise of the tide of 6 feet. The phono- formerly to a great extent, especially in Demerara, but is
mona of the bore occurs in this river, rising from 3 to 5  now nearly extinct, in consequence of the paucity of labor.
feet. The upper courses of the three great rivers of British  The cultivation of coffee has likewise shrunk greatly of late
Guiana are much obstructed by cataracts and rapids, and  years-the exports having fatllen fi-om 4,500,000 pounds to
are believed to have their sources near each other, in the  100,000 pounds.,' The exports of sugar in 1850 comprised
same great range. Sir It. H. Shomburgk remarks, "if Bri- 3735 hogsheads; in 1851, 43.034 hogsheads; and in 1852,
tish Guiana was not blessed with such abundant fruitful-  55,700 hogsheads.  A large increase in the tonnage and shipness, its extensive inland navigation alone would render it ping of the colony, and in the internal traffic, has taken
of vast importance."                                       place since 1844, including a brisk trade in cattle from the
Curiosities.-In addition to the pyramidal rocks described  Orinoco.
under the head of geology, British Guiana abounds in nu-    Government.-British Guiana has no legislative assembly
merous cascades, among which is one from 300 to 400 feet or executive council, but a court of policy, consisting of five
high, in about 40 N. lat., and 610 W. ion., near the foot of  official members-namely, the governor, the chief-justice,
Mount Mampang. Of the Kamaiba, the largest of these cata- the attorney-general, the collector of customsi, the governracts, Schomburgk says: "I can ill describe the magnificent ment secretary, and five non-official members. The expenappearance of these mountains, (the Roraima,) with their  diture of the colony, in 1852, amounted to $782,000, and the
thundering cataracts, precipitating themselves from a height revenue to $802,000.
of from 1400 to 1500 feet, which are especially grand when    Churches.-In 1852 there were 43 churches in British
swollen by rains." In the same vicinity is an urn-shaped rock, Guiana, with 4866 communicants, and sittings for 14,741.
466 feet high, and in its widest part 381 feet broad, standing  With all of these were connected day-schools and Sundayon abase 3135 feet above the neighboring village. Near Maura  schools. The total number of day-schools ini the colony was
are vast granite boulders, said to be firom 300 to400 feet high. 150; total number of children between the ages of 5 and 15s
Purumami6 Imeru Falls, on the Parima River. descend in  23,711; number attending school, 10,577; average attendtwo perpendicular pitches of 75 feet. King William IV. Cata- ance, 7616.
ract, in the Essequibo, though not very high, is of singular    lnlsabitasts.-The population of British Guiana is conwildness and beauty. The cataract of Onoro has a fall of  posed of aboriginal tribes, and of foreign settles-s-Dutch,
799




GUI                                                         GUI
English, Europeans, Africans, and their descendants. The  with granitic sand, are also fertile; and the whole country
principal tribes of the aborigines, now greatly reduced in  is exceedingly well watered-the principal streams being
numbers, are —the Arrawaks, Accawai, Carabisce, Warrows  the Mana, Sinamari, Ouya, and Apronaque.
or Warraus, Macusies, and Wapisianas; the last are tall,    Commerce.-French Guiana exported to the United States
fine-looking men, with regular features, and large' noses. in 1851-2, products valued at $32,422, and in 1852-3, $17,717.
The Arrawaks, living within the immediate vicinity of the  Imports from  the United States in 1851-2, $64,747; in
plantations, are the most civilized of all the tribes. The  1852-3,.64,335. The exports to France in 1853 amounted
natives of Guiana, according to the missionary Brett, follow  about $4,400,000, and the imports from  that country to
the fate of the Indian generally, when in contact with  about $4,800,000.
civilization, and are rapidly diminishing. Many tribes are    The territory comprises the island of Cayenne, celebrated
extinct, others number less than 100, and the greatest popu- for the pepper bearing that name. On this iSland is situlation given by Brett to any one tribe (the Macusi) is 3000. ated Cayenne, the capital of the colony. The colony is diAccording to the same authority, in Georgetown may be  vided into two districts, Cayenne and Sinnamari, and 14
seen men, women, and children of every shade of color, communes or townships. The government is vested in a
from  Europe, Asia, and Africa,-the English planter, the  governor, assisted by a privy council, and colonial council
Portuguese pedlar, the Hindoo coolie, the freed negro, and  of 16 members, elected by the colonists.
the native redman. The population, according to the census    The French first settled in Cayenne in the year 1604.. In
of 1851, was 127,695, of which the greater part were negroes, 1763, the French government with the view of improving
who constitute the laboring class. There were also sup- and otherwise increasing the importance of the colony, sent
posed to be about 7000 aborigines that were not included  out 12,000 emigrants; but no arrangements having been
in the census returns. These, with 445 sailoes, and 854  madefor their reception, or subsequent disposal, they nearly
troops would make the total population at that date 135,994. all perished from  exposure to the climate, which was then
Since then there has been a considerable increase by the ar- extremely insalubrious. In 1809, the colony -was captured
rival of immigrants from  China, India, Africa, and the  by the united forces of the British and Portuguese, and
island of MIadeira.                                         restored to France at the peace of Paris in 1814. In the
Divisions and Towns.-There are three counties in British  early part of 1852, a large number of political offenders
Guiana, viz. Demerara, (with more than three-fifths of the  were transported from the mother country to French Guiana.
population,) Essequibo, and Berbice. The principal towns  Pop. in 1846, 19,795, showing a considerable decrease since
are Georgetown, pop. 25,508; New Amsterdam, pop. 5000; 1816.
Berbice, and Demerara.                                        GUIANECO (ghe-A-n~ko) ISLANDS, a group off the W.
History.-Guiana is said by some to have been discovered  coast of Patagonia, immediately N. of Wellingtdn Island.
by Columbus, on his third voyage, in 1498; others attrilbute  the principal being Wager and Byron Islands.
the discovery to Vasco Nuflez, in 1504. The first settlement    GUIBAI{RA, ghe-bortr$, a small river of Ireland, flowing
was formed by the Dutch, in 1580, on the river Pomeroon,  into an inlet of the Atlantic, between the bays of Rosmore
and called New Zealand, whence they spread E. to the Es- and Trawenagh, after a S.S.W. course of 13 miles.
sequibo and Demerara. In 1781, the colony was taken by    GUICIIE, gheesh, a village of France, department of
Sir George Rodney; but it was restored to the Dutch in'Basses-Pyrlnles, on the Bidouze, 14 miles E. of Bayonne.
1783. In 1796 it surrendered to the British, and was again  Pop. 1700.
restored to the Dutch, by the peace of Amiens, in 1801. It    GUICHE, LA, 1] gheesh, a village of France, in SaOne-etwas again taken by the British, on the breaking out of the  Loire, 10 miles N.E. of Charolles.  Pop. 944.
war in 1803, and has since remained in their possession.    GUICHEN, ghee'sh8NGc, a village of France, department
On the 3d of August, 1834, slavery was abolished in Guiana,  of Ille-et-Vilaine, 12 miles S.S.W. of RIennes.  Pop. 3696.
but the apprenticeship system was in force till 1838, when    GUICLAN, gheekllNa/, a village of France, department of
the liberation of the negroes became complete.              Finistre, 6 miles W.S.W. of Morlaix. Pop. 3549. It has
GUIANA, DUTCH, or SURINAM, soo-re-nAm!  or soo-re- some linen manufactures, and 6 annual fairs.
nmtml, a Dutch colony in South America, situated between    GUICOWAR'S, gwiklo-warz', written also GYKWAR'S,
English and French Guiana, having the former on the E., ghiklwarz (?) or BABODA DOMINION, a state of Hindostan,
and the latter on the W.; between lat. 10 30' and 60 N., ic its W. portion, subsidiary to the British, and subordinate
and lon. 530 30' and 570 30' W. Its coast line extends  to the presidency of Bombay, consisting of most part of the
from the river Corentyn to the river Maroni. The length  peninsula and of some other detached portions of the proof the territory, fromnt N. to S., is 300 miles; breadth, at vince of Guzerat; the whole lying between lat. 200 40" and
the widest part, about 280 miles; but does not, gene- 24C N., and Ion. 690 and 740 E. It is one of the richest
rally, exceed 225 or 230 miles. Area, about 60,000 square  parts of India. A treaty was first entered into between the
miles.  The generml aspect of the country is the same  Peishwa and-the British in 1780, and in 1817 the Guicowith that of British Guiana above described —fiat and  war's dominions were enlarged in consequence of the Peishswampy on the coast, and mountainous in the interior;  wa's cession of his previous rights to Guzerat. In 1829, his
well watered by numerous streams, flowing generally from  tribute to the British was fixed at eight lacs of rupees
S. to N., and of which the Surinam, and its affluents, the  (80,0001.) annually.  Baroda is the capital and the seat of
Saramacca with its affluents, and the Coppename, are the  the British resident, who conducts all the foreign relations
chief. It has also a similarly warm, moist climate, is very  of the state. Pop. 325,526.
fertile, and well cultivated, resembling an extensive gtar-    GUIDAKAR,   ghe-dl-kal, a village of West Africa, in
den, and yields similar products. The principal exports.sallo, on the Senegal; lat. 160 27' N., ion. 150 43' W.
are coffee, cotton, molasses, sugar, and rum. Sugar was    GUIDEL, ghee'd6ll, a village of France, department of
exported in 1849 to the value of 2,764,8721.; molasses to  Morbihan, 6 miles W.N.W. of Lorient.  Pop. 3895.
87,2921.; cotton to 74,132; coffee to 61,3011.; and rum  to   CGUIDIZZOLO, gwee-dit/so-lo, a town of Austrian italy,
9,408. The imports for the same year amounted 165,4181. province, and 15 miles N.W. by N. of Mantuna.  Pop. 2238.
The imports from the United States in 1853 amounted to    GUIENNE or GUYENNE, ghee'6nnf, an old province in
$108,389, and the exports to the same country to.130,6811.   the S.W. of France, lying N. of Gascony, from which it was
The Dutch government have recently emancipated their partly separated by the Garonne.  It is now distributed
slaves in this territory; but instead of compensation to the  chiefly among the departments of Gironde, Dordogne, Lotproprietors, the slaves remain indentured laborers for pe- et-Garonne, Lot, Aveyron, and Tarn-et-Garonne.  After
riod of 12 years, and work without pay. On theright bank  having been possessed by the English during three cenof the Surinam River, and about 10 miles from its mouth, turies, this country was united to France by Charles YII.,
is situated the capital of the settlement, Paramaribo; a little  in 1453. Its capital was Bordeuax. GUIENNE is supposed to
N. from which is the fort of Zeelandia, where the governor  be a Corruption of.Aquitania, the name given to this couuresides, and where, also, most of the government establish-  try in the time of the ancient Romans. In the early peucents are situated. The population amounts to upwards  riods of the French monarchy it was called.Aquitaine.
of 60,000, of which between 6000 and 7000 are whites, and    GUIERS, ghee'aiR, a small river, forming part of the
about 53.000 or 54,000 negroes. The government is vested  boundary between France and Sardinia, joins the Rhone
in a governor-general and council,                          near St. Didier.
GUIANA, FRENCI-I, (Fr. Guyane-i-ranFaise, ghee'?n!-   GUIJAR or GUIXAR, ghe-HaiV, a lake of Central Amefrln'scsz/,) a French colony in South America, the most E. rica, in San Salvador.' It receives the Mitlan, and disdivision of Guiana, its coast line extending from the river  charges its surplus water by the Lemnpa into the Pacific,
iMaroni, on the W., to the river Oyapok on the E., which  It is about 60 miles in circumference, and in the middle is a
separates it fi-om Brazil, a distance in a straight line of about large island, abounding in game, and containing the ruins
200 miles; between lat. 20 and 60 N., and lon. 490 38' and 540  of a considerable town.
38' W. The greatest length of the colony, from N. to S., is    GUIL'DEN-MORIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Camabout 280 miles; its greatest breadth about 220 miles. Area, bridge.
27,560 square miles. This territory also resembles that of    GUILIDEN-SUTITON, a parish of England, co. of Chester,
British Guiana, in its physical features, climate, and vote-   GUILIDERLAND, a post-township of Albany, co., New
table productions, with the addition, in the latter case, of  York, 9 miles W. by N. of Albany. It is intersected by the.
pepper, cloves, cinnanmon, nutmeg, &c. The coast is low, con- route of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad. Pop. 3279.
sisting of a fiat alluvial tract. of great fertility, in some places    GUILDERLAND CENTRE, a post-office of Albany co.)
marshy, and covered with thick forests of mangroves.  The  New York.
nighlands, in the interior-the soil consisting of clay, mixed    GUILDFORD, ghillford, a parliamentary and municipal bo800




GUI                                                        GUI
rough and market-town of England, capital of the co. of Sur-   GUILLOTIERE, LA, IA ghee'yo'te-aiR, a town of France,
rey, on the navigable river Wey, here crossed by a bridge of on the Rhone, opposite Lyons. Pop. 30,000. See LYON.
five arches, and on the South-western Railway, 17 miles S.W.   GUILMI, gwillmee or gweellmee, a village of Naples, proof London. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1852, 6740. vince of Abruzzo Citra, 14 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 2054.
It is pleasantly situated on a steep declivity, in a break    GUILOOM, ghee'loomn, a river of Senegambia, joins the
of the Surrey downs, consisting chiefly of one long and  Senegal, about 30 miles below Kaheide, after a course of
handsome street. It has a modern and 2 ancient parish  between 80 and 90 miles.
churches, a royal grammar school, chartered by Edward    GUILSIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of NorthVI., a blue-coat school, a handsome hospital, with chapel, ampton.
for the poor, founded in the reign of James I., and minor   GUILSIFIELD, a parish of North Wales, co. ofl Montgomery.
charities, an elegant county-hall, a guildhall, and conspi-   GUIMAR, ghe-maR/, a Spanish town on the S.E. coast of
cuous remains of a castle, which was a residence of several Teneriffe, Canary Islands. Pop. 3042.
Saxon and Norman sovereigns. Guildford has a consider-   GUIMARAENS, ghe-mg-rNiNs, written also GUIMAable traffic by the Wey in corn, malt, and coals; and it is  IAES, a fortified town of Portugal, province of Minho, 12
the emporium of an extensive rural district. It sends 2  miles S.E. of Braga. Pop. 6000. It has a handsome colmembers to the House of Commons. It gives the title of legiate church, numerous other religious buildings, and
earl to the North family,                                 hospitals, manufactures of hardwares, and an active trade
GUILD/FORD, a town of West Australia, on the Swan  in dried plums.
River, 7 miles N.E. of Perth.                               GUIMARAENS, ghe-ma-rS/Ns, a town of Brazil, proGUILDIIALL, a post-township, capital of Essex co., Ver- vince, and 45 miles N.W. of Maranhlio, on the Bay of Cuma.
mont, on the WV. side of the Connecticut, which is here cross- Pop. 2000.
ed by two bridges, about 60 miles N.E. of Molqntpelier, It con-   GUIMARAENS, a village of Brazil, province of Mattotains, besides the county buildings, several churches, and a  Grosso, 40 miles N.E. of Cuyaba.
flourishing academy. Pop. 501.                              GUIM4RAS, ghe-m/rds, one of the Philippine Islands.
GUILDIIHALL FALLS, a village in Guildhall township,   GUINE. SeeGoUINEA.
Essex co., Vermont, on the W. side of the Connecticut, about   GUINEA, ghin/nee, (Fr. Guinfe, ghee'nI; Port. Cuing,
60 miles N.E ofMontpelier.                                ghe-nA; Sp. Guinea, ghe-n/iA,) a geographical division of West
GUILtFORD, a county in the N.W. central part of North  Africa, comprising the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from Cape
Carolina, has an area of about 600 square miles. The Deep  Negro, lat. 150 45' S., to Cape Verga, lat. 100 18' N.  It is
River, a branch of the Cape Fear, rises in the W. part of the  divided into Upper or North Guinea, and Lower or South
county. The N. part is drained by the Reedy Fork of Ilaw  Guinea.
River.  The surface is undulating, and diversified with    North Guinea extending from lat. 100 18' N. to lat. 10 S.,
forests of fine timber; the soil is generally fertile, well and between ion. 140 30' W., and 100 E., is bounded by
watered, and extensively cultivated. In 1850 this county  Senegambia and Soodan on the N. and N.E., the Atlantic
produced 884,286 bushels of corn, and 214,682 of oats, each  on the W. and S.W., and Southern Guinea on the S.E. The
the greatest quantity produced by any county in the state. coasts are in general low, humid, and unhealthy, but very
The Central Railroad of North Carolina is in course of fertile. The Kong Mountains, of which but little is known,
construction through the county.  Guilford is the most are believed to extend from E. to W. along the N. boundary.
populous county in the state, excepting Wake. Organized  Principal rivers, the Niger or Quorra, the delta of which is
in 1770, and named in compliment to the Earl of Guilford, on the Calabar coast, the Volta and Assinie. The S. and W.
an ancient British statesman.  Capital, Greensborough. coasts are watered by numerous small streams. The chief
Pop. 19,754; of whom 16,568 were free, and 3186 slaves.   products of the couiftry consist in gold dust, indigo, pepper,
GUILFORD, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, 70  cotton, and the sugar cane. The forests contain vast nummiles N.N.E. of Augusta, on the N. side of Piscataquis  hers of elephants, lions, tigers, rhinoceroses, and enormous
River. Pop. 834.                                          serpents. The coasts from N. to S. are called Liberia, Grain
GUILFORD, a post-village and township of.Windham co., coast, Ivory coast, Gold coast, Slave coast, and the Calabar
Vermont, 130 miles S. of Montpelier, possesses good mill coast. The interior is divided into numerous native states,
privileges, and has some manufactures. Pop. 1389.         the chief of which are the kingdoms of Ashantee, Dahomey,
GUILFORD, a beautiful post-borough and township of and Benin. Fetishism is the prevailing superstition. The
New Haven co., Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, and  principal European settlements are Accra, Cape Coast Cason the New Haven and New London Railroad,.16 miles E. tie, Dixcove, Elmina, and Sierra Leone. On the S.W. coast
by S. of New Haven. In the centre of the borough is a fine is the American settlement of Liberia.
square, ornamented with shade-trees. Fronting it are the    South Guinea extends from lat. 10 to let. 15~ 45' S., and
churches, 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and  Ion. 80 50' to 180 E. It. is bounded on the E. by elevated
1 Baptist, the principal stores, and a hotel. About $40,000  mountains, covered with forests. The chief rivers are the
have been appropriated towards establishing a school of a  Congo and Coanza. The mountains are said to contain iron
high character. The building, a fine stone edifice, has been4 and copper. Vegetation is rich, and wild animals are nuerected during the present season. The Point, about a mile merous. The principal states of South Guinea are Loango,
S. of the village, is much resorted toin the summer months Congo, Angola, and Benguela. This countrywas discovered
as a watering-place. Guilford is the birth-place and present by the Portuguese in 1487, and they have retained nominal
residence of Fitz-Greene Halleck, one of our most eminent possession of the southern districts. Their chief foreign
American poets.  Pop. of the borough, about 1500; of the  trade is in the supply of slaves for Brazil.
township, 2653.                                             GUINEA COMIPANY, a town or collection of villages, in
GUILFORID, a post-village and township of Chenango co., Western Africa, on the old Calnbar River, near lat. 60 30' N.,
New York, about 100 miles W. by S. of Albany. The village Ion. 80 30' E. Pop. 5000.
contains 2 or 3 churches, and several stores. Pop. of the    GUINEA COMPANY, LITTLE, a town 5 miles N. of the
township, 2600.                                           above.
GUILFORD, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylvania.   GUINEA, NEW, an island of the Pacific. See PAPUA.
Pop. 3471.                                                  GUINEATOWN, ghintne-tiwn, a village of Salem  co.,
GUILFORD, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia.       New Jersey, 5 miles E. of Salem.
GUILFORD, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 70 miles   GUINif]E. See GUINrEA.
S.E. of Cleveland.                                          GUINES, gheen, a village of France, department of PasGUILFORD, a post-township in the S. part of Medina co., de-Calas, in a marshy plain, 57 miles S. of Calais. Pop. 4134.
Ohio. Pop. 1800.                                          The Canal of Guines connects the village with Calais at
GUILFORD, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana. It is St. Orme.
the first station on the railroad from Lawrenceburg to In-   GUINES, (Gii'nes,) gweefnis, almost weenis, a thriving
dianapolis.                                               town of Cuba, capital of a jurisdiction of its own name, at
GUILFORD, atownship in Hendricks co., Indiana. P.1104. the S.W. terminus of the Havana and Giiines Railroad, 46
GUILFORD, a village of Calhoun co., Illinois, on the W. miles fiom Havana. Pop. in 1854, 4000.
bank of Illinois River, about 90 miles S.W. of Springfield.  GUINIEY'S. a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.
GUILFORD, a township in the E. part of Winnebago co.,   GUINGAMP, gheen'g8NlG, a town of France, department
Illinois. Pop. 917.                                       of C0tes-du-Nord, 18 miles W.N.W. of St Brieuc. It has a
GUILFORD CENTRE, a post-village in Windham co., church, with two high towers, a communal college, and mannConnecticut, 120 miles S. of Montpelier.                  factures of ginghams, linen fabrics, and threads. Pop., in
GUILFORD CENTRE, a post-village of Chenango co., New  1852, 7156.
York, about 100 miles W. by S. of Albany.                   GUINNEN, gheen'nNaGP, a vilIage of France, department
GUILLAC, ghee'y~k! or gheel'yAkl, a village of France, ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 16 miles S..W. of Rennes. Pop. 2730.
department oftMorbihan, 3 miles W.S.W. of Ploermel. Pop.   GUIONA, (ghe-olng) MOUNT, the loftiest mountain of
1520.                                                     Gireece, near its N. frontier. Let. 380 38' 10" N., ion. 220 10
GUILLAUMIES, ghee'yim! or gheel'yml, a town of North  24" E. Height above the sea 8240 feet.
Italy, province, and 33 miles N.W. of Nice, on the right   GUIIONSVILLE, a post-office of Dearborn co., Indiana.
bank of the Var. Pop. 1357.                                 GUIPAVAS, gheespvliv&, a village of France, department
GUILLESTRE, ghee'ylst'rf, avillage of France, department of Finistbre, 6 miles N.E. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 6047.
of Hautes-Alpes, on the Gull, 10 miles N.E. of Embrun. It    GUIPEL, ghee'p611, a village of France, department of lkIwas a station for English prisoners during the last war.  et-YVilaine, 12 miles S.S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 1458.
IA                                                                           801




GUI                                                         GUL
GUIP11Y, gheeypree, a village of France, department of  a wide bay of the Mediterranean, washing most of (the S,
Ille-et-Vilaine, 17 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 3272.         coast of France. The coast is very much diversified, but
GUIPUZCOA, ghe-poosfko-A, (Sp. pron. ghe-pooth'ko-A,) or  along some parts are extensive lagoons and low islands. It
GUIPUSCOA, the smallest province of Spain, situated in the  receives the R.hone, Orbe, Aude, and Tet Rivers. On it are
N.E., bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay, and E. by France.  the towns of Marseilles, Cette, and Port Vendres.
Area, 891 square miles. Pop. 141,752.  Surface traversed by    GULF OF MEXICO, a large indentation on the E. coast of
offsets of the Pyrenees. The chief rivers are the ]eva, Oria,  North America, washing the shores of Mexico and the United
and Urumea. The climate is mild and healthy. The chief  States; measuring about 1000 miles from E. to W., and 800
source of revenue is extensive iron mines. Capital, Tolosa. miles from N. to S.; estimated area, 800,000 square miles. It
As a border province, it has been the theatre of numerous  is partly formed by the Peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan,
wars, and from  time immemorial has been defended by  nearly in a line between which lies the Island of Cuba, leavfortresses, the chief of which are San Telmo de Higuer, uing a communication on its N. with the Atlantic, through
Santa Isabella de Pasages, Santa Cruz de la Mote, Fuenter- the Florida Channel, and on its S. with the Caribbean Sea,
rabia, and San SebaStian.                                   through the Channel of Yucatan. It receives a number
GUIRIA, ghee're-A, a maritime village of South America, of important rivers, the principal of which are the Missisin Venezuela, department of Orinoco, 135 miles E. of Cumana,  sippi and the Rio Grande. The gulf is free from banks, and
on the Gulf of Parla. In the years 1841-42, 480 vessels, contains only a few small rocky islands on the coasts of
aggregate burden 3314 tons, entered; and 481 vessels, bur- Yucatan, with the Florida Reef near its E. extremity. The
den, 3019 tons, cleared of its port. Total value of imports  shores are low, and generally lined with fiat sandy islands,
and exports, 23,9201.                                       not far from the land, and numerous lagoons. There are few
GUISBOROUGI or GISBOROUGH, ghizlbfsr-reh, a mar- harbours; and the rivers which fall into it are obstructed by
ket-town and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, bars at their mouth, which render them all, except the MIs5 miles from the North Sea, and 40 miles N. of York. Pop. sissippi, nearly inaccessible for vessels of large draught. A
of town, 1776. It lies at the foot of the Cleveland Hills, has  current of water, entering the gulf from the Caribbean Sea,
a town-hall, a branch bank, the ruins of a priory founded in  is soon divided into two portions, the one running E., along
1129, a grammar school, and a poor's hospital. The first the coast of Cuba, the other W., in a curved line, through the
alum-works in England were established here about the  middle of the gulf, round towards the Florida Channel, where
year 1600.                                                  it meets the other current, and the two united form the
GUISCARD, ghees'karJ, a village of France, department  Gulf Stream. The temperature of the Gulf of Mexico is
of Oise, 19 miles N.N.E. of Compifgne, with a remarkable  860 in summer, or 60 higher than that of the ocean in
castle. Pop. 1650.                                          the same parallel. At high tide the Pacific rises several
GUISCRIFF, ghees'kreeff, a village of France, department feet above the level of the gulf, and at low water it falls as
of Morbihan, 27 miles W. of Pontivy  Pop. 3570.             far below it.
GUISE, gweez or gheez,* a town of France, department of    GULF OF ONEGA, (o-nAgi,) the southernmost portion of
Aisne, on the Oise, 13 miles N.W. of Vervins. Pop. in 1852, the White Sea, mostly between lat. 630 50' and 650 N., ion.
4060. It has a castle, and manufactures of cotton thread  340 30' and 380 E. Length, and greatest breadth, about 90
and woollen cloths.            -                            miles. At its mouth is the island of Solovetskol.
GUISELEY, ghzzllee, a parish ofEngland, co. of York,   GULF OF PANAMA, (pA-nD-mN), an inlet of the Pacific
West Riding.                                                Ocean, in New Granada, on the S. side of the Isthmus of
GUISONA, ghe-sofn3, (anc. Cislsa?) a town of Spain, in  Panama, between lat. 70 and 90 N., and ion. 780 and 80~ 251'
Catalonia, 30 miles N.E. of Lerida. Pop, 1550.              W. Length and breadth at the entrance, about 120 miles
GUISSENY, ghees'seh-neet, a village of France, depart- each. Its W. part is called the Gulf of Parita; on its E.
ment of Finistere, 17 miles N.N.E. of Brest. Pop. 3102.     side is the Gulf of St. Miguel. The Gulf of Panama contains
GUIST, ghist, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       the Pearl Islands, (Archipelago de las Perlas,) so named
GUITIVIS, ghte-teveest, or SANTA CRUZ DE MAYO, from an important pearl fishery formerly carried on there,
snultd kroos dA milo, a seaport of the Mexican Confederation,  but which has greatly declined.
State of Sonora, at the mouth of the Mayo in the Gulf ot    GULF OF PARIA, (pure-I,) in South America, Venezuela,
Ca!ifornia, 120 miles S.E. of Guaymas.                     is an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, between the island of TriniGUITRE, gheet'r, a market-town of France, department  dad and the mainland, and lat. 100 and 100 40' N., ion. 620
of Gironde, on the Isle, 10 miles N.N.E. of Libourne. P. 1270. W. Length,100miles. Its S. entrasnce,calledthe "serpent's
GUIXAR, a lake of Central America. See GUIArt.           mouth," is 9 miles across; its N., or the "ddragon's mouth,"
GUJAN, git'zh8Nll, a village of France, department of is 13 miles in width, and contains several islands. It receives
Gironde, with a small port, 28 miles S.W. of Bordeaux. several arms of the Orinoco.
Pop. 1388.                                                    GULF OF PATRAS, (p/-trass!,) an inlet of the Ionian Sea,
GUJERAT, a province of Iindostan. See GUZERAT.           in the Mediterranean, between the Morea and West Ilellas,
GUJUNDERGIIUR, goo-jin'der-g0.rl, a hill-fort of British  Greece. Length, 22 miles, greatest breadth, 13 miles. It
India, presidency of Bombay, district, and 66 miles E.N.E. leads into the Corinthian Gulf by the Strait of Lepanto.
of Darwar.                                                    GULF OF PENAS, (pOnulys,) on the W. coast of Patagonia.
GUJURU-WALLA,  goo-joolroo-w9liii,  or  GURZERA- Lat. 470 30t S., Ion. 750 W. In it are the Guaianeco Islands.
WALE, a town of the Punjab, 22 miles S. of Amritseer, and    GULF OF PEREKOP, (phrLe-kopl,) an inlet of the Sea of
the original residence of the family of Runjeet Sing, whose  Azof, on the N.W. side of the Crimea. Its shores are very
parents are interred here. It has a large fort, enclosing  much indented. Length, 70 miles. The Isthmus of Peresome fine gardens and ornamental buildings.                kop, which separates it from the Gulf of Sivash, and conGULANE (or GOOLANE)-NESS, goo-lAn-nlssf, a promon- nects the Crimea with the mainland of South Russia, is 20
tory of Scotland, co. of Haddington, at the entrance of the  miles long, and 15 miles across.
Frith of Forth. The ancient village of Gulane has 273 in-   GULF OF RIGA, rcee'g, or LIVONIA, le-volne-A, an inlet
habitants.                                                 of the Baltic Sea, in Russia, between the governments of
G ULDBRANDSDAL, gooldfbrunds-dll, a valley ofNorway,  Livonia and Courland. It extends from lat. 570 to 58~ 30' N.,
bailiwick of Christian.  It commences at Lillehammer, and from  ion. 220 to 240 20' E. Length from N. to S., 100
where the Lougant falls into the Lake of Mibsen, and con- miles, breadth, 80 miles. The island of Oesel covers almost
tinues along the course of the stream, to the foot of the  all its entrance. It receives the Diina, Aa, and Fennern
Dovrefield Mountains. Its length is about 168 miles.       Rivers.
GULTDEFOR), a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            GULF OF SALONICA, sg-lo-neefkA, (anc. Therman'icus or
GULDSCIA, a city of China. See EELEE.                     Thermcetlucs Sinus,) an arm of the ]ERean Sea, between the
GULF. For all gulfs not undermentioned see additional  coast of Thessaly and the peninsulas of Chalcidice and Casname.                                                      sandra.  Length, 70 miles, breadth at its entrance, 30 miles.
GULF MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- It receives the Salambria, (anc. Penclues,) Indje-Kara-Soo,(anc.
vania.                                                      Halin&men,) and Vardar (anc. Axius,) Rivers.
GULF OF GEORGIA, (jorlje-a,) an inlet of North-west   GULF OF SAROS, s{ros, an inlet of the gERean Sea, in
America; separating Vancouver Island from the mainland, European Turkey, separated from  the Hellespont by the
in lat. 490 N., lon. 1240 W. Average breadth, 20 miles. It peninsula of Gallipoli. Length, 40 miles, breadth, 20 miles.
communicates with the Pacific on the N. by Queen Charlotte  Near its head are the islets of Saros.
Sound, and on the S.W. by the Strait of Juan de Fuca.         GULF OF SIDIRA, (anc. Syrttis Maitjor,) the principal inlet
GULF OF GUINEA, a gulf formed by the Atlantic Ocean. of the Mediterranean on its African side, between lat. 300
on the coasts of North Guinea, between lat. 60 20' N. and  and 330 N., and ion. 150 and 210 E.
10 S., and Ion. 70 30' W. and 10 E. It forms on the N. and    GULF OF ST. LAWfRENCE, a large inlet of the Atlantic
E. the Bights of Benin and Biafra, which are separated by  Ocean, in North America, between lat. 460 and 500 N., and
the delta of the Quorra or Niger. The principal islands in  lon. 550 and 65 W., surrounded by the British colonial
the gulf are Fernando Po, Prince's Island, St. Thomas, and  territories, Canada East, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, and
Annobon.                                                    Newfoundland. It communicates on the E. with the ocean
GULF OF LYONS, lIonz or lee1$'6N, (anc. Gallicss Sithus,)  by three passages, the northernmost being the Strait of Belleisle, and the soutihernmost the Gut of Canso. Average
The best French speakers are net agreed as te the correct length and breadth, 280 miles each. On its W. side are the
mode of pronouncing this name, but the highest authorities ap- Bays of Chaleur and Miramichi, and the estuary of the St.
lear to incline to the first pronounciation.               Lawrence River. It contains Anticosti, Prince Edward's,
802




GUL                                                        GUN
the Magdalen, and many other islands. Its fisheries are    GUM TREE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
highly important.                                             GUMURJINA, a town of Turkey. See GUscooReEE;NA.
GULF OF TEHUANTEPEC, tA-wn-t&n-pt1k/, a bay of the    GUNABAD, a town of Persia. See GooNABAD.
Pacific Ocean, in Central America, bounded N.W. and N.E.   GUN/BY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln.
by the Mexican state of Oajaca. Lat. 160 N., ion. from 940    GUNDAMUCK, gmn'dd-mtk/, a walled village of Afghan.
to 9501 W. It receives the river Tehuantepec 10 miles S. of  istan, 28 miles W. of Jelalabad. Here the last surviving
the town. See TEHUANTEPEC.                                  portion of the British force, retreating fiom Cabool in 1842,
GULF PRAIRIE, a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas.       and consisting of 100 soldiers and 300 camp-followers, was
GULF STREAM, a remarkable current in the Atlantic  massacred, one man only making his escape.
Ocean, originates in the Gulf of Mexico, passes through the    GUNDAVA, gin-dIvl, a town of Beloochistan, capital of
Strait of Florida, (or Bahama Channel,) runs N. along the  the province of Cutch-Gundava, 115 miles S.E. of Kelat,
shores of that territory to lat. 310 N., then in a N.E. di- and the usual winter residence of the Khm of Kelat.
rection to about lat. 360 N., when it crosses the Atlantic,   GUNDELFINGEN, g6nfdtl-fing'.n, a town of Bavaria,
passes the W. of the Azores, and is lost in the ocean. circle of Swabia, on the Brenz, 27 miles N.W. of Augsburg.
Its entire length, from  its commencement to the W. of  Pop. 2726.
the Azore Islands, is about 3500 miles, traversing in its    GUNDELFINGEN, a village of Baden, 4 miles N.N.E. of
course 20 degrees of latitude, or from  230 to 430 of N. lat. Freiburg. Pop. 612. 
Its mean breadth is about 350 miles; its broadest part   GUNDERSHI AUSEN, g6Snlders-hiiw zen,         a village of Geris between 400 and 600 W. Ion., where it is upwards of  many, in Hesse-Darmstadt, province ofStarkenburg. P. 782.
400 miles broad; its narrowest, in the Strait of Florida    GUNDUCK, gmlUndftk/, (anc. Erannobeoas? or Condechartes
and along the American coast to about lat. 340 N., where  a river of Hindostan, tributary to the Ganges, which it
it does not exceed 60 miles, and is often much nar-  joins opposite Patna, after a S.E. course, as is supposed,
rower. Its comparative mean velocity in the Atlantic is 35  of at least 360 miles. Great numbers of ammonites are
miles in 24 hours. In lat. 260 and 270 N., it was found to  met with in its basin, which, under the name of salgrams,
have a velocity of 80 miles in 24 hours, and at the end of  are greatly venerated by Hindoos.
the Gulf of Florida, in the parallel of Cape Canaveral, 5    GUNDUCK, LITTLE, a river of Hindostan, W. of the
miles an hour. On issuing from the Strait of Florida, it is  foregoing, joins the Goggra after a S. course of 90 miles.
of a dark indigo blue color, and is distinguishable from the    GUNDWANAH or GUNDWANA, gfnd-w  ni, a province
green waters of the Atlantic for many hundred miles. The  of India, comprising the N.E. portion of the Deccan tableGulf Stream opposite to the Northern Atlantic States often  land, between lat. 180 and 250 N. and Ion. 770 301 and 860 E.,
has a temperature far above that of the waters of the sur- divided among the Nagpoor dominion and the S.W. districts
rounding ocean, being sometimes between 70~ and 800  of the Bengal presidency.  Chief town, Nagpoor.
Fahrenheit, even in winter. See GUIF or0 Maxico.              GUNGA. See GANG.s.
GULGULA, gtil-goo/ld, a ruined city of North Afghanistan,    GUNGA BAL, gbn/gfg  b~l, a small lake of Cashmere, on
in the valley, and facing the gigantic figures and excavations  the iaramuck Mountain. Lat. 340 21' N., Ion. 740 39' E.
of Bamian.                                                  The Ilindoos perform pilgrimages to its banks, and throw
GULLEGHEM, gfilleh-ghlm', a village of Belgium, pro- into its waters such fragments of bone as remain unldevince of West Flanders, 2 miles W. of Courtrai. Pop. 3921.  stroyed by the fires in which bodies are consumed.
GULLETTSVILLE, Georgia.  See NEWMARKET.                     GUNIEII, a town of Turkey.  See GooNIEm.
GULtLEY'S STORE, a post-office of Johnson co., North    GUN KEY, a narrow ridge of coral on the western edge
Carolina.                                                   of the Great Bahama Bank.   At a distance of 250 yards
GULL ISLAND, in the Race, at the E. entrance to Long  from its southern point is a light, which revolves once a
Island Sound. The light-house on this island may be con- minute, 55 feet from its base, and 80 feet above the level of
sidered as the key to the sound. It contains a fixed light 50  the sea. Lat. 250 34' 30" N., Ion. 790 18' 24"l W.
feet above the sea. Lat. 410 12' 18" N., lon. 720 6, 45" W.   GUN LAKE, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan.
GULLY, a post-office of Darlington district, South Carolina.   GUN'NAL/LOW, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
GULMAR, a village of Asia Minor. See CHELINDREa.            GUNNUM, g-Un/nttm, an island at the entrance of the
GULMI, goollmee, atown of Nepaul, capital of a rajahship   Persian Gulf, about 4 miles long and 1 mile broad.
138 miles W.N.W. of'Khatmandoo.  Pop. 2500.                   GUNONG-API, an island. See GOONONG-APEE.
GULPEN, gril/pen, (Fr. Galoppe, g&lIopp/,) a village of the    GUNONG-BENKO, goo'nong/blnlko, a mountain of SuNetherlands, province of Limburg, 9 miles E.S.E. of Maes- matra.
tricht. Pop. 1916.                                            GUNONG-DEMPO, gooenong/d m/po, a mountain of SuGUMBINNEN, gidm-bin/nen, a town of East Prussia, 66 matra.
miles E.S.E of Kiuigsberg. Pop. 6580, mostly Protestants.   GUNONG-TELLA, a town of Celebes.  See G00NONG-TELLAA.
It has a gymnasium, two hospitals. apublic library, schools of   GUN  PLAINS, a township of Allegan co., Michigan.
architecture, manufactures ofwoollen cloths, and distilleries. Pop. 587.
GUMBINNEN, a government of Prussia.  Area, 6360    GUN/POWDER, a small river of Maryland, rises near the
square miles. Pop. 614,047.                                northern border, flows south-eastward through Baltimore
GUM/BOROUGH, a post-office of Sussex co., Delaware.       county, and falls into the Chesapeake, between that county
GUM BRANCH, a post-office of Darlington district, South  and Harford. The Little Gunpowder forms the boundary
Carolina.                                                   between those two counties, until it joins the main stream
GUMBUT, gtm'bi~tt, a town of Sinde, 10 miles E. of the  a few miles fsom its mouth.
Indus. Lat. 270 24/ N., lon. 680 23' E. Pop. about 3000.      GUNPOWDER CREEK, of Caldwell co., North Carolina,
GUM  CREEK, a post-office of Dooly co., Georgia.          flows into Catawba River.
GUMIFRESTON, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.            GUNS, (Gtins,) gUniis, (Hun. Kdszegh, kls'slsg,) a royal
GUM GROVE, a post-offic$g of Union co., Kentucky.         friee town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on the Giins
GUMHA, gtmnh1t, a small town of North-west IHindostan,  River, 19 miles S.S.W. of Lake Neusiedl. Pop. in 1845, 8000.
on the S. slope of the Himalayas, in lat. 310 56' N., ion. 760  It is enclosed by walls, and has an ancient castle, a gymna38' E., with a salt mine, yielding an annual revenue of 8001. sium, a Lutheran and 2 Roman Catholic churches. It sucGUM  HILL, a post-office of Tipton co., Tennessee.        cessfully resisted the army of Solyman, in 1532.
GUMIEL DE IZAN, goo-me-6l/ dA e-thin/, a town of Spain,   GUN'S ISLAND, lies off the E. coast of Ireland, in Ulster,
province of Burgos, 40 miles S. of Burgos, enclosed by ancient co. of Down, 25 miles N.E. of Ardglass.
walls. Pop. 1339.                                             GUNSTADT, (Gtinstiidt,) gtinlstltt, a village of Prussia,
GUMIEL DE MERCADO, goo-me-l11 di m8R-kVDo, a town  province of Saxony, 6 miles W. by S. of Erfurt. Pop. 1018.
of Spain, province of Burgos, 6 miles N.W. of Gumiel de    GUNTERSBERGE, (Giintersberge,) gin/ters-b6n'aheh, a
Izan. Pop. 1198.                                           town of Germnany, duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, 18 miles S.W.
GUMISH-KIHANEI.  See GoomisH-KHnAsNEs.                    of Halberstadt.  Pop. 840.
GUM/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.             GUNTERSBLUM,  g65n/tors-bloom, a market-town  of
GUMMERSBACH, g665mmers-baKs, a town of Rhenish  Germany, in  Hesse-Darmtsfadt,  12 miles N. of Worms,
Prussia, 24 miles E. of Cologne.  Pop. 1045.               with a palace and park of the Prince of Lethingen. Pop.
GUMOORJEENA.  GUMURJINA, GHUMOURDJINA,  2592.
gum-ooa-jee/ng, written also GHUMURDJINA, KOMULD-    GUNTERSDORF, g65n/ters-doef\   a town of Austria, 24
SINA, or KEMOULDJINA, a town of European Turkey, in  miles N. by W. of Korneuburg. Pop. 1500.
Room-Elee. near the  -gean Sea, 80 miles S.W. of Adrianople.   GUNTERSHAUSEN, go1n/ters-htw'zen, a village of-HessePop. 8000.(1)                                              Cassel, at the junction of the Friederich-Wilhelm  Railroad
GUMPOLDSKIRCIHEN, gO5m/polts-k55aKxen, a market- with the Frankfort and Cassel Railroad, 10 miles S. by W.
town of Lower Austria, 10 miles S.S.W. of Vienna, on the  of Cassel.
railway to Gratz. Pop. 1500.                                 GUNITERSVIILLE, formerly GUNTER'S LANDING, a
GUM POND, a post-office of Baker co., Georgia.           post-village of Marshall co., Alabama, on the Tennessee
GUMIRI, a town of Armenia. See Gooe.REs.                 River, about 35 miles S.E. of Huntsville.  It is the N. terGUM SPRING, Virginia. See AtcoLA.                        minus of the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, now in course
GUM SPRING, a post-office of Smith co., Texas.           of construction.
GUM  SWAMP, a post-office of Marion district, South    GUNTHERSFELD, gdlntters-fltV, a village of Germany,
Carolina.                                                  principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 24 miles S.E. of
GUM  SWAMP, a post-office of Pulaski co., Georgia.       Gotha.                                        803
o0o




GUN                                                        GUT
GUNTITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          GURUPA, goo-roo-pV], a town of Brazil, province, and 200
GUNITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            miles W. of Pars, on the right bank of the Amazon.
GUNTON, a parish of England. co. of Suffolk.               GUIRUPATUBA, goo-roo-p-toolbd, a river of Brazil, joins
GUNTOOR orGUNTUR, ghn-toorf,district of British India, the Amazon at the town of Montalegre, after a course of
presidency of Madras, bordering upon the ocean, and river about 240 miles.
Kistnah. Area, 4690 square miles. Pop. 519,318.             GUIUPI, goo-roo-pe'el, a river of Brazil, province of Para,
GUNTOOR, the capital of the above district, is 226 miles  enters the Bay of Gurupi (Atlantic) after a N. course estiN. of Madras, in lat. 160 21' N., Ion. 800 31' E.          mated at 250 miles.
GUNTRAMSDORF, gS5nltrlms-dorf', a market-town of   GURUPJI, a town of Brazil, on the W. side of the Gurupi,
Lower Austria, on the Schwichat, and on the Vienna Rail- near its mouth, 55 miles E. of Braganza.
way, 18 miles S. of Vienna. Pop. 1150.                       GURUTUBA, goo-roo-toofbi, a river Of Brazil, joins the
GUN/VILLE-TAR/!ANT, a parish of England, co. Dorset. Rio Verde, an afmtuent 6f the SAo Francisco, after a course of
GUNZBURG, (Giinzburg,) giintslb66aoG, a town of Bavaria, 140 miles.
80 miles WV.N.WV. of Augsburg, on the Danube, here crossed    GURWAL, a province of India. See GUoHWAL.
by a bridge, andjoined by the Giinz. Pop. 3103. It is walled,   GUSPINI, goos-peetnee, a village of the Island of Sardinia,
and has a fine castle, a grammar-school, and an English  34 miles N.W. of Cagliari, with 3800 inhabitants, and some
ladies' seminary.                                          argentiferous lead-mines.
GUNZBURG, (Gtinzburg,) OBER,, a village of Bavaria, 42    GUS!SAGE ALL SAINTS, parish of England, co. Dorset.
miles S.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1334.                         GUSSAGE ST. MICHAEL, parish of England, co. Dorset.
GUNZENHAUSEN, (Giinzenhausen,) giintstpn-hhw'zpn, a    GUSSAGO, goos-sfgo, a village of Lombardy, delegation,
town of Bavaria, on the Altmiihl, and on the Royal Bava- and 5 miles N.N.W. of Brescia.
rian Railway, 37 miles S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 2605.       GUSSBACI, gO5stbha, a village of Bavaria, circle of Upper
GURA, goolra, a town of Africa, in Upper Guinea, on the  Franconia, N. of Bamberg. Pop. 600.
Gura River; 75 miles W.N.W. of Cape Coast Castle.            GUSSENSTADT, g66s/senstitt', a village of Wiirtemberg,
GURAGE or GURAGUE, goo-rf/gA, written also GURA- circle of Jaxt, S.W. of Heidenhein. Pop. 960.
GIE, a country of North-east Africa, in Abyssinia, S. of    GUSSING, gooslsing', or NEMETII-UJVAR, nianlt/-oo-eShod, to which it is tributary, in lat. about 80 N., ion. 390 E. vatRI, a town of Hungary, co. of Eisenberg. Pop. 3000.
It contains the large lake Zooai.                            GUSSNITZ, a town of Bohemia. See lussINErz.
GURDAN DEWAR, grir-d~n! dA-waz/, a village of Afghan-   GUSSOLA, goosfso-l, a village of Austrian Italy, province,
istan, near the source of the Helmund, in lat. 33~32' N., ion. and 18 miles E.S.E. of Cremona. It once stood close to the
690 12' E. Elevation, 10,076 feet.                        Po, but the collection of alluvium caused a change of chanGURDAU, goot/dlw, or KURDAU, kooaRjdw, a village of  nel in 1702. Pop. 3523.
Moravia, circle of Briinn. Pop. 970.                        GUSTAVIA, goos-t&ve-A, the capital town of the Swedish
GURDON or GARUDUN, Thibet. See GAROO.                   island of St. Bartholomew, West Indies, on its S.W. coast,
GURDSCIY, goordlshee' or gtird/shee, a village of West with a good harbor, 800 houses, and 10,000 inhabitants.
Asia, khanat, and 65 miles N.N.E. of KIhiva, near the Oxus.   GUSTAIVUS, a small post-village of Greene co., Tennessee.
It is supposed to have been founded in the last century, and    GUSTAVUS, a post-township near the N.E. extremity of
is now inhabited by 0ozbeks, Uigurs, and Sarts.            Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1226.
GUREIN, gootrine, (Moravian, Kurzin, koor/zeen,) a town    GUSTEN, goosfttn, a town of Germany, in the former
of Moravia, circle, and 9 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 1003.  duchy of Anhalt-Kithen, 5 miles W. of Bernburg. P. 1665.
GURGAN. See GOaORGAUN.                                    GUSITINE, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.
GURGUEA, gooa-g]Af, a river of Brazil, joins the Parna-   GUSITON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
hiba after a comurse of about 190 miles, during which it forms    GUSTROW, (Giistrow,) giisftrov, a town of North GerLake Pernagua.                                             many, capital of the duchy of Mecklenberg-Schwerin, on
GUIRHWAL, GURWAL, giRL-wgll, or GARHIWAL, gait- the Nebel, and on a branch railway communicating with the
w&F, a province of North Hindostan, tributary to the British,  Schwerin' and Rostock Railway, 34 miles E.N.E. of Schwerin.
between lat. 300 and 320 N., and ion. 770 and 800 E., consist- Pop. 9000. It is enclosed by walls. The principal buildings
ing of the S.W. slope of the Himalaya Mountains.  Esti- are a cathedral, an ancient castle, now a work-house, a
mated area, 9000 square miles. Chief town, Serinagur.      house of correction, and the governor's house. It has conGURIA or GURIEL.  See GooRIEL.                          siderable commercial importance, and from 50 to 60 factories
GURIEV, a town of Russia. See Gooeezv.                   of various kinds, comprising many breweries and distilleries.
GURK, goork, the name of two rivers of Illyria, one join-   GUTENBERG, goolten-bUrcG', and GUTENBRUNN, gooling the Drave 10 miles E. of Klagenfurth, after a course of 65  ten-br06nn', two small villages of Germany, dominions of
miles; and the other joining the Save 22 miles N.E. of Neu- Wiirtemberg and Austria.
stadtl, after a course of 50 miles.                          GUTENHOF, gooeten-hofe, a station on the railway in
GURK, a village of Illyria, on a river of the same name, Lower Austria, between Vienna and Briick.
49 miles N. of Laybach.                                      GUTENSTEIN, goolten-stine', a village of Austria, CarinGURKFELD, gooaklf~lt, or KERSKO, kla/sko, (anc. Novio- this, 32 miles E.S.E. of Klagenfurth. Pop. 1200.
dununa P) a town of Illyria, on the Save, 18 miles N.E. of    GUTENSTEIN, goolten-stine', a village of Lower Austria,
Neustadtl. Pop. 800.                                       32 miles S.S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 500.
GURLAN, gfrqrln1 or g65r-lin1,'a walled town of West   GUTENTAG, gooeten-tc', or GUTTENTAG, g6btlten-te',\
Asia, khanat, and 36 miles N.N.E. of Khiva, on the canal a town of Prussian Silesia, E. of Oppeln. Pop. 2300.
let off from the Oxus (Amoo.) It is surrounded by dilapi-   GUTERSLOHE or GUTERSLOH, (Giitersloh,) giitftrs-l16,
dated walls.                                              a town ofPrussia, Westphalia, 35 miles S.W. ofMinden. Pop.
GUR/LEYVILLE, a post-village of Tolland co., Connecti- 4000.
cut, on a tributary of the Willimantic, about 25 miles E. by    GUTHRIE, gtithlree, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfa,,
N. of Hartford. It contains 1 or 2 churches, and factories with a hamlet, 9 miles N.N.W. of Arbroath. The ancient
for making sewing silk. Pop. about 400.                    castle is still entire.
GUR, LOUGH, 18h gtir, a lake of Ireland, in MIunster, co.,   GUTHRIE, gilth/ree, a new county in the S.W. central part
and 10 miles E.S.E. of Limerick. It is about 4 miles in cir- of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by
cuniference, and contains on its shores some of the most Middle River, an affluent of the Des Mloines. This county
striking Druidical remains in the kingdom.                is not included in the census of 1850. The population is
GURNET POINT, at the N. side of the entrance to Ply- very small. Nanmed in honor of Captain J. B. Guthrie, who
mouth Harbor, Massachusetts. Near its extremity are two  fell on his way from Vera Cruz to MIexico.
fixed lights, 11 feet apart, and 86 feet above the level of the    GUTHRIE'S CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Jackson co., and
sea.. Lat. 42 00 6" N., Ion. 700 36 48" W.                 flows into the East Fork of White River, near Bedford.
GURNUDY, gfr-niLd/ee, a town of British India, presi-   GUTIIRIESVILLE, a post-office of York district, South
dency of Bengal, district, and 55 miles S. of Dacca, on the  Carolina.
Ganges.                                                      GUTIIIRIEVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., PennsylGURRAH, girfrA, a town of British India, presidency of  vania, on the HIorseshoe Turnpike, 63 miles E.S.E. of HarrisBengal,onthe Nerbudda River, 196milesS.W. ofAllahabad. burg. It has, perhaps, 30 houses.
GURRAKOTA or GURRACOTTA, gfr-r&-kot/tA, a town    GUT OF CANSO or CANSEAU. See CANSO.
%nd fort of British India, presidency of Bengal, on the So-   GUTSTADT, gO66tst&tt, or DOBRE MIASTO, dobtrA meiar, 115 miles E.N.E. of Bhopaul.                         as/to, a town of East Prussia, 51 miles S. of Khnigsburg, on
GURROTE, gfiarrht, a town of Hindostan, dominions, the Alle. Pop. 3039. It has a castle, and manufactures
and 55 miles S.S.W., of Kotah. In 1820 it had 500 houses.   of woollen and linen fabrics.
GURRUMCONDA. See G0ORUNCONDA.                             GUTITENBERG, a thriving post-village of Clayton co.,
GURSK, gooask, an island off the W. coast of Norway, in  Iowa, on the Mississippi River, 40 umiles above Dubuque. It
lat. 620 25i N., ion. 50 35' E. It is about 12 niles long, by 9  has a good landing for steamboats. Large mines of lead are
miles broad.                                              worked in the vicinity.
GURSUF, or GOUIRSOUF. See Goonsoor.                       GUTTEN STEIN, g66tften-stine', avillage of Lower Austria,
GURUN, GURIN(?)or GHIURUN, goo'roon' or goo'rmtn, a  33 miles S.W. of Vienna, with a castle, and 500 inhabitants.
town ofAsia Mlinor, pashalic of Karamania, 84 mniles E.N.E. of    GUTTENSTEIN, a village of Austria, Carinthia, govern
Kaisareeyah.  It is picturesque and flourishing; its mer-  ment, and 40 miles N.N;E. of Laybach. Pop. 1200..3ants trade as far as Aleppo, Miarash, and Constantinople.    GUTTENTAG, a town of Prussia. See GuTrEaa.
804




GUT                                                      GYO
GUTZKOW, (Gitzkow,) giitsfkov, a town of Prussia, Po-   GWEEDORE or GUIDORE, gwe-dtrf, a district and bay on
merania, 28 miles S.E. of Stralsund. Pop. 1370.           the N.W. coast of Ireland, co. of Donegal; the latter in lat. 55C
GUUTA, a village of Africn. See GooTA.                  3/ N., ion. 80 23/ W. The district extends for some miles along
GUYAN, ghl-ant, a township in the S. part of Gallia co., the coast, abounding in scenery of the wildest description.
Ohio. Pop. 560.                                             GWEEK, a seaport-village of England, in Cornwall, inGUYANA, a country of South America. See GUIANA.         eluded in the port of Falmouth.
GUYANDOTTE, ghi'.an-dottl, familiarly called GUYAN or   GWENDDWR, gwln/lHoor, a parish of Wales, co. of
GHIAN, ghI-ant, a river in the W. part of Virginia, rises in  Brecon.
the S.E. part of Logan county, and flowing in a general   GWENINAP, a parish of Englaud, co. of Cornwall, 3 miles
N.N.W. course, falls into the Ohio in Cabell county, about E.S.E. of Redruth. Here are the most productive copper
10 miles above the mouth of Sandy River.                  mines in Cornwall. They have been sunk 1800 feet below
GUYANDOTTE, a thriving post-village of Cabell co., Vir- the surface, employ more than 3000 miners, and produce
ginia, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Guyandotte, near 200,000/. worth of ore annually.
228 miles below Wheeling, and 360 miles W. by N. of Rich-   GWERNESNEY, gwernztnee, a parish of England, co. of
mend. It is an important point of steamboat debarcation. MIonmouth.
A railroad is projected between this place and Covington,   GWER/SYLT, a township of Wales, co. of Denbigh.
to connect with the Central Railroad. Guyandotte contains   GWETTER, gwmt/ter, a village of Beloochistan, on the Bay
1 or 2 churches, and, perhaps, 1000 inhabitants.          of Gwetter, Indian Ocean; lat. 250 15' N., ion. 610 30' E.
GUYENNE, France. See GuENNE.                              GWININEAR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
GUYSBOROUGH, ghiclbir-rtrh, a seaport town of Nova    GWINNETTI, a county in the N. central part of Georgia,
Scotia, capital of the co. of Guysbdrough, situated near the  has an area of 550 square miles. It is drained by the head
head of Chedabucto Bay, opposite Manchester, and about 120  waters of the Appalachee, Yellow, and Ulcofauhachee (or
miles E.N.E. of IIalifax. It is a place of some importance, and  Alcovy) Rivers, and bounded on the N.W. by the Chattais protected by a battery.                                hoochee. The surface is hilly; the soil is generally fertile.
GUYSBOROUGH, a county occupying the E. extremity  Granite of fine quality is abundant; gold is found on the
of Nova Scotia. Capital, Guysborough. Pop. in 1851,10,838. Chattahoochee, and iron and antimony occur. Formed in
GUY'S CLIFF, England, co., and 1* miles N. of Warwick, 1818, and named in honor of Button Gwinnett, one of the
is a secluded locality on the Avon, much visited by tourists, signers of the Declaration of Independence. Capital, Lawas containing the hermitage in which the famous Guy, Earl  renceville. Pop. 11,257, of whom 8963 were free, and 2294
of Warwick, passed his latter days, and was buried with his slaves.
Countess Felicia. Here is also a chapel, built by Beauchamp,   GWITH'IAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Earl of Warwick, in the reign of Henry VI., and containing    GWNNWS, goonlnoos, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cara colossal statue of Earl Guy.                            digan.
GUY'S MILLS, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.   GWTHIERIN, gooth-irfin, a parish of North Wales, co. of
GUYSIVILLE, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, on the  Denbigh.
Hocking River, 82 miles S.E. of Columbus.                   GWYDDELWERN, g-wiT.H-6l wern, a parish  of North
GUYTING (ghiting) POWIER, a parish of England, co. Wales, co. of Merioneth.
of Gloucester.                                              GWYDIR (gwildir?) RIVER, (native Kiendar, ke-hn-darf,
GUYTING TEMIPLE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- or KI rasla, kg-rawtlla,) a river of East Australia, joins the
cester.                                                   Peel River; lat. 290 30' 27// S., lon. 1480 13' 20" E. Among
GUYITON, a post-office of Effingham co., Georgia.       its affluents are the MicIntyre and Bambara.
GUZEL-IISSAR, a city of Anatolia. See AcoiN.               GWYFFYLLIOG, gwif-fitU/ie-og, a parish of North Wales,
GUZERAT, gz'.eh-r/tP, GUJERAT or GUGERAT, gcizh- co. of Denbigh, 5 miles W. of Ruthin.
er-Att?, written also GOOJERAT or GUJRAT, one of the old    GWYNEDD, (Welsh pron. gwin/rTH,) a river of North
provinces of Hindostan, mostly between lat. 210 and 240  Wales, rises in the S. side of Snowdon, flows S. to Cardigan
N., and Ion. 690 and 750 E., its W. portion consisting of the  Bay, which it enters bya wide estuary 1 mile S. of Tremadoc.
peninsula between the Gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. Total   GWYNIEDD, a post-township in the N. part of Montgoarea, about 40,000 square miles, and population 6,000,000. mery co., Pennsylvania.
The surface is greatly diversified. The principal rivers are    GWYNFE, gwintff, a hamlet of Wales, co. of Carmarthen,
the Nerbudda, Taptee, Mlhye, and Subbermutty. It is now  5 miles S.W. of Llandovery. Pop. 1109.
mostly subdivided among the dominions of the Gwicowar   GY, zhee, a market-town of France, department of Hauteand Gwalior, and the N. districts of the Bombay presidency. Safne, 22 miles S.W. of Vesoul. Pop. in 1852, 2534.
GUZZEH, a city of Palestine. See GAZA.                    GYALAR, dy6'1tr/, a market and mining town of TransylGVOSDANSKI, g'vos-dinskee, a village of Austrian Croa- vania, co., and 5 miles W.S.W. of Hunyad. Pop. 430.
tin, 13 miles S.S.E. of Glina.                               GYALU, dyth'iool, (almost jth'loof,) or JUILIA, a marketGYOSDANSKO, a village of Slavonia, co. of Verocz.       town of Transylvania, 10 miles WV. of Klausenburg, on the
GVOSDEVI, g'vos-dlvee, a group of islands in Behring's  Szamos. Pop. 1400.
Strait, between Asia and North America. Lat. 650 40/ N., Ion.   GYARMATH, BALASSA. See BALASSA-GY~RMATH.
1730 50' E. The largest, Imaglin, is 25 miles in length. The    GYARMATH, FUZES. See FUZES GYAMATI.
surface of the islands is low, and bare of wood.            GYAROS, je-/ros, or GHIOURA, gbe-oolrA, an island of
GWA, gw,, or GOA, go/I, an island of Burmah, on the  the Grecian Archipelago, 10 miles N.W. of Syra. Length 5
W. coast, in lat. 170 33/ N., lon. 940 34' E., in the S. part is miles, breadth 3 miles. It is mountainous and sterile.
the entrance of the small river of the same name, on which    GYEDU, a town of Hungary. See DETTA.
is Gwa-Town, built of bamboos and masts.                    GYEKENYES, dy4/kln'yish1, a village of Hungary, co. of
GWAENYSGOR, gwalnis-gor, a parish of Wales, co. of  Sumegh, 4 miles from Zakany. Pop. 1377.
Flint.                                                      GYERGYO  (Gyergyb) SZENT MIKLOS, dy8lRdyib slnt
GWALIOR or GUALIOR, gwl/le-or, a city and strong fort- mee' kloshl, a market-town of Transylvania, in Szekler-land,
ress of Hindostan, capital of a state of its own name, on an  95 miles E. of Klausenburg. Pop., with district, 5071.
affluent of the Jumna, 66 miles S. of Agra. It has exter-   GYERMEL, dy6R'm3l1, a village of Hungary, co. of Konally a fine appearance with its minarets, interspersed with  morn, about 12 miles from Tata. Pop. 1098.
trees. The citadel, on a high, precipitous rock in its centre,   GYFFIN, ghi/fin, a parish of Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
about 3 miles in circumference, is unquestionably the most   GYIRES, dyee&rlshf, a village of Hungary, co. of Bahar, on
magnificent native fortress in India. The town itself is the Kdrts, about 8 miles from Grosswardein. Pop. 900.
unenclosed, but its streets may be shut by numerous gates,   GYKWAR'S DOMIINION.- See GuIcowan'seDoemiNo N.
some of which have much architectural beauty. Other    GYLLINGE, giillin-gheh, a parish of Denmark, in Jutprincipal edifices are the chief mosque, a palace, and some land, 17 miles S. of Aarhuus, on the Great Belt.
buildings in the most ancient Hindoo  style within the    GYMMERGINE, in European Turkey. See GucoOc JINA.
citadel, and E. of the city a fine Mohammedan tomb. In    GYMNESIYE.  See BALcARC ISLANDS.
the sides of the rock forming its site, are numerous caves,   GYOMA, dyolmth', almost jolmthb, a village of Hungary,
with Hindoo sculptures.                                   co. of Bekes, in a plain on the Kbrts.
GWALIOR DOMINIONS, a state of Central Hindostan,   GYON, dyon, a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, about 8
until lately independent, but now subsidiary to the British, miles from Inarcs. Pop. 2040.
extending, very irregularly, between lat. 210 and 270 N., and    GYONGYOS, (Gyingyts,) dytn'dytsht, a market-town of
lon. 740 and 790 E., enclosed by the Rajpoor, Baroda, Indore, Central Hungary, co. of Heves, 44 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop.
and Bundelcund dominions, and the Bengal and Bombay  14,649. It has several churchles, a Franciscan college, a
presidencies.  Area, 33,119 square miles. Pop. 3,228,512. gymnasium, a collection of archives, manufactures of leaThe surface is level in the N., including a portion of the  ther, hats, and woollen cloth, distilleries, and considerable
basin of the Jumna; in the central hilly; and in the S. it trade in corn, fruit, wine, and horses.
comprises parts of the Vindhyan and Sautpoora mountain    GYOR-FALVA, dyoR-fl1vthl, or GERGESDORF, gh8Rlranges. It is traversed by the Taptee, Nerbudda, Chum- ghes-dorf', a village of Transylvania, 6 miles from Klausenbul, Sinde, Betwah, and Dussaun Rivers. The principal burg, on the Little Szamos. Pop. 900.
cities are Gwalior, Oojein, and Boorhanpoor. After the de-   GYORKONY, dyoRtkofY, a village of Hungary, in Hither
cisive actions at Miaharajpoor and Punnair, December 29, Danube, co. of Tolna, 4 miles from Paks. Pop. 1418.
1843, this state was placed under the military superintend-   GYOROK, dyo'rokt, a market-town of Hungary, Thither
euce of the British.                                      Theiss, 12 miles E. of Arad. Pop. 1590.
805




GYP                                                       HAC
GYPtSUM, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.        meth, in one of which only German, and in the other only
GYPSUM CREEK, of Michigan, enters Grand River 2 or  Hungarian is spoken. Pop. 13,815. It has several churches.
3 miles below Grand Rapids.                               a castle, oil mills, and zoological garden.
GYSWYL, ghis'til, a village of Switzerland, canton of    GYULAFALVA, dyoolldh'f61/v6h', or GYULESTY, (GyilUnterwalden, between the lakes of Sarnen and Lungern, 5  lesty,) a village of Hungary, co., of Marmareos, on the Mara,
miles S.W. of Sarnen.                                     9 miles from Szigeth. Pop. 1070.
GYTHIUM. See KOLOeYTHIA.                                  GYULAJ, dyoo'1l/, a village of Hungary, co. of Szabolcz,
GYULA. See KARLSBURG.                                   3 miles distant from Nyir-Bathor.  Pop. 1299.
GYULA, dyooleh', (almost jootl3hm,) a market-town of East   GZHATSK, GSHATSK or GJATSK, gzhAtsk, a town of
Hungary, co. of Bekes, 35 miles N.N.W. of Arad, divided by  Russia, government, and 128 miles N.E. of Smolensk, on the
the White KiHrts river into two portions, Magyar and Ne- Gzhat, (Gjat,) an affluent of the Volga.
I'L
HTAA, haw, a small island of Scotland, co. of Sutherland,    IAB3A-LA-JIEILIE, ha'bhAy-la-ve-Alt, a village of Bel_L  off its N. coast, 3- miles E. of Bar-out-head.         gium, pr ovince of Luxembourg, near the preceding. Pop. 1030.
HAAG, h-gr, the name of numerous villages of Germany,   HABlBERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
and of the city of the Hague, in Netherlands. See HAGUE.     HABELSCHWERT, hl'bel-shwat', a town of Prussian
HAAKSBERGEN, hAks1tbaRG'en, a village of Holland, pro-  Silesia, on the Neisse, 10 nmiles S. of Glatz. Pop. 2760, envince of Overyssel, 25 miles E. by S. of Deventer. Pop. 1408. gaged in woollen and linen-weaving.
HAAMSTEDE or HAEMSTEDE, himtstAdeh, a village    HAtBERGHAM-EAVRES, a township of England, co. of
of Holland, in the island of Schouwen, 8 miles S.W. of Brou-  Lancaster.
wershoven. Pop. 704.                                        JHABERN, h~abern, or I-IABR, hib'r, (L. elons  Ragyi,) a
IIAAN, han, a village of the Prussian States, on the Dus- town of Bohemia, 10 miles S.S.E. of Czaslau, on the Little
seldorf and Elberfeld Railway, 9 miles E. of Dusseldorf.  Sazawa. Pop. 1956.
HAARBURG, a town of Hanover. See IIAnuRcG.                HABERSHAM, habler-sham, a county in the N.E. part of
HAAREN, hIren, a village of Hanover, 6 miles S.E. of  Georgia, has an area of about 700 square miles. The TugaMeppen. Pop. 2030.                                        loo River forms part of the N.E. boundary, and separates
HAAREN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles N. of  it from South Carolina.  The Chattahoochee rises in the
Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1071.                               county, which is also drained by the Soquee, Tallulah, and
HAAREN or HAEREN, h~&ren, a village of Holland, pro- Broad Rivers. The surface is broken by low mountains convince of North Brabant, 7 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. P. 1492. nected with the Blue Ridge, among which Mount Yonah and
HAARLEBEKE, a town of Belgium. See HAERLEBEKE.    Currahee are the most considerable. The latter rises in the
HAARLEM, HAERLEM, or HARLEM, hARt/lem, a city of  form of a cone, to the height of 900 feet. The gold mines of
the Netherlands, province of North Holland, 14 miles W. of  this county are considered among the richest in the state.
Amsterdam, with which city, and with Leyden, it commu-  In 1850, 3 mines were in operation. More than 1,200,000
nicates by canals and railways. Pop. in 1850, 25,778. It  worth of gold has been procured from Nacooechee Valley.
has remains of its old fortifications, and is "very well built,  Iron is abundant; rubies, cornelians, and a few diamonds
very clean, and very dull."  The cathedral of St. Bavon  have been found. (WHITE'S Statistics of Georgia.) The celecontains the famous Haarlem organ, one of the largest in  brated Falls of Tallulah are in this county. Organized in
the world, though its pipes are surpassed in size by some in  1818, and named in honor of Colonel Joseph Habersham,
the organs of York and Birmingham. Other principal struc-  Speaker of the General Assembly of Georgia in 1785. Capital,
tures are the Town-hall, Flesh-market, and several churches.  Clarksville. Pop. 8895, of whom 7677 were free, and 1218
The statue of L. Costelr, the reputed inventor of movable  slaves.
printing types, and a native of this city, stands in the mar-    HABESH, HABESSINIA or HABESSINIEN. See ABrsket-place. Haarlem has numerous public schools, learned  SIcLA.
societies, and collections in art and science, the principal of    HABLOCEHIT/TO, a small post-vilage of Hancock co., Misthe latter being the Teyler Museum. It has also large steam   sissippi.
cotton mills, manufactures of velvet, silk, and linen fabrics,  IHAB/ROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
carpets, lace, ribands, soap, &c., and a celebrated Greek and    HABROWA, UNTER, 5ntt-er hA-brof/*  a village of BoHebrew type-foundry. It is the centre of the important  hemia, circle of Kiniggratz, on the small river Rniezna.
Dutch trade in flowers and flower-seeds, raised in the Bloe-  Pop. 1023.
men-!Tuinen, extensive nursery grounds on the S. side of the    HABRZEH, a town of Moravia. See HOHENSTADT.
city. Its vicinity is well cultivated; near it is the Pavilion,    HABSAL, a town of Russia. See HIAPSAL.
a noble seat, formerly the palace of Louis Bonaparte. The    HABSBURG or HAPSBUTRG, hapstbtrg or haps/b65RG,        a
painters Wynants, Ostade, Wouvermans, Berghem, and  village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau near Brugg, with
Ruisdael, also Vanderhelst, and Schrevelius, were natives  ruins of a castle, the original seat of the present imperial
of Haarlem. In 1573, it capitulated, after a seven months' family of Austria.
siege, to the Spaniards under Alva, who in the contest lost    HABSHEIM, habsthime, a village of France, department
10,000 men. Contrary to the terms of the surrender, Alva  of HautRhin, 11 miles N.E. of Altkirch, on the Strasbourg
caused upwards of 2000 persons, including the Protestant  Railway, 41 miles S.E. of Miilhausen, (Mulhouse.) Pop. 1690.
ministers, the garrison, and many of the ministers to be    HACICONRY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
put to death.                                                HACCOURT, hAk'koor/, a village of Belgium, province, and
HAARLEM, New York. See HABLEM.                           7 miles N.E. of Liege. Pop. 1212.
HAARLEM, hAR'lem, an island of Palk's Straits, off the    HACE/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
N. extremity of the island of Ceylon.                        HACHA, a river of New Granada. See RIo HACHA.
HAARLEM  (hIh/lem) LAKE, (Dutch laerlemmer-Meer,    HACHA, LA, a town of New Granada. See RI I HACoA.
hAR/l6m-mer-maR,) formerly an inlet of the Zuyder-Zee, in    HACHENBURG, hKften-baoRG', a town of West Gerthe Netherlands, province of North Holland, 2 miles S.E. of  many, and 24 miles N. of Nassau. Pop. 1538.
Haarlem, about 33 miles in circumference, communicating    HACIIESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
N. with the Y or Wye, and S. with the Old Rhine. It was    HACHNEAU, a town of France. See HAGUENAU.
formed by a destructive inundation in the 16th century,   IIACHY, hA'shee/, a village of Belgium, province of Luxand in 1849 the work of draining the lake was commenced  embourg, 7 miles W. of A-lIon. Pop. 1839.
by 14 large English steam engines, and completed in 1853.   HACKtENSACK, a river rising in Rockland co., New
It is estimated that 56,000 acres of land have thus been  York, enters Newark Bay 4 miles E.S.E. of Newark New
gained.                                                    Jersey. Sloops ascend to Hackensack, about 15 miles.
HAASE, hIzeh, or HASE, h  sA (anc. Hrasa?) a river of    HACKENSACK, a post-village and township of Bergen
Hanover, joins the Ems at Meppen, after a course of 90  co., New Jersey, on the Hudson River, about 10 miles N. of
miles.                                                     New York. Pop. 3486.
IIAASTRECHT, hsltr~kt, a village of the Netherlands,    HACKENSACK, a pleasant post-village of New Barbadoes
province of South Holland, 14 miles N.E. of Rotterdam.  township, capital of Bergen co., New Jersey, on the W. bank
Pop. 1385.                                                 of Hackensack River 13 miles N. by W. of New York. It
HAAY, hA or hot, a small island of Scotland, Hebrides, extends more than a mile along two principal streets. It
in Sound of Harris, between Harris and North Uist.         contains 4 or 5 churches, one of which (the Reformed Dutch)
HABA, LA, la hlsA, a town of Spain, province, and 51  is a handsome stone building, 2 academies, a boarding
miles E. of Madrid. Pop. 3020.                             school, and more than 200 dwellings. Small vessels ply
HABANA, a city of Cuba. See HAVANA.                     constantly between this place and New York.
HABAS, hh'bAst, a marlket-town of France, department of    HACKHETSTOWN, a town of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
Landes, 11 miles S.S.E. of Dax. Pop. in 1852, 5805.       Carlow, on the Dereen, 8 miles S.E. of Baltinglass. Pop.
HABAY-LA-NEUVE, h~'bAt-l&-nuv. a village of Belgium, 1021.
province of Luxembourg, on the Rulles, 10 miles W. of Arlon.   HACKETTSTOWN, a thriving post-borough of IndependPop. 1595.                                                ence township, Warren co., New Jersey, on the Mlusconet'
806




HAC                                                     HiAD
cong Creek, near the Morris Canal, about 50 miles N. of    HADDINGTONSHIIRE, a co. oi' Scotland. See HADDINGTON.
Trenton. The Mlorris and Essex Railroad connects it with    IIAD/DISCOE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with a
Newark. It contains a Presbyterian and a Methodist church, station on the Norfolk Railway, 4 miles N.N.E. of Beccles.
a classical academy, 8 stores, and 2 flouring mills. It is    HADIDO, a small town of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 11
surrounded by a fertile country, of limestone formation. miles N.E. of Inverury. It gives the title of baron to the
Incorporated in 1852. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.            Earl of Aberdeen.
HACK/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            HAD/DON, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop. 3108.
HACKFORD  BY REEP/IIAM, a parish of England, co.   IIADIDON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
of Norfolk.                                                  HADDON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
HACKLING, PORT, a beautiful harbor of New South    HADIDONFIELD, a flourishing post-village of Newton
Wales, 18 miles S. of Port Jackson; lat. 340 4t S, ion. 1510  township, Camden co., New Jersey, on Cooper's Creek, 6
17' E.                                                     miles S.E. of Camden, and on the Camden and Absecum
HACK/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           Railroad. It contains 5 places of worship, a good public
HACKINESS, a parish of England, co. Yor'k, North Riding. library, 2 hotels, and about 200 dwellings. Settled in 1713,
IIACKINEY, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, form- and named from John Haddon, one of the earliest residents.
ing a suburb of London, 3 miles N.N.E. of St. Paul's. Pop.   HADDON HALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 2
37,771, mostly employed in trades and manufactures con- miles S.W. of Chatsworth, in the beautiful valley of the
nected with the metropolis. It is divided into 3 districts, Wye, is a castellated baronial relic of the Middle Ages,
and has an iron bridge across the Lea, 3 churches, and nu-  erected between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.
merous chapels, the London Orphan Asylum, Clapton, the  It was the family seat of the Vernons, between the reigns
Independents' Academy at HIomerton, a savings bank, union  of Richard I. and Elizabeth, when it passed by marriage to
work-house, and one of the finest nursery gardens in Eng- the Manners family, with whom it still remains.
land. Hackney was formerly the favorite suburban resi-   HADDON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
deuce of the London citizens, and hackney coaches are said    HAD/DRELL'S, a post-office of Charlotte district, South
to have been named from it.                                Carolina.
HACKINEY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Chatham           HADEESAH, HADISAH, hl-dee/si, HADITH, or IIAco., North Carolina.                                       DEETH, hi-deeth/, written also HADISA and HADITIIA,
HACKITHORNE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        an island of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 130 miles N.W. of
HACK/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            Bagdad, in the Euphrates.  It contains a town, composed
HACQUEVYILLE, h~k'veelf, a village of France, depart- of about 400 houses, built on the ruins of the ancient Hament of Eure, arrondissement of Andelys. It is the birth- dith.  The river is here about 300 yards wide, and 18 feet
place of Sir Mark I. Brunel, engineer of the Thames Tunnel. deep.
HADAMAR, haldd-maac, a walled town of Germany, duchy    HADELN, h~Id1ln, a district of North Germany, in Haof Nassau, on the Elbe, 5 miles N.W. of Limburg. P. 2184. never, extending for 12 miles along the Elbe, with an area
HAD/DAM, a post-village and township, semi-capital of  of 110 square miles, and 16,941 inhabitants.
Middlesex co., Connecticut, on the right bank of the Con-  HIAIDENS, a post-office of Madison co., Alabama.
necticut River, 20 miles from its mouth, and 25 miles N.E.   HA/DENSVILLE, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia.
of New Haven. The inhabitants are extensively engaged    HADENSVILLE, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky.
in the quarrying of granite, which is found in great quan-   IIADERSLEBEN, hVders-lAben, (Dan. Haderslev, hAtderstitles in the vicinity, and exported to the amount of about Iv',) a seaport town of Denmark, on an inlet of the Little
$100,000 annually. It contains, besides the county build- Belt, duchy, and 48 miles N. of Sleswick. Pop. 6100. It is
ings, 4 churches, the County Work-house, and an academy. well built, and has a safe harbor, severalchurches, a normsal
Pop. 2284.                                                 school, and breweries.
HADDEBY, hld/deh-bii, HETIHABY, (Hethiiby,) h/tA-bii,    I-IAD/FIELD, a township of England, co. of Derby, 11
or HEIDEBO, hildeh-bo', a village of Denmark, in Sleswick, miles N.N.W. of Chapel-le-Frith, with a station on the Manopposite the town of Sleswick. Its original church was the  chester and Sheffield Railway. Pop.1499
earliest founded in Denmark, the Archbishop Ansgarius,   HADII/AM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
surnamed the Apostle of the North, having here had a small   HIADHAM, LIT/TLE, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
chapel in the beginning of the ninth century.                HADJI-ABBASSI, Asia Minor. See HAJEE-ABBASSEE.
IHAD/DENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.            HADJI-HIIAMZA,a town ofAsia Minor. See HAJEE-HAMZEA.
HADDENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.         HIIADJI-OGLOU-BAZARDJIK.  See HAJEE-O0oLoo-BAzAaHIAD/DINGTON, a village within the chartered limits of JEEK.
the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 5 miles W. by N. of    IIADJYPOOR or IHTAJEEPOOR, hWj'ee-poorl, a village of
the State House.                                           Punjab, on the Chenaub, and 42 miles W. of Mooltan. Lat.
HADDINGTON,  HADDINGTONSHIRE,  had/ding-ton- 290 36' N., ion. 710 12' E.
shjr, or EAST LOTHIAN, lolvTe-an, a county of Scot-   HADJYPOOR or HiAJEEPOOR.  a town of British India,
land, having N. the Frith of Forth, and E. the North Sea. presidency of Bengal, district of Thibet, on the Ganges,
Area variously estimated at from  224 to 280 square miles, nearly opposite Patna. It has a large trade in nitre, proof which about 7000 acres are wood. Pop. in 1851, 36,386. duced in its vicinity, an annual horse fair and horse races.
Surface, in the S., occupied by the Lammermoor Hills, in the    HAD/LEIGH. a market-town and parish of England, co.
centre and N. a beautiful plain, gradually sloping to the  of Suffolk, 95 miles W.S.W. of Ipswich. Pop. in 1851, 3338.
Frith of Forth, and diversified by gentle elevations. Prin- It has many curious ancient houses, and a fine church. It
cipal rivulet, the Tyne. Soil mostly a clayey loam. Agri- is a polling-place for the W. division of the county.
cultural improvements commenced in 1700, are now in a    IHADLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 25 miles
highly advanced state, and equal, if not superior, to that of  N.W. of Leigh.  It has ruins of a noble castle, built by Do
any other British county. Coal is worked in the W.. and  Burgh, Earl of Kent, in the reign of Henry II.
limestone abounds everywhere. A railway from Edinburgh    HAD/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Mliddlesex, 1 mile
to Berwick traverses the county. Haddington comprises N.N.E. of Barnet. It has a handsome church withatower,
3 royal burghs, Haddington, the county town, Dunbar, and  on which is a fire-pan, anciently used as a beacon, and a
North Berwick. It sends 2 members to the House of Con- column commemorative of the great battle of Barnet
mons, 1 of whom is for the county.                         in 1471.
HAD/DINGTON, a parliamentary and royal burgh, market-   IJADILEY, a post-village and township of Hampshire co.,
townandparishofScotland, capital ofthe above county, on the  Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut River, oppoTyne, here crossed by a four-arched bridge, and on the North  site Northampton, with which it is connected by a bridge
British Railway, 18 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of burgh,  about 1100 feet long, and about 90 miles W. of Boston. It
in 1851, 3883. The town has handsome county buildings, a  is noted for its manufactures, particularly of brooms, for
town-house, surmounted by a spire 150 feet in height, and  which there are upwards of 20 establishments. The village
a noble collegiate and parish church, originally the nave of an  hxs 2 or 3 churches and an academy. Pop. of the townabbey church, erected about the thirteenth century. HIad-  ship, 1986.
dington has also a superior grammar school, a mechanics'   HIADLEY, a post-village and township in the N. part of
institution, an agricultural and horticultural society, seve- Saratoga co., New York, on the Hudson, about 54 miles N.
ral public libraries, and a considerable trade in wool, &c. by WV. of Albany. The village contains a bank. Pop. 1003.
It is perhaps the largest market in Scotland for corn and    HADLEY, a post-township in the S. part of Lapeer co.,
other agricultural produce. Iladdington unites with Dun-  Michigan. Pop. 847.
bar, Jedburgh, Lauder, and North Berwick, in sending 1    HADLEY, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 174 miles
member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of  N.E. of Springfield, and 28 S.W. of Chicago.
earl to a branch of the Hiamilton family, whose seat is about   HIADILEY-MONTKEN, a village of England, co. of Middle8 miles distant. In the immediate vicinity is Lethington,  sex, 12 miles N.N.W. of London. Pop. 2108.
the ancient seat of the Lauderdales; also some remains of a    HIADLEY'S MILLS, a post-office of Chatham co., North
convent, founded by Ada, Countess of Northumberland, in  Carolina.
1178, and in which a parliament was held in 1518. lHad-    IADILOW, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
dinsgton is a very ancient royal burgh, and holds its last   IIAD/LYME, a post-village of New London co., Connecticharter dated 1624. King Alexander II. was born here in  cut, on the left bank of the Connecticut River, 30 miles
1198, and the famous Reformer. John Knox, is generally be- S.S.E. of HIartford.
Uieved to have been a native of the town.                    HIIADMERSLEBEN, hdlmers-lA'bgn, a town of Prussian
807




HAD                                                      HAG
Saxony, 18 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, with'a station on the  from the Potomac River, 26 miles N.W. of Frederick, and 86
railway to Halberstadt. Pop. 1000.                         miles WV. of Baltimore. It is the southern terminus of the
IHADINOTS, a post-office of Carteret co., North Carolina.   Franklin Railroad, and is a place of considerable trade. The
HADOL, hA'doll, a village of France, department of Vosges, town is well built, and contains, besides the county build6 miles S. of Epinal.  Pop. 2440.                          ings, a number of churches, academies, 1 bank, and several
IIADRAMAUT  or HADRAMAOUT, hA-drl-mJwt, pro. newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 3884.
noeunced by the Arabs h-dra-m&-ootl, a country of Arabia, ex-   HAGERSTOWN, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, about
tending along its S.E. coast from Oman to Yemen, with which  12 miles S.W. of Carrolltown, has a church, an academy, and
it constituted the ancient Arabia Felix. The coast is lined by  several stores.
mountains 5000 feet high. On the edge of the Desert of Aklaj,   HAGERSTOWN, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio, 103 miles
a plummet, sunk in the loose sand, found no bottom at 360  W. of Columbus.
feet. (Johnston.) The inhabitants (Hladarlmi, hA-d-r8mfee)    HAGERSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Wayne co., Instill retain many traces of their ancient civilization. Hadra- diana, on a branch of Whitewater River, 60 miles E. by N.
maut exports to India frankincense, myrrh, aloes, and dra- of Indianapolis, and at the head of navigation on the
gons'-blood; to Yemen, carpets, silk shawls, linen, and girdle- Whitewater Canal. It is a place of active business. The
knives. About 70 vessels are employed in the India trade.  Richmond and Newcastle Railroad passes through it. Pop
HADRES, h8'drls, a village of Lower Austria, on the  in 1850, 606; in 1853, about 900.
Pulkan, on the frontiers of Moravia. Pop. 1560.              HAIGERSVILLR, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.
HADRIA. See ADRIA.                                         IJAGETMAU, hbzhU'm6H, a town of France, department
HIADRIANOPOLIS. See ADRIANOPLE.                          of Landes, 7 miles S. of St. Sever. Pop. in 1852, 3118.
HADRIATICUM  (or ADRIATICUM) MARE. See ADRi-    HAGtGERSTONE, a high rocky island on the N.E. coast
ATIC SEA.                                                  of Australia. Lat. 120 1' 40"l S., ion. 1430 12' E. It is sepaHADISOR, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         rated from Sir Everard Home's group by a channel 3 miles
HIIAD/STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         wide.
HAEGHT, hAxt, a village of Belgium, province of North    IIAGGLINGEN, (HSgglingen,) hAglgling-en, a village of
Brabant, 16 miles N.E. of Brussels. Top. 1400.             Switzerland, canton of Aargau, about 5 miles from BremgarHIIAELEN, h'llen, a village of Belgium. province of Lim- ten. The religious war, usually called the Kapeller-kreig,
bourg, 11 miles W. of Hasselt. Pop. 2016.                 was terminated by a peace made here in 1531. Pop. 1490.
HAELTERT, h8l/t8at, a village of Belgium, province of    HAGIA, h ghe-&, (i. e. in Greek, "Saint,") the name of
East Flanders, 19 miles E. of Audenarde. Pop. 3252.       several small villages of Greece.
HEMUS, MOUNT, of European Turkey. See BALKAN.            HIIAGIA, hNghe —, a town of European Turkey, in ThesHAERINGHE, htring-gheh, a village of Belgium, pro- saly, 13 miles E. of Larissa. It is inhabited by about 800
vince of West Flanders, 12 miles N.W. of Ypres. Pop. 1936. families.
HAERLEBEKE or HAARLEBEKE, hAR/1lh-bskq\ h, a    HAGIA DEKA, hfghe-A dAfkg, a town on the island of
town of Belgium, province of West Flander-s, on the Lys, Crete, near the ruins of ancient Gortynia, 20 miles S.S.W.
and on the railway to Ghent, 3 miles N.E. of Courtrai. of Candla.
Pdop. 4486. It was formerly an important fortress, and suf-   HAGIOSTRATI, hlghe-os-trftee, (anc. Nektc,) an island
fered many vicissitudes in the ninth and tenth centuries.   in the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to Turkey, 20 miles
HIAERLEM, a city of Netherlands. See HAARLEI.           S.W. of Lemnos, with a village of the same name on its W.
HAERLEMMER MEER. See HAARLEM  LAKE.                     coast.
HAESDONCK, h s/donk, a village of Belgium, province of   HAG/LE~, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
East Flanders, 25 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2551.         HAGtLEY, a post-office of Cass co., Illinois.
HAFPFAR, hhffaJl, an ancient navigable channel in Persia,   HAG/NABY, a parish of England, co. of Linccln.
connecting the Karoon River, in its lower part, with the    IIAGNABY-wIrH-HANNY, a parish of England, co. of
Shat-el-Arab, (Lower Euphrates.)  Length, about three- Lincoln.
quarters of a mile; breadth, from 200 to 400 feet. On both    HAGUE, haig, THE, (Dutch,'SCravenhaag, s'gr8vensides of it stands the town of Mohammerah.                h?{, or'S ravenhiage, s'griven-h['Goheh, den Haag, denIJAFFEER or HAFFIR, h~f'feer/, a village of Nubia, on the  hla; Ger. Haag, hG; Fr. La Haye, 1I hA; It. A4ja, 9/yA,) a
left bank of the Nile, 46 miles N. of New Dongola. It has  town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of South
a large weekly market, and a government factory for indigo. Holland, and the usual residence of the court and of the
HAFF-STETTIN. See STETTINER-HAFF.                       States-General, on a branch of the Leyden and Rotterdam
HAFNARFIORD, h~f'nae-fe-oRdt, (Dan. Hacvnfjord, hmwn/-  Canal, 4 miles from the North Sea, 14 miles N.W. of Rotterfe-oRd,) a village of Iceland, on a fiord of the same name, in  dam, and 33 miles S.W. of Amsterdam, with which cities it
the S. of the island, S.S.E. of Reikiavik. It has a harbor, also communicates by railways. Let. 520 4' 20" N., ion. 40
which, though small, is considered one of the best in Ice- 18' 40" E. Pop. in 1844, 66,000; in 1850, 72,467. Mean temland.                                                     perature of the year, 520; winter, 380.2; summer, 650.5 Fah1IAFNERBACH, hgf/ner-bgK, a village of South,Germany, renheit. It is enclosed by a moat, crossed by drawbridges,
in Lower Austria, W. of St. Polten.                       and many streets are intersected by canals, bordered with
HAFNERZELL. hA'f/ner-tselP, or OBERNZELL, of-bern- rowsoftrees. Allthe principaledifices are in the~yverberg,
zall, a village in Bavaria; on the Danube, 8 miles E. of Pas- or great square of its N. or fashionable quarter. The Nasan.                                                      tional Museum comprises collections of Chinese and Japanese
HAFNIA. See COPENHAGEN.                                 curiosities, and of Dutch national relics, with a rich gallery
HAFIOD, a perish of South Wales, co. of Denbigh, 14 miles  of Dutch paintings, among which is Paul Potter's celebrated
S.E. of Aberystwith. The superb mansion of the Duke of  "bnll."  The palace of the Prince of Orange has also a good
Newcastle stands amid grounds which, for united beauty  collection of Dutch paintings; the king's palace is a plain
and granideur, have been deemed unequalled throughout edifice of Grecian architecture.  The Binnenhof, approEurope. In the vicinity is "the Devil's Bridge," an arch of priated to the'States Assembly and the chief government
29 feet span, spanning a deep wooded chasm, forming the  offices, comprises a portion of the residence of the ancient
bed of the river Mynach.                                  Counts of Holland. Thetown has l4churches, 2 synagogues,
HAFSLOE (Hafslbe) hdfs'lqSh, a village of Norway, 88 an orphan asylum, prisons, numerous schools, and a theatre.
miles N'.E. of Bergen. Pop. 2100.                         The Royal Library is said to contain 100,000 volumes; and
HAG/BORNE, a parish of England, co. of Berks.           here are many learned associations and private galleries of
HAGE. See HAGUE, THE.                                   art. A cannon-foundry wasestablishedin 1668. Some printHAGE, hA/gheh, a village of Germany, in Hanover, 13  ing and manufactures are carried on. A fine road, called
miles N.W. of Aurich.                                     the Voorhout, leads N. to the Bosch, a wooded park with a
HAGELBERG, hIghel-b6RoG, a village of Genrmany, in  suburban royal seat; and 1 miles S.E. of the Hague stood
Prussia, province of Bradenburg, 22 miles S.W. of Potsdam, the Castle of Ryswick, memorable for the treaty signed there
and where the Allies defeated the French, August 27,1813.  in 1697. A bronze statue of William, Prince of Orange, was
HAGEN, ha/ghen, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 26 miles  erected in 1848.
WV. of Arensberg, on the Volme.  Pop. 4500, who manufac-'S Gravenhaag signifies literally "the count's hedge, grove,
ture iron ware, woollen cloth, paper, and leather. Near it is  or wood," and appears to have owed its origin to a huntingthe spa of Eppenhausen.                                    seat of the Counts of Holland, situated in a wood. This,
HAGENBURG, hfghen-bOeoR', a town of Germany, in  however, became a palace as early as 1250, and around it
Lippe-Schaumburg, near the S. shore of Lake Steinhude. many other houses were soon erected. But it has risen into
Pop. 1143.                                                importance chiefly since the beginning of the present cenHAGENOW, hA/gheh-nov: a town of North Germany, tury, and mainly through being made the residence of the
grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Hamburg  court and the foreign ministers, and the seat of the Statesand Berlin Railway, 17 miles S.W. of Schwerin. Pop. 2657.  General and the government. It is the birthplace of WilHAIGEN'S GROVE, a post-office of Shelby co., Missouri.  liam II., Prince of Orange, and William  III., Prince of
HA/GERMAN'S MILLS, a post-village of Montgomery co., Orange and King of England; of Huygens, the matheNew York, 36 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                      matician; Boerhaave, the physician; Bilderdijk, the poetess;
HAtGERSTOWN, a village of Salem  co., New Jersey, 4  and it was the residence of Barneveldt and the De Witts.
miles S. of Salem.                                          HAGUE, haig, a post-village and township of Warren co.,
HAGERSTOWN, a thriving town, capital of Washington  New York, on Lake George, about 90 miles N. of Allbany.
co., Maryland, near the W. bank of Antietam Creek, 9 miles Pop. 717.
808




HAG                                                       HAJ
HAGTUE, a post-village in Westmoreland co., Virginia.    on its N. coast; other principal towns are IHlush-eon and
HAGUE, a post-village of Logan co., Kentucky, about 13  Lok-hoi.
miles S.E. of Russellville.                                 MAINAU, a town of Prussia. See HAYNAU.
HAGUENAU, hog'ntf or 3g'nOt, a fortified town of France,   HAINAULT, haihn., a forest of England, co. of Essex, lydepartment of Bas-Rhin, on the Moder, 16 miles N. of Stras- ing to the E. of Epping forest, and N.W. of Romford.
bourg. Pop. in 1852,11,351. Itwas originally fortified by    IJAINAUT or HAINAULT, hb'n6f, (Dutch, Isensegowen,
the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in the twelfth century; hen/neh-go`isen; Ger..lennegau, hln.neh-g6w',) a frontier
and has a church of that period, a synagogue, civil and mili- province of Belgium, bounded W. and S. by France. Area,
tary hospitals, a female penitentiary, hemp and cotton yarn, 1430 square miles. Pop. 723,539. Surface generally level;
madder, and oil mills, manufactories of woollen and cotton  hilly in the S.E. It is traversed by the Sambre, Scheldt,
fabrics, earthenware, and soap, breweries, and metal foun- Dender, and Haine Rivers, and by several canals. It is subdries. The adjacent forest of Haguenau is one of the  divided into 3 arrondissements. Principal towns, Mons,
largest in France.                                        Tournay, and Charlerol.
HIIAGWORTHIINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lin-   HAINAUT or HAINAULT, hI'n6t, an ancient province,
ooln.                                                     now forming part of the N.E. of France, and S.W. of Belgium.
HAID, HAYD, hid, or HAYDE, hiYdeh, a walled town of In the time of Csesar, it was inhabited by the Nervii, a warBohemia, circle, and 25 miles WV. of Pilsen. Pop. 1530.   like people of German 6rigin; and did not, till the seventh
HAIL, a village of Bohemia, circle, and 22 miles S. of Bud- century take the name of Hainaut, supposed to be derived
weis. Pop. 679.                                           from the small river Haine, which waters it. It was ceded
HAID, a market-town of Bohemi, circle of Budweis. to the French by the treaties of the Pyrenees in 1659, and
Pop. 639.                                                 of Nymwegen in 1678; and now included in the department
HAIDA, HEIDA, hyde, or HAIDE, hildeh, a town of Bo- of Nord.
hemia, circle of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1432. It has manufactures    HAINIBURG, hnub5llsoG, or HAIMBURG, himlfb6sCG, a
of glass and crystal.                                     town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 27 miles E.S.E. of
HAIDHAUSEN, h~dlhiw'zen, a village of Upper Bava- Vienna. Pop. 3844. It has an important tobacco factory,
ria, on the Isar, immediately opposite Munich, of which it the largest in Austria, and the ruins of a noble residence
forms a suburb. Pop. 3700.                                of the same name. The Magyars here gained a great victory
IHAIDUCKEN, HAYDUCKEN or HAJDUCKEN (hOd55k- over the Germans in 907.
en) DISTRICT, called also TIsE HAIDUCK (or HEYDUKE) TOrWNS,    HAINDORF, hInldosf, a village of Bohemia, circle of
a privileged distcict of Hungary, comprising the Haiduck  Buntzlau, about 8 miles from Friedland, at the foot of the
Towns, and consisting of three detached portions, enclosed  Isergebirge. Pop. 1358.
by the counties of Szabolcs and Bihar. Area, 376 square    HAINE, hAn, a river of Belgium, province of Ilainaut,
miles. It consists of a plain, almost unbroken by a single  after a W. course of 40 miles, joins the Scheldt in France,
hill, and is of remarkable fertility. The Haiducks, of whom  opposite Cond6, whence it is navigable to Mons. From it
five-sixths are Protestants, used to enjoy important privi- the province of Hainnut derived its name.
leges, conferred on them by John Corvinus, as a reward for    HAINES, hAnz, a tostnship of Centre co., Pennsylvania.
military services. Pop. 61,032.                           Pop. 2454.
HAI-FOONG or IIAI-FUNG, hitfoongf, a town of China,   RAINE-SAINT-PIERRE, hln-saxr-pe-ai1a, a village ofBelprovince of Shan-toong, near theconfines of Pe-chee-lee. Lat. glum, province of Hainaut, 12miles W. ofCharleroi. P.1148.
370 50L N., ion. 1170 44' E. It is thinly inhabited.         HAINESBURG, hAnzfbtirg, a village of Warren co., New
HAI-FOONG or RAI-FUNG, a town of China, province of Jersey, about 12 miles N. of Belvidere.
Quangtong, 82 miles E. of Canton. Lat. 230 7' N., ion. 1150    HAINES CREEK, of Burlington co., New Jersey, enters
20' E.                                                    the S. branch of Rancocus Creek, above Lumberton.
HAIGER, higher, a village of Germany, duchy, and 34    HAINESVILLE, hAnz/lvill, a post-office of Sussex co., New
miles N.E. ofNassau, on the Dille. Pop. 1125.             Jersey.
IAIGERLOCH, hilgher-loKa, a village of Germany, prin-    HAINESVILLE, a post-office of Berkley co., Virginia.
cipality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 8 miles W. of Hech-    IAINESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Lake co., Illiingen. Pop. 1360.                                         nois, 15 miles from Waukegan, with which it is connected
HAIGH, hay, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 3  by a plank-road. Pop. in 1853, about 350.
miles N.N.E. of Wigan. Pop. 1303. Here are pits of the    IAINESVILLE, a post-office of Clinton co., Missouri.
celebrated Cannel coal.                                      IAINEWALDE, hilneh-WAl'deh,   a village of Saxony,
IIAIGIAM; hitham, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   near the Elbe. Pop. 2571, mostly weavers.
RAI-KE00-SO or IIAI-KHEOU-SO, hi'ke-oolso,! a mari-   HAIN/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
time town of the island of Iltainan, in the China Sea, on    IIAINICIIEN, hitniK-gn, a town of Saxony, 40 miles S.E.
the N. coast of the island, and the chief mart of its trade, of Leipsic.  Pop. 5580, employed in woollen and cotton
on a peninsula, 3 miles N. of its capital city, Kiong-choo.  weaving. Gelert was born here in 1715.
HAI-LAM, an island of China. See HAINAN.         Il AINSPUCIH, hin/sp66K, a town of Bohemia, circle, and
HAILES, hILz, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.   37 miles N. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2261.
HAILESBOROUGI, hAlz/bttr-rth, a village of St. Law-    HAIN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
rence co., New York, on the 0swegatchie, about 25 miles S.   HAIN-ZUR-DREIEICH, hine-tsooR-dri/K, or DREIEICI-1
of Ogdensburg, and 3 miles E.S.E. of Governeur. Within  ENHAIN, dri-iKflen-hine., a walled town of Hesse-Doarmthe distance of half a mile, the river here descends 84 feet, stadt, province of Starkenburg, near Offenbach; it was the
and about a mile above it has an equal descent, affording  birthplace of the author Ewald. Pop. 946.
an abundant and never-failing water-power. A grist mill,   HAIRUMBO, a country of India. See CACHAR.
saw mill, clothing-works, wagon shop, &c. have been erected    HAI-TAN, hitdn!, an island of the Strait of Formosa, in
here, and a mill with 2 run of saws has recently been built the China Sea. lat. 250 35' N., Ion. 1200 E.
at the upper falls. The village has a tavern, store, and    HAITERBACH. hifter-bA:, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle
about 20 families. In the vicinity are extensive quarries of  of Black Forest, 30 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1933.
white limestone.                                            HAITI, an island of the West Indies. See IaAYTI.
HAI/LEY'S MILL, a post-office of Sullivan co., Missouri.    HAJDUCKEN-DISTRICT. See RAII)UCKEIN.
IJAILSHAM, hAlz'ham, a market-town and parish of Eng-   HAJAR, a district of Arabia. See bAHsA.
land, co. of Sussex, 11 miles E.S.E. of Lewes. Pop. 1586.   HAJEE-ABBASSEE  or HADJI-ABBASSI, hId/jee-:bIIAIMBURG, a town of bower Austria. See RAaINBsRG.   ba/ssee, a village of Asia Minor, pashalic of Anatolia, on the
HAIN, a town of Saxony. See GRossENnAIN.                 Bartan, (anc. Parthe/nius,) 50 miles W.S.W. of Kastamoonee,
HAINA, hbnS, or. JAINA, nHiln, a river and bay of and around which are some remarkable caves.
Hayti; the river, after a southward course of 38 miles, en-   HAJEE-IIAMZAIH or HADJTI-HAMZA, hdfjee-hbmz,/  a
ters the bay 12 miles S.W. of San Domingo, and on the B. neat country town of Asia  linor, pashalic of Anatolia, 26
side of the bay is a village of the same name.            miles E. of Tosla, near which the Kizil Irmak i~ crossed by
ItAINA, hiln, a village of Hesse-Cassel, province of a stone bridge of 15 arches.
Ober-Hessen, with a lunatic asylum in the rich abbey of Cis-   HAJEE-OGLOO-BAZARJEEK   or  HADJI-CGLOU-BAtercians.                                                 ZARDJIK, hAd/jee-ogloo-b-zcr —jeeklt, a town of European
IIAINAN, hllngnf, (Chinese,_Iai-Lccse, hi'ldnm, " South of Turkey, in Bulgaria, 22 miles N. of Varna.
the Sea,") a large island belonging to China, province of   H-AJIABAD, hA-jA-bdf, a small town of Pe-sia, province
Quang-tong, between lat. 180 10, and 200 N., and Ion. 1080 of Klerman, 40 miles W. of Gombroon, near the centre of
25' and 1110 E., and separating the Gulf of Tonquin from  the Persian Gulf. Pop. from 600 to 700.
the China Sea. Estimated area, 12,000 square miles. Pop.   IIAJIABAD, a village of Persia, province of rak-Ajemee,
probably comprises 1,000,000 Chinese, exclusive of wild near Teheran.
tribes in the interior. Some of the mountains in its centre    IAJILAR, hA-je-lar', IADJILAE, a village of Asia Minor,
rise above the snow line. It has some pretty large rivers; pashalic of Karamania, 40 miles S.W. of Konieh. Near it
coasts generally rocky, but the W. is low, and the S. has  was the town of Isaura, founded in the first century, and of
several good harbors. Soil not very fertile; timber is a  which a massive wall, with lofty hexagonal towers, and a fine
principal product, and is sent to Anam, Siam, and Singa- arch erected to the Emperor Hadrian. are the chief remains.
pore; other exports are rice, sugar, wax, pearls, coral,   HAJYGUNGE, hStje-gfinj!, a town of British India, presalt, and a little gold and silver. It is subdivided into  sidency of Bengal, 33 miles W.S.W. of Dacca, on the W. bank
13 districts. Kiong-choo, the capital, is a populous city  of the Ganges.
809




HAJ                                                       HAL
HAJYPOOR. See HAJYrPOOR.                                England, co. of Worcester, 7 miles W.S.W. of Birmingham.
HAKARY, HAKKABI, hdk-kairee', or HAKIARIA, hR- Pop. of town, 2412. It lies in a beautiful valley, has a handke-'ree/l, a mountain district of Turkish Koordistan, of some main street, a Norman church, with a remarkable elewhich Joolamerk, about 95 miles S. of Van, is the capital. gant spire, in the cemetery is the tomb of the poet ShenEstimated population 50,000 families, Nestorinn Christians.  stone; a chapel partly built in the Saxon era; some remains
HAK/ERSAY', one of the smallest Hebrides, Scotland, of a large abbey, founded in the reign of John; and a grambetween Barra and South Uist.                             mar school, founded in 1652. In the vicinity is the LeaHAKIM-KIHAN, hAlkim-Kgn,written also HAKIN-KIIAN, sowes, the paternal estate of the poet Shenstone, who was
a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 65 miles S.E. of See- born here in 1714.
vas. Pop. 200.                                               HALE'S POINT, a post-office of Andrew co., Missouri.
HAKKARI. See HAKARY.                                       HALESWORTI-, holztworth, a market-town and parish
HAL, hll, or HALLE, hal/lh, a town of Belgium, pro- of England, co. of Suffolk, on the Blyth, 7 miles S. of Ipsvince of South Brabant, on the Senne, Charleroi Canal, and  wich.  Pop. 2625, chiefly employed in spinning and weavMons Railway, 9 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 6507.       ing yarn from hemp, which is largely grown in the vicinity.
HALABLI, a village of Turkey. See ALABLEE.                 HALE-WES/TON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
HALAI, hftl, a village of Abyssina, state of Tigre, 120    HALE/WOOD, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 4
miles N. of Antalo, on the route to Arkeeko, and 8625 feet miles S. of Prescot. Pop. 1100.
above the sea. It is a miserable place. Pop. 400.            HA/LEYSBURG, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virginia.
HAILAM. a parish of England, co. of Notts.                HALFAY, HALFAI, hDl\f/, ItALFAIA, or HALFAYERI,
HALA (hl)MOUNTAINS, an extensive and lofty range, h8l-fA-h,   a town of Eubia, on the E. bank of the Nile, 15
Beloochistan, stretching N. to S., and terminating, in the  miles N. of Khartoom.
latter direction, at Caps Monze, in the Arabian Sea; lat. 240    HALFBREED CREEK, of Lee co., Iowa, flows into the
48' N.; ion. 660 501E. One ascertained peak rises to 6000 feet. Des Moines River, about 7 miles from its mouth.
Two main passes intersect this lofty range of mountains —    HALFDAYT, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 28 miles
the Bolan and Moola passes; each the channel of a consi- N. of Chicago. It had in 1853 about 250 inhabitants.
derable torrent, and each affording a tedious, but not very    HALFMOON, a post-town of Saratoga co., New York, on
difficult access, fi-om the plains on the E. to the W. high- the Hudson River, 12 miles N. of Albany. It is intersected
lands. The Bolan Pass is about 50 miles long, with an  by the Champlain Canal, by the Albany and Rutland Railascent of 5793 feet; the Moola Pass, 100 miles long; ascent, road, and by the railroad extending firom Mechanicsville in
4600 feet.                                                this township to SMalta. Pop. 2788.
HALAS, h6h'llsht, a market-town of Hungary, co. and 75    HALFMOON, a post-township of Centre co., Pennsylvania,
miles S.S.E. of Pesth, on the Lake Halasto. Pop. 10,330.  18 miles S.W. of Bellefonte. Pop. 714.
HALAWA/KA, a post-office of Chambers co., Alabama.        HALF MOON ISLANDS, a group in the MalayArchipelago.
HALAZESTAT, a town of Austria. See HALLSTADT.           Let. 90 N., ion. 1150 10' E.
HALBAU, hal/bow, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia,   HALF MOON KEYS, some reefs and islands immediately
government, and 45 miles N.W. of;iegnits, and on the rail- E. of Portland Point, the S. extremity of Jamaica.
way from Berlin to Breslau. Pop. 959.                       HALF-MOE/TON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.
HALBERSTADT, hIl/ber-st/tt', a town ofPrussian Saxony,   HAL/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 
government, and 29 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, with which    HALFWAY, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri.
it communicates by railway. Pop. 18,394. It is built in an    HALFWAY HOUSE, a post-office of York co., Virginia.
antique Gothic style, enclosed by walls, outside of which are    HALFWAY HOUSE, a post-office of Jay co., Georgia.
several suburbs, and has a cathedral of the fifteenth century,   HALFWAY PRAIRIE, apost-office of MIonroe co.. Iowa.
10 other Protestant and 2 Roman Catholic churches, a syna-   HALFWEG, hAlf/lGc, a small village and station on the
gogue, a handsome mansion-house, formerly a royal palace, railway between Amsterdam and Haarlem.
a theatre, college, diocesan and normal schools, Gleim's In-   HALGAN. See ONEA HALoAN.
stitute, 2 large public libraries, various private museums    HALIBUT (hO9le-btt) or SANNAGI (san-nan! or shn-nag)
and picture galleries, manufactures of woollen stuffs, lea- ISLAND, in the North Pacific, near the S.W. extremity of
ther, carpets. linen fabrics, gloves, straw hats, starch, to- the Peninsula of Aliaska. Lat. 540 27' N., Ion. 1620 50' W. It
bacco, soap, &c., with large oil refineries, many breweries, is 23 or 24 miles in circuit, low and barren. Named by Capand an active trade in corn and wool.                     tain Cook, from the number of halibut found in the vicinity.
HAI/BERT, a township in Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 405.   HALICZ, hlitch, or GAL1TCII, ga/litch, a town of AusHAL/BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          trian Galicia, on the Dniester, 63 miles S.S.E. of Lemberg.
HALBTHURN, hdlbttooan', a village of Hungary, co. of Pop. 1830.
Wieselburg, 24 miles N.E. of Oedenburg. Pop. 1218.           HALIFAX, hal/e-fax, a parliamentary borough, large
HAL/COTTSVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., New  manufacturing town, and township of England, co. of York,
York, about 70 miles S.W. of Albany.                       West Riding, on the navigable Calder, and on the ManchesHALICYON, a post-office, Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. ter and Leeds Railway, 14 miles W.S.W. of Leeds. Pop. of
HALCYON DALE, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia.    parliamentary borough, in 1851, 33,582. It is picturesquely
HALD, hald, a viilage of Denmark, in Jutland, 5 miles situated on a declivity, surrounded by lofty heights, and
S.S.W. of Viborg, on a small lake of same name. It has the with the exception of a few ancient streets, is mostly built
extensive ruins ofa strong castle, andthe remains ofthe works of stone, well paved, and lighted.  Chief buildings, the
which King Waldemar erected when besieging it in 1355.   Piece-hall, a vast and handsome stone-built quadrangle,
HAL/DEN, a parish of England. co. of IKent.             containing 315 rooms or warehouses, in which the manuHALDENSLEBEN, (hAl/d ns-lhben,) New, a town of facturers keep their cloths for sale; and the Parish Church,
Prussian Saxony, 15 miles N.W. of Magdeburg, on the Ohre. a fine structure of the fifteenth century, and to which about
Pop. 4700.                                                18 other churches and chapels, scattered throughout the
HALDENSLEBEN, OLD, a village of Germany, adjacent to parish, are subordinate. Here are also numerous Dissenthe former. Pop. 1749. It has a beet-root sugar manufactory. ters' meeting-houses and schools, several of which, in the
HALDIMIAND, county of Canada West, bordering on Lake rural parts of the parish, are well endowed; a blue-coat hosErie. Area, 459 square miles. Pop. 18,788. Capital, Cayuga. pital, founded in 1642; a handsome modern infirmary; a
HAL'DON, a village. and mansion of England, co. of De- jail belonging to the Duke bf Leeds, as lord of the manor; a
von, parish of Kenne, 41 miles S.S.W. of Exeter.          theatre, assembly-rooms, public baths, library, literary socieHALDUBARY, hal/doo-ba'ree, a town of British India, ty's hall, with library and museum, mechanics' institute,
presidency and province of Bengal, 55 miles N.E. of Purneah. and several bankls. The woollen manufacture was introHALE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.           duced here early in the fifteenth century, the abundance oi
HALE, a parish of England, co. of Hlants.               water-power being probably the great attraction. Since the
HALE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              use of steam, these manufactures have immensely increased,
HALE, a township of England, co. of Chester.             coal also being plentiful in the parish, and the river Calder
HALE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 6Q  miles forming a means of communication with HIull on the one
S. of Prescot. John Middleton, the giant, 9 feet 3 inches in  side and Liverpool on the other. The principal staples are
height, was born here in 1578.                             shalloons, camlets, figured vestings, muoreens, bomnbazines,
HALE, a post township in the S.E. part of Hiardin co., crapes, russets, serges, baizes, coatings, broad and narrow
Ohio. Pop. 428.                                            cloths, kerseys, cottons, and silks. Most of the goods are
HALE, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Michigan.         sold in an unfinished state. Halifax comprises 19 townhIALE, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois.              ships, and is governed by the county magistrates, who hold
HALES, halz, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        petty sessions weekly. It sent two members to the House
HALES, a township of England, co. of Stafford.          of Commons during the Commonwealth, which privilege
HALE'S CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Ohio River, near was restored by the Ieform Act. The manor was remarkPortsmouth.                                               able in the Middle Ages for its strict laws against thieves,
HALE'S EDDY, a post-village of Broome co., New York, and for its exercising the power of jurisdiction in capital
on the Coquago River, and on the Erie Railroad, 182 miles  cases so late as the middle of the seventeenth century. Outromn New York.                                            side of the town, on the W., is Gibbet Hill, where those conHALE'S FORD, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.   victed of theft to the amount of 13.d. were executed by a
HALES'MILLS, a post-office of Fentress co., Tennessee.    machine, which was the prototype of the French guillotine.
HALESOWEN, hilz'olgn, a market-town and parish of Archbishop Tillotson was born in this parish, A. D. 1630
810




HAL                                                          HAL
IIAL1IFAX, a county in the S. part of Virginia, border- mail-steamers touch on their voyages to and from Europe;
ing on North Carolina, has an area of 960 square miles. The  and as the terminus of the great railway in progress from
Staunton or Roanoke River forms its entire boundary on  Quebec to the Atlantic, it bids fair soon to become a place of
the N. and E. It is intersected by the Dan River, and also  great commercial importance.  The work on the Halifax
drained by the Banister and Hycootee Rivers. The soil is  portion of the road was commenced on the 8th of June, 1854,
good.  Halifax is among the most populous and wealthy  and a section of 25 miles to form a common trunk for the
counties of the state. By the census of 1850, it produced, lines running to Amherst, Windsor, and Picton, is under
5,485,762 pounds of tobacco and 365,182 bushels of oats, each  contract to be opened in 1855. Halifax has telegraphic cormbeing more than was raised in any other county in Vir- munication with the principal cities of the United States
ginia; the quantity of the former was not exceeded by any  and the British Provinces, excepting Newfoundland, to
county in the Union, excepting Prince George of Maryland. which wires are about to be extended from Prince Edward's
A rich mine of plumbago has recently been discovered. The  Island, this last having been connected with the continental
county is intersected by the Richmond and Danville Rail-  line in November, 1852, by means of a submarine cable, exroad. Organized in 1752. Capital, Banister. Pop. 25,962, tending from  Cape Travers to Cape Tormentina, a distance
of whom 11,510 were free, and 14,452 slaves.                  of 9 miles. The commerce of Halifax in 1850 is exhibited in
HALIFAX, a county in the N.N.E. part of North Care-  the following table:lina. Area, estimated at 680 square miles. The Roanoke
River forms its entire boundary on the N.E., and Fishing                    Countries.                Imports.   Exprts.
Creek flows along the S.W. border. The Weldon and Wil-                        _____________
mington Railroad passes through the county. Granite un-  Geat Britain.1,61,150                                      72,
11                    ~~~~~~Great Britain.....................  $1,675,150  $7-2,780
derlies a portion of the soil. Formed in 1758, and named                        est   dies....::         44,1785    190,150
in honor of the Earl of Halifax, then first Lord of the Board   British Colonies.. British America......    935,200  124,780
of Trade. Capital, Halifax. Pop. 16,592, of whom 7638 were                      Other Colonies.......    48,215     18,945
~~~free, and 8954 slaves. ~United States of America................    1,109,000                   469,000
free, and 8954 slaves.                                         Foreign States...........................    267,990 ] 187,960
HALIFAX, a post-village and township of Windham  co.,  Frig States267,90                                         18,0
Vermont, 120 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1133.               Total........................     $,080,400  $1,663,615
HALIFAX, a post-village and township of Plymouth co.,
Massachusetts, 30 miles S.S.E. of Boston. Pop. 784.           The total value of exports in 1852-3, amounted to $2,846,917.
HALIFAX, a post-village and township of Dauphin co., In 1851, the value of foreign imports amounted to $4,295,400.
Pennsylvania, on the E. bank of Susquehanna River, 18  The number of foreign arrivals in 1850 was 1081 sailing yesmiles N. of Harrisburg. The village contains about 500 in-  sels, (tons, 111,204,) and 113 steamers, (tons, 65,400;) and
habitants.  Pop. of township, 1731.                           the clearances for foreign ports, 952 sailing vessels, (tons,
HIALIFAX, a post-town, capital of Halifax co., North Ca- 84,218,) and 110 steamers, (tons, 76,861.) The total number
rolina, is beautifully situated on the right bank of the  of foreign arrivals for 1851 was 1164 vessels, with an aggreRoanoke River, 7 miles below the Falls, and on the rail- gate burden of 176,802 tons. Among the exports of 1851
road between Weldon and Wilmington, 87 miles N.E. of  were included-dried fish, 191,802 quintals; mackerel, 96.650
Raleigh. It has considerable trade, for which the river af- barrels; herrings, 43,559 barrels; alewives, 4227 barrels;
fords facilities. Steamboats ascend to this town, and a ca- salmon, 340 tierces and 6412 barrels; preserved fish, 238
nal has been cut around the Falls, by which boats can  boxes; smoked herrings, 3234 boxes; pickled cod, 78 barascend more than 100 miles farther. IHalifax has the honor  rels; and oil, 3493 casks and 36,028 gallons. The following
of being the birthplace of the constitution of North Caro- is the value of a few of the leading imports from the United
lina. It contains several churches, and 1 or 2 newspaper  States in 1850, viz.: wheat flour, $224,050; wheat, $23,935;
offices.                                                      rye flour, $77,440; corn meal, $93,660; corn, $21,406; beef
HALIFAX, an extensive county of Nova Scotia, bordering  and pork, $36,170; bread and biscuit, $25;505; tobacco,
on the Atlantic Ocean.  It is drained by the Shubenacadie,  $76,785; cotton manufactures, $54,630; cordage, $17,085;
Musquodoboit, and other rivers, and over its surface are  and hardware, $30,420.  There are owned here about 100
scattered several considerable lakes. The indentations of  large square-rigged vessels, as many schooners, and a host of
its coast furnish as many as 6 or 7 harbors capable of re- small craft. There are some manufactures of snuff, leather,
ceiving ships of the line, besides numerous others visited  paper, and soap; also breweries, distilleries.  Pop. in 1844,
by merchant vessels; its shores are thickly studded with  22,000; in 1846, 23,500; and in 1852, 26,000.
islands. A belt of high, broken land, varying from 20 to 60    HALIFAX, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.
miles in breadth, borders on the Atlantic throughout the    HALIFAX, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.
entire extent of the county; beyond this the surface is mo-    HALIFAX, a post-village in Wilson co., Tennessee.
derately level. Ores of lead are found near the Shubena-    HALIFAX  BAY, of North-east Australia, in lat. 190 S.,
cadie River. Slate abounds in the vicinity of Halifax. The  lon. 1470 E., is between Rockingham  and Cleveland Bays,
chief industry of the inhabitants is directed to commerce, 45 miles in width, and contains Palm Islands.
ship-building, and the fisheries. Halifax is the most popu-    HALIFAX COURT-HOUSE, Virginia.  See BANISTER.
Ions county in Nova Scotia.  Capital, Halifax.  Pop. in    HAL!KIN, a parish of Wales, co. of Flint.
1851, 39,112.                                                    HAL/KIRK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness.
IHALIFAX, a city and seaport, capital of the colony of   IHALL, h1ll, a town Germany, in Wiirtemberg, on the
Nova Scotia, on the S. coast of that peninsula, nearly equi-  the Kocher, 35 miles N.E. of Stuttgart.  Pop., including
distant from  its N.E. and S.W. extremities, in lat. (Dock-  suburbs, 6489. It was formerly a free imperial city, enyard tablet) 440 39' 42" N., lon. 630 35' 30" W. It is situ-  closed by walls, and has 7 churches, a fine town-hall, a
ated on a declivity on the W. side of a deep inlet of the sea, richly-endowed college, a mint, hospital, two public libracalled Halifax Harbor, and, including its suburbs, is 2'  ries, and, next to Ulmn, the greatest number of sugar refimiles long, and nearly 1 mile wide. The streets are spa- neries in the kingdom. It has also some soap and other
cious, and cross each other at right angles. Many of the  factories, and a large trade in oxen, hogs, and salt from the
houses are of wood, plastered and stuccoed, but many, also, neighboring springs, which yield 90,000 hundreds-weight of
are handsomely built of stone. There are 3 or 4 Episcopal  salt annually. On an adjacent hill is the old castle of Conechurches, a large Roman Catholic cathedral, and places of  burg, now used as an invalid hospital.
worship for various bodies of Dissenters. The other public    HALL, NIE)Esa, neelder hAll, a town of Germany, in Wiiredifices are substantial structures, the principal of which is  temberg, WV. of Ingelfingen, on the Kocher, with salt springs.
Province Building, containing the chief government offices,    HALL, a town of Germany, in the Tyrol, on the Inn, 6
the public library, &c.; it is built of freectone, and is a re-  miles E. of Innspruck. Pop. 4969, chiefly employed in saltmarkably fine edifice. The others are Dalhousie College, a  mines, whence 280,000 hundreds-weight of salt are annually
military hospital, work-house, prison, exchange, assembly- produced. It has a mint, a gymnasium, and a ladies semirooms, theatre, and several public schools. The dock-yard, nary, with cotton and linen factories.
covering 14 acres, is one of the finest in the British colonies.    HALL, a market-town of Germany, in Upper Austria, 19
The harbor of Halifax is one of the best in the world. It  miles S. of Lintz, with a castle. Pop. 849.
extends 15 miles inland from the Atlantic, and is rarely ob-    HALL, a county in the N.E. part of Georgia, has an area
structed with ice. In front of the town, where ships usu- of 540 square miles. It is intersected by Chattahoochee
ally anchor, it is 1 mile broad; farther up, the inlet expands  River, partly bounded on the W. by the Chestatee River,
into a wide basin, called Bedford Basin, comprising an area  and drained by the head streams of the Oconee River. The
of 10 square miles, and capable of accommodating thewhole  county is remarkably rich in minerals. More than a milBritish navy. Along the water's edge, in front of the town, lion dollars' worth of gold has been obtained from  the
are numerous wharves, close to which ships can lIe for the  mines of this county.  Several diamonds have been found
discharge of their cargoes, and above these are the ware- here, one of which  was sold for $200. (WHITE'S Statistics.)
houses. On Sambro Island, at the S.W. side of the entrance  Silver, lead, rubies, emeralds, and  amethysts are also
to the harbor, is alight, elevated 132 feet above the sea, and  found.  Organized in 1818.  Capital, CGainesville.  Pop.
farther up, Sherbrook Tower, on Mainger's Beach, exhibits a  8713, of whom 7377 were free, and 1336 slaves.
light 58 feet above the level of the sea. Halifax is the prin-    IIALL, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
cipal naval station for the North American colonies, and is    HALL, a post-office of Appling co., Georgia.
defended by strong forts and batteries.  It has extensive    hIALL, t post-office of HIopkins co., Kentucky.
steam communication with various parts of North America    HALL, a township in Dubois co., Indiana. Pop. 1032.
and the West Indies; and, as the port at which the Cunard    HALL, a post-office of Franklin co., Illinois.
811




HAL                                                      HAL
HALL, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Missouri.            IIALLINGBURY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co, of
HALLA, hAll1A, a considerable town of Sinde, in Hindos-  Essex.
tan, 35 miles N.W. of IHyderabad, with extensive sanufac-    HALLINGDAL, halfling-dal', a valley of Norway, about
tures of caps and superior earthenwares, and a Mohamme-  80 miles N.W. of Christiania. In its npper parts it is formed,
dan shrine, greatly frequented. Pop. variously estimated  on one side, by the Halling-skarven and llalling-j3kalen
from 2000 to 10,000.                                       Hills, respectively 5900 feet and 6017 feet high.
HALILADALE, a river of Scotland, co. of Sutherland,    HALILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
after a rapid N. course of about 20 miles, falls into the North    HALILIWELL, a township of England, so. of Lancaster,
Sea at the Bay of the Tor of Bighouse.                     3 miles W.N.W. of Bolton. In the vicinity is the ancient
HALIALAM, KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Derby.       mansion of Smithells.
HALLAM, NETIJER, a township of England, co. of York,   HAL'LOCA, a district and post-office in Muscogee so.,
West Riding. Pop. 7275.                                    Georgia. Pop. 1430.
HALILAMSHIRE, a district of England, so. of York, West   HAL'LOUGIITON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
Riding, composed of the two extensive parishes of Sheffield    HAL'LOW, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
and Eccledfield.  Though Sheffield and its vicinity are    HALILOWELL, a post-village and township of Kennebes
densely populated, much of this district preserves its an- co., Maine, on the Kennebec River, and on the Kennebec
cient forest and moorland character, and affords good  and Portland Railroad, 58 miles N. by E. of Portland, and 2
grouse-shooting.                                           miles S. of Augusta. The village is beautifully situated on
HIALLAM, UPIPER, a township of England, co. of York, the right bank of the river, on an acclivity, commanding a
West Riding. Pop. 1401.                                   fine prospect, and has several handsome streets, with wellHALLAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Derby.        built houses, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, about 30 stores of
HALLANDS-WARDERO, h&tl11nds-fr'dd h-roo%, a small different kinds, a large cotton factory propelled by steam,
island of Sweden, in the Cattegat, opposite the town of To- and a factory for making oil-cloth carpets, besides many
reko. Lat. 560 2(V N., ion. 120 30"'E.                     other establishments. Vessels drawing 9 feet of water come
HALILATON, a market-town and parish of England, so. to its wharves. It has considerable shipping chiefly engaged
of Leicester, 7 miles N.N.E. of Market-Harborough. Pop. 700. in the coast trade, and shipbuilding is carried on here. A
HALLAU, hAll1w, (OBER, olber, and UNTER, 66nfter,) two  fine quality of granite, obtained in the vicinity, is exported
nearly contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton, and 8  in large quantities. Pop. of the township, 4769.
miles W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. Ober-Hallau, 762;. Unter-    HALLOWELL CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Kennebec
Hallau, 2461.                                             so., Maine.
HALLAWAKA, Alabama. See HIALAWAA.                         HALLISA'S CREEK, a pest-office of Nodaway so., Missouri.
HALLE, a town of Belgium. See HAL.                        HALL'S BLUFF, a post-office of Houston so., Texas.
HALLE, hAillflh, a city of Prussian Saxony, on the Seals,   IIALLSfBOROUGH, a village of Chesterfield co., Virginia,
and at the junction of railways to Magdeburg, Leipsic, and  17 miles S.W. of Richmond.
Weimair, 20 miles N.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 29,800. Mean tem-   IALLSIBOROUGH, a post-office of Powhattau so., Virperature of year, 470.7; winter, 310.5; summer, 630.5 Fah- ginia.
renheit. It is old, ill built, enclosed by walls, and divided    HALL'S CORNERS, a post-office of Ontario so., New York,
into several quarters, each with its own magistracy. The  on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad, at the S. terminus
principal buildings are the Gothic Church of St. Mary; the  of the Sodus Point and Southern Railroad, about 150 miles
Church of laurice, an edifice of the twelfth century; the "1 Red  W. of Albany.
Tower" in the market-place, 250 feet in height; the Univer-   HALL'S CORNERS, a post-office of Allen so., Indiana.
sity buildings; and outside. of the walls, eastward, a monu-    HALL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Harford so., Mament to the Germane who fell in the battle of Leipsic. Its  ryland.
University, founded in 1604, and long famous for theology,   HALL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Franklin co., North
had united to it, in 1815, that of Wittenberg, and possesses CarolinD.
a library of 64,000 volumes, various museums, an anatomi-   HALL'S HILL, a poet-office of Rutherford co., Tennessee.
cal theatre, chemical laboratory, botanic garden, and obser-   HALL'S ISLAND, one of the Gilbert group, in the North
vatory; it had, in 1844, 721 students. Franke's Institute, Pacific Ocean, in lat. 00 533' N., lon. 1730 E., about 9 miles
in the suburb of Glaucha, is another educational establish- long from N.E. to S.W., and 6 miles broad.
ment of repute; and here are many private schools, three    HALL'S ISLANDS, British North America, are at the W.
hospitals, &c. The remaining portion of the castle of Mo- entrance of Frobisher Strait, in lat. 630 N., lon. 65 W.
ritzburg now serves for a Calvinistic church. The principal   HALL'S LANIDING, a small village of Putnam  co., DlUimanufactures are of hardwares and starch, hut woollen  nois, on the Illinois River, below Hennepin. Grain and
fabrics, gloves, &s. -are also made here; and near the city  other articles are shipped at this place, to the amount of
are salt springs, yielding from 225,000 to 300,000 hundreds- about $150,000 a year.
weight of salt annually. Halle is the seat of the mining    HALL'S MILLS, a village of Albany so., New York, 31
board for the provinces between the Elba and Weser. The  miles S.W. of Albany.
workmen engaged in the salt-works are called IHal-l16ren,    HALL'S MILLS, a small village of Jackson so., Illinois.
(sing. Iallar,) and, are a peculiar race, dietinguished by    HALL'S PORT, a post-office of Alleghany so., New York.
their physiognomy, costume, and customs, supposed to be    HALL'S STORE, a post-office of Sussex co., Delaware.
descended from  the aboriginal inhabitants. They enjoy    HALL'S STREAM forms a part of the boundary between
many privileges and immunities.  Hoffmann, Michaelis, New Hampshire and Canada, and falls into the Connecticut
and Handel were born here. On the 15th of October, 1806, River.
the French  gained  signal advantages here, over the    HALLSTADT, HALLSTATT, h~ll/st~tt, or HALAZESTAT,
Pruesians.   -                                            hVl~tra4-st~tt', a market-town of Upper Austria, on the W.
HALLE, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 29 miles S.W. of shore of the Lake of Hallstadt, 16 miles N.E. of Radstadt.
Minden. Pop. 1460.                                        Pop. 1030.
HALLEIN, h9ll1fne, a town of Upper Austria, 9 miles    HALLSTADT, a village of Bavaria, on the Main, 3 miles
S.S.E. of Salzburg, on the Salza. Pop. in 1845, 5600, chiefly  N.W.ofBa-mberg. Pop. 1027.
employed in mines, yielding 300,000 hundreds-weight of salt   HALLSTADT or IIALLSTATT, hllfstltt. a lake of Upper
annually; also in pin making.                              Austria, is about 6 miles long, with an average breadth of
HALLENBERG, hllen-bhao', a town of Prussia, West-  less than 2 miles, and is remarkable for the wild and gloomy
phalia, 32 miles SE. of Arnsberg, on the frontier of Hesse- character of its scenery.
Cassel. Pop. 1560.                                           HALL'S VALLEY, a post-office of Morgan so., Ohio.
HALLENCOURT, h&l'l6,se'1kooa,   a village of France, de-   HALLS/VILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., New
partment of Somme, 9 miles S.S.E. of Abbeville. Pop. 1739. York, about 60 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
HALILETT'S COVE, or ASTOIRIA, a village of Queen's    HALLSVILLE, a post-village of Duplin co., North Caro.
sco., New York, on the East River, 6 miles N.N.E. of New  lina, on Goshen Creek, 97 miles S.E. of Raleigh.
York. It has several churches.                               HALLSVILLE, a post-village in Chester district, South
HALILETTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of La Vacca co., Carolina.
Texas, on the left bank of La Vacca River, 95 mile. S.E. of    HALLSVILLE, a post-office of Pike so., Alabama.
Austin City. It is situated in a fertile, cotton-planting die-   HtALLSVILLE, a post-village of Ross so., Ohio, 12 miles
trict, which is well supplied with water. In 1852, the seat N.E. of Chillicothe.
of justice was removed by popular vote from Petersburg to    HALLSVILLE, a post-office of Boone so., Missouri.
this town.                                                   HALLITOWN, a post-village of Jefferson so., Virginia..
HALL'GARTH, a township of England, so. of Durham.          HALLUIN, hAlMlUI'%NCG, a town of France, department of
IIALLIGEN, hillle-ghen, THE, an island group of Den- Nerd, on the right bank of the Lye, 10 miles N.N.E. of Lille.
mark, off the S.W. coast of Sleswick. The chief islands are  Pop. in 1882, 5408.
the Stooge, about 3 miles long, and 2 miles broad; Langenes    HALLUUM, hbltim, or HALLUN, halllfln, a village of the
and Nordmarsch, forming one island about 6 miles long, by  Netherlands, -province of Friesland, 7 miles N. of Leeuwar1 mile broad; Grbde, about 2 miles long, hut very narrow; den. Pop. 2300.
and Oland or UEland. Pop. 650.                              HALLWYL, h9il1fil, or HALLWEIL, hlli*le, LAKE
IHALILING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            OF, in Switzerland, canton of Aargau, is an expansion of the
HALILINGBURY, GREAT, a parish of England, so. of  river Aa, 5 miles in length, by 1 mile in breadth. The
EsSex.                                                    castle and village of Hallwyl are near its N. extremity.
[     812




HAL                                                      HAM
HALILYSTONE,  a parish of England, co. of Northumber- and is an entrepdt for the commerce between Bagdad and
land, 6 miles W.N.W. of Rothbury. According to Bede, 3000  the modern capitals of Persia.
persons were baptised here on the introduction of Chris-   HAMAHII, hi/mA, or HAMMAH, himnmi,(anc. Eipphani/a,)
tianity into Northumberland.                               and the cHamath of Scripture, a city of Syria, pashalic and
HALMIAHERA, an island. See GILOLo.                       110 miles N.E. of Damascus, on the Orontes, here crossed by
HALMI, hellmee, a market-tdwn of East Hungary, co. of 4 bridges. Pop. 44,000. It is enclosed by walls, pretty well
Ugocs, 10 miles S. of Nagy-SzOllis. Pop. 1160.             built, and defended. The principal structures are the goverIHALMSTAD, hAlm/stid, a maritime ien of Sweden,having  nor's palace, mosques, baths, bazaars, and some curious
W. the Cattegat. Area, 1900 square n miles. Pop. 105,726.    hydraulic works. It has manufactures of silk, cotton, and
HALMSTAD, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of a hen, woollen fabrics, gold and silver thread, in which it has an
on Laholm Bay, an arm of Cattegat, 76 miles S.S.E. of Go- active trade with Aleppo, and other towns on the great
thenburg. Pop. 1853.                                       route between Asia and Africa.
HALS, hls, a market-town of Denmark, province of    HAMANLU, hi-man-loo/, a village of Asia Minor, AnatoJutland, 15 miles E. of Aalborg, at the entrance of the Lym- lia, near the S. shore of the Lake Aboolonia, 25 miles W.S.W.
fiord. Pop. 600, mostly fishers.                           Muhalitch, and having the remains of an unascertained city
HAL/SALL, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.         of antiquity.
IIALSBRUCKE, (Ilalsbrticke,) hlls/briik, a village of Ger-   HAMBACIT, hlam/bAK, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 2
many, in Shxony, 18 miles W.S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 1264.  miles S.W. of Neustadt. Pop. 2065. Here was the castle of
HALSDORF, hhlsldor.f, a village of Germany, in Hesse- Kastanienburg, built by the Emperor Henry II., but deCassel, 37 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 724.                 stroyed in the "peasant's war;" on its site a fruitless revoHIALSE, halts, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    lutionary movement was made, May 27, 1832.
HAL/SELLVILLE, a post-office of Chester district, South    HAMBACH, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, circle of Upper
Carolina.                                                  Palatinate, on the Vils, 7 miles N. of Amberg.
HAL/SEY, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. Pop. 588.    HAMBACHII, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, Oldenburg, disHALSEY VALJLEY, a post-office of Tioga co., New York.  trict of Birkenfeld, with some mineral springs.
IIALSHAM, hallsham, a parish of England, co. of York,   HAMBANTOTTE, him-bin-totlti, a bay and small seaport
East Riding.                                              town on the S. coast of Ceylon, in lat. 60 8' N., lon. 810 10' E.
HALISTEAD, a market-town and parish of England, co. of It has some trade in bay salt.
Essex, on the Colne, 18 miles N.N.E. of Chelmsford. It has   HIAMBATO, ASIENTO D'. See AMBAT0.
a church, containing several ancient monuments; a hand-    HAMBAUGHtS, a post-office of Warren co., Virginia.
some grammar school, founded by Lady Ramsay in 1594;   HAMBERS, hSm'bairY, a village of France, department,
other charities, a house of correction, union work-house, and 9 miles S. of Mayenne. Pop. 1837.
and some manufactures of silks, velvets, satins, and straw   IHAMBIE or IIAMBYE, hSmbee/, a town of France, deplait. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 5658.                   partment of Mlanche, 11 miles S.E. of Coutances.  Pop. in
HALSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              1852, 3362.
IHALSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          HAM/BLE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
HALSTEREN, hils/ta-ren, a village of Holland, North   HIAMBLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
Brabant, about 2 miles N. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Pop. 538.       HAMBLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
HALISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.             HAMBLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
HAL/STOW, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                HAM/BLETON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
HALSTOW, LOW, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            HAiMBLETON, a township of England, co. of York, West
HALT/CLIFFE, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, Riding, 41 miles WV.S.W. of Selby. Pop. 607.
9} miles N.N.E. of Keswick. Pop. 567.                        HAMIBLIN, a township in Brown co., Indiana. Pop. 1364.
HALTE, hl/lteh, a village of Germany, in Hanover, on    HAMBOURG. See HAMBURG.
the left bank of the Ems, 10 miles S.S.W. of Leer, with a cus-   HAMIBROOK, a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester, 5
tom-house for the circle of Leer.                          miles N.N.E. of Bristol. Pop. 607.
HALTERN, halttern, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 25    HAMBURG, hamlbtrg, (Ger. pron. him/tblanG; Fr. /usammiles S.W. of Miinster, on the Lippe. Pop. 1940.           bourg, hmlaboor/; L. HRnmbur/gum,) a famous city of GerHALT/HAM-ON-BAIN, a parish ofEngland, co. of Lincoln.  many, capital of a republic of the same name, and the
HALTINGEN, hl/ting-en, a village of Baden, on the  greatest commercial port on the continent of Europe, is situconfines of Switzerland, important as the S. terminus of the  ated on the right bank of the Elbe, about 70 miles from its
Duke of Baden's Railway; distant from Baden, 96 miles.    mouth. Lat. 530 32' 51" N., lon. 9 58' 33" E. Pop. in 1852,
HALTON, a chapehry and small market-town of England, 161,390. Mean temperature of year, 480; winter, 320.7; sumco. of Chester, 3 miles N.N.E. of Frodsham. Pop. 1397. It has mer, 630'7 Fahrenheit.  It is about 4 miles in circnmifera court-house, and ruins of a castle, erected at the Conquest. ence, enclosed by planted walks on the site of its former forHALTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.               tifications, and intersected by canals and branches of the
HAI/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.         Alster River. Most of its old streets are narrow, dark, and
HAL/TON, a county of Canada West, on Lake Ontario. dirty, and the houses of brick, old-fashioned, and ill-built.
Area, 362 square miles. P. 18,322. Capital, Wellington Square.  The banks of the Inner Alster, a lake within the city, form
HALTON, EAST, a parish of England. co. of Lincoln.      the favorite place of resort for the inhabitants, and at cerIJALTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.     tain times the water here is covered with pleasure-boats.
HAL/TON HOLE/GATE, parish of England, co. of Lincoln.  The principal edifices are the churches of the five parishes,
HALT/WHISTLE, a market-town and parish of England, among which, especial notice is due to that of St. Michael,
co. of Northumberland, with a station on the Newcastle and  with a steeple 456 feet in height, a fine altar-piece, large orCarlisle Railway, 34 miles W. of Newcastle. In the vicinity  gan, crypt, &c., and capable of holding 6000 persons; the Exis Featherstonehaugh Castle, the seat of the Wallace family. change, Town-hall, General Infirmary, for between 4000 and
HAL/VERGATE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       5000 patients, new Orphan Asylum, Senate House, founded in
H1ALWELL, two parishes of England, co. of Devon.        the thirteenth century, Bank, Eimbeck-house, Work-house,
HALYS. See KIzIL-IRMAK.                                 Prison, Arsenal, and two theatres, (one of the latter among
HABi, h8Nc, (anc. Hasurns   ) a village of France, depart- the largest in Germany,) and the German, French, and Eng.
ment of Somme, in a marshy plain, near the left bank of lish chapels. The institutions include the Johanneum and
the Somme, 14 miles S.S.E. of P6ronne.  Its old fortress  another college, a public city library with 180,000 volumes,
is used as a state prison. In 1830, the ministers of Charles numerous other libraries, museums, academies, an obserX., and afterwards Prince Louis Bonaparte, were confined in  vatory, botanic garden, ]earned and other societies, &c.
its citadel. Pop. in 1852, 2375.                          The maunfactories comprise 100 sugar refineries, tar, tobacco,
1HAM, him, a village of Belgium, province of IIainaut, 7  and sailcloth factories, breweries, distilleries, tanneries, cotmiles S.S.W. of Charleroi. Pop. 1883.                     ton printing, and dyeing works, anchor and iron forges, and
HAMt, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 many manufactures of less magnitude.
HAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                   The commerce of Hamburg is greatly facilitated by
HAI, EAsT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           extensive means of communication both with foreign counHAM, WEST, a parish of England, on the Lea, 4V miles tries and with the interior. By the Elbe, vessels drawing
E.N.E. of London.  It has ruins of an abbey, founded  18 feet can ascend at high water, and either deliver their
in 1135.                                                  cargoes directly in the warehouses, which line the bank, or
IHIAM, HiGeu, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.     send them by lighters into the very heart of the town. By
IIAMADAN, hi-mi-din/, (anc. Ecbattaccna,) a city of Persia, the same means, also, a free and uninterrupted communicaprovince of Irak-Ajemee, capital of a district, 165 miles S.W. tion is given to the interior, and greatly extended by means
Teheran. Lat. 340 50' N., hon. 480 32' E. Pop. variously esti- of canals, which branch off to the Baltic, or penetrate into
mated at from 25,000 to 40,000. It occupies a large surface the basin of the Oder, and through it into that of the Vison sloping ground, and is interspersed with gardens, but is tula. Railways connect Hamburg with Rendsburg and Kiel,
meanly built, and partly in ruins. Near the great mosque  Schwerin and Rostock, and with Berlin and all East and
is an edifice containing the tomb of Avicenna, resorted to  South Germany. A great drawback to the trade is the want
by numerous pilgrims, besides several other mosques, ba- of a sufficient harbor, or rather of any thing that can be
zaars, baths, caravanserais, an Armenian church, and a  called a harbor, the vessels being obliged to lie in the river,
synagogue. Some carpet and silk weaving and tanning are within a space railed off firom  the fair-way, and protected
here carried on, and the city has a large trade in leather, from  the current by means of piles. The commerce em813




HAM                                                           HAM
braces every article'bought or sold in Germany.  The im-    IHAMBURG, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio.
ports consist of sugar, coffee, tea, rice, tobacco, cotton, in-    HAMBURG, a post-township in the S.E. part of Livingdigo, dye-woods, wine; spirits, spices, hides, fish, coals, Bri-  ston co., Michigan.  Pop. 895.
tish manufactured goods, &e.; and the exports of grain,    IiHAMBURG, a village of Clarke co., Indiana, about 8 mile,4
seeds, butter, wool, salt provisions, cattle, bark, spelter, rags,  N. by. of New Albany.
German manufactures of all kinds, and Rhenish wines.    HAMBURG, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois. on the
The annexed table shows the commerce for 1852 and 1853:-   Mississippi River, 88 miles S.W. of Springfield. It has a
steamboat handing and numerous stores. Pop. estimated
1512.                 1853.          at 600.
Countries.                                                  HIAMBURG, a post-office of St. Charles co., Missouri.
Imprts.  prts.   Imprts.   Exprts.  HAMBURG  ON THE LAKE, a post-village of Erie co.,
U'nited Kingdoemn   4,585,759 $,18 445 —0  4',,9- 6 e, —    $,71-0 —— O 6   New Yorlk, on Lake Erie, about 10 miles S. of Buffalo.
ByBerli& Ranm-                                                 HAMBYE, a town of France.  See HAMBIE.
burg Railway..  21,271,017  30,889,211  27,474,968  31,638,363    HAM, DEN, d~n h~m, a village of Holland, province of
Altona...........  14,828,654  12,843,031 l1,247,56  16,003,145  Overyssel, 22 miles N.E. of Deventer.  Pop. 748.
Harburg........   9,813,797   8,397,858  10,0t1100L55    7,592,875    IIAM/DEN, a post-township in New Haven co., ConnectiUpperand Lower
Elbe........... 7,079621   9,37,34   8,542,13    9,093,322  cut, 6 miles N. of New Haven, intersected by the New Haven
Eb.....  7,079,621   9,637,354,413     0932
Lubec............    1,828,675   4,851,37    2,612,80    1,347,956  and Northampton Canal Railroad. It has manufactures of
Sleswickrand EelSleswicand.          5,64,938,6ol-6   1, 8         9,    carriages, castings, cotton goods, &c. Pop. 2164.
United States....   2,541;594   2,304,228   3,067,146   3,076,755
nestd Sate  2,44,94,304228 3,02,4e   3ele2i5 HARDEN, a post-township in the central part of DelaWest Coast or         Iware co., New York, 4 or 5 miles S. by W. of Delhi. Pop. 1919.
America.......    928,950   3,928,414   1,349,902   3,964,247    HAM, EAST.  See HAM.
Brazil..........    4,1,494   2,553,00,310,222   2,798,824    HAMELN, hfmeln, a town of Hanover, principality of
Other countries..  31,188,708  33,407,524  31,053,9319,826,696  Kalenberg, 25 miles SW. of Hanover, on the Weser. Pop.
31   593   Inlenberg   25 mile  S.W. ofHanover,onth p'srinial
Total........ $137,210,011' 131,97,312 $:5156,355,856 $i46,974,1   6191, mostly employed in navigation and the salmon fishing.
It was formerly fortified, and is still defended by Fort
Hamburg is said to have been founded in the eighth cen- George, a citadel on the opposite or W. bank of the river.
tury, by Charlemagne; early in the thirteenth century it A large sluice was constructed here by George II., in 1734,
joined Lubeck in the formation of the Hanse League. by which a good harbor was formed, and the town still has
Under the French, from  1810 to 1814, it was capital of the  an active trade.
department of Bouches de l'Elbe. The Church of St. Peter's,  IHAMELN, a village of Hanover, 8 miles N.E. of Hildesfounded in the 14th century, and many of the other pub- helm. Pop. 1030.
lic buildings, were destroyed by the great conflagration    HAIMER, a township in Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 942.
which commenced on the 5th of May, 1842, and burned 61    IIAMER, a post-office of Washington co., Wisconsin.
streets, and 120 passages and courts, and left houseless    HAM/ERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
19,995 of the population. Since that time, a great portion    HAMER'S CORNERS, a village of Sandusky co., Ohio, 8
of the town has been rebuilt according to a regular plan. miles E. by S. of Fremont.
The territory of:Iamburg has an area of about 151 square    HAM!ERSVILLE, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, 33
miles.  It consists of several detached portions, but the  miles in a direct line E.S.E. of Cincinnati.  Pop. 130.
more important and central part, including that on which    HAM/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
the town stands, is enclosed by Denmark on all sides except    IAM/ERVILLE, a village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
the S. and S.W., where its boundary is the Elbe; it compre-   HAM  HIGH. See HAM.
bends, likewise, the bailiwick of Bergedorf, and the little    HAMI, a city and province ofToorkistan.  See KnAMnL.
territory of Vierlinde, 16 miles from  Hamburg, the sove-    HAM/ILTON, a parliamentary and  municipal burgh,
reignty of both of which it enjoys, in common with Lubeck; market-town, and parish of Scotland. co. of Lanark, on the
several islands, a small space on the left bank of the Elbe, Clyde, here crossed by a fine bridge of 5 arches, and on the
opposite the town; and, at the mouth of the Elbe, the baili- great London road to Glasgow, 10$ miles S.E. of that city.
wick of ILitzebiittel, in which is the harbor of Cuxhaven. Pop. of town, in 1851, 9551. It is well built, has 2 churches,
As a member of the Germanic Confederation, it has a full a good grammar school, 2 poors' hospitals, a subscriptiou
vote in the plenum, and shares a vote. in the minor diet, library, mechanics' institution, trades' hall, 3 branch
with the other free towns, Frankfort, Lubeck, and Bremen. banks, jail, and large cavalry barracks. But its chief object
Its constitution is a curious, and not very intelligible con- of attraction is the magnificent Ducal Palace of the house
bination of the aristocratic and democratic principles. Very  of Hamilton: this has a noble Grecian front, 264 feet in
important modifications were proposed in 1848, and appa- length, and a superb interior, containing the largest and
rently sanctioned, but do not seem to have been yet carried  choicest collection of paintings and marbles in Scotland.
into full effect. The fundamental principle of the constitu- The park is also considered, for scenery and extent, the
tion is, that the executive power is lodged in a senate or  finest in North Britain.  Within it are the castle of ChatelBath, and the legislative power, with a general control of herault, another residence of'the Hamiltons, named after
the administration in the body of the burghers, represented  their ancient French ducal title, and the picturesque ruins
oy three colleges. The debt of Hamburg, in 1852, was of Cadzow Castle, their original family seat. It stands on a
$23,103,104; the receipts, $2,953,973; and the expenditure, lofty rock, washed by the Avon, and surrounded by a chase
$2,930,018. Pop. of the town and suburbs in 1852, 161,390; covered with some of the largest oaks in Britain, among
of the whole territory, 200,690.                              which the famous aboriginal breed of wild cattle still feed.
IHAM/BURG, a post-village of New London co., Connecti-  Hamilton has been the principal seat of imitation cambric
cut, 14 miles W. by N. of New London.                         weaving since the introduction of cotton manufactures into
IAMBURG, a post-township of Erie co., New York, on  Scotland. About 1200 looms are employed, and the finest
Lake Erie, 8 miles S. of Buffalo, intersected by the Buffalo  thsead is woven. Manufactures of lace, black silk veils,
and State Line Railroad. It contains several villages. Pop. check shirts, and hempen fabrics, are also flourishing. The
in 1840, 2730; in 1850, 5219.                                 burgh unites with Alrdrie, Falkirk, Lanark, and LinlithHAMBURG, a manufacturing post-village of Sussex co., gow, in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. It
New Jersey, 13 miles N.E. of Newton. It has 1 church, 1I gives the title of duke to the premier peer of Scotland, reacademy, 3 stores, 1 tavern, 2 iron furnaces, and 2 grist mills. presentative both of the illustrious house of Hamilton, (oriHAMBURG, a post-borough of Windsor township, Berks ginally English,) and of the male line of the Douglas. Owing
co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Schuylkill River, near moreover, to the marriage of the first Lord Hamilton with
the foot of the Blue MIountain, 15 miles above IReading, and  the daughter of James II., A.D. 1474, in case of the failure
on the Reading Railroad and Schuylkill Canal. Pop. 1035.  of the present line of Brunswick, the house of Hamilton will
IHIAMBURG, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, on  succeed to the Scottish crown.
Sheuango Creek, 10 miles N.W. of Mercer.                        HAM/ILTON, a county in the N.E. part of New York, has
HAMBURG, a small village of Union co., Pennsylvania.  an area of about 1711 square miles. It is drained by the
IAMIBUIRG, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Virginia.       head waters of Racket, Hudson, Sacondaga, and. Black
IHAMIBURG, a thriving post-village of Edgefield district, Rivers. A large portion of this county is still unsettled and
South Carolina, on the left bank of the Savannah River, op- covered with wood. The surface is elevated, and in some
posite the city of Augusta, at the W. terminus of the South  parts mountainous. The soil is generally poor. This county
Carolina Railroad, 136 miles W. by N. of Charleston. A  abounds in iron ore of excellent quality.  O-ganized in
bridge connects it with Augusta. It contains a bank and a 1838, having been formed from  a part of Montgomery
newspaper office.                                             county, and named (as well as most of those which follow)
HAMBURG, a post-village of Macon co., Georgia, 80 miles in honor of Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the
S.W. of Millegeville.                                         Treasury. Capital, Lake Pleasant. Pop. 2188.
HAMBURG, a post-office of Madison co., Florida.               HAMILTON,  a county in the N. part of Florida, borderHAMBURG, a poet-village of Perry co., Alabama, about ing on Georgia, has an area of 703 square miles. It is inlIt miles W. by N. of Montgomery, has about 100 inhabitants. tersected by the Alapaha River, boundled on the E. and S.
HAMBURG, a post-office of Franlklin co., Mississippi.       by the Suwanee, and on the IV. by the Withlacooche
HAMBURG, a post-office of Calcasieu parish. Louisiana.   River. Capital, Jasper. Pop. 2511, of whom 1826 were free,
HAM2BURG, a post-office of Van Zandt co., Texas             and 681 slaves.
UIAMBUBG, a post-village of Hardin co., Tennessee.            HAMILTON, a county in the S.S.E. part of Tennessee,
814




HAM                                                      HAM
bordering on Georgia: area estimated at 380 square miles. furnishing a water-power equal to 166 pair of stones. In
It is intersected by the Tennessee River, (navigable by  1853 there were in operation on the E. side of the river 4
steamboats.) The surface is diversified by high ridges con- flouring mills, 2 cotton factories, 2 woollen factories, 2 paper
nected with the Cumberland Mountains. The soil is mostly  mills, 2 iron foundries, and 1 planing-mill, besides other
fertile. Stone coal and iron ore are abundant. The Nash- machindry. The city contains, besides the county buildings,
ville and Chattanooga Railroad terminates in this county, churches of 6 or 7 denominations, about 20 stores, and 2
and connects with the Western and Atlantic Railroad of  newspaper offices. Previous to 1853, when the city charter
Georgia.  Capital, Harrison.  Pop. 10,075, of whom 9403  was granted, Hamilton included only that portion on the
were free, and 672 slaves.                                 E. side of the Miami, that on the W., containing a population
HAMILTON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of  of about 2500, having a separate organization under the
Ohio, bordering on Indiana, and on the Ohio River, which  name of Rossville. Pop. about 8000.
separates it from Kentucky, contains 390 square miles. It    HAMILTON, a township in Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1485.
is intersected by the Great and Little Miami Rivers, and    HAMILTON, a township in Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 665.
also drained by Whitewater River and by Mill Creek. The    HAMILTON, a township in Warren co., Ohio. Pop. 2068.
surface is generally rolling.  The soil is excellent, and    HAMILTON, a post-township in the S. part of Van Buren
highly cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, co., Michigan. Pop. 370.
and butter are the staples. In 1850 this county produced    HAMILTON, a village of Clinton co., Indiana, on the
the greatest-quantity of potatoes raised in any county in the  plank-road from Lafayette to Frankfort, 54 miles N.W. of
state. The grape vine is extensively cultivated in the vici- Indianapolis.
nity of the Ohio River, and a large portion of the county is    HAMILTON, a township in Delaware co., Indiana. P. 462
occupied by gardens and orchards for the supply of the Cin-   IHAMILTON, a township in Jackson co., Indiana. P. 1151.
cinnati markets. It isintersected by the Miami Canal, and    HAMILTON, a post-village of Steuben co., Indiana, on
by numerous railroads, for a particular account of which, Fish Creek, about 36 miles N. by E. of Fort Wayne.
see CINCINNArTI. Hamilton is the most populous county in    HAMILTON, a township in Sullivan co., Indiana. P. 1610.
the state. Capital, Cincinnati. Pop. 156,843.                HAMILTON, a township in Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 316.
HAMILTON, a county in the central part of Indiana,    HAMILTON, a post-vilage in Mahaska co., Iowa, on the
contains 400 square miles. It is drained by the White  ies Moines River, 75 miles S.W. by W. of Iowa City.
River, and by Cicero, Buck, and Eagle Creeks. The surface    HAMILTON, a small village of Marquette co., Wisconsin.
is partly level and partly undulating, and the soil is uni-   HAMILTON, a post-town, capital of Butte co., in the N.
formly fertile.  The railroad from  Indianapolis to Peru  part of California, is situated on Feather River, about 60
passes through it. Organized in 1823. Capital, Noblesville.  miles above its junction with the Sacramento, and on the
Pop. 12,684.                                              road from Sacramento City to Shasta, 140 miles N.N.E. of
HAMILTON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an  San Francisco.
area of 395 square miles. It is drained by the Skillett Fork    HAMILTON, a city and port of entry of Canada West,
of Little Wabash River, and the North Fork of Saline Creek. capital of the united counties of Wentworth and Halton, is
The county consists partly of prairie and partly of timbered  situated at the head of Burlington Bay, formed by the
land. Capital, McLeansborough. Pop. 6362.                  western extremity of Lake Ontario, and on the Great
HAMILTON, a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts, Western Railway, 228 miles E.N.E. of Detroit, about 375
bordering on the Ipswich River, and intersected by the  miles (direct distance) W.S.W. of Montreal, and 70 miles
Eastern Railroad, 22 miles N. by E. of Boston. Incorporated  N.W. of Buffalo. It is built on an acclivity extending back
in 1793. Pop. 889.                                        from the bay to the base of a mountain, which rises in the
HAMILTON, a flourishing post-village and township of  rear of the town to a considerable eminence, affording from
Madison co., New York, about 28 miles S.W. of Utica. The  its summit a beautiful and varied prospect. The streets,
village contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations,an academy, for the most part, cross each other at right angles, those exa bank, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, about 20 stoims, and is the  tending back from the bay having a direction nearly N. and
seat of Madison University, an instltution under the direc- S. King street, the principal thoroughfare, rans E. and W.
tion of the Baptists, founded in 1820. In 1854 it had 8 pro-  throughout the entire breadth of the town. Near the centre
fessors, 143 students, and 10,000 volumes in its library. of the street is a large open space, and a little N. is Market
Connected with it is a grammar school; besides which, the  Square, on which stands a spacious building, occupied in
village has an academy. Pop. of the township, 3599.        the lower part as a market, while its upper stories are aHAMILTON, a township in Atlantic co., New Jersey, in- propriated to the various purposes of the city government.
tersected by the Great Egg Harbor River, and containing  Court House Square, an area containing the county buildMay's Landing, the county seat, and a village on Great Egg  ings, lies between King street and the mountain. A reHarbor River, a quarter of a mile above May's Landing. markable improvement has of late years been effected in
Pop. 2015.                                                 the character of the buildings of Hamilton, much of the
HAMILTON, a township in Mercer co., New Jersey. material used in their construction being freestone and
Pop. 2807.                                                limestone supplied from  the quarries in the rear of the
HAMILTON, a township in Adams co., Pennsylvania. town, supposed to be inexhaustible.  The banks and many
Pop. 1166.                                                 of the churches and stores are handsome structures. The
HAMILTON, a township in Franklin co., Pennsylvania.  Bank of British North America is particularly admired. A
Pop. 1954.                                                new stone building has recently been erected for the postHAMILTON, a township in McKean co., Pennsylvania. office, and on the rising ground approaching the mountain
Pop. 103.                                                 are many elegant residences, most of them faced with cut
HIAMILTON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania.   stone. In 1851 the city contained 13 churches, viz. 2 EpisIIAMILTON, a township in Monroe co., Pennsylvania.  copal, 1 Church of Scotland, 1 Free Church, 1 United PresPop. 1984.                                                byterian, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, 1 Canadian Wesleyan, 1
HAMILTON, a post-village of London co., Virginia, about Episcopal Methodist, 1 Primitive Methodist, 1 New Connec157 miles N. of Richmond.                                 tion Methodist, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Roman CaHAMILTON, a thriving post-village of Martin co., North  tholic, and a church for colored people; 2 banks, 3 branch
Carolina, on the right bank of the Roanoke River, about 100  banks, 2 savings institutions, 5 life assurance companies and
miles E. of Raleigh, and at the head of navigation for large  agencies, 10 insurance agencies, a mercantile library associavessels. It has an active trade in cypress lumber.        tion, with 260 members, and 850 volumes in the library, a
HAMILTON, a post-village, capital of Harris co., Georgia, mechanics' institute, a reading-room, and 8 academies and
22 miles N. of Columbus. It is situated in a hilly region. seminaries.  Hamilton is the seat of the Great Western
It contains a court-house, 2 academies, 2 churches, and  Railway Company, originally chartered in 1834. Its stock
about 500 inhabitants.                                    is divided into 60,000 shares, at 251. each. In January, 1851,
HAMILTON, a post-village of Monroe co., Mississippi, is the city was lighted with gas. Five newspapers are pubsituated about 1 mile E. of the Tombigbee River, and 12  lished here. Hamilton has manufactures of various kinds,
miles S. of Aberdeen.                                     the machinery for which is all moved by steam-power. The
HAMILTON, a post-office of Washita parish, Louisiana.    principal of these, In 1851, were 4 foundries, machine shops,
HAMILTON, a post-village of Shelby co., Texas, on the  a saw-mill and planing machine, an organ factory, gristSabine River, about 20 miles S.E. of Shelbyville. Cotton is  mills and broom factories. Large quantities of corn brooms
shipped here in steamboats.                               are made here for exportation; the material used is chiefly
HAMILTON, a thriving post-village of Boone co., Ken- obtained from Ohio. Hamilton possesses superior commertucky, on the Ohio'River, 48 miles below Cincinnati, con- cial advantages, being at the head of navigation on the lake,
tains about 300 inhabitants.                              and in the centre of the most populous and best cultivated reHAMILTON, a city, capital of Butler co., Ohio, on the  gions of the province. Its trade was greatly facilitated by
Miami Canal, and on both sides of the Miami River, 20 miles the construction of the Burlington Bay Canal in 1823-4; but
N. of Cincinnati, and 90 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. It is the crowning triumph to the commercial prosper ity of the
connected by railroads with Cincinnati and Dayton, and is city, was the completion of the Great Western Railway,
the terminus of another line, extending to Richmond, in  giving Hamilton ready access to the vast and fertile region
Indiana. It is surrounded by a rich and populous district, of the Mississippi Valley. Lines of railway are also in prosnd has many elements of prosperity, especially as a mann- gress, which, when completed, will open communication
facturing town. A few years since, a hydraulic canal was  with Lake Huron, Montreal, and the northern interior of
completed here, by which a fall of 28 feet has been secured, the province. The value of imports in 1848 was $941,380
815




HAM                                                     HAM
In 1849, $1,123,024; in 1850, $1,583,132; and in 1851, walrus hides and teeth, copper, and feathers. Its trade is
$2,198,300, of which $1,525,620 was from the United States. mostly with Russia and Great Britain. In 1842,195 vessels,
HIamilton is an electoral district, returning I member to  aggregate burden 15,999 tons, entered the port, with cargoes
the Provisional Parliament. It was laid out in 1813. In  to the value of 68.7291.; and 185 vessels, burden 15,514 tons,
1836 the population was 2846; in 1846, 6822; in 1850, 10,248; cleared, with cargoes valued at 72,400/.
in 1852, 14,112; and in 1854, about 18,000.                HAMMEROE, (Hammerie,) hlm/mer-i6'h, a peninsular
HAMILTON BAN, a township of Adams co., Pennsyl- parish of Norway, bailiwick of Nordland, on the West Fiord.
vania. Pop. 1530.                                         Lat. 680 10' N..Pop. 1932.
HAMILTON COLLEGE. See CLINToN, New York.                  HAM/MERSMITH, a town and parish of England, co. of
HAMILTON CROSS ROADS, a post-office of McMinn co., Middlesex, on the Thames, here crossed by a magnificent
Tennessee.                                                suspension bridge, (erected in 1827 at a cost of 80,0001.,) 4
HAMILTONLANDING, post-office, Jackson co.,Tennessee. miles W. of London. Pop. 13,453, many of whom are emHAMILTON'S CREEK,post-office, Davidsonco., Tennessee. ployed in market gardens. It is irregularly built, but is
HAMILTON  SQUARE, a post-office of Mercer co., New  clean, well paved and lighted. It has many handsome
Jersey.                                                   houses, a church built in 1631, a school endowed by Bishop
HAMILTON VILLAGE, Pennsylvania, a suburb of West Latimer, annual revenue about 8001., and a royal cathedral
Philadelphia, 1 mile W. of the Market street Bridge.      chapel, with ladies' school and nunnery, established in the
IAMILTONVILLE. See NEwTON HAMIL'TON.                    reign of Charles II., and which has always maintained a
HAMINA, a town of Finland. See FaEDR.s KSHASx.         high repute.
HAMIN/IOG, a township of Wales, co. of Cardigan, 14    HAMMERSTEIN, hgmtlmr-stfne', atownof West Prussia,
miles N. of Lampeter. Pop. 886.                           circle of Schlochau. Pop. 1920.
HAM/LET, a village of Woonsocket township, Providence    HAM'MERWICK, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
co., Rhode Island, 15 miles N. of Providence.               HAM/IMOCK, a post-office of Jackson co., Virginia.
HAMLET, a post-office of Chautauque co., New York.        HAMMOCK GROVE, a post-office of Crawford co., Georgia.
HAM/LIN, a township of McKean co., Pennsylvania.   HAM'MONASPSET RIVER, in the S. part of Connecticut,
Pop. 118.                                                after forming the boundary between New Haven and MiddleHAMLIN, a post-office of Cabell co., Virginia.         sex counties, falls into Long.Island Sound.
HAMLIN GROVE, a post-office of Audubon co., Iowa.        HAM/MOND, a post-village and township forming the S.W.
HAMLINTON, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.  extremity of St. Lawrence co., New York, on the St. LawHAMM, hlmnm, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 22 miles rence River, about 20 miles S:W. of Ogdensburg. It is inN.N.W. of Arnsberg, on the Lippe, here joined by the Ahse. eluded witlhin the collection district of Oswegatchie, and
Pop. in 1846, 6850. It is enclosed by walls, defended by a  contains the villages of Hammond Corners, Oak Point, and
fort, and has a college, and manufactures of linen fabrics  Chippewa Bay. The latter, a small settlement at the head
and leather, bleaching-works, and an active trade in hams. of the bay of the same name, on the St. Lawrence River,
It communicates by railways with Paderborn and Cologne. forms an important port for the export of iron from Rossie,
It was formerly one of the Hanse towns.                  and lumber and produce from the surrounding district A
HAMM, a village of Germany, territory, and 2 miles E. of  steam saw mill was erected here in 1844. Oak Point (which
Hamburg.                                                 see) is situated on the river, 3 or 4 miles N. of Chippewa
HAMMAHI, a city of Syria. See IAMAA.                    Bay. Pop. 1819.
HAMMAH DE CABES, EL, 51 hdm/mih  dA k/bls. (ane.   HAMMOND, a township of Spencer co., Indiana. Pop. 912..Aquce Tacapitane,) a town of North Africa, dominion of Tunis,   HAMMOND CORNERS, a village near the centre of Ham18 miles W. of Cabes. and famous for baths, whence its name. mend township, St. Lawrence co., New York, about 20 miles
HAMill4M, hlm-rnlm/, (" a bath,") the name of numerous  S.W. of Ogdensburg.
places in Africa and Turkey.                                HAMMOND  ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, Solomon
HAMMAM-AIDA, hlm-nmlm-Md/, a village of Anatolia, 4 group, are in lat. 80 40' S., Ion. 1570 20' E.
miles WV. of Yerma.                                         HAMtMONDSBURG, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa.
HAMMAMAT, ham-mn-mit/, is a station of Egypt, on the    HAM/MONDSPORT, a post-village of Urbanna township,
route between Kosseir and Keneh, with well-buildings Steuben co., New York, at the S. extremity of Crooked Lake,
lately repaired by an English conipany.                  6 miles N.E. of Bath. It contains several churches, and 12
HAMMAM-EL- BERDAAH, h&m-m~m1-6l-blr'd/, ("pack- or 15 stores and warehouses. During the season of navigasaddle-bath;" anc. Aquce Tibilitance?) a village of Algeria, tion, a steamboat plies daily between Hammonsport and
province, and 45 miles E.N.E. of Constantine, on the route  Penn Yan, at the N.N.E. extremity. Pop. estimated at 800.
from Bona, in a rocky region, with baths of a temperature    HAMMOND'S STORE, a post-office of Anson co., North
of from 840 to 860 Fahrenheit, and vestiges of Roman build- Carolina.
ings, from which its fort has been constructed.            HAM/MONDSVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio.
HIAMMAM-EL-ELMA, hlm-mlm/-31-6l1mi, a province of   HAMMONDVILLE, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky.
Titteri; 63 miles S. of Algiers.                           ILAM/MONTON, a village of Atlantic co., New Jersey,
HAMMAMI-EL-FARAOUN, hlm-mnm/-6l-ft-ri-oonu, ("Pha- about 30 miles S.S.E. of Philadelphia.
raoh's baths,") a seaport town of Arabia Petred, on the Gulf    HAM/MOON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
of Suez, 80 miles S.S.E. of.Suez.                           HAMONT, hnm6NGa/, a small town of Belgian Limbourg, 7
11AMMAMET, h~m/miA mlt', or HAMAMET, a seaport miles N.W. of Br6e. Pop. 992.
town of North Africa, dominion, and 42 miles S.E. of Tunis,   HAMOON, h&moon/, (anc. Ar/sia Pa1lus,) a large morass
on the Gulf of Hammamet, a bay of the Great Syrtis. Pop. or lake of East Persia, or West Afghanistan, between lat.
8000,(?) It has an active trade with Tunis in corn, wool, 300 50' and 310 54' N., and ion. 610 8' and 620 10' E. Length
and oil. Its roadstead has a safe anchorage.              from N.E. to S.W., about 70 miles; breadth, from 15 to 20
IIAMIAM-LEF, hlm-mmt-l1f, (ane. Aquce Calidce,)a town  miles. It receives the Helmund, Furrah-Rood, and other
and baths of the dominion, and 20 miles S.E. of Tunis.    rivers; and while the Caspian, Aral, and other inland seas
HAMMAM-MESKUTIA, hlm-mAm/-mls-koo/te-a, (" the en- of Asia are decreasing in extent, this lake is said to be on
chanted baths,") in Algeria, province, and 38 miles E. of  the increase. Its E. part is shallow, and covered with reeds.
Constantine, near the Sebus River, the hot springs here Here is an island, on which is the Fort Rustum, or Koh-ihaving formed some curious petrifactions, whence their Kwajeh. The water is salt, and the banks are fringed by
name. Traces of Roman edifices are here discoverable,    forests of tamarisks. Lake Zurrah, or Zirreh, to the S.E.,
HAMME, h~m/meh, a village of Belgium, province of is now nearly dry.
East Flanders, on an affluent of the Scheldt, 19 miles E.N.E.   IIAM/ORTON, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
of Ghent. Pop. 8472, employed in navigation, rope-making,   HAMPDEN, a county in the S.W. central part of Massaand trading in hemp.                                      chusetts, has an area of about 670 square miles. It is interHAMMELBURG, him/m91-b366ac, a town of Bavaria, sected by the Connecticut River, and is drained chiefly by
on the Seale, 23 miles N. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 2630.        Westfield and Chickopee Rivers and their tributaries, which
HAMMER, hmlmmer, a village of Norway, stift, and 7 fiurnish abundant water-power. The surface is uneven, and
miles N.E. of Bergen, with 2780 inhabitants. It was for- in some parts mountainous. The soil is generally fertile.
merly a bishop's see, but was ruined by the Swedes in 1561. The Connecticut River is navigable for small steamboats to
HAMMER, a village of Denmark, in Jutland, N.E. of Springfield.  The Canal Railroad from  Northampton to
Aalborg.                                                  Granby, and the railroads connecting Boston with Albany,
HAMMER, him/mmr, a village of Prussian Silesia, with a and Hartford with Bellows Falls, traverse this county,
station on the railway between Kosel and Ratibor.        which is also partly intersected by the railroad connecting
HAMMERFEST, h&mfmer-f st', the northernmost town  New London and Plmer. Organized in 1812, having preof Europe, in Norway, province of Finmark, on the Qual-oe, viously formed part of Hampshire county, and named in
(whale island,) of which it is the chief port, 60 miles S.W. of honor of John Hampden, the celebrated English patriot.
the North Cape. Lat. 700 40' 7" N., lon. 230 35' 43" E. Pop. Capital, Springfield. Pop. 51,283.
800. The houses are of wood, and painted externally; coni-   HAMPDEN, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 5
munication between its quarters is kept up by boats; its miles S. of Bangor, on the W. side of Penobscot River.
harbor is defended by a tort. In summer the heat is some- Pop. 3195.
times oppressive, and throughout the winter the tempera-   IIAMPDEN. a township of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania
ture is mild enough for the fishery to be carried on. The Pop. 1273.
exports conmprise stockfish, whale, seal, and shark oil, skins,    IAMIPDEN, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama.
816




HAM' HAN
IIAMPDEN, apost-township in the N. part of Geauga co.,   HAMPTON, a post-township of Windham co., Connecticut,
Ohio. Pop. 919.                                           on the route of the New York and Boston Airline Railroad,
HAMPDEN, a flourishing post-village of Clinton township,  35 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It has some manufactures
Vinton co., Ohio, about 66 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. It has  of carriages, hardware, woollen goods, &c. Pop. 928.
several hundred inhabitants.                                HAMPTON, a village of Oneida co., New York, about 110
HIAMPDEN, a post-township in the S.E. part of Columbia  miles W.N.W. of Albany. It has about 500 inhabitants.
co., Wisconsin. Pop. 489.                                   HAMPTON, a post-township of Washington co., New
HAMPDEN CORNER, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. York, 20 miles N.E. of Sandy Hill. Pop. 899.
HAMPDEN, (hamlden,)GREAT, a parish of England, co.   HAMPTON, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, about
of Bucks, 7 miles W.N.W. of Chesham. The ancient manor  30 miles E.S.E. of Camden.
hall was the family seat and birthplace of the celebrated    HAMPTON, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylvania, 29
John Hampden.                                             miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. ~
HAMPDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co., of Bucks.   HAMPTON, a borough, capital of Elizabeth City co., VirHAMPDEN  SIDNEY COLLEGE, a seminary and post- ginia, on the left bank of James River, about 2 miles from
office of Prince Edward co., Virginia, about 68 miles W. by S. its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay, and 96 miles S.E. of
of Richmond. The college was founded in 1783, and has 6  Richmond. The part of the estuary of James River situated
instructors, 25 students, and 8000 volumes in its library.    between this town and Norfolk is called Hampton Roads.
HAMPINETT, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      Hampton is an old town possessing much historic interest,
HAMPNETT. WEST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.  and has been the birthplace of several distinguished naval
HAMIPRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.        officers. Its present importance is derived principally from
HAMPSHIRE, a county of England. See IlANTS.             its proximity to Forts Monroe and Calhoun. The former, in
HASIPSIIIRE, a county in the W. central part of Mlas- addition to its other sources of expenditure, has lately besachusetts. has an area of 524 square miles. It is inter- come one of the most fashionable places of resort in the
seoted by the Connecticut River, and is drained by the  South. The beach in the vicinity affords excellent bathing
head branches of the Chickopee and Westfield Rivers, and  ground, and is thronged during the summer months with
other smaller streams. which afford valuable water-power. the wealthy and fashionable, and by some invalids, asThe surface is uneven, and in the WV. part mountainous.  sembled there from Virginia. lMaryland, and the Southern
The soil is generally good, and on the Connecticut River States. Fort Monroe is 2- miles from Hanmpton. The town
very fertile. The Connecticut River is navigable for small contains 4 churches, several hotels, and numerous stores.
boats through this county. The railroad connecting Hart- Settled in 1705. Pop. about 1400.
ford and Bellows Falls traverses the county, which is also    HAMPTON, a post-office of Platte co., Missouri.
partly intersected by the New Haven and Northampton    HAMPTON, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., ArRailroad. Organized in 1662, and named from Hlampshire, kansas. It was laid out about 1851.
a county of England. Capital, Northampton. Pop. 35,732.    HAMPTON, a post-township in the N.E. part of Saginaw
HAMPSHIRE, a county in the N. part of Virginia, bor- co.. Michigan, on the E. side of Saginaw River. Pop. 917.
dering on Mlaryland, contains 850 square miles.  It is    HAMPTON, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana, 14
drained by the Cacapon River, and by the N. and S. miles W. of Indianapolis.
branches of the Potomac. The surface is occupied by the    HAMPTON, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois, on
valleys and ridges of the Alleghany chain. The county  the Mississippi River, 168 miles W. by S. of Chicago.
contains extensive beds of coal and iron ore, which are    HAMP'TON-Ioc-ABIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Wareasily accessible by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The  wick, having a station on the Midland Railway, at its juncstreams afford excellent water-power.  Capital, Romney. tion with the Derby, 98 miles E.S.E. of Birmingham.
Pop. 14,036. of whom 12.603 were free, and 1433 slaves.     IHIAMPITON BISHI1OP'S, a parish of England, co. of HereHAMPSHIRE, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.        ford.
HAMPSHIRE, a post-village and township of Kane co.,  IIHAMPITONBURG, a post-township of Orange co., New
Illinois, on the road from  Chicago to Galena, 58 miles  York, 3 miles N.E. of Goshen. Pop. 1343.
W.N.W. of the former. Pop. 759.                             -HAMiPTON FALLS, a post-township of Rockingham co.,
HtAMlPISON,  a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 513. New Hampshire, on the Atlantic coast, and on the Eastern
HAMPSTEAD, a parish and village of England, co. of  Railroad, 50 miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 640.
Middlesex, 4 miles N.N.W. of London. The village, which    HAMPTON GAY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
contains many elegant and fashionable mansions, is beauti-   HAMIPTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
fully situated on the slope of a hill, on the summit of   HIAMPTON, hIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
which is a heath of about 280 acres, commanding very fine    HAMPTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex,
views, and much resorted to on holidays firom the metro- on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Avon. It has
polls. E. of the town is a mineral spring, in high repute  a small harbor, and is much frequented for sea-bathing.
during the last and preceding centuries, at which time    HiAMPTON LOVIWETT, a parish of England, co. of WorHampstead was a feishionable watering-place.              cester, 1 mile N.N.W. ofDroitwich, within the parliamentary
HAMPSTEAD,. a post-township of Rockingham co., New  boundaries of which it is enclosed.
Hampshire, 30 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 789.               HAMP/TON-LUICY, or BISHOP'S IIAMPTON, a parish of
IIAMPSTEAD, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, 56  England, co. of Warwick.
miles N.N.W. of Annapolis.                                  HAMP/TON MLAIISEY, a parish of England, co. of GlouHAMIPSTEAD, a post-village of IKing George co., Virginia, cester.
near the Potomac River, 56 miles N.N.E. of Richmond.       IHAMPTON, NETHER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
HASPSTEAD, EAST. See EAsT IAMPsrEADn.                     HAMPTON POYLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
H-IAiMPSTEAD MARSHALL, a parish of England, co. of    HAMIPTON ROADS, a branch or arm of Chesapeake Bay,
Berks.                                                    at the mouth of James River, between hampton and NorhIAMPSTEAD NORRIS, a parish of England, co. of Berks. folk, having a depth of 5, 6, and 7 fathoms. Fort Monroe,
HIAMPSITIWAITE, a parish of England, co. of York, on Old Point Comfort, and Fort Calhoun, on the opposite
West Riding.                                              side, about 1 mile distant, lat. 170 E., command the channel.
IHAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on  Light-houses have been erected at various points hbore to asthe Thames, about 15 miles W.S.W. of London, and 2~ miles  sist vessels in entering Hampton Roads and Norfolk HIarWV. of Kingston. Pop. 4711. Here are many noble man- bor, and a light vessel is stationed off Willoughby's Bank,
sions, the chief of which is Hampton Court, a royal palace  having a bell, which is rung in foggy weather.
on the N. bank of the Thames, about 1 mile from the vil-  HIAMPTON'S MILLS, a small village of Laurens co.,
lage. It was founded by Cardinal Wolsey, and two of the  Georgia.
magnificent quadrangles, in the Tudor style, though greatly    HAMPITONVILLE, a post-village of Yadkin co., North
altered, still remain, containing Wolsey's great hall, the  Carolina, 130 miles W.N.W. of lRaleigh.
chapel, and three large quadrangles, of Grecian architecture,    HAMPTON WELCII, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
erected for William III., by Sir Christopher Wren. It con-   TIAMPTON WICK, a hamlet of England, co. of Middletains the state-rooms, in which are some rich furniture aed  sex, on the Thames, ~ mile N. of Kingston. Pop. 1614.
tapestry; a superb collection of paintings, chiefly historical   I{AMISEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
portraits, by Holbein, Vandyke, Lely, RKneller, West, and   IHAMTSTALL-RID/WAItE, a parish of England, co., of
with the seven celebrated cartoons of Raffaelle. The palace  Stafford.
is built of brick, with stonedecorations; its ceiling painted    HAM/STERLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.
by Verrio. The garden is laid out in the Dutch taste; it   HAM/TRAMC', a township of WVayne co., Michigan. Pop.
has a very fine terrace, some good sculpture, fountains, vases, 1628.
and a grape-house, containing a vine said to be the largest   HASMIVA, himnv h', or HANOWVA, h'no/v6h', a village of
and most productive in Europe. The park. 5 miles in. cir- Hungary, co. of Gmoe-r, on the Sajo. Pop. 1390.
cumference, is well stocked with deer. This palace was an    HAS'I-wITt-WATCH,   a hamlet of England, co. of Surrey,
occasional royal residence between the reigns of Hlenry VIII. on the Thames, 11 miles V.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. Pop.
and George II.                                            1391. Here is IIam house, erected in 1610, for Henry, Prince
IASiP/TON, a post-township of Rockingham  co., New  of WVales, and many other elegant seats.
Hampshire, on the Eastern Rtilroad, 50 miles S.E. of Con-   HAhi. WVEST. See H1AT.
cord. This township is a favorite summer resort for its flne   IRAM/WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
bathing and picturesque scenery. Pop. 1197.                 I-IAN, hban, a village of Belgium, province of Namur, in
3 B                                                                         817




HAN                                                       HAN
South Rochefort, and near which is a remarkable cavern, tion. Limestone is the most valuable mineral ofthe county.
through which the Lesse flows.                            A branch railroad, 16 miles long, extends from the Mad
HAN, a market-town of Dalmatia, circle of Spalatro, on  River and Lake Erie Railroad to Findlay, the capital. Pol.
the left band of the Cettina, N.E. of Sign.               16,751.
HANIANER'S STORE, a post-office of Randolph co., Ar-   HANCOCK, a county in the E. central part of Indiana,
kansas.                                                    contains 312 square miles. It is drained by Blue River and
HANAU, hdn~w, a town of Germany, in IHesseCassel,  Sugar Creek. The surface is generally level; the soil is proon the Kinzig, near its junction with the Main, 86 miles ductirvd. It is traversed by the Central Railroad, and liy a
S.S.W. of Cassel. Pop. including suburbs, 15,265. It con- plank-road. Organized in 1828. Capital, Greenfield. Pop.
sists of an old and a new town, the latter well built, and  9698.
having a good market-place, 4 Calvinistic parish churches, a    HANCOCK. a county in the extreme W. part of linois,
Romnan Catholic church, a castle, now the seat of the Wettera- bordering on Missouri and Iowa, has an area of 720 square
vian Society of Natural History, a large hospital, handsome  miles. The Mississippi River forms its W. boundary. It is
theatre, council-house, College, academy of arts, &c., mann-  also drained by Crooked Creek,-an affluent of the Illinois.
faetures of silk stuffs, ribbons, cotton fiabrics, camlets, car- The surface is diversified by beautiful prairies and tracts of
pets, leather, gloves, hosiery, gold and silver articles, porce- timber. The soil is exceedingly rich, and much improved.
lain, carriages, &c., and a considerable trade in timber, The county contains large quantities of stone coal and limebarrels, and wine. Near it are the mineral springs of Wil- stone. Capital, Carthage. Pop. 14,652.
helmstadt. At Hanau, the French, in their retreat firom      HANCOCK, a new county in the N. part of Iowa, has an
Leipsic, totally defeated the Bavarians, October 30, 1813.  area of about 500 square miles. It is principally drained by
HANAU, (HNnau,) htin6w, a village and parish of Swit-  Boone River, a branch of the Des Moines. Boone Lake, in
zerland, canton; and about 18 miles from St. Gall, on the  the N. part of the county, is the source of the river of same
Thur. Pop. 1953.                                           name. The county is not included in the census of 1850.
HIAN/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford..TANCOCK, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, at the
HANBURY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         head of Frenchman's Bay, 15 miles E. by N. of Augusta.
HAN/CHETTSVILLE, a poet-office of Dane co., Wisconsin, Pop. 960.
about 20 miles N.E. of Madison.                              HANCOCK, a post-township of Hillsborough co., New
HAN/COCK, a county in the S.E. part of Maine, has an  Hampshire, 30 miles S.S.W. of Concord. It is the seat of the
area of about 2000 square miles. It is bounded on the S. Hancock Literary and Scientific Institution. Pop. 1012.
by the Atlantic Ocean, and the Penobscot River and Bay    HANCOCK, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, 30
form part of its W. border. It contains numerous lakes, miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 430.
and small streams, which afford motive-power to a large    HANCOCK, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachunumber of grist and saw mills. Union River flows nearly  setts, bordering on New York, about 130 miles E. by N. of
through its centre. Hancock county comprises a great Boston. It has some manufactures of woollens, satinets,
number of islands, some of which are of considerable size, and cotton goods. Pop. 789.
and very fertile. It has a sea coast of above 50 miles, af-    HANCOCK, a post-township forming the S. extremity of
fording many excellent harbors. The soil is fertile. Named  Delaware co., New York. contains the beautiful' and flour(as well as those following) in honor of John Hancock, one  ishing village of HIancock, formerly Chehocton. situated at
of the fathers of American independence, and first President the junction of the East and West Branches of the Delaware
of the American Congress. Capital, Ellsworth. Pop. 34,372. River, where the former is crossed by the New York and
HANCOCK, a new county, forming the N.N.W. extremity  Erie Railroad, 174 miles from New York City.. Pop. of the
of Virginia, bordering on Pennsylvania and on the Ohio  township, 1798.
River, has an area of about 100 square miles. The Ohio    HANCOCK, a post-village of Washington co., Maryland,
forms its boundary on the N. and W., separating it from   on the left bank of the Potomac River, and on the Chesathe State of Ohio. The soil is fertile. Stone coal and fire- peake and Ohio Canal, 124 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore. It
clay are among the most valuable minerals of the county. contains several churches.
Formed a few years ago out of the N. part of Brooke county.   HANCOCK, a village of Union co., South Carolina, 80
Capital, New. Cumberland. Pop. 4050, of whom 4047 were  miles N.N.W. of Columbia.
friee, and 3 slaves.                                         HANCOCK, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.
HANCOCK, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia,    HANCOCK, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana.
has an area of 440 square miles. The Oconee River forms    HANCOCK'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Salem  co., New
its boundary on the W., the North Fork of the Ogeechee on  Jersey, on Alloway's Creek, 5 miles S. of Salem, has about
the N.E., and it is also drained by Buffalo Creek. The sur-  40 dwellings.
flce is diversified, the dividing ridge between the primary    HANIDA, an island of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, parish
and tertiary formations passing through the county. The  of Edrachilis. separated from the mainland by a narrow but
soil in the N. is clayey; in the S. it is sandy, and covered  navigable sound. Area, about 1 square mile.
with a growth of pine. The county contains an abundance    HANDAH, hInfdlh, or HANDAK, hgn'dakf, a town of
of granite, and a great variety of rare minerals and precious  Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile, 40 miles S.E. of New
stones, including gold, agate, chalcedony, opal, kaolin, zir- Dongola. Near it are the ruins of a large fortress.
con, and galena. (WHIcE'S  liSticstis.) Formed in 1793. Ca-   HANDIBOROUGH,,    a parish of England, co., of Oxford.
pital, Sparta. Pop. 11,578, of whom 4272 were free, and   H1AND/FORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.
17306 slaves.                                                IIANDIFORTHI, a township of England, co. of Chester,
HAN/COCK, a former co.. in the N. W. of Alabama. Area, with a station on the Manchester Branch of the London
600 square miles. It is drained by Sipsey River, and by its and North-western Railway, 5 miles S.W. of Stockport.
affluents, Jones's and Clifty Creeks. Pop. 1542, of whom     IAND/LEY-.a parish of England, co. of Chester.
1480 were fiee, and 62 slaves. Since the census of 1850,    IANDLEY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
this county has been retroceded to the counties from which    HANDSCNUHSHEIM, hsntshloos-hlme', a village of Gelr
it was originally organized.                              many, grand duchy of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, on the
HANCOCK, a county forming the S. extremity of Missis- Main, 10 miles S. of Mannheim.  Pop. 2143.
sippi, is situated on the N. shore of Lake Borgne, and   HIANDSOME VIEW, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa.
bounded on the W. by Pearl River, which separates it from    HANDS'WORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, on
Louisiana. Area, about 1000 square miles. It is drained  the Birmingham  and Liverpool Railway, 5 miles S.E. of
by Wolf River. The soil isthin andsterile. Capital, Shields- Wednesbury.
borough.  Pop. 3672, of whom  2456 were free, and 1216   IIANDSWORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, West
slaves.                                                    Riding.
HANCOCK, a county in the N. part of East Tennessee,   HIANIDY, a post-township in the W. part of Livingston
bordering on Virginia. Area, estimatedat 480 square miles. co., Michigan.  Pop. 484.
It is intersected by Clinch River. The surface is mountain-    HANDZAASIE or IANDZAEME, h~nd/zdmeh, a village
onu, being traversed by Powell's Siount. Iron ore is thought of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 15i  miles SW. of
to be abundant in the highlands. Formed about the year Bruges. Pop. 2646.
1848. Capital, Sneedsville. Pop. 5660, of whom 5458 were  IHANERAU, h&/neh-rlw', a village of Denmark, in the
free, and 202 slaves.                                      N.W. part of Nolstein, on the Eider, with the remains of an
HANCOCK, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky, lies old castle, which, in the twelfth century, was the strongest
on the Ohio River, which forms its entire N. boundary, sepa- bulwark of Holstein towards the Ditmarsches. Pop. 2920.
rating it from  Indiana. Area, estimated at 500 square    IA/NEYVILLE, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylmiles.  It is drained by Blackford and Panther Creeks. vania.
The river bottoms are several miles wide, and very rich;   HANIFORD'S LANDING, a post-office of Monroe co., New
the uplands are undulating, and moderately fertile. Capi- York.
tal, HawesviiU e. Pop. 3853, of whom 3231 were free, and    IIANG-CHOW-FOO, HANG-TCHOW-FOO, hang`'cb6wfos,
622 slaves.                                               or  IANG-TCHEOU-FOO, hang'che-oo'-foot, an important
HIANCOCK, a county in the N.W. central part of Ohio, city of China. capital of the province of Che-kiang, on the
contains about 536 square miles. It is intersected by the  Tsien-tang-kiang, 20 miles from its mouth in IHIang-chow-foo
Blanchard Fork of the Auglaize River, and also dlained by  Bay, at the S. terminus of the Grand Canal. It is said to
the sources of Portage River, and by Eagle and Ottowa  be very populous, well built, and clean, and to have a large
leks.  The soil is a rich black loam of limestone forrms- citadel and garrison, extensive manufactures of sill;, and a
818




HAN                                                      HAN
very active general trade. In the late war, the British    HANININGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
troops were prevented firom advancing upon Ilang-chow-foo   IHANNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.
by the innavigable rapidity of its river.                    HANNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
HANGEST, h8NG'zhA/, a village of France, department of    HANINO, a township in Lee co., Illinois. Pop. 474.
Somme, with a station on the railway to Boulogne, 7 miles    HANNOVER. See HANOVER.
miles N. of Montdidier. Pop. about 1000.                     HANNUT, hntnftit or hInniif, a market-town of Belgium,
HANGING ROCK, a post-village of Hampshire co., Vir- province, and 21 miles W. of Liege. It was formerly fortiginia, 28 miles W. of Winchester. It has 2 churches.       fled. Pop. 1075.
HANGING ROCK, a post-office of Kershaw district, South    HANOVER, hanfo-ver, (Ger. Hannsover, h n-no/ver; Fr.
Carolina.                                                  Hanore, h;nov'rl; L. Hanolvera,) a city of Northern GerHANGING ROCK, a thriving post-village of Lawrence  many, capital of the kingdom of Hanover, on the Leine, an
co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 140 miles above Cincinnati, affluent of the Weser, 83 miles S.W. of Hamburg. Lat. 520
and 110 miles S. by E. of Columbus. It is the depOt for the  22' 16" N., ion. 90 44' 40" E. Pop. in 1845, 28,055; with subproduct of several blast furnaces, and has a rolling mill and  urbs and military, 42,484. It is built in a sandy plain, enother manufacturing establishments. Pop. about 1000.      closed by planted walks, and divided by the river (here
HANGLETON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          crossed by several bridges) into an old and a new town, the
HANGOO or IANGU, hin-gool, a small town of Afghan- former ill-built and dirty, the latter regularly laid out,
istan, 15 miles W. of Kohat. Pop. about 1500.             lighted with gas, and comprising a fine esplanade, on which
IIANG-O-UDDE, IIANGO  IDDE, hAnglgo ood/deh, or standthe monumental rotunda of Leibnitz, and a column, 156
HANGOUD, hing-go-ood', a promontory on the N. coast of  feet in height, erected to the Hanoverians who fell at Water.
the Gulf of Finland, S.W. of Ekenas, with a harbor and a  loo. The principal edifices are the royal and vice-regal pacustom-house. Off this the Swedes were defeated by the  laces, opera-house, house of assembly, mint, arsenal, school
IRussians. July 27, 1714.                                 of trades, barracks, royal stables, city-hall and record office,
IIANGWELLY, hlng'welflee, a village of Ceylon, 10 miles  with a rich library of printed works, and valuable manuE. of Colombo.                                            scripts, chiefly presented by Leibnitz, and the Schloss-Kirche,
HAN/HAM, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester, 4  with the remains of Henry the Lion, and tombs of George I.
miles E.S.E. of Bristol. Pop. 1217.                       of England, and his mother; a Roman Catholic, 4 Lutheran,
HANIINGFIELD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Essex. and 3 Calvinistic churches. Its institutions comprise the
HANINGFIELD, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of  Georgianum, founded in 1776 for 40 young nobles, a gymEssex.                                                     nasium, normal school, and various asylums and hospitals.
HANINGFIELD, WEST, a parishof England, co. of Essex. It has manufactures of oil-cloth, gold and silver articles,
ITANKtERTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts,         carpets, lacquered wares, chiccory, &c. The transit trade
HAN-KIANG, hln'ke-Angl, a considerable river of China, with Bremen, &c., is considerable; and here is an exchange
provinces of Shen-see and Hoe-ps, after a tortuous E. cournse, for mining produce. About half a mile fisom the city is
estimated at 600 miles, joins the Yang-tse-kiang at Han- Mount Brilliant, a royal country residence, with a fine picyang; besides which city, Han-tchong and Yuen-yang are  ture gallery; and I mile distant is the old palace of Herrnon its banks.                                             hansen, a favorite residence of Georges I. and II. Under the
HAN-KIANG, a river of China, in Corea, enters the sea  French, Hanover was the capital of the department of Aller.
on its S. coast, after a S. course, of about 200 miles.   It communicates by railway with lHarburg, Hildesheim,
HANKIN. hAnukint, a maritime town of Corea, in Eastern  Brunswick, Berlin, Cologne, Bremen, and Emden.-Adj.
Asia, at the mouth of a river on its E. coast. Lat. 390 351 N., and inhab. HANOVERIAN, haun-o-vssre-an.
ion. 1270 35' E.                                             HANOVER, or HANNOVER, KINos.A or, (Ger. K'UnigHANK/IN'S, a station in Sullivan co., New York, on the  reich Hrannover, k'tniG-rike' hin-nofver; Fr. toyauane  de
New York and Erie Railroad, 153 miles from New York  Hanovre, roi'6m/ deh hn'nov'r/;) a kingdom in the N.W.
City.                                                     of Germany, holding the fifth rank in the Germanic ConHANLAR, hin-laul, a town of European Turkey, in Room- federation, and bounded N. by the German Ocean, and the
Elee, eanjak of Gallipoli, 5 miles S.E. of Ipsala.        duchies of IIolstein and Lauerlburg, from which it is sepaHAN/LEY, a township of England, co. of Stafford, on the  rated by the Elbe; N.E. by Mecklenburg-Schwerin; E. by
Manchester and Birmingham Railway, 21 miles N.E. of New- Prussia and Brunswick; S. by Prussian Saxony, iessecastle. Pop. 8609.                                        Cassel, and Rhenish Prussia; and W. by Holland.  Lat.
IIANLEY CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester, 530 52' to 570 18' N.. lon. 60 40' to 110 351 E. It is of very
1] miles N.W. of Upton-on-Severn. The Malvern Wells are  irregular shape; and, by the interjection of the duchy of
in this parish.                                           Oldenburg, in the N., and of a long irregular belt of BrunsHAN/HER, a parish of Wales, co. of Flint.               wick, in the S., is divided into three distinct poi-tions-the
HANTNAI'S CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into the  first, and far largest, forming Hlanover proper, situated on
Neuse River, near the S. border of Johnson eounty.        the E., and tolerably compact; the second on the W., and
HAN/NAHSTOWN or HANNAHSBURG, a post-village of  separated from the former by Oldenburg and Rhenish PrusButler co., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S.E. of Butler.  sia, except at one spot, where the continuity is maintained
HIANtNAS, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee.       by a narrow tract, not more than 6 miles wide; and the
HANNA'S CREEK, of Indiana flows into the White- third in the S., completely isolated from the other two. Bewater River, in Union county.                             sides these three principal, there are three minor portions,
HANNA'S MILLS, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.    all in the S.; and a range of sandy islands lining the coast.
IHANNATCHI1E, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia.    The total area comprises 14,811 square miles; capital, HanIIAN/NEGAN, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.     over. Within the territory are included part of Brunswick,
HANNEGAN, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.           and the free town of Bremen. It is divided as follows:IIANNEGAN, a small village of Atchison co., Missouri.
HANNEY, EAST, a township of England, co. of Berks.           Ldsi.            rsism    P.i0.    Ts
Pop. 165.                                                                            _____      - ___oel.
HAN/NEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks.        Hanover...............     2326    4          oer.
HIANNIAI. See LANCHANG.                                  Hildesheim............  170       37,883   Hildcshei.
the SW. etremity   aneberg    -........4336   | 205,764 [ Lsscburg.
IAN/NIBAL, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity     d neurg............               38,76    Leburg.
Stade..................    2620   279,83I Stade.
of Oswego co., NewYork, 28 miles N.W. of Syracuse. P. 2857.  0snabrcl.............  2411                Osnaburg.
HANNIBAL, a flourishing town of Marion co., Missouri,  Aurich.................    1154      186,129   Aurich
on the Mississippi River, 153 miles above St. Louis, and 15  Mining district........  244      35,720   Custal.
miles below Quincy, Illinois. It is advantageously situated                      --
for commerce, and is rapidly increasing in population and         Total           14,811     1,81,23
business. Large quantities of hemp, tobacco, pork, &c.,
which are raised in the vicinity, are shipped at this point.   Physical Features.-The, surface in the S. is covered by
The adjacent county is very productive, and rather popu- the Harz Mountains, some of whose summits here attain a
loues. Coal and carboniferous limestone, an excellent ma- height of more than 1000 feet; but all the rest of the country
terial for building, are abundant here. A railroad has been  belongs to the W. part of the great plain which stretches E.
commenced, which will extend from Hannibal to St. Joseph, across Priussia and Russia, and only terminates at the foot
on the Missouri, a distance of above 200 miles.  The town  of the central plateau of Asia. In Hanover, this plain, after
contains churches of 8 or 9 denominations, printing offices, free of the N. slopes of the IIarz, subsides into an extensive,
from which are issued several newspapers, about 25 stores  and often dreary, monotonous flat, with a gentle slope toand warehouses, and several extensive tobacco factories, wards the North Sea, to the basin of which it wholly belongs.
flooring mills, packing and other establishments. Pop. in  The only exception to the general flatness is caused by
1840 was about 600; in 1850 it amounted to 2557; in 1854, branches of the hIarz, of moderate height, one of which
to 4000.                                                  stretches in a N.N.W. direction, and forms the water-shed beHANINIBAL, three islands off the N.E. coast of Australia, tweenthe Ems and the Weser. In addition to these tewo rivers
lat. 11o 35' S., ion. 1420 511 20" E.                     -the former of which traverses the W. portion of the kingHANNIBAL CENTRE, a post-village of Oswego co., New  dom, from S. to N., while the latter traverses the W. of the
York. about 30 miles N.W. of Syracuse.                    E. portion, and drains the greater part of it, either directly
ILAN/NIBALVILLE, a village of Oswego  co., New York, or by its combined tributaries, Leine and Aller; the only
about 60 miles.N.E. of Rochester.                        other river of consequence is the Elbe, which skirts tho
819




HAN                                                       HAN
N.E., and bounds a considerable portion of the N., but is I ment. As a member of the Germanic Confederation, ]au
not augmented within it by any important tributary. The over has four votes in the plenum, and one full vete in the
iarz are rich in minerals, which have long been worked to  minor diet. Its contingent of troops is 13,054. Its actual
a great extent, partly in common with Brunswick; and  army amounts to about 23,690 men. Though it possesses a
still form one of the chief sources both of wealth and em- considerable extent of sea-coast. it has no navy. Debt in
ployment. They produce a little gold, a considerable amount 1854, $27,384,056; public income, $6,429,870; expenditure,
of silver, some zinc, from 100 to 150 tons of copper, and about $6,380,060.
4000 tons of iron annually. A branch of the iars, between    Hlistory.-The countries of which the kingdom of Hanover
the Leine and Weser, yields both coal and lignite; and, in  is now composed were, in early times, the theatre of proseveral quarters, rock salt is found in large quantities. The  tracted contests between the Saxons and the Romans. The
other minerals are of no consequence.                      N. parts were inhabited by Longobardi and Chauci; the
Clmate.-Considering the N. exposure of the country, the  centre by Fusi and Cherusci; and the S. by Chatti, who, at
climate is remnarkably mild, except in the higher districts a later period, advanced as far as the Aller. After the Roof the S. The mean annual temperature is 480. The greatest mans lost their footing in the country, and the Longobardi
cold seldom  exceeds 320, and the greatest heat, 950.  The  were expelled firom it, the Saxons became sole possessors,
prevailing wind is the W.; the air, on the whole, healthy; and divided it into three principal parts-O0stphalen, Engern,
but its sudden changes of temperature, particularly near and Westphalen. The first great steps in civilization were
the coast, are trying to weak constitutions; and in the low  taken by Charlemagne; who, having subdued the Saxons,
flats, when the rivers become sluggish. and numerous  introduced Christianity, and founded  several bishoprics.
stagnant pools are formed, dysentery. ague, and other in- Wittekind, the Saxon leader, by becoming a Christian, lost
termittent fevers, often prevail.                          much of his influence with the great body of his countryAgriculture.-In the low alluvial fiats the soil is remark- men, who still continued pagans, but was allowed to posably rich; but usually so overcharged with moisture, that sess his hereditary states. In 961, the chief power was in
it cannot be safely brought under the plough, and is much  the hands of HIerrmann Billung, fromnt whom the fourth in
more profitably employed by being allowed to remain in  succession was Miagnus.  He succeeded in 1106. On the
natural, or formed into artificial meadows, which yield  death of his son,  senry the Lion, in 1195, the possessions
heavy crops of hay, or feed large numbers of cattle. When  left to him were shared by his three sons, the issue of his
the ground attains a higher elevation, the soil often con- marriage with a daughter of Henry II. of England. Through
sisats, either of a thin vegetable mould, on a substratum of  the heirs of one of these (William, the youngest) the lines
sand, so poor, as often to be left in a state of nature, with  of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel and of Brunswick-Liineburg
its covering of heath; or of deep beds of peat. But, after  were ultimately formed.  Ernest Augustus, one of the
deducting these two classes of soil, there remain extensive  princes of the latter branch, after making several important
tracts of arable land, amounting to one-fourth of the whole  additions to his territories, was raised to the dignity of
surface, of good medium fertility, and so industriously cul- Elector of Hanover, in 1692, and married the daughter of
tivated, as to produce more corn than required for home  the Elector Palatine, grand-daughter of James I., and niece
consumption. Flax also, for which much of the soil is ad- of Charles I. of England. He was succeeded, in 1698, by his
mirably adapted, is extensively cultivated, and forms an  son, George Lewis;  who, in accordance with the revolution
important article of export. The domestic animals, gene- settlement of 1688, became sovereign of England, under the
rally of superior breeds, have been estimated at 250,000  name of George I., on the demise of Queen Anne, in 1714.
horses, 900,000 horned cattle, 1,620,000 sheep, 30,000 goats, The connection thus formed with the crown of England
and 700,000 swine. Poultry also, particularly geese, are  continued during four succeeding reigns.  In 1814, the
reared in vast numbers in the marshes; and the rearing of  Congress of Vienna raised Hanover to the rank of a kingbees is so generally practised among the moors, as to form   dom. Two independent crowns were thus worn both by
no contemptible branch of national economy. Forests oc- George IV. and William IV.; but on the accession of queen
cupy nearly one-sixth of the whole surface.  They consist Victoria, to the crown of England, the Salle law, placed the
of hardwood and pine, in nearly equal quantities, and are  other crown on the head of the nearest male heir, Ernest
extensively used in smelting.                               Augustus, better known as the Duke of Cumberland.  He
Moanufactures asd Trade.-Mining operations, next to  died in Noiember, 1851, and was succeeded by his son,
agriculture, unquestionably  form  the  most important George Y., who is hopelessly blind.-Adj. and inhab.
branches of national industry. Other manufactures are of  IANovEaRAN, hau-o-veefre-an.
comparatively limited extent.  The most important are    HANOVER, a county in the E. part of Virginia, contains
tissues of flax and hemp. The only other articles deserving  about 400 square miles. It is drained by the North Anna
of notice are-hosiery, ribbons, leather, chiccory, tobacco, and South Anna Rivers, which unite on the N.E. border of
oil, chemical products, beer, and brandy. The trade has  the county, and form the Pamunkey.  The surface is hilly,
the advantage of three navigable rivers, and a considerable  and presents much diversity of soil. The dividing line beextent of sea coast; and the government has been as for- tween the primitive and tertiary formations passes through
ward as any other in Germany in availing itself of railways,  this county. It is intersected by the Central Railroad, and
which already communicate, both E. and W., with the great by the Richmond and Potomac Railroad.  Organized in
continental trunks, and are in course of being still farther  1720. Capital, Hanover Court H-louse. Pop. 15,153, of whom
extended.  Hanover, however, has not much of its own  6760 were free, and 8393 slaves.
produce to export, and is, consequently, very much restricted    HANOVER, a post-township in Oxford co., Maine. P. 266.
as to imports on its own account. The greater part of its    H:ANOVER, a post-village and township of Grafton co.,
trade, accordingly, is transit; which; in recent times, has  New Hampshire. about half a mile E. of the Connecticut
made considerable progress.  It possesses several ports, River, and 55 miles N.W. of Concord. It has a fine situaamong which the first is Emden.                            tion on an elevated plain, 180 feet above the surface of the
People, Education, &c.-Taken as a whole, Hanover is very  river. In the centre is a square of about 12 acres, around
thinly peopled; and, in proportion to its extent of surface, which stand the principal dwellings, and the buildings of
has fewer towns of importance than any other country in  Dartmouth College. This old and highly respectable instiGermany. The inhabitants are generally of Saxon origin, tution was founded in 1769, and received its name from
except in the W., where they have a common origin with  William, Earl of Dartmouth.  Some of our most eminent
the Dutch, and are of Frisian extraction.  The educated  statesmen (among whom may be mentioned Daniel Webclasses use the ordinary written language of the country, ster) here received their education.  Connected with the
but the lower orders generally spealk Low German. Pub- college is a flourishing medical school, instituted in 1797.
lic instruction is under the direction of a superior council; The village contains 2 or 3 churches, several stores, and a
in 1845, there were 3561 primary schools, numerous indus- newspaper office. It has some manufactures of hardware,
trial. secondary, elementary, and polytechnic schools, 17 paper, furniture, &c.  Pop. of the township, 2352.
gymnasia and 13 progymnasia.  There is a school of mines   IHANOVElR, a post-township of Plymouth co., Mlassachuand forestry at Clausthal; military and veterinary schools, setts, 20 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It has manufactures of
schools of midwifery, and 5 normal schools. The seat of na-'of anchors, boots and shoes, &c. Pop. 1592.
tional learning is the University of GCttingen. The great   HANOVER, a manufacturing village in Meriden townmajority 6f the inhabitants are Protestants, of the Lutheran  ship, New Haven co., Connecticut, on the Quinepiac River,
persuasion. The Roman Catholics do not exceed one-eighth  15 miles N. by E. of New I-haven.  It contains a Congregaof the whole, and are almost entirely confined to the dis- tional church, a fine school, and flourishing manufactures
tricts of Hildesheim and Osnabriick.                        of cutlery and ivory combs.
Govsernment.-This is a hereditary monarchy, in which   IHANOVER, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
the Salic law, excluding females from the crown, is still in  of Chautauque co., New York, bordering on Lake Erie, about
force.  In form, the, monarchy is constitutional, having  30 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. It is intersected by the Buffalo
been framed, in 1819, on the model of that of England, but State Line Railroad, and by the New York and Erie Bailwith very considerable modifications.  An important infu- road. Pop. in 1840. 4000; and in 1852, 5144.
sion of the popular principle took place in 1833, during the   HIANOVER., a village and township of Burlington co., New
reign of William IV. of England; but the late Ernest Au- Jersey, about 24 miles S.S.E. of Trenton.  Pop. 2245.
gustus, who had protested against it at the time. immedi-   HANOVER, a post-township of Morris co., New Jersey, on
ately on his succession replaced matters on~ the footing of the Passaic River, 5 miles N. of Mlorristown. Pop. 3608.
1819; but, since the European turmoils of 1848-9, more of    HANOVER. a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. Pop
the popular element has been introduced into the govern- 1732.
820




HAN                                                      HAP
HANOVER, a former township of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- dinary assemblies generally held once in ten years. The
Vania, now divided into East and West Htanover.           epoch of the dissolution of the confederacy may be stated
HANOVER, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. Pop. at 1630. However, Hanmburg; Lubeck, and Bremen still con2375.                                                     stitute an association of a similar character. and, with Fran kHANOVER, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. fort-on-the-Main, are called the free Hanseatic cities of the
Pop. 1506.                                                Germanic Confederation.-Adj. HANSE and HANSEAfsIC.
HANOVER.a township of Northampton co.,Pennsylvania.    HANSI, han/see, a town of British India, presidency of
Pop. 428.                                                 Bengal, district, and 87 miles W.N.W. of Delhi, on the Canal
HANOVER, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania. of Firoze Shah. It is irregularly built, and enclosed by a
Pop. 1803.                                                brick wall.  Principal edifice, a fort, with some MohamHIANOVER, a thriving post-borough of Heidelberg town- medan bridges, and a good reservoir-. Ilansi was formerly
ship, York co., Pennsylvania, 18 miles S.W. of York, and 35  of importance, and toward the close of the last century, an
miles S. of Harrisburg. A branch railroad has been con- adventurer, named George Thomas, made it the capital of a
structed, which connects this town with York and other temporary principality.
places in that direction, and it is to be extended westward    HANSILOPE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
to Gettysburg. Hanover is surrounded by a fertile, highly   IJANtSON, a post-township of Plymouth co., Massachucultivated, and populous country, and is a place of active  setts, on the Old Colony Railroad, 25 miles S. by E. of Bosbusiness. It contains severalchurches, an academy, 3news- ton. It has manufactures of boots and shoes, nails, &e.
paper offices, and about 1500 inhabitants.                Pop. 1217.
HANOVER, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.             HANSON, a post-office of Marion co., Missouri.
HANOVER, a township of Ashland, co., Ohio. Pop. 1902.   HANSON, a township in Grant co., Wisconsin.  Pop. 764.
HANOVER, a township in Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 1493.       HANISONVILLE,     a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.
HIANOVER, a townaship of Columbiana co., Ohio. P.2858.   HANSONVILLE, a post-office of Bracken co., Kentucky.
HANOVER or HAiOVERTON, a thriving post-village    H-IAN'SOOTI, a town of British India, presidency of Bomof Columbiana co., Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 10  bay, district. and 12 miles W.S.W. of Barouche. Pop. about
miles W. of New Lisbon. It has 3 churches, and about 600  4000.
inhabitants.                                                HAN-TCHONG, hln-ch6ngf, an inland city of China, proHANOVER, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, 75 miles N. by  vince of Shen-see, capital of the department, on the Hlan-kiang
E. of Marietta.                                           River. Lat. 320 506N, ion. 1070 11' E.
HANOVER, a post-township in the E. part of Licking co.,   HANTS, a county in the interior of Nova Scotia, borderOhio, intersected by Muskingum River and the Ohio Canal. ing on Mines and Cobequid Bays.  The surface is much
Pop. 1186.                                                diversified with mountains and valleys. The underlying
HANOVER, a post-township in the S.W. part of Jackson  rock is the Permean sandstone of the coal measures. and
co., Michigan. Pop. 930.                                  whole hills are filled withl gypsum. CapitalWindsor. P. 14,330.
HANOVER, a township in Jefferson co., Indiana. P. 207.   HANTS, IIAMPISiSIRE, SOUTHAMPfTON  or SOUTIHHANOVER, a township in Shelby co., Indiana. P. 1061. AMP/TONSHIRE, a maritime county of England, having
HANOVER, a thriving post-village of Clinton co., Illinois, S. the English Channel, with its inlets of Spithead, the Soon Shoal Creek, about 45 miles E. of St. Louis. Settled by  lent, &c. Area, including the isle of Wight. 1625 square
Germans.                                                   miles, or 1,040,000 acres, of which 900,000 are estimated to
IhANOVER, a township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 672.   be under culture. Pop. in 1851, 405,2170. The ranges of the
IHANOVER, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, on  North and South Downs traverse the county.'In the S.
Apple Creek, 20 miles S.E. of Galena, has water-power and  are the extensive bays of Southampton-water, and the hasmills. Pop. about 300.                                    bors of Portsmouth and Langston, with the islets of Portsea
HANOVER, a small village of Woodford co., Illinois.     and Hayling.  In the N., N.E., and S.W., are extensive
HANOVER, a post-office of Waupacca co., Wisconsin.      heaths. South Hants is particularly noted for rural anad
HANOVER CENTRE, a village of G-afton co., New Hamp- maritime beauty.  Principal rivers, the Anton. Itchin,
shire, 60 miles WV. of Concord.                           Avon, and Stour.  The manufactures, except those conIHANOVEI COURT-HOUSE, capital of Hanover co., Vir- nected with the dock-yards and shipping establishments at
ginia, is situated 1 mile from the Pamunky River, and 20  Portsmouth, a,-e of little importance. Enosworth, on the
miles N. of Richmond. The railroad from Richmond to the  border of Sussex, has some famuous oyster-beds.  The BasingPotomac passes near it. This place is memorable as the stoke Canal is in the N.E., and the county is intersected by
scene of Patrick Henry's early triumphs, and in more re- the London and South-western Railwray, and by the South
cent times as the birthplace of Henry Clay.               Coast Rtailcay, ternminating at Portsmouth.  The county
HA INOVERIAAN.  See IHANOVE.                            is subdivided into 39 hundreds; besides which. it contains
IIAN0OVER ISLAND, in South America, W. of Patago-  the parliamentary boroughs of Southampton, Portsmolth,
nia, is in lat. 51~ S., lon. 740 30' W., separated froom the  Christchurch. Lymiungton, Petersfield, and the market-towns
mainland and Chatham Island by the East channel.          of Gosport, Alsesford, Alton, Basingstoke, Christchurch, FordHANOVER NECK, a post-Office of Morris co., New Jersey. ingbridge, Lymington, Romsey, and Ringwood.  The county
HIANOVERITON, a village of Ohio. See HANOVER.           sends 4 members to the Ilouse of Commons. Winchester
HANOVRE. See HANOvEaR.                                  is the capital.
HANSBEKE, h~nsfbt-keh, a village of Belgium, province    HANUSFALVA, hlh'noos'f5l/vSh', or IIANZDORF, hdnteof Hainaut, on the railway between Ostend and Ghent, 8  doRf, a market-town of North Hungary, co. of Saros, 12miles
miles W.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2749.                         W.N.W. of Eperies. Pop. 1300.
HANSDORF,(hdns/doaf,) LOWER and UPPER, two contig-   HANUSFALYVA or HENSCHAU, h~nfsh6w, a village of
uous villages of Prussian Silesia, with a station on the  Hungnary, co. of Zips, about 30 miles fi-om Leutschau. P. 700.
Berlin and Breslau Railway, 47 miles S.S.W. of Breslau.   HANVEC, hsNG'vikf, a village of France, department of
United pop. 2565.                                         Finistbre, 16 miles E.S.E. of Brest.  Pop. 2763.
HANSE (hnss) TOWNS, called also the HANSA (han/-   HANItWELL, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, havsl) and HANSEATtIC LEAGUE, a celebrated commercial ing a station on the Great Western Railway, 7 miles W. of
confederacy, which derives its name from the ancient German  Paddington, (London.) Here is situated the County Lunatic
word HIanse, (hinfseh,) signifying an "1association for mutual Asylum, avery handsome building, very extensive, and well
support." In the Middle Ages, Hamburg, Lubeck, and after- conducted; average number of innmates, about 800. IIere
wards Brunswick, Dantzic, Cologne, Bremen, and a great are also a noble railway viaduct, and an Artesian well;
number of other towns. entered into an alliance, in orders  depth, 290 feet; temperature, 550 Fahrenheit.
to defend their commerce against the numerous banditti and    HANWELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
pirates who then infested Germany and the neighboring seas.   HAN/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
This alliance was termed the Hanseatic League. The con-   HANTWORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
federated or Hanse Towns were each bound to contribute    HANWORTHII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
toward maintaining ships and soldiers for their mutual pro-    HANWORTH-COLD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
tection, not only against pirates and robbers, but also    HAN-YANG or IIAN-YANG-FOO, hin-ylng-foo, a city of
against the encroachments, oppression, or rapacity of the  China, province of Hoo-pe, capital of a department, at the
neighboring nobles and kings. The number of towns con- junction of the Han-kiang and Yang-tse-kiang Rivers. Lat.
posing the league fluctuated: at one time it is said to have 300 34' N., ion. 1130 45' E.
amounted to 85. among which were Bergen, in Norway, Bes-   HAN-YANG-FOO, the capital of Cores. See HKING-I-TAO.
lin, Kihnigsberg, and Cracowv. This powerful confederacy    HAOORAN, IIAOURAN or HAURAN, hi-oo-rln/ or hCw'formed the first systematic plan of commerce known in the  r[nl, an extensive plain of Syria, pashalic of Damascus, E.
Middle Ages. The cities enjoyed in England the privilege  of the Jordan and Mount Gilead, stretching thence to the
of exporting goods duty free, and in Denmark, of importing  Syrian desert, and inhabited mostly by a shifting population.
them duty free. Their alliance was coveted, and their hos-   HAOUSA, a town of Central Afiica.  See HoussA.
tility feared, by the greatest powers. Several kings were    IAPAI. h/lpP', HAPEE, HAPAEE, ha-pee, or GALVEZ,
defeated, and one (Magnus of Sweden) was deposed by them. gglvhz, an island group of the South Pacific Ocean, in the
Lubeck was the place of assemblage, and was regarded as  Tonga Archipelago, consisting of four larger and numerous
the capital of the league, and issued the summons for the  smaller islands, connected by coral reefs, so as to be conregular assemblies of the deputies from all the cities, which  sidered by the inhabitants only one island. Lat. 20~ 3 S.:
were held once in three years; and also foir the extraor- ion. 1740 41' W.
821




HAP                                                     HAR
HAPARANDA, hg-pl-rinlda, formerly CHARLES-JOIN'S  IHARDECK, haR/dkk, a town of Lower Austria, on the
TOWN, a maritime town of Sweden, l n of Pite, on the N. Thaya, 9 miles W.S.W. of Znaym. Pop. 600.
shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, at the W. side of the river, and   IIAIRDEGSEN, haR/dtg-sen, a town of Hianover, 10 miles
opposite the town of Torned.                              N.N.W. of Gittingen. Pop. 1291. It has manufactures of
IIAPEE, a group of islands. See TIArAi.                 linens and leather.
IIAPPISBJRGH. haptpis-btrritlh, or HAISIBOROUGH, a    HARIDEMAN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee,
parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the North Sea, 61 miles bordering on the Mississippi. Area estimated at 550 squart
E. of NorthWalsham.  Here are two important light-houses,  miles. It is intersected by the Hatchee River, which flows
1 mile S.E. of the village, in lat. 520 49' N., ion. 10 32' E.; a  into the Mississippi. The soil is fertile and easily cultired light, fixed. There is also a floating light at the N. end  vated. Hatchee Itiver is navigable by steamboats from this
of Hatsborough Sand, in lat. 520 58' N., Ion. 10 36, E.   county to its mouth in high water. Capital, Bolivar. Pop.
HAPPY VALILEY, a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee.  17,450, of whom 10,348 were free, and 7108 slaves.
HAPSAL, HAPZAL, hip/sel, HABSAL, hb'sll, or GAP-   HARDENBERG, hae/den-b6no', a town of the NetherSAL, glp'stl, a seaport town of Russia, government of Es- lands, province of Overyssel, on the Vecht, 23 miles E.N.E.
thonia, 58 miles S.W. of Revel. Pop. 1500.                of Zwolle. Pop. 910.
HAPSBURG, a village of Switzerland. See IHABssnUa.        HARIDEN HUISII, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
HAPITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             RARDERWICK, hantdedr-vik, IHARIDERWYK or HARHAPTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.        DERWIJK, harlder-wik', a seaport town of the Netherlands,
HAPZAL, a town of Russia. See HAPSAL.                   province of Gelderland, on the Zuyder-zee, 31 miles E. of
HARA, h ri, or KARA, a lake in the Chinese Empire, in  Amsterdam. Pop. 5538. It has a gymnasium, and an exthe Desert of Gobi, 50 miles S. of the Lop-nor. Lat. 300 50' tensive establishment for curing herrings and other fish. It
N., olen. 930 E.                                          was formerly a Hanseatic town.
IJARA or KARA, a town of the Chinese Empire, in Mon-   HARDIFORD, a township in Blackford co., Indiana. P. 250.
golia, near the Great Wall, 15 miles N.W. of So-phin.      HARDISIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
HARAKAH. hrlVkL, (anc. Libyssa) a picturesque town    HARDHEIM, haAt/hIme. a market-town of Germany, in
of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 20 miles W. of Ismeed (Ismid,) on  Baden, 44 miles E.N.E. of Mlannheim. Pop. 1891.
the N. shore of its gulf, with some remains of antiquity.   IIARIDIN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee, borHAR/ALSON, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia, 82 miles dering on Alabama and Mississippi. Area estimated at 650
W. of Milledgeville.                                     square miles.  The Tennessee River flows through the
IIARAMUK, hlrl-mikI, or HARWMOKI, a mountain of county, dividing it into nearly equal parts. The surihce is
Central Asia, in the Himalaya, bounding Cashmere north- formed of wo inclined planes, with a gradual descent toward. Let. 340 26' N., ion. 740 43' E. Elevation, 13,000  ward the river. Iron ore is abundant on the E. side of the
feet.                                                    river. The latter is navigable by steamboats through the
HIARAPA, hi/ripA, a village of the Punjab, on the E. county.  Capital, Savannah. Pop. 10,328, of whom 9071
bank of the Ravee, (anc. Hydraotes,) 105 miles S.W. of La- were free, and 1257 slaves.
hore, with extensive ruins, and conjectured to be on the    HARDIN, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky, consite of the Sangala of Arrian.                           tains about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E.
HARASZ/THY, a small village of Sank co., Wisconsin.    by the Salt River and its Rolling Fork, and drained by
HARI/AY, two islets of Scotland, off the E. coast of Shet- Nolin and Rough Creeks.  The surface is undulating or
land mainland.                                            hilly, the soil fertile.  The county is intersected by the
HAR/BESITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Organized in 1792. CaItAR/BISON, a township in Dubois co., Indiana. Pop. 935. pital, Elizabethtown.  Pop. 14,525, of whom 12,066 were
HAR/BLEDOWN, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile fi-ee, and 2459 slaves.
W. of Canterbury. Here is one of the oldest hospitals in    HARDIN, a county in the N.W. central part of Ohio, conEngland, founded for lepers, by Archbishop Lanfranc. It is tains 476 square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto, and
now used as an alms-house.  Attached to it is the ancient watered by the head streams of the Miami and Blanchard's
church of St. Nicholas. in which HIooker is buried.      Fork. The surface is nearly level; the soil is fertile. It is
IIARBONNIPRES, haozbon'ne-aie/, a town of France, de- intersected by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. Capartmeit of Somme, 15 miles N.N.E. of Montdidier. Pop. pital, Kenton. Pop. 8251.
in 1852, 2165.                                             HARDIN, a county in the S. part of Illinois, bordering
HARBOR CREEK, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsyl- on Kentucky, is one of the smallest counties in the state,
vania, on Lake Erie, 5 miles N.E. of Erie. Pop. 2084.    having an area of 260 square miles. The Ohio River forms
IIARBOR-GRACE, a market-town of Newfoundland, on  the S. boundary. The soil is productive.  The Cave-in
the W. side of Conception Bay, 20 miles N.W. of St. John's, Rock, well known to the navigators of the Ohio, is situated
with a well-sheltered harbor.                            in this county. Formed recently out of part of Pope county.
HARBOR ISLAND, West Indies. See BAHAMA ISLANDS.   Capital, Elizabethtown. Pop. 2887.
HIAR/BORNE. a parish of England, co. of Stafford.         HARDIN, a new county in the N. central part of Iowa,
HAR/BOROUIIGH-MAGNA, a parish of England, co. of has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Iowa
Warwick.                                                 River, and also by Tipton Creek. The surface slopes towards
IIARBOROUGII, MARKET. See MARKCmT-HARB0o0UGo.   the S.E. This county is not included in the census of 1850.
LAR/BOTTLE, a small market-town of England, co. of Named in honor of Colonel John J. Hardin, of Illinois, who
Northumberland, on the Coquet, 17 miles W.S.W. of Aln- fell at Buena Vista.
wick. Pop. 162. Here is a modern, and ruins of a very    HARDIN, a village of Shelby co., Ohio, 77 miles W. by N.
strong ancient castle.                                   of Columbus, contained, in 1853, about 200 inhabitants.
SAR/BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Haute.           HARDIN, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., Illinois,
IHARBURIG or HAARBURG, harebb5Gl, a town of Ger- on the Wv. bank of the Illinois River, 85 miles S.W. of
many, in Hanover, 23 miles N.W. of Lilneburg, on the S. Springfield. Pop. 596.
branch of the Elbe, and on the Hanover and Brunswick    HARDIN, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.
Railway, 41 miles S. of Hamburg. Pop. 50153. It is enclosed    HAR/DINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
by walls, and has a citadel, gunpowder and bone mills, a    IHARDINGIHEN. haeMdlN'g6Ne/, a village of France, desugar refinery, tanneries, manufactures of woollens, linens, partment of Pas-de-Calais, 10 miles N.E. of Boulogne.
hosiery, and an active transit trade.                    Pop. 1334.
HARBURG, a market-town of Bavaria, on the Wernitz,   HAR/DINGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of North30 miles N.N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1459.                  ampton.
ITAR/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.          HAR/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
IHIARBUTOWTTZ, hmautboo-to'Pits, a village of Austrian    HARDINGTON MAN/DEVILLE, a parish of Enugland, co.
Silesia, circle of Teachen. on the Vistula. Pop. 2500.   of Somerset.
lIAR1BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          HIARIDINGVILLE, a post-office of Gloucester co., New
HARCHIES, harn'sheel or haitly~s, a village of Belgium, Jersey.
province of Hainaut, on the canal of Pommecienul, 12 miles   IARriDINSBURG, a post-village, capital of Breckenridgo
N.W. of Lons. Pop. 1444.                                 co., Kentucky, 120 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It has a
HARCOURT, hae/koonl, a town of France, department of  court-house, a seminary, 2 or 3 churches, and about 1000
Eure, 10 miles N.E. of Bernay. Pop. 1339.                inhabitants.
IIARCOURT-TIIURY, hammkoom-tiidree', a town of France,   HARDINSBUIRG, a village in Dearborn co., Indimana, 4
in Cavaldos, 15 miles N.W. of Falaise. Pop. 1008.        miles N. of Lawrenceburg.
HARDANGER-FIORD, haraldng'er-fe-oad!, an inlet on    HARDINSBURG, a post-village in Washington co., Inthe W. coast of Norway, about 33 miles S.E. of Bergen. It diana, 32 miles N.W. of New Albany.
is approached through channels between numerous islands,.IARDINSBURG, a post-office of Montgomery co., Illinois.
extends from S.W. to N.E. about 37 miles, and then from    HARDIN'S TAVERN, a post-office of Albemarle co., VirN. to S. about 34 miles.                                ginia.
IARDANGER-FJELD, ham/dlng'er-fe-Ald, a  mountain   HAR1DINSVILLE, a post-village of Shelby co., Kentucky,
ridge of Norway, about lat. 600 10' N., uniting N. with the  on the turnpike from Louisville to Frankfort, 9 miles S.W.
Lang-Field, and S. with the Dovre-Field. Its highest point of the latter.
is 5908 feet.                                             HARDINSVILLE, a post-office of Crawford co., Illinois.
HARD/AWAY, a post office of Macon co., Alabama.         HARDINXVELD, haaedinx-vMll, a village of the Nether
822




HAR                                                       iAR
lands, province of South Holland, on the Meuse (Maas,) 4    HAREWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
miles W. of Gorkurn. Pop. 3155.                             HAREWOOD, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
HAR/DISTON, a township in Sussex co., New Jersey.   HARFLEUiR, haanflue), (L. Hafrelvium or.hfo rlicsum,     )
Pop. 1341.                                               a seaport town of France, department of Seine-Infdrieure,
HARD LABOR CREEK, of South Carolina, is an affluent on the Lezarde, 1 mile from its mouth in the Seine, 3 miiles
or branch of Stevens Creek, in Edgefield district.        E.N.E. of Havre, and 105 miles N.W. of Paris, with which it
IHARD/ILEY. a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.       is connected by railway. Pop. 1611. It was formerly an
HARDIMEAD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.          important fortress, but it declined with the rise of Hlavre,
HARD MONIEY, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia.    and its harbor is now nearly choked up. It was taken by
HARDIRES, LOWER, a parish of England, co. of Kent.   the English under Henry V., in 1415, after a memorable
HARDRES, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Kent.    siege of 40 days.
HARD SCRABIBLE, a small village of Lancaster co.,   IAR/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Pennsylvania.                                               HARIFORD, a county in the N.N.E. part of Maryland,
HARD SCRAB/BLE, a post-office of Davis co., Kentucky.  bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of 480 square miles.
HARDT, hant, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government The Susquehanna flows along the. N.E. boundary to the
of Dusseldorf, circle of Gladbach. Pop. 730.              head of the Chesapeake Bay, which washes its S.E. border.
HARD/WARE RIVER rises in Albemarle co., near the  It is also drained by Deer Creek and Winter's Run. The soil
centre of Virginia, and falls into the James River in Flu- has been rendered fertile by the use of lime and guano.
vanna county.                                             Limestone, granite, and other primary rocks underlie the
HARD/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge, 4  upper portion of the county. Iron ore is also found in it.
miles E. of Caxton. It gives the title of earl to the Yorke  The Tidewater Canal terminates at Havre de Grace, in this
family,                                                   county, which is also intersected by the Philadelphia and
HARDWICK, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      Baltimore Railroad. Organized in 1773. Capital, Bel Air.
HARDWICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         Pop. 19,356, of whom 17,190 were free, and 2166, slaves,
HARDWICK, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            HARFORD, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity
HARDWICK, a post-village and township of Caledonia  of Cortland co., New York, about 140 miles W. by S. of Alco., Vermont, on Lamoille River, 20 miles N.N.E. of Boston. bany. Pop. 949.
Pop. 1402.                                                 HARTFORD, a post-township of Susquehanna co., PennsylHARDWICK, a post-village and township of Worcester vania, 10 miles S.E. of Montrose. Pop. 1258.
co., Miassachusetts, 6 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 1631.      HARtFORD, a village of Harford co., Maryland, about 25
HARDWICK, a township of Warren co., New Jersey. miles E.N.E. of Baltimore.
Pop. 727.                                                  HARG, hang, a village of Sweden, 60 miles N.N.E. of
HARDWICK CENTRE, a village of Warren co., New Jer- Stockholm, on a lake of the same name, near the W. entrance
sey, 3 miles N.E. of Blairstown.                         to the Gulf of Bothnia.
HARDIWICKE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.          IHARG/IHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HARDWICKE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    HARIGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
HARDWICKE BAY, South Australia, is an inlet of Spen-   IIARGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
cer Gulf.                                                   HARGRAVE, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi.
HARDWICKE IIALL, a noble seat of the Duke of Devon-   HARIGROVE'S TAVERN, a post-office of Nansemond co.,
shire, in England, co. of Derby, 41 miles N.W. of Mansfield. Virginia.
It was built in the reign of Elizabeth, by the Countess of   IIARIHARA, a town of India. See IHURRRUR.
Shrewsbury, daughter of J. Hardwick, (owner of the estate,)  IHARINGHE, h/ring-nHh or h'1rANc,', a village of Belwho was married four times, and became the founder of four glum, province of West'landers, on the Yser, 34 miles S.W.
dukedoms. It contains a curious collection of antique fur- of Bruges. Pop. 2106.
niture, historical portraits, and tapestry wrought by Mary,   HARINGVLIET, h/ring-fieet', a mouth of the Rhine or
Queen of Scots. Adjoining are the ruins of HIardwicke  Meuse, province of South Holland, continuous with HolCastsle.                                                 lands-Diep. Breadth, 2' miles.
HARDWICKE ISLAND, British North America, in Char-   HAR'IPOOR/, a small town of Punjab, near the Rembeara,
lotte Sound.                                             in lat. 330 37' N., ion. 740 37' E.
HARD/WICKE (or NUNDAWAS nun-dawtwas'?) MOUN-   HARIPOOR, a fort and small town of Punjab, among
TAINS, East Australia, are in lat. 300 S., and'lon. 1500 E., the lower offsets of the Himalayas, in lat. 310 54' N., ion.
of granite formation. Estimated elevation, 3500 feet.    750 53' E.
HARDWICK, PRIORS, a parish of England, co. of War-   HARIPOOR, a town of Punjab, on the Dor, about 10
wick.                                                    miles from its junction with the Indus, in lat. 340 4' N., ion.
HARD/WICKSVILLE, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia. 720 535 E.
HAR/DY, a county in the N. part of Virginia, bordering    HARK/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
on Maryland, has an area of about 1400 square miles. It is   HAR/LAN, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, borintersected by the S. branch of the Potomac, which, in its  derinug on Virginia, has an area estimated at 600 square
passage through the county, receives two affluents, called  miles. The Cumberland River rises in the E. part of the
the North and South Forks; the county is also drained by  county, and traverses nearly its whole length. Cumberland
the N. branch of the Potomac, and by Cacapon and Lost Mountain forms its S.E. boundary. The surface is elevated
Rivers. The surface is very mountainous and rocky. The  and rugged. The county contains extensive beds of stone
North Mountain forms its B. boundary; the main Alleghany  coal and iron ore, which have not yet been worked. A large
and Branch Mountains extends across it. The soil of the  part of the surface is covered with forests. Formed in 1819,
valleys is fertile. The county has valuable mines of iron ore. and named in honor of Major Silas Harlan, who fell at the
Named in honor of Samuel Hardy, a member of Congress battle of Blue Licks. Capital, Mount Pleasant.  Pop. 4268,
from Virginia in 1784. Capital, Moorefield. Pop. 9543, of  of whom 4145 were free, and 123 slaves.
whom 8283 were free, and 1260 slaves.                      HARLAN, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.
HARDY, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 2424.        HARLAN COURT HOUSE, a post-office of IHarlan co.,
IHAR/DY ISLANDS, British India, off the coast of Aracan, Kentucky.
E. of Cheduba, in let. 180 35' N., Ion. 940 E.            HIARLAND. a township of McHenry co., Illinois.
IIAR/DY'S ISLANDS, (SIR CHARLES,) a group of small   HAR/LANSBURG, a post-village of Lawrence  co., Pennislets off the N.E. coast of Australia, between Temple Bay  sylvania, on Slippery Creek, 226 miles W. by N. of Harrisand Shelburne Bay, in lat. 110 54' 42" S., Ion. 1430 30 45 E.  burg.
IhARDY'S ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific Ocean,   IHARLAWV. a locality in Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. memoS.S.E. of New Ireland, in lat. 40 30' S., lon. 1540 15' E.  rable for a great battle fought between the Highlanders
IIAREIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         under the Lord of the Isles, and the forces under the Earl
Ih ARE/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.   of Mar, in 1411.
HIAREID, harId, or HAREIDLAND, hI/rid-lgnt', an island    HAR/LAXTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
of Norway, stift of Trondhjem, in the Atlantic; lat. 620 22'   IIARLEBEKE, has/leh-b'keh, or HARELBEKE, hIrelN. Length, from N. to S., 11 miles; breadth, 8 miles.    bj'keh, a town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on
IIARE ISLAND, an island of Canada East, in the St. the Lys, and on the railway from Ghent to Courtrai. 3 miles
Lawrence, 96 miles N.E. of Quebec, 8 miles long by half a  N.E. of Courtrai. It is said to be time oldest town in flanmile broad.                                              ders. Pop. 4570.
HAREN, haren, a parish and village of the Netherlands,   HARLECI{, haRlQ K, an ancient decayed municipal boprovince, and 31 miles S. of Groningen.  Pop. 2475.      rough and market-town of North Wales, co. of Merioneth,
HARES/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.   on the Irish Sea, 6 miles S.S.E. of Tremadoc. It is famous
HARES/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    for its fine surrounding mountain scenery, and forits stately
HARESTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.       ruined castle, built by Edward I., the last fortress in North
HAREW0OOD. a parish of England, co. of York, West Wales which held out for King Charles.
Riding, on the Wheyle, here crossed by a stone bridge, 7    HAR/LEESVILLE, a post-village in Marion district, South
miles N.N.E. of Leeds. The village contains a venerable  Carolina, on the Little Pedee, 100 miles E.N.E. from Column
church, the ruins of a castle built about the reign of Edward  bla.
I., and, in a noble park, the superb mansion of the Earl of   HARLE, KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Northumber
Harewood.                                                land..823




HAR                                                      HIAR
HARLEMI, a city of Netherlands. See IHAARLEM.             IHARMONY, a post-office of Clay co., Indiana.
IHARMLEM or HAERLE_11, har/lem, a beautiful post-vil-   HARMONY, a post-village of Mclenry co., Illinois, 5!
lage, or more properly a suburb of New York City, in one of miles N.W. of Chicago.
the wards of which it is included, is situated on the N. part    HARMONY, a small village of Bates co., Missouri.
of Manhattan Island, and on the Harlem River and Railroad,   HARMONY, a post-village of Washington co., Missouri,
7 miles N. by E. of the City Hall.  It contains several 80 miles S.W. of St. Louis.
churches, extensive maufactories, and fine country seats.   HARMONY, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.
Pop. above 5000.                                             HARMONY, a township of Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop. 840.
HARLEM, a small village of Carroll co., Ohio.              HARMONY COLLEGE, a post-office of Sumter district,
HIARLEM, a post-village and township of Delaware co., South Carolina.
Ohio, 16 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1182.                  HARMONY GROVE, a post-office of Taylor co., Virginia.
HARLEM, a township in Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 392.     HARMONY GROVE, a post-village of Jackson co., Georgia,
HARLEM, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois.          99 miles N. of Milledgeville. It has 3 or 4 stores.
HARLEM, a post-township in the E. part of Winnebago    HARMONY VALE, a post-village of Sussex co., New Jerco., llinois. Pop. 763.                                    sey, 80 miles N. of Trenton.
HARLEM SPRING, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.         HARMSITON, a parish of England, co., of Lincoln.
HIARILEMVILLE, a post-office of Columbia co., New York.   HAR/NADSVILLA, a post-office of Somerset co., PennHARLESTON, a small market-town of England, co. of  sylvania.
Norfolk, 7 miles S.W. of Bungay. Pop. 1509.                  HARINAGEVILLE, a post-village of Cherolkee co., Georgia,
HARLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  136 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville.
HARLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            HARNES, haan, a village of France, department of PasHARtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              des-Calais, 12 miles E.S.E. of Bethune. Pop. 2150.
HARILEYVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn-    HARN/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
sylvania.                                                 HIARNHILL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
HIARLING, EAST, a market-town and parish of England,   HARO, iro, a town of Spain, province, and 21 miles
co. of Norfolk, 22 miles S.W. of Norwich. Pop. 1062.       N.W. of Logrofo, near the left bank of the Ebro. Pop. 5928,
HARLING, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    who manufacture hats, brandy, liqueurs, and leather.
HARLINGEN, haRlinug-en, a fortified maritime town of    HAROE, (Harie,) hlrb'eh, a small island on the W. coast
the Netherlands, province of West Friesland, near the en- of Norway, province of Trondhjem. Lat. 620 45/ N.. ion.
trance of the Zuyder-Zee, 16 miles W. of Leeuwarden. It is 60 30' E.
well built, and intersected by canals. The principal edifices   HARtOLD, a post-office of Montgomery co., Arkansas.
are the Admiralty, a large parish church, and the Town-hall.   HAROLD'S CROSS, a village of Ireland, forming a suburb
The manufactures comprise sailcloth, salt, hollands, paper, of Dublin, about 1 mile S. of Dublin Castle. Pop. 2789.
and bricks, It has greatly increased iu importance since    HARON], hlro'nsf, a town of France, department of
the opening of the ports in Britain. English steamers leave  Meurthe, 15 miles S. of Nancy. Pop. 666. It has a fine chbwith cargoes of cattle, butter, cheese, wool, flax, fruit, and  teau, birthplace of Bassompierre.
vegetables. The number of ships which entered and left  IHARP. See Bow ISLAND.
the port in 1843, was 800; in 1846, upwards of 11,000. Pop.    HARtPENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
in 1850, 8591.                                               HAR/PERHAY, a village of Canada West, counties of HuHAR/LINGEN, a pest-village of Somerset co., New Jersey, ron, Perth, and Bruce, 20 miles N.E. of Goderich, and 13
9 miles S.S.W. of Somerville.                              miles from Mitchell.
HARILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          HAR/PER'S FERRY, a post-village of Jefferson co., VirHARLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.    ginia, is situated at the confluence of the Shenandoah with
HAR/LOW, a parish of England, co. of Essex, with a sta,- the Potomac River, where the united, stream breaks through
tion on the Eastern Counties Railway, 61 miles S. of Bishop's  the Blue Ridge, 160 miles N. of Richmond, and 53 miles
Stortford. It is well known for Harlow Bush Fair, held on  N.W. of Washington City. The scenery in the vicinity is
the 9th of September.                                      in the highest degree beautiful and picturesque.  Thomas
HARLt/TON or HARLS/TON, a parish of England, co. of  Jefferson considered the "passage of the Potomac t.hrough
Cambridge.                                                 the Blue Ridge one of the most stupendous scenes in nature,
HARtMAR, a flourishing post-village of Washington co., and well worth a voyage across the Atlantic to witness."
Ohio, is finely situated on the Muskingum River, at its  The place was orig-inally called Shenandoah Falls. Its premouth, opposite Marietta. Steamboat building is carried on  sent name is derived fiom a ferry long since established
here. It contains a Union school, large hotel, an iron foun- across the Potomac, which is also spanned by a fine bridge,
dry, a steam mill, &c. Incorporated in 1837. Pop. in 1850, about 800 feet in length. The village is comnpactly, though
1010; in 1853, about 1500.                                 irregularly, built around the base of a hill, and is the centre
HABPMARVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- of considerable trade. It contains 4 or 5 churches, several
vania.                                                     manufactories and flouring mills, a United States armory,
HARMELEN, har/meh-len. a village of Holland, province, in which about 250 hands are employed, producing, among
and 7 miles W. of Utrecht, o/: the Old Rhine. Pop. 668.    other articles, some 10,000 muskets annually; and a national
HARMERSBACH, harlmers-b a'. OBER (otber) and UN- arsenal. In the latter are continually stored from 80.000 to
TER, 66n/ter, two nearly contiguous villages of Baden, on a  90,000 stand of arms.  As these are subject to the orstream of the same name, 12 miles S.E. of Offenburg. Pop. ders of the executive department at Washington, the defiof Ober Harmersbach, 288; Unter Iarmersbach, 1836.         ciencies occurring fiom  time to time are supplied from
HARMERSBACH, a populous valley of Baden, near Zell, the factories. Harper's Ferry is on the line of the Balextending about 17 miles in length.                        timore and Ohio Railroad, and at the N. terminus of a railHARMOK, a lofty mountain. See HARAMUK.                   road connecting it with Winchester. The Ohio and ChesaHARIMONDSWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Mid- peake Canal also passesalong.the oppositeside of the Potomac.
diesex.                                                      HARPER'S FERRY, a post-office of Abbeville distrlict,
HAR1MONSBURG,apost-office,Crawford co.,Pennsylvania.  South Carolina.
HIARMONY, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine,   HARIPERSFIELD, a post-village andtownship ofDelaware
about 45 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 1107.             co., New Yolrk, about 60 miles W. by S. of Albany. The vilHARMONY,a post-township of Chautauque co., New York, lage contains 2 or 3 churches, and several hundred inhaon Chautauque Lake, 65 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 3749. bitants. Pop. of the township, 1693.
HARMONY, a village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, about   HARPERSFIELD, a post-village and township of Ashta14 miles N.E. of Freehold.                                 bula co., Ohio, on Grand River, about 45 miles E.N.E. of
HARMONY, a post-township of Warren co., New Jersey, Cleveland. Pop. 1278.
on the Delaware River, 7 miles S. of Belvidere. Pop. 1564.   HARPER'S HOME, a post-office, Brunswick co., Virginia.
HARMONY, a thriving post-village of Butler co., Penn-   HARPER'S MILLS, a post-office, Pendleton co., Virginia.
sylvania, on Conequenessing Creek, about 220 miles W. by   IHAR/PERSVILLE, a post-village of Brcome co., New York,
N. of Harrisburg. It was settled in 1804 by a community  on the Susquehanna, 16 miles E. by N. of Binghamton.
of Germans, who afterwards sold this property, and esta-   HARPERSVILLE, a post-village ofCumberland co., Pennblished themselves at Economy, in Beaver county. P. 441.  sylvania.
HARMONY, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylva-   HARPERSVILLE, a post-village of Shelby co., Alabama,
nia. Pop. 1578.                                            80 miles N. by W. of Montgomery.
HARMONY, a post-office' in Kent co., Maryland.             HARIPETIT, a river in the central part of Tennessee, rises
HARMONY, a post-village in Halifax co., Virginia, 110  near the S.E. extremity of Williamson co., and flowing N.W.
miles S.W. of Richmond.                                   through Davidson and Dickson counties, enters CumberHARMONY, a post-village in York district, South Caro- land River from the left hand, near the boundary between
lina. about 100 miles N. of Columbia.                      the latter counties. The whole length is estimated at 100
HARMONY, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.          miles. A smanll creek, called West Harpeth, flows into the
HARMONY, a village in Weakly co., Tennessee, 125 miles river about 6 miles below Franklin.  Another, called Little
W.N.W. of Nashville.                                      Harpeth, enters it on the right bank, about 12 miles S.W. of
HARMONY, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.           Nashville. Harpeth River furnishes valuable motive-power.
HARMONY, a post-township, Clarke co., Ohio. P. 1804.      HAR/PETII, a post-village of Williamson co., Tennessee,
HARMONY,  a township in Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 1041. 25 miles S.S.E. of Nashville.
824




HAR                                                       HAR
HAtPIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               HARRIS, a township of St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 437.
HARPIHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East   II HAIRISBURG, a posttownship of Lewis co., New York,
Itiding.                                                    58 miles N.N.W. of Utica. Pop. 1367.
HARPILEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              HARRISBURG, a city, capital of Pennsylvania, and seat
HARIPOLE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.        of justice of Dauphin county, is delightfully situated on the
HAWRPONEL'LY or KURPONHULLY, ktr-pon-hW!llee, a  E. bank of the Susquehanna River, 100 miles W.-by N. of
town of British India, presidency of Madras, 67 miles W.S.W.'Philadelphia, and 110 miles N. by E. of Washington.  Lat.
of Bellary.                                                 400 16- N., ion. 760 50' W. The Pennsylvania Railroad conHARPS'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            nects at this point with the Lancaster and Ilarrisburg RailHARPSTEDT, haRptsthtt, a market-town of Germany, in  road. The Lehanon Valley Railroad, now in progress, leads
Hanover, 25 miles W.N.W. of Hoya. Pop. 986.                 from  IIarrisburg to Reading, and the Cumberland Valley
HARPSIWELL, a parish of England, co., of Lincoln.         Railroad extends in the opposite direction. The site is an
IHARPS/WELL, a township of Cumberland co., Maine, on  elevated plain between the river and Paxton Creek. The
the N. side of Casco Bay, 45 miles S. by W. of Augusta. public buildings belonging to the state occupy an eminence
Pop. 1535.                                                  in the N. part of the town. The Capitol is a handsomre brick
HARPI/TREE, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Somer- building, 180 feet long by 80 wide, having a circular portico
set. 61 miles N. of Wells. Near the village are the remains in front, supported by six Ionic columns, and surmounted
of an ancient fortress, and a remarkable cavern.            by a dome. The latter affords a delightful view of the broad
HARPTREE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  river, studded with verdant islands, and spanned by handHARRAN, hbt-aunf, (anc. abr?'w or Charlrce,) a town of  some bridges, with the Kittatinny Mountain in the backAsiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 83 miles S.W. of Diarbekir  ground. On each side of the Capitol is a smaller building,
Near it Crassns was defeated by the Parthians, B. c. 53.    uniform in design, containing the executive chamber, the
IIAR'RAR!  or HURRUR, hLr'ritrf/, a town of East Aftica, state treasury, &c. Harrisburg also contains an arsenal of
dominions of Shoa, (Abyssinia,) 160 miles E. of Ankober, and  the state, a fine county prison of cut stone, 1 bank, a savcapital of a district of the same nanme, on the East Branch  ings institution, about 12 churches, a Masonic hall, and a
of the Nile.                                                Lancasterian  school. One daily and 8 weekly newspapers
HAR'RATON, a township of England, co. of Durham.          are published here. The city is freely supplied with pure
IIARTRELLS' CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Cherokee  river water distribnted through iron pipes.  Among the
co., Alabama.                                               manuitfactories of this place are 3 extensive iron furnaces, a
HAR/RELLS'VILLE, a post-village of Hertford co., Noirth  rolling mill, and several breweries and potteries, and an
Carolina, on Wiacon Creek, 12 miles S.E. of Winton. Corn, extensive manufactory of railroad cars is about being estapease, lumber, &c. are exported here in sloops.             blished. The city is very prosperous; about 200 dwellings
HAR'RICAN/AW, a river of British North America, which  were erected here in 1553. IIarrisburg was founded by John
rises in a small lake about lat. 490 55' N., Ion. 770 30' W., HIarris, in 1785, and incorporated in 1808. It became the
and after a N.W. course of about 270 miles, falls into James's  capital of the state in 1812. Pop. in 1840, 5980; in 1850,
Bay at HIannah Bay-house.                                   7834; and in 1855, about 10,000.
IAR/R.IETSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           HIARRISBURG, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., North
HARIRIETTSTOWN, a post-township of Franklin co., New  Carolina, about 1.60 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.
York, 40 miles S. of Malone. Pop. 181.                        HARRISBURG, a post-office of Abbeville district, South
HAR/RIETTSVILLE, a post-office of Cumberland co., Carolina.
North Carolina.                                               IIARR.ISBURG, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.
IHARMRINGTON, a small seaport and parish of England,   IHARRISBUR1G, a village of Harris co., Texas, on Buffalo
co. of Cumberland, 5 miles N. of Whitehaven, to which the  Bayou, 6 miles by road below Houston.  A railroad is in
port is subordinate. Pop. 1934. The harbor has 8 feet water, progress from' this place W. to the Brazos River, and it will
and a light at the pier-head, visible 10 miles distant.     probably be continued to the Colorado.
HARRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           HI-ARRISBURG, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, 14
HARRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  miles S.W. of Columbus, has about 150 inhabitants.
It gives the title of earl to the Stanhope family.            HARRISBURG, a post-village of Fayette co., Indiana, 55
HARtRINGTON, a post-township  of Washington  co., miles E. by S. of Indianapolis.
Maine. 120 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 963.               HARRISBURG, a village of Lafayette co., Missouri, 115
IHARRINGTON, a township of Bergen co., New Jersey, miles WV. by N. of Jefferson City.
on the Hudson River, 7 miles N.N.E. of Hackensack. Pop.   HARRISBURG. a village of Van Buren co., Iowa, 70 miles
1195.                                                       S. by W. of Iowa City.
HARRINGTON, a post-village  of Cumberland co., North    IIARt[IISON, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, has
Carolina, 60 miles S. of Raleigh.                           an area of 440 square miles. It is intersected by the West
HARR.INGTON-INLET, in East Australia, at the mouth  Fork of the Mionongahela River.  The surface is broken
of Manning River, 34 miles S.S.WV. of Port Macquarrie.      with many high hills, and extensively covered with forests.
HARIRINGWORTH, a parish of England, co. of North- The soil is generally fertile.  Stone coal is abundant, and
ampton.                                                    iron ore is found. It is intersected by the railroad which
HAR'RIORPOOR,!   a town of British India, presidency of  extends fiom Parkersburg to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail
Bengal, 120 miles S.W. of Calcutta.                         road. Named in honor of Benjamin Harris, Governor of
H-IARIRIOTSVILLE, a village of Noble co., Ohio, about Virginia in 1782. Capital, Clarksburg. Pop.12,728, of whom
100 miles E. by S. of Columbus.                             12,240 were firee, and 488 slaves.
HIARWRIS or HERIRIES, a district and parish of the He-    HARRISON: a county in the S. part of Mississippi, boy.
brides, in Scotland, forming a peninsula, comprising the  dering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1150
S. part of the ishmnd of Lewis, and small surrounding islands.  square miles. It is drained by Biloxi and Wolf Rivers.
Area, about 00,000 acres, mostly mountainous.  Pop. 4429. The soil is sandy, and mostly covered with pine woods.
The Sound of Harris is a navigable strait, 9 miles in length,  Capital, Mississippi City. Pop. 4875, of whom  3434 were
and firom 8 to 12 miles in breadth, separating  this peninsula  free, and 1.441 slaves.
from  North Uist, and studded with rocks and islets. See   IIHARRISON, a county in the E.N.E. part of Texas, borHEBmIDeS.                                                   dering on Louisiana, has an area of 975 square miles. The
IIARRIS, a county in the WV. part of Georgia, has an  Big Cypress Bayou and Caddo Lake form  its boundary on
area of 360 square miles. The Chattahoochee River forms  the N., the Sabine River flows along its S. border, and it is
its W. boundary, and separates it from Alabama; it is also  drained by the Little Cypress Bayou. The surface is diverdrained by Flat Shoal, Old Ihouse, Mountain, and Mulberry  sified with prairies and forests; the soil is productive. In
Creeks. The E. or N.E. parts are traversed by ridges called  1850 this county produced more Indian corn and more
the Pine Mountains and Oak Mountains. The soil is gene- sweet potatoes than any other county in the state, and
rally productive. The rocks which underlie the county are  more cotton than any other excepting Colorado: corn, 376,C00
primitive.  Organized in 1827, and named in honor of  bushels; sweet potatoes, 126,763 bushels; cotton, 4581 bales.
Charles harris, a lawyer of some eminence, and at one time  Capital, Marshall. Pop. 11,822, of whom 5609 were finee, and
Mayor of Savannah. Capital, Hamilton. Pop. 14,721, of  6213 slaves.
whom 6730 were free, and 7982 slaves.                        HhARRISON, a county in the N.N.E. part of Kentucky,
IIARRIS, a county in the E. part of Texas, bordering on  has an area estimated at 357 square miles. The Lickling
Galveston Bay. contains about 1600 square miles. It is  River washes its N.E. border, and the South Branch of that
drained by Buffalo Bayou and San Jacinto River. The sur-  river flows through the middle of the county; about half
face is an alluvial plain, which is mostly destitute of forests, of the surface is undulating, and the other part hilly:
excepting the margins of the streams. The soil is highly  the soil is generally good, that of the undulating portion
productive. A railroad is in progress of construction from  is especially rich. The roclk which underlies a large part of
Harrisburg to the Brazos River.  Named in honor of-    the surfisce is the blue limestone, a good material for buildHarris, an early settler of the county. Capital, Houston. ing. Formed in 1793, and named in honor of Colonel BenPop. 4668, of whom 3763 were free, and 905 slaves.         jamin Iharrison, a member of the Legislature of Kentucky.
HARRIS a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. P. 1954. Capital, Cynthiana. Pop. 13,064, of whom 9879 were free,
HARRIS, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia.           and 3185 slaves.
HARRIS, a district of Muscogee co., Georgia. Pop. 2097.    HARRISON, a count.y in the E. part of Ohio. has an are'
HAIRIS, a township of Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 407.        of 400 square miles  It is drained by Stillwater. Conotten,
825




lIAR                                                     HAR
and Cross Creeks. The sarface is diversified by hills, which    HARRISON, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 500.
are capable of being cultivated to the summit. The soil is    HARRISON, a township of Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 1425.
partly of limestone formation, and extremely fertile. This    HARRISON, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 912.
is one of the greatest wool-growing counties of the state. It    HARRISON, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. P. 780.
contains rich mines of bituminous coal. It is intersected    HARRISON, a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 54(6.
by the Steubenville and Indiana Railroad. Capital, Cadiz.  IHARRISON, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 433.
Pop. 20,157.                                                  HARRISON, a township of Owen co.. Indiana. Pop. 375.
HARRISON, a county in the S. part of Indiana, border-   HARRISON, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 294.
ing on Kentucky, contains 475 square miles. It is drained    HARRISON, a township of Spencer co., Indiana. P. 1192.
by the Blue River and the Indian Creek, affluents of the    HIARRISON, a township of Union co., Indiana. Pop. 834.
Ohio River, which washes the S. border. The surface is    HARRISON, a township of Vigo co., Indiana, contains
diversified by the  "Knobs" and river hills, which have an  Terre Haute, the county seat. Pop. 4900.
altitude of 400 or 500 feet, and presents as beautiful scenery    HARRISON, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, on the Wabash
as can be found in the state. The county is based partly  and Erie Canal, 4 miles N. of Terre Haute.
on the carboniferous limestone, in which extensive caverns    HARRISON, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 766..
are found. Pitman's Cave, in the W. part, extends more    HARRISON, a township of Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 983.
than 2 miles under the ground, and contains apartments    HARRISON, a township of Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 497.
of vast dimensions. In this vicinity is a remarkable spring.   HARRISON, a post-village and township of Winnebago
It is 60 feet in diameter, and several hundred feet deep. co., Illinois, about 100 miles N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 449.
When General Harrison was governor of Indiana, he erected    HARRISON, a township of Scotland co., Missouri. P. 419.
a mill on its waters which are sufficient to drive 4 pair of    HARRISON, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa.
stones. Organized in 1808. Capital, Corydon. Pop. 15,286.   HARRISON BAY, in Russian America, in the Arctic
HARRISON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Missouri, Ocean, is between lat. 700 20' ard 700 40' N., and ion. 1500
bordering on Iowa, has an area of 750 square miles. The  and 1520 30' W., bounded E. and W. by Point Berens and
Crooked Fork of Grand River traverses the N.E. part; Big  Cape Halkett. Not far inland rise the Pelly Mountains,
Creek, an affluent of Grand River, flows through the mid- but the shores are low.
die, from N. to S.; the county is also drained by Sugar, Cy-   HARIRISONBURG, a neat and thriving post-village, capipress, and Samson's Creeks. A large portion of the surface  tal of Bocksingham co., Virginia, 125 miles N.W. of Richconsists of prairies. The soil on the margin of the streams  mend. It is surrounded by a fertile and beautiful country,
is fertile. Capital, Bethany. Pop. 2447, of whom 2434 were  and has considerable business. There are 3 churches and
free, and 13 slaves.                                      2 printing offices. Laid out in 1780. Pop. in 1853, estiHARRISON, a new county in the W. part of Iowa, bor- mated at 1300.
dering on the Mississippi River, has an area of about 480    IIARRISONBURG, a post-village, capital of Catahoula
square miles. The Missouri River forms its W. boundary, parish, Louisiana, on the W. bank of the Washita River, 167
and it is intersected by the Boyer and Soldier Rivers. It is miles by water N.N.W. of Baton Rouge. It stands at the
not included in the census of 1850, and the population is foot of the first pine hills which occur in ascending the
very sparse.                                              river. It has a court-house and jail built of stone, and 5
IHARRISON, a post-township of Cumbserland co., Maine, stores. The block furnished by Louisiana for the Washingabout 40 miles N.N.W. of Portland. Crooked River, and a  ton Monument was obtained firom the sandstone quarries
stream  flowing into Long Pond, afford water-power. The  near this place. Pop. about 200.
township contains the villages of Barton Mills and Harri-   HARRISON CITY, a post-village of Westmoreland co.,
son Flat. Pop. 1416.                                       Pennsylvania, 24 miles E. by S. of Pittsburg.
HARRISON, a post-township of Westchester co., New   hIARRISON  CREEK, a post-office of Cumberland co.,
York, bordering on Long Island Sound, and intersected by  North Carolina.
the New York and New Haven Railroad, 25 miles N.E. of    HARRISON FLAT, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
New York. Pop. 1262.                                       Maine, on the outlet of a pond which affords water-power,
HARRISON, a township of Hudson co., New Jersey. about 45 miles N.N.W. of Portland. It contains a church,
Pop. 1344.                                                and 2 or 3 stores. Pop. about 250.
HARRISON, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.   HARRISON'S MILLS, a post-office of Crawford co., MisPop. 1384.                                                sours.
HAiRRISON, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania.   IhARRISON SQUARE, a post-village of Dorchester townPop. 718.                                                 ship, Suffolk co., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony Railroad,
HARRlISON, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama.        4 miles S. by E. of Boston.
HIARRISON, a post-village, capital of HIamilton co., Ten-   HARRISON VALLEY, a post-office of Potter.co., Pennnessee, on the Tennessee River, 140 miles S.E. of Nashville. sylvania.
Iron ore and stone coal are abundant in the vicinity. The    HARIRISONVILLE, formerly COLESTOWN, a village of
River is navigated by steamboats above and below this Gloucester co., New Jersey, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Camden.
town. Pop. about 500.                                      HIARRISONVILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsylvania,
HARRISON. a village of Pulaski co., Kentucky, 15 miles  in Nittany Valley, 4 miles S.E. of Bellefonte.
W. of Somerset, the county seat.                            HARRISONVILLE, a village of Fulton co., Pennsylvania,
HIARRISON, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1268.  on the turnpike from Chambersburg to Bedford, 27 miles
HARRISON, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 968. W. of the former.
IHARRISON, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1705.      HARRISONVILLE, a village of Troup co., Georgia.
HARRISON, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1008.      HARRISONVILLE, formerly CONINERSVILLE, a postIHARRISON, a post-village of Crosby township. Hamilton  village of Shelby co., Kentucky, 46 miles E.S.E. of Louisco., Ohio, on the Whitewater Canal. and on the WV. boundary  ville.
of the state, 20 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati. Pop. in 1850, 940.   HARRISONVILLE, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, 15 miles
HARRISON, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 516.    N.E. of Portsmouth. Pop. about 250.
IHARRISON, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 751.        HARRISONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Martin co.,
HARRISON, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1151.  Indiana, is situated on Indian Creek, 4 miles N.E. of Dover
HARRISON, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 987.    Hill. There are sulphur springs in the immediate vicinity,
HARRISON, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. P. 1533. which attract a large number of visitors.
HARRISON, a township of Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 62.    HARRISONVILLE, a village of Knox co., Illinois, 12
HIARRISON, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1078.   miles S. of Knoxville.
HARRISON, a township of Pickuaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1167.   HARRISONVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Illinois,
HARRISON, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 2100.   on the Mississippi River, about 28 miles below St. Louis.
HARRISON, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 878.          HARRISONVILLE, a thriving.post-village, capital of Cass
HARRISON, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1102.   co., Missouri, 115 miles in a direct line W. of Jefferson City.
HARRISON, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 513. It has some trade with Utah and the Indians who reside
HARRISON, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 580.   W. of Missouri.
HARRISON, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, is   IIARRIS'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Franklin co.,
connected by a plank-road with Adrian. Pop. about 200.    North Carolina.
HARRISON, a post-township of Macomb co., Michigan.   HARRIS'S H-ILL, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
Pop. 483.                                                    IIARRIS'S LOT, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland.
HARRISON, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana.   IIARIRISTOWN, a village, and formerly a parliamentary 
Pop. 607.                                                 borough of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kildare, 21 miles N.E.
HARRISON, a township of Blackford co., Indiana. P. 746. of Kilcullen Bridge.
HARRISON, a township of Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 773.    HARRISTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., of
HARRIISON, a township of Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 684.  Kildare.
HARRISON, a township of Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 692.   IIARRISTOWN,.   a post-village of Washington co.. Indiana,
HARtRISON, a township of Dearborn co., Indiana. P. 962. on the railroad from NewAlbany to Salem, 4 miles E. of the
HARRISON, a post-township of Delaware co., Indiana. latter..Pop. 798.                                                  IIARRISVILLE, a post-office of Cheshire co., New HamlpIIATRISON,.a township of Flikhart co., Indiana. Pop. 840. shire.
IIAItRi SON, atownship of Fayette co., Indiana. Pop. 1544.   IIARRISVILLE, a village in Burrillville township, Provi
826




HAR                                                      lIAR
dence co., Rhode Island, about 15 miles N.W. of Providence.    HARISON ISLAND, in Canada West, is at the entrance
It contains a cotton mill and a spindle mill. Pop. about 400. of the river into the Lake St. Clair. Let. 420 35' N., Ion. 520
HARRISVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Pennsylva-  25' W. Length, from N. to S., 10 miles.
nia, 24 miles N.N.W. of Butler. Pop. 235.                    ItARISTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
HIARRISV ILLE, a post-village, capital of Ritchie co., Vir-    HARSIWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, East
ginia, 4 miles from  the North-western Turnpike, and 37  Riding.
miles E. of Parkersburg. It contains 2 churches.            IHART, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
HARRISVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., North    HART, a county in the W. central.part of Kentucky, has
Carolina, 126 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.                     an area estimated at 425 square miles. It is traversed from
HARRISVILLE, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, 123  E. to W. by Green River, navigable by steamboats, and also
miles E. of Columbus. Pop. 300.                            drained by Nolin and Bacon Creeks. This county forms
I4ARRISVILLE, a township of Medina co., Ohio. Pop.  part of the region commonly called the "Barrens," the sur1477.                                                      face of which is diversified by conical hills, a few hundred
HARRISVILLE, a post-office of Randolph co., Indiana.    feet high, and sparsely covered with small timber, chiefly
HARRISVILLE, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin.  oak. The soil is generally fbrtile. The rock which underHARIRODSBURG, a flourishing post-town, capital of Mer-  lies the county is cavernous limestone, suitable for building;
cer co., Kentucky, is situated on a commanding eminence,  numerous caves and sinkholes are found in it. The county
1 mile from Salt River, and 30 miles S. of Frankfort. It is  is liberally supplied with water-power. It is intersected by
said to be the oldest village in Kientucky, the first cabin  the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Formed in 1819, and
having been built in 1774, by Captain James Harrod. The  named in honor of Captain Nathaniel Hart. an officer in the
town is beautiful, and well built. and is a place of great  war of 1812. Capital, Munfordsville. Pop. 9093; of whom
resort in the summer on account of its mineral waters. The  7792 were free, and 1301 slaves.
Harrodsburg Springs are among the most celebrated in the    HART, a township in Warwick co., Indiana. Pop. 1434.
state, and perhaps the most fashionable in the Western    HARTA or HARTHA, harltd, a town of Saxony, circle,
States; $300,000 have been expended in the buildings and  and 31 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop.,1941.
other improvements. This town has lately been selected as    HARTA, KIS, kish haltdih, a village of Hungary, co., and
the sitefor the new military academy, and it is the seat of  56'miles S. of Pesth, on the Danube. Pop. 2055.
Bacon College, founded in 1836. In 1852, it had 5 instruc-    HART, ALT, Alt hart, a village of Moravia, circle of
tors, 75 students, and 1200 volumes in its library. A large  Znaim. Pop. 951.
quantity of fine dry goods is sold in this place, which is also    HARTBERG, hant'bRa, a town of Styria, 30 miles N.E.
an important market for cattle, horses, and other stock. It  of Grhtz. Pop. 1500.
contains a bank. Turnpikes extend from the town in seven   IHARTBURN, a parish of England, co. of Northumberdirections, and a railroad is in process of construction which  land.
will connect it with Frankfort. A newspaper-is published    HARTENSTEIN, hai/tgn-stine', a town of Saxony, near
here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 3000.                     the Mulde. Pop. 1947.
HARRODSBURG, a village of Monroe co., Indiana, on    HIAR/TEST, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Clear Creek. 12 miles S. of Bloomington. It is a depot for    HART'FELL, a mountain in the S. of Scotland, co. of Peeproduce raised in.the vicinity.                            bles and Dumnfiies. Elevation, 2635 feet.
HARRODSBURG, a village of Johnson co., Missouri, about    HIARTIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
90 miles W. of Jefferson City.                               HARTIFIELD, a post-village of Chautauque co., New York,
IIAR/ROGATE, a township, and one of the principal  about a mile N. of Chautauque Lake.
watering-places of England, co., and 27 miles W. of York,    HART/FORD, a parish of England, co. of East HuntWest Riding, on the York and North Midland Railway. Pop. ingdon.
in 1851, 3678. It consists of two villages, High and Low     HARTFORD, a township of England, co. of Chester, with
Harrowgate.  There are numerous hotels, and excellent  a station on the London and North-Western Railway, 11I
boarding-houses, several churches, a hospital, branch bank,  miles N.N.W. of Crewe.
theatres, libraries, promenade and assembly rooms, and.a    HART'FORD, a county in the N. central part of Connecrace-course, with springs of chalybeate, slphur, and saline  ticut, has an area of about 807 square miles. It is interwaters, drawing  here a concourse of about 2000 visitors, in-  srected by the Connecticut River, and drained by Farmingcluding a large circle of rank and fashion. The sulphur  ton River and other smaller streams, which afford valuable
well has been used as an alterative and purgative since the  water-power. The surface is uneven, and in some parts
end of the seventeenth century, chiefly in cases of scrofula  mountainous. Talcott Mountain is the principal elevation.
and cutaneous eruptions.                                   The soil is fertile and well cultivated. Connecticut River is
HARIROLD. a small market-town and parish of England,  navigable for sloops to Hartford, and for small steamboats
co., and 8 miles N.W. of Bedford.                          through the county. The railroads extending from  New
IHARROLD'S CROSS, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. Haven to Springfield, and from New Haven to Northampof Dublin, about 1 mile S. of Dublin Castle. Pop. 2789.    ton, and that from  Providence to Fishkill, traverse this
HAR/ROLDSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem-  county,' and several shorter lines of railroad partly intersect
broke.                                                     it. Organized in 1666. Capital, IImatford.  Pop. 60,966.
HIARROLDSTON, WEST, a parish of South Wales, co. of    HARTFORD, a post-township of Windsor co., Vermont, on
Pembroke.                                                  the W. side of Connecticut River, and on the Vermont CeuHARtROWBY, a township of England, co. of Lincoln, 2  tral Railroad, 40 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier.  It has manumiles W. Granthanm. It gives the title of earl to the Ryder  factures of iron castings, machinery, &c. Pop. 2159.
family.                                                      HARTFORD, a city, seat of justice of Hartford co., and
HIARROWDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North-  semi-capital of Connecticut, is situated on the rig'ht bank of
ampton.                                                    the Connecticut River. at the head of sloop navigation, 50
HARROWDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of  miles from Long Island Sound, 36 miles by railroad N.N.E.
Northampton.                                               of New Haven, 124 miles W.S.W. of Boston, and 112 miles
HARTROW-o -ON-TE-IILL, a parish and village of England,  N.E. of New York. Lat. 410 45' 59"T N., Ion. 720 40' 45" W. It
co. of Middlesex, finely situated on the summit of a high  is connected with East Hartford, on the opposite side of the
hill, 10 miles N.W. of London, on the London and Birming-  river, by a covered bridge 1000 feet long. The chartered
han Railway. It contains many good houses, ancient and  limits of the city extend along the W. bank of the river some
modern, has a picturesque old church, and a celebrated  two miles, and about one and a half miles back, including
grammar school, at which some of the greatest characters  an area of about 2000 acres. The site is considerably elcof this century, including the late Lord Byron and Sir Re-  vated, and the surface somewhat broken.  There are upbert Peel, were educated. It was founded by John Lyon, a  wards of 70 streets and alleys, some of which run parallel
wealthy yeoman, in 1571.                                   with the river, and are intersected at right angles by those
IIARSANY, haa'sfitl, a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar,  passing firom nE. to IV.; while others are very irregular.
on the White Rous, 9 miles fiom Grosswardein. Pop. 1180.  Main street reaches from the N. to the S. extremity of the
HARSANY, hRa'shSfi', His, kish, and NAGY, nidj, two  city, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. On this street,
nearly contiguous villages of Hungary, co. of Baranya, about  which is broad, and more than a mile in length, are many
3 miles from Siklos. Pop. of Kis-Harsany, 430; of Nagy- of the public buildings and churches, and also a large numHarsany, 800.                                              her of the retail stores. State street extends from  Alain 
HARSEEN or IIARSIN, han-seent, a village of 300 houses  street to the river; on it is done most of the wholesale busiin Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, district, and about 25  ness: near its junction with Main street it divides into two
miles S.E. of Kermanshah.                                 parts, enclosing the State-house and public square. Asylum
IHARSEFELD, hasrseh-fhit', a market-town of Hanover,  street passes westward to the principal railroad station, and
11 miles S.E. of Stade, on the Aue. Pop. 989.             is the seat of an important business, consisting chiefly of cotHARSEWINKEL, banlseh-*in'kel, a village of Prussia,  ton and woollen goods of home manufacture. The city is,
province of Westphalia, 26 miles E. of Mttnster, with 1042  for the most part, compactly built, principally of brick and
inhabitants.                                              freestone, and exhibits much taste and elegance. Among
HARSH/IMANSVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co.,  the public buildings, the State-house, erected in 1792, may
Ohio.                                                     be mentioned as the most remarkable. It is a fine strucHARSLEBEN, haasflAbgn, a village of Prussia, province  ture, of the Doric order, 114 feet by 76, with walls 54 feet
of Saxony, S E. of Halberstadt. Pop. 1700.               1 hih. Besides the legislative halls, it contains apartments
827




HAR~                                                       HAR
for the several courts of the state and county, and nume-  HIartford, England.  Previous to the settlement of the
rous public offices. The edifice is adorned with two porticos  colony, the Dutch had explored the Connecticut, and erected
and a dome, the top of which affords a magnificent view of  a fort on what is still called Dutch Point, in the S.E. part
the city, the river, and the surrounding country. The legis- of the city. The old "Charter Oak" is still alive, and the
lature meets alternately here and at New HIaven —the odd  object of much interest to visitors. See CONNECCTICUT. The
years at Hartford. The City Itall, fronting on Market Square,  Indian name of Hiartford was Shckiaung. Incorporated as a
is a handsome building of Grecian architecture, containing  city in 1784. Pop. in 1820, 4726; in 1830, 7076; in 1840,
the police court-room, a large hall for public purposes, and  9468; in 1850, 13,555; and in 1855, about 20,000.
the city market. There are also 2 extensive railroad depots.   HARTFORD. a post-village and township of Oxford co.,
In 1852, the city contained 21 churches of the various deno- Maine, on the head waters of Twenty Mile River, a tribuminations, many of them large and elegant edifices.         tary of the Androscoggin, and on the route of the Buckfield
The literary and educational institutions of Hartford are  Branch Railroad, about 30 miles W. of Augusta. The. viinumerous, and of a highly respectable character. Among  lage contains 2 stores, a grist mill, saw mill, and clapboard
the first in importance is Trinity College, situated on a gen- mill. Pop. of the township, 1293.
tie acclivity about a mile W. of the State-house. It was   HARTFORD, a post-village and township of Washington
founded in 1823, and is under the direction of the Protest-  co., New York, about 55 miles N.N.E. of Albany. The viiant Episcopal Church. The grounds, comprising about 14  lage has 2 or 3 churches, several stores, and a bank.. Pop.
acres, are handsomely laid out and variously ornamented. of the township, 2051.
The buildings are of stone, 3 in number, named Seabury,   HARTFORD, a small village of Evesham  township, BurJarvis, and Brownell I-Halls. The Wadsworth Athenaum, a  lington co., New Jersey.
beautiful granite building in the castellated Gothic style, is   HIARTFORD, a post-borough of Crawford co., Pennsylvadevoted to the promotion of literature, science, and the arts. nia, on the Erie Extension of the Pennsylvania Canal, 13
The southern compartment is occupied by the Connecticut miles S.W. of Meadville, the county seat. Pop. 200
Historical Society, and contains. besides the library, com-   HIARTFORD, post-village of Forsyth co., Georgia.
prising some 5000 printed volumes and a great number of    HARTFORD, a village of Pulaski co., Georgia, on the Ocancient documents and manuscripts, a large and valuable mulgee River, opposite Hlawkinsville, is nearly deserted on
collection of historical relies. The northern compartment is account of its unhealthiness.
appropriated to the use of the Young Men's Institute, which    HARTFORD, a thriving post-village of Chickasaw  co.,
maintains an able course of lectures, and has a library of  Mississippi. on the Loosascoona River, at the head of keelabout 10,000 volumes. A gallery of paintings and other boat navigation, 20 miles N.W. of Iouston. It has a dense
rooms devoted to the fine arts occupy the central portion  population around it, and contains several stores.
of the building. The system of public instruction adopted    HARTFORD, a post-village, capital of Ohio co., Kentucky,
by the city is probably the best in the state. The schools on Rough Creek, an affluent of Green River, 160 miles S.W.
are free to all resident pupils, the expense being defriayed  of Franklfort. It contains a court-house and 2 churches. It
partly by the income from the public school fund, and partly  was settled in 1808. Pop. about 500.
by a tax on property. The studies pursued in the high    HARTFORD, a post-village and township of Licking co.,
school are similar to those usually embraced in a college  Ohio, about 25 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1426.
course. The newspaper press consists of 10 publications, of    H-ARTFORD, a post-township in the E. part of Trumbull
which 2 are issued daily.                                   co., Ohio. Pop. 1258.
Hartford has long been distinguished for its benevolent   HARTFORD, a township of Van Buren co., Michigan.
institutions. The American Asylum  for the Deaf and Dumb, Pop. 296.
standing just without the city limits, was the first institu-    HARTFORD, a township in Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 265.
tion of the kind ever established in the United States. The    H-IARTFORD, a village. capital of Blackford co., Indiana,
late Rev. T. I. Gallaudet, LL.D., having visited Europe for  75 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.  It contains a brick courtthe purpose of ascertaining the best method of imparting  house, and about 300 inhabitants.  Laid out in 1839.
instruction to the deaf and dumb, brought with hinm, on    HARTFORD, a thriving post-village of Ohio co., Indiana,
his return in 1816, M. Laurent Clerc, a deaf mute, who had  on Laughery Creek, 5 miles firom  the Ohio River, and 90
been many years a succcessful teacher in Paris, under the  miles S.E. of Indianapolis, was first settled in 1814. It has
Abb6 Sicard. The American Asylum was organized in 1817, 1 or 2 churches, and about 400 inhabitants.
under the direction of Mr. Gallaudet as principal, and M.   IHARTFORD, a post-village of Putnam  co., Missouri.
Laurent Clero as associate teacher.  The institution rose    HARTFORD, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa, on
rapidly into public favor, the seven deaf mutes with which  the plank-road fiom Burlington to Fairfield, and on the Burit first commenced having soon increased to 140. The ave- lington and Wisconsin Railroad, about 12 miles W. by N.
rage number of pupils at present is about 200. The main  of the former.
building was erected in 1820, and is 130 feet by 50, and 4    HARTFORD, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on the
stories high. The Retreat for the Insane, founded in 1822, river Des Moines, 17 miles S.E. of Fort Des Moines, the county
is situated in the S.W. part of the city, on a gentle eleva-  seat.
tion, commanding an extensive, varied, and most beautiful   IIARTFORD, a thriving post-village and township ofWashprospect. The buildings are surrounded with some 17 acres ington co., Wisconsin, on a branch of Rock River, near its
of ground, tastefully ornamented with walks, shade-trees, source, about 35 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. A mine of iron
and shrubbery.  The number of patients during the year oro has been opened in the vicinity, and is said to be rich.
ending April 1, 1853, was 321, of whom  64 had been dis- Pop. of the village, 1050.
charged entirely cured; 21 much improved; 26 not im-   HARTHA, a town of Saxony. See IHAaRTA.
proved, and 21 had died.                                      HARTiAU, haRat6w, a village of Saxony, 4 miles S. of
Hartford is advantageously situated for trade, manufac- Chemnitz. Pop. 1256.
tures, and commerce. It is in the great line of railways    IIARTIAU, GROSS, groce haa/t~w, a village of Saxony,
connecting the New England with the Middle, Southern, circle of Dresden, N.E. of Stolpen.
and Western States, and also in the line of the Providence    HARITIIEGIG, a small post-village of Mercer co., PennHartford and Fishkill Railroad. The Connecticut River, sylvania.
which is navigable to Hartford for sea vessels and steam-   HART/IhILL, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
boats of 1000 tons burden, admits the passage of small    HARTHILL, a parish of England, co. of York, West
boats as far as Newbury in Vermont, a distance of 220 miles. Riding.
There are about 20 incorporated companies in Hartford,   IlHAR/TING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
having upwards of $2,000,000 capital, besides many that a-re    HARITINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
not incorporated, engaged in commercial and manufactur-   ttARTILAND, a market-town and parish of England, co.
ing enterprises. The value of the city manufactures for the  of Devon, 13 miles W.S.W. of Bideford.  Pop. in 1851, 2183.
year ending June 1, 1850, as given by the census returns, It has a large church, serving as a landmark for mariners,
amounted to $3,619,380; and at the present time, August, and a quay, about 2 miles distant, on the Bristol Channel.
1854, their value probably exceeds $4,500,000. The more  The town was made a port in the reign of Elizabeth, and it
important articles ofmanufacture are railroad cars, firesarms, is governed by a portreeve.  Near it is IHartland Abbey,
and hardware'of the various kinds. Book publishing has  now converted into a modern mansion; and about 2 miles
always been carried on here to a great extent. There are 10 to the N.W. is IIAaTLAND  POINT, (anc. Ierceulis Promeontolb:anks in -Hartford, with an aggregate capital of about  sium,) a lofty promontory, forming the S. entrance of the
$6,000,000; 7 savings' institutions, capital and deposits up- Bristol Channel, in hat. 51.0 1' N., and hon. 40 31' W.
wards of $2,000,000, and 10 fire and lif insurance comnpa-   HIART/LAND, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine,
nies, with an aggregate capital of $3,888,100.  The city is about 42 miles N.E. by N. of Augusta. It has some mannlighted with gas; it is also contemplated to supply it with  tactures of leather and edged tools. Pop. 960.
watesr f0om the Connecticut, at Windsor Locks, by means of    HIARTLANI), a post-township of Windsor co., Vermont,
an aqueduct. The city is divided into 6 wards. The uuni- on the Vermont Central Railroad, 50 miles S. by E. of Mont.
cipal government is vested in a mayor, elected once in two  pelier. Pop. 2063.
years, 6 aldermen, chosen annually, and the common coun-   HARTLAND, a post-township of Hartford co., Connecticut,
cil, composed of 24 persons. also chosen annually.         20 miles N.W. of IHartford, intersected by the East Branch
Hilartford was permanently settled in 1635, by an English  of Farmington River. Pop. 848.
colony from Massachusetts.  Its name was given in honor   IHARTLAND, a post-township of Niagara co., New York
vf one of the leading settlers, Mr. Stone, who was born in  11 miles N.E. of Lockport.  Pop. 3028.
828




HAR                                                      liAR
IHARTLAND, a post-township in the E. part of Huron co.,   HIARTSVILLE, a village of Decatur co., Indiana, 10 miles
Ohio. Pop. 1024.                                          S.W. of Greensburg.
HARITLAND, a post-village and township of Livingston    H-IARITSYILLE or HARTVILLE, a post-village, capital of
co., Michigan, on Ore Creek, about 44 miles E. of Lansing, Wright co., Missouri, on a fork of Gasconade River, 105
has a flouring mill, and about 300 inhabitants. Pop. of the  miles S. by W. of Jefferson City.
township, 996.                                              HART/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 1 miles
HARTLAND, a post-village of MceIenryco., Illinois, about S.W. of Aylesbury. Louis XVIII. of France resided here
200 miles N.N.E. of Springfield.                          while in England.
HARTLAND, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin,   HARTWELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
about 24 miles W. by N. of Milwaukee, with which it is    HART/IWELLVILLE, a post-village of Bennington co.,
connected by a plank-road. It has 3 stores, 1 flouring mill, Vermont.
and 30 dwellings.                                           HARTWELLVILLE, a post-village in the S. part of ShiaHARTLEBURY, har/tel-ber-e, a parish of England, co. of  wassee co., Michigan.
Worcester.                                                  HART/WICK, a post-village and township in the centre
HARTLEPOOL, harttel-poolP, an ancient municipal be- of Otsego co., New York, on the Susquehanna River, and on
rough, seaport, market-town, and parish of England, co., Otsego Creek, about 35 miles S. by E. of Utica. The village
and 19 miles E.S.E. of Durham, with which city and with  has churches of three denominations, and probably 500 inStockton it is connected by railways. The parish consists habitants. Pop. of the township, 2352.
of an almost insulated promontory, on the North Sea, curved    HARTWICK, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.
so as to form a natural harbor, and presenting, from its    HART/WICK SEMIlNARY, a post-village of Otsego co.,
lofty and singularly excavated cliffs, magnificent sea and  New York, on the Susquehanna River, 6 or 7 miles below
land views. Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 9503. The town, Cooperstown. It has a theological seminary of that name,
on the S. side of this peninsula, has many handsome modern  under the direction of the Lutheran church.
houses, built for the use of the numerous sea-bathers who    HART/WITII, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
now resort here; some fine remains of the feudal fortifica- Riding, 8 miles W.N.W. of Knaresborough. Hiere are the
tions which once defended it, a large and curious church in  Brimham Crags, a stupendous group of rocks, piled in tinthe early English style, an endowed school, and other chari- tastic forms, curiously perforated, among which are rockingties, a town-hall, several branch banks, a chalybeate spring, stones 100 tons in weight.
and a harbor with one of the largest docks in England, with    IARTIW00D, a post-office of Stafford co., Virginia.
depth of water of from 20 to 25 feet, and defended by 2 strong    HARITWOOD, a post-office of Autauga co., Alabama.
batteries. The trade of Hartlepool has of late revived, owing    HAR/TY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
to the formation of railways connected with the new coal-   IIARTZ, a range of mountains. See IARZ.
mines of Durham. In 1835 only 3 sloops belonged to the    I-HARIVARD, a post-village and township of Worcester co.,
port. The registered shipping now belonging to the port is IMassachusetts, on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 25
170, and the number is increasing; the tonnage of the ships miles N. by E. of Worcester. It has several paper mills.
in many instances is 700 or 800 tons. In 1850, the number Pop. 1030.
of ships that entered was 9625, tons 1,179,338. These ships    HARVARD, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.
took from the port upwards of 1,000,000 tons of coal to all  IHARVARD UNIVERSITY. See CAInoBRIDGE, Massachuparts of the world. The town is governed by a mayor, setts.
under an ancient charter.  It belonged to the Norman   HIARVEY, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana.
family of Brus or Bruce until the thirteenth century,   HARVEY ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, are in lat. 190
when, by their accession to the Scottish throne, they for- 171 S., lon. 1580 30, W.
feited their English possessions.                            HARIVEYT S, a small post-village of Greene co., PennsylHART/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             vania.
HARTLEY, a small seaport town of England, co. of North-   HAR/VEYSBURG, a village of Auglaize co., Ohio.
umberland, on the North Sea, 4- miles N. of North Shields.   ItARVEYSBURG, a thriving post-village of Warren co.,
Pop. 1911. It has an excellent harbor for vessels of from  Ohio, 41 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It contains an academy,
200 to 300 tons.                                          and 4 or 5 places of worship. Pop. 330.
HART/LEY, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania.   HARVEY'S FIVE POINTS, a post-village of WestmorePop. 2142.                                                land co., Pennsylvania, 32 miles E. of Pittsburg.
HARTILEY MAUIDIT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.   HARVEY'S POINT, a village of Polk co., Iowa, 115 miles
HARTILEYTON, a post-village of Union co., Pennsylvania, W. of Iowa City.
in Buffalo Valley, 70 miles N. by W. of Harrisburg. The    HARVEY'S STORE, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia,
turnpike from Lewisburg to Centre county passes through it. 108 miles S.W. of Richmond.
HART/LEYVILLE, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.          HAR/VEYSYILLE, a post-village of Luzerne co., PennHART/LEY WESTIPALL, a parish of England, co. of  sylvania, 108 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg.
IHants.                                                      I I-ARVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
HART/LEY WINTINEY, a parish of England, co. of Iants.    HAR/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
HART/LIP, a parish of England, co. of Kent.               IIARWICIH, h[-rfridj, a parliamentary and municipal
HIART LOT, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.     borough, seaport, and market-town of England, co. of Essex,
HARTHANITZ, haot/ml-nitsa, a village of Germany, in  on a point of land at the estuary of the Stour, 10 miles E.
Bohemia 18 miles S.S.E. of Klattau. Pop. 705.             of Manningtree. Lat. 510 56, 6" N., ion. 10 17' 5" E. Pop.
HARTMANNSDORF, haRt/m~ns-deaf', a village of Ger- of bosough, in 1851, 4451. The town has 3 main streets.
many, in Saxony, 36 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1583.,    The chief buildings areo the town-hall, jail, custom-house,
HARTIPURY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      theatre, assembly-rooms, baths, grammar school. and a handHARTS/BOROUGH, a post-village of Warwick co., Indiana. some modern church. - The harbor is among the best on the
HARTSIGROVE, a post-village in the S.W. part of Ashta- E. coast of England, affording shelter for the largest fleets,
bula co., Ohio. Pop. 650.                                 and is defended by a strong garrisoned fort and battery;
HARTSIHEAD, a district of England, co. of Lancaster.    but the entrance, though well buoyed, and indicated by 2
IARTS'IIILL, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, 3}  light-houses with fixed lights, is dangerdus without a pilot.
miles N.W. of Nuneaton. Pop. 1061.                        Some ship-building is carried on, and the town has recently
HARTSIHORN, a pariah of England, co. of Derby.          become a resort for sea-bathing. The regular shipping in
IIARTSIHORN, a post-village of Orange co., North Caro- 1847 was 4015 tons. Vessels entered, 43,882 tons; cleared,
line.                                                     38,514 tons. The number of vessels belonging to the port
IHIART'S LOCAITION, a post-office of Coos co., New STamp- In 1850 was 139, tonnage, 60,900; total vessels inward, 654,
shire,                                                    tonnage, 49,402; outward, 658, tonnage, 33,063-nmore than
HART'S MILLS, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.     three-fourths of the whole being coasters. It is of Saxon
HARTS/TOWN, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. origin. In 1318, it was incorporated by Edward II.; and in
HART'S VILLAGE, or HARTSVILLE, a post-village of  1347 it supplied 14 ships to the fleet of Edward III. HIarDutchess co., New York, 16 miles E.N.E. of Poughkeepsie.   wich sends 2 membess to the House of Commons. The
HARTSVILLE, a post-village of Berkshire co., Massachu- name HARWICH is de-ived from two Saxon words: —here,
setts, 125 miles W. by S. of Boston.                      signifying "army," and wsic, a " fortification;" whence it is
HARTSVILLE, a village of Onondaga co., New York, 130  inferred that it was once the station of a Saxon army.
miles N. by W. of Albany.                                   HAR/WICH., a post-township of Basrnstable co., MassaHARTSVILLE, a township of Steuben co., New York. chusetts, 90 miles S.E. of Boston. In 1851, 48 vessels, (tons,
Pop. 8514.                                                3231,) owned here, and manned by 577 hands, were employed
IIHARTSVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, in the mackerel fisheries. During the year 9148 barrels of
108 miles E. of Harrisburg.                               mackerel were inspected. Pop. 3258.
ITARTSVILLE, a post-office of Darlington district, South   TARWICII PORT, a post-village of Barnstable co., MasCarolina.                                                 sachusetts.
HARTSVILLE, a post-village of Sumner co., Tennessee,   HAR/WINGTON, a post-village and township of Litch45 miles E.N.E. of Nashville, has a church and several field co., Connecticut, on the Naugatuck lSiver and Railroad,
hundred inhabitants.                                      about 23 miles WV. of Hartford. The village has grown up
HARTSVILLE,     a post-village of Bartholomew co., Indiana, within a few years, and contains a cotton mill. Pop. of the
50 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.                            township, 1176.
829




HAR                                                      IHAS
IAR/WOOD, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.        HIASLEWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
1 [ARW0OOD, GREAT, a chapelry and parish of England,   THASLI, h/lsee, OBER-HASLI, 6/ber-h/stlee, or HASLI.
zo. of Lancaster.                                          IM-WEISSLAND, hbs/lee-im-WissfII nd, a bailiwick in, SwitHIAR/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.           zerland, canton of Bern, comprehending all the upper part
HARZ or HARTZ. hants, (ane. Syllva Hercyntia,) a moun- of the Aar valley, resting on theGrimsel, and the glacier of
rain system of North-west Germany, mostly between lat. the Aar, from its sources to the Lake of Brienz. Surrounded
510 35' and 510 57' N., and ion. 100 10' and 110 30' E. With  by the loftiest masses of the Bernese Alps, it is noted for its
its ramifications it is estimated to cover 1350 square miles, natural beauties; among its cascades are those of the Reichbetween the Elbe and Weser. Its culminating point is the  enbach, Gentbach, Hiandeclkfall, Gelmerbach, &c. Thepeople
Brocken, in lat. 510 48 11"' N., Ion. 100 35' 301s E., 3740 feet are supposed to be descendants of Scandinavian ancestors,
above the sea, N.W. of which are several other heights of  who came hither in the fifth century. Pop. 6700.
little less elevation. Its geological composition is granite,   HIASLINGDEN, bhstling-den, a market-town and chapelry
overlaid by greywacke and clay slate; and it is estimated to  of England, co. of Lancaster, on the London and Northyield annually 30,000 hundredweights of lead, besides a  western Railway, 8 miles N. of Bury. Pop. in 1851, 9030. It
large amount of iron, and considerable quantities of copper stands in a wild alpine district, and has manufactures of
and silver. See BaoCKEN.                                   cotton, employing 4000 hands.
HARZBURG, haRts!b663G, a village of Germany, the ter-  IHIASILINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
minus of the Brunswick and Hlarzburg Railway, 27 miles S.   HASILINGTON, a chapehsy of England, co. of Chester, on
of Brunswick.                                              the Manchester and Nantwich Railway, 6 mile/ N.N.W. of
HARZDORF, haats/doRf, (ALT, Alt, and Nru, nol,) two  Beltey.
nearly contiguous villages of Bohemia, circle ofBuntzlau,    HASPARREN, h~s'paar,8NGt, a town of France, departabout 3 miles from Rachenberg. Pop. 2021.                  ment of Basses-Pyr&nues, 11 miles S. of Bayonne. Pop. in
HARZGERODE, haatslgheh-rodeh, a town of Germany, 1852, 5166.
18 miles S. of Halberstadt. Pop. 2517. It is enclosed with    IIASPRES, h~sp'r, a town of France, department of Nord,
walls, and has an old castle, the seat of the ducal mining-  8 miles S.W. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 3059.
board for the Harz. Near it are the Victor Frederick Silver-   HASSAN, his/sdn', a town of Hindostan, Mysore doworks, some vitriol-works, the Magdesprung Iron-mines, minion, 60 miles N.W. of Seringapatam.
the baths of Alexisbad, and the ruined castle of leinrichs-    HASSAN ABAD. h~slsdn' d-bldf, ("abode of Hassan,")
berg, the original seat of the Dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg.    Russian Transcaucasia, destroyed by the Russians in 1836;
IASAN-DAGH, hd/sdn-dig', or HASAN-TAG, a moun- and a village of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 10 miles S.E.
fain of Asia Minor, 68 miles S.W: of Mount Argnus, and 85  of Kasbin.
miles N.E. of Konieh. It is 8000 feet in elevation, and of    HASSAN AGA, hds/sin'  Ag,  a town of Asia Minor,
volcanic structure.                                       Anatolia, near the Lake of Aboolonia, W. of Brusa. 
HASANEE, HASANT, or HASSANEE, (HASSANI,) has/-   HASSAN BATRIR, his/sdn' bA-treek/, in Asia Minor, 24
lnee', HASSAN, hdslsdn', an island of the Red Sea, near miles N.W. of Malateeyah, inhabited by about 50 Mohammoits E. coast, about 100 miles N.W. of Yembo. Lat. 250 4 N., dan families.
Ion. 370 14' E. The population are Bedouins, who reside    HASSANI or HASSANEE.  See HASAMEE.
during a part of the year in a straggling village on its S. side.   IJASSAN KALEH, a town of Turkey. See HASAN KALs.H.
HASAN KALEIt or HASSAN KALEII, hds/sdn' kI/leh,    HASSAN OGHLAN, hdsmsdn' og-lIn/, a town of Asia Minor,
a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Aras, 20 miles E. by N. of  Anatolia, 17 miles E. of Angorsa.
Erzroom.                                                     HASSAN PASHA PALANKA, hds/son' p3/sh9[ pA-ldn/kA,
HAS/BROTJUCK, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.    Turkish Armenia, in Servia, 27 miles S. of Semendria, with
HAS/COMB, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3 miles some mineral baths.
S.E. of Godalming. An enormous tree, known as the Has-   HASSELFELDE. hldssel-fPl'dgh, a town ofGermany, duchy
comb Beech, grows here on the site of a Roman camp.        of Brunswick, 8 miles S..W. of Blankenburg. Pop. 1617.
HASE, a river of Hanover. See HAAsE.                       IIASSELT, hds/stlt, a town of Belgium, capital of the proIJASEK. h/sdk, a small seaport town of Arabia, in Iradra- vince of Limbourg, on the Demer, and the terminus of the
maut, on its S.E. coast, opposite the Curia Muria Isles. It Landen and Hasselt Railway, 16 miles W.N.W. of Maestricht.
exports incense.                                           Pop. 8745. It is enclosed by walls, well built, and has manuHASIELBEECIH, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. factures of linen fabrics, lace, and tobacco, with extensive
HAS/ELBURY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         gin distilleries, and a large salt refinery.
IASE/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.             HASSELT, hbs/e~lt, a fortified town of the Netherlands,
HASELEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.   province of Overyssel, capital of the district, on the ZwarteHASELMERE, in England, co. of Surrey. See HAsLEDIERE. Water, 5- miles N. of Zwolle. Pop. 1871. Near it is the
IHAS/ELOR, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.          strong fort of Zwarte-Sluis.
HASELUNNE, (Haseltinne,) h'Mzeh-ldinngeh, a town of    HASSELT. one of the Loffoden Islands in Norway.
HIanover, on the Hase, 8 miles E. of Meppen. Pop. 1790.      HASSFURT, hssl/f66at, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower
HASENPOTH, h. zen-pdt, a town of Itussia, government Franconia, on the Main, and on the Bamnberg and Schweinof Courland, 27 miles N.E. of Libau. Pop. 1020.            furt Railway, 20 miles N.W. of Bamberg. Pop. 1880.
HAS/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      H. AStSINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HAS/GUARD, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.   IHASSLEBEN, h/ss/l-ben, a village of Saxe-Weimar, 17
HASI-IMY'S ISLANDS, a group of five low islands in the  miles N.W. of Weimar, on the Gera. Pop. 1266.
North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 50 471 N., lon. 1530 6' E., con-   HASSLOCH, h]ss/loK, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, on
nected by coral reefs, and forming alagoon inside. They are  the iailway from Mannheim to Ieomburg, 15 miles N.N.E. of
about 15 miles in circumference, covered with cocoanut-trees. Landau, with a Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant churches,
HASIKEE, HASIKI, htlsee-kee', or HASKI, hds/kee, the  coal-works, and several mills. Pop. 4772.
westernmost of the Curia Muria Islands, off the S. coast of   IHASSMERSHEIM, hEss/mers-hime', a village of Baden,
Arabia, in lat. 170 27' 16,' N., Ion. 550 40' 491" E., formerly  on the Neckar, 20 miles E.S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1661.
covered with guano.                                          HASTENBECK, h/stten-bhk', a village of Hanover, 3
HIASKELL FLATS, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New  miles S.E. of Hameln. Pop. 400. Hsere the French, under
York.                                                      Marshal d'Estrbes, obtained an advantage over the troops
IIASIKELLVILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.     of the Duke of Cumberland, 31st July, 1757.
H-IASKENVILLE, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.   HAS/TINGLEIGI, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
IIAS/KETON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           HASTINGS, hAs/ting, a parliamentary and municipal
HASKI. one of the Curia Muria Islands. See IHASIREE.   borough and town of England, and one of its Cinque Ports,
HAS/KINSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Kentucky.  co. of Sussex, on the English Channel, at the E. termination
HASKINSVILLE, a village of Noble co., Ohio.              of the South Coast Railway, 33 miles E.N.E. of Brighton, and
HASLACH, hAs/la, a small town of Germany, grand  also connected by branches of the South-eastern Railway
duchy of Baden, on the Kinzig, 16 miles 5.E. of Offenburg. with Dover, Tunbridge, &c. Pop. of parliamentary borough,
Pop. 1720.                                                 in 1851, 17,011. The town lies mostly in a hollow, surroundHASLACH, a small town of Germany, in Upper Austria, ed, except on the S., by cliffs, and consists of two principal
on the Miihl, 22 miles N.W. of Lintz.                      streets; many of the squares and terraces are remarkably
RASLACIt, a river of Germany, is an affluent of the Ro- elegant; Pelham Cresent and the marine parade deserve
dach, in Franconia.                                        especial attention.  Among the public buildings are 2
IIASLACII, h[s/ldA, (Ilon0N, ho/en; MITTEL, mit/tel, and  ancient parish churches, a fine modern church, a grammar
NIEsER, nee/der,) are continuous villages, WtVirtemberg, circle  school, founded in 1619, a handsome town-hall, a jail, cusof Neckar. Ylnited pop. 1300.                             tom-house, union work-house, assembly-rooms, some excolHAS/LAND, a township of England, co. of Derby.          lent hotels, baths, and libraries, a fort, and remains of a
TIASLE, h[s/leh, a maritime town of Denmark, on the W.  castle in which William the Conqueror lodged previous to
coast of the island ofBornholm. Pop. 700.                 the battle of Hastings. The town formerly had an exten]IASLEBURY, (h&zel-ber-e,) PLUCK/NETT, a parish  sive trade, but its harbor having been ruined by a storm in
of England. co. of Somerset.                             the time.of Elizabeth, its commercial importance has never
IRAS/LEIERE, hA/zel-meer, a decayed borough, market- been restored. and it is now chiefly noted as a favorite
town, and parish of England, co. of Surrey, 8 miles S.S.W. bathing-place. Fisheries and boat-building employ many
of Godalming. Pop. 850,                                  hands. It sends 2 members to the Ieouse of Commona
830




hAS                                                      HAU
William the Conqueror landed here, and the decisive battle   ITATILEY, a post-office of Canada East, co., of Stanstead.
of iHastings was fought in 1066, 7 miles N.W. of the town.   HATILEY, EAST, a perish of England, co. of Cambridge.
See BATTLE.                                                 IIATLEY  ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of
HASTINGS, htsltingz, a post-township of Oswego co., New  Cambridge.
York, 20 miles N. by E. of Syracuse. Pop. 2920.             HATLOE, hbelii'eh, an island of Norway, stift, and 03
HASTINGS or IIASTINGS-uPoN-HUDSON, a post-village  miles N. of Bergen. Length and breadth about 4 miles.
of Westchester co., New York, on the Hudson River, and on   IHATO VIEJO, hito ve-Aino, a town of New Granada, dethe railroad of that name, 20 miles N.N.E. of New York. It partment of Cundinamarca; ]at. 60 22' N., Ion. 750 38' W.;
has manufactures of machinery, glass, &c., and in the vi- between 4000 and 5000 feet above sea-level. Pop. 1446.
cinity are quarries of marble extensively worked.           HATRAS, hiftrgsl, a town and fort of Hindostan, proHIASTINGS, a small post-village of Richland co., Ohio.    vince, and 90 miles S.W. of Delhi; lat. 270 37' N., ion. 750 58'
HASTINGS, a thriving'post-village and township, capital E. It is a busy, flourishing place. Its fort was destroyed
of Barry co., Michigan, on Thornapple River, and on the E. in 1817, by the British.
road from Battle Creek to Grand Rapids, 42 miles W. of    HATRIA. See ADRsA.
Lansing. It possesses excellent water-power, with several   HATSCHVIE, a town of Austria. See GoTSCHEs.
mills. Pop. 554.                                            HATTEM, hdttem, a town of the Netherlands, province
HASTINGS, a post-office of Wabash co., Minnesota.       of Gelderland, 3 miles S.S.W. of Zwolle. Pop. 2408.
HASTINGS, hais/tingz, a co. in the central part of Canada   IIATTEN, h t'tSNa/, a village of France, department of
Welt, comprises an area"of 1324 square miles, and is in- Bas-Rhin, 8 miles S. of Wissembourg. Pop. in 1852, 2041.
terspersed with numerous small lakes and rivulets. Pop.   H-IATTEN. a village of Germany.  See KIRCHHATTEN.
31,977. Chief town, Belleville.                             IIATTENH:EIMI, hlt'ten-himed, a village of Nassau, on,
HASTINGS, hgsftingz, a river of Australia, New South  the Rhine, 9 miles W W.S.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 965.
Wales, the entrance to which is the large harbor of Port  IHATTERAS, CAPE. See CAPE HATTErAS.
Macquarrie, 192 miles N.E. of Sidney; lat. 310 25' 45" S.,   IIATTERSHEIM, hathters-hime', a market-town of Gerion. 1520 53' 54" E.                                      many, duchy of Nassau, on the Rhine, 2 miles W.S.W. of
HAStTINGS' CENTRE, post-village. Oswego co.,New York. Eltville. Pop. 965. It has a station on the Taunus RailIIAS/TINGSVILLE, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio. way, between Wiesbaden and Prankfort.
HAT, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.        I-IATTIERSEIY. a township of England, co. of Chester.
HATIBOROUGH. a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn-   HIATTIA, hbt/tee', an island of British India, presidency
sylvania, 16 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, 3  and province of Bengal, district of Chittagong, at the mouths
stores, a grist mill, an academy, a public library of about of the Ganges and Megna, 15 miles in length, and 10 miles
5000 volumes, contained in a handsome and spacious build- in breadth. Here are some salt works.
ing erected for this purpose, and from 40.to 50 dwellings.  IIATTINGEN, h~t/ting-Vn, a town of Prussia, Westphalia,
HATCII-BEAUCHAMP, (bee/cham,) a parish of England, 38 miles W. of Arnsberg, on the Ruhr. Pop. 3690.
co. of Somerset.                                            HAT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
IHATCH/ER'S, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.     IIATTON, a parish of England, co., and 3 miles W.N.W.
HATCHJIE, IIATCHfEE, or IIATCII/Y, a river in the  of Warwick. The celebrated Dr. Parr held the living here
S.W. part of Tennessee, rises in Tippah co., Mississippi, and, at his death in 1825.
passing into Tennessee, enters the Mississippi River near    HATTON, a township of England, co. of Salop, 21 miles
Randolph. It is stated to be navigable by steamboats to  S.W. of Shiffhal.  Pop. 647.
Bolivar, about 150 miles from its mouth.                    IIATTORF, hdt/toaf, a village of Hanover, in GrubenhaHIATCH, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.     gen, N. of Harzburg. Pop. 1375.
HATCH/11  TURN/PIKE, a post-office of Tippah co., Mis-   IIATT'S SIIOP, a village of Talbot co., Georgia.
Rissippi.                                                   IIATVAN, h6t'v~n1, a market-town of Hungary, co. of
HATICLIFPFE. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       Heves, 30 miles E.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 3100.
H&TCOUL. hft'koolf, a town of British India, in Bengal,  IHATZEG, h~t'zdgl, or HOTZING, hot'zingf, a market-town
on the Nepaul fsontier, 78 miles N. of Patna.             of Transylvania, in the S.W., 10 miles S. of Hunyad. P. 1100.
HAT CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia.       HATZFELD, h-7ts/fflt, a town of Germany, Hesse-DarmHAT/F IELD,  a market-town and parish of England, co., stadt, on the Eder, 6 miles N.N.E. of Biedenkopf. Pop. 950.
and 60 miles W.S.W. of HIertford. Pop. in 1851, 6274. It   HIIATZFELD, (Hun. Zsomboly, zhom'bol/,) a market-town
has a handsome church, the burial-place of the Salisbury  of Ilungary, co. of Torontal, 22 miles W.N.W. of Temesvar.
fimnily, and a princely quadrangular mansion, the seat of Pop. 4786.
the Marquis of Salisbury, erected in the Elizabethan style,   HAUBOURDIN, h'bbooedAINcG, a town of France, departearly in the seventeenth century. The original structure  ment of Nord, 4 miles S.W. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 3210.
belonged to the bishops of Ely, and was obtained fiom them    ILAUGHAMI, haw/am, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
by Queen Elizabeth, who resided in it wvhile princess. It  IHAUGHILEY, haw/lee, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
was given by James L. to the Earl of Salisbury, in exchange  The Ilaughley Road station of the East Union Railway, is
for Theobalds.  In 1835, a portion of this.palace was de- 11 miles E. of Bury St. Edmunds.
stroyed by fire, in the flames of which the Dowager Mar-   IAUGHTON, hawlton, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
bchioness of Salisbury perished.                            HAUGHTON  LE SKERNE, a parish of England, co. of
IHATFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.        Durham.
HATFIELD, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding,   HIAUGHTON-wITH-SELBY, a parish of England, co. Notts.
3' miles S.S.W. of Thorne. Pop. 1851. William, second son    IIAUGSDORF, GROSS, groce hmwgs/docf. a market-town
of Edward III., was born here. Hatfield Chace. containing  of Lower Austria, on the Pulkau, 30 miles N.N.W. of Kor180.000 acres, partly morass, was sold by Charles I., and it neubnrg. Pop. 1935.
is now cultivated. In it are vestiges of a Roman camp.      HA-IUKIVESI, hUw/ke-vdsee, a lake of Finland, Isens
I HAT/FIELD, a post-township of Hampshire co., Massa- of Kuopio  and Yiborg, 22 miles in length by 10 miles in
chusetts, on the Connecticut River Raillroad, 100 miles W. breadth, having the town of Nyslott at its S. extremity.
of Boston.  The inhabitants are extensively engaged in   HIAUKIVORI, a village of Finland, 57 miles S.S.W. of
the manufacture of brooms. Pop. 1073.                     Kuopio.
HIATFIELD, a village of Alleg;hany co.. Pennsylvania, on    IIAUKSIWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, North
the Alleghany River, 3 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. P. aboutl50.  Riding.
IHATFIELD, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl-   IIAULCHIIN, hS1'shlaoe, a village of Belgium, province
vania. Pop. 1135.                                         of IHainaut, on the old Roman Road. caliled the Chausne
IIATFIELD-BROAD-OAK, a parish of England, co. of  Brunehault, 10 miles S.E. of Ions. Pop. 1063.
Essex, 0 miles E.N.E. of IHarlow. In the ancient church is  IHAUNSDORY, hiwns/doaf, OBER, o/bgr, and NIEDER,
a cur'ious effigy of Robert de Vere, third Earl of Oxford.  neeRder, two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province
IIATPFIELD-PEVERELL, a parish of England, co. ofEssex. of Silesia, government, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. P. 2087.
AIIT/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Bierks.             IAUN STETTEN, hbwn/stlt'ten, a village of Bavaria, circle
HATIHAZ, hbt'hAz1, or IIADIIAZ, hbadtlhz', a town of Hun- of Swabia, 4 miles S.S.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 729.
gary, co. of Szaboles, 10 miles N. of Debreczin. Pop. 3700.    IHAUPTWYL or HAUPTWEIL, hdwpt/Wil, a village of
HATIIE RLEIGH, a market-town and parish of England,  Switzerlaund, canton of Thurgau, 1I miles S. E. of Bischofs-.o of Devon, on a branch of the Torridge, 91 miles S.S.W. zell. Pop. 1250.
of Torrington. Pop. 1822.                                   HAUSACITI, hdw/zIK, a town of Baden, on the Kinzig, 4
IHATIITEERLEY   DOWN, a parish of England, co. of miles E. of laslach. Pop. 877.
Gloucester.                                                 IIAUSBEIOGEN, h~wslbtcG-en, a town of Prussia, WestIIATHIERLEY UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Glou- phalia. 4 miles S. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 850.
cester.                                                     IIAUSBRUNN, h~ws/bro6n, or IIASZPRUNKA, a village
IIATIt/ERN, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.      of Hungary, co. of and 26 miles from Presburg. Pop. 1256.
IJATHEEROP, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      HIAUSDOR, OBER, obther hbwsfdoRf,::a village of PrusHATHIERSAGE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.         sian Silesia. government of Breslau. Pop:1079.
HIATH/ERTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford, 2    HA USEN, hTw/ron, (i. e. "houses,") the name, or'part of
miles W.S.W. of Wolverhampton. Pop. 378. It gives the the name, of numerous villages in Germany and Switzerland.
title of baron to the Littleton family.                    IHIAUSEN, OBER, o/ber he w/zen, a village of Germany, in
IA-TIAN, a town in Anam. See CANCAO.                    Bavaria, 3 miles N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1861.831
531




HAU                                                          HAY
HAUSEN, a village of Baden, 22 miles S. of Freiburg. department is divided into the arrondissements of Gray,
Pop. 500.                                                      Lure, and Vesoul.
HAUSEN, OnBER, and UNTea, 65n'ter, villages of Baden, on    I ITUTES- PYR]N-ES,  hot-pee'rAnA/t, (" UPPER  PYaEthe Rhine, W. of Ettenheim; the former with 1800, and the  NEES,") a frontier department of France, composed of part of
latter with 1160 inhabitants,.                                the old province of Gascony. Area, 1730 square miles. Pop.
I-IAUISERTOWN, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.          in 1852, 250,934. Surface covered by the ramifications of
HAUSRUCK (h6wsslr66k) MIOUNTAINS, in Upper Aus- the Pyrenees, enclosing several fine valleys. The Adour
tria, separate the basins of the Inn and Ager.                 and its affluents, the Arros, and Gave-de-Pan, rise in the
HAUSSA, a town of Africa.  See HoibssA.                     department.  The mineral springs of the Bagnlres, BarIAUSSY. hds'seel, a village of France, department of  rlges, and Cantertes are much frequented.  The soil is ferNord, 10 miles E.N.E. of Cambrai, on the Selles.  Pop. in  tile in the valleys, but the grain is insufficient for the wants
1852, 2960.                                                    of the population. The chief manufactures are those of
IIAUTBOYS,(hatboiz)GIREAT, a parish of England, co. of  woollen stuffs called Barrages.  Capital, Tarbes.  The deNorfolk.                                                       partment is divided into the arrondissements of Argel~s,
HAUTEFORT, htt'forJ, a village of France, department  Bagnures, and Tarbes.
of Dordogne, 21 miles E.N.E. of Plrigueux. Pop. 1777.           IHAUTE-VIENNE, htt ve-unn, ("UPPER VIENNE,") a deIIAUTE-GARONNE, h6t-g'-ronn/, (" UPPeR GAIONNE,") a  partment of France, in the N.W., formed of parts of the old
department of the South of France, on the firontiers of Spain. province of Limousin. Area, 2118 square miles. Pop. in 1852,
Area 2529 square miles. Pop.in 1852,480,794. Surface very  319,370. Surface traversed  by mountains, the principal
elevated in the S., where it borders on the highest part of  chain of which separates the basins of the Loire and Gathe Pyrenees, the contreforts of which cover a considerable  roune; highest point, (Le Puy de Vieux,) 3200 feet in elepart of the department. Chiefrivers, the Garonne and its  vation. The soil is infertile.  iHorses, cattle, and sheep are
affluents. The Canal du Midi traverses the department for  extensively reared. The minerals comprise tin, lead, copper,
26 miles, and a second, called the Lateral Canal, is in course  coal, and porcelain-clay.  Chief manufactures, porcelain,
of construction. The principal mines are of lead, copper, cutlery, and paper.  Capital, Limoges.  The department is
antimony, iron, and zinc; excellent marble is produced, and  divided into the arrondissements of Limogeso  Bellac, Rethere are numerous mineral springs and salt marshes. Corn  chechouart, and St. Yrieix.
and wine are raised much beyond consumption, and form    IHIAUTEVILLE, hft'veelf, the name of several villages of
chief articles of export. Lint, hemp, tobacco, and oranges  France, the principal being tIaute-la-Guichard, 8 miles
are grown. An active transit trade is carried on with Spain. E.N.E. of Coutances, and the original residence of Tancred,
Capital, Toulouse.  The department is divided into the 4 ar-  the founder of the Norman dynasty in South Italy.
rondissemnents of St. Gaudens, Muret, Toulouse, and Ville-    IIAUTEVILLERS, htt'veel'lairn, a village of France, defranche-de-Lauragais.                                         partment of Marne, 12 miles S. of Reims.  Pop. 1023.
HAUTE-ILE,  htt-eel, or I-ARE ISLAND, a small island    HAUTRAGE, hOttr[zhf, a village of Belgium, province of
of British America, in the Bay of Fundy, 8 miles S.W. of  Hainaut, 9 miles WV. of Mons.  Pop. 1280.
Cape Chignecto.                                                  HAUT-RHIN, h-r&N%, or (" UPPER RHINE,") a frontier deHAUTE-LOIRE, hlt-lwda, ("' UPeER LoIRE,") a department  partment of France, in the N.E., formed of the old province
in the S.E. part of France, formed of a portion of the old  of Upper Alsace, bounded on the E. by the Rhine, which
province of Languedoc. Area, 1900 square miles. Pop. in  separates it from Baden.  Area, 1548 square miles. Pop. in
1852, 304,615. Surfaceelevated and mountainous, traversed  1852, 494,147. One-third of the surface is covered with foon the E. by the C6vennes, and on the W. by the menu-  rests; it has rich mines of iron, lead, silver, asphaltum, gratains of Margerides, which unite the C6vennes with the  nite, and coal, and numerous mineral springs; it is fertile
mountains of Auvergne, and on the S. by the Forez Moun-  in grain, and produces excellent wine, beet-root, tobacco,
tains.  Many of these are volcanic; culminating point, Mont  madder, linseed, and hemp.  It has numerous manulhcMezin, in the CUvennes, 5794 feet. The department is en-  tures, among which printed cottons and silks of Mulhausen
tirely situated in the basin of the Loire, by which, with its  are  celebrated. Capital, Colmar.  It is divided  into the
affluents, it is watered. The soil is poor, and agriculture is  arrondissments of Colmar, Altkirch, and Belfort. The de
in a very backward state.  Wine is raised in small quantity,  partment is traversed from N. to S. by the Ill, the Canal of
and of an inferior quality. Cattle-rearing is an important  the Rhine and Rhone, and the railway from  Strasbourg to
branch  of industry. Silk-worms are extensively reared. B~le, (Basel.)
Chief mineral products, coal, antimony, gypsum, building    HAUVILLE, hO'veelf, a town of France, department of
stone, and potter's clay. Capital, Le Puny. The department Eure, 11 miles E.N.E. of Pont-Audemer.  Pop. 1800.
is divided into the arrondissements of Brioude, Le Puy, and    HAVANA, ha-vanla, or THIE HAVANINAH, (Sp. La 1ha.
Yssingeaux.                                                   bana,.'1 -BsnA;formgrly Carenas, k4-r4/n[s; Fr. La Havane,
HAUTE-LUCE, hlt-liss, a village of Savoy, 11 miles N.E. 14 h4vgnl; It. Avana, A-v4na,) an important city, and the
of Confians. Pop. 1585.                                       greatest commercial port of the West Indies, capital of the
HAUTE-MARNE, htt-matn, ("UPPER MxAuo-v,") a depart-  Spanish island of Cuba, is situated on its N.W. coast, on a
ment of France, in the N.E.. formed of part of the old pro- fine bay setting up from the Gulf of Mexico, about 150 miles
vince  of Champagne. Area, 2385 square miles. Pop. in  S.S.W. of Cape Sable, in Florida, and 650 miles S.S.E. of New
1852, 268,398. Chief river, the Marne, which, as well as  Orleans.  Lat. of Morro Castle, 230 9' 24" N., lon. 820 22' W.
the Meuse and Aube, rises in the department.  It is tra- Its harbor, formed by this bay, which nowhere exceeds h,
versed in the E. and S. by the mountains which separate  miles in width, is one of the best in the world, being deep
the Meuse and Rhone, united by the plateau of Langres in  enough for vessels of the largest class, sufficiently capacious
the N.E. The department has some of the most important  to receive 1000 ships of war, and so safe that vessels ride seiron-mines in France. Chief industry, mining and forging  crtrely without cable or anchor.  The entrance is by a chanof iron, cutlery, cotton-spinning, and weaving. Capital, nel half a mile in length, so narrow  that only a single
Chaumont. It is divided into the arrondissements of Chau- vessel can pass at a time, and fortified throughout the whole
mont, Langres, and Vassy.                                      distance with military works, and artillery.  Its mouth,
HAUTERIVE, hit'reevl, a village of France, department  about  of a mile wide, is defended by two stronig castlesof Drame, 22 miles N.N.E. of Valence.  Pop. 2380.             the Punta on the VW. side, connected with a castle in the
IIAAUTE-RIVOIRE, htt-reevwAlRI, a village of France, de- town, and Morro Castle on the E. Upon this csflle is a
partment of Rh~ne, 211 miles W.S.W. of Lyons. Pop. 1126.  fixed light, 144 feet high.  There are four other forts,
HAUTES-ALPES, hotz-Alp or hot- lp, ("'UPPrt    ALPs,") mounted with heavy cannon, and garrisoned for the defence
a department of France, forming part of the S.E. of Dauphine, of the harbor and town. La Cabana, situated S.E. of Morro
and a small part of Provence.  Area, 2114 square miles. Castle, is the strongest fortress in Hiavana.  The city itself
Pop. in 1852, 132,038. Like the department of the Basses- is surrounded by walls, bastions, and ditches. It is built
Alpes, it is covered almost throughout by enormous masses  on a tongue of land on the W. side of the hnarbor, and sepaof mountains, several of which are among the loftiest of the  rated by a fosse from  its arsenal and the suburbs of Colon,
Alpine range. Mount Pelvaux, the highest mountain in  Guadalupe, &c., immediately in the rear; and on the oppoFrance, is in this department, and its culminating peak, site side of the bay is the suburb of Regla. When viewed
called the Pointes des Arsines, or Des Ecrines, is 13,442 feet fr'omn the sea, Havana has a very picturesque and beautiful
above the level of the sea. Capital, Gap. It is diviled into  appearance, with its numerous spires and background of
the arrondissements of Gap, Brianton, and Embrun.              hills; but on a nearer approach, it is found to possess but
HAUTE-SAONE, (Haute-Salne,) htt-stn, ("UPPERi SASNE-,")  few attractions. The streets, though regularly laid out; are
a department in the N.E. of France, formed of part of the  narrow, ill paved, dirty, and lined with massive stone strucold province of Franche-Comt6.  Area, 2028 square miles. tures, closely crowded together, and generally provided wvith
Pop. in 1852, 347,096. Surface mountainous in the N.E., ponderous folding-doors and barred windows, giving the
where it is covered by ramifications of the Vosges Menu-  whole town a heavy and even gloomy appearance. Considertains; it is wateredby the SaSne and its numerous affluents.  able improvement, however, has of late years been effected in
The soil is fertile; one-third of the department is covered  the character of the streets, andin some of the buildings. The
with forests, which supply excellent timber for the marine. handsomest portion of the city is in the vicinity of the great
The minerals comprise iron and coal, and it has many  square, or Plaza de Armas, a beautiful enclosure, intersected
mineral springs; those of Luxeuil are much fiequented.  by paved wvalks, and adorned with a statue, fountains, flowers,
Ohief industry, mining and manufactures of glass, china, &c.; in the evening it is well lighted. Here are situated
zloths, straw hats, andkirchenwasser. Capital, Vesoul. The  the palaces of the governor and the intendant, and the ore
832




IAAV                                                         HAV
sidences of many of the nobility. Opposite the governor's tion. The people, ethnologically considered, are Caucasian,
house is a chapel, erected in commemoration of the first African, and Mongolian.  The Caucasian consist chiefly of
mass which was celebrated in Havana aftelr the foundation  the natives of Spain, their descendants constituting about
of the city. The churches in Havana are numerous, and  fifteen-sixteenths of the white population.   "Nearly all the
are said to be richly ornamented with gold and silver  shopkeepers of Havana," says the editor of the " New York
lamps, images, &c. The cathedral contains the ashes of  Mirror," Hiram Fuller, Esq., who spent several weeks there
Columbus, which were brought' hither from  San Domingo  in 1852, " are native Spaniards, a large proportion of whom
in 1796. Near the altar, above an opening called the "tomb  came to Cuba as adventurers, and began life as clerks on
of Columbus," is a tablet inlaid in the wall, and sculptured  small salaries.  After accumulating $500, they would purwith a bust of the discoverer in bas-relief. The other public  chase a share in a joint-stock slave-trading company, and in
buildings most deserving of notice are the exchange, an ex- the course of a year or two receive a profit in the shape of a
tensive structure surmounted by a tower, the custom-house, dividend amounting to $10,000, which sum, reinvested in
post-office, royal tobacco maniufactory, opera-house, and two  the same business, soon made them  millionaires.  These
theatres, one of them  said to be larger than the Scala of  nabobs then generally return to Spain to spend their illMilan.                                                        gotten fortunes, leaving a crop of clerks to follow in the
Among the scientific and educational institutions may be  footsteps of their inhuman predecessors."  (See CUBA, Stave
mentioned the Royal University, including a medical col-  Trade, page 524.) The Africans constitute about one-third
leoge, law school, and chairs for the natural sciences, the  of the entire population, of which nearly one-half are slaves.
whole conducted by a rector and a corps of 30 professors;  The Mongolians comprise a few Chinese recently introduced
the Royal College, for which a large building is now (1854)  into the island.
in course of erection by the government, a theological col-   In 1519, a pilot having discovered that the channel belege, a museum of natural history, an institution called the  tween Cuba and the continent of the N. was the most conRoyal Sociedad Economica, also several other institutions,  venient passage for ships from  Mexico to Europe, La Haa botanic garden, and a school of painting. The benevolent  vana, (La Habana) was founded as a porit to receive them,
institutions comprise the Cuna, or Foundling IHospital. the  the name La Havana having previously been applied to the
San Lazaxo, a hospital for persons affected with kocubea or  presenttownof Batabano. In 1538 it was surprised and burned
lazan-ino-a kind of leprosy peculiar to the West Indies, and  by a French privateer, to prevent which occurrence the Castillo
said to be incurable; a large hospital occupying the Convent  de la Fsuerza; (kIs-teellyo dA lAfwArsA,) still standing,was built
of San Juan de Dies, the Casa seal de Benmfcencia, an ex- by IHIernando de Soeto. Governor of Cuba. In 1554, the French
tensive and well-endowed institution, combining an orphan  again attacked and destroyed Havana. About this time, a
hospital, a lunatic asylum, and an infirmary; besides nume-  great number of the inhabitants of the island flocked to
rous convents and other charitable establishmehts.  The  Hiavana, to avoid the depredations of the buccaneers. The
prison is a large quadrangular building, so situated as to  English failed in an assault upon it in 1655. About 1665
secure a free circulation of the sea breeze. Havana is the  the walls of -Havana were commenced. Towards the close of
seot of a bishop, and of all the colonial authorities of the  the17th century, thetwo fortresses of Morro and Punta were
island, including  the Supreme Court, (formerly at Puerto  erected. In 1762, the town, after an obstinate resistance,
Principe,) called LaAudiencia_ Psetoerialde la Hobana.  There was taken by an English fleet and army under Lord Albeare 3 daily newspapers, 2 semi-monthly periodicals, and 1 marle, the fleet numbering 200 vessels, and the army 14,041
monthly, called the "Anales," published in the city; besides men. The following year it was restored to Spain under
which, some few literary and scientific works are issued.    the treaty of Versailles, since which period the government
The manufactures of IHavana are confined chiefly to cigars, has been almost constantly employed in increasing  its
which are produced in immense quantities, and have a  strength, and developing its resources. Pop. in 1827, 94,023,
world-wide celebrity. The other articles manufactured are  of which 37.980 were within the walls, -and 54,043 in the
chocolate, woollen fabrics, and straw hats. Havana is not  suburbs.  Of these, 46,621 Were white; 23,562 free colored;
a manufacturing, but a commercial city. It is to commerce  and 23,840 slaves. Add to these the 18,000 soldiers comshe owes her rise and present importance, and for this, it  prising the garrison, and we have a total population of
has been seen, she possesses unrivalled natural advantages.  112,023. According to Don Jos6 M. de la Torre, member of
Art, too, has been brought to the assistance of nature, and  the Rea Socieldad Economica of Havana, the population of
a network of railways, having a general terminus in HaIs-  the city and suburbs, in 1853, was 134,215, and of the jurisvana, now almost completely envelops the island.  (See, diction. having an area of 675 square miles, 147,360, of which
CUBA, Internal Imsprovements, page 524.)  The total vaJuo of  87,916 vere white; 32,594 fsee colored; and 26,850 slaves.
exports from Cuba, in 1851, amounted to $31,341,683, about  In the jurisdiction is included the island of Pines, with an
half of which was shipped at Havana. The principal articles  area of about 600 square miles, and 1400 inhabitants.  See
of export are sugar, coffee, molasses, honey, wax, and rum,  CuBA.-Adj. and inhab. HtAVANESE, hav'an-eezf, (Fr. HAwhich for the years 1841, 1845, 1850, 1851, and 1852 were as  VANAIS, hA'v&'-nA/; feminine, HAvAnAIss, ha'v'nlzl.)
follows:-                                                       HAVANA, hA-vah/na,  a thriving post-village in Catherine's township, Chemung co., New York, on the Chemung
Years. bxSucgar,   Coffee, Molas.tses, Hsoy,  Wax,   Rum,   Branch of the New York and Erie Railroad, about 300 miles
N.W. of New York, and 3 miles S. of the head of Seneca Lake,
141  6,891   742,57    42,909,974   28,85    8,752    with which it is joined by a canal. It has 1 bank, 2 news[18454   267,5951  170,4066   20.075   0847 [31,409!2,727    paper offices, and some manufactures.
100   704,777   170,902 {28,615 [2,1565  43,0894   7,091    H-AVANA, a post-village of Greene co., Alabama, 25 miles
1851   849,018   150,253   44,539   2,108   45,666   5,792
1852   688,747   0 158,496  1 39,515   2 2,114   370413  5 5;846
S. of Tuscaloosa.
HAVANA, a post-office ofDallas co., Texas.
In addition to the exports of 1852, may be mentioned    HAVANA, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio.
170,559 M. of cigars, and 3,182,577 pounds of tobacco.   IHIAVANA, a thriving post-village, capital of Mason co.,
The principal imports are linen and cotton manufactures,  Illinois, is pleasantly situated on the E. bank of the Illinois
grain and flour, liquor, beef, lard, fish, and other proey-  River, opposite the mouth of the Spoon River, 218 miles,
signs, and wooden and iron manufactures,  The countries,  by water, from Chicago. The site is elevated about 50 feet,
in the order of -their importance, to which the exports  and the landing is convenient. The value of the produce
were sent in 1850, were the United States, Great Britain,  shipped at this place, in 1852, was estimated at $200,000.
Spain, Germany, France, and Spanish America; and those  Pop. in 1853, about 1000.
from which the imports came. Spain, United States, Great    HAVANNA.  See HAvANA.
Britain, Germany, France. and Spanish America. The num-    HAVIANT, a mnarket-town and parish of England, co. of
her of foreign arrivals in 1852 was 1758 vessels, of which 661  H-ants, with a station on the Portsmouth and Chichester
were Spanish; and the number of clearances 1789, including  Railway, 7 miles N.E. of Portsmouth.  Pop. 2101.
699 Spanish vessels.                                            HAVE, LE, leh, ha'v, a harbor of Nova Scotia, on its S.E.
HTavana was formerly celebrated for its ship-building, and  coast, at the mouth of the I-lave River, 48 miles S.W. of Halifax.
for a long time her yards supplied Spain with the chief part    HAVEEZA a town of Persia.  See IAWEEZ.A.
of her fleet. Between the years 1724 and 1796, there were    HAVEL, hkvel, a river of North Germany, rises in the
constructed for the mother country, at these yards, 51 ships  small lake of KIibelick, (Mecklenburg-Strelitz,) and joins
ofthe line, and 22 fi-igates, besides smaller craft, amounting  the Elbe at IIavelberg. Length, 180 miles, navigable for
in all to 110 vessels, carrying 5068 guns-6 having 100  large vessels from Ft'iirstenberg.  It is connected by canals
guns each. This important branch of business is now nearly  with the small lakes of MIecklenburg, and with the Elde
extinct. The port is connected by daily lines of steamers  and the Oder.
with Matanzas, Cardenas, Jucano, &c., and it has also steam     HAVELBERG, h'vel-bhaot, a town of Prussia, province
communication with New Orleans and the other principal  of Brandenburg, on an island in the IHavel. Pop. 3100.
ports on the American continent, and with Europe.               IIAIVENSPORT, a thriving village of Fairfield co., Ohio,
In consequence of the heat of the climate, the inhabitants  on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 24 niles S.E. of Columbus.
of IIHavana remain in-doors during the day; but in the evening    HAIVENSVILLE, a small post-village of Bradford co.,
the delicious promenades (alamnedas) of the city and its en- Pennsylvania.
vironspresent a most animated spectacle,being throngedwith    HIAYTERFORD, a post-township of Delaware co., Penn
the gay and fashionable of both sexes.  The elegant attire,  sylvania, about 10 miles WV. of Philadelphia.  Pop. 1401.
grace, and beauty of the Havanese ladies displayed on these  1Hayerford School, a high school, (or more properly college,)
occasions, and at the theatres, seldom fail to elicit admira- under the direction of the Society of Friends, is situated in
3 C                                                                              833




HAY                                                        HAW
Ihis township, on the Columbia Railroad, 9 miles W. of  Cap de la HMve. -Elegant villas cover the slopes of Ingou
Philadelphia. The grounds are tastefully laid out and orna- ville, which may be considered as a suburb of the town.
mented with trees and shrubbery.  This institution is  The principal institutions are a Royal School of Navigation,
richly endowed; it possesses an excellent philosophical and  a school of Geometry as applied to the Arts, and a public lichemical apparatus, and a well-selected library of about  brary. The manufactures consist of sulphuric acid, earthen
2000 volumes.                                               and stone ware, paper, starch, lace, oil, refined sugar, cables,
HAVtERFORD-WESTt or HWLFORDD, hoollforTE. a par- and other marine cordage. There are also breweries, and
liamentary and municipal borough, river-port, market-town,  numerous brick and tile works. A goverrnment tobacco facand county of itself, of South Wales, capital of the county  tory employs 300 workmen: and from the building-yards a
of Pembroke, on the Cleddy, 8 miles N.N.E. of Milford. Pop. great number, both of sailing vessels and steamers, celecomprising several parishes, 5941. It is picturesquely situ- brated for the beauty of their construction and their sailing
ated on an:eminence; a bridge across the Cleddy commu- properties, are annually fitted out. The harbor of Havre,
nicates with Prendergast. It has 3parish churches, a gram- one of the most accessible in France, is entered by a narrow
mar school, established in 1614, a handsome guild-hall,  channel, formed by two long jetties stretching from E. to W.,
county jail, custom-house, hospital, county lunatic asylum, from which the current in a great measure serves to remove
union work-house, the remains of a castle, built by Gilbert  obstructions, though dredging is occasionally necessary.
de Clare, first Earl of Pembroke, and a dock-yard, with quays  This channel leids to the outer harbor, (avant port,) an iradmitting vessels of 100 tons at spring-tides. Cattle, butter, regular expanse, which is left dry at ebb tide. This is occuoats, and hard coal for malting, are largely exported. Im- pied by great numbers of coasters, and other small vessels.
ports timber, coal, and groceries. The borough unites with' Within the avant port, lined with fine quays and extensive
Fishguard and Narberth in sending 1 member to the House. warehouses, are five capacious wet-docks, (one not yet cornof Commons.                                                 pleted,) capable of accommodating 500 large vessels.
HAVERHILL, havler-il, a market-town and parish of   IHavre is the port of Paris, and its commerce is connected
England, cos. of Essex and Suffolk, 6$ miles W. of Clare. with all parts of the world, but especially with America and
Pop. 2451.                                                  the north of Europe. It imports vast quantities of colonial
HAVERHILL, usually pronounced hAlver-il, a post-town- and other produce, among which cotton holds a most imship of Grafton co., New Hampshire, 70 miles N.N.W. of Con- portant place; the amount received here comprising about
cord. It has manufactures of furniture and paper. It con-  three-fourths of all that is imported into France. Its extains Haverhill Corner, one of the capitals of Essex county. ports consist of numerous articles of French manufactures,
Pop. 2405.                                                 including silks, cottons, ironware, plate, mirrors, furniture,
HAVERHILL, hIAver-il, (?) a flourishing post-village and  stained paper, bricks and tiles, provisions, tools, philosotownship of Essex co.,:Massachusetts, on the N. bank of the  phical instruments, and agricultural implements; also, wine,
Merrimack River, at the head of navigation, about 15 miles  liqueurs, flour, &c. In the extent of its foreign commerce,
from the ocean, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 33  Havre ranks next to Marseilles; and its coastwise trade is exmiles N. of Boston. It.contains 7 or 8 churches, a news- ceeded only bythat of Marseilles and Bordeaux. The vessels
paper office, 4 banks, a savings' institution, an insurance  employed in this branch of commerce in 1852, made 1500
office, and a gas-light company, incorporated in 1853, with  trips. In 1846, 1908 vessels, (tons 422,909,) arrived here from
a capital of $100,000. Two of the churches have recently  foreign countries, and 1970 vessels, (tons 435,467,) employed
been erected, one a Gothic-Arabic structure-the other is  in foreign trade, cleared at the port of Havre. It is the seat of
modelled from an Italian temple-both beautiful edifices. a court of primary resort and of commerce, the residence
The schools of Haverhill are among the best in Massachu-  of foreign consuls, and possesses a chamber of commerce.
chusetts. The village contains manufactories of boots and  Regular lines of steamers communicate daily with Caen;
shoes, woollen goods, silver-ware, hats and caps, lasts, &c. twice a week with Cherbourg, with Dunkirk, and with London
There are nearly 20 boot and shoe establishments, annually  during the summer; and with London every five days in the
producing goods to the amount of upwards of $1,500,000. winter; every five days with Rotterdam, weekly with HamThere are also about 10,000,000 of bricks made yearly. burg and Liverpool, and in time of peace, twice a month
Settled in 1640, and incorporated in 1645. Pop. of the  with St. Petersburg.  Ocean steamers also ply between
township, 5877; of the village, in 1854, about 4000.       I-Iavre and New York. Havre was founded by Louis XII. in
HAVERHILL, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the Ohio  1509. It was held by the English in 1562, and bombarded
River, 20 miles above Portsmouth. Pop. 200.                by them in 1678 and 1759. It was the birthplace of MaHAVERHILL CENTRE, a post-village in Haverhill town- dame de Lafayette, Bernardin de St. Pierre, and Casimir
ship, Grafton co., New Hampshire.                          Delavigne. Pop. in 1852, 29,954.
HAVERHILL CORNER, a post-village and semi-capital of    HAVRE DE GRACE, havler de grass, a thriving post-vilGirafton co., New Hampshire, on the left bank of the Con- lage of Harford co., Maryland, on the WV. shore of the Susnecticut River, 65 miles N.W. of Concord. It has a beauti-  quehanna River, and at the head of Chesapeake Bay, 36
ful common in the centre, and contains the county build- miles N.E. of Baltimore. It is an old town, considerably
ings and a newspaper office.                                enlarged and improved since the construction of the TideHIAWERHOLME, an extra-parochial district of England, water Canal, of which it is the southern terminus. The
co. of Lincoln, consisting of an island of 300 acres, formed  Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad passes
by the river Slea, 3$ miles N.E. of Sleaford.               through it, crossing the river by a steam ferry. It contains
HAVERING-ATTE-BOWER, parish of England, co. Essex. 1 or 2 churches, I newspaper office, and a number of stores.
HAVERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 5$  During the severe frosts.of the winter of 1851 and 1852, the
miles S.W. of Halesworth.  The hall, a fine seat of Lord. railway cars crossed the river on the ice for several weeks.
Huntingfield, contains a valuable collection of paintings.    Ilavre de Grace was burned by the British in the war of
HAVERINGLAND, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   1812. A bridge is in course of construction across the river
HAVERSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             at this place. Pop. in 1850, 1336; in 1853, about 1800.
HAVYERSTRAW, a post-village and township of Rockland    HAW, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. P. 1572.
co., New York, on the W. side of the Hudson, 115 miles S.   HAWAII, h$-wkee, or OWHYHEE, the largest and most
of Albany, and 37 miles N. of New York City. The village  southerly of the Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands. Lat. of S.
is large, and pleasantly situated on the margin of the river. point, 190 5, N., ion. 1550 495 W. It is somewhat of triangular
During the season of navigation, a steamboat plies daily be- shape, 100 miles long from N. to S., the N.E. side 84 miles, the
tween it and New York, touching at Sing Sing, and other  S.E. 64 miles; area, 4040 square miles. It is wholly volplaces on the Hudson.  In the immediate vicinity was  canic, and appears to be less an upheaval than merely defought the famous battle of Stony Point.                   posits from  the numerous volcanoes of which it forms the
HAVIlLAND HOLLOWV, post-office, Putnam co., New York. base. The S.WV., S., and S.E. coasts are composed almost
IAVYILANDVILLE,  a post-village of Harrison co., Ken- wholly of lava or volcanic cinders, frequently exhibiting
tucky, contains a cotton factory.                          deep caverns, the abode of innumerable birds, and perpenHAVIZA, a town of Persia. See HAwEEZA.                   dicular cliffs. against which the sea dashes with fury. The
HAVRI4, h&WvrAf, a village of Belgium, province of Hal- N.E. coast is likewise generally precipitous, often basaltic,
naut, 5 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1966.                       and cut into deep gullies, presenting almost innumerable
HAVRE, LE, leh hyv'r, formerly LE HAVRE DE GRACE, cascades. The mountains do not ascend in peaks, but rise
(Fr. pron. hielv'r deh ggr ss or oivr deh grhsst; L. _Peoltus  Graf- gradually, and are comparatively unbroken. The principal
tie, "Haven of Grace;") a handsome  city and seaport of  summits are Mauna-Kea, in the N.E., 13,953 feet, topped
France, department of Seine-Infnrieure, on the N. side of the  with nine cones; it consists almost wholly of scorie, and
estuary of the Seine, at its entrance into the English Chan- presents no apparent crater. Mauna-Loa, in the S., 13,760
nel, 108 miles NW. of Paris, with which it is connected by  feet, a smooth dome, crowned by an immense crater called
railway. Lat. 490 29' 160 N., Ion. 00 6 9" E. It is surrounded  Moku-a-weo-weo, upwards of 2 miles in diameter, and Mauby ramparts and lofty walls, crowned by a parapet, and  na-Huahali or Inuarari, in the W., 7822 feet, with several craadorned by a finely planted alley. Its citadel is enclosed  ters. But the most remarkable of the volcanoes is that of
by a triple row of ramparts and fosses, with water fiom the  Kilauea, 3970 feet high, E.S.E. of Mauna-Loa, on an elevated
sea, rendering it a fortress of the first class; the harbor has plain. It presents a huge black pit of irregular shape, with
five vast basins, not including the outer port. The most re-  almost perpendicular sides, 31 miles long by 2$ miles broad,
markable buildings are the Church of NStre-Dame, the New  and 1000 feet deep: the inside bordered by a black ledge of
I(all of Exchange, the arsenal, custom-house, tobacco fictory, cooled lava, firom 600 to 2000 feet broad. During the day the
new theatre, barracks, sea-baths, and two light-houses on  bottom looks like a heap of smouldering ruins; but at night
514




HAW                                                ITAW
It shows two immense pools or lakes of cherry-red liquid, in  in1851, 6683. It is picturesquely situated, and well built. It
a state of violent ebullition, which illuminates the whole contains some very curious ancient houses, among which is
vast expanse, and flows in all directions like water; and  the principal inn, formerly a strong border fortress. There
there are numerous conical craters continually throwing  are 2 bridges across the Teviot, and 2 over the Slitrig, one
out stones, ashes; lava, smoke, and flame. Earthquakes of which is supposed to be a Roman structure; an elegant
occur very frequently, but are not often disastrous. Be- new parish church, erected by the Duke of Buccleuch, a
tween the three principal mountains above named is a great grammar school, public library, 3 branch banks, agriculcentral valley, almost unknown and uninhabited, Among  tural society, and school of arts. It has important manu
the numerous indentations of the coast, the most important factures of woollen stockings, flannels, plaids, shawls, blanare the Bay of Kealakeakua or Karakakora, on the W., and  kets, carpets, druggets, and also of leather. In its vicinity,
Byron's, Hilo, or Wailaka Bay, on the E. coast; the latter is which comprises the beautiful scenery celebrated in the
described as extensive, well-protected, and affording good  "Lay of the Last Minstrel," are the towers of Branksome,
anchorage and excellent facilities for watering. The climate  Harden, and Goldielands, ancient seats of the different
is in general mild and equable; in some parts rain seldom  branches of the family of Scott. Gavin Douglass, afterwards
falls except in occasional showers, while, in others, both in  Bishop of Dunkeld, and the translator of the AEreid, was
in the interior and on the coast, as at Byron's Bay, showers rector of Hawick in 1496, and Leyden the poet was born in
occur daily. The island is well-wooded, and cultivation is its vicinity.
carried on in many places which would be deemed almost   HAWIZA or HAWISA. See HAWEEZA.
impracticable in any other country, arising, in a great mea.   HAWKICHURCH. a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
sure, from the desire of the natives to be near the sea, for   HAWK.E (hawk) BAY, New Zealand, is on the coast of
the sake of the fish which abound along the coasts. In ex- North Island, between lat. 390 and 400 S., and Ion. 1770 and
cavations among the lava rocks, sweet potatoes, melons, and  1780 E.
pine-apples are planted, which, with upland taro., and yams,   HAWKE BAY, Labrador, on the E. coast, in lat. 530 N,
constitute the staple commodities.  The latter is raised  lon. 55 35' W.
almost entirely for ships. Sugar-cane, bananas, bread-fruit,   HAWKE CAPE, East Australia, in New South Wales, co.
and cocoa-nuts are also cultivated.  The inhabitants are  of Gloucester, 43 miles N.E. of Port Stephens.
almost entirely confined to the coasts, along which they live    HAWKEDON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
in small villages. For the financial years of 1842 and 1843,   HAWKER~ILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee.
the revenues of the kingdom  of Hawaii were $48,842.  IHAWKESBURY, hawkslber-e, a parish of England, co. of
During the years 1850 and 1851, they reached $315,735. Gloucester, 4 miles E.S.E. of Wicker. -It gives the title of
In 1853, the revenue was $326 60. During the year 1853,119  baron to the Earl of Liverpool.
foreigners were naturalized, 53 being Americans, and in the    HAWKESBURY, hawks'ber-e, a poest-village of Canada
same period 12,011 acres of public lands were sold for $15,065. West, co. of Prescott, on the Ottawa River, 60 miles E. of
There are 423 public free schools taught in the Hawaiian  MIontreal, and 60 miles from Bytown. It contains several
tongue by native teachers, 344 being Protestant schools, and  mills and hotels. Pop. about 700.
79 Catholic. In these schools 12,205 children are taught.   HAWKESBURY ISLAND, British North America, in New
The natives are anxious to learn the English language, and  Caledonia, is formed by an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, in lat.
those who do not will soon be strangers on their own soil. 530 30' N., ion. 1290 W.
14,689 gallons of liquor were drank during the year, and the    HAWKESBURY RIVER, East Australia, in New South
convictions for crime were 3173, of which number 1059 were  Wales, is formed by the union of the Nepean and Grose
for drunkenness:  1954 marriages were licensed during the  Rivers, and enters the Pacific at Broken Bay, 20 miles N.N.E.
year. The statistics of the births and deaths for the last of Sidney, after a course of 50 miles. It is navigable for
three years compare thus:                                 vessels of 150 tons to Windsor. Another river, in the co. of
Births.        Deaths.   Decrease. Bligh, is of less importance.
1851............................. 2,424........ 6,792........ 3,368  HAWKESHEAD, hawksthld, a market-town and parish
1852......................... 1,850........ 2,822.......  972   of England, co. of Lancaster, capital of the district of.1 3.       1,503. 5,525. 6 553                 ~~~ofEnglnd; co. of Lancaster-: capital of the district of Fur.
~1853............................. 1,513........ 8,026.........6,513   ness, 11 miles N.W. ofKirbyKendal.  Pop. 2323, party.emness, 11 miles N.W. of Kirhy-Kendal. Pop. 2323, partly emPop. in 1823, 85,000; in 1839, 39,364, and in December, 1853, ployed in iron forges. It has a very ancient church, a
24,188, of which 259 were foreigners. The remarkable mor- grammar school, founded by Archbishop Sandys, a native of
tality since 1850 is owing to the prevalence of the measles this place, and at which the poet Wordsworth was educated.
and small-pox, which were very fatal; but there are other    HAWK EYE, a small post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa,
causes producing a gradual and regular falling off in the    HAWKIHIU RST, a parish of England, cos. of Kent and
population of the whole group, estimated at about 8 per Sussex.
cent. yearly. InKealakeakua Bay, on the W. coast of IHIa-    HAW!KINGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
wali, Captain Cook was killed by the natives, February 14,   HAWIKINS, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee,
1779. See SANDWbCO ISLANDS. —— Adj. and inhab. HAWAIIAN, bordering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 650 square
hi-wsan.                                                   miles. It is intersected by Clinch and Holston Rivers. The
HIAWAR/DEN, or HAR!DEN, a market-town and parish  surface is traversed -by Clinch Mountain, and other high
of North Wales, co. of Flint, 12 miles W.N.W. of Chester. ridges; the soil is generally fertile. Steamboats navigate
It has a grammar school, ruins of a fine castle, with large  the Holston River through this county. Limestone undermanufactures of earthenware, and iron foundries,.         lies part of the surface. Capital, Rogersville. Pop. 12,770,
HIAWASA, a town of Africa.. See AussA.                  of whom 11,080 were free, and 1690 slaves.
HAWASI:, h~Iwvsh', a river of South Abyssinia, is sup-   HAWKINS'S LANDING, post-office, Ashley co., Arkansas.
posed to rise by numerous heads near lat. 90 N., lon. 380 E,   HAWKINS'S MILLS, a village of Bath co., Kentucky.
It flows E., and afterwards N.E., bounding the dominions    HAWIKINSVILLE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.
of Shea on the S. and E., and enters Lake Aussa near lat. 110    HAWKINSVILLE, a small post-village, capital of Pulaski
30' N., ion. 410 20f E., after a total course of from 460 to 500  co., Georgia, on the W. bank of the Ocmulgee River, 61 miles
miles.                                                    S. of Milledgeville, contains 2 churches, 6 stores, and about
HAWAZ, a town of Persia. See AHWAZ.                     300 inhabitants.
HAW/COAT, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.        HAWKI/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
HAW CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Missouri.         HAWK POINT, a small village of Lincoln co., Missouri.
HAW CREEK, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois.           HAWKTRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
HAWIDON, LAKE, South Australia, is near the S. coast,.  HAWKTSTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
15 miles S.S.E. of Cape Bernouilli.                          IIAWKSIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
HAWEEZA  or HAWIZA, hl-weelza, written also HA-   HAWK/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
WISA, HAVEEZA, and HAVIZA, hl-veezd. a town of    HAWLBOWILINE, an island of Ireland, in Cork Harbor,
Persia, province of Khoozistan on the Kerah, (or Haweeza) three-fourths of a mile S. of the Cove, and formerly the place
River, 70 miles SW. of Shooster. Pop. 12,000.              of an important naval depot.
HAWIERBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             HAWLBOWLINE, a rock of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
HAWES, hawz, a market-town of England, co. of York, Down, off the entrance of Carlingford Harbor.
North Riding, 20 miles W. of Middleham. Pop. 1708. It has    HAWILEY, a tything of England, co. of Hantk
a grammar school, 2 branch banks, and an excellent library.   HAWILEY, a post-township of Franklin co., MassachuIHAWESVILLE, hawz/vil, a post-village, capital of HIan- setts, about 100 miles W. by N. of Boston, and about 20 miles
tock co., Kentucky, on the Ohio River, 124 miles below Louis-  W. by S. of Greenfield. It has 3 post-offices, but no conville. There are beds of coal here, which supply the village  siderable village. Pop. 880.
and steamboats with fuel. It contains 2 churches, 10 stores,   HAWLEY, a flourishing post-village of Wayne co., Pennsyland over 500 inhabitants.                                 vania, on the railroad of the Pennsylvania Coal Company,
HAWES-WATER, a lake of England, co. of Westmore- about 8 miles below Honesdale. The village has grown up
land, 5 miles N. of Kendal. Length, 3 miles.              since 1848, and owes its rapid increase to the joint operaHAWIFIELD, a post-village in Orange co., North Carolina, tions of the Coal Company and the Delaware and Hudson
45 miles W. of Raleigh.                                   Canal Company. Large quantities of coal are here transILAWICK, hAlwik, a borough of barony, manufacturing  ferred from the cars to canal-boats. The railroad connects
town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, at the con- at Scranton with more extensive lines. Pop. about 3000.
fluence of the Teviot and Slitrig, 35 miles S.S.E. of Edin-   HAWLEY'S STORE, a post-office of Sampson co., Nortb
burgh,with which it is connected by railway. Pop. of the town, Carolina.
835




HAW                                                          HAY
HAW/LEYSVILLE, a post-ofIce of Page co.; Iowa.            HAYES, hiz, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
HAWLEYVILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecti-   HAYES, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
cut, on the Housatonic Railroad, 23 miles above Bridgeport.   HAYES RIVER, or HILL RIVER, in British  North
HAW/LING, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       America, rises near Lake Winnipeg, flows N.E. lhrough
HAWNI/BY, aparish of England, co. of York, North Riding. Holy, Knee, and Swampy Lakes. and, after a course estiTIAWNES, hawnz, or HAYNES, hAnz, a parish of Eng- mated at upwards of 300 miles, enters James's Bay at York.
land, co. of Bedford.                                     Lat. 560 45' N., ion. 920 30' W. Its banks are steep, and in
HAWORTH, hiworth, a chapelry of England, co. of York, many places bordered by pine woods. Its affluents are Fox
West Riding.                                               River and Shamatawa. Oxford House and Rockhouse are
HAW/PATCH, a post-village of La Grange co., Indiana, 160  stations on the river, at its mouth between it and Nelson
miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.                              River: on the W. side is Hayes Island.
HAWIRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             IHAYES' STORE, a post-office of Gloucester co., Virginia.
RHAW RIDGE, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama.           IHAYESVILLE, hAzlvill, a post-village of Chester co.,
HAW RIVER, of North Carolina, one of the main branches  Pennsylvania, about 67 miles S.E. of Harrisburg.
of the Cape Fear River, rises in the S.W. part of Rocking-    HAYESVILLE, Ohio. See HAYsvILrLE.
ham co., and flows in a general S.E. course, until it unites    IIAY/FIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.
with Deep River, at Hiaywood, near the centre of the state.  IHAYFIELD, a post-township of Crawford co., PennsylIt passes through a hilly and fertile farming region, which  vania, 5 miles N.W. of Meadville. Pop. 1723.
contains extensive mines of stone coal.                      HAYINGEN, hi/ing-en, a town of WTiirtemburg, 10 miles
HAWSBUIRG, a post-village in Rappahannock co., Vir-  S.S.W. of Miinsingen, with an old castle. Pop. 655.
ginia, 130 miles N.N.W. of Richmond                          HAYLE, hAl, a locality in England, co. of Cornwall, at
IHAW/SERTOWN,  a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.      the W. termination of a railway, 12 miles in length, conHAVWSIKER, a township of England, co. of York..         necting it with liedruth.
HAW/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          HIAY/LEYSBURG, a post-office of Lunenberg co., Virginia,
HAW/THORN, a township of England, co. of Durham.    95 miles S.W. of Richmond.
IHAW/TITRNENEN, a glen in Scotland, co.of Edinburgh.   IIAY/LING, an island off the S. coast of England, co. of
parish of Lasswade, on the North Esk, celebrated for having  Hants, in Chichester Hlarbor, separated by a narrow strait
been the residence of the poet Drummond, the friend of firom the island of Portsea, and connected by a bridge with
Shakspeare and Ben Jonson. Beneath the ancient mansion, the parish of Havant, about 1 mile S. of that to~wn. Area,
which stands on a cliff, are several remarkable caves, hol- 3670 acres. It is divided into the two parishes of North and
lowed out of the sandstone rock, reported to have been used  South Hayling. Off the S. coast is an extensive shoal,
as hiding-places during the border wars.                  the Woolsner Sandbank, the relic of a tract of land subI1AWITON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.            merged in the reign of Edward III.
IHAX/BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding5    HAY MARKET, a post-village of Prince William co., Vir4 miles N. of York, with a stationon the railway thence to  ginia, 110 miles N. of Richmond.
Scarborough.                                                HAY MEADOW, a post-office ofWilkes co., North Carolina.
IHIAXtEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            HAYN or HAIN, in Saxony.  See GRoSSENHAIN.
HAY, a market-town and parish of South Wales, co. of    HAYNAU, HAINAU or HEINAU, hI/nOw, a town of PrusBrecon, on the Wye, here crossed by bridge, 15 miles W. of  sia, 9 miles W.N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Diechsee, with a staIlereford. Pop. of town, in 1851, 1238. It has some remains  tion on the Berlin and Glogau Railway. Large quantities
of a castle of the Bohuns, Earls of Herebford. It has a union  of fullers'-earth are obtained in its vicinity. Pop. 3600.
work-house, and 2 branch banks.                              HAY/NERVILLE, a village of Brunswick township, RensIIA, an inland county of West Australia, about 50 miles  selaer co., New York, on a macadamized road leading from
square. It is mountainous in the S. parts, and has a num- Troy to Bennington, about 8 miles E.N.E. of Troy.
her of salt lakes.                                           HAYNES, hAnz, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.
HAYANGE, h'y6eNzlh! or hI7Nzzh!, a village of France,  de-   HAYNESVILLE, hAnzuvil, a post-township of Aroostook
partment of Moselle, 5 miles W.S.W. of Thionville. Pop. in  co., Maine. Pop. 96.
1852, 2093, employed in extensive iron-works.               HAYNESVILLE, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New York.
HAY/COCK, a township, Bucks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1134.   HAYNESVILLE, a post-office of Claiborne parish, LouiHIAY/COCK ISLAND, in the China Sea, off the W. side of  siana.
Busvagon, one of the Philippines, high and rocky; lat. 120    HAYNEVILLE, a post-village of York district, South
9' N., lon. 1190 511'15/ E.                               Carolina, 60 miles S.S.W. of Columbia.
HAYCOCK ISLAND, in the Celebes  Sea, between the    ITAYNEVILLE, a district of Houston co., Georgia. P. 1335.
islands of Celebes and Mindanao; let. 40 18i N., lon. 1250 231 E.   HIAYNEVILLE or -IAINESVILLE, a post-village of HousHAYCOCK ISLAND, a small rocky islet in the M'ergui  ton co., Georgia, 9 or 10 miles S.E. of Perry, has 2 churches,
Archipelago, S. of St. Matthew's Island; lat. 90 40' N., lon. 1 academy, and 3 stores.
970 50'E.                                                   HAYNEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lowndes  co.,
ILAYCOCK ISLAND, in the China Sea, 40 miles S.S.W. Alabama, 23 miles S.W. of Montgomery. It contains, beof Great Natunas; let. 30 19' N., Ion. 1070 34' E.        sides the county buildings, 2 flourishing chartered acadeIIAYCOCK ISLAND, in the China Sea, S.SW. of South  mies, one for each sex, and 1 manuflctory of cotton-gins.
Natunas; lat. 2013/ N., ion. 1080 57' E.                  Laid out in 1828. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
HAYCOCK ISLAND, in the Flores Sea, in Pantar Strait,   IIAYNICHEN, a town of Germany. See HAeNCcnF.N.
rises upwards in the form of a cone or haycock; let. 80 18, S.,   HAY RIVER, of West Australia, flows southward into
ion. 1240 E.                                               the Mairet Lagoon, 25 miles W. of Albany.
HAYD or ITAYDE, a town of Bohemia. See HAID.              HAY RIVER, of Wisconsin, a small stream which enters
HAYD, a town of Bohemia. See HuDA.                      Red Cedar River from the right in Chippewa county.
HAYD, OBEra, o'ber, and UNTEa, 6nulter, two contiguous    HAYS, a county in the W. central part of Texas, has an
villages of Germany, 22 miles S. of Budweis, on the railway  area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by the
to Lintz.                                                 Pedernales and San Ilarcos Rivers. The surface is hilly or
HAY/DENSVILLE, a post-village of Hampshire co., Mas- undulating. Named in honor of John C. Hays, a colonel
sachusetts, 4 miles N.W. of Northampton. It has manufac- in the Texan service. Capital, San Marcos. Pop. 387, of
tures of gold pens.                                       whom 259 were free, and 128 slaves.
HAYDENSVILLE, a village of Todd co., Kentucky, 190    HAY'S CASTLE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemmiles S.W. of Frankfort.                                  broke.
HAY/DENTOWN, a village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,    HAYS' CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.
190 miles W. by S. of Hlarrisburg.                           HAY'S PEAK, a densely wooded, conical, mountain of
HAYDOCK, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.       East Australia, in lat. 270 36' S.. and lon. 1520 8' E.
HAYDOCK'S FERRY, a small village of Marshall co.,   HAYS' SPRING, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky.
Kentucky.                                                   HAYS' STORE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ohio.
HAY/DON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.              HAY/STACK, apost-village of Surrey co., North Carolina.
IlAYDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              tIAYSIVILLE, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania,
HAYDON BRIDGE, a chapelry of England, co. of North- on the Ohio River, 9 miles below Pittsburg. It is a station
umberland, having a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle  on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad.
Railway, 6 miles W.N.W. of Hexham.                          HAYSVILLE, a small village of Lincoln co., Georgia.
HAY/DOR, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             IIAYSVILLE. a post-village of Marion co., Kentucky, on
HAYDUCKEN DISTRICT, of Hungary. See HIAIDUCKEN. the road from Lexington to Nashville, in Tennessee.
IIHAVE-DESCARTES, LA, 1 hA dA'lkaat, a town of France,    IHAYSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Vermilion towndepartment of Indre-et-Loire, on the right bank of the  ship, Ashland co., Ohio, 78 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has
Creuse, 29 miles S. of Tours. It contains the house in  a high school, called the IlHaysville Literary Institute. Pop.
wvhicb Descartes was born, A..  1596. Pop. in 1852,1800.    in 1853, about 600.
HAVE DU PUITS, hA dii pwee, a village of France, de-  IHAYSVILLE, a post-village of Dubois co., Indiana, on
partmesat of Manehe, 17 miles N. of Coutances. Pop. 1207.  the Patoka Creek, about 115 miles SS.W. of Indianapolis,
HAYE LA, isthe French name of the Hague. See HAGUE. has about 200 inhabitants.
RAYE MALHERBE, hA mul'aiab!, a village of France,   IIAY/TER'S GAP, a post-office of Washington co., Vir
tepartmentof Eure, 4 mies W.N.W. ofLouviers. Pop. 1102. ginia.
836




HAY                                                        HAY
tAYTI or ITAITT, hAltee, (Haiti; Fr. pron. hiCee'teef or  submerged; and by that of 1842 towns were overturned,
lfee'tee,) or SAN DOMINIGO, (in Sp. Santo Domingo, s n'to  and thousands of lives lost. Nowhere is tropical vegetation
do-meenglgo, originally'Espagola, &s-pan-yollA; L. Iispan, seen to greater advantage than in Ilayti; contributing,
iofla,) a rich and beautiful island, the second in size of the  with the lofty, and, at times, rugged mountains and deep
West Indies, Leeward group, S.E.ofCuba, and separated from  valleys, to render the scenery of this island unsurpassed.
it by the Windward Passage, 50 miles broad. It extends from  lMajestic pines, noble mahogany-trees, fustic, satin-wood,
Cape Engaito, lat. 180 35' N., Ion. 680 20' W., to Cape Tiburon, and lignumvitse, clothe the mountains, and form the prinlat. 180 20' N., ion. 740 29' W.; and from  Cape Beata. lat. cipal exports of the southern provinces. The roble or qak,
170 42' 42" N., lon. 710 20' VW., to Cape Isabella, lat. 190 59' N., (Catalpa longissima,) which yields hard, durable wood; the
Ion. 710 1' W., extreme length from E. to W. about 400 miles, wax-palm, divi-divi, (Caesalpiina cariaria,) numerous fine cabgreatest breadth, 150 miles. Area, including the islands of  inet-woods, and the richest flowering plants, abound; togeTortuga, Gona'lve, &c., about 27,690 square miles, or nearly  ther with the usual tropical vegetables-plantains, bananas,
as large as Scotland. The E. part of the island is occupied  yams, and batatas; also fruits, including oranges, pineby the Republic of San Domingo, and the WV. part by the  apples, cherimoyas, sapodillas, with melons and grapes. The
Empire of Hayti.                                           staple cultivated products are coffee, sugar, indigo, cotton,
The island of ilayti is of irregular form, being deeply in- tobacco, and cocoa; the quantities of which raised have
dented by bays and inlets, and having corresponding pro- fallen off, in consequence of the unsettled state of the isjections, the greatest of which being its S.W. portion, land. The W. or French section has always been the best
forming a headland about 150 miles long, and from  18  cultivated. The native quadrupeds  of Hayti are small-the
miles to 40 miles broad. It is intersected from WV. to E. by  largest not bigger than a rabbit; but the animals introduced
three chains of mountains, all mutually connected by off- from  Europe, and now in a wild state, have thriven resets, between which are extensive plains and savannahs.  markably; large numbers of cattle, pigs, and dogs, now
The principal central chain, containing the culminating  roam freely in the savannahs and in the mountain forests.
peaks, of which Cibao, 7200 feet high, is the loftiest, com- Birds are neither numerous in species nor beautiful in
mences W. at Cape Nicholas, takes an E.S.E. direction, and  appearance; still, great numbers of pigeons (Columba leucoterminates atCapeEn gafeo. Almost parallelwith this chain, cephala) are annually taken and used as food; and ducks,
another, commencing W. near Monte Christi, nearly skirts in large quantities, and other swimmers and waders, frethe N. coast, till it terminates E. abruptly, on approaching  quent the marshy places. The lakes and rivers contain
the peninsula of Samana; it is followed by low, marshy  numbers of caymans and alligators; and in the surrounding
grounds, interlaced by estuaries and channels, which sepa- seas whales are common in spring, and green and hawksrate Samana from the mainland, and afford communication  bill turtles, lobsters, and crabs, abound on the coasts.
from the bight of that name to the sea on the N. shore of    Iayti was discovered by Columbus, December 5th, 1492,
the island; the heights, however, reappear on the opposite  in his first voyage, and from him received the name of Illsside of the low grounds, and terminate in Cape Samana. pafiola or Espaiola, (i. e., "Little Spain.")  It was called
Between these two mountain ranges extends La Vega Real, afterwards San Domingo, from the town of this name, which
or the Royal Valley, 130 miles long, watered by the Yacki was one of the first settlements made on the island. The
and Yuma, furnishing extensive pasture-lands. The third, name of Hayti was given to it by Dessalines, after he had
and S. mountain range commences W. at Cape Tiburon, ex- expelled the French in 1803. It is said to be the original
tends E. along the whole of the S. headland, and terminates  Indian name of the island, and to signify'" mountainous."
at the River Neiva, about 80 miles W. of the town of San  At Isabella, on the N. shoro of the island, the discoverer
Domingo. Besides La Vega Real, there are other extensive  founded the first Spanish colony in the New World.
plains and valleys; more particularly, on the coast E. of    The Spaniards, having by their oppression exterminated
San Domingo, los llanos, "the plains" or flats, 80 miles long, the aborigines, (the last of whom died out towards the end
-a rich pasture district. The plain of Cayes, at the WV. end  of the last century,) introduced African slaves to cultivate
of the island, has been greatly increased in extent by the  the soil. The French colonists, driven from  St. Christoformation of a kind of rock, consisting of minute fragments  pher's, established themselves on the Wv. end of the island in
of shells and coral, incrusted with calcareous cement, re- 1630. These settlers captured the pigs and horned cattle,
sembling travertin.  Fragments of vases, and other human  sold the skins to traders who touched on the coast, and
works, have been found in it at a depth of 20 feet. This  smoked the flesh, both for food and for sale, on a grating of
kind of rock is now in process of formation throughout the  wood, called boucan; whence was given them the name of
whole of the West Indies. All the streams of Hayti, of any  "Buccaneers."  Joining arms with freebooters, who, in 1632,
importance, originate in the great central mountain chain, settled in Tortuga, and who were named'K libustiers," from
and, as may be inferred from the general direction of the  the small fast fly-boats in which their expeditions were
mountains, have either an E., WV., or S. course, no stream   carried on, they became marauders  by sea and lahd; and
of any consequence flowing N. The principal are the Arti- their successes rendered the name Buccaneer terrible over
bonite. flowing W., and Monte Christi or North Yaclid, N.W.; all the West Indian seas. By a treaty with Spain, in 1773,
the Yuma, flowing S.E.; and the Neiva or South Yacki, the  the WV. part of the island was guaranteed to France. The
lisao, and the Ozama, flowing S. They are all encumbered  Spanish colony declined, and the French prospered, and in
at their month with sand-bars; and hence few of them are  1789 was in its most flourishing state. In 1790 the popula.
navigable. The Ozama, however, admits vessels drawing  tion of the island was estimated at 550,000, consisting of
12 feet or 12. feet. There are several lakes, mostly in the  whites, negroes, (nearly all slaves,) and people of color, the
S.W. of the island. The chief are the salt lakes of Enriquillo  offspring of the intercourse of the two former races. Soon
and Azuey; the fbrmer in the valley of the Neiva, about 20  after the breaking out of the great French Revolution, the
miles long by 8 miles broad, and abounding in caymans;  French government gave liberty to the slaves, in order to
the latter 10 miles WV. of Lake Enriquillo, about 10 miles obtain their aid in defending the island against the uEnglong by 6 miles broad. S. of these lies the fresh lake of lish; under the First Consul, attempts were made to reduce
Icstea or Limon, about the size of Lake Azuey. MIineral them again to slavery. A sanguinary war followed, which
springs exist in various parts. The most noted in the E. resulted in the complete subjugation of the whites. In
portion of the island are those of Banica, (temperature. 1821; the Spanish portion declared itself independent of the
1120 to 1250,) Biahama, Yaya, and Pargatal; and in the W. mother country, and assumed the name of Spanish Iayti;
portion, those of St. Rose, containing iron, vitriol, and alum; but it was soon subjugated by Boyer, the President of the
the saline waters of 3aen Rebel, and those of Dalmarie. Hiaytian Republic, or French IHayti. In 1842, a revolution
containing sulphur, potash, &c. The mineral products are  broke out, and President Boyer was compelled to flee to Javarious and rich, including gold, platina, silver, quicksilver, maica; and in 1844 the inhabitants of the Spanish portion
copper, iron, (similar to that of Danemora, in Sweden,)  rose, overpowered their Hiaytian oppressors, and formed themmagnetic iron, tin, sulphur, manganese, antimony, rock- selves' into a republic, under the name of Santo Domingo.
salt, bitumen, jasper, marble, opal, lazulite, chalcedony, &c. After various individuals had, for a short period, occupied
The gold-mines are abandoned; and gold-washing is only  the presidential chair of the IHaytitan Republic, the election
carried on by the poorer classes, in the northern rivers. fell upon General Soulouque, who, in 1849, made an unsucIndeed, all of the minerals are neglected, from want of  cessful attempt to subjugate the Dominican Republic. In
capital.                                                   the latter part of the same year, however,. he ascended the
There are two seasons in Ilayti-a wet season and a dry  throne of the Haytinn Republic; under the title of Emperor
season. During the former heavy rains are frequent, 3 and Faustin I. The independence of the Dominican Republic
even 5 inches at times falling in 24 hours; and in the latter, was virtually recognised by Great Britain, by the appointlittle or no rain falls, and, in some localities, years have meut of a consul to it, in 1849; and it was formally recogpassed over without a single heavy shower. At San Domingo  nised by a treaty of amity and commerce, ratified September
the mean temperature is 780 5', and the extremes 600 and  10, 1850. It has also been recognised by F'rance and Den950; while at Port-au-Prince the range is from 630 5t to 1040. mark; but the Emperor Fanstin I. (Soulouque) still refuses
The minimum occurs in December, and the maximum in  to recognise its independence. Pop. of the whole island esti
August and September. Land-breezes moderate the summer mated at 943,000.-Adj. and inhab. HAITIAN, h4'te-an.
heats. Hurricanes are less seldom here than in the Wind-   HAYTI or HAITI, EBm'aR  (formerly REPusLmc) or, an inward or Caribbean Islands. Earthquakes, though not fire- dependent state of the West Indies, occupying the W. end
quent, have been very disastrous; the most notable recorded of the island of Hayti or San Domingo, corresponding with
are those of 1564. 1684, 1691, 1751, 1770, and 1842. By that the portion of the island formerly belonging to the French,
of 1751 Port-au-Prince was destroyed, and 60 miles of coast and including the adjacent islands of Tortuga, Gonaive,
837
it                                                                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i




HAY                                                        11EA
&c. The E. boundary, towards the Dominican Republic, is    HAIZLEW00       D, a post-office of Chester district, South Ca.
formed by an irregular line, drawn from S. to N. from the  rolina.
river Anses-A-Pitre or Pedernales, on the S. coast, about ion.   HAZLEWOOD, a post-office of Ballard co., Kentucky.
710 50, to the mouth of the river Massacre, which flows into    HAZLEWOOD, a post-village of Wriht co., Missouli, 110
the Bay of Mazanilla, about 10 miles S.W. of Cape Haytien.  miles S. by W. of Jefferson City.
Area, 10,081 square miles. It is divided into six depart-  IHEACHAM, heelcham, a parish of England, co. Norfolk.
ments, subdivided into arrondissements and communes.          HEADBOURNE, hWdUbbrn, a parish of England, co. Haunts.
By the constitution of 1843, the sovereign power was    IEADICORN, a parish of England, co. of Kent, with a starecognised to be in the people; the executive power was  tion on the South-eastern Railway, 11 miles W. of Ashford.
placed in the hands of a president, the legislative in a    HEADEN, heelden, a parish of England, co. of Notte.
chamber of commons and a senate, and the judicial in a    HEADIFORD, a neatly built market-town of Ireland, co.
court of cassation, being the high tribunal of appeal, with  of Galway, 9 miles S.W. of Tuam. Pop. 1647.
various subsidiary and initiatory courts. The laws -are    IEADIINGLY-wITH-BIUR        LEY, a chapelry and village of
based on the code  civil of France.  Princes of the blood, England, co. of York, West Biding, 2 miles N.W. of Leeds.
dukes, counts, barons, and two orders of knighthood,-that In its vicinity are the Leeds Zoological and BotanicalGardens,
of St. Faustin, and a legion of honor,-were created by the  and numerous elegant mansions. A remarkable oak-tree,
president, Soulouque, in 1849, to adorn the court of this  still standing here, is believed to have been the same as that
new empire. The effective force of the army is stted to be  under which the Saxons held their shire meetings; hence
40,000 men, and that of the navy 15 small vessels, and 1000  the name skcyrack, or schire-ack, (" shir-oak,") which is given
men.                                                        to the whole wapentake.
The people are almost entirely of the negro race, speak the    HIEAD/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
French language, and profess the Roman Catholic religion.   HEADILEY, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.
Capital, Port-au-Prince.  Pop. estimated at 550,000.  (See    IIEADLEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
preceding article.)                   I                       HEADLEY'S,' New Jersey. See MILLVIeLE.
HAY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.           HEADLEY'S MILLS, post-village, Fountain co., Indiana.
IAYTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.                 HEAD OF BARREN, post-office, Claiborne co., Tennessee.
HAYTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.    HEAD OF CLINCH, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
HAYIWARD'S  HEATH, a locality of England, co. of    HEAD OF HARBOlR, a village of Suffolk'co., New York,
Sussex, having a station on the London and Brighton Rail- on the N. side of Long Island, 50 miles E. by N. of New York.
way, at the divergence of the branch to Lewes, 12 miles N.   HEAD OF PAINT, a post-office of Morgan co., Kentucky.
of Brighton.                                                 HEAD OF SAS/SAFRAS, a post-office, Kent co., Maryland.
HAY/WOOD, a county in the W. part of North Carolina,   HEAD  OF TEN'NESSEF, a post-office of Rabun co.,
bordering  on Tennessee.  Area estimated at 900 square  Georgia.
miles. It is intersected by the Big Pigeon River, an affluent    HEAD QUAR/TERS, a post-office ofNicholas co., Kentucky.
of the French Broad. The county is a mountainous tract,    HEAD WATERS, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.
between the Blue Ridge on the S.E. and the Iron Mountain    HEAGE, heej, a township of England, co. of Derby. P. 2305.
on the N.W. The soil near the streams is fertile. Capital,    HEALAUGH, heeltaw, a parish of England, co. of York.
Waynesville. Formed in 1808, and named in honor of John    HEALING, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Haywood, State Treasurer of North Carolina. Pop. 7074, of    HEALING SPRINGS, a post-office of Davidson co., North
whom 6656 were free, and 418 slaves.                        Carolina, 136 miles from Raleigh.
HAYWOOD, a county in the W. part of Tennessee. Area    HEAN, hAant, a large town of Tonquin, onthe Sangkoi
estimated at 500 square miles. It is intersected by the  River, at its divergence, 31 miles S.E. of Ketcho.
Hatchee and the South Fork of the Forked Deer River,    HEAINOR, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
affluents of the Mississippi. The general surface is level;    HEAN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
the soil is very productive, and much cultivated. The    HEAPIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Hatchee River is navigable by small steamboats through    HEARD, herd, a county in the W. part of Georgia, borthis county during high water, i. e., in winter. Capital, dering on Alabama, has an area of 286 square miles. It is
Brownsville. Pop. 17,259, of whom  8761 were free, and  intersected by the Chattahoochee River, and also drained
8498 slaves.                                               by Whitewater and Sundalhatchee Creeks. The surface is
HAYWOOD, a post-village of Chatham co.,North Carolina,  very hilly. The soil is productive. Gold, iron, and lead
at the confluence of the Hew and Deep Rivers, which form   have been found in the county. Organized in 1830, and
the Cape Fear, 31 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh.                 named in honor of Stephen Heard, an officer in the war of
HAZ/ARD, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Kentucky, the Revolution. Capital, Franklin. Pop. 6923, of whom
on the North Fork of Kentucky River, 94 miles in a direct 4523 were free, and 2400 slaves.
line S.E. of Lexington.                                       HEARNVILLE, h9rn/vil, a post-office of Putnam  co.,
HAZARD FORGE, a post-office of Hardy co., Virginia.    Georgia.
HAZ'ARDVILLE, a post-village of Hartford co., Connecti-   HEART PRAIRIE, a post-village of Walworth co., Wiscut, about 18 miles N. of Hartfbrd. In the vicinity are the  cousin, about 40 miles S.W. of Milwaukee.
Hazard Powder Mills.                                          HEART/WELLVILLE, a post-village of Bennington co.,
HAZAREH, a country of Central Asia. See HUZAnEH.          Vermont, 110 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier.
HAZARYBAUGH, hA/lz-ree-baw/, a town of British India,   HEATH, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
presidency of Bengal, 214 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta. It    HEATH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
has European cantonments; and near it are sulphur and    HEATH, a chapelry of England, co. of Bedford.
saline springs.                                               HEATH, a post-village and township of Franklin co., MasHAZEBROUCK, hi'z'brook/ or Az'brookf, a town of France, sachusetts, 100 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 803.
department of Nord, 24 miles W.N.W. of Lille, on the    HEATH, a township of Forest co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 203.
Beurre. Pop. in 1852, 7953. It has a church, with a lofty    HEATH/ER, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
spire, a communal college,, and public library.  It has    HEATH/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
manufactures of linen yarn and cloth.                         HEATHFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
HAZELEIGHI, haizllee, a parish of England, co. of Essex.    HEATH/LAND, a post-office of Henry co., Illinois.
ItAZELTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.          HEATH'S CREEK, a post-office of Pettis co., Missouri.
HIIAZERSWOUDE,  h  zers-s95wtdeh, a village of the Ne-   HEATHSIVILLE, a handsome post-village, capital of
therlands, province of South Holland, 13 miles E. of the  Northumberland co., Virginia, is situated on the Northern
Hague. Pop. 2739.                                           Neck, 92 miles N.E. of Richmond, and 1 mile from  the
HAZLE, ha/zel, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, head of Coan River, a navigable inlet opening into the Pro
contains the well-known Hazelton coal-mines. Pop. 2080.   tomac. It has a large church, an academy, and a mill.
HAZLE BOTTOM, a post-office of Barry co., Missouri.         HEATHSVILLE, a post-village of Halifax co., North CaHIAZLE DELL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Illinois.   rolina, 82 miles N.E. of Raleigh.
HAZLE  GREEN, a village of Madison co., Alabama,   HEATHY-LEE, a township of England co., of Stafford,
about 12 miles N. of Huntsville.                            parish of Alstonedfeld, 2 miles W.N.W. of Longnor. Pop. 633.
IAZLE GREEN, a post-village of Morgan co., Kentucky,   HEATON, hee/ton, atownship of England, co. of Lancaster.
about 100 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort.                          HEATON, a township of England, co. of Northumberland,
HAZLE GREEN, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin, 1 miles from Newcastle. Here are ruins called King John's
is situated in the middle of a large and fertile prairie, about Palace, in which that monarch is said to have found refuge.
12 miles N. of Galena. It has 3 churches, 10 stores, and    HEATON, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding.
100 dwellings. Pop. in 1853, about 750.                      HEAVION, GREAT,atownship ofEngland, cc. ofLancaster,
HAZLE GROVE, a post-office of LawTrence cc., Arkansas. 41 miles N. of Manchester. Heaton House, the elegant seat
IIAZLE GROVE, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, of the Earl of Wilton, stands in a fine park in this township.
75 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City.                           HEATON, KIRK. See KIRK HEATON.
HAIZLEPATCH, a small post-village of Laurel co., Ken-   HEATON, LITTLE, a township of England, co. Lancaster.
tucky.                                                       HEAITON-NORIRIS, a chapelry of England, co. of LanHAIZLETON, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, caster, on the Mersey, which separates it from  Stockport.
about 15 miles W.N.W. of Mauch Chunk, with which it is  The Manchester and Birmingham Railway is here carried
rannected by a railroad.                                  across the Mersey on a viaduct, and has a station at HeatonHA/ZLETTVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Delaware.     Norris
838




HEA                                                      HEB
HEAVIITREE, a parish of England. co. of Devon.            HEBRON, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 6
HEBIBARDSVILLE, a post-village of Henderson co., Ken- miles N. of Coudersport. Pop. 337.
tucky.                                                      HEBRON, a post-office of Tyler co., Virginia.
HIEBBARDSVILLE, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio,   HEBRON, a post-village of Washington co., Georgia, about
about 70 miles S.E. of Columbus.                          20 miles S.E. of Milledgevillb.
HEBIBURN, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.   HEBRON, a thriving post-village of Licking co., Ohio, on
HEBIDEN BRIDGE, a populous village of England, co. of the National Road, where it crosses the Ohio Canal, 27 miles
York, West Riding, in a romantic valley, 8 miles W. of Hall- E. of Columbus.
fax, with a station on the Leeds and Manchester Railway.    IEBRON, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana.
IHEBRIDES, hebbrid-6z, or WESTERN  ISLANDS, (anc.   HEBRON, a post-village fnd township in the N. part of
Ebufdes,) a series of islands, off the W.'coast of Scotland, be- MIcHenry co., Illinois, 60 miles N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 731.
tween lat. 550 35' and 58~ 34' N., and Ion. 50 and 80 W., and    HEBRON, a township of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Pop. 640.
consisting of two principal groups; the Outer Hebrides-    HEBRUS. See MARITZA.
Lewis, Harris, North and South Uist, Benbecula, Barra, and    HECHINGEN, klK/ing-gn, a town of South-west Gernumerous smaller islands in the counties of Ross and In- many, capital of the principality of Hohenzollern-Hechverness; and the Inner Hebrides —Skye, Rum, Eig, Canna, ingen, on the Starzel, 31 miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop.
Coll, Tiree, Mull, Iona, Colonsay, Jura, Arran; Bute, &c., 3389, of whom 744 are Jews. It is agreeably built, and has
partly separated from the former by the channel termed the  a new palace, with fine grounds, a collegiate church, high
Little Minch, and lying more immediately off the shores  school, a bath establishment, and some manufactures of
of Inverness and Argyle, in which counties, and in Bute- woollen cloths. A poplar avenue, 2 miles in length, leads
shire, they are included. Total number, not including the  hence to the castle of HIohenzollern, on a height 2620 feet
smaller islets, 160, 70 of which are permanently inhabited. in elevation.
The total area has been estimated at about 3000 square    HECHO, Alcho, a market-town of Spain, province of Hue4miles. Pop. probably 115,000. Of 1,592,000 acrees of surface,  ca, in a valley of the Pyrenees. Pop. 1500. In its vicinity
mountains, morasses, lakes, and unproductive soil have  are iron, copper, and argentiferous lead mines.
been computed to occupy 600,000 acres, pastures 700,000    IIECHOSOA, A-cho-solA, a town orvilla-e of the Mexican
acres, and arable land only 180,000. Geologically, the He- Confederacy, state of Cinaloa, on the Yaqui, 25 miles from
brides are divided into several groups. The Gneiss Islands  its mouth, in the Gulf of California.
comprehend the whole of the Outer HIebrides, Lewis, Har-   HECKIER, a post-office of Monroe co., Illinois.
ris, North and South Uist, Tiree, CoIll, lona, &c. The Trap   HIECKIERT'S MILLS, a post-office of Gilmer co., Virginia.
Islands are Skye, Rum, Eig, Canna, Mull, Ulva, Staffa, and    HECK'FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
St. Kilda. The Slate Islands are Islay, Jura, Gigha, Colon-   HECKIINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 101
say, &c. The Clyde Islands, consisting of trap, sandstone, miles S.E. of Norwich. Here is the Loddon Endowed School
and limestone, are Bute, Arran, Cumbrays, and Ailsa. Cli- of Industry, and hospital, containing nearly 400 inmates.
mate moist and chill in Outer Hebrides; much rain in win-   HECKlINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.ter, but little snow. Soil of the Gneiss Islands poor, and    HECKIMONDWIKE, a village and township of England,
often peat moss; the trap and sandstone islands more fer- co. of York, West Riding, 7~ miles W.N.W. of Walekeld.
tile. The herring fishery, formerly an important resource  It has a branch bank, and important manufactures of
of the people, has greatly declined, as has the manufacture  blankets and carpets.
of kelp, of which, during the war, nearly 6000 tons were pro-   HECKISHERVILLE, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pennduced. The rearing of cattle and sheep is the most profit- sylvania, 6 miles W. of Pottsville. Pop. in 1853, about 350.
able branch of industry, and the stock of each is estimated    HECK/TOWN, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennat 120,000. Live stock, including ponies, kelp, wool, cod, sylvania, 55 miles N. of Philadelphia.
ling, herrings, limestone, and slate, are the chief exports;    HECILA or HEKILA, MOUNT, a famous volcano of Iceimports are iron, groceries, salt, oatmeal, and in some of the land, near its S.W. coast. Lat. 630 59' N.. Ion. 190 42' W.
islandspeat-fuel. Afew yearsagothe Hebrideshad 6 branch  Height above the sea, 5110 feet, it being surrounded by
banks, but no printing press or newspaper, and "the  many much higher mountains. It has three peaks, little
greater number of the islands are destitute of surgeons, or elevated above its body, and along its sides are numerous
even of inns."  They are divided into 26 quoae   civclia pa- craters, the seats of former eruptions; the crater of its prinrishes. In the Outer Hebrides, especially, most of the inhba- cipal peak does not much exceed 100 feet in depth. It is
hitants are Roman Catholics. The principal villages are  composed chiefly of basalt and lava, but slag-sand and loose
Stornoway, in Lewis; Portree, in Skye; Torosay, in Mull; ashes cover a great part of its surface, and obsidian is among
The population of the islands is for the most part Celtic. its most remarkable products. Since A. D. 900, 43 of its erupThe language.is Gaelic. The Hebrides, in remote times, tions are on record, of which 5 have been simultaneous, or
were subject to the Kings of Norway, hut, in 1264. were an- nearly so, with those of Vesivius, 4 with those of Etna, and
nexed to the crown of Scotland. They were now held by  1 with those of both. Its last eruption commenced Septemvarious native chieftains in vassalage to the Scottish mon- her 2, 1845, and lasted till April 6, 1846; on the 23d of Noarch; but subsequently all fell into the hands of one pow- vember, the torrent of lava, 2 miles from the crater, was 1
erful chief, who thereupon, in 1346, assumed the title of mile in width, and from 40 to 50 feet in depth.
"Lord of the Isles," and began to affect an entire indepen-   HECILA, a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee.
dence of his sovereign. The abolition of hereditary juris-    HECLA, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.
dictions, in 1748, secured to these islands, for the first time,   HECLA (hk/U1) COVE, an inlet of Spitzbergen, on the N.
the peace and safety afforded by a just and powerful govern- coast of the large island, in lat. 790 55' N., lon. 160 49' E.,
ment.-Adj. and inhab. HEBRIDnEAN.                         named from  the Hecla, under Sir John Franklin, having
HEIBRON, (ans. Kirjath-Arlba; Arab. E Kbiiabsel, 11 KA- been stationed here for the 3 months, June to August, 1827,
leelf,) a town of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 16 miles during which period the mean temperature was 380.15
S.S.W. of Jerusalem. Lat. 310 32' 30"' N., lon. 350 8' 20" E. Fahrenheit.
Elevation, 2835 feet. Pop. fiom 5000 to 10,000. It stands   HECILY WORKS, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
partly on the slopes of two hills, and in the deep, narrow  105 miles W. by N. of Albany.
valley of Mamre. Around it are extensive vineyards, and    HEC/TOR, a post-township of Tompkins co., New York,
on its N. side is a suburb, separated from it by open fields.  on the E. side of Seneca Lake, 15 miles W. of Ithaca. It is
It is unwalled, but has several gates, some reservoirs of a large township, containing several villages.  Pop. 6022.
high antiquity, a large mosque, reputed to cover the tombs   HECTOR, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
of Abraham  and other patriarchs, a citadel, well-supplied  316.
bazaars, manufactures of glass-wares, leather, and other   HEDIDENHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
goods, which it exports to Egypt, and a coneiderable retail   HEDDERNHEIM, h6dldern-himex, a market-town of Gertrade with the adjacent country. Hebron is one of the most many, duchy of Nassau, on the right bank of the Nidda, 6
ancient existing cities, and was called Kirjath-Arba, "the  miles N.E. of Hochst. Pop. 1229.
city of the Anakim." It was the early residence of Abraham    HEDDESDORF, h~d'des-doRf', a village of Rhenish Pn usand the patriarchs, as also of David.                     sin, 8 miles N.W. of Coblentz, with tanneries, dyping, bleachHEIBRON, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on the  ing, and iron-works. Pop. 1115.
Buckfield Branch Railroad, 40 miles N.W. of Portland. In    HED/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
the centre is an academy, with a library and cabinet. P. 840.   IEDIDON-oN-THE-WALL, a parish of England, co. of NorthHIEBRON, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hamp- umberland, on the site of the Picts' Wall, 8 miles W.N.W.
shire. 30 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 565.              of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
HEBRON, a post-village and township of Tolland co., Con-   Hl~D],, h&5'dY, a town of France, department of Ille-etnecticut, on the New York and Boston Air-line Railroad, Vilaine, 13 miles N.N.W. of Rennes. Pop. 824.
about 20 miles E. of Hartford. It has 5 churches, 4 stores,   HEDEL, hA/del, a village of Holland, province of Gelder2 starch factories, 1 auger and steelyard factory, 1 furnace, land, on the Meuse, 12 miles S.W. of Tiel. Pop. 1395.
and 1 cotton mill. Hebron has furnished 4 governors, for   HIEDELFINGEN, hAfdel-fing'gn, a village of Wiirtemberg,
different states, 2 members of Congress for Connecticut, and  circle of Neckar. Pop. 12.6.
several for other states. Pop. 1345.                        HEDEIMARKEN, hIAd-ma nmakn, an extensive district
HEBRON, a post-village and township on the E. border  of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, of which it forms all the
of Washington co., New York, about 54 miles N.N.E. of Al- N.E. part, having E. Sweden, and N. the Dovrefield Mounbany. The village contains a bank. Poe. 2548.             tains. It is traversed by the Glommen, and other con839




HED                                                       IIEI
siderable rivers, and is one of the most fertile portions of    HEEZE, hstzeh, a village of the Netherlands, province
Norway. Area, 10,389 square miles. Pop. 87,118.           of North Brabant, 6 miles S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 1730.
HEDEMORA, hi-dA-mo'rA, a town of North Sweden, len,    HEGENHIEIM, hAghen-hime', (Fr. pron. hA'zhln'6m'.) a
and 23 miles S.E. of Falun, on the Wester Dal. Pop. 1035.  village of France, department of Haut-Rhin, near the Rhine,
HEDEMUNDEN, (IedemiUinden,) hdeh-miin'dgpn, a town  14 miles E. of Altkirch. Pop. in 1852, 2041.
of Germany, in Hanover, 12 miles S.W. of Gittingen, on the   IIHEGYALJA, h~d'y5lyoh', or BEGYALLYA, hld'ylltyShN,
Werra. Pop. 919.                                           a chain of hills in North Hungary, forming the extremity
/IE/DEN or HEYIDON, a borough, market-town, and pa- of an offshoot of the Carpathians, which extend S. between
rish of England, co. of York, East Riding, 6 miles E. of Hull.- the Bodrog and the Hernad Rivers, and between lat. 480
Pop. 998.' It formerly sent 2 members to the House of  and 490 N. This is the CMte d'or of Hungary, and produces
Commons, and has still the form of a municipal corporation. the celebrated wines called Tokay. The wine-growing disHEDENFORS, h~/den-foRs', a village of Sweden, lsen of  trict extends to about 90 square miles. Estimated annual
Pited, on the Luled.                                       produce, 420,000 elmer. Value, 1,420,000 gulden c. M. or florins,
HEDENSTED, h'tden-stl, a parish of Denmark, in Jut- ($716,320,000.)  See ToKAY.
land, S.W. of Horsens.                                       HEGYES, hld'yeshl, or IGYUSCH, a village of Hungary,
HEDERSLEBEN, h4tders-laAben, a village of Prussian  co., and 30 miles N.E. of Bacs. Pop. 3700.
Saxony, 9 miles S.E. of Halberstadt. Pop. 1420.              HEIBUK, hAbtkl, a thriving village of Independent
HEDERSLEBEN, a village of Prussian Saxoay, regency  Toorkistan, in the Khooloom dominion, on the route from
of Merseburg, E. of Elsieben.                              Afghanistan to Balkh, 80 miles N.W. of the Hindoo Koosh,
HEDERVAR, hsdicrvarl, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 4000 feet above the sea, in a fertile tract, and having
and 18 miles N.W. of Raab, in the KIleine Schiitt Island, houses of earth with domed roofs, with a castle of sun-dried
formed by the Danube. Pop. 1240. It has a castle.          brick on an adjacent height.
HEDG1 ERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.          IHEIDE or HEYDE, hldeh, a town of Denmark, duchy
HEDGIESVILLE, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.  of Holstein, near the North Sea, 31 miles N.N.W of Gltlck-'
HEDGESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Berkley co., stadt. Pop. 5400.
Virginia, 1 mile f'oin the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 187    HEIDECK, hId~k, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper
miles N. by W. of Richmond. Pop. about 300.               Franconia, 23 miles S. of Nuremberg. Pop. 858.
HEDG'MAN'S RIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia, unites    HEIDECK, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 13 miles
with Thornton's River to form the North River, or Rappa- N.N.W. of Lucerne, on the E. side of the Lake of Baldegg.
hannock.                                                    HEIDEKRUG, h1deh-kr66G', is the name of several vilHEDIC or H(EDIC, hA'deekf, a small island of France, de- lages of Prussia, &c.
partment of Morbihan, off the coast of Brittany, 14 miles    HEIDELBERG, hfd91l-blRG', a city of West Germany,
S.E. of the peninsula of Quiberon.                        grand duchy of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, on the left
HED/INGHAM CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex, bank of the Neckar, here crossed by a stone bridge, 750 feet
19 miles N.N.E. of Chelmsford. Here are the stately ruins  in length, and on the Baden and Main-Neckar Railway,
of a castle, built by Aubrey de Vere, Earl of Oxford, in the  32 miles N.N.E. of Carlsruhe.  Pop. 12,048, mostly Proeleventh century. In the church is a splendid monument testants.  It is picturesquely  situated, surrounded by
of the earl and his countess.                             wooded hills and vineyards, and consists of a long main
HEDINGHAM, SIBLE, siblel, a parish of England, co. of  street, into which many narrow and gloomy thoroughftares
Essex.                                                    open, and some good houses. Principal edifices, the Church
HEDJAZ, EL, a region of Arabia. See HEIAZ.              of the Holy Ghost, with a lofty steeple, and subdivided to
HEDNESFORD, henzffprd, a township of England, co. of accommodate both Roman Catholics and Protestants, St.
Stafford.                                                 Peter's, and some other churches; a synagogue, the UniverHEDSJAZ, a region of Arabia. See HEJAZ.                 sity Buildings, a massive prison, the Karlsthor, and the
REDISOR, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             vast Castle, on a height, now a ruin. The University,
HEEA'or RIA, heelS, a town of China, province of Shan- founded in 1386, is, next to that of Prague, the oldest in
see, 67 miles S. by W. of Ping-Yang.                      Germany, and has 45 professors, 78 teachers, a library of
IIEEA-KIANG or IHIA-KIANG, heet-ke-Angl, a town of  150,000 volumes and many rare manuscripts, and an income
China, province of Kiang-see, on the Kan-kiang, 78 miles  of 40001. a year, besides fees. It is attended by from 700 to 800
S.S.W. of Nan-Chang.                                      students, chiefly in law and medicine. Here is also a colHEEA-LOOEE  orHIA-LOUI, heelS-loo-eet, a town of China, lege for junior students, numerous government elementary
province of Quangsee, on an affluent of the Hong-kiang, 50  schools, three botanic gardens, and other appliances of seats
miles N. of Taiping.                                      of learning, with a museum, spruch-collegiusrn, and diningHEEG, halo, a village of Holland, province of Friesland,  hall. In 1622, the ferocious Tilly, after bombarding IIeidelon a lake of the same name, 5 miles S.S.W. of Sneeik. P. 795. berg, for a month, took it by storm, and gave it up to three
REEG LAKE, a lake of Holland, united with the Fljues- days' pillage. In 1688, a French general, Melac, on the orders
son, extends from N.E. to S.W. about 9 miles, with a breadth  of Louis XIV., took the town and burnt it, outrivalling even
of 15 miles. It communicates with several other lakes, and  Tilly in cruelty and brutality. In 1693, another French force
with the North Sea.                                        repeated, a-id exceeded all former atrocities.
IIEE-I1O or HI-HO, bee-ho, a river of Corea, falls into the    HEIDELBERG, hidel-berg, a township of Berks co., PennYellow Sea in lat. 380 45' N., after a course of about 75 miles. sylvania. Pop. 805.
HEEMSTEDE, haimfstAdeh, a village of the Netherlands,   HEIDELBERG, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania.
province of North Holland, 3 miles S. of Haarlem. Pop. Pop. 1467.
2332. It has an old castle, many country residences, and    HEIDELBERG, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.
an active trade in flowers, roots, and seeds.              Pop. 1385.
HEENE, been, a parishof England, co. of Sussex.            HEIDELBURG, a township of York co., Pennsylvania,
HEENVLIET, hain/fleet, a town of Holland, province of  Pop. 2826.
South Holland, on the estuary of the Meuse, 4 miles E.S.E.   HEIDELSREII, hildels-hlmex, a town of Baden, circle of
of Briel.   Pop. 569.                                     Middle Rhine, 13 miles E.N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 2272.
HEEOW-EE or HIAO-Y, he-d/o-eea town of China, province    HEIDENFELD, hlden-flt'.  a village of Bavaria, on the
of Shan-see, on the Fuen-ho, 8 miles S.S.E. of Fuen-choo.    ain, 18 milesN.E. of'Wtlrzburg. Pop. 2048.
HEEPEN, hS/pn, a village of Prussia, Westphalia, 23   IHEIDENIIEIM, hilden-himex, a town of Germany, Wiirmiles S.W. of'Minden. Pop. 2150.                           temberg, on the Brenzs, immediately E. of the Rauhe Alp,
HEER, haiR, a village of the Netherlands, province of  22 miles N.N.E. of Ulm. Pop. 2465. Near it is the mounLimburg, 15 miles E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1270.            tain fortiess of IHlellenstein.
HEER ARENDSKERKE, hale Nrlnds-kistkeh, a village    IEIDENREIM, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, circle of
of the Netherlands,- province of Zealand, 9 miles E. of Mid- Middle Franconia, 21 miles S.S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 1829.
delburg. Pop. 1633.                                          REIDERSDORF, hifdors-doaf, a village of Prussia, goHEERDE, hairddh, a village of the Netherlands, province  vernment of Breslau, circle of Nimptsch. Pop. 1250.
of GelderIand, 30 miles N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1200. It has    HEIDERSDORF, a village of Prussia, government of
an extensive manufactory of paper.                         Liegnitz, circle of Lauban. Pop. 2132.
lEERENBERG, hstren-bhR~;, a town of the Netherlands,   HEIDESIHEIM, hildes-hime, a village of Germany, in
province of Gelderland, 16 miles E.S.E. of Aruhem, on the  Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, on the Rhine, 5 miles
Prussian frontier. It has an old castle and a diocesan semi- W. of Mentz. Pop. 1402. Near it is the castle of Wintereck,
nary. Pop. 1000.                                          with some remarkable vaults.
HEERENVEEN, hAlrn-vain', a town of the Netherlands,   HEIDESDHEIM, a village of Germany, in Rhenish Bain West Friesland, on the Heeren-slot, 18 miles S.E. of varia, 65 miles N.W. of Frankenthal, formerly residence of
Leeuwarden. Pop. 4000.                                    the Counts of Leiningen-Heidesheim. Pop. 436,
HEERLEN, hairelln, a town of the Netherlands, province of   HEIDINGSFELD, hidings-f Slt, a town of Bavaria, circle
Limburg, 13 miles E.N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 3304, employed  of Lower Franconia, on the Main, 2 miles S. of Wtirzburg.
in needle-making, linen-bleaching, and trading in cattle.    Pop. 3121. It has manufactures of woollen yarn.
HEESCH, haish, a village of the Netherlands, province    HEIIDLERSBURG, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsyl.
of North Brabant, 11 miles E.N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1759. vania, 26 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. about 150.
IHEESTERT.  haisftbRt, a town of Belgium, province of   HEIIGHAM-POTITER, a parish of England, co. of Nor
West Flanders, 5 miles E. of Courtrai. Pop. 2899.         folk.
840




iHEI                                                     HEL
IEIGHINGTON, hiing-tpn, a parish of England, co. of    IIEINERSDORF, KLEIN, kline hiners-doRfV, a village
Durham.                                                   of Prussia, province of Silesia, circle of Griinberg. Pop. 738
HEIGHINGTON, a township of England, co. of Lincoln.   HEINERSDOIF, LANG, lAng hVners-doaf', a village or
HEIGH/TON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          Prussia, province of Silesia, circle of Sprottau. Pop. 954.
IIEIKENSZAND. See IHEINKENZAND.                           HEININGEN, hlning-pn, a market-town of Wtirtemberg,
HEILBRONN, hl-lbronnt, a fortified town of Wiirtem- circle of Danube, 3 miles S.of GOppingen. Pop. 1120.
berg, circle of Neckar, 26 miles N; of Stuttgart, (with which    HEINKENZAND, hintken-zsnt', or HEIKENZAND, hiAl
it is connected by railway,) on the Neckar. Pop. 8,600. It ken-z~nt', a village of Holland, province of Zealand,'island
is irregularly laid out; principaledifices, the fine Church of of South Beveland, 4 miles S.W. of Goes. Pop. 1389.
St. Kilian, town-hall, with many ancient records, house of    HEINO, hino, a village of the Netherlands, province of
the Teutonic knights, now a barrack, a royal residence, Overyssel, 8 miles S. W. ofZwolle. Pop. 1671.
formerly an orphan asylum, several Roman Catholic and    IEINRICIIS, hin/riKs, a  market-town  of Prussian
Protestant churches, a richly endowed hospital, house of  Saxony, 7 miles N.W. of Schleusingen. Pop. 1225.
correction, and outside of the walls a remarkable square    IEINRICHSBAD, in Switzerland. See  ERIsAv.
tower, memorable in German history. It has a gymnasium      HEINRICHSGRUN, (Heinrichsgriin,) hintriKs-griin', or
with a library of 12,000 volumes, manufactures of woollen  IEYNESGRYN, hi'nes-grin', a market-town of Bohemia,
cloths, silver articles, carpets, tobacco, white lead, and other circle of Elbogen. Pop. 1580.
chemical products, paper, &c. The name, signifying "1foun-   HEINRICHSWALDE, hinlries-1tlfdehh, a town of Prustain of health," is owing to the spring which supplies the  sia, province of Silesia, 50 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop.
town with water. Its waters wereformerly used medicinally. 1615.
IIEILIGENBEIL, hile-ghen-bile1, a town of Prussia, 29   IHEINRICI-SWALDE, a village of Prussia, province of
miles SW. of KInigsberg, near the Frische-haff. Pop. 2850. East Prussia, 39 miles N.W. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 578.
HEILIGENBERG, hiFle-ghen-beRG', or SWIENTA SIER-   HEINSBERG, hins/bleg, a town of Rhenish Prussia,
KA, sfve-Wntta se-dsfk&, (anc. Absrce Flavie?) a market-town  20 miles W. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Worm. Pop. 1780.
of Baden, circle of Lake, 13 miles N.N.E. of Constance, with   IHIEISIKER ISLAND: Hebrides, in Scotland, 7 miles W.
a castle of the princes of Ftirstenberg. Pop.504.         of North Uist. Length, from E. to WV., about 2 miles.
HEILIGENBLU T, hlle-ghen-b166t', a small village of    HEIISTERSBUIRG, a post-office, Fayette co., Pennsylvania.
Illyria, in Carinthia, government of Laybach, on the S. de-   HEITERSIHIEIM, hiters-himeO  a town of Baden, circle
clivity of the Gross Glockner, 4672 feet above the sea, proba- of Upper Rhine, 12 miles S.W. of Freibiurg. Pop. 1394.
bly the highest village in the Austrian Empire.             HEJAZ or HEDJAZ, EL, el hej-Azs, also written IHIEDSIHEILIGENIHAFEN, hile-ghen-hlifen. a seaport town of JAZ, (" the land of pilgrimage,") a region of Arabia, extendDenmark, duchy of Holstein, on the Baltic, 33 miles E. of ing along the Red Sea, by some considered identical with
Kiel. Pop. 2000.                                          Arabia Petraea. It is almost everywhere a sandy, stony, or
HEILIGEN-KREUTZ, hile-ghen-kroits, ("HIoly-cross,") otherwise unproductive country, but comprises the sacred
(Hun. Nemet-Kcreszter, n'~mitl ki.Xrlss'tooit,) a town of Aus- cities of Mecca and Medina, with the seaports of Jidda and
tria in West Hungary, co., and 6 miles S. of Oedenburg, with  Yembo. It now forms part of the Egyptian dominions.
2490 inhabitants, a castle, and mineral springs.            HEKLA. See HiecTA.
HEILIGEN-KREUTZ, (Hun.  ent-KCereszt, sint kAr sst',)    HELA, hA'li, a small maritime town of West Prussia, at
a town of Austria in Hungary, co., and 28 miles N.N.E. the extremity of the peninsula of Hela, in the Baltic, 10
of Bars, on the Grau, with a castle and Roman Catholic  miles N.E. of Dantzic. Pop. 382.
church.                                                      IELCIHIN, hlfKin, a village of Belgium, province of
IIEILIGEN-KREUTZ, or SANTA CROCE, s nti krofchi, a  West Flanders, on the Scheldt, 30 miles S. of Bruges. Pop.
town of Austria, in Illyria, government, and 18 miles N.N.E. 1194.
of Triest. Pop. 1037.                                       ItELDBURG, hlltib66io,  a walled town of Germany, in
HEILIGEN-KREUTZ, a village in Lower Austria, on the  Saxe-Meiningen, principality, and 10 miles S. of I-IildburgSattelbach, having a fine Cistercian abbey, with a library, hansen, on the right bank of the Kreck. Pop. 1076.
museum. and monuments of the Badenberg family.              HELDER, hilder, (Dutch Den Helder, din hil/der,) a forIHEILIGEN-KREUTZ, a village in Lower Austria, N E. of tried maritime town of the Netherlands, province of North
St. Polten.                                               Holland, capital of canton, at the N. extremity of that pro
IIEILIGENSTADT, hPle-ghen-stltt', a town of Prussian  vince, 41 miles N.VW. of Amsterdam, and separated by the
Saxony, 48 miles N.W. of Erfurt, on the Leine.  Pop. 4770. Mars-diep, 2 miles across, from the island of Texel. Pop.
It is walled, and has a castle, several Roman Catholic  2852, many of whom are pilots. It has some trade with
churches. a high school, prison, and manufactures of woollen  Amsterdam, with which it communicates by the Helder
yarn. Under the F'rench, it was the capital of the depart-  Canal, 50 miles long, 125 feet broad at surface, and 21 feet
ment of IIHarz.                                           deep, enabling ships of large burden to avoid the navigation
IIEILIGKREUZ, hiliG-kroits',  a village and bath esta- of the Zuyder Zooee. Near it Admiral Yan Tromp was killed
blishment of Austria in Tyrol, circle of Schwatz. Birthplace  in an action in 1693. The British, under Sir Ralph Aberof Resch, the historian.                                  crombie and the Duke of York, took possession of the Helder
HEILSBERG, hils/bins, a town of East Prussia, 41 miles  in 1799, but were compelled to re-embark a few weeks thereS.E. of Kui,,sberg, on the Aile.  Pop. 4500, who trade in  after,, having fruitlessly endeavored torexcite the Dutch to
woollen and linen cloths, and yarn. It is the residence of throw off the French yoke.
the Bishop of Ermeland.                                     HELDER, a village of the Netherlands. province of LimHEILSBRONN, hils'bronnf, a market-town of Bavaria. burg, 9 miles N. of Roermond, with distilleries and brewecircle of Middle Franconia, on the Schwabach, 10 miles  ries. Pop. 2561.
E.N.E of Anspach. Pop. 824.'HELDERBERGS, of Neov York, are a range of hills in
HEILTS-LE-MAURUPT, h8lts-leh-mS'r:tpt. a market-  Schoharie and Albany counties, connected with the Catskill
town of France, department of Marne, 28 miles E.S.E. of  Mountains. Height between 400 and 500 feet.
Chilons. Pop. 878.                                          HELDERGIHEM, hl1tder-ghim', a village of Belgium,
HEIMBACI, himtbis,,a village of Rhenish Prussia, 18  province of East Flanders. Pop. 1017.
miles E.S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, with manufactures of cotton    HIELDEVAD, hlldeh-v~dd, or IJELLIGVAD, hil/lig-vid',
yarn and wooden wares, and a lead factory. Pop. 1230.     a village of Denmark, in Sleswick, 9 miles W.N.W. of ApenHEIMBACH, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 26 miles S.S.E. rade.
of Coblentz, on the Rhine.                                  HELDRUNGEN, hildfr66ng-gn. a  town  of Prussian
HEIMERLINGEN, hifmer-ling'\n, a village of Bavaria,  Saxony, 34 miles W.S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1727.
circle of Swabia, 4 miles N.N.W. of Mlemmingen.             HIELEN, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
HEIMERSDORF', hilmers-donf', is the name of villages in  648.
Prussian Silesia, governnment of Oppeln, and in Saxe-Mein-   HELEPNA, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New York,
in-en.                                                    on St. Regis River, 33 miles N.E. of Canton.
HIEIMERSHEIII, himers-hime6, a town of Rhenish Prus-   HELENA, a village, capital of Phillips co., Arkansas, on
sia, 13 miles S. of Cologne. Pop. 1075.                   the Mississippi River, 80 miles below Memphis.  It conHEIMERSIHEIM, hFlmers-hime', a town of Germany, in  tains a court-house, jail, a land-office, and 4 newspaper
Hesse-Darmstadt, Rheinhessen, circle of Alzey. with a Rn- offices. In the summer of 1852 this village was almost enman Catholic and a Protestant church. Pop. 741.           tirely destroyed by fire.
IIEIMISWYL, hilmis-dil, a village of Switzerland, can-    HELENA, a post-office of Golad co., Texas.
ton, and 13 miles N.E. of Bern.                            HIELENA, a post-office of Travis co., Texas.
HEIMSHTEIM. himsthime, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle    HELENA, a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky, 11 miles
of Neckar, 14 miles W. of Stuttgart. It was burned in the  S.E. of Maysville. It has about 150 inhabitants.
Thirty Years' WVar, and by the French in 1692 and 1693.   HELENA, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.
Pop. 1223.                                                 HELENA, a thriving post-village of Iowa co., Wisconsin.
HEINAU, a town ofPrussian Silesia. See II.H nAU.       on the left bank of the Wisconsin River, about 40 miles WV.
HEINENOORD, hPneh-n6edx,  a village of Holland, pro- of Madison. The route of the Milwaukee and Mississippi
vince of South Iloiland, 11 miles W. of Dordmecht. Pop. 599. Rair'oad passes through this village. The principal busiHEINERSDORF, hIners-doef', a market-village of Gem- ness is the manufacture of shot.  Lead-mines have been
many, in Saxe-Meiningen, 4 miles E. of Sonnenberg, on the  opened in the vicinity, and the produce of these is shipped
Hasslach. Pop. 841.                                      here by the river.
841




HEL                                                      HEL
HELENA. See ELNE.                                       04' to 220 E. It is connected on the W. with the chain of
HELENSBURGH, h8lenz-btrifsh, a burgh of barony and  Pindus, of which it is a spur. Eastward its continuation
watering-place of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on the Frith of  is called Mount Varibovo. Its principal peak, Geraco Vouni.
Clyde, at the entrance of the Gareloch, 7 miles N.W. of Dum- rises to 5570 feet in height; other summits vary from 3000
barton. Pop. 2900. It is beautifully situated, and neatly  to 4400 feet in elevation. The river Hellada rises on its S.,
built; has commodious baths, a good library, a branch  and the Emicassos and Fanari, tributaries of the Salembria,
bank, and excellent accommodation for visitors; numerous  (anc. Penelus,) on its N. side.
steamers ply to Greenock and Glasgow.                       HELL'S SKER/RIES, a cluster of the Hebridean Isles,
HEL/ENV ILLE,    a post-office of Jefferson co., Wisconsin.  about 10 miles W. of Rum. The current which runs beHELETTE, heh-l1ttf, a village of France, department of  tween them is extremely rapid.
Basses-Pyrdn&es, 17 miles W.N.W. of MaulSon. Pop. 1182.   HELLUM, hilitm, a village of Holland, province, and
It was the scene of combat between the British and French  9 miles E.N.E of Groningen. Pop. 639.
on the 14th of February, 1814.                               HELLWIGSDORF, LANGEN, lnglen h~llfviGs.do-dRf, or
HELfFORD, a small port of England, co. of Cornwall, near LANGEN HELMERSDORF, l~nglen h6ilmers-doRfV, a village
the mouth of the river Hel, 5 miles S.S.W. of Falmouth. of Prussia, province of Silesia, in the government of Liegnitz
Timber and coals are imported here from Wales.            Pop. 916.
HELGE-A, (Helge-&,) hVlghe-o, or IIELGE-AN, hbllghe-    HELMARSHAUSEN, h8lmaRs-hTw'zeen, a small town of
on, a river in the S. of Sweden, enters the Baltic at Ahus, Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, at its N. extremity, province
12 miles S.S.E. of Christianstad, after a S. course of 80 miles. of Nieder-Hessen, on the Diemel, 22 miles N. of Cassel.
It expands into several lakes.                             Pop. 1932.
HELGOLAND, hRl/go-lhnd, or HELIGOLAND, hille-go-    HELMBRECHTS, hblmrbriats, a village of Bavaria, circle
lAnd, (" holy land;" anc. Herlthce Sacra Isnlsua,) an island in  of Upper Franconia, N.W. of Miinchberg. Pop. 1200.
the North Sea, belonging to Great Britain, about 46 miles    HELMIDON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
N.W. of the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser. Lat. 540 10'   HELME, h81-meh, a river of Prussian Saxony, joins the
46" N., ion. 70 53/ 7f E. Area, 5~ square miles. Pop. 2300. It Unstrut 3 miles S.E. of Artern, after a course of 45 miles.
consists of a rock, rising to about 200 feet in height, and on    HELMECZ-KIRALY, h6l/mlts'-kee'r6l/, a market-town
which are a village and light-house. It is continually de- of Hungary, co. of Zemplin, about 15 miles from Ujhely.
creasing by encroachments of the sea, which have created  Pop. 1231.
sandbanks all around it. The inhabitants, of Frisian de-   HELMEND, a river of Asia. See HELMUND.
scent, are mostly occupied as pilots, or in haddock and lobster    HELMERSHAUSEN, hel'mers-hm w'zen, a town of Ger.
fisheries, which yield an annual revenue of about 50001. It many, in Saxe-Weimar, duchy of Eisenach, on the Bavarian
was held in high veneration in the Middle Ages, is of some  frontier, 9 miles W. of Meiningen. Pop. 694. It has two
importance as a post in war-time, and has been retained by  castles and some stone quarries.
the English since 1807, at a cost of about 8501. a year. It has    HELSIINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 8
of late been much frequented as a watering-place.          miles N.N.W. of Woodbridge. The Hall, a moated quadHELICON (hlle-kon) MOUNT, or ZAGORA, z9-gdfrA, a  rangular structure, erected by the Tollemache family, in
famous mountain of Greece, government of Boeotia, 6 miles  the reign of Henry VYIII., and still their principal residence,
S. of Livadia. Height, 4963 feet. In modern times it has is situated in a beautiful park, containing some of the finest
b  n called alternately PALIEOVOUNI and ZAGORA, but it has  oaks in England, and has a valuable collection of books,
resumed its ancient name.                                  paintings, and armor. Queen Elizabeth was a guest here
HIELIGOLAND. See HELGOL-iND.                            in 1561.
HELIOPOLIS, a town of Egypt. See MATAREEYEI.               HEI/MINGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffollk.
HELLADA, h6-l-idl, (anc. Sperchius,) a river of North    HELMOND, hll/mdnt, (Fr. pron. hil'mdNa!  or 6lIm6NG!,) a
Greece, government of Phthiotes, flows E., and enters the  town of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, capiGulf of Zeitoun, N. of Thermopyle, after a course of 50 miles. tal of a canton, on the Aa, 21 miles S.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc.
HELLAIL  See HILLAH.                                    Pop. 1900.
HEL'LAM, a post-township of York co., Pennsylvania, on    HELMSIDALE, a large villlage of Scotland, co. of Sutherthe Susquehanna. Pop. 1528.                               land, at the mouth of the river of the same name. It is a
IHELLAND, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.          great herring-fishing station.
HELLANEEYAH or HELLANIY AH.   See CuRIAa-MU.RIA.   HELMSILEY, a small market-town and parish of EngHELLAS, a country of Europe. See GREECE.                land, co. of York, North Riding, on the Rye, 12 miles E.N.E.
HIELLEBEK, h/llle-b6k0, a maritime village of Denmark, of Thirsk. Pop. in 1851, 3483. The town is one of the neaton the island of Seeland, at the N. entrance of the Sound, 4  est and most picturesque in England.  It has 2 branch
miles N.W. of Elsinore. Pop. 300.                         banks, an elegant church, and ruins of a castle dismantled
HELLEFORS, hil1leh-fous', a village of Sweden, lIen, and  by Fairfax. In the vicinity are the beautiful ruins of Rivaix
45 miles N.N.W. of Orebro, beautifully situated on the Svart- Abbey.
elf, which here forms several falls. It has extensive iron-   HELMSLEY GATE, a parish of England, co. of York,
works.                                                     North Riding.
HELILEN, a post-village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 170    HELMSLEY, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of York,
miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                                 North Riding.
HIELLENDOORN, hlflen-dRnn', a village and parish of    IIELMSTADT, hllmlstdtt, a town of Bavaria, circle of
the Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 17 miles S.E. of  Lower Franconia, 10 miles W. of Wtirzburg. Pop. 1168.
Zwolle. Pop. 3571.                                          HELMSTADT, a village of Baden, circle of Lower thine,
HELILEN FURNACE, a post-office of Clarion co., Penn- 9miles S.E. of Wertheim. Pop. 1075.
sylvania.                                                   HELMSTEDT, or HELMSTADT, (Helmstldt,) hilm/stitt,
HELILENVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co.,Wisconsin, a town of Germany, duchy of Brunswick, 21 miles E.N.E. of
6 miles E. of Jefferson, contains 1 church, and 2 saw mills.  Brunswick. Pop. 5300. It is an old-fashioned town, enHELtLER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Allen co', Indiana. tered by 4 gates, and its fortifications turned into planted
HEL'LERTOWN, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn- walks. The principal buildings are the Lutheran church,
sylvania, 96 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.                  Town-hall, Court-house, formerly the place of its university,
JIEL/LESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       several hospitals, &c. Its University, founded in 1576, was
HELLESPONT, (HELLESPONTUS.) See DARD:ANELLES.   suppressed by Jerome Bonaparte in 1809, and a part of
HELLEVOETSLOIS, atown ofHlolland. See HELVOETSUnUS. its library was transferred to Gittingen.  It has now a
HELL GATE or HURL GATE, a narrow and rocky pass gymnasium and normal school, with manufactures of soap
in the East River, 7 miles N.E. of New York. Formerly, at and tobacco-pipes, alum  and vitriol-works, and an active
particular times of tide, the eddies produced in this strait general trade; and in its vicinity are coal mines and minerendered navigation difficult and dangerous. The rocks ral baths.
causing the obstruction have recently been removed by a new    HELMUND, hbl'mtindf, written also IELMEND, (aunc.
method of blasting. The powder, secured from the action of Etynsavldrus or Etymantder,) a river of Afghanistan, rises 35
the water, is sunk and simply placed upon the rock, and ex- miles W. of Cabool, at an elevation of 11,500 feet, flows
ploded by means of an electric spark. The superincumbent W.S.W., with a deep bend to the S., through the Huzareh,
mass of water operates effectually as a resisting medium, and Eimauk, and Doorannee territories, and the Afghanistan
the rock is broken without the necessity of boring into its Desert, and near lat. 310 30' N., Ion. 620 E., enters the lakes
substance. HELL GATE is a corruption of the old Dutch  of Iiamoon and Tuk-i-Teer by several mouths, after a total
name Ho-ll Gatt, i. e.  "whirl-passage," or "whirlpool strait."  course estimated at 650 miles. At Girishk, 70 miles W. of
HELLVIDON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   Candahar, it is, in spring, 1000 yards across, with a depth of
IIELLIN, 1l-yeen! or hl-yeen!, (anc. lutnum r?) a town of 10 or 12 feet, and a powerful and rapid current, but in the
Spain, province, and 35 miles S.S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 9814. dry season two-thirds less. Its banks are very fertile, and
It has remains of a Roman fortress, and various manufac- abound almost everywhere with traces of former cultivatures. Near it are the mineral baths of Azaraque.         tion and wealth, but at a little distance, the country, on
HEL'LINGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.        either side, is a mere arid waste.
HELtLOUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        HEI'PERBY, a township of England, co. of York, North
HELLOVO, hil-lofvo, MOUNT, (anct. O!thrys,) a mountain  Riding.
rane, forming a part of the N. fiontier of Greece, separating    HEL/PERTIHORPE, a parish of England, co. of York, East
East Hellas from Thessaly, about!at. 390 N., lon. from 210  Riding.
842




HEL                                                     HEN
HELTPRINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    of Philip of Burgundy, and the castles of Calbeek and EmsHELPISTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton,  dael, picturesquely situated in magnificent grounds, on the
with a station on the North Miidland Railway, 63 miles  banks of the Scheldt; and near it, at the confluence of the
N W. of Peterborough.                                    Schelle-Vliet with the Scheldt, stands the old Abbey of St.
HELSA, hUllsA, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel,  Bernard, now occupied as a central house of correction, and
province ofNieder-Hessen, 9 miles S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1186. capable of receiving 2000 convicts.
HELSIBY, a township of England, co. of Chester.          HEMILEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
HELSER,:hllser, a village of Hesse-Cassel, in Nieder    HEMILO, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois.
Hessen, circle, and 7 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1186.   HEM/LOCK, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.
HELSINGBORG, h~llsing-boRg', an ancient fortified sea-    HEMLOCK, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
port town of South Sweden, sen, and 33 miles N.N.W. of  Pop. 1087.
nilmS, on the sound, opposite Elsinore; Pop. 28514. It has    HEMLOCK GROVE, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.
a good harbor, a fine council-house, and manufactures of    HEMLOCK LAKE, New York, between Ontario and Livearthenwares and iron goods.                             ingston counties, is 7 miles long, and near I mile wide. The
HELSINGFORS, hIl/sing-fons', a seaport town of Russia, outlet joins Honeoye Creek.
and since 1919, the capital of Finland, on the Gulf of Fin-    HEMLOCK LAKE, a post-village of Livingston co., New
land, 100 miles E.S.E. of Abo. Lat. 600 11' N., ion. 240 57' York, on a lake of the same name, about 26 miles S. of RoE. Pop. 16,000. It has a fine town-hall, a harbor, suited  chester.
for line-of-battle ships, and defended by the strong citadel    HEMMERDEN, h8mfmer-den, a market-town of Rhenish
of Sveaborg, and is the seat of a university, removed f-om   Prussia, 11 miles S.W. of Diisseldorf. Pop. 1295.
Abe in 1827, with a library of 40,000 volumes, and various    HE MMERICH, hlm/meh-rix, a village of Rhenish Prusmuseums. It it is the see of the Lutheran Archbishop of  sia. 16 miles S. of Cologne.
Finland, and has an active trade in Baltic produce. It was    HEMMINGFORD, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
nearly burnt down in the wars with the Swedes, but since  Beauharnois, 30 miles S. of Montreal. It contains 7 saw
1815, has been rebuilt with great regularity.            mills, several stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 700.
HIELSINGLAND, h~l/sing-lnt', a former division of Swe-    HEM/MINGFORD AB'BOTS, a parish of England, co. of
den, now composing the chief part of the lin of Gefleborg.  Huntingdon.
HELSINGOR, (Helsingbr,)a town of Denmark. See EL-    HEMMINGFORD GREY, a parish of England, co. of
SINORE.                                                  Huntingdon.
HEL/STONE or HEL/STON, a parliamentary and muni-    HEM/MINGSTED', a village of Denmark, in Holstein,
cipal borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall,  South Ditmarsches, on a height, between Ileide and Meldorf,
in a picturesque locality near its W. extremity, on the Looe,  29 miles N.N.W. of Gliickstadt. It is memorable for the battle
here crossed by a bridge, 10 miles W.S.W. of Falmouth.  fought in its vicinity in 1500, when a small number of the
Pop. of municipal borough,'in 1851, 3355. It is neatly built,  inhabitants of the Ditmarshes defeated the King of Denand watered by streams running through its streets. It  mark and the Duke of Holstein at the head of fiom 20,000
has a grammar school, banking company, and an export  to 30,000 men, and secured their ancient freedoom for antrade in tin, copper, shoes, from port Leven, or Looe-pool,  other half century.
about 3 miles distant. Iron, coal, and timber are exten-    HEMP/FIELD, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvasively imported for the use of the surrounding mining dis-  nia, 40 miles S.E. of Harrisburg.
trict. It sends 1 member to the House of Commons. The    HEMPFIELD, a township of Westmoreland co., PennsylMay games, or Floralia, once general throughput England,  nia, contains Greensburg, the county seat. Pop. 5935.
are still kept up here; and on the 8th of May, a general holi-   HEMP/HILL'S STORE, a post-village of Mecklenburg co.,
day, floral processions, and dances are held.            North Carolina.
HELT, a township of Vermilion co., Indiana. Pop. 2121.   HEMP/NALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HELTAU, h~l/tiw, or NAGY DIZNOD, n6dj diznodi, a    HEMPSTEAD, hlmp/stid, a parish of England, co. of
village of Austria, in Transylvania, 6 miles S. of Hermann-  Essex, 5 miles N.N.E. of Thaxted. In the churchyard is the
stadt. Pop. 2563.                                        tomb of Dr. Harvey, the celebrated discoverer of the circuHELTON, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina.     lation of the blood.
HEL'TONSVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana,   HEMPSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
about 8 miles N.E. of Bedford.                             HEMPSTEAD, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk.
HELVEL'LYN, one of the highest mountains of England,   HEMP/STEAD, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas,
co. of Cumberland, forming part of the mountain chain be-  contains 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by
tween Keswick and Ambleside. Elevation, 3313 feet. It is  Little Missouri River, and on the S.W. by Red River, and
easy of ascent, and commands a magnificent view of the  drained by Bois d'Arc Creek. The surface is diversified by
lake district.                                           sandy hills; the soil is fertile. Red River is navigated by
HELVETIA. See SWITZERLAND.                             steamboats on the border of this county. Capital, WashingHELVE/TIA, a village of Madison co., Illinois, about 30  ton. Pop. 7672, of whom 5212 were free, and 2460 slaves.
miles E.S.E. of Alton.                                     HEMPSTEAD, a post-village and township of Queen's co.,
HELVETIA, NEW. SeeNUEVA IRLVEUvIA.                     New York, on the Atlantic Ocean, and on the Long Island
HELVETIC CONFEDERATION. See SWITZERLAN..              Railroad, 21 miles E. of New York. The village is pleasantly
HELYOETSLUIS, or HELVOETSLOYS, hSllv65t-slois/, situated about 4 miles from the ocean, at the terminus of a
written also HELLEVOETSLUIS, h~llleh-voot-slois. a forti- branch railrdad 21 miles long, communicating with the
fled seaport town of the Netherlands, province of South Hol- Long Island Railroad. It contains churches of the Presbyland, on the Haringvliet, the largest mouth of the Rhine, terians, Episcopalians, and Methodists, several seminaries,
17 miles S.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 2843. It has a fine har-  a newspaper office, and numerous stores. ROCKCAwA BEACH
bor, an arsenal, dock-yard, and a naval school; and until is in this township. Pop. about 1500; of the township,
the employment of steam navigation, mail-packets sailed be- 8811.
tween it and Harwich twice a week. The Prince of Orange    HEMPSTEAD BAY, of Queen's co., New York, situated on
embarked here for England, in 1688.                     the S. side of Long Island, is 6 miles long by 2 miles broad.
IHIELVOIRT, h~l'voiatl, a village of the Netherlands, pro-    HEMPSTEAD BRANCH, a post-village of Queen's co.,
vince of North Brabant, 5 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc.'Pop.  New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 20 miles E. of
1401.                                                    Brooklyn.
HEM, h8Ncs, several villages of France, the principal in   IHEMPSTEAD  HARBOR, Queen's co., New' York. See
the department of Nord,5 miles E.)ofLille. Pop. in 1852, 2289. RosLvcN.
HEMAU, hA/mw, a town and castle of Bavaria, circle of    HEMPSTON, BROAD   See BROAD HEMPSTON.
Upper Palatinate, 15 miles W.N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1350.   HEMPSTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
HEM/BLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       IEMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HEMBURY, a parish of England. See BRnoADHEMBURY.         HEMS, a town of Syria. See HoMS.
HEM/EL-HEiMPSTEAD, a market-town and parish of    HEMSBACH, hlms/bAK, a market-town of Baden, circle
England, co. of Herts, 1. miles from the Broxmore station  of Lower Rhine, on the Bergstrasse, and on the Main-Neckar
of the London and Birmingham Railway, 23 miles N.W. of  Railway, 3 miles N. of Weinheim. Pop. 1715.
London. Pop. 7268. The town is pleasantly situated and    HEMS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
neatly built; it has a richly ornamented Norman church,    HEMSOEN, (Hemsijen,) hm/si'en, a Swedish island in the
union work-house, West IIerts Infirmary, considerable mna-  Gulf of Bothnia, 5 miles N.N.E. of Hernisand. Length from
nufactures of straw-plait, and some of the mQst perfect paper  N. to S., 5 miles; breadth, 4 miles.
mills in the kingdom.                                      HEMS/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
HEM/INGBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of York,    HEMS/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, West
East Riding.                                             Riding, on the North Midland Railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of
HEMIINGBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        Barnsley. It has a grammar school, and hospital founded
HEM/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. in 1548.
HEMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         HEM/YOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
HEMIXHEIM, hA/mix-hime', or HEMIXEM, hAmeex-    HEN-AND-CHICK/ENS, a group of islands in the MIalay
8m!, a village of Belgium, and 5 miles S. of Antwerp, near  Archipelago, in the Strait of Macassar, in lat. 50 28' S., ion.
the right bank of the Scheldt. Pop. 1500. It contains a  1170 54' E.
church, with the tomb of Antony of Brabant, natural son I  HENARES, A-nA/rAs, a river of Spain, in New Castila
843




HEN                                                      H:EN
joins the Jarama. an affluent of the Tagus, 10 miles E.S.E.   HENTDON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
of Madrid, after a S.W. course of 75 miles.                HIIENIDRED, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
lIEN/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.        IIENDRED, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
HEN/BY, a post-office of MIontgomery co., Ohio.           HENDREFIGILL, hen-dre-feeghithl, a township of Northl
HENIDERSON, a county in the WV. part of North Caro- Wales, co. of Flint.
line, bordering on South Carolina, has an area estimated at   ItENBDRICKS, a county in the W. central part of In.
600 square miles. It is intersected by French Broad River. diana, containing 390 square miles. It is drained by the
The surface is mountainous, having the Blue Ridge on its Whitelick and Eel Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and
S. border. The soil is particularly adapted to grazing. Or- the soil mostly fertile. The Terre Haute and Indianapolis
ganized in 1838, and named in honor of Leonard HIender- Railroad passes through this county. Organized in 1824.
son, late Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North Care- Capital, Danville. Pop. 14,083.
lina.  Capital, Hendersonville.  Pop. 6853, of whom 5929   IHENDRICKS, a township in Shelby co., Indiana. P. 1272.
were free, and 924 slaves.                                   HENIDRICKSBURG, a post-office of Luzerne co., PennsylHENDERSON, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, vania.
contains 1200 square miles. The Neches River bounds it  IHIENDRICK'S HEAD, a point of land at the entrance of
on the E., and the Trinity on the S.W. The surface is un- Sheepscott River, Maine, containing a fixed light 30 feet
dulating, the soil fertile. Trinity River is navigable for above the level of the sea.
keel-boats along the border of this county. Organized dur-   IIENDRICKS'S STORE, post-office, Bedford co., Virginia.
ing or since the year 1846, and named in honor of J. Pluck-   I-IENIDRICKSVILLE, a post-office, De Kalb co., Alabama.
ney Henderson, first governor of the state. Capital, Athens.   HENIDRYSB URG, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio
Pop. 1237, of whom 1156 were free, and 81 slaves.         about 100 miles E. of Columbus.
IHENDERSON, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, has   I-IEN-EGLWYS, h6n Zg/ioo-is, a parish of Wales, co. Augan area of about 620 square miles. Beech and Big Sandy  lesea.
Rivers rise in the county, and flow into Tennessee River.   IIENEGOUWEN. See HAINAUT.
The surface is nearly level; the soil is fertile. Capital, Lex-   HEN'ERY, a small fortified island of British India, presiingtdn.:Pop. 13,164, ofwhom 10,572 were free, and 2592 slaves. dency, and 15 miles S. of Bombay. Lat. 180 41' N., lon. 720
HENDERSON, a county in the W.N.W. part ofKentucky,  57' E. It is about 600 yards in circumference, and covered
bordering on Indiana, has an area estimated at 600 square  with buildings. Adjacent to it is another islet, also fortimiles. The Ohio River bounds it on the N., and it is also  fled, and named Kenery.
drained by Green River. The surface is uneven; the soil is   HIENIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
generally productive. Stone coal is abundant. A railroad    IENFYNYW, htn-fjnlyoo, a parish of South Wales, co.
is projected from  Henderson to Nashville. Organized in  of Cardigan.
1798. Capital, Henderson. Pop. 12,171, of whom 7774 were    HENG-CHOO-FOO,, h8ngchoo6foo1,'or IENG-TCHEOU,
free, and 4397 slaves.                                    h~ng-chlroo, a city of China, province of Hoe-nan, capital
HENDERSON, a county in the W.part of Illinois, border- of a department, on the Heng-kiang, a considerable affiuing on Iowa, has an area of 540 square miles. The Missis- ent of the Yang-tse-kiang. Lat. 26~ 55' N., ion. 1120 18' E.
sippi River forms its WV. boundary, and it is intersected by  It is reported to have a large manufactory of paper.
Ienderson River, and by Honey and Ellison Creeks. The    HENGELO, hlng'nHeh-l16, a village of the Netherlands,
surfiace is diversified by prairies and woodlands; the soil is province of Overyssel, 34 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. with
fertile. The county contains beds of stone coal and lime- parish, 3561.
stone. It is intersected by the Peoria and Oquawka Rail-  IHENGELO, a village of the Netherlands, province of Guel.
road. Formed in 1841, out of part of Warren county. Capi- derlard, 19 miles E.N.E, of Arnhem. Pop. with parish, 2867.
tal Oquawka. Pop. 4612.                                    IHENGERSBUIRG, hhngfers-bRcG', a market-town of Lower
IIENDERSON, a post-village and township of Jefferson  Bavaria, on the right bank of the Danube, 23 miles N.W. of
co., New York, on the E. end of Lake Ontario, 6 miles S.W. Passau. Pop. 900.
of Sackett's Harbor, in the collection district of which it is    HENG-KIANG, h~ng'ke-Ango, a river of China, province
comprised. It has a landing 6n the lake for imported mer- of Hoo-nan, after a N. course of nearly 300 miles traverses
ehandise, and for the shipment of the produce of the sur- Lake Tong-ting, and enters the Yang-tse-Kiang. The cities
rounding districts. Pop. 2239.                            of HIeng-choo and Chang-sha are on its banks.
ITENDERSON, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylva-   HENGOED, hUnglo-ed or hln/gwld, a hamlet of South
nia. Pop. 819.                                            Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
HENDERSON, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.     HENIGRAYVE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
HENDERSON, a thriving post-village of Granville co.,   HEN/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
North Carolina, on the railroad between Raleigh and Gas-   I-J1NIN-LI]'TARD, hA'nANa/-le-4taR/, a town of France,
ton, 45 miles N. of the former. It is a depot for produce.    department of Pas-de-Calais, 16 miles S. of Bethune. Pop.
HENDERSON, a district'in Houston co., Georgia. P. 1429. in 1852, 3142.
HENDERSON, a post-village of Houston co., Georgia, 68    HENILEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk
miles S. of Milledgeville.                                  HENILEY-nN-AR/DEN, a market-town of England, co. of
HENDERSON. a thriving post-village, capital of Rusk co., Warwick, at the confluence of the Arrow and Alne, in the
Texas, about 195 miles in a direct line N. by E. of Galves-  district forming the ancient forest of Arden, 8' miles W. of
ton. It is situated in a fertile country, and contains a  WVarwick. Pop. in 1851, 1143. It contains a church with a
court-house, 2 printing offices, and several seminaries.  beautiful interior, of the time of Edward III., remains of an
HENDERSON, a thriving post-village, capital of Hender- ancient market-cross, an endowed school, and a branch bank.
son co., Kentucky, on the Ohio River, about 200 miles below    HENLEY-COLD, a chapelry of England, co. of Haunts.
Louisville, and 170 miles W. of Frankfort. It is situated in    HEN!LEY IOIOUSE, a station of the I-Hudson's Bay Coma fertile country, the productions of which are received here panty, 150 miles S.W. of Albany Fort, on the Albany, in lat.
for exportation. Steamboats ply regularly between this port 510 N., lon. 850 6' W.
and Louisville. It has 5 churches, a bank, 5 large tobacco    HENILEY'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia.
factories, and 12 stores.  Two newspapers are published    HENLEY-or-TIIAMES, a municipal borough, and marhere. A railroad is projected from this place to Nashville. ket-town of England, co. of Oxford, 4; miles N.N.W. of TwyPop. in 1850, 1765.                                       ford,l on a branch of the Great Western Railway. Pop. in
HENDERSON, a thriving post-village of Knox co., Ilii- 1851, 3733. The town is beautifully situated at the foot of
nois, 52 milbs N.W. of Peoria.                            the Chiltern Hills, which are here richly wooded. It has
HENDERSON, a post-village, capital of Sibley co., Minne- an elegant five-arched stone bridge across the Thames, a
sota, on the left bank of St. Peter's River, about 44 miles in  Gothic church with a lofty spire, said to have been built by
a direct line S.W. of St. Paul.                           Cardinal Wolsey, two united grammar schools, founded in
HENDERSON HARBOR, a village of Jefferson co., New  the reign of James I., numerous alms-houses, and consider
York, on Hungry Bay of Lake Ontario, about 60 miles N. able trade in malt, corn, and timber, by the Thames, with
of Syracuse. See IHENDERSON, New York.                     London and other towns.
HENDERSON'S, a post-office of Greene co., Missouri.       IIENLLAN, hn'tlulan, a parish of Wales, co. of Cardigan.
HIENDERSON'S (or ELIZABETH) ISLAND, Pacific Ocean,   HENLLAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
in lat. 240 2' S., lon. 1290 18' W., 5 miles in length, by 1 mile  IHIEN-LLAN-AMGOED, hen-thlan-amlgo-6d (or am/gwld,) a
in breadth, of a peculiar coral formation, and thickly covered  parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
with shrubs.                                                 HENILLYS, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
HENDERSON'S MILL, a post-office of Greene co., Ten-   HENLOPEN, CAPE. See CAPE HENLOPEN.
nessee.                                                    IHIENILOW, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
HENfDERSONVILLE,  a post-village of Mercer co., Penn-   HENNEBERG, h~nfneh-bt&co, a town of Germany, duchy
sylvania, about 12 miles E.N.E. of Mercer.                of Saxe-Meiningen, 6 miles S.W. of Meiningen, with a casHENDERSONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Henderson  tle of its ancient counts, and 504 inhabitants. The county
co., North Carolina, on the Buncombe Turnpike, 250 miles of Ilenneberg, now subdivided among Prussian Saxony,
W. by S. of Raleigh.                                      Hesse-Cassel, and the duchies of Saxe-Weimar, Coburg, and
HENDERSONVILLE, a post-village of Sumner co., Ten- Meiningen, contained the towns of Schmalkalden, Mein
nessee, 16 miles N.E. of Nashville.                       ingen, Kalten-Nordheim, and Schleusingen.
IHENDERSONV ILLE.    a.village of Henry co., Kentucky,   HENNEBON, henn'b6Nol, a town of France. department
S2 miles N.W. of Frankfort, contains 1 church and 2 stores.  of Iorbihan, on the left baak of the Blavet, 25 miles W.N.W,
844




HEN                                                       HEN
of Vannes. This was a fortress famnlous in the wars of the  in 1821. Capital, McDonough. Pop. 14,726, of whom 9757
fourteenth century, having been successfully defended by  were free. and 4969 slaves.
the Countess de Montfort against the French, in 1341. Pop.   HENRY, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Alabama,
in 1852, 4770.                                             bordering on Georgia and Florida. has an area of 1080 square
HENNEGAU, a province of Belgium. See HAINAUT.            miles. The Chattahoochee forms the E. boundary. The surHENtNEPIN, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, con- face is uneven; the soil is said to be poor. A large part of
tains about 1150 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by  the county is covered with forests of pine. The river is nathe Mississippi, on the N. by Crow River, and on the S.E. by  vigable by steamboats along the E. border. Capital, Abbethe Minnesota or St. Peter's. The surface is undulating or ville. Pop. 9019, of whom 6777 were free, and 2242 slaves.
level, and partly covered with forests. Formed since 1850.   HENRY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee, boherCapital, Minneapolis.  Named in honor of Louis IHIennepin, dering on Kentucky: area estimated at. 550 square miles.
a French missionary, who first explored this territory.    The E. boundary is formed by the Tennessee River, and its
HENNEPIN, a post-township in Putnam  co., Illinois. affluent, the Big Sandy. Two forks of the Obion rise in the
Pop. 430.                                                  county and flow W. The soil is productive. Capital, Paris.
HENNEPIN, a thriving post-village, capital of Putnam   Pop. 18,233, of whom 13,412 were free, and 4821 slaves.
co., Illinois, on the left bank of the Illinois River, 115 miles   HIENRY, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an
N. of Springfield. Steamboats navigate the river between  area estimated at 220 square miles. It is bounided on the
its mouth and Itennepin in all seasons except winter. It N.E. by the Kentucky River, navigable by steamboats, and
has an active business in shipping produce, the value of  drained by Drennon's and other creeks.  The surface is
which, in 1852, was estimated at $f625,000.                generally undulating, and adorned with forests of oak,
HENNERSDORF, hVntners-doaf', or UNTER BRANNA, beech, and sugar-maple.  The soil is of limestone formalsnlter br~nlni, a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, at mation, and remarkably fertile. The county contains abunthe confluence of the Sowinetz with the Elbe. Pop. 1228.   dance of fine limestone. Henry county is intersected by the
HIENNERSIORF, h~nlners-doaf', or HENRICIISI)ORF,  Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, and by the- route of the
hinlriKs-doaf', a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. projected Louisville and Covington Railroad. Organized in
Pop. 1396.                                                 1798. Capital, Newcastle. Pop. 11,442, of whom 8429 were
II ENNERSDORF, Gaross, groce hlntners-dorf, a village  free, and 3013 slaves.
of Germany, in Saxony, 21 miles S.E. of Bautzen. Pop. 1272,   H-ENRY, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, has an area
mostly of the Moravian (Hlerrnhut) sect, who have here a  estimated at 500 square miles. It is intersected by the
seminary.                                                  Maumee River, and also drained by Beaver and Turkey
- IiENNERSDORF-IN-SEIFEN, hintners- donf'-in-siffen, a  Creeks. The surface is generally level, and the soil fertile.
town of Germany, in Saxony, 1 mile N.W. of Gross Hen- The county is traversed by the Wabash and Erie Canal, and
nersdorf. Pop. 5577, engaged in weaving, &c.               by the route of the Fort Wayne and Perrysburg Railroad.
HENINIKER, a post-township of Merrimack co., New  Capital, Napoleon. Pop. 3435.
Hampshire, on the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers Rail-    HENRY, a county in the E. central part of Indiana, conroad, and on the Contoocook Valley Railroad, 10 miles W. tains 385 square miles. It is drained by Blue River and
by S. of Concord. Pop. 1688.                               Fall Creek. The surface is mostly undulating, with several
HEN/NOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             tracts of level land; the soil is fertile. The county is interHENNIRY'S-MOAT, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.   sected by the Central Railroad, and by the Richmond and
HENNUYERES,  hln'nityail, a village of Belgium, pro- Newcastle Railroad. Organized in 1821. Capital, Newcasvince of Hainaut, on the railway from Brussels to Braine-le- tie. Pop. 17,605.
Compte. Pop. 1541.                                           HENRY, a county in the N.W. part of Illinois, a few miles
IIENINY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.       from the MisSissippi River, has an area of 830 square miles.
HJENINY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.      It is drained by Rock and Green Rivers and Edward's
HENON, heh-naOt, a village of France, department of  Creek. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests;
CMtes-du-Nord, 9 miles S.S.E. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 3329.    the soil is fertile. The county contains extensive beds of
IIENPECK, a post-office of Shannon co., Missouri.        stone coal. It is intersected by the Chicago and Rock
HENRI-CIIAPELLE, h8NG\ree1-sh'plllf, a village of Bel- island Railroad. Organized in 1837. Capital, Cambridge.
glum, province, and 17 miles E.N.E. of Liege. Pop. 1330.    Pop. 3807.
HENRICIIEMONT, h6aN'reeshmu6NG/, a town of France,   IIENRY, formerly RIVES, reevz, a county in the W. part
department of Cher, 14 miles W. of Sancerre. Pop. in 1852, of MSissouri,has an area of 750 square miles. Itis intersected
3500.                                                      by Grand River, an affluent of the Osage, and also drained
IJENRICO, hln-ritco, a county towards the S.E. part of  by Big, Deepwater. and Tebo (Thibaut) Creeks. The Osage
Virginia, has an area of 280 square miles. The James River  River crosses the S.E. corner of the county. The surface is
forms its boundary on the S.W., and the Chickahominy on  moderately diversified, consisting partly of prairies, interthe N.E. The surface is diversified by hills of moderate  spersed with forests of the oak, walnut, &c. The soil is
height, presenting abrupt precipices along the banks of the  generally fertile. The prairies are stored with large bodies
rivers. The soil, with small,exceptions, is light and infe-  of stone cogl. Capital, Clinton. Pop. 4052, of whom 3380
rior. The dividing line between the tertiary and primary  were free, and 672 slaves.
formations passes through the county. Large quantities    HENRY, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an area
of bituminous coal are procured in the western part. The  of about 430 square miles. It is intersected by the Skunk
falls of James River, at Richmond, afford extensive water-  River, an affluent of the Mississippi, and also drained by
power. The James River and Kanawha Canal has its E. Cedar Creek. The soil is highly productive, and easily culterminus in this county, and three lines of railways connect tivated. The greater part of the county consists of prairies,
with each other at Richmond. Henrico is the most popu- among which tracts of woodland are interspersed.  Limelous county in the state. Capital, Richmond. Named in  stone underlies a part of the county, and stone coal is
honor of Prince Henry of England, son of James I. Pop. thought to be abundant. The county is intersected by a
43,572, of whom 27,463 were free, and 16,109 slaves.       plank-road from Burlington to Fairfield, and by the railway
HENIRIE'S FORK, a post-office of Gilmer co., Virginia.   firom  Keokuk to IDubuque.  Named in honor of General
HEN'RIETITA, a post-village and township of Monroe co., James B. Henry, of Illinois.  Capital, Mount Pleasant.
New York, on the Genesee River, and on the Rochester and  Pop. 8707.
Genesee Valley Railroad, 7 miles S. of Rochester. The vii-   HENRY, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia.
lage contains 2 or 3 churches, and an academy. Pop. of the    HENRY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 321.
township, 2513.                                              HENRY, a township of Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. 952.
HENRIETTA, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.   HENRY, a township of Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 1270.
HENRIETTA, a post-township in the WV. part of Lorain    HENRY, a thriving post-village of Marshall co, Illinois,
co., Ohio. Pop. 1042.                                      is situated on the right (W.) bank of Illinois River, 133 miles
HENRIETTA, a post-township in the N.E. part of Jack- by water S.W. of Chicago. A large quantity of grain is
son co., Michigan. Pop. 830.                               bought and shipped at this town. Laid out about 1840.
HEN/RY, a county in the S. part of Virginia, bordering  Pop. in December, 1853, 1301.
on North Carolina, has an area of about 325 square miles.   IIENRY CLAY, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.
Smith's River, an affluent of the Dan, flows through the  Pop. 1117.
county. The surface is hilly. Formed in 1776, and named    HENRY CLAY FACTORY, a post-office of Newcastle co.,
(as well as those which follow,) in honor of the celebrated  Delaware.
orator, Pat-ick Henry. Capital, Martinsville. Pop. 8872,   HENRY CREEK, a township of Adams co., Illinois. P. 891.
of whom 5532 were free, and 3340 slaves.                     HENIRYSBURG, a sm all village of Blair co., Pennsylvania.
HENRY, a county in the N.W. central part of Georgia,    HENIRYSBURG, a village of Canada East, in the parish
has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on  of Lacolle. 32 miles S.E. of Montreal. Pop. about 75.
the N.E. by South River, a branch of the Ocmulgee, and    HENRY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office ofSevier co., Tenalso drained by Cotton River, and Towaliga, Tussahaw, nessee.
Sandy, and Indian Creeks. The surface is partly covered    HENIRYSVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
with forests; the soil is moderately fertile. Gold, iron, and    IIENRYSVILLE, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama.
quartz are enumerated among the minerals; the former,   HIENRYSYILLE, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky.
however, is found only in small quantities. The county is    HENRYSYVILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tennesse.
intersected by the iMacon and Western Railroad. Organized    HENIRYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Lawrence co.,
845




HEN                                                      HER
Tennessee, on Buffalo River, about 70 miles S.S.W. of Nash-   ItERIBERT, a post-village of Kemper co., Mississippi.
ville, has 3 or 4 stores.                                    HERBERTINGEN, hkleber-ting'en, a village of WTiirtem,
HENRYVILLE, a station of Indiana, on the Jefferson-  berg, 5 miles N.W. of Saulgen.  Pop. 1272.
ville Railroad, 29 miles N. of Jeffersonville.               HERBERTSROFEN, hSRlberts-ho'fen, a village of Bavaria,
HENRYVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Rou- circle of Swabia, 11 miles N. of Augsburg.
ville, 37 miles S.E, of Montreal. It contain8 several stores    IIERBESTI-AL, hlRtbes-4_l', a station on the Belgium
and hotels. Pop. about 1200.                               Railway, between Aix-la-Chapelle and Verviers.
HENSCIHAU, a village of Hungary. See HANUSFALVA.           HIERBEUSMONT, hto'buhsm.6ceG, a village of Belgium, in
HENISHAW, a township of England, co. of Northumber- Luxembourg, 9 miles WV.S.W. of Neufchtetau. Pop. 992.
land.                                                        HERBIERS, Las, lAz 5sbhe-A, a town of France, departHENSIES, hlnsfyfs or hSccesee/, a village of Belgium, pro- ment of Vend6e, on the Maine 24 miles N.E. of Bourbon.
vince of Hainaut, I11 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2067.    Vendbe. Pop. 1360.
HENSINGHAM, atownship ofEngland, co. ofCumberland.    HERBIGNAC, hInabeen'ygkT, a town of France, departHENS'LEY, a township of Johnson co., Indiana. P. 1260. ment of Loire-Inf6rieure, 18 miles W.N.W. of Savenay. Pop.
HENTSONVILLE, a post-office of Greene co., New York.   in 1852, 3555.
IIENISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           HERBITZHEIM, hhatbits-hime', (Fr. pron. hlnbeet'slm/,)
IIENSTIRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 5  a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 22 miles N.W.
miles S. of Wincanton. In a house here, which is still an  of Saverne. Pop. 1900.
inn, tobacco is said to have been first publicly smoked in   IIERBLAY, hln'blil, a village of France, department of
England, by Sir W. Raleigh.                                Seine-et-Olse, on the Seine, and on the Railway from Paris
HENTILAND, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         to Calais, 9 miles W.N.W. of Paris. Pop. 1564.
HENZADAII, hln-zIdA, a town of the Burmese dominions,   HERBOLZHEIMI, h~rabolts-hime', a town of Baden, 16
province, and 66 miles W.N.W. of Pegu, on the Irrawaddy.  miles N.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 2057.
HEONG-SHAN, he-ong'-shtnl, a commercial town ofChina,   HERBORN, hhrJboRn, a town of central Germany, duchy,
province of Quang-tong, on a branch of the Canton River, and 32 miles N.E. of Nassau, on the Dille. Pop. 2267. It is
22 miles N.W. of Macao.                                   enclosed by walls, and has an old hill fortress, and a famous
HEP/BURN, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. Calvinist seminary, established in 1584.
Pop. 1428.                                                  HERBRANDISTON, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.
HEPERJES, a town of Hungary. See EPEnReis.                HERBRECHTINGEN, hlacbriKtfing-gn, a village of WiirIHEPPENHEIM, hlprpgn-hime', a walled town of Hesse- temberg, on the Brenz, 19 miles N.N.E. of Ulm. Pop. 1524.
Darmstadt, on the Main-Neckar Railway, 16 miles S. of    HERBSLEBEN, hknbs/Wben, a market-town of Germany,
Darmstadt. Pop. 4170.                                     duchy of Saxe-Gotha, on the Unstrut, 12 miles N.E. of GoHEPPENHEIM-AN-DER-WIESE, hplpepn-hImeo-An-dlr- tha. Pop. 1480.
*eelzeh; a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, 33 miles S.S.E. of    HERBSTEIN, henbtstine, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, 14
Mentz, on the Eisbach. Pop. 1336.                         miles W. of Fulda. Pop. 1616.
IIEPT(rNSTALL, a township of England, co. of York,   HERCK, hBnk, or HERKE, hWr!keh, a town of Belgium,
West Riding.                                              province of Limbourg, on the Herck, 9 miles W. of Hasselt.
IIEPWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         Pop. 1763.
IHEPWORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West   HIERCULAINEUM or HERCULAINUM, (It. Ercoano, hnRiding.                                                   ko-litno,) an ancient and buried city of South Italy, proHERACLEA or HERACLEIA. See ErnLEE.                      vine, and 7 miles E.S.E. of Naples, near the Bay of Naples,
HERACLEA or PERINTHUS. See EnaLrL.                     and at the W. declivity of Mount Vesuvius, during the
HERAKLIA or HERACLIA, hlr`i-klee1A, (aune. Donyfa,) eruption of which, A. D. 79, it was submerged by a flood of
a small island of the Grecian Archipelago, 6 miles S. of  lava and showers of ashes. Its site was discovered in 1713,
Naxos, 4 miles long, and 3 wide.                          and although extensive excavations have been made, little
HERAT, her-it, IHERAUT, he-rnt/, or HERATH, her-it'h,  more than a part of the ancient theatre remains visible.
formerly IHIttRI, hArree, a strongly fortified city of West   HERCULAINEUM, a post-village of Jefferson co., Mis.
Afghanistan, capital of an independent chiefship, near the  souri, on the Mississippi River, 30 miles below St. Louis.
Herri-Rood, or IHury River, 360 miles W. of Cabool, and 200  It was formerly the county seat, and a great mart for the
miles E.S.E. of Meshed, in Khorassan. Lat. 340 50' N., lon. lead procured from the mines in the vicinity. The place
620 30' E. Elevation, 2500 feet. Pop., before its unsuccessful was almost entirely destroyed by a flood in 1844.
siege by the Persians in 1838, was estimated at 45,000, but    HERCYNIA SYLVA. See HIAz and BLA.CK FOREST.
now probably much less. A ditch, mound, and bastioned    HERCYNIAN FOREST, Germany. See HARIZ.
wall enclose an oblong area, 1 mile in length, entered by 5    HERCYNII MONTES. See BLACK FOREST.
gates, the interior divided by four arched bazaars, meeting    HERDEKE, hlrndA'keh, IIERDEGGE, or ITERDECKE,
in a domed quadrangle in the centre of the city. Herat has hhc'd~k/keh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, on the Ruhr,
been stated to contain 4000 dwelling-houses, 1200 shops, 17  and on the railway between Dortmund and Elberfeld, 16
caravansorais, 20 public baths, some fine reservoirs, and  miles S. of Dortmund. Pop. 2308.
numerous mosques, the principal of which is a large struc-   HIEREFORD, hlrle-ford, or IHEREFORDSHIRE, h~rle-fordture of the thirteenth century. On the N. side of the city is  shir, an inland county of England, comprising an area of
a strong citadel, and without the walls are some magnificent 552,320 acres, of which 470,400 are in grass and arable. Pop.
ruins of a religious edifice, and an enormous mound, raised  in 1851,115,489. Surface beautifully undulating, and the
by Nadir Shah. The vicinity is very beautiful, and irrigated  soil unusually fertile. Principal hills, the Hatterel range
by numerous canals, and highly productive, and Ierat has  of the Black Mountains in the S.W., and the Malvern on
been usually one of the most flourishing places in the East, the E. Chief rivers, the Wye, Lugg, Arrow, Frome, and
as a grand central mart for the products of India, China, Munnow. Chief agricultural produce, wheat and barley,
Tartary, Afghanistan, and Persia. It has manufactures of  apples, pears, and hops, all of superior quality. The apple
carpets, sheep-skin, caps and cloaks, shoes, &c. Most of its crop is the largest in England, and estimated to yield not
wealthy merchants are Hindoos. It was a long time capital less than 20,000 hogsheads ofcider, mostly of superior quality.
of the empire founded by Tamerlane. It was taken from the  About 13,000 acres are devoted to hops. Oak-bark is also an
Persians by the Afghans in 1715, retaken by Nadir Shah in  important production. Hereford is divided into 11 hun1731, and recovered by the Afghans in 1749. Its territory  dreds. Chief towns, Hereford, Leominster, Weobley, Ross,
now extends N. to the Moorghaub Mountains, and E. nearly  and Bromyard. It sends 7 members to the House of Comto Candahar; and it is still a post of great military as well mons, 3 of which are for the county. Hereford formed a
as commercial importance.                                 part of the ancient British Siluria, and was one of the last
IIHRAULT, hArPbl or APr6f, (anc: A-rauris,) a river of provinces which submitted to the Saxons, under whom it
France, rises in the C6vennes, department of Gard, and en- formed a part of Mercia. Numerous ruined castles testify
ters the Mediterranean, near Agde, department of HIrault. its former military importance as a border county.
It is navigable for 7 miles.                                HEREFORD, a city, episcopal see, and parliamentary
HlRAULT, a maritime department of the S. of France, and municipal borough of England, capital of the above
on the Mediterranean, formed of a portion of the old pro- county, on the Wye, here crossed by a bridge of 6 arches, 19
vince of Languedoc. Area, 2,382 square miles. Pop. in  miles N.ofMonmouth. Pop.ofthe city in 1851, 12,108  It
1852, 389,286. The surface is traversed by offsets of the C&-  stands in a richly cultivated and beautiful valley. The
venues, interspersed by fine valleys. Principal rivers, the  streets are generally broad; houses well-built, though in
Hlrault, Orb, and Lez; coasts low, forming vast etangs, great part ancient. Principal edifices, the Cathedral, built
(marshy lakes.) Soil fertile in grain, fruits, and wines. The  in the early Norman style, in 1072; length, 325 feet; height
mineral products comprise coal, iron, lead, copper, fine build- of central tower, 160 feet. It contains many fine monumag-stone, and marble. The marshes furnish a great quantity  ments; and attached to it is a chapter-house, ladye-chapel,
f salt. Commerce is facilitated by means of the Canal du  valuable library, cloisters, &c., but its general beauty is
Midi, and by railways from Montpellier to Cette and Nfmes. much impaired by the incongruous W. front, rebuilt in
Capital, Montpellier. The department is divided into the  1786. A triennial musical festival is held here. The Episfour arrondissements of Montpellier, Blziers, Lod~ve, and  copal Palace is ancient, and surrounded by large gardens;
St. Pens.                                                the College is a venerable pile, forming a quadrangle. The
HERBERN, hanbern, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 16  Grammar School, partly supported by the dean and chapter,
miles S. of Miinster. Pop. 1000.                         has 20 exhibitions to the University, but it is not in much
816




HER                                                       HER
repute. Among the charities, for the number of which  lands, province of Limburg, 5 miles S.E. of Roermond.
IHereford is famous, are 11 ancient hospitals, or alms-houses, Pop. 1231.
yielding together about 15001. per annum. The other pub-   I-HERKIMER. a county in the N.E. central part of New
lic structures are the handsome County Hall, the County  York, has an area of about 1300 square miles. It is partly
Jail, and House of Correction, ancient Town-hall, City Jail, bounded on the E. by East Canada Creek, and is intersected
Theatre, of which the Kemble family long had the manage- by the Mohawk River, being drained by these streams,
ment, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, a large inifirmary, together with West Canada Creek. Black River, and its
supported by voluntary contributions, a lunatic hospital, tributaries. The surface is generally hilly and sometimes
union work-house, market-house, bank, and Nelson monu- mountainous. The soil along the valleys of its streams is
ment, ruins of a monastery of Black Friars, and some re- of a superior quality, and in many of the hilly districts fermains of the castle and city walls. Hereford has an in-  tile. In 1850 this county produced 91548,009 pounds ofcheese,
creasing trade in cider, hops, corn, wool, bark, and timber, the greatest quantity produced by any county in the United
which will be much facilitated by the Hereford and Gl6u- States. Herkimer county abounds in iron ore, limestone,
cester Canal, the navigation of the river being dependent and building-stone; some lead, plumbago, and gypsum, are
on season, &c. Coals are brought from Abergavenny by  found. Near Little F'alls, beautiful specimens of quartz
railway; and several railways connect the city with Shrews- crystal are abundant. The Utica and Syracuse Railroad
bury, Worcester, Gloucester, &c. Thd October fair is the  and the Erie Canal traverse the southern part of this county.
largest in England for cattle and cheese. The city is a  Organized in 1791, and named and enlarged in 1817. Capipolling-place, and the chief place of election for the county; tal, Ilerkimer. Pop. 38,244.
it has sent 2 members to the House of Commons since the    IIERKIMIER, a post-village and township, capital of Hertime of Edward I. The diocese is one of the most ancient in  kimer co., on the N. side of the Mohawk Rives5 on the Erie
England, beihg of British origin, and re-established by the  Canal, and on the Utica and Schenectady Railroad, 78 miles
Saxons in 680. Among the celebrated bishops of this see  W.N.W. of Albany. The village has, besides the county
were-Thomas Cantilupe, who died in 1285, and was canon-  buildings, a bank, an academy, and a newspaper office.
ized, Fox the Reformer, Godwin, and Dr. Headley. Here- Pop. in 1854, about 1200; of the township in 1850, 2601.
ford suffered much from the Welsh, during the Saxon era,    HERKINGEN, htdking-Hnen, an agricultural village of
from the Barons' wars, under the Plantagenets, and from   Holland, province of South Holland, 15 miles S. of Briel,
those of the seventeenth century, when it warmly espoused  Pop. 600.
the side of the king, and was one of the last places which    HERLESHAUSEN, h~nfles-hw'zen, a village of Hesseheld out against the parliament. During the Middle Ages Cassel, circle of Eschwege, with the handsome palace of
it gave the title of earl to the great house of Bohun, and  Augustenau, a residence of the Landgrave of Iesse-Philippsnow gives that of viscount to the Devereux family. The  thal. Pop. 1042.
city is celebrated in historic records as having been the    HERM, one of the smaller Channel Islands, 2' miles from
birthplace of Nell Gwynn and David Garrick, and the school  the coast of Guernsey. Pop. 38.
in which the genius of Clive, Siddons, and Kemble was fos-   HERMAN, a post-office of Ripley Co., Indiana.
te-ed and developed.                                        HERMAN, a post-township in the E. part of Dodge co.,
HER/EFORD, a post-township forming the E. extremity  Wisconsin. Pop. 912.
of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1244.                      IIERMANMIESTETZ,  hlrlmdn-mees't~ts,  HERMANHEREFORD, a post-village of Baltimore co, lMaryland, 52  MIESTEC, hRt/mnn-mees't6ts, or HERMANSTADT, h6SRmiles N. by WV. of Annapolis.                             m u-stat', a municipal town of Bohemia, 5 miles W. of ChruIHEREFORD, LITTLE, aparish of England, co. of Hereford. dim. Pop. 2665.
HEREFORD'S. a post-office of Mason co., Virginia.          IER/MANN, (Ger. pron. h8nRm~nn,) a post-village, capital
HEREFORDSHIRE, a county of England. See HEREFORD. of Gasconadie co., Missouri, on the right bank of the MisHEREGH, h&'raigl, a village of Hungary, co., and 21lmiles  souri River, 49 miles E. of Jefferson City, was settled by
E.S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 1351.                              Germans in 1837. Two newspapers are published here. Pop.
HERENCIA, A-rdnlthe-A, a town of Spain, province, and  in 1850, 944.
36 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 6400.                    HERMANNSTADT or HERMANSTADT, hiR/mAn-stitt',
HERENT, hA-r~ntl or helrSNoG, a village of Belgium, pro- (IHun. aihgy &Seben, nldj sA/b7n'; L. Cibinium,) a town oe
vince of South Brabant, 2 miles N.W. of Louvain. Pop. 2120. Austria, in Transylvania, picturesquely situated on the
HERENTHALS, htren-tlse, a small town of Belgium,  Zibin, near the Wallachian frontier, 73 miles S.S.E. of Klanprovince of Antwerp, 12 miles S.S.W. of Turnhout. Pop. senburg. Pop. 21,500. It is enclosed by walls, the upper
3162.                                                      town, on an eminence, communicating with a lower town by
HERENTHOUT, hIren-tiwt', a small town of Belgium,  flights of steps. It has several suburbs, and is pretty well
province of Antwerp, 15 miles S.W. of Turnhout.  Pop. 2157. built in a Gothic style, though dull. The principal edifices
HERFFELINGEN, hRflfefh-ling'pn, a village of Belgium, are the Bruckenthal Palace, with an extensive library and
province of Brabant, 13 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1746.  museum, the theatre, numerous churches, the barracks, a
HBRFORD. hbRifont, or HERVORDEN, hie/fon-den, a  military hospital, and an orphan asylum.  It is a Greek
town of Prussia, Westphalia, on the Werra, and on the  bishop's see, the head-quarters of the military commandant
Cologne and Minden Railway, 16 miles S.W. of Minden. of Transylvania, the seat of Roman Catholic and Lutheran
Pop. 5550. It has manufactures of cotton cloth and yarn,  gymnasia, and has many museums, and manufactures of
leather, tobacco, and linens; a large prison, arsenal, gymna- linen and woollen fabrics, felt, hats, horn combs, earthenslum, six churches. and the central museum of arts, anti- wares, leather, &c., and a considerable trade.
quities, and manufactures, for the province.                HE RMANOS, hir-mlnoce, a group of small islands in the
HERGNIES, hkn'yeel, a village of France, department of Malay Archipelago, E. of Mindoro. 
Nord, on the Scheldt, 7 miles N. of Valenciennes. Pop. 1600.   HERMANOS, Los, loce hir-mit/noce, (" The Brothers,") a
H]RIC, hl'reekt, a village of France, department of Loire- group of islands in the Caribbean Sea, 50 miles N.W. of the
Inf6rieure, 14 miles N.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852. 4474.  island of Margarita, belong to Venezuela.
H]~RICOURT, hlree'koorY, a town of France, department    HERMANOS, TRES, tris hir-mdfnoce, (" Three Berothers,")
of Hlaute-Sabne, 15 miles S.E. of Lure. Pop. in 1852, 3770. a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, between lat. 30 and
It has extensive manufactures of linen yarn and cloth, 40 S., lon. 770 and 790 E.
calico, printed goods, and hosiery.                         IIERMANSDORF, Bohemia. See HEanssoORs.
HERINGEN, hhIring-en, a town of Prussian Saxony, 50    HERMANSEIFEN,  hIeirmn-si'fen,  HIIERZMANZEYF,
miles W.N.W. of Merseburg, on the Helme. Pop. 2120.       h~itt/miant-sif'. or HIERMANSTIFT,'hia/min-stift% a village
HEtINGEN, a market-town of Hesse-Cassel, province of  of Bohenmia, circle, and 25 miles N.E. of Bidschow. Pop. 1804.
Fulda, on the Werra, 14 miles S.E.ofRothenburg. Pop. 1224.  IHERMANSTADT, Transylvania.  See HEsMANNScADT.
IHERINNES, h4rinn! or hPreenl, a village of Belgium, pro-   HERMANSTADT, Bohemia. See HERmnANMaEIESTETZ.
vince of South Brabant, 17 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 3720.   IERMANSTIFT, of Bohemia. See IaERMANSEIEeN.
HERINNES, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut,  HIERMAUNSBURG, a post-office of Washington co., Aron the Scheldt, 7 miles N.W. of Tournay. Pop. 1700..       kansas.
HERIOOR, hirle-oorf, a town of India, in Mysore, 26   IHERMPI, hen/md5, a small village ofFrance, 68 miles S.E.
miles N.W. of Sera, with a temple and granite obelisk.    of Paris, with a station on the railway from Troyes to MonHERIIOT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.        tereau.
HERi-ROOD, a river of Asia. See HEBica-RocD.              HERMENT, hi'miNGI, a town of France, department of
HiERISAU, hlre-slw', a town of Switzerland, canton, and  Puy-de-DI)me, 24 miles W. of Clermont. Pop. 533.
T miles N.W. of Appenzell, situated in the district of Outer  IHIERMESKEIL, hbiemis-kile', a village ofRhenish Prussia,
Rhodes. Pop. 2500.                                        government, and 12 miles S.E. of Treves. Pop. 965.
HERISSON, ]'reess'6NSN, a town of France, 19 miles    HERMIES, hIi mees, a village of France, department of
N.N.E. of Montlugon. Pop. 1407.                           Pas-de-Calais, 17 miles S.E. of Arras. Pop. 2337.
HERISTAL, a village of Belgium. See HERSTAL.              HERMIGUA, VALLE  DE, vAltyA dA hbR-meelgw&, a village
HERJEADALEN, (HerjeAdalen,) hitn/yA-o-di'len, a district of the Canaries, in the island of Gomera, beautifully situated
of Sweden, forming the S. part of the ilsn of Ostersund, among lofty hills. Pop. 1827.
and named from the Hieeje-an, which waters it.              HERIMITAGE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
HIERJE-AN, (Herie-in,) hiReyA-on',  a river of Sweden,   HERMITAGE, a castle in Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, an
joins the Ljusne above Sveg, after a course of 40 miles.  ancient stronghold of the Douglas.
HERKENBOSCH, hrekenn-bosKt, a village of the Nether-  AHERMITAGE, a post-roffice of Wyoming co, New York.
847




HER                                                      HER
HERMITAGE, a village and station of Suffolk co., New  Sweden, mostly between lat. 620 and 640 N., and Ion. 150 and
York, on the Long Island Railroad, 6 miles W.S.W. of Green- 190 IE., having E. the Gulf of BIothnia. Area. 9501 square
port.                                                     miles. Pop. 99,558. It comprises the old district of AngerHERMITAGE, a small post-village of Mercer co., Penn- manland. Theprincipalrivers are the Angermaanaud   dal;
sylvania.                                                 the principal towns, HerniJsand and Sundsvall.
HERMITAGE, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.        HERNOSAND, (Hernbsand,) or HERNI(ESAND, h8R/nldHERMITAGE, a post-village of Floyd co., Georgia, about slnd', a' maritime town of Sweden, capital of a l1 n of
170 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                          of the same name, on the W. side of the island of IlHermi.
HER/MITAGE, a post-office of Washington co., Mississippi. immediately off the mainland. Lat. 620 38' N., ion. 170
HERMITAGE, apostoffice, Point Coupeeparish, Louisiana.  59' E. Pop. 2114. It is a bishop's see, and has a catheHERMITAGE,  a post-olfice of Decatur co., Tennessee.    dral school and library, public baths, a printing establishItERMITAGE, a post-village of Coles co., Illinois, 70 miles ment with Lappish type, and building-docks. The exports
E. by S. of Springfield.                                  comprise Baltic produce and linen fabrics; the imports,
HERMITAGE, a post-village, capital of Hickory co., Mis- salt, corn, wine, and manufactured goods.
souri, near the right or L. bank of Pomme de Terre River,   HERNSTADT, a town of Prussia. See HcaaNSTADT.
80 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City.                          HERNYOKOVA, haRn'yo'kol/vh',  or  IIERNAKOVAHERMITAGE, L', I6v mee'S zh1, a famous vineyard of  CZELLA, htandh'kotvfh-ts6ltlIh, a village of Hungary, co.
France, department of Drome, on the left bank of the Rhone, of Temesvar, 4 miles from Rekas. Pop. 1078.
10 miles N. of Valence, whmere the "Hermitage" wine is    HERON, hA'rdst, a village of Belgium, province, and 21
produced. Area, about 300 acres.        I                 miles W.S.W. of Liege, on the Forseille. Pop. 1047.
HERIMIT ISLAND, a remarkable island in the South    HERON, he'ront, a town of Persia, province of Azerbaijan,
Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles N.W. of Cape Horn. Lat. (W. 49 miles E.S.E. of Ardabeel.
cape) 550 50' S., Ion. 670 551' W. It is of irregular form, sur-   HERION ISLES, a sriall group of islands in the Gulf of
mounted by conical peaks, the highest of which is 1742 feet Mexico, S. of the entrance of Mobile Bay, in lat. 300 12' N.,
above sea-level. It is about 12 miles long.               lon. 880 W.
HER/MION, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 8    IIERRENBAUMGARTEN.  h8a'aen.bb wmtgaa'ten, a marmiles W. by N. of Bangor. Pop. 1374.                      ket-town of Lower Austria, 4 miles from Poysdorp. P. 1590.
HERMON, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New York,   IIERRENBERG, hragaRn-bWoG, a town of Wtirtemberg,
about 10 miles S.S.W. of Canton. Pop. 1690.               18 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2147.
HERMON, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois.              HERRENBREITUNGEN, h1taRan-briltOing-e n, or BURGHERMON, a post-office and township of St. Lawrence co., BREITUNGEN, b53rg'brit55ng-en, a market-town of GerNew York, about 20 miles S.E. of Ogdensburg. The village  many, in Hesse-Cassel, 5 miles W.N.W. of Schmalkalden, on
is a thriving place, situated near the line of the Potsdam  the Werra. Pop. 939.
and Watertown Railroad, on a plank-road communicating- - HERRENGRUND, h6af.en-gr53nt', (Hun. U'rvbgy, ooinwith Ogdensburg, Canton, &c. Pop. of the township, 1960.  vfdjQ,) a village of North Hungary, co. of Sohl, 15 miles
HERIMON, MOUNT, (Arab. Jebel-esh-S/ieikh, jlb/i1-6sh-  N.E. of Kremnitz. Pop. 15502
shaik,) a mountain of Palestine, forming a part of the chain    HERRENKAIRO, hr/ien-klfro, a considerable town of
of Anti-Libanus. Its height is stated to be above 11,000  British India, presidency of Bengal, 19 miles S.S.W. of
feet, and its summit is covered with snow the most part HIosungabad.
of the year.                                                HERRENTHOUT, Belgium. See TIEHare non.
HERMON, MOUNT, (LITTLE,) is a much lower range, 25    HERRERA, hI -naAr., a village of Spain, province, and 54
miles S.E. of Acre, bounding the Plain of Esdrclon on the  miles E. of Seville. Pop. 2388.
E., and to which the name of Hermon was first applied in    HIERRERA-DE-ALCANTARA,  hka-AI/'r-dA-l-klnlt/t-ri,
the Middle Ages.                                          a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 60 miles WV. of Caceres
HERMONT, a village of Egypt. See AiusaErN.              Pop. 986.
HERMONTHIS. See AnRENc.                                   HIERRERA-DEL-DUQUE,   haR-na]r/-dtl-doo/kA, (anc. LHERMONVILLE, hWa'm6NG'veel/, a village of France, de- ciaa s?) a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 70 miles E. by N.
partment of Marne, 7 miles N.W. of Reims. Pop. 1500.      of Badajos. Pop. 2499.
HERMOPOLIS MAGNA. See OSHMOONEYN.                         IIERRERA-DER- RIO- PISUERGA, hha-nLrA-dA-ree/o-peHERMSDORF, hRamstdoaf, a village of Saxony, circle, and  swia/gd, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, on a height above
20 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 940.                       the Pisuerga, here crossed by a handsome bridge of 13 arches,
HIERMSDORF, a village of Saxe-Altenburg, 33 miles S.W. 31 miles N.W. of Burgos. Near it is a magnificent ruin,
of Leipsic. Pop. 1046.                                    supposed to be of Moorish construction. Pop. 744.
HERMSDORF, or HERMANSDORF, hlr/mnns-doaf', a    HIERRERA-DE-YALDECANiAS, hla-RatrS-dS-vl-d-knvillage of Bohemia, 36 miles N.E. of Kfniggratz. Near it y~is, a town of Spain, Old Castile, province, and 17 miles
is the old castle of Kienast, one of the finest ruins in the  E.N.E. of Palencia. Pop. 661.
Riesengebirge. Pop. 1519.                                   HER/RIARD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
HERMSDORF-GRUSSANISCII,  (Grtissanisch,) hlnmsl-   HER/RICK, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyldoaf-griis/shn-ish', a village of Prussia, government of Lieg- vania, 10 miles E. of Towanda. Pop. 818.
nitz, circle of Landshut. Pop. 1754.                         HERRICK, a township of Susquehanna co., PennsylHERMSDORF-STADTISCI, (Stiidtisch,) haRms/doaf-st[tt/- vania. Pop. 824.
ish, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, government of Liegnitz,   HERRICK CENTRE, a post-office of Susquehanna co.,
circle of Landshut. Pop. 1363.                             Pennsylvania.
HERMSDORF-UNTERM-KNYAST, hScms/doaf-55n/tlam-   HIERRICKYILLE, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylknee/ist, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, 30 miles S.W. of vania.
Liegnitz. Pop. 1605.                                        IHERRIEDEN, hbn/aee'den, a town of Bavaria, on the At.
HERMUS. See SaABAT.             -                        mitihl, 6 miles S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1389.
HERNAD, hla'nfdt, a river of North Iungary, after an    HERRIES, a district of the -iebrides.  See IHAnIes.
E. and S. course of 120 miles, joins the Theiss 18 miles S.W.   HERRINES, h&a'aeen/, a village of Belgium, province of
of Tokay. Its principal affluents are the Tarcza and Sajo. Brabant, 18 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 4248.
In its dlower part it separates into two arms, which enclose    HERRINES, a village of Belgium, province of HIainaut,
an island 30 miles in length.                              on the Scheldt, 32 miles W.N.WV. of Mons. Pop. 2098.
IIERNAKOVA-CZELLA, Hungary. See lIERNYoKo VA.              HERJRING, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.
HERNANIDO, a post-office of Macon co., Alabanma.           HERR/INGFLEET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
HERNANDO, a post-village, capital of De Soto co., Mis-   HER/RINGTON, a post-office of Angelina co., Texas.
sissippi, about 200 miles N. of Jackson. It contains, be-   IIER/RIOTSVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Penn.
sides the county buildings, 4 large seminaries, and 2 news- sylvania.
paper offices. Pop. about 600.                               HERRI-ROOD, HERIROOD, hrtrree'roodl, or HURV
HERNANI, 6n-n/nee, a town of Spain, province of Gui- RIVER, a considerable river rises, in the northern part of
puzcoa, 8 miles S.E. of St. Sebastian, on theUrumea river.  Afghanistan, and after a W.N.W. course of about 200 miles,
Pop. 2257.                                                 is supposed to be lost in the sand.
IIERNE, hern, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           HIERRLEBERG, hl/leh-benc/, a village of Switzerland,
HERNE BAY, a newly erected watering-place in the canton, and 7 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the N. coast of the
above parish, on the estuary of the Thames, about 85 miles Lake of Zurich. Pop. 1057.
N.N.E. of Canterbury. Pop. 1572. It has a pier 3000 feet in    HERRLISHEIM, hlrJlis-hime', a village of France, delength, and good hotels and baths. Steamers communicate  partment of Bas-Rhin, 13 miles N.E. of Strasbourg. P. 2200.
with London daily during the summer.                        IIERRLSHEIM, hIals/hbme, (Fr. pron. hbl'slm*,) a village
HERNE HILL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           of France, department of Haut-Rhin, with a station on the
IHIERNE  HILL, in England, co. of Surrey, about 4 miles Strasbourg and Bile (Basel) Railway, 45 miles S. of Cominr
irom St. Paul's, London, is covered with elegant villas.  Pop. 1230.
HERN0, (Hernm,) hInl/uS', an island of Sweden, in the    HERRNALS, hbI/nls, a village of Austria. and one of
Gulf of Bothnia, lIen of IIernusand, opposite the mouth of the N. suburbs of Vienna. Pop. 3950. It has an imperial
the Angermann-elf.                                        institution for the daughters of army officers.
IIERNOSAND, (Herubsand,) bnfn.o-s4 ud, or WESTER-   TIJERRNI IUT or HE  RNHUT3I, hn/hoot, a Small town
n               H~~~IER-RNHUT or HERRN UT. h    ernthoot, a small town
NORRLAND, w~sttr-no/litnd, a lIen or province of North  of Saxony, 18 miles S.E. of Bautzen, on the railway firom
848




HER                                                      HIES
Dresden to Zittau, inhabited by about 850 Moravians, (a reli-   HERVE, hRIeveh, a town of Belgium, province, and 10
gious sect, so named from having been founded by two Mo- miles E. of Liege. Pop. 3408. It has manufactures of cloths
ravian cutlers in 1722;) and from its having been always the  and leather, and trade in cheese, butter, and cattle.
head-quarters of that sect, the latter are called in Germany,   HERVELD, h6Rav1lt, a village of Holland, province of.Herutterts.                                              Gelderland, 6 miles W. of Nymwegen. Pop. 890.
HERRNSHIEIM, hRansthlme, a village of Hesse-Darm-   HERIVEY, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana.
stadt, province of Rhein-iessen. Pop. 1335.                 HER/VEY BAY, East Australia, is between lat. 240 and
HERRNSTADT'or HERNSTADT, hlanlstatt, a town of 250 S., and ion. 1520 and 1530 E., bounded seaward by the
Prussian Silesia, 35 miles N.N.W. of Breslau  Pop. 2331.    island terniinating in Sandy Cape.
HERRY, hIRa'eel a village of France, department of Cher,   HERYORDEN, a town of Prussia.  See HERFoaD.
9 miles S.S.E. of Sancerre. Pop. in 1852, 2540.             HERWEN, hlrJwen, or HERWERD, hSie/a6d, a village
HERSBRUCK, h6Rslbrd6k, a walled town of Bavaria, 17  of Holland province of Gelderland, 12 miles S.E. of Arnhem.
miles E.N.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 2316.                     Pop. 654.
HERSEAUX, hn's6', a village of Belgium, province of    H-ERWYNEN or HERWIJNEN, hea-.4nen, a village of
West Flanders, on the Tournay and Courtrai Railway, 30 the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the Waal, 5
miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 2179.                            miles W. of Bommel. Pop. 1834.
HERSFELD, has'fflt, or HIRSCHFELD, h6r6shffllt, a    HERXHEIIM, hRaxlhime, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 5
town of Hesse-Cassel, province of Fulda, 32 miles S.S.E. of miles S.E. of Landau. Pop. 3557. Here an action took place
Cassel, on the Fulda.  Pop. 6565. It is enclosed by walls, between the Austrians and French, in June, 1793.
and has an abbey church, Calvinist gymnasium, school of    HERZBERG, h6RtstbSRG, a town of Germany, in Hanover,
manufactures, manufactures of woollen cloth, and transit 39 miles S.S.E. of Hildesheim, on the S. declivity of the
trade by the river.                                       Harz, and with the chief corn-magazine for that district.
HERSHEY'S MILL, a post-office of Lawrence co., Illinois. Pop. 3706. It communicates with Brunswick by a railway.
HERSSELT, h8asls8lt, a village of Belgium, on the Great Near it is a castle, the former seat of the Princes of GrubenNlthe, 24 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 4148.             hagen.
HERSTAL, hlsftl', or HERISTAL, hbr/is-taP, a village    HERZBERG, a town of Germany, in Prussian Saxony, 13
of Belgium, province, and 31 miles N.E. of Liege, on the  miles N.E. of Torgau, on an island formed by the Black
Meuse. Pop. 6032. Here, in the Middle Ages, stood a cita- Elster, and on the railway between Berlin and Dresden, 62
del named Heristaliunm, whence Pepin d'Heristal, great miles S. of Berlin.-OLe (ALT, alt,) HEZBERGn  a is a village, E.
grandfather of Charlemagne, had his title.                of the last-named, with 200 inhabitants.
HERSTELLE, h6as-tl/19eh, a village of Rhenish Prussia,   HERZEBURG, a town of Austria.  See HERaZOGENBU0.
39 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 911.        - IERZEELE, hWa-zefleh, a village of Belgium, province of
HERTEN, hRtIten, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- East Flanders, on the Molenbeek, 13 miles S.S.E. of Ghent.
ment of'Miinster, circle of Eecklinghausen. Pop. 972.     Pop. 1928.
HERTFORD, har/ford, a parliamentary and municipal   HERZEGOVINA or HERZEGOWINA, hlntfseh-go-veelng,
borough and market-town of England, capital of the county  or HERTSEK, hlntlslk', the westernmost province of Euof Herts, on the navigable Lea, and on a branch of the  ropean Turkey, bounded N.E. by Croatia and Bosnia, S. by
North-eastern Railway, 20 miles N. of London. Pop. of  Montenegro and Albania, Wv. by Dalmatia and Cattaro.
borough, in 1851, 6605.  It has 2 handsome churches, a  Area, 7000 square miles.  Pop. about 200,000. It is di.
small granmar school, a green-coat school, a branch school vided into 13 departments. Chief towns, Mostar, the capital,
of Christ's Hospital, London, being a preparatory school for  Stolata, Trebigne, Nikish, and Poscitel. Chief rivers, the
500 of its children; a castle, used by the East India Con- Narenta, Bregava, and Trebisat.  Surface mountainous.
pany as a school preparatory to instruction at its civil col- Velleg, the highest mountain, rises above the snow-line.
lege; numerous alms-houses and other charities, a general    TIERZHORN, h6ats/honn, a village of Denmark, in Holinfirmary, county-hall, town-hall, and market-house; also  stein, 3 miles E.N.E. of Gliickstadt, on the railway thence
considerable trade in malt. -The borough sends 2 members  to Elmshorn.
to the House of Commons. The castle was founded in 909,   IIERZMANZEYF.  See HERMANSEIFEN.
rend some portions of the existing edifice are very ancient.   IJERZOGENAURACH, hatts6tsgbgn-6w'raKa, a town of
It was taken by the French Dauphin in the reign of John; Bavaria, 12 miles N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1827.
in that of Edward III., the Kings of Scotland and France    HERZOGENBOSCH, in the Netherlands. See BoIS-LE-DuC.
were prisoners in it.                                       HERZOGENBURG, h6at1s6-gheh-b65aG', or HERZEBURG,HERTFORD, hgrt/fprd, a county in the N.E. part of North  hlat'seh-b5OaO', (L.Du/cun Bur/gs'um,) a market-town ofLower
Carolina, contains about 320 square miles. It is bounded  Austria, on the Trazen, 6 miles N.N.E. of St. Polten. P. 1280.
on the E. and N.E. by Chowan River, and watered by Polla-   HERZOGENBUSCHISEE, haRt's6-ghn-b55sh'sA/,,     a parish
casty Creek. The surface is nearly level. Sloops ascend  and village of Switzerland, canton, and 21 miles N.E. of
Chowan River from its mouth to the upper part of the  Bern. Pop. 6000.
county. Formed in 1759, and named in honor of the Mar-   HERZOGENRATH, hnat/s6-ghen-rat,' a frontier village of
quis of Hertford, an English statesman of liberal principles. Rhenish Prussia, 7 miles N. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 466.
Capital, Winton. Pop. 8142, of whom 4426 were firee, and    HERZOGSWALDAU, hRat/s6Gs-9aldm w, a village of
3716 slaves.'Prussian Silesia, 48 miles N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 848.
HERTFORD, a post-village, capital of Perquimans co.,   HERZOGSWALDAU, NIEDER, nee/der hsRt/'s-1 &ld w~
North Carolina, on the left bank of Perquimans River, about a village of Prussian Silesia, 3 miles N.W. of Freystadt. -
12 miles from its entrance into Albemarle Sound, and 154  Pop. 636.
miles E. of Raleigh. The largest boats which ply on the    HERZOGSWALDE, h8ats0Gs-VAI'deh, is the name of
sound can ascend the river to this place.                 villages in the kingdom  of Saxony, S.W. of Dresden; and
HERTFORDSHIIRE, a county of England. See HERTS.   East Prussia, government of Kjnigsberg.
TIERTIN, hin-teent, or RTINA, a'teeln&, a village of Be-   IIESARAB, hlis&'rab', HEZAR-ASP, hIAzan'-espl, written
hemia, circle of KUniggriitz, on the Rtinka. Pop. 1558.   also ASARYS, a town of Central Asia, dominions, and 50
HERITINGFORDBURY, a parish of England, co. of Herts. miles E.S.E. of Khiva, on the Canal of Hesarab, near the
HERTOGENBOSCH, Netherlands. See BoIs-LE-Duc.            Oxuis. It consists of about 600 houses.
HERTS or HERTFORDSIIIRE,  har/ford-shir, an inland    HESDIN, hPAdNts/, a fortified town of France, department
county of England, N. of Middlesex. Acres, 403,200, of  of Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, 14 miles SE. of Montreuil.
which about 350,000 are arable and in grass. Pop. in 1851, Pop. in 1852, 3380. It is beautifully situated, well built of
167,298. Surface in the N. hilly, elsewhere diversified with  brick, and has a good town-hall, manufactures of cotton
gentle elevations.  Principal rivers, the Lea and Colne.  thread and hosiery, oil, earthenware, and leather.
Principal crops, wheat and barley, turnips, hay for the Lon-    HESHIBON, a village, and in antiquity, a famous town
don market, apple and cherry-orchards. The county is tra- of Syria, pashalic, and 118 miles S.S.W. of Damascus.
versed by the London and Birmingham and North-eastern    HES/KET, NETHIER and Up/peRa, two townships of EngRailways, and the Grand Junction Canal. It is divided into  land, co. of Cumberland.
8 hundreds. Principal towns, Hertford, St. Albans, Barnet,   HES/KET, NEW/oIMAsKET, a small market-town of England,
Baldock, Hitchin, Hatfield, and Ware. It sends 7 members co. of Cumberland, 7 miles S.S.E. of Carlisle.
to the House of Commons, 3 of whom are for the county.      HESIKET-mN-nHE-.FOR/EST, a parish of England, co. of
IIERTSEK. See HtERZEGOVINA.                             Cumberland. The court for Inglewood Forest is held yearly
HERTSMONCEAUX. See HURST0oNCEAUX.                       on Barnabas day, under an old thorn-tree in this parish.
HERTWIGSDORF, hbattfivis-doaf', (OBRa, olbgr, MITTEL,   HES/LERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, on the York
mit'tel, and NaEDEa, neelder,) three contiguous villages of  and Scarborough Railway, 13 miles E.N.E. of New-Malton.
Prussia. in Silesia, 50 miles N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1320.  IIESLERTON, MONK, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
HERTWIGSWALDAU, hat/fiGs-*al''dSw, a village of    HES/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York.
Prussia, in Silesia, government of Breslau. Pop. 1263.      HESN, hisn, several places of Asiatic Turkey, the princiHERTWIGSWALDAU, two nearly contiguous villages of pal, HESN-KEIFA, hes'n klftf, is a fortified town on the Tigris,
Prussia, in Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1020.   pashalic, and 65 miles S.E. of Diarbekir.
HERTZO,(HertzU,) hbat/sU, an island of Sweden, lien Pite&,   HESSE. See HEssEN.
in the Gulf of Bothnia, E. of Lulel. Length, about 10 miles.   HESSE-CASSEL, (hlss-lkassl,) EECTOaTE o, o, r ELEC/.
HERVAS, It/vis, a town of Spain, province, and 63 TORAL HESSE, (Ger. Kurhessen, koor/hls'sen, or Hessenmiles N.N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2600.                       Kassd, hsls'sn kblss9l,) a principality, consisting of five dis3 D                                                                         849




HES                                                    IIEU
tinct portions, of which four, forming the county of Schaum- zeus, appointed for life by the grand-duke; and a lower,
burg, the lordship of Schmalkalden with Barchfeld, the old  consisting principally of deputies from  the chief towns.
district of Katzenberg, and the bailiwick of Dorheim, are corn- Revenue, $3,282,749; debt, $7,009,290. Capital, Darmstadt.
pletely isolated. The far larger portion, forming the prin- Pop. in 1852, 854,319, about two-thirds of whom are Protest.
cipality proper, though of a very Irregular and straggling ants.
shape, lies contiguous, and is bounded N. by Rhenish   IIESSE-HOMBURG, h~ss-homlb rg, (Ger. Btcessen-HomPrussia and Hanover. Area, including the detached per- bury, h~s1ssn-hom/b6aRG,) a landgraviate of West Germany,
tions, 4439 square miles. The greater part of this princi- forming a member of the Germanic Confederation, and conpality belongs to the central German plfiteau, and has a sisting of two separate territories situated at a considerable
very rugged surface, partly covered by branches of the  distance from each other-Homburg proper, about 10 miles
Harz; culminating point, 3600 feet. The far greater part NN.W. of Frankfort, bounded N., W., and S. by Nassau,
of the drainage is carried into the Werra; but a small por- and N.E. and E. by Hesse-Darmstadt; and Meissenheim,
tion, chiefly in the S., is carried to the Rhine by the Lahn, about 30 miles S.W. of Menz, bounded N. by Rhenish
Ohm, and the Main. The climate is severe: in the higher Prussia, from which it is separated by the Nahe. Total
districts corn ceasesto ripen; but on the Main, some wine area, 106 square miles, of which 32-22 square miles belong
of indifferent quality is grown. Cultivation is chiefly con- to Homburg, and 73-78 square miles to Meissenheim. Both
fined to the narrow valleys and lower hill slopes; amount- territories are mountainous-IHomburg lying on the E.
ing, however, to about two-fifths of the whole surface. The slope of the Taunus, and Meissenheim being partly covered
system of agriculture is very imperfect, and the soil poor, by hills of considerable height. Both are well cultivated,
with the exception of a rich tract in the province of Hanau; and the agricultural produce exceeds the home consumption.
but still the amount of grain raised is fully equal to the  In Meissenheim the vine culture is extensively carried on.
home consumption. The principal crops are rye, barley, The forests abound with excellent timber, and the minerals
oats, and potatoes.  Fruit is tolerably abundant, and a include both iron and coal. Hesse-Ilomburg, as a member
great part of the loftier districts is covered with extensive  of the Germanic Confederation, shares the sixteenth vote in
forests, which furnish one of the most valuable sources of the minor diet with Liechtenstein, Waldeck, Reuss, (both
revenue. The minerals include gold, silver, in connection  branches,) Lippe-Schaumburg, and Lippe. Its constitution
with copper, lead, iron, cobalt, salt, alum, porcelain-earth,  is monarchical, with few constitutional checks. Revenue,
common coal, and lignite: only iron yields a profitable re- (a considerable portion of which is derived from  the
turn; coal is very partially worked.  The manufactures gaming-table,) $381,810; debt, $606,747. Capital, Homburg.
consist chiefly of woollens, cottons, and linens: the last was Pop. in 1852, 24,921.
long famous, but English competition has almost driven it   HESSELOE, (Hesselie,) hbsel-eh, a small island of Denfrom the foreign market. The central position of the prin- mark, in the Cattegat, about 16 miles N. of Seeland. On it
cipality. and its navigable rivers, secure it a considerable  is a light, 85 feet above sea-level.
transit trade.  To these have recently been added the bene-   HESSEN, h~slspn, or HESSE, hiss, (L. Hessia, hastshe-a,)
fit of railways; lines which centre at Cassel, and lead N. to  a country in the N.W. part of Germany, originally inhabited
Hanover, W. to Cologne, S. to Frankfort, and E. to Leipsic, by the KATTEN, (Catti.) a powerful and warlike German
being either completed or in course of construction. Hesse- nation. It now comprises three independent sovereignties,
Cassel ranks as the eighth state of the Germanic Confede- situated contiguously, and in some measure intermingled
ration, and has three votes in the plenum. Its constitution  with each other, between let. 490 24' and 510 38'1 N., and ion.
is monarchical, subject to certain modifications. Revenue, 70 531 and 100 111 E.: viz. HEeSE-CASSEL, HESSE-DARMSTADT,
$3,134,075; debt, $1,182,551.  The principality is divided  and HIEssE-HOBURG.-Adj. and inhab., HESSIAN, hlshtyan.
into the four provinces of Niederhessen, Oberhessen, Fulda,    IESSEN, LOWER or NIEDER.. See NIEDER.-HEssEsN.
and Hanau, subdivided into bailiwicks. Capital, Cassel.   HESSEN, RHENISH, Germany. See RHEIN-HESSEN.
About' four-fifths of the inhabitants are Protestants. Pop.   HIESSEN, UPPER or OBER. See O0ER-HESSEN.
in 1849, 759,751.                                         HESISET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
HESSE-DARMSTADT, (hbss-daamfstatt,) GRAND-DUCHy oFr,   HESSIGHEIM, h~lesiG-himeo, a village of WTiirtemberg,
(Ger. Uessen or Hessen-Darmstadt, h~sfsgn-daam/stitt,) an  circle of Neckar, on the Neckar. Pop. 954.
independent state, consisting of five distinct portions.   HESSLE, hlstsel, a parish of England, co. of York, East
Three of these, forming the districts of VShl, Wimpfen, and  Riding, having a station on the Leeds and Hull Railway, 4
Kiirnbach, all of limited extent, are wholly isolated and en- miles WV. of Hull.
closed by other states. The other two portions, forming    HESS ROAD, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.
about nine-tenths of the whole, are separated from each other   IIESSIVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., New York,
by a belt of land stretching from E. to W., and including  about 50 miles W. by S. of Albany.
part of Hesse-Cassel, and the whole territory of Frankfort.   HESITER, a post-office of Marion co., Missouri.
The more S. of these portions forms the two provinces of   HESITON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, near
Rheinhessen and Starkenburg, and is bounded S. by Radon, the Southall station of the Great Western Railway. In
and E. by Lower Bavaria. The N. portion, forming the this'parish is Osterley Park and mansion, the seat of the
single province of Oberhessen, is bounded W. by Rhenish  Earl of Jersey.
Prussia and Nassau, and enclosed on its other three sides   HESITONVILLE, a village of Pennsylvania, within the
by Hesse-Cassel.  Area of the whole grand-duchy, 3761 chartered limits of Philadelphia, on the Columbia Railroad.
square miles. Oberhessen is generally mountainous, being    HESUDRUS or HESYDRUS. See SUTLEJ.
covered in the W. by the Taunus, which in Hausburg rises   HETENY-HOSZU, hAWtRii hos'soo!, written also HOSSto 1755 feet; in the N. by the Rodhaargebirge, which in  ZUHETIN, a village of Hungary, co. of Baranya, 7 miles
Hatzfeld attains 2730 feet; and in the E. by the Vogelsberg, from Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 2091.
whose culminating point here is 3104 feet. The provinces   HETEREN, hA]teh-rpn, a village of the Netherlands, proof Starkenburg and Rheinhessen are also mountainous to- vince of Gelderland, 7 miles W.S.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 2426.
wards their frontier; but in the interior, are extensive   HETHABY, (Hethiby,)avillage ofDenmark. SeeHADDEnY.
plains belonging to the valleys of the' Main and the Rhine.   HET'HAUVRA, a village of North Hindostan, in Nepaul,
The minerals include iron, coal, lignite, and salt; and  18 miles W.S.W. of Khatmandoo, and a principal mart fobr
there are good quarries of sandstone, limestone, whetstones, the commerce between the Nepaulese and the British dobasalt, and roofing-slate. The climate is greatly diversified, minions.
being cold and bleak in the mountainous districts, and mild    HETHIEL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
and pleasant in the valleys; the only unhealthy districts   HETHIERSET, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
are found among the extensive marshes formed by the   HETHIERSGILL, atownship of England, co. Cumberland.
Rhine. The soil, particularly in the provinces of Starken-   HETIRICKS, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
burg and Rheinhessen, is remarkably fertile, and highly    HETTENEM, a village of France. See HUTTENHEIN.
cultivated; corn of all kinds is raised in quantities sufficient   HETTINGEN, hlt/ting-en, a village of Germany, in Baden,
to leave a large surplus for export. Hemp, flax, potatoes, circle of Lower Rhine. Pop. 1058.
and rapeseed, are also extensively grown; and in particular   HETTINGEN, a village of Germany, in Hohenzollerndistricts, tobacco and hops. The vine forms a most im- Sigmaringen, 8 miles N. of Sigmaringeu. Pop. 544.
portent object of culture, and fruit is very abundant. The   HETITON-LE-HOLE, a township of England, co. of Durextent of ground occupied by forest is uearly equal to the ham, 5 miles E.N.E. of Durham, with which, and with
arable land, yet very little timber is exported. Horses, Sunderland, &c., it is connected by railway.
cattle, sheep, and swine, are very numerous. Agriculture   HETTSTADT, h~tt/st~tt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 30
and the rearing of cattle form  the principal employ- miles N.W. of Morseburg, on the Wipper. Pop. 4000.
ments.. In some districts manufactures have made consider-   HEUBACH, hoibAtK, a town of South Germany, in Wtirable progress; the most important article is linen. The tomberg, 7 miles E.S.E. of Gmlind. Pop. 1189.
transit trade is very considerable, and has lately received   HEUBACH. GROSS. groce hoitbAK, a town of Bavaria, on
the benefit of a railway, which traverses the grand-duchy  the Main, 32 miles W.S.W. of Wiirzburg.  Pop. 1850.
centrally from S. to N., passing through Frankfort. Hesse-   HEUBACH, KLEIN, kline hoilbAK, a town of Bavaria.
Darmstadt ranks as the ninth state of the Germanic Con- Pop. 1571.
federation, and has one full vote in the minor diet, and   HEUCHELHEIM, hoi/sc1-hime', a village of.Hesse-Darmthree votes in the plenum. Its constitution is a hereditary  stadt, in Oberhessen, circle of Giessen. Pop. 1142.
monarchy, modified in 1820 by the introduction of two   HEUDICOURT, huh'deeokoora, a village of France, depart.
chambers-an upper, composed chiefly of nobility and citi- ment of Somme, 9 miles N.E. of Phronne. Pop. 1546.
850




HEU                                                       HIC.IEUKELOM, hUkeh-lom', or HEIJKELUTI, hdlkgh-l~m', parliamentary,) and parish of England, co. of Wilts, 3~ miles
a small town of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, E.S.E. of Warminster. Pop. 1311. The town has a church,
on the LAnge, 5 miles N.E. of Gorcum. Pop. 600.          formerly- collegiate, and an hospital, with a chapel, founded
HEULE, hul or hiileh, a village of Belgium, province of  about 1470. It gives the title of baron to the A'Court family,
West Flanders, 2 miles N.W. of Courtrai, on the Heule. whose mansion is in the vicinity.
Pop. 3491.                                                 HEYTHORPE, hAlthorp, a parish of England, co. Oxford.
HEUMEN, hl'mgn, a village of Holland, province of Gel-  HIEYTHUISEN, hYitoi'zen, a village of the Netherlands,
derland, 6 miles S. of Nymwegen.  Pop. 601.               province of Limburg, 6 miles N.W. of Roermond.  Pop. 1279,
HEURE-LE-ROMAIN, huR-leh-ro'm.cNG1, a village of Bel-   HEYWOOD, hAlwood, a village and chapelry of England,
glum, 7 miles N. of Liege. Pop. 1.100.                    co. of Lancaster, with a station on the Manchester and Leeds
HEUSDEN, hustden or histdgn, a small fortified town of  Railway, 8 miles N.N.W. of Manchester.
the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, on the Old    HEZAR-ASP, a town of Asia.  See HESARAB.
Maas, 8 miles N.W. of Bois-le-Due, with a strong citadel.   HIA, a town of China. See HEEA.
Pop. 1889.                                                  HIA-KIANG, a town of China,  See IHEEA-KIANG.
HEUSDEN, a village of Belgium, province of East Flan-   HIA-LOUI, a town of China. See HlriA-LooF..
ders, 4 miles S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1700.                     HIANG-lO, he-Angtho, a town of China, province of PeHEUSDEN, a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, chee-lee, 30 miles E.S.E. of Peking, on the Pei-ho.
8 miles N.N.W. of Hasselt.                                  HIANG-HO-VOU or HIANG-HO-VOO, he-hng/hovool, a
HEUSTREU, hoisttroi, a village of Bavaria, on the Saale, city of China, province of Quangsee, 30 miles S.S.E. of Tchin45 miles N.N.E. of Wtirzburg. Pop. 960.                   Ngan.
HEUIVELTON, a thriving post-village in Oswegatchie    HIAO-Y, a town of China. See HEEOW-cE.
township, St. Lawrence co., New York, on the right bank    HIARNOE, (HiarnSe,) an island, Denmark. See HJARNSE.
of the Oswegatchie River, here crossed by a bridge, 5 or 6    HIAWAStSEE, a small river which rises in the N.E. part
miles S.E. of Ogdensburg, with which it communicates by  of Georgia, flows through a small part of North Carolina
a plank-road. A fall in the river at this place affords an  into Tennessee, and enters the Tennessee River near the
abundant water-power, used for various purposes. Pop. 300. S.W. extremity of Meigs county.
HEVIENER'S STORE, a post-office, Highland co., Virginia.   HIAWASSEE COLLEGE, a post-office of Monroe co., Ten.
HEIVER, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the Med- nessee.
way, 71 miles W.S.W. of Tunbridge. The castle, built in    HIBIAIsSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
the fourteenth century, is defended by a moat and port-   HIBAR. See IeAR.
cullis, and has an inner court. It was purchased from the    HIBIBARDSVILLE, a village of Henderson co, Kentucky,
Iever family by a mercer of London, the great-grandfather  14 miles E. of Henderson.
of AnneBoleyn, who was here visited by Henry VIII. be-   HIBBE. a town of Hungary. See GEns.
fore her marriage. The estate was afterwards given to Anne    HIBBIAPPABA, of Brazil. See IBIAPABA.
of Cleves, who died here in 1557.                           HIBERNIA. See IRELAND.
HIEVER, hl/vfr, a village of Belgium, province of Bra-    HIBERINIA, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
bant, on the railway from Mechlin to Louvain, and on the    HIIBERNIA, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.
Dyle, 13 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1520.                 HIBERNIA, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.
HEVERL], h4vkt-l&/, a village of Belgium, province of    HIBERNIA, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
Brabant, on the Dyle, 12 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1814.   IIIBERNIA, a post-village in Callaway co., Missouri, on
HEVIERLEYYILLE, a post-office of Bradford co., Penn- the Missouri River, opposite Jefferson City.
sylvania.                                                   HIBIAPPABA   See IBIAPAsA.
IJEY IRSHAM, a parish of England, co. ofWestmoreland.    HICARON, islands of New Granada. See QuICAc,.
HEVES, hAlvlshl,  a market-town of Hungary, 55 miles    RICESIA. See PANARIA.
E.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 5699.                                 HICKERSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Morgan
HEVIINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        co., Kentucky.
IHEWIELSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    HICKfLETON, a parish ofEngland, co. York, West Riding.
HEWISIH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.               HICKfLING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HF/WORTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.           HICKLING, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
HEXIHAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of   HICKIMAN, a county in the W. central part of TennesNorthumberland, on the Tyne, here crossed by a bridge of  see, has an area estimated at 840 square miles. It is inter9 arches, and on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 201 sected by Duck River, dividing it into nearly equal parts;
miles W. of Newcastle. Pop. oftown, in 1851,4601. It stands  and also drained by Cane and Piney Creeks, which furnish
on an eminence, in a vale noted for beauty and richness; extensive motive-power.  The surface is hilly; the soil
has narrow streets, and antique houses; a parish church, mostly fertile. The hills contain extensive beds of iron ore.
formerly an abbey, finished in 1114, a handsome Roman  A company has been formed to improve Duck River by dams
Catholic chapel, a small grammar school, an ancient town- and locks. Capital, Centreville. Pop. 9397, of whom 7581
hall and jail, a house of correction, union work-house, were free, and 1816 slaves.
scientific institution, and 2 branch banks. The town is    HICKMAN, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, bohersupposed to have been a Roman station on the wall of Ha- dering on the Mississippi River, which separates it from
drian. St. Wilfrid made it a bishop's see in 673. The bishop- Missouri, has an area estimated at 240 square miles. It is
ric was afterwards annexed to York. The Yorkists here  drained by Bayou de Chien and other small streams. The
defeated the Lancastrians; and it was in flying hence that  surface is level, and the soil good. Formed in 1821, and
Queen Margaret threw herself on the protection of a robber. named in honor of Colonel Paschal Hickman, killed at the
The cave in which he concealed her is still shown.        battle of River Raisin. Capital, Clinton.  Pop. 4791, of
HEX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Herts, 5 miles whom 3951 were free, and 840 slaves.
W.N.W. of Hitchin. The Saxons defeated the Danes here    HICKMAN, formerly MILLS POINT, a thriving post-vilin 914. Near the village is an ancient camp called Ravens- lage, capital of Fulton co., Kentucky, on the Mississippi
borough Castle.                                           River, 35 miles below the mouth of the Ohio, and 320 miles
HEY/BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          W.S.W. of of Frankfort. It has an active business in shipHEYDE, a town of Denmark. See HEIOE.                    ping produce. It contains 4 churches, a newspaper office, a
HEY/DON, a parish of Eugland, co. of Norfolk.           bank, 1 tin factory, and an iron foundry. Pop. 2000.
HEYDON, a town of England. See HEDEN.                     HICKMAN CREEK, of Kentucky, rises in Fayette co.,
HEYDUKE TOWNS, of Hungary. See HAIDUCKEN.               and flows through Jessamine county into the Kentucky
HEYIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Nbrthampton.      River.
HEYIFORD PURICELL, a parish of England, co. ofOxford.    HICKMAN'S BEND, a post-village of Mississippi co., ArHEYFORD WARREN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. kansas, on the Mississippi, at the E.N.E. extremity of the
HEYL, bile, a small river of England, co. of Cornwall, state.
flowing N. into the Bay of St. Ives.                        HICK0ORY, a new county in the S.W. central part of MisHEYNESGRYN. See HEINRICcSORUN.                          souri, has an area of 410 square miles. It is intersected by
HEYOP, hd/op. a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.   the Pomme de Terre River, an affluent of the Osage, and
HEYRIEUX, hit're-uhl, a village of France, department drained by Little Niangua River, and Lindley's and Warof Islre, 11 miles N.E. of Vienne. Pop. 1424.             blow Creeks. The surface is uneven. Capital, Hermitage.
HEYSHAM, hhzfham, a parish of England, co. of Lancas- Pop. 2329, of whom 2144 were free, and 185 slaves.
ter, on a peninsula between the Bay of Moorecombe and the    HICKORY, a township, Mercer co., Pennsylvania. P. 2079.
mouth of the Loyne, 4' miles W. of Lancaster. It has an    HICKORY, a small post-village of Washington co., Pennancient church, and remains of an Anglo-Norman chapel, sylvania.
and is a favorite resort for sea-bathing.                   HICKORY, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, 120 miles
HEYSHOT, hUishot, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.   E.N.E. of Columbus.
HEYST, hist, a village of Belgium, province of West   HICKORY, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 764.
Flanders, 9 miles N. of Bruges, near the sea. Pop 855.      HICKORY, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 50 miles
HEYST-OP-DEN-BERG, hist-op-dfn-bUiG. a market-town  N.N.W. of Chicago.
of Belgium, province, and 17 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the    HICKORY, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. Pop. 445.
Great Nlthe. Pop. 6902.                                     HICK/ORY BARIREN, a post-village of Green co., Mis*
IIEYTESBURY, haitsbgr-e, an ancient borough, (formerly  souri, 120 miles SW. of Jefferson City.
851




HIO                                                          HIG
HICKIORY COR/INERS, a post-office of Niagara co., New  time town of British India, presidency of Bengal, distrjct
York.                                                       of Hoogly, at the mouth of Hoogly River, 57 miles S.S.W
HICKORY CORNERS, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan  of Calcutta.
HICKORY CREEK, of Gillespie co., Texas, flows NI.E. into  - IDV4EG, hid'v~gf, a village of Hungary, co. of Zemplin,
the Rio Llano.                                              on the Hernad, about 8 from Miskolcz. Pop. 1322.
_HICKORY CREEK, a small village of Warren co., Ten-    HIDVEG, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg,
nessee.                                                     on the Raab, 11 miles S.S.E. of Steinamanger.  Pop. 970.
HICKORY CREEK, a post-office of Coffee co., Tennessee.      HIELM, heelm, an islet of Denmark, off the E. coast of
HICKORY CREEK, a post-village of Fayette co., Illinois, Jutland, 6 miles S.E. of Ebeltoft.
about 80 miles S.S.E. of Springfield.                         IITELMAR, LAKE, of Sweden. See HIELMAR.
HICKORY CREEK, a post-village of Audrain co., Mis-   HIIERAPIOLIS, (Turk. Pambook or Pambuk Kalehl, p m.souri, 60 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.                     book/kileh, "cotton castle,") an ancient ruined city of
HICKORY FLAT, a post-village of Cherokee co., Georgia, Asiatic Turkey, situated near the Lycus, 121 miles E. by S.
125 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                            of Smyrna. Its interesting ruins, among which are those
HICKORY FLAT, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi, of 3 churches, a theatre, gymnasium, and many sepulchral
about 200 miles N. of Jackson.                              monuments, attestitsformermagnificence. Near it are seveHICKORY FLAT, a post-village of Simpson co., Kentucky. ral celebrated hot springs of mineral water, overhung by
HICKORY FORK, a post-office of Gloucester co., Virginia.  cliffs incrusted by their deposits, presenting a singularly
HICKORY GROUND, a post-office of Norfolk co., Virginia. beautiful appearance. The place takes its modern name,
HICKORY GROVE, a post-office of York district, South  Pambook-Kaleh, from the white appearance of the cliffs
Carolina.                                                   which support the terrace on which its ruins stand.
HICKORY GROVE, a post-village of Crawford co., Georgia,   HIERDEN, heerJ/dn, an agricultural village of Holland,
37 miles W. of MIacon.                                      province of Gelderland, 2 miles E. by N. of Harderwyk.
HICKORY GROVE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ala- Pop. 957.
bama.                                                        IHtlRES ISLANDS, France. See H~RES.
HICKORY GROVE, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Missis-   HIEROSOLYMA.  See JERUSALEM.
sippi.                                                       HIERRO, one of the Canary Islands. See FEARno.
HICKORY GROVE, a post-village of Jackson co., Michi-    HIETZING, heet/sing, or MARIA HIETZING,  mg-reel
gan, 96 miles W. of Detroit.                               heet/sing, a village of Lower Austria, 3 miles S.W. of Vienna.
HICKORY GROVE, a post-office of Warren co., Missouri.  Pop. 2000, (in summer, 4000.) It is finely situated behind
HICKORY GROVE, a post-village in Jackson co., Iowa, 70  the palace gardens of Schbnbrun, and contains many ele.
miles N.E. of Iowa City.                                   gant summer villas of the Viennese.
HICKORY HEAD, a post-office of Lancaster district, South    HIG/GANUM, a post-village in Middlesex co., Connecticut,
Carolina.                                                  on Connecticut River, 23 miles S.S.E. of Hartford.
HICKORY HILL, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsyl-   IIIG/GINS, a post-office of Fayette co., Illinois.
vania.                                                       HIGGINS, a station of Ohio, on the railroad from Dayton
HICKORY HILL, a post-village of Beaufort co., South  to Indianapolis, 6 miles from Dayton.
Carolina.                                                  HIIGGINS' FERRY, a post-office of Edgefield  district,
HICKORY HILL, a post-office of Cass co., Texas.          South Carolina.
HICKORY HILL, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, 44    HIGGIN'S POINT, a cape of Russian America, forming the
miles S.E. by S. of Vandalia.                              N.W. point of the N. entrance into the channel of RevillaHICKORY HILL, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri, 17  Gigedo, in lat. 550 27' N., lon. 1310 34' W.
miles S.W. of Jefferson City.                                tIIG/GINSPORT, a thriving post-village of Lewis townHICKORY LEVEL, a post-village of Carroll co., Georgia, ship, Brown co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 47 miles above
about 150 miles W.N.W. of Milledgeville.                   Cincinnati. It has a steamboat landing, and contains 3
HICKORY PLAIN, a post-village of Prairie co., Arkansas. churches. Pop. about 600.
HICKORY PLAINS, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mis-   HIGGINSPORT, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.
sissippi.                                                    HIGIGINSVILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
HICKORY POINT, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana.       110 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
HICKORY POINT, a village of McDonough co., Illinois,   HIGGINSVILLE, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
10 miles S.E. of Macomb.                                     HIGGINSVILLE, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois.
HICKORY RUN, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylvania.   HIGHAM, hilam, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby,
HICIKORY TAVIERN, a post-office of Harford co., Mary- parish of Shirland. Pop. 500.
land.                                                         HIGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
HICKtORYTOWN, a village of Montgomery co., Pennsyl-    HIGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
vania, 3 miles E. of Norristown.                             HIGH/AM FE1VRERSa borough, market-town, and parish
HICKORYTOWN, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsyl- of England, co., and 141 miles E.N.E. of Northampton, with
vania, on Alleghany River.                                  a station on the Peterborough Branch of the London and
HICKORY WITHE, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee. North-west Railway, 6 miles S.W. of Thrapston. Pop. 1030.
HICKS/BURG, a post-village in Dorchester co., Maryland.  The town has a fine, richly-ornamented church, with chapel,
HICK'S CORNERS, a post-village of Canada'West, co. of  &c., which are the remains of a monastic college founded
Grenville, 8 miles S. of Kemptville.                        by Archbishop Chicheley, in the reign of Henry V.
HICKS/FORD, a post-village, capital of Greenville co., Vir-    HIGHIAM-GO0BION, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
ginia, on the Meherrin River, and on the great Southern    HIGHAM-oN-rHE-I1ILL, a parish of England, co. of Leiline of railroad, 62 miles S. of Richmond. The Greenville  cester.
and Roanoke Rrailroad extends from this point to Gaston.      HIGHIBANKS, a village of Pike co., Indiana, on the
HICK'S MILLS, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.     White River, 100 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis, is situated
HICKS' RUN, a post-office of Elk co., Pennsylvania.       on a bluff about 100 feet high.
HICKS/VILLE, a post-village of Queen's co., New York, on    HIGHIIBRAY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
the Long Island Railroad, 26 miles E. of Brooklyn.            HIGHIBRIDGE, a locality in England, co. of Somerset,
HICKSVILLE, a post-office of Rutherford co., North Ca- with a station on the Bristol and Exeter Railway, 7 miles
rolina.                                                     N. of Bridgewater.
HICKSVILLE, a post-village and township of Defiance    HIGH/CLERE, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 7~ miles
co., Ohio, 172 miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 507.            N.N.W. of Whitchurch. The Earl of Carnarvon has a fine
HICKVILLE, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, 29  seat here.
miles N.W. of Detroit.                                        HIGH-CROSS, in England, co. of Leicester, at the meetHIICO, a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee.           ing of the ancient Roman Foss-way and Watling street, 5Q
HIDAS, heefd6ish', a village of Hungary, co. of Baranya, miles W.N.W. of Lutterworth.  It is one of many localities
about 10 miles from Szexard. Pop. 1661.                     said to be the highest in England.  A handsome modern
HIDDA, hidfdA, a village of Afghanistan, 5 miles S. of Jela- house stands here.
labad. It contains numerous mounds, caves, and topes-    HIGH FALLS, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, on
the last being large cylindrical structures of masonry, some  Rondout Creek, and on the Delaware and Hudson Canal,
found to contain sepulchral relics, vessels, ornaments, Sas- about 70 miles S.W. by W. of Albany. It has several flouxsanian and Byzantine coins, and supposed to have been of  ing and saw mills.
Boodhic origin, constructed between the fifth and eighth    HIGHIGATE, a village and chapelry of England, co. of
centuries.                                                 Middlesex, 4- miles N.N.W. of St. Paul's, London. It stands
HIDDENS-(E, HIDDENSO, (IHiddensU,) hidadens-5', or on a fine eminence, about 450 feet above the metropolis, has
HIDDENSEE, hidtdqn-sA', an island of Prussia, Pomerania,  a handsome church, spacious cemetery, grammar school,
in the Baltic, immediately W. of Ritgen. Length from N. to  founded in 1565; Hospital of the Mercer's Company, and
S., * miles; greatest breadth, 1 mile. Pop. 500, in 4 villages, an alms-house.  In the vicinity are numerous elegant
the chief of which is Kloster.                             villas, including Caen-wood, the seat of the Earl of Mans
HIDEGKUT, hee'dlglkoot/, or KALTENBRUNN, kll/ten- field.
br5inn', a village of Hungary, 4 miles from Fiirstenfeld.    HIGHIGATE, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,
Pop. 1470, chiefly Germans.                               Vermont, on Missisque Bay, formed by Lake Champlain, 50
HIDJELLEE, hid-jitlee, (native Hidjala, hid-jhlA) a marl- miles N.W. of Montpelier. A railroad is projected to coar
832




HIG                                                         HlL
nect Highgate with the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad    HIGH POINT, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri.
at Island Pond. Pop. 2653.                                  HIGH RIDGE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.
HIGH GROVE, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky.        HIGH SCHOOL, a post-office of Jackson co., Mississippi.
HIGH HILL, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.        HIGH SHOAL, a district in Clarke co., Georgia. Pop. 558
HIGH HILL, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.          HIGI SHOALS, a post-village of Rutherford co., North
HIGH HILL, a post-village of Montgomery co., Missouri. Carolina.
HIGH KNOB, Pennsylvania. See POKONe MOUNTAIN.             HIGH SHOALS, a post-office of Morgan co., Georgia, on
HIGHtLAND, a county in the central part of Virginia, Appalachee River, 60 miles N. of Milledgeville.
contains about 400 square miles. The head streams of the    HIGH SHOALS, a village of Walton co., Georgia.
Potomac and James Rivers rise within its limits, and flow    HIGHtSPIRE, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on
in opposite directions. The surface is diversified with valleys  the left bank of the Susquehanna, and on the Pennsylvania
and mountains, having the main Alleghany on the N.W. Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 291.
border, and Jackson's River Mountain in the middle. The    HIGHTAE, hilti, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, 2-1
highlands contain iron ore. Formed in 1848, of parts of miles S. of Lochmaben. Pop., with 3 other small contiguBath and Pendleton counties. Capital, Monterey. Pop. ous villages, 664. The whole are called Four Towns, the
4227, of whom 3863 were free, and 364 slaves.             land of which has been held by the inhabitants by mere
HIGHLAND, a county in the S.S.W. part of Ohio, has an  right of possession, since the days of Bruce, who is said to
area of 460 square miles. Paint River forms part of its have originally granted it to his domestic retainers.
eastern boundary. Rattlesnake Creek flows through the     HIGH/TOWER, a post-village of Forsyth co., Georgia, on
county, which is also drained by Brush and White Oak  the Etowah River, about 120 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
Creeks, and by the Rocky Fork of Paint River, rising within    HIGH/TOWER.  See ETowAT.
its limits. This county occupies a table land between the    HIGHtTOWERS, a post-office, Caswell co., North Carolina.
Scioto and Little Miami Rivers, from which circumstance    HIGHTSTOWN, hits/town, a post-village of East Windsor
the name is derived. The soil is productive, and well cul- township, Mercer co., New Jersey, on the Camden and Amtivated. A railroad has been opened from Cincinnati to the  boy Railroad, 14 miles E. by N. of Trenton. It contdins 3
county seat, and is to be extended eastward to the Ohio  churches, an academy, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and
River. Capital, Hillsborough. Pop. 25,781.               about 100 dwellings.
HIGHLAND, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.    HIGItVIEW, a post-office of Frederick co., Virginia.
HIGHLAND, a thriving village of Elk co., Pennsylvania,    HIGH/VILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
on the Warren and Ridgway Turnpike.                         HIGHIWAY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
HIGHLAND, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.         HIGHI/WAY, a post-office of Greenville district, South CaHIGHLAND, a post-office of Shelby co., Alabama.        rolina.
HIGHLAND, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee..       HIGHWAY, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas.
HIGHLAND, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi.   HIGH/WEEK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
HIGHLAND, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 365.    HIGH/WORTH, a borough, market-town, and parish of
HIGHLAND, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, about England, co. of Wilts, 31 miles N.W. of the Shrivenham
50 miles S.W. of Columbus.                                station of the Great Western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 4026.
HIGHLAND, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. P. 956. The town, on an eminence, near the Vale of White Horse, is
IHIGHLAND, a post-township in the W. part of Oakland  irregularly built of stone, and has an ancient church, with
co., Michigan. Pop. 851.                                  2 curious chapels attached.  Blunsdon Hill, in its vicinity,
HIGHLAND, a village of Clay co., Indiana, on the Terre  is a circular Roman entrenchment.
Haute and Indianapolis Railroad, 12 miles E.N.E. of Terre    HIGUERA-DE-ARGONA, e-glrA-dA-aa-go/nA, a town of
Haute.                                                    Spain, in Andalusia, 13 miles N.N.W. of Jaen. Pop. 685.
HIGHLAND, a township in Delaware co., Indiana. Pop.   HIGUERA-DE-BARGAS, e-gAtrd-d-ba/g~[s,     a town of
1625.                                                      Spain, in Estremadura, 27 miles S. of Badajos. Pop. 1608.
HIGHLAND, a township in Greene-co., Indiana. P. 847.   HIGUERA-DE-CALATRAVA, e-gA/rA-d[-kA-iA-trt/vA,  a
HIGHLAND, a post-village of Vermilion co., Indiana, 1  town of Spain, in Andalusia, 19 miles W.N.W. of Jaen.
mile W. of the Wabash, and 70 miles W. of Indianapolis.    Pop. 618.
HIGHLAND, a post-township in Madison co., Indiana.   HIGUERA-DE-LA-SERENA, e-gAtrA-dA-l-sA-rA/nA, a town
Pop. 721.                                                 of Spain, in Estremadura, 80 miles from Badajos. Pop. 953.
HIGIILAND, a township of Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 67.   HIGIJERA, ISLA-DE-LA, ees1l1-dA-lA e-g/rA, or ISLAHIGHLAND, a village of Jackson co., Missouri, 10 miles  CRISTINA, ees/l-kris-tee/nA, a village of Spain, province,
S. by W. of Independence.                                 and 22 miles W.S.W. of Huelva, with a natural harbor, be.
HIGHLAND, a post-village and township of Iowa co., tween the rivers Guadiana and Odiel, on the Mediterranean.
Wisconsin, about 55 miles W. of Madison. The village has  Pop. 1819.
1 church, 6 stores, 2 smelting furnaces, and about 400 inha-    HIGUERA JUNTA A'ARACENA, e-gA'rg hoon/tt & —r&bitants. Pop. of township, 1184.                          thlJnA, a town of Spain, 49 miles N.N.E. of Huelva, in the
HIGHLAND CREEK, in the W. paft of Kentucky, forms  Sierra Morena. Pop. 1195.
the boundary between Union and Ilenderson counties, and    HIGUERA-LA-REAL, e-g3AJ'-lM-r[-lI, a town of Spain,
enters the Ohio.                                          province, and 41 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4992. It has
HIGHLAND GROVE, a posteoffice of Greenville district, a hospital and a Jesuits' college.
South Carolina.                                             HIGUERUELA, e-gA-roo-&/l1, a village of Spain, province,
HIGHLAND GROVE, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa.       and 26 miles E. of Albacete. Pop. 2372.
HIGHLAND MILLS, a post-village of Orange co., New    HIGUEY, hee'gA/, a village of the island of Hayti, 78 miles
York, about 95 miles S.W. of Albany.                      E. of San Domingo, about 10 miles inland.
HIGHLAND PRAIRIE, a post-village of McHenry co.,   HIGUEY, a bay of the island of Hayti, protected by the
Illinois, 68 miles N.W. of Chicago.                       island of Saona, in lat. 180 20' N., lon. 680 40' W.
HIGHLANDS, hillandz, (commonly pronounced in Scot-   HI-HO, a river of Corea. See HEE-Io.
land, heelandz,) a natural division of Scotland, compre-   HIJAR or HIXAR, e-uaRf, a town of Spain, province, and
bending the country to the N. and N.W., in contradistinc- 62 miles N.N.E. of Teruel, on the Martin. Pop. 3060.
tion to the Lowlands, which occupy the S. and S.E. districts.   HIKLAR, heelklar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of
The division is formed by the Gramplans, which extend  Karamania, district, and 6 miles N. of Kaisareeyeh.
across the island from Argyleshire on the Atlantic, to Aber-   HILA, hee/le, a Village of the Malay Archipelago, island
deenshire or the German Ocean. The appellation of High- of Amboyna, peninsula of Hitoe, with a governor's house, a
lands extends also to the Hebrides or Western Isles.-In-  Christian church, and a Mohammedan temple. Here the
hab. IGHonLANDER. See SCOTLAND.                           Dutch first landed on the island.
HIGHLANDS, a mountainous region of New York, lyin,    HILdABEE/ or HIL'LABEE/, a post-village, Talladega co,
on both sides of the Hudson, and included principally  Alabama.
within the counties of Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, re-   HILABEE CREEK, of Tallapoosa co., Alabama, flows S.
markable for its picturesque and romantic scenery. The  into the Tallapoosa River.
highest summit, New Beacon, has an elevation of 1685 feet   HILtBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
above the sea.                                              HILCHENBACH, hilKafn-bdAe, a town of Prussia, WestHIGHLANDS or NEVERSINK HILLS, in New Jersey, phalia, 9 miles N.N.E. of Siegen. Pop. 1279.
extend N.W. and S.E. from Sandy Hook to Raritan Bay.   HILDBURGHAUSEN, hilt1b65ao-hfw'zen, a town of GerMount Mitchell, the highest elevation, is 282 feet above the  many, in Saxe Meiningen, on the Werra, 17 miles S.E. of
level of thq sea. The Highland Lights are two in number, Meiningen. Pop. 4181. It lhas a gymnasium, a burgher
and about 100 feet apart. The southern one revolves, and  and a Jews' school, orphan and lunatic asylums, mann
is 248 feet above the level of the sea. It is on the Fresnel factures of cloth and papier mach6. It was formerly the
plan, and without doubt the best on the coast of the United  capital of the duchy of Saxe Hildburghausen, now united
States. Lat. 400 23' 7" N., lon. 730 59, 8" W.           to Saxe Meiningen. In the neighboring village of Veilsdorf
HIGHLEY, hitlee, a parish of England, co. of Salop.    is a porcelain factory.
HIGH MAR/KET, a post-village of Lewis co., New York,   HILDER, hillder, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern130 miles N.W. of Albany.                                ment, and 9 miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf  Pop. 920.
HIGH PINE, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.        HILDERS, hil/ders, a market-town of Bavaria, on the
HIGH POINT, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois.     Ulster, 57 miles N.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1066.
853




HlL                                                       HIL
III/DERSIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.      111LL RIVER, of British America. See HAYES Rrve.
HILIDERSTON, or HINIDOLVESTON, a parish of Eng-   HILLSBOROUGH, hilztblUr-ih, a market-town and pa.
land, co. of Norfolk.                                    rish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 3 miles, S.S.W. of
HIL'DERSTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.    Lisburn. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 3551. It has a remark.
HILDESIIEIM, hilldes-hime'. a town of Hanover, cap. ably fine church, with 3 towers, erected. by the Earl of
of a principality of its own name, on the railway from  Hillsborough, in 1774, ruins of a castle, the seat of the Mar.
Hanover to Harburg, 18 miles S.E. of Hanover. Pop. 14,734, quis of Downshire, and a hospital.
of whom one-third are Roman Catholics.  It is a large, old-   HILLSIBOROUGH, a county in the S. part of New Hamp.
fashioned town, enclosed by ramparts, now used as public  shire, has an area of about 960 square miles. It is interwalks; and has a cathedral of the ninth century, 3 churches, sected by the  lerrimack, and drained by the Contoocook,
a consistory, and a college, belonging to the Roman Catho- Souhegan, and other smaller rivers, which afford valuable
lies; a Lutheran college, deaf, mute, and lunatic asylums, water-power. The surface is uneven, with a few mountain
numerous public schools, a council-hall, treasury, consi- ridges. Soil generally fertile. The county is traversed by
derable trade in coarse linen cloths and yarn, and the largest the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad, and by the Mercattle fairs in the kingdom.                              rimack and Connecticut Rivers Railroad. By means of caHILtDESLEY, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester.    nals around the falls, boats are enabled to navigate the MerHILFRATH,'hilfriAt, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 20  rimack through the County. Organized in 1771. Capital,
miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 900.                Amherst. Pop. 57,478.
HILG, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.             HILLSBOROUGH.  a county of Florida, in the W. part of
HILtGAY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           the peninsula, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area
IHILGERSDORF, hil/gbhrs-dosf', a village of Bohemia, on  estimated at 1000 square miles. It is drained by the rivei
the Hocllwald, near the frontiers of Saxony. Pop. 1935.   of its own name, and penetrated by Tampa Bay, which is
HILtHAM, a post-village of Overton co., Tennessee, 90  near 40 miles long. The surface is low, and in somb parts
miles E. by N. of Nashville.                              marshy. Capital, Tampa. Pop. 2377, of whom 1717 were
HILL, a new county in the E. central part of Texas, con- free, and 660 slaves.
tains about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W.   HlILLSBOROUGH. a post-township of Hillsborough co.,
by the Brazos River, and drained by Aguila and Richland  New Hampshire, 20 miles W. by S. of Concord, intersected by
Creeks. The surface is undulating. It is not included in  the Contoocook River, which affords excellent water-privithe census of 1850.                                       leges. It has an insurance office, and manufactures of bobHILL, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hampshire,  bins, furniture, &c. Pop. 1685.
25 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 954.                       HILLSBOROUIGH, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.
H1ILLABEE, a village of Alabama. See HILABEE.             HILLSBOROUGH, a township of Somerset co., New JerHILLAH or HILLA, hillah, written also HELLAH, helt- sey. Pop. 3404.
lab, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 60 miles S. of    HILLSBOROUGH, a post-borough of Washington co.,
Bagdad, the modern representative of Babylon, and near the  Pennsylvania, on the National Road, 11 miles S.E. of Washcentre of its ruins, on both sides of the Euphrates, here 450  ington, the county town.
feet in width, and crossed by a floating bridge. Lat. 320 28'   HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Caroline co., Maryland,
30'" N., lon. 440 28' E. Pop. about 10,000. It is enclosed by  59 miles E. of Annapolis.
earth ramparts, and a ditch, entered by 4 gates, and has a    HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia,
citadel, a mosque, several convents, some pretty well-sup- 165 miles N. of Richmond. It contains 1 or 2 churches, 1
plied bazaars, and manufactures of silks; it has dye-houses, academy, and 2 flour mills. Pop. about 300.
and tanneries, but its population is chiefly agricultural.  HILLSBOROUGH, a village of Tyler co., Virginia, on MidHILLAYA, hil-1i1, or IHILLIYA, hil-leel, a small town  die Island Creek, 6 miles from the Ohio River, has about
of Sinde, 39 miles S. of Hyderabad, on the route from Tat- 100 inhabitants.
tah. Supplies offorage and water are here plentiful.        HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Orange co.,
HILL-DEV!ERILL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.      North Carolina, on the Eno River, an affluent of the Neuse,
HILLE, hillleh, a village of Prussia, Westphalia, 8 miles  44 miles N.W. of Raleigh. It contains a new court-house,
N.W. of Minden. Pop. 2486.                                and 2 or 3 newspaper offices. The Central Railroad, in proHILLE, hil/lA, a village of Sweden, len, and 4 miles N.E. gress, passes through the village.
of Gefle.                                                   HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Jasper co., Georgia,
HIL'LEGA5SS, a post-office, Montgomeryco., Pennsylvania. 26 miles W. by N. of Milledgeville.  It has 1 church and 2
HILLEGOM, hiltleh-Hom', and HILLEGERSBERG, hilt- academies.
leh-Ghers-beRG', two villages of the Netherlands, province of    HILLSBOROUGtI, a post-village of Lawrence co., AlaSouth Holland, on the Haarlem Lake, 6 miles S.W. of Haar- bama, about 120 miles N. of Tuscaloosa.
lei. Pop. 1538.                                             HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Scott co., IlsHILLEGOM, a village of the Netherlands, capital of the  sissippi, 50 miles N.E. of Jackson.
district, 2- miles N. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1991.              HILLSBOROUGH, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.
HIL/LERMAN, a small village of Massac co., Illinois, on    HILLSBOROUGH,.a post-village of Coffee co., Tennessee,
the Ohio River.                                           75 miles S.E. of Nashville.
HILLEROD, hillgh-rod\, a town of Denmark, island of   IIILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Fleming co., KenSeeland, 20 miles N.N,W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 1800. It tucky, 85 miles E. byN. from Frankfort, has 3 stores.
has a Latin school. Near it is a royal stud, with 700 horses,   HILLSBOROUGH, a flourishing post-village of Liberty
and the royal castle of Fredericksborg.                   township, capital of Highland co., Ohio, on the Cincinnati,
HILILERSDON, a parish of England, co. of Buckingham. Hillsborough, and Parkersburg Railroad, 60 miles E. by N.
HILLERSDORF, ]il/lers-dorf", (NUDRa, neetder, and  of Cincinnati, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. The Bail.
OBER, otber,) a village of Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau, road is completed from  Cincinnati to this point, and the
on the Oppa. Pop. 1560.                                   other part is in course of extension towards Parkersburg, in
HILLESHEIM, hil/les-himne, a village of Rhenish Prussia, Virginia. Hillsborough is surrounded by a beautiful and
36 miles N. of Treves. Pop. 750.                          fertile country, and is a place of active and increasing busiHILLESTED, hilles-tld', a parish of Denmark, island of  ness. It contains a union school, a female seminary, 2 newsLaaland, 2 miles S.W. of Marieboe. Pop. 500.              paper offices, and several churches. It was first settled
HILL-FARIRANCE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. about 1802. Pop. 1392.
HILL GROVE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.    HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Fountain co., Indiana,
HILL GROVE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, on the  on Coal Creek, 14 miles E. of Covington.
Greenville and Miami Railroad, near the former.             HILLSBOROUGH, a thriving post-village, capital of MontHILL/HOUSE, a post-office of Lake co., Ohio, 11 miles S.E. gomery co., Illinois on a fork of Shoal Creek, and on the
of Painesville.                                           route of the Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, 64 miles S. of
HILLIA'RA, Ohio, a station on the Columbus and Piqua  Springfield.
Railroad, 10 miles from Columbus.                           HILLSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co.,
HILLIARDS, a post-office of Shelby co., Texas.          Missouri, 40 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis, was commenced in
HILILIARDSTOWN, a post-village of Nash co., North Ca- 1840. Pop. about 100.
rolina, 50 miles from Raleigh.                              HILLSBOROUGIHI, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa.
HILILIARDSVILLE, a post-office of Henry co., Alabama.  HILLSBOROUGH, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon.
HILLIAR'S (hil/yarz) STORE, a post-office of Marshall co.,   HILLSIBOROUGH, a township in the S.E. part of New
Alabama.                                                  Brunswick, Albert co., bordering on the Peticodiac River.
HILPLIER, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1141.      It contains the Albert Coal-mines. The bed is included in
HILTLINGDON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, shales, with an underlying mass of soft slate, and the coal
comprising the town of Uxbridge.                         is directly overlaid by a stratum ofhighly bituminous shales,
HIIYLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       filled with the embalmed remains of beautiful species of  oe
HILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 5~  genus Palnceoniscus fishes of the ganoid order.    -     i
miles S.E. of Norwich.                                      HILLS/BOROUGH, the principal town of the island of
HILLION, heelbyaNol, a village of France, department of Carriacou, one of the Grenadines, in the West Indies.
CStes-du-Nord, 4 miles E. of St. Etienne. Pop. 2518.       HILLSBOROUGH BRIDQCE, a post-village of Hillsborough
IHILL-IMAR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.     co., New Hampshire, at the terminus of the Contoocook ValIILL-MORITON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.    ley Raih-oad, 21 miles S.W. of Concord.
854




tIL                               ~                          HIM
HILLSBOROUGH  CENTRE, a post-village of Hillsbo- tending along the N. boundary of Hindostan, (separating
rough co., New Hampshire, 25 miles S.W. of Concord.          it friom  Thibet,) between lat. 270 and 350 N., and ion
HILL'S CORNERS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.   730 and 980 E. The Tlindoo Koosh range  is continuous
HILLSIDALE, a county in the S. part of Michigan, bor- with the HIimalayas on the W., and on the E. they extend
dering on Indiana, contains 576 square miles. The hills  into Assam.? The length of the range is estimated at 2000
and valleys of this county give rise to the principal rivers  miles; the breadth, as far as ascertained, varies from 100 to
of the state, viz. the Grand, St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, 350 miles, averaging,  about 180 miles. Its direction, beginthe St. Joseph's of the Maumee, and the Kalamazoo. The  ning at the Indus, is from N.W. to S.E. for about one-third
southern half of the county is heavily timbered. The soil of its whole length; it then curves gradually to the E., which
is a rich, black, sandy loom. Quarries of line sandstone  direction it retains throughout the last third of its extent.
have been opened in the county. It is intersected by the  The range lies between two plains-a low alluvial plain on
Southern Railroad, and by a plank-road leading to Toledo. the S. drained by the Ganges and the Brahmapootra, and
Capital, Hillsdale. Pop. 16,159.                             the elevated table-land of Thibet on the N. and N.E. The
HILLSDALE, a post-village and township on the E. bor- mountains terminate on the S., towards the plain of the
der of Columbia co., New York, and on the Iarlem Rail- Ganges, in. a wall-like range, from  4000 to 5000 feet high,
road, 112 miles N. by E. of the City Hall, and about 45 miles  broken up, at intervals, by deep, precipitous chasms, through
S.S.E. of Albany. Pop. 2123.                                 which the springs and rivers, formed from the melted snows
HILLSDALE, a post-village of Guilford co., North Careo- in the interior, flow down with great impetuosity. Between
line, 95 miles from Raleigh.                                  these and the higher ranges lie the fertile and well-cultiHILLSDALE, a thriving post-village and township, capi-  vated valleys of Nepaul, Bootan, and Assam. To the N.,
tal of Hillsdale co., Michigan, on the St. Joseph's River, a  the enormous masses are separated from one another by the
few miles from its source, and on the Southern Railroad, 71  valleys of Cashmere, the Indus, and the Sutlej. The mean
miles S. of Lansing, and 69 miles W. of Monroe. The vil-  elevation of the range is about double that of the Alps, and
lage contains a stone court-house, 3 churches, 2 newspaper  has been estimated at from 16,000 to 20,000 feet. Forty of
offices, 10 or 12 stores, 1 furnace, aid 3 steam mills. Laid  the peaks have an elevation exceeding 20,000 feet. Several
out in 1839. Pop. in 1853, about 1200; of the township in  reach a height of 25,000 feet, and Kunchainjunga has an
1850, 1067.                                                  elevation of 28,178 feet, Dhawalaghiri about 28.000 feet, JuHILLSGROVE, a post-village of Sullivan co., Pennsylva-  wahir 25,670 feet, Jumnootri 25,500 feet, and Shumalari
nia, on the Loyalsock Creek, 23 miles W. of Laporte, the  23,929 feet. The high table-land of Thibet, forming the N.
county seat.                                                 portion of the range, has a more gradual and extensive slope
HILLSGROVE, a post-village of McDonough co., Illinois, than the steep and abrupt mountain declivities of the S.
12 miles S.W. of Macomb.                                     The Himalayas maintain a considerable height and breadth
HILLSIDE, of Pennsylvania, a station on the Pennsylva- along the N. of Assam, but beyond this point nothing certain
nia Railroad route, 49 miles E. of Pittsburg.                is known of the range. The passes across the Himalayas are
HILLSIDE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.           at great elevations, many of them exceeding 20,000 feet. The
HILL'S LANDING, a village of Carroll co., Missouri, on  altitude of Mont Blanc, the highest point in Europe, is 15,732
the Missouri River, 92 miles in a straight line N.W. by W. feet: KarakorumPassis 18l,600feet high; Parangla,18,500feet;
of Jefferson City.                                            Kronbrung, 18,313 feet; DooraGhaut, 17,750 feet; Khoonawur
HILL'S STORE, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca- 20,000 feet. The difficulty of these ascents is extreme, esperolina.                                                       cially that of the Niti Pass, which leads to Mansa, the sacred
HILL'S VALLEY,  a post-office of Williamson co., Ten- lake of Thibet. The base and summits, and probably the
nessee.IILITEV       ps-aeo        etrln   c.   n-great mass of this range, consists of granite and crystallineIHILLSYVIEW, a post-office-of Westmoreland co., Penn- stratified rocks. A zone of silurian strata prevails at elevasylvania.                                                    tions of from 15,000 to 18,000 feet, and tertiary strata, some
IIILLSYVILLE,    a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsyl-  of very modern date, with many organic remains, occur at
vania.                                                        various elevations along the ridge. Recent investigations
HILLSVILLE, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 245  show the limit of perpetual snow in the middle division of
miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.                                   the Himalayas (lon. 780 E.) to be at the height of about
HILLSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., Vir- 15,500 feet on the S. side, and 18,500 feet on the N. side of
ginia, 260 miles W. by S. of Richmond. It contains a court- the ridge; but towards the E., in Sikkim, the snow-line dehouse, a church, and an academy. Pop. about 200.              scends on the S. face of the S. ranges to 14,500 feet, while
HILLITOP, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.         farther N., in the interior, it rises to a level of 19,600 feet. ~
HILLfTOWN, a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,  Vegetation also extends much higher on, the N. than on the
6 miles W. by S. of Doylestown.  Pop. 2301.                   S. side. This arises from the serenity and dryness of the air
HIL0OCHEE', a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas.   and the radiated heat from the extensive sloping table-land
HILONGOS, he-lon/goce, a town of the Philippines, on the  towards the N., while on its S. there are more frequentgales
W. side of the island of Leyte, with Point Hilongos N.W., in  and moisture, and an abrupt, precipitous termination of the
lat. 100 24' N., ion. 1240 351' E.                            mountains. Some of the peaks in the interior are free of
HIILfPERTON or IIHILPRINGTON, a parish of England,  snow, and the contrast of this, with the other snow-covered
co. of Wilts.                                                 summits, and the deep azure of the sky, renders the scenery
HILPOLTSTEIN, hilfpolt-stines, a town of Bavaria, 19  most magnificent. It is now fully established that glaciers
miles S.S.E. of Nuremberg.  Pop. 1495.                        of smooth ice, the existence of which, in the Himalayas,
HILSBACH, hilsebak, a town of Baden, 17 miles S.S.E. was long doubted, are numerous, and descend from  the
of Heidelberg. Pop. 1366.                                     limits of perpetual snow  to a height, in some places, of
HILSENHEIM, hiltsen-himeS, (Fr.pron. heeslsln'6ml,) a  about 11,500 feet. In ion. 780 E., at an elevation of 2000
village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 5 miles N.E. of  feet, the thermometer varies throughout the year from 1000
Sch8lestadt. Pop. 1841.                                      to 370; at the height of 7000 feet its range is from 800 to 260
HILtSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.  and at 12,000 feet the nocturnal temperature begins, in SepHILTENFINGEN, hillten-fing'en, a village of Bavaria, 17  tember, to fall below zero. The base of the mountains to the
miles S.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 689.                           S. is covered with a dense, impenetrable jungle, separating
HIUTON, a township of England, co. of Derby. Pop. 723. them from the plains of India. This belt diminishes to thebs
HILTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.                W. and N. of the Jumna.  Cultivation is carried to the foot
HILTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.                 of the mountains. At the level of the base the vegetation
HILTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. is of a tropical character; at an elevation of 5000 feet EuroHILTON, a township of England, co. of Durham.              pean plants succeed. Here rice, and other grains, are cultiHIL/TON, a post-village of Monroe  co., Kentucky.           vated; as also a species of arum, the roots of which form
HILTON, MIDDLE, a township of England, co. of Lan- the food of the Hill-people, and wheat grows at an elevation
caster. Pop. 902.                                             of 13,000 feet. The cultivation of the tea-plant has been inHILTON, OVER, a township of England, co. of Lancaster,  troduced successfully in the Kumaon and Gurhwal dis2 miles W.N.W. of Peel-Hilton. Pop. 445. The park has tricts.  Mines of iron, lead, and copper exist, but have'been
been the seat of the IHilton family since the Conquest.      little wrought or explored.
HILTON, PEEL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster,    HIMBERG, himtblaG, a market-town of Lower Austria, 8
5 miles N.E. of Leigh. Pop. 3052. Here is the ancient seat miles S.S.E. of Vienna.  Pop. 1319.
of the Peel family.                                             HIMIBLETON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
- HILTON'S, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.          BIMERA.  See SALso.
HILVARENBEEKI, hil/vt-ren-bdk', a village of Holland,   HIM/LEY. a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
province of North Brabant, 17 miles E.S.E. of Breda. P. 2494.   HIIMMELKRON, him/mel-krrn', a market-town of BavaHILVERSUM, hillver-sim\. a market-town of North Hol- ria, circle of Upper Franconia, with a royal castle, and the
land, 15 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam.  Pop. 5160.               tombs of several princes of Baireuth.  Pop. 682.
HILZINGEN, hiltfsing,-en, a village of Baden, in Lake    1IIMMELPFORTEN, him/m1l-pfoa'ten, a village of Northcircle, 8 miles N.E. of Schaffhausen.  Pop. 1009.             west Germany, in Hlanover, 8 miles W. of Stade.  Pop. 510.
HIMALAYA, (him'a-l'a or hee-mAlVli,) HIMMALER                HIMRODS, New Y'ork, a station on the Elmira, Canan(him-mhflb) MOUNTAINS. o' THIE  HIIIALAYAS, ("the  daigun, and Niagara Falls Ra0iroad, 15 miles E. of Penn Yan.
abode of snow," the [mause  of the ancients,) a chain of   HIIINCHE, hl.xsh, a town of HIayti, 46 miles S.E. of Cape
snowy mountains, the most elevated on the globe, ex-  Haytian. on the Hinche, an affluent of the Artibonite.
865




HIN                                                           HIN
IINCIIIINBROOKE, a village of Canada East, co. of Beau-  110 20' N., and, pursuing a N.E. direction across the country,
harnois. 50 miles S. of Montreal.                             extend to the banks of the Kistnah, in lat. 160 N., separating
IINCKILEY, a borough, market-town  and parish of  the Carnatic from the table-land of the Deccan. The utmost
England, co., and 13 miles S.W. of Liecester.  Pop. of the  height of this range does not exceed 3000 feet. The West
town, in 1851, 6111. The town, situated on elevated table-  Ghauts reach from Cape Comorin to the river Taptee, about
land, is well built, though old, with remains of ancient  lat. 210 N., extending through about 13 degrees of latitude,
walls, castle, and a Roman temple and baths, a fine Gothic  and running parallel to the W. coast, from which they are
church, an ancient town-hall, endowed free school, 2 branch  seldom  more than 70 miles, and generally only about 40
banks, and the largest manufacture of coarse hosiery in  miles, distant. Their highest elevations vary from 5000 to
the kingdom.                                                  6000 feet above sea-level; but an offset of this range, stretchIHINCKILEY, a post-township forming, the S.W. extre- ing N.E., was found by Colonel Lambton to have an elevamity of Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 1416.                          tion of 7364 feet. The Vindhya Mountains run E. and W.
HINDELANG, hin/deh-ling', a market-town of Bavaria, across the central part of India, constituting a base to the
circle of Swabia, 15 miles S. of Kemptenu.  Pop. 1288.        triangle of which the East and West Ghauts form the other
HINDELOOPEN, hinldeh-l15pen, a seaport town of the  two sides, and complete the boundary of what is called the
Netherlands, on the Zuyder Zee, 24 miles S.W. of Leeuwar-  table-land of the peninsula. Their greatest height is not
den. Pop. 1207, employed in ship-building and navigation. supposed to exceed 3000 feet. The surface of the Deccan is
IHINIDERCLAY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea, and is a collection
HIN/DERWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, North  of plains, interspersed with ridges of rock and insulated
Riding.                                                       flat-topped hills. These last are solitary and almost inactLINBIA, hinfde-, a town of Hindostan, on the Ner-  cessible heights, rising abruptly from  the plains, with all
budda, 94 miles S.E. of 0ojein.                               but perpendicular sides, which can only be scaled by steps
HINDIAN, hin/de-An, a town of Persia, province of Khoo- cut in the rock, or by dangerous and winding paths. Many
zistan, 75 miles N.N.W. of Bushire. Pop. 3500, mostly Arabs. are fortified, and have been strongholds fiomn remote antiEIINDILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.         quity.  S. of the Deccan is the table-land of Mysore, 7000
IRIND/LIP, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.           feet above the sea, surrounded by the Neilgherry or Blue
HIND/MARSH, a county of SouthAustralia, comprising  Mountains, and their branches, which rise to about 10,000
the peninsula of which Cape Jervis forms the S.W. ex- feet. The base of this plateau, as of all the Deccan, is granite;
tremity.                                                      thereare also many sienitic and trap rocks, with an abunIINDMARSH, an island of South  Australia, in  the  dance of primary and secondary fossiliferous strata.  The
entrance to Lake Alexandrina.                                 sea-coasts on the two sides of this part of the peninsula are
HINDMARSH, a village of South Australia, 2 miles from   essentially different. That of Malabar, on the W. side, is
Adelaide.                                                     rocky, but in many parts well cultivated; and its mountains,
HINDMAIRSI, a lake of Victoria, Australia, 30 miles in  covered with forests, form a continuous wall of very simple
circumference. Lat. 360 S., Ion. 1410 30 E.                   structure, 510 miles long, and rather more than 5000 feet
RIINDOEN, (Hindben,) hin/d3'en, the largest of the Loffo-  high. On the coast of Coromandel the mountains are bare,
den Islands, Norway, in the Arctic Ocean, divided between  less elevated, and frequently interrupted, and the wide
the provinces of Nordland and Finmark. Length, 45 miles;  maritime plains are, for the most part, parched. The Ganbreadth, 40 miles.                                            getic plain comprehends the vast tract of level country
HINDOLVESTON, a parish of England.  See HInL)asERsTo.  drained by the Ganges and its affluents.  The lower porHINtDON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  tion (Bengal, &c.) is annually submerged for several months
Wilts, 8 miles S.S.E. of Warminster. In the vicinity are  by the inundation of the Ganges.  This plain is the most
the modern ruins of Fonthill Abbey, and some vestiges of a  fertile, best cultivated, and most thickly inhabited portion
British town.                                                 of Hindostan, containing more than one-half of its entire
HINIDOO-KOOSH, (-COOSIT, or-KOO,) or GHOOR MOUN- population. The desert of the Indus, or Great Sandy Desert,
TAINS, (written also HINDOO-KUSCI-I, (or-KUSH;) or IN-  extends from the S.E. confines of the Punjab to the RunnDIAN  CAUCASUS, in/de-an kaw/ka-stis, (anc. Paropamisus    a distance of about 500 miles, and is connected on the N.E.
Afons,) a great mountain chain of Central Asia, between lat.  with the high country which separates the plain of the
340 and 360 N., and ion. 680 and 750 E., extending from the  Ganges from that of the Indus.  It contains several large
Upper Indus westward to the Barnian Pass, separating Af-  oases, of which considerable portions are under cultivation.
ghanistan from Toorkistan, and connected E. with the Iima-  The S. part embraces nearly the whole of the delta of the
layas, W. with the IHuzareh Mountains, and N. with the  Indus.  Across this river it is continuous with the desert of
table-land of Pameer. It rises in many parts to upwards of  Beloochistan, and with that wide band of sandy and sterile
20,000 feet in elevation, but has, especially, one vast summit,  region stretching from  Central Africa N.E. over the whole
the Hindoo Koh, in lat. 350 40' N., ion. 680 50' E., SO miles  centre of the Asiatic continent.
N. of Cabool, more lofty than the rest, though no actual   sMinerals.-The Himalayan Mountains abound in iron,
measurement of it has been made. This chain is generally  copper, and lead. Graphite has been found in the province
barren, and remarkably destitute of timber; in most other  of IKumaon, and traces of lignite in the tertiary formation,
respects it resembles the Himalayas.  The principal passes  where immense deposits of fossil bones have also been disover the Hisdoo Koosh are the Khawak Pass, 13,200 feet  covered. Coal formations stretch across India from  E. to
high; the Akrobat Pass, 10,200 feet; the Kara Kotul, 10,500  W.; in the N.E. deposits extend from Assam  and Sylhet
feet; and the.undun Skikun, 9000 feet. Various large  into Burdwan, where coal-mines are wrought for the supply
streams have their sources in these mountains; the princi- of Calcutta; deposits of coal exist along the course of the
pal are the Oxus or Jihoon, and the Helmund.                  Nerbudda, as well as in the W. district of Cutch. Agates
11IN'DOON/ or HIN'DONEP, a town of IHindostan, domi- and carnelians abound throughout Central India, and at
nion, and 74 miles E.S.E. of Jeypoor. It is well built, and  Surat and other places on the W. side of the peninsula.
has some Hindoo temples, constructed in a Mohammedan  Nitre and nitrate of soda effloresce in great quantities on
style.                                                        the soil in different parts of Hindostan. Gold is procured
HINDOSTAN, hin'do-stUtn  or IN'DOSTAN/, written also  by washing the sand of some rivers, and iron is in many
HINDUSTAN, HINDOOSTAN, and INDUSTIAN, HIN- parts abundant. Diamonds are found in Bundelcund and
DUSTHIAN, (i.e. in Persian, "the countryof the Hindoos," or  in the Deccan. A  species of carbonate of lime, termed
"Negro-land,") an extensive region, comprising the great  hauhar, and porcelain-clays, are plentiful, as are marbles of
central peninsula of Southern Asia, between let. 80 5' and  various colors.
350 N., and lon. (Cape -Moize) 66~ 37' and 940 30' E.; bounded    Rivers. —The rivers of Hindostan, like its mountains, are on
N. by the lhimalaya Mountains, W. by the river Indus and  the most magnificent scale. The principal are the Indus, GanLukkee Mountains which separate it from Beloochistan and  ges, and Brahmapootra. The Indus, having passed the IimaCabool, and W.S.W. by the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, layas, flows in a S.W. direction, traverses the Punjab and
E. and S.E. by the Brahmapootre, the Bay of Bengal, Indian  Sinde, and, after a course of about 1650 miles, falls, by several
Ocean, and Palk's Strait, which, with the Gulf of Manaar, mouths, into the Indian Ocean, in about lat. 240 N., lon. 680
separates its S. part from the island of Ceylon. Its extreme  E. Its stream is foul and muddy, and so full of shoals and
length, friom the IHimalayas to Cape Comorin, is about 1870  shifting sands that it can only be navigated with safety by
miles; greatest breadth, from W. to E., 1575 miles.' Its area  flat-bottomed boats; with these it is navigable for about
has been estimated at 1,280,000 square miles, or more than  1200 miles from the sea. It is estimated to discharge 80,000
one-third of the entire extent of Europe; and its population  cubic feet per second-not quite half so much as the Gauges,
has been supposed to amount to upwards of 150,000,000, or  which averages for the year about 200,000 cubic feet per
considerably more than half of the number occupying the  second. (See (GANoES.) This last is the mostimportant of the
duropean continent and islands.                               Indian rivers, both from the fertility it diffuses around it, and
Physical Geography. —The great mountain systems of Iin-  the facilities it affords forinternal communication. It enters
dostan are the Himalayas, the East and West Ghauts, and  the Bay of Bengal by numerous mouths, after a S.E. course of
the Vindhya range. The Himalayas, forming the N. bound-  about 1960 miles. The Brahmapootra exceeds the Ganges in
ary, are the loftiest and most stupendous chain ofmountains  size, and probably in length, although its sources are very
in the world. Their average height is about 15,700 feet; but  imperfectly known. It falls into the Bay of Bengal in about
their loftiest summits, Dhawalaghiri and Kunchainjunga,  lat. 220 50' N., lon. 900 45' E., in conjunction with the largest
attain to an elevation of about 28,000 feet. (See HIirA-  branchoftheGanges. Forthelast3o0 miles ofits course it has a.
LA~A.) The East Ghauts commence in the south, about lat.  breadth of from 4 to 5 miles, increased to 10 miles at its mouth.
856




HIN                       NIIN
Among the other rivers of note in Hindostan are the Jumna, the bulk of the food of from 70 to 80 millions of the popu.
Chumbul, Sone, Gunduck, Goggra, Teesta; &c., tributary to  lation consists ofjowary, or common millet, (ilolcussorghurs,)
the Gan ges; the five rivers of the Punjab-the Sutlej, Beas, bajree or bajury, (Helcus spicatus,) sesamum, and several
Ravee, Chenaub, andJhylum, affluents of the Indus; and in  grains peculiar to the country.  Out of Bengal, rice is
Peninsular India the Nerbudda and Taptee, flowing west-  chiefly produced on the plains of Tanjore, South Arcot, &c.,
ward, and the Kistnah (or Krishna,) Godavery, and Maha- in the Madras presidency, and in Concan and the lower parts
uuddy, entering the sea on its E. side.                     of Bombay. In the delta of the Ganges it yields 4wo crops
Lakes, s&c.-The lakes of Ilindostan are few in number, a year. Barley is extensively cultivated for food, and maize
shallow, and comparatively small in size. Among the largest is grown in small quantities.
are the Chilka and Colair Lakes, both on the E. shore of the    After cereals, the five great staples of Indian produce are
peninsula. The former, is a saldt-water lake, about 35 miles in  cotton, indigo, opium, sugar, and silk. The indigenous
length, and 8 miles in average breadth. But to make up  cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) of Hindostan succeeds only
for the want of natural reservoirs, the whole surface of India  on what is called the "black cotton soil," which is estimated
is more or less interspersed with tanks, or artificial collections to extend over about 200,000 square miles; but, in addiftion,
of water, made for the purpose of irrigation. Jeels, or large  there is a "red cotton soil," formed of the debris of silicious
ponds, formed by some of the great rivers during their  rocks, comprising from 200,000 to 300,000 square miles, on
inundations, are also numerous. On the W. side of the  which alone the cotton of America succeeds. In iindostar
peninsula is a remarkable tract of morass, called the lunn, nearly every article of clothing is made of cotton; and the
about 150 miles in length and 60 in greatest breadth, com- yearly consumption has been variously estimated at from
municating with the Gulf of Cutch. The coast-line of Hin- 375,000,000 to 3,000,000,000 pounds. Indigo is one of the
dostan has an extentof nearly 3100 miles. It is particularly  most profitable of Indian crops. By far the greater properdeficient in islands; and the only inlets of much size are  tion of this article consumed in Europe is raised in lHinthe Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay, both on the W. side. On  dostan. Its culture extends over upwards of 1,000,000 acres
the E. coast, from  Cape Comorin to Bengal, there is not a  in the Gangetic region; and it is also grown extensively in
single good harbor.                                         other parts of the peninsula. Opium, it it said, is raised
Climate.-Generally speaking, Hindostan has three seasons: only in two of the British provinces, Bahar and Benares;
the hot, wet, and cold. The first commences about the  but in the Indore territories, in Central India, and other
middle of March, and continues for three months, during  regions, it is also grown, and is purchased or sold on comwhich the thermometer ranges, in the sun, from  1000 to  mission by the British government, for exportation to China,
1100, and even rises as high as 1200 Fahrenheit. The heat the Malay Archipelago, and other parts of South-east Asia.
on the Coromandel coast is often so excessive as to destroy  In 1849, the sale of opium  raised in the British territories
vegetation. The wet season also occurs, in most parts of Iin- realized to the'Bombay government more than 3,000,000/.
dostan, during the S.W. monsoon; though, in the country  The cultivation of sugar-cane in Ilindostan has of late years
E. of the Ghauts, the rains take place when the wind blows  been greatly extended; besides its manufacture into sugar,
from  the opposite quarter. They are ushered in with a  molasses, &c., for export, it is consumed in large quantities
dreadful commotion of the elements-lightning, thunder,  by the natives as food. The principal seat of the silk culand tempest. The N.E. monsbon blows during the winter ture is in Bengal and Assam; but the mulberry thrives
months, and the S.W. during the rest of the year; but both  well threughout the greater part of the peninsul:a.
are subject to various modifications, according to local cir-   Inhabitants.-The first inhabitants were at an early period
cumetances. In Calcutta, the thermometer falls as low as  dispossessed by the Hindoos, who, entering the country from
520 in December, and in some of the northern provinces to  the N.W., first occupied that portion to the N. of the Ner450 and 350. From  November to March, the clinmate N. of  budda. Subsequently they overran the entire peninsula,
lat. 270 is similar to that of Italy; and in the low plains, as  giving their name to the country. The native tribes, howfar N. as lat. 180, winter is hardly perceptible. At Bombay,  ever, were by no means exterminated by these invaders, but,
the mean annual temperature is stated to be about 820; at  under the various denominations of Bheels, Coolies, Catties,
Madras, 840; and at Calcutta, 790, Fahrenheit.              Coles, Gonds, &c., still exist in Hindostan to the number, it
Anisoals.-The elephant, tiger, leopard, panther, hyena, is computed, of from two to three millions. They are mostly
wild boar and ass, deer, bears, jackals, foxes, marmots, the  of small, active frame, dark-colored, and with a peculiarly
ourang-outang, and numerous other kinds ofapes, are natives  quick and restless eye. Their ordinary food consists of wild
of Hindostan. Lions are found in the N., but they are not  berries and game; and they bury their dead, instead of
of the same species with the lion of Africa. ~ The elephant,  burning them.
buffalo, dromedary, horse, and ass have been domesticated;    The Hindoos, although commonly darker in color than
the first-named has, from time immemorial, formed an im- the rest of the nations composing the Caucasian race, are
portant appendage to the retinue of Indian princes. Alli- nevertheless held to belong to this great division of mangators and gavials are abundant in the tanks and rivers; kind. They are well formed, and, in some parts of India,
and some of the most formidable serpents known inhabit robust, energetic, and hardy; but their chief bodily characthis region.                                                teristic is extreme suppleness, rendering them  the best
Vegetation.-The forests of Hindostan  contain  an im- runners, climbers, leapers, and wrestlers in Asia.  The
mense variety of large trees, little known in Europe, but face of the Hindoo is oval; the eyes are uniformly of a dark
capable of yielding valuable timber, and distinguished by  brown, with a tinge of yellow in the white, and the hair
their fragrance, luxuriant growth, or adaptation for manu- long, black, and straight. The upper classes in the N.W.
factures. Teak of the first quality grows on the West are nearly as light in color as the natives in the S. of Europe;
Ghauts. Other forest trees characteristic of Indian scenery  but in proportion as we proceed S., the hue of the skin is
are the banian, sappan, saul, (Shorea robusta,) sissoo, (Dal- observed to darken, until, in the lower castes, it assumes
bergia sissoo,) &c.; with which are seen the oak, cypress, almost the blackness of the negro. Subtlety and shrewdpoplar, &c. Large and beautiful flowering shrubs are in  ness are the most conspicuous mental characteristics of the
great variety. Forests of bamboo are numerous; and so  Hindoos; and they have been properly described as "the
rapidly does their growth proceed, that some of these reeds  acutest buyers and sellers in the world."  But with a few
have been reported to attain a height of 60 feet in the course  rare exceptions, they have evinced no grasp of intellect,
of fivemonths! Extensive tracts of the country are covered  enabling them  to become versed, beyond a very limited
with dense jungles, the resorts of formidable wild animals; extent, in the higher brancles of learning. In arithmetic,
mangroves cover the swamps at the mouths of the rivers;  algebra, geometry, and astronomy, they have made some
and the whole of that wide tract, termed the Sunderbunds, rudimentary progress. and their genius is somewhat adapted
at the united delta of the Ganges and Brahmapootra, is a  to metaphysical speculations and the intricacies of grammar
rank forest, inhabited by tigers, deer, and elephants; and  and jurisprudence; but their geography, medicine, and other
the rivers traversing it are in many parts rendered impaes- practical sciences are a chaos, and their agriculture is of the
able to ships, by the obstacles to which its thick vegetation  rudest kind. The state of education among them is exceedglves rise.                                                ingly backward, there being scarcely one man in a hundred
The principal vegetable. productions of Ilindostan  are  who can read a common letter. The females are in general
rice, maize, wheat, barley, cotton, indigo, sugar-cane, opium, utterly ignorant of both reading and writing, a Brahminical
tobacco, ginger, saffron, cardamoms, pepper, cocoa, areca, and  prejudice existing against female education. The languages
other palms yielding nuts, which are extensively consumed  spoken by the Hindoos are dialects of the Sanscrit.
bythenativepopulation; anise, silk, variousdyes. flax, hemp,    AIrts, ec,-In a few manufactures the Bindvos have
&c. The principal indigeuous fruits se the mango, the finest excelled. Their cotton, mnsiin, and silk fabrics, their carpets
of all the Indian fruits, pisang or plantain, pomegranate, cit- and shawls, have a deserved celebrity. In the production
ron, date, almond, grape, pine-apple, and tamarind. In the N. of embroidered shawls the province of Cashmere is without
provinces, apples, pears, plums, apricots, and other European  a rival in the world. Numerous manufactures, calculated
fruits, abound. Oranges and lemons are also to be met with, to give a high idea of Indian ingenuity and taste, appeared
butareofaninferior quality. Riceforms an important article  at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. Among these
of export; but, contrary to the generally received notions were various articles in agate from Bombay, mirrors from
both in Europe and America, neither this grain nor wheat Lahore. marble chairs from Ajmeer, kincobs from- Benares,
Form the chief nutriment of the natives of Hi-ndostan. The  embroidered silk shawls and scarfs, carpets from Bangalore;
former is raised only on alluvial soils, and is often twice as  and a variety of articles in iron inlaid with silver.
dear as wheat. Except in Bengal, the number of those who    India abounds with stupendous and highly elaborate
seldom taste rice far exceeds those who subsist upon it; but architecture; not, indeed, possessing the elegant proportions
857




HIN                                                        HIN
of the edifices of ancient Greece, but rather exhibiting the  the Punjab and Sinde,) and what is more strictly termed
ponderous sublimity which characterizes those still extant Peninsular India, bounded W. and E. by the Indian Ocean,
in Egypt, with the addition of a great deal of ornamental and which is again subdivided into the Deccan, (Dakos'hina,
and minute sculpture, representations of the deities of the  "the south,") and India-south-of-the-Kistnah, extending
Hindoo pantheon and their reputed acts, &c. Among  the  fi'om that river, in about lat. 160 N., to Cape Comorin. Goa,
most remarkable are the excavated temples of Elora, Ele- Damaun, and Diu, all in West India, belong to the Portuphanta, Carlee, and Baug, on the W. side of the peninsula; guese; Pondicherry, Chandernagore, and a few smaller settlethe pyramids of Pooree (Juggernaut) in the E.; and the  ments on the Coromandel coast, to the French; and Trantemples'f Tanjore, Trichinopoly, &c. in the S. Most of  quebar, on the same coast, to the Danes; but, with these
these are Brabminical, others of Boodhist, and some of  exceptions, and Nepaul and Bootan, still independent, the
Jain origin; all have been constructed at epochs long  whole of India is substantially under British dominion.
passed, and some are of a high antiquity.                   The inhabitants of Hindostan have been estimated to amount
Religion, Castes, cdc.-The Brahminical religion dates from  to upwards of 150,000,000, by far the greater number of
a very remote epoch. It acknowledges a self-existent Su- whom are Hindoos; the Mohammedans-of Arab, Persian,
pr.ame Being, who, however, is held by it to take no concern  or other descent-beeing vaguely estimated at 10,000,000,
in the government of the universe; this is delegated to his  and the Europeans at not more than 60,000. Throughout
triune manifestations, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, who are  the most part of India a peculiar village-system  is estarespectively emblematical of the creating, preserving, and  blished. The villages are so many little republics, each
destroying powers. Except among a sect termed the Jau- providing for its own wants, and independent, in general,
gams, there is but one temple in India dedicated to Brahma. of any relations with other villages, having its own schoolThe great bulk of the Hindoo population are either followers  master, accountant, washerman, barber, blacksmith, and
of Vishnu or votaries of Siva; besides which divinities a vast electing its own potail or head-man, who assesses the vilmultitude of inferior deities are worshipped,-their number lagers for the land-tax. The village being taxed with a
amounting, according to the Brahmins, to 333,000,000. certain sum, should any of the inhabitants fail in ability to
Figures of a great many of these deities and their attributes  pay their portion, the rest make up the sum  wanting.
are sculptured in the temples, and retained as household  Under this system the land-revenue is collected, not only
gods in the dwellings of the people, to receive daily adora- in the native governments, where it composes more than
tion. The temples and worshippers of Siva, the destroyer, nine-tenths of the total revenue, but also throughout most
are far more numerous than those of any other Hindoo  parts of the presidencies of Bombay and Agra. In Malabar,
idol; and his worship is, at certain periods, marked by acts Travancore, &c., a singular practice is in force, by which.
and sacrifices of the most brutal and revolting kind. The  property descends in the female and not in the male line.
worship of Vishnu, the preserver, and that of Krishna, the  (The political divisions, government, commerce, &c., will be
representative of the sun, are unpolluted by any such bar-  found described under INDIA, BaRIISH.)
barities. The supremacy of the Brahmins, and the doctrine   IHistory.-From the earliest records of history, the nations
of the transmigration of the soul after death into the bodies  of the western world derived their merchandise from India.
of animals or human beings, for a long series of ages, accord-  The country was entered and paitly subdued by Alexander
ing to the purity or impurity of previous life, are leading  the Great. About 126 B. O., it was also invaded by the
dogmas of the Brahminical faith. Its votaries mostly burn  Tartars, or Scythians  of the Greeks and Sakcas of the Hintheir dead; but some, like the aboriginal tribes, practise  does.  From  the tenth to the twelfth centuries of the
burial, or consign the bodies of their dead to the waters of  Christian era, the Mohammedans overran and conquered
the Ganges, or other rivers. Indian theology, professedly, is  considerable portions of Hindostan; and subsequently the
founded on the revelations contained in the books of the  Mogul Empire was established. In 1498 the Portuguese
Vedas, four in number, believed by the Hindoos to have  were the first European nation who invaded and established
been delivered by Brahma himself; but, practically, the  themselves in India at Goa, and along the Malabar coast;
Puranas and the Institutes of Menu, compositions of later and in the beginning of the seventeenth century, the
dates, which insist more strongly on the supremacy of the  Dutch and English commenced their settlements. Further
priesthood, are the basis of the existing Brahminical system. information will be found under INDIA, (BRITISH,) BENGAL,
About one-fifteenth of the entire population are Moham- BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, and MADRAs.-Adj. HII/Doo, and HINmedans of Afghan, Persian, Toork, Beloochee, and Arabic  DOSTANEE, hinido-stdunee; inhab. HINDoo.
origin. A heretical form of the Brahminical religion, called    HINDOSTANI, an almost deserted village of Martin co.,
the Seik or Sikh religion, prevails extensively in the Punjab  Indiana, on the East Fork of White River. It was once the
and adjacent territories.  Boodhism had its origin in Hin-   county seat.
dostan, but is now mostly superseded here by other reli-   HIN/DRINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
gions. A numerous sect, supposed to be an offset of the    HINDS, hindz, a county in the S.W. central part of
Boodhists, called the Jains, inhabit the N. part of the penin-  Mississippi, has an area of about 930 square miles. The
sula. At Bombay, Surat, &c., Parsees are numerous; and  Pearl River forms the boundary on the E., and the Big
in South Hindostan are a great number of native Christians,  Black River on the N.W. The surface is nearly level; the
consisting partly of Roman Catholics, and partly of Nesto- soil is fertile. In 1850 this county produced 79,001 bushels
rians, the doctrines of whom appear to have been introduced  of pease and beans, the greatest quantity produced by any
into India in the earlier ages of Christianity.             county in the United States. It is intersected by the VicksOne of the most remarkable of the institutions among the  burg and Brandon Railroad. It contains Jackson, the capiILindoos is the distinctionofcaste.* The Hindoo writers recog-  tal of the state. Raymond is the seat of justice. Named
nise four pure and original castes, viz.: the brahlmins, sa- in honor of Colonel Thomas Hinds, a member of Congress
cerdotal class or priests; the kshatriyas (sht!/ree-As,) sol- from  Mississippi.  Pop. 25,340, of whom  8715 were free,
diers or warriors, including the princes and sovereigns; the  and 10,625 slaves.
vaisyas (vtse-s,) consisting of capitalists, agriculturists and    HINDS, a post-village of Brazoria co., Texas, 53 miles W.
shepherds; and the sudras (sooedrks,) or laborers, artisans, of Galveston.
&c. Besides these four original classes, there are a great    HINDSIBURG, a post-village of Orleans co., New York, on
number of impure races which have sprung firom the mix-  the Erie Canal, about 28 miles W. of Rochester.
ture of the pure castes; and some are so utterly abominable    HINDU-KUSCH or HIINDU-KUSH.  See HuINDoo-Kooso.
that a Brahmin is defiled by coming within their shadow.   HINDUSTAN, a country of Asia. See HINDosrAN.
One of the best known is that of the pariahs (p/re-As,) who    HINESBURG, hinztbii-g, a post-village and township of
form a very numerous class. They are among the most ab- Chittenden co., Vermont, 25 miles W. by N. of MIontpelier.
ject of all the people of Hindostan, and are often subjected  It has an academy, and manufactures of furniture, iron
to the most cruel and degrading servitude. The different castings, machinery, starch, woollen goods, &c. Pop. 1834.
races are kept distinct from each other by the most rigorous    HINES'S MILLS, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.
laws. No person, whatever be his merit or genius, can, in    HINESTON,  hins/t9n, a post-office of Rapides district,
any case, rise above the caste in which he is born, though  Louisiana.
he may forfeit his birth-right by certain misdemeanors and    HINESVILLE, hinz/vill, a past-village, capital of Liberty
crimes. It is not, however, true, as has been frequently as- co., Georgia, 40 miles S.W. of Savannah. It has a courtserted, that every individual is obliged to marry in his own  house, an academy, a church, and a few stores. Pop. 200.
caste. A man is allowed to choose his wife out of any of the    HINGENE, hingfneh-neh, (Fr. pion. hANG'zhain,) a village
castes beneath him, but not from those above him. Thus of Belgium, province, and 12 miles S.S.W. of Antwerp, on
a Brahmin may lawfully marry the daughter of a Sudra,  the Scheldt, near the confluence of the Rupel and Vliet,
though the offspring of such a marriage does not inherit the  protected from inundation by embankments.  Pop. 3709.
father's rank, but belongs to one of the mixed races. But a    HING1HAM, a market-town and parish of England, co.
Sudra cannot form a legal marriage with the daughter of a  of Norfolk, 51 miles W.N.W. of Wymondham.  It has a
Brahmin; and children sprung filom such a union are con- large church, built in 1316, and a grammar school.
sidered far inferior in rank to those of a Brahmin and a Su-   HING/1AM. a post-village and township of Plymouth co.,
dr woman.                                                   Massachusetts, on the S. side of Massachusetts Bay, and on
Divisions, Population, dc. —Hindostan naturally falls into  the South Shore Railroad, 17 miles S.S.W. of Boston. It contwo grand divisions, viz.: Iindostan Proper, between the  tains several churches, a bank, a savings' institution, an inHimalaya and the Vindhyan'Mountains, (including also  sur-ance company, and a newspaper office. It is a favorite
summer resort. The township is noted'for its fisheries. In
From the Portuguese, casta, a "race."           1851, 37 vessels (tons 2492) owned here, and manned by 491
858




HIN                                                        HIS
pezsons, were employed in the mackerel fisheries. During    HIOPRING, (IIiiring,) a town of Jutland. See IJaRINOG.
the year, 13,134 barrels of mackerel were inspected. Hing-    HIPIPA, a small island of the North Pacific Ocean, W. of
ham has some manufactures of hats, iron castings, planes, Queen Charlotte Island, British North America.
&c. Pop. 3980.                                             HIPIPERHIOLME.,    a township of England, co. of York,
HINGHAM, a post-village of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.   West Riding, on the Leeds and Manchester Railway, 2 miles
HINGHENGHAUT, a town of Hindostan. See INNYCOTTA. E. of Halifax.
HING-HOA, hing-hola, a maritime city of China, province    HIPPONIUM. See BIvoNA.
of Fo-kien, 90 miles N.E. of Amoy.                         HIPPO REGIUS. See BONA.
HINGLAJ, hing'14jI, a place of Hindoo pilgrimage, in Be-   HIIPPO ZARITUS, (or ZARYTUS.) See BIZEeTA.
loochistan, on the Aghor, 20 miles from its mouth in the In-   HIIRAM, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 60 miles
dian Ocean, with a miserable pagoda, dedicated to the god- S.W. of Augusta. It has an academy, and a mcanufactory
dess Kali.                                               of edged tools. Pop.1210.
HING-ME, hing'm4n, a town of China, province of Quang-   HIRAM, a post-township in the N. part of Portage co.,
see, 50 miles S.S.W. of Sin-Tchoo.                       Ohio. Pop. 1106.
HING-NGIN, hing'Nginf, or hing'ngheen, a town of China,   HIVRAMSBURG, a small post-village of Noble co., Ohio.
province of Quangtong, 175 miles N.E. of Canton.           IIIRCHOVA. See HiRSCHOVA.
HINGUNGHAUT, Hindostan. See INNYcOTTA.                   HIREPOLI, he-rlpfo-le, a town of European Turkey, in
HINIESTA, INIESTA, or YNIESTA, e-ne-MsAt, (anc. Room-Elee, 45 miles S.E. of Adrianople.
Segestica.) a town' of Spain, province, and 48 miles S.S.E. of   HIRIAL, he-real, a populous village of British India, preCuenca. Pop. 4116. Near it are some jasper quarries.     sidency of Madras,. 12 miles S.W. of Bellary.
HINKLETON, hnkftel-ton, a post-village of Lancaster co.,   HIRRLINGEN, hMrnling-en, a village of Wiirtemberg,
Pennsylvania, on Conestoga Creek, about 40 miles E.S.E. of 15 miles W.S.W. of Reutlingen. Pop. 1517.
Harrisburg.                                                IIIRSCHAID, hi6e/shite, a village of Bavaria, on the railHINK/SEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Berks.   way between Nuremberg and Bamberg.
HINKSEY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Berks.       HIRSCIIAU, hbin/shfw, a small town of Bavaria, 8 miles
HINLOPEN, or IIINLOOPEN, infl6'pfen, the strait sepa- N.E. of Arnberg. Pop. 1406. Here Jerome of Prague was
rating the principal island of Spitebergen from East Island. arrested in 1415.
HINIMANSVILLE, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.   HIRSCIAU, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Black
HINOJARES or HINXARES, e-no-n1r1s, (anc. I'a-i- Forest, on the Nagold, 2 miles N.W. of Calw.
mum?) a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 35 miles S.E. of Jaen.   HIRSCHBERG, hllnshfbeoR, a fortified town of Prussian
Pop. 935.                                                Silesia, 27 miles S.W. of Liegnite, on the Bober, near the
HINOJOS, e-no-Hocel, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 30  Bohemian frontier. Pop. 7327. It has a Lutheran and 4
miles E.S.E. of Huelva. Pop. 1061.                       Roman Catholic churches, a Protestant gymnasium, and
HINOJOSA DE DUERO, e-no-uoets dA doo-Alro, a town of various charitable establishments, and is a considerable
Spain, in Leon, 50 miles W. of Salamanca. Pop. 1526.     emporium for linen fabrics and hosiery, having also bleachHINOJOSA DEL DUQUE, e-no-Hfs& d~l doolkA, a town of ing and cotton-printing works, paper mills, sugar refineries,
Spain, province, and 40 miles N.W. of Cordova. Pop. in  and potteries. Near it is the watering-place of Warmbrunn.
1845, 7748. It has several convents and hospitals, and ma-   HIRSCHBERG, a town of Prussian Silesia, principality
nufactures of linen and woolien fabrics, and counterpanes.   of Reuse, on the Saale, 8 miles E.S.E. of Lobenstein, with a
HINOJOSA DE SAN VICENTE, e-no-nolse  dl sin ye- mountain fortress. Pop. 1700.
th~nti, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 38 miles W. by N.   HIRSCIIHBERG, (Bohem. Doezy, doklzee,) a town of Beof Toledo. Pop. 1154.                                    hemia, circle of Bunzlau, 36 miles N.N.E. of Prague. Pop.
HINOJOSOS, LOS, loce e-no-Holsoce, a village of Spain, in  1946.
New Castile, 60 miles S.W. of Cuenca. It consists of the two    HIRSCIIFELDAU, h66nsh/f1-d6w,  MITTEL, minttel, Nircontiguous places of HNOJ0so  aDEL ORDEN and HINoJeso DEL  DER, neelder, and OBER, o/ber, three nearly contiguous vilMARQUESADO. Pop. 2088.                                   lages of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Liegnitz.
HINSIDALE, a post-township of Cheshire co., New Hamp- Pop. 1551.
shire, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 60 miles W.S.W.   HIRSCHFELDE, h66ash/fi1-deh, a town of Saxony, on
of Concord, intersected by Ashuelot River and Railroad. It the Neisse, 5 miles N.E. of Zittau. Pop. 1551.
has manufactures of paper, castings, bobbins, sash and    HIRSCIIFELDE, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Franblinds, &c. Pop. 1903.                                   conia, on the Main. Pop. 456.
HINSDALE, a post-village and township of Berkshire co.,   HIRSCHHORN, hIEishfhoan, or HIRSCHORN, a village
Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 143 miles W. by  of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Neckar, 32 miles S.S.E. of Dari —
N. of Boston. Pop. 1253.                                 stadt. Pop. 1694.
HINSDALE, a post-village and township of Cattaraugus    HIRSCHOLM, hl.nsh/olm, or HIRSIHIOLM, hIlns/holm, a
co., New York, situated on the Genesee Valley Canal, at the  village of Denmark, island of Seeland, near its E. coast, 14
junction of Oil and Ischua Creeks, where the latter is crossed  miles N. of Copenhagen, with a castle. Pop. 300.
by the New York and Erie Railroad, 397 miles from New    HIRSCHOVA or HIRSOVA, hMa-sholvi, sometimes written
York City. The state has constructed a basin at Hinsdale,  HIRCHOVA, a fortified town of European Turkey, province
which has considerably facilitated the business of the place.  of Bulgaria, on the Danube, 55 miles N.E. of Silistria. Pop.
Pop. of the township, 1302.                              4000.
HINSDALE DEPOT, a post-office of Berkshire co., Massa-   HIRSHOLM, a village of Denmark. See HIRSCHOLM.
chulsetts.                                                 HIRSIIOLMIEN, hIi /slhollmen, a group of small islands
IIINSIDILLVILLE, a manufacturing village of Benning- of Denmark, in the Cattegat, oiff the N.E. coast of Jutland,
ton township, Bennington co., Vermont, about 3 miles W. 4 miles N.E. of Frederickshavn, completely covered with
by N. of Bennington Centre.                              large boulders. The largest, Hirsholm, has a lofty lightHIN/STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Salop.          house. Pop. 200.
HIN/TLESHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        HIRSINGUE, heeasi~NGI,  a village of France, department
HIN/TON AMPINER, a parish of England, co. of Hants.  of Ilaut-Rhin. 21 miles S.S.E. of Altkirch. Pop. 1281.
HINTON BLEW/ETT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   HIRSON, heenIslSc/, a town of France, department of
HINTON CHERRY. See CHEaRY HINTON.                      Aisne, on the Oise, 11 miles N.E. of Vervins. Pop. 3212.
HINTON-oN-rTE-GREEN, a parish of England, co. of Glou-   HIRSOVA, a town of European Turkey. See HIRSCHOVA.
cester.                                                    HIRZEL, hattt/sel, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
HINTONT-IN-n-E-I-IEDGES, a township of England, co. of  12 miles S.S.E. of Zurich. In 1443 a bloody battle was
Northampton.                                             fought here between the Confederates and the Zurichers.
HINTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   H     ISAR or HISSAR, his'sar/, a Turkish word, signifying
HINTON MARITEL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.  "Ccastle," forming the name or part of the name of numerous
HINTON'S GROVE, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.  towns in Westeri Asia.
HINTON STAN/BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Dor-   HISAR or HISSAR, a village and fort of Persia, province
set. The manor-house is supposed to have been a residence  of Azerbaijan, 32 miles W.S.W. of Tukhti-Suleiman. Near
of John of Gaunt.                                        it are the caves of Kereftee, described by Sir R. K. Porter,
HINTON ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of So- and anciently devoted to Mithraic worship.
merset.                                                    HISINGEN, hee/zing-en, an oval-shaped island of Sweden,
HINTON ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.  formed by the two arms of the Gdta-Elf, on the S.W. coast
HINTON ST. WAL'ERY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. of the Ien of Gothenburg; greatest length 15 miles. GothenHIN/TONSVILLE, a post-office of Pasquotank co., North  burg was originally built upon it.
Carolina.                                                  HIS/NANT, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery.
HINTON TAR/RANT, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.    HISPALIS. See SEvLLE.
HINTS, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.             HISPANIA. See SPAIN.
bINWEIL, hini*ile, a village of Switzerland, canton, and    HISPANIOLA, or SAN DOMINGO. See HAYTI.
15 miles S.S.E. of Zurich. Near it are the Gyren baths.   HISPELLUM. See SPFLLO.
Pop. 2729.                                                 HIS'SAR/, a mountainous region of Central Asia, included
HINXIHILL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.          in the dominions either of Khoondooz or Bokhara.
HINXITON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.        HISSAR, the chief town of the above country, on an affilu
HINX/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Herts.         ent of the Oxus, 130 miles N.E. of Balkh.
859




HIIS                                                      HOB
HIISSAR, a river of Asia. See KAFERNuIHAU.             I Hong-tse, and joins the Hoang-ho, after an E. course of 404
HISITON, a parish of England, co., and 33 miles N.N.W. miles.
of Cambridge, with a station on the HIuntingdon Branch of    HOAI-KiING, ho-ibcingl, a city of China, province of Hothe Eastern Counties Railway.                             nan, capital of a department. Lat. 350 6' N., ion. 1130 E.
HISTRIA. See IsaTRIA.                                     IIOANG-CIIHOO  or HOANG-TCHIOU, ho-lng —choof, a city
HIT, hit, (anc. is or.Eioptolis,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, of China, province of Hoe-ps, capital of a department, on
pashalic of Bagdad, on the Euphrates, 140 miles N.W. of the Yang-tse-kiang, 33 miles E. of Han-yang. Two towns
Hillah. Lat. 330 53' N., ion. 420 40' E. It consists of about of Corea have this name.
1500 houses, enclosed by a high mud wall, with semicircu-   I{OANG-IIO, (ho-anglh3P, pronounced almost whanglhol,)
lar towers. A graceful minaret and some handsome tombs  (i.e. the "YELLOW RIVERa," so named from the color which
are its only structures worthy of notice. The celebrated  the yellow clay along its banks gives to its waters,) one of
canal, Pallacopas, extending to the Persian Gulf, is sup- the principal rivers of the Chinese Empire, appears to rise
posed to have commenced here. The inhabitants are em- in the Koko-nor territory, in Thibet, near lat. 3140 N., and
ployed in preparing wool, boat-building, lime-burning, ma- ion. 980 E., flows northeastward into Mongolia, to about lat.
nufacturing salt, and exporting bitumen and naphtha from  410 N., lon. 1080 E., re-enters China proper, and after abrupt
the famous pits here, which were abundantly productive in  bends southward and eastward, enters the Yellow Sea, in
the earliest ages of antiquity, and seem to be "as perma- the province of Kiang-soo, lat. 340 N., lon. 1200 E., 150 miles
nent as a source of water."                                N. of the mouth of the Yang-tse-kiang, after a total course
HITA, ee/tAq a town of Spain, in New Castile, 12 miles  estimated at about 2000 miles. Chief affluents, the Iloai-ho
from Guadalajara. Pop. 987.                                and Heel-ho. At about 60 miles from the sea it is crossed
HITCHtAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.            by the Imperial Canal; and on its banks are many cities of
HIIITCHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        first and second rank, the principal being Lan-choo and
HITCHICOCK'S, Connecticut, a station on the New Haven  Kai-fung, respectively the capitals of the provinces of Kanand Northampton Railroad, 55 miles N. of New Haven.       soo and Ho-nan.
HITCHICOCKVILLE, a post-village in Barkhamstead    HOANG-KIANG, a river of China. See Hoc'Co-KIANG.
township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the West Branch    HOATHE, hfTH a parish of England, co. of Kent.
of Farmington River, about 25 miles N.W. of Hartford. It    HOIBART, a post-village of Delaware co., New York, on
contains print-works, a chair factory, and a scythe factory.   the Delaware River, near its source, 65 miles W.S.W. of
HITCHIENDEN or HUGHENDON, hulen-don, aparish of  Albany. It has 1 or 2 churches, and several hundred
England, co. of Bucks.                                    inhabitants.
HITCHIIIN, a market-town and parish of England, co., and    HOBART, a post-village and township of Lake co.; In141 miles N.W. of Hertford. The town is beautifully situ-  diana, 11 miles N.E. of Crownpoint. Pop. 240.
ated at the foot of a steep hill. It is well built, has a richly-    HOBART TOWN or HOBRARTON, (usually pronounced
ornamented and spacious church, erected in the reign of  hobler-ton,) capital of Van Diemen's Land, or Tasmania,
Henry VI., containing numerous monuments, and a fine  on. the 9.E. side of the island, near the mouth of the Deraltar-piece by Rubens; a grammar school founded in 1639, a  went. Lat. of Fort Mulgrave, 420 53I 51 S., ion. 1470 21' 5,'
girls' school, a union work-house, and an extensive meal and  E. Average temperature of the year, 520.3; winter, 420.1;
malt trade. Pop.                                          summer, 63001. It occupies a commanding and extremely
HITESYILLE, hits/vill, a township in Coles co., Illinois. picturesque position at the head of a sheltered bight, called
Pop. 909.                                                 Sullivan's Cove, about 20 miles from the sea, and covers
HITESVILLE, a post-village in Coles co., Illinois, 100 miles  from 1 to 1} square miles of gently rising ground, backed
E.S.E. of Springfield.                                    by an amphitheatre of lofty and well-wooded hills.  The
HIITHER INDIA, a country of Asia. See INDIA.            streets cross each other at right angles, are airy, pretty
HITTEREN, hit/ter-en, an island of Norway, stift, and 40  wide, and some of them macadamized. The more modern
miles W. of Trondhjem, in the Atlantic.  Length from W. buildings are chiefly of brick, or a dark-colored freestone;
to E., 30 miles; greatest breadth, 10 miles. Pop., including  the older principally of wood. The public edifices are unseveral small adjacent islands, 3700.                     merous, and some of them handsome; particularly the 5
IIITTEROE, hitfter-ti'h, an island off the S. coast of Nor- churches belonging to the church of England; besides
way, province of Christiansand, nearly opposite Mandal. which, there are Presbyterian churches, various chapels and
Pop. 1158.                                                meeting-houses owned by different denominations, a Roman
HITITISLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        Catholic chapel, and a Jewish synagogue. The other public
HITTORF, hitttoaf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- buildings are-the government-house, female house of corment of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 1428.              rection, or factory, the military and prisoners' barracks,
HITZKIRCH, hitsekIsLK, a village of Switzerland, canton, custom-house, commissariat stores, police-office, colonial hoeand 12 miles N. of Lucerne, near the N. extremity of Lake  pital, college, &c. The manufactories comprise tanneries,
Baldegg. Pop. 565.                                        foundries, timber mills, flour mills,and ship-building; the last
HIVAOA, e-v&-oi, an island in the. South Pacific Ocean, has now become an extensive occupation. Theharbor is exthe largest of the S.W. group of the Marquesas. Lat. of the  cellent, but the tide is irregular, rising at times 7 or 8 feet,
N. point, 90 34k S., Ion. 1390 4' W. Itis 22 miles long; greatest but usually only 4 or 5 feet. A spacious wharf, at which
breadth, about 10 miles. Pop. 6500.                       vessels of the largest burden may lade or unlade, has been
HIWASSEE. See HIAWASSEEs.                               constructed here. On either bank of the Derwent, both
HIXAR, a town of Spain. See Hutas.                      above and below the town, are numerous beautiful villas.
IIIX'S FERRY, a post-office of Randolph co., Arkansas.  iHobart Town was founded in 1804. Steamers from MelHIIZERYILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, bourne touch here. Pop. estimated at 25,000.
about 110 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                           HOBART FREE COLLEGE, (GENEVA COLLEGE.) See
HJARNOE, (Hjarnbe,) or HIARNOE. hyanSn3eh, an island  GENEvA.
of Denmark, off the E. coast of Jutland, at the entrance of   IIOBtBIE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
the bay, and 8 miles E. by S. of the town of Horsens. Area,   HOBBIE, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.
5 square miles. Pop. 170.                                   HOB'BIEVILLE, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana.
IHJELMAR, HIELMAR, hysl/man, or JELMAR, yEl/man,    HOBBYVILLE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South
a lake of Sweden, bordering on the three Icens of Orebro, Carolina.
Nykiping, and WesterAs. Greatest length, about 40 miles;   IIOBIEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
extreme breadth, about 15 miles. It receives the Svart at   HOE/KIRK or HIOPEIIKIRR, a parish of Scotland, co. of
at its W. extremity, and discharges itself by the Thorshilla  Roxburgh, 6 miles E.S.E. of Hawick. Elliott, Lord Heathinto Lake Mrelar.                                         field, the gallant defender of Gibraltar, was born here.
IHJERTING, hymn/ting, a village of Denmark, in Jutland,    HO'BOIKEN, a village of Belgium, province, and 3 miles
on the E. shore of Hjerting-Reveer. Pop. 400.              S.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 2288.
HJORING, (Hjiring,) or HIORING, (Hidring,) he-Sring or   HOBOKEN, holb6'ken, a recently chartered city, Hudson
hy3'ring, a town of Denmark,in Jutland, 29 miles N. of Aal- co., New Jersey, on the Hudson River, opposite New York,
borg. Pop. 1800.                                           and about 2 miles above Jersey City. It is chiefly remarkHJORTOE, (Hjorthe,) hyorJ/tb'h, a small island of Den- able as a place of resort and recreation'for the citizens of
mark, S. of the island of Funen.                           New York, and for the delightful scenery in its vicinity,
II'LASSA, the capital city of Thibet. See LAssA.         called the "Elysian Fields."  It contains churches of 5 or 6
IHLINSKO, h'linlsko, a town of Bohemia, 15 miles S. of  denominations, and has extensive establishments for the
Chrudim, on the Chrudimka. Pop. 3264.                      construction of steamers. Several steam-ferries connect it
HLUK, h'look, a market-town of Moravia. 5 miles S.E. of  with New York. The "Elysian Fields" are in the immediate
Hradisch. Pop. 1980.                                      vicinity. Pop. in 1853, 5527.
HOADILEY, a post-office of Racine cQ., Wisconsin.         HIOBOKEN, a town of Sacramento Co., California, is situIIOAGILAND, Ohio, a station on the Hillsborough and  ated on the left bank of the American River, (which is naviCincinnati Railroad, 15 miles W. of Hillsborough.         gable for small steamers,) about 6 miles, by water, from
IIOAGfLIN, a township in Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. Sacramento City. It is chiefly remarkable for the rapidity
125.                                                      of its early growth. Before the town was ten days old, an
HOAG'S CORNER, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New  election took place for mayor and harbor-master, the whole
York.                                                     number of votes polled being 1757.
HOAI-IHO, ho-i'hol, a river of China, traverses the Lake    HOBROE, (IHobrae,) hofbr3'eh, almost hotbrzyeyh, a town
860




1100                                                      HOF
of Denmark, province of Jutlaud, at the head of the lMari-  IHIODGE'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arager-fiord, 8 miles W. of Mariager. Pop. 1000.             kansas.
HOCIIBERG, hKblboRG, a village of Bavaria, in Lower   IHIODGESTON, hojlez-ton, a parish of South Wales, co. of
Franconia. Pop. 1148.                                      Pembroke.
IOCHDAIIL, haK'dAl, a station on the Dusseldorf and    RODGESVILLE, hojfez-vi!l, a small village of Itawamba
Elberfeld Railway, 7 miles E. by N. of Dusseldorf.         co., Mississippi.
IO0CIELBE, a town of Bohemia. See IO0HENELBE.             H OD/GINVILLE, a neat post-village, capital of La Rlue
IIOCIENAU, a market-town of Austria.  See HO01ENAU.  CO., Kentucky, 75 miles S.W. of Frankfort, is pleasantly
HOCOFELDEN, hosh'f6l'd5SNoG, a town of France, depart- situated in a fertile valley.
ment of Bas-Rhin, 13 miles N.N.WV. of Strasbourg. Pop. 2324.    ODIC or HIOEDIC, an island of France. See HEDIC.
HOCIIHEIM, holhime or htlKhime, a village of Nassau,   HODIDA, a seaport town of Arabia. See IIODEIDaA.
near the Main, with a station on the Taunus Railway, 7    HODIMONT, ho'dee'm6N%, a village of Belgium, promiles S.E. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1971.                       vinc, and 13 ~miles E. of Liege. Pop. 2000.
IHIOCKIRCH, hfKlkla'K, a village of Saxony, 7 miles    HODINET, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
E.S.E. of Bautzen. Here the Prussians, under Frederick the    HODONY, ho'doif, a village of Hungary, co. of Temesvar,
Great, defeated the Austrians under Daun, October, 1758.    4 miles from Kis-Becskerek. Pop. 1369.
H OCHKIRCII, a village of Prussian Silesia, S.E. of    HODSAK, hod'shlk/, or ODSAK, od'shbkI, a market.town
Glogau.                                                   of Hungary, co. of Bacs. 14 miles from Zombor. Pop. 3110.
HOCIHISPEYER or HOCHSPEIER, htKIspl'er, a village of    HOE, a parish of England. See Hoo.
Rhenish Bavaria, 61 miles E. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1332.   HOEGAERDE'N, a village of Belgium. See HOUGAERDEo
IHOCHST, (Iifchst,) hbast, a town of West Germany,   HIOEI-AN, a town of China. See HoEi-NGAN.
duchy of Nassau, on the Main, and on the Taunus Railway,   HOEI-CHOO, ho-'-chool, HOEI-CHEOO, or IHOEI-TCRE6 miles W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1800.                       OU, ho-A-che-oo, a town of China, capital of a department
HOCLST, (Hichst,) a market-town of Hesse-Darmstadt, of its own name, province of Quang-tong, 85 miles E. of
province of Starkenburg. Pop. 1320.                       Canton, on a tributary of the Canton River.
HOCHIST, (ilchst,) a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, in    HOEI-HO, ho-At-ho,! a river of China, the chief affluent of
Oberhessen, circle of Friedberg. It contains a library of the loang-ho, which it enters in lat. 340 451' N., ion. 1100 3(0
nearly 50,000 volumes. Pop. 539.                          E. Total estimated course, 400 miles.
IIOCIISTADT, htxtstatt, or WISOWKA, *'e-sovlkA, a    HOEI-NGAN, ho-A-Nglnt, or IHOEI-AN, ho-A'-An,! a city of
town of Bohemia, 29 miles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1604.    the Chinese Empire, province of Kiang-soo, 100 miles N.N.E.
HOCISTADT, hlastiAtt, a town of Bavaria, circle of of Nankin, on the Imperial Canal. and near the Hoang-ho.
Swatbia, on the left bank of the Danube, and on the Nurem- It is surrounded by a triple wall, and is a place of great
berg and Neumarkt Railway, 23 miles N.W. of Augsburg.  bustle and activity.
Pop. 2460. The battle of Blenheim, (Blindheim,) fought in    HOEI-NING-TCHING, ho-Aning'ching;, (Mongol. Bainda,
its immediate neighborhood, is called by the French and  binld/,) a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 15 miles N.E. of
Germans the battle of Hochstadt.                          Eelee, and having a Chinese garrison.
HOCIHSTADT, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Franco-   HOEI-TONG, ho-A'-tongl, a city of the Chinese Empire,
nia, 15 miles S.S,W. of Bamnberg, on the Aisch. Pop. 1713.  province of Quang-tong, on the E. coast of the island of IIHaiHOCHISTETTIN, GROSS, groce htKcsttltetn, a parish and  nan, 50 miles S. of Kiong-choo.  The walls of the town
village of Switzerland, canton, and 10 miles S.E. of Bern. are high, the streets paved and narrow, and the houses
Pop. 4163.                                                 built of red brick. Pop. about 44,000.
HIOCH-WESELY, h6i-*A/zeh-le, or WESELY, a market-    HOEI-YUAN-TCHING. See ELaE..
town of Bohemia, 7 miles N.W. of Bidschow. Pop. 992.        HOEKSCHE-WAARD, DE, deh h66kklsxeh-_Iad/, an island
HOCK'ANUM/, a post-village of Hartford co., Connecticut. of Holland, province of South Holland, bounded N. by the
HIOCKANUM  RIVER rises in Tolland co., Connecticut, Old Mense, E. by the Dortsche-kil, S. by the Hollands-diep,
and falls into the Connecticut River nearly opposite HIart-  and W. by the Spui. Pop. 22,000.
ford, in Hartford county.                                   HOELLALIOE, hooPlll-le-oot, a village of the Malay ArchiIHOCKENDORF, hoklen-donf, avillage of Saxony, 15 miles  pelago, on the S. coast of the island of Ceram. Pop. 400, all
N.N.E. of'Dresden. Pop. 780.                              Christians.
HOCKENHEIM, holIen-hImeO, a village of Baden, circle  IHIOEN-HO, ho-ln'-hof, a river of China, province Pe-cheeof Lower Rhine, 10 miles S.W. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2555.    lee, joins the Pei-ho at Tien-sing, 60 miles S.E. of Peking, after
HOCK'ERING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        a S.E. course of 300 miles.
HOCK/ERSVILLE, a post-office of Dauphin co., Pennsyl-    HOERDT, hbRt or hbat, a village of France, department
vania.                                                    ment of Bas-Rhin, 8 miles N. of Strasbourg. Pop. 1539.
HOCKIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.           HIOEVLAKEN, hoovtllken, a village of HIolland, province
HOCK/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          of Gelderland, 14 miles S.W. of Ilarderwyk. Pop..742.
HOCK/ING, or H1OCKHOCKtING, a river of Ohio, rises    IIOEYLAERT, ho-il'nRt', a village of Belgium, province
in the S.E. central part of the state, and flowing in a  of Brabant, 7 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2181.
south-easterly direction, enters the Ohio River in Athens    HOEYTIIEINEN, ho-i'te-A/nen, a lake of Finland, near
county, 25 miles below Marietta. Some portions are navi- the centre of the circle of Kuopio.  Greatest length, 30
gable by boats. A canal extends along the I-Iocking Valley, miles; greatest breadth, 12 miles. It communicates, at the
and connects with theOhio Canal.                          S.W., point with Lake Winijaervi.
HOCKING, a county in the S.E. central part of Ohio, has    HOF, a parish of Norway, 33 miles N.W. of Christiania.
an area of 420 square miles. It is intersected by the Hock- Pop. 6000.
hocking River, and also drained by the sources of Salt and    HOF, hof, a market-town of Lower Austria, circle of Man.
Racoon Creeks. The surface is generally hilly. Iron-mines  hartsberg, on the Leitha. Pop. 1285.
have been opened in the county, which are thought to be   HIOF or DWOREC, dco/rkts, a town of Austria, in Moravery extensive. It is intersected by the HIocling Canal. via, 30 miles N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2457.
Organized in 1818. Capital, Logan. Pop. 14,119.             IIOF, hot, a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, and on the
HOCKING, a township in the S.W. central part of Fair- Saxon-Bavarian Railway, 30 miles N.E of Bayreuth. Pop.
field co., Ohio. Pop. 1826.                               8049. Since ravaged by fire in 1823, it has been regularly
HOCKINGPORT, Ohio. See TRoy.                            built. It has a gymnasium with a large library, and extenHOCKILEY, a parish of England, Co. of Essex.            sive manufactures of muslins, yarns, woollen stuffs, leather,
HOCK/LIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.        and colors; and iron-mines and marble quarries in its
HOCK/WOLD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         vicinity.
HOCK/WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           HOP, a market-town of Austria, 8 miles E. of Salzburg.
HIODCHODKEE CREEK, of Georgia, rises in Stewart co.,  IHOFFENIIEIM, hofffen-hlmeO, a village of Baden, circle
and flows into Patawla Creek, in Randolph county.         of Lower Rhine, 21 miles S.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1494.
HOD/DAM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.           HOFFLEIN, (Hlfflein,) bfflfIne, or HOFFLEIN-BEIHODDESDON, hodz/dpn,market-town of England, co. of  BRUCK, hlfflfne-bi-br5lk/, a village of Lower Austria, on
Herts, 4 miles S.E. of Hertford. Pop. in 1851, 1854.      the Leitha, near Bruck. Pop. 1110.
HODEN, ho-dlnl, or WADAN, wa-dinl, a town and oasis  HIOFF/MANN'S, New York, a station on the New York
of West Africa, situated near lat. 190 30' N., Ion. 130 30' W. Central Railroad, 26 miles W. of Albany.
The Portuguese formerly had a factory here.                 HOFFMAN'S FERRY, apost-office of Schenectady co., New
HODEIDA, ho-dA/dA or ho-dildd, written also IIODIDA, a  York.
seaport town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the Red Sea, 100 miles   HOF-GASTEIN, a town of Austria. See GAsTEzN.
N.N.W. of Mocha. Its bazaars are supplied with Indian    HOFGEISMAR, hof/ghis'maR, a town of Hesse-Cassel, on
silks, cloths, and grains, besides the produce of Arabia.  an affluent of the Weser, and on the railway from Eisenach
IIODGDON, hj'dpou, a post-township of Aroostook co., to Carlshafen, 15 miles N.W. of Cassel- Pop.3503. It is enMaine, on the boundary line, 160 miles N.E. of Augusta. It closed by walls, and an avenue conducts from it to some
contains 4 meeting-houses, a flouring mill, 2 saw mills, 2  baths and an electoral palace about 1 mile distant.
shingle machines, a carding machine, &c. Pop. 862.          HOFHIIEIM, hofthime, a village of Bavaria, 36 miles N.E
HODGDON'S MILLS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.   of Wiirzburg. Pop. 850.
HODGENSVILLE, a post-office of La Rue co., Kentucky.    HOFIIEIM, a walled town of Bavaria, duchy of Nassau, 9
HODGE'S BEND, a post-office of Fort Bend co., Texas.    miles E. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1471.
861




HOF                                                      iOK
IIOFHEIM, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, 19 miles S.W.   JEOHENELBE, hof0n-61beh, or HOCHELBE, hKbx~l-beh,
of Darmstadt. Pop. 1270.                                   a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 16 miles N.E. of Gitschin
HOFLEIN, (HOfiein,) hifqllne, (GRoss, groce, or NAGY, Pop. 3257.
nldj,) a market-town of Hungary, co., and 10 miles N.W. of    HOIIEN-EMS, ho!en-6ms', a market-town of the Tyrol, near
(Edenburg.  Pop. 1321.                                     the Swiss frontier, 10 miles N.E. of Feldkirch. Pop. 1000.
HITOFSTADE, hoflstgdeh, a village of Belgium, province of    HOHENFELS,  hoten-f~ls', a market-town of Bavaria, 17
East Flanders, on the Dendre, 18 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. miles N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 740.
1910.                                                       I-IOHENFURT.   holen-fR65t', or WYSSEBROD, 9vlstsehHOFTEREN, hof/tA-ren, an island of Normway, off the coast brot', a village of Bohemia, 26 miles S. of Budweis. Pop. 1042.
of South Bergenhuns, 20 miles S.S.W. of Bergen. Length,   HOIIIENHAMELN, ho'n-hA'meln, a village of Hanover,
12 miles; breadth, about 4 miles.                          9 miles N.N.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1031.
HOFVA, hof/vA, a village of Sweden, lien of Skaraborg,   HOHENIHIASLACH, hofpn-hselUcK, a village of Wiirtem18 miles S.E. of IMariestad, in the forest of Tived.       berg, 18 miles N.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1348.
IIOFWYL, hof/*il, or IIOFWEIL, hof!vil, a village of    HOHENHEIM, holen-hime', a hamlet of Wdirtemberg, 4
Switzerland, canton, and 6 miles N. of Bern, with a cele- miles S.S.E. of Stuttgart, with a celebrated school of agribrated educational and agricultural institution, established  culture.
by I. Fellenberg in 1799, having a model and experimental  IHIOHENLEUBEN, hotpn-loi'ben, a market-town of Central
-farm, a normal school, and gratuitous schools for the poor. Germany, 7 miles N.W. of Greitz. Pop. 2200.
It is attended by pupils from all parts of Europe. Fellen-   ILOHENLINDEN, holpn-lindtfn, a village of Upper Barvaberg, its founder, died in 1844.                           ria, 20 miles E. of Munich, celebrated for the victory of the
HOGANAS, (HIIganiis,) htlg-n,4s', a village of Sweden, French and Bavarians under Moreau, over the Austrians
iLnn of Malmbhuns, near the N.E. entrance of the Sound, under the Archduke John, December 3, 1800.
37 miles N. of Copenhagen. It depends chiefly on the coal-  IIOHENLINIDEN, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Missouri.
mines which are worked in its vicinity.                     HIOHENLOIIE, hofpn-lo'eh, an ancient principality of GerHOIGANSBURG, a post-village of Franklin co., New York, many, in Franconia, now medidtized, and mostly comprised
on the St. Regis, about 5 miles from its entrance into the  in the,circle of Jaxt, (Wtiirtemberg,) and partly in Bavaria.
St. Lawrence, and 40 miles N.E. of Ogdensburg. The river   HIOIIENMAUTH, holpn-m6wt, or WYSOKE-MEYTO, -(el.
here affords water-power, which is used for mills of various solkeh-milto, a town of Bohemia, 16 miles E. of Chrudim,
kinds. The village is accessible by steamers. Pop. esti- witlh a station on the North States Railway. Pop. with
mated at 400.                                             suburbs, 4623.
HO/GANSVILLE  or HOIGANVILLE, a post-village of   IHOHENSAX, ho1Qn-s~x', a village of East Switzerland,
Troup co., Georgia, on the La Grange Railroad, 13 miles  canton of St. Gall, 5 miles N. of Werdenberg.  Pop. 1153.
N.E..of La Grange, the county seat.                          1OHEN SOLMIS. See SoLIs LicH.
IHOGANSVILLE, a post-village in Dubuque co., Iowa, 15   IIOHENSTADT, ho/pn-stltt', (Moravian, Habrzeh, h btzhA,)
miles W.S.W. of Dubuque.                                   a town of Moravia, circle, and 25 miles N.W. of Olmutz, on
HOGIBACK VALLEY, a post-office of Jackson co., North  the Sazawa, and on the North States Railway. Pop. 1494.
Carolina.                                                   HOHENSTAUFEN, ho'en-stfw'fen, a village of WiirtemHOG CREEK, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.            berg, circle of Danube, 24 mniles N.N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 1106,
HOGE, hofcheh, a small island of Denmark, off the W, with a ruined castle of the house of Hohenstaufen.
coast of Sleswick, 16 miles W.S.W. of Bredstedt. Pop. 480.   HOHIENSTEIN, ho/pn-stine' or HOHINSTEIN, h)n/stIne,
HOGELAND, holghelgnd,x HOGHLAND, or HOGLAND, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 12 miles N.E. of Zwickau.
hog/lland, a small island of Russia, in the Gulf of Finland, Pop. 4670, engaged in cotton, woollen, and linen weaving,
110 miles W. of St. Petersburg. It is celebrated for a naval and the manufacture of machinery.
victory gained by the Russians over the Swedes in 1788,   HOIHENSTEIN, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 17 miles
and for the measure of an arc of the meridian between it E.S.E. of Dresden. Pop. 994. Near it is the castle of Hohenand Jakobstadt.                                            stein.
HIOGESTOWN, holj/s-t~wn, a post-village of Cumberland    HOHENSTEIN, holen-stine', or OLSTYNEB, olfste-n~b', a
co., Pennsylvania, 9 miles S.W. of IHarrisburg.           town of Prussia, province of East Flanders, 78 miles S.S.W.
HOGIHEAD, Ireland, a promontory on the Atlantic, at of Kilnigsberg, on the Amelang. Pop. 1270.
the point forming the N.W. entrance of Kenmare River.        HOHENTHINGEN, holen-ting en, a village of WiirtemHOGHTON, h6'ton, a township of England, co. of Lan- berg, circle of Danube, 40 miles S.W. of Ulm. In 1799 it was
caster, with a station on the East Lancashire Railway, 6  more than once taken by the French, and burned. Pop. 410.
miles S.E. of Preston.                                       HOHENWESTEDT, holen-1ts't~tt,  a village of Denmark,
HOG ISLAND, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the  in Holstein, 15 miles S.S.W. of Rendsburg.  Pop. 1169.
N.E. extremity of Java, in lat. 70 51 S., ion. 1140 55/ E., and    HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINCGEN, ho'en-tsolllern-hliking.
about 20miles in circuit.                                  en, a principality of Germany, enclosed between WtirtemHOG ISLAND, off the W. coast of Sumatra, about 40 miles berg on the W., N., and E., and the two portions of the
in length, by 3 miles in breadth.                          principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen on the S. Area,
HOG ISLAND, British India, an islet in the harbor of  117 square miles. Pop. 20,143. Capital, Hechingen. It has
Bombay.                                                    recently been purchased by the King of Prussia.
HOG ISLAND, one of the Bahamas, N.E. of New Pro-   HOHENZOLLERN-SIGMARINGEN, ho'Vn-tsol/l1rn-sig.lvidence.                                                  mn-ring'pn, a principality of Germany, consisting of two
HOG ISLAND, an island in the Flores Sea, off the S. large, and several smaller portions, surrounded by Wiirextremity of Celebes, in let. 60 10' S., ion. 1200 22' E.  temrberg, IHohenzollern-Hechingen, and Baden. Area, 335
HOG ISLANDS, a cluster of islets off the coast of Ire- square miles. Pop. 45,431.  Capital, Sigmaringen.  This
land, co. of Kerry, near the mouth of Kenmare River.       principality was likewise included with the above in the
HOGLE'S (hlgleiz) CREEK, a post-village of St. Clair co., purchase of the King of Prussia.
Missouri, 55 W.S.W. of Jefferson City.                       HHOIOI/KUS, a manufacturing village and township of BerHOG MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia, about gen co., New Jersey, on Hohokus Creek, and on the New
95 miles N. of Milledgeville.                              York and Erie Railroad, 24 miles N.N.W. of New York. It
HOGINASTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.          has several cotton manufactories, and 2 or 3 for malting
HOGOLEN (ho'go-ln) or HOGOLIN (hotgo-liu) ISLANDS, combs. Pop. 2271.
a group in the centre of the Carolines, Pacific Ocean, in lat.   HOHR, (Hihr,) hba, a village of Germany, duchy of Nas70 N., ion. 1520 B.                                        san. Pop. 1171.
HOG RIVER, a small stream of Michigan, enters the Cold-   HOHSCHEID-MIsa-MERSHEID, htshite-mit-mlsishte t, -a
water River in Branch county.                              township of Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles E. of Dusseldorf, with
HOG/SHAW, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             extensive lead-works. Pop. 11,395.
HOGSTITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         HOIIWACHT, hlfi*Kt.  a village of Denmark, on the N.E.
HOGISTIES, a group of dangerous rocky islets of the Ba- coast of IHolstesn, with a harbor and fne roadstead; the
hamas, West Indies, 38 miles N.W. of the Great Inaguna.    latter having from 15 feet to 20 feet of water.
IHOGS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.              HOIER, (HIfier,) h'/yer, originally HOTHER, h'ter, a vilHOGUE, LA, France. See CAPE tA HOGUE.                   lage of Denmark, in Sle'swick, 8 miles W.N.W. of Tondern.
HOGYESZ, (1i3gyesz,) hfdlyessf, a town of Hungary, co. Pop. 1000.
of Tolna, 32 miles N.N.E. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 3070.       HOJA.JAMOTE- KA-GOTE, hoja.-jf-m6t'kA-git/, (?)a village
HOHIENAU, hofpn-sw, or ILOCHENAU, hlsteh-nuwN, a or encampment of Belodchistan, provinceofLoos, near which
village of Lower Austria, with a station on the Emperor some rich ores of copper have lately been discovered.
Ferdinand's Northern Railway, 45 miles N.E. of Vienna.   HO/AIAH  (or ROOT) RIVER, in the S.E. part of Minnesota
Pop. 1557.                                                Territory, falls into the Mississippi a little below La Crosse,
IOHENBRUCK, ho/pn-br33k', or TRZEBOCHOWICE, in Wisconsin. Length, about 130 miles.
tzhe-bo-xo-oeet'si, a town of Bohemia, 7 miles E. of KEnig-   HOKIANGA, ko-ke-An/gj, a river of New Zealand, in the
griitz. Pop. 2231.                                        North Island, enters the sea on its W. coast, near the N.
HOHENECK, holeh-nk', avillage of Germany, in Styria, extremity, in lt. 350 30' S., lon. 1730 26 E. On it are a
5 miles N. of Cilly. Near it are the mineral baths of Loka.  British settlement- and a Wesleyan mission.
IIOHENECK, a village of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, cir-   HO-KIEN, ho'ke-Wn/, or HO-KIAN, ho-ke-Anl, a town of
cle of Neckar, N.E. of Ludwigsberg.                      China, province Pe-ches-lee, c-pital of a department in a
862




HOL                                                       HOL
plain between the Tal-ho, and the Hoe-to-ho, 100 miles    HOLLAND, holtland, NORTH and SOUTR, two contiguous
S.S.W. of Peking.                                         provinces, and the most important of the kingdom of the
HOLABRUNN, OBER, o'ber hollg-br6l5n, or HOLEILS- Netherlands, composed of the peninsulas and islands
DORF, hollils-doRf', a market-town of Lower Austria, on the  between lat. 510 40' and 530 30' N., and ion. 40 and 50
Gbttersbach. Pop. 2688.                                   20' E., having S., Holland's-Diep and a mouth of the
HOILAR, (Dan. Holuss, hotloom,) a village of Iceland, on  Rhine, W., the North Sea, and on other sides the Zuyderits N. coast, having a cathedral, printing establishment, and  zee, and the provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland, and North
school. It became a bishop's see in 1106.                 Brabant.  Area of North  Holland, 966  square miles.
HOLtBEACH, a market-town and parish of England, co. Pop. in 1853, 514,755. Of South Holland, 1180.quare miles.
of Lincoln, 71 miles E.N.E. of Spalding. It is very ancient, Pop. 591,493. Surface uniformly fiat, intersected by numehas a fine Gothic church, a free school, founded about 1351, rous canals, and much of it below the level of high seaa union work-house, and 2 branch banks. Dr. Stukeley, tides, but protected against these by a line of natural downs
the antiquary, was born here in 1687. Pop. 2245.          all along the W. coast, and artificial dykes elsewhere.
HOLtBECK, a township and chapelry of England, co. of  The Leck and Meuse traverse the S. province; a large exYork, West Riding.                                        tent in the centre is occupied by the V inlet, Haarlem Lake,
HOLBEK or HOLBECK, hollblk, a seaport town of Den- and extensive marshes. Cattle-rearing is the chief branch of
mark, island and stift of Seeland, on an arm of the Ise-fiord, rural industry. Manufactures of every description are very
35 miles W. of Copenhagen.  Pop. 2300.                    actively carried on. Principal cities, Amsterdam, Haarlem,
HOLtBERT'S PREICINCT, a small village of Limestone Saardam, Alkmaar, and Hoorn, in North Holland, and the
co., Alabama.                                             Hague, Rotterdam, Leyden, and Dort, in South Holland.
HOLtBETON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             HOLILAND, PRuussic, proislsish hol/llnt, a town of East
HOLIBROOK, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.         Prussia, 58 miles S.W. of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 3360.
HOLBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            HOLtLAND, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, 55
HOLtCOMB, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia.          miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 669.
HOLtCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          HOLLAND, a station on the railroad from Philadelphia
HOLtCOMBE-BUR/NELL, a parish of England, co. of  to Easton, 30 miles S. of Easton.
Devon.                                                      HOLLAND, a post-township of Hampden co., MassachuHOLICOMBE-ROfGUS, a parish ofEngland, co. of Devon.  setts, 70 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 449.
HOLCOMB'S ROCK, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.   HOLLAND, a post-village and township in the S.E. part
HOLfCOTT, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          of Erie co., New York, about 25 miles S.E. of Buffalo.
HOLCOTT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.       Pop. 1315.
HOLDtEN, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, in-   HOLLAND, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
corporated April 13, 1852.                                  HOLLAND, a thriving post-village and township in the
HOLDEN, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachu-  S.W. part of Ottawa co., Miichigan, at the mouth of Black
setts, 50 miles W. of Boston. It has manufactures of cotton  River, 50 miles N.W. of Kalamazoo. Pop. of the village,
goods. Pop. 1933.                                         about 600; of the township, 1829.
HOLDIENBY, a parishof England, co., and 5i miles N.N.W.   HOLLAND, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
of Northampton. Ithas ruins of a princely mansion, built   HOLLAND LANDING, a post-village of Canada West,
by Sir C. Hatton, lord-chancellor in the reign of Elizabeth. townships of East and West Gwillimbury, on the Ontario
Charles I. was for a short time kept a prisoner in it.    Simcoe and Huron Railroad, 35 miles N. of Toronto. It
HOLDIENHURST, a parish of England, co. of Hants.        contains 3 saw mills, several stores, and a foundry. Pop.
HOLDIERMAN'S GROVE, a post-office of Kendall co., I1- about 350.
linois.                                                     HOLLAND, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
HOLDtERNESS, a district of England, co. of York, East   HOLLAND, NEW. See AuSTRALIA.
Riding, consisting mostly of the large tongue of land stretch-   HOLLAND, PARTS OF, a district of England, forming a
ing between the North Sea and the estuary of the river  division of the county of Lincoln on the S.E., and having E.
lumber. Area, 160,470 acres. Pop. 23,766.                 the North Sea. Area, 256,320 acres. Pop. 72,361. HollandHOLDWERNESS, a post-township of Grafton co., New  Pen, in this district, is a tract now enclosed and drained,
Hampshire, on the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, comprising 22,000 acres. Pop. upwards of 10,000.
45 miles N. by W. of Concord, has many fine mill seats,   HOLtLAND PATIENT, a post-village of Oneida co., New
and manufactures of paper. Pop. 1744.                     York, 11 miles N.N.E. of Utica, has 2 churches and an acaHOLDIGATE, a parish of England, co. of Salop..          demy. Pop. about 500.
HOLE IN THE WALL, a light-house at the S. extremity    HOLLANDS-DIEP, holtlants-deepx, (Fr. Dieppe, de-Ipp,) the
of Abaco Island, one of the Little Bahamas. It stands one  principal arm of the Waal, between South Holland and North
third of a mile N. of the Hole in the Wall, and shows a re- Brabant, Netherlands, divides, after a course of 14 miles,
volving light, 80 feet from its base, and 160 feet above the  into the Haringvliet and Volke-rak, the two largest mouths
level of the sea, in lat. 250 51' 30" N., Ion. 770 10' 45" W.    of the Rhine, and which encircle the island of Over-flakke.
HOLESCHOWITZ or HOLLESOWICE, h6lleh-shotfits, a    HOLLAND, UPPER, a chapelry of England, co. of Lanvillage of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz, on the Moldau, 2  caster, on the Liverpool and Wigan Railway, 4 miles W.S.W.
miles from Prague. Pop. 1001.                             of Wigan.
HOLtFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           HOLILENBACK, a township of Luzerne co., PennsyivaHOLGUIN, hol-gheent or ol-gheent, a town of Cuba, 63  nia. Pop. 742.
miles N.N.W. of Santiago. Pop. in 1853, 3754.               IIOLLESCHAU or HOLLESCHOW, holleh-shiw', a town
HOLICS or HOLITSCH, hollich', a town of Hungary, cir- of Moravia, circle, and 18 miles N. of Hradisch, on the Ruscle of Neutra, 46 miles N. of Presburg, near the March. Pop. saws, with a deanery church, a fine castle, a town-house,
4333. It has an imperial castle and stud. Roman Catholic  3 chapels, and a synagogue. Pop. 4589.
and Lutheran churches, a synagogue, a Capuchin convent    HOLtLESLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
and manufactures of pottery, &c.                            HOLfLEY, a post-village of Murray township, Orleans co.,
HOLITZ, ho'lits, or NEU HOLITZ, nol hollits, a town of  New York, on the Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls
Bohemia, 11 miles N.E. of Chrudim. A battle was fought  Railroad, and on the Erie Canal, 22 miles W. of Rochester.
here in 1758, between the Prussians and the Imperialists. It contains 5 churches, 2 stores, and 1 academy. Pop.
Pop. 3424.                                                about 1100.
HOLKAR'S DOMINIONS, India. See INDORE.                    HOLLEY GROVE, a small village of Edgecomb co., North
HOLKER, LOWER, a township of England, co. of Lan-  Carolina.
caster, 2 miles S. of Upper Holker.                        HIOLLFELD, holltfalt, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper
HOLIKER, UPPER, a township of England, co. of Lan-  Pranconia, 13 miles W. of Baireuth and East Bamberg.
caster.                                                   Pop. 1048. It has large markets for sheep.
HOLKHAM, ho/ka.m, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk,   HOI/LIDAYSBURG, a flourishing post-borough, capital
on the North Sea, 21 miles W. of Wells. The church is a  of Blair co., Pennsylvania, is situated on the Juniata River,
noted sea-mark. Holkham IHouse, the splendid residence of  at the E. terminus of the Alleghany Portage Railroad, where
the late Earl of Leicester, is built after a design by Palladio. it connects with the Juniata division of the canal, and neaf
The library, statue gallery, and picture-saloon, abound in the  the E. base of the Alleghany Mountain. Distance from Harrarest works of literature and art.                       risburg by turnpike, 120 miles W., and by railroad, 137
HOLILACOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         miles. Since the construction of the canal and railroad, this
HOLLAND, (Dutch pron. holtllnt; originally Oilant, i. e. town has improved rapidly, and has become the centre of
"muddy" or "marshy land;" Pr. Hollande, holUlhadl; L. trade for an extensive country, which is rich in agricultural
Batarvia and Hollanldia;) the name usually given to the  and mineral resources. The business of the town is estikingdom of the Netherlands, though, strictly speaking, is mated to be more extensive than that of any place between
now only applied to the provinces of North and South Hol- Pittsburg and Harrisburg.  Through Hollidaysburg, the
land. This name was associated with that kingdom for four  iron of the celebrated Juniata region seeks a market. Stone
years, (1806-1810,) under the rule of Louis Bonaparte. The  coal and grain are also exported in large quantities. The
kingdom of Holland, during that time, included nearly all cars on the Portage Railroad were formerly drawn up to the
the territories comprising the present kingdom  of the  summit by five inclined planes, with a vertical ascent of 1500
Netherlands, together with part of Hanover and the duchy  feet in a distance of 10 miles. This interruption has reof Oldenburg. See NrmHEaLNDsS.                            cently been obviated by the construction of an extensive
863




IHOL                                                      HOL
tunnel through  the mountain. A small branch of the    HOLME LAICY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Juniata separates the town from  the borough of Gaysport.    HOLME, MOSS, a mountain of England, co. of Derby
IIollidaysburg was incorporated in 1836, and became the  where it meets the counties of York and Chester. Highest
county seat in 1846. It contains about 6 churches, 2 iron  point, 1859 feet.
foundries, 1 manufactory of ironstone ware, and 4 news-   HOLME-PIERREPONT, (peertpont,) a parish of England,
paper offices. Pop. 2430, or, including Gaysport, 3020.    co. of Nottingham.
HOLLIDAY'S COVE, a post-office of Hancock co., Vir-   HOLIMER, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
ginia.                                                       HOLME-NExT-RUNCTON, a parish of England, co. of NorIIOLLITDAYSVILLE, a post-office of Dooly co., Georgia.   folk.
ItOLLINGBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           HOLMES, h6mz, a new county in the N. part of Florida,
HOLLINGSTEDT, holtling-statt', a village of Denmark, bordering on Alabama, has an area of 490 square miles. It
duchy, and 12 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick.                   is intersected by the Choctawhatchee River. The surface is
IIOL'LINGSWORTIH, a post-office of Habersham  co., level or undulating.  Formed recently by a division of
Georgia, 115 nmiles N. of Milledgeville.                   Walton and Jackson counties. Capital, Cerro Gordo. Pop.
HOLILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         1205, of whom 1042 were free, and 163 slaves.
HOLILINGWOOD, a village of England, co. of Lancaster,    HOLMES, a county in the N.W. central part of Missis1I miles W.S.W. of Oldham.                                 sippi, has an area of about 940 square miles. The Yazoo
HOLILINGWORTH, a township of England, cc. of Chester. River forms its boundary on the W., and the Big Black
HOLILIS, a post-township of York co., Maine, 60 miles  River on the S.E. The surface is generally level, and the
S.W. of Augusta. The inhabitants are extensively engaged  soil is very rich. The Yazoo is navigable for steamboats on
in the lumber business. Pop. 2683.                         the border of the county through the whole year. Named
HOLLIS, a post-township of Hillsborough co., New Hamp- in honor of Governor DBaid Holmes of Mississippi. Capital,
shire, on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 7 miles S. of  Lexington. Pop. 13,928, of whom 5551 were free, and 8377
Nashua, and 35 miles S. of Concord. Pop. 1293.             slaves.
HOLLIS, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, 11 miles    HOLMES, a county in the N.E. central part of Ohio, has
N.W. of Peoria.                                           an area of about 400 square miles. It is traversed from N.
HOLLIS CENTRE, a post-office of York co., Maine.        to S. by Kilbuck Creek, intersected in the W. part by the
HOLILISTON, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., Walhonding River, and also drained by Doughty's Fork
Massachusetts, on the Milford Branch Railroad, about 25 miles of the frst-named stream. The surface is moderately hilly,
W.S.W. of Boston, and the same distance E. of Worcester. and the soil generally good. Stone coal is found along KilThe inhabitants are extensively engaged in manufactures, buck Creek. Gas springs have recently been discovered.
there being about 25 establishments in the township for the  The projected railroad from Coshocton to Hudson will pass
production of boots, shoes, combs, cotton goods, and straw  through the county. Formed in 1824.  Capital, Millershats and bonnets, employingabout 600 hands. Thebusiness  burg. Pop. 20,452.
has increased about 25 per cent. since 1850. The village    HOLMES, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 1238.
contains 3 churches, 8 stores, a bank, an insurance. con-   HOLMES, Boone co., Indiana, a station on the Lafayette
pany, and Mount Hollis Seminary. There are also 3 other  and Indianapolis Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Lelbanon.
villages in the township, viz. East Holliston, Braggville,   HOLMESBURG, h6mztbtirg, a pleasant post-village inand Metcalf Station. Pop. in 1850. 2428.                   eluded within the chartered limits of Philadelphia, in PennHIOLILOWAYVILLE, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois.  sylvania, 10 miles N.E. of the State-house. It contains 4
HOLLOW  CREEK, a post-office of Lexington district, churches, 1 boarding-school, and 1 spade fatctory.
South Carolina.                                              HOLME-NEAR-TH —SEA, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HOLLOW  SQUARE, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama.   HOLMES' (h6mztez) HOLE, a post-village in Tisbury
HOLLUM, holllVm, a village of Holland, province of Fries- township, Duke's co., Massachusetts, about 60 miles S.E.
land, on the S.W. end of the island of Ameland. Pop. 1075. of Boston. Is has a fine harbor, much frequented by vessels
HOLLY, a township of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop. 941.  in bad weather.  At the entrance to the harbor, on the
HOLLY CREEK, a post-village of Murray co., Georgia, West Chop, stands Holmes' Hole Light-house, exhibiting a
10 miles S. of Spring Place, the county town.              fixed light 60 feet above the level of the'sea. Lat. 410 29'
HOLLY GROVE, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia.      N., Ion. 700 36' 40" W.  One whaler arrived here in 1853,
HOLLY GROVE, a post-office of Walker co., Alabama.       bringing 320 barrels of sperm-oil, 1720 of whale-oil, and 1000
HOLLY HILL, a post-office of Charleston district, South  pounds of whalebone.
Carolina.                                                    HOLME-oN-SPALDING (spAllding) MOOR, a parish of
HOLLY LEAF, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.      England. co. of York, East Riding,
HOL1LYM, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.   H     dOLMESTRAND, holtm.h-strtnd&, a seaport town of NorHOLLY MILLS, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.    way, stift of Aggershuus, on the Drammen Fiord, 34 miles
HOLILYMOUNT, a petty town of Ireland, in Connaught, S.S.W. of Christiania. Pop. 1746.
co. of Mayo, 4 miles E.N.E. of Ballinrobe. Pop. 454.         HOLMES' VALLEY, a post-office of Washington co., FloHOLLY POINT, a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas.        ride.
HOLLY RETREAT, a post-office of Wilkinson co., Mis-   HOLMESVILLE, h6mztvill, a post-village, capital of Apsissippi.                                                  jling co., Georgia, 115 miles S.E. of Milledgeville.
HOLLY RIVER, a post-office of Braxton co., Virginia.     IHOLMESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Pike co., MisHOLLY SPRING, a post-village of Wake co., North Ca- sissippi, on the Bogue Chitto River, 90 miles S. of Jackson.
roline.                                                     HIOLMESYILLE, a post-village of Avoyelles parish, in
HOLLY SPRING, a post-office of Wood co., Texas.         Louisiana, about 20 miles S.W. of Marksville.
HOLLY SPRING, a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas.     IHOLMES~ILLE, a post-village of Holmes co., Ohio, near
HOLLY SPRINGS, a flourishing and beautiful post-vil- Killbuck Creek, 85 miles N.E. of Columbus. Together with
lags, capital of Marshall co., Mississippi, 210 miles N. of the contiguous village of. Lafayette, it has about 250 inJackson. The situation is healthful and remarkably beauti- habitants.
ful. The place is distinguished for the excellence of its    HOLMESVILLE, Laporte co., Indiana, a station on the
schools and the intelligence of its inhabitants. It contains  Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad, 8 miles
4 educational institutions, which are j stly celebrated: the  N.W. of Laporte.
Chalmers' Institute and St. Thomas' IHIall for boys; and the    HOLME-oN-rHn-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of York,
Iolly Springs Female Institute and the Franklin Female  East Riding.
College. The whole number of pupils attending them is    HOLM/FIRTH, a township of England, co. of York, West
about 390. The village contains several churches, 4 news- Riding.
paper offices, and 1 bank. The Mississippi Central Railroad,   HOLMON, hollmon, or GOLMA, golimP, an island of
when finished, will connect it with Jackson and New Or- Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 20 miles E. of Umed. Lat.
leans. The present population (1853) is estimated at 4000.  630 40' N., lon. 210 E. It belongs to the Quarken group.
IIOLILYWD00, a village and parish of Ireland, in Ulster,   IIOLMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
co. of Down, on Belfast Lough, 4~ miles N.E. of Belfast. Riding.
Pop. of the village, 1532. In its vicinity, which is very    HOLMS, htms, two islets of England and South Wales;
beautiful, are many handsome mansions and villas, the  in the estuary of the river Severn, S.E. of Lavernock.
residences of Belfast merchants, whose families also resort   HOLMSIFIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.
here for sea-bathing.                                        HOLMSLAND, holmsqlnd, an island of Denmark, in JutIIOLfLYWOOD, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin.        land, in the N. of the Ringkiiibing fiord, about 1 mile N.N.W.
HOLILYWOOD, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.        of the town of Ringkiiibing. Pop.1800.
HOLMIDIL, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.      HOLNE, htn, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 3-1 miles
HOLME, home, a parish of England, co. of Notts.         W. of Ashburton. IHolne Park is a beautiful hunting-seat
HOLME, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding. in this parish.
HOLME, a parish of Orkney, in Pomona, on Holme    HOLtNEST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
Sound, a beautiful frith on the S. coast of Pomona. Se-   HOLOUAN. See HOLWAN.
veral small islets of the Orkneys bear this prefix.        IIOLSTEBROE, (Ilolstebrle,) holsteh-brii6h, or HOLIIOLME CULITRAM, aparish of England, co. Cumberland. STEBRO, hol/steh-brS', a town of Denmark, province of JutIOLME, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.       land, 24 miles N.E. of Ringkiijbing, on the Stor-aa. Pop
HOLMIE HALE, a parish Of England, co. of Norfolk.       1200, mostly agricultural.
864




HOL                                                        HOL
HOLSTEIN, hollstlne, Ducnvy oF, (L. Holsaltia,) a de- ruins, and numerous mounds. Lat. 340 301 N., Ion. 450 15'
pendent of Denmark, which, till 1848, formed part of the  E. It remained large and populous long after the Arab inGermanic Confederation, situated S. of Sleswick in Den- vasion of Persia, but was finally ruined by the I-Iuns in
mark, and N. of Hanover and Mecklenburg in Germany, and  1258. The Holwan River, here crossed by a bridge, rises 20
between lat. 540 26 10"11 and 530 29' N., and ion. 90 and 110  miles E. of Zohab, and after a tortuous course joins the GhiE., bounded E. by the Baltic, and WV. by the North Sea. lan, an affluent of the Dials. In the plain it is fordable in
Asea, 3230 square miles.  Pop. in 1850, 482,364.  Surface  autumn.
mostly level, with low hills in the E.;, in the S. and WV. the    IIOLIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
extensive pasture lands are secured against inundations of    I-HOLWELL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
the sea by dykes. It contains numerous lakes, the chief   IIOLWERD, holtf,-Bt, a village of the Netherlands, proof which is the Plnsee, and is watered by the Eider, Elbe, vince of Friesland, on the North Sea, opposite Ameland, and
and their affluents. It is celebrated for its cattle and horses,  6 miles N.W. of Dokkum. Pop. 1700.
which with grain, butter, and cheese, form the chief exports.    HOLtWICK, a township of England, co. of York, North
Principal lowns, Gliickstadt, the capital, Altona, the chief  Riding, 12 miles N.WV. of Barnard Castle. The fall of the
port, Kiel, Rendsburg, and Elmshorn, which are connected  river Tees here is one of the finest cataracts in England.
by railways. This province became a dependency of Den-    HOILYBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
mark in 1459. It is held by the King of Denmark as Duke    HOLY-CROSS, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, 3,
of Holstein, under certain limitations. In 1848, Holstein,  miles E.S.E. of Stourbridge.
along with the Duchy of Sleswick, revolted from Denmark   IHOLYCROSSI, a parish and village of Ireland, in Munster,
in order to join the new German Empire; the population  co. of Tipperary, 3 miles S.S.W. of Thurles.  Here is an
are mostly German in their language as well as in their  abbey founded in 1182, and now one of the finest monastic
predilections.                                              ruins in Ireland.
HOLSTEINTHORI, hollstlne-tOsI, a village forming a su-   HOLYIIEAD, holle-hld, (Welsh, Caer Gybi, k&er ghiblee,)
burb of Lubeck. Pop. 1200.                                  an island, parliamentary borough, seaport town, and parish
HOLSTON, hal/ston, a river, the largest branch of the Ten- of North Wales, co. of Anglesea, off its WV. side, and connessee, is formed by the junction of the North and South  nected with that island by a long causeway over a channel
Forks, which rise among the Alleghany Mountains of Yir- fordable at low water, 23 miles W. of Bangor, with which it
ginia, and unite at Kingsport, in Sullivan co., Tennessee. is connected by railway. The island is mostly a barren reck,
Flowing thence S.W., and passing Knoxville, it unites with  and ending on the N. in a huge headland of serpentine
the Clinch River at Kingston. The length of the main  rock, hollowed into many caves, which are the resort of
stream is estimated at 200 miles. Though the current is  flocks of sea-fowl. Pop. of borough, in 1851, 5622. The town
rather rapid, it has no considerable falls. It is navigable by  has many handsome houses, hotels, assembly-rooms, a church
small steamboats to Knoxville at all seasons, and during the  formerly collegiate, and a good market-place. The harbor is
winter they can ascend to Kingsport. Branches. —The North  formed by a pier 900 feet in length, 14 feet water at low tide,
Fork rises near the N. border of Smyth co., Virginia, and its  on which there is a light-house, in lat. 530 20/ N., Ion. 40 37/
general course is W.S.W.  The South Fork rises near the  W. Two other light-houses, with powerful revolving lights,
opposite side of that county, and flows nearly parallel with  visible 20 miles distant, stand on the North and South
the other branch. The length of each is about 100 miles.   Stacks, two rocks NW. of the Head: lat. 530 18' N., Ion.
HOLSTON, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.       40 42' W.  The South Stack is connected with Holyhead by
H-IOLSTON VALILBY, a post-office of Sullivan co., Ten- a suspension bridge.  Ilolyhead owes its importance to its
nessee.                                                     being the nearest British port to Dublin.
HOLSTWORTHY, a market-town and parish of England,   IIOLY ISLAND, formerly LIN'DISFARNE1, a peninsula,
co. of Devon, on the Tamar, 71 miles W.S.W. of Stratton.    insulated athigh-water, on the N.E. coast of England, adjoin
HOLT, hblt, a parliamentaiy and municipal borough and  ing co. of Northumberland, but belonging to the co. of Durparish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, off the Dee, crossed by  ham, 9 miles S.S.E. of Berwick-on-Tweed. The N. part of the
a stone bridge of 10 arches, 5' miles N.E. of Wrexham. Pop. island consists of sand hills, forming a large rabbit wanrren;
of borough, in 1851, 1029. It is governed by a mayor, and  the remainder is fertile. Ithas a small harbor onthe E., de
unites with Denbigh, Ruthin, and Wrexham  in sending 1  fended by a battery; a village, now much frequented for seamember to the House of Commons.                            bathing, very fine ancient castle, and remarkable remains
I-HOLT, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Nor- of a celebrated Saxon abbey, founded in 635 as a bishop's
folk, 17 miles N.N.E. of Dereham. It has an ancient church, see, over which the famous St. Cuthbert presided as bishop.
a shire-hall, a work-house, and a grammar school, founded  It was destroyed by the Danes in 900, when the bishopric
by Sir J. Gresham in 1654, en excellent library, and a scho- was removed to Durham, and was afterwards rebuilt as a
larship and fellowship at Sidney College, Cambridge.        cell to the priory in that city. Lindisfarne is described in
HOLT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.             the second canto of Scott's Marmion.
HOLT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.               HOLY LAND, THE. See PALESTINE.
HOLT, a tything of England, co. of Dorset.                  HOLY NECK, a post-office of Nansemond co., Virginia.
I-HOLT, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts.                HOLYOKE, usually pronounced, h611yfk, or NEW CITY, a
HOLT, holt, or YERMALOFF, ylr'mA-loff', an island in  flourishing post-village and township of Hampden co., Masthe Pacific Ocean, in the Low Archipelago. Lat. 160 20' S.1  sachusetts, onthe right bank of Connecticut River, and on the
lon. 1430 6/ W.                                            Connecticut River Railroad, 8 miles N. of Springfield, and 106
HOLT, a new county near the N.W. extremity of Mis- miles by rairoad WV. by S. of Boston, The IHadley Falls Comnsouri, bordering on the Missouri River, which separates it  pany, chartered in April, 1848,with a capital of $4,000,000, have
fiom the Kansas Territory; area, 470 square miles. It is  here constructed a dam  across the Connecticut, and laid
bounded on the E. by the Nodaway River, and intersected  the foundations of a manufacturing city. The fall in the
by Tarkeo and Little Tarkeo Rivers. Capital, Oregon. Pop. river at this place is 60 feet in three-quarters of a mile. The
3957, of whom 3830 were free, and 127 slaves. Named in  dam is 1018 feet between the abutments, and 30 feet high,
honor of Dr. Holt, a popular member of the Missouri Legis-  and the hydraulic power thus rendered available is capable
lature.                                                    of being employed to an almost unlimited extent. Such is
HOLT'BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. the conformation of the ground, that the water admitted to
HOLTEN, h lften, a village of the Netherlands, province  the canals can be used twice, the power being divided beof Overyssel, 21 miles S.S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 2619.        tween two levels. The company have erected 2 mills, each
HOLTEN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles N. of Dus- 268 feet long, 68 wide, and 5 stories high, with spindles,
seldorf. Pop. 840.                                         looms, and other appurtenances-one for the manufacture
IHOLTEN, a village of Norway, stif  of Aggershuus, 25  of fine lawns, silks, &c., and the other for the production of
miles N.W. of Tonsberg.                                    heavy cotton goods. They also have a machine-shop, 448
HOLtTEN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            feet by 60, and 3 stories high. The churches, dwellings, &c.
HOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.              are situated on a fine elevation, WV. of the canals. This porHOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            tion is handsomely laid out with streets intersecting each
HOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.             other at right angles, and contains a bankl, a newspaper
IHIOLTON-LE-CLAY. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.  office, and a hotel, 162 feet long, and 4 stories high. The
HOLTON ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. village is supplied with water from the Connecticut River
HOLT'S CROSS ROADS, a small village of Chatham co., by forcing pumps, operated by hydraulic-power.  Pop. of
North Carolina.                                            the township, 3245.
HOLT'S SHOP, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, 40    HOILYTOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, parish
miles S.W. of Macon.                                       ofBothwell. Pop. 000, chiefly engaged in mining.
HOLT'S STORE, a post-village of Orange co., North Cars-  IHOLYWELL, hol/e-wel, a parliamentary borough, market
lina.                                                      and manufacturing town, and parish, in North Wales, co.
IIOLIVERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      of Flint, on the line of the Ilolyhead and Chester Railway,
HOLtWAN, HOLOUAN or HOLUAN, hollwinl, a city of an- 15 miles N.W. of Chester. Pop. of borough, in 1851. 5740. It
tiquity, the Calah of Asshur, (Gen. x. 11,)and the Hallah of  lies in a romantic glen near the estuary of the Dee; has a
the Israelitish captivity, is now represented by the village  church partly ancient, a beautiful Gothic chapel, now used
Bar-Pull, in Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, district of Ker- as a school, and court-house built over the celebrated well
manshah, 8 miles S. of Zohab. Here are some sculptured  of St. Winificd by the Countess of Richmond, mother of
tablets, an excavated royal sepulchre, various Sassanian  Henry VII.; remains of an abbey and of a British fortifica3OR                                                                           865




HOL                                                        HON
tion, thriving manufactures of cottons, galloons, large    HOMER, a post-village, capital of Olaiborne parish, Louisismelting-houses and foundries, and in its close vicinity ex- ana, about 200 miles N.W. of Baton Rouge. It is situated
tensive lead, copper; and zinc mines. Holywell, which is now  in a fertile cotton-growing region.
the largest town in the county, unites with Flint, &c. in send-   HOMER, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, on the North
inug 1 member to the House of Commons. Its ancient well, Fork of Licking River, 46 miles N.E. of Columbus, has sevethe most copious spring in Britain, sends up 21 tons of the  ral churches and mills. Pop. about 350.
purest water every minute.                                    HOMER, a township in Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 1102.
HOLYWELL, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.           HOMERt, a township in Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1500.
HOLYWELL, a township of England, co. of Northumber-   tIOMER, a small village of Morgan co., Ohio.
land.                                                       HIOMER, a post-township, forming the S.E. extremity of
HOLYWOOD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.          Calhoun co., Michigan. Pop. 929.
HOLZAPPEL, h6ltstlsppel, a town of Germany, duchy of    HOMER, a small village of Jackson co., Indiana, about
Nassau, 8 miles W. of Limburg, on the Lahn, at the foot of  56 miles S. of Indianapolis.
a height, crowned by the remains of the former residence    HOMER, a post-office of Champaign co., Illinois.
of the Nassau princes. Pop. 921.                              HOiMER, a township in Will co., Illinois. Pop. 811.
HOLZEMME, h6lt/shm'meh, a river of Prussian Saxony,    HIOMER, Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central Railjoins the Bode, a little below Graningen, after a course of  road, 11 miles N.W. of Lasalle.
about 30 miles.                                               HOMER., a post-office of Webster co., Iowa.
HOLZENOE, (HolzenSe,) h6lttsn-ii'eh,  an island of Nor-   HOIMERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
way; lat. 600 34' N., and ion. 50 10' E., 8 miles N.N.W. of     OBIMERTON, a village of England. See HACKNEY.
Bergen. It is 15 miles long, and about 3 miles wide.          HOIMERYILLE, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio.
IHOLZGERLINGEN, h6ltsfghier-ling.en, a village of Wtir-   HIOME SPRING, a post-office of Holmes co., Florida.
temberg, circle of Neckar, 12 miles S.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop.   HOME/STEAD, a post-office of Iowa co., Iowa.
1638.                                                        IHOME.WARD, a post-office of Scott co.. Mississilppi.
HOLZMINDEN, h6ltsfmin-den, a frontier town of Ger-   IIOMIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 3, miles
many, duchy of Brunswick, capital of a circle on the Weser, S.S.W. of Salisbury. In the Church is a monument to G.
56 miles S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 3409. It is well built, Stanley, gent., who died in 1719, aged 151.
and has several churches, a synagogue, public library, and    HIOMIME, homlmeh, a river of Belgium, in Luxembourg,
manulactures of iron and steel wares, files, pins, &c. It is  joins the Lesse, after a course of 25 miles.
also an entrep6t for linen debrics.                           HOM/MENY CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North
IIOLZTHALLEBEN, h61ts/t1l-lA'ben. a village of Ger- Carolina.
many, principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 12 miles    HOMOCHIT/TO, a small river of Mississippi, rises in CoW. of Sondershausen.  Pop. 1147.                            piah co., and flowing south-westerly, enters the Mississippi
HOMASAS/SA, a post-office of Benton co., Florida.         at the S. extremity of Adams county.
HOMBEECK, hom/bAk, a village of Belgium, 15 miles S.   IIOMOCIITTO, a post-office of Franklin co., Mississippi.
of Antwerp, on the Seune, and on the railway from Mechlin   IIOMOLITZ, hotmo-lits', a village of Hungary, co. of Toto Dendermonde. Pop. 1825.                                  rontal, on the Danube, 6 miles S.S.E. of Pancsova. Pop. 1740.
HOMBERG, hom/b6nG, a town of Germany, in Hesse-   HOMONNA, ho'mon/nuh, or HUM1ENE, hoo-mA'neh, a
Cassel, province of Nieder-Hessen, on the Efze, 20 miles  market-town of Hungary, co. of Zemplin, 30 miles E. of
S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 3815.                                  Eperies. Pop. 2956.
IHOMBERG, a walled town of Hesse-Darmstadt, province    IIOMOROD, honmo'rodf, the name of several villages of
of Ober-Hessen, 18 miles N.E. of G/essen. Pop. 1692.        Transylvania, in Szekler-land, the principal being I-IoMoeoRDIIOMBERG, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles  ALtaAS, 9 miles S.E. of Udvarhely.  Near it is the grotto of
N. of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 921.                   Ahnas, (6lmoshl) or Amas, famous in local history as a place
IIOMBERG, a village of West Prussia, at the terminus  of retreat against invaders from the E. and S.
of a railway communicating with Aix-la-Chapel!e, 25 miles    HOMOROD, GREAT, a river of Transylvania, joins the
from Gladbach.                                              Aloota, (Aluta,) after a S.S.W. conise of 30 miles.
IIOMBOURG, h63i'boor/, two  contiguous villages  of   I1IOMOWACK/, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.
France, department of Moselle, on the Paris and Strasbourg    JIOMS. hlms, HUMS, hftms. or HEMS, hems, (anc. Enmesa,)
Railway, 27 miles E.N.E. of Metz. United pop. 3075.         a town of Syria, pashalic, and 86 miles N.N.E. of Damascus.
HOMBOURG, hOM'boon/, a village of Belgium, 19 miles  Pop. estimated at 30.000. It is built of dark basalt, and
E.N.E. of Liege, on the Gulpe. Pop. 1795.                   has numerous mnosques, some churches, a large khan, wellIHOMBRECHTIKON, hom-brAilte-kon, a village of Swit-  supplied bazaars, manufactures of gold and silver thread,
zerland, canton of Zurich. district of Meilen.  Pop. 2800.    cotton, woollen, and silk, fabrics, and an active trade with
HOMBRESSEN, homlbr's-sen, a village of Hesse-Cassel,  IHaImah, Aleppo, and Damascus.  Its vicinity is irrigated
N.W. from Cassel. Pop. 1357.                         ~      by canals fionom the Orcntes, which river traverses the Lake
HOMBURG, homl/bOin, a fortified town of Central Ger- of Hems, 3 miles southward, and about 13 miles in length,
many, in Rhenish Bavaria, 6 miles N. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. by 2 miles in breadth.
3107, employed in manuhctures.                                HO-NAN, ho'nni/, an inland province of China, mostly
HOMBURG, a town of Central Germany, in Bavaria, on  between lat. 320 and 370 N., and Ion. 1100 and 1160 E. Pop.
the Main, 13 miles W. of Wiirzburg;  Pop. 700.              23,037,17i1. Its N. part is intersected by the Hoang-ho. The
HOMBURG, a royal chateau of Central Germany, in  soil is highly lsrtile; chief city, Kai-fung.
Rhenish Prussia, 26 miles E.S.E. of Cologne.                  110-NAN, a city of China, capital of a department, in the
HOMIBURG-VoaR-DEn-Hnon. (Vor-desr-hohe,) hom/b66R3 voR- above province. on an affluent of the Hoang-ho, in lat. 340
dlR-h  heh, a town of Central Germany, capital of the land- 40' N., lon. 1120 28' E.
graviate of Hesse-Homburg, 9 miles N.N.W. of Frankfort-    HO-NAN, a famous Boodhist temple of China, on an
on-the-Main. Pop. 4500. It has a castle, built in 1680, and  island near Canton.
a stocking manufactory; but it is best known for its well-   HION/CUT CREEK, a small stream  of California, forms
frequented mineral springs. It has elegant bath establish-  part of the boundary between Butte and Yuba counties for
ments, and is one of the most noted gambling-places in Eu-  its whole length, and falls into Feather River about 10
rope.                                                       miles above Marysville.
HOME, a parish of Scotland.  See HUIME.                     HONIDA, (Sp. pron. dn/da,) a town of South America, in
HIOME, a post-village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, about New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, on the Mag170 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.                             dalena, 55 miles N.W. of Bogota. Pop. 5000. It is reguHOME, a post-office of Walker co., Texas.                 la-ly built, and has some religious edifices, a college, and
HOME, a post-village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 10 miles  two bridges, and is a depOt for the commercial produce of
E. by N. of Madison.                                        the southern provinces of New Granada.
HOME, a village of Adair co., Missouri, on the North    HONDA, the name of a bay on the N. coast of New GraFork of Salt River, 120 miles N. of Jefferson City.         nada, lat. 120 20' N., hon. 710 50' W.
HIOME, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.                HONDA, a bay on the N. coast of Cuba, 60 miles W. of
HIOME BAY, in British North America, N. of Cumberland  Havana.
Island, is in lat. 680 80' N., Ion. 680 W.                    IHONDO, hon/do, or on/do, or RIO IHONDO, reedo on/do,
HOME CITY. a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the  (i. e. " deep river,") called also RIO GRANDE, reelo grAn/dA,
Ohio River, 10 miles below Cincinnati, was laid out a few  a river of Yucatan and British Honduras, enters a bay of
years ago by the Cincinnati Building Association.           the Caribbean Sea, 25 miles S.E. of Bacalar.
HOIMER, a post-village and township of Cortland co.,   HON/DO CREEK, of Texas, flows S. through Medina co.,
New York, pleasantly situated on the Syracuse and Bing- and enters the Rio Frio in Bexar county.
hamrton Railroad, and on the Tioughnioga Creek, 34 miles    HONDSCHOOTE, h6NLs'sh6Vt, (Dutch pron. hont'sh/tteh,)
S. of Syracuse. The village contains churches for the Bap- a frontier village of France, department of Nord, 10 miles
tists, Episcopalians, Methodists, and Universalists, a news- S.E. of Dunkerque. Pop. 2250.
paper office, an academy, and about a dozen stores; also    HONDURAS, hon-doo/rds, a republican state of the Conseveral mills and factories. Pop. of the township, 3836; of  federation of Ceintral America, extending from  lat. 13~ to
the village about 1500.                                    160 N., from Cape Gracias a Dics, (Ion. 830 15) to Ion. 880 45/
IHOMER, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, 6  W., being bounded N. by the Caribbean Sea and the Bay of
miles. of Coudersport. Pop. 140.                          Honduras, S.E. by the Mosquito Territory and Nicarangua, S.
866                                                                                                866




HON                                                    HON
by San Salvador and theBay of Conchagua, onthe Pacific, and bank of the estuary of the Seine, 8 miles S.E. of Havre. It is
W. by Guatemala. Area estimated at 33,000 square miles. Its ill built, dirty, and dull, having declined with the rise of
surface is irregular, being traversed by numerous mountain  Havre. On a wooded height above it is a church, a good deal
ranges in all directions. but generally of moderate elevation. resorted to by seafaring devotees. Its port, sheltered by a
*Tho valleys between are numerous and fertile, and there is pier, is adapted only for small yessels: but 2,320.000 francs
one lake about 18 miles long by 10 miles broad, near the centre were some years ago voted by the French Chambers for its
of the state. Its mineral wealth is very considerable, but was improvement. Honfleur has ship-building docks and ropeturned to much better account formerly than now; it com- walks; exports to England about 7000 dozen eggs weekly,
prises gold, silver, lead, and copper; the two latter found in  with butter, fruits, &c.; and has an active trade with Amea variety of combinations, and the two former frequently  rica. Fine melons, and a good deal of other fruit, are grown
combined with each other; also opals, emeralds, asbestos, in its vicinity. This was the last town in Normandy which
and cinnabar. There are some considerable rivers in the  submitted to Henry IV. Pop. in 18S52, 9361.
state, the largest of which are the Chamelicon, Ulna, and   IHONOG, (HIngg,) hung, (almost h~ng,) a village of SwitAguan, all flowing to the Caribbean Sea, and the Choluteca, zerland, canton, and 4 miles N.W. of Zurich. Pop. 1531.
which falls into the Pacific.  There are some extensive    HONG-HAI, hong'hif, an islet in the China Sea, off the
forests, abounding in fine timber, such as mahogany, cedar, coast of Quang-tong, in lat. 220 45' N., Ion. 1150 12' E.
mora, (a species of fustic.) &c. The principal cultivated pro-   HONG-KIANG or HON-KIANG, hong-ke-&ng', written
ductions are maize, beans, some wheat, riice, and plantains; also HOANG-KIANG, a navigable river in the S. part of
but being almost exclusively a mining district, it is doubt- China, rises in the province of Yunnan. flows E. and S.E.,
ful if the quantity raised is sufficient for the whole popula- and, after receiving the Pe-Kiang from the N., enters the
tion. Some tobacco also is grown. The country abounds in  China Sea by many mouths, near Canton. It is sometimes
cattle of a fine breed; and the price of the animals slaugh- called SEE-KI/iNo, (Si-Kiang.) The arm on which Canton is
tered for consumption is extremely low. The state is divided  situated. is called Canton River or Choo-Kiang, (" Pearl
into the 7 departments of Comayagua, Santa Barbara, Gra-  River,") the latter name (C0oo-KzANG) is sometimes applied
cias,' Yoro.e, Choluteca, Segovia, and Tegucigalpa, all named  to the whole stream. Length, estimated at 800 miles.
after their principal towns, of which ComayagIua is capital  IHIONG-KONG, (" Red Harbor,") or HIIIANG-KIANG, (" the
also of the country. Its principal ports are Trujillo, (Trux- Fragrant or Flowing Streams,") an island belonging to the
illo,) on the Caribbean Sea, and Port San Lorenzo, in the  British, off the S.E. coast of China, province of Quang-tong,
Bay of Conchagua, in the Pacific. Pop. in 1840, 350,000.    situated at the mouth of the estuary that leads to Canton,
HONDURAS, (hon-dooeras,) BAY OF, a wide inlet of the from which it is distant S.E. 75 miles. Lat. of Victori:a
Caribbean Sea, mostly between lat. 160 and 200 N., and ion. Church, 220 16' 30" N., ion. 1140 14' 45" E. It is about 10
840 and 880 W., having S., MIosquito and the State of Hon- miles in extreme length from N.W. to S.E., and 7u miles in
duras, and W., British Honduras and Yucatan. Itreceives extreme breadth, separated from the mainland by a strait,
the Belize, Motagua, and numerous other rivers, and con- which, at Lymoon Pass, is only about a quarter of a mile
tains the islands of Ruatan, Tureffe, Bonacca, &c., with a  wide. The general appearance of the island is exceedingly
multitude of islets and reefs, termed keys.             unprepossessing, being composed mostly of lofty barren rocks
HONDURAS, BRITISH, Central America. See BALZE.   that rise from the sea, to heights of from 1000 to 2000 feet,
ITONEOYE, ho-ne-oyl, a post-village of Ontario co., New  and so abruptly as to leave hardly any space to build upon.
York, at the foot of Honeoye Lake, 25 miles S. of Rochester. Some rank vegetation here and there, with a little herbage
HIONEOYB  FALLS, a post-village of Mendon township, and brush-wood growing in the intervals between the masses
M~onroe co., New York, on Honeove Creek, and on the El- of granite, and a few plants on the margins of the streams,
mira Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, about 215 form almost its only vegetable productions. Victoria, the
miles W. by N. of Albany. It contains churches of 4 or 5  capital, is situated on a magnificent bay of the same name,
denominations, and manufactories of wool and of axes. setting up into the N. side of the island. Excellent anchorPop. in 1853, estimated at 1500.                        age is afforded here in- deep water close in shore, and the bay
HONEOYE LAKE, New York, in the S.W. part of Ontario is usually crowded with shipping of every nation, and with
co., is about 5 miles long, and near 1 mile wide. Its outlet, dense masses of Tanka boats and other Chinese craft. The
Honeoye Creek, flows into Genesee River.                total number of vessels that arrived at tIong-Kong in 1852
HONES1DALE, a flourishing post-borough, capital of was 1097, with an aggregate burden of 433,383 tons; an inWayne co., Pennsylvania, at the confluence of Dyberry  crease of 56,299 tons over the previlous year. The number of
Creek with the Lackawaxen, and at the E. terminus of the  Chinese coasting vessels visiting the island was 492, and of
Delaware and Hudson Railroad, 160 miles N.E. of Harris- salt junks 310, importing 173,000 piculs. The salt imported
burg, and 12 miles E. of Carbondale. It is a place of much  in 1850 amounted to 345,050 piculs. During the year above
activity in business, and is rapidly increasing. The pros- specified, specie to the amount of 6,074,845 was remitted to
perity of the place has been developed by manufactures of India by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam  Navigation
various kinds, and by the operations of the Delaware and  Company alone. This was chiefly in return for the opium
Hudson Canal.Company. This company have extensive  brought thence, and sold to the Chinese along the coast.
coal-mines near Carbondale, from which about 500.000 tons In 1849, the total number of native boats frequenting the
are taken annually, and conveyed by railroad to IHonesdale, harbors of Hong-Kong, was 1242, including 200 fishing samand thence by canal to the HIudson River. A plank-soad  pans, importing sugar, alum, sulphur, rice, nut-oil, dyehas been constructed from this town to the New York and  barks, provisions, &c.; taking, in exchange, opium, mannErie Railroad. The houses are mostly built of wood, and  factured goods, saltpetre, and stones, which are quarried in
present a neat appearance. Honesdale contains 6 churches, the island. A promising trade in Chinese sugar has arisen
1 bank, 1 academy, and 2 newspaper offices. It was laid  at Victoria. It is shipped for New South Wales, England,
out in 1826, incorporated in 1831, and became the county  India, and Shanghai. An extensive and increasing trade
seat in 1842. The town has extended itself beyond the  is carried on between Hong-Kong and California. Thirty
limits of the corporate borough, and has a population of thousand Chinese embarked for San Francisco in 1852.
about 4500, while the borough proper had in 1850 only 2268.   Hong-Kong was ceded to Great Britain by the treatyof
HONEYBROOK, htinfe-brook, a township in Chester co., Canton, in 1841, and again by the treaty of Nanking, in
Penisylvania. Pop. 1937.                                1842. Since then, many wealthy Chinese merchants have
HONEYCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.       established branch houses here, and have begun to charter
HONEY CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Sandusky River British ships to carry British goods to the N. ports. The
in Seneca county.                                       government of the colony is vested in a governor, lieutenHONEY CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Vigo county  ant-governor, (who is likewise a commandant,) chief-justice,
into the Wabash, 9 miles below Terre Haute.             attorney-general, legislative council of five, assisted by variHONEY CREEK, of Sank co., Wisconsin, falls into the  ons subordinate officers and secretaries. The governor has
Wisconsin River.                                        also the office of superintendent of British trade at the five
HIONEY CREEK, a township, Clinton co.. Indiana. P. 9Q5. Chinese ports, and exercises a general control over all BriHONEY CREEK, a township, Vigo co., Indiana. Pop. 1529. tish ships and subjects resorting to China. Revenue for
HONEY CREEK, a post-office of McDonald co., Missouri.  1852, 21,3311.; expenditures, 34,7651. Pop., on the first occuHONEY CREEK, a village and township in the S.W. part pation of the island by the British, only 5000; in 1852 it
of Sank co., Wisconsin. Pop. 349.                      was 37,058, of whom 526 were Europeans and Americans.
HONEY CREEK, a post-village of Walworth co., Wiscon-   HONGRIE, a country of Europe. See HUNGARY.
sin, 30 miles S.W. of Milwaukee.                         HONWILY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
HONEY CUT, a small post-village of Baldwin co., Alabama.   I{O0NING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HONEY GROVE, a post-office of Fannin co., Texas.       HIONtINGIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HONEY PATH, a post-village of Anderson district, South    HONIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 34 miles   HONINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. The
from Greenville.                                       poet Bloomfield was born here in 1766.
HONEY POINT, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.  HONINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
HONEYVILLE,  a post-village of Page co., Virginia, on    HONITON, hlnle-ton, a parliamentary borough, marketHoney Creek, 137 miles N.W. of Richmond. It contains 1 town, and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Otter, 16church and several mills.                              miles E.N.E. of Exeter. Pop. of the borough, 3427. It is
HONFLEUR, hbmlfluRl or 6Na'fi vR, (L. Ionffloriunt,) a sea- situated in a vale celebrated for beauty and fertility, and
port town of France, department of Calvados, on the 5. or left consists chiefly of one long spacious street, well built, paved,
867




HON                                                        H00
and lighted; throughout its whole length runs a fine stream    H00FDPLAAT, h6f'plAtI, a village ofilolland, in Zealand,
of water. It has an ancient church, containing a curious on the West Scheldt, 6 miles E.S.E. of Flushing. Pop. 1031.
screen, and many old monuments, and a superb modern    IIOOGE, htfsih, or ho/oheh, a village of the Netherlands,
Gothic church, a small grammar school, a union wvork-house, province of North Brabant, 7. nmiles N. of Breda. Pop. 1314.
and a hospital. Honiton has long been celebrated for its    HOOGEVEEN, h6loheh-vainl, a town of the Netherlands,
manufactures of serges and of lace. The borough is governed  province of Drenthe, 19 miles S. of Assen. Pop. 4000.
by a port-reeve, elected in a manor-court of its ancient lords,   HOOGEZAND, httoh&h-z:nti,  a village of the Netherlands,
the Courtenays, Earls of Devon. It sends 2 members to  province, and 8 miles N.E. of Groningen. Pop. 1680.
the House of Commons, and is also a polling-place for the    HOOGHLY, a river of India. See HOOGLY.
county.                                                       HOOGKARSPEL, h6G-kasrsp6l, a village of the NetherHON/LEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding. lands, province of North Holland, N.E. of Hoorn. Pop. 974.
HONNECOURT, honnatooRa, a market-town of France, de-   HOOGKERK, htglklak, a parish of the Netherlands, propartment of Nord, on the Canal of St. Quentin, near the  vince, and W. of Groningen.
Scheldt, 8 miles S. of Cambral. Pop. 1417.                    HOOGLEDE, h~golA-deh, a town of Belgium, province of
HONNEF, hontnlf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- West Flanders, 17 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 4033.
ment of Cologne, circle of Sieg, on the Rhine. Pop. 2750.     HOOGLY or HOOGIILY, hoocglee, (RIvEs) the westernmost
H-IONNINGEN, hontning-9n, a market-town of Rhenish  branch of the Ganges, at its delta, formed by the union of
Prussia, 17 miles N.W. of Coblentz, on the right bank of the  the Cossimbazar and Jellinghy about 55 miles N. of Calcutta.
Rhine. Pop. 1230.                                           Total length, about 200 miles; its mouth is nearly 10 miles
HONNINGEN. a village of Rhenish Prussia, 30 miles  across. It is the only branch of the Ganges navigated by
W.N.WV. of Coblentz.                                        laige vessels, and the only one in the delta which is conHONO, (Ieont,) hoen6', a small triangular island of Sweden, sidered sacred by the Hindoos.
in the Cattegat, andW. of Gothenburg.                         HOOGLY or HOOGHLY, a town of British India, presiHONOLULU, honso-loolloo, written also IIONORUJRU, the  dency of Bengal, on the right bank of the Hoogly River,
principal townand seaport of the Sandwich Islands, on the S. 25 miles N. of Calcutta. It is large, prosperous, and pictuside of the island of Oahu. Lat. of the fort, 210 18' 12" N., Ion. resque, occupying an elevated site, its buildings being inter157~ 55' W. It is about halfa mile long, and about one-fourth  spersed with trees and bamboo plantations.  The principal: of a mile broad, and consists of one good street, with a number  structures are a handsome church, various Hindoo temples
of narrow, irregular alleys. Most of the houses are built in  and ghauts, (flights of stairs,) and a government college for
the native fashion; but there are also many substantial English, Persian, Arabic, and other languages. The first
wooden edifices in the European style, enclosed with small serious outbreak between the Moguls and Europeans took
gardens of exotic and indigenous ornamental plants. Sun- place at IHoogly, in 1632; the first factory established by the
day is ushered in with great decorum and quietness. There  East India Company in Bengal was erected here in 1044;
are several congregations of natives, some of which consist and here, in 1686, occurred the first engagement between
of 2000 persons, all decently clad and well conducted. There  the British and the Moguls, when the fleet of the former bom-,are several schools, under the superintendence of the mis- barded the town.
sionaries. The mouth of the harbor is formed by an inlet    HOOGLY, a district of British India, presidency of Benthrough a coral reef; it has a bar, with only 20 feet water  gal, has an area of 2260 square miles. Pop. 1,239,150.
upon it at ebb. The bar is about 50 fathoms in breadth,.HOOGSTRAETEN  or HOOGSTRAATEN, hOgistrniten, a
and consists of smooth coral rock, having 10 fathoms close  small town of Belgium, province, and 20 miles N.E. of Antto its outer edge, and 7 fathoms on the inner. The basin or  werp. /Pop. 1550.
anchorage inside, which is of a semicircular form, is capable    HOOGVLIET, h6g'vleetP, a village of Holland, province
of containing between 70 and 80 ships, well protected in all of South Holland, 6 miles S.W. of Rotterdam, on the Old
weathers. During the first quarter of'1850, the arrivals at Meuse. Pop. 702.
the port of Honolulu were 90 vessels, aggregate tonnage    HOOK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
23,610; and on the 24th of June, in the same year, above 40    HOOK, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding.
vessels, of various dimensions, werelying in the harbor. The    HOOK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wexford,
total number of merchant vessels that visited the islands in  forming the S. part of the peninsula which screens Water1853, was 211, of which 154 entered the port of Honolulu. ford Harbor on the E. At its extremity is an ancient and
During the same year, there are arrived 538 whalers; 246  very curious tower, now used as a light-house.
were entered at the custom-house of Honolulu.  Of the    HIOOKER, a post-office of Hunt co., Texas.
$155,640 duties collected in the kingdom, $146,964 were re-   HOOKIERSVILLE, a small village of Cumberland co.,
ceived at this port. The total value of imports at Honolulu  Pennsylvania.
for the years 1850,1851, and 1852, was $1,035,058, $1,751,671,    H00KEltTON, or HOOKIERSTOWN, a small post-village
and $715,295, respectively, and the exports $46,529, $82,273, of Greene co., North Carolina, on Moccasin River, 82 miles:and $63,661. The extraordinary excess of the imports over  S.E. of Raleigh.
the exports is owing to the great quantities of goods fur-    HOOKIERY, a decayed town of Hindostan, province of
nished by vessels calling here for supplies. Pop. 6000. See  Bejapoor, 55 miles S.S.W. of Merritch, in lat. 160 13' N., ion.
SANDWICH ISLANDS.                                          740 47' E. It still has some vestiges of its former prosperity.
HONOR DE COS, L', lo'noa/ deh kos, a village of France,    HOOKISET, a post-township of Merrimack co., New Hampdepartment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the right bank of the  shire, on the Merrimack River, and on the Concord RailAveyron, 7 miles N.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 1535.           road, 9 miles S. by E. of Concord. A fall in the Merrimack
HONRUBIA, on-rootse-A, a town of Spain, province, and  at this place affords abundant water-ponwer, employed in ma30 miles S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1820.                         nufacturin,-chiefly delaines. Pop. 1503.
IIONTII, hout, a county of Hungavy, in Hither tDanube.   TIOOKS'TOWN, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania,
Area, 975 square miles. Capital, Ipoly-Sagh. Pop. 103,326. 242 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.
HONTH, a village of Hungary, in the above county, 4    HOOKSTOWN, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
miles E.S.E. of Ipoly-Sagh, on the Ipoly. Pop. 683.           HOOLE, hool, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
HONTUR, on-tooR!, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 24 miles    HOOLY-ONORE, hoollee-o-ntrl, a town and fort of HIindosfrom Albacete. Pop. 1204.                                  tan, Mysore dominions, 130 miles N.W. of Seringapatam.
HOO, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.                  HO0-NAN or HOU-NAN, hoo'nnIn, (" south of the lake,")
HOO, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.                a province of China, between lat. 250 and 300 N., and ion.
1-100, a chapelry of England, co. of Devon.              1090 and 1140 E., bounded southward by the Quang proH00/BLY, (formerly Havili, hSve-lee,) a town of British  vinces. Pop. 18,652,507. Surface elevated, but fertile; all
India, presidency of Bombay, 13 miles S.E. of Darwar. the rivers are tributaries to the Lake Tong-ting, on its N.
Population is estimated at 15,000. It has 2 forts, some Mo- border, and whence its name. Chief city, Chang-sha.
hammedan edifices, and a good trade.                          HOO-PE or HOU-PE, hoo'pA/l, (:' north of the lake,") a proH00-CH00, HOU-TCHOU; hoo'-choo,! or I-IOU-TCHEOU- vince of China, between lat. 290 and 330, and ion. 1080 and
FOU, hoo-chb-oo-'foo, a town of China, province of Che-  1160 E., and in the centre of Chinh, proper. Pop. 37 370,098.
kiang, capital of a department, 70 miles N.W. of Ningpo.    It is traversed by the Yang-tse-kiang. Chief city Woo-chang.
HOOD CHANINEL, North America, in Oregon Territory, is    HOOPER, a post-office of Broome co., New York.
an inlet of the Georgian Gulf, in lat. 470 53' N., ion. 1220 30' W.   HOOP/ER'S FERRY, a small village of Leake co., MisHOOD'S ISLAND, one of the Gaiapagos group.                sissippi.
HOOD'S ISLAND, (the Fetoolka or Fetostga of the natives,)   IIOOPtER'S ISLAND, an island in the Sea of Corea, off the
one of the Marquesas Islands, in lat. 90 25' S., ion. 1380 57' S. coast of Quelpaert Island, in let. 330 10' N., lon. 1260 30' E.
W., said to be uninhabited.                                 IHOO-QUANG, HOU-QUANG, HOU-KOUANG  or HUKHOOD'S ISLAND. See Load Hoon's IsL.ND.                    WANG, hooskwang/, a former province of China, now formHOOD'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.     ing the provinces of -Hoo-nan and HIoo-pe, and having in its
HOOD'S RIVER, British North America, flows into Coro- centre the large lake of Tong-ting.
nation Gulf, Arctic Ocean.                                    IIOORMARA, hooa-mdlrd, a seaport town of Beloochistan,
HOODSfVILLE, a post-office of Marion co., Virginia.      province of Mekran, on the Indian Ocean, in lat. 25025 N.,
HIOOE, hoo, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          lon. 650 6' E. Pop. about 2000.
HOOF, hbf, a village of IHesse-Cassel, in Nieder-hlessen,   HOORN, Ihtan, a fortified seaport town of the Nethernear Cassel. The working of a lignite-mine here employs lands, province of North Holland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 20
tice greater part of the inhabitants. Pop. 909.            miles N.N.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 8668. It has a naval col868




HO0                                                     HOP
ege, and anl active trade in ship-building; also in cheese,   HOPE FURNACE, a village of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania.
butter, herrings, cattle, and the products of its manufac-   HOPE HILL, a post-village of Pike co., Mississippi.
tures, which comprise carpets, woollen cloths, &c. It is the    HOPE HILL, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.
birthplace of the navigator Schouten, who discovered Cape    HOPE ISLAND, off the S.E. coast of Spitzbergen, in the
Hoorn, (Horn,) and named it after his native town; and of  Arctic Ocean, in lat. 760 20' N., ion. 190 54' E. It is mounTasman, the discoverer of Van Diemen's Land, &c.         tainous, and has a harbor on its N. side. It was discovered
HOORN, hbnn, a village of the Netherlands, at the S. end  in 1613.
of the island of Texel. Pop. 569.                          HOPE ISLANDS, a group off the E. coast of Australia.
HOORN, (generally called De Hoorn, dA-h6rn,) a village of    HOPE MANISELL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
the Netherlands in the island of Schelling. Pop. 122.      HOPE MILL, a post-office of Manury co., Tennessee.
HOORN, an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the Roads   HOPE MILLS, a post-office of Page co., Virginia, 140 miles
of Batavia, about 2 miles N.E. of Onrust.                N.W. of Richmond.
IOO-SHE00-SIIAN or HOU-CHEOU-CHAN, hoo'shA-oo'-   HOPE NOSE, England, on the E. coast of Devonshire,
shunl, a mountain of China, province of Shan-See, lat. 390 201 bounds Torbay on the N.
N., Ion. 1110 541 E., covered with perpetual snow.         HOPE RIVER, Jamaica, co. of Surrey, enters the CaribH00ISIC, a post-office of Greene co., Wisconsin.       bean Sea, 5 miles E.S.E. of Kingston. Length, 10 miles.
II001SICK, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity    HOPE'S ADVANCE BAY, on the N. coast of Labrador,
of Rensselaer co., New York, 20 miles N.E. of Troy. It is is in lat. 600 N., lon. 700 W.
intersected by the Troy and Boston. Railroad, with which    HOPE SAY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
several other lines here form a junction. The famous Hoo-   HOPE SOLILERS, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
sick tunnel is in this township. Pop. 3724.                HOPE STATION, a post-village of Lexington district,
H00SICOK FALLS, a post-village in the above township, South Carolina, with a station on the Greenville and Coon both sides of Hloosick River, 35'miles N.E. of Albany. It lumbia Railroad, 29 miles from Columbia.
has a fine water-power, with a fall of 40 feet. Pop. in 1853,   HOPE-TOWN, a village of British Guiana, about 1 mile
estimated at 600. Here is Ball Seminary.                from Fort Wellington, well laid out. Pop..about 2000.
100SICK FALLS JUNCTION. See HoosIcK.                     1IOPE'TOWN, Massachusetts, a station on the Amherst
HOOSICK (or H00/SACK) RIVMF, rises in Massachusetts, and Belchertown Railroad, 14 miles N. of Palmer.
and running a N.W. course through Rensselaer co., New    IIOPE/VILLE, a post-office of Clark co.,,Iowa.
York, turns W. in Washington county, and enters the hud-   HOPEIWELL, a post-village and township of Ontario co.,
son River about 15 miles N. of Troy.                    New York, on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad,
-H.OSIER (hoo/zher) GROVE, a post-village of Linn co., 12 miles W. of Geneva. Pop. 1923.
Iowa, 16 miles N. of Iowa City.                            HOPEWELL, a township of Cumberland co., New Jersey.
HOOSIER GROVE, a post-office of Green co., Wisconsin.  Pop. 1480.
HOO ST. MARY'S, a parish of England, co. of Kent.        IOPEWELL, a post-township of Mercer co., New Jersey,
HOO ST. WER/BURGII, a parish of England, co. of Kent. on the Delaware River, about 10 miles N.W. of Trenton.
H00ITENSVILLE, a post-village of Upson co., Georgia, 12  Pop. 3696.
miles S.E. of Thomaston.                                   HOPEWELL, township, Beaver co., Pennsylvania. P. 1025.
H00/TON PAGINELL. a parish of England, co. of York,   IIOPEWELL, a post-township in the N.E. part of Bedford
West Riding.                                             co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 840.
1100/TON ROBVERTS, a parish of England, co. of York,   HOPEWELL, a township of Cumberland co., PennsylvaWest Riding.                                             nia. Pop. 1053.
HOII00VER IILL. apost-office, Randolph co.,North Carolina.   HOPEWELL, a township of Washington co., PennsylvaHOOVER POINT, a post-office of Macounpin co., Illinois.   nia. Pop. 1748.
HOPAH'KA, a post-village of Leake co., Mississippi, 65   HOPEWELL, a township, York co., Pennsylvania. P. 2432.
miles N.E. of Jackson.                                     HOPEWELL, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., North
HOP/BOTTOM1, a post-village of Susquehanna co., Penn- Carolina, 160 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.
sylvania, on the Delaware and Lackawanna  Railrhoad, 7 miles   HOPEWELL, a post-village of York district, South Ca.
from Montrose.                                           rolina, about 90 miles N. of Columbia.
HOPE, or EAS/TYN, a small parliamentary borough and    HOPEWELL, a post-village of Crawford co., Georgia, 24
parish of North Wales, co. of Flint, on the Alen, here crossed  miles W. of Macon.
by an ancient bridge, 6 miles S.E. of Mole. Pop. 429. The    HOPEWELL, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama.
town has an ancient church, and ruins of a castle built prior   HOPEWVELL, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi.
to the conquest of Wales by Edward I. It is governed by a    HOPEWELL, a post-office of Upshur co., Texas.
mayor, and joins with Flint, &c. in sending 1 member to the    HOPEWELL, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1227.
House of Commons.                                          HOPEWELL, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 290.
HOPE, a small market-town and parish of England, co. of    HOPEWELL, a post-village and township in the W. part
Derby, 5 miles N.N.E. of Tideswell. Pop. 4434.           of Muskingum co., Ohio, 46 miles E. of Columbus. Pop. 2378.
HOPE, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, 30 miles   HOPEWELL, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1387.
E.S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1108.                              HOPEWELL, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1288.
HOPE, a post-village and township of Hamilton co., New    tIOPEWELL,  a post-office of Jennings co., Indiana.
York, about 55 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 789.             HOPEWELL, a post-office of Macon co., Illinois.
HOPE, a neat post-village and township of Warren co.,   HOPEWELL, a post-office of Mississippi co., Missouri.
New Jersey, 10 miles N.E. of Belvidere. The village con-   HOPEWELL, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa.
tains 3 stone churches, one of which is a fine Gothic build-   HOPEWELL, a post-office of Mahaska co., Iowa.
ing. Pop. about 350; of the township, 1755.               IHOPEWELL, a' town of New Brunswick, capital of AlHOPE, a post-village of Pickens co., Alabama, 50 miles bert county.
from Tuscaloosa.                                           HOPEWELL CENTRE, a post-office of York co., PennsylHOPE, a post-office of Rapides parish, Louisiana.      vania.
HOPE, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee.           HOPEWELL CHURCH, a post-office of Wilkinson co.,
HOPE, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.             Mississippi.
HOPE, a township in Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 99.        HOPEWELL COTTON WORKS, a post-office of Chester
HOPE, a pleasant post-village of Bartholomew co., Indi- co., Pennsylvania.
ana, 12 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 300.                  HOPEWELL CROSS ROADS, a post-office of HIarford co.,
HOPE ALL-SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of Kent.    Maryland.
HOPE BAG/OT, a parish of England, co. of Salop.          HOPEWELL FURNACE, a small village of Washington
HOPE BOW/DLER, a parish of England, co. of Salop.      co., Missouri.
HOPE CENTRE, a post-village of Hamilton co., New York,   HOPITAL, L'. See A.nnsnVvLmE
60 miles N.W. of Albany.                                   HOP/KINS, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, has an
HOPE CHURICH, a post-office of Alleghany co., Penn- area of 960 square miles. It is drained by the White Oak
sylvania.                                                Bayou, and by Lake Fork of Sabine River. The surface is
HOPEDALE, orHIOPEDALE COMMUNITY,a post-village diversified by prairies and woodlands. Capital, Tarrant.
in Milford township, Worcester co., Massachusetts, about 1-  Pop. 2623, of whom 2469 were free, and 154 slaves.
miles W. of the village of Milford, and 35 miles S.W. of Bos-    HOPKINS, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, has an
ton. The community here owns about 600 acres of land, and  area estimated at 750 square miles. Green River washes its
appears to be in a very prosperous condition. Two news- N.E. border; Pond River forms its entire boundary on the
papers are published in the village. Pop. about 200.     E., and Tradewater Creek on the S.W. The surface is diHOPE/DALE, a post-village of Harrison co.,. Ohio, 124  versified, and in some parts hilly; the soil is mostly fertile.
miles E. by N. of Columbus, contains a seminary and a  Stone coal is abundant, and some iron ore is found in the
steam ficuring mill.                                    hills of this county. Organized in 1836, and named in
HOPEDALE, a post-office of Tazewell co.. Illinois.    honor of General Samuel Hopkins, an officer in the war of
IHOPE-uNcDER-DINtMORE, parish of England, cc. Hereford. the Revolution.  Capital, Madisonville. Pop. 12,441, of
hIOPE FALLS, a post-village of Hamilton co., New York, whom 10,249 were free, and 2192 slaves.
54 miles N.W. of Albany, has 1 bank.                      HOPKINS' GROVE, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa,,in
HOPE FARM, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa, 9 miles W. Des Moines River, 130 miles WV. by N. of Iowa City.
of Wapello.                                                HOP/KINS' TURNIOUT, a post-office and station of Rih869




HOP                                                       HOR
land district, South Carolina, on the South Carolina Rail- Zurich, on the W. shore of its lake, 8 miles.S.S.E. of Zurich.
road, 12 miles from Columbia.                             Pop. of parish, 3336. It has manufactures of silks and cotton
HOP/KINSVILLE, a handsome town, capital of Christian  stuffs, and a harbor on the lake.
co., Kentucky, is finely situated on Little River, on the    IIORICE, a town of Bohemia.  See IHoRITZ.
Henderson and Nashville Railroad, 204 miles S.W. of Frank-   HOR1ICON, a post-village and township in the N. part of
fort. The town is regularly. laid out, and many of the  Warren co., New York, on Schroon River, about 18 miles
streets are paved and bordered with shade-trees. The prin- N. of Caldwell. Pop. 1152.
cipal public buildings are a court-house, a bank. 6 Protest-   HORICON, a thriving post-village of HIubbard township,
ant churches, and the Second Kentucky Lunatic Asylum,  Dodge co., Wisconsin, on Rock River, at the lower extremity
an elegant structure, presenting a front of 368 feet, and  of the so-called Winnebago Marsh, 50 miles N.E. of Madison.
containing 300 rooms for patients. Three weekly and 2  It has an excellent water-power. Pop. 300 or 400.
semi-weekly newspapers are published here. The town con-   HORICON, LAKE. See GEORGE, LAKE.
tains a classical academy and 3 seminaries for girls, 16 dry-   HORIITZ or HORICE, ho/rits a town of Bohemia, 10 miles
goods stores, 3 drug stores, 3 tobacco factories, 2 silver- from Bidschow, on the Bistritz. Pop. 3205.
smiths, and 4 carriage factories. In the vicinity of the    HIORKESLEY, (horksllee,) GREAT, a parish of England,
town is a fine botanic garden, with a fountain, which is a  co. of Essex.
place of general resort. Hopkinsville was laid out in 1799,   IIHORKESLEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of
and incorporated in 1806. Pop. in 1853, about 3500.        Essex.
HOPKINSVILLE, a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, near   IHORKSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
the Little Miami Railroad, 85 miles S.W. of Columbus.        IOTR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
HOPKINSVILLE, a post-office of Gonzales co., Texas.       IHORLEY, a parish of England. co., of Surrey, with a sta
HOPIKINTON, a post-township of Merrimack co., New  tion on the' London and Brighton Railway, 51 miles S. of
Hampshire, on the Contoocook Railroad, 6 miles W. by S. Ryegate. It has a fine church, and some traces of a castle
of Concord. Pop. 2169.                                     which covered nearly 2 acres. At the station on the LonHOPKINTON, a post-township of Middlesex co., Massa- don and Brighton Railway, a branch here diverges to Norehusetts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 25 miles  sham.
W.S.W. ofBoston. Thistownship contains a mineral spring,   HORPMEAD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of HIerts.
which is a fashionable summer resort. The inhabitants   IORMEAD, LITTLE. a parish of England, co. of Ierts.
are extensively ng-aged in the manufacture of boots and    HORMOOZ or HORMOUZ. See 0nsius.
shoes. Pop. 2801.                                            HOR, MOUNT, a mountain of Arabia PetrEea, on the E.
HOPKINTON, a post-township of Washington co., Rhode  side of the Wady-Arabah, nearly intermediate between the
Island, intersected by Wood River, about 35 miles S.W. of  Dead Sea and the head of the Gulf of Akabah, and forming
Providence.  It has manufactures of mechinery, printed  part of Mount Seir, or Edom. It is a steep and irregular
calicoes, &c. Pop. 2477.                                  truncated cone, having three peaks on the N., in the loftiest
HOPKINTON, a post-village and township of St. Law- of which is a grotto, the reputed tomb of Aaron.
rence co., New York, on the East Branch of St. Regis River,   HORN or HORN/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Rutabout 38 milus E. of Ogdensburg. The township contains land.
a valuable quarry of Potsdam sandstone. Pop. 1476.           HORN, hoRn, or HORNE, honRneh, (Fr. Hornes, bonn,) a
HOPKINTON, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.         village of Holland, province of Limburg, 2 miles W. by N.
HOPPER ISLAND. Pacific Ocean. See APAMASAt.             of Roermond. Pop. 844
HOP/PER'S MILLS, a post-office of Henderson co., Illinois.   IIORN, horn, a town of Germany, in Lower Austria, 46
IIOP RIVER, a small stream of Tolland co., Connecticut, miles N.W. of Vienna, with a famous brewery. Pop. 680.
falls into the Willimantic River;                           HORN, a town of Germany, principality of Lippe-Detmold,
HOPITON, a liberty of England, co. of Stafford.         10 miles S. of Lemgo. Pop. 1607.
HOP/TON, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk.         HORN, hoRn, a village of Germany, about 3 miles E. of
HOPTON CASTLE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.       Hamburg. Pop. 950.
HOPTON-ieN-TRI4-HOLE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.   HORNACHOS, or-nd/choce, formerly JIORNOS, ocluoce, a
HOPTON, MONKS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.       town of Spain, in Estremadura, 46 miles S.E. of Badajos.
HOPTON WAFERS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.       Pop. 2600.
HOP/WOOD, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.   HORNACHUELOS, on-n[-chwl'loce, a town of Spain, in
HORAZDIOWITZ, ho-rbz-de-ogilts, or HORAWITZ, hor/- Andalusia, 27 miles S.W. of Cordova, on the Guadalquiver.'its, a town of Bohemia, 63 miles S.S.W. of Prague. P.1997.  Pop. 1040.
HORB, hoIsb, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Black    HORN-AFVAN, honn-if/yvn, an extensivelake in Swedish
Forest, on the Neckar, 31 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. Lappmark, about let. 660 N:, and between ion. 160 andI8o E.
2100. It has a castle and a rich hospital.                Length, from N.N.W. to S.S.E., 50 miles; breadth, 10 miles.
HORIBLING, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         It discharges itself into the Gulf of Bothnia by the river
HORIBURY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Skelleftea.
Riding, with a station on the Manchester and Leeds Rail-   HORlNBACH, honn/bAK, (ALT, ilt, and NEu, not,) two conway, 3 miles S.W. of Wakefield.                           tiguons villages of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Hornbach River,
HORCAJADA, or HORCAXADA, oR-ki-HDIl, a town of  5 miles S. of Deux Ponts. United pop. 1905.
Spain, province of Cuenca, 50 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 806.   HORNBERG, hoRn/bWn, a town of West Germany, in BaHORCAJO DE  SANTIAGO, on-kiVno di sin-te-igo, a  den, circle of Upper Rhine, in the Black Forest, 23 miles
town of Spain, 43 miles S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2820.        N.E. of Freiburg, with an old castle. Pop. 1156.
HORCASITAS, on-kh-see/tes, a town of the Mexican Con-   HORN/BLOTTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
federation, department, and 70 miles S. of Nuevo Santander.   HORN/BROOK, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.
HORCAXADA, a town of Spain. See HonCAJADA.                HORNBURG, hoRn/bnRGo, a town of Prussian Saxony,
HORCERA, oR-thalri, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 60  45 miles W.S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2454.
miles from Jaen, on the W. side of the Sierra de Pefiolta.  IHORN/BY, a small town and chapelry of England, co. of
Pop. 1039.                                                Lancaster, on the Wenning, at its junction with the Lune,
IHORCHE, hon/chl, a town of Spain, in New Castile, about 9 miles E.N.E. of Lancaster. Pop. 318. It is surrounded
7 milesfronm Guadalajara. Pop. 1884.                       by the finest scenery, has a stone bridge across the Lune, a
HORDE, (H1rde,) hinRdeh, a town of Prussia, Westpha- Gothic church, a noble castle, erected soon after the Conlis, 2 miles S.E. of Dortmund. Near it are productive coal quSest, and now converted into a modern residence, and a
mines.                                                    cotton factory. In the vicinit;  are the ruins of a Saxon
IHORD/LEY, a parish ofEngland, co. of Salop.            fortification and a priory.
IORDT, (H1rdt,) hIntt. (almost hint,) a village of Rhe-   HORNBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
nish Bavaria, on the Rhine. Pop. 1500.                       HORNIBY, a post-village and township ofSteuben co., New
HORDTEN, (Hiirdten,) hbintten, a village of Baden, 12  York, 17 miles S.E. of Bath.  Pop. 1314.
miles S. of Carlsruhe.                                       HORN/BY, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Halton,
HORDIWELL or HOR/DLE, a parish of England, co. of  30 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 30 miles from Hamilton. It
Hants.                                                     contains 2 saw mills. Pop. about 125.
IHORE-AB/BEY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of   HORN, (or HOORN) CAPE. See CAre H-oncN.
Tipper —ry, adjoining Cashel. Here are beautiful and well-   HORNICASTLE, a market-town and parish of England,
preserved remains of an abbey, founded in 1272, by an arch- co., and 18 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851, 4921. It
bishop of Cashel.                                          is on the river Bane, which is navigable to its junction with
HOREB, ho/r~b, MOUNT, a famous mountain of Arabia- the Witham. The town has some remains of Roman fortifiPetrna, in the peninsula of Sinai, forming the N. end of the  cations, a church, a grammar school, founded by Lord Clinridge. See SINI.                                          ton in 1652, a library and literary society, a union workHOREB, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.         house, branch bank, &c., with extensive tanneries, and conHOREIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          siderable trade by the river in corn and wool. The August
HO/REM, a village of Brown co., Ohio, on the plank-road  fair lasts about 10 days, and is one of the largest horse
from Batavia to Fincastle, about 40 miles E. of Cincinnati. fairs in the kingdom.
It has an active business in lumber.                        HORN/CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
HORIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       IHORN CREEK, a post-office of Gilmer co., Virginia.
HORGEN, hoRnghen, a village of Switzerland, canton of    HORN/DON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
870




HOR                            0OR
HORNDON-oN-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of   HORSE CREEK, of Wake co., North Carolina, flows into
Essex.                                                   the Neuse River.
HORNDON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Essex.    HORSE CREEK, of Alabama, flows through Marengo
The noble seat of IIorndonhill is in this parish,        county, into Tombigbee River.
HORNE, a parish of Englaid, co. of Surrey.               HORSE CREEK, of Cedar co., Missouri, flows N.E. into
IHORNEBURG, ho/ngnh-b00nnI, a village of North Ger-  Sac River.
many, in Hanover, 8 miles S.S.E. of Stade. Pop. 1300.      HORSE CREEK, a post-office of Polk co., North Carolina.
HORJNELLSVILLE, a post-village and township of Steu-   HORSE CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.
ben co., New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 342    HORSE CREEK, a post-office of Will co., Illinois.
miles from New York City. The village is situated on the    HORSE CREEK, a post-village of Dade co., Missouri, on
Canisteo River, about a mile W. of the railroad station. a stream of its own name, 150 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
The inhabitants are principally engaged in the lumber    HORSE GALL, a post-office of Beaufort district, South
trade. The Hornellsville and Buffalo Railroad connects it Carolina.
with Buffalo, 90 miles distant. Pop. of the township, 2637;   HORSEIHEAD, post-office, Prince George's co., Maryland.
of the village, about 1200.                                HORSEIIEAD, a post-village of Macon co., Georgia, about
HORINERSTOWN, a post-village of IMlonmouth co., New  45 miles S.S.W. of Macon.
Jersey, about 16 miles S.E. of Trenton.                    HORSEHEAD, a post-village of Johnson co., Arkansas,
HOR/NET'S NEST, a post-office of Mecklenburg co.; North  about 9 miles W. of Clarksville.
Carolina.                                                  HORSEIHEADS, formerly FAIRPORT, a post-village in
HORNFIELD, a parish of England. See HORN.              Elmira township, Chemung co., New York, on the Chemung
HIORNHAUSEN, hoRnth6w'zgn, a village of Prussian  Canal, and on the Chemung branch of the New York and
Saxony, 21 miles W.S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1757.         Erie Railroad, 6 miles N. of Elmira. Here General Sullivan,
HORNIHEAD, a bold, rocky promontory on the N. coast during his expedition against the Indians, killed his packof Ireland, co. of Donegal, between Dunfanaghy Harbour horses, the heads of which were piled up; hence the name:
and the Atlantic.                                          IIORSEIHEATIH, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
HORNHUIZEN, hounthoi'zpn, a parish of the Netherlands,   HORSE ISLAND, an islet of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
province, and 14 miles N.W. ofGroniungen, near the North Sea. Cork, at the W. side of the entrance of Castle-Townsend
IHOR/NING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the  Haven, with a landmark tower.
Bure, here crossed by a ferry, 3 miles S.E. of North Wal-   HORSE ISLAND, a small island, but the largest and
sham. iere are some remains of the celebrated Abbey of most fertile in Lake Ooroomeeyah, in Persia.
St. Benedict, founded by Canute in 1020, and so strongly    HOR'SEA ISLAND, a small island in Portsmouth Harbor,
fortified that it held out against the attacks of William the  England, 1 mile E. of Porchester, and composing a farm.
Conqueror, till betrayed by one of the monks. At the Re-   HORSEL, (Hirsel,) hiirs91, or IHERSEL, h6n/sel, a river
formation, the abbey was annexed to the bishopric of Nor- of Central CGermany, rises in the principality of Gotha, and
wich, and its bishops have, since that time, been the only  after a N. and W. course of 25 miles, joins the Werrs;, 4 miles
abbots in England.                                       S. of Kreutzburg. Eisenach is'the only town on its banks.
HORNIINGHOLD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.     HORSELBERG, (Hirselberg,) hiis/sel-bWRo, a mountain
HORN/INGSEA, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.   range of Central Germany, between Eisenach and KreuzHORNIINGSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.       burg. IHeight, 1540 feet.
HORNIINGSHEATH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.  IHIOR/SELLY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
HORN/INGTOFT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        HORSE'MONDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
HORN LAKE, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.    HOR/SEN or HORSENS, hoisenns, an ancient seaport town
HORNOS (hoRrlnoce or os/noce) ISLANDS, a group of 8  of Denmark, province of Jutland, 25 miles S.W. of Aarhuus,
small islands of South America, in the Rio-de-la-Plata, 31  on the IHorsens-Fiord. Pop. in 1851, 5827. It is well built,
miles N.E. of Buenos Ayres.                              and has several churches, 2 market places, with a good harHORNOY, hostnwY, a market-town of France, department bor, and an export trade in corn and tallow.
of Somme, 17 miles W.S.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1070.            HOR/SENDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
HORNS/BOROUGH, a post-ohqce of Chesterfield district,   HORSE PAS/TURE, a post-office of Henry co., Virginia.
South Carolina.                                            HORSE/PATH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
HORNISEA, a market-town and parish of England, co. of    HORSE-SHOE, a post-village of Pickens district, South
York, East Riding, on the North Sea, about 14 miles N.N.E. Carolina.
of Hull. The town is much frequented as a watering-place.   HORSE-SHOE BEND, a small post-village of Tallapoosa
HORNISEY, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on the  co., Alabama.
New River, 51 miles N.N.W. of St. Paul's, London. The vii-   HORSE-SHOE BOTTOM, post-office, Russell co., Kentucky.
lage is beautifully situated, and has many handsome man-   HORSE-TOWN, a post-office of Shasta co., California.
sions, an interesting church, built in the sixteenth century,   HORSE-WELL, a small village of Barren co., Kentucky.
and a grammar school at Highgate.                          HOR/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
HORN/TON, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford.          HORSEY ISLAND, on the E. coast of Essex, formed by an
HORNITOWN, a post-village of Accomac co., Virginia, is  inlet of the sea, 4k miles S.S.W. of Hhrwich. It is 6 miles
on a navigable creek, which communicates with the' At- in circumference, and abounds in gamie.
lantic, 26 miles N.E. of Accomac Court-HIouse.             HOR/SEY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Sussex-co.,
HORNU, hoscniit, a village of Belgium, province of HIal- Delaware.
naut, 6 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 1022, forming an interest-   HORStFORD, a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.
ing colony of miners, founded in 1823..                   HIORS/FORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West
HORPNYO', a village of Hungary, co. of Trentschin.     Riding.
HORODLO, ho-rod/lo, a town of Poland, government of   HORSHAM, hors/am, a parliamentary borough, marketLublin, on the Bug, 38 miles E.N.E. of Zamosz. Pop. 1200.  town, and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the Adur, 26
HOROTEN. See NEw ZEALAND.                              miles N.E. of Chichester, 37 miles S.S.W. of London, by a
HOROWITZ; a town of Bohemia. SeeHoRzowsTz.             branch of the London and Brighton Railway.  Pop. in
HORRA, LA, 1A on/VR, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 45  1851, 5947.  It has a venerable parish church, in the
miles S. of Burgos. Pop. 825.                            early English style, a grammar school, endowed in 1532, a
HORREA CELIA. See ZAMORa.                              handsome castellated town-hall and court-house, a large
HORIRELSTOWN, a village of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, county jail, union work-house, market-house, and bank.
about 14 miles W.S.W. of Lewistown.                      The borough sends 1 member to the House of Commons.
TIORREM, hoRaznm, a village of West Prussia, on the rail-   HORS/HAM, or HORS/HAMVILLE, a post-village and
way from Aix-la-Chapelle to Cologne, 25 miles W. of the latter. township of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles E. by
HORR'S RANCH, a post-office of Tuolumne co., California. N. of Norristown, and 16 miles N. of Philadelphia. It conHORRSTEIN, (Hirrstein,) or HORSTEIN, hSR/stine, a  tains a Friends' meeting-house, and 2 stores. Pop. 1336.
market-town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Franconia, 8 miles    I HORSHAM ST. FAITH, a parish of England, co. Norfolk.
N.N.W. of Aschaffenburg. Pop. 1210.                        HORSHIIES, of Pennsylvania, a station on the Columbia
HORRUES, hoa'Riit, a village of Belgium, province of IHai- branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 12 miles from  Co
naut, 11 miles N.N.E. of Mlons. Pop. 2000.               lumbia.
HOR/RY, a district forming the E. extremity of South    HORS/HILL, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
Carolina, bordering on North Carolina and on the Atlantic,   IORS/INGTON,  a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is intersected    IIORSINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
by the Waccamaw River, and bounded on the W. by the    tIORSILEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
Little Pedee, which unites with the Great Pedee. on the    HORSILEY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
S.W. border. The surface is partly occupied by marshes.   IIORSLEY, LONG, parishofEngland, co. Northumberland
The soil is generally sandy, and not very fertile. It is tra-   HORS'LEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
versed by the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. Capi-   HORSSEN, honslsen, a village of Iolland, province of
tal, Conwayborough. Pop. 7646, of whom  5571 were free, Gelderland, 10 miles W. byS. of Nymwegen. Pop. 813.
and 2075 slaves.                                           1 HORST, hoast, a village of the Netherlands, province of
IIORSCHITZ, a town of Bohemia. See HoezRTZ..           Limburg, 18 miles N. of Roermond. Pop. 3100.
HORSE, Tuc, an islet of Scotland, co. of Ayr, in the Firth    HORST, a village of Denmark, in Holstein, 8 miles E. of
of Clyde, opposite Ardrossau Harbor.                     Glilckstadt, with a station on the Kiel and Altona Railway.
871




HOR                                                       HOT
ItORSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            IIOSZSZUMEZO, hos'soo'mAziP, a village of Rungary, co.
IIORISTED, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           of Marmaros, 7 miles N.W. of Szigeth. Pop. 1659.
HOR'STED KEYNES, (klnz,) a parish of England, co. of   HOSZSZU-SZER, hos'soo'sairl, a village of Hungary, co.
Suse~x.                                                    of Abaujvar, on the Hernad, 3 milesfrom Kaschau. P.1222.
HORSTEIN, (Hirstein,) a town of Bavaria. See HISRRSTEIN.   IOTCHIKIIISSVILLE, a manufacturing post-village of
HORSTMAR, hoSstfmaa, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, Litchfield co., Connecticut, 42 miles W. by S. of Hartford.
16 miles N.W. of Miinuster. Pop. 1100.                       HOTELI, a post-office of Bertie co., North Carolina.
HORT, hoat, a village of Hungary, co. of Heves, 2 miles    HOTEL, of Maine, a station on the Atlantic and St. Lawfrom Hatvan. Pop. 1796.                                    renee Railroad, 29 miles N.W. of Portland.
HORTA, or/tit, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 50 miles    HOTENSLEBEN, (Hhtensleben,) hl1tens-l'ben, a village
S.W. of Tarragona, on an affluent of the Ebro. Pop. 1747.   of Prussia Saxony, 26 miles W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1181.
HORTA, oaftA, or SAN GINES DE  AGUDELLS  DE    HOTH/AM, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
HORTA, sin nee/nis dl &-goo-oDis dA oR/t, a village of   HOTHAMPTON, a village of England. See BoGoIR.
Spain, in Catalonia, 4 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1855.      HOTHIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
HORTA, hoJ/tt, or orJta, a seaport town of the Azores,   HOT HOUSE, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.
capital of the Island of Fayal, on its S.E. coast. Pop. 3500.   HOT SPRING, a county in the S.W. central part of ArIt is pretty well built, though very irregularly laid out.  kansas. Area, 964 square miles. It is drained by the WVashita
HORTEN, hoRnten, a town of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, River and its several forks. The surface is hilly or mounon the Gulf of Christiania, opposite Moss, 32 miles S. of tainous. The Washita River is navigable for small boats as
Christiania. It is the chief military port of the kingdonm and  far up as Rockport. The county is liberally supplied with
station of the fleet, and has an arsenal and extensive build- water-power and mineral springs, among which are the
ing-yards.                                                famous Hot Springs, 6 miles from the Washita River. MagHORWTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.              netic iron abounds in the " Magnet Cove," a valley which
HORTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.              occupies an area of 2 square miles, enclosed by large pine
HORTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucestel.         forests. The magnetic influence is such that the land canHORTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton         not be surveyed with a compass.. (DE Bow's Review, vol. v.)
HORTON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.    Large quarries of excellent oilstone have been opened in
HORTON, a parish of England. co. of Stafford.           the county, and the article is exported to all parts of the
HORITON, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Kings, situated  Union. Capital, Rockport. Pop. 3609, of whom 3248 were
on an arm of Mines Bay, opposite Cornwallis, and about 45  free, and 361 slaves.
miles N.N.W. of IhIalifax. It is rapidly becoming a place of    HOT SPRINGS, a post-village of Bath co., Virginia, 175
commercial importance in consequence of the mines of coal, miles W.N.W. of Richmond. This place is situated in a
plaster. and other valuable minerals, found in its vicinity.   narrow valley, and surrounded by a mountainous region,
HORtTOINA, a township in Brown co., Wisconsin. P. 192. which is remarkable for the salubrity of its climate. and for
HORTON, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West the charming character of its scenery. There are several
Riding, 2 miles S.W. of Bradford. It has a mechanics' insti- springs here, which vary in temperature from 980 to 1060,
tution, and a firee school, founded in the reign of Charles I. and are considered efficacious in the cure of dyspepsia, rheuHORTON KIRBY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.         matism, affections of the liver, etc. The water contains the
HORTON MONKS, a parish of England, co. of Kent.         sulphates of lime and of magnesia, the carbonates of lime
IIORITON-iN-RIBSBLESDALE, a parish of England, co. of  and of magnesia, and sulphate of soda.  A spring of exYork, West Riding.                                        tremely cold water rises in close proximity to one at 980.
HOR/TON RIVER, in East Australia, flows N. and joins  Several bathing-houses and other buildings have been
Gwydir River. Lat. 290 45' S., Ion. 1500 50, E.            erected here.
HORTONSVILLE, a post-office of Barnes co., Texas.         HOT SPRINGS, a post-village of HIot Springs co., ArHORITONYILLE, a post-office of Brown co., Wisconsin.    kansas, 6 miles N. of the Washita River, and 55 miles S.W.
HORVATH, BAN, b[n-hon/vtt, a village of Hungary, co. of Little Rock. It is situated in a valley about 700 yards
of Borsod, about 20 miles from Miskolcz. Pop. 770.        long, and 70 yards wide, having a high mountain on each
HORVATRI-ERDO, ho'vf/tee66/d8', a village of IIun- side. The temperature of the springs, which are about 35
gary, co. of Abaujvar, 6 miles from Tolcsva. Pop. 1448.   in number, varies from 1350 to 1600. (See ARKANSAS, p. 107.)
H ORVATHI ORSZAG. See CRoATIA.                           The main stage-route from Little Rock passes through this
HORIWICK, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, with  place, which was formerly the capital of the county. Novaa station on the Lanmcashire and Yorkshire Railway, 5' miles  culite, or oilstone, of fine quality, is abundant in the viS.E. of Chorley. Pop. 3773.                               cinity.
HORWOO0D, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              HOTTBUS, a town of Russia. See CoTrTIs.
HORWOOD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.        HOT/TENTOTS, a peculiar African race, the aboriginal
HORWOOD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.  occupants of the S. end of that continent, at and near the
IHORZITZ, hon/zits, I-SORSCHITZ, hoR/shits, or HOR- Cape of Good Hope. Their limits may be said, in general
ZICZE, hop.-zeefchA, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, terms, to have been the river Orange, on the N. and N.E.,
58 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2760.                      and the Kei, on the E.; but the E. boundary appears to
IIORZOWITZ, hon/zo-fitz', or HOROWITZ, hofro-gfits, a  have been fluctuating, and, owing to their mixture with
town of Bohemia, 12 miles S.W. of Beraun. Pop. 2265, en- the Kaffre race,not definable. On the N.W. they passed the
gaged in mines of iron, coal, silver, and mercury, and in  Orange, and advanced N. and N.E. far into the interior.
manufactures. Here ms the magnificent seat of Count Wrbna. The name now given to the whole race was that of the tribe
HOSE or HOWES, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   in the immediate vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, with
HOSEINGABAD or HOSHINGABAD. See HOSUNGABAD.  which the Dutch settlers first became acquainted.  The
HO/SENSACK, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.   Hottentots are generally tall and meagre, of a pale olive
HOSIKINSVILLE, a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, 90  complexion; their cheek-bones project much, and their
miles E. by S. of Columbus.                               chins are narrow and pointed. They have thick lips, a fiat
HOSIPITAL. a village and parish of Ireland, in Munster, nose with wide nostrils, woolly hair, and little beard. The
co. of Limericlk, 11 miles W. of Tipperary.               women are often elegantly formed in early life, but their
HOSPITALET, os-pe-tI-lt', (formerly SANTA EULALIA  bloom is transient; they are marriageable at 12 or 13, and
DE PROVENSANA, s~n/ta'oo-liVle-I dl pro-vln-sItnI.) a  become hideous in a few years. Both sexes are distinguished
townofSpain, province, and4miles S.W. ofBarcelona. P. 2500. by excessive incurvation of the spine. When the Dutch
HOSSZUIIETIN, Hungary. See HETENY-HOSZU.                first settled at the Cape, the Hottentots were a numerous
HOSTALRICIH. os-til-reekf, a town of Spain, province, and  nation, of pastoral and partially nomadic habits, occupying
18 miles S.S.W. of Gerona. Pop. 950. It is a bishop's see, a territory of 100,000 square miles; and it is supposed that
and was formerly an important fortress;taken by the French  the seven tribes, into which they were divided, made up
in 1694 and 1809.                                          together a population of at least 200,000. At the present
HOSTAU, hosfthw, or HOSITOW, (L. Hostovium,) a town  day this race is nearly extinct within the wide territorm
of Bohemia, 18 miles W.N.W. of Klattau. Pop. 1166.         which formerly belonged to it; and of the 50.000 Hottentots,
IIOSTAUN, hos/t6wn, a town of Bohemia, circle of Klattau, as they are called, now reckoned in the population, of the
27 miles S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1381.                        colony, there are not 200, exclusive of the Namaquas, added'HOSTE (ostI) ISLAND, Terra del Fuego, is between lat. to the colony by a recent change of boundary, who under550 and 550 40' S., and ion. 680 and 700 W;, 90 miles in  stand the Hottentot language. The language of the populatlength, from E. to W., by 50 miles in greatest breadth, sepa- tion at present inhabiting the country, is the Cape-Dutch
rated eastward from Navarin Island by Ponsonby Sound.   jargon. Hottentot life, with its numerous whimsical pecuHOSTERLITZ, hos/ter-lits', a market-towvn of Moravia, liarities, belongs therefore to history. It exists no longer in
circle of Znaym, 24 miles S.W. of Brtinn. Pop. 1420.      what may be properly called the land of the Hottentots.
HOSTOMITZ, hoseto-mitse, or HOSTONITZ, hos/to-nits,' a    But, connected with this great, utterly decayed trunk, are
town of Bohemia, 25miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1700.       a number of offshoots and collateral stems, some of which
IOSUNGABAD, ho-sfin-gi-bd/, HUSSINGABAD, hils- retain many of the customs of their ancestors, while others
ein-g1-bld, or HOSHIINGABAD, hosh-in-gi-bad/, a consider- have made considerable advances towards civilization,
able town and important military post of British India, pre- chiefly through the efforts of missionaries. Of these, a largo
4idency of Bengal, on the Nerbudda, 43 miles E.S.E. of Bho- body, recognised in the colony as the Bastards. a few years:paul. Lat. 220 40' N., lon. 770 51, E.                   since, assumed the name of the Griquas, an ancient extinct
872




F —-  -----
HOT                                                       HOU
tribe, and settled down in a carefully-organized community    HOUGHTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of North
at Klaarwater, on the river Orange. The Koras or Koran-  ampton.
nas, (shoe-wearers,) higher up the river Orange, or Gari6p,   HOUGHTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Nortlum —
as they call it, still remain a favorable specimen of the pure berland. It has coal and lead mines.
Hlottentot race. On the E. frontier of the colony are some    HOUGHTON, NEW, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk,
remnants of the Gona or Gonaqua tribe. The Namaquas  6 miles N. of Rougham. Sir R. Walpole died here in 1145.
dwell towards the mouth of the river Orange. These are  The famous collection of paintings he placed here are now
much attached to their country: and their huts are erected  in the imperial palace at St. Petersburg.
in the old Hottentot fashion. The Bushmen, or, in colonial   HOUGIITON REIGIS, a parish of England. co. of Bedford.
language, Boschjesmanns, are also of Hottentot race, and    HOUIGHTONVILLE, hgfton-vil, a post-village of Windham
call themselves Saqua. Theirproper country is between the  co., Vermont.
Roggenveld Mountains and the river Orange; but they are    HOUGHTON WINITERBOURNE, a parish of England,
to be found wherever the absence of a stronger population  co. of Dorset.
permits their increase. Their general height is about 4 feet   HOUGiE, a headland ofFrance. Se CAPE LA HOUCUE.
6 inches; they are, at the same time, slender, but well-made,   HOU —KOUANG, a province of China. See Hoo-QUANG.
and very active. Their only covering, if they have any, is a    HOULIKA, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi.
skin round the loins. They live on game, principally ante-   HOULME, hoolm, an old division of France, - in Lower
lopes, which they kill with poisoned arrows. They have great Normandy, capital of Argentan, now comprised in the defeasts, particularly after violent thunder-storms, in which  partment of Orne.
many antelopes are struck by lightning. On such occa-   HOULME, LE, Ieh hoolm, a village of France, department
sions, these little men eat till they resemble barrels. Their of Seine-Inf6rieure, 5 miles N.N.W. of Rouen. Pop. 2038.
life is always fluctuating between a feast and a-famine. As    HOULTON, h6llton, a flourishing post-village and townto the number of these singular and degraded people, it is  ship, capital of Aroostook co., Maine, 190 miles N.E. of Auimpossible to form  any trustworthy estimate. There are  gusta, and 12 miles N.W. of Woodstock, in New Brunswick.
also numerous other tribes scattered over the country, ge- It has a court-house, jail, 3 churches, an academy, about 15
nerally supposed to be of Hottentot descent.               stores, an iron foundry and machine shop, a grist mill, and
HOTTING, (Hitting,) hat/ting, a village of Austria, in the  2 saw mills. A military post was established in 1829. about
Tyrol, on the Inn, near Innspruck. Pop. 2524.              a mile N. of the village. Pop. of the township, 1453.
HOTZENPLOTZ, hot'sen-plots', (Moravian, Osoblaha, o-   HOUMA, hoolmA, a small post-village, capital of Terre
so-blg/ht,) a small town of Austrian Silesia, 26 miles N.N.W. Bonne parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Terre Bonne, 108 miles
of Troppau, on the Prussian frontier, and capital of the   S.E. of Baton Rouge. The bayou is navigable for small
county of IHIennersdorf. Pop.2579.                         boats. The village has a court-house, jail, 5 stores, 2 churches,
IIOTZING, a town of Austria. See ItATZEG.                and 10 or 12 dwellings.
HOUAT, hooll, a small island off the W. coast of France,   HOUNAM, hootnam, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh,
department of Morbihan, 6 miles S.E. of the peninsula  10 miles S.S.E. of Kelso. The HIill of IHounam-Law, in this
Quiberon, lat. 470 251' N., ion. 20 56 W. It has a fort, a small par'ish, is 1464 feet in height.
harbor, and 250 inhabitants.                                 HOU-NAN, a province of China. See IeOO-NAN.
HOUCK'S STORE. a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.     HOUND, a parish of England, co., and 3l miles S.E. of
HOUDAIN, hoo'd~At, a village of France, department of  Southampton.  The beautiful remains of Netley Abbey,
Pas-de-Calais, 6 miles S.W. of Bethune. Pop. 930.          founded by Henry III. in 1239, stand on the slope of a hill,
HOUDBAN, hoo'dWaNf, a town of France, department of  near Southampton Water, in this parish.
Seine-et-Cise, 15 miles S.S.W. of Mantes. Pop. 2131.         HOUNDSIFIELD, a township in Jefferson co., New York,
HOUDENG-AIMERIES, hoodaNGe-5Ameh-reef, a village of  lies at the E. end of Lake Ontario. and contains Sackett's
Belgium, province of Hainaut, on the Tiriau, 10 miles W. of  Harbor. Pop. 4136.
Mons. It has several forges and tanneries, and a colliery    HOUNSLOW, h6unzqo, a town and chapelry of England,
which employs 900 persons. Pop. 2556.                      co. of Middlesex, parishes of Heston and Isleworth, 21 miles
HOUDENG-GOEGNIES, hooWdaNO-ghkn'yeel, a village of  S.W. ofBrentford. Pop. in 1851, 3514. It consists pf one long, 
Belgium, province of Hainaut, near the above. The inha- well-paved street, has a chapel built on the site of a priory
bitants are chiefly employed as miners, or in connection  fiunded by the Windsor family, and a great number of inns,
with coal-works in the vicinity. Pop. 2775.               formerly supported by the traffic ofthe Great West ofEngland
IOUFFALIZE, hoof'f4'leez, a town of Belgian Luxem-  Road, but almost deserted since the opening of the Great
bourg, on the Ourthe, 9 miles N.E. of Bastogne, with a  Western Railway. Hounslow Heath, noted in ancient times
ruined fortress, and 990 inhabitants,                     for tournaments and military encampments,and in modern
HOUGA, LR, loh hoo'gV, a market-town of France, de- for the depredations of highwaymen, is now in great part
pertinent of GCTers, 30 miles W.S.W. of Condom. Pop. 1593.   enclosed. I-Here are barracks and powder mills.
IIOUGAERDE, hoo'ga-df, or HOEGAERDEN, hoofg~-             IOU-PE, a provice of China. See H1oo-PE.
den, a village of Belgium, province of South Brabant, 21   HOUPLINES, hoo'pleenf, a village of France, department
miles S.W. of Tirlemont. Pop. 3000, with extensive breweries of Nord, 7 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 1015.
and distilleries.                                            HOU-QUANG. See loo-QuANoG.
HOUGHAII, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                HOURN, LOCH, loKhoorn, an inlet of Scotland, co. of
HOUGH (h&ff) FERRY, a station of Wayne co., Mississippi, Inverness, stretching inland from the Sound of Skye for 13
on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 6 miles from Winchester.  miles. At its mouth it is 5 miles across.
HOUGH-oc-THE-IIILL.  a parislh of England, co. of Lincoln.    HOUROUR or HOURROUR, Africa. See HIURUR.
IIOUGHTON, hO'ton, two parishes of England, co. Hunt-   ItOURTIN, hooa'tANa', a village of France, department
ingdon.                                                    of Gironde. 10 miles S.S.W. of Lesparre. Pop. 1412.
HOUGHITON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.       IHOUSATONIC, or HOUSATONICV1LLE, a post-village
IHOUGITTON, a parish of Englahd, co. of Norfolk.         recently sprung up in Stockbridge township, in Berkshire
HOUGLITON, hOJton, an unorganized county of Michigan,  co., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic Railroad, about 120
in the N.W. part of the upper peninsula, bordering on Lake  miles W. of Boston.
Superior. Area, estimated at 1200 square miles. Its out-   HOUSATONIC (hoo'sa-tonlik) RIVER, a fine stream which
line is deeply indented by Keweenaw Bay, and it is drained  has its sources in Berkshire co., Massachusetts, and.flowing
by Sturgeon River. Ths surface is uneven. The county is  S., enters the state of Connecticut. After winding through
remarkably rich in minerals, including copper, silver, and  Litchfield county, and forming the boundary between New
iron. Mines of copper are worked in several places. Nanmed  Haven and Fairfield counties, it meets the tide-water at
in honor of Professor Douglas IHoughton, formerly State  Derby, about 14 miles from Long Island Sound. The sources
Geologist of Michigan. Pop. 708.                           of this stream are more than 1000 feet above the level of the
IHOUGHTON, a post-office of Houghton co., Michigan.      ocean, and in its course of 150 miles, it affords many excelHOUGIHTON, a post-office of Lawrence co., Iowa.          lent mill-seats.  The railroad from Bridgeport to Albany
HOUGHTON CONIQUEST, parish of England, co. Bedford. follows the course of this river for nearly 40 miles, presentHOUGHTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North-  ing the traveller with a view of its charming scenery.'The
ampton.                                                    cataract at Canaan, in Connecticut, well deserves the attenHOUGHTON-oN-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of tion of the lovers of the picturesque.
Leicester.                                                  HIOUSE, one of the Shetland Islands, parish of Breessa,
HOUGHTON-irN-TnHm-HOLE, a parish of England, co. of  connected by a bridge with the island of Barra. Length,
Norfolk, 1~ miles S.W. of New Walsingham. Here is an an- 3 miles; breadth, about half a mile.
cient chapel, formerly attached to Walsinglham Abbey, but   I-HOUSE CREEK, a village of Polk co., North Carolina.
now used as a barn.                                         HOUSE  CREEK, a post-village of Irwin co., Georgia.
IIOUGITON-LE.SPRING, a market-town and parish of    HOUSE SPRINGS, a post-village of Jefferson co., MisEngland. co., and 6 miles N.E. of Durham, on the Great  souri, 28 miles S.W. of St. Louis.
North of England Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3224. It has a    HIOUSEVILLE, a post-village of Lewis co., New  York,
large cruciform church, containing the monument of the  about 120 miles N.W. of Albany.
pious Bernard Gilpin, the " Apostle of the North," a gram-   HOUSEVILLE, a post-office of Harris co.. Texas.
mar school, a girls' school, and other charities, a mechanics    HOUSSA, how/sA, written also HOWSA, HAUSSA and
institute, and a large trade in coal by railways connecting  HAOUSA, or IIAOUSSAII, an independent state of Central
with Sunderland and Ha-tlepool.                           Africa, between lat 120 and 130 N., and Ion. 5~ and 100 E., hav873




HOU                                                      HOW
Ing N. the Desert, E.,,Bornoo, and elsewherb countries unex- land, containing about 280 square miles. It is bounded on
plored and unknown to Europeans. Denham and Clapper- the N.E. by the Patapsco, and on the S.W. by the Patuxent
ton visited this country, and to their work the reader is re- River. The surface is uneven or hilly. The county is inferred for further information. The country is partly moun- tersected by the Baltimore and Washington  Railroad.
tainous, but watered apparently by affluents of the Quorra. lFormed since 1850, 6ut of the N.W. part of Anne Arundel
Cotton, tobacco, indigo, dates, and cattle are among its pro- county. Capital, Ellicott's Mills.
ducts. Chief towns, Kano, the capital, Saccatoo, Kashna,    HOWARD, a county in the N. central part of Indiana,
and Katagoom.                                              contains 293 square miles. It is drained by the W'ildcat
HOUSTON, hootston, (z.e. "Hugh's town,") a parish of  Creek, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is nearly
Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 5 miles N.W. of Paisley. Among  level, and the soil uniformly fertile. It is intersected by
the antiquities of this parish are the old church of Killallan,  railroads, which communicate with Lake Michigan and the
the mansion and the old cross of Barochan, and remains of  Ohio River. Organized in 1844, and named in honor of Goethe castle of the knights of Houston.                      neral T. A. Howard, member of Congress from  Indiana.
HOUSTON, hOtstGn, a county in the S.W. central part Capital, Kokomo. Pop. 6657.
of Georgia, has an area of 875 square miles. The Ocmulgee    HOWARD, a county in the N.W. central part of Missouri,
River, navigable by steamboats, bounds it on the E., the  has an area of 432 square miles. The Missouri River forms
Echaconnee Creek flows along the northern border, and it part of its western, and the whole of its southern boundary.
is drained by Mossy, Big Indian, Sandy Run, and Lump-  It is intersected by Bonne Femme and Moniteau Creeks,
kin's Creeks. The surface is nearly level; the soil is of lime- affluents of the Missouri River. The general surface is unstone formation, very fertile, and extensively cultivated. dulating; the soil is remarkably fertile, and extensively
The South-western Railroad passes through the county, cultivated. In 1850 this county produced 5401 tons of hay,
and the Muscogee Railroad has its eastern terminus in it. and 3,188,122 pounds of tobacco-the greatest quantities
Named in honor of John Houston, Governor of Georgia in  raised in any county of the state. Valuable quarries of
1778. Capital, Perry. Pop. 16,450, of whom 6526 were free, limestone and sandstone have been opened, and stone coal
and 9924 slaves,                                          is abundant. A plank-road is in progress of construction
HOUSTON, a county in the E. part of Texas, contains  from Huntsville to Glasgow, the county seat. Named in
about 1295 square miles. The Trinity River bounds it on  honor of General Benjamin Howard, of Kentucky. Pop.
the W., and the Neches on the NE. The soil is highly pro-  13,969, of whom 9079 were free, and 4890 slaves.
ductive, especially in the valley of Trinity River, which is    HOWARD, a new county in the N.N.E. part of Iowa, bornavigated by steamboats as far up as this county. Elkhart dering on Minnesota, has an area of about 430 square ailea
Creek affords fine water-power. Named in honor of General It is drained by the head streams of Turkey River, and the
Sam Houston, United States Senator from Texas. Capital, northern part is intersected by the Upper Iowa.  The slope
Crockett. Pop. 2721, of whom 2041 were free, and 673 slaves.  of the county is south-eastward.  It contains extensive
HOUSTON, a post-office of Allegheny co., Pennsylvania.  tracts of timber, interspersed with prairies. This county is
See FAIRVIEW.                                             not included in the census of 1850.
HOUSTON, a township in Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.   HOWARD, a post-village and township of Steuben co.,
Pop. 230.                                                  New York, about 66 miles S. of Rochester. Pop. 3244.
HOUSTON, a thriving post-village of Heard co., Georgia,   HOWARD, a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey.
9 miles S.W. of Franklin.                                    HOWARD, a post-township of Centre co., Pennsylvania.
HOUSTON. a post-office of Hancock co.. Alabama.         Pop. 1292.
HOUSTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Chickasaw    HOWARD, of Georgia, a station on the Muscogee Railco., Mississippi, is situated near a branch of the Oktibbeha  road, 40 miles E. of Columbus.
Creek, 150 miles N.N.E..of Jackson. It is surrounded by a    HIOWARD, a post-office of Bell co., Texas.
rich cotton-planting region, and has an active trade. Three   HIOWARD, a township in Knox co;, Ohio. Pop. 1002.
newspapers are published here.                               HOWARD, a township in Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 766.
HOUSTON, a city, capital of HIarris co., Texas, situated on    HOWARD, a township in Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 636.
Buffalo Bayou, 45 miles by water from its entrance into    HOWARD, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, near the
Galveston Bay, 82 miles N.W. of Galveston City, and 200  Wabash River, 13 miles N.W. of Rockville.
miles E. S.E. of Austin City. Lat. 290 45' N., Ion. 950 30' W.   HOWARD, post-township, Winnebago co., Illinois. P. 916.
This flourishing town, the second of the state in commercial   HOWARD, a township in Brown co., Wisconsin. Pop. 567.
importance, is advantageously situated for trade, at the    HOWARD COLLEGE. See MARION, Alabama.
head of steamboat navigation. Several steamboats ply re-    HOWARD'S, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.
gularly between this place and Galveston. Houston is the    HOWARD'S, Georgia, a station on the Macon and Western
principal shipping port for several adjacent counties, in  Railroad, 6 miles fi-om Macon.
which cotton, sugar, and maize are produced, and towards    HOWARD'S GROVE, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wiswhich a copious tide of emigration is flowing. A large por-  consin.
tion of the county is occupied by savannas or treeless plains,    HOWARD'S MILLS, a post-village of Montgomery co,
which produce excellent pasturage, and large numbers of  Kentucky.
cattle and horses are kept here with little labor. A railroad   IhOWARD'S POINT, a post-office of Fayette co., Illinois.
has been commenced, which is to be extended westward to    HOW/ARDSVILLE, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.
the Brazos River, and probably to Austin. Five or six news-    HOWARDSVILLE, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylpapers are published here. It contains 1 iron foundry, with  vania, on the Bald Eagle Creek and Canal, 11 miles N.E. of
a machine shop, and 1 hat factory. It was settled in 1836, Bellefonte. Near this are the Howard Iron-works.
and was at one time the capital of Texas. Pop. in 1853, esti-    HOWARDSVILLE, a post-village of Stephenson co., Illimated at 6000.                                            nois, about 208 miles N. of Springfield.
HOUSTON, a post-village of Wayne co., Tennessee, 110    HOWCAPLE, h~w/kap'9l, parish of England, co. Hereford.
miles S.W. of Nashville.                                    HO0W/DEN, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
HOUSTON, a post-village of Bourbon co., Kentucky.       York, East Riding, on the Ouse, here crossed by a ferry, and
HOUSTON, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.             with a station on the Hull and Selby Railway, 22 miles W.
HOUSTON, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 15 miles  ofHull. Pop. of town, 2332. It has a magnificent church,
N.W. of Brownstown, contains. a few tradesmnen's shops.   and extensive remains of a favorite palace of the Bishops of
HOUSTON, a post-township in Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 478. Durham, to whom the site still belongs, and in which died
HOUSTON, a village of Bond co., Illinois, on the Terre- the celebrated bishops, Pudsey, A. D. 1195, and Skirlaw,
Haute and Alton Railroad, 70 miles S. of Springfield.     1405. Howden is the head of a poor-law union, and has 3
HOUSTON, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri.        branch  banks, and some of the largest horse-fairs in
HOUSTON, a post-village, capital of Texas co., Missouri, 3 England.
miles from Piney River, and 100 miles S. of Jefferson City.    HOTW/DEN-PANS, a township ofEngland, co. of NorthumHOUSTON, a town of Kanzas Territory, at the junction  berland, on the Tyne, 21 miles W.S.W. of North Shields.
of the Big Blue with the Kanzas River, about 150 miles W. Pop. 1296. Numerous vessels are built, and much coal is
of the E. boundary of the territory. Steamers navigating  shipped here.
Kanzas River can ascend to this point several weeks after   HOWE, hiw, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
the low water has prevented their reaching Fort Riley, 20   I0OWE, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
miles distant. A good road connects the two points.          HOW/ELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
HOUSTON FACTORY, a post-office of Houston co., Georgia.   HOWELL,  a township in Monmouth co., New Jersey.
IHOUSTONVILLE, hfitston-vil, a post-village of Iredell co., Pop. 4058.
North Carolina, about 145 miles W. of Raleigh.               HOWELL, a thriving post-village, capital of Livingston
HIOU-TCHOU or HOU-TCHOU-FOU, China. See Hoe-cuss.  co., Michigan, 33 miles E.S.E. of Lansing. A plank-road oxhOVE, a parish and watering-place;of England, co. of Sus- tends from IIowell to Detroit. A newspaper is published
sex, 1 miles W.N.W. of Brighton, on the South Coast Railway.  here. Pop. about 800.
IIOVWERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Notts.          HOWELL FURNACE. a post-village of Monmouth co.,
HOVETON, hlv/ton, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  New Jersey, 12 miles S.E. of Freehold. It has a church,
HOVIINGI-AM, parish, England, co. York, North Riding. and a large iron furnace.
HOWAKEL, ho-wA'kli/, an island in the Red Sea, off the   IhOWELL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Cherokee co..
coast of Abyssinia. Lat. 150 9' N., Ion. 400 19' E.       Alabama.
HOW/ARD, a new county in the central part of Mary-   HOWELL'S DEPOT, a post-village of Orange co., New
874




HOW                                                      HUA
York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 71 miles from  lights, in lat. 530 24' N., Ion. 30 11  W. When brought to
New York City.                                             range in the same line, these lights, one of which is higher
HOWELL'S SPRING, a post-village of IHardin co., Ken- than the other, lead into Hoylake Roads, which afford safe
tuciy, about 40 miles S.W. of Louisville.                  anchorage.
HOWELLSVILLE, a post-office of Robeson co., North    HOYM, hoim, a town of Germany, duchy of Anhalt-BernCarolina.                                                  burg, 14 miles N.E. of HIalberstadt. Pop. 2300, with a castle,
HOWIELLVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Penn- the original seat of the Dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg.
sylvania, 4 or 5 miles W.N.W. of Media.                      HOYO DE PINARES, holyo dl pe-nd/r~s, a town of Spain,
HOWELLVILLE, a station on the Philadelphia, German- in Old Castile, 35 miles W. of Madrid. Pop. 917.
town, and Norristown Railroad, 25 miles from Philadelphia.    HOYOS, holyoce, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, 48
HOWELL WORKS, a post-office of Monmouth co., New  miles N.N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 2136.
Jersey.                                                      HOYSIVILLE, a post-village of London co., Virginia, 165
HOWES, a parish of England. See Hose.                   miles N. of Richmond.
HOWE'S VALLEY, a post-office of Hardin co., Kentucky.    HRADEK, h'rdldlk, a market-town of Bohemia, 18 miles
HOWtICK, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland,  N.N.W. of Pisek.
on the Lea, 41- miles E.N.F. of Alnwick. Earl Grey, to whom    IIRADEK, a village of Bohemia, circle of Kiniggriitz, near
the village gives the title of viscount, has a seat here.  the frontier of Prussian Silesia.
IIOW/ICK, an inland county of West Australia, of a tri-    HRADEK, or WUNSCIELBERG, (Wiinschelberg,) *[in/angular form, about 52 miles long, and 46 miles in breadth.  shel-bRGo', a town of Prussian Silesia, in Breslau, 11 miles
HOWICK, an island group on the N.E. coast of Australia,  W.N.W. of Glatz. Pop. 1150.
in lat. 140 30' S., lon. 1450 E., nearly midway between Cape    HRADISCH, hr~ldish, or IHRADISCH-UNGARISCHI, hr1Flattery and Cape Melville, about 10 in number, all low, and  dish-O6ng'gan-ish, a town of Moravia, on an island in the
covered, for the most part, with mangroves.               March, 42 miles E.S.E. of Briinn. Pop. 2100.
IIOWICZY, ho-veelchee. a village of Austria, in Moravia,    HRADISCH, a famous old convent of Moravia, near 01about 40 miles from Weisskirchen. Pop..3407.              mutz, now used for a military hospital.
HOWI-HOWE, hlw/ee'hiwtee, a considerable town of    HRADISKO, a town of Bohemia.  See GRALITZ.
China, province of Quan-tong, on the S. coast of the island    HROCHOW-TEINITZ, h'rofKovtinits, a village of East
of Hainan, about 3 miles from  Hush-Eon, on a narrow   Bohemia, 5 miles E. of Chrudim. Pop. 964.
peninsula, with a deep bay to the N.E. It is the residence    HROZINKAU, ALT, Alt h'rofzin-k6wx, a large village of
of the Viceroy of IIai-nan, and the principal commercial Austria, in Moravia, circle of Hradisch. Pop. 2240.
town of the island.                                         HROZINKAU, Nau, no! h'rolzin-kbw', a large village of
HOWILAND, a township in Penobscot co., Maine, inter-  Austria, in Moravia, on the Betschwa, 48 miles from WYeisssected by the Piscataquis River, about 90 miles N.E. of Au- kirchen. Pop. 3050.
gusta. Pop. 214.                                             HRUBIESZOW, h'roofbees-koff, a town of Russian Poland,
HOWLAND, a post-township in Trumbull co., Ohio. 64 miles S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 1700.
-Pop. 919.                                                   HRUSOWANY, a town of Austria. See GaussAcH.
HOWLAND'S, Massachusetts, a station on the railroad    HUACHAPURE, wA-chA-poo/rl or hwd-chA-poo/rA,* a headfrom Mansfield to New Bedford, about 10 miles firom the  land of Chili, in let. 340 585 S., Ion. 720 1.7' W.
latter.                                                      HUACHO, wltcho or hwidcho,* a small bay of Peru, 63
HOWILET HILL, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York. miles N.N.W. of Callao, with good anchorage in, 5 fathoms.
HOWTH, h6wein, TnE HILL OF, a peninsula and parish of  About 1 mile from the coast is a small town of the same name.
Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dublin, forming the N.E. screen    HUAFO, an island in the Pacific. See GUAFo.
of Dublin Bay. It is mostly a rocky and remarkably pictu-    HUAIIETNE or HUAHINE, hoo-l-heenal, one of the Soresque ridge, rising 563 feet above the sea. The village is 8  ciety Islands, Pacific, N.W. of Tahiti. Estimated population,
miles byrailway E.N.E. of Dublin. Pop. 692. Ithas a large  2000. The surface is mountainous and fertile; on it Cook
harbor of refuge, with extensive piers, light-house, &c., con- planted the only shaddock-tree existing in the island.
structed by Telford, at a cost of nearly 500,000/.. an old cas-   HIUAHINE.  See HUAHNE.a.
tle, the seat of the St. Lawrence family for nearly 7 centu-   HIUAILAS, a province of Peru. See HUAYLAS.
ries, ruins of a church erected in 1228, and in the centre of    HUALLAGA, wAl-y/gd or hwvl-yllgA,* a river of Peru,
the town, the remains of an abbey said to have been founded  rises in the Andes, near lat. 110 S., and at 13,200 feet above
by the Danes in 1038. The romantic beauty of the peninsula  the sea, flows mostly northward, and joins the Amazon near
attracts numerous visitors. On a lofty roclk, at its extre- lat. 50 S., and ion. 750 40' W., after a total course estimated
mity, is a handsome light-house, with a fixed red light, at 500 miles. The town of Iuanca and station of Las LaHowth gives the title of earl to the descendants of its Anglo- gunas are on its banks, and near lat. 70 S. it runs through
Norman conquerors, and still its chief proprietors, the St. a narrow gorge, forming there and elsewhere several falls;
LawrenCe or Tristram family.                                 HUAMACHUCO,wi-ma-choolko,* or GUAMACHUCO, gwAHOXINE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 31 miles mA-choolko,* a town of Peru, department of Trujillo, capital
N.E. of Eye. Edmund, King of the East Angles, was killed  of a province, 55 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo. Pop. of the prohere by the Danes, A. n. 870.                              vince in 1850, 60,854.
HOXTER, (Hiixter,) hbxlter, a town of Prussia, West-   HUAMALIES, wA-mg-le-3s0, or GUAMIALIES, gwA-m&phalia, 42 miles E.S.E. of Minden, on the left bank of the  le-8sl, a province of Peru, department of Junin, on the WV.
Weser. Pop. 3657. Two miles distant is Corvey, an ancient side of the central ridge of the Andes, on the Tunguragua.
Benedictine abbey.                                        Length, 129 miles; breadth, about 30 miles. It has merHOXI0TON, a parochial district, forming a suburb of Lon- cury and silver mines, and the ruins of ancient Peruvian
don, 2 miles N.E. of St. Paul's. Here is the Haberdashers' fortresses, temples, and palaces. Pop. in 1850, 32.027.
Almshouse, founded in 1692 by R. Aske, with a revenue of   ITUAMANGA, wl-mbnglgA, orGUAMANGA, gwl-mung/gi,
3550/.                                                    a city of Peru, capital of a province of its own name, and of
HOY, an island and parish of Orkney, 21 miles S. of Strom- the department.of Ayacucho, on anaffluent of the Apurimac,
ness. Length, 14 miles; extreme breadth, 5 miles. Pop. of  140 miles W.N.W. of Cuzco, on the route thence to Lima.
the island, 1486. It has fine cliff scenery, and a harbor at It is finely situated, handsomely built, and has a cathedral,
Longhope. Weekly communication by steam is maintained  numerous other religious edifices, and a college with the priwith Leith.                                               vileges of a university. It was founded by Pizarro in 1539.
HOYA, hoi/9, a county of Hanover, enclosed by the Weser  Near it the troops of Sucr6 defeated the Spaniards, and tsrand Hunte Rivers. Area, 1145 square miles. Pop. 223,000. minated the Spanish dominion in South America in 1824.
Chief town, Nienburg.                                     Pop. 20.000; of the province, in 1850, 29,617.
HOYA, a market-town in the above county, on the Weser,   HUAMANTLA, wA-mnt/lI, a town of Mexico, about two
23 mniles S.S.E. of Bremen. Pop. 200.                      days' march N. by E. of Puebla. A battle was fought here,
HOYA-GONZALO, olyl-gon-zmlo, a town of Spain, in Mur- October 9th, 1847, between a detachment of the American
cia. 15 miles from Albacete.. Pop. 1125.                  army and the Mexicans commanded by Santa Anna, resultIOYER, hoiler, a petty seaport town of Denmark, duchy  ing in the defeat of the latter. The former had 13 killed,
of Sleswick, with a harbor on the North Sea, 26 miles S.W. (including Captain Walker,) and 11 wounded.
of Ribe.                                                    HUAMBLIN, wlm-bleenf, or SOOORRO, so-kontRo, an
HOYERSWERDA, hoylers-QcR/IOd, or WAJEREZY, *I/-yl- island on the W. coast of Patagonia, in lat. 440 491 S., ion.
rkzee, a town of Prussian Silesia, 84 miles W.N.W. of Lieg- 750 15' W.
nitz, on the Black Elster. Pop. 2050.                       HUANCANE, w~n-kSlnI, a province of Peru, in the deHOY/LAND, IIIGH, a parish of England, co. of York, partment of Puno. Pop. in 1850, 56,765.
West Riding.                                                HUANCAVELICA,wln-ki-vA-lee'kA, or GUANCABELICA,
HOYLAND, NETHIER, a chapelry of England, co. of York, 
West Riding.
WHOYeLAND SWAINa township of England, co. of Y.ork,   * The names ofplaces in Spain, Mexico, &c., beginning with hs,
W        Nest  R WIatwsi  f gadoidingfY rk like those beginning with gu, sound very nearly as if they commiented with an English wv; hence Huamacuc  o    and GuamaIHOYLE (boll) LAKE, or HOYILAKE, a village of Eng- mnce w            n      s         c     ac    a           s
~ cho,.re to be pronounced nearly alike, almost wah-mah-koofland, co. of-Chester, on the Dee, at its mouth, 11 miles N.N.W. che. It may be observed that the Mexicans generally sou-nda
of Great Neston. Pop. 444. It has buildings for the ae- and a precisely alike, although a true Spaniard will make a
commodation of sea-bathers, and two light-houses with fixed  marked difference in their pronounciation.
875




HUA                                                       HUD
gw'n-k-s-BA-lee'kc, a town of Peru, capital of a province and  dissenting chapels, including one belonging to the Methodof a department of its own name, in the Andes, 80 miles ists, said to be the largest in England, a national proprietary.
W.N.W. of Guamanga. Elevatiqn, 11.000 feet. Most of the  college, a church collegiate school, several endowed free
inhabitants are engaged in mining, and smelting the ores schools. and other charities, a large, handsome infirmary,
of gold, silver, and mercury raised in its vicinity.  Pop. a mechanics' institute and philosophical hall, subscription
8000; of the province in 1850, 17,315; and of the depart-  library, news-room, banking company, several branch banki
ment, 80,117.                                              anda spacious circular piece-hall, containing warehouse room
IHIUANTA, wmntta, or GUANTA, gwvntt/, called also  for about 600 manufacturers, who expose their goods here for
HUANCAYO, wAn-ki'o, a town of Peru, capital of a province  sale on market days. The principal manufactures of the
of its own name, in the department of Junin, 25 miles S.E. town and vicinity, aire broad and narrow cloths, kerseymeres,
of Jauja. Pop. of the province, in 1850, 26,358.           flushings, serges, cords, and especially "fancy goods." In
HUANUCO, w~/noo-ko, or GUANUCO, gwi/noo-ko, a town  1839, there were 106 mills here, employing 3428 hands, but it
of Peru, capital of a province of its own name, of the de- is estimated that the entire manufatcturing population, in.
partment of Junin, among the Andes, 180 miles N.N.E. of  cluding weavers, at present more than doubles this number.
Lima. It was formerly important, but is now much decayed. The trade is greatly falcilitated by the abundance of coal inthe
Pop. of the province, in 1850, 26,799.                     vicinity, and by canals connecting with both the M1ersey and
HUAQUI, a river of Mexico. See YAQUr.                    Humber; that connecting with the former is carried at the
HIUARAZ, w~-r[st, a town of Peru, capital of the depart-  highest canal level in England, through the chain of the
mert of Ancach, 130 miles S.E. of Trujillo. Pop. 5000; of  "English Apennines," by a stupendous tunnel 31- miles in
the department, in 1850, 219,145.                         length. The Leeds and Manchester Railway passes within
HUARI, wA-ree&, a town of Peru, capital of a province  4 miles of the town, and there is another railway direct to
of its own name, E. of the Andes, about 160 miles E.S.E. of  Manchester, and one to Sheffield. [Iuddersfield sends one
Trujillo.  Pop. of the province, in 1850, 48,579.          member to the House of Commons. The Roman station,
HIUAIROCIIIRI, w —ro-che-reef, or GUAROCHIRI, gwat-  6'ahbodslst/snm, is said to have been in this parish.
ro-che-ree/, a town of Peru, department of Lima, capital of a    HUDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
province of its own name, at the foot of the Andes, 60 miles    HUD'DLESTON, a post-office of Rapides parish, LouiE. of Lima. Pop. of the province, in 1850, 14,400.         siana.
HUARTE, wAra/t, a market-town of Spain, in Navarre,   HUDDLESTON, a post-office of Pike co., Arkansas.
province, and 4 miles E.N.E. of Pamplona, near the left bank    TIUDDLESTON'S CROSS R1OADS, a post-office of Wilson
of the Arga.                                              co., Tennessee.
HUARTE SANTA ARAQUIL, wARatA s/n/tA A-rd-keelf, a    HIJUDIKSVALL, hoofdiks-vdll', orIIHUDDIKSVALL, hoodfwalled market-town of Spain, in Navarre, 15 miles W. of  diks-vill', a seaport town of Sweden, iln, and 70 miles N. of
Pamplona, near the right bank of the Araquil.             Gefie, on an inlet of the Gulf of Bothunia. Lat. 640 431 45" N.,
HUASACUALCO or GUAZACUALCO, gwds —kwllklto, a  lon. 170 1 5 E. Pop. 1877.
small river of Mexico, forming a part of the boundary be-   HUDLITZ, h66d/lits, or HUDLICE, h66d-leet/sA, a village
tween the states of Vera Cruz and Tobasco. At its mouth, of Bohemia, 4 miles from Beraun. Pop. 1181.
in the Gulf of Mexico, there is a tolerable harbor.          HUD/SON, or NORTH RIVER, one of the finest and most
HUASCO, wds'ko, or GUASCO, gw'seko, a town of South  important in the United States, is formed by two small
America, in Chili, department, and 110 miles N. of Coquim- streams, which rise in the Adirondack Mountains. one in
bo, at the 4iouth of the river Hunsco, in which it has a small Hamilton, and the other in Essex county, New York, and
harbor.                                                    unite in Warren county, about 40 miles from the source of
IUATULCO, a free port of Mexico. See GUATULCO.           each. To Sandy IHill the course of the river is irregular,
HUAURA, wow/rd, or GUAURA, gwow/r,, a s6aport town  being first S. by E., then E, after which it flows almost in a
of Peru, department of Lima, province, and 50 miles N.W.  straight line, nearly due S., entering New York Bay in lat.
of Chancay, near the mouth of the river Gunurn, with some  400 42' N., lon. 740 1' 30" WV. Its entire length is rather
salt-works and remains of ancient Peruvian edifices.       more than 300 miles; its breadth below Albany varies from
HU.AYLAS, HUAILAS, wmlds, or GUAILAS, gwitlds, a  300 to 900 yards. Between Ilaverstraw and Piermont, howprovince of Peru, on the WV. side of the Andes, about lat. 90  ever, for a distance of 10 or 12 miles, it expands into a broad
30' S. Length, 129 miles; breadth, 36 miles. It is watered  basin, 4 or 5 miles wide. It has but few tributaries: the
by the Salta and other rivers. The rich gold and copper Mohawk, flowing into it near Troy, and the Walkill, entermines are wrought, but those of gold and silver appear to be  ing it at Kingston. are the principal. The scenery of the
exhausted. Pop. in 1850, 84,670.                           Hudson is in the highest degree picturesque, and in some
HUBB, hnb, a river of Beloochistan, after a total course  places sublime. The banks are generally elevated, and not
of 100 miles falls into the Arabian Sea on the N.W. side of  unfirequently rise to lofty eminences, many of which are
Cape Monze, in lat. 240 50' N., Ion. 660 36' E.            rocky and precipitous. At the Passage of the Highlands, 52
HUBB, a small stream of Beloochistan, falls into the Poo- miles above New York, the view is eminently grand and imrally in lat. 250 40' N., ion. 660 26' E.                  posing. A chain was suspended across the river at this
HIUBIBARD, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity  place in the Revolution, to prevent the enemy's vessels asof Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1272.                          cending.  On the WV. shore, about 30 miles below, comHUBBARD, a post-office of Clark Co., Indiana.            mences what is called the "Palisades," a remarkable range
HUBBARD, a township of Dodge co., Wisconsin. Pop. 874. of trap rock, which rises perpendicularly from the margin
IHIUBBARD'S CORNERS, a post-office of Madison co., New  of the river, nearly 500 feet, and extends 18 or 20 miles
York.                                                      down the stream.  The largest ships ascend to Ihudson,
HUBIBARDSTON, a post-village and township of Worces- about 117 miles, and schooners to Troy, at the head of tideter co., Mlassachusetts, 55 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. water, a distance of 166 miles. As a commercial channel,
1825.                                                     probably no river in the United States of equal extent is so
HIUBBARDTON, a post-township of Rutland co., Yermont, important as the IIudson. Upwards of 70 sail-vessels, all
about 46 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop..701.           moving at the same time, have been counted from a single
HUBBARDTON RIVER, a fine mill stream of Addison  point of observation on its banks. A great number of steamco., Vermont, falls into the head of East Bay.            boats, many of them of immense size, also ply between New
HUBIBERTSTON, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.       York, Albany, and the intermediate places. Some of these
IHIUBERTSBURG, hoofbgrts-bblnO', a village and royal are among the most splendid water-craft in the world.
castle of Saxony, 24 miles E. of Leipsic.  In the castle was  Thirty-two years ago there were only 22 sailing-vessels navisigned the peace of 1763, which terminated the Seven Years' gating the Hudson. In 1852, this number had increased to
War.                                                      569, and the total number of vessels plying on its waters
HUBILERSBURG, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylva- was 807. The first successful attempt at propelling vessels
nia, in Nittany Valley, 88 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.       by steam was made upon the waters of this river, by Robert
HU/BY, a township, England, co. of York, North Riding. Fulton, in 1808. The HUDsoN RivEn derived its name from
HUCKESWAGEN, (Hdickeswagen,) htik/kes-Si'ghgn, a  Henry Hudson, who ascended it in 1607. It was at first
town of Rhenish Prussia, 25 miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf. called NORTH RIVEn, in contradistinction to the Delaware,
Pop. 2037.                                                 which was originally called by the Dutch SouTH, (Zuyd)
HUCK/ING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              River.
HUCKLECOT, hhk/el-kot, a hamlet of England, co., and    HUDSON, a county in the N.E. part of New Jersey, his
3 miles E. of Gloucester.                                  an area of about 180 square miles. It is bounded on the S.
HUCKINALL, a parish of England, co., and 7 miles N.W. by the Passaic River, Newark Bay, and the Kills; on
of Nottingham. The church contains a monument to the  the E. by New York Bay and the Hudson River, and on the
poet, Byron, who was interred here in 1824.               W. by the Passaic River, and is intersected by the HackenIIUCKINALL-u NDR-HI UTHIWAITE, ahamlet of England, sack and Saddle Rivers. The surface is elevated in the E.
co. of Nottingham.                                        and W. portions, while the valley of the hIackensack lies in
HUDBDERSFIELD.aparliamentaryborough, market-town, the centre. Magnetic iron ore and limestone are found, and
and parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the  there are extensive deposits. of copper in the W. part, near
Colne, and on the Lancaster and Yorkshire Railway, 14  the Passaic River. The county is intersected by the New
miles S.S.W. of Leeds. Pop. of borough, 25,068. It is mostly  Jersey Railroad, by the Ramapo and Paterson Railroad, and
nuilt of stone, on a hill-slope, and has an elegant modern  by the Morris Canal. Named from the river which forms
parishchumch, several handsome subordinate churches, many  its E. boundary. Capital, Jersey City. Pop. 21,821.
876




HUD                                                        HUE
HUDSON, a post-village and township of Hillsborough co., form its limit on the S.; the Atlantic bounding it on the
New Hampshire, on the Merrimack River, which is here  E., the Pacific on the W., and the Arctic Ocean on the
crossed by a bridge, about 36 miles S. by E. of Concord. N.  In this space is comprehended the great inland sea
lPop. 1312.                                                known as Hudson's Bay, and an immense number of large
HUDSON, a city and seat of justice of Columbia co., New  lakes and rivers W. of it, many of the former upwards of
York, is situated on the the left bank ofthe Iudson River, at 100 miles in length.  It also comprises a portion of the
the head of ship navigation, and on the IHudson River Rail- Rocky Mountains, and several islands on the W. coast, inroad, at the terminus of the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad, cluding that of Vancouver, about 300 miles long, and up116 milesN. of New York City. Lat. 420 14' N., ion. 730 46 W. wards of 50 broad. The peninsula of Labrador forms its
It is built upon an elevation, which rises in the background  most eastern limit. The whole country is divided into four
to a height of 200 feet, called Prospect Hill. In front, the  large departments or regions:-The N. department, which
bank, which is here 60 feet high, projects into the river, includes all the establishments in the far N. and frozen reterminating in a hold promontory, on the brow of which is  gions, comprising the valley of the Mackenzie River, and the
a delightful promenade, and on either side a fine bay, country between the sterile region and the Rocky Mounhaving a depth of water sufficient for the largest ships. trains N. of Lake Athabasca:-The S. department extending
Along the margin of these bays, and at the foot of the pro:  on both shores of James's Bay, and along the S. shores
msontory, are the wharves, which are carried out on a line  of Hudson's Bay, as far W. as Cape Churchill, and inland to
with the base of the hill. The city is forthe most part regu- the ridge which forms the N. boundary of Canada, and to
larly laid out, with streets usually intersecting each other the Lakes Superior, Winnipeg, Deer, and Wollaston: —The
at right angles. Near the river are extensive warehouses, Montreal department, including the country in the neighstores, &c. Warren street is the principal thoroughfare and  borhood of Montreal, up the Ottawa River, and along the
seat of business. It extends in a S.E. direction, about a  N. shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Esquimaux Bay;
mile, terminating near a fine public square. The principal  and the Columbia department, which comprehends an impublic buildings are the Court-house, a handsome edifice, mense extent of country to the W. of the Rocky Mountains.
constructed of marble and limestone, and surmounted by a  The country on the E. side of Hudson's Bay, forming part
dome, 8 or 10 churches, and 2 banks. The city contains a  of the peninsula of Labrador, is called East Main;  that on
lunatic asylum. situated on State street, facing the court- the S.W., New South Wales. The Hudson's Bay Territory
house, and several seminaries of learning. The newspaper is in possession of the Hudson's Bay Company, who merely
press consists of 7 publications, most of which are issued  use it as hunting grounds, from which to obtain supplies of
Weekly. Hudson is both a commercial and manufacturing  furs for the markets of the world. These are probably up-'
city. Formerly it was extensively engaged in the West wards of 20 different kinds, the most valuable of which is
India trade, but of late this business has mostly given place  that of the black fox. The other articles of commerce are
to the river trade. Great quantities of produce are also  oils, dried and salted fish, feathers, quills, and walrus ivory.
brought to its markets from the interior. It enjoys supe- The IHudson's Bay Company was chartered by Charles II.,
rior advantages for manuftcturiung, as the streams in the  in 1670. See BRITISa  AmEIICA.
vicinity afford good water-power. There are in the city up-    HUDSON'S STRAIT, in British North America, between
wards of 70 establishments of various kinds, some of them  lat. 600 and 640 N., and lon. 650 and 770 W., is about 450
very extensive. Hudson is well supplied with pure water  miles in length, with an average breadth of 100 miles,
from springs at the foot of Becraft Mountain, about 2 miles  though in its natrrowest part but about 60 miles, and condistant. Steamboats plying between New York and Albany  nects IIudson's Bay with the ocean and Davis's Strait.
touch here, and a steam ferry crosses to Athens, on the op-   HUDISONVILLE, a post-village of Marshall co., Missis.
posite side of the river. Settled in 1784, and incorporated a  sippi, 200 miles N.N.E. of Jackson.
city in 1785. Pop. in 1850, 6289.                             HUDSONVILLE, a post-village of Breclkenridge co., HenHUDSON, a post-office of hIudson co., New Jersey.        tucky, about 120 miles WV.S.W. of Frankfort.
HUDSON, a post-office of Caswell co., North Carolina.       HUDSONVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, on
HUDSON, a post-village of Franklin co., Georgia, about the right bank of Wabash River, about 8 miles N. of Palestine.
100 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville.                         HU], hwA or hoo-Yt, a river of Anam, after an E.N.E.
HUDSON, a flourishing post-village and township of Sum- course of about 100 miles, falls into the road of Hu6, 65
mit co., Ohio, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, at  miles N.W. of Turon Harbor. Lat. 160 N. It is br-oad, shalthejunction ofthe ClintonLine Railroad, in progress, 24 miles low, and only navigable for small craft; the road forms an
S.E. of the former, and 123 miles N.E. of Columbus. The  excellent harbor, where vessels of 200 tons can ride in safety
village is handsomely situated and neatly built. It con- during the S.W. monsoon.'
tains churches of 2 or 3 denominations, and several stores.    HU]4, IHU-FO, TIHIUA-THIEN, t'hwh'te-Wnt, or PIIUXThe Western Reserve College, at this place, was founded in  UAN, foox'wdnf, the capital city of the empire of Anam, in
1826, and is a flourishing institution,  with 8 instructors,  Cochin-China, on the I-HuB River, about 10 miles from its
and a library of 8000 volumes; 2 newspapers are issued  mouth,intheChina Sea.   Lat. 1630/ N., lon.1070 12' E. It
here. Pop. 1457.                                           has probably no parallel in the East, having been early in
HUDSON, a thriving post-village and township of Lena- the present century regularly fortified in the European style.
wee co., Michigan, on the Michigan Southern Railroad, and  Its walls, mounting numerous cannon, and upwards of 5
on Tiffin's Creek, 16 miles Y. of Adrian. Pop. about 600;  miles in circumference, enclose an inner citadel, with the
of the township, 1544.                                     palace, and spacious barracks, large public granaries, an
HUDSON, a post-village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, on  arsenal, and various magazines, which, with other public
Huron River, about 50 miles W. of Detroit.                 buildings, are supplied with water by a broad canal friom
HIUDSON, a post-village and township of La Porte co., In- the river, faced with masonry, and crossed by some fine
diana, on the Michigan Southern Railroad. Pop. 415.        bridges; a large garrison, and fleet of galleys, are usually
IIUDSON, a post-village of McLean co., Illinois, on the  stationed here.
Illinois Central Railroad, 8 miles from Bloomington.         IIUEBRO, wAlbro, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, about
IHUDSON, a village of Muscatine co., Iowa, 20 miles E.S.E. 20 miles from Almeria.  Pop. 1010.
of Iowa City.                                                HUECIJA or HUECIXA, wA-thee/Hn, a village of Spain,
IhIUDSON. formerly WILLOW  RIVER, a post-village and  in Andalusia, 13 miles N. of Almeria.  Pop. 1027.
capital of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, on the E. shore of Lake    HUEIIUETOCA, wA-wA-tofk/, or GUEGUETOCA, gwa?St. Croix, at the mouth of Willow River, about 225 miles  gwA-to'k&, a village of Mexico, state, and 30 miles N. of
N.W. of Madison. It contains (1853) 2 churches, a United  Mexico.
States land-office, 6 stores, several mills, and 94 dwellings.  IIUEJOCING0 or HUEXOCINGO, wA-no-seenrglo, a vilHUDSON, a township of Walworth co., Wisconsin. P. 1189. lage of Mexico, 18 miles N.W. of the city of La PuebIa.
HUDISON'S BAY, sometimes called HUDSON'S SEA, an    HUELGOAT, hwml'go-h, a village of France, department
inland sea of North America, between lat. 510 and 640 N., and  of Finistbre, 20 miles N.E. of Chhteaulin. Pop. 1170.
lon. 770 and 950 WV., enclosed by British territory on all sides,   HUELMAA, whlm&, a town of Spain, province, and 27
except the N.E., where it communicates with Davis's Strait miles S.E. of Jaen. Pop. 2973.
by Hudson's Strait. Length, from  N. to. S., 850 miles;   HUELVA, wl/vA or hw8l1vA, or HUELBA, whlfbil; (anc.
breadth, 600 miles. Its S. part is named James's Bay, and  Onoba.) a maritime town of Spain, capital of the province
receives the Albany, Moose, and other rivers. Hudson's Bay  of same name, on an inlet of the Atlantic, 49 miles W.S.W.
has bold shores, numerous islands, reefs, and sandbanks, of Seville.  Pop. 7173.
and on its coasts several settlements of the Hudson's Bay    HUELVA, a province of Spain, occupying the V. extremity
Company; it is free from ice and navigable  for only a few  of Andalusia. Area, 3937 square miles. Pop. 153,462.
months in the year. The beluga, or white whale, is occa-   HUENEJA, wA-T-nusHA, a town of Spain, province, and 3"
sionally found in its waters, but fish, and also crustacea, are  miles E. of Granada. Pop. 2350.
scarce.                                                      IUERCAL. wk-kh,11,   a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 3
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. See next article.                  miles from Almeria. Pop. 1600.
HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY; or, the TERRITORY OF HUD-   HUERCAL-OVERA, w6s-khl o-v'r/, or HUERCAL-OBE80N'S BAY COMPA-NY, a vast tract of country, comprising  RA, wka-khilo-Bni-r, a town of Spain, province. and 40 miles
nearly the whole of British North America, with the excep- N.E. Almeria, near the Almanzor. Pop., including the surtion of the Canadas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, New- roundingvillages, 12,912. Itsinhabitants, with those of the
foundland, and the other British settlements on this part vicinity, are employed in manufactures of lace, table linens,
of the E. coast, which, with the United States territory, and soap.                                      87




HUE                                                        HUL
I{UERTA, wha/td, numerous villages of Spain, the most   HfULDENBERGH, hfslden-baoG, a village of Belgium,
worthy of notice being Huerta de Valdecarabafios, province, province of Brabant. Pop. 1520.
and 17 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2000.                       HULEIN, hoolline, or HOULIN, hoo/llin, a market-town
IUER.TA-DEL-IEY,  wS6Rtt-d6l-rA1, a town of Spain, in  of Moravia, on the railway from Vienna to Olmutz, 10 miles
Old Castile. 48 miles S.S.E. of Blurgos. Pop. 563.          S. of Prerau.  Pop. 1968.
IIUESA, wss&, a town of Spain, in Ara-on, 45 miles S. of    HULL, hfsll, or KINGSITON-uPoN —HULL, a large river-port,
Saralgossa. Pop. 630.                                       municipal and parliamentary boroughofEngland,and county
I UESCA, wls/ki or hw-s1kA, (anc. Osfca,) a city of Spain, of itself, co. of York, East iding, situated on the N. shore of
in Aragon, capital of a province, on the right bank of the  the estuary of the Humber, where it is joined by the Hull,
Isuela, 36 miles N.E. of Saragossa. Pop. 9200. It is "a fine  about 20 miles firom its mouth, and at the jnnction of the
specimen of an old Aragonese city, being solidly built and  Hull and Selby and the Hull and Bridlington Railways, 34
picturesque," but decaying. Principal edifices, the fine Go- miles E.S.E. of York. Lat. (citadel) 530 44' 36" N., ion. 0C
thic Cathedral, with numerous statues, and a magnificent 20' W. The old town, about three-fourths of a mile in
altar-piece, about 15 convents, a foundling hospital, cavalry  length, stands on the W. side of the river Hull, at its enbarracks, and the ancient palace of the Kings of Aragon, trance into the I-Iumber, and is enclosed from N. to W. by
memorable for the "massacre of the bell."  Its university  three noble docks, crossed by movable bridges. Beyond
was founded in 1354; and it has 2 other colleges, and some these are Myton on the WV., Sculcoates on the N., both conschools. Near it are two remarkable monasteries, contain- taining populous quarters of the modern town; and beyond
Ing striking works of art. HIuesca has some tanneries, the I-Hull, on the E., are Sutton and Drypool, with a large
linen manufactures, and a large annual fair.                citadel occupying the E. angle, formed by the Hull and
HUESCA, a province of Spain, in Aragon, bounded on the  Humber. The town has a respectable, but not a striking
N. by France, and E. by the province of Lerida. Area, appearance; it is generally well built, pretty well drained,
6252 square miles. Pop. 247,105.                            and amply supplied with water. A line of streets runs
HUESCAR, wis/kan or hwhslkaa, a town of Spain, pro- from the Humber northward through the middle of the old
vince, and 68 miles N.E. of Granada. Pop. 5640.             town, and is crossed by several others leading to still broader
HUETE, wA/tA, a town of Spain, province, and 34 miles thoroughfares beyond the docks, all which present good
N.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2520. It has a fort.                   shops, and commonly a very busy scene of traffic. In SculIIUETOR-SANTILLAN, wA-toa/-sSn-teel-y nf, a town of  coates are many broad and handsome streets of private
Spain, in Andalusia, 7 miles E.N.E. of Granada. Pop. 813.  residences; and there are others on the W. part of the town,
HUETOR-TAJOR, wA-tR/r-t-HnRl/, a town of Spain, in An- though here the streets and dwellings are generally inferior.
dalusia. 26 miles IV. of Granada, on the Genil. Pop. 1317.   The streets are generally well paved and well lighted. ExIHIUFFTON, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.           tensive wasehouses, backed by narrow lanes, border the
HUFINGEN, (Hiifingen,) hUfinEg-9n, a town of Baden, muddy river Hull, along which the town and suburbs of
circle of Lake, 9 miles S. of Villingen. Pop. 1600.         Trippet and Sculcoates extend for nearly 2 miles from the
IIJUGELIEIiSI, (HiLgelheim,) hii/ghel-hime', a village of  Humber. In the centre of the old town is the marketBaden, 51 miles S.W. ofRastadt. Pop. 766.                   place, containing the fine church of the Holy Trinity, a
HUG/GATE, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. good market-house, and a gilt equestrian statue of William
HUGIGLESCOTE, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicester. III. Holy Trinity Church is a cruciform  building, 272 feet
IHIUGGINS' CREEK, a post-office of McNairy co., Ten- in length, and one of the finest specimens of Gothic archinossee.                                                     tecture in England, with a pinnacled tower 140 feet in
HIUGIJESBURG, hfiz/bnirg, a post-office of Haversham, co., height, rich internal decorations, and numerous menuGeorgia.                                                    ments. There are 11 other churches, two of them quite
HUGIIES' (hafszez) MILLS, a small village of Union co., new, many dissenting  chapels, a synagogue, and a floating
Pennsylvania.                                               chapel for mariners. Amnong the other public buildings are
I-HUGHIIES RIVER, of Western Virginia, rises in Lewis  the Custom-HIouse, Exchange, pilot, dock, excise, and stamp
and Doddridge counties, flows W. and enters the Litte Ka- offices, the Infirmary, two theatres, concert-hall, colleges,
nawha River, near the N. border of Wirt county.             work-house, jail, mansion-house, new  baths and washIHIUGtESY~ILLE, hflztvil, a flourishing village of Warren  houses, and a magnificent hotel at the terminus of the Hull
co., New Jersey, on the Musconetcong Creek, about 18 miles  and Selby Railway.
S. by W. of Belvidere.                                        Among the institutions may be mentioned the Trinity
IIUGIESVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Wolfe town- Guild, founded in 1169. for superannuated seamen and the
ship, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania] 19 miles E. of Williams-  widows of seamen, with an annual revenue of about 13,000/.;
port. It derives its support chiefly from the lumber busi- it has an elegant edifice in the Tuscan order, containing a
ness. Pop. about 600.                                       council-room  with good portraits, a museum, a school for
HUGILESVILLE, a post-village of London co., Virginia, boys destined for the merchant service, and dwellings for
154 miles N. of Richmond.                                   pensioners. There are also numerous hospitals and other
HUGI-ILEY, hullee, a parish of England, co. of Salop.     charities, a charter-house founded by the De la Poles in 1380,
HUGHISONVILLE, a post-village in the S.W. part of  the Hull and Kingston Colleges, which give instruction
Dutchess co., New York, about 60 miles N. of New York  similar to King's and University Colleges, London, a medical
City.                                                       school, a grammar school founded in 1486, having two exhiIIUIGUENOT, a post-office of Orange co., New York.        bitions to Cambridge, the Vicar's and Cogan's schools, a great
IIUHNERWASSER, (Htiihnerwasser,) HUNERWASSER, number of charitable schools; refuges for the insane and the
hiiuer-s'A-ts'ser, IIUNNERWASSER, or KURZIWODY, koor/- destitute, a dispensary, penitentiary, and lying-in charity.
ze-do'dee, a town of Bohemia, 12 miles N.W.ofBuntzlau, A public subscription library possesses 25,000 volumes; and
on a height, surrounded by forests. Pop. 1102.              in the town are a mechanics' institute, lyceum, and atheIHUISSH, hwish, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        nueum, all having librarieS, and a sailors' institute, a savings'
HUISI] CAMP/FLOWER, a parish of England, co. of  bank, and masonic lodges. Outsideof the N.W. suburb is a
Somerset.                                                   zoological garden, comprising six acres, with handsome buildHUISHI EPISICOPI, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. ings for the various animals; and about a mile from the town
HUISH, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          is a botanical garden, covering ten acres.
HUISIH, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           Hull now ranks as the third port in the kingdom. It is
HUISNE, ween or hween, a river of France, joins the  connected by railways with Scarborough, Whitby, York, and
Sarthe 1 mile below Le Mans, after a S.W. course of 65 miles. all the manufacturing towns of the West Riding, and forms
HUISSEAU, hweea'sOt, several villages of France: the  the great outlet for the manufactures of this region. It has
principal, HU1SSeAu-suR-MAUvE, hwees~se/siit-mav, in the de- lately been put in more ready communication with London
partment of Loiret, 9 miles W. of Orleans. Pop. 1383.       and the centre of England, by a continuation of the Eastern
HUISSEN, hoistsen, a town of the Netherlands, Gelderland, Counties Railway to New Holland, on the opposite bank of
on the Old Rhine, 3 miles S.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 287.         the I-lumber, 2A miles distant. The Trent, Ouse, Don, &c.,
IIUIZEN, hoilzen, a village of the Netherlands, province  tributaries of the Humber, and navigable canals, connect it
of North Holland, 16 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2342. also with a large inland territory. Its docks, constructed
HUIZUIMI, hoil/zfm. or IIUSUM, hii/sfim, a village of the  successively since 1775, on the site previously occupied by
Netherlands, Friesland, 1 mile S.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. fortifications, have an aggregate length of 1087 yards, breadth
940.                                                        varying from 250 to 400 feet, and a total area of 24 acres,
I-IUJAMREE, hoo'j~mtree, a mouth of the Great East besides a basin between two of the piers on the Humber.
Channel of the Indus,  in lat. 240 10' N., ion. 670 28' E., and  They are surroended by broad quays and large warehouses,
170 yards across at Vikkur, 20 miles from the sea.          have a depth varying at high tides from about 20 to 27 feet,
ItUKONG, hoo'kongl, or PAYEN-DWEN, pi./n'dwl nt, a  and are crowded with shipping of all nations. At the head
valley in the N. of Burmah, on the Assam frontier, bounded  of one of the quays is a fine column with a colossal statue
on all sides by hills of the Shuedouuggyi range. The prin- of Wilberforce.
cipal river of the valley is the Khyen-dwem. The inhabit-    The principal exports -are cotton and woollen stuffs and
antst are chiefly Singphoos, and their Assamese slaves.,    yarn, earthenwares, hardwares, metals, rape-seed, and corn,
HUKWANG, an old province ofChina. See loo-QuANG.  the latter chiefly imported previously, with wool, bones,
IITLBURTON, a post-village of Orleans co., New York, timber, hemp, flax, madder, skins, and other produce from
mn the Erie Canal, about 25 miles W. of Rochester.         Germany, Denmark, and the Baltic, with which, and with
HULICOTT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             North America, its foreign trade is the most active. Its
878




HUL  HUM
soasting trade is highly important, and it receives large  Rivers. It is navigable to Hull for the largest vesserr, and
quantities of coal. Its merchants were the first in England  for vessels of considerable burden in all the rest of its extent;
who em barked in the northern whale fishery; but its fish- and it is connected by canals with all the other principal
eries have greatly declined. It communicates by steam- rivers of England. Its tributaries drain nearly the whole
packets with London, Yarmouth, Leith, Berwick, Aberdeen, of Yorkshire, Notts, Leicestershire, and parts of LincolnHamburg, Rotterdam, and Copenhagen, many times weekly, shire; in all, an extent of about 10,000 square miles, or
and also continually with Selby, Goole, Gainsborough, York. nearly one-fifth of England.
and Grimsby. In 1850, the total value of British and Irish    HUMBER, a river of Newfoundland, enters the Gulf of
produce exported from  Hull amounted to 10,336,6101.; in  St. Lawrence, through the Bay of Islands, after a S. course
1851, to 10,126,4211.; in 1852, to9,894,2531.; and in 1853 to  of 150 miles.
10.790,2531. The number and tonnage of the vessels regis-  INUMBER, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
tered at the port, December 31st, 1850, were-sailing vessels,   HUMIBERSTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
453, tons, 62,472; steamers, 34, tons, 7143.                 IUMBERSTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Hull has not been renowned as a manufacturing town,   HUMtBIE, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Haddington and
but of late years a joint-stock company has been established, Edinburgh.
which possesses three large cotton and flax mills, employing    HUMIBLETON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
in all 3000 hands, and there are 4 or 5 large iron foundries. Riding.
Ship-building and its auxiliary manufactures, including    IIUMIBOLDT, a new county towards the N.WV. part of
boilers and steam-engines, are extensively carried on. There  Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. The Des Moines
are also numerous tanneries and potteries, some large  River flows through it in a S.S.E. direction, and the Lizard
breweries, sugar refineries, soap and gas works, and various  River enters the Des Moines in the S. part of the county.
corn and oil mills. In the E. suburbs are many mills im- It is not included in the census of 1850. Named in honor
pelled by wind, giving a Dutch appearance to the scenery  of the illustrious traveller and savant, Baron Von Humalong the lumber. The town has a branch ofthe Bank of  boldt.
England, many other banks, and several weekly newspapers.   ItUMBOLDT, a new county in the N.W. part of California,
The borough is divided into 6 wards, and governed by a  bordering on the Pacific Ocean, has an area of about 3300
mayor, 13 aldermen, and 42 councillors. It has quarter- square miles. Formed since the census of 1852, from the
sessions and a court of requests.                         W. part of Trinity county.
This town, under the name of Myton-wyk, appears to    HUMBOLDT, a post-village of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin,
have been of importance in the time of Athelstan; but its  on the Milwaukee River, 5 miles N. of Milwaukee City. It
consequence as a port dates from the time of Edward I., has a fine water-power, contains 1 paper mill and several
who conferred on it the royal designation of Kingston. In  flouring mills. Pop. about 400.
the civil war of Charles I., it was the first town to close its    HUMBOLDT BAY, of IIumboldt co., California, is about
gates against the king; and it successfully sustained two  270 miles N. of San Francisco. It is 16 miles in length,
sieges by the royal troops, in 1642 and 1643. William   and from I of a mile to 4 or 5 miles wide. It forms one of
Wilberforce and Andrew Marvel were born here. Pop. in  the best harbors on the coast, and has 21 feet of water on
1841, 65,670; in 1851, 82,520.                            the bar. The entrance is scarcely 300 yards wide.
HULL, a post-village and township of Plymouth co., Mas-   IHUMBOLDT CITY, a town of Humboldt co., in the N.N.W.
sachusetts, 9 miles by water S.E. of Boston. Pop. 253.    part of California, is situated on humboldt Harbor, and.on
IhIULL, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Ottawa, on  the main road fromnt Benicia to Klamath, 230 miles in a
the Ottawa River. The village is opposite Upper Bytown, straight line N.N.W. of San Francisco.
with which it is connected by a suspension bridge.          HUMBOLDT LAKE, of Tooele co., in the W. part of Utah
HULLAVIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.       Territory, near 400 10, N. let., and 118~ 40' W. Ion. Length,
HULL, BISHOP'S, a township of England, co. of Chester, near 20 miles; greatest breadth, from 8 to 10 miles. It reHULLEIM, h661llime, a village of Austria, on the railway  ceives Humboldt River, but has no outlet.
from Vienna to Olmutz, 23 miles S. of the latter.            IUMIBOLDT RIVER, or MARY'S RIVER, in the W.
HULL RIVER, of England, co. of York, East Riding, part of'Utah, rises in Weber co., near the N. boundary
rises near Great Driffield, flows S., passing near Beverley, of the territory, and flowing Vrst in a southerly and then
with which it communicates by a short canal, and after a  in a westward course,' with a very winding channel, again
total course of 30 miles, enters the Humber on the E. side  turns towards tue S. and falls into Humboldt Lake. Its
of Kingston-upon-Hull, of which it forms the harbor. It whole length is estimated at 350 miles.  The ordinary
separates the district of Holderness on the E. from  the  route for emigrants firom  the Great Salt Lake to CaliforYorkshire Wolds on the W.                                 nia passes along the valley Of this stream for upwards of
HULL'S, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.              250 miles.
HULL'S CORNERS, a post-office of Oswego co., New   HtUMBOLDT RIVER MOUNTAINS, a chain of mounYork.                                                     tains in the W. central part of Utah Territory, which run in
HULL'S MILL, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.   a nearly N. and S. direction, crossing Tooele and Deseret
HUL3ME, h-Ume or h~me, a township of England, co. of  counties. IHumboldt River rises in the western slope of this
Lancaster, 1 miles S.W. of Manchester. Here are cavalry  range.
barracks, and the Manchester Botanic Garden, occupying 17    HUME or HOI0E, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, 2
acres.                                                   mniles N. of Stitchel, to which it is now united. It gives the
HULMESVILLE, hamztvil, a. post-village of Bucks co., title of earl to the once powerful baronial family of Home,
Pennsylvania, on Neshaminy Creek, 20 miles N.E. of Phila- remains of whose castle still exist here.
delphia. It contains several stores.                        HUME, a post-village and township of Alleghany co., New
HULPE, hhlpgh, a village of Belgium, province of South  York, 12 miles N.W. of Angelica. Pop. 2159.
Brabant, 4 miles E.N.E. of Waterloo. Pop. 1040.             HUMENE, a town of Hungary. See HOMONNA.
HULS, h661is, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government,   IIUME RIVER, in South-east Australia, flows N.W. from
and 17 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2144.               the Australian Alps, to near lat. 340 45' 5., lon. 1430 E.,
IIULST, hillst, a town of the Netherlands, province of  where it joins the Murrumbidgee.
Zealand, on an affluent of the Scheldt, 15 miles W.N.W. of    HUMME, h5dmlmeh, a village of Germany, on the railway
Antwerp. Pop. 2369. It was formerly fortified, and an ira- from Eisenach to Carleshafen.
portent military post in the wars of the sixteenth, seven-   HUMMHELO, hflimemh-lo,l a village of Holland, province of
teenth, and eighteenth centuries.                         Gelderland, 14 miles E. by N. of Arnhem. *Pop. 1293.
ISULTON, a township of England. See IHILTON.             IHUMIMELSTOWN, a post-borough of Dauphin co., PennHUL'TON ABIBEY, a lordship of England, co. of Staf- sylvania, on the turnpike from Lebanon to Harrisburg, 9
ford, 2 miles E. of Burslem. A falrm-house, surrounded  miles E. of the latter. Pop. in 1850, 613.
by a dry moat, bears the name of the abbey, founded here   IIUMMOCK ISLAND. See HUvrTeR ISLANDS.
in 1223.                                                   IhIUMPHREY, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., New
HULTSCHIN, hl5lt-sheen,! a town of Prussian Silesia, on  York, 50 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 824.
the Oppa, 13 miles E. of Troppau. Pop. 2538.                HUMPIIREYS, tmffrez, a county in the N.W. part of
IIULWUD, hfillwfd!, a town of Hindostan, in Guicowar's Tennessee, has an area estimated at 450 square miles. The
dominion, in the peninsula of Guzerat, 25 miles E.S.E. of Tennessee River forms its entire W. boundary, and Duck
Mallia. Let. 220 51' N., Ion. 710 16' E.                  River flows through the county into the former stream.
HUMSANSVILLE, a post-village of Polk co., Missouri, The surface is undulating; the soil moderately fertile. Caabout 110 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.                   pital, Waverley. Pop. 6422, of whom 5325 were free, and
IUMBEEK, hnmlbbk, a village of Belgium, province of 1097 slaves.
Brabant, 9 miles N. of Brussels. Pop. 2053.                 IIUMPIIHREYSVILLE, a post-village of New Haven co..
IHUMIBER, an estuary of the E. coast of England, between  Connecticut, on the right bank of the Naugatuck River,
Yorkshire and Lincolnehire, formed by the junction of the  about 7 miles from  its confluence with the Ihousatonic
Ouse and Trent Rivers, 8 miles E. of Goole, whence it pro- River, and 12 miles N.W. of New Haven. It contains 3 or
coeds for about 18 miles eastward, and then for about 22 4 churches, and several stores. The inhabitants are largely
miles S.E. to the North Sea, in let. 530 38' N., Ion. 00 10/ E. engaged in manufactures, including bits, augurs, paper,
Average breadth, between 2 and 3 miles; but near its mouth  printed goods. &c.
it widens to 6 or 7 miles. It receives from the N. the Foul-   HUMPIIREYSVILLE~ a post-office of Holmes co., Ohio.
ness and Hull, and from the S. the Ancholme and Ludd    HUMP ISLE, in the Malay Archipelago, is in the Great
879




HUM                                                       HUN
Bay, on the N. coast of Papua; lat. 10 30' N., ion. 1350  licia, it being the only Hungarian river not belonging to
30' E.                                                      the basin of the Danube. The Drave forms the SW. frontier
HUMPOLETZ, h66mlpo-l8ts1. a town of Bohemia, 25 miles  on the side of Croatia and Slavonia, and is joined in HunS. of Czaslau.  Pop. 4139.                                  gary by the Mur from Styria. The two principal lakes of
HUMS, a town of Syria.  See I-Hos.                       IHungary are on either side of the Bakony-wald-Balatony
HUNIDERSFIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan-  Lake, in the great plain, and the Neusiedler-See, (I-Hun.
easter.                                                     Fe'rtd 2hva,) near to the border of Austria, and on the
HUNIDLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           banks of which are the palaces and chief possessions of the
HUNIDON, a parish of England, co. of Sufflolk.            Esterhazy family. The former is nearly 50 miles in length,
IHUNIDRED AND TWO, a river of Missouri, which rises  by 10 miles in breadth; the Neusiedler-See is equally broad,
near the N. border of the state, and flowing southward, falls  but only about half as long. There are several smaller lakes
into the Platte River in Buchanan county, about 10 miles  in the Carpathians, between 4000 and 5000 feet above the
S.E. of St. Joseph.                                         sea. Between Presburg and Raab, the Danube divides into
HUNDSDORF, h6lntsldouf, or I-IUNSDORF, h66nstdoaRf,  branches enclosing the Great and Little Schiitt, two islands
a village of Hungary, co. of Zipps, near Kesmark.  Pop. of considerable size and high fertility.  Numerous other
2148.                                                       islands are formed by it and by the Theiss, in the great
HUNDSFELD, h65nts/f6lt, a town of Prussian Silesia, 3  plain; and along both of these rivers, in the lower part of.
miles N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 868.                            their course. are extensive marshes and swamps. The total
IIUNDSHIUBEL, (lundshiibel,) bmintshii-bl, a village  area of the morasses in Hungary has been estimated at
of Saxony. circle of Zwickau. Pop. 1238.                    1,500,000 arces, or upwards of 2300 square miles; within the
IIUNDSRUCK. (HIundsrtick,) h66ntslriik, a mountainous  present century, enough marsh-land has been drained to
region of Germany, covering the S. part of Rhenish Prussia,  furnish subsistence for 500,000 inhabitants. Mineral springs
between the rivers Moselle and Nahe, extending also S. into  are numerous; the most celebrated are those which form
Rhenish Bavaria., where it is connected with the Vosges  the baths of Mehadia, in the Banat.
chain. It rises in some places to 3000 feet above the sea.    Minerals.-Hungairy, with Transylvania, (where the metal
HUNERWASSER. See HunNERWASSER.                            is still more plentiful,) yields half of the entire quantity of
HUNFELD, (I-Itinfeld,) htin/fflt, a town of Germany, in  gold produced in Europe; of silver, nearly one-third; and,
HesseeCassel, 9 miles N.N.E. of Fulda.  Pop. 2118.          after England, it is the richest in copper of any European
IHUNGARY, hungniga-re, (Hun.  fagyar Orszedg, mtd'y6R/ country. Iron, lead, cobalt, cinnabar, and other ores of meroa1sr:,l; L. HrItngariac and. Ugria; Ger. U/ngarn, d6nuggairn;  cury; antimony, arsenic, sulphur, and alum, are, among the
Dutch, Hflngar el hfrnlIri-r-I'eh, Fr. Erongrie, h6NG'wgreef; It.  other minerals, obtained in considerable quantities. The
Ungrheria, oon-g'-ree/; Sp. HIfrgria or Ungria, oong-gree/;)  metallic ores exist chiefly in the trachyte region on the dea country in the S.E. of Europe, forming a large portion of the  clivity of the Carpathians, and the mines are classed into the
Austrian Empire; it formerly included Transylvania on the  four districts of Schemnitz, Schmolnitz, Nagy-Banya, and
B., and the Ban at, Slavonia, and Austrian Croatia on its S. the Banat, of which the first-named is by far the most imand S.W. sides, comprising also a strip of coast on the Adriatic  portent. As many as 20,000 miners are said to be employed
Sea, termed the IHIungarian Littorale; but since the new or- in this district.  Most of the gold and silver raised in Hunganization of the kingdom in 1849, Hungary proper is limited  gary is sent to Kremnitz to be coined; and, according to Mr.
to the territory between lat. 450 30' and 490 40' N., and ion. Paget, the quantity of bullion annually converted into money
160 and 250 E., encircled on the E., N., and N.W. by the Car- there, was, a few years since, equal to about $1,210,000; bepathian Mountains, which separate it from Bukowina, Gall-  sides which, nearly 270 marks of gold, and 18,000 marks of
cia, and Moravia; WV. by the river March, and some offsets  silver, find their way yearly to Vienna as ingots. At Szlaof the Noric Alps, bounding it on the side of Austria and  tina and elsewhere, in the county of Marmaros, are large
Styria; S.W. by the Drave, which divides it from Croatia and  mines of rock-salt.  Soda lakes are scattered in great numSlavonia; S. and S.E. by the Banat, or New Servian Way- ber over both of the Hungarian plains. Nitre exists in vast
wode (eoivodicna,) and by Transylvania.  Estimated area, as  quantities; sulphate of soda and potash also are natives;
formerly constituted, 103,958 square miles; according to the  coal is procurable, in the sandstone formations, in vttarious
new organization, 69,170 square miles.                      places; and opal of the finest quality is found in some
Physical Geography.-Hungar   y, considered as a whole, is famous mines in the Hegyallya, near Eperies.
a large basin surrounded by mountains on every side, ex-    Climsate.-In the Carpathians, the winter is long and cold;
cept the S.; but even here the natural boundaries are com- snow begins to fall in September, and remains on the mounpleted at no great distance fiqcm  the frontier, by the high  tain summits till May or June. At Buda, near the centre of
lands of Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia, that meet those of Wal- the kingdom. the average temperature of the year is 540 30'
lachia and Transylvania at the'; iron gate," —a pass formed  Fahrenheit, and the average range, 230; in the great plain,
by the abrupt division of the mountains for the passage  the climate resembles that of North Italy. The rain which
of the Danube. From this point the Carpathians proceed  falls at Buda is estimated at 16 inches, and the number of
at first E., but afterwards successively N.W. and S.W., form- rainy days at 112 annually. The marshy tracts have the
ing almost a complete semicircle, and receiving in their course  reputation of insaliubrity; yet, on the whole, Hungary is a
different names in 33 counties, among which are the Czerkat,  healthy country; and among its natives noted for longevity,
Karpfen, F'roistadt, Tatra, Neutra. and Jablunka ranges. one is cited who attained the age of 145, and another that
Many of their summits rise to between 8000 and 9000 feet of 172 years.
above the sea. A third part of the whole extent of Hun-    Agrictiltural ]Thoductions.-IHungary possesses, in a fertile
gary is covered with their ramifications; among these are  soil, the first element of prosperity; in no other portion of
the Matra and IIegyallya ranges. on the sides of which lat- Europe can be found an alluvium superior to that which
ter are tlhe vineyards yielding the far-famed Tokay wine. covers the Banat. Of the entire surface of the country, CroThe Carpathians are richly wooded in many parts; their  atia and Slavonia include about 55,300 square miles estibranches are interspersed with numerous romantic and  imated to be under culture, or capable of cultivwtion; 33,800
fertile valleys, and contain many productive mines. A  square miles mountainous; and 14,800 occupied by sandy
rugged and precipitous range of mountains, separating  deserts. Of the productive portion of the surface, about
H-Iungary from Transylvania, rises in some places to 3600  7,140,000 acres are arable; 932,900 acres in gardens; 1,330,400
feet in height, and is traversed by rich metallic veins. Mica  acres in vineyards; 11,264,200 acres in meadow and pastureand quartz appear in the cliffs constituting the "iron gate."  land; and 13,057,000 acres in forests. Wheatis raised in large
On the W., the Leitha Mountains, a spur of the Alps sepa- quantities in the S., chiefly in the rich lands of the Banat,
rating Hungary from  Styria and Austria, progressively de- and the contiguous counties between the Theiss and the Dancline towards the Danube.  The Bakopywald,z (Bakony Fo-  ube, and the Mares and IKrijs Rivers. Barley and oats are
rest Mountain,) another Alpine spur, upwards of 2000 feet cultivated, but not for exportation; and the maize which is
in height, and clothed with dense forests of oak, beech, and  grown is used chiefly for feeding cattle. In the Upper Carother trees, intersect the S.W. quarter of Hungary in a  pathians, rye, oats, and buckwheat are almost the only
N.E. direction, to near Waitzen, where the Danube bends  grains produced; potatoes, which are here planted, are
S., and with the  latra  Mountains, beyond that river, eaten by the Slovacks and the German colonists, but litit;e,
divides Ceptral Hungary into  a greater and a smaller if at all, by the Magyars. Millet, turnips, rape, cabbaiges,
plain of about 21,000 and 4000 square miles in extent pulses, hemp, and flax, are raised in different parts. Torespectively.                                               bacco is an important product; the annual yield is estiRivers, Lakes, dc.-The Danube and Theiss Rivers tra- mated at 400,000 ceatners or hundredweights, of which
verse the country, and through the S. half flow in nearly  somewhat less than one-fourth is consumed at home. Next
parallel streams about 60 miles apart, almost due S. Near to France, Hungary is the greatest wine-producing country
Eszek, in Slavonia, the Danube, met by the Drave, turns  in Europe, and the quality of several of its vintages is unrisuddenly to the E., and forms all the rest of the S. frontier vailed; about 96,000 gallons of wine are made annually; the
of IHungary, receiving, in this part of its course, the Theiss, most famous growth is that of Tokay, iaised on the I-Iegyand several minor affluents. The March, Waa-g, Neutra, allya Mountains, near the Upper Theiss. Wine is a uniGran, and Ipoly, in Upper Hungary, flow to the Danube versal beverage among rich and poor in most parts of Hunfrom the N.; the Bodrog, Sajo, Hernad, and Zagyva, flow- gary. The fruits of the country are of various descriptions,
ing from the same direction, unite with the Theiss; and the  from the cherry, apple, and pear in the N., to the fig, almond,
Szamos. i, Krs,  aros, &c., join that river from the E. The and olive in the S.; apricots, walnuts, and chestnuts, are
Poprad, in the N., a tributary to the Yistula, flows into Ga- very generally raised;. but the most abundant orchard-tree
880




~HUN                                                                  IIUN
Is the damson, from  the fruit of which brandy, and the na-              utbdivision and Population.-Previouns to the late revolu
tional liquor slivovitza, are made.  In the military frontier  tionary war, IHungary was divided as follows:are a great many mulberry plantations, introduced in the
time of Maria Theresa, and considerable quantities of silk                       Cities and Counties.             cs   Io
Cities and Counties.           t qmls     Population.
are obtained.  Cotton in the S., woad, sumach, and other                                                         sq miles.
dye-plants, are other articles of culture.                                                                                 -_
Animals.-The rearing of sheep has been greatly extended    Iof Hither D)anube.-  O  this side," (or N.
of late; and, in the census of 1846, their number is given    County of Pesth....................    4,049                   511,20
at 17,000.000, exclusive of Transylvania.   They have be-                       Bacs................,6421         458,22
"Bacs........................     1,647     1811841
come much improved by crossings with the merino breed,                         Nehl..grad..........................  1,64072  95,928
and both sheep and wool are largely exported.  The native               "      Honth.2,012.                                   9592..........85 103,326
and~~~~~~~~~~~                                                                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Hah975  a[,2
horned cattle, said to number 4,260,000, are a fine and large             "     Gran............................    403      61,340
race of a gray color, except in the N., where they are of a                     Bars....2..................    1,039  122,748
smaller breed, and black or brown.  At Mezohegyes, in the                      Netr"a.........................    2,586     345,54
Presburg........................    1,753   269,153
county of Csanad, is the largest stud in Europe, founded by                     Tres"shin............    1,861     25,561
Trentschin......................    1,861  [275,561[
the Emperor Joseph, and where from  8000 to 10,000 horses                       Thurocz........................    452       45,715
are kept, including manyof the best stallions.  Thenumber                 "     Arva............................    793      91,049
of horses, in 1846, is given at 1,000,000.  Vast numbers of                     Lipt........................         890      7,753
swine feed'on acorns in the forests, and bread and bacon                                                           1141    2,641,858
21,141   26485
form a chief part of the laborer's diet. Bees are extensively
reared, and honey and wax form  important articles of   II. Thilther Danube.-"On the fartherside,"
export.  On the sandy,,heaths around Debreczin, millions of               (or SW. or the Danube.)
geese are kept; poultry are almost everywhere plentiful    County of Wieselburg......................  742   8,361
ngeese arde kept; tpo hy are almost  everywhere plentiful.                Oedenburg......................   1,208      192,682
The wild animals include the Carpathian bear, chamois,                          Raab s........................    611       94,224
and marmot; the wolf, lynx, wild boar, stag, roebuck, wild                "    Comorn.........................    1,138     134,098
cat, fox, and hare: among the fowl are two species of eagles,             "    Veszprim.......................    1,577     185,167
many other birds of prey, with black grouse,  and  other  Stuhlweissenburg...............                        1,607     168,387
~~~~~many      other bidFfpewt     lc     rue   n teEisenburg.......................    2,056            274,232
kinds of game, in  great quantities.  Fish  are especially                      Szalad.........................    2.20     273,949
plentiful in the rivers and lakes; the Theiss is said to be                     Somoghy, or Schumeg..........    2,429       212,261
the richest in fish of any river on the continent; the insect                   Tolna...........................    1,398   183,386
tribes are also more numerous in IIungary  than in any                    "    Baranya........................    1,930     233,850
other part of Europe.  The Hansag, and other large bogs,                                                        -        [_ -_ _
supply leeches in great abundance, which are a valuable
export to foreign countries.                                         Districts: —
ifanufactures.-Hungary has scarcely any manufactures                 Jazygi.........'... and.          of the 
Great Oumania...)Theiss.........;    1,813         179,123
but such as are  domestic.  In all parts the rural families             Great Cumanss....  f Thess  8... 
Little Cumania, N. of the Danubeh...
weave their own household fabrics, and construct most of                Haiduck Towns, S. of te Theiss.........    376       61,032
the articles necessary  for the pursuit of their ordinary               Hungarian Littorale....................      138      42,62
occupations; even at Szegedin, where soap is made to some
extent in about 20 factories, the manufacture is conducted                                                         2,        28,917
at home, and by the hands of the women.  Linen cloths in   III. Hither Theiss.-n"On  this side," (or
the N., and woollens in the S., are indeed made for sale, but              W, and H. of the Thoiss.O
they scarcely pass beyond the frontiers; the fine woollens   County of Zips..........                              1,410     152,723
used are imported from  Austria, Bohemia, and West Ger-   "                     1 Zips, (German town......     1410           3,2
"     Geimor..........,,.............    1,615  ]170,962
many, and for all articles of luxury, Hungary is dependent                      Heves................5..    2558           272,530
on foreign countries. Leather is one of the most important                "    Borsod..........................    1,388    183,184
manufactures, and felt hats, earthenware, iron goods, some               "      Torna..........................    229       27,562
glass, rope, paper of inferior quality, and beat-root sugar,             "     Al  Uj Tar.....................    1,117       66,195
"     Saros...........................    1,380 [197,285
are among the other principal articles produced.  At Pesth               "     Zemplin........................    2,300     277,49
silks are manufactured, and a few cotton factories are here                    Unghvar........................    1,261     110,003
and there established.  Earthen jars of a peculiar kind,                 "    Beregh.....................        1,431     119,151
narrow-necked, and varnished all over, are made in all parts
of Hungary.  About 300 breweries exist, chiefly in the N.                                                         14,789    1,71,31
counties, and brandy distilleries are pretty numerous.  At   IV. Thither Theiss. —" On the farther side,"
Szegedin, the best and cheapest boats are built.                           (or E. and S. of the Theiss.)
Commerce.-Hungary  formerly possessed a strip of sea-   County of armaros....................                   3,795      166,503
Co4     untyofaints...........:........  3, 795       4817,03
coast extending 123 miles on the Adriatic, but by the new                "     Ugocsztm...479                         48,110
"     Szathmar..........,.,..........    2,258!235,821
organization    this has been annexed to Dalmatia, so that                      Szabolcs...................       2,454     208,281
organization'    Soaboics.~~~~~~                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~2,454  1 08,281
the country has now no navigable communication with the                        Bihar..........................    4,246     435,098
ocean except through the Danube. But as this river flows                       Bekes...........................    1,386      153,018
through  several hundred  miles of foreign  tenritory,  the          "     Csougrad.......................    1,335     130,051
~~~'through  svrlhn e mieofoeg te toyteCsanad.........................                        615       69,162
greater part of Hungarian commerce is necessarally con-  Arad....................    2,297                                22,408
fined to the neighboring countries of Austria, Moravia, and                    Krasso........................    2,310      215,632
Galicia, carried up the Danube and down the Poprad.  The                 "     Temesvar..........                  2,470     304,187
former is navigated by steamboats, first introduced in 1830;             "     Torontal...........           2,808     322,2416
but goods are chiefly conveyed on the large rivers in barges,                                                     26,453    2,514,511
some of which are from  100 to 150 feet in length, and are
capable of carrying firom  1500 to 2000 quarters of wheat.   Counties incorporated from  Transylvania
From the great plain merchandise is taken into Croatia, &c.,    in 186:up  the Save to Sissek, or by the Kulpa to Carlstadt, and                Middle Szolnok............              840       88,595
Zarand................................    540       34,580
thence sent by land to Laybach or Triest and to Fiume, on                Krasszna..............................   424       40,383
the Adriatic.  The exports of the country are chiefly con-               District ofKo......................394             45,345
fined to its natural productions, and  a few  years since
amounted in value to $3,988,000; the imports being  esti-                                                        2-_ 98      208,19
mated at $4,561,000. The chief seats of the shipping interests                                                   Ares in
are Szegedin and Comorn.                                                                                        sq. miles. Population.
Internal   ommuznication.-The  Louisenstrasse, a  noble                           -                  -
road carried over the Alps by the spirited contributions of   Total of Hungary proper.................           83,724    9,369,14
"9   Croatia and military frontier......    9,767    982,735
the Hungarian  Magnates, is the finest work  of its kind                      Slavonia and military frontier....    6,604    580,233
Slaoni an  miitay feuter... 6,604     580,2233
throughout HIungary or its former dependencies. The other                    Hilitary frontierof the Banat.,863             250,485
roads are generally very inferior, except in Arva, and in
parts of Banat.  The Franzen Canal, between the Danube                                     Grand Total.....      103,958   11,182,617
and Theiss, is the most extensive navigable channel in Hungary formed by art.  There are also other canals, among               The Almanach de Gotha, for 1849, estimates the above terwhich may be mentioned the Bega, between the Fieset and  ritory at 100,742 square miles, and the population in 1842
Becskerek.  But perhaps the most remarkable of the public  at 11,538,530; of which there belonged to Hungasy proper,
works is the Adit of Joseph II., a stupendous subterranean  with its military frontier, 84.395 square miles, and approxipassage connected with the mines of Schemnitz.  Railways  matively, 9,900,000 inhabitants.  In 1849, however, by an
have been carried from Vienna, on the S. side of the Danube,  imperial decree, not only were Croatia and Slavonia officially
around both shores of the Neusiedler-See to Raab; and, on  disconnected from  Hungary, but the Banat-the counties
the N. side of the river, through Presburg to Pesth; thence  of Temesvar, Torontal, Krasso, and part of Arad-together
to Szolnok, on the Theiss, and to be continued to Debreezin,  with the county ofBacs, between the Danube and Theiss, was
Arad, Temesvar, and to Hermannstadt, in Transylvania,  severed from  it, and erected into a Servian Waywode, (Ysiwith a branch to the coal district of Oravicza, near Weiss-  vodina;) and Hungaryproper, divested also ofthe previously
kirchen, in the Banat.                                              annexed  Transylvanian  counties and the Littorale, waS
3 F                                                                                      881




HUN                                                            HUN
divided into the following provinces, the former subdivision  of the country north of the rivers were inhabited by the
of cireles and counties being abolished:-                    independent Quadi, Jazyges, &c. In the decline and fall cf
that empire, the territory was successively occupied by the
NEW ORGANIZATION OF 1849.                   Goths, the Huns under Attila, and the Avars: finom  which
last two tribes its present name is supposed to have been
Provinces.         Situation.         Oficil Languiages.  derived. Towards the end of the 9th century, the Magyars,.enre cha people firom  the steppes of Western  Asia, under their
i i. Pestli..   SCentre; chie           Mayar and Germ.  duke, Arpad, broke into the country, and in ten years had
1. Pesth........  the Danube and Theiss.
N.W., embracing most                        established their dominion there, having shattered the
of the circle "on this                      Slovack kingdom  of Moravia at the battle of Presburg, in
side," or N. of the Da-  Slovak.            907. The sovereignty was made hereditary in the family of
I         f~~~~nube.................
N. and N.N., suhracArpad, whose grandson, Geysa, embraced  Christianity.
N. and N.E., embracing  
most of the circle " on   Rsniak and German   Stephen I., in 997, assumed the title of king, and added. Ka    this side," sr N. of the                      ransylvania to his realm; Slavonia, Croatia, and Dalmatia
Theiss................                      were afterwards subdued, and the sway of Hungary subseNE., consisting of part of I                quently extended also over Bosnia, Servia, and Galicia.  In
Grswron the circle'on  tefarther 4id," or S. andGrosswardein    Magyar.          1301 the line of Arpad became extinct, and soon afterwards
ttheer side," or S. and   a
E. of the Theiss.......                     Charles of Anjou was called to the throne. He was sucSW.,  conterminouos  o  Myrceeded by Louis the Great, who, becoming king of Poland,
5. Oedenburg...  with ths old circle "on    Mayar.           ruled from the Adriatic to the Baltic. Mathias Corvinus,
the farther side," or S.                    unanimously elected king in 1458, governed an empire as
and W. or the Danue.             extensive as that of Austria in the present day; but about
The area of Hungary Proper has thus been reduced fi-om   this time the Turks began to trouble Hungary, and, after
83,724 square miles to 69,170 square miles, having, accord- the total defeat and death of Louis II., at the battle of
in,, to the census of 1850-51, a pop. of 7,864,262.           Mohacs, in 1526, they overran the greater part of the counHungary is peopled by a great number of distinct races, try, which they retained for the next 160 years. In 1526,
speaking different languages. F6ny6s, a statistician of the  Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, was elected by the Diet
highest authority, estimates the relative numbers of the  king of Hungary, and the sovereignty has ever since been
races inhabiting IHungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Sla- vested in the House of Hapsburg; but the despotism of the
vonia, as follows:-                                           Austrian sovereigns became so intolerable to the Hungarian
tagyars................ 4,812,759  Brought forward....12,161,312  nobles, that, after repeated insurrections, in 168i, they
Slovacks (Slowaks)..... 1,687,256  Russiaks (Ruthen)......  442,903  rose under Teleki, called the Turks to their aid, and besieged
Germans................ 1,273,677  Bulgarians..............  12,000  Vienna, which was only saved by the timely assistance of
Wallacks................ 2,202,542  French.................    6,150  Sobieski. King of Poland. The Turks were soon afterwards
Croats.................. 886,079  Greeks and Zinzars.....   i,680
Servians (Rai en)......  828,;26   Arme nians.......          expelled from the whole of their Hungarian possessions, by
Serv2,365  Arruenians..............   3,798
llyrisns (Schoktzen)...  429,868  Montenegrins&Climenti   4,430  the troops under Prince Eugene and Duke Charles of
Wends.................  40,864  Jews..................   244,035  Lorraine.
The succession to the crown of Hungary was declared
Carried forard....2,161,312   Total...2,880,46  hereditary in the Austrian  line by the Pragmatic SaneThe Magyars, the dominant race, occupy, for the most  tion, concluded in 1687. Although the two countries were
part, the centre of the kingdom, and are surrounded on  thus united under the same crown, Hungary has been connearly all sides by the Slavonian tribes, whose ancestors  stitutionally as integral and distinct fiom  Austria as Hathey dispossessed at their irruption into Europe in the  nover from  England;  and its separate rights were reninth century; on the W. they come into contact with the  peatedly guaranteed by dietal enactments, ratified by the
German race; and on the E. with the Wallacks.  The  sovereign.  One of these expressly states, that, "HIungary,
Magyars also people a large part of Transylvania; many are  in her entire system of legislation and government, is a free
settled in Moldavia; about 7000 in the Bukowina; and  and independent kingdom, and is, therefore, to be ruled
others are to be found in Bosnia, and in scattered localities  and  governed by her legally-crowned hereditary kings,
in the Russian dominions. In Hungary, nearly 2,500,000  according to her national laws and customs."  But for ages
Magyars are Roman Catholics; about 1,740,000 Protestants  the Austrian government has endeavored to encroach on
-chiefly Calvinists; and 105,000 Catholics of the Greek  the constitutional rights and privileges of the Itungarians,
Church. They are a high-spirited race, brave, and warlike, and to bring their country under the same centralizing
generous to profusion, and, according to travellers, more  system pursued with regard to the other portions of the
sincere than their Servian and Wallack neighbors; impa-  Austrian Empire. The frequent remonstrances made by the
tience of control, pride, indolence, and ignorance are their  Diet; and the reforms which it continually voted, were rebesetting faults; their general deportment is serious; and in  jected by the Austrian court; until, in the session of 1848,
many respects they resemble the Turks, who followed them   (after the French Revolution,) the Diet passed acts for the
out of Asia, and belong to the same great family of man-  emancipation of the Hungarian peasantry from feudal burkind. The Magyar costume is remarkable for its picturesque  dens, for a fair representation of the whole people in the
elegance. The'Magyar language is analogous in its con- Diet, for the abolition of all exemptions from  taxation, for
struction to the Turkish; and one peculiarity of it is, that  the freedom of the press, and for trial by jury. The emperor
it has no separate dialects-rich and poor alike use the same  gave his assent to these enactments, April 11th. of the same
language. Most of the Hungarian nobles are Magyars; and  year. But immediately afterwards the Austrian governit is by this section of the population that the constitutional  ment proceeded to excite insurrections among the Servians
form of government and municipal institutions have been  and Wallacks, who were in open revolt early in June. On
mainly, if not wholly, upheld. The Slovacks inhabit the  the 9th of September, Jellachich, who had taken possession
N.W., or Upper Hungary; the Rusninaks the N.E.; the Ser- of the Littorale, crossed the Drave with an army of 48,000
vians the S.; and the Croats and Illyrians the S.W. parts  men, invested with full authority to act against the Diet,
of the country. The Slovacks are apparently the earliest  but was defeated on the 29th in a pitched battle, near Stuhlpeople settled in Hungary. They are mostly Roman Ca- weissenburg;  and, taking advantage of a truce, he sudtholics; but number also upwards of 500,000 Protestants-   denly withdrew, with a part of his forces, to Vienna. A
chiefly Lutherans.  The Wallacks appear to be descendants  Hungarian  army now crossed the Austrian frontier, but
of Italian colonists, who settled here in the time of the Ro- soon retreated to Presburg. In December, Hungary was
mans. The Germans, who for eight centuries have been  again invaded by the Imperialists, under Prince Windischspread over the country, have in many places lost their lan- grlitz, from whom  the Hungarians sustained several reguage and nationality.                                         verses. At length, after the successes of Radetzky in Italy,
The greatest number of the inhabitants of Hungary are  the Austrian government, March 4, 1849, promulgated an
Roman Catholics. and next to these communicants of the  edict, by which Hungary and its dependencies were divided
Greek Church, Calvinists, Lutherans, and Jews; the pro- into provinces or'"crown-lands" of the Austrian Empire,
portions for Hungary and Transylvania being, according to  and the Hungarian constitution was abrogated. On the 9th
FSny6s, in 1842:-Roman  Catholics, 6,130,188; Greek Ca- of March, the Diet declared these measures illegal; and, on
tholics, 1,322,344;  Proteestants  (Augsburg   Confession,)  April 14th, decreed the deposition of the House of Hapsburg
1,006,210; Protestants, (Helvetman Confession,) 1,846,844;  flom the sovereignty.  The Hungarians now  prosecuted
jUnitarians, 47,280; Greek, (not united,) 2,283,505: Jews,  the war with great vigor and spirit. Their armies were
244,035. The chiefeducational establishments are the Uni- everywhere successful; and, after five great defeats, the
versity at Pesth, a lyceum at Erlau, 7 schools of philosophy, Austrians, Croatians, and the Russian allies had lost in
55 gymnasia, 66 Latin, and numerous parish  schools. April nearly every military position they had gained. Buda
Education is, for the most part, in a very backward state, was stormed and taken by the Hungarians on May 21st;
although the higher nobility are generally persons of culti- but by the 10th of June, large Russian armies were collected
vated minds, and are mostly familiar with foreign lan- on the firontiers, and in July they simultaneously poured
guages.                                                       into Hungary from  the N. and E., while the Croats, under
Hlistory, Government, d. —Hungary, S. and W. of the  Jellachich, advanced from  the S., and the Austrians from
Danube, and S. and E. of the Theiss, was included in the  the W. The struggle was soon terminated. Gbrgey, with
Boman Empire; the former region being termed Pannonia,  an army of between 30,000 and 40,000 men, surrendered to
end the latter known as a part of Dacia; while the portions  the Itussians at Vilagos, August 13th, two days after the
882




HUN                                                     HUN
governorship of the country had been resigned to him by  Jersey, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is bounded
Kossuth. Peterwardein next capitulated to the Austrians; on the S.W. by the Delaware, N.W. by the Musconetcong,
and finally Comorn, on September 27th, which event put an  and partly on the E. by Lamington river, and is drained by
end to the war. The forces brought into the field by the  Smith's Branch and South Branch of Raritan River, and by
Hungarians at any one time never exceeded 135,000 men, Stony Brook. The surface in the northern and southern
with 400 pieces of artillery; against whom were opposed, in  parts is mountainous. The soil in the valleys is generally
the last campaign, 150,000 Russian, and 110,000 Austrian  very fertile. Limestone and freestone are abundant. The
troops, besides insurgent Servians, Wallacks, &c., making a  New Jersey Central Railroad traverses the county, which is
total of upwards of 300,000 men. Many of the chiefs of the re- also partly intersected by the canal extending from Trenton
volution led intoTurkey; others sufferedmilitary execution. to Saxtonville. Organized in 1714, and named in honor of
The Palatine has been replaced by an officer named the  Governor Hunter. Capital, Flepington. Pop. 28,989.
Statthalter, who resides in Pesth; the old Hungarian code   HUNTER ISLAND, an island of the Pacific Ocean, E. of
of laws is substituted by a new legal system, closely re- New Caledonia. Lat. 220 300 S., lon. 1710 458 E.
sembling that of the other Austrian provinces; every mu-   HUNTER ISLAND, one of the Carolines, Radick group;
nicipal functionary is appointed by the Court of Vienna; lat. 50 421 N., ion. 1690 6' E.
all communications with the Austrian government are con-   HUNTER ISLANDS, a group in Hunter Channel, conducted in the German language; Hungary is to bear its necting the Eastern Ocean with Bass Strait, between South
proportionate share of the taxation of the whole empire; Australia and Van Diemens Land, comprising Barren,
and the prohibition duties on the trade between it and the Three Hummocks, Albatross, and some smaller islands.
other parts of the monarchy have been abandoned.-Adj.   HUNTER RIVER, in Eastern Australia, New South
and inhab. HUNGARIAN, hfng-galre-an. (Hun. MAGYAR, mOd'- Wales, flows tortuously S. and E., and enters the ocean at
yiRi; Fr. HONGROIS. h6NrOgrwA/; Ger.UNGAenISC, 66ngfgr-rish.) Port Hunter. See PORT HUNTER.
HUNGIARY, of Virginia, a station on the Richmond Fre-   HUNTER'S CAVE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylderick and Potomac Railroad, 8 miles N. of Richmond.     vania.
HUNGEN, h66ngPgn, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, 10 miles   IIUNTER'S ISLAND, or ONACUSA, o-nA-koots/, an isS.E. of Giessen, on the Horloff. Pop. 1033.              land of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. of the Feejee group. Lat.
H-IUNGERFORD, hfing/gher-ford, a market-town and  150 31, S., ion. 1760 11' E.
parishb of England, co. of Wilts, on the Kennet, and on the    HUNTER'S LAND, a post-office, Schoharie co., New York.
Kennet and Avon Canal, at the terminus of a branch of the    HUNTER'S POINT, a station of Kings co., New York, on
Great Western Railway, 261 miles W.S.W. of Reading. Pop. the Flushing Railroad, near Williamsburg, Long Island.
2724. It has a branch bank, and a town-hall.               B UNTIERSTOWN, a post-village of Adams co., PennsylHUNG/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.     vania, 35 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg.
HUN/GRY HILL, a mountain of Ireland, in Munster, co.   HUNTIERSVILLE, a post-office of Lycominng co., Pennof Cork, 15 miles W.N.W. of Bantry; elevation, 2249 feet. sylvania.
From a lake on its summit descends a torrent in broken    HUNTERSVILLE, a small post-village, capital of Pocacascades, one of which is 700 feet in height.            hontas co., Virginia, 220 miles W.N.W. of Richmond, is situHUN/INGHAM, or HIONIINGHIIAM, a parish of England, ated between the Alleghany and Greenbrier Mountains.
co. of Warwick.                                            IIUNTERSVILLE, a post-village of Hardin co., Ohio, 82
HUNINGUE, hiiWn G1oG, (Ger. HLihningen, hiitning-gn,) a  miles N.W. of Columbus.
small frontier town of France, department of Haut-Rhin,   HUNTERSVILLE, a village of Miami co., Ohio, on the E.
on the left bank of the Rhine, 2 miles N.W. of Bkle, (Basel.) bank of Miami River, opposite Piqua. Pop. 225.
Pop. 1422. It was formerly an important stronghold, but   HUNTERSVILLE, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois.
its fortifications were demolished in 1816.              Pop. 513.
ILUNKIN, hoon-keen'?, a maritime town of Corea, on its    HUNTINGBURG, a post-office of Du Bois co., Indiana.
E. coast. Lat. 390 53' N., ion. 1270 30' E.                HUNTING CREEK, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia.
*IUNILEY'S CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Dubois    HUNTIINGDON or IUNTINGDONSHIRE, hantling-doncounty, into the Patoka River.                           shir, a small inland county of England, having W. and N.
HUNILOCK'S CREEK, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penn- the county of Northampton. Area, 241,690 acres, of which
sylvania.                                                about 220,000 are said to be arable and grass. Pop. in 1851,
HUN/IMANBY, a parish of England, co. of York, East 64,183. Surface in the W., S., and central parts, gently
Riding.                                                  varied; in the E. and N.E., fiat, forming part of the great
IHUNNERWASSER. See HUHNERWASSER.                       level of the Fens, and containing 3 meres, or lakes-Whit1IUNS/DON, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.       tlesea, Ramsey, and Ugg. Chief rivers, the Ouse and Nene.
HUNSE, hflinseh, (anc. Unsingis.) a river of the Nether- Agriculture in the Fens is in an advanced state. Horses
lands, provinces of Drenthe and Groningen, enters the  are extensively bred. The county comprises 4 hundreds.
Lauwer-Zee after a N.W. course of 50 miles.              Chief towns, IHuntingdon, Kimbolton, St. Ives, and St.
HUNtSHELF, a township of England, co. of York, West Neots. The county returns 2 members to the Ihlouse of
Riding.                                                  Commons. Huntingdonshire formed a part of the British
HUNSIHOVEN, (HIiinshoven,) hiinsrho-ven, a town of kingdom of the Iceni, and of the Saxon Mercia. It was
Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles N. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 637.  entirely under forest law till the reign of Henry 1I. David,
HUNISINGORE, a parish of England, co. of York, West Prince of Scotland, having married the heiress of the
Riding.                                                  Saxon Earls of Huntingdon, was created Earl in 1108, the
HUNtSLET, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West title continuing till 1219 in his family, one of whom is said
Riding, connected with Leeds by bridges across the Aire. to have been the famous outlaw, Robin Hood. Henry VIII.
Pop. in 1851, 19,466. It has important woollen manufac- gave the earldom to the Iastings family, with whom it still
tures,chemical works,potteries, andglass-works. The Leeds continues.
branch of the North Midland Railway terminates here..      HUNTIINGDON, a parliamentary and municipal borough
IUNISTANTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on  and market-town of England, capital of the above county,
the Lee, 9 miles W. of Burnham-Westgate. Here is a light- on the N. bank of the Ouse, here crossed by 3 bridges, conhouse, on a lofty cliff, in lat. 520 56' 54" N., Ion. 00 29' 30" E. necting it with the suburbs of Godmanchester, 17 miles N.W.
HUNS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         of Cambridge, on the Great Northern Railway. Pop. of parHUNSTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           liamentary borough, in 1851, 6219. The town has 2 ancient
HUNS&WORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West churches, a free grammar school, at which Oliver Cromwell
Riding.                                                  was partly educated, a green-coat school, a town-hall, with
HUNT, a, county in the N.E. part of Texas, has an area  assembly-room; a hospital, county jail, small theatre, baths,
of about 960 square miles. It is drained by tihe sou-ces of some traces of a castle built by Edward the Elder, in 917;
Sabine River. The surface is somewhat uneven. The county  several breweries, and considerable trade by the Ouse, in
contains fertile prairies, and has some timber. Named in  corn, wool, coals, and timber. It sends 2 members to the
honor of Memucan Hunt, minister from the Republic of House of Commons. In the vicinity are Brampton Park and
Texas to the United States. Capital. Greeuville. Pop. 1520, Hinchinbrooke House, the ancient residence of the Cromof whom 1479 were feee, and 41 slaves.                   well family. The protector Oliver was born in Huntingdon,
HUNTE, hb5n/teh, a river of Germany, in Hanover and  April 25th, 1599.
Oldenburg, rises in the marshes of Osnabriittck, flows tortu-   HUNTINGDON, a county in the S. central part of Pennously northward, and after a course of 90 miles, joins the  sylvania, has an area of 730 square miles. The Little JuWeser at Elsfieth, 17 miles N.W. of Bremen.  Principal niata and the Frankstone Branch unite in the N. part of
affluent, the Aire.                                      the county, which is also drained by the Raystown Branch,
HUNITER, a county of New South Wales. Area, 2056 and by the Great Aughwick and Standingstone Creeks. The
square miles. Capital, Jerry's Town. Pop. 1190.          surface is diversified by mountainous ranges and fertile
HUNITER, a post-township of Greene co., New York, 52 valleys, and is remarkable for the grandeur of its scenery.
miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 1849.                       Rich iron-mines are worked in thehighlands; stone coal is
HUNTER, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.            abundant on Broadtop Mountain; the surface rock of the
HUNTER, a post-office of Van Buren co., Michigan.      valleys is blue limestone. The county is intersected by the
HUNTER, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, about 90  Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad.  Organized in
miles N.W. of Chicago.                                   1787, and named from Huntingdon county, England. CapiHUNITERDON, a county in the N.W. central part of New  tal, Huntingdon. Pop. 24,786.                883




HUN                                                       HIUR
IIUNTINGDON, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvanlia,   ITUNTSIBURG, a post-village and township in the E. part
14 miles N.E. of Gettysburg. Pop. 1378.                   of Geauga co., Ohio, 170 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1007.
HUNTINGDON, a pleasant-post-bbrough in IHenderson   HI-UITStFELL,  a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
township, capital of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, is de-   I-IUNTSIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
lightfully situated on the left bank of the Juniata River,   HIUNTSHAW, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
and on the Central Railroad, 90 miles by turnpike, or 96    HUNT'S HOLLOW, a post-village of Livingston co., New
miles by railroad, W.N.W. of Harrisburg. The banks of the  York, about 240 miles W. of Albany.
Juniata are distinguished for bold and beautiful scenery.   HUNT'S MILL, of Ohio, a station on the Sandusky,
Large quantities of grain, iron, &c. are shipped at this point Mansfield, and Newark Railroad, 18 miles from Newark.
by the Pennsylvania Canal. A railroad 26 miles long ex-   HUNTS' STORE, a post-office ofGuilfordco., NorthCarolina.
tends from the borough to the coal-mines of Broadtop Moun-   IIUNTSIVILLE, a post-village of Litchfield  co., Contain. The town has a bridge across the Juniata, and con- necticut.
tains 6 churches, 1 academy, and 3 newspaper offices. This    HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylplace was formerly the site of an Indian town, called Stand- vania, about 115 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
ingstone. Incorporated in 1796. Pop.in 1850,1470; in 1853,   H-IUNTSVILLE, a village in Surrey co., North Carolina,
about 1800.                                                on Yadkin River, 125 miles WV.N.W. of Raleigh.
IHUNTINGDON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.   HUNTSVILLE, North Carolina, a station on the Raleigh
Pop. 1747.                                                 and Gaston Railroad, 10 miles N. of Raleigh.
HUNTINGDON, a post-village of Moreland township,    HUNTSVILLE, a post-office of Yadkin co., North Carolina.
Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on Pennypack Creek, 13    HUNTSVILLE, a village of Laurens district, South Caromiles N. by E. of Philadelphia.                            lina, 56 miles N.W. of Columbia.
HUNTINGDON, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., Ten-   HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Paulding co., Georgia, 11
nessee, 105 miles W. of Nashville. It has 2 academies, sup- miles E. of Van Wert, the county seat.
ported by a revenue firom public lands, and 9 stores.  Pop.   HIUNTSVILLE, a beautiful town, capital-of Madison co.,
about 500.                                                Alabama, on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 150
HUNTINGDON, a county of Canada East, bordering upon  miles N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa, and 116 miles S. by E. of Nashthe St. Lawrence on the N.W., and bounded on the E. by  ville. It contains many handsome brick buildings, among
the Sorel River, and on the S. by New York. It comprises  which is the court-house, erected at a cost of $45,000. The
an area of 488 square miles, and is traversed by two rail-  bank, a stone edifice, with an Ionic portico, cost about
ways, havingtheir N. terminus at Montreal.  Chief town, $80,000. There are 5 or 6 churches, a United States landLaprairie. Pop. 40,645.                                   office, 3 newspaper offices, and 2 female seminaries, one of
HUNTINGDON, a post-village of Canada East, co. of  which is estimated to cost at least $20;000. Pop. in 1854,
Beauharnois, 60 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains several about 4000.
stores and hotels. Pop. about 650.                           HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Choctaw co., Mississippi.
HUNTINGDONSHIRE, a county of England. See Hurr-    HUNTSVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Texas.
INGDON.                                                      IIUNTSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Walker
HUNTINGDON VALLEY, a post-office of Montgomery  co., Texas, on the road from Houston to Eastern Texas, 200
co., Pennsylvania.                                        miles E. by N. of Austin City. It is situated in a rich cotHUNTIINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    ton-planting region, and has an active business. The state
HUNTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.       penitentiary is located here. Two newspapers are published.
IHIUNTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North  Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
Riding.                                                     HUNTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Madison co., ArHUNTINGTON, a township of England, co. of Stafford.    kansas, 2 miles W. of War Eagle River, and 175 miles N.W.
HUNTIINGTON, a county towards' the N.E. part of In- of Little Rock.
diana, contains 384 square miles. It is drained by the    HUNTSVILLE, a post-office of Scott co., Tennessee.
Wabash and Salamonie Rivers. The surface is nearly level;    HUNTSVILLE, a village of Butler co., Ohio, 22 miles N.
the soil is deep and highly productive. Capital, Huntington.  by E. of Cincinnati.
Pop. 7850.                                                  HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, on the
HUNTINGTON, a post-village and township of Chittenden  railroad from Cincinnati to Sandusky, 61 miles N.W. of
co., Vermont, on the Huntington River, about 20 miles W. Columbus.
of Montpelier. Pop. 885.                                    HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, 7
HUNTINGTON, a post-township of Fairfield co., Con- miles S. S.W. of Anderson, has about 200 inhabitants.
necticut, on the W. side of the Housatonic River, about 18    HUNTSVILLE, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, 9 miles
miles W. of New Haven. Pop. 1301.                         S.W. of Winchester.
HUNTINGTON, a post-village and township of Suffolk co.,   HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Schuyler co., Illinois, on
New York, about 40 miles E.N.E. of New York. The town- the stage-route from Springfield to Warsaw, 80 miles W.N.W.
ship extends across Long Island, from the Sound to Great of the former.
South Bay. It is intersected by the Long Island Railroad. The    HUNTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Randolph co.,
village is situated on Huntington Bay, on the N. side of the  Missouri, 78 miles N. by W. of Jefferson City.
island. It has churches of 5 or 6 denominations, an aca-    HUNIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
demy, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. 7481.                    HUNYAD, hoon'yddl, (Hun. BHunyath, hoon'yit/,) a county
IHUNTINGTON, a post-village of Laurens district, South  in the S.W. part of Transylvania. Area, 2446 square miles.
Carolina, 82 miles N.WV.'of Columbia.                      Pop. 96,800.
HUNTINGTON, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1876.   HUON, hoofon, a river of Tasmania, which bounds the
HUNTINGTON, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1308. district of Hobarton, in Van Diemen's Land, on the S.W., and
HUNTINGTON, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 1173. joins D'Entrecasteaux Channel by an estuary 3 miles across.
H-IUNTINGTON, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1658.   HUON ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean, are a group N.W. of New
HUNTINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Hunt-  Caledonia.
ington co., Indiana, on Little River, 2 miles above the junc-    HURBEN, (I-HTiirben,) htir ben, a village of Bavaria, circle
tion with the Wabash, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal,  of Swabia, district of IKrumbach. Pop. 1171.
100 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. The fertility of the sur-   H-IURDA, hoos/di, a populous fortified town of Ilindostan,
rounding country, the navigation of the canal, and other 40 miles S.S.E. of Mysore, with a temple of Seeva.
facilities for trade, render this a placeof considerable busi-   HURDS/FIELD, a township of England, co. of Chester,
ness. A plank-road extends from this village to Liberty  forming a suburb of Macclesfield.
Mills, in Wabash county. Two newspapers are published    HURDITOWN, a post-office of Morris co., New Jersey.
here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1000.                      HURDWAR, htird'warf, (originally Joari-dooas-. " gate of
HUNTINGTON BAY, a small arm of Long Island Sound, Vishnu," or Gangi-dwar, "gate of the Ganges,") a town and
about 20 miles E.N.E. of New York City.                   famous place of pilgrimage of North Hindostan, presidency
HUNt/TINGTOWVN, a post-village of Calvert co., Maryland, of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, district, and 36 miles E. of
34 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis.                             Scharunpoor, on the Gauges, where it issues from the mounJIUNTILEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      tains. The town is small, but at the spring equinox the
HUNTLEY'S GROVE, a village of McI-Henry co., Illinois, largest fair in India is held here, attended annually by from
on the railroad between Chicago and Galena, 55 miles  200,000 to 300,000 persons, and every twelfth year by from
W.N.W. of the former.                                     1,000,000 to 1,500,000, and, according to some authorities,
HUNTILY, a burgh of barony, market-town, and parish  even 2,000,000 pilgrims and dealers.  Large numbers of
of Scotland, at the confluence of the Bogie and Deveron, co., horses, cattle, and camels, with Persian dried fruits, drugs,
and 34 miles N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. of the town, in 1851, and shawls, are brought hither from Nepaul, the Puojab,
3131. It has 2 bridges, a large market-place, several churches,  Afghanistan, and Bokhara.
3 branch banks, some linen bleach-works, and considerable   IJUREEKEE, hoo-reelkee', a village of the Punjab, on the
exports of agricultural produce. Huntly gives title to the  Sutlej, just below the influx of the Bens, 33 miles S. of Ampremier Marquis of Scotland, the chief of the Gordons, now  ritseer. Though small, it has an active trade, being on the
Dulke of Richmond.                                        route of nearly the whole traffic between the Punjab and
HUN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              the rest of Hindostan.
IUNTON, a township of England, co. of York, North    HURIEL, hti're-611, a village of France, department of Al.
4iding.                                                  lier, 7 miles N.W. of Montlugon.  Pop. in 1852, 2842.
884




IHUR                                                      HUS
HURIN, hoo-reenu, (?) a town of Persia; province of Irak-  Lake Erie, about 20 miles S. of Detroit. It is about 90 miles
Ajemee, district of Kermanshah, 30 miles N.W. of Zohab. long. In the upper part of its course, it is called Woodruff's
Here are massive remains of stone buildings of very high  Creek.
antiquity, and near it some rock sculptures.                HUR'REEPOREf, a town of Hindostan, in the Punjab, 73
HURLIBURT'S MILLS, post-office, Clinton co., New York. miles N.E. of Amritseer, in lat. 310 57' N., lon. 750 55' E.,
HURLIBURTVILLE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York. consisting of from 1000 to 1500 houses.
HUR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.              IHUIRIAL, hir-re-fll, a town of British India, presidency
HURILEY, a post-village and township in the N. central of Bengal, 78 miles N.W. of Dacca.
part of Ulster co., New York, about 55 miles S.S.W of Al-   HURRIANA, htir-re-Anu', an extensive district of No,-thbany. Pop. 2003.                                          west Hindostan, mostly comprised in the British presidency
HURL GATE. See HTELL GAe.                               of Bengal, Upper Provinces, but is partly the tributary of
IIUIRON, LAKE, formerly pronounced hu-ronf, the third  Rajpoot territory. Lat. 280 40' N., lon. 760 E. It derives its
in size of the five great lakes of North America, communi-  name from shurya, ("green,") it being a comparitively fertile
cating with the St. Lawrence River, lies between 430 and  tract, enclosed by a desert.
460 15' N. lat., and between 800 and 840 40' W. ion., being    HURIRICANE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South
bounded on the S.S.W. by the State of Michigan, and in  Carolina.
all other directions by Canada West, except where it re-   HURRiCANE, apost-village of Franklinparish, Louisiana.
ceives its supplies from Lakes Michigan and Superior, by    HURRICANE, a post-office of Conway co., Arkansas.
the Straits of Mackinaw and Saut St. Marie, and at its out-    HURRICANE, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee.
let by St. Clair River. It is divided into two unequal por-   HURRICANE, a township in Cumberland co., Illinois.
tions by a long peninsula named Cabot's Head, and the Mani-  Pop. 539.
touline chain of islands. The parts to the N. and E. are    HURRICANE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Illinois.
called Maniton (i. e. the Great Spirit) Bay, or the North    HURRICANE BRIDGE, a post-office, Putnam co.,Virginia.
Channel, and iManitouline Lake, or Georgian Bay. With    HURRICANE CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Santilla
the exception of these bodies of water and Saginaw Bay, the  River in Ware county. It is also called Tellfair Creek. Litoutline of Lake Huron approaches in form very nearly to a  tie Hurricane Creek enters it in the N. part of the same
crescent.  Its position, lengthwise, is about S.S.E. and  county.
N.N.W., and the distance from one extremity to the other,    HURRICANE CREEK, of Saline co., Arkansas, flows into
following the curve, does not vary much from 280 miles. Saline River.
The greatest breadth, exclusive of Georgian Bay, is 105    HURRICANE CREEK, in the W. central part of Tennesmiles; average breadth, 70 miles; estimated area, 20,400  see, rises in Dickson county, and, flowing S.W., enters Duck
square miles. The surface of the water is elevated 19 feet River in Humphreys county.
above Lake Erie, 352 feet above Ontario, and 600 feet above    HURRICANE CREEK, a post-office, Choctaw co., Alabama.
the level of the sea. The depth of Lake Huron is greater    HURRICANE CREEK, a post-office of Saline co., Arkansas.
than that of any other in the chain, averaging, probably, not   IHURRICANE CREEK, a post-office of Henderson co., Tenless than 1000 feet. Off Saginaw Bay, it is said that leads  nessee.
have been sunk 1800 feet, or 1200 feet below the level of the    HURRICANE GROVE, a post-office of Grant co., WisAtlantic Ocean, without reaching bottom. The waters are  cousin.
remarkably clear, especially towards the Straits of Mackinaw,    HUR'RIPAULt, (originally Haripala,) a town, or large
and very pure and sweet. It is to their peculiar trans- collection of hamlets of British India, presidency of Bengal,
parency that Dr. Drake attributes the fact, which he ascer- district, and 23 miles S.W. of Hoogly.
tained by actual experiment, that the temperature of the    IIURRUR or HOUROUR, hoorool, a walled town of
waters at the surface and 200 feet below the same spot East Africa, capital of a small state of the same name, in lat.
was precisely the same-56 degrees. The sun's rays pass 90 37k N., ion. 410 35' E., 150 miles S.S.W. Zeyla, in a verdant
through them as through a cloudless atmosphere, without valley, almost encircled by hills. It carries on an extensive
meeting with sufficient solid matter in suspension to elicit trade in slaves, coffee, ivory, ghee, ostrich-feathers, gums, &c.
heat. This lake is said to contain upwards of 3000 consider- The people are rigid Mohammedans; their language bears
able islands. It is the reservoir of numerous streams, and  an affinity to the Amharic, and they use the Arabic characits coast affords many fine harbors. Like most of the other  ter. No Christians are admitted within the walls.
lakes in the chain, it is subject to fearful storms, but its    HUR'RYHURI, a frontier town of South Hindostan, Mynavigation is not generally considered dangerous.          sore dominions, on the Toombuddra, 45 miles N.W. of ChitIhIURON, a county in the N. part of Ohio, has an area of  teldroog, in lat. 140 31' N., ion. 75 590 E.
464 square miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by Huron and    HURSILEY, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.
Vermilion Rivers, and also drained by Pipe and other creeks.   HURST, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Wilts.
The surface is nearly level; the soil is excellent, and highly    HURST, or FAW/KENHURST, a parish of England, co.
cultivated. The county is intersected by three railway lines, of Kent
viz. the Sandusky and Mansfield, the Cleveland and Colum-   HURST/BOURNE PRIIORS, a jparish of England, co. of
bus, and the Cleveland  Norwalk  and Toledo.  It was  Haunts.
formed in 1815, and named from Huron River. Capital, Nor-    BURSTBOURNE TAR/RANT, a parish of England, co. of
walk. Pop. 26,203.                                         Haunts.
IHURON, a new county in the E. part of Michigan, bor-   HURST CASTLE, a parish of England, co., of Haunts, 2~
dering on Lake Huron, contains about 570 square miles. It miles S.E. of Milford, on a remarkable natural causeway
is bounded on the N.W. by Saginaw Bay. The surface has  about 200 yards in breadth, running 2 miles into the sea,
but little elevation, and is mostly covered with forests, and approaching within 1 mile of the Isle of Wight. The
Pop. 210.                                                 castle, built by Henry VIII., became, in December, 1648, the
HURON, a post-village and township of Wayne co., New  prison of Charles I. On Hurst Beach are two light-houses,
York, on Lake Ontario and Sodus Bay about 40 miles E. by  in lat. 500 42' 23" N., ion. 10 32' 50" W.
N. of Rochester. Pop. 1966.                                 HURST MIONCEAUX, (mon'sS/,) a parish of England, co.
HURON, a post-village, lake-port, and township of Erie  of Sussex, 3 miles E. of Hailsham. Ilurst Monceaux Castle,
co., Ohio, on Huron River, at its entrance into Lake Huron, now a magnificent ruin, was formerly one of the finest and
111 miles N. by E. of Columbus. The village, about 10 miles most perfectly castellated mansions in the kingdom.
E. of Sandusky, contains 3 or 4 churches, and several ware-   HURST, OLD. a parish of England, co. of Ihants.
houses, and is the centre of an important trade. The ex-   HURST PIER/PONT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
ports in 1851 amounted in value to $581,676, and the imports    HURT'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Maury co., Tento $877,155. Huron has a good harbor, except that in some  nessee.
seasons sand accumulations take place at its mouth, which    HURUP, (ESTER, eslter hoo/roop, a fishing village of Denrequire removal in order to render access easy. A ship- mark, in Jutland, Cattegat, 21 miles S.E. of Aalborg. It
canal has been constructed from the port to Milan, a dis- has 12 feet of water at its quay, and the roads afford the
tance of 8 miles, and a railroad projected to connect with  best anchorage on the whole coast between the Lymfiord
the Sandusky and Mansfield Railroad. Pop. of the town- and Grenade.
ship in 1850, 1397.                                         IIUR/WORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Durham, on
HURON, a post-township in the S. part of Wayne co., the Tees, 32 miles S.S.E. of Darlington. 
Miichigan, is intersected by Huron River. Pop. 504.         HUSAVIK, hoo/s,-vik, a village of Iceland, on the E.
IhURON, a village in Des Moines co.. Iowa, on the W. side of Skjalfandi Bay, on the N. coast, which is here lined
bank of the Mississippi River, 55 miles S.E. of Iowa City.    by bold cliffs. It has manufactures of sulphur.
HURON, a county of Canada West, bordering upon Lake  IHUSBY, hoos/bii, a parish of Sweden, on the E. side of
Huron, comprises an area of 1392 square miles. Chief town, Lake Wener, having sulphurous baths.
Goderich. Pop. 19,198.                                      IIUSBY, a village of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, 61 miles
HURON RIVER, of Ohio, rises in the N. part of the state, S.E. of Flensburg.
and, flowing through HIuron and Erie counties, enters Lake   IHIUSCII, hoosh, a town of Moldavia, 47 miles S.E. of Yassy.
Erie at the village of Huron. A ship-canal has been opened  Here the treaty of the Pruth, between the Russians and
from the mouth of the river to Milan, 8 miles above.      Turks, was signed, in 1711.
HURON RIVER, of Michigan, rises among the small lakes    HUSH-EON, hflsh-s-on/, a town of China, province of
of Oakland and Livingston counties, flows south-westerly to  Quang-tong, on the S. side of the island of Hal-nan, about 3
Portage Lake, and, turning thence towards the S.E., enters  miles from Howi-Howe.  It is surrounded with walls of
885




HUS                                                      HYD
Orick and stone. 40 feet high by 30 feet thick, with a parapet roo, a commercial town of the Punjab. 28 miles E. of Attock,
4 feet high. Pop. of the town and suburbs, about 200,000.  on the route from Lahore. Lat. 330 50' N., ion. 720 45' E.
JIUSOWA, a town of Moravia. See DrsuSCH-nAAUSE.           HIUZAREH, h-4z/-reh, and EIMAUK  ('mawkli —alse
HUSSEINPOOR, hfls-shn-poorl, a town of British India, written EIMAK, A'mAkC,) COUNTRY, a mountainous region
presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, 62 miles E. of Delhi, of Central Asia, intheN. partof Afghanistan, mostly between
HUSSINETZ, hoostse-n~ts, or GUSSNITZ. g66stnits, a mar- lat. 310 30' and 370 N., and ion. 620 and 680 E., and estimated
ket-town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin, 75 miles S.S.W. of  to comprise 80,000 square miles, with a population of from
Prague. Pop. 1173. It is the birthplace of John iuss.     300,000 to 350,000. Surface wholly mountainous, and in some
HUSSINETZ, a village of Prussian Silesia, 18 miles N.E. parts 14,000 feet in elevation. The Moorghaub,  Ielmund,
of Reichenbach. Pop. 998.                                  Urghundaub, and other streams rise in this region. The
HUSSINGABAD, British India. See HosuNoAsAn.             inhabitants are of Mongol descent, very poor, and subject
HUS/THWAITE, a parish of England, co. of York, North  to their more powerful neighbors. They receive turbans,
Riding.                                                    cotton cloths, tobacco, dyes, and carpets, from  the rest of
HU/STISFORD, a thriving post-village and township of  Afghanistan, and rice, cotton, and salt, firom Toorkistan, in
Dodge co., Wisconsin, on Rock River, about 50 miles N.E. exchange for slaves, cattle, sheep, butter, strong woollens,
of Madison. The village has 2 stores, 2 mills, and perhaps  felt, sacks, grain, lead, and sulphur. Silver and copper ores
20 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 635.                   are met with, but no mines are wrought. Principal viiHUtSTON, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. P. 1174. lages, Ghore, Siri Pool, and Andkhoo.-Adj. and inhab.
HUSTON. a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. P. 375. EolsAux, A'mawkt, or EsaMAx, a'mAik, and IlUSIAnts.
HIUtSTONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Lincoln co.,   HVALOE, hv'/ll'eh, or HVALOEN, hv/ld'en, an island
Kentucky, on-Hanging Fork Creek, 53 miles S. of Frankfort. of Norway, stift of Nordland, in the Arctic Ocean, immeIt contains 5 stores, 2 churches, and 2 seminaries.        diately W. of Fromsbe. Lat. 690 35' N., ion. 180 30' E. Length,
HUSUM, hoolsb5m,'a seaport town of Denmark, duchy, from N. to S., 27 miles; breadth, 14 miles.
and 22 miles W. by S. of Sleswick, at the mouth of a small   RVALOER or HVALOERINE, hvbty-s-n~h, the name ofan
stream. It contains a fine modern Gothic church, an an- island group in the Skagerrack, at the entrance of the Chriscient castle, a normal school, and hospital, and has mann- tiania Fiord.
factures of tobacco, cotton prints, and woollen stuffs. It is   -IVEN or HVEEN, hvain, a Danish island, in the Sound,
the seat of considerable trade, though the harbor admits  8 miles S. ofElsinore, and long the residen ce ofthe astronomer,
vessels drawing only 7 feet water. Pop. 4000.             Tycho Brahe, the remains ofwhose observatory still exist here.
HUSUM, a village of Holland. See HuIzvuc.                  HVIDDING, hvid/ding, or HVITYNG, hvee/tting, a viiHUSZTHI, hoost, or KHUSZT, Koost, a village of East Hun- lage of Denmark, 6 miles S.S.W. of Ribe. It is memorable
gary, circle of Marmaros, at the junction of the Theiss with  as the place where, in 1137, King Erick Edmund was slain,
the Nagy-Ag, 28 miles W.N.W. of Szigeth. Pop. 4596.       while holding a judicial meeting or thing in the open air. 
HUTISKO, hoo-tistko, a village of iMoravia, 40 miles from  HVIDDINGSOE, hvid/dings-be0h, a small island of NorWeisskirchen. Pop. 940.                                   way, in the Bukkefiord, 13 miles N.W. of Stavanger. A
HUTNEE, a town of Hindostan. See HUTTANY.               light-house has been erected on its S. extremity.
HU/TOFT, or HIGH-TOFT, a parish, England, co. Lincoln.   HVITYNG, a village of Denm ark. See HlvIDINcG.
HUTISONVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, on    HWLFORDD, South Wales. See HAVERFORD, WEST.
the Wabash River, 130 miles E.S.E. of Springfield.          HYABARY, a river of South America. See JABAR~.
HUTTANY, hit/ta-nee', or HUT/NEE, a town of Hindos-   HYANINIS, a post-village, and an important seaport of
tan, province, and 44 miles W. by S. of Bejapoor, in lat. 160  Barnstable township, Barnstable co., Massachusetts, on
45' N., ion. 750 7' E. It carries on an extensive trade, chiefly  IIyannis Bay, at the terminus of the Cape Cod Railroad, 6
in grain, with Bombay, Surat, and other emporiums.         miles S. of Barnstable, and 70 miles S.E. of Boston. A breakIIUTTELDORF, (Hiitteldorf,) hiitttel-doafR, or UTELDORF, water constructed at the mouth ofthe harbor protects it firom
oot/91-doafx, a village of Lower Austria, on the Wien, 5 miles  the sea.
W. of Vienna. Pop. 1100.                                     HYAN!NIS LIGHT, on Point Gammon, at the entrance
HUTTENBERG, (Hiittenberg,) hiit/ten-bbnG', a market- of Hyannis Harbor, S. side of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It
town of Illyria, in Carinthia, 25 miles N.N.E. of Klagenfurth. is a fixed light, with an elevation of 70 feet above the level
HUTTENIIEIM, hiitttgn-himex, (Fr. pron. hiit/tin-6ml,)  of the sea. Lat. 410 38/ 20" N., lon. 700 15' W.
or HETTENEM, a village of France, department of Bas-   HYAPURA, a river of South America. See JAvaUA.
Rhin, arrondissement of Schelestadt. Pop. 2186.             HY/ATTSTOWN, a post-village of Montgomery co., MaryHUTTENRODE, (Htittenrode,) hiitlten-roldeh, a village of  land, on Bennett's Creek, 36 miles N.W. of Washington.
Brunswick, S.W. of Blankenburg.                             HY/ATTSVILLE, a post-village of Miami co., Ohio, on the
HUTTEN-STEINACH, (Hiitten-Steinach,) hiit/tn-stInxK, Miami Canal, 7 miles S. of Troy.
a village of Saxe-Meiningen, with iron-works.               HYBLA MAJOR. See PaTEaNO.
HUTITON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.               HYBY, a town of Hungary. See GEIB.
HUTTON, a parish ofEngland, co. of Somerset. It has a    HYCATU, a town ofBrazil. See IcATU.
beautiful church and a fine old manor hall                  HYCKIIHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
HUTTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.          HYCKHAM, SOUTI, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
HUTTON, a township of England, co. York, North Riding.   HY/CO, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
HUTTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on the    HYCO FALLS, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
Tweed, here crossed by a suspension bridge, 7 miles W.N.W.   IHIYC00/TEE, a small river, rises in Caswell co., North Caof Berwick. Hutton Hall is an interesting specimen of a  rolina, and enters the Dan River in Halifax co., Virginia.
border fortress, still entire.                               HIYDASPES. See JHYuvM.
HUT/TON BUSH/ELL, a parish of England, co. of York,   HYDE, a township of England, co. of Chester.
North Riding.                                               HYDE. a county in the E. part of North Carolina; area,
HUT/TON-wvTH-CORIRIE, parish of Scotland, co. Dumfries. estimated at 830 square miles. Pamlico Sound washes its
HUT/TON CRANSIWICK, a parish of England, co.. of  B. and S. borders, and it is intersected by Pango River. The
York, East Riding.                                        surface is level and extensively covered by lakes and swamps.
HUTTON-iN-THuE-FOREST, a parish of England, co. of Cum- This county was one of the original precincts of North Caroberland.                                                  lina, formed about 1729, and named in honor of Edward
HUT/TON MAG/NA, a parish of England, co. of York, Hyde, governor of the colony.  Capital, Swan Quarter.
North Riding.                                             Pop. 7636, of whom 5009 were free, and 2627 slaves.
HUT/TON'S-AM/,0,    a parish of England, co. of York,   HYDE, a post-office of Warren co., New York.
North Riding.                                               HYDE/PARK, a post-village and township, capital of LaH-IUT/TONSVILLE, a post-village of Randolph co., Vir- moille co.. Vermont, on the road from Troy to Waterbury,
ginia, 200 miles N.W. of Richmond.                        28 miles N. of Montpelier. The village contains a courtHUTTWEIL, HUTWEIL, hoot/wile, or HUTTWYL, hoot- house, a jail, I church, 3 stores, 2 taverns, I saw mill, and
*il: a walled town of Switzerland, canton, and 22 miles N.E. various manufacturing establishments. Pop. about 250; of
of Bern. Pop. 3092.                                       the township, 1107.
HUXIHAM,  a parish of England, co. of Devon.              HYDEPARK, New York, a station on the Long Island
IHUY, hoi, a fortified town of Belgium, province, and 17  Railroad, 17 miles E. of New York.
miles S.W. of Liege, with which it communicates by rail-    HYDE/PARK, a thriving post-village and township of
way, and on the Meuse, here crossed by a stone bridge.  Dutchess co., New York, on the E. bank of the Hudson
Pop. 8211. It is enclosed by heights, and has a citadel, River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 6 miles N. of
college, numerous iron-works and breweries, with tile, paper, Poughkeepsie, and 66 miles S. of Albany. The village conleather-, glue, and other ifactories, and an active trade in corn. tauins Episcopal, Methodist, and Dutch Reformed churches,
HUYLER'S, New York, a station on the Erie Railroad, 13  several academies or seminaries, and many fine country
miles from New York.                                      seats. It has a steamboat landing. Pop. of the township, 2425.
HUYSSE, hois/seh, a village of Belgium, province of East   HYDEPARK, a thriving post-village of Luzerne co., PennFlandeis, 11 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 4228.              sylvania, on the Lackawanna River, and on the Lackawanna
HUYTON, hilton, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, and Western Railroad, 1 mile N. of Scranton, and 126 miles
on the Manchester and Liverpool Railway, 5  miles E. of N.E. of Harrisburg. It is situated about half a mile fiom
Liverpool.                                               the river, in a rich farming district, and has extensive mines
IIUZARA, htz1-A-r, IIUZRAH, hilztrth, or HUZROO, hizf- of coal in the vicinity. The Pennsylvania Coal Company's
886




HYD                                                        IBE
railroad extends from this place to the Lackawaxen Canal.   HYDRUNTUM. See OTRANTO.
Many persons are employed here in the iron business. Pop.   HYERES or HIEIRES, he-airY, (anc. Arce f and Hieros?) a
in 1853. about 1300.                                      town of South France, department of Var, capital of a canHYDERABAD. See NIZAM'S DOMINIONS.                       ton, 10 miles E. of Toulon. It is beautifully situated on a
IIYDERABAD, hl'der-a-bAdt, written also HYDRABAD, declivity facing the Mediterranean, and has many good
a fortified city of India, capital of the Nizam's dominions, on i houses and-hotels. The town-hall has a column, with a
the Musah or Mussey, a tributary of the Kistnah, here bust of Massillon, a native of Hybres. It has manufactures
crossed by a large stone bridge. Lat. 17~ 20' N. ion. 78~ 33' of silk twist, essences, and oil, an active trade in fruits and
E. Pop., including suburbs, estimated at 200,000, compris- salt, and the ruins of an old castle. Pop. in 1852, 9999.
ing Rohillas, Arabs, Afghans, Patans, and mostly Moslems,   HY]RES, ISLES OF, (anc. Stelchades Maejoeres,) a group
this having long been the stronghold of Mohammedanism  of small, arid, and uncultivated islands of France, departin the Deccan. The city, about 4 miles in length by 3 miles ment of Var, in the Mediterranean, in front of the Bay of
in breadth, is enclosed by a stone wall, and irregularly laid  Hylres. They are defended by several forts. The chief isout. The streets are narrow, crooked, and ill-paved. The lands are Porquerolles, (po k'rollS,) Port Cros, Bagneau, (biln'houses are mostly of wood, and of only one story, but there  yot,) and Titan.
are some rich, noble residences, containing collections of   HYKUILZIE or HIYKULZYE, hi-klUl-zeet, a large walled
pictures, natural curiosities, and European porcelain, and  town of Afghanistan, 35 miles N. of Shawl, on the route to
one'handsomely fitted up in the European fashion. The Candahar. Here, on April 28, 1842, the troops under Geneprincipal public buildings are the Nizam's Palace, the " Four ral England, routed the Afghans, and forced a passage to
Minarets," and numerous other mosques. Outside of the  Candahar.
city, on the road to the British station of Secunderabad, 3 miles    HYMETTUS, (hl-metlttis,) MOUNT, a famous mountain
N., is the royal cannon foundry; also a magnificent resi-. of Greece. government of Attica, 41 miles E.S.E. of Athens.
dence, formerly that of the British representative, and some  Height, 2680 feet. The honey collected here has been fa-.
other fine country seats. Among the curiosities of Hydera, mous from remote antiquity to the present time.
bad, is the Nizam's regiment of women, who perform  all   HYNDSIVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New York,
military duties the same as men. The territory, of which  44 miles W. of Albany.
this is the capital, will be described under NIZAM'S DOMINIONS.   HYON, hee'6NG/ or hlfon, a village of Belgium, province
HYDERABAD or HYDRABAD, a town and fortress of  of Hainaut, 2 miles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 1163.
Hindostan, capital of Sinde, on a rocky eminence between the    HYPANIS. See BUG.
Indus, 4 miles W., and the Fulailee Branch, three quarters    HYPHASIS. See GHARA and BEAs.
of a mile to the E. Lat. 25~0 22' N., ion. 680 22' E. Pop. es-   IIYPSAS or HYPSA, a river of Sicily. See BELzI.
timated at 20,000. The fortress, having brick walls flanked    HYRCANIA, hir-kalne-a, an ancient country or province
by large round towers, comprises the Ameer's Palace, a ma- of Central Asia, lying S.E. of the Caspian Sea. Here the
sive keep, some mosques, and together with the open town, Parthian kings often residedin summer.-Adj. HYRCANaN,
about 5000 mud houses. On the N. part of the eminence is hir-kalne-an.
a large cemetery, in which is the fine mausoleum of Gholam    HYSfSINGTON, a parish of England and North Wales,
Shah. The maufacture of arms of superior quality, embroi- cos. of Salop and Montgomery.
dered silk and cotton fabrics, and leather, is stated to oc-  IHYTHE, hiTH, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
cupy one-fifth of its inhabitants.                        market-town and parish of England, and one of its cinque
HIYDE;SBURG, a post-village of Rails co., Missouri, 90  ports, co. of Kent. near the English Channel, and having a
miles N.E. of Jefferson City.                              station on the South-eastern Railway, 11 miles W.S.W. of
HYDE SETITLEMENT, a post-village of Broome co., New  Dover. Pop. 2265. The town, in a pleasant valley, near the
York, about 130 miles W.S.W. of Albany.                   E. end of Romney Marsh, about 4 mile from the sea, has
HIIYDEVILLsiE, a post-village of Rutland co., Vermont, on  many curious ancient houses, an elegant cruciform church,
the Saratoga and WashingtonRailroad, 5 miles S. of Rutland. a hospital, founded in 1836, another ancient hospital, a
HYDRA. hee'drA, or IDRA, eeldrA, an island of Greece; off  county-hall, borough'jail, a theatre, library, and branch
the E. coast of the Morea, and forming, with the Island of  bank; on the beach, which is higher than the town, a line
Poros, a government comprising 56 square miles, and about of strong martello towers. Hythe was anciently a port of
23,000 inhabitants. Area of the island, 38 square miles. great importance, but its harbor has been entirely destroyed
Pop. about 20,000. It is a mere barren rock, but on its N.'by the immense mass of shingle here thrown up, and it has
side is a handsome and clean city, with a population of  now only one open beach, from whence, however, vessels
12.600 persons, 3 small harbors, and an active general trade. often sail for France, the passage to Boulogne being nearer
HYDRABAD. See HYDERABAD.                                than from Dover. It is also a fashionable resort'for seaHYDRAOTES. See RAVEE.                                   bathing. The borough sends 1 member to the House of
HYDRAUILIC MILLS, a post-village of Albemarle co., Commons.
Virginia, 100 miles W.N.W. of Richmond.                     HYTHE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
HYDRON, hee/dron, an island between Hydra and the    HY URUHA, a river of Brazil. See JURUA.
mainland, 4 miles in length, by 2 miles across.             HYUTAHY, a river of Brazil. See JUTAY.
I.8J- Names in Eastern Europe and Asia, beginning with    IBEIT. See OBEID.
I, followed immediately by a vowel, will generally be found    IBERA or YBERA, e-bahr/, a marshy lake, or rather series
under Y, thus, for IAxKOUTSe, see YAxIOOTSaK; IALPOUIH, see of lakes, in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) province of
Corrientes, between the rivers Parann and Uraguay, exYALPOO0KH; IAMPOL, see YAMPOL; IANA, see YANA, &C. &C.    tending from near lat. 29~0 30' to near 30~ S., and from Ion.
IADERA or IADER. See ZARA.                              560 30' to near 59~ W.
IAGATEI. See TETUAN.                                   IBERIA, i-beefre-a, the ancient name of Spain.-Adj.
IATINUM. See MEAUX.                                     and inhab. IsERaAN, i-beetre-an.
IBA, eetb/, a village of Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder   IBERIA, a country of Asia. See GEORGIA.
Hessen, circle of Rottenburg. Pop. 1282.                    IBEtRIA, a post-village of Morrow co., Ohio, 48 miles N.
IBA, eetb&, a town of the PhilippineIslands. in Luzon, capi- of Columbus, and 1 mile from the Cleveland and Columbus
tal ofthe province ofZambales,80 miles N.W. of Manila. P.4130. Railroad.
IBABA, e-btrb&, a town of Abyssinia, in Amhara, 70 miles   IBERIA, a post-village of Miller co., Missouri, 40 miles S.
S. by W. of Gondar, on the S. shore of Lake Dembea. In  by W. of Jefferson City.
extent and riches it nearly equals Gondar.                  IBEtRI AN MOUNTAINS, a general appellation sometimes
IBAGUE, e-b/gA, or IBAQUE, e-baki a town of South  applied to the mountains in the central and E. parts of Spain.
America, in New Granada, department offCundinamarca, 70   IBERIAN  PENINSULA, the S.W. portion of Europe,
miles W. of Bogota. Pop. 5000. (?)                        comprising Spain and Portugal.
IBAR, ee'barl, or HIBAR, hee'bart, a river of European    IBERUS. See EBRo.
Turkey, falls into the Morava. Let. 430 25' N., lon. 20~45' E.   IBERYILLE, lVber-vil, a parish in the S.E. central part of
IBARRA, e-baRnaR, a town of South America, in Ecuador, Louisiana, contains 450 square miles. It is bounded on the
50 miles N.N.E. of Quito, at the N. foot of the volcano of  WV. by Atchafalaya Bayou. and the Mississippi washes the
Inrbaburu. It is in a fertile region, well built, and many  S.E. border. The surface is flat, and subject to inundation.
years ago was estimated to have 12,000 inhabitants.       Cultivation is confined to the banks of the streams, which
IBAIRRA. a village of the Mexican Confederacy, in Jalisco, are the highest parts of the parish. In 1850 this parish
45 miles N. of Aguas-Calientes.                           produced 23,208 hogsheads of sugar and 1,310,750 gallons
IBARRA ZALGO, e-baRa/R  thdltgo, a town of Spain, pro- of molasses. The quantity of molasses was greater than
vince of Alava. Pop. 796.                                 was produced in any otherparish or county of the United
IBBENBUREN, (Ibbenbhiren,) iblben-bii'ren, a town of  States, and that of sugar greater than in any except St.
Prussia, Westphalia, 21 miles N.N.E. of Miinster. P. 2020.  Mary's parish, Louisiana. Capital, Iberville. Pop. 12,278,
1B/BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.          of whom 3672 were free, and 8606 slaves.
887




IBE                                                        ICIH
IBERVILLE. a post-village, capital of Iberville parish, volcanoes in Iceland, 8 of which have been active within a
Louisiana, on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, about century. The most destructive volcanic eruptions on record
90 miles above New Orleans.                                were those of 1294, 1341, 1636, 1693, 1781, and the eruption
IBI, es-seef, a town of Spain, province, and 23 miles N.W. of Hecla, from September 2, 1845, to April 6, 1846, on which
of Alicante. Pop. 2988.                                    occasion the ashes reached the Orkney Islands. The island
IBIAPABA, e-be-A-p~ibA, I-IBBIAPPABA, IIBIAPPABA, also contains numerous small mud-volcanoes and intermithib-e-Ap-piVbA, or BIAPINA, be-A-pee'ng, a mountain chain  tent thermal springs, in the chief of which, the Great Geyser,
of Brazil, stretching from E. to W., in the province of Ceara. (ghIIzer,) the water, at a depth of 72 feet, is 300 above the
It is divided into the mountains of Biapina, Boavista, Bori- boiling point. Jets of water and stones are thrown at intertana, B1cos, &c.                                            vals from this Geyser to heights varying from 90 to 100 feet.
IBICUI, e-be-kweet, a river of South America, rises in the The immense reservoirs of snow and ice furnish inexhaustible
S.W. of the province of Saio-Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, in Brazil, supplies to numerous lakes and rivers; but the latter, owing
enters Uruguay, and joins the Uruguay at Yapeyu, in lat. to the rugged nature of the surface, are more remarkable for'U90 20' S.. after a course of about 400 miles.             their number than their length. The most deserving of
IBITURUNA, a village of Brazil. See Boi-SuccESo.          notice are the Hvit&, or White River, the Thiors',  the
IBIZA, one of the Balearic Islands. See IvlA..            Jokuls&i, and the Skilfjandafljot. The last two have each a
IBO, a town of Guinea. See ABoH.                          course of about 100 miles. The I-Ivitd and the Thiorsd are
IBO, eetbo, one of the Querimba Islands, in Mozambique  each about 150 miles in length. Both these rivers are as
Channel. Lat. (N.W. part) 120 20' S., Son. 400 38' E.       large 60 miles from the sea as the Hudson at Poughkeepsie.
IBO, a town on the above island. See OIno.               The most valuable mineral product is sulphur; surturbrand,
IBOS, eelbost, a market-town of France, department of or lignite, is also worked to some extent. The other minerals
Hautes-Pyrlnues, 4 miles W. of Tarbes. Pop. in 1851, 2047. deserving of notice are chalcedonies, rock-crystals, and the
IBRAH, eefbrg or ibtr~, an old town of Arabia, in Oman, well-known double refracting spar, for which the island has
dominions of, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Muscat. It has many  long been famous. On many parts of the coast, particularly
good houses, which are fortified and highly adorned.       the W., basaltic caves occur; that of Stappen is not unworthy
IBRAHEEM  or IBRAHIM, ib'rA-heem/, (anc. Adolnis,) a to be compared with Fingal's Cave, in Staffa.
rivulet of Syria, pashalic of Tripoli, enters the Mediterranean    The climate is very variable; storms of extreme violence
about midway between that city and Beyroot. It is con- are frequent; the summer is moist; in winter the sky is
nected in ancient mythology with the death of Adonis, or dark and gloomy, but lighted up by brilliant displays of the
Thammuz.                                                   aurora borealis. The temperature is more elevated than in
IBRAHEEM  or IBRAHIM, a river of Persia, province of  any other country in the same latitude: mean of year at
Kerman, enters the Persian Gulf at its mouth, 20 miles E. Reikiavik, 400 Fahrenheit; of the summer, 560; and of the
of Ormus (or Ormuz.) after a N. course of 75 miles.        winter, 290.30. The S. coasts, washed by a prolongation of
IBRAIL, IBRAILA or IBRAHIL. See BAHILOV.                 the Gulf Stream, are much milder than the N., and generally
IBRIM. ib'reemt, (anc. Preemnis?) a decayed town of Nubia, free from ice. Forests formerly abounded, but the island is
upon a rocky height, on the Nile, 12 miles S.W. of Derr.   now destitute of trees. The want of fuel is severely felt,
IBROS, or IBROS DEL REY, eesbroce d~l rat, a town of although the Gulf Stream and the polar currents occasionally
Spain, province, and 19 miles N.N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 3650.   float drift-wood to its shores. and a fine white turf is used.
IBSITZ, ip/sits, a market-town of Lower Austria, near the  No grain of any ]rind can be raised: but potatoes and garden
Pr~lling, which here forms a large waterfdll.  It has exteu- vegetables are cultivated.  The flora of Iceland Is nearly
sive manufactures of iron and steel, and a marble quarry, allied to that of Scandinavia, comprising mosses and a few
Pop. 3000.                                                  shrubs. The most important domestic animal is the sheep,
IBISLEY, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.         which, with the horse, ox, pig, and dog, was introduced
IB'STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.         fi-om Norway during the last century. The number of the
IBURG, eelbOOaR, a market-town of Hanover, 8 miles S. first is estimated at 606,000, of horses, 20,000, and of horned
of Osnabrtick. Pop. 976.                                    cattle, 24.000. Reindeer, introduced in 1770, now exist in
IqA or IZA, eefs/, a town of Peru, capital of a province of large herds, but are not domesticated. The polar bear is
its own name, in the department of Lima, 168 miles S.S.E. of sometimes cast on the shores from the northern ice-fields.
Limsa, near the Pacific Ocean. Pop. 6000;(?) of the province, Fish are very abundant on all the coasts, and form the chief
in 1850, 41,500.                                           support of the inhabitants. Birds are very numerous, the
1A, a tributary of the Amazon. See PUTUMAvo.            most valuable of which is the eider-duck. No reptiles of any
ICARIA or ICARUS. See NIoARIA.                           kind exist in the island. There are few manufactures; and
ICATU or HYCATU, e-k-toof, a town of Brazil, province, the only commerce consists in the exchange of wool, butter,
and 52 miles S.E. of Maranhao, on the Monim.               skins, fish, oil, sulphur, and Iceland moss. The trade has
ICCO, a town of Brazil. See Ice.                         hitherto been restricted to Icelandic and Danish vessels;
ICCOMIBE, illk'km, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. but, by a law of 1854, the ports of Reikiavik, Stykkisholm,
ICELAND, iss/land, (called Island, eesfl~nd, by the na- Westman Islands, Akreyri, Isafiord, (Isafiorth,) and Seydistives; Ge-. Island,a'lsqlnt; Dutch, Ijsland or Yslancd, is'l[nt; fiord, are now open to the commerce of the world.
Sp. Islanda, ees-linfd&; Fr. Islande, eesoSNdf; L. ITslanldia,)    The inhabitants belong to the Scandinavian race. Their
an island belonging to Denmark, situated between the North  language is peculiar tothe island; it is more nearly allied
Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans, distant 130 miles from the  to the old Norse than any other now spoken.  They are
S.E. coast of Greenland, and about 850 miles W. of Norway, strongly attached to their country, and hospitable to
extending between lat. 63c 24' and 660 33' N., and lon. 130 strangers. Iceland College, with 8 professors and about 80
31' and 240 17' W. Greatest length, from  E. to W. 300  students, is the only educational institution, except a few
miles; central breadth, about 200 miles; area, 40,000 square  schools; but domestic education is universal, and the people
miles. The coast-line, for a considerable extent on the S.E., are intelligent. Their ibtellectual capacity is of a superior
is almost unbroken; but in all other directions it presents order;  Many of the::most valuable works of European
a continued succession of deep bays or fiords, and jutting  literature have been translated into the native tongue;
promontories.  One of the most remarkable of the latter is and even the poems of Milton are read and appreciated
a large peninsula in the N.W., which stretches out between  at many of the cottage firesides. The Reformation was
two bays 80 miles into the ocean, expanding, in its greatest early introduced into Iceland, and has nowhere produced
breadth, to about 80 miles, though the isthmus connecting nobler firuits.  Almost all the inhabitants hold its doctrines
it with the main part of the island is scarcely five miles in their primitive purity and simplicity. In external prowide. The water along the coast is generally very deep, fession they are Lutherans, the whole island forming a single
and the bays furnish a great number of natural harbors, bishopric. The civil division is. into 20 syshlr or counties.
with good anchorage and complete shelter; but the naviga- The governor, called Stiftamtman, is appointed by the king
tion is rendered dangerous by vast numbers of rocky islets of Denmark. The Altithing, or legislative body, composed of
which line the shores. The interior of the island has, for 26 members, (one from  each syslur, and six appointed by
the most part, a very wild and desolate appearance, being the crown,) meet once in two years at Reikiavik.  All its
covered by lofty mountain masses, of volcanic origin, many  acts must be ratified by the king.
of them crowned with ilerpetual snow and ice, which, stretch-   Iceland was first discovered by a Norwegian pirate in 870,
ing down their sides into the intervening valleys, form in- but was not permanently settled till a century after. The
mense glaciers. These icymountains, which takethecommon  settlement continued to increase rapidly by the arrival of
name of Jdikull or JXkul, have their culminating point in  new settlers; and in the beginning of the tenth century
Oerifajijkull, near the S.E. coast; lat. 640 0' 48" N., lon. 160 the inhabitants formed themselves into a republic, which
45' 31" W.; height, 6409 feet. The Snlifell, near the W. existed for nearly 400 years. In the thirteenth century it
coast, is 5965 feet in height; and Eyjafjalla Jbkull, in the  became subject to Norway, and. through it, in 1380, to DenS., 5579 feet in height. Hecla, (or Hekla,) the noted-volcano, mark, with which it still remains. Pop. in 1703. 50,444; in
is 5110 feet in elevation. The Skaptar Jikull occupies an im- 1804, 46,349; in 1843, 57,180; and in 1851, 60,000.-Adj.
mense tract inthe S.E. part of the island. The glaciers cover IcCANIDIC; inhab. IcsLANDER..
a surface of upwards of 4000 square miles; they exist in all   ICE'S FERRY, a post-office of Mvonongalia co., Virginia.
the mountains above 4000 feet in elevation. and extend down   ICH/AWAY-NOCHIIAWAY CREEK, a fine mill-stream of
to the sea. The greatest mass of ice is in the S.E. of the Georgia, enters Flint River in Baker county.
island; and this region has for centuries been the scene of   ICIHAWUR, e-chawtler, a town of Hindostan, dominion,
the most violent volcanic eruptions. There are 30 known  and 32 miles S.W. of Bhopaul, comprising about 1000 houses.
888




IC1I                                                           IGL
iCIENHAUSEN, iKWgn-hdw'zen, a m.rket-town of Ba- the Chiese, an affluent of the Po; and it has on its W. side
garia, on'the Giinz. 6 miles S.E. of Giinzbur.   Pop. 2573.   the fortress of Rocca d'Anfo.
ICIIENIHEIMI, iKfen-hlmex, a village of Baden, circle of    IDSTEDT, idtstitt, a village of Denmark, duchy, and 5
Middle Rhine, near the Rhine. Pop. 1251.                      miles N.N.W. of Sleswick.  A battle was fought here in
ICHIIEPUCKESAS/SA, a post-office of Hillsborough co., 1850, between the Danes and Sleswick-Holsteiners.
Florida.                                                        IDSTEIN, idestine, a town of Germany, duchy of Nassau,
ICIITERGHEM, iK/ter-Ghhmn, a village of Belgium, pro- 15 miles N. of Mointz.  Pop. 1987.
vince of West Flanders, 12 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 5659.   IDUMREA, id-u-meela, or IDUIME, an ancient country
ICI-ITERSHAUSEN, iK/ters-h6w'zen, a market-town of Ger-  of Western Asia, comprising the mountainous tract on the
many, duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 12 miles E.S.E. of Gotha, E. side of the great valleys of E1-Ghor and El-Arabah, and
on the Gera. Pop. 789.                                        W. and S.W. of the Dead Sea, with a portion of Arabia. It
ICIt-ILI, a pashallc of Asia Minor. See IRCHELEE.          is divided into the two districts of Jebal and Esh-Sherah,
ICIILIM AN, a town of European Turkey. See ITCHLIMANI. both occupied by various tribes of Bedouin Arabs.- Adj.
ICKIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           and inhab. oIDUo  AN, id-u-meelan.
ICKIENIAM, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.             IDUMANIA, a river of England.  See BLACK WVATER.
ICKESBURG, ikslburg, a post-village of Perry co., Penn-    IDVOR, id'vorl, a village of IIungary, in Banat, on the
sylvania, 40 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.                      Tomes, 51 miles S.WV. of Temesvar.  Pop. 2300.
ICKIFORD, a parish of England, cos. of Bucks and Oxford.    IEDO, a city of Japan. See YEDDO.
ICKIHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                   IEKATERINBURG, in Russia.  See YEKATERINBOORG.
ICKLEFORD, ik.el-ford, a parish of England, co. of Herts.   IRKATERINODAR.  See YEKATERINODAR.
ICKLESIIAM, iktelz-am, a parish of England, co. of    IEKATERINOGRAD.  See YEKATERCINOGRAD.
Sussex.                                                         IEKATERINOSLAV, in Russia.  See YEKATEIRINOSLAV.
ICKLETON, ik/el-ton, a parish, England, co. pf Cambridge.   IELETZ, a city of Russia. See YELETS.
ICKtLINGHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           IELISAVETGRAD. See YELISAVETGRAD.
ICKWIVORTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.              IELSI, e-tllsee, a town of South Italy, in Naples, province
ICO or ICCO, ee'ko, a town of Brazil, the most mercantile  of Molise, 9 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2200.
and populous of the province of Ceara, on the Salgado,    IENIDJE.  See YENIDJE.    IENIKALI.  See YENIKceu.
near its junction with the Jaguamribe, 32 miles N.N.E. of    IERNE.  See IRELhAND.            IENISEI.  See YENIsEI.
Crate. Pop., including the district, 7000.                      IESI or JESI, e-Alsee, (anc. fElsis,) a walled town of Italy,
ICOD, ee-kodl, or FED DE LOS VTINOS, f d dA loce veenf-  in the Pontifical States, 15 miles S.W. of Ancona, on the left
yoce, a town on the W. coast of the island of Teneriffe, in  bank of the Esino. Pop. 9000. It is a bishop's see.
the Canaries. Pop. 5479.                                        IESI. See YESso. IETZE. See JETZE. IEYST. See YEvsT.
I-COLM-KILL, in the Hebrides, Scotland.  See IONA.            IF, eef, an islet off the S. coast of France, department of
ICONIUiM.  See KONIEe.                                      Bouches-du-Rhn ne, opposite Marseilles, and wholly occupied
ICOINIUM, a post-office of Appanoose co., Indiana.          with a fortress.  It owes its name to the yews (ifs) with
ICULISMA.  See ANooULeeSME.                                 which it was originally covered.
ICY CAPE, Russian America, in the Arctic Ocean, about    IFFENDIC, eef'f6Ndeekfl, a market-town of France, demidway between Capes North and Lisburne, and the north-  partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 4 miles W. of Montfort. P. 4464.
erly point reached by Cook, in 1778. Lat. 700 20' N., ion.    IFFEZHIEIM, iflflts-hime', or IFFESHEIM, ifffes-hnme',
1610 46' W.                                                   a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Rhine, the
IPDA, a new county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa, has an  steamboats on which have a station here. Pop. 1366.
area of about 400 square miles. It is traversed by the    IIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Inyan Yankey, or Little Sioux River, an affluent of the    IFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Missouri. It is not included in the census of 1850.             IFLANEE or IFLANI, e-fli/nee, an upland region of Asia
IDA, a post-office of Monroe co., Michigan.                 Minor, in Anatolia, S.E. of Amaserah, with a mean elevation
IDA, (Ilda) MOUNT, (Turk. Kaz-Tagh, khz-t9g,) a famous  to 2500 feet, and in which are the two villages of Ifianee of
nmountain of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, near the head of the  Kastamoonee, and Ifianee of Zafaran Boll.
Gulf of Adramyti, and 30 miles S.E. of the plain of Troy.    IFILEY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Lat. 366 12' N., ion. 260 514 E.                                IFIORD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
IDA, MOUNT, of Crete.  See PSILoRATI.                         IFITON, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
IDA, NAGY, nddj-eefdth', a market-town of North Hun-    IFTON-RHEIYN, (rio.) a township of England, co. of Salop.
gary, co. of Aba-ujvar, 9 miles S.S.W. of Kashau. Pop. 1732.   IGA, eelgA, a seaport town of Japan, island of Niphon,
IDANHA-NOVA, e-d n'y&-notvi, a town of Portugal, pro- capital of a district of its own name, on the W. coast of the
vince of Beira, 13 miles E. of Castello-Branco. Pop. 2200.    Bay of Owamri, 100 miles E.S.E. of Miako.
IDAR, eeldar, a village of Germany, duchy of Oldenburg,    IGAL, ee'g011, a market-town inIHungary,  co. of Sumegh,
near Oberstein.  Pop. 1312.                                   34 miles N.N.W. of Fiinfkirchen.  Pop. 1560.
IDtBURY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.                  IGATIMI, e-gh-te-mee, a river of South America, joins
IDDAH, a town of Guinea. See ATTAiS.                        the right bank of the Parana, in lat. 240 40' S., after a
IDfDESLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             winding course of about 200 miles. Its navigation is much
IDE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                     obstructed by cataracts, no fewer than 20 occmurring within
IDIEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                a space of 20 miles.
IDEGEM, ee'de-ghlm', a village of Belgium, East Flanders,    IGEA or IXEA, e-HAIA, or IGEA DE CORNAGO, e-u/,{ dA25 miles S.S.E. of Ghent, on the Dender. Pop. 1217.           koR-nl/:4o, a town of Spain, on the Alhama, province, and
IDEN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                  35 miles S.E. of Logroflo.  Pop. 1910.
IDIAZABAL, e-De-A-thg-bl-f, a town of Spain, province of    IGEL, eetghel, at town of Rhenish Prussia, government,
Guipuzcoa, 27 miles S. of San Sebastian. Pop. 1087.           and 5 miles S.W. of Troves, near the left bank of the Moselle.
IDINSK, e-dinsk., a village or town of Siberia, government,  Pop. 411.
and 80 miles N.W. of Irkootsk, on the Angara.                   IGELITEIM, eelgl-hImeO, or IGGELHEIM, ig/ghel-hhme',
IDJENG, id-jhngf, an active volcano at the E. end of the  a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 7 miles N.W. of Speyer. Pop.
island of Java, province of Bezoeki, 10,170 feet high. A  1156.
fearful eruption of the mountain took place in January, 1817.   IGITERMURROCH, ~u'ter-mlRRIroH, a parish of Ireland,
IIDLE, a river of England, co. of Nottingham, after a  MlIunster, co. of Cork.
N.E. course, joins the Trent at West Stockwith.                 IGHTFIELD, iktlfeeld, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
IDLE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding.        IGHTHAM, ikt'am a parish of England, co. of Kent.  In
IDLESTREE, a parish of England.  See ELSTREE.               the vicinity is an old moated mansion, and extensive Roman
IDILICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.             fortifications.
IDIMISTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                 IGILIUM.  See GoGLo.
IDRA, an island of Greece. See HYD.RA.                        IGLAU, ig/l1w, written also IGLAW  and GIIIAWLA,
IDIRIA, idfre-a or eeldre-3, a river of Austria, in Carniola, ghe-helv/lh, (L. Iglacvia,) a town of Moravia, on the Iglawa, 49
joins the Isonzo after a course of about 45 miles.            miles W.N.W. of Briinn. Pop.16,553.  It has three subIDRIA, a mining town of Illyria, in Carniola, in an Al- urbs, several churches, a gymnasium, and a high school,
pine valley, 23 miles W.S.W. ofLaybach. Pop. 4439. It has  with extensive manufactures of woollen cloth, paper, vine2 large churches and an old castle. Its celebrated quick- gain, colors, potash, and glass-wares, and a flourishing corn
silver-mine employs upwards of 600 workmen, and, next  and transit trade.  Silver and lead are raised from  neighto those of Almaden, in Spain, it is the richest in Europe. boring mines.
From 3200 to 3500 hundredweights of quicksilver are pro-    IGLAWA, ig-lhf R[, IGLAVA, ig-l1hv[, or IGLA, igrll, a
duced annually.                                               river of Moravia, joins the Schwarza, 19 miles S. of Britnn;
IDt0O, eeldro, or IDIO-ALTO, eetdro Allto, (anc. Elfdumn,) a  course, 70 miles south-eastwardly.
small town of Austrian Italy, province, and 18 miles N.N.E.   IGLESIAS, e-glG'se-As, a town of Sardinia, division, and
of Breesia, pleasantly situated on a declivity on the S.E. shore  32 miles W.N.W. of Cagliari, near the W. coast of the island.
of the lake of the same name. Pop. 1811.                      Pop. 12,455. It is enclosed by ruined fortifications, and has
IDRO, LAKE, (anc. Edrianus Lcfcus,) in NorthItaly, 17  a cathedral, a handsome episcopal palace, several convents,
miles N. of Brescia, is intermediate between the lakes of  a Jesuits' college, and a trade in wine.
Gaerda and Iseo. Length firom  N. to 5., 7 miles; greatest    IGLESUELA, e-glt-swMll, a town of Spain, New Castile,
breadtb, 1 nmiles; depth, about 400 feet. It is traversed by  52 miles W.N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 748.
889




IGL                                                          ILH
IGLESUELA-DEL-CID, e-glA-swMl-d0l-theeD, a town of    IRROPA, e-krolpa, or IKIOPA, e-ke-ofpA, a river of MadaSpain, in Aragon, province of Teruel. Pop. 698.             gascar, rises in the province of Ankova, and falls into
IGLO, ig/loe, (Ger. NYeudorf, noildoaf,) a market-town of  Bombetoc Bay, N.W. coast of Madagascar, being knowl
North Hungary, co. of Zips, on the IHernad, 7 miles S. of  during the latter part of its course by the name of the
Leutschau.  Pop. 5900.  It has a large Roman Catholic  Bombetoc. It is navigable, to Maroa-be, about 25 miles
church, a town-hall, in which the business of many snr- from the sea. Entire length, about 270 miles.
rounding privileged towns is conducted, a board of mines,   IILAM, a village and parish of England, co. of Stafford, 9
smelting-works for copper and iron, and some trade in flax  miles E.N.E. of Cheadle.
and linen fabrics.                                            IILANMORE', an island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co.
IGL00 tLIKI, a small island of British North America, in  of Inverness.,  a mile N. of Cl, and about I mile in circuit.
Fury and Isecla Strait, lat. 690 21' N., ion. 81~ 53' W. Its   I'LANROAN, Ilan-rfnl, a small island of IIebrides, in
mean annual temperature in 1823 was, by 8760 observa- Scotland, co. of Inverness, S. of Oransay.
tions, found to be 50.71 Fahrenheit, the highest tempera-   ILANTERACH, -launftr-AK, a small island of IHIebrides,
ture in July, 1823, being 590, and the lowest in January of  in Scotland, co. of Inverness, E. of Oransay.
the same year, minus 450 Fahrenheit.                          ILANZ, ee!lnts, a small town of Switzerland, canton of
IGNACIO, (ig-nAtse-o,) ISLAND, a group in the Gulf of  Grisons, and the capital of the " Grey League," on the Upper
California, off the coast of the Mexican State of Cinaloa.  Rhine, 17 miles W.S.W. of Chur. Pop. 574.
IGRANDE, a town of France. See YGRANDE.                     ILBONO, il-bolno, a village of Sardinia, division, and
IGRAPIUNA, e-grl-pe-oofnA, a town of Brazil, province  about 30 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1100.
of Bahia, near the town of Seo Jorge-dos-Ilbeos. Pop. 1000.    ILICHESTER or IVIELCHESTER, (anc. Ischalis,) a marIGUA(U, IGUAZU, e-gwi-sool, a town of Brazil, province, ket-town and parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the
and 21 miles N.W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 4000. It has a  ancient Foss-way and the Ivel, here crossed by a stone
considerable trade by the river Iguagu to Rio Janeiro.      bridge, 41 miles S.S.E. of Somerton. Pop. in 1851, 889. It
IGUAqCU, IGUAZU or CURITIBA, koo-re-teelbi, a river  was a Roman station, and a considerable town of the ancient
of Brazil; forms the boundary between the provinces of Sao  Belgm. Roger Bacon was born at the Friary, in the year
Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, and joins the Paiana, in lat. 1214.
260 S., Ion. 540 45' WV., after a W. course of 250 miles. It is    IIVCHESTER MILLS, a post-office of Howard co., Marynavigable only by canoes, owing to its numerous falls. See  land.
CURITIBA.                                                     ILCHIII, a town of Toorkistan.  See KnOTEN.
IGUALADA, e-gw-l&/oD, (anc. Aquce Latce ) a town of    ILIDERTON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
Spain, province, and 33 miles N.W. of Barcelona, on the    ILE AUX MOINES. See SEPT ISLES.
Noya. Pop. 10,095. It stands on an eminence, and has a    ILE DE FER, Canary Islands. See FERRO.
fine new suburb, with airy, well-planted walks. Chief pub-   ILE DE FRANCE, an island in the Indian Ocean. See
lic buildings, the parish church, college, hospital, and  MAURITIZS.
cavalry barracks. It has manufactures of cotton goods,   ILE DE FEANCE, eel deh fr8Nss, ("Isle of France,") an
cotton and woollen thread, hats, and fire-arms, with brandy  old province of France, of which the capital was Paris, now
distilleries; and in its neighborhood are several paper-mills. forming the five department of Seine-et-0ise, Seine-et-Marne,
IGUALAPA, e-gwl-lIpA, a small town of Mexico, depart- Aisne, Oise, and parts of Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, and Yonne.
ment, and 180 miles S.S.W. of La Puebla. Pop. about 3000.   ILE DES FAISANS. See FAISANS.
IGUALEJA, e-gwlA-1lsH, a market-town of Spain, pro-   ILE DES ROCHIES, eel dA rosh, (i.e. "Isle of rocks,") one
vince, and 42 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1431.            of the Seychelles Islands, in the Indian Ocean.
IGUAPE, e-gw'lpA, a river of Brazil, enters the Atlantic    ILE D'YEU or ILE DIEU, a fortified island of France, in
about 85 miles S.W. of Santos, after a tortuous E. course  the Atlantic.  See IsLE DcEU.
of 150 miles, in much of which extent it is navigable.        ILEK, e-1lkl, a river of Siberia, rises in the government of
IGUJAPE, a town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, on the  Irkootsk, flows N.N.W., and after a course of about 200 miles
S. bank of Iguape River, near its mouth. Ithas a good har- joins the Angara.
bor. and exports rice and timber. Pop. with district, 8000.    ILEKSKOI-GORODEK, e-llk-skoil go-ro-dlkf, or ILETSKI,
IGUARAICU, e-gwl-rg-sool, IGUARASSU, e-gw-ri-s-soo',  e-lhtfskee, a fortified town of Russia, government, and 78
a town of Brazil, and the earliest founded in the province  miles S.W. of Orenboorg, at the confluence of the Ilek and
of Pernambuco, from which city it is distant 20 miles N.N.W.  Ural Rivers. Pop. 2000.
It stands on a height, besides the Iguaraqu, (Iguarassu,)   ILERDA. See LEnioDA.
a tributary of the Upper Parnahiba. Pop. 5000.                ILESIBOROUGH, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio.
IGUMEN, e-goo-mmn', a town of Russia, government, and    ILES D'INSTITUT, eel dAlN/stee'tii, a group of islands
38 miles E.S.E. of Minsk, on the Beresina. Pop. 1100.       off the N.W. coast of Australia, opposite the entrance of
IGUVIUM. See GUBBo.                                      Admiralty Gulf, respectively named after the distinguished
IIIA, ee'A, a village of the Malay Archipelogo, island of  French authors, Fenelon, Montesquieu, Pascal, Descartes,
Saparooa or Honi-moa.                                       Corneille, and Condillac.
IIIAROS-BERENY, eeWhih'roshl-bA'rfi/, a market-town    IL'FORD, GREAT, is a ward and chapelry of England,
of Hungary, co. of Sumegh, 20 miles N.E. of Kopreinitz.  co. of Essex, in the parish of Barking, with a village on the
Pop. 1240.                                                  Roding, and on the Eastern Counties Railway, 7 miles E.N.E.
IHINA, eesnA, a river of Prussia, province of Pomerania, of London. Pop. 3742. It has a modern Gothic church, a
enterstheDamms che-see, anarm of the Stettiner-Haff, 9milee  hospital, founded in the time of Henry II., and house of
N. of Stettin. Length 55 miles.                             correction for the S. part of the county of Essex.
IIRINGEN, eefring-pn, a village of Baden, circle of    ILFORD, LITTLE, a parish ofEngland, co. of Essex.
Upper Rhine, bailiwick, and near Breisach. Pop. 220.          ILFRACOMBE. il/fra-koom, a seaport town and parish of
IJ. a river of Holland.  See Y.                           England, co. of Devon, on its N. coast, 9o  miles N.N.E. of
IJFAMSVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland, Barnstaple. Pop. of town, 2855. It consists mostly of a
70 miles N.W. of Annapolis.                                long street, and a good terrace facing the sea. Its harbor is
IJIGHINSK, a river or gulf of Siberia. See JIJIoZNSK.    enclosed by a bold, rocky coast, and a pier 850 feet in length;
IJMA, a river of Russia. See IZHMA.                      it affords secure anchorage to vessels of 230 tons, and is
IJO, eefyo, a small river of Finland, flows into the Gulf  defended by a battery, adjacent to whichis a light-house.
of Bothnia, near its N. extremity.                          The town has an active fishery and coasting trade. It is
IJSLAND. See ICELAND.                                    also frequented as a bathing-place.  Steam-packets run conIK, ik, two rivers of Russia, government of Orenboorg, tinually between it and Bristol, Swansea, and Milford.
the principal of which joins the Rama, 20 miles N.W. of   ILGELDI, il-ghlldee, a village of West Asia, 46 miles
Menselinsk, after a N.W. course of about 200 miles.         N.N.W. of Khiva. It is surrounded by a good wall, and is
IKARMIA, e-kar/mA, one of the Koorile Islands, Pacific  inhabited by Oozbeks.
Ocean.                                                        ILGITUN or ILGUN, eel'goonf, a large and wretched vilIKAZNI, e-kgztnee,. a market-town of Russia, government lae of Asia Minor, pashalic of Karamnania, 43 miles N.W.
of Minusk, 44 miles W.N.W. of Disna. Pop. 1200.             of Konieh, lat. 350 9' N., ion. 320 E., with some MohamIKE-ARAL-NOR, ee-kA-'rfll/-n6r!, or IRE-ARAL-NOOR. medan edifices. classic remains, and two lakes in its vicinity.
a lake of the Chinese Empire, in Mongolia, KhalkasTerri-   ILIIA, eellyA, a Portuguese word, signifying "island,"
tory, near the E. frontier of Soongaria, between lat. 470 and  forming a part of many names in Brazil, &c.
480 N., and intersected by the meridian of 900 E. longitude.   ILIA DO GOVER)NADOR, eel'yl' do gov-Sa-ng-doRl, (" GoLength, 40 miles; average breadth, 20 miles. It receives vernor's Island,") an island of Brazil, province of Rio de
several considerable streams, but has no known outlet.     Janeiro. in the bay, 7 miles N. of Rio Janeiro.  Its length is
IIKEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.               6 miles; breadth,   mile. It is populous, and well cultiIKEItVAR, eekla'vAR/, a market-town of Tlungary, co. of  vated.
Eisenburg, 73 miles S.S.E. of Vienna. It has two elegant   ILIA GRANDE, eel'yg gr~n/dl, ("Great Island,") an iscastles, with an extensive park, and fine gardens, formerly  land of Brazil, province, and 68 miles W.S.W. of Rio de Jabelonging to Count Batthyany. Pop. 1000.                   neiro, in the Bay of Angra. Length from E. to W., 15 miles;
IKLEODA, ik'loldihx, a village of Hungary, co., and 23  greatest breadth, 8 miles. It produces sugar and coffee, aid
miles S.E. of Tenmesvar, on the Bogania. Pop. 1782.        has several good anchorages, resorted to by whale-ships; on
IKORETS or IKORETZ, e-ko-rlts/, a river of Russia, joins  its WV. side is the village of Santa Ana. Pop. 2000.
the left bank of the Don, after a course of about 60 miles.  ILIIA GRANDE, a town of Brazil. See ANGRA DOs REaS.
890




ILH                                                          ILL
ILIIAVO, eel-y&?vo, a town of Portugal, province of Beira,  the other branches of industry are iron forging, glass
miles S; of Aveiro, near the Atlantic. Pop. 4000.           making, and tanning. Oysters are largely exported from
ILIIEOS, eel-y~loce, four small islands of Brazil, close to  Cancale. The department is divided into the arrondissethe coast of the province of Bahia, formerly called the Capi- ments of Rennes-the capital, Fougbres, Montfort, Redon,
tania of Jorge-de-Figueire-do-Correa, and now comprising one  St. Male, and Vitre.
of the comarcas of Bahia.                                       ILLER, il/ler, a river of South Germany, rises in the Tyrol,
ILI, a town of Central Asia. See EErEE.                     flows mostly northward through Bavaria, and along the
ILICI.  See ELCUE.                                          frontier of Wtirtemberg, and joins the Danube about 2 miles
ILIDJAI-I.  See ILIJAH.                                     above Ulm; course, 85 miles. The principal affluent is the
ILIJAI or ILIDJAH. e-lid/j'a, a village of Asiatic Turkey,  Aurach; on it are the towns of Immerstadt and Kempten.
(ane. Elegia,) pashalic, and 8 miles W. of Erzroom, and near  Its banks were, in 1800, the scene of many engagements bewhich Pompey defeated Mithridates.                            tween the French and Austrians.
ILIJAII  or ILIDJAII, a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic,    ILILERAY' or ILfLARY, on the IHebrides, Scotland, co. of
and 70 miles W.N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Euphrates.           Inverness. Length, about 4 miles; breadth, 1 miles. P. 80.
ILIM, e-limi or e-leem?, a river of Siberia, government of    ILLERTISSEN, il'ler-tis'sen, a market-town of Bavaria,
Irkootsk, tributary to the Angara.  Total course, 180 miles.  circle of Swabia, on the Iller, 38 miles W.S.W. of Augsburg.
On it is Ilimsk, a fortified post, 300 miles N. of Irkootsk.  Pop. 1145.
ILINI(A. ILINIZA, e-le-nee'sA, or ILINISSA, e-le-nis/sA,    ILLESCAS, il-lislkis, (anc. lllacuris,?) a town of Spain,
(improperly written ILINCA,) a mountain peak of the  province of Toledo, 22 miles S.W. of Madrid.  Pop. 2000
Andes, in Ecuador.  Lat. 300 S. Height, 17,380 feet.            ILLIBERIS.  See Tacr.
IILION, a post-village of ilerkimer co., New York.            ILLICI or ILLICE.  See ELCHE.
ILISEII, e-lisleh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and    ILLIERS, ee'y/ or eel'yA/, a town of France, dep. of Eure53 miles N.E. of Diarbekir, with 750 Mohammedan, and  et-Loir, on the Loir, 15 miles S.W. of Chartres. Pop. 3136.
upwards of 200 Armenian families.  It is named after the    ILLMANI, eePyi-mine, one of the loftiest mountains of
adjacent warm springs.                                        the Bolivian Andes, East Cordillera, about 25 miles E.S.E.
ILISSUS, e-lis/sits, a little rivulet of Greece, in Attica, rises  of La Paz, from which its appearance is singularly majestic
near the village of Aleti, flows S.W., skirting Athens on the  and imposing. It is a serrated ridge, with four principal
S., and enters the Porto Phanari, E. of the Pirceus, after a  peaks, the northernmost of which is in let. 160 371 500 S.,
total course of 10 miles. It is said to have been once a much  ion. 670 49' 390  W. Three of the loftiest summits are of the
more considerable stream.                                     following elevations, respectively-S. peak, 21,149 feet above
ILITSI, a town of Toorkistan.  See KHOTEN                   sea-level, middle peak, 21,094 feet, and N. peak, 21,060. The
ILIYATS, the name of the Nomad tribes of Persia. See  snowy part of the East Cordillera begins with the gigantic
EELS.                                                         mass of the Illtinani, and proceeds in a continuous line of
ILIKESTON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  snow-clad peaks to the group of Vilcanota, where it unites
Derby, with a station on the Erwash Valley Railway, 8 miles  with the Cordillera of the Coast. It derives its name from
E.N.E. of Derby.  The town, situated on a lofty hill, is  being perpetually covered with snow. On its N. side it has
moderately well built of brick, plentifully supplied with  glaciers above the height of 16,350 feet. On it also is the
water, well lighted with gas, and rapidly increasing in  Lake of Illimani, 15,950 feet above the sea.
population. The church is a fine ancient edifice, having    ILLINCZE, il-lint/sc, a village of Austria, in Slavonin, 39
been partly built in the time of Stephen, with a lofty tower, miles W.S.W. of Peterwardein, on the Bossut. Pop. 1174.
erected in 1737; and there are several Dissenting chapels, a    ILLINGEN, il/ling-n, a village of South Germany, in
mixed British, and two national schools; together with a  Wiirtemburg, 17 miles N.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 1400.
mechanics' institution and library. The principal mann-    ILLINGEN, a village of South Germany, in Baden, near
factures carried on here are those of hosiery in all its  the Rhine, 5 miles N. of Rastadt. Pop. 375.
branches,together with silk edgings, lace, silk mittens, and    IL/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
a very superior silk fabric, which is afterwards dressed in    ILLINOIS, il'lin-oil, the largest river in the state of IlliYorkshire, and made into gloves in London. A considerable  nois, is formed by the union of the river Des Plaines and
number of the inhabitants are also employed in mining  the Kankakee River, which unite at Dresden, in Grundy
coal and ironstone,  The Erwash and Nutbrook Canals  county.  It flows in  a general south-westerly  direction
intersect the town. Pop. in 1851, 6122.                       nearly through the centre of the state, and falls into the
ILKILEY, (ance. Olicana?) a parish and township of Eng-  Mississippi about 20 miles above Alton. It is navigable in
land, co. of York, West Riding.                               high water (and is being improved so as to be navigable at
ILL, eel, a river of France, rises near Altkirch, department  all seasons) for steamboats to Ottawa, at the mouth of Fo.
of Haut-Rhin, flows N. of Strasbourg, and joins the Rhine  River, about 286 miles from  its mouth.  Length, exclusive
on the left. Length 100 miles. Navigable for 62 miles.        of branches, about 320 miles. More than 50 steamboats are
ILL, eel, a river of Austria, falls into the Rhine 14 miles  plying upon this river. The most important town on the
S. of Lake Constance. Total course, about 50 miles.           bank of the Illinois River is Peoria, situated about 200
ILLABASCO, a lake ofCenti-al America. See COJUTEPEqUz. miles from its mouth.
ILLANA, eel-y/nA. a town of Spain, New Castile, province    ILLINOIS, illin-oil, one of the Western United States, is
of Guadalajara, 40 miles E.S.E. of Madrid.  Pop. 1467.        bounded on the N. by Wisconsin, E. by Lake Michigan and
ILLANCSA, illflnlchih', a village of Hungary, in the  Indiana, from the last of which it is partly separated by the
Banat, 42 miles S.W. of Temesvar.  Pop. 3116.                 Wabash River, S. by the Ohio River, which separates it from
ILLANON, il-lt-ndnl, or ILLANA, il-linu, a bay of the Ma- Kentucky, and S.W. and W. by Missouri and Iowa. flom
lay Archipelago, forming a wide inlet of the Celebes Sea, ex- which it is separated by the Mississippi IRiver.  It lies betending  into the Island of Mindanna, on its S.W. side. tween 370 and 420 30' N. lat., and between 870 30' and 910 40'
Length and breadth, 70 miles each. It is infested by pirates. W. Ion., being about 380 miles in extreme length from N. to
ILLARY, an island of Scotland. See ILLERP.AY.               S., and about 200 in its greatest, and 140 miles in its average
ILLASI, il-ltsee, a village of Austrian Italy, 9 miles  breadth, including 55,409 square miles, or 35,459,200 acres,
E.N.E. of Verona.  Pop. 1550.                                 of which only 5,0039,545 acres were improved in 1850, showILLATS, ee'ySts/, a village of France, department of Gi- uing an immense capacity for increase of population in this
ronde, 19 miles S.S.E. of Bordeaux.  Pop. 1630.               exuberantly fertile state, which has scarcely any soil unculILLAU, il/l1w, (Ioun. Ileava, illP6hv6h%,) a market-town of  tivable.
North Hungary, co., and 10 miles N.E. of Trentschin, on the    Face of the C'ounetry.-Illinois is generally a table-land, sleWaag. Pop. 1223.                                              vated from  350 to 800 feet above the level of the Gulf of
IL`LAWAB/RA, a maritime district of New South Wales, Mexico, with a general inclination from N. to S., as indicated
co. of Camden, about 50 miles from  Sydney. Area, about  by the course of the rivers. This state, generally speaking,
150,000 acres. It contains a fine lake of the same name,      maybe characterized as level, though there are elevated bluffs
ILLE, eel, a town of France, department of Pyr6n6ees- on the Illinois River, and still Iligher ones on the Mississippi.
Orientales, on the Tet, 10 miles E.N.E. of Prades. Pop. 3262. There is a small tract of hilly country in the S., and in the
ILLE, a river of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine,  N.W. is a good deal of broken land. Many of the prairies
rises in the  ztang Boulet, flows S. 18 miles, and joins the  are quite small, but others are very large; among the latter
Vilaine at Rennes. It communicates with the Canal of the  is Grand Prairie, extending from  Jackson county, in a N.E.
Ille and Rance.                                               direction, to Iroquois county, and varying in width from 1
ILLE-ET-VILAINE, eel-A-vee'l.nf, a maritime depart- to more than 12 miles. This is probably the highest land
ment in the N.W. of France, on the English Channel, form- between the Mississippi and the Wabash. The prairie is
ing part of the old pi-ovince of Normandy. Area, 2554 square  everywhere skirted with wood, and on its border is a cirmiles. Pop. in 1852, 574,618. The surface is filat, and covered  cle of settlements, which have been here located on account
on the N. with for-ests, dunes. and marshes. Thechiefrivers  of the timber. The prairies are interspersed with groups
are the Vilaine, Ille, Conesnon, and Rance. A portion of the  of trees, but the timber is generally sparse on them, which,
department is traversed by the Canal of Ille and Rance on  however seems not to arise from  any thing unfavorable in
the N., and that of Nantes and Brest on the S. Corn, to- the soil, but from the annual burning of the prairie grass;
bacco, hemp, and flax are important crops, and cide- is  for, where this is prevented, a forest of young trees Speedily
extensively made. The minerals comtrise iron, lead, build- springs up, and farmers are thus enabled to proceed inward
stones, and potters'-clay.  Manufactures of hempen and  with settlements, as it were, tier after tier. The prairies are
linen thread, and sailcloth  are extensively carried on; not generally fiat, but gracefully undulating, and profusely
891




ILL                                                             ILL
decked with the greatest variety of beautiful wild flowers of  ruins, and others jutting out irregularly in a variety of
every hue, which ravish the beholder with delight.            forms. The entrance of the cave, which is but little above
Minerots.-Illinois has within her limits a large portion  the bed of the river, is a semicircle, 80 feet wide and 25 feet
of the great lead region, which she shares with Iowa and  high. The cave ascends gradually from its entrance to the
Wisconsin. Galena, in the N.W. part of the state, is almost  extreme limit, 180 feet back from the mouth. A small openwholly supported by trade in this mineral. Mlore than  ing leads into the second cave, whose dimensions are not
13,000,000 pounds (including that of Wisconsin) have been  known.  This cave was, in 1797, the abode of a band of robsmelted in one year. Bituminous coal occurs in almost every  bars, who sallied out to rob the unfortunate boatmen and
county, and may be often obtainedwithont excavation. Vast  emigrants.  It has since been the abode of other bends of
beds are found in the bluffs adjacent to the American Bottom.  robbers.  The miners, in sinking their shafts in the lead reA bed of anthracite coal is reported to have been discovered  gleon, often come upon caverns at the depth of 40, 70, and
in Jackson county. According to Taylor, the coal-fields of I1-  even 100 feet, which present brilliant specimens of stalaclinis occupy an area of44,000 square miles. Copper abounds  tites, stalagmites, and other varieties of calcareous spar, and
in the N. part, on Plum  Creek, and on the Peckatonica  resemblances of leaves, birds, animils, &c. In some caves,
River. It has also been found inJackson and MNonroe coun-  sulphate of lime, in different crystalized forms, is found.
ties. Iron exists in the S. part, and is said to be abundant  Near Cahokia is a mound 2000 feet in circumference, and 00
in the N.  Lime, zinc, some silver, (reported in St. Clair  feet high.  There is great inducement for the sportsman to
county,) marble of a fine quality, freestone, gypsum, and  visit Illinois, to shoot the prairie-hen, a species of pheasant
quartz crystals are the other minerals.  There are salt- or grouse, and to fish for trout in the clear streams'in the
springs in Gallatin, Jackson, and Vermilion counties, leased  northern part of the state.
by the state. Medicinal springs, chiefly sulphur and chaly-    Climate, Soil, and Productions.-Illinois,   extending through
beate. are found in various parts, and one especially, in Jef-  more than 50 of latitude, has considerable variety of cliferson county, is much resorted to. In the southern part  mate. Though somewhat milder than the Atlantic States
of the state is one strongly impregnated with Epsom salts. in the same parallels, there is great irregularity in the seaOthers of medicinal properties are found between Ottawa  sons. Generally, there will not fall six inches of snow at
and Peru.                                                     one time, which does not lie more than a few days, but at
Rivers. —The rivers of Illinois have generally cut chan- distant intervals the rivers are frozen for two or three
nels through the table-land or plain which they drain, pre- months, and the snow lies for as long a period. The sumsenting precipitous bluffs, sometimes close to the river's  mers are hot, but mitigated by the fresh breezes from the
brink, and at other times leaving an alluvion bottom be- prairies.  During 15 years, peach-trees. blossomed  from
tween the river and the bluffs. The Mississippi forms the  March 25th to April 20th, and apple-trees fi-om April Ist to
entire western, and the Ohio River the entire southern bonn- May 3d. In the same period, the earliest frost was Septemdairy, giving the state commercial access to thegreat valleys  her 17th, but sometimes there is none till heal the end of
bearing the names of their respective rivers.  The Illinois  October. Cattle often are unhoused during the whole winter.
River is formed by the Kankakee f-omr Indiana, and the Des  The meteorological table kept at Muscatine,. Iowa, (see IowA,)
Plaines from Wisconsin, in the N.E. of the state, and cross- will perhaps be a fair average representation of the temnlug the middle of the state, after a course of 500 miles from   perature of Illinois.
its remotest source, empties itself into the Mississippi.  The    In  agricultural capabilities Illinois is unsurpassed, if
Rock River rises in Wisconsin, and the Kaskaskia in the  equalled, by any state in the American Confederacy. In
middle of Illinois; both flow S.W. into the Mississippi. The  some of her river-bottoms the soil is 25 feet deep, and the
Sangamon empties itself into the Illinois 80 miles above  upland prairies are but little inferior in fertility. The Great
its mouth, after a westerly course of about 200 miles. American Bottom, lying on the Mississippi, between the
Besides the Kankakee, Des Plaines, and Fox Rivers, which  months of the Kaskaskia and Missouri Rivers, is of exceedare its principal sources, the Illinois has a number of  ing fertility, and has been cultivated for 100 years without
smaller tributaries. The Wabash, which receives the waters  apparent deterioration. This bottom  is about 80 miles in
that drain the E. part of the state, forms the E. boundary  length, covering an area of 288,000 acres. On the rivers side
for more than 100 miles. Lake Michigan bounds the state  is a strip of heavy timber, with dense underwood, which
on the N.E. for 60 miles, and adds greatly to its commercial extends for 2 or 3 miles. The rest is mostly prairie to the
importance. Lake Peoria, an expansion of the Illinois River,  E. limit, which is terminated by a chain of sandy or rocky
near the middle of the state, and Lake Pishtaka, in the N.E., bluffs from 50 to 200 feet high. This fine region is, however,
are the only other lakes of any importance. The Illinois  not healthy, though probably capable of being made so by
has a sluggish current, and in time of freshets the waters  drainage. The Rock River country is another highly fertile
of the Mississippi back up into it for 70 miles. It is navi-  district, on the Rock River and its branches. Of the same chagable for steamboats 286 miles; and at high water boats pro- racter are the regions about the Sangamon, Kaskaskia, and
ceed beyond the rapids above Vermilion River. Rock River  other rivers. Other regions of Illinois are fertile; but those
has obstructions near its mouth, but, notwithstanding, both  mentioned pre-eminently so, producing not unfrequently 40
it and the Kaskaskia, as well as the Sangamon and Spoon, bushels of wheat and 100 of Indian corn to the acre. This
are navigable for a considerable distance at high water by  is especially true of the narrow river-bottoms immediately
steamboats, and still higher for small boats. The Wabash  adjacent to their banks. The prairies of this state are pecuis navigable for steaniboats beyond the point where it first liarly favorable to the raising of stock and the productions
touches the Illinois boundary. The rivers flowing into the  of the dairy. Illinois stands third in the absolute amount
Wabash from  Illinois are the Vermilion, Embarras, and  of Indian corn raised in the states of the Union, but first,
Little Wabash,'having courses of from 100 to 150 miles. The  if we regard population and the number of acres under culEmbarras is navigable for keel-boats.                         tivation. The other agricultural staples are wheat, oats,
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Though Illinois presents  Irish potatoes, hay, butter, and cheese. Besidesthese, large
but few bold or very striking features to the view of the tra- quantities of rye, wool, beans, peas, barley, buckwheat,
yeller, she is not without her objects of interest to the lover  fruits, garden vegetables, and some tobacco, sweet potatoes,
of nature. Her wide-spread prairies, decked with flowers of  wine, grass-seeds, hops, hemp, fax, silk, maple-sugar and
every hue that can gratify the eye, and covered with waving  molasses, beeswax and honey, and the castor-bean are prograss, convey, besides their quiet landscape beauty, a feeling  duced. Of indigenous fruits, there are a variety of berries,
of sublimity from their vastness, similar to that created by  plums, grapes, crab-apples, wild cherries, persimmons, and
viewing the ocean; and perhaps no natural objects in our  the papaw, (a sweet, pulpy fruit, somewhat like the banana.)
country would more strike the European than our prairies-   Of orchard fruits, the apple and peach flourish best, but
especially the Grand Prairie, which has already been re- pears and quinces are cultivated with facility. Of nuts, the
ferred to. The river bluffs inspire the same  sense of rugged  shellbark or hickory, walnut, butternut, a white walnut
grandeur as mountains, though in a less degree. The most  and pecan abound. According to the census reports of 1850,
remarkable of these are on the Mississippi, and are from 100  there were 76,208 farms in Illinois, containing 5,039,545 acres
to 400 feet high. Fountain Bluff, on the Mississippi River,  of improved land, and producing 9,414,575 bushels of wheat;
in Jackson county, is of an oval shape, 6 miles -in circuit, 83,364 of rye; 57,646,984 of Indian corn; 10,087,241 of oats;
and 300 feet high. The top is full of sink-holes. Starved  82,814 of pease and beans; 2,514,861 ofIrish potatoes; 157,433
Rock and Lover's Leap are each eminences on Illinois River. of sweet potatoes; 110,795 of barley; 184,504 of buckwheat;
The former is a perpendicular mass of limestone and sand- 841,394 pounds of tobacco; 2,150,113 of wool; 12,526,543 of
stone, 8 miles below Ottawa, and 150 feet above the river. butter; 1,278,225 of cheese; 601,952 tons of hay; 17,807
It received its name from a band of Illinois Indians having  bushels of grass-seeds; 160,063 pounds of flax; 248,904 of
taken refuge here, who, being surrounded by the Pottawa- maple-sugar; 869,444 of beeswax and honey; live stock,
tormies, all died, not of starvation, but of thirst. Lover's  valued at $24,209,258; slaughtered animals, at $4,972,286;
Leap is a ledge of precipitous rocks, some distance above  orchard products, at $440,049, and market produce at
Starved Rock. On the opposite side of the river, and nearly  $127,494.
opposite to the Lover's Leap, is Buffalo Rock, 100 feet high,   Forest Trees.-Illinois contains abundance of timber, which,
precipitous next the river, but sloping inland.  Hither the  however, is not equally diffused. The occupation of the counIndians formerly drove the buffalo, and frightening them   try will, however, remedy this deficiency (even in parts where
by shouts, caused them  to crowd each other over the pre- there is now a scarcity) by protecting the young trees from
cipice. The Cave in the Rock, in Ilardin county, on the  the ravages of the prairie fires. The bottom  lands have a
banks of the Ohio, presents, as you approach it, the appear-  rich growth of black and white walnut, ash, hackberry, elm,
ance (s a vast mass of rocks, some resembling castellated  sugar-maple, honey-locust, buckeye, catalpa, sycamore, (of a
892




ILL                                                           ILL
size unknown in the Atlantic States,) cottonwood, pecan,  each township was appropriated to the support of common
hickory, and oak of various species; and of underwood,  schools, and afterwards an additional income of 3 per cent.
edbud, papaw, grape-vine, eglantine, dogwood, spicebush, on the actual proceeds from  the sale of the public lands
hazel, green-brier, &c. On the uplands are post-oak (very  within the state. One-sixth of these proceeds is approprivaluable for fencing) and other species of oak, blackjack,  ated to colleges. In 1850 there were 41,283 adults in this
(useless except for fuel,) hickory, black and white walnut, state who could not read and write, of whom  5947 were of
inn or basswood, cherry, &c. The white and yellow poplar  foreign birth.
are found in the southern part of the state, and the cypress   Religious  Denominations.-Of the 1223 churches in Illinois,
on the Ohio bottoms.                                         in 1850, the Baptists owned 282, Christians 69, CongregaIllanufactures. —Illinois is not largely engaged in mann- tionalists 46, Dutch Reformed 2, Episcopalians 27, Free
facturing, though the facilities for carrying on these branches  Church 2, Friends 6, German Reformed 3, Lutherans 42,
of industry are not wanting, when circumstances shall arrive  Methodists 405, Moravians 2, Presbyterians 206, Roman Cato make it profitable or necessary. According to the census  tholics 59, Swedenborgian 1, Tunker 4, Union 30, Unitarian 4,
of 1850, there were in Illinois 3099 manufacturing establish-  Universalists 7, and minor sects 26 —giving 1 church to each
ments, each producing $500 and upwards annually, and  699 persons. Value of church property, $1,482,185.
homemade manufactures, valued at $1,155,902; of these 16    Periodicals. —There were published in Illinois, in 1850, 8
were engaged in the fabrication of woollens, employing  daily, 4 tri and semi-weekly, and 84 weekly newspapers; 3
$154,500 capital, and 124 male and 54 female hands, consum-  semi-monthly, 7 monthly, and I quarterly magazines, dising  raw material worth $115,364, and producing 306i995  tributing annually 5,102,276 copies.
yards of stuffs and 137,000 pounds of yarn, with a total    Plublic Institutions.-Illinois has a state lunatic asylum at
value of $206,572; 31 furnaces, forges, &c., employing  Jacksonville, a state penitentiary at Alton, and a deaf and
$325,400 capital, and 482 male hands, consuming $187,830  dumb asylum at Jacksonville, which had 109 pupils in 15853,
worth of raw materials, and producing 2700 tons of pig and  94 of-whom  belonged to the state; expenses $19,000 per
4160 tons of cast iron, having a total value of $511,385; 96  annum.  According to the census of 1850, there were 33
tanneries, employing $188,373 capital, consuming raw ma- public libraries in Illinois, with 35,982 volumes; 115 schools
terial worth $129,907, and producing leather valued  at  and Sunday-schools, with 18,704 volumes;  and 4 college
$244,028.                                                    libraries, with 7800 volumes.
Internal Issprovements.-In 1836, when the spirit of specu-    Population.-There were in Illinois 12,282 inhabitants in
lation was rife throughout our entire nation, Illinois pro-  1810; 55,211 in 1820; 157,445 in 18130; 476,183 in 1840; and
jected an extravagant system of railroads and canals, which  851,470 in 1850, of whom 445,544 were white males, 400,490
shortly resulted (in the monetary revulsions between 1837  females; 2777 colored males, and 2659 colored females. The
and 1840) in a general suspension. Notwithstanding, that  ratio-of increase in Illinois in the last 10 years preceding 1850
spirit of enterprise which seems to grow from  our free sys- was nearly 79 per cent., notwithstanding there were in
tem, and to be as boundless as our extended territory, has  other states about 50,000 citizens born in Illinois. This
again, with more rational views, stimulated the citizens of  population was divided among 149,153 families, occupying
this state to enter upon a still more magnificent scheme of  146,544 dwellings. Pop. to the square mile, 15-37. Of the
railroads than that projected in 1836. Besides these, she  entire population, only 333,753 were born in the state;
has completed her great canal, 100 miles long, from Chicago  402,396 in other states of the Union; 18,628 in England;
to Peru, uniting the waters of Lake Michigan with the Mis-  27,786 in Ireland; 4661 in Scotland; 572 in Wales; 1.0,699 in
sissippi River.                                               British America; 38,160 in Germany; 3396 in France; 6691
In January, 1854, there were in operation in Illinois, in other countries, and 3946 whose places of birth were
1262 miles of railroad, and 2017 in course of construction,  unknown. In the year ending June 1, 1850, 797 paupers
Chicago is at present connected by railroad, either directly  had received support, of whom 411 were foreigners; 11,619
or indirectly, with Detroit, Cincinnati, Boston, New York, persons died, or about 14 in  every 1000. According to
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Beloit, beyond the state; and  the census of 1850, there were 365 deaf and dumb, of
with Galena, Rock Island, Peoria, Springfield, Urbana, whom 2 were colored; 264 blind, of whom 5 were colored;
Alton, Cairo, and intermediate places within the state.  238 insane, of whom 2 were colored; and 363 idiotic, of whom
Besides these, railroads unite Cairo with Illinoistown, op- 2 were colored.  Of the population, 782 were engaged in
posite St. Louis; also Springfield with Jacksonville, and  mining, 105,337 in agriculture, 2506 in commerce, 13,185
Naples with Mendosia. The Terre IIaute and Alton Rail- in manufactures, 63 in navigating the ocean, 310 in interroad had 30 miles at the eastern, and 40 miles at the western  nal navigation, and 2021 in learned professions.
end, completed in November, 1854; and it is expected 130    Counties.-Illinois has 100 counties, viz., Adams, Alexmiles of the road will be ready for use in the spring of 1855. ander, Bond, Boone, Brown, Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Cass,
When the present lines under contract shall have been  Champaign, Christian, Clarke, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cook,
completed, (and they are rapidly progressing,) Chicago will  Crawford, Cumberland, De Kalb, De Witt, Bu Page, Edgar,
be connected with every important point in the state; and  Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, Gallatin,
through other railways with all the large cities in the United  Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henderson,
States, except San Francisco. Railroads connecting Chicago  Henry, Ii-oquols,   Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey,  Jo
with Madison and Milwaukee, in Wisconsin, are fast ap- I)aviess, Johnson, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Knox, Lake,
preaching completion.                                         La Salle, Lawrence, Lee, Livingston, Logan, McDonough,
Commerce. —Illinois is most favorably situated for inter- McIHenry, McLean, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marion,
nal trade, being able to communicate with the western, Marshall, Massac, Mason, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Montgosouthern, and central parts of the Mississippi Valley, by  mery, Morgan, Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Pike,
means of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers, and  Pope, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island,
with the Northern and Eastern States by way of the great  St. Clair, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stark,
lakes. The coastwiseimports intoChicagoin 1851, amounted  Stephenson, Tazewell, Union, Vermilion, Wabash, Warren,
to $24,410,400, and exports to $5,395,471; and in the year  Washington, Wayne, White, Whitesides, Will, Williamson,
1854, this city exported 13,726,728 bushels of grain, believed  Winnebago, and Woodford. Capital, Sprihgfield. 
to be the greatest amount exported by any city in the world.    aitics and Towns.-Illinois has a number of thriving
Tonnage of the Chicago district in 1853, 27,015 tons, of  towns, and so rapidly do they increase, that the census of
which 1120 was steam  tonnage.  In the same year, 9 yes- 1850 will be in many cases far below the truth; but, for
sels were built, whose burden was 1158 tons.  The foreign  want of other reliable information on which to base a comimports and exports are trifling, the former amounting, in  parison of the increase of all the towns, it will be best to ad1853, to $7559, and the latter to $79,139.  Tonnage entered,  here to the official statistics. Chicago is the largest city2130, and cleared, 2288. Chicago does an immense business  population, 29,963, (said to be 70,000 in 1854;) Quincey, 6902;
in lumber and general trade, and Galena in the lead trade;  Galena, 6004; Peoria, 5095; (estimated at 12,000 in 1854;)
the former received, in 1853, 193,271,241 feet of lumber, Springfield, 4533; and Alton, 3585; besides Peru, RockIsland,
125,638,500 shingles, and 38,721,371 laths; and the latter  1711, (5337 in 1854;) Bridge Prairie, Waukegan, 2949; Belleshipped in 8 months of 1852, 295,788 pigs of lead.  This  ville, 2941; Jacksonville, 2745; Joliet, 2659; Elgin, 2359; St.
state packed 365,784 hogs in 1853-4.                          Charles, 2132; and many other flourishing villages.
Education.-According to the census of 1850, there were    Government.-The executive power in Illinois is lodged in
in Illinois, 6 colleges, with 442 students, and $13,300 in- a governor and lieutenant-governor, elected by the people
come, of which $4500 was from  endowments; 4054 public  for 4 years; the former receiving $1500 per annum, and the
schools, with 125,790 pupils, and $349,350 income, of which  latter, who is ex-officio president of the senate, $3 per day
$129,544 was from  public funds, and $100,694 from  taxa- during the session of the legislature.  The governor is extion; 81 academies and other schools, with 4179 pupils, and  officio fund commissioner, and is only eligible for 4 years
$40,488 income; and  182,292 pupils attending  schools,  out of any 8 years. The Senate consists of 25, ancid the House
as returned  by famnilies.  According  to the American  of Representatives of 75 members, both elected  by the
Almanac, Illinois had, in 1853, 4 colleges with 223 students,  people, the former for 4, and the latter for 2 years. The
1 medical college  with  70  students; and 1 theological  judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, of three divisions,
school.                                                       presided over by as many judges, receiving each $1200 per
The school fund in 1853, derived from  the public lands,  annum, and 15 circuit courts, presided over by as many
the surplus revenue of the United States, and from  the  judges, each receiving $1000 per annuum.  All white male
county and township funds, yielded an income of $299,047.  citizens, of 21 years of age, who have resided in the state
On the formation of the state constitution, one section in  six months next preceding an election, are qualified voters.
891




ILL                                                         ILS
Illinois is entitled to 9 members in the national IHouse of  have also numerous ramifications. The surface is divide,Representatives, and to 11 electoral votes for President of  into two great basins-that of the Danube, on the N., the
the United States. The state debt in 1854 was $15,725,725.  far larger of the two; and that of the Adriatic, on the S
The governor of the state, in his message to the legislature, The former basin receives its waters chiefly by the Drave,
January, 1854, states the finances to be in an excellent con- which. entering the kingdom below Lienz, traverses it fi'om
dition. Ordinary expenses of government, $125,000; school W. to E.; and partly also by the Save, which rises within
fund, seminary, and university, $951,504; productive pro- and forms part of the boundary between it and Styria. The
perty, $5,000,000; assessed value of property in  1853, basin of the Adriatic receives its waters by a great number
$224,715,963; receipts from state and county tax, $1,973,317. of small streams, of which the most important is the Isonzo.
Illinois has a free-banking law, which requires that no  The bays into which the streams discharge themselves are
company shall go into operation until it has deposited  of great magnitude, and form  excellent roadsteads. The
stocks to the amount of $50,000 with the auditor. In 1854  climate in the N., among the mountains, is bleak and cold;
29 banks were in operation, with $2,513,790 capital paid in, but in the S., particularly in the valley of the Isonzo. it is
$2,283,526 in circulation, and $565,152 in specie.          warm and pleasant. One, of the greatest scourges of the
History.-Though Illinois did not become a member of the  country is the bore, which often blows from the N.E. and
American Confederacy till 1818, it was colonized about the  N.N.E. with the fury of a tempest, and commits great rasame period as Philadelphia. Marquette, a French traveller,  vages. In harvest the sirocco becomes equally tempestuous,
visited it as early as 1673, and settlements were made at and is not unfrequently accompanied with deluges of rain.
Cahokia and Kaskaskia, at the close of the seventeenth  Notwithstanding the unfavorable nature of the surface, a
century. These, however, like other French colonies, did  very considerable proportion of it is under the plough, and,
not increase rapidly. At the treaty of Paris, in 1763, Illinois  being industriously cultivated, yields good crops of rye and
fell into the hands of the English, and came, with all the  oats, but more sparingly of wheat. Flax, also, is extensively
territory E. of the Mississippi, into the possession of the go- cultivated.  A considerable extent of ground is in vinevernment of the United States, at the Revolution, in 1775. yards.  The pastures are very extensive, and rear great
Soon after some settlers from Virginia located themselves in  numbers of horses, cattle, and sheep. Bears and wolves are
the territory, and in 1787 it became a part of the North-west not uncommon in the forests, which cover a large extent of
Territory, then created, and which included all the country  surface, and form one of the chief sources of revenue. In
N.W. of the Ohio River. In 1800 it formed part of a sepa- no other part of Europe, with the exception of Almaden in
rate territory, under the name of Indiana, in conjunction  Spain, is quicksilver found in such abundance as in the
with the state now bearing that name. A second division  mines of Idria. The other minerals deserving of notice are
took place in 1809, when the present state was organized as  gold and silver, still obtained in small quantities. iron,
the Territory of Illinois, and in 1818 admitted as an inde- alum, zinc, sulphur, coal, and salt. The trade is important,
pendent member of the confederacy, since which it has  but was long greatly impeded by the imperfect means of
gone on with an average decennial increase of more than  transit; a railway, however. now leads nearly through the
200 per cent.                                               centre of the kingdom, from Vienna to Triest, the largest
ILLINOIS, atownship, Washington co., Arkansas. P. 714. seaport in the Austrian dominions. For administrative
ILLINOIS, a township of Calhoun co., Illinois. Pop. 520. purposes, Illyria is divided into the governments of LayILLINOIS BAYOU, of Pope co., Arkansas, flows south-  bach and Triest.  The former, subdivided into Carinnhia
westward into Arkansas River.                               (Khrnthen,) and Carniola (Krain,) contains the five circles
ILLINOIS CITY, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois, of Laybach, Adelsberg, Neustadtl, Villach, and Klagenfurth;
on the Mississippi River.                                   the latter contains the three circles of Triest, GOrtz, and
ILLINOIS COLLEGE. See JAcrsoNWvL-LE, Illinois.           Istria. Pop. in 1846, 1,284,947, of whom about three-fourths
ILLINOIS FURNACE,  a post-village of Ilardin co., Illinois, are Slaves, one-sixth Germans, and one-twentieth Italians,
about 5 miles N. of the Ohio River.                         and the large majority Roman Catholics.
ILLINOISTTOWN, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois.   ILLY/RIA, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.
on the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis. A railroad    ILM, lim, a river of Germany, in Saxony, rises in the
connects this place with Sandoval.                          Thuringian Forest, flows N.E. past Ilmenau, Ihn.  KranILLINOISTOWN, a post-office of Placer co., California.    nichfeld, and Weimar, and joins the Saale, 13 miles N. of
ILLISERA, ilfle-se-r[, (?) a small town of Asia Minor, pa- Jena. Total course, 55 miles.
shalic of Karamania, 57 miles S.E. of Konieh.                 ILM, a river of Germany, in Bavaria, joins the Danube
ILLITURGIS. See ANDmAR.                                  near Neustadt. Pfaffen-hofeu is the chief town on its bainks.
ILLKIRCII, eel'keeRshl, or ELKIRCI, avillage of France,    ILM,_ILMSTADT, ilmistatt, or STADT-ILM. stltt-ilm, a
department of Bas-Rhin, on the Ill, 3 miles S. of Strasbourg.  town of Germany. duchy of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the
ILLNAU, ill/n6w. (UNrTe, 65n/ter, and Onea, olber.) two  Ilm, 12 miles W.N.W. of Rtudolstadt. Pop. 2000.
nearly contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton, and 9    ILMEN, il-m~nu, a lake of Russia, government of Novmiles E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Kempt. Pop. 2766.           gored, 30 miles in length from E. to W., by 24 miles in
ILL~OGAN, a parish of England, co. of CornwalL           greatest breadth. It receives the Lovat, Msta, and Cheson
ILLOK, il'lokl, or UJLAK, oo'ee-llkl, a town of Slavonia, Rivers, and discharges its surplus waters by the Volkhov,
co. of Syrmia, with a port and steam-packet station on the  northward into Lake Ladoega.
Danube, 26 miles W.of Peterwardein. Pop. 3550.                ILMENAU, il/meh-n6wx, a town of Germany, duchy of
ILLORA, eel-yor4t, a town of Spain, province, and 22 miles  Saxe-WVeimar, on the Ilm, 27 miles S.W. of Weimar.  Pop.
W.N.W. of Granada, on the Charcon.  Pop. (including 6  2364. It has manufactures of metal buttons, woollens, and
adjacent hamlets) 6900.                                     porcelain; iron and coal mines, and a brisk trade in timber.
ILLORAI, il-lolri, or LORAT, ]o'ri, a village in the island    ILMENAU, a small river of Hanover, joins the Elbe
of Sardinia, 42 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 1000.          from the S.. 15 miles S.E. of Hamburg.  Length, 60 miles.
ILLOVA, il-lo/v,, a river of Austria; joins the Save after    IL'MINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
a course of about 50 miles.                                  ILIMINSTER, a market-town and parish of England, co.
ILLUECA, eel-yoo-/kk, a town of Spain, province, and 42  of Somerset, on the Ile, 10- miles S.E. of Taunton.  Pop. in
miles W.S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 2559.                       1851, 3299. It has a well-endowed grammar school, a firee
ILLUXT, il-lookstf, or ILLOUKST, a market-town of  school. and a seminary for young ladies. It has 1 woollen
Russia, government of Courland, 103 miles E.S.E. of Mitau. factory, and many of the females aie employed in glovePop. 1900.                                                 making. The town was formerly noted for its manufactures.
ILLYE, eellyA', a market-town of Transylvania, on the    IL/MIRE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
Maros. 17 miles N.W. of Vajda-Hunyad. Pop. 742.              ILOCOS, e-lolkoce, NORTH and Sourn, two provinces on the
ILLYEFALVA, il'y&if6l1v6h', or ELIENDORF, Ple-en- W. side of Luzon, extending from its N. extremity S. about
doeaf. a market-town of Transylvania. on the Aluta (Alooia,) 120 miles, with a breadth of about 33 miles. Capital of the
14 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. Pop. 1417.                     former, Vigan; and of the latter, Lavag.  Pop. 358,733.
ILLYRIA, il-l1ur-i-a, (anc. llyrpsicum    or 111yrlia; Ger. Illy-   ILOE. See YeoE.
ries, il-lee/re-en: Fr. Illyrie, eellee'ree!;) KING0DOi oF, a ter-   ILOILO, e-loibe, the largest of the three provinces of
ritory or kingdom forming the S.W. portion of the Austrian  Panay, one of the Philippines. Capital, Iloilo. Pop. 3870;
dominions, and bounded N. by Salzburg and Styria; E. by  of the province, 259,780.
Styria and Croatia; S. by the Adriatic; and W. by Venice and    ILONCZA, e'lon/ts6h', or ILNITZA, eel'nittz6h', a village
the Tyrol. Area, 10,996 English square miles. The king-  of Hungary, co. of Beregh. Pop. 1008.
dom  was formed in 1815. It is composed of the ancient   ILOYLA, e-loNvl, or ILAVLA, e-ldvlv, a river of South
duchies of Carniola and Carinthia, the margraviate of Istria, Russia, government of Saratov and Don-Cossack country,
the duchies of Gbritz and Gradiska, and the town and terri- joins the Don ac Ilovlinskaia, after a S.W. course of 150
tory of Triest-the last three incorporated in 1849; prior to  miles. A canal unites it with the Volga at KamisheN.
which they composed the Littorale or coast lands. It is   ILOVLINSKAIA  or ILOWLINSKAJA, e-lo-vlin-skif, a
very irregular in shape, and terminates sharply in the S. in  market-town of Russia, in the Don-Cossack country, on the
a triangular peninsula. The surface is very mountainous. Ilovla, near its confluence with the Don, 50 miles N.W. of
In the N. a branch of the Noric Alps, commencing at the  Tsaritsin. Pop. 3948.
Gross-Glockner, stretches E., forming the boundary between    ILPENDAM, ipfen-dgm', a village of Iolland, on the North
Illyria on the S., and Salzburg and Styria on the N. An- Holland Canal, 6 miles N. by E. of Amsterdam.  Pop. 518.
other branch, forming the Carnic or Julian Alps, stretches    ILSENBERG, il/sen-bhG'a, a market-town  of Prussian
across the kingdom  in a S.W. direction. These branches  Saxony, 16 miles W. of Halberstadt. Pop. 2112.
894




ILS                                                          INC
ILSFELD, ilsifilt a village of Germany, in Wiirtemberg,  say, in Further India; after a generally southward course of
6 miles S. of Ieilbrcnn. Pop. 2000.                           about 200 miles, joins the Ningthee or (Khyen-dwem River,
ILISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              130 miles N.W. of Ava. Munnipoor is the chief town on
ILISLEY, EAST, a market-town and parish of England, its banks.
to. of Berks, 15 miles W.N.W. of Reading. Pop. 733.             IMPHIY, Ams'fee/, a village  of France, department of
ILSLEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks.            Nilvre, on an affluent of the Loire, 7 miles S.E. of Nevers.
ILISTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.         Pop. 1489, occupied in large iron and copper mills.
ILTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.                 IMPINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
ILURO.  See OLfaoN.                                           IMREGII, imbrlE, a village of Hungary, co., of Zemplin,
ILVA.  See ELBA.                                            on the Bodrog. Pop. 804.
ILVESHEIM, illves-hime', a village of Baden, on the    IMST, imst, IMLIST, imflist, or UMBIETA, oom-be-i/td,
Neckar, 4 miles E. of Mannheim.  Pop. 1081.:         a market-town of the Tyrol, capital of the circle of Upper
ILZ or ILTZ, ilts, a small river of Lower Bavaria, joins the  Innthal, on the Inn. 31 miles WV. of Innspruck. Pop. 2194.
Danube at Ilzstadt, a suburb of Passanu.                        INABA, e-nUbg, (Chinese, Yn-fan,) a coast province of
ILZA, ilzA. a town of Poland, province of Sandomier, on  Japan, in the W. part of the island of Niphon. It is mounthe Ilza, 25 miles N.N.W. of Opatow.  Pop. 2000.              tainous, but fertile, and produces abundance of silk.
IMALAGUAN, e-mg-ld-gw~ nl, a small island of the Phi-   INACCEStSIBLE ISLAND, the westernmost of the Trislippines, in the Mindoro Sea; lat. (S. extremity) 100 42' N., tan da Cunha group, in the Atlantic; lat. 370 6' S.
lon. 1210 13' E.                                                INADA, e-nildt, or AINADA, Ind/dA, atown of European
IMAM-DOOR, IMIAM-DTUR, or IMAM-DOUR, e-mAm'dooR!,  Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Black Sea, 75 miles E.N.E. of
(anc. Dura,) a large village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and  Adrianople.
70 miles N.W. of Bagdad, on the Tigris, nearly opposite    I1NAGH, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.
Tekreet.                                                        INAGUA, e-nlgwA, or IENEAGUA, GREAT, one of the
IMANDRA, e-manldrg, a lake of Russia,.government of  Bahama Islands, the largest and most southerly of the
Archaugel, 35 miles S. of Kola. Length from N. to S., 60  group, 50 miles in length, and 25 miles in greatest breadth.
miles.                                                        Lat. of N.E. point, 210 18' N.. Ion. 730 40' W.
IMATACA, e-mi-tA'kA, a river of Venezuela; after a course    INAGUA  or HENEAGUA, LITTLE, one of the Bahama
of about 75 miles, joins the right bank of the Orinoco, about  Islands, 12 miles northward, is about 8 miles in length, by
60 miles'above its mouth.                                     6 miles across.
IMAUS. See HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS.                                INARIME.  See IscHIA.
IMIBER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                    INCA, ing'kl, a town of the island ofMajorca, 17 miles N.E.
IMBERSAGO, im-bar-si/go, a village of Austrian Italy, of Palma. Pop. 3300.
on a rugged precipice overlooking the course of the Adda.    INCE, inss, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
Pop. 1500.                                                      INCE, BLUN/DELL, a township of England, co. Lancaster.
IM/BROS or IMIBRO, an island of the Grecian Archi-   INCE-mN-MAIKERFIELD, a township of England, co. of
pelago, but belonging to Turkey, off the E. entrance of the  Lancaster.
Hellespont; its highest summit in lat. 400 10, N., Ion. 250    INfI-   intch, a Celtic word, signifying "island," forms
51' E., and 1959 feet above the sea. Length from E. to W., the name or a part of the name of numerous places and
19 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Pop. about 4000.                 islands in Scotland and Ireland.
IMtELY. a village of Hungary.  See IMOL.                     INCH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton, 2 miles E. of
IMERITIA, e-mgr-ishe-.a, or IMERET}HI, im-e-rAtee, a  Stranraer.  Its antiquities comprise several old baronial
province of Russia, in Transcaucasia, forming a part of the  castles. About 22 miles N.W. of Stranraer, on Loch Ryan,
ancient Colchis, having N. the Caucasus Mountains, E., in this parish, stood the ancient Rerigonium; and in more
Georgia, W., Mingrelia and Gooriel, and S., the old pashalic  modern times, the town and castle-of Invermessan.
of Akhalzikh.  Surface mountainous, well wooded, and    INCH, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 2,
wholly comprised in the basin of the Rion, (anc. Phasis.)  miles N. of Down-Patrick.  Here are remains of an abbey
The climate is moist and unhealthy; the soil is very fertile. of the twelfth century.
The products comprise wheat, barley, sorgho, maize, to-    INCIHI, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, cos. of Wicklow
bacco, hemp, madder, and a great variety of fruits common  and Wexford.
in Europe, which articles, with wine, cotton stuffs, taffetas,   INCH, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.
wool and woollen hosiery, honey, wax, and skins, constitute    INCIH, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal.
the chief exports. The imports consist in salt, woollen, silk,    INCH, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster. co. of Wexford.
and linen fabrics, copper wares, Turkish sabres, coin, jewelry,    INCH-BRAYOCK, intch-bripk, or ROSSIE ISLAND, a
and colonial produce. The slave trade, formerly consider- low, flat island in the channel of the South Esk, in Scotland,
able, has mostly ceased since the Russian occupation of the  co. of Forfar, between Montrose Basin and the German
country, which dates from 1804.  The inhabitants are of  Ocean. Pop. 152.
Georgian descent, and the majority are of the Greek Church.    INCH-CAILLIACH,inch-kAI-yax, (" island of old women,';)
The province is divided into 4 districts. Chief towns, Koo- an island of Scotland, co. of Stirling, about 1 mile long.
tais, (Kutais,) the capital, Bagdat. Vartzik, and Vakhani.    INCHICOLM, an island of Scotland, co. of Fife, in the
Coal was discovered in 1846 N.E. of Kootais; it is of excel-  Frith of Forth, 2 miles S. of Aberdour.  On it are the ruins
lent quality, and extensively used for steam-vessels on the  of a monastery, founded by Alexander I. in 1123.
Black Sea. Pop. 81,000.                                         INCHIEGEELAGII,  in-che-jeeflih,  or EVELEA/RY, a
IMILAY, a township in Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 183.   parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.
IMI/LAYSTOWN, a post-village of Monmouth co., New    INCIHI-GAR!VIE, a rocky islet of Scotland, in the Frith of
Jersey, 14 miles E.S E. of Trenton.                           Forth, opposite Queensferry.
IMMENHAUSEN, im'men-h6w'zen, a town of Germany,    INCHICRONANE, in-che-kro-nainf, or IN'NISCRONANEI,
in IIesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-Hessen, 9 miles N.N.W.  a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.
of Cassel. Pop. 1569.                                           INCHINPNAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew.
IMMENSTADT, im'umen-statt', a town of Bavaria, circle    INICHIQUIN, a barony and island of Ireland, in Munster,
of Swabia, 13 miles S.W. of Kempten. Pop. 1200.               co. of Clare; the island is in Lake Corrib.
IM1MINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              INCHKEITHI, inch-keethl, a small rocky island of ScotIMOGEELY, im-o-jee'lee, a parish of Ireland, in Mlunster,  land, in the Frith of Forth, 3 miles S. of Kinghorn, co. of
zo. of Cork, comprising a part of tie town of Castlemartyr.   Fife, opposite Leith, with light-house in its centre. Light
IMOL, ee'moll, or IMELY, ee'mil, a village of Hungary,  revolving. Lat. 56~  2! N., ion. 3~ 8' WV.
co., and 10 miles N. by E. of Comorn. Pop. 1079.                INCII-KENNETH, an island of the Hebrides, off the W.
IMOLA, eelmo-l&, (anc. Flrumcs Co'nenlii,) a town ofCentral  coast of Mull. Length, 1 mile; breadth, half a mile.
Italy, in the Pontifical States, legation, and 25 miles W.S.WV.    INCH-MARNOCH-, intch-martnoK, an islet of Scotland, in
of Ravenna, on the Santerno.  Pop. 9800. It is enclosed by  the Frith of Clyde, co., and 2 miles W. of Bute.
old walls, defended by a castle, and well built. It has a    INCHI-MURIRIN, an islet of Scotland, in the S.W. part of
cathedral, several other churches and convents, a hospital, Loch Lomond, 1 miles in length, by nearly halfamile across.
theatre, college, literary academy, and small public library.    INCH-TAVANACH, intch-t.vla-unK, (" monk's island,")
IMOSCIII, e-moslKee, a town of Austria, in Dalmatia, 72  of Scotland, nearly 1 mile long, by 3 furlongs broad, of a
miles E. by S. of Sebenico; lat. 430 30' N., ion. 170 15' E. beautiful pyramidal form, mostly covered with wood.
Pop. 950.                                                       INCHItTURE and ROSSIE, a parish of Scotland, co. Perth.
IMPERADOR, VILLA DO, veel/l  do eem-pl-ra-dft, a town    INCHY-BEAUMONT,   NG'sheeL-b0'm~6NC!, a village  of
of Brazil, province of Parahiba, has some trade in provisions  France, department of Nord, 11 miles E.S.E. of Cambrai.
and cotton.                                                   Pop. 1580.
IMPERATRIZ, VILLA DA, veelfli di eem-pt-rltreess. a    INCHYIRA, a village of Scotland, co., and 41 miles E.S.E.
town of Brazil, province of Ceara, on the Serra Uruburelanma,  of Perth, with a port on the Tay, and a ferry to Fingask.
W. of Fortaleza.                                                INCINO, in-cheelno, a village of Austrian Italy, province
IMPERIAL, a river of Chili.  See CATEN.                    of Como, 3 miles from Erba. Pop. 1852.
IMPERIAL, eem-pA-re-/l!, a town of Chili, in Araucania,    INCISA, in-cheetz/t or in-cheelsA, a town of Piedmont, 14
on the Canten or Imperial River, 82 miles N. of Valdivia.   miles S.W. of Alessandria, on the Belbo. Pop. 2000.
IMPHIAN  TOORAL, or IMPAN  TURAL, imp-hbnl, (or    INCORONATA, an island of Dalmatia.  See CORONATA.
imp-/n!,) too-ril, or MiUTHINEE, the principal river of Cas-   INDALS-ELF, inld~ls-lf, or INIDAL, a navigable river
895




IND                                                       IND
of Sweden, loens of Ostersund and HIernbsand, formed a    INDE.RKUSIT, in-der-kooshf, a village of North Persia,
short distance below Ragunda. flows S.E., and enters the  province of Azerbaijan, S. of Lake Ooroomeeyah, 25 miles E.
Gulf of Bothnia, 10 miles N. of Sundsvall. Length, 60 miles. of Nakhodeh.
INDEN, inuden, a village of Prussia, province of Aix-la    IN/DESVILLE, a post-village of Surry co., North Carolina.
Chapelle, circle of Jiilich. Pop. 983.                      INDIA, in-de-a. (Fr. Ind, &Nd; Ger. and Dutch, Indien,
INDENTIED HEAD, a peninsula of Australia, in Vic- inlde-en; L. In{ldia; Gr. Wymla,) often called IND by the
toria, bounding the entrance to Port Philip on its W. side. poets; an extensive country or region of Southern Asia, comArea, about 100,000 acres, watered by the Barwurn River, prising in its largest acceptation not only Hindostan and
and consisting chiefly of grassy plains.                   the whole of Farther India, (India beyond the Ganges,) but
INDEPENWDENCE, a county in the N.E. central part of also at least the northernmost islands of the Indian (Malay)
Arkansas, contains about 1000 square miles. It is inter- Archipelago, thus nearly corresponding, in application, to the
sected by White River, and bounded on the E. by Black  popular but vague appellation EAST INDIES. In this extenRiver. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys. The  sive sense it was employed by the ancient Greeks and Resoil is fertile. In 1850 there were raised 388,395 bushels of mans. The name is now; however, more commonly restricted
Indian corn, the greatest quantity produced in any one  to the two peninsulas of HINDOSTAN and INDIA BEYOND TIH
county of the state, except Ashley. Black marble, slightly  GANeS, which will be found noticed under their respective
variegated, is found in the county. An active emigration  heads. —Adj. INDIAN, in/de-an, and INDIA; inhab. INDIAN.
is directed to this part of the state. Capital, Batesville.   INDIA-BvoarND-THE-GANGESS e  FARTHER  INDIA, CHIN
Pop. 7767, of whom 6939 were free, and 828 slaves.        INDIA, or INDO-CHINA, a region of South Asia, consisting
INDEPENDENCE, a post-township forming the S.E. ex- of the most E. of its three great peninsulas, and extending,
tremity of Alleghany co., New York, about 56 miles W. by  exclusive of the Malay Peninsula, between lat. 10 20' and 280'
S. of Elmira. Pop. 1701.                                  N., and ion. 900 and 1090 E.; and bounded N. by the East
INDEPENDENCE, a post-township of Warren co., New  Himalayas, separatingitfrom Bootan and Thibet, also by the
Jersey, 14 miles E.N.E. of Belvidere. Pop. 2621.          Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Quangsee, WV. by HindosINDEPENDENCE, a village and township of Beaver co., tan, from which itis properly separted by the river BrahmaPennsylvania, 10 miles S. of Beaver. Pop. 799.            pootra, also by the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean; E. by
INDEPENDENCE, a post-village of Washington co., Penn- the China Sea; and S. by the Gulf of Siam and Straits of
sylvania, about 200 miles W. of HIarrisburg.              Malacca. Length, from N. to S., at least 2000 miles; greatest
INDEPENDENCE, a po~t-villae, capital of Grayson co., breadth, from E. to W.. about 1200 miles. Four great paVirginia, 288 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It is situated in  rallel mountain chains traverse this region from N. to S.,
a wild, mountainous region.                               bounding the great basins of the Irrawaddy, Menam, the IleINDEPENDENCE, a village of Preston co., Virginia, on  kong, and Tonquin Rivers, respectively composing the centhe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.                          tral portions of the dominions of Burmah, Siam, the East
INDEPENDENCE, a post-office,Caswell co., NorthCarolina. Laos, and Cambodia and Tonquin, in the empire of Anam,
INDEPENDENCE, a post-village ofAutauga co., Alabama, which last comprises the E. quarter of this peninsula. Beabout 90 miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa.                        sides the above-mentioned states, India-beyond-thbe-Ganges
INDEPENDENCE, a post-village of Washington co., Texas, includes Assam, Jyntiah, Cachar, the districts of Sylhet, Ti88 miles E. of Austin City. It is the seat of Baylor Univer- perah, and Chittagong, Aracan, and the Tenasserim Pro- 
sity, a flourishing institution, under the direction of the  vinces, all of which belong to the British presidency of BenBaptists.                                                 gal, (see INDIA, BRITISH,) and the semi-independent state of
INDEPENDENCE, a post-office of Dickson co., Tennessee. Cassay  or Munnipoor.  The whole region abounds with
INDEPENDENCE, a post-village, capital of Kenton co., rich valleys, and yields many of the most valuable, and
Kentucky, 11 miles S. of Cincinnati, was incorporated in  some unique mineral, vegetable, and animal products. Ex1840. It contains 1 church and several stores.            cept on the W. frontiers-included in Bengal-the inhabitINDEPENDENCE, a pbst-township in the central part of  ants are of races quite different from those located in HinCuyahoga co., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 1485. dostan or India-within-the Ganges, and they resemble much
INDEPENDENCE, a village of Defiance co., Ohio, on the  more those inhabiting China and'the great table-land of
Maumee River and Wabash and Erie Canal, 53 miles above  East Asia. Their  architecture, customs, and religion~~~~~~~~~Toledo.  ~which last is Boodhism in various and somewhat debased
INDEPENDENCE, a township of Oakland co., Michigan. forms-are also analogous to those prevalent throughout
Pop. 978.                                                 the rest of East Asia; and excepting Burmah, Cassay, and
INDEPENDENCE, a thriving post-village of Warren co., the British territories above indicated, all the states of
Indiana, on the Wabash River, 9 miles above Williamsport.  this peninsula acknowledge themselves more or less tribuINDEPENDENCE, a township ofColes co.,Illinois. P. 905. tary to the Chinese Empire. See ANAM, BUnIAnH, LAos,
INDEPENDENCE, a small village of Coles co., Illinois.    SIAM, &c.
INDEPENDENCE, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, 9    INDIA, intde-a, BRITISH, an extensive empire, consisting
miles N.E. of Lewistown. The post-office is called JACKsoN  of the most part of the great central peninsula of Southern
~~~GcP~~~ovc~E~.  ~Asia, viz. Hindostan, together with Ceylon, various disINDEPENDENCE, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois.    tricts of the Bengal Presidency, the Tenasserim Provinces,
INDEPENDENCE, township, Dunklin co., Missouri. P. 447. and adjacent islands in " India-beyond-the-Ganges;" and
INDEPENDENCE, a thriving city, capital of Jackson co., Singapore, Penang, Malacca, and Province-Wellesley-colMissouri, is situated 4 miles S. of Missouri River, and 165  lectively called the Straits-Settlement-in or contiguous to
miles W. by N. of Jefferson City. It is important-as one of  the Malay Peninsula. Ceylon, however, is a colony belongthe starting points in the trade with New Mexico and Utah, ing to the British crown, and unconnected with any of the
and a place where many of the emigrants to Oregon and  Indian presidencies. Exclusive of it and the detached terCalifornia procure their outfit. It is the centre of trade for  ritories enumerated above, British India extends between
a considerable extent of the surrounding country, which is lat. 80 51 and 350 N., and Ion. 660 375 and 970 E.; bounded
extremely fertile. The prodigious tide of emigration which  N. by the Himalayas, which separate it from  Thibet and
has passed through this placefor the last four or five years, has  the territories of the Maharajah Gholab Sing. also by the
created a demand for horses. provisions, and merchandise, at states of Nepaul and Bootan; N.W. by the Indus and the
prices which have enriched the farmers and traders of this  mountain chains (to Cape Monze,) which separate the terrivicinity. It contains several churches, 3 hotels, and 2 neirs- tory watered by that river from Afghanistan and Beloopaper offices. Two good roads extend to the two citylandings chistan; W. and S.W. by the Indian Ocean, which, with
on the river. Pop. in 1855 estimated at 3000.             the Gulf of Manaar and the Bay of Bengal, bounds it also
INDEPENDENCE, a post-village. capital of Buchanan co., on the S.E.; and, on its E. frontier, it extends in Upper AsIowa, on the Wapsipinicon, about 75 miles N.N.W. of Iowa  sam as far as East Thibet, and is elsewhere separated by
City. Its origin is very recent.                          mountain ranges from the Burmese dominions. The wide
INDEPENDENCE, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.         region circumscribed by these limits, stretching through
INDEPENDENCE HILL, a post-office of Prince William  nearly 270 of lat. and more than 300 of lon., is nearly 1900
co., Virginia.                                            miles in length, from N. to S., and 1700 miles in its greatest
INDEPENDENCE RIVER, rises in Hamilton co., in the  breadth, from W. to E. It comprises numerous states beN.E. central part of New York, and falls into Black River, in  sides the territory directly subject to the British rule; but
Lewis county.                                              those states are all more or less tributary; and, since the AnINDERABIA, in-d-ne-rfe-, or HINDERABI, hin-de-r bee, nexation of the Punjab, in 1839 —if we except Nepaul, Boo(anc. ni.ikandrosP?) an island in the Persian Gulf, off the S. tan, and some comparatively insignificant Portuguese and
coast of Persia, province of Laristan, midway between the  French settlements-the whole of India. from  its most N.
islands of Busheab and Kenn, 5 miles from the mainland. frontier to Cape Comorin, may be considered as substanLength, 4 miles.                                          tially British dominion.
INDERGIIUR or INDERGURH, in'der-girf, a town of    The physical geography of India, its productions, and the
India, dominion, and 85 miles S.S.E. of Jeypoor. Lat. 250 manners, customs, religions. &c., of its various races of in45, N., Ion. 760 18' E.                                   habitants, have been already treated of under Ilindostan.
INDERGIHUIR, a town of India, in Bundelcund, 30 miles  See HiNDOSTAN. The area and population, and its subsidiary
W. by W. of Ihansi. Lat. 250 53' N., lon. 780 30' E.      states-exclusive of territories under the Bengal Presidenicy
INDERIHALL, in'der-hawl/, a town of India, in Nizam's  in the peninsula E. of the Ganges and Brahmapootra —ae
Cominions. 40 miles N.W. of Beeder.                       shown in the annexed table:896




IND                                                                   IND
Area and  Ipulation of Britzsh India, with its Dependent States.
A rea in sq.m aEstimatodPop.             Old Mohammedan Provinces, &c.
Presidency of Bengal..............................    325,990   56,283,851  Bengal, Bahar, Benares, Orissa, Gundwanahl. Assam.
Agra, (or the North-west Provinces,).........        85,571   23,800,549  Allahabad, Oude, Agra, Delhi.
Punjab.........................................     78,447    4,100,983  Lahore, Mooltan.
E. Straits Settlements in Further hldia:-Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and Province-Wol-          1,575       202,540  FartherIndia.
lesley, under Bengal......................... i,
Under Bengal.......................     491,245   76,062,392
Presidency of Madras..............................     144,889   22,301,697         i, Cirars,        hat,  abr, Canara, Coib-. toor, Salem, Sanjore.
Bombay, with Sinde and Sattara.....      123,065   10,485,017  Conean, Aurungabad, Bejapoor, Gandeish, Guzerat.
Total under direct British rule......    56,99  11,174,632
Dependent States.                                                        Provinces.                   Dynasty.
I. Subordinate to the Bengal Presidency:Hyderabad (the Nizam).....i.....................     95,337   10,666,080   Hyderabad, Beeder, Anrunga.. Mohammedan.
bad, Bejapoor.........
Oude.................................;.........     23,728    2,970,000  COuide.........................
Nagpoor or Berar...............................      76,432,650,00   Gundwanabh, Berar.............  tindoo, (Miahratta.)
Gwa'lisr (Sinldia)...............................    33,119    3,228;512   Malwah, Agra..................
Bundelcund States, and Saugor and Nerbudda                                  Maa, llahaad.     I           (jpoot.)
chiefships....................................     56,311    5,81,112
Indore, (Bollar,) Burwannee Dhar, Dewass,            15,100     1,415,200   Malwah, Candeish.............      "    (MIahratta,&c.)
Jaboo, e..................................
Bhopaul, Rajghur, &c............................,312       815,360    falwah.....................    Mohammedan.
Rajpoot States-Joudpoor, Jeypoor, Odeypoor,         119,859     8,45,098      jpootna,  alah............    Hindoo, (ajpoot.)
bhurtpoor, Bikaneer, Alwur, &c.............ajpot                                       alwh..       ind, (ajpoot.
Rampoor, Delhi Tributaries, and Hill States, }                              D
(BHios Dalas   rbtie yal,)ilX..                    13,572     1,211,407   Delhi, Kumaon.................     "    and Sikh.
(Himalaya,  )..................
Siksh protected States............................  6,746    1,005,154 I Delhi.......................... Sikh.
S.WT. frontier States.............................    25,431    1,245,655 I Mlalwah,Allahabad, Gundwanah.  Hindoo.
Sikkim........................................         2,504       92,648   N. frontier......................  Boodhist.
Bhawlpoor........................................    20,003      600,000   Mooltan........................   Bindoo.
Cashmere, (Gholab Singh,)......................       25,123      750,000   Cashmere...................... Sikh.
N.E. frontier States.............................    7,711      231,605   Assam, &...................... Boodhist.
Ifunnipoor....................................        7,584       75,840 
Cuttao   Mehals................................      16,929      761,805    Orssa.......   Hindoo
Total dependent on Benal.........        554,31   4,335.470
II. Subordinate to the Madras Presidency:Mlysore...............................          30,886    3,000,000   hlysore.........................
Travancore....................................        4,722    1,011,824   Travancore.....................
Cochin........................................       1,988      288,1716   Malabar....................;..
Jeypoor and Hill Zemindars.....................      13,041      391,230    Balaght, Bejpoor..........
Total dependent on Mladras..........      50,137    4,691,210
III. Subordinate to the Bombay Presidency:Guicowars Doinion...........................          4,399      325,526   Guzerat........................
Klattywar chiefships............................     19,850    1,468,000........................
Pahlunpoor chiefships..........................       5,350      388,500
Cambay, Daung rajahs, &c.....................         3,308      244,792   Guzerat........................
Kolapoor........................................      3,445      500,000   Bejapoor..............(Mahralta.)
Sawunt Warree and Mlyhee, &c.................          9,529      765,946.......... 
Cutch.........................................       6,761      500,536   Cutchs..........1...             Mohamnmedan.
South Mahratta Jaghiredars, &.................        3,775      419,25   Bejapor...................B.... Hindoo.
Total dependent 6n Bombay........         56,320    4,61,325
Total of dependent States............    661,348   53,639,031
Grand total of British India and dependerit States..    1,427,547   170,13,668 
The above "dependent states" have all relinquished po-  are elected to it by a certain number among the holders of
litical relations with each other, or with any but the para-  the capital stock of the company, which consists of 6,000,0001/.,
mount British  state, to which they are bound by alliances  shared, in  different proportions, among 3600 individuals.
of various kinds.                                                     Proprietors of 10001. stock have each one vote; of 30005., two
Government.-By an act of Parliament, passed in 1833,  votes; of 60000., three votes; and of 10,0001., or upwards,
the government of British India was vested in the East  four votes in the election of directors, and of committees to
India Company as trustees for the crown, subordinate to the  form by-laws, and for the control of pensions beyond a cerBoard of Control established in 1784, by Mr. Pitt's India Bill.  tain amount, and the bestowal of rewards.  Persons holding
The Supreme Government, which has generally its seat in  less than 10001. stock have no vote, although they may take
Bengal, consists of the Govelrnor-General, and  a council  a part in the discussions of the court.  The court consists
of five members, one of whom  is the commander-in-chief.  of twenty-four directors, who must be born or naturalized
The Governor-General is nominated by the Court of Di-  ssbjects of Great Britain, and possessed of at least 20005.
rectors, his appointment being subject to the approval of  stock.  From this court proceed, on all ordinary occasions,
the sovereign; salary, 24,0001.  Thq Governor-General has  instructions relative to the management of the Indian Emthe power to declare war, conclude peace, and make treaties  pire; but a draft of every despatch sent thither must be
ofcommerce and alliance.  In conjunction with hiscouncil,  first submitted to the approval of the Board of Control.  It
he mnakes laws and regulations which have force through-  is bound to lay annually before Parliament an account of its
out the whole of the territories of Blitish India.  The other  revenue and expenditure for the preceding year.
members of the Supreme Council, except the commander-in-    Justice.-In each of the capital cities of the presidencies
chief, are appointed by the Court of Directors, and must  of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, is a superior, civil, and crihave resided in India for ten years; salary, 96000.  The Su-  minal court, over which neither the Court of Directors nor
premo Council is also the council for the presidency of Ben-  the Boar'd of Control have any authority, the judges in them
gal.  The presidencies of Madras and Bombay have each  being appointed directly by the sovereign.  Withlin these
their governor and council of three members, similarly ap-  cities, English law is held to be equally binding upon the
pointed; the governor receiving a salary of 12,0005. annually.  European and native inhabitants; but beyond their limits
The presidency Agra remained distinct from that of Bengal  Europeans only are subject to British jurisprudence. Zillah
for a short period only, under the title of the North-western   courts, both Enropean and native, are established throughProvinces; that territory has been again united to the Ben-  out British India, in each district or collectorate, as well as
gal Presidency, and is administered by a Lieutenant-Go-  in the cities and towns. In each village and community are
vernor.                                                              also native police courts, the head officer of which receives
The Board of Control, as originally founded, consisted of  criminal charges and holds inquests; and in the N.W. prosix members; but the chief authority exercised was vested in  vinces are established peochayets, or native juries of five perits president, who is a cabinet minister, and, under another  sons, who arbitrate in minor causes.  In all the superior
name, Secretary of State for India.  The Court of Directors  courts, trial by jury takes place in criminal cases; and na.
of the East India Company nominates the governors and  tires are eligible, both as petty and grand jurors.  The promembers of council of the different presidencies, and retains  ceedings in thle superior courts are conducted in English,
most of the patrolage throughout British India.  Members  but in provincial courts always in the vernacular languages.
3 G                                                                                        897




IND                                                            IND
A small-cause court, on the plan of the county courts in I  Intcrnal Conmvaunication.-Previous to the commencement
England, was instituted at Calcutta in 1850; and itis ex- of the present century, the public ways in India were little
pected that similar courts will be established in the capitals  else than mere tracks; but since then great pains have been
of the other presidencies. Except at these capitals, the Mo- taken to open good roads between important points, and to
hammedan laws are commonly administered to the Moham-  provide means of internal communication calculated to promedan, and the Hindoo laws to the Hindoo population.          mote the interests of commerce. For this purpose the East
FEducation, cdc.-A few years ago six superior colleges ex- India Company alone expended, during the ten years preisted in the Bengal presidency, under the superintendence  ceding 1846. no less than 1,446,4001. Several extensive roads
of the council of education established at Calcutta.  There  have been opened to the public since 1850. Railways are in
were also 51 district and other schools, attended by 8203  progress, or have been projected, in all three of the presidenpupils, of whom  6140 were Hindoos, and 1621 Mohammne- cies, and several lines of telegraph are also in operation.
dans; and, in 1845, arrangements had been made fol the  But the most extensive work hitherto undertaken by the
establishment of 100 additional schools. In the Bombay  British government in India is the Ganges Canal, now in
presidency there were 120 schools, attended by 7750 pupils,  course of construction.  It commences at Hurdwar, and is
At Madras is an institution termed a university; but for a  to extend for a distance of 180 miles to near Alighur, where
long period fewer attempts were made to extend education  it will diverge into two channels —one, 170 miles in length,
in this than in the other presidencies.  In a portion of the  running to the Ganges at Cawnpoor, and the other, 165
Lahore territories, with a population of 2,470,000, are 1835  miles long, to the Jumna, near Ilumeerpoor, 40 miles W.
native public schools, in which 11,500 boys receive instruc-  by N. of Suttehpoor. Branches, with an aggregate extent
tion. Religious bigotry in India appears to be giving place  of 250 miles, are to communicate with the latter town and
to more liberal sentiments. In the Mohammedan college at  with Coel, making the total length of the canal 750 miles.
Hoogly, both Christians and Hindoos are admitted; in  It is to be navigable thiroughout, and is intended to irrigate
medical studies at Calcutta and elsewhere, Hindoo students  8400 square miles of territory. The results of the canal, in
have made distinguished progress, and at Amritseer, in the  preventing the recurrence of the famines that have invaPunjab, a public seminariy has lately been endowed by the  riably followed the failure of the monsoons in the districts.government to the amount of 5001. annually. Female edu- it traverses, and in creating numerous lines of easy and
cation is generally discouraged by the Hindoos: in the Sikh  economical transit connected with the great rivers of the
territories, however, at the city of Lahore, are 16 schools at Doab, are incalculable; The cost of the work is estimated
which female children are instructed; and in all the three  at 1,500,0001. of which 634,0001. had been expended on its
presidencies are flourishing female schools under the super- construction at the close of 1850. April 4, 1854, the main
intendence of the missionaries of various denominations of  trunk of the canal was opened with ceremonies peculiar to
Christians.  In 1848, there were published in Calcutta five  the country-English clergymen reading a form of prayers
newspapers in the Persian or IIindostanee languages, and  for the occasion, Brahmins throwing flowers into the stream,
nine in Bengali; besides numerous editions of Hindoo and  an imposing display of troops, a general distribution of
Mohammedan works. At Delhi, many scientific works and  sweetmeats, missionaries-preaching to the crowd, men racing
truansiaons  of English historical wolrks were published, and  in sacks, &c. &c. The principal engineeringwork is an aqueprinting was actively going on at Bareily. The transactions  duct over the Solani River, having a water-way of 750 feet,
of the learned societies, and reviews at Calcutta and Bombay,  and costing 300,0001. A canal has also been commenced in
are periodicals of high merit; and English newspapers are  the Punjab, the cost of which, when completed, is estimated
published in the capitals of all the presidencies' (seven in  at half a million sterling.
Calcutta,) and at Delhi and Lahore. Literary works pub-    Cosenersce.-The great staples of Indian exports are inlished in India are protected by a copyright act, passed in  digo, opium, cotton, sugar, silk, wool, salt, coffee, pepper,
1847, similar to that in force in Great Britain.               saltpetre, and rice. The greater part of the indigo consumed
Tkhe Eeclesicctical Establishment in India is under the  in Europe is raised in India. It is estimated that there are
suo  rintendence of the Bishops of Calcutta, Madras, and  upwards of 470 indigo ikctories in the Bengal and Agra presiBombay, who, re appointed by the sovereign, and are paid  dencies, conducted by English capitalists. The total exports
by the East India Company. There is also an archdeacon in  of indigo in 1842 amounted in value to 2,730,5601., and in 1849
each diocese. Chaplains /t the different stations are appointed  75,982 hundredweights were imported into Great Britain and
by the court of directors, subject to the approval of the  Ireland. Opium is a government monopoly. In 1849, the
Archbishop of Canterbury, or the Bishop of London. An  sale of opium raised in the British territory realized to the
allowance is made by the company to a certain number of  Bengal government the sum of 3,015,0001., exclusive of the
tihe Ronman Catholic clergymen, and clergymen of the Scotch  receipts from  the sale of Malwah opium and opium-paosses
Established Church. Other Christian sects in India sup-  in Bombay, amounting to 898,0931. Cotton is considered the
port their own ministers.                                      most important Indian product. In 1845-6, the total exArsszesl  brce.-The total armed force of the East India  ports comprised 143,252.960 pounds, (value, 1,531,734/.,) sent
Company, in 1845, amounted to 13,715 European, and 235,684  chiefly to China and the United Kingdom. In 1849, the imnative troops, in all 249,399, officers and rank. and file. Be- port of cotton from British India into the United Kingdom
sides these, there were 963 officers, and 27,149 rank and file  amounted to 70,838,515 pounds, being rather more than
belonging to her Majesty's service. The Punjab military  one-tenth of the entire quantity of this article imported for
force consisted, in 1850, of five corps of infantry, five of ca- home consumption. In 1850, the total import into the same
valcy, and three batteries of artillery, besides four local regi- country amounted to 118,665,380 pounds. The whole imments of infantry and one corps of cavalry, raised in that port of sugar from India into the United Kingdom, in 1833,
territory. The Indian navy, in 1848, comprised 39 steam yes- was only 111,731 hundredweights; in 1848 it amounted to
eels, with an aggregate of 18,360 tons burden, and 5044 horse- 1,360,417 hundredweights; besides which there were also repower, and 14 sailing vessels, aggregate burden, 2826 tons.   ceived19,853hundredweights of molasses, and 908,876 gallons
RNevenue.-The land tax is the principal source of Indian  of rum. Of raw silk, Great Britain receives nearly as much
revenue. (See IJcNDOSTAN, p. 858.) It is collected, in the first  from India as from China, the amount for 1849 being set
instance, by the village collectors, teksildars or accountants;  dowvn at 1,804,327 pounds, besides upwards of 500,000 pieces
from them it is sent to the provincial native treasurers, who  of India silk manufactures.  The import of wool from India
are bound in heavy securities to the government, and act into the United Kingdom had increased from 371 pounds in
directly under the European collector of the district or col- 1833, to 3,975,866 pounds in 1845; and in 1849 it amounted
lectorate. In addition to the land tax, revenue is derived  to 4,182,853 pounds.  Salt is a government monopoly, and,
from the sales of opium, salt, and tobacco; and, in the Bom- in 1844-5, 3,405,288 hundredweights were disposed of at
bay territories, opium-passes, and dock dues; mint, stamp, the government sales. In 1848-9, the sale of this article
and excise duties; post-oflice collection, sayer and abkarry,  amounted to 2,488,5671. The import of coffee into the United
or spirit, and other licenses; marine and pilotage receipts, Kingdom f-om British India, in 1849, amounted to 3,845,357
subsidies, and tribute from  the protected states, &c. The  pounds; of pepper, to 3,913,611 pounds; of saltpetre, 286,746
Indian revenue, for some years prior to 1850 presented a de- hundredweights; and of rice, to 875,510 hundredweights.
ficiency as compared with the expenditure, in consequence  Among the other articles of Indian export are tobacco, teakof expensive wars. The following table exhibits the reve-   timber, cardamoms, cocoa-nuts, chank  and pearl shells,
nues and charges of the several presidencies of British India, drugs, dyes, gum-lac, linseed, sesamum, safflower, turmeric,
for the year 1848-9:-                                         ginger, skins and hides, borax, ivory, cassia and other spices,
and diamonds. Thefollowing table exhibits the total value of
Total Revenue  Total Charges  Indian exports and imports during four successive years:Presidencle%. 
~in 1848-9.           in 1848-9.                                                xot    Iprs
in 1849.  in   -     Date.   Exports.   Imports.   Date.   Exports.  Imports.
Bengac-~............             L7,308,310     ~.9,627,354   1584-5...~16,590,211... ~10,754,14   i-.... ~15,355,436... ~  8,811,250
Agra...........................  4,686,300      951,090    1845-6.. 17,286,720...  9,087,478 1847-8.... 13,565,949... 8,408,100
M~adras...................-....  3,7558,650     1,221,0696    In 1842-3, the total exports of the three presidencies of
Bomccbay.....        2,476,048      2,929,170   Bengal, Madras, and Bombay amounted to 14,071,8191., and
Total.                     ~5s,309,148    ~16,729,870   the imports to 8,784,9030.  Of this commerce, 5,9;3985.  exports, and 5,016,6791. imports, was with  Great BBritain;
Add to this last the 3,012,0001. disbursed in England, and  4.102,8781. exports, and 536,590. imports, with China; 764,2141.
the total expenditure for the year amounts to 19,741,8701.  exports, and 307,1871. imports, with Penang and eastward;
The public debt of the East India Company, in 1849, was  811,8050. exports, and 410,6041. imports, with the Arabian
44.204,0801.                                                 and Persian Gulfs; 569,8841. exports, and 213,7221. imports,
898




IND                                                         IND
with France; 168,322Z. exports, and 54,9751. imports, with   HMierals. —Indiana has beds of coal within her limits
Mauritius; and 141,1201. exports, and 72,0741. imports, with  estimated to be capable of yielding 50,0019,000 bushels to the
the United States. The total exports of the United King- square mile. One coal deposite commences near the Ohio, in
dom to British India, including Ceylon, in 1849, amounted  Perry county, and extends N.W. about 150 miles into Verto 6,803,274Z. The commerce of the United States with In- milion county. Taylor computes the area of the coal-field
dia, in1855, included exports to the value of 13,1301., and irm- of this state at 7700 square miles. Coal deposits have this
ports to 740,026. ~ (For a notice of steam communication, see year (1854) been discovered under the town of Evansville,
CALCUTTA.)                                                  which give promise of great richness. Besides coal, Indiana
History.-The present East India Company, under the  contains iron, some copper, lime, marble, freestone, gypsum,
title of the': London Company," headed by George Earl, of and grindstones. In 1850 about $172,000 were invested in
Cumberland, was organized in 1600; in the following year  forges, furnaces, &c.for the working of iron.
it numbered 215 shareholders.  Its original capital was    Pivers, Lakes, ~c.-Lake Michigan borders' on the N.W.
70,0001.  The company traded successfully at Surat and  portion of Indiana for about 40 miles, and opens to it the
other places on the coast of India, and in 1612 increased its  trade of the great lakes.  There are a number of small lakes
capital to 429,0001. About this time permission was granted  in the N. part of the state. The Ohio forms the entire
to the British to erect factories at Surat, Ahmedabad, Cam- southern boundary of Indiana, and gives it access to the
bay, and Gogo.  The company's ships first sailed up the  commerce of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. The Wabash
Ganges to trade at Pipley, in Bengal, in 1634. In 1639, the  is the largest river that has its course mainly within the
British procured the cession of a strip of land about 5 miles  state, of whose surface, with its branches, it drains threein length on the Coromandel coast, where Madras now  fourths. It rises inthe W. of Ohio, and flowing N.W., and
stands; this was their first territorial acquisition on the In- then S.W. across the state, meets the boundary of Illinois,
dian mainland. In 1644, permission was obtained to erect which it follows for more than 100 miles, till it discharges
factories at Balasore and HIoogly, in Bengal; in 1662, the  its waters into the Ohio, after a total course of about 500
island of Bombay was ceded by Portugal to Charles II. of  miles, (including its windings,) 400 of which may be naviEngland. It was made over in perpetuity to the East India  gated by steamboats at high water. At low water its chanCompany, in 1668; and in 1687, it became the capital of the  nel is obstructed by bars and ledges of rocks just above the
British settlements in the East. By this time factories had  mouth of the White River, its principal tributary.:The
been established in various parts of Bengal, Bahar, and  latter rises in two branches in the E. part of the state, flow
South India. The first grant of land in Bengal, a small S.W. and unite about 30 miles from  the Wabash. The
zemindary on the Hoogly, comprising the towns of Chut- course of the largest branch (the West Fork) is about 200
tanuttee, Govindpore, and Kalleeghatta, (see CALCUTTA, His- miles. It is navigable in the season of floods to Indianatory,) was made to the company in 1695. From  this small polls, 140 miles from its mouth. The Maumee is formed by
acquisition have sprung the vast possessions of the Bengal the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's, in the N.E. part of Indiana,
presidency, forming the third, and by far the most import- and passes off into Ohio. The Kankakee, one of the sources
ant of the three great presidencies into which British India  of the Illinois, drains the N.W. portion of the state. The
is now divided. In extending their sway over India, the  Upper St. Joseph's makes a bendinto Indiana from Michigan,
British became involved in many long and expensive wars, to which, after a course of about 30 miles, it returns. Some
both with the native princes and with the French, who had  branches of the Ohio and Wabash form the other principal
early made settlements on the Coromandel coast. A war  streams.
with the latter broke out in 1756; the great battle of Plas-    Objects of Jnqterest to T'ourists.-There are a number of
sey, fought in 1757, effectually opened Bengal to the British, caves in this state. Wyandotte Cave, in Crawford county,
and checked the rising power of the French in India, which  11 miles from Corydon, is said to rival Mammoth Cave, in
was completely overthrown in 1763.  Among the wars  Kentucky, in extent and interest. Previous to 1850, the
carried on with the native princes, may be mentioned  cave had been explored for three miles. In that year new
that commenced in 1775, with Ryder-Al, King of Mysore, chambers and galleries were discovered, more extensive than
and terminated in 1799; and the war with the Mahratta  the old, and abounding in staladtites and other calcareous
powers, in the early part of the present century, in which  concretions, some of great size and splendor. Epsom Salts
the Duke of Wellington first distinguished himself. British  Cave, on the Big Blue River, is in the side of a hill 400 feet
/cquisitions in the peninsula beyond the Ganges commenced  high. About 2500 yards from the entrance is a white column,
with the cession of Aracan, in 1824, and of Assam and the  15 feet in diameter, 30 in height, regularly fluted, and surTenasserim  Provinces, in 1826; Malacca was purchased in  rounded by smaller and similar columns. The earth of the
1824-5; Coorej, in South India, and Loodianah, with adja- floor yields Epsom salts, nitre, alunminous earth, and gypsum.
cent districts on the Sutlej, were acquired in 1834; Sinde, There is within a, rude painting of an Indian on the rock.
in the valley of the Indus, was obtained by conquest in  There are a number of mounds scattered over the state,
1843-4; and the Punjab, occupying the N. extremity of India, similar to those described in Ohio.
in 1849, during which year Sattara was added to the Borm-    Climate, Soil, ccand PProductions. —The climate of Indiana
hay presidency. Sumbhulpoor, a Gundwaun rajahship, since  partakes of the general character of the Western States N.
fallen into the possession of the British, is their latest In- of the Ohio; that is to say, somewhat milder than on the
dian acquisition. Among the distinguished persons who  Atlantic coasts, but subject to sudden changes. The cold
have filled the office of governor-generalship in India, may  of winter is severe, but of comparatively short duration;
be mentioned Lord Clivre and Warren IHastings.              the snow does not generally fall to a great depth, or lie very
INDIANA, one of the Western States, and a portion of  long, though there is considerable difference in this respect
the Great Mississippi Valley, is bounded on the N. by Lake  between the northern and southern parts of the state. The
Michigan and the State of Michigan, E. by Ohio, S. by Ken- earlier fruits blossom in March, hut are liable to be injured
tucky, from which it is separated by the Ohio River, and W. by frosts. The soil is generally good, and much of it highly
by Illinois, from which it is partly separated by the Wabash  fertile. The richest lands are foupd in the river-bottoms,
liver. It lies between 370 45' and 410 52' N. lat., being  where the soil is very deep. This is especially the case in
about 275 miles in its greatest length from N. to S., and  the valleys of the Wabash and its tributaries above Terre
about 135 miles in width, forming nearly a parallelogram, Haute,'and in parts of the Ohio Valley. The country beand including 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres, only  tween the rivers is somewhat elevated, and not so luxu5,045,453 of which are inmproved, leaving three-fourths of  riantly fertile as on the river-bottoms, but amply repays the
this fertile state uncultivated. When we take into con- labors of the husbandman. Indeed, there is very little of
sideration that the million of inhabitants who possess the  this state uncultivable; even its wet and marshy lands will,
cultivated portion are far from densely settled, we arrive at no doubt, at some future day, when the density of populaconclusions foreshadowing the immense population that tion and cheapness of labor may warrant it, become as promust one day occupy the Great Mississippi Valley.           ductive as most of the other lands in the state. Indiana
mtce of the Counts-y.-Indiana has no mountains or great ranks fourth of the states of the Union in the absolute
elevations; but portions S. of the White River are somewhat amount of Indian corn raised, and seventh as respects populahilly and rugged. A low ridge from Kentucky extends in  tion. It also produces large quantities of wheat, oats, with
a N.W. direction across the Ohio, White, and Wabash Rivers, Irish potatoes, fruit, butter, andlive stock, besides concausing rapids in each. N. of the White andWabash Rivers, siderable rye, barley, buckwheat, sweet potatoes, tobacco,
(forming much the larger part of the state,) the country is  wool, peas, beans, cheese, grass-seeds, flax, hops, maplegenerally level, or slightly undulating. Most of the rivers  sugar, molasses, beeswax and honey, and some wine, hemp,
have rich alluvial bottoms ofa few miles in width. A range  and silk. In 1850, there were in Indiana 98,396 farms,
of hills iruns along the Ohio, sometimes approaching, and at occupying 5,046,543 acres of improved land, (avera.ging
others receding from the river, forming in the S.W. an ex- about 50 acres to each plantation,) and producing 6,214,458
ceedingly broken and rocky country. In the N.W. part is bushels of wheat, 52,964,363 of Indian corn, 5,655,014 of
some land heavily timbered with walnut, beech, maple, oats, 78,792 of rye, 35,773 of peas and beans, 2,083.337 of
buckeye, &c., with a considerable portion of the richest Irish potatoes, 201.711 of sweet potatoes, 45,483 of barley,
prairie laud. Immediately bordering on Lake Michigan are  149.740 of buckwheat, 30,271 of grass-seeds, 1,044,620 pounds
some sandhills about 200 feet in height, behind which is a  of tobacco, 2,610,2S7 of wool, 12,881,535 of butter, 624,564 of
region covered with pine. The N.E. part of Indiana is also. cheese, 403,230 tons of hay, 92,796 pounds of hops, 584,469
heavily timbered, interspersed with prairie, barrens, and  of flax, 2,921,192 of maple-sugar, (fourth in amount of the
marsh lands. The most of the streams empty into the Ohio, United States,) 935,329 of beeswax and honey, 14,055 ga'llons
showing a general inclination of the surface in that direction. of wine, 180,325 of molasses; live stock valued at $22,478,i56,
899




IND                                                            IND
orchard products at:324,940, market products at $72,864, lies. Of the adult population, 72,710 could not read and
and slaughtered animals at $6,567,935.                         write, of whom 3265 were of foreigu birth.
Forest Trees.-Indigenous to Indiana are various species    Religiozs Denominatioms.-Of the 2032 churches in Indi.
of oaks, poplar, ash, walnut, hickory, elm, cherry, sugar-  ana, in 1850, the different sects of Baptists owned 428; the
maple, buckeye, beech, and some sassafras, lime, locust,  Christian Church, 187; Episcopalian, 24; Free Church, 10;
sycamore, cottonwood, hackberry, and mulberry  in  the  Friends, 89; Lutherans, 63; Methodists, 778; Moravians,
bottom-lands.  The fruits common to the latitude thrive  57; Presbyterians, 282; Roman Catholics, 63; and Universain Indiana.                                                    lists, 15; the rest belong to the Benevolent Church, Congre3loanofactures.-Though not yet largely engaged in mann-  gationalists, Dutch'and German Reformed, New Lights,
facturing industry, Indiana has every facility, in the abund-  Seceders, Tunkers, Union Church, and Unitarians; giving
auce of her water-power and the cheapness of her coal, to  one church to every 487 persons. Value of church property,
become a manufacturing state when it may become advan- $1,529,585.
tageous for her so to do. There were, in 1850, in this state,    Periodicnals.-There  were published in Indiana, in 1850, 9
4326 manufacturing establishments, each producing $500  daily, 2 tri and semi-weekly, 95 weekly, and 1 semi-monthly
and upwards annually, of which 2 were cotton mills, em- periodicals; with a total annual circulation of 4,316,828
ploying $43,000 capital, and 38 male and 57 female hands, copies.
consuming raw material valued at $28,220, and producing    Public Institutions.-Indiana stands among thefirst of the
stuffs and yarns worth $44,200; 33 woollen mills, employing  Western States in provision for the unfortunate.  There are
$171,545, and 189 male and 57 female hands. consuming raw   at Indianapolis asylums for the deaf and dumb, blind, and
material worth $120,486, and producing 235,500 yards of  insane; and the constitution directs the erection of houses
stuffs, and 104,000 pounds of yarn, valued at $205,802;  19  of refuge for the reformation of juvenile criminals.  In Nofurnaces, forges, &c.. employing $171,900 capital, and 253  vember, 1852, there were 121 pupils in the deaf and dumb,
male hands, consuming raw material worth $95,743, and  and 42 in the blind asylum. In the same year, the insane
producing 3782 tons of cast, wrought, and pig iron, valued  hospital had 159 patients, and 102 discharged cured. This
at $219,190; 358 tanneries, employing $514,897 capital, con- institution was opened in 1848. All the deaf and dumb
suming raw material worth $405,838, and producing leather  between the ages of 10 and 30, and all blind children of the
valued at $714,813; and $334,950 invested in the manufac- state may, if they choose, receive a gratuitous education.
ture of malt liquors, whisky, wine, &c., consuming 118,150  The different benevolent institutions received from  the
bushels of barley, 1,417,900 of Indian corn, 48,700 of rye,  state, in the year ending November, 1852, appropriations
1000 of oats, and 18 tons of hops, and employing 287 hands, amounting to $103,560.21. The State Prison at Jeffersonand producing 11,005 barrels of beer, ale, &c., and 4,639,900  ville had, in November, 1852, 217 convicts confined within
gallons of whisky, wine, &c. Home-made manufactures  its walls, of whom 53 were of foreign birth. There were, in
were produced valued at $1,631,039.                           1850, 58 public libraries, with 46,238 volumes; 88 school
Istetrnal Imoprovements.-Indiana is among the leading  and Sunday-school, with 13,065; 4 college, with 8700, and
states of the Great Mississippi Valley in works of internal  1 church library, with 400 volumes. Indiana has a Historiimprovement.  In August, 1854, there were within her  cal Society, established in 1830.
limits 1278 miles of railroad completed, 1592 in course of    Population.-There were in Indiana, 4875 inhabitants in
construction, and 732 were projected. So rapid is her pro-  1800; 24,520 in 1810; 147,178 in 1820; 343,031 in 1830;
gress in this respect, that any correct account of her railroads  685,866 in 1840, and 988,393 in 1850; of whom 506,178 were
one year would be antedated the next. Railways, centering  white males, 470,976 white females; 5715 colored males, and
in Indianapolis, branch off in all directions, uniting the  5547 colored females. There were also, in 1850, 171,564
capital, more or less directly,' with  Chicago, Cleveland, families, inhabiting 170,178 dwellings. Pop. to squaremile,
Detroit, Columbus, (Ohio,) Pittsburg, and Cincinnati, be- 2924. Of the entire population, 525,732 were born in the
yond the state, and with Madison, New Albany, Evansville,  state, 404,726 in other states of the Union, 5550 in England,
Terre HIaute, Lafayette, Peru, Michigan City, and various  12,787 in Ireland, 1510 in Scotland and Wales, 1878 in
minor points within the state. The Central Michigan has  British America, 28,584 in Germany, 2279 in France. 1838
40, and the Southern Michigan and North Indiana Railroad,  in other countries, and 2598 whose places of birth were un120 miles of their tracks in this state. The roads in pro- known. In the year ending June Ist, 1850, there occurred
gress, or projected in or through this state, will connect Cin- 12,808 deaths, or about 13 in every thousand persons, and iM
cinunati with St. Louis and Ihannibal, Missouri, with Bur- the same period, 1182 paupers received aid, of whom  322
1lington, Iowa,  with Rock Island, with Chicago, (more di- were foreigners, at an expense of nearly.50 to the indiiectly.) with Fort Wayne, and with Detroit and intermediate  vidual.  There were at the same time 353 blind, of whom 12
points.  Accordiang to De Bow's  Magazine for December, were colored; 537 deaf and dumb, of whom 4 were colored;
1854, Indiana had 367 miles of canal, viz.: the greater por- 563 insane, of whom  7 were colored, and 938 idiots, of
tion of the Wabash and Erie, uniting Toledo (Ohio) with  whom  13 were colored persons.  Of the population, 233
Teorre H-ute,.and the Lawrenceburg and Cambridge City  were engaged in mining, 148,806 in agriculture, 3076 in
Canals. There is scarcely a place of any considerable im- commerce, 20,590 in manufactures, 89 in navigating the
portance in Indiana that is not, directly or indirectly, con- ocean, 627 in internal navigation, and 2257 in the learned
nected with the large cities of the Eastern, Middle, and  professions.
VWestern States; and the railroads in course of construction      Cbunties.-Indiana is divided into 91 counties, viz. Adams,
are daily shortening these distances, and making   them more  Allen, Dartholomew, Benton, Blackford, Boone, Brown,
direct. The receipts from  the Wabash and Erie Canal, in  Carroll, Cass, Clarik, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dear1852, were $460,452; expenditures, $409,621.                   born, Decatur, Be  Kalb,  Delaware, Du Bois, Elkhart,
Coemmerce.-Indiana has no foreign commerce, but an  Fayette, Floyd, Fountain, Franklin, Fulton, Gibson, Grant,
-active lake and river trade with New Orleans and the various  Greene, Ilamilton, Hancock, Hiarrison, IHendricks, Henry,
points pf the Mississippj and Ohio Valleys, by the rivers of  Howard, HIuntington, Jackson, Jasper, Jay, Jefferson, Jenthe same name. and with New York by the lakes, though for nings, Johnson, Knox, Kosciusco, La Grange, Lake, Laporte,
the most part in vessels owned in other states. A want of  Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Martin, Miami, Mons.tatistics does not enable us to do justice to the trade of  roe, Montgomer'y, Morgan, Noble. Ohio, Orange, Owen,
lIndiana. Tonnage in 1853, of Nsw Albany, 3843; vessels built  Parke, Perry, Pike, Porter, Posey, Pulaski, Putnam, Ran-in the state, 9, of 3445 tons burden. The great objects of  dolph, Ripley, Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencer, Stark, Steuben,
export are cattle, hogs, and other live stock; pork, beef, lard,  St. Joseph, Sullivan, Switzesmand, Tippecanoe, Tipton, Union,
Indian corn, wheat, and wool.  Iogs  packed in 1853-4, Vanderburgh, Vermilion, Vigo, Wabash, Warren, Warwick,
619,176.      wWashington, Wayne, Wells, White, and Whitley.  Capital,
duscation.-Indiana has a school fund  derived fromn  Indianapolis.
eseveral sources, which Governor Wright, in his message of    Cities and Towns.-New  Albany is the largest town; popuDecember, 1853, estimates at $4,988,988. It is made up of  lation in 1850, 8181: the other principal towns are Madison,
the Congressional Township fund, Surplus Revenue, Saline, population, 8012; Indianapolis, 8091; Fort Wayne, about
and Bank Tax funds, constantly augmenting, from  fines, 4282; Terre IHaute, about 4051.; Lafayette, 6129; Evansville,
forfeitures, and the profits of the sinking fund, more than  3235, besides a number of other towns between 1000 and
$1,000 000 of whlich is not at presentavailable.  The receipts  2000 each. According to the Indiana State Sentinel, the
from  the university fund, for 1852,'were $15,528; and from   population of New Albany, Indianapolis, Madison, Evansthe common school fund, $73,839. There were expended for ville, and Lafayette, in 1854, were respectively, in the order
the Indiana University in the same year, $16,361. The  named. 17,000; 16,000; 14,000; 10,000, and' 9000.
constitution provides for the election by the people of a    Governsm'ent. —The governor and lieutenant-governor are
superintendent of public schools, to hold office for two  both elected by the people for 3 years. The former, who
yes.   The number of children in the schools, in 1851, Was  receives $1500 per annum, can only be elected once in ally
225,318, or nearly one-fourth of the inhabitants. According  period of six years. The latter is ex-officio president of the
to the census of 1850, there were 11 colleges with 1069  Senate, and receives $3 per day during the sessions of the
students, and $43,350 income, of which $14,000 was fr-om en- legislature. The Senate consists of 50, and the I-louse of Redowments  4822 public schools with 161,500 pupils, and with  presentatives of 100 members, both elected by the people: the
8314.467 income, of which $134,078 was from public funds, former for four, and the latter for one year. The secretary of
$74,258 from taxation, and $10,630 fiom  endowments; 131.state auditor, superintendent ofpublic schools, and treasurer,
academies and other schools, with 6185 pupils, and $63,520  are each chosen by the people for two years.  The judiciary
income, and 220,961 attending schoolm as returned by fami- consists of a supreme court, composed of not less than three,
900




IND                                                        IND
or more than five judges, elected by the people for six years; Bates House, the largest hotel in the state, besides many
-and of thirteen circuit courts, presided over by judges other hotels, 2 market houses, and the depyt of the Madison
elected by the people of each district, for six years. The  and Indianapolis Railroad, 350 feet long, bye56 wide. In
judges of the supreme courit receive $1300 per annum. 1853, there were 26 churches, and 3 others in course of conJustices of the peace are chosen by the people of each town- struction. Indianapolis is said to contain a greater number of
ship for four years. Any voter of good moral character may  churches in proportion to its population than any other city
practice law, and any white male of 21 years of age, born in  in the Union. A State Lunatic Hospital was established here
the United States, or any foreigner, resident of the United  in 1848, and in 1853 had 163 patients. Indianapolis is also the
States one year, and who has declared his intention, accord- seat of the Indianai Central Medical College, founded in 1849.
ing to law, of becoming a citizen, may vote. after six months' In 1852 it had 8 professors and 50 students. Gireat attention
residence in the state. Indiana is entitled to 11 members  is paid to education, and the public schools are in a very
in the national house of representatives, and to 13 electoral flourishing condition. There are 2 banks, and seven or
votes for president of the United States.                   eight newspapers are published here, one of which is a daily.
Ban-cs, Finances. —The state debt, principal and interest, The city contains several iron foundries, flouring mills, and
in 1847, was $14,374,640; but by an act of the legislature of  manufactories of steam-engines, paper, window-sashes, and
that year, the bondholders took the state's interest in the  other articles. Indianapolis is the terminus of seven railWabash and Erie Canal, which they were to finish for half  roads, viz. the Madison and Indianapolis, opened in 1847i,
this debt, while the state should issue new certificates for the Lafayette. the Terre Haute and Indianapolis, the Inthe other half. In 1853, the state liabilities were $6,805,435. diana Central the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine, the Peru
In January, 1854, there were 44 banks, with an aggregate  and Indianapolis, and the Lawrenceburg and Upper Miscapital of $5,524,552, a circulation  of $7,116,827, and  sissippi Railroad. Pop. in 1840, 2692; in 1850, 8090; in1853,
$1,820,760 in coin. The free-banking law prevails in this  about 12,000.
state. The assessed value of property in 1850 was $152,870,339;   INDIANAPOLIS, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa,
the public debt, June 30th, 1853, was $7,712,880. The ex- about 14 miles N.E. of Oskaloosa, the county seat.
penses, exclusive of debt and schools. benevolent institu-   INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.  See MALAY ARCHIPELAGO.
tions, &c., were $150,000. Receipts for the year ending    INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. See BL.oOMINGTON, Ind.
November  1st, 1853, $1,620,943.74, and  expenditures,   INDIAN (in/de-an) CREEK, Georgia, flows into  Little
$1,509,305.32.                                              River, in Putnam county, about 8 miles N.W. of Eatonton.
I1istory.-Indiana was settled in the eaely part of the    INDIAN  CREEK, of Tishemingo co., Mississippi, enters
eighteenth century by the French, who remained here, Tennessee River near Eastport.
without much accession to their numbers, till long afte- the    INDIAN CREEK, a small stream  of  uba co., towaids
close of the American Revolution. Like other French settle- the N. part of California, falls into Dry Creek about 22 miles
ments, they were nearly stationary, as far as regarded in- fl-om its junction with Yuba River. Gold is found along
crease from without, until the arrival of the Americans  this stream in considerable quantities.  The banks are well
among them; enjoying life with the characteristic cheerful-  wooded with excellent timber.
ness of their nation, and mingling with the neighboring    INDIAN  CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Floyd co., and
savages, not only on terms of amity, but sometimes forming  flowing S.W., passes Corydon, and falls into the Ohio. The
matrimonial alliances with them. In1800, Indiana became,  Little Indian Creek enters it at Corydon.
in conjunction with Illinois, a territorial government, and    INDIAN CREEK, of Indiana, riises in Monroe co., and
in 1816. an independent member of the confederacy. In  enters the East Fork of White River, at the Sulphur
1811., the savages of the Shawnee tribe, led on by their Springs, in.Martin county.
prophet, and incited, it is said, by the British, who put   INDIAN CREEK, of Morgan co., Indiana, falls into the
arms into their hands, attacked the American settlements, West Fork of White River, a few miles below Martinsville.
and committed great depredations. General Harrison being    INDIAN CREEK, of Switzerland co., Indiana, flows into
sent against them, routed them completely at Tippecanoe, the Ohio near Vevay.
but with tke loss of 200 of his own troops.                   INDIAN CREEK, of Missouri, enters the Maramec from
INDIAA, in'de-aua or in-de-ahfna, a county in the S.W. the right, in Franklin county.
central part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 770    INDIAN CREEK, a post-villae in Monroe co., Virginia,
square miles. The Conemaugh River forms its boundary on. 190 miles W. of Richmond.
the S. It is also drained by Little Mahoning, Crooked,   INDIAN CREEK, a post-office of Newbuiy district, South
Black Lick, and Two Lick Creeks. The surface is hilly. Carolina.
The soil, where not too rough for cultivation, is moderately    INDIAN CREEK, a post-office of Jaclkson co., Georgia.
fertile. The highlands contain large quantities of bitumin-   INDIAN CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.
onus coal and iron ore; and valuable salt-springs occur in   INDIAN CREEK, a post-office, Washington co.' Tennessee.
the S. part of the county. The Pennsylvania Canal and    INDIAN CREEK, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.
Central Railroad pass along the S. border. Organized in   INDIAN CREEK, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana.
1803, and named from the general appellation of the abori- Pop. 1227.
ginal tribes. Capital, Indiana. Pop. 27,170.                  INDIAN CREEK, a post-township of Monroe co., Indiana,
INDIANA, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1202.
Pop. 2448.                                                   INDIAN  CREEK, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana.
INDIANA, a thriving post-borough, capital of Indiana co.. Pop. 420.
Pennsylvania, is handsomely situated 50 miles E.N.E. of   INDIAN CREEK, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois.
Pittsburg. A plank-road, about 16 miles long, extends south-   INDIAN CREEK, a post-village of Monroe co., Missouri,
wardtothe CentralRailroad. The village contains tlheusual  80 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.
county buildings, 5 or 6 churches, and an academy. Pop. 963.   INDIAN CREEK, a small village of Pike co., Missouri.
IN'DIANIA, a post-village of Canada West, co. of IHaldi-   INDIAN DESERT. See Tnun.R.
mand, on the Grand River, 28 miles S.S.E.of Brantford, and    INDIAN DIGGINGS, a post-office, El Dorado co..California.
22 miles from Dunnville. Pop. about 200.                     INDIAN FIELDS, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
INDIANA  ASBURY UNIVERSITY. See GREENCASTLE,    INDIAN FIELDS, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana.
Indiana.                                                      INDIAN GROVE, a post-office of Grayson co., Texas.
INDIANA  CENTRAL MEDICAL  COLLEGE. See IN-   INDIAN  GROVE, a post-village of Livingston co., IlIIiIDTANAPOLrS.                                                nols, 94 miles N.E. of Springfield.
INDIANA MEDICAL COLLEGE. See LAPORTE, Indiana.   INDIAN HILL, a post-office, Abbevilledistrict, S. Carolina.
INDIANAPOLIS,  iu-de-anll-apto-lis, a city, capital of Indi-   INDIAN I IILL, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia.
ana, and seat of justice of Marion county, on the West Fork   INDIAN KENTUCKY CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Ripof White River, at the crossing of the National Road, and ley co., and flows into the Ohio 8 miles above Mladison City.
immediately below the mouth of Fall Creek, 109 miles N.W.   INDIAN KEY, a post-village of Dade co., Florida, is situof Cincinnati, and 86 miles N.N.W. of Madison. Lat. 390 46' ated on a small island of coral formation, in the Atlantic,
N., lon. 860 5' W.  It is situated in a fertile and exten- 75 miles E.N.E. of Key West. This village contains nearly
siye plain, very nearly equidistant from the several bound- the whole population of the county, which in 1850 was only
aries of the state. When this place was selected for the  159. It is a desirable winter residence for invalids.
capital of Indiana, in 1820, the whole county for 40 miles in   INDIAN LAKE, New York, in the E. part of Hamilton
every direction was covered with a dense forest. On the  county, is 8 or 9 miles long, and near 2 miles wide. The
Ist of January, 1825, the public offices of state were removed  outlet, called Indian River, falls into the Hudson.
from Corydon, and the seat of government was permanently   INDIAN MOUND, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee.
established here. The streets generally cross each other at   INDIAN  OCEAN, (ans. Mla-re Indicur or In/dicus Ocefright angles, excepting 4 diagonal streets, which converge  ahus; Ger. Isdisches Meer, iuldish-qs maie; Fr. Aler-desto a circular area in the centre of the town. The principal  itdes, mail daz INd, i. e." Sea of the Indies,") a vast sea,
public buildings are on Washington street, which is 120  separated f-rom  the Pacific on the E. by the Malay Arfeet wide. Several other streets are 90 feet wide. The  chipelago and Australia, bounded  on  the S. by a line
State House, erected at a cost of $60,000, is an elegant build- drawn from the Cape of Good Ilope to Bass's Strait, divided
ing, surmounted by a dome, and having 10 Doric columns  from the Atlantic by Africa on the W., and enclosed by the
on each front. Its dimensions are 180 feet long by 80 wide.  countries of Asia on the N., extending from about let. 250
Among the public buildings may be mentioned the Gover- N.. in the Gulf of Arabia, a little beyond the Tropic of Cannr's HIouse, the Court House, a large Masonic Hall, the  cer, to the Antarctic Circle; and from ion. 19I 56' 30" E., to
901




IND                                                       IND
1160 331 E. Its extent, from  N. to S., somewhat exceeds  and sandy tract, generally known as the Great American
6500 miles; and its breadth varies from 6000 miles, between  Desert, occupies the N.W. portion of the territory.  The
the Cape of Good Hope, and South Cape in Van Diemen's rest of the territory spreads out, for the most part, into
Land, to 4000 miles between the coast of Airabia and that of undulating plains of great extent, with the exception of the
Malacca and Sumatra. Its N. shores are rendered singu-  Ozark or Washita Mountains, which enter the E. portion
larly irregular by the projection of three vast peninsulas-   of Indian Territory firom Arkansas. This territory, howArabia, Hindostan, and India-beyond-the-Ganges, which are  ever, has been too imperfectly explored to enable us to speak
respectively separated by the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and  with great precision of its surface.
Bay of Bengal. It communicates with the China Sea by the.Rier-s.-Iudian Territory is drained by the Arkansas and
Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait, and the Strait of Flores. Red Rivers, with their tributaries; these all have their
The other principal inlets are the Mozambique Channel, sources among or near the Rocky Mountains. and flowing
Red Sea, Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay, the Gulf of Miaunar, in an E. or S.E. direction, across or on the borders. of the
Palk's Strait, Bali, Lombok, and Ombay, the Sea of Timer, territory, discharge their waters into the Mississippi. Noile
and Bass's Strait. The most important islands are Mada- of these rivers have their course within the territory. The
gascar, Mauritius, Bourbon,. the Comoro Islands, the Sey- Red River forms part of the S. boundary, while the Archelles, and Socotra, belonging to Africa; the Laccadives, kansas passes through Indian Territory into the state of the
Maldives, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, to  same name.  The tributaries of the Arkansas are the
Asia. Its principal affluents are —in Asia, the Salwin, Irra- Cimarron, Neosha, Verdigris, and the North and South
waddy, Brahmapootra,Ganges,Godavery,  Kistnah, Nerbudda, Forks of the Canadian; those of the Red River' are the
Indus, and the Shat-el-Arab, formed by the junction of the  Washita, False Washita, and little Red River; all having
Tigris and Euphrates; and in Africa, the Zambeze. The  nearly an E. course, except the Neosha, which runs S.
monsoons, or periodical winds, prevail in the N. part of the  These rivers have generally broad and shallow channels,
ocean, blowing from the S.W. between April and October, and in the dry season are little more than a series of sandy
and S.E. from October to April. Tempests are general at pools; in the winter and spring only are they navigable by
the periods of change; and between lat. 50 and 400 S. vio- fiat-boats and canoes, or for steamboats (if at all) near their
lent hurricanes frequently occur.                          mouths. The Arkansas and Red Rivers are both navigable
In the S. part of the Indian Ocean the equatorial current, for steamboats, but to what distance we are not accurately
connecting the Pacific and Atlantic, flows from E. to W.- at informed. The Arkansas has a course of about' 2000, and
a rate varying with the seasons; but N. of Madagascar, Red River, of 1200 miles.
where its breadth greatly diminishes, it runs from 45 miles    Climate.-Of the climate we have little definite informato 60 miles in 24 hours. A S.W. current also flows along  tion, but that of the E. portion is probably similar to the
the African coast, towards the Mozambique Channel; its  climates of Arkansas and Missouri, on which it borders.
velocity ranging between 18 miles and 28 miles a day, but The summers are long and extremely dry, the days being
attaining more than double that i-ate near Delagoa, Bay and  very hot, with cool nights.
Cape Corrientes. It finally joins the Cape current near    Soil and Productions.-On this point our information is
Cape Padron. On the S.W. coast of Australia, the current limited.  The E. portion, occupied by  the. partly-civildivides near Cape Leeuwin, in lat. 340 22' S., into two  ized Indians, is represented as fertile prairie land, interstreams-one of which flows N., and the other E., with an  spersed " with mountain and fiat hills," for an extent of 200
average speed of about 20 miles each day, thus embracing  miles westward from the boundary of Arkansas. On the
the whole coast of Australia. The maximum  heat of the  borders of the streams are strips of woodland, mostly cottonwater occurs in the Arabian Sea, in lat. 9. 550.N, and lon. wood and willows; the country is, however, generally des590 52' E., where it reaches 870 40' Fahrenheit.          titute of timber. The Cross Timbers, thus described by
INDIANOLA, in-de-a-nolla, a post-village of Calhoun co., Captain Marcy, are partly in this territory:-" A narrow
Texas, on the W. shore of Matagorda Bay, about 35 miles  strip of woodland, called the Cross Timbers, from  5 to 30
W.S.W. of Matagorda.  A newspaper is published here; miles wide, extending from the Arkansas River some 500
steamboats ply between this placeand Galveston. Pop. 1000. miles in a S.W. direction to the Brazos, divides the arable
INDIANOLA, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois.    land firom  the great prairies, foi the most p.lYt arid and
INDIANOLA, a post-village, capital of Warren co., Iowa, sterile."  The N.W. portion of the territory''is mostly a
135 miles W. by S. of Iowa City.                          barren, dreary waste "of bare rocks, gravel, and sand," desINDIANOLA, a town of Kanzas Territory, on the Fort titute of all vegetation, except perhaps a few stunted shrubs,
Riley Road, where it crosses Soldier Creek, about 70 miles "yuccas, cactuses, grape-vines, and cucurbitaceous plants."
W. by S. of Leavenworth.                                  The water is brackish, and the surface in many places coINDIAN ORCHARD, post-office, Wayne co.,Pennsylvania. vered with saline efflorescences. The eastern prairies are
INDIAN PRAIRIE, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. well adapted to grazing, and the products of the adjoining
INDIAN RIVER, of New Hampshire. See INDIAN STrsAM. states flourish there.
INDIAN  RIVER, of New York, passes through Black    Animals. —Vast herds of buffaloes and wild horses roam
Lake, and enters Oswegatchie River in St. Lawrence county. over its prairies, and antelope, deer, prairie-dog, and some
INDIAN RIVER, a postoffice of Lewis co., New York.    other animals are found; wild turkeys, grouse, &c., are
INDIAN RIVER, of Sussex co., Delaware, flows eastward  among the birds. Upon the other points generally treated
into the Atlantic.                                        of in our articles on the states and territories, we have too
INDIAN RIVER, of Florida, on the E. side of the penin- little reliable information to speak in a work meant to be
sula, flows nearly parallel with the coast. Length, about one of facts, and not of conjectures. Indian Territory forms
100 miles. The depth varies greatly in different seasons. a part of the great Louisiana tract purchased by President
The breadth also is very unequal; in some parts it expands  Jefferson from France, in 1803. The United States governinto extensive lakes or lagoons.                          ment have military stations at Fort Gibson, on the ArINDIAN RIVER, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.  kansas; Fort Towson, on the Red; and Fort Washita, on
INDIAN RIVER, a hundred of Sussex co., Delaware. Pop. the Washita. The territory of Kansas, with'a portion of
1680.                                                     Nebraska, was formed from what was formerly called InINDIAN RIVER, a post-office of St. Lucie co., Fl'orida.    dian Territory, in 1854.
INDIAN SPRINGS, a post-village of Butts co., Georgia, 50    Poeplation.-We have no census returns of the populamiles N.W. of Milledgeville; is a fashionable place of resort. tion of this territory, but the E. portion is mainly in
-  INDIAN STREAM, of Coos county, in the N. part of possession of tribes removed thither by the United States
New Hampshire, unites with the E. branch to form the  government, including, among others, the Choctaws, Chicka.s
Connecticut.                                               saws, Creeks, Cherokees, Senecas, Shawnees, and Seminoles.
INDIAN STREAM, a township of Coos co., New Ilamp-  The central and W. portions are roamed over by the
shire, bordering on Canada East.                           Osages, Camanches, Kioways, Pawnees, Arrapahoes, and
INDIAN TAVERN, a village of Morgan co., Tennessee.   some other nomad tribes. Some of the removed tribes have
INDIAN TERRITORY. a tract of country set apart by  made considerable advances in agriculture and the industhe government of the United States, as a permanent home trial arts, and have established schools and churches, while
for the aboriginal tribes removed thither from E. of the  others are relapsing into indolence and vagrancy, and, folMississippi River, as well as those indigenous to the terri- lowing the common fate of the savage when in contact with
tory. It is bounded on the N. by the territory of Kansas, the civilized man, are fast diminishing under the influence
S. by Texas, (from  which it is partly separated by Red  of intemperance  and vicious connection with abandoned
River,) E. by Arkansas, and W. by Texas and New Mexico. whites.
Indian Territory lies between 330 30' and 370 N. lat., and be-   INDIAN TOWN, a small village of Camden co., North
tween 940~ 30' and 1030 WV. Ion., being about 450 miles long,  Carolina.
and from 35 to 240 miles in width, including an area of per-   INDIAN TOWN, a post-villae in Currituck co., North
haps 71,127 square miles. The recently-formed territory of  Carolina, 165 miles E.NE. of Raleigh.
Kansas, and a portion of the S. of Nebraska, were con-    INDIAN TOWN, a post-village in Williamsburg district,
stituted from the territory originally included within the  South Carolina, 85 miles E.S.E. of Columbia.
sC-called Indian Territory.                                 INDIAN TOWN, a small post-village of Bureau co., li-.
Face of the Country. —There is a general inclination of the  nois.
country from the base of the Rocky Mountains, on the    INDIAN VAIAEY, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia.
western border of Indian Territory, towards the Mississippi   INDIAN VILILAGE, a post-village of Washita parish,
with a slight inclination to the S.E. A vast barren  Louisiana.
902




IND)                                                       IND
INDIAN WHIEELING CREEK, of Ohio, flows through  The other principal manufactures are files and rasps at
Belmont county, and enters the Ohio opposite Wheeling.    Amboise, iron wares, red lead, and pottery; and near MontINDICUS OCEANUS or INDICUM  MARE. See INDIaa    bazon is a national gunpowder factory and nitre refinery.
OCEAN.                                                     Capital, Tours. The department is divided into the 3 arronINDIE, inldee, a village of Austria, in Slavonla, near  dissements of Tours, Chinon, and Loches.
Vukovar. Pop. 2130.                                         INDRET or INDR], ANG'dr;, a small island of France,
INDIES, EAST. See EAST INDIES, and INDIA.                department of Loire-Inf6rieure, formed by the Loire, 5
INDIES, WEST. See WEST INDInS.                           miles W. of Nantes. The French government lately founded
INDIGHIRKA or INDIGIRKA' in'de-ghliak& or in'de- an extensive establishment here for the manufacture of the
ghjrtka, or ZAPADNAIA-KOLIA, zA,-pld-nii-ko-leefmA, a  machinery of steamboats, &c.
river of East Siberia, government of Yakootsk, rises in the    INDUNO, in-doofno, a village of Austrian Italy, province
Yablonoi Mountains, and after a N. course estimated at 750  of Como, near Olona. Near it is, in a deep gorge; a remarkmiles, enters the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 710 N., ion. 150n E., by  able fountain. Pop. 1801.
an estuary containing numerous islands. It receives many    INDUS, inSdis, or SINDH, slnd, (Sanscrit, Sindhoo or
affluents, but the region it traverses is almost wholly a  Sindhnu, "the sea;" Persian Ab-Sisd, "ib-sind,) a great river of
frozen desert, with a few villages.                        South Asia, forming a portibn of the W. boundary of IlindosIN'DIGO HEAD, a post-office of Coffee co., Alabama.      tan, rises in Thibet, on the N. side of the Kailas, (of the IHimaINDIO, eenlde-o, a river of the Isthmus of Panama, in New  layas,) in lat.310 20' N., ion. 81 15' E., near the sources of the
Granada, unites with the Paeora to form a considerable  Sutlej. It flowsN.W. for about 120 miles, where it isjoined by
stream, which enters the Pacific E. of Panama. Its shores the Gartope. The conjoint stream now breaks through the
abound with fine timber.                                   Himalayas; and thenceforth has a S.W. course, separating the
INDJE-KARA-SOO, inljee-k'rA-soo, (ane. faliacfmon,) a  Punjab dominions friom Afghanistan, and traversing Sinde
river of European Turkey, in Miacedonia, enters the Gulf of  throughout to its nouths in the Indian Ocean, between lat.
Salonica, 18 miles S.W. of Salonica. Length, 110 miles.   230 and 250 N., and lon. 670 30' and 690 E. Total course estiINDJIGHIZ, INGIGHIZ, or INJIGHIS, in-je-ghiz! or mated at 1650 miles. Itsaffluents, though not numerous, are
in-je-gheezl, a town of European Turkey. in Room-ilee, 33 important. N. of the Himalayas it receives the Gartope, Suinhmiles W.N.W. of Constantinople. It has some mineral baths,  kha-bab, Zanskar, and Shy-yok Rivers. ~ S. of the mountains
and remains of ancient structures.                        the Cabool River enters it, and in lat. 280 55i N., Ion. 700 28'
INDO-CHINA. See INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES.                E., 470 miles from the ocean. it is joined from the N.E. by
INDORE,; in'drlr, or INDOOR, in'doorl, a state of Central the Punjnud, which brings to it the united streams of the
Hindostan, uncer British protection, enclosedby the Gwalior Punjab, or'" five rivers," the Sutlej, (anc. mesuldrus,) with
dominion, and territory of the Bombay presidency, and  the Beas, (anc. H:ypdasis,)theChenaub,(anc. Acestines,) the
intersected. E. to W., by the Nerbudda River. Area, nearly  Ravee, (ane. IHycldraotes,) and the Jhylum, (anc.  ydaslpes.)
4250 square miles. Capital, Indoor. It furnishes to the  Below this it has no tributary of much size, but repeatedly
British Indian forces 3000 men.                           subdivides, giving off lateral streams, the principal being
INDORE, a town of Hindostan, the capital of the above the Fulailee and Narra branches; and at Triecal, lat. 250 9'
state, is situated on a wooded table-land; elevation nearly  N., Ion. 680 21' E., the Delta commences, the chief arms of
2000 feet, and 33 miles S. of Oojein. Lat. 220 22' N., lon. 750  which are the Buggaur, Sata, and Pinyaree. The Indus
50' E. It has been wholly builtwithin the present century, enters the sea by a great number of mouths, the principal
and has some spacious streets. The massive granite palace  of which are the Pittee, Hujareme, Khediwaree, Kuhiwaree,
of the Rajah is its only edifice of importance.            Sir, and Koree. The latter is 7 miles wide and 20 feet deep,
INDOSTAN. See HINDOSTAN.                                 and is properly an arm of the sea. The Delta extends from
INDRAGIRI, in-drA-gh~rtree, or ANDRAGERY, an-drf- the ocean to Hyderabad, and from Kurachee to Luckputghlree, a navigable river of Sumatra, enters the ocean on  Bunder, being about 10 miles in extremelength and breadth.
its E. coast, in lat. 00 32' S., ion. 1030 E. On it is a town of On the banks of the Indus are the towns of Moor, Leh, Isthe same -Dame.                                           kardo, Attock, Kala-Bagh, Dera-Ismaeel-Khan, Dera-GhazeeINDRAGIRI, or ANDRAGERY, a native state in the  Khan, Bukkur, Leia, Mittun-Kote, Roree-Bukkur, Sukkur,
Island of Sumatra, S.E. coast, between the rivers Kampar Sepwan, Hyderabad, Meanee, Tattah, Ghara, Bunder-Vikand Jumbi, which enter the sea respectively, 00 30' N., and  kur, and, at its N. entrance, Kurachee. Its source is sup10 S. It is traversed by the river Indragiri, which forms posed to be 18,000 feet above the sea, its bed at Leh 10,000
the commercial road of the country; and is in general flat, feet, and at Attock, 940 miles from its mouth, it is 1000 feet
especially towards the coast. Indragiri is governed by a  above the ocean level, 800 feet across, 60 feet in depth, and
sultan, but is under the supremacy of the Dutch.           has a current of 6 miles an hour. Here it is crossed by two
INDRAMAYO or INDRAMAIJO, een-dr[-mio, a cape, bridges of boats. Below this point it runs with great yeriver, and town of Java; the town near the mouth of the  locity, mostly between high cliffs, (in one place 700 feet in
river, which enters the sea on its N. coast, near the cape, 90  elevation,) as far as Kala-Bagh, after which its course is
miles E. of Batavia.                                      through a level country, with a breadth usually varying
IN'DRAPOOR! or INDRAPURA, in-dra-poofrlt, a town, from  one-fourth of a mile to upwards of 1 mile, and an
river, state, andvolcano of Sumatra;the town near the S.W. average velocity of from 2 to 3 miles an hour. During the
coast, 150 miles N.W. of Bencoolen.                        season when it is lowest, tides are perceptible upward to
INDRAPOOR or INDRAPURA'POINT is in lat. 20 5' S., about 25 miles below Tattab, or 75 miles from the ocean.
lon. 1050 27' E.; and N. of it is a bay in which are the In- The mean annual discharge of water is supposed to be
drapoor Islands.                                          150,212,079,642 tons, a large proportion of its waters being
INDRE, ANd'r, a river of France, departments of Indre  consumed in irrigation and evaporation. The Indus is
and Indre-et-Loire, joins the Loire 18 miles W.S.W. of Tours, navigable from the sea as high as the influx of the Cabool
after a N.W. course of 115 miles. It is navigable firom   River, near Attock, 942 miles, and its tributaries are mostly
Loches to the Loire, 45 miles.                            navigable to the foot of the mountains; but the channel is so
INDRE, a department of North-west France, formed of encumbered by shifting banks as to be only adapted for
part of the old province of Berri. Area, 2624 square miles. steamers and vessels of comparatively small draught. The
Pop. in 1852, 271,938. The surface is uniformly level. The gavial, orlong-snouted alligator, is numerous in the river, and
principal rivers are the Indre and Creuse. More corn and  the common alligator is found in its lagoons. The boluon, a
wine are raised than are required for home consumption, cetacean, is also abundant. Fish, especially thepullac, a species
though much of the soil is barren and swampy. The cli- of carp, are very abundant, and form a chief article of food for
mate is generally mild and temperate. This department the natives. The country immediately adjacent toits banks,
furnishes the best lithographic stones in France, gun-flints, in its Delta especially, is of high fertility, but, at no great disiron and iron goods, earthenwares, and cutlery at ChOteau- tance on either side, this region is flanked by a bare desert;
roux. Woollen and cotton cloths and yarn, leather, tiles, and wood fuel is everywhere so scarce, that there is little
and parchment, are among the chief products. Capital, immediate prospect of making the Indus a high route for
Chgteauroux. Indre is divided into the 4 arrondissements  steam navigation, unless the coal recently discovered near it
of Chgteauroux, Issoudun, La Chitre, and Le Blanc.        in the Punjab and Afghanistan should prove to be suitable
INDRIE, anisland ofFrance. See INDRET.                  in quality and in adequate quantity for the undertaking.
INDRE-ET-LOIRE,  tAd'r-A-lw&a,. a department in the    INDUSTAN or INDUSTHAN. See HINDOSTAN.
N.W. of France, formed chiefly of the old province of Tou-   INIDUSTRY, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, on
raine, comprising a region on both sides of the Loire. Area, both sides of Sandy River, 28 miles N.N.W. of Augusta. Pop.
2332 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 315,641. The surface is 1041.
level, and near the Loire very fertile, elsewhere poor, and    INDUSTRY, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania,
often marshy. The Cher, Indre, and Vienne Rivers water on the right bankof the Ohio River, 38 miles below PittSburg.
its S. portion. Agriculture has latterly improved, arid the    INDUSTRY, a post-office of Austin co., Texas.
produce in corn is now more than adequate to home con-   INDUSTRY, a post-village of hiamilton co., Ohio, on the
sumption. The department furnishes excellent lithographic  Ohio River, 4 miles below  Cincinnati, contains a stove
stones, pipe and potters'-clay, and containg an immense  foundry, and near 300 inhabitants.
mound of petrified shells, which are used as manure. Hemp,   INDUSTRY, a post-office of McDonough co, Illinois.
liquorice, anniseed, truffles, fruits, &c., are raised in con-    INDUSTRY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Berthier,
siderable quantities. The culture of silk is increasing, as 42 miles N.N.E. of Montreal. It contains several stores and
are the silk, woollen, and leather manufactures of Tours. a foundry.




INE                                                         INN
INEBOLI, ee'neh-bo'lee, dr AINABOL, (AMnabol,) 11ni-boll,   INGOOL, INGOUL, or INGUL, inegooll, a river of Ilussia,
(anc. eonopflis?) a miaritime town of Asia _Minor, on the  government of Kherson, rises N. of Yelisavetgrad, and flows
Black Sea, 72miles W.S.W. of Sinope. Pop. from 2000 to 3000. S. into the Bug near Nikolaiev, after a course of 150 miles.
INFERUM MARE. See TYRIHENE SEA.                            INGOOLETS, INGOULETS, or INGULETZ, in-goo-l6ts',
INFICIONADO, een-fe-se-o-n do, a village of Brazil, pro-  a river of Russia, government of Kherson, rises N. of Yelisavince of Minas-Geraes, 12 miles N. of Mariana.  Pop. 4500. vetgrad, and flows S., into the Dnieper, 8 miles N.E. of
INGATESTONE, ingfgAt-stone, a parish of England, co. of  Kherson, length 220 miles.
Essex, on the Eastern Counties Railway, 6 miles S.W. of    INGOOII, INGOUR, or INGUR, in gooihf, written also
Chelmsford.                                                 INGURI and INGOURI, in-gootree, a river of Russia, rises on
INGELFINGEN, ingel-fing'.n, a town of Wiirtemburg,  the S. slope of the Caucasus, flows W.S.W., and falls into the
on the Kocher, 43 miles N.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1500.    Black Sea. Total comurse, 70 miles.
INGELHEIM,:inglel-h~me', (NIEDER, neetder, and 01fBEr.)   INGOUVILLE,  NGc'goo'veel/, a market-town of France,
two contiguous market-towns of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- department of Soine-Inf6rieure, 1 mile N. of Havre. Pop.
stadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, on the Selz, near its influx  in 1852, 14,378. It stands on a slope, commanding a fine
into the Rhine, 9 miles W.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. of the former, view of the Seine, and has numerous villas of the inhabit2000; of the latter, 2212.                                  ants of Havre, chemical works and sugar refineries.
INGELMUNSTER, ingjel-mmlUnster,   a town of Belgium,   INGOYGEM, inglHoi-Hnm', or INGOYGHEM, a village of
province of West Flanders, 7  miles N. of Courtrai. Pop. 5965. Belgium, province of West Flanders, 8 miles E. of Courtrai.
INGEN, ingnren, a village of Holland, province of Gelder- Pop. 2205.
land, 6 miles N. of Tiel. Pop. 1000.                          INGtRAHAM, a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
INGENDOHIL, ing5en-d6l', a village and parish of Switzer-   INGRAHAM  PRAIRIE, a post-office of Clay co., Tenland, canton, and 2 miles S.W. of Schwytz, on the Muotta.  nessee.
Pop. 1592.                                                    INIGRAMI, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
INGENHEIM, inglen-hime, a village of Bavaria, near    INIGRAM'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Lauderdale
Bergzabern. Pop. 1631.                                      co., Alabama.
INGENIO, een-nllne-o, a town of the Canary Islands, on    INGRAMSDORF,  inglr~ms-dorf',  a village of Prussian
the E. side of the island of Gran Canaria, at the junction of  Silesia, with a station on the Breslau  and Freiburg Railtwo small streams which form the Guadadeque. Pop. 2887. road, 22 miles from Breslau.'INGENOE, ingfen-b'eh, an island of Norway, province of    INGRANDE, ANe'grdN\df, a town of France, department of
Finmark, in the Arctic Ocean, 30 miles S.W. of North Cape. Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 17 miles W.-S.W. of Angers.
INGERSHEIM, inglers-hime', (Fr. prosn. ANG'zhlr'zlml,) a  Pop. 1452.
market-town of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 3 miles    INIGRATVE, a parish of England. co. of Essex.
N.W. of Colmar. Pop. 2268.                                    INGR]P, ANa'gri/, a village of France, department of Loiret,
INGERSOLL, ingugher-sol, a village of Canada West, co. 4 miles W.N.W. of Orleans. Pop. in 1852, 2265.
of Oxford, 15 miles N.N.E. of London. It contains several    INGRIA,'infgre-, (Ger.Iises-seennhlansd, ingler-minn-lnt,)
stores and hotels.                                          an old province of Russia, now forms part of the governINIGESTRIE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.         ment of St. Petersburg.
INGESU, a town of Asia Minor. See INJEH-Soo.                INGROWITZ, infgro-ivits', a market-town of Moravia, 32
INGIIAM, ingrlnam, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    miles N.E. of Iglan. Pop. 1390.
INGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.               INGUINIEL, A\n-ghee'ne-8li, a village of France, departINGHIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            ment of Morbihan, 15 miles N.N.E. of Lorient. Pop. 2204.
INGI{AM, ingtam, a county in the S. central part of Michi-   INGUL, and INGULETZ.  See INGOOa, and INsGOOLEsS.
gan, contains 560 square miles. It is intersected by Grand    INGUR or INGURI. See INooor.
River, and also drained hy Red Cedar and Sycamore Creeks.   INGWILLER, A&Gsveel'lair', or IIENGWILLER, hMNOThe surface is mostly level, and heavily timbered. The soil is veelairJ, a town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, on the
productive. Mines of iron and coal have been found in the  Moder, 11 miles N.N.E. of Saverne. Pop. 2000.
county. A plank-road extends from  the county seat to    INGIWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Detroit. Named in honor of Samuel D. Ingham, secretary    INHAMBAN or INHAMBANE, een-dm-b~nl, a Portuguese
of the treasury under President Jackson. Capital, Lansing. maritime town of East Afisica. near the mouth of the InPop. 8631.                                                 hamban River, N. of Cape Coirientes, and 200 miles N.E.
INGHTAM, a post-township in the S.E. part of Ingham co., of Delagoa Bay. It ha. a harbor, a fort, and 1000 houses.
Michigan. Pop. 744.                                        Its trade is mostly in ivory and beeswax. The Inhamban
INWHIAM  CENFTRE, a post-village of Ingham co., Michi- River has a S.E. course of 150 miles.
gan, in the above township. It has a steam saw mill.         INIIAMBUPE, een-y m-boo/p., a market-town of Brazil,
INGHIE-NOR, in'ghlh-norf, or INGHE-NOOR, infghlh- province, and 90 miles N.N.E. of Bahia, on the river Inhammhoer/, a lake of the Chinese Empire, 90 miles W.N.W. of the  bupe. Pop. of the district, 3000.
Lake of Koko-Nor. It is 18 miles long by 16 miles broad,   INItAUMA, een-yOwl/mA, a village of Brazil, province, and
and flows into Lake Koko-Nor by the Poocapira, (Poncapira.) 8 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro.  Pop. 2000.
INGHIILTERRA, INGLATERRA. See ENGLAND.                      INIA, eelne-A, a river of Siberia, government of Tomsk,
INGIGHIS or INGIGHIZ. See INDJICsHI.                      rises in lat. 640 N., Ion. 870 E., and joins the Obi near Kolyvan.
INGLEBY ARNCLIFFE, ingfgh9l-be arntkliff, a parish of   INIESTA. See IsNIESaA.
England, co. of York, North Riding.                           INISHEER, INISHMAIN, and INISIIMIORE. SeeAR.AN
INGLEBY GREENIHOW, aparish of England, co. of York. ISLANDS.
Several townships of England are named INGLEBY.               INJEtI-SOO, INJEII-SU or INGE-SU, inljeh-soof, a town
ANVGLES, INGLESF. See ENGLAND.                            of Asia Minor, pashalic of Karamania, in a ravine, 13 miles
INGLESHAM, ingghlz-.am,  a parish of England, cos. of  S.W. of Kaisareeyeh. It has about 750 Greek and the same
Wilts and Berks.                                            number of Mohammedan residences, 2 churches, numerous
IN'GLESIDE, a post-office of Hardin co., Tennessee.       grottoes, and a handsome khan. It is governed by a special
INGLESIDE, a post-office of Warren co., Kentucky.         officer sent from Constantinople.
INGLETON, inglghel-tan, a village and chapelry of Eng-   INJERAM, in-jeh-raml, a town of British India, presiland, co. of York, West Riding, 9. miles N.W. of Settle, on the  dency of Madras, 35 miles S.E. of Rajahmundry, on the N.
Leeds and East Lancaahire Railway. In the chapelry are  branch of the Godavery, at its delta.
some curious caves, and Ingleton (or Ingleborough) Hill,   INKBERIROW, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
2361 feet in height.                                          INKERMAN, ink-er-m'An/, (anc. Doses,?) a village and seaINGODA, in-goldS, a river of Siberia, government of Ir- port of South Russia, in the Crimea, 35 miles S.W. of Simkootsk, after a N.E. course of about 300 miles, joins the  feropol. It was once a celebrated city, and has numerous
Onon to form the Shilka River, an affluent of the Amoor.   caverns cut in the rock, supposed to be the work of the
INGOLDESTHORPE, ingfgolz-thorp, a parish of England,  monks in the Middle Ages. Near this place, November 5th,
co. of Norfolk.                                             1854, was fought the battle of Inkerman, between the allied
INGOLDMELLS, ingfgold-m8lz, a maritime parish of Eng- English and French forces on the one side, and the Riussians
land, co. of Lincoln.                                       on the others. The former amounting to 25,000.or 30.000,
INGOLDSBY, ingfgolz-be, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. the latter (as is estimsated.) to above 60,000. The Russians
INGOLSTADT, iiglol-st ttt, or ingigol-stftt, a fortified  began the attack at dawn of day, upon the entrenched lines
town of Upper Bavaria, on the left bank of the Danube, 35  of the English, but after a fierce and sanguina-y contest of
miles S.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 9189, of whom about 2600 are many hours, inflicting great loss on both sides, they were
military. It is well built, and strongly fortified by new works, compelled at length to retire.
since destroyed by the French, in 1800. It has 7 churches,   INKIPEN, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
in one of which the famous General Tilly is buried; a royal   INILAND, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio.
palace, several hospitals, and many charitable institutions.   INLAND. a post-office of Cedar co., Iowa.
Its university, founded in 1472. (and at which, in the six-   INIMANSVILLE, a post-office of Rock co., Wisconsin.
teenth century, the celebrated Urban Regius studied, under    IN/MANVILLE, a village of Providence co., Rhode Island,
the name of lFaustus,) was transferred in 1800 to Landshut,  about 25 miles N.W. by W. of Providence. It contains a
and afterwards to Munich. The trade of Ingolstadt has de- scythe factory. Pop. about 60.
cayed, and it has now only a few manufactures of cloth,   INN, inn, (ane. (Enus.). a river of'Central Enrope, and
playing-cards, and leather.                                 one of the principal affluents of the Danube, rises in the
904




INN                                                          INV
Engadine, Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, flows  of Trent. Pop. 12,800. It consists of an old and new town
mostly N.E., through the Tyrol and Bavaria, and joins the  and five suburbs, the latter better built and more extensive
D)anube at Passa. ~Total course estimated at 250 miles. In  than the city proper. The houses are mostly 4 or 5 stories
a part of its course it forms the W. frontier of Upper Austria. in height, and in the Italian style. The principal edifices
On its banks are the towns of Imst, Innspruck, Kufstein,  are the Franciscan church, containing tombs of the EmWasserburg, Miihldorf. and Schirstein.  It is navigable  peror Maximilian, (who, however, was not buried there,) of
from Hall, near Innspruck.                                  the Archduke Ferdinand of the Tyrol, and his wife, of Iofer,
INNACONDA, in-nd-kontda, a town of British India, pre- &c.; several other fine churches, the palace with public garsidency of Madras, district, and 52 miles S.W. of CGuntoor.   dens stretching along the Inn, and an old palace, now used
INNERBERG, a town of Austria. See EssseNERZ.             for public offices. The University, founded in i672, has 24
INTNERKIP, a maritime parish and burgh of barony of  professors, and about 400 students, a library of 40,000 voyeScotland, co. of Renfirew, on the Frith of Clyde, 41 miles lumes, various museums, a botanic garden, a gymnasium,
S.W. of Greenock. Pop. of burgh, 431. Near it are ruins of and normal school; the F'erdhnasdeum, a museum rich in
several old baronial castles; and at Cloch Point stands a  all the productions of art and nature within the limits of
light-house, 80 feet in elevation.                          Tyrol, a seminary for noble ladies, provincial house of corINNERLEITI HEN, infner-leelcTen, or INIVERLEPTHEN, rection, council chambers, town-hall, theatre, and a handa parish and watering-place of Scotland, co.; and 51 miles  some ball-room.  A statue of Joseph II., and a triumphal
E.S.E. of Peebles. Pop. about 1000. It is the "St. ionan's  arch raised by Maria Theresa, are among the most conWell" of Sir Walter Scott. Traquair House, the seat of the  spicuous ornaments of the city. Innspruck has manufactures
noble family of Traquair, stands in its immediate vicinity.  of silk, woollen, and cotton goods, leather, glass, cutlery, and
INNEItSTE, iulner-steh, a river of Girmany, rises in the  sealing-wax, and a considerable trade with Italy, and counHarz Mountains, in IHanover, and joins the Leine  after a  tries N. of the Alps. It is also the seat of the state assemcourse of ndarly 60 miles.                                  bly, and other superior departments of the public service for
ININERWICK or INIVERWNICK, a maritime parish of  the Tyrol and eorarlberg.   In 1848, the Emperor of Austria
Scotland, co. of IIaddington.                              took refuge here, after his first flight firom Vienna.
INNICHIEN. inlnix-en, (ane. Agunstsnm,) a village of the    ININY, a river of Ireland, ins  Leinster, rises in Lough
Tyrol, on the Drave, 24 miles S.W. of Lientz. Pop. 950.     Sheeland, flows S.W., and fills into Lough Ree.
INININGEN, a village of Germany, near Augsburg, with    INNYCOTTA,  inine-kotta, IIINGIIENGIIAUT or HIINit station on the railway from Augsburg to Kaufbeuren.      GUNGIIAUT, hin'gmn-gawtf,  a large commercial town of
INIVIS, a Celtic word signifying "island," forming the  Central India, 47 miles S.S.W. of Nagpoor.
part of many names in Ireland.                               IN-OGI-II, in-oeghee, a large village of Asia Minor, in AnaININISBEG', numerous small islands belonging to Ireland, tolia, 26 miles N. of Kutaieh  with remarkable caverns.
near Dunmore Head and other headlands.                        INiOKA, ee'nolk6h', a village of Hungary, co. of IHeves, 12
IN'NISBEIGIL or IN'NISBIGIGLE, an island of Achil miles from Szolnok.  Pop. 1198.
Sound, Ireland, co. of Mayo, about 1I miles long.             INOWIIAZLAW  or INOWRACLAW, e-nov-r~ts/l/v, (Ger.
IN'NISBOFIFIN, or BOFIFIN, a parish of'Ireland, in Con- Juzng Breslau, y66ng br~s/l6w.) a town of Prussia, province
naught, co. of Mayo, comprising the island of the same name, of Posen, 26 miles E.S.E. of Bromberg.  Pop. 5660, among
3 miles N.N.W. of Claggan Point. On its S. coast is an  whom are 2000 Jews. If has several churches, a convent, a
excellent harbor.-ITNzeISBericN is the name of severail islands synagogue, a hospital, and distilleries.
of Ireland, cos. of Donegal and Longford.                     INQUISIVI, een-ke-se-veel, a town of Bolivia, province of
IN'NISCALTIIRTA, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Clare and  La Paz, on a plateau, in the mountains of Cocasuyo.
Galway. Holy Island (in Lough Derg) is in this parish.        INSALAH, a town of Algeria. See AINSALA..
IN'NISCARBRA, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.             INSARA, in-sltra, or INSAR, in-sars, a town of Russia,
INNISCARSA, a small island of Ireland, in Ulster, 1-  government, and 57 miles N.N.W. of Penza. Pop. 4730.
miles S. of Arran.                                            INSCII, inch, a pa.rish and burgh of barony of Scotland,
INNISCATTERY, in-nis-katte-re  or SCATTERY, an is- co., and 26 miles N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. in 1851, 1519.
land of Ireland, in the estuary of the Shannon, co. of Clare,   INSELN  DES GRUNEN VORGEBIRGES, ("Islands of
2 miles S.S.W. of Kilrush. Area, 100 acrses. It was formerly  the Green Promontory.") See CAPE VERnD Isao.NDS.
a stronghold of the Danes, during theirl descents upon Ire-   IN/SKIP, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
land; and it is in a great part covered with the ruins of    INSTEr, intster, a river of East Prussia, unites with the
ecclesiastical and other edifices.,                         Angerap forming the Pregel after a course of about 45 miles.
IN'NISFALVLEN, a small island of Ireland, co. of Kerry,   INSTELBURG, inslter-bO66ro', a town of East Prussia, 16
in the Lower Lake of Killarney, beautifully wooded.         miles W.N.W. of Gumbinnen, at the confluence of the AnINNISI-IANINON, a decayed inland town and parish of  gerap and Inster, which here receives the name of Pregel.
Ireland, in Munster, co., and 12 miles S.S.W. of Cork, on  Pop. 9700. It has a castle, a high school, Lutheran and Calthe Bandon, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. of the  vinist churches, a normnal school, and several breeding studs,
town, 625.                                                  with mnanufasctu'es of woollen and linen fabrics, stockings,
IN'NISIHARWGIE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  leather, and earthenwares.
Down.                                                         INfSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
IN'NISIHIARKI, an island of Irelind, co. of i-Mayo, imme-   INSUA, een/soo-A, a mountiain range of Brazil, province
diately S.W. of Innisboffin. Circuit, about 4 miles.       of Matto-Grosso.  near the W. bank of the Paraguay. A
INNISIIEREt, an island and parish of Ireland, in Con- ravine at the bottom of this range separates it from the
naught, co. of Galway, separated by the South Sound fitom   Serra dos Dourados, and fnr'nshes an outlet for lakes Manthe county of Clare, distant 6 miles.                      diore, GaLhiba, and Uberaba.
IN'NISIIERKIIN, or SItIERIIIN, an island of Ireland, at   INTEMELIUMI  ALBIUM. See VINTIMIILAA.
the entrance of Baltimore Bay, in Munster, co. of Cork.   INTERASINA. See TERNI.
Pop. 1026.                                                   INITERCOURSE, a post-village of Lancaster co., PennsylINNISHGEIL, in'nish-gheell, an island of Ireland, co. of  vania, 12 miles E. of Lancaster City.
Galway, in Lough Corrib, 4 miles S. of Con-.                 INTERCOURSE, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.
INNISKEA. in'iis-kI, two islands off the WV. coast of    INTERLACHEN, infter-lic'en, or INTERLAKEN, a viiIreland, co. of Mayo, 10 miles N.N.E. of Achil Head.       lage of Swvitzerland, canton of Bern, on the Aar, between the
IN'NISKEEL/ or INWISHIiKEEL!, a maritime parish of lakes Thun and Brienz, (whence its name.) The village is
Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal.                        a collection of white-washed lodging-houses, but is much reINNISKEEL, a small island of Ireland, in the above  sorted to in summer, and has a subscription reading-room
parish, in Guibarry Bay.                                   and library. The rich abbey of Interlachen was suppressed
IN'NISMACSAINT! or EN'NISMACSAINT?, a parish of  in the sixteenth century.
Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Fermanagh and Donegal.           INTERNUM MARE. See MEDITERRANEAN SEA.
IN'NISMAGRATIIF, a parish of Irelind, in Connaught, co.   INTIRA, in.trA, a town of Piedmont, division of Novara,
of Leitrim.                                                province, and 11 miles N.E. of Pallanza, on the WV. side of
IN'NISMUR11RAY, a small island of Ireland, co. of Sligo. Lago Maggiore. Pop. 3743.
near the S. side of the entrance to Donegal Bay, about 13    INTRAGNA, in-t-rinfyt, (L. I.ntra/nia,)a village of the Sarmiles N.W. of Sligo.                                       dinian States, about 36 miles N. of Novara. Pop. 1242.
INNISTOGUE, in'nis-t0g4, a disfranchised parliamentary    INTROBBIO, in-trob'be-o, a village of Austrian Italy, 20
borough, market-town, and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, miles N.E. of Come. Pop. 744.
co. of Kilkenny, on the Nore, here crossed by a handsome    INTRODACQUA, in-tro-dk/kw-,  a market-town of Naples,
bridge of ten arches, 8 miles N.N.W. of New Ross. Pop. of province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 4 miles S.S.W. of Sulmona
the town, 956.                                             Pop. 4000.
IN'NISTURK', an island of Ireland, co. of Mayo, in the    INTIWOOD, a parish of England, co. of -Norfolk.
Atlantic Ocean, 41 miles S.S.W. of Clare Island. and 6 miles   IN!VER, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegas.,W. of the mainland. It Is 2 miles long, by about 10 broad.   INVER, a village of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo,
Pop. 500.'                                                 51 miles N.E. of Belmullet.
INNSPRUCK, inspiprlk, or INNSBRUCK, (Innsbrtick,)   INVERALLOCIIY, in-vpr-.al-loKfee, a village of Scotland
innmsprtik, (i.e. the  "Bridge of the Inn-") (ane. _Jsnipons,) the  co. of Aberdeen, S.W, of F'raserburgh. Pop. about 500.
capitai city of the Tyrol, at the entrance of the Sill, into the    INYEPARtITY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
Inn, here crossed by a long wooden bridge, 84 miles N.N.E.   INVERARY, in-ver-,Alree, a royal parliamentary and muni905




INV                                                        ION
cpal burgh and seaport town of Scotland, capital of the co. cos. of Aberdeen and Banff, parish of St. Fergus, 2~ miles
of Argyle, on a bay on the W. shore of Loch Fyne, 40 miles  N.W. of Peterhead.
N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in    INVERUNO, in-vA-roolno, or INVRUNO, in-vroolno, a
1851, 1064; of the royal burgh, 1164. The borough unites village of Austrian Italy, 17 miles W. by N. of Milan. Pop.
with Campbelton, Oban, and Irvine in sending one member  1761.
to the House of Commons. W. of the town is Inverary Cas-   INWVERUIRY or INVERURIE, a royal parliamentary and
tie, the chief seat of the Duke of Argyle.                 municipal burgh and parish of Scotland, co., and 16 N.W.
INVERAVEN, in'vgr-Wlvtn, a parish of Scotland, cos. of  of Aberdeen, -at the confluence of the Dee and Ury, here
Banff and Elgin, 21 miles 8.S.W. of Knockanido.  Here are  crossed by two substantial bridges. Popl. of parliamentary
numerous antiquities, including three Druidical temples, burgh, in 1851, 2264; of the royal burgh, 2084.  The
and a castle of the sixteenth century.                     burgh unites with Banff, Cullen, Kintore, and Peterhead in
INVERBERVIE, a town of Scotland,  See BERVIe.            sending one member to the Ihouse of Commons. It gives
INVERCIHAOLAIN, in'vtr-ka-o-lAnf, a parish of Scotland, the title of baron to the Earl of Kintore, whose seat, Keith
co. of Argyle.                                             Hall, stands near the town. The Aberdeen Canal terminates
IN'VERESKI, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Edin-  at Port Elphinstone, near Inverury.  S.W. of the town
burgh, comprising the village of Inveresk, where is a station  stands a handsome building, formerly the Roman Catholic
of the North British Railway.                              college of Aquhorties.
IN'VERGORIDON, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of    INVESITIGATOR ISLANDS, a group off the S. coast of
Ross, on the N. side of the Frith of Cromarty, 12 miles N.E. Australia, in lat. 330 451 S., lon. 1340 30' E., comprising Flinof Dingwall. Pop. 1000.                                    ders Island, and several islets.
INWVERGOWtRIE, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, on    INVESTIGATOR STRAIT, of South Australia, between
the Frith of Tay, 21 miles W. of Dundee.                   Kangaroo Island and York Peninsula, about 25 miles across,
INVERKEILOR, in'vgr-keeslgr, a maritime parish of  connects Spencer Gulf with the Indian Ocean.
Scotland, co. of Forfar.                                     INVORIO  INFERIORE, in-volre-o in-fA-re-ofri, or INVOINVERKEITHING, in-ver-kee/Tling, a royal parliamen- RIO  MAGGIORE, (mld-jolr,,) a village of the Sardinian
tary and municipal burgh, and seaport town of Scotland, States, about 3 miles from Arena. Pop. 2333.
co. of Fife, on the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 10 miles    INVORIO SUPERIORE, (soo-pA-re-olrA,) or MINORE, (meW.N.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. of parliamentary burgh, 1852. no'rA,) a village of the Sardinian States, about 3 miles from
It has a tolerable harbor, adapted for vessels of 200 tons, Arena. Pop. 543.
several schools and public libraries; and near it are some    INIWARDLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
foundries, mills, tanneries, brickworks, and a ship-building    IN/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
yard. The burgh unites with South Queensferry, Dun-   INYAN REAKAH, in/yin re-NkA, (" River of the Rock,")
fermilne. Cuhross, and Stirling in sending one member to  a river which rises in the Minnesota Territory, and flowing
the House of Commons. One mile W. is the ruined castle of  through the N.W. part of Iowa, falls into the Sioux River.
Rosyth.                                                      INYAN YANIKEY RIVER, of Iowa, rises towards the
INVERKEITHNIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.       N.W. part of the state, and flowing S.W., enters the MisINVERLOCIHY, a castle of Scotland. See MARYBOnROUGH. souri in Harrison county. It is sometimes called the LITTLE
INVERNESS, in'vgr-nEss/, (formerly  INNERNESS,) a  Sioux.
royal parliamentary and municipal burgh, seaport town,   INZAGO, in-zago, (L. Anticiacum,) a village of Austrian
and parish of Scotland, capital of a county, and of the North  Italy, province of Milan, about 4 miles WV. by N. of GorgonHighlands, on both sides of the Ness, within 9 miles of its  zola. Pop. 3108.
influx into the Moray Frith, and here crossed by two bridges,   INZER, in/zer (?), a river of Russia, government of Oren82 miles W.N.W. of Aberdeen.  Pop. of parliamentary  boorg, rises in the Ural Mountains, and after a course of
burgh, in 1851, 12,793; of the royal burgh, 9969. Mean  about 150 miles, joins the Belaia about 50 miles S.E. of Oofa.
annual temperature, 460; summer, 570; winter, 350 Fahren-    INZERSDORF, int/sers-doaI', a village of Lower Austria, 4
heit. It stands in a beautiful plain, near the Caledonian  miles S. of Vienna, on the Liesingbach, and on the railway
Canal, on which are wharves for loading and unloading  to Griitz. Pop.,1350.
goods. The pricipal edifices are the High Church, county    INZINZAC, acsNztNaNGzak/, a village of France, department
buildings on Castle Hill, the r,.ins of a citadel built by  of Morbihan, 7 miles N.N.E. of Lorient. Pop. 2400.
Cromwell in 1652-7, 2 endowed academles, other schools, an    INZLINGEN, intsling-en, a village of Baden, near Lorinfirmary, dispensary, town-hall, jail, mechanics' institute, rach. Pop. 1015.
various libraries, public reading-rooms, the Custom-house,   IION, a post-office of Morehouse parish, Louisiana.
and Exchange. Three newspapers are published in Inver-   IONA, e-o/na, ICOLMKILL, ikWom-killf, (i. e. I-Columb-lcill,
ness.  It has manufactuies   of linens, plaidinas, woollen  "the Isle of Columba's retreat" or "cell,") a small but fastuffs, and hemp, with ship-building, docks, breweries, dis- mous island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle,
tilleries, and tanneries. The principal exports are oats, wool, off the S.W. extremity of the island of Mull. Area, about
and sheep; imports, coal, hemp, tar, and miscellaneous  2000 acres. Pop. 1084.  The surface is rocky, much less
goods. Regular traders ply to Aberdeen, Leith, and Lon- than half of it being arable, and it has only one village.
don, onthe E. coast; and on the W. coast, by means of the  A church and manse have been erected by government
canal, to Glasgow, Liveirpool, and Ireland.  The burgh  grant. In the Middle Ages; it was highly celebrated as the
unites with Forces, Fortrose, and Nairn in sending one  seat of an abbey, founded by St. Columb, a native of Iremember to the House of Commons. Inverness is very an- land, in the sixth century, and which long  remained the
cient, and was the capital of the Pictish kingdom in the  chief seat of learning in the N., and the centre of missionary
sixth century. It suffered severely fronm an inundation of  enterprise undertaken by the Culdees. Its ruined cathethe Ness, in 1848.                                         dral or abbey, on its E. side, is 160 feet in length by 60 in
IN'VERNESS! or INVERNESS-SHIRE, in'#er-nhss/shir,  its greatest breadth, and like most of its other edifices, is of
a large maritime and Highland county of Scotland, extend- a date long subsequent to the introduction of Romanism,
ing across the island from sea to sea, having N. Moray Frith  though some scattered relics are supposed to be of a previous
and Ross-shire, and W. the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises  era. St. Oran's Chapel is in the Saxon style; St. Mary's and
also some of the Western Islands, of which Skye is theprin- other parts are of a later architecture.
cipal. Area, 4054 square miles, of which about one-half is   IO/NE, a post-office of Effingham co., Illinois.
susceptible of cultivation. Pop. in 1851, 96,500. The sur-   IOINI, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.
face is mountainous, rugged, and well wooded. The princi-   IONIA, i-o/ne-a, a county in the WV. central part of Michipal rivers are the Spey, Ness, Beauly, Lochy, Garry, and  gan, contains 576 square miles. It is intersected by Grand
Glass. Lakes are numerous. Insomeparts good wheat,and  and Flat Rivers, and also drained by Maple and Lookconsiderable quantities of oats are raised; but it is chiefly  inugglass Rivers, and by Prairie Creek.  The surface is
a pastoral county, black cattle, sheep, and wool being its  gently undulating, and the soil uniformly fertile. More
principal exports. The county is traversed the whole of its than half of the county is occupied by timbered openings,
length from  S.W. to N.E. by the Caledonian Canal. The  which have a sparse growth of oak and hickory; the other
principal town is Inverness, the capital. The county sends  portion is covered with dense forests. The streams furnish
onemember to the Ilouse of Commons. The Highland char- sufficient water-power for mills. Capital, Ionia. Pop. 7597.
acter and the Gaelic language predominate in the county.     IONIA, a post-village and township, capital of Ionia co.,
INVERNESS, a post-office of Livingston co., New York.   Michigan, on Grand River, about 90 miles from its mouth,
INVERNESS, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.        and 38 miles N.W. of Lansing.  The river is navigable as
INVERNESS, a village of Mackinac co., Michigan, on She- high as the village in all stages of water, and a small steamer
boygan River, 18 miles S. of Mackinac. Large quantities of plies regularly between it and the city of Grand Rapids. A
pine lumber are sawn here.                                 quarry of red sandstone, valuable for building, has been
INVERNESS, a county of Nova Scotia, occupying the  opened near Ionia. The village contains a United States
W.N.W. portion of the island of Cape Breton. Capital, Port land-office and several churches. The water-power of the
Hiood. Pop. in 1851, 16,917.                              river is employed in mills of various kinds. Pop. in 1850, 774.
INVERNIA. See IRnELaND.                                   IONIA, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois.
INVERSNAID, in'ver-snsdt, a hamlet of Scotland, co. of   IONIA, a village in Morgan co., Missouri, 40 miles W. by
Stirling, on the E. shore of Loch Lomonrd, where there is an  S. of Jefferson City.
inn, ruins of a fort, and a picturesque cascade.            IONIAN (i-o'ne-an) ISLANDS, (Fr. Iles Ioniesies, eel eesINVERUGIE, inWvqr-oo/ghee, an ancient castle of Scotland, o'ne-6nn!; Ger. Ionisohe Inseln, e-ofnish-eh in'sln; It. Isole
906




ION                                                        IOW
lonic7ie, eelso-lA e-olne-lk, Sp. Z1as Jonicas, ees/lds Hofne-kas;)  limits which approaches a mountain in elevation. The
an insular group situated in the Mediterranean, off the  highest ground in the state is a plateau in the N.W., called
W. coast of Greece and Epirus, forming a republic depen- " Coteau des Prairies," which enters the state from Minne
dent on Great Britain, between lat. 360 and 400 N., and  sota. A small portion in the N.E., on the Mississippi, is
ion. 190 snd 230 E.. and consisting of Corfu, Cephalonia, rugged and rocky, and Table Mound, a conical elevation
Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Paxo, and Cerigo, with Fano,  with a flat summit, 3 or 4 miles from Dubuque, is, perhaps,
Merlera, Meganisi, Kalamo, Servi, Cerigotto, and many  500 feet high. The state, however, may be generally desmaller islands.  United area, 1092 square miles.  Pop. scribed as a rolling prairie, crossed by rivers whose banks
219.797, nearly all of Greek descent. The surface is moun- are skirted with wood. There are said to be some swamps
tainous, and generally covered with heath; but in some of  in the N.W. portion of the state. The prairies, though somethe larger islands are fertile plains. About half their sur- times 20 miles across, are rarely more than 5 or 10.
face is under cultivation, yielding wheat, barley, and other    Geology. —The great coal-field of Missouri and Iowa, occugrains; wine, chiefly grown in the four largest islands; olive- pying the centre and S. parts of the latter state, and extendoil, mostly procured from  Corfu and Zante; currants in  ing out in the form of a semicircle, is surrounded on every
Zante and Cephalonia, and some cotton, flax, and pulse. side but the S. by a belt of upper carboniferous limestone.
The manufactures consist of woollen fabrics for home con- The Mississippi, on the S.E. of the state, has its channel
sumption, soap in Corfu and Zante, salt in Zante and Santa  in a bed of the lower carboniferous limestone. The great
Maura, silk fabrics in Zante, earthenwares, goats-hair car-  drift deposits from Minnesota enter the N. of Iowa. A narpets, linens and  sacking. Ship-building is an important  row strip of the lead-bearing magnesian limestone lies on
branch of industry, and many of the population are occu- the Mississippi to the N.E., and is succeeded on the S.W. first
pied in maritime trade and navigation. The exports, consist-  by a broad belt of upper magnesian: and then by a second
ing chiefly of the natural produce of the islands, amounted  of limestone of the Devonian period. The coal veins of Iowa
in value, in 1849, to $1,541,531; the imports in the same  are.not nearly so thick as those of Illinois, being seldom
year comprised corn, live-stock from  Greece and Albania,  more than four or five feet. The prairies of this state are
woven fabrics, cured fish, colonial produce, &c. to the value  sprinkled over with boulders, some of them  of immense
of $3,233.373.                                             size. One measured by Professor Owen was 500 feet in cixThe government is vested in a lord high commissioner  cumference, 12 feet high, and probably as many beneath
appointed by Great Britain, and a parliament consisting  the soil.
of a senate and legislative assembly.  The assembly,    Minerals.-Iowa is rich in mineral resources, and but oneelected for five years, is composed of 40 members, 7 elected  tenth of the great lead region of the upper Mississippi lies
by each of the three larger islands, 4 by Santa Maura, and  in this state. The ore is abundant, but lies deeper than on
4 by the remaining islands; the rest being nominated by  the E. side of the river. Lead-mines have been opened in
the lord high commissioner. The senate, consisting of five  Dubuque and Clayton counties. Zinc and copper are also
members, elected by the legislative body, with a president found in the same localities, and in connection with the
appointed by the commissioner, has the executive power, lead. In 1853, there were shipped from Dubuque and Buena
and the press is under the immediate control of it and the  Vista 3,256,970 pounds of lead. The great bituminous coalcommissioner. Each island is governed by a regent, and a  field of Iowa and Missouri has an extent of near 200 miles
council of fr6m 2 to 10 members, partly elected by the inha-  from E. to W., and 140 from  N. to S., within the former
bitants, and partly nominated by the commisSioner and  state, and occupying most of the central and S. portions.
senate; and in these are 21 judicial courts, subordinate to a  Copper has been recently discovered in Cedar county in consupreme court in Corfu, in which city is the seat of parlia- siderable quantities.
ment and chief authorities. The established religion is that    Rivers.-The rolling prairies of Iowa are furrowed by
of the Greek Church. The armed force consists of about  several important rivers, which cross it in a S.E. direction,
3000 British troops, and 4 regiments of native militia; ma-, and help to swell the volume of waters in the great Mlissisrine, 1 frigate and 1 steam-packet, (English,) stationed at sippi, into which  they discharge themselves.  The Des
Corfu; and 2 steamboats, bearing the Ionian flag, for comn-  Moines, the most important of these, has its sources in Min.municating between the seven islands. Revenue in 1849, nesota, and traversing the entire state, forms near its
$558,632; expenditures, $604,600. The principal towns are  mouth a small portion of the S.E. boundary. Its length is
Corfu, Zante, Argostoli, and Vathi. These islands are often  about 450 miles, 250 of which are navigable for light steammentioned in ancient history, but are only spoken of singly, boats at high water. The other rivers which flow into the
not collectively. They remained subject to Venice from 1386  Mississippi, proceeding in order northward, are the Skunk,.
to 1797. In 1814 they were placed under British protection, Iowa, (the Red Cedar, a branch of the Iowa,) Wapsipinicon,
and their present constitution of government was drawn up  Makoqueta, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. The Skunk is about
by Sir T. lMaitland, in 1817. The IONIAN lSAeNtrs are sup-  200, the Iowa 300, and the rivers last named from 100 to 200
posed to derive their name from the lonians, (descendants  miles in length. The Iowa is navigable for steamboats 110,
of Ion,) who planted colonies in Cephalonia, (Cephallenia,)  and the Cedar River 60 miles. The Makoqueta and the
and some other of these islands.                            Wapsipinicon have rapid currents, and furnish abundant
IONIAN REPUBLIC. See IONIAN ISLtANDS.                     water-power. The Missouri, and its tributary, the Great
IONIAN SEA, (Fr. Mer Ieoiesnne, maia ee'o'ne-8nnf; Sp. Sioux, form the W. boundary. The Little Sioux, the next
Mcar,Tonico, maa Holne-ko; anc. I-alre Iofsnium,) that part of  important tributary of the Missouri from Iowa, has a course
the Mediterranean between Greece and European Turkey  of little more than 100 miles. There are a few small lakes
on the E., and Italy and Sicily on the W. The prinipal  in the N. and W. parts of the state.
inlets are the Gulf of Tarauto. Squillace, Arta, and Patras.   Objects of Interest to Tourists.-The principal claim of this
It communicates with the Adriatic Sea by the Strait of  new, and as yet scarcely explored state, on the attention of
Otranto, and contains all the Ionian Islands except Cerigo.  travellers, must chiefly rest upon the beauty of its unduIOSICO, a new county in tlie E. part of Michigan, border- lating prairies or its picturesque landscapes. There are,
ing on Lake Huron, contains about 900 square miles. It is  however, a few objects which maybe classed among natural
intersected by the Au Sable River. This county is not curiosities, of which the following are the most prominent.
named in the census of 1850, and probably has no civilized  Numerous sinks, or circular depressions in the surface of
inhabitants. It was originally called KANOTIN.             the ground, from 10 to 20 feet across, are found in different
IOSCO, a post-township in the W. part of Livingston co., places, and particularly on Turkey River, in the N. part of
Michigan. Pop. 645.                                         the state. Small mounds, fiom 3 to 6 feet high, and some.
IOUG, a river of Russia.  See Yooc.                      times 10 or 12 in a row, are found on the same stream, withIOWA, Io-wa, a river in the state of the same name, rises in 10 or 15 miles of its mouth. A cave, several rods in exin IHancock county, and flowing in a general S.E. direction, tent, exists in Jackson county, from which flows a stream
passes by the seat of government, and enters the Mississippi large enough to turn a mill. The upper Iowa and Mlake35 miles above Burlington. The whole length is estimated  queta Rivers have worn their channels through magnesian
at over 300 miles. Small steamboats can ascend as far as limestone rocks, leaving, on the southern banks, cliffs, worn
Iowa City, about 80 miles, for three months in the year.    by the rain, frost, and winds into resemblances of castles,
IOWA, a newly-formed state of the United States of North  forts, &c.
America, PW. of the Mississippi, is bounded N. by Minnesota    Climate, Soil, and Prodcuctions. —According to meteoroloTerritory, E. by the Mississippi, which separates it from the  gical tables kept at Muscatine, in 1851, by T. S. Parvin,
states of Wisconsin and Illinois, S. by Missouri, and W. by  Esq., the maximum of January was 460, the minimum, 160;
Indian Territory and Minnesota, from the former of which  for Pebruary, maximum 520, minimum 00; March, maximum
it is separated by the Missouri, and from the latter by the  780, minimum 120; April, maximum  700, minimum  240;
Great Sioux River. It lies (with the exception of a small May, maximum 820, minimum 230; June, maximum 85, miniprojection in the S.E., between the Des Moines and the Mis- mum 440; July, maximum  920, minimum  440; August,
sissippi Rivers) between 400 30' and 430 30' N. lat., and be- maximum  850, minimum  520; September, maximum 910.
tween 900 and 970 W. ion., being about 30)0 miles in extreme  minimum 300; October, maximum  790, minimum 180; Nolength from E. to W., and about 208 miles in breadth, in- vember, maximum 510, minimum 140; December, maximum
eluding an area of 50,914 square miles, or 32,584,960 acres, 560, minimum 180. Greatest heat, July 27th, 920; greatest
of which only 824,682 were improved in 1850. According to  cold, December 16th, 180; range, 1100. The Mississippi closed
a state census in 1852, 5,618,207 acres were occupied.     January 30th; opened February 21st.  Last frost, May
Face of the Cotsntry.-The surface of Iowa is generally  24th; first in. autumn, September 28th. Rainy days, 101; 5i
composed of rolling prairies, having nothing within its  of which were in May, June, and July; 20 snowy days, 55
907




cloudy, 88 clear, and 212 variable.  The amount of rain that  with military and court fines, are to form  an appropriation
fell during the entire year was 72.4 inches. A frost in May  for the support of public schools in Iowa, which are to be
killed most of the fruit. The peach-tree blossoms in April,  under the direction of a superintendent of public instrucfall wheat ripens in July, spring wheat in August, and  tion, elected for three years by the people. Schools must be
Indian corn in October. The rivers are frozen over friom 2  kept open at least three months of every year in{ each disto 3 months on an average each winter. The soil of Iowa is  trict.  An appropriation is also made for the support of
generally excellent and of easy cultivation, with prairie  Iowa University, which is to be perpetual.  There were, in
and woodland intermingled.  The vvalleys of the Red Cedar,  1850, two colleges in Iowa with 100. pupils and $2000 inIowa, and Des 3Moiues, (we quote Owen's Geological Report,) come; 742 public schools, with 29,616 pupils and $51,492 inas high as lat. 420 or 420 31', presents a body of arable land,  come, of which $19,078 was from  public funds and $16,149
which, taken as a whole, for richness in organic elements, from taxation; 31 academies and other schools, with 1051
for.amount of saline matter, and due admixture of earthly  pupils, $7980 income, of which $8000 was from endowments;
silicates, affords a combination that belongs only to the  and 35,473 pupils attending school as returned by families;
most fertile upland plains. After passing lat. 420 30' N., of the adult population, 8153 could not read and write, of
near the confines of the Couteau des Prairies, a desolate,  whom 1077 were foreigners.
knobby country  commences, the highlands being covered    Aeligions. —There were 193 churches in Iowa in 1850, of
with gravel and supporting a scanty vegetation, while the  which  the  Baptists owned 20, Christians, 10; Congrelow grounds are either wet or marshy, or filled with nume-  gationalists,'14; Episcopalians, 5; Friends, 5; Lutherans,.
rous  ponds or lakes, and where the eye roves in vain in  4; Methodists, 71; Presbyterians, 38; and the Roman Cathosearch of timber.  North of 410 30', and between the head  lies, 18. The riest were divided among German Reformed,
waters of the Grand, Nodaway, and Nishnabotona Rivers,  Moravians,  Unionists, and Universalists.-See Tables of NIethe soil is inferior in quality to that S. of the same parallel. ligions, ArENDIX.  Number of persons to each church, 1000.
The staples of this state are Indian corn, wheat, avdlive  Value of church property, $177,425.
stock, besides considerable quantities of oats, rye, buck-    Jeriodica ls. —In 1850 there were published in Iowa, 2 tri
wheat, barley, Irish potatoes, butter, cheese, hay, wool, and semi-weekly, 25 weekly newspapers, and 2 monthly
maple-sugar, beeswax and honey; and some rice, tobacco, periodicals, with an aggregate annual circulation of 1,512,500
beans, peas, sweet potatoes, orichard firuit, wine, grass-seeds,  copies.
hops, flax, and silk are produced. There were 14,805 farms,    Public 7estitutions.-In 1850 there were four public libraincluding 824,682 acres of improved land, in Iowa in 1850, ries in Iowa, with an aggiregate of 2650 volumes, and 28
producing 8,656,799 bushels of Indian corn; 1,530,581 of  schools and  Sunday-school libraries with 3140 volumes.
wheat; 1,524,345 of oats; 276,120 of Irish potatoes; 52,516  There is a state prison at Fort Madison, on the Mississippi.
of buckwheat; 25,093 of barley; 19,916 of rye; 373,898    Poleulation'.-Iowa had 43,112 inhabitants in 1840, and
pounds of wool; 2,171,188 of butter; 209,840 of cheese; 192,214 in 1850, of whom 100,885 were white males, 90,994
89,055 tons of hay; 78,407 pounds of maple-sugar; live  white females, 168 colored males, and 167 colored females.
stock of the value of $3,689,275;  slaughtered  animals,  (By a state census in 1852, the population was 228,873, and
$821,164; market products, $8848; and orchard products, in 1854, 326,014, being an increase of 133,800 since 1850.)
$8431.*4                                                       This population was divided among 38,517 families, ocForest Tree. —Iowa is in many places destitute of timber;  cupying 32,962 dwellings. Of the populatiof only 41,357
along the rivers, however, it is well wooded, except near  were born in the state, 129,674 in other states of the
their sources.  On the intervals between the rivers there  Union, 3785 in England, 4485 in Ireland, 1064 in Scotland
are often prairies of from 15 to 20 miles, without so much  and Wales, 1756 in British America, 7152 in Germany, 382
as a bush higher than the wild indigo and compass-plant. in France, 2208 in other countries, and 382 whose places of
The greatest scarcity of trees is N. of 420. Ash, elm, sugar,  birth were unknown, making more than 10 per cent. of the
and white maple grow in alluvion belts of from one-fourth  population of foreign birth. Pop. to the square mile, 3-77.
to one mile in width on the river banks.  The other forest  During the year ending June 1, 1850, 2044 deaths occurred,
triees  are poplar, various species of oak, black and white  or about 10 in every 1000 persons; 135 paupers received
walnut, hickory, locust, ironwood, cottonwood, lime or bass- support in the same period, of whom 35 were foreigners. In
wood, and some pine in the northern parts of the state.  the same year there were 59 deaf and dumb, all white: 50
Oak constitutes the larger part of the timber of the state.  blind, do.; 42 idiotic, do.; and 94 insane, do. Of the popuThe peach grows too luxuriantly, and blooms too soon to  lation, 217 were engaged in mining, 10,469 in agriculture;
admit of its being cultivated to advantage. The grape, 355 in commerce; 1629 in manufactures; 13 in navigating
gooseberry, and wild plum are indigenous.                     the ocean, 78 in internal navigation, and 365 in the learned
Mtnsactufescu-eA.-As a newly settled state, Iowa can of  professions.
course have made as yet but little progress in manufactures;    Counties. —There are in Iowa 49 organized counties, viz.
though she has within her limits two important elements  Allonmakee, Appanoose, (orAppanuse,) Benton, Black Hawk,
of neanufacturing industry, viz. abundance of coal and wa- Boone, Buchanan; Cedar, Clarke, Clayton, Clinton, Dallas,
ter-power. In 1850 there were 482 establishments, produc- Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fayette,
ing each $500 or upwards annually; of these 3 were en-  Fremont. Henry, Iowa, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson,
gaged in the manufacture of iron, employing $5500 capital, Jones, Keokuk.  Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Madison. Mahaska,
and 17 male hands, consunming raw material worth $2524,  Marion, Marsheall,'Monroe, Musecatine, Page, Polk, Pottaand producing castings, &c. worth $8500; 1 woollen fac- watomie, Poweshiek, Scott, Tama, Taylor, Van  Buren,
tory, employing $31,225 capital, and 7 male hands, consum- Wapello, Warren, Washington, Wayne, and Winnishiek.
ing raw material worth $3500, and producing 14,000 yards  Capital, Fort des MIoines.
of stuffs, valued at $13,000; and $19,000 invested in manu-    Cities and Towns. —In 1854, Burlington had a population
facturing malt and spirituous liquors, consuming 51,150  of 7306; Dubuque, 6634; Davenport, 5272; Keokuk, 4789;
bushels of Indian corn, and 7200 of rye, and producing  Muscatine, 3694; Iowa City, 2570, and Fort Mladison, 2010.
160,000 gallons of whiskey, &c. HIomemade manufactures    Government, -Finances, Banlks, dc..-The governor of Iowa
were valued at $221,292.  In 1852, there was invested in  is chosen for four years, and receives $1000 per annum; the
mills and distilleries the sum of $280,438.                   senate, composed of 30 members, for the same period, and
Internal Improvements.-Only eight years a member of the  the house of representatives, of 59 members, for two years;
confederacy, the energies of Iowa have hitherto been chiefly  all elected by popular vote. The sessions of the legislature
directed to the opening of common roads and making other  are biennial and convene on the first Monday in December
improvements. Still she had, in January, 1854, 480 miles  of every alternate year. The members receive $2 per dienm
of railroad in course of construction, and others projected,  for the first fifty days of the session, but after that only $1
which when completed will connect the Mississippi, at  a day; $2 are allowed for every 20 miles travelled. The
Burlington, Davenport, and Dubuque, with the Missouri at  judiciary is composed-i1. Of a supreme court, presided over
Council Bluffs, and two other points, the one S. and the  by one chief and two associate judges, receiving each $1000
other N. of Council Bluffs; and also unite Dubuque and  per annum. 2. Of district courts, each presided over by a
Keokuk with St. Louis, Missouril.  These roads are already  single judge, receiving $1000 per annum.  The judges of
under contract from  Davenport to Fort Des Moines, from   the supreme court are elected by joint vote of the legislature
Muscatine to Fredonia, and to Moscow.                          for six years, and the district judges by the people of their
Cbeomeerce.-Iowa has no foreigu trade, but is very ftvor-  respective districts for five years. The assessed value of.
ably located for internal traffic, washed as it is by the  property in Iowa in 1853 was $49,384:906; and public debt,
Missouri on the W., and Mississippi on the E., and its in- $79,795, in December, 1854. There was but one bank in the
terior traversed by the Des Moines, Iowa, Cedar, and other  state in June, 1852, with a capital of $200,000, circulation
rivers. The principal articles of export are grain, flour, lead,  $100,000, and coin $50,000.
pork, and live stock. In the year 1852-3, 57,500 hogs were    History. —Iowa formed originally a part of the Louisiana
packed in Iowa, and 45,060 in 1853-4.                          purchase, then successively a part of Missouri, Wisconsin,
Edcccation. —All lands granted by Congress, all eacheated  and lastly of Iowa Territory. It became an independent
estates, and whatever per centage Congress  may allow on the  member of the confederacy in  1846.  Settlements were
public land sold within the state, are to constitute a fund, permanently commenced about 1833; the first at Burlingthe interest of which and the rent of unsold lands, together  ton.
IOWA, a new county in the S.E. central part of Iowa, has
By a state cenisus iu1852, the horses numbered 61,088; sheep,  an area of 576 square miles. The Iowa River. from which
17,325; swine, 277,099, and the neat cattle valued at $1,998,489.  the name is derived, flows eastward through the N. part,
908




lOW                                                            IRA
and the North Fork of English River traverses the S. part    IPSICA or ISPICA, in Sicily. See MoDIcA.
of the county.  The principal streams, besides these, are    IPSITZ, or YBBSITZ, iptsits, a market-town of Lower
Be-ver, Aidman's, and Richmond Creeks. The railway route  Austria, 6 miles E.S.E. of Waidhofen.  Pop. 1267.
from Davenport to Council Bluffs passes through the county.   IPS'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Capital, Marengo. Pop. 822.                                      IPISTONE, a parish of England, cos. of Oxford and Bucks.
IOWA, a county in the S.W. part of Wisconsin, contains    IPISTONES, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
740 square miles. The Wisconsin River bounds it on the    IPSIWICH, a parliamentary  and  municipal' borough,
N., and it is drained by the branches of the Pekatonica.  river-port, and town of England, capital of the co. of Suffolk,
The surface is occupied by valleys and ridges, which are  on the Orwell, here crossed by a handsome iron bridge, at
mostly destitute of timber, excepting small and scattered  the influx of the Gipping, and on the Eastern Counties Railgroves. The soil is calcareous and fertile. This county is  way, 66 miles N.E. of London, and 24 miles S.E. of Bury-St.remarkable for mineral wealth.  Lead is abundant, and is  Edmunds.  Pop. of borough, in 1851, 32,914.  The town
one of the chief articles of export. Copper and zinc are also  stands on a slope, sheltered by hills on the E. and N. It is
found in connection with the lead. The county is inter- irregularly built, with streets mostly narrow, and houses
sected by the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad. Capital, old-fashioned, though it'contains many new and substantial
Mineral Point. Pop. 9525.                                     buildings; it is well supplied with water, and has a thriving
IOWA, a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, near the Illi-  ap pearance.  Principal edifices, the town and county halls,
nois Central Railroad.                                        custom-house on the quay, market-house, corn exchange,
IOWA CITY, a flourishing town, capital of the former  county and borough jails, an old monastery of Black Friars,
Iowa, and seat of justice of Johnson county, is beautifully  now used for the grammar school and town library, the
situated on the bluffs which rise from the left bank of the  theatre, assembly-rooms, and barracks.  Besides the gramIowa River, about SO miles from its mouth, 33 miles N.W   mar school, founded by Cardinal Woisey, (a native of the
of the MIississippi River at Muscatine, and about 760 miles  town,) Ipswich possesses several minor endowed schools and
in a straight line W. by N. of Washington. Lat. 410 39' charities, and a philological society and mechanics' instituN., lon. 910 30'TV. When this place was selected as the seat  tion. It has some manufactures of woollen cloths, and of
of government, in May, 1839, it was entirely in a state of  yarn for the Norwich manufaictures, with extensive iron
nature, and within a year from that time it contained from   and soap factories, breweries, snuff mills, and docks at
500 to 700 inhabitants.  The town is embowered among   which lar1-e vessels have been built; its chief trade is, howgroves of trees, and surrounded by fertile prairies. The  ever, in the import of coal and Baltic produce, and the exprincipal streets are Capitol street and Iowia avenue, which  port of corn to London. The Orwell is navigable to the town
are about 100 feet in width. At the intersection of these, for vessels of 200 tons burden. The number of sailing yeson a commanding eminence, stands the Capitol, a fine edifice  sels registered at the port in 1850 was 182, (tons, 14,835;)
of the Doric order, 120 feet long by 60 feet wide. The ma- steamers, 4, (tons, 177.) The number of arrivals during the
terial was quarried in this vicinity, and is marked with  year was 1553, (tons, 120,730;) clearances, 919, (tons, 54,505,)
spots and rings, which give it the name of " bird's-eye mar- of which the great majority were coasters. It sends 2 memble."  The cost is estimated at $100,000.  The river is navi-  bers to the House of Commons. Ipswich was burnt by the
gable by steamboats filom  its mouth to this place in all Danes in 991 and 1000; but in later Saxon and Norman
stages. Several railways are plrojected or in course of con- times, it recovered a high share of prosperity. William the
struction, which, when finished, will connect the town with  Conqueror built a castle here, of which, some traces still
Dubuque, Keokuk, and Davenport. The river affords in  exist.
this vicinity excellent water-power, which is partially im-    IPS/WICH, a port of entry, and one of the shire-towns of
proved. Iowa City contains several churches, a college, an  Essex co., Massachusetts, is pleasantly situated on both
academy, and other schools. Three or four newspapers are  sides of a river of its own name, about 4 miles fronm the sea,
published here. Pop. in 1850, 2262; in 1853, about 4000.    and on the Eastern Railroad, 25 miles N.N.E. of Boston.
VOWAVILLE, a post-village of Yan Buren co., Iowa. ofe  Ipswich River affords good water-power, and at its mouth is
the Des Moines River, in the N.W. corner of the county, is  an excellent harbor. It is crossed by a stone bridge, built
surrounded by a country which is rapidly improving.           in 1764, at a cost of 10001. The town contains, besides the
IPA, eespA, a river of Russia, rises in the government of  court-house and jail, 4 churches, 13 stores, an asylum for
Minsk. and after a course of 70 miles, joins the P-ipets.     the insane, a county house of correction, a female seminary
IPAVA, e-pdlvA, a small lake of South America, in Vene-  of longo standing and high character, a free grammar school,
zula, and forming, according to some geographers, the prin- (for classical instruction,) founded in 1650, and supported
cipal source of the Orinoco.                                  by the rent of lands set apart for the purpose, and a public
IPAVA, i-pah/va, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.     high school for both sexes. The inhabitants are noted for
IPHOVEN, ip-ho/ven, a town of Bavaria, circle of Middle  their high appreciation of the benefits of education: 10
Franconia, 32 miles N.N.W. of Anspach. Pop. 2060.             youths were sent from  the town, in 1853, to different colIlPING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                 leges in New England.  The chief pursuit in Ipswich is
IPOLY, ee'pol/, or EYPEL, i/pel, a river of Central Hun-  agriculture.  The most important crop is hay, of which
gary, joins the Danube 10 miles below Gran, after a S.S.W.  large quantities are sent to Boston.  There are several boot
course, estimated at 90 miles, for the last 35 miles of which  and shoe factories in the town, a cotton mill, and saw and
it is navigable.                                              grist mills. A few vessels are owned here, and employed in
IPOLYSAGII, eespol shdg/, a market-town of Ilungary, ca- the coast trade and fisheries, and some ship-building is carpital of the co. of Honth, at the confluence of the Krapina  sied on.  The shipping of the district, June 30, 1852,
with the Ipoly. Pop. 1550.                                    amounted to an aggregate of 521 tons enrolled and licensed.
IPOOT, IPOUT or IPUT, e-pootl, a river of Russia, which  The Indian name of Ipswich was Agawam, signifying fishafter a tortuous S.W. course of about 220 miles, joins the  ing station. Incorporated in 1634. Nathan Dana and Ruftus
Sozh alittle above Novo-Bielitza, inthe government of Mohee-  Choate were born here. Pop. 3349.
lev.                                                            IPSWICII  LIGHTS, on Ipswich Beach, Massachusetts.
IPPLEPEN, ipfp~l-pen, a parish of England, co. of Devon. The Weston Light, at the entrance of the harbor, revolves;
IP/POLITTS, a parish of Englan d, co. of Herts.             the other is fixed. Let. 420 41' 6" N., lon. 700 46' 30" W.
IPS or YBBS, ips, a town of Lower Austria, at the con-    IPSWICII RIVER, a small stream  of Essex co., Massafluence of the Ips with the Danube, 25 miles WV. of St. Pol-  chusetts, flows into Ipswich Bay. It affords good water-,
ten. Pop. 1952.                                               power.
IPSALA, ip's li, a town of European Turkey, in Room-    IPUCA, e-poolka, a village of Brazil, 70 miles E.N.E. of
Elee, sanjak of Gallipoli, on the Maritza, at the influx of the  Rio Janeiro. Pop. 3000.
river Ipsala, 30 miles N.E. of Enos.                            IPU-GRANDE, e-poof-grn/ldA, a town of Brazil, province
IPSAMBOOL or IPSAMBOUL, ip-sdm-booll, written also  of Ceara, 260 miles S.W. of Fortaleza. Pop. of the district,
ABU-SIMIBEL, EBSAiMBOOL, EBSAMBUL, and ABU-SAM- 8000.
BUL, a village of Nubia, on the W. bank of the Nile, 48 miles    IPUT, a river of Russia. See IPooT.
S.W. of Derr, and having two temples, with  statues and    IQUI, eeskwee or eelkee, two islands of Japan, S.E. of
sculptures, built by the Egyptian Pharaoh  0lameses the  Kioosioo; lat. 310 30' N., Ion. 1320 E.
Great, regarded as the finest remains of antiquity in the Nile    IQUIQUE, e-kee/kd, a small seaport-town of South Peru,
Valley, except those at Thebes.                              department of Arequipa, province, and 40 miles WV. of TaraIPSARA, ipIse-rA  or IPSERA, ip'so-rt, written  also  pacca, on the Pacific, opposite the island of Iquique. P. 1000.
PSARA, (anc..Psyc-a,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago,    IQUIQUE, an island of Peru, close upon the coast. Lat.
belonging to Turkey, in the IEgean Sea, 9 miles N.W. of  (centre) 200 12' 30" S., ion. 700 14' 45" W. It has been
Scio. Length and breadth, 5 miles each. Products, cotton, considerably reduced in height, in consequence of the imwine, and fruit. On its S. side is a village of the same name. mense quantity of guano taken firom it.
ANTI-IPSARA is an islet of the Grecian Archipelago, off the    i/RA, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, 60 miles
W. coast of the above.                                        S.S.W. of Montpelier.  Pop. 400.
IPSIDEN, a parish of Englaid, co. of Oxford.                 IRA, a post-village and township of Cayuga co., New York,
IPSERA, ipfsa-rA. IPEER or IPIR, e-peerf, (ane. Hlispica. 24 miles N. of Auburn.  Pop. 2110.
is,?) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 24 miles N.N.E.   IRA, a post-township in the S. part of St. Clair co., Michiof Erzroom.                                                  gan, on the N. shore of Lake St. Clair. Pop. 596.
IPS-HEIMI, ipslhime, a market-town of Bavaria, 18 miles    IRAJA, ee-rl'zhi, a village of Brazil. province of Rio-de
N. of Anspach, on the Aisch.  Pop. 808.                      Janicro, near a river of its own name. Pop. 5000.
909




IRA                                                           IRE
IRAK-AJEMEE or TRAK-AJEMI, ee~rnlkP-Ajlh-mee', (anc.  the harbors of Cork, I)ungannon, and Waterford. In point
Areat Aeldica or ldica Proper,) a large province, occupying the  of extent, depth of water, and shelter, many of these furnish
central portion of Persia, between lat. 310 50' and 370 N., and  natural havens which cannot be surpassed.  The rocky
lon.460 and 530 E. Withintheselimits, it comprises Persian  shores, which line most of these bays, are formed by the
Koordistan, and the immediate-provinces of Ardelan, Lar-  abrupt terminations of mountain ridges, which, instead of
istan, Ispahan, and Kashan.  Surface an elevated table-  stretching in continuous chains across the interior, rise
land, traversed by several mountain ranges.  Principal rather injvast isolated masses, at a short distance from the
rivers,the Kizil Oozen, forming a part of its N. boundary, coast, and usually subside rapidly as they recede fronm it.
and the Kerah, with its affluents in the S.W.; besides which, Almost the only inland range is that of the Devil's Bit, and
there are several large streams, that lose themselves in the  the Sliebhbloom  Mountains, which stretch in an irregular
sandy deserts which occupy a large proportion of the pro- curve of about 30 miles from  S.W. to N.E., through the
vince.  The watered valleys are fertile.  Ispahan is tlhe  N.E. of Mnunster, and W. of Leinster, and, in the Keeper,
great emporium  of trade, and is the rendezvous of large  attain the height of 2265 feet; most of the other masses atcaravans fiom Bagdad, Herat, and even Surat. The other  tain their greatest elevation towards the exterior of the
principal cities are Teheran, Ilamadan, Kasbin, Senna, Ker-  island, and thus give the interior the form of a vast plain,
nansshah, and Koom.                                           enclosed on all sides by lofty mountain barriers. The most
IRAK-ARABEE or IRAK-ARABI, eerk'-lArta-beeO, (ane. important of these in proceeding from the N., westward, are
Baccbylonia,) in Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, is mostly  the mountains of Donegal; culminating point, Erigal, 2462
between the lower courses of the Euphrates and Tigris, and  feet; Sligo-culminatingpoint, Truskmore, 2113 feet; Mayocomprises the city of Bagdad, and the ruins of Babylon, Se- culminating points, Nephin, 2639 feet, and MIuillrea, 2733
leucia, and Ctesiphon.                                        feet; Galway-culminating point, Twelve Pins, 2396 feet;
IRAN, the Persian name of PERSIA.                           Kerry-culminating points, Brandon, 3120 feet, and Cam
I/RASBURG, a post-village and semi-capital of Orleans  Tual, the loftiest of all Ireland, 3404 feet; Waterford-culco., Vermont, on Black River, 40 miles N.N.W. of Montpe-  minating point, Mona Vallagh, 2598 feet; Wicklow-culmilier.  It contains, besides the county buildings, several nating point, Lungaquilla, 3039 feet; Dublin-culminating
churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and 1 or 2 iron foun- point, Kippare, 2473 feet; Down-culminating point, Sliebhdries.  Pop. of the township, 1034.                           donard, 2796 feet; and Antrim, the mountains of which
IRASU, e-rd-sool, a volcano of Central America, state of  are less remarkable for their height than the magnificence
Costa-Rica, near the city of Cartago.  IIHight 11,478.        with which they terminate in the Giant's Causeway. Though
IRAWADI, a river of Asia. See IRRAWADDY.                    the barrier thus formed presents numerous openings, and
IREN, e-rdnf, or e-rain,! a river of Russia, rises in the  the plain enclosed by it'is by no means a monotonous flat,
government of Perm, flows circuitously, and after a N.W.  it is not difficult to understand how a surface so formed is
course of about 150 miles, loins the Silva.                   ill-adapted for giving a free course to the water which colIRBIT, ir-bit! or 13ct-beetl, a town of Siberia, government  lects upon it, and accordingly contains extensive tracts of
of Perm, 100 miles E.N.E. of Yekaterinboorg, on the Neiva, bog.
and on a route from Tobolsk into Europe. It is enclosed by    Geology and _isnerals.-Granite, flanked by silurian strata,
a palisade, and is chiefly noted for a large annual fair, which  forms the Wicklow range of mountains on the E. coast. The
lasts for a month, in February and March, and is attended  same primary strata prevail in the Mourne Mountains, and
by a great concourse of European and Asiatic merchants.    an extensive trap form  in Antrim of 800 square miles, is
IRT/BY-oN-IHIUMBER, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   succeed by clay slate on the W. Granite again appears in
IRBY-sN-THE-MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.  the Galway Mountains, and the old red sandstone prevails
IRtCI-IESTER, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   extensively in Munster.  The great plain in the centre is
IREBY, irlbee, a market-town and parish of England, co. formed of mountain limestone, and contains six coal disof Cumberland, 8 miles W.S.W. of Wigton.  Pop. 472.           tricts, the Leinster, or Castlecomer, the Sleeve Asda in TipIREBY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.             perary, the Munster, Loch Alien, Monaghan, and Tyrone,
IREDELL, irldIll, a county toward the W. part of North  besides a small coal-field in the county of Antrim. The coal
Carolina, has an area estimated at 600 square miles. It is  raised S. of Dublin is anthracite, that in the N. is bitumibounded on the W. by the Great Catawba, and intersected  nous, but the whole quantity raised does not exceed 55,000
by the several creeks which flow into the Yadkin.  The sur- tons annually. Copper and lead are found in the silurian
face is hilly; the soil fertile.  Gold has been found near the  and mountain limestone. The ore obtained from  the copS. border of the county. This county gave birth to Judge  per-mines is mostly sent to Wales to be smelted. In 1836
Hugh L. White, late United States Senator from Tennessee. the output exceeded in value 150,0001.; at present it amounts
It was formed in 1788, and named in honor of James Ire- to scarcely half that sum. The lower chalk and greensand
deli, late associate justice of the Supreme Court of the  formations partially prevail, but no tertiary beds. Marble
United States. Capital, Statesville. Pop. 14,719, of whom   ofan excellent quality exists in various parts. Among the
10,577 were free, and 4142 slaves.                            other minerals are antimony, manganese, fullers'-earth,
IREGH, ee'rlgl, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Toina,  and slate. Peat forms the principal fuel, and is of great
24 miles S.S.E. of Veszprim.  Pop. 2525. It has a castle.     importance, owing to the general deficiency of timber.
IREGIt or UREGH, ii'rlgl, (?) a market-town of Hungary,    Rivers and Lakes.-Few countries of the same extent are
in Slavonia, co. of Syrmia, 12 miles S. of Peterwardein, with  so liberally supplied with rivers.  The Shannon, the largest
1000 houses, a castle, and a breeding stud.                   river of Ireland, if not of the United Kingdom, is navigable
IRELAND, irfland, (Erse, Esrin, g/rin, usually pronounced  to its source, in Lough Allen, 214 miles. The other rivers
eefrin; Fr. Irlandce, eesqlINd/; Sp. Irlanda, eesi-ldn/dA; Ger. of most importance are the Brandon, Lee, and Blackwater,
~Ilcand,  5nrl/nt; L. Hiber-nica, Iver/na, or Inverl/nia; Gr.  the Suir, and the Barron, which form  the broad estuary of
IEpvs, 11,-nI,) the more western of the two principal islands of  Waterford Ilarbor, the Slaney, the Liffey, the Boyne, the
which the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is  largest river which discharges itself on the E. coast, and
composed, between lat. 510 25' and 550 23/ N., and ion. 60 20' the Bann and the Foyle. Ireland possesses a vast number
and 100 20' W.; separateid from Great Britain on the E. by the  of inland lakres, which, in some parts, lie so near each other
Irish Sea, which, near its centre, has awidth of 130 miles, but  as to form a continued series, easily available for purposes of
narrows between IIolyhead and Howth Heath to 60 miles; navigation. Lough Neagh, a vast quadranngular expanse,
and between the Mull of Kintire, in Scotland, and the oppo- 17 miles long, by 10 miles broad, chiefly in Antrim, is not
site coast at Fairhead, to abdut 12 miles; and surrounded  only the largest lake in the United Kingdom, but ranks
on all other sides by the North Atlantic Ocean. Its shape  high amongthesecondary lakes of Europe. The other more
has been compared to a rhomboid, with two of its opposite  important lakes are Lough Erne, nearly 30 miles in length;
sides nearly due N. and S., and the other two slanting be- Lough Corrib, about 24 miles long, and connected with it
tween W.S.W. and E.N.E. Measured diagonally, the greatest by a subterranean channel; Lough Mask; Loughs Alien,
length from Mizen Head, in the S.W., to Fairhead, in the  Eee, and Derg, the latter wide expansions of the Shannon;
N.E., is 300 miles; and the greatest breadth, friom Carnsore  and Loughs Conn and Cullen, in the county of iMayo. BePoint in the S.E., to Benwee Head, in the N.W., is 212 miles; sides these, many others, of smaller dimensions, are distrimeasured on a meridian, and on a parallel of latitude, the  buted over the island. The lakes of Killarney are pre-emigreatest length and breadth, respectively, are only 230  nent, and attract visitors from  all parts of Europe by the
miles, and 180 miles; the central breadth, nearly between  beauty and magnificence of their scenery.
the Bays of Dublin and Galway, is 110 miles; area, 32,513    Climate.-Owing to the deep indentations on its coasts,
square miles, or 20,808,271 acres.                            no portion of Ireland is more than 50 miles from the sea, a
General Features.-The coast, forming a line of about 750  circumstance that conduces to the general mildness of its
miles, is, in general, very bold and rugged. The most con- climate. Its winter, though long, is seldom  accompanied
tinuous portion is the E., where the only remarkable inden- with prolonged frosts, while the average heat of its summer
tations are the Loughs  of Belfast and Strangford, and the  falls considerably short of that of England.  ilean winter
Bays of Dundrum, Dundalk, and Dublin. In all other di- temperature, 390 9;. mean summer, 600'5; mean of the year,
rections, but more especially in the N.W., W., and S.W., the  490.6. West winds, which prevail nine months in the year,
indentations follow each other in almost uninterrupted suc- charged with accumulated vapors from  the ocean, on first
cession, giving the coast avery broken and ruggedappearance. reaching the Irish coast, precipitate them in deluges of rain
The principal of these are the Loughs of Foyle and Swilly,  or dense fogs. Annual fall, from  30 to 40 inches. Hence
the Bays of Donegal, Killala, Clew, and Galway; Shannon  the air is seldom clear, even in summer; and in autumn
Mouth, the Bays of Dingle, Bantry, and D)unmanus; and  the superfluity of moisture becomes a serious impediment
910




IRE                                                              IRE
to the operations of harvest. But the verdure of the pas-  from  Liverpool, Bristol, Glasgow. and some other British
tures is peculiarly rich, and p3serves its luxuriance to a  ports. The trade with foreign countries is comparatively
late period of the year.  The?'broad-leaved myrtle grows   inconsiderable.  The whole exports from Ireland to foreign
luxuriantly in some S. counties, and the arbutus unedo,  parts in 1850 amounted in value to only 276,0881.; and the
menziesia, and other plants of South Europe, flourish;  imports to 6,031,5691.  The total revenue collected at the
while Alpine plants, of the extreme N. of Europe, are also  various  custom-houses in 1853, amounted to 4,621,8691.
found on some of the mountains.                                   The annexed table exhibits the principalports through which
Agriculture.-Of the 20,000,000 acres of land in Ireland, it  the foreign commerce of Ireland passed in 1851:hasbeenestimated that 5,250,000 arearable, 6,750,000 pastures
and marshes, and 5,000,000 are improvable, and the remainder
waste; 350,000 acres are in plaptations. Ireland is more fitted                            Vessels.     Tons.    Tonage entered
for cattle-rearing than an agricultural country; yet it has... - 7,                     - 0- 1,0.6
Belfa~st...............    426    74j770       1,089.096
been estimated that four-fifths of the population directly dte-    Cork..................    422        51,702        681,152
pend for subsistence and employment on the soil. Farms              Dublin................     444      39.353        1,393822
are generally very small, few extend to 40 acres, and in the        Limerick.............     101       12,291        154,591
N. and E. they mostly vary from 5 to 15 acres.  In 1841, out    Newrv................    148            9,568         171,268
Nae{wfrdv.545....  1 90[2,508    171,208
of 883,097 holders of land, 124,487 holdings were less than 1 O'teropord...........    190            22,700         59,56
acre. In 1851, the total number of holders had diminished           Other prt...........   482          51,000       1,146,88
to 608,060, and the number of holdings not exceeding an                Total..............   2213    2,261,434      4,996,378
acre, to 37,728.  A few estates are in larger farms, and these
are the portions of country in which there is the least    In 1850, the number of vessels entered from all parts of
amount of national pauperism. Oats, wheat, and barley are  the world was 20.186, (2,691,786'tons;) and cleared, 10,471,
the principal crops, next to potatoes, which have long formed   (1,883,692 tons.)  The number of vessels built in Ireland in
the staple crop and food of the Irish peasantry, till the failures   1850 was 25, (1929 tons;) and registered, 2240, (261,432 tons.)
of these crops in 1845-6-7. when a government grant of  During the last few years there has arisen an extraordinary
10,350,0001. was found necessary to prevent starvation.  The   demand for shipping to transport the thousands and tens
culture of flax has of late years been rapidly extending,  of thousands of voluntary exiles, hastening to other lands
having occupied 60,314 acres in 1849, 91,040 in 1850, and   in search of the employment they have failed to obtain at
158,619 in 1851. The total live-stockl in 1851 was as follows:  home. The unexampled extent which this emigration has
-Horses and mules, 543,312; asses, 136,981; cattle, 2,967,461;  reached, is shown by the fact that more than half of the corsheep, 2.122,128; pigs, 1,084,857; goats, 235,313; and poultry,  respondence carried on between the United Kingdom  and
7,470,694  total value, 27,737,3931.  About nine-tenths of  America is connected with it.
the lands of Ireland were confiscated by the government    luternat Ceonmunication.-Two millions sterling, granted
of Cromwell and William  III., and bestowed on English   by Parliament for public works in Ireland, have been exproprietors, by whose descendants the bulk of Irish pro-  pended, chiefly in the construction of canals. By means of
perty is still possessed. In 1845, 19,883 vessels, manned by   the Grand  and Royal Canals, communication  has been
93,673 persons, were employed in the fisheries around the  opened across the very centre of the island, between the
coasts, where herrings, pilchards, cod, ling, and hake are   coast of Leinster and the Shannon, while a branch, which
among the more plentiful kinds taken, and in the estuaries,  connects with the Barrow, continues the communication,
where salmon and eels are abundant; but the salt fish con-  without interruption, to the S. coast. Similar benefits have
sumed in the country is still imported, chiefly from  Scot-  been conferred on the province of Ulster, by the Newry Caland and other places.                                            nal, which connects Lough Neagh with the Bay of CarlingAfanufactures. —The most important fmanufacture is linen,  ford; the Belfast Canal connecting the same lough with the
the chief seat of which is Ulster; in this province, linens  Bay of Belfast, and the Ulster Canal, recently completed, beto the estimated value of 4,000,0001. annually are made,  tween Loughs Neagh and Erne. This last canal, though only
chiefly in the dwellings of the rural population, and dis-  46 miles long, renders available a continuous navigation of
posed of to the merchants of Belfast and other large towns.  130 miles, through populous and fertile districts; which, from
The total amount of linens annually produced in Ireland is  the want of proper roads, were previously obliged to convey
estimated at 70,000,000 yards. The malt trade and distilling   their produce to market on the backs of horses. The railof whiskey are extensively carried on. In 1839, 10,815,709   way system has not yet received much developmentin Iregallons of spirits were produced; in 1842, 5,290,658 gallons; in  land.  Numerous Acts have been obtained, which, if carried
1847, 5,737,687 gallons, and 178,369 quarters of malt. The  into effect, would give a network of railways traversing the
wool produced in Ireland has been estimated to amount in   country in all directions, for about 1500 miles.  The length
annual value to 300,0001., and coarse woollen stuffs are made   actually completed in December, 1851, was 614 miles; and
in the centre of the country, besides mixed stuffs and silks  189 miles were then in course of construction.
in Dublin, Waterford, and other principal cities. In 1850,    Government.-Ireland has, since 1800, been represented
the total number of mills in Ireland was 91, of which 11  in the British House of Lords by 28 temporal peers, elected
were cotton, 11 woollen, and 69 linen, employing 24,725 per-  for life, and 4 spiritual peers, who take office in rotation;
sons. About 300,000 females are employed in working pat-  and since the Reform Act, in the House of Commons by 105
terns on muslin with. the needle, chiefly for Belfast and   members, 2 elected by each county, 2 by each of the cities
Glasgow houses. The value of goods of this description an-  Dublin, Cork, Limerick, and Waterford, the towns of Belnually produced is estimated at 1,400,0001.  Paper, glass,  fatst and Galway, and Trinity College, Dublin; and 1 by each
and tobacco are largely manufactured, and the conversion   of 27 other boroughs. Total regular electors in 1849, 72,216,
of grain into flourand meal has latterly become an exten-  viz. 34,107 in counties, and 38,109 in cities and boroughs.
sive business.                                                    The electoral franchise rests with much the same classes as
Coemcsrce. —The principal exports from Ireland are its raw   in England; in boroughs, both the parliamentary and muproduce, wheat, oats, flour, butter, bacon, beef, eggs, wool,  nicipal right of voting is in 101. householders, resident
flax, ore, and spirits, chiefly to Great Britain.  The export  within 7 miles. The local government is vested in a Lordurade of the country is rapidly declining, as will be seen by   Lieutenant, assisted by the secretary for Ireland, and a
following table:-                                                privy council nominated by the crown.  The judicial power
is with the Lord Chancellor, the master of the rolls, and 12
Exports  of Bsreadstsffs to Great Britaen.             circuit judges. Each county has a Lord-Lieutenant, aided
by an indefinite number of deputy-lieutenants, and a police
Wheat.   Os.   Barley. Beans Oatmeal.  Wheat    force appointed by the crown.
Qrears.  Qes.    OQrws.  Qs.   Q Pese     at.    Flour.,       Reigion, Education, d-c.-Of every 100 inhabitants in Ire180..  1 r. _q___rs.         Cwt.     land, it is estimated that about 81 are Roman Catholics, 11
1830... 337,641  1,226,486  189,745  21,573..         672,265   Episcopalian Protestants, and 8 Protestant dissenters, chiefly
1835... 340,535  1,462,581  150,242  27,e682   566,0e   1,124,343   Presbyterians, Methodists, and Friends.  The Protestants
1840...  92,990  1,397,500   95,954  15,976   989,500   280.700   are almost cined    to Ulster, and parts of Lester;  but
1845... 371,000  1,678,000   92,000  14,300  1,058,000  1,421,000   are amot confined to Ulster, and pars of Leinster; but
1847... 125,700   493,000   47,500  27,000   330,500   211,000   the Protestant church, which has 2 archbishoprics (Ar1848... 146,000  1,081,000   79,700  14,700   936,000   561,000   magh and Dublin) and 10 bishoprics, absorbs a revenue of
1809...  94,500   652,000   43,500  24,600   6o2,000   393,500   at least 1,000,0001. annually.  The Roman Catholic church
1850...  76,000   642,400   51,000  20,400   786,000   397,000   (unendowed by lawv) has 4 archbishoprics and 23 bishoprics.
1851...  45,867   728,656   44,085  28,774   649,502   172,372
1852...  20,700  1,047,800  108,900  30,100   971,000   118,900   The national schools, aided by annual parliamentary grants
1853...  19,600  1,000,000  12v10  24,100   843,000   192,400   of 50,0001., amounted, in 1847, to 3825, attended by 402,632......_______ _     -       children. There is a university in Dublin, and colleges
The live-stock exported from Ireland in 1849, amounted in   have been endowed by government in Cork, Galway, and
number to 520,756; in 1850, to 475,193; and in 1851, to   Belfast.  The greater part of the Irish are descendants of
474,203. Among the articles retained in Ireland for home  the aboriginal Celts, with an admixture towards the N. of
consumption, in 1853, were 586,809 gallons of wine; 8,348,047   Saxons, probably the Scoti of the fifth century, and in later
gallons of spirits; 4.624,141 pounds of tobacco; 7,832,235  times of English and Scottish immigrants.  The Erse, a dia,
pounds of tea; 880,516 pounds of coffee; and 487,705 cwts.  lect of the Celtic, is still the prevailing language. Their
of sugar.                                                        dark complexion, and smaller and more slender form  of
The imports comprise coal and culm, fish, salt, woollen   body, distinguish the Celtic Irish from the Saxon, as well as
and cotton yarn and fabrics, with colonial produce, mostly  their more volatile temperament, their improvidence, their
911




IRE                                                               IRK
deficiency in personal enterprise and perseverance, and their  outbreaks and rebellions. The most memorable of these
consequentpoverty.  Though both indolent and fickle,they  were  in 1641, 1689, and 1798.  In  1800 the union  o"
are warm-hearted, hospitable, generous, brave. and intel-  Ireland with  England  took place.  In  1829 tile Roman
lectual.  Where their natural feelings have not been poi-  Catholic Emancipation Act was passed; in 1832, the Irish
soned, deeds, even of heroic virtue, are as common among  Reform Bill; and in 1838, the Poor Law Bill. In 1844. the
them as among any people in the world; and in the contest  Irish Repeal agitation was at its height; in 1847, in confor fame, what race can boast of having produced a nobler  sequence of the failure of the potatoe crop, a fearful famine
band of military heroes, statesmen, orators, and poets?          occurred by which multitudes perished; this was followed
According to the annual report of the poor law com-  in 1848, by an insurrection of the populace which, however,
missioners for the years 1852-3, the number of persons in  was speedily quelled. —Adj. I/IISH and IBERNIaN, hi-berlIreland then requiring out-door relief did not exceed 4000  ne-an; inhab. IFRISHiMAN and HIBERNIAN.
weekly.  Formerly this class of the IriSh population num-    IRELAND, ir/land, a post-office of Hampden co., Massabered many hundred thousands. The numberof able-bodied  chusetts.
poor in the work-houses had decreased from 60,759 in May,    IRELAND, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.
1852, to 43,626 in April 23, 1853, and the total number of    IRELAND,  a post-office of Du Bols co., Iowa.
persons in the work houses had decreased during the same    IRELAND CORNERS, post-office of Albany co., New York.
time, firom  186,879 to 146,141, or about 22 per cent. The    IRELAND'S EYE, a rocky islet, in the Irish Sea, 1 mile
following exhibits the total number of persons relieved in-  N. of I-Iowth Harbor.  It is about 1  miles in circuit, and
doors and out-doors, and the expenditures for the same  contains the ruins of an abbey, a martello-tower, and lightduring the year 1851-2:-                                          house.
ISRETON-KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
~ U.MBER RELIEVED.
___________- TEs            II-RGHEEZ, IRGHIZ, lt'gheez/, or 00L00 (ULU)-IRGHIZ,
- Expenditures.  Ia-door.   Out-door.    Toa'loo'oola'gheezt, a river of Toorkistan, rises in Lake Chalkar;
181  ~1,~141,647 - ______- _______        -    lat. 510 20' N., Ion. 610 25' E., flows S. and S.E., joins the
1852         0 83,267    701,4i43    47,5141     155,357     K —ara-Targhai, and falls into Lake Aksakal or Aksukul,
(white water.)  Total course, about 300 miles.
necrease.      258-,300    190,579      33,003     231,582        IRGIHEEZ (or IRGIIIZ)-BOLCIHOI, IR-gheez! bol'choif, a
river of Russia, government of Saratov, is formed by the
According to this report, 1 person for every 12.4 of the  junction of the Karalyts, (Karalitz,) and Kamelik, and after
entire population of Ireland in 1852, received aid from  the  a circuitous course of about 130 miles, joins the Volga.
public treasury.  The chief cause of the depletion of the    IRGHEEZ  (or IRGHIZ)-MIALOI, ia-gheez/m/'looy, rises
work houses, is the increasing demand for labor, consequent  in the government of Saratov, N. ofthe Irgheez-Bolchoi, and
upon the enormous emigration that has been going on, for  flowing nearly parallel to it, joins the left bank of the Volga,
the last few years, to America, England, Scotland, and Aus-  between the towns of Kvalinsk and Volsk.
tralia.  The number of criminal convictions in Ireland in    IRIGNY, ee'reen'yeel, a village of France, department of
1843 was 8620; 1846, 8639; and in 1849, 21,202.                   Rhone, on the railway to St. Etienne.  Pop. 1124.
The principal division of Ireland, for administrative pur-    IRIS.  See YESsIL IIMAK.
poses, is into the four provinces of Leinster, Ulster, Mun-    I/RISBURG, a post-office of Henry co., Virginia.
ster, and Connaught, comprehending 32 counties.  These,    IRISH and IRISHA.IA.N.  See IRELAND.
with their areas, populations, &c., are given in the follow-    IIRISH CORINER, a village ofBennington township, Benlug table: —                                                    nington co., Vermont, 3 miles W. of Bennington Centre.
Area, Populatien, &c., ofireland.                     IRISH  CREEK, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas.
IRISH  GROVE, apost-office of Atchison co., Missouri.
_O [oof.  No                            IRISH  RIPIPLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., PennsylProvinces and    Area, Bar   of P-   o        Chief Tons.   vani.
1o851p. in    Chief Towns. Valt
Counties.      sq. n. nises. ris.es..  1851 I                IPRISH  SEA, is that part of the Atlantic Ocean extend~~LE~~~NsvcT~   I —) _  ~                       uing between lat. 510 40' and 540 30' N., and Ion. 30 and 60
Carlow............    346    7    47   68,075  Carlow.       W., having, W. Ireland, N. Scotland, E. England, and S.
nDubin............   3554  10    99  404,992   Dublin.       Wales. On the S.W. it is continuous with St. George's ChanKildare............    654   14   116   95,724  Nsaa.         nel, and communicates with the German Ocean N. of the
Kilkenny.........   706   11   140  358,746   Kilkenny.      North Channel.  It contains the Isle of Man and Anglesey,
Ki g's............    772   12    51  112,080  Birr.
Logford..........  421     6    26   82,350  Longford.       with Ilolyhead, and some smaller islands. Principal inlets,
Louth.............   315    6    64  107,657  Drogheda.      Carnarvon and Morecambe Bays, and the estuaries ofthe Dee,
ileath.............   906   18   146  140,750  Naeans.       Mersey, and Ribble, on the side of England; Solway PFrith,
Queen's...........   664|  11!   53  l11,623[ Maryborough.
Qeens.    664.. 9   11    61  111,6203  Brrborosh.   and Wigtown and Luce Bays, in Scotland; and Dundrum,
5~r~estmeath........  701~  12  6    111,409/ n[ullingar.
Wesxiford..........   901        1   179,79   Wesford.       Carlingford, Dundalk, and Dublin Bays in Ireland.
Weaforel.    ~901  95   144  119,190! Wexford.
Wicklow...........    78   8    59   98,978  WSicelow.         IRISHTOWN, a village of Ireland, co. of Dublin, on
MUINSTER: —                                                      Dublin Bay,   mile S.E. of Ringsend.  Pop. 1100.
Clre..............  1,294   11    80  212,428  Ennis.            /RISIITOWN, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
Cork.......2,805   231  251  640,002  Cco rkI
Kory..............   2,8        251  68,02  Cork.              IRKI, irkee or eerfkee, a town of North HIindostan, in
Kerry.............  1,853    8    87  238,239  Tralee.
Limerick..........   1,081    13   131  262,136  Limerick.    Gurhwal, 15 miles S.E. of Belaspoor.
Tipperary......... 1,65    12   193  331,487  Tippery          IRKOOT, IRKOUT or IRKUT, ir'loot, or lkaootl, a river
Waterford.........   721    8    82  162,051  Waterford.    ofSiberia, government of Irkootsk, rises near the fiontiers
AULSTEr.:-,1                1           5,264                  of China, and after a N.E. course of about 220 miles, joins
Antrim.....,.......  1,164   15    7,5  352,2611  Belfast.    h   ncr       t   om        Ilota.
Armagh...........    512    8    28  196,085  Armagh.         the Anrara at the town of Irkootsk.
Cavan...........     74     8    36  174,071  Cavau.            IRKOOTSK, IRKOUTSK, or IRKUTSK, ir'kootskf, oI
Doneegal.:........  1,865    6    51  255,160  Donegal.       hi'kootsk, a- city of Siberia, capital of the government of
neo-in....          957   10    70  320,154  lDoenpa4tricck   Irkootsk, and residence of the governor of East Siberia, on
Fermanaghl........    714    8    23  116,007  IEnnislkillen.
Lonelonderry......   810    6    43  191,868  Londonderrsy  the Angara, at the influx of the Irkoot, 30 miles from  the
onaghan........     500    5    23  141,758  Mlonaghtan. N..shore of Lake Baikal.  Lat. 520 17 2"' N., ion. 1040 16'
Tyrone...........   1,260    4    42  255,819  Dungea.non.   2111 E. Pop., including garrison, 124000.  It is fortified,
COaseociacH: —
G    -1aiy.      2,447                                       and divided into two nearly equal parts by the Angara,'Galway...........  247 1        2    2,1       awy
aCarrie-on-   bhere crossed by a long wooden bridge.  Viewed froln the E.,
Leitrim...........   613   5    17  111,915                                        C
Shlannon.    it has a fine appearance "with  its 15 churches and their
Moayo.............   2,131    9    73  274,830  Castlebar.   spires, its convents, hospitals," &c., and many of its public
Roscommon....... 950    9    58  174,492  Poscommon.   edifices are said to be worthy of a provincial capital; but of
Sligo..............   732    6    41  118,510  Slico.         1900 private dwellings, only 50  are built of stone, the rest
Total........' 33,513  316  2,531 6,553,161               being of wood, or faced with painted planks.  It has a
citadel, several suburbs, a good bazaar, an exchange, the
The population  of Ireland  in 1784 was estimated at  Baikal admiralty-house, and some building docks on the
2,372,000; in 1812 it was 6,801;827; in 1831, 7,767,401; and  rivers, a depot of the Russian-Am erican Company; governor's
in 1841, 8,175,124, being 251 persons to the square mile. The  house, theatre, prison, &c.; numerous public schools, among
number ofinhabitants to a square mile in 1851, was 200.           which are  a medical college, a gymnasium, with a library
Histo-y. —The ea-ly accounts of Ireland do not cease to be  of 5000 volumes, a seminary, a high  school of navigafabulous till the fifth century, (432,) when Christianity is  lion, and a female orphan school; an  imperial woollen
supposed to have been introduced by St. Patrick, a native  factory, and manufactures of linens, leather, glass, and
of Scotland.  From  the eighth  to the twelfth  ceitury,  soap.  It is the great entrepet for the commerce of Norththe country  was the  scene of perpetual warfare be- east Asia, and  sends tea, rhubarb, fruits, paper, silks,
tween the petty kings and their chiefs.  In 1174, Henry  porcelain, and other Chinese produce, with furs and ivory,
II. of England  conquered  the  country, and portioned  to Russia, in exchange for Eu-opean goods. It has also
it out among his Anglo-Norman followers. In the reign  some trade with Khokan and Bokhara. and a large fair in
of King John, the division into counties took place, and  June.  The total amount of its trade has been estimated at
English  laws and  customs were  partially  introduced.  4,000,000 paper roubles (800,000i.) a year.  Irkootsk is the
But the powerful barons continued to resist the govern-  see of an archbishop, whose authority over all East Siberia
ment of hIenry VII., James I., and Elizabeth, with repeated  and Russian-America extends through 1200 of longitude.
912
5-                                                                                                                                     * --




IRK                                                          IRV
T IRKOOTSK,  GOVERNMENT OF, a part of the old govern-  at 1200 miles. Its principal affluents are the Khyen-Dwem,
ment of the same name, which, previous to 1823, comprised  Mogouny, Bhamo, and Lung-tchuen Rivers. In lat. 170 Nil
the present government and the provinces of Okhotsk, Ya- it separates into numerous arms, which cover the whole
kootsk, Kamtchatka, and the country of the Tchooktchees  kingdom of Pegu with a network of ramifications, and the
(Tchuktchis.) It comprises Lake Baikal, andis rich in mines  Rangoon and Bassain branches form the E. and WV. boundaof gold, silver, copper, and iron. Extensive forests cover a  ries of its delta, a region comprising. upwards of 10.000
great portion of the government. Barley and rye are the  square miles, covered with teak-forests and grass-jungles,
chief crops; the climate is too cold for fruit-trees. Pop. in  interspersed with some rice grounds. The main stream,
1838, 507,300, comprising Russians, exiles, Cossacks, and dif- from the head of the delta to Yedan above Ava, varies from
ferent tribes of Toongooses, and Mongolians.               1 to 4 miles in breadth, and may always be ascended to Ava
IRLAND, IRLANDA, or IRLANDE. See IRELAND.               from the sea by vessels of 200 tons, which, during the rains,
IRtMINGLAND, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        can reach the influx of the Mogouny River, 800 miles from
IRNtHAML a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            the ocean.
IRNSUM,'irnst5mi a village of Holland, province of    IRR.LICI, 5SasliK, a village of Rhenish Prussia, governFriesland, 9 miles S. of Leeuwarden.  Pop. 525.            ment of Coblentz, at the confluence of the Wield with the
IRODOUER, ee'ro'dwaiaf, a village of France, department  Rhine. Pop. 1216.
of Ille-et-Vilaine, arrondissement of Montfort. Pop. 1856.   IRSA, 6o/saSh', a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, 9 miles
IItON, a large county in the S. part of Utah Territory,  from Czegled. Pop. 1875.
has an area estimated at 7000 square miles. It is bounded    IR/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
on the E. by the.Rocky Mountains, and on the W. by Cali-    IRTHING, irlthing, a river of England, joins the Eden
fbrnila, extending entirely across the territory, and is drained  near Newby, after a S. course of 26 miles.
by Green and Grand Rivers, which unite near its S. border    IR/THINGBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Northto form  the Rio Colorado, and by several smaller streams. ampton.
The surface in the E. and central parts is mountainous.   IRITHINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
Pop. 360.                                                    IRITISH, IR/TYSH or IRTISCH, (Rus. pron. 6S6-tish/,) a
IIRON-ACITON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    principal river of North Asia, rises in the Altai Mountains,
IRON CREEK, a post-office of Washtenaw co., Michigan. nearlat. 470N., ion. 890 E., andflows N.W. through Soongaria,
IRONIDEQUOIT, a post-township of Monroe co., New  (in Chinese Toorkistan,) and West Siberia. It traverses the
York, on Irondequoit Bay, and on Lake Ontario, atthe mouth  Lake Zaisan, and joins the Obi, 180 miles N. of Tobolsk, after
of the Genesee River, 5 miles N.N.E. of Rochester. P. 2397. a total course estimated at upwards of 1700 miles, about
IRONDEQUOIT BAY, New York, extends S. from  Lake  two-fifths of which are in the Chinese dominions, and the
Ontario into Monroe county. Length, 5 or 6 miles. A small rest in the Russian governments of Tomsk and Tobolsk. Its
creek of the same name flows into the bay.                 principal affluents are, on the right, the Om, Tara, Shish,
IRON FURINACE, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio.        Tui, and Demianka, and on the left the Tunduk, Osha,
IRON HILL, a post-office, Northampton co., Pennsylvania. Ishim, Vagali, Tobol, and Konda or Mulina. A great part of
IRON HILLS, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.          its course is through low plains and steppes, and its navigaIRON, LOUGH, 18H Yern, a lake of Ireland, in Leinster  tion is rendered dangerous by shifting sands. The country
co. of Westmeath, 7 miles N.W. of Mullingar.                around its upper portion is one of the best agricultural disIRON MOUNTAIN, in the S.W. part of Virginia, between  tricts in Siberia.
Grayson and Smyth counties, near the border of North Ca-   IR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
rolina. Its highest summit, termed Whitetop Mountain, is   IRTYSH. See Iavsn.
said to be 4260 feet above the level of the sea.              IRUELA, e-roo-A/l4, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, proIRON MOUN/TAIN, a post-office, St. Francis co., Missouri. vince, and 40 miles E.N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 1140.
IRON RIDGE, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin.         IRUN, e-roone, a frontier town of Spain, province of GuiIRON SPRING, a small village of Butts co., Georgia.       puzcoa, near the Bidassoa and the frontier of France, 10
IIRONTON, a thriving post-village of Lawrence co., Ohio, miles E. of Saint Sebastain. Pop. 2471.
on the Ohio River, 145 miles above Cincinnati. It was laid    IRUPANA, e-roo-pinfu, a town of Bolivia, department of
out by the Ohio Iron and Coal Company, in June, 1849. It  La Paz, capital of the province of Yauyos. In its vicinity
is handsomely situated on the river bottom, above the hibh-  are extensive gardens of fine orange-trees.
est floods, with high hills in the rear. These hills contain    IRVILLAC, eeR'veeoyik', a village of France, department
stores of iron and stone coal, which are thought to be inex- of Finistdre, 13 miles E. of Brest.  Pop. 2523.
haustible.  The town contains many large brick buildings,    IRIVILLE, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, 55 miles
1 bank, and several churches. Liberal donations of ground  E. by N. of Columbus.
have been made for schools and churches. It has 2 large    IRIVIN, a township in Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 847.
hiron foundries, one of which is 162 feet in length, 1 rolling    IRVINE, ir/vin, a river of Scotland, co. of Ayr, rises on
mill, 1 machine shop, and several steam  mills, and 1 or 2  the borders of Lanarkshire, flows W., and, after a course of
newspaper offices.  The Iron Railroad, which terminates  20 miles, joins the Frith of Clyde by an estuary.
here, is to be extended to Jackson. Pop. in 1853, 1600.       IRVINE, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaIlRONVILLE, a small post-village of Blair co., Penusyl- port town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on an eminence
vania.                                                      near the Irvine, here crossed by a handsome bridge, 21 miles
I1RONWOOD BLUFF, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mis- S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1851,
sissippi.                                                   7534; of municipal borough, 4790.  The town is lighted
IRON WORKS,  a post-village of Cass co., Georgia, on  with gas, and well supplied with water. It has endowed
Etowah River, 142 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.             and various other schools. several libraries, a newsroom, 3
IROQUOIS, fr-o-quoy/, a river of Indiana and Illinois, branch banks, and the culstom-house.  Its hasbor is prorises in Jasper county, of the former state, and enters the  vided with a good quay, admitting vessels of about 100 tons
/Kankakee in Iroquois co., Illinois. Its length is estimated  burden. The weaving of book-muslins, jaconets, and checks,
at 100 miles. It is sometimes called the PIcKAMsINK.       employ many hands; and here are rope-walks, tanneries,
IROQUOIS, a county in the E. part of Illinois, bordering  anchor-foundries, and distilleries.  Coal forms the principal
on Indiana, has an area of 1435 square miles. It is drained  article of export. The borough unites with Ayr, Campbelton,
by the Kankakee and Iroquois Rivers, which unite in the  Oban, and Inverary, in sending 1 member to the IHouse of
N. part of the county. The surface is principally prairie;  Commons.
the soil is fertile. The Chicago Branch of the Central Rail-   IR/VINE, a post-village of Warren co., Pennsylvania, on
road passes through this county. Capital, Middleport. Pop. the Alleghany River, at the mouth of Brokenstraw Creek,
4149.                                                      212 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It has a woollen factory and
IROQUOIS, a post-village in Iroquois co., Illinois: on Illi- a foundry.
nois River, 85 miles S. by W. of Chicago.                    IRVINE, a post-village, capital of Estill co., Kentucky, is
IROQUOIS, or SIX NATIONS, the name given by the  handsomely situated on the right bank of the Kentucky
Trench to the Indian confederacy of the Mohawks, Oneidas, River, 70 miles S.E. of Frankfort. Irvine Village has a brick
Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, afterwards joined by the  court-house and a seminary.
Tuscaroras, on the latter being driven from their hunting-    IRVINE'S STORE, a post-village of Weakly co., Tennes.
grounds in North Carolina. This once formidable confede- see, 114 miles W. of Nashville.
racy is now nearly extinguished, but the remains of it are    IR/VINESTOWN, or LOWITHERSTOWN, a town of Irestill scattered through the state of New York, subdued in  land, in Ulster, co. of Fermanagh, 9 miles N. of Enniskillen.
spirit, and debased by the use of intoxicating liquors.    Pop. 1300.
IRPEN, lr-pln/, a river of Russia, rises in the goverhment    IRVINESVILLE, a post-office of Nicholas co., Kentucky.
of Kiev, flows E., then N., and after a course of 100 miles,   IRVING, a post-village of Chautauque co., New York, on
joins the Dnieper 20 miles above the town of Kiev.         Lake Erie, at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, about.30
IR{RAWAD/DY, (written  also, IRRAWADI or IRA- miles S.S.W. of Buffalo, with which it is connected by railWADI, originally Eriva-i,' the "great river,") one of the  road.
great rivers of South-east Asia, is supposed to rise in Thibet,   IRVTING, a village of Westchester co., New York, on the
near lat. 280 N., Ion. 970 30' E., flows generally S., traversing  Hudson River, 26 miles N. of New York. It has a steamboat
the Burmese Empire throughout, and enters the Indian  landing.
Ocean, (Bay of Bengal,) by numerous mouths, E. of Cape    IRVING, a post-township in the N. part of Barry co.,
Negrais, in lat. 160 1' N., Ion. 940 E. Its length is estimated  Michigan. Pop. 214.
3H                                                                             913




IRV                                                            ISH
IRVING, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.               establishments, which, with the beauty of its situation,
IRVING COILEG E, a post-office, Warren co., Tennessee. have, within a few years, rendered it a fashionable water.
IR/VINGSVILLE, a village in Franklin co., Massachu-  ing-place.
setts, 80 miles W.N.W. of Boston.                               ISCHIA, is!ke-A, a village of the Papal States, 21 miles
IR/VINGTON, a station on the Hudson River Railroad,  W.N.W. ofViterbo. Pop. 1250.
25 miles N. of New York, connecting with the Brie Railroad    ISCBIIA, (anc. sAr/ime, Inar/ime, A'nafrsa, or Pitheculsa,) an
by a ferry.                                                  island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Naples, 8 miles
INWELL, a river of England, co. of Lancaster, after a  S.W. of Cape Miseno, fi~om which it is separated by a chanvery tortuous S. course of 40 miles, joins the Mersey at  nel 6 miles across. Lat. (E. point) 400 43t 54" N., lon. 130 57/
Flixton. It affords water-power to the towns of Rochdale,  45' E. It is 7 miles long, and 4 miles broad. Area, 26 square
Bury, and Manchester, at which last city it receives the  miles. Near its centre is Mount San Nicolo, or Epomeo, in
Irk and Medloch.                                              extinct volcano, rising about 2600 feet, from which the surIR/WIN, a county in the S. part of Georgia, has an area  face gradually slopes, in all directions, towards the sea.
of 1450 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the  The soil is very fertile, producing great quantities of supoOcmulgee, intersected by the Alapaha, and also drained by  rior wine, with figs, corn, and game. Sulphur is abundant,
the sources of Little and Santilla Rivers. The surface is  and the mineral springs at Casamaccia are annually relevel, and covered with forests of pine. The soil is sandy,  sorted to by summer visitors. Pop. 24,000. Principal town,
and generally poor. Named in honor of General Jared Irwin,  Ischia, on its N.E. coast.
Governor of Georgia in 1807.  Capital, Irwinville.  Pop.    ISCHIM, a town of Siberia.  See IsnHIc.
3334, of whom 2884 were free, and 450 slaves.                   ISCIHITELLA, is-ke-t1lVI, a town of Naples, province of
IRWIN, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 12  Capitanata, 25 miles E.N.E. of San Severe, near the Admiles S.W. of Franklin. Pop. 1504.                            riatic, at the N. foot of Mount Gargano.  Pop. 3500.
IRWIN, a small village of Venango co., Pennsylvania.          ISCHL, a town of Austria.  See IscaEL.
IRWIN'S CROSS-ROAIS, a post-village of Washington    ISCHUA (istchu-.a?) CREEK, of Cattaraugus co., in the S.W.
co., Georgia, about 30 miles S.E. of Milledgeville.           part of New York, ifalls into the Alleghany River.
IRWIN'S STATION, a post-office of Westmoreland co.,   ISCOYDI, a chapelry of Wales, co. of Flint.
Pennsylvania.                                                   ISE-FIORD, ee/sA-fe-oads, an inlet of Denmark, on the N.
IR/WINTON, a pleasant post-village, capital of Wilkinson  side of the island of Seeland. Length fronm  N. to S., 20
co., Georgia, 20 miles S. of Milledgeville, and 3 miles from   miles; breadth, 10 miles. Roeskilde and Lamme Fiords 1are
the Central Railroad. It has a court-house, 2 churches, and  its chief branches, arid it contains the island of (Eroe.
several stores.                                                 ISEGHEM, ee/seh-Ghnm', a town of Belgium, province of
IR/WINVILLE or IRIWINSVILLE, a post-village, capital  West Flanders, on the railroad from  Bruges to Ypres, 24
of Irwin co., Georgia. 112 miles S. of Milledgeville. It has  miles fr~om Bruges. Pop. 8868.
a court-house, tavern, and 1 or 2 stores..         ISENBURG, (eelzen-bOO1cRG,) NEW, a village of Germany,
ISA, eelsA, IS/SA, a river of Russia, rises in the govern-  grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, 13 miles N. of Dairmstadtf
ment of Penza, flows N.W. and after a course of about 70  Pop. 1838. It was founded by French colonists in 1700.
miles joins the Moksha, 9 miles below Troitsk.                   ISENBIURG, a village of Germany, in Rhenish Prussia, 8
ISA, a river of Russia, issues from a lake in the govern-  miles N. of Coblentz.  Pop. 535.
ment of Vitebsk, and joins the Velikaia; course, 65 miles.       ISEO, e-s'/o, or SABINO, s-beelno, a town of Austrian
ISABA, e-sVBA, a village of Spain, in Navarre, province, Italy, province of Brescia, on the S.E. extremity of Lake
and 29 miles N.E. of Pamplona.  Pop. 1000.                    Iseo. Pop. 2002.
ISABAL, a village of Central America. See IZABAL.             ISEO, LAKE, (anc.Sevifnus Lacuss,) in North Italy, between
ISIABELI, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 539.   the delegations of Brescia and Bergamno, is 15 miles E. of
ISABELLA, e-sa-bll/yA, an island on the W. coast of Mexi- Bergamo, and traversed by the Oglio, a river tributary to
co; lat. 210 458 N., Ion. 1060 W. It is of moderate height, the Po. Length from  N. to S., 15 miles; average breadth,
and nearly barren.                                            2' miles; greatest depth, 984 feet.
ISABELLA, a port on the N. coast of Hayti, 36 miles    ISER, a river of Germany.  See IsaM.
W.N.W. of Santiago. Here Columbus, in 1493, established    ISER, eelzer, a river of Austria, rises in the N. part of
the first European settlement in the New World, of which  Bohemia, and after a S.S.W. course of nearly 60 miles, joins
the traces are said to be still visible.                      the Elbe above Brandeis.
ISABEL/LA, a new county in the central part of Michi-   ISERD, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See SERT.
gan, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is inter-    IS, R',ee'zaiel. (atnc. esana,) a river of Sardinia and France,
sected by the Chippewa River, and also drained by Pine and  rises in Mount Iseran, (in Savoy,) flows tortuously W. and
Salt Rivers, tributaries of the Tittibawassee.                S.W. past Grenoble and Romans, and joins the Rhone on the
ISAC, ee'slk/, a river of'France, is formed by several small  left, 4 miles N.N.W. of Valence, after a total course of 150
streams in the department of Loire-Infirieure, flows WV., and  miles; for the latter 90 miles of which, firom  Montmeillan,
after a course of 45 miles, joins the Vilaine opposite Rieux.  (in the department of Is~re,) it is navigable, though imISACA. See ExE.                                             peded by many islands and shoals.
ISAKLI, e-slk/lee, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Kara-     IShRE, a department of the S.E. of France.  on the
mania. 40 miles E.S.E. of Afioom-Kara-Hissar.                 frontiers of Savoy, formed of part of the old province of
ISAKTCHI, e-sAk/chee, a frontier town  of European  Dauphin6.  Area, 3163 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 603.497.
Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, 100  The surface is mountainous.  Chief rivers, the Rhone, Isbre,
miles N.E. of Silistria.                                       Drac, and Romanche. Agricultural pursuits form the chief
ISALA. See YSSEL.                                           branch of industry. The minerals comprise lignite, anthraISALCO, a village and volcano of Americn. See IzAcco.    cite, lithographic-stones, white marble, iron, lead, zinc, copIS/ALL, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.             per, &c. The gold-mine of La Gardette, discovered in 1781,
ISAMAL, e-sg-mAlf, or IZAMAL, a town of Yucatan, 50  was abandoned at the first revolution. Grenoble gloves,
miles E.S.E. of Merida, on the road to Valladolid.            made here, are in high repute; and the cheese of Sassenage
ISANOTZKOI, e-sA-notskoi, one of the stiraits uniting  is celebrated. Capital, Grenoble. The department is divided
Behring's Sea and the Arctic Ocean. It separates the island  into the arrondissements of Grenoble, La-Tour-du-Pin, St.
of Oonimak (Ounimak), in the Aleutian Archipelago, from   Marcellin, and Vienne.
the peninsula of Aliaska, lat. 550 N.. and is about 24 miles    ISERLOHN, ee'zer-1lne/, a walled town of Prussia, in
long, by 9 miles broad.                                       Westphalia, 6 miles W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 10,752. It has
ISAR, ee/zar, or ISER, eelzer. (anc. lsara,) a river of Ger-  Calvinist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic churches, a Latin
many, rises in the Tyrol, N. of Innspruck, traverses Bavaria  school; important manufactures of cutlery, brass wares,
N.W., and joins the I)Danube on the right, opposite Deggen- steam-engines, and other machinery, wire, needles, pins,
dorf.  Length, 16-5 miles.                                    buttons, velvets, silk, woollen stuffs, and leather, and a
ISARA. See Isk5E.                                           large general trade.  Near it is much picturesque scenery,
ISAUI/RA or ISAU/RIA,  a famous ancient city of Asia  among which forges, paper mills, bleaching-grounds:  &c.
Minor, the ruins of which'are near the town of Hajilar, 45  are thickly interspersed.
miles W. of Karaman, and consist of a fine massive wall with    ISERNIA, e-sbrlne-A, (anc..sernia,?) a town of Naples,
hexagonal towers, a triumphal arch, and tombs.                province of Molise, 23 miles W. of Campobasso, on the W.
ISBARTA, is-barlta, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, slope of the Apennines. Pop. 5200. It was nearly destroyed
64 miles N. of Adalia.                                        by an earthquake in 1805, which threw down its cathedral
ISBORSK, is-boaskl/, a small town ofRussia, government, and several convents.
and 22 miles W.S.W. of Pskov. The town, founded about    ISET, e-s.t/, a river of Siberia, rises in Lake Isetskoe, in
862, has several churches, and a ruined castle,               the government of Perm, and after an E. course of more
ISCA. See EXETER.                                           than 250 miles, joins the Tobol on the left. Its gold-washISCA SILURUM. See CAERLEON.                                 ings are very productive.
ISCIALIS. See ILCHFSTER.                                      ISETSKOE, a lake of Siberia. See IsET.
ISCRAN, a village of Central Asia. See IsuHAN.               ISETSKOE, a village of Siberia, on the Iset, government
ISCHEiL. ishlel, or ISCHIL, ish'l. a market-town of Upper  of Tobolsk.
Austria, on the Traun, over which there is a suspension-    ISFAHAN, a city of Persia.  See ISPAHAN.
bridge, at the junction of the Ischl, 44 miles S.W. of    IS/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Steyer. Pop 1903. It has saline springs, with elegant bath    ISI/AM, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
914




IST1                                                        ISL
ISIAN or ISCRAN, ee-shinf, avillage of Central Asia, 24   ISLA DE NEGROS, an island of the Pacific Ocean, near
miles E. of Khiva.                                         the N. coast of Admiralty Island.
ISHIM or ISCIIM, ishfim' or ish-eeml, a river of Siberia,   ISLA DE PINOS. See ISLE OF PINES.
government of Tobolsk, rises S. of lat. 500 N., and after a tor-   ISLADI, is'ld/dee, a town of European Turkey, in Bultuous N. course of 700 miles. through a sterile tract, termed  garia, sanjak, and 40 miles E. of Sophia, on the ~id.
the Steppe of Ishinm, joins the Irtish 120 miles S.E. of To-   ISLAMABAD, is-lm-a-bitd, a town of British India, prebolsk. On its banks are the towns of Petropaulovsk and  sidency of Bengal, in Clhittagong, on the Chittagong River,
Ishim, the latter of which belongs to a chain of fortresses,  8 miles from its mouth, in the Bay of Bengal. Pop. 12,000 (?)
termed the "line of Ishim," extending from  Stanovoi to  of whom about 2000 are of Portuguese descent. It is pretty
Omsk, continuous, westward, with the Orenboorg forts.      well built in the Bengalese style, and has two Portuguese
ISHIM  or ISCIIIM, a town of Siberia, government, and  churches, an English school, well-supplied markets, mann160 miles E.S.E. of Tobolsk, on the above river. Pop. 1200.  factures of canvas and marine fittings, ship-building yards,
ISHLAWRCOED, ish-lwrtkwld', a hamlet of England, co. and an active maritime and inland trade. About 300 vessels
of Monmouth, parish of Bedwelty. Pop. 2484.                are owned in the port, which is frequented by many MalISIA. See EsA.                                           dive and other vessels, bringing cowries, cocoa-nuts, torISIGNY, ee'seenlyee/, a market-town of France, depart- toise-shell, and coin, which they exchange for rice, salt, and
ment of Calvados, on an inlet of the English Channel, near manufactured goods.
its confluence with the Vire, 18 miles W.N.W. of Bayeux.   ISLAMABAD, a town of Cashmere, on the Jhylum, here
Pop. 2263. It has a small river port.                      crossed by a wooden bridge, 27 miles S.E. of Serinagur, It
ISILI, e-seellee, a town of the island of Sardinia, 37 miles has considerable manufactures of shawls, chintzes, coarse
N. of Cagliari. Pop. 2195. Ithas a gunpowder factory.      cottons, and woollens.
I'SINGLASS RIVER, in the S.E. part of New IHampshire,   ISLA MAYOR, eesfll mi-onR, a large island of Spain, profalls into the Cocheco River.                              vince of Seville, embraced by two arms of the Guadalquivir,
ItSIS, a river of England, principal branch of the Thames, between Seville and the sea. Length, 17 miles.
which it joins at Dorchester, co. of Oxford.                 ISLAMGURI, is-l4m-gtrf, a fort of West Hindostan, doISIUM, a town of Russia. See IzIooam.                    minions, and 120 miles W.S.W. of Bhawlpoor.
ISKANDEREEYEH  or ISKANDERIYEII, a town of    ISLAMIKOTE, is-lAm-kftf, a fort of Hindostan, in Sinde,
Egypt. See ALEXANDRIA.                                     near the Cutch frontier.
ISKANDEROON, ISKANDERUN or ISCANDEROUN, is-   ISLAMNAGUR, is-lnm-nVgrr, or ISLAMNUGGUR, is.
kln-de-roonl, written also ISKENDERUN, SCANDEROON, l1m-nfsgtgfr, a town of Hindostan, on the Betwah, a triand ALEXANDRETTA, or "LITTLE ALXANDRIA," (anc. Alex- butary of the Jumna, 5 miles N. of Bhopaul; lat. 230 24' N.,
andreila.) a seaport town of N. Syria, on the E. coast of the  Ion. 770 30' E.
Bay of Iskanderoon, 23 miles N. of Antioch.  Lat. 360 35'   ISLAMPOOR, is-lgm-poorl, a town of Hindostan, in Aj~3" N., ion. 360 E. It was until lately unhealthy and depop- meer, 105 miles W.S.W. of Delhi; lat. 280 6' N., Ion. 750 40' E.
ulated, but has recently improved in appearance, and also    ISLAMPOOR, a town of Hindostan, presidency of Bengal,
in salubrity by the drainage of an adjacent marsh. It is  20 miles W. by S. of Bahar, on an affluent of the Ganges.
the port of Aleppo, and has the best harbour on the Syrian    ISLAND, ISLANDA, or ISLANDIA.  See ICELAND.
coast, with an import trade in corn, rice, salt, and European    ISLANDBRIDGE, iland-brijI, a village of Ireland. in
goods, and exports of galls, silk, cotton, and syrup. IsKaN- Leinster, co. of Dublin, on the Liffey, 1I miles W. of Dublin
DEROON is derived from ALExANDERa (in Turkish Iskcander) Castle. Pop. 760.
the Great, in honor of whom the ancient ALEXANDRIA was   ISLAND COUNTY, a new county of Washington Terrinamed.                                                      tory, comprising Wc eBY'S ISLAND, which see.
ISKANDEROON, BAY OR GULF OF, (ance. Silnues Issicus,)   ISLAND CREEK, a post-village of Hancock co., Georgia,
extends inland for 45 miles at the angle between Syria and  a few miles N.W. of Milledgeville, has a church, an academy,
Asia Minor, and on its shores are the Amanian gates of the  and a masonic hall.
ancients, the ruins of Baice and EgSce, and the plain of Issus,   ISLAND CREEK, a post-township in the E. part of Jefferwhere Darius was defeated by Alexander the Great.           son co., Ohio, on the Ohio River. Pop. 1981.
ISKARDOH, a state of Asia. See BULTI.                      ISLAND CREEK, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 155
ISKARDOII, is-kar-dol, a valley of Little Thibet, 19 miles miles E. by N. of Columbus.
in length, 7 miles across, traversed by the Upper Indus, and    ISLANDE.  See IcELAND.
with a strong castle, the residence of the chief of Bultistan.    ISLANDEADY, i'lnd-ee/de, or ISLANDINE, tlMan-deen,
ISKARDOH or ISKARDO, a town of Central Asia, capital a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo.
of Bulti, on the Upper Indus, lat. 350 10' N.. Ion. 750 27' E.,   ISLAND  FORD, a post-office of Rutherford co., North
overlooked by a large irregular fortress. built on a precipi-  Carolina.
tons rock, 7100 feet above the sea.                           ISLAND GROVE, Illinois, a station on the Great Western
ISKELIB, isfkeh-leeb, or ESKILUP, esfke-lhp, a town of  Railroad, 19 miles from Springfield.
Asia Minor, in Anatolia, near the Kizil-Irmak, 26 miles   ISLAND MAGEE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.
miles W.N.W. of Tchorum. Estimated pop. 9000. It has an    ISLAND No. 66, a post-office of Conhoma co., Mississippi.
old castle and several Byzantine remains.                     ISLAND POND, a thriving post-village of Essex co., VerISKENDERIYAHI  or ISKENDEREEYAI, Egypt. See  mont, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 149 miles
ALEXANDRIA.                                                 N.W. of Portland, and 143 miles S.E. of Montreal. The road
ISKENDERUN or ISKENDEROON. See ISKANDERaON.   was built and is owned to this place, 16 miles within the
ISKER, islker, sometimes written ESPKER, (ance. (slcus,)  States, by the people of Canada. Dep~ts, engine-houses,
a river of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, rises in the Bal- &c., of both portions of the road, Congregational and Methodkan, flows N.N.E., and joins the Danube, 22 miles W. of ist churches, and several steam flouring and saw mills have
Nicopolis. Total course, 150 miles.                        been built. The village is on the route of the Passumpsic
ISKIL, is'kil or is-keelf, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of River- Railroad, and is also the terminus of the Missisque
Karamania, 60 miles N.E. of Konieh, and comprising about Bay Railroad, (prqjected.)  The duties on produce and mer400 houses.                                                chandise passing from Canada to the United States are colISLA, ees/l1, a Spanish word signifying "island," and  lected here, and in 1854 amounted to $152,573. The total
forming a part of many names as IsLA DEL RE~, "King's value of exports was $2,219,576. The value of exports for
Island," ISLA DE PINOS, "Isle of Pines," &c.               February, 1855, amounted to $128,598, against $54,023 for the
ISLA, iVla, or ISLAY, Vil. a river of Scotland, cos. of For- same month the previous year.
far and Perth, enters the Tay after a S.W. course of 41 miles.   ISLANDS, (illands,) BAY OF, a large bay of-British AmeISLA, a small river of Scotland, of Banffshire, near Keith. rica, formed by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the E. coast of
ISLA-CRISTINA.  See I-TIGUERA,ISLA DE LA.                Newfoundland, N. of St. George's Bay; lat. 490 20' N., ion.
ISLA  DE LEON, ees/l1 dA l-6ntn, a long, narrow island  580 15, W. It receives on the S.E. the Humber, and encloses
in the S. of Spain, province of Cadiz, in the Atlantic, sepa- a great number of small islands.
rated from  the mainland by the channel of Santi Petri.   ISLANDSHIRE, illand-shir, a detached portion of the
Length, 10 miles; breadth, about 2 miles. On it are the  co. of Durham, in England, comprises Holy Island. Area,
cities of Cadiz, Isla de Leon, and Gorda.                  26,820 acres. Pop. 8830.
ISLA DE LEON, or SAN FERNANDO, a city of Spain,   ISLANDS OF THE BLEST.  See CANARIES.
province, and 7 miles S.E. of Cadiz, on the E. side of the    ISLA PLANA. See TABARcA.
Isla de Leon.  Pop. (including Puerto Real) 9729. It is very   ISLAY, tll, or ISLA, 5l5a, one of the larger islands of the
ancient, is strongly fortified, and its arsenal is noted for its Inner Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle, immediately S.W.
great extent. It has two hospitals, several convents, and an  of the island of Jura, and 14 miles W. of the peninsula of
excellent marine observatory, the only one. of its kind in  Kintyre; 25 miles long, and 17 miles broad. Pop. in 1851,
Spain. The town served as an asylum for refugees during  15,901. Surfiace mountainous in the E., with an elevation
the war of independence in 1823.                           of 1400 feet; elsewhere generally level. About 22,000 acres
ISLA DEL REY, ees'll d~l rA. the largest of the Pearl a'e arable. The island is formed of quartz rock, clay schists,
Islands, in the Gulf of Panama, South America. Length, with limestone, marl, bog-iron ore, and lead and copper
20 miles.                                                  mines. Principal exports, cattle, limestone, and spirits, of
ISLA DE NEGROS. ees1lI di nulgroce, one of the Philip- which last 250,000 gallons are distilled annually. At Lochpine Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, between Panay and  indaal is a harbor for ships.
Zebu. Estimated area, 3780 square miles. Pop. 35,622.'       ISLAY, ees-li5, a maritime town of Peru, the port of Are,
915
______                                __




ISL                                                          ISIm
quipa, on the Pacific, with a custom.house, in lat. 170 S.  possessed in antiquity a temple in honor of Achilles, (after
ion. 720 10' 5" W.                                          whom the island was also named.) but of which no traces
ISLAY SOUND, between the island of Islay and Jura, has remain.
an average breadth of 1 mile.                                 ISLES OF SHOALS, 7' miles S.S.E. of Portsmouth LightISLE, eel, (ane. Insucla,?) a river of France, rises in the de- house, New Hampshire. They consist of 8 small islands,
partment of Haute-Vienne, and joins the Dordogne at Li- which are inhabited chiefly by fishermen. On White Island,
bourne, after a S.W. course of 100 miles. It is navigable  the westernmost, is a revolving light, 87 feet above the level
from P6rigueux to the Gironde.                              of the sea. Lat. 420 58' N., Ion. 700 37' 20" VW.
ISLE-(Ile,) ABIBOTS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   ISLE OF WIHIT/IHORN, a maritime village of Scotland,
ISLE-ADAM, L', leel'A'd~m, a town of France, depart- co. of Wigton, at the head of a small bay, 3 miles S.E. of
ment of Seine-et-Olse, on the Oise, 7 miles N.E. of Pontoise. Whithorn, with a safe harbor. Pop. 600.
Pop. 1615.                                                    ISLE OF WIGIHT, ii ov wit', (anc. Vedlis,) an island in
ISLE AU BOIS, eel 6 bwA, a post-office of Jefferson co., the English Channel, off the S. coast of England, separated
Missouri.                                                   by the Solent and Spithead from the mainland of HumpISLE AU HAUT, eel 0 hS, at the entrance of Penobscot  shire, in which county it is included. Length from  E. to
Bay, Maine, is composed of high, steep cliffs, and contains a  WV., 22- miles; greatest breadth at its centre, 13l  miles.
fixed light, 40 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 430 59, Area, 136 square miles, or 86,810 acres. Pop. 50,324. It is
N., ion. 680 34' W.                                         one of the most beautiful parts of the kingdom, presenting
ISLE-AUX-COUDRES, eel-5-kood'r, an island of Canada  almost every variety of landscape in miniature. It rises in
East, 2 miles from the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, and  elevation towards the centre, where a range of chalk-hills
57 miles N.E. of Quebec.                                    traverses it from E. to W.; the highest point (St Catherine's
ISLE-BAISE, eel-bhz, a town of France, department of  Hill) is 830 feet above the sea; and the S. (especially the
Gers, N. of Mirande, on the Raise. Pop. 1000.               S.E.) coast, popularly termed the "back of the island," is
ISLEBOROUGH, lbtxtr-rtih, a post-township oi Waldo  characterized by precipitous cliffs, ravines, or "chines," and
co., Maine, comprising a long, narrow island in Penobscot scenery of a most romantic kind. On this side are the Culver
Bay, about 60 miles E.S.E. of Augusta. The inhabitants  Cliff, Dunnose Point, Shanklin, Luccombe, and Blackgang
are extensively engaged in the coasting trade. Pop. 984.    Chines, &c. Off its W. extremity are the Needle Rocks.
ISLE-BOUCIIARD, eel-boo'shaRl, a town of France, de- The Medina River partly separates it into two nearly equal
partment of Indre-et-Loire, 10 miles E.S.E. of Chinon, on an  portions.  A surplus of agricultural produce over home
island of the Vienne. Pop. 1716.                            consumption is raised; this, and malt; wool, salt, and fine
ISLE-BOUIN. See BouIN.                                    sand for the manufacture of glass, form the chief exports.
ISLE-BREWIER'S, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  In the W. are some wide downs, and about 40,000 fineISLE-D'AIX, L', a town of France. See Aax.                fleeced sheep are reared on the uplands. Principal towns,
ISLE-D'ALBI, L', a city of France. See ALneI.             Newport, the capital, Yarmouth, Cowes, Ryde, and VentISLE DE  FRANCE. SeeILE DE FANCE.                         nor; the three last are greatly frequented in summer as
ISLE-DIEU, ISLE-D'YEU  or ILE-D'YEU, eel de-vht, a  bathing-places; and near Cowes is Osborne House, a fa.
fortified island of France. department of Veud6e, in the  vorite residence of the present sovereign. Charles I. was
Atlantic, about 10 miles flom the coast, and 28 miles N.W.  imprisoned in the castle here a short time before he was deof Les Sables. Pop. in 1852, 2646.                          livered up to Cromwell. The island has continual commuISLE-EN-DODON, L', leel-Nac-do6dNaG/, a town of France,  nication by steamboats with Portsmouth and Southampton.
department of Haute-Garonne, on a small island of the Save, Since the Reform Act, it has, exclusive of the borough of
20 miles N.N.E. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 2075.                  Newport, sent 1 member to the House of Commons. RegisISLE-EN-JOURDAIN, eel-6NG-zhoon'daN/, a  town  of  tered electors in 1839-40, 1167.
France. department of Gers, 14 miles N.N.E. of Lombez, on    ISLE OF WIGHT, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia,
the Save. Pop. 4921. It has manufactures of leather.        with an area of about 230 square miles, at the mouth of
ISLEHAM, il1am, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. James River, which washes the N.E. border. The BlackISLE-JOURDAIN, eel-zhoop.dAns[, a town of Prance, de- water River forms the W. boundary. The soil is generally
partmient of Vienne, 16 miles S.W. of Montmorillon on the  thin and sandy. A portion is occupied by swamps and pine
Vienne. Pop. 700.                                           forests. The Isle of Wight was one of the eight original
ISLE, L', leel, a town of France, department of Vaucluse, shires into which Virginia was divided in 1634. Capital,
12 miles E. of Avignon, on an island formed by the Sorgue,  Smithfield. Pop. 9353, of whom 5958 were free, and 3395 slaves.
Pop. in 1852, 6303.                                           ISLE-ROUSSE, L'. leel-rooss, a town of the island of CorISLE LA MOTTE, in Lake Champlain. See LA Mo TrE.   sica, 10 miles E. of Calvi, with a small port. Pop. 1756.
ISLE LA MOTTE. a post-office of Grand Isle, Vermont.        ISLE ROYALE, il roy/al, (Fr. pron. eel ro'yill,) an island
ISLE OF FRANCE, Indian Ocean. See MAURITIUS.             in Lake Superior, forming a portion of Houghton co., MichiISLE OF MAN, England. See MAN, ISLSE Or.                  gan, and 50 miles N.W. of Keweenaw Point. The island is
ISLE OF PINES, an island of the Pacific Ocean, S.E. of  about 42 miles long, and from 5 to 8 miles wide. The soil is
New Caledonia. Lat. of peak, 220 38' S., Ion. 1670 25' E. It said to be generally good, the timber abundant, the haris 42 miles in circumference. The scenery is beautiful, bors, of which there are several, deep and secure. Copper
and vegetation luxuriant. It is resorted to for catching  ore abounds, and mining operations have bden carried on to
turtle. Pop. 2500.                                          some extent; but owing to the long and severe winters, and
ISLE OF PINES, (Sp. Isla de Pines, eesfl dApeelnoce,) an  the uncertain communication with the settled parts of the
island in the West Indian Archipelago, 50 miles S. of Cuba, to  state, permanent settlements have not yet been made.
which it belongs, being included in the jurisdiction of Ha,   ISLES'DE LOS. See Los, ISLes DE.
vane. It lies between 210 27' and 210 58' N. let., and between    ISLE-SUR-LE-DOUBS, L', leel-siin-leh-doobz, a town of
760 11' and 760 52' W. Ion. Length from E. to W., about 60  France, department of Doubs, 12 miles N.E. of Baumes-lesmiles; greatest breadth, 55 miles. Area, 600 square miles. Dames. Pop. 1000.
Its coasts are indented with numerous bays. The general   ISLET, ilet, a small town of Texas, on an island in the
aspect of the island is exceedingly picturesque, presenting  Rio Grande, below El Paso.
lofty mountains, extensive plains, multitudes of beautiful   ISLEWORTH, Il/worth, a parish and village of England,
rivulets, and a marsh, extending across it from E. to W., co. of Middlesex, on the Thames, 2 miles S.WV. of Brentford.
dividing it into two unequal parts. The most remarkable  Between it and Brentford is Sion House, the seat of the
mountains are the Sierra de la Cafiada, rising about 1600  Duke of Northumberland.
feet above the level of the sea, and with precipices 150    ISILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, bofeet in height; the Daguilla, elevated 1500 feet, affording  rough of Finsbury, and one of the N. suburbs of the mefrom  its summit a beautiful panoramic view of the whole  tropolis. Pop. in 1851, 95,329. It is the seat of numerous
island; the Sierra  de la Cabellos, 1074 feet in height; and  schools and charity foundations, and contains also IIighbury
Mount Casas, half a league from it, are composed of beau- College for Independent ministers, a Church of England
tiful marble of all qualities and colors; and the Cristales, missionary institution, a new literary institution, and Sadthough of little height, is remarkable for the green rock- lers Wells Theatre. On Islington Green, the parliamenutary
crystal abounding on its sides. Several of the rivers have  elections for the borough of Finsbury take place.
a depth of from  5 to 10 feet, and are navigable 4 or 5    IS/LIP, a parish of England, oo. of Northampton.
miles. The climate of the island is mild and remarkably    IS/LIP, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. Here are
salubrious. The soil is very fertile. The principal products  vestiges of a palace of King Ethelred.
are cattle, tobacco, pine, mahogany, cedar, and other woods,   ISrLIP, a post-village and township of Suffolk co., New
sulphur, spirits of turpentine, pitch, tar, marble of all York, on Greet South Bay, which sets up into the S. side of
quantities and colors, rock crystals, and tortoise-shells. Long Island firom the Atlantic, about 45 miles N.E. of New
There are also mines of silver, quicksilver, and iron. The  York. Pop. 2602.
Isle of Pines is a dependency of Havana, and is governed    ISMAELBAD, is-mill-bgd! a town of North-west Hindoby a politico-military commandante. It was discoveced by  stan, 20 miles S. of Umballah.
Columbus in 1494. Capital;, Nueva Gerona.  For many years    ISMAIL, is-mn-oelf, a town ofRussia, in Bessarabia, on the
it was notorious as a resort of pirates. Pop. in 1854, about Kilia, or N. arm of the Danube, at its delta, 42 miles E. of
1100, of whom 106 a-e colored.                              Galatz, and 120 miles S.W. of Odessa. It is strongly fortiISLE OF SERJPENTS, a lofty islet in the Black Sea, 23  fled, and, being near the Turkish frontier, forms an importnailes E. of the delta of the Danube. It is reputed to have  ant military station. It contains a magnificent palace, a
916




ISM                                                       ISS
Greek and Armenian church, and a cloister. Its harbor is  parapet, a gallery extends from end to end, composed of 70
good, but its commerce is very limited. It was long in  arcades, between which is the pathway. On either side of
possession of the Turks. The Russians, under Suwarrow,  the river is a spacious park, called the Chahar-Bagh, or
took it by assault in 1790, gave it up to pillage, and made it  "Four Gardens," a superb avenue 3000 paces long, and 70
a heap of ashes. It has never recovered. Pop. 21,908.       paces in breadth, planted with double rows of the lofty
ISM AILOVO, is-mi-lolvo, a village of Russia, government,  chinars, and flanked by several picturesque gardens and
and adjoining Moscow, with an imperial palace and park.   private palaces. The chief square of Ispahan is the Maidan
ISMIALEEYAII or ISMALIYAHII, is-mi-lee/yA,a small town  Shalh, which was formerly surrounded by busy shops, and
of Persia, province of Khoozistan, on the Karoon, 28 miles  regarded as one of its greatest ornaments; it is about 2600
S.W. of Ahwaz.                                             feet long, dnd 700 feet broad. Of the seven palaces in IspaISMEEDI, ISMID or IZMID, izWmeedf, written also IZNIK- han, that of the Chehel-S'toon or " Palace of Forty Pillars,"
MID, (ane. Nicomeldia,) a market-town of Asia Minor, in  built by Abbas the Great, is the finest. It stands in a very
Anatolia, capital of a sanjak,attheheadoftheGulfofIsmeed, large square, which is intersected by various canals, and
55 miles E.S.E. of Constantinople. Let. 400 47' 40" N., ion. copiously planted with chinar-trees. The front roof is sus290 53' 30" E. It is finely situated, comprises 1000 houses, is  tained by a double range of columns, exceeding 40 feet in
the residence of a pasha and of Greek and Armenian arch- height, and each shooting up from the united back of four
bishops, and is reported to have a considerable trade. It lions of white marble. In the time of Chardin, Ispahan
was anciently the seat of the King of Bithynia, also the  comprised 162 mosques and 48 colleges, most of which are
the birthplace of Arrian, and residence of Hannibal, the  still standing, though more or less in decay. Of these, by
younger Pliny, and Diocletian. It has few remaining  far the largest and most magnificent is the Mesjid Shah,
ancient buildings.                                         situated in the Maidan Shah. The entrance to it is by a
ISMEED or ISMIID, GULF OF, (ane. Astacenis Sinus,) is  lofty portico, flanked on each side by a tall minaret, crowned
an inlet forming the E. extremity of the Sea of Marmore, by an open gallery at the top; the body of the edifice is sur45 miles in length, and 25 miles in breadth at its entrance.  mounted by a vast dome, accounted one of the best speciISMIL, is-meels, a large village of Asia Minor, pashalic of  mens of Persian architecture, the whole building being conKaramania, 32 miles E.S.E. of Konieh.                      structed of massive blocks of stone, covered with tiles richly
ISMIR. See SMaYNA.                                       lackered.  On the Chahar-Bagh is the mosque of Sultan
ISNALLOZ, a town of Spain. See IZNALLOZ.                 Hussein, its dome and minarets blending beautifully with
ISNELLO, is-nil/lo, a town of Sicily, 6 miles S.W. of Cefalu. lofty trees. The building is now converted into a medressa
Pop. 1600.                                                 or college; the most remarkable college is that of the M}eIS'NEY, a post-office of Choctaw co., Alabama.           dressa Jeddh. It is entered by a lofty portico, enriched with
ISNIK, a town and lake of Asia Minor. See IZNEEC.        pillars fantastically twisted, leading through a pair of imISNY or ISSNY, isstnee, a town, of Wiirtemberg, on the  mense folding gates, of solid brass, richly ornamented with
Danube, 48 miles S. of Ulm. Pop. 1863. It is enclosed by  pure silver; these open into a vestibule with a domed roof,
walls, was formerly a free town of the empire, and has a  which conducts into the spacious court of the college, plantcastle and a college.                                      ed with flowers, and overshadowed by lofty trees. The baISOGLOO or ISOGLOU, is'o-glool, a town of Asiatic Tur- zaars alone still show some signs of activity. They are
key, pashalic, and 80 miles N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Eu-  allotted, in separate divisions, to objects of foreign or home
phrates.                                                    commerce, with a large space for the products of Europe
ISOLA, eelso-l&, anItalian  word signifying" island," form- and India, cottons, silks, velvets, glass, pottery, &c. The
ing the names or a portion of the names of many places in  suburbs of Julfa, already referred to, situated S. of the
Italy, Illyria, &c.                                         Zendarood, were originally founded for some Armenians
ISOLA, eelso-lI, a town of Naples, province of Terra di whom  Shah Abbas transplanted hither from Julfa-on-theLavoro, 5 miles S.W. of Sora, on an island formed by the  Araxes, and endowed with numerous commercial privileges.
river Liri. Pop. 4000.                                      It is at present the principal seat of the manufacturing
ISOLA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 8  industry. The artisans of Ispahan are esteemed the best in
miles S. of Cotrone, near the Mediteiranean.  Pop. 2000.    Persia; and its manufactures comprise all kinds of woven
ISOLA, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., fabrics, gold and silver wares, paper articles, firearms,
and 13 miles S. of Teranmo. Pop. 1100.                      sword-blades, glass, earthenware, articles of luxury, which
ISOLA, eelso-l&, a large market-town of Illyria, govern- are sent by caravans to Bagdad, Herat, India, and most
ment, and 9 miles S.W. of Triest, on the S.E. shore of the  parts of West Asia. Under the caliphs of Bagdad, Ispahan
Gulf of Triest. Pop. 3430.                                  became the capital of the province of Irak. It soon became
ISOLA, a village of Piedmont, 25 miles S.W. of Alessan- a place of great population, wealth, and trade. In 1387, it
dria.                                                       was taken by Timoor Bec, and the citizens were given up to
ISOLA BELLA, North Italy. See BoanoEArN IsLANDS.    indiscriminate massacre; 70,000 are said to have perished.
ISOLA-DEL-GIGLIO. See GIGLIO.                             Shah Abbas made it the seat of his empire, and spared no
ISOLA-DEL-GIGLIO, eesso-l& dal gheellyo, a town of  cost in embellishing it with the most splendid edifices. In
Tuscany, situated on the S. side of the island of Giglio.    1722, it was taken by the Afghans; but, in 1729, it was
ISOLA DELLA  SCALA, ee!so-la d6lli skd!la, a'town of  retaken by Nadir Shah, since which it has not been a royal
North Italy, 11 miles S. of Verona, on the Tartaro. Pop. residence. Pop. formerly estimated at 1,100,000. Chardin,
3400.                                                       in 1686; stated it at 600,000. Morier stated it in 1808, from
ISOLA DOVARESE, eelso-l-do-v.-rAlsA. a village of Aus- Persian authorities, at 400,000; but, in his second journey,
trian Italy, 4 miles N.W. of Canneto, on theOglio. P. 2126. at 60,000. Colonel Chesney states it at about 150,000.ISOLA GROSSA, eesso-la grostsC, or LUNGA, loonfgd, (i. e. Adj. and inhab. ISPAnAN.Ea, is-pa-halnee.
"Great or Long Island,") (anc. Scardofsa,) an island in the    ISPINGLEE, is-ping-lee!, a town of Beloochistan, in the
Adriatic Sea, off the coast of Dalmatia, 10 miles S.W. of Zara.  Bolan Pass, 65 miles N. of Kelat. Pop. 2000.
Length from S.E. to N.W., 27 miles; extreme breadth, about    ISPUNGLEE, is-ping-leef, a village of Beloochistan, in the
3 miles. Pop. 12,000.                                      Bolan Pass, 4 miles W. of Quetta.
ISOLA MADRE, Italy. See BoRoRoanAN ISLANDS.                ISIRAEL, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1641.
ISOLA SAN GIOVANNI. See BoRROMEAN ISLANDS.                 ISRAEL'S RIYER, of Coos co., New  HIamphire, rises
ISOLA SUPERIORE. See BORR0OMEAN ISLANDS.                 near the foot of Mount Washington, and falls into the ConIISOM'S STORE, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.    necticut River.
ISONZO, e-sontzo, or LISONZO, le-sonlzo, (anc. Sontius,) a    ISSA, a river of Russia. See Isk.
river of Illyria, forming the boundary between North Italy   ISSACIIAR, is/sa-kar, a tribe of Israelites settled upon a
and Illyria, rises in Mount Terglou, at the junction of the Ju- fertile tract of country, on the Jordan between Zebulun and
lien and Carnic Alps, flows tortuously southward, and under  Ephraim.
the name of Sdobba, enters the Gulf of Triest.                IS'SAQUEINA, a county in the W. part of Mississippi, has
ISORELLA, e-so-rlfl, a village of Austrian Italy, 8 miles  an area of about 1030 square miles. The Mississippi forms
S.E. of Leno. Pop. 1322.                                   its boundary on the W., the Yazoo River (navigable by
ISPAIIAN, is-pa-hunt, written also ISFAIIAN\ or SPA- steamboats) washes the S.E. border, and it is intersected by
IIAWN, spg-hawn/, (commonly pronounced spit-hoon! by the  the Sunflower River. The surface is partly subject to ininhabitants,) (auc. Aspadana,)a famouscity. formerly theme- undation; the soil is fertile. Formed quite recently from
tropolis of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, on the Zendarood,  the S. part of Washington county. Capital, Tallula. Pop.
210 miles S. of Teherau; lat. 320 39' 34" N., and lon. 510 44' 4478, of whom 373 were free, and 4105 slaves.
45" E., in the midst of an extensive plain, watered by a broad    ISISAY, an island of Scotland, in Loch Follart, on the W.
river. It is surrounded by groves and orchards, and was for- coast of Skye, 12 miles W. by N. of Snizort.
merly enclosed by a mud wall 24 miles in circuit, which    ISSE, eess, a village of France, department of Loirewas entirely destroyed by the Afghans. The streets are for Infdrieure, 7 miles S.W. of Chateaubriant, on the Don.
the most part narrow, dirty, and extremely dull. There are   ISSELBURG, istsel-b6iRg', a town of Rhenish Prussia,
extensive remains of magnificent palaces, large private  government of, and 44 miles N.N.W. of Dusseldorf. P. 958.
houses, spacious caravanserais, and handsome bazaars; most   ISSELHORST, issael-hoRst, a village of Rhenish Prussia,
of which, however, are in a state of melancholy decay. government of Minden. Pop, 1170,
Three handsome bridges communicate with the suburbs of    ISSIGEAC, ees'seezhak!, a town of France, department ot
Julfa and Abbas-abad; that of Julfa is especially remark- Dordogne, 11 miles S.S.E. of Bergerac. Pop. 977.
able. It has 33 arches; and on either side, instead of a    ISSINGEAUX, a town of France. See YssINcEAUX.
917




ISS                                                          ITA
ISSNY, a town of Wiirtemberg.  See Is-,Y.                     ITA, eet,, (anc. Ciscaida?) a market-town of Spain, piEc
ISSOIIRE, eesswgr./, (anc. IssiodstJrum 2) a town of France,  vince, and 11 miles N. of Guadalajara. Pop. 987.
department of Puy-de-DI)me, capital of the arrondissement,    ITABAIANNA, e-tA-b1-An/n`, or ITABAHIANNA, et4-1o4
on the Crouze, 19 miles S.S.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 1852, e-An/nd, a town of Brazil, province, and 50 miles W.N.W.
5889.                                                         of Sergipe del Rey. It has a school of mutu:al instruction.
ISSOUDUN, eese'oo'dhNaG, a town of France, department  Pop. 2000.
of Indre, capital of an arrondissement, on the Theols, here    ITABAIANNA or ITABAIIIANNA, SERRA, selea, e-t5reossed by three bridges, and on the railroad firom Vierzon  bI-Snlnu, a mountain of Brazil, is the loftiest and most exto Chlteauroux, 17 miles N.E. of Chqteauroux.  Pop. in  tensive in the province of Sergipe-del-Rey, and is supposed to
1852,13,346. It is well built, and clean; it has a communal  contain mines of gold, though they never have been worked.
college, a town-hall, 4 churches, 2 hospitals; manufactures    ITABIRA, et-bteelrd, a town of Brazil, province of Minaasof woollen and linen cloths, bleaching-grounds, paper mills,  Geraes, on the Velhas, 18 miles W.N.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop.
and tanneries; a brisk trade in wool, wine, corn, and cattle. 4000. Ten miles W. of the town is the high conical mounaISSUM, isfs%5m, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles  tain of Itabirc, which contains auriferons soil.
S.S.E. of Cleves. Pop. 1000.                                    ITABIRA-DE-MATA-I)ENTRO, et-bee/rt-dA mltA-d~nfl
ISSUS, islsuls, a river and town of antiquity in North Syria,  tro, a gold-mining town of Brazil, 60 miles N.E. of Ouro
the former supposed to be identical with the river of BiBaas,  Preto, established in 1720.
and near which are remains of an ancient city.                   ITABORAIII, e-t&-bo-rg-ee/, a town of Brazil, province,
ISSY, ees'see&, a village of France, department of Seine, in  and 26 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro.
a plain near the Seine, 5 miles S.W. of Paris. Pop. in 1852,    ITACOLUMI, e-td-ko-loo-meef, (the " giant,") a mountain
4312. It comprises many handsome villas, and the seminary  of Brazil, province, and 50 miles N.N.W. of MaranhAo. Lat.
of St. Sulpice, once the mansion of Margaret of Valois, with  2c 8' 38" S., loj. 440 27' W. It has a conical and very conseveral chemical-works.                                       Spicuous summit, and near it is a light-house erected in
ISSY L']VEQUE, ees'seeli4vsAkI, a village of France, de- 1839, which is a principal mark in making the port of Mapartment of Sagne-et-Loire, on the Somme, 22 miles S.W.  ranhlo.
of Autun. Pop. 1960.                                            1TACOLUMI, a mountain of Brazil, province of Minas
ISTABOLAT, is-td-bo-l4ti, the modern name of a ruined  Geraes, immediately S. of Ouro Preto, about 5800 feet high.
cityof Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 57 miles N.W. of Bagdad,    ITACOLUMI, a peakl of Brazil, in the Serra dos Orglos,
on the W. bank of the Tigris.                                 province of Rio de Janeiro.
ISTACCIIIUATL.  See IznTccznuATL.                             ITAGUAHI, e-t-gwi-ee1, a town of Brazil, province, and 40
ISTAKHAR, is-ta-Karl, a village of Persia, province of  miles W. of Rio de Janeiro, connected with the river of its
Farse, dn a part of the site of Persepolis.                   own name by a canal 2 miles long. Pop. of district, 4000.
ISTALIF, is-ta-leeff, a town of Afghanistan, 22 miles    ITAIPU, e-ti-pool, a maritime village of Brazil, province,
N.W. of Cabool. Pop., before its partial destruction by the  and 12 miles E.S.E. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 2000.
British in 1842, 15,000, many employed in cotton-spinning,    ITTiLZAT,        ITAL4AN4 O,  IITALIEN; ITAL-TEINER, ITA.
weaving, and dyeing.                                          LIEYr9ISCH.  See ITALY.
ISTAMIBOUL, ISTAMBOOL or STAMBOUL.  See Cox-    ITALIAN  REPUBLIC. See ITALY, KNGcnDOM   OF.
STANTINOPLE.                                                     ITALY, (anc. Itaflia or Aunsofnia; It., Sp. and Port. Italia,
ISTAN, ees-tanf, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, e-t le-A; Fr. Italic, ee'taleel; Ger. Iralien, e-talle-en,) a celeand 32 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1221.                     brated country in the S. of Europe, subdivided into a number
ISTANOS, is/tA-nos', a town of Asia Minor, 20 miles W. of  of independent kingdoms, duchies, and dependencies, but
Angora, with about 800 houses.                                distinctly marked as one great whole, both by natural bounISTAPA, ees-t pg, a small town of Mexico, near the  daries and a common language.  It consists partly of isPacific Ocean, 85 miles E.S.E. of Zacatula.                   lands, viz.: Sicily, with its Lipari and Egades groups;
ISTER. See DANUBE.                                           Malta, Gazzo, Elba, Sardinia, and Corsica; and partly of
ISTI-IMUS, a department of New Granada.   See ISTMO.        mainland. Geographically considered, it extends fiom  tie
ISTHMUS, a post-office of Bane co., Wisconsin, about 11  S.E. extremity of Sicily, lat. 300 41' 30"t N., to the Rh,%etian
miles E. of-Madison.                                          Alps, lat. 470 N., and firom the W. point of the Cottian Alps,
ISTHMUS OF PANAMA OR DARIAN. See PANAMsA.                   Io. 60 351 E., to the E. extremity of Terra di Otrauto, ion.
ISTI-IHUS OF SUEZ. See SuEz.                                180 35' E. Politically, it extends 10 farther W., to include
ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC. See TEHUANTEPEC.                    the province of Savoy in the Sardinian States. It is bounded
ISTIP. is/tip', or ISTIB, is/tibt, (anc. Stobi?) a walled town  E. by the Adriatic and the lonian Sea, S. by the Mediterraof European Turkey, in Room-Elee, sanjak, and 60 miles  nean, W. by France and the Mediterranean, and N. by
S.W. of Ghiustendil, on the Bagranitza. Pop. 8000. It has  Switzerland and Austria. Its natural confines are the Alps
the remains of an old castle, and some steel-works.           and the sea, the W. boundary being determined by the river
ISTMO, eestlmo, (i.e. the Isthmus,") a department of New   Varo, and the E. by a pass in the Alps, near Buccari, in the
Granada, consisting chiefly of the isthmus uniting South  Gulf of Quarnero.-  WVithin these limits, Italy comprises 13
and Central America. Area, 25,000 square miles. Estimated  separate divisions, including Italian Switzerland: the canton
population, 144,000. Chief towns, Panama, Chagres, Puerto  of Ticinb, and part of the Grisons. (Grigione,) and Valais;
Bello, and Veragua.                                           Austrian Italy; the Italian Tyrol, the kingdom of Lombardy
ISTRES, eest'r, a town of France, department of Bouches- and Venice, Istria, Triest, &c.; French Italy, island of Cordu-Rhlne, near the W. side of the Etang de Berre, 25 miles  sica; and English Italy, the Maltese Islands; the entire area
N.W. of Marseilles. Pop. in 1852, 3389. It is enclosed by  of which is estimated at 118,356 square miles, and the popuruined ramparts, and has narrow, crooked streets, and an old  lation at upwards of 24,733,385.
castle.                                                         Physical Features.-The continental portion of Italy is
ISTRIA, is/Ore-' or isltre-A, (Ger. Istrien, is'tre-en; Fr. Is- sepasated from the rest of Europe by the chain of the Alps.
trie, ees'treel,) a peninsula in the N. of the Adriatic Sea, In its general contour the country bears a striking resemforming a circle of the Austrian government of Triest, in  blance to a boot, the central and N.W. portion representing
the kingdom of Illyria, between lat. 400 35' and 450 50' N., the upper part, and Calabria in the extreme S., the foot;
and ion. 130 23' and 140 40' E. Area, 1810 square miles. even the spur of the boot is represented by the projection
Pop. 230,000. The surface is mountainous, especially in the  occupied chiefly by Mount Angelo, while the heel is seen in
N., being traversed by offsets of the JulianAlps. The highest the peninsula interposed between the Adriatic and the
point is Mount Maggiore, on the E. coast. Principal rivers,  Gulf of Taianto. Its greatest length, measurmed friom Cape
the Dragogna, Arsa, Quieto, and Risano. It is divided into  Leuca, in a N.W. direction, nearly through the centre of the
Austrian and Venetian Istria; the former, in the N., formed  peninsula, is about 775 miles; its breadth in the N., where it
part of the Germanic Confederation.  Venetian Istria, com-  is the widest, is about 400 miles, but it diminishes rapidly in
prises the S.W. part of the peninsula, with the islands of  proceeding S.; in the centre of the peninsula its breadth is
Veglia, Cherso, and Lossini.  The inhabitants of the towns  only 150 miles, and, at its narrowest part it does not exceed
are mostly Italian; those of the rural districts are of Sla-  15 miles. The coast has a development estimated at 2174
vonic origin, and use the Illyrian dialect; nearly all are Re- miles. In the Adriatic it presents a comparatively smooth
nman Catholics. The population of the coasts is employed in  and continuous line, interrupted only by the spur already
navigation, fishing, and the prepamation of salt, and that of  reibrred to, which, by its S. side, contributes to form the Gulf
the interior in the rearing of sheep, and the cultivation of  of Manfredonia.  The deepest inlet is the Gulf of Taranto.the olive and the vine.  There is a regular steam  commu-  in the S.E.,formed by theIonian Sea. TheW.coast, tbough
nication between Triest, Istria, and Fiume.-Adj. and in-  much more indented than the E., is more remarkable for the
hab. ISTRiAN. is!tre-an.                                      number, and occasionally for the beauty of its bays, than
-ISTURGATEH, is-tur-gOteh, (?) a town of Afghanistan, 36
miles N.W. of Cabool.                                           * Scarcely any two authorities agree as to the Anstrian bounISTVANDI, ist'vin/dee', a market-town of Ilungary, co. of  dary of Italy on the E. The boundary laid down on the maps
Sumegh, 16 miles W. by S. of Ftinfkirchen.  Pop. 1149.       published by the "Society for the Diffusion of Useful KnowISUATE, e-swltdg,  a town of Spain, province, and 12 " and which is perhaps the one more generally recognised
nIS.N.E  of    a    Pop.ofSainpovie       is an imaginary line extending from the N. extremity of the
u~iles E ~of Mac~laga. Pop. 914.  ~Adriatic, about lat. 450 451 N., lon. 130 15/ E., in a zigzag N.
ISVORNIK, a town of European Tum-key. See ZvoNmK.   direction (partly determined by the upper portion of the river
ISZEP, is'sep/, or ZIPOW, ze-pov/, a village of Hungary,  Judri,) to a point in the Carnatie Alps N.W. of Ponteba, in aboub
co. of Baranya. Pop. 1609.                                   lat. 46o 38/ N., lon. 130 15!.
918




ITA                                                        ITA
for their magnitude. Among the most important are Santa,  Gulf of Venice, but filling the greater part of the basin of
Eufemia, Policastro, Salerno, Naples, Gaeta, and  Genoa. the Po.
Sicily is separated from Calabria, the* S. extremity of Conti-    Rivers and Laoes. —The rivers of Italy are more remarknental Italy, by the Strait of Messina. The E.sho'e is  able for their number than their size. By far the largest is
generally fiat and uninteresting; presenting, particularly  the Po, which rises in Mount Piso, on the confines of France;
along its N. part, a long series of sandy islands and lagoons, in its course to the Adriatic receives most of the streams
which retard the progress of the rivers, dam  up their  flowing southward from the Alps, and northward from the
mouths, and, depriving them  of a proper outlet, occasion  upper portion of the Apennine range. Of the former the
the formation of pestilential marshes. On the W. coast, the  principal are the Dora Baltea, the Ticino, discharging  the
same thing is occasionally seen, but occurs on a large scale  waters of Lago Maggiore, the Adda, forming the outlet of
only in the Pontifical States, where the Pontine Marshes, not- Lake Como, the Oglio, and the Mincio, flowing from  Lake
withstanding the proved practicability of draining them,  Garda; and of the latter, the Strua, Tanaro, Trebbia, Secare permitted to spread their poisonous malaria, and convert  chia, and the Panaro. The Adige, a considerable stream, the
extensive tracts, of great natural fertility, into almost un- Brenta, Piave, Tagliamento, and several others, flow from
inhabitable deserts. But, with this very prominent excep- the Alps into the Adriatic above the Po. The rivers in the
tion, the W. coast is considerably elevated; the ramifications  S. of Italy owing to the narrowness of the peninsula, and
of the mountains often terminating in lofty cliffs, with a  its peculiar conformation, it being divided by the Apennines
magnificent background of alpine heights. Few countries  into two water-sheds, are, with but few exceptions, mere
can boast of scenery equal to that exhibited by the Gulfs of  mountain torrents, often rising suddenly in their beds and
Genoa and Naples. The most prominent capes are Piombino,  as suddenly retiring. The Arno and the Tiber, however,
Argentaro, Circello, and Campanella on the Mediterranean  which flow through longitudinal valleys, have each a course
coast, and Spartivento, and Leuca, forming the two S. points  of about 180 miles. In Naples the only streams which dein the Ionian Sea.                                          serve the name of rivers, are the Volturno, the Garigliano,
The great mountain rangqs of Italy are the Alps, and  (anc. Lieis,) and the Ofanto, formerly the Aufidus.  The
the Apennines. The former commences near the mouth of  Rhone forms part of the frontier of Savoy.  Italy has
the river Var, in the division of Nice, and, after stretch-  some of the largest mountain lakes in Europe; many of
ing far to the N., and still farther to the E., terminate near  these are celebrated for their picturesque beauty; the chief
the river Arsa, in Istria, forming a vast semicircular bar- are the Lake of Garda, Maggiore, and Lugano, the greater
rier to Italy on the side of France, Switzerland, and Ger- portions of which belong to the territory; Como and Iseo,
many. The Apennines may be considered  a continua-  which are entirely Italian. The Lake of Geneva, onits N.W.
tion of the Southwestern or Maritime Alps, and although  border,is principally included in Switzerland. On the S. slope
not so elevated as these, are entitled to rank among the  of the Apennines are the small lakes of Trasimene, Bolsena,
great mountain chains of Europe. Beginning in the terri- Bracciano, Fucino, and Celano, mostly of classic interest.
tory of Genoa, they first extend eastward to the Adriatic,   Climate, cf-c.-From its position, form, and configuration,
then turn S., and traverse the peninsula centrally, through  Italy enjoys a varied and excellent climate, which permits the
its entire length, to the Straits of Messina; while numerous  productions of the temperate and some of those of the torrid
branches are thrown off laterally, and form  an endless  zone to mingle on its surface. The atmosphere especially is
succession either of loftier hills, clothed with forests, or  remarkable for its clearness, which gives to every object a
gentler slopes, covered with olives and vines.  In the  brightness of coloring and distinctness of outline, unknown
spaces between the mountains and hills lie valleys, remark- to the inhabitants of Northern Europe.  Snow lies during
able either for their wild romantic beauties or the extreme  the year only in the Alps, at an elevation of 9500 feet; the
fertility of their soil. In the N., enclosed between the  valley of the Po has a temperate climate, resembling that
ranges of the Alps and Apennines, is a plain of vast extent,  of the centre of France; its lakes and portions of the lagoons
stretching from  the W. frontiers of Piedmont, across Lon- of Venice are frozen in winter; and the orange and lenonr
hardy. to the shores of the Adriatic. This plain, though not do not ripen in the open air. In the region between lat.
the largest, is unquestionably the most fertile in Europe, 380 30' and 400 30' N., snow falls only on the slopes of the
and is capable of furnishing subsistence to a larger population  mountains, and the olive, orange, and citron ripen in the
than any other of equal extent on the Continent. Other  open air; between let. 390 and 410 30'; snow is very rare, and
plains, of great fertility, and still more attractive by their  in the S. of Calabria, Sicily, end the neighboring islands, the
beauty, occur in vysious parts of the Italian peninsula, in  climate permits of the cultivation of tropical plants. Mean
the duchies of Parma  and Tuscany, the Pontifical States, annual temperature: —Milan, (lat. 55~ 281,) 55o'2; Venice,
and the kingdom of Niaples.                                 (lat. 450 251',) 5510; Florence, (lat. 430 46',) 590'2; Rome, (lat.
Geology.-Except in the ranges of the Alps, and the ter-  410 54',) 600.4; Naples, (lat. 400 50',) 590.6; Palermo, (lat. 380
minating branches of the Apennines, in the S., granite  6',) 630-1 Fahrenheit. The chief exceptions to the general
and the primitive schists occupy a very limited extent of  salubrity are the pestilental marshes, especially the Marevrsurface. Volcanic formations occupy considerable tracts, nma in Tuscany, the theatre of a prolonged struggle between
particularly on the W. coasts of Naples and of the Pontifi- human industry and the malignity of the climate, but is now
cal States, where, by their decomposing lavas, soils of almost nearly deserted. The prevailing winds of Italy are W. and
exhaustless fertility have been formed.  At the bottom   S.W., during which the air is pure and healthy, but the S.
of the series of sedimentary rocks is the Jura limestone,  portion of the country is frequently visited by the pestilargely developed in the Apennines. Commencing on the  lential winds of Africa,the Sirrocco andlibeccio, during which
E. frontiers of Tuscany, it is continued, in a broad zone, vegetation is arrested, and the human frame becomes lanthrough the Pontifical States, far S. into the kingdom  of  guid and feeble. The fauna resembles that of the rest of
Naples; where, after a partial interruption, it reappears  Europe in similar latitudes, except that it embraces the
in the S.W., chiefly in the province of Principato-Citra.  It buffalo; among reptiles and insects the asp, scorpion, and
also occupies a considerable space on the N. side of the  tarantula are found.
Gulf of Gaeta, and on the W. slope of Mount Gargano. It    Mfinerals. —Italy is rich in mineral products, but has few
is likewise the prevailing rock in the N. of Lombardy,  metals, except iron and lead. The Apennines supply the
stretching from the E. shore of Lage Maggiore to the king-  beautiful marble of Carrara. Sulphur, borax, salt, nitre,
dom of Illyria. Above the Jura limestone, and occupying  alum, alabaster, lava, and other volcanic productions are
almost an equal extent of surface, is the chalk formation. abundant. There is one active volcano (Vesuvius) in the
It extends E., along the Gulf of Genoa, and N., into the  peninsula, and 4 in the islands, (Etna, Stromboli, Vulcano,
duchy of Parma, crosses the duchy of Modena, continues S., and Vulcanello;) there are many minerals and gaseous
through Tuscany and the Pontifical States, forms a long, nar-  springs.
row belt along the E. side of the main body of the Jura lime-    Vegetation, Agr-icedture, dcc. —The vegetable productions
stone, and, though partially interrupted, finally reaches the  of Italy are extremely varied; the Alps afford excellent
extremity of the peninsula, where, in Cape St. Maria di pasture, and forests, with a great variety of timber. The
Leuca, its white cliffs form the E. entrance of the Gulf of  oak flourishes at the height of 3500 feet; and the walnut
Taranto. In the N. of Naples, a large tract, of a somewhat and chestnut at that of 2500 feet. At lower elevations, the
oval form, lies completely enclosed by the Jura limestone. hills and sunny slopes become clothed with vineyards and
The next strata, in the ascending series, belong to the ter- olive-yards; while the mulberry, growing with unwonted
tiary formation, and consist of sandstone, travertin, and  luxuriance, furnishes the means of obtaining almost u -
marl. This formation receives its chief development on the  limited supplies of the finest silk. Fruits, in endless variety,
E. coast; where, without attaining much width, it stretches  and of the most exquisite quality, are abundant in every
without interruption from  the neighborhood of Rimini to  quarter; and even the sugar-cane and cotton-plant are cultithe N.W. extremity of the spur. liere the main body, vated with success. Among the agricultural crops are inspreading out, is continued S.S.E., and forms the greater  eluded all the ordinary cereals. Corn is extensively cultipart of the shore of the Gulf of Taranto.  Above all the  vated in Sicily and in the plains of the Po, which last also
strata now mentioned, are immense diluvial and alluvial  possesses the only extensive rice-fields in Europe. The chestdeposits. Of these, partial tracts are found both on the  nut forms an important article of food in the Apennines.
coast of Tuscany and the Pontifical States, particularly the  The mneadows and pastures, more especially in the plain of
Pontine learshes; but they are insignilficant in comparison  the Po, have, from almost time immemorial, fed vast herds
with the space which they occupy in the luxuriant plains  of cows, from whose millik a cheese, possessed of peculiar
of Lombardy, not only forming extensive flats along the  excellencies, which the dai:ies of other countries have not
N. shores of the Adriatic, firom the Gulf of Triest to the  yet succeeded in equalling, is made, and exported to every
919




LTA                                                           ITA
quarter of Europe.  The horses of Piedmont are much  sovereign, the history of Italy presents little else than a
esteemed, and in the S. their place is supplied by excellent  succession of military struggles till about 960, when tranmules. Fish are abundant in the rivers, and the coasts of  quillity was for a time restored by Otho the Great. During
Sicily furnish sponges and corals.                            the long series of tumults that ensued, the well-known
3lanufactures, Commerce, cc.-The manufactures, except  names of Guelph and Ghibeline denote the parties attached
in the N., are unimportant.  They comprise silk, chiefly in  respectively to the pope and the emperor. The contest beLombardy and Piedmont, woollens, gauze, porcelain, arti- tween the ecclesiastical and civil powers began early, but
ficial flowers, hats, paper, parchment, and musical instru- was most active in the twelfth century; about which time
ments. The principal imports are colonical goods, linen, also Sicily fell into the hands of adventurers from Normandy,
woollen and cotton fabrics, jewelry, and dried fish. Chief  and soosi after Naples, which for several centuries had conexports, silk, wool, oil, honey, straw hats, and Parmesan  stituted a small republic, became incorporatediuto their kingcheese; but commerce has greatly declined. The arts and  dom. About the year 1470, the Medici family established
sciences are still cultivated with  considerable success. their sway over Florence, and in 1508 was formed the celeThroughout the whole of Italy, except Savoy and Corsica, brated alliance against Venice, called the League of CamItalian, in very different dialects, is the language of the  bray. About this period the N. of Italy became the theatre
country, but it is spoken in its purity only in Tuscany. of the great military contests between Charles V. and
Italy has long been the stronghold of Romanism; no  Francis I., and, the former having, in 1530, overrun the
changes elsewhere have been able to shake its influence. entire country; Italy from that time became successively a
There are a few Protestant communities in Piedmont, and  prey to the rapacity of different foreign powers. Austria
Jews are scattered here, as in every other part of the world. obtained possession in Lombardy, early in the 18th century.
People.-The great majority of the inhabitants of Italy are  During the continuance of the first French Empire, all.
descendants of the ancient conquerors of the world; and  Italy was brought under the sway of Napoleon, and was
speak a dialect bearing, in most respects, a closer resemblance  repeatedly the theatre of some of his most brilliant mnilitary
to the Latin than is to be found in any other modern tongue. exploits.  Savoy and Piedmont were united  to  France
This common language, and the recollection of the illustrious  in 1801; the duchy of Milan formed the Cisalpine Redeeds of their ancestors, form the great bond of union among  public, to which, in 1805, the duchy of Venice and its conthe Italians. Not only were they once irresistible in arms, tinental possessions were added, forming together the kingbut even in more modern times, when their military great-  dom  of Italy. Genoa was incorporated with France; and
ness had passed away, the revival of letters commenced  Naples was first given to Joseph Bonaparte, and afterwards
with this people, who long continued to furnish the first to Murat. The papal authority was overturned in 1808,
namesin literature, science, and art.  It is impossible, and the'Ecclesiastical States were subsequently declared a
therefore, to imagine that their race labors under any essen- part of the French Empire. After the dismemberment of
tial defects, in regard either to physical or mental qualities. the French Empire in 1814, the states were restored to their
To what cause, then, shall be attributed the degeneracy  former rulers, except the duchies of Milan and Venice,
that has underniined the character of a nation once so illus- which were given to Austria, and formed the Lombardotrious? F'or degeneracy, to alamentable extent, has certainly  Venetian kingdom. Italy took an active part in the revotaken place; and the heroic virtues which distinguished  lution of 1848, but with the exception of Sardinia, has ap.
the ancient Itomans are not characteristic of the modern  parently derived no advantage from all the blood that was
Italians.  A superficial polish too often supplies the place of  shed.  See LoMBAnDY,  NAPLES, PONTIFzCAL STATES, SARDINIA,
more substantial qualities; and the magnanimity which, in  SICILY, TuscANY, &c.-Adj. and inhab., ITALIAN, e-tal/-yan.
ancient times, would have either passed over a fault or    ITALY, KINGDeoM OF, a former state, created by Naporesented it openly, frequently finds a miserable substitute  leon in 1797, out of various provinces in the N. of Italy, was'
in the vindictive spirit which scruples not to effect its re-  first known by the name of Cisalpine Republic. In 1802,
venge by the hand of a hired assassin.  The value of hu-  its name was changed to that of Italian Republic; and in
man life here is nearly the lowest in the scale of European  1805, it was erected into a kingdom, the sovereign being Nanations, the proportion of deaths to the inhabitants being, poleon, the viceroy his step-son, Eugene Beauharnois. This
in Italy generally, 1 in 30; in Naples 1 in 29; while in Eng- state comprised Lombardy, the duchy of Modena, the Venesand the proportion is 1 in 45, and in Norway 1 in 50. Not- tian territory, the papal legations of Ferrara, Bologna, and
withstanding the immense natural advantages of the coun- Romagna; the districts of Chiavenna, Bormio, and the Valtry, the general population is in a state of the most abject telline; also the E. part of Piedmont lying between the Tipoverty.  Unquestionably, the great cause which. of all  cineo and the Sesia. Its boundties  were, on the N. the Alps;
others, has tended most to produce this deplorable result, is  W. the river Sesia; S. the Po, and part of the Appenines; and
misgovernment-misgovernment in its worst form, from the  E. Carniola and the Illyrian provinces. Its final organization
evils of which no civilized people of modern times have suf- took place in 1813, when it contained a population of 6,460,000.
fered so much as the Italians.                                The capital was Milan, in which Napoleon was crowned
Divisions, Population, dc. —The name, area, population, May 26,1805. The kingdom  was overthrown in 1814, and
&-c. of the political divisions of this great territory, are ex- all theprovinces were restored to their former masters, with
hibited in the following Table:-                              exception of the Venetian Republic, and the Swiss districts
of Bormio, Chiavenna, and the Valtelline, which have been
Areas,    Population.  Capital city  annexed to Austria.
sq m.    Populatio.Capital city.    ITALY, a township in Yates co., New York. Pop. 1627.
Austrian Italy (or Loe-n. 1ITALY, AUSTRIAN.  See LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDoA.
bauro-etia n kitaly (o Lo
bardo-VenetiLa   kinge-    17,511  (1850-1) 5,007,472 Milan.  ITALY HILL, a post-office of Yates co., New York.
dom)..................                                       ITALY HOLLOW.  a post-office of Yates co., New York.
Kingdom of Sardinia......  28,229  (1852) 5,090,2451Turin.     ITAMARACA, ee-ti-mi-ra-kal, written also ITAMARCA,
Kisgdona en Naples (sin-   1 
ludingdom  S  icily)  n  41,906  (1851) 8,104,472 Naples     and simply MAlRACA, mar'A-kV, an island of Brazil, in the
cluding Sicily)........ 
Pontifical States...........  17,210    (185) 3,006,1  me.    Atlantic, province, and 20 miles N. of Pernambuco, sepaGrand Duchy of Tuscany                                       rated from  the continent by a narrow strait. Length from
(including Lecca, a -     58586  (1854) 1,s15,68i Florence.    N. to S., 9 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 8000. It
nexed to Tuscany, Oc-                                       contains the town of Conceigio, and several villages.
tober 11, 1847)..........j
Duchy of Pars...........    2,766  (1853)  507.881 Parma.     ITAMARANDIBA, ee-tA-mi-rln-deelba, a river of Brazil,
L, Modena.........    2,073  (1850)  586,458 [Modena.    province of Minas-Geraes, which joins the right bank of the
Republic of San Marino...    22             7,600 San Marino. Aracuahi, 24 miles W. of Minas-Novas.
Principality of Monaco....   53             6,800 — _d Meonac.  ITANHAEN,  ee-tan-yit/or. formerly CONCEI(AO, konT   otal...118,35-6     24,731,285!          s4-s6WN-/,l a maritime town of Brazil, p]rovince, and 40 miles
Total.......... - 135  - 4733385S. of Sao Paulo. on a bay of the Atlantic. Pop. 1200.
Under the Romans, Italy was divided into the provinces of    ITAPACOROYA, a bay and headland of Brazil, province
Cisalpine-Gaul, and Venetia in the N.; Italy proper in the  of Santa Catharina; lat. 260 47' 18" S., ion. 480 20' W.
centre; and Magna-Grecia in the S.                              ITAPARICA, ee-td-pt-reefkd, an island of Brazil, belongin g
History.-The early history of Italy is involved in the ob-  to the province of, and in the Bay of Bahia, immediately
scurity of fable. Greek colonies were first established in the  opposite Bahia, the harbor of which it shelters. Length, 18
S.. where they eventually occupied a large tract of country  miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles.
called Magna-Grecia.' Roman annals extend back 752 years    1TAPEMIRIIM,  ee-t~-pt-me-reeioa, a village of Brazil, probefore the Christian era, but littleis authenticated during the  vince, and 65 miles S.W. of Espirito Santo, on the river of
first two centuries. Of the tribes in the vicinity of Rome,  its own name, near its mouth. in the Atlantic. Pop. 2000.
the least backward were the Etrurians, who appear to have   ITAP-TENI NGA,   ee-t.I-pA-td-neenggel. a town of Brazil,
colonized Sardinia, Corsica, and several districts in the  province, and 120 miles W. of Sfio Paulo, in a fertile valley.
interior of Italy. About two centuries before Christ, the  Near it great numbers of cattle are reared, which are exRomans carried their arms into Sicily. Italy continued sub- ported to Rio Janeiro.   Pop. of the district, 6000.
ject to the Roman power for more than 800 years, till over-   ITAPEVA, ee-tl-pMvI, a market-town of Brazil, province,
run by the Goths, who first crossed the btrrier of the Alps  and 160 miles W. of Sio Paulo. Pop. 2200.
towards the close of the fifth century. About the year    ITAPICU, ee-t-pe-koo'. a river of Brazil, after a course of
50WO, the Lombards entered the N. of Italy, and founded a  900 miles, falls into the sea, between Point Itapacoroya and
monarchial state, which continued till overthrown by the  the mouth of the Aracari.
formidable power of Charlemagne. After the death of this    ITAPICURU, ee-ti-pe-koo-roof, a river of Brazil, province
920




ITA                                                                  ITZ
of Bahia, enters the Atlantic, 90 miles N.E. of Bahia, after  nearly divided into two halves by a deep bay on its E. side.
an E. course of 350 miles.                                    Surface wholly mountainous. Some olive-oil, currants, supoe.
ITAPICURU-DE-CIMA, e-ta-pe-koo-rooO-d,-seetm&, a town  rior wine, and honey, with corn, are raised; but the soil is
of Brazil, province, and 110 miles N.N.E. of Bahia, near the  poor, and the population live chiefly by maritime trade.
river Itapicuru.                                              Chief town, Vathi, on a bay, in which are some good harITAPICURU-GRANDE, e-t'-pe-koo-rool-grin/dA,atown of  bors. On this island are some Cyclopean walls, and other
Brazil, province of Bahia, on the Itapicuru, about 45 miles  remains of antiquity.-Adj. and inhab. ITHIACAN.
from its mouth, with a parish church, and some trade in    ITIIACA, a post-.township of Tompkins co., New York, at
cotton and cattle.                                            the southern extremity of Cayuga Lake; Pop. 6909.
ITAPICURU-GRANDE, a river of Brazil, province of    ITHACA, a post-borough, capital of Tompkins co., New
Maranhio, after a northward  course of upwards of 410  York, in the above township, on both sides of Cayuga Inlet,
miles, joins the river Sio JozO, S. of Maranhuo Island.       about a mile S. of the head of Cayuga Lake, and 162 miles
ITAPUA or YTAPUA, ee-td-pool, improperly written ITA-  W. by S. of Albany.  It is finely situated on a plain, and on
PURA, a town of Paraguay, in South America, on the Pa- the lower declivity of a hill, which encloses it on all sides
rana, 175 miles E.N.E. of Corrientes.                         except the N., rising gradually to the height of 400 or 500
ITAQUEIRA, ee-tdkAte-rd, a mountain range of Brazil,  feet, and commanding an extensive view of the picturesque
in the S.E. part of the province of Matto-Grosso, stretches  scenery for which Cayuga Lake is remarkable. The town is
for a great distance along the right bank of the Parana.      regularly laid out and handsomely built.  It contains
ITASMCA, an unorganized county, forming the N.E. ex- churches of 6 or 7 denominations, 2 banks, and an academy.
tremity of Minnesota, bordering on Lake Superior and the  One daily and two weekly newspapers are published here.
British possessions, contains about 17,500 square miles. It  Steamboats ply daily from this town to the foot of the lake,
is bounded on the N; by Rainy Lake, and Rainy River, and  and connect with the main lines of travel and transportaon the S.W. by the Mississippi; it is drained by the St. Louis  tion. The Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad connects it
and other rivers. The surflice is uneven, and diversified  with Owego, and another railroad extends northward to Auby numerous lakes. Pop. 97.                                   burn and Lake Ontario. Fall Creek, which enters the lake
ITASCA, a post-village of Benton co., Minnesota, on the  at this place. furnishes abundant water-power.  Among the
Mississippi River, about 20 miles above St. Paul.             manufactories of Ithaca are 2 woollen factories, 1 cotton faitcITASCA LAKE, into which flow the head-waters of the  tory, 1 paper mill, and several iron foundries, with machineMississippi, is situated near the summit of the Hlauteurs de  shops. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 7000.
Terre, (the dividing ridge between the sources of the Red    ITHACA, a post-village of Barke co., Ohio, about 100
River of the north, and the streams which flow into the  miles W. of Colimbus.
Gulf of Mexico,) in lat. 470 10' N.. lon. 950 54' W., and at an    ITHIACA, a large village of British Guiana, near the Berelevation of 1575 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexi- bice River.  Pop. 2000.
co. It is a beautiful sheet of water, lying among the hills,   iTHOMIE, e-tholmee, a mountain of Greece, in the Morea,
surrounded with pines. The outlet is 10 or 12 feet wide, government of Messenia, 25 miles N.W. of Kalamata, 35865
and from 12 to 18 inches deep. Discovered by Schoolcraft,  feet in elevation, at its S. slope, in a village of the same'July 13, 1832.                                                name.
ITATA, e-t4[ta, or CHILLAN, cheel-yanf, a river of Chili,   ITIION, a river of South Wales, co. of Radnor, after a S.
department of Concepcion, enters the Pacific, 60 miles N.N.E. course, joins the Wye, 2 miles N.N.W. of Builth.
of Concepcion, after a westward course estimated at 150    ITINIVINI, e-te-ne-veelnee, a branch of the Cassiquiare
miles. The name CHILLAN, is more properly applied to the  River, South America, in Venezuela, separates from  that
N. and principal branch of the Itata.  The small town of  river about 45 miles below the point where it leaves the
ITiTA is near the river, 20 miles S.E. of its mouth.          Orinoco, and unites with the Rio Negro 40 miles N.W. of
ITATI or ITATY, e-tl-teel, a market-town of the Argen-  the influx of the Cassiquiare.
tine Republic (La Plata,) in South America, 35 miles N.E. of    ITIUM PROMONTOItlUM.  See C,.ue Gs.s-NE-z.
Corrientes, on the Parana.                                       ITON or YTON, ee't-&G/, a river  of France, rising 5 miles
ITAWA.~I/B A, a county in the E.N.E. part of Mississippi,  N. of Mortagne, department of Orne,  joins the Eure after a
bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 1180 square  N. course of 58 miles, for the last 25 of which it is navigable
miles. It is intersected by the Tombighee River, and by  for rafts.  Above Evreux it runs unider ground for 3 miles.
Oldtown and Bullmouth Creeks.  The surface is generally    ITOOROOP, ITOUROUP or ITURUP, e-too-roopl, ATORa level plain, almost destitute of trees. The soil is a heavy  KOO or ATORKOU, A-tor-koo/, GORTPOO, gort-poo', or
loam, of a very dark color, strongly impregnated with lime, STAT/EN ISLAND, the largest of the Koorile Islands. in
and highly productive. The route of the Mobile and Ohio  the North  Pacific Ocean, belonging to Rtussia, separated
Railroad passes through the county.  Named from  the  northward by Vries Strait from  the island of Ooroop, and
daughter of an Indian chief. Capital, Fulton.  Pop. 13,528, southward by St. Anthony Strait from  the Japanese island
of whom 11,401 were free, and 2127 slaves.                     of Koonasheer.  Lat. of N. peak, 450 381 N., Ion. 1490 15' E.
ITCHPAP00Rf, a town of British India, presidency of Ma- Length, 140 miles; average breadth, 20 miles. It is moundras, 25 miles S.W. of Ganjam.  Lat. 190 4 N., lon. 840 52' E. tainous, and contains an active volcano. Principal products,
ITCH-ELEE, ITCH-ILI or ITSI-I-ILI, itchtee'leel, written  fish and timber, with furs.
also ITCIIIL or ITSIHIIL, a pashalic of Asia Minor, com-    ITRABO, ee-trgso, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, proprising all its S. coast between Anatolia and North Syria,  vince, and 30 miles from Granada.  Pop. 1903.
having N. Mount Taurus, and watered by the Ghiuk-sovyoo,    ITRI, eeltree, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Laand some smaller rivers. It is subdivided into five sanjaks.  voro, 7 miles N.W. of Gaeta.  Pop. 4100.
ITCH/EN, or AINE, a river of England, after a course of    ITSATSOU, eet'sit'soot, a village of France, department of
22 miles, enters the sea at Itchenferry, 1 mile E. of South-  Basses-Pyr~n6es, 12 miles S. of Bayonne.  Pop. 1550.
ampton.                                                          ITSI-ILI or ITSH-IL.  See ITCH-ELEs.
ITCHIENOR, EAST, a hamlet of England, co. of Sussex.          ITSR.HIINI-ITSKALIit-skee/nee-it-skilee, ("horse river,")
ITCHENOR, WEST, a maritime parish and village of  a river of Asiatic Russia, in Transcaucasia, tributary to the
England, co. of Sussex, with a quay on Chichester IIarbor,  Rion, (anc. Phalsis,) which it joins 30 miles E. of Poti.
5 miles W.S.W. of Chichester. Pop. 232. It was formerly    ITTER, NEER. uaia. it/ter, a village of Holland, province
called Ichenor or Ikenor, and is probably the old Kyenor.    of Limbusg. 9 miles S.W. of Roelrmonde.  Pop. 700.
ITCII-IL or ITCHI-ILI. See ITCoI-ELEE.                        IT/TERINGIIAM. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
ITCHI/IN ABBOTS. a parish of England, co. of Htants.          ITTLINGEN, itt/ling-n, a village of Baden, on the ElITCII/INGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         senz, 3 miles S. of Carlsruhe.  Pop. 1821.
ITCHIINGTON. BISHOP'S, a parish of England, co. of    ITITON, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
Warswick.                                                       ITU, IIITU, or YTU, e-too/, a town of Brazil, province,
ITCHINGTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. War-  and 70 miles W.N.W. of Sio Paulo, on the Tiete. It has
wick.                                                         numerous religious edifices, a hospital, prison, and schools.
ITCHIN STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Ilants.            Pop. 10,000.
ITCITILIMAN or ICIILIMAN, ich-le-mnl,. a town of Eu-    ITUCAMBIRA, e-too-kgm-beefra, a river of Brazil, joins
ropean Turkey, in Bulgaria, 35 miles S.E. of Sophia.          the Jequitinhonha after a course of about 120 miles.
I:i N E Z, a river of South America.  See GUAPORE.            ITUNAMIA,  e-too-n-mIf, or TUNAMA, too-nA-m4/, a river
ItE t-CANN EDU, e-tolree-  in-nul-doo, a town  in  the  of Brazil, rises in the province of Matto-Grosso, and joins
island of Sardinia.  It is a larse but ill-built place, has  Guapore in lat. 120 20/ S. Its principal affluent is the Maseveral churches, a monastery, and the extensive ruins of  chapo.
an old abbey.  Pop. 4446.                                       ITUREA, i-too/re-n, a district of Palestine, between Lake
ITER.II-FUJSTIALBU, e-tisreefoos-te-l-ioot. or ITERED- Tiberias and Damascus.
DIT, e-ta-rsd-doo.  a town of Sardinia,  province of Ozieri,   ITUIUP.  See IToonooP.
itbi tlbs renasno of an old castle picturescjuely situated on    ITZAC, alakeofCentsalAmerica. See PETN.
an ahnost inaccessible heisht.  Pop. 1840.                      ITZEL-OE, itseh-ho'eh, a town of Denmark, duchy of IolITIACA, ithbkit.  TIEAIT  or TIIAKI, the-A/kee, one  stein. on the Stir, 31 miles N.W. of Altons.  Pop. 6000. It
of tIhe Iouian Islands, a-mon' which it holds the fifth rank,  congists of an old and a new town, connected by a long
in the Mediterranean. 2 miles E. of Cephalonia. between it  bridge, and has several churches, an institution for nobli
and Albania.  Length f nom  N. to S., 14- miles; greatest  ladies, manufactures of tobacco. chiccory, and playing-cards,
breadth, 4 miles. Area, 44 square miles.  Pop. 974-. It is  sugar-refineries, and a flomuishing general trade.
l921




IUG                                                           IZZ
IUGAN or IUGAN BOLCI-1OT. See YOOOAN  BoLSHOI.               IVY CHIIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
IVAHI, e-v&-heet, or UBAHI, oo-ba-hee', a river of Brazil,   IVY  CREEK  MILLS, a post-office of Bedford co., Virprovince of Sio Paulo, joins the Parana, in lat. 230 20' S., ginia.
Ion. 540 W., after a W. course. estimated at 250 miles.         IVY ISLAND, a post-office of Edgefield district, South
IVAKI-SIMA, ee-v~kee-see/m[, an island of Japan, in the  Carolina.
Sea of Japan, 21 miles from the WV. coast of Niphon. It is   IVY LOG, a post-office of Union co., Georgia.
15 miles long, by 6 miles broad.                                IVY MILLS,  a post-village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania,
IVANDA, ee-vunldi, a village of Hungary, Co. of Torontal, 88 miles E. by S. of Harrisburg.
about 10 miles from Temesvar. Pop. 1240.                        I/WADE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
IVAN-GOROD, ee-v~nl-go-rody, a market-town of Russia,    IWVANOWNO, a town of Russia.  See IvANovo.
government, and 52 miles S.E. of Tchernigov, on the Oster.   IIWERNE COURTENAY, a parish of England, co. of
Pop. 1200.                                                    Dorset.
IVAN-GOROD, a market-town of Russia, government,   IWERNE MINISTER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
and 78 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the Narova, opposite    IWUY, ee'vweel, a market-town of France, department of
Narva. Pop. 1000.                                             Nord, 6 miles N.E. of Cambral. Pop. in 1852, 3663.
IIVANHOE, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, on Red Cedar    IXELLES, eex'3ll/, (Flemish, Elsene, Wlseh-neh,) a village
River, 18 miles N. of Iowa City.                              of Belgium, province of South Brabant, I mile S. of Brussels.
IVANICH-FESTUNG, ivl/n-iK-fcs/tt5ng, a town of Aus- Pop. 2720.
trian Croatia, in an island formed by the Lonya, 18 miles    IXONIA, ix-ofne-a, a post-township in Jefferson co., WisE.S.E. of Agram. Pop. 780.                                     cousin. Pop. 110.
IVYANICH.KLOSTER, iv/An-iaK-klos/tprW, a town of Austrian    IXIWORTH, a market-town and parish of ngland, co. of
Croatia, about 3 miles N.E. of Ivanich-Festung.  Pop. 750.   Suffolk, 61 miles N.E. of Bury-St. Edmund's.  It is well
IVANOVO or IWANOWNO, ee-va-nolvo, a market-town  built, and situated on the banks of a small river.
of Rissia, government. and 66 miles N.N.E. of Vladimeer.   IXWORTJI, THIORPE, (thorp,) a parish of England, co. of
IVANY, ee'vdiS/.  a market-town of West Hungary, co., and  Suffolk.
23 miles SE. of Oedenburg. Pop. 1449.                          IZA, a town of Peru. See ICA.
I/VEL, a river of England, co. of Bedford, joins the Ouse   IZA, eelzSh', a village of Ilungary, about 25 miles from
at Tempsford, after a north-eastward course of 20 miles.      Sziaeth. on the Nagy-Ag.  Pop. 1240.
IVEL, or YEO, yo, a river of England, co. of Somerset, has    IZABAL or ISABAL, e-s:-slB, a village of Central CAmea N.W. course of 27 miles, and joins the Parrot at Lang- rica, state, and 90 miles N.E. of Guatemala, on the S.R
port.                                                         shore of the Goifo Dulce. Pop. 1500.
IVELCHESTER, a town of England. See ILCHESTEa.                IZALCO, ISALCO or YSALCO, ee-sal/ko, a volcano of CenI/VER, a parish of England. co. of Bucks.                   tral America, state of San Salvador, 10 miles N. of SonI;VEIRSON, a post-office of Bienville parish, Louisiana.    senate.
IVE/RUS, or IVEROS/SA, a parish of Ireland, in Mun-   IZALCO, ISALCO or YSALCO, a town of Central America
ster, co. of Limerick.                                        state. and 40 miles VW. by S. of San Salvador.  Pop. 4000.
IVES (Ovz) GROVE, a post-office of Racine co., WVisconsin,    IZAMAL, e-sa-m-l,  a city of Yucatan, 45 miles E. of Meabout 00 miles E.S.E. of Madison.                             rida, with a convent founded in 1553.
IVES' STORE, a post-office of Princess Anne co., Vir-   IZIARD, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, has an area
ginia.                                                        of 880 square miles. It is intersected by White River. The
IV1QA, IVIZA, e-vee so. or IBISA, e-see/sg, (anc. Ebssus,)  surface is diversified  the soil is fertile. Capital, Mount
the sniallest and westernmost of the three principal Balearic  Olive.  Pop. 3213, of whom 3017 were free, and 196 slaves.
Islands, belonging to Spain, in the Mediterranean, 54 miles    TZll, ee'Az/, a market-town of France, department of Ille-etS.W. of Majorca. Length, 22 miles; average breadth, 12  Vilaine, 5 miles N.W. of Vitr6.  Pop. 2040?
miles. Pop. 11,000. The coast is indented by numerous    IZEAUX. ee'zal, a village of France, department of Islre,
small bays, the principal being those of San Antonio and  14 miles N.N.E. of St. Marcellin.  Pop. 1560.
Iviea. The surfice is hilly and well wooded. The valley    IZEL, eelzel, avillae of Belgium, province ofLuxembourg,
is fertile, producing olives, corn, flax, hemp, figs, and  on the Semols, 21 miles W. of Arlon.  Pop. 1788.
almonds. Timber. and salt from  large salt-works along the    IZERNORE, ee0'zR noR/, a village of France, department
coasts, are almost the sole exports.  Principal towns, Iviqga,  of Ain, 6 miles N.N.W. of Nantua.  Pop. 1114.
the capital, on the S.E. coast, (pop. 5970,) San Antonio, and    IZIISMA or IJMA, izh/miA, a river of North Russia, governSan TMiguel. The two islands of Iviga and Formentera  ments ofVologda and Archangel, joins thePetchora, after a
were anciently called Pityucfsr, a name supposed to be de- northward course of 190 miles through a desert region.
rived from  the number of pine trees growing on them;    IZIEUX, eeaze-uh/, a village of France, department of
7rrLTV  (pftus) in Greek signifying a "pine."-Adj. and in-  Loire, on the Ban, 1 mile E.N.E. of St. Etienne.  Pop. 2798.
hab. IVIaAN or IVIZAx, e-veetsan.                               IZIOMI, IZIOUM, IZIUMI. ISIUM, iz-e-ooml,  or ISJUM,
IVIE, eevlyal, or IV1JE, eelve-ya', a market-ftown of Rus-' a town of Russia, government, and 70 miles S.E. of Kharkov,
sian Poland, government, and 55 miles S.E. of Vilna. Pop. on the Donetz.  Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by ramparts, and
1440.                                                         has a citadel on an adjacent height.
IVIINGiHOE. a market-town and parish of England, co. of    IZT EN, or IZMENY, izamMli, a village of IIungary, co. of
Buclks, 3 miles N.N.W. of the Tring station of the London  Tolna, about 10 miles from Szexard.  Pop. 1103.
and North-western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2024. It has an         IZMIR or IZMYR.  See SMaYvNA.
ancient Gothic church, in which are monuments of the    IZNAJAR or IZNAXAR, eeth-ni-haRt, (anc. Asge/'as.) a
Duncombe family, and the tomb of HIenry of Blois, Bishop  town of Spain, province of Cordova, near the Genil, 14 miles
of Winchester, and brother of King Stephen.                   S.E. of Lucena.  Pop. 3808.
IVIZA, an island of the Mediterranean.  See Ivi9A.            IZNALLOZ or ISNALLOZ, eeth-n~l-yothl, a town of Spain,
IVORY COAST, a region of Af-ica. See GUIoNEA.               province, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Granada.  Pop. 3082.
IVOY-LE-PR],' ee'vw/-lh-prAi/, a village of France, de-    IZNATORAF, eeth-na-to-rAft, (anc. Anatorgis,?) a walled
partment of Cher. arrondissement, Sancerre.  Pop. 2770.       town of Spain, province, and 45 miles N.E. of Jaen.  Pop.
IVREA, e-vrtA. (anc.  o-orc/dia,) a town of Piedmont,  2101.
division, and 29 miles N.N.E. of Turin, capital of a province    IZNEEK, IZTNIK, ISNIK, ineek, or NICE,  noes, (anc.
of its own name, on the left bank of the Dora Baltea, a little  Niccea,) a village and ruined city on the E. extremity of
below the opening of the Val dAosta. Pop. 7000. It is en-  Lake Isneek, 32 miles S.S.W. ofIsmeed, and 40 milesE.N.E. of
closed by old walls, commanded by a citadel and a neighbor-  Brusa. The village comprises about 150 houses enclosed by
ing fort, and has an old cathedral, 5 other churches, 7 con- ancient double walls, with gates and towers still nearly pervents, a seminary, hospital, and manufactures of silk goods. feet. The first general ecclesiastical council met at Nicha,
Under the French it was the capital of the department of  in 325, on which occasion the "Nicene creed" was framed;
Doire.                                                        another council was held here in 787. This city was the
IVRY-LA-BATAILLE, ee'vree1 I&-ba[tAll, a town of France, first conquest of the Crusaders in the East, being taken in
department ofEure, 17 miles S.E. ofEvreux. Pop. 870. It  1097.
is celebrated for the decisive victory gained by Henry IV.    IZNEEK, IZNIK  or ISNIK, LAKE OF, (auc. Ascasnies
over Miayenne in 1590.                                        Laces.) a beautiful Iake of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 17 miles
IVRY-SUR-SEINE, eeavree/-stia-sAn, a village of France, E. of the Gulf of Moodania, into which it discharges  itself
department of Seine, on a slope near the Seine, 4. miles  by a small river. Length from E. to W., 14 miles; breadth,
S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 8549. It has a pretty church, a fine  4 miles.
country mansion, formerly belonging to the Dukes of Or-   IZON, eeazaNGa, a village of France, department of Gironde,
leans, some agreeable villas, manufactures of steam  ma- 5 miles W. Libourne.  Pop. 1470.
chinery, glass, earthenwares, and chemical products, with a    IZSAK, is'sok/, a village of HIungary, in  lither Danube,
sugar-refinery, and stone quarries.                           co., and 40 miles fiomn Pesth.  Pop. 5069.
I/VY, a post-office of Yancey co., North Carolina.            IZTACCIHUATL or ISTACCIHUATL, ees-tfk-se-hw, t'l/,
IVY, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana.                   a volcano of the Mexican Confederation, department, and 30
IY  BEND, a post-office of Madison co., North Carolina.   miles W.N.WV. of La Puebla. Elevation, 15.705 feet.
IVY BLUFF, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.              IZVORNIK. a town of European Turkey.  See ZvvoNIK.
I/VY BRIDGE, a chapelry and village of England, co. of   IZZANO, it-sd/no, or ISANO, ee-sono, a village of Austrian
haevon, on the Erine, 6 miles E. of Plympton-Earl.           Italy, 4 miles E. of Crema. Pop. 1200.
922,.




JAA                                                          JAC
-  Names beginning with J, in Eastern Europe and    JACKSON, a county of North Carolina, bordering on TenAsia, will, in this work, generally be found under Y, thus: nessee and South Carolina, has an area estimated at 1000
square miles. It is drained by the Tuckaseegee River, an
for JABLON0o, see YABLONOI; JASSy, see YASSy, &c.          affluent of the Tennessee. The county is a mountainous
JAAK, yak, a village of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, 12  tract, between the Blue Ridge on the S.E., and the Iron
miles from Steinamanger. Pop. 1115.                   Mountain on the N.W. The soil produces good pasture, and
JAALONS, zhl16NGI, a village of France, department of some grain. The county was formed in 1850, from Haywood
Marne, 9 miles N.E. of Chllons-sur-Marne. Pop. 575.        and Macon counties.
JAAM, yam, a village of Hungary, co. of Krasna, 10 miles   JACKSON, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia,
from Oravitza, on the Krasso. Pop. 1142.                    has an area of 378 square miles. It is traversed by the prinJAAR, yAR, or GEER, (?) Hata, a river of Belgium, after a cipal branches of Oconee River. The surface is uneven;
N.E. course of 30 miles, joins the Meuse at Maestricht.     much of the soil is unproductive.  Granite and quartz are
JAARSVELD, yaRslv~lt, a village of IHolland, province, abundant in the county; iron, soapstone, and asbestos are
and 1 mile S.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 1079.                      found. Named in honor of General James Jackson, United
JABADII INSULA. See SUMATrA.                              States senatorfrom Georgia.  Capital, Jefferson. Pop. 9768,
JABARY, XABARY, HB-sa-ree', YAYARY, yA-vi-reel, or of whom 6827 were free, and 2941 slaves.
HYABARY, he-abt-ree, a river of South America, forming    JACKSON, a county in the N.W. part of Florida, bordera part of the boundary between Brazil and Peru, rises in lat. ing on Alabama, contains 1060 square miles. The Chatta8~ S., ion. 720 W., and, after a N.E. course of at least 450 miles, hoochee and Appalachicola Rivers, navigable by steamboats,
joins the Maraton at Tabatinga.  It is navigable 200 miles. form  its boundary on the E., and it is intersected by the
JABBALPOOR, jlb-bal-poorl, or JUBBULPOOR, jtib-bil- Chipola River. The surface is nearly level, and partly
poor1, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 48 miles covered with pine forests. Capital, Marianna. Pop. 6639,
N.W. of Mundlah. It has a manufacture of carpets, and  of whom 3105 were free, and 3534 slaves.
transit trade in cotton and silk fabrics, iron, salt, and sugar.   JACKSON, a county of Mississippi, bordering on Alabama,
JABBEKE, yb'blA'keh. a village of Belgium, province and on Pascagoula Bay, has an area of about 1230 square
of West Flanders, 6 miles W.S.W. of Bruges, on the railway  miles. It is intersected by Pascagoula River. The soil is
from Ostend to Bruges. Pop. 1260..        sandy and sterile, mostly covered by pine woods. Capital,
JABBOK, a river of Syria. See JABOK.                      Jacksonborough. Pop. 3196, of whom  2371 were free, and
JABEA or XABEA, HA-BaI, a town of Spain, province, and  825 slaves.
45 miles N.E. of Alicante, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 3654.   JACKSON, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, contains
JA5BESI GILIEAD, a town of Palestine.                     760 square miles. It is drained by small affluents of the
JABKAN DJABKA, a river of Asia. See TCHArBKAN.            Washita River. The surface is undulating, the soil mostly
JABLONEV, atownofRussia. SeeYABLONhEV.                    fertile. A strong current of emigration from the older cotJABLONKA, y&-blon/klh, a village of North Hungary, co. ton states has recently been directed to this section of Louiof Arva, near the Galician frontier, 60 miles N.E. of Neu- siana. Capital, Vernon. Pop. 5566, of whom 3408 were free,
sohl. Pop. 3639.                                            and 2158 slaves.
JABLONOT MOUNTAINS, of Siberia. See YABLONot.               JACKSON, a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on
JABLONOW, ya-blolnov, a market-town of Austrian Po- Lavacca Bay, has an area of 884 square miles. It is interland, in Galicia, 10 miles S.W. of Kolomea, on the Luczka.  sected by Lavacca River, navigable by small boats, and also
JABLUNKAU, ya-bloon'kow, a town of Austrian Silesia, drained by the Navidad River. The suriface consists partly
14 miles S.S.E. of Teschen, on the Olsa. Pop. 2100. Five  of prairies; the soil near the streams is fertile. Capital,
miles S. of the town is the Pass of Jablunka, leading into  Texana. Pop. 996, of whom 657 were free, and 339 slaves.
Hungary, and defended by a fort.                              JACKSON, a county in the N.E. part of Arkansas, has an
JABOAHI, ja-bo'a, or JABOIAH, a town of Hindostan, area of about 1040 square miles. The Black and White
presidency of Bengal, province of Malwah, 280 miles S.S.W. Rivers form the WIV. boundary. It is also drained by the
of Oojein, in lat. 220 46' N., ion. 740 39' E.              Cach6 River. The surface is level; the soil fertile. The
JAfBOK, JABBOK or ZESIKA, a river of Asiatic Turkey, county contains large forests of cypress and ash, which suppashalic of Damascus, rises in the Haooran Mountains, flows ply the chief article ofexport. Capital, Elizabeth. Pop. 3086,
W., passing N. of Mount Gilead, and after a course of about of whom 2523 were free, and 563 slaves.
45 miles, falls into the Jordan about 30 miles N. of the Bead    JACKSON, a county of Alabama, bordering on Tennessee
Sea. It is mentioned in Scripture as the boundary which  and Georgia, has an area of 1150 square miles. It is interseparated the kingdom of Sihon, King of the Amorites, from   sected by Tennessee River and numerous creeks. The surthat of Og, King of Bashan.                                 face is traversed by mountain ridges.  Capital, Bellefonte.
JABUGO or XABUGO, n -boo'go, a town of Spain, pro- Pop. 14,088, of whom 11,796 were free, and 2292 slaves.
vince, and 47 miles N.E. of IHuelva. Pop. 2101.               JACKSON, a county of Tennessee, bordering on I(enJABUKA, ya'boo'koh', a village of HIungary, in Banat,  tucky, has an area estimated at 630 square miles. It is inco., and 62 miles S. of TemeSvar, on the Temes. Pop. 2148.  tersected by Cumberland River. The surface is diversified
JABUKA, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, co. of Te- by hills and valleys. Capital, Gainesborough. Pop. 15,673,
mesvar, 4 miles from Versecz. Pop. 1235.                    of whom 14,115 were free, and 1558 slaves.
JACA, JACCA, or XACA, HB/ka, a frontier town of Spain,    JACKSON, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area
province, and 30 miles N.N.W. of Huesca. Pop. 3012. It is  of about 378 square miles. It is drained by the Little Scioto
enclosed by walls, and has a strong citadel, a cathedral, a  River, and by Salt and Symmes's Creeks. The surface is
bishop's palace, and barracks.                              moderately hilly, and the soil generally fertile. Stone coal,
JACAREHI, ahab-ka.-ri-hee', a town of Brazil, province, and  iron, marble, and salt can be procured in any desirable quan50 miles E.N.E. of Sto Paulo, on the Parahiba. Pop. 7000.  tity. The Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad extends from
JACATRA, Java. See JAKATRA.                              Portsmouth to the county seat, and the Hillsborough and
JACINITO, a post-village, capital of Tishemingo co., Mis- Parkersburg Railroad passes through the county. Capital,
sissippi, 250 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. It has 1 or 2 news- Jackson. Pop. 12,721.
paper offices. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad will here inter-    JACKSON, a county in the S. central part of Michigan,
sect the Memphis and Charleston Railroad.                   contains about 720 square miles. It is drained by the head
JACKIMAN'S SOUND, a harbor in Frobisher Strait, Arc- streams of the Grand, Kalamazoo, and Raisin Rivers. The
tic Ocean, British North America, opposite Sussex Island.   soil is a rich, sandy loam. Limestone and sandstone are
JACKREE, jaklree, a village of the Punjab, on the Jhy- abundant, and stone coal and iron are found in the county.
lum, 27 miles S.W. of Pind-Dadun-Khan.                      The Central Railroad connects the county with Detroit and
JACKSIOROUGII, or JACKSONBOROUGH, a small post- Lake Michigan.  Capital, Jackson. Pop. 19,431.
village, capital of Campbell co., Tennessee, 152 miles E. by    JACKSON, a county in the S. part of Indiana, contains
N. of Nashville. It stands near the S.E. base of Cumber- 544 square miles. It is drained by the Driftwood Fosk of
land Mountain.                                             White River. The surface is mostly undulating, and preJACKSBOROUGH, a small village of Warren co., Ten- sents a variety of soils, some of which are very fertile. It
nessee.                                                    contains beds of iron ore, the extent of which has not been
JACK'S CREEK, a post-office of Yancey co., North Ca- explored.  The railroad from  Jeffersonville to Columbus
rolina.                                                    passes through the county. Organized in 1815. Capital,
JACK'S CREEK, a post-office of IHenderson co., Tennessee. Brownstown.  Pop. 11,047.
JACK'S FORKS, a post-office of Texas co., Missouri.        JACKSON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, bordering
JACK'SON, a county in the W.N.W. part of Virginia, bor- on Missouri, has an area of about 645 square miles. It is
dering on the state of Ohio, contains 405 square miles. The  bounded on the S.W. by the Mississippi River, intersected
Ohio River washes its W. border, and it is drained by the  by Big Muddy River, and also drained by Beaucoup and
Sandy and Big Mill Creeks. The surface is hilly; the soil other creeks. An eminence called Fountain Bluff, remarkis generally adapted to grazing. The county contains lime- able for its ovoid form, rises in the S.W. part, to the height
stone bf good quality. Capital, Ripley. Pop. 65414, of whom   of about 300 feet. Extensive mines of stone coal have been
6491 were free, and 52 slaves.                             opened on the banks of Big Muddy River.  Salt is prc923




JAC                                                        JAC
cured from  springs near the same stream. The county is   JACKSON, a township in Union co., Arkansas. Pop. 796.
traversed by the Central Railroad. Capital, Murphysborough.    JACKSON, a thriving post-village, capital of Madison co.,
Pop. 5862.                                                  Tennessee, on the Forked Deer River, 150 miles W.S.W. of
JACKSON, a county in the WV.N.W. part of Missouri, boher- Nashville.  It is surrounded by a fertile region, and is a
dering on Indian Territory, has an area of 612 square miles. place of considerable trade. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad
The Missouri River (navigable by steamboats) forms its N. is to pass through this village. It contains a bank, 2 or 3
boundary; the Kansas River enters the Missouri at the  churches, and a flourishing college.
N.W. extremity of the county; it is also drained by Big   JACKSON, a post-village, capital of Breathitt co., KenBlue and Little Blue Rivers, and by Snybar Creek. The  tucky, on the Kentucky River, about 70 miles in a straight
sur,%ce is undulating; the soil is remarkably fertile, and  line S.E. of Lexington. It contains 2 churches and several
well watered.  Limestone is the principal rock. Capital, In-  stores.
dependence. Pop. 14,000, of whom 11,031 were free, and 2969    JACKSON, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 1175.
slaves.                                                       JACKSON, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1532.
JACKSON, a county in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on    JACKSON, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1262.
Illinois, has an area of 636 square miles. The Mississippi   JACKSON, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1735.
River washes its N.E. border; the county is traversed by Ma-   JACKSON, a township of Clermont Co., Ohio. Pop. 1241.
quoketa River, and drained also by Fall River, and by    JACKSON, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 2037.
several creeks. The surface is uneven; the soil is fertile.   JACKSON, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 1711.
The county contains valuable mines of iron, and lead. Capi-   JACKSON, a township of Darke Co., Ohio. Pop. 565.
tal. Bellevue. Pop. 7210.                                     JACKSON, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1550.
JACKSON, a post-village and township of Waldo co.,   JACKSON, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1192.
Maine, about 44 miles N.E. of Augusta.  Pop. 833.             JACKSON, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 830.
JACKSON, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire, on    JACKSON, a township in Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. s30.
the head-waters of Ellis River, about 70 miles N. by E. of    JACKSON, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 1449
Concord. Pop. 589.                                            JACKSON, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 713.
JACKSON, a post-township of Washington co., New York.   JACKSON, a post-village of Liberty township, and capital
40 miles N.N.E. of Albany. Pop. 2129.                       of Jackson co., Ohio, 75 miles S.S.E. of Columbus.  The
JACKSON, New Jersey, a station on the Camden and At- Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad, connects it with Portslantic Railroad, 19 miles E. of Canmden.                    mouth, on the Ohio River. It contains 4 churches, and 2
JACKSON, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. newspaper offices. Laid out in 1817. Pop. in 1853, about 600.
Pop. 832.                                                     JACKSON, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1080.
JACKSON, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.   JACKSON or JACKSONTOWN, a post-village of Licking
Pop. 374.                                                   co., Ohio, on the National Road, 31 miles E. of Columbus.
JACKSON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania.    JACKSON, a township of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1142.
Pop. 920.                                                     JACKSON, a township of lMontgomery co., Ohio. P. 2012.
JACKSON, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. Pop.   JACKSON, a township in Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1249.
1252.                                                         JACKSON, a township of Muskingum co. Ohio. P. 1233.
JACKSON, a township of IHuntingdon co., Pennsylvania.   JACKSON, a township of Paulding co., Ohio. Pop. 58.
Pop. 1431.                                                    JACKSON, a township of Perry co. Ohio. Pop. 1740.
JACKSON, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania.   JACKSON, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1042.
Pop. 1980.                                                    JACKSON, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 1465.
JACKSON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.   JACKSON. a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1406.
Pop. 592.                                                     JACKSON, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 221.
JACKSON, a township in Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.    JACKSON, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1093.
Pop. 407.                                                     JACKSON, a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 1092.
JACKSON, atownship of Sonroeco., Pennsylvania. P.692.   JACKSON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 995.
JACKSON, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsyl-   JACKSON, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 705.
vania. Pop. 1935.                                             JACKSON, a township of Starke co., Ohio. Pop. 1517.
JACKSON, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. P. 885.   JACKSON, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 436.
JACKSON, a, township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. P. 51.   JACKSON, a township of Yinton co., Ohio. Pop. 835.
JACKSON, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Pennsyl-   JACKSON, a village of Wayne co., Ohio, on the road firom
vania, 13 miles E. of Montrose. Pop. 978.                  Wooster to Cleveland, 96 miles N.E. of Columbus, has about
JACKSON, a village and township of Tioga co., Pennsyl-  300 isihabitants.
vania. Pop. 1419.                                            JACKSON, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 74.
JACKSON, a village and township of Venango co., Penn-    JACKSON. a township of Wyandott co., Ohio. Pop. 395.
sylvania. Pop. 985.                                          JACKSON, a flourishing town, capital of Jackson co.,
JACKSON, a post-village of Louisa co., Virginia, 37 miles  Michigan, is situated on Grand River, near its source, and
N.W. of Richmond.                                          on the Central Railroad, 76 miles W. of Detroit, and 38
JACKSON, a post-village, capital of Northampton co., miles S. by E. of Lansing.  A plank-road is in process of
North Carolina, 95 miles N.E. of Raleigh. It contains, be- construction from Lansing to this place. The river affords
sides the county buildings, 2 churches, 3 stores, and 2  an extensive water-power, whiPch is employed in factories
schools.                                                   and mills of various kinds. Jackson contains, besides the
JACKSON, a post-village, capital of Butts co., Georgia, 55  county-buildings, 5 churches, 1 seminary for young ladies,
miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It is pleasantly situated in  2 printing offices, and the state penitentiary, in which about
the midst of a fertile country. It contains a court-house, 2  170 convicts are employed in mechanical labor.  Pop. in
churches, and 2 academies.                                  1853, about 3500; of the township in 1850, 4147.
JACKSON, a post-village in Clark co., Alabama, near Tom-    JACKSON, a township of Bartholomew  co., Indiana.
bigbee. River, 125 miles S.W. of Montgomery.                Pop. 343.
JACKSON, a thriving town of IIinds county, and capital   JACKSON, a township of Blackford co., Indiana. P. 419.
of the state of Mississippi, is situated on tihe right bankof    JACKSON, a township in Brown co., Indiana. Pop. 1098.
Pearl River, at the terminus of the Vicksburg and Jackson    JACKSON, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 895,
]iailroad. and on the Southern Mississippi Railroad, 45 miles    JACKSON, a township of Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 488.
E. of Yicksburg,  and 1010 miles firom Washington. Lat. 320    JACKSON, a township in Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 735.
23' N., Ion. 900 8' W. The site of the town is level, and the    JACKSON, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 2060.
plan is regular. It contains a handsome state-house, erected    JACKSON, a township in Dearborn co., Indiana. P. 916.
at a cost of over half a million of dollars, the Executive Man-    JACKSON, a township of De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 726.
sion, the State Lunatic Asylum, the Penitentiary, a United    JACKSON, a post-township of Elkhart co., Indiana. P. 901.
States land-office, several churches, and 4 newspaper offices.   JACKSON, a township in Fayette co., Indians. Pop. 1283.
About 30,000 bsles of cotton are annually shipped here.   JACKSON, a township in Fountain co., Indiana. P. 1170.
Jackson is one of the principal points on the New Orleans,   JACKSON, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 1146.
Jackson. and Northern Railroad, now in progress. Pop. in   JACKSON, a township of Iamilton co., Indiana. P. 1800.
1854, about 3500.                                             JACKSON, a township in Hancock co., Indiana. P. 677.
JACKSON, a thriving post-village of East Feliciana parish,   JACKSON, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 584.
Louisiana, on Thompson's Creek, 20 miles N. of Baton Rouge.   JACKSON, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 625.
I t is the seat of the state asylum for the insane, founded in   JACKSON, a township of Jasper co., Indiana. Pop. 312.
1848.  The buildings are spacious and comfortable.  The    JACKSON, a township of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 575.
number of patients in 1851 was 81. Centenary College of    JACKSON, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. P. 851.
this place is a flourishing institution, under the direction    JACKSON. a township of Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 835.
of the Methodists. The village also contains several female    JACKSON. a township of Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 546.
seminarcies of respectable character, and 4 churches. Pop.   JACKSON, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 1138.
about 1000.                                                  JACKSON, a township in Orange co., Indiana. Pop. 687.
JACKSON, a post-village in Lawrence co., Arkansas, near    JACKSON, a township in Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 778.
Spring River, 135 miles N.N.E. of Little Rock.               JACKSON, a township of Parke co., Indiana.  Pop. 959.
JACKSON, a township in Monroe co., Arkansas. Pop. 339.   JACKSON, a township in Putnam co., Indiana. P. 1218.
JACKSON, a township in Sevier co., Arkansas. Pop. 756.   JACKSON, a township in Randolph co., Indiana. P. 911.
924




F~~
JAC                                                       JAC
JACKSON, a township in Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 887.    JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Tompkins co., Nev%
JACKSON, a township in Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 887.   York, 8 or 10 miles N.N.W. of Ithaca.
JACKSON, a township in Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1181.   JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Burlington co., New
JACKSON, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 594. Jersey, 17 miles S. of Trenton, has a Methodist church, and
JACKSON, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. P. 1056. 2 stores.
JACKSON, a post-village in Switzerland co., Indiana, 100   JACKSONVILLE, (formerly IMLAY'S MILLS,) a small
miles S.E. of Indianapolis.                              village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, about 10 miles W. of
JACKSON, a township in Tippecanoe co., Indiana. P. 966. Freehold.
JACKSON, a township in Washington co., Indiana. Pop.   JACKSONVILLE, a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey,
2611.                                                     at the head of Cheesequake Creek, contains 2 churches.
JACKSON, a township in Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 1074.   JACKSONVILLE, a village of Centre co., Pennsylvania,
JACKSON, a township in Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 633.  in Nittany Valley, 9 miles N.E. of Bellefonte. The name of
JACKSON, a post-village in Stephenson co., Illinois, 140 the post-office is WALKER.
miles W.N.W. of Chicago.                                    JACKSONVILLE, a thriving village of Greene co., PennJACKSON, a township in Will co., Illinois. Pop. 456.    sylvania, 16 miles W. of Waynesburg.  The village has
JACKSON, a post-village, capital of Cape Girardeau co., several hotels, and about 40 dwellings.
Missouri, 200 miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City, and 10 miles   JACKSONVILLE, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania,
from the Mississippi River.  It contains a court-house, a  40 miles E. of Pittsburg, contains 1 or 2 churches, an aca
bank, United States land-office, a newspaper office, and  demy, and about 50 houses.
numerous stores.                                           JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., PennsylJACKSON, a township in the S. part of Washington co., vania, on Maiden Creek, about 82 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.
Wisconsin. Pop. 1038.                                      JACKSONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Floyd co., VirJACKSON, a post-town of Calaveras co., California, is ginia, 230 miles W. by S. of Richmond. It contains the
situated in the N. part of the county, about 3 miles N. of  county buildings, a church, and an academy. Pop. about 250.
the Moquelumne River. It is principally supported by    JACKSONVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Virginia.
miners. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.                          JACKSONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Telfair co.,
JACKSON,'a village of New Brunswick, county of Carle- Georgia, is 1 mile from the Ocmulgee River, and 104 miles
ton, near the right bank of the river St. John, about 50  S. of Milledgeville. It has the usual county buildings, and
miles N.W. of Fredericton.                               4 stores.
JACKtSONBOROUGH, apost-villageofScriven co., Georgia,   JACKSONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Duval co.,
on Beaverdam Creek, 55 miles S.S.E. of Augusta, was for- Florida, on the left bank of St. John's River, 252 miles E.
merly the county seat.                                   of Tallahassee. It contains a court-house, church, several
JACKSONBOROUGH, Mississippi. See JACKSON COURT- stores, and 1045 inhabitants.
HoUSE.                                                     JACKSONVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of
JACKSONBOROUGH, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, Benton co., Alabama, is situated on a beautiful eminence in
about 100 miles W.S.W. of Columbus.                      Tallasahatchee Valley, 125 miles N. by E. of Montgomery.
JACKISONBROOK, a post-office of Washington co., Maine. The situation is healthy, and commands a fine view of an
JACK/SONBURG, a post-village of Herkimer co., New  adjacent mountain range. A newspaper is published here.
York, about 75 miles N.W. of Albany.                     The Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad will pas.
JACKSONBURG, a post-village in Wayne co., Indiana, 60 through or near this place.
miles E. by N. of Indianapolis.                            JACKSONVILLE, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas.
JACKSON COLLEGE. See COLUMBIA, Tennessee.                JACKSONVILLE, a village of Obion co., Tennessee, about
JACKSON CORNERS, a post-office of Dutchess co., New  150 miles W. of Nashville.
York.                                                      JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Bourbon co., KenJACKSON COURT-HOUSE, Virginia. See RIPLvY.             tucky, 9 miles N.W. of Paris.
JACKSON  COURT-HOUSE,  (formerly  JACKSONBO-   JACKSONVILLE, a village of Adams co., Ohio, on the
ROUGH,) a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Mississippi, Maysville and Zanesville Turnpike, about 100 miles S.S.W.
on Pascagoula River, about 150 miles S.E. of Jackson.  I of Columbus.
JACKSON CREEK, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 48   JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, 100
miles S.W. of Chicago.                                   miles W. by N. of Columbus.
JACKSON FURNACE, a post-village of Jackson co., Ohio,   JACKSONVILLE, a village of Fountain co., Indiana,
about 90 miles S. by E. of Columbus.                     about 18 miles S.E. of Covington.
JACKSON GROVE, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.   JACKSONVILLE, a post-village of Switzerland co., InSee INDEPENDENCE.                                        diana, 100 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.
JACKSON HALL, a post-village of Franklin co., Penn-   JACKSONVILLE, a flourishing town, capital of Morgan
sylvania, 5 miles S.E. of Chambersbn'g, contains near 100  co., Illinois, on the Sangamon and Morgan Railroad, 32
inhabitants.                                             miles W. of Springfield. It is situated in an undulating
JACKtSONHAM, apost-village in Lancaster district, South  and fertile prairie, in the vicinity of a small affluent of the
Carolina, 80 miles N.N.E. of Columbia.                   Illinois River, called Movestar Creek, a corruption of
JACKSON HILL, a post-village of Davidson co., North  "Mauvaise Terre."  This town is distinguished for the eleCarolina, 132 miles W. of Raleigh.                       gance of its public buildings, and for the number of its
JACKSON HILL, a post-office of Spartanburg district, educational and charitable institutions, among which are
South Carolina.                                          Illinois College, the state asylums for the blind, the insane,
JACKSON POINT, a post-office of Holt co., Missouri.   and the deaf and dumb, a female academy, under the direcJACKSON, PORT, Australia. See PoRT JACKSoN.            tion of the Methodists, and 2 other academies. The asylums
JACKSON PORT, a post-village of Jackson co., Arkansas, above named occupy relatively three sides of a quadrangle
at the confluence of White and Black Rivers.             around the town, each about a mile from its centre. Illinois
JACKSON'S CAMP, a small post-village of Tallapoosa co., College occupies a beautiful and commanding position, and
Alabama.                                                is one of the most flourishing and respectable institutions
JACKSON'S CREEK, a post-office of Fairfield district, in the state. It was founded in 1830, and has a library of
South Carolina.                                          2500 volumes. An intelligent traveller, who recently visited
JACKSON'S FERRY, a post-office of Wythe co., Virginia. this place, remarks, "It looks like a village made to orde
JACKSON'S GLASS-WORKS, a post-village of Camden  at the East, with neat houses-some wood, some brick; with
co., New Jersey, about 18 miles S.E. of Camden.          gardens filled with flowers and shrubbery, with wide and
JACKSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Ocean co., New  cleanly streets adorned with shade-trees, with academies,
Jersey.                                                  churches, and a college, clustering about the village centre,
JACKSON'S RIVER, of Virginia,the principalconstituent while well-tilled farms stretch along the borders on every
of James River, is formed by two branches, the North and  side." Pop. 2745.
South Forks, which rise in Highland county, in the N. cen-   JACKSONVILLE, a post-town of Tuolunme co., California.
tral part of the state, and flowing S.W., unite in Bath  Pop. in 1853, about 1000.
county. The river then pursues a S. course to the mouth   JACKSONVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Oregon.
of Potts' Creek, in Alleghany county, where it turns towards   JACK'S REEF, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.
the N.E., and flowing through rugged mountain passes,   JACKSITOWN, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsylunites with the Cowpasture River, (the other branch of the  vania.
James River,) near the boundary between Alleghany and    JACKSIVILLE, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.
Botetourt counties, about 15 miles below Covington. The   JACMEL or JACQUEMEL, zhflkm515, a town of Hayti,
passage of this river through Waite's Mountain is remark- on its S. coast, 30 miles S.W. of Port au Prince.  Lat. of
able for its sublime scenery. The length of the main stream  wharf, 180 13' N., lon. 720 33' W. Pop. 6000.
is estimated at above 50 miles, and each of the branches has   JACOBI (jil-kolbee) ISLAND, one of the Sitka Islands, of
about the same extent.                                   George III. Archipelago, Russian America.
JACKSONTOWN, Ohio. See JACKSON.                          JACOBINA, zh&-ko-beetnt, a town of Brazil, province, and
JACKSON VALLEY, a post-office of Susquehanna co., 210 miles W.N.W. of Bahia, capital of a comarca, on the Itapi.
Pennsylvania.                                            curdf, here joined by the Oura. Pop. of the district 10,000.
JACK'SONVILLE, a post-village in Windham co, Ver-   JAICOBSBURG, a post-village of Northampton co., Penn.
mont, 115 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier.                   sylvania, about 11 miles N.W. of Easton.
925




JAC                                                        JAK
JACOBSBURG, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, about   JAFFNAPATAIM, j~f'na-pl-timl, or JAFFINA, a seaport
10 miles S. of St. Clairsville.                            town of Ceylon, clear its N. extremity, on a navigable inlet.
JACOB'S CHURCH, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Vir- Pop. 8000. It has a pretty strong fort, and some trade in
ginia.                                                     tobacco, palmyra timber, and chank shells, it being the
JACOB'S CREEK, of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, principal commercial port in Ceylon after Colombo and
flows into the Youghiogheny.                               Point de Gale.
JACOB'S FORK. a post-office. Catawba co., North Carolina.   JAF/tFREY, a post-village and township of Cheshire co.,
JACOBSiAGEN, yJkobs-h'ghen, a town of Prussia, New iampshire, on the head-waters of Contoocook River,
Pomerania, 36 miles E.S.E. of Stettin. Pop. 1635.          about 44 miles S.W. of Concord. It has several manufactoJAICOBSPORT, a thriving village of Coshocton co., Ohio, ries of wooden ware. Pop. 1497.
about 80 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 300.           JAGAN, jA-g~n1, a small town and fort of the Punjab, in
JACOBSTAD, yg/kob-st.t', or JACOBSSTADT, yltkobs- its N. part. Lat. 320 43' N., lon. 750 5' E.
statt', a town of Russia, government of Courland, on the    JAGARAGA. a town of Java. See DJAGARAOA.
Dilna, 78 miles E.S.E. of Mitau. Pop. 2348.                  JAGEPOOR,'j& gheh-poorl, a town or large village of BritJACOBSTAD, ydkob-stcid, a town of Russia, in Finland, ish India, presidency of Bengal, 35 miles N.N.E. of Cuttack,
on the Gulf of Bothnia, 50 miles N.N.E. of Vasa. Pop. 1600. on the Byturnee. It has some remarkable Hindoo temples,
JAICOBSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        and manufactures of cotton cloth.
JAICOBSTOWE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            JAGERNDORF, (JRigerndorf,) yaIghern-donf', or KARJAMCOBSTOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New  NOW, kaRsnov, a town of Austrian Silesia, 14 miles N.W. of
Jersey, 12 miles E.N.E. of iMount Holly.  It has 1 om 2  Troppau, between the Great and Little Oppa. Pop. 4800. It
churches.                                                  is enclosed by high walls, and has a handsome church, with
JAPCOBSVILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Illinois.    a spire 230 feet high, an old ducal castle, high school. hospital,
JACOBSWALDE, yAikobs-Pl'deh, or KOTLARNIA, kot- and theatre, and is the capital of a principality belonging to
lait/ne-A, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, government, and 31  Prince Liechtenstein.
miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 911.                              JAGHATOO or JAGIIATU, jA-gi-toof, a river of North
JACOTITA, a maritime town of South India, dominion, Persia, province of Azerbaijan, rises in Mount Zagros, 40
and 15 miles N. of Cochin.                                miles S.W. of Tukhti-Suleiman,  flows northward, and
JACOVAy a town of European Turkey. See YAs0VA.          enters Lake Ooroomeeyah 10 miles W.S.W. of Binab. Total
JACQUEMEL, a town of Hayti. See JAcicEL.                 course, probably 130 miles.
JACQUES-CARTIER, zh~k-kasRte-,V, a river of Canada    JAGODIN, yA-go-deenl, or JAGODINA, yA-go-deebna, a
East, after a S.S.W. coarse of 50 miles joins the St. Law- town of Servia, near theMorava, 63miles S.S.E.of Semendria.
rence on the left, 22 miles W.S.WV. of Quebec, to which city    JAGOPTIN, a town of Russia. See YAGoTIN.
and its environs it is important as a defensive barrier. It    JAGUA or XAGUA, RagwA. a river of Central America,
is so rapid as to be wholly unnavigable.                  state of Honduras, enters the Caribbean Sea 40 miles W.S.W.
JACQUINOT (zhfkee-n0l) ISLAND, off the N. coast of  of Trujillo, after a N. course of 120 miles.
Papua, in lat. 30 24' S., Ion. 1440 24' E.                   JAGUA, (or XAGUA,) BAHIA DE, bg-eel dA HNgwa, a
JACUHY, zhA-koo-ee/, a river of Brazil, province of Sgo  fine bay on the S. coast of Cuba, 45 miles N.W. of Trinidad,
Pedro do Rio Grande, enters the Lake of Patos (which is and defended by a strong castle on Cape de los Angeles.
rather its expansion) at its N. extremity, after a S. and E.   JAGUARI, zha-gwg-ree/, a town of Brazil, province of
course of upwards of 250 miles.                            Minas-Geraes, on the W. slope of Serra de Mantiqueira, and
JADIDEN, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.            on the road from  Rio Janeiro to the towns of Sbo Paulo
JADERA, or JADER. See ZARA, OLD.                         and Campanha.
JADRAQUE or XADRAQUE, nH-drdk4, a market-town of    JAGUARIBE, zh9-gwA-ree/b1, a river of Brazil, rises in
Spain, province, and 18 miles N.E. of Guadalajara. Pop. 1428. the mountains of Boa Vista, province of Ceara, and falls
JADRIN, a town of Russia. See ZHADRIN.                   into the Atlantic about lat. 40 85 S., lon. 370 50' W.  Total
JAEN or XAEN, HA-8n/, a city of Spain, capital of a pro- length about 460 miles.
vince of the same name, in a hilly district, about 2500 feet   JAGUARIPE, zhA-gwA-reelpA, a town of Brazil, province,
above the sea, 37 miles N. of Granada.  Pop. 17,327. It is and 45 miles W.S.W. of Bahia, on a river of its own name.
enclosed by turreted walls, and commanded by a fortress on    JAHDE, y dceh, a river of North Germany, in Oldenburg,
a neighboring hill. It has two cathedrals, several hospitals, after a northward course of 13 miles, enters a wide estuary
public fountains. and a fine promenade, a brisk trade in the  of the North Sea, 20 miles in length by 12 miles in greatest
agricultural produce of the neighborhood, and manufiactures  breadth, immediately W. of the mouth of the Weser.
of coarse woollens and linens; but the extensive manufac-   JAHIICOS, zhg-eelkoce, a town of Brazil, province of
tures of silk fabrics which existed under the Moors has  Piauhi, 70 miles E.S.E. of Oeiras, near the Itahim.  Pop. 2000.
wholly disappeared. It was an important city under the    JAIIIL, jd-heelf, a town of North-west India, 55 miles
Romans. Under the Moors it was the capital of the small N.W. of Ajmeer,
kingdom of Jaen, and was taken by Ferdinand II., King of    JAH-JERM, j,-jlrm, a town of Persia, province of KhoCastile, in 1246.                                          rassan, in its N. part, 25 miles N. of Abbasabad.
JAEN, a province of Spain, in the valley of the Guadal-   JAIIJOU or JAHIJOW, jA-j6wl, a town of Hindostan, prequivir, about 80 miles in length, by about 70 in breadth. sidency of Bengal, province, and 15 miles S.W. of Agra.
Capital, Jaen. Pop. 246,639.                               Here, in 1658, during the MIogul dynasty, Dara Shecob was
JAEN  DE BRACAMOROS, uf-6n! d, brA-kl-molroce, a  defeated by his brother, Aurungzebe; and in 1707 Shah
town of South America, in Ecuador, department of Asuay, Allum defeated Azim Ushaun.
and the capital of its southernmost province, on the Chin-   JAILORE, a town of Hindostan.  See JALLORE.
chipe, near its junction with the Amazon. Pop. about 2000.   JAHINEVI, j&nA-vee', a river of Iindostan, presidency of
JAEN, RIO DE, ree'o dA ii-hn, a river of Spain, in Anda- Bengal, province of Gurhwal, one of the early affluents of the
lusia, joins the Guadalquivir after a conurse of about 45 miles. Ganges, which it joins near Gangootri.
JAFFA, jaf/fa or ytf/fa, YAFA, or YAFFA, ylf/df, (anc.   JAINSI)DORPF. yinsldonf, a village of Saxony, circle of
JoTppa,) a small maritime town of Palestine, on a tongue of Zwickau, near Chemnitz. Pop. 1400.
land projecting into the Mediterranean, 45 miles N.N.E. of    JAICZA, yit/sA, or JAITZE, or JAICZE, yIt'seh, a fortified
Gaza, and 31 miles N.W. of Jerusalem. Lat. 320 3, N., lon. town of Turkish Croatia, on the Verbas, 30 miles S. of Ba340 45' E. It is built on a declivity, crowned by a fortress. nialuka. Pop. 2000.
Its harbor, now choked with sand, is protected by two other   JAIHIAN, a river of Asia Minor. See JYROON.
forts. It has severalmosques, Roman Catholic,Armenian, and    JAIMPOOR, jim-poorl, a small town of Aghanistan, 40
Greek churches, some convents, and trade in cotton, corn, miles S. of Dera Ghazee Khan.
fruits, and coral, the produce of its vicinity. It was the port   JAINA, a river and bay of Hayti.  See HuAJA.
of Jerusalem, and the landing-place of the cedars with which    JAISPITZ, ygs'pits, or ALT JAISCIWITZ, ilt yIshb'its,
the Temple in that city was built. In 1799 it was taken, a town of Moravia, 10 miles N.N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1040.
after a sanguinary siege, by Napoleon, when 1200 Turkish    JAITPOOR, jit'poorl, a town of India, Baroda dominions,
p risoners, who (as was alleged) had broken their parole, were  in the Guzerat Peninsula, 20 miles N.E. of Joonaghur.
put to death. Pop. 5000.                                     JAJARCOTE, ji-jar-kt/, a town of India. in Oude, capital
JAFFA, YAFA. or YAFFA, (anc. Japha; Script. Japhlia,) of a district, 135 miles W.N.W. of Lucknow.
a village of Palestine, 2 miles S.W. of Nazareth, with about   JAKATIRA or JACATIRA, yd-kdttrA. a former kingdom in
30 houses, and probably the same place as was fortified by  the island of Java, now divided into the Dutch provinces of
Josephus, and subsequently taken by the troops of Titus.   Batavia, Buitenzorg, Krawang, and Preanger.
*JAFFATEEN or JAFFATINE (j~f-f&-teent) ISLANDS, a    JAKATRA or JACATRA, a former town in the island of
group in the Red Sea, near the entrance of the Gulf of Suez. Java, capital of the kingdom of the same name. Its site is
JAFFERABAD, j/f'fer-i-badt, a town of India, in the Dec- now occupied by Batavia.
can, Nizam's dominion, on an affluent of the Godavery, 23   JAKATRA or JACATRA, one of the present divisions of
miles N.E. of Jaulnah.                                    Batavia, in the island of Java.
JAFFERABAD, a town of India, in Guzerat, on the Gulf   JAKATRA or JACATRA, a bay on the N. coast of Java,
of Cambay, 37 miles E.N.E. of Diu Head.                   into which falls a river of the same name, also called TJi.ss.
JFFIIERGUNGE, jif'feer-gtnjl, a town of British India, WONG.
presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 32 miles N.N.W. of   JAKAU, a town of Htindostan. See JUcKow.
Dacca                                                       JAKE'S PRAIRIUE, a post-office of Gasconade co., Missouri.
926




JAK                                                         JAM
JAKE'S RUN, a post-office of Monongalia co., Virginia.   rocks into the ocean. The coast-line is 500 miles long, and
JAKO, yfko', a village of IHungary, co. of Veszprim, 11  is indented with a great number of excellent harbors, of
miles S.E. of Papa. Pop. 1342.                              which Port Royal, or the harbor of Kingston, is the most
JAKOBSIHAVN, y kobs-hlwn', a village or Danish settle-  considerable.  The island is traversed by lofty mountains
ment in Greenland, opposite Disco Island, with a seminary  in all directions; the principal chain, called the Blue Mounufor educating native catechists; under the direction of the  tains, occupying the centre, and stretching from E. to W.,
aissionaries. Pop. of the district, 300.                    with a sharp crest in some places only four yards across,
JAKOIALMA, yeh'ko`61tmeh', a village of Hungary, on  varying from 7000 to 8000 feet in elevation. The declivities
the Tarna, about 4 miles from Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 1433.       are covered with stately forests. The valleys are all very
JAKUBJAN, y lkoobhyen, or JAKOBSAU. ylkob-sew',  narrow, not more than a twentieth part of the island being
a village of Hungary, co. of Zips, 16 miles N.N.E. of Leut-  level ground. The principal rivers are the Minho, Black
schau.  Pop. 2900.                                          River. and Cobre, all emptying themselves on the S. coast
JAKUTSK, a town of Siberia. See YAK00TSK.                 The mountains are of calcareous formation. The N. side of
JALACHO or XALACIIO, nH-l1cho, a village of Yucatan, the island is reputed to be the more healthy, though all inon the main road between Merida and Campeachy.              salubrity ceases at an elevation of 1400 feet. The mean anJALAME or XALAME, Hslim', a town of Spain, in  nual temperature at Kingston is 780.8; in summer, 810; in
Valencia, province, and about 60 miles from Valencia, at the  winter, 760.2. The rainy seasons are from May to August,
confluence of the La loz with the Jucar. Pop. 1237.         and from October to November. Earthquakes are frequent;
JALAPA or XALAPA, HP-l&ipa, a city of the Mexican  hurricanes less so than in the other West India Islands.
Confederation, state, and 60 miles W.N.W. of Vera Cruz, on  The soil is naturally less productive than in many of the
the route to Mexico. Pop. about 10,000. It is beautifully  West India Islands; but most of the staple products of trosituated at an elevation of 4340 feet, healthy, and well built. pical climates are raised, sugar being the chief. Indigo,
The principal edifices are the cathedral and several other  cotton, and cocoa were formerly more important staples than
churches, and the vast convent of St. Francisco. Its trade  at present. Maize. Guinea corn, and rice are the chiefgrains
has diminished, but it is a good deal resorted to by invalids  raised. The plantain, banana, sweet potato, &c. compose the
from Vera Cruz. The drug jola  grows here wild, and de- principal food of the blacks. Fine fruits are plentiful. Sunrives its name from this city.                              flower-seeds are raised for the manufacture of oil. The other
JALAPA, j.lahlpa, a post-office, McMinn co., Tennessee.  products are cinnamon, fine woods, and artificial grasses.
JALAPA, a new post-village of Grant co., Indiana, SO  Live stock in general good, as well as numerous. About
miles N. byE. of Indianapolis.  It has about 200 inhabitants.  seven-eighths of the land belongs to private individuals:
JALAPA, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Illinois, on  estateS'seldom exceed 1200 acres, and have become more subMacoupin Creek, 12 miles S.E. of Carrollton. The water- divided since the epoch of slave emancipation.
power of the creek gives motion to several mills.             The commerce of Jamaica is not in a very flourishing
JALIAY, zhgbai!, a village of Belgium, province, and 19  condition, the exports having fallen off considerably during
miles E.S.E. of Liege, near the frontiers of Prussia. Pop. the last few years. In 1853 they comprised 39,199 hogs2542.                                                       heads of sugar, 10,484 puncheons of rum, 2966 pounds of
JALISCO or XALISCO,  &-leestko or na-lis/ko, or GUADA- cotton, 5,017,689 of coffee, 4,679,105 of pimento, 578,415 of
LAJARA, gwA-n4-lA-uiirf, a maritime state of Mlexico, bor- ginger, (1,176,628 pounds in 1851,) 146,718 of arrow-root,
dering on the Pacific, between lat. 180 451' and 240 N., and  3757 tons of logwood, 537 of fustic, 3456 spars of lance-wood,
ion. 1010 15' and 1060 15' W. It is one of the finest pro- 1164 tons of mahogany and other woods, 15 tons of lignumvinces of Mexico. The E. portion, although traversed by  vitn and ebony, (in 1851, 285 tons,) 2727 gallons of honey,
the Cordillera of Anahuac, is extremely fertile, and the  301 hundredweights of beeswax, and 287,275 cocoanuts.
districts near the coast are covered with luxuriant forests; There has been a slight increase in the quantities of coffee,
but the climate is unhealthy. Jalisco is intersected by the  pimento, mahogany, honey, and beeswax exported since
Tolototlan and its numerous affluents, and on its S. side has  1851; but in most of the other articles there has been a
the large lake of Chapala. Capital, Guadalajara. Pop. in  marked falling off. The total value of exports in 1841 was
1854,                                                       1,912,8151., and the imports, 1,339,9041. In 1848, the former
JALK, j[lk, a town in the sandy desert of North Beloo- is stated at 1,296,2591. The imports during the year 1853,
chistan. Lat. 280 20' N., ion. 660 E.                       according to the government report, fell 6ff 25 per cent. The
JALLAIS, zh~[l'bV, a market-town of France, department  principal ports are Kingston, Montego Bay, and Falmouth.
of Maine-et-Loire, 5 miles E. of Beaupr6an. Pop. in 1852,   Jamaica is divided into three counties, Middlesex, Surrey,
3420.                                                       and Cornwall, and subdivided into 21 parishes. The governJALLIEU, zhille-uh/, a village of France, department of  menrt is vested in a governor, and a council of 12 members,
Isere, arroudissement ofLa Tour-du-Pin. Pop. in 1852, 3153. nominated by the crown, and a legislative assembly of 45
JALLORE, j1l-l1r!, or JAIILORE, j, -lrin, a town of West members, two elected by every parish, and one by each of
Hindostan, dominions, and 65 miles S.S.W. of Joodpoor. the chief towns. All male inhabitants having freeholds of
Pop. 15,000. Its fortress is the strongest in this part of  101. a year may vote for representatives, which latter must
india.                                                     have an estate of 3001. a year, or personal property worth
JALOMNITZA, yA-lom-nit'sA, a river of Wallachia, flows  10001. A supreme court in Spanish Town, and courts of
generally E. past Tergovist, and joins the Danube on the  assize in each county, sit three times yearly. The island is
left, opposite ilirschova. Length, 140 miles.              the see of a bishop, whose diocese extends over the Bahamas
JALON or XALON, H{-l1ni, a river of Spain, joins the  and Honduras. There are 22 rectories in the island, and 50
Ebro 13 miles above Saragossa, after a course of 120 miles.  inland curates; 8 stipendiary curates, and 10 curates paid
JALON or XALON, a village of Spain, in Valencia, pro- by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. The
vince, and about 45 miles from Alicante. Pop. 2276.        Scotch Presbyterian Church has 4 clergymen; the Wesleyans,
JAL00FS' or JAL'OFFS1, a people of West Africa, dwelling  24 ministers; the Baptists, 16, and the Moravians, 8. Erinbetween the Gambia and the Senegal.                        cation is rapidly extending, there being 8 free schools conJALOUN, ja-loonf, a large town of ilindostan, in Bundel- nected with the Established Church, 82 public schools, 9
eund, capital of a rajahship, 25 miles W. of Kalpee. It was f-ee, 46 Wesleyan mission, 21 Moravian, 1 Roman Catholic,
formerly a thriving mart for superior cotton, raised in its  2 Jews, and 33 miscellaneous. So far as returned, the atvicinity. The Jaloun rajahship has an area of 1480 square  tendance in 1853 was as follows: —Church of Englaud, 6709
miles. Pop. 180,000. In 1832 it maintained 2000 infantry  pupils; Moravians, 3054; Wesleyans, 1874; Hebrews, 53;
and 1500 cavalry. It is now under the immediate rule of  free schools and others, 1102: total, 12,792. The military
the British agent at Baudah, having been acquired in 1841. force consists usually of about 3000 regular troops, and a
JALOUTROYOSK, a town of Siberia. See YALOoTRovosK.  militia of from 16,000 to 18,000 men. The revenue in 1848
JALOVKA, yl-lovlkl.  a market-town of Russian Poland, was 187.8921.; the expenditure, 206,8681.
government, and 40 miles S. of Grodno;  Pop. 1000.            Besides Spanish Town, the capital, and Kingston. the
JALPUCt, a river and lake of IRussia. See YALPOOKH.    chief port, (between which a railway has been lately conmJALPUSHIKOV, yal-poosh-kov/, a market-town of Russian  pleted,) the island contains the town of Port Royal, on its
Poland, government of Podolia, 40 miles E.N.EI. of Kamie-  S. side, and the maritime villages of Mount Lucea, Meonteao,
niec. Pop. 1500.                                            Falmouth, and St. Ann's on its N. coast. Jamaica was dis.
JALTA, a town of Russia. See YALTA.                       covered by Columbus in 1494, colonized by Spaniards ia
JALUTROVOSK.  See YALo00RovosK.                          1510, and taken by the English in 1655. The Maroons, oriJAMIAICA, ja-mlka, (Sp. pron. H&-mika; Fr. JTamasquce,  ginally runaway slaves, obtained a tract of land on the N.
ah&'m'eek/,) one of the Great Antilles, and the principal of  side of the island in 1738, on which they built two small
the British West India Islands, in the Caribbean Sea, be- towsns, and, with the exception of a rebellion in 1795, h've
tween slat. 170 40' and 18~ 30' N., and lon. 760 15 and 780 251  remained peaceable. Pop. 377,433.
W.. about 90 miles S. of Cuba. The general appearance is ex-   JAMAICA, ja-mkBa, a post-village and township of Windtremely beautiful. On the N. it rises into hills of gentle as- ham  co., Vermont, on West River, about 90 m'les S. of
cent, covered with pimento groves, and a brilliant verdure,  Montpelier.  It has considerable manufactures of boots,
and intersected by vales, which exhibit the most romantic  shoes, and leather. Pop. 1606.
scenery; while on the S. it presents abrupt'precipices and    JAMAICA, a thriving post-village and township of Queen's
inaccessible cliffs, the general effect being heightened by the  co., New York, on Jamaica Bay, and on the Long  Island
profusion of streams which pour fimom every valley. and  Railroad. 12 miles E. of Brooklyn. The village contains 5
frequently precipitate themselves from the overhanging    or 6 churches, 2 acadomies or seminaries, 2 newspaper offices,
92;-y




JAMI                                                      JAM
and many fine residences, some of which are occupied by  BAY, a wide gulf on the S. side of Hudson's Bay, in Britishl
persons doing business in New York City. Carriages and  America, between tat. 510 and 550 N., and ion. 790 and 823
other articles are manufactured hero to a considerable ex- 30' W., surrounded by the Rupert, Abbitibbe. Moose. and Altent. In the W. part of the township is the Union Race bany districts, and receiving the rivers of the same names.
Course. Pop. 4247.                                         Length, from N. to S., 280 miles; average breadth, 150 miles.
JAMAICA, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia.       Agomisca and Charlton are the principal of its numerous
JAMAICA PLAIN, a post-village in West Roxbury town- islands.
ship, Norfolk co., Massachusetts, pleasantly situated on the    JAMES/TOWN, a village, and formerly a walled town of
Deldham Branch Railroad, 3l miles S.W. of Boston. Many  Ireland, co. of Leitrim, on the Shannon, here crossed by a
persons doing business in Boston reside hers.  In the  seven-arched bridge, 2- miles S.E. ofCarrick. Pop. 315.
vicinity of the village is a pond from which Boston was    JAMESTOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumfiies, 9
formerly supplied with water.                              miles N.W. of Langholn.
JAMAIQUE, an island of the West Indies. See JAMAICA.   JAMESTOWN, a small town on the W. side of the island
JAMAJA, an island in the Eastern Sea. See DJI.MAJA.    of Barbadoes.
JAMARI, zh[-md/re, or CANDEAS, a river of Brazil, fils   JAMES TOWN, the capital town and seaport of St. IeInto the Madeira about lat. 80 40' S., ion. 630 20' W., after a  lena, is in a narrow ravine on the N.W. coast of the island.
N.WV. course of about 300 miles.                           It has a well-protected harbor, and is enclosed by an arched
JAMBE, yam/bbh, a village of Belgium, on the Meuse, op- gateway, within which is a spacious parade, lined with otiposite Namur. Pop. 1778.                                   cial residences, and a handsome church. Several streets
JAMBI or JAMBEE, y/m/be, a town of Sumatra, 130  branch from this area, and, on the heights, around the
miles N.N.W. of Palembang, extends for I mile on both  town, are the country-houses of the principal inhabitants,
sides of the Jambi River. Pop. 3000. It exports benzoin, among which is Plantation House, occupied by the governor.
dragon's-blood, and rattans to Singapore, and has manu- The town is well supplied with European and Asiatic profactures of opium and salt. In and around it many Hindoo  ducts; but all articles bear a high price. See ST. HELENA.
sculptures have been discovered.                            JAMES/TOWN, a post-township of Newport co., Rhode
JAMBO. See YEMo.o.                                      Island, consists of Canonicut, a beautiful island in NarraJAMBOLI or IAMBOLI. See YA0MBOLT.                       gansett Bay, opposite Newport. Pop. 358.
JAMBOOTEE, jam-boo/tee, a fortified town of British In-   JAMESTOWN, a thriving post-village of Ellicott towndia, presidency of Bombay, in the district of Darwar.     ship, Chautauque co., New York, on the outlet of ChauJAMBURG, a town of Russia. See YAasoonRG.               tauque Lake, 21 miles S.E. of Maysville. It contains 6 or 7
JAMES/BURG, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.      churches, an academy, a bank, and 2 newspaper offices. A
JAMESBURG, a post-village of Middlesex co., New Jer- steamboat plies daily to Maysville. The outlet furnishes
sey, at the junction of the Freehold and Jamesburg Agri- water-power, which is used in the manufacture of vool, iron,
cultural Railroad with the Camden and Amboy Railroad, flour, and other articles. Pop. in 1853, about 2200.
47 miles from Camden.                                       JAMESTOWN, a village of Sangamon co., Illinois, on the
JAMES CITY, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia. con- Great Western Railroad, 7 miles W. by S. of Springfield.
tains 184 square miles. The Yorlk River bounds it on the    JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania,
N.E., the James River on the S., and the Chickabhominy on  about 22 miles N.W. of Mercer.
the W. The surface is undulating  This is one of eight   JAMESTOWN, a former village of James City co., Viroriginal shires into which Virginia was divided in 1634. ginia, on the N. bank of James River, 50 miles E.S.E. of
Capital, Williamsburg. Pop. 4020, of whom 2152 were free, Richmond. The first English settlement in the United
and 1868 slaves.                                           States was made at this phace in 1608: nothing now remains
JAMES CREEK, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn-  but a few ruins.
sylvania, about 100 miles W. of Harrisburg.                 JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Guilford co., North CaroJAMES CROSS-ROADS, a small post-village of Washing- lina, on Deep River, 94 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.
ton co., Tennessee.                                         JAMESTOWN, a small village of Rutherford co., North
JAMES' FORK, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas.    Carolina.
JAMES, FORT, two British stations in West Africa; one    JAMESTOWVN, a post-office of Muscogee co., Georgia.
on an island in the Gambina River, 20 miles S.E. of Bathurst;   JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Sumter co., Alabama,
the other on the Guinea coast, in AccRA,(which see.)      near Tombigbee River, 130 miles W.N.W. of Montgomery.
JAMES ISLAND, one of the Galapagos Islands, in the    JAMESTOWN, a post-village, capital of Fentress co., TenPacific Ocean, 12 miles N.E. of Albemarle Island, 50 miles nessee, 120 miles E. by N. of Nashville. It is situated on
in length by 20 miles across, mountainous, and having the  the Cumberland Mountain.
inlet of James Bay at its W. extremity.                     JAMESTOWN, a village of Campbell co., Kentucky, on
JAMES ISLAND, of New South Shetland, in the South  the Ohio River, 2 miles above Cincinnati, is beautifully s;tuPacific Ocean.                                            ated and rapidly improving. It has several steam mills, and
JAMIES' MILL, a post-office of Monroe co., Illinois.    a steam ferry to Cincinnati.  Laid out in 1847. Pop. in
JAMESON, an island of New South Shetland, in the South  1853, about 1000.
Pacific Ocean.                                               JAMESTOWN, a small village of Monroe co., Kentucky.
JAMES/PORT, a post-village of Suffolk co., New Yorlk, on    JAMESTOWN, a post-village, capital of Russell co.. Kenthe Long Island Railroad, 80 miles E. of New York City.    tucky, on the Cumberland River, 80 miles in a straight line
JAMES RIVER, the largest of the rivers which have  S.S.W. of Lexington. It contains the usual public buildtheir course wholly within the state of Virginia, is formed  ings, 6 stores, and about 200 inhabitants.
by the Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers, which unite 15    JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio, on the
miles below Covington, on the border between Alleghany  Xenia and Washington Turnpike, 64 miles W.S.W. of Coand Botetourt counties.  Flowing first S.E. through the  lumbus. It contains 3 churches and several mills.
mountains of Central Virginia. it is joined by the Calfpas-   JAMESTOWN, a township of Ottawa co., M!ichigan.
ture River from the left at the base of the Blue Ridge, Pop. 72.
through which it forces a passage about 15 miles N.E. of    JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, 29
the Peaks of Otter. It then flows S.E., passes by Lynch-  miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis, contains about 40 dwellinis.
burg, and at the S. extremity of Amherst county changes    JAMESTOWN, a village of Elkhart co., Indiana, 12 miles
its course to the N.E. Below Scottsville its general direc- W.N.W. of Goshen.
tion is E.S.E. After passing by Richmond, where the chan-   JAMESTOWN, a post-village of Clinton co., Illinois, 15
nel is divided by numerous islands, and the river descends  miles N.W. of Carlyle.
over rocky rapids about 6 miles in extent, it gradually ex-   JAMESTOWN. a village of Stephenson co., Illinois, 115
panda into an estuary of several miles in width, and flows miles W.N.W. of Chicago.
into the S. extremity of Chesapeake Bay, between Wil-   JAMESTOWN, a village of Andrew  co., Missouri, 180
loughby Point and Old Point Comfort. The whole length, miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
exclusive of the branches, is about 450 miles. The tide as-   JAMESTOWN, a post-office of Moniteau co., Missouri.
cends to Richmond, about 150 miles from  the sea. It is   JAMESTOWN, a post-village and township in the S. part
navigable for vessels of 130 tons to the port of Richmond, of Grant co., Wisconsin, on the E. side of the Mississippi
from which point the James River and Kanawha Canal has River, 86 miles W.S.W. of Madison. Pop. 666.
been constructed along the upper part of the river. This   JAMESTOWN, a post-office of Tuolumne co., Callfornia.
Canal is completed to Buchanan, beyond the Blue Ridge,   JAMES/VILLE, a post-village of De Witt township. Ononand is to be extended to Covington, on Jackson's River. daga co., New York, on the Syracuse and Binghamton
Here it will connect with the E. terminus of the Covington  Railroad. 7 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse.
and Ohio Railroad, now in course of construction. James   JAMGHAUT, j m'gawt/, in Hindostan, is a remarkable
River passes through a fertile and populous country, and  pass across the Vindhyan Mountains, 30 miles S. of Indoie,
is an important channel of trade. The chief towns on its  with an elevation of 2328 feet.
banks are Richmond, Lynchburgh, Scottsville, Manchester,   JAMILEN A or XAMILENA, nA-me-Jnug a towan of Spain,
and Buchanan. That part of the estuary which lies be- in Andalusia, 7 miles from Jaen. Pop. 1427.
tween IHampton and Norfolk, is called IIampton Roads.       JAMNAY, ylm/ni,  a village of Bohemia, 35 miles firom
JAMES RIIVER.. of Missouri, flows through Green county, Leitomischel. Pop. 1152.
lnd enters the White River in Taney county.  JAMNiTZ, yim/nits, a town of Moravia, with silver and
JAIMES'S (jimzlz, always pronounced in two syllables,)  lead mines, 25 miles N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1440.
928




JAM                                                           JAP
JAIMOIGNE, zh1'mwfi,! a village of Belgium, on the  ployed chiefly in manufacturing sail-cloth, and fattening
Semois, 18 miles W. of Arlon.  Pop. 1217.                      poultry flor the Paris markets.
JAMOO  or JAMU, ji-mool, a town of the Punjab, on an    JAPANjAl-p~nfcalled NIPIION, nip'honl, by theJapanese,
affluent of the Chenaub River, 65 miles N. of Ansritseer. Pop. (L.-Jcpolnia; Fr. Japon, zh,'p6oG; Sp.pJapon,Hs4-p nS; Dutch,
8000. It has a spacious palace, a fort, a large bazaar, and  r3pan, yd-p~nf; Ger. Japon, y~ip)n,)  an insular empire in
pleasure-grounds belonging to its rajah.                       the North Pacific, composed of three large islands, Nipison,
JAMPOL or IAMPOL.  See YAMPOL.                               Kioo-Sioo.and Sikokfor Sikoke.and a great number of smaller
JAMROOD, jlm'roodl, a small town of Afghanistan, 10  ones of very various dimensions. With its dependencies,
miles W. of Peshawur, at the entrance of the Khyber Pass.  including the Loo-Choo group, it extends from  240 16' to
JAMSRE, ybmlsA, a market-town of Finland, lmn, and 64  near 500 N. lat., and from  about 1280 to 1510 E. lon. The
nmiles N.N.E. of Tavastehuus. Pop. 1000.                       Japanese Archipelago is separated from the E. coast of Asia
JAMU.  See JAnMo.                                            by the Japan Sea, firom 600 to 700 miles wide in its broadest
JAMUSHILI, ji-mooshlee, (?) a large village of Turkish Ar- part.  It is washed on the E. by the Great Pacific, which,menia, on the river Kars.                                     stretches for perhaps 7000 miles, to the territories of the
JANA, LA, or XANA, LA, 1 Hlnn, a town of Spain, in  United States, to whose commerce Japan is now for the first
Valencia, 40 miles fi-om Castellon-de-la-Plana.  Pop. 1244.    time about opening her ports. Kioo-Sioo, the most W. of the
JANAT, a town of West Africa. See GANAT.                    Japan Islands, may be about 200 miles long, by an average
JANATTSI, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia.            breadth of 80 miles, covering  an area of niear 16,000 square
JANEIRO, RIO DE, a city of Brazil. See Rio  DE JANEIRo. miles.  Sikokf is about 150 miles long, having an average
JANE ISLAND, one of the Carolinas, in the North Pa-  breadth of 70 miles, and an area of about 10,000 square
ciefic Ocean. Lat. 70 33' N., ion. 1550 3/ E.                 miles. Niphon, (meaning,"' fountain or sou-ce oflight,") meaJANIELEW, a post-village of Lewis co., Virginia, about  sured through the middle, exceeds 900 miles in length; it
280 miles N.W. ofRichmond.                                    is above 110 miles in average breadth, including an area of
JANESVILLE, jinzlvill, a city, capital of Rock co., Wis-  more than 100,000 square miles. The dependent countries
cousin, is finely situated on both sides of Rock River, 45  are, the large island of Yesso, with some of the Koorile
miles S.E. of Madison, and 65 miles W. of Racine, with  Islands, and the S. portion of Tarakai or Saghalien.  Yesso
which it is connected by a plank-road.  It is built princi-  is very irregular in form, extending about 250 miles from
pally on a level space about 200 yards in width, between   S.W. to N.E., with an average width of 100 miles. and a
the river and the bluffs, which rise nearly to the height of  surface of near 25,000 square miles. The whole collection
100 feet. The court-house occupies a conspicuous position  of islands includes an area of perhaps 160,000 square miles.
on the summit of the bluff. The town contains 6 churches  The above estimates are from MacFarlane's recent work on
of brick or stone, 2 banks, an academy, a female seminary,  Japan, but according to the Imperial Gazetteer. Japan proper,
and the state institution for the blind. The Milivaukee  with its adjacent islands, numbering in all 3511, includes an
and Mississippi Railroad here intersects the Fond du Lac  area of 116,405 square smiles; and its dependencies, 339 in all,
and Rock River Railroad. The former is completed from   47,241 square miles, of which 27,630 are contained in Yesso,
Milwaukee to Madison. Railroads are also in progress to  and 15,885 inTarakai or Saghalien: total area 163,646 square
Racine, Beloit, Madison, Kenosha, and Chicago. Rock River  miles. The most important of tihe smaller islands belongaffords extensive water-power, which is employed in fac- ing to Japan proper, are Sadda, Tsoosiman, Acoadsi, Tanetories and mills of various kinds. Janesville is the centre   gasima, Yki, Yakslina, and Oosima, with the groups of
of an active and increasing trade.  Four newspapers are  Okisima, Cotusima, and Kosikisimna. Kioo-Sioo is separated
published here. It was settled about 1836, made the county  fimom  Sikokf by the Bungo Channel, and from  Niphon by
seat in 1839, and incorporated as a city in 1853. In 1846, it  Suwo Sound, and the Strait of Simonoseki. Sikokf, in
is said to have contained less than 400 inhabitants. The  turn, is separated firom  Niphon by a long, narrow channelpopulation in 1854 is estimated at 6000.                       in some places not more than a mile wide, but swelling out
JANEITOWN, a village on the W. coast of Scotland, co. of  towards the N. into the Bay of Osaka   The island of
Ross, 1 mile S.W. of Lochcarron.  Pop. 573.                    Yesso is separated from  Niphon on the S. by the Straits of
JANIK, j4'neek! or j?0nikt, a town of Asia Minor, pashalir  Sangar, and from  Saghalien or Tarakali, on the N., by Peof Seevas, on the Yeshil-Irmak.                                rouse Straits. These, with the Straits of Corea, between
JANINA. a town of European Turkey.  See YANINA.              Kioo-Sioo and the mainland of Corea, are the principal chanJANJERO, jdn-je-ro/, a country of North-east Africa, S. nels opening from the Japan Sea into the Pacific Ocean.
of Abyssinia.  Principal town, Jadijero.                         Pl:ysical Features.-The coasts of the larger islands are
JANJOWLA, jdn-j6w/l4, or GANJOOLY, gdn-joollee, a  extremely irregular, being deeply indented with bays, gulfs,
town of India, in the Deccan, 57 miles W. of rBeeder.         and inlets.  The surface is also generally uneven, and, in
JAN-MAVEN, yin-m0/en, written also JEAN-MAYEN, an  many instances, rises into mountains of great elevation. A
island of the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 700 29' N., lon. 70 31' Wi. regular chain traverses Niphon throughout its whole length,
On its N. extremity is the Beerenberg Mountain; elevation  of which, Foosiyama, the highest peak-a dormant vol687 feet, and the Esk, a volcano occasionally active.          cane —is from  11,000 to 12,000 feet high, and perpetually
JANOPOL, a town of Poland.  See YAxOPOL.                    covered with snow; the general elevation, however, is such
JANOSDA, ylnosh'd~hi, a villageofI Hungary, co. ofBihar,  as to admit of cultivation to the summits.  There are
6 miles from Szalonta.  Pop. 1660.                            plains of considerable extent. Keempfer mentions one beJANOSIIAZA, y~lnosh'htz'6h, a market-town of IHun- tween Mi-ako and Osaka, 70 miles across; a similar one W.
gary, co. of Eisenburg, 12 miles N.W. of Sumegh.  Pop.  of Yeddo; and a third on the shores of the Bay of Mia, be2200.                                                         sides numerous smaller ones; but, in general, the hills
JANOV, a town of Russia. See YATNv.                         run down to the sea, or leave but a narrow strip of level
JANOW, y4nov, a town of Austrian Galicia, on a lake,  ground between them and the shore. Nearly all the coasts
11 miles N.W. of Lemberg.  Pop. 1000.                         are very difficult of access, being surrounded by numerous
JANOW, a town of Austrian Galicia, 24 miles S.S.E. of  rocks and a very shallow sea; which contains, besides, some
Tarnopol, on an island in the Sered. Pop. 1000.               dangerous whirlpools, one at the entrance of the Bay of SiJANOWITZ, yiino-vits', a village of Prussia, in Silesia,  mabara, and another S. of Niphon, between the bays of
24 mniles S.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 1146.        Osaka  and Mia. The Japanese islands form a part of the
JANOWITZ, ALT, Alt yino-?vits, a town of Bohemi a, cir-  line of volcanic action which commences with the Aleutian
cle, and 7 miles S.W. of Klattau, on the Angel. Pop. 1210. Islands in the N., passes through the Philippines, Sumbawsa,
JAN-REBELLEN  (yAn  rAlbilllen)  ISLAND, or THo   and Java, to Sumatra, and thence in a N.W. direction to the
WAARD, swiad, an island of the Netherlands, province of  Bay of Ben-al.   The volcanic vents, which indicate the
North Holland, in the Y.                                      direction of the line, are numetous in Yesso, Niphon, and
JANSDOEF, ylnstdorff, or JOIHNSDORF, (Jlhnsdorf)  Kioo-Sioo; earthquakes are of frequent occurrence, often
yinstdorf, a village of Bohemia, 8 miiles firnn  Leitomischl.  causing great devastation. In Yesso there occurred, in 1783,
Pop. 1289.                                                    a dreadful eruption, which destroyed 23 villages. Wunzendake
JANISEN'S CREEK, of Columbia co., New York, forms  or 0onzewgada, one of the 5 active volcanoes in Kioo-Sioo. is
part of the boundary between Columbia and  Dutchess  the terror of the natives. An eruption of this mountain, in
counties, and falls into the Hudson River about 4 miles S. 1792, destroyed 50,000 people. In 285 c. o., Lake Mitsoo was
of Catskill.                                                  formed in a single night by a land-lapse, and at the same
JANSI, a town of Hindostan.  See JoAni.                     time  Foosiyama,  was thrown up. Violent eruptions of
JANTRA or IANTRA, y~nftr', ma river of EuropeanTur-  this volcano took place in 800, 863, 864, 867, and 1707. In
key, in Bulgaria, after a N. course of 75 miles joins the  the last, the ashes fell several inches thick at Yeddo, being
Danube, 13 miles E. of Sistova.                               accompanied with violent earthquakes and discharges of imnJANTSE-KIANG or JANG-TSE-KIANG.  See YANG-TSE- mense masses of rock.  Two remarkable eruptions took
KIANC.                                                        place in the volcano called Sirayama in 1239 and 1554. AsaJANUARIA.  zhl-noo-{tre-A, a town of Brazil, Minas Ge- ma, near the centre of Niphon, burning from midway to the
raes, 150 miles N. of Minas NYovas. Pop. of district, 600.    crest, throws out dense smoke, flames, and ashes.
JANUCHPOL or JANIUSCIOPOL.  See YANo0S.RO0L.                  Missneraes.-The prevailing formations in these islands are.
JANVILLE. zh8NG'veelf, a town of France, department of  trachyte and basalt: plastic clay, marl. and feldspar occur
Iure-et-Loir, 25 miles S.E. of Chartres.  Pop. 955.          in various localities; and there are whole mountains ofporJANZ1], zhSaN'rX, ma -ilag-e of France, department ofIlle-  celain-earth.  The metallic wealth is said to be great, inet-~ilaine, 13 miles S.E. of  ennes. Pop. in 1852, 4722, em-  cluding gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and iron.  Sado is
31                                                                                929




JAP                                                        JAP
stated to be particularly rich in gold. Both the tin and cop- principal wild animals. Dogs are common, and held sacred.
per of Japan are considered to be of very superior quality. Though cats exist in thousands, the country is overrun with
Sulphur abounds, and naptha is among the exports. Ther-  rats and mice. There is a great variety of birds, among
mal and mineral springs are of frequent occurrence, and  which are falcons —much esteemed —pheasants, woodcocks,
acmbergris is met with on some of the shores. The richest teal, wild  ducks and geese in abundance, storks, wild
gold ore is mined in the N. portion of Niphon. Silver-mines pigeons, ravens, hawks, larks, pelicans, cranes, herons, &.
are said to be as numerous and as abundant in supply as  Snakes are not infrequent, one species of which, the sura.
thoseofgold. TwoislandsE.of Japanare called,par excellerce,  barni, attains an enormous size. There are also tortoises
the gold and silver islands.  In the beginning of the  and lizards; scorpions, centipedes, and the insect tribes are
seventeenth century, when the trade was open, the ex- innumerable; among them bees, and the destructive white
port of gold and silver amounted to about $4,200,000 per an-  ant and Winged grasshopper.  The seas abound in fish,
-num;  and in one year we find the Portuguese exporting  which are taken in great quantities, and form the chief sub$2,930,000 of silver alone. Both lead and quicksilver are  sistence of the inhabitants.  Salmon, soles, turbot, cod,
abundant.  Coal exists in various places; and Japan will smelt, and other delicious sea-fish, together with oysters,
doubtless become an important coaling-station for American  muscles, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, and enormous turtles.
steamers.  Pearls are fished up on nearly all parts of these  They enumerate six varieties of whale, all parts of which
coasts; agates,  of great beauty, cornelians, jaspers, and  they use. The Japanese are great fish-eaters, and all parts
finely-variegated marbles are among the mineral treasures.  of their coasts are dotted with fishermen's villages.
Bays, Kivers, &c.-The streams of Japan have generally    JlAasufactures.-In manufacturing industry and ingenuity
short and rapid courses, being rather torrents than rivers. the Japanese are at least equal to the Chinese. Their works
The most considerable of those which are known is the river  in iron, copper, and steel bear a high character. Telescopes,
Yedogawa, in Niphon, which rises in Lake Oits, a sheet of  thermometers, watches, and clocks of good quality are fabriwater 70 miles long, but of inconsiderable width. It dis- cated at Nagasaki. Glass is made. but not very successfully.
charges itself into the Bay of Osaka, and is navigable  Silk and cotton cloths are manufctured; and porcelain,
throughout its course by barges. Some of the rivers are re- said to be superior to that of China. The art of japanning,
presented as having been made navigable by artificial means.  as it is called with us, or more properly lackering, is pracThey are also said to have several canals, connecting their  tised with great success; and specimens are produced surlakes and rivers. As before remarked, Japan is much in- passing in splendor any ever seen in Europe. Good paper
dented with bays, the principal of which are Osalka, Mia, is made from  the bark of mulberry and other trees, and
and Yeddo Bay in the S. and S.E. of Niphon, and Simabara  cordage from  the fibres; but neither ship-building nor
and Omoora in the WV. of Kioo-Sioo, and Kangosima in the  house-building are wvell understood. The houses are almost
S. The harbor of Yeddo has been represented as so shallow  universally constructed of timber, plastered on the outside,
that even small boats could not approach the beach, and the  and cdnsist of two stories, divided into rooms by slight
harbor of Osaka as not much better; the United States  paper partitions. They are skilful in manufactures of steel,
steam-frigate Mlississippi, however, found no difficulty, in  and their sabres and daggers surpass all others except those
1853, in ascending within 3 or 4 miles of Yeddo, with still of Damascus;  they make fine metal mirrors. In cotton
sufficient depth of water to have proceeded nearer the ca- fabrics they aire not skilful; but with Chinese silk they
pital. The harbor of Nagasaki, in the Bay of Omoora, is  manufacture rich and beautiful articles. In carving  and
deep and capacious.                                         die-sinking they display much skill; they cast metal statues,
Gliniate.-The climate of Japan, though extremely various,  manufacture tobacco, shoes, hats, &c., and brew and distil.
being intensely cold in the N., and about the temperature    Gbmmerce. —The foreign commerce of Japan has hitherto
of Southern France in the S., is, on the whole, much milder  been very exclusive, and her ports only opened to the Chithan its latitude would indicate, attributable chiefly to the  nese and Dutch. Even the trade of the latter was limited
influence of the surrounding ocean. In rigorous seasons, to two ships at any one time in the port of Nagasaki. exthe cold is much more severe on the WV. than on the E. porting only $350,000 per annum. The imports of the Dutch
shores, owing, no doubt, to its proximity to the Asiatic con- consist chiefly of wax, spices, ivory, lead, quicksilver, glass
tinent, while these coasts are prbtected by the lofty central  wares, cotton, linen, and woollen goods, ivhich they exridge of mountains. In Kioo-Sioo and the S. parts of Ni- change for copper, Japan ware, porcelain, and camphor. The
phon, the thermometer ranges between 290 and 1040 of Fahr- Chinese import chiefly tea, silk, and dried fish: exporting
enheit; 800 being the average in midsummer, and 350 in  the same articles as the Dutch. But a new era has arrived
midwinter. In lat. 320 N., ice is formed of several inches in  in Japanese commerce, through the instrumentality of the
thicknaess; in hat. 360 the lakes are covered with a sheet of  government of the United States, which, by a treaty made
ice, and in 380 40', it becomes so thick that rivers may be  in 1854, secured adminission into two ports of the kingdom,
crossed upon it; while in Yesso, near Cape Saga, lat. 450 21.' viz. Simoda, in Niphen, near Cape Idza, and Hakodadi, on
N., wheat yields but a poor return, and winter is so severe  the island of Yesso. A third port is to be opened a year
as to drive the savage Ainos to the protection of caverns.  after the ratification of the treaty; this has not yet been
Rain is very frequent; hurricanes and storms also occur, selected. TIwo ports have also been opened in the depenand are somnetimes extremely violent. Nearthe town of Mats-  dencies, viz. Napa, on the Great Leo Choo Island, and Lloyd's
mai, in 420 N. lat., the snow lies from November to April; in  I-iarbor, on Bonin Island. Though the efforts made by Conthe valleys and plains the summers are wet. Taken as a  modore Perry to extend the privilege to all Christian iawhole, the climate of Japan is more severe than in the same  tions was unsuccessful. the entering-wedge has been made,
latitudes is Europe; yet the products both of the tropical  and, sooner or later, vwill doubtless lead to a general interand temperate climates, are produced within its limits, and  course with all commercial nations. Both the coasting and
it is a very healthy country to live in.                    the internal trade of the empire are very extensive.
trodtctions —~Partaking of the climate of both the torrid    Population, Aoaczuers, and 6Customs. —In a country with
and temperate zones, the vegetation is exceedingly various. which the civilized worIld has had so little intercourse as
The palm,:banana, bamboo, bignonia, and myrtle flourish  with Japan, all estimates of the number of its inhabitants
in the S., while in the N., more especially in Yesso and Sa-  must be exceedingly vague and conjectural; and accordingly,
ghalien, oaks  and pines abound; but sweet oranges, pome- we find the estimates varying indifferent authorities from
granates, pears, cherries, apricots, peaches, many plants  15,000,000 to 50,000,000. All accounts, however, agree that
knovwn in botany as japonica, and above 500 of the principal Japan is densely peopled. its cities being numerous, large,
ornamental and useful plants, are of foreign origin, having  and populous, its villages frequent, and its highways crowded
probably been introduced from Coreaand China. Camphor  with travellers. The Japanese belong to the great Mongol
and varnish trees are indigenous. The soil of Japan is not Tartar family, and have, like that race, broad skulls, high
naturally rich; but patient industry, favored by a genial cheek-bones, small black eyes, obliquely set. long black hair,
climate, has covered every spot capable of culture with ve- and a yellow or sallow complexion. Some are good-looking,
getation.  In the S., the sugar-cane is cultivated with suc- and many are well made, active, and nimble. They are
cess; riice yields two harvests, and constitutes the chief arti- divided into eight classes, viz.: princes, nobles, priests, solcle of food. According to situation, wheat and barley are  diers, civil officers, merchants, artisans, and laborers; these
also grown to a limited extent, and buckwheat, soy, pota- are kept distinct with all the strictness of caste. each person
toes, melons, pumpkins, and cucumbers in great abundance. always following the profession of his fathers. The Japanese
Ginger,,pepper, cotton, and tobacco are also cultivated in  exhibit perseverance. courage, frankness. good-humor, politeconsiderable quantities; and there are extensive plantations  ness, and courtesy. The latter qualities are particularly obof the tea-plant, yielding, however, a produce inferior to that servable among the rural population, who are, besides, ternof China. Besides the forest-trees mentioned above, the fir, perate, industrious, and hospitable. The Japanese dress concypress, cedars, (of great size,) mulberry, walnut, and a  sists of loose garments of silk or cotton, the men of rank
nut-tree called the kqja, are all found in Japan.           wearing a kind of petticoat-trowsers, and those of the highest
ZoElogy.-Buffaloes and zebus are common, but being for- grade, two swords. They wear no hats, except in rainiy
bidden by the Japanese religion for food, are used for agri- weather, and shave the front and crowun of the head. the
cultural purposes. Horses of various breeds —and, though  rest being formed into a tuft on the bald skull. The women
Psmnall. said to be excellent —are numerous, but are only  wear their hair very long. with numerous costly ornaments
used for the saddle, and that by the nobility. There are  of tortoise-shell. They destroy their natural complexions
neither asses, mules, camels, nor elephants; and pigs and  with paint, color their lips purple. and, when marriecd,
sheep acrs few. Small bears, hyenas, wild boars, deer, hares,  blacken their teeth. and pluck out theirs eyebrowsv   Poly.
monkeys, and immense numbers of foxes, asre among the  gamy is not practised, but varmious laxities are indulged
930




JAP                                                        JAR
without scandal. All are slaves to custom and ridiculous  of Mantchooria and the peninsula of Corea on the W. It
and often oppressive etiquette. The established religion is  communicates with the Pacific by the Straits of Perouse
that of Boodha, although an older form exists, called Sinto, and Sangar on the E., and with the Sea of Okhotsk, by the
or Sin-siu, (" faith in gods," or'way tO the gods."). The priests  Channel of Tartary, on the N. It forms the Gulf of Corea,
of this sect are allowed to marry. Their alphabet has 47 let- and receives the river Amoor.
ters, which are written in four forms, one of which is used ex-   JAPARA or DJAPARA, j    r-p'ri, a Dutec residency on the
clusively by the men, and another by the women. The Chi- N. coast of the island of Java, between lat. 70 and 70 35' N.,
nese and Japanese have been usually compared, but with  and lon. 1100 35' and 1110 10' E. The soil is fertile. Pop.
greatinjustice, tothelatter. According to the celebrated tra- 400,000. Capital, Japara, a fortified town on the W. coast,
veIler, Mr. Bayard Taylor, who accompanied the expedition of  30 miles N.N.E. of Samarang.
Commodore Perry, they are a very intelligent people, exceed-   JAPHA. See $AFEI.
ingly inquisitive, and desirous to be informed of foreign na-   JAPHO. See JAFFA.
tions. In personal appearance they more resemble the Per-   JAPON or JAPONIA and JAPONgAIS' See JAPAN.
tuguese than the Chinese. Much to the surprise of the    JAPURA, HA-poo'rl, or YUPURIA, yoo-poofrA, written
gentlemen of Commodore Perry's expedition, the officers who  also IIYAPURA, (sometimes called, in the upper part of
visited the ship were well informed on the leading points of  its course, the CAQUETA, ka-kA/tA,) a large river of South
contemporary history in Europe and America, which they  America, has its sources in the Andes of Ecuador, about
had received through the Dutch, by special provision in the  50 miles N.E.of Pasto, in lat. 1~ 20' N., lon. 76i0 50, W., whence
treaty with that nation, and also of the prominent features  it flows E. by S., and then S.E., forming the boundary beofthe geography of those countries. Thejealousy offoreign- tween Ecuador and New Granada from about lat. 10 5' N.,
ers appears to be wholly on the part of the government, and  lon. 750 15' W., to lat. 0~ 35' S., Ion. 720 20' W., when it benot of the people, whose curiosity is only repressed when  comes the line of demarcation between Ecuador and Brazil,
overawed by the presence of the agents of that stern despot- finally entering the latter at lat. 10 20' S., lon. 720 20' W.,
ism. As far as the experience of the expedition wvent, it con- from which its course, with a few deviations, is nearly due
firmed in the main the statementsof Keempfer and Seybold. E., to lat. 10 50' S., ion. 650 15' WV., when it suddenly takes
Divisions.-Japau   is divided into eight great circles or  a S. direction, and falls into the Amazon at lat. 30 S., Ion.
doe, which are subdivided into 68 provinces, and 622 dis- 650 WV., having been, for upwards of 350 miles of its course,
tricts, governed by officers appointed by the Siogun.      wholly a Brazilian river. Its entire length is upwards of
Citfes. —The principal cities are Yeddo, (the capital,) Miako  1000 miles. The navigation of the Japura is interrupted by a
or Keeo, and Osaka or Ohosaka, on the island of Niphon, great cataract, which occurs in lat. 10 10' S., ion. 720 20 W..
and Nagasaki, Sanga, and Kokoora, on Kioo-Sioo. Simoda,   JAQUEMEL. See JACkseL.
recently opened to the commerce of the United States, is a    JAQUESILA, a river of California. See YAQUESMA.
town of about 6000 inhabitants, situated in 340 39' 49" N.   JARAFUEL or XARAFUEL, nIA-rl-fw6l. a town of Spain,
lat., and 1350 57' 30" E. lon. Its harbor is small and not province, and 52 miles S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2102.
well protected.  The population of Yeddo has been given by    JARAGUA, zhl-rt/gwA, a town of Brazil, province and
an old Portuguese writer at 2.000,000; while some of the  comarca of Goyaz, situated on a small river of the same name,
Dutch writers set it down at 1,500,000. That of Miako was which in 1731 yielded rich gold-washings. It was erected
given byKRempfer at 500,000, by a census; but it has since into a town in 1833. Pop. 2500.
declined. MacFarlane estimates the present population of    JARAGUA, one of the best frequented seaports in the pro.
Naaeaski at from 40,000 to 50,000.                         vince of Alagoas, in Brazil, near Magayo.
Governeunt.-The government is an absolute hereditary    JARAICEJO  or XARAICEJO, ut-rl-thsllo, a town of
monarchy, shared by two sovereigns, the one ecclesiastical, Spain, in Estremadura, 40 miles E.N.E. of Caceres. P. 1096.
called the Mikado or Dairi-Sama, who resides at Miako, the    JARAIZ or XARAIZ, HA-ritht, a small town of Spain, proother military, called the Siogun or Kubo, who resides at vince of Caceres, 10 miles E. of Plasencia.
Yeddo.  The latter is the true sovereign, as regards the    JARAMIA or XARAMIA, H~-r/mA, a river of Spain, unites
civil rule: though the former has the entire superintend- with the IHenares about 10 miles E.S.E. of Madrid, and afterence of religion and education, and is treated with almost wards falls into the Tagus a little below Aranjuez.
divine honors. The Siogun is assisted by a council of five    JARANDILLA or XARANDILLA, Hnran-deeYyl,    a small
hereditary princes, and by a senate, which forms the legis-  town of Spain, province of Caceres, 14 miles E. of Plaseucia.
lative body, and decides in all civil and criminal cases.   JARANSK, a tqwnofRussia. SeeYAsANsK.
The laws are severe, and even sanguinary; torture, and    JARCY, JARSY, zhap'seel, or JARGY, zha'shee, a viideath by decapitation, or impaling on a cross, are ordinary  lage of the Sardinian States, 16 miles from Ciamb6ry. P.1215.
punishments. The public rievenues are derived wholly from     JARDINES, nan-deelnts, ("the gardens,") two groups of
taxes on land and houses. The army. in time of peace, is rated  islets and rocks off the N. and S. coasts of Cuba.
at. 100,000 infistry and 20,000 cavalry. There is no armed navy.    JARENSK, a town of Russia. See YARENSK.
Discipline and the art of fortification are little understood.  J ARGEAU, zhanazhtf, (anc. GargosiIiusi?)atown of France,
History-M. larco Paulo is the first European traveller who  department of Loiret, on the Loire, here crossed by a bridge,
speaks of Japan, called by him  Cipango or Zipangou. In  10 miles E.S.E, of Orleans.  Pop. 1452.
1542 it was reached by Mendez Pinto; and shortly after-   JARKOVACZ, ya'l-ko'vyts1, a village of Iungary, co., and
wards the Portuguese  obtained permission to settle Naga- 30 miles S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 2405.
saki, and established a lucrative trade. In 1549, Francis    JARLSBERG-LAUIWIG, yHalstb6G-lbn       iVwrfig, an anmt or
Xavier, the Jesuit missionary, arrived, and, with his fol- bailiwick of Norway, S.W. of Christiania. Area, 896 square
lowers, made many converts; but the government, becoming  miles. Pop. 63,070.
jealous of the Portuguese, and irritated at the success of the    JAItRIELLO, zhaa-mYllo, a town of Portugal, province of
missionaries, banished both in 1585, and compelled the con- Beira, 18 miles S. of Guarda. Pop. 2750.
verts to return to their ancient faith. In 1600, the Dutch    JARMEN, yaidmen, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 61
with di.ficulty acquired liberty to trade, on condition of not miles N.W. of Stettin. Pop. 998.
interfering with their religion. They are subjected, how-    JARNAC, zhaOnhkl, a town of France, department of
ever, to numerous vexatious regulations. An Englishmana,  Charente, 7 miles E. of Cognac. on the right bank of the
named William Adams, wrecked on the coast in the reign  Charente. Pop. in 1852, 3358. It is the great mart for the
of Elizabeth, was kept prisoner during life; but, gaining  wine and brandy of the district, and is celebrated for the
fiovor with the sovereign, succeeded in opening the con-  victory of the Duke of Anjou over the Prince of Cond6, who
merce of Japan to his countrymen, which flourished vigor- perished in the battle, 1569.
ously for some years; but in the reign of James I. the    JARNAC CHAMPAGNE, zhaa'n'lk! shSp,'pi.V, a village
privilege of trade was withdrawn. In 1853, an Animerican  of France, department of Chlarente-Infi rieure, 6 miles N. of
squadron, under Commodore Perry, entered the harbor of  Jonzac. Pop. 1140.
Yeddo, charged by his government to endeavor to open corn-   JARNAGES, zhasnazh!, a town of France, department of
mercial negotiations with the government of Japan. Ob- Creuse, 14 miles S.S.W. of Boussac. Pop. 850.
stacles were ingeniously raised to prevent his attaining  his    JAROCZYN or JAROTSCHIN, yl-rot-seent or yA-rotchbin,
purpose; but, by firmness and address, the Commodore  written also JAROCIN, a town of Prussian Poland, 40 miles
finally succeeded ii concluding a treaty in 1854, which  S.E. of Posen.  Pop. 1500.
opened the ports alseady named to the commerce of the    JARO-DSANGBO. See YAROO DXzANBo-Tsoo00.
United States. On the second visit of the Americans to    JAROMITERZITZ, ydro-meen/zits (?), avillage of Austrian
Simoda, the intercourse with the inhabitants was very  Moravia. about 10 miles from GoldenbriinUn.  Pop. 1630.
little restrained, and they roamed about the neighboring    JAROMIRZ, ylro-meeats', a town of Bohemia, at the concountry nnmolested.-Adj. and inhab. JAPAsese, jap-a- fluence of the Aupe with the Elbe, 68 miles E.N.E. of Prague.
neezf. (Fr. JAPONAIS, zh4'po'n.Y.)                          Pop. 3490.
JAPAN or DJAPAN. j1-phnl, a populous town in the    JAROSLAV or JAROSLAVL.  See YAosSLAV.
islarnd of Java, about 25 miles W.S.W. of Soerabaya. (Soora-   JAROSLAW, y.ro-sl. v',  a town  of Austrian Poland. in
baya.) It is the residence of the provincial governor of the  Galicia, 17 miles N.N.W. of Przemysl.  Pop. 3380, comprising
interior, and has several mosques. Near it are the ruins of  many Jews. It has a castle, a cathedral, a convent, and a
the old town of M1edand Kanialan.                          normal school.
JAPAN, SEA OF, is that portion of the Pacific Ocean,   JAROSLOWICE, a village of Austria. See JosLowiT.
situated between lat. 350 and 52~ N.. and Ion. 1280 and 1420    JARIRETT'S, a post-village of Sussex co.. Virginia, on
E., bounded by the islands of Japan on the E.. the countries  the Petersburg Railroad, 31 miles S. of Petersburg.
931




JAR                                                           JAY
JARRETT'S FORD, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.    JASPER, a village of Jasper co., Missouri, 165 miles S.W
JARRETTSVILLE. a post-office of Ilarford co., Maryland. of Jefferson City.
JARtROW, a parish and village of England, co. of Dur-   JASSY, the capital town of Moldavia. See YASSY.
ham, E. of Chester-ward; the village on the Tyne, 21 miles    JASTROW, yisttrov, a town of West Prussia, 90 miles
W.S.W. of South Shields. Pop. in 1851, 42,448, mostly en-  W.S.W. of Marienwerder. Pop. 3750, of whom  many are
gaged in collieries. In Jarrow Church is an oaken chair, Jews. It has a Lutheran church, a synagogue, and manureputed to have belonged to the venerable Bede, who was  factures of woollen cloths and firearms.
born at Monkton, in the parish, A. D. 673, and buried in the    JASZ-APATIHII, yvss! 6h'p6lhteex, a market-town of Central
church in 735.                                                 Hungary, in Jazygia, 11 miles E. of Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 8800,
JARUN, j.'roon/, or JAROM, jaromf, a walled town of  employed in agriculture and the cultivation of the vine.
Persia. province of Fars, 100 miles S.S.E. of Sheeraz.  Pop.   JASZ-BERENY, y~ss' bA-raifl, a market-town of West
4000. It has some trade in white and printed cottons,  Hungary, in Jazygia, on both sides of the Zagyva, here
tobacco, and iron ft-om neighboring mines.                     crossed by a stone bridge, 38 miles E. of Pesth. Pop. 17,582.
JAR/VIS, a small coral island in the South Pacific Ocean, The principal edifices are a large and handsome Roman
in lat. 00 22' 33" S., ion. 1590 54' 11" W. It is 1g miles long. Catholic and several other churches, a Franciscan convent,
JARIVIS CI-IANNEL, an inlet of the Gulf of Georgia, in  a Roman Catholic gymnasium, a high school, and the townOregon Territory, British North America.                       hall. containing the archives of Jazygia and Cumania, on
JARZE, zhaazA/, a market-town of France, department  an island.  In the centre of the river stands a marble obeof Maine-et-Loire, 64 miles W. of Baug6. Pop. in 1852, 3300. lisk, erected in 1797, in honor of the Archduke Joseph; and
It has a noble chateau, and 3 annual cloth fairs.              in the middle of the town is shown the reputed tomb of
JASCII, a town of European Turkey.  See YASSY.               Attila. Its principal trade is in corn, horses, and cattle.
JASENA, yA-s:tn, or JASSAU, ytslsw, a scattered village    JASZENICZA. yts'sAh'neet's6hl, a village of HIungary, co.
of Bohemia, circle of Kbniggriitz.  Pop. 1062.                 of Arva, 24 miles from Kubin. Pop. 1039.
JASK, j~sk, a martitime town of Persia, province of Ker-   JASZENOVA, y~s'sAino/vt h', a village of HIungary, about
man, on the Arab Sea, N. of Cape Jask, in lat. 250 38' N., 3 miles fitom Lagerdorf.  Pop. 1890.
Ion. 570 48' E.                                                  JASZENOVACZ,y~s'sA-no-v ts/, amarket-town of Austrian
JASLISKA, ybs-lis/kd, a town of Austrian Poland, in  Croatia, 9 miles N.N.E. of Dubitza, at the confluence of the
Galicia, 20 miles S.W. of Sanok. Pop. 2000.                    Unna with the Save. Pop. 2653.
JASLO, y~s'lo, a royal free town of Austrian Poland, in    JASZ-FENSZARU, yass-f~ns'soh'roo/, a village of IHunGalicia, 30 miles S.E. of Tarnow. Pop. 1950.                   gary, co. of Jazygia, on the river Zagyva, 18 miles N.W. of
JAS/PER, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has  Jasz-Bereny.  Pop. 3489.
an area of 365 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by    JASZKA, yess/k6h1, a market-town of Austrian Croatia,
the Ocmulgee River, and drained by Rocky, Falling, Murder, co., and 20 miles S.W. of Agram.  Pop. 1212.
and Cedar Creeks. The surface is undulating and hilly;    JASZ-LADANY, y~ss'-l16h'dARI, a village of Ioungary, in
the soil is moderately fertile. Gold, iron, granite, jasper, Jazygia, on an arm of the Theiss, 9 miles ftom Jasz-Bereny.
and garnet are among the minerals of the county. Orga- Pop. 3820.
nized in 1807, and named in honor of Sergeant Jasper, who    JASZLOWIEC, a town of Austrian Poland. See JAZLOWICE.
fell at the siege of Savannah, in 1779. Capital, Monticello.    JASZO, y stso' or JOSZ, yoss, a nmarket-town of IIungary,
Pop. 11,486, of whom 4352 were firee, and 7134 slaves.         co. of Abaujvar, in a beautiful valley, on the Bodva, 30 miles
JASPER, a county in the S.E. ceatral part of Mississippi,  S.E. of Leutschau.  It contains a magnificient old Premoncontains about 700 square miles. It is drained by the Tal- stratensian abbey, the church of which is one of the finest
lahomna River. The surface is moderately uneven.  Capital,  in IHungary.  There is also an excellent library.  Pop. 1799.
Paulding. Pop. 6184, of whom  4297 were free, and 1887    JATINUM. See MeAux.
slaves.                                                          JATIVA, a city of Spain.  See SAN FLiPi. DE  JATvA.
JASPER, a county in the E. part of Texas, contains    JAUER, yiw/er, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the right
about 1000 square miles. The Neches River bounds it on  bank of the Neisse, 10 miles S.E. of Liegnitz. Pop. 6500. It
the W., and it is drained by the Angelina River. The soil  is enclosed by double walls and a fosse, and has a Lutheran
near the margin of the streamn is very fertile. Capital,  and numerous Roman Catholic churches, a firee school, 2
Jasper. Pop. 1767, of whom 1226 were free, and 541 slaves.  hospitals, houses of correction and industry, a lunatic asyJASPER, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, border- lum, manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, stockings,
ing on Illinois, contains 984 square miles, and is the largest  and leather, and an active trade in corn and flax.
county in the state. It is drained by Kankakee  and Iro-    JAUERNICK, yyw/er-nik1, or JAUERNIG. y6w/er-nioG, a
quois Rivers. A large part of the surntface is occupied by  town of Austrian Silesia, 52 miles N.W. of Troppau.  Pop.
the Grande  Prairie and the Kankakee Marshes, or wet  1900. Above the town is the castle of the prince-bishops of
prairies, among which small groves, or oak-openings, are  Johannisberg.
dispersed. The soil is better adapted to pasturage than    JAUJA, uow/iul. or ATANJAUJA, i-tn-cew/c5,   a river
tillage. Organized in 1837. Capital, Rensselaer.  Pop. 3540. of Peru, joins the Apurimac 145 miles N.E. of HIuancavelica,
JASPER, a county in the E].S.E. part of Illinois, has an  after a very tortuous S.E. and E. course of at least 400 miles.
area of 440 square miles. It is intersected by Embarras  In its lower part it is called the MANA:so.
River, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is nearly    JAUJA, or ATANJAUJA, a town of Peru, department ol
level, and consists in part of fertile prairies. Capital, New- Judin, capital of a province of its own name, 125 miles E. of
ton. Pop. 3220.                                                Lima, on the E. bank of the above river. It is stated to
JASPER, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri, bor- have considetable trade in rural produce and cattle. Silverdering on the Kanzas Territory, has an area of 1230 square  mines exist in the province, which in 1850 had a population
miles. It is intersected by Spi-ing River, and also drained  of 93,712.
by Muddy, Centre, Drywood. and Ilorse Creeks. The surface    JAUJAC, zha'zhLkl, a market-town of France, department
is somewhat diversified; the soil is fertile. Capital, Car- of Ardlche, 8 miles N. of Argentilbre.  Pop. 2510.
thage. Pop. 4223, of whom 4010 were fitee, and 213 slaves.       JAULDA, jawl'da, a town of British India, presidency~of
JASPER, a county in the central part of Iowa, has an  Bengal, 36 miles S.E. of Ramghur.
area of 720 square miles. It is traversed by Skunk River    JAULNAII, jawl/na, a town of India, in  eeccan, Nizam's
aud its North Fork. The prairies of this county are large; dominions, 34 miles Ea.S.E.ofAurungabad. It has a fort, and
the soil is productive. Stone coal is abundant. Capital,  a cantonment for British troops.
Newton. Pop. 1280.                                               JAULNAY, zh1bl'nl, a market-town of France, departJASPER, a post-township of Steuben co., New York, 21  ment of Vienne, aerrondissement of Poitiers.  Pop. 1580.
miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. 1749.                                   JAUMNIER, jawm-neerlt/, a town of HIindostan, Gwalior
JASPER,. a post-village, capital of HIamilton co., Florida,  dominions, on the Taptee, 40 miles N.E. of Boorhanpoor.
about 100 miles E. of Tallahassee. It has several stores,   JAURU, zhow-roo/, a river of Brazil, rises in the serra of
and about 300 inhabitants.                                     its own name, a brauch of the Cordillera of Parecis, in the
JASPER, a post-village, capital of Walker co., Alabama, province of IMatto-Grosso, flows S.E., and joins the Paraguay
about 50 miles in a direct line N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa.          after a course of about 220 miles. Its principal affluents are
JASPER, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Texas.  6  the Aguapehi and Bahia.
miles E. of the Neches River, and 55 miles S. of San Augus-    JAUZIERS, zhasze-/, a village of France, department of
tine. Jasper contains a court-house, a jail, 3 stores, and  Basses-Alpes. 5 miles N.E. of Barcelonnette.  Pop. 1880.
about 200 inhabitants.                                           JAVA, j/sva or jah/va, (native, Jawa, rice; It. Giava, jl/vl;
JASPER, a post-village, capital of Newton co., Arkansas,  Dutch and l er. Java. y/vS';  Fr. pron. zh-t&v/; Sp. pron. n&125 miles N.N.W. of Little Rock. Its origin is very recent.  vA,) an island in the Malay Archipelago, the principal seat of
JASPERt, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Tennessee,  the Butch power in the East, and after Sumatra and Borneo,
on the Sequatchy River, an affluent of the Tennessee. about  the largest in the Sunda Group, is bounded N. by the Java
6 miles from  the latter, and 114 miles S.E. of Nashville.  Sea, and S. by the Indian Ocean, separated W. by the St'ait
Pop. from 200 to 300.                                          of Sunda from  Sumatra, and E. by that of Bali from  Bali;
JASPER, a post-village of Pike co., Ohio, on the Scioto  lat. 50 52' to 80 51' S., and Ion. 1050 15' to 1140 30 E.  Its
River and Ohio Canal, 65 miles S. of Columbus.  Pop. 100.   shape somewhat resembles a parallelogram, the greater axis
JASPER, a post-village, capital of Dubois co., Indiana, on  lying E. and IV., with a slight inclination N. at the Wv. end.
the Patoka Creek, 120 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.  First The island is 630 nmiles long, by 35 to 126 miles broad; area,
settled in 1830. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 700.              49,730 square miles.
932




JAV                                                           JAV
Pibysical Feafures.-The S. coast of Java presents a con-  kinds of mammalia inhabit Java. Though so close to Su.
tinuous front of crags and rocks, forming the outelr edge of  matra and the Malay Peninsula, neither the elephant nor
an extremely mcuntainous country; the N. is flat and low, the tapir are found in the island; but, in the W. part, the
and covered in many places with mangrove swamps; the  one-horned rhinoceros is not uncommon; and in* numerous
former is generally unsafe for shipping,while the latter affords  districts, the royal tiger, panther, and tiger-cat keep the inexcellent anchorage at almost alltimes and places. The prin-  habitants in constant alarm  by their depredations. The
cipal capes, bays, and harbors formed along its coast are  Babyroussa, with two kinds of wild hog, (Sts verrucosus and
Java Iead, a cape at the entrance of the Strait of Sunda  vittatus,) form the large game. frylobates leuciscus, two spefrom the Indian Ocean; Cape St. Nicholas, where that strait  cies of Seumnosithecus, and the cosmopolite Cercopithecus cysoopens into the Java Sea; Cape Panka at the W., and Cape  molgus, are the only representatives of the ape kind; but
Sendano at the E. entrance of the Strait of IMadura; Capes  they people the forests in countless numbers. Two killds
East and South, at the S.E. extremity of Java; Wyncoop's,  of lemurs (Stenops Jacvaeiczus and tardigracdus)  inspire the
WTelcome, and Pepper Bays. at the W. end of the island; and  inhabitants with superstitious Sbar by their mysterious nocalong the S. coast, from W. to E., Penanjong, Pachitan. Pan-  turnal habits; and this island may be esteemed the native
gol Sambrent, Segara-Wedi, Dampar, and Gradjagan Bays.  seat of the largest bats, (Pteropus edelis or Jdvanicos.) some
The chief harbors are those of Batavia and Soerabaya, on  of which measure 1 feet across the wings; they may be seen
the N.; and that of Cull Pujang, formed by the small island  suspended from the branches in hundreds during the day,
of Kembangan on the S.                                        and at night they devastate the orchards and gardens. Two
The island is traversed throughout its whole length by  civets (hViverra  mosaonga and rase,) are common, and supply
two chains of mountains, which in some places unite and  a perfume of which the Javanese are passionately fond; the
again separate, forming ramifications sloping gently down  wild ox, (Bos sondaicus,) a beautiful and graceful animal,
to the shore. Both chains are thickly set with volcanoes,  which has hitherto been found untamable, abounds in the
active and  extinct, varying  from  6000 to 9000 feet in  woods; and the buffalo, (Bos babulus arni,) said to have been
height; some of them, rising even to 12.000 feet, are seen  brought from  continental Asia in the twelfth century, by
at sea fiom  a great distance, and form  landmarks to the  the same prince to whom tradition assigns the introduction
naavigator. In the following list, the active volcanoes are  of the riice-plant, is the only animal used in agricultural
in italics:-                                                  labor.  They are much more numerous than the oxen and
horses united. Goats are common, but sheep and hogs are
Provinces, wvhere situated.  Name of Volcano.    Height,  rare.
in feet.   The ornithology of Java is riich and varied, both in genera
Buitenzorg..................... Pangerango............     and in species; almost all the known generic groups of rapaPsngennb~......- - 9,868
Preanger Riegencies............ Gedeh.................   9,8s0   clons birds are found here, and in great numbers.  The pea-l,  I........... _Papandayang.........   7,865   cock (Pavo spicifer) spreads his brilliant plumage in the
Cheribon...........sa.. T-jermei.............   9,180   haunts of the tiger, of which it forms the favorite  prey.
Tagal..................... Slamat................  12,300
Pekalongan....................                              Thrushes of various kinds are common; and near the prin~Peimnalosngaan..Praauw...............   9,175
Kadoe......................... Acrapi.................   9,170   cipal craters may be seen a kind of blackbird, (T1ioesrs fit"  and Bagelen.............    Sindoro..............  10,155    tidmes,) which never departs from the localities exposed to......Soombing.............  10,565   eruptions and igneous matters.  Gallinaceous fowls are
Soerakarta andAad~iao'e'n.'....]. Lawoo.................  10,640
Soeratalriet and Madisoen - Laiess        -         10,640.........plentiful.  The rivers and the surrounding   seas supply a
Passoeroean.................... Semroo...............  11,950   plentiful.
"     and Soerabaya..    djooo..............  11,800   great variety of fish. Insects cover the grounds and plants
Bezoeki........................ Idjeng.................  10,170.  in'countless numbers; but few are distinguished for brilliancy or variety of color, or are remarkable in form.
These mountains are intersected by large and beautiful    Vcgetation.-Java possesses a soil of astonishing fertility,
valleys, watered by rivers and torrents, and covered, for  and a vegetation  unrivalled in its luxuriance, ianging  from
the most part, with thick forests.  Though alluvium is  the palms of the tropics to the mosses of the temperate zone.
everywhere found, yet the formation of the island is essen-  The coast is fringed with cocoanut-trees; behind them  the
tially trachytic, while diorite, limestone, sandstone, and  ground rises gently to the foot of the mountain chain, and
other stones of mixed formation. are dispersed in masses of  is completely cultivated.  Javanese villages of bamboc
small extent, or limited to certain localities.  Piorphyries,  houses, surrounded with hedges of finuit-trees of sombre
with large crystals, amre met with in the limestone; and in  hues, and bamboo topes, contrast agreeably with the vast
the rolled river-stones, jasper and quartz of various kinds;  fields of rice, artificially watered, distrihuted amphitheatrethe shores and bottom  of the sea are sown with zoolites.  wise, on the flanks of the hills, and yielding often three harJava has no metallic veins fit for being -wrought; the Ban-  vests annually.  IIigher up than the rict fields, the bases
tam  coal-mines yield only lignite; naphtha and asphalt  of the mountains are covered with vast forests of different
abound in various localities; and the salines of Koewoe,  species of the fig-tree, remarkable for their great height and
S.E. of Samarang, yield a tolerably large supply of salt. vigorous growth. The Ficus lhetesbyllae is met with at very
Warm medicinal waters are very plentiful. The volcanoes.  considerable elevations. At the same heoight grow the family
when in an active state, are remarkable for the quantity oif  of the Meliaceve, with Aglias, Epicharises,   ArtecaTztss  pposulphur and sulphurous vapors they discharge. The crater  lo7ra and elastica, Sterculias,  Sapinduses, &c.. whose trunks
of Taschem, at the E. end of the island, contains a lake  are covered with Aralias, Polyscias, Uvarias, &c., with such
about one-fourth of a mile long, strongly impregnated with  climbers and parasites as pepper, Pothos, Loranthus, Mistlesulphuric acid, from  which there issues a stream  6f acid  toe, &c.; these are followed, still higher up, by the planewater so destructive to life, that even fish cannot live in the  like Liquidambars, with their esect stems covered with para,
sea near its mouth. An extinct volcano near Batar, called  sites; also ratans and rubiaceme, the latter of numerous speGuevo Upas, or the Vale of Poison, about half a mile round, cies. About 6000 feet above the sea may be seen P-cdocrpus
is held in horror by the natives. Every living creature that  cupressus, with its lofty, straight stein, a tree allied to the
enters it drops down dead, and the soil is covered with the  yew, and furnishing the best tinmbher in Java; the Dammar
carcasses of deer, birds, and even the bones of men, killed  pine, Rhododendrons, and the Dipteris or two-leaved fern,
by the carbonic acid gas which lies at the bottom  of the  which exists only in this region. Laurels of numerous spevalley. "In another crater in this land of wonders," says  cies, chestnuts, oaks, (Qucercts,molucca and concetrmica,) meSir Charles Lyell, "the sulpherous exhalations have killed  lastomas, eu enias, magnolias,  myrtles, numerous orchises,
tigers, birds, and innumerable insects; and the soft parts  &c., grow still higher up the mountains. At an elevation of
of these animals, such as the fibres, muscles, hair, &c., are  about7000 feet, the vegetation changes its aspects. andmosses
very well preserved, while the bones are corroded and en-  appear, which, with heaths, more especially Viroccimicce. are
tirely destroyed."                                            the principal plants found on the loftier heights.  Some
Rivers. —A multitude of rivers flow fiom the N. and S. sides  plants, as P'acciniumc vearsinsgfoiwms,   Mpyrlca Javanic a, &c.,
of the mountains of Java, affording supplies to innumerable  grow vigorously on the brink of craters emitting sulpliurous
artificial watercourses used in irrigation.  These streams  vapors; and ferns, such as Blecmaums pyr2sphiluamo  and Piteris
are generally rapid, shalloW, and encumbered with sand-  aurita, cover with their fronds thle edges of gulfs filled with
banks. The only rivers navigable for vessels to any distance  boiling mud, as is the case on Mlount Kiamis, and form a
inland are the Solo, Kediri, Tjimauoek, and Tjitaroem: the  border to sulpherous marshes. their roots growing in the
others are only suitable for prous or canoes of the lightest  acid waters.  Before leaving  the natural vegetation, the
draught, or for floating dowmn timber from the mountains.   famed poison-tree, the chettik or Upas, (Avtiaris toxicaria,)
Climate. —Java was formerly considered very unhealthy;  may be named as a noted Javanese plant. The vast fobrests
but it is now ascertained that, with the exception of a few  likewise claim  notice; they are 791 in number, and cover a
marshy districts on the N. coast, and some parts on the S., very extensive surface in thirteen of the provinces. and conthe climate is as salubrious as that of any other intertropi-  sist mainly of teak. Java is said to be the only island in
cal country; and the more elevated regions are even remark- the halay Archipelago of which the teak-tree is a native.
ably healthy. In the plains, the temperature during the    AgricsuItur-e.-Rice forms the staple food of the natives,
day is from  8510 to 940 Fahrenheit, and during the night and is raised in astonishing and increasing  quantities.
from 730 to 800. At an elevation of 6000 feet, the thermo- Coffee raised from  Mocha seed is extensively  cultivated,
meter descends to 600, while the tops of the lofty peaks are  and, with sugar, forms one of the staples of the island. its
often covered with ice. Earthquakes  and thunder-storms   export in recent years greatly exceeding even that of rice.
are common, but hurricanes are rare.                          Cotton of two kinds,  entombax  Ientaxdrumn and Go.ssnop/ianm
Zoology.-Including domestic and marine animals, 100  I erbacezcum, are grown, and considerable quantities likewise
9'33




JAY                                                           JAY
exported; and the cultivation of indigo, nutmegs, cloves, with poisoned arrows in obtaining fish, which, being salte
cinnamon, cochineal, pepper, pimento, tobacco, tea, and co- and dried, constitute a great dainty. Bunt the great mass cf
coanuts is. carried on more or less vigorously, and with  the people, as before observed, are devoted to agriculture.
greater oi less success.  The population is almost wholly  In religion, the Japanese are Mohammedan, a faith intro.
agricultural; beyond a few large towns, it is distributed  duced in the fourteenth century by the Arabians, and
over the island in villages, each governed by a native chief  which has since almost entirely displaced both Ilindoolsm
of its own election. Each family has its own portion of  and Boodhism, of both of which numerous imposing relics
land, varying from half an acre to six acres. About a third  are to be met with in various parts of the island. The mass
of the cultivated ground is supposed to be thus occupied.    of the Javanese take only one wife, who is treated with reCommierice.-The  greatbulk of the foreign trade is carried  spect and consideration; but people of quality and wealth
on through the ports of Batavia, Samarang, and Soerabaya, practise polygamy.  Three dialects of the Malay language
and is chiefly in the hands of the Dutch and Chinese.  The  are spoken by the Javanese, who have also an ancient sacred
following table exhibits the principal articles, with their  language, containing a number of Sanscrit words. They
value, exported from Java and Madura in 1848 and 1849:-   have a national literature, and translations from the Arabic
Value and quantity in Picids, of tthe 1incpal Explorts from   and Sanscrit.  The Javanese are generally considered supeJava and Kiadura in 1848 and 1849.                 rior in civilization to other natives of the Malay Archi-......848.  - _________ - _            pelago. The population of the island in 1845, was 9,560,380,
1848. 1848.            1849.      1849.    comprising 9,401,712 natives; 106,033 Chinese; 31,216 Arabs,
Bughis, &c.; 16,308 Europeans and their descendants, and
Piculs.    Dolls..   PiDollars.  Dollars.  5111 slaves.
Rise 1.........    716,031  1,404,882     680,067  1,288,074    HIistory.-Ancient Javanese history is written in the (still
Coffee....        s78,1e  8,0e5,777       918,212  s6l21265
Sug~ar......  i...    1,428,597  7,080,712  1,663,217 8,731,389
Suagr.            1,187,e,32          161,1   87189 eiting) magnificent remains of temples and other public
Nutmegs......       6,733   460,294        6,158   416,482   buildings, which are plentifully scattered over the island.
Mace..........      1,281    80,702          696    41,315  The Portuguese formed a settlement on it in 1511, and the
Cloves......         3,196    67,953        9,469   247,590  Dutch in 1575. The British held the island from  1811
Tin...........      86,1768  2,166,978     63,673  2,128,085  to 1816. — Adj. and inhab. JAV'ANESE.
Indigo........ lbs. 3,123,392  1,122,000  lbs. 2,337,165  1,115,840
Cinnamon.....        1,346    70,010        1,953    80,615    JAIVA, a post-village and township on Seneca Creek, WyoCochineal..... lbs. 149,31.1  124,688  lbs. 193,017   149,687   ming co., New York, about 28 miles S.E. of Buffalo.  The
Tea...........      9,444   336,206        6,419   107,065  township, 2245.
Tobacco.......     17,476   281,170       16,369   263,410    JAVA, a posoffice of Lucas co., Ohio.
______ _____ ______ _  - _ ______ _____ ___ -JAVA, a post-office  of Lucas co., Ohio.
The subjoined table exhibits the total value of the exports    JAVA  CENTRE, a post-village in Java township, Wyoand imports for the years specified:-                          ming co., New York, 18 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw.
JAVALI (or XAVALI) NUEVO, ni-vg-leel nwAtvo, a vilYears.  Exports.    Imports. [Years.  Experts.    Imports.  lage of Spain, about 4 miles from  Murcia, on the Segura.
1846.... $24,263,476.... $14, 568,675 [1848....$21,402,664... $12,658,903
1817.... 24,315,652.... 11,872,278 1849.... 24,682.664.... 12,913,758  Pop.1563.
JAVALQUINTO or XAVALQUINTO, n&-v l-keenlto, a
Of the commerce in 1849, $14,216,634 exports, and $3,344,675  town of Spain, in Andalusia, 14 miles N. of Jaen, on the
imports, was with the Netherlands; $515,648 exports, and  Guadalimnar.  Pop. 1081.
$2,045,147 imports, with Great Britain; $454,529 exports,    JAVANA, ja-v  nA, a town on the N. coast of Java, reseland $143,43S imports, with France; $2,730,767 exports, and  dency, and 28 miles E.S.E. of Japara.  Pop. 10,000.
$29,456 imports, with Australia; and $151,864 exports, and    JAVARY, a river of South America. See JAnARY.
$2,700,962 imports. with the Malay Archipelago. The trade    JAVA, SEA OF, is that part of the Pacific Ocean between
with the United States in 1852 comprised imports to the  lat. 30 and 70 S., and Ion. 1060 and 1160 E., having E. the
value of $1,015,994, and exports to $324,182.                  Strait of Macassar and Sea of Flores, S. Java and Bali, N
Public improvements in Java have lately been much ex- Borneo, and W. Sumatra. It communicates southward with
tended.  A good road traverses the  island in its entire  the Indian Ocean by the Straits of Sunda, Bali, and Loinmlength; many forts have been constructed in the interior, bok, and on the N.E. with the China Sea by the Carimata
and commercial stations planted in the S. part of the island. Passage and Strait of Gaspar, E. and W. of Billiton.
Regular steam communication is kept up with Singapore.    JAVA VILLAGE, a post-village of Wyoming co., New
Perfect religious toleration exists, and Europeans are not  York, about 58 miles S.W. of Rochester.
prevented firom going to Java, (as formerly to British India,)    JAVRON, zhivr6NcS, a village of France, department,
though the permission of the governor-general is necessary  and 15 miles N.E. of Mayenne. Pop. in 1852, 2682.
to their settling here.                                          JAWAItIR  or DJAWAHIR, jd/wA-heer', written  also
Governmsent and Revenue. —A  governor-general or vice- JOWAHIR, in Ilindostan, one of the highest peaks of the
roy is supreme ruler, with command both of the army and  IHimalaya Mountains, is situated in the province of Kumaon.
navy in all the Butch provinces in the Malay Archipelago.  Lat. 300 20' N, Ion. 800. Elevation, 25,670 feet.
IHe is assisted by the council of the Indies, composed of a    JAWANA, DJAWANA, jg-wA/ni, or JOANA, jo-AfnA, one
vice-president and four members named by the king; and is  of the largest rivers on the N. coast of Java, rises in an inin correspondence with the governors of the different de- land lake, whence it flows generally N.E. to the Javan Sea.
pendencies of Java, namely, Amboina, Borneo, Celebes, and  Its mouth is encumbered by a bank, but yet prahoos (praSumatra, all of whom  are under his orders. The island is  bus) naviyate the stream to its source in the inland lake.
divided into 22 residences, in each of which are a European.JAWORNITZ, yA-9fornits, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles
governor and secretary, and various sub-residents.  The  from Reichenau. Pop. 1603.
provinces are subdivided into arrondissements and coo-    JAWOROW, y&-fotrov, a town of Austrian Poland, in
munes, each having a justice of the peace. Three superior  Galicia, 30 miles E.N.E. of Przemysl.  Pop. 3985. Near it
tribunals and courts-martial are seated at Batavia, Sama-  are the largest paper mills in Galicia.
rang, and Soerabayas, the whole subordinate to a supreme    JAWUD, jg-wrid!, a large walled town of Hindostan, in
court at Batavia. Several native states exist in the interiol, Rajpootana, 78 miles E. of Odeypoor. It has belonged alterunder Dutch protection, the principal capitals of which are  nately to various Indian principalities.
Soerakarta (Surakarta,) and Djokjokarta (Yugyakarta.)  In    JAXARTES, jax-arfttz, SIHON, see'hont, or SIR DARIA,
1845, the government expenditure amounted to $30,449,359,  sOr(or seer) dtre-, a large river of Independent Toorkistan,
which was considerably exceeded by the revenue, of which  rises by numerous sources on the borders of the Pamere
about $3,872,000 were derived from the monopoly in opium   table-land, and in the Mooz-tagh, on the frontiers of Chinese
alone. Java remained under fiindoo sovereignties till 1478,  Toorkistan, flows through the Khokan and Kirgheez dowhen it was conquered by the Arabs, and its possession has  minions, parallel to the Oxus, but much more tortuously,
since been chiefly Mohammedan.  It contains the rulins of  and enters the Sea of Aral by two principal mouths, in Ion.
several considerable cities and temples, the principal being  610 E., let. between 450 and 460 N. Total course estimated
Mojopahit and Boro-Budor; and various large structures of  at 900 miles. It is broad and deep, and its banks are usually
substantial architecture are scattered over its surface.      overflowed by it in summer.
Inhabitants. Jeligion, Ec.-The Javanese belong to the    JAXT, ylxt, a small river of Wiirtemberg, joins the
Malay family. They are small in size, of a yellow hue; super- Neckar near Wimpfen, after a course of about 80 miles. It
stitious, careless of the future, inclined to laziness, sober,  gives the name to a circle of Wiirtemberg, and to many viicompassionate, joyful, without being boisterous; patient,  lages, Jaxtberg, Jaxtfield, &c., the principal being Jaxtenduring, and easily led when convinced that the orders  hausen, with 3 castles, and 1107 inhabitants, on its right
given are not contrary to the ancient laws and customs of  bank, 18 miles N.E. of Heilbronn.
the country, which are held in religious reverence.  They    JAXT, one of the four circles of Wtirtemberg, forming the
are respectful to parents, and venerate the tombs of their N.E. part of the kingdom. Area, 1600 square miles. It conancestors. They are, however, very susceptible of affronts,  tauins the towns of Krailsheim, Ellwangen, Omiilnd, &c.
which they are not slow to avenge with the kris, which is  Pop. 365.697.
invariably worn, and they are frequently armed with the    JAXTIHAUSEN. y~xt/htw'zen, a village of Wiirtemberg,
sabre or pike. The Javanese are good tanners, and have  on the Jaxt, 40 miles N.N.E. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 1107.
made some progress in metallurgy, in carpentry, and catbi-   JAY, a county in the E. part of Indiana, bordering on
net-making. They weave and dye well; make paper from   Ohio, contains 370 square miles. It is drained by the headthe mulberry, (Moeras Tapyrifera,) and many are engaged  waters of the Salamonie and Wabash Rivers. The surfacE
934




JAY                                                       JEF
is gently undulating, and presents some diversity of soil, (the ancient Nriplahcdtes?) a mountain of Turkish Armenia, is
part of which requires draining. Capital, Portland. Pop. a prolongation of Mount Taurus, 20 miles S. of Mush, sepa7047.                                                     rating the pashalic of Erzroom from Koordistan.
JAY, a post-township of Frankliu  co., Maine, on the An-   JEBEL-NOOIR or JEBEL-NOUR, j~bfgl-noor, a mountain
droscoggin River, about 28 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1733. of Arabia, in Hejaz, near Mecca, is where the MohamJAY, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, bordering  medans believe the Angel Gabriel to have delivered to their
on Canada, about 55 miles N. of Montpelier. Pop. 371.     prophet the first portions of the Koran.
JAY, a post-village and township in the N. part of Essex    JEBEL-SERBAL, j6btel-s~r'b&l/, a mountain of Arabiaco., New York, on the East Branch of Au Sable River, about Petrfna, near Mount Horeb. Elevation, 6760 feet.
145 miles N. of Albany, The village has 2 or 3 churches,   JEBEL-SOGHAIR, jibVel-so'ghIr', an island in the Red
and perhaps 500 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 2688.   Sea, 35 miles N.W. of Mocha. Lat. 140 N., ion. 420 30' E.
JAY, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 15 miles S.E. Length and breadth, about 14 miles each.
of Riagway. Pop. 327.                                       JEBEL-SOOBI'H     or JEBEL-SUB'H, jblfel-soob'h, a mounJAY BRIDGE, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.       tain in the W. of Arabia, between Yembo and Jiddah. It is
JAY COURT-MOUSE. See Po LANoD, Indiana.                 a stronghold of a warlike tribe of Bedouins, and famous for
JAYGHTUR or JAIGIIUR, a town of British India. See producing the "balm of Mecca."
ZYGonM.                                                     JEBEL-TAR, jibel-tar, (auc. Cbombusta,) a volcanic island
JAYNESVILLE, jainzfvill, a post-village of Pennsylvania, in the Red Sea, 55 miles W.S.W. of Loheta.
on the line between Carbon and Luzerne counties, 15 miles   JEBEL-TOOR or JEBEL-TUR, jdb'plVtoor, a village of
N.W. of Mauch Chunk.                                      Palestine, on the Mount of Olives, half a mile E. of JerusaJAYNESYILLE, a post-village Of Covington co., Missis- lem. Here is the Church of the Ascension. See JERUSALEM.
sippi.                                                      JEBEL-TYH, j~blpl-tee, a long mountain chain of ArabiaJAYPOOR. See Jvre~oon.                                  Petrea, stretching across the peninsula of Sinai, from the
JAYSULMEER or JAYSULMIR. See JESSoLrEE.R.               Gulf of Suez to that of Akabah, lat. 260 N., and bounding
JAZLOWICE, y'es-lo-veet'sA, or JAEZLOWIEC, ylz-lo- southward the desert of EL-TYn, or " the wandering."
ve-ts, a town of Austria, in Galicia, on the Strypa, 86 miles    JEBENHAUSEN, yAben-how'zgn, a village of WiirtemS.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 2100.                               berg, circle of the Danube, S. of Gippingen. Pop. 1153,
JAZYGIA, y-zee'ghe-th, a district of Iungary, wateredby    JEBI, a town of Arabia. See JEBr,.
the KIrasna, Zagyva, and Tarna. Area, 1389. geographical   JED, a river of Scotland, rises in the Cheviots, and after
square miles. Capital, Jasz-Bereny.  Pop. 124,123.        a course of 17 miles, joins the Teviot, 3 miles N. of Jedburgh.
JEAN, or JEAN BAB.EL, zh6Na b'bll, a maritime town    JEDIBURG, a post-office of Charleston district, South
of Hlayti, near its N.W. extremity, with a harbor, N.E. of  Carolina.
Cape St. Nicholas.                                          JEDBURGII, jid/bftr-rtLh, a royal parliamentary and muJEAN'ERETTSJ, a post-office of Sti.Mary's parish,Louisiana. nicipal burgh, town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the
JEAN-fAYE N, an island, Arctic Ocean. See JAN-MAvEN. co. of Itoxburgh, on the Jed, here crossed by 2 bridges, near
JEANSIVILLE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. the Cheviot Hills, 40 miles S.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the
JEBA or GEBA, jelb&, a river of W. Africa, Senegambia,  parliamentary burgh, 3277; of the town, 2697. Its buildS. of the Gambia. At its mouth, (lat. 110 40' N., lon. 150 14' ings present a curious mixture of the modern and antique;
W.) it is 15 miles across. It is navigable only for small and in the quarter bordering the river, the inhabitants prevessels. See Rio GRANDE.                                   serve many local peculiarities.  The chief edifices are the reJEBA, jibA, or GEBA, (Script. Gibeah,) a village of Pa- mains of a fine abbey of the twelfth century, the castle,
leetins, 6 miles N.N.E. of Jerusalem.                      now used as a bridewell and prison, the county and townJEBAIL, je-bill or je-bill, written  also GEBAIL,.a or halls, United Presbyterian churches, a handsome Episcopal
JUBEIL, lane. Bybluts?) a maritime town of Asiatic Turkey, chapel, and Relief Dissenters, which sect had its origin at
in Syria, 20 miles S.W. of Tripoli; let. 340 12' N., Ion. 350 31' E. Jedburgh. At its grammar school Thomson, the poet, was
It is enclosed by a wall, 15 miles in circumference, with  educated. It has extensive manufactures of blankets, carsquare towers at intervals, apparently of the times of the  pets, flannels, and other woollens, an iron foundry, and a
Crusades. It contains a castle, and numerous relics of manufactory of printing-presses.  Circuit courts for the
antiquity.                                                county are held here twice yearly. The burgh unites with
JEBEE, JEBI or DJEBI. j~b!ee, a small town of Arabia, North Berwick, IHaddington, Laude-, and Dunbar, in sendin Yemen, 55 miles S.W. of Sana. It is walled, and has a  ing I member to the House of Commons. It gives the title
citadel.                                                  of baron to the Marquis of Lothian.
JEBEL, jib/p1, or DJEBEL or DEJEBEL, a province of    JEDDO or JEDO, a city of Japan. See YEDDo.
Arabia, in Nedjed, nearly in its centre, and in which is the    JEDIDO, a post-office of Orleans co., New York.
lake of Ittra, which furnishes salt to many of the adjacent   JEDDO. a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio.
provinces. Ostrich feathers form its other principal article    JEDLERSEE, y~d'ler-sY, a village of Austria, on the
of traffic. In it is the town of Jeb-el-Shammay.           railway from Vienna to Stockerau, 55 miles from the former
JEBEL, jibel, or GEBEL,* is the Arabic name of numer-   JEEND, a town of HIindostan. See JHEEND.
Ous mountains, &c. in the East, some of thle principal being-    JEENDANA. See SANDAL-WOOD ISLAND.
JEBEL-AKHDAR, jiblel-Ak'dar/, a mountain of Arabia,   JEE'VUN/, a town of Hiudostan, E. of Odeypoor.
in Oman, dominion. and S.W. of luscat. Lat. 230 N., ion.   JEF/FERSON, a county in the N.N.E. part of New York,
560 30' E. Elevation, 6000 feet. Surface generally bare and  has an area of about 1140 square miles. It is bounded on
rocky, but interspersed with well-cultivated valleys of high  the W. by Lake Ontario, and on the N.W. by the St. Lawfertility.                                                rence, and is drained by Black and Indian Rivers, and other
JEBEL-AKRAB, j~b1el- kr&bl, a mountain of North Sy- smaller streams, which supply motive-power to numerous
ria, immediately S.W. of Antioch, bounding the valley of the  mills. The surface is uneven, and generally heavily wooded.
Orontes on the S.E. Elevation, 5318 feet.                 The soil is usually a rich sandy loam. In 1850 this county
JEBEL-AtAB, jebtel-&rAb?, a mountain of Arabia, near  produced 161,949 tons of hay-the greatest quantity raised
its S.W. extremity, with a continued range of peaks, (the  in aify county of the state, except Oneida. It abounds in
"Chimney Peaks" of Horsburgh,) extending for 18 miles iron ore, and some lead and copper are found. The railfrom N.W. to S.E.                                         road connecting Utica and Cape Vincent intersects the
JEBEL-EL-KAMAR. See MOUNTAINs OF THE MooN.              county. Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, the third
JEBELEEYAH or JEBELIYAHjib'l-eeeyah, the eastern- President of the United States. Capital, Watertown. Pop.
most of the Curia Muria Islands, off the S.E. coast of Arabia. 68,153.
It is a barren granite rock, rising in the centre to 560 feet   JEFFERSON, a county in the W. central part of Pennin height.                                                sylvania, has an area of 950 square miles. It is traversed
JEBEL-HABARID, jlb1el-hlTbIreedF, a mountain on the  from E. to WV. by Mahouning and Redbank Creeks. The surS.E. coast of Arabia, near Ras HIasek. Elevation, 4000 feet.  face is hilly and broken; the soil of the creek bottoms is exJEBEL-KIARAY, j~bt1l-xi&r11, a mountain in the S.E. cellent, and the level uplands are moderately fertile. The
of Arabia. its S. peak in let. 120 41' N., ion. 440 76' E. Ele- hills contain extensive beds of iron ore and stone coal.
vation, 2085 feet.                                        Capital, Brookville. Pop. 13,518.
JEBEL-MANSIALI, jibtel-min'hdlee, a mountain in the    JEFFERSON, a county in the N.N.E. part of Virginia,
S.W. of Arabia, the highest peak of the headland, at the bordering on the Potomac, which separates it from Marayentrance of the Red Sea. Elevation, 865 feet.             land, has an area of 260 square miles. It is intersected by
JEBEL-MOKATTEB, jibfel-mo-k tf/tb,    a mountain  of the Shenandoah, and bounded on the N.W. by Opequan
Arabia-Petroa, 40 miles N.W. of Mount Sinai, on the road  Creek. The county occupies part of the Great Valley of Virto Suez. here are some ancient sepulchres, and a rock  ginia, having the Blue Ridge on its S.E. border. The surcovered with hieroglyphics.                               face is rolling, and the soil remarkably fertile. The rock
JEBEL-MOKATTEM, j6btle-mo-kttl/tm, a hilly range in  which underlies the county is fine limestone. The passage
Egypt, extending for 25 miles eastward from the Nile, im- of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, at Harper's Ferry,
mediately S.E. of Cairo, the citadel of which city stands on  so much admired for its picturesque scenery, is in this
its W. extremity.                                         county. Jefferson county Is intersected by the Baltimore
JEBEL-NIMROOD or JEBEL-NIMRUD, j6hepl-nim'rood',  and Ohio Railroad, and by the Winchester and Potomac
Railroad. Organized in1801. Capital, Charlestown. Pop.
* See Note on page 749.                 15,357, of whom 11,016 were free, and 4341 slaves.
935




JEF                                                          JEF
JEFFERSON, a county in the E. part of Georgia, has an    JEFFERSON, a county in the E. part of Missouri, hbor.
area of 634 square miles. It is intersected by the Ogeechee  dering on the Mississippi River, which separates it from
River. and also drained by the Rocky Comfort, Big, and  Illinois, has an area of 654 square miles. Big Iliver flows
Brier Creelrs. The general surface is level; a large portion  through the county, and falls into the Maramec, which
of the soil was originally very fertile. Burrstone, agate,  forms part of the northern boundary. The county is also
chalcedony, and carnelian are found. The Central Railroad  drained  by Plattin, Joachim, and Sandy Creeks.  The
passes through the county. Capital, Louisville. Pop. 9131, northern and eastern parts are generally level and fertile;
of whom 3764 werefiree, and 5367 slaves.                    the western portion is hilly and sterile. The hills contain
JEFFERSON, a county of Florida, bordering on Georgia, rich mines of lead; copper and cobalt are found in smaller
and on Appalachee Bay of the Gulf of Mexico. contains quantities.  Capital, iillsborough.  Pop. 6928, of whom
about 1000 square miles.  The Ocilla River forms its  641.6 were free, and'512 slaves.
boundary on the S.E. Micosukee Lake lies in the N.W.   JEFFERSON, a County in the S.E. part of Iowa, h:s an
part. The surface is rolling; the soil is productive. In  area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by Big Cedar
1850 this county produced 9468 bales of cotton-more than  Creek, and the N.E. part is drained also by Skunk River
any other county in the state, excepting Leon. Capital,  and by Warrior Creek. The surface is diversified by rolling
Monticello. Pop. 7718, of whom 2780 were free, and 4938  prairies, and by forests of oak, hickory, &c. The soil is
slaves.                                                     good, well watered, and easily cultivated. Stone coal is
JEFFERSON, a county in the N. central part of Alabama, abundant. A plank-road extends from the county seat to
has an area of 980 square miles. It is intersected by the  Keokuk.  This county is among the most populous and
Locust Fork of Black Warrior River. The surface is diver- best improved in the state. Capital, Fairfield.  Pop. 9904.
sified by hills, and by fertile valleys. Four coal-mines were    JEFFERSON, a county in the S.E. part of Wisconsin, has
worked in the county in 1850. Iron ore is abundant. Capital, an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by
Elyton. Pop. 8989, of whom 6722 were free, and 2267 slaves. Rock River, and also drained by Crawfish and Bark Rivers,
JEFFERSON, a county in the W.S.W. part of Slosissippi,  affluents of the former. Koshkonong Lake, an expansion
bordering on Louisiana, has an area of about 530 square  of Rock River, in the S.W. part of the county. is about 8
nmiles. The Mississippi forms its W. boundary. The soil is  miles long, and several miles wide. The surface is undufertile. Capital, Fayette. Pop. 13,193, of whom 2700 were  lating.  The soil is generally good, and the valley of Rock
free, and 10.493 slaves.                                    River is noted for fertility. The underlying rockde is blue
JEFFERSON, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, limestone.  The county is intersected by the Milwaukee
forms part of the delta of the Mississippi, and extends from   and Mississippi Railroad, and by a plank-road leading to
that river, opposite New Orleans, to the Gulf of Mexico. Lake Michigan.  Capital, Jefferson. Pop. 15,317.
Area, 384 square miles. Barataria Bay washes its S.E. bor-   JEFFERSON, a new county in the N.W. part of Washingder. The surface near the gulf is partly occupied by exten- ton Territory, on Admiralty Bay. This is one of the best
sive marshes or lakes. The soil is remarkably lfertile. Capi- parts of the territory.  County town. Port Townsend.
tal, Lafayette. Pop. 25,094, of whom 18,898 were free, and    JEFFERSON, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, at
6196 slaves.                                                the head of Damariscotta River, about 20 miles S.E. of AuJEFFERSON, a county of Texas, occupying the S.E. coi- gusta. Pop. 2225.
ner of the state, bordering  on Louisiana and the Gulf of    JEFFERSON, a post-township of Coos co., Nenw HampMexico. Area, about 1400 square miles. The Sabine River shire, situated on both sides of Israel's River, about 90 miles
and Pass bound it on the E., and it is drained by the Neches  N. of Concord. Pop. 629.
River. The surface is occupied by a grassy plain or savanna,    JEFFERSON, also called WATRKINS, a thriving post-vilcontaining a sparse population, whose principal business is  lage in Dix township, Chemung co., New York, at the head
the raising of cattle and horses, which range in immense  of Seneca Lake, and on the Canandaigua  and Elmira Railherds over these natural meadows.  Capital, Beaumont. road, 21 miles N. of Elmira. It contains several churches,
Pop. 1836, of whom 1567 were firee, and 269 slaves,         and 2 newspaper offices. Steamboats ply between this place
JEFFERSON, a county in the S.E. central part of Arkan- and Geneva. Pop. about 1500.
sas, contains about 1290 square miles. It is intersected by    JEFFERSON, a post-township of Schoharie co., New York.
Arkansas River. The surface is nearly level. Capital, Pine  56 miles W. of Albany.  Pop. 1748.
Bluff. Pop. 5834, of mhom 3213 were firee, and 2621 slaves.    JEFFERSON, a township of Morris co., New  Jersey.
JEFFERSON, a county in the E. part of Tennessee. Area  Pop. 1358.
estimated at 600 square miles. The Holston River forms    JEFFERSON, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
its N.W. boundary, and it is intersected by the French  Pop. 1138.
Broad River. The county is traversed by high ridges and    JEFFERSON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania.
fertile valleys, belonging to the Alleghany chain. Iron ore  Pop. 710.
is found in the highlands. The East Tennessee and Vir-   JEFFERSON, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.
ginia Railroad passes through the county. Capital, Dan-  Pop. 1435.
bridge. Pop. 13,204, of whom  11,576 were free, and 1628    JEFFERSON, a small village of Forest co., Pennsylvania.
slaves.                                  ~                    JEFFERSON, a post-township, forming the N.E. exJEFFERSON, the most populous county of Kentucky,  tremity of Green6 co., Pennsylvania, 8 miles E. by N. of
situated in the N.W. part of the state, has an area esti-  Waynesburg.  Pop. 1378.
mated at 600 square miles, The Ohio River forms its entire    JEFFERSON, a post-village of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
N.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Floyd's Fork of  on Ten Mile Creek, about 37 miles S. by W. of Pittsburg.
Salt River, and by Beargrass Creek. The surface is diversi-   JEFFERSON, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
fled from the level river-bottoms to the rolling uplands. Pop. 414.
The soil is highly productive, and extensively cultivated.   JEFFERSON, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
The public improvements are the Louisville and Portland  Pop. 775.
Canal, and the Louisville and Frankfort Railhoad; two    JEFFERSON, a village of York co., Pennsylvania, 12
other railroads mae projected from Louisville to Nashville  miles S.W. of Yorlk.
and Covington. Jefferson was one of the original ctnties    JEFFERSON, a post-village of Frederick co.. IMaryland,
of Kentucky. Formed in 1780. Capital, Louisville.  Pop. 83 miles W.N.W. of Annapolis, contains several stores, and
59.829. of whom 48,418 were free, and 10,911 slaves.        337 inhabitants.
JEFFERSON, a county in the E. part of Ohio, bordering    JEFFERSON, a post-village of Powhattan co, Virginia,
on the Ohio River, which separates it from Virginia, con- on the S. bank of James River, 35 miles above Richmond.
tains about 350 square miles. It is watered by Yellow and    JEFFERSON, a post-village, capital of Ashe co., North
Cross Creeks, which tflow into the Ohio. The surface is  Carolina, is situated near the sonrce of the New River, bepleasantly diversified by hills of moderate height.  The soil tweena the Blue Ridge and Stone Mountain, about 200 miles
is very fertile, and well cultivated. Stone coal is abundant. W.N.W. of Raleigh; It was settled about 1800, and has
Railroads have been commenced, which will connect the  about 100 inhabitants.
county with Pittsburg on the one hand, and Zanesville, Cin-   JEFFERSON, a post-office of Chesterfield district, South
cinnati, &c., on the other. Capital: Steubenville. Pop. 29.132. Carolina.
JEFFERSON, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, bor-   JEFFERSON, or JEFFERSONTON. a post-village, capital
dering on Kentucky, contains about 362 square miles. The  of Canmden co. Georgia, on Santilla River, 110 miles S.W. of
Ohio River washes its southern border. The surface near  Savannah. It contains a court-house and 3 stores.
the river is diversified by a range of steep hills, which are    JEFFERSON. a  post-village. capital of Jackson  co.,
about 400 feet high.  The northern and central portions  Georgia, on a branch of the Oconee River, 90 miles N. of
are nearly level. The soil of the river-bottoms and hills is  Milledgeville.  It contains a brick court-house, a church,
calcareous and very fertile. The county is intersected by  an academy, and 5 stores.
the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad. Capital, Madison.    JEFFERSON, a post-village, capital of Cherokee co., AlaPop. 23,916.                                                bama. on Coosa River, 145 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery.
JEFFERSON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an    JEFFERSON, a pleasant post-village of Marengo co., Alaarea of 530 square miles. It is drained by the head-streams bama. a few miles N.W. of Linden, the county seat. It conof Big Muddy River. The surface is partly covered with  tains 1 or 2 churches, and several flourishing seminaries.
forests, and contains a considerable proportion of prairie.    JEFFERSON, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.
The soil is moderately fertile.  Capital, Mount Vernon.   JEFFERSON, a thriving post-village, capital of Case co.,
Pop. 8109.                                                 Texas, on Big Cypress Bayou, 4 miles above its entr-ance
038




JEF                                                         JEK
Into Soda Lake, 350 miles N.E. of Austin City. Soda Lake    JEFFERSON  FURNACE, a post-office of Clarion  co,
discharges itself into Rled River, just below the "Raft."  Pennsylvania.
Jefferson is at the head of navigation for large steamboats,   JEFFERSON  MEDICAL COLLEGE.  See PHILADELPHIA.
and is the principal shipping point for a large extent of fer-   JEFFERSON MILLS, a post-office of Coos co., New Hamptile country.  Cotton, wheat, cattle, and horses are the  shire.
chief articles of export. The value of goods sold here in    JEFFERSON  MILLS, a post-office of Jefferson co., Mis1851, was estimated at $400,000. It was first settled in  souri.
1843. In 1848 it contained 250 inhabitants; in 1853, about    JEFFERSON'S RIVER, the most westerly of the three
1500.                                                       branches which form the Missouri River, rises in the Rocky
JEFFERSON, atownship of Sevier co., Arkansas. Pop. 489. Mountains in about 440 N. lat.. and 1110 30' W. ion. It
JEFFERSON, a post-village of Rutherfolrd co., Tennessee, flows about N.N.E. to join Gallatin's River.
on Stone's River, 20 miles S.E. of Nashville, was the county    JEFIFERSONTON, a post-village of Culpepper co., Virtown about 40 years ago.                                    ginia, on the Rappahannock River, 109 miles N.N.W. of
JEFFERSON, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1530. Richmond. It contains 1 church. Pop. 300.
JEFFERSON. a pleasant post-village and township, capi-   JEFFERSONTON, a post-village, capital of Camden co.,
tal of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 56 miles E. of Cleveland. The  Georgia, on the Santilla River, 185 miles S.S.E. of Mlilledgevillage contains 3 churches, 1 academy, and about 500 in- ville.
habitants. Settled in 1805, by natives of New England.   JEFFERSONTOWN, a post-village in Jefferson co., KenPop. of the township, 1064.                                tucky, 45 miles W. of Frankfort.
JEFFERSON, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 810.    JEFFERSON VALLEY, a post-office of Westchester co.
JEFFERSON, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 929. New York.
JEFFERSON, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 1872.   JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-office in Lamoille co., VerJEFFERSON, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1236. mont, 45 miles N. of Montpelier. It contains several starch
JEFFERSON, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 857. mills.
JEFFERSON, a township of Jackson co.. Ohio. Pop. 1036.   JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New
JEFFERSON, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1484.  York, 95 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
JEFFERSON, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 2042.    JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co.,
JEFFERSON, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 1070. Pennsylvania, on the turnpike between Norristown and
JEFFERSON, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 493.   Reading, 3 miles N.W. of the former.
JEFFERSON, a township of MTontgomery co., Ohio. P. 1808.   JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Tazewell
JEFFERSON, a township ofMuskingum co., Ohio. P. 1374. co., Virginia, 1 miles S. of Clinch River, and 300 miles W. by
JEFFERSON, a township of Preble co.. Ohio. Pop. 2258.  S. of Richmond. It. is situated near the base of Rich MounJEFFERSON, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 2564. tain, and contains a bank and several stores.
JEFFERSON, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 845.          JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-village of Twiggs co., Georgia,
JEFFERSON, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 840.    22 miles S.E. of Macon, contains 2 churches, a high school,
JEFFERSON, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. P. 1063. and 150 inhabitants.
JEFFERSON, a township of Williams co, Ohio. Pop. 1015.   JEFFERSONVILLE, a village of Montgomery oo.,. KenJEFFERSON, a township ofCass co., Michigan. Pop. 887. tucky, 8 miles E. of Mount Sterling.
JEFFERSON, a township of Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 297.   JEFFERSONVILLE, a post-village of Fayette co., Ohio,
JEFFERSON, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 713. on Sugar Creek, 4 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has 1 church,
JEFFERSON, a township of CAss co., Indiana. Pop. 734.   and about 300 inhabitants.  Laid out in 1831.
JEFFERSON, a flourishing post-village and township of    JEFFERSONVILLE, a flourishing town of Clarke co.,
Clinton co., Indiana, 46 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. The  Indiana, is situated on the Ohio, nearly opposite Louisville,
village is situated in a level and fertile track, at the termi-  Kentucky, immediately above the falls, and 40 miles below
nus of a plank-road extending to Lafayette. Pop. about 600. Madison. The situation is elevated, and presents a delightJEFFERSON, atownship ofElkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 707. ful view of the city of Louisville, of the broad and winding
JEFFERSON. a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 1029. river with its verdant islands, and of a riange of hills a few
JEFFERSON, a township of Greene co.. Indiana. Pop. 470. miles distant. The Ohio is about a mile wide opposite this
JEFFERSON, a township of IIenry co., Indiana. Pop. 810. town, and descends 22 feet in 2 miles, producing a rapid
JEFFERSON, a township ofJay co., Indiana. Pop. 717.  current. Jeffersonville is the S. terminus of a railroad
JEFFERSON, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. P. 169. which connects with the Madison and Indianapolis RailJEFFERSON, a township of Miaimi co., Indiana. Pop. 1138. road at Columbus. For several years this town has increased
JEFFERSON, a township ofMorgan co.. Indiana. Pop. 874. rgpidly in population and business. TIhe penitentiary of
JEFFERSON, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 722. Indiana is located at this place. Pop. in 1853, about 3000.
JEFFERSON, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 1191.   JEFIFRESTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
JEFFERSON, a township of Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 1638.   JEF;FREY'S CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into Pedee
JEFFERSON, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. P. 1046. River from the right, in Marion district.
JEFFERSON, a township of Switzerland co., Indiana.   JEFFREY'S CREEK, a post-office of Marion  district,
Pop. 3082.                                                  South Carolina.
JEFFERSON, a township of Tipton co.. Indiana. Pop. 787.   JEFFREY'S STORE, a post-office of Nottoway co., Virginia.
JEFFERSON, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 1117.   JEFfFRIES, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
JEFFERSON, a township of Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 796.   JEFREMOV, a town of Russia.  See YEFREMOV.
JEFFERSON, a post-village and township of Cook co., I1-   JEGHEDERPOOR, jig'Sd-er-poor/, or JAGIHEDERPOOR,
linois, on the Illinois and Wisconsin Railroad, 9 miles W.  j'ghtd-er-poor1, a town of IRindostan, presidency of Bengal,
of Chicago. Pop. 744.                                       247 nmiles S.W. of Cuttack.
JEFFERSON, a village in Henry co., Iowa, 40 miles S. by    JEGISDORF, yAtghis-doaf', or JEGISTORF, yslghis-toRf',
W. of Iowa City.                                            a village of Switzerland, canton, and 8 miles N.N.E. of Bern.
JEFFERSON, a thriving post-village and township, capi- Pop. 2723.
tal of Jefferson co., Wisconsin, on Rock River, at the mouth    JEGORJEVSK, a town of Russia. See YEOoRYEvsK.
of the Crawfish River, 40 miles E. by S. of Madison. The    J]!GUN, zhgNG;, a town of France, department of Gers,
valley of Rtock River has a high reputation for fertility, and  10 miles N.W. of Auch. Pop, in 1852, 2039.
the banks of the river are remarkable for picturesque    JEHIANABAD, j4L-hf-nA-btd1, a town of British India,
beauty. Jefferson has a fine water-power, and is a place of  presidency of Bengal, province of Bahar, 38 miles S.S.W. of
active business. It contains 2 churches, 10 stores. and 4  Patna. Pop. 5000, who manufacture superior cotton stuffs.
mills. The Rock River Valley Railroad is located through    JEIO or JEHIOL, a town of China. See ZHEnOL.
this village. Pop. of the township, 1610; of the village in    JEHOON.  See Oxus.
1853, about 1000.                                             JEIIOSIIAPIIAT.  VALLEY OF, Palestine, is a mountain
JEFFERSON  BAR/RACKS, a post-village and United  gorge, immediately N.E. of the city of Jerusalem, its lower
States military station in St. Louis co., Missouri, on the WV. part forming the bed of the brook Redron. It is covered with
bank of the Mississippi River, 12 miles S. by W. of St. sepulchres, some groups of which have been named the
Louis.                                                     "tombs of the Kings" and "of the Judges."  In the valley
JEFFERSON CITY, capital of the state of Missouri, and  are also the reputed site of the garden of Gethsemane, tihe
seat of justice of Cole co., on the right bank of the Missouri village of Siloam, and tihe fountain of the Virgin, supposed
River, and on the Pacific Railroad, 128 miles by land, and  to be the ancient pool of Bethesda.
155 miles by water W. of St. Louis, and 980 miles from    JEITPORE, jit'ptrl, or JEITPUR. jit'poorl. a town of
Wasshington. Lat. 380 36' N., ion. 920 8' W. The situation  Hindostan, in Bundelcund, 22 miles N. of Chatterpoor.
is elevated and picturesque, commanding a fine view of the   JEJA  or JAIJA,  jA;j,, writen also JAVA, a town of Af~river and of the cedar-crowned cliffs on the opposite shore. ghanistan, 48 miles N.N.W. of Furiah, on the route to lHerat.
It contains the state house, the governor's residence, a   JEJURIRY, a towvn of British India, presidency ofBombay,
handsome building, and the state penitentiary.  Two or 37 miles S.E. of Poonah.
three newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1853, esti-   JEJUY or XEXUY, si-nHweef, a river of Paraguay, flows
mated at 3000.                                             W. 120 miles, and joins the Paraguay, N. of Asuncion.
JEFFERSON COLLEGE. See CANONSnURG, Pennsylvania.   JEKATERINBURG. Russia. See YEKATsErINBteRo.
JEFFERSON CORNERS, a post-office of Whitesides co.,   JEKATERINENSTADT  or JEKATERINSTADT.  Sea
Illinois.                                                 YEKATERINSTADT.
937




JS'E~~K 3                                        ~JEN
JEKATERINSKAJA.   See  YEKATERINSRAIA.                     JENA, jlna, (Ger. pron. yA/hi,) a town of Central GerJEKATERININSK(OI.  See YErKATERNINSKOL                   many, duchy of Saxe-Weimar, on the Saale, here crossed by
JEKATERINODAR, Russia. See YEKATERINODAa.                a handsome stone bridge, 12 miles E.S.E. of Weimar. Pop.
JEKATERINOPOL, Russia. See YEKATERINoPOL.                6267. It stands in a fine valley, 500 feet above the sea, and
JEKATERINOSLAV, Russia. See YEKATERINOSLAV.              is enclosed by walls, beyond which are several good subJEKELFALVA, y0'k0llf6lfvbh', or JAKLOWCZE, ytk'lo'-  urbs. it is regularly laid out, and well built. The princiveet/sA', a village of Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Gllnitz, pal edifices are the ducal palace, Roman Catholic and 3
30 miles from Leutschau. Pop. 982.                         Lutheran churches, several hospitals, a lunatic asylum, and
JEKIL-IRMAK, a river of Asia Minor. See YESHIL-IRMAK. the university buildings. The uhiversity, opened in 1558, has
JELABUGA, a town of Russia. See YELAB00GA.               60 professors and teachers, a library of 100,000 volumes, a
JELALABAD, jfl-A-l1-bldl, a town of Afghanistan, in a  botanic garden, and observatory; and it had, in the last
fertile plain, near the Cabool River, 78 miles E.N.E. of Ca- century, a high reputation, and was attended by upwards
bool, on the route to Peshawer. Stationary population pro- of 1000 students, among whom were Schiller, IIumboldt,
bably 3000; butthe number is greatly augmented inwinter.  and Fichte; in 1847, the number was only 425. Jena has
It is famous for the heroic and successful resistance made  numerous scientific associations, manufactures of coarse
here by the British troops, under Sir R. Sale, in 1841-2.  linens, hats, tobacco, &c., and three large annual fairs. It
JELALABAD, (formerly Dooshac,) a city of Seistan, South- is the seat of the high court of appeal for the Saxon duechies
west Afghanistan, near the river Helmund, lat. 310 20' N., and Reuss principalities. Here, on October 14, 1806, the
lou. 610 40' E. Estimated pop., 10,000. It is neatly built grand French army under Napoleon totally defeated the
of sun-dried bricks, and has around it extensive ruins.    Prussians under their king and the Duke of Brunswick.
JELALABAD is also the name of several towns of British  The latter fell in the action.
India, presidency of Agra, districts of Bareily, Etaweh, and    JEINA, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.
Seharunpoor.                                                 JENATZ, y-natse.  a village of Switzerland, canton of
JELALAPOOR, je-l-ia-poorl, or JELALAP00     R, a town  Grisons, on the Lanquart, 12 miles S.E. of Mayenfeld. It
of British India, presidency of Bengal, on the Betwah, 20  has some sulphur baths. and two large annual fairs.
miles S. of Kalpee.                                         JENCKSIVILLE, a village of Smithfield township, ProviJEL'ALP00RI or JELALAPOOR, a village ofBritish India,  dence co., Rhode Island, about 15 miles N, by W. of Proei11 miles S.S.E. ofJuanpoor.                               dence.
JELALPOO00R, a town of the Punjab. See JULALrPOOR.        JENDIALEII or JINDIALEH, jen-de-/leh, a town of the
JELANIA, y4-l&dne-A, or JELANII NOS, yA-lin/yee noce, a  Punjab, 11 miles S.E. of Amritseer.
cape of European Russia, government of Archangel, forming    JENDOUL, jin-dool/, a town of Afghanistan, near its N.E.
the N.E. extremity of Nova Zembla.                        frontier, 20 miles N.E. of Bajour.
JELATOM, a town of Russia. See RELATOM.                    ENDOICHTSKA, a town ofRussia. See YENDOVICHTrSKA.
JELENKA, yA-l1n/kA (?) a market-town of Russia, govern-   JENEEN, JENIN or JENNIN, jin-neen/, (aenc. GincJla,) a
ment of Tchernigov, 10 miles S.S.W. of Starodoob. P. 1000. town of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 17 miles N.N.E.
JELETZ or ELETZ, a'city of Russia. See YELETZ.          of Nabloos, on the routefrom Jerusalem to Nazareth.  Pop.
JELGAVA or JELGAWA. See MIrAn.                          about 2000.
JELISABETGRAD.  See YrEISAVETGRAD.                        JENIDGE-KARASU. See YENIDjE KArmA-S00.
JElL, jill, atown ofBeloochistan, capital oftheMagghasis,    JENIDGE-KIZILAGADJ.  See YENIDJE —KIZ1LAGADJ.
and 70 miles S.W. of Kelat. Pop. about 2000.                JENIDGE-VARDAR. See YENIDJE-VARDAC. 
JELLASORE, jll'ql-sir1, a town of British India, presi-   JENIKAU, ylnfne-klsw, a market-town of Bohemia, 8
dency of Bengal, 44 miles S. of Midnapoor.                miles S.S.E. of Czaslau. Here the Swedes gained a victory
JELLING.  yllfling, a village of Denmark, in North Jtit- over the Imperialists, in 1643.
land, 5 miles N.W. of ~eile. It was formerly a royal resi-   JENIL, a river of Spain. See GErNi,
dence, and remarkable for Runic inscriptions, and Danish    JENIN or JENNIN. See JrNEEN.
royal tombs of the tenth century.                           JENISEI, a river of Siberia. See YENSE.r,
JELILINGIIY, a town of Hindostan, province of Bengal,   JENIKINS'  BRIDGE, a post-village of St. Clair co., MisdisCtrict of Rajshahy, 30 miles E. by S. of Moorshedabad, on  souri, 95 miles S.W. by W. of Jefferson City.
the Jellinghy, a branch of the Ganges.                      JENKINS' STORE, a post-office of Union co., North CaroJELILOWY, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.              lina, about 150 miles S.W. of Raleigh.
JELMAR, a lake of Sweden. See HJELMIAR.                   JENK/INTOWN, a pleasant post-village of Miontgomery
JELNIA, a town of Russia. See YELNIA.                   co., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from  Philadelphia to
JELOLO, a town in the island of Gilolo. See JILOLO.     Doylestown, 10 miles N. from the former. It contains from
JELPESI;jIlp~sht,  a town of British India, presidency  40 to 50 stone houses.
and province of Bengal, in Rungpoor, with a noted temple   JENKS, a township of Forest co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 88.
of Seeva, 00 miles N.N.W. of Rungpoor.                       JENINE or JENNEH, jen/nih', written also JININE, a
JELPIGOR~, jil-pe-go'ree, a town of British India, presi- walled town of West Africa, in Soodan, on an island of its own
dency of Bengal. 05 miles N.N.W. of Rungpoor.              name, formed by the Joliba of Niger, 285 miles S. by W. of
JELPY-AUMNAIR, jil/pee-awm'nair/.   a town of India, in  Timbuctoo. Lat. 130 22' N., lon. 30 10' W. It is a place of
the Deccan, 35 miles E.N.E. of Boorhanpoor.                great commercial activity, and is resorted to for trade by
JELSI, yU'see, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 10  the people of the surrounding country. The inhabitants
miles E.S.E. of Campobasso.                                are all Mohammedans, and do not permit infidels to enter
JELSUM, y51/sem, a village of the Netherlands, province  the town. Pop. 9000.
of Friesland.                                                JEN/NER, a post-township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania,
JELUM, a river of the Punjab. See JHYLuM.                12 miles N. of Somerset. Pop. 1553.
JEM or J1EMM, a town of Tunis. See EL JEsMr                JENINERVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., PennsylJEMIALABAD or JAMIALLABAD, jgh-mnl —b'id', a town  vania, 69 miles E. by S. of Harrisburg.
of Itindostan, presidency of Madras, 110 miles N. by W. of    JENNERVILLE, a post-village of Somerset co., PennCalicut. Lat. 1303) N., lon. 750 25' E., with an almost in- sylvania, on the ~turnpike from  Pittsburg to Bedford, 62
accessible fort, built by Tippoo, on an inimense rock.    miles E. by S. of the former. The post-office is named JENJEMARROO or JEMARRU, jm-mnar-rooe, a territory of  NER'S CRoss-RoADs.
West Africa, in Senegamnbia, S. ofthe Gambin River, between    JEN/NINGS, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, conlat. 130 and 140 30' N.                                    tains 375 squalre miles. It is drained by the Vernon Fork
JETMEPPE, zhli-mlppl, a village of Belgium, province, and  and Graham's Fork of Muscatatuck River, and by Sand
9 miles W. of Namur, on the Sambro.                        Creek. A portion of the surface is hilly. The soil is modeJEMGUM, ymntg'omm,     a market-town and river port of  rately fertile. It is intersected by the Madison and IndianHanover, 15 miles S.S.W. of Aurich. on the Ems. IPop. 1230. apolis Railroad. A quarry of millstones has been opened in
JIL    or DJEMILA   DJ ILI-I, jlm'ee/la', an ancient city of the county. Organized in 1817, and named in honor of
Algeria, province, and 50 miles WV. of Constantine. It con- Jonathan Jennings, the first governor of the state. Capi
tains numerous interesting monuments of antiquity.        tal, Vernon. Pop. 12,096.
JEMMAPES or GEMAPPE, zhie'mlpf, a village of Bel-   JENNINGS, a post-office of Hamilton co.. Floricda.
glum, province of Hainant,' on the Hlaine River, and on the    JENNINGS, a township of Putnam co, Ohio. Pop. 3306.
canal from  Mions to Conde, 3 miles W. of Mlons. Pop. 4670,   JENNINGS, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 201
engaged in brewing, tanning, and raising coal. Here the    JENNINGS. atownship of Cc-awford co.,Indiana.  P.1412.
French, under Dumnouriez,  defeated the Austrian forces in    JENNINGS, a: township of Fayette co., Indiana.  Pop. 893.
1792, an event wvhich mainly led to the annexation of Bel-   JENNINGS, a post-office of Franklin co.. Indiana.
glum to the French Empire, during which Jenmappes gave    JENNINGS, a township of Scott Co., Indiana. Pop. 1598.
name to a department nearly coextensive with the province   JENNINGS, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 460.
of H1-naut.                                                 JENNINGS' CREEK, a village of Jackson co., Tennessee.
JEMMEPES, zhlmn'mppt, a village of Belgium, province   JENNINGS' GAP, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia,
of Liege, on the Meuse, and on the railway from Brussels to  133 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. There is a pass through
Paris. 4. miles S.W. of Liege. Pop. 1700.                North Mountain at this place.
JEMTLAND, ylmt'lqnt, a former political division of   JENNINGS'OR/IDINAINY, apost-village of Nottoway co.,
Sweden, which now, with He-jeddalen, the most barren  Virginia, on the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 50 miles
portion ofthekingdom, fornms the county or Ien of Ostersund. W. of Rtichmond.
938




JEN                                                       JER
JENNY LIND, a post-village of Sebastian co., Arkansas.      JERICHO, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.
JENNYOPOLIS, a post-office of Benton co., Oregon.           JERICIHO. a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
JENO, (Jen4,) yA'nt, BOROZ, bo'roz! or KIS, kish, a    JERICHO, a small village in Shelby co., Illinois.
fortified market-town of South-east Hungary, co. of Arad,   JERICHIO CENTRE, a post-village of Chittenden co.,
on the White Kbrts, 28 miles N.E. of Aran. Pop. 1739.       Vermont, 32 miles N.W. of Montpelier.
JENO (Jent) DIOS, yiilnhi deeloshl, a village of Hungary,    JERICHOW, y~lre-Kov', a town of Prussian Saxony, 30
co. of Neoerad. Pop. 1336.                                  miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 1620.
JENO (Jenb) K(IS, a town of IIungary. See JENU Bones.    JERIM, a town of Arabia. See YERIM.
JEPEE, yA/pee, or SIHIEBSIIE, shlbhsheh, a town of Euro-   JERM or DJERM, jtrm, a town of Central Asia, in Bupeon Turkey, in Bosnia, on the Bosna, 37 miles N.N.W. of  dukhshan, on the Koksha, lat. 360 50' N., ion. 700 47/ E. Pop.
Bosna-Serai.                                                about 1500.
JEPIFAN or JEPITAN. See YEPIFAN.                            JERMILLO, zhAt-meelllo, a town of Portugal, province
JEQUITINHIONHTA, zh-kee-teen-ytnlyA, or RIO-GRAN- ofBeira-Alta, near the Serra de Estrella, 8 miles fromGuarda.
DE-DO-BELMONTE, reefo-grdn/dA-do-bll-mnon/tA. a river of  Pop. 1086.
Brazil,rises in the serra Pedra Redonda, flows, first N. through    JERINIGAN, a post-office of Orange co., Florida.
the province of Minas-Geraes, then N.E., enters the province    JERNIGAN, a post-office of Barbour co, Alabama.
of Bahia, and shortly after, passing the town of Belmonte,   JERNOT, a village of Austria.  See RADNoTH.
falls into the Atlantic. Its principal affluents are the Ara-   JEROME, je-rtm5, a post-township forming the S.E. excuahi on the right, and the Yacaria on the left. It was for- tremity of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 1249.
merly celebrated for the diamonds found in its bed. In 1843    JEROME, a post-village of Howard co., Indiana, on the
the Brazilian Government voted a considerable sum for the  Wildcat River, 55 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.
improvement of the navigation.                                JEROMEVILLE, je-rtmlvil, or JEROMEStVILLE, a thrivJERAItI, jA-r&hee', (auc. Hcedyphon?,) a river of Persia, ing post-village of Mohiccan township, Ashland co., Ohio,
province of Khoozistan, is formed by the confluence of the  on a branch of the Mohiccan River, 85 miles N.N.E. of Column
Ram Hormooz and Koordistan Rivers, and after a W. course, bus. There are several large flouring mills in the vicinity.
joins the Karoon River, (anc. Pasiti;gris,) near Mohammerah. Pop. about 500.
The town of Fellaneeyah. and numerous remains of Sassa-   JERSCIIMANITZ, y8oshlma-nits', a village of Bohemia,
nian edifices are on its banks.                             circle of Buntzlau, about 7 miles from Aicha. Pop. 1640.
JERASH, a city of Syria. See GEaASA.                       JERSEY, jer/zee, (anc. Guesrea,) the largest and most S.E.
JEIRBA or GERBA, jrfhba, an island of North Africa, be-  of the islands belonging to Great Britain, in the S. part of
longing to Tunis, in the Gulf of Cabes, 15 miles N.W. of Zar- the English Channel, 13 miles W. of the coast of France, (Coziss. Length from E. to W., 22 miles; breadth, 14 miles. tentin,) and35 miles S.ofPortland Isle. Lat.of St. Heiier's,
Surface, level and fertile. On this island is a triumphal arch  490 11' 3" N., Ion. 20 71 W. Length, from E. to W., 12 miles;
in honor of Antoninus and Verus; also a pyramid, from 25 to  average breadth, 5 miles. Area, 39,000 acres. Pop. in 1851,
30 feet in height, composed of the skulls of the Spanish sol- 57,155. The coasts are roclky and abrupt; the only considerdie-s who, under the conduct of Medinaceli and Andre  able inlet is St. Aubin's Bay, on the E. side, skirted by a
Doria. perished here in an action against the Turks, in 1558. sandy shore. The surface is undulating; the hill ranges,
JEREMIE, zhirakimeet or zh6r'h-mee&, a seaport town of  consisting of granite and schist, run mostly N. and S., enHayti, on its S.W. peninsula, 125 miles W. of Port-au-Prince. closing several fertile valleys. The climate is very mild.
Pop. 5000.(?)                                               Mean annual temperature, 5109; mean summer, 6202; mean
JEREZ DE LA FROcTERrA, nri-rnth! dt!7l fron-tItrA, or simply  winter, 4206. Property is greatly subdivided, and little corn
JEREZ or XEREZ, nH-rtthl, (Port. Xeres, shl-r1s!,) a town  is raised, the chief produce being apples; the whole island
of Spain, in Andalusia, 16 miles N.N.E. of Cadiz. It con- appears like a continuous orchard, dotted with picturesque
sists generally of well-built houses of two or three stories, villages.  About 2000 hogsheads of cider are exported.
arranged in regular squares, or in spacious, paved, clean, Cows of a small and good breed are numerous, and butter is
and well-lighted streets. The principal buildings are, the  exported to England.  Off the S.E. coast are extensive
Collegiate church, (Iglesia Coleginl,) a large structure, but oyster-beds, resorted to by a large fishing fleet belonging
heavy and tasteless, consisting of three naves, and sur- to the island. The trade is active and increasing, owing to
mounted by a large dome; the church of San Miguel, with  the absence of import duties, and the privilege that the
some fine sculptures and reliefs, several other churches, not  Channel Islands possess of exporting their own produce to
much deserving of notice; 7 nunneries and 12 suppressed  England, subject only to the same duties imposed on the
monasteries; the Alcazar, an old Moorish castle, in ruins;  ps-oduce of Great Britain. In 1845, Jersey had 311 registe-edt
the town-house,'an ancient and elegant structure, with a fa- vessels, of 27,651 tons burden; in 1852 the numbes  had
gade of Corinthian pillars; a college or gymnasium, and  increased to 370 vessels, of 34,000 tons; exclusive of a conseveral public schools; a general hospital, a foundling hos- siderable number of large boats, mostly engaged in the
pital, besides two other hospitals. The quantityof corn an- oyster-fishery.  Great numbers of vessels are annually
nually exported, averages 16,000 quarters. The annual built in Jersey. In 1851, 31 new vessels, measuring  2500
export of wine, well-known under the name of sherry, was, tons, were added to the shipping of the island. Besides
on an average of the ten years ending 1846, 1,982,388 gallons. these, several large vessels were built for merchants in LiPop. 33,104.                                                vespool.  Steamers comnmunicate frequently with SouthJEREZ, a town of Central America.  See XanEs.             ampton, Weymouth. St. Malo, and Granville; the island is
JEREZ, XERES. ni-srth!, or JEREZ DEL MARQUESADO, the residence of numerous English fitmilies of limited innI-rlth!  d~l mas-kI-slfDo, a town of Spain, in Andalusia,  come. Jersey has its own legislature, the "states" or in
province of, and 35 miles firom Granada. Pop. 1726.         sular parliament consisting of 36 members, chosen by the
JEREZ-(or XEREZ)-DE-LOS-CABALLEROS, hI-rlth/-dI- inhabitants, their acts being confirmed or annulled, in speloce-kd-i l-lI'roce, a city of Spain, in Estremadura, 40 miles  cial cases, by the Viscount or English governor. From the
S. of Eadajos, at the foot of a hill, crowned by a castle, near  decisions of its royal court, appeal lies only to the sovereign
the Ardilla. It is partly surrounded by an old Arab wall, in council. The military governor has unde- him usually
entered by six gates. It has wide afnd well-paved streets, about 300 regular troops, besides which Jersey has a militia
8 squares, 4 parish churches, 9 chapels, 4 convents; a col- of 2500 men, with an artillery battalion. The island is dilege, several schools, 2 hospitals, a theatre, storehouse, and  vided into 12 parishes in the diocese of Winchester.  Its
cavalry barrack. Pop. 6120.                                 native inhabitants speak a FrenCh patois, and preserve
JERICA or XERICA, I-rieelkA, a town of Spain, in Valen- many Norman feudal customs, the Channel Islands having
cia, 27 miles W.S.W. of Castellon-de-la-Plana, on the Palancia. formed a part of the Norman dominion, and remained atIt is an ancient town, and possessed considerable importance  tached to England since the Conquest. Principal towns,
both in Roman and Saracen times. Pop. 2979.                 St. Ilelies, the capital, and St. Aubin.
JERICIIO, jlrle-ko, an ancient city of Palestine, famed in    JERISEY, a county in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, borderScripture history, but now represented by the miserable  ing on Missouri, has an area of about 350 square miles. It
village of EagieA, (A-reelhl,) or RIn:A, (ree'h,) near the N. is situated at the confluence  of the Illinois and Mississippi
extremity of the Dead Sea, 18 miles E.N.E. of Jerusalem.  Rivers, the former of which forms the boundary on the W.,
Some few remains of antiquity exist in and around it, but and the latter on the S.: lMacoupin Creek washes the N.
none that can be identified with buildings of any special border. The county consists partly of prairie and partly of
era, except a few traces of a Roman road.                   woodland; the soil is good. Capital. Jerseyville. Pop. 7354.
JERICHO, jlrfe-ko, a post-village and township of Chitten-   JERSEY, a post-village of Bradford township, Steuben
den co., Vermont, on the right bank of Onion River, about co., New York, on Mud Creek, about 12 miles E. by N. of
30 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has several starch mills, Bath. It has several mills.
and other establishments.  Pop. 1837.                        JERSEY, a post-township in the W. part of Licking co.,
JERICHO, a post-village of Queen's co., New York, on  Ohio, Pop. 1371.
Long Island, about 30 miles B. of New York City.             JERSEY, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.
JERICHO, a post-village of Wayne co., North Carolina,   JERSEY  CITY, capital of Hudson co., New Jersey, on the
71 miles E.S.E. of Raleigh.                                right or W. bank of the I[udson River, at its entrance into
JERICHO, a small post-village of Perry co., Alabama, on  New York Bay, and opposite New York City, from which it
the Cahawba River, 13 miles N. of MSlarion, the county  is 1 mile distant.  It is the E. terminus of the New Jersey
town.                                                      Railroad leading to Philadelphia, and the S. terminus of
JERICIHO, a post-office of Henry co., Kentucky.          the Hudson and Paterson Rail'oad. The Morris Canal con
939




JER                                                          JER
nects It with Easton, in Pennsylvania. Five large ferry-  the temple with Mount Zion, across the valley of the Tyro
boats ply continually between New York and this city, and  pceon, and mentioned by Josephus in his account of the
the Cunard line of ocean steamships run from  this port. capture of the city by Titus.  The tower of IHippicus, on the
Jersey City is probably the greatest thoroughfare in the  W  side of the city, (mentioned by ancient authorities as the
United States; it is well built, with wide streets, crossing  stat ting point of the three lines of walls which at different
each other at right angles, and lighted with gas. There are  periods enclosed it,) is still to be identified, as are the pools
churches for Methodists, Reformed Dutch, Presbyterians,  of Hezekiah, Gihon, and Siloam, the vaults and cisterns of
Baptists, Episcopalians, and Catholics. The city contains 2  the temple, and some of the ancient gates now walled up;
banks, a large manufactory of glass, 1 of black-lead, 1 of  but few other sites of antiquity are now traceable, and the
porcelain or delft-ware, several iron foundries, and 2 news- localities pointed out by the Monks as those of the actual
paper offices. It has several seminaries and a high school,  Via Dolorosa, of the H-loly Sepulchre, &c., have, at best, but
which enjoys a distinguished reputation.  Arrangements  an apocryphal claim to their titles.
have recently been made to supply this city with water    Among the most conspicuous modern buildings, are the
from the Passaic River, 7 or 8 miles distant. The reservoir  mosque of Omar, (Kubbel-es-Sukkrac,   "dome of the rock,") an
is on Bergen Hill. 2 miles W. of the town. The cost of the  elegant octagonal edifice erected between A. ). 686 and 693,
water-works is estimated at $600,000.  Steamers can always in the centre of the temple area; the mosque of El Alsa, at
leave Jersey City for Europe, without obstruction from ice, the S.W. extremity of the same area; the gorgeous church
which they cannot do from New York. Pop. in 1850, 11,437; of the Holy Sepulchre, a Byzantine edifice, erected by
in 1853, 18,456; and in 1854, 20,989.                       Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, on Mount
JERISEY LANIDING, a post-village of Jersey co., Illinois.  Acra, over the reputed site of the sepulchre of the Saviour;
JERSEY PRAIRIE, (prd/ree,) a post-village of Cass co., the Greek, Coptic. and Latin convents, and the ruined palace
Illinois, 45 miles W. of Springfield.                       of the Hospitallers, on the same mount: the Armenian and
JERISEY SET/TLEMENT, a post-office of Davidson co., Syrian convents, and the church of St. James on Mount
North Carolina.                                             Zion; the church of St. Anna, and the reputed birthplace
JERSIEY SHORE, a thriving post-borough of Lycoming  of the Virgin on Mount Bezetha; and the modern citadel
co., Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situated on the West branch  close to the Jaffa gate. Between Mounts Moriah and Beof the Susquehanna River, 105 miles N.N.W. of HIarrisburg.  zetha is a deep reservoir, which the monks have named
A bridge connects this borough with the right bank of the  B3ethesda; Robinson, however, conjectures that the true
river. It is a depot for flour and pine lumber, and contains  Pool of Bethesda was what is now called the Fountain of
3 chutches, and 1 iron foundry. Pop. 700.                  the Virgin, in the valley ofJehoshaphat, without the walls,
JEIRSEYTOWN, a post-village of Montour co., Pennsyl- and which communicates with the Pool of Siloam  by an
vania, 75 miles N.N.E. of Hlarrisburg.                     artificial subterraneous  conduit beneath Mount Ophel.
JERISEYVILLE, a post-village and township, capital of  Outside of the walls are also the (so-called) House of CaiaJersey co., Illinois, is situated on a prairie, 71 miles S.W. phas, now an Armenian convent, the MIoslem tomb, and
of Springfield, and about 12 miles from  the Mississippi mosque of David, the Armenian, Greek, and Latin cemeteries,
River. The village contains a court-house, and a newspaper  all on Mount Zion; the Pools of Gihon, and the remains of
office. Pop. 760.                                           an ancient aqueduct; on the N., the Mohaimmedan cemeteJERTE or XERTE, rsloltl, a river of Spain, in Estrema-  ries, the edifices designated the tombs "of the kings and of
dun-a, rises on the firontiers of Old Castile; flows S., and  the judges."  On the E., in the Valley of Jehosaphat, are
joins the Alagon, after a course of about 50 miles.         numerous other tombs and the garden of Gethsemane, beJERTE, or XERTE,  a town of Spain. in Estremadura,  yond which rises the Mount of Olives, having on its S. and
province, and 66 miles N.N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1096.        S W. the Mtount of Offence and village of Siloam. On the S.
JERUM{ENI1A, zhA-roo-mcntyd, a town of Brazil, province  the Valley of IHinnom  (Gihon) is bounded by the Hill of
of Piauhi, on the right bank of the Gurguea, a tributary of  Evil Counsel.
the Parnahiba, 95 miles W. of Oeiras.  Pop. 3000.             Jerusalem  has some manufactures of soap, but its prinJERUSALEM,je-rufsa-lnm. (also Kaodtshiah in Hebrew; Gr.  cipal trade is in riosaries and similar products made in the
Kahlvri, Kadutis, and "IepoboXvpa, H:i&e',tltuima; L.'Cad yt-  city; in the Middle Ages vast quantities of earth were retis and Hierosolysma; Arab. El-Kccads,   -k~ds,  "the Holy;"  moved ftom holy localities within the walls, and shipped to
It. Gertsakmttte,  jA-roo-sA-lI'mnmc; Fr. Jt-usalem, zhAprtt'sP- form the famous casmpo santo at Pisa.
1ml;; Get. Jerusalem, yA-roofs.-lmn';) a famous city of Pa-    The city was originally taken from the Jebusites by the
lestine, interesting as the seat of the most important events  Hebrews under Joshua about B. c. 1400; was taken and dedescribed in iToly Writ, is now comprised in the Turkish  stroyed by Nebuchadnezzar,. c. 598; rebuilt by command
pashalie of Damascus, and near the centre of tlhe mountain  of Cyrus, sr.c. 586; again taken by Ptolemy Soter,. c. 324,
region, between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, 33  and subjugated to Egypt; afterwards held by the Macctmiles S.E. of its port, Jaffa, and 2600 feet above the sea. bees; taken by Pompey, B.c. 63; and held as a Roman city
Let. 310 46' 43t5 N., and ion. 350 13' E. Mean annual tem- under Herod, (who rebuilt the temple,) until its almost total
perature, 620.6; summer, 730.8; winter, 490'6.  Stationary  destruction by the troops of Titus, A. 0. 70. At this period,
population variously estimated from  10,000 to 20,000, but in the words of Pliny, it was the most famous city, not only
about Easter the number is annually augmented by a great  of Palestine, but of the whole East.  In A. D. 135, the Jews
crowd of Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish pilgrims. were finally dispersed, and the city was again rebuilt by
The modern city is situated on a tongue of land, between  Adrian. It was captured by the Persians in 614, by the
the valley of the Kedron (valley of Jehoshaphat) on the N. Saracens under Omar in 637, in 1099 by the Cirunsaders,
and E., and that of Gihon, (valley of Hinnom,) which joins  under Godfrey of Bouillon, and held by the Christians for
the former immediately on the S.E., and occupies the four  88 years, when It was again captured by. the forces of Salahills of Zion and Acra on the W., and Moriah and Bezetha  diu, in 1187; it has remained under Turkish government
on the E.; these hills being separated by a deep longitudinal ever since, except for a short interval during 1832, when it
valley, extending fromr N. to S., and the two former again  was taken by the Egyptinans under Ibrahim Pasha. It has
by a transverse valley, the ancient Tyropcosn. The hills  since become the see of a Protestant bishop, appointed alterare of limestone, and the surrounding country is not very  nately by the governments of Great Britain and Prussia.
fertile. The city is about 2k miles in circumnference, Sur- The population, consisting of Mohammedans, Jews, and
rounded by stately walls of hewn stone, built in the six- Christians, atre generally very poor. The language spoken
teenth century, and probably enclosing the same area that is the Arabic.
Jerusalem has had since the days of Hiadrian; but the city,   JERUSALEM, ym-roots-1elim, a town of Poland, governprevious to its destruction by Titus, is conjectured to have  ment, and 38 miles E.S.E. of Warsaw. Some villages of the
been nearly twice as extensive, and a part even of Mount same name are in East Prussia and Styria.
Zion, the site of the citadel of David, is not comprised    JERU/SALE1M, a post-village and township of Yates co.,
within the modern walls.                                    New York, on Crooked Lake, 20 miles S.S.W. of Geneva. Pop.
Jerusalem is at present entered by four gates facing to- 2912.
wards the cardinal points. The public ways are narrow, ill-   JERUSALEM, a post-village, capital of Southampton co.,
paved, and dull; but the houses are in general better built,  Virginia, on the Nottoway River: 75 miles S.S.E. of Richand the streets cleaner than those of Alexandria, Smyrna,  moud.
or even Constantinople. The dwellings are of hewn stone,   JERUSALEM, qi post-office of Davis co., North Carolina.
many of them large, and furnished with small domes, which    JERUSALEM, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.
are apparently peculiar to the towns of Judea.  All the edi-   JERUSALEM  MILLS. a post-office of Hearford co., Maryfices possessing any interest are of a religious character. On  land.
Mount MIoriah, is an oblong area, 510 yards in length from   JERUSALEMI  SOUTI, a post-village of Queen's co., New
N. to S., with a breadth varying from  318 to 350 yards,  York, 176 miles S.S.E. of Albany.
which anciently formed the site of the famous temple, and    JERVIS, a small island in Torres Strait; lat. 90 551 S.,
probably, also, of the fortress of Antonia.  This atres is still ion. 1420 10' E.
enclosed by walls, which on the E. side form a part of the    JERtVIS BAY, New South Wales, 85 miles S.S.W. of
outer wall of the city, and both here, and at tihe S.W. cor- Sydney, 9 miles in length and breadth, and affords good
nor, are portions composed of stones of vast size, considered  anchorage.
to have termed parts of the identical walls raised by Solo-   JERVIS CAPE, South Australia, bounds Spencer Gulf on
mon or his successors. Dr. Robinson confidently supposes  the W. side of its entrance.
that he discovered the traces of an ancient bridge connecting    JERVIS (or BUN KEIR'S) ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, is in
940




JES                                                        JHY
lat. 00 23' S., ion. 1690 52' W., 5 miles in circumference, and  London co., Connecticut, on the Norwich and Worcester
covered with low shrubs.                                  Rtailroad, where it crosses the Quinebaug Rivelr, 9 miles
JESALMIR. See JESSULMEEr.                                N.E. by N. of Norwich. It contains several churches, a cotJESAN, a port of Arabia. See GHEESAN.                    ton factory, and a bank..
JESBERG, y~slb&rG, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel,   JEYPOOR, JYEPOOR, or JYPOOR, ji-poorl, one of the
province of Nieder-Iliessen, 26 miles S.W. of Cassel. P. 1280. five principal Rajpoot states of Ilindostan, tributary to the
JESI, a town of Italy. See IES.                          British, contains some of the strongest fortresses in HIindosJESIMOND, a township of England, co. Northumberland.  tan, and numerous Jain temples. Capital. Jeypoor.
JESROD, j~s'rodl JESROUT, j~s'rootl, or JUSROUTA, jtAs-   JEYP00R, JYEPOOR, or JYPOOR, a city and capital of the
rooltA, a town of the Punjab, 67 miles N. of Amritseer.    above state, in a barren valley, 148 miles S.W. of Delhi.
JESISAMINE, a county in the central part of Kentucky, Estimated pop. 60,000. It is, altogether, the handsomest and
has an area estimated at 250 square miles. It is bounded  most regularly built city in Hindostan.  It is enclosed by
on the S. and S.E. by the Kentucky River, and drained by  a battlemented stone wall, flanked by towers, commanded
Hiclkman and Jessamine Creeks. The surface is undulating;  by a citadel and a line of forts on adjacent heights, and has
the soil is remarkably fertile. The Lexington and Danville  some spacious market-places, good squares of houses of many
Railroad passes through the county. Capital. Nicholasville.  stories in height, numta-ous temples in the purest I-indoo
Pop. 10,249, of whom 06424 were free, and 3825 slaves.     style, and a magnificent palace, constructed by an Italian
JESSAMINE, a post-office of Jessamine co., Kentucky.    architect in the fifteenth century, for a rajah, under whom
JESSAMINE CREEK, ofJessamine co., Kentucky, flows Jeypoor was a chief seat of HIindoo learning.
S.W. into the Kentucky River.                               JEYPOOR-GHAUT, 4 miles W. of the above, is a dreary
JESSAVA. y&-ssvcl, a river of European Turkey, inServia, defile, in which various palaces, pavilions, and temples were
joins the Danube at Semendria. Length, 80 miles.          built by a former rajah.
JESSELMERE. See JESSULIVIEER.                             JEZIAR-ERKENE, (6rlkA-nsPhb,) or DJESIR-ERKENETI,
JESSEN, yesesgn a town of Prussian Saxony, 50 miles  a town of European Turkey, in Ioom-Elee, on the Maritza,
N.E. of Merseburg, on the Black Elster. Pop. 2425.       at its confluence with the Erkene, 18 miles S.E. ofAdrianople.
JESSEN, a village of Saxony, N.W. of Dresden.            Pop. 2000.
JES'SE'S STOIRE, a post-office of Shelby co., Kentucky.   JEZD, a city of Persia. See YEZD.
JESSNITZ, yssenits, a town of Germany, in Anhalt-   JEZEERi, JEZIR, jez-eerf, or JEZEERET, (JEZIRET,)
Dessau, on the Mulde, 10 miles S. of Dessau. Pop. 2200.    jiz-eelret, an Arabian word, signifying island, forniug -a part
JEfSSO, an island of Japan. See YEsso.                  of various names.
JESSOOL, jislsool, or JESO00I/, a town of the Punjab,   JEZEEREII-(or JEZIREII)-IBN-O0IAR, jhzleei.-h-Ob'n-o0near the Indus, 10 miles S. of Leia, on the route to Mooltan. mar/, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 130 miles E. S.E.
JESSORE, j.s'seOr, a district of British India, presidency, of Diarbelkir, on an island in the Tigris, here crossed by a
and province of Bengal, occupying the centre of the Ganges  bridge, which, like the castle and the rest of the town, is
delta. Area, 5180 square niles. Pop. 903,000.              now mostly in ruins.
JESSORE, a town of British India. See MoonLEY.             JEZEERET, JEZIRET, HELLANIYAH  or  IHIULLAJESSULMEEIt JESSE LMERItE, JESALMIR.j jtssel-meerl, NIYAHII. See CunRs  MUriA.
written also JAYSULMEER or JAYSULMIR, j-t-s      tl-meerl,   JEZEERET or JEZIRET-PAROON, j&z-eelret-ft'roonl, a
one of the five principal Rajpoot states of West Itindostan.  small island of Arabia-Petrma, on the W. side of the
comprising a large part of the Indian Desert, between lat. Gulf of Akabah, about 10 miles S.W. of Akabah.  Some ex260 and 280 N., and Ion. 690 and 720 E. Ar-ea, 9779 square  tensive remains of antiquity here have given rise to the
miles. Pop. 300,000.(?)                                    supposition that this was the ancient MEath.
JESSULIEEI  R or JESSELMERE, a town of IIindostan,   JEZEERET-(JEZIRET)-IIASSAN, jhz-eefret-hoaslsen', and
capital of the above state, 138 miles W.N.W. of Joodpoor. JEZEERET-ES-SABA, (6s-sltbi,) (i.e. "the brothers,") are
Lat. 260 55' N., Ion. 710 28' E. Pop. estimated at 20,000. It rocks in the Strait of Bab-el-Maiindeb.
is about 2 miles in circumference, enclosed by a loose stone    JEZIRET. See JczEue.
rampart. and has a strong fort on a scarped rock. The town    JEZOW or JEZOV, yA'zov, a town of Poland. goverinment,
is regularly laid out, well built, and the residence of many  and 5 miles S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 3036, chiefly employed in
opulent merchants, being on the high commercial route be- manufict;uring woollen cloths. Its fortifications, once fortween Malwah and the port of ITKurrachee.                  midable, have been destroyed.
JES'SUP, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania.    JEZ1REEL, a village of Palestine, identified with the
Pop. 840.                                                  modern ZEREEN. See ZEREEN.
JESSUP'S LANDING, a village of Saratoga co., New York,   JIIALAWAN, jO-l~-wtnf, a province of East Beloochistan,
on the Hudson River, about 42 miles N. of Albany.          between lat. 260 and 290 N., and lon. 650 and 670 30' E.
JESSUP'S RIVER, rises in the E.N.E. part of IHamilton co., Area, 20,000 square miles. Pop. 30,000. It has only a few
New York, and enters the Hudson River in Essex county.  productive tracts.
JESTETTEN, ylsltht'ton, a village of Baden, circle of    JIIALLOE, jAlq1dl, a town of India, dominions, and
Upper Rhine, on the Swviss frontiers. Pop. 890.            79 miles N.N.E. of Baroda.
JESTICO. See Por HooD.                                     JIJALLORE, jl'Ilrl, a town of India, dominions, and 75
JEtSUS ISLAND, Canada  East, 8 miles N.W. of Man- miles S.S.W. of Joodpoor.
txeal, is bounded by the St. John and Prairie Rivers, the    JI-HANSI or JANSI, jan/see, a town and fort of I-lindostan,
branlches of the Ottawa, before it joins the St. Lawrence. in Bundelcund, capital of a rajahship, 63 miles S.W. of GwaLength, 23 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles.               lier. It has some manufactures of arms and carpets, and a
JEtSUS MARIIA, an island of the South Pacific. E. of  considerable share of the trade between the Deccan and the
Admiralty Island.                                          Bengal Upper Provinces. Its rajahship has an area of 2922
JESUS MARIA. CAPE, in Uruguay, N. of the estuary  square miles. Pop. 289,000.
of the Plata, 40 miles N.WV. of Miontevifideo.               JIIANSOO-JEANG or JI-IANSU-JEANCG, jbn-sool-j{A-ang',
JETIERSVILLE, a post-village of Amelia co., Virginia, 54  a fortified rock, in Thibet, 37 miles S.E. of Teshoo-Lombo.
miles S.W. of Richmond.                                      JI-IARRIAII,  jirlrA, a town of IIindostan, in Cutch, 20
JETHOU, zhatool, one of the smaller Channel Islands, miles S.E. of Luckput-Bunder.
belonging to Great Britain, 21 miles E. of Guernsey.         JIIEEND or JEEND. jeend, a walled town of North-west
JETTINGEN, yktlting-n, a village of Bavaria, circle of  Ilindostan, 75 miles N.W. of Delhi, capital of a rajahship.
Swabia, on the Mindel, 21 miles W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1631.   JIONKUR, joug'khr/, a town of India, in the Gwalior
JETZE, y~tlsgh, or JEETZE, ysttseh, a small river of  dominions, 34 miles E. of Oojein.
North Germany, falls into the Elbe at Hitsacker, near the    JI-IOONJOONA, joonujooln, a town of India, in RajpooN.E. extremity of the Hllanover.                           tana, 24 miles S.E. of Chooroo, in an oasis of the desert, and
JEV, j~v, or GHEVE, gltvfh, a marliket-town of Russia,  handsomely built.
government of Esthonia, on the road from Revel to St. Peters-   JHIOONJOONA, a town of Itindostan, in Ajmeer, 125
burg, 27 miles WV. of Narva. Pop. 1500.                    miles S.W. of Delhi. Lat. 280 2' N., Ion. 750 22' E.
JEVE. jA/veh, a market-town of Russia, government, and    JHOW, j~w, a town of Beloochistan, province of Mlekran,
18 miles W.N.W. of Vilna.                                  40 miles N.W. of Bela.  Around it many remains of antiJEVER, yiver, a walled town of North Germany, grand  quity have been discovered.
duchy, and 33 miles N.N.W. of Oldenburg, on the Sieltief    JHYI-ILUMi, JAILUIM, JYLUSI, JILUM, jilltim, written also
Canal. Pop. 3361.                                          JELUM  or BEHIUT, be-hbt/, (aoc. Icdeasfpes?) the westerniJEVIINGTON, a parish of En-land, so. of Sussex.          mast of the " five rivers" of the Punjab, rises in Cashmere. the
JEWALA-MURI, je-wArl-moofkee, ("1month of flame,") a  whole of which valley it drains, and after a S.W. course'estiton n and famous place of Hindoo pilgrimage, in the Punjab, mated at 350 miles, joins tihe Chenaub, 80 miles N.N.E. of
10 miles N.W. of Nadaun. Pop. about 3000. It has several Mooltan, from which junction it is navigable upwards nea-ly
temples, a large bazaar, and mineral springs.              to its emergence from the mountains. It is also navigable
JEWtELL IIILL, a post-office, Madison co., North Carolina. for 70 miles in Cashniere. Chief afflients, the Kishenugungo,
JEW/ETT, a post-township of Greene co., New York, 40 and Pir-Panjal. On it are the towns of Islamabad, Shahamiles S.W. ofAlbany. Pop. 1452.                            bad, Serinagur, Jhylum, Julalpoor, and Pind Dadun iKhan.
JEWETT CENTRE, a post-village of Greene co., New    JHYLUM or JAILUM, jI/lsm, a town of the Punjab, on
York, in the above toawnship.                              the E. bank of the above river, is in lat. 330 2' N., Ion. 750
JEWETT CITY, a post-village of Griswold township, New  36' E. It is large and clean, though its streets ane nar-ros
941




JIA                                                         JOIH
and intricate. The river is here generally fordable, and, on    JOANKO, jo-Ansho, a lake of Siberia, in the Arctic Circle,
hat account, Sir A. Burnes considered Jhylum to have been  in lat. 1750 E., in the territory of the Tchooktchees.  It is,he place of conflict between Alexander the Great and Pornus   about 24 miles long, by 12 miles broad, and dischargos
JIABAR, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See GIAvBAR.           itself through the Anadeer, (Anadir,) which issues from its
JIDDAII, JIDDA or DJIDDAIH, jid/dA, a seaport town, and  W. extremity.
me of the principal trading entrepdts of Arabia, in lejaz, 65    JOANNA FURNACE, a post-office, Berks co., Pennsylvania.
miles W. of Mecca, of which it is the port. Lat. 210 28' 3"'   JOANNES, a large island of Brazil.  See MnAAJo.
N., lon. 390 13' E. Stationary population estimated by Riip-   JOANNINA, a town of Turkey.  See YANINA.
pell at 22,000(?). The town proper is built of madrepore and    JOAZEJRAS.  zho-&-zdlras, a small town of Brazil. prostone, and is cleaner than most places in the East; the sub- vince of Bahia; on the San Francisco, 65 miles N.N.W. of
urbs are mean. The public buildings comprise numerous  Jacobina.
khans, several mosques, the governor's residence, custom-   JOB, zhob, a village of France, department of Puy-dehouse, small castle, and the reputed tomb of Eve! The  DOme, 4 miles N. of Ambert.  Pop. 3120.
vicinity is a bare  desert. IRain-water has to be carefully    JOBE, jtb, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri.
preserved in cisterns, and provisions to be brought from a    JOBIE, jolbee, an island in the Malay Archipelago, adjalong distance; yet Jiddah has a large transit trade with  cent to Papua, on the N. side of its great bay. Lat. 10 351
all the surrounding countries. Importsfirom Abyssinia and  S., ion. between 1350 30' and 1370 30' E. Length, from W.
Egypt consist of provisions, tobacco, clothing, musk, civet, to E., 100 miles; greatest breadth, 25 miles. The Strait of
and incense; muslins and other fabrics, teak, cocoa-nuts,  Jobie separates it on the N. from the island of Mysory.
spices, and shawls are received from India; spice and slaves    JOBLA or DJOBLA, jobtlA, a considerable town of Arafromn the Malay Archipelago; and slaves also from Mozam-  bin, in Yemen, on a river, 103 miles S.S.W. of Sans.
bique.  Exports to Abyssinia consist of coral, Egyptian cot-   JOBS/TOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
ton goods, sword-blades, matchlocks, cutlery, hardwares,  6 miles E.N.E. of Mount Holly.
mirrors, and leather; and goods of all theabove kinds, with    JOBSIVILLE, a village of Gloucester co., New Jersey, on
dates, coffee, and Mecca balm, are sent by sea to Suez,  the Delaware River, 3 or 4 miles W. of Woodbury.
whence they are distributed over the whole Levant.  In    JOCJOCARTA, Java. See DJoKJoKARTA.
1839, the value of imports from India and China was esti-   JOCKMOCK, yokmliok, a market-town of North Sweden,
mated at.1,006,140, and of the total imports at $2.334,144, Ien. and 95 miles N.W. of Pitei. Pop. 1400.
which sum was nearly balanced by the exiorts. In 1843,   JODAR or XODAIR, no-des!, a town of Spain, 26 miles
the imports amounted to $2,395,803. Many thousand pil- E. of Jaen, near the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3614.
grims arrive here annually on the route to Mecca. The    JO DAVIESS, j5 dlt/viss, a county forming  the N.W. exsheriff of that city has ruled in Jiddah from the time of  tremity of Illinois, bordering on Iowa and Wisconsin, has
Mohammed to the present century, during which period the  an area of 650 square miles. The Mississippi River forms
town has substantially formed a part of the dominions of  its S.W. boundary.  The Fevre and Apple Rivers flow
the Egyptian pasha.                                        through the county. It is also drained by Plum River and
JIGA-GOUNOGAR, jee g-goonggar! (?) a town of Thibet,  Rush Creek. The/snrface is uneven; the soil is generally
45 miles S.W. of Lassa. Lat. 290 58' N., ion. 91028'1E. Popu- good. The county is chiefly remarkable bfor its rich mines
lation said to comprise 20,000 families.                    of lead and copper, which are extensively worked.  It is inJIGANSK or GIGANSK, je-g~nsk, a town of Siberia, on  tersected by the Chicago and Galena Railroad. Named in
the Lena. Lat. 660 30' N., ion. 1250 E.                     honor of Colonel Joseph IIamiltou  Daviess, who fell in the
JIIHIOON, a river of Asia. See Oxus.                      battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, Galena.  Pop. 18.604.
JIJELI, GIGELLI, or DJIGELLI, je-j~llee, a fortified    JODOIGNE, zho'dwa.W, a town of Belgium, province of
maritime town of Algeria, province, and 54 miles N.W. of  South Brabant, 6 miles S.S.W of Tirlemont. Pop. 3328.
Constantine, at the entrance of the Gulf of Bougiah. Pop.   JOE  BAYOU, j5 bioo, a post-office of Carroll parish,
1063. It has communication by French steamers with Algiers. Louisiana.
JIJIGINSK, GIJIGIIINSK or GIJIGINSK, je-je-ghinskf,   JOELSTOR or JOLSTOR, (Jilstor.,) y5llstor, a parish of
written also IJIGHIINSK, a fortified town of East Siberia, Norway, stift, and SO miles N.N.E. of Bergen. Pop. 1811.
province of Okhotsk, at the head of its gulf, 70 miles W.S.W.    JOE'S LICK, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.
of Penjinsk.                                                  JOH-AN/NA, called also ANJOUAN.,n zhoo-in/, or ANJIJIGINSK or IJIGHINSK, GULF OF, an arm  of the  ZOOAN (ANZUAN,) In'zoo-,nt, and HINZUAN, hin'zoo-Ln/,
Gulf of Penjinsk, from the Sea of Okhotsk, between lat. 600  the central and most frequented, though not largest of the
and 600 30' N., and ion. 155~ and 1600 E.                   Comoro Islands, in Mozambique Channel. It is 26 miles in
JIJONA or XIXONA, ne-To'nnl, a town of Spain, province, length, by 18 miles in breadth, and has a central peak 3800
and 18 miles N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 4795. Chief industry, feet above the sea, in lat. 120 13' S., Ion. 440 29' E. P.20.000 (?).
linen-weaving and manufacture of shoes.                     It is well wooded, well watered, fertile, and picturesque.
JIKADZE, je-kIdtzat, JIKADAZE, je-k!da-zA, or SHI-   JOHANNESBERG, yo-h  tnns-bhlo', avillage of Bohemia
KATZE, she-kl'ttse, a town of Thibet, near the Yaroo Dzangbo  on the Neisse, 9 miles feom Reichenberg.  Pop. 1162.
160 miles W.S.W. of Lassa. Pop. estimated at 100,000.         JOHANNESTHAL, yo-han'nus-tlP, a town of Austria, in
JILLIFREY, jille-frue?, a town of West Africa, on the N. Silesia, 29 miles NW. of Troppau. Pop. 2000.
shore of the river Gambin, opposite Fort James.               JOHANN-GEORGENSTADT, yo-hennfget-orJYghnn-      st.ttV. a
JILOCO or XILOCO, He-lolko, and JILON or XILON, ue- frontier town of Saxony, on the Schwarzwasser, 29 miles
lont, two rivers of Spain, in Aragon, nnite at Calatayud to  S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 3895, mostly employed in iron-mines,
form a tributary of the Ebro, which it joins, 12 miles N.W. and in the manufacture of lace. The town was founded in
of Saragossa, after a N.E. course of about 100 miles.       1654, by Protestant refugees from Bohemia.
JILON. See JILoco.                                          JOHANNISBERG, jo-hantnis-berg, (Ger. pron. yo-hAn/nisJILUM, a river of the Punjab. See JuvauM.                 b8no',) a village of West Germany, duchy of Nassau, on a hill
JIMAMAILAN. oe-mi-mi-lan! or jee-mO-mi-lgnt, a town  near the Rhine, 13 miles W. of Mentz, with a castle, which
of the Philippines, on the W. side of the island of Negros, was given to Prince Metternich by the allies, in 1816, and
near the confluence ofthe river Talaban and Vignit. Pop. 1685. famous for its vineyard, yielding the finest hock wine.
JIMENA or XIMENA, He-mefnA, a town of Spain, in An-    JOIIANNISBURG, yo-hdn/nis-b66Rac, a town of East Prusdalusia, 14 miles from Jaen. Pop. 1507.                     sia, 70 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen.  Pop. 2100.
JIMENA  (or XIMIENA) DE LA FRONTERA,. ne-melng    JOHN  O'GROAT'S (o-gre-awts) HOTUSE, Scotland, co. of
d1: 1, fron-tAlr, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 46 miles E. Caithness, 1-1 miles W. of Duncansbay IHead, is the name
of Cadiz, on the E. declivity of the Sierra de Gazules, of a site once occupied by a cottage, and is nearly the most
crowned by an old Roman fort. Pop. 5878.                    N. point of Britain.
JIMERA (or XIIERA) DE LIVAR, He-merl  dA le-vays,   JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, a township  of Warren co., Ina town of Spain, in Andalusia, 45 miles W.S.W. of Malaga.  diana. Pop. 539.
Pop. 1068.                                                    JOIIN RIVER, a small stream  of Coos co., New ITamp.
JINDIALEH, a town of the Punjab. See JENDOCsEn.           shire, dells into the Connecticut in the N. part of the state.
JIRGEH,  a town of Egypt.  See Genoz.  JOHINS, a post-office of Liberty co., Texas.
JITOMIR, a town of Poland. See ZuEIToMEE.a.                 JOHNS/BURG, a post-village and township at the N.W.
JIZEII. See Gnzzr.cr.                                     extremity of Warren co., New York, on the Iludson River,
JOA, jo/el, a mouth of the Indus during inundations, but about 85 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 1503.
in the dry season merely a salt-water creek. Lat. 250 15' N.,   JOHIN'S HAIVEN, a seaport village of Scotland, co. of
lon. 670 19' E.                                             Rincardine, on the North Sea, 3 miles S.S.W. of Bervie.
JOA, a large, flourishing town of the Punjab, on the Salt Pop. 1172.
Range, about 110 miles N.W. of Lahore.  JOHN'SON, a county in the E. central part of North CaJOACHIM  (jola-kim) CREEK, of Missouri, enters the  rolina; area, estimated at 670 square  miles. It is interlississippi at Herculaneum.                                 sected by Neuse and Little Rivers. The surface is uneven.
JOACHIMSTIHAL, yot'-Kims'tdl, a free mining-town of  The dividing line between the tertiary and the primary
Bohemia. 14 miles N.N.E. of Elbogen.  Pop. 4386.           formations passes through the county.. Granite and ironJOACHIMSTIIAL, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- ore are found. Formed in 1746, from Craven county, and
denburg, 35 miles N.E. of Berlin.  Pop. 1660.              nemed in honore of Gabriel Johnson, then governor of the
JOAG, jo-ag, a walled town of West Afe-ica, in Senegambia;  colony.  Capital. Smithfield.  Pop. 13,726, of whom  9003
Lat. l4~ 30' N.,lon 510 50', Pop. 2000.                    were free, and 4663 slaves.
1112




JOH                                                         JOH
JOHIINSON, a county in/the N.W. central part of Ar-   JOHNSON'S FERRY, a village of St. Charles co., Mis.
kansas, contains 870 square miles. It is intersected by the  souri, 34 miles W. of St. Louis.
Arkansas River, navigable'by steamboats. The surface is    JOHINSON'S FORKS, apost-officeof Morgan co., Kentucky.
generally undulating; the soil in some parts is fertile. Ca-   JOHNSON'S GROVE, a village of De KaIlb co., Illinois, 68
pital, Clarksville. Pop. 5227, of whom 4496 were free, and  miles W. by S. of Chicago.
731 slaves.                                                  JOHNSON'S LANDING, a small village of Calhoun co.,
JOHNSON, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Ten- Illinois.
nessee, bordering on Virginia and North Carolina; area,   JOIHNSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Pitt co., North CaestimatedI at 210 square miles. It is drained by an affluent  rolina.
of Watauga River., The surface is mountainous, and co-   JOHNSON'S MILLS, a post-village of Clarke co., Illinois,
vered with vast forests. Iron-ore is abundant.  Capital,  on the North Fork of Embarras River, 115 miles E.S.E. of
Taylorsville. Pop. 3705, of whom  3499 were free, and 206  Springfield.
slaves.                                                      JOHNSON'S RANCIH, a post-office of Sutter co., California.
JOHNSON, a county situated in the E. part ofKentucky,    JOHNSON'S SPRINGS, a post-village of Goochland co.,
bordering on Virginia, contains an area estimated at 480  Virginia, 28 miles W. of Richmond.
square miles. It is traversed by the West Fork of the Big    JOHNSON'S STATION, a post-office of Tarrant co., Texas.
Sandy River. The surface is diversified by hills and fertile    JOI-JN/SONTOWN, a post-office, Northampton co., Virginia.
valleys. Extensive mines of stone coal are found in many    JOIINISONVILLE, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New
parts of the county. Formed in 1842, and named in honor  York, on the Boston and Troy Railroad, 16 miles from Troy.
of the late Richard M. Johnson, formerly Vice-President of    JOIINSONVILLE, a post-village of Cumberland co., North
the United States. Capital, Paintville. Pop. 3873, of whom   Carolina, 65 miles S. of Raleigh.
3843 were free, and 30 slaves.                               JO!INSONVILLE, a post-office of Williamsburg district,
JOHNSON, a county in the S. central part of Indiana,  South Carolina.
contains 320 square miles. It is drained by the White    JOHNSONVILLE, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio.
River and Sugar Creek. The surface is undulating; the    JOHIN'S RIVER, of North Carolina, rises in the N. partof
soil is mostly a rich black loam, mixed with sand. The  Burke  county, and flowing S., falls into the Catawba near
Madison  and Indianapolis Railroad passes through the  the centre of the county.
county; another railroad extends from the county seat W.   JOIHINSTON, jons'ton, a large manufacturing village of
to White River. Organized in 1823, and named in honor of  Scotland, co. of Renfirew, 3 miles S.S.W. of Paisley. It has
John Johnson, a judge of the Supreme Court of Indiana.  wholly risen since 1780, is built on a regular plan, has seveCapital, Franklin. Pop. 12,101.                            ral squares, a church, various chapels, schools, public libraJOHNSON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area  rice, printing-presses, and assembly rooms. It is governed
estimated at 300 square miles. It is drained by Cash River, by a committee elected annually by the inhabitants.  It
and by Big Bay Creek. The general surface is level; the  has 15 cotton mills, employing together upwards of 1400
soil is moderately fertile. Capital, Vienna. Pop. 4113.    hands, besides brass and iron foundries, and machine factoJOHNSON, a county in the W. part of Missouri, has an  ries. It communicates with Glasgow by a canal, and also
area of 790 square miles. It is drained by the head-streams  with it and with Paisley, Greenock, and Ayr, by the Glasof Blackwater River, an affluent of the Lamine, and by the  gow and Ayr railway. Near it are several thriving collieries.
Postoak Fork and Clear Fork of the first-named river. Rig  Pop. in 1851, 5872.
C reek also flows through the S.W. part of the county. The    JOHNSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
surface consists of prairies and woodlands. The soil is gene-   JOIINSTON,(or CORNWALLIS) ISLANDS, a group in the
rally good. Extensive beds of stone coal are found in the  North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 160 53' 20" N., lon., 1690 31' 30" VW.
county. The streams furnish motive-power for numerous  They form a lagoon, surrounded by a reef, stretching N.E.
mills. Capital, Warrensburg. Pop. 7464, of whom 6585 were  and S.W. 10 miles, and 5 miles broad.
free, and 879 slaves.                                        JOHINSITON. a township of Providence co., Rhode Island,
JOHNSON, a county in the E.S.E. part of Iowa, has an  5 miles W. of Providence. It contains 5 or 6 print-works,
area of 616 square miles. It is intersected by the Iowa  besides other establishments.  Pop. 2937.
River, which divides it into nearly equal portions; Cedar    JOHNSTON, a township of Trumbnull co., Ohio. Pop. 1099.
River flows through the N.E. part; it is also drained by    JOIHINSTON, a post-office of Poinsett co., Arkansas.
Oldman's and Clear Forks. The surface is diversified, and    JOHNISTONE, a parish of Scotland, co., and 12 miles N.E.
the soil is said to be unsurpassed in fertility. A consider- of Dumfries, in Annandale.  Iere are the remains of Lochable portion of the county consists of prairies. Quarries of  wood Castle, built in the fourteenth century.
good building-stone have been opened near the Iowa River.   JOHNSTON ISLES, a rocky group, in the Pacific Ocean,
Companies have been formed for the construction of rail-  S.W. of the Sandwich Islands.
ways through this county, from Dubuque to Keokuk, and    JOHN!STON STRAIT, of British North America, in the
from Davenport to Iowa City, which is the seat of justice,  North Pacific, separates Vancouver's Island from the mainand also the capital of the state. Formed about 1839. Pop. land on its N. side.
4472.                                                         JOIINSTONVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Georgia,
JOHINSON, a post-village of Lamoille co., Vermont, on the  about 60 miles W. of Milledgeville.
right bank of the Lamoille River, about 32 miles N. by W.   JOHNSTOWN, a post-village and township, capital of
of Moultpeller, contains 2 churches, a town-house, 1 woollen  Fulton co., New York, 46 miles W.N.W. of Albany, and 4
factory, 1 grist and saw mill, and various other manufiac- miles N. of the Erie Canal. The village contains, besides
turing establishments. Pop. of the township, 1381.         the county buildings, a bank, an academy, 2 newspaper
JOHNSON, a post-village of Floyd co., Georgia, on the  offices, churches of 5 or 6 denominations, and about 16
Western and Atlantic Railroad, 18 miles from Chattanooga.  stores. Pop. of the township, 6131; of the village 1665.
JOHNSON, a township of Champaign co.. Ohio. Pop. 1553.   JOHNSTOWN, a post-town, the largest of Cambria co.,
JOIINSON, a township of Brown co., Indiana. Pop. 418. Pennsylvania, is situated at the confluence of Conemaugh
JOHNSON, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 777. River with Stony Creek, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, and
JOHNSON, a township of Gibson co., Indiana. Pop. 1568. at the W. terminus of the Portage Railroad, 85 miles E. of
JOHNSON, a township of La Grange co., Indiana. P. 878. Pittsburg.  The Western Division of the Pennsylvania
JOHNSON, a township of Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 402.  Canal extends firom this town to Pittsburg.  Johnstown has
JOHtNSON, a township of Ripley co., Indiana.  Pop. 2141. am active business in shipping produce. Four niewspapers
JOHNSON, a village of Carroll co., Illinois, about 38 miles  are published here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2000.
S.E. of Galena.                                              JOIINSTOiWN, a village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, 55
JOHNSON, a township of Clarke co., Illinois. Pop. 672.   miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg, and 6 miles S.W. of Ilifflintown.
JOHNSON, a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois.         JOHNSTOWVN, a thriving post-village of Licking co., Ohio,
JOHNSON, a small village of Washington co., Missouri.   about 21 miles N.E. of Columbus.  It contains 2 or 3
JOIINSON, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.            churches. Pop. in 1853, about 500.
JOHNISONBURG or JOIINISONSBURG. a post-village of    JOHINSTOWN, a post-township in the S. part of Barry
Wyoming co., New York, about 260 miles W. of Albany.       co., Michigan. Pop. 451.
JOHNSONBTJRG. a post-village of Warren co., New Je-   JOIHINSTOWN, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsiu, 53
soy, 65 miles N. of Trenton. It contains 2 churches, a mill, miles S.W. of Milwaukee, contains 2 churches, a few stores,
and several stores.                                        and 40 dwellings.
JOHTINISON'S, a village of Essex co., New York, 20 miles    JOHINSITOWN, a district of Canada West, having S.E.
S.W. of Elizabethtown.                                   thie riiver St. Lawrence, and traversed by the Rideui River
JOHNSON'S, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.   and Canal.
JOHNSON'S CORNERS, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio.   J 0INSTOWN, a village of the above district, in the S.E.,
JOIINSON'S CREEK. of Orleans co., New York, fIlls into  on the St. Lawrence.
Lake Ontario, in the W.:N.W. part of the state.              J0TINSTOWN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of KilJOIINSON'S CRE'EK, a post-village of Niagara co., New  kenny, 1I miles N.E. of Urlingford. Pop. 949.
York, about 35 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo.                      JOIIhNSTOWN, a village of Ireland, co. of Wexford, near
JOIINSON'S CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson co., Wis- the conflunce of the Derry and Slaney Rivers,  mile S. of
consin.                                                    Cloneall.  Pop. 311.
JOIINSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of 5Monroe co.,   JOIiNSTOWN, a village of Ireland: co. of Kildare, 2 miles
Virginia.                                                  NI.E.of Naas.  Pop. 192.
943




JOI                                                         JON
JOHNSTOWN CENTRE, a post-village  of Rock co, Wis- generally hilly and broken; the soil has been much orn,
consin, 10 miles E. of Janesville, contains 40 dwellings, and  but is still productive. Iron, granite, and quartz are found.
about 200 inhabitants.                                     The county is intersected by the Central Railroad. OrgaJOHNSTOWN-iAN-CREGGAN, a bog of Irelaiid, co. of  nized in 1807, and named in honor of James Jones, formerly
Rescommon. Area, 10,181 acres.                             member of Congress from Georgia. Capital, Clinton. Pop
JOHNS/VILLE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.    10,224, of whom 3945 were free, and 6279 slaves.
JORNSVILLE, a village of Somerset co., New Jersey, on    JONES, a county in the S.E. part of Mississippi, has an
the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Pop. 150.                  area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the
JOHINSVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., MIaryland,  Leaf and Taliahoma Rivers.  bhe surface is moderately un74 miles N.W. of Annapolis.                                 even; the soil is sandy, and not uniformly fertile.  Namned
JOHNSVILLE, a village of Dyer co., Tennessee, on Obion  in honor of Commodore Paul Jones. Capital, Ellisville.
River, 150 miles W. by S. of Nashville.                     Pop. 2164, of whom 1.890 were firee, and 274 slaves.
JOHNSVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co.. Ohio.         JONES, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has an area of
JOHNSVILLE, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio.         576 square miles. The Wapsipinicon and Makoquota Rivers,
JOIHINSVILLE, a post-office of Ripley co., Iowa.          effluents of the Mississippi River, flow through the county
JOIIORE orDJOHOR, jo'hlrl, a state occupying the S. in a S.E. direction; it is also drained by Fall River and Bear
part of the Malay peninsula, formerly flourishing, but now  Creek. The surface is diversified by prairies and woodhinds;
of little importance. The town of Johore. on the river of' the soil is highly productive. Limestone is one of the priunthe same name, is 20 miles N.N.W. of Point Romania.         cipal rocks of the county. It is intersected by railway
JOI-HSTADT, y0'st/tt, or JOSEPIISTADT, yolslf-st~tt, a  roites leading to Dubuque and Keokuk.  N amed in honor
frontier town of Saxony, 45 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. of George VW. Jones, United States senator from Iowa. Capi1942, chiefly employed in mining.''                      tal, Anamosa.  Pop. 3007.
JOIGNY, zhwan'yeel, (anc..T Joviniacum ) a town of France,    JONES, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania.  Pop. 235.
department of Yonne, here crossed by a good stone bridge,   JONES, a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 670.
and on the Paris and Lyons Railway, 15 miles N.N.W. of    JONES, a village of Moirgn co., Illinois, on the Sangamon
Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 6455. It is enclosed by an old wall, and Morgan lRailroad, 40 miles W. by S. of Springfield.
entered by six gates, and has narrow, crooked, and steep    JONES' BLUFF, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.'streets, with two suburbs, a handsome castle, a cathedral of    JONESBOROUGII, jfnzlbfr-fih,  a post-township of Washthe fifteenth century, two hospitals, a communal college, ington co., Maine, at the head of Englishman's Bay, about
barracks, a large market-place, and manufactures of brandy  128 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 466.
and leather, and an active trade.                             JONESROROUGH, a post-village of Brunswick co., FirJOINYILLE, zhwsNGeveel, a town of France, department ginia, about 90 miles S. by W. of Richmond.
of Haute-Marne, on the Marne, 23 miles N. of Chaumont.   JONESBORIOUGILH  a thriving post-village of Fayette co.,
Pop. in 1852, 3505. It is situated at the foot of a castle- Georgia, on the Macon and Western Railroad, 79 miles N.W.
crowned height, and has a communal college. It gave the  of Macon.'It is a depot for cotton.
title of prince to the son of the ex-king Louis Philippe.     JONESIBOROUGIH, a post-village of Jefferson co., AlaJOINYILLE ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, (Dangerous  bama. 36 miles E.N.E. of Tuscaloosa, contains a male and
Archipelago,) are in let. 150 48' S., Ion. 1390 40' W.      female seminary.
JOINVILLE-LE-PONT, zhwANs'vseel! leh pNc, a village    JONESBOROUGH, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.
of France, department of Seine, 6 miles E. of Paris. Pop. 610.   JONESBOROUGH, a flourishing post-village, capital of
JOLIBA or DJOLIBA, jolle-ba, a Large river of West VWashington co., Tennessee, is pleasantly situated on the
Africa, considered identical with the Niger in the upper part  East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, SO miles E. of Nashof its course, is supposed to rise in Senegambia, near lat. 90  ville. It is situated in a highly productive and beautiful
N., ion. 90 WV., at from 15,000 to 16,000 feet above the sea. valley, which is abundantly supplied with water-power.  It
It thence has generally a N.E. course, through Soodan to  contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 academies, a good court-house,
Kabra, the port of Timbucton, after which it flows mostly  and 3 or 4 newspaper offices.
E.S.E., till it receives the name of the Quorra.  (See NIGER.)   JONESBOROUGtII, a thriving post-village of Grant co..
Besides Kabra, the towns of Bammakon, Yaminn, Sego, and  Indiana, on the Mississinewa River, 6 miles S.S.E. of Marion.
Jenne are on its banks.                                    A plank-road passes through this village from  Lagro to
JOLIET, jo~le-et, a thriving town, capital of Will co., Illi- Anderson. Pop. in 1853, about 500.
nois, on both sides of the Des Plaines River, and on the    JONESBOROUG II, a thriving village ofGreene co., Indiana,
Illinois and Michigan Canal, at the junction of the Chicago  about 85 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.
and Rock Island Railroad with the Chicago and Mississippi   JONESBOROUGHI, a post-village, capital of Union co.,
Railroad, 37 miles S.W. of Chicago.  The town is handsomnely  Illinois, on the Central Railroad. 150 miles S. of Springfield,
built, and contains, besides the county buildings, several and 10 miles firom the Mississippi, contains several churches
churches, 1 bank, and 2 newspaper offices. The canal and  and stores. The county has extensive beds of coal, iron ore,
river afford motive-power for mills. Joliet is surrounded by  lead, and porcelain-clay.
fertile and cultivated prairies, the produce of which is shipped    JONESBOROUG-IH, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri.
here by the canal. Quarries ofgood building-stone are worked  on the Salt Fork of Lamins River, about 80 miles N.W. of
in the vicinity. The value of the grain, &c. received here in  Jefferson City.
1852, was estimated at $550,000. Pop. in 1850, 2659; in 1854,   JONESIBURG. a village of Camden co., North Carolina,
about 4000.                                                 155 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh.
JOL/LY, a post-township of Washington co., Ohio. P. 1014.   JONES' (j6nzlez) CREEK, of Kent co., Delaware, passes
JOL'LYTOWN, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania.   by Dover, and falls into Delaware Bay.
JOLSTOR, (ijlstor,) a parish of Norwsay. See JOELSTOR.     JONES' CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Yadkin
JOLSVA, yolshv6h'. ALNOVIA, 6l1nolve-Oh', or ELTSCII, River at the E. border of Anson county.
8ltch, a market-town of IHungary, co. of Gbminr, in the valley    JONES' CREEK, of Walker co., Alabama, flows into Sipsey
of the Eltsch, 14 miles W.S.W. of IRosenau.  Pop. 40-45.   River.
JOMALIC, no-mu-leek!, and JOMONJOL, no-mon-Rall, two    JONES' CREEK, in the N.W. central part of Tennessee,
islets of the Philippines, E. of Luzon.                    flows into Harpeth River, in Dickson county.
JOMANES. See JuSinA.                                       JONES' CREEK, a post-office of Anrson co., North Carolina.
JO'NAS, an island in the Sea of Olkhotsk, in lat. 560 25'   JONES' CREEK, a post-office of Liberty co., Georgia.
30" N., Ion. 1430 16' E., about 2 miles in circumference, and    JONES' CREEK, a post-office of Randolph co., Illinois.
1200 feet high. A crowd of detached rocks lie off its W. side,   JONES' FERRY, a post-office of Morehouse parish, Louion which the waves beat with great violence.                siana.
JONIATHAN'S CREEK, Ohio, rises in Licking co., and    JONES' HILL, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.
flows into the Muskingum River a few niles below Zanes-   JONES' MILL, a small town, capital of Ocontd co., Wisvilyle,                                                     cousin, on the Oconto River, 8 or 10 miles from its entrance
JONATHAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Htaywood co., North  into Green Bay.
Carolina.                                                     JONES' MILLS, a post-office of Westmoreland co., PennJONEN, yoenon, a village and parish of Switzerland, can- sylvania.
ton of St. Gall, about 1 mile from Rapperschwyl. Pop. 2111.   JONES' MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
JONES, jinz, a county in the S.E. part of North Carolina,   JONES' MILLS, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia.
bordering on Neuse River, has an area estimated at 480   JONES' MILLS, a post-office of Yallobushanco., Mississippi.
square miles. It is intersected by the Trent River. The    JONES' MILLS, a post-office of McNairy co., Tennessee.
surface is level, and mostly covered by marshes and forests   JONES' MINES, a post-office of Randolph co., North
of pitch-pine and cypress. The soil is generally sandy. The  Carolina.
S.E. part is occupied by Catfish Swamp. Formed in ]779,   JONES' NURSERY, a post-office of Clarke co., Kentucky.
and named in honor of Willie Jones, of North Carolina.   JONES'PORT, a township of Washington co., Maine, on
Capital, Trenton. Pop. 5038, of whom 2281 were free, and  the Atlantic coast, 127 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 826.
2757 slaves.                                                 JONES' SPRING, a post-office of Berkeley co., Virginia.
JONES, a county in the central part of Georgia, has an    JONES' TANYARD, a post-village of Callaway co., Misarea of 378 square miles. The Ocmulgee  River forms its  souri, 35 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.
entire boundary on the S.W.; it is also draiined by Falling,   JONESITON, a towmnsbip of Union co., Illinois. Pop. 230.
Cedar, Walnut, and Commissioner's Creeks. The surface is   JONESITOWVN, a thriving post-village of Swatara town.
9 4




JON                                                        JOR
ship, Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, on the Swatara Creek, 29 miles S. of Van, near the Greater Zab. It stands in a ravine
miles N.E. of Harrisburg. It is one of the la'gest places in  enclosed by rocky mountains, and consists of about 200 mud
the county, and contains 3 churches and several stores.   huts around a massive citadel.
JONES VALLEY, a post-office of Calaveras co., California.   JOOLFA, JOULFA, or JULFA, jooltff, (written also
JONESIVILLE, a post-office of Chittenden co., Vermont.  DJOULFA,) a town of Russian Transcaucasia, province,
JONESVILLE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New York, and 21 miles S.E. of Nakhchivan, on the Aras.
21 miles N. of Albany.. It contains an academy.             JOONAGHUR, JUNAGHUR, joo'na-gtir, written also JUJONESVILLE, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 5  NAGARH, a town of West Hindostan, in the Baroda domimiles W.S.W. of Mercer.                                   nions, peninsula of Guzerat, 58 miles N.N.W. of Din Head.
JONESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lee co., Virginia,  J00NEAGHUR, joo'ne-a-gtrI, a fortified post in' North
on Powell's River, 392 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It is IHindostan, 36 miles N.W. of Almora.
situated on a beautiful eminence near the foot of Cumber-   JOOMNEERI, or SOO'NURI, a town of British India, presiland Mountain. Pop. about 300.                            dency of Bombay, district, and 52 miles N.N.E. of Poonah.
JONESVILLE, a post-village of Yadkin co., North Caro- Its fort, on a scarped rock, contains fine Mohammedan and
lina. on Yadkin River, 145 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh.       other structures; and about 1 mile S. are numerous excaJONESVILLE, a post-village of Union district, South  vated Jain temples.
Carolina, 80 miles N.W. of Columbia.                        JOORHATH, joor'hat'hf, a town of British India, province,
JONESVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.      and formerly capital of Assam, now capital of its upper
JONESVILLE, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.       division, on the Dikho, an affluent of the Brahmapootra.
JONESVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Ohio, 40 miles   J00RIA, a seaport town of West Iindostan, in the BaN.E. of Marietta.                                         roda dominions, on the Guzerat peninsula, beside the Gulf
JONESVILLE, a thriving post-village and township of  of Cutch, 78 miles N.W. of Joonaghur. It has a brisk
Hillsdale co., Michigan, on St. Joseph's River, and on the traffic by sea witt Mlandavie and Bombay.
Michigan Southern Railroad, 74 miles W. of Monroe. The    JOPPA, a town of Palestine. See JAFFA.
village contains 4 churches, and a large brick Union school-   JORAIRATAR or JORAYRATAR, no-ri-rg-tanl, a village
house, in which about 250 pupils receive instruction. This  of Spain, in Andalusia, 38 miles S.E. of Granad.a, on the
school is considered one of the best of its class in the state. side of a hill crowned by the ruins of a Moorish castle.
Jonesville has 10 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 foundry, and 2  Pop. 1372.
newspaper offices. Settled about 1830. It is the oldest vil-   JORAT, zho'rl or zho'rgtl, or JURTEN, yoorltpn, a chain
lagte of the county, and was the first seat of justice. Pop. of low mountains in Switzerland, forming the watershed bein 1853, about 1000.                                      tween the Lakes of Neufchktel and Geneva, and connecting
JONESVILLE, a post-office of Bartholomew co., Indiana.  the Bernese Alps with Mount Jura.
JONESVILLE, a post-office of Sank co., Wisconsin.          JORIDAN, (Arab. Shereeah-ek-Kebeer or Sheriahl-el-Kebir,
JONKOPING, (Jlnklping,) or JONKJOPING, (Jonkj.- sha-reel-el-ke-beerl, "the great watering-place,") a famous
ping,) yontchiS-ping, (almost yonlchap-ing,) a lhn of South  river of Asiatic Turkey, forming the E. boundary of PalesSweden. Area, 4292 square miles. Pop. 163,426. The prin- tine, rises in Anti-Libanus, and by two sources on the E.,
cipal towns are Jlnklping, Grenna, and Eskejo.             near Banias, and W. near Laish, or Dan, flows S. through
JONKOPING, (Jlnkdping,) a town of Sweden, capital of the  the Lakes of El-IIuleh, (ance. Melrons,) Tiberias, or Tabalin of the same name, at the S. extremity of Lake Wetter, roeyah, (anc. Geneslareth,)and enters the Dead Sea at its N.
80 miles E. of Gothenburg. Pop. 4294. It has an arsenal, extremity, after a total course of 120 miles. Its breadth
and is separated from its suburbs by a trench. It has  and depth vary greatly; in spring, when highest, it has been
manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, and leather, found at Beisant, 140 feet across, wholly unfordable, and very
which are exported by its harbor on the lake.              rapid, with many cataracts, (Lynch enumerates 25.) Its
JONQUI]RES, zh6Na'ke-aiRm, a village of France, depart- valley is about 5 miles wide, hemmed in by precipices; the
ment of Vaucluse, on an island formed by the Ouvbze, here  soil is sandy and barren, though the banks of the river are
crossed by a bridge of eight arches, 12 miles N.N.E. of  covered by a dense vegetation. Its principal afluents are
Avignon. Pop. 1140. It has manufactures of silk fabrics.   the Zurka and Shereeah-el-Mandoor.
JONSWEIL, yonslwile, or JONSCHWEIL, yonsh/wIle, a    JOR1DAN, a post-village.of Elbridge township, Onondaga
viilage and parism of Switzerland, caxnton, and about 20 miles co., New York, on the Erie Canal, and on the Syracuse and
from St. Gall. Pop. 1024.                                  Rochester Railroad, about 150 miles W. by N. of Albany. It
JONVELLE, zh6N~avdlV, a small town of France, depart- contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, an academy,
ment of Haute-Sabne, 24 miles N.N.W. of Vesoul. Pop. 900. about a dozen stores, several flouring mills, and a manufacJONZAO, zh6NGazdkt, a town of France, department of tory of wooden-ware.
Charente-Inf6rieure, capital of an arrondissement, on the    JORDAN, a "township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
Senugne, 22 miles S.S.E. of Saintes. Pop. in 1852, 2718.   Pop. 612.
JOOBUL, joo'biill, a small town and rajahship of North-   JORDAN, a post-office of Greene co., Wisconsin.
west Iindostan, between the rivers Sutlej and Jumna,   JORDAN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Lincoln, 27
the rajahship comprising 330 square miles. Pop. 15,000.    miles S.E. of IIHamilton.
JOOBUL-KHARIB,joo/bftl-K/rri  b, a bay of East Africa, in    JORDAN CREEK, of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, falls into
the Danakil country, at the head of the Bay of Tajoorah,  the Lehigh River near Allentown.
with which it is connected by two narrow channels. Lat.   JORDAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Orangeburg district,
110 29' N., Ion. 420 54' E., about 85 miles W.S.W. of the  South Carolina.
Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb.                                   JORDAN'S SALINE, a post-village, capital of Van Zandt
JOODHUN, jood'hitnt, a, strong military fort of British  co., Texas, on the right bank of Sabine River, about 260
India, presidency, and 62 miles E.N.E. of Bombay, district miles N.E. of Austin.
of Poonab. It was taken by the British in 1818.              JORDAN'S STORE, post-office, Williamson co., Tennessee.
JOODPOOR, JOUDPOUR, jood'poorl, or MARWAR, mart-   JORDIANSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
war', a state of Northwest Hindostan, subsidiary to the    JORDAN'S VALLEY, post-office,Rutherford co.,Tennessee.
British, and the most extensive and powerful in Rajpootana,   JORDANVILLE, a post-office of HIerkimer co., New York.
between lat. 240 and 280 N., and Ion. 700 and 750 E. Area    JORDON'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Montgomery co.,
estimated at 34,132 square miles. The government is a  Tennessee.
kind of feudal monarchy, the chiefs holding their lands on    JORHAUT, jor'hawtl, a town of Upper Assam, on both
the tenure of military service; and it is said that the rajah  sides of the Dikho, an affluent of the Brahmapootra, in lat.
can bring into the field 60,000 men. Within the limits of  200 48' N.,lon. 940 6' E. Itwas once the capital of a province.
Marwar there are said to be no less than 5000 towns and    JORJAN, a town of North-east Persia. See GooRGuzc.
villages, the chief being Joodpoor and Pallee.              JORKAU, (Jlrkau,) yiJalkw, or GORKAU, (Gbrkau,) gIrfJOODP00R or JOUDPOUR, the capital of the above state, khw, a small town of Bohemia, 13 miles N.N.W. of Saatz.
is 100 miles W.S.W. of Ajmeer. Pop. 60,000.(?) The prin-   JORQUERA or XORQUERA, Hor-kAr&,  a town of Spain,
cipal edifice is a large and magnificent citadel.         province of Albacete, 19 miles N.E. of Chinchilla, on a steep
JOODPOOR or JOUDPOUR, a small town of British India, acclivity, near the river Jucar. Pop. 2876.
presidency of Bengal, 50 miles S.W. of Lohargong.            JORUK, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See TCHORUx.
JOO'DY, (or JUIDI,) MOUNT, in Turkish Koordistan, is   JORULLO, XURULLO, or XORULLO, no-roollyo, (often
between the Tigris and its tributary the IKhaboor, immedi- pronounced no-roolyo,) sometimes written JURUYO, a volately E. of Jezeereh-ibn-0mar. By the Mohammedans, it, and  cane of the Mexican Confederation, 75 miles S.S.W. of Valnot the Armenian Mount Ararat. is considered to be the  ladolid, 80 miles from the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 190 10' N.,
mountain on which the ark of Noah rested after the Deluge. lon. 1010 1' 45" W., and which has presented the most reJOOGDANPOOR, a town of Hindostan, in the Bengal pro- markable phenomenon in the memory of man, it having
sidency, 16 miles N.W. of Kishenghur.                     been wholly thrown up from a fertile plain, having an elevaJOOGDEIA, (Hind. Yugadeva, yoo-g&dAlva,) a town of Bri- tion of 2890 feet, to the height of 4265 feet above the sea, by
tish India, presidency of Bengal, district of Tiperab, 83 miles a violent eruption, September 28th and 29th, 1759. The up.
S.E. of Dacca. It has manufactures of cotton fabrics and salt. heaved tract is bounded, at a distance of fronm l to 2 miles
JOO'GOOG001, a town of Bootan, 40 miles N. of Cooch- fio-m the chief crater, by a precipitous wall of basalt, espBahar.                                                    cally abrupt on the WV. side. and accessible at only a few
JOOLAMERK or JULAMERK, joo-lA-mirkk, written also places. Since its gtmeat eruption, many of the subordinate
GIULAMERK, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 95 cones have disappeared, others have changed their form, and
1K   -945




JOS                                                        JUD
few now continue to evolve vapor. The temperature of the    JOY, a post-office of Wayne co., New York.
soil has materially declined, and much of the volcano is par-   JOYEUSE, zhw'ouz1, a town of France, department of Artially covered with forest-trees.                         deche, on the Baume, at the foot of the Cdvenues, 7 miles
JOSEPHIINE, jo'zeh-feenf, a post-village of Woodford co., S.S.W. of Largentilre. Pop. in 1852, 2688.
Illinois; 84 miles N.N.E. of Springfield.                   JOYN/ER'S DEPOT, a post-village of Edgecombe co.. North
JOSEPJISDORF, yofzlfs-doaf',  (formerly  SCIABLIA, Carolina, on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 32 miles
shAbfle-A,) a village of Austria, in Slavonia, 11 miles S.E. of  N. of Goldsborough.
Peterwardein. Pop. 3042.                                    JOY'S MILLS, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia.
JOSEPTISTADT, yofzBfs-stbtt', a fortified town of Bohemia,   JOZEFOW  or JOZEFOV. yo'zeh-fovf, a town of Poland,
11 miles N. of Kiniggriitz, on the E. bank of the Elbe. government of Lublin, on the Vistula, 32 miles S.W. of
Pop. 1800, besides military. It was founded in 1780, is well Lublin. Pop. 1240.
built, and has an establishment for the children of soldiers,   JOZEFOW  or JOZEFOV, a town of Poland, government
and manufactures of needles and cotton fabrics.           of Lublin, 17 miles S.W. of Zamosc. Pop. 1100.
JOSEPHSTADT, a town of Saxony. See JOnSTADT.              JUAN, Hoo-An! or Hwin, a town of Spain, island of Majorca.
JOSEPHISTADT, a town of Galicia. See PODGORZa.          Pop. 1575.
JOSEPHSTHAL, yofzlfs-t'tl, avillageofAustria, inCroatia,   JU/AN, a small village of Potawatamie co., Iowa.
24 miles S.W. of Carlstadt. Pop. 1162.                      JUAN DE ALICANTE, noo-ant dA A-le-ktntal, a village of
JOSI~fUA, a township of F'ulton co., Illinois. Pop. 879.   Spain, in Valencia, province, and 4 miles N.E. of Alicante,
JOSIMATH, jo'se-mAt'hl, a village of North Hiindostan,  in a plain, near the Castella or Monnegre. Pop. 3773.
among the sources of the Ganges. Lat. 300 33' N., lon. 790    JUAN DE LA NAVA, uoo-,{n! d 1iA nd/vA, a town of Spain,
40' E. It consists of houses of gray stone, with several in Old Castile, province, and 16 miles from Avila. Pop. 692.
temples interspersed, one of which is connected with the    JUANES, HwA-n~s!, a river of Spain, flows S.E., and joins
famous shrine of Bhadrinath.                              the Jucar after a course of about 45 miles.
JOSLOWITZ, yos/llo-its', or JAROSLOWICE, yl-ros-lo-   JUAN FERNANDEZ, jutan fer-nan'dcz, (Sp. pron. noo-Ant*eet/sA, a market-town of Moravia, 11 miles S.E. of Znaym. f8a-nlnfdfth,) or MAS-A-TIEIRA, mbs-A-te-6RlsR, a rocky
Pop. 1688.                                                island in the Pacific Ocean, about 400 miles off the coast of
JOSSELIN, zhos'seh-lINoa, a town of France, department  Chili, of which it is a dependency. Lat. 330 371 S., ion. 780
of Morbihan, 22 miles N.N.E. of Vannes. It has a corn-  53' W. It is 18 miles long, and 6 miles broad, rises to 3000
munal college. Pop. in 1852, 2808.                        feet above the ocean, has steep shores, and a desolate appearJOSSE-TEN-NOODE, yoss-tkn-nO'deh, a village of Belgium, ance from the sea; but in its N. half, in which is Cumberprovince of South Brabant, immediately E. of Brussels.    land Bay, are some fertile valleys, producing figs, grapes,
JOUARRE, zhoocaRR!, a market-town of France, depart- sandal-wood, cork, and other timber-trees. It is leased from
ment of Seine-et-Marne, 12 miles E. of Meaux.  Pop. 1343.  the Chilian government by settlers from the United States
JOUARRE  PONTCIIARTRAIN, zhoo'asur  p6N'shaa'-  and  Tahiti.  The solitary residence here for four years,
trAne, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 11  of a Scotchman, named Alexander Selkirk, is supposed to
miles N.N.E. of Rambouillet. Pop. 1450.                    have formed the basis of De Foe's well-known tale of " RobinJOUDOMA, a river of Siberia. See ~ooDoncA.               son Crusoe."  MAs-A-FUEaA is another rocky and precipitous
JOUDPOUR, Hindostan. See JooDPooR.                       island, lying to the W. Lat. 330 49' S., lon. 800 27' W.
JOUie, zhooT, a village of France, department of Indre-    JU'ANPOOR! or JU'ANPOREI, a district of British India,
et-Loire, 3 miles S.S.W. of Tours. Pop. 1770.              presidency of Bengal. Area, 1820 square miles. Capital,
JOU]t,  a village of France, department of Loire-Infdrieure,  Juanpoor.
on the Erdre, 15 miles N.W. of Ancenis. Pop. in 1852, 2580.   JUANPOOR, a town of British India, capital of the above
JOU~ DU BOIS, zhoo'A  dii bwA, a village of France, de- district, on the Goomty, here crossed by a fine bridge at the
partment of Orne, 17 miles N.W. of Alenqon. Pop. 1540.     convergence of several roads, 40 miles N.W. of Benares. It
JOUG, a river of Russia. See Yooe.                       has several good public buildings, and was formerly the capiJOUGNE, zhooit, a market-town of France, department of tal of an independent sovereignty.
Doubs, 9 miles S. of Pontarlier. Pop. 1114.                 JUAN REJON, Hoo-An! rA-HOnl, an islet of the Canaries.
JOULAMERK, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See JOOLAMERK. It is one of the four islands which form the port of Arecife.
JOULFA, a town of Russian Transcaucasia.  See JOOLFA.   JUAN, SAN. See SAN JUAN.
JOUNA, joolnA, (written also KVIGH-PAK,) a large river    JUBA, zhoofbA, or GOVIND, go-vind/, (called also FUMBO,
of Russian America, supposed to rise about lat. 650 15' N., foom/bo, and ROGUE'S RIVER,) a river of East Africa, after
Ion. 1360 W.  It flows S.S.W. as far as lat. 610 40' N., a S.E. course, imperfectly known, falls into the Indian Ocean
whence, taking a N.W. course, it enters Behrings' Sea by  in lat. 00 14' S., lon. 420 39' E. It is said to rise in Abyssinia.
two channels, after receiving numerous affluents. It is per-   JUBA or GOVIND, a walled town of East Africa, situated
fectly navigable to Noulato, about 300 miles from its mouth. on the summit of a, lofty hill, 1 mile from the mouth of the
On both banks are several Villages, whose inhabitants are  river Juba.
chiefly employed in tratpping animals for their fur, in fish-   JUBBULPOOR, a town of India. See JAsBBALPooR.
ing, and in trading.                                         JUBERA or XUBERA, Hoo-bArA, a town of Spain, in Old
JOU/NE-A-KA, a river of Russian America, an affluent Castile, 20 miles S.S.W. of Logrorio, on the Jubera. P. 1301.
of the Jouna, which it joins in lat. 640 50' N.              JUBERARA, joo-be-rArA, a town of British India, in BenJOU-NING, a city of China. See Yu-NmIIN.                 gal, Upper Provinces, 17 miles S.E. of Saharunpoor.
JOUQUES, zhook, a village of France, department of    JUBLAINS, zhi'bl]AsN, (anc. Nmeodulnum?) a village of
Bouches-du-Rhone, 14 miles N.E. of Aix. Pop. 1830.         France, department, and 7 miles S.E. of Mayenne, remarkJOURBOURG, a town of Russian Poland. See YooRBooR.a.  able for its interesting Roman remains. Pop. 1840.
JOURE, zhooa, a market-town of Holland, province of    JUBRIQUE (or XUBRIQUE) LA NUEVA, Hoo-breelkA 1A
Friesland, 6 miles N.W. of Heerenveen. Pop. 2454.          nwA/vA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 55 miles
JOURIEV POLSKI, a town, Russia. See YooRIEV POLSKOI.  from Malaga. Pop. 2030.
JOUX, zhoo, a lake of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, near   JUCAR or XUCAR, nooekaR, (anc. Succro,) a river of Spain,
the Jura and the French frontier. Length, 7.miles; breadth, in New Castile and Valencia, rises in the Sierra Albarracin,
1 mile. It is 350 feet above the sea. The valley is remark- flows successively W., S., and E., and enters the Mediterable for its three lakes, for the famous "psrte de lOrbe,"  ranean at Cullera, 26 miles S. of Valencia, after a total
for its romantic scenery, and for the industry of its inha- course of about 200 miles.
bitants.                                                     JUCHITAN or XUCHITAN, noo-che-tAnt, a town of the
JOUX, CIHTEAU DE, shA't6! deh zhoo, in France, de- Mexican Confederation, state of Oajaca, on the river Juchipartment of Doubs, is a fortress on a precipice, commanding  tan, 20 miles N.E. of Tehuantepec. Pop. 4600.
the route to Neufchitel; it was the prison of Foucuet, Mira-   JUCIINOV or JUCIHNOW. See YooKHNoV.
beau, and Toussaint L'Ouverture.                             JUCHNOVK or JUCHNOWKA. See Y'0KHNOVKA.
JOUY, zhwee, a village of France, on the railway from    JUCKOW  or JUCHOW, joo/kfw, sometimes written JAParis to Chartres. 6 miles from the latter.                KAU, jA/kow, a seaport town of some importance in India,
JOUY-SUR-MORIN, zhweensiiR-mo'rAN1o, a  village of  Cutch, 60 miles N.W. of Maudavee, and near the Koree
France, department of Seine-et-Marne, arrondissement of  mouth of the Indus.
Coutommiers, on the Morin. Pop. 1680. Jouv (zhoolee/) is   JU/DA, a post-office of Greene co., Wisconsin.
the name of many communes in the departments of Eure-   JUDYA or JUDEA, ju-dee'a, the ancient country or kinget-Loi,-, Moselle, &c.                                     dom of Judah, forming the S. part of Palestine or the Holy
JOYNIN, zhov-neen (?) a town of Russia, government, and  Land, having N. Samaria, WV. the country of the Philistines,
83 miles W. of Poltava. Pop. 1000.                        (Phoenicians,) S. Arabia, and E. the Dead Sea and the river
JOWAItIR, a mountain of Iindostan.  See JAwAmnR.         Jordan. It now composes the S.W. extremity of the Syrian
JOWAUR, jo'w.irf, a town of HIindostan,  44 miles S.E. pashalic of Damascus, and is mostly comprised between let.
of Damaun, in bat. 190 55' N., ion. 730 23' E.            310 and 32c N., and lon. 340 30' and 350 30' E. In it are the
JOWAUR, a maritime district of Hindostan, bounded W. towns of Jerusalem, Hebron, Bethlehem, and Jericho. (See
by the sea, and E. by the West Ghauts, from which latter  PALESTINE.)
numerous streams flow to the ocean.                         JUDENBURG, yootden-b66naG', (anc. Idurson?) a town of
JOWRAII, jw/ra,. a town of Hindostan, presidency of Ben- Styria, on the Mur, 40 miles W.N.W. of Griitz, to which city
gal, 50 miles N.W. of Oojein, in lat. 230 38' N., Ion. 750 11' E. it was next in provincial importance previous to its dePop. 3551.                                                struction by fire, in 1807. Pop. 2688. It has been rebuilt in a
946




JUD                                                       JUN
modern style, and has several churches, an old Jesuit college    JULIET, Illinois. See JOLIET.
and castle-both now used for barracks, a new gymnasium,   JULII FORUM. See FRiJUs.
transferred from Admont in 1820, and a printing establish-   JULIOBONA.  See LILLEBONNr.
ment. Near it is the new castle of Liechtenstein. In the    JULIOMAGUS. See ANGERS.
Middle Ages it carried on an important trade with the    JULIUSBURG, yootle-O6s-b66RGo, a town of Prussia, pro
Levant. An armistice with Napoleon was signed here in  vince of Silesia, 18 miles N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 977.
1797.                                                       JUILIUSTOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New JerJUDGE-AND-uIs-CLERK, two islets of the  Macquarrie  sey, 6 or 7 miles E. by N. of Mount Holly. It has a church,
group, in the South Pacific, S.W. of New Zealand.         and about 30 dwellings.
JU'DY'S (or JUIDAH'S) GAP, a village of Hickory co.,   JULL, jill, a town of Beloochistan, province of CutchMissouri, 90 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.                Gundava, 20 miles S. of Gundava.
JUG, a river of Russia. See YooG.                         J ULLALKOTE, jfl-la-klt/, a small town of Sinde, 35 miles
JUVGADREEI, a town of British India, in Bengal, Upper  S.W. of Tatta.
Provinces, 18 miles N.W. of Saharunpoor.                    JULLAND, (J[illand.)  See JUTLAND.
JUG'IDISPOOR], a town of Hindostan, in Oude, 53 miles    JULLINDER, jFillin-der, a large town of the Punjab, in
S.E. of Lucknow.                                          the Doab, or tract between the Sutlej and Beas, 75 miles E.
JUGDULUK, jfg'dt-lIkf,(l) a village of Afghanistan, in  of Lahore. Estimated population, 40,000. Jt is in a fertile
the defiles between Jelalabad and Cabool, was the scene of  tract, surrounded by handsome mausoleums, and other
the principal massacre of the British troops on their retreat edifices; and it was formerly the residence of an Afghan
from Cabool in 1842, and of the total defeat of the Afghans  dynasty. The JULLINDER DOAB was ceded to the British at
by the British in 1843.                                   the termination of the late war in the Punjab.
JUGGERNAUT, JUGGERNAUTHI,jng'gher-nawt/,or P00M-   JULRAIZ, jfl-riz' (?) a town of Afghanistan, on the Cabool
RE El, (anc. Jaggannatha, j3g-gl-n3It'hd, "lord of the world,"  River, with numerous forts. 35 miles E. of Cabool.
one of the names of the Vishnu,) a town and famous temple    JUMBOSEER, jtimnbo-seerl, a town of British India, preof India, presidency of Bengal, district, and 42 miles S. of Cut-  sidency of Bombay, 22 miles N.N.W. of Baroach, near an
tack, on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Pop. of the town, extensive lake, on the banks of which are many Hindoo
30,000; but at the great annual festival in March, the popu- temples. Pop. 10,400.
lation is increased by many thousands from all parts of India.    JUMEAUX,.hii~ma, a village of France, department of
The main street is wholly composbed of religious edifices, at Puy-de-DOme, 9 miles S.S.E. of Issoire. Pop. in 1852, 1820.
the S, extremity of which is the great temple, a vast struc-   JUMELLES, zhiimll11f, a village of France, department of
ture within an area of about 670 feet scquare, and completed  Maine-et-Loire, 8 miles S. of Baug6. Pop. 1803.
in the twelfth century at a cost of from 400,0001. to 500,000/.   JUMELLIIPRE.  LA, 13 zhii'mkl'le-airJ, a village of France,
Twelve festivals are held here annually; and all the laud  department of Maine-et-Loire, 13 miles E.N.E. of Beaupr6au
within 20 miles from the temple is stated to be held rent free, Pop. 1222.
on condition of the tenants performing certain services in    JUMET or JUMETZ, zhi'metI, a, town of Belgium, proand about the shrine.                                      vince of Hainaut, 3 hiles N. of Charleroi. It has glass.
JUGGOTEE, jgogo-teel, a town of India, Gwalior domi- works, distilleries, and extensive coal-mines. Pop. 8027.
nions, 13 miles S.E. of Maheidpoor.                          JUMIEGES, zhii'me-Azhl, a village of France, department
JUGON, zhi'jg6nLO, a town of France, department of CStes- of Seine-Inf6rieure, on the Seine, 12 miles W. of Rouen. Pop.
du-Nord, on the Arguenon, 13 miles W.S.W. of Dinan. P. 508. in 1852, 1670. It has remains of a Benedictine abbey.
JUGITOWN, a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 12    JUMILLA or XUMILLA, noo-meelly,, a town of Spain,
miles N.W. of Flemington.                                  province, and 37 miles N.N.W. of Murcia, at the foot of a
JUI or JUHI, joolee, awalled town of Sinde, 15 miles N.W. hill crowned by an old fortress. Pop. 7362. It is pretty well
of Lake Manchar. Pop. about 1000.  ~                       built, is a bishop's see, and has a public granary, manufacJUILLAC, zhwee'y k!, a market-town of France, depart- tures of fire-arms. tiles, earthenware, and refined salt.
ment of Corr~ze, 14 miles N.W. of Brives-la-Gaillarde. P. 2637.   JUMILLAC, zhti'mee'y~kI, or JUMILLAC-LE-GRAND,
JUILLAN, zhwee'y6nGo, a village of'France, department  zhii'mee'ydkl-leh-gr8N'0, a market-town of France, departof Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arrondissement of Tarbes. Pop. 1690.  ment of Dordogne, on the left bank of the Isle River, 29
JUJURIEUX, zhti'zhii're-uh. a village of France, depart-  miles E.N.E. of Perigueux. Pop. in 1852, 3277.
ment of Ain, 11 miles S.W. of Nautnua. Pop. 1600.            JUMINA, jtLm/n., (ane. Yamnuna, yg-mooln3. the Jomanes
JUJUY, Hoo-Hweel, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La  of Pliny,) a river of India, rises among the loftiest peaks of
Plata,) province, and 40 miles E.N.E. of Salta, on the river the HIlimalayas,about an elevation of 11,000 feet, flows mostly
Jujuy, on the main route from Salta across the mountains  S., and afterwards S.E., and joins the Ganges at Allahabad,
into Bolivia. Pop. about 4000.                             after having enclosed with.that river the territory called the
JUJUY or RIO GRANDE BE JUJUY, reefo gr~n/dA dA  Doab. Total course, estimated at 680 miles; its breadth varies
soo-nweel, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) at different seasons from 100 to 1000 yards. It is generally
rises on the frontiers of Bolivia, and after a course of about  shallow, and unfit for navigation.  Its affluents are the
300 miles, first S. and then E., joins the Vermejo. Lat. 230  Touse, Chumbul, Sind, Betwah, Cane, and Rinde. On it are
5' S., ion. 620 40' W.                                     the cities of Delhi and Agra. Soon after leaving the mounJULIALPOOR/ or JELVALPOOB/ a town of the Punjab, on  tains it supplies water WV. to All Merdan's Canal, and E. to
the right bank of the Jhylum, 90 miles N.W. of Lahore. It  Zabeta Khan's or the Doab Canal.
has been generally supposed that here was the field of the    JUMNOOTRI, JUMNOUTRI, jfm-nootree, written also
battle between Alexander the Great and Porus, but Burney  JUMNOTRI, a peak of the IHimalayas, in Hindostan. Lat.
considers the contest to have taken place at, Jhylum, 25 miles  about 300 N., lon.78020'E. Height, 25,500 feet.
higher up the river.                                         JUMNOOTRI or JUMNOUTKRI, jtm-nooftree, (Hind. YaJULAMERK, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See JooLABIERK. munavataci, yA-moo-nA-v&-tltree,) a famous place of Hindoo
JULFA, a town of Russian Transcaucasia. See JOOLFA.   pilgrimage in North India, near the source of the Jumna.
JULFA, joollfa, a village of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, Lat. 300 52' N., Ion. 780 20' E., and 10,849 feet above the sea.
immediately S. of Ispahan.                                   JUMOO, a town of the Punjab. See JAMU.
JULI, Hoollee, a town of South Peru, department, and 46    JUMP0ING BRANCH, a post-office of Mercer co., Virginia.
miles S.E. of Puno, on the S.W. shore of Lake Titicaca, Ele-   JUMUD, joo-m-Udf, a walled town of Central Asia, 70 miles
vation, 13,100 feet.                                       N.N.W. of Khiva. Its inhabitants are Toorkomans, who have
JULIA, a town of Transylvania. See GYALu.                about 350 houses.
JUILIAN, a village of Moultrie co., Illinois, 66 miles E. by    JUNAGIIUR or JUNAGARII. See JooNAeGHUR.
S. of Springfield.                                           JUNCITION, Connecticut, a station at the junction of
JUILIAN FURNACE, a post-village of Centre co., Penn- the Naugatuck with the New York and New Haven Railsylvania, in Bald Eagle Valley, about 95 miles W.N.W. of  road, 9 miles E. by N. of Bridgeport.
Harrisburg.                                                  JUNCTION, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New York.
JULIAN'S GAP, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee.    JUNCTION, a post-office of IIanover co., Virginia.
JULIANSHAAB, yoole-Ans-hab!, a maritime station in    JUNCTION, a post-village of Paulding co., Ohio, at the
Greenland, on its VW. coast, 110 miles N.W. of Cape Farewell, union of the Miami Canal with the Wabash and Erie Caand the principal place of an extensive district.          nal. 5 miles N. of Charloe.
JULICH, (Jiilich,) yiillic, (Fr. Juliers, zhile-A!,) a fortified    J UNCTION, a post-village of Du Page co,, Illinois, on the
town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles N.E. of Aix-laz-Chapelle, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, 35 miles W. of Chicago.
on the Ruhr. Pop. 4201. It has a strong citadel, and was  IIere the branches diverge, one running towards Galena, the
the capital of the department of Roer (Ruhr) under the  other to Aurora.
French Empire.                                               JUNCTION, a post-office of Yuba co., California.
JULIER, COL DU, kol dii zhii'le-f, one of the principal   JUNCTION STORE, a post-office of Botetourt co., Virginia.
passes in the chain of the Swiss Alps, canton of Grisons,   JUNDIAHI, zhoon-de-glee, a town of Brazil, province, and
near the sources of the Inn, 7558 feet above the level of the  23 miles N.W. of Sio Paulo, on the Jundiahi. Pop. 5000.
sea. It was known to the Romans, and was long the chief   JUNEAU, joo'siOt, formerly DODGE CENTRE, a post-vilroute between Venice, Switzerland, Germany, and France.  lage, capital of Dodge co., Wisconsin, is pleasantly situated
JULIERS, a town of Rhenish Prussia. See JULICH.          in the centre of the county, on the Fond du Lac and Rock
JUILIET, a new village of Lawrence co., Indiana, on the  River Railroad, 46 miles E.N.E. of Madison.  It was laid
New Albany and Salem Railroad, 5 or 6 miles S. of Bedford. out and selected as the county seat about the year 1850, and
947




JUN                                                        JUS
named in memory of the first white settler of Wisconsin.   JUNONIS PROMONTORIUM. See TnArALcAi.
The surrounding country is fertile, and rapidly improving.   JUNQUJERA,(or XUNQUERA,) LA, ln Hoon-kAtrd, att wn of
A newspaper is published here.  Pop. in 1853, estimated  Spain, province, and 28 miles N.N.E. of Gerona, in a gorge ot
at 500.                                                    the Pyrenees. Pop. 1098, employed in manufacturing corks.
JUNEDA  or XUNEDA, Hoo-nYDA, a town of Spain, in    JUPANOWA-SOPKA, yoo-pA-no'vA-sop'kA (?) a volcanic
Catalonia, province, and 16 miles S.E. of Lerida, at a hill- mountain of Kamtchatka, in lat. 530 55' N., ion. 1560 30' E.
foot. Pop. 1600.                                             JUPILLE, zhii'peel, a village of Belgium, province, and 3
JUNG-BUNZLAU, Bohemia. See BUNTZLAU.                     miles E. of Liege, on the Meuse. Pop. 1900. It was the
JUNGEYPOOR, jmng'ghI-poorf, a town of British India, ancient Jobii Villa, a residence of Pepin l'Heristal, and the
presidency and province of Bengal, 17 miles N.W. of Moor- place of his decease.
shedabad, and formerly the seat of a flourishing silk mann-   JUPILLES, zhiiNpeele, a village of France, department of
facture.                                                   Sarthe, W.S.W. of St. Calais.
JUNGFRAU, y65nglfrl w,* (the "Maiden," or the " Virgin    JURA, yoo/rA, a river of Russia, government of Wilna,
Mountain,"tf) a mountain of the Swiss Alps, on the bound- joins the Niemen or Memel above Tilsit, after a course of
ary line between the cantons of Bern and Valais, 7 miles W. about 75 miles.
of the Finster-aar-horn.  Height, 13,671 feet.  It is sur-   JUIRA, (anc. Diura?) an island, one of the Inner Herounded on alb sides by rocks and precipices, and capped  brides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle, immediately N.E. of Islay.
with perpetual snow; but its summit was attained, in 1812, Length from N.E. to S.W. 24 miles; breadth varies from 2
by the brothers Meyer of Aarau, and in 1841 by Agassiz and  to 8 miles. Estimated area, aboiit 84 square miles, or 58,400
Professor Forbes.                                           Scotch acres, only 500 of which are arable. It is the most
JUNGLEBARRY, jmng'ghel-barlree,   a town of British In- rugged of the Hebrides; near its S. extremity are 3 lofty
dia, presidency of Bengal, 58 miles N.E. of Bacca.         peaks, termed the "Paps of Jura."  On the E. and most
JUNGNAU, y65ng5n0w, a village of South Germany, prin-  populous coast is the harbor of Small Islands; on the W. is
cipality of Ilohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 3 miles N. of Sigma- the deep inlet, Loch Tarbet. Slate, and iron ore are found.
ringen. Pop. 703.                                          Principal village, Jura, on the E. coast.
JUNG-WOZICZ, y6ng-lot/sitch (?) a town of Bohemia, 12    JURA, joo/ra, (Fr. pron. zhiitrAf,) a department of France,
miles from Tabor. Pop. 1812.                              formed of part of the old province of Franch-Comtd, bounded
JUNIATA, joo-ne-ahlta, a river of Pennsylvania, formed by  E. and S. by Switzerland., Area, 1894 square miles. Pop. in
the union of the Little Juniata and Frankstown Branch, 1852, 313,299. Situated almost entirely in the basin of the
commences in the S. central part of the state, and flowing in  Rhone. Surface mostly covered with ramifications of the
a general E. direction, falls into the Susquehanna 14 miles  Jura Mountains. Principal rivers,the Oignon,Doubs, Seisse,
above Harrisburg. The region through which it passes is di- and Ain. Soil rich and fertile in the valleys; Sufficient corn
versified by fertile limestone valleys and mountain ridges, in  (chiefly maize) is raised for home consumption; and potatoes
which iron ore is abundant. The scenery along the banks  are a large and important crop. Annual produce of wine is.
of this river is in the highest degree beautiful and pictu- commonly upwards of 400,000 hectolitres, some of very good
resque. The whole length of the Juniata (including the  quality. Butter, cheese, &c., are principal products. Chief
Frankstown Branch) is estimated at near 150 miles. It is  mineral products, iron, marble, and gypsum. Jura is dinot navigable, but the Pennsylvania Canal passes along it vided into the 4 arrondissements of Lons-le-Saulnier, BOle,
to Hollidaysburg. Branches.-The Little Juniata, a very  Poligny, and St. Claude.
small stream, rises in the N.W. part of Blair county, and    JURA,joo'ra, (calledalso Leberberglbegr-blRG',inGerman?
after a course of perhaps not more than 30 miles, joins the  Fr. pron. zhiir&5; ans. JuIra; It. Giura. joofrie,) a chain of
Frankstown Branch. The latter rises in the N. part of Bed- mountains, which separate France from Switzerland, extendford county, and passes by Frankstown, from which it de- uing in France from the department of Aim to that of IHaunk
rives its name. The Raystown Branch, more properly an  Rhin, and in Switzerland, along the cantons of Vaud, Neufaffluent of the Juniata, is the principal tributary of that chgtel, and Bern. It is composed of a series of parallel ranges,
river. It has its sources in the S.W. part of Bedford county, extending for 180 miles in the form of a curve, from S. to N.E.,
and joins the Juniata near Huntingdon.                     with a mean breadth of 30 miles; these are separated by long
JUNIATA, a county of Pennsylvania, in the S.E. central valleys, whicharetraversed by streamsflowing N. and S. The
part of the state, contains 350 square miles. It is inter-  culminatingpoints, situated mostlyin the S. partofthe chain,
sected by the Juniata River, and also drained by the Tusca- are Mount Molesson, 6588 feet; Reculet-de-Toiry, 5643 feet;
rora and Lost Creeks. The surface is mostly occupied with  Mont Tendre, 5538 feet; DOl81e, 5509 feet; Chasseron, 5280
valleys and mountains, which abound in beautiful and  feet; and Chasseral, 5280 feet. The chief geological feature
romantic scenery. The valleys are fertile and well culti- is a peculiar formation called Jura limestone and cretaceous
vated. Limestone, sandstone, and slate are the principal gypsums, alabaster, beds of asphalt and oolites, coral,
rocks. The Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad pass  marble, abundance of iron, and mineral springs. There are
through it. Capital, Mifflintown. Pop. 13,029.             numerous cascades and stalactite grottos in the mountains,
JUNIATA, a township of Blair co.,Pennsylvania. P. 1752. and their summits are covered with fine forests. Wolves
JUNIATA, a post-township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, on  are plenty, and the brown bear is occasionally met with.
the Juniata River, 25 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1435. The vine is cultivated in the valleys; cattle are extensively
JUNIATA CROSSIINGS, a post-office of Bedford co., Penn- reared; aid cheese, callsd Gruy)re, is manufactured for
sylvania.                                                  exportation.
JUNIN or XUNIN, ioo-neenf, or REYES, rmy~s, a town of    JURANOq0N, zhiitrtNGcseNcl, a village of France, departPeru, department of Junin, 108 miles E.N.E. of Lima, on the  merit of Basses-Pyrenees, 11 miles W. of Pan. Pop. 1329.
E. side of Lake Chinchacocha. Near it is the Pampa ofJunin,   JURBISE, zhiiebeezl, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on
where, on August 24,1824, the Spanish troops under Gene- the railway from Brussels to Paris, 30 miles from the former.
ral Canterac were beaten by Bolivar.                        JURBURG, a town of Russia. See YooBooRcG.
JUNIN, XUNIN, or REYES, formerly TARMA, tareJm, a   JURIEVETZ-POVOLSKOI or JURJEVETZ-POWOLSKOI.
department of Peru,-stretches quite across the Andes, and. See YooRIEWvrs-Povo0Vso..
includes the valleys of Jauja and Huanuco. Capital, Hue-   JURJEV-POLSKIJ or JURIEV-POLSKOI.  See YooSEvnuco. Pop. in 1850, 247,748.                               POLSiE.I
JUNIOR, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio.                 JURJURA, jir'joo-rA, (ane. Ilfrrratus, Mons,) a mountain
JUINIPER, Georgia, a station on the Muscogee Railroad, chain of Algeria, forming a division of the Little Atlas, 50
between Columbus and Macon, 26 miles from the former.    miles S.E. of Algiers, in which is the Biban or iron gate.
JUINIPER CREEK, of Chesterfield district, South Care-   JURRUK, jftrriikl, a town of Sinde, on the main branch
line, flows into Thompson's Creek, a few miles from its mouth. of the Indus, 24 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. Pop. fiom 1500
JUINIUS, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of  to 2000.
~ Seneca co., New York, 8 miles N. of Waterloo. Pop. 1516.   JURUA, JURUHIA, Hoo-roold, (Port. pron. zhoo-1nooS,)
JUNIVILLE, zhii'nee'veelf, a village of France, depart- or HYURUHA, a river of Brazil, rises in the mountains
ment of Ardennes, 30 miles S.S.E. of M&zibres.  Pop. in  of Peru, flows N.N.E., and joins the Amazon on the S., be1852.1460.                                                 tween the confluent of the Teffe and Jutay.
JUNK-CEYLON, or JUNKSEYLON,jink-seeflgn or jtnk'-   JURUENA, zhoo-roo-A/nA, a large river of Brazil, province
se-1lnt, or SALANG, s-lPngf, an island in the Indian Ocean, of Matto-Grosso, rises 50 miles N.E.ofMatto-Grosso, and flows
belonging'to Siam, off the N.W. extremity of the Malay  N. to the Tapajos, of which it is a source.
Peninsula. Lat. 7046 N., lon. 980 18 E. Length, 20 miles;   JURUIIA. See JuauA.
average breadth, 10 miles. The surface is level and wooded.   JURUMENHA, zhoe-roo-mIntyA,  a small fortified town
It contains extensive tin-mines, the produce of which, with  of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, on a steep height, on the
edible birds'-nests, ivory, and Japan-wood, are exported  left bank of the Guadiana, 31 miles E.N.E. of Evora. Pop.
hiefly to the British settlements in the Strait of lMalacca.   530.
JUINO; a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia.              JURZEN, yooR-z~nP (?) a river of Russia, joins the Oofa
JUNO, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennesse.         after a N.W. course of about 140 miles.
JUSHPOOR, jtlsh-poorl a town of British India, presi* "But I have seen the soaring JUNGFRAu rear.      dency of Bengal, S.W. Territory, 73 miles E.N.E. of SumbhulHer never-trodden snow." —Childe Harold, Canto iv.   poor.
"The VIRGINc MOUNTAIN wearing like a queen              JUSSAC, zhiissAkf, a village of France, department of
A brilliant crown of everlasting snw." —WORDSWORTH.    Cantal, 3 miles S. of Aurillac. Pop. 1550
948




JUS                                                      KAF
JUSSEY, zhiis'sa, a town of France, department of  feet. Principal river, is the Gudeu, which is navigable for
Ilaute-Saune, 20 miles N.W. of Vesoul. Pop. in 1852, 2773.  50 miles, and joined by the Silkeburg Canal. It is divided
JUSITUS' MILLS, a post-office of Hempstead co., Ar- into 10 cantons.
kansas.                                                      JUTPHAAS, yftt'fs, a village of the Netherlands, pro.
JUTAY, or XUTAY, Hoo-til. (Port. pron. zhoo-tif,)written  vince, and 3 miles S.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 1464.
also, JtTTAHI or HYUTAHY, a river of South America.   JUJTROSZYN  or JUTROSCHIN, y66t-ro-sheenf, a town
has its sources in the N.E. of Peru, about lat. 110 40' S., Ion. of Prussia, 54 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1726.
680 15' W., and falls into the Amazon at lat. 20 40' S., Son. 660    JUT'TEEL! MOUNTAINS, a mountain range in Sinde,
40' W., after a course of nearly 700 miles.                stretching about 70 miles, from lat. 250 25' to 260 20' N., Ion.
JUTERBOGK, (Jttterbogk,) yitFter-bok', a walled town of  670 45' to 670 55, E. They are steep, and above 2000 feet
Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 27 miles S. of Potsdam, high.
with a station on the Berlin and Anhalt Railway. Pop. 5200,   JUVAVUM, or JUVAVIA. See SALZBscG.
who carry on a brisk trade in woollen cloths, linens, and flax.   JUVIGNE, zhii'veefi! a town of France, department of
Near it, in 1813, was fought the battle of Dannewitz, in  Mayenne, 16 miles N.W. of Laval. Pop. 2830.
which the Prussians defeated the French.                     JUVIGNY-SOUS-ANDAINE, zhii'veen'yee&-sooz-8NGsdAnt,
JUTLAND, jiVttland, (Dan. Tylland, ytillland; Ger. Jilt- a market-town of France, department of Grne, 7 miles E.S.E.
land, yittJl~nt, L. Jutlacctdia; anc. Ghersondsus  imnsbrica,) a  of Domfront. Pop. 1612.
low, flat peninsula of Denmark, comprised between the    JUVISY, zhii'vee'zee/, a village of France, department of
North Sea, the Skager-Rack, the Cattegat, the Little Belt, Seine-et-Oise, with stations on the Orleans and Corbeil Railand the Baltic.  Lat. 520 45' to 570 43' N., and Ion. 80 5' to  ways. 12 miles S.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 400.
100 57' E. On the S. it is attached to Germany; on the N.E.   JYEPOOR, a town and state of Hindostan. See JEYvooi.
it terminates in Cape Skagen or The Skew. Its coasts are    JYHOON, ji-hoon', or JAIHAN ji-hlof, (anc. Pyrfamus,) a
indented by numerous gulfs, the chief of which is the  river of Asia Minor, rises in Mount Taurus, and after a S.
Lymfiord on the N., and numerous lakes. The peninsula  course of about 160 miles, enters the Gulf of Iskanderoon on
is divided into North Jutland, orJutland-proper, and South  its W. side. Ain-Zarba is the chief town on its banks.
Jutland or Sleswick. See SLESwcK. The name of Jutland    JYHOON, a river of Asia. See Oxus.
is derived from the Jutes, a nation who anciently inhabited    JYLLAND, a peninsula of Denmark. See JUTLAND.
this country.-Adj. JUTLANDISH, jAfltlnd-ish; inhab. JuT-   JYNTIAH or JYNTEAHI, jintee'a, a district of British
LANDER, jfit/land-er.                                     India, beyond the Brahmapootra, between lat. 250 and 260
JUTLAND;(Jylland,) NORTH, the largest and most im- N., Ion. 920 E., having N. Assam.  It was taken under
portent province of Denmark, forming the N. portion of the  British protection during the war with the Burmese, and
peninsula of the same name, separated from Sleswick by the  has been since incorporated with the district of Sylhet.
Kolding River on the E., and the Konge on the W., lat. 550    JYNTIAHPOOR, jin-te-&-poor!, or JYNTEAHPORE, jin23' N. Area, 9697 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 604,525. The  te-~pE rl, the capital of the above district, 10 miles N. of
E. coast has numerous fine harbors; on the W. it is shallow. Sylhet. is a pretty town, built of mats and mud, with a few
Surface quite level, except on the E., where it is traversed  mosques, many of its population being Mohammedans.
by a range of low hills; highest point, the IHimmelbjerg, 550    JYPOOR, a town and state of IUindostan. See JEsYooR.
K
f'AADEhN, kBfden. or KADANIE, ka-dtn'ynyi, a town of    KABROOANG, KABROUANG, or KABRUANG, ka-brooKBohemia, 13 miles N.W. of Saaz, on the Eger. Pop. 3229. angf, an island of the Malay Archipelago, between the
KAAFIORD, koffe-oRd, a village of Norway, stift of Fin-  Philippines and Gilolo, 20 miles in circumference. Lat. 30
mark, at the mouth of the river, and on the Gulf of Alten, 47' N.. Ion. 1270 E.
near let. 700 N. It has a rich copper-mine.                  KABSHI-ARY, kb'sh~tree, a town of Central Africa, in
KAAGOE, (Kaagle,) kolgl'eh, an island of Norway, be-  Bornoo, on the Yeoo, 90 miles W.N.W. of Kooka. Lat. 130
longing to Fiumark, in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 700 N. N., lon. 130 10'E.
Length, 11 miles; breadth, 7 miles.                          KABU, a country of West Afiica. See KABOo.
KAAL, kll. a village of Hungary, co. of Iyeves, on the    KABUL, a city of Afghanistan. See CABOOL.
Tarna, 12 miles from Erlau. Pop. 2221.                       IACIAO, a city of Anam. See KETCHO.
KAARTA, kA/tA, a kingdom ofWest Afirica. in the N.E. of    KACIJAR. a district of Hindostan. See CACHAR.
Senegambia. Surface mountainous, and said to be populous    KACIIEE; kdcheef, a town of Sinde, on a large branch
and well cultivated.                                       of the Indus, 30 miles N. of Hyderabad.
KAAT/ERSKILL, New York, a small stream rising in the    KACHGAR, a city of Central Asia. See KAsHGAR.
Catskill Mountains, and falling into Catskill Creek, near its    KACIINAI-SERIAI, kch'nif-se-rI', or RUCHNAI-SERAI,
mouth. About 2 miles from the Mountain IHIouse, it has a  k-ltch'niF-se-ri, a considerable town of Hindostan, domiperpendicular fall ofi175 feet.                           nions. and 130 miles S.S.W. of Gwalior.
KAATSBERG. See CATSKIL.L MOUNTAINS.                       KACHIIPOUR, a town of Russia. See KASHPOOe.
KAATSIIEUVEL, DE, dA katsfhSvel, a village of the    KACUNDA, or BUDDUA, a town of Af-tica. See KAKUNDY.
Netherlands, province of North Birabant, 12 miles W.S.W. of    RADANIE, a town of Bohemia. See KAADEN.
HertogenbosIch,(Bois le Due.) Pop. 355.                     KADAPIA, kI'd/fa, a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic
KABAHII, kdbA' a ruined city of Yucatan, about 20 miles of Trebizond. on the Tchoruk River, S. of Batoom.
S.E. of Uxmal.                                              KADDO, kidldo, one of the Dhalak islands of the Red Sea,
KABA-NAGY, klhlbbh'-n6dj, a village of Hungary, co. about 2 miles long, with a rocky islet off its WV. end.
of Bihasr, 6 miles from Szoboszlo. Pop. 6179.               KADEEN  or KADIN, kl-deen', or KADINO, kd-deelno, a
KABAN MAADEN. of Asiatic Turkey. See KEBIN MADEN. town of Russia, government of Moheelev, 19 miles N.W. of
KABARDAH, kI-baRld, a district of Russia. in Europe,  Mstislavl.
in the N. of Circassia, separated N. by the Terek fromn the    KADERO, k'deh'ro', a village of Nubia, on the Blue Nile,
government of Caucasus.                                   3 miles S. of Sennaar, with amosque and remains of a palace.
KABENDA, W. coast of Africa. See CABENDA.                 KADIAK, one of the Aleutian Islands. See KODIAK.
KABES, a town of Tunis. See CAnES.                        KADIN or KADINO a town of Russia. See KADEEN.
KABLETOWN, a post-office ofJefferson co., Virginia.       KADIRGUNGE, ki-dir-gLnjt, a town of British India,
KABOELOESOE. See KABOOLOOsoo.                           presidency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, on the left
KABOK, k~bokl, a Mandingo state of West Afiica, in  bank of the Ganges, 36 miles N.W. of Furruckabad.
Senegambia, between the Geba and the upper course of the    KADJANG, lkId-jgng!, a small native state, island of
Ganbia. Interior almost unknown.                          Celebes, on the W. coast of the gulf of that name.
KABOO, KABOU or KABU, ka'boot, a country of Africa,   KADJANG, is the capital of the above state, on the small
in Upper Guinea, between the Gambia and Cacheo rivers.   river Kadjang, in about lat. 50 20' S.
K 4BOOL, a river and city of Afghanistan.  See CAnOOL.    KADNIKOV or KADNIKOW, k&d-ne-kovt, a town of
KABOOLOOSOO, KABOULOUSOU or KABOELOESOE, Russia, government, and 28 miles N.N.E. of Yologda. Lat.
ka-booloo-soof, an uninhabited island of the Malay Archi- 590 24' N., Son. 400 50' E. It has 1000 inhabitants.
pelago, on the N.E. coast of the island of Sangir.          KADOE, KADOU, kUdool, or KEDOE, kA-doof, a central
KABOUL, a city of Afghanistan. See CAnsOL.              provinceinthe island ofJava. Pop.323.119.
KABRA or CABRA, k-br&, a town of Central Africa, do-   KADOLZBURG. kl/dolts-b6l6c-, a market-town of Bavaminion, uknd 10 miles S.S.E. of Timbuctoo, on the left bank  rin, 9 miles W. of Nuremberg.  Pop. 1350.
of the Niger or Joliba.                                     KADOM, k'-doinm,  a town of Russia, government, and 128
KABRERA, or CABRERA, k-brUr,, one of the Ionian  miles N.N.E. of Tambov, on the Moksha, with 6000 inhal
Islands, dependent on Zante, off the S. extremity of the  bitants. and a brisk trade, especially in annual fairs.
iMorea, 7 miles W. of Cape Gallo, with a good harbor. Lat.    KAFERNIHAU, kd-fir-ne-hawf, or HIStSAR, a river of
360 40' N., Ion. 210 47' E.                               Central Asia, in Toorkistan, rises about lat. 390 301 N., lon. 700
KABR IBRAHEEM, (or IBRATHIM), kab'r ib'rg-heeml, a  20' E., flows S., and falls into the Oxus, 60 miles N.E. of
town of Palestine, the modern name of HEBRoN.             Balkh, after a course of about 210 miles.
949




KAF                                                           KAF
KAFERTIHAL, (Kliferthal,) kAffer-t l, a village of Baden,  rains. In summer the rainy season sets in with terrific
circle of Lower Rhine, 3 miles N.E. of Mannheim.  P. 1543. thunder-storms.  In spring the temperature of the plains
KAFFA, CAFFA, k f/f., or FEODOSIA, fA-o-dolse-d, (anc. seldom exceeds 500 Fahrenheit; in summer it is between 700
Theodoesia,) a town of Russia, at the W. angle of a magnifi- and 900, and before storms it frequently rises to upwards
cent bay in the S.E. of the Crimea; lat. 450 6' N., ion. 350  of 1000 Fahrenheit.
20'E. It is walled and well fortified, and contains 3 churches    The inhabitants are composed of three nations, namely:-Greek, Roman Catholic, and Armenian; 2 mosques, a spa- the Amak6sa, or Amaxosa; the Amatdmbu, called by the
cious and commodious quarantine, a college, founded by  Boers, Tambooger or Tambookies; and the Amapcnda o0
the Emperor Alexander, chiefly for gratuitous instruction  Mambookies. \The'Amak6Osa (plural of M'2kosa) occupy the
in themodern languages, a botanical garden, and a museum. country from the Keiskammato theBashee, (about 90 miles,)
It is a place of great antiquity, having been founded by a  and from the foot of the mountains to the sea. The Amracolony of Greeks from lonia. It received its name of Thee- ponda extend along the coast, fromn the Bashi towards the
dosia from the wife of Leucon, King of the Bosporus, who  Umzimkfrlu.  The Amatdmbu possess the elevated land at
took it after a long siege, and soon made it a place of great the sources of the rivers, and the valleys between the
importance. In the Middle Ages it passed into the hands  mountains N. of the Amak6sa, and nowhere approach the
of the Genoese, by purchase from the Khans of the Crimea, sea-side. The common ancestor of these three nations was
and became the seat of an extensive commerce with the  Zwide, who lived fourteen generations (at least 300 years)
East, by the way of the Caspian and Astrakhan.  At this  anterior to Hintza, who fell in the Kaffre war of 1835. KOsa,
time it is said to have had a population of 80,000; but, or Xosa, the great wanrrior who gave his own name to his
having been taken by the Turks in 1474, its prosperity ra- tribe, (theAmak~sa,) lived five generations later than Zwide.
pidly declined. Much has been done for it since it came  The original affinity of these three nations is still kept in
into the possession of Russia, and it is still one of the most view by some remarkable customs.
important towns in the Crimea. Pop. 7250.                     The Kaijffres are tall and beautifully formed, with fine eyes
KAF/FA, a country of East Africa, -S. of Abyssinia, be- and an open countenance; their every movement, look, and
tween two heads of the Gojeb River, near lat. 70 N., lon. 360  carriage show vigor and animation. Their color is a dark
30' E.  It has been hitherto erroneously described as a  iron-gray; except thick lips, they have no Negro feature;
country of lofty mountains; it proves to be an elevated  their heads are well formed; theit hair is woolly, and in
plain, bearing palms, and characterized by the production, little tufts. The men, the chiefs particularly, exceed the
not of cereal grains, but of the ensete, a plant resembling  stature of Europeans; the women, on the other hand, are
the musa or banana. The appellation of "grain-eater" is  small, but elegantly formed.  Vivacity and good temper
used by the inhabitants as a term of contempt; the ensete  characterize both sexes. They are hospitable, intelligent,
furnishing the principal article of food. Kaffa is the native  and  brave, but dishonest  and  superstitious.  They
country of the coffee-plant, (the 7cahvah of the Arabs;) and  practise the rite of circumcision. They have no writa very large proportion of the coffee now exported from  ten characters; but their language is sonorous, resemMocha, arrives in that market from the N. frontier~ofKaffa, bling the Italian.  The men  take as many wives as
and the S. part of Enarea. The people are of the Abyssinian  they can buy. The wife provides for herself a cottage and
type; their language belongs to what M. D'Abbadie calls the  cows. The former is a spherical hut, framed of branches
Hamitic group, and is related to that of the Gongas, who  of trees, plastered with mud, and covered with rushes or
dwell on the Abbai or Blue Nile, at its S.W. bend.  The  palm-leaves.  Besides attending  to household duties, the
king or tata, as he is called, rules by absolute authority, women do the work in the fields, and also prepare the skins
and has at his command 10,000 horsemen. Capital, Bonga.  used for clothing.  The men are occupied with war and
KAFFRARIA, CAFFRARIA, kif-fritre-, or KAFIR-  their cattle. These last constitute the Kaffre's wealth; they
LAND, k/fir-land, a populous and fertile region of South- are the constant object of his thoughts and admiration; he
east Africa, bordering on Cape Colony and the Indian Ocean, is always happy when looking on his cows. He teaches the
and represented in old maps as extending N. to Abyssinia. bullocks to race, and constantly rides them. Instances are
The native'inhabitants, called Kaffres or Caffres, in 1785, not wanting of great chiefs who classed their horned cattle
extended their dominion to Great Fish River, in lat. (mouth) in regiments, according to color, and trained them to join
350 27' S., Ion. 270 E.; seizing upon the territory which had  in the dance. Milk is the Kaffre's chief sustenance, and
belonged to the Gonaque Hottentots, who appear to have be- always in the curdled state. It is kept in baskets made of
come mingled with their conquerors. But, soon after, they  rushes, and so closely plaited as to be water-tight. These,
came into collision with the Dutch Boers, who, having ad- when frequently used, imbibe the lactic acid, so that the
vanced 600 miles E. from Cape Town, were indignant at find- new milk poured into them  very soon curdles. Venison,
lug that the Kaffres had advanced 40 miles in the opposite  beef, marmalade of the water-melon, and various fruits,
direction. The latter were repulsed, and driven, for the  season the Kaffre's repast, but in small quantity. He may
most part, beyond the Keiskamma; but the Kaffres never re  be said to live on milk and a little millet or Kaffre corn.
nounced their claim to, nor wholly withdrew their cattle HIe will not taste small game; and fish, with which the rivers
from  the country between the rivers, which bore the title  abounds, he holds in abhorrence. Both sexes are passion-'
of the Neutral Territory, till 1836, when the Keiskamma  ately fond of smoking.  The Kaffre's dress is simple; the
and KatRivers were fixed definitively as their W. boundary.  men are always ba-eheaded, and wear a cloak (kaross) of
From  the Keiskamma to the Umzimkfrlu, (or Omzimkolo,)  skin, which they wrap close round them  in winter, with
(lat. 30 26' S.,) the N.E. boundary of Kaffraria, is a dis- the hair inside; the exposed side being  -eddened with
tance of 250 miles. The breadth of the territory, from the  ochre. They are often tattooed on the shoulders, and wear
mountains to the sea, is from 80 to 90 miles. Within the  copper, iron, or ivory rings and strung shells on their arms
limits thus described, Kaffraria has an area of about 20,000  and legs. The kaross of the chief is generally of leopard's
square mileS.                                               skin. The chief distinction of the female dress isthe cap
The mountains which run parallel to the sea-coast, bound- of lynx skin, which is made of a conical shape, but the cone
ing Kaffraria on the N.W. rarely exceed the height of 3000  laps forward, and, being fringed with beads, rings, or shells,
feet. Their; most elevated summits are composed of trap- hangs over the brows. The Kaffres are divided into hordes,
rocks; clay-slate and sandstone appear lower down, and  and governed by hereditary chiefs, who exercise absolutelimestone has been found in small quantity near the coast. rule.
Valuable minerals are rare.  The level plains terminate    The AmakOsa at present (1852) obey several chiefs, three
about 20 miles from the sea; then follows a land of hill and  of whom are nearly equal in power; namely, Sandili, Kreili,
dale, extremely varied and picturesque. Numerous rivers  and Tslambie; whose followers probably amount respec.
cross this country to the sea. On its W. side, indeed, or be- tively to 50,000, 45,000, and 40,000.  The interior chiefs
tween the Keiskamma and the Great Kei, though the brooks could add, perhaps, another 40,000. The Amatnmba, under
are numerous in the hills, the lower tracts still resemble  one chief, probably do not exceed 70,000. The Amaponda
the-colonial districts in deficiency of water; but this defect may be taken at 100,000, making the total population 345,000.
rapidly disappears as we advance to the N.E., where the    BRITIse KrraAzRIA is divided into the counties of Northumcountry grows at every step more fresh and irriguous. The  berland, York, Sussex, Middlesex, Cambridge, Lincoln, and
chief rivers beyond the Kei are, the Bdshee,Umt~ta, Umaim- Bedford. Capital, King William Town, on the Buffalo, co.
vfiabu, Umtav-dma, and Umzimkalu. These rivers all run  of Middlesex. The principal forts are Wellington and Cox.
in deep beds, with steep banks, and, in the rainy season, -Adj. and inhab. KAFFRE or CAFFRE, kaffer or kBf/fer.
swelled by the countless mountain-streams that jointhem,    KAFIRISTAN,  kefe-ris-tinf, CAFFRISTAN, CAUFIthey become immense torrents.  None of the rivers of  RISTAN, or KAUFIRISTAN, kaw'fe-ris-t/n!, (" land of the
Kaffaria are accessible even by small vessels, except, per- Kafirs," Infidels,) a country of Central Asia, between lat. 35~
haps, the Buffalo, between the Keiskammua and the Kei. and 360 N., and ion. 690 20' and 710 20' E., enclosed by AfThe river banks are shaded by large trees; in the small ghanistan, Khoondooz, Budukhshan, and Chitral.  Estithickets, scattered over the elevated grounds, the aloe and  mated area, 7000 square miles. It comprises a part of the S.
euphorbia are conspicuous. The grasses of the country are  declivity of the Iindoo Koosh, and is traversed by affluents
all very rank and tough, and grateful to cattle only when  of the Cabool River. Its narrow but fertile valleys produce
throwing out new shoots, after the old crop has been de- an abundance of fruits, with some wheat and millet, and feed
stroyed with fire. The chief vegetable products are maize, large herds of cattle, sheep, and goats. The inhabitants,
millet, and water-melons. The climate of Kaffaria differs  called 8iah Posh, or Kafirs, ("infidels,") by their neighbors,
widely from that of the Cape Colony. In the former country  are a remarkable race, resembling Europeans in their perwinter is the dry season. From May to August it seldom   sons and many of their habits; they live in a very rude
950




KAF                                                       KAL
and primitive state, and exhibit perpetual enmity towards  numerous remains of antiquity, and manufactures of mo
Mohammedans, by whom their country has been repeatedly  rocco, leather boots and slippers. In the 8th and 9th ceninvaded, but never conquered.  They are very skilful as  turies it was the capital of the Arab dominions in Africa.
workers in metals and wood, and are distinguished from        KAISAREEYEH, KAISARIYEH, or KAISERIYAII, kIsurrounding tribes by drinking wine, sitting on raised  zar-eeleh, (anc. Cxesareea  or A'Iazaca,) one of the most inrseats, exposing their dead without burial, and by using a  portanrt cities of Asia Minor, in its E. portion, at the N. foot
language wholly unlike the dialects of the Afghan, Hindoo, of lMount Arg.eus or Erjish, 160 miles E.N.E. of Konieh.
or other adjacent Asiatic nations. They have Caucasian  Lat. 380 42' N., ion. 350 20' E. It is enclosed by a dilapifeatures and complexion, and claim  to be brothers of the  dated wall; comprises about 5000 Turkish, 2500 Armenian,
Feringi, (Europeans.)  Principal village is stated to be and 500 Greek houses; has a castle, several mosques,
Caundaish, with about 500 houses.                          churches, extensive and well-supplied bazaars; and near it
KAFR-KOT, klf'r kot, (the "Infidel's fort,") an extensive  are remains of both the ancient and a subsequent Mohamruin in the Punjab, on the right bank of the Indus. Lat. 320  medan city. Though its trade has been latterly declining,
30' N., Ion. 710 21' E.                                    its inhabitants are still noted for commercial enterprise,
KAGALNIK, kI-gtl-nik! or ka-gAl-neek', a liver of Russia, and it is the entrep6t for a large extent of country. It imin Bessarabia, enters the Black Sea. a little N. of the Danube, ports many articles of British and colonial produce, Swiss
after a S.E. course of 100 miles. On its banks, many Ger- fabrics, German steel and hardwares, Italian  paper, Russian
man and other colonies have been established.              bar-iron, French and Belgian woollens and silks, indigo, and
KAGIIUZWARA, k1-ghz-wi/rA, a large village of India, dye-woods, stuffs from Diarbekir, Mlosul, Aleppo, and Damasin the Deccan, about 10 miles N.W. of Aurungabad. It was  cus; which goods it re-exports to the principal cities of
formerly noted for a manufactory of paper.                  Asiatic Turkey, with yellow-berries, wool. goats'-hair, furs,
KAGOOL, KAGOUL, or KAGUL, ki-goolf, a lake of Rus-  skins, raw cotton, madder, gums, gall-nuts, leeches, nitre,
sia, S.W. of the province of Bessarabia. Greatest length, 24  fruit, and wine, the produce of its own territory.
miles; breadth, about 9 miles.                               KAISAREEYEl, of Palestine. See C sARuA.
KAI-IAN, k&-hinf, a village of Farther India, on the Tenas-   KAISER, k/zer, a German word signifying " emperor,"
serim coast,. province of, and near Mergui, on the Tenasserim  derived firom the Latin Ccesar, (Gr. Kataap, Kaisar,) and
River, close to it are some tin-mines.                     forming a part of a number of names-in Germany, SwitzerKAHEREE, k a-r-ee', a town of Afghanistan, in Da- land, &c., as KAISERSBERG, "emperor's hill, (or hill fortress.")
mann, 321 miles S. of Dera-Ismaeel-Kh an, lat. 310 25' N., lon.   KAISERBERG, kitzer-boRG', or KAYSERSBERG, k'tzers700 57' E. It has a principal ferry across the Indus, here  blcG', (L. Cr/saris oMens,) a town of France, department of
1000 yards wide.                                           Haut-lRhin, on the Weiss, 8 miles W.N.W. of Colmar. Pop.
KAIHIRA or EL KAIIRA, a city of Egypt.  See CAino.  in 1852, 3465, mostly engaged in cotton manufactures. It
KAITLA, kVlA, a walled town of Central Germuany, duchy of  was formerly a fortified imperial city, taken by Rodolph of
Saxe-Altenburg, on the Saale, 17 miles S.E. of Weimar. Pop. Hapsburg in 1632.
2463. Above itis a fortress, and the ruined castle of Dolerstein.   KAISERIYALL  See KRAISsAsavEH.
KAIILENBERG, kd/len-bNtoG', a hill in Austria, on the    KAISERSLAUTETRN, kilzers-l6w'tern, a town of Rhenish
Danube, a little N.W. of Vienna, with many handsome  Bavaria, on the Lauter, and on the railway from Forbach to
suburban villas. On its side the army of Sobieski arrived  Mentz, 25 miles N.W. of Landau. Pop. 6700. It was forto the rescue of Vienna, when besieged by the Turks, in  noefly a strong military post; and has iron forges and ma1683. —The KAHLENGEBIRGE, kAltn'ga-b]a'eoa, are the moun- nufactures of cotton stuffs. Its castle, built by Frederick
tains occupied by the WIENEIaWALD, weelner-4tlt', or Vienna- Barbarossa, was destroyed by the French during the war
forest.                                                     of sucession.
KAHIOOLAWVE, ki-hoo-lWwee, or TAHIIOU-RAWE, one of    KAISERSMARKT, a town of Hungary. See KESMA.RX.
the Sandwich Islands, off the S.W. point of Maui, 14 miles    KAISERSTUHL, kilzer-stool', a small town of Switzerlong, and 5 miles wide. It is used as a place of exile,     land, canton of Aargau, on the left bank of the Rhine, 20
KAIIUN. kihoont, a fortified town of Afghanistan, near miles N.E. ofAargau. The name KAss.ZESUIL, ("'; Cesar's seat
the Nufifoosk Pass; lat. 290 20' N., 1on.'690 25' E. A garri- or throne,") probably, has reference to the supposed ancient
son was placed in it by the British in May, and evacuated  name Porusm  iberii, (i.e. "the court or judgment-seat of
in September, 1840.                                         Tiberius.")
KAI, kH, a town of China, province of Se-chuen, 65 miles    KAISERSWALD, kitzers-i51lt', a village of Bohemia, 35
W.N.W. of Kweitchoo.                                       miles N.N.E. of Leitmeiitz. Pop. 1707.
KAI, a town of Russia, government, and 140 miles N.E.    KAISERWERTIt. kIfzgr-~6Rtt, a town of Rhenish Prussia,
of Viatka.                                                  6 miles N.N.W. of Dusseldorf, on the right bank of the
KAIANA, a town of Finland. See KAJANA.                    Rhine. Pop 3740. It has manufactures of cotton and silk.
KAI-CIOO or KAI-TCI-IOU, ki'chool, a city of China, in    KAISTEN, kiesten, (Oo0n, other, and UNvTE, oon'ter,) two
Mantchooria, 8 miles from the Gulf of Leaotong. Lat. 400  contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, about
355 N., Ion. 1210 47' E.                                    2 miles from Laufenburg.  Pop. 1126.
RAIFFA or CAIFFA, kif/fI. (anc. Hepb/a?) a small sea-   KAITA, kiltt, or KEE/TAR, a town of British India, pre
port town of Palestine, pashalic, and 6 miles S.W. of Acre, sidency of Bengal, in Bundelcund, 50 miles W. of Banda.
on its bay, at the foot of Mount Carmel; lat. 320 50' N., Ion.   KAI-TCHIOU, a city of China. See Ku-Cooo.
340 58' E. EKAITS. kits, a seaport and village at the N. end of the
KAI-FONG, CAI-FONG, ki'fong!, or KAI-FUNG, kI'fmngl, island of Ceylon. Its harbor affords safe anchorage at all
a city of China, capital of lionan, on the right bank of the  seasons, and is much frequented.
*IIoang-ho; lat. 390 55' N., Ion. 1140 20' E.                 KAJANA, kS-yIfnA, or KAIANA. ki-&Vn&, a town of FinKAILAS or CAILAS, kl'l~sl, ("paradise,") the Olympus land, Inn, and 75 miles S.W. of Uledborg. Pop. 700.
of the IIindoos, a mountain region of Thibet, about let. 310    KAKABIKRKA, a remarkable cataract of British North
N., ion. 800 E.. and comprising the lakes of Manasarowar and  America, in the course of the Kamanatekwoya, a river,
Ravana-Hirada.                                              which before entering Lake Superior at its W. end, falls
KAIN, KAYN, or KIHAIN, a town of Persia. See GAvYN.  over a mica-slate rock, 130 feet high.
KAIN, kin, a village of Belgium, province of IHainaut, on    KAKAVA, kA-k/vA, a small island off the S. coast of Asia
the Scheldt, 28 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2062.            Minor, 12 miles S.W. of Myra, lat. 360 9' N., Ion. 290 5' E.,
KAINR00 A-JIKOOL or KAINOURA-DJIROUL, kI-nool- with a small port and roadstead, and remains of the anra-jee-kool/, a small village of West Africa, on the Fal6m6; cient Cydna.
lat. 140 22' N., Ion. 120 19' W.                              KAKISSA or KARISIA, a town of Turkey. See KAnKISSA.
KAINSKI, kinsk, a town and fortress of Asiatic Russia,    KAKUNDY, Ik-kun/dee, or KACUNIDA, written also
government of Tomsk, capital of the district, on the Om, BUDDUA, a town of West Africa, in Senegambia, on the
260 miles W.S.W. of Tomsk, and on the great route thence  Nunez, or Kakundy, 100 miles N.E. of its mouth.
to Omsk and Tobolsk. Lat. about 550 30' N., and lon. 780    KALA-BAGH, a town of the Punjab. See CAULABAOH.
40' E. Pop. 3400. It has a trade in furs and skins.           KALABRYTA, a town of Greece. See KALAVRITA.
KAIPARA, ki-pd/rs, a fine harbor of New Zealand, N. of    KALABSHEII  or KALIABSHIE, EL, M kI-l1blshbh, (anc.
the island, on its W. coast, in lat. 360 30' S., lon. 1740 75' E. Tafisis,) a village of Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile, 40
Average breadth, from  5 to 6 miles. It receives several miles S. of Asswan:  lat. 230 30' N.. ion. 320 55' E. It had
considerable rivers, including the Walroa at the N, and the  a temple, considered by Burckhardt the finest remnant of
Kaipara at the S. extremity.                                antiquity in Nubia.
KAIRA, ki/r', a town of British India, presidency of   KALAFAT, kh'l —f'tt', a walled town of European Turkey,
Bombay, 110 miles W.N.W. of Surat. Lat. 220 47' N., Ion. onthe Danube, nearlyoppositeWidin. Ithas a quarantine, a
720 48' E. It is large, neat, enclosed by a bastioned wall, town-hall, acustom-house, 3churches, and cavalry barracks.
and has a handsome court-house, a large prison, a church, It is the chief place of a sub-administrator's district. The
an English school, and a Jain temple. The British can- redoubts are of great extent and very strong. They are partonments, 11 miles distant, are commodious, but the site is tially raised on two high hills on the plain of Kalafat, about
unhealthy.                                                 a mile distant from each other. All the neighboring counKAIRWAN or CA'RWAN. klr-wmnl, a city of North  try is commanded by these hills in such a way, that no apAfrica, dominions, and 80 miles S.S.E. of Tunis. Lat. 350 37' proach to the Danube can be made. In 1828 these hills
N., lon. 100 15' B. Pop. estimated at 50,000. It stands on a  were occupied and fortified by the Russians.'  The town
sandy plain, and has a large citadel, magnificent mosques, contains about 2000 houses.
951




KAL                                                       KAL
KALAII kHlIM, ("a castle,") a prefix of numerous vii- N. part of Michigan, drained by the M-Nanistee River. Area,:ages, fortresses, &c. in West Asia, the principal being —  576 square miles.
KALAH-JIK, klU-jik or kVflI-jeek, a town of Asia Minor,    KALEFAT, a town of European Turkey. See KALAArAT.
in Anatolia, 35 miles N.E. of Angora, at the base of a conical   KALDENKIRCHEN, krlt'den-k-aEKen,    a village of Rthen
hill crowned by a castle, and stated to have 800 Mohammedan  ish Prussia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Kempen. Pop. 1700.
and 60 Armenian houses, 14 mosques, a khan, and a public    KALENBERG or CALENBERG, krlgn-b6Rox, a princi.
bath. It was takenby Ibrahim Pasha in his invasion of Asia  pality of Hanover, comprising the capital of the kingdom
Minor, and subsequently sacked by the Turkish troops.       Area, 1050 square miles. Pop. 192,526. It owes its name te
KALAH-SEFEED or KALAHI-SEFID, kNl&-see'feedf, a for- a village and ruined castle on the Leine, 12 miles S.S.E. es
tifed town of Persia, province of Fars, 55 miles W.N.W. of  Hanover.
Sheeraz.                                                      KALESURA, k-lA-soofr/, a village and caravanserai of
KALAII-SHERKAT, k3la-shir'k~ tf, an ancient ruined  Hiudostan, in the Punjab, 32 miles S.E. of Attock. Lat. 330
town of Turkish Koordistan, on the right bank of the Tigris, 44' N., Ion. 720 49' E.
30 miles E. of Al-Iladhr.                                     KALGAN. k~liglnt, ("a gate,") a town of China, province
KALAICHI, k/-lichee, a town of Afghanistan, near the  of Pe-chee-lee, i25 miles N. W. of Peking, lat. 400 50t N., ion.
Indus, 30 miles S. of Dera Ismaeel Khan.                    1150 3' E., and near the Great Wall of China, on the route
KALAMAKI, kA-l -ml!kee, a bay of Asia Minor, lat. 360  from Peking to Kiakhta. It is very populous, and is divided
10, N., ion. 290 28' E., near the head of which are the ruins  by a river into a MIongol and a Chinese town, both of which
of the aqueduct of ancient tPatara.                         are fortified. The streets are narrow and ill paved. but the
IrALAMIATA or CALAMATA, kMA-l-m.ta, a seaport town  shops are well sipplied. the town being an important depOt
of Greece, capital of the government of Messenia, near the  of the overland trade between China and Russia.
head of the Gulf of Koron. Pop. 2000. It has a brisk trade    KALGUEV, KALGOUEV. kUl-goo-6v! or kl-lgwiv/, KOLin oil, silk, and figs. raised in its vicinity.             GUEV, kol-goo-Zvl, written also KALGUJEW, an island of
KAL'AMAZ001, a river of Michigan, rises in Hillsdale co., Russia, government of Archangel, in the Arctic Ocean.
in the S. part of the state, and flowing in a W.N.W. direc- Length and breadth, 45 miles each. The surface is mountion, enters Lake Michigan in Allegan co., 29 miles S. of  tainous or marshy, clothed with moss, and peopled only. by
Grand River. The whole length is nearly 200 miles, and  a few  Samoied families; but resorted to by traders from
the width near its mouth is between 300 and 400 feet. It  the mainland, who here procure large quantities of skins,
is navigable for boats of 50 tons, in all stages, to Allegan, a  eggs, and feathers.
distance of 38 miles. The region through which it flows is    KALHAT, kBl-h~tf, a seaport town of Arabia, dominions,
nearly level, and the soil is generally fertile.            and 70 miles S.E. of Munscat, on the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb.
KALAMAZOO, a county in the S.W. part of Michigan,   KALI, a river of Hindostan.  See SINo.
contains 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Kala-    KALPIDA, a post-village, capital of Putnam  co., Ohio, on
manzoo. and drained by the Portage River of the Kalamazoo,  the Ottawa River, 112 miles N.W. of Columbus.  Laid out
and the Portage River of the St. Joseph, and by Bear and  in 1834. It contained, in 1850, 1 or 2 churches, 2 newspaper
Gull Creeks. The surface is diversified by prairies, tracts  offices, and several stores.
of heavy timber, and plains, which are covered with scat-    KALIMINO, KALYMNO,'k-limfno, CALAMO, kilaf/mo,
tered oak-trees. The soil is extremely fertile. The county  or CALYNDA, kS-lin/da, an island off the S.W. coast of Asia
is intersected by the Central Railroad. Organized in 1830. Minor, 15 miles N.W. of Stanchio, (anc. Cos.)  Lat. 370 N.,
Capital, Kalamazoo. Pop. 13,179.                            Ion. 270 E. The surface is mountainous and bare; if, was
KALAMAZOO, a thriving town, capital of Kalamazoo co., anciently famous for its honey, which is still one of its prinMichigan, on the left bank of the river of its own name, cipal products. Kalimno, or Calamo., its chief town, is on
and on the Central Railroad, 140 miles WV. of Detroit, and  its W. coast.
140 miles E.N.E. of Chicago. It is scarcely 18 years since    KALISZ, KALISIHI, or KALISCIT, kIlish, written also
the place wasfirst settled; the population is now (1854) esti-  KALICE, a city of Poland, and the westernmost in the
mated at 5000. It contains a United States land-office, a  Russian  dominions, capital of a province of the same
branch of the university, a number of churches, and 2 news- name, on an island in the Prosna, 130 miles W.S.W. of Warpaper offices. Mlanufactories of various kinds have recently  saw. Pop. 12,000, comprising 2500 Jews. It is enclosed by
been established; plank-roads have been made, and every  old bastioned walls, entered by 5 gates, and is one of the
element of prosperity which nature has given, has been  best built cities in the kingdom. Chief edifices, the citadel,
developed with surprising rapidity. The surrounding coun- the former palace of the Waywode (vaivode,) now occupied by
try is well timbered, and the soil is uniformly productive. the judicial courts, the cathedral, many other churches, a
]lhe Michigan Asylum for the Insane has recently been  synagogue, theatre, and several hospitals.  It has superior
located here. Pop. of the township in 1850, 3284.           schools; and woollen and linen fabrics, leather, &c. are
KALAMO, an island of Greece. See KALIAro.                made in the city and vicinity. Near it, in 1706, the Poles
KAL/AMO, a post-township in the S.W. part of Eaton co., defeated the Swedes; and in September, 1835, a grand mniliMIichigan. Pop. 429.                                        tary muster took place here, attended by the Emperors of
KALANI, kI-l nee, or KALLANIA, kal-l&ne-a, a village  Russia and Austria, the King of Prussia, and  other
of the island of Ceylon, situated on the banks of a river of  potentates.
the same name, about 10 miles N.E. of Colombo.                KALKAS, a co-Luntryof M[ongolia. SeeKHnALKAS.
~ KALANNA, kg-lan/n', a town of Soodan, capital of the    KALKOON, kgl-koonl, or TURIKEY ISLES, a group of
kingdom of its own name, about 250 miles S.S.W. of Tim-  islets in the Java Sea, N.E. of Kaungelung; lat. 60 31' S.,
buctoo.                                                     Ion. 1150 290 E.
KALANTAN or CALANTAN, k-ln-t~nf, a state of the    KALLABAGH. a town of the Punjab. See CAULABAIH.
Malay Peninsula, extending along its E. coast, having N.,   KALLAKANDI, kAl-l,-kknldee, a town of West Africa,
Siam, to which it is now partially tributary.  Estimated  N. of Dahomey, about 70 miles S. by W. of Adafoodia; lat.
pop. 50,000. The produce comprises 3000 piculs of tin, and  120 2' N., ion. 10 18' E.
12,000 piculs of pepper, with some gold and lead. Principal    KALLANIA, a village of Ceylon. See KALAzI.
town, Kalantan.                                               KALLAYESI, kAl-l-v,/see, a lake of Russia, in Finland;
KALANY-GUNGAN k&-lIneegintga, a river of Ceylon, circle of Kuopio. Greatest length from N.W. to S.E., about
enters the ocean, 3 miles N. of Colombo, after a W. cons-se of  24 miles; mean breadth. about 6 miles.
60 miles, for three-fourths of which it is navigable for boats.   KALLINGER, a town of British India. See CALLINGER.
KALA-SEFID, a town of Persia. See KALAH-SEErED.             KALLMUNZ, (Kallmiinz,) kll/mtints; a market-town of
KALASIN, a town of Russia. See. KOLAZIN.                 Bavaria, in the Upper Palatinate, 12 miles N.N.W. of RatisKALAT, a town of Beloochistan. See KEaAT.                 bon. Pop. 1128.
KALAT-EL-MUDIK, k'-lht'-6l-mqd-ik/, written also KU-   KALLO, KIS, kish kIl'lof, a village of Hungary, in the
LAT-EL-MEDYK, a town of North Syria, 70  miles S.S.W. of vicinity of Debreczin.
Aleppo, near the ancient Apamea, with an old castle and    KALLO, NAGY, n6dj kllllof, (i.e. GREAT IKALLo,.) a marketother ruins.                                                town of East Hungary, capital of the co. of Szabolcs, 23 isiles
KALATOA, kA-l-tot&, an island of the Malay Archipelago,  N.N.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 5342, mostly Protestants.  Ithls
in the Sea of Flores, between Flores and Celebes; lat. 70 12' Greek and Protestait churches, and a factory of saltpetre.
S., ion. 1210 43' E.                                          KALLSIOEN. (Kallsioen,) kllse-:5en, a lake of Sweden,
KALAU or CALAU, kd/llw, a town of Prussia, province  in the N.W. part of the ien of Ostersund, about 15 miles
of Brandenburg, 55 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort.  Pop. 2177. long, by about 9 miles broad. It is enclosed by lofty monuNear it is the village of Kabel, with mineral baths.       tainus, one of which is 4800 feet high.  It communicates by
KALAVRITA or KALABRYTA, kt-ld-vreeftt, (anc. Cynel- the lIelgesund with Lake Storsiln on the S.E.
tha,) a town of Greece, in the Morea, capital of the govern-    KALLUNDBORG or CALLUNDBOBG, kal loond-bsop,', a
ment of Kyllenia, near the foot of Mount Khelmos, 28 miles  mnaritime town of Denmark, on the W. coast of the island
S.E. of Patras. Pop. 2160.                                  of Seeland, 58 miles WV. of Copenhagen, with a good harbor,
KALBE, ksllbeh, a town of Prussian  Saxony, in MIagde- and an active trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 2400.
burg, on the Saale, 18 miles S. of Magdeburg. Pop. 5573.    KALMCACS, a tribe of Asia. See CAL-UCKS.
t is enclosed by walls, and has a royal fortrei5s.           KALTMAR. Idlftmar, a Icen of Sweden, extending along
KALBE, a town of Prussian Saxony, in Magdeburg, 17  the coast of the Baltic, between lat. 560 20' and 580 20' N.,
miles S.S.E: of Salzwedel. Pop. 1400.                      and lon. 15~ 30' and 17~ E. Area. including  the island of
KALCASICA, a new and unorganized county towards the  Oland, 4258 square miles. Capital, Kalmar. Pop. 202,178.
952




KAL                                                      KAM
KALMAR or CALMIAR, a fortified seaport city of East many, capital of a detached territory, 34 miles E.N.E. of
Sweden, capital of the above lmn, on Kalmar Sound, oppo- Brunswick. Pop. 1400.
site the island of Oland, 190 miles S.S.W. of Stockholm.    KALWARIA, k41-4;Vre-9, a town of Austrian Galicia, 8
Pop. 5964. It stands on the island of Quarnholm, and corn- miles E.S.E. of Wadowice, with a convent of Benedictines,
municates with a suburb on the mainland by a bridge of much firequented in pilgrimage.
boatN. It has a fine cathedral, a town-hall, a prefecture. a    KALWARYA, k9l-WIv/re-A, or KALWARY, kl-f4ree, a
strong castle, now a house of correction, an academy, a dock- town of Poland, province of Augustowo, 24 miles N.E. of Su
yard, a small but secure harbor, and manufactures of wool- walki. Pop. 6000, comprising many Jews. It has manufaclen stuffs, tobacco, and potash. Much of its commerce has tures of leather.
latterly been transferred to Stockholm. The treaty of Kal-    KALYBEA, a village of Greece. See KALvvSA.
mar, by which the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and    KALYMNO, an island of Asia Minor. See KALIRINO.
Sweden were united, was signed here in 1397.                KALYVIA or KALYBEA, kA-le-vee/A, a village of Greece,
KALMAR SOUND, a strait of the Baltic Sea, separating  in,Hellas, government of Boeotia, 4 miles N.W. of Arachova.
the island of Oland from the mainland.                      KAMA, ki/mi, a river of European Russia, rises in the
KALMINA. a town of West Africa. See CALMINA.            government of Yiatka, N.E. of Glazov, flows through the
KALMIUS, k~l-me-oos! (? a river ofRusagoen ntnC
KALMHJS, k(l-me-os' () a river of Russia, government  governement of Perm, and S.W. between Viatka and OrenYekaterinoslav, after a S.S.W. course of nearly 90 miles, boorg, joining the Volga 40 miles C. of Kasan, after a course
falls into the Sea of Azof, at Mariopol.                  estimated at 1400 miles. All the rivers of the governments
KALMUCKS, a tribe of Asia. See CAcMUCKS.                of Viatka. Perm, and North Orenboorg, are its tributaries;
KALNA, k/l'nd, a village of Bohemia, 20 miles N.E. of  and at its junction with the Volga it is nearly as broad as
Bidschow. Pop. 1489.                                      that river. One of its affluents is connected with an affluent
KALOCSA, kIh'lochtOh', or COLOCZA, ko'lotfs6h', a town  of the Dwina by the Canal of Catherine II., 12 miles in
of West Hungary, co., and 68 miles S. of Pesth, with a steam- length; and it forms an important line of traffic between
packet station on the left bank of the Danube. Pop. 6000. the countries of the South Volga and those around the
It is the see of an archbishop, and has a cathedral, a Piarist White Sea. It is now navigated by steam-vessels. It is
college, and Roman Catholic gymnasium. It was formerly  navigable for ordinary barges from the Volga to Perm, and
a fortified town, of much more importance, and had a cele- for flat-bottomed boats to a much greater distance.
brated printing establishment.                              KAtIMA, or K00INER, a river of Central Asia, joins the
KALOCSA, a village of West Hungary, co. of Marmaros. Cabool River, in Afghanistan, 10 miles E. of Jelalabad, after
Pop. 2323;                                                a S.W. course of 220 miles through Chitral and Kafiristan.
KALO-GUNGA. See KALANvW-GUNGA.                            KAMIAK, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See KREMAKH. 
KALOLIMINO, kg-lo-limlno, a small island in the Sea of    KAMIAKOORA, KAMAKOURA, or KAMAKUIRA. km-l-n
Marmora, 40 miles S.S.W. of Constantinople.               kootr4, a small island of Japan, on the S.E. coast of the
KALOOGA, KALOUGA or KALUGA. k -lootgA, a govern- island of Niphon, used as a place of banishment for grandees
ment of European Russia, near its centre, forming the west- who have fallen into disgrace.
ernmost of the great manufacturing provinces, bounded S. by    KAMAL, kA-mAl, a town of the Malay Archipelago, on
Toola, W. by Smolensk, and N. by Moscow. Area, 12.176 the S.W. coast of the island of Madurn, with a good haven.
square miles. Pop. in 1851, 941,402.  The surface is flat.    KAMALIA.  kg-m/llee'a, a small town and fort of the PunThe chief crops are rye, oats, wheat, barley, lint. and hemp. jab, near the Raves, 115 miles S.W. of Lahore. Lat. 300 44'
The horses are excellent. The manufactures comprise me- N., Ion. 720 38' E. It is built of brick, and has an appeartallic goods and cutlery, cloth, cotton, leather, beet-root sugar, ance of antiquity.
and soap. Distilling is carried on to a vast extent. The    KAMALIA, ki-m~glee', a town of Senegambia, in the
commerce is principally with Archangel. Exports oil and  Mandingo country. Lat. 120 47' N.
spirits.                                                     KAMARAN or CAMARAN, ku-mg-ran,. an island off the
KALOOGA, KALOUGA or KALUGA, a town of Russia, W. coast of Arabia, 20 miles S. of Lohela, in a bay of the
capital of the government and district of the same name, Red Sea. Length, 13 miles. It is fertile, and has a harbor.
95 miles S.W. ofMoscow,on the Oka. Pop. 29.580. Itis the    KAMAR, EL, Mountains of the Moon. See AFRICA.
see of the Bishop of Kalooga and Borovsk, and has above 20    KAMBANGAN, Malay Archipelago. See KEMBANOAN.
churches, a gymnasium, a seminary for the children of poor    KAMBARA, k m'bu/rA, one of the Feejee Islands, in the
nobles, a foundling hospital, and house of correction. Ka-  South Pacific Ocean. Lat. (S.point) 18056 S., lon.1780 52 W.
looga is one of the most important manufacturing towns of    KAMBERG, kdm/b6sG, a town of Germany, duchy, and
the empire. The principal articles produced are muskets,  22 miles E. of Nassau, with a castle, and 1250 inhabitants.
sail-cloth for the navy, oil, paper, cotton, pottery, soap, and    KAMBERG, a village of Bohemia, 15 miles N.N.E. of
vitriol. It has numerous tanneries and sugar-refineries,  Tabor.
and a commerce in sheep-skins, Russia leather, and wax.      KAMBING or KAMBONG. See CAMBING.
KAL'OO (k4lool) PASS, in Central Asia, 10 miles S.S.E. of    KAMBURG or CAMBURG, khmnb6SRG, a town of Germany,
Bamian, on the route from Cabool. Elevation, 12,480 feet.  in Saxe-M1einingen, on the Saale, 17 miles E.N.E. of Weimar.
KALOYERI, ka-lo-yAlree, a small desert island in the  Pop. 1650.
Grecian Archipelago, midway between Andros and Scio.         KA1MBURI. a town of Siam. See CAMeOORI0E.
KALPEE or CALPEE, kullpee, a large and populous    KAMEEI'R, KAMIR, kAtmeer!, CAM'MEER or KIIAMIR,
town of British India, presidency ofBengal, in the Upper Pro- a town of Persia, on the Persian Gulf, opposite the island of
vinces, district, and 45 miles S.W. of Cawnpoor, on the  Kishm. Lat. 270 0' N., ion. 550 40' E.
Jumna, the navigation of which is commanded by its fort.   KAMEL, ku-mil1, a village of West Africa, in Foota-Damiga,
It is an entrep6t for cotton from the S.W. of India, and has  on the left bank of the Senegal. Lat. 150 32' N., lon. 120 55, W.
manufactures of paper and sugar-candy.                       KAMENETZ or KAMENEZ.  Seb KAieIENIEC.
KALPENI, kal-pA/nee, two of the Laccadive Islands, in    KAMiENITZ. ki'mln-its', orKAMENICZE, ka'/mi-neet'sA,
the Indian Ocean, off the W. coast of Hindostin, joined to- a town of Bohemia; 20 miles E.S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2281.
gether by a reef above water. Lat. (S. point) 100 3, N., ion.   KAMiENITZ  or KAMENICZE, a town of Austria, in
730 35' E.                                                 Bohemia, 12 miles S. of Chrudim.
KALSCHEUREN, k4lshoiPren, a village of Prussia. on    KAMENITZ or KAMENICZE, a town of Austsia, in
the railway from Cologne to Bonn, 4 miles fiom the former.  Moravia, 11 miles E. of Iglau. Pop. 1569.
KALSEE, khllsee, a town of North Rindostaun in Gurh-    KAMENITZ or KAMENICZE, a town of Austria, in Slasval, on the Upper Jumna, 43 miles N.W. of Iurdwar, lat. vonia, 2 miles S.W. of Peterwardein. Pop. 1844.
300 32' N., ion. 770 50, E. It is a principal mart for the coun-    KAMENITZA, kA-mA-ni+tsA, a village of Greece, in the
try between the Sutlej and Touse Rivers.                   Morea, government of Achaia, on the Kamenitza River, 10
KALTBRUNNEN, kalt'br66n'nen, (" Cold Springs,") a vil- miles S.W. of Patras.
lage and parish of Switzerland, canton, and 23 miles S.W. of    KAMENOI-OSTROV, kg-mA-noi1-os-trov1, an island of RusSt. Gall. Pop. 1453.                                       sia, at the mouth of the Neva, in the Gulf of Finland, with
KALTENBRUNN, a town of Hungary. See HIDErnoKU.   an imperial summer palace.
KALTEN-NORDHEIM, killten-noad'hime, a town of    KAMENOI-OSTIROV, an island of Russia, in the Caspian
Germany, in Saxe-Weimar, 25 miles S.S.W. of Eisenach. Sea, near Gooriev, in the government of Orenboorg.
Pop. 1606.                                                  KAMENSKOE.  ki-min/sko-A', a village of Asiatic Russia,
KALTEN-SUNDIIEIM, k'lften-s0int'hIme, a village of  province of Okhotsk, near the Kamtchatka frontier, with
Germany, in Saxe-Weimar, 3 miles S. of the above. Pop. 798. an important market.
KALTENWESTEN, kIl/ten-9ls'ten, a village of Witirtem-    KAMIENSKOI, kg-mln-skoil, a village of Asiatic Russia,
berg. 19 miles N. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1371.                government of Perm, 40 miles S. of Kamishlov, with inKALTERIIHERBERG, kIllter-hn-'blsc, a village of Rhenish  perial iron-works and a cannon foundry.
Prussia, 18 miles S.S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1372.     KAMENZ. a town of Saxony. See CAMENZ.
KALTERIN, a town of Austrina.  See CALDARO.               KNAIIENIEC, kdm-yin'ylts1, written also KAMINIETZ,
KALUGA, governmentand town. KRussia.  See KALOOGA.  KAMENETZ and KAMENEZ. a town of Russian Poland.
K(ALUMULL], ki-loo-m. lA., a small town of Ceylon, near its S.W. fi-ontier, capital of the government of Podolia,
about 4 miles S. of Caltura. Pop. about 1000.             on the Sminote-isch, 235 nmiles N.W. of Odessa. Pop. 15,600.
KALUSZ, k/loosh, a town of Austrian Galicia, 28 miles  It is the capital of the Greek eparchy of Podolia, and of RoS.E. of Stry. Pop. 2000.                                  man Catholic bishops, and has a nRussian theological semiKALYORDE, (KalvDrde,) kldviaNdeh, a village of Ger- nary, a gymnasium, and 2 public schools. The chief edifice
953




KAM                                                       KAN
is the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul. Its fortifications,  Petropaulovski,  on the  E. coast, the mean annual ter.
razed in 1812, have since been renewed.                    perature is only 280 30', whereas that of Tigil, on the W., is
KAMIIN, kl-meent, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, 430 Fahrenheit. On an average of four years, the temperagovernment of0 Oppeln. circle of Benthem. Pop, 838.        ture of the former was, for spring, 310 30'; summer, 550
KAMIilIETZ, a town of Poland. See KAMIENIEC.             30'; harvest, 370 30'; and winter, 190. In very severe frost
KAMIONKA  STRZUMILOWA, k/-me-onlk/ strzhoo-me- the temperature falls far below this winter average, and has
lotNV/, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the Bug, 27 miles N.E. sometimes been -15~. On the Kamtchatka River, in the inof Lemberg. Pop. 1295.                                     terior, where protected by mountains, the climate is milder;
KAMIR, a town of Persia. See KAMEER.                     here the larch grows, and small quantities of rye, barley, and
KAMISHIN  or KAMISCHYN, kl-me-shin! or kd-me- pot-herbs are cultivated. The scanty population live chiefly
sheen!, a town of Russia, government, and 106 miles S.S.W. on the produce of hunting and fishing. Among the wild
of Saratov, on the Volga, here joined by the Kamishinka. animals may be mentioned reindeer, wild sheep, bears, otters,
Lat. 50~ 5' N., lon. 450 20' E. Pop. 7268. It was founded by  and beavers. The export of goods is conducted on sledges
Peter the Great, in 1710, and is enclosed by a wall.       by a fine race of dogs. These dogs are strongly built, very
KAMISHiLOV, KAMYSCHLOW, ki-mish-lovf, or KA- sagacious, and seem to enter into the very feelings of their
MUSCIILOV, k&-moosh-lov/, a town of Asiatic Russia, go- masters. In summer they are set loose, and become their
vernment of Perm, 65 miles N.W. of Shadrinsk. Pop. 2900. own purveyors; but with the return of firost their working
KAMITZ or KAMIZ, kilmits, a village of Prussian Si- season commences, when, harnessed two and two, in trains
lesia, government of Oppelo, S.W. of Neisse. Pop. 1070.    perhaps of 40 dogs, to sledges called  arotas, consisting, in
KAMM, kdmm, a village of West Africa, in Wallo, on the  their most primitive formn, of a box of boards about 3 feet
Senegal. Lat. 160 28' N., lon. 160 12' W.                  long, and 1 feet in width and height, fastened to wooden
KAMMENOI-OSTROV. See KAMEeNOI-OSTROV.                    runners, they often travel, at a rapid pace, 40 miles a day.
KAMIIERSWALDAU, kBm'mers-*Al'd6w, a village of  The exports comprise sable, fox, and other skins, (30,000
Prussian Silesia. government of Liegnite. Pop. 1245.       annually,) whale-oil, fish, and eggs. The imports are rice,
KAMNITZ, kkmtnits, a town of Bohemia, 27 miles N.N.E. flour, colonial goods, and spirits. The trade is chiefly with
of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2331.                                  Okhotsk.  Kamtchatka was discovered and conquered by
KAMORTA, one of the Nicobar Islands. See CAMORTA.    the Russians, between 1696 and 1706. It is subdivided into
KAMOURASIKA, a river of Canada East, flows N.N.W. four districts, each under a lieutenant-governor. —          Adj.
through a county of the same name, and falls into the St. and inhab. KAMTCHATIKAN and KAI'IToCHAALE.
Lawrence about lat. 470 33' N., lon. 690 43' WV.             KAMUSCIHLO   or KAMYSCHLOW. See KAISHLOV.
KAMOURASKA, a group of small rocky islets in the St.   KANADIE, kA-nA-dAee, a town of Russia, government,
Lawrence, opposite the month of the Kamouraska River.    and 88 miles S.W. of Simbeersk, on an affluent of the Volga.
KAMIOURASKA, a county of Canada East, bounded N.by  Pop. 22d0.
the St. Lawrence, and watered by the Walloostook and St.   KANAGA, ka-nAgA, or KONNIAGA, kon-ne-AtgA, one of
Frangois rivers.  Area, 1090 square miles. Capital, Ka- the Aleutian Islands, in lat. 520 4' N., Ion. 1760 50' W. It
mouraska. Pop. in 1852, 20,396.                             is about 22 miles long and 11 or 12 miles wide. The N. part
KAIOURASKA, a post-village of Canada East, capital of  of the island exhibits a high smoking volcano.
Kamouraska co., on the S. shore of the river St. Lawrence,   KANAR, a river of Hindostan. See GOGGRnA.
90 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. about 1000.                     KANARA, a province of Hindostan. See CANARA.
KAMPEN, kamnpyn, a walled town of the Netherlands,    KANARAK, kA-nD-rPk/, or KUNNARUE, ktin-nI-roo'A,
-ovince of Overyssel, on the Yssel, near its mouth in the  (the'" black pagoda,"') an ancient maritime village of British
Zuyder-Zee, 9 miles W.N.W. of Zwolle. It has remains of India, presidency of Bengal, 45 miles S.S.E. of Cuttack.
its former defences, and is intersected by sundry canals.. Its  Here are the ruins of a large IIindoo temple, long deserted
principal buildings are an elegant town-house, a custom- for that of Juggernaut, 16 miles westward.
house, two Calvinistic churches, a Baptist and a Roman    KANARY (k-ntAree) ISLES, a cluster of small islands in
Catholic church; it has also several hospitals and schools.  the South Pacific Ocean, at the S. entrance to the Gilolo PasAnciently it was one of the most flourishing of the IHanse  sage. The larger, or Grand Kanary, is in lat. 1~ 48' S., lon.
towns; but its commerce is now limited to a few vessels  1290 34' E.
trading to Hull. Its manufactures  comprise earthenware    KANATHIA, ka-nfthe-A, one of the most E. of the Feejee
and scythes, damask, calico, plush, blankets, ropes, tiles, Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 170 15' S., lon.
bricks, spirits, &c. Pop. in 1850, 10.879.                  1790 9 WV. It is from 3 to 4 miles in length. Pop. 300.
KAMP,  GRoss, groce kamp, a river of Lower Austria,    KANAWHIA, ka-naw/wa, a county in the W. part of Virjoins the Danube from the left 9 miles below Krems, after a  ginia, has an area of 1176 square miles. It is intersected by
course of about 60 miles.                                  the Great Kanawha, from which the name is derived, and
KAMTCHATKA* or KAMTSCIHIATKA, kim-chtt/ka, a  also drained by the Elk, Coal, and Pocotalico Rivers. The
peninsula in the N.E. of Asia, forming the S.E. termination  surface is beautifully diversified by mountains, hills, and
of Siberia, of which it constitutes a government. It ex- fertile valleys. The highlands contain inexhaustible beds
tends between lat. 510 and 590 55' N., and lon. 1550 40' and  of stone coal. Large quantities of salt are prepared from the
1640 20' E., bounded E. by the Sea of Kamtchatka, S. by  springs near the Kanawha River. The county isintersected
the Pacific, W. by the Sea of Okhotsk, and N. by the country  by the Covington and Ohio Railroad. Capital, Charleston.
ofthe Techooktchee. Length, 850 miles; breadth very irregu- Pop. 15,353  of whom 12.213 were free. and 3140, slaves.
lan; in the middle and widest part, 280 miles; in the N. it   KANAWHA COURT ILOUSEII. irginia. See CiAUnLESTON.
varies from 150 to 80 miles; while in the S. it narrows irapidly,    KANAWVHA RIVER. See GREAT KANAWHA.
terminating in a long and narrow tongue of land, which    KANAWHA SALINE, a post-village, Kanawha co., Virforms Cape Lopatka. Pop. estimated at 6000, of whom 1600  ginia, on the Great Kanawha, 260 miles W.N.W. of Richmond.
are Russians. Capital, Petropaulovski, on the E. coast.   KANAYAWA, a city of Japan. See KASSACA.
The surface is fiat in the N.E., on all the WV. coast, except at   KANCHIAIN-GUNGA. See KUNOHAcN-JUNGA.
the S. point, and in the centre. The E. coasts are deeply    KAN-CHOO, KAN-TCIHIOU, kan'chool, written also KANindented; on the S. steep and bold. The S. part of the  CHOW  or KAN-TCHEOU-FOU, kin'-ch6-oo'-foof, a city of
peninsula is entirely covered with detached volcanic moun-  China, province of Kan-Soo, capital of the department, near
tains, several of which rise to a height of 10,000 feet. At the N.W. frontier and great wall. Lat. 390 10' N., lon. 1000
let. 540, a range of low mountains breaks from the S. group, 40' E. It has manufactures of stout woollens. It corresand extends N. throughout the peninsula, at a distance of  ponds to the Koampion of Marco Polo.
65 miles from the W. coast, while a high range extends N.E.   KAN-CHOO or KAN-TCHOU, a city of China, province of
to lat. 570. In this range (lat. 560 8' N.) is situated the cul- Kiang-see, capital of a department, on the Kan-kiang River,
minating point of the peninsula, Kliutchevska'ia volcano, lat. 250 521 43" N., lon. 1140 50' E. It is strongly fortified,
16,512 feet in elevation. It is particularly described by  well built, and has several temples, with manufactures of
Erman, who, in 1829, ascended within 8000 feet of the  Chinese ink and varnish, and extensive trade.
summit, and saw it in sublime activity, pouring forth a    KANCHOW, kgn'chowt, or KAN-TCHEOU, kin'-chW-oot,
continuous stream of lava, which, at first opposed in its  a seaport town of China, province of Shan-toong, on a small
progress by masses of snow and ice, soon burst the barrier, river near the Yellow Sea.
and precipitated itself into the sea, with a noise which was   KANDABOO, KANDABOU, kin'dd-boot, or KANTAYU,
heard for a distance of more than 50 miles. The chief river  kAn-t,-voo/, the most S.W. of the Feejee Islands. Lat. 190 5'
is the Kamtchatka, which rises in lat. 540 N., flows northerly  S., ion. 1770 57' W. It is 25 miles long, and mountainous.
through the central valley, and E. through the mountain  Pop. 10,000.
range to the Eastern Sea, in lat. 560. Length, 250 miles;    KANDAHI, kan'd&, a considerable walled town of Beloochief affluent, the Yelovka (Jelowka,) from the N. The prin- chistan, province of Cutch-Gundava, 23 miles E. of Gundava.
cipal lake is the Koorile, near the S.WV. point; length, 20    KANDAHAR, a city of Afghanistan.  See CANDAmHAR.
miles, breadth, 12 miles. The climate is very severe; Winter    KANDALASKA, k4n-dA-lstkS,   a bay of North Riussia,
lasts 9 months, and frost is common even in summer. At  formed by the WV. part of the White Sea. It penetrates
deeply into Russian Lapland. Greatest length, 130 miles;
average breazdth, 40 miles.
It may be remarked that Kamtschlatsa is the German, while  average breadth, 40 miles.
Katcechatka is tihe French, spelling. Tch in French being equi-    KANEL  CANEL, kndl, or LANGEN-KANEL,
valest to tsec in German, or ci in English, it will be perceived  Ilngfen-klcnldel, a market-town of Rhenish Bavaria, 10 miles
that, in either case, the name should be pronouncedKat-chat/ka. S.E. of Landau, on the Dinibach. Pop. 3800.
954




KAN                                                       KAN
KANDEL, kantdel, a mountain-peak of the Black Forest dering on the state of.Indiana. Area, about 590 square
Rountains, in the grand duchy of Baden. Height 4160.    miles. It is watered by the Kankakee and its tributaries.
IKANDERN, k~n'dern a village of Germany, in Baden, 21  The surface is generally level, and consists chiefly of prairie.
miles S.W. of Freiburg.  Pop. 1300.                        Capital, Kankakee City.
KANDILI, kln/de-lee', a village of Asia Minor, on the    KANKAKEE, a post-township of Laporte co., Indiana.
shore of the Bosporus, near Scutari, remarkable for its    KANKAKEE, a village of Grundy co., Illinois, at the
picturesque views.                                         junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers.
KANDY or CANDY, kantdee, (Singalese, Malea Nuwara,   KANKAKEE CITY, capital of Kankakee co., Illinois, on
" great city,") a town of Ceylon, formerly capital of ths  the right bank of Kankakee River, at the point where the
kingdom, near the centre of the island, on the banks of an  Chicago and Illinois Railroad crosses this stream.
artificial lake, 62 miles N.E. of Colombo, and 1676 feet above    KANKALIN, a township of Brown co., Wisconsin. P. 704.
the sea. It stands in an amphitheatre of beautifully wooded    KANKAN, kUn-kgnf, a town of Senegambia, capital of a
hills, and has been greatly improved since 1815. It con- state, in the country of Sangara. Pop. 6000.(?)
tains the residence of the British governor, the finest struc-    KANKAREE, kln/k-ree, CHANGERI, klnfgi-ree', or
ture in Ceylon; the residence of the major-general; the  KANKIRI, kinIke-reeW, (anc.Gan'gra?)atownofAsiaticTTur.
king's palace, and buildings connected with it, now used  key, pashalic of Anatolia, N.E. of Angora. Lat. 400 56' N., lon.
as government offices; the Boodhist Temple of Ialada Ma-  340 1 5 E. It contains about 3000 houses, 8 large and several
lagawa, (palace of the tooth;) the medical-hall, and post. small mosques, 6 khans, and 4 public baths. There is a castle
office, the jail, barracks, and offices of the Bank of Ceylon, on a height close by, a barrack, and a singular and ancient
and the Oriental Bank, and the military magazine, situated  Mohammedan building, called the Mejid Tash, which appears
in the middle of the lake. The places of worship are an  to have been a convent of dervishes, and a burial-place for
Episcopalian, a Scotch Presbyterian, a Baptist, and a Roman  holy men. Pop. 18,000.
Catholic church. The Church Missionaay Society has a neat    KANKEROWLY, kgnk'er-5wtlee, a town of Hindostan,
residence and school-house.  There are also one or two  32 miles from Odeypoor.
mosques, two public libraries, and an agricultural society.   KANKIIHL, kank'alS(?) a considerable town of British
In the immediate vicinity of the town is the royal cemetery, India, presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 2 miles S.W.
where were deposited, through many generations, a long  of Iurdwar.
line of native kings and heroes. The Lake of Kandy, a beau-   KAN-KIANG, khn-ke-angf, a river of China, forming a
tiful sheet of water, adding much to the appearance of the  part of its great internal line of navigation, flows throughout
town, is about 1. miles in length, and from 100 to 500 yards the province of Kiang-see from  S. to N., traverses the lake
in breadth. It was formed by the late king, and is 1680  Po-yang, and joins the Yang-tse-kiang, after a course estifeet above the sea. Bricks and tiles are made to some ex- mated at 350 miles.
tent by the natives, and there is a very extensive brick-kiln    KANKIRI, a town of Turkey. See KANRKAREE.
kept constantly at work by government, elephants being    KANNAGIJERRY, k&n'n/-ghhrfree, a town of India, in
employed to tread the clay. Pop., exclusive of the military, Nizam's dominions, 23 miles W.N.W. of Annagoondy.
estimated at 7000.                                           KANNSTADT, a town of Wiirtemberg.  See CANNsrcDc.
KANDYAN  or CANDYAN  (kAnlde-an) PROVINCES, a    KANO, kinol, a considerable town of Central Africa, in
general appellation for such districts in the interior of. Cey- Soodan, capital of the state of Ioussa, about lat. 120 N.,
ion as were formerly under the dominion of the kings of  Ion. 90 E. Pop. estimated at from  30,000 to 40,000. It is
K'ndy, but which now form a part of the British posses- stated to be built in the Moorish style, and to have an extensions.                                                      sive trade, manufactures of silks, &c.
KANE, a county in the N.E. part of Illinois, has an area    KANOJE, k[-nbjf, or KUNNOGE, kbn-nojI, (Iindoo,
of 540 square miles. Fox or Pishtaka River flows through  Kanyacsubja,) a town of British India, presidency of Benthe county. The surface is mostly an undulating prairie, gal, (Agra,) 40 miles N. of Cawnpoor, in the Dooab, about
interspersed with beautiful groves; the soil is excellent. 2 miles from the Ganges, with which it commuicates by a
Limestone is the principal rock. The county is intersected  canal. According to Ferishta, it was formerly the capital of
by the Chicago and Galena Railroad, and by the Aurora Ex- an extensive kingdom, and it is supposed by some to have
tension Railroad. Settled in 1835, and named in honor of  been the 6alinpaxa   of Pliny. Its principal buildings are
Elias K. Kane, United States Senator from Illinois. Capi- a citadel, handsome tombs, mosques, and other Mohammetal, Geneva. Pop. 16.703.                                   dan edifices. Rindoo ruins extend round it for several miles.
KANE, a post-village of Greene co., Illinois, about 78    KANOINA, a post-village of Steuben co., New York, on the
miles S.W. of Springfield.                                 Buffalo Corning and New York Railroad, 4 miles from Bath.
KANEM,'kifnem, a country of Central Africa, in Soodan,   KANOWTA, ka-nSw'ta, a town of North-west Hindostan,
extending W. and N. of Lake Tchad.                          dominions, and 11 miles S.W. of Jeypoor, mostly built of
KANESVILLE.  See COUNCIL BLUFFS.,                         stone, and having several Hindoo temples.
KANEV or KANEW, ka-nav/, a market-town of Russia,    KANPU or KANPOO. See CANFOO.
government, and 64 miles S.E. of Kiev, on the Dnieper. Pop.   KANSAKEE or KANSAKI, kan-s tkee, a pretty village
3008.                                                       of Japan, in the island of Kioo-Sioo, has about 1000 houses.
KANEVILLE, kAnlvill, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois,   KANSAS. See KANZAs. KANSAS CITY. See KANZAs CITY.
about 50 miles W. of Chicago.                                 KANSK, kAnsk, a fortified town of Asiatic Russia, proKANGAROO  (kang'ga-rooe) ISLAND, a large island of  vince of Yeniseisk, on the Kana, 120 miles E. of KrasnoSouth Australia. Lat. 360 S., Ion. 1370 E. Estimated area,  yarsk.
1970 square miles. The shores are greatly indented and    KAN-SOO, KAN-SOU, KAN-SU, or KANSUIH, kdn'sool,
abrupt; its rounded hills are covered with a thick scrub; and  the most N.W. province of China, between lat. 320 30' and
it abounds with shallow salt lakes. It has no native inha- 400 N., and ion. 980 and 1080, having E. the provinces of
bitants, but is occasionally frequented by whale and seal Shen-see and Se-chuen, and other sides Mongolia, into which
fishers.                                                   a long tongue of it stretches between the territory of the
KANGAROO POINT, a village of Van Dieman's Land, Koko-Nor and the desert of Gobi. Pop. in 1812, 15,193,125.
immediately opposite Hobart-Town,) on the E. bank of the  Surface mountainous. Principal river, the Roang-ho. The
Derwent.                                                   products comprise dyes, gold, mercury, silks, musk, and toKANGEiLUNG, kang'ga-lng!, KANGELANG, kang'g.- bacco, which last is of very superior quality.  Ken-Choo
lngt, or CANGAYANG, lkng'gg-yang', an island in the Java  is the capital, besides which there are 6 cities of the first rank.
Sea. Lat. (N.W. point) 60 50' S., ion. 1150 13' E. It is of    KANTA, kAn/tA, or KANT, kAnt, a village of Austria. in
irregular form, about 25 miles long, and 8 miles broad. Transylvania, co. of Ober-Weissenburg, about 44 miles from
Pop. 1500.                                                 Kronstadt.  Pop. 1109.
KANGIUR, k[n-gtirf, a town of Sinde, 20 miles W.N.W.   KANTALICOONDA, kgn-ta-le-koonldA, a village of West
of Shikarpoor. Let. 280 13' N., Ion. 680 35' E.            Africa, on the Gambia. Lat. 130 32' N., Ion. 130 51' VW.
KANGRA, a town of the Punjab. See KOTE-KANOGA.              KANTAVU, an island of the Feejees. See KAN)ABnoo.
KANIA, kitnee'a, a town of West Africa, N.E. of Sierra    KAN-TCIIEOU, a town of China. See KAN-Cuow.
Leone, on the route from  Itokelle to  alaba. Lat. 90 5' N.,   KAN-TCHEOU-FOU, a city of China  See KAs-Cuoo.
ion. 110 9' W.                                               KAN-TCHOU, a City of China. See KAN-CHOO.
KANISA, KRs, kish kohfnee'shih', (i. e. " LrTTLE  KANISA,")    KANTIt, kkat, a town of Prussia, in Silesia. on the Weisa town of Hungary, on the Theiss, 14 miles S. of Szegedin. trita, and on the railway from Breslau to Waldenburg, 13
Pop. 1800.                                                 miles S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1710. A sanguinary action
KANISA, NAGY, nldj kIhtnee'shbh', (i. e. "GrtEAT KA- between the French and Prussians took place near it in 1813.
Ns.a,") a town of Hungary, formerly an important fortress,    KANTURKI, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
co. of Szalad. Pop. 8897.                                  Cork, 11 miles W.S.W. of Buttevant. Pop. 4388. It has a
KANKAKEE, kan-kaw'kee, a river of Indiana and Illi- castellated Elizabethan mansion, a fever hospital, district
nois, rises near South Bend, in the N. part of Indiana, and  bridewell, market-house, branch bank, and manufactures
after a course of about 100 miles enters the state of Illinois, of serges. It gives the title of viscount to the Earl of Egand empties itself into Illinois River, at Dresden. It is a  mont, whose residence is in the vicinity.
very sluggish stream, flowing through a level country,   KANUM, ka-nooml. (?) a large city of Little Thibet, on the
which is occupied by extensive prairies and marshes.       Upper Sutlej. Lat. 310 37' N., lon. 780 28' E., on a table
KANKAKEE, a new county in the N.E. part of Illinois, land, nearly 9000 feet above the sea. It was long the resi.
lying between the counties of Iroquois and Will, and bor- deuce of the traveller, Cosinma de Koros.
955




KAN                                                          KAN1
KANYABAC, kA-n-y,-bkI/,  one of the Bissagos Islauds, on  rises on the W. boundary, and has, with the exception of a
the W. coast of Afri.ca; lat. (S. end) U10 10' N., ion. 150 40' WT. slight bend into New Mexico, about half its course in this
KANIZAS, KANSSAS or KON1ZAS RIVER, the chief river territory. The Neosho, the Verdigris, and the Little Arof Kanzas Territory, rises in the Rocky Mountains by two  kansas are its principal tributaries from Kanzas, all in the
branches, called the Republican and Smoky Hill Forks. S.E. portion. The Little Osage and Marmaton have their
These streams unite to form the Kanzas at Fort Riley, about sources in-this territory. The Platte has its origin in the
120 miles from its mouth in the Missouri. The Kanzas River  N. of Kauzas, and runs N. into Nebraska. Steamboats asflows through a fertile plain, interspersed with hills or bluffs,  cend the Kanzas to Fort Riley, and the Arkansas, at high
and generally covered with large, thrifty timber. Steamers  water, 100 miles within the territory. The rivers in general
ascend to Fort Riley during a considerable portion of the  have broad, shallow beds, which, in dry seasons, form little
year. Among its numerous affluents, the largest is Big  more than a series of pools.
Blue River.                                                      Objects of Interest to Tourists. —Prominent among these
KANZAS or KANSAS, a territory of the United States of  stands Pikp's Peak, near the W. border of Kanzas, which
America, formed by an actof Congress passed May, 1.854, lying  soars to the estimated height of 12,000 feet, and is always
between 370 and 400 N. lat., and between about 940 30/ and  covered with snow. The usual variety, that characterizes
1070 W. Ion. About 100 miles of the W. portion lies between  mountainous regions, of gorge, precipice, pass, peak, valley,
380'and 400 N. lat. It is bounded on the N. by NebraskaTer- and cascade, is here exhibited. The South Park is a beauritory; E. by the states of Missouri and Arkansas; S. by  tiful natural enclosure, covered with grass-and surrounded
Indian Territory and New Mexico; and Wt. by New Mexico  by mountains, at a great elevation above the sea. The
and Utah. This territory is about 030 miles in length, from   buttes have been already referred to. Even in the E. and
E. to W., and 208 in its widest, and 139 in its W. part, in- middle sections, splendid panoramic views may be enjoyed
eluding an area of nearly114,798 square miles. The Rocky  from the river-bluffs, which rise from 50 to 500 feet.
Mountains separate it from Utah, and the Missouri River.Minerats.-Reddish, yellow, and blue limestone, with a
forms a smallipart of the N.E. boundary.                     tendency to crystallization, chert, granite, feldspar, red
Face of the 6bCountry.-(We  quote HALE and his authorities.)  sandstone, (often occurring in boulders of several tons'
The face of the country is nearly uniform  fi-om the state  weight,) and coal in several places, are the known minerals,
line to the base of the mountains, being one continued suc- besides pebbles of granite, quartz, and porphyry, with some
cession of gently undulating ridges and valleys; the gene- large blocks of porphyritic granite.
ral inclination of the ridges is N. and S., but they are thrown    Forest [rees. —For 200 miles W. of the Missouri, several
into various other directions by the course of the streams  varieties of oak, ash, sycamore, hickory, buckeye, walnut,
and the conformation of the valleys. The first district va-  hackberry, sugar-maple, and sumac are found in considerries in width from  80 to,200 miles. The second district, able abundance on the river-bottoms; while in the second
separted from  the first by a tortuous belt of 100 yards in  district timber is very scarce, except a few cottonwood and
width, presents to the eye a surface apparerntly of sand, but  willow-trees on the margins of the streams. In the mouncovered with grasses and rushes, especially in the valleys  tainous regions of the W., forests of cedar, pine, poplar, and
and hollows. where grass is abundant during the whole sea-  quaking-ash clothe the slopes of the Rocky Mountains, while
son. This district extends from  Sandy Creek WT. about 350  the river-bottoms are covered with cottonwood, willow, boxmiles. The third district, a narrow, irregular belt, is afo ma-  elder, cherry, currant, and service bushes.
tion of marl and earthy limestone, continued S. fromn hNe-   Zoosogy. The buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, prairie dogs,
braska. In this district occur those peculiar formations  and squirrels are among the quadrupeds; and of the
called "buttes," varying in width firom 100 feet to several  feathered tribes there are the wild-turkey and goose, prairie
hundred yards, with fiat surfaces, and nearly perpendicular  hen. partridge, golden oriole, blue jay, red-bird, crow, and a
sides, apparently formed by the subsidence of the sunrround- great variety of the smaller birds. Among the reptiles is
ing land. The fourth district is somewhat similar to the  the horned frog.
first, at least along the base of the Black Hills, where -it has    Forts and Stations.-First among these are the forts, viz:
been enriched for ages by the debris; but there is more  Fort Riley, near the confluence of the Republican and Solowood upon it. The E. portion is pastoral, but the WT., skirt- mon's Forks of the Kanzas; Fort Leavenworth, on the Mislng the hills, fertile, fineIy timbered and watered, abound- souri River, 31 miles above the mouth of the Kanzas; Fort
ing in game, wild, fruits, and flowers.  The fifth district,  Atkinson, on the, Arkansas, near the 1000 of WT. ion.; and
occupying the space between the Black Hills and the Rocky  Bent's Fort, on the Arkansas, between 1030 and 1040 W.
Mountains, presents every variety of hill and dale, moun-  ion. The stations are, Walnut Creek Post-office, on the Artain and valley,, traversed by rivulets, and adorned with  kansas, at the mouth of the creek of that name, and near
lakes; W. of this succeeds a sterile expanse of many miles, the 990 of W. ion.; Big Timbers, a favorite conecil-ground
covered with waving lines of sand, and surrounded by peaks  and rendezvous, 35 miles below Bent's Fort; Pueblo de San
of bare granite; there are, however, sonie riich valleys, and  Carlos, on the Upper Arkansas, in the 1050 of W. ion.; a
the hollow mumur of rivulets may be heard beneath your  post-office at the Delaware City, 10 miles above the mouth
feet. The first district has a limestone basis, and the great  of Kanzas; Elm Grove, a noted camping-ground, 25 miles
coal-fields of Missouriextend 30or40 miles intoit. This per- W. of tWestport, Missouri; and Council Grove, a famed
tion is unrivalled in fertility, and has valuable forest-trees, in-  stopping-place on the Santa F6 trail, in about 3840 N. 1at.,
eluding hickory, ash, walnut, and sugar-maple, but it is not and 960 WT. lon. There are besides a large number of misquite so well timbered as the country in the same range in  sionary stations, among which are the Kickapoo, 4 miles
Missouri.  The valley of the Kanzas is here from 20 to 40  above Fort Leavenworth; the Iowa and Sac, near the N.
miles wide, has a deep alluvium, andis very productive. The  boundary; the Shawnee, (Methodist,) 8 miles up the Kanvalley of the Missouri is of a similar character.  Between  zas; and 2 miles from  it the Baptist. and at 3 miles the
the Nebraska and Platte Rivers, says Professor James, the  Friends' School. Sixty miles up the Kanzas is the Catholic
surface of the country presents a continued succession of  mission among the Pottawatomies; Meeker's Ottowa missmall rounded hills, becoming larger as you approach the  sion, S. of the Kanzas River, near the Missouri line; and
rivers. The soil is deep, and reposes on beds of argillaceous  near it the Baptist Missionary and Labor School; and the
sandstone and secondary limestone. The second district is  Catholic Osage mission, on the Neosho River, in the S.E. of
underlaid by sandstone; the basis of the third is not known,  the territory, which has one of the largest missions and
nor is that of the fourth and fifth.  Coal is believed to exist  schools in Kanzas, and has 10 sub-missionary stations within
plentifully in the last two, as well as an abundant supply  60 miles of it, which are visited monthly from it.
of water-power.                                                 Poelpeatioes.-The population of this new  territory is
Rivers.-The rivers following the declination of the coun-  mostly comprised of wholly or partly-domesticated Indians,
try all have an E. or S.E. course, with the exception of soie  (in many instances removed thither from E. of the Missisof the smaller tributaries. The Missouri forms the N.E. sippi,) and of the nomad tribes of the interior and WT. perboundary through nearly a degree of latitude, with but  tion of Kanzas.  Among the former are the Sacs and Foxes,
little variation to the WT., though with many windings.  Iowas, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Delawares, Shawnees, KanThe Kanzas, the largest river whose course is mostly within  zas, Chippewas, Ottawas, Peorias, Kaskaskias, Piankashaws,
the territory, joins the MiSsouri just before this river enters  Weas, Miamies, Osages, and Cherokees; the latter are only
the state of Missouri. Including its main branches, the  partly in this territory.  Of the nomad tribes, the principal
Republican and Smoky Hill Forks, it has a course  of from   are the Camanches,  Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Arap.hoes.
800 to 1000 miles. The latter runs nearly through the mid- Large portions of the claims of the domesticated Indians
die of the territory in a direction a little N. of E. The Re-  have already been extinguished, and this process is still
publicans Fork rises in the N.WT. of Kanzas, but soon passes  going on, and they will probably soon have sold all, and
into Nebraska, which it traverses for from 200 to 300 miles,  have been removed, or absorbed in themass of the citizens.
when it returns to Kanzas, and joins the Smoky Hill Fork in  Intemperance, improvidence, and disease are powerfully coabout lat. 390 10' N., and Ion. 960 40' WT. The principal tri-  operating with the greed of the white man in sweeping
butaries of the Kanzas below the junction are, f-rom the N., them from the face of the earth. That portion of them-and
the Big Blue River, ricing in Nebraska, and by far the  there is such a portion —who are receiving the education and
largest; Egoma-Saha; Soldier's Creek; Santelle, and Stranger  habits of civilization from  the missionaries, will probably
Rivers; and from the S., tWacharasa.  The chief affluents  be gradually incorporat ed with the mass of the citizens.
ef the Smoky Hill Fork, are the Great Saline and Solomon's    Goversmecst ard Ilistory.-The government of Kanzas is
Forks, both from the N. The Osage rises near 970 W. ion.,  similar to thst of other territories of the United States. See
S. of the Kanzas, and passes E. into Missouri. The Arkansas  MINNESOTA.
956




KAN                                                      KAR
Kanzas formed part of the great Louisiana purchase ac- gary, co. of Oedenburg, 40 miles S. of Presburg, with 3175
quired from France in 1803, and subsequently formed parts  inhabitants, and a residence of the Esterhazy family.
of the Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territories. firom     KARA, k/rd, a river forming a part of the boundary bewhich last it was, (as has been stated,) in 1854, erected into  tween European and Asiatic Russia, rises in the Ural
a separate territory, after a stormy debate in the national Mountains, flows N. and enters the Sea of Kara after a
Congress as to whether the Missouri Compromise (an act course of 125 miles.
passed in 1820, forbidding slavery north of 360 30' N. lat.)    KA.4RA, k['rV, a Turkish word signifying "black," formshould be repealed. The repeal was carried by a large ma- ing prefix to the names of numerous places in the East, of
jority in the Senate, and a decided one in the House; it which the principal are the following:being thus left to a majority of the white inhabitants of the    KARA, a town of China. See IARA.
territory, when they may apply for admission into the con-   KARA, kg'rI, a gulf or bay on the N.W. coast of the governfederacy as a state, to allow or forbid slavery as they may  ment of Tobolsk, formed by the sea of the same name.
deem proper.                                                 KARA-AGIIADJ. k'1r&/-A-gldj! a hay of Asia Minor, in lat.
KANZAS, a thriving post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, 360 41' 50" N.. ion. 280 30' E.
picturesquely situated on the Missouri River, $ of a mile   KARA-AGHADJ, a town of European Turkey, in Bulbelow the mouth of Kanzas River, and 14 miles W. of Inde- garia, 40 miles S.E. of Silistria.
pendence. It is the western terminus of the railroad now    KARABAGIH, kPriV bMg, (" black garden,") a province of
being built from St. Louis westward; and it is also in the Asiatic Russia, in Transcaucasia, between the Koor and
line of the great Pacific Railroad, as proposed by Col. Bentdn. Arras Rivers. Its central part consists-of a bare table-land,
It is the point where all the goods to go up the Kanzas interspersed with fertile valleys. Chief town, Shoosha.
River are transhipped, and where emigrants for Southern   KARA-BAGH kAlrilbig. a town and large fort of Afghan.
Kanzas all disembark. The principal buildings are 3 large istan; 20 miles S.W. of Ghuznee, and 7426 feet above the sea,
and finely-built warehouses, a handsome brick church, and in lat. 330 10' N., ion. 670 591 E.
a large hotel, worth about $10,000, owned by the Massachu-   KARA-BAGH, a town of Punjab. See CAULABAGor.
setts Emigrant Aid Society. Pop. in 1855, about 600.        KARA-BOONAR, (BOUNAR, or BUNAR,) kJrf-boo'nar!,
KANZAS, KANSAS or KONZAS INDIANS, a tribe of (anc. Barate? or Barathra?) a town of Asia Minor, pashalic
Keanzas Territory, dwelling in the vicinity of Kanzas River. of Karamania, 58 miles E,S.E. of Konieh. It has a good
KAO, kito, one of the Tongs Islands-a vast conical rock, khan, a mosque, and some nitre works.
N.E. of Tofona, 500 feet high. Lat. 190 42' S., Ion. 1750 W.-   KARACHEE, a seaport of Sinde. See KuRACaREE.
KAo is also the name of numerous cities and towns in China.   KARA-CIIUDSCHA, kg-rA-chdl/shd, a town of Central
KAO-CHING or KAO-TCRING, kilo-chingl, a town of Asia, khanat, and 120 miles N.N.E. of Khiva.
China, province of Honan. Lat. 340 42' N., Ion. 1150 E.     KARAD, k6h'r6d!, a village of Hungary, co. of Sumegh,
KAO-CI00     or KAO-TCIIOU, kAi'o-choof, (almost k6w'- 46 miles N.W. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 2440.
chooe,) or KAO-CHE00-F00, (KAO-TCIIEOU-FOU,) kHo-ch&-   KARA DAGH, kA7r'idAig, or KARA TAGH, kt'rf tdg, seveoo'fool, a walled city of China, 168 miles S.W. of Canton, in ral mouitains of Asia Minor, and a chain in Persia, between
lat. 210 48' N., ion. 1110 8' E. It has manufactures of nankeens. Khoozistan and Laristan.
KAO-NING, a town of China, province of Quang-tong, 40   KARA DAGH or KARA TAGI-I, a mountain range of
miles W. by S. of Canton.                                 European Turkey, in Room-Elee, near Philippopolis.
KAOOCIIANI, KAOUCHANY or KAUCHIIANY, kTw-sh&f-   KARADAGH, k9'rIdigf, an adjacent district of the Pernee, written also KAWSCHANI, a decayed town of Russia, sian province of Azerbaijan.
province of Bessarabia, about 12 miles S. of Bender. It was   KARADAGH, a country of Turkey. See MONTENEGno.
once a large and flourishing town.                          KARADIVE, kd-rg-deev!, an island on the coast of Ceylon,
KAO-TCItOU, a city of China. See KAo-Cnoo.              in the Gulf of Manaar, 12 miles N.W. of Calpentyn. Length,
KAOUCIANY, a town of Russia. See KA00ooCAN.             about 9 miles.
KA0-YEO  or KAO-YEOU, k.o-y8-oof, a town of China,   KARADIVE, an island on the coast of Ceylon, in slat. 90
province of Kiang-soo, on the right bank of the Imperial 51' N., Ion. 80~ 1' E. Length, 5 miles. Pop. 5222.
Canal, 85 miles N.E. of Nanking.                            KARAGHIIINSKY, kH-r-ghin/skee, an island about'20
KAPELLA, k -p1lWl, a mountain range of Austria, in  miles off the E. coast of Kamtchatka. Lat. of the N. point,
Croatia, consists of two distinct parts, the Great and Little  590 131 N., ion. 1640 35' E. It is 55 miles long.
Kapella, having a general direction from N.W. to S.E., nearly    KARAGHINSKY, a bay on the S. side of the above island,
parallel to the Wellebitsch Mountains, which skirt the  penetrates 9 miles inland, with a breadth of from 4 to 8 miles.
Adriatic.                                                 It receives the river Karaga, the mouth of which is in bat.
KAPELLE, kg-pyllleh, a village of the Netherlands, pro- 590 81 N., lon. 1260 59' E.
vince of Zealand, in the island of South Beveland, 4 miles    KARA HISSAR, k r& his-sarp, Turk. "Black Castle,") a
E. of Goes. Pop. 1342.                                    town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Raramania, 30 miles S:W.
KAPELLE, WEST, a village of the Netherlands, province  of Kaisareeyeh, on the slope of a hill crowned by a ruined
of Zealand, 7 miles W.N.W. of Middelburg. Pop. 1892.      castle, and supposed to be the site of the ancient Uybistra.
KAPELNA, kt-pl/ndu, a village of Austria, in Slavonia,   KARA HISSAR, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic ofAdana,
about 24 miles from Siklos. Pop. 920.                     25 miles WV. of Tarsoos.
KAPFENBERG, kapffen-bhla, a market-town of Styria,   KARAJA TAGH, kd-rljS t~g, (anc. Mons Ma'sius,) a moun3 miles N.N.E. of Briick, and having a station on the rail- tain of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Diarbekir, separates the
wayhetween Murzzuschlag andGriitz. Pop. 600.              basins of the Euphrates and Tigris.
KAPINI, an island, South Pacific. See CLAP's ISLAND.      KARA-JILER. ksJr -jeeller, a large village of Asia Minor,
KAPITI, an island of New Zealand. See EaNTRY ISLAtND.  in Anatolia, 50 miles S.E. of Angora, near the Kizil-Irmak,
IKAPLITZ, kitplits, GAPPLITZ, gkpfplits, or WOLANKA, where it is crossed by a remarkable bridge.
*o-lnlkS, a market-town of Bohemia, 17 miles S. of Bud-   KARAK, kl'r k!, KHAREK, khrlkl, CHAREDJ, KAweis, on the Mulsche. Pop. 1892.                          REDJ, kS'r~jl. or EAR'EDSK!, an island of the Persian
K APNIK-BANYA, klp'neekl-blnuylh, a mining and mar- Gulf, in lat. 29~ 12' N.,.Ion. 500 13' E. It is about 15 miles in
ket-town of HIungary, co. of Szathmar, 8 miles E. of Nagy- circumference, of coral formation, and has on its N. side an
Banya. Pop. 3000.                                         old Dutch fort, with a village inhabited by about 1000 Arabs.
KAPNINO; kIp-neelno, a town of Russia, government of  Ships bear up hither from Bushire during strong S.W. winds
V1adimeer, 18 miles W.N.W. of Pereslavl-Zalieski.         in the gulf. and anchor near it in safety.
KAPOSIA, a post-office of Da Kota co., Minnesota.         KARAKAKOOA, a bay of Hawaii. See KEALAKEAKUA.
KAPOSVAR, kipA'sh'vARI, atown of central Hungary, co. of    KARAKAL, kg-rS-kil, a town of Wallachia, capital of a
Szumegh, on the Kapos, 97 miles S.W. of Pesth. Pop. 3900.  district, 30 miles S. E. of Krajova.
KAPPA, Illinois, a station on the Illinois Centrail Rail-   KARAKALPAK, kg-rS-kallpj k, a tribe of Toorkomans inroad, 47 miles N. of La Salle.                            habiting a steppe along the E. shore of Lake Aral, and along
KAPPA, a post-office of Woodford co., Illinois.         the Syr-Daria. They are divided into two sections, and are
KAPPEL. kdplpl, a market-town of Austria, duchy of  said to number 25,000 warriors.
Carinthia, 16 miles S.E. of Klagenfnrth. Pop. 988.          KARAKASII, kA-rA-klsh1, a city of Chinese Toorkistan,
KAPPIELN, kpt'p1ln, or KAPPELLENORT, ksp-plq.len- on an affluent of the Khoton River, 240 miles E.S.E. of Yarkoat', a maritime town of Denmark, duchy, and 15 miles N.E. and, reported to comprise 3000 houses. It is governed by
of Slewicsk. Pop. 2 1.00.                                 two officers sent from China.
KAPPE]L-ROD ECK, kptpfpel-rofldlk, a village of Baden,   KARAKITA, a group of islands.  See PASSACE ISLANDS.
circle of Middle Ithine. bailiwick of Achern. Pop. 1876.    KARAKOOL or KARAKOUL, kS-rS-kooll, a town of BokKAPPEL-WIND ECK, k.p/pl-Wind6k, a village of Baden, hara, on the Zer-Afshan, 38 miles S.S.W. of Bokhara, in lat.
circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Buhl. Pop. 1278.     290 30' N., ion. 630 45' E. Pop. 30,000.
KAPRONCZA, a town of Austria. See KOPREINITZz.            KARAKORUM, kitg'rkofrtim, a& mountain pass of the
KtAPSALI, a town of the Ionian Islands. See CAPSAL.    Chinese Empire, separating Chinese Toorkistan fi-om Little
KAPTOL or CAPTOL, k'p1t91, a market-town of Austria,  Thibet, near the valley of Shayook. Elevation, 18,600 feet.
in Slavonia, co., and 6 miles fi-om Posega. Pop. 990.       KARAKORUM. or HOLIN, ho-leen!, a ruined city of
KAPUNIDA, a village of Australia, 45 miles N. of Adelaide, Mongolia, which was the capital of Jenghis Khan. Its poslclose to some copper-mines, whence 480 tons of ore were tion is uncertain.
sent to Great Britain in 1847.                              KARAKOUL. a town of Bokhara. See KARAo00L.
KAPUVAR, kIh'poo'vAR1, a market-town of West fuin-    KARAMIAKOTAN or KARAM-ACOTAN,.ki-ri-m -ko-tina,
957




KAR                                                      KAR
Dne of tile Koorile Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, sub-   KARA TAGIL, a mountain of Turkey. See KARA DAOGH.
lect to Russia, and separated from the island of Onekotan    KARATAL, kt-r3-tt11.  a village of Central Asia. khanat
by a channel 8 miles wide. Lat. 490 N., ion. 1540 39' E.  and 56 miles N.E. of Khiva. on the left bank of the Oxus,
KARAMAN, kA-r-mnnt, (anc. Laranda,) a town of Asia  (Anoo-Daria.)
Minor, near the N. foot of Mount Taurus, 63 miles S.S.E. of    KARATCHEV or KARATSCHEW, ki-rft-shlv/, a walled
Konieh. Pop. estimated at 12,000. It has several mosques, town of Russia, government, and 47 miles W.N.W. of Orel,
ruins of a castle, manufactures of coarse cotton and woollen  in lat. 530 8' N., ion. 340 50' E. It is mentioned in records as
stuffs, and trade with Smyrna, &c. From about the year early as the twelfth century.
1300 to 1486 it was the capital of a flourishing kingdom.   KARATEGHEEN  or KARATEGIIIN or KARATEGIN,
KARAMANIA, CARAMANIA, kg-rA-mffne-a, or KARA- kA-r-tA-gheen1, a river of Central Asia. an affluent of the
MAN-KIIARIDJ, kA-r -m ~n1-xrri jf, a pashalicofAsiaMinor, Upper Oxus, in the Pameer table-land.
comprising most of the E. portion of its central table-land,   KARATEGIHEEN or KARATEGIN, a town of Central Asia,
between lat. 370 and 400 N., and ion. 310 and 370 E.. having  on the banks of the above river, 90 miles N.E. of IHissar,
S. Mount Taurus. The principal rivers are the Kizil-Irmak  in lat. 370 40' N., ion. 680 55 E.
(Halys) and the Sihon; in the W. part are numerous small   KARATOVA or CARATOVA, kA-rA-to/vA, a market-town
lakes. The principal towns are Konieh, Kaisareeyeh, Ak- of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the Braunista. 22
shehr, Beg-shehr, Nigdeh, and Karaman.                    miles S.S.W. of Ghiustendil. Pop. 4000.
KARAMASY, kA-rg-mfJsee, a walled town of Central Asia,   KARATSCIIEW, a town of Russia. See KArATJroEV.
20 miles E. of Khiva.                                        KARALTLA, a river of Australia. See GwYDIR Rv rn.
KARAMYCH, k&-r-micht, a river of Russia, pursues a    KARAVARIA or KAIRAVERIA, European Turkey. See
very circuitous course of about 70 miles, and joins the left VERIA.
bank of the Medvieditsa, at the village of Karamych.         KARAZORANE, kg-rA-zo-rfunA, an island or peninsula of
KARANEEZ or KARANIZ, kit-rl-neezf, a considerable  Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on its S.W. coast, 12 miles S.W. of
village of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, near Tukhti Sulei- Makree, and covered with remnants of buildings of the Midman, on the Sanik River, in which, near the village, is a  die Ages.
curious floating island.                                    KARBACH, kazR/b~, a village of Bavaria, circle of Lower
KARANG-ASSAI-, k.-rgngk.Is-sAmt,a native state of the  Franconia, near Rothenfels. Pop. 1190.
Malay Archipelago, on the N.E. coast of the island of Bali.   KARBITZ, kaytbits, or KARWICZE, kaR-*eettsA, a town
Pop. 250,000. Capital, Karang-Asam. Lat. 80 23' N.,lon. 1150  of Bohemia, 12 miles N.W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1343.
34' E. It is the most important town on the island, and has    KARDASCH-RZETSCIIITZ, kaa-ddshl-zhltchtits, a town
a good haven.                                             of Bohemia, 18 miles S.S.E. of Tabor, on Lake Kardasch.
KARANG BOLLONG, ka-rdng! bol-long', a district of Java, Pop. 2035.
near its centre, on the S. coast. The population export great   KARDZAG, KARDSZAG, kbrd'sSgf, or KARDZAG-UJnumbers of birds'-nests to China.                         SZALLAS, kRad'zg/-oo-ee-sAPl'sh/, a market-town of East
KARANIZ, a village of Persia. See KAaANSEZ.             Hungary, capital of the district of Great Cumania, 35 miles
KARANSEBES, k6lih'rn'sha'bs shl, a market-town of South  SW. of Debreczin. Pop. 11,424. It covers a wide surface,
Hungary, on the Temes, 50 miles S.E. of Temesvar. P. 3400. and has Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinistic churches.
KARIANTS, kIh'rh ntchf, a village of Hungary, co. of Ba-   KAREDJ, an island of the Persian Gulf.  See KARAK.
ranya, 46 miles S.E. of Fiiufkirchen. Pop. 2561.             KARENS, k/'r~nza, a race inhabiting  the mountain reKARA, SEA OF, a portion of the Arctic Ocean, between  gions of the S. and E. portions of Burmah proper, parts of
the Russian governments of Archangel and Tobolsk on the  the Tenasserim  provinces, and extending into the W. porS., and the island of Nova-Zembla on the N., and extend- tions of Siam. Their number is estimated at 33,000.
ing between lat. 700 and 730 N., and lon. 570 and 680 E.   KARGE, a town of Poland. See UNRUHSTADT.
On its S.W. side it is entered by the Strait of Kara, between    KARGOPOL, kaa-goopol, a town of Russia, government,
the islands of Vaigatz and Nova-Zembla, and 30 miles across. and 185 miles E.N.E. of Olonets, on the Onega. Pop. 2040.
On the S.E. side is the Gulf of Kiara, and on the S. it is en-   KARIKAL, klc-re-ktll, a maritime town of India, ceded to
tered by the river Kara.                                  the French by. the rajah of Tanjore, in 1759, on the CoromanKARA SIHIEBB KIIANER, kUfr, shib k neh, a town of  del coast, 8 miles S. of Tranquebar. Pop. 15,000. Its district
Asia Minor, pashalic, and 110 miles E.N.E. of Seevas, on the  has an area. of 23 square miles, and a population of 44.586
route to Erzroom. It stands on a high hill crowned by a  persons. Its exports rice, betel, indigo, saffron, and tobacco.
ruined fortress, and comprises 2500 mud-built houses, with    KARINJAH, kA-rinj4, a town of India, in the Deccan,
well-stocked bazaars. Near it are extensive alum works.    Nizam's dominions, 60 miles S. of Ellichpoor.
KARASICZA, k6h'rih'sheet/sd h', a river of Hungary, joins    KARISSIM, a country ofCentral Asia. See KccITARAs.
the Danube on the right, at the S. extremity of the island    KARITENA, kg-re-tA'nA, a village of Greece, capital of
of Margitta, after a course of about 50 miles.            the government of Gortynia, near the centre of the  o-orea.
KAtRASICZA, a river of Slavonia, joins the Drave on the  17 miles W. of Tripolitza. Pop. 1000.  It has a strong castle,
right 9 miles W. of Eszek, after a course of about 55 miles.  long the residence of the chief Colcotroni.
KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, kh'-g/ soo, (" Black    KARKELANG, karkeh-lhngl, an island in the Malay Ar
River,") called also KUREMAS, orTOKIMAII the W. branch  chipelago. Lat. of the N. point, 40 22' N., ion. 1270 E. P. 2970.
of the Euphrates, joins the Kenmer Soo 14 miles S.W. of Er-   KARKENAII ISLANDS, Mediterranean. See KEctaKrc.
zengan.                                                     KARKISSA, kar-kis/sA, KAKIS SA, KAKIS'IA, or KFIRKARA S00, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Asia  KISIYAH, (anc. Circesium,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, paMinor, tributary to the Kizil-Irmak, near Kaisareeyeh. It shalic of Bagdad, capital of a sanjak, on the Euphrates, at
is the Melas of Strabo.                                   the influx of the KIhaboor, in lat. 350 8' N., ion. 400 30` E.
KARA S00, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Persia, Under Diocletian it was a strongly-fortified fi-ontier town of
joins the Aras S.E. of Mount Aracat.                      the Roman dominions.
KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Asiatic    KARLBURG, kaalb66Ra, a market-town of West IHIunTurkey, pashalic of Aleppo, falls into the N. shore of Lake  gary, near the Danube, 10 miles S. of Presburg. Pop. 2035.
Dengis.                                                     K.ARLEBY, OLD and NEw, a town of Finland. See GAMLA..
KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, a river of Asiatic    KARLENBACH. kasqlen-bhKx, (GRoss, groce, and KILEIN,
Turkey, pashalic of Itchelee, sanjak of Tarsus, falls into the  kline,) twvo nearly contiguous villages of the Bavarian PalatiMediterranean.                                             ate,. canton of Griinstadt.  Pop. 1680.
KARA SO0, KARA SOU, or KARA SU, (ant. Yes!tus,)a    KARLO or CARLO, kar/lo, an island in the Gulf of Bothriver of European Turkey, between Room-Elee and Mace- nia. Ltt. of the W. point, 6502' N., Ion. 24533' E. Length,
donia, enters the Egean Sea, opposite Thasos, after a S. 11 miles.
course of 130 miles.                                        KARLOVISICH, kac/lo-veelsiK, a village of Austrian SlaKARA SOO, KARA SOU, KARA SU, or STRUMA, strti/- vonia, aboct 9 miles from Gollcmbincze  Pop. 984.
cA, (anc. Strym.on,) a river of European Turkey, in Room-   KARLOVITZ, UJ, oolee kasflo-vits', a village of Austrian
Alee. fells into the Gulf of Contessa, in the Archipelago, Slavonia, about 5 miles from Becska. Pop. 1200.
near Orphano.                                               KARLOWITZ, a town of Austria. See CARLowITz.
KARA SOO, KARA SOU, or KARA  SU, a river of Eu-   KARLOWITZ, kau/lo-fits', a town of Austrian MIoravia,
ropean Turkey, rises on the E. frontier of Albania, flows  37 miles E.S.E. of Prerau. Pop. 3437.
S.S.E., and joins the Tzerna, an affluent of the Vardar.    KARLSBAD. a town of Bohemia. See CAsLssBA.
KARA-S00-BAZAR or KARA-SOO-BASAR, kA'r~-soo-bA-   KARLSBRUNN,.kaels/br66n, avillage and well-firequented
zaRc, aTartar town of South Russia, government of Taurida, watering-place of Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau.
in the Crimea. 24 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. 15,000,   KARLSBRUNN, a watering-place of Bohemia, circle of
comprising Tartars, Greelks, Russians, Jews, and Armenians. Chrudim, near Zwittau.
It has 24 minarets, a Greek church, and 2 Roman Catholic    KARLSBURG or CARLSBURG, kaalstb656a, (Hun. Kachurches. a synagogue, and a remarkable fortified khan near roly-Fejervar, kih'roiS-fly6'vayte,) a fortified town of Tranits centre. It is the great mart of the Crimea, and has a  sylvania, capital of a county, on the Mares, 48 miles S. of
weekly market, and a large annual lfair. Its inhabitants  Klausenburg.  Pop. 12,300, comprising many Jews, who
manufacture superior morocco leather, candles, soap, pot- here enjoy peculiar rights, under protection of the bishops.
tery, and tiles.                                         Its consists of a citadel on a height, and a lower toifs. The
KRAIA SU. See KA: Seoo.                                principal edifices are a fine Romate  Catholic cathedral, with
KARASZNA, a town ofTrainsylvania. See 0KAz.szA.        the tombs of John Huniades, &c., the Bathory church, the
958




KAR                                                     KAS
palace of the bishops of Transylvania, a Roman Catholic gutshar, in the government of Voronezh. It has an active
gymnasium, with the provincial archives. a mint, observa- trade.
tory, and arsenal, barnacks, hospitals, public libraries, &c.  KASAWAT, kd-sA-w/tf, a town of Asia, khanat, and 20
KARLSIAFEN, CARLSHAFEN, or KARLSHAVEN, miles N. of Khhi                 va.
kalsrh&'fen, a town of Central Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, on    KASBEK, kds-blk1, a village of Russia, in the Caucasus
the Weser, 24 miles N. of Cassel. It is the terminus of a Mountains, on both sides of the Terek, in let. 420 N.,
railway connecting it with Eisenach.  Pop. 1703.           Ion. 400 E.
KARLSKRONA, a town of Sweden. See CARLSCRONA.              KASBIN, or CASBIN, kAzrbin or kgs-beenl, written also
KARLSMARKT, kaslstmaakt, a village of Prussian Sile-  CASBEEN and KAZBIN, a large fortified town of Persia,
sia, 34 miles S.E. of Breslau, on the right bank of the Stober. province of Irak-Ajemee, 90 miles N.W. of Teheran. It is
KARLSRUHE, a town of Prussia. See CARLSRUHE.             enclosed bh  brick walls. Principal edifices, a royal palace,
KARLSTADT or CARLSTADT, kaRlstittt, a royal free  a fine mosque, schools, bazaars, and baths. It is a depot
town of Austrian Croatia, capital of a county between Kulpa  for the silks of Ghilan and Shirvan, destined for Bagdad
and Corona, 33 miles S.W. of Agram. Pop. in 1845, 4454. and India, and rice from  the Caspian provinces. It proIt consists of a fortress, outer town, and suburb. It is the  duces fine melons and wine.
see of a Greek bishop, and has an active transit trade.      KASCHAU, kgtshdw, or KOSITZE, ko-sit/sA, (Hun. Kacssa,
KARLSTADT, kaaltstitt, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, k6shlsh6h'; L. Kossocvia,) aroyal free city of Hungary, capital
14 miles N.W. of Wtiirzburg. Pop. 2160. It has a trade in  of the co. of Aba-Ujv,', on the right bank of the I-ernad,
wine.                                                      finely situated in a valley, surrounded by vine-clad hills, 130
KARLSTAD, a town of Sweden. See CARLSTAO.               miles N.E. ofPesth. Pop. 15,600. In its great square an affluent
KARLSTILAL, kaRlstit, a village of Austrian Siliesia, of the river forms an island, which is decorated by a statue
about 32 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 1144.                of John Nepomak. It has a Gothic cathedral of the fourKARMEL, kar'melf, a village of the Punjab, 6 miles N.W. teenth century, numerous other churches and convents, a
of Ramnuggur, in lat. 320 26' N., lon. 730 34' E., on the  fine episcopal palace, barracks. an arsenal, a theatre, a
Chenaub.                                                  royal academy, with a lilbrary of 10,000 volumes, and a fine
KARNAC RUINS. See TuHEBEs, (Egypt.)                     collection of natural history, a collegiate episcopal semiKARNTIEN, (Kitrnthen,) Austria. See CARINTHIA.          nary, school for nobles, and a military asylum. It forms a
KAROLY. NAGY, Hungary. See NACY-KAROLY.                 kind of provincial capital, resorted to by the upper classes
KAROON, KAROUN or KARUN, kA-roont, (anc. Eulacsus, in winter, when it is said to beas bustling as Pesth itself.
the UlTai of the Scriptures,) a river of Persia, having its   KASCHEMIR or KASCHMIR. See CASHMERE.
sources in the mountains of Ahwaz, in let. 320 15' N., ion.   KAfSEYS, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
500 40' E., falls, by two outlets, into the Persian Gulf, about   KASHAN, or CASHAN, kB'shin/, a town of Persia, prolat. 290 55' N. It is navigable at all seasons for vessels draw- vince of Irak-Ajemee, capital of a district, 92 miles N. of Ising 4 feet water, and well adapted to steam communication  pahan, on the route to Teheran. Lat. 340 N., ion. 510 30' E.
to within 6 miles of Shooster, 150 miles from the sea.    Pop. 30,000. It is large, and said to be one of the most flourKAROTCHA, a town of Russia. See KoRoTcnA.               ishing towns in the kingdom. It has a royal palace, numerKARPATIHEN. See CARPATRIANS.                             ous mosques, colleges, bazaars, and baths, and manufactures
KARPFEN, kaapffen, a free town of HIungary, co. of Sohl, of shawls, brocade, silk stuffs, cottons, and gold and silver
60 miles N. of Pesth. Pop. 3800.                           articles, with an active trade in agricultural produce.
KARPOOT or KHARPUT, kar-poot', a town of Turkish    KASHEEN or KASHIN, kh-sheenl, a town of Russia, goArmenia, pashalic, and 60 miles W.N.W. of Iiarbekir, and  vernment, and 73 miles N.E. of Tver, on an affluent of the
stands on an eminence in a fertile plain. It is said to have  Volga. Lat. 570 25' N., ion. 370 25' E. Pop. 3400.
1400 Turkish and 300 Armenian families.                      KASHGAR, KACHGAR or CASHGAR, ktsh'garl, a conKARQUENAS or CARQUINEZ, kar-keelnes, of California, siderable city of Chinese Toorkistan, 140 miles N.W. of Yarthe strait joining San Pablo and Suisun Bays.              kand. Lat. 390 25' N., ion. 730 57' E. Pop. estimated at
KARROOS, kar'roosf, extensive plains of South Afi-ica, 16,000, exclusive of a large Chinese garrison, who, with the
Cape Colony, occupying most part of the terraces between  governor, occupy the citadel. It is enclosed by an earthen
the mountain ranges. They are annually covered with a  rampart, entered by four gates, and divided into Mohammerich vegetation, and pastured by numerous herds; but dan, or Turkish, and Chinese towns. It is the residence of
when the dry season sets in they become arid deserts,     an Oozbek chief, and has manufactures of cotton goods, and
KARS or KRHARS, kars. (anc. Chsorsa,) a city of Asiatic  articles of gold and jasper. It exports brick, tea, Chinese
Turkey, capital of a pashalic, on the Arpa chain, 105 miles raw and manufactured silks, porcelain, and rhubarb to
N.E. of Erzroom. Pop. 12,000. It is partly walled, and  Bokhara, whence it receives Russian, Indian, and other
has a ruined citadel, 8 mosques, minarets, several small Ar- produce. Its district comprises 8 other towns, and furnishes
menian churches and convents, many in ruins.              yearly tribute, which is sent to the Chinese governor at
KARSOON or KARSUN, kaR-soonf, a town of Russia, go- Eelee. Kashgar was a commercial city of importance before
vernment, and 65 miles W.S.W. of Simbeersk (Simbirsk.)  the Christian era. It has belonged to the Chinese for nearly
Pop. 4403. It was formerly fortified, and has a cathedral, a century; and was the capital of Toorkistan, until a rebeland leather factories.                                    lion there about 15 years ago, since which time that distincKARTAL, kaa-itI, a maritime village of Asiatic Turkey,  tion has been transferred to Yarkand.
in Anatolia, on the Gulf of Nicomedia, 14 miles S.E. of Con-    KASHIN, a town of Russia. See KASHEEN.
stantinople.                                                KASIIIRA or KACHIRA, k&-shee/rA, a town of Russia,
KARTALINIA, kaa-ta-linfe-a, or KARTIILI, kant/lee, a  government, and 46 milesN.N.E. of Toola, onthe Oka. P.2500.
region comprising the N. part of Georgia, in Asiatic Rus-   KASIHMIR, a country of Asia. See CASHMERE.
sia, watered by the Koor and its affluents, contains the    KASHPOOR or KACHIPOUR, khsh-poorl, a town of Rustowns of Gori, Ananoor, and Sooram.                       sia, government of Simbeersk, 6 miles S. of Syzran, on the
KARTASANA, kaa-tA-si/nA, a market-town of the island  right bank of the Volga. Pop. 1200.
of Java, province of Kediri, on the Kediri, 40 miles W.S.W.   KASIMIERZ. kA-seem'e-ainzh', a town of Poland, governof Soerabava. Pop. 4000.                                  ment, and 28 miles W.N.W. of Lublin, on the Vistula. Pop.
KAIRTHAIUS, katnt/hws, a town of Pruseia, province of  2569, mostly Jews. An action between the Poles and RusEast Prussia, government of Dantzic. Pop. 510.            sluns took place here, April 10, 1831.
KARTIHAUS, a post-village and township of Clearfield    KASIMOV, KASIMOW, kh-se-movI, or KASINOV, kA-se2o., Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna,  novI, a town of Russia, government, and 67 miles E.N.E. of
20 miles E.N.E. of Clearfield. Pop. of the township, 316.    Riazan, at the junction of the rivers Babinka and Oha. Pop.
KARTHLI, a town of Asiatic Russia. See KARTAINIA.    7333, chiefly employed in the fur trade. It is mostly built
KARTOOM or KARTUM, a town of Nubia. See KHAtrToo0.   of wood; and has many Tartar antiquities.
KARUN, a river of Persia. See KAReON.                     KASKASIKIA, a river which rises in Champaign county,
KARWICZE. a town of Bohemia. See KARnITZ.               in the E. central part of Illinois, and flowing south-westerly,
KARYES or CHARIES, klre-6s' or karlyfs', a small town  passes Shelbyville, Yandalia, Carlyle, and the town of
of European Turkey, in Macedonia, in the centre of the pe- Kaskaskia, falling into the Mississippi 7 or 8 miles below
ninsula of Mount Athos. Pop. 206. It is the residence of the last-mentioned place. Length estimated at near 300 miles.
a Turkish aga.                                            The Kaskaskia River is a fine navigable stream.
KARYSTO, kh-ris/to, or CASTEL ROSSO, kbftel rostso, a    KASKASKIA, a handsome post-village of Randolph co.,
seaport town of Greece, near the S. extremity of the island  Illinois, is finely situated on the right or W. bank of the
of Eub.a. Pop. 3000.                                      above river, about 2 uniles E. of the Mississippi hiver. and
KASAAB, a bay of Arabia. See KrASAB.                    142 miles S. of Springfield. It has the distinction of being
KASABAII or KASSABA, k/s-sAb/, a stone-built town  the oldest town in Illinois, or perhaps in the whole W1estern
of Asia Minor, in Karamania, 54 miles S.E. of Konieh.     States, having been settled by the French about the year
KASAN, a city and government of Russia. See KAZAN.   1673. It was the first capital of the territory, and retained
KASANLIK, khz'in-lik or kh/-&n-leekf, or KEZANLIK,  that rank until 1818. The village contains a United States
kez'An-leekt, a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 88  land-office and a Catholic chapel.
miles N.W. of Adrianople. Pop. 10.000.(?) It has an exten-   KASMAlIK, a town of Rungary.  See KESAiARK.
sire manufacture of attar of roses.                         KAS'OAGI, a post-village of Oswego co., New York, on the
KASANSK, h3-zAnskI, a town of Russia, Don Cossack  Watertown and Rome Railsoad, 31 miles from Rome, and
Gountry, on the let bank of the Don, 20 miles E.S.E. of Bo-  about 160 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
959




KAS                                                     KAU
KASOTAkY, a post-office of Blue Earth co., Minnesota.    KATESVILLE. kAts/vill, a small post-village:f Canada
KASOWITZ, a town of Bohemia. See KeSSEGOwITz.          West, co. of Middlesex, 25 miles E.S.E. of London.
KASPLIA, kastple-A, a river of Russia, joins the Dwina    KATIIARINABERG, k&-ta-reetnil-bWg', a village of Bo.on the left, after a W.N.W. course of about 80'miles, the greater hemia, circle of Buntzlau, at the foot of the Drachenberg.
part of which is navigable.                              Pop. 620.
KASSABA, a town of Asia Minor. See KAS:AIBA.             KATHARINABERG or KATERDORF. kIter-doR.f, a miKASSABA, k&s-s bh, a walled town of Asiatic Turkey, ning town of Bohemia, 16 miles W. of Tiplitz. Pop. 1250.
pashalic of Karamania, 20 miles N. of Konieh.              KAITHEE, a country of Further India. See CAssAY.
KASSACA, k'is-slkA, and KANAYAWA, kg-uI-Vw9, two    KATTIERIN, a lake of Scotland.  See KATRINrE LocH.
Japanese cities, visited by the Rev. E. C. Bittenger, chap-   KATHLAMBA, mountains of Africa. See QUATHLiAoseA.
lain of one of Perry's ships, during the sojourn of the    KATIIU, kdt'hoo', a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy,
Americans there. Kanayawa is said to contain 200,000 in- 154 miles N. of Ava.
habitants. Mr. Bittenger describes the houses as primitive    KATIF, KATYF, or KATIFF, EL, 61 ka-teeft, a fortified
in furniture and arrangements, but neat, clean, and com- maritime town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf. Lat. 260 25f
fortable, some containing Japanese clocks. Each of these  N., lon. 50~ E. It is stated to have an active trade, especially
cities is six miles long, with wide, well-formed streets.  in pearls from the adjacent fishery.
KASSATOTCHY, kIs-sl-tochlee,   one of the Aleutian Is-   KATLABUGA, kt-l1-boo/gA, a lake of Russia, province of
lands, is a mountain rising at once out of the sea; on its  Bessarabia, 12 miles E.N.E. of Ismail; greatest length, 18
summit is a crater, said to be full of water.            miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles.
KASSEGOWITZ, k~s/sA-go'9its, or KASOWITZ, k~tso-   KATMANDOO or KATMANDHU. See KHATMIAND00.
*its', a market-town of Bohemia, 21 miles N.W. of Pisek.   KATOfNAH, a post-village of Westchester co., New York,
Pop. 1251.                                               on the New York and Harlem Railroad, 44 miles above New
KASSEL, kis/sel, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, York City. In 1847 there was not a single building here.
district of Orb. Pop. 1036.                              Th6 village now contains 3 stores, an Episcopal church in
KASSEL, afortifiedtown of HIesse-Darmstadt. See CAss.L.  course of erection, and 200 inhabitants. Named from an
KASSIMOV, a town of Russia. See KAsIMov.               Indian chief who once owned the land in the vicinity.
KASSON, kIs-son/, a state of West Africa, N.E. of Sene-   KATOR, kA-torl, a town of Sinde, on the Narra branch of
gamnbia, separated from Bambook on the S. and W. by the  the Indus, 108 miles N.N.E. of Hyderabad.
Senegal River. The French have a station here at Medira.    KATRAGAM, k1trA-gam/, or KADDIRKAMAM, kdddirKASSOVO, a town of Turkey. See Kossovo.                kI-mgmn, a celebirated place of Hindoo pilgrimage in Ceylon,
KASSYE-GOPANG, k~sfs1.go-pAng,9 a town of Sinde, on  118 miles E.S.E. of Colombo.
the right bank of the Indus, 28 miles N. of Hyderabad.     KATRINE, kA/trin or katfrin, written also CATERAN,
KASTAMOONEE, KASTAMOUNI or KASTAMUNI, KATHERIN, or KETURIN, LOCH, a lake of Scotland, in
ks'tA-moolnee, written also CASTAMBOOL, CASTAMBUL, the S.W. part of the county of Perth, 90 miles W. of Callander,
and COSTAMBONE, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, and 5 miles E. of Loch Lomond. Length, 10 miles; breadth,
on the Kara-soo, 114 miles N.N.E. of Angora, at an eleva- 2 miles. It is of a serpentine form, and Yery deep; surtion of 2350 feet. Pop. estimated by Ainsworth at 48,000. rounded by lofty mountains, and rocky, wooded ravines.
It has upwards of 30 mosques, 24 public baths, with some  Its waters, fed by numerous mountain torrents, are discopper-forges, cotton printing-works, and trade in wool.  charged at its E. end (where is the celebrated pass of the TrosKAqTELLAUN, kUslty-l16wn', a town ofRhenishPrussia, sachs) by a stream which flows into Loch Achray. The
21 miles S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 1220.                    glowing descriptions of Sir Walter Scott, in The Lady of thM
KASTELORIZO, kAs-td-lo-reelzo, a large and lofty island  Lake, first drew public attention to this romantic region.
of Asiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, S. coast, pashalic   KATSCIIALINSK, kBt-shA-linskf, a town of Russia, goof Anatolia; lat. 360 8' N., Ion. 290 45'E. On the N.E side it vernment of Don Cossacks, on the left bankof the Don, 36
has a harbor and town of the same name, the former a  miles N.W. of Tsaritsin. Lat. 490 5' N., ]on. 400 E.
favorite resort of trading vessels, both going to and return-   KATSCHER, kitchler, or KETRZ, a frontier town of
ing from Syria and Cyprus.                               Prussian Silesia, 42 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 2640.
KASTELRUTT, a town of Tyrol. See CAsTLnOTTO.              KATSCIIHUGA. See KATcoocA..KASTER, kbstter, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern-   KATSCHULL, one of the Nicobar Islands. See KA IcLL.
ment, and N.W. of Cologne. Pop. 470.                       KATT, kltt, a town of Central Asia, 27 miles N. of Khiva,
KASTORIA, KASTORRA, kBs-to-reela, or KESRIE, kisf- on the canal of Jarmysch.
ree, (anc. Clethlrum or Celetrum,) a town of European Tur-   KATTEGAT, a strait of North Europe. See CATTEOAT.
key, in Macedonia, 25 miles S. of Monastir, on a peninsula    KATITELVILLE, a post-village of Broome co., New York,
in the lake of Kastoria. Pop. 1800.                      135 miles S.W. of Albany.
KASTORIA or KASTOREA, LAKE OF, a Iake of Euro-   KATTYMAR, kIttee'marf, a village of Hungary, co., and
pean Turkey, Macedonia, about 6 miles in length and  45 miles N. of Bacs. Pop. 3440.
breadth. Lat. 380 N., lon. 210 25' E.                      KATTYWAR, k~t-te-w~rl, a district of West IHlindostan,
KASTRI, a village of Greece. See CASTR.c               comprising a portion of Guzerat.
KASTRIKUM  or CASTRICUM, kls'tre-kfim', a village    KATUNGA, kA-tLng'gA, or EYEO. PyS, a town of Central
of the Netherlagnds, province of North Holland, 16 miles  Africa, the capital of Yarriba, 81 miles S. of Boosa. Lat.
S.W. of Amsterdam. Near this village the British and  80 59' N., Ion. 40 25' E.
Russians were defeated by the Dutch and French troops,   KATUNGWA, k&-tngolwA, a town of Central Africa, in
October 6, 1799.                                         Houssa, on the route between Kano and Katagoom.
KATABA, kg-tlbA, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen,   KATWYK-AAN-DEN-RYN, kltltik-,-dk         dn-lnin, a village
50 miles N.N.W. of Aden.                                  of the Netherlands, 4 miles N.W. of Leyden. Pop. 1005.
KATACOLO, ki-t -kollo, a cape and bay of Greece, govern-   KATWYK-AAN-ZEE, kAlttfik-_in-zA, a village of the Nethment of Elis, on the W. coast of the Morea, 15 miles S. of  erlands, 8 miles N.W. of Leyden, on the sea-coast at the
Gastouni.                                                mouth of the Rhine. Pop. 3254.
KATAFANGA, ka-td-f~ng/gA, one of the smaller Feejee Is-   KATYF, a town of Arabia. See KATSF.
lands. Lat. 170 30' S., Ion. 1790 2 W.                     KATZBACH, katsebhx, a river of Prussian Silesia, joins
KATAG00M or KATAGU[I, kd-td-goomt, a town of Cen- the Oder on the left, 29 miles N.W. of Breslau, after a total
tral Africa, Soodan, in Houssa, on an affluent of the Yeoo, course of 35 miles. On its banks the Prussians gained a
135 miles E.N.E. of Kano. It is said to be strongly fortified. victory over the French in 1813.
Pop. 8000.                                                 KATZENBUCKEL, k~tsfn-bO5k'ckl, in Baden, is the
KATAHIDIN, sometimes written KATAHDEN and KA- highest point of the Odenwald. Height, 2300 feet.
TADN, a mountain of Piscataquis co., Maine, about 130 miles   KATZENELLEBENBOGN, kAtfsen-l/l1n-bo'ghen, (" Cat's
N.N.E. of Augusta. It is the most elevated land in the elbow,") a village of West Germany, 9 miles E.S.E. of Nassa Lu,
state, being 5385 feet in height.                        with a ruined castle, the seat of its former counts. Pop. 902.
KATAHDIN (or KATAHDEN) IRON-WORKS, a post-   KATZIIUTTE, (Katzhiitte,) k~tshiit'teh, a village of
township of Piscataquis co., Maine, about 135 miles N.N.E'. Schwarzburg-lludolstadt, on the Schwartz, S. of Kbnigsee.
of Augusta.  Pop. 158.                                    Pop. 1138.
KATA, NAGY, nldj klhltflh', a market-town of IHungary,   KAUAI, one of-the Sandwich Islands. See ATA.aI.
co., and 31 miles E.S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2510.              KAUCIHANY, a town of Russia. See KAoocHaNI.
KATANSKA, a river of Siberia. See KHATANGA.              KAUEN, a town of Russia. See KovNo.
KATCHA, k/chbl, a river of Russid, after a N.N.W. course   KAUFBEUREN, kwftlboi'ren, a town of Bavaria, circle
of about 45 miles, falls into the Black Sea, 18 miles N. of of Swabia, on the Wertach, and on the railway from Au-sSevastopol.                                              burg to Lindau, 36 miles S. by W. of Augsburg. Pop. 4050.
KATCTHALL, k~tch~ll~,or KATSCHULL, k~tch'Allf, one   KAUFIRISTAN, a country of Asia. See KAFmnISTAN.
of the Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal. Lat. (N.   KAUFMAN, kawftman, a county of Texas, situated in
point) 80 1' N., Ion. 930 26! E. It is about 12 miles long and  the N.E. central part of the state, contains 1030 square
9 miles in the greatest breadth.                         miles. It is drained by the Trinity River and its affluents,
KATCHOOGA, KATCIHIOUGA, or KATSCHUGA, kd- and contains extensive prairies.  The population is inchoergi, a thriving eutrepat of trade in Siberia, government creasing rapidly. Named in honor of David S. Kaufnman,
of Irkootsk, N.W. of Irkootsk.                           former representative of Texas. Capital, Kaufman. Pop"
KATVIRDOPRF, a town of Bohemia. See KATnAtrINBERa. 1047, of whom 982 were free, and 65 slaves.
92




KAU                                                       KED
KAUFMIAN, a post-village, capital of Kaufman co., Texas, Russia as a kingdom. Subsequently, Peter the Great divided
210 miles N.N.E. of Austin.                                the kingdom into the five governments mentioned above.
KAUFUNGEN, OnER, o'ber kowlf66ng'gn, a town of Ilesse-   KAZANSKAIA, kI-zdn-skild, a town of Russia, governCassel, in Nieder IIessen, 5 miles E. of Cassel. Pop. 2300.   ment of the Don Cossacks, on the left bank of the Don, 150
KAUKAUNA, kaw-kaw/na, (formerly GRAND KAUKAU- miles S.S.E. of Voronezh.
LIN,) a thriving post-village of Outagamie co., Wisconsin,   KAZBEK, a mountain of Asia. See CAucAsus.
on the Neenah or Fox River, 100 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee.   KAZBIN, a town of Persia. See KASBIN.
The rapids in the river here afford abundant water-power,    KAZ-DAGII, a mountain of Asia Minor. See GAcRARUS.
which is employed in sawing pine lumber, &c. It contains    KAZEMBE, a country of Africa. See CAZEMBE.
2 churches and 3 stores. Pop. about 200.                     KAZEROON, KAZEROUN or KAZERUN, kl-zA-roonf, a
KAUNITZ, k6w/nits, or KONICZ, koenits', a village of  decayed town of Persia, province of Fars, in a fine valley, 55
Bohemia, 8 miles N.W. of Kaurzim. Pop. 1148.               miles W. of Sheeraz. It is said to have several thousand
KAURZIM, kdwr/zim, a town of Bohemia, 25 miles E.S.E.  inhabitants, with cotton manufactures and some trade.
of Prague. Pop. 2170.                                      Near it are the ruins of Shahpoor.
KAUTHI, kfwt, GAUTII, giwt, or KAUTY, kmw/tee, a vil-   KAZIMIERZ or KAZIMIRZ, kA-zhe-meeRzh?, a town of
lage of Bohemia, 20 miles W. of Klattau. Pop. 1083.        Russian Poland, province of Kalisz, 37 miles N. of Konin.
KAUTOKEINO, k6w'to-kino,  a village of Norway, in Fin- Pop. 1126.
mark, on the Alten, about 130 miles S.S.W. of IHIammerfest.    KAZIMIERZ or KAZIMIRZ, a town of Russian Poland,
KAUTY, avillageofBohemia. See IKAur1.                    25 miles W.N.W. of Lublin, between rocky heights, near the
KAVAJA, a town of Turkey. See RKAVAYA.                   right bank of the Vistula. It was the scene of an action
KAVALA, ki —v&/la, or CAVALLO, kg-v~lflo, a seaport between the Poles and Russians, April 10, 1831. Pop. 2189.
town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, on the _gen    KAZVIN, a town of Persia. See KAsmrr.
Sea, opposite the island of Thasos. Pop. 4000. It is walled,   READY, kd/dee a village and parish of Ireland, in Ulster,
has a citadel, and an export trade in cotton and tobacco. It co., and 7 miles S.S.W. of Armagh. Pop. of the village, 1120.
was the birthplace of the late Mohammed Alee, (Mehemet It has flourishing manufactures of linen.
All,) pasha of EgyPt. Nine miles S.W. is ESK.E (or Old)   KEALAKEAKUA, ka-l/-kt[-A-koold, or KARAKAKOOA,
RKAVALA, (anc. Neapolis,) where St. Paul landed from Troas.  ks-ri-kA-koo'a, (" path of the gods,") a bay on the VW. coast of
KAVAYA, KAVAJA, kA-vid, or KOVAJA, ko-vrlyd, a  the island of Hawaii, in which the famous circumnavigator
town of European Turkey, in Albania, sanjak of El-Bassan,  Captain Cook was killed. It is about 2 miles broad, peneon a river about 3 miles fronm its mouth in the Adriatic,  trates 1 mile inland, and the shore all round is covered with
where it has a port, 8 miles S.S.W.of Durazzo. Pop. 10,000,(?)  black coral rock, rendering landing very dangerous in rough
mostly Mohammedans.                                       weather, except at the village of Kakooa, where there is a
KAVEN or KAWEN' ISLANDS. See CALVERT ISLANDS.   fine sandy beach.
KAWAN, ka-w n/, a rocky island of' New Zealand, in the    KEAL, (keel,) EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Gulf of HIouraki, about 30 miles from Auckland, 25 miles in    KEAL, WEST. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
circumference, and.yielding a rich copper ore.             KEANG-YIN, k-Aung-yeenf, a considerable town of China,
RKAWSCHANI, a town of Russia. See KA00CHANI.            province of Kiang-soo, near the mouth of the Yang-tseKAYADEROS'SERAS MOUNTAINS, in the E. part of  kiang, 86 miles E. of Nanking, and with a remarkable
New York, are situated in Warren county, between Lake  pagoda.
George and Schroon River.                                    KEARNEYSVILLE, karlnFiz-vil, a post-village of Virginia,
KAYES, Ikaiz, an island of the North Pacific Ocean, Rus- on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 11 miles W.N.W. of
sian America, in lat. 590 48' N., Ion. 1440 28' W.         Harper's Ferry.
KAYESIKANG RIVER, Wisconsin. See SHBLL RIVER..             KEARSARGE  (keer/sarj) MOUNTAIN, in Merrimack co.,
KAYOR. a state of Africa. See CAYOR.                    New Hampshire, rises 2468 feet above the level of the sea.
KAYSERSBERG, a town ofFrance. See KAsnEBERnG.           Its summits consist of bare granite.
RAYSVILLE, a post-office of Davis co., Utah Territory.    KEARS'LEY, a township of England. co. of Lancaster.
KAYTS, kits, a village and seaport in the island of Man-    KEARStLEY, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan.
detivoe or Leyden, off the N. coast of the island of Ceylbn,   KEARSLEY CREEK, of Michigan, falls into Flint River,
in Palk's Strait.                                         in Genesee county.
KAYVA, kijv&, a market-town of Russia, near the S.W.    KEAS BRIDGE, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi.
frontiers of the government of Orenboorg. Pop. 1800.        KEASBURG, keeslbhrg, a village of Logan co., Kentucky,
KAZA, kohfz~h, or SAJO, sdh/yo, a village of Hungary, co. 196 miles S.W. of Frankfort, contains 1 or 2 churches and 4
of Borsod, about 30 miles fisom Miskolcz, on the Sajo. P. 4552. stores.
KAZAMIEEN  or KRAZAMIN, kii-z-meent, a town of    KEATCHIE, keech/ee, a post-office of De Soto parish, LoutAsiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 8 miles N.W. of Bagdad. on  siana.
the Tigris. Pop. mostly Persians, who have here a famous   IKEATING, keeting, a township of McKean co., Pennsylmosque.                                                   vania. Pop. 1181.
KAZAN, KASAN or CASAN, kA-zhnt, a government in    KEATING, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
the E. part of European Russia, bounded E. by Orenboorg, S. Pop. 225.
by Simbeersk, (Simbirsk,) WV. by Novgorod, and N. by Viatka.    KEAITON'S LANDING, or VIN/TON, a small village of
Area, 23,970 square miles. Pop. in 1851,1,307,352, nearly  Lowndes co., Mississippi.
all of the Greelk Church, or Mohammedans. The surface is    KEBAN-MADEN, kA-bAnfm/den, KEBBAN-MADEN,
fiat, traversed by the Volga and Karma, which here unite. k~b'binl-ma/dgn, or KABAN-MAADEN, lkban-mSden. a
A great portion is covered with forests. The minerals cons- mining town of Turkish Armenia, pashalic, And 88 miles
prise copper, gypsum, potters'-clay, and lime. The chief  N.N.W. ofDiarbekir, on the Moorad-Chai, (Upper Euphrates,)
crops are rye, wheat, lint, and hemp.                     with from 400 to 500 fismilies, mostly Greeks and Armenians.
KAZAN or KASAN, a fortified city of Russia, capital of the    KECHAN, klch'An/, a town of Turkey in Europe, in
above government, and formerly of the kingdom of Kazan,  Room-Else, N. of Gallipoli. Pop. 1000.
near its centre, on the Kazanska, 4 miles from its mouth in    KECHO, a city of Tonquin. See RETcHO.
the Volga, 430 miles E. of Moscow. Pop. 41,304. It is com-   KECK'S CHURCH, a post-office of Martin co., Indiana.
posed of three parts-the citadel, the town, and suburbs. It    KECKSIVILLE, a village of Martin co., Indiana, 9 miles
is the capital of a Greek eparchy, and see of a bishop, and  N.W. of Dover Hill.
has a magnetic observatory, an arsenal, and an Imperial   KECSKEMIET or KETSKEMET, klchfklm'ait', written
powder magazine. Kazan has long been celebrated for its also KECZKEMET, the largest market-town of Hungary, beeducational establishments.  Its university, founded in 1804, tween the Danube and Theiss, co., and 50 miles S.E. of
had, in 1846, 96 professors and 418 students, with a library Pesth. Pop. 42,081, mostly employed in breeding livestock,
of 29,000 volumes, an observatory, botanic garden, and  tanning, soap-making, and growing wine. It has various
several museums, 2 gymnasia, in one of which the Eastern  churches, a Painist and 2 Reformed gymnasia, a normal
languages are taught, a primary normal school, a Greek  school, school of design, orphan asylum, and military hostheological seminary, with a library of 4000 volumes, a mill- pital. It has 5 yearly markets; that for cattle is the largest
tary school, and 14 public.schools. It has extensive manu- in Hungary.
factures of cloths, cottons, cutlery, jewelry, with soap, and    KECZEL, kIts/6l', a village of Hungary, co., and 35 miles
morocco leather, tanneries, and distilleries. It is the entre- W. of Pesth, with a church, and a trade in corn, wine, and
pOt ofthe commerce between Siberia, Bokhara, and European  cattle. Pop. 3039.
Russia, and has extensive trade on the Volga. Kazan was    KECZREMET, a town of IIungary. See KRECSKrEMET.
three times nearly ruined by fire-lst, in 1774; 2d, in 1815,   KEDDA or KEDAH, Malay Peninsula. SeeQUEDA.
by the explosion of its powder magazine; and, 3d, on the    KED/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
5th of September, 1842, on which last occasion more than    KEDDINGTON, a parish of England, counties of Suffolk ~
half the city was destroyed.                              and Essex.
The kingdom of Kazan or Casan comprehended the Rus-    KEDEL, k'd6lt. a village of West Africa, in Foota-Damga,
sian governments ofKazan proper, Viatka, Perm, Simbeersk, on the left bank of the Senegal. Lat. 150 46' N., lon. 130 2/ W.
(Simbirsk,) and Penza. It was originally peopled by Finns,    KEDESH (kee/desh) OF NAPI:tTALI,writtenalso KEDES,
who were vanquished and driven out by the Tartars.. In  a village of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus, 9 miles S.W.
1552, Ivan Vassilievitch II., by the taking of Kazan, de- of Banias.
stroyed the Tartar power, and annexed the territory to    KEDIGEREE' or KIJARI, kij'a-ree, a village of British
3 L                                                                         961




KED                                                         KEI
India, presidency and province of Bengal, on the Ioogly    KEERBERGEN, kaiRlbRohen; a village of Belgium, proRiver, near its mouth. It has a harbor adapted for large  vince of Brabant, on the Dyle, 16 miles N.E. of Brussels.
ships; a light-house, and a pilot-station.                  Pop. 2087.
KEDIRI, kA-deefree', a province in the island of Java, on    KEER'NOOR/, considerable village of British India, presiits S. coast. Pop. 460,000.                                 dcncy of Madras, 18 miles E.S.E. of Trichinopoly.
KEDIRI, a town in the island of Java, capital of the    KEER'POYt orRKUR.POYI, a town of British India, presiabove province, 60 miles S.W. of Soerabaya, on the Kediri,. dency ofBengal, 52 miles W. of Calcutta. Pop. 10,000.
here crossed by one of the most beautiful bridges in Java. It    KEESEVILLE, keeztvill, a post-village of New York, on
is the residence of the governor, has a small bazaar, and a  both sides of An Sable River, and on the line between Clinmnosque built from the ruins of a temple. Pop. 6000.        ton and Essex counties, 4 miles from Laki  Champlain, and
KEDIRI, or BRANTAS, brAnUts\, a river of Java, formed  150 miles N. of Albany. It contains 4 or 5 churches, an
of two streams about 20 miles S. of Kediri, flows N. and N.E., academy, a bank, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and large mannand falls into the Strait of  Madura; one arm at Soerabaya, factories of iron and nails, in Which water-power is employed.
the other 25 miles furtherS., at Banjil. Total course, about Pop. estimated at 2000.
100 miles.                                                    KEETAII, a town of India. See KAITA.
KEDJE, kedljeh or k~j, (ann. GChobda or Chedda?) a town    KEEIVIL, a parish of England, co. of WIilts.
of Beloochistan, capital of the province of Mekran, on the    KEEZLETOWN, kee/z.el-t6wn, a post-office of RockingDoostee River, in  lat. 260 30' N., ion. 620 30, E. It stands ham co., Virginia.
at the foot of a rock, crowned by a strong fort, and had for-   KEFFING, (k1f/fing`,) or KESSING, (kIs/sing',) GREAT
merly 3000 houses, and extensive trade, but has fallen into  and LITTLE, two islands of the Malay Archipelago, in the
decay.                                                      Moluccas. S.E. coast of the island of Ceram. Lat. (E. point
KEDLESTON, k8dfcl-ston, a parish of England, co. Derby. of Great Reffing) 30 50, S., ion. 1300 40' E. Great Kefing is
KEDOE, a province of Java. See KADOE.                     united to Ceram by a coral reef. Both are well peopled.
KEDRON, keeldron, or KIDRON, kid/ron, a brook of    KEFIL, kA-feel/, a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalie of
Palestine, proceeds through the Valley of Jehoshaphat, Bagdad, on a canal of the Euphrates, a little S. of the ruins
N.W. of Jerusalem, past which city it continues on the E., of Babylon, with a tomb reputed to be that of Ezekiel, and
separating it from the Mlount of Olives, and thence 20 miles  frequented by numerous pilgrims.
E.S.E. to the Dead Sea. It is a mere torrent, flowing only    KEG CREEK, of Iowa, flows into Missouri River, in Freduring and after rains.                                     mont county.
KEDYWAREE, kUd-e-w~,ree, an offset from the W. side    KEGIHIAM-SEA. See GoKTscnrt-Danr.s.
of the Sata, the great eastern mouth of the Indus, in lat.   KEG/WORTH, a parish and large village of England. co.
240 7' N., ion. 670 28' E. Excepting the Hujamree branch, of Leicester, on the Soar. and with g station on the Midland
it is the only navigable channel by which access can be  Railway, 51 miles N.N.W. of Loughborough. Pop. in 1851,
gained to the main stream.                                  1854.
KEEA-HING-F00, kAIA-hing-foo, awalled and fortified city    KEHL, kail, a town of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on
of China, province of Chekiang, 50 miles N.W. of Ningpo, the Rhine, here crossed by a bridge ofboats, near the mouth
on the Imperial Canal. Pop. about 270,000. Its walls and  of the Rinzig, and immediately opposite Strasbourg. Pop.
ramparts are in a very dilapidated condition.               1304. It was fortified by Vanban, and was formerly a bulKEECHII, keelchee, or UPPER KEECHI CREEK, of Texas, wark of Germany, on the side of France, but its fortifiearises in Freestone county, and flows south-eastward through  tions are now  dismantled.  It communicates, by a short
Leon county into Trinity River. Lower Keechi enters the  branch railway, with the Bale (Basel) and Baden Railway.
river in the S. part of the same county.                      KEHILEN, kA/len, a village of the Netherlands, province,
KEEICHIL, a post-office of Freestone co., Texas.          and 6 miles N.W. of Luxemburg. Pop. 2400.
KEEIDYSVILLE, a post-office, Washington co., Maryland.   KEIDANI, ki-di/nee, or KEIDAUN, ki-d6wn5, a marketKEE/FERS COR/NERS, a post-office of Albany co., New  town of Russia, government, and 70 miles N.W. of Vilna.
York.                                                       It has a college of nobls.
KEEFER'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsyl-    KEIGII, keeth, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
vania.                                                        KEIGHLEY  keethllee, or KEITIILEY, a market-town
KFiELANG, an island, M5alay Archipelago. See KELANG.  and parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the
KEELIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             Aire, and on the North Midland Railway, 9 miles N.W. of
KEELE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.              Bradford. Pop. in 1851,13,050. The town is situated in a valKEELIER, a township of Van Buren co., Michigan. P.485. ley beside Blakstone Edge, is neat, and built almost wholly
KEELIERSBURG, post-office, Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. of stone, with its streets well paved, and lighted with gas.
KEELIERSVILLE, a post-village of Van Buren co., Michi- In its church is a curious clock, and a monument bearing
gan, 180 miles W. of Detroit.                               the date of 1023. Keighley contains a grammar school, a
KEEL/ING (6r COICOS) ISLANDS, a group in the Indian  court-house, mechanics' institution, and thriving mansnfacOcean, in lat. 120 5' S., ion. 960 53' E., consisting of Hors- tures of woollen and worsted goods, with cottons, which are
burg and Keeling, with some smaller islands, on which a  mostly sold in the cloth-halls of Bradford and HIalifax. A
few English inhabitants and Malays are settled. These is- few years since, 38 worsted, and 5 cotton mills, here emlands abound with cocoa-palms, and have good water. It ployed upwards of 2300 hands; and there were estimated to
was discovered by Keeling in 1609.                          be in Keighley and HIainworth, 1800 hand-looms. Keighley
KEELS, a seaport and fishing station of Newfoundland,  is head of a poor-law union, and polling-place for the West
on Bonavista Bay, in the E. part of the island, in lat. 480  Riding. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal conveys goods fi0om
38' N., ion. 530 26' W.                                     it to Hull and Liverpool.
KEELWA or KILWAtI, in East Africa. See QuILOA.              KEINTON (keen/ton) MANS/FIELD, a parish of England,
KEENE, keen, a beautiful post-village, township, and  co. of Somerset.
seat of justice of Cheshire co., New IHIampshire, is situated    KEIR, keer, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.
on the left bank of the Ashuelot River, and at the junction    KEISII, an island of the Persian Gulf. See KCrNz.
of the Connecticut River Railiroad with the Cheshire Rail-    KEISKAMMA, kls-kmlm/i, a river of South Afirica, in
road, 93 miles N.W. of Boston. The village is remarkable  Cape Colony, enters the ocean 30 nailes E.N.E. of the Great
for the extent, width, and uniform  level of its streets. Fish River, after a S.E. course of 80 miles.
Maine street, extending a mile in a straight line, is almost   KEITIf, keeth, a market-town and parish of Scotland,
a perfect level, and handsomely ornamented with shade- cos. of Banff and Elgin, on the Isla, 20 miles W.S.W. of
trees. Besides the county buildings, the village contains 5  Banff. Pop. in 1851, 4986. itis surrounded by hills, and conor 6 churches, 2 banks, and several fine schools. Three  tains a parish church. an Episcopal chapel, a Roman Catholic
newspapers are issued weekly. The inhabitants are noted  chapel, a court-house, a subscription library, several schools,
for their enterprise, and are extensively engaged in the  3 branch banks, a tobacco and snuff mill, and considerable
various branches of trade and manufactures. Pop. of the  linen manufcctures. In this parish, the celebrated natural
township in 1840, 2610; in 1850, 3392.                      philosopher, James Ferguson, was born in 1710.
KEENE, a post-township in the W. part of Essex co., New    KEITII, FIFE, a handsomely built town of Scotland,,
York. Pop. 756.                                             cos. of Banff and Elgin, on the Isla, opposite Keith. The
KEENE, a floucishing post-village of Jessamine co., Ken-  "Summer Eve Fair," held here in September, is the la,-gest
tucky, 11 miles S.W. of Lexington. It is surrounded by a  in the N. of Scotland, for cattle and horses.
rich farming district, has 5 or 6 dry-goods stores, and near    KEITH IIALL-A'D-KINKELL, a parish of Scotland, co.
500 inhabitants.                                           of Aberdeen.
KEENE, a post-village and township of Coshocton co.,   KEITH'S, keeths, a district in Lumpkin co., Georgia. Pop.
Ohio, 82 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.  Pop. 1078.             369.
KEE NEVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Illinois.         KEITIt'S, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.
KEAEINEY'S SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Cortland co.,   KEITIHSIBURG, a thriving post-village, capital of M5[ercer
New York.                                                  co., Illinois, on the Mississippi, 150 miles N.W. of SpringKEENS/VILLE, a small post-village of Union co., Penn- field. A large quantity of produce is bought and shipped
sylvania.                                                  at this village, which has a good landing. Pop. about 500.
KEEP TRISTE. a post-office of Washington co., Maryland.    KEITII'S FURNACE, a railroad station in Bridgewater
KEER., 0, o kale, or ALT-KEER, Alt-kain, a village of township, Plymouth co., Massachusetts, 4 miles N. ofBridgeIungary, co. of Bans. Pop. 3447.                          water. and 24 miles S.S.E. of Boston.
962




KEL                                                      KEMI
KELANG or KEELANG, kAlangf, an island of the MIalay  are mostly employed in manufactures, for which the creek
~ rchipelago, off the WV. extremity of Ceram. Lat. (W. point) furnishes motive-power. Pop. estimated at 500.
S~ 12' S.. ion. 1270 40' E.; 20 miles in circumference.      KELLYSVILLE, a post-office of Culpepper co., Virginia.
KELAT or KIHELAT, ke-ltV, KALAT,/ a walled town,   KELMARSH.I, a parish of England. co. of Northampton.
capital of Beloochistan, province of Kelat, on a hill 6000 feet    KEI/SALE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
above the sea, in lat. 280 52' N., ion. 660 33' E. Pop. with    KELtSALL, a township of England, co. of Chester.
suburbs, 12.000. It is fortified, and commanded by a large    KEL'SEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
citadel. It is ill built, but is well supplied with provisions    KELSEY, SOUTII, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
and water. and has some transit trade, with a few mann-   KELtSHALL.      a parish of England, co. of Herts.
factories of arms. In March, 1839, it was stormed and    KELtSO, a burgh of barony, market-town, and parish of
taken by the troops under Major-General Willshire, and re- Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, on the Tweed, near its confluence
taken in 1840 by those of General Nott. The British finally  with the Teviot, 23 miles S.W. of Berwick, with which it
withdrew from its occupation in 1841.                     communicates by railway, and 4} miles from the English
KELAT-I-GIIILZIE, kel-AtI-e-ghillzre, ("Fortof the Ghil- border. Pop. of town, in 1851, 4783. It is beautifully
jies,") a hill-fort of Afghanistan, 84 miles N.W. of Candahar, situated, with a fine bridge of 5 arches across the Tweed,
on the route to Ghuznee, 5773 feet in elevation, and suc- a town-hall, several churches, chapels, schools, and libracessfully rietained by the British till their evacuation of the  ries, 2 newspapers, 4 branch banks. an antiquarian society's
country in 1842.                                          museum, and noble remains of one of the largest of the
KELAT-KADIRI, kel-&tI-kA-deetree, a fortress of Persia, Scottish abbeys, built in the early Norman style, by David
in Khorassan, 58 miles N.E. of Meshed, and the principal I., about A.D. 1128, and reduced to its present ruinous state
stronghold of Nadir Shah.                                 by the English in 1545. The town carries on a brisk retail
KELBRA, kellbrd, a town of Prussian Saxony, govern- trade, being the residence of many opulent families. Its
ment of Merseburg, 12 miles E.S.E. of Nordhausen. P. 1080. cattle market, on the 5th of August, is the largest in the S.
KELCZE, a town of Austria. See KELTSCH.                 of Scotland. Kelso in ancient times suffered much in the
KELtHAM, a parish of England, co. of Notts, on the  wars with England. In its vicinity are Fleurs Castle, the
Trent, 2 miles N.W. of Newark. Kelham Hall, the seat of  ruins of Roxburgh and of iNolme Castles, and the Eildon
the Sutton family, was the first prison of Charles I.     Hills.
KELHIEIIM, kl1hime, (anc. Celeusum?) a fortified town    KELSO, a town of New South Wales, co. of Roxburgh, on
of Bavaria, circle of TUpper Palatinate, at the junction of  the river Macquarrie, near Bathurst. Pop. 464.
the Ludwig Canal with the Danube, 12 miles S.W. of Ra-   KELtSO, a post-office of Dearborn co., Indiana.
tisbon, having potash factories. Pop. 2029.                 KEL'SOES, a small village of Mionroe co., Tennessee.
KELTOOB or KELIOUB, k4-le-oobl, a town of Lower    KELSTERBACH, k~l'ster-bK',  a village of Germany,
Egypt, capital of the province, in the I)elta of the Nile, 9  Hesse-Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Main, 8 miles
miles N. of Cairo, with a large government cotton factory  W.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 962.
and iron foundry.                                           KELtSTERNE, a parish of Engoland, co. of Lincoln.
KELKOM, kPlkomn, a village of West Africa, in Sene-   KELtSTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
gambia, 10 miles E. by S. of St. Louis.                      KELITON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
KELtLAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.         KELTON, a parish of Scotland, Kirkcudbrightshire.
KELfLAWAYS, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             KELTSCH, kileh, or KELCZE, kil/chA, a town of MoraKELLIBACK, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.  via, circle, and 18 miles E. of Prerau, with an old castle.
KELLTERSVILLE, a post-office, Monroe co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2176.
KELLIERTOWN, a post-village of Wilkinson co., Missis-    KELIVEDON, a village and parish of England, co. of Essippi, 110 miles S.S.W. of Jackson.                        sex, with a station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 12S
KELLIET, UPrEet and NErTHa, two adjoining townships  miles N.E. of Chelmsford.
of England, co. of Lancaster.                                KELVEDON  HIATCHI, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
KELL/EY'S MILLS, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.      KELIVIN, a small river of Scotland, enters the Clyde
KELLING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 24 miles 2 miles below Glasgow.
N.N.E. of Holt. The village is situated in a ravine about 2    KELfVIN  GROVE, a post-village of Wake co., North
miles from the sea.                                        Carolina.
KELLINGRAUSEN, k8l/ling-h6w'zen, a village of Den-   KEM, kim, or KEMHI, kimlee, a river of Russia, formed by
mark, duchy of H-olstein, 24 miles S. of Rendsburg, on the  the outlets of Lakes Kootno, (Kutno,) Niook, and others, in
Stor. Pop. 1500.                                          the W. part of the government of Archangel, flows E., and
KELLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West falls into the White Sea, at the above town, after a course of
Riding.                                                    about 100 miles. Immediately opposite to its mouth is a
KELILOE, a parish of England, co. of Durham.             group of islands, the chief of which is Kemskoe-Ostrov.
KELLIOGSVILLE, a post-village of Cayuga co., New    KEM  or KEMI, a town of Russia, government, and 180
York. about 16 miles S.E. of Auburn.  It contains 2  miles W. by N. of Archangel, at the entrance of a river of its
churches, 2 stores, a tavern, and about 100 inhabitants.   own name into the White Sea.
KELLOGSVILLE, a post-village of Ashtabula co., Ohio,   KEMAKII, keh-m'k1.'or KAMAK, ka-m[t -, a small town
220 miles N.E. of Columbus.                                of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 86 miles S.W. of Erzroinom,
KELLS.  kilz, a municipal borough, market-town, and  on the Upper Euphrates, partly enclosed by a very ancient
parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath, on the Black- wall, embosomed in gardens, and inhabited by about 400
water, and on the projected Dublin and Enniskillen Rail-  Turks, and 30 Armenian families.
way, 36 miles N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of town, in 1851,   KEMIAON, a province of British India. See KuisAON.
3997. It is pleasantly situated, and has a substantial pa-   KEMBACH, kIm.baK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
sish church, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, a sessions-   KEMBANGAN, knm-biu-gon1, or NOESSA  KAMBANhouse, a district bridewell, a union work-house, a fever hos- GAN, noos/si  kim-bin-gin', an island of the Malay Archipital, an ancient round-tower, a richly carved ancient cross, pelago, off the S. coast of Java, ion. 1090 E, about 15 miles
a small antique chapel, and some manufactories of lace.   long, by 7 miles broad.
KELLS, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 8 miles    KEMBERG, kUm'birb, a town of Prussian Saxony, goS. of Kilkenny. It contains the ruins of an abbey, founded  vernment. 40 miles N.E. of Merseburg. Pop. 2940.
in 1193 by Fitz-Robert de Marisco.                           KEM/BERTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
KELLS, a coast-guard and fishing station of Ireland, in    KEMIBLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
MIunster, co. of Kerry, on Dingle Bay.                      KEHIBLESVILLE, a post-office of Chester co., PennsylKELLS, kilz, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcud-  vania.
bright.                                                      KEMIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
KELILY, a parish of England, co. ofl Devon.                KEAMEYS COMMANIDER, a parish of England, co. of
KEL/LY, a village and township of Union co., Pennsyl-  Monmouth.
vania, on the Susquehanna River, immediately  above    KEM0EY'S TNFETRIOR, parish of England, co. 31onmouth.
Lewisburg. Pop. 834.                                        KERI, a river of Russia. See KFe.
KELLY, a township of Ottawa co., Ohio. It comprises    KEMIJOKI, ki/me-yonkee, KEMI, kIlmee, or K1ITI, keelCunningham's or Kelly's Island, in Lake Erie, 12 miles N. mee, a river of Russia, in Lapland, rises in lat. 680 N., flows
of Sandusky City. It contains quarries of fine limestone, first S., folrming several lakes, then N.N.W., afterwards S.W.,
and has a good harbor, which is much resorted to by  falling into the Gulf of Bothlnia. about 11 miles E. of Torsteamers for wood and water. See CUNNINGHAM'S ISLAND.     nes, after a course of nearly 300 miles.
KELILYSBURG, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania,    KEMMEL, kmlmmel, a village of Belgium, province of
54 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of Pittsburg.            West Flanders, 6 miles S.S.W. of Ypres, on the KemmelKELLY'S CREEK, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama.   beke. Pop. 1537.
KELLY'S FERRY, a post-office of Meigs co., Tennessee.     KEMNATI,  kimnn.it. a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper
KELLY'S LANDIING, a post-office of Oldham co., Ken- Franconia, 15 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1593.
tucky.                                                      KERiMNAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
KELLY'S SPRING, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.   KEMNITZ, knintnits, a village of Saxony, circle of BautKEI/LYSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Delaware co., zen, bailiwick of Laban. Pop. 1096.
Pennsylvania. on Darby Creek and the West Chester Rail-    KEMNITZ, ALT,   lt kim1nits, (' Old Kemnitz,") a town of
road, 6 or 7 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia. The inhabitants  Prussian Silesia, 33 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop 1193.
963




KEM                                                       KEN
KEMOULDJINA, a town of Turkey. See GUMOORIJEENA.  jackets, stockings, and leather, with dye, marble, and paperKEMP. a post-office of Kaufman co., Texas.               works. A canal to Lancaster provides it with water convey
KEMPEN, or KEMPENLAND, Netherlands. See CAXPINE. ance to all parts of the kingdom. The borough sends 1 mem
KEMPEN, klmplen, a town of Prussian Poland, 33 miles  ber to the House of Commons. More rain falls here than
S. of Kalisz. Pop. 6200, more than half Jews.  ~           perhaps in any other part of England, (mean annual fall, 61
KEMPEN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 20 miles N.W. of  inches,) yet Kendal is reputed to be remarkably healthy.
Dusseldorf, with a citadel, and manufactures of woollens    KENtDALL, a county in the N. E. part of Illinois, has an
and linens. Pop. 3970.  Thomas-a-Kempis (Iammerken)  area of 325 square miles. It is intersected by Fox River,
was born here in 1380.                                     and also drained by the sources of Au Sable River. The
KEMPVER, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, border- surface is undulating prairie, diversified with fine groves of
ing on Alabama, has an area of about 800 square miles. It timber. The soil is highly productive. The county is lnis intersected by the Tugaloo or Suckernochee Creek. The  tersected by the Aurora Extension Railroad. Capital, Ossoil is productive. The route of the Mobile and Ohio Rail- wego. Pop. 7730.
road passes along or near the W. border of the county. Ca-   KENDALL, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
pital, De Kalb. Pop. 12,517, of whom 7139 were free, and  of Orleans co., New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. in 1840,
5378 slaves.                                               1700; in 1850, 2289.
KEMPER, a post-office of Bladen co., North Carolina.       KENDALL, a small post-village of Beaver  co., Pennsy].
KEMIPER  SPRINGS, a post-office of Kemper co., Mis- vania.
sissippi.                                                    KENDALL, a post-township of Kendall co., Illinois.
KEMPILEY, a parish of England. co., of Gloucester.       Pop. 797.
KEMP'S CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.        KENDALL, a village of Clay co., Missouri, 25 miles N. by
KEMPISEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         E. of Independence.
KEMPSIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.        KENDALL, a township of Lafayette co., Wisconsin.
KEMPISTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          Pop. 333.
KEMPSTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             KENDALL CREEK, a post-office of McKean co., PennKEMPSIVILLE, a post-village of Princess Anne co., Vir- sylvania.
ginia, on the East Branch of Elizabeth River, at the head    KENDALL MILLS, a post-office of Orleans co., New York.
of tide-water, 124 miles S.E. of Richmond.                   KENDALL'S MILLS, a flourishing post-village of FairKEMPTEN, klmp/ten, (anc. Ca1mbodunusc?  or C.mpodu- field township, Somerset co., Maine, on the Kennebec River,
anums?) a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, on the Iller, and at the present terminus of the railroad connecting this
where it becomes navigable, and on the railway from Augs- place with Portland. It has numerous mills for the mannburg to Lindau, 51 miles S.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 7788. facture of lumber.
It consists of an old town, walled, and nearly encircled by    KENDALL'S STORE, a post-office of Stanley co., North
the new town, and has a fine collegiate church, a public  Carolina.
library, a gymnasium, a Latin school, and an ancient abbey,   KENIDALYILLE or KENtDALLSVILLE, a post-village
where the independent abbot formerly held the court of  of Noble so., Indiana, on the Elkhart River, about 8 miles
his territory. Near it are the ruins of a fortress, supposed  N.E. of Albion.
to be Roman, and the Spa of Aich.                            KEN'DERCIIHURCI, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
KEMPTEN,   a village of HIesse-Darmstadt, province of    KENDERES, kUn'd'lh.sh', a village of Ilungary, co. of,
Rhein-Hessen;  E. of Bingen.                               and 10 miles from Tdrtk-Szent-Mliklos. Pop. 4711.
KEMPTOWN, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.        KENIDRICK'S SPUR, a post-office, Patrick co., Virginia.
KEMPTVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of    KENDUSKEAG, k~n'dts-kgig, a fine mill-stream of PeGreenville, on a branch of the Rideau  Canal, about 72  nobscot co., near the centre of Maine, falls into the Penobmiles N.E. of Kingston. It contains 5 churches, about 15  scot River at Bangor.
stores, 2 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 2 carding and fulling mills,   KENDUSKEAG, a,flourishing post-village and towna third fulling mill, a foundry, tannery, pear' ish factory, ship of Penobscot co., Maine, on the Kenduskeag River, 10
and 2 distilleries. Pop. about 1200.                      or 12 miles above its junction with the Penobscot at Bangor.
KEMPTVILLE. a village of Canada West, on the Bytown  The village contains 4 churches, about 20 stores, flouring
and Prescott Railroad.                                    and saw mills, a carding machine, and mechanics' shops of
KEMSCKE, klmsakeh, a village of Belgium, province of  various kinds. The township was incorporated firom Levant
East Flanders. on the Canal of Stekene, 22 miles N.E. of  in 1851.
Ghent. Pop. i552.                                           KENER or KENE, klnh'. written also QENA, GIIENEH
KEMISING, a parish of England. co. of Kent.             or GIJENNEH, (anc. C(nbep'olis* or Nteap'olis,) a city ofUpper
KEN, a river of Hindostan. See CANE.                    Egypt, capital of a province, on the right bank of the Nile,
KEN, or KENT, a river of England, co. of Westmoreland,  34 miles N.N.E. of the ruins of Thebes. It is an important
rises in the mountains, near the Brow, and flows S. through  mart for agricultural produce, and for the trade with Arabia
the small lake of Kentmere, and past Kendal into More- and Central Africa.  It has extensive manufactures of
combe Bay.                                                earthen-wakes, a government cotton factory, and a superior
KEN, a river of Scotland, rises on the borders of the co. government school.
of Ayr, flows S., and joins the Dee, above its confluence with    KEN'ESAW1, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia.
which it expands into the beautiful LocE  KEN, having at   KENIFIG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
its head Kenmore Castle.                                    KENIEBA, kA-ne-Aib[, a village of Bambook, in West
KEN/ANSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Duplin co., Africa, not far from the gold-mines of Dambagn agney. Lat.
North Carolina, about 5 miles E. of the Wilmington and  130 56' N., ion. 120 6' W. It is inhabited by Foolahs, who
Weldon Railroad, and 86 miles S.E. of Raleigh.            are miserably poor, and subject to a frightful leprosy.
KEN/ARDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.          KENIILWORTH, a market-town and parish of England,
KENAWHA or KENI-IAWA.  See KANAWHA.                     co., and 41 miles N. of Warwick. Pop. in 1851, 3532, partly
KENICHESTER, a parish of England, co., and 5. miles engaged in manufactures ofribbons, gauzes, horn-combs, and
W.N.W. of Hereford. Here was the site of a Roman station,  chemical products. The town, beautifully situated, has
supposed to be the M[agna Gastra. The remains of a temple  an ancient church, a grammar school, and some remains of
and an aqueduct have been discovered.                     an abbey founded about 1122, and the massive keep and
KEN/CHURCH, or KENT-CHURCH, a parish of Eng-  some other portions of a castle, which has obtained Euroland, co. of Hereford.                                    peno celebrity since Sir Walter Scott made it the scene of one
KENICOTT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.           of his most striking fictions. The castle remained entire
KENIDAL, (KinlBY,) a parliamentary and municipal bo- until sacked by the soldiers of Cromwell. Kenilworth Casrough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of West- tie, now a magnificent ivy-covered ruin, was founded in the
moreland, on a branch of the Preston and Carlisle Railway, reign of HIenry I., and in 1286 was the scene of a grand chi38 miles S.S.E. of Carlisle. Pop. of the town in 1851, 10,377. valric meeting, at which, it is alleged, silks were worn for
It stands among lofty hills in the vale of the Ken; the river the first time in England. The gorgeous entertainmentgiven
is here crossed by 3 bridges. The houses arebuiltofwhitened  here, in 1575, to Queen Elizabeth, by the Earl of Leicester,
stone, and interspersed with numerous poplar-trees. Chief is familiar to all, fiom Scott's romance of Kenilworth. Kenbuildings, a large aficient and a handsome modern church, ilworth is said to have been named after the Mercian king
a fine Roman Catholic chapel, a grammar school, with three  Kenulph.
exhibitions at Oxford, a blue-coat school, and several smaller    KEN'JUA or KINTZUA, a township of Wamrren co., Pennendowed schools, a town-hall, a court-house, a house of cor- sylvania. Pop. 232.
rection, a union work-house, a theatre, assembly and news-   KENJUA or KINZUA, a post-village of Warren co., Pennrooms, libraries, a natural history society, and excellent mu- sylvania, on the Alleghany River, near the mouth of
seum, trades'-halls, and on the opposite side of the river  Kenjua Creek, about 12 miles above Warren.
picturesque ruins of a castle, in which Queen Catharine Parr   KENJUA CREEK, in the N.N.W. part of Pennsylvania,
was born. Kendal is one of the oldest manufacturing towns rises in McKean county, flows N.W., and enters the Allein the kingdom, some Flemish woollen weavers having set- ghany River in Warren county.
tied here in the reign of Edward III. A few years since, 12
mills employed about 3000 weavers and other operatives.   * Gr. Katvq)VOXmc. This, as well as Neapolis, signifies "new
The principal manufictures are fancy waistcoatings, coarse  city." KENEH appears to be a corruption of Kabvro, Kaise.J
xerseys, linens, baizes, serges, carpets, knit-worsted caps, 11 new".
964:




KEN                                                      KEN
IKENIKA, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.         which here forms a good harbqr, about 75 miles S.S.W  of
KENKRIS, KENKRIES or KENKRES, kdn/krees, (anc. Augusta. The inhabitants are largely engaged in navigaCelc7r-ece,) a village of Greece, government, and 7 miles tion. and in ship-building. Pop. of the township, 2706.
E.S.E. of Corinth, on the isthmus and shore of the Gulf of    KENINEDY'S, a small village of Greenwich township,.fEgina..Warren co., New Jersey.
KENTLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.               KENNEDY'S, a post-office of Brunswick co., Virginia, 66
KENMARE, Ir'n'mairl, a market-town of Ireland, in Mun- miles S.S.W. of Richmond.
ster, co. of Kerry, on the road from Cork to Cahirciveen, 13    KENPNEDYSVILLE, a post-village of Steuben co., New
miles S.S.W. of Killarney. Pop. of town, 1300. It is sur- York, on the Buffalo and Corning Railroad, about 220 miles
rounded by picturesque mountain scenery, which attracts  WV. by S. of Albany. It has 2 or 3 churches, and several
many visitors. It has an elegant suspension bridge across  stores.
the estuary of the Roughty, and a convenient harbor pier,   KENINEMER, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama.
approached by vessels of large burden. It gives the title    KENINERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
of earl to the Browne family, but the Marquis of Lansdowne    KENTNERY CAVE TEMPLES, British India, presidency,
is chief proprietor of the district.                      and a little N. of Bombay, on Salsette Island, are among
KENMARE, RIVER or BAY is a deep inlet of the At- the remarkable Boodhic excavations of West India. They
lantic, between the counties of Cork and Kerry, N.W. of  are situated in the sides of a hill range, and contain numerBantry Bay. Breadth of entrance, 5 miles. It is easily na- ous sculptured figures.
vigated, and screened by lofty heights. On its N.W. side it   KENINET, a river of England, co. of Berks, rises near
is studded with numerous islets.                          East Kennet, flows mostly E., and joins the Thames at
KENMORE, k~n-m~rf, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, Reading. It is navigable from the Thames to Newbury,
at the head of Loch Tay, 6 miles W.S.W. of Aberfeldy. The  from which town the Kennet and Avon Canal accompanies
village, which has a bridge across the Tay, is one of the most it upward to Hungerford, thence crossing the county of
picturesque in Scotland, and in its vicinity is Taymouth Cas- Wilts, and joining the Avon near Trowbridge.
tie, the seat of the Marquis of Breadalbane, who owns the    KENtNET, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
parish. Here Queen Victoria was entertained in great mag-   KENNET, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
nificence in 1842. In the park, besides the usual species of 1706.
deer, moose and buffaloes are kept. In a large islet here    KENNET, formerly BUT/LER, a small post-village, capital
are the ruins of a priory, where Sibilla, daughter of Henry I., of Dunklin co., Missouri, 330 miles SE. of Jefferson City.
and queen of Alexander I. of Scotland, is buried. The moun-   KENNET, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
tain of Ben Lawers is also in this parish.                  KEN'NETHMONTI-AxN\-CIIRIST-KIRK, a parish of ScotKENN, kinn or KEISH, kish, written GUASE, an island  land, co. of Aberdeen.
of Persia, in the Persian Gulf, province of Laristan, 85 miles   KENTNET SQUARE, a thriving post-village of Kennet
W. of Kishm. It is low, surrounded by coral reefs, and has township, Chester co., Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situated
a village and harbor.                                     about 35 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia.  The village is
KENN, an island of Persia, in the Persian Gulf, 70 miles  neatly built, and the greater. part of the houses are of brick.
W. of Cape Kenn, province of Fars.                        It has a large boarding-school. Pop. estimated at 600.
KENN, a reef in the Pacific, off North-east Australia.     KENINEY'S. a post-office of Shiawassee co., Michigan.
KENN, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                   KENTNINGHALL, a small market-town and parish of
KENN, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.              England, co. of Norfolk, 2- miles E.S.E. of IlHarling. Pop.
KENTNARTII, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. in 1851, 1648.
KEN'NFIBECt or KEN'NEBECK1, an important river of   KENININGTON, an extensive southern suburb ofLondon,
New England, has its principal source in Moosehead Lake, So- co. of Surrey, parish of Lambeth. 1{ miles S.S.W. of St.
merset county, Maine, and flowing in a general southerly  Paul's. Pop. in 1851,43,109. It is mostly laid out in streets,
course, unites its waters with the Atlantic in Lincoln county. with the exception of an open common, on which public
Its whole descent is more than 1000 feet in a length of about meetings have been often held.
150 miles, affording an immense and very valuable water-   KENNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
power. It is navigable for large ships 12 miles, to Bath, and    KENtNON, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
for sloops of 150 tons to IIallowell, 40 miles. The mean time    KENINONSBURG, a small post-village of Noble co., Ohio.
of the closing of the river by ice for 45 successive years has    KENINONSVILLE, a village of Lewis co., Missouri, 110
been December 12th, and of the opening, April 3d; and since  miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.
the year 1786 the river has not been closed by ice later than    KENINOWAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
the 20th of April. The principal towns upon the banks of    KENOSIIA, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Wisthis stream are Bath, Hallowell, Augusta, Waterville, and  cousin, bordering on Lake Michigan and Illinois, contains
Norridgewock.                                              276 square miles. It is drained by the Pishtaka and IDes
KENNEBEC or KENNEBECK, a county in the S.W. cen- Plaines Rivers. The soil is calcareous and fertile. The untral part of Maine; area estimated at 1000 square miles. It derlying rock is limestone. A plank-road extends through
contains numerous small lakes and ponds. The Kennebec  the county from  the cire to Pishtalka River. Formed in
River traverses the county from N. to S., dividing it into two  1850, from the S. part of Racine. Capital, Kenosha. Pop
nearly equal portions. The Androscoggin forms part of the  10,714.
WV. boundary. The surface is undulating, and the soil very    KENOSIHIA, formerly SOUTHPORT, a flourishing town
fertile. In 1850 this county yielded a greater quantity of  of Southport township, capital of Renosha co., Wisconsin,
Indian corn, hay, and butter, and a greater value of orchard  situated on a bluff on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 55
firuits, than any one county of the state: the products were  miles N. of Chicago, and 35 miles S. of Milwaukee. It is the
296,108 bushels of corn; 97,496 tons of hay; and 1,124,721  most S. lake port in Wisconsin, and has a good harbor, with
pounds of butter. This county is nearly intersected by the  piers extending into Lake Michigan. The town was cornrailroad connecting Yarmouth and Waterville, and by that menced in 1816; in 1840 it had 337 inhabitants; since which
connecting Augusta and Portland. Its area was consider- date it has increased very rapidly. The adjacent country
ably reduced in 1854 by the organization of Androscoggin  is a beautiful, fertile prairie, in which extensive improvecounty. Capital, Augusta. Pop. 62,521.                    ments have been made. A plank-road, about 20 miles long,
KENNEBEC, a mining settlement of Yuba co., California, connects this place with Fox River, of Illinois, and railis situated on the Yuba River, 15 miles from its junction  roads are in progress to Chicago, Milwaukee, and Rock
with Feather River, and about 110 miles N.N.E. of Benicia. River. The chief articles of export are wheat, flour, oats,
Miners' wages, 5 dollars per day. Pop. in 1852, 129.      pork, and wool. In 1851the total value of exports amounted
KENNEBEC, a township of Kennebec co., Maine. In- to $661,228, and of imports to $1,306,856. The town concorporated August 12, 1850..        tains 1 bank and I newspaper offices. Pop. 1850, 3455; in
KEN'NEBUNKI, a small river of York co., Maine, flows 1853, about 5000.
into the Atlantic at Kennebunk.                             KENISICO, a post-village of Westchester co., New Yorkl
KENNEBUNK, a post-village and township, and port of on the New York and Harlem Railroad, 29 miles N. of New
entry of York co., Maine, 25 miles S.W. of Portland. The York City.
village is situated 2 miles from the ocean, on the right bank    KENtSINGTON, a town and parish of England, co. of
of Monsam River, navigable for fishing-vessels. It contains Middlesex, forming a western suburb of the metropolis, 4
3 churches, an academy, a bank, an iron foundry, and an  miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's. Pop. in 1851, 44,053. It has
edged-tool factory. There is a ship-building yard on Ken- numerous places of worship and schools, including 2 pronebunk River. The shipping of the district, June 30, 1854, prietary schools. (one of which is In connection with King's
amounted to an aggregate of 14,695 tons registered, and 3406 College, London,) and a national endowed school, an obsurenrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 2557 tons were employed  vatory, established by Sir J. South, and containing a telein the coast trade, and 895 in the cod fisheries. During the scope of extraordinary power, a cemetery, occupying nearly
year, 10 vessels, (9 of them ships,) with an aggregate bur- 50 acres. at Kensal Green, and many elegant detached manden of 7351 tons, were admeasured. Pop. of the township, sions of the nobility and gentry, including Holland House.
2650.                                                     The parish comprises Notting Hill, and most part of BrompKENNEBUNK DEPOT, a post-village of York co., Maine, ton. The Royal Palace of Kensington adjoins the town, but
on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of Portland. is in the parish of St. Margaret's, Westminster.
KENNEBUNK PORT, a post-village, seaport, and town-   KENISINGTON, a post-township of Rockingham co.. New
ship of York co., Maine, at the mouth of Kennebunk River, Ilampshire, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Concosi. Pop. 700.
965




KEN                                                        KEN
KENSINGTON., a post-village of Hartford co., Connecticut,   KENT, a post-office of Stephenson co.. Illinois.
about 15 miles S.W. of Hartford.                              KENT, a post-office of Newton co., Missouri.
KENSINGTON, formerly a district of Philadelphia co.,    KENT, a county of Canada West, bordering upon Lalke?
Pennsylvania, bordering on the Delaware River, but now in- St. Clair and Erie, comprises an area of 870 square miles.
eluded within the chartered limits of the consolidated city  Capital, Chatham. Pop. 17,469. It is intersected by the
of Philadelphia.  It. contains a widow's asylum, water- ThamesRiver and the Great Western Railway.
works, numerous ship-yards, and manufactories of glass,   KENT, a maritime county of New Brunswick, bordering
iron, cotton, wool, and other materials. Pop. 46,774. See  on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strait.
PHILADELPHIA.                                               It is drained by the Richibucto, Cocagne or Cocayne, and
KENSINGTON, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan, other navigable streams. On its coasts are Cocagne, Bucon Woodruff Creek, and on the Detroit and Lansing Plank- touche, and Richibucto harbors, which afford excellent faroad, 36 miles N.W. of Detroit. It has several mills.       cilities for ship-building, and from which much timber and
KENISINGTON FURNACE, a small village of Butler co., deals are annually shipped to England. Capital, Liverpool.
Pennsylvania.                                               Pop. in 1851, 11,410.
KENSfWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Hlerts.             KENT. a maritime county of West Australia, mostly beKENT, khnt, a maritime county of England, forming the  tween lat. 340 and 350 S., and ion. 1180 and 1190 W.
S.E. extremity of Great Britain, nearer to the Continent    KENT, a county of Van Diemen's Land, S.W. of the river
than any other part of.the island, and having N. the Thames  Huon, and having S.E. and S. D'Entrecasteaux Channel and
and North Sea, S.E. the Straits of Dover, S. Sussex and the  the ocean. County town, Ramsgate, on Recherche Bay.
English Channel. Area, 1627 square miles, or 1,041,200 acres,   KENTIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
of which above 900,000 are said to be meadow and arable    KENT'ISBERE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
land. Pop. in 1851, 615,766. Two principal ranges of hills,    KENTITSBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
contiguous with the North Downs of Surrey and Hants, ex-   KENT/ISH-TOWN, a chapehry of England, co. of Middletend through the county from W. to E., which is elsewhere  sex, forming a N. suburb of the metropolis, 2 miles N.N.W.
diversified with many minor ranges. In the S. are Romney  of St. Paul's.  It contains many well-built streets and
Marshes, and the tract termed the  "Weald," formerly a  handsome villas, a college of civil engineers, and many
part of extensive forest, and still interspersed with nume- public schools.
rous oak woods. In the N. are the islands of Sheppey and    KENT ISLANDS, a group at the E. end of Bass's Strait,
Thanet, and the mouths of the Medway, Stour, and Darent between Van Diemen's Land and the colony of Victoria.
Rivers. The products are more varied than in any other    KENITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
county, and, owing to the dryer climate, generally superior    KENTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
in quality. Wheat, barley, and other grains, turnips, clo-   KENTON, a township of England, co. of Northumberland.
ver, &c., are of the finest growth. Upwards of 20,000 acres    KEN/TON, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, borderare appropriated to hops, supplying about one-fourth of the  ing on the Ohio River, opposite Cincinnati, has an area estiwhole crop of England. Cherry, plum, and filbert orchards  mated at 150 square miles. Licking River forms its entire
are extensive, and much cider is made. Garden-seeds are  E. boundary.  The surface is undulating  or hilly; the soil
important products. Stock of sheep large; and the Romney  is very productive. The surface rock is the blue limestone.
breed is noted for its long wool. Agriculture is in an ad- The county is intersected by the Covington and Lexington
vanced state. Estates small, owing to the Saxon custom   Railroad. Formed in 1840, and named in honor of General
of gavel-kind, here still maintained, by which the lands of a  Simon Kenton, a distinguished pioneer of Kentucky. Capifather, dying intestate, are divided among all the sons  tal, Independence. Pop. 17,038, of whom 16,208 were free,
alike. Paper-making andship-buildingare important. The  and 830 slaves.
South-east Railway and its branches traverse the county.   KENTON. a post-village, capital of lardin co., Ohio, on
Kent is divided into 5 lathes and 63 hundreds; besides  the Scioto River, where it is crossed by the Mad River and
which it contains Maidstone, (the county town,) Dover, Deal, Lake Erie Railroad, 71 miles N.W. of Columbus. The surGreenwich, Chatham, Woolwich, Sandwich, Ramsgate, Mar- rounding country is level and productive. Since the cormgate, and Gravesend. It sends 18 members to the House of  pletionofthe railroad, the population and business of Kenton
Commons, 2 of whom are for the E., and 2 for the W. divi- have much increased. It contains several churches, 3 print.
sions of the county. Kent was the country of the Cantit, and  ing offices, 2 mills, and 1 iron foundry. Pop. in 1850,1065.
was the first established kingdom of the Saxon Heptarchy.   KENTON, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 308.
Julius Cesar first landed here to commence the subjugation    KENITONTOWN, a post-village in Harrison co., Kenof the island, as did also St. Augustine to introduce Chris- tucky, 50 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort.
tianity.                                                      KENT PLAINS, a beautiful and growing post-village of
KENT, kint, a county in the W. central part of Rhode  Litchfield co., Connecticut, on  the Housatonic Railroad,
Island, has an areaof about 180 square miles. It isbounded  about 50 miles N.N.W. of New Haven. It contains a blaston the E. by Narraganset Bay, and partly by the Pawtuxet  furnace.
River on the N. It is principally drained by Flat River, and    KENT'S HILL, a post-village in Readfield township, Kenby thehead-waters of Moosup and Wood Rivers. The surface  nebec co., Maine, about 14 mniles N.W. of Augusta.  It is
is uneven. and in the W. part hilly; soil generally fertile, the seat of a flourishing academy, called  the Maine
The railroad connecting Providence and Stonington tra-  Wesleyan Seminary.  It is contemplated to change the
verses this county. Named from  Kent, a county in Eng- name of the institution to the Maine Female Collegiate
land. Capital, East Greenwich. Pop. 15,068.                 Institute, and efforts are now being made to raise $25,000,
KENT, the middle county of Delaware, extends from the  for the purpose of elrecting a suitable building.
Delaware Bay on the E., to Maryland on the W., and con-    KENTUCKY, khn-ttilkee, a beautiful river of Kentucky,
tains about 240 square miles. Duck Creek flows along its  formed by the North, Middle, and South Forks, which unite
N. border, and Mispillion Creek along its S.E. It is also  at Proctor, is Owsley county. It flows N.W., forming the
drained by the sources of Choptank and Marshy Hope  boundary between Fayette, Jessamine, and Woodford counRivers, and by Jones and Motherkill Creeks. Soil mode- ties, on the right, and Madison, Garrard, Mercer. and Anrately fertile. Dover is the county seat, and capital of  derson, on the left. Then passing through Franklin county
the state. Pop. 22,816, of whom  22,469 were free, and 347  and FrankfortCity, and separating Ow-en fromHenry county,
slaves.                                                     it falls into the Ohio at Carrollton. The length of the main
KENT, a county in the N.E. part of Maryland, bordering  stream is about 200 miles. By means of dams and locks,
on the State of Delaware, and Chesapeake Bay, has an area of  steamboats ascend to Frankfort at all times; and flat-boats
about 240 square miles. The Sassafras River forms its' ascend 90 or 100 miles farther. In many parts of its course
boundary on the N., and Chester River on the S.E. The  it flows through a deep channel formed by perpendicular
sur-tce is rolling; the soil is of medium quality. Organized  walls of limestone, and is remarkable  for picturesque
in 1650. Capital, Chestertown. Pop. 11,386, of whom 8759  scenery.  Branches.-The  North  Fork rises in Letcher
were free, and 2627 slaves,                                 county, among the Cumberland Mountains, and flows N.W.
KENT, a county in the W. central part of Michigan, con- The Middle Fork rises in Perry county, and flows in a N.N.W.
tains 760 square miles. It is intersected by the Grand  direction. The South Forlk rises in Clay county, and flows
River, and also drained by Rouge and Thornapple Rivers. nearly N. Large beds of stone coal and iron-olre are found
The surface is rolling or hilly, and the soil is a rich vega-  on these branches.
table loam, with a substratum of clay. The county contains    KENTUCKY, one of the Western States, and the second
good limestone, gypsum, and salt. Capital, Grand Rapids. admitted into the confederacy after the Revolution, is
Pop. 12,016.                                                bounded on the N.W  and N. by Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio,
KENT, a post-township in the W. part of Litchfield co., (from which it is separated by the Ohio River,) E. by the
Connecticut, intersected by the Iousatonic River, and by  Big Sandy River and Cumberland Mountains, which divide
the Iousatonic Railroad, about 50 miles N.W. of Hartford. it fiom Virginia; S. by Tennessee, and'W. by the MissisIt contains 3 blast furnaces. Pop. 1848.                   sippi River, which runs between it and Missouri. Kientucky
KENT, a post-township of Putnam  co., New York, 16  lies between 360 30' and 390 10' N. lat., and between 810 50,
miles E. of Newburg. Pop. 1557.                            and 890 260 W. lon., being about 300 miles in length. from
KENT, a post-office of Indiana co.. Pennsylvania.        E. to WI., about 180 in its greatest, and 150 in averaage
KENT, a township in the W. part of Kent co., Michigan.  width, and including an area of nearly 37,680 square miles,
KNT,  a post-village of Jefferson co., Indiana, 10 miles  or 24,115,200 acres, of which 11,368,270 were improved in
W. of Madison, has about 200 inhabitants.                  1850.
966




KEN                                                        KEN
Face of tMe Country.-The Cumberland Mountains form   mencing at the E., are the Licking,  Kentucky, Salt, and'he S.E. boundary of the state, and several outlying ridges  Green Rivers. These have NW. courses, varying from 100
traverse the S.E. counties, but none of them are of great to 350 miles, and in the order they are named, (except the
elevation, being probably under 2000 feet. Passing W., the  Licking,) are respectively navigable for steamboats 62, 35,
central and N. counties are hilly, or undulating, but those  and 200 miles, while keel-boats may ascend thenm to a still
W. of the Cumberland River are mostly level. A range of  greater distance. The Big Sandy; a tributary of the Ohio,
hills runs nearly parallel with the Ohio River, with inter- (as are all the important streams of Kentucky,) forms the
vale of bottom-land between it and the river, sometimes E. boundary for about 100 miles, of which 50 are navigable.
having a breadth of 10 or even 20 miles.                      Objects of Interest to  burlists.-No Western State probably
Ge ology.-This state partakes of the carboniferous rocks presents so gre'at a variety of objects to interest the lover of
characteristic of the Mississippi Valley. The strata, which  nature, as Kentucky: whether we regard mere picturesqueare composed of sedimentary rocks, lie all nearly horizontal, ness, or the wild and more striking  deviations from the
or with very little dip, verging from Cincinnati as a centre. ordinary course of creation. Prominent among these, and
The blue limestone is the lowest rock in Kentucky exposed  perhaps first among the subterranean caverns of the globe,
to the surface, mostly mixed with clay and magnesia; the  stands the Mammoth Cave, in Edmondson county, S. of the
latter is found sometimes in large quantities. It forms the  middle of the state.  In the extent and number of its'surface rock in a large. part of Kentucky adjacent to the  chambers, in the length of its galleries, and its variety of
state of Ohio, extending S.E. firom Dayton to Danville, and  interesting objects, such as streams, mounds, stalactites,
Ei. from  MIadison to Maysville. These strata extend to a  stalagmites, &c., it has no equal. It is said to have been
probable depth of 1000 feet, and, where the rivers have cut explored for ten miles (part of that distance in a boat, on a
down through them, present perpendicular cliffs, which, in  deep river, inhabited by white, eyeless fish) without giving
the Kentucky River near Frankfort, are about 500 feet high. any indications of coming to a termination. If its lateral
These yield an inferior marble, suitable for' building; but, branches are included, you have an extent of probably 40
though capable of a high polish, it is liable to fracture. The  miles of cavernous windings. Stalactites of ponderous size
cliff limestone overlies the blue limestone in a belt of from   hang from  the vaults, formed by the droppings from  the
20 to 30 miles in width, between Louisville (where it forms  limestone roofs, and gigantic stalagmites bristle the floors
the rapids in the Ohio) and Madison, extending N.E. by N. of these immense chambers; one of which, called the Tenmto Niagara Falls, and N.W. into Illinois and Iowa. The  pie, is stated to occupy an area of 2 acres, and to be covered
slate rests upon the cliff limestone, and passes in a semicir-  by a single dome of solid rock, 120 feet high. There are a
cular direction, (as a surface rock,) in a belt of only about number of other caves that would attract attention in any
20 miles in width, just outside the cliff limestone above de- other vicinity. These caves occur in the limestone formroa
scribed, forming part of a large curve extending from the  tions, in a rough but not mountainous district. Goodrich
N.E. of Illinois to the centre of New York; and abounding  thus describes the sinks:-" In this state are also many
in pyrites, iron-ores, and mineral springs.  Overlying the  singular cavities or depressions in the surface of the ground,
slate, but outside of the belt mentioned, is the sand or free- called sink-holes. They are commonly in the shape of instone, which forms a line of hills from Louisville round by  verted cones, 60 or 70 feet in depth, and from 60 to 300 feet
Danville, and back to the Ohio, near Portsmouth, where it is  in circuit at the top. The ear can often distinguish the
about 350 feet thick. One sti-ikinp feature of this state is  sound of waters flowing under them, and sometimes the
its limestone caverns, of which the celebrated Mammoth  ground has been opened, and disclosed a subterraneous
Cave is an example; but besides which there are numberless  stream of water. Considerable streams disappear in several
smaller ones.  This formation, occupying about a fourth  places, and afterwards rise again to the surface, at some
of the state, is located S.W. fromn the centre, and thence to  distance below."  The most remarkable of these is Sinking
the S. border between Monroe county and Cumberland  Creek, in Brecken-idge county, where a stream, a few miles
River, and is bounded on the N.E. by the Rolling Fork of  fi-om its source, sinks beneath the earth, and does not reapSalt River. This limnestone furnishes a valuable building  pear for 5 or 6 miles. We condense from Collins' Kentucky,
material, which is sent down the Mississippi in considerable  the following description:-Near Munfordsville, in Hart
quantities. Throughout this region occur'sinks," where  county, is a remarkable spring, which is connected with a
the streams sink below the surface, and run, for great dis- mill-pond, the waters of which, at about 12 o'clock each day,
tancees, in subterraneous channels. In parts of this lime- rise 12 or 15 inches, overflow the dam, and recede to their
stone region there is a scarcity of spring-water, resulting  ordinary level, with all the regularity of the tides. Six
from the cavernous nature of the ground. Resting on the  miles E. of the same village is a hole, shaped like an invertcavernous limestone is the conglomerate, or pudding-stone,  ed cone, 70 feet in diameter at the top, but diminished to
which underlies the coal series, and occupies two regions in  10 or 12 at the depth of 25 or 30 feet.. A stone thrown into
Kentucky, the one in the E. and S.E. of the state, and the  this rumbles down the sides without returning any sound
other in the Green River counties, extending to the Ohio  indicating its having touched the bottom.  In the same
and beyond the mouth of the Green River. Both districts  vicinity, near the top of an elevation called Frenchman's
may cover 10,000 or 12,000 square miles. Great quantities  Knob, commences a hole or sink, which has been descended
of organic remains are found in all the strata of Kentucky.   275 feet by means of a rope, without findlng,  bottom. The
Minerals.-Kentuckyy abounds in bituminous coal, which, Devil's Pulpit, in Jessamine county, on the Kentucky
though not yet extensively mined, crops out of the river  River, is a rocky eminence. 300 feet high. A natural bridge,
banks and hill-sides, indicating its localities, when the  30 feet high, and 60 feet in span, in Christian county, is
scarcity of wood or the increase of manufactures may call located in the midst of romantic scenery. Dismal Rock, in
for its use. The Breckenridge Cannel Coal Company has  Edmonson  county, on Dismal Creek, has a perpendicular
about 7300 acres of coal-lands on the Ohio, within 55 miles  elevation of 163 feet. Cumberland Gap, in Knox county,
of Louisville, by the Metuphis Air-Line Railroad, or within  is the passage of the river of that name, betweven cliffs of
110 miles by the river. The amount of iron manufactured  1300 feet elevation, through the Cumberland Mountains.
in 1850 was about 33,000 tons, a small quantity in proper-  There are also in Kentucky a variety of mineral and medition to the abundance of the raw material which exists in  cinal springs. Of the latter, Harrodsburg Springs. in Merthe state. Lead, iron-pyrites, marble, (on the cliffs of the  cer county, 35 miles S. of Frankfort, is the most fashionable
Kentucky River,) freestone, gypsum, conglomerate, and  watering-place in the West. The Blue Liclk Springs, scarcely
cliff limestone are the other minerals. Salt and medicinal inferior to these in reputation, are situated  in Nicholas
springs are particularly numerous in this state. The salt  county, 70 miles N.E. from  the capital.  There are other
licks, so famous in the hunter's vocabulary, see names springs in Floyd, Grayson, IHancoclk, and Union c9unties.
given to the vicinity of the salt springs, where the buffalo  In Clinton county, on the top of Poplar iMountain, whose
and other wild animals have licked the ground, and almost elevation is fitom  1000 to 1500 feet above the valleys, are
eaten it, so as to present a bare space for some distance  three chalybeate springs. A fine waterfall, of 90 feet peraround.-See Objects qf Interest to Tourists. Salt is exten-  pendicular pitch, on Indian Creek; is in this neehborhood.
sively manufactured from these springs, and large quanti-  Our limits will permit us merely to name the fells of Kenties of saltpetre were procured from the Mammoth Cave  tick's Creek, and Rockl House, in Cumberland county; Pilot
during the war of 1812.                                    Rock, in Christian county; Indian Rock, in Edmonson
Rivers.-Kentuclky is washed along the entire extent of  county: Flat Rock and Anvil Rockr. in Union county: and
her N. boundary by the Ohio River, which gives her a  the cliffs of the Kentucky and Dick Rivers, in Mercer
steamboat navigation of more than 600 miles, and opens to  county. Both the antiqucarian and ceolotest may gratify
her the inland commerce of the Ohio Valley. The great  their taste within  the domains of Kentucky.  For the'
Mississippi in like manner coasts her W. limits, and gives  former are numerous mounds and fortifications, erected, it
Kentucky access to the trade of the immense valley which  is supposed, at a period antecedent to the race who posbears its name. The Cumberland River rises in the S.E. sessed the country before the Europeans arrived. The most
part of.the state, makres a bend into Tennessee, and, return- remarkable of these is a fortification in Allen county, 17
ing, crosses the W. part of Kentucky, and flows into the  miles from Bowling Green, where a wall of solid limestone,
Ohio. It is about 600 miles long, and is navigable for steam- 200 yards in length. 40 feet high, 30 feet thick at the base,
boats to Nashville, and sometimes to Carthage, while keel- and 6 feet wide at the top, crosses a neck formed by a bend
boats ascend still higher.  The Tennessee has its mouth  in Drake's Creek, and encloses a peninsula of 200 acres. eleand about 70 miles of its course in that part of the state W. vated 100 feet above the river. On the top of this netu, ral
of the Cumberland River. It is navigable for steamboats  mound is an area of 3 acres, enclosed by a wall and a ditch,
far beyond the limits of Kentuckry. The other rivers, core- forming one of the strongest fortresses in the world. Similar
967




KEN                                                        KEN
works, with mounds of different sizes within and around  tons of hops, producing 19,500  barrels of ale, &c.. and
them, are found in Barren, Bourbon, La Rue, Montgomery, 1,491,745 gallons of whiskey, wine, &c.; value of home-made
Spencer, Boone, and Warren counties. For the geologist, manufactures, $2,459,125.
besides the examinations of its different strata of rocks,   Internal Imspro'vemsents.-Although Kentncky has not kept
there are at Bigbone Licks, in Boone county, deposits of im- pace with her sister states N. of the Ohio River in construct,
mense bones of extinct mastodons, some of which have  ing works of intercommunication, yet she has not been
found their way into the cabinets of the savans of this  inattentive to the importance of cheap and expeditious
country and Europe. Other fossil remains are found in  means of transport for her valuable products. In January,
Bourbon county; and in Union county are impressions of  1854, thbre was 233 miles of railroad in operation. and 452
the feet of human beings and dogs, imbedded in a rock  (according to one statement, or 552 according to another,)
near Morganfield. Human bones have been found in caves  in course of construction. Those completed connect the
in many parts of the state.                                capital with her commercial metropolis, Louisville, andwith
simate.-Kentucky enjoys in her climate a happy me- Lexington, as a railroad centre; with Frankfort, Lagrange,
dium between the severity of the Northern States and the  and Louisville on the W.; and with Paris and Covington
enervating heats of the South, having but two or three  on the N. The railroads in course of construction will conmonths' winter, with mild springs and autumns. It is tinue the connection to Maysville on the N.E., and, through
milder than the same latitude on the Atlantic side of the  Danville to Nashville in the S.W., A railroad from LouisAlleghanies, but subject to sudden changes.                 ville to Newport, opposite Cincinnati, (in operation to LaSoil aed Productions. —In the fertility of its soil; Ken-  grange,) approaches completion.  Railways are projected
tucky rivals the most favored parts of the great Mississippi from Louisville to Glasgow and Memphis; from the mouth
rValley. Perhaps no district in the United States surpasses  of the Ohio to Mobile, the southern end now completed to
that around Lexington, both for the richness of the soil and  Quitman, 109 miles; from Lexington to the Ohio River at
the picturesqueness of "its lay," if we may be allowed the  the mouth of the Guyandotte, and thence into Charleston,
use ofthe term. "View the country," says Tilson, "round  Virginia; and fr0om  the Ohio River opposite Evansville,
from the heads of the Licking, the Ohio, the Kentucky,  Indiana, through Madisonville and Hopkinsville, to ClarksDicks, and down the Green Rivelr, and you have 100 miles  ville, Tennessee. According to De Bow's Review, Kentucky,
square of the most extraordinary countly on which the sun  in 1854, had 486 miles of canal. probably including 290 of
has ever shone."  The soil is mostly a black mould, without slackwater navigation.  The United States government has
sand, and often two or three feet deep. Kentucky is gen- constructed a canal round the rapids of the Ohio at Louiserally well timbered, and in parts the cane grows to a height ville, through which small boats pass at low water. Though
of 12 feet, forming extensive canebrakes, so dense that it is  only 1' miles long, its construction cost $750,000. It is 200
often difficult to pass through them. In short, there is but feet wide at the top, 50 at the bottom, and has 22 feet of
little of this state that is not capable of cultivation. The  lockage. Plank-roads are beginning to claim attention in
Barrens, so called, in the S. part of the state, and about the this state, as elsewhere in the United States.
head-waters of the Green River, are very unjustly named,    Comnmerce.-Kentucky carries on an active trade with New
as, with the exception of a few sterile elevations, they are, Or1leans and other towns on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.
when in a state of nature, covered with pasture. But for Most of her rivers are navigable to a considerable distance
an injudicious system  of culture, Kentucky must have  for steamboats, and still farther for flatboats. The exports
been, in proportion to its area, one of the leading agricul- are hemp, salt beef, pork, bacon, butter, cheese, hogs, horses,
tural states of the Union. Its staple products are Indian  and mules. Large numbers of the last two are annually
corn, tobacco, flax, and hemp, besides which large quanti- driven E. to the Atlantic States for sale. Cotton bagging
ties of wheat, rye, oats, wool, pease, beans, Irish and sweet and hemp cordage are also extensive articles of export.
potatoes, barley, fruits, market products, butter, cheese, hay, Number of hogs packed in 1853-4, 595,225. In 1853 tbhe-e
grass-seeds, maple-sugar, beeswax, and honey, and some  were built in Kentucky29 steamboats and 1 canal boat,
buckwheat, rice, wine, hops, cotton, silk, and sugar-cane are  with an aggregate tonnage of 8592. The tonnage owned in
produced. Of these articles, Kentucky raises more flax and  the state the same year was 12,166, and the foreign imports
hemp than any other state; is second only to Virginia in  amounted to $175,358.  There were sold in the years 1852-3,
the amount of tobacco produced;. and, if we regard popula- and 4, respectively, 23,185, 16,543, and 10,200 hogsheads of
tion and area, relatively, greater even than that state. It is  tobacco, showing a great decline, but owing only to a failure
also the second in the yield of Indian corn, Ohio being the  in the crop. See LoUISVILLE.
first. In 1850 there were in this state 74,777 farms, occupy-   Education. —In  December, 1854, the  state school-fund
nlug 5,968,270 acres of improved land, but in 1853 there were  amounted to $1,400,270, yielding an annual income of about
assessed 20,667,448 acres, while the improved and unimpro- $75,000. According to the census of 1850, Kentucky had
ved land in 1850 included less than 17,000,000 acres. There  15 colleges, with 1873 students, and $131,461 income, of
were produced 2,142,822 bushels of wheat; 415,073 of rye;  which $45,608 was fiom  endowments, and $15,447 from
58,672,591 of Indian corn; 8,201,311 of oats; 202,574 of pease taxation; 2234 public schools, with 71,429 pupils, and
and beans; 1,492.487 of Irish potatoes; 998,179 of sweet $211,852 income, of which $41,276 was fi'om taxation, and
potatoes; 95.343 of barley; 16,097 of buckwheat; 75,801 of  $46,376 from  public funds; and 330 academies and other
flaxseed; 24,711 of grass-seed; 55,501,196 pounds of tobacco; schools, with 12,712 pupils, and $252,617 income, of which
303,200 of cotton; 2,297,433 of wool; 9,947,523 of butter; $5445 was from endowments, and $5534 from public funds.
213,954 of cheese; 2,100,116 of flax; 437,405 of maple-sugar; Attending school during the year, as returned by families,
284,000 of cane-sugar; 1,158,019 of beeswax and honey; 131,205; free adults, who could not read and write, 69,706;
113,747 tons of hay; 20,741 of hemp; live stock valued at  of whom 2347 were of foreign birth. The number of chil$29,661,436; orchard products, at $106,230; nmarket products, dren reported in 1852, was 194,963; but the average attendat $303,120; and slaughtered animals, at $6,462,598.        ance at school is only 69,825. In 1853, the number of chilForest Trees.-Kentucky, at its first settlement, was one  dren in the state between 6 and 18 years, was 219,239; and
of the best wooded of the Western States. The natural the total amount raised for schools by tax and state approgrowth of the state includes the black walnut, oak, chestnut, printions, was $111.868. The American Almanac reports for
buckeye, sugar-tlree, elm, papaw, honey-locust, mulberry,  1853,8 colleges, with an aggregate of 761 students; 1 theoloash, yellow poplar, coffee-tree, cottonwood, and whitethorn.  gical school, with 18 students; 2 medical schools, with 590
The fruit-trees are the apple, pear, plum, and peach. White  students; and 2 law schools.
grapes are abundant.                                          Relsqious Denoeinations.-Of the 1845 churches in KenJlanufacturnes.-Kentucky is not yet largely engaged in  tucky in 1850, 803 were owned by different sects of Baptists;
manufactures, though the amount of capital invested in this  117 by the Christians; 119 by the Episcopalians; 34 by the
blranch of industry is considerable. In 1850 there were in the  Free Church; 530 by the Methodists; 224 by the Presbytestate 3471 establishments, each producing $500 and upwards  rians; 48 by the Roman Catholics; and 30 by the Union
annually. and homemade manufactures were fabricated to  Church. The rest were owned by the Afri-can Church, Gerthe value of $2,487,493. Large quantities of coarse bagging  man Protestant, Jews, Lutherans. Republicans, Shakers,
are made firom hemp, and sent South for packing cotton. Tunkers, Unitarians, and Universalists; giving 1 church to
Of the manufacturing establishments named above, 8 were  every 530 persons. Value of church property, $2,252,448.
cotton factories., employing $239.000 capital, and 181 male    Periodicals.-In 1850 there were published in Kentucky,
and 221 female hands, consuming  raw  material worth  9 daily, 7 tri and semi-weekly, 38 weekly, and 8 monthly
$180,907, and producing 1,003,000 yardsof stuffs, and433,000  and  semi-monthly newspapers and periodicals, with an
pounds of yarn, valued at $394,700; 25 woollen factories,  aggregate annual circulation of 6,582,838 copies.
employing $249,820 capital, and 256 male and 62 female    Public Institutions.-Kentucky has not been unmindful
hands, consuming raw material worth $205,287, and produc- of her unfortunate children, for 249 of whom a state lunatic
ing 878,034 yards of stuffs, valued at $318,819; 45 forges,  asylum at Lexington afforded shelter and medical aid in
furnaces, &c., employing $1,602,900 capital, and 2586 male  1852; a deaf and dumb asylum  at Danville instructed 67
hands, consuming raw material worth $736,485. and pro-  mute and deaf, and a blind school at Louisville, 35 sightless
ducing 33,203 tons of cast, wrought, and pig iron; 275 tan- pupils.  A  second lhnatic asylum  is nearly finished at'eriets, employing $763,455 capital, consuming raw material IHopkinsville, at a cost of $180,000.  The State Penitentiary
worth $537,147, and producing leather valued at $985,267; at Frankfort confised 166 prisoners in the same year. This
and $168,895 capital employed in the manufacture of malt is conducted on a plan somewhat peculiar, being fasrned
and spirituous liquors, consuming 65.650 bushels of barley. out to keepers, who pay to the state two-thirds of the, 51,350 of Indian corn, 30.520 of rye, 5000 of apples, and 18  profits, guaranteeing that they shall not fall short of $5000
968




KEN                                                        KEO
annually. Each prisoner is fucnished with a suit of clothes  were muchannoyed by the incursions and attacks of the In.
and $5 at his dismissal. There were in 1850, in the state, dians. The state owes its name not merely to the Indian
47 public libraries with 40,424 volumes; 18 Sunday school, forays upon the whites, but to its being the grand battlewith 4617 volumes; 11 college, with 33,225 volumes, and 4  ground between thenorthern and southern Indians. There
church libraries, with 1200 volumes.                        was a period of discontent subsequent to the Revolution,
Population.-The population of Kentucky was originally  and previous to the admission of Kentucky into the federal
derived from Yirginia and North Carolina, and has always  union in 1792, caused partly by the inefficiency of the probeen noted for its stalwart forms, frank and manly bearing, tection afforded by Virginia and the old federal Congress
for gallantry in the field, and fondness for humor. The  against the inroads of the savages, and partly by a distrust
number of inhabitants in 1790 was 73,077; 220,955 in 1800: lest the central government should surrender the right to
406.511 in 1810; 564,317 in 1820; 687,917 in 1830; 779,828  navigate the Mississippi to its mouth. The most important
in 1840; and 982,405 in 1850-of whom 392,840 were white  battle ever fought on the soil of Kentucky since it has been
males, 368,609 white females, 4861 free colored males, 5150  in the possession of the white race, was that fought between
free colored females; 105,063 male, and 105,918 female  the Indians and the Kentuckians, on the 19th of August,
slaves. This population is divided among 132,920 faimilies, 1782, near the Blue Lick Springs.  The celebrated Colonel
occupying 130,769 dwellings. Representative population, Boone bore a prominent part in this engagement, in which
898,012. Of the free population, 587,797 were born in the  he lost a son. The whites numbered only 182, while the
state; 150,874 in other states of the Union, 2805 in England,  savages were twice or thrice that number. The combat re9466 in Ireland, 854 in Scotland and Wales, 275 in British  suited in the rout of the Kentuckians, and a loss of 60 killed
America, 13,607 in Germany, 1116 in France, 1066 in other  and wounded. Thus ended the most disastrous conflict in
countries, and 1354 whose places of birth were unknown, which the whites had been engaged with the aborigines
making about 4 per cent. of the free population of foreign  since the defeat of Braddock. Kentucky was the central
birth. Pop. 26'07 to the square mile. In the year ending  scene of the imputed intrigues of Aaron Burr and his
June 1, 1850, there occurred 1503 deaths, or about 12 per- coadjutors to form a western republic. The Kentuckians,
sons in every 1000; and in the same period, 1126 paupers  however, frank and brave in character, were not the mareceived aid, (of whom 155 were foreigners,) at an expense of  terial fron which to manufacture rebels; nor, the state that
about $51 to the individual.  There were 563 deaf and  gave Henry Clay to the national councils, one to foster disdumb, of whom 5 were free colored, and 51 slaves; 552 blind,  unionists. Kentucky was largely and effectively represented
of whom  20 were free colored, and 113 slaves; 527 insane, in the war with Great Britain in 1812, and in the more recent
of whom 2 were firee colored, and 23 slaves; and 907 idiotic, conflicts with Mexico in 1846 and 1847. —— Inhab. KENof whom 20 were free colored, and 91 slaves. Of the entire  TUCKIAN, kgn-ttk/se-an.
population, 331 were engaged in mining; 197,738 in agri-    KENTUCKIYVTIILE, a post-village of Susquehanna co.,
culture; 3448 in commerce; 23,217 in manufactures; 44 in  Pennsylvania, 174 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg.
navigating the ocean; 968 in internal navigation, and 2487    KENT!VILLE, a town of Nova Scotia, capital of King's
in the learned professions.                                 county.
Couzties.-Kentucky is divided into 101 counties, viz.   KENTY, kIn/tee, a town of Austrian Poland, circle of
Adair, Allen, Anderson, Ballard, Barren, Bath, Boone, Wadowice, on the Sola, 35 miles W.S.W. of Cracow. P.3621.
Bourbon, Boyle, Breathitt, Bracken, Breckeuridge, Bullitt,    KEN/WOOD, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
Butler, Caldwell, Callaway, Campbell, Carroll, Carter, Casey,    KEN/tWYN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crittenden, Cumberland,    KENIYON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, with a
Daviess, Edmonson, Estil, Fayette, Fleming, Floyd, Frank-  station on the Warrington and Manchester Railway, 2
lin, Fulton, Gallatin, Garrard, Grant, Graves, Grayson,  miles E. of Newton-in-Malkerfield.
Greene, Greenup, Hancock, Hardin, Harlan, lIarrison, IHart,    KENYON, a small post-village of Jackson co., Arkansas.
hIenderson, Henry, H-Iickman, Hopkins, Jefferson, Jessa-    KENYON  COLLEGE, in Ohio. See GAMsBIER.
mine, Johnson, Kenton, Knox, Laurel, La Rue, Lawrence,    KENZINGEN, k~nt/sing-9n, a walled town of Baden,
Letcher, Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston, Logan, Miadison,.Tarion,  circle of Upper Rhine, on the Eltz, and on the railway from
Marshall, Mason, McCracken, Meade, Mercer, Monroe, Mont- Mannheim toFreiburg, 15 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg.'Pop.
gomery, Morgan, Muhlenburg, Nelson, Nicholas, Ohio, Old- 2515. Near it are the baths of Kirnhalden.
ham, Owen, Owsley, Pendleton, Perry, Pike, Powell, Pulaski,   KEOCLOCH, keeko-klox, a mountain on the W. coast of
Rockcastle, Russel, Scott, Shelby, Simpson, Spencer, Taylor, Scotland, co. of Ross, between the inlets of Loch Gruinard
Todd, Trigg, Trimble, Union, Warren, Washington, Wayne,  and Little Loch Broom.
Whitley, Woodford. Capital, Frankfort.                        KE/OKUK', a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an
Cities anud  Ibwns.-Louisville is the largest and most area of 576 square miles. It is traversed by Skunk River,
commercial town; pop. in 1850, 43,194; in 1853, 51,726; the  and its North and South Forks; the South Fork of English
other most populous towns are Lexington, pop. about12,000;  River also intersects the N. part.  The county contains
Covington, 94108, (12,000 in 1853;) Newport, 5895, (9000 in  numerous prairies, alternating with groves of hard timber.
1853;) Maysville, 3840; Frankfort, in 1853, 5000, and Padu- The soil is productive.  A railroad is nearly completed
cah, pop. 2428.                                             through the county from Muscatine to Oskaloosa.' Settled
Gevernment, Finaozces, sf. —The Governor of Kentucky is  about 1843.  Named in memory of a noted Indian chief.
elected by the people for four years, and receives $2500 per  Capital, Lancaster. Pop. 4822.
annum. The Senate consists of 38 members, elected for 4,   KEOKUK, a flourishing town of Iowa, and semi-capital
and the House of Representatives of 100 members, elected  of Lee county, is situated at the foot of the "Lower lRapids"'
for 2 years. The legislature meets on the first Monday in  of the Mississippi River, 205 miles above St. Louis, and 125
December. The judiciary consists-1. Of a court of appeals, miles S. of Iowa City. It is at the head of navigation for
composed of one chief and 3 associate judges. 2. Of a court  the larger class of steamers, and the natural outlet of the
of chancery, presided over by a single chancellor; and, 3. fertile valley of the Des Moines, which is the most populous
Of 12 circuit courts. The judges of the court of appeals  part of the state. A line of splendid steam-packets commnuand the chancellor each receive $1500 per annum, and the  nicates daily between Keokuk and St. Louis. The number
circuit judges, $1400. All these officers are elected by the  of steamboat arrivals in 1852 was stated to be 795. The
people. The judges of appeals for 8 years, (one every second  Lower Rapids are 11 miles in extent, in the course of which
year,) and of the circuit courts, for 6 years. Kentucky is  the river has a fall of 24 feet. The cargoes of vessels asentitled to 10 members in the National Hiouse of Representa- cending the river are transhipped over the rapids by lighters
tires. and to 12 electoral votes for President of the United  drawn by horses, and then reshipped on board of steamStates. The assessed value of property, real and personal, boats for their destination. Keokuk stands on a basis of
in this state in 1853. was $366,752,852; the public debt fine limestone, affording an excellent material for building.
in  the samne year was $6,147,283; productive property,  It contains the medical department of the state university,
$6,000,000, and ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt and  6 or 7 churches, 3 academies, several public schools, and a
schools, $250,000. The receipts for the fiscal year ending  hospital. Two weekly newspapers and 1 medical journal
October 1852, were $783,885, and expenditures $724,694. are published here. The town contains also between 80 assd
The receipts of the sinking fund for the payment of the  90 stores, 2 steam fiouring-mills, and 2 iron foundries. The
public debt, for the same time, were $484,949. Thebanking  reported value of merchandise  sold here in 1852, was
capital of Kentucky, in January, 1854, was $10,869,655,,1,345.000. A railroad is in course of construction firom
circulation of $13.573,510, and $4,596,249 in coin.        this place to Dubuque, 180 miles. Keokuk is thought to be
History. —The name of Kentucky (" the dark and bloody  one of the most eligible points for bridging the Mississippi,
ground") is an epitome of her early history, of her dark and  which is here about 1 mile wide. The river flows over a
bloody conflicts with the wily and savage foe. This state  bed of limestone, and is bordered by bluffs which rise abwas formerly included in the territory of Virginia, to which  ruptly nearly 150 feet high. Between these bluffs is an isit belonged till 1792. It was originally explored by the fea- land 1700 feet wide. The population of Keokuk in 1845, was
famed Daniel Boone (of many of whose daring exploits it 460- in 1852 it amounted to 3963; in 1854. to 4789.
was the scene) and his compeers, about the year 1769, at or    KEOSAUQUE, keefo-saw'kwe, a flourishing post-village,
near which date Boonsborough was settled. Harrodsburg  capital of Van Buren co., Iowa, on the left bank of the Des
was founded in 1774, and Lexington   a year or two after, Moines River, 78 miles S. by. W. of Iowa City. It is surprobably while the news of the battle of that name was  rounded by a rich farming district, ii which many improvefresh in the minds and hearts of its founders. The first ments have been made. and has an active ts de. A bridge
court was held at IIarrodsburg in 1777. The first settlers  has been built across the river, which is here about 800 feett
969




KEP                                                         KER
wide. Keosauque has mills of various kinds, moved by    KEIRLOTIAN, kgQRoo-eNGI, a town of France, department
water and by steam-power. Two newspapers are published  of Finistkre, 18 miles N.N.E. of Brest. Pop. 3362.
weekly.                                                      KERMADECIISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, consist of
KEPINERI'S, a post-6ffice of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. Macaulay Island, (lat. 360 16' S., Ion. 1780 32' W.,) Curtis
IKEPPELN, k~pfpeln, a village of Rhenish Prussia, go- Island, and some rocks.
vernment of Dusseldorf, circle of Cleves. Pop. 1459.         KERMAN  or KIRMAN, kir-m{nf, (anc. Caramlania or
KEP/PEL'S ISLE, Australia, 6 miles off the N.E. coast, Karamafnia,) a province of Persia, mostly between lat. 260
at the entrance to Keppel Bay. Lat. 230 11 S.. Ion. 1510 8/ E. and 310 N., and ion. 550 and 600 E., having S. the Persian
KERAII, kAlrA, KHIIERKHAIH, krfkt, KARA S00, ktri-A  Gulf, and landwardthe provinces of Laristartn, Fars, and Yezd,
0oo or HAWEEIZA, (anc. hoaslpesc,) a river of Persia, rises  with West Afghanistan and Beloochistan. Estimated area,
in lat. 350 38/ N., ion. 460 40/ E.; 35 miles below Kermau- about 65,600 square miles. Pop. stated to be under 600,000.
shah it is joined by two large branches-the Morl and  Surface mostly mountainous and barren, the irrigation being
Gomas-Si, where it is known as the Kerah. It falls into the  almost wholly artificial; climate unhealthy. The E. coast
Shat-el-Arab, at lat. 310N., after a course of about 350 miles. line, called Moghistan, or Maghistan, belongs to the Muscat
KERASUN, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See KERESOONx.    dominion, and comprises the towns Gombroon and Jask;
KElRASUNT, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See KEREnsooN.   elsewhere the principal towns are Kerman, Krodk, and
KERBELA, kfr-bYll9, or MESHED-HIOSSEIN, mesh'edt-  Nuheemabad.
hos'stnI, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, 28    KERMAN, GHIRDJAN  or SERJAN, (ans. Carmana,) a
miles N.W. of the ruins of Babylon, on an ancient canal fortified city, capital of the province of Kerman,lat. 29048/ N.,.from the Euphrates. It is large, and appears to be flourish- ion. 560 30' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. It stands in a
ing; principal buildings, the mosque  and tomb of Hossein, plain, commanded by two hill-forts, and has a citadel, and
a son of All, which is much venerated by the Persia.s.      various fine buildings.  It was formerly very flourishing,
KERCKHOVE, klSktho-veh, a village of Belgium, pro- and its inhabitants still manufacture a good many common
vince of West Flanders, on the Scheldt, 28 miles S.S.E. of  shawls, carpets, and matchlocks.
Brnges.  Pop. 1454.                                           KERMANIA, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See MARAS1.
KERIDISTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            KERMANSHAH, KIRMANSIAH. ker'mAin'shA!,orKERKEREK, kA'rlk1. a town of Syria, pashalic of Damascus,  MISIN, kdr'me'seen/, a town of Persia, province of I-akE. of the Dead Sea, and 50 miles S.E. of Jerusalem.         Ajemee, occupying two or three small hills at the W. exKERRENSK, kA-rlusk!, a town of Russia, government, and  tremity of a broad plain, near the right bank of the Kerah,
91 miles W.N.W. of Penza, on the Vad. Pop. 6684.            280 miles W.S.W. of Teheran. Lat. 340 30' N., Ion. 460 37/
1KERENZEN, kAi'rhntlsen, a village of Switzerland, canton, E.'It is surrounded by an earthen wall nearly 3 miles in
and 6 miles N.N.E. of Glarus. Pop. 1535.                    circumference, and has five gates. The routes fi-om BagKERE'RA, an island of the W. coast of Scotland, co. of  dad, Shooster in the desert, Ispahan, by way of Hlamadan,
Argyle, in the Sound of Mull, forming the W. screen of the  and Suleimaneeyeh, all meeting here, malke it the entrepbt
beautiful bay of Oban, about 7 miles E. of the island of  of considerable traffic. Numerous funerals, consisting of
Mull, to which there is a ferry. Length, 5 miles; breadth, the friends bearing the embalmed bodies of relatives to be
2 miles.  Alexander II. died here in 1249, when on his ex- entombed in the sacred district of Kerbela, pass through the
pedition for the invasion of the Western Isles, then under town. Pop. in 1834, 35,000.
the dominion of Norway; and a, few years later, Ilaco of    KEIINERSVILLE, a post-village of Forsyth co., North
Norway was met here by the island chiefs, who crowded to  Carolina, 110 miles W.NW. of Raleigh.
assist him in his descent on the coasts of Scotland.          KERtNEYSVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co. Virginia.
KERESLEY, keerzflee, a hamlet of England, co. of War-   KERN LAKE; (sometimes called UPPER TULE LAKE,)
wick, 21 miles N.N.W. of Coventry. Pop. 450.                of Tulare co., California, is situated in about 350 10' N. lat.,
KERESOON, KERESOUN, KERASUN, KIi ERASOON,kzX- and 1190 20/ W. lon. Its length is said to be ab.out 15 miles,
rasoon!, or KERASUNT, kA-rA-soontt, (anc. Cerlas-s,) a sea- by 8 miles wide. It receives the waters of Kern River, and
port town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 70 miles W. of Tre- its outlet communicates with Tule Lake.
bizond. on the Black Sea. Lat. 400 57' 10" N., ion. 380 22' E.   KERN RIVER, a small stream of Tulare co., California,
Pop. 3000. (?) It stands on a rocky promontory, with a spa- rises in the Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a S.W. course,
cious bay on its E. side. It has a little ship-building, and  falls into Kern Lake.
some trade in corn. Near it are extensive mines of rock-    KERNS, kanus, a,-illage and parish of Switzerland, canalum.                                                      ton of Unterwalden,  mile N.E. of Sarnen.  Pop. 2292.
KERESZTUR, a village of IIungary. See BoaDROGr-KRE-   KERNSIPORT, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania,
ReSZTUE.                                                   68 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. Slate-quarries have been
KERESZTUT, kA'rlsltootf, a village of IHIungary, co. of  opened in this vicinity. Pop. about 200.
Szabolcs, 46 miles N. of Debreczin.                           KERNSPVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., PennKERET, lkA-r6t, a lake of Russia, in the W. of the govern- sylvania, 105 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.
ment of Archangel. Lat. 660 N., ion. 320 30' E. It is about    KERNUK, kln'nook! (?) a town of Central Africa, capital
20 mniled long by about 9 miles broad, and contains a large  of the territory of Loggun, on the S. side of Lake Tchad.
island.                                                     Pop., according to Clapperton, 15.000.
KERGUELEN (kergle-len; Fr. pron. kBag-l$'9rO),) LAND,    KEROON or KEROUN. See MEIus, LAKE.
or ISLAND  OF DESOLATION, an island of the Indian    KERPEN, klsrpen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles
Ocean, its S. point, Cape St. George, being in lat. 490 54' S., S.W. of Cologne.  Pop. 2540.
lon. 700 10' E. Length, about 100 miles; greatest breadth,   KERR'S CREEK, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virginia.
50 mile. It is of primary formation, sterile, or covered    KERR'S STORE, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.
with moss, and inhabited only by seals and numerous wild    KERIRY, a maritime county in the S.W. part of Ireland,
fowl. Discovered by Kerguelen, a French navigator, about in Munster, having N. the estuary of the Shannon. Area,
the year 1772.                                              1,186,126 acres, of which upwards of 400,000 are arable,
KERIHONKWSON, a post-village of Ulster co., New York.   13,000 wood, and 700,000 uncultivat:,d. Pop. in 1851, 238,239,
KERIS'or KIRISta village of Bulti, or Little Thihet, just alarge proportionofswhom speak only the Irish tongue. Surabove the junction of the Shayook and Indus, 89 miles  face extremely wild, rugged, and mountainous.  MIiacgilliN.N.W. of Serinagur.                                        cuddy Reeks, the loftiest mountains in Ireland, are in this
KERKA, krn/k, TIZIO, teed'ze-o, (anc. Tdius?) a river of county. Coastline deeply indented with bays, of which TraDelnmatia, enters the Adriatic, a little below Sebenico, after lee, Dingle, and Kenmare are the chief. Dunmore Ilead, bea S. course of 60 miles. Below its falls, it is navigable for tween the two former, is the most westerly land in Ireland.
latge coasting vessels.                                     Principal rivers, the Feale, Maine, Laune or Lane, and
KERKESIAH,   ksr-ke-see'ah, or KALNEII, kFl/nelh, an  Roughty. Lakes comprise those of Killarney, Carra, and
ancient town of lesopotamia, at the junction of the Kha- Curiane.  Soil mostly inferior, except in the central lowbooti with the Euphrates, lat. 350 25' N.                   lands, where it is a rich loam, resting on limestone. The
RKERKHAti, a river of Persia.  See KEnMAI.                arbutus and other plants, commonly considered exotic. are
KERPKINIor KAR'KENA It,(anc. Cerciss,) an island group  here indigenous.  Agriculture  is very backvward.  Chief
of the Medite-rranean, belonging  to Tunis, in the Gulf of  crops, potatoes, wheat, and barley, the formuer of which is
Cabes, the principal island being 150 miles S.S.E. of Tunis. alone consumed by the producers, who are in general miseTIhough rocky cand sterile, some are inhabited, and on the  rably poor and wretchedly housed. Numerous goats and
larsgest are several villages, and a castle.                small Irish cattle are pastured in the mountains, and a
KERKINIT.  kes-ke-nitf, or KERKINET  (kBr-ke-nk tt,)  larger English crosbs-breed in the vales. Kerry is divided
GULF 0F, ('me. C1rcinetis Sisesus?) an inlet of the Black  into 8 baronies, and 83 parishes, in the diocese of Ardfert.
Sea, on the N.W. side of the Crimea.                       Chief towns, Tralee, (the capital,) Killarney, Dingle, and
KEIIRKIT-CIIFTLIK. kslr'keet/-chift'leelV, a market-town  Kenmnare. The county sends 2 members to the I-ouse of
of Turkish Armenia. pashalic, and 86 miles W. of Erzroom. Commons, and the borough of Tralee, 1 member. It was
KEIRKOOK. KItRKUKR  klr'kookt, ou KIR'KOOKI, a towmn  made a shire by King John, in 1210, and gives the title of
of Turkish Koordistan, pashalic, and 155 miles N. of Bagdad. earl to the Marquis of Lansdown, one of its principal
KERKRADE, kI}tktrA-deh, a village of the Netherlands, land-owners.
province of Lisaburg, 16 miles E. of Mlaastricht. Pop. 560.  KEIVRY or CERI, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont.
KERKXKEN, k6akstken, a village of Belgium, province  gomery, 21 miles E.S.E. of Newton.  Pop.'2104. The village
of East Flandiers, 10 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1327.   is situstted in the beautiful vale of Kerry.
970




KER                                                       KEV
KER/RY-IHIEAD, a lofty promontory of Ireland, in Mun- -o. of Cumberland, on the Greta. between the foot of Sklddaw
ster, co. of Kerry, S. of the entrance to the Shannon.     Mountain and the N. end of Lake Derwentwater, 24 miles
KERSAJI, a village of Arabia. See FARTASH.              S.S.W. of Carlisle. Pop. in 1851, 2618. It is well built of
KER/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            stone, has an elegant modern church, a town-hall, free school,
KERtISEY'S, a post-office of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 155  work-house, 2 museums, chiefly of minerals, several good
miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                                  hotels, manufactures of linsey-woolseys, and black-lead penKERSHIAW, a district in the N.E. central part of South  cils. The potting of char, taken in the lakes, is also a conCarolina, has an area of 756 square miles. It is intersected  siderable business; but the chief dependence of this capital
by the Wateree River, bounded on the E. by Lynche's  of the lake district is on the crowd of tourists who make it
Creek, and also drained by Little Lynche's, Rice, and Pine- their head-quarters. The scenery around is scarcely equalled
tree Creeks.  The surface is moderately hilly; the soil in  elsewhere in England.
some parts productive. A railroad has lately been opened    KESWICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
from Camden to the Columbia Branch Railroad. Named in    KESWICK, EAST, a township of England, co. of York,
honor of Colonel Joseph Kershaw, of South Carolina. Capi-  West Riding.
tal, Camden. Pop. 14,473, of whom  4895 were free, and    KESZNITZ, klssfnits, or KESZINTZ, klss'intsl, a village
9578 slaves.                                               of Hungary, in Banat, 23 miles N.E. of Temesvar.  P. 2875.
KERSKO, a town of Austria. See GURIKFELD.                  KESZTIHIELY, kIst'h~l1, a market-town of West Hungary,
KERSIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            co. of Szalad, near the W. extremity of Lake Balatony, 96
KERTCI-I, kiach, (anc. Panticapccusm,) a town of Russia, miles S. of Presburg. Pop. 7410. It has manufactures of
in the Crimea, on a tongue of laud forming a peninsula of  woollen cloths, fisheries, a trade in wine, and a noble resithe same name, in the Strait of Yenikale, connecting the Sea  deuce belonging to Count George Festetics, who has founded
of Azof with the Black Sea, 130 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. here an extensive school of agriculture and domestic busLat. 450 20' N., ion. 360 28' E. In 1827, it was declared a free  bandry, termed the Georgicon, with a gymnasium.
port, and an extensive lazaretto was built, at which all yes-    KET, kbt, a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the governsels coming by the Black Sea, perform  quarantine. The  ment of Yeniseisk, about lat. 580 N., flows W.N.W., and joins
number of vessels which touch at it in passing out of the  the right bank of the Obi about 18 miles above Narym, after
Sea of Azof, averages 800 annually; and the number of  a course of above 500 miles.
coasting vessels is from 500 to 600. Its site is that of the    KETA, kIltA, a river of Asiatic Russia. rises in the governancient Panticapseum, the residence and burial-place of  ment of Yeniseisk, in lat. 680 N., and Ion. 950 E., flows
Mithridates. The modern town is of very recent existence,  N.N.E., and joins the left bank of the Khatanga after a
and has risen up as if by magic. Pop. in 1834, 3000; in  course of nearly 300 miles.
1803, about 10,000.                                          KETCHUAM'S CORNERS, a post-office of Saratoga co.,
KERVEN, ker/ven. a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- New York.
ment of Qologne, circle of Bergheim. Pop. 1920.              KETCIIHO, k chl5, KESHIO or CACHAO, katch'Ao, writKERVINHIREIlM  kkr/vn-hime,    a town of Rhenish Prus- ten also KECHO, CACHEO, and BAKTHIIAN,  blk-te-unt,
sia. on the Niers, about 13 miles S.S.E. of Cleves. Pop. 600. the largest city of Anam, in South-east Asia, capital of the
KERVIGNAC, kOa'veeu\yd kl, a village of France, depart- province of Tonquin, on the Tonquin River, about 95 miles
ment of Morbihan, 5 miles E. of L'Orient. Pop. 2564.       from its mouth. Pop. 100,000. (?) It is of great extent, defendKERZEH. See GHEuZEI.                                     ed by a bamboo stockade. The streets are wide, and paved;
KERZERS, khat/sers, (Fr. Chietres, shee-At'rt,) a village of the houses mostly of mud and timber. The public edifices
Switzerland, canton, and 11 miles N. of Freyburg. It is a comprise one royal palace, and the ruins of another, which
very ancient place, and is supposed to have derived its appears to have been of vast extent. Though its river is naviname from tie Latin word Carceres, ("prisons.")  Pop. 1003. gable only for small vessels, it has a considerable trade. The
KESAR.IAH, a city of Asia Minor. See KAISAREEYEH.        chief exports are bullion, fine silks, and'lacquered wares;
KESlGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          the imports, long-cloths, chintzes, pepper, arms, and Indian
KESIHAN, kIshAn1, KISIHAN, kish'Anf, or RUSKOT, rtts'- and European manufactures. It was formerly the seat of
Roil, a walled town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 26 English and Dutch flectories.
miles N. of Gallipoli, has about 900 houses, and a thriving    KETCHIUM, of Illinois, a station on the Great Western
trade.                                                     Railroad, 13 miles from Springfield.
KESHIN, klsh'eenf, or KESI-HEIN, keh'shhnl, a maritime    KETCHIIUM'ILLE, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvillage of Arabia, on its S.E. coast, 35 miles S.W. of Cape Far- vania.
tak. Though the capital of the Mahrah chief, it is a mise-   KETEGYHIAZA, ktlj'hllz~h', a village of Hungary, co.
rable place, with only a few stone houses. Pop. 400.       of Bekes, 12 miles S.E. of Csaba. Pop. 3163.
KESHO. a city of Tonquin. See KETCHO.                      KETEMBER, one of the KEY ISLtANDS.
KESIMARK or KASMIARK, (Kiismark,) kls1maRk, (Ger.   KETHELY, a town of Hungary.  See MANNERSDOarF.
Kiaisersmarkt, ki/zers-maakt',) a free town of North  iungary,    KET/LEY, a township of England, co. of Salop.
circle of Zips, on the Popsad, 125 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop.   KETOY, kA-toy', one of the Koorile Islands. Lat. of the
4200, of whom 2500 are Protestants. It is enclosed by old  S. extremity, 470 17 30" N., Ion. 1520 24' E. It is mountainwalls, entered by three gates, and has a large tower, built by  ous, and about 8 miles in circumference.
the Emperor Sigismund in 1433; a town-hall, a Roman Ca-   KETRZ, a town of Russia. See KATscRER.
tholic church; and high school, Protestant gymnasium, and    KETSA, k~ttsh~h', a village of Hungary, in Banat, co. of
a ruined castle.                                           Torontal, about 20 miles N.W. of Temesvar.  Pop. 2482.
KESSEL, kls'sel, a village of the Netherlands, province    KETSKEMET, a town of IHungary. See KECSsEmnET.
of Linaburg, 8 miles N.N.E. of Roermonde. Pop. 1091.         KETITERING, a market-town and parish of England, co.,
KESSEL-BASII-NOR, kIstsel-bWshee-nor, a lake of Chi- and 14 miles N.N.E. of Northampton.  Pop. in 1851, 5198,
nese Toorkistan, near the sources of the Irtish River, in lat. employed in weaving silk, plush, and wool combing.
460 30' N., lon. 870 E. Length, nearly 80 miles; greatest    KET/TERIN GHAM6, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
breadth, 25 miles. It receives a considerable river. but    KETITINS, a parish of Scotland, co. Qf Forfar.
has no effiux for its waters.                                KETITLE, a parish of Scotland. co. of Fife.
KESSEL-LOO, kfs'se 116, a village of Belgium, province of    KETTLEBASITON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Brabant, on an affluent of the Dyle, 15 miles E. of Brussels.    KET/TLEBURGH-I, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Pop. 1801.                                                   KETTLE CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the West
KESSELSDORF, kls!sels-doRf, (0nER, olther, and NEDEna,  Branch of the Susquehanna in Clinton county.
neelder,) two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, govern-    KETTLE CREEK, a poSt-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
ment of Liegnitz. Here the Prussians conquered the Aus-    KETTLE CREEK, a post-office of Ware co., Georgia.
trians in 1745. Pop. 832.                                    KETITLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
KESSELSTADT, kssesl1-stAtt', a village of HIesse-Cassel, 1    KETTLETHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
mile W. of Hanau, on the right bank of the Mlain. Pop. 615.   KEITTLEWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, West
KESSENICII, kfslseh-nic', a village of Belgium, pro- Riding.
vince of Limbourg, on the MIeuse, 24 miles N.E. of Hasselt.    KET/TON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
Pop. 1057.                                                   KETTWIG, khttiGl, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles
KESSING, Malay Archipelago. See KEFFING.                 N.E. ofDusseldorf. Pop. 2700.
KESISINGLAND, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         KETURIN LOCH, a lake of Scotland. See RATRINE Ltor.
KESSILER'S, a post-office of Northampton co., Pennsyl-   KETZELSDORF, kitslels-domRf', a village of Bohemia, 30
vania.                                                     miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1521.
KESTEREN, klsetA-ren, a village of the Netherlands, pro-   KETZELSDORF, a village of Bohemia, 27 miles N. of
vinceofGelderliand, 14miles W.N.W. ofNymwegen. P. 552. Kdniggritz.  Pop. 1236.
KES/TEVEN. PARTS OF, a subdivision of the English co.   KEUIJLA, koill. or GROSS KEULA, groce koillA, a marketof Lincoln, forming its S.W. part. Am-ea, 445,560 acres. Pop. town of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, about 18 miles E. of
92,359.                                                    Iieiligenstadt. Pop. 910.
KESITON, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 41 miles S.S.E.   KEV\ASHINSKI, a village of Siberia, government, and
of Bromley. Holwood Hill, the seat of the late Mr. Pitt, about 220 miles N. of Tobolsk, on the E. side of a large
occupies the site of a strong Roman station, supposed to  island formed by the Obi. It is inhabited by Ostiaks, who
have been icvionmages.                                     live by fishing and the chase.
KESWICK, kezfwik or kizlik, a market-town of England,    KEVELAER or KEVELAR, (Kevelgr,)kA/vph-l.4e', a town
971




KEV                                                        KHA
sf Rhenish Prussia, 31 miles N.WV. of Dusseldorf, on the.   KEYTESVILLE, keetsfvill, a post-village and township
Niers. Pop. 1320.                                          capital of Chariton co., Missouri, on Wolf Creek, a few miles
KEVENLLEECE or CEFYNLLYS, kav-Wnthleece, a parish  from its entrance into Chariton River, 91 miles N.W. of Jef
of Sonth Wales, co. of Radnor,                             ferson City. It has a court-house and several stores. Pop.
KEW. kG, a village and parish of England, co of Surrey, 1426.
on the Thames. here crossed by a stone bridge connecting it    KEYTON. kitonf, a town of North-west Hindostan, dowith Brentford, 7 miles W. of London. The village is mostly  minions, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Kotah.
built around a green, and has many handsome mansions,    KEY WEST, the most western of thePine Islands, about
including a royal palace, once the favorite residence of  60 miles S.W. of Cape Sable, Florida. It is 4 miles long, by
George III., and more recently of the King of Hanover. It  1 mile wide, and elevated not more than 20 feet above the
is surrounded by ornamental grounds, covering 120 acres,  level of the sea. It is of coral formation, with little availand containing a pagoda 16.3 feet in height. The botanical able soil. The name is a corruption of "CCayo Hueso," (kieo
garden, possessing one of the most celebrated colle'ctions of  w~tso,) or "Bone Key," and has no relation to the position
plants in Europe, is kept up at the national cost, and is  of the island, which is not the most western of the reef. On
open to the public. The palm-house is unrivalled, being 360  Whitehead's Point, the S.W. extremity of the island, is a
feet by 90.                                                 fixed light, 831 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 240 32'
KEWAUNA, ke-w'tna, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana. 58" N.. lon. 810 48' 7' W.
KEWAUNEE, ke-wAunee, a small river of Wisconsin, flows    KEY WEST CITY, a port of entry and capital of Monroe
through Door county into Lake Michigan.                     co.. Florida, on the above island, in lat. 240 20' N.. lon. 820 4'
KEWAUNE E, a new county in the E. part of Wisconsin,  W. It is the most populous towdi of the state, and occubordering on Lake Michigan, contains about 460 square  pies an important position as the key to the Florida Pass and
miles. It is drained by Kewaunee and Red Rivers, and by  the Gulf of Mexico. The town is laid out with streets 50
Benton's Creek. Formed in 1852, out of the S. part of Door feet wide, crossing each other at right angles. It contains
county.                                                     Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, and Roman Catholic churches,
KEWAUNEE, a post-office of Brown co., Wisconsin.          5 schools, 26 stores, and 10 warehouses The marine hospital
KEWEENAW  (ke-weefnaw) BAY, Lake Superior, is situ- is a fine building, 100 feet long by 45 feet wide. The princiated S.E. of Keweenaw Point. Length, about 30 miles; great- pal business of Key West is derived from the salvages and
est breadth, 10 or 12 miles.                                other perquisites of wrecked vessels, which amount to about
KEWEENAW BAY, a post-office, Houghton co., Michigan. $200,000 annually. This business is not, as some suppose, a
KEWEENAW POINT, a peninsula in the N. part of Michi- species of piracy, but is conducted under equitable rules, for
gan, intersected by the 47th parallel of N. latitude, and the  the mutual benefit of the parties. From 30 to 50 vessels are
meridian of 880 30' W. longitude. Length, near 70 miles; usually wrecked every year in this vicinity. The harbor is
breadth, varying from 5 to 30 miles. Area, estimated at 1000  capacious, safe, and easily accessible for ships of 22 feet
square miles..This peninsula is well watered, and is gene- draught. Its entrance is defended by Fort Taylor, a large
rally very fertile. It abounds in copper, iron, and other and very costly structure. Key West is a military station
minerals. The copper is mostly found native, and some- of the United States. The shipping of the port, June 30,
times in masses weighing several hundred pounds.            1852, amounted to an aggregate of 4081 tons registered, and
KEWISTOKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on  2157 tons enrolled and licensed. The foreign arrivals for
the Bristol Channel, 8 miles N.W. of Axbridge.  It has  the year were 101, (tons, 25,617,) of which 81 (tons, 24,171)
the remains of a priory, fobunded by William de Courtenay  were by American vessels. The clearances for foreign ports
in 1210.                                                    were 80, (tons, 7361,) of which 6884 were in American betKEXIBOROUGHI, a township of England, co. of York, tome. The Charleston and Havana steamer touches at this
West Riding.                                                port once a week, which is the only regular communication
KEXHOLM,  klxlholm, a town of Finland, ihn, and 50  with the mainland. About 30,000 bushels of salt are made
miles N.E. of Yiborg, on the W. shore of Lake Ladoga. annually in the island by solar evaporation, and sponges are
Pop. 2000.                                                  procured and exported in large quantities. First settled in
KEY or KI, kI, a group of islands in the Malay Archipe- 1822. It has 650 houses, and about 3000 inhabitants.
lago, about 50 miles W. of the Arroo Islands, in lat. 50 30,   KEYTWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
S., lon. 1280 E. Great Key is covered with mountains, which    KEZANLIK, a town of Turkey. See KANS.NLIK.
attain the height of 3000 feet. Little Key is comparatively    KEIZAR'S FALLS, a post-office of York co., Maine.
low, and surrounded by extensive shoals. The inhabitants    KEZDI-VASARItELY, klzldee'v_-shlARh6ll, a marketof the former profess Mohammedanism; those of thelatter  town of Transylvania, 35 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. P. 2736.
are composed of a mixture of races-emigrants from Ceram,   KEZD-SZAAZ, klzd-s z, a market-town of Transylvania,
fugitives from Banda, Malays, &c.                           4 miles S.E. of Segesvar. Pop. 4900.
KEY, a river of S. Africa, enters the sea, near 280 E. lon.    KHABOOK, KHABOUR, KHABUR or CIABUR, x,/boort,
KEYINGHAM  or KAYINGHAAM, kI'ing-am, a parish of  (ance. Clhaboeras and Aborrlhas,) a river of Asiatic Turkey,
England, co. of York, East Riding.                          flows S. through Mesopotamia, and joins the Euphrates at
KEYKRA, kI/kra, a town of North-west Ilindostan, Bri- Kerkesiah, after a course estimated at 190 miles.
tish dominions. district, and 40 miles S.E. of Ajmeer.        KHABOOR, KHABOUR or KHABUIR, a river of Asiatic
KEYMER, kinmer, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 21 Turkey, flows S., and joins the Tigris 65 miles N.W. of Momiles E.S.E. of Hurst-Pier-point. The branch of the South  sul. Length, 50 miles.
Coast Railway to Lewes, here leaves the London and Brighton    KI-IABS, a town of Tunis. See CABEs.
line.                                                         KIIADARAHI or KHADRAHI, EL, 61 Kadfa-rA or xdfrA, a
KEYNSIIAM, kknlsh.m, a market-town and parish of town of Algiers, near the river Shelliff, 96 miles E. of Oran.
England, co. of Somerset, on the Avon, here crossed by a    KHAFALOON, KHAFALOUN, kg-f.-loont, or KIIAPALU,
bridge of 15 arches, and on the Great Western Railway, kg-p&-looe, a town of West Thibet, at the junction of the
where it emerges from a tunnel 1012 yards in length, 5 miles Shayook and Leh  Rivers, 90 miles N.W. of Leh. It is the
S.E. of Bristol. Pop. in 1851, 2318.                       capital of a rajahship, having about 12,000 inhabitants, beKEYNSITON-TABIRANT, a parish of England, co. Dorset. tween the dominions of Ladakh and Little Thibet.
KEYIPORT, a flourishing post-village of Monmouth co.,   KHAIBAR, ki'barl, a town of Arabia, province of HIejaz,
New Jersey, on Raritan Bay, 22 miles S.S.W. of New York. 100 miles N.N.E. of Medina, and capital of an independent
It has a ship-yard, and carries on an active trade with New  Jewish territory. It was captured in 628 by 3:ohammed,
York by sloops and schooners. A plank-road is projected  who here, it is said, received from a Jewess the poisoned egg
from this village to the Delaware River.                   which ultimately cost him his life.
KEYS, (keez,) or CAYS, THE, (from the Spanish Cayo, kio.   KIHAI-FUNG, a city ofChina.  See KAI-uwo.
a "rocky islet,") are the islets and reefs along the shores of    KIIAI-IHIOA or CAI-HOA, ki-hoA, a city of China, province
Honduras, Central America, and in other parts of tle West of Yun-nan, capital of a department, near the Tonquirn fronIndies; the principal being the GaEATr KEY, Bahama, in lat. tier. in lat. 230 24' 30" N., Ion. 1040 21' E.
21~ 45' N., Ion. 710 401 W. See Ke WEST, FLOnRI.A REEFs, and    KIIHAIRABAD, k`r-A-bAd/,  a village of the Punjab, on the
the several names with the prefix CAYs.                    Indus, opposite Attock, with which it is connected by a
KEYS'BURG, a post-village in Logan co., Kentucky, 160  bridge of boats, 35 miles E.S.E. of Peshawer. It has a mud
miles N.W. of Frankfort.                                   fort, and an aqueduct for irrigation.
KEYSBURG, a post-village in Pike co., Illinois, 77 miles    RHALETSE, a villag'e of Central Asia. See KULUTZe.
W. by S. of Springfield.                                     KHALKAS or KALKAS, (kPl'k&sl) COUNTRY. the N. part
KEY1SOE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.            of Mongolia,  Chinese Empire, extending from the Altai, in
KEYS'PORT, a post-village of Clinton co., Illinois, on the  lon. 900 to 112~ E., and between lat. 470 and 530 N., having N.
Kaskaskia River, 12 miles above Carlyle.                   Siberia, and W. Chinese Toorkistan. The surface is in great
KEYStTON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.        part mountainous; elsewhere consisting of vast plains and
KEYSTONE. a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania.      steppes, over which the Tartar tribes wander with their
KEYSTONE FURNACE, Ohio, a station on the Scioto and  herds; in the S. it comprises a part of the great desert of
Hocking Valley Railroad, 5 miles from Jackson.            Gobi. The Yenisei, Selenga, Orkhon, and other large rivers
KEYSYILLE, of Virginia, a station on the Richmond and  rise in this region, which also contains many large lakes, the
Danville Railroad, 75 miles W. of Richmond.               principal being the Oobsa Nor. It is divided into 4 khanats,
KEYSZD or KEISZD, kissd, a market-town in Transylva- governed by native chiefs, tributary to the Chinese since
nia, 47 miles N.W. of Kroustadt. Pop. 4900                the eighteenth century, when the aid of the latter was called
972




KHA                                                        I KHE
In to'repel the invasions of the Eleuthi. Capital city, Oorga.   KHARIKOVA or KIARIKOWA, rka-kolovi, a river of Rus.
The inhabitants are Mongol Tartars, and of the Boodhic  sia, government of Kharkov, flows S.S.W., and after a course
faith. This was the native country of Jenghis Khan.       of about 50 miles, joins the left bank of the Udj.
KIIALKI, kil/kee. or COPIPER ISLAND, one of the    KHARPUT, a town of Turkish Armenia. See KARPOOT.
Princes Islands in the Sea of Marmorn, 12 miles S.E. of Con-   KHARS, a city of Turkey. See KARS.
stantinople, with an ancient copper-mine and a Greek    KI-IARTOOM, KIIARTOUM, KARTOOM or KHARTUII,
college. It is resorted to by visitors firom  the adjacent Karetooml, a modern capital town of Nubia. at the junction
coasts.                                                   of the Blue and White Nile, 95 miles S.W. of Shendy. Pop.
KHIAMIL or CHAMIL, Hr meell, written also IIAMI, h&'- 20,000, including garrison. It is regularly built, and very
meet, a city of Chinese Todrkistan, lat. 420 30' N., ion. 930 flourishing. It has considerable trade, and is the great
40' E. in a fertile and well-cultivated region, with a garrison depot of slaves sent from Soodan and Abyssinia into Egypt.
of 1000 men. It is the centre of a large trade.             KIIASAB or KASAAB, krA'sbf, a bay of Arabia, province
KIIAMIR, a town of Persia. See KAMEER.                  of Oman, at the entrance to the Persian Gulf.  On it is a
KIIAN4A-I-BAD, k/nud-ee-badf, a town of Central Asia, 12  large and strongly built fort. Lat. 260 13' N., ion. 560 20' E.
miles S.E. of Khoondooz. Lat. 360 20' N., Ion. 690 38' E.   KHASGUNGE], krs-gmnjf, a town of British India, presiKItANDEISII, a province of Hindostan. See CANTMssE.   dency of Bengal, in the Ioab, 60 miles N.E. of Agra.
KHANDUTCIIA, kgn-doolchA, or KANDUGA (?) a river    KHIASII, kAsh, or KHI-AUSIL, kawsh, a town and fort
of Asiatic Russia, government of Okhotsk, joins the Aldan  of West Afghanistan, on the Khash-rood. Lat. 310 36' N.,
after a S.W. course of above 100 miles.                   lon. 620 45' E. Pop. about 2000.
KI 4NGURI kin-guiirl, two villages of the Punjab. between    KIJASII-ROOD, KHASH-RUD, or KACII-ROUD, kAIshthe Chenaub and-Indus Rivers, respectively 26 and 76 miles  roodf, a river of West Afghanistan, enters the IHamoon Lake,
S.S.W. of Mooltan.                                        after a S.W. course of 180 miles through a barren country.
KIIANGURIT,  kAn -g-if, a village in the Indian Desert, It partly separates the Candahar and Herat dominions.
dominion, and 66 miles S. of Bhawlpoor.                     KIHATANGA, sl-tingfgA, or KATANSKA, kr-tan/sk9i, a
KIIANIIAILA, IrkAn-hillil, a considerable town of North- river of Asiatic Russia, issues from a lake in the government
west Iiindostan, dominion, and 55 miles S.W. of Bhawlpoor. of Yeniseisk, near lat. 680 N., and ion. 960 E., flows N.N.E.
KIJANIA, K-nee/, or CANEIA, (anc. Cydoenia, sometimes and falls into the gulf of Khantangskee, or Katangskii in',/deofnfs,) a tbrtified seaport, and the principal commercial the Arctic Ocean, after a course of nearly 700 miles. Its chief
town of Crete, capital of a province, on the N. coast of the  affluents are the Moniaga, Popigai, and the Keta.
island. 64 miles W.N.W. of Candia. Pop. 8000, of whom       KIIATEL, a town of Palestine. See KABa-IBARHIM
about 5000 are Mohammedans, and 1000 foreign Greeks. Its    KIIATMANDOO, CATMANDOO, kIt'mAn'dool, or KATIIfortifications, built by the Venetians, are inierior to those  MARO, kit'h'mA'rO', the capital town of Nepaul, in a mounof Candia, but its port is the best in Crete, and capable of tainous region, about 145 miles N.N.W. of Patna. Lat. 27c
holding many vessels of 300 tons; it is formed by a mole 1200  42' N., ion. 850 15' E. Estimated pop. 20,000. It extends for
feet long, with a light-house at its extremity, opposite a fort about 1 mile along a river, is built mostly of brick, and has
defending the harbor. It has an arsenal, docks, Venetian  many Boodhic temples, with a palace of the Nepaul rajah.
galley-va'ults, a small lazaretto, and soap factories. It is the    KHI-IAUSH, a town of Afghanistan. See KIIasn.
seat of a provincial council and governor, a Greek bishop's   KIIAUNPOOR, a town of lindostan. See KIIHNPOOR.
see, and the residence of sevesal European consuls.          KHAVA, kfivA, a river of Russia, joins the left bank of
KIIANKA, kan/ka, a town of Central Asia, in Indepen- the Oosmau, about 20 miles S.E. of Voronezh, after a course
dent Toorkistan, 30 miles E.N.E. of Khiva, on the Jyhoon. of nearly 45 miles.
It consists of about 350 houses, enclosed within a poor   RKIIAWAK, kd-wAk', the most E. pass across the Hindoo
wall.                                                      Koosh, in Kafiristan, 100 miles N.E. of Cabool. Lat. 350 38'
KIJANOS, ka/nos', or KIIINIS, kinriss', an ancient town  N., ion. 700 E. Elevation of summit, 13,200 feet. By it
of Turkey in Asia, pashalic, and 55 miles S.S.W. of Erz- Timur (Tamerlane) entered iindostan. E. by S. from the
room, 5686 feet above the sea. Pop. about 1000.            top of the pass is the fort Khawalk, 9300 feet above the sea
KIiHANPOOR, ornpoorl, or KIIAUN'POOR, a town of  Lat. 350 37' 36" N.
North-west Iindostan, dominion, and 78 miles S.W. of    KIIEDIIWARI, kId-e-wree, one of the navigabie mouths
Bhawlpoor. Pop. 20,000. It was formerly of more import- of the Indus, at its delta, entering the sea in lat. 240 9' N.,
ance, but it is still a flourishing commercial town, with a  ion. 670 29' E., where it is 650 yards across.
good bazaar, and a navigable canal from the Indus.           KIIEIBER or KI-EIBERS. See KHYBER.
KIIANPOOR or KIAUNPOOR, a town of North-west im-    KH-EIlR, kIr, a town of British India, presidency of Bomdostan, in the Punjab, near the Chenaub, about 100 miles bay, district of South Concan, 93 miles S.S.E. of Bombay.
W. by S. of Lahore.                                         KIIEIR, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay,
KHIANPOOR or KIAUNPOOR, a town of North-west IIin- district of Candeish, 104 miles E.S.1E. of Surat.
dostan, in the Punjab, 40 miles E. of Attock.                KI-IELIDONIA, k81-e-do-nee.a, a cape and group of inlets
KHANSA, kAn'sa, a town of Nepaul, on the tributary of  (anc. 6'helidolnice.) of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on its S. coast.
the Ganges, 56 miles E.N.E. of Khatmandoo.                   KHELMOS, Ikl/mos, a mountain of Greece, in the Morea, 6
KIIAPALU, a town of Thibet. See KHAFAL0OON.              miles S.E. of Kalavrita. Elevation 7654 feet.
KIARAMOUKOTAN, an island. See KRaRAAKoTAN.                KHIEMLASSA, kam-lastsa, a considerable walled town of
KIIARAN, ka'rn'1, a town of Beloochistan, 40 miles S.W. India, dominion, and 140 miles S. of Gwalior.
of Strawan, in the midst of a desert region.                 KI-ENGUNPOOR, krn-gtn-poorf, a village of the Punjab,
KHIARASM, ka'-azm', or KAILIS/SIM, (anc. ~'horassmia,) near the Ghara, 32 miles S.W. of Ferozepoor.
a country of Independent Tartary. In the twelfth century    KHEORAI, kre-o'-rA, a village of the Punjab, 26 miles
it was the seat of a powerful empire; but it is now greatly  N.W. of Julalpoor.
reduced. Its present limits appear to be the same as those    KHIERASOON or KHERASOUN, Turkey. See KEsisoocN.
of Khiva.                                                   KHERKiAH, a river of Persia. See KeanH.
KHAREK, an island of the Persian Gulf. See KAnAoK.        KHERSON or CHERSON, KORc-srn/, a government of South
KHARGEII, EL, a town of Upper Egypt. See EL KnHAoRGEH. Russia, mostly between lat. 460 and 49' N., and ion. 290 and
KIIARIJAII, k,/ree'ja, an inland town of Arabia, W. of  340 E., having S. the Black Sea. Area, 28,502 square miles.
Makallah, and reputed to have 3000 inhabitants, who trade  Pop. in 1851, 889,205. Surface in the N. undulating, and
in ghee and cattle.                                       covered with forests; elsewhere a wide steppe or prairie.
KIIARKOV, KHARKOW, CHARKOV, CHIARKOW, KaR- Principal rivers, the Dnieper, on the N. and S.E.; the
kov/, UKRAINE, or SLOBODIISCII UKRAINE, slo/bo-dish  Dniester, forming the W. frontier; and the Bug, traversing
ufkrln, a government in the S. part of European Russia. its centre. Its W. half is very fertile; cattle and sheepLat. 480 30' to 510 12' N., ion. 340 20' to 380 20' E., bounded  breeding is, however, the chief branch of industry. ProE. by Voronezh, S. by Yekaterinoslav, W. by Poltava, N. by  ducts comprise oak.-bark, tobacco, mustard, saffron, and
Koorsk. Area, 20,931 square miles. Pop. in 1851,1,366,188, liquorice, besides corn, hemp, flax, nitre, salt, and sandchiefly Russians and Cossacks. It is watered by the Donets  stone. Some manufactures of cloth, tallow, leather, butter,
and the Oskol. Surface flat and little wooded. Soil fertile, cheese, and caviar, are carried on, partly by Swedish, Gerentirely agricultural, producing grain of all sorts, and wine  man, and other colonists, the population consisting of a
in great abundance. It has numerous distilleries, tanneries, great intermixture of races. Principal towns, Kherson,
and tallow and salt-petre factories. (See UKRAINE.)       Nikolaev, Yelizabetgrad, and Odessa.
KHARKOV or CHARKOW, written also KIIARKOW and    KIIERSON or CHERSON, a fortified town of South RusKIIARKOF, a city of European Russia, capital of the go- sla, capital of a government of Kherson, on the right bank
vernment of Kharkov, on the Kharkova, affluent of the  of the Dnieper, 92 miles E.N.E. of Odessa. Pop. 24.338. It
Don, 420 miles S.S.W. of Moscow. Pop. 35,000. It is the  was founded by Potemkin in 1778, is well built, and divided
capital of a Greek eparchy, and see of the bishops of the  into four quarters, the citadel. in which are the arsenal. barUkraine and Kharkov. It has a university, founded in  racks, other government buildings,.and the cathedral in
1803, with 83 professors, and 486 students in 1846, a library  which Potemkin, its founder, is buried; the admiralty quarof 25,000 volumes, a theological seminary, a gymnasium, ter, with excavated docks for the construction of ships of
and a female academy, with 25 professors. Its manufactures  war, is now disused. It has various schools, and 3 miles
comprise leather and fine carpets. and its trade is extensive. distant are the tomb and cenotaph of Howard the philanIts fairs for cattle and wool, are among the most important thiropist, who died at Kherson, January 20, 1790.
in South Russia.                                            KHESTERNIA, kas-tlalne-a, a town of Russia, govern
973




KHE                                                         KHO
ment, and 70 miles N.E. of Kherson, on the Ingoolets, (In- and the table-land of Pameer. It comprises a part of the
guletz.) Pop. 1200.                                         lofty region W.'of the great plateau of East Asia. The JaxKI-IEYBERand KIHEYBERS. See KHMBER.                       artes has its upper course in this region. The products comKHEYR-ABAD, a town of Hindostan.  See KHYRABAD.    prise corn, cotton, silk, and fine fruits, with coal, copper,
KHILOK, Ke-lokf, a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the  iron, and lapis-lazuli. Pasturage plentiful, live stock nugovernment of Irkootsk, and after a course of about 430  merous, and wool is an important article of export. The
miles, joins the right bank of the Selenga, about 20 miles  khan maintains an army of about 10,000 men. The princibelow Selenghinsk.                                          pal towns are Khokan, Khojend, and Tashkend.
KIIMOLI, an island of Greece.  See AcoENTIERA.             KHOKAN, capital of the above khanat, on the Jaxartes,
KIIN-GAN (kin-gdn) MOUNTAINS, is a name applied to  about 280 miles N.W. of Kash ar, and N.E. of Samarcand.
two extensive mountain chains of East Asia, one between  It is reported to be of about half the size of Bokhara.  Printhe Russian and Chinese dominions, the other separating  cipal buildings, the khan's residence, some stone bazaars,
Mantchooria and Mongolia, (see next article.)               many mosques and public schools, and several caravanKHING-GAN-OOLA  or KHIING-GAN-OULA, aing'gln-  serais.
ooli,1 is a portion of the great mountain chain of Asia,   KHOLM, Kolm, a town of Russia, government of Pskov,
separating the Russian and Chinese Empires, about 150  on the Lovat, 110 miles S.E. of Pskov. Pop. 2000.
miles E.S.E. of Kiakhta.                                      KHOLM, a village of Russia, government of Smolensk,
KHING-YANG, KHIN-YANG, or KIN-YANG, king'y[ngl,  N.W. of Viazma.
a city of China, capital of a department in the province of    KIOLMITCIH or KtIOLMICZ, Kollmitch, or kol-mitchl, a
Kan-soo, near lat. 360 N., ion. 1070 30' E., and elaborately  market-town of Russian Poland, government of Minsk, on
fortified.                                                  the Dnieper, 21 miles S.S.E. of Rezhitsa.
KHING-YUAN, king'yooan!, KIIIN-YUAN, or KIN-   KIOLMOGORY, eol-mo-gotree, a town of Russia, governYUEN, kin'yo0-8nl, a city of China, province of Quang-see,  ment, and 32 miles S.E. of Archangel, capital of a district
320 miles W.N.W. of Canton, and having a large drug trade. of the same name, on an island in the Dwina. Pop. 1600.
KIIINI, Keelnee, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and    KIIONI, Kotnee, a town of Russia, beyond the Caucasus,
43 miles N.E. of Diarbekir, with 300 MIohammedan and  15 miles W.N.W. of Kootais. Pop. 1200.
150 Armenian families, the latter engaged in a trade of fruit,    KHONSAR, Kon'sarf, a town of Persia, province of Irak~ and in spinning and weaving cotton cloths, 30,000 pieces of Ajemee, 83 miles W.N.W. of Ispahan, on the route to Itamawhich are said to be produced annually from 120 looms.      dan. Pop. from 12,000 to 13,000, engaged in raising and dryKI-INIS, a town of Turkey. See KArNos.                   ing fruiits, and weaving chintz.
KIII10 or KIOS, an island of Asiatic Tui-key. See SIo.    KI-IOOCHAN, a town of Persia. See KoOCHAN.
KHIONG-TCHOU, a city of China. See KIONG-CcOO.             KIIOOLOOM,  KIIOULLOUM,   Kco'loom,  KHIULM,
KII00-CI00 or KHIIU-TCHOU, ke-oo'choof, a city of KIHIOULM, koolm, GHOLAIM, go-l9ml, or TASHKURGAN,
China, province of Che-kiang, capital of a department, 100 tilsh-koorgAn/ (?) a town of Afghanistan, near the borders
miles S.W. of Hang-chow-foo.                               of Bokhara, on the left bank of the river Khooloom, 40.miles
KHITAI. See CHINa.                                       W. of Balkh; lat. 36i0 40' N., ion. 680 5' E. It is surrounded
KItIVA. KHIEWA, KILEEVA, Keefvi, or KIHARESM, kI-  by hills on three sides, and defended by two castles. Pop.
r~sm!, (ant. Choraslmic,) a country of Independent Toorkis- 10,000.
tan, mostly between lat. 360 and 440 I`., and ion. 520 and 640    KHOONAWUR, (koo-ng-wirl, or KOONAWAR) PASS,
E., having N. the Kirgheez steppe and the Sea of Aral, E. the  one of the loftiest across the Hiimalayas.  Lat. 310 40' N., Ion
Bokhara and the Kara-kalpack territory, S. Khorassan (in the  180 30' E. Elevation 20,000 feet.
Persian dominions,) and W. the Caspian Sea. Estimated pop.   KHOONDOOZ, KOUNDOUZ, or KUNDUZ, koon-doozf, a
200,000, mostly wandering tribes. Surface almost wholly a  khanat of Independent Tartary; lat. 350 to 380 N., and Ion.
sandy desert, with some scattered hill-ranges in the N. and  680 to 720 E., having S. Afghanistan, W. Bokhara, and E.
W., the Oxus flows through its E. part; and along its banks, the Bolor Mountains.  The greater part of the surface is
and the canals connected with it, there are many fertile  mountainous, but there are many fertile tracts which yield
tracts. In these places, wheat, millet, barley, fruits, lin-  abundant crops of grain, principally wheat and barley; while
seed, cotton, flax, and some rice, are grown. The vine also  the marshy grounds, which are very extensive, produce
thrives. Sheep and goats, and a good breed of horses, are  good crops of rice.
pretty numerous. Camels a'ie the ordinary beasts of burden.    KHOONDOOZ or KOUNDOUZ, a town of Independent
Some cotton and silk stuffs and shawls are made by the  Tartary, capital of the above khanat, near the junction of
females, and exported; agriculture is, however, the princi-  the Bunghee with the Goree, which here unite to form the
pal occupation of the settled population. About 2000 camels Oxus. Lat. 360 48' N., Ion. 690 21' E. Pop. about 1500.
go annually to Orenboorg, Astrakhan, and Cabool, with    KIIOONDS, a tribe of Indians. See GOANDS.
agricultural produce, silk, and cotton fabrics and yarn, to    KIIOOZISTAN, KIIOUZISTAN, or KIIUZISTAN, Koobe exchanged for the products of Russia and the West, zis-tn5, originally KIIORISTAN, Ko'ris-tln, the "-country of
which are also brought in boats across the Caspian. The  estuaries, (or Khors,)" (anc. Susiatfna,) a province of Persia,
population is very mixed, the dominant race being Oozbeks, mostly between lat. 300 and 330 N., and ion. 460 and 510 EI,
as in Bokhara.-Adj. and inhab. KzIIVAN, Keetvan.            having N. the Bakhtiyari Mountains, separating it firom IrakKIIVA, the capital of the above country, is in an irriggt- Ajemee, E. Fars, WV. the pashalic of Bagdad, (in Asiatic Tured plain near the Oxus. Lat. 410 40' N., lon. 590 13' E. Pop. key,) and S. the Persian Gulf. The surface is mostly moun10,000. ielmerson reports that it comprises 1500 houses, tainous; but in the S. are some plains. The Tigris arind
which, like the palace of the khan, are built of earth, the  Euphrates (Shat-el-Arab) form a part of its WV. boundariy.
only stone buildings being three mosques, a school, and a  In that part which borders on the Persian Gulf. there are
caravanseral. It is surrounded by numerous gardens, and  numerous river mouths, or estuaries,whence the province deis the chief seat of trade.                                 rives its name. The products are rice, maize, barley, cotton,
KIIMIELNIK, a town of Poland. See CrnELNaIs.             sugar-cane, dates, indigo, and silk. The pasturages are exKIIODABAD, ko-df-bld/, a ruined town of Sinde, on the  tensive, and live stock numerous. The trade is mostly with
left bank of the Indus, 25 miles N. of Hyderabad. Lat. 250  Bassorah  and Bagdad.  The principal towns are Shooster,
48' N., Ion. 680 32' E. Its remains cover 2 square miles.    Dezfool, Bebhak, and Mohammerah.
KIIO-DAI- AN, Afghanistan.  See KoH-I-DAIAUN.               KIHOPER, kolper, a river of Russia, rises in the governKIIODT)JEND, a town of Central Asia. See KInOJENi.       ment of Penza, flows tortuously S.S.W., and joins the Don
KIIODORKOV or KIODORKOW, Ko-doR-kovl, a town of  after a course of 250 miles, for the last 100 of which it is
Russia, government, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Kiev, on the  navigable.
Irpen. Pop. 2800.                                             KHOPERSK or CHOPERSK, NOVO, noevo so-painck' (?)
KIIOI, soy, a town of North Persia, provinceofAzerbaijan, a small fortified town of Russia, government, and 118 miles
on a tributary of the Koor, 20 miles N. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. E.S.E. of Voronezh, on the Khoper.
Pop. 30.000. It is well built, the streets are shaded by ave-   KHO.R or KIiORE, xar, (a "mouth" or "estuary,") is
nues of trees, and it has a good bazaar. In its plain, Shah  the prefixed name of various bays in the East, the principal
Ismael totally defeated the Turks under Selim I. in 1514. being KsEoco ABDALLtA, (kOr Ib-diltlI,) on the Persian Gulf,
Lat. 380 37'-N., ion. 450 15' E.                            W. of the mouth of the Euphrates.  See KHoozISTAN.
KILOJEND or KODJEND, Ko'jlndl, a populous town of    KIIORASSAN or KHORASAN, Ko'rls-sin5, (" i. e. region
Central Asia, in Independent Toorkistan, 50 miles WV. of  of the sun,"*) a province of Persia, between lat. 340 and 380
Khokan, on the Jaxartes. Lat. 410 23' N., ion. 680 42' E. It  N., and lon. 530 and 61l E.; its limits, however, have often
stands on rising ground, enclosed by decayed walls, and wet  varied considerably. It has N. Khiva, and E. Afghanistan.
ditches, and intersected by canals. It has manufactures of  Its S. part is a sandy waste, the rest of its surface consists
noarse cotton fabrics, in which, and in Russian goods, it has  of mountain ranges and fertile valleys. Wheat, rice, tobacco,
a large trade, and it is the station at which toll is paid for all cotton, hemp, and assafretida are grown. Goats'-hair and
merchandise entering the khanat from Bokhara.              turquoises are important articles of produce. Principal
KIIOJUOBAN, ko-joo-o-bhnl, an ancient city nowin ruins, towns, Meshed and Nishapoor.
25 miles N.W. of Bokhara, on the verge of the desert.
KItOKAN, KOKAN, Ko'kln/, KILOKAND, Ko'kndfl, or  The origin of the name is prettily suggested by MooRE, a.
FERGLANA, f6r-glfn1, a khanat of Central Asia, in Inde-  the commencement of the first poem of Lalla Rookhpendent Toorkistan, between lat. 400 and 450 N., and lon. 67~0     "I I the delightfnc province of the sun,
and 750 E., having E. Chinese Toorkistan, and S. Bokhara            The first of Persian lands he shines upon."
974




KHO                                                       KIA
RHOtRISTAN, a province of Persia. See KIoozISrAN.        the Trrawaddy opposite Yandabo in Burmah, after a course
KIHOROL, Ico-rol, a river of Russia, rises in the govern- loosely estimated at 400 miles. It is navigable for the largest
mont of Kharkov, and aftes a southward course of about 140  boats to King-nao, in lat. 230 45' N. All its affluents frommiles joins the Psiol.                                    the E. are said to be auriferous.
KHOROL, a town of Russia, government, and 60 miles    KHYERPOOR, ki'er-poorf, or KIIYRPOOR, kir'poor, a
W.N.W. of Poltava, on the Khorol.                          town of Sinde, 15 miles E. of the Indus. Lat. 270 31' N., ion.
KIIORRAMABAD, kor-ram-d-bdf, or KHORUM-ABAD, 680 45' E. Pop. 15,000. Though tie residence of the ameerg
ko-rHm-A-bAd', a town and fort of Persia, province of Trak- of North Sinde, it is a mere collection of mud hovels, with
Ajemee, district of Looristan, on the left bank of the Koon, a fort, a mosque, and some bazaars.
98 miles S. by W. of Hamadan. It consists of about 1000    KIIYRABAD or KHIEYR-ABAD, 1kr-[-bldl, several towns
houses, and has many curious antiquities, comprising a  of India and Afghanistan. the principal being in the domiremarkable inscribed pillar. The FoRT, which overlooks  nions. and 100 miles W.N.W. of Oude. Lat. 27035 N., ion.
the town, occupies a steep rock about 1000 yards in circum- 800 40' E.
ference, and is surrounded by a double wall at the base. A    KHIYRGAON, kir-gg-onf, a town of Sinde, on an arm of
magnificent reservoir has been formed within it.          the Indus, in lat. 260 55' N., Ion. 670 50' E. Pop. between
KHORSABAD, Kolrcs-bgdf, KORSABAD, (probably a cor- 2000 and 3000.
ruption of Khosroo-abad, the "abode of Khosroes or Chos-   Kl-IYRPOOR, a town of Sinde. See KuvERPOOR.
roes," a famous Persian king,) or KIIHORTABAD, kordta —b'id',   KHYRPOOR-DAI-IR, kir'poor'dasi, a considerable town
a village of Turkey in Asia, pashalic, and about 13 miles in  of Sinde, 50 miles N.E. of Roree, in a tract well irrigated by
a direct line N.E. of Mosul. IHere, Botta, in 1843, discovered  canals from the Indus.
the ruins of a large building containing  Assyrian sculp-   KIIYTUL, ki-tfWlf, a town of Hindostan, capital of an
tures and inscriptions, but nearly buried up. This was the  independent Sikh chiefship, 97 miles N.W. of Delhi.
first discovery of the antiquities of Nineveh. to which the    KI, islands of the Malay Archipelago. See KEY.
labours of Layard and others have lately given so much    KIAKHTA or KIACHTA, ke-aKltt, a town of Siberia,
interest.                                                 government, and 180 miles S.E. of Irkootsk, on an affluent
KIIOSROO-SIAH, Kos'roe! sh&, written also KIIOSRAU-  of the Selenga, close to the Chinese frontier, and the great
SIIAHI, a village and valley of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, emporium of the trade between Russia and China. Lat.
the former S.W. of Tabreez. and formerly of importance. The  500 20' N.. lon. 1060 35' E. Pop. about 5000. It consists of
valley is a tract of groves and gardens, and one of the  an upper fortified town, with a stone church, and some
"paradises" celebrated in old Persian poetry, (the others brick government offices, &c., but otherwise built of wood;
being at Samarcand, at Hamadan, the plain of Damascus, and the lower town, opposite the Chinese village of Maimaiand Kaleh Sofid, in the orovince of Fars.)                tchin, is inhabited by merchants. The Russians here exKHOTEN, Ko'tlnI, RKOTAN, keotan!, EELCIEE, EEL- change lamb-skins, furs, broadcloths, coarse linens, cattle,
CII or ILCHI, eel-cheer, written also ELECIIEE, and  and bullion, for tea, raw and manufactured silks, nankeens,
ILITSI, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, on the route between  porcelain, rhubarb, and other Chinese produce, especially at
Yarkand and Lapa. Lat. 370 N., ion. 800 30' E. It is en- a large fair in December. A great temporary increase of its
closed by earthen ramparts, and is the station of a Chinese  trade took place during the late British war with China;
governor and garrison, but mostly peopled by Oozbeks, who  and in 1843, as many as 102,700 chests of superfine tea are
manufacture leather, silk fabrics, and paper, and have a  stated to have been received here by the Russians, the rebrisk trade in these goods, and in jasper and other natural turns to China comprising 660,090 yards of Russian broadproduce.                                                   cloth, *orth 228,0001., other Russian woollens to 167,4001.,
KIIOTIN or KHOTINE, in Bessarabia. See CHoTYN.           cotton goods to 26,0001., leather to 45,0001., and furs to
KIHOTMYJSK, kot-meeskf, a town of Russia, government, 210.8801. in value.
and 75 miles S.S.W. of Koorsk, on the Vorskla. Pop. 2400.    KIAMA, ke-Yma, a town of Central Africa, in a disKIOTMYNSK, kot-minsk!, a walled town of Russia, trict of the same name, state of Borgoo, 70 miles S.W. of
government of Kharkov. Pop. 1678.                          Boossa.
KIO-TSIN-SHAN  or KIIO-TSIN-CHAN, ioltseen'shin',    KIAMITIA, k-.a-mish/e-a, a post-village of Red River
a mountain of China, province of Shan-see, in let. 400 7' N., co., Texas, on Red River, opposite the mouth of Kiamitia
ion. 1130 20' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.       River, about 35 miles N.N.W. ofClarksville. Cotton is shipped
KIHOUM, a town of Persia. See Koosi.                    here in the steamboats.
KIHOUZISTAN. a province of Persia. See KnoozIsTAN.        KIAN-CITANG, a city of China. See KnuE-CHANG-FOo.
KIIOZDAR, koz'dar!, a decayed town of Beloochistan,   KIANG, ke-Ang! or ke-nng!, a Chinese word signifying
capital of the province of Jhalawan, in a fertile valley, 80 "1 rivetr," forming a part of numerous names; as MIN-KIANG,
miles S;S.W. of Kelat. Laet. 270 50' N., Ion. 660 23' E.  the " Min River;" TA-KInee, the " Great River," (one of the
KIIULKAL, xtil-kalf, a town of Persia, province of Azer- names of the Yang-tse-kiang,) &c.
baijan, 45 miles S.S.E. of Ardabeel.'KIANG-IIUNG, ke-ngl i hoong (?) an important town of
KIIULM, a town of Central Asia. See KooeooM..          Laos, on the right bank of the Me-kong or Cambodia River,
KHUMAULEA, koo-maw-1a, a populous town of Hin- about lat. 210 58' N.. Ion. 1000 39' E. It is the capital of a
dostan, (Guicowar's dominion, in Guzerat, 75 miles N.W. of large province extending along both banks of the river. It
Joouaghur.                                                has about 500 houses.
KIUNGTAGHIAUT, a town of Hindostan. See BrIJNEE.    KIANG-KU, a river of China. See YANo-TsE-Irsao.
KHURDII-KABOOL, Koord-ka-booll, or LITTLE CABOOL,   KIANG-NING or KIANG-NING-FOO.  See NAKINGO.
a village of Afghanistan, 16 miles S.E. of Cabool. Eleva-   KIANG-SEE or KIANG-SI, ke-Ang'seel, a province of
tion, 7466 feet. Here the British troops, retreating to Ca- China, between lat. 240 and 300 N., and ion. 1130 20' and
bool from Jelalabad, were butchered by the Afghans, in 1180 30' E., enclosed by the provinces of Hoe-nan, IIoo-pe,
1841.                                                     Ngan-hoei, Che-kiiang,  Fo-kien, and Quang-tong.  Pop.
KIURRUM3ABAD, aoor-roo-m&c.bidf, or RKOOMABAD, 30,426,299. The surfice is mostly mountainous; but its
koombt-b[dl, a large village of North Persia, province of centre is traversed by the Kan-kiang. The products comMazanderan, near the Caspian Sea, 80 miles W. of Amol.    prise gold, iron, tin, lead, excellent hemp, grass-cloths of the
KHUSREV PASHA, xoos-rv/ pftshA',or VEZIR KIIAN, best kind. and the finest porcelain. Capital, Nan-chang.
vA-zeerl kAn, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Anatolia.   KIANG-SOO, KIANG-SOU or KIANG-SU, ke'angtsoo, a
52 miles N. by W. of Kutaieh, at the summit of a beautiful maritime province of China, between 1at. 31~ and 350 N.,
mountain pass. Pop. about 700.                            and ion. 1160 and 1220 E., having E. the Yellow Sea, and
KH-IUTTUR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, near musjid. All. landward the provinces of Shan-tung, Hio-nan, Ngan-hoei,
KHUZISTAN, a province of Persia. See KaoozIsTa.        and Che-kiang. Pop. 37,843,501.  The surface is mostly
KIIVALYNSK or KIIVALINSK, K'vA-leenskI, a town of level, except in the S., and this is one of the most fertile
Russia, government, and 115 miles N.E. of Saratov, on the  and valuable provinces of the empire, exporting,  more
right bank of the Volga. Pop. 3000.                       silk than any other part of China. The great rivers ItoangKITYBER or KHEYBER (kilber) PASS, in Afghanistan, ho and Yang-tse-kiang here enter the sea. Principal city,
is the principal N. pass into that country from Ilindostan, Nanking.
commencing about 10 miles W. of Peshawer, and extending    KIANG-TUNG, ke-Jng'toong1 or ke-Angt-Ung! a walled
for 30 miles N.W. to the plain of Jelalabad. Itlies through  town of Laos about 5 miles from the right bank tf the Naim
cliffs of slate. rising from 600 to 1000 feet on either side, and, Lue, an affluent of the le-kong. Lat. 210 47' N., lon. about
though nnatrrowand dangerous, is the only route for artillery 990 39' E. It is one of the principal towns in Laos, capital
across the Khyber Mountains. It was forced by the British of a petty state of the same name, and exercises rule over
troops on the first occupation of Cabool, and in 1842. The several neighboring petty states.
IKHYBERS are a formidable tribe of robbers occupying the    KIANKARY, a. town of Asia Minor. See KANICKATE.
adjacent territory. (Balbi.)                                KIAN-KOO-SIIAN  or KIAN-KOU-CIIAN, ke-Ant-koolKIHYEN (ki-Wnl) COUNTRY. a region of Farther India, shbnt, a mountain of China, province of Iloo-pe, in lat.
between lat. 190 and 240 N., and ion. 930 and 950 E., having  310 40' N. ion. 1100 27' E. It is covered with perpetual
W. the British provinces of Aracan and Chittagong.        snow.
KHYEN-DWEMI or KYEN-DW EMI, ki-hu-dw mt. or NING-   KIAN-NING, ke-bnning!, a city of China, in the province
THEE, ning'theel, a river of Farther India, rises in the pro- of Fo-kien, 95 miles N.WV. of Foo-choo.
vince of Pong, in let. 270 N., and ion. 960 30' E., flows mostly    KIAN-TCI-IANG, a city ofChina. See KIEN-CANG-1.00.
S. between the Cassay and Burmese dominions, and joins    KIATKTIITA,  a town of Siberia. See KIAKIaTA.
975




KIB                                                        KIE
KIBAR, kee'baRl, a village ofWestThibet, 13,800 feet above    KIEL, keel, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy if TTlthe sea, in a narrowevalley surrounded on all sides by lofty  stein, on a fine bay of the Baltic, 53 miles N.N.E. of Hammountains. Lat. 320 25' N., lou. 780 E.                    burg, at the terminus of the railway from Altona. Pop. in
KIBBLESTONE, kiblbels-ton, a liberty of England, co. of  1847, 14,000, or, including its suburb Brunswick, 15,000. It
Stafford, 2 miles N. of Stowe. Earl St. Vincent was born  is well built and thriving. The principal edifices are the
here, A.D. 1734.                                           Church of St. Nicholas, the royal palace, and the public
KIBIWORTII, a parishof England, co. of Leicester.        baths. Its university, founded in 1665, had, in 1846, 191
KICHENEV or KICHINEV, a town of Russia. See KSHan,  students. Attached to it is an observatory; also a botanic
NEV.                                                       garden, a lying-in hospital, and a public library with 100,000
KICKAPOO, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.          volumes. It contains also a seninary for teachers. Kiel
KICKAPOO, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois. on the  has manufactures of iron goods- and machines, tobacco,
Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Peoria.  starch, and refined sugar; a good harbor, with 1.6 feet of
It stands on the border of a fertile prairie. Pop. about 400. water, considerable ship-building, and an annual fair in
KICK'APOO  CREEK, of Henderson co., Texas, flows into  January, at which extensive exchanges are transacted.
Neches River, near its source.                             Upwards of 2000 vessels, with a burden of 250,000 tons,
KICKAPO0 CREEK,. in the central part of Illinois, is an  arrive and depart annually, and its commerce is rapidly
affluent of Salt Creek.                                    increasing. The Holstein Canal joins the Baltic 2 miles N.'KICK'APOOI INDIANS, a tribe in Kanzas Territory, for of the town. Steam and other packet-boats place it in conwhom a mission has been established at Kickapoo Village. stant communication with Copenhagen, and also with AalThey have made considerable progress in agriculture: many  borg, Randers, and Kolding.
of them have comfortable houses, around which may be seen    KIELCE, ke-lt'sA or ky~ltIsA, a city of Poland, 64 miles
gardens, domestic animals, &c. These, with other indica- N.N.E. of Cracow. Pop. 5100. It is a bishop's see, and has
tions of civilization, form a pleasing contrast with the con- numerous religious edifices, with a gymnasium and diocesan
dition of the other tribes within the Great Nemahaw Agency.  school. There are copper and lead mines in its vicinity.
KICKAPOO RIVER, of Wisconsin, flows into the Wis-    KIELDRECHT, keelldrSkt, a village of Belgium, province
consin River, about 18 miles from its mouth.               of East Flanders. 18 miles N. of Dendermonde. Pop. 2532.
KICKAPOO VILLAGE, of Kanzas Territory, is situated    KIEN-CHANGC-FO, KIEN-TCHANG-FOU, ke-3nl-chh.n -
on the Missouri River, 4 miles above Fort Leavenworth. In  foe. KIAN-CHANG or KIAN-TCHANG, ke'nl-chhng, a cit.y
the spring of 1854, it contained a trading-house, and was  of China, province of Kiang-see. Lat. 270 35, N., Ion. 1160
the seat of a mission for the Kickapoo Indians. The con- 27' E.
vention which made the arrangements for the election of a    KIENDAR, a river of Australia.  See GwvDiR RIVER.
delegate to Washington to urge upon Congress the organiza-    KIEN-LUNG, ke-WnI-luing, or CHIN-LUNG, a town of
tion of the new territories of Nebraska and Kanzas was held  Thibet, on the Upper Sutlej, 42 miles S. of Gardoo, with hot
here, September 20, 1853.                                  sulphur springs.
KICKIONERRI, kikrke-o-nartree, written  also  KIK1-   KIEOO-KIANG or KIEOU-KIANG, kee'yoo! ke-&ng!, a city
WHIRRI and KIKIWHARY, a town of Africa, in the Ash- of China, province of Kiang-see, with a fort on the Yang-tseantee country, in lat. 60 2' N., lon. 10 29' W. Pop. 12.000.   kiang, in lat. 290 54' N., olen. 1160 8' E.
KIDIDER, a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania. P. 536.   KIEOU-TING-SIHAN (or CHAN,) a mountain of China.
KIDDERMINSTER, kidider-min'ster, a parliamentary and  See MIN-SnAN.
municipal borough, manufacturing town, and parishof Eng-   KIERTEMINDE, keenzteh-mindteh, a seaport town of
land, co. of Worcester, on both sides of the Stour, near its  Denmark, island of Punen, on its E. coast, at the entrance
confluence with the Severn, 15 miles N. of Worcester. Pop. of an inlet of the Great Belt. Pop. 1800.
in 1851, 23,845.  It is principally constructed of small,   KIEV, KIEW, ke-WvI, or KIEF, ke-6ff, a government in the
humble dwellings, is paved, lighted with gas, and has an  S.W. of European Russia, bounded E. by the Dnieper, from
ample supply of good water. It has a town-hall and a prison, lat. 485 20' to 510 30' N., and filom Ion. 280 25' to 330 E. Area,
three churches, numerous Dissenting places of worship, a  1942 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,636,339. The surface is
Unitarian and a Roman Catholic chapel, a free grammar and  flat and undulating, watered by the Dnieper and by the
other schools, bank, union work-house, and, adjoining the  Teterev. The soil is very fertile, and entirely occupied in
town. the remains of an ancient castle of the Cokeseys. agriculture, except a small portion in the N., which is
Kidderminster was noted for its woollen manufactures in  covered with excellent timber. The chief crops are wheat,
the reign of IHenry VIII. The fabrics now made are carpets  reputed the best in Europe, rye, oats, maize, lint, hemp,
and finger rugs, with some bombazines, buttou-coverings,  tobacco, hops, and vines. Cattle are extensively reared.
and waistcoat-pieces. The carpets are unrivalled for excel-  The manufactures are limited to candles and soap.
lence of workmanship. A few years since, upwards of 2000    KIEV, KIEW, or KIEF, a fortified city of European Ruslooms and 4000 hands were employed in this manufatture.  sla, capital of the government of Kiev, on the right bank of
The Stafford and Worcester Canal passes the town, and  the Dnieper, (over which a suspension bridge halfa mile long
opens a communication with Liverpool, H-Iull, and Bristol. has riecently been erected,) 670 miles S. of St. Petersburg,
The borough sends 1 member to the House of Commons.    and 490 miles S.W. of Moscow.  Lat. (of the palace) 50~ 26'
KIDDER'S FERRY, a post-office of Seneca co., New York. 53" N.,lon. 300 331 44" E. It is picturesquely situated, crownIKIDDINGTON, NETIEIER, a parish of England, co. of  ing several heights of undulating ground, and consists proOxford.                                                     perly of three towns, each of which has its separate fortifiKIDDIVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Kentucky, 55  cations and suburbs. The first is Petchersk,  or, as it is
miles E.S.E. of Frankfort, has about 150 inhabitants,       called, the New Fort, crowning a rugged steep to the S.,
KIDIRA-TATA, ke-deelrh-thltl, a village of West Africa, and is a place of strength. It has a rampart with nine
in Bondoo, on the FalamO. Lat. 140 27' N., lon. 120 16' W. bastions, and regular outworks.  Besides the barracks,
It is the supposed site of the old French fort of St. Pierre.   magazines, and official residences connected with the garKIDIRA-TIOOBALOO or KIDIRA-TIOUBALOU,ke-deelri -  rison, it contains several churches, of which the most r-ete-oofbalooP, a village of West Africa, in Bondoo, on the  markable is that of St. Nicholas Thaumaturgus, which stands
Falam6. Lat. 140 28' N., ion. 12~ 16' W. Pop. about 1000.  near the tomb of Oskold, a celebrated prince and saint. In
KIDILINGTON, a parish of England. co. of Oxford.          the same neighborhood stands the famous monastery of
KIDONIEH, a village of Asia Minor, S. of Adramyti.        Petcherskoi, (so called from the Russian word etche-a, "a
KIDRON, a stream of Palestine. See KEDRo N.               cavern,'") surrounded by a wall 1100 yards long. This
KIDIRON, a post-village of Coweta co., Georgi:a, about 110  cavern, said to have been hollowed out by St. Antony, conmiles WV. by N. of Milledgeville.                          tains a number of catacombs, forming a kind of labyrinth,
KIDRON, a post-village and missionary station in the  filled with the bodies of saints and martyrs. The second
Cherokee Nation, in the Indian Territory.                   town, Kiev proper, occupies a height towards the N., less
KIDROS, keefdros', (anc.Pydclna?) the northernmost village  elevated than that on which Petchersk stands, and less
of Thessaly, in European Turkey, 30 miles S.W. of Salonica, regularly fortified. It contains the veierable Cathedral of
near theGulfofSalonica. It is riemarkably clean and neat. St. Sophia, founded in 1037 by the Grand Duke Jaroslaw
KIDWELILY or CYDWELI, kid-w~llee, a municipal be- Vladimirovitch to commemorate a victory. The chief object
rough, small port, market-town, and parish of Wales, co., and  of interest in it is a marble tomb of its founder. Most of
9 miles S. of Carmarthen, on both sides of the Gwendraeth, the houses in Kiev Proper belong to this church and the
near its mouth in Carmarthen Bay. Pop. in 1851, 1648. It Convent of St. Michael.  The third town, called Podol,
has some iron and tin-smelting works, the products of which, occupies the lower ground, and is inhabited chiefly by the
with coal. form the chief exports.                          middle and lower class. Kiev has in all 30 churches; it
KIEBILINGSWALDE, keelblings-4l'deh, a village of  contains an archbishop's palace, prison, and a town and
Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Breslau. P. 957. military hospital. Its university, founded in 1834, is enKIECHLINGSBERGEN, keeK'lings-bkG'pn, a village of dowed with a million rubles; it has a library of 35,000 roBaden. circle of Upper Rhine. near Breisach. Pop. 931.      lumes, cabinets of medals, mineralogy, zoology, and botany,
KIEDRICH, keefdriK, a village of Germany in Nassau, 3  and most of the collections transferred from the old Univermiles W. of Eltville. Pop. 1375.                           sity of Vilna. In 1846 it had 85 professois and 1549 students.
KIEF, a government and city of Russia. See KIEVy.        Connected with it is a Russian theological seminary, with a
KIEPERSTADTL, (Kieferst.dtl,) keelfers-t~tt'll, or COS- large library, 2 gymnasia, and an establishment for the eduNICZOWICE, kos-neet'so-tveetfsh, a town of Prussbi, province  cation of the daughters of nobles.  Kiev is the residence
of Silesia, 36 miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 827.             of the governor-general of Little Russia, capital of a Greek
976




KIE                                                        KIL
eparchy, and has a criminal and civil court. It has a bell- forming the N. extremity of the peninsula of Kintyre. It
foundry, some manufactories of leather and pottery, and is has several small fishing villages and ancient forts, and Tarcelebrated for its confectionary. Its trade, since the rise of  bert Castle.
Odessa, has become extensive; and it has a laige annual      KILTCARI, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal.
fair in January. The town is very ancient, and possesses    KILCASIKIN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, cos. of
great historical interest as the spot on which Christianity  Cork and Kerry.
was first planted among the barbarous hordes of the steppes    KILCATIERN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
of Russia, and as having been, for a long time, the recog-    KILCIIBERG, )KilaKbRnG, a village and parish of Switeernised capital of all Russia. Pop. 47,424.                  land, canton, and 11 miles N.N.E. of Bern, on the Emmen.
KIEVO. ke-Alvo, a village of Dalmatia, circle of Zara, 14  Pop. 4489.
miles from K  in. Pop. 1140.                                 KILCIBERG, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton,
KIFIPICK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.   and 3 miles S. of Zurich. Pop. 958.
KIFRI, keelfree, a town or village of Asiatic Turkey, 108    KILCHOMAN, kil-aKolman, a parish of Scotland, co. of
miles N.E. of Bagdad, on the Koordistan frontier.          Argyle.
KIGITAGIIOOK or KIGHTAGHOUK, kik-td-gookt, a vil-   KILCHRENAN, kil-arlnlan, a parish of Scotland, co. of
lage of Russian America, on the Oonalaklik, (Ounalaklik,) Argyle.
having direct communication by two small streams with the    KILCL00OONEY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Armagh.
river Joona, (Jouna.) It has become the centre of the local   KIL'COCKI, a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
commerce.                                                  Kildare, on the Grand Canal, 3 miles W.N.W. of Maynooth,
KII (ki?) ISLANDS, a group of islands situated N. of Port and having a station on the Midland Great Western RailEssin-ton, in North Australia.                            way, 17 miles W.N.W. of Dublin.
IKIJ or kIDGE, atown of Persia. See KrEDGE.               KILCOLEIMAN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
KIKEU, ke-kewl, a town of Annam, province of Tonquin, Kerry, including the town of Milltown. In this parish are
on a river, 80 miles E. of Ketcho. It is fortified in the  Kilcoleman Abbey, and the fine ruins of Killagh Abbey,
European style, regularly built, intersected by canals, and  founded by Geoffrey de Mariscis in the reign of Henry III.,
has a palace and large rice magazines.                    and rebuilt of dark marble at a later period.
KIKIAY, ke-ke-i, a group of small islands in the North    KILCOLEMAN, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of
Pacific Ocean, S. of Japan and N. of the Lon-choe Islands.   Mayo.
KIKINDA, NAGY, nSdj kee'kinfddh, a market-town of    KILCOLEMIAN, a ruined castle of Ireland, in Munster,
East HIungary, co. of Torontal, 30 miles W.N.W. of Temes- co. of Cork, 2 miles N. of Doneraile, was the domain of the
var. Pop. with 10 villages, 12,344.                       poet Spenser, and the place where he composed a great part
KIKINEIS, ke-ke-nicel, a large Tartar village of Russia, of the "Faery Queen."
government of Taurida, near the Black Sea. Pop. 1000. (?)    KILCOMMON, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of
KKIWIIARY, a town of Ashantee. See KcKiooNRnRI.    Mayo, forming the principal part of the wild mountain disJIL and KILL, (Erse,'"a church,") prefixes to numerous  trict of Erris.
parishes and towns of Ireland.                               KILCOMIMON, a parish' of Ireland, co. of Mayo.
KILA and KILLA, kilVl, the names of many forts and    KIL'CONDUFF/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.
villages of Afghanistan. The principal was KILLA MURGIIA,    KILCONINEL, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway.
or NowA MURGHA, a fort 100 miles S.S.W. of Ghuznee, and    KILCONQUHAR, kil-konkler, a parish of Scotland, co.
destroyed by the British in 1839.                          of Fife.
KILBAHA, kil'bi-hY, a fishing village of Ireland, co. of    KIL'C001, a parish of If'eland, in Ulster, co. of Down.
Clare, on a small bay of the same name. Pop. 531.            KILCOO1LEY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster and LeinKILBALILYHONE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. ster, cos. of Tipperary and Kilkenny. Others of the same
of Clare.                                                  name are in the counties of Meath, Roscommon, and Galway.
KILBARCHAN, kil-bartcan, a town and parish of Scot-   KILCREGIGAN, a watering-place of Scotland, co. of A rland, co. of Renfrew, 5i miles W.N.W. of Paisley. Pop. in  gyle, 24 miles W.N.W. of Glasgow, situated along the N.
1851, 5474, mostly silk and cotton weavers. The town has 2  bank of the estuary of the Clyde, on the peninsula formed
public libraries, an agricultural and various other societies. between Loch Long and Loch Gare.
Near it are the ruins of Elliston Tower, and of Ranfurly Cas-   KIL'CROIIIANE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.
tie, a seat of the Knox family, of which the reformer, John    KILCROHANE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
Knox, was a member.                                          KILTCRONA/GHAN, a parish of Ireland. co. Londonderry.
KILBARtRON, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Do-   KIL'CULtLEN, a village and parish of Ireland, co., and 7
negal.                                                     miles S.E. of Kildare. Here are the remains of a monastery
KILBEAGII, kil-bA, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. founded in the fifth century, some curiously-sculptured
of Mayo.                                                   stones, and the ruins of a round-tower. Pop. 1056.
KILBEGIGAN, a parish and market-town of Ireland, in    KILCULLEN BRIDGE, a small town of Ireland, in the
Leinster, co. of Westmeath, on the Upper Brosna, and on a  above parish, on the Liffey, here crossed by a bridge, 5 miles
branch of the Grand Canal, 6' miles N. of Tullamore. Pop. S.S.W. of Naas.
1900. It has a parish church, once the chapel of a monas-   KILCUMIMIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway.
tery, founded by the Anglo-Normans in 1200, and a large    KILCUMMIN, a parish of Ireland, Co. of Kerry.
Roman Catholic chapel.                                       KIL/DALIE, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
KILBEGINOT, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of    KILDALVLON, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Cavan.
Galway.                                                     KILDALTON, kil-dAlft9n, a parish of Scotland, co. of
KIL'BEHENINY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Argyle.
Limerick.                                                   KILDARE, kil-dairl, an inland county of Ireland, in
KILBIR/NIE or KILBURINIE, a village and parish of Leinster, having E. the counties of Dublin and Wicklow.
Scotland, co. of Ayr, 17 miles W.S.W. of Glasgow. The vil- Area, 654 square miles, or 419,076 acres, of which about
lage is pleasantly situated on the Garnock, and on the Glas- 50,000 are comprised in the Bog of Allen. Pop. in 1851,
gow and Ayr Railway. It.is well built of fireestone, and has 95,724. The surfisce is mostly fiat. The chief rivers are
an Established, a Free, and a Reformed church, 4 schools, the Boyne, Barrow, and Liffey. The soil is mostly a deep
and several benevolent societies. Pop. in 1851, 3399.     and fertile loam; and the Curtuqh of Kildare, a tract in
KILBOLANE, kilbo-laint, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, its centre, is scarcely to be matched for the excellence of
co. of Cork.                                              its turf and rich verdure. The chief crops are wheat, oats,
KILtBOURNE, a township of England, co. of Derby.        and barley. The best English breeds of cattle have been
KILBRANtDON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.       introduced. The principal trade is in corn and flour, the
KILBRANINAN SOUND, a strait of Scotland, estuary of export of which is facilitated by the river Bar'row, and Royal
the Clyde, between the N.W. part of the island of Arran and  and Grand Canals and their branches, which connect the
the coast of Kintyre. It is about 14 miles long, by 4 miles county with Dublin, Waterford, and the Shannon. A good
broad.                                                    deal of peat is sent from the county to Dublin. The Great
KILTBRIDE1, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster and Leinster, South and West Railway intersects the county of Kildare.
cos. of Cavan and Meath.                                   The principal towns are Athy, Kildare, and Naas. It sends
KILBRIDE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.         2 members to the House of Commons. Kildare has, since
KILBRIDE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co. 1316, given title to the Fitzgeralds, now Dukes of Leinster.
In it are the ruins of six castles.                          KILDARE, a market-town, episcopal see, and parish in
KILBRIDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Bute.             the above county, on the Great South and West Railway, 30
KILBRIDE, a parish of Scotland, united with Kilmore.   miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. of parish, 2654; of the town,
KILBRIDE, EAST, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. It 1629. It stands on an elevated plain, and consists mostly
was the birthplace of the famous Doctors John and William  of cabins, intermixed with ancient edifices. It has a very
i1unter.                                                  ancient cathedral, containing the burial-vault of the Fitz.
KILBRIDE, WEST, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.       geralds, a part of a chapel reputed to date from the fifth cenKIL'BRINI, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.  tury, a round-tower 132 feet in height, remains of an abbey
KILBROIGAN, a parish of Ireland. co. of Cork.            and of a castle, a county infirmary, a Roman Catholic chapel,
KIL'BURN, aparish of England, co. of York, North Riding,. nunnery, friary, jockey-club, and numerous inns, greatly
KILIBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          frequented during the celebrated.Curragh races in April,
KILTCALMONIELL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, June, September, and October. It is the see of a Roman
3 Ai                                                                         977




KIL
Catholic bishop. The bishopric, now united with that of.uunty, and 1 for its chief town. It gives the title of earl
Dublin, comprises 81 parishes, in  King's, Queen's, and  to the Butler family.
Kildare counties.                                            KILKENNY. a city and parliamentary and municipal
KILDOtNAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, about borough, capital of the above county, and a county of itself,
20 miles N.N.W. of Dornoch. It contains several Pictish towers. on the Note, here crossed by two handsome bridges, and on
KILDOWIERY, a town and parish of Ireland, co., and 25  the Irish South-east Railway, 62 miles S.E. of Dublin. It also
miles N. of Cork. Pop. 1994.                               communicates by a branch with the Great South and West
KIL'DRESSt, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone. Railway. Pop. of the city, in 1851, 20,283; of the county,
KILDRUMIFERTON, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cavan.        about 24,000. It is divided by the river into the Irish and
KILDRUMIMIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on  English towns, and is, with the exception of suburbs, well
the Don, 15 miles S.S.W. of Huntly. It contains the re- built of stone: the streets are paved With. black marble
mains of Kildrummie Castle, famous for its siege by Edward  quarried in the vicinity. The principal thoroughfares run
I. in 1306.                                                 parallel to the river'along which, and a canal, is a public
KILDIWICK, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding. walk termed the Mall. The chief building are the catheKILDYVSERT, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare,  dral of St. Canice or Kenny, and of the diocese of Ossory, a
12 miles S.S.W. of Ennis, consisting partly of islands in the  cruciform structure of the fourteenth century, the bishop's
estuary of the Fergus and Shannon.                          palace, chapter-house, deanery, a fine round tower. the
KIL'FARBOY/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare.           churches of St. John and St. Mary, several Roman Catholic
KIL'FEDANEI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare.           churches, one of which is the cathedral of a Roman Catholic
KIL'FENOIRA, a parish of Ireland, co. of Glare.           bishop, fine ruins of a Franciscan f-iary, county court-house,
KIL'FERIGUS, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.        county and city prisons, infirmary, fever hospital, union
KILFIERAGH, a pa,-ish of Ireland, co. of Glare.           work-house, barracks, and a castle built by Strongbow, and
KILFIN/AN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.           now the residence of the Marquis of Ormonde. There are
KILlqFINANEI, a village and parish of Ireland, in Mun- several schools, the most important of which are Kilkenny
ster, co. of Limerick, 5 miles S.E. of Kilmallock.  Pop. of vil- College, a grammar school, in which Swift, Congreve, Farlage, 1782. Near it are the remains of Castle Oliver, an an-  quhar, Bishop Berkeley, and other distinguished characters,
cient seat of the Oliver family.                            received the early part of their education; the college of St.
KILFINICHEN, kil-finfiK-en, and KILVICKIEON, a parish  Kyran, a Roman Catholic seminary, for the education of
of Scotland, co. of Argyle, at the S. extremity. of the island  young men intended for the priesthood, and numerous
of Mull.                                                    other public and private schools. The literary and scientific
KIL'FREE, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Sligo.  institutions comprise an archelogical society, and the KilKILFYIAN, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo.  kenny literary society.  There is also a diocesan library
KILGARRIFF'E, kil-gar/riff, a parish of Ireland, in Mun- adjoining the cathedral, and containing about 4000 volumes.
ster, co. of Cork.                                          The woollen manufactuin, early introduced by the Butler
KILGARtROW  or KILGER/BAW, a town and parishof  family, is very much depressed, and the condition of the
South Wales, co. of Pembroke, on the Teify, 4 miles S.E. of  lower classes is wretched, though the city is the residence
Cardigan. Pop.                                              of many of the provincial gentry. It has some distilleries,
KILGAR/VAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.            tanneries, breweries, and flour mills, but the principal de-e
KILGAR/VEY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.             pendence is on the retail trade. Kilkenny sends 1 member
KILGEEIVER, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.            to the House of Commons. The town figures conspicuously
KIL'GLASSI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.        in Irish history as the seat of parliaments, and the scene of
KILGLASS, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Sligo. many stirring events.
KILGLASS, a parish of Ireland, co. of Longford.             KILKENINY, a sterile and mountainous township of Coos
KILGORE, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.              co., New Hampshire, about 98 miles N. of Concord.
KILGWRRWG, kil-goortroog, a parish of England, co. of    KILKERIRAN BAY, a large inlet of the Atlantic, on the
Monmouth.                                                  W. coast of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway, district
KILIHAM, a village and parish of England, co. of York,  of Connemara.  Its coast line N.W. of Galway Bay, is intriEast Riding, 5l miles N.N.E. of Great Driffield.           cately varied with small bays and headlands, and the bay
KILI or KILIA, a fortress on a bay of the Black Sea, in  is studded with islands: mostly inhabited by fishermen.
Anatolia, 34 miles N.E. of Constantinople.                   KILKHIAMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall
KILIA, keetle-A or kilse-a, the name of the north arm of  31 miles N.N.E. of Stratton. The church, built by the Grenthe Danube.                                                villes s6on after the Conquest, and riemarkable for the rich
KILIA, keelle —, or KILIANOVA, keelle-a-no'vA, a fortified  ness of its architecture, contains several monuments to that
town of the Russian dominions, government of Bessarabia,  family. The churchyard was the scene of I-Harvey's "Medi.
on the Kilia, or north arm of the Danube, at its delta, 12  tations among the Tombs."
miles from its mouth. Pop. 7000. It is ill built, and its    KILKISI/EN, a village of Ireland, co. of Glare, 41 miles
harbor is shallow;N it has, however, some trade, and several N. of Six-mile Bridge.  \ear it are the remains of Kilkishen
churches and mosques.-Adj. KILIAN. kille-an.-               Castle. Pop. 500.
KILIANSTEDTEN, keelle-iun-sttte]tn, a village of fesse-   KILKYRE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meat.h.
Cassel, province, and near Hanau. Pop. 951. *                 KILLACONNEAGIIH, kill-kon-nI, a parish of Ireland, in
KILIMANDJARO,  kil'e-mrn'1jA-r6, a snowy mountain of  Munster, co. of Cork
East Africa, discovered in 1847, supposed to be one of the    KILLAGHTEE, kil-lrftee, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster,
" Mountains of the Moon," in lat. 30 40' S., Ion. 360 E. Ele- co. of Donegal.
vation, 20,000 feet. (?)                                      KILLAGHY, kil/l&-Ree, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
KILISEII-KOI, kilrle-sah-koy, a village of Asia Minor, in  King's county.
Anatolia, on a lake, 68 miles S. of Brusa, and with many re-   KILLA-I-BUKSHEE, kilfli-e-btilkshee, a collection of
mains, supposed to be those of the ancient Ancyra.          walled villages in Afghanistan, about 36 miles S.W. of GhuzKIL'KEE E, a small town of Ireland, co. of Clare, on the  nee, in a large and fertile valley, bounded by lofty mouenubeautiful bay of the same name, 8 miles W.N.W. of Kilrush.  tains on the N.
KILKEEIDY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.   KILLALA, or KILLALLA, kil'la-l&, a small seaport town
KILKEEDY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.          and bishop's see of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo, on a
KIL'KEELI, a town and parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. large inlet of the Atlantic bearing the same name, 7- miles
of Down, on the Kilkeel, 1 mile above its mouth in the Irish  N.N.W. of Ballina. Pop. 1450. It has a small, plain. but
Sea. and 71 miles E.S.E. of Rostrevor. Pop. of town, 1146.  venerable cathedral, a round-tower., and a harbor, whence
KIL'KEEtVEN, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of  corn and provisions are exported. The ancient bishopric is
Roscommon.                                                  now united to Tuam. In 1798, a French force landed at
KILKENINY, an inland county of Ireland, in Leinster, Killalla Bay, and took the town.
having S. and S.W. Waterford, and W. Tipperary. Area,   KILLALOE, kil'la-loof, a thriving market-town and episcoabout 796 square miles, or 509,440 acres, of which about pal see of Ireland, in MIunster, co. of Glare, beautifully situ21.000 are uncultivated and 18,000 in woods. Pop. in 1851, ated on the Shannon, crossed by a bridge of 19 arches, 11
158,746, nearly  all Roman  Catholics.  The  surface is  miles N.N.E. of Limerick. Pop. 2783, including the suburb
slightly undulating; several summits, howvever, rise to  of Ballina. It has a plain, massive cathedral. in a very early
upwards of 1000 feet in  elevation.  The chief rivers style of architecture, 2 very old stone-roofed churches, the reare the Nore, Barrow, and Suir. The soils are for the  mains of 2 forts, which formed the ancient defences of the
most part light, fertile loams, resting on limestone, gravel, only ford on the Shannon below Athlone, a barrack, large
&c., and presenting a much less proportion of bog than in  slate and marble works, valuable salmon fisheries, a considermost parts of Ireland. The usual corn crops form the chief  able wool market, with quays, docks, and warehouses of the
object of the farmer, but dairy and sheep farms are also nu- Irish Steam Navigation Company, whose beoats, by aid of
merous. Anthracite coal abounds; fine blaclc marble is also  canals, ply to Limerick, and also up the river to Dublin. T.he
found. The manufactures of woollens and linens, which  episcopal palace of Killaloe is in the vicinity. The diocese,
long flourished here, have now materially declined. The  which was founded very early, extends over 109 parishes in
principal export is grain. Two crossing lines of railway in- Glare and 5 adjoining counties. Killaloe is also a Roman
tersect this county; and navigable rivers and the Grand  Catholic bishopric.  About 1 miles N.N.W. is KiNcore:A,
Canal furnish facilities for transport to all parts of Ireland.  famous for the residence of the celebrated Brian BoromSh,
It sends 3 members to the H' ase of Commons —2 for the  but the only remnant of which is a large earthen fort.
978




KIL                             K!L
KIL'LAMAIRSf, a parish of England, co. of Derby.           KILLOUGH, kil'lph, or ST. ANN'S PORT, a small seaport
KILLANEY, kil-litnee, a small bay and fishing village of  town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, on a bay of the same
Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway, near the E. end of the  name, forming a good harbor, 13 miles W.S.W. of Ardglass.
lsland of Arranmore.   Pop. of the village, 600. It has a har- Pop. 1100.  Lat. 540 15i" N., lon. 50 37' 30" W.  It exports
bor and coast-guard station.                               corn and salt. imports coal, and has considerable fisheries.
KILLANEY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Louth.   KILLUCAN, kil-loolkan, a large parish of Ireland, in
KLLLARWNEY, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in  Leinster, co. of Westmenth, 83 miles E. of Mullingar, and
Munster, co. of Kerry, 44 miles W.N.W. of Cork. Pop. of the  near the Middle Great Western Railway.  The village is
town, 6000. The parish includes only a part of the far-famed  neatly built, and is the rendezvous of one of the oldest foxlake scenery. Killarney has two or three good streets, and  hunts in Ireland.
many miserable alleys, a parish church, with a family vault    KILLYAR/ON. a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
of the Earl of Kenmare, a Roman Catholic cathedral for the    KILILYBEGS', a small seaport town and parish of Irediocese of Kerry, a nunnery with female school attached, a  land, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, on a narrow inlet of the
court-house, an assembly-room, a union work-house, a hos- Atlantic, forming an excellent harbor, 14 miles W. of Donepital, and reading-rooms. There are several good hotels, gal. Pop. of the town, 700.
and the town is mainly supported by tourists.                KILLYLE AGIl, kille-l], a seaport town and parish of
KILLARNEY, LAKES OF, three connected lakes in the  Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, on Lough Strangford, 16
S.W. of Ireland, co. of Kerry, the lowest or southernmost of miles S.S.E. of Belfast. Pap. of the town, 1000. It has a
which approaches within 1  miles W. of the above town. fine castle, built in 1666, and barracks. Hans Sloane, the
It is 3. miles in length, by 2 miles in breadth, and is di- celebrated naturalist, was born here in 1660.
vided from the middle lake by a projecting peninsula, on    KIL'LYMANI, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Tyrone and
which stand the picturesque remains  of Muckruss Abbey. Armagh.
On the W., S., and S.E. sides of these lalkes rise the loftiest   KIL'LYMARDI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Donegal.
mountains, (still haunted by red deer,) the wildest ravines,    KILIIACABEA, kil'ma-ka-b/, a parish of Ireland, in
the finest woods, and some of the boldest cascades in  Munster, co. of Cork.
Ireland.                                                     KILMACALLANE, killma-kallan,  a parish of Ireland, in
KILLARIROW, or BOWMOREV, a parish of Scotland, co. Connaught, co. of Shligo.
of Argyle, Isle of slay.'                                   KILMACDUAGIH, kil-mak-doo8a. a parish of Ireland, in
KIL'LASHANCDRA orKIL'LEISHANIDRA, a market-town  Connaught, co. of Galway, 3 miles S.S.W. of Gort.  It
of Ireland, co. of Cavan, 9 miles W. by N. of Cavan, and sur- has the ruins of a cathedral and abbey, and of a roundrounded by a succession of romantic lakes. Pop. 1000.      tower, which leans even more than the tower of Pisa. Its
KILILASHEE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of  ancient episcopal see is now united with that of Killaloe.
Longford, containing the villages of Killashee and Cloon-    KIL'MACDUANE/, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare.
dare, the former on the Royal Canal, 4- miles S.S.E. of Tar-   KILMACOMOGUE,  kil'ma-ko-mBg, a parish of Ireland, in
monbarry.                                                  Monster, co. of Cork.
KILLASNETI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim:           KILMACREI-IY, kil'ma-kra-hee, a parish of Ireland, in
KILLASISER, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.            Munster, co. of Clare.
KILfLAWOG', a post-office of Broome co., New York.         KIL'MACRENIAN, a perish of Ireland, co. of Donegal.
KILL'BOURN, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.           KILMACTEIGUE, kiPmak-taigf, a parish of Ireland, co.
KILLVBUCK. a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.   of Sligo.
KILLBUCI(, a post-township in the S. part of Holmes co.,   KILMACTIO0MAS, klilmak-tomlas. a town of Ireland, in
Ohio. Pop. 1244.                                           Munster, co., and 12 miles WV.SW. of Waterford. Pop. 1100.
KILLBUCK, a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, 85 miles    KILMACTRAINEY, kilNmak-trY/nee, a parish of Ireland,
W.N.W. of Chicago.                                         in Connaught, co. of Sigo.
KILLBUCK CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Medina co., Aind    KILMADIAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.
falls into the WValholding River, about 6 miles N.W. of    KILMADVOCK, a perish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
Coshocton.                                                   KILMAINMORE, kil'mhn-mr,/ a parish of Ireland, in
KILLBUCK CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the West Connaught, co. of Mayo.
Fork of White River, near Anderson.                          KILMALICOLM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on
KILLEAN, kil-laint. a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.   the Clyde, 4 miles S.E. of Port Glasgow. The ruined castle
KILLEARN, kil-lairnf, a parish of Scotland, co., and 18  of Duchal, and Finlayston House, formerly the residence of
miles W.S.W. of Stirling. hiere are the remains of the re- the Glencairn family, are in this parish.
sidence of Napier, the celebrated inventor of logarithms,    KILMALIE, kil-m/lee, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Arand a monument to the memory of George Buchanan, born  gyle and Inverness, about 28 miles S.W. of Port Augustus.
in this parish in 1506. The scenery is highly picturesque.   Area estimated at upwards of 400,000 acres. It comprises
KILLEAR/NAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of'Ross.          Ben Nevis, has several veins of argentiferous lead ore, quarKILILESBY, or KILSIBY, a parish of England, co. of  ries of beautiful marble, and ruins of an ancient fort. Fort
Northampton, 5. miles N.N.W. of Daventry. The London  William is in this parish.
and Birmingham Railway here passes through a tunnel 1.   KILMALLOCH or KILLMALLOCH, kil-malflox, a munimiles long.                                                cipal borough and market-town of Ireland, in Munster, co.,
KILLESHANDRA. See KILLASHqANDRA.                         and 19 miles S. of Limerick. Pop. 1400. Ithas fine remains of
KILLIAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Lincoln co., North  ancient walls, towers, and gateways, and ruins of two ancient
Carolina.                                                  abbeys, and a street consisting  of antique stone-built
KIL'LIECRANIKIE.    a famous pass through the Gram- houses, mostly of the date of James I.
plan Mountains, in Scotland, co. of Perth, 15 miles N.W. of    KIL'MAILY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.
Dunkeld.  The river Garry here flows for about 2 miles    KIL'MANAHIEEN1, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare.
through a narrow, rocky, and thickly-wooded ravine of    KILVMANIVAIGI, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness,
great depth, along the side of which the road has been cut, on the Lochy, 7 miles N.N.E. of Fort William. It contains
overhanging a terrific precipice. At the N.W. extremity of  Inverlochy Castle.
the pass, the battle was fought, 1689, in which John C.   KIL'MANINAN, a parish of Ireland, Queen's county.
Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, fell.                KILMAINY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
KILVLIN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, between Loch    KILMAR/NOCK, a parliamentary and municipal burgh,
Tay and the co. of Argyle, about 16 miles N.N.W. of Callan- manufacturing town, and parish of Scotland, co., and 12
der. It contains some of the grandest scenery in Scotland.  miles N.N.E. of Ayr, (with which town, and with Glasgow,
KILLINEY, kil-le-und, a maritime parish and village of  it is connected by railways,) and on the Irvine, at the inIreland, in Leinster, co. of Dublin, on Killiney Bay, between  flux of the Kilmarnock Water, both here crossed by several
Dalkey and Bray Head, 23 miles S.S.E. of Kingston. A  bridges. Pop. of the burgh, in 1851, 21,447. It is long and
royal residence was in course of construction here in 1849.   straggling, but well built.'The principal edifices are a
KIL5LINGHALLI, a township of England, co. of York, collegiate and two other churches, a neat town-hall, the ExWest Riding.                                               change, a spacious inn, erected by the merchants' society,
KILLINGHOLME, kiltling-holm, a parish of England, co. the Ayrshire Bank, an academy, a free school, a work-house,
of Lincoln.                                                &c. Near the cross is a fine marble statue of Sir James
KILILINGLY, a post-township of Windham  co., Connec- Shaw. In the parish are numerous schools, benevolent,
ticut, bordering on Rhode Island, and intersected by the  scientific, and literary associations, several public libraries,
railroad connecting Norwich and Worcester, about 50 miles and Kilmarnock House, the seat of the former Earls of KilBE. of Hartford. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in  marnock. Is has important manufactures of carpets of sumanufacturing for West Killingly. Pop. 4545.               perior quality, shawls, boots and shoes, woollen yarn, Scotch
KILILINGWORTH, a township of England, co. of North- bonnets, and leather, with others of linen and cotton goods,
umberland, on the Great North of England Railway, 5  silks, hose, telescopes, machinery, saddlery, hats, and tomiles N.E. of Newcastle.                                   bacco, the annual produce of which is estimated at above
KILILINGWORTH, apost-village and township of Middle- 600,0001., employing about 1500 hands. The value of the
sex co., Connecticut, 22 miles E. by N. of New Haven. This  shawls made is estimated at near 300,0001., and of carpets,
township is intersected by the Hammonasset River.          at above 150,0001. These, and other goods, are extensively
KILLIS, killeecel, or KILIS, ke-leeceo, (ane. Ciliza,) a town  exported at Troon, which is connected with the town by a
)f Syria, pashalic, and 38 miles N. of Aleppo. Pop. about 2000. railway 91 miles in length.  Kilmarnock, in conjunction
979




KIL                                                       KIL
with Renfrew, Port Glasgow, Dumbarton, and Rutherglen, Riding, 24 miles E.S.E. of Hull. In this parish is the pro
sends 1 member to the Hlouse of Commons.                  montory of Spurn Head. The port of Ravenspur formerly
KILMARNOCK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton.   stood here, but has, with other towns on the same coast, been
KILMARINOCK, a post-township of Piscataquis co., engulfed by the sea.
Maine, on the Piscataquis River, about 90 miles N.N.E. of    KILNWICK, kil/wik, a parish of England, co. of York,
Augusta. Pop. 322.                                         East Riding.
KILMARNOCK, a post-village of Lancaster co., Virginia,   KILNWICK PERCY, a parish of England, co. of York,
on a small creek of Chesapeake Bay, about 90 miles E. by N. East Riding.
of Richmond. It contains 4 churches and several stores.      KILIPAT/RICK, NEW, a parish of Scotland, cos. of DumKILMARITIN, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ar- barton and Stirling, 51 miles N.N.W. of Glasgow. Portions
gyle, between its W. coast and Loch Awe. Thevillage stands  of Antoninus' wall intersect this parish.
in one of the most picturesque of the Highland glens.        KILPATRICK, OLD, a parish of Scotland, co. of DumbarKILAIMAURSI, a burgh of barony, and parish of Scotland, ton, on the Clyde, adjoining the above parish on the W.
co. of Ayr, 2 miles N.N.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. in 1851, Pop. 7020, extensively engaged in manufactures, &c.
3144; of burgh, 1083.                                        KILtPECK, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
KILMEEIDY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.           KILREA, kil-rAt, a market-town and parish of Irelind, in
KILtMEENI, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork. Ulster, co. of Londonderry, on the Bann, 13 miles W.N.W.
KILMEEN, a parish of Irelarid, co. of Cork, 5 miles W.N.W. of Ballymena. Pop. of the town, 1100.
of Clonalkilty. Here are the ruins of Ballyward Castle.      KILREA, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of KilKILMEEN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway.            kenny, 3 miles N.W. of Knocktopher. Here is one of the
KIL'MEGIAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. finest round-towers in Ireland, and a ruined abbey, founded
KILMEN1Y, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on the  in 1176, by De Marisco, brother-in-law of Earl Strongbow.
island and Sound of Islay.                                  KILRENTNY, a parliamentary and municipal burgh, seaKILPMERSDON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      port, and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife on the N.E. shore of
KILIMESTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.          the Frith of Forth, 81 miles S.S.E. of St. Andrew's. Pop. in
KILMICHAEL, kil-mikel,   a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare. 1851, 2194. It has a small harbor, and unites with Cupar,
KILMICIIAEL, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.          St. Andrew's, Crail, Anstruther, and Pittenweem, in sendKILMI/CHAEL, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.  ing 1 member to the House of Commons.
KILMINA, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo.   KIL-RHEDDYN, kil-nkaoiin, a parish of South Wales, cos.
KILIMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         of Carmarthen and Pembroke.
KILMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         KILROINAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.
KILMOE, kil'm', a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.         KILRONAN, two parishes of Ireland, co. of Waterford.
KILMOIILY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry.   KIL'ROYI, a village of Clayton co., Iowa, on the W. bank
KILMO/RACK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, in- of the Mississippi, 95 miles N.N.E. of Iowa City.
eluding the village of Beauly. Here are the falls of the river    KIL'RUSH/, a seaport, market-town, and parish of IreBeauly, and a picturesque island, the ancient seat of the  land, in Munster, co. of Clare, on an inlet in the estuary of
Lovats.                                                   the Shannon, 27 miles S.W. of Ennis. Pop. of the town,
KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and 2A  in 1851, 4471. It is finely situated, and mostly well built.
miles W.S.W. of Cavan. It is an episcopal see, and has an  It has manufactures of flannel, frieze, linen sheetings, &c.
ancient cathedral, a church, and a modern episcopal man- It exports turf to Limerick, and has a considerable corn
sion. The diocese, comprising 39 parishes, chiefly in the  trade, and herring fisheries.
province of Ulster, was founded in the thirteenth century,   KILSEILY, kil-seerlee, a parish of Ireland, co. of Clare.
and is now united to that of Elphin.                         KILSIIAN/IG, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh,   KILSKEEIRY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone.
containing the town of Richhill. A desperate affray which    KILSPINIDIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
took place here between the Roman Catholics and Pro-    KILSYTH, kilsITHr, a burgh of barony, market-town, and
testants, in 1795, is said to have given rise to the "Orange"  parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 12A miles NT.E. of Glasinstitutions.                                              gow. Pop. of the town in 1851, 3949, employed in cotton
KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down.    weaving, and in coal and iron-mines. The burgh, in a valKILMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Monaghan.          ley on the Foath and Clyde Canal, is singularly built, and
KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.         has a gloomy aspect. In the parish are several Pictish and
KILMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tippe- Roman antiquities, and ruins of Kilsyth Castle. Montrose
rary, 4 miles S. of Nenagh. It has several ruined churches gained a victory here over the Covenanters.
and castles.                                                 KIL'TARILITY, a large parish of Scotland, co. of InverKILMORE, a postoffice of Clinton co., Georgia.           ness.
KILMORE, EIVRIS, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught,   KILTEARN, kilPtairnl, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross,
co. of Mayo. Several smaller parishes have this name.      on the Frith of Cromarty, 7 miles N.N.E. of Dingwall. Ben-'KIL'MORE-WirM-KILTBRIDEt, a parish of Scotland, co. Wyvis and Loch Glass are in this parish.
of Argyle.                                                   KIL'TEELI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare.'
KIL'MOREMOYI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo.           KILTEEIVOCK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Donegal.
KILMO/RY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Bute, at the S.   KILTOGHART, kil-tba'art, a parish of Ireland, in Conextremity of the island of Arran.                          naught, co. of Leitrim.
KIL'MOVEEI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.              KILITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
KILMUIR, kil'mihr, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inver-   KILTONANLEA, kil-tolnan-lee, a parish of Ireland, in
ness, at the N. end of the Isle of Skye. Here is a singularly  Munster, co. of Clare.
secluded valley, containing remains of Duntulm Castle, a    KILITOOM, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.
residence of the MacDonalds. The heroic Flora MhacDonald    KILTUfBRID, a parish of Ireland, co. of Leitrim.
is buried in the churchyard.                                 KILTULfLAGI-I, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.
KILMUIR EASITER, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Ross and    KILVE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Cromarty.                                                   KILWVEM1NON, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
KILMUIR  WESITER AND SUDIDY, a parish of Scotland,   KILIVERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
co. of Ross.                                                 KILIVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
KILMUN, kil'mdnt, a sea-bathing village of Scotland, co.   KILYINGTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of York,
of Argyle, at the head of Holy Loch, an inlet of the Frith of  North Riding.
Clyde, 8 miles N.W. of Greenock. It has ruins of a col-   KILYOLANE, kirvo-laint, a parish of Ireland, in Munlegiate church, founded by one of the Dukes of Argyle, ster, co. of Tipperary, containing the town of NewportrTip.
whose burialplace is here.                                   KILWAH or KEELWA, East Africa. See QUILoA.
KILMUR/RY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of   KILWININTING, a burgh of barony, market-town, and paClare, on Olonderalaw Bay.                                 rish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the Glasgow and Ayr RailKILMBUR/RY. IB'RICKANEf, a parish of Ireland, in U1- way, 3 miles N.N.W. of Irvine. Pop. of the town in 1851,
ster, co. of Clare. There are other parishes of the same  3265. The town has a branch bank, remains of a rich and
name in the cos. of Cork, Limerick, Tipperary, &c.         celebrated abbey, founded in 1140; an ancient fountain,
KILNAMIANAGH, kilna-manith,  a parish of Ireland, in  dedicated to St. Winning; a masonic lodge, the oldest in
Munster, co. of Cork.                                      Scotland; an archery society, which existed before 1488;
KILNAUGITEN, kil-nawfttn, a parish of Ireland, in  and numerous looms, employed in the cotton and silk maMunster, co. of Kerry.                                    nufactories of Paisley and Glasgow. The noble domain of
KILNCOTE, a parish of England. See KIccOTE.             Eglinton Castle is in this parish.
KIL'NEBOYI, or KIL'LINABOYI, a parish of Ireland, in    KILWOItRTIII, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, co.
Munster, co. of Clare. It has the ruins of three churches, of Cork, on the Funcheon, here crossed by a bridge of six
three or four castles, a round-tower, and several Celtic  arches, 2~ miles N.N.E. of Fermoy. Pop. 1772. It has Moore
antiquities.                                              Park, and ruins of Cloughleagh Castle.
KILNINIIAN-ADC-KIL'MIORE1, a parish of Scotland, co. of    KILWORThI, a post-village of Canada West, co. of MidArgyle.                                                  dlesex, 144 miles S. of Toronto, and 8 miles from London.
KILININIVER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.       It contains a grist, a saw. and 2 fulling mills. Pop. about 200.
KILNSEA, killsee, a parish of England, co. of York, East   KILIWORTII, NORTIIH, a parish of Enland, co. Leicester
950




KIL                                                       KIN
KILWORTIT, SOUTHt, a parish of England, co. Leicester.    KIN-CHI00, a city of China. See KING-Cioo-Foo.
KIL-Y-BEBILL, kil-e-blb/ithi, a parish of South Wales,   KIN-CHOO, KIN-TCHOO, or KIN-TCHOU, kin-chooe, a:o. of Glamorgan.                                         town of Mantchooria, near the frontiers of China and Corea,
KIMIBERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        nearly 8 miles from the N. shore of the Gulf of Leao-tong.
KIMBERLEY, a hamlet of England, co. of Notts, 6 miles Lat. 400 10' N., ion. 1210 10' E. It is a place of considerable
W.N.W. of Nottingham. Pop. 1800.                          trade in the produce of the adjacent territory.
KIMtBERLIN, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.         KINCLAVEN, king-klalven, a parish of Scotland, co., and
KIMIBERTON, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylva- 10 miles N.N.E. of Perth, with a ruined castle on the Tay.
nia, near. French Creek, 75 miles E. by S. of Harrisburg.   KINDBERG, kintfbAPG, or KIMBERG, kimrb6aG, a marKIMIBERWORTH, a township of England, co. of York, ket-town of Austria, in Styria, on the Mtiirz, 11 miles N.E.
West Riding.                                              of Briick. Pop. 710.
KIMfBLE, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.        KINDELBRUCK, (Kindelbriick,) kinuldel-briik, a town
KIMBLE, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.    of Prussia, in Saxony, government, and 20 miles N. of ErKIMIBOLTON, a market-town and parish of England, co., flirt, on the Wipper. Pop. 2020, who manufacture leather
and 10 miles W.S.W. of I-Iuntingdon. Pop. in 1851, 1653. and paper.
The church contains monuments of the Manchester family.   KIN!DER, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana.
Kimbolton Castle, the noble seat of the Duke of Manchester,   KINWDERH-IOOK, a post-village and township of Columbiai
is in a spacious park. Here Queen Catharine, of Aragon, co., New York, on the Western Railroad, 16 miles S. by E.
lived after her divorce from Henry VIII, The remains of of Albany. The village is 5 miles E. of the Hudson River,
Stonely Priory are in the vicinity.                       It. contains several churches, an academy, a bank, and a
KIMBOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.        newspaper office. Carriage-making here is an important
KIMIBOLTON, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, 88  business. Two miles S. is the residence of Ex-president
miles E. of Columbus.                                     Martin Van Buren. Pop. 3970.
KIMICOTE or KILN/COTE, a parish of England, co. of    KINDERHOOK, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
Leicester.                                                  KINDERHOOK, a small post-village of Van Buren co.,
KIM/ERIDGE or KOMIERIDGE, a parish of England, co. Arkansas.
of Dorset.                                                  KINDERHOOK, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.
KIMI, a river of Russia. See KEmIJoK.                     KINDERHOOK, a post-township in the S. part of Branch
KIMITO, ke-meelto, a village of Finland, lEen, and 26  co., Michigan. Pop. 356.
miles S.S.E. of Abo, on an island of the same name. The    KINDERHOOK, a post-office of Pike co., Indiana.
island is 25 miles long and 13 miles broad.                 KINDERHOOK or WEST KINDERHOOK, a post-village
KIMOLOS. See AoGENTIERA.                                of Tipton co., Indiana, 35 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.
KIMPINA, kim-peetn&, a town of Wallachia, 47 miles   KINDERHOOK, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, 90
N.N.W. of Bucharest, with several churches, and a custom- miles W. by S. of Springfield.
house. It has commerce in salt from adjacent mines.         KINDERHOOK  CREEK, of Columbia co., New York,
KIMPOLUNG, kim/po-loong, or KIMPELUNG, kimpeh- flows S.W., and enters the Hudson River about 5 miles
loong', a town of Wallachia, near a pass into Transylvania, above Hudson.
80 miles N.W. of Bucharest. Pop. 4000. It covers a large    KINIDERTON-wIrH-HIULME, (hume,) a township of Engsurface. has severalGreek churches and convents, with some land, co. of Chester.
Roman Catholic convents, and a considerable trade.          KINDNIG, k]nt/niG, a market-town of Bavaria, near KipKIMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts.             fenberg. Pop. 729.
KIMPTON, a parish of England, co. of Hauts.               KINEL, ke-nll/, a river of Russia, joins the Samara after
KIM/SEY'S STORE, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.   a W. course of nearly 170 miles.
KIMUL'GA, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.        KINELILAR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
KIN, a small island of Russia, in the Gulf of Livonia, 22    KINESHMA, KINISCHMA, or KINESCHMA, ke-n8shfmiles S.W. of Pernau. KIN is also the name of several towns mA, a town of Russia, government, and 55 miles E.S.E. of
of China.                                                 Kostroma, on the Volga. Pop. 2000.
KINAMEE or KINAMI, king,-meet, a village of West   KINETON, kinle-ton, or KINGITON, a market-town and
Africa, on the right bank of the Niger, 23 miles S. by E. of  parish of Engiand, co., and 9 miles S.S.E. of Warwick. Pop.
Egga. Lat. 80 25' N., ion. 60221 E. Pop. 1000.            in 1851, 1270. The famous battle of Edgehill was fought in
KINIARD'S, South Carolina, a station on the Newberry  the vicinity A. D. 1642.
and Laurens Railroad, 13 miles from Newberry.               KIN!FARE, or KINTVER, a parish of England, co. of
KINBOORN, KINBOURN or KINBURN,. kin'boorn?, a Stafford, 41 miles N.N.E. of Kidderminster. Pop. 2207. The
fortress ofRussia, government ofTaurida, on a narrow tongue village was formerly a borough and market-town.
of land at the mouth of the Daieper. It has a picturesque   KIN'FAUNSt. a parish of Scotland, co., and 1I miles E. of
situation, with excellent natural defences, being surrounded Perth. Its fine castle, the seat of the Earl of Gray, is beauon three sides by the waters of the Black Sea and the estuary tifully situated on the Tay.
of the Dnieper. In the vicinity, in 1787, the Turks were   KING, a countyofNew SouthWales. Capital, Gunning.
signally defeated by the Russians under Suwarrow.           KING, several towns of China; one in the province of
KINCANINON'S  ERRY, apost-office, Meigsco., Tennessee. Pe-chee-lee, 150 miles S. of Peking, is stated to have 3
KINCARDINE or KINCARDINESHIRE, king-karldin- I triumphal arches, and a tower 11 stories in height.
shir. or THE MEARNS, (mairnz,) a maritime county of    KING, a county of Washington Territory, intersected by
Scotland, having N. the county of Aberdeen, and E. the  Puget-Sound. Area, 2880 square miles. Capital, Seattle.
North Sea. Area, 381 square miles, or 243,444 acres, of which   KING, a village of Canada West, on the Ontario Simcoe
about 120,000 are productive. Pop. in 1851, 34.598. A great and Huron Railroad, 24 miles from Toronto.
part of thecounty is occupied by the Grampian Mountains,   KINGAN-FOO, or KINGAN-FOU, king'gn'-foqo, a conof which Mount Battock rises to neasrly 3500 feet, but along  siderable city of China, province of Kiang-see, on the left
their foot, in the S. and E., lies the rich, low, arable tract bank of the Kan-Kiang. Lat. 270 7' N., Ion. 1150 E.
called the " How of the Mearns," comprising about 50,000    KINGARTH, king-garth!, a parish of Scotland, co. of Bute,
acres. Psincipal Rivers, the Dee, North Esk, and Bervie. at the S. extremity of the island.
Cattle, chiefly of the short-hdrned breed, are fed on most   KINGAVAR, king-gg-varf, or KUNGAVAR, king'gA-var1;
farms. and the mountains yield extensive pasture for sheep. a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 32 miles S.W. of
Principal mineral products, granite and sandstone. Kincar- Hamadan. In its vicinity are ruins supposed to be those
dine comprises 18 parishes, and parts of 3 others. Chief  of an ancient temple of Diana. Pop. about 1200.
towns, Stonehaven, (the capital,) and Inverbervie.  The    KING BAY, a beautiful bay in Van Diemen's Land, at
county sends 1 member to the House of Commons.            the N. end of Oyster Bay. The Great Swan Port River
KINCARDINE, king-karldin, a burgh of barony, and sea- flows into it. Lat. 420 10, S., lon. 1480 7' E.
port town of Scotland, co., and 25 miles S.S.W. of Perth, on    KING CHARLES' SOUTH LAND, a name of the largest
the Frith of Forth. Pop. in 1851, 2697. It has a good pier, island of Terra del Fuego. Surface mostly low and level,
a convenient roadstead for large vessels, a steam ferry, two  but mountainous in the S., where Mount Sarmiento rises
branch banks, rope and sail-works, yards for ship-building, to 7000 feet.
large exports of coal, and considerable imports of Baltic    KINGW-CH0OO-FOO!   or KING-CIIOW'-F00t, written also
produce.                                                  KING-TCHEOU-FOU, (chl-oo'-foo!,) and KIN-TCHOU-FOU or
KINCARDINE. a parish of Scotland, cos. of Ross and Co- KIN-CIIOO0, a city of China, province of Hoo-pe, on the left
marty, 14 miles W.N.W. of Tain. The Marquis of Montrose bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang. Let. 300 28' N., Ion. 1110 37' E.
was defeated in this pearish, in his last battle, A. D. 1650.  It is large and populous, and well fortified with a numerous
KINCARDINE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.         Tartar garrison, and is considered, from its situation, one of
KINCARDINE O'NEIL, king-kar/din o-neelf, a parish of the keys of the empire.
Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.                                  KING CREEK, a post-office of Barnwell district, South
KINCARDINESHIRE, Scotland. See KeCARDIANE.              Carolina.
KINCHAF00INA CREEK, of Georgia, rises near the N.   KING-EDlWARD or KEN-EDIAR, a parish of Scotland,
line of Stewart county, and flowing S.E., empties itself into  co. of Aberdeen, 4miles S.S.E. of Banff. Ithas 2 ruined castles.
Flint River, at Albany, after a course of about 80 miles.   KINGCERBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
KIN-CHA-KIANG. See KaN-SHA-KoIANG and YANO-TSE-KIANG.   KING/FIELD, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine,
KIN-CHAN, an island of China. See KN-sHiAN.             about 52 miles N. by W. of Augusta. Pop. 662.981
981




KIN                                                      KIN.
KING GEORGE, a county in the E. part of Virginia, con-   KINGSBURY,  a parish of England, co. of Mliddlesex, 21
tains 176 square miles. The Potomac bounds it on the N. miles W.N.W. of London, has the Sudbury station of the
and E,, and the Rappahannock on the S. The surface is London and Birmingham Railway.
hilly and the soil diversified. Capital, King George Court-   KINGSBURY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
House. Pop. 5971, of whom 2563 were free, and 3403 slaves.   KINGSfBURY, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine,
KING GEORGE (or SITKA) ARCIHIPELAGO, in Russian  about 60 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 181.
America, is mostly between latitude 560 and 550 N., and    KINGSBURY, a post-village and township of W. part of
about lon. 1350 W. Principal islands, Sitka and Baranov.  Washington co., New York, about 55 miles N. of Albany.
KING GEORGE COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital It has manufactures of various kinds, the most important
of the above county, 70 miles N.N.E. of Richmond.        of which are carriages and iron. Pop. 3032.
KING GEORGE ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat.   KINGSBURY, a post-office,Cumberland co., North Carolina.
15c S., ion. 1440 40, W. They were discovered by Byron,   KINGSBURY, a post-village of La Porte co., Indiana, 17
in 1765.                                                  miles from Lake Michigan, and 5 miles S. of La Porte, the
KING GEORGE RIVER, of East Africa. See MANICE.    county town.
KING GEORGE SOUND, of West Australia. Lat. of its    KINGSBURY, a post-office of Whitesides co.; Illinois.
entrance, 350 6' 20" S., ion. 1180 1' E. It is a fine road-   KINGSBURY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
stead, and contains Princess Royal and Oyster Ilarbors, the    KING'S CAPLE, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.
latter of which receives the Kalagan and King Rivers; and    KINGSICLERE, a market-town and parish of England,
on the former is the town of Albany.                      co., and 31 miles N.N.E. of Southampton. Pop. 2885. The
KINGHAM, kingtam, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.   Saxon kings had a palace here, and at Freemantle Park
KINGIHORNI, aroyal parliamentary and municipal burgh, there was a royal abode in the time of King John. 
seaport, and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Frith of    KING'S CLIFFE, a parish of England. See CLIFFE REGIS.
Forth, 3 miles S.S.W. of Kirkcaldy. Pop. of the parliamen-   KING'S CORNERS, Ohio. See NEw LONDON.
tary burgh, in 1851, 1568. It has an active linen manufac-    KINGSTCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
ture, and an indifferent harbor. It unites with Kirkcaldy,   KING'S COUNTY, Ireland, province of Leinster. has N.
Dysart, and Burntisland in sending 1 member to the House  the county of Westmeath. Area, 772 square miles, or 493,084
of Commons.                                               acres, of which about 330,000 are cultivated, 11,000 woodKING ISLAND, a lofty and rugged islet of the North  land, and 145,000 uncultivated, a large portion of which in
Pacific, near the Andreanov Group.                        the N. forms a part of the Bog of Allen. Pop. in 1841,146,857;
KING'ISLAND, in the Mergul Archipelago, 18 miles off  in 1851, 112,080. The principal rivers are the Shannon,
the Tenasserim coast. Lat. (S. end) 120 15' N., ion. 980 26' E. Brosna, Barrow, and Boyne. The Grand Canal also interIt is 23 miles long, by 10 miles broad.                   sects the county. The soil is of average fertility. AgriculKING-KI-TAO, king-ke-t/o, HAN-TCHING, hnW-chingl, ture and crops are much the same as in the county of Kilor HAN-YANG, htni-yngj, the capital city of Corea, about dare. The small tenants and laborers are in a wretched
the middle of which it is situated. Lat. 370 40' N., lon. 1270  condition. The county is divided into 11 baronies and 52
20' E. It is the residence of the sovereign, but is very little  parishes, in five different dioceses. The principal towns are
known to Europeans.                                       Birr and Tullamore. It sends 2 members to the House of
KINGLASISIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.         Commons.
KING OF PRUSSIA, a post-office of Montgomery co.,   KINGSICOURT, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co.
Pennsylvania, witha station on the Philadelphia German- of Cavan, 5 miles S.W. of Carrickmacross. Pop. 1614. In
town and Norristown Railroad, 3 miles from Norristown.   the vicinity is the fine demesne of Cabra Castle.
KINGIOLDRUM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.         KING'S CREEK, of South Carolina, flows S.W. through
KING-AND- QUEEN, a county in the S.E. part of Yir- York district into Broad River.
ginia, has an area of 330 square miles. The Mattapony and    KING'S CREEK, of Champaign co., Ohio, is an affluent
York Rivers form its boundary on the S.W., and the Plan- of Mad River.
Ratank on the N.E. The surface is undulating. The county    KING'S CREEK, a post-office of Caldwell co., North Cacontains large beds of marl, which is used in fertilizing the  rolina.
soil. Capital, King-and-Queen Court-House. Pop. 10,319,   KINGSfDON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
of whom 4555 were free, 5764 slaves.                        KINGSIDOWN, two parishes of England, co. of Ket.
KING-AND-QUEEN COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capi-   KING'SESISING, formerly a post-township of Philadelphia
tal of the above county, on the Mattapony River, 49 miles co., Pennsylvania, but is now included within the city limits
E. by N. of Richmond.                                     of Philadelphia, being on the Delaware River, 5 miles S.W.
KING ROAD, in the British Channel, at the mouth of the  of the State House. Pop. 1778.
river Avon. Vessels too large to proceed up the Avon to Bris-   KING/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
tol, lie at anchor here.                                    KING'S FERRY, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York, 20
K/NGX —For English parishes with this prefix, not un- miles S. of Auburn, and 2 miles E. of Cayuga Lake. IIers
der-mentioned, refer to their additional names.           is a village named Northville.
KINGS, a county in the S.E. part of New York, forming    KING'S GAP, a post-office of Harris co., Georgia, 32 miles
the W. extremity of Long Island, has an area of about 70  N.E. of Columbus.
square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Hudson and    KING'S HILL, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
East Rivers, and S. by the Atlantic Ocean. The surface is    KING'S ISLAND, an island of Australasia, Bass's Strait,
level, with the exception of a range of hills running nearly  between Australia Felix and Tasmania, (Van Diemen's
through the centre. The soil is generally very fertile. It Land,) in lat. 350 50' S., ion. 1440 E., 60 miles S. of Cape Otis intersected by the Long Island Railroad. Organized in  way. Length, 35 miles; breadth, about 15 miles. It is
1683. Capital, Brooklyn. Pop. 138,882.                    uninhabited, and very dangerous to shipping. Here, from
KING'S, a post-office of Barbour co., Alabama.          1835 to 1845, the Neva, Isabella, Rebecca, and Cataraqui
KINGS. a county in the S. central part of New Bruns- were wrecked and lost.
wick, intersected by the river St. John. The soil is fertile,   KING'S ISLAND, one of the Maldive Islands, in let. 40
and considerable advance has been made in agriculture; 10' N., lon. 730 40' E.
the surface, however, is mostly occupied by dense forests.    KING'S ISLAND, an island N.W. of America, in the PaCapital, Kingston. Pop. in 1851, 18,842.                  cific Ocean, in let. 520 10' N., ion. 1280 W.
KINGS, a county occupying the E. part of Prince Edward    KING'S ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, 20 miles N.E. of
Island. Capital, Georgetown. Pop. in 1848, 15,425.        Raraka, in lat. 15~ 4' 251" S., lon. 1440 36' 45" W.
KINGS, a county of Nova Scotia, bordering on the Bay    KINGS/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, 3l
of Fundy and on Mines Basin. It is watered by Annapolis  miles W.N.W. of Leominster.  On Kingsland field was
River. The coasts are remarkably picturesque, being bor- fought, in 1461, the battle of Mortimer's Cross, which estadered with a ridge of mural precipices, covered, on the land  blished Edward IV. on the English throne.
side, with forests of fir and spruce. The county contains    KINGSLAND, a hamlet of England, 2~ miles N.N.E. of
quarries of slate, and rich deposits of iron ore; copper and  St. Paul's, London. It has extensive nursery gardens.
silver are also found.  Capital, Kentville.  Pop. in 1851,   KING'S LANG/LEY, or LANGLEY KING'S, a parish of
16,395.                                                   England, co. of Ilerts, with a station on the London and
KINGSIBARNS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.         Birmingham  Railway, 41 miles N.W. of Watford.  Here
KINGSBOROUGH, a post-village of Fulton co., New York, was a palace, in which Henry III. resided, and a celebrated
50 miles N.W. of Albany. It has an academy.               priory, in which Piers Gaveston, a favorite of Edward- II.,
KINGSBOROUGH, a thriving post-village, capital of Kauf- was buried. In the church, the bodies of Richard II. and
man co., Texas, 13 miles E. of the Trinity River, and 225  Edmund of Langley, fifth son of Edward III., were interred.
miles N.N.E. of Austin City. Laid out in 1851.              KINGS/LEY, a township of England, co. of Chester.
KINGS/BRIDGE, a marketrtown and perish of England,   KINGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
co. of Devon, on an inlet of the English Channel, navigable    KINGSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
for vessels of 70 tons, 33 miles S.S.W. of Exeter. Pop. in    KINGStLEY'S, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.
1851,1679. It has a grammar school, a union work-house,   KING'S LYNN, a town of England. See LYNN-REGIoS.
3 branch banks, and some trade in malt and leather.        KING'S MILLS, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
KING'S BRIDGE, a post-village of New York co., New    KING'S MILLS, a poset-office of Montgomery co., Missouri.
York, near the N. end of Mianhattan Island, 13 miles N. of    KING'S MOUN/TAIN, a post-village of Gaston co., North
the City Hall,                                           Carolina, 200 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. In the vicinity is
982




KIN                                                      KIN
King's Mountain, the scene of an important victory won by    KINGSTON, a ppst-village, capital of Roane co., Tennessee,
American militia over the British troops, October, 1780.  at the junction of the Holston and Clinch Rivers, 145 miles
KING'S NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.       E. by S. of Nashville. It is a shipping-point for the produce
KING'S NORITON or NORTON KING'S, a village and  of the county.
parish of England, co. of Worcester, on the Birmingham    KINGSTON, a small post-village of Madison co., Kentucky.
and Gloucester Railway, 41 miles S.S.W. of Birmingham.   KINGSTON, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 761.
Pop. in 1851, 7759. The Birmingham and Worcester Canal   KINGSTON, a thriving post-village of Ross co., Ohio, 10
here passes through a tunnel nearly 2 miles in length.  miles N.E. of Chillicothe. It has a brick church, and several
KING'S POINT, a small post-village of Dade co., Missouri. stores.
KINGSIPORT, a post-village of Sullivan co., Tennessee,   KINGSTON, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana.
near Holston River, 270 miles E. by N. of Nashville.      KINGSTON, a small village of Adams co., Illinois.
KING'S PYION, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.     KINGSTON, a post-village and township of De Kalb co.,
KING'S RIVER, Ireland, is an affluent of the Nore.    Illinois, on Syracuse River, 200 miles N.N.E. of Springfield.
KING'S RIVER, flows N. into White River in Barry co., Pop. 601.
Missouri.                                                 KINGSTON, a thriving village of Peoria co., Illinois, on the
KING'S RIVER, California, falls into Tule Lake.       right bank of the Illinois River, 20 miles below Peoria City.
KING'S RIVER, a post-office of Carrol co., Arkansas.  Large quantities of stone coal are procured in the vicinity.
KING'S SETITLEMENT, a post-office of Chenango co., The post-office is called KINGSTON MINzES.
New York.                                                 KINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co., Missouri,
KING'S SOMIBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Hants. near Shoal Creek, 120 miles in a direct line N.W. of Jefferson
KINGSTEIGNTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.    City.
KINGSITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   KINGSTON, a post-township of Mlarquette co., Wisconsin.
KINGSfTON, a parish of England, co. df Cambridge.     Pop. 536.
KINGSTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            KINGSTON, a township of Sank co., Wisconsin. Pop. 435.
KINGSTON, a chapelrt of England, co. of Dorset.         KINGSTON, a city of Canada West, capital of the united
KINGSTON, two parishes of England, co. of Somerset.   counties of Frontenac, Lennox, and Addington, and forKINGSTON, a parish of England, Isle of Wight.         merly capital of Canada, is situated in the county of FronKINGSTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.       tenac, on the St. Lawrence River, at the head of Lake OnKINGSTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         tario, about 200 miles S.W. of Montreal. Lat. 440 12' N.
KINGSTON, a parish of England, co. of Ilereford.      lon. 750 41' W. The city occupies the site of old Fort FronKINGSTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           tenac, on the N.E. shore of the river, opposite Wolfe Island,
KINGSTON, a post-township of Rockingham  co., New  having the harbor and shipping in front. The harbor is
Hampshire, about 35 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1192.   formed at the mouth of Cataraqui River, which here enters
KINGSTON, a post-village and township of Plymouth co., the lake. The W. shore is bold, and shipping of any sie
Massachusetts, on Jones's River, and on the Old Colony  may lie here in perfect safety. E. of the bay the land proRailroad, 33 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It has manufactures  jects southward, terminating in Point Frederick or Navy
of hardware, edged tools, &c. Pop. of the township, 1591.   Point, beyond which is Haldimand Cove, a deep basin of
KINGSTON, a post-village and seat of justice of Washing- water, protected by this point on the W. and Point Henry on
ton co., Rhode Island, on the Stonington and Providence  the E., and guarded from S. winds by Wolfe Island in front.
Railroad, 27 miles S. by W. of Providence.              In this cove are the royal dock-yard, naval shipping, &c.
KINGSTON, a flourishing post-village and township, eapi- Kingston is the military and naval head-quarters of the
tal of Ulster co., New York, on the right bank of the Hudson  province, and, after Quebec and Halifax, is the strongest
River, 90 miles N. of New York City, and 55 miles S. of Albany. post in British America. There is a fort on Messessaga
The township is the terminus of the Hudson and Delaware Point, and all other accessible points are secured by batCanal; it is also intersected by Esopus Creek, across which is teries. There are extensive military works on Navy Point,
a ferry. There is a daily line of steamboats to New York, and on Point lIenry is a fortress which completely comand one every other day to Albany. A steam ferry also mands the harbor and town. A long bridge has been conconnects it with the Hudson River Railroad at Rhinebeck. structed across Cataraqui Bay, connecting Kingston with
The commerce of Kingston is more extensive than that of Pittsburg, besides which there are the suburbs of Barrieany other place on the river between New York and Albany, field, French Village, and Williamsville. The city is reguemploying 10 or 12 steamers permanently, and at least 100 larly laid out with streets crossing each other at right ansail-vessels. Its exports comprise agricultural produce, water gles. It is chiefly built of blue limestone, which undercement ofthefinest quality, extensively manufactured here, lies the town. The streets are lighted with gas, and the
and large quantities of very superior flagging-stone, quarried  houses are partly supplied with water from the bay, and
in thevicinity, and much of it near navigable water. Kings- partly from wells. Wells of mineral water, composed chiefly
ton village is situated on an elevated sandy plain, near of chloride ofsodium and calcium, have been obtained in
Esopus Creek, and 3 miles W. of the Hudson. A plank- three instances by boring to the depth of 145, 85, and 75
road connects it with Rondout, (in the same township,) feet, respectively.  Among the public buildings may be
from which nearly all the vessels and steamboats sail. It named the City Hall and Market Buildings, said to be the
contains, besides the county buildings, 6 churches, an aca- most massive structure in Canada West.  It is built of
demy —one of the oldest and most prominent in the state-  hewn stone, and contains the market, city offices, post-office,
3 banks, and several printing offices, from which 4 weekly  news and reading-rooms, council-room, &c. The other prinnewspapers are issued. It enjoys a valuable trade with  cipal public edifices are the court-house and jail, the buildDelaware co., on the W., with which it is connected by a ings occupied by the several literary and benevolent instiplank-road.  It has flourishing manufactures of various tutions, and the churches, of which there were, in 1851, 3
kinds, including carriages, steam boilers, leather, castings, &c. or 4 for the Episcopalians, 2 for the Presbyterians, 2 for the
Kingston was settled by the Dutch shortly after settlements Methodists, 2 for the Roman Catholics, including the Cathewere made at New York and Albany. In 1777, it was burned  dral, 1 Established Church of Scotland, 1 Congregational
by the British. The house is still standing in Kingston vil- church, 1 Baptist, and 1 Apostolic. Among the institutions
lage in which the first constitution of New York was framed may be mentioned Queen's College, (Presbyterian,) and Reand adopted. Pop. of the township in 1840, 5824; in 1850, giopolis College, (Roman Catholic,) each of which receives a
10,232; in 1855, estimated at 13,000; of the village, from  government allowance of 5001. annually; Queen's College
4000 to 5000.                                           school, Mechanics' Institute, the Hotel Dieu, comprising a
KINGSTON, a post-village of New Jersey, on the line be- nunnery and hospital, the Kingston General Hospital, the
tween Somerset and Middlesex counties, on the Millstone HIouse of Industry, and the Provincial Penitentiary; the
River, and on the New York and Philadelphia Railroad, 13 latter is situated about 11 miles W. of the'market. Its curmiles N.E. of Trenton. It contains an academy.          rent expenses for the year 1849 amounted to 13,8501. Four
KINGSTON, a small village of Cumberiand co., Pennsyl- newspapers are published in the city. Kingston is the headvania, 6 miles E.N.E. of Carlisle.                      quarters of the Commercial Bank of the Midland District,
KINGSTON, a thriving post-village and township of Lu- and of the Marine and Fire Insurance Company. It has also
zerne co., Pennsylvania, on the North Branch of the Susque- 3 branch banks, 7 assurance agencies, and the agencies of 9
hanna, opposite Wilkesbarre, with which it is connected by insurance companies. The principal manufacturing estaabridge. Pop. 2445.                                    blishments in 1851 were 5 foundries, 3 tanneries, 4 breweries
KINGSTON, a post-village of Somerset co., Maryland, near and distilleries, 5 soap and candle factories, and a broom facPocomoke Bay, and 118 miles S.S.E. of Annapolis.       tory. The government establishments, naval and military,
KINGSTON, a post-office, Cumberland co., North Carolina. together with the shipping interests of Kingston, are its prinKINGSTON, North Carolina. See KINSTON.               cipal supports. The construction of the Rideau Canal, conKINGSTON, a post-village of Cass co., Georgia, is situated necting this port with the Ottawa River, added considerably
on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at its junction with to its commercial prosperity, but it was generally thought
the Rome Branch Railroad, 62 miles N.W. of Atlanta. A  that the opening of the St. Lawrence Canals would greatly
large quantity of lime is burned here.                 impair it. The registered tonnage of the port, however,
KINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Autauga co., Ala- appears to be slightly on the increase, it being 6621 tons in
bama, on Autauga Creek, 25 miles N.W. of Montgomery.   1845, and 6910 tons in 1851. The total value of imports in
KINGSTON, a post-village of Adams co., Mississippi, near 1848 amounted to $303,788; in 1849, to $384,044; in 1850, to
Homochitto River, 100 miles S.W. of Jackson.           $499,040; and in 1851, to $1,025,492, of which $915,912 wag
983




KIN                                                        KIN
the value of goods imported from the United States. The It is finely situated, and has a short atmospheric railway tr.
total value of exports in 1851 was $121,016, all of which  Dalkey, said to be the first ever laid down; an obelisk, corn
went to the United States. The commercial affairs of Kings- memorating the visit of George IV. in 1821; and a fine
ton are regulated by a board of trade. Ship-building is an  granite pier, enclosing a harbor of 251 acres, finished at a
important interest here, and a marine railway has been  cost of about 750,0001., and at the head of which is a reconstructed, on which to haul out vessels that are to be re- volving light, in lat. 530 18' N., lon. 60 81 W. Upwards of
paired. A railway is projected from  Montreal, through  2000 vessels, with an aggregate of more than 200,000 tons
Kingston and along the N. shore of Lake.Ontario, to Toronto  burden, enter and leave the harbor annually. It is the
and Hamilton, forming a part of the Great Western Grand  mail packet station for communication with Liverpool an(.
Trunk Railway. The Indian. name of the site on which  Holyhead, and a favorite resort of the Dublin citizens.
Fort Frontenac was built, was Cataraqui. The name Kings-   KINGSTOWN, a town of the West Indies. See KINOSTON.
ton was given it by the English, who first settled here in    KINGS'TREE, a post-village, capital of Williamsburg dis1783. It was incorporated a city in 1838. In 1841, Kings- trict, South Carolina, on the left bank of Black River, 76
ton became the capital of the province, and so continued till miles in a direct line, or about 100 miles by post-route, E.S.E.'
about the year 1845, when the seat of government was re- of Columbia.
moved to Montreal. The city is divided into 7 wards, and    KINGSIVILLE, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.
governed by a mayor, board of aldermen, and common coun-   KINGSILTLE, a village of Baltimore co., Maryland, 16
cil.  It returns 1 member to the Provincial Parliament. miles N.E. of Baltimore.
Pop. in 1844, 6840; in 1852,11,585; and in1854 about 14,000,   KINGSVILLE, a village of South Carolina, on the South
including the suburbs and the troops in the garrison.      Carolina Railroad, at the junction of the Columbia branch,
KINGISTON, the principal commercial city and seaport 25 miles from Columbia.
of Jamaica, co. of Surrey, on its S. coast, on the N. side of a    KINGSVILLE, a post-township in the N.E. part of Ashfine harbor, 10 miles W. of Spanish Town, with which it is tabula co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland and Erie Railconnected by a railroad, opened in 1846. Lat. 170 58, N., road. Pop. 1494.
ion. 760 47' 30" W. Pop. estimated at 35,000. It stands on a    KINGSVILLE, a pleasant post-village of Ashtabula co.,
gentle slope, and is regularly laid out, its houses being mostly Ohio, on Conneaut Creek, and on the Cleveland and Erie
of two stories, and furnished with verandahs. The principal Railroad, about 60 miles N.E. of Cleveland. It contains 3
buildings are the English and Scotch churches, sever.al cha- churches, a flourishing academy, and several mills.
pels, 2 synagogues, a hospital, and various other charitable    KINGSVILLE, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.
institutions, a free school, endowed with 15001. a year, the    KINGS-WALBDEN, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
work-house, new  penitentiary, commercial subscription    KINGSIWEAR, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
rooms, and theatre; here are also an athen um, a society    KINGSWINtFORD,aparishofEngland. See WCINTERaBOUN.
of arts, and a savings' bank.  Kingston harbor, a land-    KINGSTWOOD, a village of England, co. of Gloucester.
locked basin, available for the largest ships, is enclosed on the    KINGSWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
S. by a long tongue of land, at the extremity of which is Port   KINGSWORTI-IY, a parish of England, co. of Hants, on
Royal. The annual value of imports is about $2,000,000, the South-western Railway, 2 miles N.N.E. of Winchester.
and of exports about $3,500,000. The entrance to the har-   KING-TCIHOU, KIN-CIIOO, or KING-TCHOU-FOU, a city
bor, and the harbor itself, is defended by several formidable  of China. See KINac-Cuoo-Foo.
forts. The inclined plain on which Kingston stands is en-   KING-TE-TCHIANG,  king-tA-che-Angf, or  KING-TE.
closed on the N. by the loftiest ridge of the Blue Mountain  CHING, king'tA-ching5, a town of China, province of Kiangchain, and the intermediate space agreeably diversified with  see, 95 miles N.E. of Nan-chang.  It is the principal seat
country residences, and, near the mountains, with sugar of the manufacture of porcelain in China, for which it is
estates. Upper Park Camp, with the barracks, &c. is about said 500 furnaces are employed. Lat. 290 15' N., ion. 1160
11 miles N. of the city. See JAMAICA.                      52' E. Pop. 1,000,000.
KINGSTON or KINGSTOWN, a town of the British West    KINGITON, a market-town and parish of England, co.,
Indies, capital of the island of St. Vincent, on its S.W. coast. and 18 miles N.W. of Hereford. Pop. 3131. It has a church
Pop. 4769. It is regularly built, and has several substan- erected about the. twelfth century, a free school, a union
tial public edifices, comprising a large church, Wesleyan, work-house, 2 or 3 branch banks, and manufactures of gloves
Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic chapels, an old govern- and nails.
ment house, new government house in the botanic garden,   KINGTON, a parish of'England, co. of Warwick.
and the court-house, the last being constructed of stone,   KINGTON, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester.
the rest mostly of brick.                                    KINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
KINGSTON, a town of New Brunswick, capital of King's    KING-TONG, king'tongo, a city of China, province, and
county, on the'left bank of the St. John's River, at the en- 125 miles S.W. of Yun-nan, capital of a department, in a
trance of the Belleisle, about 25 miles N. of St. John's.  mountainous country, near a source of the Tonquin River.
KINGSTON BAGIPUZE, a parish of England, co. of Berks.   KING-TONG, an island of China. See KIN-TANG.
KINGSTON CENTRE a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.   KINGTON MAGINA. a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
KINGISTON DEVIERILL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   KINGTON ST. MICHAEL, aparish ofEngland, co. of Wilts.
KINGSTON-upoN-HULL, a town of England. See HULL.    KINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
KINGS/TON-Bn-LEWIES, a parish of England, co. of    KINGUSISIE, king-gtLsfsee, a parish of Scotland, co. of
Sussex.                                                   Inverness, 23 miles E.S.E. of F'ort Augustus.  It was the
KINGSTON MINES. See KINGSTON.                           birthplace of Macpherson, the translator of Ossian's poems.
KINGSTON, NEW, or KINGSTON-oN-RAILWAY, is a    KINGfWESTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 3
hamlet which has within a few years sprung up around the  miles N.E. of Somerton. In the church is an oak chair
station on the South-western Railway; audit has now many  bearing the initials of the last abbot, who was hanged by
handsome terraces, detached villas, with a good inn, and  Henry VIII.
public libraries.                                           KING WIL'LIAMI a county in the E. part of Virginia,
KINGSTON-nBY-SEA, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.   has an area of 260 square miles. Its N.E. and S.W. borders
KINGfSTON SEYtIOUR, a parish of England, co. of So- are respectively washed by the Mattapony and Pamunkey
merset.                                                   Rivers, which unite at the S.E. extremity of the county,
KINGSTON-upoN-SOAR, a parish of England, co. of Not- and form the York River. The surface is undulating, the
tingham.                                                  soil of the river-bottoms is fertile. Formed in 1705, and
KINGSTON-uVoN-THAMES, a municipal borough, town, named in honor of William III., King of England.  Capital,
and parish of Englahd, co. of Surrey, on the E. bank of the  King William Court-House. Pop. 8779, of whom 3048 were
Thames, at the influx of the Ewell, and 10 miles W.S.W. of  free, and 5731 slaves.
London. Pop. of borough in 1851, 12,144. The town, ex-   KING WILLIAMI  COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital
elusive of suburbs, extends about half a mile along the  of the above county, is situated between the Mattapony and
river, here crossed by an elegant stone bridge of 5 arches. Pamunkey Rivers, 2 miles from the former, and 27 miles
It is irregularly built, and has a spacious church, a hand- N.E. of Richmond.
some new town-hall, a market-house, a house of correction,   KING VWILLIAM'S CATIARACT, a fine fall of the Essea jail and union work-house, a grammar school, several quibo River, in British Guiana, in lat. 30 14' 3555 N., ion.
other well-endowed schools. and almshouses. It has some  570 44' W. It was reached and named by Sir R. Schomflax and oil mills, a brisk malting-trade, and a large corn- burgh, in 1836.
market. The Lent county assizes are held here, and it has   KING WILLIAM'S ISLAND is in Dampier Strait, in the
petty and quarter sessions. A Roman town or station ex- Eastern Archipelago, S. of Waigeoo.
isted here, and numerous coins and other Roman antiqui-   KING WILLIAM'S TOWN, a town of Cape Colony, in
ties have been from time to time discovered. Egbert held a  British Kaffraria, 62 miles N.N.E. of Graham's Town. Lat.
general ecclesiastical council here in 838; and most of the  330 10' S., lon. 270 20' E.
Saxon monarchs, from Edward the Elder to Ethelred the    KINGIWOOD, a post-township of Hunterdon co., New
Unready, were crowned at Kingston. The first armed force Jersey, 7 miles WV. of Flemington. Pop. 1799.
in the Parliamentary War assembled in the town, and the    KINGWOOD, a pogt-village, capital of Preston co., Vir.
last effort in favor of Charles I. was made here.         ginia, on the Cheat River, 280 miles N.W. of Richmond:
KINGSITOWN, (formerly DUNLEARY,) a seaport town  The river affords excellent water-power.
and watering-place of Ireland, co., and on the Bay of Dublin,    KIN-HOA, kin-hoeS,  a city of China, province of Che-kiang,
on the railway, 7 miles S.E. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 10,453. 72 miles S.S.W. of Hang-chow-foe.
984




KIN                                                       KIO
KINIBALOO, a mountain and lake of BORNEo, (which see.) visitors resort here for sea-bathing. Kinsale sends 1 member
KIN'ISAWI, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa.             to the I-House of Commons. It gives the title of premier
KINJORE, kin-jf6rf, a lake or dund of British India, in  baron of Ireland to the De Courcey family, descendants of
Sinde. Lat. 240 51' N., ion. 680 8' E. It consists of an ex- the Dukes of Normandy, and whose representative has the
tensive expanse of stagnant water, covered by the Indus  singular privilege of wearing his hat in the royal presence.
during the wet season.                                    In 1601, Kinsale was taken by the Spaniards. In 1689,
KINIKERSVILLE, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, on  James II. landed here.
the National Road, 22 miles E. of Columbus. Pop. about 350.   KINSALE, TIE OLD HEAD OF, England, a promontory proKINKIHEAD, a small post-village of St. Francis co., Mis- jecting about 3 miles into the Atlantic. 4~ miles S.S.W. of the
souri.                                                    entrance of Kinsale Harbor. On it is a fixed light, in lat.
KIN-KUI-JIN, a seaport. town on the WV. side of Great 510 36' 45" N., ion. 80 32' 16" W., at an elevation of 241 feet.
Loo-Choo Island.                                            KINSALE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Yirginia.
KINTLET, a parish of England,,co. of Salop.               KIN/SEY'S STORE, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.
KINLOCH, kin'loK/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, now    KINISEYVILLE, a post-village of Salem co., New Jersey,
united to LETH.NDY.                                       on the Delaware River, 58 miles S.W. of Trenton. Here is a
KINILOCK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama.       ferry leading to Newcastle, in Delaware.
KINLOCK, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.              KIN-SHA-KIANG. See YANG-TSE-KIANG.
KIN/LOSS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Moray, including    KIN/SHAM, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
the town of Findhorn. It has the ruins of a celebrated    KIN-SHAN, KIN-SCHAN or KIN-CHAN, kin-shln, (liteabbey, founded by David I. in 1150.                       rally the "Golden Mountain,") an island of China, province
KIN'NAIRD/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.         of Kiang-soo, in the Yang-tse-kiang River, nearly opposite
KINNAIRD'S  HEAD, a promontory of Scotland, co. of the mouth of the Grand Canal, and covered with pagodas,
Aberdeen, projecting into the North Sea, about three-fourths  temples, pavilions, and gardens, now mostly in decay.
of a mile N. of Fraserburgh. On its summit is a castle, now    KINS/MAN, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
used as a light-house. Lat. 570 42/ N., ion. 20 W.         of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1005.
KIN'NARD/, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry.   KIN/STON, (improperly KINGSTON,) a post-village,capiKIN'NEFF/-wsITH-KATERLINE, a parish of Scotland, co. tal of Lenoir co., North Carolina, 80 miles S.E. of Raleigh.
of Kincardine, 6 miles S. of Stonehaven. The Regalia of   KIN'TAIL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross.
Scotland was, during the invasion of Cromwell, long safely    KINTANG, kin-tang/, or KINGTONG, (i~e." Silver Island,")
concealed under the pulpit in the church of Kinneff.      an island of China, near Chusan, about lat. 30~ N., and Ion.
KIN'NEGAD/, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in  1210 40' E. Greatest length, 7 miles.
Leinster, co. of Westmeath, near the Midland Great Western    KINT/BURY, (KENT/BURY,) a parish, England, co. Berks.
Railway, 12 miles E.S.E. of Mullinaer. Pop. of the town, 700.   KIN-TCHOO or KIN-TCHOU. See KINGc-cnoo-Foo.
KININEIGH, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.   KINTORE, kin-t~r/, a s;oyal and parliamentary burgh apd
KIN/NELL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.          parish of Scotland, co.. and 12 miles W.N.W. of Aberdeen,
KIN/NE LTY, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co.  on the Aberdeen Canal. Pop. in 1851, 1342. It claims to
KIN/NERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           be the most ancient royal burgh in Scotland. It unites
KIN/NERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.       with Banff, Elgin, Cullen, and Inverury in sending one
KINNERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of
KIN'NESS/WOOD, a village of Scotland, co., and 5 miles  earl to a branch of the Keith family.
E. of Kinross. Pop. 479.                                     KINTYRE, kin-tir/, CANTYRE or CANTIRE, kan-tirl, a
KINNETHMONT, in Scotland. See KENNETHOMONT.              peninsula of Scotland, between the Frith of Clyde and the
KINNET/TLES, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.        Atlantic Ocean, forming the S. end of the county of Argyle.
KIN/NEY, a new county in the S.W. part of Texas, bor- Length, 40 miles; average breadth, 61 miles. Pop. 19,318.
dering on the Rio Grande River, which separates it from    KINTYRE, THE MuLL OF, the S.W. point of the above peMexico. Area, about 2700 square miles. The Nueces River ninsula, has a light-house, with fixed lights 297 feet above
forms its boundary on the N.E. The county contains ex- high water, in lat. 550 19' N., lon. 50 491 W.
tensive prairies, which produce pasture. Formed since the    KINVAR/RA, a small seaport town of Ireland, in Concensus of 1850 was taken, and named in honor of H. L. naught. co. of Galway, 11 miles S.S.E. of Galway. Pop. 959.
Kinney, member of Congress of the republic of Texas.      It has a Roman Catholic cathedral and bishop's residence.
KININEY'S FOUR COR/NERS, a post-village of Oswego    KINWARITON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
co., New York, 6 or 7 miles S.S.W. of Oswego.                KIN-YANG, kin'ying/l, a city ofChina, province of Kan-soo,
KINNICO/NICK, a post-office of Louis co., Kentucky.     capital of a department, in lat. 360 42' N.. Ion. 1050 42' E.
KININIE'S CREEK, a post-office of Cumberland co., North    KIN-YUEN, kin'-yoo-8n/, a city of China, province of
Carolina.                                                 Quang-see, capital of a department, in lat. 240 26' N., ion. 1050
KINNIT/TY, a town of Ireland, King's co., 13 miles S.W. 50' E.
of Tullamore. Pop. 2000.                                     KINIZER'S, a post-office and station of Lancaster co.,
KINNOUL, kin-nool/, a parish of Scotland, co., and oppo- Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad,
site the town of Perth, on the left bank of the Tay, here  14 miles from Lancaster.
crossed by a handsome bridge. It has extensive nursery    KINZIG, kint/siG, a river of Germany, in Wiirtemberg
grounds, numerous elegant villas, an ancient church, the  and Baden, after a N.W. course of 45 miles, joins the IRhine
ruins of a castle of the Knights Templars, and a hill from  by several branches at Kehl.
whence is obtained one of the finest views in Britain. It    KINZEIG, a river of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, joins the
gives the title of earl to a branch of the Hay family.     Main near Hanau.
KINOULITON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.       KINZIGTHAL, kint/siG-t_1, a village of Baden, circle of
KIN'ROSSI, or KINROSS-SHIRE, kin-ross/-shir, the small- Middlo Rhine, bailiwick of, and near Wolfach. Pop. 1307.
est co. of Scotland, having E. and S. the county of Fife, and    KINZUA, Pennsylvania. See KFcJUA.
WV. and N. the county of Perth. Area, about 72 square    KIO, a town of Japan. See MIAKo.
miles, or 45,000 acres, of which about 30,000 are arable, 3000    KIOGE, (Kibge,) a town of Denmark. See KjioE.
wood, and 4500 water, consisting principally of Loch Leven.   KIOKEE, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia.
Pop. in 1851, 8924, The surface is varied and well culti-   KIO/KEE CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Savannah River,
vated. Chieftown, Kinross. Thecountyunites with Clack- about 9 miles N.E. of Appling.
mannan and portions of Perth county in sending 1 member    KIOLEN, KJOLEN, (Kj1lon,) kyflqen or chi/llen, KIOEL,
to the House of Commons.                                  (Kidel,) or KOELEN, a mountain chain of Scandinavia, exKINROSS, a.town and parish of Scotland, capital of the  tends fiom about lat. 630 northward, between Sweden and
county of Kinross, on Loch Leven, at its W. end, 14 miles  Russian Lapland on the E. and S., and Norway and Finmark
S.S.E. of Perth. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2590. It has a  on the W. and N. Mount Sulitelma, its highest point, in
fine county hall and jail, a town-hall, an elegant parish  lat. 670 5' N., Ion. 160 20' E.. is 5956 feet in elevation.
church, 2 libraries, a branch bank, and manufactures of   KIOMITIA, a village of Texas. See KIAMITIA.
cottons, tartan shawls, and damasks.                        KIONG-CtIO0 or KIONG-TCIHIOU, ke-on gchoo/, or KIONGKINROSS-SHIRE, a county of Scotland. See KINRosS.    TCHOO-FOO, written also KIANG-CHAU-FU, KHIONGKINSALE, kin'sail, a parliamentary and municipal bo- TCIHIOU  and KIUNG-CHU-FU, a maritime city of China,
rough and seaport town of Ireland, in Munster, co., and 13  capital of the island of IlHal-nan, on its N. coast. Lat. 200
miles S.S.W. of Cork, on the estuary of the Bandon River. N., Ion. 1100 22' E. Estimated pop. above 100,000. It is
here about 800 yards in breadth, 2 miles from the Atlantic. enclosed by strong walls, is well built, and has two colleges,
Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 5506. It is built  a large public library, and an extensive trade with Macao,
at the base and on the sides of acclivities almost rising from   Assam, Siam, and Singapore.
the water. The streets are steep and narrow, the houses an-   KI00-SI100, KIOU-SIOU  or KIU-SIU, ke-oo/-se-oo/, or
tique. The chief buildings are a parish church of the four- XIMO, zeeomo, the southernmost of the three principal isteenth century, a large Roman Catholic chapel, a convent, lands of Japan, in the Pacific Ocean, separated from Corea
town-hall, jail, assembly'rooms, baths, a fever hospital, union  by the Strait of Corea, and from  Niphon Island by the
work-house, fort, and barracks. The harbor, which was  Strait of Sikokf. Lat. from 310 to 340 1' N., Ion. firom 1290
formerly a naval depat, is excellent; but the trade is now  30' to 1320 E. The surfiace is mountainous, and here are
mostly transferred to Cork. Extensive and valuable fisher- several volcanoes, that of Illigigama having been the seat
ies form the chief resources of the people. In summer many  of a most destructive eruption on the 1st of April, 1826
985




KIO                                                        KIR
Nagasaki, the principal commercial port of Japan, is on this  IXIRCHHEIM-AN-DER-ECK, k6aK:rhi m-9n-dRa-8k, a vii,
island.                                                   lage of Bavaria, district of Wiirzburg. Pop. 104..
KIO-TSING, ke-o0-tsingl, or KU-TSING, kyoo'-tsingf, a city    KIRCIIHEIM-AN-DER-EGER, k50RK/him-.nn-dAn-d   gher,
of Chind, province of Yun-nan, capital of a department, 70  a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Kocher, on the Eger,
miles E.N.E. of Yun-nan. Lat. 250 34' N., ion. 1030 55' E.   Pop. 1011.
KIOU-SIOU, an island of Japan. See Kioo-SIoo.              KIRCHHEIM-BOLANDEN, k66Rxfhlm-bo/lln'den, a town
KIOWEE RIVER, South Carolina. See SAVANNAHr.             of South Germany, in Rhenish Bavaria, at the foot of the
KIPFENBERG, kiptfgn-blno', a market-town of Bavaria, Donnersberg, 18 miles N.N.E. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 3120.
circle of Middle Franconia, 30 miles W. of Ratisbon, on the  It has a castle and a church, with the family vault of the
right bank of the Altmiihl. Pop. 729.                      Dukes of Nassau; and in its vicinity are mines of iron, cop.
KIP/PAX, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. per, and mercury.
KIPtPEN, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Stirling.   KIRCIISCHLAG, k[6ERIshlAo, a market-town of Lower
KIPPENHEIM, kiplpen-hlmex, a market-town of Baden, Austria, 47 miles S. of Vienna. Pop. 1050.
circle of Upper Rhine, 11 miles E.N.E. of Zell. Pop. 1917.   KIRCHSPIELWALDNIEL, k66Rx:speel1-lItneel, a viiKIP/PURE, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster, 11 miles lage of Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf P. 1497.
S.S.W. of Dublin. Elevation, 2473 feet.                      KIRCH-STEINBECK, kO6RK-stin/btk, a village of DenKIPTCHAK or KIPCIHAK, kip'chlk/; a town of Inde- mark, duchy of Holstein, about 4 miles S.E. of Hamburg.
pendent Tartary, khanat, and 68 miles N.N.W. of Khiva,   KIRCHWARDER, (Kirchwlirder,) k6K/vtK-irdder, a viinear the Oxus.                                            lage of Hamburg, on the South branch of the Elbe, 9 miles
KIR/BY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              S.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 3029.
KIRIBY, a township of Caledonia co., Vermont, about 38    KIRCHWORBIS, k55aKR/oa'bis, a village of Prussia, promiles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 509.                       vince of Saxony,.government of Erfurt. Pop. 895.
KIRBY, a small post-village of Greene co., Pennsylvania.    KIRCHZELL, klleeKtssll, a market-town of Bavaria, in
KIRBY-BEtDON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      Lower Franconia, district of Amorbach. Pop. 890.
KIRBY-CANE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          KIRDEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
KIRBY, COLD, a parish ofEngland, co.York, North Riding.   KIRENGHA, ke-rln/gA, a river of Siberia, rises in the goKIRBY-uNDEt-D ALE, a parish of England, co. of York, vernment of Irkootsk, flows N., and joins the right bank
East Riding. For other places in England, sometimes spelt of the Lena, a little below Kirensk,; after a course of nearly
KitBY, see KIsKBs.                                        300 miles.
KIRBY-GRIN/DALYTH, a parish of England, co. of   KIRENSK, ke-rsnek/, a town of Siberia, government, and
York, East Riding.                                        410 miles N.N.E. of Irklootsk, on the Lena, at the influx of
KIRBY KENDALL. See KENDALL.                             the Kirengha, and 780 feet above the sea. Pop. 1500.
KIRBY-KNOWLE, (nS1,) a parish of England, co. of York,   KIRGHEEZ,- KIRGHIZ, KIRGUIS or KIRGUIZ, klr,
North Riding.                                             gheezl, a people of Central Asia, occupying a territory in the
KIRBY-MONKS, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.    N. part of Toorkistan, between lat. 440 and 550 N., and ion.
KIRtCH, k501K, a German word, signifying "church,"  530 and 820 E., partly independent, and partly under the Rusforming a part of various names in central Europe, as KrIRCH- sian governments of Orenboorg and Tomsk, having E. the
DORF, " church village;" FUNPNFKRCHEN, the "five churches."  Chinese Empire, W. the Caspian Sea, and S. the khanats of
KIRCHIART, k6iR/Kast, a village of Baden, circle of Lower Khokand, a country N. of Bokhara, and Khiva. Estimated
Rhine, near Sinsheim. Pop. 1123.                          a rea, 300,000 square miles. Pop. 2,260,000. The surface is
KIRCHBERG, k6na'KbIa, a town of Germany, in Saxony, traversed by many mountain chains, but it chiefly consists
circle of Zwickau, 23 miles S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 4149. of barren plains, abounding in salt lakes, some of which
It has manufactures of woollen cloths and paper.          are above 100 miles long. The climate is remarkable for vaKIRCHBERG, a town of Germany, in Rhenish Prussia, riability, and destructive hurricanes are frequent. The
30 miles S.S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 1523.                   population is almost wholly nomadic, and rude in the exKIRCHBERG-AM-WAGRAM, k6RcaKblnG-Am-vAofr m, a  treme, their principal occupation being the rearing of sheep,
market-town of Lower Austria.  Pop. 669.                   goats, horses, and camels. Some land on river-banks, howKIRCHIBROMBACH, k6aPK/broml bAK, a market-town of ever, is roughly tilled, for millet, rye, and barley; and seals,
Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg. Pop. 669.       sturgeons, &c., are taken in the lakes. Some domestic
KIRCHBUHEL, (Kirchbiihel,) k56iK/bii-lP a village of weaving, and manufactures of hair-cordage, soap, leather,
Austria, in Tyrol, near Kufstein. Pop. 1071.              and iron wares are carried on; but this region may be
KIRCHDORF, kllSuK/dosf,  or KIRCHDRAUF, k656sK- considered as pre-eminently the head-quarters of barbarism
drswf', (Hun. Sepes Varallya, sh plsh/ vlh'r61/ylh',) a town  in Asia, nearly all manufactured goods and necessaries
of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 23 miles W. of Eperies. being derived from the adjacent countries in exchange for
Pop. 3500.                                                cattle, hides, horns, and wool. The Kirgheez are of the
KIRCHDORF, k5alK/doRf, a village of Switzerland, canton, Mongol race, and separated into the so-named Great, Little,
and 11 miles S.S.E. of Bern, near GergenLake. Pop. 1922.  and Middle hordes, who are again subdivided into numerous
KIRCHDORF, a village of Switzerland, canton of Argau, tribes, each having its own khan or chief. They are in genecapital of a circle of its own name, beautifully situated on  ral below. the standard of European stature. In features,
the Limmat, E.N.E. of Aarau,  Pop. 1900.                  they hold a middle place between the Turkish and MongoKIRCIIDRAUF, a town of Hungary. See KRnoHDonR.    lian races. They have the prominent cheek-bones, and small
KIRCHEIt, a village of Nubia. See GnsYRCni.             oblique eyes of the latter, without, however, being so broad
KIRCHEN, k66Rixtn, a village of Baden, circle of Upper or so flat in the face as the Kalmuks. They are obviously
Rhine, near Lrrach. Pop. 903.                            a mixed race; the progeny of outcasts from all the surroundKIRCIHEN-KIRNBERG, kl6la1gn-k6lanfb6Ro, a village of  ing countries. They are remarkably healthy and vigorous,
Wiirtemburg, circle of Jaxt, near Welzheim. Pop. 1051.    the result of a life without care, in the open air, and on horseKIRCHENLAMITZ, k66aRKgn-l1'mits, a market-town of back. The Kirgheez knows nothing of bread. His food is
Bavnaria, on.the Lamitz, 24 miles N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1400. chiefly mutton and horse-flesh, with Okimys, or sour mare'sKIRCHENTELLINGSFURT, k556n6Kn-t~l/ling-fb3Rt', a vil- milk. From the kftmys he also extracts an intoxicating
lage of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald. Pop. 1447.    spirit. The use of tea is extended among the hordes. The
KIRCHENTIIUMBACH, k9urxmno-toom'bki, a market- dress of the Kirgheez consists of one or more loose frocks,
town of Bavaria, on the Thumbach, 15 miles S.E. of Bai- called chapan, wide pantaloons, girdle, a white-felt conical
reuth. Pop. 739.                                          hat in summer, a furred cap in winter, and pointed boots.
KIRCHET, k6aRK/lt, a village of Switzerland, canton of The female costume differs little from that of the male.
Bern, near Meiringen.                                     The Kirgheez are extremely indolent and pusillanimous.
KIRCHIATTEN, k6Sa'KhAt'ten, or IHATTEN, hltttgn, a  Their hospitality often ends in treachery; and they are,
village of Germany, Oldenburg, near the town of Oldenburg. moreover, frightfully vindictive. To all the labors of the
Pop. 814.                                                 house, the women add at least half of the out-door toil.
KIRCHIIAYN or KIRCHIIIAIN, kllaK/hine. a town of To them, therefore, belong three-fourths of all the industry
Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on the railroad fsom  of the nation, while the men give themselves up in the same
Frankfort to Cassel, 66 miles S.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. proportion to sensual enjoyment and fierce brutality. Their
Pop. 2135.                                                religion is a compound of Islamism and idolatry. No towns
KIRCHIIAYN, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, on the  exist in their territory, and the apparent remains of any
Ohm, 8 miles E. of Marburg. Pop. 1819.                    such, or of temples, are certainly the vestiges of a previous
KIRCIIHEIM, k6SRKt/hime, a town of South Germany, race of inhabitants, much more advanced in civilization
in Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, 16 miles S.E. of Stutt- than the present occupants.
gart. Pop. 5256. It is enclosed by planted walks, and has   The subjection of the Kirgheez-Kazaks (Cossacks) to the
a royal palace, and manufactures of cotton and woollen  empire of Russia, as far as roving bandits in the desert can
goods, and toys.                                         be said to be subjected, has been effected within little more
KItCIIIIEIM, avillageofBaden, near Heidelberg. P.1311. than a century. The title of Khan of the Little IIorde
KIRCHITEIM, a village of Bavaria, on the Flossach, 52 ceased, in 1812, to be connected with political power; that
miles W.N.W. of Munich. Pop. 792.                        of Khan of the Middle Horde became extinct in 1816.
KIRCI-IIEIMI-AM-NECKAR, k66saRhrm-Am-nlk/kar, a    KIRIA, KIRREA, kIrfreer, or KERtRE'A, a town of Chivillage of Wiirtemberg, on the Neckar, 8 miles S.W. of nese Toorkistan, 130 miles E.S.E. of Khoten. Lat. 37C N.,
Heilbronn. Pop. 1614.                                    820 50' E. It has an active trade with Yarkand, to which it
986




KIR                                                       KIRt
Oends silk, gold-dust, and raisins; and caravans from the  several other endowed schools, with woollen and silk manm
Russian frontier bring to it broad-cloths, brocades, steel, factures, stocking-knitting, and lead and coal-mines.
and furs, in exchange for tea, rhubarb, and sal-ammoniac.   KIRKBY-TIHIORE, a parish of England, co. of Westmore
Near it are gold-nmines wrought by the Chinese government. land.
KIRILOV  or KIRILOW, ke-re-lovf, a town of Russia, go-   KIRKBY-UTNIDERWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Linvernment, and 265 miles E.N.E. of Novgorod. Pop. 2163. It coin.
is surrounded by lakes, and owes its name to a remarkable    KIRKBY-WIARFE, a parish of England, co. of York,
convent fbunded by St. Kiril in 1398; it has a cathedral, West Riding.
several churlches, and a valuable library. A canal recently    KIRKBY-WISK, a parish of England, co. of York, North
cut near it unites the basins of the Volga and North Dwina, Riding.
through the Shelksna and Sookhona Rivers.                   KIRKCALDY, kirk-kawlldee or kirk-kawldee, a royal
KIRILOVSK  or KINLOWSK, ke-re-lovskl, a town of  parliamentary burgh, seaport, manufacturing town, and
Russia, capital of circle, government, and W. of Yekateri- parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the N. shore of the Frith
noslav.                                                   of Forth, and on the Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth Railway,
KIRIN-OOLA or KIRIN-OULA, kirlin-oollg or ke-reenfool- 6 miles N.E. of Burntisland, and 11 miles N. of Edinburg.
14, a town of Mantchooria. capital of its S. division on the  Pop. of parliamentary burgh, in 1851, 10,475. The town conSoongaree. It is enclosed by an earth rampart, and is the  sists principally of one irregularly-built street of nearly 2
residence of a Mantchoo viceroy. Its inhabitants are stated  miles, or as continued through the suburbs, about 3 miles
to be chiefly exiles.                                     in length; hence Kirkcaldy is called the " Lang town." It
KIRJATCH, a town of Russia. See KIaznArcn.              is wvell lighted, and has many elegant shops, a handsome
KIRK, (i. e. " church;" see Kiacn,) a prefix of the names  town-hall and jail, several places of worship, 2 well-endowed
of numerous towns and parishes in Great Britain. For schools, a library, a shipping company, chamber of cormthose not under-mentioned, see additional names.          merce, custom-house, and 4 branch banks. In Kirkealdy,
KIRKAGATCH, keer-kl-g tchl, or KI1RKAGHADJ, keer- and the district around it, there are 13 flax-spinning mills.
kA-gj,! a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 52 miles N.E. of  Bed-ticking, canvas, and other linen fabrics are the staple
Smyrna. It is large, populous, and stated to have some  manufacture of the place, amounting to the annual value
trade in cotton.                                          of about 200,0001. There are 7 bleachfields, connected with
KIRK-AN/DREWS-oN-EIDEN, a parish of England, co. of  the linen mnanufacture; and there are flour mills, breweries,
Cumberland.                                               vitriol-works, a distillery, and machine-factory. The trade
KIRK-ANDREWS-oN-ESK, a parish of England, co. of  of the port is extensive. The harbor is formed of stone
Cumberland.                                               piers, and has a light-house; it is completely dry at low
KIRK-ARIBORG, a parish of England, in the Isle of Man. water, but, at full tide, is capable of admitting vessels of
KIRKIBEAN, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirkcud- very considerable burden. The imports are principally from'
bright, on Solway Frith, 12 miles S. of Dumfries. It has the Baltic, Germany, and Egypt; and consist of flax, timber,
the remains of two castles, and comprises Mlount Criffel, corn, and other articles; the exports are linen, yarn, cured
1895 feet above the sea. Paul Jones was born here, about herrings, and coal, to the annual amount of about 50,000
1745.                                                     tons. The North whale fishery is also carried on to some exKIRKtBRIDE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.   tent. The number of ships belonging to Kirkcaldy, on DeKIRK-BURN, a parish of England, co. of York, East cember 31, 1849, was 74; tonnage, 9976. The borough joins
Riding.                                                   with Dysart, Kinghorn, and Burntisland in sending 1 memKIRK-BURITON, a pasish of England, co. of York, West  ber to the House of Commons. Adam Smith, author of the
Riding, 5 miles S.E. of Huddersfield.' Pop. in 1851, 20,371, "Wealth of Nations," was born here in 1723.
extensively engaged in woollen manufactures, for which    KIRK-CIIRIST, a parish of England, in the Isle of Man.
there are about 17 mills in operation. The church was   KKIRKCOLM, a parish of England, co. of Wigton.
built in the reign of Edward III.                           KIRKCONINEL, a parish of England, co. of Dumfries.
KIRKBY, kirlbee, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.   KIRKCOW/AN or KIRKOW/AN, a parish of England, co.
KIRKBY-iN-ASIPFIELD, a parishof England, co. of Notts. of Wigton.
KIRKBY-osc-BAIN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.     KIRKCUDBRIGHT,  kir-koo'bree, KIRKCUDBRIGIHT
KIRKBY-BELILARS, a parish of England, co. Leicester.  S1IRE, kir-koolbre-shir, or the STEWIARTRY OF KIRKKIRKBY-IN-CLEVELAND, (kleevlland,) a parish of Eng- CUDBRIGIIT, a maritime county in the S.W. of Scotland,
land, co. of York, North Riding.                          forming the E. half of the district of Galloway.  Solway
KIRKBY-EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       Frith sep'rates it from Cumberland.  Area estimated at
KIRKBY-FLEETIAMI, (fleetfam,)a parish of England, co. 821 square miles, or 547,200 acres, of which nearly one-third
of York, North Riding.                                    is arable. Pop. in 1851, 43,121. The surface is generally
KIRKBY-GREEN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    hilly, and in the N.W. mountainous. The chief mountains
KIRKBY-IRELETII, (ir/lth), a parish of England, co. are Blacklarg, in the N., 2890 feet; Criffel, in the S.E., 1895
of Lancaster.                                             feet; and Cairnsmoor, on Wigton Bay, 2329 feet in elevation.
KIRKBY-KEN/DAL. See KENDAL.                             The principal rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Ken, and Urr. Lakes
KIRKBY LE TIHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lin- are numerous. The soil, where manured, is often very procoin.                                                     ductive. Cattle of the polled Galloway breed are extenKIRIIK/BY-LONSIDALE, a market-town and parish of  sively reared and fattened for export.  Southdown and
England, co. of Westmoreland, on the Lune, here crossed  Cheviot sheep are numerous in the mountains. Some reby an ancient and beautiful stone bridge, 11 miles S.S.E. of mains of the pure and much-esteemed Galloway breed of
Kendal. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 1300. It stands in a  horses still exist.  The county is noted for its superior
picturesque valley, and has a fine old church, a grammar honey. Chief towns, Kirkcudbright, New Galloway, and
school founded in 1591, a curious antique market-cross, Castle Douglas.  It sends 1 member to the House of Conwith some manufactures of carpets, blankets, &c. It gives mons.
the title of earl to the Lowther family.                    KIRKCUDBRIGHT, a royal and parliamentary burgh,
KIRKBY-iN-MALI/IAMI-DALE, a parish of England, co. seaport town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the county
of York, West Riding.                                     of its own name, on the estuary of the Dee, 6 miles above
KIRKBY-MALVLORY, a parish of England, co. of Lei- its junction with the Solway Frith, and 28 miles S.W. of
cester.                                                   Dumfries. Pop. of parliamentary burgh in 1851, 2687. It is
KIRKBY MIALZEARD, (mllzerd,) a market-town and  finely situated; has a large parish church, a county-hall, a
parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, 6 miles W.N.W.  jail, ancient market-cross, handsome academy, library, a
of Ripen. In this parish is the ruin of Fountains-Abbey.   custom-house, some vestiges of a castle in which Henry VI.
KIRKBY MhISIPERTON, a pasish of England, co. of York, of England found refuge after the battle of Towton, and
North Riding.                                             imposing ruins of another, built in 1582 by the MacLellans,
KIRKBY-oN-nHEn-A10OR, a parish of England, co. of York, whose title of Baron Kirkcudbright recently became extinct.
North Riding.                                             The harbor is the best in the S. of Scotland, yet the town
KIRKBY-.I00 RtSIDE, a market-town and parish of Eng- has but little business beyond the'employment of a few cotland, co. of York, North Riding, 24 miles N.N.E. of York. ton-looms, some ship-building, small export of agricultural
Pop. in 1851, 2611. In an old house, in the market-place, produce, and imports of coals, &c. A steamer communicates
the profligate Duke of Buckingham  died in misery and  with Liverpool. It unites with Dnmfries, Annan, Lochpoverty, in 1687. Malting is actively carried on; and in  maben, and Sanquhar, in sending I member to the House
the vicinity are stone-quarries and coal-mines.           of Commons.
KIRIUBY-OVIERBLOW, a parish of England, co. of York,   KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIIRE. See KIRKCUDDRIOHT.
West Riding.                                                KIRK/DALE, a township of England, co. of LancasterKIRKBY-RAYIVENSWORTHI, a parish of England, co. of    KIRKDALE, a parish of England, co. of York, North
York, North Riding.                                      Riding, 11 miles W.S.W. of Kirby-Mloorside. A cave was
KIRKBY, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of York, discovered here in 1820, containing an extraordinary assemWVest Riding.                                            binge of the bones of hyenas, tigers, elephants, &c., witlh
KIRIKBY-STEPIHEN, ki. rbee-steefvqn, a market-town and  those of animals still natives of the climate.
arish of England, co. of Westmoreland, 22 nmiles S.E. of    KIRK-DELEEMI  or KIRK-DELIM, k0rk'-di-leeml, a
Penrith. Pop. in 1851.2753. It is pleasantly situated on the  mountain range of Asia Minor, about lat. 410 30' N., and
Eden, and has a spacious old church, a grammar school, Ion. 350 E., extending S.E. from the Kizil-Irmak.
987




KIR                                                          KIR
IRKIKMENT, a parish of Scotland. co., and 5 miles E.S.E.  has several ruined castles. bays, hamlets, and a light-house
of Forfar. Here is Gardyne Castle, built in 1568, and a very  on the Mull, in lat. 540 38' 1" N., Ion. 40 51t 2" W.
ancient and curiously-carved obelisk.                        KIRKKMALEW, a parish of England. in the Isle of Man
KIRIKEIISVILLE, a post-village of Licking co.. Ohio, on    KIRKMICHAEL, kirk-mikel, a  parish  of Scotland,
the Central Ohio Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Columbus.     county, and 8 miles S. of Ayr, with the villages of Kirk
KIRK-GGERIMAN, a parish of England, in the Isle of Man. michael, on the Girvan, and Crosshill. Here, among othel
KIRKGUN/ZIZ EON, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of  fine mansions, are Cloncaird and Cassillis'Castles, the latter
Rirkcudbright.                                            picturesquely situated on the Doon.
KIRK/HAM, a parliamentary borough and parish of Eng-   KIRTKMICHAEL, a parish of Scotland, Co. of Dumfiies.
land, co. of Lancaster, on the Preston and Wyre Railway,    KIRKMICHAEL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
81 lnles W.N.W. of Preston. Pop. of borough, 2777. It is    KIRKMICH AEL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.
hanudsomely built, and has a large modern church, with an    KIRKMICHAEL, or RESO/L1S, a parish of Scotland. cos.
ancient tower, a chapel for Roman Catholics, a grammar of Ross and Cromarty, on the S. shore of Cromarty Frith.
school, endowed in 1670, a richly-endowed establishment at It has several old castles, and numerous traces of Danish
Goosnaigh for decayed persons of the higher orders of so- camps.
ciety, several other well-endowved charities and schools. Im-   KIRKMICHAEL, a par'ish of England, in the Isle of
ports of Baltic produce, via Fleetwood, are extensive.    Man, on the Irish Sea, 8 miles N.E. of Peel-town. The'vilKIRKHAM, an extra-parochial liberty of England, co. of lage, pleasantly situated, has a new church, and an ancient
York, East Riding, on the York and North Midland Rail- Runic pillar, curiously inscribed.  In its vicinity is Biway, 15, miles N.E. of York.                              shop's Court, the palace of the Bishops of Sodor and Man, a
KIRKIIAMIMERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, Gothic edifice, surrounded by fine grounds.
West Riding.                                                KIRKNEWITON, a parish of Scotland, co. of NorthumberKTRK/HAUGH, a parish of England, co. of Northumber- land.
land.                                                       KIRKNEWTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.
KIRK-hEA/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, West   KIRKOOK, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See KERKooK.
Riding.                                                     KIRK-OSITWALD, a market-town and parish of England,
KIRKIHILL. a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness.      co. of Cumberland, 8 miles N.N.E. of Penrith. Pop. in 1851,
KIRKHILL, a village of Scotland, co. of EdInburgh.      925. The town, in the Yale of the Eden, is mostly built of
KIRI/KIBOST, a small island of Scotland, belonging to  stone, and has an old church, the ruins of a castle, paper
the Hebrides, and about 1 mile off the S.W. coast of North  and corn-mills. Three miles distant is the famous DruidiUist.                                                     cal ciecle called "Long Meg and her daughters."
KIRKININER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton.          KIRKOS/WALD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the
KIRKINRIOLA, kirk-in-re-ollc, a parish of Ireland, co. Frith of Clyde, 4 miles S.W. of Maybole. Colzean Castle,
of Antrim.                                                with ruins of Bruce's Castle, Turnbury, and of Crossraguel
KIRKINTILLOCHI, kirk'in-tilfloa, a burgh of barony, Abbey, founded in 1244, are in this parish.
market-town, and parish of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, on    KIRKOWAN, a parish of England. See KurxcacwAN.
the Forth and Clyde Canal, and the Edinburgh and Glasgow    KIRKPATRICK, a parish of England, in the Isle of Man.
Railway, 6* miles N.N.E. of Glasgow. Pop. of the town in    KIRKPAT'RICK-DURIIHAM, a parish of Scotland, stew1851, 6342. It is very irregularly built; has a court-house  artry of Kirkcudbright.
and jail, a library, manufactures of hats, iron-foundry, gas-    KIRKPATfRICK-FLEM/IING, a parish of Scotland, co. of
works, distilleries, and about 2000 cotton-looms. The parish,  Dumfries.
among other antiquities, contains vestiges of the wall of    KIRKPATRICK-IRONGRAY, a parish of Scotland, stewAntoninus.                                                artry of Kirkeudbright.
KIRK-KILISSEII, kh6sck-ke-lisfsgh, KIRKLISEII, kghrk-   KIRKPATIRICK-JUXTTA, a parish of Scotland, co., and
lisleh, written also KIRIK-KILISSIA, a large and ruinous  16 miles N.N.E. of Dumfries. Queensberry Mountain rises
town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the route from  to 2140 feet above the sea; and here also is Auchincass
Constantinople to Shoomla, 32 miles E.N.E. of Adrianople. Castle.
Pop. variously estimated at from 16,000 to 28,000. It is   KIRK'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Clinton co., Inenclosed by walls, and has many mosques and baths.        diana.
KIRKILAND, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.        KIRK/SEY'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Edgefield disKIRKLAND, a township of England, co. of Weetmoreland.  trict, South Carolina.
KIRKLAND, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 1 mile W.   KIRK'S FERRY, a post-office of Tensas parish, Louisiana.
of Leven. Pop. 534, employed in a large flax spinning-mill.   KIRK'S MILLS, a post-office of Lancaster co., PeunsylKIRKLAND or KIRK/FIELD, a village of Scotland, co. vania.
of Lanark, on the Clyde, 1 mile WV. of Lanark. Pop. 1023,   KIRKWSTALL, a village of England, co. of York, West
chiefly weavers.                                          Riding, on the Aire, 2* miles W. of Leeds.
KIRKtLAND, a post township of Penobscot co., Maine,   KIRK ST. ANNE, a parish of England, in thse Isls of Man.
about 70 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 717.                   KIRK/STEAD, a pasish of England, co. of Lincoln.
KIRNKLAND, a post-township of Oneida co., New York,   KIRKS/VILLE, a post-village in Butler co., Alabama, 140
intersected by the Chenango' Canal, 10 miles W.S.W. of miles S.5E. of Tuscaloosa.
Utica. Pop. 3421.                                           KIRKSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Adair co., MisKIRKLAND, a post-village of Cabarras co., North Caro- souri, about 120 miles N. by W. of Jefferson City.
lins, 147 miles W. by S. of Raleigh.                        KIRK/TON or KIRITON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
KIRKLEATHAM, kirk-lee/then, a parish of England, co.   KIRKTORF, khak/ltoff, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, in
of York, North Riding, 4, miles N.N.W. of Guisborough. It Ober-Ilessen, 25 miles N.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1270.
has a firee grammar school, and a hospital founded in the    KIRKITOUN, a parish of Scotland. co. of toxburgh.
seventeenth century, by Sir W. Turner, Lord Mayor of    KIRKURD, a:t parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles.
London. who is buried in its chapel.                        KIRK/VILLE, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York,
KIRK-LEES, a hamlet of England, co. of York, West on the Erie Canal and Central Railroad, 13 miles E. of
Riding, on the blManchester and Leeds Railway, 4 miles W.  Syracuse.
of Dewsbury. In Kirklees Parkl, the beautiful domain of   KIRKVILLE, a small post-village of ladison co., Kenthe Arnmitage family, is a tombstone, supposed to mark the  tucky.
grave of Robin Stood. Pop  179.                            KIRKVILLE, a post-office of Wapello co.. Iowa.
KIIRKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            KIRKWALL, kirk-wawvl/, a royal and parliamentary
KIRK'LIN, a township of Clinton co., Indiana.           burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the
KIRKLIN, a village of Clinton co., Indiana, on the Mi- co. of Orkney, on a bay on the N.E. side of Mainland, 26
chigan plank-road, 31 miles N. of Indianapolis.           miles N.N.E. of John o' Groat's. Lat. 580 59' 2" N., Ion. 20
KIRKILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.        57/ 2"/ W. Pop. of the burgh, in 1851, 3451. Its houses are
KIRKLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North  antique, and built of stone. The most conspicuous edifice
Riding.                                                   is the cathedral of St. Magnus, a fine Gothic pile, founded
KIRK-LIN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. in the twelfth century, with a modern tower and spire 140
KIRKLISER, European Turkey. See KIRKKILISSE.           feet in height. Its choir is used as the parish church, and
KIRK/LISTON, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Linlithgow  contains many monuments of Scandinavian worthies. On
and Edinburgh, 9 miles W. of Edinburgh. It has a very  either side of it are the ruins of the castle of the Earls of
ancient church, formerly belonging to the Knights-Tem- Orkney, and of the bishop's palace, in which latter Haco,
plars, fine remains of Niddry and Eliston Castles, and the  King of Norway, died in 1263; and opposite it are the remansion-house of Newliston. The Glasgow and Edinburgh  mains of the king's castle. The principal modern buildings
Railway is here carried across the vale of the Almond on a  are the town-hall, jail, and assembly-rooms; and the town
viaduct of 30 arches.                                    has a museum, grammar school, libraries, and a customKIRK/MABRECK, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of  house. It has some manufactures of linen and straw-plait,
Kirkcudbright.                                           and a considerable export trade. Registered shipping in
KIRKMAHOE, kirk'ma-h6!, a parish of Scotland, co. of 1847, 13,336 tons. It communicates by steamers with Leith,
Dumfries.                                                Aberdeen, Wick, and Lerwick. At the fair in August. the
KIRKMAIDIEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton, principal mercantile business of Orkney is transacted. It
forming a peninsula ending, in the Mull of Galloway. It is the seat of the superior courts of law for Orkney, adid its
988




KIR                                                        KIT
society equals that of the best provincial towns ifi Scotland. It stands on three hills, has 14 churches, a gymnasium
Kirkwall joins Cromarty, Wick, Dingwall, Dornoch, and  founded in 1831, 10 other public schools, a government
Tami, in sending 1 member to the House of Commons.        library, and extensive woollen cloth and other factories.
KIRK-WHELTPINGTON, a parish of England, co. of    RISHENGHUR, kish'en-gtirl, a town of Hindostan, in
Northumberland.                                           Bundelcund. 100 miles S.E. of Jhansi.
KIRKIWOOD, a post-village of Broome co., New York,   KISHENGHUR, a town of Ilindostan, in Rajpootana,
on the New York and Erie Railroad, 216 miles from New  capital of a dominion of about 724 square miles, 60 miles
York City. The house in which Joseph Smith, the founder S.W. of Jeypoor, and enclosed by substantial walls.
of the sect of Mormons, was born, is still standing in this    KISHENGUNGA, kish-6n-gdnfga, a river of Asia, rises
place.                                                    near lat. 340 20' N., and ion. 760 E., flows S.W., and joins
KIRKWOOD, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 2208. the Jhylum after a course of about 120 miles.
KIRKWOOD, Missouri, a station on the Pacific Railroad,   KISH'ICOQUIJLLAS, post-office, Mifflin co., Pennsylvania.
13 miles from St. Louis.                                    KISHICOQUILLAS CREEK, of Pennsylvania, flows into
KIRK-YETHOLM, a village of Scotland. See YErTHOLM.   the Juniata River near Lewistown.
KIRMAN, a province and city of Persia. See KEeMAN.        KISHM, k0shm, or KISIIMA, (ance. Oaraclrca,) the largest
KIRMANSHAH or KIRMANSIHAW. See KERMANSHAH. island in the Persian Gulf, near its entrance, 15 miles S.W.
KIR/MINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       of Ormus, and surrounded  by many smaller islands.
KIRIMOND-LE-MIRE, a parish of England. co. of Lincoln. Length, 70 miles; average breadth, 12 miles. Estimated
KIRN, k~rn, a beautiful watering-place of Scotland. in  pop. 5000, chiefly Arabs; the island belongs to the Imam of
Argyleshire, on the W. shore of the Frith of Clyde, 25 miles  Muscat.
WV. by N. of Glasgow.                                       KISI-IIM or KISHMA, the capital of the above island, on
KIRN, k6SRn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 40 miles S. of  its E. side, is rudely fortified, and the residence of a sheikh;
Coblentz, on the Nahe. Pop. 1712.                         its markets are well supplied, and it has some ship-building,
KIRPELEE or KIRPILI, k66Rape-lee, written also KTR- and a brisk coasting trade.
PELEI, a river of Russia, rises in the government of Can-   KISHIION, a river of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, rises in
easus, flows W.N.W., and loses itself in a marshy lake, on the  Anti-Libanus, flows N.W. through the plain of Esdreelon,
borders of the Sea of Azof. Total course, about 120 miles.   and enters the Mediterranean, 6 miles S.S.W. of Acre.
KIRRDORF, kMfR/doRf; a village of Hesse-Homburg, lord-   KISH'TAWARI, a town of Hindostan, in the Punjab, near
ship of Homburg-vor-der-H1he. Pop. 1244.                  the Chenaub; lat. 330 15' N., lon. 750 460 E.
KIRRIEMUIR, kirtre-miir, or KILLAMUIR, killla-miir,    KISHWAUIKEE, a post-village of Winnebago co., Illinois,
a burgh of barony, town, and parish of Scotland, co., and 5  on Rock River, 90 miles W.N.W. of Chicago.
miles N.W. of Forfar. Pop. ofthe town, in 1851, 3518. The    KISKA, kisfkA, an island of the Aleutian Archipelago;
town, finely situated between the Grampians and the Yale of lat. 520 22' N., Ion. 1770 50 WV. Length from N. to S., 25 miles.
Strathmore, has a handsome church and Episcopal chapel,   KISJKATUM, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
a trades'-hall, numerous schools, 2 libraries, a branch bank,   KIS'KIMINIETAS, a river, rises in the WV. central part of
and about 2000 looms employed in weaving linen, sheeting, Pennsylvania, and falls into the Alleghany River, 30 miles
and dowlas, chiefly for export. In the vicinity is Inver-  above Pittsburg. See CONEMAUGH RIVER.
quharity Castle.                                             KISKIMINETAS, a post-township of Armstrong co., PennKIRRLACH, k6RS/l~A, a village of Baden, circle of Lower  sylvania, on the river of the same name. Pop. 2430.
Rhine, bailiwick of Philipsburg. Pop. 1500.                  KISLIAR, a town of Asiatic Russia. See KIZIAR.
KIRRWEILER, k6afRtiPler, a village of Bavaria, in the    KISILINGBURY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Palatinate, 12 miles W.S.W. of Speyer. Pop. 1509.            KISLOVODOSK, KISLOWODOSK, kis-lo-vo-doskl, or KISRIRSANOV or KIRSANOW, k56R-sA-novf, a town of Rus- LOVODSK, kis-lo-vodskf, a celebrated Russian watering-place,
sia. governmentland 44 miles E.N.E. of Tambov. P. 3000.  in the N. of the government of Caucasus, on an affluent of
KIR-SIIERR, keer-shh/h'r, (unc. Andrapa,) a town of  the Kooma, 30 miles S.S.W. of Georgievsk.
Asia Minor, near its centre, on an affluent of the Kizil-    KISMARTONY, a town of Hungary.  See EISENSTAD).
Irmak, 60 miles N.W. of Kaisareeyeh. Pop. from 3500 to 4000.   KISMAYOO, kis'ma-yoof, an island of East Africa, off the
KIRtSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         coast of Zanzibar, lat. 00 44' S., with a village on its N.N.W.
KIR'TARPOORI, a town of Hindostan, in the Punjab, E. side.
of the Bess River, near the Himalaya Mountains.             KISSER or KISSA. See GISSER.
KIR'THIPOORI, a town of IHindostan, is Nepaul, 6 miles    KISSINEEW, a river of Florida, issues from a lake of the
W.S.W. of Khbatmandoo.                                    same name, flows through St. Lucie co., and enters Lake
KIRTILAND, a post-village and township of Lake co., Okechobee. Its general course is S. by E.
Ohio, on a branch of Chagrin River, 160 miles N.E. of Co-   KISSINGEN, kis/sing-en, a town and watering-place of
lumbus. The Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary here  Bavaria, on the Saale, 30 miles N.N.E. of Wlirzburg.  Pop.
has 120 pupils. The village was formerly the head-quarters  1600. It has three principal springs of saline-chalybeate
of the Mormons, and contained at one time near 3000 per- water, of which 500,000 bottles are annually exported; adSons. Since their removal, many of the houses have gone jacent to these are a pump-room, baths, and a colonnade.
to decay. The temple which they built here in 1835 is said  Near it are salt-mines, from which 30,000 centners or hunto have cost $40,000. Pop. 1598.                           dredweights of salt are raised yearly.
KIRTILING, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.          KISTNA, a river of India. See KISTNAH.
KIRTILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          KIST'NAGHERIRY, a town and formerly a strong fort of
KTRITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           British India, presidency of Madras, 60 miles N. of Salem.
KIRTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.              KIST/NAII, KISTINA, or KRISHINA, a river of India, Ain
KIRTON-IN-LINDISEY, a market-town and parish of Eng- the Deccan, risesin the W. Ghauts, nearlat. 180 N., lon. 740 E.,
land, co., and 17 miles N. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851, 1948.    flows E. through the territories of Sattarah, the Nizam, and
KIRTORF, kSriStoaf, a small town of Hesse-Darmstadt,  the British presidencies of Bombay and Madras, and enters
province of Ober-Hessen, 25 miles N.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1276. the ocean by several mouths, in lat. 150 50' N., lon. 810 E.
K.IRZHATCH,  KIRJATCH,  kUOa-zhltchl, or  KIR- Length, 600 miles. It receives some large tributaries, as
SCHATSCI, a town of Russia, government, and 60 miles the Beemah, Toombuddry, and MlIussy; but as it traverses
W. of Vladimeer, on a river of the same name, which flows mostly a mountainous region, it is ill adapted to navigation.
S., and joins the Kliasma, after a course of nearly 60 miles.   KISZUCZA, kis'sootfs6h', a river of Hungary, after a course
Pop. 800.                                                 of about 40 miles, joins the Wang nearly opposite Zolna.
KIS, kish, a Hungarlan word signifying "little," joined    KITAI, kee'tif, a town of Independent Tartary, khanat,
to various namnes; as Ks-KAsNISA, Kis JENO, &c., which  and 46 miles N. of Khiva, on a canal.
will be found noticed under the additional name, as KANI-   KITCHIING'S MILLS, a post-office of Orangeburg disSA, KiR; JENS, KiR. &c.                                   trict, South Carolina.
KiSAMOS, kisA-mose, a bay on the N.W. coast of the    KITRELL'S, North Carolina, a station on the Raleigh
island of Crete, lat. 350 38' N., Ion. 230 38' E., having Cape  and Gaston Railroad, 37 miles from Raleigh.
Spada on the E., and Cape Buso on the W.                    KIT'S-COTY-I-IOUSE, England. See AYLESFOanD.
KISAMOS, a fortified maritime town of Crete, on its N.   KITSEE or KITTSEE, kitfsA', a f-ontier fma-rket-town of
coast. on the Bay of Kisamos, 18 miles W. of Khania. E. of  West Hungary, in Wieselburg, 5 miles S.S.WV. of Presburg.
it are the ruins of ancient C6samus.                      Pop. 3100.
KISARIAII. a town of Palestine.  See CESAREiA.            KITTANINING, a post-township of Armstrong co., PennKIS-BER, kish-baia, a market-town of Hungary, co., and  sylvania, on the Alleghany River. Pop. 1175..22 miles S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 2200.                         KITTANNING, a thriving post-borough in the above
KISCITNEW, a town of Russia. See KIsHENEV.              township, and capital of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, on
KIS-GYOR, kish-dyon, a village of Ilungary, co. of Borsod, the left bank of the Alleghany River, 45 miles above Pitts4 miles from Haesany. Pop. 1615.                         burg, and 200 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.  It is plea,
KTSHENAGUR, kish'e-na-g~rf, a town of British India, santly situated on the river-flats, with high hills in the
presidency of Bengal, 57 miles N.N.E. of Calcutta. It has rear, and occupies the site of an Indian town of the same
a new English-college. Lat. 230 26' N., Ion. 880 35t E.   name. The vicinity abounds in coal and iron ore, and an
KISHENEV, KICHENEV, KISCIIENEW, kish.e-nWv, or  impulse has recently been given to the growth of KittanKICHINEF, a town of Russia. capital of the goverument of  ning by the erbction of iron-works. It contains a courtBessarabia, on the Buik, 85 miles N.W. of Odessa. Pop. 43,000. house, jail, academy, several churches, and 2 newspapee
989




KIT                                                       KLA
offices. Incorporated in 1821. Pop. in 1850, 1561; in 1853, TOWN, the chief town of the Griqua tribes, in South Africa,
about 2000.                                               500 miles N.E. of Cape Town.
KIT'TATININY, or BLUE MOUNTAINS, a chain which,   KLABAT. kli-bgt/, an active volcano, 4000 feet high, in
commencing in Shawangunk, in Ulster co., New  York, the island of Celebes, nea' Menado. Near it is a village of
passes through the N.W. part of New Jersey, and crossing  the same name.
the Delaware at the Water Gap, becomes, through the    KLADEK, klfdlk, or ROM, rom, a village of Austria, in
greater part of Pennsylvania, one of the principal mountain  Moravia, 24 miles N. of Olmutz. Pop. 818.
ridges in that state. Although its course, as it approaches    KLADNO, klid/no, a town of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz,
the Potomac, is less clearly marked, it may be traced  15 miles W.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 1395.
through Virginia, North  Carolina, and Tennessee, into    KLADRAU, kl3drfw, a town of Bohemia, circle, and 17
Alabama. The average elevation and bulk of this range is  miles W.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1248.
greater than of the Blue Ridge; yet the latter, on account   KLAGENFURTH  or CLAGENFURTI{, kldfghen-foortV,
of its having a narrow base, and being better defined, as well sometimes called ZELANZ, tselldnts, a town of Illyria, capital
as on account of its loftier mountain summits, occupies a  of the duchy of Carinthia, and ofa circle on the Glan, 41 miles
more conspicuous place on all our maps of the United States. N. of Laybach. Pop. 14,200. It is well built, and its fortifica.
As a distinct and nearly continuous range, the Kittatinny  tions, destroyed by the French in 1809, have been replaced
extends more than 800 miles. Its elevation above the sea  by a hgndsome promenade. Principal edifices, a fine resivaries fironm about 800 to 2500 feet.                      dence of the Prince-bishop of Gurk, with rich galleries of
KIT/TEtY, a post-township of York co., Maine, bordering  art, a cathedral and other churches, an old castle, the hall
on the Atlantic, and on the Piscataqua River opposite Ports- of the Carinthian assembly, an edifice of the fourteenth cenmouth, with which it is connected by a bridge, 50 miles tury, a new market-place, and numerous charitable instituS.W. of Portland. The Portland Saco and Portsmouth Rail- tions. In one of its squares is a leaden statue of Maria
road passes through it. The Portsmouth United States Theresa. It is the seat of the court of appeal for the governNavy-yard is situated in this township. Pop. 2700.         ment, and has a gymnasium and a normal school, several
KITITESFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      extensive woollen cloth and white-lead factories, manufacKITTOCITAN CREEK; in the N.E. part of Virginia, flows  tures of silk fabrics, and a large transit trade.
through London co., and falls into the Potomac above the    KLAMATH, lidmlat or klimat'h, written also TLA!Point of Rocks, after a course of about 30 miles.         MATH, a river which has its source in Klamath Lake,
KIT'TOORI, a town of British India, presidency of Bom- in the S.W. part of Oregon Territory.  It flows in a
bay, 22 miles N.W. ofDarwar.                              general southerly  course, (crossing the boundary line
KITT'S, ST., a West India island. See ST. CHsRSTOPIIER.   between Oregon and California,) till it receives the waters
KITUL, ke-ttlf, a town of Hindostan, province, and about of Rhett Lake; it then runs north-westward into Oregon;
45 miles N.W. of Delhi.                                   and turning again, takes a S.W. direction to its junction
KITZBUHEL, (Kitzbiihel,) kitslbtWel, or KITZBIHEL, with. Trinity  River; and reassuminug, lastly, a N.W.
kitstbee'el, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, on the Grossach,  course, falls into the Pacific in about 410 30' N. lat. Its
47 miles E.N.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 1730.                  whole length is estimated at 250 miles. There is a bar at
KITZINGEN, kit/sing'en, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, the mouth of the Klamath, which at high water will admit
11 miles E.S.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 5170. It has manufac-  aship ofthe line, but more frequently nothing larger than
tures ofvinegar, colors, gunpowder,leather, and printers'-ink.  a whale-boat. It might be navigated by a small steamboat
KIUNG-CIU-FU, a town of China. See KIoNa-CHoo.          40 miles beyond this point. Its waters abound in fish,
KIU-SIU, an island of Japan. See Kioo-SIoo.             particularly salmon. Gold is found in abundance on this
KIUTAJA, a town of Asia Minor. See KrUTAIE.             river, miners averaging $7 per day.
KIVYZA, a town of Turkey. See GoBSEH.                     KLAMATH, a county forming the N.W. extremity of CaliKIZ-HISSAR, kiz-(or keez-) his'sarl, KILIS-HISSAR, ke- fornia, has an area of about 4500 square miles. It is bounded
leesl-his\oar, or KILISA-IIISSAR, ke-leeesi-his'sarl, (anc. TyJ- on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, on the N. by Oregon Terriana,) a village of Asia Minor, in Karamania, 38 miles N.E. of  tory, and partly E. by the Coast Range of mountains. It is
Ereglee. It has the ruins of an aqueduct, and massive Re- intersected by the Klamath, and also drained by Trinity
man foundations. Great quantities of nitre are manufac- and Salmon Rivers. The surface is uneven and mountaintured here; and 2 miles distant is a small sulphureous lake, ous, and often heavily wooded. The redwood in some cases
supposedto answer tothe ancient Asmabous,sacred to Jupiter. measures 21 feet in diameter. Salmon Mountain, between
KIZIL-AGHIIAJ, kizlilP-A-g~j, a village of Turkish Arme- Salmon and Klamath Rivers, is covered with snow nine
nia, pashalic, and 10 miles W. of Moosh.                  months in the year; and Mount Prospect, on Klamath
KIZIL-AGIHAJ, a maritime village of Asiatic Russia, on  River, 5000 feet above the level of the sea, is covered with
a bay of the W. coast of the Caspian, 30 miles N. of Lankeran. snow eight months in the year. The soil of a strip of land
KIZIL-IRMAK, kiz/il-irlmmk,(Turk. pron. kizlil'-Ortmdk!; on the coast, about 20 miles long and 5 miles wide, is unauc. Hcdlys,) or the "REn RiveR;" the principal river of Asia  surpassed for agricultural purposes, and is finely watered.
Minor, rises by many heads in the centre of that peninsula, In the valley of Trinity River, a portion of which has been
flows N., and enters the Black Sea, S.E. of Sinope. Length, set apart as an Indian reservation, it is also of excellent
520 miles. In antiquity it separated the Lydian and Persian  quality. A large portion of the inhabitants are engaged in
dominions; it now separates the Turkish pashalics of Ana- quartz and placer-mining. Klamath, Trinity, and Salmon
tolia and Seevas. Principal affluent, the Kara-soo or Kasta- Rivers, all abound in gold. Pop. 530.
moonee River.                                               KLAMATH, a town of Klamath co., in the N.N.W. part of
KIZIL-KOOM, KIZIL-KOUM   or KIZIL-KUM, kizlil- California, is situated on the Klamath River, about 10 miles
koom, an extensive sandy desert of Asia, E. of Lake Aral, from its mouth, and 300 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco.
occupying nearly the centre of Independent Tartary, be-   KLAR, klaR. a river of Norway, rises in the province of
tween lat. 410 and 440 N., and ion. 610 and 670 E.        South Trondhjem, forms Lake Fsemund, flows S.S.E. through
KIZIL-OOZEN, KIZIL-OUZEN or KIZIL-UZEN, kizil'- the len Hedemark, under the name of TYrsILD, enters the
oo0zlnl, (anc. Amarldus or.lfarldus,) a river of Persia, pro- ien Carlstad, where it takes the name of Klar, and falls by
vince of Irak-Ajeemee, after a N.E. course of 300 miles, enters three mouths into the N. part of Lake Wener, after a course
the Caspian Sea, 35 miles E. of Reshd. In its latter part it of about 200 miles.
is called the Sefeed-rood.                                 IKLARENTZA, kl -rknt/sA, CHIARENTZA, ke-i-r~nt/sA,
KIZLIAR or KIZLJAR, kiz'le-arl, written also KISLIAR, or CHIAREN/ZA, (anc. Gyllene,) a seaport, village, and
a fortified town of Russia, government of Caucasus, capital of mountain fortress of Greece, at the W. extremity of the
the district, on the Terek, 50 miles WV. of its mouth, in  Morea, near Cape Kliarentza, 17 miles N.E. of Zante. In
the Caspian. Pop. 12,000. It has manufactures of silk and  the Middle Ages it formed a principality, which was inhecotton fabrics, and an active trade in wine raised in its vi- rited by a son of Edward III., and from this, junior branches
cinity.                                                    of the royal family of England have since repeatedly borne
KJERTEMINDE, ke-6a'teh-minldeh or kygRttgh-min/deh, the title of Duke of Clarence.
a seaport town of Denmark, on a small and shallow bay, on    KLASTERETZ, a village of Bohemia. See IKLOSTERLE.
the N.E. side of the island of Funen, 12 miles E.N.E. of    KLATTAU, kl!t/ttw, a town of Bohemia, on an affluent
Odense. Pop. 1800.                                         of the Beraun, 68 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 6564. It has
KJOBENIAYN, a city of Denmark. See CorrNHABIEN.   manufactures of woollen cloth and stockings, a gymnasium,
KJOGE, (Kjige,) or KIOGE, (Kiige,) ke-6lgheh, a seaport a high school, and 2 hospitals.
town of Denmark, on the E, shore of the island of Seeland,   KLAUSEN, kl~wzen, a small town of the Tyrcl, on the
at the mouth of a small stream, 20 miles S.E. of Copenhagen. Eisach, 1712 feet above the sea, 7 miles S.W. of Brixen.
The bay of Kjge has good anchorage, and is sometimes   KLAUSENBURG, kl6w/zen-bb6o'c, or MOLOSVAR, kob
used as a station by ships of war. Within it, in 1677, a losh'v~Ail, one of the two royal free capital cities of Transvlsignal victory was gained by the Danish over the Swedish  vania, on the Szamos, in a romantic valley, 72 miles N.N.W.
fleet. In the vicinity of the town, in 1807, some Danish  of Hermannstadt. Pop. 25,500. It consists of the old and
militia were defeated by a body of English, under the com- new towns, surrounded by walls, and ente-ed by 6 gates.
maud of the Duke of Wellington, then Sir Arthur Wellesley. It has a citadel and several suburbs, a cathedral, Roman
Pop. 2300.                                                Catholic, Calvinist, Unitarian, and Lutheran churches, the
KLAAIRWAAL. kllrffvll, a village of the Netherlands, town-hall, military and other hospitals, and some priurovince of South Holland, 11 miles S. of Motterdam, P. 651. vate palaces. It is the seat of the Transylvania Diets, of
KLAARWATER, klarlw'ter, or GRIQUA  (gree'kw[) the Unitarian Superintendence for Transylvania, and of a
990
ills_ —----------




KLA                                                       KNI
Protestant consistory; and has Roman Catholic, Reformed, the oldest and richest in Austria, with a library of 30,000
and Unitarian colleges, Piarist and other monasteries, an  volumes.
institute for nobles, unimportant manufactures of woollen    KLOSTERS, klos'ters, a village and parish of Switzerland
cloths, china-ware, and paper. It is the birthplace of the  canton of Grisons, on the Landquart, 16 miles E.N.E. oi
famous King of Transylvania, Mathias Corvinus.            Chur, (Coire.) Pop. 1286.
KLAUSTHAL, a town of Hanover. See CLAUSTHAL.              KLOTEN, klotten, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
KLECK/NERVILLE, a thriving post-village of Crawford  6 miles E.N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1460.
co., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, 9 miles N. of Meadville,   KLUNDERT, kltinldert, a fortified town of the Netherthe county seat, has an active trade, and about 300 inha- lands, province of North Brabant, 12 miles N.W. of Breda.
bitants.                                                  Pop. 2444.
KLECKNERVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co.,   KLUS, kloos, (INNER, intner, and AEUSSEa, oistser,) a
Pennsylvania, 63 miles N. of Philadelphia.                market-town of Switzerland, canton, and 10 miles E. of
KLECKO, klk/ko, or KLOSK, klosk, a town of Prussia, Soleure, at the N. extremity of the celebrated defile of the
province, and 26 miles N.E. of Posen, between two lakes. same name, with ruins of a castle.
Pop. 1079.                                                  KLUVEN, a village of Norway. See KLorzVEN.
KLECZEWO, kli-chdlvo, a walled town of Russian Po-   KLYTSCII-NIAS-BAI, klitch'ne'As' bV, or KLYTSCH-BAI,
land, government of Kalisz, 38 miles N.W. of Kolo. P. 2206. klitch'bi, a town of Independent Tartary, khanat, and 50
KLEIN-BOTTWAR, kline-botftlar', a village of Wiirtem-  miles N.N.W. of Khiva. It contains a castle of the khan
berg, circle of Neckar. Pop. 951.                         and 3 mosques.
KLEINEN, klifnen, a town of Denmark, on the railroad    KMIELNIK, a town of Russia. See CnSfnLNIK. 
from Schwerin to Riostock, 11 miles from Schwerin.'        KNAITH, nkth, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
KLEINENBERG, klinegn-bsatG, a village of Rhenish Prus-   KNAPDALE. nap/dale, NORTH and SOUTIt, two contigusia, government, and 40 miles S. of Minden. Pop. 1028.    ous parishes of Scotland, co. of Argyle, between Lock Fyne
KLEINENDORF, klilnen-doRf', a village of Rhenish Prus- and the Sound of Jura, and connected S. with the peninsia, government of Minden.  Pop. 1243.                    sula of Cantire.
KLEINGARTACH, kline-gaa'ttK, a town of Wiirtemberg,    KNAP-or-REEDS, a post-office of Granville co., North
circle of Neckar, near Brackenheim, on the Leinbach. P. 900. Carolina.
KLEINITZ, klinits, a village of Prussian Silesia, 56 miles    KNAPS, a post-office of Carter co., Kentucky.
N. by W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1412.                            KNAPTOFT, napftoft, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
KLENTSCHI or KLENCZ, klntch, a market-town of Bo-   KNAPTON, nap/ton, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
hemia, circle, and 21 miles W. of Klattau. Pop. 1123.       KNAPTON, a township of England, co. of York.
KLESZEL, kllshle, a town of Russian Poland, province,   KNAPTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, on the
and 42 miles S. of Bialystok. Pop. 1088.                  York and North Midland Railway 15i miles N.E. of York.
KLEVAN, klt-v~nt, a river of Russia, government of Orel,   KNAPWELL, napfwell, a parish of England, co. of Camjoins the Sem, after a S.W. course of about 90 miles.     bridge.
KLEVE, a town of Rhlienish Prussia. See CLEVEr.           KNARESBOROUGH, nairsfbtLr-rhh, a parliamentary boKLIASMA or KLIAZMA, kle-zfmdt, a river of Russia, rough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of York,
governments of Moscow and Vladimeer, rises near Klin, flows  West Riding, 3 miles E. of Iarrogate, and 16 miles W.N.W.
E. 350 miles, and joins the Oka at Gorbatov.              of York. Pop. in 1851, 10,170; of parliamentary borough,
KLIMOVITCIHII or KLIMAOWITSCIII, kle-mo-vitchlee, a  5526. It is picturesquely situated in the narrow valley of
town of Rustia, government, and70 miles E.S.E. of Moheelev, Nidd, here crossed by 2 stone bridges. It has an ancient
on the Ostra. Pop. 955.                                   parish church, and numerous other places of worship, a
KLIN, kleen, a town of Russia, government, and 40 miles  small grammar school, another endowed school, and massive
N.N.W. of Moscow, on the Sestra, with a palace. Pop. 2400. remains of a castle erected soon after the Conquest. It
KLINESVILLE, klinztvill, a post-village of Hunterdon  afforded shelter to the murderers of Thomas-h-Becket, and
co., New Jersey.                                          formed a temporary prison for Richard I. A part of it is
KLINESVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.  now used as a prison for the forest of Knaresborough.  The
KLINESYILLE, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- town has also a court-house in the castle area, a marketsylvania.                                                 house, public library, banking company, and long-estaKLINGENBERG; klinglen-beRG', a town of Bavaria, on  blished manufaitctures of linens, which have, however,
the Main, 15 miles S. of Aschaffenburg. Pop. 1007.        greatly declined. Along the river is a pleasant promenade,
KLINGENTHAL, klingIen-tAlP, a village of France, de- on which is the famous "1dropping well," of strongly petripartment of Bas-Rhin, 15 miles N.N.W. of Sch6lestadt.     fying quality. Not far from the town are the remains of a
KLINGENTHAL, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, priory of the thirteenth century, and ancient chapels, hewn
13 miles E.S.E. of Plauen. Pop. 1691.                     out of solid rock, and now tenanted as dwellings, with St.
KLINGTERSTOWN,   a post-office of Schuylkill co., Penn- Robert's Cave, the scene of the murder committed in 1745
sylvania.                                                 by Eugene Aram. The borough sends 2 members to the
KLINGNAU, klingtnlw, a town of Switzerland, canton  IHIouse of Commons.
Aargau. on the Aar, 16 miles N.E. of'Aarau. Pop. 1300.      KNARESBOROUGH FOREST, a district of England, exKLINTSY or KLINTZY, klint/see, a market-town of Rus- tending W. of the above town for'20 miles, and in some
sin, government of Tchernigov, 17 miles S. of Soorazh. Pop. places 8 miles in breadth. It has belonged to the duchy of
3300.                                                     Lancaster since the time of Edward III.
KLISSURA liis-soofrg, or KLEISSOURA, a town of Tur-    KNARESDALE, nairsfdil, a parish of England, co. of
key, Albania, on the Voyussa, 40 miles E. of Avlona, with a  Northumberland, 16 miles W.S.W. of Ilexham. The anmountain fort. Pop. 1500.                                 cient forest of Knaresdale formerly abounded with red-deer,
KLIUTCII  or KLIUCH, kle-oochf, a town of Turkish  a few of which still remain.
Croatia, 30 miles S.WV. of Banialuka. Population mostly    KNEBWORTIL, nlblwgrth, a parish of England, co. of
Turks. It has a strong fortress, and a mart for horses.   Hertford.
KLOBAUK, klolb6wk, a town of Moravia, 21 miles E.N.E.   KNEESALL, neezal, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
of -Iradisch. Pop. 2896.                                    KNEETON, a parish of England.  See KNEVETON.
KLOBUCKO, klo-booklko, a small town of Poland, pro-    KNEISLEY, neezrlee, a post-office of Greene co., Ohio.
vince, and 70 miles S.E. of Kalisz, with 1800 inhabitants,   KNELSTON, nilsfton, a parish of Wales, co. Glamorgan.
and a fine palace and park.                                 KNESSELAERE,  knasfseh-lireh, a village of Belgium. proKLODAYA or KLODAWA, klo-dIvA, a town of Poland, vince of East Flanders, 15 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 4157.
province, and 90 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 2300.             KNETTISIIALL, n~t/tis-hall, a parish of England, co. of
KLODZKO, a town of Prussia.  See GLATZ.                 Suffolk.
KLOETINGE, kloolting-Heh, a village of the Netherlands,    KNETZGAU, knltsfglw, a village of Bavaria, in Lower
province of Zealand, in South Beveland, S.E. of Goes. P. 696. Franconia, on the Main. Pop. 1363.
RLOEVEN or KLUVEN, kloo/ven, a village of Norway,    KNEVETON, nev/e-ton, or KNEETON, nee/ttn, a parish
province of Nordland, in the island of Senjen. P. about 300. of England, co. of Notts.
KLOOSTERBUREN, kl6sfter-bi'ren, a village of the Ne-   KNIAGININ or KNIAGHININ, kne-A-ghe-neent, a town
therlands, in Groningen, 21 miles W.N.WV. of Appingedam. of Russia, government, and 50 miles S.E. of Nizhnee NovgoPop. 974.                                                 rod. Pop. 1600.
KLOPPENBURG, klop'pen-brb66R', a town of North Ger-   KNIAZ, kne-dzf, sometimes written ZID, zid, a lake of
many, duchy, and 19 miles S.S.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 883. Russia, government, and 100 miles S.S.E. of Minsk. Length,
KLOSTIER-BRUCK, klfslter-br66k, a village of Moravia, 1  15 miles; breadth, about 4 miles.
mile E.S.E. of Znaym. on the Taja, with a fine castle, for-   KNIELINGEN, k'neelfing-en or kneelling-en, a village of
merly an abbey.                                           Baden, on the Rhine, 3 miles W.N.W. of Carlsruhe. There
KELOSTERLE, (Kl1ste-le,) klslter-1eh, a small town of  is a gold washery here. Pop. 1 25.
Bohemia, 16 miles WV.N.WV. of Saatz, on the Eger. Pop. 1600.   KNIESEN, k'neefzen or kneefzen, (Hun. CGnezda, gnlzhKLOSTERLE, klos!ter-leh, or KLASTERETZ, klster —tsx, dbk',) a town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 15 miles N.E. cf
a village of Bohemia, on the Wild Adler. Pop. 793.        Kesmark. Pop. 1480.
KLOSTERNEUBURG, klslter-noi'b06RO, a town of Lower    KNIGIIT, a township of Vanderburg co.. Indiana.
Austria, on the Danube. 8 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 3800.   KNIGHTON, nitton, or TREF-Y-CLAWDD, triv-e-kl/1wTn
It is remarkable for a large Augustine monastery, one of  (i. e. "Town on the Dyke,") a parliamentary boroug!h, town,
991




KNI                                                       KNO
and parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor, on the Teme, 10    KNOTTING, not/ting. parish of England. co. of Bedford.
miles N.N.E. of New Radnor. Pop. 1404. The borough is    KNOTTINGLEY, not/ting-le, a village of England, co. of
governed by a bailiff, under the queen, lady of the manor, York, West Riding, on a slight declivity, on the right bank
and unites with Radnor, &c., in sending one member to the  of the Aire, at its junction with the Knottingley and Goole
House of Commons. The great dyke thrown up by Offa in  Canal, 3l miles E.N.E. of Pontefract, on the railway to Goole.
the eighth century, as a defence against the Britons, passes It has two established churches, various dissenting chapels,
through the town.                                          a national, British, and several private schools, and a me.
KNIGIITON-ocs-TEAME, (teem,) a chapelry of England, chanics' institute. The manufacture of lime, for which
co. of Worcester.                                          Knottingley has been long famed, is carried on to a great exKNIGHTON, WVEST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   tent. A good many river and small coasting vessels are
KNIGHTSBRIDGE, nitstbrij, a W. suburb of the English  built here, and the trade on the river and canal is very conmetropolis, co. of Middlesex, continuous with  Piccadilly, 31 siderable. The king's mills, erected here shortly after the
miles W. of St. Paul's, London. A beautiful new church, Conquest, are still in existence, although deprived of their
the Albert Gate, at the entrance to Hyde Park, cavalry bar- former privileges. Pop. in 1851, 4540.
racks, and many superior residences, here adjoin or ap:    KNOTTSIVILLE, a post-village of Daviess co., Kentucky.
preach the line of one of the great W. roads from London.    KNOWIERSVILLE, a post-village of Albany co., New
KNIGHT'S FERRY, a post-office of San Joaquin co., Call- York, 19 miles W. of Albany.
fornia.                                                      KNOWLE, nSl, a chapelry of England, co. of Warwick.
KNIGHT'S ISLAND, an island of Russian America, in    KNOWLE PARK, England, co. of Kent, is the fine resiPrince William's Sound, about let. 600 130 N., ion. 1480 E. dence of the Countess of Plymouth.
It is about 30 miles long.                                   KNOWLE ST. GILES, a parish of England, co. of SoKNIGHT'S ISLAND, in British America, near the WV. merset.
coast of Hudson's Bay.                                      KNOWLESVILLE, nflztvil, a post-village of Ridgeway
KNIGHT'S ISLAND, one of the Snares Islands, S. of New  township, Orleans co., New York, on the Erie Canal, and on
Zealand. Lat. 620 N., ion. 930 W.                         the Rochester and Niagara Falls Railroad, about 40 miles
KNIGHTSITOWN, a thriving post-village of Henry co., N.E. by N. of Buffalo. It contains 2 churches and 3 stores.
Indiana, on Blue River, where it is crossed by the National Pop. about 600.
Road and Central Railroad, 32 miles E. of Indianapolis, and    KNOWLTON, n5l1ton, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
35 miles W. of Richmond.  Another railroad extends to    KNOWLITON, a township of Warren co., New Jersey.
Shelbyville. The surrounding country is fertile and much  Pop. 1356.
improved, and the town is a place of active business, and is    KNOWLTON MILLS, a village of Warren co., New Jerrapidly increasing. The Blue River is an excellent mill- sey, on Paulinskill Creek, 10 miles N. of Belvidere.
stream. Pop. in 1854, about 1600.                           KNOWLiTONVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
KNIGHTSVILLE, a post-village of Providence co., Rhode  Shefford, 28 miles S.E. of Stanstead, and 60 miles from MonIsland, 5 miles S.W. of Providence.                       treal. The post-office is called Knowlton.
KNIGHIT/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.      KNOWSLEY, nfztlee, a township of England, co. of LanKNIJPE, (or KNYPE,) DE, dA kni/peh, a village of the  caster, 3 miles W.N.W. of Prescot. Hiere is the magnificent
Netherlands, province of Friesland, 2 miles E. of Heeren- seat of the Earl of Derby, in a fine old park enclosing a
veen. Pop. 1214.                                          large sheet of water.
KNILL, nill, a parish of England, co. of-Hereford.        KNOWISTONE, a parish of England, so. of Devon.
KNIN, k'neent, a small town and fort of Dalmatia, circle    KNOX, nox, a county in the central part of East Tennes.
of Zara, on an affluent of the Kerka, 900 feet above the sea, see: area estimated at 510 square miles. It is intersected
35 miles N.N.W. of Spalato.                               by the HIolston River, bounded on the N.W. by the Clinch,
KNIPHAUSEN, knipfhiw'zen, a lordship and castle of and also drained by the French Broad River. The surface
Germany, at the mouth of the Jahde, 30 miles N. of Olden- is traversed by several high ridges between the Cumberburg, with which it is incorporated. Pop. 3000.           land Mountains and the main Alleghany chain. These are
KNIP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.        locally denominated Copper Ridge, Chestnut Ridge, and
KNITTELFELD, knitftel-f~lt', a town of Styria, on the  Bay's Mountain. The valleys and river-bottoms are fertile
left bank of the Mur, 32 miles N.W. of Griitz. Pop. 2000. and well watered with excellent springs. The county conIt has important iron-works.                              tains extensive beds of limestone, fine hmarble, and iron ore.
KNITTLINGEN, knitt/ling-.n, a frontier town of Wiirtem- It is intersected by the Great Railroad of East Tennessee.
berg, 26 miles N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2392.              Organized in 1794, and named in honorof General Henry
KNIVETON, niv/tpn, a parish of England, co. of Derby.   Knox, then secretary of war of the United States. Capital,
KNOB, nob, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.     Knoxville. Pop. 18,755, of whom 16,562 were free, and 2193
KNOB CREEK, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana.     slaves.
KNOB FORK, a post-office of Wetzel co., Virginia.         KNOX, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, bordering
KNOB MOUNTTAIN, Pennsylvania, in the E.N.E. part of  on Tennessee, contains an area estimated at 600 square
Columbia co., extends a short distance into Luzerne.      miles. It is intersected by the Cumberland River. The
KNOB/NOSTER, a small post-village of Johnson co., Mis- surface is occupied by valleys and mountains. Iron ore,
sour.                                                     stone coal, and limestone are abundant. Knox county was
KNOCK, nok, a mountain of Scotland, co., and 11 miles formed in 1799. Capital, Barboursville. Pop. 7050, of whom
W.S.W. of Banff. Height, 2500 feet above the sea. It is a  6438 were free, and 612 slaves.
noted landmark in navigating Moray Frith.                   KNOX, a county in the N. central part of Ohio, has an
KNOCKAN/DO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Moray.         area of 528 square miles. It is intersected by the Vernon
KNOCKANE, nok'kainf, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, and Walhonding Rivers, and also drained by the North
co. of Kerry, 6 miles W.N.W. of Killarney, comprising part  Fork of the Licking. The surface is undulating, and in
of the magnificent scenery of Killarney.                  some parts hilly.  The soil is remarkably fertile.  The
KNOCKANURE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of  county is intersected by the line of railroads which connect
Kerry.                                                    Sandusky City with Newark, and also by the Springfield,
KNOCKIBAIN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross.          Mount Vernon, and Pittsbm-g Railroad. Organized in 1808.
KNOCI'BRE/DA, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  Capital, Mount Vernon. Pop. 28,873.
Down.                                                       KNOX, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, bordering
KNOCKIBRIDE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  on Illinois, contains 516 square miles. The Wabash bounds
Cavan.                                                    it on the W., the White River on the S., and the West Fork
KNOCK'GRAL/TON, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of White River on the E. The surface is mostly level or
of Tipperary.                                             rolling. There are several prairies near the Wabash, very
KNOCKIN, noklin, a parish of England, co. of Salop.     fertile. Coal is found in many parts of the county. OrKNOCK/LADE, a mountain of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of ganized in 1802. The first settlement of the state was made
Antrim, 2' miles S. of Ballycastle. Height, 1695 feet.    in this vicinity, by the French, in 1750. Capital, Vincennes.
KNOCK'MA/HON, a village of Ireland, in MIunster, co. of  Pop. 11,084.
Waterford, near the Atlantic, 1l miles E.N.E. of Bonmahou.   KNOX, a county in the W.N.W. part of Illinois, has an
Pop. 200. It has copper-mines, which, a few years since, area of 840 square miles. It is intersected by Spoon River,
employed upwards of 1000 persons, and yielded nearly 4000  and also drained by Pope and other creeks. The surface is
tons of ore annually.                                     undulating; the soil is very productive. A large portion
KNOCIKM5ELfEDOWN MOUNTAINS, Ireland, in Mun- of the surface consists of prairies, alternating with timber.
ster, are between the counties of Waterford and Tipperary, The county contains extensive beds of stone coal. It is inand extend E. and W. for about 18 miles. Their highest tersected by the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, and Millpoint, Kuockmeledown, is 41 miles N.N.W. of Lismore, and  tary Tract Railroad. Capital, Knoxville. Pop. 13,279.
2690 feet in elevation.                                    KNOX, a county in the N.E. part of Missouri, has an
KNOCK'TOPI-IER, a small markettown of Ireland, co. of area of 504 square miles. It is intersected by the North,
of Kilkenny, 2 miles E.N.E..of Newmarket. Pop. 450.      South, and Middle Fabius, and by the North Fork of Salt
KNODIISIALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk       River.  The surface is undulating, and consists partly of
KNOOK, nook, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.       prairies and partly of forests. The soil is very productive.
KNOSSIN G TON, nostsing-ton, a parish of England, co. of  Capital, Edina. Pop. 2894, of whom 2628 were free, and 266
Leicester.                                               slaves.
992




KNO                                                       KOH
KNOX, a township of Waldo co., Maine, about 35 miles  a market-town and parish of England. co., and 24 miles
E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1102.                            lE.N.E. of Chester.  Pop. in 1851, 4375. The Birkin Rivulet
KNOX, a post-village and township of Albany co., New   divides it into the townships of Over and Nether Knutsford.
York, 22 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 2021.                   The town has a handsome parish church, free school, and
KNOX, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.       active manufactures of cotton velvets and yarn, worsted and
KNOX, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 2155.   leather.
KNOX, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 755.         KNUTWEIL, knoot/fil, a village of Switzerland, canKNOX, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1210.        ton, and 9 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1302.
KNOX, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop. 1902.       KNYPE, BE, a village of the Netherlands. See KNIJPE, IDE.
KNOX, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.                    KOAHOMA, a county of Mississippi. See CoA1IOA.
KNOX, a township of Jay co., Indiana.                     KOANG-SIN or KOUANG-SIN-FOU, kwang-sin-foo, a city
KNOX, a post-village, capital of Stark co., Indiana, on Yel- of China, province of Kiang-see, capital of a government, 130
low River, about 30 miles from its mouth, and 100 miles N.  miles E. of Nan-Chang.
by W. of Indianapolis, has about 100 inhabitants.           KOBASS, kolbass, a village of'Austria, in Slavonia, on
KNOX CENTRE, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, about  the Save, about 9 miles from Oriovacz. Pop. 1760.
35 miles E.N.E. of Augusta.                                 KOBBE or COBBE, koblbee, sometimes written KOBBI, a
KNOX COLLEGE. See GALESBURG, Illinois.                  town of Central Africa, capital of Darfoor, about lat. 140 11'
KNOX CORNERS, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.   N., lon. 280 8 E. Pop.'6000. It is inhabited chiefly by merKNOX HILL, a post-office of Walton co., Georgia.        chants and strangers.
KNOXIVILLE, a post-village, Steuben co., New York.        KOBDO, a city and territory of Mongolia. See ConDo.
KNOXVILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, on    KOBEN, (Kbben,) ktilbn, a town of Prussian Silesia, 38
Cowanesque Creek, 165 miles N. by W. of Harrisburg.       miles N.W. of Breslau, on the left bank of the Oder. Pop.
KNOXVILLE, a post-village, capital of Crawford co.,  1261.
Georgia, 25 miles W.S.W. of Macon. Incorporated in 1825.    KOBI, ko'bee, a Russian fort and village, government of
It has a court-house, 2 hotels, 2 churches, 14 stores, and 1  Georgia, among;the mountains of the Caucasus, in lat. 420
academy.                                                  32' N., ion. 440 35' E.
KNOXVILLE, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama.          KOBILJAKI, a town of Russia. See KOBYLIAXKI.
KNOXVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Mississippi.    KOBLENZ, a city of Rhenish Prussia. See COBLENTZ.
KNOXVILLE, a flourishing  city, capital of Knox co.,    KOBRIN or KOBRYN, kolbrin, a town of Russian Poland,
Tennessee, and formerly the seat of the state government.  100 miles S.E. of Grodno, with a Greek monastery. It was
is beautifully situated on the right bank of the Holston  almost wholly destroyed by fire in 1812. Pop. 4300.
River, 4 miles below its confluence with the French Broad    KOBURG, a town and duchy of Germany. See ConURG.
River, 185 miles E. of Nashville, and 204 miles S.E. of Lex-    KOBYLANKA, ko-be-lanlkA, a village of Galicia, circle of
ington, Kentucky. The situation is elevated and healthy,  Jaslo, on the Rappa. It has a castle. and in its vicinity a
commanding a beautiful view of the river, and the Blue  chapel, annually visited by 50,000 pilgrims from Galicia,
Mountains of Chilhowee, some 30 miles distant. The river  Hungary, and Poland.
is na;igable for steamboats at all seasons from this point    KOBYLIAKI, KOBILJAKI, ko-beel-yfIkee, or KOBULdownward; and during winter and spring they extend their  JAKI, ko-bfil-yitkee, a town of Russia, government, and 37
trips up the river as far as Kingsport. The region, how-  miles S.W. of Poltava. Pop. 7000.
ever, in future will not be dependent on the river for the    KOBYLIN; ko-be-leenf, a town of Prussian Poland, 50
means of transportation. The East Tennessee and Georgia  miles S.S.E. of Posen, on the Orla. Pop. 2270.
Railroad, which extends from Knoxville to Dalton, in Georgia,    KO-CHANG, ko'changf, an island in the Gulf of Siam,
connecting with the railways in that state, was opened in  about 2 miles S. of Koh-Kud, 6 miles long by 2 miles broad.
1852, and has given a new impetus to every department of    KOCIIEM, a town of Prussia. See CocnHE.
business. Another railroad has been commenced, which    KOCHIER, kocKer, a river of Wtiirtemberg, joins the Neckar,
will extend from  Knoxville to the Virginia line. When  6 miles N. of Heilbronn. Length, 70 miles.
these two roads shall have been completed, East Tennessee    KOCH-HISSAR, koKhistsar', a town of Asia Minor, in Kawill be intersected by a chain of railways extending fiom   ramania, on the E. bank of a large salt lake, the ancient
Boston to Memphis, forming the great thoroughfare of the  Tattcae Palus, in lat. 380 50' N., Ion. 330 29' E.
Union, and traversing a country remarkable for the fertility    KOCIHISTEDT, koxtstltt, a town of Prussia, in Saxony, 21
of its soil and the salubrity of its climate. This will be  miles S.W. of Magdebur-g. Pop. 1537.
the most central and direct line from New York to New Or-    KOCK, kok, a town of Russian Poland, about 40 miles S.
leans. Knoxville, from its midway position. may be ox-  of Siedlee, on the Wieprz. Pop. 1300.
pected to derive much benefit from the immense amount    KODA, kolda, a town of Sinde, 23 miles S.W. of Khyerpoor,
of trade and travel which must pass along this route. The  in lat. 270 55' N., ion. 680 52' E. Pop. 2200.
completion of the railroad fiom Dalton to Knoxville appears    KODEN, koldgn, a town of Poland, province of Siedlec, on
to have produced a great sensation among the inhabitants  the Bug, 23 miles E.S.E. of Biala. Pop. 2506.
of East Tennessee, a region heretofore almost isolated firom  KODIAK, ko'de-ak, written also KADIAK, an island of
the busy world. In the poetical language of a gentleman  Russian America, S.E. of the peninsula of Aliaska.  Its
residing in that region, to whom the editors are indebted  shape is very irregular. Length, 75 miles breadth, 50 miles.
for much valuable information, " the neigh of the iron  The surface is mountainous.  On its N. side is the harbor
horse mingles with the roar of her innumerable water-falls,  and station of St. Paul.
and awakens the echoes of her vast and silent forests." The    KODJ-HISSAR, Asiatic Turkey. See KocH-HISSAR.
city already exhibits an aspect of increased prosperity, and    KOEDANG, koo'dang/, a prefix to several rivers of Java,
manufactures of various kinds are springing  up in its vi-  province of Passoeroean. They are, KOEDANG GAL0S, KosnANG
cinity. The manufactory of window-glass in this place is  JmWAn. KOEDANG Rowo, KOEDANG SEcrRo-ALOEN, and KoEsaid to be the largest in the Southern States. Knoxville  DANG SE:GERO-SOERANo, all flowing into the Indian Ocean.
contains the state asylum  for the deaf and dumb. and is    KOEDJIK or KOEDYK, koofdik, a village of the Netherthe seat of the University of East Tennessee, founded in  lands, 3 miles N. of Alkmaar, on the Great North Holland
1807. It has 5 churches, 3 banks, several academies, and  Canal. Pop. 631.
printing offices issuing 6 or 7 newspapers. It was laid out    K(OEI-CIIOO, QUEI-CHOO, KOUJEI-TCIOtU, kwAt-choof, or
in 1794, in which year it became the capital of the state,  KWI-CROO, kwl-chooS, aprovincein the S.W. ofChina. Lat.
and so continued until 1817. Pop. in 1850, 3690; in 1854  240 30' to29' N., ion. 1040 to 1100 E. Pop. 5,288,219. Sur.
about 5000.                                               face mountainous.  It has mines of gold, silver, vermilion,
KNOXVILLE, a village of Pendleton co., Kentucky, on  and iron. Chief city, Koei-yang.
the road from Warsaw to Falmouth, the county seat.          KOEI-IHO, a river in the N.W. of China joins the Hoang-Ho.
KNOXVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, 141    KOEI-LING, a city of China. See Kwco-iN.
miles E. by N. of Columbus.                                 KOEI-TE, a city of China. See KWEI-TE.
KNOXVILLE, a neat and thriving post-village. capital of    KOEI-YANG, KWEI-YANG or KOUEI-YANG, kwAtyangt,
Knox co., Illinois, on the Peoria and Burlington Railroad, a town of China, capital of the province of Koei-choo. Lat.
41 miles W. by N. of Peoria. It has a high and beautiful about 220 N., Ion. 1070 E.
situation in the midst of an extensive prairie. Knoxville    KOEKELBERG, koo'kel-bhaco, a village of Belgium, prohas several churches, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. in 1854, vince of Brabant, about 2 miles N.W. of Brussels. Pop.2282.
about 1300.                                                 KOELEN, a mountain of Scandinavia. See Kiocum.
KNOXVILLE, a post-village of Ray co.'; Missouri, 140    KOENIGINGRAETZ.  See KUaNIINGrzATZ.
miles N.W. by W. of Jefferson City.                         KOENIGSBERG, Prussia. See KiiGcssERc.
KNOXVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Marion    KOEPANG, a town of the island of Timer. See COEPANO.
co., Iowa, 100 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City.  The railroad    KOERMOEND, a town of Hungary. See K8acelan.
which is projected firom Davenport to Council Bluffs is ex-    KOESFELD, a town of Prussia. See KsuFELD.
pected to pass through this place.                          KOESLIN, a town of Prussia.  See CoSSLIN.
KNOYLE, (noil,) EAST, a parish of England, co. of Wiits,    KOEVORDE or KOEVORDEN. See COEVORDEN. 
21 miles S.W. of Hindon. The famous architect, Sir Chris-    KOEWACIIT, kootfKt, a village of the Netherlands, pro.
topher Wren, was born here in 1632.                       vince of Zealand, 6 miles S. of Axel. Pop. 1342.
KNOYLE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.         IKOEWALA-DAY, koo-wAllit-da, a populous town of the
KNUTSFORD, ntLtstford, (Cnot's EYtrd, Canute's Ford,)  Malay Archipelago, on the S. coast of the island of Lingenr
3 N                                                                          993




KOG                                                      KOM
about 6 miles from the mouth of a considerable river. It is to a county, the capital of which is Kokelburg or Kiikil.
the capital of the island, and the residence of a sultan.  lover, on the Little Kokel, 14 miles E.N.E. of Balasfatlva.
KOGENIHEIM, kolghen-hIme', (Fr. pron. kogh n'6nsm,) a    KOKELAY. ko-keh-li, a maritime town of Ceylon, on its
village of France. department of Bag-Rhin, on the Stras- E. coast, 35 N.N.W. of Trincomalee.
bourg and B.le (Basel) Railway, 7 mailes N.N.E. of Sch6le-   KOKENO, ko-kAfno, a. hamlet of Japan, island of Kioostadt. Pop. 1324.                                          Sloo, province of Fizen.
KOHALOM, (K halom,) a town of Austria. See  aEps.          KO-KING, ko'kingf, acity of China, province of Yun-nan,
KOHAT, ko'hat/. a town of Afghanistan, 25 miles S. of  capital of the department, on the Yang-tse-kian,.
Peshawer, lat. 330 31' N., ion. 690 40' E. It has a fine mosque.   K0OKOMO, a thriving post-village, capital of Howard co..
Near it are springs of naphtha, and beds of sulphur.       Indiana, on the railroad between Peru and Indianapolis, 50
KOH-CHAMi-NUNG, ko'chmaniimat, an island in the Gulf  miles N. of the latter. Settled in 1844.
of Siam, about 1 mile S.E. of Koh-Kng.                       KOKO-NOR. ko'ko-nort, KOKO-NOOI, kolko-noorf, KOKOI-I-HISSARt, KOII-HISAR, ko'hisesarl, or KOtl-RASAl, KE-NOR, kofklh-nor, (i. e. Blue Sea.") or TSING-IHAI, tsing\
ko'r&sarf, (the " hill castle,") a ruined city of Asiatic Turkey, hit, alake of the Chinese Empire, having W. the desert of Go
pashalicofDiarbekir, 12 miles S.W. ofMardeen, with remains hi, about lat. from 320 to 380 N.. Ion. from 940 to 1040 E.
of walls, arches, and tombs.                               Length, about 70 miles; breadth, 40. miles.
KOII-I-BABA, ko-e-bA/bA, a mountain range of Afghanis-   KORKOORA, KOKOURA or KOKURA, ko-koolra, a marttan, off the S.W. extremity of the HIindoo Koosh, between  time town of Japan, in the island of Kioo-Sioo. capital of
which mountains is the principal pass into Toorkistan. Lat. the province of Pizen, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Nagasaki,
340 30'N., lon. 670 30' to 68~ 30' E. Height, 17,640 feet.  on the strait of Van-der Capellan. Lat. (castle) 330 53' 30"
KOHI-IDAMAUN, ko'e-d'nmawnt, or KOI-I-I-DAIMAN,  N., Ion. 1300 50' E. Pop. 16,000.
ko'e-di-mAnt, (.the "mountain skirt,") a district of Afgha-    KOKUNDI, a town of Africa. See KAKUNDY.
nistan, N. of Cabool, comprising a portion of the S. declivity    KOLA. koItl', a town of Russian Lapland, 335 miles N.W.
of the Hindoo Koosh.                                       of Archangel, near the mouth of the Kola River, in the
KOHISTAN, ko'his-tint, (the "land of mountains,") is a  Arctic Ocean. Lat. 680 52' N., ion. 330 E. Pop. 1000.
name applied to the N. part of Afghanistan, and to several   KOLADYNG, ko6l-dingl, or KULLADINE, kft'lI&.din', a
portions of Beloochistan and Persia.                      river of Asia, falls into the Bay of Bengal. in Aracan, by
KOH-KAI-TAI, ko'ki'ti'. a group of small islets in the  several mouths. Total course, about 200 miles.
Gulf of Siam, in lat. 110 57' N., Ion. 990 38' E.            KOLDING or COLDING, kolfding, a maritime town ca
KOIHI-KARTNJ. ko'kA'rinjt, a lofty summit of the iindoo  Denmark, in North Jutland, 30 miles E.N.E. of Eibe, on an
Koosh, in Afghanistan, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Jelalabad,  inlet of the Little Belt, enclosed by walls. Pop. 2600.
about let. 340 45'T N.. Ion. 990 38' E.                      KOLEAIH  kofle-A, a town of Algeria, about 18 miles
KOtI-KOHIG. ko'k0]ti an island in the Gulf of Siam, 30  W.S.W. of Agiears.  It is the seat of a garrison. Pop. 2500.
miles S.E. of Koh-Kud, having a number of'small islets on    KOLEMOKEE CREEK, Georgia. See COLAsMOA.
the N.E. and S.E. sides.                                     KOLIIAM  or COLIIAM, kollh~m, a village of IHolland,
KOIl-KONG, ko'kongt, an island in the Gulf of Siam, in  province, and 7 miles E. of Groningen. Pop. 500.
lat. 90 30t N., ion. 1040 30' E.                             KOLHORN, kolfhoRn, a village of Holland. province of
KOt-KRAIH, ko'krN, or CARA, kg-rY, an island in the  North IIolland, 13 miles N.E. of Alkmaar. Pop. 551.
Gulf of Siam, in lat. 8~ 30' N., ion. 1010 E.                KOLIAZIN. KOLIASIN, ko-le-A-zeenl, or KALASIN,
KOHI-KRAM, ko'kramt, an island in the Gulf of Siam, 16  (Kalisin,) a town of Russia, government, and 80 miles
miles S.E. of Koh-Nok. It is about 5 miles long, and 2 broad. E.N.E. of Tver, on the Volga. Pop. 4590.
KROH-IKUD, ko'ktidf, an island in the Gulf of Siam, in lat.   KOLIMIA.,  river of Asia. See KOLvMA.
110 35' N., Son. 1020 37' E.                                 KOL!N, or NEU KOLIN, nol ko-leen!, a town of Bohemia,
KOIILEN-JANOWITZ, kolen-1y[&no-4its', a town of Dohe- circle of Kaurzim, on the Elbe, on the railway to Briinn, 35
mia, circle of Kaurzim, 33 miles S.E. of Prague. Pop. 1450.  miles E. of Prague. Pop. 5800. Marshal Daun here deKOHLFORT, a village of Prussia, on the railway from  feated Frederick the Great, 18th June, 1757.
Berlin to Breslau, 87 miles S.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder.   KOLINGSOO or KOLINGSOU, ko'ling'soof, a small island
KOI-I-NOR,ko'nokf,an island in the Gulf of Siam, 15 miles of China, in the harbor of Amoy, opposite that city.
S.W. of the Koh-See-Chang (Koh-Si-Chang.)                    KOLLEDA, (Kolleda,) kr1-10tdS, a town of Prassia, in
KOII-PHAI, keo-fi. three small islands in the Gulf of  Saxony, 34 miles W.S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 4100.
Siam, about 2 miles S.W. of Koh-Kram.                        KOLLUM, kolflnm. a village of the Netherlands, province
KOIt-PHAI, a cluster of small islands in the Gulf of  of Frie-sland. 8 miles S.E. of Dokkum. Pop. 1000.
Siam, grouped around Cape Liant, the larger of which are    KOLN, (Koln,) a town of Rhenish Prussia. See CoLOecNE.
called Koe-SAN, Kon-SAr-SeAc-SAN, and KOs-KARH.             KOLO, kollo, a town of Poland. province, and 40 miles
KOSI-PHANG, ko-.flngf, or SANCORI, singfko-ree', an  N.E. of Kaliszs on an island in the Warts. Pop. 3400.
island in the Gulf of Siam, 30 miles N.E. of Koh-Sama.       KOLOKYTHIA or COLOKYTIHIIA, ko-lo-ke theel,, (anc.
KOHREN, kofren, a town of Saxony, 24 miles S.S.E. of Laconicus Siletes,) called also the GULF OF MVIARATnONISI, a
Leipsie, on the Sprottau. Pop. 1033.                       gulf of Greece. in the S. part of the Morea.
KOIH-SAMA, kohsima, or CARNAIM, kar'naml, an island    KOLOMEA ko-lo-melA[, sometimes written KOLOMYTA. a
in the Gulf of Siam, in lat. 90 55' N., lon. 1000 E.       town of Austrian Galicia, on the Pruth, 112 miles S.E. of
KOIH[-SAMET, ko'simett, an island in the Gulf of Siam, Lemberg.  Pop. 6980.
in lat. 120 30' N., ion. 1010 37' E., surrounded by a number of    KOLOMNINA  ko- lomrn, a town of Russia, government,
smaller islands.                                           and 58 miles S.S.E. of Moscow, on the M5oskva. near its conKOR-SEE-CIIANG or ROl-SI-CHIIANG, ko'seeechingl, a  fluence with the Oka.  Pop. 13,000. It is enclosed by old
large and lesser island, near the head of the Gulf of Siamn. walls. and has manufactures of silks and woollens.
Laf. of the largest, 130 10' N., ion. 1000 59' E. It is 7 miles    KOLOS. kolosli, or SALZGRUB. sAltsegroob, (Wallachian,
long, and 3 miles broad.                                   Koshalcea ko-shi-0kAS?) a nmarket-town of Transylvania, 12
KOI-SEE-CHANG, a harbor in the Gulf of Siam, formed  miles E. of Klausenhurg. Pop. 3180.
by an island of the same name.                               KOLOSVAR, a city of Transylvania.  See KLAurseurNRo.
KOIS00 or KOISOU, koi-soot; a river of Russia, rises on    KOLVA or KOLWA.  koltvA, a river of Russia. rises in the
the N. slope of the Caucasus, and forms two branches, which  government of Perm, and joins the Vishera. Length, 170
fall into the Caspian; the more northern under its own  miles
name, and the other under that of Soolak (Sulak.) Total   KOLYMA or KOLIMA, ko-le-mnlaorko-leelmf,a large river
course, about 1200 miles.                                  of North-east Asia, in Siberia. government of Yakootsk., rises.
KOJETEIN, kolyA-tine', a town of Austria, in Moravia, 10  by several heads, near lat. 610 30' N., and after a N. course
miles S.W. of Prerau. Pop. 2836.                           of 700 miles, enters the Arctic Ocean by a wide estuary, near
KOJUK (ko'j-tkS) PASS, Afghanistan, traverses the Am- lat. 690 30' N., and lon. 1610 30' E.
ran Mountains, betwveen the valley of Pisheenand Caudahar.   KOLYVAN, ko-le-v/nl, or TASIHIERA, tAshl-'k, a small
The British troops passed it in 1839, and forced it in 1842.   town of Asiatic Russia, government. and 110 miles S.W. of
KOKA, kofklh', a village of HIungary, co., and 23 miles  Tomsk, on the Obi, with valuable lead and gold mines.
E.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2109.                                 FKOLYVAN MOUNTAINS, a spur of the Lesser Altal.
KOKABONI, ko'kA-bolnee, or KUKABONEE. ktkG-abot-   KOLZIG, kolltsie, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia,
nee, a town of Borneo, on the right bank of the Yeoo, in lat. goveerument of Liegnitz, bailiwick of Grtinberg. Pop. 974.
120 52' N., Son. 130 E. Pop. 5000.                           KOMAROM,  a town of Hungary. See CooenRN.
KOKAN or KOKAND. Central Asia. See KHOkAN.                KOMERIDGE. England. See KIMERIEIDGE.
KOKCHAGA, BOLCIHAIA, bol-chita kok-chtlgl,   a river   KOMLOS, komeoshb, a market-town of Hungary, co. of
of Russia, rises in thegovernment of ~iatka, and joins the  Torontal. 30 miles W.N.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 4950.
left bank of the Volga. Len th, 100 miles.                  KROMMA, komm.a, or KOMNIA, kom/ne-A, a village of
KOKCIIAGA, MALAIA, mg-lI11al kok-ehit/g, a river ofRus- Austria, in Moravia, near Swietlau. It is the birthplace of
sin, rises in the government of Viatka,andjoins the left bank  the enmous John Amos Comenius. 
of the Volga. Length, about 90 miles.                       KOMMOTAU. komfmo-t6w', a town of Bohemia, 10 miles
KOKEL, ko'kel, or kolkWl, GREXT and LITTLE, two rivers  N.N.AW. of Saaz. Pop. 3725.
of Transylvania, which, after a  WV. course of upwards of 100    KOMORN,  a town of HIungary.  See Consmin.
miles each, unite at Balasfarlva, and the united stream joins    KOMOTAPOOR, ko-mo-ti,-poort, a ruined town of British
he Mares 10 miles N. of Karlsburg. The rivers give name  India, presidency and province of Bengal, once capital of
994
d                                                                                                                        _




KOM                                                          KON
the Iindoo kingdom of Camroop, on the Dhurlah, by which, island on which Kneiphof standsis so low and swampy, that
and by a moat 14 miles in extent, the town was enclosed.   the houses are built upon piles. The principal1 edifices are
KO MULDSINA, a town of Turkey. See GUmOORJEENA.   the royal castle, built in 1257; the former fortress of FriedKON/BO, a lake of Russia, government of Archangel,4in  richsburg, now used as a store; the exchange, built in 1624;
Lapland, discharges itself into the Gulf of Kandalaska by  the town-house; the cathedrsl; built in 1332, with tombs of
two outlets, one at its S.E., and one at its N.W. extremity. the grand-masters of the Teutonic order, and of the Dukes
It is about 25 miles long, by 7 miles broad.                of Prussia; citadel, exchange, and theatre. The university,
KONDINSK, kon-dinskt, a village of Asiatic Russia, go- founded in 1554 by the Margrave Albert, and hence called
vernment, and 260 miles N. of Tobolsk, on the Obi.         the Albertine, is attended by above 300 students, and has a
KONG, a town of Central Africa, 500 miles S. of Timbuctoo. library of more than 50,000 volumes, a zoological museum
KONG-CHANG, kong~ch[ng/, a city of China, province of  and other valuable collections, an observatory, which the: laRan-soo, capital of a department; lat. 350 N., ion. 1040 30' E. bors of Bessel has rendered famous, and a botanic garden.
KONGEN, (Kiugen,) knglen, a market-town of W-irtem- There are, besides, 2 theological seminaries, 3 gymnasiai,
berg, on the Neckar, 5 miles S.E. of Esslingen. Pop. 2039.   schools of art and architecture, and deaf, dumb, and blind
KONG MOUNTAINS, a mountain range of Africa, corn- asylums. The manufactures comprise woollens, cottons,
mencing 200 miles S.E. of Sierra Leone; lat. 90 N.. on. 90  linens, silks, soap, tobacco, leather, starch, sealing-wax, and
20' W.,- and stretching E. through the Mandingo country,  refined sugar. It has ship-building yards, in which a conalong the N. frontier of Ashantee, and across Dahomey. siderable number of vessels of a small size are annually conHeight probably not above 2500 feet. They consist of granite,  structed. The Pregel has a bar across its mouth, with, not
marble,andironstone; butlittle isyet known regarding them. more than from 5 to 6 feet water; large vessels bound for
KONGSBERG, kongstbega, (King's Mountain,") a town  Kiinigsberg land at Pilau, which is its port. The trade, notof Norway, stift of Aggershuus, 43 miles W.S.W. of Chris- withstanding a considerable'decline from  what it was in
tiania, on the Lauwen-Elv. Pop. 3935. It has a school of  earlier times, is still important. In 1852 the principal exmines, and a royal manufactory of arms and powder. The  ports were 89,560 quarters of wheat; 51,180 of barley; 3980
silver-mine of Kongsberg, discovered in 1623, is the most of rye; and 26,480 of pease and beans; flax, hemp, rape-seed,
important in the kingdom. It was nearly abandoned in  oil-cakes, bones, timber, wool, mats, and feathers. The prin1805, was again worked in 1816, and has continued flour- cipal imports are colonial produce, iron in pigs and bars, coal,
ishing since 1830.                                         cotton-wool, cotton-twist, wine, spirits, and unrefined sugar.
KONGSVINGER, kongslving-er, a mountain fortress of  In 1848 the number of vessels entered at Pilau was 664.
Norway, stift of Agoershuus, amt of Iledemarken, beside  (84,301 tons:) and cleared, 676, (94,857 tons.) Of these, 278
the Glommen, 45 miles EN.E. of Christiania.               ente(red, and 276 cleared, were British.
KONICZ, a village of Bohemia. See KAUNTITZ.                 Kinigsberg long numbered among its residents the celeKONIEI, kolne-eh, KONIA, KONIAH or KONIYEH, kof- brated philosopher Kant, and the geographer Gaspari. Its
ne-a or kone-v.eh, (auc. Icofnism,) a city of Asia Minor, capi- most distinguished natives are the naturalist Klein,  the
tal of the pashalic of Karamania, or Konieh. Lat. 370 51' painter Willman, and the anatomist Walther.  It was
N., lon. 320 40' E. Pop. 40,000. Its walls, which are from  founded in 1255. In 1365, Kinigsberg became a member of
2 to 3 miles in circumference, were built with materials of the Hanseatic League; in 1626, was surrounded with walls;
ancient edifices, by the Seljook sultans. whose capital it and in 1657. received a strong additional defence in the
was from  the twelfth century till the time of Jenghis  citadel of Friedrichsburg.  It suffered much during the
Khan. Themostremarkable building is the Injemi  Minareh  Seven Years' War, by the occupation of the Russians from
Djami,("themosquewiththeminaretreachingtothestars,")  1758 to 1764; and also from the French who entered it in
with exquisite delicacy of tracery, fretwork. and mouldings. 1807, after the battle of F'riedland.  Frederick I., the first
It has numerous other mosques, some colleges, Armenian  King of Prussia, was crowned here in 1701.
churches, public baths, khans, extensive suburbs, a fortified    KONIGSBERG, a government of Prussia, bounded N. by
palace, with some massive Arabic architecture, a fismous  the Baltic. Area, 8708 square miles. Pop. 847,533.
Mohammedan tomb, and some manufactures of carpets and    KONIGSBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Brandencolored leather.                                            burg, 41 miles N. of Frankfbrt. on the Oder. It is walled,
KO~JIG, (Kinig,) a German word signifying "king," forms  has several courts and public offices, 2 churches, a: courta part of numerous names in Central Europe, as KUSXIeSBE.Ro, house, gymnasium, and hospital. Pop. 6110.
"King's Mountain," KbNIGSBACtU, "King's Brook," &c            KONIGSBERG, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles W.S.W. of
KQNIG, (Kinig,) kb5niG, a market-town of Itesse-Darm-  Elbogen, on the Eger. Pop. 3890.
stad, on the Miimling, 18 miles S.E. of Darmstadt. Pop.   KONIGSBERG, a town of Silesia, 22 miles W.S.W. of Tes1478.                                                       chen. Pop. 900.
KONIGGRATZ, (Kinigriitz,) kilfniG-grts, a royal forti-    KONIGSBERG, (Kinigsberg.) kl/niGs-blao', or UJ-BAN.
fled town of Austria, in Bohemia, capital of the circle. 64  YA, oofee-n.A1y~h1, a town of Iungary. co. of Bass, on the
miles E.N.E. of Prague, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop. Gran, 24 miles E.N.E. of Neutra;  Pop. 3965.
8454. Chief edifices, a cathedral, Jesuits' church, and epis-   KONIGSBRONN, (Kinigsbronn,) kihtnis-bronn', a villiage
copal palace. It is the see of a bishop-suiffragan of Prague,  of Wiirtemberg, 4 miles N.W. of Heidenheim.  Pop. 1192,
and has a seminary, a gymnasium, and a royal stud.            KONIGSBRUCK, (Kinigsbrtick,) kolnies-brkilk, or KUNSKONIGHEIM, (KEnigheim,) ko/nicr-iames, a town of Ba- BERG, a town of Saxony, 17 miles N.N.E. of Dresden. P. 1740.
den, 3 miles W.S.W. of Bischotsheim.    Pop. 2105.            KONIGSECKWALD, (Kiinigseckwald,) kS/nie-slk-'IltX, a
KONIGHIUTTE, (IKSnighiitte,) ko'nic-hiit'teh; a village  villa e and castle of Wiirtemburg, SW. of Saulga.
of Hanover, 15 miles S.S.E. of Klausthal.  It has important    KON"IGSEE, (KUnigee,) kiniG-sA', a town of germany, in
iron-works, which employ 500 persons.                       Schwarzburg-Riudolstadt, on the Rhine, 17 miies W.S.W. of
KONIGINIO0F, (Knigsin hof,) k/snio-in-hof', a town of Bo- Rudolstadt. Pop. 2050.
hemia, 16 miles N. of KWniggritz, on the Elbe. Pop. 4610.    KONIGSEE, (Kiinigsee,) or BARTIIOLOMAUSSEE.   baRIt has manufactures of printed cotton stuffs, linen fabrics, tolfo-mdws'sA, a lake on the S.E. extremity of Bavaria, about
and leather.                                               5 miles long, by 1 mile broad.
KONIGSAAL, (KInigsaal,) koJnnio-sP, or ZBRASLAU (?)    KONIGSEGG, (Kiinigsegg,) kinio-slgg','or KUMZAK,
a village of Bohemia, circle of Beraun, at the confluence of  koom/zlk, a town of Bohemia, with a fine church and
the Be-aun and Moldau, 7 miles S. of Prague. Pop. 1000.   school, 31 miles S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2859.
KONIGSBACH, kS/nias-b) kx,  a market-town of Baden,    KONIGSFELD, (Kinigsfeld,) kfSnios-flt', or NEUDORF,
10 miles S.E. of Carlsruhe, with a castle. Pop. 1700.       noi!donf, avillage of Moratvia, 2 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 1407.
KONIGSBERG, (Kiinigsberg,) or KOENIGSBERG, k~u!             KONIGSIIAIN, (KRnigshain.) kbtniGs-hmn', a village of
igz-berg, (Ger. pron. kUmniGs-bWc;   L..Mons-_Relgius; Polish,  Prussian Silesia, 51 miles W. of Liegnitz.  Pop. 1232.
Klrolewiccz, kro-IA/lve-6tch',) a fortified city of Prussia, and    KONIGSHAIN, a village of Saxony, 60 miles E. of Dresden.
second capital of the kingdom, capital of the govern- Pop. 1457.
ment and circle of the same name, at the N.E. terminus    KONIGSHAIN, a village of Saxony, circle of Leipsic.
of a railway fronx Berlin, (distance, 338 miles,) and on the  Pop. 1066.
Pregel, 5 miles from its mouth, in the Frische-IHaff.  Lat.    KONIGSIIOFEN, (Kiunigshofen,) kii/nios-ho'fen, a town
of observatory, 540 42' 8" N., Ion. 200 30' 2" E. Pop. 75.234. of Baden, 17 miles S.E. of Wertheim. Pop. 1306.
Mean temperature of the year, 430.2; winter, 370'8; sum-    KONIGSIIOFEN, a  1).fge of Rhenish Prussia, 20 miles
mer, 600.5 Fahrenheit. It was once the capital of Prussia  W.N.W. of Cologne. Pop. 1235.
Proper, including the provinces of both East and West Prus-  IKONIGS1OFEN -151 -GRABFELDE,  kolnios-ho'fen-imsia, and the residence of the Electors of Brandenburg, and  grbtfl-deh, a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 44 miles N.E,
still ranks as the third city in the Prussian dominions. It of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1702.
is surrounded by walls and ramparts, and has recently re-    KONIGSHIUTE, (Konigshiite,) kofnits-hi'tkh, a village of
ceived important additions to its fortifications on the plan of Prussia, in Silesia, 54 miles E.S.E. of Oppeln, withea station
detached forts.  It consists of the town proper, and of four  on the Silesian Railway, and royal iron-works. Pop.'1560.
suburbs. The former is divided into three parts: the Alt-   KONIGSHUTTE, (Kinigshiitte,) kiinios-hiit'teh, a village
stadtf or Old Town, situated on the W.; Lbesicht on the E.; of Prussian Poland, on the railway from Breslau to Cracow,
and Kneiphof, situated on an island formed by the Pregel. 111 miles S.E. of Breslau.
which, before entering the town ifrom the E., dcvides into two    KONIGSLUTTER, (Kbnigslutter.) kPnios-l1t'tt er, a town
arms. The communication between the island and the op- of Germany, duchy of Brunswick, 9 miles W.N.W. of Helmposits bankls is kept up by seven wooden bridges.  The  stadt, on the Lutter.  Pop. 2520. It has an ancient Bene,
995:




KON                                                       K00
dictine church, with monuments to the Emperor Lothaire    KONZAS. See KAMOzAs.
II., to his empress. and to HIenry of Bavaria. &c.           KOOBA. KOUBA, or KUBA, kooebm, a fortified town of
KONIGS-SEE, (KijUnigs-See,) dkSnios-sA, a picturesque lake  Russia, in the Caucasus, province of DIaghistan, on the S.
of Bavaria, 65 miles S.E. of Munich. Length, 6 miles.      side of a river of its own name, 55 miles S.S.E. of Derbend.
KONIGSTADTEN,  (KLnigstiidten,)  k1niG-st~ttten, a  It was formerly the residence of a khan. Pop. 4200. It
market-town of Lower Austria, 12 miles from Sieghards- is new, has a bazaar with rich Persian carpets, and 3
kirchen. Pop. 973.                                         mosques. On the opposite side of the river is KULGAT, a
KONIGSTADTL, (Kinigstidtl,) kI1niG-stltt'lI, or WIES- Jews' village. Pop. 4000.
TETZ-KRALOWY, *e-6s/ttts krr-lo've, a town of Bohemia,   KOOBAN, KOUBAN or KUBAN, koo-b/n, (anc.uI'yanis?
circle of Bidschow, 40 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1747.   a river of South Russia, rises near Mount Elbrooz, receives
KONIGSTEIN, (Kiinigstein,) k61niG-sttne', (i.e. "king's  numerous affluents from the Caucasian mountain chain,
rock,") a town of Germany, in Saxony, 17 miles S.E. of  and, after a generally W. course estimated at 380 miles, enDresden, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop. 2000. It has ters the Bay of Kooban, on the Black Sea, 20 miles N. of
a fortress situated on a rock, 450 feet high, and one of the  Anapa. It is rapid, and difficult of navigation. Along its
few in Europe never yet taken  The royal treasures have  banks are numerous Russian forts.
usually been deposited here during war.                      KOOBETCHI, KOUBETCHI, or KUBETSCHII, koo-b~tchfKONIGSTEIN, a town of Germany, in Nassau. 12 miles ee, a town of Russia, in the N. part of Daghistan, in a narN.E. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1300. Near it is the castle of the  row valley, 33 miles W.N.Wi of Derbend. It looks more
same name, ruined by the French in 1796.                  like a fortification than a town, all the houses being loopKONIGSWALD, (Kijnigswald,) kdiniGs-b/lt', a village of  holed, and entered by an outer stair, to which the only apBohemia, on the Erlau, 10 miles from Tetschen. Pop. 1282. preach is by a narrow path. Pop. 6000.
KONIGSWALD, (Kiinigswald,) a village of Bohemia, on    KOOBINA, KOUBINA or KUBINA, koo-beeonh, a river
the Koschel, 7 miles from Rumburg. Pop. 2165.              of Russia, rises in a small lake, in the W. part of the governKONIGSWALDE, (Konigswalde,) ki05niGs-Vl'deh. a town  ment of Vologda, and falls, by two mouths, into Lake Koo* Prussia, government of Frankfort, circle of Sternberg, be- binskoe. Total course, about 170 miles.
tween two lakes. Pop. 1360.                                  KOOBINSKOE, KOUBINSKOE  or KUBINSKOE, kooKONIGSWALDE, a village of Saxony, 4 miles N.W. of bin/sko-A', a lake of Rissia, in the S.W. of the government
Zkwekau.  Pop. 1978.                                       of Vologda. Length, 45 miles; mean breadth, 4 or 5 miles.
KONIGSWARTH,  (Kiinigswarth,) ktiiias-w/aitV,  a town    KOOCHAN or KOUTCHAN, koolch~nt, a strongly fortified
zf DQhemia, 15 miles S.S.W7. of Elboget, with mineral town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 85 miles N.W. of
springi. Pop. 1540. Its noble castle, the property of Prince  Meshed. It was, a few years ago, taken by the Persians
}ftite mbch, contains  a splendid collection of works of art, from the Koords. It has a garrison.
and am laborate chapel, built in 1834.                       K00CHE, KOUTCH]~, or KUTSCItE, koolchA, a town of
KYONIISWARTHKA,        kofnics-win~ti/,  a village of Saxony, Chinese Toorkistan, 200 miles E.N.E. of Aksoo, in 1st. 41~
8 ~ miles  N.E  of Dresden. Barclay de Tolly defeated the  40' N., Ion. 530 E. It is fortified, garrisoned by Chinese, and
Fr~Leaeh.he-e in 1813. Pop. 831.                         deemed the key of Toorkistan. Its territory is fertile.
ZKjONIGS-WINTER, f(Kinigswinter,) ki0nios-*in'ter,  a    KOOCHLAK, kooch'l/kf, a mud-built town of Afghanis~own Q~ftRenish  Prussia, 21 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, on the  tan, in the Pisheen valley,.on the route to Candahar.
~IUine.  Pap. 2100.                                          KOOCHVINSK, KOUTCHVINSK  or KUTSCHVINSK,
KONIGjC;ZELT,  (Kinigszelt,) k1nilcs-ts6lt1,  a village of kooch-vinskI, written also KUCH~INSK, a village of Russia,
lh'ds9, on ithe railway. from Breslau to Freiburg, 31 miles  government of Perm, 57 miles S. of Verkhotoori6, on the
&.3W. of $he ~r er.                                        Toora. Pop. 1600.
KONIN, koenhin, a town of Russian Poland, province, and    KOOFA, KOUFA or KUFA, kooff,'a ruined city of Asiatic
m3 rleo N.N3R. of Kalisz, on the Warta.  Pop. 4600.       Turkey, pashalic, and 88 miles S. of Bagdad, on an affiuKONINGSHOYCKT, ko'nins-hoiktV, a village of Belgium, ent of the Euphrates. It was founded by the Caliph Omar,
provinee, and 13 miles S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2062.         was large, populous, and flourishing, and became the abode
IKONINSKA-WOLA, ko-nin/skA-*o/l, or KONS-KOWO- of the caliphs till Almanzor removed the imperial residence
LA, komns-ko-oilS, a town of Russian Poland, 27 miles N.W. to Bagdad, about A. D. 760. Its decay and final ruin dates
ofLublin. Pop. 1100.                                      from  this period.  The ancient Arabic characters, called
KONI PZ, koluit~e, a market-town of Austria, in Moravia,  Cufic, take their name from this town.
1 miles W.S.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 1773.                         KOOFO, kooffo, a town of West Africa, in IHoussa, 52 Wiles
KONITE7, or CHO{ITCA,  oy-neet's/, a town of Prussia,  S. by WV. of Kano, surrounded by a double wall. Pop. 20,000.
58 miles W.S.W. of Marienwerder. In 1445, the Teutonic    KOOG-AAN-DE-ZAAN, k6S-An-dA-zAn, or DE KOOG, dAkhights ehere gained a vietory over the Poles. Pop. 3954.    k6G, a village of the Netherlands, province of North IlolKONIYEI, Amriatic Turkesy. See KouEH.                   land, 7 miles N.W. of Amsterdam, on the Zaan. Pop. 2096.
KONIZ, (Kiniz,) khlnits, a village and parish of Switzer-   KOOIALNIK, KOUIALNIK, or KUJALNIK, koo-yilland, ina valley of its own name, canton of Bern, 2 miles  neekt, or koo-y~l-nikf, (TuE GREAT.,) a river of Russia, fills
S.W. of Bern. In its vcinty are the ruins of the old castles into a lake of its own name, after a S.S.E. course of 66 miles.
of Aegertlen dn  Bbenber   Pop. 5488.                        KOOIALNIK, KOUIALNIR, or' KUJALNIK, MIDDnTE,
KONNERN, (Kinnern,) n~unnern, a town of Prussia, pro- a river of Russia, after a S.S.E. course of 50 miles, falls into
vince ef Saxony, government of Merseburg. Pop. 2714.       a lake, which discharges itself into the Black Sea.
KONNI GA, orne of-the Aletia  islands. See KANAG.         KOOKA, KOUKA or KUKA, kooleik, a town of Central
KONNON CONDORE, koninanl kon-diri, an island in the  Afirica, in Borneo, on the WV. bank of Lake Tchad.
China Sea, ff the S.E. coast of Anam; lat. 80 40' N., ion.   KOOK00-KOTA, KOUROU-KOTA, koofkoo-kolttl, or KI-IO1050 55 E. In the beginning of last century the English  TON, ko-ton/, a town of Mongolia, 50 miles N.W. of the Great
feunded a colony and built a fort here, but soon abandoned it. Wall of China. Lat. 400 40' N., ion. 1110 15' E. It has a ChiKONOTOP, Bo-no-top1, a walled town of Russia, govern- nose garrison, and manufactures of skins.
merit, and 9 miles W. of Tchernigov. Pop. 3000.             KOOK'SEE', a considerable fortified town of India, domiKONOVITS or KONOWITZ, kotlno-vits', an island of Rus- nions, and 76 miles S.W. of Indoor.
sis, in Finland, near the WV. share of Lake Ladoga.         KOOKURMUNDA, koo-kiur-m-infd&. a town of British InKONRADSREUTI,or CONRADSREUTH, konlrids-roit',  dia, on the Taptee, 80 miles E.N.E. of Surat.
a village of Eavaria, 27 miles N.E. of Baireuth.  Pop. 1078.    KOOLF0, KOULFO  or KULFO, kooliff, an important
KONRADSWALDATU, konfrads-yfv&'d. w, a village of Prus- commercial town of West Africa, in Nyff6, 220 miles S.W.
sia, in Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 858.        of Kano, on the Mayarrow, about lat. 100 10' N., lon. 60 451
KONRADSWALDAU, MITTEL, mit'tel konlrids-l'vPdow, E. It is surrounded by a high wall. Pop. about 16,000.
a village of Prussia, in Silesi, circle of Landshut. Pop.675.   KOOLKOON MOUNTAINS, South Asia. See KU.ENLUe.
KONSKRAIA, kon-skrII, a river of Russia, flows WV., and en-   KOOLOI, KOULOI or KULOI, koo-loit, a river of Russia,
ters the Dniester at Nikopol. after   WV. course of 130 miles. government of Archangel, falls into the Bay of Mezen, in
KONSKIE, konsklyA, or KONSKI, kon/skee, a town of Po- the White Sea. Total course, 150 miles.
land, Irovinceof ancdomier, 35 miles S.W. of Radom. Pop.   KOOLON, KOULON  or KULON, koo'lon', written also
4000. It has iron forges, and manufactures of cutlery, &c.  KOO'LOONI, a small lake of Chinese Tartary. Lat. 490 N.,
KONSTADT, konl/tttt, or WOTCZIN, votch-eenl, a town  lon. 1160 30' E.
of Prussia, in Silesia, 25 miles N.N.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1524.   ROOM, RHOOM1, IIHOUM  or RUM, a decayed city of
KONSTANTINOGORSK, kon-st{n-tee'no-gorslc, a fort of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, capital of a district, 80
Russia, government of Caucasus. 21 miles S.W. of Georgievsk. miles S.W. of Teheran. Pop. 8000. It is surrounded by exKONSTANTINOGRAD, kon-stin-tee no-grd1, a town of tensive ruins, and has a college and a mosque.
Russia,,overnment, and 40 miles E.S.E. ofPoltava. P. 1673.   KOOMA, ROUMA or KUMA, koolmn, a river of South
KONSTANTINOV or KONSTANTINOW, kon-stIn-te-novI, Russia, government of Caucasus, enters the Caspian about
a town of Russia, government of Volhynia, on the Slootcha, 135 miles S.WV. of Astrakhan, after a N.E. course of 300 miles.
80 miles S.S.W. ofZhitomeer, (Jitomir.)  Pop.3930.          KOOMESIHAII, KOUMIII-CHIA, koo'mee-sht, or K00MKONSTANZ, a lake and city of Baden.  See CoNsTANcE.     SIAH, koom-shA, a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee,
KONTWIG or CONTWIG, kontlibi, a village of Bavaria, 50 miles S.S.E. of Ispahan, enclosed by walls. Pop. 4000,
about 3 miles E. of Deuxponts. (Zweibriicken.) Pop. 1378.  who weave and dye cotton goods.
KONUDEL, ko-noo-dil, a village oteSenegambia, in Foota-   KOONASHEER, KOUNASIIR or KUNASIIIR, koo-ni)amga: on the Senegal, in lat. 150 54' N., lon. 130~7m W.  sheerl, one of the South Koorile Islands, close on the N.E
996
__J




KO0                                                       KOP
c:,ast of Yesso, Japan; lat. of the N.E. point, 440 29' N., ion.  the products of which they barter to Russian, American,
1460 8' E. It is about 70 miles long, and 25 miles broad.  Japanese, and Dutch traders. The chief islands are Itooroop:
It is mountainous in the centre, but contains many valleys  Koonasheer, Paramoosheer, Ooroop, and Amakootan. The
capable of cultivation. It is thinly inhabited.            two islands nearest to the continent of Asia were discovered
KOONCH, koonch, a town of British India, presidency  by the Russians in 1713, who took them from Kamtchatka;
of Bengal, capital of a rajahship, 67 miles E.S.E. of Gwalior.  in 1720. five were known. Since that time, the remainder
KOONDAH, koon'dA, a town of British India, district of  have all been visited by different navigators.-Inhab
Delhi, 9 miles N.E. of Kurnaul.                            KOORILIAN (KURILIAN,) koo-rilFean.
KOONDAH, a town of British India, district of Ramghur,    KOORJAH, koorfj,, a considerable town of British India,
105 miles S.S.W. of Patna.                                 presidency of Bengal, district, and 30 miles N.N.W. of AliKO0NDOOZ, Toorkistan. See KaooaNooz.                     ghur, in lat. 280 18' N., Ion. 770 51' E.
KOONGOOR, KOUNGOUR or KUNGUR, koong'goorl, a    KOORN AGALLEE, a town of Ceylon. See KORNaEAL.
town of Russia, government of Perm, near the confluence    KOORSK, KOURSK or KURSK, kooask, a government in
of the Iren and Sylva, 50 miles SS.E. of Perm. It has fine  the S. of European Russia, bounded E. by Voronezh, S. by
churches, a convent, soap-works, and tanneries, and a con-  Kharkov, W. by Tchernigov, assd N. by Orel. Area, 17,382
siderable trade in corn. It is the seatof a mining directory  square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,665,215. The surface is flat,
for the governments of Perm and Viatka. Near it are fine quar-  or undulatin g; the soil' is very fertile, and nearly all occuries of alabaster, and some remarkable grottoes. Pop. 6000.  pied in agriculture.  The manufactures comprise coarse
K00ONGTOON, KOUNGTOUN or KTUNGTUN, koong'toont,  woollens, leather, tallow, soap, saltpetre, and pottery. It is
a village of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 166 miles N. of Ava.  the most densely populated of any government in Russia.
KOONGUEL, KOUNGUEL or KUNGUEL, koong-goo-6l',    KOORSK, KOURSK or KURSK, a city of Russia,:capital
a village of West Africa, in Lower Galam, on the Senegal, in  of the above government, situated on the Seim, 290 miles
lat. 140 51' N., ion. 120 22' W.                           S.S.W. of Moscow, in lat. 510 40' N., lon. 360 28' E. Pop.
KOONIA, KOUNIA, or KUNIA. koonrye, a river of Rus-  30.469. It is the seat of a Greek eparchy, and of the bishops
sia, joins the Lovat after a N. course of nearly 100 miles.  of Koorsk and Bielgorod, and has a gymnasium and a theoK00PIANSK, KOUPIANSK  or KUPIANSK, koo-pe-  logical seminary. It has manufactures of leather, wax, and
Ansk', written also KUPENSK, koo-phnskl, a town of Russia,  tallow. and an active commerce.
government, and 61 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov. Pop. 700.        KOORWYE or KOORWEY, koor-wV, a town of IHindosKOOR. K(OUR or IKUR, koor, (anc. Cytrus,) the principal  tan, dominions. and 140 miles S. of Gwalior, on the Betwah.
river of Georgia, (the whole of which province it drains,)    KOOS, KOUS or KUS, koos, (anc. Apollinoplolis IPart-va,) a
rises in the pashalic of Akhalzikh, flows mostly E.S.E., and  town of Upper Egypt, 16 miles S. of Kieneh, on the right
enters the Caspian 100 miles S.W. of Bakoo, after a course  bank of the Nile.
estimated at 520 miles. The chief affluents are the Aras    KOOSHAN, KOUSUAN or KUSITAN, koo'shanf, one of
(Araxes,) Alazan, and Yora or Yoree.                       the most frequented passes across the Ilindoo Koosh, from
K00RANK0, a territory of Africa. See KoRANKO.            Afghanistan into Toorkistan. Lat. 350 37' N., lon. 680~55' E.
IKOORDISTAN, KOURDISTAN or KURDISTAN, i. e. the  Its summit is estimated to be 15,000 feet in height.
"country of the IKoords;" (anc. Corsduetne or Gordyesne; the    KOOSHAN or KOUCIIAN, koo'shin/, a mountain of China,
country of the Casrdudchi,) an extensive region of West Asia,  about 40 miles N.W. of Foe-Choo.
mostly between slat. 340 and 380 N., and lon. 420 and 470 E.,   K(OOSHK, kooshk, a river of Afghanistan, joins the Moorand shared between Turkey and Persia: Turkish Koordis-  ghaub or Awb-i-Moor in lat. 360 16' N., and ion. 620 32' E.,
taii being mostly comprised in the pashalic of Bagdad, and  after a course of about 130 miles.
Persian Koordistan in the province of Irak-Ajemee. Area,   IK00SHK, a village and fort of Afghanistan,- on a river'of
estimated at 500,000 square miles, but its limits are ill-de-  the same name, about 40 miles N. by E. of Herat.
fined. Pop. 3,000,000(?)ofwhich four-fifths are Koords. The    KOOSKOVIME, KOUSKOVIME or KUSKOVIMIE, koossurface is mountainous, especially in the N., where Mount  ko-veeml, or KOUSKOGUIM, koos-ko-gweeml(l)a river of RusBisutoon (Bisutfin) rises to 12,000 feet. The principal rivers  sian America, flals into Behring's Sea about 150 miles N.
are the Tigris, and the Zab Aid, Zab Asfel, and Dialah, its  of Bristol Bay. It is rapid and encumbered with shoals.
affluents. Cattle rearing is the chief occupation of the popu-  Its course is above 300 miles.
lation, and large numbers of sheep and goats are annually    KOOSNETSK. KOUZNETSI(,  K(USNETSK  or KUZtransported hence to Constantinople, Aleppo, &c. The Turk-  NETZK; koos-nitskt, a town of Asiatic Russia, government
ish are more settled in their habits than the Persian Koords;  of Tomsk, on the Tom, 150 miles E.N.E. of Barnaul. P. 2120.
but a large proportion of the population wander in hordes    KOOTA, KOUTA, or KUTA, kootdl, a river of Siberia,
over the country, which is very imperfectly subjected to  government of Irkootsk, joins the Lena. Length, 220 miles.
either the Turkish or Persian sovereigns. They are a stout,    KOOTAIAII, a town of Asia Minor. See KUTAsIE1.
dark race, well formed, with dark hair, small eyes, wide    KOOTAIS, KOUTAIS, IKUTAIS, koo-tis', or KOTAIS, komouth, and a fierce look. Almost every man is mounted,  tist, (ane. Cotatis?) the capital town of Imeretias Russian
and is provided either with javelins about 3 feet 9 inches  Transcaucasia, and anciently the capital of Colchis, 63 miles
long, or a bow of horn nearly 6 feet long, and a well-supplied  E.S.E. of Redoot-Kale, on the Rion (Phasis.) Pop. 3000,
leathern quiver. The sling, which Xenophon saw when he  nearly half Jews.
passed through the country with the 10,000 Greeks, is still    KOOTANIE. See MIAcGILIVRA~'S RIVER.
in use. The language is of the same stock as the modern    KOOTEN, ktften, a village of Holland, province of FriesPersian. The great body of the Koords are Mohammedans.  land, 11 miles E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 627.
The women, unlike those of most other Asiatic nations, are    KOOTUBDEA, koottib'dee'a, an island in the Bay of Bensaid to be treated with much respect, while marriage is re-  gal, on the W. coast of Chittagong, in lat. 210 56' 30" N., ion.
garded as a sacred and indissoluble tie. The Koords were  930 45' E. Length, 12 miles.
known to the ancients under the name of Carduchi. Under    KO0ZINETS, KOUZNETS or KUSNETZK, koos-nktskl,
the ancient Persian monarchy they were included partly in  a town of the Russian dominions. government, and 110
the province of Assyria, and partly in that of Media. The  miles N.N.E. of Saratov. Pop. 10,626, employed in tanning,
famous Sultan Saladin was a Koord. The population of the  iron-works, and trading in timber.
Turkish portion of Koordistan is supposed by Chesney to    KOPCSENY, kop'chil, IKITSEE, kit/sel, a marklet-town
exceed 2,500,000.  The principal towns are Arbil, Altoon   of Hungary, co. of Wieselburg, 4 miles from Presburg.
Kupri, and Kerkook.-Adj. KooR/JDoR; inhab. Kooren.           KOPENHAGEN. See COPENiAGEN.
IKOORDMUHULEH, koord-moo-hoo'lSh, a village of Per-    KOPEN.ICI(, (Kidpenick,) kti'peh-nik', a town of Brandensia, in Masanderan, 23 miles W. by N. of Astrabad. Pop. 1000.  burg, on an island formed by the Spree and Dahme, and on
KOORGIII-NOR, koorghee-nor, or ALAKT-UGUL-NUR,  the railway from Berlin to Frankfort, 8 miles S.E. of Berlin.
A-lktl-oo-gool-noor, a lake of Asiatic Russia, government of  It has an old royal palace, now used as a military depot.
Omsk, near lat. 450 30' N., and Ion. 1000 E. It contains  Pop. 2300.
islands, receives several rivers, but has no outlet.         KOPIDINO, ko-pe-deelno, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles
KOORILE,.KOURILE or KURILE (koofril) ISLANDS,* a  N.W. of Bidschow. Pop. 1010.
group of about 25 islands in the North Pacific, extending    KOPING, (Kiping,) chibping, a town of Sweden, Ien, and
from Kamtchatka to Japan, of which latter dominions the  20 miles S.W. of Westerds, at the W. extremity of the Mnethree southernmost form a part, the rest belonging to Rus-  lar Lake. Pop. 1300, who export iron.
sia, between lat. 430 40' and 570 N., and lon. 1450 and 1560 E.    KOPNITZ, (K5pnitz,) kiJpnits, a small town of Prussian
They extend in length more than 700 miles. Total esti-  Poland, 45 miles SW. of Posen, on the right bank of the Obra.
mated area, 3070 square miles. The population is uncertain,    KOPREINICZA, a town of Austria. See KOPREINITZ.
but small. The surface is very irregular. There are many    KOPREINITZ, kolpri-nits', or KOPREINICZA, ko-privolcanic mountains, some rising to 6000 feet in elevation.  nit/sh, (Hun. Kaproncza, k6h'pronts6hh,) a town of Austria,
The inhabitants are partly Kamtchadales, and partly Aluos,  Croatia, 27 miles E.S.E. of Warasdin, with a strong castle.
(ilnoce.,) a tribe which appears to belong to the same race as  Pop. 3650.
the Japanese. They live mostly by hunting and fishing,   IKOPRILI, ko-preeolee. a town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, 23 miles S. of Uskup, stated to have 1000 houses.
KOPRZYWTNICA, kop-zhiv-neetlsf, a town of Russian P(~
IKOORILE is supposed to be derived from Kooroo 1itsi, r. e..KOPRZYWNICA, kp-zhv-net, a town of Russian Po
the "road of sea-weeds," (kooroo signifying a'"sea-weed,") the  land 10 miles SW. of Sandomier. Pop. 1075.
name bestowed by the inhabitants of Yesso upon this insular chain.   IKOPTOS, a town of Upper Egypt. See KuFT.
lMalte Brun.)                                               KOPUL, ko-piill, or COPAUL, ko-pawlt, a fortified town of
997




KOP                                                        KOS
1lindostan, presidency of Bombay, 130 miles W.S.W. of Kur-   KORONOWO, a town of Prussia. See KRoNE.
noel. In 1790 it capitulated to the Nizam'sarmy, after a six    KOROP,, a town of Russia, government, and 80 miles E
months' siege; and in 1819, when in possession of a rebel- of Tchernigov, on a stream of its. own name. Pop. 1000.: lious governor, was stormed-by the British.                KORORARIKA or KORORAREKA, ko-ro-ra-reelki, a set
KOPURTHELLA  or KOPURTELLA, ko-ptr-tVllA, or tlement of New Zealand, on the Bay of Islands, on the N.E.
KUP'PURTULILA, a town of Hinudostan, in the Punjab, be- coast of the island, and flourishing until destroyed by the
tween Loodiana and Lahore. Lat. 310 24' N., ion. 750 21' E. native chief Held in 1845. It is the seat of a Jesuit mission.
KOPYL, ko-pill, a town of Russia, government, and 55   KOROS, kUirlshl. a river of East Ilungary, rises by several
miles S.S.W. of Minsk. Pop. 1000.                          heads in Transylvania, flows W., and, after a course of 200
KOPYS, ko-pist, a town of Russia, government, and 30 miles, joins the Theiss at Csongrad.
miles N. of Moheeiev, on the Dnieper. Pop. of the town, 1100.   KOROS, KIs, kish kI'rslsh, or LITTLE KdUiS, a marketKORAII, kolrd, a town of British India, presidency of town of Hungary, 0o,    and 45 miles S.E. of Pesth.  Pop. 5433.
Bengal, Upper provinces, 25 miles S. of Cawnpoor.            KOROS, NtGY, nodj khc'rdshf, or GREAT KHdis, a market-:KORAMAS, a river of Asia Minor. See KARA Soo.           town of Hungary, in Hither Danube, co., and 49 miles E. of
KORAMDEREH, ko-rfm/dth-reh, a town of Persia, pro- Pesth, in a fertile but somewhat marshy district. It convince of Irak-Ajemee.                                      tains Protestant, Greek, and Roman Catholic churches, a
KORANA, ko0-ri5n, a river of Austria, issues firom Lake synagogue, and a Protestant gymnasium, with a library, and
Plittvicza, and, after a circuitous N. course of about 60 has a considerable trade in wool and cattle. Pop. 18,500.
miles, joins the Kulpa near Carlstadt..KOJOS-BANYA,   kii'rish! btnty6h', or ALLENBURG, hllKORANKO, ko-rlnlko, or KOORANKO, koo-rAntko, a tenrri- len-bo6roG, a town of I-Iungary, co. of Zarand, on the KIrls,
tory of West Africa, E. of Sierra Leone, may be said to be w-ith gold-mines. Pop. 2200.
between let. 80 20' and 90 20' N., lon. 90 40' and 110 30' W.   IK{illS, LADANY, 1oh'didi! kI'rlqshl, a village of Hungary,'Of this region very little is known.                      co. of Bekes, 25 miles N.W. of Gyula. Pop. 3358.
IKORASSAN, a province of Persia. See KHORASSANi.          KOROTAYAK, KOROTAIAK, KOROTAJAK, ko-ro-t-'
KORB, koab, a village of Wiirtemberg, bailiwick of Waib- ydk;, or KOROTOIAK, a town of Russia, government, and 48
lingen. Pop. 1226.                                        miles S. of Voronezh, on the right bank of the Don. P. 7000.
KORBACH, a town of Germany. See CoRBscI.                  KOROTCHA, ko-rotchA, or KAROTCHA, ka-ro'cha, a town
KORDOFAN, kor-do-finf, a country of Central Africa, of Russia, government, and 68 miles S.E. of Koorsk. Pop.
mostly between lat. 110 and 150 N., and lon. 280 and 320 E., 10,000. It is well built, and has several churches.: having on the E. Sennaar, and on the W. Darfoor, and now    KORPO, kon'po, an island of Finland. imn, and 35 miles
comprised in the Egyptian dominions. The Bahr-el-Abiad  S.W. of Abe, in the Baltic. Circuit about 18 miles.
(White Nile) traverses its S.E. part. Formerly many slaves    KORSABAD, a village of Asiatic Turkey. See KHoasArAD.
were sent from it into Egypt; but this trade appears to    KORSOR, (Korsr,) or KORSOER, korfesl', a seaport town
have been checked. The inhabitants consist of three dis- of Denmark, island of Seeland, on the Great Belt, 64 miles
tfinet races:-the negroes or aborigines, the Arabs or free  W.S.W. of Copenhagen. It has good docks, and a harbor
people, and those who have emigrated fiom Dongola. The  which admits vessels drawing fi-om 17 to 18 feet, and is deDongolawee (Dongolavi) are the most opulent, and neatrly  fended by a fort. Steamboats and other vessels ply regularly
the whole of the export trade is in their hands; they are  between Korslr and Nvborg. Pop. 1600.
represented as being notorious liars, ungrateful, and dis-   KORTGENE, kontIhAtneh, or KORTGEEN, kont'nmn/, a
honest. Kordofan was subdued by Mohammed Alee in  village of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, island of
1820. Pop. estimated at 400,000. Principal town, El Obeid. North Beveland, 5 miles N.W. of Goes. Pop. 921.
KOREE, ko'reef, the easternmost arm of the Indus River,   KORTI, koRftee, a town of Nubia, on the left bank of the
at its Delta, dividing Sinde from Cutch. Lat. 230 10' N., Nile, 48 miles E. of Old Dongola.
Ion. 680 25' E. Its mouth, 7 miles in width, is navigable 16    KORTIRIGHT, a post-village and township in the N. part
miles to Cotasir.                                          of Delaware co., New York, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Albany.
KOREIMOZ, a branch of the Euphrates.  See KARa-Soo.   Pop. 2181.
KORENICSA or KORENITSA, ko-i-A-neetch, (OBEn.R, otber,   KORTRYK, a town of Belgium.  See CoRnTRAI.
and UNTER, 66unter,) two nearly contiguous villages of Aus-   KORTSIHIEVA or KORTSCIIEWA, kont-shhfvl, a town of
trian Croatia, 60 miles S.S.E. of Carlstadt. Pop. of Ober- Russia, government, and 40 miles E. of Tver, on the Yolga,
Korenicsa, 1854; of Unter-Korenicsa, 1870.                 with 1207 inhabitants, and an active export trade.
KORENNAIA, ko-rhn.nia. a village of Russia, govern-   KORWESTIIEIM, konlVvest-hime',  a village of Wiirtemment, and 18 miles N.N.W. of Koorsk, with a convent fro- berg, circle of Neckar. Pop. 1341.
quented by pilgrims, and one of the largest fairs in Russia.    KOS, an island and gulf of Asiatic Turkey. See Cos.
KORETS or KORETZ, ko-rntsf, a town of Russia, govern-   KOSCIHENTIN, kosh'en-teen', a village of Prussia, proment of Volhynia, circle of 0strog. Pop. 1500.             vince of Silesia, government of 0ppeln. Pop. 1454.
KORGO, kor/go, a small island in the Persian Gulf, 2    KOSCHING, koshling, a market-town of Upper Bavaria, on
miles N. ofthe island of Karak. Lat. 290 23' N., lon. 500 17' E. an old Roman road, 30 miles W.S.W. of Batisbon. P. 1140.
KORIAKOV or KORIAKOW, kor-y-kovf, a village and    KOSCIHILAN, koshtlln, a market-town of Bohemia, circle
fort of Asiatic Russia, government, and 250 miles S.E. of  of Rakonitz, with a parish church. Pop. 1320.
Omsk, on the Irtish, near a salt lake of its own name.       KOSCHMIN, a town of Prussia.  See KozMIN.
KORITSCIIAU, kofre-ch6wl, a market-town of Austria,    KOSCIUSKO, (kos-se-ustko) MOUNT, of Australia, in Yicin Moravia, 30 miles E.S.E. of Brimnn. Pop. 1450.         torla, is the most lofty of the Australian Alps, at the head
KORK, koRok, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, of the river Murray. Elevation, 6500 feet.
on the Kinzig, and on the railway to Appenweier, 8 miles    KOSCIUStKO, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, conN.N.W. of Offenburg. Pop. 1100.                           tains 558 square miles. It is drained.by the Tippecanoe
KORLIN, koR-leent, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 17  River and Turkey Creek; and contains a few small lakes.
miles S.W. of Kiislin. Pop.'2361.                          The surface is mostly undulating, and the soil fertile. It
KORMOND, (Kiirmnd,) or KOERMOEND, lic'mindf, a  is intersected by the railroad extending from Elkhart to
town of IHungary, co. of Bisenburg, at the confluence of the  Peru. Organized in 1836. Capital, WVarsaw. Pop. 10,243.
Pinka with the Raab, 15 miles S. of Steinamanger. It has    KOSCIUSKO, a post-village, capital of Attala co., Misisisa magnificent old i-stle, formerly belonging to Prince Bathy- sippi, on a branch of Pearl River, about 70 miles N.N.E. of
any. Pop. 3400.;~ackson. It contains 3 churches, 3 academies, and 2 or 3
KORNA, korlna,,town of Asiatic Turkey,. pashalie of  newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, 502
Bagdad, at the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, 38    KOSE or EL KOSE. See EL Kos.
mniles N.W. of Bassorah.                                     KOSEL. kotzel, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, 26
KORNEGAL, kor-nI-gil, KORNEGALLE or KOORNA- miles S.S.E. of Oppeln, on the Oder, and at the junction of
GALLEE, koor-na gal/lee, a town of Ceylon, 48 miles N.E. of  the  railw'[y firom Breslau to Cracow. Pop. 3559.
Colombo. Lat. 70 27' N., Ion. 80 27' E.                     KOSEL, ALT, hlt ko/zel, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, S.
KORNELMUNSTER, (Kornelmilnster.) korJnel-mtin'ster, of Kosel.
a village of Rhenish Prussia, government, and 4 miles S.E.   KOSELETS or KOSELETZ, ko-sA-lltsf, a t6wn of Russia,
of Aix-la:Chapelle. Pop. 800.                             government. and 40 miles S.S.W. of Tchernigov, on the Oster.
KORNEUBURG, koR'noi'b66ao, a town of Lower Austria,  Pop. 3749. It has a cathedral and a fort.
capital of a circle, on the left bank of the Danube, 9 miles    KOSFELD, (KJsfeld,) or KOESFELD, kistf/lt, a walled
N.N.W. of Vienna, and on the railway to Stockerau. Pop. town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 20 miles W. of Mtinster. It
2470.                                                     has 2 castles, 3 churches and chapels, a synagogue, a gymKORNI-IAUS, koanflhwss, a market-town of Bohemia, nasium, and an hospital. Pop. 3510.
circle of Rakonitz, 24 miles W.N.W. of Prague.  Pop. 1045.    KOSHAKEA, a town of Transylvania.  See KoLos.
KORINWESTHEIiIM, koRnf8st'hime, a village of Wiirtem-    KOSHIKONONGI, a post-village and township in the S.
berg, circle of Neckar, with mineral baths, on the railway  part of Jefferson co., Wisconsin, near the lake of the same
between Stuttgart and Bietigheim, S. of Ludwigsburg.      name. Pop. 1477.
KORO, one of the Feejee Islands. See GoRo.               KOSIIKONONG CREEK, of Wisconsin, rises in Dane
KOIRO, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wisconsin.      county, and empties itself into the lake of its own name.
KOROLOVETZ, a town ofRussia. See KRoLEvETs.             KOSHKONONG LAKE, in Wisconsin, an expansion of
KOIRON, a fortified seaport town of Greece- on the Gulf of  Rock River, in the S.W. part of Jefferson co., is near S miles
Koron, 7 miles N.W. of Cape Gallo.                       long and 3 or 4 miles wide. It is fiom 3 to 12 feet deep.
998`5~ —--— ~-                                                                          - 




KoS                                                     KOU
ROSIKI r(ko-seekee) ISLANDS, of Japan, in 1at. 310 40' N., government of Perm. flows first S.W., then W.. and joiul
Ion. 1290 42' E., surrounded by rocks on all sides.      the Kamarn, on the left, after a course of nearly 180 miles.
KOSIMA, ko-seefml, an island of Japan, in lat. 410 21'   KOSWIGK, a town of Central Germany. See Coswin.
30" N., ion. 1390 46' E., of volcanic origin, 10 miles in circuit.   KOSZEGH, (Kjszegh,) a town of Hungary. See GUNs.
KOSITZE, a town of I-ungary. See KASCHAU.                KOSZTA, a post-officeof Iowa co., Iowa.
KOSLIN, (Kbslin,) a town of Prussia. See C&sLIn.         KOT or KOTE is the initial name of numerous small'KOSLOV or KOSLOW, kos-lovl, a town of Russia, govern- towns of North-west Hindostan.
ment, and 52 miles W.S.W. of Tambov, on the Lesnoi To-   KOTAH, ko/tti a populous and strongly fortified town of
ronesh. It contains 8 churches and a monastery, and has a  Hindostan, on the Chumbul, 190 miles S.W. of Agra, in lat.
considerable trade in cattle and tallow. Pop. 8000.      250 9! N., ion. 750 5' E., is entered by double gateways, and
KOSLOV or KOSLOW, a town of Russia. See EUPATORIA. has some good bazaars, numerous temples, and substantial
KOSMODEMIIANSK or KOSMODEMJANSK, kos-mo-d~m- dwellings, a palace, and manufactures of cloths, &c.
yAnskf, a town of Russia, government, and 103 miles W.N.W.   KOTAH, a Rajpoot state of Hindostan, subsidiary to the
of Kazan, on the right bank of the Volga. Pop. 6000.     British. It is enclosed by the Gwalior, Odeypoor, and
KOSMODEMIANSK or KOSMODEMJANSK, a town of  Kishenagur dominions, has an area of 4400 square miles,
Russia, 60 miles N.N.E. of Tambov.                       and is among the most flourishing native states of India.
KOSMONOS, a village of Bohemia. See KossMAANcos.         KOTEGHUR, ko'teh-gtgr, (Hindoo,,ataghara, k&-tA-gA1KOSSEIR or COSSEIR, kosg'sAr, a seaport town of Upper ra,) a fortified town of Nortih Iindostan, in Gurhwal, capital
Egypt, on the W. coast of the Red Sea, 95 miles E. of Keneh. of a chiefship near the Sntlej, 43 miles E. of Belaspoor.
Lat. 260 S' N., ion. 340 15' E. Pop. from 1500 to 2000. It is   KOTE-KANGRA or KOT-KANGRA, kot-kC ng. gra, a large
an entrepOt for the trade between Egypt and Arabia, and is and strong hill-fortress and town of the Punjab, in the
defended~by a citadel. OLD KoSSEIs is 6 miles N.W. of the  IIimalayas, 127 miles E.N.E. of Lahore. Lat. 310 57' N., ion.
above.                                                   760 4' E. It surrendered to the British in 1846.
KOSSMANNOS, kosstmAn-nos, or KOSMIONOS, kos/mo-nos,   KOTELNITCHI or KOTELNITSCH, ko-t~l-neetch! or koa village of Bohemia, 3 miles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1310.  til-nitch!, a town of Russia, government, and 50 miles S.W.
ROSSOVO, kos-solvo, or KASSOVO, a town of European  of Viatka, near the Viatka River. Pop. 3962.
Turkey, in Room-Elee, 7 miles N.E. of Pristina. Near it   KOTELNOI, ko-t[l-noit, an island of Siberia, the principal
was fought the battle in which the Turks annihilated the  of an extensive group N. of Sviatol-Nos, in the Arctic
independence of Servia, June 15, 1389.                   Ocean, beyond the mouth of the Lena, between lat. 740 30'
KOSSUTH, (Hun. pron. ko'shootf,) a new county in the  and 760 10, N., ion. 1400 E. It is a desolate mass of rocky
N.N.W. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is mountains, 130 miles long and 70 miles broad.
intersected by a large branch of the Des Moines River, which    KOtTERAIHI or KOtTEREER, two towns of Central Hindositself traverses the S.W. part of the county. It is not in- tan, dominion, and W. of Bhopaul.
eluded in the census of 1850. Named in honor of the re-   KOTGARH, kot'garl, a village in the N. of Hindostan, 25
nowned Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth.                 miles N.W. of Simla.
KOSSUTH, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.         KOTHEN, (KRthen,) KOETHEN, or COTHEN, (C0ithen,)
KOSSUTH, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.   kSiltgn, a town of Germany, formerly capital of the' duchy of
KOSSUTHI, a post-office of Tishemingo co., MLississippi.    AnhaltKRithen,and at thejunctionof the Anhalt and Berlin,
KOSSUTIH, a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 100. and Leipsic and Magdeburg RailWays, 19 miles N. of Halle.
KOSSUTH, a post-office of Washington co., Indiana.     Pop. 6136. It has two ducal palaces, a normal school, an inKOSSUTH, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, 90 miles stitution for noble ladies, a theatre, and manufactures of
N.W. of Chicago.                                         woollen cloths and linens.
KOSSUTII, a post-office of Clarke co., Missouri.         KOTI or COTI, koutee. KOETI, kooltee, or KOTI LAMA,
KOSSUTIH, a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa.       kostee l/md, a little-known district or state on the E. coast
KOSSUTH, a township of Columbia co., Wisconsin. P. 394. of the island of Borneo, on the Strait of Macassar.
KOSSUTH, a post-village of Racine co., Wisconsin.        KOTI, the capital of the above district, on an island in
KOSTAINICZA, kos-ti-neetfs,, or KOSTANITZ, kos/ta- the chief arm of the river Koti, 6 miles from its mouth, in
nits%. a town of Austrian Croatia, on the military frontier, lat. 00 58' S., ion. 1170 10' E. It contains the rajah's palace.
20 miles S.E. of Petrinia. Pop. 3150.                      KOTI, a river in the island of Borneo, falls into Kroti Bay,
KOSTAMBUL, in Asia Minor. See KASTAOONEEE.             on the Strait of Macassar. Total course, about 300 miles.
KOSTANITZ, koslti-neets', a town of European Turkey, in    KOTIEBOR, atownofBohemia. SeeCHOTIEBORZ.
Room-Elee, S. of the Balkan, 130 miles W.N.W. of Adrianople.   KOTIENITZ or CIIOTENIC, koltee-nits', a town of BoKOSTEL, kosftel, a town of Austria, in Moravia, on the  hemia, 17 miles E. by N. of Chrudim. Pop. 1091.
Thaya, 28 miles S.S.E. of Briinn. Pop. 1700.               KOTIESCHAU, a town of Bohemia. See CHoTIEscHAu.
KOSTEL, a town of Austria, in Carnipla, with a castle    KOT-KANGRA, a hill fortress. See KOE-KANoGRA.
near the Kulpa, 45 miles S.E. of Laybach.'                 KOTOROST, ko-to-rost, a river of Russia, issues from
KOSTELETZ, kos/teh-lIts'. or KOSTELETZ-AM-ADLER- Lake Nero, in the government of Yaroslav, and joins the
FLUSSE, kosteth-lts -im-dier-fioos osh,   a town of Bohe- Volga, at the town of Yaroslav, after a course of 90 miles.
mia, on the Adler, 17 miles E.S.E. of Kuniggritz.  Pop.   KOTRA, kot/ri, a large town of Central Hindostan, near
2565.                                                    the Gwalior Territory, 20 miles E.S.E. of Hindia.
KOSTELETZ  or KOSTELETZ-AN-DER-ELBE, kos/tth-    KOTRAH, a town of Bundelcund, 80 miles S.E. of Gwalior.
lIts' in d~r ll/beh, a town of Bohemia, 23 miles N.W. of   KOITREE', a village of Sinde, on the Koree estuary, and the
Kaurzim, on the Elbe. Pop. 1495.                         place of embarkation between Hyderabad and Cutch.
KOSTELETZ, kos'teh-!ets', a town of Austria, in Moravia,   ROTREE, a village of Sinds, on the Indus, nearly opposite
12 miles S.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 1356.                      Hyderabad, and an important military post.
KOSTELETZ, SCHWARZ, (shwiAts) a small town of Bo-   KOTREE, a village of Sinde, on the route to Roree. 90
hemia, N.W. of Kaurzim. Pop. 1800.                       miles N.N.E. of Hyderabad. Lat. 260 30' N., Ion. 680 48' E.
KOSTEN, kos/ttn, a town of Prussian Poland, 26 miles   KOTREE, a village of Beloochistan, province of CutchS.W. of Posen, on the Obra. Pop. 2210.                   Gundava, 8 miles S.W. of Gundava. Lat. 280 24' N., Ion.
KOSTENBLUT, kos/ten-bl5t', a town of Prussian Silesia, 670 27' E., with a fort and a good bazaar.
19 miles W. of Breslau. Pop. 818.                          KOTS, kotsh, a village of Hungary, co., cud 12 miles
KOSTENDIL, in European Turkey. See GmuSTEsNDIL.    S.S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 2552.
KOSTIANSK  or COSTIANSK, kos-te-,nskI, a town of   KOTTA-WARINGIN, kot/ti wi-rin-ghin/, written also CORussia, on the Don, government, and 22 miles S.S.W. ot TARINGIN, a town on the S. coast of the island of Borneo,
Voronezh. Near it, on thebanks of the Don, in 1768, Gmelin  on a river of its own name. Lat. 20 47' S., ion. 1110 21' E.
found many elephants' bones, but little decomposed.         KOTTA-WARNIGIN or COTARINGIN,  a river in the
KOSTRITZ, (Kdstritz,) kis/trits, a village of Germany, island of Borneo, rises in a lake in the interior, and after a
principality of Reuss-Gera, on the Elster, 4 miles N.W. of S. by W. consse of 85 miles, falls into the Java Sea.
Gera. Pop. 1300.                                           KOTUSITZ, koltoo-zits', a market-town of Bohemia, 4 miles
KOSTROMA, kos-trolmi, a river of Russia, joins the Volga firom Czaslau. In 1742 a battle was fought here between the
at Kostroma, after a S. course of 130 miles, for the most Austriarns and Prussians, and the town was burnt. P.1158.
part of which it is navigable.                             KOTZEBUE (kotfse-bfs) SOUND, Russian America, is an
KOSTROMA, a government of European Russia, near its  inlet of the Behring Strait, between Capes Krusenstern and
centre. Area, 31,790 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,020,628. Espenberg. Lat. 660 to 680 N., and ion. 1620 to 1670 W.
Nearly the entire surface is pasture-land and forests, ex-   EOTZSCHENBRODA, kft/shen-bro'di, a village of Saxony,
cept a small part in the S.W., which belongs to the mann- near Dresden. Pop. 1002.
facturing district of Central Russia.                      KOTZTING, kitslting, a town of Lower Bavaria, 36 miles
KOSTROMA,  a city of European Russia, capital of the E.N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1436.
government of Kostroma, 200 miles N.E. of Moscow, at the   KOUANG-TOUNG and KOUANG-PING. See QuAmc-roN
confluence of the Kostroma and the Volga. Pop. 14,000. and QUANoG-PING.
It is the capital of a Greek eparchy, and the see of the bishops   KOUARA and KOUARRI. See NsaER.
of Kostroma and Galitch, and has a gymnasium, and ma-   KOUBA. See KoosA.               KOUBAN. See KOOBAN.
nufactures of leather, cloth, Prussian blue, soap, and candles.   KOUBETCHI, a town, Russian Caucasus. See KooeBETCH
It has a fine cathedral, and a foundry of bells.          KOUBINA, a river of Russia. See KOOBINA.
KOSVA or KOSWA, kos/vi, a river of Russia, rises in the    KOUBINSKOE, a lake of Russia. See KOBINSKOa.
999




KOU                                                         KRA
KOUJCHE, a town of Toorkistan.  See KOOCUE.                KOZMIN, koz-meenf, or KOSCHMIN, a town of Pruesian
KOUDEKERK, kd6wdeh-ktRk', a village of the Nether- Poland, 47 miles S.S.E. of Posen, on the Obra. Pop. 3270.
iands, province of South Holland, 5 miles E.S.E. of Leyden,  KRA, (Island and Isthmus.) See KnAw.
on the Rhine. Pop. 1250.                                     KRABB13ENDIJKE or KRABBENDYKE, kr/bfbenl-dikel,
KOUDEKERKE, kfwldeh-k&a0keh, a village of the Ne- a village of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, in the
therlands, province of Zealand, in the island of Walcheren,  island of South Beveland, 11 miles S.E. of Goes. Pop. 725.
3 miles S.W. of Middelburg.  Pop. 1211.                      KRAFT, kraft, a village of Rhenilsh Prussia, goverment
KOUDUM, kdwfdi~m, a village of the Netherlands, province  of Coblentz, circle of Mayen, on a stream of its own name.
of Friesland, 25 miles S.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 925.       Pop. 1243.
KOUEI-IlO. a river of China. See KeEo-Ho.                   KRAGEROE, (KragerSe,) krAlgher-iieh, a town of Norway,
KOUEI-LING, a city of China. See KWEILISGe.               stift of A.ggershuus, on an inlet of the Skager-rack, 70 miles
KOUEI-TE, a city of China. See KWEI-TE.                   N.E. of Christiansand. Pop. 1819.,
KOUENLUN.  See Ku  NLUN.                                    KRAIBURG, krl/b5nc, a market-town ofBavaria, onthe
KOUFA, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See KOOFA.               Inn, 45 miles E. of Munich. Pop. 900.
KOUGILSTOWN, ktifskttwn, a village of New Jersey, on    KRAILSHEIM or CRAILSHEIM, krilsthIme, a town of
the line between Somerset and Hunterdon cos., 4 miles S.E. Wiirtemberg, on the Jaxt, 13 miles N. of Ellwangen, with
of Flemington.                                              an ancient castle. Pop. 764.
KOUIALNIK, twb rivers of Russia. See KOOIALNIK.             KRAIN, aprovinceof Austria.  SeeCARNIOLA.
KOUKA, a town of Africa. See KOOKA.                         KRAINBURG, krinlbi56ng, or KRAIN, krin, a town ofI1KOUKOU-KOTA or KIIOTON. See KooKoo-KoTA.                  lyria, 15 miles N.W. of Laybach, on the Save. Pop. 1712.
KOULFO, a town of West Africa. See KOLFO.                   KRAJOVA or KRAIOVA, krd-yolvA, the capital town of
KOULKOUN. See KUENLUN.                                    Little Wallachia, near the left bank of the Schyl, 120 miles
KOULOI, a river of Russia. See KooLo.                    W. of Bucharest.  Pop. 8000. It has numerous churches,
KOUM. See Koosr.                                          and an active trade in salt. from neighborin& mines.
KOUvIA, a village of Russia. See KooiA.                    KRAKATOA, kr,-k&-tola. or CROCKATOA, kro-k&-tof&, an
KOUNASHIR, one of the Koorile Islands. See KOONASr{Em.  island of the Malay Archipelago, Strait ofSunda; Lat. 60 9 S.,
KOUNDOUZ, a khanat and town of Asia. See KHooNDooz. ion. 1050 29' E., about 6 or 7 miles long, and 4 or 5 miles broad.
KOUNGOUR, a town of Russia. See Kooxooo.                   KRAKAU, a town of Poland.  See CRacow.
KOUNGTOUN, a village of Burmah.  See KooNoToo0.             KRAKOW, krPlkov, a town of Germany, in MecklenburgKOUNGUEL, a village of West Africa. See KoONGUEL.    Schwerin, on a lake, 33 miles S. of Schwerin. Pop. 1516.
KOUNIA, a river of Russia. See KooesA.                      KRAKOW, a town of Poland. See CRAcow.
KOUPIANSK, a town of Russia. See KOOPIANSK.                 KRALIEVICZA, a town of Austria. See PoETo RE.
KOUR, a river of West Asia. See KooR.                       KRALINGEN, kr/tling-en,  a parish and village of the
KOURAMAS, a river of Asia Minor. See KARA SoO.            Netherlands, 3 miles N.E. of Rotterdam.  Pop. 3348.
KOURDISTAN, a country of West Asia. See KOORDISTAN.    KRALITZ, krd/lits, a market-town of Moravia, circle of
KOURILE ISLANDS. See KooRaLE ISLANDS.                     Olmutz, about 4 miles from Prossnitz. ~ Pop. 900.
KOURSK, a government of Russia.  See KooRss.                KRALOWITZ, kr3Jlo-Witsc, or CYNADROWY, tsin —drotKOUS, a town of Upper Egypt. See Koos.                    vee, a municipal town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.N.E. of Pilsen.
KOUSHAN, a pass of the Hindoo-Koosh. See KoosHnA.   Pop. 1636.
KOUSKOVIME, Russian America. See  KOOSKOvWME.               KRAMSACII, krbmish, a village of Austria, in Tyrol,
KOUSSIE, kdwlsee, KOWISIE RIVER, or SAND RIVER, circle of Schwatz, near Rattenberg.  Pop. 881.
forms the N.W. boundary of the Cape Colony, in South    KRANENBURG  or CR1ANENBURG, krinten-nb6Rg', a
Africa, enters the Atlantic, in lat. 290 40' S., ion. 170 E.  small town of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles W. of Cleves, with
KOUTA, a river of Asiatic Russia. See KoorA.              a custom-house, near the Netherlands frontier. Pop. 1100.
KOUTAIEH, a town ofAsia Minor. See KUTAIEc.                 KRANIIOLM, krrn/holm, a small island of Russia, goKOUTAIS, a town of Asiatic Russia. See KOTAIS.            vernment of Esthonia, in the Narowa, (Narova,) near Narva.
KOUTCHAN, a town of Persia. See KooCHAN.                    KRANICHBERG, krlniK-bWnoG, or KRANABERG, kri5KOUTCHE, a town of Chinese Toorkistan.  See K0oCnE.   na-bkRo, a village of Lower Austria, on the railway, near
KOUTCHVINSK, a village of Russia.  See Koocuviwsm.    Glocknitz. Pop. 1090.
KOUZNETS or KOUZNETZ.  See KoozrNEs.                        KRANICHFEL)D, kr'lni1-fllt, or KERAN/ICIIFELD,, a
KOVAJA, a town of Turkey. See KAVAYA.                     town of Sa.bny, jointly possessed by'Saxe-Weimar and SaxeKOVDO, KOWDO, kov/do, or KOVDOZERO. kov-do-zrf'o,  Meiningen, on the lim, 11 miles S.W. ofWeimar. P. 1411.
a lake of Russia, in the W. part of the government of Arch-    KRANIDI, kr/[nee'dee, a small town of Greece, governangel, about 30 miles long, by 24 miles broad, contains nu- ment of Argolis, 23 miles S.E. of Nauplia. The sittings of the
merous islands, and discharges itself by the river Kovda into  Greek senate we'e temporarily transferred here in 1823. Its
the Gulf of Kandalqska.                                    inhabitants are expert divers, and sponge-fishers. Pop. 3500.
KOVEL or ROWEL, ko-vll1, a town of Russia, govern-    KRANOWITZ, kr3no-vits', or KRANOWICE, a town of
ment of Volhynia, 97 miles N.W. of Ostrog. Pop. 3200.       Prussia, in Silesia, 50 miles S.S.E, of Oppeln. Pop. 2130.
KOVESD, MEZO. See MEz8 KovEzso.                             KRAPIC, kr pik, a village of Austrain Croatia, on the
KOVNO  or KOWNO, keovno, (Ger. Kauen, kdwfen; L.  Save, about 10 miles from Jaszenovacz. Pop. 1180.
Cbouna,) a town of Russian Poland, government, and 58 miles    KRAPIVNA or KRAPIWNA, krA-pivfn/, a town of RusW.N.W. of Vilna, capital of a district, on the right bank of  sia, government, and 25 miles S.W. of Tools, on the Oopa.
the Niemen, at the influx of the Svieta-Niemen. Pop. 7006.   KRAPPITZ, krAp'pits, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, 15
It has many religious establishments, including an old  miles S. of Oppeln, on the left bank of the Oder. Pop. 1942.
Jesuit college. Large quantities of mead are brewved here,   KRASNIK, kr~stnik, a town of Poland, government, and
and the town has an active trade in corn, &c.               28 miles S.W. of Lublin.  Pop. 4120.
KOWAL or KOVAL, kolvil, a town of Poland, govern-    KRASNISTAW, kr~s-nis/tfv, a town of Poland, 34 miles
ment, province, and 80 miles W.N.W. of Warsaw: lat. 520  S.E. of Lublin, onthe Wieprz, and a small lake. Archduke
32' N., ion. 210 30' E. Pop. 2350.                          Max, of Austria, was kept prisoner here in 1588, after being
KOWALAIGA, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.    defeated by Zamacsky. Pop. 2000.
KOWARA (or QUORRA) RIVER. See NIGan.                        KRASNOE, krAstno-A, a town of Russia, government of
KOWNO, a town of Russia. See KovNo.                       Podolsk, about 50 miles N. of Yampol. Pop. 1950.
KOWRAH, k6wlrA, a town of West IHindostan, in Cutch,   KRASNOE-SZELO, (or SELO,) krgs'no-A sduo, a village
in an oasis of the Runn, 36 miles N. of Bhooj.              of Russia, government, and 18 miles S.S.E. of St. PetersKOWREENAGUR, kIw-ree-oni-gtir, a town of West Hin- burg, witlh distilleries, various manufactories, several schools,
dostan, in Guicowar's dominion, in the Guzerat peninsula,  an hospital for crown-peasants, and a royal palace.
10 miles N.N.W. of Diu-head.                                  KRASNOI, krts-noil, a town of Russia, government, and
KOWSIE, a river of South Africa. See KoUssie.'            18 miles W.S.W. of Smolensk, on the Svinaia. Pop. 1732.
KOZELSK, ko-zalskf, a town of Russia, government, and  Here, on the 5th and 6th of November, 1812, the French,
35 miles S.S.W. of Kalooga, on the Jizdra. Pop. 4800. It retreating from Moscow, were defeated by the Russians.
was burned in 1777, and has since been regularly built.       KRASNOI, a town of Russia, government of Pskov, 35
KOZEP-AJTA, ko'z~p!  Itfh', a village of Transylvania, on  miles S. of Ostrov.
a stream of the same name, about 40 miles from Kronstadt.   KRASNOIARSK.  See RmASNOYARSK
Pop. 1185.                                                    KRASNOI-KHOLM. krds-noi! Rolm, a town of Russia,
KOZIEGLOW, ko-ze-Aglovl, a town of Russian Poland, 50  government, and 95 miles N.E. of Tver. Pop. about 2000.
miles N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 1350.                              KRASNOI-YAR, krls-noilyaa, a town of Russia, governKOZIENICE, koz-yA-neeot/s, a town of Poland, 65 miles ment, and 35 miles E.N.E. of Astrakhan, on an island in the
N.W. of Sandomier, on the left bank of the Vistula. Pop. Volga. Pop. 3000.
2590. It was the birthplace of Sigismund I., King of    KRASNOI-YAR, a village of Russia, government, and S.E.
Poland.                                                    of Simbeersk.
KOZLOV, a town of Russia. See RosLov.                      KRASNOKOOTSK,  KRASNOKOUTSK   or  KRASNOKOZLOV, a town of Russia. See EUPAToRIA.                 KUTSK, krls-no-kootsk1, a town of Russia, government,
KOZLOWITZ, kotstlo-its', or KOZLOWICE, koz'lo-veet- and 41 miles W. ofKharkov, on the Merla. Pop. 4856.
sA, a village of Austria, in Moravia, about 10 miles from    KRASNO-OOFIMSK,   KRASNO-OUFIMSK or KRASNOFreyburg. Pop. 1326.                                       UFIMSK, krastno oo-feemsk/, a town of Russia, government,
1000




KRA                                                        KIRI
and 110 miles from Perm, on the Oofa. Lat. 560 42' N.. ion. the Archbishop of Olmutz. During a part of 1849, it was
570 40' E. It is surrounded by a wooden wall. Pop. 5000.  the seat of the Austrian government and imperial councils.
KRASNOPOL. kr~s-nolpol, a town of Russian Poland, 12   KIREMSMUNSTERI. (Kremsmiinster,) krlmslmtin'ster, a
miles E. of Suwalki. Pop. 533.                            village of Upper Austria on the Krems, 13 milesW. ofSteyer.
KRASNOPOL, a town of Riussia, government of Volhynia, It has 609 inhabitants, and several superior schools. On a
42 miles S.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. about 1200.              height above the town is a celebrated Benedictine abbey,
KRASNOSLOBODSK, kr's-no-slo-bodskl, a town of Rus- founded in the eighth century, and havinga library of 50,000
sia, government, and 105 miles N.N.W. of Penza, on the  volumes and 400 manuscripts. an observatory, and various
MIoksha.  Pop, 7762, who have an active trade in corn.    museums of art and science, with about 300 students.
KRASNO-UFIMSK, a town of Russia. See KRASNo-00FIMSK.   KREIMUSCH, kislmoosh, a village of Bohemia, circle of
KRASNOYARSK.  KRASNOIARSK, or KRASNOJARSK, Leitmeritz. Pop. 1279.
kres-no-yarskf, a town of Siberia, capital of the government    KRENITZIN (Ikrd-nit-seen1) ISLANDS, Aleutian Arbchiof Yeniseisk, in a fertile plain. on the Yenisei, and on the  pelago, so called from Krenitzin, the navigator who first saw
high route between Tobolsk and Irkootsk. Lat. 60 N., lon. them. They are five in number.
920 57' 10" E. Pop. in 1850, 7000.. It is the emporium of a    KRtES'GEVILLE, a post-office ofMonroe co., Pennsylvania.
wide region, and has several churches, government offices,   KRESLAV or KRESLAW, kr~s-1AvI, a town of Russia,
a literary club, and manufactures of Russian leather.     government of Vitebsk, 27 miles E. of Diinaburg, on the
KRASNYSTAV or KRASNYSTAW, kras-nis/t~v, written  South Dwina. Pop. 1200
also KRASNOSTOV, a town of Polanud, government, and    KRESTOVSKOI, kres-tovlskoi, a group of islands of Asia30 miles S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 3016.                       tic Russia, in the Arctic Ocean,' government of Yakootsk, in
KRAST, kr~st, atown of Bohemia, 11 miles from Chrudim. the estuary of the Kolyma.
Pop. 1648.'KRESTZY, krlstlzee, a town of Russia, government, and
KRASZNA, krgsstnuh1, or KARASZINA, a river, county, 50 miles E.S.E. of Novgorod. Pop. 1874.
and village of Transylvania; the river flows northward for   KREUTH, kroit. a bathing-place and village of Upper
80 miles, and joins the Theiss near Nameny. On it, near  Bavaria, on the Tegern-see, 34 miles S.E. of Munich, and
its course, is the village, 44 miles N.W. of Klausenburg, with  greatly resorted to by the inhabitants of that city.
1570 inhabitants, and warm baths.                           KREfTZ or KREUZ, kroits, a German word signifying
KRATZAU, krftlz6w, or KRASA, krA!sA, a town of Bo- "cross," forming a prefix to many names in Central Europe.
hemia, 29 miles N. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1889.                  KREUTZ, kroits, a town of Austrian Croatia, 24 miles
KRATZIERSVILLE, a post-office.Union co.,Pennsylvania.  S.S.E. of Warasdin. Pop. 3066.
KRAUCHTHAL, kr6swret I, a village of Switzerland, can-    KREUTZNACIH, KREUZNACK or KREUZNACII, kroitefton, and 9 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1910.                 niiK, a town and watering-place of Rhenish Prussia, governKRAUNA, kri-w/nl, a town of Bohemia, 29 miles from  ment of Coblentz. on the Nahe, 8miles S. of Bingen. Pop. 9383.
Chrudim. Pop. 1353.                                       It stands in a fertile and picturesque. tract, at the foot of
KRAUTHEIM, krbwtfhime, a town of Baden, circle of  a castle-crowned hill, and is separated by the river into two
Lowe' Rhine. not far from the Jaxt. Pop. 1821.            parts, connected by a stone bridge. It has Roman Catholic,
KRAW, KRA, KRAII, krl, or POOLO KRtA, pootlo krA,  Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, a synagogue, gymnasium,
two small islands, called the North and South Kra, in the  and manufactures of leather, snuff, and woollens, and imchannel between the W. side of Malacca, and the island of  portant salt-works.
Pools Penang.                                                KREUZBERG, kroitsebblg, or   REUIJZBURCK, kroitsfKRAW, kraw, (ISTHMUS OF)) or LOWER  SIAM, Sia- bb6ak, a town of Bohemia, 26 miles S.E. of Czaslau. P. 1312.
mese dominion, connects the Malay Peninsula with the rest   KREUZBURG. See CRsUZBURG.
of Furt-her India, extending between lat. 90 and 120 N., with    KREUZBURG, kroitslb06RG,a town of East Prussia, 15
a breadth of about 70 miles. Near its centre is the town of  miles S.W. of KHnilgsberg, with a castle. Pop. 1678.
Kraw or Krah.                                                KREUZBURG, a.town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-WeiKRAWANG, kr&-wungl, a Dutch residency of Java, on  mar, on the Werra, 16 miles N.W. of Eisenach.  Pop. 2150.
the N. coast. Pop. 95,000. Capital, Poerwakarta.            KREUZBURG  or KREUTZBURG, a strongly-fortified
KRAWARN, kra/darn, DEUrTsc, doitsh, a village ofPrus-  town of Russia, government of Vitebsk, on the Duna, 52
sian Silesia, 36 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1638.       miles W. of Rezhitsa. Pop. 2000. It has a palace.
KREFELD, a town of Prussia. See CaErreL.                  KREUZUNG, a village of Germany, on the railway from
KREIBITZ, a town of Bohemia. See KREYBITz.              Nuremberg to Bamberg, near the former.
KREIDERSVILLE, kr~ders-vill, a post-village of North-    KREYBITZ or KREIBITZ, krltbits, a town of Bohemia, 28
ampton co., Pennsylvania, 103 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.   miles N.E. of Leitmeritz, on the borders of Saxony. P. 2000.
KREISCHA, krishA, a market-town of Saxony, circle of,   KRIEGSIIABER, kreeoslhI-bgr, a village of Bavaria, circle
and 10 miles from Dresden. Pop. 1043.                     of Swabia, near Augsburg. Pop. 1082.
KREMENETS, kr,-m~n-ftsf, or KREMMENETZ, a town    KRIENZ or KRIENS, kre-lnts!,a parish and village of Switof Itussian Poland, government of Volhynia, 36 miles  zerland, canton, and 2 miles S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 2663.
W.S.W. of Ostrog. Pop. 5760. It has several churches, and    KRIESDORF, krees/doaf, or GRIESDORF, greesldoRf, a
a ruined citadel.                                          village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1907.
KREMENTCHOOG,  KREMENTCHOUG,  KREM:ENT-    KRILOV, KRYLOV or KRILOW, kre-lovl, a towrn of linsCHUG or KREMENTSCIHIUG, krlm-nt-shboogl, a town of  sis, government, and 170 miles N.N.E. of Kherson, on the
Russia, government, and 64 miles S.W. of Poltava, on the  Dnieper. Pop. 2600.
Dnieper, here crossed by a bridge of boats. Pop. 17,087.   KRIM. See CaRMEA
It is enclosed by an earth-rampart, and has manufactures    KRIIMMITSCIIAU, a town of Saxony. See CRIMMITZSCHAU.
of hats, refined sugar, nitre, and soap.                    KRIMPEN-AAN-DE-LEK, krimfpen-An-d&-1lk, a village
KREMLIN. See Moscow.                                    of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, 61 miles E.
KREMMEN, krrmrmen, a town of Prussia, province of  by S. of Rotterdam, on the Lek, where its fills into the
Brandenburg, 25 miles N. of Potsdam. Pop. 2438.           Meuse, (Maas.)  Pop. 732.
KREMNITZ or CREMNITZ.  krlm.nits, (Hun. i0brem'cz    KRIMPEN-OP-DEN-YSSEI,, krim/pen-op-dOn-is'sel, a vilBanya, k8iemits! bhntyyh',) a mining town of Hungary, in  Isge of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, 5 miles
Bacs, 8 miles W. of Neusohl. Pop. 6339. It stands in a  E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1018.
deep valley, surrounded by 7 hills, and has several suburbs,    KRINETZ or KRINEC, kreetnlts, a town of Bohemia, cira castle, mint, and a miners' infirmary. Its mines have  cle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1060.
about a dozen principal shafts, and lately yielded 15,000    KRIOUKOW or KRIUKOW, kre-ootkov, a town of Russia,
marks of silver, and 250 marks of gold annually, and coin to  government of Kherson, on the Dnieper, 72 miles N.W. of
$1,250,000 yearly, issue from its mint. Attached to the mines  Yekaterinoslav. Pop. 1200.
are nearly 20 smelting and washing works, the machinery    KRIP/PEN, a village of Germany, on the Dresden and
used in which is the best in IHungary. Kremnitz has a  Prague Raiway, 25 miles from Dresden.
royal vitriol factory, 2 paper-mills, manufactures of earthen-    KRIPPLEBUSH, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.
ware and vermilion; and it is supplied with water by an    KRISHNA, a river of South India. See KisTNArc.
aqueduct 50 miles in length.                                KRISSO, kristso, or CHRYSO, (ane. Crissa?) a small town
KREMPE, krlmfpeh. a town of Denmark, duchy of Hol- of Greece, government of Phocis, 5 miles S.E. of Salona.
stein, 4 miles N.N.E. of Gltickstadt. Pop. 1300.            KRISTINESTAD, kris-teeln-stad', a seaport town of FinKREMS, krlnms, a town of Lower Austria, on a height, land, 55 miles S.W. of Yasa, on a bay of the Gulf of Finland,
on the left bank of the Danube, at the influx of the Krems, has a harbor and building docks. Pop. 700.
38 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 6537. It is enclosed by old    KRITSCHIEW, kriteshlv, or KRICZEW, kritlsev, a ma'walls, and has a Plarnist college, military and high-schools, ket-town of Russia, government, and 57 miles E.S.E. of Molarge infantry barracks, alum, nitre, metal buttons, soda, heelev. Pop. 1200.
mustard, and vinegar factories.                             KRITSKOI (kritskoli) ISLAND, Behring's Strait; lat. of
KREMS, a village of Austria, in Styria, circle of Griitz, the B. point, 56 0'7" N., lon. 1600 41' W. Length, 9 miles.
with a castle, and manufactures of block-tin.               KRITZANAU, kritts&-nuw', a market-town of Austria, In
KHREMSIR, KREMSIER, krlmlseer, or KREMIEKITZ.  Moravia, near lglau. Pop. 1484.
krlmfyi-kitso, a town of Moravia, circle, and 12 miles S.W. of    KKIUKOW. a town of Russia. See KRIOUKsow.
Prerau, on the March. Pop. 4000. It has a Piarist college, a    KRIVAN, kre-vinf, a mountain belonging to the chain of
gymnasium and high school, and a fine summer residence of  theCarpathians, on the frontiers ofGalicia. IHeigiht, 8000 feet.
1001




KRI                                                       KUF
KRIVITZ or CRIVITZ, kreelvits, a town of Mecklenburg-   KRUJEVACZ, a town of Servia. See KRusCovATVTZ.
Schwerin, 10 miles E.S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 2000.           KRUMSAU, kroo/m6w, a town of Bohemia. 14 miles SS.WV.
KROBEN, krolben, a town of Prussian Poland, govern-  of Budweis, on an island in the Moldau. Pop. 5195. It has
ment of Posen, S.E. of Kosten. Pop. 1360.                 mannfiactnres of cottons, woollens, and paper, and a fine
KROH'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.    palace of Prince Schwarzenberg.
KROJANKE, kro-y nlkk, written also KRAIENKE, a    KRUJMBACII, kr66m/bAK; a town of Bavaria. on a river of
town of Prussia, 86 miles W.S.W. of Mariehwerder. P. 2620. its own name, 27 miles W.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1200.
KROLEVETS, KROLEWETZ, kro-liA-ytst, or KOROLE-    KRUMIIERMES RSDORF, kroom-hlacmers-donf'. a village
VETZ, ko-ro-l&-vetsf, a town of Russia, government, and  of Saxony, 7 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1613.
100 miles E.S.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 6188. It was formerly    KRUMMIENAU, krilm/meh-n6w.,    a village of Switzerland,
the residence of the governor of Little Russia.           canton of St. Gall. 12 miles S.W. of Appenzell. Pop. 1406.
KROMBACH, kromfbhk, a village of Bavaria, in Lower    KRUMMENOLS, krdmfmen-ols, or WASSEROLS. (WasFranconia, 42 miles N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1099.          serils,) viasfser-Sils, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, gover-n.
KRM01 BACH or KRUMBACH, kr66mlbic, a village of  ment of Liegnitz. Pop. 1108.
Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau.  Pop. 972.                      KRUNEN, Transylvania.  See KRONSTADT
KROMMENY, krom/mA-ni', a village of the Netherlands,   KRUSCHOVATZ, kroofsho-v~ts', or KRUJEVACZ, kroolprovince, North IIolland, 12 miles N.E. of Haarlem. P. 2230. zhA-v~ts', a town of Servia, near the Morava, 34 miles W. of
KROMY, krolmee, a town of Russia, government, and 20  Nissa. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, has an old castle, and
miles S.W. of Orel, on the Kroma. Pop. 4518.               was the capital of Servia before conquered by the Turks.
KRONACI{, krofn&K, sometimes written KRANACH, a    KRUSCHWITZ, krooshlvits, a market-town of Prussian
walled town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, at the  Poland, 34 miles S.S.E. of Bromberg. Pop. 390. It was once
foot of a mountain crowned by the Castle of Rosenberg, on  important, and the native place of the Polish King Piast.
the Kronach, 22 miles N.W. of Baireuth. Pop. 3100. It    KRIUSENSTERN, krooezen-stern',  or AILU  (iloo) IShas a mineral spring. The painter, Lucas Kranach, (ori- LANDS,. a group in the North Pacific Ocean, Marshall's
ginally named Sunder,) was born here in 1472.              Archipelahgo.  Lat. of the northernmost, 100 27' N., ion. 1700
KRONE, krolneh, or KORONOVWO, ko-ro-noyo, a town of  E. The group is 15 miles long, and 5 miles broad.
Prussia, 13 miles N.N.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 2359.             KRUSENSTERN ISLAND, one of the Diomede Islands,
KRONE, DEUTSCH, Prussia. See DEUTSCH-KRONE.              Behring Strait, in lat. 650 46' N., ion. 1680 55' W.
KRONENBERG, krolnen-bREGo, a town of Rhenish Prus-   KRYCI ISLANDS. See RAT or KaYCI ISLANDS.
sia, government, and 15 miles E. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 625.   KRYLOV, a town of Russia. See KeILov.
KRONPRINZENKOG, kr~nprint-sen-k~g, a village of Den-   KRZEPICE, k'zhpeet'sA, (NOWE, DoIVA, and STARA, statre1,)
mark, in Holstein, in the South Ditmarshes. Pop. 1076.    two places of Russian Poland. on the opposite sides of the
KRONSTADT, kronfstAtt, or KRUNEN, (Krtinen, krrit- Liswarta, 60 miles S.S.E. of Ialisz. Pop. 1404.
nan,) (Ihun. Brasso, brosh'shol; anc. Brassovium;) a town    KRZIZANOWITZ, kzheez-'-no1vits, a village of Prussia,
of Austria, in Transylvania, capital of the district of Bur- province of Silesia, 50 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1023.
zenland, romantically situated in a narrow valley, formed by    KUBA, a town of Russia. See KoeBA.
a triangular opening in the mountains which separate Tran-   RUBAN, a river of Russia. See KooBAN.
sylvania fron Wallachia, 70 miles E.S.E. of Hermannstadt,    KUBBES, ktblbes, or KIIUBBUS, kitbfbeis, written also
2000 feet above the level of the sea. Lat.45036'30"N., lon. 250  KI-1EBIS and KEBIS, a populous town of Persia, province
33' 53" E. The environs are occupied partly by old, frowning  of Khorassan, 135 miles E.S.E. of Yezd. It stands at the
castles, seated on lofty and rugged heights, partly by pretty  junction of the caravan routes from Yezd to IHerat.
villas, surrounded by well-kept gardens; and immediately in    KUBETSCHII, a town of Russia. See Koo3ETCHI.
front of the principal entrance is a large esplanade, orna-   KUBIN, koo'beenl, a village of Hungary, in Banat, 65
mented with avenues of trees, and a Turkish kiosk, forming  miles S.S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 4700.
the principal place of public resort. Thv town is welland re-    KUBINA, a river of Russia. See KOOBINA.
gularly built. It consists of the inner town, surrounded by    RUBIN, ALSO, a village of Hungary. See ALso-KuBicm.
valls, and inhabited by Saxons; the suburb of Altstadt, inha-   KUBINSKOE. a lake of Russia. See KooBINSKOE.
bited by Szeklers; and that of Bulgarey, by Wallachs. The    KUCIINAI-SERAI, Hindostan.  See KACHNAI-SERA..
chief edifices are a large Gothic Lutheran church, 2 other Pro-   KUCHVINSK, a village of Russia. See KoecuvINSK.
testant, 2 Roman Catholic, and 2 Greek churches, town-hall,    KUCZURA, koot'soolrlh', a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs,
and barracks. It has aProtestant gymnasium, and a Roman  Pop. 3749.
Catholic primary school. It was formerly the first commer-   KUDA, koofdA, a village of India, in Conckan, (Mahratta
cial place in Transylvania, but its trade has greatly declined. country,) 42 miles from Bombay. Many cave temples have
Its manufactures comprise coarse woollens and linens. recently been discovered here.
Kronstadt has the best paper mill and book-printing esta,   KUEICHU, a province of China. See KoEc0oo.
blishment in Transylvania. The first books printed here    KUEI-LING. a city of China. See KwrE-LIN.
were the Confession of Augsburg, and Luther's works. Al-   KUEIT, EL, a town of Arabia. See GRANE.
though in nearly the same latitude as Venice and Lyons, its    KUENLUN, KOUENLUN, KWENLUN. kwln']oon, or
climate is very cold, and snow often falls on the mountains  kwen'lInt, called also KOOL'KOON/, (KOULKOUN,) a munnin June. It is much resorted to by travellers, on their way  tain range of Central Asia, forming the N. boundary of
to Bucharest and Yassy. Pop. 36,000.                      Thibet, separating it from Yarkand and Khoten, and stretchKROPELIN, (iKropelin,) ke0'pqh-leen' a town of North  in  eastward into regions which are almost unknown;
Germany, duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 15 miles W. of  but it is understood, about lonu 920 E., to divide into two
Rostock. Pop. 1975.                                        ranges, one of which, under the name of Banyan-Kara, diKROPPENSTADT, a town of Saxony. See CROPPESNSTADT.  verges S.E.; the other trends N., near the source of the Yellow
KROPPSTADT, kropp'stltt, a village of Prussian Saxony, 8  River, and, under various names, passes through the Chinese
miles N.E. of Wittenberg. Pop. 752.                        provinces of Kan-soo and Shen-see. Its W. part, frequently
KROSNO. a town of Poland. See KRessNo.                   distinguished by the name of the Karakorum and Mustagh
KROSSEN, a town of Prussia. See CItOSSE.                 Mountains, commences not 6cr from the point where the
KROSSNO or KROSNO, krosseno, a town of Austrian Po- IHindoo Koosh becomes linked with the Himalayas, near let.
land, in Galicia, 13 miles E.S.E. of Jaslo, on the Wisloka.  350 N., and lon. 750 E., and pursues a course nearly parallel
Pop. 4900. It has a castle, and some convents, and is an  to the Indus, apparently forming its N. watershed. It rises
entreplt for the sale of Ilungarian wines.                 far above the limits of perpetual snow, attaining a height
KROTOSZYN or KROTOSCIIN,  kro-to-shinf, a town of  of 21.000 or 22,000 feet, and sends off numerous elevated
Prussian Poland, 54 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 6750, who ramifications  towards the Indus, forming valleys, down
manufacture woollen and linen fabrics, tobacco, leather, which descend immense glaciers. W. of Shayook River. the
and chiccory, and have a large trade in wool. The duclhy of  glaciers appear to be on a still more gigantic scale than
whichit is thecapital belongs tothe Prince of Tour and Taxis.  those of the Himalayas. The glaciers of Sassar terminate
KROTTENDORF, krotlten-doeRf', a village of Saxony, 18  at about 15,000 feet, but the level diminishes rapidly in promiles S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 2660.                          ceeding W. One overhangiug the valley Of Nubra, termiKROTZINGEN, krotlsing-en, a village of Baden, circle of  nates at 14,700 feet; that of Nubraitself, at 13,000 feet; and
Upper Rhine, on the railway between Basel and Freiburg, 9  still farther W., they descend at least to 10,000 feet. The
miles S.W. of' Freiburg. Pop. 1311.                        greater part of the' rocks are plutonic and metamorphic.
KROTZKA, krotsfki,  GROTZKA, grotsek[, or STOL- There are four known passes across the Kuenlun; the only
NATZ, stol/n ts, a tewn of European Turkey, in Servia, 10  one now frequented is the KAnAKoaUM; though very elemiles W. of Semendria, on the Danube. In its vicinity, the  vated, it is extremely easy. See KaeAKoRUM.
Imperialists were defeated by the Turks, in 1739.           KUFA, a city of Asiatic Turkey. See KoOFA.
KROYA or CROYA, krdyIS, (Turk. Ak-ITissar, 9k-his'sar,)    KUPSITEIN or KUFFSTEIN, koof/stine, a town and forta town of Albania, sanjaik, and 45 miles S.S.E. of Scutari. ress of the Tyrol, circle of Innthal, on the Inn, and on the
Pop. 15,000.(?) It has some manufactures of arms, and was Bavarian frontier. 43 miles N.E. of Innspeuck. Pop. 1400.
the birthplace of Gsoc-ge Castriotto or Scanderbeg.         KUPT, koft, KOBT, kobt, or KOFT, koft, (anc. Coptos,)
KRUFT, kr6dft, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government an ancient city of Upper Egypt, in lat. 260N., on the Nile,
of Coblentz, near Mayen. Pop. 1243.                       15 miles N.N.E. of Thebes. Parts of its ancient walls, and
KRUININGEN, kroilning-.en, a village of the Netherlands, the towers of its east gate remain, which, with the vestigee
Island of South Beveland, 8 miles S.E. of Goes. Pop. 1150.   of its canals, leading to the ports of Berenice and Myos Hlor
1002




KUHl                                                      KUO:mos, attest its former opulence. It continued to be the mart range of hill-forts in the Punjab, rajahship of MlIundi. near
of Indian commerce till destroyed by Diocletian, for having  the Beas, in lat. 310 41' N., ion. 760 37' E., the principal
taken an active part in a rebellion against him.          rising on an isolated rock to 1500 feet above -that river, and
KUHNHIAIDE,  (Kiihnhaide,) ktinthi'deh, a village of  3000 feet above the sea. They were considered impsegnaSaxony, 10 miles E.S.E. of Wolkenstein. Pop. 1009.        ble until taken by the Sikhs under General Ventura.
KUILENBURG, koitlen-bhGo, KULEMBORGII, kootlem-   KUM0, koolreo, a river of Russia, issues from a lake in
boRG, or CULENBOPLG, koollen-boRG, a fortified town of the  the S. of Finland, flows N.W. past the town of Kumo, and
Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the Leck, 10 miles falls into the Gulf of Bothuia, after a course of 100 miles.
N.W. of Thiel. Pop. 4697. It has manuifactures of arms,    KIUNAStIIR, one of the Koorile Islands. See KOONASHaRB.
silk fabrics, and twist.                                    KUNAWUR, koon&-wLr1, or KUNAWER, koo'nA-werl,
KUINRE, koinlreh, or KUJINDER, koinlder, a village of the  a district of India, forming a part of the upper valley of the
Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 23 miles N.W. of Zwolle. Sutlej, on the borders of Little Thibet.
Pop. 820.                                                   KUNCIIAIN-JUNGA, fmn-chin-jtng'fga, KUNCHTN-GINKUJAK-TAMA, koo-jikf'-tam, atown of Independent Tar  GA, kAoon-rchin-jingSgA, or KINCIIIN-JINGA. kin-chint-jing/tary, khanat, and 5 miles N.N.E. of rhiva.                -, one of the loftiest summits of the Ilimalaya Mountains,
KUJALNIK, a river of Russia. See KoOIALcux.             about lat. 270 43' N., ion. 880 12' E. It has two peaks, the
KUKA, a town of Africa. See KOOKA.                      W. of which is 28,177, the other, or E., 27,826 feet high.
KUTKABONEE,     a town of Bornoo. See KoKAONIc.           KUNDA. koonIda, a small seaport town of Russia, governKUKAN, koolkin, a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntz- ment of Esthonia, on the Gulf of Fiuland, 10 miles N.E. of
lau, 9 miles from Liebenan. Pop. 1092.                    Wesenberg.
KUKEL. a river of IHungary.  See KoOXEL.                 KRNDAILAI:I, kbtn-drlA,'a town of Hindostan, 50 miles
KUKEWARI, koo-lke-wv!ree, the grand embouchure of the N.W. of Jeypoor.
Indus, through which the Wanyanee, or main river, dis-   KUNDAL, ktn-dIf, a town of I-indostan, presidency of
charges itself into the sea. Greatest breadth, 11 miles.  Ben gal, district of Tipperah, 24 miles S.S.E. of Confilla.
KUKLENA, k65k-lAtn', a village of Bohemia, so near K-    KUNDAP00OR, a seaport of Hindostan. See CooN.ArooRt.
niggriitz as properly to form one of its suburbs. Pop. )91.   IKUNDUZ, country, IndependentTartary. See Kuooni~ooz.
RKULA, kooflqh', a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs, with    KUJNERSDORF, a village of Bohemia. See KNNEaSDOnoR.
Roman Catholicand Greek churches. Pop. 6304.                KUNEWALD, koolneh-*ilt', a village of Austria, in IMIoKULA, koollA, a frontier village of Asiatic Turkey, pa- ravia, 18 miles N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 1787.
shalic, and 40 miles N.W. of Cars.                          KUNG, koong, a small town of Persia, province of LarisKUL ALI, kool' a/lee (?) an island, Caspian Sea, 120 miles tan, opposite the island of Kishm, in the Persian Gulf. Hiere
S.E. of Astrakhan. Lat. 450 N., 1ion. 500 E. Length, 15 miles. the Portuguese formerly wrought copper-mines.
KULBURGA, a town of India. See CALBURa A.                 KUNGRAD, kftn'grAd', KUNGRAT, kftn'grAt/. or CONIKULDSCHA. See EELE..                                     RAD (?) a town of Independent Tartaiy, and 90 miles N. of
KULEI-HISSAR, koo-lW/-his-sarl, a town of Asiatic Tur- Khiva, on the Amoo.
key, pashalic, and 75 miles N.E. of Seevas, on the Kelki.   KUNGTUN, a village of Burmah.  See KooNcGoos.
KULEMBORGII, a town, Netherlands. See -Kui.ENBURG.         KUNGUEL, a town of West Afirica.  See KoNosUEL.
KULFO, a town of West Africa. See KooLFo.                  KUNGUL, khtng'gPti, a small walled town of Hindostan,
KULINJERA, koo-lin-jArA, a large fortified village of West presidency of Bengal, 82 miles S. by W. of Bejapoor.
Hindostan. dominions,-and 10 miles S.W. of Banswara.         KUNGUR, a town of Russia. See KooNGoos.
KULLUGAN, kAItloo'gAnf, a town of Beloochistan, on the    KUN-HEGYES, koon'h~d'ytsht, a town of Hungary, Great
road from Sarawan to Bunpoor, in lat. 280 16, N., ion. 620 E. Cumania, on the Theiss, 72 miles E. of Pesth. Pop. 6183.
KULLUGAUMI, k-ilqoo'gawm', or KULIGAMI, a frontier   KUNIA, a river of Russia. See KooNIA.
town of Beloochistan, province of Mekran, 120 miles N.E. of    KUNJPOORA, kfmnj-poolr, a walled town of British InBunpoor, in lat. 340 30' N., ion. 740 23' E.               dia, presidency of Bengal, district, and 73 miles N. of Delhi.
KULILUSPELM', a lake, or rather expansion of Clark's    KUNKA, ktn/kA, or KUNKAGHUR, kink'a-gftrl, a town
River, towards the N. part of Washington Territory. Length, of British India, presidency of Bengal, 80 miles N.E. of Cutnear 40 miles; greatest breadth, about.16 miles.          tack, and capital of a rajahship, comprising about 380 square
KULMI, koolm, a walled town of West Prussia, 34 miles S.W. miles.
of Marienwerder, near the Vistula. Pop. 6260. It has mann-   KUNK/RLETOWN, a post-office, Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
factures of woollen cloth, a military school, and Roman Ca-   KUNIKUL, kmin-kfil, a town and place of pilgrimage in
tholic and Lutheran churches.                              Hindostan, presidency of Bengal, on the Upper Ganges, 4
KULM or CIIULM, k6i1m, a village of Bohemia, 16 miles miles S.W. of Hurdwar, with which it communicates by a
N.N.W. of Leitmeritz, at the foot of the Erzgebirge Moun- new government road. It is a residence of rich natives.
tains. Pop. 620. Here, on the 29th and 30th of August, 1813,   KUNNARUE, a village of India. See KANAIrtAK.
the French'army under Vandamme was totally defeated by    KUNNERSDORF, KUNERSDORF, koolners-doif',-or  CUthe confederated army, under the personal command of the  NERSDORF, a village of Bohemia, 12 miles N.N.W. of
Emperors of Russia and Austria, and the King of Prussia.   Buntzlau,on theZwittebach. Pop. 1795.
KULM, a market-town of Bohemia, 9 miles W.S.W. of El-   KUNSBERG, a town of Saxony. See KoansBacumc.
bogen, on the Eger.                                          KUN-SZENT-MARTONY, koon-s~nt-mARItolf, a village
KULMBACII or CULMBACI, k3561mtbAK, a walled town of and market-town of Hungary, in Cumania, on the ioros,
Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, on a railway, 48 miles  70 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 6280.
N.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 4000. Principal edifice, the an-   KUN-SZENT-MIKLOS, koon-s6nt-mee'kloshf. a marketcient fortress, now a house of correction.                town of Hungary, in Cumnia, 32 miles S.E. of Pesth, on an
KULM SEE, k66lm zA, a small town of West Prussia, go- arm of the Danube. Pop. 5200.
vernment of Marienwerder, 15 miles S.E. of Rulm. Pop.   KUNTCOTE, ktmnt'cSt/, a town of West HIindostan, in
1640.                                                     Cutch, 52 miles E.N.E. of Bhooj.
KULNA, a village of British India. See CULNA.              KUNTSCIIITZ, k66nttshits, (Gness, groce, and KtcIN,
KULOI, a river of Russia. See KeLo0.                    kline,) two nearly contiguous villages in Moravia, circle of
KULPA, kool-pA, (aic. Colapis,) a river of Austrian Croa- Prerau. Pop. 1653.
tia, rises 25 miles N.N.E. of Flume, flows E., and, after a    KUNTSCHITZ, kObn/chits, a village of Bohemia, circle
course of 120 miles, joins the Save a little beyond Petrinia.  of Krnigg-riitz, about 2 miles from Geiersberg.  Pop. 818.
KRULPI (ktil/pee) SALT MINES, Armenia, 40 miles N.W.   KUNWALD, k66nfvAlt', (OBER, o/ber, and UNTER. 066uter,)
of Mount Ararat, are on the Persian side of the Aras, but a village of Bohemia, about 17 miles froni Kiiniggrtz.
belong to the Russians, in a hill range, composed of salt.    Pop. 1773.
KULPSIVILLE, post-office, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania.   KUNZELSAU, (KRinzelsau,) kiinzel-s~w', a town of WiirKULSHEIM, koolsthime, a town of Baden, circle of Lower temberg, circle of Jaxt, on the Kocher, 24 miles N.E. of IIeilRhine, 6 miles S. of Wertheim. Pop. 2180.                  bronn. Pop. 2600.
KULU, koo'loof, a rajahship of the Punjab, consisting of a    KUNZENDORF, k06ntls-n-doaf', a village of Prussia, in
few valleys on the S. slope of the Iinmalayas, between lat. Silesia, 27 miles S.S.W. of Breslau.  Pop. 1247.
310 30, and 320 30' N., and in about Ion. 770 30' E.         KUNZENDORF, k65nt/sen-doanf, a village of Austria, in
KULUTZI, k65-l1[t/see, or KIIALETSE, kA-lIt/sA, a large  Moravia, circle of Olmutz, about 6 miles from  Griiuau.
village of Central Asia, in Ladakh, in lat. 3-10 20' N., lon.760  Pop. 1542.
44' E., near the Indus.                                     KUNZENDORF, ko6nt/sen-doff', (LANDECKISC, luldldkKUM, a city of Persia. See Koom.                        kish, or Gnoss, groce,) a village of Prussia, government of
KUMA, a river of Russia. See KooMA.                     Breslau, circle of Habelschwerdt. Pop. 1336.
KUMANIA, two districts of Hungary. See CUM/sAcA.          KUNZENDORF, k05ntfsen-dosf', (OBEn, otber, and NIEDER,
KUMAON, ktim-&-onf, or KEMAON, ka-mni-onu, a pro- neetder,) a village of Prussia, government of Oppeln, circle
vince of North Ilindostan, forming a part of British India, of Krenzburg. Pop. 1614.
presidency of Bengal, comprised with a part of Gurhwal,    KUNZENDORF, DURR, (Dtrr,) dUin k66nt/sen-donf, a
mostly between lat. 290 and 310 N., and ion. 780 and 810 E., village of Prussia, circle of Neisse. Pop. 1266.
and including a portion of the S. slope of the Himalayas.    KUNZENDORF, WACIHTEL,  iAK/tel k66nt/sen-honf', a
Estimated area, nearly 11,000 square miles. Some of its  village of Prussia, government of Oppein, circle of Neustadt.
mountains rise to 25,000 feet in elevation. Capital, Almora. Pop. 1049.
KUMILAIH  GURII, ktim'l  gir, (the " Fool's Fortress,") a    KUOPIO, koo-olpe-o, a town of Finland, capital of a lien;,1003




KUP                                                       KYT
on a peninsula in Lake Kalavesi, 180 miles E. of Vasa.    KUSSOOR, kfis-soorl, a large Mohammedan town of the
Pop. 2000.                                                Punjab, 27 miles S.S.E. of Lahore. It is ancient, enclosed
KUPENSK, a town of Russia. See KooPIANSK.               by bastioned walls, subdivided into numerous fortified
KUPF.ERBERG, koopffer-bWRGx, a town of Bavaria, in Up- quarters, and has several mosques and palaces.
per Franconia, 13 miles N. of Baireuth. Pop. 920.           KUSSUR KUND. See Koossooa KooND.
KUPFERBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia,   KUSTENDJI, khes-tnd/jee, written also KISTENDJEM,
government, and 23 miles S.S.W. ofLiegnite. Pop. 674.     (anc. Cbnstantiatna,) a fortified seaport town of European
KUPFERZELL, kooplfer-tsllP, a village of Wiirtemberg, Turkey, in Bulgaria, on the Black Sea, 40 miles E. of Rason the Kupfer, 27 miles N.W. of Ellwangen. Pop. 1287.     sova, at the termination of Trajan's Wall, of which some
KUPIANSK, a town of Russia. See KooPIANSe.              traces exist. It has some trade in corn, but its harbor is ex.
KUPINOVA, koo-pee-nolvA, a village of Austria, in Sla- posed, and ill adapted for large ships.
vonia, about 16 miles from Gollumbincze. Pop. 1635.         KUSTENLAND, (Kiistenland.)  See LITTORALE.
KUPPER, (Kiipper,) kiipfper, (OBER, older, and NIEDER,   KUSTRIN, (Kiistrin,) kiis-treen, a bfortified town of Prusnee'dgr,) a village of Prussian Silesia, government of Lieg-  sia, province of Brandenburg, 17 miles N.E. of Frankfort,
nitz. Pop. 1644.                                          at the confluence of the Wartha with the Oder, on a marsh
KUPPERWUNJE or KUPPERWUNGE, ktLp-plr-wfnjl, a  crossed by 36 bridges. Pop. 6556. It has extensive grain
town of British India, presidency of Bombay, in lat. 230 3' and powder magazines, and a strong castle. It was bomN., Ion. 730 9' E., 25 miles E. of Ahmedabad, enclosed by  barded by the Russians in 1788, and taken by the French
walls, and estimated to comprise 3000 houses.             in 1806.
KUPPURTULLA, town of Hindostan. See KOPURTHrELLA.   KUTA, a river of Asiatic Russia. See KoOTA.
KUPS, (RKips,) kiips, a town of Bavaria, in Upper Fran-   KIUTAIEII, KUTAYA or KUTAIAH, ku-ttlyeh, written
conia, 26 miles N.E. of Bamberg. Pop. 1053.               also KOUTAIEH, (anc. Cotyw'uen,) a populous town of Asia
KUR,.a river of West Asia.. See KooR.                   Minor, in Anatolia, and the usual residence of its pasha, in
KURAMAS, a river ofAsia Minor. See KARA SoO.            lat. 390 24' N., and ion. 300 19' E. It suands in a mountainKURDISTAN, a country of West Asia. See KOORDISTAN. onUS region, about 4000 feet above the sea, has numerous
KUREN, a town of Mongolia. See OoaRGA.                  mosques, public baths, and khans, some Greek and ArmeKURGAON, ktir-g-ont, a town of Hindostan, 62 miles  nian churches, a mountain fortress, and many handsome
S.W. of Indoor, still large, and once flourishing.        private buildings, interspersed with gardens. Its trade is
KURGOMMAtI  ktir-gomlmA, a town of British India, chiefly in corn, cotton, fruits, gall-nuts, goats' hair, and wool.
presidency of Bengal. Lat. 230 9' N., ion. 820 33' E.     Kutaleh is the usual residence of the vizier of Anatolia, and
KURIA MUBIA, ISLANDS OF, Arabia. See CURIA M5URIA. was the prison of the refugees from HIungary, after the war
KURILE ISLANDS. See KOORILE ISLANDS.                    of 1849. About 17 miles E.S.E. of Kutaieh are the interestKURLAND, a province of Russia. See COURLAND.            ing Phrygian remains, with inscriptions, and the Troglodyte
KURMILLA, liktr-milflq, a considerable fortified town of habitations of Doganlu, supposed to be the ancient Nicolelia.
British India, presidency of Bombay, 58 miles S.E. of Ahmed-    KUTAIS, a town of Asiatic Russia.  See KOOTAIS.
nag.ur.                                                     KUTCH, a province of West Ilindostan.  See CurcH.
KURNAUL, ktir-nawll, a town of British India, presi-    KUTNO, koot/no, a town of Poland, government, and 70
dency of Bengal, 70 miles N.W. of Delhi, on Ali Merdan's  miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 4000.
Canal.                                                      KUTSCHE, a town of Toorkistan. See Koocnr.
KURNIK, kooalnik, a town of Prussian Poland, 13 miles    KUTSULEE, khtfsoo-lee', a considerable walled town of
S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2730.                               British India, Upper Provinces. and 25 miles N. of Meerut.
KURNOOL or CURNOUL, kir-nooll, written also CAR-   KUTTENBERG, ktit~tgn-b8RGo, a town of Bohemia, 6 miles
NOUL, a strongly fortified town of India, at the S. part of  N.W. of Czaslau, on the railway from Prague to Vienna.
Nizam's dominions, on the Toombuddra, 110 miles S.W. of  Pop. 8603, mostly employed in mines of copper, lead, &c.
Iiyderabad. It was taken by the British, December 14,1815.   KUTY, koo'tee', a town of Austria, in Galicia, 20 miles
KURRACHEE, kir'ra-cheel, or KARACHEE, the princi- S.E. of Kolomea. Pop. 3570.
pal seaport town of Sinde, on an inlet of the Indian Ocean,   KUTZtTOWN. a post-borough of Maxatawny township,
18 miles from the West Branch of the Indus. Lat. 240 47' Berks co., Pennsylvania, 69 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg. and
38 N., ion. 660 56' 2" E. Pop. 15,000. It stands on a low, 18 miles N.E. of Reading, contains 2 churches, 1 academy,
sandy shore, and a few years ago consisted, with its exten- and about 700 inhabitants.
sire suburbs, mostly of straggling huts; but the latest ac-   KUZISTAN, a province of Persia. See KIoozIsTAN.
counts state that it has been almost rebuilt, and greatly    KWALLISCHI, a village of Bohemia. See QUALSCrHT.
improved. Its old fortifications were levelled by Sir Charles   KWANG-PING, a city of China. See QUiNG-PiNG.
Napier, and its trade is now rapidly augmenting. The har-   KWANG-SI, a province of China. See QUANG-SeE.
boher is the only port along this coast for vessels drawing   KWANG-SIN-FOO, a town of China. See QUAN-SIN —rFo.
more than 10 feet water, and is sheltered by Cape Munorah,. KWANG-TUNG, a province of China. See QUANo-TONG.
4 miles to the S.W., on which is a fort, and beyond it a good    KWEI-LIN or QUEI-LING, kw.'lingf or kwilingl, China,
roadstead. A few years since, 60 well-manned fishing-boats cspital of the province of Quang-see, 235 miles N.W. of
belonged to the port. The town was taken by the British  Canton, stated to be folrtified in the Eu'opean style.
in 1839, and was subsequently retained as a military post.  KWEI-TE, KOUEI-'rTE, kwA't  or kwi't45, written also
KURREA, ktflre-a, or KIRIA, keefree-A, a town of Chi- KWI-TE, a city of China; province of Ho-nan, capital of a
nese Toorkistan, 180 miles S.E. of Khoten. Pop. 20,000. (I)  department,. 70 miles S.E. of Kai-fung.
KURREE, kflrlree, a town of West Hindostan, in Guico-   KWEI-YANG, a town of China. See K(OEI-YANO.
war's dominions, 25 miles N.W. of Ahmedabad.                KYDONIA. See KsooNIer.
KURREE, an oasis in the Runn of Cutch, in Iindostan,   KYEN-DWEM, a river of Burmah. See KHYErN-DWEm.
55 miles N.E. of Bhooj.                                    XKY/GER, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
KURRICHANE, k6r-re-k~lnA, a large town of South    KYHOLM, kii/holm, a small island of Denmark, near the
Africa, in Bechuana Territory, estimated to be near let. 250 island of Samsbe.
40' S., ion. 270 10' E., and 5000 feet above the sea. Pop.   KYL, ktil, or EKIL, a town of Sweden, near Orebro
16,000. (?) It is partly stone-built, and appears fitted for   KYLE, kl1, a district of Scotland, co. of Ayr.
people above a savage state. -KYLE'S (kilz) LANWDING, a post-office of Cumberland co.,
KURSHEE, kArtshee or k65rfshee, one of the principal North Carolina.
towns of the Bokhara dominions, in Central Asia, 100 miles    KYLES-or-BUTE, a narrow arm  of the Frith of Clyde,
S.E. of Bokhara, in a fertile oasis. Pop. 10,000.         Scotland, between the N.W. part of the Isle of Bute and the
KURSK, a government, and city of Russia. See KoousR. mainland of the county of Argyle. Its shores are in the
KURTZVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. highest degree picturesque.
KURZIWODY, a town of Bohemia. See IuRNEssWAAssEs.    KY/LOE, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.
KURZOLARI (koor-zo-liree) ISLANDS, (anc. Echniades,)    KYMIE, kim, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
a small group of the Ionian Islands. Lat. 380 20' N., ion.   KYPARISSIA, ke-p-ris-seef/, (lately ARKADIA,) aOsea,
210 E., comprising Oxia. Makri, and Vroman, inhabited by  port town of Greece, in the Morea, on the Gulf of Arkadia,
fishermen.                                                24 miles N. of Navarino. Pop. 2500. See ARcADIA.
KUSEL, koofzel, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Glan,   KYRAGHUR, kI-rA-g-r/, a town of India, Berar dominions,
17 miles N.W. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 2200.               113 miles E.N.E. of Nagpoor.
KUSHAN, a pass of the Hindoo-(Koosh. See KoosHAN.          KYRE, kir, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
KUSHIVINSK, koosh-vinsk, (?)) amining town of Russia,   KYREE, kilreel, (DEa.IA and GURtarsE,) two villages of
government, and 70 miles E.N.E. of Perm. Pop. 6000.       Sinde, respectively 12 and 37 miles N. of Larkhana.
KUSKOVIME, a river, RussianAmnerica. See KOOSKOvIME.   KYREEGIIUR, kl-ree-grt/. a town of North Hindostan,
KUSNETSK, a town of Russia. See KOOzNETSK.              dominions, and 136 miles N.W. of Oude, on the Kali.
KUSNETZ or KUZNETZ. See KOOZNETS.                         KYRITZ, keefrits, a town of Prussia, province of BrandenKUSSNACHT, koosstnlKt, avillage of Switzerland, canton, burg, 53 miles N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 3600.
and 4 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the Lake of Zurich. Pop. 1500.   KYfSERVILLE, a post-office of Livingston co., New York.
KUSSNACHT, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 11    KYSKAL, kis-kltl, a decayed town of Siberia, government
miles W.N.W. of Schwytz, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Tobolsk, near the Obi, ruined by fire in 1841.
of Lucerne; famous in the history of William Tell, as the    KYTE (kit) RIVER, a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, 90
place where he escaped from Gessler.                      miles W. by N. of Chicago.
1004




L
AA, 1, or LAHA, lM, a fortified town of Lower Austria,    LAIBOR CREEK, Georgia, flows through Morgan county
L. on the Thaya7 36 miles N. of Vienna. Pop. 1378.        into the Appalachee River, about 8 miles N.E. from Madison.
LAAB or LAB, Ip, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube,    LABRADOR, lab'ra-ddrf, an extensive peninsula, E. coast
12 miles from Presburg. Pop. 1277.                          of British North America; lat. from 500 to 650 N., and lou. 56~
LAACH, lIK, a small lake of Piussia, 17 miles W.N.W. of  to 780W.; bounded N. by Hudson's Strait, E. by the Atlantic,
Coblentz. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano.     S.E. by the Strait of Belle Isle, separating it from NewfoundLAAIK. l~k, (L. Locopfolis,) a small town of Illyria, Carniola, land; S. by the gulf and river St. Lawrence and Canada,
12 miles N.W. of Laybach, with a castle. Pop. 1100.         and W. by James' Bay and Hudson's Bay; area estimated at
LAALAND, Ifland, or LOLLAND, lolll/nd, (i. e. "Low- about 450,000 square miles. The interior is very imperfectly
land",) an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, between lat. known, and the coast is almost throughout rugged, bleak,
540 38' and 540 58' N., and lon. 110 and 110 52' E. Area 462  and desolate in the extreme. Towards the centre the surface
square miles. Pop. (1851) 55,768. Surface low and level; it rises, till a mountain range, partly known by the name of
is one of the most fertile of the Danish islands, producing  the Wotchish Mountains, appears to form the principal waterfine crops of corn, hemp, hops, apples, and timber,         shed, sending the waters which gather on its sides W., N., and
LAARAT, lA-ritt, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off  E. The principal rivers are the East Main or Stude, which
the N. extremity of Timer Laut. Length and breadth about flows nearly due W. into the S.E. extremity of James' Bay;
30 miles each.                                             the Great and Little Whale Rivers, which flow in the same
LAAS, lis, a small town of Austria, Illyria, Carniola, 29  direction, and fall into the S.E. extremity of Hudson's Bay;
miles S. of Laybach. Pop. 520.                              the Keenoganissee and Koksoak, which, flowing respectively
LAAS, lIs, a village of Tyrol, circle of B3otzen, near Schlan- N.E. and N.W., unite their streams and fall into Ungava or
ders. Pop. 1200.                                            South Bay, off the S.E. of Hudson's Strait; and the MeschicLAASPHIE, IIseffeh, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 36  kemau or North West River, which flows E. into the Strait
miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg, on the Lahn. Pop. engaged in  of Belie Isle. The lakes are very numerous, almost every
woollen cloth factories and iron works.                     river forming several by expanding during its course. The
LAAZ, 1lz, or LAZI, l/tzee', a village of Iungar.y, Hither  largest are Clear Water, in the W., which discharges itself
Danube, about 38 miles from Trentschin. Pop. 1833.          by a stream of the same name into Hudson's Bay; MistasLABA, 11/bh, a river of Western Circassia, rises on the  sinnie, in the S., and Meschickemau, an expansion of the
N. side of the Caucasus, and, after a course of about 170  river of the same name. The prevailing rocks on the
miles, joins the Kooban, a little above Oost Labinsk.       coast are granite, gneiss, and mica slate. Above these, in
LA BACA. See LAVACCA.                                     some parts, is a bed of old red sandstone, about 200 feet
LA BAIE DU FEBORE, li bA dii feb-boxr, or ST. AN- thick, followed by secondary limestone. Towards the inteTOINE DE LA  BAIE, sAot INoGtwnl'  deh 1A bA, a village  rior the secondary formations disappear, and the primary
of Canada East, co. of Yamaska, situated on the S. shore of  become predominant. The surface, when seen at a distance
Lake St. Peter, 70 miles N.N.E. of Montreal. Pop. about 900. from  the sea, has a green and alluvial appearance, but is
LA/BANSVILLE, a village of Washington  township, found, on examination, to be covered with moss and stunted
Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, on Lion Creek, about 68 miles shrubs. In the valleys, where the soil is sandy, and the
N.N.W. from Philadelphia. It contains an extensive slate  temperature considerably above the average, juniper, birch,
manufactory, and about 500 inhabitants.                     and poplar trees are found growing in a kind of forests,
LABWASHEEDA, a village of Ireland, co. of Clare, 10 miles  which are haunted, during summer, by deer, bears, wolves,
E. by S. of Kilrush, on a bay of the same name in the  foxes, martins, otters, &c., till the approach of winter drives
Shannon. Pop. 606.                                         them  to the coast. The climate is too severe to ripen any
LABASINCZ, l6h'blh-shints1, a  village of HIungary, of the ordinary cereals, but barley, sown and cut green,'hither Theiss. about 18 miles from Lippa. Pop. 1118.       makes excellent fodder, and both  potatoes and several
LABASTIDA, I1-bds-tee/D/, a town of Spain, Biscay, pro- species of culinary vegetables are said to do well. The
vince of Alava, about 30 miles from Vittoria. Pop. 1639.   inhabitants, consisting chiefly of Esquimaux, subsist prin.
LA BATHIE, lWbd/teel, (L. Bastita,) a village of the Sar- cipally by hunting and fishing; but every year great num
dininn States, Savoy, 10 miles N.W. of Moutiers. Pop. hers of fishing vessels arrive both from the British dominions
1097.                                                       and the United States, and profit by the valuable fisheries
LABATLAN, Ihbt'lAnl, a village of 1iungary, hither  along the coast. It is supposed that the British subjects
Danube, 2 miles from Neudorf. Pop. 996.                     engaged in these fisheries, chiefly from Newfoundland, Nova
LA BATTAGLIA. See BATTAGLIA, LA.                          Scotia, and Canada, amount to at least 20,000. Much of
LA BAUCHE, 1I bosh, (L. Boasdca,) a village of the Scr- the produce is sent to Newfoundland before being exported
dinian States, Savoy, on the Guiers, about 4 miles from  to Europe; but here are several English and Jersey estabChamb6ry. Pop. 1470.                                        lishments, and one-third of the resident inhabitants conLABBRO, ltb/bro, a village of Central Italy, Pontifical sists of English, Irish, and Jersey servants left in charge,
States, 9 miles N.W. of Rieti, with 900 inhabitants, a colle- who take annually from  16,000 to 18,000 seals.  The
giate church, and an hospital.                              total value in fish and oil is estimated at from  ~600,000 to
LABE, a river of Germany. See ELne.                       ~800,000. The European settlements, all on the E. coast,
LABEE, LADE, or LABY, l/bee', a town of Africa, Sene- consist of Forteau and Bradore Bays, Anse, Le Blanc, and
gambia, in Foota Jallon, about 230 miles N.E. of Sierra Leone; the Moravian stations Nain, Okhak, Hopedale, and Hebron.
let. 110 10' N.; Ion. 80 30' W.  It is said to be 3 miles in cir- The Itudson's Bay Company have several settlements in
cult. Pop. about 5000.                                      Labrador, and receive many valuable furs from  it. The
LA BELGIQUE. See BErIUoM.                                total population is supposed to be about 5000. Labrador
LA BELLE RIVIPiRE. See OHIO.                             was discovered by Cabot in 1496; and rediscovered by ItldLABER, lhber, the name of several small rivers of Ba- son in 1610. It was named by the Spaniards TIERRA LARnAvaria, tributaries to the Danube. A village on one of these, non or "cultivable land," to distinguish it from Greenland.
circle of Upper Palatine, 10 miles N.W. of Ratisbon, has 854    LA BRtANCH LANDING, a post-office of St. Charles parish,
inhabitants, 2 churches, a castle, and iron manufactories.    Louisiana.
LABES, 1l/bhs, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 42 miles    LABRtDE, l1/braidl, a village of France, department of
E.N.E. of Stettin. Pop. 3207.                               Gironde, 11 miles S. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 1550. Its
LABIAU, 11/be-6wl, a town of East Prussia, 25 miles  castle was the birth-place of Montesquie.u.
N.E. of Kiinigsberg., on the Deine. Pop. 3595.                LABRIT, 1Abreel, a village of France, department of
LA BIOLLE, 1'-be-ollf, (L. Betulletumsn,) a village of the  Landes, 16 miles N. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. in 1852, 1100.
Sardinian States, Savoy, on the Deisse, at the foot of Mont- It was formerly a town called ALBERT, (Al'baint,) and has
falcon, about 9 miles N. of Chamb6ry. Pop. 1469.            ruins of a castle of Henry IV.
LABISZIN or LABISCIIN, 11/be-sheenf, a town of Prus-   LABRUGUIERE,  1/hibriighe-air/, a village of France,
sian Poland. 13 miles S.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 2520.       department of Tarn, 4 miles S.S.E. of Castres. Pop. in
LABOBER, l1-bofhb6, a small rocky, well-wooded island, 1852, 3518.
in the Malay Archipelago, about 18 miles off the N.W. coast   LABUAN,an island of the MalayArchipelago. See LAnooAN.
of Timer Laut.                                               LABU-HADJI, la/boo-h/jee, a seaport town of the Malay
LABODAN or LABUAN, IW'hoo-InS, (POOLO,) an island of  Archipelago, on the E. coast of the island of Lombok.
the Malay Archipelago, off the N.W. coast of Borneo, 30 miles    LABUN, a town of Russia. See LAsooN.
N. of Borneo. Let. of its centre 50 22' N., Ion. 1150 10' E.   LABY, a town of Western Africa. See LAnEE.
Length 10 miles, breadth 5 miles. It has a pretty good   L'ACADIE. 1/'k1deef, a post-village of Canada East, co.
harbor, some workable beds of coal, and an abundance of  of Huntingdon, 21 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains
good water. It was taken possession of by the British in 1846. several stores and hotels. Pop. about 200.
LABOON, LABOUN or LABUN, l1-boon. a town of Russian    LA CANADA, 1I-kln-y1dI, a post-office of Rio Arriba co.,
Poland, government of Volhynia, on the Khorim, 50 miles  New Mexico.
W.S.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 3200.                              LACANTUN, l/-k'n-toonS, a river of Central America
1005




LAO                                                        LAC
It rises in Guatemala; lat. 150 25' N., and about lon. 020 of Two Mountaies, 45 miles E. of Montreal, and 6 miles fronm
~ W.; flows first E. for about 60 miles, when it is joined by a St. Andrew's. It contains several stores, and 3 mills.
branch coming from the vicinity of Salama. It now turns    LACINIUM PROMONTORIUM. See CAPE NAo.
N. for about 24 miles; then W.N.W. for 60 miles; receives   LACK, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. P. 1146.
La Passion, and about 75 miles below joins the Usumasinta.   LACKtAMUTE, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.
The united stream, after a course of 210 miles, falls into    LACKTAWAC', a post-village of Ulster co., N. Y., about
the Gulf of Mexico at Lake Terminos.  The whole course is  80 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
thus about 430 miles, but its upper part is little known.     LACK'AWANINA  or LACK'AWAN!NOCK, a river of
LACARACOONDA, lak'a-ra-koonfdl, a town of British In-  Pennsylvania, rises in the N.E. part of the state, and falls
dia, presidency of Bengal, district of Beerbhoom, 116 miles  into the N. branch of the Susquehanna River, about 10
N.E. of Calcutta.                                           miles above Wilkesbarre.  The valley of this river is noted
LACAUNE, 11kB nt, a village of France, department of  for rich coal-mines.
Tarn, 23 miles E.N.E. of Castres.  Pop. in 1852, 4078.        LACKAWANNA,  a post-township of Luzerne co., PennLACAZE, l]klsf, a town of France, department of Tarn, sylvania, 16 miles S.S.W. from Carbondals.  Pop. 38(.)
16 miles N.E. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 2427.                 LACK'AWANINOCK MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, extends
LACCADIVE (lk/ka-dlv') ISLES, (called by the nativts  from the Susquehanna north-eastward along the N.W. side
Lakaradeevh, dleevh signifying "island",) a group of low  of Lackawanna River, for 25 or 30 miles. The average
islands in the Indian Ocean, extending between let. 100 and  height may be about 800 feet. This mountain, together
120 N., and lon. 720 and 740 E., about 150 miles W. of the Mala- with the Nanticoke and Shawnee Mountains, of which it
bar coast. They consist of 17 principal isles of coral formation. may be regarded as the continuation, constitutes the N.W.
Anderot, or Underoot, the largest, is 3 miles long. They  boundary of the Lackawanna or Wyoming coal valley, the
have an aggregate population of about 10.000 Mohammedans. Wyoming and Moosic Mountains forming the S.E. boundary.
Several of them are uninhabited. The principal products  This valley is near 70 miles long, and from  5 to 6 miles
are coir,jaggery, cocoa, and betel nuts, with some rice, sweet wide.
potatoes, and small cattle. The best cables of Malabar are    LA CKNAWAXIEN, a river in the N. part of Pennsylvania,
made from the Laccadive coir. The islands were discovered  rises in Wayne co., and enters the Delaware in Pike co.
by Vasco de Gama in 1499.                                     LACKAWAXEN, a township of Pike co., Pennsylvania,
LACCHIARELLA, lRk-ke-a-r8l1l, (L. Lactarel/la,) a village  on the Delaware River. Pop. 1419.
of Austrian Italy, 2 miles E.S.E. of Binasco, on the Olona,    LACKAWAXEN, a thriving post-village at the mouth of
with the remains of an old castle of some celebrity in the  the Lackawaxen, which is here crossed by the New York
Italian civil wars. Pop. 2638.                              and Erie Railroad, 121 miles from  New York City. The
LACCO, llktko, a village of Napies, in the N.W. part of  Hudson and Delaware Canal crosses the Delaware River by
the island of Ischia.  Pop. 1965.                           an aqueduct in the immediate vicinity of this place.
LAC DE COME. See Coioo LAKE  OF.                            LACKENBACH, llk/lken-b~['. a village of Hungary, co.
LAC DE LA PLUIE. See RAINY LAKE;                          and 15 miles S. of OEdenburg. Pop. 1333.
LAC DE L'ESCLAVE.  See GREAT SLAVE LAKE.                    LACK/FORD, a parish of Eftgland, co. of Suffolk.
LAC DES BOIS. See LAKE OF THE WOODS.                        LACKIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
LAC DES MILLE ISLES, llk dAt mill eel, (" Lake of the    LA CLAIR; a post-village in De Kalb co., Illinois, 70 miles
Thousand Islands,") an expansion in the upper part of Sr. W.s.W. from Chicago.
LAwRENcE ItVERa, which see.                                   LA CLEDE, l kilid, or lah kleed, formerly KIN'DERLAC DES MONTAGNES.  See ArnAsAscA.                        IOK', a county in the S. central part of Missouri. has an
LAC DES RENNES (" Rein Deer Lakle"). See DEER LAIKE. area of 750 square miles. It is intersected in the E. part by
LAC DU BUFFLE.  See BUFFALO LAKE.                         Gasconade River and its Osage fork, and also drained by the
LAC DU GRAND OURS. See BEAR LAKE (GREAv).                 Niangua and Auglatize Rivers. The surface is uneven, and
LACEIBY, a parish of England. county of Lincoln.          consists partly of prairies and partly of forests of hard timLACED El MON, las-e-deelmon, (Gr. AaKeeaipoiv, Laklcdai- ber. La Clede was formed a few years ago out of the W.
msn,) an ancient Grecian state, of which Sparta was the  part of Pulaski co., and named in honor of La Clede, the
capital. See LAcoNIA. Adj. and inhab. LACED)E MONIAN.       founder of St. Louis.  County seat not Iccated. Pop. 2498;
LACEDOGNA, l-chA-d6n/yd, a small town of Naples, pro- of whom 2348 were free, and 140 slaves.
vince of Principato Ultra, 19 miles E.S.E. of Ariano. Pop.   LAC MASKINONG1], l1k mjs'kees'n6a'zhA/, a small vi]500. It is a bishop's see.                                 lage of Canada East, co. of Berthier, 66 miles N. of MonLACEPEDE (ls[se-speed') BAY, South Australia, is that treal. Pop. about 2000.
part of Encounter Bay immediately N. of Cape Bernouilli.      LACOBRIGA.  See LsAos.
LACEPEDE ISLANDS, a group of low sandy islands, N.   LAICOCK or LAY/COCK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts,
W. of Australia, off Dampier Land.                         3 miles S. of Chippenham.  IHere are interesting remains
LA/CEY, a post-village in Dc Kalb co., Illinois, 70 miles  of a large nunnery, founded in 1232, in one of the rooms of
W.N.W. from Chicago.                                       which is preserved a copy of the Magna Charta, sent by Henry
LA/CEY SPRING, a post-office of Rockingham co.,Virginia.  III. to the Countess of Salisbury.
LA/CEY'S SPRING, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.   LACOLLE, l'koll, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
LA/CEYVILLE, a post-village  of Wyoming  co., Pennsyl-  Huntingdon, 38 miles S.E. of Montreal.  It contains sevevania, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, 18  ral stores, hotels, and 3 mills. Pop. about 500.
miles above Tunkhannock. The North Branch Canal is in    LA/CON. a thriving post-village, capital of Marshall co.,
progress of construction to this place.                    Illinois, on the left (E.) bank of Illinois River, 99 miles N.
LACEYVILLE, a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio.         from  Springfield. Steamboats can ascend to this place in
LACHEN, 14/Ken, a town of Switzerland, canton of and  nearly all stages of water. Lacon has a court-house and
13 miles N.NE. of Schwytz, on the S. shore of the Lake of  2 newspaper offices. The value of grain, &c., shipped from
Zurich. Pop. 1510.                                         this point in 1852, was estimated at $650,000.
LACHfFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester.          LACOINA,  a post-office of Jefferson co.. Kentucky.
LACHINE, i9sheen/, a post-village of Canada East, on    LACONI, ],-ko/nee, a village of the island of Sardinia, 45
the island of and 9 miles S. of Sontreal. It is the centre of  miles N. of Cagliari, on a hill. Pop. 1768.
all the commerce between Upper and Lower Canada, and    LACONIA, 1-4ko/ne-4, a government of Greece, comprising
here the boats of the North-West Company commence their  the soutlimost sub-peninsula of the Morea. Principal river,
voyage for the interior. A railroad connects Lachine with  the Eurotas. Chief town, Zimova (anc. Ariop'olis.?) on its W.
Montreal. There is a canal from this point to Montreal, to  coast. LACO/NIA or LACONICA, (Gr. AacoWtscI, La7/csiikl,) was
avoid the rapids of St. Louis.                             in ancient times one of the most celebrated of the Grecian
LACHLAN, lak/lan, a river of East Australia, rises by seve-  states. Sparta was the capital. Adj. and inhab. LACOaNIAN,
ral heads in the counties of King and Bathurst, New South  l-kolne-an.
Wales, flows W., and joins the Mlurrumbidgee to form the    LACONIA, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas.
Murray River, near lat. 34- 309 S., ion. 1440 10' E. In the    LACONIA, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, 2 miles
last part of its course it expands into extensive marshes. from the Ohio River and 13 miles S. of Corydon.
Its total course may be estimated at 400 miles. It gives    LACONICUS SINUS. See KOLOKYTIAi, GULF OF.
name to a district having an area of about 15,000 square    LA COTE ST. MARIE, 14 kit sent mAree, a post-office of
miles, and a population of 2198, between the rivers Lachlan  Marquette co., Wisconsin.
and Murrumbidgee.                                             LAC QUI PARLE, l4k kee parl], a post-village of Dalkotah
LACtIOWICZE, l14Ko-veefchA, or LIACHOWITZE, le-9- co., Minnesota, on Lac Qui Parle, an expansion of St. Peter's
ko-veet/sA, a town of Russia, government and 54 miles S.W. River, 140 miles W. of St. Paul's.
~f Minsk. It was once fortified. and the capital of a county.   LACROMA. See LA CHROMA.'he Russians and Cossacks were defeated here in 1660 by the    LA CROSSE, 14 krossc, a small river of Wisconsin, rises in
Pe~~~~~~oleso~~~. ~La Crosse co. and flows into the SIississippi.
LA CHROMA, 1-l krolm.4 an islet of the Adriatic, on the    LA CROSSE, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin. borcoast of Dalmatia, I mile S. of Ragusa, at which Richard  dering on Minnesota, from  which it is separated by the
Coeur de Lion landed on his return from Palestine.          Mississippi River, contains 5065 square miles. It is drained
LACIHSA, ltkts, a town of Arabia. See LAInsi.             by La Crosse and Black rivers, and bounded on the N.W.
LACHUTTE, 1,shiites, a post-village of Canada East, co. by Buffalo River. Pine timber is abunldant in the county
1000




LAC                                                       LAF
Capital. La Crosse. It was not organized when the census    LADOGA, NEW, a town on the S. shore of Lake Ladoga,
of 1850 was taken.                                          government and 70 miles E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 3000.
LA CROSSE, a thriving post-village, capital of La Crosse  OLD LADOGA is a village adjacent.
co., Wisconsin, is beautifully situated on the left bank of the    LADRONES, lid-rdnz1, (Sp. pron. ld-rbhnps,) or MARIMississippi River, at the mouth of La Crosse River, 90 miles  ANNE (mPtre-annf) or MARIANA (m&re-A/n,) ISLANDS, a
above Prairie du Chien, and 130 miles from Madison. It group in the North Pacific, belonging to Spain, mostly becontains a court-house, 1 or 2 churches, 11 stores, and 1  tween lat. 130 and 210N., and Ion. 1440 and 1460 E., and consteam-mill. Pop. in 1853, 543.                              sisting of 20 islands, of which only 5 are inhabited. Pop.
LACTACUNGA. See TAcUNGcA.                                 10,000. They are of volcanic origin, densely wooded, and
LACITIN, a postoffice of Cedar co., Iowa.                 very fertile. Principal islands, Guguan, (goo-gw-n!,) Rota,
LACTODURIM:. See TowCESTER.                               (roit&,) and Tinian, (tee-ne-An/,) on the first of which is the
LACUNZA, l1-koon/thg, a town of Spain, province of  capital town St. Ignazio de Agaia. The Ladrones were discoNavarre, on the Araquil, 24 miles from Pampeluna. Pop. vered by Magellan, in 1521, and called LAS ISLAS DE LOS LA853.                                                        DRorNEs, i. e. the " islands of the thieves," from the thievish
LACUS ASPHALTITES. See DEAD SEA.                          disposition of the natives. They were also named the MariLACUS VERBANUS. See LAGn MaGGno RE,                       ana Islands, in honor of the queen of Philip IV. of Spain.
LAfCY, a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas.                 LADRONES, a small group of islands in the China Sea,
LACY, a small post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois.      opposite the entrance to the Canton River, 18 miles S.E. of
LACY'S HILL, a post-office of Fickens co., Alabama.       Macao.
LADA (liMdA) ISLES, a cluster of high rugged islands, off    LADWA, lAdwta, a town of North Hindostan, capital of a
the N.W. coast of the Malay peninsula. Lat. 60 12' N., small chiefship, 22 miles EN.E. of Kurnaul.
lon. 990 40' E.                                               LA/DY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney, in the N.E.
LADAKIH, l1adak!, an independent country of Central part of the isle of Sanda.
Asia, between let. 320 and 360 N., and lon. 760 and 790 E., hay-    LADY, lIl/dee, or LIADI, le-idee, a town of Russia, governing S. and S.W. the Himalaya Mountains separating it from   ment of Moheelev, 30 miles E.N.E. of Orsza.
Cashmere and other dependencies of thePunjb,. the Kara-    LADY (hlIdee) ISLE, an uninhabited rocky islet, off the
korum Mountains separating it from Chinese Toorkistan, E. W. coast of Scotland, co. and 5~ miles N.N.W. of Ayr. It
Great Thibet, and N.W. Baltee or Little Thibet. Area loosely  is important, as affording the only sheltered anchorage along
estimated at 30,000 square miles, and population at from   a great extent of coast.
150,000 to 500,000, mostly Thibetans. Surface wholly moun-   LA/DYBANK, a station of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the
tainous, interspersed with narrow valleys, the principal Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth Railway, at its divergence to
being those of the Upper Indus and its affluents. Soil sterile, Perth.
and climate severe; yet the mountain sides being carefully    LA/DY JU/LIA PERECY ISLAND, an islet, off the S. coast
embanked with stone dykes, and industriously cultivated,  of Australia, in Portland Bay. Lat. 380 35' S., ion. 141 ~509 E.
pretty good crops of wheat, barley, and buckwheat, are    LADYKIIRK, hUde-kirk!, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berraised, with apples and apricots. Prangos, a peculiar kind  wick-on-Tweed.
of fodder, is abundant, as is rhubarb.  Sulphur, iron, lead,   LAEKEN, IlIken, a village of Belgium, province of South
and copper might be mined profitably. This country is Brabant, 2 miles N. of Brussels, with which it communicates
the great depot for the wool used for the manufacture of  by a planted avenue. It has a royal park and residence.
cashmere shawls. The transit trade with all the neigh-   LAER or LAR, (Lir,) IrAn, a village of Prussia, government
boring regions is extensive, and conducted mostly by means of Dautzic, circle of Marienburg. Pop. 1025.
of mules and sheep. The government is despotic, but the    LAER, a village of Rhenish Prussia, near Miinster.
rajah is controlled by the priests, who swarm in this country  Pop. 896.
as in Thibet. The armed force consists of a peasant-militia.   LAERNE, lahneh,  a village of Belgium, province of East
Ladlakh has been repeatedly under the rule of more power- Flanders, 6 miles E. of Ghient. Pop. 3770.
ful neighbors; during the life of Runjeet Singh it forumed    LA FARGEVILLE,  A farjtvil, a post-village of Jefferson
a part of his dominion. Principal city, Leh.                co., New York, 16 miles N. of Watertown.
LADANY, JASZ, a town of Hungary. See JAsz-LIDAOANY.    LAFAYETTE.          ]af'S-yktt/, a county in the N. part of MisLADBERGEN, l1d/blORthen, a village of Rhenish Prussia,  sissippi. has an rea of about 800 square miles. It is intergovernment and 13 miles N.N.E. of Mtiinster. Pop. 1345.    sected by the Tallahatchie, and its affluent the YocknapaLAD/BROKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           talfa River, The surface is diversified by gentle undulations,
LADDS!BURGH, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa.           and adorned by open groves of oak, hickory, &c. The soil
LADEINOE-POLE, 1a-d-i/no-1-po-lA, a small town of Russia, has a substratum of sand, and is very productive, especially
government of Olonets, on the Sveer, (or Svir,) 30 miles from  in the valleys. The railroad which is projected from  New
its mouth, in Lake Ladoga, and where, under Peter the  Orleans to Nashville will probably pass through the county.
Great, the first Russian ships were built for the navigation  The Chickasaw Indians were removed from this part of the
of the Baltic.                                              state in 1838. Capital, Oxford. Pop. 14,069; of whom 8350
LADENBURG, lIden-b50ao,,      a town of Baden, circle  were free, and 5710 slaves.
Lower Rhine, on the Neckar, with a station on the Main    LAFAYETTE parish, in the S. part of Louisiana, contains
Neckar Railway, 6 miles E.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 2431.   about 350 square miles. It is intersected by Vermilion
LADENDORF or LAADENDORF, 1 /den-dSafl, a village  River, (navigable by steamboats.)  The surface is nearly
of Lower Austria, on the Zaya, about 9 miles from Ganuners-  level; the soil is alluvial and fertile. Pop. 6720; of whom
dorf. Pop. 1490.                                            3550 were free, and 3170 slaves.
LADENZE,,l-d4ntzph, 3'd5Sz!Z, a village of Belgium, pro-. LAFAYETTE, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas,
vince of Hainaut, 13 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1149.         bordering on Louisiana and Texas, contains about 1500
LADIESBURG, hl/diz-bhurg, a post-village in Frederick co., square miles. It is intersected by Red River, and also
Maryland, 80 miles N.W. from Annapolis.                     drained by Bayous Bodcan and Dauchite and the Sulphur
LADI/GA, a post-village of Benton co., Alabama, 140 miles fork of Red River. The surface is level, and is interspersed
N. by E. from Montgomery.                                   with prairies; the soil is fertile. Capital, Lewisville. Pop.
LADIGNAC, A Ideen'yWk!, a village of France, department  5220; of whom 1900 were free, and 3320 slaves.
of'HIaute-Vienne, arrondissement of St. Yrieix. Pop. in 1852,   LAFAYETTE, (formerly LILLARD,) a county in the W.
2596.                                                      part of Mlissouri, has an area of 612 square miles. The lisLADIK, l1deek., or YORGAN LADIK, yonrganlA/deek',  souri River, which here flows towards the E., forms the
(anc. Laodice'a Coebues'ta,) a town ofTurkey in Asia, 24 miles  northern boundary; the county is also drained by Uig
N.N.W. of Konia. It is built of mud, in the midst of a  Snybar and Terre Beau Creeks, and by the Salt Fork of
mound of ruins, and has many antiquities, consisting of  Blackwater River. The surface is agreeably diversified; the
altars, columns, friezes, &c. Pop. about 500.              soil is remarkably and almost uniformly fertile. Limestone
LADIKIA or LADIKIYEIH. See LATAKEEA.                     and sandstone underlie a large part of the county. The
LADIMIROVEZE, l!de-me-ro-vA/z,, a village of Austria,- bluffs of the Missouri along the northern border consist
Slavonia, about 12 miles from Eszek. Pop. 908.              almost entirely of beds of stone-coal.;  Lafayette is among
LAIDOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.           the most populous and highly cultivated counties in the
LADOIGA, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, 11 miles state. Capital, Lexington. Pop. 13,690; of whom 9075 were
S.S.E. from Crawfordsville.                                free, and 4615, slaves.
LADOGA, a post-office of Fond-du-Lac co., Wisconsin.        LAF'AYETTE, a county in the S.S.V. part of Wisconsin,
LADOGA, l-dofg-, the largest lake of Europe, is situated  bordering on Illinois, has an area of about 660 square miles.
in Russia, mostly between. lat. 590 58' and 610 46' N., and  It is drained by Fevre Rtiver, and the two branches of the
ion. 300 and 330, E., enclosed by the governments of St. Pekatonica, which cross the northern border of the county,
Petersburg, Olonets, and Yiborg. Area 6190 square miles. and unite in the S.E. part. The surface is broken by ridges,
Depth very unequal. The shores are generally low; it con- which are in some parts entirely bare of timber, and in
tains several islands, and numerous rocks and quicksands. others covered with a sparse growth of oaks. The soil is
it receives about 60 rivers, and discharges its surplus generally productive. The cliff limestone whichl underlies
waters by the Nova into the Gulf of Pinland. The Ladloga  the county abounds in rich veins of lead and copper, from
Canal, 70 miles in length, and 74 feet in breadth, and the  which large quantities of these ores are taken. The famous
Siaskoi and Sveer Canalsform a navigable chain all around I Platte mounds, in the N.W. part, are remarkable for their
its s. and S.E. sides.                                      regular form, and are surrounded by a large expanse of
1007




LAF                                                        LAG
prairie.  Organized in 1847.  Capital, Shullsburg.  Pop. through the parish of,La Fourche Interior, and enters the
11,531.                                                    Gulf ef Mexico, after a ciisrse of about 150 miles. It is one
LAFAYETTE, a post-office of Grafton co., New Hamp- of. the most important channels of communication between
-shire.                                                     the Gulf and the interior, being navigable for steamboats
LAFAYETTE, a post-village and township of Onondaga  about 100 miles from its mouth. The land along its banks
co., New York, on the Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad, is generally arable, and produces abundant crops of sugar
about 12 miles S. by E. of Syracuse. In this township is an  and cotton.
Indian reservation. Pop. 2533.                                LA FOURCHE INTE'RIOR, a parish in the S.E. part ot
LAFAYETTE, a post-village and township of Sussex co., Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, contains abou]
New Jersey, about 70 miles N. of Trenton. it has 2 or "  1200 square miles. It is intersected by Bayou La Fourche,
churches, and 2 iron foundries. Pop. of the township 928. navigable by steamboats. It is in some )arits marshy: the
LAFAYETTE, a post-village and township of McKean co., soil along the bayou is productive.  Capital, Thibodeaux.
Pennsylvania, 12 miles W. of Smithport, and 208 miles N.W. Pop. 9532, of whom 5164 were free, and 4368 slaves.
of Harrisburg.  Pop. 196.                                    LA FRANCE.  See FRANCE.
LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Virginia,   LAGA-AN, (Laga-dn,) ]Wgul on, a river of Sweden. issues
on the Roanoke River, about 190 miles W. by S. of Rich- from a small lake about 15 miles S. of Jbnlukping, flows S..
mend. Pop. fronm 200 to 300.                               expands into Lake Vidlstern, passes Laholm. and, about 4
LAFAYETTE, a post-village, capital of Walker co., Georgia, miles below, falls into the Bay of Laholm in the Cattegat,
210 miles N.W. of Milledgeville, is beautifully situated in after a course of about 110 tiles.
a mountainous region.  The village has a court-house, 2   LAGA/DA, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.
churches, I academy, and 10 storbes. It was formerly called    LAGAETE, li-ga-A/tA, a village on the WV. side of the
Chattooga.                                                 Grand Canary Island. Pop. 2052.
LAFAYETTE, a village of Chambers co., Alabama. See    LAGAN, lAfgan, a river of Ireland, Ulster, rises in the
CHAMBERS COURT-HOUSE.                                       Slieve-Croob Mountains, and, after a N.E. course of 35 miles,
LAFAYETTE, Louisiana. See New ORLEANS.                   enters Belfast IHIarbor. It has been made navigable beyond
LAFAYETTE, a post-village, capital of Macon co., Ten- Lisburn, whence a canal connects it with Lough Neagh.
nessee, 55 miles N.E. of Nashville.                           LAGARTERA, lA-gaR-tA/rA, a town of Spain, New Castile,
LAFAYETTE, a thriving post-village of Christian co., 70 miles S.W. of Avila. Pop. 1581.
Kentucky, 218 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, and 1 mile from      LAGAItTO, IA-gaatfto, a town of Brazil, province of Sergipe,
the Tennessee line.  It contains 4 churches, and 6 dry  70 miles W.S.W. of Sio Christovey.  Pop. of district, 2000.
goods stores.                                                 LAGE, lAgheh, a town of North Germany, in the grandLAFAYETTE, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. P. 1040. duchy of Mecklenberg-Schiverin, on the Recknite, 12 miles
LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, on the  N.E. of Giistrow. Pop. 1624.
National Road, 22 miles W. of Columbus, has about 200    LAGE, a town of Germany, in the principality of Lippeinhabitants.                                                Detmold, on the Werra, 7 miles S.W. of Lemg-o. Pop. 1500.
LAFAYETTE, a township in the central part of Medina    LAGES, 1/ezhs, a town of Brazil, province of Santa
co., Ohio.   Pop. 1332.                                     Catharina, 140 miles W. of Desterro. Pop. of district, 5000.
LAFAYETTE,  a small village of Richland co., Ohio.          LAG/GAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, about
LAFAYETTE, a township of Van Buren co., Michigan. 17 miles S.E. of Fort Augustus. Loch Laggan, in this
Pop. 1143,                                                  parish, is about 7 miles long.
LAFAYETTE, a township in Alien co., Indiana. Pop. 524.   LAIGLE, a post-office of Bradley co., Arkansas.
LAFAYETTE, a township in Floyd co., Indiana. P. 1215.   LA GLEIZE, IA glez or 1I9glAzt, a village of Belgium, proLAFAYETTE, a township in Madison co., Indiana. P. 694. vince and 19 miles S.E. of Liege, on the Ambllve. Pop. 1464.
LAFAYETTE, a township in Owen co., Indiitana. Pop. 754.   LAGNASEO, lkn-yA-s&Ao, a town of Piedmont, province
LAFAYETTE, a flourishing town, capital of Tippecanoe  and4 miles S.E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 1921.
co., Indiana, on the left bank of the Wabash River, and on    LAGNIEU, (anc. Lagssiacus?) lAn'ye-uhl, a town of France,
the Wabash and Erie Canal, 66 miles N.W. of Indiana-  department of Ain, 18 miles N. of Belley, near the Rhone,
polls, and 123 miles S.E. from  Chicago, lat. 400 25' N., ion. here crossed by a chain bridge. Pop. in 1852, 2900.
860 49' W. It is pleasantly situated on gradually rising    LAGNI-IREGI, lAnlye-rA/jee, LAGNO, lin/yo, or LANIO,
ground, which affords a delightful view of the river and the  litne-o, a river of Naples, falls into the Mediterranean after
neighboring hills. It is one of the largest towns on the  a course of about 50 miles.
canal above named, and is considered the fourth of the state    LAGNY, htn'yee/, (ane. Laniacm?) a town of France,
in respect to population. The Wabash and Erie Canal con- department of Seine-et-Marne, 10 miles S.W. of Meaux, on
nects it with Lake Erie and the Ohio River. Railroads have  the left bank of the Marne. Pop. in 1852, 2527.
recently been completed from Lafayette to Indianapolis, and   LAGO, lgo, a village of Naples, province of Calabria
to Crawfordsville. These advantages, together with the fer- Citra, 10 miles S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2600.
tility of the surrounding country, render it a place of active   LAGOA, IA-gofA, a town of Brazil, on the E. coast of the
trade, and the principal grain market in the state. It con- islandof Santa Catharina. Pop. 3000. See SANTA CATHARINA.
tains a court-house which cost $20,000, four banks, a county    LAGO DI AMSANCTO, litgo de Am-snkl/to, (sne. Ass.osc/seminary, and about 10 churches, some of which are large tus Laocus,) a small lake at the entrance of a mountain-valley,
and handsome buildings. It has also several paper-mills, about 50 miles E.N.E. of Naples. It is remarkable for the iniron foundries, and large establishments for packing pork. cessant motion of its water, which keeps continually bubbling
Three weekly and 2 daily newspapers are published here. up over a large portion of the surface, and with an explosion
The surrounding country consists of fertile prairies, inter- resembling distant thunder.
spersed with oak openings. Settled in 1825. Pop. in 1846,   LAGO DI COMO. See Como, LAKE 0r.
1700; in 1850, 6129; in 1854, about 9000.                    LAGO MAGGIORE. IA/go mAd-jolrA, or LAKE OF LOCARLAFAYETTE,  a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 965. NO, ]o-kaI /no, (anc. Verba/nus La/cus,) a lake of North Italy,
LAFAYETTE, a township in the S. part of Ogle co., enclosed by Piedmont, Lombardy, and the Swiss canton of
Illinois.                                                  Ticino, being the westernmost of the great lakes in this
LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Stark co., Illinois, on a region.  Length, 40 miles; average breadth, 2 miles; depth
branch of Spoon Riiver, 100 miles N. by W. of Springfield.  in some places, 300 fathoms. It is traversed by the Ticino
LAFAYETTE, a post-village in Linn co., Iowa, 35 miles N. River, of which it is properly but an expansion. On its
by WV. from Iowa City.                                     highly picturesque banks are the towns of Arona, Canobbio,
LAF'AYETTE, a pretty village of Polk co., Iowa, on the  Locai-no, Luvino, and Laveno; and it contains the BorroRiver Des Moines, 13 miles below Fort Des Moines, is situated mean Isles. Steam-packets were established on it in 1820.
on the border of a prairie.                                  LAGONIDA or BUCK CREEK, Ohio, flows into the Mad
LAFAYETTE. a post-township in the central part of Wal- River at Springfield.
worth co., Wisconsihi. Pop. 1048.                            LAGONEGRO, Ia'go-nAlgro, a town of Naples, province of
LAFAYETTE, a post-village of Yam IIill co., Oregon Ter- Basilicata, 76 miles S.S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 4000. It has an
ritory, situated at the falls on the Yam Hill River, which is old castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth and caps.
navigable for boats nearly to this place, about 28 miles   LAGOR, lIAgos.1, a village of France, department of BassesN.N.W. of Salem.                                           Pyrlenes, 15 miles N.W. of Pan. Pop. 1738.
LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. See EAsToN, Pennsylvania.                LAGORCE, li'goRssl, a village of France, department of
LAFAYETTE HILL, a post-office, Fluvanna co., Virginia. Ard.che, 8 miles S.E. of Largentilre. Pop. 1500.
LAFAYETTE  SPR1NGS, a post-office of Lalfayette co.,   LAGOS, IA/goce, (anc. Lacob'riga,) a fortified seaport town
Mississippi.                                                of Portugal, province of Algarve, capital of a comarca, 110
LAFAYETTEVILLE, a post-office, Dutchess co.,New York. mileg S. of Lisbon. Pop. 7000. It stands- on a large bay,
LAF/F1NG GALL, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia.   and has a military asylum, town hospital, and two parish
LA FOMIBA, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi.   churches.
LA FONTAINE, lah flu-t-Ant, a post-office of Ilarlan co.,   LAGOS, lAgoce, a town of the Mexican confederation,
Kentucky.                                                  state and 100 miles E.N.E. of Guadalajara, having near it
LA FONTAINE, a post-office of Wabash co., Indiana.       some rich silver mines.
LA FOURCILE, lah-foorshl, a bayou in the S.E. part of    LAGOS, lIA/goce, a town of Guinea, and formerly one
Louisiana, an outlet of the MIississippi, commencing at of the most notorious slave stations on the coast of Africa,
DLonaldsonville, on the right bank. It flows south-easterly  on an inlet of the bight of Benin, 160 miles W. of Blenin,
1008




LAG                                                       LAHI
and SE. of Abomey.  The British consul having been  co., Indiana, on the Wabash River and Canal, opposite the
fired upon when attempting to negotiate a treaty for the  mouth of the Salamonie, 6 miles above Wabash, the county
abolishing of the slave trade, with the reigning chief in  seat. Pop. of the township, 2515.
1851, though at the time under a flag of truce, Lagos was   LAGRUNE-SUR-MER, l1'grtinlsiiR'mair, a small seaport
attacked and taken after a desperate engagement, 57 guns  town of France, department of Calvados, on the English
being destroyed.  A treaty was signed prohibiting the  Channel, 11 miles N. of Caen. Pop. 1207.
slave-trade, putting down human sacrifices, and securing    LAGUAN, l-agwtn/, a small island of the Philippine group,
not only the freedom of commerce but the liberty to diffuse  off the N. coast of the island of Samar.
Christianity. Pop. 5000(?).                                 LAGUARDIA, lI-gwArtde-A, a walled town of Spain, BisLAGOS, GULF OF, a gulf and town of European Turkey, cay, province of Alava, 24 miles from  Vitoria. Pop. 1742.
Room-Elee, 88 miles S.W. of Adrianople.                     LA GUAYRA, lI-gwiril, (Fr. La Goayre, 1i twain,) a town
LAGOSTA, lI-gBstd, (anc. Lastobon or Ladestris?) the most and seaport of Venezuela, on the Caribbean Sea; lat. 100
S. island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic. Length 6 miles, by  36' 42" N., Ion. 660 56' 30" W. (R.); 10 miles N. of Caracas,
4 miles in breadth. On its N. coast is a village with a small closely surrounded by high mountains. The streets are
port                                                      narrow, tortuous, and ill-paved, and the houses ill-built.
LAGOY, l&lgSv, a town of Poland, province and 35 miles  For nine months in the year the heat is excessive, giving
W.N.W. of Sandomier. Pop. 1500.                           rise to malignant and putrid fevers, which render a resiLA GRANGE, lab grAnjl, a county in the N.E. part of  dence here eminently dangerous to strangers. Being the
Indiana, bordering on Michigan, contains 384 square miles. principal port of the republic, its trade is extensive. Its
It is drained by Pigeon River. The surface is mostly level. chief exports are coffee, cacao, indigo, and hides; imports
About two-thirds of it is occupied by oak openings, which  British manufactured goods, provisions, wines, &c.  The
have a sandy soil adapted to wheat, and nearly one-fourth  number and tonnage of vessels that entered the port in
of the country is thickly timbered. The Northern Indiana  1847, was 163, tonn. 28,378; cleared, 164, tonn. 29,488.
Railroad passes through the county. Capital, La Grange. Value of imports, ~656,743; of exports, ~590,753.
Pop. 8387.                                                  The following table shows the quantities of the principal
LA GRANGE, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on  articles exported from LaGuayra, for the years 1843-1847:the Penobscot and Piscataquis Rivers, about 85 miles N.E. 
of Augusta. Pop. 482.
o~f ~Au,~usla.  Pop.~482.                    P       ~Years.   Coffee.  Cacao. Cotton. Sugar.  Indigo. Hides.
LA GRANGE, a townshipof Dutchessco., New York. Pop.
1941.                                                                 Ct.       s    Cwt.   Ct    Cwt. Numbe
LA GRANGE, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.          1843   139,191  6018      455   3825    1139   35,620
LA GRANGE, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania.      1844    12,225   785      211   2261    724   52,61
1845   111;747  6250     691   4646    480   48,009
LA GRANGE, a post-village in Randolph co., North Caro-      1846   152,747  7026      476   6378    863   53,622
lina, 90 miles W. of Raleigh.                                 1847   114,561  8534   15,111   6471    5e1   53,913
LA GRANGE, a post-office; Chester district, South Carolina. 
LA GRANGE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Troup
co., Georgia, on the La Grange Railroad, 42 miles N. from    The port is not a very good one, being unsheltered from
Columbus. The La Grange Railroad connects, at Atlanta, N. to E. and W. winds, and the continued E. breeze keeping
with the principal lines of the state, and at West Point, with  the sea in a state of constant agitation. The holding ground,
a railroad leading to Montgomery, in Alabama. The village however, is good; anchorage, from 6 to 30 fathoms, accordhas 4 schools, which stand high in the public estimation; ing to distance from the land. The town is defended by a
namely, the La Grange Hligh School, the Brownwood Uni- fort, and several batteries judiciously planted along the
versity, the LaGrange Female Seminary, and the La Grange  shore. La Guayra was nearly destroyed, in 1812, by an
Female Institution.                                        earthquake. Pop. 8000.
LA GRANGE, a post-village of Franklin co., Alabama,   LAGUEMBA, 1-gh~mlbg, or LAKEMBA, l-klm1bA, one
180 miles N.N.W. of Montgomery. It has an elevated situa- of the Feejee Islands, the largest of the E. group; let. 180
tion, and is the seat of La Grange College, a thriving insti- 14' S., ion. 1780 51' W. It is of volcanic formation; about
tution founded in 1830.                                    5 miles long by 3 broad.
LA GRANGE, a thriving post-village, capital of Fayette    LAGUNA, l8-goolng, a province in the S.E. part of Luzon,
co., Texas, on the left bank of the Colorado River, 65 miles. one of the Philippine Islands.
E.S.E. of Austin City. It is surrounded by a fertile cot-   LAGUNA, l-goofn/, a town of Brazil, province of Santa
ton-planting district, and has an active business. Steam- Catharina, 60 miles S.W. of Nossa Senhora do Desterro, at
boats ply between this village and Galveston, and sometimes  the mouth of a lagune, whence its name. Pop. 1000.
ascend as high as Austin City.                               LAGUNA, Il-goofnt, a town of Peru, department of AsLA GRANGE, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.      uay, capital of the province of Maynas, on the Ituallaga,
LA GRANGE, a thriving post-village of Fayette co., Ten- in lat. 5~ 10' N., ion. 750 401 WV.
nessee. on the railroad leading firom Memphis to Charleston,   LAGUNA, a town of Yucatan, on the island of Carmen,
about 50 miles E. from the former. It contains 3 churches across the mouth of Lake Terminos. It has trade in logwood.
and I female seminary. Pop. in 1854, about 1200.             LAGUNA DEL MADRE, la-goofnu dSl mDlfr3, a large la,
LA GRANGE, a post-village, capital of Oldham co., Kien- goon or shallow bayou in the S.E. part of Texas. It extends
tucky, on the Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, 46 miles from Corpus Christi Bay nearly to the mouth of the Rio
NW. of Frankfort. It contains 1 church and an institu- Grande. Length above 110 miles; greatest breadth 14 miles.
tion named the Masonic College.                              LAGUNA-DE-NEGRILLOS, l&-goofnA-dI-nA-greellyqee, a
LA GRANGE, a post-township in the S. part of Lorain co., town of Spain, 25 miles from Leon. Pop. 1458.
Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland Columbus and Cincin-   LAGUNA SECA, il-goolnA sA/kA, a post-office of Santa Cl as
nati Railroad. Pop. 1402.                                  co., California.
LA GRANGE, a post-village and township of Cass co.,   LAGUNILLA, lI-goo-neellyA, a town of Spain in Old Cas.
Michigan, about 130 miles S.W. of Lansing, and 4 miles tile, about 12 miles from Logroflo. Pop. 1129.
S.E. from the Central Railroad. Pop. about 500; of the    LAH, I, a military post in Sinde, held by the late Ameeia
township, 1327.                                           for levying the customs between Cutch and Hyderabad.
LA GRANGE, a thriving post-village, capital of La Grange  Lat. 230 581 N., Ion. 680 40' E.
co., Indiana, on the Northern Indiana Railroad, 170 miles    LAHA, a town of Austria. See LAA.
N.N.E. of Indianapolis. It became the county seat in 1842.   LA IIACHA. See Rzo HACHA.
LA GRANGE, a village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, on the    LAHADJ or LAHAJ, lI-htjf, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 18
Wabash River, 11 miles S.W. of Lafayette.                  miles N.W. of Aden. It stands in a wide and cultivated
LA GRANGE, a post-village of Lewis co., Missouri, on the  plain, enclosed by gardens, and has a bazaar, and a sultan's
Mississippi River, 184 miles above St. Louis. It contains a  residence. Pop. 5000.
college, 3 churches, 1 steam  flouring mill, and 6 stores. It   LAHAJAN, ll-ha-jan', a town of Persia, province of Ghilan,
has an active business in shipping produce. Pop. in 1854, near the Caspian, 30 miles E. of Reshd. It has a medressa or
about 700.                                                college, several caravanserais, and extensive, well-stocked
LA GRANGE, a post-office of Monroe co., Iowa.           bazaars. Pop. 15,000.
LA GRANGE, a post-township in the N. part of Walworth    LAHAMAIDE, ll'mldl, l&'&'mAd1, a village of Belgium,
co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1050.                                province of Hainaut, on the Gard, 20 miles N.N.W. of 3Ions.
LA GRANGE BLUFF, a post-village of Brown co., Illinois, Count Egmont, who was beheaded at Brussels by the Duke
on the Illinois River, 65 miles W. by N. of Springfield.  of Alva, was born in the castle of Lahamaide. Pop. 1421.
LA GRANGE IRON-WORKS, a small village of Stewart   LA'IHAR/, a town of Hindostan, 55 miles E. of Gwalior.
co., Tennessee.                                             LAHAR, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, in
LA GRANGEVILLE, lab grAnjlvil, a post-office, Dutchess the Upper Provinces, 53 miles E.SE. of Agra.
co., New York.                                              LA HARPE, lab harp, a post-village of Hancock co., liiLA GRASSE, llgr[ssf, a town of France, department of notis, 110 miles N.W. of Springfield.
Aude, 22 miles S.E. of Carcassonne, on the left bank of the   LAIASIKA, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.
Orbieu. Pop. 1400.                                          LAHAT, 1[-hiatt, a populous village of the island of Suma,
LA  GREW  SPRINGS, a post-office of Arkansas co., tra, 33 miles SW. of Palembang, lat. 3045 S., Ion. 1030 40' E.
Arkansas.                                                  LA HAVANA. See HAvANA.
LAIGRO, a thriving post-village and township of Wabash    LA HAYE. See H1A E, TIE.
1009
30




LAIt                                                       LAK
LAIESTRE, 14h1st'rf, a village of Belgium, province of  10 miles W. of Ch'atillon-sur-Seine.  Pop. 1563.  It ham
Hainaut, 9 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 300.                     manufactures of hats and linens.
LAHIJAN/, I/-hee-jAnt, a plain of Persia, province of Azer-   LAIGUEGLIA, li-gwAly4, (L. Lisgula,) a market town of
baijan, S.W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah.                          the Sardinian States, Genoa, province and 6 miles S.S.W. of
LAHIJAN, a town of Persia. See LAHAJAN.                  Albenga, on the Mediterranean.  Pop. 1421.
LAHISSA, Arabia. See LAHSA.                                 LAILLY, lth'yeet, a village of France, department of
LAHN, l]u, a river of Central Germany, after a W. course  Loiret, 15 miles S.W. of Orleans. Pop. 1579.
of 100 miles, through Prussia, HIesse, and Nassau, joins    LAINATE, II-nlt,, a market town of Lombardy, 11 miles
the Rhine 4 miles S.E. of Coblentz.                         N.W. of Milan, noted for the magnificent palace of the house
LAHN, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S.W. of Lieg- of Litta.  Pop. 2436.
nitz. Pop. 939.                                               LAIN/DON WITHn BASILDON, a parish of England, co. of
LAHNSTEIN, lanlotine, UppriEa, (Ger. Ober Lahnstein. Essex.
ober lbntstine,) a market-town of Germany, duchy, and   LAINIO-ELF, lIlne-oo-lff, a river of Sweden, which issues
8 miles W. of Nassau, on the Rhine. It has an old castle, from Lake Rosto in TorneiL Lappmark, flows S.E., and joins
and 1530 inhabitants, mostly employed in cultivating wine the Torne% at Tornet-fors, after a course of about 140 miles.
and fruit.                                                    LAING'S, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.
LAHNSTEIN, LownR, (Ger. Unter Lahnstein, 66nter Inf-   LAINGSIBURG, a post-village of Shiawassee co., Michigan.
stine,) a market-town of Germany, contiguous to the above,   LAINO or LAJNO, Ilno, a market town of Naples, proon the Lahn. Pop. 1860.                                     vince of Calabria Citra, 23 miles N.W. of Cassano. Pop. 2600.
LAHOLM, lWhblm, a seaport town of Sweden, Ien and 15    LAINO or LAO, 1/o, (anu. Lahts,) a river of Naples, falls
miles S.S.E. of Halmstad, on the Laga-an. Pop. 1000.        into the Mediterranean in 390 42' N. lat.
LAHOOL, LAHOUL, LAHUL, l/hoolf, or LAWUR, l'wurf,   LAIVRA, a village of England, co. of Devon, with a station,
a territory in the N.E. part of the Punjab.                 forming the terminus of the Exeter and Plymouth railway,
LAHORE, 1a-hbrl, the capital city of the Punjab, British  2 miles E. of Plymouth.
India, on an affluent of the Ravee, in lat. 310 36' N., ion.   LAIRDSIVILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
740 18' E. Pop. estimated at from 100,000 to 120,000. It is  about 100 miles W. by N. from Albany.
enclosed by a double line of defences, the outer being about   LAIRDSYVILLE, Pennsylvania.  See FUNSTONVrLLE.
7 miles in circuit. The streets are narrow, filthy, and exces-    LAIRG, lIrg, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland.
sively crowded; the houses are of brick, and lofty. It has   LAISHEV, li-shivf, a town of Russia, government and 30
many large and handsome mosques, and around it for many  miles S.E. of Kazan. Pop. about 2100, chiefly engaged in
miles are extensive Mohammedan ruins, with the fine tomb of the transit trade of iron and salt by the river.
the EmperorJehangire, and the garden of Shah Jehan. Here    LAISSAC, los'sikI, a town of France, department of
are also many Hindoo templeswell supplied markets, and  Aveyron, 23 miles N.W. of Millau. Pop. 1702. It has manua citadel, containing the palace of the Sikh sovereigns. factures of pottery and paper.
Under the Mogul Emperors, the city was of much greater    LAI-TCHOO, LAI-TCHOEU or LAI-TCHOU. See LAI-cnoo.
extent. In 1748, it fell into the hands of Ahmed Shah; in    LAJELLA, 14-yElflA. a village of Naples, province of Prin1798 Runjeet Singh was made governor and rajah. After  cipato Citra, on the sea.
the final defeat of the Sikhs, in 1849, Lahore was taken    LAJNO.  See LAINo..
possession of by the British.                                 LAK, 16k, a village of Hungary, co. of Baranya, 6 miles
LAHOUL. See LAooL..                                   from Fiinfkirchen.  Pop. 897.
LA HOYA, 1I holyA, a village of Mexico, at the mouth of    LAK, a village of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on the Arobo
a pass of the same name, through which the National road  and Reptse, 18 miles from Stein-am-Anger. Pop. 743.
conducts from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, about 100    LAK, a village of Hungary, Hither Theiss, co. of Borsod,
miles N.W. of the former. A skirmish took place here be- Pop. 750.
tween the Mexicans and the U. S. troops, June 19th, 1847.     LAKAItIUR/RAH, a village of the Punjab, 60 miles N.E.
LAHR, lIR, a town of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on  of Mooltan, on the route thence to Lahore.
the Schutter, 53 miles S.S.W. of Carlsrube.  Pop. 6110.   LAKE, 14k, a county in the N.N.E. part of Ohio, borderIt has manufactures of linens, woollens, and cottons.      ing on Lake Erie, contains about 220 square miles. It is
LAHSA, 1gntsax, or EL-AHSA, el-AHfs&x, written also LACH- intersected by Grand and Chagrin Rivers. The surface is
SA, lt9asA, LAHISSA, lbilis-si4, and LASSA, a fertile dis- rolling rather than level; the soil is mostly a fertile clayey
trict of Eastern Arabia, about 90 miles S.W. of Katif, or loam, with occasional ridges of sand or gravel. From  the
El-Katif, about lat. 250 25' N., Ion. 490 45' E. In former  influence of the lake the climate is favorable to fine fruits.
times, it was also called RajAr. The word Ahsa, which fre- Iron ore is found in this county. The Cleveland and Erie
quently occurs in Arabian geography, is said to signify a  Railroad passes through it, and a plank-road has been made
place where water sinking through the surface of the ground  from Painesville to Trumbull county. Formed in 1840, by
is retained beneath. The date gardens of Lahsa are very a' division of Geauga and Cuyahoga counties. Capital,
extensive and productive, being  well watered from wells and  Paineeville.  Pop. 14,654.
lakes, but the inhabitants deny the existence of any con-   LAKE, a new county in the W. part of Michigan, has an
stant river running through the district and connecting the  area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected in the N.E.
lakes. The lands adjoining the date gardens produce wheat, by an affluent of the Manistee River, and principally drained
barley, millet, and rice. The tamarisk here attains a large  by another tributary of that river, and by the Notipeskago.
size, and serves for roofing-timber. The domestic industry    LAKE, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Indiana,
of Lahsa consists wholly in weaving camelots, and making  bordering on Lake Michigan and Illinois, has an area of
abas or overcoats; but the inhabitants derive large sums 480 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Kankakee
annually from the sale of camels and of dates; and all the  River, and traversed by Calumick and Deep Rivers. The
trade between the coast of the Persian Gulf and the Be- surface is nearly level, consisting partly of prairie and partly
douins of Nejd passes through this oasis. The Turks at the  of timbered land. Extensive marshes occupy the southern
conclusion of their war with the Wahdbee (1819), occupied  part. A portion of the soil is adapted to grazing. It is
Lahsa, but soon after restored it to its original possessors, traversed by two or three railroads leading from Chicago to
the Beni Khalid, who consented to pay a small tribute to the Mlichigan and Ohio. Capital, Crown Point. Pop. 3991.
Porte. The population of the whole oasis is estimated at   LAKE, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Illinois,
50,000.                                                     bordering on Wisconsin, has an area of 390 square miles.
LAHSA or LACIHSA, a town in the above district, on a  Lake Michigan forms its entire boundary on the E. The
bay of the Persian Gulf, opposite the island of Bahrein.    Des Plaines and Fox Rivers flow through the county from
LAHUL. See LAHOOL.                                        N. to S. It contains about 50 small lakes, the average
LAIBACH, a town of Austria. See LAYBACH.                  extent of which is nearly I square mile, and some of them
LAICHEV,  a town of Russia. See LAISHEV.                 are said to be very deep. They are supplied with springs
LAICIIINGEN, liaKing-en, a market town of Wirtemberg, of clear water, and stocked with a variety of fish. The
circle of Danube, 16 miles N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 2000.         soil is remarkable for fertility and durability. The county
LAI-CHOO  or LAI-CIOW-FOO, li-ch6w-fbo, or  LAI- is.traversed by a plank-road extending from  the lake into
TCI-IIEOU-FOUTJ, ll'che-oo'foof, called also simply LAI CHOW   the interior, and by the Illinois and Wisconsin Railroad.
or LAI TCHOO, a seaport town of China, province of Shan- Organized in 1839. Capital, Waukegan. Pop. 14,226.
loong, on the S. shore of the GulfofPe-chee-lee; lat. 370 13'   LAKE, a post-office of Washington co., New York.
N., ion. 1190 50! E; 280 miles S.E. of Peking.                LAKE, a post-township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, 14
LAIG-IPOOR, lIo'pooi', a town of Sinde, 60 miles S.S.W. miles N.W. of Wilkesbarre. Pop. 383.
of Hyderabad. Lat. 240 34' N., ion. 680 22' E.               LAKE, a post-office of Trinity co., Texas.
LAIGLE or L'AIGLE, 1Mg'l, (L. Alquila,) a town of France,   LAKE, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 880.
department of Orne, on the Rille, 17 miles N.E. of Mortagne.    LAKE, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1707.
Pop. 4720. It is walled, and was formerly a military post.   LAKE, a post-township in the N. part of Stark co., Ohio.
It is now the chief manufacturing town of its department, Pop. 2228.
having manufactures of needles, pins, and steel goods.       LAKE, a township of Wood co., Ohio. -Pop. 152.
LAIGLE, (CAPrE) France. between Marseilles and Toulon.    LAKE, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 578.
LAIGLE:  lg'l, an island of Canada East, formed by the   LAKE, a township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 349.
confluence of the Prairie and St. Lawrence Rivers.          LAKE, a township of Buchanan co., Missouri. Pop. 378
LAIGNES, 14. a town of France department of COte-d'Or,   LAKE, a township of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin. P. 1474
1010




LAK                                                       LATf
LAKE BLUFF, a post-office of Prairie co., Arkansas.        LAKEVILLE, a post-office of St. Joseph co;. Indiana.
LAKE CENTRE, a post-office of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin.   LAKE ZURICI, zu.rik, a post-village of Lake co., Illi!
LAKE CHIARLES, a post-office, Calcasieuparish, Louisiana. nois, 35 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. Pop. about 200.
LAKE COMFORT, a post-office of Hyde co., North Carolina.   LAK G:EDES-UJ, 1k1 gh&doshl-oolee, a village of Hungary;
LAKE CREEK, a post-office of Polk co., Georgia.         county of and about 50 miles from Pesth. Pop. 978.
LAKE CREEK, of Texas, enters the San Jacinto near the    LAKKI, ldk'kee/, or LAKEE, la'kee/, a town of Punjab,
middle of Montgomery co.                                  on the Khuram, an affluent of the Indus, 98 miles S.S.W.
LAKE CREEK, a post-office of Lamar co., Texas.          of Attock. Lat. 320 55' N., ion. 710 10' E.
LAKE CREEK, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee.   LAK-NAGY, l1k-nodye  or n6dj, a market-town of HunLAKE CREEK, a post-office of Petis co., Missouri.       gary, Thither Theiss, co. of Csanad, on the Maros, 35 miles
LAKEE. See LAKKI.                                       N. of Temesvar. It has two Greek churches, numerous
LAKE GEORGE. See GEORGE, LAKE.                          mills, and a trade in cattle, sheep, and swine. Pop. 9047.
LAKE GRIFFIN, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.       LAKOOI0RA, a village of Beloochistan, province of JhalaLAKE HILL, a post-office of Ulster co,, New York.       wan, 60 miles S.W. of Kelat.
LAKE KATITAKIT/TEKON, (Fr. Lac Vieux Ddsert, 14k    LAKOR, l'kor/, a small island in the Malay Archipelago,
ve'uh! dA'zaira,) a lake at the head of Wisconsin River, on  E. of Timor. Lat. 80 12' S., ion. 1270 10' E. It is about 12
the border between the states of Wisconsin and Michigan. miles long by 4 broad.
Length about 7 miles; breadth 4 or 5 miles. The French    LALAND, an island of Denmark. See LAALAND.
name, ViEux DESERT, signifying "old deserted," is derived    LALIANT-UINY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
from the circumstance that on an island in this lake there    LALBENQUE, l141bSNkf, a town of France, department of
was an old deserted planting ground of the Indians.       Lot, 8 miles S.S.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1984.
LAKEtLAND, a post-village and station on the Long    LALEHAM, lAlam, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
Island Railroad, in Suffolk co., New York, 49 miles E. of    LALIESTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
Brooklyn.                                                   LALITA-PATAN, l'leelt.-pl-ti n, a town of Northern HinLAKE LANDIING, a post-village of Hyde co., North Caro- dostan, Nepaul, 2 miles S. of Khatmandoo. It was formerly
line, about 170 miles E. of Raleigh.                      the capital of a small independent state. It has a neat
LAKE MARIIA, a village of Marquette co., Wisconsin, 65  appearance, and some handsome public edifices; manufacmiles N.N.E. of Madison, and 10 miles from Marquette. It tures of cotton, copper, and brass. Pop. 24,000 (1)
has some 20 or 30 dwellings.                                LALITY, lh'leety~e, (almost 16h'leetchf,) a village of
LAKE MILLS, a thriving post-village and township of  Hungary, Hither Danube, county of Bacs 12 miles from
Jefferson co., Wisconsin, on Rock Lake, 25 miles E. of Madi- Uj-Verbacs. Pop. 1873.
son. It has water-power which gives motion to sbveral   LAL'LEEI, a town of the Punjab, between the Chenaub
mills, and contained in 1853, 1 church, 3 stores, and about and Jhylum Rivers, 95 miles W.N.W. of Lahore. Pop. 5000.
400 inhabitants. Pop. of township, 882.                     LAL'LOO, a village of Sinde, 60 miles S. of Roree Bukkur,
LAK/ENIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 14  on the road to Hyderabad.
miles S.S.W. of Norwich, of which city it forms a suburb.   LAL'POOR/, a town of Afghanistan, plain of Jelalabad, on
LAK/ENHEATIT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, Cabool River, 36 miles W.N.W. of Peshawer.
with a station on the E. Counties Railway, 54 miles W.S.W.' LALSK, lelsk, a town of Russia, government and 270 miles
of Brandon.                                               E.N.E. of Vologda, on the Looza, (Luza.) Pop. 3000.
LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS.' See ST. LAw-    LAL'SOONT/, a town of IHindostan, province of RajpooaENCE RIVER.                                               tana, dominions and 38 miles S.E. of Jeypoor.
LAKE OF THE WOODS, a small village of Mississippi co.,   LAM, 1m, (ALso LAM, 6l1-shallm, (" Lower Lam,") and
Arkansas.                                                  FELS0 L.AM, (fels6 lam,) f~l-shi/lOm, (" Upper Lam,"),) two
LAKE OF THE WOODS, (Fr. Lac des Bois, Ik-dA[-bwg,) a  contiguous villages of Hungary, are both in the county of.ake of British North America, lat. 490 N., ion. 950 W., cir- IHouth, about 20 miles from Balassa-Gyarmath.  Pop. 1016.
cumference 300 miles. It is studded with wooded islands.   LAMA, l,/mA, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo
The shores are much indented with bays; they produce a  Citra, capital of a canton, 20 miles S. of Chieti. Pop. 2400.
good deal of wild rice. The lake receives the Rainy River    LAMA, a village of the Pontifical States, 6 miles E.N.E. of
from the S., and Northward gives origin to the river Win- Ascoli. Pop. 1260.
nipeg.                                                      LAMA, a village of Northern Italy, government of Venice,
LAKE PLEASANT, a small lake in the S.E. central part 8 miles E.S.E. of Rovigo.
of IIamilton co., New York, 4 miles long, and 1 miles wide.   LAMA, a river of Russia, government of Moscow, joins
Its outlet falls into Sacondaga River.                    the Volga 25 miles N. of Klin.
LAKE PLEASANT, a post-village and township, capital   LAMA or TALE LAMA.  See TMoET.
of Hamilton co., New York, on a small lake of the same   LA MANCHA, a province of Spain. See MANCHA, LA,
name, about 70 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 305.            LA MANCHE. See ENGOLSH CRANN5L.
LAKEIPORT, a post-village of Madison co., New York, 120   LAMAR/, a county in the N.N.E. part of Texas, bordering
miles W. by N. of Albany.                                 on Red River, which separates it from the Indian Territory,
LAKE PRAIRIE, pr/ree, a village in Marion co., Iowa, contains about 1080 square miles. It is drained by the Sulon Des Moines River, 80 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City.        phur Fork of Red River. The soil is excellent. In 1850 the
LAKE PROVIIDENCE, a post-village of Carroll parish, county produced 101,976 pounds of butter, more than any
Louisiana. See PROVIDENCE.                                other in the state. Named in honor of General Mirabeau
LAKE RIDGE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York, B. Lamar, third president of Texas. Capital, Paris. Pop.
16 miles N. by W. of Ithaca.                              3978, of whom 2893 were free, and 1085 slaves.
LAKE RIDGE, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan.       LAMAR, a post-township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 4
LAKE SA/RAII, a post-office of Portage co., Wisconsin.   or 5 miles S. of Lock-Haven. Pop. 1182.
LAKE STATION, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana.         LAMIAR, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
LAKES/VILLE, a small post-village of Dorchester co.,   LAMAR, a flourishing post-village of Marshall co., MisMarylanDd.                                                sissippi, on the stage-road from Holly Springs to La Grange,
LAKE SWAMP, a post-office of Horry district, South Caro- ip Tennessee, about 220 miles N. of Jackson. The first
lina.                                                     houses were built in 1836.
LAKE/TON, a post-village in Wabash co., Indiana, 95 miles    LAMAR, a small post-village of Refugio co., Texas, on
N.N.E. of Indianapolis.                                   the E. shore of Aransas Bay.
LAKE VIEW, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin, 8 miles    LAMAR, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.
S. of Madison.                                              LAMAR, a post-office of Jasper co., Missouri.
LAKE VILLAGE, a thriving post-village in Gifford town-   LAMAR, a town of Bolivia. See COBIJA.
ship, Belknap co., New Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord,   LAMARCHE, (L. _farchia?) a village of France, departand Montreal Railroad, about 35 miles N. by E. of Concord. ment of Vosges, 20 miles S. Neufchbteau.  Pop. 1623.
It is situated on the Winnipiseogee River, which is navigable    LAMARTINE, IAm'ar-teen/, a post-office of Clarion co.,
to this point for steamboats plying on Lake Winnipiseogee,  Pennsylvania.
and very near the village of Meredith Bridge. Extensive    LAMARTINE, a post-office of Bentonco., Alabama.
hydraulic works have here been constructed, furnishing    LAMARTINE, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.
motive power for many mills of different kinds. The village    LAMARTINE, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.
contains 3 churches and 5 stores.                           LAMARTINE, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.
LAKE/VILLE, a post-village in Salisbury township, Litch-   LAMARTINE, a post-village and township of Fond-dufield co., Connecticut, about 50 miles N.W. by W. of Hart- Lac co., Wisconsin, 7 miles S.W. of Fond-du-Lac; contains
ford.                                                     1 church and 2 stores. Pop. of township, 588.
LAKEVILLE, a post-village of Livingston co., New York,   LAMASiCO, a township of Vanderburg co., Indiana. Pop.
at the N. end of Conesus Lske, 24 miles S. by W. of  1444.
Rochester.                                                  LAMASCO CITY, a thriving village of Vanderburg co.,
LAKEVILLE,   a village -f Queen's co., New York, about Indiana, is situated on the Ohio River, at the terminus of
20 miles E. of New York.                                  the Wabash and Erie Canal, and in the immediate vicinity
LAKEVILLE, a station of Ashland co., Ohio, on the Ohio  of Evansville. See EvANestaLE.
and Pennsylvania Railroad, 16 miles W. of Wooster.          LAMATO, l-m~to, (anc. Lametus?) a river of Naples, in
LAKEVILLE, a post-village of Oakland  co., Michigan, 43  Calabria Ultra, fallsinto theGulfof SantaEuphemia; whole
miles N.N.W. of Detroit.                                  course about 30 miles.
1011




LAM                                                        LAM
LAMATO, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, miles N.N.E. of Durham. Lambton castle is the seat  f the
8 miles N.W. of Catanzaro, on a lofty eminence. Pop. 1306. Lambton family, Earls of Durham.
LAMBACH, ltmtb A, (L. Lambacurn,) a market-town of    LAMBITON, a county in the W. part of Canada West
UTpper Austria, on the Traun, and on the railway between  bordering upon the S. portion of Lake Huron. The St. Clah
Gmtinden and Lintz, 18miles S.W. of Lintz. Pop., including  River forms its western boundary. Area 1093 square miles
the village Ebensee, on the opposite bank of the river, 2300, Pop. 10,815.
chiefly employed in salt-works. It has a Benedictine Abbey.   LAMBTON, a village of Canada West, co. of York, 8 miles
LAMBALLE, l6ib1ll1, (ane. Ambiliates?) a town  of  from Toronto.
France, department of Cltes-du-Nord, on the Gouessant, 12    LAMIBURG, a post-office of Iroquois co., Illinois.
miles E.S.E. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 4337. It stands on    LAMEGO, l-m4Igo, (anc. Lamelca, or  a/sma,) a city of
the slope of a hill, crowned by a fine Gothic church.      Portugal, province of Beira, capital of a comarca, near the
LAMBARI, llm-bd-rAl, a village of Paraguay, 6 miles from  Douro, 46 miles E. of Oporto. Pop. 8870. It has many
Asuncion. on the left bank of the Paraguay.                interesting Moorish, and some Roman remains. Principal
LAMBATIH, 13mtb~t, (OBER. othber, and UNTER, 66lnter,) a edifices, a large Gothic cathedral, a castle, and bishop's
village, or two contiguous villages of Upper Austria, circle palace.
of Traun, district of Ehensee. on the Traun. Pop. 1500.      LAMIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
LAMIBAY, a small fishing island of Ireland, co. of Dublin,   LAMEStLEY, a township of England, co. of Durham,
3 miles S.E. of Rush.Point. Pop. about 100.                parish of Chester-le-Street, on the GreatNorth of England
LAMBAYEQUE, lmn-bI-A/kA, a town of Peru, capital of a  Railway, 4 miles S. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1851, 1914, emprovince of its own name in the department of Libertad on  ployed in large coal-mines and quarries of grindstones.
the Lambayeque River, near its mouth in the Pacific, 120    LAMIA, l-nmeelA, lately ZEITOUN or ZEITUN, ztoon!,
miles N.W. of Trujillo.  Pop. 8000; of the province in  (Gr. ZsLrOev,) a town of Greece, capital of a government of
1850, 24,682. It has a good church, several chapels, and  Phthiotis, pear the Turkish frontier, and the head of the
manufactures of cotton fabrics. The roadstead is about 1  Gulf of Volo. It has been described as a miniature model
miles off the river; its anchorage is said to be the worst on  of Athens, with an acropolis, a citadel, and an arsenal,
the coast of Peru.                                         formerly the residence of the Pasha.
LAMIBERHURST, a parish of England, co. of IKent, 14    LAMIA or ZEITOUN, GULf OF, (anc. Afaliacus Sitnus,) an
miles S.S.W. of Maidstone, and 10 miles S.E. of the Tun- inlet on the E. coast of Greece, joining on the S.E. the Chanbridge station of the S.E. Railway. Here are the ancient nel of Talanta, and N.E. the Channel of Trikeri. It receives
castle and modern house of Scotney.                       the river Hellada, (anc. Spertchins,) and on its S. shore are
LAMBERMONT, lEm/ber-mlnt', or lasmbr-.mdNg!, a vii- the plain and pass of Thermopylhe.
lage of Brussels, province and 16 miles E. of Liege. Pop.   LA MINE, lab meen, a river of Missouri, rises near the S.
1192.                                                      border of Pettis co., and falls into the Missouri, about 6
LAMIBERTON, a former village of Mercer co., New   miles above Booneville, after a very tortuous course, the
Jersey, on the Delaware River, now forms part of the  general direction of which is N.E. Its whole length proborough of South Trenton.                                  bably exceeds 150 miles. It is navigable for keel-boats for
LAMIBERTVILLE, a flourishing post-town of Hunterdon  a large part of the distance.
co., New Jersey, on the Delaware River, 15 miles above    LA MINE, a post-village of Cooper co.. Missouri, on La
Trenton. It is the largest town in the county, containing  Mine River, 50 miles N.W. by W. of Jefferson City.
13 stores, 5 churches, 3 hotels, 2 flour-mills, 3 saw-mills, 2    LAM/INGTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. The
flax-mills, I iron and brass foundry, and 2 turning and  manor has been held hy the Baillie family since the reign of
machine shops, in which steam-power is used. A covered  David IL
wooden bridge connects this place with New IHope. Iron    LA'IINGTON, a small river of New Jersey, rises in Morris
ore of a superior quality has recently been found in the  co., and flowing southward along the boundary of Somerset
vicinity, and furnaces are about being erected for the *and Ilunterdon counties, enters the N. branch of the Raritan
manufacture of iron on an extensive scale. Lambertville  about 6 miles N.W. of Somerville.
possesses excellent water-power from  the feeder of the    LAMINGTON, a village of Somerset co., New Jersey, on
Delaware and Raritan Canal. The Belvidere and Delaware  Lamington River, 10 miles N.W. of Somerville.
Railroad passes through the town. Pop. in 1853, about 2000.   LAMINGTON, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama.
LAMBERTVILLE, a post-village in Monroe co., Michigan.    LA MI/RA, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
LAMBESC, 15eblskI, a town of South France, depart-   LAM/LASHI, a small village and harbor of Scotland, on
ment of Bouches-du-Rh~ne, 12 miles W.N.W. of Aix. From  the S.E. side of the isle of Arran, 15 miles S.S.E. of Ayr.
1664, the assemblies of the states held their ordinary  The harbor is capable of sheltering the largest navy.
meetings in Lainbes.. Pop. in 1852, 3747.                  LAMLUM or LAMLOOM. See LEeML00oA.
LAMIBETH, a parliamentary borough and parish of Eng-   LAMIMERMOOBI HILLS, Scotland, a range of mountains
land, co. of Surrey, comprising most part of the S.W. quarter  extending from the S.E. extremity of the co. of Edinburgh,
of the metropolis, S. of the Thames; here crossed by Water- through the cos. of Haddington and Berwick, to the North
loo, HIungerford, Westminster, and Vauxhall bridges, and  Sea in the parish of Coldingham. The principal summits
having E. the borough of Southwark. Pop. of parliament- have an elevation of from 1500 to 1600 feet.
ary borough in 1851, 251,345. Lambeth Palace, beside the    LAMO. See LAnOO.
river, opposite the horse-ferry to Westminster, is an ancient   LAMIOILLE, lA-moill, a river in the N. part of Vermont,
castellated structure of various dates, which has been the  rises in Orleans co., and after flowing south-westerly into
residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury since the 12th  Caledonia county, turns and flows in a W.N.W. direction,
century. Lambeth Church, adjacent, was founded in 1377. through Lamoille and Franklin counties, and falls into
LAMBEZELLEC, 1l6i.bhh-zlzl'k/, a town of France, de- Lake Champlain, in Chittenden county, in the N.W. part of
partment of Finistbre, 3 miles N. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, the state.
11,031.                                                      LAMOILLE, a county in the N. part of Vermont, has an
LAM/BLEY, a parish of England, co. of Nottinghanm.      area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by the
LAMBLEY, TYNE, a parish of England, co. of Northum- Lamoille River, and is principally watered by it and its
berland.                                                   numerous tributaries, which afford valuable water-power.
LAMI/BOURN, (C /'IPIPING,) a market-town and parish of  The Green Mountain range passes through the county, on
England, co. of Berks, on a small affluent of the Kennet, which account the soil is more adapted to grazing than
6k miles N.N.W. of IIungerford, and 6 miles S.E. of the  tillage, although along the Lamoille River, especially in the
Shrivenham Station of the Great Western Railway. Area  eastern portion, there are some excellent tracts of rich
of parish 14,880 acres. Pop. in 1851, 2577. The town, old, meadow  land. Organized in 1836. Capital, Hyde Park.
but neat, has a cruciform  church, in the early English  Pop. 10,872.
style, and an antique pillar in the market-place. In the    LAMOILLE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, on
vicinity is the celebrated figure of a white horse, said to  Bureau Creek, 154 miles N. by E. from Springfield.
have been cut in the chalk-down in memory of Alfred's   LAMONE, ll-mofnA, a river of Tuscany, and the Pontifical
great victory over the Danes in 871.                       States, enters the Adriatic, 10 miles N. of Ravenna, after
LAMBOURNE, a parish of England, county of Essex.         a N.N.E. course of 50 miles.
LAMBRATE, lIm-brJtA, a village of Austrian Italy, 3    LAMOO, l'moo!, or LAMO, l&mo!, a bay of Africa formed
miles E.N.E. of Milan, on the Lambro. Near it is a royal by the Lamo and Manda Islands, and is secure for small
manufactory of gunpowder. Pop. 1444.                       vessels, hut the entrance is intricate.
LAMBRO, lm/bro, (anc. Laomtbrus,) a river of Austrian.LAMOO, lImoo/, a seaport town of East Africa, on the
Italy, which rises between the two arms of the Lake of  Indian Ocean, near let. 20 14' S., lon. 410 E. Pop. 5000,(?)
Como, flows S.S.E. and joins the Po, 15 miles S. of Lodi; who carry on an active trade.
total course, about 70 miles.                               LAMOR/RAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
LAMBRUS. See LAnaBRo.                                     LAMORSECKI, one of the CAROiINE ISLANDS, which see.
LAMBSHEIM, lIms/hime, a market-town of Rhenish    LA MOTTE, l1-mittl, commonly called ISLE LA MOTTE or
Bavaria, canton and S.E. of Frankenthal.  Pop. 2631.      VINEYARD, an island about 6 miles long, near the N. end of
LAMB'S POINT, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois.   Lake Champlain. It belongs to Grand Isle county, and.
LAMBS/TON or LAM/MERTON, a parish of South Wales, constitutes the township of Isle La Motte. Pop. 476.
to. of Pembroke.                                            LA MOTTE, a post-village in Jackson co., Iowa, 70 miles
LAMB/TON, a township of England, co. of Durham, 61 N.E. from Iowa City.
1012




LAM                                                       LAN
LAMIOV or LOMOV, two towns of Russia, government of here crossed by a bridge, 1 mile S. of Lanark. Pop. 1642,
Penza, on the Lamov River.                                employed in extensive cotton works, founded by the phiLAMov, NizHNE, or NJNI, nizh'neef l-movf, New or Lower, lanthropic David Dale in 1784. Robert Owen's first attempts
65 miles W.N.W. of Penza. Pop. 6985. —'                   to found a new system of social organization were made here.
LAMOV, VERKNEE or VERKNm, v6Rk'-nee] l9-movt, Old or    LANtARK, a post-village of Bradley county, Arkansas,
Upper, 68 miles W.N.W. of Penza.                          75 miles S.E. of Little Rock.
LAMPA, lm/pl, a town of Peru, capital of a province    LANARK, a county in the eastern part of Canada West,
of its own name in the department of Puno, on a tributary  comprising an area of 1180 sq. miles, is drained by nume.
of Lake Titicaca, 155 miles S. of Cuzco.  Pop. of the province  rous small rivers, among which are the Clyde, the Missisin 1850, 76,468.                                          sippi, and the Rideau. Mississippi Lake and Murphy Falls
LAMPASAS, lam-pah/sas, a small stream of Texas, rises are in this county. Pop. 27,317.
in the central part of the state, and flowing eastward, unites    LANAIRK, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Lanark,
with Leon River, in Bell county.                          11 miles N.W. of Perth. Pop. about 300.
LAMPAUL, lmlop61l, a village of France, department of    LANARK, a co. of West Australia, between lat. 350 and
Finistbre, 11 miles W.S.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 2455.  360 S., and about Ion. 1160 E., bounded S. and W. by the
LAMPEDUSA, lm'pA-doo'sA, LOPEDUISA, an island of  ocean.
the Mediterranean, about midway between Malta and the    LANARKSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See LANARICK.
Tunis coast. It was taken possession of as a place of banish-   LANBA'BO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 3
ment by the King of Naples, in 1843. Circuit 13 miles. miles N.W. of Llanerch-y-medd. Pop. 155.
The small islands of Lampion and Linosa are its depend-    LANCASHIRE, a co. of England. See LANCASTER.
enciles.                                                    LANC'ASTER or LANCASHIRE, lank'a-shir, a maritime
LAMPERTILEIM, lamlpeat-hImeO, a town of Germany, and palatine co. of England, having N.'Cumberla-nd and
Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, on the Rthine, Westmoreland, E. Yorkshire, S. Cheshire, and W. the Irish
21 miles S.S.W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 3987.                  Sea.  Area 1905  square miles, or 1,130,240 acres, of
LAMPETER, a town of Wales. See LLANBEDR.                which about 850,000 are under cultivation. Pop. in 1831,
LAMIPETER, or LAMWPETER SQUARE, a pose-village of  1,336,854; in 1851, 2,031,236, about 200,000 of whom are of
Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, about 5 miles S.E. of Lancaster. Irish descent. The surface is rugged and mountainous in
LAMPION, l1m-ppe-Wn, asmallisland in the Mediterranean,  the N., where Coniston Fell rises to 2577 feet above the
forming a dependency of Sicily, one of the Isole Pelagie, sea, and on the E. border, where the long ridge, popularly
about 8 miles W. by N. of Lampedusa.                      called "The Backbone of England," separates the county
LAMIPLUGH, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.   from  York; elsewhere generally level. Principal rivers,
LAMPONG, lm'p6ngf, a district and bay at the S. extre- the Duddon, Lune, Wyre, Ribble, Mersey, and Irwell. Bemity of Sumatra, with a town and Dutch settlement.         sides Coniston Lake, Windermere is partly in this county.
LAMPORECCOIO, litm-po-rlkfke-o, a town of Tuscany, Carboniferous sandstone and new red sandstone, with limeprovince of Florence, S. of Pistoja. Pop. 2800. Formerly  stone, form the strata of the county. Soil, among the hills,
fortified.                                                 moorish or peaty, in the lower district, mostly a tolerably
LAMIPORT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    fertile sandy loam. Potatoes are more extensively grown
LAMIPREY RIVER rises in the N.W. part of Rockingham  than in any other English county. Dairy and hay farms are
co., New Hampshire, and falls into the Piscataqua River, numerous. The most important mineral is coal, to the
about 10 miles W. of Portsmouth.                           abundance of which the county mainly owes its manufac,
LAMPPSVILLE, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, 112 turing eminence. The Lancashire coal-field is estimated to
miles E. of Columbia.                                      extend over nearly 400 square miles. Copper is also raised
LAMISAKI, limlsiqkee, (anc. Lamplsacus,) a maritime  in the N. of the county. Lancaster owes its celebrity and
village of Asia Minor, on the HIellespont, nearly opposite  wealth to its manufactories and commerce, and not to agriGallipoli, and embosomed in gardens. It was given by  culture. It is the great seat of the British cotton manufacXerxes to Themistocles.                                    ture, which has increased since 1770 with a rapidity altoLAMJSON'S, a post-village of Oswego co., near Onondaga. gether unparalleled in the history of mechanical industry.
county line, New York, on the Oswego and Syracuse Rail- The following table exhibits the number and extent of the
road, 17 miles N.W. of Syracuse.                           cottofi, woollen, and other factories in 1850.
LAMSPRINGE, lkmtspring-eh, a village of Hanover, 14
miles S. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1200, who trade in hops.
LAM'YATT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.                           Factories.    Spindles.
LANA, l/nd, a village of Austria,. Tyrol, circle of Botzen.                               Pwer Lms.
Pop. 2695.                                                      Cotton         1231       13,955,497       176,547
LANAI. one of the Sandwich Islands. See RANAL                 Woollen          26          238,492        4,839
LANAKEN, 14-nmJken, a village of Belgium, province of         Worsted          11           271,190       1,112
Limbourg, on the Meuse, 13 miles E. of Hasselt. Pop. 1537.      Flax             9           117,356
LANIARK, LANARKSHIRE, lantark-shir, or CLYDESI-               Silk            29           162,88         1,77
DALE, an inland county of Scotland, ihaving N. the counties       Total       1310       14,501,523      184,875
of Dumbarton and Stirling, E. Linlithgow, Edinburghshire,
and Peebles, S. Dumnfries, and W. the counties of Ayr and
Renfrew. Estimated area 942 square miles, or 604,880 acres, Manchester is the principal seat of the cotton manufacture
more than one third part of which is arable. Pop. in 1851, in the county, and Liverpool of the shipping trade. The
530,169. It consists of the whole upper basin of the Clyde, former, however, is carried on to a great extent in numerous
and its affluents, along which, and in the level or N. parts, other towns in the county, including Preston, Bolton, Oldare some fine agricultural tracts. The S. part ismountain- ham, Ashton, Blackburn, Bury, Chorley, Wigan, &c;
ous and sterile, one summit rising to 3100 feet above the sea. Woollen goods are also largely produced at Rochdale and
The chief crops are oats, barley, wheat, turnips, and pota- Manchester; as are also silks, hats, paper, and a vast varitoes. The breed of draught horses is among the best in  ety of other articles; and a third part of the soap made in
Scotland. The coal, iron, and lead mines of this county  Great Britain is manufactured in Liverpool and its vicinity.
have rendered it one of the most wealthy in Britain. In  A complete net-work of railways and several important
Old Monkland, especially, there are extensive iron works, canals afford means of rapid conveyance between Lancaand all kinds of manufactures carried on in and around  shire and all parts of the kingdom, Within the last cenGlasgow in the lower ward; besides which city, the county  tury, the population has augmented at a rate of 800 per
comprises the towns of Lanark, Hamilton, Airdrie, Kilbride,  cent., the increase in the agricultural counties having been
Carluke, Douglas, and Biggar. It sends 1 member to the  but 84 per cent. It sends 26 members to the House of ConmHouse of Commons, besides 2 for Glasgow, and 1 for other mons, 4 for the county and 22 for its cities and towns.
boroughs.                                                    LANCIASTER, (L. Lancasttria,) a parliamentary and
LANARI, an ancient royal and parliamentary borough,  municipal borough, seaport town and parish of England,
town and parish of Scotland, capital of a county, 30 miles capital of the above county, on the Lune, 20 miles N.N.W.
S.W. of Edinburgh, and 23 miles S.E. of Glasgow, on the  of Preston. Pop. of borough in 1851, 16,168. It is picturEdinburgh and Carlisle Railway. Pop. of parliamentary  esquely situated on an eminence, crowned by the church
borough, in 1851, 5305. It stands on elevated ground near and castle. The houses are built of stone, and handsome,
the Clyde, with houses partly old and thatched. Chief but many of the streets are narrow. Chief structures, a
buildings, the church, in a niche of which is a colossal sta- bridge of five arches, and a superb aqueduct by Rennie,
tue of the patriot Wallace; the grammar-school, library, carrying the Lancaster  Canal across the river: the castle,
Clydesdale hotel, elegant county buildings and jail, and a  a noble pile, founded at the conquest, on the site of a
branch bank. The borough unites with Falkirk, Linlith- Roman station, renovated by John of Gaunt, and now
gow, Airdrie, and Hamilton, in sending 1 member to the  embracing, within its vast ares5 the county court-house, jail,
IIouse of Commons. Near it are the celebrated Falls of the  and penitentiary; an ancient parish church; an excellent
Clyde, several IRoman and feudal remains, and ancient grammar school, national and other schools; some ancient
mansions, and at Bonnington, various relics of Wallace. It almshouses; a county lunatic asylum; town-hall, theatre,
gives the title of Earl to the Duke of Hamilton.  Gavin  assembly rooms, baths, custom-house, andmarket-house. It
Hamilton the painter was born here.                       has also a mechanics' institute, and an establishment for
LANARK, NEW, is a village of Scotland, on the Clyde, promoting fine arts, with thriving manufactures of furni
1013




LAN                                                        LAN
ture, cotton, silk, linen, sail-cloth, exported coastwise, and I been introduced by a company with a capital of $100,00(
to North America and Russia. The coasting trade increases, Three large steam cotton factories have been put in opera,
but the foreign has been chiefly transferred to Liverpool. tion. giving employment to 800 persons. A new county
The river, obstructed by sands, is being deepened and im- prison, of sandstone, has been erected at a cost of $110,000.
proved. Registered shipping in 1847, 5989 tons. The con- The new court-house, nearly finished, is a magnificent edifice,
tinuation of the Preston Railway to Carlisle and Scotland, in the Grecian style: the cost is estimated at above $100,000.
places Lancaster in ready communication with both North  Franklin College, of this place, was founded in 1787, bul
and South Britain. Lancaster sends 2 members to the  subsequently declined. Recently a charter was obtained
tnouse of Commons. Lancaster and shire were erected into  for the union of this institution with Marshall College, on
a duchy and county palatine, or separate sovereignty, in  the condition that $25,000 should be raised by the citizens
the reign of Edward III., in favor of his son, John of Gaunt,  of Lancaster county. This sum having been collected, the
the progenitor of the Lancastrian sovereigns. In the time  buildings were erected in 1853, and the institution has
ofrEdward IV. it was re-annexed to the crown. The duchy  since gone into operation. Lancaster contains about 18
has many estates in other parts of England, and a Court of  churches, among which are 2 Lutheran, 2 or 3 German
Chancery. Adj. LANCASTRIAN, lang-kas/tre-an.                Reformed, 2 Methodist, 1 or 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1
LANCASTER, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania,  Moravian, 2 Roman Catholic, and 1 Winebrennerian.  The
bordering on Maryland, has an area of 950 square miles. First Lutheran has a steeple 200 feet in height. Among
Susquehanna Rtiver forms its boundary on the S.W., and the  the remarkable buildings may be mentioned Fulton Itall,
Octorara Creek on the S.E. It is intersected by Conestoga  recently erected for the accommodation of public assemblies
Creek and its branches. The ridge called South Mountain  and musical concerts. Its dimensions are 105 feet long, by
or Conewago HIill, extends along the N.W. border; and Mine  57 wide. The city also contains a classical academy, 2 public
Ridge traverses the S.E. part. Between these is a broad  libraries, and 3 banks. It is noted for the manufacture of
and fertile limestone valley, the surface of which is undu-  rifles, axes, carriages, and threshing machines. It is plenti.
lating, and the soil a rich calcareous loam. The county is fully supplied with water brought in pipes from Conestoga
well watered, highly cultivated, and densely peopled. In  Creek. The inhabitants are mostly of German descent.
respect to population, it is only inferior to Philadelphia and  Lancaster was laid out in 1730, and incorporated as a city
Alleghany counties; in the value of agricultural productions  in 1818. Pop. in 1800, 4292; in 1840, 8417; in 1850, 12,369;
it is not equalled by any county in the state. In 1850 it and in 1854, about 15,000.
produced 1,803.312 bushels of Indian corn; 1,365,111 of    LANCASTER, a post-village in Smith co., Tennessee,. 60
wheat; 1,578,321 of oats; 215,277 of potatoes; 96,134 tons  miles S.E. of Nashville.
of hay, and 1,907,843 pounds of butter. The quantity of    LANCASTER, a post-village, capital of Garrard co., Kenoats was the greatest raised in any county of the- United  tucky, 57 miles S.S.E. of Franklifort.  It contains a fine
States; that of wheat the greatest in any except Monroe  court-house, 4 churches, 1 academy, 1 seminary, and 1
county, New York; and that of corn greater than in any. newspaper office.
other county of'the state. The county contains quarries of    LANCASTER, a flourishing post-town of Hocking townblue limestone, suitable for building, and of roofing slate. ship, capital of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Hlocking River, 30
Marble, chrome, and magnesia, are also found. The creeks miles S.E. of Columbus, and 139 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati.
furnish abundant motive power. It is intersected by the  It is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley. The HockPhiladelphia and Columbia Railroad, and in part by the  ing Canal connects it with the Ohio Canal, and attracts
Lancaster and HIarrisburg  Railroad. Organized in 1729, considerable trade. The growth of Lancaster has received
and named from Lancaster, a county of England. Capital, an impetus from the railroad connecting it with Cincinnati
Lancaster. Pop. 98,944.                                     and Zanesville.  The town is well built, and has several
LANCASTER, a county in the E. part of Virginia, border- wide and handsome streets. It contains churches of 7
ing on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of Rappahannock  denominations,   1 bank, a flourishing union school, and
River, which forms its S.W. boundary. Area, 108 square several newspaper offices. On the border of a plain near Lan.
miles. The surface is moderately uneven; the soil is sandy  caster stands a sandstone rock of a pyramidal form, and about
and light. Organized in 1652. Capital, Lancaster Court- 200 feet in height, which is much resorted to by parties of
Ieuse. Pop. 4708, of whom 2068 were free, and 2640 slaves. pleasure. Pop. in 1850, 3480; in 1854, about 5500.
LANCASTER, a district in the N. part of South Carblina,   LANCASTER, a post-township in Jefferson co., Indiana.
bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 690 square  Pop. 1381.
miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Catawba, or Wateree    LANCASTER, a post-village in Jefferson co., Indiana, on
River, on the N.E. by Lynche's Creek, and drained by Sugar, the railroad connecting Indianapolis and Madison, 85 miles
Waxsaw, and other creeks. The surface is uneven, or hilly;  S.S.E. of the former.
the soil, in some parts, is productive. Capital, Lancaster    LANCASTER, a township in Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 795.
Court-HIouse. Pop. 10,988, of whom  5974 were free, and    LANCASTER, a post-office of Case co., Illinois.
5014 slaves.                                                  LANCASTER, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois.
LANCASTER, a post-village and township, capital of Coos Pop. 835.
co., New Hampshire, on Israel's River, near its junction with    LANCASTER, a post-village, capital of Schuyler co., Misthe Connecticut, about 100 miles N. of Concord, contains, souri, 140 miles N. by W. of Jefferson City.
besides the county buildings, an academy, a newspaper office,   LANCASTER, a thriving post-village, capital of Reokuk
and 2 banks. The Connecticut River is crossed by a bridge  co., Iowa, on Skunk River, 50 miles S.W. of Iowa City. It
near this place. Pop. of the township, 1559.                is surrounded by a healthy and fertile farming region, and
LANCASTER, a post-village and township of Worcester  has an active trade. Pop. about 600.
co., Massachusetts, on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad,    LANCASTER, a post-village, capital of Grant co., Wisconand on the West Branch River, near its junction with the  sin, about 14 miles N. of the Mississippi River, and 85 miles
Nashua, 19 miles N.N.E. of Worcester.  It contains a bank, W.S.W. of Madison. It is surrounded by an excellent tract
a savings institution, and an academy incorporated in 1847, of land, and has productive lead-mines in its vicinity. The
and it has manufactures of ginghiams, counterpanes, sheet- village has a brick court-house, 3 churches, and a newsings, combs, machinery, forks, boots and shoes, &c. Pop. of  paper office. Pop. in 1854, about 500.
the township, 1688.                                           LANCASTER, a post-village of Canada West, co. of GlenLANCASTER, a thriving post-village and township of  garry, on the St. Lawrence River, 66 miles E. of Montreal,
Erie co., New York, on Cayuga Creek, and on the Buffalo  and 16 miles from  Cornwall.  It contains several stores,
and Albany Railroad, 10 miles E. of Buffalo. It contains 1  a hotel, and a saw-milL  Pop. 220.
Catholic and 2 Protestant churches, a bank, and several   LANCASTER COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of
flouring and saw mills. Pop. of the township, 3794; of the  Lancaster co., Virginia, 80.miles N.E. from Richmond; convillage in 1854, about 900.                                 tains, besides the county buildings, several stores.
LANCASTER, a city, capital of Lancaster co., Pennsylva-   LANCASTER COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of
nia, is pleasantly situated on the Philadelphia and Columbia  Lancaster District, South Carolina, about 10 miles E. of
Railroad, 1 mile W. of Conestoga Creek, 70 miles by railroad  Catawba River, and 72 miles N.N.E. of Columbia. It conW. of Philadelphia, and 37 miles E.SE. of Harrisburg. It tainus a court-house, a few stores, and about 400 inhabitants.
was for many years the largest inland town of the United    LANCASTER SOUND, a passage leading from the N.W.
States, and was the seat of the state government from 1799 of Baffin's Bay, W. to Barrow's Strait, about let. 740 N.,
to 1812. At present it is the fourth city of Pennsylvania  ion. 800 W. Its E. extremity is bounded by Cape Itiorsburg
inrespect topopulation. Itissituated inthe mostpopulous  on the N., and Cape Walter on the S.; and its central
and wealthy agricultural district of the state, and carries  breadth is about 65 miles.
on a considerable trade by means of the railroad and the    LANCAVA, ln-kdv$. or LANGKAVI, lnog-k yvee, an
slack-water navigation of the Conestoga. The oldest turn- island off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, forming a
pike in the United States has its western terminus at this portion of a group dependent on the kingdom  of Quedah.
place, and connects it with Philadelphia, which is 62 miles Lat. 60 15' N., Ion. 990 50' E.
distant by this route. The streets are generally straight,   LANCEROTA, Canary Islands.  See LANZAROTE.
~ rossing each other at right angles, and well paved. The    LANCIHANG, LANTSHANG or LANTCHIANG, l1n~clhngf,
greater part of the town is substantially built of brick, and  called also ITANNIAH, hUn neel, the capital town or city
the nmore modern houses are comnmodious and elegant. of the Lanos country, in the S.E. part of Asia, on the MenamuDuring the last 10 years, great improvement has been made  kong River, lat. 150 40 N., ion. 1040 30' E. It is said to h
in the appearance and business of the city. Gas-light has enclosed by a high wall, and well built. Pon unknown.
1014




LAN                                                       LAN
LANICHESTER, a parish of England, co. of Durham.        bitumen, timber, and mineral waters. It is divided intc
LAN-CHOO, Iln'choof, or LAN-TCIIEOU-FOU, lIn'chl-oo'- three arrondissements, Dax. Mont-de-Marsan, and St. Sever.
foW a city of China, capital of the province of Kansoo, and    LANDESBERGEN, l~nldes-b&R-Ghen,  a village of Hanover,
it a department of its own name, on the Hoang-Ho or ~el- principality of Oberhoya, bailiwick of Stolzenau. Pop. 1169,
low River. Lat. 360 5' N., Ion. 1030 40' E.                 LANDETE, lIn-dA/tA, a village of Spain, New Castile,
LANCIANO, l~n-chle-ino or lAn-chino, (anc..Anxanu?) a  about 28 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 791.
town of Nap]es, province of Abruzzo Citra, 6 miles from the    LANDEVANT, IlxG'deh-v6NG1, a village of Prance, deAdriatic, and 13 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 13,000. It stands partment of Morbihan, 11 miles E. of Lorient. Pop. 1500.
agreeably on three hills, has a cathedral, an archbishop's   LANDEWED/NACK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall,
palace, 10 parish churches, several convents, diocesan and  10 miles S.S.E. of Helstone. Lizard Poi.nt, the southernother schools. In the middle ages its trade and manufac- most land in Great Britain, is in this parish.
tures were important.                                       LAND/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
LAN/CING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             LANDIGROVE, a post-township of Bennington co., oerLANCSAK, l~n'chlkl, a village of Iungary, co. of Ba- mont, about 78 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 337.
tanya, 4 miles W. of Mohacs. Pop. 1467.                     LANDIRAS, lbNaGdee'ria, a village of France, department
LANCUT, lhnt'soot, or LANDSHUT, lantsthoot, a town of  of Gironde, 21 miles S.S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2321. It has
Austrian Galicia, 12 miles E. of Rzeszow. Pop. 1862, em- large cattle fairs.
ployed in linen-bleaching. It has a handsome palace.        LAN/DISBURG, a post-borough of Tyrone township, Perry
LANDAFF, a town of Wales. See LLANDArr.                 co., Pennsylvania, on Sherman's Creek, about 25 miles W.
LANDAFFt, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hamp- by N. of Harrisburg. It contains 1 or 2 churches, and
shire, on the Ammonoosuck River, about 75 miles N.N.W. several stores. Pop. 416.
of Concord. It contains several starch manufactories.   LAN/DIS' STORE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
Pop. 948.                                                   LANIDISVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., PennsylLANDAK, Iln'ditkf, a Chinese settlement on the island  vania.
of Borneo, near its W. coast, N. E. of Pontianak. Let. 200    LANDIVISIAU, l[NCQdee'veezee- St, a town of France, deN., ion. 1090 531 E. In its district a great deal of gold, diae  partment of Finist~re, 12 miles W.S.W. of Morlaix. Pop.
monds, and excellent iron are obtained.                   1810.
LANDAS, lbQ~dsf,  a village of France, department of    LANDIVY, 1NGdee vee,  a town of France, department
Nord, 17 miles N.E. of Douai. Pop. in 1852, 2346.         and 22 miles N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. in 1852, 2085. It has
LANDAU, lnfdiw, written also LANDAW, a strongly  5 large fairs.
fortified town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Queich, 18 miles   LANDIKEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
N.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 6074, among whom  are many    LANDL, lsnd'l, a village of Austria, in Styria, circle of
Jews. Its fortress was constructed by Vauban in 1680. Bruclk. Pop. 1309.
Since destroyed by fire in 1686, the town has been regu-   LAND OF PROMISE, a post-office of Princess Anne co.,
larly laid out. The trade is chiefly retail, but extensive'irginia.
vinegar factories have been established. It was held by the    LANDOURA, 1 n-doolrg, a town of British India, presi.
French from 1814 to 1815.                                 dency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district of Seharunpoor.
LANDAU, a town of Germany, Lower Bavaria, on the    LANDIPORT, (formerly HAtLF-WAY HOUSES,)a large suburb
Iser, here crossed by a bridge, 36 miles S. E. of Ratisbon. of Portsmouth, England, co. Of Hants, comprising all the
It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Aploonia. buidings beyond the fortifications of Portsea town, and
Pop. 1160.                                                between the suburbs of Southsea and Mile-end Newtown.
LANDAU, a fortified town of Germany, principality of  It has been greatly improved and extended of late years.
Waldeck, on a lofty height above the Wetter, 19 miles WV. At its S. extremity is the terminus of the London and
of Cassel. It contains the remains of an old castle, in  Southern Railway.
which the princes of Waldeck often resided till the begin-   LANDQUART, 1Na'kars, a river of Switzerland, rising in
ning of the 18th century. Pop. 1214.                      the Silvrettaberg in the N.E. part of the canton of Grisons,
LANDIBEACHI  a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.    joins the Rhine after a course of about 45 miles.
LANDICROSS, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 2 miles    LAND/RAKE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
S.E. of Bideford. Gen. Monk was born here in 1608.          LANDRE, lNld'r, a lagoon of France, department of
LANDEAN, la&'dA' Nl-, a village of France, department Bouches-du-Rhane, 16 miles S.E. of Aries, is about 9 miles
of Ille-et-Vilaine, 5 miles N.E. of Foug5res. Pop. 1845.  long and 1 mile broad. It receives the waters of two
LANDECK, lnfdik, a town of Prussian Silesia, govern- canals.
ment of Breslau, on the Biala. Pop. 1530. In its vicinity    LANDRECIES or LANDRECY,  lcSNGdreh-seet, (anc. Lanare sulphur baths.                                        deriacum?) a fortified town of France, department of Nord,
LANDECK, a village of the Tyrol, on the Inn, 40 miles and 11 miles WV. of Avesnes, on the Sambre. Pop. in 1852,
W.S.W. of Innspruck. Pop. 1000.                           3984.
LANDEGEM, l1ln/dlh-HOnn, a village of Belgium, province    LANDRIANO, lAn-dre-Alno, a town of Lombardy, is 10
of East Flanders, 6 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 2019.         miles N.N.E. of Pavia, on the Lambro. Pop. 2000.
LANDEL, hIntdel, a village of Austria, Styria, on the    LANDSBERG, lantsfbino, a town of Prussia, province of
Enns, 2 miles fromn Reifling, with a church, and a trade in  Brandenburg, capital of a circle, on the Warta, 40 miles N.
cattle and wood. Pop. 1000.                               E. of Frankfort on the Oder. Pop. 11,621, many of whom
LANDELEAU, laN'deh-161, a village of France, depart- are Jews. It is enclosed by walls, and consists of an old
ment of Finistlre, 17 miles E. of Chateaulin. Pop. 1203.    and new town, with 5 suburbs, 3 churches, a gymnasium,
LANDELLES, 15'aNd.l1, a village of France, department a house of correction, an hospital, and orphan asylum. It
of Calvados, 6 miles N.WV. of Vire. Pop. 1641.            has manufactures of woollens, leather, and paper; also,
LANDEN, lainden, a town of Belgium, province and 19  distilleries and breweries.
miles.N.N.W. of IHay, on the railway from Mechlin to Liege.   LANDSBERG, a small town of Bavaria, circle of Upper
It was the ordinary residence of Pepin the Old, mayor of  Bavaria, on the Lech, 22 miles S. of Augsburg. Pop. 3245.
the palace of Cloteire II. Pop. 742.                        LANDSBERG, a small town of East Prussia, 28 miles S.
LANDERNEAU, las'dlG-n0/, a seaport town of France, of KOnigsberg. Pop. 1967.
department of Finistlre, on the Landerneau, 12 miles E.N.E.   LANDSBERG, a small town of Prussia, in the province of
of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 5113. It has a communal college, a  Brandenburg, government of Potsdam. Pop. 1507.
port with good quays, a town-hall, hospital, and marine    LANDSBERG, a small town of Prussian Saxony, governasylum, manufractures of white and printed linens, and  ment of Morseburg, 9 miles N.E. of Halle. Pop. 1002.
bleach-grounds.                                             LANDSBURG, a small town of Prussian Silesia, 33 miles
LANDERNEAU or ELORN, qloan?, a river of France, N.E. of Oppeln, on the Polish frontier. Pop. 1026.
which rises in the mountains of Arrec, near the centre of    LANDS/DOWN, a post-office of Prince William  co., Virthe department of Finistlre, and falls into Breset'Harbor  ginia.
after a course of 40 miles of which 10 miles are navigable.    LAND'S END, (ane. Boelsium  Promontoioum,) a celebraLANDERON, 18Ns'dNh-r(o/,  a town of Switzerland, canton  ted headland, forming the westernmost land of England,
and 8 miles N.E.ofNeufchAtel, at the entrance of the Thiele projects into the Atlantic, at the W. extremity of the county
into Lake Bienne. Pop. 1000.                              of Cornwall. It is formed of granite cliffs, about 60 feet.
LANIDERS~ILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama. in height. About 1 mile W. are the dangerous rocks'called
LANDES, l1ND, a maritime department in the S.W. of  the Longships, with a lighthouse and fixed lights, 88 feet
Frane, formed of part of the old province of Gascony, above high water. Let. 500 4' 4" N., Ion. 50 441 44" W.
bounded N. by Girondle, E. by Garonne and Gers, S. by    LANDS/FORD, a post-office of Chester District, South
Basses-Pyr~n~es, and W. by the Mediterranean. Area 3490 Carolina.
square miles. Pop. in 1852,. 302,196. The surface in the S.   LANDSHUT, landshoot, (Ger. pron., lants/hoot,) a town
part is covered by offsets of the Pyrenees; N. of the Adour of Lower Bavaria, on the Iser, 39 miles N.E. of Munich.
it is occupied by heaths (Landes) whence its name. On the  Pop. 9107. It is highly picturesque, enclosed by old fortificoast are numerous lagoons, communicating with the sea, cations, and consists of an old and a new town, with a
and between these are extensive downs, the sands of which  suburb on an island in the Iser. Principal edifices, an old
are partially fixed by plantations of pines. Chief rivers, castle, a celebrated church, the steeple of which is 454 feet
the Leyre, Adour. and Gave-de-Pan. Soil fertile in the S. and  in height, one of the loftiest in Germany; a Cistercian
on the river banks. Chief riches, mines'of iron, coal, and  abbey, royal palace, old towin-hall, several hospitals, sens4
1015




LAN                                                       LAN
ronventsj a,yceum, gymnasium, and other schools. In    LANFAINS, I SNGf..NGf, a village of France, department 02
1800 the University of Ingolstadt was removed thither, but Cbtes-du-Nord, 12 miles S.S.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2226.
in 1826 was transferred to Munich.  Principal manufac-   LAN/GAR, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
tures, woollen cloths, hosiery, tobacco, paper, cards, and    LANGAZA, l/n-gzA, or LENGAZA, (called also Yenija
leather; it has numerous distilleries and breweries, and  or Ienidja, y~ntee-j15,) a lake of Turkey in Europe, Room.
trade in corn, cattle, and wool.                           Elee, 12 miles W. of Salonica; length 9 miles. breadth about
LANDSHUT, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, 29 miles 4 miles.
S.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 3998, chiefly em-   LANGAZA, a town of Turkey in Europe, situated on an
ployed in woollen and linen weaving and bleaching.         alluvial plain 3 miles N. of the above lake.
LANDSHUT, a market-town of Moravia, 37 miles S.S.E.   LANGBROEK, lUng/brook, (OBER, o/ber, and NEDER,
of Briinn, near the March. Pop. 1937.                      nh/der,) two villages of Holland, province of Utrecht, the
LANDSHUT, a town of Galicia. See LANCUT.                 former 12 miles S. by E., and the latter 12 miles S. by W. of
LANDSKRON, lands'krbn, a town of Bohemia, 37 miles Amersfoort. Pop. of Ober Langbroek, 263; of Neder LangE.S.E. of Chrudim, on the Sazawa, with a station on the  broek, 833.
Austrian North States Railway. Pop. 4816, chiefly employed    LANGICLIFFE, a township of England, co. of York, West
in extensive woollen cloth, linen, cotton, stuff, and needle  Riding.
factories, and in the largest bleaching establishment in the    LANG/DALE (GREAT and LITTLE), a chapelry of Engkingdom.                                                   land, co. of Westmoreland, 5 miles W.N.W. of Ambleside.
LANDSKRON, a town of Galicia, circle of Wadowice, 18  here are several fine lakes and waterfalls, and the Langdale
miles S.W. of Cracow. Pop. 1 500.                          Pikes Mountains.
LANDSKRONA, lnds/kroo'nu, a fortified seaport town of    LANGDON, a post-township of Sullivan co., New HampSouth Sweden, leon of Malmin, on the Sound, 16 miles N.E. shire, on the Connecticut River, about 46 miles W. of Conof Copenhagen. Pop. 3975. It has a citadel, a good harbor, cord. Pop. 575.
and manufactures of leather and tobacco.                    LANG/DON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
LANDSORT, lMnd/so1t, a small island of Sweden, in the    LANGDON HILLS, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2
Baltic, off the S. coast, leen of Stockholm, lat. 580 44' 30" N., miles N. of Hordon-on-the-Hill.
lou. 170 52' 42" E., with a revolving light 145 feet above the    LANGDON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
sea.                                                         LANGDORP, lng/doap, a village of Belgium, province of
LANDSTUHL, l1ntfstool, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, Brabant, on the Derner, 24 miles N.E. of Brussels. P. 1983.
district and 16 miles N.E. of Deux-Ponts. In early times   LANGEAC, 1lNoGzhak/, a town of France, department of
the Counts of Sickingen, whose castle in ruins still over- Haute-Loire, on the Allier, 14 miles S.S.E. of Brioude. Pop.
hangs the town, resided here. The chivalrous Count of  in 1852, 3024. It has manufactories of lace.
that name, the friend of Luther, was killed here during a    LANGEAIS, 16No'zhA, (anc..Alingavia?) a town of Frnce,
siege, and is buried in the church. Pop. 1907.            department of Indre-et-Loire, 13 miles W.S.W. of Tours, on
LAN/DULPH, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        the right bank of the Loire. Pop. 1981, mostly engaged in
LAND/WADE, a parish of England. co. of Cambridge.    manufactures of bricks and earthenware.
LANDWURDEN, (Landwiirden,) lgntffiiatdgn, a village    LANGELAND, lMng elMnd, (i. e. "long land,") an island
of Germany, duchy of Oldenburg, on the left bank of the  of Denmark, in the Great Belt, between Funen and LaaWeser, S. of Bremerhafen.  Pop.'1461.                      land. It is, as its name implies, long, extending 33 miles
LANE, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana.             from N. to S., by about 3 miles in average breadth. Area
LANEAST, lA-neest/, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. 106 square miles. Pop. 17,368. Surface level, but slightly
LANE END, a market-town of England, co. of Stafford,  more elevated than the neighboring islands. Corn, apples,
in the district of the potteries, and about 3 miles S.E. of  flax, timber, and cattle are produced for exportation, and
Stoke.  Pop. 12,345.  It has a handsome church, large  the fishery is important. Principal town, Rudkiibing, on
schools and chapels, a subscription library, spacious market- the W. coast.
hall and branch bank, with extensive manufactures of    LANGELSITEIM, lAng/l9s-hnme', a market-town of Gerporcelain and earthenware.                                 many, Brunswick, in the Harz, 5 miles N.W. of Goslar. Pop.
LANE/FIELD, a post-office of IIaywood cc., Tennessee, 1461, chiefly engaged in silver and lead-mines.
185 miles W. of Nashville.                                  LANGEMARCH, l'n/aa-mAKe, a village of Belgium, pro.
LANEIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Notte.            vince of West Flanders, 5 miles N.N.E. of Ypres. P. 5796.
LAN/ERCOST-ABBEY, a parish of England, co. of Cum-   LANGEN, lung/gn, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, province
berland, 12 miles E.N.E. of Carlisle. Pop. 1582. Here are  of Starkenburg, 9 miles N.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2552.
the remains of a large abbey, founded in 1169, the nave of    LANGENARGEN, ling/en-ar'gen, a village of Wtirtemwhich forms the parish church; also traces of the wall of  berg, circle of Danube, 17 miles E. of Constance. P. 1100.
Severus.                                                    LANGENAU, lPng/en-6w', a small town of Germany,
LANES/BOROUGH, a small market-town of Ireland, Wtirtemberg, circle of Danube, 10 miles N.E. of Ulm. Pop.
Leinster, co. of Longford, on the Shannon. Pop. 300.      3418.
LANES/BOROUGH, a thriving post-village and township    LANGENAU, a small town of Germany, Bohemia, 28 miles
of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the N. branch of the  N.E. of Leitmeritz.  Pop. 2147.
Housatonic, 5 miles N. of Pittsfield. It contains 3 churches,   LANGENBACH, l&ng/en-bAK', a village of Germany, prin(Episcopal, Congregational, and Baptist,) an academy, a  cipality of Reuss-Gera, bailiwick of and near Gera. Pop.
high school recently erected, and about 600 inhabitants. 1042.
Among the establishments in the township may be men-    LANGENBERG, lng/pn-hboG, a government of Rhenish
tioned an iron furnace which turns out 10 tons of pig iron  Prussia, 38 miles S.W. of Minden. Pop. 2290.
per day, 2 factories for making wheel felloes, a glass factory,   LANGENBERG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles N. of
a planing-mill, and one patent limekiln. A bed of supe- Elberfeld. Pop. 2350.
rior glass sand has recently been discovered here, and there    LANGENBIELAU, lng/Qn-beeslw, several villages of
are also several quarries of white marble. The manufic- Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Breslau, and circle
tures employ about 500 hands, and it is estimated that of Reichenbach. They are GROuess and KLEIN, IMITEL, NIE)Ea,
business in the township has increased 50 per cent. since  and OBEn LANoENEtLAU,, and form a long line of straggling
1850. Pop., which is rapidly increasing, in 1850 was 1229.   villages, nearly contiguous to each other. Unite'd' populaLANESBOROUGH, a -handsome and thriving post-village  tion 9105.
of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna    LANGENBRUCK, lgng/en-brtick', a village of Bohemia,
River, and on the Erie Railroad, 185 miles N.E. of Harris- circle of Buntzlau, about 3 miles from Liebenau. Pop. 1366.
burg. It contains several mills and tanneries, and from     LANGENBRUCK, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia,
300 to 400 inhabitants,                                   government of.0ppeln, circle of Neustadt.  Pop. 1568.
LANESBOROUGH, a post-village in Anson co., North    LANGENBRUCKEN, Ilnglen-brilk'ken, a village of GerCarolina, 125 miles S.W. by W. of Ilaleigh.               many, in Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, with a station on
LANE'S CREEK, of Anson co., North Carolina, flows the Baden Railway, between Carlsruhe and Heidelberg, 7
into the Yadkin, about 12 miles N.W. of Wadesborough.    miles N.E. of Bruchsal, with 1240 inhabitants, and some
LANE'S CREEK, a post-office of Union co., North Carolina. mineral baths.
LANE'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office, Hamilton co., Illinois.   LANGENBURG, ldng/en-bMRgO, a village of Wtirtemberg,
LANE SEMINARY. See CINCINNATI.                          near the Jaxt, 46 miles N.E. of Stuttgart,' With the resiLANE'S PRAIRIE. a post-village of Osage co., Missouri, dence of the princes Hohenlohe-Langenburg.
40 miles S.E. of Jefferson City.                            LANGENDIEBACH, ling'gn-dee/bliK, a village of IesseLANESIVILLE, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut. Cassel, province of Hanan, on the Fallbach. Pop. 1329.
LANESVILLE, a post-village of King William co., Virgi-   LANGENDORF, I&ng/en-doRf', or WIEWALITZ. We-a-*P
nia. about 28 miles N.E. of Richmond.                     lits, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of
LANESVILLE, a post-office of Floyd co., Kentucl:y.      Oppeln, circle of Test. Pop. 1135.
LANESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Harrison co.,   LANGENDORF,-OBER LANGENDoRr, o/ber lMng/en-doaf,
Indiana, on the plank-road from  Corydon to New Albany, and NIEDEia LANGENDOr, neesder l1ng/en-dorf%, (i. e.' Upper
10 miles from each.                                      and Lower Langendorf,") a village, or two contiguous vilLANESVILLE, a village of iMarion co., Indiana, on the  lages-of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Oppeln,
Indianapolis and Bellefontaiu  Rtailroad, 8 miles N.E. of  circle of Neise. Pop. 1843.
Indianapolis.                                              LANGENDORF,-O/1Ea and UNTER (i6n/ter) LANGENDORF,
10t6




LAN                                                      LAN
(i. e. "Upper and Lower Langendorf,")-two nearly conti- Langheim,") —wo nearly contiguous villages of Bavaria,
guous villages of Austria, Moravia, 16 miles N.N.W. of  Lower Franconia, 16 miles from Wiirzburg. Pop. 2433.
Olmutz. Pop. 2102.                                          LANGHIRANO, lUn-ghe-r~hno, a village of Italy, duchy
LANGENERRINGEN, lingfen-gWn ing —n, a village of Ba-  and 13 miles S. of Parma, on the Parma. Pop. 4865.
varia, circle of Swabia. Pop. 1179.                         LANGHOLI, langlfim, a borough and market-town of
LANGENES, llnglen-6sx, an island of Denmark, Sleswick, Scotland, co. and 25 miles E.N.E. of Dumfries, on the Esk
off its W. coast, 2 miles S. of Fhr. Length, 6 miles.    and Ewes Rivers, each here crossed by a bridge. Pop. in
LANGENFELD (Liingenfeld) or LENGENFELD, lMnglen-  1851, 2990. It is pleasantly situated and well built, having
flt0, a market-town of Lower Austria, 6 miles N. of Krems. near its centre a market-place, in which are the town-hall
Pop. 1355.                                                and jail, and a monument to Sir Pulteney Malcolm, a native
LANGENHAGEN, lgngfen-hlhghen, a village of Hanover, of Langholm. It has a cotton factory, looms for woollen
principalityof Kalenberg, 6 miles N. of Hanover. Pop. 1410. plaid and other fabrics, some dye-houses, 2 branch banks,
LANGE NHESSEN, langfen-h8s'sen, a village of Saxony, several libraries and public associations. In the parish are
circle of'Zwickau, bailiwick of Werdau. Pop. 1064.        the ruins of Wauchope Castle and of Laugholm Tower, once
LANGfENHOE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          a castle of the Armstrongs. Meikle, the translator of the
LANGENHIORN, llngftn-hoan', a village of Denmark, Lusiad, and the engineer Telford, were born here.
duchy and 30 miles W.N.W. of Sleswick. Pop. 2000.           LANGHOLM, one of the islands in the Swedish lake
LANGENKANDEL, langfen-kr n'del, a village of Rhenish  Mseler, on which Stockholm is partly built.
Bavaria, 9 miles S.S.E. of Landau. Pop. 3542.               LANG/HORNE'S TAVERN, a post-office of Cumberland
LANGENLEUBA, lungfen-loi'b4, a village of Saxony, co., Virginia.
duchy and 9 miles S.E of Altenberg.  Pop. 1636.             LANGKAVI. See LANCAVA.
LANGENLEUBA OBERHAIN, lng1fn-loi'bA ofber-hine',   LANG-KEE-TSOONG  or LANG-KI-TSOUNG, lhngkee'a village of Saxony, about 20 miles S. of Leipsic. Pop. 1154. tsoongf, a village of Thibet, about 210 miles E.N.E. of Lassa,
LANGENLOIS, lgngtfn-lois, a market-town of Lower  in afertile, well-cultivated plain, surrounded by low wooded
Austria, 6 miles N.E. of Krems. Pop. 3549.                mountains.
LANGENLOIS, a village of Prussian Saxony, E.N.E. of    LANGLEY, langflee, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Erfurt. Pop. 1049.                                          LANGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
LANGENOLS, (LangenUls,) lAngfen-6ls', 2 contiguous vii-   LANGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
lages of Prussian Silesia, gov't of Liegnitz. Pop. 2675.    LANGLEY, a tything of England, Co. of Wilts.
LANGENSALZA, Ilngfen-s~lts'sA, a town of Prussian Sax-   LANGLEY, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
ony, 19 miles N.W. of Erfurt, on the Salza. Pop. 7610. It   LANGILEY BUIJRELL, a parish of England, Co. of Wilts.
is enclosed by walls, and defended by a castle, and has    LANGLEY DALE, a township of England, co. of Durham.
manufactures of woven fabrics, paper, and saltpetre.        LANGLEY KIRK, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
LANGENSCHWALBACH, lrngfen-schwm lfbdK, a town of    LANGLEY MARSIH or LANGLEY ST. MARY'S, a parish
Nassau, 8 miles N.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 2000. It is fre- of England, co. of Bucks, with a station on the Great
quented as a watering-place, and about 250,000 bottles of its Western Railway, 2 miles E. of Slough. In this parish is
mineral waters are annually exported.                     Langley Hall, built by the Duke of Marlborough, in 1740.
LANGENSCHIWARZ, lIng/ln-shw ats', a village of Hesse-   LANGLEY-POINT, on the S. coast of England, co. of
Cassel, province and 16 miles N. of Fulda. Pop. 1026.      Sussex, extends between Pevensey Bay and Beachy HIead.
LANGENSELBOLD, langetn-s~l'bolt, a village of Central   LANGLOAN, lang glanf, a village of Scotland, co. of LaGermany, Hesse-Cassel, province and 6 miles E.N.E. of HIa- nark, 8 miles E. of Glasgow. Pop. 1111.
nau. Pop. 2549.                                             LANGNAU, langfnvw, a village of Switzerland, canton
LANGEN-STEINBACH, langefn-stIne/b9tK, a village of  and 16 miles E. of Bern, in the Emmenthal, for the cheese
Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Bocksbach, 6 miles and linen thread of which valley it is the principal mart.
S.E. of Carlsruhe, with mineral springs. Pop. 1120.         LANGNAU, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton
LANGENTHAL, langfen-t1l, a village of Switzerland, and 6 miles S. of Zurich, on the Sihl, here crossed by a
canton and 24 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 2700.              covered bridge. Pop. 1108.
LANGENWEDDINGEN, langlpn-lvt/dIng-9n, a village of    LANGNAU, a village of Switzerland, canton and 20 miles
Prussia, province of Saxony, government and 9 miles S.S.W. N.W. of Lucerne, on the Wigger. Pop. 1574.
of Magdeburg. Pop. 1206.                                    LANGOAT, ldScG'gwA/, a village of France, department
LANGENWELTZENDORF, langfrn-9*ltsse n-doaf, a vil- of Cdtes-du-Nord, 6 miles W. of Lannion. Pop. 2140.
lage of Central Germany, principality of Reuss-Schleitz, on    LANGOBRIGA. See FEIRA.
the Leube, 5 miles W.N.W. of Greitz. Pop. 1704.             LANGOEN, l1ngfii'n, the most N. of the Loffodenlslands,
LANGENZENN, llng/fn-tslnno, a walled town of Bavaria, off the N.W. coast of Norway. Length 35 miles.
circle of Middle Franconia, on the Zenn, 17 miles N.E. of    LANGOGNE, l1Na'goRi, (anc. Langofnic. ) a town of France,
Anspach. Pop. 1960. It hasmanufactures of silks, ribbons, department of Loz6re, on the Allier, 23 miles N.E. of
and hosiery.                                              Mende. Pop. 2387.
LANGERIAK, lng/ie-r1caR, a village of Holland, province    LANGOIRAN, l1Nrc'gw'raNG, a village of France, departof South Holland, 11 miles N.N.W. of Gorinchem, on the  ment of Gironde, 14 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1542.
Lek, here crossed by a ferry. Pop. 657.                     LANGOLLEN. See LLANGOLLEN.
LANGER-00G, ldngtfr-Fg', three islets of Hanover, pro-   LANGON, l6Ncag6NG%, (anc. Aligo,) a town and river port
vince of East Friesland, in the North Sea, opposite Esens, of France, department of Gironde, 25 miles S.S.E. of Bowhich formed one island previous to an inundation in 1825. deaux, on the Garonne, here crossed by a suspension bridge.
LANGERWEHE, langler-9i~eh or lUng'er-WAJ, a market- Pop. in 1852, 3953.  Its neighborhood is famed for the
town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, growth of the Vin-de-Grave, (vANc —deh-grg v/,) in which it
with a station on the railway thence to Duren. Pop. 1296.  has a large trade with Bordeaux.
LANGESUND, lhngfeh-soond', a seaport town of Norway,   LANGONNET, lN -gbon'nAf, a town of France, departstift of Aggershuus, bailiwick of Bradsberg, on a small bay  ment of Morbihan, arrondissement and 25 miles W. of
of the Skager-rack, 10 miles W.S.W. of Laurvig, with 600 Pontivy. Pop. in 1852, 3442.
inhabitants, a harbor, and trade in timber.                 LANGOSCO, ltn-gosfko, a village of the Sardinian States,
LANGETRIEBE, l~ngleh-tree beh, or DIILAUIIA TRE- province of and near Lomellina. Pop. 1453.
BOWA, dldw/ht trA-bofi&, a village of Bohemia, circle of    LANG!PORT, an ancient market-town, river port, and
Chrudim, on the railway from Vienna to Prague, about 12  parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the navigable Parmiles from Landskron. Pop. 1252.                          ret, 32 miles S.S.W. of Bath. Pop. in 1851, 1117. It has an
LANGEZWAAG, IlngsHeh-zwg/,! a market-town of the old church and a grammar school.
Netherlands, province of Friesland, 18 miles S.E. of Leeu-   LANGRES, l8Ng'r, (anc. Aseqnatutlnuc, afterwards Lintwarden. Pop. 1160.                                        gones,) a fortified town of France, department of HauteLANGtFIELD, township of England, co. York, West Riding. Marne, capital of an arrondissement, near the source of
LANGIFIELD, (UPPER and LOWER,) two adjoining pa- the Marne, 18 miles S.S.E. of Chaumont. Pop. in 1852,
rishes of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone.                 11,298. It stands on a scarped mountain, 1460 feet in
LANGIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.         elevation; and is among the highest towns in France. It
LANGFORD, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Oxford. has a cathedral of great antiquity, a Roman arch, a new
LANGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            town-hall, public library, several hospitals, and a fine pubLANGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          lic promenade and fountain; a tribunal of commerce, sbchool
LANGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Notts.            of geometry, &c. It is the chief seat of the French manuLANGFORD BUDIVILLE, a parish of England, co. of  factures of fine cutlery. It was the birth-place of Diderot.
Somerset.                                                   LANGIRICK-VILLE, a chapelry of England, co. of LinLANGFORD, LITITLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. coin, with a station on a branch of the Great Northern
LANGFORD STEEfPLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. Railway, between Boston and Lincoln.
LANGHATIM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             LANGIRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 31
LANGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.           miles N. of Bath. A battle was fought in this parish beLANGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           tween the royalist and parliamentary armies in 1643.
LANGRAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            LANGRUNE-SUR-MER, l1NG'grinsiR-m     -MaiR, (L. Laogro!LANGHEIMI..-G-ross LANGoEIM, groce lngthlme, and  nia,) a seaport town of France, department of Calvados, 10
KLEIN LANGHEIM, kline lUngthime, (i. e. "Great and Little  miles N. of Caen, on the English Cha:unel.  Pop. 1207.
1017




LAN                                                       LAN
LANGSIBURY, a small post-village of Camden co., Georgia,   LANNION, l~n'ne;-NGl, (anc. La/niem?) a town and river
170 miles S.E. by S. of Milledgeville.                     port of France, department of C0tes-du-Nord, on the right
LANG/SIDE, a small village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, bank of the Guer, 6 miles from the English Channel, and 35
parish of Cathcart, 2 miles S. of Glasgow. Pop. 125. The  miles W.N W. of St. Briouc. Pop. in 1852, 6272. It has a
troops of Queen Mary were, in 1568, totally defeated here  harbor accessible to vessels under 200 tons, bordered by a
by the Regent Murray.                                      spacious quay; a parish church of the 12th century, a comLANGSrTON, a township of England, co. of IIante, at the  munal college, barracks, hospitals, and manufactures of
head of Langston Harbor, an inlet of the sea, between  linen fabrics.
Portsea and Hayling Islands. See PORTSA.                     LANNOY, ln'nwi, a town of France, department of Nord,
LANGSTON, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.         7 miles E.N.E. of Lille. Pop. 1392.
LANGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.           LANORAIE, il-no-rcA, a village of Canada East, co. of
LANGSIVILLE, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.           Berthier, on the St. Lawrence River, 36 miles N. of Montreal.
LANG/TOFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            LANIREATII, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
LANGITQN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.            LANRIVAIN, l8SG'reeevANol, a commune and village of
LANGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. France, department of C~tes-du-Nord, 14 miles S. of GuinLANGTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of York, gamp.
North Riding.                                                LANRODEC, 18a'ro'dlkl, a commune and village of France,
LANGTON  IERRING, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.  department of Cbtes-du-Nord, 6 miles S.E. of Guingamnp.
LANGTON  NEAR HORNCASTLE, a parish of England,   LANSALILOES, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
co. of Lincoln.                                              LANS/DOWN, an elevated tract of table-land in Eungland,
LANGTON  LONG BLANDFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 2- miles N.W. of Bath. It is noted for its
co. of Dorsbt.                                             breed of sheep, has a fair, August 10, and gives title of
LANGTON MATIRAVER, a parish of England, co. Dorset. Marquis to the family of Petty.
LANGTON BY SPILSIBY, a parish of England, co. of    LANSIDOWNE, a county of West. Australia, at the N.E.
Lincoln, 3 miles N.W. of Spilsby. Langton, Archbishop of  extremity of the colony, between lat. 310 10' and 310 40' S.,
Canterbury, afterwards made Cardinal by Innocent III., and ]on. 1180 and 1190 E., having N.W. and S. the districts
was born here.                                             Carnarvon, Durham, and Beaufort.
LANGTON NEAR WRAGBY, a parish of England, co. of    LAN'SING, a township, Tompkins co., New York. P. 3318.
Lincoln.                                                     LANSING, a city, capital of the state of Michigan, and
LANG/TREE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            of Ingham county, is situated on the Grand river, 110 miles
LANGTREE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.    N.W. of Detroit. Lat. 420 42' 30" N., long. 540 28' W. This
LANGUEDOC, 1iNa'gheh-dok/, (anc. Naa-bonen/sis ari-ma,)  place was selected for the seat of government in 1847, being
an extensive and beautiful province of France, now forming  at that time surrounded by an almost unbroken wilderness.
the departments of Aude, Tarn, It6rault, LozSre, Ardkche, It is now the centre of an active and increasing trade, and
and Gard, as well as the arrondissements of Toulouse and  is connected by plank-roads wilh Detroit, Jackson, and
Villefranche, in the department of Haute-Garonne, and  Marshall.  The river affords an  excellent water-power,
arrondissement of Puy and Yssingeaux, in the department which is employed in fiouring-mills and factories. Lansing
of Haute-Loire. Under the Romans, it was one of the seven  contains 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, several hotels,
provinces 6f: Gaul which had the freedom of Italy. The  and about 350 dwellings. The state-house is a large and
Goths obtained a grant of it from the Emperor Honorinus, handsome building, situated on an eminence 50 feet above
and retained possession for nearly two centuries.  The the level of Grand River. Population in 1854, about 2500.
Saracens afterwards'became its masters, but were expelled    LANSING, a post-township, forming the N.W. extremity
by Charles Martel in 725. From the Counts of Toulouse it of Ingham co., Michigan. Pop. 1229.
passed to Philip the Bold, and was finally united to the    LANSING, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana.
French crown in 1361. The Canal of Languedoc, or du Midi,   LANSING, a post-village in Allomakee co., Iowa, on the
(dii mee'dee,) commences in the Garonne, near Toulouse, W. bank of the Mississippi, 125 miles N. by E. of Iowa City.
and terminates in the Lake of Than, in the Mediterra-    LANSING, a township in Brown co., Wisconsin. Pop. 209.
nean. Length 153 miles.                                      LANSING, a post-village of Outagamie cc., Wisconsin, 125
LANGUELLE, lang'gh.ll, a post-ofice of St. Francis co., miles N.N.E. of Madison.
Arkansas.                                                    LAN/SINGBURG, a post-village and township of RensseLANGUIDIC, 18NIGghee'deekl, a town of France, depart- leer co., Now York, on the E. bank of the Hudson River,
ment of Morbihan, 10 miles N.E. of Lorient. Pop. in 1852, across which there is here a bridge communicating with
6358.                                                      Waterford, and on the Troy and Boston Railroad, 10 miles
LANG/WITH, a parish of England, co. of Derby.            above Albany. It is a place of active business, and carries
LANILO, lln'hol, a river of China, rises in the Mountains  on considerable river trade, the Hudson being made naviof In-Shan, in Mongolia, and falls into the Gulf of Pecheelee  gable for sloops by means of a canal around the state dam.
near its N.E. entrance, after a course of about 300 miles. There are churches of Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists,
In the upper part it bears the name of SnANTOO.            Episcopalians, end Universalists, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, a
LAN/HYDROCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 21  bank, and an academy. Lansingburg has extensive and immiles S.S.E. of Bodmin. Lanhydrock Fort, built early in the  portent manufactures, comprising a great variety of articles.
17th century, is an embattled granite structure, and was  Pop. of township in 1850, 5752; of the village, in 1854,
garrisoned for the parliament in 1644.                     about 5000.
LANWIER/, a post-village, capital of Macon co., Georgia, on    LAN/SINGVILLE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New
the W. side of Flint River, 6 miles W. of the South West- York, about 12 miles N. of Ithaca.
ern Railroad, and 80 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. It has   LANSITZ, lAnlsits, a market-town of IHungary, HIithier
2 churches, 2 hotels, and 3 stores.                        Danube, 7 miles from  Presburg, on the Schwarzwasser.
LANIER, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 169-4.      Pop. 2050.
LANISCAT, l{neesoklV, a village of France, department   LANS-LE-BOURG, 1iNG'lgh-boont, a market-town of Savoy,
of Cates-du-Nord, 17 miles W.N.W. of Loud6ac. Pop. 3200.  3 miles N.W. of Mont Cents. Pop. 1550.
LANIIVET, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.            LANTADILLA, ln-tl-deel/yA, a town of Spain, Leon, 24
LANJARON, lln-Hril-rnf, a market-town of Spain, pro- miles'N.N.E. of Palencia, on the Pisuerga, here crossed by
vince, and 26 miles S.E. of Granada, on the S. declivity of  a magnificent bridge of nine arches. Pop. 1040.
the Sierra Nevada. Pop. 2960. It stands on the brow of a    LANTAO, lAn-ti/o or lln-tiw/, or LINTAO, leen-t/o, (Chispur of the, Pic de Beleta, (peek dl bA-lA/tA,) and is much  nese TAmno, tilhot,) an island of China, at the mouth of the
frequented in summer on account of its coolness and its Canton River, 17 miles E. of Macao, and 1 mile fronm the
mineral waters. A Moorish castle stands on a neighboring  mainland.  It is long, narrow, and mountainous, with
hill, and the whole district is beautiful.                 numerous bays and headlands.  Tx-no or TAIHO village is
LANKERAN, lln-kA-rln/, the most S. town of Russian  on its N.W. coast.
Transcaucasia, district of Talish, on the Caspian Sea, 40    LANTAR. See P00ooLo LONAR.
miles S. of the mouth of the Koor, and since its concluest by. LANTCHANG, a city of South Asia. See LANCuANG.
the Russians, of commercial importance.                      LAN-TCHOIU or LAN-TCIIEOU-F'00. See LANchoO.
LANLIVE/RY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 13   LANITEGLOs, two parishes of England, co. of Cornwall.
miles W. of Lostwithiel.  A railway, 7 miles in length, is   LANTERNE, lSctlURnf, a river of France, which rises
here carried on a viaduct across a valley, at an elevation  near the frontier of the department of Vosges, and after a
of 95 feet.                                               S.W. course of 38 miles, of which about 18 miles are extenLANMEUR, lNca'mus/, a town of France, department of  sively used for flotation, joins the left bank of the Saene.
Finist're, 40 miles E.N.E. of Brest. Pop. 2775.              LANTOSCA, lVn-tos/ka, a market-town of Sardinia, diviLANNNAHASISEE, a post-village of Stewart cc., Georgia, sion of and 20 miles N. of Nice. Pop. 2240.
18 miles E. of Lumpkin.                                     LANTHSANG-KIANG. See ME-KoNG.
LANNEMEZAN, lAnn'meh-z8NG/, a town of France, depart-   LANTSHIANG. See LcNIAANG.
ment of Hautes-Pyr6n6es, 17 miles S.E. of Tarbes. P. 1243.   LANTWV IT or LLANT/WIT, a parish of South Wales, co.
LANNEPAX, l1n\neh-pA/, a small town of France, depart- of Glamorgan.
ment of Gers, 13 miles S.S.W. of Condom. Pop. 1513.         LANTWIT or LLANTWIT MAYOR, a market-town and
LANNILES, lln'neelf, a town of France, department of  parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 4 miles S.W. of
Finistire. 13 miles N. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 3430.      Cowbridge. In the churchyard are 2 crosses, with a curious
1018




LAN                                                        LAP
ancient inscription to the memory of Sampson, afterwards the head of a bay on the E. shore of the peninsula, near its S.
Archbishop of Dol.                                         extremity, in about 240 N. lat., and 110 W. Ion. Pop. 500.
LANTWITFAYRDRE, lant/wit-fd-urxclre, a parish of South    LAPEERI, a county in the E. part of Michigan, contains
Walesb  co. of Glamorgan.                                  about 900 square miles. It is drained by the sources of
LANUSEI, 1/-noo-sAfee, a market town of the island of Flint and Belle Rivers, and by Kearsley, Farmer's, and Mill
Sardinia, division and 57 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari.        Creeks. The surface is gently undulating, and partly covered
LANVOLLON, 165a'voll$c1G, a town of France, depart- with forests of oak, maple, pine, &c.; the soil in some parts
mInent of Cbtes-du-Nord, 13 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. P. 1402. is fertile. Capital, Lapeer.  Pop. 7029.
LANXARON, a town of Spain. See LANJARON.                   LAPEER, a township of Cortland co., New York. Pop. 822.
LANZAROTE, lan-sg-ro/tt, or LANCEROITA,  the most   LAPEER, a post-village and township, capital of Lapeer
N.E. of the Canary Islands. Area about 300 square miles. co., Michigan, on Flint River, at the mouth of Farmer's
Pop. 17,500. In its centre it rises to 2000 feet in elevation, Creek, 57 miles N. by W. of Detroit. It contains a courtand at its W. end is a high volcano. It is scantily watered, house, aprintiug office, and a number of stores. Water-power
but yields the finest wine and grapes in the Canaries; other is abundant in the vicinity.  Pop. of the township, 1468.
products are barilla and orchil. On its S.E. coast is the    LA PEROUSE, (ISLANDS and STRAIr.)  See PERoussE.
town of Arecife, S. of Teguise, the capital of the island.   LAPIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
LANZO, 1/nfzo, (L. Lanfcisum,) a town of Piedmont, 18    LAPIHAMSVILLE, a post-village of Kent co., Michigan,
miles N.N.W. of Turin, on the Stura. Pop. 2335. It con- 50 miles W. by N. of Lansing.
tains smelting works, and manufactures of nails and coarse    LAPIDIEI CAMPI.  See CRAU, LA.
iron goods. In its district are mines of iron and copper.    LAPIO, l&pe-o, a town of Naples, province of Principato
LAODICEA. See ESKaEE IISSAR.                             Ultra, 13 miles W.N.W. of St. Angelo dei Lombardi.  P. 2500.
LAODICEA AD MARE. See LATAKE.A.                            LAPLAND, lapqland, (native, Sameanda, sA-me-Antdl; Sw.,
LAODICEA COMBUSTA. See LAnIK.                            Lappesark, lpptmaRk; Russ., Laplandiia, lap-lin-de-yA'; Fr.
LAON, l'AcNss, (anc. Bitbracc Suessick, rmn? Lamrndsusnusm?) a  Lac1npie, lPpoaneef; L., LJajppolniaC,) an extensive territory in
city of France, capital of the department of Aisne, 14 miles the N. of Europe, between lat. 64~ and 710 N., reaching from
N.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 10,098. It is enclosed by old  the shores of Norway E. to the White Sea; area, about
massive walls, and placed on an isolated hill, crowned by a  130,000 square miles; of which more than a half, situated
fine Gothic cathedral. Other principal edifloes are the pre- E. of the Torneai and its tributary, Muonlo, belongs to
fecture, containing a library of 17,000 volumes; a remark- Russia; and the  remainder is shared, in nearly equal
able leaning tower, the town-hall, new citadel, 2 hospitals, proportions, between Sweden and Norway. As Lapland is
large barracks, a theatre, communal college, work-house, not the name of any great political division, a particular
and tower of Queen Brunhilda. Under the Frenchkings of  description of its different portions must be looked for
the Ist and 2d races, Laon was a place of importance, and it under the names of the states to which they belong; and
remained the last possession of the Carlovingian dynasty  it may therefore be sufficient here to observe, in general,
under Louis V., the foundations of whose massive castle  that, both from  geographical position and physical constill remain. It has manufactures of nails, coarse cloth, formation, Lapland is one of the most forbidding regions
leather, earthenwares, &c.; and in its vicinity are nume- of the globe, consisting either of rugged mountains, some
nous vineyards. It is an episcopal see, and possesses a  of them covered with perpetual, and many of them only
court of first resort and an ecclesiastical seminary. The  for a short period free from snow, or of vast monotonous
most distinguished natives are Lothaire, King of France in  tracts of moorland wastes. This extensive territory appears
the 10th century, St. Remy, Archbishop of Rheims, and  to have been at one time wholly occupied by the people to
Mechain, the celebrated coadjutor of Delambre in the trigo- whom it owes its name; but its S. and better portions have
nometrical survey. In 1411 it was taken by the Duke of  been gradually encroached upon by Norwegians, Swedes,
Burgundy, after a three days' siege, and in 1419 it was taken  and Finlanders, till the Laplanders proper have, in a great
by the English, who were expelled from it in 1429.  In  measure, been cooped up within the Arctic Circle. There
1594 it was taken by siege by Henry IV. Bonaparte sus- they retain their distinctive features and ancient customs,
tained a defeat here in 1814.                               and find ample scope to follow their favourite modes of life,
LAOINA, a thriving post-village of Chautauque co., New  either as Fjelde-Finner, Mountain Laplanders, leading a
York, on Canadaway Creek, 300 miles W. of Albany.           nomadic life, and pasturing large reindeer herds; or SseLAONA, a post-village in Winnebago co., Illinois, 110  Finner, Sea or Shore Laplanders, who, too poor to possess
miles W.N.W. of Chicago.                                    such herds, have been obliged to fix their residence upon
LAOOR, LAOUR, or LAUR. l-eoor, a town of British  the coast, and subsist chiefly by fishing. The origin of the
India, presidency of Bengal, district of Sylhet, 110 miles  Laplanders, as a race, has greatly puzzled ethnographers,
N.N.E. of Dacca. It has an active export trade in salt and  in consequence of their presenting a combination of physical
limestone.                                                  properties not possessed exclusively either by the Mongolian
LAOS, 1Woce, a country of South-Eastern Asia, occupying  or the Caucasian stock, but belonging partly to the one and
the centre of the peninsula of Further India, surrounded  partly to the other. The prevailing opinion, however, is,
by the Burmese and Siamese dominions,Cambodia,Tonquin,  that they are only a variety of Tschude, or Finns.  Their
and the Chinese province Yunnan. Its boundaries and area  chief characteristics are-low stature, seldom  exceeding 4
are wholly unknown to Europeans; its population has been  feet 9 inches in height; great muscular power, exhibited
loosely estimated at a million. It is traversed by the Menam   both in their agility and in a strength of arm, enabling them
and the Mie-liong Rivers, and is reported to have a fertile  to bend a bow which an ordinary Norwegian  could not
soil, and to be thinly peopled, its inhabitants living mostly  touch; a large head; dark, long, and glossy hair; small
in migratory hordes. Its products comprise a species of rice, brown eyes, obliquely placed, and without eyelids; high
tobacco, sugar cane, indigo, benzoin, lac, and other gums, cheek bones; wide mouth, with ill-defined lips; a scanty
betel, numerous fruits, teak, sapan and sandal woods, ele- beard; and a skin of a yellow dingy hue. The Laplanders
phants, and draught cattle: with iron, lead, copper, gold, are not deficient either in intellectual or moral capacity.
and silver. Silk and cotton fabrics, paper from bark, leather, They are simple-hearted, hospitable, and apparently inclined,
sugar, and gunpowder are manufictured, and the natives as far as their knowledge goes, to practise the duties of
are ingenious as workers in metals, mat-makers, embroi- Christianity, which they all profess, under the form  of
derere, and potters. The trade with Tonquin appears to be  Lutheranism  in Norway and Sweden, and that of the
extensive; of late there has been a growing trade with  Greek Church in Russia. The greatest exception to this
Martaban and the Tenasserim  provinces, whence Britisli practice, is an excessive fondness for ardent spirits. A more
cotton and woollen goods are introduced into Laos. An  harmless vice is the excessive use of tobacco. The number
independent kingdom is said to exist here, the capital of  of Laplanders of all descriptions is not supposed to exceed
which is Lanchang; but the outlying tribes are supposed to  20,000.  Probably one-third of them  are nomadic. Adj.,
be tributary to their more powerful neighbors. In habits, LAPlPISH, LAPIeLANDISH, and LAPProNAN, lap-polne-an, (poeticustoms, religion, and language, the Laos most resemble  cal;) inhab. LAP'LAN)Da., and LAPP.
the Burmese.                                                  LAPLAND, a village of Bunlcombe  co., North Carolina,
LAOUR. See LAoos.                                         275 miles W. of Raleigh.
LASPAK, one of the Soolon islands; lat. 50 35S N., hon.   LAPLAND, a post-office of Madison co., North Carolina.
1210 E.                                                       LA PLATA. See PLATA.
LA PAZ, 11 phz, a town of Bolivia, capital of a department   LAPSLEYor LAPPSELE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
of its own name, is situated in lat. 106  30' N., ion. 68S 10'   LA POINTE, 1 point, a county forming the N.W. extreW., at an elevation of 12,226 feet. Pop. 20,000. It is a  mity of Wisconsin, bordering on Minnesota and Michigan,
bishop's see, and has religious establishments with consid- has an area of 5330 square miles. Lake Superior washes its
erable revenues, and ranks as a place of wealth and import- northern border. The St. Croix and Chipp. ewa Rivers rise
ance, being an eutrepOt for Paraguay tea, gold, bark, and  in the county and flow into the MisSissippi; the Burntwood
European goods.                                            and Mauvais Rivers also rise in the county and flow into
LA PAZ, a department of Bolivia, mostly between lat. 140  Lake Superior. The surface is extensively covered by forests
and 180 S., and hon. 670 and 700 WV.; having W., South  of pine timber. Capital, La Points. Pop. 489.
Peru and Ltike Titicaca. Estimated  area nearly 40,000    LA POINTE, a post-village, capital of La Pointe co., Wissquare miles, and population 300,000. It is traversed by  cousin, on Madeleine Island of Lake Superior, a few miles
the Cordillera of the Andes, containing Illimani and Sorata. from the main land. It is saiid to be the oldest settlement
LA PAZ, a town of Mexico, capital of Lower California, at in Wisconsin. 




LAP                                                       LAR
LAPOMMIA, a postoffice of Lafayette co., Mississippi.      LAREDO, lah-rAldo, capital of Webb co., Texas, on the
LAPORTE, lap-rtY, a county in the N. part of Indiana, left bank of the Rio del Norte, at the crossing of the San
bordering on Lake Michigan, contains 450 square miles. Antonio and Saltillo road, about 500 miles S.W. of Austin
It is watered by the Kankakee River. The surface is mostly  City. It was once a flourishing town, with over 1000 inlevel or undulating, excepting the hills of sand near the  habitants, but it is now in a declining state, in consequence
lake; the soil is fertile, especially in the prairies, some of  of the repeated inroads of the Indians.
which pre extensive. Wheat, corn, oats, vines, and fruits   LAREE or LARI, iiree, a town of Central Africa, on the
flourish. In 1850 this county produced 206,016 bushels of N.W. shore of Lake Tchad, 100 miles N.W. of Koolka.
wheat, and 21,322 tons of hay. The quantity of wheat and    LAREK, llrskl, written also LARRACK or LAREDDSI1,
hay was each greater than that produced by any other an island in the Persian Gulf, 5 miles S.E. of the E. end of
county in the state.   It is traversed by the railroad froin  Kishm; greatest length 5  miles; breadth nearly 4 miles.
Chicago to Detroit, and by several plank-roads. Organized    LAREN, W~ren, a village of the Netherlands, province of
in 1832. Capital, Laporte. Pop. 12,145.                    Gelderland, 8 miles N.E. of Zutphen. Pop. 2955.
LAPORTE, a post-village, capital of Sullivan co., Penn-   LAREN, a village of North IHolland, S.E. of Naarden.
sylvania, 107 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg. This place was Pop. 1929.
selected as the county seat in 1850, the site being then a    LARGENTIERE, latzhSNiete-aiRf,, (anc. A-rgentaoria?) a
complete wilderness. The public buildings are in progress  town of France, department of Ardtche, on the Ligne, 21
of erection, and the place is rapidly improving. Pop. 300.  miles S.W. of Privas. Pop. 2700. It has manufactures of
LAPORTE, a post-village of Lorain co., Ohio, 3 miles S.E. silk fabrics.
of Elyria, has 3 churches and several stores.                LARGENTIdRE, a village of France, Hautes-Alpes. See
LAPORTE, a thriving post-village, capital of Laporte  ARCrENTIaE.
co., Indiana, on the North Indiana Railroad, 150 miles N.   LAR/GO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on an inlet of
by W. of Indianapolis, and 12 miles from  Lake Michigan, the Frith of Forth, 21 miles E.N.E. of Leven. The village
was first settled in 1832. It is situated on the border of a  is frequented for sea-bathing, and has a harbor, whence a
beautiful prairie of the same name, the soil of which is steamboat plies to Newhaven. Alexander Selkirk, the protoextremely rich and well cultivated. The village is a place  type of Dufoe's "Robinson Crusoe," was born here in 1676.
of active trade, which is facilitated by plank-roads extending    LARGS, a seaport and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on
to Lake Michigan and into the adjoining counties. Laporte  a bay of same name, surrounded by beautiful hills, 22 miles
contains the Indiana Medical College, an academy, and a  W.S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. of town in 1851, 2824.  It is
bank. Pop. in 1854, about 2500.                            irregular, but well built, has elegant baths, a good library,
LAPOS, lIposh', or LAPUS, I1poosh, a river of Austria, branch banks, a steamboat pier, numerous handsome villas,
in the N. part of Transylvania, joins the Szamos after a  small manufactories of cotton, but is chiefly supported by
course of 45 miles.                                        visitors from Glasgow, &c. A great victory was obtained
LAPOS-BANYA, liposh-binty~h%, or  STEINBRUCII, here in 1263 by Alexander III., over Haco, King of Norway,
stlnelbrb6ic, a village of Austria, Transylvania, 20 miles and numerous tumuli mark the field of battle.
E.S.E. of Nagy-Banya. Pop. 1019.                             LARI, ltree, a market-town of Central Italy, Tuscany,
LAPIPON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Washington  province, and 14 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 1570.
eo., Mlaryland.                                              LARI.  See LAREE.
LA PRAIRIE, 1i pr/ree, a township of Rock co., Wiscon-   LARIMER'S STATION, a post-office of Westmoreland co.,
sin. Pop. 335.                                             Pennsylvania.
LAPRAIRIE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of IHIunting-   LARINO, lI-reefno, (anc. Lari'num,) a town of Naples,
don, on the S. shore of the river St. Lawrence, and on the  province of Molise, 22 miles N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 3700.
railroad communicating with Rowse's Point in New York,   LARISSA, li-ris/sA, (Turk. 1eni Shelh'r, yinlee shih'r, i. e.,
about S.S.E. of Montreal. It contains churches of the Episco- "New-town,") a town of European Turkey, capital of the
palians and Roman Catholics, and 9 or 10 stores. Pop. 1684. province of Thessaly, on rising ground beside the Salembria,
LAPS, FELSO, fil'shb IIpsh, a village of Hungary, (anc. Penefscs,) here crossed by a stone bridge, 20 miles from
Hither Theiss, about 45 miles from Leutschau. Pop. 1015.  the Gulf of Salonica. Lat. 390 37/ N., lon. 210 28' E. EstiLAPTE. lipt, a village of France, department of Haute- mated population, 20,000, of whom three-fourths are Turks.
Loire. 6 miles N.W. of Brioude. Pop. 2616.                 "It stands in an oasis of trees and verdure in the midst of a
LA PUERLA, Mexico. See PUEBLA, LA.                       plain of sand," and is enclosed by walls.
LA PUGLIA. See APULAL.                                     LARISISA, a post-village of Cherokee co., Texas, about
LAPURDUIM. See BRAYONNE.                                 238 miles N.E. of Austin.
LA PURISSIMA, hi poo-reestse-me, a village of Santa Bar-   LARISTAN, lUr-is-thnl, a maritime province of Persia,
bara co., California, is situated on the main road from San  having S. the Persian Gulf, and laudward the provinces of
Joss to Los Angeles, 247 miles in a direct line S.E. by S. Fars and Kerman. Estimated area 16,000 square miles. It
of San Francisco.                                         is an arid and sandy waste, interspersed with salt steppes.
LAPU!TA, a post-village of Franklin co., Kentucky, 10  Principal town, Lar.
miles N.W. of Frankfort.                                     LAIRIUS LAICUS.  See Coso, LAKE OF.
LAPIWORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           LARKE, lark, a river of England, rises in the S.W. part
LAR or LAAR, lan, a river of Persia, province of Mazan- of thecounty of Suffolk, and flows into the Ouse, near Ely.
deran, flows into the Caspian Sen.                         It is navigable to Bury.
LAR or LAAR, a town of Persia, capital of the province    LARKfHALL, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 9
of Laristan, and formerly of an Arabian kingdom, 180 miles miles W.N.W. of Lanark. Pop. 1609.
S.E. of Sheeraz. Pop. 12,000(?). It stands in an extensive    LARKHANA, lankl!ini, or LARKHANU, lan'ka-nool, a
plain, has a fortified residence of the governor, and a large  fortified town of Sinde, 145 miles N.W. of Hyderabad, and
and fine bazaar; it is the seat of some manufactures of 7 miles W. of the Indus, with which it communicates by
arms, gunpowder, and cotton fabrics.                       the Larkhana canal. Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000. It has a
LARACHE, a town of Marocco. See En-AaISn.                citadel, formerly the artillery depot of the Sinde ameers, a
LARItIACOR, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath, good bazaar, manufactures of silk and cotton goods, and
2 miles S.E. of Trim. The Duke of Wellington was born  one of the chief corn markets of the country.
in this parish, 1769; the living was long held by Dean Swift.   LARK!INSBURG, a post-office of Clay co., Illinois.
LARAGII, l'rbh, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Cavan.   LARKtIN'S FORK, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.
LARANJEIRAS, l-ran-zhAlrss,    a town of Brazil, pro-' LARKtINSVILLE, a post-village of Jackson co., Alabama,
vince of Sergipe, on the left bank of the Cotindiba, 20 miles about 15 miles W. by S. of Bellefonte.
from its mouth, in the Atlantic. Pop. 3000.                  LAR/LINGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
LARANTOOKA, LARANTOEKA or LARANTUKA, Ih-rin-    LARNE, larn, a market and seaport town of Ireland, co.
toolki, a trading town of the Malay Archipelago, E. end of  of Antrim, on Lough Lamrne, an inlet of the sea, 171 miles
the island of Flores, on the Flores Strait, inhabited by native  N.N.E. of Belfast. Pop. 3345. It has manufactures of cot.
R oman Catholics.                                          ton, sail-cloth, and ropes, with bleaching grounds and lime
LARAT or LAARAT, lI-rit, an island in the Malay Archi- works.
pelago, one of the Tenember group, off the N.E. coast of    LARINED'SCORNERS, apost-office, Ontario co., New York.
Tinmor Laut, with which it is connected by a reef. It is about   LARNICA or LARNECA, laR/ne-kA, (anc. Cithiums,) a town
25 miles long by 10 miles broad,                           of Cyprus, near its S. coast, 23 miles S.E. of Lef kosia. Pop.
LABAX, li'r1i, a river of France, department of Gers, 3000. It has a citadel, large cisterns, and numerous other
joins the left bank of the Garonne. Total course 70 miles.  vestiges of antiquity; its port isthe most frequented in the
LAR/BERT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 2 miles island, and it is the residence of many European consuls
N.W. of Falkirk. It was the birth-place of the celebrated  and merchants.
traveller, Bruce.                                            LAROCIIE, lroshl, a village of Belgium, province of
LARDA, larJdi, a river of Italy, Duchy of Parma, joins  Luxembourg, on the Ourthe, 14 miles N.W. of Bastogne.
the Pc 7 miles S. of Cremona; total course 35 miles.       Pop. 1334.
LARDERO, la -dOro, a town of Spain, Old Castile, about    LA RODA, l1 rofDi, a town of Spain, province of and 2/4
3 miles from Logrolo, on the Ireguna. Pop. 1935.          miles N.W. of Albacete. Pop. 4572. Celebrated for its de.
LAREDO, 1i-r/oso, a seaport town of Spain, province of  fence against the Carlists in 1840.
Santander, 34 miles W.N.W. of Bilbao.  Pop. 2980. Its    LAROLES, hi-ro/lis, a village of Spain, Andalusia, about
harbor, formerly deep, is now choked with sand.           50 miles from Granada. Pop. 1249.
1020




LAR                                                         LAT
LARONE, i-ronf, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.   ofthecity, andthree outside thewalls. Themostremarkable
LAIIRABEE'S POINT, a post-village of Addison co., Ver- public edifices are, the town-house, theatre, the audie cia, in
mont, on Lake Champlain, 50 miles S.W. of Montpelier.    the buildings formerly occupied by the Inquisition; a catheLARWRACKf, an island at the entrance of the Persian  dral, a gigantic mole, 834 feet long by 84 feet broad. beg-un
Gulf, 15 miles S. of Ormuz.                                in 1811; 3 parish churches and a chapel of ease, 6 convents,
LARRAGA, laR-/lg4, a town of Spain, province of Na- 10 hermitages, a magnificent general hospital, an hospital
varre, 20 miles S.S.W. of Panplona, with 1512 inhabitant,  for elephantiasis, an orphan asylum, a foundling hospital;
LARRINGE, liditaN_.zh!, a village of the Sardinian States,  a Magdalene asylum, an academy of design, 10 schools for
Savoy, 3 miles from Evian. Pop. 1141.                      primary education; an institute for the higher branches
LA1IRY'S CtEEK, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn- of education, with a rector and 20 professors and masters;
sylvania.                                                  a seminasio conciliar, where the classics, theology, and other
LAtRS, a strong fort and village of South Russia, govern-  sciences are taught, and which is resorted to from all the
ment of Caucasus, on the road to Georgia.                  islands; a literary and musical society, boards of commerce
LAITINGT'IY)ON., a township of England, co. of York, and agriculture, and 2 libraries. It has manufactures of
North Riding.                                              hats, equal to those imnported from England and France,
LA RUE, lah roo, a post-office of Marion co., Ohio.      delft, woollens, glass, leather, linens, flour, and sailingLA RUE, a county near the centre of Kentucky, contains tackle; but the principal branches of industry are shipan area estimated at 400 square miles. The Rolling fork  building,'fishing, and navigation; and some trade with the
of Salt river bounds it on the N.E., and it is drained by  neighboring islands, the West Indies, and Europe. It was
Nolin Creek. The surface is mostly undulating and the soil declared a free port in 1852. Pop. 17,382.
fertile. Organized in 1843, and named in honor of John    LASSA or I'LASSA, h'lYs/s, (i. e. Land of the Divine
La Rue, an early settler in this region. Capital, Hodginville. Intelligence,) the capital city of Thibet, and residence of the
Pop. 5859; of whom 5187 were free, and 672, slaves.        Dalai or Grand Lama, on the Mourau River, an affluent of
LARUNS, lrtkmal, atown of France, department of Basses- the San-poo. Lat. 290 30' N., lon. 910 40' E. Pop. conjectured
Pyr6nu6es, 22 miles S. of Pan. Pop. in 1852, 2064.         to be about 50,000, besides a garrison of 3000 Chinese cavalry.
LARYEGO, laa-ve/go, a village of Sardinia, province of  It has handsome streets, numerous towers, bazaars, and
Genoa. Pop. of commune, 3840.                              temples. The great temple of Boodha, also the residence
LARVIGEN, a town of Norway. See LAuvIo.                  of the Grand Lama, the pontifical sovereign of Thibet and
LASALLE, iA'sll, a village of France, department of  East Asia, is a vast square edifice, covering, with its preGard, arrondissement of Vigan, with manufactures of bon- cincts, many acres, its centre being surmounted by a gilded
nets and flowers. Pop. in 1852, 2487.                      dome; contiguous to it, on its.four sides, are four celebrated
LA SALLE, of Aveyron. See DECAZEVIL.E.                   monasteries, said to be inhabited by 4000 recluses, and
LA SALLE, lab sAlil, a county in the N. central part of  greatly resorted to by the Chinese and Mongols as schools
Illinois, has an area of 1050 square miles. It is intersected  of the Boodhic religion and philosophy. The interior of the
by the Illinois River, flowing from E. to W., and also drained temple is said to be full of idols, treasure, and works of art.
by Fox and Vermilion Rivers, and by Indian Creek. The  Gutzlaff remarks-There is perhaps no spot on the globe
surface is undulating, diversified by prairies and woodlands, where so much gold is accumulated for superstitious purthe former being the most extensive; the soil is exceedingly  poses. The offerings are enormous; the treasury unlike
fertile and extensively cultivated. Stone coal is abundant,  that of western nations increases every year, and the Tal6
and extensive quarries of sandstone have been opened near  (Dalai) Lama is said to be the most opulent individual in
Ottawa. The county is intersected by the Illinois and  existence. Lassa is a place of large trade in silk, wool,
Michigan Canal, by the Central Railroad, and by the Chicago  goats' hair, woollen, cashmere, and linen fabrics, velvets,
and Rock Island Railroad. Named in honor of M. La Salle, assafoetida, bezoar, fruits, bullion, and precious stones; its
one of the first explorers of Illinois. Capital, Ottawa. Pop. commerce extends to Hindostan, China, and many parts of
17,815.                                                     Central Asia, and its lapidaries, workers in metals, and
LA SALLE, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.         engravers, are said to equal the Chinese.
LA SALLE, a post-village and port of entry of Calhoun    LASSAN, l&stsgn, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 40 miles
co., Texas, on the S.W. side of Matagorda Bay, 165 miles  S.E of Stralsund on the Peene. Pop. 1985.
S.S.E. of Austin City. The shipping of the port, June 30,   LASSAY, li]ss1/, a town of France, department and 10
1852, amounted to an aggregate of 561 tons enrolled and  miles N.N.E. of SMayenne. Pop. in 1852, 2655.
licensed, of which 106 were employed in steam navigation.    LAS/SELLVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co., New York,
LA SALLE, a post-township in the S.E. part of Monroe  58 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
co., Michigan, on the W. shore of Lake Erie. Pop. 1100.       LASSENSN, a post-office of Butte co., California.
LA SALLE, a flourishing post-village of La Salle co., Ili-   LASSEUBE, lssubl, a market-town of France, departnois, on the Illinois river, one mile above Peru, and at the  ment of Basses-Pyr6n6es, 6 miles E.N.E. of 1O6ron. P. 3040.
terminus of the Illinois Canal, 100 miles long, which con-   LASISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloster.
nects it with Chicago. This village has excellent facilities    LAS!SITER'S MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North
for trade and manufactures. It has a ready communication  Carolina.
both with the Northern and Southern markets by the canal    L'ASSOMPTION, ]s&s6NGse-6NGt,  a post-village of Canada
and river, the latter of which is navigable by steamboats  East, district of Montreal, 24 miles N. of Montreal. It conin all stages of water. The surrounding country is highly  tains several stores. Pop. about 450.
productive, and contains extensive beds of bituminous coal.   LAS'SOORI, a town of British India, presidency ofBombay,
One or two newspapers are published here. The Galena  district of Candeish, 7 miles N.W. of Choprah.
branch of the Central Railroad passes through this place.   LASS/WADE, a parish of Scotland, county, and 6 miles
The trade of La Salle, in 1852, was estimated by Governor  S.E. of Edinburgh, on the North Esk. Pop. 5025, principally
Matteson, in his messsage, at $1,200,000. Pop. in 1851, 1500; employed in a carpet manufactory, in gunpowder, paper,
in 1853, by recent census, 3201.                            and oatmeal mills, an iron and brass foundry, coal mines,
LAS CASAS, a post-office of Rutherford co., Tennessee.    &c. The situation is beautiful. Here is Melville Castle,
LAS CRUCES, lis kroolss, a pdst-office of Donna Ana  Dryden, and many elegant villas.
co., New Mexico.                                              LAST CHANCE, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.
LASCUARRE, las-kwarsaa, a town of Spain, 42 miles E.   LASITINGHAM, a paxish of England, co. of York, North
of Huesca, with a fair in November. Pop. 978.               Riding.
LASGIRDI, a fortified village of Persia, province of Kho.   LASTOCZ, lIshltots', a village of Hungary, co. of Zemplin,
rassan, 15 miles S.W. of Simnan.                            Pop. 1030.
LASHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants.                 LASTOMER, l]s'to'maira, or LASZTOMIR, lIs'to'mee/,
LANK!  or LASKIO, a town of Poland, province and 48  village of Hungary, Hither Theiss, on the Laborcz, here
miles E.S.E. of Kalisz, on the G1rabowka. Pop. 20f0.        crossed by a bridge, 3 miles from Nagy-Mihaly. Pop. 1030.
LASKAFALU, lash/k6hfohl'loof, or LASKAFELD, lIsllk-    LASTRA, lIsftri, or GANGALANDI, gin-g4-ltnfdee, a vilflit', a village of HIungary, Thither Danube, 5 miles S.W. lage of Tuscany, 5 miles W. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop.
of Darda. Pop. 1019.                                        of parish 4388. It has importantmanufactures ofstraw hats.
LASKO, lesh/ko, a village of Iungary, Thither Danube,    LASTRES, Ilsltrls, a seaport town of Spai, Asturias, 32
9 miles N.E. of Eszek. Pop. 1268.                           miles E.N.E. of Oviedo, on the Bay of Biscay. The mole is
LASOE (Ldisde), ll/sd'eh, an island of Denmark, in the  good and the bay capacious. Pop. 950.
Cattegatt, off the N.E. coast of Jutland, lat. 570 18' N., and    LAS VEGAS, Is vilgis, a post-village of San Miguel co.,
Ion. 110 E.; length 13 miles, breadth 4 miles.              New Mexico, on a branch of the Pecos River, about 50 miles
LAS PALIAS, lIs ptllims, a city on the N.E. coast of the  E. by S. of Santa Fd. It is a place of some trade, and has
island of Gran Canaria, and capital of the Canary Islands  about 1200 inhabitants.
until 1833, when Santa Cruz de Teneriffe was raised to that   LASWAPEE, a village of Hindostan, province of Delhi,
dignity. It is overlooked by two lofty hills, and traversed  on a stream  of the same name, 66 miles N.W. of Agra,
from E. to W. by the small river Guiniguada, here crossed  memorable for a battle fought in its vicinity in 1803, when
by a handsome bridge of three colossal arches. Las Palmas  the British under Lord Lake signally defeated the troops of
is the largest, most beautiful, and most populous town in  Dowlet Row Sindia.
the Canaries. The houses are large, with terraced roofs and    LATA, liti', a town of Turkish Armenia, pashalic and 45
balconies; and the streets are remarkably neat and clean, miles N.W. of Van. It is garrisoned  by 1000 men.
md beautifully paved. There is a fine alanmeda in the centre    LATACU NGA, a town of South America. See TAOcUNA.
1021




LAT                                                       LAU'
LATAKEEA  or LATAKIEH,  l'ta-keefa,  written  also    LAUBENDORF, 16w/ben-doRf., or LIMIBERG, limb3nc, s
LADIKIA and LADIKIYEIH, lWde-keelyeh,  (anc. Laodicela  village of Bohemia, about 8 miles from Bistrau. Pop. 1413.
ad  faitre,) a seaport town of Syria, pashalic and 70 miles N.   LAUCU, lSsh, a river of F'rance, department of -Haut.
of Tripoli, on the Mediterranean, in lat. 350 30' N., ion. 350  Rhin, joins the Ill after a course of about 33 miles.
48' E. Pop. variously estimated from 5000 to 10,000. It   LAUCIIA, 16wlE~, a town of Prussian Saxony, 17 miles
consists of an upper and a lower town, separated by gardens. S.W. of Merseburg, on the Unstrut. Pop. 1670.
The lower town, which is the principal resort of the seafaring    LAUCHSTADT, (Lauchstidt,) l0wststYtt, a town of Pruspopulation, borders on a well-sheltered, but shallow harbor, sian Saxony, 8 miles S.S.W. of Halle, with 1430 inhabitants,
having on its N. side a ruined castle. IHere are the custom- a castle and sulphur baths.
house and several large warehouses. The upper town, dilapi-   LAUCHIHEIM, 16wKshime, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle
dated by the effects of repeated earthquakes, has narrow  of Jaxt, on the Jaxt River. Pop. 873.
and irregular streets, flat-roofed stone houses, several Greek    LAUDA, l6w/de, a walled town of Baden, circle of Lower
churches and mosques, a Roman triumphal arch, and many  Rhine, on the Tauber. Pop. 1077.
remains of the ancient city. Principal exports, tobacco of the    LAUDENBACII, l6w'den-b1K', a village of Germany, in
finest quality, cotton, wax, scammony, and sponge. Imports  Bladen, circle of Lower Rhine. Pop. 1512.
sugar, coffee, spices, cotton twist, printed goods, and woollens.   LAUDENBACH, a village of Bavaria, Lower Franconia,
LATCIHA or LATSCH4, I/Ich/, a lake of Russia, in the S. on the Main. Pop. 868.
E. part of the government of Olonets, oval shaped, 22 miles   LAUDENBACH, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel,
long from N. to S., and 12 miles broad.                    circle of Witzenhausen. Pop. 862.
LATCHIINGDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           LAUDENBACH, a village of Wtirtemberg, circle of Jaxt,
LATERA, l-t~rf, a town of the Papal States, delegation  bailiwick of Mergentheim. Pop. 1130.
of Viterbo, 14 miles S. of Acquapendente. Pop. 1050.         LAUIDER or LEAIDER, a river of Scotland, Borwickshire,
LATERINA, l-t.A-reetnA, a village of Tuscany, province  falls into the Tweed near Melrose.
of Arezzo, on the Arno, with mineral springs.                LAUDER, a royal and parliamentary burgh, town, and
LATERZA, 14-t6RIdzA, a village of Naples, province of  parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on the Leader, 23 miles
Otranto, 25 miles N.W. of Taranto. Pop. 3100.              S.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of burgh in 1851, 1105. It has
LATHIIAM ISLAND, near E. coast of Africa, let. 60 54' S., a town-house, several libraries, and a branch bank. It
ion. 400 E.; is about 1000 feet in length, and a few years  unites with I-addclington, &c., in sending 1 member to the
ago was covered with guano.                               House of Commons.
LATIIHBURY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.            LAUDERDALE, (i.e. the " dale or valley of the Lander,")
LATHERON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness, on  anciently the western district of Berwickshire, gives the
the North Sea, 14 miles S.W. of Wick. William Sutherland, title of Earl to the Maitland family, whose spacious and
whose stature was 9 feet 5 inches, was born here about the  stately castle of Thirlestane adjoins the borough of Lauder.
end of the 14th century.                                     LAUIDERDALE, a county forming the N.W. extremity
LA/THOI03, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, parish  of Alabama, bordering on Tennessee, has an area of 630
and 3 miles E. of Ormskirk, on the Douglas. Lathom IIouse,  square miles. The Tennessee River forms the entire S.
a fine Grecian structure, the seat of Lord Skelmerdale, occu- boundaryof the county, which is intersected by four large
pies the site of the ancient fortified mansion so heroically  creeks, namely, Cyprus, Little Cyprus, Shoal, and Blackdefended, during the civil wars in 1644, by Charlotte de  water Creek. The surface is hilly. The soil is generally
Tremouille, Countess of Derby.                             fertile. Iron ore and limestone are found extensively.
LAITHROP, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania. Water-power is abundant on the creeks, and at the rapids
Pop. 510.                                                  of Tennessee River, called the Mluscle Shoals. Steamboats
LATIARAK, l1te-i9-rik', or LEDIARAK, l.lYde- -rikl, a  navigate the river from  these rapids to its mouth. Pop.
village of Austria, Slavonia. It has 3 or 4 churches. P. 4000. 17,172; of whom 11,157 were free, and 6015 slaves.
LATIKER1RY, a town of Hindostan, dominions and 140    LAUDERDALE, a county in the E. part of Mississippi,
miles N.E. of Kotah.                                       bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 750 square
LATILLI~, l1'teeyi/, a town of France, department of  miles. It is drained by the head streams of the ChickaVienne, 12 miles W.N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1181.            sawha. The county is intersected by the Mobile and Ohio
LAT/IMORE, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania. Railroad. Named in honor of Col. Lauderdale, who fell at
Pop. 1138.                                                the battle of New Orleans. Capital, Marion. Pop. 8717;
LATIMORE CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Cone- of whom 6056 were free, and 2601 slaves.
wago in Adams co.                                           LAUDERDALE, a county in the W. part of Tennessee,
LATISANA, lI-te-slng, a market-town of Northern Italy, bordering on the Mississippi; area estimated at 350 square
government of Yenice, 23 miles S.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 2800. miles. The navigable river Hatchie forms its entire boundLATIUM. See CAMPAGA. DI ROMA.                           ary on the S. The surface is nearly level, and the soil
LATOPOLIS. See Esren.                                   fertile. Capital, Ripley. Pop. 5169; of whom 3403 were
LATORCZA, l6h'tont/s6h', a river of Hungary, joins the  free, and 1766 slaves.
Bodrogh a little above Zemplin. Total course 90 miles.      LAUDERDALE'S FACTORY, a post-office of Lauderdale
LA TORTUE, li toctiit, a village of Canada East, co. of  co., Alabama.
Huntingdon, 15 miles S. of Montreal. Pop. about 500.        LAUDERDALE SPRINGS, a post-office of Lauderdale co.,
LASTROBE!, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl-  Mississippi.
vania, on the Loyalhanna Creek, 41 miles E. by S. of    LAUENBURG, l6wen-b66ng', a duchy of Denmark, sitnaPittsburg.                                                ted between lat. 520 21' and 530 48' N., and ion. 100 13' and
LATRONICO, 19-tronfe-ko, a town of Naples, province of  110 3' E., bounded N. by Lubeck, E. by Mecklenburg
Basilicata, 40 miles S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3500.          Schwerin, S. by the Elbe, and W. by Holstein. Area 400
LATTAI, lt'tft, LATTE, lit/tee, or LETTE, lit/tee, one of  square miles. Pop. 39,560. It is divided into three asts, or
the Feejee Islands, lat. 180 491 S., ion. 1740 35' W.     bailiwicks, Retzeburg, Lauenburg, and Schwarzenbek.
LATTAKOO  or LATAKOO, written also LITAKOU, a    LAUENBURG, the capital of the above duchy, is situated
populous town of South Africa, Bechuana country, lat. 270 on the right bank of the Elbe, at the mouth of the Delve10' S., lon. 240 30' E. OLD LATTAIOO  is about 33 miles north- naue and on the Stecknitz Canal, 27 miles S.E. of Hamburg.
eastward. See MAsHow.                                     Pop. of town proper, 1200; with suburbs, 3800. It has
LATPTA-LAT/TA ISLES, a group in the Malay Archipelago, ruins of a castle, iformerly the residence of the Dukes of
off the W. coast of Gilolo, lat. 00 15, S., Ion. 1~ 27' E. The  Saxe-Lauenburg, a custom-house for the Elbe dues, and an
largest is 25 miles ih circumference.                     extensive transit trade.
LATrTAS, a post-office of Ross co., Ohio.                 LAUENBURG, l6wltn-bM0Ro, a town of Prussia, province
LAT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             of Pomerania, 68 miles E.N.E. of Cbslin, on the right bank of
LATTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.              the Leba. Pop. 3810. It has manufactures of woollens and
LATZFONS, lItsefons, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle linens.
of Botzen. Pop. 1200.                                        LAUDUN, I6'dfsNG!, a town of France, department of
LATZHAZA or LACZHASA, litsfhih'sohb, avillage of Hun- Gard, 13 miles N.E. of UzNs, on the Tave. Pop. 1980.
gary, Little Oumarnia, 22 miles S.S.W. of Pesth. Pop. 2539.   LAUENSTEIN, lwlen-stlne, a market-town of Germany,
LATZUNAS, lft/zoo'nesh', a village of Hungary, co. of in Saxony, 20 miles S.S.E. of Dresden. Pop. 663.
Temes, about 18 miles from Versece. Pop. 1265.               LAUENSTEIN, a market-town of Germany, in Ianover,
LAUBACII, 10w/hbK, a town of Central Germany, Hesse- E.S.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1012.
Darmstadt, 15 miles E.S.E. of Giessen. Pop. 2032. It has    LAUF, liwf. a town of Bavaria, circle of Middle Francoa noble residence, with a library of 50,000 volumes, iron  nia, 10 miles E.N.E. of Nuremberg, on the Pegnitz. Pop.
foundries, and several annual fairs.                       3008,with manufactures of wire, brass, needles, and plate
LAUBACH, a station on the railway between Lintz and  glass.
Gmincden, in Upper Austria.                                 LAUFACI, lwlffk, a village of Bavaria, 8 miles E.N.E.
LAUBACII, law/bak, a post-office of Northampton co., of Aschaffenburg.  Pop. 1077.
Pennsylvania.                                               LAUFEN, lwlfen, a frontier town of Upper Bavaria, on
LAUBAN, 10w/bin, or LNUBEN, loorben, a town of Prussian  the Salzach, 10 miles N.N.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 1800, emSilesia, 40 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, capital of a circle, on  ployed in. ship-building and navigation.
the Quciss. Pop. 5850, employed in manufactures of woollen,   LAUFEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Neckar, or,loth, cotton, linen, and t'bacco.                        the Neckar, 6 miles S.S.W. of IHeilbronn. Pop. 3960. It
1022




LAU                                                       LAU
nas 3 churches, a convent, and a palace, and is mentioned    LAUIRAYILLE, a poet-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
in~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LURVLE recordsic of Bathmoe 9th, centryln.
in records of the 9th century.                              LAUREANA, lw-rA-,tun,  (anc. Borello?) a town of NaL, AUFENJBURG, 16wmfen-b6RG~, a village in the S.E. part ples, province of Calabria Ultra, capital of a canon, 10
of Baden, circle of Lake.                                 miles ES.E. of Nicotera. Pop. 2050.
LAUFENBURG, a village of Switzerland, canton  of    LAU!REL, a.sounty in the S.S.E. part of Kentucky, has
Aargau, connected across the Rhine by a wooden bridge just an area estimated at 430 square miles. Rockcastle River
above the cataract of LAUFEN.                             forms its N.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Laurel
LAUFF EN, 165wffen, (Fr. Lzauffon, l]f'f6fNG,) a walled town  Creek, from  which the name is derived. The surface is
of Switzerland, canton and 33 miles N.N.W. of Bern, on the  hilly, and mostly covered with forests. Capital, London.
Birs, which is here crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1697.       Pop. 4145; of whom 3953 were free, and 192 slaves.
LAUFFEN A-i NECKAR, lwfflfen-dm-nlklar, a town of    LAUREL, a thriving post-village of Sussex county, Dela
Wtirtemberg, circle of Neckar, 6 miles S.S.W. of Heilbronn  ware, on Broad Creek, an affluent of the Nanticoke River, 52
on the Neckar, here crossed by one of the finest bridges in  miles S. of Dover. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 hotels,
the kingdom, %:mmunicating with a suburb. Pop. 4000.    and about 15 stores. There are numerous saw-mills in the
LAUGHARNE, lawlharn, an ancient municipal borough, vicinity. The creek is navigable for sloops, by which an
seaport town, and parish of South Wales, co. and 9 miles  active trade is carried on in pine lumber and produce.
S.S.W. of Carmarthen, on the estuary of the Taff and  Pop. in 1854, estimated at 1200.
Towy. Pop. of parish in 1851, 2011. The town, remartYably    LAUREL, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
well built, has the ruins of a castle, and is much resorted    LAUREL, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on the
to in summer by visitors.                                 road from Batavia to the Ohio River.
LAUGHERY, 18hlhhr-e, a township  in Dearborn co.,   LAUREL or LAUREL CITY, a flourishing post-village
Indiana,  Pop. 1092.                                      of Franklin co., Indiana, on the WVhitewater River and
LAUGHERY, a township in Ripley co., Indiana. Pop. 868. Canal, 15 miles W.N.W. of Brookville. It has several stores
LAUGIIERY CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Decatur co., and mills. Pop. estimated at 700.
and enters the Ohio 2 miles below Aurora, in Dearborn co.   LAUREL, a township of IHocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1226.
It is a valuable stream for mills.                          LAUREL BLUFF, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., IKenLAUGIHLAN (1hnl/an) ISLANDS, a group of nine low  tucky.
islets in the South Pacific, E. point in lat. 90191 35 S., ion.   LAUREL CREEK, a post-office of Floyd co., Yirginia.
1530 48 40" E.                                              LAUREL CREEK, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.
LAUGHILINTOWN, 1iH/din-tlwn, a post-village of West-   LAUREL FACTORY, a post-village of Prince George's co.,
moreland co., Pennsylvania, 55 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg.    Maryland, on the S. branch of the Patuxent, half a mile
LAUGHTON, law/ton, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. from the Baltimore and Washington Railroad, and 22 miles
LAUGHTON, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln.    S.W. of Baltimore. The manufacture of cotton constitutes
LAUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           the chief business of the village. Pop. about 1000.
LAUGHITON EN LE MOE/THEN, a parish of England,   LAUREL FORK, a post-office of Carroll co., Virginia.
co. of York, West Riding.                                   LAUREL FORK, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky.
LAUHEIM, l6w/htme, a marlket-town of Wiirtemberg,    LAUREL GAP, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.
circle of Danube, 13 miles S.S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 3100.        LAUREL GROVE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., VirLAUINGEN, lOW/ing-fn, a town of Bavaria, circle of Swa- ginia.
bia, on the Danube, 26 miles N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 3816.   LAUREL GROVE, a post-office of Greene co., Kentucky.
It has a castle, a church with remarkable sculptures; and    LAUREL HILL, a beautiful cemetery, situated within
manufactures of woollen and cotton fabrics,               the chartered limits of the city of Philadelphia, on the left
LAUJAR, LAUXAR, lw-Hair, or LAUJAR-DE-ANDA-   bank of the Schuylkill, 3~ miles N.W. of the State House.
RAX, lw-Haaldn-dA-n-dA-r&1, a town of Spain, province and  It comprises above 20 acres, with an undulating surfaice,
18 miles N.W. of Almeira, on the S. slope of the Sierra Nevada. elevated from 80 to 100 feet above the river, which greatly
Pop. 2980.                                                contributes to the appropriate beauty of the surrounding
LAUMELLUM. See LoirE0o.                                 scenery.  The grounds are tastefully ornamented with
LAUN, lOwn, or LAUNY, 15w/nee, a town of Bohemia, 10  winding paths, groups of trees, shrubbery, and flowers.
miles N.E. ofSaatz, with a fine bridge on the Eger. P. 2100. The chapel is a fine Gothic building, near the centre of the
LAUNCELLS, lMnts6lz, a parish of England, co. Cornwall. enclosure. See PHILADELPHnIA.
LAUNCESTON, ldns'tgn, a parliamentary and municipal    LAUREL HILL, called also LAUREL MOUNTAIN and
borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, of  LAUREL RIDGE, a range in the S.W. part of Pennsylvania,
which it is joint capital with Bodmin, on the Kensey, a tri- beginning in Cambria county, and running between Somerbutary of the Tamar, 12 miles N.W. of Tavistock, and about set on the east, and Fayette and Westmoreland counties on
22 miles N.N.W. of Plymouth, to which a railway is pro- the west. The name is often loosely applied to different
jected.  Area of parish, 2180 acres. Pop. of borough in  mountain ridges. About 10 miles west of the range just
1851, 6005. It is built on a steep hill, crowned by the ma- described there is another, named Chesnut Ridge; after
jestic ruins of its castle. The chief buildings, are the castle, passing the boundary of Virginia, the names of the two
founded by the ancient Cornish princes, and formerly known  ranges are reversed, the former taking the appellation of
under the name of Castle Terrible; the old town gates, the  Chesnut Ridge, the latter that of Laurel Hill.
ancient church built of granite, elaborately carved; the    LAUREL HILL, a post-office of Lunenbur, co., Virginia.
small grammar school of Queen Elizabeth, a national school,   LAUREL HILL, a post-office of Richmond co., North
guild-hall, jail, and union workhouse. It has also a library, Carolina.
and a philosophical society. It sends 1 member to the    LAUREL HILL, a post-village of Carroll co., Georgia,
Ihouse of Commons. In the vicinity is Werrington House, about 15 miles S.W. of Carrollton.
a fine seat of the Duke of Northumberlantd.                 LAUREL HILL, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama.
LAUNCESTON, lawstton or lnsrton, the most N.E. district   LAUREL HILL, a post-office of Neshoba co., Mississippi.
of Tasmania, Van Diemen's Land. The chief towns are    LAUREL HILL, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, 70
Launceston, George Town, and York Town.                   miles N.W. of Springfield. The name of the post-office is
LAUNCESTON, capital of the co. of Cornwall, and second  TADLFO  GROVE.
town of Van Diemen's Land, is situated at the confluence    LAUREL HILL CREEK, of Somerset co., Pennsylvania,
of North and South Esk Rivers with the Tamar, 32 miles  flows into Castleman's River.
S.E. of Port Dairymple. Pop. 5000. It is thriving, and has    LAUREL MILLS, a post-office of Rappahannock co. Virimportant traffic with South Australia and Victoria; ships ginia.
of considerable burden anchor at its quay. The principal   LAUREL MOUNTAIN. See LAUREL HILL.
buildings are a spacious stone church, government-house,    LAUREL POINT, a post-office of Monongalia co., Virginia.
court-houSe, jail, barracks, public schools, post-office, and    LAUREL SPRINGS, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carobank. It is the residence of a civil commandant.          line, 200 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.
LAUNICESTON-TAR/RANT, a parish of England, co. of    LAUREL VALLEY, a post-office of Cherokee co., North
Dorset.                                                   Carolina.
LAUNITON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.             LAURELVILLE, a small village of Blair co., PennsylLAUPEN, l6w/pen, a small town of Switzerland, canton  vania.
and 11 miles W.S.W. of Bern, on the Sarine. Near this   LAURELVILLE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pennthe Swiss, under Rodolph of Erlach, totally defeated the  sylvania.
Austrian forces, June 21, 1339.                             LAUIRENCE-KIRK, a burgh of barony and parish of
LAUPERSWEIL, l6wfpers-,ilex, a village of Switzerland, Scotland, co. of Kincardine, 10 miles N. of Montrose. Pop.
canton and 14 miles from Bern, on an elevated site above  of town 1365, chiefly employed in linen weaving, and in the
the Emmen. Pop. 2494.                                     manufacture of snuff-boxes. It was the birth-place of Dr
LAUR. See LAOOR.                                        James Beattie. 
LAUIRA, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio.                 LAUIRENS, a district in the N.W. part of South Carolina.
LAURAGUAIS, 16ora'gVs, a small ancient district of France, has an area of 812 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E.
formerly dependent on Languedoc, and now included in the  by Ennoree River, on the S.W. by the.Saluda, and drained
department of Tarn.                                       by Reedy and Little Rivers, and by Reaburn's and DunLAURAMIE, lawira-me, a post-township in Tippecanoe can's Creeks. The surface is finely diversified; the soil is
co., Indiana, 70 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 1611.   productive, well-watered, and extensively cultivated. The
1023




LAU                                                        LAY
district produced in 1850, 129,694 bushels of wheat, more    LAUT, an island of the East Indies. See PooLo LAUT.
than any other in the state. Capital, Laurensville. Pop.   LAUTENBACH, l6w/ten-blK', a village of Baden, circle of
23,407; of whom 11,454 were free, and 11,952 slaves.       Middle Rhine, hailiwick of Oberkirch. Pop. 844.
LAURENS, a county in the S. central part of Georgia, has    LAUTENBURG, lw/lten-bsnoG,  LIDZBORG, litsfboRG, or
an area of 700 square miles. It is intersected by the Oco- LAC/BORG, a town of West Prussia, 50 miles S.E. of Marien
nee River, and also drained by the Ohoopee River, and by' werder. Pop. 2050.
Palmetto and Okewalkee Creeks.  Thie surface is undu-   LAUTENTHAL, l6wtten-tel, a town of Hanover, 5 miles
lating, and extensively covered with forests of pine, oak, N.N.W. of Clausthal, in the Harz. Pop. 2174.
and hickory.  The soil is composed of lime, sand, and    LAUTER, lw/ter, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, forming in
mould, with a substratum of clay. Soft limestone is abun- part of its course the boundary between  Bavaria and
dant in the county. Named in honor of Col. John Lau- France, joins the Rhine at Neuborg. Length 44 miles.
rens, of South Carolina. Capital, Dublin. Pop. 6442; of    LAUTER, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau. Pop
whom 3464 were free, and 2974 slaves.                      2388.
LAURENS, a post-township in the S. part of Otsego co.,   LAUTERBACH, lwlter-b.KW, a town of Germany, HesseNew York, 75 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 2168.                Darmstadt, 14 miles W.N.W. of Fulda, with 2 castles, 2
LAURENS COURT HOUSE or LAUltENSVILLE, a post- churches, and paper-mills. Pop. 3380.
village, capital of Laurens district, South Carolina, 75 miles    LAUTERBACH, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau,
N.W. of Columbia. It is situated on the dividing ridge  bailiwick of Lauterstein.  Pop. 1284.
between Saluda and Ennoree Rivers. It has 3 churches, 2    LAUTERBACH, LYDERBACH, leelder-bK'~K a village of
academies, and numerous stores. A branch railroad con- Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, on the Lauczka, 5 miles from
nects this place with Columbia.                            Leitomischel. Pop. 1427.
LAURENS HILL, a post-village of Laurens co., Georgia,   LAUTERBACI{, a free mining town of Bohemia, 6 miles
132 miles W. by N. of Savannah.                             S. of Elbogen. Pop. 1750.
LAUtRENSVILLE, a post-village of Otsego co.. New York,   LAUTERBERG, l1w/tek-bao', a town of Hanover, 14
on Otsego Creek, about 75 miles W. by S. of Albany.        miles S.E. of Clausthal, with mines of iron and coal. Pop.
LAURENZANA, l6w-reu-z'lnA, a town of Naples, pro- 3216.
vince of Basilicata, 15 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 5000.   LAUTERBOURG, 10't6'boors, (Ger. Lauterburg, l6wlterLAURIA, 16w/re-A, a town of Naples, province of Basili- b56Rox, anc. Leultrce Casftrum?) a fortified frontier town of
cata, 7 miles S.S.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 6700. It consists France, department of Bas-Rhin, on the Lauter, near its conof an upper and lower town, and has manufactures of  fluence with the Rhine, 34 miles N.E. of Strasbourg. Pop.
coarse linen fabrics.                                      2280. It has iron works and potash actories. In 1793 the
LAURICOCHA, l6w're-ko/chg, a lake of Peru, on the E. French took it by forcing the famous lines of Lauterbourg.
slope of the Andes, lat. 100 15' S., Ion. 760 10' WV.; length,   LAUTERBRUNNEN, 1'wltwr-br66n'nen, or LAUTERfrom N.N.E. to S.S.W., about 12 miles; breadth not more  BRUNN, l6w/ter-brb5n', a village of Switzerland, canton
than 3 miles. It is the source of the Tunguragua or Mara- and 33 miles S.E. of Bern, in the Oberland.  Pop. 1350,
bon.                                                       inhabiting scattered residences, in a valley watered by the
LAURIERE, lS're-aint, a market-town of France, depart-  White Lutschine, celebrated for its picturesque grandeur,
ment of Haute-Vienne, 23 miles N.N.E. of Limoges. Pop. and so confined, that in summer the sun does not appear
in 1852, 1299.                                              before 7 o'clock, A. M., nor in winter before noon, and which
LAUIRIESTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Kirkcudbright, contains the Staubbach, and numerous other cascades.
6 miles W.N.W. of Castle Douglass. Pop. 275.                  LAUTERECKtEN, 16w/ttr-6k'ken, a town of Rhenish Ba,
LAURINO, 16w-ree/no, a small town of Naples, province  varia, at the junction of the Lauter with the Glan, 17 miles
of Principato Citra, on the Calore, 11 miles W.S.W. ef Diano, N.W. of Kaiserslantern. Pop. 1155.
with 2000 inhabitants.                                        LAUTREC, 10trk;, a town of France, department of Tarn,
LAUIRISTON or LAWIERSTON, a village of Scotland, co. 8 miles N.W. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 3466.
of Stirling, 1 miles E. of Falkirk. Pop. 1198, partly em-   LAUTSCHITZ, 1lw/chits, or BLUCZINA, bl66t-chdo'n&, a
ploycd in nail-making and weaving.                          market-town of Austria, Moravia, 10 miles S. of Brtinn, on
LAURITO, lOw-reefto, a small town of Naples, province  the Sazawa. Pop. 1040.
of Principato Citra, 9 miles S.E. of II Vallo. Pop. 1300.     LAUVEN, lSw/ven, a river of Norway, which rises in
LAURO, lw/ro, a villase of Naples, province of Terra di Mount Harteigen, passing the town of Kongsberg, (about 1
Lavoro, 16 miles E. of Gaeta.                              mile above which it forms a magnificent fall,) afterwards
LAURO, a village of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, turns almost due S., and falls into the fiord at the town of
6 miles S.E. of Nola.                                       Laurvig after a direct course of 120 miles, and an indirect
LAUdROT/ or LITTLE P00LO LAUT ISLANDS, a group  of at least 200 miles. Its mouth forms one of the finest
of islands in the Malay Archipelago, off the S.E. coast of  natural harbors of Norway. In its course it expands into
Borneo, lat. (N. point) 40 42' S., Ion. 1150 55' E.         numerous lakes, but none of its affluents are large.
LAURVIG, 1lwr/vig', or LARVIGEN, larivig-en, a seaport   LAUWER  ZEE, 16lwthver zc, a gulf of the North Sea,
town of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, on an inlet of the Ska- between the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, stretchgerrack, 65 miles S.S.W. of Christiania. Pop. 3400. It has a  ing inland N. to S. about 8 miles; and about 6 miles broad.
cannon foundry, snuff-factories, and distilleries.            LAUZERTE, ]5'zaintf, a town of Prance, department of
LAUSANNE, 16'zannt, (It. Loseasno, lo-slnn'in, L. Lausal- Tarn-et-Garonne, 10 miles N.N.E. of Moissac. Pop. in 1852,
niium, Leusosnium, Lausoinius or Lausans/a,) a city of Swit- 3428.
zerland, capital of the canton of Vaud, half a mile from      LAUZET, LE, Ieh lIWzO, a village of France, department
Ouchy, its port, on the N. shore of the Lake of Geneva, and  of Basses-Alpes, 25 miles N.N.E. of Digne.
on the S. slope of the Jura Mountains, 450 feet above the    LAUZUN, l'zftmN, a fortified town of France, department
lake, 32 miles N.E. of Geneva. Mean temperature of year, of Lot-et-Garonne, 16 miles N.E. of Marmande. Pop. 1390.
49o.4; winter, 320.1; summer, 640.7, Fahr. Pop. in 1850,   LAVACICA, formerly written LA BACA, a river of Texas,
20,000. It stands on elevated ground,' and has narrow and  rises near the N.W. border of LaVacca co., and flows through
ill-paved streets, but some good edifices, including the finest Jaclkson co. into the bay of its own name. Steamboats
cathedral in Switzerland, a massive castle, a cantonal hos- ascend from its mouth to Texana, nearly 20 miles.
pital, lunatic asylum, penitentiary, barracks, and theatre.   LAVACCA, a county in the S. central part of Texas, conIts educational institutions comprise an academy with 14  tains about 900 square miles. It is drained by the Lavacca
professors, a cantonal college, military, drawing, and other  and Navidad Rivers. The surfaceis undulating.  Theupper
schools1 numerous literary societies, and collections of art part of the county is mostly occupied by fertile prairies; the
and science; manufactures of woollen cloths, paper, leather, middle is well timbered and also productive; the soil of the
and jewellery, are also carried on. It has good inns, sp-eral lower part is inferior, and covered with the post-oak. Organpublic baths, libraries, an English chapel, &c., and is aistin- ized about the year 1845. Capital, Ilallettsville. Pop. 1487;
gnished for its good society. Voltaire, Haller, Tissot, and  of whom 1055 were free, and 432 slaves.
Byron, resided here; and at Lausanne, Gibbon wrote the    LAVACCA BAY of Texas, is principally included in Callatter half of his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."  houn co. It may be regarded as an arm of Matagorda Bay.
In the cemetery of St. Pierre, near it, John Kemble was   LAYADORES, 1 -vA-]o/ris, a village of Spain, about 14
buried. Under the French it was the capital of the depart- miles from Pontevedra, on the Cambeses; here crossed by a
ment of Leman.                                              handsome bridge. Pop. 2715.
LAUSANNE, law-sann/, a post-village and township of    LAVAGNA, I-vn/yA, a maritime town of Sardinia, 1.
Carbon co., Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River, 2 or 3  miles S.E. of Chiavari, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 6232.
miles above Manch Chunk. It is surrounded by rich coal-   LAVAGNO, lI-v n/yo, a village of Austrian Italy, 6 miles
mines. Pop. 1500.                                           E. of Verona. Pop. 2800.
LAUSIGK, l6w/zik, a town of Saxony, 18 miles S.S.E. of    LAVAL, l\vVtl/, (L. Lavae lum, Talhlis Guido/nis?)a town
Leipsic. Pop. 2261. It has manufactures of woollens and  of France, capital of the department of Mayenne, on the
linens, and mineral baths.                                  Mayenue, 41 miles E. of Rennes, and 150 miles W.S.W. of
LAUSITZ. See LUSATIA.                                     Paris. Pop. in 1852, 19,218. It is on a steep declivity, enLAUSONIUM or LAUSONIUS. See LAUSANNE.                     closed by old walls, and comprises an old quarter, with
LAUS POMPEIA. See LoDe VECCHIO.                          narrow tortuous streets, and black overhanging wooden
LAUSSONNE, ls6oonuf, a village of France, department houses, and a new quarter, with wide, regular, well-built
of Haute-Loire, 10 miles S.E. of Le Puy. Pop. 1900.        streets. Principal buildings, a vast castle, now a prison, a
1024




LAY                                                      LAW.
cu.tous gothic cathedral, 2 hospitals, prefecture, town-hall,   LAW-IIADEN, l3w hb;den, a parish of South Wales. co. of
fine new linen hall, theatre, communal college, and public  Pembroke, 3 miles N.W. of Narberth, with ruins of a castle.
library. It has important manufactures of linen thread    LAWJITITON, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
and fabrics, cotton handkerchiefs, and calico, bleach and    LAWINE. See ALPS, page 63.
dye works, tanneries, marble works, and a brisk trade in    LAWN RIDGE, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois.
linen and cotton fabrics. It was taken by the English in    LAWNSVILLE. See LOGAN CoaRT-HOue.
1466, but retaken by the French in the following year. It   LAW/RENCE, a county in the W. part of Pennsylvania,
suffered greatly in the Vendean war at the end of the last bordering on Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles.
century.                                                  The Mahoning  and Shenango Rivers unite near the centre
LAVALTRIE, l'tvtl'tree;, a post-village of Canada East, of the county to form the Beaver River; it is also drained
co. of Berthier, 30 miles N. of Montreal. Pop. about 1100.  by Slippery Rock and Neshannock Creeks. The surface is
LIAVAMUND, 1l4vf-m65ntx, a market-town of Austria, in  undulating; the soil is fertile and durable. Valuable mines
Carinthia, on the Drave, 31 miles E. of Klagenfurt.       of coal and iron, and quarries of limestone, have been opened
LAVANCI-HE or LAVANGE. See ALPS, page 63.               in the county. Water-power is abundant. The county is
LAVANSARI, ld-vin-sa/reex, an island of Russia, Gulf of intersected by the canal which extends from Beaver to Erie.
Finland, 70 miles WV. of Cronstadt, 4 miles long by about 1 It was formed a few years ago out of parts of Mercer and
mile broad. Pop. 400.                                     Beavercounties.  Capital,New Castle. Pop. 15,246.
LArVANSVILLE, a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsyl-   LAWRENCE, a county in the N.W. part of Alabama, has
vania, 144 miles W. of Harrisburg. Pop. about 100.        an area of 825 square miles. The Tennessee River forms
LAVANT, lt-v&nt/, a river of Austria, in Carinthia, joins the. entire boundary on the N. The channel of the river,
the Drave at Lavamund, after a S. course of 40 miles.     opposite this county, is obstructed by rocks for a distance
LAYWANT, a river of England, co. of Sussex, enters Chi- of 20 miles, forming the Muscle Shoals. The surface is trachester harbor after a S.W. course of 10 miles.           versed by high ridges, connected with the Appalachian range.
LAVANT (EAST and WEsT), a parish of England, co. of The soil is fertile, especially in the valleys. It is intersected
Sussex, 21 miles N. of Chichester. Near it is GooDWooD, the  by the railroad from Decatur to Tuscumbia. Capital, Moulseat of the Duke of Richmond. See MID-LAvANT.             ton. Pop. 15,258; of whom 8406 were free, and 6852 slaves.
LAVARDAC, ltlvaatdltk, a town in the S.W. part of France,   LAWRENCE, a county towards the S.W. part of Missisdepartment of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Baise, 16 miles W. of  sippi, has an area of about 900 square miles. The Pearl
Agen. Pop. 1442.                                          River flows through the central part. The soil in some
LAVARDENS, la'vaRad8N-,  a town of the S.W. part of  sections is fertile, producing cotton and Indian corn. Pine
France, department of Gers, 8 miles N.N.W. of Auch, with  timber is abundant. Small boats can navigate the Pearl
warm baths.                                               River through the county. Capital, Monticello. Pop. 6478;
LAVAUR, l'tv6R/, (ane. aYrsium?) a town of France, de- of whom 3549 were free, and 2929 slaves.
partment of Tarn, capital of an arrondissement, on the    LAWRENCE, a county in the N.N.E. part of Arkansas,
Agout, 23 miles S.W. of Albi. Pop. in 1852, 7331. It has a  bordering on Missouri, contains 1330 square miles. It is
communal college, and manufactures of thick silk damasks, drained by Black, Spring, and Cache River. The surface is
and is the entrepat for the silk goods of Upper Languedoc. diversified; the soil of the river bottoms is fertile. Black
In the 13th century it was the stronghold of the Albigeses, River is navigable by steamboats through the county.
from whom it was taken in 1211 by Simon de Montfort, with  Capital, Smithville. Pop. 5274; of whom 4886 were free,
much barbarity.                                            and 388 slaves.
LAVELANET, lav'li'nA, a town of France, department   LAWRENCE, a county in the S. part of Tennessee. borof Ari6ge, 12 miles E. of Foix. Pop. in 1852, 3062, mostly  dering on Alabama; area estimated at 650 square miles.
employed in the manufacture of fine woollens.              Shoal Creek rises by several branches in the county, and
LAVELLO, 1-v6l/lo, (anc. Labe/lum?) a town of Naples, flows into Tennessee River; it is also drained by Sugar
province of Basilicata, 8 miles N.E. of Melfi. Pop. 3000.  Creek. The county occupies a table-land; the soil is fertile.
LAVYENDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.           Several productive mines of iron are worked in the county.
LAVIENHAM, or LANIHAM, a market-town and parish  The abundant motive power furnished by the streams is
of England, co. of Suffolk, 16h miles W.N.W. of Ipswich.    employed in the manufacture of cotton. It is intersected
LAVENO, hi-vYno, a market-town of Northern Italy, in  by the Nashville and New Orleans Railroad, (not yet
Lombardy, on Latgo Maggiore, 23 miles W.N.W. of Como.   finished,) and by several turnpike-roads.  Capital, Law
LAVENTIE, IWvNGa'tee/, a town of France, department renceburg. Pop. 9280; of whom  8118 were free, and 1162
of Pas-de-Calais, 12 miles N.E. of Bethune. Pop. 1330.    slaves.
LAVENZA. See AvENZA.                                      LAWRENCE, a county in the E. part of Kentucky, borLAWVER, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of.Essex, 6 miles dering on Virginia, has an area estimated at 640 square
N.N.E. of Epping. The philosopher Locke lived, and in  miles. Its E. boundary is formed by Big Sandy River; it
1704 was buried, here.                                    is also drained by the W. fork of that river, and by Little
LAVER, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.       Sandy River. The surface is hilly and broken; the soil is
LAVER, MAGDALEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex. said to be fertile, well watered, and well timbered. Rich
LA VERGNE, lab vrnm, a post-office of Rutherford co., mines of stone-coal have been opened near Big Sandy River,
Tennessee.                                                and the coal is extensively exported by means of the river
LAWVERSTOKE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.         to Cincinnati. Iron ore is also abundant. Formed in 1821,
LAVERSTOKE AND FORD, a parish of England, co. Wilts. and named in honor of Captain James Lawrence, of the
LAVYERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        UnitedStates navy. Capital, Louisa. Pop. 6282; of whom
LAVEY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Cavan.       6145 were free, and 137 slaves.
LAVIINGTON, EAST, a market-town and parish of Eng-   LAWRENCE, a county forming the southern extremity
land, co. of Wilts, on the N. border of Salisbury Plain, 5  of Ohio, has an area of 400 square miles. The Ohio River
miles S. of Devizes. Pop. 1000. Bishop Tanner was born  forms its southern boundary, and separates it fi-om Virginia
here in 1673.                                             and Kentucky. It is intersected by Symmes' Creek, and
LAVINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. also drained by Hale's and other creeks. The surface conLAVINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  sists mostly of high abrupt hills of sandstone formation;
LAVINO, li-vee/no, (anc. Lnbinlius,) a river of the Papal the land in the vicinity of the streams is productive. The
States, joins the Samoggia, after a course of about 30 miles. county contains abundance of iron ore and stone-coal, and
LAVIS, lAvis, a market-town of Austria, in the Tyrol, has more extensive manufactories of iron than any other
5 miles N. of Trent. Pop. 2207.                           county in the state. Clay suitable for stoneware is found
LAVIT, hlAvee, a town of France,. department of Tarn-et- under the iron. Lawrence county is intersected by the Iron
Garonne, 11 miles S.W. of Castelsarrasin. Pop. 1465.      Railroad. Capital, Burlington. Pop. 15,246.
LAVO/NA, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.               LAWVRENCE, a county towards the S. part of Indiana,
LAVORO, TERRA DI, Naples. See TERRa us LAVORO.          contains 440. square miles. It is drained by the E. fork of
LAVOS, 1 voce, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, White River. The surface is mostly rolling or hilly, and
at the mouth of the Mondego, 24 miles S.WV. of Coimbra. the soil fertile. It contains an abundance of timber and
Pop. 3188.                                                limestone. It is connected by rsilroad with the Ohio River
LAVRAS-DE-FUNIL, lW/vrhs-dA-foo-neel/, a town of Brazil, at New Albany. Organized in 1818. Capital, Bedford. Pop.
province of Minas-Geraes, 105 miles W.S.W. of Ouro-Preto. 12,097.
The mines of gold in the district, which were at one time    LAiWRENCE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, bor.
very productive, are now all but exhausted. Pop. (includ- dering on Indiana, has an area of 325 square miles. It is
ing district) 12,000.                                     situated on the Wabash River, opposite Vincennes, and
LAYRIANO, l'v-re-/no, a village of the Sardinian States, intersected by the Embarras River, which enters the Wa4 miles from Casalborgone, on the Po. Pop. 1066.          bash.  The surface is uneven, and presents some fertile
LAWIE, lAveh, a village of Belgium, province of WVest prairies, and tracts of swamp which are unproductive. InFlauders, on the Lye, 27 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 2350.   tersected by the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad.  Capital,
LAWTFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           Lawrenceville. Pop. 5292.
LAWFORD, CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of War-   LAWRENCE.   a new county in the S.W. part of Missouri,
wick.                                                     has an area of 600 square miles. It is drained by the head
LAWVFORD, LONG, a township of England, co. of War- streams of Spring River, which flows towards the NV., by
wick.                                                     the Sac River, (an affluent of the Oage,) and by Centre
3P                                                                          1025




LAW                                                        LAW
Creek. The surface is somewhat diversified, the soil gene- and varying from 3 to 5 stories in heilght, with wings each
rally fertile. Stone-coal is found in the N.W. part. The  240 feet in length, and 3 stories high. The entire building is
county is copiously supplied with water-power. Capital, appropriated to the various purposes of woollen manufimc
Mount Vernon. Pop. 4859; of whom 4611 were free, and  turing such as dyeing, drying, assorting, repair shop, &c.
248 slaves.                                                The company employ about 2400 hands, consuming 12,000
LAWRENCE, a city, and one of the capitals of Essex co.  pounds of fleece wool per day. The value of their manuMassachusetts, on both sides of the Merrimack River, 26 factured goods, comprising shawls, plaids, cassimeres, fine
miles N. of Boston, and 10 miles by road and 13 by railroad, woollens, felt carpets, &c., amounts to $2,500,000 per annum.
N.E. by E. of Lowell. It also has railroad communication  They have 24 houses for employees. The Atlantic Cotton
with Salem, (26 miles,) and with Manchester and Concord, Mills have a building 570 feet long, consisting of a centre
New Hampshire, (the former 26 and the latter 40 miles.)  mill, 6 stories high, and two wings-each 5 stories high,
This is one of those wonderful creations of the manufactur- wholly devoted to the manufacture of cotton goods, of Nos.
ing enterprise of New England, under the influence of which  14 and 24 yarn, turning out about 300,000 yards per week.
a tract, almost without inhabitants, is suddenly converted  They employ 1000 hands, running 52,000 spindles and 1300
into a populous city.  In 1845, the Essex Company con- looms. The yearly consumption of cotton  amounts to
structed a dam across the Merrimack River at this place, 130,000 bales. They have 70 dwelling-houses for the accomby which a fall of 28 feet in the entire volume of the river  modation of persons in their employ.  The Pacific Mills
has been obtained. The work cost about $250,000. A canal, have their principal building 500 feet long, to be increased
more than a mile lon,, and 100 feet wide at the head, 60  to 800 feet, and 6 stories high in front, and 7 in the, rear.
feet at the foot, and 14 feet deep in the centre, conducts the  Their river building is 1000 feet long, with wings 310 and
water from the dam to the different mills. The town is 225 feet in length, and 3 stories high. Their capital, now
laid out on both sides of the Spicket River, but chiefly W. $1,000,000, is to be increased to twice that sum. It is calof the Spicket, and E. of the Merrimack, the streets run- culated that they will then run 100,000 spindles, and 2400
ning mostly at right angles with each other, dividing the  looms, employing from  2500 to 3000 hands, consuming
city into squares.  Near the centre is a handsome common,  upwards of 500,000 pounds of wool and 10,000 bales of
comprising 17' acres. The principal public buildings are, a  cotton per annum. The value of their manufactured goods,
City IHatll, 120 by 62 feet, containing city offices in the lower  it is estimated, will amount to $3,000,000 annually. A
story, and in the second a large hall for public meetings; a  library, for which $1500 have been appropriated, for the.
jail just completed; and 11 churches; of these last, 10 are  benefit of the operatives, is also here established.  They
new, and 2 (Congregational,) cost $25,009 each. The church  have now  about 25 houses for persons in their employ.
organizations are as follows: Congregational, 2; Episcopal, There are also numerous other establishments in Lawrence
1; Freewill Baptist, 1; Baptist, 1; Methodist, 2; Unitarian, not included in the above, among which may be mentioned
1; Universalist, 2; Second Advent, 2; Roman Catholic, 2. Page & Marshall's machine shop, with a foundry attached;
Tdtal, 14. Among the literary and educational institutions  an extensive card factory with 40 machines in operation, each
of Lawrence may be nmentioned the Franklin  Literary  setting about 2,500,000 points daily; a piano-forte manufacAssociation, incorporated April 26, 1847.  Resides other  tory, a steam sawing and planing mill, a carriage factory,
donations, one of $1000 was received from the Hon. Abbott and a large lumbering mill. The Essex Company, with a
Lawrence, for the purchase of scientific works. There is capital of $1,500,000, still own the unimproved water-power
also a library of 1500 volumes, established by Gen. Henry  and land, and the work of building the mills is performed
K. Oliver, in 1850, for the use of the operatives of the  under their direction. The Lawrence Gas Company, which
Atlantic Cotton Mills. The Atlantic Company gave material supplies the city with gas, has a capital of $100,000, with
aid to this institution. Another library is just commenced, extensive works abcut a mile from the city. All the mills,
for the use of the operatives in the Pacific Mills. Public  the stores, and many private houses, are lighted with gas.
lectures have, for several years, been well sustained, the  There is areservoir of water on Prospect Hill, E. of the city,
audiences averaging upwards of 1200 persons. Lawrence  by which the several mills and their boarding-houses are
has an excellent system of public schools, the principal of  supplied with water, and which can be used in all cases of
which is the OLivrna ScHOOL, consisting of a high school, a  fire, but for household supply of water the inhabitants depend
grammar school, and intermediate and primary depart- on wells and cisterns. The town of Lawrence was incorpoments, attended in all by about 600 pupils. This establish- rated in 1845, and it continued a town about eight years,
ment, one of the largest and most complete of its kind in  when the amount of its population having reached that
New England, was named in honor of Gen. Oliver, who en- prescribed by the laws of Massachusetts for a city organizadowed it with a complete philosophical apparatus, valued at tion, (12,000,) a city charter was granted and accepted in 1553,
$1800. This school is in most successful operation. The  and the I-on. Charles S. Storrow was chosen the first mayor.
school building is pleasantly situated, on the N. side of the  The city was named in honor of the Lawrence family of
common, directly opposite the City Hall. There are also  Boston, and has now, (1854,) a population of nearly 15,000.
two grammar schools, nine intermediate, and eleven pri-   LAWRENCE. township, St. Lawrence co.,NewYork. P.2214.
mary shools in different parts of the city, and two additional   LAWRENCE, a township, Mercer co., New Jersey. P. 1835.
school-houses are to be built during the present year, (1854.)    LAWRENCE, township, Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. P.
Three newspapers, the Lawrence Courier, the Lawrence  1173.
Sentinel, and the Home Review, are published in the city.   LAWRENCE, township, Tioga co., Pennsylvania. P.1029.
The financial institutions are the Bay State Bank, with a    LAWRENCE, a post office of Monlroe co., MXississippi.
capital of $300,000, the Pemberton Bank, with a capital of    LAWRENCE, a township of Lawirence co., Ohio. Pop. 534.
$100,000, and a Savings Bank.                                LAWRENCE, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 2287.
The Essex Company commenced their operations upon    LAWRENCE, a township ofTuscarawas co., Ohio. P. 1468
the dam August 1, 1845. During the session of the legis-   LAWRENCE, a post-township in the E. part of Washinglature of 1846, charters were granted to the following corpo- ton co.. Ohio, 100 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 814.
rations, to be located at Lawrence, viz., February 2, the    LAWRENCE, a thriving post-village and township of Van
Bay State Mills, for the manufacture of woollen and other Buren co., Michigan, 79 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 510.
goods, with a capilal of $2,000,000; February 3, the Atlan-   LAWRENCE, post-township, Marion co.. Indiana. P. 1986.
tic Cotton Mills, with a capital of $1,800,000; and March    LAWRENCE, a township of Brown co.,Wisconsin. P. 256.
26, the Union Mills, for the production of cotton, woollen,   LAWRENCE, a flourishing city of Kanzas Territory, beauand linen goods, with a capital of $1,000,000. The last has tifully situated on the S. bank of Kanzas River, 45 miles
not yet gone into operation. Other companies with heavy  from its junction with the Missouri. It was founded in 1.854
capitals have since been incorporated; and the Pacific by the Massachusetts Aid Society. Brick-yards have been
Mills, with a capital of $1,000,000, to be raised to twice that opened; and there are three saw mills in operation. Three
amount, is now in operation. To these are to be added the  newspapers-the "Herald of PFreedom," the "Kanzas Free
Duck Mill, with a capital of $300,000, for the manufacture  State," and the "' Kanzas Tribune," —are published here.
of cotton canvas for sails, now in operation, and the Pem-   LAWTRENCEBURG, a post-village of Armstrong co., Pennberton Mill, a large private establishment, the machinery  sylvania, on Alleghany River, 60 miles N. by E. of Pittsburg.
of which will be started this season (1854); capital, $500,000.    LAWRENCEBURG, a thriving post-village, capital of
There are also two paper-mills, under private enterprise, Lawrence co., Tennessee, on Shoal Creek, 75 miles S.S.W. of
now running, and a carpet-mill just projected. The Law- N.,shville.  Shoal Creek  affords abundant water-power.
renre Machine Shop is one of the largest of the kind in  Within a few miles of the village there are 4 manufactories
the United- States. It is a stone building, 400 by 60 feet, of cotton yarn. It contains 1 or 2 academies, 3 newspaper
and 4 stories high, and, with the foundry, employs about offices, and a bank.
600 hands. The capital is $750,000; and the material annu-    LAWRENCEBURG, a post-village, capital of Anderson co.,
ally consumed includes 2000 tons of wrought iron, and 2000  Kentucky, 12 miles S.W. of Frankfort. The proposed raiI
tons of cast iron. Among the articles manufactured are  road from Frankfort to H-Iarrodsburg will pass through it
locomotive and stationary engines, woollen machinery, and  It has 3 churches, and 1 seminary.
machinists' tools.  The company has 52 houses for cm-   LAWRENCEBURG, a thriving town, capital of Dearborn
ployees. The Bay State Mills have three principal build- co., Indiana, on the Ohio River, 22 miles below Cincinnati,
ongs: one 200 feet by 50, and 9 stories high-and two 200  and 88 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.  It is the southern termifeet by 50, and 9 stories high, having wings 60 feet by 50, nus of a railroad, recently constructed, which connects it
and 2 storieshigh. They run 100 setsof cardsand 720 looms. with Indianapolis. The Whitewater Canal also terminates
They have alsa a building adjoining the river, 998 feet long, at this place, furnishing extensive water-power, tand drawing
1026
ii




LAW                                                         LEA
a large amount of business. The newer part of the town  plain, on both sides of the river of the same name, here
is built on the second bottom, and is rapidly improving. crossed by five bridges, 35 miles N.E. of Trieste, on the lail.
Lawrenceburg contains a court-house, about 6 churches, 3  way to Vienna; lat. (castle tower), 460 2' 27" N., Ion. 140 30(
newspaper offices, 1 bank, and mills of different kinds. 49" E. It consists of the town proper, grouped round the
Incorporated in 1846. Pop. in 1850, 3487; in 1854, about castle hill, and of six suburbs; and is, for the most part,
5000.                                                      very indifferently built, with irregular, narrow,and ill-paved
LAWRENCE CREEK, of Middlesex co., New Jersey, falls streets, but has two rather spacious squares. Its principal
into the Raritan, 3 miles below New Brunswick.             buildings are the Cathedral of St. Nicholas, with fine pictures,
LAWIRENCEPORT, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indi- frescoes, and carvings; St. James' Church, the church of the
ana, 86 miles S. by WV. of Indianapolis. Pop. estimated at Ursuline Nunnery, a very handsome structure; St. Peter's
400.                                                       Church, the Protestant Church, built since the revolution
LAWRIRENCEVIrLLE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., of 1848; the old Gothic town-house, the old castle, crowning
New York, on both sides of Deer River, which affords water- a height in the centre of the town, and now converted into
power, and near the Northern Railroad, 40 miles E. of  a state prison and house of correction; the bishop's palace,
0gdensburg. It forms the centre of an active trade for a  theatre, barracks, and palace of Count Auersberg.  It is the
rapidly growing district, and has 3 churches, a starch fac- see of a bishop, the seat of government of Carinthia and
tory, and several mills and stores. Pop. in 1855, 207.     Carniola; of a military governor, and of several important
LAWRENCEVILLE, a post-village of Mercer co., New  courts and public offices; and possesses a museum, a botaJersey, 5. miles N.E. of Trenton. It has a high school for nical garden,. an infirmary, with lunatic asylum attached;
boys, and a seminary for girls.                            a deaf and dumb institute, a casino, agricultural and musiLAWRENCEVILLE, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, cal societies, a library, lyceum, in which theology, philosophy,
on the Paulinskill, 15 miles N.E. of Belvidere.            and medicine are taught; a gymnasium, normal, military,
LAWRENCEVILLE, a borough of Peebles township, Alle- and agricultural schools; a school of design, industrial
ghany co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Allegheny  school, and various benevolent endowments. The manufacRiver, 2- miles above Pittsburg. Here is an arsenal of the  tures consist chiefly of woollen and silk. goods; and there
United States, comprehending several large stone buildings. are oil, paper, and cotton mills; a large sugar refinery, and
The higher portions of the town are occupied with handsome  a considerable transit trade. Laybach is a place of great
country seats, and there are several churches in the place. antiquity, and is understood to occupy the site of the Roman
Pop. 1746.                                                 zEsiona. It makes a considerable figlure during the Turkish
LAWRENCEVILLE, a village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, wars, and is well known to modern times by the Congress
on the Schuylkill River, 35 miles N.W. of Philadelphia.    which was held in it in 1820-21. Its site was at one time
LAWRENCEVILLE, a post-borough of Tioga co., Penn- very unhealthy, from  the extensive morasses which sursylvania, on the Tioga River, on the Corning and Blossburg  rounded it; but these have been almost completely drained,
Railroad, 158 miles N. by W. of Harrisburg, and very near and the environs now furnish many fine rides and walks.
the N. boundary of the state. Pop. in 1850, 494.           Pop. in 1846, 17,357.
LAWRENCEVILLE, a pleasant post-village, capital of    LAYBACIL, a river of Austria, rises S. Adelsberg, under
Brunswick co.. Virginia, on Great Creek, about 70 miles the name of the Polk; is lost in the Grotto of Adelsberg,
S.S.W. of Richmond. It contains a court-house and 2 hand- and reappears in the Unz; it is again lost below the surface,
some churches. Pop. from 300 to 400.                       and appears at Upper Laybach, where it becomes navi,,able.
LAWRENCEVILLE, a village of Montgomery co., North    LAYBACH, UPPER, is a village of Austria, in Illyria, 12
Carolina, near Yadkin River, 90 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.   miles W.S.W. of Laybach. Jop. 1400.
LAWRENCEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Gwinnett   LAYDE, laid, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Antrim.
co., Georgia, 90 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. The site is   LAYIER DE LA HAYE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
elevated and healthy. It has a handsome court-house, 2    LAYIER, MAR/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
academies, and 2 churches.                                   LAYIER-BREITON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
LAWRENCEVILLE, a post-village of HIenry co., Alabama,   LAY/IHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
7 or 8 miles N. of Abbeville. It contains 1 church, an aca-   LAYON, llyd6csN, a river of France, which joins the Loire
demy, and 2 stores.                                        a little above Chalonne, after a course of about 55 miles.
LAWRENCEVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co.,Arkansas,    LAYRAC, lWrikf, (anc. Lauracucm?) a town of France, deon a lake, 3 or 4 miles N.E. of White River, and 80 miles partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 5 miles S. of Agen, on the
E.S.E. of Little Rock.                                     Gers, near its confluence with the Garonne. Pop. 1253.
LAWRENCEVILLE, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indi-   LAY/STERS, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
ana, about 90 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 200.          LAY/STON, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.
LAWRENCEVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of    LAY/TONSVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co.,,Ma,
Lawrence co., Illinois, on the right bank of Embarras River, ryland.
about 10 miles WV. of Vincennes. It contains a court-house    LAY/TON WIT WARl/BRICK, a township of England, co.
and a newspaper office. The route of the Ohio and Missis- of Lancaster.
sippi Railroad passes through it.                            LAZAROFF, l1z'a-rbff/, a small island in the Pacific Ocean,
LAWRENCEVILLE, a village of Canada East, co. of Shef- on the track to Tahiti, lat. of E. end, 140 53' 30" S., ion. 1480
ford, 21 miles S. of Melbourne,.and 25 miles from Sherbrooke. 39' 30" W.
LAWRENINY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.   LA/ZER CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Flint River in
LAW/ISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         Talbot county, a few miles N.E. of Talboton.
LAW/SON, a post-office of Pulaski co., Georgia.           LAZI, a village of Hungary. See LAAz.
LAWISONVILLE, a post-village of Rockingham co., North    LAZISE, 14d-zeelsA, a small fortified town of Austrian
Carolina, 13 miles from Went-orth, the county seat. Pop. Italy, 13 miles W.N.W. of Verona, on the E. shore of Lake
about 100.                                                Garda. Pop. 2540.
LAWStVILLE CENTRE, a post-office of Susquehanna co.,   LA/ZONBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
Pennsylvania.                                               LE  or LADAKIL, a city of Central Asia. See LEn.
LAW/TON, a post-office of Van Buren co., Michigan.        LEA, lee, a river of England, rises in the co. of Bedford,
LAWITONVILLE, a post-village in Beaufort district, South  near Luton, and joins the Thames at Blackwall, after a
Carolina, 120 miles S. of Columbia.                        course of 40 miles.
LAWUR. See LAso0L.                                         LEA, a parish of England, cos. of Gloucester and Hereford.
LAW/YERSVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New    LEA, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
York, 44 miles W. of Albany.                                LEA, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, on the
LAXA or LAJA, l/nA, a river of Chili, joins the BiobiG  Wyre and Preston Railway, 4 miles W.N.W. of Preston.
after a course of nearly 150 miles, during which it forms Pop. 710.
some lofty cascades.                                         LEA, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, Queen's co.
LAXAS or LAJAS, l/osd, a river of Central America,   LEA BRIDGE STATION, a station of the Eastern Comenters the Lake of Nicaragua from the country between  pany's Railway, 54 miles E.N.E. of Shoreditch, London.
it and the Pacific, 16 miles S.E. of Nicaragua.              LEACHIMAN, a village of Buchanan co., Missouri, on the
LAXENBURG,  l'bx/ln-bllao', a market-town of Lower Missouri River, 50 miles N.W. of Independence.
Austria, with a station on the railway between Vienna and    LEA, CLE/VERTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Glocknitz, 9 miles S. of Vienna. It is well built, and has an    LEA/COCK, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
imperial summer palace. Pop. 790.                           LEADIENHAIM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
LAXIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           LEAD HILL, a post-village of Davidson co., North CaroLAXITON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.       lina, about 100 miles W. from Raleigh, has valuable mines
LAXTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.              of lead and silver.
LAY, 1,L a river of France, formed below St. Vincent by    LEAD HILL, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky.
two small streams called the Great and Little Lay. It be-   LEADIHILLS, a mining village  of Scotland, county and
gins to be navigable at Marcuil, and falls into the creek of  18 milesS. of Lanark, in a bleak district. Elevation, 1300
Arguillon, in the Bay of Biscay, after a course of about 50  feet. Pop. 950, employed in some of the richest lead-mines
miles.                                                    of Scotland, yielding from 700 to 800 tons yearly.  Allan
LAYBACHI or LAIBACH, Il/bAK, (Illyrian, Lublana, loo- Ramsay, the poet, was born here in 1685.
bl3b/nb, anc. Ernosa.) a town of Austria, Illyria, duchy of    LEADlING CREEK, a post-village of Lewis co., Virginia,
%Oarniola, capitalof a government and circle, in an extensive  18 miles W. of Weston.
1027




LEA                                                        LEB
LEAD'ING CREEK, of Meigs co., Ohio, flows into the Ohio   LiEBA, Mlba, a river, lake, and town of Prussia, province
River about 4 miles below Pomeroy.                          of Pomerania, the river entering the lake, and the town on
LEADS/VILLE, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia.     the channel connecting this with the Baltic, 30 miles N.E.
LEADIVALE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.     ol Stolpe. Pop. 948.
LEArFIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford.           LEBADEA.  See LIVADIA.
LEAF -RIVERt, of Mississippi, rises in the S. central part   LEBANON, lbla-non, (L. Liblanus, Ger. Libanomz, Fr. Li.
of the state, and flowing southward, and afterwards south- ban, lee'b6SNs, Itieb. Lebanoss, " the White Mountain,") a
eastward, unites with the Chickasawha, near the S. border famous mountain chain of Syria, extending from the viciof Greene county. The river thus formed is the Pascagoula. nity of Antioch, 24 miles distant from the Mediterranean,
LEAF RIVER, a post-office of Perry county, Mississippi. S. to near Sidon; and with the chain of Anti-Libanus. from
LEAF IIVER, a post-township in the N. part of Ogle co., 10 to 20 miles further E.; its S. part encloses the valley of
Illinois. Pop. 405.                                         Coele-Syria. Its culminating point, Jebel-Makmel, rises to
LEA-GREEN, a station on the Liverpool and Manchester near 12,000 feet; and near this is a grove of several hsundred
Railway, England, 101 miles E. of Liverpool.                cedars, 8 of which are very large and old. The whole range
LEAKE, leek, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         is composed of a whitish limestone (whence its name), and
LEAKE, a county in the central part of Mississippi, has  abounds with cultivated grounds and villages, inhabited by
an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the  a race of hardy mountaineers. East of it is anothcr range
Pearl River. The soil is less fertile than in some other parts  nearly parallel to it, named ANcr-LPaA-Xus or ANTi-LEBANoN,
of the state. Named in honor of Governor Waller Leake, which see.
of Mississippi.  Capital, Carthage.  Pop. 5533, of whom       LEBIANON, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania,
3984 were free, and 1549 slaves.                            has an area of 300 square miles. The Swatara River flows
LEAKE, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.  through the county towards the S.W.; it is drained also by
LEAKE'S STORE, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.  Little  Swatara, Quitapahilla, Tulpehocken, and Indian
LEAKESIVILLE, a post-village of Rockingham co., North  Creeks. This county forms part of the Kittatinny Valley,
Carolina, on the Dan River, 110 miles N.W. of Raleigh, has bounded on the N.W. by Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, and
a cotton factory and flouring-mills. Pop. 300.             on the S.E. by the South Mountain or Conewago IHill. The
LEAKESVILLE, a post-village in Newton co., Georgia, 49  soil of the valley is remarkably fertile, and in a good state of
miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                               cultivation. Mines of excellent iron ore are worked in the
LEAKESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Mis- S. part of the county; the Cornwall mine yields 70 per cent.
sissippi, on the Chickasawha River, 50 miles N.W. of Mobile. of metal; rich veins of copper occur in connexion with the
LEAKE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. iron. A quarry of gray marble, susceptible of fine polish,
LEAL, a town of IRussia, government of Esthonia, capital has recently been opened on the Swatara River, 6 miles from
of a circle, 20 miles S.S.E. of -Hapsal.                   Lebanon. The county is intersected by the Union Canal,
LEA  MARJSTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.   and by the Lebanon Valley Railroad. Organized in 1813,
LEAMINGTON, lmning-ton, a market-town, parish, and  and named from one of the principal townships included in
fashionable watering-place of England, co., and 21 miles E. it. Capital, Lebanon. Pop. 26,071.
of Warwick, with which it is connected by a branch of the    LEBANON, a post-township of York co., Maine, on the
London and Birmingham Railway. Pop. in 1851,15,692. It Salmon Falls River, about 88 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop.
is pleasantly situated on the Leam, an affluent of the Avon; 2208.
and it is one of the handsomest towns in England. It   LEBANON, a flourishing post-village and township of
has a museum, picture gallery, beautiful public gardens, Grafton co., New Hampshire, is situated in a plain at the
3 banks, 2 newspapers, and several splendid hotels. The head of the falls in the Mascomy River, near its confluence
waters from the springs are saline, sulphurous, and chaly- with the Connecticut, and on the Northern Railroad, 4 miles
Gate.                                                      from its junction with the Vermont Central Railroad, 65
LEAMINGTON, HASTINGS, a parish of England, co. of miles N.W. of Concord. At Olcott's Falls in the Connecticut
Warwick.                                                   at this place, there is a descent of about 40 feet in a mile,
LEANIDER, a post-office of Graves co., Kentucky.          around which is a canal with locks, affording extensive
LEANG. See LIANG-Tio0o.                                   water-power. The village is an important centre of trade,
LEAO-TONG, IA-A/o (1.-6w0) tong, MOOKDEN or MIOUK- and the seat of considerable manufacturing.  It has a bank,
DEN, mook/dln, or SHING-KING, a province of the Chinese and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 2136.
Empire, N. of the Great Wall. Principal city, Meookden.       LEBANON, a post-village and township of New London
LEAO-TONG, GULF OF, an inlet of the Yellow Sea, is 150 co., Connecticut, 27 miles E.S.E. of HIartford. It consists
miles long, and from 70 to 120 miles broad.                 principally of one fine street, 30 rods in breadth, and a mile
LEASIBURG, a post-village of Caswell co., North Carolina, in length. It has some manufactures of satinet, flannels,
about 70 miles N.W. of Raleigh, has a flourishing female and other articles. Pop. of the township, 1901.
school, and from 200 to 300 inhabitants.                      LEBANON, a post-township in the S. part of Madison co.,
LEASIINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        New York, on the Chenango Canal, 100 miles W. by N. of
LEASVILLE, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Tennessee.   Albany. Pop. 1709.
LEATHIERHEAD, a small town of England, co. of Surrey,   LEBANON. a post-village of Clinton township, IHunterdon
on the Mole, here crossed by a bridge of 14 arches,'4 miles W. co., New Jersey, 10 miles in a straight line N. of Flemington.
of Epsom, and on the London and Portsmouth Railway.         It is situated in a fine fertile country, and by means of the
LEATHrERSFORD, a village of Lumpkin co., Georgia, on  New Jersey Central Railroad, which passes near it, has easy
the Chestatee River, 11 miles below Dahlonega.              communication with New York and Easton.  P. about 800.
LEATHPERSVILLE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Georgia.    LEBANON, a well-built town of South Lebanon township,
LEATHVERWOOD, a post-office, Clarion co., Pennsylvania. and capital of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, is beautifully
LEATIIERWOOD, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio.,   situated in a fertile limestone valley, 25 miles E. of HIarrisLEATHERWOOD'S STORE, a post-office of Henry co., burg, with which it is connected byturnpike.  The streets
Virginia.                                                 aaregularly laid out, and the houses mostly built of brick
LEATHILEY, a parish of England, co. York. West Riding.  or stoine. It contains an academy, a baunk,  and several
LEAU, 10, (Fl. Leesuw  or Zont-Leeus, ezont slWtv,) a village  churches. Lebanon is the centre of an active trade, for
of Belgium,  province of Brabaut, on the Little Geete. 33 which the Union. Canal affords facilities. A company has
miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1549.                           been chartered to construct a railroad, which, when finished,
L'EAU CLAIRE, 16 clAr, a small river of Wisconsin, flows will cosnect this town with HIarrisburg  and Reading. In
into Chippewa River firom the left, in Chippewa county.     the vicinity are several very large anthracite furnaces, each
LEAVENSWORTII, l1vlenz-worth, a post-office of Darling- of which can produce more than 100 tons of iron per week.
ton district, South Carolina.                               There are 4 newspapers published here. Pop. in 1850, 2184.
LEAVENWORTH, Indiana. See LvENwsRTHa.                       LEBANON, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, 11
LEAVENWORTH, the largest andmost flourishing city miles N. of Honesdale.  Pop. 426.
of Kanzas Territory, is beautifully situated on the right (W.)   LEBANON, a post-village, capital of Russell co., Virginia,
bank of Missouri River, about 2 miles S. of Fort Leavenworth.  is finely situated on an affluent of Clinch River, 325 miles
It occupies a-highly advantageous geographical position, and W. by S. of Richmond.
is surrounded by one of the richest agricultural regious in    LEBANON, a post-village in Abbeville district, South
the Valley of the Missouri. The river flows here with a Carolina.
swift, deep current, anid is bordered on the Kanzas side by a   LEBANON, a post-village of Cobb co., Georgia, 100 miles
natural levee of rock, affoerding excellent landings.  There N.W. of MIilledgeville.
are 4 brick-yards already in operation, and 2 first-class steam    LEBANON, a post-village, capital of De Kalb co., Alabama,
saw mills, besides which lumbher is obtained fiom 3 mills in on Big Wills Creek, 160 miles N. of Montgomery. It is
Mlissouri; also, filom  Pittsburg. Cincinnati, &c. The rail- situated in a long and very narrow valley, and contains a
soads which are to centre in Weston, communicating with court-house,  a JUnited States land-office, and 4 stores.
the S. and E., will secure to Leavenwoirth a paramount in-   LEBANON, a post-village, capital of Searcy co., Arkansas,
terest, as the starting-point of the Pacific Railroad. lPop. in about 100 miles N.N.W. of Little Rock.
1855, about 1000.                                            LEBANON, a flourishiag town, capital of Wilson co.,
LEAVYIINGTON, parish. England, co. York, North Riding. Tennessee, 30 miles E. of Nashville, with wrhich it is con.
LEAVIISI][ AI-, parish of England, co. York, North Riding. nected by a turnpike. It is distinguished as a seat of learn.
LEA V/ITT, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.           ing. Cumberland University is a flourishing institution
1028




LEB                                                         LEE
under the direction of the Cumberland Presbyterians. A T  LECI-IAUSEN, ]Klh wfzetn, a village of Bavaria. circle
law school, which is attached to the university, is exten- of Upper Danube, on the Lech, 1 miles N.N.E. of Aasbnr.
sivce ly patronized. There are also 2 academies, 3 chlurchee   Pop. 2100. It has manufactures of linen, silk stuffs, and
and 2 newspaper offices. Lebanon contains a: large steam I oil-cloth.
manufactory of cotton anid wool, which employs from 150 to    LECHLADE, 18tchlild, a market-town and parish of Eng
200 operatives, with a capital of about $200,000. The build- land, co. of Gloucester, at the confluence of the small river
ing is regarded as an ornament to the town and country. Leach with the navigable Isis, and on the 1Thames and Severn
Pop. in 1851. about 2000.                                   Canal, 4 miles ES.E. of Fairford.  Pop. 1300.
LEBANON, a handsome post-village, capital of Marion co.,   LECK, ilk, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal.
Kentucky, 60 miles S. by A. of Frankfort. It contains a   LECK, l6k, a river of the Netherlands, forming an arm of
court-house, 3 chumches, 2 seminaries, 14 stores, and 1 steam  the Old Rihine, at its delta, N. of the'Waal.  It forms the S.
saw-mill. Incorporated in 1815.                             boundary of the province of Utrecht, and joinsthe Meuse 7
LEIiANON, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1008.    miles E. of Rotterdam.  See NETHERLs NDS.
LE BANON, a post-village of Turtle Creek township, capital   LIECKIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
of Warren co., Ohio, 30 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. It is   LECKIIAMPISTEAD, parish of England, co. Buckingham.
surrounded by a beautiful mud fertile country. The Warren    LECKHAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
County Canal extends from  this place to the Miami Canal.   LECKIONFIELD. parish, England, co. York, East Riding.
Lebanon contains 6 churches, a union school, and 2 news-   LECKPATIRICK, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone.
paper offices.  Six miles E. of the village, on the Little Miami   LE CLAIRE, leh klair, a thriving post-village of Scott co.,
River, is an ancient fortification, nearly a mile in length, Iowa, on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Davenenclosed by a wall of earth, which in some places is 10 thet port, at'the head of the Upper Rapids;
high, and has more than 50 openings or gateways. Pop. in    LECOMP/TON, a town of Kanzas Territory, on the right
1850, 2088; in 1854, about 3000.                            bank of Kanzas River, about 60 miles W. of Westport, Mlis.
LEBANON,    a town-ship of Clinton co., Michigan. P. 192.  souri. The present (1855) legislature of the territory have
LEBANON, a post-village, capital of Boone co., Indiana, decided upon this place as the capital.
on the railroad from  Laifyette to Indianapolis, 26 miles    LECROPTI, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Stirling.
N.W. of the latter. It contains a court-house, a county    LECTOURE, llk'toorl, (anc. Lactosra or CiVaitas Lactoralseminary, and 2 churches.                                  tiuma,) a town of France, department of Gers, capital of an
LEBANON, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, on the  arrondissement, 20 miles N. of Auch. Pop. in 1852, 6625.
road from St. Louis to Vincennes, 20 miles E. of the former. It stands on a steep rock, enclosed by ruined walls, and has
It has a high and beautiful situation, and is surrounded by  an old episcopal palace, now the prefecture, a fine Gothic
a rich farming district. McKendree College, of this place, church, communal college, town-hall, and hospital.  Its
under the direction of the Methodists, was founded in 1835. manufactures consist of serge and coarse woollen cloths,
It has a library of 7000 volumes. One newspaper is pub- and it has a brisk trade in cattle, wines, brandy, and grain.
lished here.                                                  LECZNA. lech/nu, a royal town of Poland, province and
LEBANON, a village in Boone co., Missouri, 42 miles N. 15 miles E.N.E. of Lublin, on the Wieprz.  Pop. 2266.
by WV. of Jefferson City.                                     LEDA, l/dI, a river of Germany, formed by the union
LEBANON, a post-office of Laclede co., Missouri.          of the Ohe and Marka, on the frontiers of Oldenburg and
LEBANON. a post-office of Van Buren co.. Iowa.            Hanover, and joins the Ems, after a course of about 24
LEBANON, a township of Dodge co., Wisconsin. P. 1030. miles, part of which is navigable.
LEBANON, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon.               LEDANO, Il-dA/no, a town of Spain, New Castile, 50 miles
LEBANON WIHIITE SULPHIUR SPRINGS, a post-office of  W.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1100.
Augusta co., Virginia.                                        LED/BURY, a market-town and parish of England, county
LEBBEKE, llb-balkeh,    a village of Belgium, province of  and 13 miles E. of Hereford, on the Ihereford and Gloucester
East Flanders, 18 miles E. by S. of CGhent. Pop. 4376.      Canal. Pop. in 1851, 4624. The towv, on a declivity, at
LEBEDIAN, 1Ib-A-de&nt, town of Russia, government and  the S. extremity of the Malvern Hills, has many ancient,
110 miles W.N.W. of Tamnbov, capital of a circle. Pop. 3000. intermixed with handsome modern houses; a church, partly
LEBEDIN or LEBEDINE, hIb-a-deenf, a town of Russia, of Norman architecture, with a detached tower and fine
government and 77 miles W.N.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 3971.  altar-piece; a decayed grammar school; an hospital, with
LEBENY,'i -baiiV, or LEIDEN, lilden, a village of Hun- chapel, for 24 brethren and sisters, founded 1232, annual
gary, near the Rapcza, 3 miles from EUttveny. Pop. 2098.   revenue, 17201.; several other charities; a union workhouse,
LEBIDA, l~ble-di, or LEBIDA,  (ans. Lqe'tis  Meagyna,) a  ancient market-house, 2 branch banks, and some manufacruined town of Afica, 64 miles ]. of Tr.ipoli. on the Mediter- tures of rope and sacking. In its vicinity are valuable cider
ranean. Septimus Severus was born in its vicinity, A. a. 146. orchards, hop grounds, and marble quarries.
LE BIOT, leh be-of. a town of the Sardinian States, Savoy,    LEDE, lAfdfeh, a village of Belgium, province of East Flan..
on the D,.anse, about 9 miles from  Thonor.  Pop. 1443.     ders, 61 miles S.W. of Deudermond.
LEBITA or LEBINTItOS, an island of Greece. See LrevTA.   LEDEBERG, IA/deh-b6RG', a village of Belgium, province
LE B(EUF, leh bif, a township of Erie,co., Pennsylvania. of East Flanders, at the junction of the railways from Ghent
Pop. 990.                                                   to Termonde and Ghent to Courtred, 2 miles S.E. of Ghent,
LEBRIJA  or LEBRIXA, IA-bree/ul, (anc. Nebrisasa,) a  with two castles and cotton-mills. Pop. 2110.
town of Spain, province and 29 miles S.S.W. of Seville, near    LEDEGIIEM, l/deh-ahlmx, a village of Belgium, province
the left bank of the Guadalquivir. Pop. 7741. It is in a  of West Flanders, 6 miles W.N.W. of Courtrat. Pop. 2637.
marshy tract; the streets are narrow, and houses mean.   LEDENITZ  or LEDENICZ, l4'deh-neets5,  UNTEs  DEIM
Chief public buildings, a church formerly a mosque, a col- LANDSTEIN, a market-town of Bohemia, circle of and 9 miles
lege, and a ruined castle. It has manufactures of cloth, E.S.E. of Budweis. Pop. 985.
pottery, and soap, and is famous for its oil.                 LEDEROCKSVILLE, a village of M1ontgomery co., PennLEBRIJA or LEBRIXA, li-bree/Ha, a river of South Ama- sylvania, 10 nmiles N. by W. of Norristown.
rica, New Granada, joins the Magdalena 120 miles N.W. of    LEDESMA,  -IW-dIlmg, (anc. Bletisla/as,) a fortified town of
Pamplona.                                                   Spain, province and 20 mniles N.W. of Salamanca, on the
LEBUS, IA/boos, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- Tormes, crossed here by a fine old Roman bridge. Pop.
burg, 5 nmiles N. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 1750.      2000. It has warm mineral baths, much frequented.
LECCE, lt/cha, (ane. Luspia  or Aletiumn?) a city of Na-   LEDETSCI, l/detch. (L. Ledecium,) a town  of Bohemia,
pies, province and 23 miles N.W. of Otranto. Pop. 19,397. 17 miles S.S.W. of Czaslau, on the Sasawa. Pop. 1948.
It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a large cathedral,    LEDGER, a post-office of Yancey co., North Carolina.
and 30 other churches, several convents, a royal college,   LEDIARAK, a village of Austria. See LArIT}aRK.
foundling hospital, and a theatre, with a noble government-    LED/LIES, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.
house and new town-hall. It has a royal manufactory of    LED/SHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, West
snuff, and manufactures of woollen, cotton, and silk goods, Riding.
lace, and linen thread.                                       LED/YARD, a post-village and township of New London
LECCO, A village of Italy. See LEqnuio.                   co., Connecticut, on the E. side of the Thames River, about
LECCO, llt/ko, (snc. FolSum Licialii.) a market-town of  45 miles S.E. of Hartford. It has manufactures of cotton
Lombardy, 16 miles E.N.E. of Como, at the mouth of the  and woollen flannels, leather, &c. The Norwich and WorAdda, in the Lake of Lecco. Pop. 4330. It has manufac- cester Railroad terminates'at Allyn's Point, in this towntures of silks, cotton, and woollen stuffs.                ship, and a ferry communicates with Monteville, on the
LECELLES, l1h-cllt, a village of France, department of  opposite side of the Connecticut. Pop. of the township,
Nord, 8 miles N.N.W. of Valenciennes.  Pop. 2230, who  1588.
manufacture nails and agricultural implements.               LEDYARD, a post-township of Cayuga co., New York, on
LECERA, lI-tht/re, a town of Spain, Aragon, 36 miles the E. shore of Cayuga Lake, about 160 miles W. of Albany.
S.S.E. of Saragossa, near the Aguas. Pop. 1191.            Pop. 2043.
LEICH, k:, a river of Southern Germany, Tyrol and BD-   LEE, a river of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork, rises in
varian, rises in the Vorarlberg, and, after a N. course of 140  Lake Gougane-Barra, flows E., and enters Cork' Harbor,
miles, joins the Danube 26 miles N. of Augsburg.           after a course of 35 miles.
LECIIENICH, lhk/en-iK. or LECtINICII, h/uKniK, a forti-    LEE, a small river of Ireland, co. of Kerry, flows into
fled town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles S.W. of Cologne. Tralee Bay.
Pop. 1700.                                                   LEE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
1029




LEE                                                        LEE
LEE, a village and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the  of the town on the right or S. bank of the river, consisti
u. edge of Blacklheath, 6 miles E.S.E. of London. Area, chiefly of the populous suburbs of H-unslet and tIolbeck
1470 acres. Pop. 2360. It has many handsome residences, the much more important part on the N. bank  forms the
a beautiful new church, (in the burying-ground of which, town proper, and occupies the summit and sides of a hill
Halley the astronomer was buried,) and an endowed school, sloping E., W., and N. The town extends along the Aire
LEE, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Virginia, about 1l miles, and nearly 1 mile back. In the older quarters,
bordering on Tennessee and Kentucky, has an area of 550  the streets are generally narrow  and crooked. The only
square miles. It is intersected by Powell's River, an afinu- exception is the Briggate, which is at once spacious and
ent of the Clinch. Cumberland Mountain forms the N.W. handsome, gradually ascending  frons the old bridge in a
boundary, and Powell's Mountain extends along or near direct line of about 600 yards, ibrming the main thoroughthe E. border; the soil of the valleys is fertile. Maple sugar fare. In the more modern quarters, particularly on the W.
is made for domestic consumption. Iron ore, saltpetre, and  slope, are several good streets and squares; but, on the
limestone are abundant in the county. The streams fur- whole, the appearance of Leeds is by no means prepossessing.
nish valuable water-power. Organized in 1792, and named  Its atmosphere, owing to the number of factories, is always
in honor of Henry Lee, at that time governor of the state. hazy with smoke; and at least in the narrower streets, the
Capital, Jonesville. Pop. 10,267; of whom 9480 were free, cleansing process is very imperfect. In both these respects,
and 787 slaves.                                             however, important improvements have recently taken
LEE, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, contains about place. The houses are in general neatly and substantially
380 square miles. The Flint River forms its eastern bonn- built of brick, and roofed with gray slate; and many elegant
dary, and it is also drained by Muckalee Creek. The sur- mansions, possessed of all modern embellishments, have
face is nearly level, and the soil is of various qualities. recently risen up. These are situated for the most part in
Burr-stones and fossils of the tertiary formation are found. Park Place, Park, Hanover, and Woodhouse Squares, in all
Named in honor of Richard Henry Lee, a celebrated orator  of which the unoccupied ground is well laid out in pastures
and member of Congress from  Virginia, in 1776. Oran-  and shrubberies. In regard to paving, lighting, and the
nized in 1826. Capital, Starkville. Pop. 6660; of whom  supply of water, Leeds is already in a tolerably satisfactory
3033 were free, and 3627 slaves.                            state; and a system of sewerage has been commenced on a
LEE, a county in the N. part of Illinois, has an area of  scale which, when completed, will leave it unsurpassed by
700 square miles. It is intersected by Rock River, and also  any provincial town in the kingdom.
drained by Green River and Bureau Creek. The surface is    The ecclesiastical edifices within the townships of Leeds,
nearly level, and the soil excellent. The county is princi- Holbeck, and Hunslet, include 24 Established churches and
pally prairie, but portions of it are covered with timber. chapels, 9 belonging. to Wesleyan, and 13 to Methodists
It is intersected by the Galena Branch of the Central Rail- of other denominations, 5  Independent, 5 Baptist, 2
road. Named in honor of General Lee of the Revolutionary  Roman Catholic, a Unitarian, a Friends' meeting-house, &c.
war. Capital, Dixon. Pop. 6121.                            Among the parish churches, the greater part of which are
LEE, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Iowa, bor- modern, the most deserving of notice are St. Peter's, a decodering on Missouri and Illinois, has an area of 486 square  rated cruciform structure; St. John's, in the later English
miles. It is situated at the confluence of the Mississippi style, with an embattled tower, terminated by crocheted
and Des Moines Rivers, which respectively form the boun- pinnacles; Holy Trinity, a Doric structure, with a tower,
daries of the county on the S.E. and S.W.; the Skunk  one stage of which is Corinthian and the other Ionic; St.
River forms its N.E. boundary; it is also drained  by  Paul's, entered by a handsome Ionic portico; Christ Church,
Sugar and Halfbreed Creeks. The surface is. undulating,  in the decorated English style, with a lofty buttressed tower;
and presents an alternation of prairies and woodlands in  St. Mary's, in a similar style; and St. Saviour's, completed
convenient proportions. The soil is uniformly and highly  in 1845, at an expense of ~20,000. Two of the Wesleyan
productive. In 1850, Lee county produced 754,138 bushels chapels are conspicuous both for their elegance and their
of corn, 149,414 of wheat, and 232.225 pounds of butter; the  dimensions, each containing 3000 sittings. The new Indequantity of each being greater than that yielded by any  pendent chapel, East Parade, is a handsome Grecian Buildother county in the state. It contains extensive beds of  ing; and one belonging to the Roman Catholics, has a spire
stone-coal and quarries of limestone. The streams afford  150 feet high.
permanent water-power. The state has undertaken to open    The other public edifices of Leeds are neither numerous
steamboat navigation on the Des Moines River; and a com- nor very remarkable. The more conspicuous are the Company has- been formed for the construction of a railroad  mercial buildings, a large and massive Grecian structure, so
from Keokuk to Dubuque. This county is the most popu- situated as to have three fronts, one of which, containing
ions and wealthy in the state. The Sacs and Foxes were the main entrance, has an imposing appearance, and so
removed from the soil about 1835. Keokuk and Fort Madi- arranged as to combine a news-room, concert-rooms, and
son are the capitals. Pop. 18,860.                         various public offices; the Stock Exchange, of the composite
LEE, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, about 112  order, recently completed, and justly regarded as the most
miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 917.                           ornamental structure of which the town can boast; the
LEE, a post-township of Strafford co., New Hampshire, on  Court-House, a plain building, with a neat Corinthian portico,
both sides of the Lamprey River, about 30 miles E. by S. of  and a fine bronze statue of the late Sir Robert Peel placed
Concord. Pop. 862.                                         in front of it; the Industrial School, and the new House of
LEE, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on  Recovery, beautiful Elizabethan structures, with highly
the H-ousatonic River, 11 miles S. of Pittsfield. This is one  decorated fronts and octagonal turrets; the borough jail, a
of the most flourishing townships in the county; its pros- recent erection on improved principles, at an expense of
perity is chiefly owing to its extensive woollen, paper, and  ~43,000; the Philosophical Hall, a handsome building, partly
cotton mills. The village is sitteated on the Iousatonic  occupied as a museum; and the Central Market, a spacious
River and Railroad, and contains a bank and savings insti- covered building, with a Grecian front, spacious shops, and
tution. Pop. of the township, 3220.                         avenues of stalls. A town-hall suited to this important
LEE, a post-township of Oneida co., New York, with a  borough is (1852), about to be erected by the corporation,
village of the same name, about 20 miles N.W. of Utica. for which a spacious site has been purchased.
Pop. 3033.                                                    The principal educational establishment in which classical
LEE, a post-township, forming the S.W. extremity of  instruction is given, is the free grammar school, originally
Athens co., Ohio, 68 miles S.E..of Columbus. Pop. 961.      founded in 1552, and subsequently enriched by bequests, so
LEE, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1220.          as to have an income of about ~2000, and the privileges of
LEE, a township of Calhoun co., Michigan. Pop. 381.    an exhibition at Oxford, and four scholarships at Camnbridge;
LEE, a post-office of Warrick co., Indiana.               the average attendance is about 170. For a humbler eduLEE, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 333.        cation, the first place belongs to the industrial school; already
LEE, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois.                 mentioned; the buildings and grounds of which cover 6
LEE, a township in Platte co., Missouri. Pop. 1793.       acres, and provide accommodation for 400 children; teachers'
LEE BOT'WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.          apartments, dining-hall, dormitories, and all other requisites
LE'E BROCK/HURST, a parish of England, co. of Salop.  on the most complete scale. There are also -a mechanics'
LEE CENTRE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.        institute school, a model infant school, and numerous other
LEE CENTRE, a thriving post-village and township of  schools in connexion with the Establishment, or the various
Lee co., Illinois, 100 miles W. of Chicago. Pop. about 300.   bodies of Dissenters. Among literary and scientific instituLEECHIIBURG, a thriving post-village of Armstrong co., tions, are the Literary and Philosophical Society, and the
Pennsylvania, on the Kiskiminetas River and Pennsylvania  Mechanics' Institute, the lattor one of the most flourishing
Canal, 35 miles N.E. of Pittsburgh. A dam across the river  of its kind in the kingdom; and there are several goodhere creates extensive water-power.                         libraries, especially the Leeds Library, originally founded by
LEECIIVILLE, a post-village in Beaufort co., North Caro- Dr. Priestley in 1768, and the New Subscription Library, of
lina, 120 miles E. by S. of Raleigh.                        much more recent origin. The leading charitable establishLEEDS, a municipal and parliamentary borough of Eng-  ments are the infirmary, in the benefit of which in-door or
land, co. of York, West Riding, 22 miles S.S.W. of York, on  out-door patients, to the number of above 3000, annually
both sides of the Aire, which is here crossed -by six bridges, participate; the house of recovery, intended for fever and
two of stone, one a single arch of cast iron, and two suspen- other infectious diseases; the dispensary; the eye and ear
sion bridges on what has been called the bow and strings infirmary; several hospitals and alms-houses; and a variety
principle, first introduced by a Leeds engineer. The part of philanthropic associations, as the Tradesman's Benevo1030




LEE                                                        LEE
rent Society, the Strangers' Friend Society, the Church Visit- by S. of Augusta. The Androscoggin Railroad joins the
ing Society, e&c. There are 3 public cemeteries;  that on  Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad in this township.
Woodhouse Moor was opened in 1835, the other two more  Pop. 1652.
recently. Leeds has a branch of the Bank of England, seve-   LEEDS, a post-office of Hampshire co., Massachusetts.
ral other banks, and a savings institution.                  LEEDS, a post-village of Greene co., New York, on Catskill
Few towns are more favorably situated, both for mann- Creek, about 33 miles S. by W. of Albany.
factures and trade. It stands near the centre of one of the    LEEDS, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.
most important coal-fields of England, is accessible from the    LEEDS, a county in the E. part of Canada West, near the
sea by the river Aire, for vessels of 120 tons; communicates  commencement of the St. Lawrence River, which forms its S.
by canals both with the Mersey at Liverpool, and the Hum- boundary. Within its limits are several small lakes which
ber at Goole, and many manufacturing towns; and has form the sources of the Cataraqui and Rideau Rivers. Area
recently become the centre of a network of railways, leaving  805 square miles. Pop. 30,280.
it almost nothing to desire in respect to facility of transport.   LEEDS CENTRE, a village of Androscoggin co., Maiine,
These great advantages have been turned to good account, on the Androscoggin Railroad, 7 miles W. of its junction
and the prosperity of the town, already rapid almost beyond  with the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad.
example, continues to increase. In woollens, one of the    LEEDS MANOR, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.
great staple manufactures of the kingdom, it takes a decided    LEEDS POINT, a small post-village of Atlantic co., New
lead. For a long time, only the coarser kinds of woollens  Jersey, about 15 miles nearly E. of May's Landing.
were manufactured, and the greater part of the weaving    LEEDS STATION, a post-village of Androscoggin co.,
was performed by domestic looms. A great number of these  Maine, at the junction of the Androscoggin Railroad, with
are still employed, but the valuable improvements in ma- the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad.
chinery and other processes, in the invention and perfecting    LEEDSIVILLE, a thriving post-village of Dutchess co.,
of which Mr. William Hirst, a native of the place, greatly  New York, about 60 miles S. by E. of Albany. It contains
distinguished himself, have led to the general introduction  a bank and. about 500 inhabitants.
of the factory system; which, under whatever defects it may    LEEDSVILLE, a post-village of Atlantic co., New Jersey,
otherwise labor, has certainly tended both to an immense  on the seashore, 11 miles S.E. of May's Landing.
increase of the quantity, and improvement in the quality    LEEDSVILLE, a village in Randolph co, Virginia, 175
of the goods. Cloths which, for fineness and color, cannot miles N.W. of Richmond.
be surpassed, are now regularly produced; and, in many    LEEFDAAL or LEEFDAEL, laif'dgl, a village of Belgium,
instances, from the first step in the process to its completion, province of Brabant, on the Yoer, 13 miles E. of Brussels.
by the agency of steam. The most important woollens made  Pop. 1722.
here are superfine broadcloths, coafl.e narrows, pelisse cloth,   LEEK, a manufacturing market-town, and parish of
shawls, Scotch damlets, blankets, &c. The greater part of  England, co. of Stafford, on the Churnet, 12 miles S.E. of
the cloth made, at least by the  oior.stic  manufacturers, is  Macclesfield. Area of parish, 34,370 acres. Pop. in 1851,
disposed of in the Cloth Halls. These are two immense and  13,292. The town, in a vale in the hilly district, called the
most ungainly brick buildings, in each of which two weekly  Moorlands, has many old and some good modern houses, an
markets are held, and the goods ready for sale are brought ancient Gothic church, a pyramidal cross, supposed to be
forward and arranged for inspection in avenues of stalls. Danish, a small town-hall, union workhouse, and a mechanThe one, called the White Cloth hIall, is for undyed goods; ics' institution, with extensive manufactures of silks and
the other is for dyed goods, on which all the processes of  ribbons. A canal, connecting it with the Trent and Mersey,
manufacture have been performed except. shearing  or  and an abundance of coal in the vicinity, facilitate its trade.
finish. Flax spinning and weaving are likewise extensively    LEEK, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
carried on, and employ almost as many hands as the wool-   LEEK, FRITH, a township of England, co. of Stafford.
len manufactures, as will be seen fieom the following table,   LEEK, WOOLTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
obligingly supplied by the Government Local Inspector of    LEEK, DE, dA laik, a village of the Netherlands, province
Factories:-                                                 and 9 miles W.S.W. of Groningen. Pop. 4451.
LEE'LENAW, a new and unorganized county of Michi
STATrISTICA~L TAB~LE of th6 FACTOR~IES situated in the BoRoucm of
9~c eL RanLs 5! 5s  FeTO~EDESe s. ualec is Ihe 3OaOos 5/  gan, in the N.W. part of the lower peninsula, bordering on
L~eLs. _____   ___Lake Michigan; area estimated at 1000 square miles. It is
drained by Carp and Platte Rivers.
LEE'MING, a chapelry of England, co. of York, North
-  W  -  0   ~ ~  ~ ~   Riding.
IVJTUaE oP Wora.,riedb =ar  an  Plot nr.
~NATURIC 0sa WORI  Ca Weesc  N   bb           LEENDE, lainfdeh, a village of the Netherlands, province
- /
0   P. r;                    of North Brabant, 7 miles S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 1528.
WseR P              LEENS, lains, a village of Holland, province of Groningen, 21 miles W. by N. of Appingedam. Pop. 828.
Woollen Manufacturing.     4    6-106  1564  118,637 883    LEEIPERTOWN, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois.
Woollen Dressing.... 48   394    82.....  LEER, lain, a town of Hanover, 17 miles S. of Anrich,
Aggregate Woolleno   12  10,350  2388  118,637 883   on the.Leda, near its junction with the Ems.  It has
Manufactures.                I                     manufactures oflinens, hosiery, soap, vinegar, and candles.
Worsted Spinning adWea-     9    157   186 9i1e  655   In 1845, 880 vessels (mostly Hanoverian) entered and 933
vinge.aing                                                s left the port.
Flax Spinnincg and Weavjing   31   9438  1831  198,076 140   LEERDAM, laiadnimm, a town of the Netherlands, province
orsted Printing             1....   of South Holland, 19 miles E.N.E. of Dort.  Pop. 2655.
We'rsted Feintingk...   I
LEERSUM, lair/sem, a village of HIolland, province and
15o  i 20,885 -4401  326,429 1678  15 miles S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 684.
LEES, a, chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
Themanufacture of locomotives employs about 2000 hands;   LEESfBURG, a village of Cumberland co., New Jersey, on
there are 3 tool-making establishments, and machine-making  Maurice River, 11 miles S. of Millville.
is extensively carried on. Other manufactures, of a greater    LEESBURG, a post-office of Cumberland co., New Jersey.
or less extent, are cotton and silk goods, leather, Spanish    LEESBURG, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 10
morocco leather, glass, earthenware, mustard, chiccory, and  miles S.S.E. of Lancaster.
tobacco. There are also several extensive oil-mills in the    LEESBURG, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
town and neighborhood.                                        LEESBURG, a handsome post-blrough, capital of London
Leeds received its first charter of incorporation in the'2d  co., Virginia, is situated near the Kittoctan Mountain, 3 miles
of Charles I.; and a second, the former having been forfeited, from the Potomac River, and 150 miles N. of Richmond.
in the 13th of Charles II. The parliamentary borough is co- The streets are well paved, and the town is built in a neat
extensive with the parish, and 30 miles in circuit. It returns  and substantial manner.  It contains a court-house, 3
2nmembers to Parliament. The vicinity of the townis crowded  churches, a bank, an academy, and a newspaper office. It
with villages, most of theinhabitants of whichi are emnployed in  is surrounded by a fertile, well-cultivated country, which
manufacturing for the Leedsmarket; and adorned with many  presents a beautiful variety of landscapes. Pop. in 1850,
handsome villas, but the only object possessed of much in- 1691; in 1854, about 2000.
terest is thle fine ruin of Kirkstall Abbey, about 2 miles   LEESBURG, a post-village in Cherokee co., Alabama, 150
distant. The most eminent natives of Leeds or its vicinity, miles N. of Montgomery.
are Smeaton, the engineer of Eddystone Lighthouse; Dr.   LEESBURG, a post-village in Washington co., Tennessee,
Priestley, Dr. Richard Bentley, and the two Milners, Joseph  270 miles E. by N. of Nashville.
and Isaac, both distinguished as theologians, and the former    LEESBURG, a post-village of Harrison co., Kentucky, 27
author of a well-known church history. Leeds sends 2 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort, contains 3 churches, 1 manufacmembers to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1841, 151,850, tory of wool, and 1 of bagging.
and in 1851, 171,805.                                         LEESBURG, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, on the
LEEDS, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 4- miles E.S.E. Conotten Creek, 12 miles S.W. of Carrollton. It contains 2
of Maidstone. The village is ancient and picturesque. Leeds churches, several stores, and about 80 houses.
Castle is a fine old quadrangular pile, surrounded by a moat.   LEESBURG, a thriving post-village of Highland co., Ohio,
LEEDS, a post-township of Androscoggin co., Mlaine, on  on the railroad from  Cincinnati to Marietta, 11 miles N. of
the E side of the Androscoggin River, about 18 miles W.- Hillsborough. Pop. estimated at 500.
1031




LEE                                                         LEG
LEESBURG, a township in the E. part of Union co., Ohio.   LEFKE, l/flkee, a village of Ithaca, Ionian Islands, lI
Pop. 701.                                                   miles N.W. of Vathi.
LEESBURG, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on the    LEFKOSIA, llf-ko-zeel, more commonly NICOSIA, ne-ko.
railroad from Elkhart to Peru, and on the border of Turkey  zee)A, the capital city of the island of Cyprus, near its centre,
Creek Prairie, 116 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 217. Pop. 18,000 (?), about two-thirds Turks. It is "a Venetian,
LEE'S COVE, a post-village of Shelby co., Alabama, 60  converted into a Turkish city;" having bastioned walls,
miles N.N.W. of Montgomery.                                 mosques which have all been churches, one a fine Gothic
LEE'S CREEK, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio.          edifice; several Greek and Roman Catholic churches and
LEE'S CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Cumberland co., convents, a large caravanserai, and some baths. The houses
Pcnnsylvania, about 16 miles S.W. of Carlisle.              are furnished with balconies, and enclosed by gardens, &c.,
LEE'S MILLS, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.         but its streets are narrow and dirty, and it is mostly in
LE.ESPORT, a thriving post-village of Berks co., Pennsyl- decay. It has manufactures of carpets, printed cottons, and
vania, on the Schuylkill River and Canal, and near the  red leather, and some trade in cotton and wine.
Pottsville and Reading Railroad, 8 miles N. of Reading. It    LEFLORE', a post-village of Carroll co., Mississippi, on the
contains a large mill', and several hundred inhabitants.    Yazoo River, at the confluence of its branches. 18 miles W.
LEEST, laist, a village of Belgium, province and 16 miles of Carrollton. Much cotton is shipped here by et6amboats.
S. of Antwerp, on the Senne. Pop. 1430.                       LEFOOGA, LEFOUGA, LEFUGA, ]e-foolgA, written also
LEE  ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Northum- LEFOUKA, le'foolkl, and LEEFOIG A, one of th, Tonga:,
berland.                                                    Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 10~ 48'12" S., Ion.
LEES/VILLE, a post-office of Middlesex co., Connecticut.  1740 20' W. It is about 7 miles long, and 3 miles broad.
LEESVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New York,   LEFTRO. See LEUCTRA.
about 50 miles W. of Albany.                                  LEFTTWICHI, a township of England, co. of Chester.
LEESVILLE, a post-village in Campbell co., Virginia, 110    LEFUGA ISLAND. See LEFOOGA.
miles W.S.W. of Richmond.,LEGAN, ltg n, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of SwaLEESVILLE, apost-villageof Robeson co.,North Carolina, bia; 13 miles N.W. of Kempten. Pop. 1827.
100 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh.                                  LEGANES, lA-gi/nfs, a small town of Spain, province and
LEESVILLE, a post-village of Lexington district, South  7 miles S.W. of Madrid, by the inhabitants of which it is
Carolina, 30 miles W. by S. of Columbia.                    much frequented as a rural retreat. Pop. 1905.
LEESVILLE, a village in Choctaw co., Mississippi, 100    LEGANIEL, 1A-g&-ne-6l1, a village of Spain, New Castile,
miles N.N.E. of Jackson.                                    38 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1106.
LEESVILLE, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Tennessee.      LEGAZPIA, li-ghsipe-A or l-g~thlpe-A, a town of Spain,
LEESVILLE, a post-village in Hart co., Kentucky, about Biscay, on the Urola, 27 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. P. 1136.
90 miles S.W. of Frankfort.                                   LEGBOURNE, leg/burn, a parish of England, co. of LinLEESVILLE, Ohio. See L-EsBURG.                            coin, 3 miles S.E. of Lduth. It has a station on the Great
LEESVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Ohio, 10 miles  Northern Railway.
E. of Bucyrus. It contains 2 churches, and perhaps 400    LEGE, leh-zhY, a market-town of France, departmentof
inhabitants.                                                Loire-Infdrieure, 23 miles S.S.W. of Nantes.  Pop. in 1852,
LEESVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana, 12  3703.
miles E. of Bedford.                                          LEGELSIIURST, lA/ghfls-h6Srnst, a village of Baden, cirLEESVILLE, a small post-village of Boone co., Illinois.   cle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Kork. Pop. 1408.
LEESVILLE CROSS ROADS, a post-village of Crawford    LEGEND, l4'ghlnd/, a village of Hungary, I-Hither Danube,
co., Ohio, 70 miles N. by E. of Columbus.                   Pop. 1121.
LEETOWN, a post-village of Jefferson co., Virginia, 165    LEGIERWOOD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.
miles N. of Richmond.                                         LEGIESBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
LEEUWARDEN, liWwa'Rden, or lIfti-9&Rden, (Frisian,   LEGHORN, hug/horn or 18g-horn!, (It. Lieorno, le-voa/no;
Lieueert, lyW'5rt; L. Leovas/dia,) a town of IHolland, the  Fr. Livoursze, lee'voown!; Sp. Liorna, le-oRnuS; anc. Libur/largest in the province of Friesland, 70 miles N.E. of Amster-  eum, Lieburfni Por/tus, and Hrer/cclis  Librenis   Portieus,) a
dam; lat. 530 12' 14" N., lon. 50 471 41" E., in a fertile plain  seaport town of Tuscany, province of Pisa. on a tonfgue of
on the Re, 10 miles from the sea, though once it lay on the  land extending into the Mediterranean.  Lat. (light-honse)
shores of a deep bay. It is surrounded by a deep broad  430 32' 42" N., Ion. 10027 45" E.; 50 miles W.S.W. of Floditch, with an exterior talus planted with trees; and the  renre. with which, and with Pisa, it is connected by railway.
site of the walls has likewise been formed into a planted  It is nearly in the form of a square, and surrounded by
promenade. The town is well built, adorned With numerous  modern walls, with five gates; it is well built, consisting
elegant edifices, both public and private; is intersected by  generally of spacious, regular, and well-paved streets.  it
numerous canals, and is rapidly increasing. The principal is of conmparatively recent origin, having been a mere fishbuildings are the former Court of the Stadtholders of Fries- lug village up to the middle of the 16th century, and hence
land, a plain-looking structure, now converted into a royal possesses few objects of interest in architecture and art.
alace; the Government-house, a large fine edifice; the old  The most remarkable buildings and establishments are
Landhuisi now used for the courts of first resort; the House  the Duoms, originally only a parish church, and of such
of Correction, the civil and military prison, alarge, handsome  limited dimensions, that a new cathedral on a larger scale
town-house; the Weighhouse, Corn-exchange, new barracks, has been begun; the church of the Madonna, with good
and the churches, of which there are 3 Calvinistic, 1 Evan- pictures by Roselli and 11 Volleranno: two Greek churches,
gelical Lutheran, a Baptist, a Roman Catholic, and a syna-  a synagogue, richly ornamented with marble s; a mosque,
gogue. The benevolent institutions include 2 general, and 3  a ducal palace, a marble statue of Ferdinand L, by Pietra
orphan, hospitals; 2 poor-houses, and several schools for the  Tacca; the lazarettos of San Rocco, San Jacopo, and San
poor. Of other schools there are 3 Latin, a town's commer- Leopoldo, all well-managed institutions and remarkable
cial, and numerous elementary and intermediate; and there  structures, particularly the last, which is one of the most
are likewise several learned societies, as the Society of Fri- magnificent works of the kind in Europe: the Torre de
sian History, Antiquities, and Language; a natural history  Marzocco, built of red marble, and so called from the Marsociety, &c.; and also various associations for the distribu-  zocco or Lion by which it is surmounted; a theatre, public
tion of tracts, Bibles, and other religious books. Leeuwar- library, and aqueduct. The manufactures consist chiefly of
den carries on a considerable trade in the produce of the  articles in coral, of which there is a valuable fishery; woolprovince. It has 2 breweries, 8 distilleries, 5 potteries, 7  len and silk goods, straw bonnets, glass, paper, soap, cordage,
tan-yards, 8 boat-building yards, as many rope-walks; ma- leather, starch, &c.
nufactures of chiccory, tobacco, soap, and linen; and saw,'Possessing the privileges of a free port, Leghorn has an
oil, cement, walk, and corn mills. Pop. in 1850, 24,505.    extensive trade, both general and transit, furnishing the
LEEUWEN, lfwen, or IlO-Wen, a village of the Nether- chief source of its prosperity. The harbor is of large extent,
lands, province of Gelderland, 14 miles WV. of Nymwegen. but somewhat difficult of entrance, from  the numerous
Pop. 1500.                                                  shoals which surround it. It is also much silted up, partiLEEUWIN, CAPE. See CAP, LEEuwIN.                          cularly in the inner harbor, which is now chiefly used as
LEEUWIN' (lltL-win or lew/in) LAND comprises most repairing and building docks. The outer harbor is protected
part of the colony of West Australia, S. of lat. 300 S.     by a fine mole, which extends about half a mile into the
LEE VALILEY, a post-village of Hawkins co., Tennessee, sea. The depth of water at its extremity, however, is not
256 miles E. of Nashville.                                  more than 18 feet, and diminishes rapidly towards the iute-.
LEE/WARD ISLANDS, a name applied to the West India  rior, making it inaccessible byvessels of large burden. The
Islands, N. of lat. 150 N., and comprising the British islands roadstead, lying W.N.W. of the harbor, is protected by a
Domeinica, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Christopher, Anguilla, long sandbank, which breaks the violence of the waves;
and the Virgin group, the French islands Guadeloupe and  and, though exposed at times to a heavy swell, has good
Marie Galante, with all the Danish, Swedish, and most of the  anchorage in ample depth. The principal exports are sillk,
Dutch possessions  in this archipelago. S. of this group are  raw and manufactured; straw, raw and plaited; straw bonthe WxINDIwA.D ISiLYDS.                                   nets, borax and boracic acid, fruit, wine, oil, coral, marble,
LEFFE, l1f/fl, a village of Austrian Italy, province and 12  paper, timber, corn, hemp, anchovies, &c.; the principal
miles E.N.E. of Bergamrno. Pop. 1300.                      imports, colonial produce, raw cotton, cotton twist, cotter.
LEFKE, lffkth, a village of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 45 miles  and woollen goods. dye-stuffs, metals, hardware. earthen.
E.N.E. of Bruea, neatly built of sun-baked brick.          ware, salted fish, &c. In 1845, 3945 vessels, oi which 36,294
1032




LEG                                                        LEI
tons were in British bottoms, entered the port; and 207    LEHMAN, leelman, a post-township of Luzerne co., Penn.
British vessels, tonnage 34,415, cleared.                  sylvania, 120 miles'N.N.E. of Harrisburg.  Pop. 558.
Leghorn is the see of a bishop, the residence of a civil and    LEHIMAN, a township of Pike co., Pennsylvania.  P. 869.
amilitary governor, the seat of a court of primary resort,   LEIIMEN. See LEMIOENY.
a chamber of commerce, foreign consulates, sanitary direc-    LEItNIN, Il-neenl, a town of Prussia, province of Brandentory, several important public offices, and literary, scientific, burg, government and 14 miles W.S.W. of Potsdacm. P. 988.
artistic, and benevolent institutions. Though originally a    LEHOTA, l4hofth', the name of several small villages
Roman port, it has not a vestige of antiquity, and had  of Hungary.
dwindled down into a fishing village, when its great capa-    ALso LEnoTA, 1Psho! hlholtth', (i. e. " Lower Lahota,") a
bilities for commerce were discerned by the grand-dukes of  village of Hungary, IIither Dadiube, county of Sohl, 16
the Medici family, who surrounded it. with fortifications,  miles from NeusohI. Pop. 901.
constructed its harbor, and bestowed upon it valuable pri-   FEKETE LEHOTA, fit/tllt hA'ho'tih', a village of Hungary,
vileges, of which not the least important was full toleration  RHither Theiss, 22 miles from Rosenau. Pop. 931.
to all nations and creeds. It suffered much during the    FELSe  LEHOTA, fhl'shlf I,'hoft0h', (i. e. "Upper Lehota," a
ascendancy of Napoleon, from his continental blockade. It village of I-Iungary, Ihither Danube.
has more than doubled its population since 1833; Pop.   JANo LEHOTA, y1'no' l holt6h%, a village of Hungary,
1854, 78,060.                                               IIither Danube, 30 miles from Schemnitz. Pop. 961.
LEGIEP, IA-Gheepf, or COUNT IIEIDEN  (hitden) ISL-   KItALY LEHOTA, kre'rl! 1,{/holtlbh. a village of Itungary,
ANDS, a group in the North Pacific Ocean, Marshall Archi- Hither Danube, in the county of Liptau, near the Wag.s
pelago, Carolines, the centre island, in lat. 90 51, 30" N., Ion. Pop. 900.
1690 13' 30" E.                                               LEHRBERG, laialb3no, or LERCHENBERG, llRaKes-bha',,
LEGIO SEPTIiMA GEMINA. See LEON.                          a market-town of Bavaria, Middle Franconia, on thle Rezat,
LEGNAGO, 18n-y lgo, a fortified town of Lombardy and  here crossed by a stone bridge, 25 miles W.S.W. of N'uremVenice, 22 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Olona and Adige. berg; with a castle. Pop. 1091.
Pop. 5900. It has a royal gymnasium, a theatre, hospital,    LEIHREE or LEH RI, lVree, the most considerable town
and manufactures of leather, and extensive corn markets. of Cutch-Gundava, Beloochistan, 35 miles N.E. of Bhag.
The French were defeated here in 1701.                      Pop. estimated at 6000. It is enclosed by walls, and has a
LEGNAJA, BONGO DI, boa/go dee lhn-yifl, a village of  well-supplied bazaar.
Tuscany, forming a suburb of Florence, on the W. P. 2104.    LEHUA, l1,-hoo!4, or OREEHINA (o-ree-heefll) ISLAND,
LEGNANO, ln-yd/no, a town of Austrian Italy, province  one of the smaller Sandwich Islands, off the N. end of Nihau.
and 16 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Olona, here crossed by    LEI, a city of Central Asia. See LEn.
two stone bridges, connecting the two portions of the town.   LEIA, hi./yl or l4!e-yA, a town of the Punjab, near the
In 1776 the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was defeated  Indus, 57 miles S. of Dera-Ismaeel-Khan. Pop. 15,000. It
here by the Milanese.  lPop. 4790.                          has an active trade in indigo, madder, sugar, silk, cotton,
LEGNI, lAn/yee, or LEYNI, 14neel, a village of Piedmont, wools, metals, and grain.
province and 9 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 3090.                LEIBITZ, it/bits, (IHun. Lajbicz, lbits', Slav. Libiczihm,
LEGRAD, lA-grdd/, a market-town of Hungary, co, of Sza- le-bit'se-oom,) a market-town of North Hungary, co. of Zips,
lad, on the Drave, 10 miles N. of Kopreinitz.  Pop. 2337.    on a small river, near Kesmark. Pop. 2423. It has sulLE GRAND, a post-office of Marshall co., Iowa.            phur baths, and manufactures of woollen cloths.
LEGS, a post-office of Watagua co., North Caroline.         LEIBNITZ, llb/nits, or LINDENSTADT, lin/den-statt', a
LEIH or Le, 1I, or LEI, 4I/ee, a city of Central Asia, capi- town of Austria, Styria, 20 miles S. by E. of Gratz. Pop.
tal of the district of Ladakh, (Little Thibet,) in the valley  1100.
of the Indus, N of the itimalayas. Lat. 340 10' N., Ion. 770    LEICESTER, 18slter, or LEICESTERSIHIRE, ls/ter-shir,
45' E. It is enclosed by a wall and towers, and very irre-  an inland county of En-land, nearly in its centre, having
gularly laid out. It has several Boodhic temples, and the  N. the counties of Derby and Notts, E. Lincoln and Rutland,
rajah's palace; an active trade in shawl wool, and a mint. S. Northampton and Warwick, and WV. Warwick and DerPop. variously estimated at firom 4000 to 12.000.           by. Area, 803 square miles, or 515,840 acres, of which about
LE HAI VRE. See IHAvaE.                                   480,000 acres are estimated to be grass or arable.  Pop. in
LEHE, l/hi, a village of IIanover, principality of Stude,  1851, 230.308. Surface undulating. Chief rivers, the Trent,
on the Weser and Geeste, near Bremerhafen.  Pop. 1545.    (on the N. border,) and Soar. The breeds of cattle and
LEI-IESTEN, lA/6s-ten, a town of Central Germany, duchy  long-woolled sheep are much celebrated. Coal and some
of Saxe-Meiningen, 7 miles S.E. of Grifenthlal. Pop. 997.   iron and lead are wrought. The county is the principal
LEHI-, a post-office of Jefferson co., Arkansas.          seat of the woollen hosiery manufacture.  Leicestershire is
LEHI CITY, a post-village of Utah co., Utah territory, at traversed by the Midland Counties Railway, and is conthe egress of Jordan River fromn Utah Lake, about 110 miles  nected by canals with all parts of the kingdom.  Chief
N.E. of Fillmore City. The inhabitants are Mormons.        towns, Leicester, Loughborough, and Ihinckley.  It sends 6
LEHIIGH, leethi, (Leehay of the Indians,) a river of Penn-  members to the House of Commons, 4 being for the county.
sylvania, has its sources in the pine swvamnps and forests of  The ancient earldom of Leicester is now in the Colke fiamily.
Luzerne, Pike, and Monroe-counties.  It is a beautiful and    LEICESTER, a parliamentary and municipal borough
rapid stream, and the scenery along its banks is highly pic- and manufacturing town of England, capital of a county,
turesque. After flowing through the rich coal region of  on the Soar, and oni the Midland Railway, 20 miles E.NE.
Carbon county, it breaks through the Blue Ridge, 12 miles  of Rugby, and 26. miles S.S.E. of Derby. Pop. of the town
below Mauch Chunk, and falls into the Delaware at Easten. in 1851, 60,584. It is pleasantly situated near the centre
The improved navigation which has been opened on this  of the county, is generally well built and clean. Chief
river from its mouth to White Haven, a distance of 70 miles  structures, 4 bridges across the Soar, 8 churches, a newsby water, is the channel of an immense trade in coal and  room, concert-hall, mechanics' institute, and museum of the
lumber. Its whole length is about 90 miles.                 philosophical society; assembly rooms, theatre, exchange,
LEHIGH, a county in the E.S.E. part of Pennsylvania, infirmary, county lunatic asylum, county jail, guildhall,
has an area of 350 square miles. The Lehigh River, from   county bridewell, some remiains of a castle, the great hall
which the name is derived, flows along the N.E. border, and  of which is the county court-house, union work-house, and
intersects the eastern part of the county, which is also  a handsome railway station.  Some traces of the ancient
drained by the Little Lehigh, Jordan, Saucon, and Copley  walls exist, and several fine Roman pavements have been
Creeks. The greater part of it lies in the RittatinnyValley,  discovered.  The borough has many valuable charities.
bounded on the N.W. by Blue Mountain, and on the S.E. Leicester is the principal seat in En-land for manufactures
by a ridge called South Mountain, or Lehigh IHills. This  of woollen and other hosiery, supposed to employ upwards
valley has an undulating surface, and is remarkable for its  of 25,000 hands. Manufactures of lace are also extensive.
beauty and fertility. Limestone and clay slate are abundant Coal is obtained by the Swannington Railway. The trade is
in the county, and quarries of the latter have been opened. greatly facilitated by a canal, communicating with various
Great quantities of iron ore are found, and several furnaces  lines of navigation.  Leicester is a place of considerable
are kept in constant operation. The canal which has been  antiquity, and was known to the Romans under -the name
constructed along the Lehigh River to the coal region has of Ra/twr. A variety of Roman remains have been found in
contributed materially to the wealth of this county. It it at various times, and some so recently as 1851. Under
was mostly settled by Germans, and the German language  the Heptarchy, it formed part of the kingdom  of Mercia;
is chiefly spoken. Organized in 1812. Capital, Allentown. and in 874 was seized by the Danes, who made it one of
Pop. 32,479.                                               their five chief cities, and retained possession of it till
LEHIGIH, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania.  Ethelfieda, daughter of Alfred the Great, and widow of the
Pop. 21-43.                                                Duke of Mercia, expelled them, with great slaughter.  It
LEhIIGH   GAP, a post-village of Carbon co., Pennsylvania,  was afterwards surrounded by walls, and defended by a
on the Lehigh River, where it breaks through the Bilue  strong castle, both of which were demolished in thle reign
Mountains, about 80 miles E.N.E. of H-Jarrisburg.  The  of Itenry II. It suffered severely during the wars of Lanscenery here is wild, and in the highest degree picturesque. easter and York, and also during the Parliamentary warLEIIGICHTON, le-ht/ton, a post-village of Carbon  co., having, in the latter, been first taken by storm by the Roy
Pennsylvania, on the right bank- of tihe Lehigh River, 36 alists, and then retaken by the Republicans. Richard III.,
miles W.N.W. of Eoston. A bridge extends across the river after his death at Bosworth, was interred in this town. In
here. In the vicinity are extensive iron works.            the vicinity are remains of an abbey, founded in 1143, and
1033




LEI                                                         LEI
In which Cardinal Wolsey expired in 1530. It sends 2 mem- miles.  It is now  shared between  Badeu  and Rhemsn
bers to Parliament.                                        Bavaria.
LEICESTER, a post-township of Addison county, Ver-    LEININGEN, l~ning.en, (ALT, Alt, and Nau, noi,) two
mont, 40miles S. W. of Montpelier. Pop. 596.               nearly contiguous villages of Bavaria, Palatinate, district
LEICESTER, a post-village and township of Worcester  of Griinstadt.  Pop. of Alt Leiningen, 867; of Neu Loi.
so., Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 54 miles W. ningen, 993.
by S. of Boston. The Quinnebaug and branches of the    LEINSTER, linlster or leen/ster, one of the four large pro.
Blackstone River take their rise in this township, affording  vinces ofIreland, on its E. side, comprising the counties of
excellent water-power, which is extensively employed in the  Dublin, Kildare, Carlow, Kilkenny, King's and Queen's,
manufacture of cottoni and woollen cards, for which there  Lon-ford, Louth, Meath, Westmeath, Wicklow, and Wexare here about 12 establishments.     The village is situated  ford. Area 7619 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,672,174
on a hill, commanding a b'eautiful prospect. It contains I square miles. The S. part only of this province formed the
several churches, a bank, and one of the oldest academies- ancient Irish kingdom  of same name, and the N. part the
in the state, founded in 1784. Pop. of the township, 2269.  kingdom of Meath. Leinster gives the title of Duke to the
LEICESTER, township, Livingston co., New York. P.2142. Fitzgerald family, whose head is sole duke and premier
LEICESTERSIIIRE. See LEICESTER.                           peer of Ireland.
LEICHLINGEN, limIling-en, a village of Rhenish Prussia,    LEINSTER, MOUNT, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster,
13 miles S.E: of Dusseldorf, on the Wupper. Pop. 480.       between counties Carlow and Wexford, 51 miles S.W. of
LEIDEN. See LYDEN.                                        Newtonbarry. Elevation 2610 feet.
LEIDY, I11dee, a post-township of Clinton co., Pennsyl-   LEINSTER, leenfster, a county in the western part of
vania. Pop. 263.                                            Canada East, comprising an area of 6090 square miles. The
LEIGH, lee, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  St. Lawrence forms its boundary on the S.W. Pop. 29,690.
Lancaster, on the Bolton and Liverpool Railway, 7~ miles    LEINTWALDINE, lintwar-din, a parish of England, co.
S.W. of Bolton. Pop. of town in 1851, 5206. It has a  of HIereford.
grammar school and other charities, with extensive manu-   LEIPA  BOIHMISCH.  See LEIPPA.
factures of cambrics, muslins, and fustians. In 1764, Theo-    LEI/PER'S (lee/perz) FORK, a post-office of Williamson
mas tIighs, reed-inaker, of this place, constructed the first co., Tennessee.
spinning jenny, which he named after his daughter. Coal   LEiPERVILLE, lee/per-vii, a post-village of Delaware
is abundant, and a canal communicates with the Leeds and  co., Pennsylvania, on Ridley Creek, 12 miles S.E. of PhilaLiverpool Canal.                                            delphia.
LEIGI, a tything of England, co. of Dorset.                LEIPHEIM, lipthime, a town of Bavaria, on the Danube,
LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                11 miles E. of Ulm. Pop. 1426.
LEIGIH, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, with a sta-   LEIPNIK, lIp/nik, or LIPNIK, lip/nik, a town of Moration on the Crewe and Derby Railway, 43 miles W.N.W. of  via, circle of Prerau, 52 miles N.E. of Briin. Pop. 3900. Its
Uttoxeter.                                                  cemetery is one of the finest in Germany.
LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.                  LEIPPA, or LEIPA  BOHMISCH, (Bbhmisch,) lipi b't.
LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.             mish, a frontier town of Bohemia, 24 miles E.N.E. of LeitLEIGH, a township of England, co. of Wilts.               meritz, on the Polzen. Pop. 5761. It has manufactures
LEIGII, ABBOT'S. See ABBOT'S LEIGH.                       of woollen and cotton stuffs, glass, and earthenwares.
LEIGH  DE LA MERE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.    LEIPSIC, ltp!sik (L. and It. Li Psia; Ger. Leipig, lp/tsio;
LEIGII wITu EVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of  Fr. Leipsick, lp'seekt,) the second city of Saxony, and one
Gloucester.                                                 of the chief seats of commerce in Germany, 64 miles E.N.E.
LEIGIH, HIGH, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester.    of Dresden; lat. (observatory) 510 20' 19"l N., ion. 120 22'
LEIGHLIN BRIDGE, a market-town of Ireland, Leinster  15" E. It is situated in an extensive and fertile plain, on
co., and 7- miles S.W. of Carlow, on the Barrow, here  the Elster, here joined by the Pleisse and Parde, and consists
crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. Pop. 1748.                of an old central town, formerly surrounded by fortifications,
LEIGHILIN, OLD, lee/lin, a decayed village and episcopal which have been converted into beautiful walks and shrub-.
see of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Carlow, 2' miles W. of Leigh- beries, called the Promenade, and extensive and rapidly inlin Bridge. It has a venerable cathedral, built about 1185. creasing suburbs. In the central town the houses are mostly
The diocese, founded in 632, is now united to Ossory.      lofty, some of them quaint-looking; the streets are narrow,
LEIGIt oN MENDIP, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. but generally straight, and clean, and well lighted with gas;
LEIGH, NORTI, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         the principal ones open into the market-place, or square,
LEIGH, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        which has a very picturesque appearance; the town-hall
LEIGIIS, GREAT, leez, a parish of England, co. of Essex. (Rathaus) built in 1556, being on the one side, and the
LEIGH1S, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.      others being partly occupied by buildings in the renaissance
LEIGHII, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        style. The other principal buildings, within the old boundLEIGII, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        aries, but none of which are architecturally remarkable, are
LEIGHTON, lee/ton, a parish of England, co. of Hunting- the churches of St. Nicholas, St. Thomas, St. Paul, and St.
don.                                                        Peter; the Augusteum, an elegant modern edifice, containLEIGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              ing the university, founded 1409, with a library of 110,000
LEIGtITON, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama.        volumes, 45 ordinary, and "0 extraordinary professors, and
LEIGHTON, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. P. 112. about 24 private teachers and language masters, and attend.
LEIGH/TON-BUZ/ZARD, a market-town and parish of  ed by above 900 students; the booksellers' exchange, used,
England, co. of Beds, near the Ouse, on the Grand Junction  during the fairs, for the arrangement of accounts between
Canal, and with a station on the London and Birmingham   the country houses and their agents and correspondents in
Railway, 38 miles N.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 6874. It Leipsic, and, at other times, for exhibitions of paintings,
has a venerable and spacious cruciform church, a beautiful &c.; the cloth-hall (Gewandhaus); the town school, (Btirpentagonal cross, said to have been erected early in the 14th  ger-Schule,) with a collection of antiquities; the theatre,
century, a large Lancasterinn School, almshouses, a union  and the Pleissenburg, or castle, now partly used as barworkhouse, and market-house.                                racks, and containing the observatory; it formed part of the
LEIGHTON'S CORNERS, a post-office of Carroll co., New  old fortifications, withstood the attacks of Tilly, and is
HIampshire.                                                memorable as the scene of the famous Leipsic disputation
LEIGH, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           between Luther and Dr. Eck, though the portion of the
LEIGIHI, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        building in which that interesting event took place, is unLEIGH WOOLEY, a tything of England, co. of Wilts.    derstood no longer to exist. Not far from the Fleissenb-urg,
LEILAN or LELAN,   lt'ln/, a village of Persia, province  opposite the Petersthor, the only remaining one of the old
of Azerbaijan, 25 miles S.E. of Lake Ooroomeeyah, with  gates, and in the centre of the Kbnigsplatz, (King's Place,)
extensive ruins.                                           is a colossal statue of King Frederick August, who died in
LEIMBACHI,   lmmbEAR, a town of Prussian  Saxony, 29' 1827. The suburbs, which have doubled the  number of
miles N.W. of Merseburg. on tihe Wipper. Pop. 1000.         houses in Leipsic, since 1840, are composed of lofty, elegant,
LEIMEN, lismen, a wailed town of Baden, circle of Lower and sometimes rather ambitious-looking buildings, laid off
Rhine. 4 miles S: of Heidelberg. Pop. 1498.                 in regular streets, interspersed with gardens, possessing
LSEIiMELRSHIEIM, li/mers-ltnmes, a town of Rhenish Bava- altogether, in like manner with the central town, an air
nia, on the Rhine, 7 miles S. of Germersher n.  Pop. 2050.   of substantiality and comfort. They contain the elegant
LEINACH, lenitnI, (OBER, onher, and UNTER, oon/ter,) two  post-office buildings, the church of St. John, and the Rnoman
nearly contigunous  villages of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, 12  Catholic church in modern Gothic, by Heideloff, in some
miles N.W. of Wt'zb-arg.  United pop. 2332.                respects the finest building in the city; the Rosenthal, (YalLEINE, li/nbh, a river of N.W. Germany, rises in the  ley of Roses,) a favorite summer's evening resort, compesed
Harz, and after a N. course of 130 miles through the Prus- of pleasant wooded walks; and numerous gardens and
siam, Brunswick, and Ia-noverian dominions, joins the Aller. such-like places of recreation. Besides the university libraLEINEEISIIIM,    ]R/ners-himee, a village of Bavaria, Pala- ry, Leipsic possesses a town library of 60,000 volumes, continate, near Germersheim.  Pop. 1698.                     training some valuable MSS. Schools of various kinds are
LEIININGEN, lening-en, a principality of Germany, which  numerous and good, including 2 gymnasia, an acadenly of
was situated between t]e lower Palatinate and the bishop- designing, painting, arehitecture, &c.; a music school and
rice of Speyer and W]orms.  Area 140 English square  a commercial school, both, but especially the former, of con
1034




LEI                                                        LEI
siderable celebrity; 4 charity schools, &c.  There are 8  burgh of Scotland, 2 miles N.N.E. of the crossof Edinburgh,:earned societies, a botanic garden, several hospitals, includ- of which city it is the port, and almost a suburb, S. shore
ing one for deaf mutes; and numerous baths. Leipsic pos- of Frith of Forth, on both sides of the Water of Leith. and
sesses considerable manufactures, as of cotton stockings, near its confluence with the sea; lat. 550 58/ 54' hN.; ion.
leather, hats, silken and half-silken goods, soap, sealing-wax, 30 10' 30" W. The portion of the town situated on the
tobacco, and numerous minor articles; it has likewise an  N.W. side of the river, is known as North Leith, that on
extensive wool-spinning establishment; but the great fea- the opposite, as South Leith; the former, although pretty
ture of the manufactures is books. There are 130 book- extensive, being little more than a suburb of the latter,
sellers, 31 printing-offices, -with 200 hand-presses, and 40  where all the chief business of the town is transacted, and
printing-machines; producing, it is estimated, 50 millions  where the counting-houses and residences of the merchants
of printed sheets annually; and there are several type- principally are. The site of the city, on both sides~of the
foundries. Though important for its manufactures, Leipsic  river, is nearly a perfect level. Communication across the
is still more important for its commerce, carried on especially  Water of Leith is effected by means of 3 bridges, 2 of which
through its noted fairs, particularly those at Easter and  are drawbridges, and the other is of stone.  The streets
Michaelmas, the one at the New Year being comparatively  and lanes in  the more ancient parts, particularly in
unimportant.  To these fairs are congregated people from  the vicinity  of the harbor, are narrow, tortuous. and
all quarters of Europe, from  Asia, and from  America, in  filthy, and the houses old, dilapidated, and mean; but the
numbers often equalling  that of the entire population of  more modern quarters are Sufficiently spacious, airy, and
the town.  Turks, Greeks, Persians, Armenians, Polish  well built. Here, also, handsome houses line two sides of
Jews, and Hungarians, may he seen walking about in their  what is called the "links" or downs, a fine large open space
native costume. Every house and yard is converted into a  on the S.E. side of the town. The principal public buildplace of business; and the central market-place, the main  ings are the custom-house, a Grecian structure, with pedistreets, and a large portion of the promenade, are covered  ment and columns; exchange buildings, new court-house,
with booths of dealers in porcelain, Bohemian glass, lace, Leith Bank, now a branch of the National; and the Trinity
linens, domestic and heavy cloths of all kinds, tobacco, House. An  elegant bathing establishment, at Seafield,
pipes, leather, shoes, jewellery, hardware, furs, and other  within about half a mile of the centre of the town, may
articles; but the more important portion of the business is also be included. The parish churches of North and South
transacted in the premises of the many agents of manufac- Leith are also both respectable edifices; theformer modern,
turing houses, both German and foreign, who, either per- with a spire 158 feet high; the latter an old Gothic strucmanently or temporarily, are located hero. Goods, to the  ture, with a turret and spire, recently rebuilt. The other
value of 60 millions of thalers, ($42,000,000,) change hands  places of worship are St. Thomas' church, erected and enat these fairs, of which 8 millions of thalers ($5,600,000) are  dowed by Sir John Gladstone; St. John's church or chapel
for books. Though for a time on the wane, the fairs. in  of ease; 5 Free churches, 4 United Presbyterians, 1 Original
recent years, have been rapidly increasing. Leipsic is the  Seceder, -1 Methodist, 2 Congregationalist, 1 Episcopalian,
capital of one of the four circles of Saxony, and the seat of  and 1 Roman Catholic. The chief educational establishseveral courts of justice. It is of Wendish origin; was de- ments are the Leith High School, and Dr. Bell's school; the
stroyed by the Bohemian duke Wratislav, in 1082; and after latter on the Madras system  of mutual instruction. This
being walled, it was again destroyed by Otto IV., in 1212; school, in 1852, was attended by about 700 children. There
and 400 houses were burned down in 1420. It early received  are two principal libraries in the town-the Leith Public
the Reformation, and has maintained its steadfastness so  Library, and the Leith Mechanics' Subscription Library.
far, that its population is almost exclusively Lutheran.  In  The charitable and benevolent institutions comprise the
1680-81, the plague carried off 3000 people. After this, its  Leith Hospital, and Edinburgh and Leith Humane Society;
commerce increased, its fairs became more important, and the  the Shipwrecked Fishermen and Mariners' Society, Gladseat of the book-trade was transferred to it from Frankfort- stone's Female Asylum, the Leith Boys' Charity School, a
on-the-Main. It suffered much from the Seven Years' War, society for the relief of the sick, and several societies of a
but soon recovered. Oct. 16-19, 1813, the great battle of  religious character. The chief manufactures are ropes, cordthe nations (VYlkerschlacht) was fought around and in  age, sail-cloth, bottles, soap, candles, paints, and colors.
Leipsic, by which Germany was freed from  the French  There are one or two breweries, a distillery, several shipyoke, and Napoleon received his first decisive defeat at building yards, a sugar-refinery, a large establishment for
the hands of the Allies. The French, on this occasion, lost preserving meat, several extensive saw-mills, cooperages,
25,000 men, as prisoners, besides a larger number slain in  and iron foundries. The foreign trade of the port is chiefly
battle; and in the retreat, Prince Poniatowski lost his life  with the N. countries of Europe, particularly those on the
in attempting to cross the Elster; an insignificant-looking  Baltic: there is also some colonial, and an important coastmonument to commemorate the event has been erected near ing trade. The principal imports are grain, wine, tobacco,
the spot. Excepting some political outbreaks in 1830, 1831, timber, hemp, hides, and tallow.  The following  Table
1848, and 1849, the most important events in recent'times  shows the declared amount of the exports for the years
are the founding and opening of the different railways, of  specified:
which there are three. One connecting with Dresden and
Austria; a second with Berlin, Halle, Magdeburg, Hanover, 1Ye3rs.                 ~    9e rs. 
and Hamburg, and also with Eisenach and Frankfort-on- 1843.                       11,64511850.......    366,55002
the-Mlain; and a third with Bavaria. Pop. in 1834, 44,802;  1s45                    88,849 1851...... 389,293
in 1843, 54,519; in 1849, 62,374; in 1852, 65.370.          187.    112,0231852.                491,29.3
LEIPSIC or LEIPZIG, a circle, forming the N.W. part of  The cstm dties c...ol..ected 172,568 11853 amo....  53175,067
n          Of ~~~~The custom duties collected in 1850 amounted to   531,220
the kingdom  of Saxony, being one of the four great divesions of the country. It is bounded on the N. by Prussia,    In 1849, the number of vessels registered at the port was
W. by Prussia and Saxe-Altenburg, S. by the circle of  206, tonnage 22,475: and, in 1850, the number was 187 sailZwickau, and on the E. by the circle of Dresden. Area, ing, tonnage 19,490; 23 steam, tonnage 3790. Thie number
1347 English  square miles.  It belongs to the basin of  of vessels, with their tonnage, that entered and cleared, in
the Elbe, lies lower, and is likewise more level and fertile, 1850, was as follows:than any other part of Saxony. Pop. in 1852. 446,826.
LEIPSIC, leeptsik, a post-village in Kent co., Delaware,              Sailing Vessels.  Tonn.    Steamers.  Tonn.
8 mileeNNE.ofBover.Entered..                                        2349.. 164,000.. 807.. 191,060
Cleared.. 1203..  98,872.. 800.. 190,687
LEIPSIC, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio.
LEIPSIC, a post-office of Orange co., Indiana.            Of these above a half in tonnage, and far above a half in
LEIRE, lair, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.      numbers, consisted of coasting vessels. The harbor has
LEIRIA or LEYRIA, lA-ree'l, a city of Portugal, province  been greatly improved of late years by the extension of the
of Estremadura, capital of a comarca, on the Liz, 75 miles  pier. A west pier or breakwater advances towards the east
N.E. of Lisbon. It has a cathedral, 2 colleges, and a hos- pier, making the entrance but 250 feet in width. By this
pital. The surrounding district is highly fruitful, and the  breakwater, the harbor is sheltered from N. winds, asd. in
advance of sands from the coast over it has been effectually  consequence of the improvements, it has gained considerably
arrested by a pine forest.                                 in depth, which averages, at high water, spring-tides, 17 feet;
LEISNIG, lIs'nic, a town of Saxony, 25 miles S.E. of Leip- and at neap-tides, 13 feet, in the fair way. There are two
sic, capital of a district, on the Mulde. Pop. in 1849, 5183. wet-docks, each 250 yards in length, and 100 yards in breadth,
It is enclosed by walls, and has a fine castle on the opposite  with a basin of 10 acres in extent, capable of containing 150
side of the river, gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen  vessels; and, adjoining to these, 3 dry-docks, each 136 feet
cloths, linen, and tobacco pipes; birth-place of Schwartz, long. On the West side of North Leith there are artillery
the reputed inventor of gunpowder.                         barracks and a battery, while the entrance to the harbor is
LEISSNITS, lstnits, a village of Prussia, province of Si- protected by a martello tower. Leith is mentioned, for the
lesia, circle of Leobschtitz, on the Stroduna. Pop. 1497.  first time, under the name of Inverleith, in a charter of
LEISTON, lees/ton, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 31  David I.; and, in 1329, a charter of Robert I. made a grant
miles E.N.E. of Saxmundham.  Here are extensive ruins  of the port and mills of Leith to the city of Edinburgh. It
of an abbey.                                               early acquired a considerable trade, but suffered repeatedly
LEIOTERSBIRG, a post-village of Washington co., Mary-  by war. In 1541, an English floet took possession of it; in
land, 107 miles N.W. of Annapolis. Pop. 300.               1549, it was occupied by the French troops sent to the assistLEITH, leeth, an ancient seaport town and parliamentary  ance of Mary of Guise; and, in 1560, it was besieged by a
1035




LEI                                                    LEM
body of English, sent by Elizabeth to assist the Reformer.s.   LEMgBERG, (Ger. pron. lImlbERG, Polish, Lwows, Iwof. L
It first obtained a separate and independent magistracy in  Leop!olis,) sometimes called LEtOPOLD, a town of Austria:
1832. and, in 1838, its docks and harbor were put under capital of the kingdom  of Galicia, in a beautiful and ro(
commissioners. Leith communicates with Edinburgh by a  mantic district, 365 miles E.N.E. of Vienna; lat. 490 51'
branch of the Edinburgh and Granton Railway.  Along  52" N., ion. 240 3' 11" E. It was originally surrounded
with Portobello and Musselburgh, it sends 1 member to the  by walls and ditches, which have been levelled, and conHouse of Commons. Pop. in 1851, 30,676.                    verted into walks;  and, though founded in the 13th
LEITLIA or LEYTA. See LEYTHA.                            century, has all the appearance of a modern town, having
LEITH (leeth) lILL, an elevated tract of England, co. of  increased so rapidly as to treble its population since 1773.
Surrey, 4 miles S.W. of Dorking. On it is a tower 993 feet This rapid increase has taken place since Austria made it
above the sea.                                             a capital. Besides being the seat of the government, and of
LEITIISVILLE, leeths/vii, a post-office of Northampton  the important courts and public offices necessarily connected
co., Pennsylvania.                                         with it, it possesses three metropolitan sees-Greek, ArmeLEITMEIRITZ, litelmer-its', or LEUTMERITZ, loit/mer- nian, and Roman Catholic. The buildings most deserving
its', a fortified town of Bohemia, capital of a circle, on the  of notice are the Greek metropolitan church, with the archright bank of the Elbe, 34 miles N.N.W. of Prague. Pop. bishop's palace, magnificent structures in the Italian style;
4300. It has 8 suburbs, a cathedral, several convents, a  the Latin cathedral, built by Casimir the Great, in 1370; the
gymnasium, and an active trade in corn, fish, and wine.    Dominican church, after the model of St. Peter's at Roine;
LEITOMISCHIEL, lIto-mish'el, or LEUTOMISC[IEL, loil- the Protestant church; three synagogues, one of them  a
to-mish'el, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles S.E. of Chrudim. recent erection, of large dimensions, and remarkably handPop. 6395. It has several churches, a palace, a piarist col- some; the new town-house, built on a magnificent scale, at
lege, a gymnasium, and a philosophical academy.            an expense of about ~60,000; the university, possessed of a
LEITRIM, lee'trim, a maritime county of Ireland, pro- library of 48,000 volumes and numerous collections, and
vince of Connaught, having N. Donegal Bay and county. attended by about 1400 students; the Ossolinsk institute,
Area 613 square miles, or 392,320 acres, of which about with a library of 58,000 volumes, relating mostly to Slavonic
250,000 are cultivated, 116,000 mountain and bog, and  history and literature, 1200 MSS., and 15,000 coins and
nearly 24,000 water. Pop. in 1851, 111,915. Surface mostly  medals, and numerous collections of paintings, engravings,
wild and rugged. Chief rivers, the Shannon, Bonnet, and  antiquities, &c.; the new theatre, built at the sole expense
Blackwater. Principal lakes, Allen, Melvin, and Gill. Lei- of a count, who bequeathed all his property for its mainte.
trim contains 5 baronies and 17 parishes in the dioceses nance; the theological and philosophical institute, for the
of Kilmore and Ardagh. Assize town, Carrick-on-Shannon. regular clergy; two seminaries, two gymnasia, an academy
It sends 2 members to the House of Commons, and gives of arts, a normal and numerous other schools, superior and
the title of Earl to the Clements family.                  elementary; a deaf and dumb institute, a general infirmary
LEITRIM, a village of Ireland, capital of the co. of Lei- and lunatic asylum, a large military hospital, an hospital
trim, on the Shannon, here crossed by a six-arched bridge, of the sisters of charity, a workhouse, penitentiary, and
3 miles N.E. of Carrick. Pop. 406.                         large new house of correction, extensive barracks, a military
LEITZKAU, 1Ft/skdw, a town of Prussia, province of  swimming-school, and bathing establishment. The mannSaxony, 9 miles S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1407.              factures consist chiefly of woollen and cotton tissues; and,
LEIXLIP, Ilcellip, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in the vicinity, about 1 mile from the town, there is a very
Leinster, co. of Kildare, at the confluence of the Liffey and  extensive tobacco-factory, belonging to government. LemRye, with a station on the Midland Great Western Railway, berg depends far less on manufactures than on commerce.
10 miles W.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town, 1086. It is This, which is very much in the hands of the Jews, who
beautifully situated, and has a castle, the seat of the IIon. here number more than 20,000, is very important, and conG. Cavendish.                                              centrates a great part of the trade of the kingdom. Much
LEIZA, Ie-thl, a town of Spain. Navarre, province and  of it is merely transit, and extends over the whole year;
17 miles N.W. of Panuplona. Pop. 1900.                     but a considerable portion of the whole is confined to the
LEJOON or LEJJUN, ld'joont, (L. Letgio P; perhaps the  large fairs, which take place at stated periods. The amount
Megiddo of Scripture,) a village of Palestine, 22 miles S.E. of business then transacted is very great. In 1656, Lemberg
of Acre.                                                   successfully resisted the Russians; in 1671, it was laid under
LEKIi. See LEcK.                                         contribution by the Tinks; and, in 1704, was stormed by
LEKA, As/kah', or LECKENHAUS, llkfken-h6wce', a mar- the Swedes under Charles XII.  Pop. in 1773, 25,000, in
ket-town of I-Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on the Gy~ngyys, 1846, 70,970.
7 miles W.N.W`. of Giins. Pop. 1169.                         LEMBERG, lrnmbno, a village of Bavaria, 3 miles E. of
LEKENTZE, li-kfntfseh, or LECIHNITZ, l16Knits, a vil- Pirmasens.  Pop. 1240.
lage of Transylvania. about 20 miles from Bistritz. P. 1121.   LEMBERG, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 15 miles E.S.E.
LEKKERiK, lklkkak, a village of the Netherlands, South  of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1240.
Holland, on the Leck, 9 miles E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1882.    LEMBERG, a town of Prussian Silesia. See LiwEsNaERG.
LEKNO, 16k/no, a town of Prussian Poland, 35 miles S.W.   LEIMBERG, lSom'baiRl, a village of France, department
of Bromberg. Pop. 460.                                     of Moselle, 14 miles S.E. of Sarreguemines, with 1900 inhaLEKSHA, LEKCHA, lek!sha, or LEKTA, IlkltA, a lake  bitants.
of Russia, in the N.W. of the government of Olonets, form-   LEIBEYE, 8l.S)bA!, a town of France, department of
ing a long and narrow crescent stretching about 24 miles  Basses-Pyr6n6es, 16 miles N.E. of Pan. Pop. in 1552, 1405.
with a breadth of about 3 miles.                             LEMIENE, l1-m~nA, a river of Austrian Italy, falls into
LEIKSMOND, lks'mdntt, a village of the Netherlands, the Adriatic by several mouths, one of which enters Port
South Hiollafid, on the Leek, 10 miles N.N.E. of Gorcum, with  Falconera; total course about 35 miles.
a large horse fair. Pop. 1287.                               LEMFORDE (Lemfdrde,) lmtffdiedeh, a market-town of
LELAN, a town of Persia. See LE1LAN.                     Hanover, county and 10 miles S. of Diephoilz.  Pop. 912.
LE/LAND'S MILLS, a post-office of Sank co., Wisconsin.    LEMGO, im/go, a town of thie principality of Lippe-DetLELESZ, l11llsl, a town of Hungary, co. and 11 miles mold, Central Germany, on the Bega, 6 miles N. of Detmold.
E.N.E. of Zer plin. Pop. 1609. It has a castle.            Pop. 2022, mostly Lutherans. It is enclosed by walls; has
LELUNDA, lA-ldontda, a river of Africa, Congo, rises in  several churches, a convent, a palace of the prince, a gymna.
a mountainous district, E. of San Salvador, flows W., and  slum, seminary for noble ladies, and orphan asylum.
after a course of above 200 miles, falls into the South Atlantic,   LEMIH IENY, lmnilhAfi, written also LEIIMEN, a village of
about 40 miles S.S.E. of the mouth of the Congo or Zaire.   Transylvania. about 50 miles from Kronstadt. Pop. 1842.
LEMA (1Imal) ISLANDS, the outermost group of the    LEMLIE, IA/me-A, or lUm'yA, a village of the Sardinian
great archipelago (Chinese Sea) that fronts the entrance to  States, division of and S. from Turin, on the Chiara. P. 2050.
Canton River, consists of three large and one small island.   LEiM/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
The largest, called Great Lema by Europeans, but Tam-quoon-   LEMINGTON, a village of England, co. of Northumbertow by the Chinese, is 6 miles long and 16 miles broad. land, parish of Newburn on the Tyne, containing the
Lat. of N.E. end, 220 4' 45" N., lo. 1140 18' 30" E.       extensive works of the Tyne Iron Company, and also large
LE MAIRE, keh mlR, a strait of South America, the chan- crown-glass works.
nel which separates Staten Island from Terra del Fuego,   LEMINGTON, a post-township of Essex co., Vermont, on
about 20 miles wide. It is free from obstacles, and has theConnecticut River, about 37 miles N.E. of Augusta P.187.
regular tides which materially assist vessels in their passage   LEML00O, LEMLOUM, or LEMLUM, lSmnlooml. or LAMwhen taken at the right time. The tide rises perpendicu- LUMI, lmn'loom!, a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of
larly from 6 to 8 feet, according to the wind. It was dis- Bagdad, on the Euphrates, 62 miles S.E. of the ruins of
covered in 1616 by a Dutch navigator named Le Maire.       Babylon. S.E. from it are the marshes of Lemloom, a wide
LENIAN, LAKE, Switzerland. See GENEVA, LAKE OF.          and inundated tract, partly cultivated for rice.
LEMANAGILAN, le-man/a-han', a parish of Ireland, Lein-   LEMIMER, lmlmemr, a town of the Netherlands, province
ster, Kings co.                                            of Friesland, on the Zuyder Zee, 14 miles S. of Sneek. P. 2327.
LE MLANS. See MBNs. Li.                                    LEMILONGAN,   im-mon-glnl, or LAMMONGAN, IAmLEMIBACIL,  limlhbK, or lm5'bAk', a village of France, de- mon-gaon, a volcano in Java, about 60 miles E.S.E. of Soera
partment of Bas-Rhin, 30 miles N. of Strasbourg. Pop. 1961. baya, (Soorabaya); height 6561 feet.
LEMIBECIK, llm'bk, a village of Belgium. province of    LEMINOS, an island of the Greek Archipelago.  See STASouth Brabant, 11 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1400.     LIMNI.
1036




LEM                                                        LEN
LEMION, a township Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. IP. 284.   LENGSFELD, Ilngs'f6lt, a town of Central Germany,
LEiM~ON, a township in the N.E. part of Butler co., Ohio, grand-duchy of Saxe-NWeimar, principality and 16 miles
intersected by the Miami Canal. Pop. 3021.                S.S.W. of Eisenach. Pop. 2239. It is esclosed by walls, and
LEMON CREEK, a post-office of Richmond co., New York. has 2 castles.
LEMIIONFAIR RIVER, a mill stream of Addison co., Ver-   LENGSFELD or SCHENK-LENGSFELD, shtnk-ltngssffAt..
mont, falls into Otter Creek.                             a market-town of Central Germany, grand-duchy of loesse.
LEMON PLACE, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, 5 miles S.S.E. of Dieon the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 12 miles E. of burg. Pop. 1160.
Lancaster.                                                  LENIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
LEMONT1, a post-township, forming the S.W. extremity    LENK, l1nk, aparish and village of Switzerland, canton of
of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 210.                          Bern, in the Simmenthal, 22 miles S.S.W. of Thun. P. 2240.
LEMOVICES. See LIMOGES.                                   LENKERAN, a town of Russia.  See LANKNEAN.
LEMONWIER, lem'on-weerl, a small river of Adams co.,   LENNE, lntnefh,  a river of Rhenish Prussia, joins the
Wisconsin, flows into Wisconsin River.                    Ruhr 18 miles N.E. of Elberfeld, after a course of 50 miles.
LEMKPA, lIm/pi, a river of Central America, state of San    LENNEP, lIntnlp, a town of Rhenish Prussia, capital of
Salvador, enters the Pacific Ocean 35 miles S.E. of that city. a circle, 21 miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Lennep. Pop.
LEMHPDES, l1cd (?) a market-town of France, department 4910. It has manufactures of woollens and cottons.
of Puy-de-DOme, 5 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 1935.         LENtNIK ST. QUENtTIN, (Fr. pron. lln'neek!    sANG k6zGe.
LEMrPS, LE GRAND, 1G l.h grNz%,1    a town of France, taNat,) a market-town of Belgium, province of South Bradepartment of Is're, 20 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1703. bant, 9 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 2000.
LEMPISTER, a post-township of Sullivan co., New Hamp-   LENNI-LENNAPPi, lnlne-lnnn/p'pA,, usually called LEshire, 35 miles W. of Concord. Pop. 906.                  NAPE, a tribe of Indians of North America, formerly nuLEMSAL, 16m-sl11, LIMBASHA or LIMBASCIIA, lim-b/- merous. They are the same as the Delawares.
shl, a town of Russia, government of Livonia, near the    LENNO, 1nino, a village of Austrian Lombardy, province
Gulf of Riga, 30 miles W. of Volmar. Pop. 1050.           of Como, 6 miles from Menaggio. It is celebrated for the
LEMVIG, l~mlvig, a town of Denmark, Jutland, on the S. number of its antiquities.
shore of the Lymfiord, 32 miles N.E. of Ringkiibing. P. 800.   LENINOX, the ancient name of the county of Dumbarton,
LENA, (Rus. pron. hA-n/,) one of the principal rivers of  Scotland, comprising also parts of the counties of Stirling,
Asia, and the most easterly and largest of the great streams Perth, and Renfrew. It gives the title of Duke, in the
of Siberia, its basin lying between those of the Yenisei on  Scotch peerage, to the Duke of Richmond. See DpIsBARToN.
the W., and the Yana and Indigirka on the E. It rises near   LENNOX, a village of Massachusetts.  See LNox.
Irkootsk, W. of Lake Baikal, and enters the Arctic Ocean by    LENNOX  HILLS are a range extending between the
numerous mouths, between lat. 72~ and 730 N., and ion. counties of Dumbarton and Stirling. The highest summit
1250 and 1300 E. Total course 2400 miles, the whole of  rises about 1500 feet above the sea.
which is within the Russian dominions. Chief tributaries,    LENNOX TOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling,
the Vitim, Aldan, and Viliooi, both of which last it receives parish of Campsie, 9 miles N. of Glasgow. Pop. 2821, emN. of lat. 630. At a distance of 800 miles from the ocean is ployed in large calico print-works and collieries. It is the
a noble river, 5 or 6 miles in width, and it is generally  seat of a sheriffs' court. Adjacent is Lennox Castle.
navigable with safety; but in a great part of its course it   LENN'S CREEK, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.
flows through a frozen desert.                               LENO, l1no, a market-town of Lombardy, 12 miles S. of
LE/NA, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.                Brescia, near the Mella. Pop. 3805. Manufactures linen,
LENA, a post-office of Stephenson co., Illinois.         silk, and cotton.
LENAPE, len/t-pe, a post-office of Marquette co., Wis-   LENOIR, le-noref, a county in the S.E. part of North
consin.                                                    Carolina. Area estimated at 450 square miles. It is interLENAPE. See LcENNI-LNNArPPE.                             sected by Neuse River. The surface is nearly level. The
LENIAWEE, a county in the S.E. part of Michigan, bor- soil is generally sandy. The Neuse River is navigable by
dering on Ohio, contains 730 square miles. It is traversed  large boats in this county. Formed in 1791, and named in
by the Raisin River, and its North and South branches, and  honor of General William  Lenoir, an officer in the war of
also drained by Macon River, Little Raisin, ands by Tiffin's, the Revolution. Capital, Kingston. Pop. 7828; of whom
Evans', Bear, and Beaver Creeks. The surface isundulating. 3712 were free, and 4116 slaves.
The soil is a black, sandy loam, mostly free from stone, and    LENOIR, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co., North
very fertile. The railroad leading from Monroe to Chicago Carolina, is situated on the Yadkiin River, near its source,
passes through the county. Iron ore has been found. Capi- 180 miles W. from Raleigh. Pop. about 300.
tal, Adrian. Pop. 26,372. Lenawee is among the most popu-   LENOIR'S, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.
Ions counties of the state.                                  LENOLA, 1-nollA, a village of Naples, province of Terra
LENCIH, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.           di Lavoro, 16 miles N.N.W. of Gaita. Pop. 2160.
LENCLOITRE, 1.Okklwit'r, a market-town of France, de-   LEN/OX, a post-village and township, seat of justice of
partment of Vienne, 16 miles N. of Poitiers. P. in 1852,1422. Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River and
LENCZY, 8nt'chee, LENCZYC, T1nuchits, or LENCZYCA, Rfailroad, 9 miles S. of Pittsfield. The village has an elelin-chitlsl, written also LENITSCIIEK/ and LEN'CHIEKI, a  vated situation, and contains, besides the county buildings,
town of Poland, government and 80 miles W.S.W. of War- several churches, an academy, founded in 1803, and about
saw. Pop. 3370, one-half of whom are Jews. It is enclosed  800 inhabitants. Pop. of township, 1598.
by walls, and has several convents.                          LENOX, a post-township in the N. part of Madison co.,
LENDELIDE, lNG'deh-ieed/, a town of Belgium, province  New York, intersected by the Central Railroad and Erie
of West Flanders, about 19 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 4190.  Canal, and by a branch of the Oswego River, 115 miles W.
LENDINARA, ln-de-nI/rd, a fortified town of Austrian   by N. of Albany. Pop. 7507.
Italy, government of Venice, capital of a district, delegation    LENOX, a post-township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvaand 9 miles W. of Rovigo. Pop. 5500, mostly employed in  nia, 16 miles S.E. of Montrose. Pop. 1443.
agriculture.                                                 LENOX, a post-township in the central part of Ashtabula
LENDZIN, lunt-seen!, a town of Prussia, province of Sile- co., Ohio, 170 miles N. E. of Columbus. Pop. 731.
sia, government of Oppeln, circle of Pless. Pop. 1440.       LENOX, a post-township in the E. part of Macomb co.,
LENGAZA, a lake of Turkey. See LANGAZA.                  Michigan, 90 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. 652.
LENGEFELD, lngteh-fMtx, a town of Saxony, circle of    LEN/OX, a county of Canada West, situated on the N.
Zwickau, 14 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 3995, mostly  coast of Lake Ontario, near the commencement of the river
employed in manufactmures of woollen and linen stuffs, and  St. Lawrence. Area 170 square miles. Pop. 7955.
in steam cotton-mills.                                       LENOX BASIN, a village of.lMadison co., New York, on
LENGENFELD, Ing/en-f~lt', a town of Saxony, circle of  the Erie Canal, about 120 miles W. by N. of Albany.
Zwickau, 26 miles S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2425.               LENOX CASTLE, a post-office of Rockingham co., North
LENGENFELD, a town of Lower Austria. See LANGaoETLD. Carolina.
LENGENFELD, a village of Germany, Tyrol, circle of    LENOX FURNACE, a post-office of Berkshire co., MlassaImst, near Selz. Pop. 1544.                                chusetts.
LENGENFELD, a village of Prussia, province of Saxony,   LEN/OXYILLE, a post-office of Suscquehanna co., Penncircle of Heiligenstadt, on the Friede. Pop. 1290.        sylvania.
LENGERICH, 1Ing'eh-riK', or MARGARETIEN-LE-NGE-   LENOXVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
RICH, maRg1'-rA/ten-lIngehh- riK', a town of Prussian West- Sherbrooke, near the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad,
phalia, 19 miles N.N.E. of Miinster, at tle foot of a mountain. 98 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains a church, 4 or 5
Pop. 1430. It has manufactures of silk, woollen, and linen  stores, a ladies' school, collegiate school, and Bishop's Colstuffs.                                                   lege with 4 professors.
LENGE-RIlCH, a village of Hanover, 29 miles N.W. of    LENS, 18NG, (anc. Elena? or Leense?), a town of France,
Osna'briick.                                              department of Pas-de-Calais, 9 miles N.E. of Arras. Pop. in
LENGNAU, lInglnsw, a village of Switzerland, canton of  1852, 9796. It has coal-mines, distilleries, tanneries, and
Bern, 3 miles N. of Bitren. Pop. 600.                     soap-works. IIere, in 1648, the Prince of Cond6 gained a
LEN(TNAU, (OBE, o'ber, and UNTER, oon/ter,) two villages signal victory over the Spanish forces.
of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 4 miles S.S.E. of Zurzach.   LENS, 16NG, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut
United population, 1330.                                  on the Dender, 7 miles N.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 18]00.
1037




LEN                                                       LEO
LENS, a parish and village of Switzerland, canton of  tile and Estremadura, W. by Portugal, and N.WV. by Galicia,;
Valais, 5 miles N.E. of Sion. Pop. 1622.                   and comprises the five modern provihces of Leon, Palencia,
LENT, Mnt, a village of Holland, province of Gelderland, Valladolid, Zamora. and Salamanca.
on the Waal, opposite to Nymwegen, with which it is con-   LEON, (anc. Lelgio Scpt/itma Gemtli'a,) a city of' Spain,
nected by a flying bridge. Pop. 1171.                      capital of a province, on the Bernesga, at its confluence
LENTA, leititi, a village of the Sardinian States, province with the Torio, 60 miles S.E. of Oviedo, and 174 mile:
and 12 miles N. of Vercelli, on the Sesia. Pop. 1200.      N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 7074. It is built in the form of
LENTCHEK, a town of Poland. See LENCZY.                  an octagon, surrounded by ancient walls in a somewhat
LENTIHALL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         dilapidated state, and entered by 11 gates. The streets are
LENTIA. Set LINTZ.                                       generally narrow, irregular, ill paved and dirty, and many
LENTINI, LAKE OF, Sicily. See BIvERa.                    of the houses are untenanted, and in a state of decay.'The
LENTINI, ln-teene,  or LEONTINI, l(-on-teenee, (anc. streets, called Nueva and Plegaria, or Eaj ada de San Martin,
Leontitooi and Leootiuo,) a town of Sicily, intendancy of however, having been recently widened and improved, are
Syracuse, on a hill near Lake Biveri, 15 miles S.S.W. of decidedly handsome; and there are four principal squares,
Catania. Pop. 5100. It has a gunpowder-mill, and an ac- all of them lined by handsome edifices, while that called
tive fishery on the adjoining lake.                        the Plaza Mayor, or Plaza de ]a Constitueion, is remarkable
LENtTON, a parish of England, county and 13 miles  for the regularity of its form, and a fine front of balconies.
W.S.W. of Nottingham, on the Nottingham  Branch of the  The fountains, also, some of them  composed of marble and
Midland Railvay. Pop. 4467. It has a courtroom and jail, jasper, with allegorical figures, are elegant structures; and
LENUDE'S FERRY, a post-office of Williamsburg district, a finely planted space, called the Espolon de Puerta CasSouth Carolina.                                            tillo, affords a beautiful and much frequented promenade.
LENtY, a romantic mountain pass of Scotland, co. ofPerth, The principal public edifices are the Cathedral, a beautiful
2 miles W. of Callander. Loch Lubnaig here discharges its  specimen of the purest Gothic, with facade composed of fire
waters by a stream which joins the Teith near Callander.   richly sculptured pointed arches, and flanked by two reLENZBURG, lntstb55co, a town of Switzerland, canton  markably elegant and lofty towers; the church of San
of Aargau, 7 miles E. of Aarau. Pop. 1760.                 Isidoro, an ancient and massive structure, also Gothic; and
LENZTBURG, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois.     13 other churches, and 4 hospitals. Adj. and inhab. LeoLENZEN or LENTZEN, lInttsen, a town of Prussian  neso, lee'o-neezl.
Saxony, province of Brandenburg, 83 miles N.W. of Pots-   LEON, a town of Central America, capital of Nicaragua,
dam. Pop. 3000.                                            occupying the site of a large Indian town, called Subtiaba,
LENZINGIIAUSEN, lint/sing-hlw'zen, a village of Rhe- on a large and fertile plain, nearly equidistant firom Lake
nish Prussia, government of Minden, circle of Ilerford. Leon or Managua and the Pacific; lat. 120 25' N., ton. 860
Pop. 1060.                                                 57/ W. It stands between deep ravines, the numerous
LENZKIRCEI, lntstk6RE0, (OBER, otber, and UNTER, oonf- springs in which furnish it with copious supplies of pure
ter,) two villages of Germany, in Baden, 31 miles S. of  water, and covers a large area, laid out on a regular plan,
Neustadt.                                                  in spacious streets, with intervening squares. The houses,
LETO, a post-office of Habersham  co., Georgia.          built of adobes, are seldom of more than one story; but
LEO; a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.                each encloses a spacious court, planted with trees, and enLE'OBADtIDA, a town of W. Africa, on the right bank of tered by a portal, which is often lofty, in the style of the
the Niger, lat. 90 20' N., ion. 50 451 E., surrounded by an  Moresque arches, common in Spain, and profusely and
immensely thick wall. Pop. 6000.                           tastefully ornamented. In the disturbances and revolutions
LEOBEN, ]-olben, a town of Austria, in Styria, 9 miles which have long agitated the country, Leon has had its full
W.S.W. of Brtick, on the Mur. Pop. 2000, mostly employed  share. Many of its houses have, in consequence, become
in mining and forging iron. The peace of Leoben, between  dilapidated, and even considerable portions are mere heaps
France and Austria, was concluded here, April 18, 1797.    of ruin. On one occasion above a thousand houses, in its
LEOBERSDORF, hlo-ohbers-donf', or LOIBERSDORF, lotl- richest and best built quarter, were burned down in a single
bers-donf', avillage of LowerAustria, on the Triesting, on the  night. The public edifices are considered among the finest
South Railway, about 21 miles S.S.W.rof Vienna. Pop. 1290. in Central America, and include a large and massive catheLEOBSCHIUTZ, (Leobschtitz,) or LUjBCZYCE, 1lop-shiits, dral, crowned by a lofty, central dome; the Episcopal Palace,
(Slavonic, Hlzcbzien, h'loobtze-8n,) a town of Prussian Silesia, surrounded. by fine gardens; the churches of La Merced,
33 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 6230.                        Recoleccion. and Calvario, renmarkable for their size and fine
LEOGANE, 1tto-g/nt, a town of Hayti, capital of an  fagadoes, and various other churches; the Tridentine college
arrondissement on its W. coast, 20 rmiles WV. of Port-au- of St. IRamon, once a flourishing establishment, with proPrince, at the S.E. angle of the Gulf of Leogane, an inlet fessorships of law and medicine, and numerous students;
of the Caribbean Sea, about 120 miles in length.           but now possessed only of a nominal existence; the governLEOMIL, lA-o-meell, a town of Portugal, province of Beira- ment-house, Cuartel General, or head barracks; and the
Alta, near the Tavora, about 15 miles S.E.. of Lamego. hospital, occupying the old convent of San Juan de Dies.
Pop. 1187.                                                 The manufactures of Leon are confined chiefly to articles in
LEOMINSTER, lmnin-ster, a parliamentary and muni- dressed leather and cutlery; and the trade, owing to its
cipal borough, market-town, and parish of England, county  inland situation, does little more than supply its local wants.
and 12 miles N.N.W. of IIereford, on the Lugs. Pop. in  Pop. in 1847, 30,000.
1851, 4195. It has an ancient church, a grammar school,   LEON, lA'NG1, a village of France, department of Landes,
founded by Queen Mary; a grotesquely built town-hall, or on a lagoon, 17 miles N.W. of Dax. Pop. 1402.
"butter cross," erected in 1633; a jail, house of industry,   LEION, a county in the northern part of Florida, bordering
market-house, and branch bank; with manufactures of lea- on Georgia, has an area of 800 square miles. It is bounded
ther, gloves, and hats. Leominster sends 2 members to the  on the N.W. by the Ocklockonnee River. The surface is
House of Commons.                                          undulating; the soil fertile. This is the most populous
LEOM{INSTER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         county in the state, and contains Tallahassee, the capital of
LEOMINSTER, ltmlin-ster, a thriving post-village and  Florida. A railroad extends fronm Tallahassee to St. Mark's.
township of Worcester co., Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg  Pop. 11,442; of whom 3239 were free, and 8203 slaves.
Railroad, and on the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad, 26    LEON, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, has an
miles N. by E. of Worcester, and 46 miles W.N.W. of Boston. area of about 800 square miles. The Trinity River forms
The Nashua IRiver flows though it, furnishing good water- its boundary on the E. and the Navasoto on the W. It is
power, which is extensively employed in the manufactmure  drained by Upper and Lower Keechi Creeks. The surface
of horn and other conmbs, this being the principal seat of is diversified by prairies and woodlands. Capital, Leona.
that business in the state. In 1853 there were here 28 esta- Pop. 946; of whom 325 were free, and 621 slaves.
blishments, employing 314 operatives, and producing combs   LEON, a post-village and township of Cattaraugus county,
to the value of $270,000. Paper and piano-fortes are also  New York, about 40 miles S. of Buffalo. Pop. 1340.
made in Leominster. Pop. of the township in 1850, 3121.      LEON, a post-village in Madison co., Virginia, 160 miles
LEON, leelon, (Sp. pron., lI-6n/,) an old province and for- N.W. of Richmond.
merly a kingdom, in the N.WV. of Spain, now divided into    LEON, a post-office of Mason co., Virginia.
the provinces of Leon, Salamanca, and Zamora. It was ori-   LEON, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 208 miles N.E.
ginally called the kingdom of the Asturias, and was united  of Columbus.
to Castile in 1230. The new province of Leon in the north-   LEON, a post-office of La Crosse co., Wisconsin.
ern portion, has an area of 7176 square miles; and a popu-   LEON, 1I-6net. a town of the Mexican Confederation, state
lation of 288,833.                                         and 30 miles W.N.WV. of Guanajuato; about 6000 feet above
The KINGDOM OF LEON was founded in 915, by Ordono II.; the sea. It has several handsome churches, and is one of
and in the 11th century was annexed to the crown of Cas- the most industrious places in the Confederation. Pop. 6000.
tile, by Ferdinand the Great. It made attempts to resume   LEON, a liver of Central America, enters the Caribbean
its independence in the 12th century, but, though still re- Sea 75 miles WV. of Trujillo.  Length 30 miles.
taining the name of a kingdom, was finally incorporated    LEON, a river of New Grenada.  See GuAcunA.
with the monarchy in the 13th century, by Ferdinand III.   LEON  lI-hn/, MANAGUA, mi-ni'gwa, or MATIARES,
As a territory, still recognised by geographers, and fre- mi-te-Pris, LAKE OF, a lake of Central America, state of
quently mec. ioned by historico-l and other writers, it is Nicaragua, lat. 120 1.51' N., ton. 860 15' iW., is 35 miles in
bounded N. by Asturias, E. by Old Castile, S. by New Cas- length, by 15 miles in greatest breath. Its surface is 28 feet
1038




LEO                                                          LER
lbove that of the Lake of Nicaragua, with which it commu-   LEPANTO, GULF OF. See CORINTH, GULF OF.
nicates at its E. end by the river Tipitapa.                  LEPANTO, STRAIT OF, the entrance to the Gulf of CoLEOINA, a post-village, capital of Leon co., Texas, about rinth, Greece, at its narrowest Dart about 1 mile across,
120 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of Austin City.           and defended by a castle on either side. Here, on 8th
LEONARDSBURG, 18ntards-bhrg, a post-office of Delaware  October, 1571, the fleet under Don John of Austria totally
co., Ohio.                                                  defeated that of the Turks.
LEONARDSTOWN, lnhards-town, a post-village, capital    LEPE, lA/pA, a seaport town of Spain, province and 11
of St. Mary's cob, Maryland, on Britton's River, 55 miles S. miles W. of Huelva, near the Atlantic. - Pop. 3024.
by W. of Annapolis, contains a newspaper office and an    LEPEL, NEW, hi/p~l, or lA-p~lf, a town of Russian Poland,
academy.                                                    government of Vitebsk, on Lake Bereshta, 62 miles W.S.W.
LEONARDSVILLE, l~ntards-vill, a post-village of Madi- of Vitebsk. has 2700 inhabitants.
son co., New York, on Unadilla River, about 88 miles W. of    LEPEL, OLD, a town of Russian Poland, government of
Albany. Pop. in 1855, 331.                                 Vitebsk, about 3 miles N.W. of New Lepel.
LEONA VICARIA. See SALTILLO.                                LEP/ERS' ISLE, one of the New Hebrides, Pacific, between
LEONBERG, 1A/on-bnRGx, a town of Wiirtemberg, 8 miles  Espiritu Santo and Aurora. Lat. 150 22' S., ion. 1670 54' E.
W.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2200. It is the birth-place of    LEPONTINE ALPS. See ALPS, page 62.
the philosopher Schelling.                                    LEPSENY, lep'shAff, or LEPSIN, lp'sheen/, a village of
LEONDA, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana.              IIungary, 17 miles ES.E. of Veszprim. Pop. 1233.
LEONDARI, lAon-di/ree, LEONTARI, lA.on-taree, or    LEPTIS MIAGNA. See LEOIDA.
LONDARI, lon-dOree, (anc. Lesuctra?) a town of Greece,   LEPITON, a township of England, co. of York, West
Morea, government of Gortynia, near the head of the Rou- Riding.
phia, (anc. Alphecus,) 18 miles S.W. of Tripolitza.           LE PUY, leh pwee. See PrY.
LEONDING, lon-ding', a village of Upper Austria, circle    LEQUEITIO, l4-kAte-o, a maritime town of Spain, proof Ijiihl, about 4 miles from Lintz. Pop. 2220.            vince of Biscay, 17 miles E.N.E. of Bilbao, on the Bay of
LEONESSA, lM-o-nts/sA, a town of Naples, province of  Biscay. Pop. 2335. Its harbor is defended by several forts.
Abruzzo-Ultra, 12A miles N. of Civit-Ducale, on the Corno.   LEQUIO, I/kwe-o, or LECCO, l1k/ko, a village of the SarP. 6500. It has a college, 3 parish churches, and 7 convents. dinitan States, Piedmont, province of Mondovi. Pop. 1520.
LEONFELDEN, IAon-fkl'den, an ancient and once fortified    LE RAY, a township of Jefferson co., New York. P. 3054.
market-town of Upper Austria, 15 miles N. of Lintz. P. 600.   LE RAYSIVILLE, a thriving post-village of Jefferson co.,
LEONFORTE, 14-on-foR/tA, or LIONFORTE, le-on-forltA, a  New York, near Black River, 12 miles E.N.E: of Watertown.
town of Sicily, 37 miles W.N.W. of Catania. It is situated    LE RAYSVILLE, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylin a mountainous district, enclosed by walls. It consists vania, 16 miles E. by N. of Towanda.
chiefly of an extensive square, opened into by two spacious,   LERCHENFELD, 1ARxen-fIlt', or NEU-LERCHENFELD,
well-built streets.  It carries on a considerable trade in  noi-l6rKten-f/ltx, a village of Lower Austria, near Vienna,
corn, wine, and silk. Both asphaltum  and sulphur are  or rather one of its suburb'.  It is well and regularly
found in the neighborhood. Pop. 10,678.                     built, and consists chiefly of wine and beer shops, much
LEONHART, A/on-hant, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle  frequented by the citizens of the capital. - Pop. 7t680.
of Botzen, in a valley of the same name. Pop. 1560.           LEREZ. lA/rtth, a market-town of Spain, province and 5
LEONI, lIA-otnee, a town of Naples, province of Principato  miles E. of Pontevedra, on the river Lerez. Pop. 2088.
Ultra, 4 miles S. of Sent' Angelo. Pop. 4000.                 LERIQI, lrf e-che, (anc. F~ryx, or Por/tus Ecrycis,) a mariLEOINI, a post-township in the S.E. part of Jackson co., time town of Italy, Sardinia, division of Genoa, on the Gulf of
Michigan. Pop. 1290.                                        Spezzia, 5 miles E.S.E. of Spezzia. Pop. 5217. It is defended
LEONI, a thriving post-village in Grass Ltake township, by a pentagonal castle, has a Capuchin monastery, with
Jackson co., Michigan, on the Central Railroad, 68 miles W. one of the largest churches which that order possesses, the
of Detroit. It contains several churches, flouring-mills, &c. buildings of an old Augustine monastery, several palaces,
Pop. in 1854, about 800.                                    an hospital, and a harbor, which is much frequented by
LEONI1DAS, a post-village and township of St. Joseph co., coasting vessels. The fishery on the coast employs a great
Michigan, on the St. Joseph's River, about 125 miles W. by  number of the inhabitants.
S. from Detroit. Pop. of the village, about 250; of town-    LERIDA, lrle-dA, (Catalan, L7eyda, TA/e-dA; anc. Ilecda,) a
ship, 857.                                                  town of Spain, Catalonia, capital of the province of Lerida,
LEONIL, lA-o-neelf, -a village of Brazil, province of Matto- partly on a hill, on which it rises in the form of an amphiGrosso, on the Guapore, about 30 miles above Fort Principe  theatre, and partly in a plain, on the right bank of the
da Beira. Pop. 1000.                                        Segre, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge of seven
LEJON RIVER, of Texas, rises in the N.W. central part arches, 84 miles W.N.W. of Barcelona. Being regarded as
of the state, and flowing S.E. unites with Lampasas River, the key of Aragon and Catalonia, it is one of the most imin Bell county.                                             portent military points in  Spain; and possesses great
LEONTARI, a town of Greece. See LEONDAm.                  strength, being both surrounded by walls flanked with basLEONTIUMI or LEONTINI. See LENTINI.                       tions, and by a wet fosse, and defended by a castle and
LEOPOLD, a town of Galicia. See LEMBEsa.                  several batteries. The principal edifices are the old catheLETOPOLD, a post-village and township of Perry co., In- dral, presenting a curious and rather incongruous mixture
diana, 14 miles N. of Rome. Settled by Belgians, French, of styles-Byzantine, Gothic, and Moorish; the new catheand Irish. It contains 1 Catholic chapel. Pop. of town- dral, an imposing structure of the Corinthian order; tlhe
ship, 485.                                                  church of San Lorenzo, a very ancient building; the church
LEOPOLD, leefo-pdld or lpfold, a port of North America, of San Juan,  attributed to the time of Constantine the
near the N.W. entrance of Prince Regent's Inlet from Bar- Great; the Episcopal Palace, the Town-house, Court-house,
row's Strait, in lat. 730 50' N., lon. 900 10' W. Sir James  and Prison: the Gymnasium  or Institute, the Diocesan
Ross, in his search for Sir John Franklin, was frozen up  Seminary, the Normal and other schools, the Theatre,
here fi-om September, 1848, to August, 1849.                baths, and civil and military hospitals.
LEOPOLD, a cape on the W. coast of Baffin's Bay, lat. 750    Lerida, originallv the capital of the lergetes, in the wars
471 N., ion. 780 10' W.                                     between the Carthaginians and Romans, adhered to the
LEOPOLDAU, tA-ofpol-d6w, a village of Lower Austria, 5  former, and suffered much from both. In its vicinity, Scipio
miles N.N.E. of Vienna.                                     gained a signal victory over the Carthaginian general Ilanno;
LEIOPOLD ISLAND, in Barrow's Strait, North America, and, at a much later period, Julius Cmsar defeated Afranius
lat. 740 3' N., Ion. 890 53' W.                             and Petreins, Pompey's lieutenants.  After the departure
LEOPOLDOVA, IA-o'pol-dovfOh, a village of the Austrian  of the Romans it fell into the hands of the Goths, during
Empire, in Hungary, Banat, near the Danube. Pop. 2257.  whose domination a celebrated council, known by its name,
LEOPOLDSTADT, lA-opold-stitt', (Hun. Leopoldvar, lA'- was held here. It was long in the possession of the Moors,
op'old'varJ,) a strongly fortified town of Central Hungary, from whom it was talken by raymond Berenger, King of
90 miles N.W. of Pesth, on the Waag. Pop. 1700. It has 2  Aragon, and continued for several centuries after to be the
arsenals, built by Leopold I., Roman Catholic and Protest- capital of his kingdom. Lerida was stormed by the French
ant churches, and a synagogue.                             during the War of Succession in 1707, and again taken by
LEOVO, 1-olevo, a town of South Russia, government of them under Suchet in 1810. Pop. in 1849, 12,2386.
Bess'rabia, on the Pruth, 50 miles S.W. of Kishenev. P. 2000.   LERIDA, a mountainous province of Spain, Catalonia,
LEPANTO, le-pan/to, or lA-padn/to, called also EPACTO, bounded N. by France.  Area 4919 square miles.
A-pktto, (ans. Nsaupadctus,) a seaport town  of Greece,   LERIN, IA-eenl, a town of Spain. province of Navarre, 34
government of _Etolia, on the N. coast of the Gulf of miles S.S.WV. ofPamplona. Pop. 2398. It stands on a plain
Lepanto, 12 miles N.E. of Patras.  It was anciently of  near an affluent of the Ebro.
considerable importance; stood a siege, in 1475, from the    LERINS (leh-rAcAG) ISLES, (anc. Lerinocelntsulc,)a group
Turks, who, after four months, were obliged to retire, with  of islands in the M3editerranean. belonging to France, departa loss of 30,000 men; and is memorable for the naval battle  ment of Var. near the coast, consisting of the fortified islands
fought within the Gulf, in 1571, between the Ottoman fleet of St. Marguerite and St. IHonorat, the first of which was
and the combined fleets of the Christian States of the  the prison of the'"Man with tlhe iron mask."
Mediterranean, under Don John (Juan) of Austria, when    LERMA, lrsJma, a town of Spain, province and 23 miles
the former, consisting of 200 galleys and 60 other vessels, S. of Burgos. Pop. 1395. It has a palace, built by the Carwas destroyed. Pop. 2000.                                  dinal Duke de Lerma, minister of Philip Ill
1039




LER                                                         LET
LERO, lA/ro, (anc. Lecres,) a small island of the Grecian    LESKEARD. a town of England.  See LISKEARD.
Archipelago, off the coast of Asia Minor, 35 miles S. of Samos.   LESLIE, lztlee, a burgh of barony and parish of Scotland,
Length, from N. to S., 6 miles, greatest breadth 4 miles. Pop. co. of Fife. 10 miles S.W. of Cupar. Here is the ancient seat
about 2000. On its N. side is a tolerable port; and on its E. of the Leslies, Earls of Rothes.
the town of Lore, with a ruined castle.                       LESLIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
LE ROY, a post-village and township of Genesee co., New    LEStLIE, a post-village and township of Ingham  co.,
York. on Allen's Creek, and on the Niagara Falls Railroad, Michigan, on Mill Creek, 22 miles E.S.E. of Lansing. P. 673.
46 miles E. by N. of Buffalo. It is the second village in the    LESMAHAGOW, lls-ma-hl/go, a parish of Scotland, co.
county with respect to population and wealth, and contains  and 6 miles W.S.W. of Lanark, on the Clyde, the celebrated
about 20 stores, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 5 churches. falls of which are in this parish. Craignethan Castle, in
Pop. over 2000; of the township, 3473.                      this parish, has been identified with the Tillietudlem of
LE ROY, a village of Otsego co., New York, at the outlet Scott's "Old Mortality."
of Canaderaga Lake.                                           LES MARTIGUES. See MARTIGUeS.
LE ROY, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania,   LESMO, lstmo, a village of Austrian Italy, province and
140 siles N. of Harrisburg. Pop. 916.                       15 miles N.N.E. of Milan, near the Lambro. Pop. 1760.
LE RtOY, a small village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.     LESNEVEN, l.'neh-v6N/!  (ane. Eveeopeolis?) a town of
LE ROY, a township of Lake co., Ohio. Pop. 1128.          France, department of Pinistbre, 16 miles N.N.E. of Brest.
LE ROY, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio.                Pop. in 1852, 2847. It has a large naval hospital, and near
LE ROY, a township of Calhoun co., Michigan. Pop. 878. it is the church of Folgoat, one of the finest Gothic strucLE ROY, a village of Genesee co., Michigan, on Thread  tures of the department.
Creek, 1U miles S.E. of Flint, has several mills.             LESNEWTII, l1s'nith, a parish of England, co. Cornwall.
LE ROY, a post-village of Ingham  co., Michigan, on the    LESNO, lsfno, a town of Lombardy and Venice, 11 miles
plank-road from  Lansing to Detroit, 17 miles E. of the for- S. of Brescia. Pop. 3400,
suer, was settled in 1850.                                    LE SOURDES~ILLE, le soordzlvil, a post-office of Butler
LE ROY, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois.            co., Ohio.
LE ROY, a post-village and township in the N.E. part of    LESPARRE, lts'pa&t, a town of France, department of
Dodge co., Wisconsin, 60 miles N.E. of Madison. Pop. 397.  Gironde, 37 miles N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1404.
LE ROY SPRINGS, a village of Mecklenburg co., North    LESSA, ls'sA, a seaport village of Portugal, province of
Carolina.                                                   Minho, 4 miles N. of Oporto.
LERS, la, a river of France, which, after a course of above    LESSAY, ls'sAl/, a town of France, department of Manche,
70 miles, joins the Ari6ge a little above Cintegabelle.     13 miles N.W. of Coutances. -Pop. 1750.
LERWICK, lr/rik, a burgh of barony and parish of    LESSE, lVss or l1stseh, a river of Belgium, joins the Meuse
Scotland, and the chief town of the Shetland Islands, Main- a little above Dinant, whole course under 50 miles.
land, on Bressay Sound, 21 miles N.N.E. of Sumburgh I-lead.   LESSE, lslseh, a village of Brunswick, district of WolfPop. of town 2287, employed in the whale and herring fish- enbiittel, 1q miles W.S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 1062.
eries, and in manufactures of straw plait. Registered ship-    LESSEN, l~stsen or LASZYN, lAshin, a town of West
ping in 1847, 2134 tons. It is defended by a fort, and is the  Prussia, 17 miles S.S.E. of Marienwerder. Pop. 1670.
seat of the Shetland courts of law. In the vicinity are the    LESSEN, a village of Prussian Silesia, 31 miles N.W. of
ruins of 2 Danish castles.                                  Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 576.
LESA, lIse, (L. Lets/a,) a town of the Sardinian States,    LESSEN, a village of the duchy of Brunswick, district of
province and 7 miles S. of Pallanza. Pop. 1554.             Wolfenbiittel. Pop. 4062.
LESACA, lA-sak-A, a town of Spain, province of Naval-re,   LESISER CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Somerset co., New
28 miles N. of Pamplona. Pop. 2180. It has iron works.   Jersey.
LES ALLUES, lAz l'lii, (L. Allodia,) a village of the Sar-   LESSINES, l/seenf, a town of Belgium, province of
dinian States, Savoy, province of Tarantaise.  Pop. 1463.  Hainaut, on the Dender, 19 miles N.N.W. of Mons. Pop.
LES ANDELYS. See ANDELYs, Las.                            4971. It has a literary society, distilleries, chiccory and salt
LESBOS, an island of the Grecian Archipelago. See Ml- factories.
TYLENE.                                                       LESISING]- AM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
LEStBIURY, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland,    LESSILEY, a post-village of Benton co., Missouri, 70 miles
on the Alne, 31 miles E.S.E. of Alnwick, with a station on  W.S.W. of Jefferson City.
the Newcastle Railway.                                        LESSNOI-KARAMUSH, lss-noitkA-rA-moosh/, a village of
LESCAR, lAkaVr, (anc. Bencarenuee?) a town of France, Russia, government and 50 miles S.S.W. of Saratov. P. 2760.
departmentofBasses-Pyr6n6es, 4 miles N.W. of Pan. P.2099.   LESSOE (Lessle) or LASOE (Lisie), lMs5l0eh, an island of
LES CItAPELLES, 1 shlpll1, a village of the Sardinian  Denmark, in the Cattegat, 12 miles E. of the N. part of JutStates, province of Tarantalse, 2 miles from Bourg San Miau- land. Area 42 square miles.
rice. Pop. 1063.                                              LESSOLO, 1Is'so-lo, or LEZZOLO, lit/so-lo, a town of the
LESCHENAULT, (lsheen-6!  or lAsheh-n6lt/,) PORT, a  Sardinian States, division of Turin, on the Dora Baltea.
maritime settlement and inlet of West Australia, immedi- Pop. 1745.
ately opposite Australind, about lat. 330 18' S., lon. 1150 37'   LESISON ISLANDS, the most E. of the Schouten Islands,
W., in a fertile district, with a harbor adapted only for boats. N. coast of Papua. Lat. 30 35':5., lon. 144" 48' E.
LESCHIE, l/shee, a village of Croatia, generalship of    LESSONA, lis-sotni, a village of the Sardinian States,
lIarlstadt, on the Gaczka. Pop. 1432.                       division of Turin, 5 miles from Biella. Pop. 1184.
LESCIINITZ, lishfnits, a small town of Prussian Silesia,    LESTERPS, lPs'taiRpf, a village of France, department of
21 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1290. Near it is a hill con- Chatrente, 5 miles E.N.E. of Confolens. Pop. 1426.
vent greatly resorted to in pilgrimage.                       LES/TER'S DISTRICT, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia.
LESCURE, ls'kUiLr, a villa-ge of France, department of    LES/TERYILLE,       a post-office of Reynolds' co., Missouri.
Tarn, 2 miles N.E. of Albi. Pop. 2070.                        LE SUEURI, le-sooler, (Fr. pron. leh swum,) a county in
LESCURE, a village of France, department of AriAge, 5  the S.E. part of Minnesota, contains about 550 esquare miles.
miles E.N.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 776.                       It is bounded on the N.W. by the St. Peter's Rliver. and
LESEGNO, lA-slnlyo, or LEZEGNO, IMd-zlnlyo, a village of  drained by Le Sneur River. The surface is undulatiig,
the Sardinian States, about 8 miles from Mondovi. P. 1370. and the soil is said to be fertile. There are several small
LES GETS, 11 zhA, (L. TJacltus,) a village of the Sardinian  lakes in the county. It is not included in the census  of
States, Savoy, 6 miles N.E. of Taninge.  Pop. 1545.         1850, having been formed since that date. Capital, Le Sueur.
LES GONAIVES. See GoNAwVES.                                 LE SUEUR, a post-village, capital of Le Suesu  co., MinneLESIGNANO DI BAGNI, l-seen-yA/no dee b nlyee, a vil- sota, on the right bank of the St. Peter's River, about 50
lage of Italy, duchy and 14 miles S.W. of Parma, celebrated  miles S.W. of St. Paul. Laid out in 1852.
for its mineral springs. Pop. 2842.                           LESVE, ls'veh or laiv? a village of Belgium, province
LESIGNANO DI PALMIA, lA-seen-yA/no  dee p~ltme-9, a  and 7 miles S.S.W. of Namur. Pop. 1561.
village of Italy, on the Baganza, 18 miles S.S.W. of Parma.   LESIWALT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton, 4 miles
Pop. 2786.                                                  N.W. of Stranraer.  The coast is here defended by bold,
LESINA, lsle-nA, (ane. P/a/sos, or Plo/rus Iessula,) an  rocky cliffs. The ancient castle of Lochnaw stands on a
island of Dalmatia, circle and 23 miles S.E. of Spalatro, in  beautiful loch in this parish.
the Adriatic, between the islands of Brazza and Curzola.   LESZA, lAs/h', or LISZA, leelsbh', a village of Austria,
Length 40 miles, breadth from  2 to 6 miles. Pop. 12.539. Transylvania, 37 miles S.S.E. of Hermannstadt. The inhtbaPrincipal products, figs. wine, marble, anchovies, and rose- bitants are Wallachians, and are all soldiers. Pop. 1220.
mary oil. Chief town, Lesina. Pop. 2000.                      LETA, KIS, kish Il/tohb, a village of  uIungary, co. of
LESINA, lA-seeatn, a town of South Italy, Naples, province  Szabolcz, 6 miles from Bather. Pop. 1497.
of Capitanata, 29 miles N.W. of Foggia, on the S. shore of the    LETA, NAGY, n~dj lA/teh, a village of IHungary, Thither
Lake of Lesina.                                             Theiss, co. of Bihar, on the road to Klausenburg. P. 3980.
LESINA, LAKE OF, (anc. Pantanus,) called also SALSO,   LETART. le-tart', a township forming the S. extremity of
sIlso, or SALPE, sillfp, in NapIes, forms a kind of lagoon  Mei0s co., Ohio, on the N. side of the Ohio River. Pop. 966.
along the Adriatic, into which it discharges itself. Length    LETART FALLS, a post-village of Meigs co., Ohio, on the
from E. to W. 13 miles, breadth 3 miles.                   Ohio River, 110 miles S.E. of Columbus. 
LESKAU, lIslklw, a market-town of Bohemia, circle and    LET!COMBE BAS!SET, a parish of England, co. of Berks
W.N.W. of Pilsee. Pop. 907.                                  LETtCOMBE RE/GIS, a parish of England, co. of Berko.
1040




LET                                                       LEV
LETCHIER, a county in the S. E. part'of Kentucky, bor- miles E.N.E. of Sion, and 5000 feet above the sea. The St.
dering on Virginia, contains an area estimated at 300 square Lawrence Spring has a temperature of 1440 Fahrenheit.
miles. It is drained by the head waters of the Kentucky    LEUKA, loilkA, Pr LOKENIIAUS, lofken-hbws', a market.
]iver, and has the Cumberland Mountains on the S.E. bor- town of Hungary, on the Gybngyijs, 5 miles from Grins
der. The surface is occupied by valleys and mountains. Pop. 1169.
which produce good pasture, and contain large bodies of    LEUKERSDORF, loitkers-doRfa, a-village of Saxony, circle
coal. Organized in 1842, and named in honor of Robert P. of Zwickau, near Chemnitz. Pop. 1302.
Letcher, at that time Governor of Kentucky.  Capital,   LEUM, loim, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government and
Whitesburg. Pop. 2512; of whom 2450 were free, and 62  38 miles E.N.E. of Coblentz, on the Lahn. Pop. 890,
slaves.                                                     LEUPEGHEM, loitpeh-Ghtm, a village of Belgium, proLETCHIER, a postoffice of Harlan co., Kentucky.         viuce of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 15 miles S.S.W. of
LETCHIERVILLE, a post-office of Green co., Illinois.    Ghent. Pop. 1034.
LETCHIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Herts.           LEUR, ]UR or 1aR;  a village of Holland, province of North
LETITHAM, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 4 miles W. of  Brabant, 6 miles W. of Breda. Pop. 1101.
Cupar. Pop. 383.                                            LEUTENBERG, loi'ten-bRao, a town of Central Germany,
LEtTHEM, a village of Scotland, county and 5 miles E. principality of Schwarzburg Rudolstadt, 12 miles S.S.E. of
of Forfar. Pop. 745.                                      Rudolstadt, with the castle of Friedensberg.
LETIVENDY AND KINLOCH, (kinfl1K,) a united parish of    LEUTENSDORF, OBER, olber loiltens-doRfx, a town of
Scotland, county and 12 miles N. of Perth, near the Tay. Bohemia, 24 miles W.N.W. of Leitmeritz.  Pop. 2150.
It has several lochs, and numerous ancient remains.         LEUTERSDORF, loifters-dosf, a village of Rhenish
LETHIERINGIhAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.  Prussia, government of Coblentz, on the Ithine.  Pop. 1271.
LETIERINGSET, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        LEUTERSHAUSEN, loi/ters-hiwlzen, a town of Central
LETItIMATE, l~t'mA'thh, a village of Rhenish Prussia, Germany, in Bavaria, on tlhe Altmtihl, 7 miles W.N.W. of
government and 22 miles W. of Arnsberg, on the Lenne. Anspach, with 1422 inhabitants.
Pop. 1052.                                                  LEUTERSHAUSEN, loilters-h~w'zen, a town of Baden,
LETHINOT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.          circle of Lower Rhine.  Pop. 1429.
LETI, lA/tee, amarshy island of Bulgaria, formed by the    LEUTHIEN, loilttn, several villages of Germany, one in
Danube at its Delta, between the Kilia and Soolina mouths. Prussian Silesia, government of Breslau, where, December
Length 42 miles, breadth 20 miles.                        5, 1757, Frederick the Great totally defeated the Austrians.
LETI or LETTEE. See LETTL.                              Pop. 800.
LE TIMBREVILLE, leh timfber-vil, a post-village of Ma-   LEUTKIRCH, loit/klni, a town of Wiirtemburg, 40 miles
rion co., Ohio, 55 miles N. of Columbus.                  S. of Ulm. Pop. 2000.
LETITSHEV, lA-te-chvl, (Polish, Letyczew, lM-tichtlv, or    LEUTMERITZ.  Bohemia. See LrITM.ERITZ.
Latyczew, lA-tichl1v,) a town of Russia, government of    LEUTOMISCIJEL, Bohemia. See LEIaOrSCuHEL.
Podolin, on the Deraznia, a tributary of the Bug, 69 miles    LEUTSCHAU, loit/shbw, (Hun. Lcse, l31chA,) a royalfree
N.N.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 1600.                            town of North Hungary, circle of Zips, on a hill, 123 miles
LE-TO, an island belonging to China, in the Yellow Sea, N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 5500. It was once a place of great
off the peninsula Shan-toong, with a good harbor, and a  strength, but its fortifications are now in a very dilapidated
small town.                                                state. It has the oldest Lutheran college in Hungary, a
LETOIIATCHIEE GREEK, of Alabama, flows through  Roman Catholic gymnasium, seminary for noble females,
Lowndes co., and enters the Alabama from the S.E.          and an asylum for the children of soldiers.
LETTE, lltteh, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern-   LEUVEN, a town of Belgium. See LovVreI.
ment of Miinster, circle of Klsfeld. Pop. 1350.              LEUZE, luz, a town of Belgium, province of Hainaut,
LETITER B, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.           on the Dender, 17 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 5880, engaged
LETTERE, ltt-tArA, a town of Naples, province of Naples, in dyeing, bleaching, brewing, &c.
31 miles E. of Castel-a-mare. Pop. 4000.                     LEVA, lt/vih', or LEWENZ, 14/flnts, a market-town of
LETTERHAUTEN, l~t/ter-h~w'ten, a village of Belgium, Hungary, on the Perecz, a tributary of the Gran, 54 miles
province of East Flanders, about 10 miles E. of Ghent. N.N.W. of Pesth. It was once fortified, and was repeatedly
Pop. 1085.                                                beleaguered by the Turks, who were here defeated by the
LET'TERKEN/NY, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. Austrians in 1664. Pop. 4299.
of Donegal, on the Swilly, 64 miles N.W. of Raphoe. Pop.   LEVAId-TRAHEGNIES, leh-v~IftrA'hin'yece, a village of
2161. It has a harbor at the head of Lough Swilly, admit- Belgium,province of Ilainaut, 13 miles E. of Mons. Pop.
ting vessels of 150 tons.                                 1405.
LET'TERKEN/NY, a township of Franklin co., Pennsyl-   LEVANE, 14-vAnA, formerly CASTEL DI LEONA, kbs-tllvalia. Pop. 2048.                                          dee lA-oln&, a town of Tuscany, province and 26 miles SE.
LET/TERSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 2000.
LETTI, LETTEE, or LETI, At/tee. an island in the Malay    LEVANGER, ld-vdng/gher, a town of Norway, 35 miles
Archipelago, Timer Group. Lat 8 20' S.. Ion. 1270 50' E.   N.E. of Trondhjem, on the N.E. shore of the TrondhjemLET/TON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.           fiord. The harbor is well sheltered, and forms a kind of
LETTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             commercial outpost for Trondhjem. Pop. 745.
LETTOWITZ, lit/to-titsW, a, town of Austria in Moravia,   LEVAN/NA, a post-village of Cayuga co., New Yol-k, on
27 miles N. of Britinn, on the Zwittiau.  Pop. 1660.      the E. shore of Cayuga Lake, 14 or 15 miles S.W. of Auburn.
LETUR, id-toos, a town of Spain, province of Albacete, Here is a steamboat landing. Pop. about 300.
30 miles N. of Caravaca. Pop. 2970.'                        LEVANSO. See LEVANZO.
LETZLINGEN, lhtsflingpfn, a village of Prussian Saxony,   LEVANNA, a village of Brown co., Ohio, on the Ohio
government of Magdeburg. Pop. 1073.                       River, 52 miles above Cincinnati, has about 200 inhabitants.
LEUBSDORF, loibs/doaf, a village of Saxony, circle of    LEVANT, 1.-vdnt', (from the French verb lever, to " rise,"
Zwickau. Pop. 1439.                                       and signifying literally the "rising," but, like the Latin
LEUBUS, loilboos, a town of Prussian Silesia, 28 miles  Oriens, signifying the "East,") a name of French derivation,
W.N.W. of Breslau, on the Oder. Pop. 600.                 usually applied to the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean,
LEUBUS, a village of Prussian Silesia, contiguous to the  extending from the western part of Greece round to the
above, with a magnificent Cistercian Abbey. Pop. 1309.    western border of Egpt.-Adj. and inhab. LEVANTINE, IWvLEUCA, CAPO DI. See CAPE LEUCA.                         an-teen/. (It. LEVANTINO, lI-vIn-tee/no.) 
LEUCADIA or LEUCAS. See SANTA MAURA.                      LEVANT, le-vAnt, a thriving post-village and township of
LEUCATE, luh'kit/, a village of South France, department Penobscot co., Maine, on the South Branch of the Kendusof Aude, near the Mediterranean, 18 miles S. of Narbonne. keag, 10 miles N.W. of Bangor, and about 75 miles N.E. of
Pop. in 1852, 1245. The Lake of Leucate, partly in Aude, Augusta. The village is situated on a fall in the stream, which
is a lagoon, 10 miles in length.                           affords good water-power, which is extensively employed in
LEUCE, an island in the Black Sea. See ISLE OF SERPENTS. the manufacture of shingles, clapboards, arid other lumber.
LEUCHARS, lu/Kearz, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, There is also achair factory here. In 1851 aportionofLevant
4 miles N.W. of St. Andrews. It has a station on the Edin- township was taken off to form the township of Kenduskeag.
burgh and Dundee Railway.                                 Pop. in 1850, 1841; of the township, in 1854, about 1300.
LEUICHTENBERG, loiK/ten-b8so', a market-town of Bava-    LEVANT, a post-village of Chautauque co., New York, on
ria, 21 miles N.E. of Amberg, with a castle on a steep hill. Conewango Creek, about 18 miles E.S.E. from Maysville.
Pop. 563. In 1814 it gave the title of Duke to Eugene Beau-   LEVANTE, lA-vdn/td, a province of Sardinia, division of
harnais, in whose family it still remains.                Genoa, bordering the Mediterranean for about 45 miles.
LEUCTRA, lfk/tra, a maritime village of Morea, govern- Area261 squaremiles. Pop.in 1852,79,080. Principaltowns,
ment of Laconia, on the Gulf of Koron, 11  miles N.W. of  Spezzia, (the capital,) Lerici, Levanto, and Sarzana.
Tzimova, and now called LEFTRO.                             LEVANTINE, ld-vdn-teen/, VAL, (It. Levantisa, Id-vAnLEUGAST, lolfgst, or MARKT LEUGAST, maRkt loil- tee/nd,) a valley of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, extends
gdst, a market-town of Bavaria, Upper Franconia, district from St. Gothard to the confluence of the Tirins with the
of Stadtsteinach. Pop. 1021.                              Blegno. Length 16 miles. breadth 1 mile.
LEUK or LEUCK, loik, (Fr. Loteschc, loo-ishl, L. Leuscia,)   LEVANTO, I&-vAn/to, a maritime town of Sardinia, divia village and celebrated bathing-place of Switzerland, canton  sion of Genoa, province of Levante, on a small bay of the
of Valais, on the Ithone, at its confluence with the Dale, 15  Mediterranean, 18 miles N.N.W. of Spezzia. Pop. 4596.
3q                                                                         1041




LEV                                                       LEW
LEVANZO, IA-vAn'zo, or LEVANSO, (anc. Buccina? or  Amorgos, lat. 370 N., ion. 260 32' E. It is 4 mileslongby 4
Phorbantia.) one of the,Egades Islands, off the W. coast miles broad.
of Sicily, 9 miles W. of Trapani; length 4 miles, breadth 3    LEVIZZANO, l-vit-s&no, a marketrtown of Italy, duchy
miles. Pop. 4500.                                         and 17 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop. 2200.
LEVARD, NAGY, nldj lWvaRdt, or GROSS-SCHUTZEN,   LEVONEt-AvolnA, a village of the Sardinian States, dis.
(Gross-Schiitzen,) groce-shiittsen, a market-town of Hun- trict and about 4 miles S. of Turin. Pop. 1026.
gary, 26 miles N.N.W. of Presburg. Pop. 2762.                LEVORANO, l'-vo-r&no, a market-town of Naples, pro.
LEVEE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Kentucky.    vince of Otranto, 11 miles S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 1800.
LEVEL, l1vll, or KALTENSTEIN, killttn-stine', a village    LEVROUX, leh-vrool, (ane. Gabatum?orLcprosun?)a town
of IHungary, 4 miles from Wieselburg. Pop. 1184.           of France, department of Indre, 13 miles N. of Ch'teauroux.
LEVIEL, a post-office of Richland district, South Carolina. Pop. in 1852, 3576. It has manufactories of fine woollen
LEVEL, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.                cloths and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, wine, and
LEVIELAND, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             wool. It was formerly fortified.
LEVYEL GREEN, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.        LEIVY, a county in the N.W. part of the peninsula of
LEIVEN, a small river of England, co. of Cumberland, Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of
formed by'the junction of the Black and White Leven, or 1000 square miles. The Suwanee River forms its boundary
Line, near Stapleton, flows S.W. for 15 miles, and joins the  on the N.W., and the Withlacoochee on the S. The surface
Esk 3 miles S. of Longtown.                                is nearly level, consisting mostly of pine wood, marshes, and
LEVEN, a small river of England, co. of Lancaster, forms  savannahs. The soil is sandy. Pop. 465, of whom 320 were
the channel by which Windermere communicates with  free, and 145 slaves.
Morecambe Bay.                                               LEWANINICK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
LEVEN, a small river of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton,   LEWENZ. See LEVA.
rises at the S. extremity of Loch Lomond, and discharges    LEWES, luis, a parliamentary borough and town of Engits surplus waters into the Clyde, at Dumbarton Castle, land, co. of Sussex, on the navigable Ouse, 44 miles S.E. of
after a S. course of 7 miles.                              London, and 8- miles N.E. of Brighton. Pop. in 1851, 9533.
LEVEN, a small river of Scotland, co. of Fife, issues from  It is finely situated on a declivity of the South Downs, and
the S.E. extremity of Loch Leven, and after an E. course  has a grammar school, almshouses, believed to have been
of 14 miles, enters the Frith of Forth at Leven.           founded by Gundrada, 4th daughter of William the ConLEVEN, a seaport and bathing-place of Scotland, co. of queror, an elegant county-hall, a countyjail, and house of corFife, at the mouth of the Leven, 9 miles N.N.E. of Kirk- rection, barracks, andtheatre. A considerable trade is carried
caldy. Pop. 1827, employed inlinen manufactures, and in  on with London by the port of Newhaven, at the month of
tile and iron works.                                      the Ouse. The town is lighted with gas, and amply supplied
LEVEN, a small stream of Scotland, Argyleshire, flowing  with Water. Lewes is said to have been the Roman station
into Loch Leven.                                           Mutuantonis. Simon de Montford and the barons, in 1264,
LEVEN, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.   defeated Henry III. here, and imprisoned him in the castle.
LEVEN, LOCHI, 13K 18vlen, of Scotland, is in the county of    LEWIES, a post-village of Sussex co., Delaware, on Dela
Kinross. Circuit about 11 miles. It contains several islands, ware Bay, opposite the Breakwater, 45 miles S.S.E. of Dover.
on one of which, near Kinross, are the remains of a famous  It has 3 large hotels, 3 churches, a telegraph station, and
castle, in which Mary Queen of Scotts was confined in 1567-8, several stores.
and signed her abdication on July 4th, 1567, and from which,   LEWIES AND REHOIBETH, a hundred in the E. part of
on May 2d, 1568, she made her memorable escape, shortly  Sussex co., Delaware, with a post-office of the same name.
before the battle of Langside..                            Pop. 1855.
LEVEN, LOCH, a narrow arm of Loch Linnhe, from which    LEWIN, i4-&eenf, a small frontier town of Prussian Silesia,
it stretches E. for 12 miles, between the counties of Argyle  14 miles W. of Glatz. Pop. 1330.
and Inverness. Scenes highly picturesque, and on its S. side    LEWIN, a village of Bohemia, 10 miles N.E. of Leitmeritz.
is the wild vale of Glencoe.                               Pop. 599.
LEtIVENS, a chapelry of England, co. of Westmoreland,   LEWIS, (with HARIRIS,) the most Northern and largest
parishes of Haversham and Kendal.                         island of the Outer Hebrides, off the W. coast of Scotland,
LEIVENSHULME, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, between lat. 570 40' and 580 32' N., and ion. 6~ and 70 W.,
3 miles S.E. of Manchester, with a station on the railway  separated from the Mainland bythe Minch Channel, 30 miles
from Manchester to Crewe.                                 across. Length from N. to S., 60 miles, greatest breadth 30
LEVENTO, li-vunlto, or LEVENZO, 14-vnlzo, a village  miles. Pop. in 1851, 22,918. On the E. side are Loch Erisort
of Sardinia, province and 11 miles N. of Nice, with 1500  and Broad Bay, and on the W. Loch Roag. Its N. headland,
inhabitants. Massena, one of Bonaparte's marshals, though  the BUTT OF LEwis, lat. 580 311 N., ion. 60 14' W., rises to 80
born in Nice, was brought up in this town and is claimed by  feet above the sea. Sunneval Mountain is estimated to be
the inhabitants as their townsman.                        2700 feet in height, and a great part of the island is rugged;
LEVIENWORTH or LEAVENWORTH, a post-village, capi- but it is not generally so lofty and bare as Ihtarris, and it has
tal of Crawford co., Indiana, on the Ohio River, 125 miles S. many low swampy tracts. Gneiss is the prevailing rock, and
of Indianapolis. It is situated at the Iorseshoe Bend, and  much of the surface is covered with peat, and with remains
is the principal shipping point for an extensive region. The  of ancient forests. The island abounds with Druidic edifices
county seat was located here in 1843, since which a good  and ruined fOrtresses. The people are almost entirely of
court-house;and other public buildings have been erected. Celtic descent; but in the N. (Butt of Lewis) are a race of
Pop. estimated at 800.                                    purely Scandinavian origin, although speaking the Gaelic
LEVERANO, l-vA-rino, a town of Naples, province of language. Stornoway, the only town, is on the E. coast.
Otranto, 10 miles W.S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 1670.               LEWIS, a county in the N.E. central part of New York,
LEVIER, DAR/CY, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster. has an area of about 1290 square miles. It is drained by
LEVWERETT, a post-village and township of Franklin co., Black River (by which it is intersected) and its tributaries,
Massachusetts, 28 miles N. by E. of Springfield. Pop. 948.   and by Oswegatchie River. These streams afford valuable
LEVIER, GREAT, a township of England, co. of Lancaster. water-power. The surface is generally hilly or uneven.
LEVIERING, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, about 60  The soil is usually fertile, and, along Black River and some
miles N.N.E. of Columbus.                                 other streams,'of excellent quality. Iron and lead oros are
LEVIERINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. mined to some extent. Black River is navigable for small
LEVERINGTON, a post-office of.Philadelphia co., Penn- boats through this county.  Organized in 1805. Capital,
sylvania.                                                 Martinsburg. Pop. 24,564.
LEVER, LITTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster,   LEWIS, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, has an
at the junction of the Bolton, Bury, and Manchester Canals. area of 530 square miles. It is intersected by the W. fork
LEVERN, l4vern, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- of Monongahela River. The surface is rocky, hilly, and in
ment of Minden, circle of Liibbecke. Pop. 1230.           some parts mountainous. Stone-coal is found in the county.
LEVIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         A turnpike has been constructed from Weston to Fairmont,
LEVERTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.  on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Formed in 1816, and
LEVERTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.  named in honor of Colonel Charles Lewis. Capital, Weston.
LEIVI, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.              Pop. 10,031; of whom 9663 were free, and 368 slaves.
LEVICE, l-veelchA, a village of the Sardinian States,   LEWIS, a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee; area
province and 10 miles from Alba, on the East Bormida, here  estimated at 450 square miles.  It is drained by Buffalo
crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1124.                           River, an affluent of Duck River. The surface is uneven;
LEVICO, lTv/e-ko, a market-town of the Tyrol, 10 miles the soil is mostly fertile. Formed a few years ago, and named
S.E. of Trient, near a small lake. Pop. 3517.             in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis, the explorer of the
LEVIER, leh-ve-M, a market-town of France, department North-western Territory. Capital, Newburg. Pop. 4438; of
of Doubs, 11 miles W.N.W. of Pontarlier. Pop. in 1852,1600. whom 3702 were free, and 736 slaves.
LEVIGNAC, lh-veen'y/kl, a village of France, department   LEWIS, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, bordering
of Lot-et-Garonne, 9 miles N. of Marmande. Pop. 1586.     on Ohio, has an area estimated at 400 square miles. The
LEWVIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       Ohio River forms its entire boundary on the N., and it
LEVIISItAM, a parish of England. See LEAVISHAc.         is also drained by Cabin Creek. The surface is generally
LEVITA or LEBITA, lvfe-ti or 14-veeltml,.(anc. Lebinlthos.)  hilly; the soil of the WV. part is fertile, and that of the river
an island in the Grecian Archipelago, 20 miles E.N.E. of bottoms excellent. Valuable quarries of slate and limestone
1042




LEW                                                        LEW
have been opened in this county, near the river. It con-   LEWIS RIVER or SNAKE RIVER, the largest affluent
tains the Esculapia Spring, a fashionable watering-place.  of the Columbia River, rises by several sources on the E,
Formed in 1806. Capital, Clarksburg. Pop. 7202; of whom  side of the principal ridge of the Rocky Mountains, near
6880 were free, and 322 slaves.                             430 N. lat., and 1090 Wv. ion., its head waters interlocking
LEWIS, a county in the E.N.E. part of Missouri, has an  with those of the Yellowstone River. Its general course is
area of 520 square miles. The Mississippi River forms its  westerly till it reaches 1150 30' W. ion., when it changes to
eastern boundary, and separates it from Illinois. The county  N. by WV., and continues nearly in this direction to the 46th
is intersected by the Wyaconda,,the North Fabius, the South  parillelI; then it reassumes its westerly course and falls into
Fabius, and the Middle Fabius, which enters the North  the Columbia itiver, in about 460 6' N. lat., aid 1180 40 W..
Fabins near the county seat. The surface is diversified; ion. The entire length is estimated at 900 miles.
about half of the county is well timbered with forestsq dis-   LEWIS' STORE, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Virginia.
tributed along the rivers, and separated by beautiful upland    LEWISTON, lunis-ten, a flourtshing post-town of Androsmeadows or prairies, the soil of which is deep, remarkably  coggin co., Maine, is situated on the left bank of the Androsfertile, and easily cultivated. Coal has been discovered in  coggin River, here crossed by a bridge 1700 feet long, and
several places. Limestone underlies a part of the county. on the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, 33 miles N.
Capital, Monticello. Pop. 6578; of whom 5372 were free, of Portland.  The Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad
and 1206 slaves.                                            communicates with the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad
LEWIS, a large county in the W. part of Washington  at Danville, 6 miles below Lewiston, and with the AndrosTerritory, has an area estimated at 4000 square miles. It is  coggin Railroad at Leeds, 11 miles above. A railroad is
hounded on the W. by the Pacific, on the N. by the Straits  also in course of construction to connect Lewiston with
of Juan de Fuca, partly on the E. by Admiralty Sound, and  Bath. Lewiston has recently become one of the most imon the S.E. by Cowlits  River, And is drained by Puget portant manufacturing towns in the state.  The AndrosSound, Chehalis River, and several smaller streams. The  coggin here has a fall of 60 feet in 15 rods, affording water
surface inthe N. part is uneven and sometimes mountainous. privileges equal to the best in New England. The scenery
Mount Olympus is the principal elevation. The soil is gene- in this portion of its course is remarkably wild and picrally fertile. Capital, Quenaudenville. Pop. 558.           turesque. About 700 acres of land, adjoining the falls. have
LEWIS, a post-township of Essex co., New York, inter- been purchased by a company of capitalists, who intend
sected by Boquet River, about 125 miles N. of Albany. It building up a manufacturing city. A dam  has been concontains valuable beds of iron ore. Pop. 2058.              structed across the river, and a canal, 60 feet wide, has been
LEWIS, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylvania. excavated, extending from above the falls to the mills, and
Pop. 1475.                                                  such is the conformation of the ground that the water can
LEWIS, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of  be used several times. The principal corporations at preBrown co., Ohio, on the N. side of the Ohio River, 95 miles  sent are the Lincoln Mill, the Hill Mill, Beale's Mill, and
S.W. by S. of Columbus. Pop. 2720.                          another that has recently gone into operation. The four
LEWIS, a township in Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 574.         corporations run about.70,000 spindles. The kinds of goods
LEWIS, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana.                manufactured include coarse cottons, prints, tweeds, satiLEW~/ISBEIRY, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, nets, flannels, &c. Two other mills are in course of erec10 miles in a direct line S. of Harrisburg.                 tion. There is here a machine shop 400 feet by 70, and 4
LEWISBOROUGH, lulis-bhr'rhth, a post-township on the  stories high, with a capacity for 1000 hands. The capital of
E. border of Westchester co., New York, 100 miles S. by E. the company is 1,000,000. Another machine shop for the
of Albany. Pop. 1608.                                       manufacture of steam-engines is owned by a private indiLEWV/ISBURG or DERRSTOWN, a flourishing town of  vidual. The aggregate capital employed in the manufacBuffalo township, Union co., Pennsylvania, is delightfully  tures of Lewiston is about $2,600,000; the monthly payment
situated on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, at the  to operatives amounts to about $70,000. Lewiston has 5
mouth of Buffalo Creek, 69 miles N. of Harrisburg.  It is  churches, 2 of which have been erected. within the past
the centre of trade for the fertile valley of Buffalo Creek, year, a bank with a capital of $200,000, a savings institution,
and is the most populous town in the county. A large, a valuable public library, and a first class hotel, called the
quantity of grain and other produce is shipped at this place. Dewitt House, which contains 125 rooms and cost about
Lewisburg is connected by a bridge with the E. bank of the $30,000. The schools are among the best in the state, and
river, and is on the route of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad. include a high school, grammar, and primary schools. One
This place is the seat of a university or college, founded in  newspaper is published here. L WISTON FALLS VILLAGE,which
1849, under the direction of the Baptists, and has 3 news- comprises the villages on both sides of the Androscoggin,
paper offices. Pop. in 1850, 2012; in 1854, about 2500.     contains about 80 stores. From its present prospects, there
LEWIiSBURG, a thriving post-village, capital of Greenbrier  can be but little doubt that Lewiston will soon become one
co., Virginia, 214 miles W. of Richmond, and 9 miles W. of  of the largest interior towns in the state. Pop. of the townthe White Sulphur Springs. It is surrounded by a beautiful  ship in 1840, 1801; in 1850, 3584; and in 1854 it is estimated
and healthy region among the mountains, and is a place of  at 7000.
active business. The Court of Appeals for the, western    LEWISTON, a post-town, port of entry, and capital of
counties is held at Lewisburg. It contains 3 chmurches, 1  Niagara county, New York, is situated at the head of steamacademy, and one pririting-office.                          boat navigation on Niagara River, midway between the Falls
LEWISBURG, a post-village of Conway co., Arkansas, audits entrance into Lake Ontario, being 7 miles distant from
on the Arkansas River, 60 miles above Little Rock, was each. It is connected by a suspension bridge across the
formerly the county seat.                                   Niagara with Queenstown on the Canada side. It has rail.
LEWISBURG, a post-village, capital of Marshall county, road communication with Rochester and Albany, on the one
Tennessee, 55 miles S. of Nashville. Pop. from 400 to 500.  hand, and with Buffalo and Detroit on the other. During
LEWISBURG, a village of Mason co., Kentucky, 7 miles the summer, steamboats ply daily between this place and
S. of lMaaIesville.                                         ports on Lake Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence, reaching
LEWISBURG, a village of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky, on  Montreal in about 27 hours. Lewiston is a place of active
Green River, 160 miles S.W. of Frankfort.                   trade. It contains, besides the county buildings,. 4 or 5
LEWISBURG, a post-village of Rush township, Chain- churches, an academy, and numerous stores. Niagara Dispaign co., Ohio, 14 miles N.E.of Urbanna. It has several trict, of which Lewiston is the port of entry, includes also
mills. Pop. in 1854, about 700.                             the ports of Oak Orchard Creek, Olcott, and Wilson, on Lake
LEWISBURG, a small village of Montgomery co., Ohio.   Ontario, and Youngstown and Suspension Bridge on Niagara
LEWISBURG, a thriving post-village of Preble co., Ohio, River. The commerce ot the district with Canada for 1847,
on the Eaton and Piqua Railroad, 56 miles N. of Cindinnati. 1850, and 1851, is exhibited in the subjoined table:LEWISBURG, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, on the                               1847          1850'0851.
Wabash River and Canal, 8 miles E. of Logansport. Pop. Explorts,..    $166,541        $325,538.' $585,784
about I00.                                                  mports.......             18,015.  53,954   103,985
LEWISBURG, a village of tancock co., Indiana, 10 miles  The exports, coastwise, for 1851, amounted in value to
N. of Greenfield.                                          $433,634; and the imports to $236,684.  Total exports for
LEWIS CENTRE, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.       1851, $1,019,418; imports, $340,669. By far the larger part
LEWIS CREEK, a fine mill-stream of Addison and Chit- of the above was entered at Lewiston. The shipping owned
tenden counties, in the WV. part of Vermont, falls into Lake  in the district, June 30, 1852, was 624 tons. The number
Champlain.                                                 of foreign arrivals for the year was 691; tons, 213,613, of
LEWIS' FORK, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina. Which 69,484 were in American bottoms. The clearances
LEWISITAM, lufish-am, a village and parish of England, were the same as the airivals. During the last war with
co. of Kent, on the Ravensbourne, 5 miles S.E. of London. Great Britain, Lewiston was entirely laid waste by the enemy,
Pop. in 1851,15,054. The village, bout 1 mile in length, las every house having been burnt. Pop. of township, 2924.
many handsome residences, and a school, founded in 1647.   LEWISTON, a post-office of Forsyth co., Georgia.
It gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Dartmouth.     LEWISTON,      a village of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 45
LEWIS ISLAND, Dampier Archipelago, off the N.W. miles N.N.W. of Madison, contains 5 stores and 50 dwellings.
coast of Australia, is in lat. 200 35' S., lon. 1160 33' E.     The post-office is Beaver Creek. Pop. in 1853, 350.
LEW/ISPORT, a post-village of Hancock co., Kentucky,    LEWISTON FALLS VILLAGE, Maine. See LweISTON.
on the Ohio River, 11 miles W. of Hawesville, has about   LEWI STON, a seaport of Prince Edward Island, co. cf
250 inhabitants.                                           Prince, on the E. coast of the N. end of the island, on thl
1043




LEW                                                        LEX
N. side of the entrance to Holland Bay. Lat. 460 511 N., ion. It contains 2 churches, an academy, and a female seminary.
65~ 7' W.                                                  Several of the most eminent citizens of Georgia have resided
LEW/ISTOWN, a flourishing town, capital of Mifflin co., here.
Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata River, at the    LEXINGTON, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Alabama,
mouth of the Kishicoquillas Creek, 69 miles by railroad  20 miles N.E. of Florence.  It has about 150 inhabitants.
N.W. of Harrisburg. The situation is elevated and beau-   LEXINGTON, a post-village, capital of Holmes co., Mis.
tiful. Lewistown has ample facilities for trade, by means  sissippi, on a small affluent of the Yazoo River, 70 miles N.
of the canal and railroad, which follow the Juniata River of Jackson. Yazoo River, which borders the county on the
through a great part of its course, and connect the town  W., is a fine stream for navigation. Two newspapers are
with Pittsburg, Philadelphia, &c. Large quantities of wheat, published here.
Indian corn, pork, and iron are exported from this place.   LEXINGTON, a post-office of Burleson co., Texas.
Two weekly newspapers ard published here. The town has   LEXINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Hender,
a spacious court-house, an academy, a bank, 2 iron foundries, son co., Tennessee, on Beech  liver, a small affluent of Ten1 woollen factory, and 2 fiouring-mills. Laid out in 1790, nessee River, 122 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. It is situated
Pop. in 1850, 2735; in 1853, about 3000.                   in a fertile country, and has an active trade. It contains 2
LEWISTOWN, a small village of Frederick co., Maryland, or 3 churches, and 2 female seminaries. Pop. in 1853, about
10 miles N. of Frederick.                                  700.
LEWISTOWN, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, on the    LEXINGTON, a handsome and wealthy city, capital of
Miami River, 66 miles N.W. by W. of Columbus.              Fayette co., Kentucky, on the Town Fork of the ]lkhorn
LEWISTOWN, a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, 166 River. 25 miles S.E. of Frankfort, 81 miles S. of Cincinnati,
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                    and 94 miles E. of Louisville. Lat. 380 6' N., lon. 84~ 18/ W.
LEWISTOWN, a pretty post-village, capital of Fulton co., Lexington is the second city of the state in population and
Illinois, 55 miles N.W. of Springfield, and 4 miles E. of Spoon  importance. Few inland towns are more delightfully situRiver. Bituminous coal is abundant in the vicinity. Lew- ated or more remarkable for the beauty of their general
istown contains several churches, and 2 newspaper offices.   appearance. It is laid out in rectangular blocks; the streets
LEW/ISVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, are well paved, and bordered with ornamental trees. Main
22 miles SW. of West Chester.                              Street is 80 feet wide, and more than a mile long. Many
LEWISVILLE, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, of the public and private buildings are spacious and very
167 miles W. of Harrisburg, contained in 1851, 1 church, handsome specimens of architecture.  The surrounding
and 14 houses.                                             country is undulating, highly cultivated, and dotted with
LEWISVYILLE, a post-village of Brunswick co., Virginia, elegant mansions. Lexington is distinguished for the excel78 miles S.S.W. of Richmond.                               lence of its literary and scientific establishments.  TransylLEWISVILLE, a post-village in Chester district, South  vania University of this place is a flourishing institution:
Carolina, 60 miles N. of Columbia.                         the departments of law and medicine are probably more
LEWISYILLE, a post-village, capital of Lafayette co., firequented than any other in the Western States. It has a
Arkansas, 160 miles S.W. of Little Rock.                   library of 14,000 volumes. The halls of the university are
LEWISVILLE, a small village of Clinton co., Ohio.        among the principal ornaments of the city. The state
LEWISVILLE, a village of Coshocton co., Ohio, on the  lunatic asylum located here occupies a large and beautiful
Ohio Canal, 80 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                   building, capable of accommodating more than 300 patients.
LEWISVILLE, a post-village of Monroe Co., Ohio, 110  The city also contains a court-house, 2 banks, a public library,
miles E. of Columbus.                                      several academies, a museum, an orphan asylum, about 12
LEWISVILLE, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, on  churches, and 5 or 6 newspaper offices. A monument is to
the Central Railroad, 42 miles E. of Indianapolis.         be erected here to the memory of Henry Clay, who resided
LEW  KEW ISLANDS, in the Pacific. See Leo-oeeo.          at Ashland, a mile and a half from the city. Lexington is
LEWKINOR, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            the centre of an extensive trade, facilitated by railways-one
LEW, NORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          extending to Louisville rid Frankfort, and another recently
LEW, TREN/CAIARD, a parish of England, co. of Devon. completed connecting it with Cincinnati. Other railways are
LEX/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              in course of construction to Maysville and Danville. This
LEXIHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    place is the seat of valuable manufactures, the most importLEXIAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    ant of which are bagging, ropes, iron, brass, and silver ware,
LEXIINGTON, a district in the central part of South  machinery, and. carriages. The city and suburbs produce
Carolina, has an area of 980 square miles. It is intersected  annually about 3,000,000 yards of bagging, and 2,500,000
by Saluda River, and bounded on the N.E. by Broad  pounds of rope. Lexington was formerly the capital of KenRiver and the Congaree, and on the S.W. by the North  tucky. It was founded in 1776, and incorporated in 1782.
Edisto River. The sirface is moderately illy. The Green- Pop. in 1845, 8178; in 1853, it was about 12,000.
ville and Columbia Railroad passes through the district; the    LEXINGTON, a thriving post-village of Troy township,
Congaree River is navigable for steamboats along the border. Richland co., Ohio, on the Clear Fork of Mohiccan River,
Capital, Lexington. Pop. 12,930; of whom 7373 were free,  and on the railroad between Mansfield and Newark, 8 miles
and 5557 slaves.                                           S.W. of the former. It has 3 churches, and mills of various
LEXINGTON, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, kinds. Pop. 500.
about 51 miles N.N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 538.                  LEXINGTON, a township of Starke co., Ohio. Pop. 1996.
LEXINGTON,'a post-village and township of Middlesex    LEXINGTON, a'village of St. Clair co., Michigan, on Lake
co., Massachusetts, on the Lexington and West Cambridge  Huron, 70 miles N.E. of Detroit.
Branch Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Boston. It was at Lex-   LEXINGTON, a post-office of Sanilac co., Michigan.
ington that the Americans in arms first met the British, on    LEXINGTON, a small village of Washtenaw co., Michigan,
the morning of April 19,1775. A monument with an appro- on Raisin River.
priate inscription has been erected on the green by the state,   LEXINGTON, a post-village and township, capital of Scott
to commemorate the patriotism and valor of the eight per- co., Indiana, is pleasantly situated, 18 miles S.W. of Madisons who fell in the encounter. Pop. of the township, 1894. son, with which it is connected by a plank-road. Pop. of
LEXINGTON, a post-township forming the SW. extremity  the village, 273; of the township, 1929.
of Greene co., New York, about 50 miles S.W. of Albany.   LEXINGTON, a post-village in McLean co., Illinois, 75
Pop. 2263.                                                 miles N.E. of Springfield.
LEXINGTON, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl-    LEXINGTON, a post-township in Lafayette co., Missouri.
vania.                                                     Pop. 4878.
LEXINGTON, a handsome post-village, capital of Rock-   LEXINGTON, a thriving post-village and township, capibridge co., ~irginia, on the North River, an affluent of James tal of Lafayette co., Missouri, on the right bank of Missouri
River, 146 miles W. of Richmond, and 35 miles N.W. of  River, 120 miles by the road W. of Jefferson City. The EitLynchburg. It is situated in a valley, and surrounded by  nation is high and healthy. Lexington has an active trade
beautiful mountain scenery. Washington College, founded  with the caravans of Santa F0 and the Great Salt Lake.
at this place in 1798, and endowed by General Washington, The great emigration to California which has passed through'as a library of 4950 volumes. The Virginia Military Insti- the county for several years past, has furnished a market
tute was established here by the Legislature of Virginia, in  for grain, cattle, and horses at very high prices. Extensive
1838-9. Lexington contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 seminaries, beds of coal are found on the river bank here. Lexington
2 printing-offices, and several fine brick residences. It was contains, besides the county buildings,a United States landlaid out in 1778. Pop. 1733.                               office, 2 newspaper offices, about 7 churches, and 1 bank.
LEXINGTON, a flourishing and beautiful post-village, Pop. of the township in 1850, 4878; of the village, 2459; in
eapital of Davidson co., North Carolina, is situated near 1853, estimated at 4000.
Abbott's Creek, an affluent of Yadkin River, 112 miles W.   LEXINGTON, a post-village of Clatsop co., Oregon, on a
of Raleigh. Valuable mines of lead and silver have been  small stream flowing into the Pacific, near 30 miles S. of
opened in the county. The Central Railroad of North Carm- Astoria.,ina passes through near Lexington.                         LEXINGTON COURT HOUSE, capital of Lexington disLEXINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Oglethorpe  trict, South Carolina, is situated a few miles S. of Saluda
co.,Georgia, 31 miles from the Athens Branch Railroad, and  River, and 12 miles WV. of Columbia. It contains a court
75 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. is situated in a healthy and  house, jail, academy, and several stores.
fertile region, which is noted for the production of cotton.   LEXOVIR. See LIsiRux.
104t




LEY                                                         LEZ
LEYIBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            the besiegers were drowned. The same wind wafted a fleet
LEY/IBUIIN, a market-town of England, co. of York, of 200 boats from  Rotterdam  to the gates of Leyden, and
North Riding, 7 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. Pop. 829.        relieved the place. It has at various times been severely
LEYDEN or LEIDEN, lilden, (Fr. Leyde, lid or laid; L. visited by pestilence; in 1624, 9897 died in a few months,
Lugdsfdnum Batavose'um,) one of the most important cities  and from July to December, in 1635, the deaths amounted
of the Netherlands, 22 miles S.V. of Amsterdam, and 17  to 14,582. Leyden is the birth-place of many eminent and
miles N. of Rotterdam, (with both of which it is connected  remarkable men, among whom may be specified Jan Bockby canals and railways,) on the Old Rhine, 6 miles from its holtz, or John of Leyden, the founder of the Anabaptists;
mouth, in the North Sea. Lat. of observatory, 520 9' 30" N., Karel van Maets, one of the translators of the New TestaIon. 40 29' 30" E. It was formerly fortified, but the walls  ment; the medical doctors, Gerard van Swieten and Pieter
and ramparts have been cleared away and planted with  Camper; the naturalist, Muschenbroek; the learned brotrees; the only remaining 2 towers have been converted  thers Gerard and Isaac Vossius, Gronovius, and Nicholas
into storehouses, 5 of the earthen bastions have been formed  Hensius; and the painters, Lucas van Leyden, the brothers
into burying-grounds, 4 are covered with wrind-mills and  Van der Velde, Metzu, Mieris, father and two sons; Gerard,
factories, and the remaining 4 have been levelled and turned  Douw, and Rlembrandt.  The population of Leyden, at one
into gardens. Seven well-built gates and the castle (de cBsesg,) time 90,000, was, in 1850, 35,954.
one of the oldest and most remarkable buildings in the town,    LEYDEN, two islands, one off the N. coast of Ceylon, the
but now converted into an inn, and its grounds into tea-gar- other off that of Java, opposite Batavia.  See MANDETIVOE.
dens, are the chief mementoes of the former fortress. Ley-    LEYIDEN, a post-township of Franklin co., Massachusetts,
den is intersected by canals, and encompassed by wind-mills, bordering on Vermont, about 44 miles N. of Springfield.
and surrounded by country-seats, pleasure-grounds, gardens, Pop. 716.
and fertile meadows. The streets of the town are straight,    LEYDEN, a post-township in the S. part of Lewis co., New
broad, and kept exceedingly clean; Broad Street, (Breede-  York, on the Black River and Black River Canal, about 110
starrat,) is esteemed one of the finest in Europe, being com- miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 2253.
pared to IighI Street in Oxford. The town-hall, (Sad-huis,)    LEYDEN, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
originally founded about 1415, but since that period often    LEYDEN, a post-office of Rock co., Wisconsin.
altered and repaired, is situated in this street. It is a pic-   LEYDEN CENTRE, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
turesque old building, with its prominent parts gilt, 30    LEYDERDORP, I/der-donpx, a village of Holland, province
windows in a line in front, a tall spire, and 3 highly-orna- of South tIolland, about 1 miles E. of Leyden, and on the
mented prqjecting gables. In the council-chamber are the  Rhine, here crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1698.
painting of the Last Judgment, by Lucas van Leyden, and    LEYDERIDORP, a village of North Holland, 1 mile E. of
several fine historical portraits.  Near the town-hall, in  Leyden. Pop. 1654.
the same street, is the Gemeene-lands-huis van Rijnland,    LEYDSCHENDAM, lid'sxen-dmf, a village of Holland,
containing the offices of the superintendent of dykes. Other  province of South Iolland, 2 miles E. of the Isague. P. 930.
note-worthy edifices are the prison, weigh-house, butter-   LEYLAND, lee'land, a town and parish of England, co. of
house, cloth-hall, infantry barracks, and town dockyards. Lancaster, 5k miles S. of Preston. Pop. in 1851,13,710, extenIt has 14 churches and a synagogue, besides sundry congre- sively employed in manufactures of cotton goods. It has a
gations worshipping in halls, &c.; they include 4 Reformed, handsome church, with monuments of the Farington family,
1 Walloon, 1 Dissenting, 1 English, 1 Evangelical Lutheran, whose mansion, Shawhall, contains a museum and fine gal1 Remonstrant, 4 Roman Catholic, and 1 Jansenist. In the  lery of paintings; a grammar school, numerous other
Reformed Church of St. Peter are monuments to Boerhave, endowed schools, almshouses, and a station on the ManSpanheim, Scaliger, &c. There are numerous ordinary, poor, chester and Preston Railway. See HOGHaToa
and Latin schools; also academies of drawing, design, archi-    LEYNI. See LEon.
tecture, and music; but the most important educational    LEYRE, lain, a river of France, formed by the junction
institution is the university, formerly one of the most famed  of the Leyre-de-Luxey and Leyre-de-Pissos, in the departin Europe, and still in excellent repute. As some indemni- ment of Landes. It flows N.N.W. into the department of
fication for the privations suffered during the siege of 1574, Gironde, and, after a course of above 40 nsi!es, of which 20
the Prince of Orange offered the inhabitants exemption from   are used for floating, falls into the basin of Areachon, a
certain taxes or a university. To their lasting honor, they  little below La Mothe.
chose the latter; and it was accordingly inaugurated by    LEYRIA. See LemIA.
the Prince the following year, 1575. It has about 20 pro-   LEYSriDOWN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
fessors, and, in 1849, it was attended by 454 students, of    LEYSELE, 1I-,etIA, a village of Belgium,   province of West
whom nearly a half were studying law. Among its professors,  Flanders, 25 miles S.W. of Bruges.  Pop. 2090.
at different periods, have been Scaliger, Gomarus, and As-   LEYTA or LEITHA.  See LEYTHA.
minius; and it has had, as pupils, Grotius, Descartes, Field-   LEYTE, lite-ti or iUti, one of the Philippine Islands, immeing, and Goldsmith. Connected with the university are a  diately S.S.W. of Samar. Length 130 miles, average breadth
well-laid-out botanic garden, au observatory, a library, with  35 miles. Pop. 92,175. Its soil is in many parts very fervaluable 81SS.; an anatomical museum of comparative ann- tile, producing rice and cotton, with ebony and other fine
tomy, one of the richest collections of natural history in  woods.
existence, cabinet of coins, museum  of antiquities, and a    LEYTHA. LEITIIA, or LEYTA, liftA, a river of the Ausrich Japanese museum. There are also a valuable collection  trian empire, forms a part of the boundary between Austria
of agricultural implements, an economic gasrden, for the  and Hungary, and, after a course of 90 miles, joins an arm
promotion of native gardening and agriculture, and a na- of the Danube at Altenburg. Between it and Lake Neutional herbarium.  There are, likewise, several learned  siedl are the Leytha Mlountains.
societies, a fine arts society, and associations for the distri-    LEY/TON, a village and parish of England, co. of Essex,
bution of Bibles, of tracts, and for missionary purposes. The  on the Eastern Counties Railway, 5 miles N.E. of London.
benevolent and charitable institutions are very numerous, Area 2820 acres. Pop. 3274. Strype, the antiquary, was
and include poorhouses, hospitals for orphans, old men, and  vicar of the parish.
old women, connected with the various religious bodies, and    LEZ, hi, a river of France, department of Ilirault, rises
various societies for assisting the poorer householders. The  in the C~vennes Mountains, and, after a course of 20 miles,
cloth manufactures, for which Leyden was at one time  falls into the Mediterranean, 2 miles S.E. of Montpellier.
greatly  famed, reached their maximum  in 1670; they  Its lower and navigable part is called the Canal de Grave.
subsequently fell off greatly, but have revived in recent   LEZ, a river of France, rises in the department of Dr~me,
years, though not to their former extent. There are now  and joins the left bank of the Rhone., a little below Pont St.
16 steam-factories in the town, including 3 cloth factories; Esprit; total course nearly 45 miles.
several coverlet, baize, and camlet factories, wool-spinneries,   LEZANT, le-zantV, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
calico print-works, &c.; also a manufactory of paper-hbang-   LEZARDRIEUX, leh-zaa'dre-uh-, a town of France, deings, tanneries, sklinneries, soap-works, breweries, distilleries, partment of C0tes-du-Nord, 16 miles..N.E. of Lannion.
a machine-factory, and anchor-smith. The former great Pop. in 1852 2208.
trade in books, carried on in the latter part of the 17th, and    LEZAT, leh-z, (anec. Lezaotmo?) a town of France, forduring the greater part of the 18th century, and rendered  merly capital of a district called the Lezatois, in the departworld-renowned by the Elzevirs, is represented by only 5  ment of Aridge, 17 miles N.W. of Pamiers, on the L~ze.
printing-offices.                                           Pop. in 1852, 2855.
The most memorable event in the history of Leyden is the    LEZAY, leh-z/, a town of France, the scat of a Calvinistic
siege it sustained from the Spaniards in 1573-74. By the  consistory, in the department of Deux-S~vres.  Pop. 2559.
resolution and heroic example of Pieter Adriaan-zoon Van    LEZAYSK; lA-zhiskf, a town of Austrian Poland, Galicia,
der Werff, the burgomaster, the inhabitants were enabled  25 miles N.E. of Rzeszow, on the San. Pop. 3300.
to stand out nearly 4 months. For 7 weeks there was no    LEZEGNO, a village of Italy. See LasEEGNO.
bread within the walls, and when hunger became no longer    LEZIIATE, a parish of the Isle of Man.
bearable, and the people, dying in hundreds, implored the    LEZIATE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
burgomaster to surrender the town, he offered his body to    LEZIGNAN, lAzeen'y8NSl, a town of France, department
appease their appetite, and thus the most clamorous were  of Aude, 13 miles W. of iNarbonne. Pop. in 1852, 2537.
abashed. To relieve the town, the Prince of Orange at last   LEZOUX, leh-zool, a town of France, department of Puybsoke down the dykes, and a favoring wind accompanying. de-DOme. 15 miles E.N.E. of Clermont.  Pop. 1552. 3803.
he waters came over the land so rapidly that above 1000 of    LEZUZA, l-thoolthat, (ane. Libisoso/ssa? or Livisdsia!) a
1045




LEZ                                                            LIB
town of Spain, province and 22 miles W. of Albacete. Pop.
2451.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~x Pc..... 
2451.. Years       ~         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1844. i1845. [187. ]88
LEZZENO, l1t-seYno, a village of Austrian Italy, province
of Come, 5 miles S.W. of Ltellagio, on the E. shore of Lake   Bullion and Specie.$98,83,4 314 $80,   $918831
Bullio and Secie 599,983i 568.254!5114.334I 588,918 591,0031
ofCome op.mile 1051   of oteEsoDye Wood....   368,686  16i,9311I 24,286  10,166   3,31
Como. Pop. 1051.                                               CopperOr'e                1,977   4,            5,536   2,11
Capper Or.... 1,977   4,389    188 5.536   2,119
LEZZOLO, a town of Italy.  See LEssoLO.                      SIides and Skins..U80,0  168,74  148.82.
LGOV or LGOW, l'gof', a town of Russia, government and   Coffee......                34,301  20,086  22,664   5,316   6,915
36 miles W. of Koorsk, on the Sem. Pop. 2000.                   Cocoa.589    609    848.
Dates....[...    2,153 4,720...
LHANIBRYDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin;              Nuts                     10,673   2,281   8,418  1,778   4,836
LHA-REE or LHA-RI, l'ha/ree, a large village of Thibet;  Cloves and Cinnamon...       4,142  10,807.
about 180 miles N.E. of Lassa, in a gorge; among barren   Red Pepper....               1,058   1,159   9,540   5,751   3,005
and desolate mountains.  The Chinese government have   Ginger......                     1,616   4,495   4,382  15,907  10,0
here a depOt of provisions, under the charge of a mandarin.  All other articles.     272354  53,903 288,785 32,01  23,4
Near the village is a large Boodhist convent, and a hand-           8Total... 159237 67216559,84255,55495,742
some temple.
L'HASSA, the capital city of Thibet. See LASSA.                Value of imports into Liberia during the smne period: —
LHENICSE.  See ELHENITZ.
LHONAUR,'ho-nawrl, a town of India, Nizam's dominions, 42 miles E.N.E. of Jaulna. Lat. 200 N., Ion. 760 43' E.  Years.....   1844.  1845.  1847.  I848.  1849.
L'HOPITAL, lo'pee'tdl, a village of the Sardinian States,  Prodce.           l,   55,53700,431    1,7
Produc........,63$0,41$713S  67,6
Savoy, on the Arly, here crossed by a wooden bridge, 22  Foreign Merchandise..  68,938  79;543  44,499  61,403  31,642
miles N.N.E. of Chambery.  Pop. 1100.
LHOTA FRANCZOWA, h'lolti fr.tn-cho/vA, a village of               Total....  $710,244 $6,106 $747,130 832,792 878,411
Moravia, 50 miles from  lHradisch.  Pop. 1000. 
LHOTA, NEU, noi h'lo't, a village of Moravia, 12 miles
friom Hradisch. Pop. 1200.                                       The principal articles of import are tobacco, cotton manuLIACHOWITZE.  See LAcf0WICZE.                               factures, spilrits, gunpowder, and flour.
LIADISDAL, a post-office of Columbia co., Arkcansas.           A thirst for education has been awaklened among the surLIAMONE, le-A-moind, (anc. Cercidius?) a river of Corsica.  rounding aborigines of Liberia, many of whom  send their
after a S.W. course of 21 miles, entelrs the Medifterranean  11  children 400 and 500 miles, to be educated in the Republic.
miles N. of Ajaccio.  In 1793 it gave name to the southern- The Liberians  have built for themselves above 30 churches
most of the two departments of the island.                     of brick and stone; and possess numerous schools, and a
LIAMPO, a city of China.  See NINo-PO.                      considerable number of printing-presses.  More than 20,000
LIAN-CHOO  or LIAN-TCHOU, le-:n'choo, or LIAN-  natives have requested to be taken under the protection of
TCIHEOU-FOU, le-An/ch oo'foof, written also LIEN-TCHOU, the state, while not less than 100,000 live on its territory,
le-6nlchoo, a city of China, capital of a department, province  and 350,000 are bound to it by treaties to abolish the slaveof Quang-tong, 240 miles S.W. of Canton. Lat. 210 43' N., trade.  At diffeirent times, ten buildings, erected by slaveIon. 1090 40' E.                                               traders for the storage of slaves, have been burned down
oLIANCOURT, le-8NG'kooRo, a town of France, department  by the Liberians, and hundreds of their fellow-creatures,
of Oise, with a station on the Paris and Brussels Railway, 5  therein confined, liberated; and they at all times afford
miles S.S.E. of Clermont. Pop' in 1852, 1550.                  refuge to the weak and the oppressed. The climate, though
LIANE, le-An', a small river of France, department of  still fatal to Europeans, has been greltly improved by clearPas-de-Calais, after a course of about 20 miles falls into the  ing, drainage, &c. Monrovia, the capital and port of the
English Channel, and forms the harbor of Boulogne-sur-Mer.  colony, is situated on Cape Mesurado.  There are, besides;
LIANG-CHOO, LTANG-TCHOU, le-Ang'chool, or LIANG- above 20 towns and villages in the territory. The governTCHIEOU, le-Angrcho-ool, a city of China, capital of a depart-  ment of the country is precisely on the American model:
ment, province of Kan-soo, 140 miles N.N.W. of Lan-choo.    consisting of a president, a vice-president, a senate, and a
LIAO TOUNG or LIAO TONG. See MANTCHOORIA.                    house of representatives; the number of members in the
LIAZOSMINSKOI, le-1z'o-min-skoil, an island of Russia, in  former being 6, and in the latter 28. Liberia was declared
the White Sea, near the mouth of the Dwina, government  an independent state in July, 1847; and, in the following
of Archangel, 13 miles long by 6 miles broad.                  year, was recognised as such by Great Britain and France.
LIBADIA.  See LVATDIA.                                       A company has recently been organized in the United States
LIBANUS, a mountain range of Syria. See LEBANON.             for establishing steam communication between Liberia and
LIBAU, leeobbw, (Lettish, Leapaia, le-a-pi/a,) a seaport  this country. Pop. in 1850, 250,000.-Adj. and inhab.
town of Russia, government of Courland, on the Baltic, N. LIBERIAN, 1I-beefre-an.
of Lake Libau, and 105 miles W.S.W. of Mitau. Pop. 10,110.    LIBERIA, a small village of Prince William co., Virginia.
It is enclosed by walls, and has a council-hall, theatre, Lu-    LIBERK, a town of Bohemia. See REICHENBERtG.
theran, Roman Catholic, and Calvinist churches; a syna-   LIBERTAD, le-bln-t  I, (i. e. "Liberty,") an extensive
gogue, hospital, 2 extensive almshouses, and an orphan  department in the N. of Peru, bordering on the Pacific. It
asylum. Its harbor is artificial. Its trade is considerable.  is bounded on the N. by Equador, and stretches S. to about
LIB/BERTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.             80 30' S. lat. It is divided into 8 provinces. Libertad and
LI/BERTON, a parish of Scotland, co. and 21 miles S.E. Amnazonas comprise what was formerly the department of
of Edinburgh.  The ancient Borough Muir of Edinburgh,  Trujillo.  Capital, Trujillo.  Pop. in 1850, 266,553.
the bituminous well of St. Catherine, Craigmillar Castle,    LIBTERTY, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, bordering
and other objects of interest, are in this parish.             on the Atlantic Ocean, contains about 700 square miles. It is
LIBERIA, ll-beere-a, a republic on the W. coast of Africa, drained by the Medway and Newport Rivers, and the Altamidway between Sierra Leone and Cape Palmas, extending  maha River washes its S.W. border. The surface is level;
320 miles along the coast, with an average breadth inland'of  the soil is mostly sandy and sterile. Marl is found in seve80 miles, having Cape Mlesurado, let. 60 19' N., lon. 100 50' ral places. Capital, Hinesville. Pop. 7926; of whom  2018
W., near the centre of its coast-line.  It was founded as a  were free, and 5908 slaves.
colony of free blacks, in 1820, by the American Colonization    LIBERTY, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, bolrdering
Society, with the idea, that many, if not all, of the liberated  on Galveston Bay, contains 2290 square miles. It is interslaves in the United States would prefer returning to Africa. sected by the Trinity River. The surface is an alluvial plain,
The experiment, notwithstanding the grievous discourage- which is mostly without trees, excepting the margins of the
ments it met with at the outset, has been eminently suc- streams. The soil in the S. is sandy and poor, but improves
cessful. The whole territory of Liberia has been purchased, as we advance towards the N. The river is navigated by
from  time to time, from  its aboriginal owners. It is well steamboats at all stages, to Liberty, the county seat. Pop.
watered, being traversed by several considerable streams, and  2522; of whom 1630 were free, and 892 slaves.
its natural resources are immense. Cotton is indigenous, and    LIBERTY, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, at the
yields two crops a year. Coffee thrives well; a single tree at head of St. George River, which affords abundant waterMonrovia yielding30lbs. at one gatherin.g  Sugar-cane grows  power, about 22 miles E. of Augusta. It contains 6 stores,
in unrivalled luxuriance, and cam-wood in unlimited quan- 2 large tanneries, about 100 cooper shops, 10 saw-mills, 1
titles; red-wood, bar-wood, and other dyes, are likewise  grist-mill, and 1 carding-machine and cloth-mill. Pop. 1116.
plentiful; the oil-palm is abundant; and indigo, caoutchouc,    LBERTY, a village and station of Steubon co., New York
ginger, arrow-root, cocoa, cocoa-nuts; pine-apples, castor-nuts, on the Buffalo and Corning Railroad, 16 miles N.W. of Bath.
yams, plantains, bananas, figs, olives, tamarinds, limes,   LIBERTY, a post-village and township of Sullivan co.,
oranges, lemons, &c., may be added to the list of vegetable  New York, about 100 miles in a straight line N.W. of New
products, many of which are exported, to a greater or less York city. It is pleasantly situated in a valley surrounded
extent. Ivory is easily obtainable; and rich metallic veins  by high hills, and contains 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist
lso exist. An important export and import trade is now  church, 1 or 2 hotels, about 7 stores, and the Liberty Normal
carried on; and a large number of the inhabitants of the  Institute, at which is the Meteorological Station for Sullivan,nterior depend upon Liberia for their supplies of imported  co. The Institute was founded here in 1847 by the benefdgoods.                                                        cence of John D. Watkins, and is conducted upon the prin.
The following exhibits the commerce of Liberia for the  ciple of the State Normal School of Albany. Pop. about 300;
jears specified:-                                             of the township in 1850, 2612.
1046




LIB                                                       LI0
LIBERTY, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 722. handsome brick court-house, about 5 churches, 2 academies,
LIBERTY, a township of Bedfordco., Pennsylvania. P. 522. andi a newspaper office. It iS surrounded by a highly pro.
LIBERTY, atownship of Centre co.,Pennsylvania. P..387. ductire farming district, which abounds in stone-coal and
LIBERTY, a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, on the  fine limestone. Many horses, cattle, and swine are also
WVest Branch of Susquehanna River, 110 miles KN.N.W. of exported. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1500.
Harrisburg, has near 100 inhabitants.                       LIBERTY, a township in Marion co., Missouri. Pop. 1064.
LIBERTY, a township, McKean co., Pennsylvania. P. 612.   LIBERTY, a township in Stoddard co., Missouri. P. 424.
LIBERTY, a township of Montour co., Pennsylvania.   LIBERTY, a township in Washington co., Missouri. Pop.
Pop. 1233.                                                1044.
LIBERTY, a township of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania.   LIBERTY, a post-office of Kenosha co., Wisconsin.
Pop. 833.                                                   LIBERTY, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin.
LIBERTY, a post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 15    LIBERTY CORNERS, a post-village of Somerset co., New
miles S.E. of Wellsborough. Pop. 1472.                    Jersey, 8 miles N.N.E. of Somerville.
LIBERTY, a beautiful post-village, capital of Bedford co.,   LIBERTY CORNERS, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.
Virginia. on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, 25 miles W.   LIBERTY CREEK, a post-office of IRapides co., Louisiana.
of Lynchburg. It commands a sublime view of the Peaks of   LIBERTY FALLS, a post village of Sullivan co., New York,
Otter, which are not less than 7 miles distant, though they  about 100 miles N.W. of New York city, and 2- miles S. of
appear to be in the immediate vicinity. Liberty has a hand- Liberty. It contains 2 stores, a large tannery, and flour,
some court-house, 4 churches, and about 700 inhabitants.   saw, and turning mills.
LIBERTY, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.           LIBERTY HALL, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
LIBERTY, a post-village, capital of Amite co., Mississippi,   LIBERTY HALL, a post-office of Newberry district, South
on the left bank of the Amite River, 100 miles S.S.W. of  Carolina.
Jackson.                                                    LIBERTY HILL, a pbst-village of New London co., ConLIBERTY, a pleasant post-village, capital of Liberty co., necticut, 35 miles E. by S, of Hartford.
Texas, is situated on the E. bank of Trinity River, 60 miles    LIBERTY HILL, a post-office of McKean co., Pennsylvania.
N. of Galveston. Steamboats navigate the river between    LIBERTY HILL, a post-office of Iredell co., North Carolina.
this point and Galveston at all seasons.                    LIBERTY HILL, a village of Edgefield district, South
LIBERTY, a village of Izard co., Arkansas, on White  Carolina.
River, near the N.W. corner of the county.                  LIBERTY HILL, a post-office of Keyshaw district, South
LIBERTY, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.        Carolina.
LIBERTY, a post-village of De Kalb co., Tennessee, on    LIBERTY HILL, a post-village of Pike co., Georgia, 13
Opossum Creek, 54 miles E. of Nashville, with which it is miles S.E. of Griffin.
connected by a turnpike.                                    LIBERTY HILL, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama.
LIBERTY, a post-village, capital of Casey co., Kentucky,   LIBERTY HILL, a post-village of Lafayette co., Missison Green River, near its source, 69 miles S. of Frankfort, sippi, 17 miles S.E. of Oxford, the county seat.
has a court-house and 2 or 3 churches. Pop. 200.             LIBERTY HILL, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas.
LIBERTY, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1498.         LIBERTY MILLS, a post-village in Orange co., Virginia,
LIBERTY, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 1501.      79 miles N.W. of Richmond.
LIBERTY, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1232.       LIBERTY MILLS, a post-village of Wabash co., Indiana,
LIBERTY, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 1782.  on Eel River, about 100 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.
LIBERTY, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1051.    LIBERTY SQUARE, a post-village of Lancaster co., PennLIBERTY, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 2901.  sylvania.
LIBERTY, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1001.    LIBIERTYTOWN, a post-village in Frederick co., MaryLIBERTY, a small village of Guernsey co., Ohio, on Wills land, 70 miles N.W. of Annapolis.
Creek.                                                       LIB/ERTYVILLE, a post-village of Ulster co., New York,
LIBERTY, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 874.   on the Walkill River, about 70 miles S. by W. of Albany.
LIBERTY, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 422.         LIBERTYVILLE, a post-village in the N. part of Sussex
LIBERTY, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 400.       co., New Jersey.
LIBERTY, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 4075.   LIBERTYVILLE, a post-village and township of Lake co.,
LIBERTY, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1017.   Illinois, 34 miles N. of Chicago, has a steam flouring mill
LIBERTY, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1320.        and 200 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 756.
LIBERTY, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1190.       LIBERTYVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, 60
LIBERTY, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1262.    miles S.S.W. of Iowa Gity.
LIBERTY, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 182.         LIBETHEN, le-b/ten, (Hun. Libeth-Banya, leeIb't blt -
LIBERTY, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio,. 7 miles y~h',) a free town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, 14 miles E. of
W. of Dayton. It has 1 church.                             Neusohl. Pop. 1400. It has mines of iron and copper.
LIBERTY, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 322.         LIBOCHOWITZ, le-boxto-gits, a small town of Bohemia,
LIBERTY, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1126.        10 miles S.W. of Leitmeritz, on the north bank of the Eger.
LIBERTY, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1400.        LIBOKOVO, le-bo-koivo, a town of European Turkey,
LIBERTY, a township of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 1829. Albania, 12 miles S.E. of Argyro-Kastro.
LIBERTY, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 1257.         LIBOURNE, leebooRnf, (anc. Condati Lilce, or LiburlLIBERTY, a township of Van Wirt co., Ohio. Pop. 427.  hum?) a town and river-port' of France, department of
LIBERTY, a township of Washington co., Ohio. P. 1223. Gironde, capital of an arrondissement, on the Dordogne, at
LIBERTY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 236.        its junction with the Isle, and on the railway from Tours,
LIBERTY, a post-township in the S. part of Jackson co., 17 miles E.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 12,650. It is
Michigan. Pop. 819.                                       enclosed by walls, and has large cavalry barracks, manuLIBERTY, a township in Crawford co., Indiana. P. 545. factories of woollen stuffs, glass, and cordage, yards for
LIBERTY, a township in Delaware co., Indiana. P. 1171. ship-building, a port admitting vessels of 300 tons at high
LIBERTY, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. 657.  water, and a considerable traffic with Bordeaux in wines.
LIBERTY, a township in Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 797.  brandy, salt, and corn. It was founded in 1286, by Edward
LIBERTY, a township in Hendricks co., Indiana. P. 1661. I., King of England.
LIBERTY, a township in Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 1766.   LI/BRARY, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
LIBERTY, a village of Lawrence co., Indiana, on the East   LIBRILLA, le-breeltyA, a town of Spain, province and 15Fork of White River; 4 or 5 miles S.W. of Bedford.        miles S.S.W. of Murcia. Pop. 3083.
LIBERTY, a township in Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 1234.   LIBYA, lible-a, (Gr. AtfLvy, Libus,) the ancient Greek
LIBERTY, a township in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 210.  name of Africa. It was sometimes applied in a restricted
LIBERTY, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. P. 655. sense to the region immediately W. of Egypt, extending
LIBERTY, a township in Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1113. 200 or 300 miles from E. to WY., and of an indefinite breadth
LIBERTY, a township in Tipton co., Indiana. Pop. 144.  from N. to S. Adj. and inhab. LIBYAN, libfe-an.
LIBERTY, a thriving post-village and township, capital   LIBIYAN DESIERT, that part of the Sahara or Great
of Union co., Indiana, on the railroad from Hamilton, in  Desert bounded N. by Tripoli, E. by Egypt and Nubia, S. by
Ohio, to Rushville, 70 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis, and  Darfoor and Waday, and W. by Fezzan, and the country of
46 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. It contains 2 or 3 churches the Tibboos. Here the continent of Africa shelves down
and a county seminary. Pop. of the township, 979.         towards the Mediterranean in a series of terraces, consisting
LIBERTY, a township in Wabash co., Indiana. Pop. 1425. of vast level sandy or gravelly deserts, lying E. and W.,
LIBERTY, a township in Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 900. separated by low rocky ridges. This desert is probably not
LIBERTY, a township in Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 269.   less than 1000 miles in length from N. to S., and from 500
LIBERTY, a post-village and township in.Ad.ams co., Illi- to 600 miles in breadth. It contains the oasis of Seewah,
nois. 90 miles W. by N. of Springfield. Pop. 1077.        with the town of the same name, about lat. 200 12/ N., ion.
LIBERTY, a small village of Randolph co., Illinois, on the 260 15' E., near which is the village of Gharmy.
Mississippi River..             LIBYSSA. Seet HAAKAH.
LIBERTY, a post-village, capital of Clay county, Missouri,   LICATA, a town of Sicily. See ASICATA.
Is situated about 5 miles N. of the Missouri River, about   LICCA. See LIKA.
20( miles by the river above Jefferson City. The situation    LICENZA, le-chintzY, (auc. Digenltia.) a village of the
Is healthy and the water is good. The town contains a  Papal States, 12 miles from Tivoli, on a bright mountin
1047




LIC                                                        LIE
stream, celebrated by Horace. The poet's Sabine villa stood    LICK CREEK, of Rails co., Missouri, flows N. into Salt
about midway between the road and the river. Pop. 700.   River.
LCII, liK, a town of Central Germany, lesse-Darmstadt,   LICK CREEK, a post-office of Rails co., Missouri.
province of Ober Hiessen, an the Wetter, 8 miles S.E. of    LICK CREEK, a post-village in Van Buren co., Iowa, 65
Giessen. Pop. 2357, mostly Lutherans.                      miles S.S.W. of Iowa City.
LICHBOROUGHI, litchlbhr-ih, a parish of England, co. of    LICKE, lik, a post-office of Fannin co., Texas.
Northampton.                                                 LICK FORK, a small post-village of Daviles co., Missouri.
LICHIET MAT!RAVERS, a parish of England, co. of    LICKtING, a county in Ohio, situated near the centre of
Dorset.                                                    the state, contains 670 square miles. It is drained by LickLICH/ET MINISTER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.  ing River and its branches. The surface is undulating or
LICH/FIELD, sometimes, but rarely, written LITCHI- nearly level. The soil is generally fertile, and mostly under
FIELD, a city, parliamentary and municipal borough, and  cultivation. Extensive quarries of sandstone and freestone
county of itself, of England, in the county of Stafford, on the  have been opened, and cannel coal has been found in one
Grand Junction Canal, andthe Stafford and Rugby Railway, place. The streams furnish motive power for numerous
17 miles E.S.E. of Stafford, and 110 miles N.N.W. of London. mills and factories. The county is traversed by the Central
Pop. in 1851, 7003. It stands on s fine plain, and is mostly  Ohio Railroad, by the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad,
well built. The cathedral, one of the noblest ecclesiastical and by the Ohio'Cana.l. Capital, Newark. Pop. 38,846.
edifices in the kingdom, is built in the richly decorated style    LICKING, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1371.
of the 13th and 14th centuries; it has a superb porch, and 3    LICKING, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. P. 1434.
fine towers with spires, of which the central is 258 feet in    LICKING, a township of Blackford co., Indiana. P. 975.
height. Lichfield has also a large episcopal palace, a deanery,   LICKING, a post-office of Texas co., Missouri, 95 miles S.
3 parish chmurches, a grammar school, said to have been  by.E. of Jefferson City.
founded by Edward VI., and where Addison, Ashmole,   LICKING CREEK rises in the S. part of Pennsylvania,
Johnson, and Garrick were educated; an ancient female  and flowing southward, falls into the Potomac.
hospital, an asylum for relicts of the clergy, and numerous    LICKING CREEK, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylother charities; a union workhouse, a guildhall, jail, theatre, vania. Pop. 953.
statue of Dr. Johnson, a market-house, 2 branch banks,   LICKING RIVER, of Kentucky, rises among the Cumexcellent breweries, and small manufactories of carpets. berland Mountains, in Floyd co., and pursuing a northLichfield sends 2 members to the House of Commons.         westerly course, falls into the Ohio opposite Cincinnati.
LICHFIELD. a parish of England, co. of Hants.           The whole length is estimated at 200 miles. It is generally
LICHTAERT, liK'ta t/, a village' of Belgium, province  from 50 to 100 yards wide, with high and steep banks, which
and 23 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1541.                    are bordered with forest-trees of great size. Small steamLICHTEN, liaften, a village of Austrian Silesia. circle of  boats can ascend it to Falmouth, about 50 miles from its
Troppau, on the Raben, about 12 miles from Freudenthal. mouth.  An affluent, called the South Licking, rises in
Pop. 1760.                                                 Montgomery county, and enters the river from the left hand
LICHTENAU, liitteh-nw', a small town of Prussian  at Falmouth. The North Fork flows westward through
Westphalia, 47 miles S. of Minden. on the Saner. Pop. 1525. Mason and Bracken counties until it joins the main stream.
LICHTENAU, a small town of Germany, province of    LICKING RIVER, of Ohio, rises near the centre of the
Nieder HIessen, (Lower Hesse,) on the Losse, 12 miles S.E. state and flows into the Muskingum  opposite Zanesville.
of Cassel. Pop. 1476. It is enclosed by ancient walls, and  It is formed by three main branches which unite at Newark,
has manufactures of linens.                                namely, the North Fork, South Fork, and Racoon Fork.
LICIITENAU, a small town of Germany, grand-duchy    LICKING STATION, a post-village' of Morgan co., Kenof Baden, 26 miles S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1300.          tucky.
LICHTENAU, OBER and NIEDER, o/ber and neelder    LICK/INGTOWN, a village of Licking co., Ohio, on the
liK/tph-naw1; two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, pro- Ohio Canal, 6 miles E. of Newark.
vince of Silesia, W.S.W. of Liegnitz.  Pop. 1278.            LICItSHILLETT, a thriving village of Floyd co., Georgia,
LICHITENBERG, liK/tpn-bkRGa, a principality of the Prus-  on the S. bank of the Etowah River, opposite Rome.
sian States, in the S. of Rhenish Prussia, between Rhenish    LICKIVILLE, a post-village in Greenville. district, South
Bavaria on the S.E., and Birkenfeld on the N.W. It was Carolina, 100 miles N. of Columbia.
ceded to Prussia by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1834.   LICORDIA, le-koRn/de-d, a town of Sicily, province of CaLICHTENBERG, a town' of Bavaria, 12 miles N.W. of  tania, 7 miles S.E. of Caltagirone. Pop. 7000.
Hof. Pop. 900.                                               LICORDIA, a village of Sicily, on a height, in the proLICHTENBERG, leek'tSrg'bai5, a village of France, de- vince of Catania. Pop. 1000.
partment of Bas-Rhin, 14 miles N.N.E. of Saverne. Pop.   LICOSA, PUNTA DI, poon/tt dee le-ko/sg, ("point of Lico1010.                                                      sa,") a cape of Naples. See CAPE LICOSA.
LICHTENBURG, liiKten-b3aRoC, a village of Prussian    LICQUES, leek, a market-town of France, department of
Saxony, government and 48 miles N.N.E. of Merseburg, Pas-de-Calais, 15 miles E.N.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 15768.
with a castle, which is historically interesting, as the place    LIDA, lee/da, a town of Russian Poland, government and
where a meeting was held in 1518, between Luther, Frede- 70 miles E.N.E. of Grodno. Pop. 2000.
rick the Wise, Spalatin, Melancthon, and Miltitz. Pop. 598.   LIDIDEL, a river of Scotland, rises in a bog in the parish
LICHTENFELS, lisKtpn-fMls5, a town of Bavaria, on the  of Castletown, flows S.W. for about 24 miles, (for a part of
Main, and with a station on the Nuremberg and Neumarkt which it divides Scotland from England,) and joins the Esk,
Railway, 20 miles N.N.E. of Bamberg. Pop. 2105.            near Canoby. Its valley forms the romantic district of
LICHTENSTEG, liiKten-stlo', a town of Switzerland, can- LIDI)nSDALE.
ton and 16 miles S.W. of St. Gall, on the Thur. Pop. 750.   LIDDES, lid/des or lidd, a village of Switzerland, canton
LICHTENSTEIN, liK/ten-stineO, or LIECHTENSTEIN,  of Valais, in the valley of Entremont, on the road firom
leex/ten-stIne', a town of Saxony, 14 miles W.S.W. of Chem- Martigny to the Great St. Bernard. Pop. 1411.
nitz, at the foot of a mountain, crowned by a castle. P. 3218.   LIDDESDALE, a post-office of Columbia co., Arkansas.
LICHITENSTEIN, a state of Germany.  See LIECUrTEN-   LID/DIARD MIL/LICENT, a parish of England, co. of
STEIN.                                                    Wilts.
LICHTENV00RDE, liK/ten-va'deh, a village of the Ne-   LIDDIARD TREGOOZE, lid/yard tree-giz, a parish of
therlands, province of Gelderland, 5 miles S.W. of Groenlo. England, co. of Wilts.
Pop. 3657.                                                   LIDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland, 2
LICHTENWALD, liK/ten-*Alt', a village of Germany, Sty- miles S.E. of Uppingham. Here is an hospital, founded in
ria, on the Save, 15 miles S.S.E. of Cilly. Pop. 600.      1600 by Sir T. Cecil, 2d Lord Burghley.
LICHTENWALD, a village of Germany, Saxony, N.E. of    LIDDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Chemnitz. Pop. 572.                                          LID/GATE or LYD/GATE, a parish of England, co. of
LICHTENWERD, liiX/tn-*aRt', a village of Lower Aus- Suffolk.
tria, on the Fischa, and the railway from Vienna to Glogg-   LIDI, lee/dee, a group of seven islands in the Adriatic,
nitz. Pop. 1200.                                           opposite the lagoons of Venice, and extending in a curve
LICHTERVELDE, liKtter-vll/deh, a town of Belgium, from the mouth of the Piave to that of the Brenta.
province of West Flanders, 13 miles W.S.W. of Bruges.   LIDINGOE, (Lidingbe,) lee/din-gi'6h, an island of Sweden,
Pop. 5660. It has manufactures of tobacco and leather.    in the Channel, a little N.E. of Stockholm. It is a great
LICHVIN, a town of Russia. See LaKHviN.                  holiday resort for the inhabitants of that city.
LICK, LYK, lik, or OELK, 6lk, a town of East Prussia,   LIDKOPING (Lidklping) or LIDKJOPING, (Lidkjlping,)
55 miles S. of Gumbinnen, on the Lalke of Lick. Pop. 3397. lid/chb'ping, a town of Central Sweden, ]en and 30 miles
LICK, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1503.        S.W. of Mariestad, at the mouth of the Lid-An, in Lake
LICK BRANCH, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.       Wener. Pop. 1900. It has a large market-place, in which,
LICK CREEK, a post-office of Hickman co., Tennessee.   on the 29th of September, one of the most frequented fairs
LICK CREEK, of Ohio, enters Tiffin's River in Defiance  in the kingdom is held.
county.                                                     LIDrLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford, 3
LICK CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Orange co., and flows miles W.N.W. of Ampthill, with a station on the Bedford
westward through Martin co. into the E. foik of White  and Bletchley branch of the London and North Western
River.                                                    Railway.
LICK CREEK1, a post-office of Sangamn co., Illinois.      LID/NEY, a market-town and parish of England, county
1048




F              --
LIE                                                          LIE
and 164 miles W.S.W. Of Gloucester, on a bank of the Se- squares, which afford a good deal of open space. The
vern. Pop. 1885.  Lidnoy-hall is a seat of the Bathurst principal buildings are the Cathedral of St. Paul, in pure
family.                                                    Gothic, the Church of St. Jacques, one of the finest existLIDO, leetdo, a chain of sandy islands, Austrian Italy, ing. specimens of ogival architecture; the Churches of
forming a curve between the rivers Brenta and Piave, sepa- St. Martin, St. Croix, St. John, St. Denis, St. 13arthelcmy,
rating the lagoons of Venice from the Adriatic. They con- the Palais de Justice, the ancient residence of the princetain several small forts.                                  bishops, an imposing edifice; the Hotel de Yille, the UIniLIEBAU, lee/bbw, a town of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles versity, occupying the extensive buildings of a Jesuit con-'S.S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1930, mostly employed in weaving. vent; and rich in collections of various kinds, and the
LIEBAU, a town of Moravia, 18 miles N.E. of Prerau. Communal College, a large and elegant structure, iau'muPop. 3260.                                                 rated in 1843. Liege is the see of a bishop, suffragan to the
LIEBEMUHL, (Liebemiihl,) leerbeh-miile', a small town  Archbishop of Mechlin, and possesses a superior court of
of East Prussia, 72 miles S.S.W. of KRnigsberg. Pop. 1300. justice, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Liege, LiamLIEBENAU, leelbeh-n~wv, a town of Germany, Bohemia, bourg, Luxembourg, and Namur; courts of first resort and
19 miles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 2282.                      commerce, an episcopal seminary, a royal college, veterinary,
LIEBENAU, leefbeh-n6w', a town of Germany, on the  artillery, industrial, commercial,; and several other schools;
Weser, 33 miles N.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1966.                a public library of 75,000 printed volumes, and 600 MSS.:
LIEBENAU, a small town of Germany, IIesse-Cassel, cabinets of natural philosophy and natural history, a botaprovince of Nieder-IHessen, on an island in the Diemel, i6  nical garden, a royal conservatory of music, an academy of
miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 650.                          fuine arts, deaf and dumb and blind asylums; and numerous
ILIEBENSTEIN, lee/ben-stine), or SAUERBIRUNN, s6w/- other beneficial institutions.
er-br66n', a watering-place of Saxe-Meiningen, in a beautiful   The great staple manufacture of Liege is iron. Some of
valley, watered by an affluent of the Werra, 1 8 miles W.S.W. its establishments in different branches of this manufacture,
of Gotha. It has a very complete bathing establishment,  particularly that of fire-arms, and the construction of
with a theatre. The water is one of the strongest chaly- machinery, surpass those of Fraence, and almost rival those
beates in Germany. P'op. 791.                              of Great Britain. The other principal manufactures are
LIEBENTIJAL, leelben-t]l, a town of Prussian Silesia, broadcloths, and various woollen stuffs, jewellery, tobacco,
30 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1540.                       carriages, soap, hats, and leather. The trade in all these
LIEBENTHAL IIOHEN, (Liebenthal HiJhen,) leelben-tall articles is considerable, and is much aided by roads, railways,
hllen, a village ofPrussian Silesia, circle of Schinau. Pop. canals, and navigable rivers, which bring the town into
1020.                                                      communication with the different quarters of the kingdom,
LIEBENWALDE, lee/ben-~Ylldeh, a town of Prussia, pro- and with foreign countries.
vince of Brandenburg, 37 miles N.N.E. of Potsdam, on the    Liege was founded in the 6th, hut not surrounded with
Havel, here joined by the Finow Canal. Pop. 2375.           walls and fortifications till the 10th century. In 1212. it
LIEBENWERDA, leehben-*rdd, a town of Prussian Sax- was taken by Henry I., Dulko of Brabant; and, in 1467,
ony, 60 miles E.N.E. of Merseburg, on an island in the Black  Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, having forced an
Eister. Pop. 2100.                                          entrance into it, levied enormous sums from the inhabitants,
LIEBENZELL, lee'ben-tsll1', or simply ZELL, ts11, a town  and razed its fortifications. In 1691, Marshal Boufflecrs
of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 20 miles W. of Stuttgart, on  bombarded it for five days; and, in 1702, both the town aind
the Nagold, with 1052 inhabitants, mineral baths, and im- citadel were taken by the Duke of Marlborough.  Pop.
portant linen markets.                                      66,463. Inhab. LIEGEca, leerjer, (Fr. LiEGEOIS, le-A'zhwiTf.)
LIEBEROSE, leedber-o'zeh, a town of Prussia, province    LIEGE,(Dutch, Luikerlncd, or Luyke/land, loilker-lbnt',)
of Brandenburg, 33 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1500.   a province of Belgium, bounded N. by Limnbourg, E. by RhtoLIEBERVOLKWITZ, leetber-folk'gits, or LIEBERWOLK- nish Prussia, S. by Luxembourg, S.W. by the province bf
WITZ, leelber-volk'fWits, a market-town of Saxony, 56 miles  Namur, and N.W. by Brabant; length, E. to IV., 52 miles;
S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1232.                                 breadth, N. to S., 33 miles; area, 1117 square miles.  It
LIEBICH, OBER, o/bfr leehbix, a village of Bohemia, cir- belongs to the basin of the hMeuse, by which it is traversed
cle of Leitmeritz, on the Rohnbach, about 38 miles from   S.W. to N.E. About three-fourths of the whole surface are
Prague. Pop. 1008.                                          under cultivation; rather more than one-sixth in wood. and
LIEBSTABT, leebfstit, a town of East Prussia, 54 miles  less than one-twenty-second waste. The trade is facilitated
S.S.W. of KSnigsberg, on the MIuhl. Pop. 1740.              both by water communication and railways. Pop. 460,663;
LIEBSTADT, a town of Saxony, 15 miles S.E. of Dresden, of whom 427,442 speak French or Walloon, 29,971 Flemish
with a castle. Pop. 818.                                    or Dutch, and 4087 German.
LIECHTENSTEIN, leeKlten-stIne', or LICHTENSTEIN,    LIEGNITZ, leegfnits, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the
lixten-stinse, the smallest principality in the Germanic  Katzbach, at its confluence with the Schwarzwasser, and on
Confederation, forming the 27th state, bounded on the N.E.  the Berlin and Breslau Railway, 40 miles W.N.W. of Breslau.
and E. by the Austrian circle of Vorarlberg and the Tyrol, Pop. 13,980. It was formerly fortified, but its workrs have
S. by the Swiss canton of Grisons, and on the W. by the  been destroyed, and are now replaced by public walks; it
Rhine, which separates it from the canton of St. Gall. In  has 2 Lutheran and 3 Roman Catholic churches; a ducal
the N. it terminates almost in a point; greatest length, firom   chapel, in which are buried the princes of the line of Piast;
N. to S., 15 miles, average breadth about 5 miles; area 53  an ancient council-house, an academy, established in 1810,
square miles.  For administrative purposes it is divided  an orphan asylum, and a workhouse. Hiere, on the 16th
into the two lordships of Schelemburg and Liechtenstein;  August, 1760, the Prussians, under Frederick the Great,
the latter, formerly called Vaduz, is the capital; it is a  totally defeated the Austrians; lat. 510 12' N., lon. 160 12' E.
small place, with a population of 930. The family of Liech-    LIEMfPDE, leempideh, a village of the Netherlands, protenstein is a branch from that of Este. The Prince has ex- vince of North Brabant, 9 miles S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1277.
tensive domains in Germany, and particularly in Moravia.   LIEN-CHTO0 or LIEN CHEWI  FO. See LrAN-CHOo.
Pop. 7360.                                                    LIENDEN, leenfden, a village of Holland, province of
LIECHTENSTEIN, a town of Saxony. See LecRTErNSTEIN.   Gelderland, 12 miles N.W. of Nymwegen, on the Rhine-dikeLIEDEKERKE, lee!deh-kU'kceh, a village of Belgium, Pop. 829.
province of Brabant, 12 miles W. of Brussels.  Pop. 2131.     LIEN-TCHIOU, a city of China. See LeAN-CeOO
LIEDOLSIIEIM, leefdols-hlmeO, avillage of Baden, 10 miles   LIENTZ or LIENZ,'leents, (ens. Leonstiumsn) a town of
N. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1813.                                 Tyrol, on the Drave, 40 miles E.N.E. of Bruneckren. Pop.
LIEFKENSIIOEK, leef/kens-hook', a fort of Belgium, pro- 3000, engaged in iron works. It has a college and convents,
vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, and 7 miles N.W. of  and near it is an ancient fortified abbey.
Antwerp, the approach to which it protects, with Fort Lillo,    LIENZINGEN, leen zing-.n, a village of Wtirtemberg,
immediately opposite.                                       circle of Neckar, on the Schmieh. Pop. 900.
LIEFLAND, a province of Russia. See LIvoNIA.                LIEO0-CII00-F00 or LIEOU-TCHOU-FOO, lee-oofchoo'foo/,
LIEGE, leej, (Fr. Lige, le-aizh!; L. Leodium; Dutch,  a city of China, province of Quang-see, on a navigable river.
Luy/ck or Luik, loik; Ger. Lidttich, lUtitiK,) a town of Bel-  Lat. 240 14' N., ion. 1090 E. LIEoo   is a prefixed name of
gium, capital of a province, 54 miles E. by S. of Brussels. It  various Chinese towns.
stands in a longitudinal valley, terminated W. by a hill,   LIEOU  KHIEOU, (ISLANDS). See Loo Caeo.
called Sainte-Waltburge, and E. by another bill called Le    LIEPVRE, leev'r, a villa-ge of France, department of ITautCornillon, and is traversed from S.W. to N.E. by the Meuse, Rhin, 14 miles N.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 2323.
which is here joined by the Ourthe. It is defended E.S.E. by    LIER. See LiErme.
Fort Chartreuse, N. by Cornillon, and N.W. by a vast citadel,     LIERDE ST. MARTIN, leen/deh or le-aurd sANG ma'tA-tf,
recently constructed on its ancient site on the summit of a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 18 miles
Sainte-Walburge. Liege isthe Birmingham of Belgium, and  S. of Ghent. Pop. 1439.
hence, on approaching it, the first thing usually seen is a    LIERGANES, le-nR-gafnes, a village of Spain, Old Castile,
dense cloud of smoke. The streets are narrow, often steep, 10 miles from Santander. Pop. 1665.
and, almost without exception, ill cleaned; while the houses    LIERNEUX, le-Wrinvhf, a village of Belgium, province and
have a dingy, dirty look, and are so high, as both to exclude  25 miles S.S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1980.
the sun and confine the air. The rivers, however, are    LIERRE or LIER, le-aiRl, a town of Belgium, province
generally lined with stone quays, several of which are well and 10 miles S.E. of Antwerp, at the confluence of the Great
planted, and afford good promenades, and there are eleven  and Little Nethes. It is surrounded by a rampart, planted
1049




LIE                                                         LIL
with trees; is generally well built, has a town-house, 5  of Lower Siam; on the E. side of the Malay Peninsnia. Lat.
churches, 3 chapels, 3 convents, an hospital, prison, barracks,  80 17' N., ion. 1000 10' E. It has many temples and pyraorphan asylum, several almshouses, and 8 primary schools, mids.
with manufactures of lace, cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics;    LIGUEIL, lee'g u5, a village of France, department of
many breweries, distilleries, and oil-mills. Pop. 13,425.   Indre-et-Loire, 25 miles S. of Tours. Pop. in 1852, 2044.
LIESDORP, lee'doRtf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern-   LIHONS, leeANGI, a town of France, department of Soinme,
ment and 30 miles S.S.E. of Treves. Pop. 1381.              11 miles W.S.W. of Peronne. Pop. 1248.
LIESER, lee/zer, a town of'Rhenish Prussia, government   LIKA, leelka, or LICCA, liklka, a river of Austrian Croatia,
and 19 miles N.E. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1314.     military frontier, after a N.W. course of about 30 miles,
LIESTH-AL or LIESTAL, leesldl, a town of Switzerland, sinks under ground near Mount Tuliba. It gives name to
capital of the canton of Basel country, (Basel Landschaft,) a mountainous district in the circle of Ottochacz, having an
8 miles S.E. of Basel. Pop. 2200.                           area of 800 square miles, and containing the towns of GosLI ESZECK, lee'sk1t, a village of 1Hungary, Hither Danube, pich and Carlopago.
9 miles from Trentschin. Pop. 2932.                           LIKIENS, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.
LIPSZECK, a village of Hungary, co. of Arva. Pop. 1399.   LIKIHVIN, liKt-vin! or liK-veenf, a town of Russia, governLIETOR, le-A:-tor/, a town of Spain, province of Albacete, ment, and 30 miles S. of Kalooga, on the Oka. Pop. 2500.
on the Miundo, 63 miles NW. of Murcia. Pop. 2451. It has    LI-KIANG or LI-KIANG-FOO, lee'ke-Angofoo/, a city of
a Carmelite convent, and manufactures of woollens.          China, province of Yunnan, capital of a department. Lat.
LIETTANI. See LITANY (EL).                                260 45' N., Ion. 1000 20' E.
LIETZEN, leet/sen, a village of Austria, in Styria, on the    LILtBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Birnbach. Pop. 16l00.                                         LILESYILLE, lilzlvill, a post-village of.Anson co., North
LIETZGOIIRICKE, leets/gU'rik-keh, ALT, &lt, and NEu,  Carolina, 140 miles S.W. by W. of Raleigh.
not, (i.e. "O1ld and New Lietzgiihricke,") two nearly con-   LIL:FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  It
tiguous villages of Prussia, government of Frankfort, circle  gives the title of Baron to the Powis family.
of, and near Kinigsberg. Pop. 1339.                           LILIENFELD, leell en-f~lt', a village of Lower Austria,
LIEU, LE, leh le-uh!, or lyuh, a village of Switzerland,  37 miles W.S.W. of Vienna, with a manufactory of arms,
canton of Vaud, on Lake Joux, 19 miles W.N.W. of Lau- and a rich Cistercian abbey.
sanne. Pop. 1059.                                             LILIENTHAL, leele-en-tl, a village of Hanover, 7 miles
LIEUREY, le-uh'rA/, a market-town of France, department N.E. of Bremen. Pop. 510.of Eure, 8 miles S. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. in 1852, 2343.      LILLE or LISLE, leel, (anc. Inlsula, or Isla, It. Lilla, lill',
LIEUVIN, le-un'vANG/, an old division of Normandy, now  Flem. lpyssel or Rijssel, risfsel,) a strongly fortified and manncomprised in the departments of Calvados and Eure.          facturing city of France, capital of the department of Nord,
LIEZELI6, lee-zAleh, a village of Belgium, province and  on the Deule, a canal connecting the Scarpe and Lys Rivers,
15 miles S. of Antwerp. Pop. 1048.                          26 miles N.N.E. of Arras. Lat. 500 38' N., ion. 30 2' E.  Pop.
- LIFF AND BEN/VIE, a united parish of Scotland, co. of  in 1852. 75,795. It is entered by seven gates, and has a
Forfar and Perth.                                           strong citadel, with barracks and magazines on its N.W. side;
LIF/FEY, a river of Ireland, Leinster, rises in the moun- it is pretty well laid out, having many straight and wide
tains of Wicklow, and, after a course of 50 miles, enters  streets, lined with substantial brick'houses, a Grande Place
Dublin Bay.                                                 of noble extent, and about 20 other squares; but its quarLIF/FORD, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, capital of  ters inhabited by the manufacturing population are narrow,
the co. of Donegal, on the Foyle, 14 miles S.S.W. of Lon-  dirty, and unhealthy, and its artisans are in the most imdonderry.  Pop. 752.                                        poverished condition. Principal public buildings, the Town-.LIFFRE, leef'fr/, a village of France, department of Ille-  hall, formerly a palace of the Dukes of Burgundy, and
et-Vilaine, 11 miles N.E. of Rennes. Pop. in 1852, 2501.    inhabited in the 16th century by Charles V.; the Public
LIFtTON,  a parish of England, co. of Devon.              Library and museums, several Roman Catholic churches,
LIFU, lee-foo/, the largest and most northerly of the Loy- with fine paintings; the Protestant church, synagogue, and
alty Islands, in the South Pacific; lat. (N. end) 200 27/ S., prefecture; 5. large hospitals, several: extensive barracks,
lon. 1670 47' E. It is 37 miles long, from N. to. S., and from  the prisons, exchange, mint, theatre, concert-hall, and large
10 to 20 miles broad,                                       corn storehouses; and among its public establishments are
LIGER. See LomaE.                                         a valuable picture gallery, academy of music, architecture,
LGETH, lee'gaitf, a village of Hungary, Banat, on the  and a botanic garden. The canal, on which the town is
Temes. Pop. 2210.                                           built, has several branches navigablle by small vessels, and
LIGHT/HORNE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.    along one part of it, called the Middle Deule, is a fine esplaLIGH-T COR/NERS, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.       nade, close to which is the handsome Pont RIoyal.  Lille
LIGHT STREET, a post-village of Columbia co., Ponnsyl- derives high importance from being one of the chief seats
vanuia, 2 or 3 miles N.E. of Bloomsburg.                    of the French thread and cotton manufactures. Calicoes,
LIGHTWOOD FOREST, England. See BLURTON.                   cotton handkerchiefs, printed goods, table linen, fine linen
LIGITAN or LEEGETAN, lee'ghe-t~n/, a group of islands  cloths, thread, lace, stockings, and gloves, are its principal
in the Malay Archipelago, in the Sooloo Sea, let. 40 19' N., products; in cotton-spinning it also rivals some of the towns
ion. 1180 33' E.                                            of Lancashire; and it has considerable manufactures of
LIGNANA, leen-ydlng, a village of the Sardinian States, broadcloths, cassimeres, serges, and other worsted stuffs,
province and about 3 miles from Vercelli. Pop. 1043.        velvets, hats, paper, beet-root sugar, and mineral acids, with
LIGN~E, leen'ysl, a village of France, department of Loire- government tobacco and gunpowder factories, and an exInf3rieure, 16 miles N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 2331.    tensive coinage of gold.  Its vicinity is studded with bleach.
LIGNI~, leen'yAt, a village of Belgium, province of Hai- ing-grounds, rapeseed-oil mills, and beet-root plantations,
naut, 4 miles W. of Ath, with breweries and distilleries,    the two latter of which are very important, employing many
LIGNERES-LA-DOUCELLE, leen'yairl-lA-doo'cl1l1, a vil- hundreds of the inhabitants. A railway connects Lille with
lage of France, department and 25 miles N.W. of Mayenne.  Brussels and Ghent, through Courtrai, Roubaix, and TurcoPop. in 1852, 2651.                                        ing, all industrial towns of importance.
LIGNI]RES, leen'ye-ais/, a town of France, department    Lille, formerly the capital of French Flanders, is said to
of Cher, 25 miles S.W. of Bourges. It was once surrounded  owe its origin to a strong castle, built towards. the downfall
with walls and ditches, and defended by a castle, in which  of the Roman empire; and called, from its position, lnsela,
Charles VI. and Charles VII. of France often took refuge  hence L'Isle, easily changed to Lille.  In 1007, Baldwin IV.
during the English ascendancy. Pop. 2568.                   both extended it and surrounded it with walls and ditches.
L1GNOL, leen'yoll, a village of France, department of  From  that time, but not without many vicissitudes, Lille
Miorbihan, and 14 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 1780.           has continued to increase, passing through the hands of
LIGNY, leen'yeel, (anc. Linsciurn?) a town of France, de- various masters, till ultimately secured to France by tihe
partment of Meuse, on the Ornain, 10 miles S.E. of Bar-le- peace of Utrecht, in 1713. In 1792 it was ineffectually beDuc. Pop. in 1852, 3234. It has manufactures of cotton  sieged and bombarded b' the Austrians.
thread and fabrics, and a trade in wool and timber.           LILLEBONNE, leel'bonnt, (Juliobo/na,) a town of France,
LIGNY, leen'yee!, a village of Belgium, province and 14  department of Seine-Inf~rieure, 19 miles E. of IIavre.  Pop.
miles W.N.W. of Namur, celebrated for a combat between  in 1852, 5144. It has a ruined castle, built by William the
the Prussians and French, June 16, 1815, two days before  Conqueror, and flourishing cotton factories and tmnneries.
the action of Waterloo.                                     It was the ancient capital of the Caletes, and was colonized
LIGNY LE CHTATEL, (Ligny le Chatel,) leen'yeel leh shW- by the Romans, under whom it was important.
tl, a market-town of France, department of Yonne, on th6    LILLIECASH, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 160 miles
Serein, 11 miles N.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 1488.                N.N.E. of Springfield.
LIG'ONIERI. a post-borough and township of Westmore-   LILLEIAMMEK, lil/leh-ham'mer, a town of Norway,
land co., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Pittsburg to  and formerly the see of a bishop, ]len and 80 miles N.N.W.
Philadelphia. 52 miles E.S.E.-of the former. It contains 2  of Christiania, at tlhe N.E. extremity of Lake Miisen, near
churches, a newspaper office, and several stores. Pop. in  the mouth of the Lougen. It is the centre of am considerable
1850, 378; of the township, 2582.                           trade, extending from Christiania to the Dovrefield Moun.
LIGONIER, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.           tains. Steamers ply daily on the lake between it and Minde.
LIGIONS, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia.       Pop. 701.
LIGOIR, Ie-gor, (Siamese, Sakor, si'kor/,) a fortified town    LILLERS, lee'ya, a town of France, department of Pa-s
1050,,                                                                                            r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



LIL                                                        LIM
de-Calais, 7 miles N.W. of Bethune. Pop. 8056. It was for- foundlings, and 2 for lunatics. The places of public amnsenrerly fortified.                                          ment are 3 alamedas or promenades-the Vieja or Old Ala.
LILLESAND, lillhoi-sand', asmall seaporttownof Norway, meda; the Alameda de Ache, on the banks of the Rimac,
15 miles E.N.E. of Christiansand.                          containing the bull-ring, capable of accommodating from
LILLESHALL, lilzthawl, a parish of:England, co. of Salop, 10,000 to 12,000 spectators, and formerly the scene of the
3 miles S.S.W. of Newport. Near it is a monument to the  autos-da-f6 of the Inquisition; and the Portada del Callao;.
late Duke of Sutherland.                                   2 theatres, and an amphitheatre for cock-fights.
LILILEY or LINDILEY, a parish of England, co. of Herts.   Lima has several manufactories of gold-lace and fringes,
LILILEY'S MIILLS, a small village of Miflin co., Penn- and also of glass, cotton, chocolate, paper, &c.; but nearly
sylvania.                                                  all the goods sold and consumed in the country are foreign.
LILLIANES, leel-ynl or leeIyAnl, a village of the Sardi- Mechanical employments are numerous, but all are in a
lian States, Piedmont, on the Esa or Lys.- Pop. 1210.      rude state. Lima was long the grand commercial entrepGt
LILLIESLEAF, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.   for all the W. coast of South America, and it still has a large
LILILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         trade through its port Callao. Its exports consist of silver,
LILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.         copper ore, bark, soap, vicu~a wool, chinchilla skins, nitre,
LILLINGSTON DAYIRELL, a parish of England, co. of  sugar, &c.; and imports of manufactured goods from EngBucks.                                                     land, wines, silks, and brandy, from Spain and France, and
LILLINGSTON  LOVIELL, a parish of England, co. of  other produce chiefly from the American continent. Since
Oxford.                                                    the discovery of the gold mines of California, its trade with
LILLO, leellyo, a town of Spain, province and 37 miles the latter has greatly increased.
E.S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2183.                                 The climate is very agreeable. The range of the thermoLILLO, FORT, is a military stronghold, Belgium, province meter throughout the year is from 130 to 750 in winter, and
and 7 miles N.W. of Antwerp, on the Scheldt, opposite Fort 860 to 870 in summer. From April to October, a heavy and
Liefkenshoek.                                              sometimes chilly mist overhangs the city in the mornings
LILLOIS-WITTERZEE, leelIlwgit-ter-zV!, a village of  and evenings. Rain, even in partial showers, is of exceedBelgium, province of Brabant, 15 miles S.S.E. of Brussels. ingly rare occurrence; thunder and lightning are unknown.
Pop. 1122.                                                 Lima is very subject to earthquakes, and has frequently
LILISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        suffered from these terrible visitations. The most destrucLILYBAIUM. See MARsaLA.                                 tive on record occurred in October, 1746, when many houses
LIMA, lee'ml, a city, the capital of Peru, and also of a  and public buildings were destroyed. On the same occasion,
department and province of its own name, is situated about the port of Callao was suddenly submerged by a huge wave;
7 miles from its port, Callao on the Pacific, with which it is and, with the exception of some -20 or 30, all the inhabitants,
connected by a recently constructed railway. Let. 120 3' S., amounting to 5000, were swept away.
ion. 770 6 W. It stands at the foot of granitic hills, and on    Lima was founded by Pizarro in 1535, and called Ciudad
both banks of the Rimac, which divides the city into two  de los Reyes, (Kings' town,) in commemoration of the festival
unequal portions, connected by a handsome stone bridge  day of the kings, on which the site was chosen. This nanme
of six arches, and 530 feet in length, which forms a favorite having been confirmed in 1537 by Charles V., from that time
afternoon lounge, at which time the mountain breezes are  Lima became capital of Peru, and the seat of the viceroys.
peculiarly grateful. The larger division of the town is on  Pop., according to the census of 1850, 100,000. Adj. and
the S. or left bank of the river, and it is enclosed on all sides inhab. LIMeNiAw, le-mlnue-an, (Sp. Lintreo, le-m~nfyo.)
except the N. (on which is an agreeable alameda, i. e. "a    LIMIA, the metropolitan department and province of
walk adorned with rows of trees-especially with poplar Peru, the former extending from the shores of the Pacic
trees,") by a brick wall from 18 to 20 feet high, having  to the Andes. Its principal streams are the Rimac, the
9 gates; the smaller, or suburb of San Lazaro, is on the  Chancay, the Marla, and the Rio Grande. The soil is fertile
right bank, andis backed by hills having only two openings  and well cultivated. It is subdivided into 7 provinces.
through them for ingress and egress. Lima is near 3 miles Chief towns, Lima, the capital, Callao, Chancay, Ilunurn,
in length from E. to W., and 1T in breadth, having a cir- and Ita. Pop. of the department in 1850, 250,801; of the
cumference of about 10 miles. The streets are equidistant, province, 125,000.
intersect each other at right angles, and have an average    LIMA, (ant. Lira/ia,) a river of Spain and Portugal. ri.es in
breadth of 34 feet. They are in'general badly paved, and  Galicia, flows S.W. for about 90 miles, and enters the Atlannot very clean; but improvements are gradually going on  tic at Viana. It is navigable only for the last 12 miles.
in the more central parts of the city, where the pavements   LIMA, leelmA, a river of Central Italy, Tuscany, tributary
have been lately restored, and footpaths formed of broad  to the Serchio.
flags from England; those lying E. and W. have each a deep    LIMA, IIlma, a post-village  and township of Livingsfton
stream of water running down the centre, which is crossed  co., New York, about 18 miles S. of Rochester. Tho village,
by:four bridges at the cross streets. Its numerous domes situated on a branch of the Genesee River, contains several
and spires give to Lima a magnificent appearance when  churches, and a flourishing institution called the Genesee
viewed from a distance. The grand square, the Plaza Mayor, Wesleyan  Seminary.  The Canandaigua Railroad passes
together with the adjoining streets, Mantas, Bodegones and  along the N.E. border of the township. Pop. of the villagge,
Mercaderes, is the central point of its life and business. about 700; of the township, 2433.
This fine square is a regular quadrangle, each side of which    LIMA, a post-village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, about
is 510 feet long, having in the centre a magnificent bronze  7 miles N.W. of Chester.
fountain with three basins; two sides are occupied by the    LIMA, a post-office of Greenville district, South Carolina.
Portales or Piazzas, the most attractive places in Lime for a    LIMA, a post-office of St. Tamany parish, Louisiana.
stranger. On the N. side of the square stand the Palace and    LIMA, a flourishing post-village of Bath township, and
offices of the government, on the E. the Bishop's Palac6 and  capital of Allen co., Ohio, on the Ottawa River, 98 miles
the Cathedral, and on the WV. the Senate-House, the Town- N.W. of Columbus. It has a pleasant and healthy situation,
Hall, and a row of shabby houses. Thenext public square in  and Is surrounded by a fine farming country. It contains
respect of size is the Plazuela do la Inquisicion, now called  several churches, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, an iron foundry,
the Square of Independence (Plazuela de la Inedependencia), and several steam-mills. The Ohio and Indiana Railroad
in which stand the Hall of the Congress, the Jail, and the  intersects the Dayton and Michigan Railroad at this place.
Palace of the Inquisition, where cruelties were practised no  First settled in 1836. Pop. in 1850, 757; in 1853, about 1000.
less terrible, and perhaps in hardly fewer instances, than in    LIMA, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 973.
those of the Inquisition of Madrid. Among the numerous    LIMA, a post-village of M'ahoning co., Ohio, 170 miles N.E.
churches and convents, a few only are deserving particular of Columbus. The name of the.post-office is NoRTn LnMA.
notice; of these the Cathedral is the most remakable. It is    LIMA, a post-village and township in the W. part of Washrichly decorated within; and beneath its grand altar lie the  tenaw co., Michigan, on the Michigan Central Railroad, about
remains of Francisco Pizarro. The convent of San Francisco  50 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. 912.
is the largest monastic establishment in Lime, occupying    LIMIA, a post-village of La Grange co., Indiana, on Pidgeon
nearly 7 acres of ground; it is an elegant structure, but now  River, 174 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. It is a thriving
out of repair, and exhibiting evident signs of decay. Besides place, containing a newspaper office, and was the county
the cathedral, Lime contains five other parish churches; 12  seat until the year 1842.
attached to convents, 13 to monasteries, and 22 chapels,   LIMA, a post-village and township in Adanms co., Illinois,
making a total of 68 places of worship. The monasteries 100 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 920.
and convents, at one time very numerous, have to a great   LIMIA, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. i98.
extent been suppressed. The University, once the most im-   LIMA, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity of Rock
portant, as it was the first established seat of education of co., Wisconsin, intersected by the Milwaukee and Mississippi
the kind in the New World, has connected with it a national Railroad, about 15 miles E.S.E. of Madison. Pop. 839.
library of about 20,000 volumes, and the museum, in which    LIMA, a post-office of Fayette co. Iowa.
are collections of-Peruvian antiquities and objects of natural   LIMACAPAN, le-mi-ka-pnul, a small island of the Malay
history. There are also a college of advocates, a college of  Archipelago, N.E. of Palawan. Lat. 110 40' N;, Ion. 1200 E.
pharmacy, with a botanic garden attached; another of medi-   LIMAGNE, lesm&fil, an old subdivision of France, An.
cine and anatomy; 4 Latin, and about 40 primary schools, vergne. now comprised in the department of Puy-de-DOme.
and various other educational institutions. There are like-   LIMAL, leemgl1, a village of Belgium, province of Brabanf
wise a number of well-conducted hospitals, including 1 for on the Dyle, 15 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1333.
1051




LIM                            LIU
LIMALONGES, lee'm&ld6Nzh/, a village of France, depart- 39' 36" N.; Ion. 80 39' W.; 106 miles S.S.W. of Dublin,
ment of Deux-Slvres. 16 miles E.S.E. of MelIe. Pop. 1426.  with which and with Cork it is connected by railway. It
~LIMARI, le-ma-ree5, a river of Chili, department of Co- cousists of three portions, distinguished by the names,
quimbo, enters the Pacific Ocean 70 miles S.S.W. of Coquimbo, respectively, of English and Irish towns, and Newtown-Perry.
after a W. course of 100 miles.                            The first, and oldest, occupies the S. end of the King's
LDIASOL, lee'ml-sol/, (auc. Nemonsia?) a seaport town of  Island, a tract formed by the Shannon, here divided into
the island of Cyprus, on its S. coast, 38 miles S.W. of Larnica. two streams; the other two stand on either side of the river.
It is full of ruins and rubbish, but has a good harbor. Old  The different parts of the city are connected by five bridges;
Limasol (anc. Anzathus) stood a little N.E., but no traces of  one of which, the Wellesley Bridge, a magnificent structure,.
it are left.                                               crossing the harbor, cost;f~85,000. In Etnglish-town, the
LIMATOLA, le-ma-toll, a town of Naples, province of  houses are chiefly built in the Flemish fashion. Irish-town
Terra di Lavers, on the'Volturno, 5 miles N.E. of Caserta. is also old, but here the streets are wider, and the houses
Pop. 1500.                                                  generally more modern, than in the former, where everyLI/MAVILLE, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, about 140  thing has an appearance of misery and decay.  Newtownmiles N E. of Columbus.                                     Perry, which is of comparatively modern date, occupies
LIMAY, lee'm,11, a town of France, department of Seine-et- elevated ground, parallel with the course of the river, and
Gise, on the Seine, 3 miles E.N.E. of Mantes. Pop. 1500.    is one of the finest modern towns in Ireland. It contains a
LIMBACHI, limnlbA, a village of Saxony, 7 miles N.W. of  handsome square; its streets are spacious, intersect each
Chemnitz. Pop. 2681.                                        other at rightangles, and are lined by elegant houses, shops,
LIMBACH, limfbd/, avillage of Hungary, ThitherDanube, and merchants' stores. The principal civic buildings are
5 miles from Filrstenfeld. Pop. 1038.                       the city court-houses and prisons, custom-house, chamber
LIMBASIA or LIMBASCIA. See LEMSeL.                        of commerce, exchange, assembly-house, linen-hall, corn and
LIMIBER, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   butter markets, several hospitals, and barracks. The places
LIMBER, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   of worship are the cathedral, 5 Protestant churches, 4 paroLIMIBER LOST, a post-office of Adams co., Indiana.        chial and 3 conventual Roman Catholic chapels, and 5 DisLIMIBIATE, lim-be-i/tA, a village of Austrian ltaly, pro- senting meeting-houses. The manufacture of linen is now
vince of Milan, about 5 miles S. of Barlassina.  Pop. 1606.   nearly extinct, that of gloves continues; but both have
LIMBOURG, an old province of the Netherlands.  See  been supplanted by those of lace and fishing hooks, both of
LIMBnuRG.                                                  which are carried on to a considerable extent. There are,
LIMIBOURG, lapboos, or LIMIBURG, (Flemish pron. besides, distilleries, breweries, tanneries, foundries, flourlimlbttRu,) a province of Belgium, having N. and E. Dutch  mills, a patent slip, for vessels of 500 tons; and 3 shipLimbourg, and on other sides the provinces of Brabant,  building slips, where 100 men are employed. Limerick is
Antwerp, and Liege. Area 929 square miles. Pop. in 1849, the leading port on the W. coast of Ireland for the shipment
185,621. Surface level. The Meuse forms its E. boundary;  of raw produce. The harbor extends about 1600 yards in
the rearing of various live stock forms a principal branch  length, and 150 in breadth, with from  2 to 9 feet at low
of industry. Iron, calamine, coal, and turf, are the chief  water, and 19 feet at spring-tides: which latterenables vessels
mineral products. The manufactures comprise woollen and  of 600 tons to moor at the quays. The commerce of the port
linen fabrics, leather, tobacco, &c. Principal towns, Hasselt, has considerably increased, and will be further improved, it is
St. Trend, and Tongres.                                     expected, when the new docks, now in progress, are completed.
LIMBOURG, a town of Belgium, province and 16 miles E. The number of sailing vessels registered as belonging to the
of Liege, on the railway to Aix-le-Chapelle. Pop. 1797.     port, in 1851, was 101; aggrogate tonnage 12,291. The numLISPIBRA, a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, ber of vessels that entered the port in 1848, including the
district of Aurungabad, 22 miles N.E. of Poonahl.           cross-channel and coasting trade, the British colonial, and
LIMWBURG or LIMBOURG, (Fr. pron. laN'boorl; Dutch  foreign trade, was 787; tonnage 110,182: departed, 664;
pron. limnibtar,), an old province of the Netherlands, divided  tonnage 79,279. The exports in 1850 amounted to ~8437,
between Belgium and Holland in 1839, and now constituting  and the custom duties to ~160,178. The borough returns 2
the Belgian province of LIMBOUImG and the Dutch province  members to Parliament.  Pop. in 1841, 48,391; in 1851,
of LiTenUo, which see.                                      55,268. Limerick was a royal seat of the Kings of Thomend,
LIMBURG or LIMBOURG, Dvcun   o', a province of the  before the conquest. It capitulated to the troops of Willi:am
Netherlands, having E. Rhenish Prussia, and on other sides III., under Ginkell, in 1691.   It gives the title of Earl to the
the provinces of North Brabant, Liegre, and Belgian Lim- Perry family, whose mansion is in the city.
bourg.  Area 856 square miles.  Pop. in 1853, 211,401.   LIMERICK, a post-village and township of York co.,
Surface level, consisting of the valley of the Meuse (or Maas)  Maine, on the Little Ossipee River, about 30 miles W. of
where it receives theRuhr; in the N. is a part of an extensive  Portland.  The village contains 3 churches, 7 stores, a
marsh-the Peel. The products are similar to those of the  flourishing academy, and about 500 inhabitants. The motive
Belgian province of Limbourg. Principal towns, Maestricht power is furnished by the Little Ossipee for a woollen factory,
and Roermond.                                               1 saw-mill, 2 grist-mills, and a tannery. Pop. of the townLIMBURG, an ancient walled town of Germany, duchy  ship, 1473.
of Nassau, on the Lahn, near its confluence with the Ems,   LIMERICK, a post-village of Jefferson cO., New York, on
22 miles N.N.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 3146. It has a ducal the Rome and Watertown Railroad, 8 miles W.N.W. of
palace, a Roman Catholic seminary, and an hospital. The  Watertown.
Limburg Chronicle is one of the oldest sources of German    LIMERICK, a post-township of Montgomery co., Pennhistory.                                                    sylvania, on the Schuylkill River, 12 miles W.N.W. of NorrisLIMBURG, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 22 miles  town, and on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 28
W.S.W. of Arnsberg, on the Leine.  Pop. 2300. It has miles from Philadelphia. Pop. 2165.
manufactures of cotton and linen, cutlery and wire.           LI2MERICK  BRIDGE, a post-office of MIontgomery co.,
LIME HILL, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.   Pennsylvania.
LIIMEIIOUSE, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on    LIME RIDGE, a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
the Thames, forming a suburb of the metropolis, 3 miles E.   LIMERLE, le-m~rfleh or leenminlt, a village of Belgium,
of St. Paul's, has a station on the London and Blackwall province of Luxembourg, on the Gurthe, 7 miles E.N.E. of
Railway. Pop. 21,121.                                       Houffalize. Pop. 1063.
LIMIEKILNS, lim!kils, a seaport and village of Scotland,    LIME ROCK, a post-village in Providence co., Rhode
co. of Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 3 miles S. of Dunfermline. Island, 10 miles N.N.W. of Providence. The chief industry
Pop. 949. From the harbor lime is exported.                 of the inhabitants is directed to the manufacture of lime.
LIMfENIANor LIM.EO.  See LIMA, Peru.                       LIME ROCK, a post-village in Salisbury township, LitchLIMERAY, leembeh-rI, a village of France, department field co., Connecticut, about 40 miles N.W. by W. of Ilartford.
of Indre-et-Loire, with a station on the Orleans and Tours It contains a satinet factory, and an establishment for the
Railway, 4 miles N.E. of Amboise. Pop. 1129.                manufacture of iron, producing between 700 and 800 tons
LIMIERICK, an inland county of Ireland, province of Mun- annually.
ster, having N. the Shannon, separating it from the co. Clare.   LIMEfSTONE, a county in the N. part of Alabama, borArea 1064 square miles, or 680,960 acres, of which 526,876  dering on Tennessee, has an area of 570 square miles. The
are arable. Pop. in 1851, 262,136. In the centre and N. Tennessee River forms the S. boundary. The Elk River
mostly fiat, and soil remarkably fertile, especially on the  (navigable for small boats) flows through the county and
Shannon and in the "Golden Vale,"' or E. part of the plain  enters the former river opposite the Muscle Shoals. The
of Limerick. Principal rivers, the Shannon, Mulkern, Maig, surface is hilly. The soil is calcareous and highly productive.
and Deel. Tillage is increasing, and much bog and mnoun- The surface rock is limestone, from which the name of the
taiu land has been reclaimed. Chief exports, butter, corn, county is derived.  Steamboats navigate the Tennessee
and cider. Limerick is divided into 9 baronies and 125 pa- River on the border of the county between the Muscle
rishes, in dioceses of Limerick, Emly, Killaloe, and Cashel. Shoals and Knoville.  Capital, Athens. Pop. 16,483; of
It sends 4 members to the ilouse of Commons, 2 for the  whom 8420 were free, and 8063 slaves.
county, and 2 for Limerick, its only important town.         LIMESTONE, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.
LIMERICK, an important city, municipal and parliament-   LI3ESTONE, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas,.ry borough of Ireland, capital of the above county, and a  has an area of 840 square miles. It is drained by the
county of itself, is situated in an extensive plain, at the  sources of the Navasoto River.  A large portion of the county
interior extremity of the estuary of the Shannon; lat. 52~  is prairie. Thesoil is generally fertile. The name is derived
1052




LIM                                                         LIN
from  the abundance of limestone found in the county.   LIMONUM. See POITISRS.
Capital. Springfield. Pop. 2608; of whom 1990 were free,   LIMOSANI, le-mo-slnee, a market-town of Naples, pro.
and 618 slaves.                                             vince of Molise, 7 miles N.N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 2900.
LIMESTONE, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.    LIMOSIN. See LimousIN.
LIMESTONE, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania,   LIMOURS, leelmoor/, a market-town of France, depart.
151 miles W.N.W. from Harrisburg.                          ment of Seine-et-Olse, 22 miles E. of Rambouillet. Pop. 1030.
LIMESTONE, a post-township of Clarion co., Pennsyl-    LIMOUSIN, lee'moo'zINGI, written also LIMOSIN, an omd
vania, 6 miles S.E. of Clarion. Pop. 1461.                 province of Central France, now forming the department
LIMESTONE, a small village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- of Corrlze, and part of Iaute-Vienne.
vania.                                                        LIMOUX, leekmoot, a town of France, department of Aude,
LIMESTONE, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. on the Aude, 13 miles S.S.W. of Carcassone. Pop. in 1862,7776.
Pop. 983.                                                  It has a communal college, and important manufactures of
LIMESTONE, a township of Montourico., Pennsylvania. fine broadcloths, yarn factories, tanneries, and oil-mills.
Pop. 763.                                                     LIMIPENHIOE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
LIMESTONE, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania.   LIMPSIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
Pop. 807.                                                     LIMIREE, a town of West Hindostan, Baroda dominions,
LIMIESTONE, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania. 9 miles S.S.E. of Wudwan.
Pop. 248.                                                     LIN, leen, a town of China, province of Hoo-nan, 30 miles
LIMESTONE, a post-office of Buncombe co., North Caro- W. of Tchang-te.
lina.                                                         LIN-AN, leen-tnl, is the name of the capitals of districts
LIMESTONE. a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee.    in the provinces of Che-kiang and Yun-nan, China.
LIMESTONE, a village of Will co., Illinois, on the Iro-   LIINA, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
quois River, 60 miles W.S.W. of Chicago.                     LINARES, le-ntres, a town of Spain, province and 23
LIMESTONE CAVE, a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee. miles N.E. of Jaen, in a fertile plain, near the Guarrezas.
LIMESTONE RIVER, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine. Pop. 6567. It has several convents, and some Roman antiLIMESTONE SPRINGS, a post-village of Spartanburg  quities, including a ruined aqueduct.
district, South Carolina, 93 miles N.W. of Columbia. It is    LINARES, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state
the seat of a female college, an excellent, successful, and  of New-Leon, 55 miles E. of Monterey.
popular institution, occupying a spacious building, which    LINCHIDALE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
was formerly a hotel. The springs are not now much fre-   LINCHPMERE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
quented as a watering-place.                                 LINCOLN, linklon, or LINCOLNSHIRE, linklon-shir, a
LIMESTONE SPRINGS, a post-office of Greene co., Ten- large maritime county of England, extending along its E.
nesse.                                                      coast from  the Wash to the  lumber, which separates it
LIMEfSTONEVILLE, a post-office of Montour co., Penn- from Yorkshire. Area 2776 square miles, or 1,671,040 acres,
sylvania.                                                   of which nearly 1,500,000 are said to be cultivated, and about
LIMESTONE WELL, a post-office of Forsyth co., North  470,000 are enclosed fen-land.  Pop. in 1841, 362,602; in
Carolina.                                                   1851, 407,222. It is naturally divided into 3 districts: —1.
LIMEITOWN, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsyl- the wolds, a low range of hills in the N.E.; 2. the snoors, a
vania.                                                      lower, but more extensive division, running N. and S., and
LIMEUIL, le-mvul, a market-town of France, department  now mostly cultivated; 3. the fens, in the S. and E., a low
of Dordogne, on the right bank of the Dordogne. Pop. 929. tract protected from the sea by embankments. Chief rivers,
LIMIA. See LIMA.                                          the Trent, Welland, Witham, and Ancholme. Soil mostly
LIMIINGTON, a post-village and township of York co., a fertile sandy loam, on the moors and wolds; in the fens,
Maine, on the right bank of the Saco River, about 30 miles deep loam, rich marly clay, or peat.  Improvements in
from its mouth, and 70 miles W.S.W. of Augusta. The vil- agriculture have rendered this one of the most productive
lae contains 1 church, 3 stores, an academy, and about 40  English counties. The cattle, mostly short-horned, attain
houses. Pop. of the township, 2116.                         a great weight. The sheep are also famous for size and for
LIMMAT, limmtrt, a river of Switzerland, cantons of long wool  Many horses are bred; the waste fens support
Zurich and Aargau, leaves the Lake of Zurich at its N. ex- vast flocks of geese, chiefly kept for their feathers, and the
tremity, and, after a rapid N.W. course of 18 miles, joins  waters are the resort of wild ducks. The Foss-dyke Canrial
the Aar, 2 miles E. of Brugg                                extends from Lincoln to the Trent, near Torksey, completLIMNI. See STALIMNI.                                      ing the important internal navigation between the Wash
LIMOEIRO, le-molt-e-ro, a town of Brazil, province and 70  and the Ilumber. There are also canals from the Withamn
miles N.W. of Pernambuco. Pop. of the district, 10,000.    to Horncastle and Sleaford, and from Titney Haven, on the
LIMOGES,lee'mozhl, (anc. Augusieoitun LmLemovicoum, or Le- E. coast, to Louth. The county is intersected by various
nmovices,) acityof France, department of Haute-Vienne, crown- railways; and is divided into 629 parishes. It returns 13
ing the top and occupying the acclivity of a hill, washed by the  members to Parliament: 4 for the county; 2 for the city of
Vienne, here Crossed by three bridges, 88 miles W. of Cler-  Lincoln; 2 each for the boroughs of Boston, Grantham, and
mont. Almost all the houses are of wood, at least above  Stamford; and 1 for Great Grimsby. Lincolnshire is famous
the first story; and the streets are irregular, narrow, and  for the number and beauty of its ancient parish churches.
tortuous. The old walls and towers, which formerly sur-   LINCOLN, (anc. Li/ndum,) a city, parliamentary and munirounded the town, have been thrown down, and their site  cipal borough, and county of England, capital of the co.-of
converted into fine shady boulevards. The most remark- Lincolnshire, on theWitham,47 miles E.N.E.of Derby. Pop.
able edifices are the cathedral, commenced in 1272, and not 13,896. It is situated in a fine district, at, the foot and on
completed till 1515, the church of St. Michel des Lions, a  the slope of a hill, crowned by its cathedral, c'sstle, &c. The
Gothic edifice, and the church of St. Pierre du Queyroix. streets are irregular, but the town is generally well built,
The city has a bishop's palace, built of granite, the finest paved, and lighted. The superb cathedral was erected bemodern edifice of the town; a fountain, public library, con- tween the 12th and 15th centuries, in a mixed, but uncomtaining 12,000 volumes; a theatre, cavalry barracks, and  monly beautiful style of English architecture, and the exseveral hospitals; manufactures of porcelain, worsted, broad- terior is generally considered the finest in the kingdom,
cloth, cassimeres, druggets, woollen covers, flannel, napkins, while the vast interior is only surpassed by that of York.
tapers, clogs, glue, horse-nails, paper, plain and stained  The tombs of the bishops, and of Catherine Swynford, wife
cards, &c., numerous printing-presses, and an extensive  of John of Gaunt; the chapter-house, valuable library, and
book trade. It has also a considerable trade in corn, chest- ruins of the old episcopal palace, all demand special mention.
nuts, wine, brandy, liqueurs, salt, iron, copperas, brass,  Several of the parish churches, anciently 52 in number, are
enamel, kaolin, &c. Limoges is an entrepOt for the trade  interesting, and the city abounds in ancient remains, inof Toulouse, and generally of the S. departments of France. eluding the stately castle built by William the Conqueror;
It is the see of a bishop, and the seat of courts of first re- traces of the old town walls; a gateway, perhaps the most
sort, and commerce; of a consulting chamber of commerce, perfect relic of Roman architecture in the country; a beaua royal college, a university, academy, and societies of agri- tiful conduit; the palace of John of Gaunt, and many other
culture, sciences, and arts.  Limoges was originally the  antique houses. Other principal buildings are the countycapital of the Gallic tribe of Lemovices. Under the Romans hall and jail, within the castle walls; the ancient guildit was adorned with a capitol, an amphitheatre, fine tem- hall, a sessions house, city jail, and house of correction;
pies, and palaces. From  the Romans it passed to the Visi- grtmmar school, founded in 1583; blue-coat school; county
goths. Henry II. of England was here crowned Duke of  lunatic asylum, county hospital, union workhouse, theatre,
Aquitania; and, in 1189, Nothilda, queen of Richard Coeur  assembly rooms, several libraries, mechanics' institution,
de Lion, laid siege to it, and afterwards gave it up to  and market-house. It has also several newspapers, a bankpillage. In 1370 it was besieged and taken by the Black  ing company, and branch bank, with excellent breweries,
Prince. Limoges is the birth-place of Pope Clement V., the  and large exports of flour, by the Witham, and the ancient
chancellor D'Aguesseau, of Marshal Jourdain, and the sur- Roman Foss-dyke Canal, which communicates with the
geon Dupuytren. Pop. in 1852, 26,924.                      Trent. After the departure of the Romans, Lincoln became
LIMONE, le-molna, a village of Piedmont, province and  the capital of the Saxon kingdom of Mercia, and suffered
16 miles S. of Coni. Pop. 3416.                            much during the struggles between the Saxons and the
LIMONE, a village of Austrian Italy, 32 miles N.E. of  Danes. The city sends 2 members to Parliament. Pop. in
Brescia.                                                   1851, 17,532. Lincoln was, at the Conquest, and  ing after
1053




LIN                                                        LIN
one  of the richest ports in England, the Witham  at that co., North Carolina, is situated on the E. side of Little
period being navigable for large vessels. It suffered greatly  Catawba River, 170 miles WV. by S. of Raleigh. It has an
during the baronial wars, and also in the civil war, when  active trade, and an abundant water-power, which is emits cathedral was occupied as a barrack.                   ployed in manufactories of cotton, iron, and paper. LincolnLINCOLN, linklpn, a county in the S. part of Maine, has ton contains, besides the county buildings, 3 or 4 churches.
an area of 850 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by  2 academies, and 2 newspaper offices.
Androscoggin and Sagadahock cos., (organized in 1854,) and    LINCOLNTON, a small post-village, capital of Lincoln co.i
on the S. by the ocean. The Kennebec flows along its Georgia, onr Soap Creek, 90 miles N.E. of Milledgeville. I.
western border, and it is drained by the Damariscotta and  contains an academy, and 1 or 2 churches.
Sheepscot Rivers, which afford some fine mill-seats. The    LINICOLNVILLE, a post-township of W~aldo co., Maine,
soil is fertile, but the attention of the inhabitants is chiefly  on Penobscot Bay, about 10 miles S. of Belfast. A large
given to navigation and the fisheries. It has a sea-coast of  portion of the inhabitants are engaged in ship-building and
about 50 miles, affording a great number of excellent har- navigation. Pop. 2174.
bore. The Kennebec River is navigable for sloops of 150    LIND; a post-office of Waupacca co., Wisconesn.
tons through the whole extent of the county, and the Dams-   LINDAH, linldl, a town of West HIlindostan, Cutch, 1 mile
riscotta is navigable 16 miles for large vessels. Capitals, from Shahpoor, thickly populated, and flourishing.
Wiscasset and Warren. Pop. in 1850, previous to the forma-   LINDAU, lin/dOw, a fortified town of Bavaria, 25 miles
tion of Sagadahock and Androscoggin counties, which were  E.S.E. of Constance, on an island in the Lake of Constance,
in part taken from Lincoln, 74,875.                        united to the mainland by a wooden bridge, 300 feet in
LINCOLN, a county in the S.W. part of North Carolina; length. Pop. 3962. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran
area estimated at 420 square miles. The Great Catawba  churches, a castle, high school, and an active commerce in
forms the E. boundary, and the South Catawba intersects corn, fruit, wine, and cheese.
the county. The surface is diversified by hills of i moderate    LINDAU, a town of Hanover, 12 miles N.E. of Glttingen.
size; the soil is fertile. Water-power is abundant on the  Pop. 1473.
streams. Gold is found nearthe E. border of the county, and    LIND/BY, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
iron is abundant. Lincoln was the most populous county    LINDE, liunfdh, or LINDESBERG, lintd3s-bRGa', a town
of the state until reduced by the formation of Catawba and  of Central Sweden, i]n and 20 miles N. of (Erebro. P. 760.
Gaston counties, since 1842. Capital, Lincolnton. Formed    LINDEN, lintden, a village of Germany, 1 mile W. of
in 1779. Pop. 7746; of whom 5691 were free, and 2055 slaves. Hanover.
LINCOLN, a county in the E.N.E. part of Georgia, has an    LINDEN, a village of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, province
area of 260 square miles. The Savannah, which separates of Nieder Ilessen, 3 miles S.S.W. of Giessen.
it from South Carolina, forms its boundary on the N.E., the    LINDEN, a small village of Germany, Prussian Silesia,
Broad River on the N., and Little River on the S.E.; it is government of Breslaun.
also drained by Fishing, Pistol, Lloyd's, and Soap Creeks.   LINIDEN, a post-village of Genesee co., New York, on the
The surface is hilly; a portion of the land is fertile, particun- Buffalo and New York Railroad, about 40 miles E. of Buffalo.
larly on the margins of the rivers. Granite and iron are    LINDEN, a post-village of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, on
abundant in the county, and novaculite is found near Lin- the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 8 miles above Wilcolnton, the county seat. Pop. 5998, of whom 2218 were liamsport, has about 100 inhabitants.
free, and 3780 slaves.                                       LINDEN, a post-village, capital of Marenco co., Alabama,
LINCOLN, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, bordering  11 miles S. of Chickasaw Creek, 100 miles W. of Montgomery.
on Alabama, has an area estimated at 700 square miles. It is situated in a very productive cotton region, and conElk River flows through the county, from E. to W. The  tains 2 academies and 2 newspaper offices.
surface is composed of two inclined planes, on the opposite    LINDEN, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi.
sides of the river; the soil is highly productive, and well   LINDEN, a post-office of Cass co., Texas.
watered. The streams furnish motive power for numerous    LINDEN, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.
mills and factories. Capital. Fayetteville. Pop. 23,492, of    LINDEN, a thriving post-village, capital of Perry co.,
whom 17,871 were free, and 5621 slaves.                    Tennessee, on Buffalo River, 100 miles S.W. of Nashville.
LINCOLN, a county near the centre of Kentucky, has an  It contains a new court-house, an academy, and 5 stores.
area estimated at 350 square miles. It is traversed by Dick's It has grown up since 1847. Pop. in 1853, about 500.
River, an affluent of the Kentucky, and also drained by    LINDEN, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan.
the sources of Green River. The surface is undulating;    LINDEN, a township of Washtenaw co., Michigan. P. 901.
the soil is of limestone formation, and very productive.   LINDEN, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, on the
Limestone underlies a large part of the surface. Turnpike railroad between Lafayette and Crawfordsville, 10 miles N.
roads have been made from this county to Frankfort and  of the latter.
Danville. Lincoln county was one of the 3 original counties   LINDEN, a post-village, capital of Atchison co., Missouri,
formed in 1780. Named in honor of General Benjamin  about 70 miles N.N.W. of St. Joseph.
Lincoln. Capital, Stanford. Pop. 10,093, of whom  6738    LINDEN, a village of Greene co., Missouri, 19 miles S.E.
were free, and 3355 slaves.                                of Springfield.
LINCOLN, a county in the E. part of Missouri, bordering    LINDEN, a post-village and township of Iowa co., Wisconon the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illinois. sin, 6 miles N.W. of Mineral Point. It has an active trade
Area 580 square miles. It is traversed by Cuivre, or Copper in lead, which is procured from mines in the vicinity. Pop.
River, and its branches, and also drained by the Eagle Fork  of the village, about 250; of the township, 951.
and Big Creek. The surface is undulating and hilly, con-   LINDENAU, linfdeh-now', a village of Germany, in Bohe.sisting partly of prairies and partly of woodlands. The soil mia, E.N.E. of Leitmeritz, with 1189 inhabitants.
is generally rich. The county is liberally supplied with    LINDENAU, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia,
timber and building stone. Capital, Troy. Pop. 9421, of government of Oppeln, circle of Grottau. Pop. 1036.
whom 7394 were free, and 2027 slaves.                        LINDENAU, a village of Saxony, circle of and near
LINCOLN, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on  Leipsic, towards which Napoleon retreated after his defeat
the left bank of the Penobscot River, about 50 miles N.N.E. at Leipsic. Pop. 1672.
of Bangor. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the    LINDENFELS, linfden-flls', a small town of Germany,
manufacture of lumber, and to facilitate its transportation  Hesse-Darmstadt, 15 miles S.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 880.
a railroad is now in course of construction connecting Lin-   LINTDENYILLE, a post-village of Ashtabula co., Ohio,
coin with Bangor. Pop. 1356.                               about 155 mil'es N.E. of Columbus.
LINCOLN, a mountainous post-township of Grafton co.,   LINDENVILLE, a small village of Sheboygan co., WisNew Hampshire, on the head waters of the Merrimack River, cousin.
about 70 miles N. by W. of Concord. Pop. 57.                 LINIDENWOOD, a post-village in Ogle co., Illinois, 85 miles
LINCOLN, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, about W.N.W. of Chicago.
24 miles W.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1057.                    LINDESAY, (linfzee), MOUNT, the most lofty mountain
LINCOLN, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., yet measured in East Australia, about 55 miles S.W. of
Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad and Sudbury  Moreton Bay, and 5700 feet above the sea.
River, 17 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 719.                  LINDESNAES, a cape of Norwvay. See NAZE.
LINCOLN,  a post-village of Yazoo co., Mississippi, 40 miles   LINDEWIESE.-OBER LINDEawirss, oeber lintdeh-eeewe'h,
N.W. of Jackson.                                          and NIEDEs   LINDEwEE, neelder linfdeh-Wee'zh, two nearly
LINCOLN, a post-township in the S. part of Morrow co., coptiguous villages of Austrian Silesia, about 20 miles from
Ohio, about 35 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 891.        Zukmantel. Pop. of the former, 1138; of the latter, 2087.
LINCOLN, a post-office of Waushara co., Wisconsin.        LINDIFIELD, a parish of Eugland. co. of Sussex.
LINCOLN, a county of Canada West, situated upon the   LINDISFARNE, a peninsula of England. See HoLY ISLAND.
S. shore of Lake Ontario. It is bounded on the E. by the    LIND/LEY, a chapelry of England, co. ofYork,West Riding.
Niagara River. Area 306 square miles. Pop. 23,868.          LINDLEY, a post-village and township of Steuben co.,
LINCOLN CENTRE, a thriving post-village of Penobscot New York, on the Corning and Blossburg Railroad, 12 miles
co, Maine, on the left bank of the Penobscot River, about S. of Corning. Pop. of the township, 686.
50 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It is an important lumber   LINDLEY'S, a post-village of Ohio co., Kentucky, 166 miles
deplt. A railroad is now in course of construction to con- W.S.WV. of Frankfort.
nect it with Banugor.                                       LINDLEY'S STFORE, a post-office of Orange co., North
IIN/COIT'NON, a thriving post-village, capital of Lincoln  Carolina.
1054




JAN                                                      LIN
LTNIDLEYTOWN, a post-village of Steuben co., New York,   LITNGWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
about 190 miles W. by S. of Albany.                         LINHARES, leen-y&lr~s, a town of Portugal, province of
LINDILY'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Penn- Beira, 15 miles W.N.W. of Guarda. Pop. 870.
sylvania.                                                   LINHARES, leen-y&/rls, a town of Brazil, province of EspiLINDINERSVILLE, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Penn- rito Santo,on the Doce, 30milesfrom itsmouthin the Atlantic.
sylvania.                                                   LINKEBEEK, lin/keh-baik, a village of Belgium, province
LINDO, lintdo, (anc. Linsdus, Gr. AtvJos,) a village, and  of Brabant, 5 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 1104.
the ancient capital of the island of Rhodes, on a promontory    LINIKENHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
of its E. coast, 23 miles S. of Rhodes, with a small harbor.   LIN-KIANG or LIN-KIANG-EFOO, lin'ke-ng'foof, a city of
Birth-place of Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of China, province of Kiang-see, capital of a department, lat. 280
Greece, and of Chares and Laches, the artists, who executed  N., lon. 1150 24' E.
the Colossus of Rhiodes.                                    LINIKINHORNE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
LINDORES ABBEY, Scotland. See NwBuoRGe.                   LINKJOPING. See LIsNKSING.
LINDOSO, leen-dolso, a frontier town of Portugal, province   LINKLAEN, link'ln1l, a post-township forming the N.W.
of Minho, on the Lima, 29 miles N.E. of Braga. Pop. 600.   extremity of Chenango co., New Yoik, about 115 miles W. of
LINDOW, linfdov, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- Albany. Pop. 1196.
denhurg, 36 miles N.N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 1549.              LINKOPING (Linklping) or LINKJOPING, (Linkjiping,)
LIND!RIDGE, a parish of England, co. of'Worcester.      lintch0'ping,' a l'en of Sweden, on the Baltic. Area 4253
LINDSAY, lin/zee, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, square miles. Pop. 222,484. Surface mountainous, wooded,
Lat. 190 20' N.; lon. 1410 15' 30"t E.; 4 miles long.     and interspersed with numerous lakes. The Motala River
LINDSAY, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Peterbo- and Kumla Canal traverse its centre.  Products comprise
rough, 28 miles from Peterborough. Pop. about 550.       corn, hops, flax, and timber, with iron, lead, and various
INDISAY'S CREEK, a post-office of Choctaw co., Missis- other mineral products. Manufacturing establishments
sippi.                                                   comprise barrel and sail-cloth factories, and iron and copper
LINDSAY'S MILL, a post-office of Trigg co., Kentucky.   works. Principal towns, LinkJping and Norrkjiping.
LINDISELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            LINKOPING or LINKJOPING, a town of Sweden, capital
LINDSELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         of a len of its own name, on the Stang-an, near its mouth
LINDWSEY, PARTS OF, England, the N. division of the  in Lake Roxen, 108 miles S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 4767.
co. of Lincoln, of which it occupies nearly one-half, includ- It has a cathedral and several other churches, a town-hall,
ing the city of Lincoln, and 19 market-towns,            a library of 25000, volumes, house of assembly, old castle,
LINDUM. See LINCOLN.                                   and a gymnasium. In its immediate vicinity was fought,
LIND!VILLE, a post-office of Union parish, Louisiana.    in 1596, the battle of Stangebro, in which Sigismund was
LINDVILLE, a village of Mionroe co., Iowa, 110 miles defeated by his uncle, who was soon after elected king of
W.S.W. of Iowa dity.                                      Sweden, under the name of Charles IX.
LINE, a post-office of Morehouse co., Louisiana.         LIN/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
LINE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.            LINLITHGOW, lin-lith/go, LINLITHGOWSHIRE, linLINE CREEK, of Georgia, forms the boundary between  lithlgo-shijr, or WEST LOTHIAN, lol/e-an, a county of
Fayette and Coweta counties, and joins Whitewater Creek. Scotland, having on the N. the Frith of Forth, E. and S. the
LINE CREEK, a post-office of Laurens district, South  co. of Edinburgh, and on the W. the cos. of Lanark and
Carolina.                                                 Stirling. Area estimated at 120 square miles, about threeLINE CREEK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama. fourths of which are arable. Pop. in 1851, 30,135. Surface
LINE CREEK, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi. beautifully varied with knolls and gentle undulations. Chief
LINE CREEK, a post-office of Pulaski co., Kentucky.     rivers, the Almond and Avon. Soil in the S. swampy and
LINE CREEK, a post,-office of Grenville district, South  moorland, elsewhere generally fertile. Coal is extensively
Carolina.                                                wrought. Capital, Linlithgow. The county, independent
LINE LEX!INGTON, a post-village on the boundary be- of 2 contributory boroughs, sends 1 member to the House of
tween Bucks and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania, 13 Commons.
miles N.N.E. of Norristown.                                LINLITHGOW, a royal and parliamentary burgh, town,
LINE MILLS, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. and parish of Scotland, on the Union Canal, and with a
LINE MOUNITAIN, a post-office of Nofthumberland co., station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, 17 miles
Pennsylvania.                                            W. of Edinburgh, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Glasgow. Pop.
LINE PORT, a post-village of Stewart co., Tennessee, on  in 1851, 4213. It is situated in a hollow, beside a fine lake
Cumberland River, and on the line between Kentucky and  of about 80 acres. The chief buildings are the parish church
Tennessee, has about 100 inhabitants.                    of St. Michael, erected in the 12th century, and esteemed
LINE STORE, a post-office of Hinds co., Mississippi.   one of the noblest Gothic structures in Scotland; a townLINIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         house, with sheriff's court-room, jail erected in 1668, and a
LINFORD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks,    curious hexagonal cross-well, rebuilt in 1805 from an old
LINFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.   model. On an eminence, bordered by a lake, are magnificent
LING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             remains of a royal palace, founded, probably, by Edward I.
LING, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            of England, on the place of a Roman camp, and gradually
LING, a Chinese word, signifying " mountain-chain," or rebuilt in its present form, by various Scottish monarchs
"Crange," forming part of the names of many places in China; down to James VI. It is a quadrangle, occupying an acre
as, PE-LING,c "the Northern Range," &c.                  of ground; it has a heavy, but imposing exterior, and fine
LINGA, lin/g&, two small Shetland Islands, between Main- apartments, the most interesting being the parliament hall,
land and Yell; also an islet of the IHebrides, W. of Mull,    and the room in which Mary Queen of Scots was born, in
LINGA ISLAND. See LINGoEN.                             1542. The town has a grammar school, a branch bank, and
LINOGANOREI CREEK, of Frederick co., Maryland, enters  some manufactures of leather. It unites with Falkirk, Airthe Monocacy River from the left, above Frederick.       drie, Lanark, and Hamilton in sending one member to the
LINGARTHS, township, England, co. York, West Riding. House of Commons.
LINGAYEN, leen-ga-yln', a populous seaport town on the    LINLITHGOWSHIRE, a co. of Scotland. See LIzITGooW.
W. coast of Luzon. Philippines, 100 miles N.N.W. of Manila.   LINN, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles N.N.W. of
LINGE, DE, dfh ling/Heh, a stream of IHolland, which, Dusseldorf. Pop. 1200.
after a course of 40 miles, joins the Waal at Gorinchem.   LINN. a county towards the N. part of Missouri, has an
LINGEN, lingfghen, or LINGA, lingigr, an island of the  area of 650 square miles. Locust and Yellow Creeks, afiluents
Malay Archipelago, off the E. coast of Sumatra, in lat. 00 20' of Grand River, flow through the county from N. to S.; it
S., Ion. 1040 40' E., 100 miles S.S.E. of Singapore. Length, is drained by Wolf and Elk Creeks, and Grand River touches
40 miles; breadth, 20 miles. It produces fine timber.    the S.W. extremity. The county contains a large proportion
LINGEN, lingftn, a town of Hanover, 36 miles W.N.W. of of prairie, interspersed with woodland; the soil is productive.
Osnaburg. Pop. 2776. It has Calvinistic, Roman Catholic, Named in honor of Lewis F. Linn, United States senator
and Lutheran churches, and a gymnasium.                  from  Missouri. Capital, Linneus. Pop. 4058; of whom
LINIGEN, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         3681 were free, and 377 slaves.
LINGENAU, ling/en-Ow', a village of the Tyrol, 8 miles   LINN, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has an area of 720
E.S.E. of Bregenz. Pop. 1790.                            square miles. It is intersected by Cedar and Wapsipinicon
LINGENFELD, lingten-flt', a village of Rhenish Bavaria, Rivers, which flow in a S.E. direction, affording a bundant
W. of Speyer. Pop. 1357.                                 water-power; it is also drained by Prairie and Buffalo Creeks.
LING!FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.        The surface is agreeably diversified, and the county is said
LING!LESTOWN, a post-village of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- to be well timbered. The soil is excellent, and the wates
*ania, 8 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.                       good.  A railroad is projected through the county from
LING-LO-SIHAN or LING-LO-CHAN, linglo-shnW, armoun- Dubuque to Keokuk. Capital, Marion. Pop. 5444.
tain in China, covered with perpetual snow, in the province   LINN, a county in the western part of Oregon, has an
of Kan-soo. Lat. about 350 N., ion. 1030 E.              area estimated at 3000 square miles. It is bounded on the
LINGONES. See LANGRES.                                 E. by the Cascade Range, and on the W. by the Willamette
LINGUAGROSSA, linugw&-grosts, a town of Sicily, 23 River, and is drained by the Santyam and Mackenzie's Rivers.
miles N. of Catania. Pop. 2450.                          The soil along the valleys of the streams is very fertile.
LINGULA. See LAIGUEGLIA.                               Pop. 994,                                  1
1055




LIN                                                         LIP
LINN, a post-office of Onondaga co,, New York.           extensive than the city itself; many fine churches, a land.
LINN, a village of Greenup co., Kentucky, about 120  hans, formerly a Franciscan convent, and an old castle, once
miles E.N.E. of Frankfort, has 2 churches and 2 tanneries,  the residence of the Dukes of Austria, but now a prison and
LINN, a post-village and township, capital of Osage co., penitentiary for tile province; and some large barracks, a
Missouri, on the road from St. Louis to Jefferson city, 22  custom-house, bank, theatre, &c. In the principal square
miles E. of the latter. Pop. of the township, 1213.        is a marble column, erected in 1723, between statues of
LINN, a township of Walworth co., Wisconsin. Pop. 630. Jupiter and Neptune, to commemorate the escape of the city
LINN CITY, a post-village of WVashington co., Oregon, on  from the double attack of the plague and the Turks. Its
the left bank of the Willamette River, 1 mile below the  institutions comprise a gymnasium  and lyceum, with a
mouth of Tualatin River, and immediately opposite to Oregon  library of 25,000 volumes; an asylum  for deaf mutes, ard
city. It contains several mills.                            other hospitals. The principal manufactures are of cotton
LININEUS, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, about and silk goods, leather, gold lace, cards, tobacco, and carpets.
10 miles S.W. of Hioulton. Pop. 561.                        Its transit trade by the Danube is very considerable; and it
LINNEUS, a post-village, capital of Linn co., Missouri, communicates by railways with Budweis in Bohemia, and
116 miles N.W. of Jefferson city,                           with Gmtinden on the Traun. Some Roman antiquities
LINN FLATT, a post-office of Nacogdoches co., Texas.      have been discovered here.
LINN GROVE, a post-office of Adams co., Indiana.            LINTZ  or LINZ, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles
LINNIIE, LOCH, loK lin/nee, a large inlet of the sea, on the  N.N.W. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2330.
W. coast of Scotland, between the counties of Argyle and In-    LINTZ-GREEN, a township of England, co. of Durham.
verness, joining Loch EiL onthe N. Length 20 miles, breadth    LINIVILLE GROVE, a village of Madison co., Missouri.
8 miles. Its branches are Lochs Etive, Creran, and Leven.    LIN/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
LINNICII, lintniK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles    LINWOOD. a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 31 miles
N.N.E. of Aix-laChapelle, on the Ruhr. Pop. 1520.  The  W. of Paisley. Pop. 1126, mostly employed in a cotton
military order of St. Hubert was instituted here in 1444.    factory.
LINNIVILLE. a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 37 miles   LINWOOD, a small village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania.
E. of Columbus.                                               LINWOOD, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas.
LINNVILLE, a village in Jefferson Co., Missouri, on Big    LINZ. See LINTZ.
River, 40 miles S.W. of St. Louis.                            LION  D'ANGERS, LE, Ieh le-NG! dONoszhA, a market.
LINNVILLE RIVER, of Burke co., North Carolina, flows  town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Oudon,
into the Catawba.                                           13 miles N.N.W. ofAngers. Pop. in 1852, 2760.
LINNVILLE RIVER, a post-office of Burke co., North    LIONFORTE, a town of Sicily. See LEONFORTE.
Carolina.                                                     LIONVILLE, a post-villageof Uwchlan township, Chester
LINOSA, le-no's&, (anc. dZtjusa,) a small island of the Medi- co., Pennsylvania, 31 miles VW. by N. of Philadelphia.
terranean, 100 miles S.W. of Sicily, and 85 miles W. of Malta.    LIOUBIM.  See LYooBIn.
It is of volcanic formation, and uninhabited.                 LIOUTSIN.  See LYooTsIN.
LINSELLES, ltNQs'Sll/, a town of France, department of    LIPAN  (le-panf) INDIANS, a large and warlike tribe in
Nord, 6 miles N. of Lille.  Pop. 1351.                      the W. part of Texas and E. part of Mexico.
LINSENHOFEN, lin/sen-ho'fen, a village of Wiirtemberg,    LIPARI, lip/a-re or leepA-re, (anc. Lipoara,) an island in
circle of Schwarzwald, on the Steinach. Pop. 1115.          the Mediterranean, about 25 miles N. of Sicily. Lat. 380 303
LINISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              N., Ion. 140 55' E. It is the largest and most central island
LINSTEAD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.  of the Lipari group, being 18 miles in circuit, and produces
LINSTEAD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. large quantities of grapes, figs, olives, and some corn. It is
LlNTAO, an island of China. See LANTAO.                   the great magazine for pumice-stone, sent hence to all parts
LIN-TCHIN or LIN-TCIN. See LIN-'SING.                     of the world; and sulphur, nitre, sal-ammoniac, soda, capers,
LINTH, lint, a river of Switzerland, canton of Glarus, and fish are important articles of export.
enters Lake Wallenstadt, after a N. course of about 26 miles.   LIPARI, a town on the E. coast of the above island, on a
The LINTT  CANAL, 9 miles long, connects Lakes Wallenstadt steep acclivity, and tolerably well built. The most conspiand Zurich.                                                 cuous object is the castle, built by Charles V., which crowns
LINI/THWAITE, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West  a vast volcanic mass overhanging the town, and contains
Riding.                                                     several public edifices within its enclosure; the principal of 
LINTIN. lin'teent, an island of China, in the Canton River, which is the cathedral. Lipari likewise possesses a college,
about 18 miles N.E. of Macao, and 9 miles N. of Lantao, with  episccpal palace, several convents, and an hospital. The bay
a remarkable conical peak.                                  immediately beneath the town, is about 2 miles in circuit,
LIN/TON, amarket-town and parish ofEngland, co. and 10  and has good anchorage; but the shelter, from want of a
miles S.E. of Cambridge. Pop. 1838. Barham  Hall, in this  mole, is very insecure. A considerable trade, however, is
parish, was built from the remains of a priory founded in 1292. carried on in the different products of the island. Lipari is the
LINTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                capital of the whole group, and the see of a bishop. P. 12,500.
LINTON, a parish of England, co. of Ilereford.              LIPARI ISLANDS, (anc.. Eollirc  or ]ulcanice silsulce,) a
LINTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 group of volcanic islands in the Mediterranean, named from
LINTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.  LIPARI the principal island, between lat. 350 20' and 380 555
LINTON, a township of England, co. of Hereford.           N., and Ion. 140 15' and 150 15' E., from 15 to 30 miles from
LINTON  oN OUSE, a township of England, co. of York, the N. coast of Sicily, and comprised in the intendency of
West Riding.                                                Messina. Aggregate population about 22,000, of whom 14,000
LINTON, a parish and village of Scotland, co. and 10 miles are in the Island of Lipari. The 7 principalislands are LipaN.W. of Peebles, bounded by the co. of Edinburgh. Pop. ri, Vulcano, Stromboli, Salini, Panaria, Felicudi, and Alicudi.
1515, partly employed in cotton manufactures. The village  All are mountainous, and volcanic, Strombol having an
is a burgh of regality under the Earl of MLarch.            active volcano. Climate healthy, and soil highly fertile
LINTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxbiirgh.           where duly irrigated by water carefully preserved in cisterns.
LINTON, (EAST,) a village of Scotland, co. and 5-1 miles E.   LIPAU, lee/p6w, LIPPAU, lip/p6w, or LIPOW, lee/pov, a
of Haddington, on the Tyne, with a station on the North  market-town of Austria, Mloravia, about 12 miles from
British Railway. Pop. 775.                                  Ilradisch, on the Wieliczka.  Pop. 1059.
LINTON, a post-office of Oglethorpe co.; Georgia.           LIPCSE  NEMETH, liptch' nA'mlt/,  or DEUTSCHLINTON, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1590.  LYPTSCH, doitch liptch, a market-town of Hungary, Hither
LINTON, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Indiana, Danube, co. of Liptau, 21 miles N.N.W. of Bries, originally
88 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.                              founded by German colonists. Pop. 3216.
LINTON, a township in Vigo co., Indiana. Pop. 972.          LIPCSE, liptchAx, or LIPCSA, lip/cha', a village of hungary,
LINTON, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa, 21 miles co. of Marmaros, on the Eagy-Ag, 31 miles N.W. of Szigeth.
N. by W. of Burlington.                                     Pop. 1042.
LINTRA/THEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of  orfar.           LIPES or LIPEZ, lee/pls, a town of Bolivia, department
LIN-TSING, lin'tsing/, LIN-TCHING, or LIN-TCIIIN, lin'- and 162 miles S.W. of Potosi, capital of a province, formerly
cheent, written also LIN-TCIN, a city of China, province of  a large rich town, now much reduced.
Shan-toong, capital of a district, on the Yu-ho Canal, 70    LIPETSK or LIPETZK, le-pttskl, a town of Russia, govern.
miles W. of Tsee-nan. It is populous, and htated to be merit, and 84 miles W. of Tambov, on the Voronezh. Pop.
handsome and important as a commercial city. It has some  6500. It has manu.factures of woollen cloths, and well-fremosques, several temples, one with a colossal gold idol, and  quented mineral baths.
an octagon tower of nine stories.                             LIPNICZA, ALSO LrPNICZA, 5l1sha/ lip'nit/sWh', and FELs6LINTTHAL, lint/talx, a village of Switzerland, canton and  LroNiczA, fPl'shb/ lip'nit/s6h, two villages of North IHungary,
9 miles S.S.W. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 1617..         co. of Arva, 44 miles N.W. of Kesmark, on the Schwatz.
LINTZ or LINZ, lints,.(anc. Len/tia or Len/tiumn,) afortified  Pop. of the former 3403; of the latter 1514.
city, capital of Upper Austria, on the Danube, here crossed    LIPNIK, lip/nik', or LEIPNIK, ltp/nik, a village of Hunby a wooden bridge 280 yards in length, 98 miles W.S.W.  gary, HIither Theiss, 36 miles from Leutschau.  Pop. 1428.
of Vienna. Lat. 480 19' N., ion. 140 17/ E. Pop. 31,000.   LIPNITZ, GROSS, groce lip/nits, a market-town of Bohe,
It is fortified in a remarkable manner, by a circle of 32  mia, circle and 24 miles S. of Czaslanu. Pop. 1355.
detached forts, 23 on the S., and 9 on the N. bank of the    LIPNO, lip/no, a town of Poland, province and 32 miles
Danube. It is handsomely built, and has 3 suburbs, more  N.W. of Plock, on the Niemen. Pop. 3600.
1056




LIP                                                        LIS
LIPOVETZ, le-po-v4ts?, (Polish Lipowiec, le-poeve-fts,) a  Cloth streets extend about half a mile N. and S.; having, at
frontier town of Russia, government and 102 miles S.W. of  their S. extremity, the Praga do Commercio, a large and
Kiev. Pop. 3100.                                            handsome square, surrounded on three sides by the Naval
LIPPA, lip/p6h', amarket-town of South-EasternlHungary, Arsenal, the Exchange, Custom-house, India-house, and
co. of Temes, on the Maros, 30 miles N.E. of Temesvar. Pop. other public buildings, and having the Tagus on the S.,
7937, mostly employed in agriculture and in cattle breeding. with an equestrian statue of Joseph I., in bronze, in the
LIPPA, liplpi, a village of Illyria, Istria, 29 miles S.E. centre. At the N. extremity of these streets are the Prala
of Triest.                                                  de Figueira, a square of a remarkably picturesque appearLIPPE, liptpeh, a river of Germany, rises in the S.W. of  ance, used as a public market; and a handsome square,
the principality ofLippe-Detmold, 3 miles N.E. of Lippspring, called the Rocio, containing a magnificent national theatre,
flows mostly W. through Prussian Westphalia and Rhenish  recently erected on the site of the former Inquisition. The
Prussia, and joins the Rhine at Wesel, after a course of 110  only other open spaces and squares worthy of particular
miles.                                                      notice are the Passelo Publico, or promenade, which, alLIPPE-DETMOLD, lipfpeh dltfmolt, a principality of N.W. though small, is elegantly laid out; the fine shady avenue
Germany, the chief part of which is comprised between  called the Salitre; the Praga das Amoriras, containing a
Prussian Westphalia, Hanover, and the principality of Pyr- large reservoir for supplying the different fountains of the
mont. Capital, Detmold. Area 438 square miles. Pop. in  city with water, and Praqa de Algeria, in which a sort of
1852, 106,615.  Surface hilly, partly covered by the Teuto- rag fair is held. The W. quarter, built along the slope of
burger-Wald, (anc. Satus TIeutoburgenlsis,) where Arminius  the W. hill, is airy and pleasant, and contains numerous
exterminated the legions of Varus. TheEms andthe Lippe  respectable dwellings, chiefly occupied by foreigners, with
have their sources here. Some portions are remarkably  vineyards and gardens well stocked with olive, orange, and
fertile. Mineral products, salt, lime, iron, and marble. Chief  other trees.
towns, Detmold, Lemgo, Horn, and in the detached bailiwick    Excepting the Castle of St. George, remarkable for the
of Lipperode, a portion of Lippstadt. But by treaty of May, beauty of its situation, the only other note-worthy build1850, this was given to Prussia, for a yearly rent of 9000  ings besides those already adverted to, are churches and
thalers, (13501.) Since 1836, the government has been con- convents. The principal of the former are the Cathedral or
stitutional, the diet meeting once in two years; contingent patriarchal church, on the slope of the Castle-hill; the
to the federal army, 731 men.                               church do Coragao do Jesus, on the hill of Estrella; the
LIPPEHNE, lip-pa/neh, a town of Prussia, province of  church of the Martyrs, erected on the spot where Alphonso
Rrandenburg, 48 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort.  Pop. 2750.      I. mounted the walls of the city, and rescued it from  the
LIPPE-SCHAUMBURG or LIPPE-SCHIAUENBURG.  See  Moors; the handsome church of Santa Engragia, and the
SCHAUMBURG-LPrPE.                                          church of San Roque.  The numerous convents whichl
LIPPSPRING, liplspaing, a town of Prussian Westphalia, crown the hills, and appear like palaces and fortresses, are
35 miles S.S.W. of Minden, near the source of the Lippe. for the most part massive and imposing structures. The
Pop. 1521.                                                  palace of Necessidades, in which the meetings of the Cortes
LIPPSTADT, liptstatt, a fortified town of Prussian West-  are held, has a respectable appearance; and the theatre  of
phalia, 23 miles N.N.E. of Arnsberg, on the Lippe. Pop. San Carlos, or Italian Opera-house, is a large and handsome
4335. It is enclosed by walls, and is regularly and well edifice. But unquestionably the most remarkable specimen
built. Its inhabitants are mostly employed in manufac- of architecture of which Lisbon can boast, and one of the
tures of woollen cloth, linen, starch, leather, and iron wares.  greatest works of the kind either in ancient or in modern
Prior to May, 1850, a portion belonged to Lippe-Detmold.    times, is the aqueduct which conveys water to the city, from
LIPSK, leepsk, a town of Russian Poland, on the Bober, springs rising near the village of Bellas, about 10- miles
22 miles.W. of Grodno. Pop. 950.                            distant. It is partly conducted under ground, but on apLIPSK, a town of Russia, government of Grodno, 42 miles preaching Lisbon it crosses a deep valley, which is spanned
S.E. of Slonim. Pop. 1000.                                  for nearly 2500 feet by a bridge of 30 arches, the loftiest of
LIPSO, lipfso, (anc. Lepfsia,) a small island off the coast which is 240 feet high, and 110 feet wide.
of Asia Minor, 6 miles S.E. of Patmos.                        The scientific and literary institutions comprise the Royal
LIPTAU, liplt6w, a county of Hungary, forming the upper  Academy of Sciences, founded in the latter part of last cenpart of the valley of the Waag, bounded N. by Galicia and  tury; College of the Nobles; Royal Marine Academy, or
the county of Arva. Area 890 square miles. Capital, Szent- school of navigation and ship-building, with its observatory;
Miklos. Pop. 79,753.                                        Royal Acadmy of Artillery and Engineers, Royal Military
LIPTHAL or LIPTAL, lipltel, a village of Austria, Mora- College, School of Music, National Library, in PraSa do Cornvia, circle and N. of Hradisch. Pop. 1470.                  mercio, containing about 150,000 volumes, and that of the
LIPTOD, lip'todl, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, Cortes in the Necessidades, of about 30,000 volumes; the
4 miles from Mohacs. Pop. 1019.                             Royal Schools of Vicente de Fora, for instruction in philoLIQUENTIA. See LIvENZA.                                   sophy, geometry, physics, and the ancient languages; Royal
LIRf,, leersf, a village of France, department of Maine-et- School of Drawing and Civil Architecture, and numerous
Loire, 12 miles N.W. of Beaupreau. Pop. in 1852, 2220.      primary or elementary schools. The buildings belonging
LIRIA, leefre-A, (anc. IEdeta or Lausrona,?) a townof Spain, to some of these institutions are spacious. The places approprovince and 18 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 8524. It has  priated to public amusement are very few, consisting of the
a handsome modern church, and manufactures of linens, Italian opera-house, the new national theatre, and an erecsoap, and earthenware.                                      tion for the exhibition of bull-fights.
LIRIS. See GARIGLIANo.                                      Lisbon is admirably situated for commerce. The harbor, or
LISBON, lizrbon, (Port. and Sp. Lisboa, liz-bol& or lees-bot.  rather the roadstead, is one of the finest in the world; and
Fr. Lisbonne. lees'bonnt, It. Lisabona, le-sl-boln&, Ger. Lissa- the quays, which extend between 2 and 3 miles along the
ben, listsg-bon, anc. Olisfipo,) a city of Western Europe, capital bank of the river, are elegant and commodious. The entrance
of the kihgdom of Portugal, and of the province of Estrema- of the Tagus is guarded by Fort St. Julian, on the N., with a
dura, on the right bank of the Tagus, near its mouth in the  lighthouse 120 feet above sea-level; and Fort Bugio, having
Atlantic Ocean. Lat, of observatory, 380 42' 4" N., lon. 90 8/ a lighthouse 66 feet high, stands near the S. bank. Farther
2"T W. Castle battery 373 feet above the sea. Pop. in 1845, up the river, and forming a W. suburb to Lisbon, a short
280,000. Mean temperature of year, 610.3; winter, 520.4; distance beyond the Alcantara, stands the town of Belem,
summer, 700.9. Climate healthy, but variable; exposed to  with its well-known Tower, one of the defences of the barheavy rains and cold winds in winter. It is built on a suc- bor. There are two channels by which the river may be
cession of hills, rising more or less abruptly from the quays  entered, one on the S., with a minimum depth on the bar
in the form of an amphitheatre, and exhibits a great variety  of 6 fathoms; and another, on the N., with a minimum
ofchurches, convents, and houses, which have an imposing  depth of 4 fathoms. Within the roadstead the water is
effect when viewed from the river. The length of the city  about 20 fathoms in mid-channel, but gradually shoals
in a straight line, is about 3' miles; while the breadth, towards the edge. The commerce of Lisbon, which was
from  S. to N., or from  the Tagus inland, is from 1 to 14  formerly very extensive, has greatly fallen off since the
miles. The whole of this space, however, is not densely  separation of Brazil from  the crown of Portugal.  The
covered with buildings; considerable portions of it being  exports consist chiefly of wine, oil, fruit, and salt; and the
occupied by gardens, ruins, andt the naked declivities of the  principal imports are hemp, flax, corn, silk, linen, cotton,
hills. The favorable impression which a distant view of  and woollen cloths, iron, steel, hardware, dried fish, ale,
the city is fitted to produce, is destroyed bya nearer cur- porter, and coals. In 1843, the total exports amounted to
vey. The streets in general, and more especially in the E., ~398,840; and the imports to ~.1,544,760.  The domestic
which is the oldest portion of the city, are steep, narrow, manufactures are silk, paper, and soap, all of very bad
crooked, wretchedly paved, and disgustingly filthy; anddthe  quality; there are also sugar refineries and potteries. The
houses, with the exception of a neat and substantial build- goldsmiths and jewellers are highly esteemed; but inmost
ing here and there, are old-fashioned and mean. That part of the mechanical trades, the workmen are very deficient.
of the town, however, which has been rebuilt since the great   Lisbon was anciently called Olisipo or Ulysipo, some say on
earthquake in 1755, and which is situated in the valley be- account of its foundation being ascribed to Ulysses. Felicitac
tween Castle-hill, on the E., and the hills of San Francisco  Julia was its name under the Romans. It was captured by
and Do Carme, on the W., consists of several parallel streets, the Moors in 716, and remained in their possession till 1145
crossed by others at right angles, and is regular, well-built,  In 1755, it was visited by-an earthquake, which threw down
and kept at least decently clean. Of these, Gold, Silver, and  a considerable portion of the city, and destroyed about 60,000
8 R                                                                          1031




LIS                                                        LIS
of itq Inhabitants.  From this calamity, traces of which are  of Bohemia, about 20 miles from Kiiniggriitz, on the Wild
still visible, it has never thoroughly recovered. It was taken  Adler. Pop. 1139.
by the French in 1807; but resisted an attack by Massena in    LISCIA, lee/shl, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo1809. The population is very mixed, containing natives from  Citra, 12 miles S.W. of 11 Vasto. Pop. 1238.
every province of Portugal, numerous negroes, mulattoes,   LIISHA'S KILL, a post-oifice of Albany co., New York.
and Gallegos, or natives of Galicia, who perform the greater   LISIANKA, le-se-,nlkA, a market-town of Russia, governpart of the heavy laborious work, and are water-carriers ment and 80 miles S.SE. of Kiev, with mineral baths. Pop;
and household servants, noted for their honesty and  2500.
fidelity.                                                    LISIANSKY, le-se-mnfskee, a small low coral island of the
LISIBON, a post-township of Androscoggin co., Maine, on  Pacific Ocean; lat. 260 3' N., Ion. 1730 42' VW.
the left bank of the Androscoggin River, at the junction of    LISIEUX, lee'ze-uhl, (anc. Neomeagus or Lexosvium,,)a town
Lebatis River, and on the railroad in progress from Lewiston  of France, department of Calvados, on the Touques, 27 miles
to Topsham, 26 miles N.N.E. of Portland. The Lebatis affords  E.S.E. of Caen.  It is beautifully situated between two
water-power, considered equal to the best in the state, and  gorges, forming the entrance into a rich and fertile valley,
employed in driving a woollen factory and numerous esta, andis surrounded by villasand gardens. The houses, though
blishments for the manufacture of various kinds of lumber. lofty, are of wood, and have generally a decayed, gloomy
The Androscoggin is here crossed by a toll-bridge. The  look; while the streets are mostly narrow and winding.
township contains 3 villages. Pop. 1945.                   It has a cathedral, a fine Gothic edifice of the 12th century;
LISBON, a post-village and township of Grafton co., New  an episcopal palace, a handsome structure; and a theatre.
Hampshire, on both sides of theLower Ammonoosuck, about The manufactures are muslin, broadcloth, flannel, mole81 miles N. by W. of Concord. It hasmanufactures of starch, skins, hair-cloth, ribbons, and Weaving-combs. There are
pearl-ashes, &c. Pop. 1881.                                also worsted and cotton, paper and fulling mills, bleachLISBON, a post-village and township of New London co., fields, dye-works, and tanneries; and a trade in corn, fruit,
Connecticut,about 20 miles N. by E. of New London, on the  cider, hemp, flax, cattle, &c. Lisieux is the seat of courts
Norwich and Worcester Railroad. It has manufactures of  of first resort and commerce, a consulting chamber of manncotton machinery, cotton goods, flannels, &c. Pop. 937.   factures, a small seminary, and a communal college. It was
LISBON, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New York, taken and almost completely destroyed in the 4th century
on the St. Lawrence River, with a station on the Northern  by the Saxons, who employed the materials of the old in
Railroad, 9 miles E. of Ogdensburg. An act was passed  founding a new town. Four centuries after, it was taken
April 6, 1850, authorizing the construction of a dam extend- and pillaged by the Normans, who afterwards kept possesing from GallopviIle in this township to Gallop Island in the  sion. In 1130, during an incursion of the Britons, it was
St. Lawrence, a distance of about 1200 feet. The fall to be  almost burned down. It was subsequently taken by Philip
obtained is estimated at from 6 to 8 feet, affording an  Augustus in 1203; by the English in 1415; by Charles VII.
hydraulic power of almost incalculable amount. This being  of France in 1448; by the Leaguers in 1571; and lastly, by
at the foot of navigation for sail-vessels on the lakes, the  Henry IV. of France, in 1588. During these events the
position is considered very favorable to the establishment Bishop of Lisieux took the title of Prince, and combined the
of a commercial as well as a manufacturing town. The temporal with the spiritual power. Pop. 11,345.
postoffices in the township are called Lisbon, Lisbon Centre,   LISKEARD, lis-kardl, or LESKEARD, a parliamentary
and Slackville. Organized in 1801. Pop. 5295.              and municipal borough town, and parish of England, co.
LISBON, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, about of Cornwall, on tbe Looe, 16 miles W.N.W. of Plymouth.
22 miles S.S.E. of Trenton.                                Pop. 3001. It is irregularly built on a rocky, uneven site;
LISBON, a post-village in IIoward co., Maryland, 40 miles has a large Gothic church, a handsome town-hall, national
N.W. of Annapolis.                                        school, literary and philosophical society, and branch bank;
LISBON, a post-village in Bedford co., Virginia, 150 miles and a traffic in the produce of the adjacent tin, copper, and
W. by S. of Richmond.                                     lead mines. It returns 1 member to the House of Commons,
LISBON, a village of Lincoln co., Georgia, on the Broad    LISKO, lislko, a town of Austrian Galicia, 8 miles S.E. of
River, 105 miles N.E. of Milledgeville.                    Sanok, on the San. Pop. 2329.
LISBON, a post-office of Claiborne parish, Louisiana.      LISKOVO, lis-kolvo, a village of Russia, government and
LISBON, a post-village of Union co.; Arkansas, 12 miles  50 miles S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod, with 4000 inhabitants,
N. of E1 Dorado.                                          and extensive horse and cattle fairs.
LISBON, a post-office of Noble co., Indians, 135 miles    LISLE, a city of France.  See LILLE.
N.N.E. of Indianapolis.                                     LISLE, leel, a market-town of France, department of DorLISBON, a thriving post-village and township in Kendall  dogne, on the Dronne, 10 miles N.W. of PWrigneux. P. 1790.
on., Illinois, situated on an extensive and fertile prairie, 51    LISLE, ille, a posttownship forming the N.W. extremity
miles S.W. of Chicago.  The village has an academy and  of Broome co., New York, 125 miles W. by S. of Albany.
several stores. Pop. about 400; of the township, 519.     Pop. 1680.
LISBON, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.                  LISLE, a post-village in Osage co., Missouri, on Osage
LISBON, a post-township in the N. part of Waukesha co., River, at the mouth of Mauvaise Creek, 12 miles S.W. by W
Wisconsin, 62 miles E. of Madison. Pop. 1036.              of Jefferson City.
LISBON CENTRE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New    LISILEE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.
York, on the Northern Railroad, 9 miles E. of Ogdensburg.   L'ISLET, lee'bl, a co. of Canada East, extending from the
There is here a large depot 100 feet by 50, at which but little  St. Lawrence on the N.W..to the state of Maine on the S.E.,
business however is done.                                  and comprising an area of 1220 square miles. Pop. 19,641.
LIS1BURN, a parliamentary borough, town, and parish   L'ISLET, a post-village of Canada East, co. of L'Islet, on
of Ireland, Ulster, counties of Down and Antrim, on the  the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 48 miles below Quebec.
Lagan, 61 miles S.S.W. of Belfast, with which town it com- It contains a Roman Catholic church, 4 or 5 stores, a carding
municates by railway. Pop. of town in 1851, 6932. It has a  and several other mills.
spacious cathedral church for the diocese of Down and    LISMORE, liz-mrn, an island off the W. coast of Scotland,
Connor, containing a monument to Jeremy Taylor, who died  co. of Argyle, at the entrance of Loch Linnhe, 7 miles N.N.W.
bishop here in1667; remains of a castle built by Lord Conway  of Oban. Area about 8000 acres. Pop. 1399. It was the
in 1610, and burnt, together with the town, in 1707; a court- ancient seat of the bishops of Argyle; has remains of their
house, an infirmary for the county of Antrim, fever hospital, castle and cathedral; the chancel of which latter is now
free school, union workhouse, linen hall, large market-house,  used as the parish church.
and assembly rooms, with thriving manufactures of linen,   LISMOREf, an episcopal city and parish of Ireland, Miunand, in the vicinity, bleach-grounds. A canal from Lake ster, counties of Waterford and Cork, 111 miles S.S.W. of
Neagh here joins the La-an, by which goods are conveyed  Dublin. Pop. of town 3007. It possesses one of the finest
to Belfast. The borough sends 1 member to the House of baronial castles in Ireland, originally founded by King
Commons, and gives the titles of Earl and Viscount to the John, and recently restored; a new cathedral, with elegant
Vaughan family.                                           interior; a large Roman Catholic chapel, grammar and other
LISBURN, a thriving post-village of Cumberland co., schools, almshouses, a union workhouse, fever hospitals,
Pennsylvlania, on Yellowbreeches Creek, 9 miles S.W. of  and court-house. There is but little trade beyond that of a
HIarrisburg.                                              salmon fishery, though a canal has been carried thence to
LISBURN, a post-village of Sampson co., North Carolina, where the Blackwater becomes navigable. Lismore wasthe
113 miles S. of ItRaleigh.                                birthplace of Boyle and of Congreve.
LISCA-BIANCA, lislka be-An'ka, an islet of the Mediter-   LISMORE-wrIr-APPIN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
ranean, Lipari group, E. of Panaria.                     including the island of Lismore, and a great extent of terri
LISCA-NERA, lis/kA nArA, an islet of the Mediterranean, tory on the adjoining mainland.
Lipari group, E. of Panaria.                                LIS'NADILLI, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh.
LISCANIOR, a village of Ireland, Munster, co. of Clare,   LISNASKEA, lis'nas-kal, a market-town of Ireland, co. of
on an inlet of the Atlantic of the same name, 41 miles W. Fermanagh, 10 miles S.E. of Enniskillen.  Pop. 915.
of Ennistymon. It is a coast-guard station.                 LISONZO, a river of Illyria. See IsoNzo.
LIS/CAtD, a township of England,. co. of Chester.        LISPITZ, listpits, or BLISKOWICE, blis-ko-seet'sA, a marLISCLIAU, lishftw, a market-town of Bohemia, 7 miles ket-town of Moravia, 16 miles N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1249.
E.N.E of Budweis. Pop. 2283.                              LISSA, lis'sd, (Slavic, Vis; L. ITssa,) an island of Dalmatia,
LISCHNICZ, lishlnitch, or LISSNITZ, lisstnits, a village  in the Adriatic, 33 miles S.W. of Spalatro. Chief products.
108




LIS                                                      LIT
wine, oil, almonds, and anchovies. The principal town, and a clock factory. Indian name, Bantdcm. Incorporated
Lissa or San Giorgio, has a good harbor. It is built pictu- in 1719. Pop. of the township, 3957.
resq nely in the form of an amphitheatre. Pop. 2800. From    LITCHFIELD, a post-township of Herkimer co., New York,
1810 to 1815 this island was held by the English, when it had  12 miles S. by E. of Utica. Pop. 1676.
a depot of English manufactures, and a population of 12,000.   LITCHFIELD, a post-village and township of Bradford co.,
LISSA, lisise, (Polish Leszno, I-shino,) a town of Prussian  Pennsylvania, 14 miles N.N.E. of Towanda. Pop. 1112.
Poland, 42 miles S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 8730, of whom    LITCHFIELD, a post-village, capital of Grayson co., Kenabout 4000 are Jews. It is mostly built of wood, but has a  tucky, 110 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
castle, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and 2 Calvinist churches,   LITCHFIELD, a post-village and township in the W. part
a synagogue, and manufacturesof woollen cloths, leather, of Medina co., Ohio, about 10 miles W.N.W. of Medinam
and tobacco, and a trade in wine. It was the original seat of Pop. 1312.
the Leczinski family, ancestors of Stanislaus, king of Poland.   LITCHFIELD, a post-village and township of Hillsdale co.,
LISSABON. See LIsBON.'                                Michigan, on the St. Joseph's River, 12 miles N.W. of HillsLISSA, NEW, noi listsA, a town of Bohemia, 21 miles N.E. dale. The village contains 3 churches, 2 stores, 2 mills, and
of Prague, with 2513 inhabitants, ahd a castle.          1 foundry. Pop. in 1853, about 500; of the township, 1362.
LISISAN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, counties of Tyrone    LITCHFIELD CORNERS, a post-office of Kennebec co.,
and Londonderry.                                         Maine.
LISSE, lislseh, a village of the Netherlands, province of    LITH, lit, a village of Holland, province of North Bra.
North Holland, 9 miles S. of Haarlem.                    bant, 9 miles N.N.E. of Bois-le-Duc, on the Meuse, here
LISSE, a village of the Netherlands, province of South  crossed by a bridge. Pop. 1279.
Holland, 16 miles S.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 1544.            LITHADA, a cape of Greece. See CAPE LITHADA.
LISSEWEGHE, lees'vaigl, a village of Belgium, province    LITHANG, lee't'hangf, or LITANG, lee'ttng/, a town of
ofWest Flanders, 6 miles N. of Bruges. Pop. 1458.         Thibet, 47 miles W. of the confines of the Chinese province
LISISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       of Sechuen; lat. 300 2' N., Ion. 990 50' E. It is built on the
LISSITZ, listsits, a market-town of Moravia, with a cas- sides of a hill rising in the midst of an extensive but almost
tle, 18 miles N.N.W. of Brtinn. Pop. 1370.                barren plain; has two large Lama monasteries, in one of
LISSONE, lis-soln, a village of Lombardy, N.W. of Mon-  which is a press for printing Boodhist books; and a brisk
za. Pop. 2827.                                           trade in gold dust, chaplets of black beads, and bowls formed
LISSONUFIFY, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of  from the roots of the vine and the box-tree. A garrison of
Roscommon.                                                Chinese soldiers is stationed here.
LISSUS. See ALussIo.                                      LITHIERLAND, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
LISITON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.               LITHfIGOW, a post-villageofDutchess co., New York, about
LISTOW/EL, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, co. of  75 miles S. by E. of Albany.
Kerry, on the Feale, 16~miles N.N.E. of Tralee. Pop. 2598. It   LITHOINIA, a village of De Kalb co., Georgia, on the
has ruins of a stately castle, formerly belonging to the Earls  Georgia Railroad, 20 miles E. of Atlanta.  Pop. 200.
of Desmond. It gives the title of Earl to the Hare family.    LITHOPIOLIS, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the
LISTRAC, lees'trAkt, a village of France, department of  road firom Columbus to Lancaster, about 18 miles S.E. of
Gironde, 20 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1803.          the former. Pop. in 1853, about 500.
LISZA, a village of Austria. See LEsZA.                   LITHUANIA, lith-u-A/ne-a, (Polish, Litwa, lit/Q; Ger.
LISZA, lisfsehb, a village of IHungary, Hither Danube, 23  Littauen, or Lithauen, lit-tSwien; Fr. Lithoanoie, lee'titl'nee,)
miles N.N.E. of Trentschin. Pop. 2523.                    an ancient territory of Europe; bounded N. by Courland,
LISZKA-OLASZI, lisskth'-o'lhslseeO, a market-town of  E. by Russia, S. by Poland, and W. by Prussia. This terriHungary, county and 22 miles S.W. of Zemplin, on the tory, which, in the 11th century, was tributary to Russia,'
Bodrog. Pop. 2556.                                        threw off the yoke in the 13th century, and became a grandLISZKOFALYA, lissfkofMl1vSh', or LISZKOYA, liskofvgh', duchy under Ringold. One of his successors, named Gedea village of Hungary, co. of Liptan, on the Waag, 2 miles min, subdued part of Russia; and another, called Jagellon,
from Rosenberg. Pop. 1423.                                by marrying the Polish Princess Hedwig, towards the end
LITAKOU, South Africa. See LATTAIC00.                   of the 14th century, became king of Poland, and thus united
LITANY, EL, A1 leelta'nee, or LIETTANI, le-I-t-I/nee, (anc. the grand-duchy to that kingdom. On the fi-st partition of
Leon/tes,) a river of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, rises near Poland in 1773, a considerable portion of Lithuania was
Baalbec, flows between Lebanon and Anti-Libanus, and  appropriated by Russia, and formed into the governments of
enters the Mediterranean, 6 miles N. of Tyre. Near its Moheelev and Vitebsk; the remainder, still united to the
mouth it is called El Kasimeeyeh, (or EI-Kasimiyeh.)      Polish monarchy, constituted six woiwods —Wilna, Troki,
LITCHIAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  Polozk or Vitebsk, Novogrodek, Brzesc, and Minsk-the first
Norfolk, 7 miles N.N.W. of Swaff ham. Pop. 846.           two forming Lithuania proper, and the other four Russian
LITCHFIELD, a town of England. See LCHFIELn.           Lithuania.  By the subsequent partitions of?Poland in
LITCIIBOROUGH, a parishof England. See LcHBOROUao. 1793 and 1795, Russia obtained as much of Lithuania as
LITCHIFIELD, a county forming the N.W. extremity of  formed the governments of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk;
Connecticut, has an area of about 900 square miles, being the  while Prussia obtained a portion which is now included in
largest county in the state. It is intersected by the Housa, the government of Gumbinnen, province of Eastern Prussia.
tonic River, by which, and the Farmington River, with their -Adj. and inhab. LITHUANIAN, lith-u-ilne-an.
tributaries, it is chiefly watered. The streams supply motive    LITIZ, lit/its, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,
power to numerous factories and mills. The surface is 8 suiles N. of Lancaster, is a Moravian settlement, with neat
uneven, and in some parts mountainous. The soil is good, and substantial buildings. It contains a female seminary,
and generally well cultivated. In 1850, the county produced  and an academy for boys. Laid out in 1757.
109,238 tons of hay, and 1,246,588 pounds of butter, greater   LITKE, lit/k/i, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, co.
quantities of each than were produced by any other county  of Neograd, 4 miles from Szakall. Pop. 855.
in the state. It abounds in iron ore, which is extensively    LITKE, FENYES, fhn'ylsh! lit/k/, a village of Hungary,
manufactured. The railroad connecting Bridgeport with  co. of Szabolcs, 2 miles from Kisvarda. Pop. 1174.
Albany traverses the county, and that extending from Derby    LITRY, a village of France. See LITTRY.
to Winsted nearly intersets it. Organized in 1651, and    LITSCHAU, lit/sh~w, a frontier town of Lower Austria,
namedfrom Lichfield or Litchfield, acityinEngland. Capital, on the Launitz, 80 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 657.
Litchfield. Pop. 45,253.                                   LITTAU, lit/t~w, (Moravian LittowZ, lit-tovleI,) a town of
LITCIHIFIELD, a post-village and township of Kennebec Moravia, with a station on the railway to Prague, 10 miles
co., Maine, 11 miles S.S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 2100.       N.W. of Olmiitz. Pop. 2280, mostly engaged in manufacLITCHFIELD, a township of Hillsborough co., New Hamp- tures of woollen cloth, muslin, and hosiery.
shire, on the left bank of the Merrimack River, about 28    LIT'TERMOREI or LET'TERMOREI. an island off the W.
miles S. by E. of Concord. Pop. 447.                     coast of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Galway, on the S. side of
LITCHFIELD, a beautiful post-village and the seat of Kilkinan Bay. It has a coast-guard station.
justice of Litchfield co., Connecticut, 31 miles W. of Hart-   LIT'TERMULILIN, an island of Ireland, county and 27
ford, and 37 miles N.W. by N. of New Haven. The village miles W. by S. of Galway, is about 1 mile long.
is situated on an elevation, surrounded by rich and varied    LITITLE BAY, a post-office of Calhoun co., Arkansas.
scenery. One of the largest lakes in the state lies in full   LITTLE BEAWVER, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylview. The principal dwellings and stores are on two streets, vania. Pop. 960.
crossing each other at right angles, at the intersection of   LITTLE BEAVER BRIDGE, a post-office of Columbiana
which is a handsome square. Besides the county buildings, co., Ohio.
it contains a Congregational and an Episcopal church, a    LITTLE BEAVER RIVER, of Columbiana co., Ohio, flows
branch of the Phoenix Bank of Hartford, and 2 newspaper into the Ohio River near the boundary between Ohio and
offices. A law school, which was established here in 1784, Pennsylvania, 14 miles below Beaver.
by the ion. Tapping Reeve, was for many years the most   LITTLE  BLACK RIVER, rises in Ripley co., lMissouri,
celebrated in the United States. After the death of its dis- and enters Current River in Randolph co., Arkansas.
tinguished founder, the school was discontinued. The out-   LITTLE BLUE RIVER, of Indiana, flows into the Blue
let of the lake furnishes an extensive hydraulic power, at River near Shelbyville.
present improved only for a paper-mill, oil-mill, and satinet   LITITLEBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Nottes.
factored. There are also in the township a puddling forge   LITTLEBOROUGI-I, a chapelry of England, co. of Lances1059




LIT                                                        LIT
ter, parish and 3- miles E.N.E. of Rochdale, at the foot of    LITTLE FLAT ROCK CREEK, Indiana, flows into the
Blackstone Edge, with a station on the Manchester and  Flat Rock, 7 miles N.W. of Greensburgh.
Leeds Railway. It was anciently a Roman station.              LITTLEFORT, Illinois. See WAUTKCGAN.
LITITLEBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            LITTLE GAP, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylvania.
LITTLE BRAZOS, a river of Texas, is a small stream          LIT/TLE GEN'ESEE!, a post-village in the S.W. part of
which extends across Robertson co., parallel with Brazos  Alleghany co., New York, 250 miles W. by S. of Albany.
River, and then enters that river a few miles W. of Boonville.   LITTLE GRANT, a post-office of Grant co., Wisconsin.
LITTLE BREWISTER ISLAND, at the N. side of the    LITTLE GREEN LAKE, in Marquette co., Wisconsin, lies
entrance to Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. It contains a  about 4 miles S. of Green Lake. It is Ig miles long, and 1
revolving light 82 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 420 mile wide. Its waters are very deep, and remarkably pure.
19' 48" N., Ion. 700 53' 30" W.                             The scenery around is exceedingly beautiful and picturesque.
LITTLE BRITlAIN, a post-office of Orange co., New York. On the N. side, for more than a mile, the shore is composed
LITTLE BRITAIN, a township of Lancaster co., Penn- of beautiful white sandstone, rising in some places like a
sylvania. Pop. 1764.                                        wall, 70 or 80 feet in height.
LITTLE BRITAIN, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn-   LITTLE GROVE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tensylvania.                                                   nessee.
LITTLE BROIKENSTRAW CREEK, of Warren co., Penn-   LITTLE GUNIPOWDER, a post-office of Baltimore co.,
sylvania, falls into Big Brokenstraw Creek.                 Maryland.
LITTLE BULL FALLS, a post-office of Marathon co.,   LITTLE GUYANDOTTE, (ghi'an-dottf,) a river in the W.
Wisconsin.                                                  part of Virginia, falls into the Ohio, after forming part of the
LITITLEBURY,  a parish of England, co. of Essex.          boundary between Mason and Cabell counties.
LITTLE BUSHIKILL CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into    LITITLERAM WITH EXMIOUTH, a parish of England, co.
Bushkill Creek in Pike co.                                  of Devon.
LIT'TLEBY, a post-office of Audrain co., Missouri.          LIT'TLEHAMPITON, a maritime town and watering place
LITTLE CAN/ADA, a post-office of Ramsay co., Minesota  of England, co. of Sussex, 18 miles W. of Brighton. RopeTerritory.                                                  making and ship-building are carried on, and there is an
LITTLE CATAWBA  RIVER, of North Carolina.  See  iron foundry. The harbor formed by the influx of the Arun
CATAwBA.                                                    into the English Channel, is defended by a fort, and is
LITTLE CHAZY RIVER, of Clinton co., New York, falls accessible to vessels of considerable burden. The trade is
into Lake Champlain.                                        principally in coals, provisions, and timber from America
LITTLECHUCKIEY, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee. and the Baltic. Pop. in 1851, 2436.
LITTLE CHUTE, (shoot,) a thriving post-village of Outo-   LITTLE ISLAND, an island and parish of Ireland, co.
gamie co., Wisconsin, on Fox River, which here affords of Cork, in the harbor, 4 miles E. of the city.
water-power, 105 miles N.N.E. of Madison.                     LITITLE HOCKHOCK/ING, a post-office of Washington
LITITLE CLEAR/FIELD CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls  co., Ohio. 
into Clearfield Creek, in the county of the same name.        LITITLE JUNIAITA Pennsylvania. See JvNIArA.
LIT/TLE CLIF/TY, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky.       LITTLE KANA.W/IA, a river of Western Virginia, rises
LITTLE COAL RIVER, in the W. part of Virginia, rises in Braxton county, passes through Gilmer, Wirt, and Wood
in Logan co. by two branches, called the Pond and Spruce  counties, and enters the Ohio at Parkersburg.  Its general
Forks, and falls into Coal River in Kanawha co.             direction is W.N.W; its length perhaps 150 miles.  The
LIT/TLE  COMP/TON, a post-township of Newport co., country through which it flows is hilly, and contains exRhode Island, on the Atlantic, 30 miles S.S.E. of Providence. tensive beds of stone-coal, and a number of salt springs.
Pop. 1462.                                                   This river is navigable only a few miles.
LITTLE COMPTON, a post-office of Carroll co., Missouri.    LITTLE LAKE, in the S.E. part of Louisiana, between the
LITTLE CREEK, a hundred in Kent co., Delaware. Pop. parishes of Jefferson and La Fourche Interior, is connected
2315.                                                       by short outlets with Barataria Bay. Length about 7 miles.
LITTLE  CREEK LAND/ING, a post-office of Kent co.,   LIT/TLE LEVIEL, a post-office of IPocahontas co., Virginia.
Delaware.                                                     LITITLE LOYIALSOCK CREEK, an affluent of Loyalsock
LITTLE CUM/BERLAND ISLAND, S. side of the entrance  Creek, in Sullivan co., Pennsylvania.
to Santilla River, Georgia. On the N. end is a fixed light    LITITLE MIAHOINEY, a township of Northumberland co.,
53 feet high. Lat. 300 58' 30" N., ion. 810 37' W.          Pennsylvania. Pop. 326.
LITTLE CUYAHOGA (kl-a-ho/ga) RIVER, Ohio, joins the    LITITLE MAHOINING CREEK, of Indiana co., Pennsylmain stream in Summit co., near Akron.                      vania, flows into Mahoning Creek.
LITTLE DAR/BY  CREEK, of Ohio, flows into Darby    LITTLE MARSH, a post-village of Tioga co., PennsylvaCreek about 14 miles S.W. of Columbus.                      nia, 110 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg.
LITTLE DETROITI, a post-village of Tazewell co., Illinois,   LITITLE MEAD/OWS, a post-office of Susquehanna co.,
on the Illinois River, 70 miles N. of Springfield.          Pennsylvania.
LITTLE EA/GLE, a post-office of Scott co., Kentucky.        LIT/TLE MIAM/I River, of Ohio, rises in the S.W. central
LITTLE EGG HAR/BOR, a township of Burlington co., part of the state, and flow4ng in a direction nearly S.W.,
New Jersey. Pop. 2020.                                      enters the Ohio River 6 miles above Cincinnati.
LITTLE EGG HAR/BOR BAY, on the S.E. coast of New    LITTLE MILL CREEK, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.
Jersey, between New Inlet and Barnegat Bay.  Length,   LITTLE MILLS, a post-office of Richmond co., North
abbut 10 miles; greatest breadth, 31 or 4 miles.            Carolina.
LITTLE EGG HARBOR RIVER, of New Jersey, is formed    LITITLE MISSOU/RI, a river of Arkansas, rises in Polk
by several small branches which unite at Pleasant Mills. county, in the W. part of the state, and flowing south-eastPursuing a south-easterly.Icourse, it forms the boundary  wardly, empties itself into Washita River, about 15 miles
between  Burlington  and  Atlantic  counties, and  flows  N. of Camden. It is noted for turbid water and rapid curthrough Great Bay into the ocean. It is navigable by sloops rent, and hence its name.
25 miles from its mouth.                                      LITTLE MISSOURI, a river of Missouri Territory, rises in
L1T/TLE ELKIHART, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana. latitude about 450 N., and flowing north-easterly, falls into
LITTLE ELKHART  CREEK, of Indiana, rises in La  the Missouri River in about 470 40/ N. lat. Length about
Grange co., and enters the St. Joseph's River at Bristol.   300 miles.
LITTLE ELM, a post-office of Denton co., Texas.             LITITLE MOUNITAIN, Pennsylvania, situated in the S.E.
LITTLE FALLS or ROCK/TON, a post-village in Rockton  part of Columbia county, S. of and parallel to Catawissa
township, Herkimer co., New York, on both sides of the  Mountain.
Mohawk River, and on the Utica and Schenectady Railroad,    LITTLE MOUNTAIN, a post-offce of Newberry district,
75 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It is situated in a narrow and  South Carolina.
romantic valley. The river falls over rocky rapids, descend-   LIT/TLE MUDIDY, a post-village of Franklin co., Illinois,
ing 42 feet in the course of three-quarters of a mile, and  140 miles S.S.E. of Springfield.
furnishing great water-power, The Erie Canal here passes    LIT/TLE MUN/CY CREEK, of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania,
by a deep cut in the solid rock, through a picturesque defile, flows into Muncy Creek a few miles above Pennsborough.
2 miles in extent. Granite rocks rise on both sides of the    LIT/TLE MUSKINGOUM  RIVER, Ohio, rises in Monroe
valley, to the height of about 500 feet. The village contains co., and falls into the Ohio about 8 miles above Marietta.
churches of 5 denominations, a bank, 2 newspaper offices,   LIT/TLE 0tBION, a river in the S.W. part of Kentucky,
and manufactories of machinery, paper, woollen goods, flour, flows S.W. through Hickman co., and enters the Mississipp.
&c. The feeder of the canal crosses the river by a handsome  a few miles above Mills Point.
aqueduct, with an arch of 70 feet span. Pop. in 1855, esti-   LITTLE OCMULGEE. See OCMUtLGEE.
mated at 4000.                                                LITTLE OGEECHEE. See OGEECHEE.
LITTLE FALLS, a post-village of Pessaic co., New Jersey,   LITTLE OSAGE!, a post-office of Bates co., Missouri.
on the Morris Canal, which' is here carried across the Passaic    LITTLE PIGEON (pijl/tn) RIVER, of East Tennessee, is
River by an aqueduct, 4 miles S.W. of Paterson. It has  formed by two forks, the East and South, which unite at
extensive water-power, with several manufactories.         Sevier Court House. After a north-westerly course of about
LITTLE FALLS, a post-office of Benton co., Minesota  8 or 10 miles, it enters French Broad River.
Territory.                                                   LITTLE PINE CREEK; a post-office of Lycoming co.,
LITT"LE FLAT, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky.       Pennsylvania.
1060




LIT                                                          LIT
LITITLE PITNEY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Missouri.     LITTLE RIVER, a post-office of Blount co., Tennessee.
LITTLE PINEY CREEK, of Pulaski co., Missouri, enters    LITTLE RIVER  HARBOR, Maine, E. of Macbias Bay
khe Gasconade from the right.             W                On the N. side is a fixed light 23' feet high. Lat. 440 33' N.,
LIT/TLE PLACENTIA, (pl-slntshe-a,) a seaport of New- ion. 670 6' W.
foundland, on a point of land projecting from the W. coast   LITTLE RIVER VILLAGE, a post-village of Androscoggin
of the peninsula formed at the S.E. extremity of the island. co., Maine, on the Androscoggin River, 30 miles S.S.W. of
Lat. 47ot8' N., lon. 530 58' W. The harbor is wellprotected, Augusta.
and has from 7 to 8 fathoms of water.                         LITTLE ROCK, a post-office of Rockingham co., North
LITITLE PLYMIOUTH, a post-village of King and Queen  Carolina.
co., Virginia, 57 miles E. of Richmond.                       LITTLE ROCK, capital of Arkansas, and seat of justice
LITITLEPOlRT, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge, with  of Pulaski co., on the right or southern bank of Arkansas
a station on the East Anglian Railway, 43 miles N.E. of Ely. River, about 300 miles from its mouth, 155 miles W. by S.
LITTLEPORT FEN, England, co. ofCambridge, comprises of Memphis, and 1065 miles WV. by S. of Washington. Lat.
about 28,000 acres, and is drained by steam-engines.        340 40' N., Ion. 830 10' W. It is situated on a rocky proLITTLE PORT, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa.         montory, or bluff, about 50 feet high, the first that occurs in
LIT/TLE PRAItRIE, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia.    ascending the ri'er, commanding a delightful and extensive
LITTLE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Catahoula parish, view of the surrounding country. The State House is a
Louisiana.                                                 fine brick edifice, rough cast. The town contains a United
LITTLE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Crawford co., Missouri. States Arsenal, the State Penitentiary, which has been once
LITTLE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Walworth co., Wis- or twice burned down by the convicts, and 6 churches, all
cousin.                                                    handsomely built of brick, namely, 1 Presbyterian, 1 EpiscoLITTLE PRAIRIE RONDE, a post-office of Cass co., palian, 1 Methodist, 1 Christian, and 2 Roman Catholic.
Michigan.                                                  Thereare 2 newspapers published here. It has also a Masonic
LIT/TLE RACOON/ CREEK, Indiana, enters the Big Ra- Hall, an Odd Fellows' Hall, and several seminaries. The
coon in Parke county.                                      United States Court for the Eastern District is held here.
LIT/TLE RAI/SIN RIVER, a small stream of Michigan, Many of the residents are planters who own estates in this
flows into the Raisin River near Dundee, in Monroe county. part of the state. Little Rock communicates regularly by
LITTLE RED RIVER, of Arkansas, rises in the N.W. steamboats with different points on the Arkansas and Mispart of the state, and, flowing south-easterly, enters the  sissippi Rivers. Good clay for brick is found in the vicinity;
White River on the E. border of White county. The length  also quarries of fines slate, and granite very like the Quincy
is estimated at 150 miles. It is navigable by steamboats  granite, but not so hard. A company has been formed by
for a few miles.                                            a number of gentlemen from Cincinnati to work the slate
LITTLE REST, a post-officeofDutchesS co., New York.    quarry, which is in the immediate vicinity. The origin of
LITTLE RIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia, is a small the name Little Rock is explained as follows: —In ascending
affluent of Goose Creek, in London county. It has been  the river there appears on the south bank, rising out of the
rendered navigable from its mouth to Aldie, by means of  water, a bald, igneous slate rock, which at low water is about
dams, which produce valuable water-power.                   25 feet above the surface, but at high water is almost hidden
LITTLE RIVER, of North Carolina, an affluent of Cape  from view. This gives name to the city, and is called by
Fear River, flows through Cumberland county, from the W. the townspeople " the Point of Rocks."  Two miles above
Upper Little River enters the Cape Fear in the N. part of  this, on the N. bank, is another rocky bluff, about 200 feet
the same county.                                            high, which is called the "Big Rock."  Pop. in 1850, 2167;
LITTLE RIVER, of North Carolina, an affluent of Yadkin  in 1853, about 3000.
River, rises in Randolph county, and enters that river near    LITTLE ROCK, a pleasant post-village and township of
the N.W. extremity of Richmond county.                      Kendall co., Illinois, 27 miles WV. by S. of Chicago. Pop. of
LITTLE RIVER, of North Carolina, a small affluent of  the township, 906.
the Neuse, rises in Wake county, and, flowing S.E., falls    LIT/TLE ROCKIFISH, a post-office of Cumberland co.,
into the Neuse at Waynesborough.                            North Carolina.
LITTLE RIVER, of Abbevilie district, South Carolina,   LITTLE ST. JOSEPH'S RIVER, of Michigan, rises in
flows southward, and enters the Savannah at the S. extre- Hillsdale co., Michigan, and passing into Ohio, enters the
mity of the district.                                       St. Joseph's River of the Maumee.
LITTLE RIVER, of South Carolina, rises in Chester dis-   LITTLE SALT CREEK, of Indiana, enters Salt Creek in
trict, and flows S. through Fairfield district, into Broad  the S.E. part of Monroe co.
River.                                                        LIT/TLE SANDUS/KY, a post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio,
LITTLE RIVER, of South Carolina, rises in Laurens dis- on the Sandusky River, 54 miles N.N.WV. of Columbus.
trict, and flows S.E. through Newberry district into Saluda    LITTLE SAN/DY, a post-office of Morgan co., Kentucky.
River.                                                        LITTLE SANDY CREEK, a small stream of Oswego co.,
LITTLE RIVER, of Georgia, an affluent of the Oconee, New York, falls into the E. end of Lake Ontario.
rises in Morgan county, and, flowing S.E., enters the latter    LITTLE  SCHUYLKILL (skoolfkil) RIVER, of Pennsylriver about 10 miles N. of Milledgeville.                   vania, enters the Schuylkill at Port Clinton.
LITTLE RIVER, of Georgia, rises in Oglethorpe county,   LIT/TLE SCIO/TO, a river of Ohio, rises in the S. part of
and enters the Savannah from the' S.W., on the line between  the state, and flows into the Ohio River, 8 miles above
Lincoln and Columbia counties.                              Portsmouth.
LITTLE RIVER, of Lowudes co., Georgia, a small stream       LITTLE SIOUX RIVER, Iowa. See INYAN YANKEY.
which flows into the Withlacoochee at Troupville.             LITTLE SKIN CREEK, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.
LITTLE RIVER, of Alabama, flows into Alabama River    LIT/TLE SOIDUS, a village of Cayuga co., New York, on a
at the S.W. extremity of Monroe county.                     bay of the same name, about 30 miles N. of Auburn.
LITTLE RIVER, of Louisiana, commences at the conflu-   LITTLE SODUS BAY, an inlet extending from the S. shore
once of the Dugdemona and Castor, at the N. extremity of  of Lake Ontario, about 3- miles into Cayuga co., New York.
Rapides parish, and flows S.E. to Catahoula Lake. After  It receives Little Sodus River.
passing through the lake it pursues a north-eastward    LIT/TLESTOWN, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylcourse, and unites with the Washita at the mouth of Tensas  vania, 42 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg, and 10 miles S.E. of
River. It is navigable by small steamboats 150 miles from   Gettysburg.  Pop. 394.
its mouth.                                                   LITITLE TALLAPOO/SA, a river of Georgia and Alabama,
LITTLE RIVER, of Texas, commences at the confluence  rises in Carroll co., and flowing S.W. into Alabama, enters
of Leon and Lampasas Rivers, in Bell county, and flows the Tallapoosa in Randolph co.
south-eastward into Brazos River, near Nashville.             LITITLE TO/BY'S CREEK, of Elk co., Pennsylvania, is an
LITTLE RIVER, of East Tennessee, rises at the base of  affluent of Clarion River.
the Smoky Mountain, in Blount co., and flowing through    LIT/TLETON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
that county in a W.N.W. direction, enters the Holston River    LITTLETON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
about 12 miles S.W. of Knoxville. It is said the stream       LITTLETON DREW, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
furnishes great motive power.                                 LITTLETON, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of SoLITTLE RIVER, in the S.W. part of Kentucky, rises near  merset.
the W. border of Todd county, and, flowing S.W. and then    LITTLETON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of WorW., enters the Cumberland River in Trigg county, about 8  cester.
miles W. of Cadiz.                                            LITTLETON PAN/NELL, a tything of England, co. of
LITTLE RIVER, of Indiana, rises in Allen county, near Wilts.
Fort Wayne, and enters the Wabash 2 miles below Hunting-    LITTLETON ON SEV/ERN, a parish of England, co. of
ton.                                                       Gloucester.
LITTLE RIVER, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia.        LITTLETON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Wor.
LITTLE RIVER, a post-office of Caldwell co., North Caro- cester.
lina.                                                        LITTLETON,WEST, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
LITTLE RIVER, a post-office of Horry district, South    LITTLETON, a post-village and township of Grafton co.,
Carolina.                                                  New  lampshire, on the Connecticut River, and on the
LITTLE RIVER, a post-village of Columbia co., Florida, Northern Railroad, about 90 miles N. by W. of Concord. The
95 miles E. by S. of Talahassee.                           township extends many miles along the Connecticut, which
1041




LIT                                                        LIV
here has a considerable descent known as the "Fifteen Mile  and a trade in rice, corn, wool, and other articles of raw proFalls," affording an extensive water-power. Littleton has duce. Pop. about 9000.
nmanufactures of scythes, iron castings, starch, leather, &c.   LIVADOSTRQ, liv-,-dosdtro, a village of Greece, at the
Pop. of the township, 2008.'                              mouth of a river in the Bay of Livadostro, 15 miles N.N.W.
LITTLETON, a post-village and township of Middlesex  of Megara.,'o., Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, 31 miles   LIVADOSTRO, BAY OF, Greece, is the N.E. terminatior,
W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 987.                                ofthe Gulf of Corinth, 14 miles in length by 9 miles in
LITTLETON, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia.        average breadth.
LITTL ETON, a post-village of Halifax co., North Carolina,   LIVAROT, lee'vAtro', a market-town of France, department
78 miles N.E. of Raleigh.                                  of Calvados, on the Vie, 10 miles S.S.W. of Lisieux. Pop.
LITTLETON, a post-office of Richmond district, South  in 1852, 1291.
Carolina.                                                    LIVEILY, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois.
LITTLETON, a post-village of Schuyler co., Illinois, 66    LIVELY, on DICO ISLAND. See GODHAlEN.
miles N.W. of Springfield.                                   LIVE/LY OAK, a post-office of Lancaster co., Virginia.
LITTLE'TON DEPOT, deefpo, a small village of Warren    LIVENZA, le-vyn/zA, (ane. Liquen/tia,) a river of Austrian
co., North Carolina.                                       Italy; after a course of about 70 miles, enters the Adriatic
LITTLETON ISLAND, on the coast of Greenland, in lat.  28 miles N.E. of Venice. It communicates by a canal with
780 20'. the highest point reached by Capt. Inglefield in 1852.  the Piayve.
LITTLETOWN, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, 5    LIVE OAK, a post-office of Ascension parish, Louisiana.
miles N. of Morristown.                                      LIVE OAK, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas.
LIT1TLE TRAV/ERSE BAY, of Lake Michigan, extends    LIVIERMERE, GREAT, a parish of England, co. Suffolk.
into Kishkawkee co., near the N. end of the lake.            LIVERMERE, LITTLE, a parish of'ngland, co. of 8ufLIT/TLE UITICA, a post-office of Onondaga co.. New York. folk.
LITITLE VALILEY, a post-village ard township of Catta.   LIVIERMORE, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on
raugus co., New York, near the junction of a creek of its  the Androscoggin, about 24 miles W. by N. of Augusta.
own name with the Alleghany River, and on the New York  Pop. 1764.
and Erie Railroad, 431 miles from New York City. P. 1383.   LIVERMORE, a post-village of Westmoreland co., PennLITTLE VALLEY, a village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 160  sylvania, on the Conemaugh Creek and Pennsylvania Canal,
miles W.N.W. of Chicago,                                  18 miles N.E. of Greensburg.
LIT/TLEVILLE, a village in the N. part of Livingston    LIVERMORE, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.
co., New York.                                              LIY/ERtMORE CEN/TRE, a post-village of Oxford co.,
LLTTLE WABASH, (wA/bash,) a river in the S.E. part of  Maine, 24 miles W. by N. of Augusta.
Illinois, rises near Paradise, in Coles co., and flowing south-   LIVERMORE FALLS, a post-village  of Kennebec co.,
erly, falls into the Wabash River, 10 miles from its mouth.   Maine, at the northern terminus of the Androscoggin RailLITTLE WALtNUT CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Sciota  road, and on the left bank of the Androscoggin River, about
River in Pickaway co.                                     22 miles W. by N. of Augusta.
LIT/TLE WAR'AJU/, a river of Minnesota Territory, falls    LIV/ERPOOL, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
into the St. Peter's River S. of Marah Tanka Lake; length  and, next to London, the principal seaport of England, co.
about 70 miles.                                           of Lancaster, on the E. bank of the Mersey estuary, about
LIT/TLE WAR'RIOR, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama. 4 miles from the Irish Sea, 31 miles W.S.W. of Manchester,
LITTLE WATTS ISLAND, Chesapeake Bay, E. side, at the and 210k miles N.W. of London. Lat. of St. Paul's Church,
western extremity of Pocomoke Bay. On it is a fixed light, 53" 24' 6" N., ion. 20 59' 5" W. It is built partly on fiat
40 feet high.                                             ground along the margin of the river, and partly on a genLITTLE WOODS, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.      tie acclivity. Its utmost length, from N. to S., is upwards
LITTLE YADKIN. See YADKIN RIVER.'                     of 44 miles. Greatest breadth, E. to W., rather more than
LITTLE YORK, a post-office of Cortland co., New York.   2k miles. The principal streets diverge more or less directly
LITTLE YORK, a village in Fowler township, St. Law-  from a central area, in which stand St. George's fIall and
rence co., New York, about 30 miles S. of Ogdensburg.     St. John's Church. In the older parts of the town the
LITTLE  YORK, a post-office of Hunterdon co., New  streets are narrow, and ill built; but in tlhe more modern
Jersey.                                                    portions, particularly in the E., they are wide, airy, and
LITTLE YORK, a post-village of Montgomery Co., Ohio, well paved. Here also are handsome squares and crescents,
70 miles W.S.W. of Columbus.                               lined with elegant mansions, chiefly of brick, roofed with
LITTLE YORK, a post-office of Washington co., Indiana.  slate.
LITTLE YORK, a post-village of Warren co., Illinois, 110    The most important public buildings are the Town-hall,
miles N.W. by N. of Springfield.                           Exchange Buildings, Revenue Buildings, and St. George's
LITTILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge, Hall. The Town-hall is an elegant Grecian structure, which
3 miles W.N.W. of Royston. At " Heaven's Walls," in this  was founded in 1749; a handsome dome, supported by Coparish, was a Roman cemetery.                              rinthian pillars, and surrounded by an open gallery, rises
LITTLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         from the centre of the building; within are a saloon, drawLITTMANOVA, lit'mi'no/vbh', or LITMANOW, lit'ma- uing-rooms, ball-rooms, banqueting-room, and refectory, all
nov/, a village of Hungary, Hither Theiss, 46 miles from  splendidly furnished, forming, probably, the finest suite of
Leutschau. Pop. 1185.                                      entertaining-rooms in the kingdom. The Exchange Build
LIT/'ON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          ings form three sides of the square, of which the Town-hall'LITTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby.              constitutes the fourth; it has three interior fagades; an
LIT/TON CHE/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   arcaded basement, with a walk of 15 feet in width, extends
LITTORALE or LITORALE, lit-to-rlIA, HUNGARIAN, along each of the fagades, and is susmounted by a range
(Ger. Kiestenlandl, kiisten-lnt', i.e. "coast-land;" — Littorale, of Corinthian pilasters, supporting a handsome cornice and
in Latin or Italian, signifies the region "of the shore or balustrade; in the E. wing of the building is a spacious
coast,") a district extending along the Adriatic, between  news-room. The Revenue Buildings, which comprise the
Illyria and Military Croatia, for about 20 miles in length, by  Office of Inland Revenue, the Offices of the Commissioners
a breadth of 10 miles. See HuNGARY.                        of the Docks, ani Post-office, cover an area of 6700 square
LITTRY, leet'treeW, or LITRY, a market-town of France, yards, and have an extreme length of 467 feet, with a total
department of Calvados, 9 miles W.S.W. of Bayeux. Pop. height of 67 feet; lofty porticoes, each supported by 8 Ionic
2482. In its vicinity is an extensive coal basin.          columns, adorn the centre, and E. and W. fronts; the centre
LITVINOVITCII or LITVINOVITSHI, lit-vin-o-vitchlee, of the building is surmounted by a dome. St. George's Hall,
a market-town of Russia, government and 55 miles S.E. of  which comprises also the Assize Courts, is a sumptuous
Moheelev. Pop. 1700.                                       building in the Corinthian style; the E. fagade, or the longer
LIT/WALTON, a post-office of Lancaster co., Virginia.    side of the building, is 420 feet long; the advanced colonnade
LITYN, lee/tin, or LITINSK, le-tinskt, a town of Russian  in the centre is 200 feet in length, and, being recessed, forms
Poland, government of Podolia, 65 miles N.E. of Kamieniec. within an ample sheltered ambulatory 26 feet in depth. The
Pop. 3500.                                                 N. portion of the plan forms a corncert-room, capable of acLIUSNE, a river of Sweden. See LJusNE.                   commodating 1200 auditors, making the entire extent, from
LIU-TOHOU. See Loo CHoo.                                 N. to S., 500 feet. The other structures, exclusive of the
LIVADIA or LIBADIA, liv-[-Dee/a, a division of Greece, churches, deserving of notice, are the Royal Bank buildings,
corresponding nearly to the ancient divisions of Acarnania, the North and South Wales Banks, the Stations of the LonDoris, Locris, Boeotia, and Attica; and including the modern  don and North Western, and the East Lancashire, and Lanneaes of Attica and Boeotia, Phocis and Phthiotes, and Acar- cashire and Yorkshire Railways, Liverpool Apothecaries'
nania and lEtolia; in this division is also usually included  Hall, Adelphi Hotel, Infirmary, Collegiate Institution. Philthe insular name of Eubcea, or Negropont. Pop. in 1851, harmonic Hall, and Lyceum. The Theatre and Anmphithe332,629.                                                  atre are also both respectable structures.
LIVADIA or LIBADIA, liv-l-Dee/q, (anc. Lebadela,) a town    Few towns are so well supplied with market-places as
of Greece, (capital of the above) on the Hercyna, 52 miles Liverpool, tlhere being about a dozen in various localities;
N.W. of Athens. It is defended by a castle, and, before the  several of them are spacious, airy, covered structures-that
revolution, is said to have been the most flourishing town  of St. John's, above 200 yards long, by 45 yards wide, being
in Northern Greece. It has manufactures of cotton goods, specially worthy of mention; they are probably better sull
1062




LIV                                                             LIV
plied with all kinds of provisions than any other markets  foreign commerce, Liverpool is now  the first port in the
in the kingdom, There are altogether 45 churches and 35  world. In 1853, the foreign exports amounted to 47,152,1941.
chapels in Liverpool, besides numerous other places of wor- sterling, or considerably more than one-half of the total
ship; the former comprising 2 churches belonging to the  value of the exports of the three kingdoms for that year,
Scotch Establishment, 3 to the Free Church, 1 to the United  and more than twice that of London, (22,991,082Z.;) the
Presbyterian Church of Scotland, 1 Irish Presbyterian, and  total value of exports from  all the other ports in Great
a Church of the Holy Apostles. The chapels include 5 Wes- Biritain and Ireland, in 1853, was only 44,397,1941. During
leyan, 2 Wesleyan Association, 5 Independent, 3 Methodist, the five years ending with 1850, the increase of the exports
8 Roman Catholic, 4 Baptist, 3 Unitarian, 1 Friend's meeting- of Liverpool was from 26,000,0001. to nearly 35,000,0001., while
house, 2 Jews' synagogues, 1 Sandemanian, 1 floating chapel, that of London was from  about 11,000,0001. to rather more
and 1 New Jerusalem; and to almost every place of worship  than 14,000,0001. In 1851, the total value of exports amounted
a school is attached. Many of the churches and chapels  to 37,918,6401., and in 1852 to 38,469,501S.
are exceedingly handsome buildings.  Among the most    The quantity of foreign and colonial produce imported
remarkable for their architectural beauty are St. Francis into London, in 1850, was 1,374,947 tons; into Liverpool,
Xavier's and St. Mary's Roman Catholic churches, the. 1,384,353; into Hull, 639,823. The value of the foreign and
church for the blind, St. Luke's, Great George Street chapel, colonial produce imported into London that year was about
St. George's Presbyterian church, Baptist chapel, St. An- 43,183,8211.; of that imported into Liverpool, 37,404,4001.
drew's Scotch church, St. George's, St. Catherine's, St. Mi- The value of the principal articles imported into the latter,
~ chael's. St. Martin's, and the Hope Street Unitarian chapel. was,
Liverpool is remarkable for the number of its charitable
and benevolent institutions, and for the suitableness of the    Cotton.... ~15,710,800   Sheeps' wool...~1,880,000
buildings devoted to these purposes; there being no fewer    Grain and flour.. 5,198,796   Tea.....    1,831,000oo
nSugar.....   2,485,000  H~emp.....                 770,640
than 15 or 16 different establishments of one kind or another   Tobacco r..  3,388,000   Timber......        75,64000
for the alleviation of distress, besides three or four charity
schools. The principal are the Infirmary, Fever Hospital,    The cotton trade of Liverpool, as will be seen from  the
Lunatic Asylum, Lock Hospital, and 3 extensive public  foregoing  statement, forms one of the  most important
bathing establishments, erected by the Corporation, one of  branches of its general commerce. In 1851, the total imports
which is amply supplied with filtered salt-water, and the  of that article amounted to 1,748,946 bales;'while, in 1785,
others with pure spring-water. To one of these establish- the total amount imported was five bales; which, in 1811,
ments a public washing-house is attached; and there is a  had increased to 98,752 bales; and, in 1841, to 1,164,269
separate public washing-house in another locality. There  bales. The discovery of the gold of California has recently
are likewise many religious societies. The educational insti- given Liverpool a great trade in the precious metals, which
tutions comprise the Royal Institution, the Mechanics', the  it did not formerly possess. In 1851, the gold and silver
Collegiate, and the Medical Institutions. Associated with  imported into that port from the United States were of the
these are the news-rooms, among which the Atheneumm   value of 6,091,4331. The Irish and coasting trade is also
and Lyceum  hold the highest station, and have extensive  very large, and, in 1850, gave employment to 896,168 tons
libraries connected with them. There are also the Free Public  of steam tonnage, and 515,836 tons of sailing vessels. The
Library, and Derby Museum. The schools consist of the  grain, &c., imported from  Ireland, in 1849-51, was as fol.
Corporation, National, and Infant Schools, and of a vast lows:number belonging to the various religious denominations.                      IMPORTs of GRAInN from IRELAND.
The principal places of amusement are the Theatre Royal, the
Royal Amphitheatre, the Royal Liverpool Theatre, the Royal
Adelphi, the Philharmonic Hall, one of the finest concert-    Years.  Wheat.  Flour.   Oats.  Oatmeal. Barley. Beans.
rooms in Europe; Music Hall, Wellington Rooms, the. Zoo-  --            -
logical and Botanic Gardens; and the race-course at Aintree,    1849    34,79s.   Sac3,85   ls      Loads.   Qrs.   Qrs1
1849 34,09   7,98    168635 145,042   6572   Qd~I
where meetings are held in May and July.                         1850    64,724  185,228   158,711   232,483   3036   6435
But the most remarkable feature of this great seaport is    1851    24,206   42,431   132,533.207,414   29022   1723
the number and magnificence of its docks, corresponding
with the extent of its vast commerce. All of these lie along
the margin of the river, or between it and the town; most    The weight of the goods, merchandise, and produce of all
of them parallel with the Mersey, but some of them at right  kinds which pass through the port of Liverpool yearly, is
angles to it. There are, in all, 30 docks, of 3 different kinds, at least 6,000,000 tons: the shipping employed in transportnamely, wet docks, dry docks or basins, and graving docks. ing it amounted, in 1850, to 6,011,870 tons.
The first are principally for ships of great burden, employed    The export of linen is chiefly through the port of Liverin the foreign trade, such vessels floating in them  at all pool, from  which there was shipped, in 1850, 122,397,457
states of the tide, the water being retained by gates; the  yards; and of yarn, 18,559,318 lbs.; and, being the chief
dry docks, so called because they are left dry when the tide  port for Lancashire, Cheshire, and  Yorkshire, immense
is out, are chiefly appropriated to coasting vessels; and the  quantities of the textile fabrics of these counties, intended
graving docks, which admit or exclude the water at pleasure, for foreign parts, pass through it, to the extent, it is estiare adapted to the repair of ships, during which they are kept mated, of 28,000,0001.; as do also of the cutlery of Sheffield,
perfectly dry, and when completed, are floated out by ad- and hardware of Birmingham; the iron of StaffoidSbhire,
mitting the tide. The extreme length of the river wall, Yorkshire, and North Wales, in the form  of rails, bars,
which fronts the line of the Liverpool docks, is 5 miles. The  hoops, and sheets; and the earthenware of the first-named
total water area amounts to 200 acres; of this 179 acres are  county, of which 61,528,196 pieces were shipped, in 1849, to
wet docks, and 21 acres dry basins; and the total quay space  various parts of the world. Salt, and the alkali called sodaexceeds 14 miles. The 4 largest docks are the Huskisson,  ash, likewise form  important items in the commerce of
Prince's, Queen's, and Brunswick Docks. The first covers  Liverpool. Of the first, 445,633 tons, and of the second,
an area of 15 acres, 993 square yards; length of quay front- 44,407 tons were exported in the year 1850. In 1850, the
age, 1122 yards; depth of water, 27 feet; the second nearly  value of the beer and ale exported amounted to 558,7i941.;
12 acres; the third above 10 acres; and the fourth above 12  and, in 1851, to 577,8741. Liverpool has also been, for some
acres. Nearly ~12,000,000 have been expended in Liverpool, years, the great point of departure for emigrants from Great
and more than ~12,000,000 on the river Mersey, in securing  Britain and Ireland. It has now also become the place of
safe anchorage, and the most perfect port accommodation  emigration for Germans, who find it cheaper to sail fiom
ever formed by the skill of man. The following Table of the  this port than from their own country. The following Table
number of vessels that have entered the docks at various  shows the progressive increase of this trade since 1831:dates, and of the progressive increase of the dock dues and
customs, exhibits, in a very clear manner, not only the great    Years.     No. of Emigrants.    Years.     No. of Emigrants.
extent of the shipping of this port, but the extraordinary....   10,888         1819....   2153,905
r,                ordinary    ~~~1840.....  40,359           1851...206,o15
rapidity with which it has increased since the commence-          1845...        5,577      1853..... 203,725
ment of the present century. The decrease of the customs
receipts in recent years is mainly due to the abolition of    The manufactures of Liverpool consist chiefly of shipthe duty on cotton and wool:-                                  building, sugar refining, iron and brass founding, brewing,
glass staining, alkali making, rope making, and steamengine making. The manufacture of soap is more extenYear.   Vessels.    Tonnage.  Dock Dues. Customs Receipts.  sively carried on here than  in any other town in the.... kingdom, as is that also of chronometers, watches, and
1800      4,746     450,060      32,379      1,058,578     watch movements; large quantities of the latter being
1810      6,729      734,391     65,782      2,675,166     annually exported. There is an extensive cotton manufac1820      7,'276     805,033     94,412      1,488,072     tory near the town, also several wind-mills, and steam1839     11,214    1,411,964    151,359      3,562,144      engines for grinding corn, colors, dye-woods, &c.. and nume]1840  ]15,998  I2,445,708  I178,196  ] 4,607,3216' ~          
1850     20,457    3,536,337    242,989      3,1366,284    rous large manufactories of chain cables, anchors, &c.
151      21,0711   1,737,600    269,020      1,510,033      By railway, Liverpool is connected with all the principal
towns and ports in the kingdom; and its trade is further
facilitated by an extensive net-work ofrcanals. connecting it
1n the value of its foreign exports, and the extent of its  with the great seats of manufacturing and mining industiy.
1063




rLIV                                                       LLV
It has regular communication, by steam-vessels, with Glas- River and Canal, 29 miles above Ilarrisburg.  It has an
gow, Belfast, Londonderry, Dublin, Cork, Holyhead, and  active business in lumber and other articles. Pop. of the
numerous places on the coast of England and Wales; with  township in 1850,956; of the borough, 606; in 1853, about 800.
Havre, the Mediterranean, and New York, Boston, Halifax,   LIVERPOOL, a village of York co., Pennsylvania, on the
Central America, &c.                                       turnpike from York to Harrisburg, 6 miles N. of the former.
The suburbs of Liverpool are very extensive and beautiful,   LIVERPOOL, a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas, 86 miles
being thickly covered with neat rows of houses and hand- W. of Galveston.
some villas, and are rapidly increasing in population and    LIVERPOOL, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. P. 1581.
importance. In connexion with these may be named the    LIVERPOOL, formerly ROSEDALE, a post-village of
important and rising places in Cheshire, on the opposite side  IMadison co., Ohio, about 25 miles N.W of Columbus.
of the Mersey, in which many of the Liverpool merchants   LIVERPOOL, a thriving post-village and township of
reside, and connected with  Liverpool by steam  ferries, Medina co., Ohio, on Rocky River, about 122 miles N.N.E.
plying every quarter of an hour. They are Seacombe, of Columbus. It has 1 iron foundry, and several flouringWoodside, Monk's-ferry, Birkenhead, Tranmere, Rockferry, mills. Pop. of the township, 2203.
Eastham, Egremont, and New Brighton; between which    LIVERPOOL, a village in Lake co., Indiana, 155 miles
and Liverpool there passed by the ferries, in 1851, above N.N.W. of Indianapolis.
8,000,000 passengers. There are several cemeteries in the    LIVERPOOL, a post-village and township of Fulton co.,
town and its vicinity, the most noted of which are St. Illinois, on the Illinois River, 38 miles below Peoria. It has
James's, the Necropolis, and St. Mary's. These are laid out a good landing for steamboats, and a plank-road leading to
with taste, and kept in good order; and a chapel is appended  Canton. The land of the vicinity is highly productive. and
to each, in which the funeral service is performed. There  contains stone-coal. In 1852, about $175,000 worth of proare also two parish cemeteries, and a Jews' burying-place.   duce was shipped here. Pop. of the township, 674.
The town is well lighted with gas, and supplied with    LIVERPOOL, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of
water, at present, from wells sunk in the new red sandstone  Queens co., on the left bank of the river Mersey, at its
on which the town is built. There are seven wells, the  entrance into Liverpool Harbor, about 75 miles S.W. of
greater part of the water from which is pumped into a  Halifax. It is well and regularly built, and is the centre
reservoir at an elevation of about 200 feet above the lowest of an important and increasing trade. To the N. of Coffin's
part of the town. The quantity of water distributed daily  Island, the channel, across which is a handsome drawbridge,
amounts to 5,750,000 gallons. At present works are in pro- is not navigable for vessels drawing more than 9 feet of
gress forobtaining an increased supplyof waterfrom the hilly  water; but the passage to the S. is full 11 miles wide, with
district of Rivington, about 26 miles from Liverpool. Reser- from 15 to 18 fathoms of water. A light-house has been
voirs are there in course of construction which, when com- erected on the island, containing a revolving light, 75 feet
pleted, will form great lakes of the aggregate length of 6  above the sea. Liverpool was made a warehousing port in
miles; and from these, after being filtered, the water will 1834.
be conveyed to the distributing reservoirs in the town in    LIVERPOOL, a seaport town and capital of Kent co.,
iron pipes, 44 inches in diameter.                         New Brunswick, situated on Richibucto Harbor, about 120
The corporation of Liverpool consists of 48 councillors, a  miles N.E. of St. John. The harbor is safe and commodious,
mayor, and 16 aldermen elected by the council. The borough  and the port is the centre of an important trade in timber,
returns 2 members to Parliament; registered electors in  deals, &c. The number of foreign arrivals at Richibncto
1851, 17,316.                                              Harbor in 1851, was 106 (tons, 16,786); of clearances, 105,
Liverpool was formerly the most unhealthy town in  (tons, 18,105,); value of imports, $109,000; exports, $133,155.
England; but the vigor with which sanitary operations   LIVERPOOL, a borough and town of New South Wales,
have been carried on of late years, more particularly since  on the George River, 20 miles S.W. of Sydney. It is neatly
the local sanitary act of 1846, has done much to rescue the  built,,and has a handsome church and hospital, and returns,
town from its unenviable notoriety. These measures, com- with Richmond, Windsor, and Campbellton, a member to
prising sewerage, house-drainage, improved paving and sur- the Legislative Council. Pop. 601.
face cleansing, the regulation of lodging-houses and slaugh-   LIVERPOOL. a mountainrangein East Australia, stretches
kr-houses, the closing of unhealthy cellars, &c., have effected  from WV. to E. between the county of Brisbane, New South
a marked improvement in the condition of the districts  Wales, and the Liverpool Plains; and forms the water-shed
inhabited by the working-classes; and to this must no doubt between the basins of the Peel or Namoy, on the N. and W.,
be ascribed the fact, that the mortality of the borough, and the HIunter, on the S. and E.
which, ten years ago, amounted (on an average of years) to    LIVERPOOL, CAPE, is the name of a headland on the S.
31 in every 1000 inhabitants, has recently fallen to an ave- side of the entrance to Lancaster Sound, British North
rage of little more than 29 in the 1000.                   America, and of another bounding the inlet Liverpool Bay,
Great as Liverpool now is, it is of but comparatively recent Arctic Ocean, North America, immediately S.W. of Cape
growth, and has therefore little or no history. Little more  Bathurst. Lat. about 700 N., ion. 1290 W.
than two centuries ago, it was but a small fishing town. Of    LIVERPOOL-PLAINS, a "hilly, picturesque, and wellthe progress of this great commercial city, the following  watered region," East Australia, between lat. 310 and 320 S.,
table presents a curious and interesting epitome:-         and lon. 1500 and 1510 E., N. of Brisbane co., New South
VWales, from 800 to 900 feet above the sea level.
RrsE and PROGRESS of LIVERnpOOL.              LIVERPOOL RIVER, North Australia, Arnhem  Land,
enters the sea near lat. 120 S., ion. 1340 10' E.
under         Under         Under         LIVERSEDGE, livfer-sj, a chapelry of England, co. of
Queen Elizabeth. Queen Anne. Queeeu Victoria.  York, West Riding.
-   LIVIERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
1570.         1710.         1851.      Riding.
5opulation..      800 8.168                   7,6          LIVESEY, livtzee, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
Population  800       8,168       ~~~~376.065
Tonnage.      ~ 268         12,635       3,737,666'LIVII FORUM. See For.L.
No. of vessels      15             334          21,071      LIV'INGSTON, a county in the western part of New'York, has an area of about 540 square miles. It is intere              7                      sected by the Genesee River, by which and'its tributaries it
Town dues.     20             378          91,000
Customs.       272         70,000       3,502,209s    is chiefly drained. These streams afford valuable waterIncome...           20          1,115         139,152    power. It contains Conesus Lake and Hemlock Lake. The
surface is diversified. The soil along the streams is very fertile, and in other parts generally of a good quality. In 1850,
In 1644, Liverpool, then surrounded by a high mud wall, this county produced 1,111,986 bushels of wheat. the greatest
was besieged and taken by Prince Rupert, and shortly after quantity raised in any county in the state, except Oneida.
retaken by the Parliamentary forces, under Sir John Mel- Iron ore and limestone are found in abundance, and the
drum. Seven years later, a second visitation of the plague  celebrated sulphur springs of Avon are situated in the N.
carried off 200 inhabitants. In 1709, a wet dock was con- part of the county. It is traversed by the Genesee Valley
structed, not only the first in Liverpool, but also in the  Canal, and by the Buffalo, Corning, and New York Railroad.
kingdom. From this event may be dated the rapid exten-  Organized in 1821. Capital, Geneseo. Pop. 40,875.
sion of its commerce and population. Pop. in 1700, 5000;   LIVINGSTON, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana,
n 1760, 26,000; in 1801, 77,653; in 1821, 118,972; in 1841, contains about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the
224,954; in 1851, 376,065.                                 Tickfah River, and bounded on the S. and W. by Amite
Mrs. IHemans, the Rev. Legh Richmond, and Dr. Currie, River. Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain wash its S.E.
the biographer of Burns, and WVilliam Roscoe, were natives border. The surface is nearly level. The soil is generally
of Liverpool.                                             fertile. Small steamboats navigate the Amits River, on the
LIVERPOOL, a post-village of Salina township, Onondaga  border of the parish. Capital, Springfield. Pop. 3385; of
co., New York, on the E. shore of Onondaga Lake, and on  whom 2543 were free, and 842 slaves.
the Oswego Canal, 5 miles N.N.W. of Syracuse. It has nume-   LIVINGSTON, a county near the W. extremity of KIenrous saline springs, from which great quantities of salt are  tucky, bordering on the Ohio River, which separates it from
annually manufactured.                                    Illinois, has an area estimated at 280 square miles. It is
LIVERPOOL, a thriving post-borough and township of  bounded on the W. by the Ohio, on the S. by the Tennessee,
Perry co., Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of the Susquehanna  and intersected by the Cumberland River. The surface is
1064




LIV                                                        LLA
andulating and hilly. The soil is fertile. Limestone and    LIVORNO, a city of Italy. See LEGHORN.
sandstone underlie the surface. The county contains large    LIVRON, lee'vrdNG/, a market-town of France, departmen
deposits of stone-coal and iron ore. Organized in 1798, and  of Drdme, 10 miles S. of Valence. Pop. in 1852, 4022.
named in honor of Robert R. Livingston, of New York.   LIVRY, lee'vreef, a village of France, department of Seine.
Capital, Smithland. Pop. 6578; of whom 5460 were free, et-Oise, 10 miles E. of Paris, with an old Augustine Abbey,
and 1118 slaves,                                          once the residence of Madame de Sevign6. Also the name
LIVINGSTON, a county of Michigan, situated in the S.E. of villages in the departments of Calvados and Nilvwe.
central part bf the state, contains 576 square miles. It is    LIVUAMA, le-voo/mA, a considerable river of East Africa,.
drained by the head streams of the Shiawassee and Red  enters the Indian Ocean near Cape D)elgado.
Cedar Rivers, and intersected by Huron River. The surface    LIXIEIM, lixthime, (Fr. pron. leex6mQ,) a town of France,
is undulatiag. The soil is a rich, black, sandy loam. Dense department of Meurthe, 6 miles N.E. of Sarrebourg. P. 1093.
forests ofhard timber overspread the N. part of the county,   LIXURI, lix-oolree, a seaport town of Cephalonia, on its
and the remainder is occupied by oak openings, or plains W. limb, 5 miles N. of Argostoli. Pop. 5000. It is a Greek
which produce a sparse growth of oaks. The streams fur- bishop's see, and is the rival of Argostoli in commercial,
nish extensive water-power. Iron ore and saline springs importance.
are found in the county. Organized in 1836. Capital,   LIZAN, lee'zanf, a large and fine village of Turkish KoorHowell. Pop. 13,485.                                      distan, on the Zab, about 40 miles N.E. of Mosul.
LIVINGSTON, a county in the N.E. central part of Illi-   LIZANELLO, leed-z4-nlllo, a market-town of South Italy,
nois, has an area of 1000 square miles. It is drained by the  in Naples, province of Otranto, 5 miles S.E. of Lecce.
sources of the Vermilion and Mason Rivers, affluents of    LIZANO, leed-zAno, a market town of South Italy, in Nathe Illinois. The surface is level. ~ The soil is fertile, adapted  ples, province of Otranto, 14 miles E.S.E. of Taranto.
to Indian corn and grass. The county contains extensive    LIZIARD, an island on the N.E. coast of Australia, N.N.E.
prairies and small tracts of good timber. Stone-coal abounds of Cape Flattery. Lat. 140 41' 24"' S., ion. 1450 28' 30" E.
along the Vermilion River. Sandstone and limestone are  It has a peak 1151 feet above the sea level. Greatest diathe principal rocks. The county is intersected by the Chi- meter, 21 miles.
cage and Mississippi Railroad. Capital, Pontiac. Pop. 1552.   LIZIARD POINT, a bold headland of England, co. of CornLIVINGSTON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Missouri, wall, forming the most southern point of Britain, 23 miles
has an area of 530 square miles. It is intersected by Grand  E.S.E. of Land's End, and having two lighthouses with fixed
River, (of the Missouri,) which, in passing through it, re- lights, elevated 200 feet above the sea, in lat 490 57' 40"1 N.,
ceives the Crooked Fork and Medicine Creek from the left, Ion. 50 12' 6/ W.
and a large stream called Shoal Creek from the right. The    LIZUARD RIVIER, a small stream of Iowa, enters the Des
surface is generally level, and a large proportion of it is  Moines from the W. near Fort Clark.
prairie.  The soil is good.  Named in honor of Edward    LIZY-SUR-OURCQ, lee'zee-siR-ooRk, a town of France, deLivingston, secretary of state under President Jackson. partment Seine-et-Marne, 8 miles N.E. of Meaux. P. 1200.
Capital, Chillicothe. Pop. 4247; of whom 3939 were free, and    LJUBASCHEVO, a town of Russia. See LYeOBASeavo.
308 slaves.                                                 LJUBIETSCHI. See LyoonTcsH.
LIVINGSTON, a post-township of Columbia co., New    LJUBIM. See Lyooenx.
York, on the Hudson River and the Hudson River Railroad,   LJUSNE or LIUSNE, lyooslni, a river of Sweden, iss'es
6 miles S. of Hudson. Pop. 2020.                          from alake of the same name in Kerjedalen, flows S.E. into
LIVINGSTON, a post-village and township in the N.W. the len of Gefieborg, where it forms several lakes, and falls
part of Essex co., New Jersey, on the Passaic River, 10 miles into the Gulf of Bothnia, about 36 miles N. of Gefle. after a
W. by N. of Newark. Pop. 1151.                            course of about 220 miles. Its current is very much enLIVINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Sumpter co., Ala- cumbered by rocks.
bama, on the Tugaloo or Suckeruochee Creek, 68 miles S.W.   LJUTZIN.  See LvooTSIN.
of Tuscaloosa. It contains a newspaper office.              LLACUNA (LA), 14 14-koofng, a town of Spain, Catalonia,
LIVINGSTON, a post-village in Madison co., Mississippi, about 60 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1020.,
20 miles N. by W. of Jackson.                               LLADO, Id/Do, a village of Spain, Catalonia, 20 miles from
LIVINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Texas, Gerona. Pop. 1064.
250 miles E. by N. of Austin City.                          LLAFERINOE, a parish of South Wales. co. of Glamorgan.
LIVINGSTON, a post-village, capital of Overton co., Ten-   LLAGOSTERA, 1-gos-tArA, a market-town of Spain, Cata
nessee, 100 miles E. by N. of Nashville. It is situated in a  lonia, province and 10 miles S.S.E. of Gerona. Pop. 2000.
billy region, which contains extensive beds of stone-coal   LLAMAS DE LA RIBERA, i0mds dA 1 re-B4/ra, a town
and iron ore.                                             of Spain, province and 13 miles W.N.W. of Leon.
LIVINGSTON, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.          LLAMPHIEY, Lam/fee, a parish of South Wales, co. of
LIVINGSTON, a post-village in Livingston co., Michigan, Pembroke.
40 miles W.N.W. of Detroit.                                 LLAN, a Welsh word signifying " enclosure'" or "church,"
LIVINGSTON, a post-village and township of Clarke co., is the prefix of numerous parishes and towns in England
Illinois, on the National Road, about 14 miles W. of Terre  and Wales. )F~It may be observed, that the sound of it in
Haute, Indiana. Pop. 378.                                 Welsh, has no equivalent in any other language. At the
LIVIINGSTONE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow.  beginning of a name, it is commonly Anglicised by a simple
LIVIINGSTONVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New  t, distinguished in this work as a small capital. In the
York, 30 miles W.S.W. of Albany.                          middle, or at the end of a word, it is represented by thl,
LIVNEE, LIVNIJ, or LIVNY, liv/nee, a town of Russia, (Italic.) See Introduction, XXVI., 16.
government and 80 miles S.E. of Orel, on the Sosna, an    LLAN-ABER, Lan-ah/ber or Lan-ablpr, a parish of North
affluent of the Don. Pop. 9380. It has numerous churches Wales, co. of Merioneth.
and several annual fairs.                                   LLAN-AFAN, Lan-abhvtn or avlan, a parish of South Wales,
LIVNO, livino, a fortified town of European Turkey, in  co. of Cardigan.
Croatia, 54 miles N.W. of Mostar, on the Bistritza. Pop.   LLAN-AFAN-FAWR, Lafn-ahvan or av1an-v~wg, a parish
about 4000.                                               of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
LIVONIA, le-vofne-a, (Ger. Liefland, leefil nt,) a maritime    LLAN-AFAN-FECHAN, an-ahiVan  (or avlan)v&asn, a
government of Russia. mostly between lat. 560 30' and 580 30' parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
N., and Ion. 240 and 280 E., having W. the Gulf of Livonia.    LLAN-ANNO, Lan-anlno, a parish of South Wales. co. of
Area, comprising the island Oesel, in the Baltic, 20,450  Radnor.
square miles. Pop. in 1851, 821,457.  Surface mostly fiat   LLAN-AR/ION, a parish of North Wales, co. or Carnarvon.
and marshy. Principal rivers, the Diina and Eyst, and on    LLAN-ARMON, a parish of North Wales. co. of Denbigh.
the S. frontier, the Bolder-as, Fennern, and Emba. Lakes    LLAN-ARMON DUFFRYN CEIRIOG, Lan-a 1mon d!ff/rin
numerous. Soil fertile, and grain is raised for export, princi- kilre-og, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
pally rye and barley, but also comprising wheat, oats, and    LLAN-ARMON  MYNYDD  MAWR, Lan-aRamon min/iTn
buckwheat; the rearing of live stock is of great importance. m~wa, a mountainous parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
It has manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, sugar,   LLANARTH, Lantarth, a parish of South Wales, co. of
tobacco, glass, &c. The populationisverymixed, andmostly  Cardigan.
Lutherans. Principal towns, Riga,(the capital,) Dorpat, Per-   LLANARTH, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
nan, and Venden, with Arensburg, in the island of Oesel.-    LLANARTHNEY, Lanuarthfnee, a parish of South Wales,
Adj. and inhab. LivONIAN, le-volne-an.                    co. of Carmarthen.
LIVONIA, GULF OF. See GULF OF RIGA.                       LLAN-ASAPH, Lan-Asaf or Lan-aztaf, a parish of North
LIVOINIA, a post-township of Livingston co., New York, Wales, co. of Flint, 6 miles N.W. of Holywell. Pop. 2669,
on the Buffalo and Corning Railroad, 36 miles S.E. of Bata- employed in coal-mines, &c. On St. Asaph 111Hl, in this pavia. Pop. 2627.'rish, is a signal tower, and at the month of the Dee, Point
LIVONIA, a post-office of Point Coupee parish, Louisiana. of Air, a lighthouse. Lat. 530 22' N., Ion. 30 19' 24" W.
LIVONIA, a township of Wayne co., Michigan.   Pop. 1375.   LLAN-BABO, Lan-bahfbo, a parish of North Wales. co. of
LIVONIA, a post-village of Washington co., Indiana, Anglesey.
about 100 miles S. of Indianapolis.                         LLANBADARN, Laln-bahdarn  or Lan-badtarn, a parish of
LIVONIA CENTRE, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan. Wales, co. of Radnor.
LIVORNO. le-vor/no, a town of Piedmont, division of    LLANBADARN FAWR, Lan.bahtdarn v~wr, a parish ol
Novara, 17 miles W.S.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 4805.           South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
1065




LLA                                                  LLALLANBADARN FYNYDD, Lan-bahldarn vin/iTH, a parish    LLANDDEWI YSTRADENNY, Lan-THulee is-tra-dnt/nee,
of Wales, co. of Radnor.                                 a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
LLANBADARN ODWYN, rLan-bahldarn odrwin, a parish    LLANTDDEWIRCWN, Lan-THuhir-kooml, a parish of South
of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.                         Wales, co. of Brecon.
LLANBADARN TREF-E GLWYS, Lan-bah/darn triv-6gfloo-   LLANDDONA, Lan-Tlotnqa, a parish of North Wales, co. of
is, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.            Anglesey.
LLANBADARIN Y-GARREG, Lan-bahtdarn e-gaEr/rg, a   LLANDDWY, Lan-Moo/ee, a parish of South Wales, co. of
parish 6f Wales, co. of Radnor.                          Brecon.
LLANBADOCK or LLANBADDOCK, Lan-bad/dok, a parish    LLANDDWYWATU, Lan-THweetwi or Lan-THweelwoi, a paof England, co. of Monmouth.                             rish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.
LLANBADRIG, Lan-bad/rig, a parish of North Wales, co.   LLANDDWYN, Lan-rTwin', a parish of North Wales, co.
of Anglesey.                                             of Anglesey.
LLANI BADP IG, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.   LLANDDYFNAN, Lan-Tzivtnan, a parish of North Wales,
LLANBEBLIG, Lan-blb'lig, a parish of South Wales, co. co. of Anglesey.
of Carnarvon.                                             LLANDECWYN, Lan-diklwin, a parish of North Wales,
LLANBEDR, Lanlbld'er, or  LAM/PETER-PONT-STE- co. of Merioneth.
PHEN, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and parish    LLANDEFEILOG FACH, Lan-da-vi/log fak, a parish of
of South Wales, county and 28 miles E.N.E. of Cardigan, on  South Wales, co. of Brecon.
the Teify, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. of the bo-   LLANDEFEILOG FAWR, Lan-da-vi/log vowa, a parish of
rough, 902. It has the royal college of St. David's, founded South Wales, co. of Brecon.
in 1822. The borough joins with Cardigan, Aberystwyth,   LLANDEFEILOG FREYR-GRAIG, Lan-da-v/log vrair-grig,
and Adpar, in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
LLANBEDR, a parish of Wales, co. of Brecon.             LLANDEGAI, Lan-de-ghil, a mountainous parish of North
LLANIBEDR, a parish of Wales, co. of Merioneth.       Wales, co. of Carnarvon, 11 miles S.E. of Bangor. Pop. 3010,
LLANBEDR, a parish of Wales, co. of Radnor.           chiefly employed in immense slate quaries. Here is a fine
LLANBEDR DYFFRYN CLWYD, Lan/bid'Qr difrin klwid, modern Saxon castle.
a parish of Wales, co. of Denbigh.                        LLANDEGFAN, Lan-dgl/van, a parish of North Wales, co.
LLANBEDR FELFREY, Lan/bld'gr v;l/vrA, a parish of of Anglesey.
South Wales, co. of Pembroke.                             LLANDEGLA, Lan-d/gfll, a parish of North Wales, co. of
LLANBEDR GOCH, Lantbid'er gox, a parish of Wales, co. Denbigh.
of Anglessy.                                              LLANDEGLEY, Lan-digflee or Lan-dig/la, a parish of
LLANBEDR Y-CEiNNIN, Lan/bld'er e-sknlnin, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
Wales, co. of Carnarvon.                                  LLANDEGVETLH, Lan-dig/veth, a parish of England, co.
LLANBERRIS, Lan-birlris, a parish of North Wales, co. of of lMonmouth.
Carnarvon. Tourists are attracted hither by the magnificent   LLANDEGWNING, Lan-dA-gootning, a parish of North
lake and mountain scenery. In the pass of Llanberris stands Wales. co. of Carnarvon.
the picturesque ruin of Dolbadern Castle.                 LLANDEILO, Lan-dl/lo, a parish of South Wales, co. of
LLANBEULAN, Lan-billln or Lan-boi/lan, a parish of Pembroke.
North Wales, co. of Anglesey.                             LLANDEILO ABER-CYWYN, Lan-di/lo ahtber-kyoolin. a
LLANBISTER, Lan-bisl/tr, a parish of South Wales, co. of parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
Radnor.                                                    LLANDEILO ARFAN, Lan-d/llo arlvan, a parish of South
LLANBLEIDDIAN, Lan-bl/THe-.an, a parish of South  Wales, co. of Brecon.
Wales, co. of Glamorgan.                                 ILLANDEILO GRAB/AN, a parish of South Wales, co. of
LLANBOIDY, Lan-boi/dee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
Pembroke.                                                 LLANDEILO TAL-Y-BONT, a parish of South Wales, co.
LLANBRYNNMAIR, ran-brintmiR, a'parish of North  of Glamorgan.
Wales, co. of Montgomery, on the Dyfi.                    LLANDEILO-VAWR or FAWR, or LLANDILO, Lan-dlllo
LLANCADWALADR, Lan-kad-wll;/d'r, a mountainous vOwR, a market-town and parish of South Wales, county
parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.                  and 14 miles E.N.E. of Carmarthen, on the Towy, here crossed
LLANCARPAN, Lan-kad/va n, a parish of South Wales, co. by an elegant bridge, and on the Llanelly Railway. Pop.
of Glamorgan.                                           of the town, 1313. Near it is Grongar Hill, where the last
LLANCIL/LOE, Lan-kit/1/o or lan-kil/lo, a parish of Eng- struggle was made for the independence of Wales, in 1282;
land, co. of Hereford.                                  also the modern seat of Lord Dynevor; and Golden Grove,
LLANDAFF, Lan-daff/, (Welsh, Llacn Ts2f, Lan tiv, " Church  the seat of Earl Cawdor, where the famous drinking horn,
of the Taf,") a-city and parish of South Wales, co. of Glamor- given by Henry YII. to David-ap-Iquan, is still preserved.
gan, on the Taff, here crossed by a bridge, 3 miles N.W. of   LLANDEN/NY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
Cardiff, and with a station on the Taffvale and Aberdare    LLANDERtF EL, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.
Railway. Pop. 1276. The "city" is a mere hamlet, noted    LLANDINABO, Lan-de-nah/bo, a parish of England, co. of
only for its cathedral. Adjoining are the chapter house, Hereford.
and remains of the ancient episcopal palace. The see of   LLANDINIGAD, aparishofSouthWales, co. ofCarmarthen.
Llandaff includes Monmouthshire, and that part of Glamor-   LLANDOCH, Lan/dok', a parish of South Wales, co. of Glaganshire E. of the Neath, comprising 215 benefices.     morgan.
LLANDANWG, Lan-dan/oog, a parish of North Wales, co.   LLANDOCH BAR/RY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glaof Merioneth.                                           morgan.
LLANDAUDDWR, Lan-d/THooR or lan-doi/THoor, a parish    LLANDO/GET, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.                        LLANDOIGO, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
LLANDAWG, Lan/dowg, a parish of South Wales, co. of    LLANDOIVERY, a municipal borough and market-town of
Carmarthen.                                              South Wales, co. and 24 miles E.S.E. of Carmarthen, on the
LLANDDAROG, Lan-TMar/og, a parish of South Wales, co. Bran, here crossed by 2 bridges. Pop. in 1851, 1927. It is
of Carmarthen.                                          pleasantly situated in a fine vale, near the Towy; and has
LLANDDAUSAINT, Lan-rzoylsint, a parish of South  picturesque remains of a Norman castle, destroyed by
Wales, co. of Carmarthen.                                Cromwell.
LLANDDEINIOLEN, Lan-THu-ne-oqen, a parish of North    LLANDRILLO, Lan-drith/so, a parish of North Wales, co.
Wales, co. of Carnarvon. Pop. in 1851, 5471, partly employed  of Merioneth.
in large slate quarries. The remains of a strong Roman    LLANDRILLO YNRHOS, Lan-drith/lo in-h'sros, a parish of
camp and an ancient Welsh palace are still visible here.  North Wales, counties of Denbigh and Carnarvon.
LLANDDEINIOT, Lan-TH/ne-ot', a parish of Wales, co. of   LLANDRIN/DOD, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor,'
Cardigan.                                               6 miles N.N.E. of Builth. Three mineral springs have long
LLANDDEINIOT FAB, a parish of Wales. co. of Anglesey. rendered the village a great resort for invalids.
LLANDDINABM, Lan-ruin/am, a parish of North Wales, co.   LLANDRIN/IO, a parish of North Wales, co. of MIontof Montgomery.                                          gomery.
LILANDDEWI, Lan-Teutee or Lan-thitoo-ee, (i. e., Church    LLANDRYGAN, Lan-drig/an, a parish of North Wales, co.
of St. David's,) a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.  of Anglesey.
LLANDDEWI ABERARTH, Lan-TMu/ee ah!ber-arth, a   LLANDUD/NO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon,
parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.                 on the Irish Sea, 4 miles N.N.W. of Conwy. Pop. 1047,
LLANDDEWI ABER-GWESSIN, Lan-rMulee ahlber-gwEs/- employed in copper-mines. The lofty cliffs and sea-worn
sin, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.            caverns of the promontory of Gogarth, are in this parish,
LLANDDEWI BREFI, Lan-THunee brv/fee, a parish of which contains also several monuments of early cyclopean
South Wales, co. of Cardigan. St. David held here a synod  architecture, and is still the haunt of the once celebrated
for the suppression of Paganism in 519. It is supposed to peregrine falcon.
have been the Roman station Loventium.                    LLANDUDWEN, Lan-did/wen, a parish of North Wales, co.
LLANDDEWI FACH, Lan-THutee vaK,'a parish of South  of Carnarvon.
Wales, co. of Radnor.                                    LLANDULAS, Land-dee/las or Lan-dii/las. a parish of North
LLANDDEJWI FELFREY, ran-Trutee villvree, a parish of Wales, co. of Denbigh.
South Wales, co. of Pembroke.,                           LLANDULAS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
1066




LLA                                                     LLA
LLANDWF, Lanfdoof, or LLANDOW, a parish of South    LLANFAES, Lan-vs/&s or Lan-vis, a parish of North Wales,
Wales, co. of Glamorgan.                                co. of Anglesey.
LLANDWROG, Lan-dootrog, a parish of North Wales, co.   LLANFAETHLU, Lan-vithflti, a parish of North Wales; co.
of Carnarvon.                                           of Anglesey.
LLANDYBIE or LLANDEBIE, Landi.btee, a parish of. LLANFAGLAN, Lan-vag/lan, a parish of North Wales, co.
South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.                         of Carmarthen.
LLANDY.FEISANT, Lan-de-vilsant, a parish of South    LLANFAIR DYFFRYN CLWYD, Lan/vlr difrin kl'wid, a
Wales, co. of Carmarthen.                               parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
LLANDYFODWG, Lan-de-vofdoog, a parish of South Wales,   LLANFAIR CAEREINION, Lan/vir kar-i/ne-on, a small
co. of Glamorgan.                                       market-town and parish of North Wales, co. and 10 miles
LLANDYF1RIOG, Lan-de-vreeoog, a parish of South Wales, N.W. of Montgomery. Pop. 2747.
co. of Cardigan.                                          LLANFAIR AR-Y-BRYNN, Lanfvfr ar-e-brlnn, a parish of
LLANDYFRYD0OG, a parish of North Wales, co. of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
Anglesey.'                                                LLANFAIR CLYDOGAU, Lantvlr kle-dofgoi, a parish of
LLANDYGWYDD, Lan-di gwiT, a parish of South Wales, South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
co. of Cardigan.                                          LLANFAIR FECHAN, Lan/Vlr vkatan, a parish of North
LLANDYLWYF, Lan-dil/wiv, a parish of South Wales, co. Wales, co. of Carnarvon, 7 miles S.W. of Conwy. Pop. 747.
of Pembroke.                                            Off the coast here are Lavan sands, supposed to have been
LLANDYRNOG, Lan-dirinog, a parish of North Wales, co. formed by an inundation in the 6th century.
of Denbigh.                                               LLANFAIR MATHAFARN-EITHAF, Lan-vir math-avfLLANDYSIL, Lan-distil, a small market-own and parish  arn-ilthav, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.
of South Wales, co. of Cardigan, on the Teifi, 12 miles S.W.   LLANFAIR IS-GAER, Lan/vIr is-gSer, a parish of North
of Lampeter.                                            Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
LLANDYSIL/IO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey,   LLANFAIR JUXITA  IARtLECH, (her/l.,) a parish of
on the Menai Strait, here crossed by the celebrated suspen- North Wales, co. of Merioneth.
sion bridge, 2 miles W.S.W. of Bangor.                    LLANFAIR NANTYGW-YN, LantvIr nan-tig/win, a parish
LLANDYSILIO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont- of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
gomery.                                                   LLANFAIR ORLLWYN, Lan/vir orthl/win, a parish of
LLANDYSILIO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
LLANDYSILIO, a parish of South Wales, cos. of Pembroke   LLANFAIR  PWLL-GWYNGYLL, Lan/vjr  pool-gwinand Carmarthen.                                         ghithl, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.
LLANDYSILIO GOGE, a parish of South Wales, co. of   LLANFAIR TALIIAIARN, Lan-vir tal-h/arn, a parish of
Cardigan.                                               North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
LLANDYSSIL, Lan-distsil, a parish of North Wales, co. of   LLANFALLTEG, Lan-val/ttg, a parish of South Wales,
Montgomery.                                             counties of Carmarthen and Pembroke.
LLANDYVAILOG or LLANDIFAILOG, Lan-de-villog, a pa-   LLANFAIRETH, Lan-vi/rith, a parish of South Wales, co.
rish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.                 of Radnor.
LLANED/ARN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.   LLANFAWR, LanlvwR/, a parish of North Wales, co. of
LLANEDWEN, Lan-6dtwen, a parish of North Wales, co. Merioneth.
of Anglesey, on the Menai Strait, here crossed by a ferry, 4   LLANFECIIAN, Lan-vat/an, a parish of North Wales, co.
miles N. of Carnarvon.                                  of Montgomery.
LLANEDY, Lan-6d'ee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car-   LLANFECHEL, Lan-vat/Il, a parish and small marketmarthen.                                                town of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 5 miles W.S.W. of
LLANEGtRYN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Merioneth. Amlwch. Pop. 1062.
LLANEGWAD, Lan-eg/wad, a parish of South Wales, co.   LLANFERRAS, Lan-vArlrs, a parish of North Wales, co.
of Carmarthen.                                          of Denbigh.
LLANEIGRPAD, Lan-Ilgrad or lan-a/grad, a parish of North    LLANES, It/lnls, a small town and port of Spain, Astu.
Wales, co. of Anglesey.                                 rias, 60 miles E. by N. of Oviedo. Pop. 2084.
LLANELIAN, Lan-Bl/yan, a parish of North Wales, co. of   LLANFIHANGEL, Lan-ve-hantghel, a parish of North
Anglesey, on the Irish Sea, 1i miles S.E. of Amlwch. It has Wales, co. of Montgomery.
a lighthouse.                                             LLANFIHIANGEL, a parish of North Wales, co. of MeriLLANELIAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.   oneth.
LLANELIDAN, Lan-el-id/an, a parish of North Wales, co.   ILANFIHANGEL GLYN-Y-MYFYR, a parish of North
of Denbigh.                                             Wales, cos. of Denbigh and Merioneth.
LLANELIEU, Lan-Al/yu, a parish of South Wales, co. of   LLANFIHANGEL ABERBYTHYCH, Lan-ve-hantghel ab/Brecon.                                                 er-bithiiK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
LLANELLEN, Lan-8thtlen, a parish of England, co. of    LLANFIHANGEL ABERCOWIIN, a parish of South
Monmouth.                                               Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
LLANELL/TYD, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.   LLANFIHANGEL ABERGWIS/SIN, a parish of South
LLANELLY, Lan-t/htlee, a parliamentary borough, seaport Wales, co. of Brecon.
town, and parish of South Wales, on a creek of Carmarthen    LLANFIHANGEL AR-ARTH, a parish of South Wales,
Bay, co. and 15 miles S.E. of Carmarthen. Pop. of the parish, co. of Carmarthen.
11,155; of the parliamentary borough in 1851, 8710. It has   LLANFIHANGEL BACHELLETH, Lan-ve-han/ghel b&extensive copper works, and some iron foundries, the produce  axtldllth, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
of which is sent to Liverpool. Coal is brought by railway    LLANFIHANGEL CIL-FARGEN, Lan-ve-han/ghel kil-var/from the rich adjacent mines, and is largely exported to the gan, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
continent, for the supply of steamboats. Chief imports,   LLANFIHANGEL CWRN-DEE, Lan-ve-han/ghel koorntcopper ore from Cornwall. The trade is facilitated by four dee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
commodious docks, from which, in 1848, there were 194,253   LLANFIHANGEL FACH, Lan-ve-han/ghel fax, a parish
tons of coals exported. In 1850, there entered at the port of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
1912 vessels, tonnage 102,127; and cleared, 3049 vessels, ton-   LLANFIHANGEL  GENEUR-GLYNN, Lan-ve-han/gh9l
nage 193,852. Llanelly is connected by canal with Kid- ghinteer-glynn, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
welly. It unites with Carmarthen in returning a member to    LLANFIHANGEL IN-RUG, Lan-ve-h/n/ghfl in-rig, a paParliament.                                            rish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
LLANELLY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.       LLANFIHANGEL  LETHYR-FROED,  Lan-ve-hantghel
LLANELWEDD, Lan-tl/WITH, or LLANEL/WETHY, a lith/tir-fro/Ed, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.                    LLANFIHANGEL NANT-BRANE,. a parish of South
LLANENDDWYN, Lan-6n/Tawin, a parish of North Wales, Wales, co. of Brecon.
co. of Merioneth.                                        LLANFIHANGEL NANT-MELLAN, Lan-ve-han/ghel nantb
LLANEN/GAN, a maritime parish of North Wales, co. of met/l/lan, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
Carnarvon.                                               LL.ANFIHANGEL PENBEDW, Lan-ve-han/ghel pln-bld/LLANERCH-Y-MEDD, Lanterk-I-miTH. a small market- os, or plnn-vld/oo, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
town and parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. Pop. 1243.   LLANFIHANGEL RHYCLITHON, Lan-ve-hantghel reLLANERFYL, Lan-er/vil, a parish of North Wales, co. of klithlon, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
Montgomery.                                              LLANFIHANGEL TAL-Y-LLYNN, (tal-e-thlin,) a parish
LLANFABON, Lan-vahlbon, a parish of South Wales, co. of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
of Glamorgan.                                            LLANFIHANGEL TRE'R  BEIRDD, a parish of North
LLANFACHRETH, Lan-va/rAth, a parish of North Wales, Wales, co. of Anglesey.
co. of Anglesey.                                         LLANFIHANGEL TYNSYLWY, Lan-ve-han/ghel tin-sil/LLANFACHRETH, a parish  of North Wales, co. of wee, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.
Merioneth.     -                                         LLANFIHANGEL Y-BONT-FAEN, a parish of South
LLANFAELOG, Lan-vtflog or Lan-vAte-log, a parish of North  Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
Wales, co. of Anglesey.                                  LLANFIHANGEL Y-CRODDIN, Lan-ve-han/ghel e-kr6TH/LLANFAELRIIYS, Lan-vil/ris, a parish of North Wales, en, IStAF AND *UCHAF, eelkf, a parish of South Wales, co.
co. of Carnarvon.                                      of Cardigan.
1067




LLA.                                  LLA
LLANFIHANGEL Y-PENNANT, a parish of North Wales,   LLANGOLLEN, Lan-goth/len, a market-town and parish:o. of Carnarvon.                                       of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, on the Dee, here crossed
LLANFIHANGEL YSTRAD, Lan-ve-hanlghel is'trad, a by a fine ancient bridge, 26 miles N.W. of Shrewsbury
parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.                  Pop, 4906. It is situated in a narrow vale, enclosed by lofty
LLANFIIANGEL Y-TRAETHAN, Lan-ve-hantghel e-triF- mountains, and is universally admired for its scenery.
than, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.         About 1 mile distant, on a conical and almost inaccessible
LLA NFFININAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. hill are the picturesque ruins of Cadr Dinas Bran, a castle
LLANFFLEW IYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Angle- of great antiquity; and about 1 mile beyond are the beausey.                                                     tiful remains of Valle Crucis Abbey, founded by Madoc,
LLANFILO, Lan-veello, a parish of South Wales, co. of  Prince of Powis, about the year 1200. Four miles from the
Brecon.                                                 town is the Cysyllitaw Aqueduct, a noble, structure of 19
LLANIFOIST, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.      arches, 126 feet in height, by which the Ellesmere Canal is
LLANFRO1THIEN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merio- carried across the Dee.
neth.                                                      LLANGOLLEN ROAD STATION, Shrewsbury and Chester
LLANFWROG, Lan-voolrog, a parish of North Wales, co. Railway, 3 miles S. of Rhuabon.
of Anglesey.                                               LLANGOLtMAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of PemLLANFWROG, aparish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.  broke.
LLANFYLLIN, Lan-vjthllin, a parliamentary borough,   LLANGORSE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
market-town, and parish of North Wales, co. and 161 miles   LLANGOIVEN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
N.N.W. of Montgomery, on the Cain. Pop. of parliament-   LLANGOWtER, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.
ary borough; 1116. It contributes with Montgomery, Llan-  ILLANGRANfOG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
idloes, iMachynlleth, Newtown, and Welshpool, in sending    LLANGUJA, Lan-ghtif, a parish of England, co. of Mon1 member to the House of Commons.                       mouth.
LLANFYNNYD, Lan-vjinnid, a parish of South Wales, co.   LLANGWENLLWYFO, Lan-gwln-thtw.v/o, a parish of
of Carmarthen.                                          North Wales, co. of Anglesey.
LLAPNFYRNACH, Lan-vTrnai, a parishl of South Wales,   LLANGWILLOG, Lan-gwithflog, a parish of North Wales,
co. of Pembroke.                                        co. of Anglesey.
LLANGADIFAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgo-   LLANGWM, Lan/goom, a parish of North Wales, co. of
mery.                                                   Denbigh.
LLANGAD/OCK, a market-town and parish of South    LLANGWM, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
Wales, co. of Carmarthen, on the Towy, 5~ miles S.W. of   LLANGWM, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
Llandovery. Pop. of parish, 2604. The town has a ruined    LLANGWNODYL, Lan-goo-no/djl, a parish of North Wales,
castle, and manufactures of coarse woollens.            co. of Carnarvon.
LLANGALIFO, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.    LLANGWNOR, Lan-goolnor, a parish of South Wales, co.
LLANIGAIN, a parish of SouthWales, co. of Carmarthen. of Carmarthen.
LLANGAMMARCH, Lan-gam/marK, a parish of South    LLANGWYFAN, Lan-gwvlan, a parish of North Wales,
Wales, co. of Brecon.                                   co. of Anglesey.
LANIGAN, a parish of South Wales, cos. of Carmarthen    LLANGWYFAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
and Pembroke.                                             LLANGWYSTENMNIN, a parish of North Wales, co. of
LLANGANINA, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.      Carnarvon.
LLANGAN/TEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.    LLANGYBI, Lan-ghiblee, a parish of North Wales, co. of
LLANIGAR, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.   Carnarvon.
LLANGAR/RAN, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.      LLANGYBIY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
LLANYASTY-TALYLLN, Lan-y~Ytee-t,-lith/In, a parish    LLANGYNELILO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
of South Wales, co. of Brecon.                            LLANGYHAF/AL, a parish of North Wales, co. of DenLLANGATHIEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmar- high.
then.                                                     LLANGYNIN, Lan-ghinlin, a parish of South Wales, co.
LLANGATTOCK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon. of Carmarthen.
LLANGATITOCK, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth,   LLANGYNLLO, Lan-ghinth/lo, a parish of South Wales, co.
including the town of Caerleon.                         of Cardigan.
LLANGAT/TOCK LLINGOED, Lintgo-8d, a parish of Eng-   LLANGYNNOG, Lan-ghjinfnog, a parish of South Wales,
land, co. of Monmouth.                                  co. of Carmarthen.
LLANGAT/TOCK NEAR USK, a parish of England, co. of    LLANGYNNOG, a parish of South Wales, co. of MontgoMonmouth.                                               mery.
LLANGAT/TOCK ~IBION-AVIEL, a parish of England,   LLANGYNOG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
co. of Monmouth.                                          LLANGYNWYD, Lan-ghin/wid, a parish of South Wales,
LLANGEDIWYN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car- co. of Glamorgan.
marthen.                                                   LLANGYNIDER, Lan-ghi.nid-er, a parish of South Wales,
LLANGED/WYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh. co. of Brecon.
LLANGEFELACI, Lan-ghA-f&l/aK, a parish of Squth Wales,   LLANGYNIEW, Lan-ghjnfyoo, a parish of North Wales,
co. of Glamorgan.                                        co. of Montgomery.
LLANGEFNI, Lan-ghiflnee, a parliamentary borough,   LLANHAR/AN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamortown, and parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 15 miles gan.
E.S.E. of Holyhead. It unites with Beaumaris, Amlwch,   LLANHIAR/Y, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
and Holyhead, in sending 1 member to the House of Con-   LLANHENINOCK, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
mons.                                                     LLANHILETH, Lan-hee/llth, a parish of England, co. of
LLANGEINOR ON THE HILLS, Lan-ghl/nor, or Lan-gA/nor, Monmouth.
a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.                LLANHIR, Lan/hir, or LanlhIR, a parish of South Wales,
LLANGEINWEN, Lan-ghinlwdn, a parish of North Wales, co. of Radnor.
co. of Anglesey.                                          LLANHOWIEL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
LLANGEI5THO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.   LLANIDIAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey, 4Q
LLANGELER, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. miles N.N.E. of Carnarvon. It has remains of structures
LLANGELYNIN, Lan-ghe-linlin, a parish of North Wales, ascribed to the Druids, who were twice massacred here by
co. of Carnarvon.                                       the Romans in the 1st century.
LLANGELYN IN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.   LLANIDLOES, Lan/id-less, a parliamentary and municipal
LLANGENDEIRN, Lang'en-dirn?, a parish of South Wales, borough, town, and parish of North Wales, county and 19
co. of Carmarthen.                                      miles W.S.W. of Montgomery, on the Severn, here crossed
LLANGENNECIH, Lan-gh~n/nkS, a parish of South Wales, by 2 bridges. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 3056.
co. of Carmarthen.                                      It has manufactures of excellent flannel and other woollen
LLANGENI/NITII, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- stuffs. The borough unites with Montgomery, Llanfyllin,
morgan.                                                 Machynlleth, Newtown, and Welshpool, in sending l'memLLANGEN/NY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.   ber to the House of Commons.
LLANGERNYW, Lan-ghl/Inu, a parish of North Wales,   LLANIESITYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.
co. of Denbigh.                                           LLANIESTYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
LLANIGEVIEW', a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.    LLANIGION, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
LLANGIAN, san-ghee/an, a parish of North Wales, co. of   LLANILfAR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
Carnarvon.                                                LLANILLID, Lan-its/lid, a parish of South Wales, co. of
LLANGIBIBY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.    Glamorgan.
LLANGIJRIG, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgo-   LLANINIA, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
mery.                                                     LLANISIAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
LLANGISTIOLUTJS, Lan-ghis-tee/o-lis, a parish of North    LLAN/ISHEN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
Wales, co. of Anglesey.                                  LLANLLAWDDOG, Lan-th/lw/meog, a parish of South
LLANGWGOED, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.  Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
LLANGOEDMAWR, Lan'gwhl-m6wr, a parish of South    LLANLLAWER, Lan.th/slw/er, a parish of South Waler.
Wales, co. of Cardigan.                                co. of Pembroke.
1068




LLA                                                     LLA
LLANLLECIIID, Lan-thlKteid, a parish of North Wales,   LLANSTADfWELL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Paeco. of Carnarvon.                                     broke.
LLANLLEON/WELL, a parish of North Wales, co. of   LLANSTEPIHAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car.
Brecon.                                               marthen.
LLANLL:OONY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.   LLANSTEPHAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
LLANLLOWIELL, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.   LLANSTIN/AN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
LLANLLJUGAN, Lan-thdiilgan, a parish of North Wales, co.   LLANTHEW/Y-RYTHERCH, (rithlerx,) a parish of Eng.
of Montgomery.                                        land, co. of Monmouth.
LLANLLWCHAIARN, Lan-thloo-kilarn, a parish of Wales,   LLANTHEWTY-SKIR/RIT, a parish of England.
co. of Cardigan.                                        LLANTIIEWY-VACH, a parish of England.
LLANLLWCHAIARN, a parish of Wales, co. of Montgo-   LLANTHONY-ABBEY. See Cwmyoy.
mery.                                                   LLANTILVIO-GROSS:ENTNY, a parish of England, co. of
LLANLLYFFNI, Lan-thliffnee, a parish of North Wales, Monmouth.
co. of Carnarvon.                                       LLANTILfIO-PERTHOtLEY, a parish of England, co. of
LLANMADIOCK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamor- Monmouth.
gan.                                                    LLAN/TOOD, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
LLANMAES, Lan'ma/ls or lan'misf, a parish of South   LLANTRIS/SAINT, a parish of North Wales, co. of AnWales, co. of Glamorgan.                              glesey.
LLANMAREWtIC, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont-   LLANTRISSAINT, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
gomery.                                                 LLANTRISISENT, a parliamentary borough, town, and
LLANMAR/TIN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.  parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 8 miles N.W. of
LLANNEFYDD, Lan-nlvtiTH, a parish of North Wales, co. Cardiff. Pop. 1007. Coal, iron, and lead are wrought in
of Denbigh.                                           the parish. The parliamentary borough unites with Cardiff
LLANfNON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen. and Cowbridge in sending 1 member to the House of ComLLAN1NOR, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.   mons.
LLANOIVER, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.      LLANTRITHIYD, a parish of South Wales, co. of GlamorLLANRHAIADAR-IN-KINMERCH, lan-h'Rla-dar-inki-kin- gan.
mNRK, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.          LLANTWIT, a parish of Wales. See LANTWIT.
LLANRHAIADAR-YN-MOCHNANT,   Lan-h'aRia-dar-in-   LLANTWIT MAYOR, a town of Wales. See LANTWIT.
moxtnant, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh, J4 miies   LLANUWCH-Y-LYNN, LannyooN-e-linf, a parish of North
N. of Llanfyllin. Pistyll-Rhaiadar, one of the finest water- Wales, co. of Merioneth.
falls in Wales, is in this parish.                      LLANVACHES, Lan-vaktez, a parish of England, co. of
LLANRHIAN, Lan-h'Reetan, a parish of South Wales, co. Monmouth.
of Pembroke.                                            LLANVAIR-DISCOED, Lan-vAr (or Lanvirtf) disko-ld, a
LLANRHID/IAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla, parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
morgan.                                                 LLANVAIR-KILGID/IN, a parish of England, co. of MonLLANRHIDIAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- mouth.
broke.                                                  LLANtVAIR-WA/TERDINE, a parish of England, co. of
LLANRHYCHWYN, Lan-h'Ri.Kwin, a parish of North  Salop.
Wales, co. of Carnarvon.                                LLANVAPILEY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
LLANRHYDD, Lanth'RiTH, a parish of North Wales, co. of   LLANVETH/ERINE, a parish of England, co. of MonDenbigh.                                              mouth.
LLANRHYDDLAD, Lan-h'NRTHrlad, a parish of North   LLANVIHANGEL (Lan-ve-hanlghel) NEAR ROGGIET,
Wales, co. of Anglesey.                               (roglghe-ft,) a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
LLANRHYSTYD, Lan-h'Risttid, a parish of South Wales,   LLANYIHANGEL NEAR USK, a parish of England, co. of
oo. of Cardigan.                                      Monmouth.
LLANRHYWYDRIUS, Lan-h'Re-widtrus, a parish of North   LLANVIHANGEL-CRUCOR/NEY, a parish of England,
Wales, co. of Anglesey.                               co. of Monmouth.
LLANROTH/ALL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.    LLANVIHANGEL-LLANTARINAM, a parish of EngLLANRWST, Lan/roost, a market-town and parish of land, co. of Monmouth.
North Wales, counties of Denbigh and Carnarvon, 17 miles   LLANVIHANGEL-PONT-Y-MOILE, a parish of England,
W.S.W. of Denbigh, is situated on both sides of the Conway, co. of Monmouth.
here navigable for vessels of 60 tons. Pop. in 1851, 3602.   LLANVIHANGEL-TOR-Y-MYNYDD, (tor-e-mi.1niT,) a paThe town is in a spacious vale, and has an elegant bridge rish of England, co. of Monmouth.
of 3 arches, constructed in 1636 from a design of Inigo    LLANVIHANGEL-YSTERN-LLEWE/ERN, a parish  of
Jones; a church of the same architecture; and the tomb of England, co. of Monmouth.
the great Llewellyn, last Celtic prince of Wales. It has also   LLANVRECHVA, Lan-vrlk/va, a parish of England, co.
a manufactory of Welsh harps.                         of Monmouth.
LLANSA, lAn/sA, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 32 miles   LLANWARNE, Lan'warnt, a parish of England, co. of
N.E. by N. of Gerona, on the coast of the Mediterranean. Hereford.
Pop. 2288.                                              LLANWENtARTH, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth
LLANSADWRN, Lan-sadfoorn, a parish of Wales, co. of   LLANWDDYN, Lan-oo/THin, a parish of Wales, co. of
Anglesey.                                             Montgomery.
LLANSADWRN, (LowER and UPPER,) a parish of South   LLANWENLLWFO, Lan-wln-thloolfo, a maritime parish
Wales, co. of Carmarthen.                             of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.
LLANSADWRNEN, Lan-sA-doorlnen, a parish of South   LLANWEN/OG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.
Wales, oo. of Carmarthen.                               LLAN/WERN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
LLANSAINTFFRAED, Lan-sint-frAd, (or sAnt-frid,) a pa-   LLANWIN/IO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
rish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.                     LLANWNDA, Lan-oon-da, a parish of Wales, co. of
LLANSAINTFFRAID, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
Denbigh.                                                LLANWNDA, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.
LLANSAINTFFRAID, a parish of North Wales, co. of   LLANWNEN, Lan-noo/nen, a parish of South Wales, co.
Montgomery.                                           of Cardigan.
LLANSAINTFFRAID, GLYNN-CEIRIOG, (glin-k/lre-og,)   LLANWNOG, Lan-nootnog, a parish of North Wales, co. of
a parish of Wales, co. of Montgomery.                 Montgomery.
LLANSAINTFFRAID GLYN-DYD/WY, a parish of Wales,   LLANWON/NO, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
co. of Merioneth.                                       LLANWRDA, Lan-nooR/da, a parish of South Wales, co. of
LLANSAINTFFRAID, IN-ELVEL, a parish of Wales, co. Carmarthen.
of Radnor.                                              LLANWRIN, Lan-nootrin, a parish of North Wales, co. of
LLANSAINTFFREAD, Lan-sent'frldt, aparish of England, Montgomery.
co. of Monmouth.                                        LLANWRTHWL, Lan-noor/thool, a parish of South Wales,
LLANSAM/LET, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. co. of Brecon.
LLANSANtNAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.' LLANWRTYD, Lan-nooRltid, a parish of South Wales, co.
LLANSANNWR, Lan-san/noor, a parish of South Wales, of Brecon.
co. of Glamorgan.                                       LLANWYDDELLAN, lan-we-THeh/lan, a parish of North
LLANSANTFFREAD, a parish of South Wales, co. of Wales, co. of Montgomery.
Cardigan.                                               LLANWYDDYN (lan-wiTHtin) WITH CON/WY, a parish of
LLANSAW/IEL, a parish and small market-town of South North Wales, co. of Montgomery.
Wales, co. of Carmarthen, 9 miles N. of Llandeilo-Fawr.   LLANYBLODtWELL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Pop. of parish, 982.                                    LLANYBYTHtER, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car.
LLANSILtYN, a parish of England and North Wales, marthen.
counties of Denbigh and Salop.                          LLANYCHAIARN, lan-e-xi/arn, a parish of South Wales
LLAN/SOY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.     co. of Cardigan.
LLANSPYDDID, Lan-spi.T! id, a parish of South Wales,   LLANYCHAN, lan-iKtan, a parish of North Wales, co. of
co. of Brecon.                                        Denbigh.
1069




LLA                                                       LOO
LLANYCHIARE, Lan~e-karf, a parish of South Wales, co. circumcision. The country is governed by chiefs or absolute
of Pembroke.                                              monarchs, whose chief revenue is derived from the sale of
LLANYCHLLWYD DOG, Lan-ix-thlwITH1og, or LLANCH- slaves. See ANGOLA, BENGUELA, CONGO. Loango, the ehici
CLWYDOG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.        town, is situated in lat. 40 39' S., Ion. 120 17' E. The houses
LLANYCRWYS, Lan-e-krwist, a parish of South Wales, co. are shaded by palm and plantain trees, and the town is said
of Carmarthen.                                            to be 10 miles in circumference. The Bay of Loango is
LLANYDDAUSAINT, Lan-e-T5is5ant, a parish of North  rocky and dangerous.
Wales, co. of Anglesey.                                     LOANIHEAD, a village of Scotland, co. and 6 miles S.S.E.
LLANYGWYRDDON,,an-e-gwooaPrYo on, or LLANGWYR- of Edinburgh. Pop. 810, mostly colliers and papermakers.
GOON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.             LOANO, lo-alno, (Ital. Lovano, lo-vlno,)a village of Italy,
LLANYKEVIAN, a parish of South Wales, co, of Pembroke. on the Gulf of Genoa, 5 miles N.E. of Albenga. Pop. 3352.
LLAN'YKILI, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.   LOBACHISVILLE, lolbliks-vill, a post-office of Berks co.,
LLANY-MOWDDWY, Lanfe-mow/Tjwee, a parish of North  Pennsylvania.
Wales, co. of Merioneth.                                    LOBAGUR, lo-ba-gUiirl, a fortified post of British India,
LLANYMYNECH, Lanle-mjnlSk, a parish of England and  presidency of Bengal, 32 miles N.W. of Almorah, in lat. 290
North Wales, counties of Denrbigh, Salop, and Montgomery. 571 N., Ion. 790 18' E., and 6460 feet above the sea.
LLANYNYS, Lan-jntis, a parish of Wales, co. of Brecon.    LOBAT, a river of Russia. See LovaT.
LLANYNYS, a perish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.        LOBAU, lotb~w, an island of Lower Austria, in the Danube,
LLANYSTINfDWY, a parish of North Wales, co. of Car- 5 miles E.S.E. of Vienna, and where the French, in 1809,
narvon.                                                   remained intrenched for six weeks, between the battles of
LLANYWERN, lan-yoolfrn, a parish ofWales, co. of Brecon. Gross-Aspern and Wagram.;
LLAWIIADEN, a parish of South Wales. See LAWHADEN.   LOBAU, (Lijbau), l6lbbw, a town of Saxony, 12 miles E.S.E.
LLECIHICYNFARWYDD,  cK-kin-far/wiTH,   a parish of  of Bautzen, with a station on the Saxon-Silesian Railway.
North Wales, co. of Anglesey.                             Pop. 2757. Near it are mineral springs, and crystals are
LLECHYLCHED, Lak-ilYd,  a parish ofWales, cd.Anglesey. found, which are known by the name of "Lbbau diamonds."
LLERENA,IA-r.n&,  a town of Spain, province and 62 miles   LOBAU, (Libau,) (Polish Lsebawa, loo-bli1ii,) a town of
S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 6022. It is ill built and in decay. West Prussia, 38 miles E.S.E. of Marienwerder, on two small
Principal buildings, 2 churches and an hospital. Near it, rivers. Pop. 3250. It is enclosed by walls, has a convent,
the troops under Combermere routed the French, under and manufactures of woollen cloth.
Dronet, April 11, 1812.                                     LOBBERICH, lob1ber-iK, a village of Rhenish Prussia,:
LLERS, lyains, formerly EL PERELLO, el-pA-r~lllo, a  Dusseldorf, 7 miles W.S.W. of Kempen. Pop. 885.
town of Spain, Catalonia, 30 miles from Gerona. Pop. 1400.   LOBBES, lob, or lob'bes, a village of Belgium, 10 miles S.W.
LLEWELLYN, lew-8l/lin, a post-village of Schuylkill co., of Charleroi, on the Sambre. Pop. 2489.
Pennsylvania, 5 miles S.W. of Pottsville. It owes its pros-   LOBfDELL'S STORE, a post-office of West Baton Rouge
perity to the coal-mines in the vicinity. A branch railroad  parish, Louisiana.
connects it with the Reading Rtairoad at Schuylkill Haven.   LOBEDA, lo-byd/I, a town of Saxe-Weimer, principality
Pop. 476.                                                 of Weimar, on the Saale, 3 miles S. of Jena. Pop. 731.
LLIVIA, Teelve-a, (ano. Jullia Livlia?) a town of Spain, pro-   LOBEID, capital of Kordofan. See OBEID.
vince of Lerida, in the Pyrenees, 4 miles N.E. of Puigcerda.    LOBEJUN, (LSbejtin,) li'lbA-yiin', a walled town of PIrusLLOBREGAT, lo-brA-gttf, a river of Spain, Catalonia, sian Saxony, 20 miles N.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 2660.
enters the Gulf of Rosas, near the French frontier. Length,   LOBENDAU, lofbgn-dlw', a village of Bohemia, 36 miles
65 miles.                                                 N.N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1816.
LLOBREGAT RUBRICATOS, To-brA-g~t! roo-bre-lkctoce, a    LOBENSTEIN, 10/ben-stine', the capital of the principality
river of Spain, Catalonia, enters the Mediterranean, 3 miles of Reuss:Lobenstein, Germany, on the Lemnitz, here joinied
S. of Barcelona, after a S. course of 80 miles.           by the Kosea, 12 miles S.S.W. of Schleita. Pop. 4180.
LLORET, Iolrlt, a maritime town of Spain, province and    LOBNIK, lob'nik, a village of Austria, MIoravia, 16 miles
26 miles S. of Corona, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2998.    from Freudenthal. Pop. 1071.
LLOSA-DE-RANES, Io/sA-dA-r/nls, a village of Spain, pro-   LOB NOR, a lake of Central Asia. See LoP Non.
vince and 25 miles from Valencia. Pop. 1383.                LOBON, lo.RSn/, (auc. Licon?) a town of Spain, EstremaLLOSETA, lo-s tlt, a town of Spain, on the island of  dura, 18 mileA E. of Badajos.  The Romans, under the proMajorca, district of Inca. Pop. 1116.                     consul Lucius lEmilius, were hero defeated by the Lusitani,
LLOUG-OR, Loilgor, (anc. Leucarum ) a parliamentary  A. c. 188. Pop. 580.
borough, town, and parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan,   LOBOS, an island of South America, off the S. coast of
on the river of the same name, here crossed by a bridge, 61 Uraguay, N. side of the entrance to the estuary of the Rio
miles W.N.W. of Swansea, with which it communicates by  de la Plata. Lat. 350 1' S., ion. 540 39' W.
railway. Pop. 821. Vessels of 200 tons approach the wharf.   LOBOS, an island of North America, Gulf of California,
The borough unites with Swansea, Aberavon, Kenfig, and  coast of Mexico. Lat., (S.W. point,) 27015 N., lon. 1100 46' W.
Neath in sending 1 member to the House of Commons.          LOBOS, an island in the Gulf of Mexico, province of Vera
LLOWIS, Lolwis, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.  Cruz. Let. 210 26' N., ion. 970 8' W.
LLOYD, lold, a post-township of Ulster co., New York, on    LOBOS, one of the smaller Canary Islands, being about 6
the right bank of the Hudson, about 68 miles S. of Albany. miles long and 1I broad, near the N. point of Fuerteventura.
The Wallkill River fows along its W. border. Pop. 2035.   Let., (N. point,) 280 45 30" N., ion. 130 48'30' W.
LLOYD'S, a post-office of Essex co., Vhrginia.            LOBOS, a small island in the Atlantic Ocean, near Cape
LLOYD'S NECK, a peninsula on Long Island, between  Blanco, N.W. coast of Africa. Lat. 210 20' N., Ion. 170 W.
Oyster Bay and Huntington Harbor.                           LOBOS ISLANDS, on the W. coast of Peru. See SEAL
LLOYDSIVILLE, a small post-village of Belmont co., Ohio. ISLANDS.
LLOYDITOWN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York,   LOBOSITZ, Sobo-sits, or LOBOSYCZE, lo-bo-sitchdt, writ36 miles from Toronto. It contains two mills. P. about 400. ted also LOWOSITS, lo/vo-sits', a town of Bohemia, 4 miles
ILLUBI, Too/bee, or CASTELL-LLUBI, kas-t01ffoolbee, a W.S.W. of Leitmeritz, on the Elbe. Pop. 1322. Near it is
town of Spain, on the Island Majorca, near Inca. Pop. 1818. the chapel of Maria Einsiedel, erected to commemorate the
LLUMAYOR, loo-mi-oe, or LLUCHMAYOR, look-mi-orl, first battle of the seven years' war, 29th October, 1756.
a town of Spain, in the island of Majorca, 17 miles E.S.E.   LOBSENS, lobtsens, (Polish Lobzeniko  lob-zhl-neeko,)
of Palmas. Pop. 7112. It is well built, and has manufac- a town of Prussian Poland, 34 miles W.NW. of Bromberg,
tures of woollens and linens.                             on the Lobsonka. Pop. 2720.
LLYSFAEN, Li/v -en or Lisvin, a parish of North Wales,   LOBURG, lo/bOORe, a town of Prussian Saxony, 18 miles
counties of Carnarvon and Denbigh.                        E. of Magdeburg, on the Ehle. Pop. 1950.
LLYSVAEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.    LOCANA, lo-k/ng, a town of North Italy, division of TuILLYSIWEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.      rin, province and 25 miles W. of Ivrea. Pop. 5384.
LLYSWERNI, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.   LOCAPIL/LY, a town of India, Nizam's dominions, 82.
LLYSYFRAN, Lis-Tv/ran, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke. miles S.W. of Hyderabad.
LLYWELL, Lyootel,'a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.   LOCARNO, So-kar/no, a town of Switzerland, canton of
LOA, lo/I, a seaport town of Peru, lat. 210 30' S., lon. 700  Ticino, of which it is one of the three capitals, on the Lagr~
W., at the mouth of a river of the same name, which falls Maggiore, near its N. extremity, 8 miles S.W. ofBellinzona.
into the Pacific, after a courseof180 miles, in the latter part Pop. in 1850, 2676. Its Protestant inhabitants, expelled in
of which it forms the boundary between Peru and Bolivia.  1553, helped mainly to establish the flourishing silk manuLOAG, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.      factures at Zurich.
LOANDA, lo-un/dA, an island of South-West Affica, imme-   LOCARNO, a market-town of Piedmont, on the right bank
diately off the coast of Angola, and opposite the town of St. of the Sesia.
Paul de Loanda. Length 18 miles, breadth 1 mile.           LOCARNO, LAKE OF. See LAGo-MAoeIOaR.
LOANGO, Io-anggo, a county of South West Africa, extend-   LOCATE, lo-k/tI, LOCATE-TRIULZI, lo-kslti-tre-oolzee,
ing along the coasts of the Atlantic, from the equator to the  or LOCATE SAN VITTORE, lo-kI/tS sIn vit-tolrA, a town
river Zaire, which separates it from Congo on the S. Surface of Austrian Italy, province and 8 miles S. of Milan, on the
~at and very fertile on the coasts, interior unknown. The  Lambro. Pop. 1939.
inhabitants: are called Bramas; they resemble the negroes   LOCA/TION,  a post-office of Coweta co, Georgia, about 90
of Congo, are very superstitious, and practise the rite of miles W. of Milledgeville.
1070




LOC                                                        LOo
LOCCUM, lokfk6om, a market-town of Hanover, province    LOCKERfBY, a market-town of Sdbtland, co. of Dumfries,
of Calenberg, 26 miles W.N.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1500.       on the Carlisle and Glasgow Railway, 10 miles N.N.W. of
LOCIIABEI, lax-O/ber, a wild and mountainous district Annan. Pop, 1315.
of Scotldnd, co. of Inverness, in the vicinity of Lochs Linnhe,   LOCKERtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Rants.
Leven, and Ell. The last wild wolf known in Great Britain,    LOCKE'S MILLS, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
was killed here by Cameron of Lochiel in 1680.               LOCKE'S MILLS, a post-office of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania.
LOCIH ACHRAY. See AcHRAY. LOCHI-  KATRINE. See    LOCK/HART, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co., Texas,
KATRINE. For all other articles having the prefix Loc, about 25 miles S. by E. of Austin.
not given below, see the additional name.                    LOCKHIART'S STORE, a post-office of Holmes co., MisLOCH ALSH, loe alsh, a parish of Scotland. co. of Ross. sissippi.
LO'CIIAPO/KA, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama, on    LOCK HAIVEN, a thriving post-village, capital of Clinton
the railroad between Montgomery and West Point, 53 miles  co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the West Branch of
N.E. of the former.                                        the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of the Bald Eagle
LOCHAR MIOSS, lox/ar moss, a morass of Scotland, co. of Creek, and on the route of the Sunbury and Erie Rgilroa:d,
Dumfries, extending from the Solway Frith N.W. Length  107 miles N.N.W. of Harrisbnrg. It is near the head of
10 miles; breadth from 2 to 3 miles.                       navigation on the West Branch Canal. It is a place of
LOCH BROOM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross.           active business, and a depOt for pine lumber, of which large
LOCH BROOM is an extensive arm of the sea, between  quantities are sawn in the county.  It contains several
the counties of Ross and Cromarty. Lat. 580 N., Ion. 50 15' churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 steam saw-mills. ExtenW.; containing numerous islands. LITrmE  Loon BROOM is  sive beds of bituminous coal have been opened about 4 mile's
an inlet on the S. side.                                   from the village. A bridge across the river connects Lock
LOCIICARRON, Ifs-kar/ron, a parish of Scotland, co. of  Haven with I)unnstown. Pop. 830.
Ross, on an inlet of the ocean of the same name, about 37    LOCK-HOI, lok-hoi/, a seaport town of China, E. coast
miles W.N.W. of Fort Augustus. It has the remains of a  of the island of Hainan, near the mouth of a river; lat. 190
castle of the Mlacdonalds.                                 15' N., Ion. 1100 25' E. It is a large place, surrounded by
LOCHIEE, lox/ee, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 1-  walls and ramparts 30 feet thick, in tolerable condition, and
miles N.W. of Dundee. Pop. 3693.                           entered by four gates facing the cardinal points. The streets
LOCHEM, 10K/em, a town of the Netherlands, province  are paved, but narrow; the houses, built of brick, never
of Gelderland, 9 miles E. of Zutphen. Pop. 1934.           exceed two stories in height; the Shops are elegant and well
LOCHES, losh, (anc. Loch/iaf) a town of France, depart- supplied with various kinds of merchandise. Pop. about
ment of Indre-et-Loire, on the Indre, 24 miles S.E. of Tours. 90,000.
Pop. in 1852, 5191. It stands on a declivity, crowned by its    LOCK/ING, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
old castle, the state-prison of Louis XI. Near it, in 1400,   LOCKtINGE, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
was born Agnes Sorel, whose tomb exists in the chapel of    LOCKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
the sub-prefecture.                                          LOCKINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
LOCI-GELLY. loK-gh~llee, a village of Scotland, co. of  Riding, with a station on the Hull and Scarborough Railway,
Fife, 7 miles E.N.E. of Dunfermline. Pop. 770.             6 miles N.N.W. of Beverley. -
LOCHGILP-HEAD, lox-gilplhld, a village of Scotland, co.   LOCKINGTON, a thriving post-village of Shelby co., Ohio,
of Argyle, on Loch Gilp, a branch of Loch Fyne, about 19  on the Miami and Erie Canal. Pop. 300.
miles W.S.W. of Inverary. Pop. in 1851, 3035. It has a    LOCK/LAND, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.
branch bank, and steam communication with Glasgow.           LOCKLAND, a thriving post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio,
LOCHGOIL-HEAD, lox-goill/hd, a mountainous parish  on the Miami Canal, 11 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has
of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on Loch Goil.                  a valuable water-power, is a place of active business, and a
LOCIIHAUSEN, lothOw/zen, a village of Bavaria, on the  station onthe Cincinnati and Dayton Railroad.
Roy1 Bavarian Railway, 4 miles N. of Munich.                 LOCK/PORT, a flourishing post-village, capital of Niagara
LOCHINOCIH, a parish of Scotland. See LocHWINNocH.    co., New York, on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester,
LOCHINVAR, loK-in/var, a lake of Scotland, stewartry of  Lockport, and Niagara Falls Railroad, connecting the New
Kirkcudbright. Circuit 3 miles. HIere are remains of a  York Central with the Great Western Railway of Canada,
castle of the Gordons, knights of Lochinvar.               25k miles N.N.E. of Buffalo by raihlroad, and 31 by canal:
LOCIILEE, lox/lee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.  306 miles W. by N. of Albany by railroad, and 333 by canal,
LOCH LEV/EN, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virginia.  and 221 miles E.N.E. of Niagara Falls. Lat. 430 11' N., Ion.
LOCH LOCHY, lox loKlee, a lake of Scotland, co. of Inver-  780 46' W. It is situated at the point on the canal where
ness, forming one of the chain of lakes of the Great Caledo- the water descends from the level of Lake Erie to the Genenian Glen. Length about 9 miles, breadth 1 mile.           see level, by ten double combined locks of massive masonry,
LOCH LOMOND. See LOMOND.                                 in the best style of workmanship. The abundant hydraulic
LOCH LOM/OND, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia.  power obtained by this means constitutes one of the chief
LOCHIMIABEN,  lox-ml/ben, a royal and parliamentary  sources of the prosperity of Lockport. This power will be
borough, and parish of Scotland, county and 8 miles E.N.E. greatly augmented by the completion of the Erie Canal enof Dumfries. Pop. in 1851, 1092. It is beautifully situated  largement to Buffalo, which is now far advanced. In the
on rising ground, and encircled by a chain of 8 small lakes.  construction of this great work, a barrier of solid limestone'It has a savings bank, and ruins of the magnificent castle of  has been excavated from the head of the locks, about 3 miles
King Robert Bruce. It joins with Dumfries, Annan, Kirk- southward, from 25 to 40 feet in depth, and 62 feet in width,
cudbright, and Sanquhar in sending 1 member to Parliament. with an additional space of 15 feet for a towpath. Water,
LOCH-NA-GAR, loxna-gar/,  a mountain of Scotland, co. in any desirable quantity, may be drawn from the Erie level,
of Aberdeen, Grampian range, height 3777 feet.             and returned to the canal, 60 feet below, without detriment
LOCH-NA-SEALG, loKxna-sailg/, a lake of Scotland, coun- to the navigation. Large quarries of the finest limestone
ties of Ross and Cromarty, 32 miles W.N.W. of Dingwall, 7  and of sandstone flagging are worked at this place, furnishmiles long by 1 mile broad.                                ing constant employment to several hundred men. LockLOCH NESS. See Ness.                                     port has 6 fiouring-mills, 3 of which are of the first class, 11
LOCHRUTTON, lox-rbt'tgn, a parish of Scotland, 5 miles  saw-mills, 5 iron foundries, 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen facW.S.W. of Dumfries. It has a fine lake, remains of several tory, 4 banks, an insurance office, several insurance agencies,
towers, and a Druidical circle.                            and 85 stores, not including the small groceries. It has seo-v
LOCHS, 1ors, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, Isle of Lewis. ral printing-offices, issuing 3 weekly and 2 daily newspapers;
LOCHWINNOCH, lox-win/noi, or LOCHINOCIT, loK-intoK, 6 primary schools, and 1 union school: the latter is a large
a parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, with a station on the  and substantial stone building, in which from four to six
Glasgow and Ayr Railway, 9 miles W.S.W. of Paisley. Pop. hundred children, after leaving the primary schools, are
of the village in 1851, 2271. The fine lake of Castle Semple  instructed in all the branches of a liberal education. Among
is in this parish; on its banks are the remains of a church  the churches are 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, 1
and several castles. In the vicinity is a magnetic rock.   Baptist, 1 Lutheran, 1 Universalist, 1 Catholic, and 1 Friends'
LOCHY (loK/ee) RIVER, of Scotland, co. of Inverness, has meeting-house. Lockport is surrounded by a rich agricula S.W. course of about 10 miles. At its junction with Loch  tural region, and there is no place on the Erie Canal, except
El is Fort William, a little above is Inverlochy Castle.   Rochester, and perhaps Buffalo, where so much flour is maunuLOCHY RIVER, a small river of Scotland, co. of Perth, factured. The Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Railroad
in the picturesque vale of Glenlochy, after a course of about crosses the canal at this point by a viaduct 500 feet in length,
15 miles, joins the Dochart near its junction with Loch Tay. and 60 feet above the water. This road was completed in
LOCK, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.                   June, 1852. Lockport is the largest unincorporated town
LOCK, a township of Ingham co,, Michigan. Pop. 321.   in the state. Pop. in 1855, about 13,300; of the township
LOCK, a township in Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 171.    in 1850, 12,323.
LOCK BER/LIN, a post-village of Wayne co., New York,   LOCKPORT, a village in Clinton co., Pennsylvania, on the
on the Erie Canal, 4 miles E. of Lyons.                    Susquehanna River opposite Lock Haven, has about 150)
LOCK/BOURNE, a post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, on  inhabitants.
iie Ohio Canal, 11 miles S. by E. of Columbus.               LOCKPORT or PLATEA, a post-village of Erie co., PennLOCKE, a post-township on the S. border of Cayuga co., sylvania, on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 21 miles S.W. of Erie.
New York, about 145 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1478.           LOCKPORT, a village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania: on the
LOCKE, a post-village of Elkhart co., Indiana.           Lehigh River, contains about 100 inhabitants.
1071




LOO                                                        LOD
LOCKPORT, a small village of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania.    LOCUST GROVE, a post-village of Henry co., Georgih
LOCKPORT or LOCKPORT STATION, a post-village of  about 9 miles S.S.E. of McDonough.
Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, on the Conemaugh Creek,   LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Searcy co., Arkansas.
Pennsylvania Canal, and Central Railroad, 25 miles E.N.E.   -LOCUST GROVE, a small village of Scott co., Arkansas
of Greensburg.                                               LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Weakly co., Tennessee.
LOCKPORT, a village of La Fourche Interior parish, Lou-   LOCUST GROVE, a post-village of Callaway co., Kentucky.
isiana, on Bayou La Fourche. The produce of the vicinity    LOCUST GROVE, a post-village of Adams co.. Ohio, 90
is shipped at this village by steamboats. It has about 100  miles S.S.W. of Columbus. A plank-road connects it with
inhabitants.                                               Ripley, on the Ohio.
LOCKPORT, a village of Butler co., Kentucky, on Green    LOCUST GROVE, a post-offide of Montgomery co., Indiana.
River, at Lock and Damn No. 4.                               LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Williamson co., Illinois.
LOCKPORT, a post-village of Henry co., Kentucky, on    LOCUST HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsylthe Kentucky River. It is the principal landing-place in  vania.
the county, and has 2 stores and 3 warehouses.               LOCUST HILL, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia.
LOCKPORT, a village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the    LOCUST HILL, a post-office of Caswell co., North Carolina.
Ohio Canal, 100 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 200.      LOCUST HILL, a post-village of Anderson District, South
LOCKPORT, a post-village of Williams co., Ohio, on Tiffin's  Carolina.
River, about 143 miles N.W. of Columbus.                     LOCUST LANE, a post-office of Fayette co., Virginia.
LOCKPORT, a township in St. Joseph co., Michigan.   LOCUST MILLS, a post-office of Bracken co., Kentucky.
Pop. 1142.                                                   LOCUST MOUNT, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia.
LOCKPORT, a post-village and township of Carroll co.,   LOCUST MOUNT, a post-office Washington co., Tennessee.
Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 75 miles N. of    LOCUST MOUN/TAIN, Pennsylvania, in the N.E. part of
Indianapolis.  Pop. 126.                                   Schuylkill county, may be regarded as a portion of Broad
LOCKPORT, a thriving post-village of Fayette co., Indi- Mountain.
ana, on the Whitewater River and Canal, about 60 miles E.   LOCUST SHADE, a post-office of Overton co., Tennessee.
of Indianapolis.                                             LOCUST SPRING, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois,
LOCKPORT, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, on the Wabash  30 miles S.W. of Springfield.
and Erie Canal, 9 miles S.E. of Terre Haute.                 LOCUST TREE, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.
LOCKPORT, a handsome post-village and township of    LO/CUSTVILLE, a post-office of Accomac co., Virginia.
Will co., Illinois, on the Des Plaines River, and on the Illi-   LOCZ, lots, a village of Hungary, co. of Neograd, 10 miles
nois and Michigan Canal, 32 miles S.W. of Chicago. It is a  from Seakall. Pop. 1090.
place of active business, possessing extensive water-power,   LOD/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
and quarries of good building stone. The general office of    LODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
the Canal Company is located in Lockport. A newspaper    LOD/DISWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
is published here weekly. Pop. of the village in 1854, esti-   LODIDON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
mated at 2000; of the township, in 1850, 1657.             Norfolk, 10 miles S.E. of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 1206.
LOCKPORT STATION, Pennsylvania. See LCKPORoT.              LODDON, a river of England, flows into the Thames, near
LOCK/RIDGE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.        Wargrave. Length 30 miles.
LOCK STA/TION, a post-office of St. Joseph co., Michigan.   LODDON, a river of England, co. of Hereford, tributary
LOCKSITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         to the Frome.
LOCK'S VILLAGE, a post-village in Franklin co., Massa-   LODDON or YAR/RA, a river of Australia, Victoria, flows
chusetts, 75 miles W. by N. of Boston.                     N.W. and joins the Murray.
LOCK/VILLE, a small village of Chatham co., North Caro-   LODIDY, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee.
lina.                                                        LODEINOJE-POLE, a town of Russia. See LADEINOE-POLE.
LOCRVILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the    LODELINSART, lo'deh-l&NAGsarI, a village of Belgium,
Ohio and Erie Canal, 20 miles S.E. of Columbus.            province of Ilainaut, about 22 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1716.
LOCKI/WOOD, a post-village of Sussex co., New Jersey.      LOIDERS or LOTITHERS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
LOCKIWOOD, a village and township of England, co. of    LOIDERSVILLE, a post-office of Susquehanna co., PennYork, West Riding, 1  miles S.S.W. of HIuddersfield. Pop. sylvania.
4303. It is picturesquely situated, and frequented for its   LODBVE, lo'daivl, (anc. Lsutcva or Fo/rum  Nrero/nis,) a
medicinal waters.                                         town of France, department of IH6rault, in a pretty valley,
LOCLE, (LE,) leh lok'S, a village of Switzerland, canton  at the foot of the C6vennes, on the Ergue, here spanned by
and 10 miles W.N.W. of Neufchltel, in a valley of the same  a handsome bridge, 29 miles W.N.W. of Montpellier. It is
name, traversed by the Bled, nearly 3000 feet above the  walled; poorly and irregularly built; has an old cathedral
sea. It has an orphan asylum, hospital for old men, im- church, containing a fine mausoleum of white marble; important manufactures of clocks and watches, jewelry, and  portant manufactures of army clothing, and of woollen
lace. Near Locle, the Bied disappears in a rocky chasm, stuffs, hosiery, soap, and wax candles; and a trade in woolwhich, not having a large enough vent for the water, when  lens, wine, brandy, almonds, &c. Lodbve possesses mineral
increased by melting snows, causes disastrous inundations. springs, which were once much resorted to, but have been
The danger has now been removed by an aqueduct, consist- almost deserted since the discovery of the thermal spring
ing of a tunnel 950 feet long, cut through the solid lime- of Balaruc. In the vicinity is a grotto, with fine stalactites. 
stone rock, which encompasses the valley, and carries the  Pop. 10,372.
superfluous water into the Doubs. The chasm, where the    LODI, losdee, a city of Lombardy, on the Adda, here crossed
Bled disappears, is 100 feet deep; and to render the fall by a wooden bridge 609 feet long, 19 miles S.E. of.Milan, on
available, several mills, one above the other, have been con- the road to Piacenza. Pop., with 4 suburbs, 15,709. It was
structed within it. Pop. in 1850, 8514.                    founded in 1158 by the Emperor Frederick I., is enclosed
LOCMARIQUER, lok'miAree'kaip/, a village of France, by walls, and is generally well built, but dirty. Principal
department of M'orbihan, 23 miles S.E. of L'Orient. P. 2187. edifices, a citadel of the 15th century, now converted into
LOCMINE, lokemeen/, a town of France, department of  barracks, a cathedral with some remarkable antiquities and
Morbihau, 14 miles S.S.E. of Pontivy. Pop. 1760.          fine paintings, 18 other churches, a large hospital, and a
LOCORODONTO, lo-ko-o-don/to, a town of Naples, pro-. theatre. It is a bishop's see, the seat of a gymnasium, imvince and 38 miles S.S.E. of Bari. Pop. 4000.              peral diocesan and other schools, a normal school, founded
LOCRI. See GEnRAc.                                       by Joseph II., orphan and foundling asylums, a public
LOCSMAND, loch'm nd/, or LOTHMANSBURG, lot/mnns. library, pawn bank, manufactures of linens, silks, porceb6nRG', a market-town of Hungary, 6 miles N.E. of Giins. lain, chemical products, and an active trade, especially in
Pop. 1224.                                                 Parmesan cheese, for the making of which 30,000 cows were
LO/CUST, a post-office of Jackson co., Arkansas.         fed in the vicinity in 1845. On the 10th of May, 1796, NapdLOCUST COI/NER, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.    leon here gained a decisive victory over the Austrians.
LOCUST CREEK, of Missouri, rises near the N. boundary    LODI, also called LODI E CREMIA, a province of Italy,
of the state, and flowing southward through Dodge, Sulli- separated from the duchy of Parma, on the S., by the Po;
van, and Linn counties, it enters Grand Kiver from the left, area 462 square miles. Capital, Lodi. Pop. 218,844
in the N.W. part of Chariton county. Branches.-The West   LODI, lo/di, a village of Cattaraugus co., New York, about
Fork flows southward through Sullivan county, and enters 20 miles E. of Dunkirk.
Locust Creek from the right in Linn county. The East Fork    LODI or LODI VILLAGE, a post-village and township of
f:alls into the main stream from  the left in the S. part of Seneca co., New York, on the E. side of Seneca Lake, 3 or 4
Sullivan county.                                          miles S. of Ovid. The village contains 2 churches, 4 stores,
LOCUST CREEEK, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia, 33 and about 250 inhabitants. Pop. of township, 2269.
miles N.W. of Richmond.                                     LODI, a post-township of Bergen co., New Jersey, 5 miles
LOCUST DALE, a post-office of Madison co., Virginia.    N.W. of Hackensack.  Pop. 1113.
LOCUST FOR/EST, a small village of Butler co., Kentucky.   LODI, a post-village of Abbeville district, South Carolina.
LOCUST FORK. See BLACK WARRIOa  RIVER.                    LODI. a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia, 130 miles W. by
LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Mary- N. of Miledgeville.
land.                                                       LODI, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.
LOCUST GROVE, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia, 86   LODI, a post-village of Jackson co., Tennessee.
miles N.W. of Richmond.                                    LODI, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1336.
1072




LOD                                                       LOG
LODI, a post-village of Miedina co., Ohio, about 100 miles   LOFTSCHA, loft/chA, or LOYATS, lo'vgts1, a walled town
N.N.E. of Columbus.                                        of Turkey in Europe, province of Bulgaria, 252 miles N.W.
LODI, a post-township of Washtenaw co., Michigan. Pop. of Constantinople. Lat. 430 10' N., ion. 240 50' E. Pop.
1234.                                                      3000.
LODI, a post-office of Wabash co., Indiana.                LOFITY MOUNT, a mountain of South Australia, 6 miles
LODI, a small post-village of Clark cp., Illinois.       S.E. of Adelaide. Lat. 340 58' 20" S., Ion. 1380 42' E. Height
LODI, a post-village and township of Columbia co., Wis- 2400 feet above the sea.
cousin, 20 miles N. by W. of Madison. The village has 2    LO/GAN, a county in the W.S.W. part of Virginia, bordering
flouring-mills, 4 stores, and about 150 inhabitants. Pop. of  on Kentucky, has an area of 825 square miles. It is interthe township 252.                                          sected by the Guyandotte River, and bounded on the S.W.
LODI BAR, a small village of Sumter district, South  by the Tug Fork of Sandy River. The county slopes towards
Carolina.                                                 the N.W. The surface is mountainous, and overspread with
LODI CENTRE, a post-office of Seneca co., New York.      extensive forests; the soil is generally good.   he highlands
LODI VECCIHIIO, lotdee vlkfke-o, or OLD LODI, (anc. Laus of this county abound in stone-coal and iron, which are not.Posepoeia,) is a decayed village of Northern Italy, 4 miles W. much used at present. Formed in 1824, and named in honor
of Lodi. It was founded by the father of Pompey the Great, of a distinguished chief of the Mingo tribe. Capital, Lawnsand ruined by the Milanese in 1111. Pop. 3164.             ville, or Logan Court house. Pop. 3620; of whom 3533 were
LODIVILLE, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, on the  free, and 87 slaves.
Wabash Canal, about 16 miles N.W. of Rockville.              LOGAN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Kentucky, border.
LOD, (Kis,) kish led, a village of Hungary, IIither Danube, ins on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 600 square miles.
13 miles from Veszprim. Pop. 1388.                         It is traversed. by Red River, an affluent of the CumberLODOM EIRIA, Austrian Poland. See GALeCIA.              land, and also drained by Muddy and Whippoorwill Creeks.
LODOMILILO, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa.         The surface is beautifully diversified by ranges of hills,
LODORE, lo-dir, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia.  covered with timber. The soil is fertile, and well watered.
LODOSA, lo-dolsd, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, The surface rock is the cavernous limestone. The creeks
on the Ebro, 40 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 2580.      furnish motive power for mills.  The county contains a
LODRON, lo/dron, a village of Austria, Tyrol, 25 miles  number of artificial mounds, which recall the memory of
W.S.W, of Roveredo, near the entrance of the Chiese River former ages. Formed in 1792,-and named in honor of Geneinto Lake Idro. Pop. 2400.                                ral Benjamin  Logan, one of the pioneers of Kentucky.
LOD, VAROS, (Varis,) v~trJsh' lod, a village of Hungary, Capital, Russellville.  Pop. 16,581; of whom  11,114 were
Thither Danube, 12 miles from Yeszprim, on the Torna. free, and 5467 slaves.
Pop. 1767.                                                   LOGAN, a county in the W. central part of Ohio, has an
LODPSWORTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Sussex.        area of 457 square miles. It is intersected by the Miami
LODZ, lodz, a town of Poland, government and 73 miles River, and also drained by the sources of Mad River, and
W.S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 4380, employed in linen weaving.  of Rush, Darby, and Mill Creeks. The surface is generally
LOEAN, loo-jlnl, LOEWANG  or LOOANG, loo-Angf, an  rolling or level, the soil productive and well timbered,
island in the Malay Archipelago, between Timer and Timer It is intersected by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad,
Laut; lat. 80 10' S., lon. 1280 30' E.                     and by the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad. Organized
LOEHOE, loo'hool, LOEBOE, looeboof, or LOEWOE, loo6- in 1.817. Capital, Bellefontaine. Pop. 19,162.
woo', a native state, in the island of Celebes, lying on the N.   LOGAN, a county near the centre of Illinois, has an area
part of the Gulf of Boni, and once the greatest and most of 625 square miles. It is intersected by Salt Creek, an
mighty kingdom  in the island.  Its capital, of the same  affluent of Sangamon River,and also drained by Kickapoo
name, is situated on a bay, on the W. side of the gulf; lat. and Sugar Creeks. The surface is level, and is mostly desti-.
20 54' S.                                                  tute of forests; the soil is fertile. Several creeks in the
LOENEN, loo'nen, a village of Holland, province and 14  county are bordered with narrow strips of timber, and the
miles W.N.W. of Utrecht, on the Yecht. Pop. 965.           deficiency of wood in other parts is compensated by ao
LOENHOUT, loon/hiwt, a village of Belgium, province and  abundance of stone-coal. The county is intersected by the
16 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1800.                       Chicago and Mississippi Railroad. Capital, Mount Pulaski.
LOEVENSTEIN, loolven-stine', a fort of the Netherlands, Pop. 5128.
province of Gelderland, on the Waal, 10 miles W. of Bomneel.   LOGAN, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York, near
Here, early in the 17th century, Grotius was imprisoned, till Seneca Lake, about 24 miles W. by N. of Ithaca.
relieved by a stratagem of his wife.                         LOGAN, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania. P. 712.
LOEWANG (ISLAND.) See LOEAN.                               LOGAN, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 335.
LOFFENAU, lof/feh-niwl, a small town of Germany, Wiir-    LOGAN, a thriving post-village of Falls township, and
temberg, circle of Black Forest. Pop. 1093.                capital of Hocking co., Ohio, on the Hocking River and
LOFFINGEN, (Liffingen,) lf/fing-en, a town of Baden, Canal, 49 miles S.E. of Columbus, and 1 mile below the falls
among the mountains of the Black Forest, 41 miles W.N.W. of the river. It has I bank. Two newspapers are published
of Constance. Pop. 1191.                                   here. Extensive beds of iron ore are found in the vicinity.
LOFFODEN, lof-folden, LOFO)DEN, or LOFOITEN, a g-oup  Laid out about the year 1816. Pop. in 1853, about 1000.
of isladds off the NW.. coast of Norway; between lat. 670    LOGAN, a township in Dearborn co., Indiana. Pop. 753.
30' and 690 30' N., and Ion. 120 and 160 E.; and stretching    LOGAN, a township in Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 1717.
from S.W. to N.E. about 175 miles. The largest are Andien,   LOGAN, a post-office of Edgar co., Illinois.
Langien, Hindben, E. and W. Vaagen, and Flagstadie.   LOGAN COURT HIOUSE, or LAWNS]VILLE, a post-village,
They have almost all bold, precipitous, rugged, and deeply-  capital of Logan co., Virginia, on the Guyandotte River, 350
indented coasts, and an elevated and very sterile interior, miles W. of Richmond.
several of them containing mountains, which, though not   LOGAN MILLS, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
very lofty, are covered with perpetual snow. The coasts only    LOGAN MILLS, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky.
of the islands are inhabited, and contain some tracts under    LOGAN MOUNTAINS, of East Australia, Cooksland, are
such cultivation as the rigor and uncertainty of the climate  about let. 280 S., Ion. 1520 20' E., and separate the sources
will admit; but the chief value of the whole group is derived  of the Darling River from those of the Logan, a navigable
from the immense shoals of cod and herring which frequent river which enters the Pacific behind Stradbroke Island.
them, and the extensive and valuable fisheries which are    LOGAN'S CREEK, a post-village of Reynolds co., Missouri,
consequently carried on at the proper seasons. In ordinary  125 miles S.E. of Jefferson City.
years, about 3000 boats, each manned by five hands, or 15,000    LOGAN'S FER/RY, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pennin all, are employed; and the produce in cod is about 9000  sylvania, on the Alleghany River, 18 miles above Pittsburg,
tons dried fish, 22.000 barrels of oil, and 6000 barrels cod roe. has about 100 inhabitants.
The principal cod-fishery ends in April; but the herring-   LO/GANSPORIT, a post-office of De Soto parish, Louisiana.
fishery continues, and furnishes an important branch of    LOGANSPORT, a city, capital of Cass co., Indiana, is
nationalrevenue. Permanent population about4000. The  situated on the Wabash River and Canal, at the mouth of
islands are exposed to severe storms from the W'., and vio- Eel River, and at the crossing of the Michigan Road, 70 miles
lent currents sdt in between them. Near the S. end of the  N. by WV. of Indianapolis, and 42 miles N.E. of Lafayette.
group is the Mael-Strtim or famous whirlpool. See M1LSTROM.  It is the centre of trade for a fertile agricultural region, from
LOFODEN or LOFOTEN. See LOFFODEN.                        which grain, pork, and lumber are exported. The county
LOFO,  flol', a small island, at the entrance to the Gulf of  of Cass included part of the Miami Reserve, which was
Bothnia, and N.W. of the island of Aland, to which group  relinquished by the Indians a few years ago. A plank-road
itbelongs. Preliminaries of peace between Russiaand Sweden  is now in progress, which, when finished, will connect
were signed here in 1718.                                  Logansport with Indianapolis. A considerable quantity of
LOFSTA, (Lifsta,) lifs/t3, a town of Sweden, Ien and 40 lumber (poplar and black walnut) is procmured in the vicinity,
miles N. of Upsal, on the Lifsta, 3 miles from its mouth in  and exported to the Eastern cities. Logansport contains 3
Lifsta Bay. Pop. 1500, mostly engaged in iron works.       banks, 1 academy, and 6 churches, 3 of which are stone
LOFTCHEII. See LOFTScHA.                                buildings. The court-house, which is one of the finest in
LOFTIHOUSE, a market-town and parish of England, co. the state, is built of hewn stone.  Two newspapers are
of Yorlk, 7 miles E.N.E. of Guisborough. Pop. 1091.        published here.  West Logansport is situated on the WV.
LOFTON'S STORE, a village of Butts co:, Georgia, 62 bank of Eel River, and it is included in the corporate limits.
miles N.W. of Milledseville.                              Laid out in 1829. Pop. in 1853, about 3500.
3 S                                                                       1073




LOG                                                          LOI
LOGAN'S STORE, a posoffice of Rutherford Co., North    LOTIR, IR, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 22 mile*
Carolina.                                                   N.W. of Wiirtemberg. Pop. 3714.
LO;GANSVILLE, a village of Ml[orris co., New Jersey, 6    LOHURI(OT, lo-htiir-kot/, a fortified post of Northern Ilinmiles S. of Morristown.                                     dostan, district of Gurhwal, 8 miles S.W. of Bhadrinath.
LOGANSVILLE, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, on the    LOING, lwINs, (anc. Lufna?) a river of Frmance, rises in
Miami River, 64 miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. about 200. St. Colombe, department of Yonne, and joins the Seine on
LOGANVILLE, a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, the left. Length 70 miles. It feeds the canals of Briars
about 100 miles N. by W. of Ias-isburg.                     and Loing, by means of Which the Seine communicates with
LOGANVILLE, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, the Loire.
31 miles S. of Harrisburg.                                     LOIR, lw/R, (ane. Lidcersicus?) a river of France, rises in
LOGANVILLE, a post-office of Walton co., Georgia.         the lagoon of Cernay, department of Eure-et-Loir, and joins
LOGAZOIY, lo-g'zo-heef, a town of West Africa, N. of  the Sarthe on the left, 5 miles N. of Angers. Length 150
Dahomey; let. 80 55' N., ion. 20 30' E. It has an inner wall, miles.
and a large outer and inner market, well supplied with    LOIRE, lw/R, (anc. Liger,) an important river of Europe,
native produce and manufactures. Pop. from 8000 to 9000. and the largest in France, rises in Mont Gerbier-de-Jones,
LOG CABIN, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.              department of Ardkche, at an elevation of 3940 feet, flows
LOGGERHEAD ISLAND. See CoNTOY.                            N.N.W. and W., and enters the Bay of Biscay by a wide
LOGES, LES, 16 lozhf, a village of France, department of  estuary below  St. Nazaire, department of Loire-Inf6rieure.
Seine-Inf6rieure, 10 miles N.N.E. of Havre. Pop. 1985.       Length 645 miles; principal affluents on the right, the LitLOGES, LES, a village of France, department of Manche, non, Semlne, Furend, Coise, Rahins, Sornin, Reconce, Ar10 miles S.W. of Mortain. Pop. 1496.                        roux, Aron, Ni6vre, C67e, Authion, and Maine; on the left,
LOGGIA, LA, 1 16dhj[, a village of the Sardinian States, the Borne, Ance, Lignon, Aix, B6bre, Acolin, Allier, Loiret,
division of Turin, 2 miles from Carignano.  Pop. 1345.      and Cosson. It is navigable in descending from La Noiris,
LOGUN, ]ogkgoon! (?) a country of Africa, Soodan, S. of  and in ascending to Roanne, department of Loire. The tide
Lake Tchad, and S.E. of Bornoo. It is watered by the Shary. is perceptible as far as Nantes. Its course is generally rapid,
Capital, Kernuk, let. 110 7' N. Its soil is fertile, and climate  and navigation is interrupted during 5 or i months in the
healthy. The inhabitants are much more intelligent than  year, from want of water, overflowing, or freezing. Dykes
the negroes of the surrounding countries, and are famed for and barrages have been constructed along a great part of its
the-manufacture and dyeing of cotton goods.                 course, nmany of which were destroyed by a great flood in
LOGHAR, lS6Har,  a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of  1846. Yessels of upwards of 30@ tons discharge at Paimbcouf.
Meath.                                                      The Loire is connected by canals with the SaOne, Seine, and
LOGIIUR, lo'gttr?, (IHind. Lohagor,  the iron fort,") a strong  Vilaine. There is steam communication between Moulins
hill fort of British India, presidency of Bombay, district and  and Nantes, by means of the Allier and Loire.
28 miles N.W. of Poonah. It was taken by the British in 1814.   LOIRE, a department of the S.E. of France, formed of the
LOGIE, lolghee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.        old province of Lyonnois. Area 1805 square miles. Pop. in
LOGIE, a parish of Scotland, counties of Stirling, Perth,  1852, 472,588. SurfaCe generally elevated and mountainous; 
and Clackmanmnan, 2 miles N.N.E. of Stirling. Here are  traversed in the S.E. by the mountains of the C6vennes,
remains of Cambuskenneth Abbey, founded by David I. and partly enclosed between them  and the mountains of
in 1147.                                                    Forez; highest point is Mont Pila, in the C6vennes. The
LOGIE BUCHAN, bilkan, a parish of Scotland, co. of  greater portion of the department is situated in the basin
Aberdeen.                                                   of the Loire, and watered by its affluents, the Ond'ne,  nuLOGIE COLDSTONE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen. rend, Lignon, and Sornin; the Rhone forms its limit in the
LOGIE EA/STER, a parish of Scotland, counties of Ross  S.E. Soil generally infertile; -corn raised insufficient for
and Cromarty.                                               home consumption; potatoes and hemp are important crops,
LOGIE PERT, a parish of Scotland, co.'of Forfar.          and the chesnuts of Lyons are celebrated.  Wines are geneLO'GIERAIT/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.          rally of good quality, the best are those of the valley of the
LOG LICK, a post-office of Switzerland co., Indiana.      Rhone. Silk worms are extensvely reared, especially in
LOGNINI, lon-yee'nee, a small seaport on the E. coast of  the vicinity of Bourg-Argental, where is produced the finest
Sicily, 6 miles S.S.W. of Syracuse: formerly a large rock  silk in France for the manufacture of blondes. From the
joined to themainland by a reef. It used to be often visited  inexhaustible richness of its coal basin, this is one of the
on predatory excursions by the Barbary Corsairs.            most important mining departments in the country; the
LOGO, losgo, or LOKO, lo/ko, a district of West Africa, N.E. other mineral products are iron, marble, granite, porphyry,
of Sierra Leone. The capital, Porto Logo, lat. 80 40' N., lon. and flint. There are numerous mineral springs, the beet
120 35' W., is a neat town, extending along the elevated  frequented of which are St. Alban, Sail-sous-Couzan, and'
banks of a creek formed by the rivulet Logo.                St. Galmier.  The manufactures of this department are
LOGRONO, lo-gr6ntyo, a province of Spain, Old Castile;  among the most celebrated and extensive in France; includarea 2378 square miles; belongs to the basin of the Ebro,  ing silk goods, iron and steel, flint glass, &c. The deportwhich forms its N. boundary. Pop. 151,239.                  ment has 3 lines of railway connecting the principal towns
LOGRONO, a walled town of Spain, capital of the above  with Lyons, and it is divided into the arroncdissemients of
province, on the Ebro, over which is a strong bridge, built Montbrisou, (the capital) Roanne, and St. Etienne.
in 1138, 60 miles E. of Burgos. Pop. 7071. It has several   LOIRE, a village of France, department of RhOne, arronchurches, convents, hospitals, a theatre, and a college; tan-  dissement and 14 miles S. of Lyons. Pop. 1450.
neries, distilleries, and manufactures of leather and hats.    LOIR-ET-CIIER, lw&a-R-shairl, a department in the N.W.
It was taken by the French in 1808 and 1823; and here  of France, fsrmed of part of the old province of Orleannois.
Zurbano, the Christine general, was shot, 20th January, Area 2389 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 261,892. Surface
1845.                                                       level, with numerous 6tangs, (lagoons.) It is situated in
LOGROSAN, lo-gro-sinf, a town of Spain, province and  the basin of the Loire, and watered by many c' its affiu48 miles E.S.E. of Caeres, on the slope of the Sierra de Toledo. ents. Soil generally fertile, except in the S. Agriculture
Pop. 3050.                                                  forms the chief occupation of the population. The wines
LOGfSTOR, (Ligstor,) a maritime village of Denmark, are in general of good quality, the best are those of the
Jutland, 25 miles W.S.W. of Aalborg. Pop. 500.              Cher. Sheep are numerous, and of good breeds; horses are
LOGTOWiVN,- a post-office of Washita parish, Louisiana.    excellent. The rearing of bees and fowls is an important
LOGTOWN, a village of Upson co., Georgia, 9 miles S.S.E. branch of rural industry. The most valuable mineral proof Thomaston.                                               duct is flint. The department is divided into the 3 arronLOGURHI, lo-gurl, a village of Afghanistan, on a river of  dissements of Blois, (the capital) Romorantin, and Vendgume.
the same name, 18 miles S.S.E. of Cabool.                     LOIRE-INF, RIEUiRE, lwhA-TNs-flre-urx, " Lower Loire,"a
LOGURH, a river of Afghanistan, which, after a course  maritime department in the N.W. of France, formed of
of about 80 miles, joins the Cabool, about 10 miles below  part of the old province of Bretagne, situated on the Atlanthe town of Cabool.                                         tic Ocean and the Bay of Biscay. Capital, Nantes. Area
LOHARA, lo-hfrA, two towns of Hindostan, one in the  2595 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 535,664. Surface in geneNizam's dominions, 150 miles N.W. of Hyderabad; the  ral level, traversed by low hills, and mostly'situated in the
other in Bundelcund, 40 miles W. of Callinger.              basin of the Loire, and its estuary. Chief rivers, the Loire,
LOHAREE, a town of Sinde. See RegEE.                      Vilaine, Erdre, Briv6, Shvre-Nantaise, iMoin, Maine, AcheLOHARGONOt, a town of India, and British military post, neau, and Qtgnon. The department contains numerous
Bundelcund, 40 miles S. of Callinger.                       lagoons, among which the Ntang de Grand-Lieu is the
LOIEIA, lo-hilya, a seaport town of Arabia, Yemen, on  largest in France. Soil generally fertile. Agriculture in
the Red Sea, 130 miles W.N.W. of Sane. It has a few stone  an advanced state; chief products, grain and wines, the
houses, a mosque, a governor's residence, custom-house, ware- latter are nearly all pale, and are of second class quality.
houses, a shallow port, and trade in coffee. Pop. about 4000. Cattle are extensively reared, horses excellent, and sheep
LOHIANA, lo-jit'n, a town of British India, presidency  of good breeds; bees are numerous. Nantes is the prin.
of Bombay, district of Kattywar, 60 miles S.W. of Cambay. cipal port.  The department is divided into the arrondisseLORITIEN, lomen, a village of Saxony, 12 miles E.S.E. of  ments of Ancenis, Chateaubriand, Nantes, Paimbcouf, and
Driesden. Pop. 1057.                                       Savenay;  Capital, Nantes.
LOU00GHAUT, lo-hoo-gawt;, a village and British station    LOIRET, lV'rsiV, (anc. Literuu?) a river of France, joins
mf North Ilindostan, 50 miles E.S.E. of Almora.            the Loire on the left near Orleans. Length 10 miles.
1074




LOI                                                        LOM
Il01RET, a department of the N.W. of France, forming  DOM, AUSITRIAN LOMIBARDY, or AUSTRIAN ITALY,
part of the old province of Orleannois. Capital, Orleans. (Ge.  Lombarcdisch-Venezianisches  Kiinigreich, lomlbaa —dishArea 2551 square miles.  Pop. in 1852, 341,029.  Surface  v —nft-se-Anlish-es kblniG-rir'; It..egno Lombardo-Venetol,
flat and little elevated. The N. portion is situated in the  rAn/yo lom-baaido vA-nVto; Fr. Royajoue du Lomibard-VLnebasin of the Seine, and watered by its affluents, the Loing  tien, roy'Sm! dii l6m'ban1-vAn:'te-. 1c!,) an important part of
and Essonne, and in the S. it is traversed by the Loire, and  the Austrian dominions, in the N. of Italy, between lat. 440
watered by its affluents, the Loiret, Cosson, and Beuvron.  54' and 460 371 N., and ion. 80 32' and 130 37' E.; bounded
There are several lagoons in the basin of the Loing. Soil N. by Switzerland and the Tyrol; W. by Lago-Maggiore and
rich and fertile N. of the Loire, but poor on the S. of that the Ticino, which separate it from the Sardinian States; S.
river. Chief products, grain, wine, saffron, lint, and tim- by the Sardinian States, the duchies of Parma and Modena,
her. Apples for cider are extensively grown. Wine mostly  and the Papal States, from all of whichv with the exception
red, and of good quality. Sheep and cattle are numerous, of Modena, it is separated by the Ps; and E. by the Adriatic
and of good breeds; fowls and bees abundant. The important Sea and the kingdom of Illyria. It is divided, administramanufactures, of which Orleans was formerly the seat, have  tively, into the two governments of Lombardy and Venice,
greatly declined. The department is divided into the arron-  having for the line of separation the river Minclo. Greatest
dissements of Glen, Montargis, Orleans, and Pithiviers.     length from E. to W., 243 miles; greatest breadth in the
LOIRON, 1w 4r-cc)~, a market-town of France, department  government of Lombardy, 108 miles, and in the government
of Mayenne, on the Oudon, 7 miles W. of Laval. Pop. 1376.  of Venice. 130 miles, a portion of the Tyrol penetrating S.
LOISACIH, loilsdK, a river of Germany, which rises in the  near the centre, at Lake Garda, and reducing the breadth in
N. of the Tyrol, and joins the Isar, near Wolfratshausen,  that locality to 66 miles; area, 17,511 square miles. The
after a course of nearly 60 miles.                          capital cities are respectively Milan and Venice-the former
LOISY-ON-BRIE, lwi'zeel0aG-bree, a village of France,  of which is the residence of the Viceroy, to whom the governdepartment of Miarne, on the Paris and Strasbourg Railway,  ment of the kingdom is intrusted. The subdivisions, area,
17 miles S.E. of Chlons.                                    population, &c. of both governments are exhibited in the
LOITZ, loits, a town of Prussia, province of Pomerania,  following table:23 miles S. of Stralsund, on the Peene. Pop. 2813.
LOIX, 1wA, a village of France, department of Charente-                     GovrssMSNT  oF LoMnAmRY.
Inf6rieure, 15 miles W.N.W. of La Rochelle, with a port in
the Ile-de-R6.  Pop. 1266.                                                           Aea, * 
LOJA or LOXA, lofni, a city of Spain, province and 25 miles  Provinces or Delegations.,      Population. Chief Tovns.
LOJA or LOXA, lohid, a city of Spain, province,             ~square miles.
W.S.W. of Granada, near the Gemil. It has 3 churches, a convent, 2 hospitals, and manufactures of coarse woollens and   Bergams...              1,618      88,123     Berg.
Brescia                  1,309      356,225    Brescia.
paper. Loja appears, from the coins, and other antiquities   CoG.1,394                         423,c6{ Como.
found in it, tohave been an important Roman station. Under   Cremena.o525                         204,558    Cremona.
the Moors, it was defended by a castle, which, as well as the   Lodi-e-Crema....     462       215,844  Lodi.
town, was taken in 1226 by Ferdinand III.  It suffered   Mantua                         900       270,100   Mantua.
Milan.           75,      604,512    Milan.
much during the invasion by the Freanch. Pop. 15,055.        Pavia                                17,20 6452    PMya.
Pavia i....... 400             171,622    Pavia.
LOJA or LOXA, lofeh, a town of Ecuador, department of   Sondrio......               1,255      98,650       Sondrio.
Asuay. Lat. 40 S., Ion. 790 24' VW. Pop. 10,000.
—,~-~o,7~ —'
LOJANO, lo-y/no, a town of the Pontifical States, delega-       Total.....          81313    2,725,4
tion, and 16 miles S. of Bologna, on an eminence...
LOK, TISZA, tsees~h' 1k, a market-town of Hungary, on                       GoveaRNMET ou VuNscE.
the Theiss, 8 miles S.S.W. of Tokay. Pop. 3253.
LOKEREN, lolker-en, a town of Belgium, province of  PArea, in   Pp.latin.   C
~~~~~~~~~Proisor Dlegtos qaremls   r ohao. ]hief Towns,
East Flanders, on the Durme, 12 miles E.N.E. of Ghent, and                         square miles.
on the Ghent and Antwerp Railway. The streets are clean                                                      Bllu.
B ellun0......~ — ]24     57,{so
and regular, the market-place large and handsome, and the   Padua......            835      312,765    Pad.
houses generally well built and commodious. Its public   Rovigo.420                              153,783    Rovigo.
buildings comprise a spacious church, with a lofty tower,   Treviso.. 0                          26,19      Treviso.
3 chapels, a capacious town-house, prison, well endowed   Friuli, Friaul, or iOdine    2,525      429,044    Udine.
Venice 1,060  298,425  Venice.
hospital, orphan asylum, numerous schools, and other  VVenc..100                                  302,902    Ven
Verona......                  3292       Veoa
benevolent institutions; and it has manufactures of linen   Vicenza...      1,088      340,690    Vicenza.
fabrics, flannels, serges, cloth, cotton goods, lace, ropes, hats,                  -          _    __
tobacco, leather, soap, candles, chicory, &c.; an iron foundry,   Total....          9,"9     2,281,732
breweries, dyeries, salt refineries, oil-mills, an active trade  Total of bt   v'ment.  7,511    5,0,4
in manufactured goods, hemp, cattle, and agricultural pro-   ota of both Govments.   1,511      5,00
duce. Pop. 16,188.
LOKH~ITSA or LOKIHIVITZA, lok-vitsg, atown of Russia,    The surface consists of a vast plain, lying chiefly along
government and 80 miles N.W. of Poltava, on the Soola, near  the left Or N. bank, and in some places even below the level
here joined by the Lokhvitza. Pop. 4750.                    of the Po, and ascending N. more or less gradually, till it
LO-KIANG, lo-ke-4ngf, a river of China, province of IIoo- becomes mountainous, and is terminated by lofty ranges of
nan, after a N. and E. course of 300 miles, enters the Lake  the Alps. It thus consists of two distinct portions; a N.
Tong-ting, on its S. side.                                  region, distinguished by the magnificence of its Alpine
LO-KIANG, a town of China, department of Se-chuen,  scenery; and a S. district, composed of low, level plains, of
55 miles N.N.E. of Ching-too-foe.                           almost unequalled fertility. It is drained in its W. and
LOKNITZ, (Lbknitz,) likfnits, a river of Germany, which  central part by the Ticino, the Lambro, the Adda, the Oglio,
rises near Goss-Godens, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and  and the  lincio, flowing into the Ps; and the Adige, Bacjoins the Elde.                                             chiglione, Brenta, Piave, and Tagliamento, entering the
LOKO, a district of West Afirica. See Loo.               Adriatic. Its lakes are the largest in Italy. The most imnLO'KOHAR/, atown of BritishIndia, presidency of Bengal, porteant are Garda, Idro, Iseo, and Como, all wholly within
district of Tirhoot, 102 miles N.E. of Patna.               Lombardy; Lugano, and Slaggiore; the former less in it
LOKUT, lo'kootl, a village of Hungary, Thither Danube, than in Switzerland; and the latter, common to Lombardy,
9 miles from Veszprim. Pop. 807.                            Switzerland, and the Sardinian States.
LOLLAND, an island of Denmark. See LAALAND.                 A very extensive system of irrigation has been established
LOL'LAR, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, on the  in this country. Between the Ticino and Adda. about nineFrankfort and Cassel Railway, about 50 miles N. of Frankfort.  tenths of the surface are irrigated; between the Adda and
LOLLARA, lol-lb/rA, a town of India, province of Guzerat, Oglio, about two-tenths; and between the Oglio and Adige,
23 miles S.E. of Rahdunpoor. Pop. 5000.                     only about one-seventh. Many of the larger canals are
LOLLIGHUiR, lol-le-gitrl, a village of N.W. Hindostan, used for navigation and commerce, as well as irrigation;
19 miles S.W. of Jeypoor; has a temple to Mahadeva.         and the entire length of the great canals of irrigation in
LOLIWORTI, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.         Lombardy, and their first-class branches, has been estiLOM, lon, or LOUN, loon, a town of European Turkey, mated at above 4500 miles, using up one-half of the aveBulgaria, 22 miles S.E. of Widin, on the Danube, near the  rage discharge of all the rivers.
influx of the river Lon. Pop. 3000.                           Except the N. district, on some of the mountains of which
LOMAGNE, LA, 1A lo'mafil, (anc. Leomaniaca,) a small snow lies continually, the climate is remarkable for the unidistrict of France, in the former province of Gascony, now  formity of its temperature, and the thermomneter has a less
included in the departments of Haute-Garonne and Gers.   range than in any other part of Italy. During the greater
LOMAZY, lo-mb/zhee, a town of Poland, province of Sied- part of the year, the heal does not reach 50, though in
ee, 11 miles S.E. of Biala. Pop. 2000.                     very warm  summers it has occasionally risen to 900. In
LO0AZZO, lo-mitlso, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- winter the thermometer hassometimes descended to 100.
ment of M5ilan, about 2 miles S. by E. of Appiano, on the    The corn, maize, rice, hemp, and flax produced, far exceed
Lura. Pop. 2292.                                           the home consumption, though the system of agriculture
LOMBIARDORE, lom-baR-doirA, a village of the Sardinian  continues very imperfect, notwithstanding the great advanStates, province and 11 miles N. of Turin. Pop. 1138.      tages derived from irrigation. The dairy produce, obtained
LOMBARDO-VENETIAN (lom-bar/do-ve-nee'shan) KING- from the cows fed on the artificial meadows: forms one of the
1075




LOM                                                       LON
principal sources of agricultural wealth; and the Parmesan    LOMELLO, lo-m~lllo, a market-town of Piedmont, division
and Stracchino cheeses of Lombardy continue to prove their and 25 miles S.S.E. of Novara. Pop. 2151.
superiority to all other kinds, by the higher prices obtained    LOMIItA, a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin.
for them. Vast quantities of silk of the finest quality are    LOMMATSCII, lonilmRtsh, a town of Saxony, 21 miles
annually produced. The vine also thrives everywhere, and  W.N.W. of Dresden. Pop. in 1849, 2775. It has meanufatthe wine procured from it is very abundant. The difference tures of woollens, linens, and hosiery.
between the two governments of the kingdom, as respects   LOMME, lomm, a village of France, department of Nord.
vegetable products, is chiefly to be remarked in the vine- 3 miles WV. of Lille. Pd1). 1019. It has linen, weaving, and
culture; the area of which, in the government of Milan or bleaching works.
Lombardy, is nearly double that in the government of Venice.   LOMMEL, lomlmel, a village of Belgium, province of Lira
In like manner, the, former exceeds the latter in wheat, rye, bourg, 20 miles N. of insselt. Pop. 2250.
oats, and to the extent of a half in forests; while the latter    LOMNICA, lom-neetUs:, a river of Austria, Galicia, joins
exceeds the former considerably in rice, and to the extent the Dniester a little above Halicz, after a course of about-50
of a half in meadow lands. The minerals are not of much  miles.
importance. The manufactures consist chiefly of silks, vel-   LOMNITZ, a mountain of Hungary. See CARPATHIANS.
vets, woollens, hats, ironware, porcelain, and stained glass;   LOMNITZ, lom/nitz, a town of Germany, Bohemia, 20 miles
and the trade is in a great measure confined to the export N. of Neu-Bidschow. Pop. 2494.
of silk, corn, and cheese. The commerce is facilitated by    LOMNITZ, a town of Bohemia, circle of Budweis, on the
the numerous navigable canals, and railways have been  Goldbach. Pop. 1387.
completed from Milan to Como, and from Milan part of the    LOMNITZ, a town of Moravia, circle and 6 miles N.N.W.
way to Verona, and from Verona to Mantuna and Venice.    of Briinn, on the Zlaberbach. Pop. 1390.
The government is in the hands of a Viceroy, resident in    LOMNITZ, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, governMilan.  Several dialects of the Italian are spoken. The  ment of Oppeln, circle of Rosenberg. Pop. 779.
religion is Roman Catholic. Pavia and Padua-the former   LOMIOND, LOCH, loK 16mnnd, the largestlake of Scotland,
in the government of Milan, and the latter in the govern- between the counties of Stirling and Dumbarton, 6 miles N.
ment of Venice, have each a celebrated university.         of Dumbarton, and 16 miles N.W. of Glasgow. Length, N.
The Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom nearly corresponds to  to S., nearly 21 miles; greatest breadth 7 to 8 miles; noarthe ancient Roman divisions of Gallia Transpadana, and  rowing to 1 mile at the N. end. Area 40 square miles. It
Venetia, with a small portion of Rhoetia, but owes its name  is studded with islands, and surrounded by mountains and
to the Longobardi, (" Long-beards,") a powerful nation from  valleys, displaying striking scenes of grandeur and beauty.
the North, of Suevic origin, who, in the end of the 6th  It receives the Endrick, Luss, Fruin, and other streams, and
century, made themselves masters of the whole country, discharges its superfluous waters, at its S. extremity, into
and extended their conquests to the neighborhood of Rome. the Frith of Clyde, by the river Leven-a name which
It afterwards formed part of the empire of Charlemagne. anciently belonged to the lake itself. Several fine seats and
The house of Austria early gained a footing in the country, ancient ruins adorn the shores of this "Queen of the Scot.
and had continued to increase its possessions with so much  tish Lakes," on which steamers now ply for the accommo
skill and perseverance, that towards the end of the 18th  dation of numerous tourists. See DiNc LMOND.
century, its sovereignty nearly extended over the whole.   LOMOV. See LAsov.
The victories of Napoleon wrested all from its grasp, and led    LOMZA, lomfzha, a town of Poland, on the Narev, 72 miles
to the establishment, first of the Cisalpine Republic, and then S.W. of Suwalki. Pop. 3300. It has a college, a gymnasium,
of the Kingdom of Italy. The Congress of Vienna replaced  in which about 200 students receive a gratuitous education,
matters on their ancient footing, and even gave Austria  an arsenal, and paper-mills.
more than she had ever possessed before. The people of this    LONACONIING, a post-village of Allegheny co., Maryland,
part of Italy took an active part in the struggle of 1848, but about 16 miles W. by S. of Cumberland.
Austria still maintains her territory undiminished in extent,   LONATE-POZZUOLO, ]on-nltA-pot-su-ollo, a village of
though with a population much disaffected to her rule.     Lombardy, 23 miles W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2375.
LOM/BARDVILLE, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.       LONATO, lo-nuito, a town of Lombardy, 13 miles E.S.E.
LOMIBARDY, lomlbar-de, (It. LombardiA, lom-baR-deelg; of Brescia, 2b miles S.W. of Lake Garda. Pop. 5600. It is
L. Lombardia or Longobardia,) an old division of Italy, so  enclosed by walls, defended by a citadel, and is celebrated
called from its having long been the chief seat of the Losn- for the victory of Napoleon over the Austrians in 1796.
bards, or Longobardi, a powerful nation of the middle ages,   LONDA, lon'di, a village of Tuscany, province and 17 miles
named, it is said, from their long beards. Others derive  E.N.E. of Florence. Pop. 2000.
Longobardi, or Langobardi, as it is sometimes written. from  LONDARI, a town of Greece. See LeoNDAnr.
Lange Bbrde, (a " long fertile tract,") a district in Magde-   LONDE, LA, 1I lend, a village of France, department of
burg, from which region the Lombards are supposed to have  Seine-Inf6rieure, 12 miles S.W. of Rouen. Pop. 1690.
come. It now forms the WV. part of the Lombardo-Venetian    LONDERZEEL, 16N'der-zailt, a market-town of Belgium,
Kingdom, the E. part of Piedmont, and the duchies of Parma  province of South Brabant, 11 miles N.W. of Brussels, on
and Modena. Inhab. LonsnARD.                               the railway between Mechlin and Ghent. Pop. 3000.
LOMIBARDY, a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia, 75    LONDESBOROUGH, lon'des-bur'uh, a parish of England,
miles E.N.E. of Milledgeville.                             co. of York, East Riding.
LOMBARDY GROVE, a post-village of Mecklenburg co.,   LONDINIERES, loNc'dee'nc-air, a market-town of France,
Virginia.                                                  department of Seine-Infdrieure, 7 miles N. of Neufchatel.
LOMBAY, lom-biF, a town of Spain, province and about Pop. 1000.
1.4 miles from Valencia, on the Juanes. Pop. 1328.           LONDON, ltnfdten or ltnld'n, (the Londinieum or Losdi!LOMBEEK NOTRE DAME, l5.'bAk/ n6t'r dtm, a village  num, Aneguslto Trinsobanltuss, Cam/era Re'gis of tihe Romans;
of Belgium, about 12 miles W. of Brussels, with a trade in  Fr. Londres, l1nd'r; Sp. Londres, lonldris; Port. Lzddres,
corn and cattle. Pop. 672.                                l1nldris; It. Londra, l]nldrl; Ger. Lonudon; Dutch, LontLOMBEIS, 16Nsbair/, a village of France, department of den,) the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
Tarn, arrondissement of Albi. Pop. 1700.                   and Ireland, and the largest and most important city in the
LOMBEZ, 16N5'bA/, a town of France, department of Gers, world, is situated on the Thames, about 40 miles from  its
19 miles S.E. of Auch. Pop. 1677.                          entrance to the North Sea, in lat. (St. Paul's Cathedral) 510
LOMWBLEM/, an island of the Malay Archipelago, E. of 30' 48" N., ion. 00 5' 38"' W. The city is built principally on
Flores, between Solor and Pantar. Lat. about 80 20' S., the N. bank of the river, in the counties of Middlesex and
lon. 1230 40' E. Length, N. to S., about 40 miles; greatest Essex, the site rising gradually as it recedes from the water,
breadth 16 miles.                                          at the rate of 36 feet per mile; while, on the opposite bank,
LOMBOK, lom'bok/, an island of the Malay Archipelago, the houses cover a nearly uniform and extensive fiat, form.
between tat. 80 12' and 90 tr S., aad ion. 115~ 44' and 1160 ing part of the counties of Surrey and Kent, and lying, in
40' E., separated from Stmnbawa, E. by the Strait of Allass, soine places, several feet below the highest tides. The limits
apd W. from dBali by the Strait of Lombok. Estimated area  of London, as defined by Act of Parliament for Parliament1480 square miles. Pop. 250,000 (?). Two. mountain chains ary purposes, are the circumference of a circle, the radius
extend along the N. and S. coasts, in the former of which  of which extends 3 miles fronm the General Post-office; but
is a volcanic peak, 12,379 feet in elevation. Between them  the actual circumference of the metropolis is generally estiis a well-watered plain, wholly cultivated for rice, the hill- mated at 30 miles and by some raised to 36 miles. It in.
sides producing coffee and maize. Exports about 20,000  cludes the cities of London and Westminster, and the par.
tons of rice annually. The principal port, Ampanam, on  liamentary boroughs of Tower IHamlets, Southwark, Lram.
its W. coast, is much resorted to by European shipping and  beth, Finsbury, and Marylebone.  This portion  of the
American whelers, for provisions. Other principal towns metropolis has an area of nearly 50 square miles, four-fifths
are Matenam,, the capital, and Latm-Hadje, on the E. coast.  of which are on the left or N. bank of the river. Within
LOMBIRIASCO, loim-bre-dslko, a village, of the Sardinian  the greater limits above indicated are included the parish of
States, 2 miles from Pancalieri, on the Po. Pop. 1160.    Chelsea, the towns of Deptford and Greenwich, Dulwich,
LOMELLINA, lo-mnl-leefnA, a province of the Sardinian  Brixton, Clapham, Battersea, Kensington, Hlammersmith,
States, division of Novara, boundedon the N. by Novata, E. Hampstead, Hlighgate, Stoke-Newington, &c., comprising
by Lombardy. Area, 474 square milcs. Administratively it altogether an area of 74,070 acres, or nearly 116 square
consists of 14 mandementi. Pop. 139,854.                 miles.
LOMELLINA, a town of Italy. See MORTARA.                 The metropolis stands on alluvial deposits, consisting of
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LON                                                         LON
beds of clay and gravel, below which is the hard clay stra- handsome club-houses and hotels; Bond Street.,'so narrow,
turn. known to geologists by the name of" London clay," in  and still so fashionable that the carriages of the aristocracy,
the middlo of the great chalk basin extending from Berk- in the months of Miay and June, sometimes block it up for
shire to the E. coast. As regards salubrity; there are con- a considerable space; and Regent Street, one of the broadsiderablec differences, according to the nacure of the locality,  est streets, and perhaps the handsomest in London. This
the density of the population, the state of the drainage, and  street is greatly frequented as a promenade, and, with its
other canuses; but London must rank, on the whole, as one  magnificent shops, its crowds of well-dressed loungers, and
of the healthiest cities in the world: the mortality, in the  the incessant throng of elegant equipages, it presents, espeseven ordinary years, (1838-1844,) being at an average rate  cilly on a fine day in spring, a most intereeting and aniof 25 deaths annually out of every 1000 inhabitants, while  mated spectacle. On the N. it communicates with Portland
that of Paris is 33 in 1000. In 11 of the 38 London districts, Place, which may be considered a continuation of Regent
the mortality was lower than in all England; the proportion  Street. This is also a very handsome and spacious street,
for the latter being 22 in 1000. The mean annual tempera- consisting entirely of private residences. It is now less
ture is 500 5', and the general range of the thermometer is fashionable than it was 20 years ago, but it is still inhabited
from 200 to 810; the highest and lowest markings being, for  by several of the nobility. On the S., Regent Street cornthe most part, in August and January respectively. Occa- municates with Piccadilly by a double crescent of stately
sienally the mercury rises above 900; and it has, on rare  buildings called the Quadrant, terminating in a circus, which
occasions, descended below zero at night. In the beginning  corresponds with'that on the N., where Regent Street interof winter, London, especially in the lower parts, is occa- sects Oxford Street. From  Piccadilly, Regent Street consionally enveloped in fogs, so dense that the  shops require  tinues S., widening at its termination into Waterloo Plkce,
to be lighted, and vehicles of all kinds are brought to a  which is ornamented at its S. extremity with the Duke of
stand-still.                                                York's Column. In Soutlhwark and Lambeth, the principal
Though the thick atmosphere of the climate, and the  thoroughfares lead from the bridges to a common centre, the
amount of smoke continually hovering over London, render  well-known posting-house called the Elephant and Castle.
it impossible, or next to impossible, to survey properly the    The City of London, as we have already seen, now forms
whole metropolis fron any one point, still there are a num-  but a small part of the metropolis, and it may be said to be
her of positions whence interesting and picturesque pans- only inhabited in the day time; for, at the approach of evenromic views may be obtained, either of the whole of this ing, the busy and anxious crowds who jostle in its narrow
enormous mass of buildings, or of considerable portions of  streets durinug the day, rush from  their warehouses and
it; -the great dome of St. Paul's, in almost all of them, form-  counting-houses to their homues in the West End, or in the
int a most conspicuous object. Among these maybe named  different suburbs. Great improvements have been recently
IHighgate Hill on the N., and Blackheath on the S.E. side;  effected in the City proper, especially in the neighborhood
the top of the Colosseum in Regent's Park, the top of St. of the Bank and the Exchange, by the opening up of new
Paul's, and of the Monument in the City, and of the Duke  streets of considerable breadth, and in a very superior style
of York's Column at the end of Waterloo Place. But, apart of architecture.  This portion of the metropolis alone posfrom these and the numerous highly-interesting street views,  sesses a corporation, the oldest, richest, and most powerful
there are no finer prospects to be obtained than from the  municipal body in the world. The city is divided into 108
bridges across the Thames, and from the river bank on the  parishes, of which 97 are called  "without," and 11 " within"
S. side, looking either up or down the stream.              the walls-a distinction which is merely nominal, as the
London was surrounded with walls by the Romans. and its  walls have long since disappeared. The space which extends
extent was then probably limited by the end of Leadenhall  down the N. bank of the river as far as Blackwall, is occuStreet on the E., and the top of Ludgate Hill on the W., by  pied by the various docks, wharfs, and warehouses, and
the river on the S., and London Wall and Little Britain on  inhabited by slopsellers, crimps, and sailors. To the N. of
the N.; this part of the city being called "London within the  this district lie Spitalfields and Bethnal Green, which have
walls." The wall seems to have extended along the river, as been opened up by the Eastern Counties Railway, from
well as on the other sides. The City, at the present day, is  which the traveller can readily distinguish the silk-weavers
bound3d S. as formerly by the Thames; it extends N. up  busily plying their handlooms.  Adjoining Spitalfields, on
Goswell Street to Charterhouse Square, E. along High Street, its W. side, is Clerkenwell, the seat of the watch-trade, inhaWrhitechapel, to Middlesex Street; and W. along the Strand  bited by the best-paid and best-informed class of artisans in
to Temple Bar, the only remaining city gate, a work of Sir  London. On the N., the parish of Islington, situated on a
Christopher Wren. It is to this portion that the term  salubrious elevation, where new streets and squares offlimsy
The City" is exclusively applied; including, as will be  construction rise in amazingly rapid succession, is mostly
seen, but a small part of the metropolis. which presents a  inha'bited by the middle classes, and those immediately
solid mass of houses extending E. and W. from  Blackwall beneath them in the social scale. On the Surrey side, Southto Chelsea, a distance of 7 miles; and N. and S., from Wal- wark, including Bermondsey, is the great seat ofthe tanning
worth to IHolloway, a distance of 4b miles. Strangers meet trade; while Lambeth is occupied generally' with nanufacwith less difficulty in finding their way in London, than  tories. Shadwell and Rotherhithe are the head-quarters of
might be expected in a city of such vast extent, as the  sailors, and are but meanly built and inhabited; indeed the
Thames traverses the town from W. to E., and most of the  whole of the right bank of the Thames is much inferior in
great lines of streets run nearly parallel to it, while these  wealth and importance to that portion of the metropolis on
are intersected by streets running N. and S.                the left or Miiddlesex shore.
With the exception of public buildings, some club-houses,    The E. line of Westminster coincides with the W. line'of
banks, assurance offices, and residences of the nobility, the  the City of London, Temple Bar being the point of junction
houses of London are uniformly built of brick; and, in the  in the Strand.  This city is bounded N. by Oxford Street,
more modern parts of the town, frequently covered with a  from Tottenham Court Road to Kensington Gardens. and its
plaster composition, known by the abbreviated name of  W. limit, passing through the Serpentine in Hyde Park,
"compo;" the facility with which ornaments can be exe- reaches the Thames at Chelsea IHospital.  Marylebone, Finscuted in this material, has led to the overlaying of nume- bury, and Tower Hamlets form a continuous line lying N.
rous edifices with decorations in very questionable taste. In  and E. of Westminster and London. With regard to the
the older parts, the great majority of the streets are narrow, " West End"-a term used to distinguish the fashionable
and many of them, are crooked; but in those parts that part of London from  the rest-its body and centre are
have more recently sprung into existence, they are wide  bounded by Regent Street and Waterloo Place on the E., St.
and spacious. Of the streets extending from E. to W., the  James' Park on the S., Park Lane and Green Park on the
most important is that which enters on the W. from Kew  W., and by the western division of Oxford Street on the N.
and Kensington, forming the finest of all the approaches This square and compact body contains the mansions of
to London; it stretches on, through Knightsbridge and  the nobility, and the fashionable club-houses and squares.
Piccadilly, with Apsley House and numerous other palatial On the' N. is Marylebone, a district which was not long since
edifices facing the Green Park, which constitutes its S. fashionable, but which has greatly declined in that respect
boundary for about half its length. This line is somewhat since the rise of Belgravia, although a few ducal and other
broken at tihe. end of Piccadilly, but the Strand continues aristocratic residents are still to be found in Cavendish and
it, nearer the river, thlrough Temple Bar, along Fleet Street, Portman Squares.  Still further N. is situated the Regent's
Ludgate IIll, St. Paul's Churchyard, Cheapside, Coruhill, Park district, containing some fine terraces and crescents,
and Leadenhall Street, from  whence it branches off into  and numerous pretty villas. Those who dwell here belong
the Mile-End Road and the Commercial Road. The next chiefly to the middle classes, including a considerable numgreat artery between thee W. and E. extends along Oxford  her of City merchants.
Street, which is itself lb miles in length, through Holborn, ~ To the E. of Marylebone lies the Bloomsbury district, with
Skinner Street, and Newgate Street, where it joins the more  its well-built houses and squares, erected towards the latter
southern line above described, at the W. end of Cheapside.  part of the last century. This portion of London is chiefly
Further N. again is a third line, extending from Paddington  occupied by lawyers and merchants, for its noble man sions
to the city; as far E. as Islington, a distance of a-bout 2' and spacious squares no longer contain the rank and fashion
miles, it is called the New Road, and thence to Finsbury  ofthetown, as in the days of the later Georges.  Stillfurther
Square, about 1 mile, it bears the name of the City Road.   E., we recognise the architecture of the era of Anne, in the
Among the principal streets which run N. and S., in the  capacious dwellings of Great Ormond Street and Queen
West End, are Park Lane, with its numerous elegant struc- Square, where fashion reigned near the beginning of last
tures overlooking Hyde Park; St. James' Street, with its  century. To the S. of this line is the Strand district, which
1077




LON                                                         LON
is strictly trading, although the streets running out of it farther up the river, stands Southooar- Bridge, in like mae,
towards the river are chiefly occupied bylodging-houses. In  ner connecting the City and Southwark; Queen Street and
the extreme WV. of London have recently risen into existence  Bridge Street being the approaches on either side. It is an
two extensive districts, Tyburnia and Belgravia, flanking  iron bridge of three segmental arches, resting on'stone piers.
Hyde Park on the N. and S. The fields and gardens which  About half a mile further W., Blaclifriar's Bridge connects
extended. twelve or fifteen years ago, from near Edgeware  the City at Bridge Street, with Southwark at Great Surrey
Road to Bayswater, have now given place to an immense  Street. It was designed by Mylne, a native of Edinburgh,
tract of streets, terraces, and squares, which form a striking  and built of Portland. stone, which not having resisted the
contrast, by the regularity of their appearance, to many of  effects of the water and the atmosphere, the piers have
the olderportionsof London, Thehouses,fromtheir height, latterly been cased with granite; and otherwise, the frehave an air of grandeur, but the uniformity of their plaster  quent repairs upon it have more than doubled its original
decorations becomes tiresome. Here reside great numbers  cost.
of professional men and City merchants, as well as various    Wirterloo Bridge, nearly half a mile above the former, is
others who have some pretensions to fashion.                esteemed by many to be the finest in the world. It was
Beligravia, on the S. or opposite side of Hyde Park, is constructed of Aberdeen granite, by the elder John Rennie,
bounded on the E. by Grosvenor Place, a fine range of build-  and, including its approaches, supported on semicircular
ings facing the Green Park and Buckingham Palace Gardens;  arches, is 2456 feet long; it is perfectly level, and connects
on the N. by Knightsbridge, on the E. by Sloane Street, and  the Strand with the Waterloo Road. Under' mile S.W.,
on the S.E. by Ebury Street. Belgrave Square forms the  Ifungerford Suspension Bridge. constructed by I. K. Brunel,
nucleus of this fashionable region, and contains, like many  for foot passengers only, spans the river from Hungerford
of the streets around it, numerous edifices of palatial size  Market to Belvedere Road; it is 1352 feet long.  estbomisster
and structure. Here, also, the brick walls are uniformly  Bridge, opened in the middle of last century, crosses the
coated over with "compo;"  a circumstance which greatly  river at the N. end of the Iouses of Parliament, from West.
detracts from the first impression produced by the archi-  minster to Lambeth, and about 700 yards S. of Hungerford
tectural beauty of the buildings, especially if one is accus- Bridge. It was built of Portland stone, and is now in such
tomed to the substantial, as well as elegant, stone edifices  a state of decay, that, unless taken down, it must soon
in the newer portions of Edinburgh and Glasgow. Con- give way of its own accord; about 8,000,000 of horses pass
tiguous to this district are Chelsea and Brompton. On the  along this bridge annually. Nearly 1 mile S. of the lastS.E. of Belgravia, lies Westminster proper, one of the poorest named bridge, Westminster and Lambeth are a third time
and most squalid districts in the metropolis. The drains  connected by VauxhalZl Bridge; the Vauxhall Bridge Road,
being below the high-water level of the river, malaria and  leading from  Pimlico and New Bridge Street, being the
disease prevail here, and the moral atmosphere is equally  approaches on either side; like Southwarlk Bridge, it is of
tainted. Something has been recently done to cure both  cast-iron, but is very inferior to it in every respect. Nearly
evils, by the opening up of a new street, and the building  2 miles WV. by S. of this bridge, Chelsea or Battersoea Bridge
of three new churches; the erection of the latter being due  connects the localities whence it obtains its double name,
to private liberality.                                      and is an old wooden structure, opened in 1772. The folThe streets of London are regularly kept clean, and are  lowing Table shows the chief measurements, cost, &c., of
well lighted.  The carriage-way is generally paved with  the bridges:granite, but several streets, such as Regent Street and the
New Road, are macadamized. The amount annually expended in paving exceeds ~200,000. From the extent of the
metropolis, and the great anmount of business carried on in 
it, the principal streets, as might be expected, present a con-  Names of Bridges.
tinued throng of vehicles of every description, often forming, s,
an almost unbroken line above a mile long. The principal                               e                       a 
E. and Wv. lines are the great scenes of crowded thorough-                    _                           A       cc
fare; in them, the narrow parts are not unfrequently com-  -                                       F.  -et         eet.
~'  Fee.  eet.        Fet
pletely blocked up for a time, passage either one way or other   London (Stone... 1831 2,000,000  928  53.1e 52
being quite impracticable; when long lines of omnibuses,   Southwark (iron)... 1819  800,000  708  44           240
cabs, private carriages, drays, and dust-carts may be seen   Blackfriars' (stone)   1110'20,00    5  42     
Waterloo (stone)...1817  1,150,000 1242 [42   9127
waiting in impatience till the street is cleared from  the   Welerlste (se).se      1811  0,000 1242   4         165
Rungerrord (suspen.)  1845    80,000 1352  14   16756
temporary obstruction.                                       Westminster (stone).. 1751   389,500 1223  44  15   76
Squares and Public  i~onuments.-The squares of London   Vauxhall (iron)... 1814   250,000  809  40   9   78
are numerous, and many of them of great extent and   Chelsea (wood).... 1772   20,000  675  23
exceedingly elegant, the centre generally being occupied
with shrubbery, which, notwithstanding the smoke of the    The Thames Tunnel, a roadway under the river, which is
metropolis, usually thrives'well; and not a few of them are generally regarded by foreigners as the greatest wonder of
adorned with statues of sovereigns, warriors, and states- the metropolis, is 2 miles below London Bridge. An attempt
men. Among the squares more deserving of notice, may  was made, in 1808, to make a tunnel below the river at
be named-Lincoln's Inn Fields, with an area of 12 acres, Limehouse; but the water burst in and destroyed the works,
near the centre of the metropolis; Eaton, Belgrave, 10  when the tunnel, which entered on the Surrey side, had
acres; Grosvenor, Portman, and Cavendish  Squares, all reached within 200 feet of the opposite bank. The present
in the West End; Russell Square, 10 acres; Bedford, Blooms- work is a monument of the skill and energy of Sir Isambert
bury, Tavistock, and Euston Squares, in the N. part of the  Brunel, who commenced operations March 2, 1825. On
town; and Trafalgar Square, at Charing Cross, fronting one  August 12, 1828, there was an inundation, which -stopped
of the principal thoroughfares, and adorned with public  the works till January, 1835, when they were renewed with
buildings, fountains, the Nelson Column, and statues of  great energy, and the tunnel was at length opened to the
Charles I. and George IV. The most conspicuous public  public, March 25,1843. It consists of ahollow brick cylinder
monuments are "The Monument," on Fish Street Hill, or tube, subdivided into two roadways, each 15 feet high
London Bridge, a fluted Doric column, 202 feet high, erected  and 12 feet broad. The entire cost was about ~614,000, of
in 1677, in commemoration of the great fire of London; the  which the Government lent ~247,000 to the company who
York Column, at the S. end of Waterloo Place, a plain Doric  carried on the enterprise. There is a cylindrical shaft at
pillar of granite, 124 feet high, surmounted by a bronze  each end, with 100 steps, by which foot passengers ascend
statue of the Duke of York; a fluted Corinthian column, in  and descend, on paying a toll of a penny each. The cornTrafalgar Square, 1761 feet high, raised in honor of Nelson, pany have not been able to meet the cost of completing the
and surmounted with a colossal bronze statue of the hero,. approaches, so that there is no access for vehicles of any
while the pedestal is decoiated with bronze sculptures in  kind.
high relief, the figurees larger than life; a colossal equestrian    Palaces.-St. James', erected by Henry VIII., from a design
statue of the Duke of Wellington, placed on the summit of by Holbein, at the foot of St. James' Street, is an irregular,
the grand arch at the top of Constitution Hill, forming the  dingy-looking brick building. But it is well adapted interapproach to Buckingham Palace; and another of smaller size nally for royal levees and drawing-rooms, which are held
in front of the Exchange.                                   here during the fashionable season. Buctingham, Palace,
Bridges and the Thames Tunnel.-Within the limits of the  facing the W. end of St. James' Park, was built by George
metropolis, and W. of the Tower, the Thames averages 1000  IV., and consists, since the erection of the E. front, of a
feet wide. Till towards the middle of last century it was quadrangular range of buildings. This E. faqade, which is
crossed by only one bridge; but now, between Chelsea and  loftier than the rest, and in the Italian style, gives to the
the Tower, there are eight bridges, three of which are within  whole a more palatial appearance than it formerly possessed.
the limits of the City, and four in WVestminster. The lowest The situation is low and damp, and the palace is flanked on
down, and most important of all, is London Bridge, connect- the S. by buildings of an inferior description, while the
ing the City at King William Street, with Southwark at the  gardens are overlooked on the W. by the houses in Grosvenor
junction of Wellington Street and Tooley Street. It is an  Place. In the gallery, which is 160 feet long, are some good
elegant structure of Aberdeen granite; built after designs pictures. The Queen resides here several months every
by John Rennie. Of the immense traffic on this bridge, year in the spring and summer.  Whitehall: —The Banquet.
some idea may be formed from the fact, that 13,000 carriages, ing House, designed by Inigo Jones, in the Palladian style,
of all kinds, pass along it every hour. About 500 yards and justly regarded as one of the greatest architectural
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ornaments of London, is the only remnant of the ancient of Richard III., may be mentioned among the former; and
palace of Whitehall; the ceiling, painted by Rubens, is the  Anne Boleyn, Thomas Cromwell, Catherine Howard, and
most extensive ework of that artist existing in the country. the Dukes of Somerset and Monmouth among the latter;
In f:ont of it was beheaded Charles I., who was conducted  the headless bodies of whom are interred in the church of
to the scaffold through an opening which was made in thle  St. Peter.
walls for the purpose.  Kensingtoln Palace, situated in Ken-   Places of Worship. —St. Paul's Cathedral is the greatest
sington Gardens, is a plain brick building. It was purchased  architectural ornament of the metropolis, and the bestby William III., and became his favorite residence, and was  known edifice in it. It occupies the summit of Ludgate
the birth-place of Queen Victoria. Lamsbeth Palace, on the  Hill, where its foundations were laid June 21, 1675, on the
Surrey side of the river, opposite the Houses of: Parliament, site of the former cathedral, which was destroyed in the
has been for many centuries the residence of the Arch- great fire of 1666. It was finished in 1710; and Sir Christobishops of Canterbury. It is a brick edifice, and comprises pher Wren, by whom'this magnificent temple was designed,
a great variety of styles in architecture, from early English  lived to witness its completion. It is 510 feet in length,
fownwards, and contains a library of 25,000 volumes.        from E. to VW., while the transept is 250 feet, exclusive of
The Nrew Palace of Westminster, ors the Houses l' Parlia-  the semicircular portico at each end; the breadth of the
ment. —This vast and magnificent edifice contains the House  WV. front is 180 feet, and the height of the walls 110 feet.
of Peers and the House of Commons, with the various apart- The building is crowned with an immense dome, surmounted
meuts and offices connected with parliamentary business, by a lantern with ball and cross-the height of the latter
It is a highly decorated structure, in the Tudor Gothic  being no less than 404 feet from the ground. From Ludgate
style, after designs by Sir Charles Barry, and is still in  Hill a fine view is obtained of the W. fagade, with its beauprocess of erection. It stands partly on the site of the old  tiful double portico of coupled columns in the Corinthian
IHouses of Parliament, destroyed by fire in 1834, on the left and Composite orders, and its two clock towers, each 222
bank of the Thames, between the river and Westminster  feet high, over which rises the gigantic cupola. This vast
Abbey, and extends over an area of about 8 acres. The  structure, which is built entirely of Portland stone, cost only
faqade, 900 feet in length, overlooking the river, produces a  747,9541. 2s. 9d., paid by levying a tax on cdal. The interior
grand effect, which is due, in a great measure, to the three  is extremely deficient in  ornaments.  Among the  few
magnificent towers; for the site, unfortunately, is low, and  monuments it contains are those of Lord Nelson, Sir Ralph
the building itself not lofty enough for its extent. The  Abereromby, Sir John Moore, Dr. Johnson, Howard, Sir
walls are of brick, faced externally with magnesian lime- Joshua Reynolds, and other eminent characters of modern
stone; and the whole edifice is separated from the river by  times. Side by side, under the centre of the dome, lie
a terrace of Aberdeen granite. It is panelled with rich  interred Britain's greatest admiral and greatest general of
tracery, and profusely decorated with statues and shields  the present era, Lord Nelson and the Duke of Wellington.
of arms of the kings and queens of England, from the Con-   tWestminster Abbey, after St. Paul's, the finest ecclesiastical
quest to the present time. In the S.W. angle is the Victoria  edifice in London, and one of the best specimens of the
Tower, supported upon 4 pointed arches 60 feet in height;  pointed style in England, dates from the reign of Henry
it is 75 feet square, and, when completed, will be 340 feet in  III. and Edward I., when it was erected on the site of the
height. There is also a tower in the centre, 300 feet high  Saxon minster, founded by Sebert. The beautiful chapel
by 60 feet, surmounted by a lantern; and the clock tower, at the E. end was added by Henry VII.; and, at the beginat the N. end of the edifice, with its richly decorated spire, ning of last century, the upper part of the two towers at
rises 320 feet. The House of Peers is an apartment 97 feet the W, end were erected from designs of Sir Christopher
long, 45 feet wide, and 45 feet high; magnificently decorated  Wren. -It is 360 feet long, and 195 feet wide within the
throughout with carved oak panelling, a profusion of gild- walls. In this noble edifice, the kings and queens of Englug, paintings in fresco, and richly-stained glass windows.  land have been crowned from Edward the Confessor to
The Iouse of Commons is a somewhat smaller apartment,  Queen Victoria; and here many of them  are buried, some
fitted up in a much plainer style. The foundatios of the  with; and others without monuments. In the S. transept
building was laid April 27, 1840.                           are the tombs and honorary monuments of great poets,
Government Offices.-These are mostly situated in and  from Chaucer down to Campbell, whence it is called "Poets'
near Whitehall; the Treasury, Iome Office, and Board of  Corner;" and in  other parts are numerous sculptured
Trade, occupy one range of buildings, which have been  monuments to statesmen, warriors, philosophers, divines,
recently improved by a uniform and handsome faqade. The  patriots, and men of eminence generally, many of whom
Horse Guards and Admiralty, which are somewhat nearer -are interred within its walls.
Charing Cross, have little to admire in their external ap-   Of the other sacred edifices in London, the most remarkpearance. The Ordnance Office, also, in Pall Mall, is a plain  able are St. Bartholomew's in West Smithfield, exhibiting
building. Some of the public offices are in Somerset House, some fine specimens of Norman, early English, and later
a spacious and handsome quadrangle, finished in 1782, from   styles of architecture; St.  ayiour's, in Southwark, which
designs by Sir WV. Chambers; its N. fagade, 200 feet in  boasts of the best early English architecture in London;
length, faces the Strand, and its S. frbnt, 800 feet long,  St. Stephen's, Walbrook, with an exceedingly fine interior,
overlooks. the river, viewed from which, it presents one of  and generally regarded as one of Wren's best works; and
the most striking elevations in London. The Post-office, in  the Rbmple Church, which combines transition Norman archithe centre of London, near St. Paul's, is a spacious and  tecture with early English.  Important restorations, in
handsome building, completed in 1829, from the designs of  this church, have been recently completed at a cost of
Smirke. It is 390 feet long, 130 feet wide, and 64 feet high. ~70,000. Besides these, many of the older parish churches
Its fagade, which is towards St. Martin's-le-Grand, has three  are elegant strnctures: among those worthy of being speciIonic porticoes, the one in the centre, which is the largest, fled are Bow Church, St. Bride's in Fleet Street, and St.
being surmounted by a plain pediment. The Mint, a stone  Martin's-in-the-Fields.  The churches of the earlier part of
building of Grecian archlitecture, finished in 1811, stands on  the present century are altogether inferior in design, and
Tower Hill, and occupies, with its workshops and offices, mostly in a debased Grecian style. Those built in more
about 10,000 square yards.                                  recent years are chiefly adaptations of the Gothic, and give
The Ibwer. —This celebrated fortress, which  doubtless  favorable indications of a return to a purer taste. Of the
formed the nucleus of modern London, stands on the banks  Ronian Catholic churches in London, the largest is that
of the Thames, just beyond the liberties of the City. It oc- called St. George's Cathedral, in Southwark, finished in 1848,
cupies an area of 12 acres, enclosed within a wall surrounded  at a cost of about ~30,000. The Dissenting places of worship
by a ditch, now dry, but in former times filled with water  are mostly plain, unpretending structures.  Altogether,
from the Thames. On the S. side is an archway called the. there are about 760 churches and places of worship in the
"Traitor's Gate," through  which  state prisoners were  metropolis, of which 370 belong tothe Established Church, 25
brought from the river. The most ancient part of the ex- to the Roman Catholics, and the remainder to the various
isting edifices-the White Tower-was erected about 1078, ecclesiastical organizations denominated Dissenters.  Of
for William the Conqueror, by Gunduiph, Bishop of Roches- these, the Independents are the most numerous, and have
ter. It stands near the centre of the quadrangle, round  about 130 churches; the different denominations of Methowhich are placed several other towers, each having its dis- dists have 120 churches; Baptists, 100; Congregationalists,
tinctive name. The Tower contains the Wellington Bar- 38; Presbyterians, 18; Mormons, 13; Jews, 12; Unitarians,
racks, erected on the site of the grand store-house, burned  7; and the Lutherans, 6. The other Dissenters include
down in 1841; the jewel-room, a modern edifice, in which  about a dozen different creeds, but are not numerous.
are preserved the regalia of Great Britain; the horse armory,   Public Buildings in the 6City.-Some of the most important,
Queen Elizabeth's armory, and the church of St. Peter-ad- if not the most elegant public buildings in the metropolis,
Vincula. Besides its use as a fortress, the -Tower was like- are situated within the city. The nucleus of the whole is
wise the temporary residence of several kings and queens  formed by the Bank of England, the Royal Exchange, and
of England. But with its history as a state prison, for the Mansion House, which all face towards an open area,
which it was used during five centuries, events are connected  the centre of bustle and business, near the middle of the
of much greater interest than any that pertain to the jousts, - city, and which is further adorned with the handsome offices
f~tes, and entertainments, of which it was the scene while  of several assurance companies. The Bank of England, in
occupied as a royal dwelling. Within its walls were confined  Threadneedle Street, belonging to a chartered company,
kings, queens, statesmen, warriors, and philosophers. Mbany  established'in 1693, under the management of a governor
prisoners were here privately murdered, and many publicly  deputy-governor, and twenty directors, was built in 1732.
executed; Edward V. and his brother, smothered by order It has, since that period, received various additions and
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Improvements, and now forms a low, fiat, insulated, irregu-  Geographical Society, founded in 1830, with a choice geogralar parallelogram, covering 4 acres of ground. Adjoining  phical library and large collection of maps: the Institution
the Bank of England is the Royal Exchange, an extensive  of Civil Engineers, established in 1818: the Royal Institute
and ornate building, having a Corinthian  portico, sur- of British Architects, founded in 1834, and possessing a good
mounted by a pediment, enriched by sculpture. It sur- library of architectural works: and the Geological Society,
rounds an open, interior quadrangle, in the centre of which  in Somerset House, founded  in 1807.
is a marble statue of Queen Victoria, by Lough. In this   _Educational Institutions.-At the head of these stands
court, which is surrounded by covered arcades, the meetings  the University of London, established in 1837, solely for the
of the merchants on'Change are held. An equestrian sta- purpose of conferring degrees, the candidates for which are
tue, by Chantrey, of the Duke of Wellington, occupies the  for the most part supplied by Universitys College and King's
area in front of the building. The Royal Exchange was College. The senate consists of a chancellor, vice-chancellor,
originally founded by Sir Thomas Gresham in 1567; and  and thirty-five other members, who hold their sittings in
having been burned down in 1666, it was rebuilt, and. Somerset House. The faculties are those of arts, law, and
opened in 1609. This second Exchange having been also  medicine; the examinations are held twice a year.  In
burned down January 10, 1838, the present edifice was University' College, which was opened in 1828, the course of
erected on its site. The Exchanges for special purposes are  education embraces the classical tongues, science, history,
-the Sock Exchange, in Capel Court, the Coal bExchange,  jurisprudence, and medicine, religion being wholly excluded.
Lower Thames Street, built by J. B. Bunning, opened  King's College is on a similar plan, except that religion is
October 30, 1849, by Prince Albert; it is a sumptuous,  taught in it in accordance with the principles of the Church
though rather incongruous building, the great Hall of  of England. The buildings are handsome, especially that
which is circular, 60 feet in diameter, and 74 feet to the  of University College. There are likewise two Episcopal
apex of the glazed dome, with which it is covered; the Cbrs  theological schools, an English Presbyterian, a Baptist, an
Exchange, a fine Doric structure, in Mark Lane, opened in  Independent, a Unitarian, and a Jewish; and several schools
1747, and enlarged and partly rebuilt in 1827.              for medicine, botany, chemistry, geology, &c. Of the numeThe Mansion House, the residence of the Lord Mayor  rous endowed schools, the most noted are-St. Paul's School, -
while he holds the office of first magistrate of the city, was  which provides a free education for 153 boys, the most
built in 1739-53, from the designs of Dance, the city sur- advanced of whom are sent to Oxford and Cambridge, with
veyor, at a cost of ~71,000. It has a Corinthian portico in  exhibitions of from 501. to 1201. Milton, the great Duke of
front, and stands in the E. end of the Poultry, nearly oppo-  Marlborough, and Halley, were pupils in this school, whiIh
site the Bank of England. The Guildhal, situated at the  has a high reputation.  The annual revenues are about
N. end of King Street, Cheapside, is the civic palace where  60001. Charter-House, (a corruption of Chartreuse,) founded
the principal business of the Corporation of the City of' in 1611, and endowed with property which in 1815 yielded
Londoii is conducted; and the magnificent banquets given  22,0001., supports 80 poor brethren, and educates 40 boys,
here have rendered City feasts proverbial.  Thiis edifice was who are afterwards apprenticed or sent to the University.
erected at different periods, as may be perceived from  its  The Merchant Tailors' School, founded in 1561. furnishes
incongruous architecture. The debased Gothic front, with  a very efficient education gratis to 100 boys, and to 150 others
the City arms in the centre, was finished in 1789; but it at rates varying from  5s. to 2s. 6d. a quarter; the school
has since been frequently repaired.  The Hall, an immense  has 43 fellowships in Oxford, and 7 in Cambridge.
room, in which 3000 persons can dine, contains some monu-    Christ's Hospital, New-ate Street, better known as the
ments of ordinary sculpture; and, at the W. end, raised on  Blue-coat School, was founded in 1553, as a hospital for poor
pedestals, are the well-known colossal figures of Gog and  fatherless children and foundlings, although  many are
Magog. The East India House, containing the offices of the  said to be now  admitted without having the qualifica-.
East India Company, is situated in Leadenhall Street. It  tion of poverty. The presentations are in the gift of the
is an extensive building, with an Ionic portiso in front; governors, who are nearly 500 in number; and each of whom,
and contains, besides the necessary accommodation for car- in ordbr to hold that office, must have contributed 5001. to
rying on the business of the Company, an excellent library,  the funds of the institution. The establishment in London
rich in Asiatic literature, and an interesting museum of  accommodates, at present, 920 boys; and there is a subsidiary
Indian curiosities.                                         hospital at IHertford, where are generally about 450 of the
Literature, Scientific Institutions, &c.-London has long  younger boys, and 80 girls-making in all 1450 children
been the favorite residence of literary men, drawn thither  maintained, clothed, and educated by this institution. The
probably in older times, ere literature had assumed its pre- Grecians, as the most advanced in classics are called, are sent,
sent independent position, by the attractions of titled  with valuable exhibitions, to Oxford and Cambridge; and
patrons. But, whatever may have communicated tihe ori- those in the mathematical school are placed with comginal impulse, we have now the fact, that the metropolis is manders of ships, and fitted out at the expense of the hosthe great centre around which cluster the literary and sci- pital; others are apprenticed to different trades. Westminentific men of the country, the seat of the principal learned  ster School was founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1560, for the
institutions, Atnd the head-quarters ofjournalism and of the  free instruction, clothing, board, and lodgment of 40 boys,
book trade. There are six morning, and nearly as many  called king's scholars; in reality, however, each now pays
evening newspapers, and a host of other journals, which  about 451. a year. Dryden, Locke, and the Earl of Mansfield
appear weekly or at shorter intervals. The morning papers, were in this school. Besides the above, and numberless priduring the sitting of Parliament, require each a staff of 14 rvate schools, there is a free school in amost every parish;
reporters.  The chief learned institutions are the Royal and the National Society and British and Foreign School
Society, in Somerset House, founded in 1665, one of the most Society supply instruction to many thousands of children.
distinguished as well as one of the oldest associations of  These societies have also normal schools.
the kindin Europe; its object is the promotion of general    Museums, &c.-The British'Museum, in Great Russel
science Ithe Royal Institution of Great Britain, incorporated  Street, now a spacious and imposing edifice, with an Ionic
in 1800, possessing a magnificent chemical laboratory, an  faqade. and sculptured pediment, built during the last 30
extensive library, &c.; Professor Davy, afterwards Sir Hum- years, was founded in 1753. It contains an immense colphrey Davy, was connected with this institution, when, in  lection of.books, manuscripts, sculptures, coins, minerals,
1807, he made the discovery of the composition of the fixed  stuffed animals; Egyptian, Assyrian, Etruscan, Greek, and
alkalies, a discovery which, viewed in all its relations, may  other antiquities. This noble institution is open three days
be regarded as one of the most important, as well as one of  in the week to the public, who avail themselves of the perthe most brilliant, recorded in the annals of science: the  mission in great numbers. The library of printed books conLinncan Society, incorporated in 1802, with a valuable li-. tains upward of 460,000 volumes. In Greek, and perhaps
brary, and one of the most extensive botanical collections also in Egyptian antiquities, this collection is not surpassed
in the world; a few years since, the East India Company  by any in Europe. The National Gallery contains some very
presented to this society all those invaluable collections, fine pictures; but, from  their limited'nunmber, scarcely
which have been made at different times by its agents in  deserve the name of a national collection. One end of the
India: the Zoological Society, incorporated in 1829, connected  building is used for the annual exhibitions, schools, and
with which are the Zoological. Gardens, with a menagerie, lecture-rooms of the Royal Academy. Marlborough House,
stocked with animals from every region of the globe, un- in Pall-Mall, contains a collection of paintings by English
questionably the first collection in the world: the Society for  maestrs; the greater part of which was presented to the
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, founded in 1826, incorpo- nation by Mr. Richard Vernon, in 1847. Dulwvich Gallery,
rated in 1832; the great object of which is to distribute, at Dulwich, 5 miles from Waterloo Bridge, contains a fine
among the middling and poorer classes, works on science, collection, especially of Dutch paintings, among which those
&c., at a low price; this is, in every respect, a useful and  of Cuyp occupy a prominent rank. There are many fine
admirable institution, and possesses, among its numerous  collections of pictures and statues in,the houses of the nobimembers, a large share of the talent and learning, as well lity, some of which are thrown open occasionally to the
as some of the most distinguished names, of Great Britain: public. The Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, on
the Society of Antiquaries, in Somerset Hlouse,'founded in  the S. side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, a handsome new building,
1707: the Royal Academy of Arts, in Trafalgar Square,  erected at a cost of 40,0001., contains some curious skeletons
founded in 1768: the Royal Academy of Music, founded in  and surgical preparations. The Soane Museum, on the N.
1822; the Royal College of Physicians, at the N.W. corner of  side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, possesses many valuable objects,
Trafalgar Square, founded by Linacre, physician to Henry  consisting of books, prints, MSS., drawings, maps, models,
7III., the present building, finished in 1825: the Royal plans, &c. There is also a museum in Whitehall Yard, con
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neeted with the United Service Club; and a Museum  of  in its architecture, is used as a place of' confinement for all
Practical Geology in Jermyn Street.                            prisoners at the Central Criminal Court and the London
Clubs. —Iany of these establishments, having most ela- 8essions, and summarily convicted within the jurisdiction
borate and ornate buildings, form  some of the principal of the city magistrates.  A house of correction is attached
architectural features of the metropolis.  They are situated  to it. It holds about 250. Cierkenwell Prison, belonging
chiefly in the West End, in and near Pall-Mall, and vie with  to the county of Middlesex, is similar in character to the
each other in elegance and luxury. The principal ones are  last. The House of Correction, Oold Bath Fields, which will
the Athenaeum, possessed of a fine library, and having a  accommodate about 1200 prisoners, is avery extensive brick
great many artists and men of science and letters among its  building, near Gray's Inn Lane, with spacious courts and
members; the Army and Navy, the United Service, the  airy grounds.  The classification is good, and the silent sygGuards', and the Junior United Service; the C(arlton, the  ten is followed, connected with hard labor. A large treadgreat Tory, standing side by side with the Iteform  Club, in  mill employs 320 at a time.
Pall-Kall; the former limited to 800, and the latter to 1400    Millbank Penitentiary, or Prison, as it is now called, is an
members; the Travellers', Brooks', one of the oldest of the  immense brick cdifice, designed by Jeremy Benthani, and is
clubs, and the rallying point for the Whig party; White's,  said to have cost half a million sterling. The external walls
also a very old club, frequently chiefly by the Conservative  form an irregulsar octagoi, and enclose upwardsof 16 acres
nobility; the Conservative; the Oxford and Cambridge; and  of land. Its ground plan resembles a wheel, the governor's
the Garrick clubs, frequented by lovers of the drania. The  house occupying a circle in the centre, from which radiate
entrance fees vary from 9 to 30 guineas, iand the aninual sub- six piles of buildings, terminating externally in towers.
scriptions from 5 to 12. There is also great diversity in the  The average number of inmates is about 700. Every convict
number of members, which range from 500 to 1500. Many  sentenced to tranusportation in Great Britain, is sent here
members,  who have no house in town. live almost entirely  previously to the sentence being carried into execution, and
at their clubs, hiring only a bedroom in the neighborhood.   remains three months under close inspection. Horsemonger
Theatres and other Places of Amusems cslt.s-Ths two prin-  Lane Jail, Southwark, the county jail for Surrey, contains
cipal theatres (1853) are Covent Garden and IIbr Majesty's  about 250 prisoners. The top of the building is used as a
Theatre, in the Iaymarket, which have carried en, for  place of execution. The Westminster House of Correction,
several years, a rivalry in the representation of Italian  in Tothill Fields, which is built on the Panopticon principle,
operas. Drury Lane, for a series of years, has been used  has a court-yard in the centre, 250 feet in diameter, with
for the performance of English operas, melodramas, and  prisons round it for 600 persons: but the average number
equestrian feats.  The IHaymarket, and the Princess', in  confined is 350. The silent system  is pursued, and a good
Oxford Street, are now the chief theatres in the West End  classification maintained. The Model Prison, Pentonville,
where the regular drama is performed. The other principal  contains 1000 separate cells. The inmates are detained for
theatres are Sadler's Wells, in Islington; the Lyceum, the  two years, and are taught useful trades, previous to transAdelphi,' St. James', the Victoria, the Surrey, and Astley s, peortation.  The principal prisons for debtors are the Queen's
the last being exclusively devoted to equestrian perform-  Bench and Whitecross Street Prison.
ances. On the E. side of Regent's Park stands the Colosseum,    Civic C'poration and Goversmeisl.-The chief civic officer
a polygonal structure, with a magnificent Doric portico and  of London is the Lord Mayor, annually elected from among
cupola, used chiefly for the exhibition of panoramic views.  the aldermen who have been sheriffs.  le is installed in
Exeter IHall, in the Strand, capable of containing 3000 per- office November 9, when a procession takes place called "the
sons, is used for concerts on a great scale, as well as for the  Lord Mayor's Show."  The court of aldermen consists of 26
animual May meetings of the different religious societies. In  members, including the Lord Mayor. They are chosen for
IIHanover Square there is a large hall for concerts and other  life by the householders of the twenty-six wards into which
public assemblies.  In Willis' Rooms, in King Street, St. the'city is divided, each being the representative of a sopaJames', are given the fashionable balls called "Almack's;"  rate ward.  Such as have filled the office of Lord iMayor,
also lectures, concerts, &c.  One of the principal attractions  become justices of the quorum, and all others are justices
in London is the Zoological Gardens, in Regent's Park. The  of the peace within the city. The sheriffs, two in number,
Surrey Zoological Gardens, though on the whole greatly  are annually chosen by the Livery, or general assembly of
inferior to the former, have some points of superiority; they  tile freemen of London. The Common Council is a court
cover about 15 acres, and contain a sheet of water 3 acres in  consisting of 240 representatives, returned by 25 of the
extent. Vauxhall Gardens, on the S., and Cremorne Gardens,  wards, in proportion to their relative extent; the 26th, or
on the N. side of the river, are also favorite places of resort, Bridge IVard Wlthout, being represented by an alderman.
where music, fire-works, and balloon ascents are among the  The general business of this court is to legislate for the
principal attractions.                                         internal government of the city, its police, revenues, &c.
Ilspdieals and Charitable Izsiitldions.-London abounds  The Livery of London is the aggregate of the members of the
wSith hospitals for the cure of disease, lying-in charities, several city companies, of which there are 81, embracing the
asylums for orphans, and other institutions of a like nature. various trades of the metropolis. Of the city companies, 12
Among those most deserving of notice are St. Bartholomew's  are termled great companies, and from one or other of them
Hospital, in West Smithfield, first founded in the 12th cen- the Lord Mayor was formerly chosen. In order of precetury, and then refounded by IHenry VIII. in 15116; admit- dence they are: —The Mercers, Grocers, Drapere, Fishmonting patients suffering from  accident, and diseases of all gers, Goldsmiths, Skinners, MIerchant Tailors, IHalberdashcrs,
kinds; containing 580 beds, and relieving 70,000 annually-   Salters, Ironmongers, Vintners, Clothworkers.  Many of
Guy's Hospital, Southwark, founded in 1721, by Thomas  the companies are very rich, and possess large halls; few
Guy, a bookseller, accommodating 580 in-patients; it has  of which, however, have any pretensions to architectural
also an excellent museum  and  theatre of anatomy-St.  beauty, except Goldsmiths' Hall, behind the Post-office; the
Thomas' Hospital, in the Borough; St. George's Hospital,  Fishmongers' HIall, near London Bridge, and the Ironmongnear IIyde Park corner, with a handsome front overlooking  crs' Hall, in Fenchurch Street, all of which are very elegant
the Green Park; the Middlesex hospital, founded in 1745;  structures.
Westminster Hospital; and various other hospitals of    The M              -etropolitan Police.-The organization of the present
smaller size, supported chiefly by voluntary contributions-   most effective Police force, is the result of Sir Robert Peel's
Chiaring Cross Ihospital, Killg's College Hospital, University  celebrated bill of 1829. Before that period, the streets were
Collegoe i-Hospital, &c. There are medical schools attached  often unsafe at night, from the small number and unfitness
to the above institutions.  Bethlehem  Hospital, (Bedlam,)  of the watchmen to whom  the preservation. of order was
in St. George's Fields, S. of the river, is appropriated to the  intrusted. This force is divided into the city police, confined
insane poor. The building, which has an imposing appear- to the city proper, and the metropolitan police, which latter
ance, extends over nearly 14 acres; the rooms are large and  consisted, in 1852, of 5549; and their jurisdiction extended
airy, well warmed and ventilated, and can accommodate at 10 or 12 miles round St. Paul's. In 1849, the total number
least 400 patients.  St. Luke's Hospital, also for insane  ofpersonsapprehbended by the metropolitan policewas 70,666,
patients, was founded in 1751, and accommodates 260 per- of whom 24,556 were females; 34,746 were discharged by the
sons. The Foundling  Hospital was founded in 1739, by  magistrate; 31,343 disposed of summarily, or held to bail;
Captain Coram; at present it is rather an asylum for illegi- and 3643 tried and convicted, only 703 being acquitted.  In
timnate children whose parents are known, than an hospital  the same year, the number of felonies was 10,924, affecting
for foundlings, as it was originally. The number of chil- property to the amount of 36,279Z., of which only 67091.
dren averages about 500, and they are maintained till the  were ultimately recovered. Only about one-third of those
age of 12, when they are either apprenticed or provided for  apprehended could read or write. In the same year, the
otherwise.  Chelsea Hospital, (see CRLSEAI.)   Greenwich  suicides were 131, besides 75 attempted, but prevented —lower
Itiospital, (see GREENWICH.)                                  numbers than in Paris, notwithstanding the difference of
Pr;sons.-There  are altogether about a dozen criminal population.  The fire-engine establishment has seventeen
prisons, three of which are in the city.  Newgate, situated  stations, where engines and firemen are kept always in
near St. Sepulchre's Church, is a gloomy and massive struc- readiness; and there are two floating engines on the Thames.
ture, formerly used for debtors as well ais criminals, but    Courts  of Ibas.-The  courts of Chancery, Common Pleas,
now confined to felons, and accommodates properly about Queen's Bench, an[ Exchequer, are on the W. side of West.
400. Bridewell, near Blackfriars' Bridge, is a house of cuor- minster hall, with which they communicate.  The hall
rection for vagrants, pilferers, or disorderly persons, sum- itself, which was built by William  Rufus, and is 290 feet
narily convicted before the Lord Mlayor and Aldermen. long, 68 feet wide, and 110 feet high.  was formerly used for
giltspur Street Compter, near Newgate, which it resembles  great state trials, firom that of Sir William Wnillace down to
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those of Warren Hastings and Lord Melville, which were  conductors and drivers by whom they are managed pay, for
the last. it now serves merely as a promenade for lawyers, licenses, 17501. annually. The cabs number about 3500.
durin7 the sitting  of the courts. It is said to be the longest Numerous small steamers ply on the Thames, affording  tihs
apartment not supported by pillars in the world, except the  most convenient means of communication, at all hours of
Hall of Justice at Padua. The Old Bailey Sessions'-house,  the day, to all points of the river between Richmond and
adjoining Newgate, is the central criminal court for the trial Woolwich, a distance of 18 miles. Besides these facilities
of prisoners who lave committed offences within 10 miles of  for locomotion, parcels are delivered in all parts of the meSt. Paul's. County courts, of which there are 11 within the  tropolis by a joint-stock company. The external means of
metropolis and its immediate neighborhood, were esta- conveyance comprise railways, canals, and steam-vessels.
blished a few years ago for the trial of small debt cases, 501. Seven railways, affording means of transit to all parts of
being the limit. The Crown appoints the judges, who are  the kingdom, have stations in London; they are the Great
barristers. Beside the above, there are also the Clerkenwell  Western, North-Western, Great Northern, Eastern Counties,
Session-house, the city police courts, which are presided over  Blackwall, South-Eastern, or Dover, Brighton and Southby the Lord Mlayor and one of the Aldermen; and the 11  coast, and the South-Western. Some of them, as the Northcourts connected with the metropolitan police, each of  Western, with its Doric temple for an entrance, and the
which is presided over by a barrister of at least seven years' Great Northern, with its gigantic arches, have termini of a
standing.                                                   most expensive kind, though little can be said in fiavor of
anns of Court. —Of these there are four, Inner Temple, the architectural suitableness of such erections. The canals
Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. They were  strictly connected with London are seven in number-the
originally colleges for the study of law, but now are little  Grand Junction, Regent's, Bromley and Lea, Lea Union or
more than residences for lawyers. A law student, in order  Sir George Duckett's, Kensington, Grosvenor, and Surrey;
to be called to the bar, has merely to be entered as a member  this last follows nearly the line of the canal cut by Canute
of one of these inns, and to dine a certain number of times  the Dane, for the purpose of transporting his vessels into
in the common hall. Subordinate to the Temple are Clifford's, the upper part of the river, past the defences of Old London
Clement's, Lyon's, and New Inns. Lincoln's Inn is situated  Bridge. A large fleet of steam vessels afford constant means
between Chancery Lane and the extensive square called  of transit for passengers and goods between the Thames and
Lincoln's Inn Fields. During a portion of the year, the  all parts of the E. and S. coast of England, the E. coast of
Lord Chancellor sits in the old hall, and the Vice-Chancellors  Scotland, and the N. ports of the continent; while, from the
hold their sittings in adjoining buildings. A magnificent  easy means of transit by railway, Southampton may be
hall and library, in the Tudor style, from the designs of  esteemed the out-port of London, through which she comHardwick, have recently been erected in the gardens.  Sub- municates by steamu  with the most distant parts of both
ordinate to Lincoln's is Furnival's Inn in:Iolborn. Gray's  hemispheres, and with the antipodes.
Inn stands on the N. side of Iiolborn, and has attached to it    Commerce, Docks, &c.-The port of London extends from
two Inns of Chancery-Staple Inn, and Barnard's Inn. The  London Bridge to a little below Blackwall, and is divided
gardens, first planted about the year 1600, were a fashionable  into the Pool, Limehouse Reach, Greenwich Reach, Blackpromenade in the time of Charles II., and for some time  wall Reach, and Bugsby's Reach; it is under the care of
after.                                                      the corporation of the city as conservators. The docks,
3Iarkcets.-These are numerous, but, excepting for the  some of which are of great extent, are fsurrounded by
articles sold in them, none are worthy of notice; present-  wharfs, sheds, storehouses, vaults, and warehouses of the
nlog, as they do, little to attract, either in external beauty  most spacious kind. St. Katherine's Docks, London Docks,
or in internal arrangement. The principal ones are, Bil- the West India Docks, and the East India Docks, extend
lingsgate, for fish; Hungerford, fish, butcher-meat, and ye-  along the N. bank of the river, at intervals, from the Tower
getables; Farringdon, butcher-meat, vegetables, and frruit;  to Blackwall; and on the S. bank, between Rotherhithe and
Covent-Garden, vegetables, fruit, flowers, and plants, both  Deptford, are the Commercial Docks. The tide rises 18 feet
green-house and hot-house; Leadenhall, poultry, game, at springs, and 14 feet at neaps, at the London Docks; and
hides, and cattle-horns; Newgate, butcher-meat, carcass and  the depth at low water, spring-tides, on the outer sill of St.
retail, (the most extensive carcass market in London;) and  Katherine's Docks, the deepest in the port, is 10 feet. The
Smithfield, (formerly the great place of executions, and  largest is the West India Import Dock, 2600 feet long, 500
where so many martyrs died in the time of Queen Mary,) broad, and capable of containing 204 vessels of 300 tons
the great market for cattle and sheep, long felt to be a  each. The vessels belonging to the port, in 1850, numbered
nuisance, from its position in the centre of the city, but  2735 sailing, and 318 steam,. aggregate tonnage, 657,297;
about to be removed to a suburban locality, in pursuance  being 129,000 less than New Yorlk the year previous.
of an Act passed by Parliament in 1852. It is difficult, or    The foreign exports of London, in 1850, amounted to
perhaps impossible, to arrive at an accurate estimate of the  14,137,5271., being an increase over 1845 of above 3,000,0007.;
quantity of food consumed in London. In 1849, however, the foreign exports of Liverpool, for the same period, inthere were sold in Smithfield and Leadenhall markets  creased from  26,000,0001. to 35,000O000.; in 1851, the value
alone-                                                      of exports fiom London amounted to 14,489,4941.; in 1852,
Slr~eep. 1,1,14~,135  wl.'46015,802,1221.; and in 1853, to 22,991,0821.; the enormous
Catep. 223...1,560    Folts...    29600  coasting trade of the metropolis, however, renders it superior
Cattle...... 223,560        Ratbbits...~.. 680.000
Calves.....  26,422     Hares......    48,000 to every other port in the world, in the number of vessels'
and the amount of tonnage frequenting it; but no returns
Allowing for carcasses imported by steam and otherwise, the  being published to show the actual amount of this tonnage,
annual consumption of butcher-meat has been estimated at only an approximation can be given. About 5,000,000 tons
240,000 bullocks, 1,700,000 sheep, 28,000 calves, and 35,000  of shipping enter the port annually, of which 1,500,000 are
pigs, besides vast quantities of bacon andi ham. Exclusive  from foreign ports, 500,000 from, the colonies, and 3,000,000
of eggs brought from various parts of the United Kingdom, are coasters. The number of vessels engaged in the coal
70,000,000 to 75,000,000 are imported annually from France  trade alone is above 10,000, importing,, in 1851, 3,236542
and other continental countries.  About 13,000 cows are  tons of coals. In 1851, 6593 foreign vessels, of which 1403
kept in the metropolis and its environs, for the supply of  were steamers, and 3748 British vessels, entered from foreign
milk and cream. The consumption of wheat may be esti- ports. The exports consist chiefly of British manufactures,
mated at about 1,600,000 quarters a year.                   though a large quantity of the foreign imports also are re,
Manufacturecs.-It would be almost endless to specify the  exported. The bullion exported in 1853, amounted to the
different kinds of articles manufactured in London. HIere  enormous sum of 21,250,0001.  Of this 5,750,0001. was silver,
are the largest breweries, distilleries, and sugar-refineries in  all of which went to India, China, and Mauritius, except
the kingdom; and this was long the principal seat of the  530,0001. sent to the continent. The distribution of gold,
silk-weaving, and still employs above 14,000 workers in that taken in round numbers, was as follows: 4,000,0001. to
branch; it has extensive manufactures in metal, including  Australia and New Zealand, 1,000,0001. to the Mediterranean,
machinery of all kinds, plate; jewelry, watches, and brass- 9,500,0001. to the continent, 375,0001. to'the West Indies,
work, occupying likewise above 14,000 workmen; and as  286,0001. to Brazil, and 105,0001. to Africa. Since the discomany more are engaged in the production of boots and  very of the Australian  mines, the precious  metals have
prints. Millinery occupies 40,000; the making of clothes  constituted the most important item  of British commerce
and slops above 28,000, and boots and shoes as many more. received at this port. The following statement exhibits the
Besides these branches, 12,000 are engaged in cabinet-mak-  quantity of gold received and delivered during four years
ing,  and many thousands in  coopering, coach-building, ending 1853, at the Bank of England, which. it may here
leather-working, hat-nmakling, ship-building, rope-making, be remarked, is the most extensive moneyed institution in
mast-making, &c., all of which are departments of mann- the world:facture conducted on a large scale; and there are nunmerous                     Gold received.           Gold delivered.
extensive chemical works, soap-manufactories, and dye-   1850....... ~5,936,956....... ~3,65,30
works.                                                       1851....     13,379,674.. 3,486,500
1912....92,020,006.....4,712,173
eans of Conveyance. —This is of two jtinds, internal and    12..18,720,8668.4,7,227
1853....... 15.332,008... 14,057.352
external. The former is accomplished by means of omni-                            -..
buses, cabs, and steamboats. The omnibuses, 3000 in number,     Total...   53,372,596                 ~26,001,225
ply on all the principal thoroughfares to every part of the
metropolis, and to all the neighboring villages; they pay  In the total of exports and imports, bullion of course is not
duty to the amount of 324,0001. annually; and the 7000  included. The imports consist of every kind of article
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brought from foreign parts; a list of them, in fact, would  London, covers an area of 403 acres. Round the park is an
form an epitome of the articles of the trade of the world. agreeable drive, nearly 2 miles long, and an inner circular
For East and West India produce, London is the great port; drive encloses the Botanic Gardens. At the N. end are the
tea, sugar, tobacco, wine, corn, timber, tallow, hides, wool, Zoological Gardens, to which a fine broad avenue leads
and drugs, form large items on the list. All articles im- along the centre of the park, with clusters of trees on each
ported must be entered at the Custom-house, a large build- hand, and footpaths ramifying out in all directions. Victoria
Ing by the river side, between London Bridge and the Tower; Park, on the N.E. of London, was recently laid out and
the long room, where public business is transacted, is 185  planted as a place ofrecreation for the inhabitants of Spitalfeet long, 66 feet wide, and 55 feet high. The amount of  fields and Bethnal Green. Battersea Park has been lately
customs taken here, affords an excellent means of estimat- formed on the S. bank of the Thames, opposite to Chelsea
ing the comparative value of the imports of London. The  Hospital, at a cost of ~200,000.
amount received in 1849 was 11,070,1761., (being only 700,000l.   History.-In  the reign of Nero, London was already  a
less than the total amount of its foreign exports for the same  place of considerable importance; and, after the Romans
year;) while the total amount of customs for the United  left Britain, it is supposed to have become the capital of the
Kingdom for the same year, was 22,483,9561.; showing that East Saxon kingdom. Little more is known of it, during
nearly a half of the whole amount was received at London. the HIeptarchy, than that it suffered severely by fire in 764,
The custom duties collected at this port in 1851, amounted  798, and 801. When England was united under one meto 11,241,2811.                                             narch, London became the metropolis of the kingdom, and,
Gas, Water, Sewerage.-London is supplied with gas by  soon afterwards, it was sacked by the Danes. At the Contwenty companies, producing above 15,000,000 cubic feet of  quest, London submitted to William, and received from him
gas per day. There are seven water companies, supplying  a charter, which is still preserved; and, on the accession of
daily 44,573,979 gallons, being at the rate of 164 gallons for  Henry I., a now charter was granted-the model from which
each house. The principal source whence water is obtained  Magna Charta was taken-restoring the privileges which
is the Thames, some of the companies deriving their supplies existed before the Norman Conquest.  London  Bridge,
from the river as high up as Kew, and some as far down as erected instead of a wooden one, was begun in 1176, and
between Westminster and Waterloo bridges.  Spring-water, finished in 1209. This was, to a great extent, the same that
from Hertfordshire, is brought in by an aqueduct called the  was taken down in 1832. In 1218, the forest of Mliddlesex
New River, 40 miles in length. including windings; and a  was cleared, and that portion of London N. of the city
further supply is drawn from the river Lea. Artesian wells, began to be built. In 12036, water-pipes began to be ]-id in
of excellent water, may be formed in any part of London, the city; and, early in the 14th century, coal was first inby boring down to the chalk; but such a source of supply  troduced. In 1328, the village of Southwark was incorpofor the metropolis would seem  little to be depended upon, rated with the city, as it had previously served as a place
from the fact. that existing wells of this kind have, in recent of refuge for malefactors. In 1349 and 1361, London was
years, been rapidly lowering in level. Some portions of  visited by the plague. In 1381 broke out the rebellion of
London are well drained; but in others, such bs Bermondsey, Wat Tyler, who fell by the hands of the Lord l'ayor, hence
Westminster, Wapping, where the sewers are below the level the dagger on the city arms. In 1416, lamps were introof high water, the drainage is necessarily imperfect; and  duced; in the same century, some of the principal streets
the consequence is, that malignant fevers, and other epidemic  were paved, and wooden ihouses began to be replaced by
diseases, make fearful ravages among the inhabitants of  others of brick. In the next century still greater improvethose districts. But although much remains to be done, ments were effected. Westminster wasnow connected with
the system of sewers deserves to be ranked as one of the  the city, by a row of noblemen's mansions along the river,
wonders of London, from their great depth and immense  one. of which, Northumberland House, still remains at the
size. Hitherto, the Thames has formed the great outlet for  extreme W.
all the sewers; but the opinion has become very general,   In the 17th century, Spitalfields was covered with houses;
that the river should no longer be employed for such a pur- and the space N. of the Strand, as far as 1-lolborn, and from
pose, and that a vast subterranean canal should be dug on  Temple Bar to St. Martin's Lane, were extensively builI
each side of the river to receive the drainage of the sewers  upon, as well as the neighborhoods of Charing Cross and
coming fronm the interior of the town, and to convey it to a  Pall-Mall. The New River was completed, and many houses
considerable distance, where it may be converted to some  were supplied with water; sewers were dug; smooth paveuseful purpose, or be discharged into the river so far down  ments were laid down for passengers; and hackney-coaches
as to prevent the possibility of its being brought back by  came into general use. But the streets were so narrow and
the returning tide.                                         dirty, and the houses in so filthy a state, that the city was
Ceemeteries.-Extra-mural interment is of very recent date,  scarcely ever exempt from  the plague, which sometimhes
and is still only very partial; most of the cemeteries being  committed great ravages.  In 16660, the great fire brolke
too distant and expensive for the poorer classes. Kensal out, and spread over 336 acres, destroying 13,200 houses, 90
Green Cemetery, in which several royal personages have  churches, and many public buildings. In rebuilding, conbeen buried, was opened in 1832; it occupies about 48 acres  siderable improvements were introduced; and a fire in
of ground, and is tastefully planted and laid out. There is  Southwark, 10 years after, gave a similar opportunity of
another at -ighgate, about 20 acres in extent, and others  improving that district. Population and trade now rapidly
at Stoke Newington, Brompton, Norwood, &c.                  increased, partly from the immigration of French ProtestThie Parcs. —Of these the largest and most fashionable is  ants, driven from their country by the revocation of the
Hyde Park, which lies between the Uxbridge and Kensington  Edict of Nantes.  In the 18th century, the metropolis
roads, and contains mbhout 400 acres. Itf, has, towards the S. steadily advanced in extent, prosperity, and splendor. In
side, a large artificial lake, called the Serpentine, which is 1780 took place the Gordon riots, when the mob were in
spanned by a handsome bridge of five arches, at the entrance  possession of London for two days, and committed frightful
to Kensington Gardens. The principal entrance to-the Park  havoc. Since that disgraceful outbreak, the peace of Lonon the S. side, is by a triple archway close to Apsley HIouse, don has never been seriously endangered; and the troops
and within a few yards of that point is the beginning of  stationed in and around the capital, together with the
Rotten Row, a narrow stripe railed off for equestrians, and  effective police force that now exists, seem quite adequate
stretching about I mile towards Kensington.  Somewhat to insure it aainst any similar disturbance. The extension
further N., and on the other side of the Serpentine, is a  and improvements which have taken  place in London
fashionable drive called the Ladies' Mile, which extends during the present century, are still greater than at any
nearly to the bridge before mentioned; and here, on the  former period, and further changes of great importance are
summer afternoons, may be seen vast numbers of splendid  now in operation.
equipages driving up and down, while others make the cir-   The most remarkable event of recent times in the history
cult of the park. On Sunday afternooi it is frequented, of the metropolis, is the carrying into effect of the Great
for the most part, by an inferior description of equipages, World's Exhibition, originated by Prince Albert. The megwhile the footpath on each side is crowded with promenaders  nificent edifice, formed of glass and iron, in which was cxof all ranks —many of the highest. The principal entrance hibited the unparalleled collection of manufactures and
on the N. side is at the end of Oxford Street, and is adorned  works of art there brought together, was erected in IByde
with an elegant arch of white marble, which formerly stood  Park, and opened May 1, 1851. It was above a third of a
in front of Buckingham Palace. JKensington Gardens, with  mile long, (1848 feet,) 408 feet wide, 48 feet high in the cenwhich lyde Park communicates at several points, are  tre, and 24 feet at the sides; it covered 18 acres of ground,
well wooded and finely laid out. Ih-iere carriages are not was composed of 702 tons of wrought and 3784 tons of cast
admitted.                                                  iron; 896,000 superficial feet of glass; 600,000 cubic feet of
St. James' Parke (83 acres) extends from  Buckingham  wood, and cost 347,9371.  The number of exhibitors was
Palace to the Horse Guards, and in its centre is an orna- 13,937, and the value of the articles exhibited was estimated
mented sheet of water, studded with is.lets covered with  at 1,781,9291.; of which, 1,031,6071. belonged to the United
trees and shrubs, and round which swim a great variety of  Kingdom, 79,9011. to the colonies and dependencies of Great
aquatic fowls. St. James' Parki is a favorite resort of the  Britain, and 670,4201. to foreign countries. The Exhibition
humbler classes, especially on Sunday.  The Green Park, renmained open till October 11, being 5 months and 11 days,
71 acres in extent, lies between St. James' Park, on the S., and was visited by 0,039,195 persons; the highest number of
and Piccadilly on the N. On the E. side it is overlooked  visitors any one day being 109,760, and the smallest number,
by Stafford House, Bridgew-ter House, Spenser House, and  9327. The total money drawn amounted to 561,2431., of
other noble mansions. Regenzt's Park, on the N. side of which 423,7921. were for admission. The whole structure
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was removed in 1852, and re-erected, (1853:) on a still more tobacco. The salmon fishery of the river and the Lough Is
magnificent scale, at Sydenham. The metropolis sends 16  valuable. At spring-tides, vessels of 500 tons can discharge
members to the IHouse of Commons, of whom 4 are returned  at the quays. In 1850, there entered the port 716 vessels,
by tie City. Pop. in 1801, 958,863; in 1811, 1,138,815; in  tonnage 64,324; and 391 steamers, tonnage 102.652; and
1821, 1.378,947; in 1831, 1,654,994; in 1841, 1,948,417; and  there departed 269 vessels, tonnage 26,118; and 338 steamin 1851, 2,362,236; of which 1,106,538 were males, and  ers, tonnage 100,946. Regular communication, by steamers,
1,255,678 females. Inhab. Lo.nDoNEa, lin/don-er.          is maintained with Liverpool, Glasgow, Greenock, and CamnpLON/DON, a small post-village of Mercer co., Pennsylva-  belton. The borough returns a member to Parliament. The
nia, 142 miles W.N.W. of HaILrrisburg.                     most memorable event in the history of Londonderry, is
LONDON, a post-village, capital of Laurel co., Kentucky, the successful resistance it made, in 1689, during a siege of
100 miles S.S.E. of Prankfort.                             105 days, to the forces of James II.. It was built in its preLONDON, a flourishing  post-village, capital of Madison  sent form by the "Irish Society," or London companies, who
co., Ohio, on the railroad connecting Columbus with Xenia, colonized and gave name to the county. Pop. in 1551,19,888.
24 miles W. by S. of the former. It contains several   LONDONDEIRIRY,'a post-village and township of Rockchurches, 1 classical academy, and 1 printing-office. A dis- ingham co., New Hampshire, on the Manchester and Lawastrous fire in January, 1854, consumed 10 stores and as rence Rlailroad, 6 miles S. of Manchester.  It contains
many dwellings.  Pop. about 1500.                          several churches, and is the seat of the Pinkerton Academy.
LONDON, a small village of Richland co., Ohio.           Pop. 1731.
LONDON, a poest-township in the N. part of Monroe co.,   LONDONDERRY, a post-township of Windham co., VerMichigan, 70 miles S.E. of Lansing. Pop. 626.              mont, on both sides of West River, about 73 miles S. by W.
LONIDON, a thriving post-town, capital of Middlesex co., of Montpelier.  Pop. 1274.
Canada West, on the Thames liver, and on the Great    LONDONDERRY, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvan
Western Railway, 81-miles W. of Hamilton, on Lake Ontario, nia. Pop. 823.
and 120 miles E.N.E. of Windsor, opposite Detroit. It is    LONDONDERRY, a post-township of Chester co., Penn.
the entrep~t of one of the finest agricultural regions in  sylvania, 35 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 643.
Canada, and its prosperity has been greatly increased by    LONDONDERRY, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvathe opening of the Great Western Railway. It contains a  nia. Pop. 1587.
savings' bank, 3 branch banks, 27 assurance agencies, about   LONDONDER RY, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylva70 stores of different kinds, and extensive iron foundries  nia. Pop. 1563.
and machine shops; churches for the Episcopalians, Congre-   LONDONDERIRY, a post-village and township of Guernsey
gationalists, Scotch Presbyterians, MIethodists, Baptists, co., Ohio, 90 miles E. by N. of Columbus.  Pop. 1548.
Roman Catholics, and other denominations, 2 or 3 printing-   LONDONDERRtY, a village of eRoss co., Ohio, has about
offices issuing newspapers, several grammar and other 200 inhabitants.
schools, and extensive barracks. London is an electoral dis-  - LON/DONDERRY, a parish of New South Wales, Australia,
trict, and returns 1 member to the Provincial Parliament.  co. of Cumberland.
Pop. in 1852, 6034.                                          LONDOND OERRY, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of ColLONDON BRIDGE. a post-village in Princess Anne co., chester, on the N. side of Cobequid Bay, the waters of which
Virginia, 100 miles S.Ei. of Richmond.                     flow W. through Mines Bay to the Day of Fundy, about 55
LONDON BRITAIN, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- miles N. of IHalifax.
vania. Pop. 680.                                             LON/DON GROVIE, a post-township of Chester co., PennLONDON CITY, a post-village of Fayette co., Illinois, 14  sylvania, 34 mriles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1425.
miles N.E. of Vandalia. has about 50 inhabitants.            LON/DONTIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
LONDONDERRY, lun'dhn-dhrfree, or D:RRRY, a maritime    LONDRIES.  See LoNDON.
county of Ireland, Ulster, having on the N. the Atlantic   LONE JACK, a post-village of Jackson co., Misseuri, about
Ocean and Lough Foyle, E. Antrim, from which it is sepat-  29 miles S.E. of Independence.
rated by Loughs  Neagh and Beg, S. Tyrone, and on the    LONE STAR,. a post-office of Titus co., Texas.
W. Donegal. Area 810 square miles, or 518,270 acres, of    LONE TREE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, 110
which about 320,000 are cultivated. Pop. in 1851, 191,868. miles N. by E. of Springfield.
Sumface, in the S. and centre, mountainous; elsewhere    LONGA, ln/g&, an uninhabited islet of the Hebrides, 1'
mostly lowland.  Primary granite rocks form  the basis miles N.E. of Sealpa. Circle about 11 miles.
of the district, with secondary sandstones, and overlying    LONG-A-COMING, a post-village of Camden co., New
trap rocks. Chief rivers, the'oyle, Bann, and Roe. Soils Jersey, 15 miles S.E. of Camden. It has 1 church.
various, but on the lowlands mostly fertile. The county    LONGANO, lon-gb/no, a town of Naples, province and
was granted to 12 London companies by James I., after  6 miles S. of Isernia. Pop. 1124.
forfeiture, by the rebellion of its native chiefs. Hence    LONGARONE, lon-gb-rolnb, a village of Austrian Italy, 10
the prefix of London to the ancient name of the county. miles N.N.E. of Bellno, on the Piave. Pop. 2300.
Principal towns, Londonderry and Coleraine. It sends 4    LONGBOROUGHI, long/bir-9.h, a parish of England, co. of
members to the House of Commons, 2 being for the county. Gloucester.
LONDONDERRY, a city, parliamentary borough, and    LONG BOTITO0M, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.
port of Ireland, capital of the co. of Londonderry, on the    LONG BOTTOM, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.
left bank' of the Foyle, 5 miles above its expansion into    LONG BRANCH, a post-village and watering-place of
Lough Foyle, 123 miles N.N.W. of Dublin; lat. (bridge) 54~0  Monmouth co., New Jersey, on the seacoast, about 33 miles
59, 36' N., lon. 70 19' W.  It stands on an oval-shaped  S. of New  York.  Here are several boarding-houses and
hill; the buildings rising tier above tier in a very pic- good bathing-grounds, which are much firequented by the
turesque manner. The older part of the city is surrounded  citizens of New York and Philadelphia.
by a wall, about I mile in circuit, which forms an agreeable    LONG BRANCH, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.
promenade; but the houses now extend for a considerable    LONG BRANCIHI, a post-village of Monroe co., Missouri, 60
distance beyond it. On the opposite bank of the Foyle is a  miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.
large suburb, called the Waterside, which is connected with    LONG CANE, a post-office of Abbeville district, South
the city by a magnificent wooden bridge, 1068 feet long. Carolina.
Some ofthe streets are very steep, and, though lighted with    LONG CANE, a post-office of Troup co., Georgia.
gas, so few of-them have an elegant appearance, that Lon-    LONG CANE CREEK, of South Carolina, enters Little
donderry may emphatically be called a town of back streets. River, in the S. part of Abbeville district.
The principal public buildings are the corporation-hall,   LONG CANE CREEK, of Georgia, flows through Troup co.
court-house, jail, custom-house, lunatic asylum, and a Doric into the Chattahoochee River, a few miles below West Point.
column, surmounted by a statue, erected in memory of the    LONG/COTT, a chapelry of England, co. of Berks.
Rev. George Walker, the intrepid governor of the city during    LONG CEK, of ecklenburg  co., North Carolina, flows
the memorable siege in 1689; the diocesan free grammar  into Catawba River from the N.E.
school, or Foyle College, theatre, linen-hall, and the new    LONG CREEK, of Stanley co., North Carolina, flows southbarracks. The ecclesiastical structures are the cathedral of  ward into Itocky River.
the see of Derry, and 2 other churches belonging to the    LONG CREEK, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia.
Establishment; 2 Roman Catholic chapels, with 4 Presby-   LONG CREEK, a post-office of New HIanover co., North
terian, an Independent, and 2 Methodist meeting-houses. Carolina.
Besides Foyle College, already mentioned, there are several   LONG CREEK, a small village of Attala co., Mississippi.
schools, the most import-mt of which are the National   LONG CREEK, a post-oflice of Panola co., Mississippi.
School, and Gwyn's charitable institution for boarding,   LONG DICK'S CREEK, of Iowa, flows into Shikagua or
clothing, and educating poor boys. Three or four newspa. Skunk River, in Jasper co.
pers are published here, and there are several branch banlts.   LONG/DON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
The manufIctories of Londonderry are two mills for spin-   LONGDON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
ning fiax, several flour-mills, distilleries, breweries, roperios.    LONGDON ON TERN, a paiish of England, co. of Salop.
foundries, and tanneries, and a ship-building yard. The   LONG EDDY, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.
principal articles of export are linen and linen yarn, and    LONGEVILLE, 1Nrzheh-veel! or lSNzh'veel/, several villarge quantities of eggs, butter, wheat, oats, and oatmeal, lages of France, the principal of which is LONGoEVItE  ST.
amounting in value to above a million sterling.  The chief  AvotL, lNa'zheh-veel sANt t'vold/, department of MIosellq
Imports are timber, barilla, sugar, rum, flax-seed, wine, and  23 miles E. of MIetz. Pop. in 1852, 2198.
1084




LON                                                        LON
LONG FALLS CREEK, a post-village of Daviess co., Ken-   LONGJUMEAU, loNaGzhii'm6/, a town of France, departtucky.                                                    ment of Seine-et-Oise, 12 miles S.W. of Paris. Pop. 1805.
LONGIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             LONG KEYS, (keez,) three islands in the Bay of HlonLONG'FLEET, a tything of:England, co. of Dorset.        duras; lat. (Middle) 170 10' N., ion. 880 48' W.
LONGIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Derby.             LONG KEYS; one of the Bahamas, on the E. side of the
LONGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            S.W. entrance to Crooked Passage; lat. 220 35' N., Ion. 7%c
LONGFORD, an inland co. of Ireland, Leinster, having an  20' W.
area of 421 square miles, or 269,440 acres, of which about   LONG KING CREEK, of Polk co., Texas, flows into Tri1.92,000 are cultivated, and 13,675 under water. Pop. in  nity River from the N.
1841, 115,491; in 1851, 82,350.  The Shannon, with Loch    LONG LAKE, a township of HIamilton co., New York.
Gonna and other lakes, border on the county, which is Pop. 111.
crossed by the Royal Canal. Capital, Longford.  It sends    LONG LAKE, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin.
2 county members to the I-louse of Commons.                 LONG LANE, a post-office of Dallas co., IMissouri.
LONGFORD, a market-town of Ireland, capital of the    LONGLIER, 16NaGle-A/ or lang/leer, a village of Belgium,
above county, on the Camlin, 4 miles from its confluence  province of Luxembourg, 20miles N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1215.
with the Shannon, 68 miles W.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851,   LONG, LOCH, a branch of the Frith of Clyde, Scotland,
4144. Itis well built, clean, and thriving; has a handsome  extending N., opposite Gourock, for 20 miles, between the
church, Roman Catholic Cathedral; large county court- counties of Argyle and Dumbarton. Breadth 1 to 2 miles.
house, county jail, cavalry and artillery barracks, infirmary,  Depth 15 to 20 fathoms. At its head is Arrochar, to which
union workhouse, market-house, and large markets for grain, steamers ply from Glasgow.
butter, and leather.                                         LONG, LOCHI, or LOCH LING, a branch of Loch Alsh,
LONGFOR/GAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 6 miles  co. of Ross, between Loch Alsh parish and Kintail.
W. of Dundee, with which it communicates by railway.   LONG MARSH, a post-office of Queen Anne co., Maryland.
Pop. 1660. Iiuntly Castle, in this parish, is a pile of vast   LONG MARSTON. See MARSToN, LONG. For other places
strength, built in the 14th century.                       with prefix LONG, see the additional name.
LONGFOR/MACUS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.       LONG MEAD/OW, a post-village and township of IIampLONG GLADE, a post-office of Augusta co., Georgia.      den co., Massachusetts, on the left bank of the Connecticut
LONG GREEN ACADEMY, a post-office of Baltimore co., River, and on the New IHaven, Hartford and Springfield
Maryland.                                                  Railroad, about 4 miles S. of Springfield. Pop. 1252.
LONG GROVE, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 30 miles   LONG MEADOW, a post-office of Page co., Virginia.
N.W. of Chicago.                                             LONG/MIRE, a post-office of Washington e0., Tennessee.
LONGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              LONGIMIRE'S STORE, a post-office of Edgefield district,
LONG HILL, a post-office of Morris co., New Jersey.      South Carolina.
LONGHOPE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.          LONG/MOSS, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia.
LONG ISLAND, an islet off the S.W. coast of Ireland, co.   LONG NECK, a post-office of Richmond co., New York.
of Cork, in Roaring-water Bay, 6 miles N.N.W. of Cape Clear.   LONG/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Glouceste-.
Length 2 miles. On it is a coast-guard station.              LONGNI, 16N'fiee/, a market-town of France, department
LONG ISLAND, forming part of the state of New York, of Orne, 13 miles E. of Mortagne. Pop. 1643.
lies between 40~ 33' and 410 6' N. lat., and 720 and 740 2' W.   LONGNID/DRY, a decayed antique village of Scotland,
ion. being separated from New York by a strait about half  co. of Iladdington, with a station on the North British IRaila mile in width, called the East River, forming the W. en- way, 12 miles E.N.E. of Edinburgh.
trance to Long Island Sound, which also separates. Long    LONG/NOR, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Island from  the state of Connecticut, on the N. Length    LONGNOR, a chapelry and market-town of England, co.
about 115 miles, greatest breadth about 20 miles. Its coasts of Stafford, 81 miles N.E. ofLeek. Pop. 485.
are indented by numerous bays and inlets; the most remark-   LONGOBARDI or LANGOBARDI, a nation of the middle
able of which are Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays, which  ages. See LOMBARDY.
exutend into the island at its eastern extremity nearly 30    LONGOBARDI, lon-go-barn/dee, a maritime town of Naples,
miles. The surface has no great elevations: along the N. province of Calabria Citra, 12 miles S. of Paola, on the Medicoast it is considerably broken, but on the S. mostly level, terranean. Pop. 1500.
sloping gradually to the ocean. The soil is fertile and highly    LONGOBUCO, lon-go-boo/ko, a town of Naples, province
cultivated, being well adapted to agriculture.  The Long  of Calabria Citra, 21 miles N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 5000.
Island Railroad, connecting Brooldyn with Greenport, tra-   LONG OLD FIELDS, a post-office of Prince George co.,
verses the island centrally almost throughout its entire  Maryland.
length. A railroad also connects Williamsburg with Flush-   LONGO-SARDO, lon/go-san/do, (anc. Tibzdla ) a seaport
ing. Lighthouses have been erected at various points, both  town and cape of Sardinia, division and 48 miles N.E. of
on the N. and S. shores of the island, and on MIontauk Point, Sassari, at the W. entrance of the Strait of Bonifacio.
its eastern extremity. It comprises the counties of King's,   LONGPARISII, a parish of England, co. of Ilants.
Queen's, and Suffolk.                                        LONG PINE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
LONG ISLAND, a small island in the Java Sea, off the W.   LONG PLAIN, a post-office of Bristol co., Massachusetts.
coast of Billiton; lat. 20 51t S., Ion. 1070 30' E.          LONG POINT or LONG POINT SHOALS, Massachusetts,
LONG ISLAND, a small island in the Java Sea, near the, within Cape Cod, near its extremity. On it, at the entrance
S.E. coast of the island of Madura; let. 7 16' S., Ion. 1139 5' E. of Provincetown Iarbor, is a fixed light, 25 feet above the
LONG ISLAND, an island on the N. coast of Papua; lat. level of the sea. Lat. 420 2' 10" N., ion. 700 10' 35i WV.
(N. point,) 00 531 S., Ion. 1340 50' E. The island, though    LONG POINT, a post-office of Washington co., Texas.
called "Long" by Dampier, has rather a round figure, and    LONG POINT, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois,
its circuit is at least 40 miles.                          105 miles N.N.E. of Springfield.
LONG ISLAND, an island off the S. coast of New Zealand,   LONG POINT GROVE, a post-township in Cumberland
at the S.E. entrance to Foveaux Strait; lat. 470 17' S., Ion. co., Illinois, 100 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. Pop. 512.
1670 25' E.                                                  LONG POND, a post-office of Caldwell co., Kentucky.
LONG ISLAND, a small island in Queen Charlotte's   LONG PRAIRIE, a post-office of Wahnahta co., Minnesota
Sound, Cook's Straits, New Zealand; lat. 41~  6' S., Ion. Territory.
1740 27' E.; about 4 miles long.                             LONGPRE, 1NzaprA/, several villages of France; the princiLONG ISLAND, one of the Bahamas; lat. (N. point) 230 pal of which is in the department of Somme, with a station
41' N., Ion. 750 19' W.; about 70 miles in length by 3 to 4  on the Railway du Nord, 10 miles S.E. of Abbetile.   Pop.
in breadth.                                                1622.
LONG ISLAND, an island of British North America,   LONG/RIDGE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster,
HIudson's Bay; lat. 550 5' N., Ion. 790 WV.                7~ miles N.E. of Preston, with which it communicates by
LONG ISLAND, a name applied to a group of the Ifebri- railway.
des, Scotland, comprising Lewis, Harris, Benbecula, North    LONG RIDGE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.
and South Uist, &c., which are supposed to have been for-   LONGROIVA, ln-gro-eesvd, or LANGROIVA, lhn-gro-eelv&,
merly united, and comprehending an area of about 1200  a poor village of Portugal, province of Beira-Alta, 15 miles
square miles.                                              N.E. of Francoso. Pop. 1680.
LONG ISLAND LIGHT, on the N.E. point of Long Island,    LONG RUN, a post-office of Fairfield district, South Caroin Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, 44 miles W. by N. of  ina.
Point Alderton. The lantern, which is 7 feet high, is sup-   LONG RUN, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky.
ported by a tower 20 feet in height. Lat. 420 20' N., Ion.   LONG SAVANINAH, a post-office of ihnmilton co., Ten700 58' 58" WV.                                           nessee, 139 miles S.E. of Nashville.
LONG ISLAND SOUND, a body of water separating Long    LONG'S BAR, a mining settlement of Yuba co., California,
Island from New York and Connecticut. Length about 110  is situated on the Yuba River, 17 miles above its junction
miles, breadth from 2 to 20 miles. It communicates with  with Feather River, and about 110 miles N.N.E. of Benicia.
New York Bay through a narrow channel called the East Miners' wages, $5 a day. Pop. 450.
River, at the entrance to which is a remarkable whirlpool,   LONG'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co., Georgia.
called Hell Gate.                                           LONG/SIDE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
LONG JOHN, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, 33 miles    LONG'S MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North
S.AV. by W. of Chicago.                                   Carolina.
1085




LON                                                       LOO0
LONG'S PEAK, one of the summits of the Rocky Moun- island in the Malay Archipelago, off the W. coast of the
tahins, in lat. 400 10' N., ion. 1060 W. Height about 12,000 feet. peninsula of Malacca, from which it is separated by a narLONGSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of IHaInts.         row strait, 21 miles long, by about 6 miles broad. Lat. 7V
LONGSTONE, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby. 300 N.. ion. 990 E.
LONGSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.          LONTOIR, lon'twAR' or loi-toirl. a town of the Banda
LONGSTOWN, Pennsylvania.  See NEw BELIN.                Islands. in the Malay Archipelago, on Banda Neira. It has an
LONG STREET, a post-village of Moore co., North Carolina  hospital, and near it pumice-stone is plentifully obtained.
LONG STREET, a post-village of Lancaster district, South    LONTVILLE, a post-office of Pike co., Kentucky.
Carolina.                                                    LONYA, lonlyA, a river of Austria, in Croatia, jcins the
LONG STREET, a small post-village of Pulaski co., Georgia, Save after a course of about 70 miles.
about 45 miles S. of Milledgeville.                          LONZAC, LB, leh l6N]zakl, a village of France, departLONG SWAMP, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylva- ment of Corrbze, 14 miles N. of Tulle. Pop. in 1852. 2772.
nia, 20 miles E.N.E. of Reading. Pop. 1868.                  LOG, 10, a town of Belgium, province of West Flanders,
LONG SWAMP, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.        on the Loo Canal, 7 miles S.E. of Fumrnes. Pop. 1660.
LONGITON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.         LOGAN, loo'onu, or LOU-NGAN, loo'ng[nt, a city of China,
LONGITOWN, a market-town of England, co. of Cumber- province of Shan-see. Lat. 36o 7' N., lon. 1130 E.
land, on the Esk, 8k miles N.W. of Carlisle. Pop. 1990.      LOGAN, an island. See LOEAN.
LONGTOWN, a chapelry of England. co. of Hereford.          LOOBAN, LOUBAN or LUBAN, loo-bn', a market-town
LONGTOWN, a post-office of Fairield district, South  of Russia, government, and 80 miles S. of Minsk.
Carolina.                                                    LOOBAN, LOUBAN or LUTBAN, loo'b~nl. a small island
LONGTOWN, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.      of the Malay Archipelago, in the Philippines, about 90 miles
LONGU]7, l6NG'gy, a town of France, department of Maine-  S.W. of Manila. Lat. 130 52' N.. lon. 1200 8' E.
et-Loire, 12 miles S. of Baug6. Pop. 1526.                   LOOBAR or LUBAR, loo-baR., a town of Russia, governLONGUEIL, lngguvrl, a post-village and seigniory of  ment of Volhynia, 47 miles W.S.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 300.
Canada East, co. of Chambly, on the" right bank of the    LOOBATCI HOVKA or LUBACZOWKA, loo-b -chovlkA, a
St. Lawrence, at the commencement of the Atlantic and  town of Russia, Volhynia, 3 miles SE. of Vladimeer.
St. Lawrence Railroad, about 4 miles N.E. of Montreal. It    LOOBNY, LOUBNY  or LUBNI, loobtnee, a town of
contains.2 Roman Catholic churches, and about half a dozen  Russia, government, and 80 miles W.N.W. of Polteva, on
stores. Pop. of the parish, about 4500.                    the Soola. Lat. 500 N., ion. 330 E. Pop. 5500. It has a
LONGUE POINTE, 16.g pw&Nt, or LONG POINT, a post- veterinary institution, botanic gardens, and a pharmaceutic
village of Canada East, co. of Montreal, 6 miles N. of Mon- school, founded by Peter the Great. It was once fortified,
treal. Pop. about 1200.                                    and withstood a lengthened siege by Charles XII. of Sweden.
LONGUEVILLE, 16eg'veel or lMNoaghph-veelf, a market-    LOOCHO!  (ch as in child) ISLANDS, written also
town of France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, on the  LIEOU KSIEOU, a group in the North Pacific Ocean, beParis and Strasbourg Railway, 52 miles E.S.E. of Chions. tween Japan and Formosa, consisting of the Great LeoPop. 589.                                                  Choo, about 65 miles in length. by 15 miles in average
LONGU~ON, lSNa'ghe-6NGf, a town of France, department breadth, with about 35 small islands, the whole between
of Moselle, 20 miles N.W. of Briey. Pop. 1700.             lat. 260 and 270 N.. and ion. 1280 E. The chief products are
LONG VALILEY, a post office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. provisions and live-stock, with sulphur, salt, and (it is said).
LONG VIEWT, a post-office of Ashley co., A1rkansas.      copper and tin. The principal foreign trade is with Japan, to
LONG VIEW, a small village of Bradley co., Arkansas.    which these islands are nominally subject, though they are
LONGh VIEWI, a post-office of lMorg0an co., Tennessee.   essentially independent as regfards internal administration.
LONG VIEW, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky.       LOOCHRISTY, 10-eois/tee, a market-town of Belgium,
LONG/WOOD. a village of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath, province of East Flanders, 6 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3636.
9 mileseS.S.W. of Trim. Pop. 587.                            LOODIANAH, loo-de-'nl, a fortified town of North-w'%svo
LONCGWOOD. See Sr. HELENA.                               HEIindostan, on the S.E. bank of the Sutlej, 110 miles E.S.E.
LONGWOOD, a village and chapelry of England, co of of Lahore, and 170 miles N.N.W. of Delhi. Lat. 300 55' N.,
1on. 75~ 418t E. P~op. about 20,000. It has a flourishing
York, West Riding, 2 miles W. of Ilu-ddersfield. Pop. 2418  Ion. 750 48' E. Pop. about 20,000. It has a flourishing
shawl manufactory, and extensive commerce. It was acLONGWOOD, a post-villace of Union co., Kentucky.         h     manufactoy,  and extensive commerce.
LONGWOOD, a post-office of Fayette co., Indiana.         quired by the British in 183-4.
LONG/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Berks.             LOOE, leo, a email civer ofEngland, co. ofCornwall, enters
LONG~, lwa~vet,  anc.Lontus itcus?) a fortified town 
LONGWY, l6a'veef, (Zan. Loss/gus VI/CUS) a fortified town  the English Channel at Helstone, where a bar of shingle
of France, department of Moselle, on the Belgian frontier, converts its estuary into a beautifel lake, called Looe Pool.
converts its estuary into a beautififi lake, called Looe Pool.
33 miles N.N.W. of Metz. Its citadel stands on a steep rock, intoe  a small river of England, co. of Cornwall, flows
below which extends the new town, having wide streets, a   LOGE, English Channel at Looe.
fine square, hospital, and military prison. Longwy, called         (EAT and    S,) two decayed boough  and seaby Louis XIV. the "Iron Gate of France," was taken by the  ports of England, co. of Cornwall, on either side of the
Prussians in 1792, and again by the Allies in 1815. Ppinentrance of the river Looe, 21 miles S.S.W. of Launceston.
~~~~~~1852,~~P 337                            Pop. of East Looe, 926; of West Looe, 616. They were once,
1852, 3347.
LONG-YEOG or LONG-YEOR. lolng'y-oo, a town of China  next to Fowey, the chief ports in Cornwall; and in the reign
LON-~E0 o LOG-~OU logy                    -Ch,  own ofrhia
province of Che-kiang, on the baks of  e Hwuy of Edward III. East Looe sent 20 ships to the siege of Calais.
province of Che-kiang, on the banks of the Itwuy-Cho w or
Gran River, about 16 miles W.,W. ofNanchL0EE-CHO0 or LOUI-TC[IOU, loo'ee-choo!, written also
a-ra nivr, aout 6 mies TV.S.. ofh~anheLO'UI-TCIIEOU, a city of China, province of Quang-tong,
LONIGO, lo-nee/go, avillage of Austrian Italy, government LOUI-TCREOU, a city of China, province of Quang-tong,
of Venice, 13 miles S.W. of Vicena, on the Gua, at the foet capital of the southernmost department of the empire, 250
of ~renice, 13 miles S.W. of Vicenza,     on  the Gua, at the foot
of a lofty hill crowned by an old castle. It hasacourtofmiles S.W. of Canton, near the mouth of a small river,
of a lofty hill crowned by an old castle. It has a court of   hc  al n  t  Ci  S,  d om        o  krJ.
law, several public offices, and five churches. Pop. 6786.    which  lls into the China, Sea, and forms a good harbor.
LONINGEN, (L,6ningen,) lij/ning-en, or WIEK LONINGEN,   LOOGA, LOUGA or LUGA, loo/gA, a river of Russia, enters
(eek l1/nin-en, a village of Germany, duchy of Oldenburg, the Gulf of Finland 75 miles W.S.W. of ft. Petersburg.
~eek 15/lning-en, a village of Germany, duchy of 01denburg;, Lnt,10ml
on the Hase, 34 miles S.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 1381.        Length, 150 miles.
LONKA, (Kes,) kish lon/kbh\, a ilags  Pof. Hungary,8. of LOOGA, LOUGA or LUGA, a town of Russia, government,
LONK, (~s, kih lntkh~,a village of Hungary, co. of
NMarmars, on the Theiss, 6 miles from Szigeth. Pop. 1101.  and 85 miles 8.SW. St.Petersburg, on the above river. P. 1800.
BIvrmaros, on the Theiss, 6 miles from Szigfeth.  Pop. 1191.    MOIXIAA(OG NHI                  rLrASAA
LONLAY L'ABBAYE, 16NeG'A/ I'bAI, a market-town of   LOOGANSKAIA (LOUGANSKAIA  or LUGANSKAJA)
LONLAY L'AB     BAE, l&q   mlebs~] NW  oarket-townnof
LFrance, department of Omne, 0 mileNW  of Domfrsnt.o STANITZA, loo-gan-ski/V st&-neetUsA, a town of Russia, goFPop. in 1865rmn2, 3566.  Oe      is.   o               vernment of Don Kossacks, 105 miles N. of Novo-Tcherlkask.
Pop. in1852, 3566. ~~L00GANSKIOE, LOUGiANSKLOE~ or LUGANSK~OE, 1ooLONIMAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.           LOOGANSKOE, LOUGANSKOE or LUGANSKOE, losLONNEKR,  on/nk-r a vllage of Holand,     gntskio-A, a marlket-town of Russia, government of YelkateLONNErysEel, 4onmles-er  a village of Hollap5d,. province rinoslav, 16 miles S.E. of Bakhmoot, on the Loogan, (Lugan.)
of 0veryssel, 14 miles s.Jh. of Almelo. Pop. 1550~
LOXS                             a valleyision of     tune,) a pEng- 5It hps a cannon foundry, and mines from which the RusLONS/DALE,  (the valley of the ~Lune,)   a division of En~-  sian fleet in the Black Sea is supplied with coal.
land, co. of Westmoreland, on its S.E. side, which gives the    LOOGOONOR  or LOUGOUNOR, loo-gi o-noit, one of the
title o Earl o the Lwther amily.L00G00NOR or LOUGOUNOR, loo-goo-noRf, OnO of the
title of Earl to the Lowther family.           Caroline Islands; lat. 50 29' 20" N., Ion. 1530 38' E.
LONSDALE, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode Island.   LOOHOI,  a native state of Celebee. See O1 8E.
LONS-LE-SAULNIE R, 16G'leh-olne-Y, 0 0  I      OHO,,a native state of Celebes. See LobsHoE,.
LONS-LE-S aULtoNIE of lF h-sr ns-A   (ane. Le/dos  Soe-   LOOKIT, LOUKII, look, LOOKA or LOUKA, loosk/, a
~ot~'iz~?) a t o  neo rne, ca~pital of the department of
lociese?) a town of France, capital of the depa~rtment of river of Russia, joins the Kliasma  in the government  of
Jura, near the source of the Solman, 50 miles S.E. of Dijon. Viadimeer. Total course, about 80 miles.
Elevation, 775 feet. Pop. in 1852, 8450. It is very ancient   LOOH  or TloA, a  town of Russi, overnment, and
L00KH or LOOKA, a town of Russia, government, and
and well built. Chief objects of interest, the churches of 80 miles SE. of Kostroma, on the river tookh. Pop. 1000.
the Cordeliers, and of St. D~sird, and the salt-well disco-   LO -KIANG, LOU-KIANG or LU-KIANG,  loo'ke-lng, a
vered in the 4th century, to which the town owes its founda- large river of Thiet, one of the head st-eams of the SAwin.
large river of Thibet, one of the head streams of the Salwin.
tion and its name; it is always full, although its waters are   LOG-KIANG or tOU-KIANG, loo'ke-Ang/, a town of China,
constantly extracted, and yield annually 20,000 quintals of province of Ngan-hoei, 100 miles S.W. of Nanking.
salt. It has a communal college, a public library, museum,   LOOKIANOV, LOUKIANOY  or LUKIANOW, look-ya.
manufactures of stockings and bonnets, tanneries, and dye- nov/, (Polish, Lukojanov, loo-ko-yA/nov,) a town of Russia, go.
workis. It wvas the birth-place of G1eneratl l~ecourbe.                                                    P  20
Works. It was the birth-place olf General Lecourbe.      vernment, and 90 miles S.S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. P.1200.
LONSIVILLE, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.
LOOKIING-GLASS,  a post-office of Clinton co., Illinois,
LONTAR, lon-taco/, or POOLO LONTAR, poo/lo'lon-tacs, an  100 miles S, of Springfield.
1086




LOO                                                       LOR
LOOKING-GLASS RIVER, a beautiful stream of Michigan, Railroad, by the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, and the
rises in Shiawassee county, and flowing W. about 70 miles, Lake Shore Railroad. Capital, Elyria. Pop. 26,086.
enters Grand River in Ionia county.                          LORAIN, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 1049.
LOOKIOUT, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri, on Moreau    LORAINE, lo-rrnt, a post-township in the S. part of JefCreek, 15 miles W. of Jefferson City.                      ferson county, New York, about 30 miles N.E. of Oswego.
LOOKIOUT CREEK, of Georgia and Tennessee, flows N.E. The Rome and Watertown Railroad crosses its N.W. corner.
through Dade county, Georgia, and enters Tennessee River  Pop. 1511.
a few miles below Chattanooga.                               LOR/Ai IERS, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.
LOOKOUT VALILEY,  a district in Walker co., Georgia.       LORAMIE'S CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Shelby county,
LOOKNOOEE or LOONOOI.   See SAlGON.                      and flows into the Miami River, about 3 miles above Piqua.
LOOM'CIANGI, a town of Farther India, Siamese domi-   LOtRAN, a post-office of Whitley co., Ind.
nions, in the region between Martaban and Bangkok, and    LORANCA-DE-TAJUNA, lo-rdn'kt-dA-tA-noonfy&, a town
stated to have a large trade in cotton and ivory.          of Spain, New Castile, 13 miles from Guadalajara. P. 1102.
L001MISVILLE, a post office of Seneca co., New York.       LORCA, loekI, (anc.. Eliocroca? or llorci?) a city, Spain,
LOOMISVILLE, a post-office of Kent co.. Michigan.        province and 42 miles S.W. of Murcia, on the S. slope of Mount
LOO-NA-SIAN or LOU-NA-CHAN, loo:-n-shan, a moun- Caio, the summit of which is crowned by a castle, withlretain of China, covered with perpetual snow, in about lat. 260  gular works in a good state of defence. It consists of two
30' N., Ion. 1030 E.                                       parts-an ancient town, situated in the vicinity of the castle,
LOONEY'S CREEK, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee. and consisting generally of mean houses and narrow winding
LOO-NGAN or LOU-NGAN. loolngn or ]oong'gant, a forti- streets; and a nmodern one, of a much superior description,
fled town of China, province of Se-chuen, capital of a depart- consisting of houses which have a pleasing and substantial
ment, on the frontier of Thibet.                            appearance, and streets which, though somewhat irregular,
LOON'GIHEE, a town of Farther India, Burmese domi-  are, on the whole, well formed. It has eight parish churches,
nions, on the Irrawaddy, 16 miles S.W. of Patanago.        three nunneries, and several suppressed monasteries; an
LOON LAKE, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.       episcopal palace, a court-house, several elementary schools,
LOON-OP-ZAND, lnii-op-zdnt, or VENLOON, v~n-l1nt, a  and a hospital. The manufactures consist chiefly of coarse
village of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 12  woollens, linen, leather, hard soap, and earthenware; and
miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1500.                       there are several oil and other mills, dye-works, brick and
LOOP-HEAD, a promontory of Ireland, in Munster, at the  tile works; some trade in grain, barilla, esparto, cattle, and
N. side of the entrance of the Shannon. Elevation, 232 feet. mules. In the vicinity are mines of lead, which became the
On it is a fixed light.- Lat. 520 33' 30" N., Ion. 90 36, W.  subject of much speculation in 1840, and were begun to be
LOORISTAN, LOURISTAN or LURISTAN, loo-ris-tinu, a  worked on a very extensive scale. They have not proved
mountainous district or province of West Persia, in Irak-  profitable, and have been, in a great measure, abandoned,
Aiemee, between 320 and 340 N. lat.                         though the workings are still partially carried on. Lorca is
"LOOS, LOUS or LUS, a province of Beloochistan, border- a very ancient place, and makes a considerable figure in the
ing on the Indian Ocean. Area, 5200 square miles. Pop. wars of the Moors. It suffered much from  the French
60,000.                                                     during the Peninsular war. The artists Juan de Toledo,
LOGS, 1Gce, a village of France, department of Nord, 2{  Pedro Camacho, and Baltasar Martinez, were natives of this
miles S.W. of Lille. Pop. 2014.                             place. Its old castle once caused Lorca to be considered the
LOGS, 16sh, LOSSA, loshliah, or LOSING, lotzing, a mar- key of Murcia; the walls of the town and a tower are
ket-town of Hungary, 7 miles S.E. of (Eidenburg. Pop. 1127. Moorish, and it has some Roman antiquities. Pop. 48,224.
LOO'SA`IIATCH'EEI    a small river in the S.W. part of      LORCI, lORK, a town of Germany, duchy of Nassau, 20
Tennessee, rises near the E. border of Fayette county, and  miles W.S.W. of Wiesbaden, on the Rhine. Pop. 1136.
flowing W. and S.W., enters Wolf River N. of Memphis.         LORCH, a market-town of Germany, Wiirtemberg, 23
LOOSAHATCHEE, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.   miles S.W. of Ellwangen.  Pop. 1720, with an abbey in
LOO'SASCOOINA or LU'SUSC0OONA, a small river of.Mis- which most of the Hohenstauffen princes are buried.
sissippi, joins the Yallobusha in Yallobusha county.          LORD  HOOD'S ISLAND, or MARUTEA, m-roo-tAla.
LOOSE, a parish of En-land, co. of Kent.
~LOOSE, a parish of Engaud, co. of Kent.             Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 210 30' S., ion. 1350 33' W.
LOOSE CREEK, a post-village of Osage co., Missouri, 18    LORD HOWE'S ISLAND, one of the Society islands, lat.
miles E.S.E. of Jefferson City.                         h160 50' S., Ion. 154~ 21' W., about 60 miles long and 4 miles
LOOISING CR'ER, of North Carolina, flows through  broad; discovered by Captain Wallis in 1767.
Harford county, into the Chow-an.                             LORD HOWE'S ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean, form a part of
LOOTENIIULLE, l]ften-hfl'leh, a village of Belgium, in  the Sooo  ILAND.
t eSOLOMON ISLANDS.
East Flanders, 12 miles W. by N. of Ghent. Pop. 3041.         LORD  HOWE'S ISLANDS, a group of islands in the
LOO'TSK, LOUTSK. LUTSK  or LUCK. eotak, a town  Pacific, N.E. of Sydney, lat. 310 30' 5., ion. 1590 10' E.
of Russia, government of Volhynis, about 40 miles E. of   - LORD HOWE'S ISLANDS, a  roup of small islands in the
~1adinmoer.                                                                               Z
~~~Vl~~~~iat~dimreer.  ~S. Pacific Ocean, lat. 50 30' S., Ion. 1590 31' E.
LOOX'AHOIMA, a post-office of Be Soto co., Mississippi.     LORDS5TOWN, a township of Trumbull co. Ohio. P. 1329.
LOOZ, lbs, or BORCIILOEN,1 booiK'loonf, a tow-n of Del-    LORD'S VALLEY, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania.
gium,  province of Limbourg, 9 miles S. of ILasselt. Pop.    LORENA, lo-rng, a town of Brazil, province snd 130
1400.                                                       miles N.E. of Sfio Paulo, on the Parahiba. Pop. of district
LOOZA, LOUZA or LUZA, loofza, a river of Russia., go-     o000.
vernment of Vologda, joins the Yoog. Length, 200 miles.
LOPADUSA. See LAMPrEoUSA.                                   LORIENTZ'S STORE, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.
LOPADUSA.  See LAparisof Sngan.  oSmestLORENZANA, lo-rln-thVnA, a town of Spain, province and
LOtPEN, a parish of Enlad, co. of Somerset.               31 miles N.N. E. of Lugo. Pop. 2872.
LOPENITZ, a town of Moravia.  See SConAeENsTZ.             LORENZO  MARQUES (or RQU Z), lo-rinlzo mae-his',
LOPERA, lo-p&Iri, a town of Spain, 22 miles N.W. of Jaen,  the  original name of Del AR Bay, in SE. Afi-ica.
near the Guadalquvir. Pop. 2179.,the original name of Delagoa Bay, in S.E. Afi'ica.
near the Guadetlquivir.  Pop. 2179.                           LORENZO  MARQUEZ, lo-rinfzo mao-kbst, a Portuguese
LOPt1HAM_, NoRTu, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      LOEZ    AQ Zlrnzom -ks  aPtuee
LOPHIAM, NoUTvH, a parish of Englend, co. of Norfolk.     establishment on the E. coast of Africa, on the Mouiesa, 22
LOPIIASM, Souvn, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.     miles fl-m its mouth in the Bay of Lagos.
-1EM. op/h~ii, a  illag  of Begiummiles from its mouth in the Bay of Lagoa.
LOPIIEM, lopthbm,  a village of Belgium, in West Flan-    LORENZOVILLE    OUNDRY, a ost-ce of Shenandoah
ders., on the canal, 3 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 1436.       co., Virginia.
O(PIENNO, lo-pe-6ntno, a small town of Prussian Poland, co., Virginia.
LOPIENNO,  lo-p-n5, a small town of Prussian  Poland,    LOREO, lo-rb/o, a market-town of Austrian Italy, govern14 nmiles N.N.W. of Onesen. Pop. 600.
14 miles N.N.WV. of Gnesen.   Pop. 600.                     meit and 26 miles S.S.W. of Venice, on Canal of Loreo.
LOP NOR, lop ness, or LOB NOR, a lake of Chinese Toor-   on    2
Pop. 3200.
kistsn; lat. 400 50' N., Ion. filom 870 30' to 890 E. It receives   op 3
the river Yarkan     Length,  miles.  LORETO, lo-rtsto, or LORETTO, lo-rlt/to, a city of Central
~the r~iver   rkand,   Length,~ 50m          Italy. Pontifical States, 13 miles N.E. of Macerata, and about
LOPPERSUMI, loptpr-sAm, a village of Hlolland. province,
LOPPERSU, lppr-sm,  a village of Iollnd  province,  3 miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 8000. It owes its origin to
and 11 miles N.W. of Groningen. Pop., with environs, 1430.    fous chapel of the Vigi, and over  hich  a mgniLOPIINGTN,   parsh  f Liuglnd. o. f Saop.  a famous chapel of the Virg in, and over which a magnifiLOPIPINTON,   parish of  gland  co. of Salop.  cent church has been built, while around it has grown up
LOPUD, an island of Austria. See MEZZO.
LOPUD, an isla rivof  usthiafgain See-MEZZos0.  the town, encircled by walls of the 16th century. Its
LORA, lori-A, a river of South Afghanistan, rises about 50  suburb, Montereale,  is more elegant tha. the city. The
miles N.E. of Quetta, and. after flowing S.W. for 80 miles, is  suburb, Montereale, is more  le ntisae city. The
lost in the sands of the deses~t.                           governor's palace and the public fountains are worthy of
lost in the sands of the desert.
OR, a district in the. of Afhanistn  near hue.    notice, but the holy shrine is the chief object of attraction
LORA, a district in the S. of Afghanistan, near Ghuz-nee.
LORA DEL RIO, lo'ru d6I reel, a town of Spain, provine, to visitors, and the trade of the place is exclusively in
and 32 miles E.N.E. of Seville, on the Guadalquivir. Pop.  oaisndrlefrth   s  fplgm. 
rosaries and relics for the use of pilgrims. ~
and 32 miles  aN.E. of Seville, on the a udlatlhuivir.    Pop.    LORETO, lo-r/to, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo
4590.  It has manufactures; of hats and learther.                                                   Pp  50
4590.I hasmanufacres ofhsend, Akatnsa.     Ultra, 3d miles S.E. of Civita-di-Penne. Pop. 4560.
LORA/DO, a poet-village ofGreen co., Arkansa.          LORETO. lo-rAlto, a town of Mexico, capital of Lower
Lake Erie, contains about 485 square miles. It is drained    Cahifosnia; let. 260 12' N., ion. 1120 7' W.
LORANI,  couty i theN, prt o Ohi, boderig onCalifornia; lat. 260 121 N., Ion. 1120 71 W.
LakeErie conain abot 48   quae mles.It i draned LORETO, lo-r, /to, a small town 12 leagues S.E. of Trinidad,
by Black River and its branches, and by Rocky and Ver-   LOREO,   -rto, a smll town 12 leaus S. of Trinidad,
milion Rivers, wlhich flow towards the N. The soil is fer-  Bolivia.
tile and generally clayey.  Sandstone of fine quality is    LORETTO, a city of Italy. See LoRaEo.
quarried at Elyria for building materials. Lorain county      LORETITO, a post-village of Cabri c., Pennsylvania, 6
is intersecte2d by the Cleveland  Columbus snd Cincinati    mi les EN.E. of Ehensburg, has a Catholic chapel. Pop. 193.
is intersected by the'Clevelnd Columbus and Cineinnaii 11087




LOR                                                          LOS
LORETTO, a post-village of Essex co., Virginia, 69 miles of Germany, grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, 16 miles S.
N.E. of Richmond.                                          of Darmstadt.  Pop. 2459.
LORETTO, a post-village of Marion co., Kentucky.           LORSICA, lorlse-ka, a village of the Sardinian States,
LORGUES, loRg, a town of France, department of Var, 7  province of Chiavari, 6 miles from Cicagna, near the conflumiles S.W. of Draguignan.  Pop. in 1852, 4705.              ence of the Mulvaro and Tielo with the Lavagna. Pop. 1675.
~LORIENT or L'OIIENT,  lo're-6NGl, a seaport town of    LORITON, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland.
France, department of Morbihan, at the mouth of-the Scorf,   LOS ALAMOS. See ALAMos.
in the Bay of Biscay, 40 miles W. of Vannes, ranking as a    LOS ANGELES, loce anlj~h-18z, (Sp pron. loce ungfmi-ls,)
fortress of the third class. Its streets are regular, wide, well- sometimes incorrectly written LOS ANGELOS, a large county
paved, but dull in appearance, and by no means clean, in the S.E. part of California, has an area of above 4800
though lined by houses of good construction; its public  square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Pacific, and
squares are large and handsome, and its walks pleasing. on the E. by San Bernardino county, and drained by the
The harbor is capacious, safe, and commodious, surrounded  San Gabriel and Rio de Los Angeles Rivers, with their triby magnificent buildings, among which is a tower, used as butaries. The surface is uneven and mountainous, with
alighthouse and observatory; andlined byhandsome quays, many broad and fertile valleys. Several broken spurs of
where the largest vessels can lie alongside. In the roads, the Coast Range rear their summits in the N. part of the
whole fleets can ride in safety. At some distance below the  county. The climate is remarkably salubrious and genial.
harbor, its entrance is commanded by a fort built on the  In 1852, Los Angeles county included all territory now
Isle St. Michael, and mounting, it is said, 500 guns. The  comprised in the new territory of San Bernardino. Cotton
isle is, moreover, covered by a range of yellow buildings, and sugar-cane succeed well. The quantity of wine, 57,355
forming a lazaretto. The dock-yard and arsenal are among  gallons, was the greatest produced by any county in Calithe most complete and extensive in France, having 15 or 16  fornia. The county is celebrated for its vineyards, of which
building-slips.  The principal buildings are the parish  there are above 100. It contains several missions, among
churclh, the Prefecture Maritime, situated on the port at the  which may be mentioned San Gabriel, San Fernando, and
entrance to the dock-yard; and adjacent to it, an extensive  San Juan Capistrano. There are some silver, and probably
series of buildings, erected, in 1666, by the delusive "Coin- other metals, and limestone and building rock are abundpagnie des Indes Orientales" (East India Company), under ant. Six miles from Los Angeles is a spring, covering about
the auspices of the notorious Law of Lauriston, who once re- -2 acres, from which pitch boils up in great abundance; this
sided in the prefecture. Almost all the working-classes are  is used for covering the roofs of houses. There are also a
employed in connexion with the dock-yard; and the only  number of saline springs, which supply-abundance of salt.
manufacture deserving of notice is that of hats. The trade  The anchorage in the port of San Pedro is good and perfectly
and commerce, once of considerable importance, have greatly  safe, except during the prevalence of the south-easterly
declined. The exports at present are chiefly flour, liqueurs,  winds in the winter season. Capital, Los Angeles.  Pop.
woollens, cottons, hardware, iron, lead, clock-work, &c. 7831. (For the derivation of the name see next article.)
Lorient possesses courts of first resort and commerce, a    LOS ANGELES, (originally PUEBLO DE Los ANGrELES, pwlblchamber of commerce and exchange, a school ofhydrography  lo dA loce dngnls.-lls, the." city or habitation of the angels."
of the second class, and a communal college. At the begin- named from its delightful climate and from  the beauty of
ning of the 17th century, it was a mere village, but, all at the surrounding country,) a post-town, capital of Los Angeonce, it rose into importance by the exertions of Lauriston  les county, California, on a small river of its own name, 30
and the company already mentioned. In 1770, it was made  miles from its mouth, and on the road from San Jos6 to San
one of the four stations of the French navy, and a free port. Diego, about 350~ miles in a direct line S.E. of San Francisco.
The breaking out of the revolution in 1793 almost instan-   LOS ANGELES, loce,ng/n'u-lls, a town of Chili, province
taneously annihilated its commerce. From the shock then  of Concepcion, 96 miles E. of a town of that name; lat. 370
sustained it has never recovered. Pop. in 1852, 25,694.     0' S., lon. 710 30' W. Streets wide and reular.
L'ORIGNAL, lo'reen'yll', a post-village of Canada West,   LOS ANGELES RIVER, a small stream  of Los Angeles
capital of the united counties of Prescott and Russell, on the  county, in the S.S.E. part of California, falls into the Pacific
Ottawa River, and near the proposed railroad from Montreal Ocean. The town of Los Angeles is situated on its left bank.
to Kingston, about 66 miles W. of Montreal. It contains,    LOSAR, lo-sas!, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 62 miles
besides the county buildings, churches for the Methodists  N.N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2081.
and Roman Catholics, an assurance agency, pearlash factory,   LOSARCOS, lo-sackoce, a town of Spain, province of Namills, &c. Pop. about 700.                                  varre, 35 miles from  Paumplona.  Pop. 2096.
LOBIN, a small village of Stephenson co., Illinois.         LOSCH, (Lsch,) l1sh, a small town of Moravia, 4 miles
LORIOL, loire-olG, (anc. Aureoli?) town of France, depart- E.N.E. of Briinn. Pop. 2267.
ment of Drdme, 12 miles S.S.W. of Valence, near the Dr~me.   LOSCIHIUTZ, (Loschiitz,) losh/tits, a small town of Moravia,
Pop. in 1852, 3588.                                         17 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 2322.
LORMIES, loam, a town of France, department Nilvre, 18    LOSCHWITZ, loshrits, a village of Saxony, near Dresden,
miles S.E. of Clamecy. Pop. in 1852, 3237.                  on the Elbe, here crossed by a ferry. Pop. 1660.
LORMONT, lon'm.6NO, a village of France, department of    LOSDZEY, losd/ze, or LOZDZEY, written also LOZDZIEY,
Gironde, on the Garonne, 3 miles N.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. lozdlzyl, a town of Russian Poland, province of Augustowo,
in 185-2, 2900.                                             26 miles E.N.E. of Suwalki. Pop. 1557.
LORN, a mountainous district of Scotlid, co. of Argyle,   LOSIHEII, los/hime, a village of Ihenish Prussia, gobounded E. by Breadalbane (county of Perth), and W. by  vernment and 18 miles S. of Treves. Pop. 1617.
Loch Linnhe.                                                  LOS, ISLES DE, ilz d9 los, a group of islands off the W.
LOROUX  (LE), leh-lo'roof, or LOROUX  BOTTEREAU,  coast of Africa, belonging to England, 75 miles N.W. of Sierra
lo'rool bottfeh-raf, town of France, department. of Loire-  Leone, of volcanic ori'in, and consisting of Factory Island,
Infdrleure, 10 miles E.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. 1257.           Tamara, and Ituma.
LORQUI, lonkceel, (ane. Loelgis?) a town of Spain, province    LOS LANOS, loce Ilnoce, a town of the Canary, S.W.
and 10 miles N. of Murcia. Pop. 1020.                       side of the island of Palma. Pop. 496.
LORQUIN, loaklANG, a town of France, department of    LOSLAU, lostlBw, (Polish Yodcislawice, vod-tse-slI-veet]k4.)
Meurthe, 5 miles S.S.W. of Sarrebourg. Pop. 1389.           a town of Prussian Silesia, 53 miles S.S.E. Oppeln. Pop.
LORRACH, loR'ala, a frontier town of Baden, circle of  2060, It has two churches, and a castle.
Upper Rhine, on the Wiesen, 28 miles S.S.W. of Freiburg.    LOSONCZ or LOSONTZ, lo'shonts!, a market-town of
Pop. 2500. The jurist Iugo was born here, and the mathe- Ilungary, -county of Neograd, 63 miles N.N.E. of Pesth. It
matician Euler was the descendant of a family of this town. was once walled and well built; but was nearly destroyed
LORRAINE, loa'An/  or loran!f,  (Ger. Lothsri-ngen,  during the recent Hungarian war.
otlring-'n; L. Lotharinsgia and Austrcafsia,) a former ex-   LOS SANTOS, loce-san/toce, a town of Spain, province of
tensive province of France, now included in the depart- and 36 miles S.E. of Badajos.  Pop. 5274.
ments  of Vosges, Meurthe, Moselle, and Mouse. Under    LOS SANTOS, a town of New Granada. See SANTOS.
the Romans it formed part of the Belgic division of Gaul;    LOSSEN, los'sen, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia,
at a later period, under the successors of Clovis, it con- 32 miles S.S.E. of Breslau. Pop. 1182.
stituted the kingdom  of Austrasia, and was afterwards   LOSSER, losser, a village of tIolland, province of Overysunited to the empire of Charlemagne. It was subsequently  sel, 22 miles E.S.E. of Almelo. Pop. 1600.
erected into a duchy, and afterwards possessed by dukes of    LOS/SIE, a river of Scotland, county of Elgin, issuing
the IHouse of Austria; and, with the duchy of Bar, was from a small loch of same name, and flowing N. and N.E.
annexed to its crown. In 1736, by the treaty of Vienna, to Lossiemouth, it forms a harbor, on the Moray Frith.
these two duchies were exchanged for that of Tuscany, and  Total course, 26 miles.
ceded, in life-rent, to Stanislas Leczinski, King of Poland,   LOSISIEMOUTI, a small seaport of Scotland, on the
and father-in-law of Louis XV. On his death they passed  Lossie River, county and 5 miles N.E. of Elgin. Pop. 965.
to the crown of France.                                     The harbor has from 12 to 16 feet of water.
LORIIRHA, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Tippe-   LOSSINI, los-seelnee, or OSERO, o-slro, (Ger. Lzussin,
rary.                                                      1iis-seen!, ans..Apsoreus,)-an island of Illyria, government
LORRIS, loRonees or lo5Rseet, (ane. Launriacum) a town  of Triest, in the Gulf of Quamrnero of the Adriatic, immetf France, department of Loiret, 13 miles S.W. of Montargis. diately S.W. of the island Cherso, with which it is con.
P1p. 1138.                                                  nected by a bridge.. Length 19'miles; breadth 3 miles.
LORSCH. lonsh, or LAURtISHEII, liw/ris-hime', a town  Near its S. extremity are the contiguous villages of Lossirx
1088




LOS                                                        LOU
GRANDE and LOSSINI PicCOLO, with a united population of    LOTTSIVILLE, a post-village of Warren co., Pennsylvania,
6260, a good harbor, and ship-building yards.              about 20 miles W.N.W. of Warren.
LOSSNITZ, (Lissnitz,) lissinits, a town of Saxony, 17    LOTUN, o-toont, a town of British India, presidency of
miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 4799. It is encircled by  Bengal, district and 35 miles N. of Goruckpoor.
walls, and has manufactures of woollen cloth, and linens.    LOTZEN, (Liltzen,) l1ts/en, a town of East Prussia, 42
LOS'SUJI, a village of Thibet, Ladakh, in lat. 320 8' N., miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen, with a castle. kop. 1860.
Ion. 780 5' E.; elevation 13,400 feet.                       LOU-AN or LOUN-GIAN, a town of China. See Loo-AN.
LOST CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Mulberry fork    LOUARGAT, loo'aa'gA/, a village of Franc, department
near the S. extremity of Walker co.                        of Cftes-du-Nord, 26 miles W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 4000.
LOST CREEK, a post-office of Harrison co., Virginia.       LOUBAN. See LooBAN.
LOST CREEK, a post-office of Saline co., Arkansas.         LOUBOU. a state of Celebes. See LosaoE.
LOST CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Tennessee.      LOUBRESSAC, loo'br~s'sdM,   a market-town of France,
LOST CREEK, a post-office of Brenthitt co., Kentucky.    department of Lot, 21 miles N.N.W. of Figeac. Pop. 1570.
LOST CREEK, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1459.   LOUJCCOS or KOSE, a river of Morocco. See EL.Os.
LOST CREEK, a township of Vigo co., Indiana.  Pop.    LOUD]AC, loo'dA/kI, a town of France, department of
1232.                                                      Cates-du-Nord, 15 miles S. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 6369.
LOST CREEK, a post-office of Lincoln co., Missouri.        LOUDEAH. See LOWDEAH.
LOST GROVE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.        LOUDON, l1wfdon, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia,
LOST MOUN/TAIN, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia.      bordering on Maryland, contains 490 square miles. The PoLOSITOCK, a hamlet of England, county of Lancaster.    tomac River forms its N.E. boundary; it is also drained by
LOSTOCK, a township of England, county of Chester.    Goose Creek. The surface is hilly, having the Blue Bidge on
LOSTOOK LANE, is a station on the Manchester and  the N.W. border, and the Kittoctan Mountain near the middle
Preston Railway, between Bolton and Chorley.               of the county. The soil varies from a rich alluvion to an
LOSTORF, losftoRf, a village of Switzerland, canton and 18  unproductive clay, but a large portion of it is fertile. It
miles N.E. of Soleure. Pop. 1044.                          contains limestone, marble, granite, gneiss, and other priLOST RIVIER, a small stream of Indiana, rises in Wash- mitive rocks. Formed from  Fairfax county, in 1757, and
ington county, and unites with Lick Creek, an affluent of  named in honor of the Earl of London. Capital, Leesburg.
White River, in Martin county. It flows in a subterranean  Pop. 22,079, of whom 16,438 were free, and 5641 slaves.
channel for several miles, and returns again to the sur-    LOUDON, a post-village and township of Merrimack co.,
face.                                                      New Hampshire, on the Suncook River, about 10 miles N.E.
LOST RIVER, a post-office of Iaridy co., Virginia.      of Concord. Pop. 1552.
LOST RIVER, a post-office of Orange co., Indiana, about    LOUDON, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, on
100 miles S. by W. from Indianapolis.                      the West Branch of Conecocheague Creek, 14 miles W. of
LOST VILLAGE, a post-office of New Madrid co., Missouri. Chambersburg. Pop. about 300.
LOSTWITHIEL, lost-wiTnfel, or LESWITHIEL, an an-   LOUDON, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.
cient and decayed borough, market-town, and parish of    LOUDON, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 840.
England, county of Cornwall, on the Fowey, 5 miles S.S.E.   LOUDON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1681.
of Bodmin. Pop. in 1851, 1053. About one mile N. are the    LOUDON CENTRE, a post-village of MIerrimack co., New
uine ruins of Restormel.                                   Hampshire, 10 miles N.E. of Concord.
LOT, lot, (auc. Oftis,) ariver of France, rises in Mt. Lozlre,   LOUDON  RIDGE, a post-office of Mlerrimack co., New
passes Entraigues, where it becomes navigable, and joins Hampshire.
the Garonne, near Aiguillon. Length 266 miles. Afiluents,    LOUIDONVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Hanover
Truyere and Selle.                                         township, Ashland co., Ohio, on the Black Fork of Mohiccan
LOT, a department in the S.W. of France, formed of part River, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, about
of the old province of Gascony. Area 2004 square miles. 70 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is surrounded by a rich
Surface elevated and mountainous, covered on E. by part farming district, and has an active trade.
of Moat Cantal. Chief rivers, Lot and Dordogne. The soil   LOUDOUN, loo/doon, a village and parish of Scotland, co.
fertile; and corn is raised more than sufficient for home  of Ayr, 4 miles E.S.E. of Kilmarnock.  Pop. 4446. Here are
consumption; wine is abundant.  The department has remains of antiquities, besides the modernized and magni.
numerous flax-mills, a few iron forges, potteries, and paper- ficent castle of the Marquis of Hastings. On Loudoun Hill,
mills. It is divided into the arrondissements of Cahors, a battle was fought between Bruce and the troops of the Earl
Figeac, and Gourdon.  Capital, Cahors. Pop. 296,224.       of Pembrolke in 1307.
LOTBINIARE, lobee'ne-airf, a county in the eastern part    LOUDSIVILLE, a post-village of Habes-ham so., Georgia,
of Canada East, on the S. shore of the StiLawrence. Area  21 miles W. of Clarkesville, has rich gold-mines in the
735 square miles. The River du Chene and the Beaurivaga  vicinity.
flow through it. Chief town, LotbiniSre. Pop. 16,657.        LOUDUN, loodldtcl1, (L. Juliodvclnum,) a town of France,
LOTBINIERE, a postvillage of Canada East, county of  department of Vienne, 31 miles N.N.W. of Poitiers. It has
Lotbinilre, on the S. shore of the river St. Lawrence, 45  a communal college, and is celebrated for the synod held
miles S. of Quebec. Pop. about 3200.                       here by the Protestants in 1611 and 1612. In ancient times
LOT-ET-GARONNE, lot-A-gl'ronni, a department in the  it was the capital of a small district, called the Loudunois.
S.W. of France, forming part of the old province of GascognRe. Pop. in 1852, 4557.
Area 2027 square miles. Principal rivers, the Garonne and    LOUI, looA, a market-town of France, department of
its affluents, the Bayse  and Lot. Soil very fertile in the  Sarthe, 16 miles W. of Le Mans, on the V~gre. It has mannplains on the river banks, but sterile in the arid districts, factures of linen and paper. Pop. in 1852, 2049.
termed "Landes," and in the marshes. Corn is raised suf    LOUP or LOUVYE, loov, a river of France, which, after a
ficient for home consumption, and wine is exported. The  course of above 70 miles, joins the Doubs a little below Dole.
department is divided into the arrondissements of Agen,   LOUESCHE, a village of Switzerland. See LEuxK.
_tarnmande, N6rac, and Villeneuve-d'Agen. Pop. in 1852,   LOUGA or LUGA, a town of Russia. See LoocA.
341,345. Capital, Agen.                                      LOUGANSKAIA STANITZA. See LOOGANSKAIA.
LOTEVA. See LoDVE.                                         LOUGANSKOP, a town of Russia. See L00OOANSKOeA.
LOTH., a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland.            LOUGEN or LOUGAN, lootsgn, a river of Norway, stift of
LOTIH, a village of Belgium, 6 miles S.W. of Brussels, with  Aggershuus, rises by many heads in the Langefield and
which it is connected by railway;                          Sognefield Mountains, flows S.E., traversing Lake Midsen,
LOTH/ERTON, a township of England, co. of York, West and, under the name of Vermen, joins the Glommen 28
Riding.                                               ~    miles N.E. of Christiania. Course, 200 miles.
LOTHIANS (Tar), a division of Scotland, comprising the    LOUGH ALLEN. See ALLrN; and for all articles with the
counties of Haddington, Edinburgh, and Linlithgow, respect- prefix LonUo,  not found below, see additional name.
Ively called East, Middle, and West Lothian. Lothian gives    LOUGUBOROUGH, luff/b-tr-rfth, a market-town of Engthe title of Marquis to the Kerr family.                   land, co. and 101 miles N.N.W. of Leicester, with a station
LOTHRINGEN, and LOTHARINGIA.  See LoRRAINe.              on the Midland Railway. Its four principal streets are
LOT'S CREEK, of Bullock co., Georgia, enters the Can- tolerably straight, and very clean, well paved, and lighted
nouchee from the left, at the S. extremity of the county.    with gas; houses mostly of brick; and the town altogether
LOT SHAW'S MILLS, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon.    has a respectable and thriving appearance. It has two eleLOT'S WIPE, a remarkable rock in the North Pacific; lat. gant churches, a handsome Roman Catholic and various
290 50' N., ion. 1420 2.31/ E. It rises almost perpendicularly  Dissenting chapels, a free grammar and several other schools,
to the height of nearly 300 feet.                         a mutual improvement society, a philosophical and a literary
LOTTE, lot'tch, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government institution. The principal manufacture of the town conof Mlunster, circle of Tecklenburg. Pop. 1300.            sists of hosiery of all,kinds, and more particularly of that
LOTTIN, an island of the South Pacific. See RocKY ISLAND. kind called Patent Angola, in which about 2000 persons are
LOTVRIDGE, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.           employed. In the neighborhood is a famous bell-foundry;
LOTT'Sf a post-village of Edgefield district, South Caro- also several dye-works, malt-kilns, slate-quarries, corn-mills,
lina.                                               and an iron foundry. Pop. in 1851, 10,900.
LOTTSMBURG, a post-office of Northumberland co., Yir-   LOUGH (1H) BRICK/LAND, a market-town of Ireland,
ginia,                                                    Ulster, co. of Down, 10 miles N.N.E. of Newry. Pop. 647
LOTI'S CREEK, a small village of Bradley co., Arkansas. It has the ruins of a monastery.
3T                                                                          1089




LOU                                                         LOU
LOUG0 I ERNE. See ERNE.                                  partly separated by the Sabine River. It lies between 29,
LOUGHIGALL, a village and parish of Ireland, Ulster,. and 330 N. lat., and 880 50' and 940 20' W. ion., having anl
co. and 5 miles N.N.E. of'Armagh. Pop. 394. Castle Dillon  extreme length from E. to W. of about 292, and a breadth
is in this parish.                                          of 250 miles, including an area of 41.225 square miles, oi
LOUGI11GIILY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Armagh. about 26,384,000 acres, of which only 1,590.025 were improved
LOUGII'GLYNN, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of  in 1850, or scarcely one-twentieth part of the entire surface
Roscommon.                                                  of the state.
LOUGH'GUILEI, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Antrim.    Face of the Country.-The surface of Louisiana nowhere
LOUGIHINISLAND, lHs'in-llland, a parish of Ireland, attains an elevation of more than 200 feet above the level
Ulster, co. of Down.                                        of the Gulf, while at Trinity, in Catahoula parish, it is only
LOUGH NEAGH. See NEAGH.                                   68 feet, and much of the southern portion is so low as to. be
LOUGHREA, l1HsrA/, a market-town and parish of Ire- overflowed at high water. West of the basin of the Missisland, co. of Galway, beautifully situated on an acclivity  sippi, and occupying the central and northern portion of
on a small lake of the same name, 211 miles E. by S. of Gal- the state, the country is hilly and broken. The N.W. part
way. It has a parish church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a  is intersected by several arms of the' Red River, forming
Carmelite monastery, with a neat chapel; a Carmelite nun- small lakes, and rendering the country for about 50 miles
nery, a court-house,workhouse, police-barrack, feveir hospital, in length, and 6 in breadth, generally marshy. The bottoms
and several schools. It also possesses an extensive brewery, on this river are from  1 to 10 miles wide. South of the
2 tanneries, and 6 corn-mills. Loughrea was once fortified, central portion commence the low  prairie lands, which
and the remains of its walls may still be traced; it also con- terminate in the marshes of the coast. The elevation of this
tains the remains of an old castle and monastery. Pop. 5458. district varies from 10 to 50 feet. Below the mouth of the
LOUGIIJTON, a parish of England, county of Bucks.         Red River, the Atchafalaya branches off from the Mississippi,
LOUGHTON, a parish of England, county of Essex.           and forms the western boundary of a great delta, occupying
LOUGOUNOR, one of the Caroline Islands. See LooGOONOR. an area of several thousand square miles, which is elevated
LOUHANS, loo1'NGI, a town of France, department of  but 10 feet above low water, and at high water is often
Sahne-et-Loire, capital of an arrondissement, 29 miles N.E. inundated. There is a belt of similar character on the W.
of Macon. It has a communal college, and is a depot for  bank of the Mississippi, above the Delta, which is protected
merchandise between Lyons and Switzerland. Pop. 3853.   by artificial embankments, that serve to deepen as well as
LOUIIOU, Malay Archipelago. See LOEHOE.                   confine the channel. That part of the state adjacent to the
LOUISA, loo-eetz/, a county in the E. central part of  S. boundary of Mississippi, is similar in character to the
Virginia, has an area of about 500 square miles. The North  district described in the N.W. Near the Gsilf, a portion is
Anna River forms its northern boundary; the county is  salt marsh, mostly destitute of timber, and often overflowed
also drained by the South Anna and Little Rivers. The  in equinoctial gales. Darby states that 2700 square miles on
surface is hilly; the soil, originally fertile, has been partly  the Mississippi, above the Red River, 2550 on the Red River,
worn out. Gold-mines have been worked in this county, and 3200 on the Mississippi, below the Red River, are subbut are not very productive. It is intersected by the Cen- ject to inundations, though not all portions of it, annually.
tral Railroad of Virginia. Formed in 1742. Capital, Louisa    Geology.-According to Professor Forshey, the tertiary
Court Ieouse. Pop. 16,691, of whom  6827 were free, and  formation occupies two-fifths of the state, and lies N. of a
9864 slaves.                                                waving line, commencing on the Sabine near the mouth of
LOUISA, a county in the E.S.E. part of Iowa, has an area  the river Neches, and extending 20 miles N. of Alexandria,
of 400 square miles. The Mississippi River forms its entire  to Harrisonburg: it contains coal, salt, iron, ochre, gypsum,
eastern boundary, and the Iowa River flows through the  and marl. A salinebed seems tounderlie the tertiary. The
middle of the county, which is drained also by Long Creek. rest of the state is alluvial and diluvial.
The streams furnish valuable water-power. Limestone and       Misinerals.-Of the minerals mentioned  above, iron  is
stone-coal are found. The Iowa River is navigable by steam- abundant in almost all the tertiary strata.  The coal is
boats. Capital, Wapello. Pop. 4939.                        inferior to that of Pittsburg, but the marl is rich, and the
LOUISA, a post-village, capital of Lawrence co., Ken- gypsum of the best quality. The alluvions of the Missistucky, is situated at the forks of Big Sandy River, on the  sippi are bounded on the W. by precipitous hills of freestone,
E. boundary of the state, 135 miles E. from Frankfort. It from 80 to 200 feet high. In the region around Harrisoncontains a court-house, 1 church, and 4 stores.             burg, Dr. HIolliday has collected very large quartz crystals,
LOUISA, a post-village in Stephenson co., Illinois, 135  abundance of agates, jasper, sardonyx, cornelians, onyx,
miles W.N.W. from Chicago.                                 selenite or crystallized gypsum, feldspar of a splendid quality,
LOUISA COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Louisa  alumine in great abundance, chalcedony, lava, meteoric
co., Virginia, on the Central Railroad, 60 miles N.W. from   stones, amorphous iron ore, and fossils of various kinds.
Richmond.                                                     Rivers, Bays, &c.-Lake Borgne (properly a bay) and Black
LOUISA FORK. See SANDY RIVER.                            Bay open into the Gulf of Mexico on the S.E.; and Bastien,
LOUISBURG, a fishing village and suburb of the town of  Barataria, Atchafalaya, Cote Blanche, and Vermilion Bays
Wick, Scotland, co. of Caithness. Pop. 380.                on the S.; and Sabine, Calcasieu, and Mermentau Lakes on
LOUISBURG, a town of Wiirtemberg. See L wwIGSBURG. the S.W., are all expansions of rivers bearing the same
LOUISBURG, a mining village of Schuylkill co., Penn- names. Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas are expansions
sylvania, about 11 miles E. by N. of Pottsville.           of the Amite River, near its entrance into Lake Borgne.
LOUISBURG, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., North  Small lakes or sloughs are very numerous in the marshy
Carolina, on the left bank of Tar River, 35 miles N.E. of  regions in the southern part of the state, and along the
Raleigh. It contains a court-house and 2 churches.         Mississippi River. Catahoula in the centre, and Bistineau
LOUISBURG, loolis-birg, formerly LOUISBOURG,?(Fr. and Caddo in the N.W., are the principal lakes. The Missispron. loo-ee-booRt,) once an important seaport of Cape  sippi River forms the east boundary of Louisiana to 310 N.
Breton, on the S.E. shore of the island, about 20 miles S.E. lat., and passing through the south-eastern portion of the
of Sidney. The French erected here a fortress at an expense  state, discharges its waters into the Gulf of Mexico by several
of 30,000,000 livres, and while Louisbourg remained in their mouths. The Red River enters the N.W. angle of Louisiana
occupancy, it exported 500,000 quintals of cod annually, from Arkansas, and joins the Mississippi about the centre
and 600 vessels were employed in its trade and fisheries. of the state. The Washita, coming S. from Arkansas, is the
After it was taken possession of by the English in 1763, (all principal branch of the Red River. The Sabine, Calcasieu,
the French North American possessions having been given  and Mermentan drain the W. and S.W. parts of the state.
up by treaty,) the British government demolished the forti- The Pearl forms a part of the S.E. boundary. The Missis.
fications at an expense of $50,000; since then the harbor  sippi is navigable for the largest class steamboats far beyond
has been deserted, and the town is in ruins. A few fisher- the limits of Louisiana; and the Red River, since the removal
men only reside here. A lighthouse, showing a fixed light of the obstruction called the Great Raft, near the N.W.
15 feet high, has been erected on the site of the old French  boundary, is also navigable beyond the limits of the state.
lighthouse on the E. head.                                  Of the different arms that part from  the parent stream
LOUISIADE (loo-ee-ze-ddl) ARCHIPELAGO, an extensive  below 310 N. lat., the Atchafalaya, on the west, is the largest.
group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, comprised be- Nine of these are navigable, according to Colonel Long's
tween the parallels of 1G00 40' and 110 40' S. lat., and the  estimate, from 5 to 140 miles, making an aggregate of nearly
meridians of 1510 and 1540 30' E. ion.  About 80 are  500 miles. The sameauthority estimates the Washits as navialready known, but many others, it is believed, remain yet gable 375 miles, and its branches sum up a total of 715 miles
to be discovered. They appear to be nearly all inhabited, of water, mostly within the state, navigable by steamers,
although some of them but thinly. The principal islands are to which the Red River and its branches add several hundred
Rossel, South-East Island, Piron, Joannet, Pig, St. Aignan, more.
&c. Mount Rattlesnake or South-East Island is 2689 feet    Objects of Interest to Tou-ists.-Dr. Kilpatrick informs us
high, and the mountains in the W. portion of St. Aignan  that in the parish of Concordia there are numerous mounds,
attain an elevation of 3279.                                constructed by a race which he considers superior to the
LOUISIANA, loo-ee-ze-ahtna, one of the Southern United  Indians of the present day. These mounds contain human
States, is bounded on the N. by Arkansas and Missis- bones, pottery, arrow-heads, stone-hatchets, relics cut in
sippi; E. by RIississippi (from which it is separated by the  the shape of a canoe or crescent, and in one instance, a gold
Ilississippi  and Pearl Rivers) and the Gulf of Mexico; S.  ornament worth $7.50 was found. According to the same
by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas, firom which it is  authority, these mounds form, in this country subject to
1090




LOU                                                         LOU
overflow, good sites for gardens, orchards, &c. To the ge- Lake Pontchartrain; New Orleans with Proctorsville, Car.
heral inquirer, as well as to the geologist, the delta of the  rollton, and Woodville, (Mississippi,) and Bayou Sara, (LouMississippi affords a curious and most interesting subject isiana.)  A railroad is also projected from  New Orleans to
for contemplation or research. See MISSISSIPPI, DELTA OF.   Fulton, Arkansas.
Climate, Soil, and Productions.-Louisiana has very mild    Conmerce.-Loui siana has no parallel on the face of our
winters, but more severe than in the same parallel on the  globe in the natural advantagee which she enjoys for river
Atlantic coast. The long, hot summers, acting on the ex- trade with an interior, extending back directly N. 2000
tensive marshes of this state, cause a poisonous exhalation, miles to St. Anthony's Falls; north-westward 3000 miles
which every autumn produces more or less yellow fever, to the very base of the Rocky Mountains; noi'th-eastward
The orange, lemon, lime, and other tropical fruits grow  through the entire extent of the Ohio Valley, 2500 miles,
here, but the orange does not flourish above 300 N. lat., nor even into the state of New York; besides innumerable inthe sugar-cane above 310. The apple thrives in the north- termediate points in the great valleys of the Mississippi,
ern parts of the state. The best soil is on the river bottoms, Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, Tennessee, Cumberland, lied
which are exuberantly fertile, and productive in sugar-cane  River, and a multitude of tributary streams, which pour
and rice. Two-thirds of the alluvial land is heavily tim- the products of 14 states into her lap; while many more
bered, and overrun with a thick undergrowth of cane. await but the advance of population to add new treasures
This district is easily drained, and when drained very pro- from tracts now roamed over by the savage and the buffalo.
ductive. The prairie lands are often of no great fertility, Immense amounts of the products of the Western and Southand in some places barren. Cotton and sugar-cane are the  Western States, including cotton, pork, sugar, lead, flour,
great staples of the state, and of the latter, Louisiana pro-  wheat, Indian corn, &c., are transhipped from New Orleans
duced nine-tenths of the whole amount raised in the Union  to various parts of our own and to foreign countries. The
in 1850. Indian corn, rice, peas, beans, Irish and sweet value of domestic produce received from  the interior in
potatoes, and butter are extensively produced; tobacco, 1850-51 amounted to $106,924,083, and to $108,051,708 in
wool, fruits, market products, hay, beeswax, and honey to  1851-2, of which $81,216,925 were exported in the former
considerable extent; and wheat, rye, buckwheat, wine, year, and $76,344,569 in the latter. The imports from the
cheese, grass-seeds, hops, silk, and maple sugar, in very  interior at New Orleans, in the year ending August 31st,
small quantities. Of fruits, the principal are oranges, figs, 1854, amounted to $115,836,798, and the exports, both
peaches, apples, and grapes. According to the census re- foreign and coastwise, were 1,429,180 bales of cotton, 53,043
turns of 1850, there were in Louisiana 13,422 farms, occu- hhds. of tobacco, 179,406 hhds. and 6716 bbls. of sugar, 857
pying 1,590,025 acres of improved land, (nearly 120 acres to  hhds. and 262,345 bbls. of molasses, 585,969 bbls. of flour,
each plantation,) producing 10,226,373 bushels of Indian  155,544 bbls. of pork, 46,668 hhds. of bacon, 808,430 kegs of
corn; 89,637 of oats; 161,732 of peas and beans; 95,632 of  lard, 27,877 bbls. of beef, 84,475 pigs of lead, 48,334 bbls. of
Irish potatoes; 1,428,453 of sweet potatoes; 99 of grass- whiskey, and 1,107,032 sacks of corn. The articles from the
seeds; 4,425,349 pounds of rice; 26,878 of tobacco; 178,737  interior received in the greatest amount are pork and bacon,
bales of cotton, of 400 pounds each; 109,897 pounds of wool; beef, cotton, corn, flour, hides, lard, lead, molasses, sugar,
683,069 of butter; 226,001,000 of cane sugar; 96,701 of bees- tobacco, and whiskey, besides large quantities of apples,
wax and honey; 25,752 tons of hay; 10,931,177 gallons of beans, baggings, bale rope, butter, cheese, candles, coal,
molasses; value of orchard produce, $22,359; market goods, furs, hemp, hay, leather, oats, linseed, castor and lard oil,
$148,329; live stock, $11,152,275; and of slaughtered ant-  potatoes, staves, and wheat; some beeswax, buffalo robes,
mals, $1,458,990. The sugar crop of 1853 amounted to  cider, dried apples and peaches; feathers, flaxseed, iron,
321,939 hogsheads.                                          lime, onions, porter, ale, deer and bear skins, shot, soap,
Forest Trees.-Walnut, oak, sassafras, ash, mulberry, pop- Spanish moss, tallow, twine, vinegar, window-glass, and
lar, hickory, ana magnolia are found in the central and  various other articles. The foreign imports for 1852-53
northern parts, and on the more fertile uplands; buckeye, amounted to $13,630,686, and exports to $68,292,658; tonlocust, papaw, cottonwood, and. willow flourish in the bot- nage entered, 512,812, cleared, 630,820; tonnage owned in
tom lands. Cypress swamps occupy certain basins, which  the different districts, 156,274; and number of vessels built,
having no outlet, retain the waters they receive at the flood  17, with an aggregate tonnage of 1346. Of the entire tonseason, till they either evaporate or sink into the earth. nage owned, 47,665 was in steam-vessels. About one-third
Pine and oak grow on the sandy' uplands. Dr. Kilpatrick  of the foreign trade was carried on in foreign bottoms. See
mentions among the timber of Concordia parish, (which is  NEW ORLEANS. According to De Bow's Review, the commerce
probably similar to many other river parishes,) the cotton- of Lake Pontchartrain employed in 1852-3, 577,980 tons of
wood, red elm, hackberry, maple, ash, pecan, hickory, honey  shipping; and there were received by this lake, in the
locust, basket elm, dogwood, tupelo, 5 species of oak, box  same year, 32,613 bales of cotton, 323 hhds. of sugar,
elder, cypress, prickly ash, black locust, mulberry, persim: 40,163,000 feet of lumber, 3,449,000 shingles, 2.587,000 laths,
mon, willow, and wild cane, growing to the height of from   1,870,000 staves, 34,184 bbls. and kegs of naval stores,
15 to 30 feet. The same authority says of fruits, in the  17,542,000 bricks, 138,000 hides, and 1280 horned cattle,
same locality, the peach, quince, plum, and fig do well, but besides numerous other articles.
the apple and pear do not encourage culture.                  Education.-The constitution provides for a superintendent
Animals.-Dr. Kilpatrick reports black bears, wolves, and  of public schools, to hold office for two years, and that free
panthers, as occasionally found; besides which are wildcats, public schools shall be established throughout the state.
racoons, otters, polecats, opossums, squirrels, and moles; An appropriation of $250,000 is made annually for the supand among amphibia, huge alligators, and various species port of free schools, raised by taxation; and a fund is estaof turtle. Among reptiles are the rattlesnake, viper, horned, blished, to be derived from  the proceeds of public lands
and other snakes. Among birds are the bald and gray  granted for the purpose, and from lands escheated to the
eagle, severalspecies of hawks and owls, a few wild turkeys state. This fund amounted on January 1, 1853, to $125,127.
and pigeons, partridges, cranes. herons, water turkeys, wild  Louisiana had in 1850, 664 public schools with 25,046 pupils,
geese, brant in abundance, and a great variety of smaller  and $349,679 income, of which $93,428 was from public
birds.                                                      funds, and $194,984 from taxation; 143 academies and other
_Aianufactures.-This state is not largely engaged in ma- schools, with 5328 pupils, and $193,077 income, of which
nufactures. In1850, there were 1021 establishments, produc- $52,200 was from  endowments; and 5 colleges with 469
ing $500 and upwards annually, of which 8 were furnaces, students and $76,250 income; and 34,051 attended school as
employing $255,000 capital, and 347 male hands, consuming  returned by families. In 1853 there were one law school,
raw material worth $73,300, and producing 1570 tons of  with 3 professors, and 1 medical, with 7 professors, and 188
castings, valued at $308,500. Home-made manufactures students.-See Table of Colleges, APPENDIX. Of the free adult
were produced of the value of $139,232. Louisiana is largely  population, 24,610 could not read and write, of whom  6271
engaged in the manufacture of the coarser sugars and mo- were'foreigners.
lasses; but the refining of these articles is mostly done in    Religious Denominations.-Of the 306 churches in Louisithe Northern States. Of the 236,547 hogsheads produced  ana, in 1850, 77 were owned by the Baptists; 14 by the
in 1851-2, only 32,625 were refined in the state.           Episcopalians; 125 by the Methodists; 18 by the PresbyteInternal Improvemuents.-Louisiana has not the same ne- rians; and 55 by the Roman Catholics: the rest were owned
cessity for railways and canals as many other states, having  by the Christians, the Free Church, French Protestants,
probably 2500 miles of navigable waters within her limits; German Reformed, Jews, Temple of the Lord, Unionists, and
still she has need of them  for communication with other Universalists-giving 1 church  to every 1693 persons.
states, if she would maintain her commercial position. Value of church property, $1,782,470.
Railroads are projected and partly'completed, connecting    Periodicals.-There were published in Louisiana in 1850,
her commercial metropolis (New Orleans) with the great 11 daily, 6 tri'and semi weekly, 37 weekly, and 1 monthly
lakes at Chicago, and with the Ohio Valley by way of Nash- newspapers and periodicals, with an aggregate annual circuville, Tennessee, and with Memphis, Charleston, and Sa- lation of 12,416,224 copies.
vannah. In January, 1855, there were 169 miles of railroad    Public Institutions.-The State Penitentiary of Louisiana
in operation, and 293 in course of construction* in this state, is located at Baton Rouge, and received 105 convicts in 1848,
connecting Clinton and Port Hudson; New Orleans and  the receipts from whose labors exceeded the expenditures
by about $6600. A deaf and dumb asylum at Baton Rouge,
* Tht~ estimate is from Hunt's Magazine. The Railway Times  recently erected, had, in March, 1853, 13 pupils.  The
gives tbWe completed railways at 170, and those beingconstructed  Charity Hospital at New Orleans will be described under
at 239 miles.                                              that heading.  In 1850 there were 5 public libraries, witk
1091
~ x                                                                                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii




LOU                                                         LOU
9800 volumes; 2 school, with 12,000; and 3 college libraries, essential as an outlet for their products; and the satisfac.
with 5000 volumes.                                          tion of that portion of the country was proportionately
Ppulation.-Louisiana  being  originally  colonized  by  great on its peaceful acquisition. That part of the Louisiana
France and Spain, has a larger admixture of the inhabitants  Territory now known as the State of Louisiana, became an
of those countries (with their manners and customs) than  independent member of the confederacy in 1812, and was,
any other state in the Union. There were in this state in  two years afterwards, the scene of a conflict between the
1810, 76,556 inhabitants; 153,407 in 1820; 215,739 in 1830; British and American troops, in which General Jackson.
352,411 in 1840, and 517,762 in 1850; of whom 141,243 were  repulsed the former with great loss, January 8,1815. Inhab.
white males; 114.248 females; 7481 free colored males; 9981  LOUISIANIAN, loo-ee-ze-anf-e-an.
free'colored females, and 125,874 male and 118,935 female    LOUISIANA, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, on the
slaves. Representative population, 419,824. The free popu- Mississippi  River, 1 mile below the mouth of Salt River, 88
lation was divided among 49,101 families, occupying 54,112  miles N.E. of Jefferson City. It contains numerous waredwellings. Of the free population 142,119 were born in the  houses, and 2 newspaper offices.
state; 61,920 in other states; 3550 in England; 24,266 in    LOUIS-PHIILIPPE  (loo'eelfileep) LAND, the N. portion
Ireland; 1244 in  Scotland  and Wales; 499 in British  of a tract of land in the Antarctic Ocean, off South ShetAmerica; 17,507 in Germany; 11,552 in Prance; 7795 in  land, about lat. 630 30' S., lon. 570 W. Its outline was
other countries, and 679 whose places of birth were unlknown, traced for a distance of about 120 miles between lat. 630
making nearly one-fourth of the free population of foreign  and 640 S., by Admiral D'Urville, of the French navy. It
birth. Pop. to the square mile, 12.52. During the year end- is crowned with immense peaks, covered by continual snows
ing June 1, 1850, there occurred 11,956 deaths, or about 23  of unknown depth.
in every 1000 persons-the greatest proportion in any state    LOUISVILLE. a post-township and river port in the colof the Union. In the same period, 423 paupers, of whom   lection district of Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence co., New York,
290 were foreigners, received aid, at an expense of about  on the St. Lawrence River, about 28 miles N.E. of Ogdens$40 to each person. The number of deaf and dumb in 1850  burg. It is intersected by Grass River, across which there
was 117, of whom 3 were free colored, and 32 slaves; blind,  is a bridge near the centre of the township, at the village
214, of whom 20 were free colored, and 122 slaves; idiotic,  of Millerville, which contains the Louisville post-office.
174, of whom 6 were free colored, and 62 slaves; and insane,  Steamers touch at Louisville Landing in this township,
127, of whom 9 were free colored, and 45 slaves.             and some trade is carried on with Canada. Isle au ChaParishes.-Louisiana is divided into 48 parishes, viz., As-  mailles or Baxter's Island, in the St. Lawrence. opposite
cension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Bienville, Bossier, Caddo,  here, comprising some 2000 acres, belongs to this township.
Calcasieu, Caldwell, Carroll, Catahoula, Claiborne, Concordia,  Pop. 2054.
De Soto, East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, Franklin, Iber-   LOUISVILLE, loolis-vil, a thriving village of Potter co.,
ville, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lafourche, Livingston,  Pennsylvania, on the road from Coudersport to Cowanesque.
MIadison, Morehouse, Natchitoches, Orleans, Plaquemines,  A great quantity of pine lumber is procured in this vicinity.
Point Coupee, Rapides, Sabine, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St.   LOUISVILLE, a village of Orangeburg district; South
Helena, St. James, St. John Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin's,  Carolina.
St. Mary, St. Tammany, Tensas, Terre Bonne, Union, Ver-   LOUISVILLE, a decayed post-village, capital of Jefferson
milion, Washita, Washington, West Baton Rouge, West co., Georgia, on Rocky Comfort Creek, 54 miles E. of MilFeliciana, and Winn. Capital, Baton Rouge.                  ledgeville.  It was the capital of the state from  1795 to
Cities and Towns. —New  Orleans (pop. 116,375) is the  1804, when theseat of government was removed to Milledgelargest city in Louisiana, and the commercial metropolis of  ville. It has a court-house, a church, and an academy.
the South-Western States. The other towns are Lafayette,    LOUISVILLE, a post-village of Barbour co., Alabama,
(a suburb of New Orleans,) pop. 14,190, and Baton Rouge, about 85 miles S.E. of Montgomery.
3985. The other principal places are Donaldsonville, Iber-   LOUISVILLE, a post-village, capital of Winston co.. Misville, Alexandria, Shreveport, Thibodeauxville, Carrolton,  sissippi, near the source of Pearl River, 95 miles N.E. of Jack.
Natchitoches, Franklin, and Gretna.                         son. It contains several academies. A newspaper is pubGovernment, Fiinances, &c.-The governor'of Louisiana is lished here. Pop. in 1853, about 400.
elected for four years by the people, and receives $6000 per    LOUISVILLE, a post-village of Blount co., Tennessee, on
annum; the lieutenant-governor, who is ex-officio president the left bank of the Holston River, about 20 miles, by land,
of the Senate, is elected for a like period, and receives $8  below Knoxville. It is a place of rapid growth, and one of
per diem when that body is in session. The Senate consists the most flourishing in East Tennessee, having a brisk trade
of 32 members, and the House of Representatives of 97, on the river, which is navigated by steamboats. The East
both elected by the people, the former for four, and the  Tennessee and Virginia Railroad passes through this village.
latter for two years. The legislature assembles on the third    LOUISVILLE, lootis-vil or loole-vil, a flourishing city
Monday in January. The judiciary consists —1. Of a Su- and port of entry of Kentucky, and seat of justice of Jefpreme Court, composed of one chief and four associate judges; ferson county, is situated on the Ohio River, at the head
and 2. Of District Courts. The judges of the Supreme Court of the Louisville falls, at the mouth of Beargrass Creek,
are elected by the people for ten years, the supreme judge  130 miles below Cincinnati, 53 miles W. of Frankfort, and
by the whole state, and the associate by districts, and-so  590 miles from Washington. Lat. 380 3' N., lon. 850 30' W.
that one shall be chosen every second year, and those of  It is the largest town in the state, and one of the most importthe District Court for six years, jointly by the executive  ant places on the Ohio River. A railroad, 93 miles long,
and lqgislature. The chief justice of the Supreme Court connects it with Frankfort and Lexington, and several others
receives $6000, and his associates $5500 per annum. The  are in course of construction from  this place to Danville, 
judges of the District Courts of New Orleans receive $3500  Nashville, &c. The situation and surrounding scenery are
per annum, and are chosen by popular vote. Louisiana is remarkably beautiful.  Some parts of the. city present
entitled to 4 members in the national House of Represen- delightful views of the Ohio River, which is here about one
tatives, and to 6 electoral votes for President of the United  mile wide; of the rocky rapids, and of the town of Portland,
States.  The assessed value  of property, in 1850, was  a few miles below. Louisville stands on a plain elevated
$220,165,172.  Public debt, in 1854, $4,295,809; besides a  about 70 feet above low water, and is regularly laid out.
contingent debt of $8,421,888 for property banks, and  Eight handsome streets extend nearly 2 miles in length
$198,244 for the second municipality of New Orleans. Or- parallelwith the river, which here flows from E. to WV. These
dinary expenditures, exclusive of debt and schools, $515,000. vary in width from  60 to 120 feet, and are intersected, at
In January, 1854, Louisiana had $17,359,261 banking capi- right angles, by more than 30 others, with a uniform width
tal, a circulation of $6,969,807, and $7,468,460 in coin.   of 60 feet. The streets are generally paved, and lighted with
History.-Louisiana was visited and the mouth of the  gas, and bordered with ornamental trees. The most remarkMississippi discovered by La Salle, as early as 1691; and  able public buildings are the City Hall, and Court-house, (not
though Iberville attempted a settlement in 1699, no perma-  completed,) the FirstPresbyterian Church, St. Paul's Church,
nent colony was established at that time. In 1712 Louis XIV. (Episcopal,) the Medical Institute, and the University of
of France granted to M. Crozart a charter which included  Louisville, which is now in successful operation. The Medithe whole of the territory of Louisiana, which was named in  cal Institute, which ranuks high among the public institutions
honor of the king. The celebrated John Law, so notorious  of Louisville, was founded by an ordinance of the city
for the financial disasters caused by him in France, became, council, which appropriated $50,000 for the library, buildin 1717, the head of a company which purchased Louisiana; ings, &c. The number of students in 1852 was 356. Two
but after the deplorable failure of his schemes, Louisiana  new schools have recently been opened in this city. Tihe
came again into the possession of the crown, which trans-  Asylum  for the Blind, established by the state, occupies a
ferred it, in 1762, to Spain. Retroceded to France in 1800, commodious and handsome building, erected by joint conLouisiana, including all the territory west of the Missis- tributions of the state and the citizens of Louisville. The
sippi, (excepting Texas and New Mexico, and the territory  Mercantile Library Association has a library containing from
west of the Rocky Mountains,) was purchased by President 4000 to 5000 volumes. The IHistorical Society of this place
Jefferson in 1803, for the sum  of $11,250,000, beside the  has collected valuable documents relating to the early hisassumption on the part of the United States of some claims  tory of the state. Louisville also contains a marine asylum,
of our citizens against the government of France. Previous founded by the state, 2 orphan asylums, about 40 churches,
to this purchase the inhabitants of the Western States and  2 synagogues,, a prison, 4 market-houses, 5 banks, and 4
Territories had been in a state of great excitement, lest they  large public school-houses.  Six daily, 7 weekly newupaper.N
should lose the control of the mouth of the Mississippi, so  and 1 monthly medical journal are published here.
1092




LOU                                                          LOU
Louisville may be said to owe its existence to the falls,   LOURDOUEIX ST. MICHEL, looa'doo-AJ S.NG meeeshbl,
which arrested the course of navigation at this point. In  a village of France, department of Indre, 15 miles S.W. of
1833, a canal 21 miles long was opened around these falls, La Chqtre. Pop. 1169.
with a total lockage of 22 feet. It was cut through the solid    LOURDOUEIX ST. PIERRE, looR'doo-A/ SNa p-alr!, a villimestone rock, at a cost of $750,000. The dimensions hay- lage of France, department of Creuse, 17 miles N. of Gu6ret,
ing been found too small to admit the passage of the largest Pop. 1976.
steamers now built for the New Orleans trade, a railway has   LOURICAL, 13-ree-kAll, a market-town of Portugal, pro.
been projected on the Indiana side, the object of which is to  vince of Beira, 18 miles S.S.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 3280.
transport such vessels around the rapids by means of a sta-   LOURINIAO, 18-reen-yww NGc, a town of Portugal, province
tionary engine and pulleys. The stock has been taken, and  of Estremadura, 10 miles N. of Torres:Vedras.  Pop. 2400.
the work will doubtless shortly be completed. In 1850 the    LOUROUX-BjhCONNAIS, LE, leh loo'roorbhAkonlnA/, a
entire trade of Louisville was estimated at $50,000,000. market-town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 15
(De Bow's Review.) The wholesale business has increased  miles W.N.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 2723.
rapidly since that period. There are now near 100 houses    LOUTH, 16twH, a small county of Ireland, Leinster, havdoing an exclusively wholesale business, the amountof which  ing on the E. the Irish Sea. Area 315 square miles, or
is computed at $20,321,400; viz. 25 of dry goods, 39 of gro- 201,600 acres, of which about 15,500 are uncultivated, and
ceroes, 8 of drugs, 9 of hardware, 8 of hats and furs, 8 of  upwards of 5000 in woods. Pop. in 1841, 111,979; in 1851,
boots and shoes, and 9 of saddlery. Many of the warehouses 107,657. The N. part of the county forms the mountainous
are 3 or 4 stories high, and from 100 to 130 feet deep. No  peninsula of Carlingford. Louth county is divided into 4
exact record has been kept of the exports of this town, but a  baronies. Chief towns, Drogheda, Dundalk, and Ardee. It
good estimate may be formed from the number of steamboat sends 4 members to the House of Commons, 2 being for the
arrivals; which, from the different ports below the falls, for county.
the year ending June 30, 1852, was 1124; the number from    LOUTII, a decayed town of Ireland, co. of Louth, 5~ miles
the Upper Ohio was probably about the same. The chief  S.W. of Dundalk. Pop. 700.
articles of export are tobacco, pork, hemp, and flour. In    LOUTH, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
1852, the quantity of tobacco received was 16,176 hogsheads. Lincoln, in the fertile valley of the Lud, at the E. extremity
The amount of revenue collected here in 1853 was $48,307. of the Wolds, 27 miles E.N.E. of Lincoln. It has a station
The shipping of the port amounted to an aggregate of on the Great Northern Railway, is well built, generally of
11,819 tons enrolled and licensed, all of which was employed  brick, and lighted with gas. It has 2 Established churches,
in steam navigation. During the year referred to, 27 steam- one of which is a fine old structure, with an elegant spire,
boats, with an aggregate burden of 7313 tons, were ad-  about 300 feet high. There are also 8 places of worship bemeasured. A new custom-house is being erected, at a cost  longing to various Dissenting bodies, 8 schools, including a
of about $200,000.                                         free grammar and various other endowed schools; a mochaLouisville is a commercial rather than a manufacturing  nice' institute, a society for the promotion of Christian
town. Its manufactures, however, comprise a great variety  knowledge, a savings bank, a dispensary, and several other
of articles, and are estimated to amount in value to about charities. Carpets, worsted, soap, and oil-cake are manu$6,000,000 annually. Among the principal establishments  factured to a great extent. A canal, communicating with
may be mentioned 15 iron foundries, employing 930 hands, the Humber, enables a considerable trade to be carried on,
and producing manufactures to the value of $1,392,200; 82  to London, Hull, &c., in corn and wool. Pop. in 1851,10,467.
tobacco factories, employing 1050 hands, who turn out   LOUTRE (lootter) ISLAND, a post-office of lontgomery
$1,347.500 worth of manufactured tobacco; 45 for making  co., Missouri
clothing, employing 1157 hands, and producing articles to    LOUTRE (or OTTER) RIVER, of Missouri, flows through
the value of $941,500; 25 of furniture, employing 446 per- Montgomery co,, and falls into the Missouri River at Loutre
sons, who turn out $638,000 worth of cabinet-ware; 11 rope- Island. It affords motive power for mills.
walks, yielding goods to the value of $460,000; 6 soap and    LOUTSK.  See LooTSK.
candle factories, producing goods to the value of $409,000;   LOUVAIN, Ioo-vAnef, (Fr. pron. loo'v~Nel, Flemish  Reusen,
9 flour and feed mills, 9 tanneries, 3 cotton and woollen fac- 1'/ven or luh/ven; Ger. L'wen, iihivn,)a city of Belgium, protories, 3 oil-mills, 3 bagging factories, 2 white lead factories, vince of Brabant, on the Dyle and the Eastern Railway, 15
a glass factory, and several potteries. Pop. in 1830, 10,341; miles E. by N. of Brussels. It is not fortified, butis surroundin 1840, 21,210; in 1850, 43,196; and in 1852 it amounted  ed by a dry, deep fosse, and an earthen rampart from 80 to
to 51,726.                                                 100 feet high, which has been cut through by the road from
LOUIISVILLE, a thriving post-village of Nimishillen town- Brussels to Malines. Many of the public buildings are dessrvship, Stark co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, ing of notice. Of these, the principal are the HStel de Ville,
126 miles N.E. of Columbus. It was settled almost entirely  one of the richest and most beautiful Gothic buildings in the
by the French.                                             world; the collegiate church of St. Peter, an edifice of vast
LOUISVILLE, a post-village of Ilenry co., Indiana, on the  extent, and rich in works of art; the churches of St. GerNational Road, and on the Central Railroad, 42 miles E. of trude, St. James', St. Quentin, and Nltre Dame, all elegant
Indianapolis..                                           and noble structures; the Pope's College, and the Salle de
LOUISVILLE, a small post-village of Clay co., Illinois, on  Frascati. Louvain possesses courts of first resort, and of
the Little Wabash River, 110 miles S.E. of Springfield.    commerce; a university, with a library of 105,000 volumes;
LOUISVILLE, a post-village in Lincoln c., Missouri, 75  a college, academy of fine arts, botanical garden, anatomical
miles N.E. by E. of Jefferson City.                        hall, cabinet of natural philosophy, chemistry, and natural
LOUISVILLE LANDING, a post-village and river port in  history; a collection of pictures, several of them first-rate;
the collection district of Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence co., New  a superior primary school, belonging to the Government;
York, on the St. Lawrence, about 28 miles N.E. of Ogdens- different private and free schools, several hospitals and
burg. It is a stopping-place for steamers, and some trade  benevolent Institutions. In the 14th century, Louvain was
is carried on with Canada.                                 one of the most important manufacturing towns, and, in
LOUI-TCHOU or LOUI-TCIIEOU, a city of China.  See  broadcloths alone, employed about 15,000 workmen. This
LROEr.-CHo0.                                               important branch no longer flourishes here. A few woolLOUI(ii or LOUKA, a river of Russia. See LosKI.         lens are still made, and also hosiery, hats, ribbons, soap, oil,
LOU-KIANG, a town of China.  See Loo-KIANG.              candles, leather, glue, earthenware, &c., but by far the most
LOU-KIANG, a river of Thibet. See LOO-KIANG.             important manufacture at present is beer,'of which above
LOUKIANOW. See Loos0KNov.                                200,000 casks are annually made. For general trade, the
LOUKNOUI. See SAiGoN.                                   town is well situated, having ample communication both
LOULE, loollA or 1/01t, a fortified town of Portugal, pro- by railway and the canal of its name. Pop. 24,624.
vince of Algarve, 8 miles N. of Fare, with 8245 inhabitants,   LOUVECIENNES, loov'se-6nnt, a village of France, dean old castle, several convents, and a rich hospital.      partment of Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles N. of Versailles. Pop.
LOUN, a town of Turkey. See Lor.                         730. Hiere are many country residences, including one
LOU-NA-CHAN, a mountain of China. See LOO-NA-SHAN.  built by Louis XV. for the Countess du Barry.
LOUND, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.                LOUVEGNEZ, loov.An'ys/, a village of Belgium, province
LOU-NGAN, a town of China. See LOO-NOAN.                 and 12 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1758.
LOUPOIGNE, loo'pwASa, a village of Belgium, province of    LOUVEN, lo-oosvyn, a river of Norway, stift of Christiania,
Brabant, on the Dyle, 15 miles S.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1006. after a S.S.E. course of 100 miles, enters the Skager-Rack
LOUPPE, LA, 1l loop, a market-town of France, depart- near Laurvig. It traverses several lakes.
ment of Eure-et-Loir, 21 miles W. of Chartres. Pop. 1149.    LOUVIERS, loo've-Al, formerly LOVIERS, love-Y/, (anc.
LOUQSOR, a town of Egypt. See Luxor.                     Luratice?) a town of France, department of Eure, and
LOURCIES, looash, a town of France, department of on both sides of the river Eure, here crossed by three
Nord, arrondissement of Valenciennes, canton of Bouchain. bridges, 17 miles S. of Rouen. It has an interesting church,
Pop. in 1852, 2798.                                        supposed to date from the period of the First Crusade;
LOURDES, blood, (ac. Lorlden? Laps.rldem?) a town of  courts of first resort, and commerce; and a consulting
France, department of Hautes-Pyrdnues, 6 miles N.N.E. of  chamber of manufactures. Louviers is one of the chief seats
Argells, on the Gave-de-Pau. It stands at the foot of an  of French woollen manufacture, and its fine woollen cloth
almostinaccessible rock, andiscommandedhbyastrong castle, is considered the best in the empire. It has more than 40
now used as a prison. This place was fortified by Julius Cesar, cloth factories, employing from 7000 to 8000 persons in and
and has extensive Roman remains. Pop. in 1852, 4434,.      around the town; several worsted-mills, an extensive weav1093




LOU                                                        LOW
Ing-card factory, tanneries, bleachfields, dye-works, and a  of the interior, 25 miles N. by W. from Boston. Lat. 42
factory for spinning machinery, and steam-engines. The  38' 46" N., lon. 710 19' 2" W. In the extent and variety of
chief trade is in broadcloth, of which about one-third of the  its manufactures this city may be regarded as without a
quantity made is exported to foreign countries, chiefly Pied- rival in the United States. The site has many inequalities
mont and Italy. The other articles of trade are corn, wood, of surface, but is regularly laid out with streets intersecting
charcoal, flax, wool, &c. Pop. 9570.                        each other at right angles. In different sections are two
LOUVIGN]i DU DfISERT, loolveen'yYl dii diAzairf, a vil- public squares. The one in the southern part of the city,
lage of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 10 miles N.N.E. called South Square, has an ample area, which is being
of Fountres.  Pop. in 1852, 3802.                           graded and beautifully ornamented. The private edifices
LOUVIGNEi EN BAIS, loo'veen'yI 8bNs bh, a village of  are for the most part spacious and elegant; those occupied
France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 8 miles S.W. of Vitr6. as boarding-houses for the 15,000 operatives employed in
Pop. 1633.                                                  the mills, will compare favorably with the better class of
LOUVRES, loov'r, a market-town of France, department residences in other American cities. The principal public
of Seine-et-Oise, 6 miles S.S.E. of Luzarches. Pop. 1000.   edifices are, the Court-House, Mechanics' IHall, a marketLOUZA, loo!zA or 1Siz, a town of Portugal, province of  house, and the churches, of which there are 22, viz.: 1 EpisBeira, 12 miles E.S.E. of Coimbra, at the foot of Mt. Louza, copal, 3 Roman Catholic, 4 Baptist, 3 Congregational, 3
which supplies Lisbon with snow and ice. Pop. 3200.         Universalist, 3 Methodist, 2 Unitarian, 2 Orthodox, and 1
LOUZA, a river of Russia. See LoozA.                      ministry at large. A new court-house was erected by the
LOUTZIN. See LYooTsIN.                                    county two or three years since, at a cost of about $100,000;
LOVAS BERENY, lorvssh' bh'rail!, amarket-town of Hun- it is fire-proof throughout, and a very handsome structure.
gary, co. and 9 miles N.E. of Stuhlweissenburg.  Pop. 4104. A costly railroad dep~t has been erected within the present
LOVAT or LOBAT, lo-vAtV, a river of Russia, governments  year, the upper story of which contains a large hall, for the
of Vitebsk and Novgorod, enters Lake Ilmen, 22 miles S. of  use of the city council. The literary and educational instiNovgorod, after a N. course of 175 miles. It receives the  tutions of Lowell are highly respectable. Among the most
Kunia at Kholm. The Lovat and D'na Canal, which unites  prominent may be mentioned the Mechanic Association, inthose rivers, forms a part of the communication between  corporated in 1825, with a fund of $25,000. It has a valuable
Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Riga.                           library of about 6000 volumes, reading-room, philosophical
LOVATS, a town of Turkey. See LOFTSCHA.                   apparatus, &c. The City School Library, comprising about
LOVEILACE, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina.   9500 volumes, is owned by the city, and accessible to all
LOVE/LACEVILLE, a post-village of Ballard co., Ken- upon the annual payment of fifty cents. A hospital was
tucky, 250 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort.                       established in 1839 by the several manufacturing compaLOVEYLADY, a post-office of Caldwell co., North Carolina. nieS, chiefly for the benefit of persons in their employ.
LOVE!LAND, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.           Lowell has an excellent system  of public instruction. It
LOVEfLIA, lo-veelle-a, or LOVILIA, a post-village of  comprises 48 primary, 3 intermediate, 10 grammar schools,
MIonroe co., Iowa, 90 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City.            and 1 high school, for the maintenance of which about
LOWIELL, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, about 20  $44,000 was appropriated in 1853. The press consists of 4
miles W. by S. of Paris. Pop. 1193.                         daily and 4 weekly papers. The total number of pupils for
LOWELTON, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania.  this year is about 9500'
LOVELY MOUNT, a post-office of Montgomery co., Vir-   The almost unrivalled advantages which Lowell enjoys
ginia.                                                      for manufacturing are derived from a 4escent of 30 feet in
LOVENIEGHEM, lo-vlnldeh-Hnmx, a village of Belgium, the Merrimack, known as the Pawtucket Falls, which, by
province of East Flanders, 5 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. the aid of canals and locks, furnishes an immense hydraulic
4701, extensively employed in linen weaving.                power. The original design of the first canal was to provide
LOVENICH, (Lvenich,) 136ven-ie, a village of Rhenish  a passage for boats and rafts from Concord River to the head
Prussia, 21 miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1600.     of the falls; In 1822, a company, entitled the Proprietors
LOVERE, lo-vA/rA, a village of Austrian Italy, 21 miles  of Locks and Canals on Merrimack River, commenced the
E.N.E. of Bergamo, on Lake Iseo. Pop. 2213.                 enlargement of this channel for the purpose of securing an
LOVIERSALL, a parish of England, co. of York, West extensive and available water-power for the propulsion of
Riding.                                                     machinery. Its present dimensions are, length a mile and
LOVE'S LEVIEL, a'post-office, Union co., North Carolina. a half, breadth 60 feet, and depth from 6 to 8 feet. In 1847,
LOVE'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia. the old canal proving in some degree inadequate to the raLOVIESTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.   pidly increasing demand, a new one of greater capacity was
LOVETT'S, a post-office of Newton co., Mississippi.       constructed, averaging 100 feet wide, 15 feet deep, and nearly
LOVETT'S, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.              a mile in length, costing upwards of $600,000. The same
LOVETT'S GROVE, a post-office of Wood co., Ohio.         corporation are the proprietors of all the principal water
LOVIETTSVILLE, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia, privileges at Lowell, and also of most of the lands adjoining
2 miles from the Potomac, and 166 miles N. of Richmond. the falls on both sides of the river. In the short space of
It contains 2 or 3 churches.                                three months, the Lowell Machine Shop is prepared to furLOVEIVILLE, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware.   nish machinery for a mill with a capacity for 6000 spindles:
LOVIERS. See LouvERas.                                   the mill can be built in the same period. In 1852, there
LOVILIA. See LovELIA.                                     were 12 manufacturing corporations in Lowell, owning 51
LOVINGSTON, Ixv/ing-ston, a post-village, capital of Nel- mills, and employing an aggregate capital of $13,900,000.
son co., Virginia, 118 miles W. of Richmond. It is beauti- The number of hands engaged were, males, 4163; females,
fully situated on a branch of Tye River, and surrounded  8470; total, 12,633. Numberofspindlesin operation, 342,722;
by hills, the summits of which afford a magnificent view of  looms, 10.606; cotton consumed during the year, 91,650 bales;
the Blue Ridge. The village has 3 churches and about 350  wool, 5,158,000 pounds; iron in machine shops, 4500 tons;
inhabitants.                                                anthracite coal, 30,576 tons; charcoal, 68,350 bushels; wood,
LOVINGTON, litv/ing-t9n, a parish of England, co. of  3220 cords; whale and sperm oil, 69;607 gallons; lard, 47,000
Somerset.                                                   gallons; and starch, 1,400,000 pounds. The weekly products
LOVINGTON, a post-village of Moultrie co., Illinois, 50  of the looms were, cotton cloth, 2,087,000 yards; osnaburgs,
miles E. of Springfield.                                    90,000 yards; woollens, 27,000 yards; carpets, 25,000 yards;
LOVISA, 10-veAsA, a maritime town of Russia, Finland, cotton goods dyed and printed, 300,000 yards. The medium
on the Gulf of Finland, 140 miles W.N.W. of St. Petersburg. produce of a loom per day is about 45 yards of No. 14 yarn,
It carries on a thriving trade, exporting iron in bars, tobac- and 33 yards of No. 30 yarn. Average produce of a spindle
co, and salt. Steamers ply daily to Helsingfors. Pop. 3000. per day, 1$ yards. The average wages of males per week,
LOVTCHA, a town of European Turkey. See LoFTSCRA.   clear of board, are about $4.80, and of females, $2.00. Among
LOW ARCHIPELAGO, (ar-ke-pelfa-go,) an extensive series  the 12 corporations, the Merrimack Manufacturing Company,
of islands, in number from 80 to 90, in the Pacific Ocean, with a capital of $2,500,000, may be mentioned as one of the
lat. 200 S., Ion. 1400 W., E. of the Society Islands, and S. of  most extensive. It annually makes use of 1,000,000 pounds
the Marquesas, and comprising numerous groups, from   of madder, 38,000 pounds of copperas, 60,000 pounds of alum,
Clermont-Tonnerre to Krusenstern Island. See POLY1EscA.  50,000 pounds of sumac, 45,000 pounds of indigo, and 40,000
LOW COUNTRIES. See NETHERLANDS.                           pounds of soap. The Middlesex Company annually use
LOWDEAHI (or LOUDEAH) LAKE. See SIK^nU.                   6,000,000 teasels, 2,000,000 pounds of fine wool, 50,000 pounds
LOWDIHAM, a village and parish of England, co., and 7$  of glue, $30,000 worth of dyestuffs, and $13,000 worth of soap.
miles N.E. of Nottingham. Pop. 1483.                        Other manufactures, in addition to those above specified, emLOWELL, lT'el, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine,  bracing powder, paper, batting, &c., are annually produced
on the Passadumkeag, 33 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 378.   to the value of $1,500,000, employing a capital of $400,000,
LOWELL, a posttownship of Orleans co., Vermont, at the  and about 1500 operatives.
head of Missisque River, about 40 miles N. of Montpelier.   Comparatively few adults are natives of Lowell; about
Pop. 637.                                                   one-third of the whole population are foreigners, principally
LOWELL, l9l, a city, and one of the capitals of Middlesex  Irish; the other two-thirds are nearly all from the different
co., Massachusetts, is situated on the right bank of the Mer- New England States, New Hampshire and Maine furnishing
rimack, where it receives the Concord River, and at the ter- a large portion. Very great efforts are made to avoid the
minus of five railroads, which communicate with the prin- usual objections to a manufacturing city arising from imTipal cities on the seaboard, and with the vay-ions sections  morality. No female of doubtful reputation is employed in
1094




LOW                                                     LOW
any of the mills, and even a reasonable suspicion of any    LOWER DUBTLIN, a township of Philadelphia co., Pennimpropriety of conduct, is, by an arrangement among all the  sylvania. Pop. 4294.
masufacturing  companies, sufficient to procure her dis-   LOWER EGYPT. See EGYPT.
charge, and to prevent her employment in any other manu-   LOWER EVESIHAM, a small village in the W. part of
factory in the city. The result is a highly respectable com- Burlington co., New Jersey.
nmunity, in which the daughters of the worthy farmers of    LOWER GILMANTON, (ghillm.n-o.tn,) a post-office of
NewHampshire andMaine find profitable work and agreeable  Belknap co., New Hampshire.
society, without a suggestion that the employment is in any    LOWER HESSE. See NLEDER-HE$SEN.
degree derogatory to their reputation. They remain only    LOWER LAWIRENCE, a post-village of Washington co.,
about three years on the average. Lowell has 5 banks, an  Ohio. 100 miles E.S.E. of Columbus.
insurance company, and 2 savings institutions. The amount   LOWER LEA/COCK, a township of Lancaster co., Penndeposited in the latter, November /st, 18511 was $812,598.63, sylvania. Pop. 1943.
and the number of depositors, 6224, nearly all of whom were    LOWER LOIRE. See LoIRE-INFARIEURE.
persons employed in the mills. A reservoir of great capa-   LOWER MACUNGY, (mikLngpghee,) a township of Lecity has been built on an elevation, in Belvidere, east of high co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2353.
the city, for the purpose of furnishing a ready supply of    LOWER MARIONOY/, a township of Northumberland co.,
water to any part of Lowell in cases of fire. The water is Pennsylvania. Pop. 1474.
conveyed into the reservoir by forcing-pumps from  the    LOWER MAHANTAN/GO, a post-township of Schuylkill
Lowell Machine Shop, and thence by distributing pipes to  co., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles W. by S. of Pottsville.
the city hydrants, to which hose can be attached when ne- Pop. 1505.
cessary. The annual expenditures of the government are    LOWER MIAKE/FIELD, a township of Bucks co., Pennabout $200,000. The mills are all heated by steam, and  sylvania. Pop. 1746.
lighted with gas. The name of Lowell is derived from    LOWER MARL/BOROUGH, a post-village of Calvert co.,
Francis C. Lowell, a gentleman of Boston, distinguished for Maryland, on the Patuxent, 26 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis.
his efforts to introduce the manufacture of cotton into the    LOWER MER/ION, a post-township of Montgomery co.,
United States. It was incorporated a town in 1826, and a  Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Schuylkill River, 10
city in 1836. When the enlargement of the canal was corn- miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 2238.
menced in 1822, the territory included within the limits of    LOWER MOUNT BETIHEL, a township of Northampton
Lowell contained less than 200 inhabitants. In 1830, the  co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 3117.
population was 6474; in 1840, 20,796; in 1850, 33,385; and    LOWER NAZIARETH, a township of Northampton co.,
in 1854, about 37,000. -                                 Pennsylvania. Pop. 1297.
LOWELL, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.           LOWER OKAW, a township in Coles co., Illinois. P. 440.
LOWELL, a post-village of Johnson co., North Carolina.    LOWER OX/FORD, a township of Chester co., PennsylvaLOWELL, a post-village of Randolph co., Georgia, on the  nia. Pop. 1341.
Pataula Creek, 170 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. The creek    LOWER PAX/TON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylat this place has forced its way through a ledge of rocks, vania. Pop. 1573.
and affords a valuable water-power.                        LOWER PEACHI/TREE, a post-office ofWilcox co.,Alabama.
LOWELL, a thriving post-village of Washington co., Ohio,   LOWER PROYIDENCE, a township of Montgomery co.,
on the Muskingum River, 10 miles N. of Marietta, has a fine  Pennsylvania. Pop. 1961.
water-power produced by adacn across the river.             LOWER PYRENEES. See BASSES-PYRa NAS.
LOWELL, a post-township in the E. part of Kent co.,   LOWER RHINE. See BAs-RnHI.
M ichigan, intersected by Grand River. Pop. 214.            LOWER SAG/INAW, a thrivingpost-village of Saginaw co.,
LOWELL, a small village of Washtenaw co., Michigan, on  Michigan, on the right bank of Saginaw River, 5 miles from
the Central Railroad.                                    its mouth, and about 112 N.N.W. of Detroit. The fisheries
LOWELL, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.        give employment to a great number of the inhabitants.
LOWELL, a post-office of Holt co., Missouri.            The bay which receives Saginaw River is the largest, with
LOWELL, a post-village in Henry co., Iowa, on the Skunk  the exception of Green Bay, in all the West, but is little
River, 65 miles S. by E. of Iowa City.                   frequented, except by vessels trading up the river, and those
LOWELL, a post-village and township of Dodge co., Wis- taking shelter in it in bad weather. Large quantities of
consin, on Beaverdam Creek, 38 miles N.E. of Madison. Pop. pine lumber are sawn here, and it is estimated that not less
834; of the village in 1853, about 200.                  than 10,000,000 feet are annually shipped at this and other
LOW/ELLYILLE, a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, ports on the river. The village has 2 churches, 5 stores,
on the Mahoning River, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio  and several schools. Pop. in 1851, about 1000.
Canal,'12 miles E. of Canfield, is the seat of extensive iron    LOWER ST. CLAIR, a township of Alleghany co., Pennworks.                                                    sylvania. Pop. 5930.
LOWEN, (Llwen,) ldf.en, a town of Prussia, province of   LOWER SA/LEM, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.
Silesia, 36 miles S.E. of Breslau, and on the Breslau and    LOWER SAL/FORD, a township of Montgomery co., PennOppeln Railroad, on the Neisse. Pop. 1107.               sylvania. Pop. 1207.
LOWENBERG, (Lijwenberg,) li/ten-blaRG, a town of Prus-   LOWER SANDUSKY, Ohio. See FRemONT.
sian Silesia, 26 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop.   LOWER SAUICON, a post-township of Northampton co.,
4330. It has woollen, printed linen, and cotton factories, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River, 10 miles S.W. of Easton.
and bleaching works.                                      Pop. 2905.
LOWENDAL, lowlen-dal, an island on the N.W. coast of    LOWER SEINE. See SEcNE-INFrRIEUsE.
West Australia;, belonging to the Montebello Group, and    LOWER SMITH/FIELD, a township in Mlonroe co., Pennabout 16 miles N. of Barrow Island.                      sylvania. Pop. 1283.
LOWENSTEIN, (Llwenstein,) li'ten-stine', a town of    LOWER SQUANK/UM, a post-office of Monmouth co., New
Wiirtemberg, 24 miles N.N.E. of Stuttgart, with 1047 inha- Jersey.
bitants, some vitriol factories, and a ruined castle.      LOWER SWATA/RA, a township of Dauphin co., PennLOW/ER, a township of Cape May co., New Jersey. P. 1604. sylvania. Pop. 759.
LOWER AL/LEN, a township of Cumberland co., Pennsyl-   LOWER TIIREE CREEK, of Barnwell district, South
vania. Pop. 1134.                                        Carolina, flows into Savannah river.
LOWER ALPS. See BASSEs-ALPES.                            LOWER THIREE RIVIERS, a post-office of Barnwell disLOWER AUGUS/TA, a township of Northumberland co., trict, South Carolina.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 2019.                                   LOWER TUR/KEYFOOT, a township of Somerset co.,
LOWER BART/LETT, a post-village of Coos co,, New  Pennsylvania. Pop. 666.
Hampshire, on Saco River, 65 miles N.N.E. of Concord.      LOWER WAITERFORD, a post-village of Caledonia co.,
LOWER BERN, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.   Yermont, 35 miles E.N.E. of Montpelier.
LOWER BLUE LICK, a post-village of Nicholas co., Ken-    LOWER WINDISOR, a townshipof York co., Pennsylvania.
tucky, on the Licking River, 58 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1923.
The medicinal springs at this place have a wide reputation,   LOWERZ or LOWERTZ, lol/irts, a village and lake of
and this is one of the most fashionable watering-places in  Switzerland, canton and 3 miles W.N.W. of Schwytz, at the
the Western States. The principal hotel is a magnificent foot of the Rossberg. See GOLDAU.
structure, 670 feet in length, and is visited by several thou-   LOWES, LOCH, 15s 1bz, a small lake of Scotland, co. of
sands annually. The water is an extensive article of con- Selkirk, parish of Ettrick, separated from St. iMary's Loch by
merce throughout the West. It is highly medicinal, contain- a narrow neck of land.
ing the muriates and sulphates of soda, lime, and magnesia.   LOW/ESBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
LOWER CALIFORNIA. See CALIFORRNIA, Low. -               LOWIESTOFT, a seaport town and parish of England. co.
LOWER CHANCE/FORD, a post-township of York co., of Suffolk, on a height sloping gradually to the sea, 40 miles
Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna. Pop. 1637.            N.N.W. of Ipswich. It consists of a principal and several
LOWER CHIICH/ESTER, a township of Delawareco., Penn- minor streets, the former nearly I mile long, well paved, and
sylvania. Pop. 422.                                      kept remarkably clean; and is lighted with gas. The prinLOWER COLUMIBIA, a post-office of Coos co., New  cipal public buildings are, the parish church, a chapel of
Hampshire.                                               ease, and chapels belonging to the Wesleyarps and Primiti ve
LOWVER DICK/INSON, a township in the S. part of Cum- MIethodists, the Independents and Baptists; a town-hbal,
berland co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 825.                     theatre, assembly-room, and subscription reaki/-room  tnd
1095




LOW                                                        LUJA
library. For education there are two free schools, a British    LOB'S CORNER, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York
school, and several private  schools.  There is also a    LOW/SIDE, a township of England, co. of Durham.
mechanics" institute, an  infirmary, and a  fishermen's   LOWSIDE-QUARTER, a maritime township of England,
hospital. Ship-building is carried on with some vigor; and  co. of Cunmberland.
there are several breweries and refineries. The trade, whichr   LOWITHER, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.
was formerily almost confined to coasting, having received    LOW/THORPE,   a parish of England, co. of York, East
an impetus from the formation of a harbor, and a branch  Riding, 4 miles E.N.E. of Great Driffield, With a station on
of the Norwich and Yarmouth Railway communicating with  the York and North Midland Railway.
it, now extends to Holland, Denmark, and Sweden. The    LOW/TON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
schipping which visited the port in 1848 was 1014 vessels,   LOWTVILLE, a thriving post-village and township of
(67,108 tons,) and had risen in 1850 to 1575 vessels, (108,238  Lewis co., New York, 55 miles N. by W. from Utica. It
tons). The harbor dues during the same period rose firom  contains several churches, 2 newspaper offices, an academy,
4322/. to 60381. About 80 boats, employing about 800 men, and 2 banks., Black River flows along the E. border of the
are occupied in the herring and mackerel fisheries. Potter, township. Pop. pf the village estimated at 800. Total pop.
well known for his translations- of _Eschylus and other 2377.
Greek dramatists, was born here. Pop. in 1851, 6658.           LOWVILLE, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on French
LOWESWATER, i6zlw'ittpr, a chapelry of England, co. of  Creek, 15 miles S.E. of Erie borough, has about 150 inhaCumberland, on a small lake of the same name, 6 miles bitants.
S.S.E. of Cockermouth.                                       LOWVILLE, a post-village and township in the central
LOWEVILLE, 161vil, a village in Madison co., Alabama, part of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 22 miles N. of Madison.
180 miles N. of Montgomery.                                Pop. 323.
LOW HAMIP/TON, a post-village of Washington co., New    LOWTYAl, 16w/yA, a town of British India, presidency of
York, near the Albany and Rutland Railroad.                Bengal, district of Sarum, 20 miles S.E. of Bettiah.
LOW HILL, a post-township of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania,    LOXA, a town of Spain. See LoJA.
88 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.  Pop. 1021.                   LOXA. a town of Ecuador. See LoJA.
LOWITICK, a parish of England,  co. of Northampton.        LOXfBEAR, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
LOWICK, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.        LOX/lORE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
LOWICZ or LOWITSCH, lotvitch, a town of Poland, 44    LOX/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
miles W.S.W. of Warsaw, on the Bzura, an affluent of the    LOXLEY, a liberty of England, co. of Stafford, 21 miles
Vistula. Pop. 7100. It has cavalry barracks, several monas- S.W. of Uttoxeter.  The famous Robin Hood is generally
teries, a Piarist gymnasium, and a normal school.           said to have been born here.
LOWISA, Io,- ee/e, or DEGESBY, d/ghls-bii', a fortified    LOYALHANINA, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennseaport town of Finland, loan of Kymmenegard, on the Gulf  sylvania. Pop. 1258.
of Finland, 55 miles N.E. of IHelsingfors. Pop. 2700.        LOYALHANNA CREEK, of Westmoreland co., PennsylLOW  ISLES, a group of three small islands, on the N.E. vania, unites with the Conemaugh to form the Kiskiminetas
coast of Australia, Trinity Bay; lat. 160 251 S., Ion. 1450 30' E. River, near Salzburg.
LOWNDES, Iwundz, a county in the S. part of Georgia,    LOY/ALSOCK, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
bordering on Florida, contains 2000 square miles. It is  Pop. 1581.
intersected by the Alapaha and Withlacoochee Rivers, and    LOYALSOCK CREEK, rises in the N.E. part of Pennsylalso drained by Little River and Ocopilco Creek, The surface  vania, and flows into thie Susquehanna below Williamsport.
is level, and the soil productive. It is divided between pine    LOY/ALTY ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, E. of New
and hummock lands. Organized in 1825, and named in  Caledonia, consist of 2 large and 3 small islands,-the 3
honor of William Jones Lowides, member of Congress from  largest are inhabited. LIFU is the most N. and the largest.
South Carolina. Capital, Troupville. Pop. 8351, of whom   North end in lat. 200 27' S., ion. 1670 E.; 37 miles long, 10
5867 were free, and 2484 slaves.                           to 20 miles broad; it is of coral formation, and has no
LOWNDES, a county in the S. central part of Alabama, harbor. It is 250 feet in elevation, level on the top, and
has an area of 930 square miles. It is bounded on the N. thickly wooded.  Pop. about 3000. tMAne, discovered in
by the Alabama River, and drained by the Pintelala and  1841, is about 20 miles long and 10 miles broad, and has
Letohatchee Creeks. The surface is uneven, the soil is no anchorage; it is of coral formation, level, and thickly
fertile, and extensively cultivated. The navigation of the  wooded.  It is densely populated by a wild race of small
river is good for large steamboats through its whole extent. stature.
Capital, I-aynesville. Pop. 21,915, of whom 7266 were free,   LOYAT, lo'y/, a village of France, department of Morand 14,649 slaves.                                         bihan, 29 miles N.E. of Vannes. Pop. 2062.
LOWNDES, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, border-   LOYES, lo'yat, a village of France, department of Ain, 22
ing on Alabama, has an area of about 725 square miles. It miles E. of Trevoux. Pop. 1071.
is intersected by the Tonibigbee, which, in passing. through    LOYD, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.
the county, receives the Oktibbeha River and Luxapatilla    LOYDSIVILLE, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.
Creek. The surface is level or gently undulating, and is   LOYDSVILLE, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, 16 miles
mostly occupied with prairies. The soil is a dark-colored, W. from Wheeling in Virginia.
heavy, and highly productive loam, thought to be very    LOYOLA, lo-ye/lt, a celebrated convent and village of
durable, and particularly adapted to cotton.. Large steam- Spain, Biscay, 14 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian; the former
boats navigate the Tombigbee during more than half of the  held to be the wealthiest and most magnificent belonging
year. The route of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, now in  to the Jesuits. by whom  it was built in honor of their
progress, passes through the county. Capital, Columbus. founder, St. Ignatius, born in the adjacent village in 1491.
Pop. 19,544, of whom 6551 were free, and 12,993 slaves.      LOZDZEY, a town of Poland. See LoSDZcF.
LOWNDES, a post-village of Wayne co., Mlissouri, on    LOY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Anderson co,
Castor Creek, 160 miles S.E. of Jefferson City.            Tennessee.
LOWNDESIBOROUGH, a post-village of Lowades co.,   LOZERE, lo'zair/, a department of the S. of France,
Alabama, about 25 miles W.S.W. of Montgomery. It is formed of part of the old province of Languedoc.  Area
surrounded by rich plantations of cotton, and has consider- 1965 square miles. Pop. in 1852,144,705. Surface mountainable trade. The county is among the most fertile and  ous, traversed on the E. by the C6vennes Mountains, and
wealthy in the state. The village contains 1 male and 1  from E. to W. by the Mountains of Margeride and Loz6re.
female academy. Pop. about 500.                            Altitude of plateau 2300 to 3000 feet; the mountains are
LOWNDES/VILLE, a post-village in Abbeville district, snow-clad during a great part of the year. Elevation of
South Carolina, 110 miles W. of Columbia.                  Mount Loz6re, in the C6vennes, 4884 feet. Chief rivers,
LOWNDESVILLE, a steamboat landing ontheTombigbee  Tarn, Lot, Truy6re, Allier, and Gard.  Soil infertile; its
River, below Columbus.                                     corn and wine insufficient for consumption, and a great
LOW POINT, a post-office of Woodford co., Illinois.      part of the population live on chestnuts and potatoes.
LOW-QUAR/TER, a township of England, co, of Lancaster.  Sheep are extensively reared. The minerals of the departLOW-QUARTER, a township of England, co. of North- ment are lead, silver, copper, antimony, and iron. Chief
umberland.                                                 industry, cotton spinning, the preparation of chestnuts for
LOW-ROW, England, a station on the Newcastle and Car- the marine, and mining.  This department nearly correlisle Railway, 13 miles E.N.E. of Carlisle.                sponds to the country of the ancient Gabales, and, under
LOW/RANCE'S MILLS, a post-village of Lincolnuco., North  the Romans, formed part of Aquitania, P'rima, and SeptiCarolina.                                                  mania.  Capital, Mende. The department is divided into
LOWRY,.16wlree, a pos-office of Athens  co.. Ohio.       the arrondissements of Mende, Florac and Marvejols.
LOWRY'S FERRY, a small village of Murray co., Georgia.   LOZOYA, lo-thoty', a town of Spain, New Castile, 50
LOW/RY'S TURNOUT, a small village of Barnwell district, miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 2072.
South Carolina.                                             LOZWEIL, lots/Wile, a village of Switzerland, canton and
LOWfRYS~ILLE, a post-office of Chester district, South  24 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 2430.
Carolina.                                                   LU, ]oo, (L. Lslcus,) a market-town of Piedmont, 9 niles
LOWRYTOWN, a village of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, on  N.W. of Alessandria.  Pop. 3098.
the Lehigh River, about 12 miles above Mauch Chunk, and    LUANA POINT. Jamaica, S. coast. Lat. 180 N.
112 from Harrisburg.                                        LUANCO, loo-ln/ko, or LUANCO SANTA MARIA,(sen/tI.
LOWRYVILLE, a post-office of Ilardin co., Tennessee.    mit-res/i) a seaport town of Spaiun on a headland of Asturias
1096




LUA                                                         LUC
in thle Bay of Biscay, province and 15 miles N. of Oviedo.   LUBLAU, lSbflow, (l un. Llublo, loolblo',) a town of
Pop. 2700.                                                  North Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Poprad, 15 miles N.E. of
LUARCA, loo-aa'kA, a seaport town of Spain, province and  Kesmark. Pop. 2100.
37 miles W.N.W. of Oviedo. Pop. 2000. It is in a sheltered    LUBLIN, loolblin, a province of Poland, having E. the
cove. The harbor is defended by batteries.                  Russian government of Volhynia, S. (Galicia, W. arnd N. the
LUBACZOW,  lootbi-cbov', a town of Austrian Poland, provinces of Siedlec and Sandomier, (Sandomir.)  Area
Galicia, 40 miles W.N.W. of Zolkiew. Pop. 3000.             11,975 square miles. Pop.' 1,008,292. Principal rivers, the
LUBACZOVKA  or LUBACZOWKA, a town of Russia. Wieprz, Bug, and Vistula.
See L00BATCoInVKA.                                            LUBLIN, loolblin, or LUBELSK, loolbcisk, a, city of Poland,
LUBAN, a town of Russia. See LoOBAN.                      capital of a government, in a marshy tract, on the Bistritza,
LUBAN, Malay Archipelago.  See LOOBAN.                    95 miles S.E. of Warsaw. Pop. about 16,000, half of whom are
LUBAR, a town of Russia. See LooBAR.                      Jews. It was formerly fortified, and has a citadel, and ruins
LUBAITOW, written also LUBARTOV,loo-baRtoov, a town  of a castle, built by Casimjr the Great. Principal edifices,
of Poland, government and 15 miles N.N.E. of Lublin, on  a town-hall, the Sobieski Palace, cathedral, and synagogue,
the Wieprz. Pop. 3200.                                      a Piarist College, diocesan and many other schools, civil and
LUBBECKE, (Liibbecke,) ltib'blk/keh, a walled town of  military hospitals, an orphan asylum, and a theatre. It
Prussian Westphalia, 13 miles W. of Minden. Pop. 2760.   has extensive manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, in
LUBBEEK, lWb-bAkl, a village of Belgium, province of  which, and in corn and Hungarian wines, it has a considerBrabant, 21 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1911.                able trade.
LUBBEN, (Liibben,) liiblben, a town of Prussia, province    LUBLINITZ, loobqle-nitsO, a town of Prussian Silesia, 34
of Brandenburg, 40 miles S.W. of Frankfort, on an island  miles E.N.E. of Oppeln, on the Malz. Pop. 2150.
frmed by the Spree. Pop. 4370. Chief industry, linen and    LUBLO. See LsUBLAU.
woollen cloth weaving, brewing, distilling, and manufactures    LUBLO or NEW  LUBLO, (Hun. Uj-Lublo, oole-loolbloo,
of tobacco.                                                 Ger. Nesu-Lublau, noi!-loo-blsw), a village of Hungary,
LUBBENAU, (Liibbenau,) liib/beh-n6w%, a town of Prus- H:ither Theiss, co. of Zips, about 26 miles from Leutschau.
sia, province of Brandenburg, 44 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort, Pop. 1312.
on the Spree. Pop. 3100. It has a castle.                     LUBNA, loobtnA, a village of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim,
LUBBENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.         about 10 miles from Leitomischl.  Pop. 1286.
LUBIBUBI CREEK, of Alabama, flows S.W. through Pick-    LUBNAIG, LOCH, loK lib'naigl, (" the Crooked Lake,") a
ens co. into Tombigbee River.                               lake of Scotland, to. of Perth, at the N.E. base of Benledit
LUIBEC, a post-village and seaport of Washington co., 5 miles N.N.W. Callander. It is formed by a branch of the
Maine, 230 miles N.E. of Portland. It is pleasantly situated  Teith, which expands into Lochs Doine and Voel.
ona point of land projecting into the harbor, which is spa-   LUBNI, a town of Russia. See LoosE.E.
cious, easy of access, and never obstructed with ice. The    LUBOML, loo/bom'l, a market-town of Russian Poland,
inhabitants are principally engaged in the coast trade and  government of Volhynia, 38 miles N.N.W. of Vladimeer.
the fisheries. On the S.W. side of Quoddy Head, in this  Pop. 2815.
township, stands a lighthouse, exhibiting a fixed light 90    LUBRIN, loo-breenl, a town of Spain, province and 29 miles
feet above the sea. A ferry-boat plies regularly between  N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 4815. It has several Roman ruins,
Lubec and Eastport.  Settled in 1815. Pop. of the town- and extensive mines.
ship, 2814.                                                   LUBTIHEEN, (Liibtheen,) liibltain, a market-town of GerLUBECK, lulbik, (Ger. Lilbeckc, li/blk, L. Lubecucm,)  many, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 10 miles S.SW. of Hagenow.
a famous commercial city of Germany, nominally the chief  Pop. 1500.
of the Hanse Towns, and the capital of a small republic,   LUBZ, (Ltibz,) liips, a town of Northern Germany, Meck.
on the Trave, 10 miles from  its mouth, in the Gulf of  lenburg-Schwerin, on the Elde, 8 miles E.N.E. of Parchim.
Lubeck, 36 miles N.E. of Hamburg. Lat. 530 52' 1" N., Pop. 1874.
Ion. 10~ 41' 5" E. Lubeck is enclosed by ramparts and    LUC or LE LUC, leh liik, (anc. Lu/cus Augusfti?) a marketa promenade; it is well built, mostly in antiquated style, town of France, department of Var, 13 miles S.W. of Draand has a cathedral with curious works of art, a castel- guignan.  In its vicinity is an extensive glass and crystal
lated town-hall, formerly the place of assembly for the  factory. Pop. in 1852, 3986.
IHanseatic League, an exchange, arsenal, mint, several hoS-   LUCA. See LUccA.
pitals, colleges, schools, and other public institutions, a    LUCAINENA DE LAS ALPUJARRAS, loo-ki-nring di lUs
public library of 37,000 volumes, a society of useful arts, and  9l-poo-hraaiRs, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 35 miles flom
an operatic theatre. Its trade, though less important than  Almeria. Pop. 800.
in the middle ages, is still thriving, especially with the Baltic    LUCAINENA DE LAS TORRES, loo-kI-nA/ng dA lis toRaeis,
States. Principal exports, corn, cattle, wool, fish, iron, and  a town of Spain, Andalusia) 25 miles from Almeria. P. 1205.
timber; the imports comprise wines, silks, cottons, hardwares,    LU/CAN, a village and parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of
and other manufactured goods, colonial products, dye-stuffs, Dublin, beautifully situated on the Liffey, with a station oil
&c. It has an extensive commission and transit trade, large  the Great Southern and Western Railway, 61 miles W. of
fairs for wool, cattle, and horses; and manufactures of  Dublin. Pop. 1139. Lucan gives the titles of Baron and
tobacco, soap, playing-cards, paper, linen and cotton stuffs, Earl to the family of Bingham.
iron, copper, and brass works. The exports of grain, in 1852,   LUCANAS, loo-kiilnis, a province of Peru, in the departcomprised 26,360-quarters of wheat, 14,300 of barley, 587 of  ment of Ayacucho.  Pop in 1850, 17,401.
rye, 1206 of oats, and 7920 of peas. In 1850, 1153 vessels,    LUCANIA. See BASILICATA.
tonnage 213,060, entered, and 1154, tonnage 214,815, cleared    LUICAS, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio, bordering
at the port.. The town communicates with Hamburg by the  on Michigan and Lake Erie, has an area of 560 square miles.
Trave and Stecknitz Canal, with its port Travemiinde by  It is partly bounded on the S.E. by the Maumee River, and
steamboats daily, and also by steam with the northern capi- also drained by the Ottawa, and by Swan Creek. The surtals frequently. In 1806, Lubeck was stormed by the French; face is level, and partly covered with forests; the soil is ferand it subsequently became a capital of an arrondissement  tile. The county is intersected by the Wabash and Erie
of the department of Pouches d'Elbe. Sir Godfrey Kneller  Canal, and by the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad. Another
and Mosheim were born here. As a member of the Germanic  railroad extends from Toledo, the county seat, to Cleveland.
Confederation, Lubeck has the 35th vote in the plenum; and, Pop. 12,363.
in the minor council, shares the 17th vote with the other    LUCAS, a new county in the S. part of Iowa, has an area
three free towns. It possesses a territory, exclusive of the  of 430 square miles. Whitebreast River, an affluent of Des
bailiwick of Bergedorf, which it holds in common with Ham- Moines, flows through the county in a N.E. direction; the
burg, of 114 square miles. This territory, instead of forming  Chariton River, an affluent of Missouri, traverses the S. part;
one contiguous whole, consists of 10 isolated portions, en- the county is also drained by English and other creeks. The
closed partly by Holstein, partly by Lauenburg, and partly  surface is diversified with rolling prairies, and groves of hard
by Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Pop. in 1852, 27,000; of the ter- timber; the'soil is generally fertile. Capital, Polk. P. 471.
ritory, including half of Vierland, 55,500. The government    LUCAS, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio.
is vested in a senate, and a house of burgesses elected by    LUCAS, a post-office of Henry co., Missouri.
corporate companies.                                          LUCAS, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, near Cedar River,
LUBECK, (Liibeck,) PRINCIPALITY OF, a principality  25 miles S.E. of Iowa City.
of Northern Germany, belonging to Oldenburg, consisting    LUICASVILLE, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the
of two detached portions of territory, enclosed by Holstein  left bank of the Scioto River, 13 miles S. of Portsmouth.'
and Lauenburg, and comprising the town of Eutin and    LU~AY-LE-MALE, li'sA/leh-ml, a town of France, departsome villages. Area 180 square miles. Pop. 22,146.          ment of Indre, 20 miles N.N.W. of Chateauroux. Pop. 1845.
LUIBEC MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.       LUCAYOS.  See BAHAMAS.
LUBEN, (Liiben,) li/ben, a town of Prussian Silesia, 14    LUCICA, (It. pron. look/lk; Fr. Lucques, liik,) a city of
miles N.N.E. of Liegnitz. Pop. 3520.                       Central Italy, capital of a duchy of the same name, is situated
LUBERSAC, l[irb6r.-sik/, a town of France, department of  on the Serchio, 11 miles N.E. of Pisa. Pop. 22,659. It is well
Corrze. 21 miles N.N.W. of Drives. Pop. 1431.             built and clean; fortificationslaid out in public walks. It has
LUBINA, loo'bee/nlh', a village of Hungary, Hither Dan- a fine cathedral, partly of the 11th century, containing vainbe, co. of Neutra. Pop. 9500.                              able paintings and some curious antiquities; several other
PLUBLANA.'See LaYBcH.                                  churches, mostly built of Carrara marble, an unfinished duca!
1097




LUC                                                        LUO
alace, with some good private palaces, royal lyceum, with a  and pretty well built. Principal edifices, a cathedral and
library of 20,000 volumes, a seminary for noble ladies, found- other fine churches, several convents, town-hall, arsenal,
ed by the sister of Napoleon, a small theatre, botanic garden, with ancient armor, two hospitals, an orphan asylum, jail,
aqueduct, on 459 arches, for the conveyance of water from  theatre, and several covered bridges, adorned with ancient
MlIonte Pisano, the remains of a Roman amphitheatre, and  paintings. Its lyceum, established in an old Jesuit convent,
many public fountains. It is an archbishop's see, has many  has 14 professors; there is attached to it an admirabli
benevolent institutions, and is one of the most industrious  public school. In a garden, outside of the city walls, is a
cities in Italy; having manufactures of silk and woollen  monument to the Swiss guards who fell in Paris, 1792;
fabrics and paper, and an active trade in olive oil, &c. First Lucerne has several other remarkable works of art; also
an Etruscan, then a Ligurian town, it afterwards became a  manufactures of silk and cotton fabrics, carriages, and one
Roman municilpium, and was often the head-quarters of  of the largest weekly corn-markets in Switzerland.
Julius Cresar. About the end of the 6th century it fell under    LUCERNE, a canton of Switzerland, near its centre.  Area
the power of the Lombards, from whom it passed to the  588 square miles. Pop. in 1849, 132,789, nearly all Roman
emperors of Germany. In 1342 it purbhased its freedom   Catholics. Surface mountainous in the S., level in the N.
from Charles IV., and became a republic. It was taken pos- Soil generally fertile. Principal river, the Emrmen.  The
session of by the French in 1799; and, a few years after, canton comprises the lakes Sempach and Baldegg; those of
became the capital of a principality of the same name, erected  Lucerne and Zug form part of its E. limits. A small surby Napoleon, in favor of his sister Eliza, wife of Felix  plus of corn is produced annually; fruits are plentiful, and
Baciocchi. In virtue of arrangements made by the Congress  some wine is made; but the chief branches of industry are
of Vienna, it now belongs to the Duke of Tuscany. Near it cattle rearing and dairy husbandry. Lucerne is the chief
are the reputed baths of Nero, and 11 miles northward, in  of the Swiss Roman Catholic cantons.
the valley of the Serchio, are the baths of Lucca, a favorite    LUCERNE, LAKE OF, (Ger. lkldstiddter See or Vierwaidsummer watering-place. Adj. and inhab. LuccrS aE, lfzk-keezl. stliidtr See, feer-fvltstlt-ter zA', or the'"Lake of the Four For(It. pron. look-kil/sA.)                                     est Cantons,") a lake of Switzerland, near its centre, enclosed
LUCCA, DucHy OF, (It. Duccato di Lucca, dook-kNto dee  by the cantons of Schwytz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Lucerne.
looklkI. or Lucchese, look-kA/si,) a small territory of Central Length 24 miles; breadth from half a mile to 2 miles; height
Italy, between lat. 430 45' and 440 7' N., and ion. 100 12' and  of surface above the sea 1380 feet; the depth varies from 300
100 42' E., bounded E. and S. by Tuscany, W. by the Gulf of  near Lucerne to 900 feet, near its E. extremity. Shape cruciGenoa and Duchy of Massa, and N. by Modena. Area 516  form, with a prolongation eastward, called the Bay of Uri,
square miles. Pop. in 1852, 260,745. It o6cupies the central where its banks rise into rugged sublimity; its scenery is
valley of the Serchio, and is considered one of the finest and  everywhere picturesque. The Reuss enters itat its S.E., and
most fertile regions in Italy. Lucca was formerly an indc- leaves it at its N.W. end. The city of Lucerne, and towns of
endent state, but was ceded to Tuscany in October, 1847. Kussnacht, Brunnen, and Fluelen are on this lake, on which
See TUscANY.                                                a steamer plies from end to end, twice a day in summer.
LUCCA, looklkA, a village of Sicily, intendency of Girgenti,   LUCERNE, a post-village of, Knox co., Ohio, 50 miles N.E.
between Alessandria and Castronuovo. Pop. 3000.             of Columbus.
LUCCHESE. See LuccA, DucnHY oF.                             LUCHIP, liish.i, a village of France, department of Sarthe,
LUCE, a township in Spencer co., Indiana. Pop. 1042.    on the Loir, 7 miles E. of La Flche. Pop. 2626.
LUCEA, loo-seela, a maritime village of Jamaica, on its    LUCHENTE, loo-ch.nltA, a town of Spain, province, and
N.W. coast, co. of Cornwall, 17, miles W.S.W. of Montego.   35 miles from Valentia. Pop. 1207.
LUCEAU, litts0t, a village of France, department of Sarthe,    LUCHON, a town of France. See BAGNeRESs-DE-LUCH0N.
21 miles S.W. of St. Calais. Pop. 1362.                        LUCHOW, (Lilchow,) lilkov, a town of Hanover, 37 miles
LUCE (lRss) BAY, a broad and deep inlet of the Irish Sea,  S.E. of Liineburg, on the Jetze. Pop. 1343.
S.W. coast of Scotland, co. of Wigton. Breadth at entrance,    LUICHTRINGEN, (Liichtringen,) liix/tring-Vn, a village of
181 miles; at the head, where it receives the small river  Rhenish Prussia, government and 40 miles S.S.E. of Minden,
Luce, about 7 miles; length 161 miles. The quicksands of  on the Weser, over which there is here a ferry. Pop. 1909.
this bay have often proved destructive to shipping.           LUCIGNANO, loo-cheen-ylno, a town of Central Italy,
LUCENA, lu-se/na or loo-thA/nl, (ane. Elisanae?) a city of Tuscany, province of Florence, 7 miles N.E. of Sienna. P. 2880.
Spain, Andalusia, lrovince and 30 miles S.S.E. of Cordova,   LUCILLO, loo-theeltyo, a town of Spain, province and 37
in an agreeable plain. It is well built, has several squares, miles W.S.W. of Leon. Pop. 1485.
generally wide, clean, paved streets, lined with handsome    LUCIN/DA FURNACE, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennedifices; a large, handsome, and highly decorated parish  sylvania.
church, several chapels, four convents, two ladies' colleges,   LUCITO, loo-cheeto, a market-town of Naples, province
and a variety of schools and benevolent institutions; a town  of Molise, 11 miles W.S.W. of Larino. Pop. 3000.
and session-house, prison, two hospitals, an orphan asylum,   LUCK, a town of Russia. See LoosrK.
storehouse, a magnificent "paseo" (promenade) in one of    LUCKA, 166llk/, a town of Germany, Saxe-Altenburg,
the principal squares, and, in the environs, esteemed medi- near Altenburg, on the Schnauber. Pop. 1425.
cinal baths. It has manufactures of linen fabrics, shoes,   LUCKAU, 16/kdw, a town of Prussia, province of Bransoap, earthenware, delft, glass, brandy, wine, oil, vinegar; denburg, 50 miles S.W. of Frankfort, (on the Odor,) on the
and iron, copper, and other metallic vessels, &c. Pop. 16,6152. Berste. Pop. 4310. It has manufactures of woollens and
LUCENA, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles N.W. of  linens: distilleries, and powder-mills.
Castellon-de-la-Plana, on the river Lucena. Pop. 2903.        LUCKENWALDE, 155k/en-gl/deh, a town of Prussia, proLUCENAY LES AIX, li'seh-nA/  sz Ax, a village of France, vince of Brandenburg, 23 miles S.E. of Potsdam, on the
department of Nibvre, 25 miles S.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1579.  Nuthe, with a station on the Berlin and Anhalt Railway.
LUCENAY L'EVIQUE, lil'seh-ni/ leh-vAk/, a village of  Pop. 6300, employed in woollen cloth and linen factories,
France, department of Sa ne-et-Loire, 8 miles W.N.W. of  tanneries, iron works, breweries, and distilleries.
Anton. Pop. 1221.                                             LUCKIER, a chapelry of England, co. of Northumberland,
LUCENDA, loo-sln/dA, a considerable town of South Afi-ica, with a Atation on the York and Berwick Railway, 21 miles
capital of the territory of Cazembe, on the W. affluent of  S.S.E. of Belford.
Lake Nyassi, near lat. 100 S., ion. 300 E.                    LUCK'IIAM. a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
LUCE, (NEw ANDO OLD,) two parishes of Scotland, co. of    LUCKIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Wigton.                                                       LUCKIPOOR, lAkl-ke-poor/, a town of British India, presiLUCENICO, loo-chlnte-ko, or LUTZENEY, loot'seh-ni, a  dency of Bengal, distict of Tiporab, near the mouth of the
village of Austrian Illyria, circle of Gbritz, near the Ismitz. Brahmapootra, 60 miles S.S.E. of Dacca. Lat. 220 55' N., Ion.
Pop. 1180.                                                  900 551 E. It has manufactures of coarse cotton goods, and
LUCENTO, loo-chln/to, a village of the Sardinian States, is remarkable as one of the cheapest towns in India.
near Turin, on the Dora Ripaira. Pop. 1246.                   LUCKNOW, ltck/ndwx, (hIin. Laksmasavate,) a city of HinLUCENTUM. See ALCANTE.                                    dostan, capital of Oude, 580 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta; let. 260
LUCERA, loo-chA/r, (anc. Lucesra,) a town of Naples, 53' N., ion. 800 58' E.; on the right bank of the Goomty, here
province of Capitanata, on a height, 12 miles W.N.W. of  crossed by a stone bridge of 10 irregular, pointed arches,
Foggin. Pop. 11,000. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a  and by a bridge of boats. The river, opposite the city, is
fine cathedral, formerly a Saracenic mosque, a bishop's palace, about 100 yards wide; and is navigable, for large boats, from
a tribusnale appropriated to the public offices, a royal college, its junction with the Ganges, between Ghazipoor and Beand a fine private museum, and active trade in cattle and  nares, to a considerable distance up the country. Lucknow,
cheese.                                                    like nearly all Eastern cities, has an imposing and picturLUCERAME, loo-chA-rimA', a village of the Sardinian  esque appearance from  a distance, with its innumerable
States, division and 14 miles N.N.E. of Nice. Pop. 1207.   minarets, gilded cupolas, and brilliantly-colored sepulchred
LUCERIA. See Lvc.ERA.                                    and mosques; but, like them also, fails to realize, on near
LUCERNA, a town of Sardinia. See LUSERNA.'               inspection, the promises of the remoter view. It may be
LUCEIRNE, lu-sernt, (Fr. pron. lthsais/; Ger. Luzern or Lu-  said to be divided into two portions-the court end, and the
eern, loot-santI) a city of Switzerland, capital of the canton  bazaar or mercantile, which is 3 or 4 miles in length, and,
of Lucerne, and one of the three seats of the Swiss Diet, on  in some places, nearly as much in breadth; but the streets
the Reuss, where it issues from the W. extremity of the Lake  are narrow and dirty, and the houses generally mean. In
of Lucerne, 25 miles S.S.W. of Zurich. Pop. in 1850, 10,068. the better quarter it is otherwise. Here the buildings are
It is highly picturesque, enclosed by a wall and watch-towers, handsome, and the streets broad and clean; one of the fined t
1098




LUC                                                       LUG
3f these, called Husan Abad, runs parallel with the river   LUDITZ, (Liditz,) liildits, a town of Bohemia, circle of
towards the bridge, and traverses a considerable poi tion of  Elbogen, on the Strzela, 56 miles W. of Pragu6. P. 1400.
the northern quarter. In the centre of this street is a lofty    LUDILOW, lidfl1, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
portal, ornamented with many small towers; and, at the  town, and parish of England, co. of Salop, at the confluence
further extremity, is the Imnaum Barree (holy palace), where  of the Corve and Teme, 25 miles S. of Shrewsbury. Pop. in
the Vizir Asoph ul Dowlah is buried. There are, besides, 1851, 5376. It is finely situated on an eminence in a fertile
many stately khans, and some handsome mosques and  district. There are some traces of-its ancient walls, erected
pagodas, in various parts of the city, and not a few of them  in the reign of Edward I., extensive and magnificent remains
in the meanest and most wretched quarters. With the excep- of a castle, Mortimer's chapel, the noble state apartments
tion, however, of the royal tombs, and the Imaumbarahl, or of the lords presidents of the marches, with several towers,
cathedral, a beautiful structure, the principal edifices of the  in one of which Butler wrote part of his Hudibras; a
city are all of modern construction. The scenery around  cruciform parish church, with a grammar school, founded
the city is very pleasing, especially along the banks of the  by Edward IV., having two exhibitions to Baliol College,
Goomty. The river here exhibits a scene of great activity-  Oxford; and assembly rooms, small theatre, and library.
traffic-boats, small barks, and fishing-boats, rowing to and firo  The borough sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
in ceaseless succession. Between the city and the decaying    LUDILOW, a post-village and township of Windsor co.,
country-seat Constantia, is the Delkusha Park, with an  Vermont, on a tributary of the Connecticut, and on the Rut.
extensive menagerie; and about 3 miles distant is Baroun, land and Burlington Railroad, 70 miles S. df Montpelier.
a royal palace in the Grecian style. Lucknow has been the  It has churches of 3 denominations, and considerable
seat of government since 1774, when it was removed thither manufactures of cassimeres, machinery, and combs. P. 1619.
from Fyzabad. Pop. estimated at 200,000; but Von Orlich,   LUDLOW, a post-village and township of Hampden co.,
in 1843, says 300,000.                                     Massachusetts, on the right bank of the Chickopee River,
LUCIKNOWTEE, li-k/n6w'tee', a town of North-Western  about 9 miles N.E. of Springfield. The Springfield ManuHindostan. in a territory subsidiary to the British, 13 miles facturing Company is located here. Pop. 1186.
N.E. of Kurnaul.                                             LUDLOW, a post-office of Scott co., Mississippi.
LUCKTPUTf, LAK'HPAT, lZk'h'p~t', or LUCK'PUT/ BUNt-   LUDLOW, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio.
DER, a fortified town of Western Hindostan, Cutch, on the    LUDLOW, a post-township in the N.E. part of Washington
Koree or East branch of the Indus, here 200 yards across, co., Ohio. Pop. 1051.
and only 4 feet deep. Pop. 5000, mostly Hindoo traders. It    LUDLOW, a post-office of Dubois co., Indiana.
stands on elevated ground, and has irregular bastioned    LUDILOWVILLE, a thriving post-village in Lansing town.
walls, mounting a heterogeneous collection of cannons.     ship, Tompkins co., New York, on the E. shore of Cayuga
LUCIKY HIT, a post-village of Limestone co., Alabama, Lake, at the mouth of Salmon Creek, 10 miles N. by W. of
200 miles N.N.W. of Montgomery.                            Ithaca. It has fiouring-mills, and several churches. Pop.
LUCO, loo/ko, (anc. Lucio?) a village of Naples, province  estimated at 500.
of Abruzzo Ultra II., on Lake Fucino, 5 miles S. of Avezzano.    LUDWIGSBURG, loodfwigs-birg or lood/fiGs-b66RGo, a city
Pop. 1600.                                                 and second capital of Wiirtemberg, 1 mile W. of the Neckar,
LUCOLI, loo-kollee, a villageof Naples, province of Abruzzo  and 8 miles N. of Stuttgart. Pop. 6200. The chief edifice is
Ultra II.. 6 miles W.S.W. of Aquila. Pop. 2500.            its vast palace, one of the largest and finest in Germany,
LUMON, lii'sSzn, (anc. Lucus?) a town of France, depart- with a gallery of paintings, and spacious gardens. It has
ment of Vend6e, 17 miles W. of Fontenay, about 8 miles several churches, an arsenal, theatre, military school, lyceum,
from the sea, to which it is united by a navigable canal, 10  orphan asylum, workhouse, an institution for poor children,
miles in length. Pop. in 1852, 4810. It has a communal a royal cannon foundry, and manufactures of woollen,
college, linen factories, and manufactures of porcelain.   cotton, and linen fabrics, earthenware, buttons, leather,
LUQON, one of the Philippine Islands. See LuzoN.         needles, and jewellery. Near it is LA FAVORITE, (l& fA-voLUCQUES. See LuccA.                                      reet',) a royal summer palace.
LUCYTO, a small village of Mercer co., Kentucky, on Salt   LUDWIG'S CANAL, Bavaria, unites the Altmiihl with
River.                                                     the Regnitz. See ALTMUHL.
LUCYTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.             LUDWIGSDORF, loodt1ies-doRf', a village of Prussia,
LUCUS. See Luco.                                         province of Silesia, circle of Glatz. Pop. 1023.
LUCUS ASTURUM. See OvunDo.                                 LUDWIGSHAFEN, lood1*ics-h&f6en, a village of Baden,
LUCUS AUGUSTI. See LUGO.                                 Lake circle, on the Lake of Constance. Pop. 817.
LUCY-LE-BOIS, lti'seelleh-bwNf, a village of France, de-   LUDWIGSLUST, lood/*iGs-l66st', a market-town of North
partmnent of Youne, canton of Avalon. Pop. 1011.           Germany, grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 21 miles
LUCZ, loots, a village of Hungary, on the Theiss, here  E. of Schwerin, with a station on the Hamburg and Berlin
crossed by a bridge of boats, 16 miles from Tokay. P. 1945. Railway.  Pop. 5256. Its fine palace was, till 1837, the
LUIDA, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.           usual residence of the grand-duke.
LU'DAMARI, a state of West Africa, in the N.E. part of   LUDWIGSTADT, loodlwig-statt', a town of Bavaria, 39
Senegambia, and on the borders of the Sahara. Pop. Mo- miles N. of Baireuth. Pop. 860.
hammedan. Chief town, Benowm.                                LUDIWORTH, a township of England, co. of Derby.
LUDAS, loold6sh', a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs, on an    LUESIA, loo-AYse-A, a town of Spain, Aragon, 60 miles from
extensive lagoon and morass of its own name. Pop. 2106.   Saragossa, on the Arba-de-Luesia. Pop. 947.
LUDIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. and 25 miles    LUF/FENHAM, NORTH, g parish of England, co. of RutE.S.E. of Lincoln, with a station on the East Lincolnshire  land.
Railway, N. of Louth.                                        LUFFENHAM, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of RutLUDICHURCH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. land, 69 miles W.S.W. of Stamford. It has a station on the
LTUDD, tld, (anc. Lydida or Diosepolis,) a considerable  Midland Railway.
village of Palestine, 2 miles N.E. of Ramleh, with a decayed    LUF/FINCOTT, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
church of St. George. It was ruined by a Mongol tribe in 1271.   LUF/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
LUDIDENDEN,' a chapelry of England, co. of York, West   LUGA, Russia. See LoonA.
Ridlig, 31 miles W. of Halifax, with a station on the Man-   LUGAGNANO, loo-gan-y/no, an ancient town of Parma,
chester and Leeds Railway.                                 duchy and 19 miles S.E. of Piacenza, on the Arda. P. 4521.
LUDIDENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              LUGANO, loo-g&no, a town of Switzerland, one of the 3
LUD/DESDQWN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           capitals of the canton of Ticino, on the N. shore of the Lake
LUDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        of Lugano, 16 miles S. of Behlinzona. Pop. inS1850, 5142. It
LUDDINGTON-N-TiRn-BROOK, a  parish  of England, is picturesquely situated, and has two churches, with good
counties of Iluntingdon and Northampton.                   paintings, a large theatre, manufactures of silks, leather,
LUDE or LE LUDE, l1eh liid, (anc. LLusdum?) a town of  and iron goods, and various printing and bookselling estaFrance, department of Sarthe, on the Loir, 10 miles E.S.E. blishments, and it is an entrepot of the trade between Italy
of La F16che. Pop. 2250. It has a castle.                  and Switzerland. Near it are numerous grottoes.
LUDENSCHEID, (Ltidenscheid,) ll/den-shbite', a town of   LUGANO, LAKE OF, (It. Lago di Lesgano, ]l9go  dee
Prussia, Westphalia, 23 miles S.W. of Airnsberg. Pop. 3810. loo-gl/no, anc. Cerefsits La/cus,) a lake of Switzerland and
It has factories of cutlery, brass and ironiwares.         North Italy, between the Lakes Maggiore and Como, and
LUDIFORD, a parish of England, counties of HIereford  about 190 feet higher than these.  Shape very irregular.
and Salop.                                                 Greatest length 16 miles, average breadth 2 miles.  It is
LUDFORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            mostly enclosed by lofty, abrupt, and wooded mountains,
LUDGERSHALL, ltjferz-hll, a town and parish of Eng-  is of great, and in some places, unfathomed depth, and
land, co. of Wilts, 15 miles N. of Salisbury. Near it, a few  discharges its surplus waters by the river Tresa into Lagoyears ago the great seal of England, used in the reign of  Maggiore. Its scenery is very imposing, being much more
Stephen, was discovered. Pop. 554.                         gloomy and rugged than that of the celebrated lakes on
LUDGERSHALL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.         either side. A steamer plies regularly on the lake; and beLUDGVAN, lij/van, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. tween the two villages of Melide and Bissona, where it is narLUDIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           rowest, a handsome bridge has recently been thrown over it.
LUDINGHAUSEN, (Lildiunghausen), litlding-h6w'zen, a    LUGANSKAIA STANITZA, a town of Russia. See Loo
town of Prussia, Westphalia, 16 miles S.S.W. of Ml~nster. GANSKAiA STANITZA.
Pop. 1750.                                                  LUGANSKOL,    a town of Russia. See LoOeAzNS0oA.
1099




LUG                                                       LUM
LUIGAR, Scotland, co. of Ayr, a small but beautiful den, len of Pited, enters the Gulf of Bothnia, 60 miles S.W.
affluent of the river Ayr, which it joins near Catrine.    of TorneA, after a S. course of 200 miles.
LUGDE, l16gldeh, a walled town of Prussia, Westphalia,   LULEA, (Lulek,) a seaport-town of Sweden, len of Pitei,
27 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Emmer. Pop. 3500. It capital of a district, at the mouth of the Luled-Elf, in the
has paper-mills and mineral springs.                       Gulf of Bothnia, 62 miles W.S.W. of Torned. The present
LUGDUNUM. See LYONS.                                     town has a good harbor, at which some trade is carried on;
LUGDUNU-V BATAVORUM. See LEYDEN.                        and steamers call in passing between Stockholm and TorLUGG, lg, a river of England and Wales, joins the Wye  neA. Pop. 1140.
near Mordiford, co. of Hereford. Length about 40 miles.      LULLEEANA, lil-lee-l/na, a village of the Punjab, 20
LUGHMAN, lfg'm~nf, or LAMGHAN, lIm'gdnl, a district miles S. of Lahore.
in the N.E. of Afghanistan, lat. 340 25' to 350 N., Ion. 700    LULLIN, lool-leenf, a village of the Sardinian States, Sato 700 40' E.; it forms part of the province of Jelalabad.    voy, 10 miles from Thonon. Pop. 1002.
LUG'NAQUILILA, a mountain of Ireland, Leinster, co.   LULILINGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
of Wicklow, 6 miles S.E. of Donard. Height 3039 feet.        LULILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
LUGNY, liin'yeef, a market-town of France, department    LULLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
of SaSne-et-Loire, 11 miles N. of MRcon. Pop. 1167.          LULLINGTON, a parish of England,.co. of Sussex.
LUGO, loofgo, (anc. Lulcus.Auguslti,) a city of Spain,   LULLIWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, 5i
capital of the province of Lugo, on the Minho, 48 miles E. miles S.W. of Wareham. Lullworth Castle, the seat of the
N.E. of Santiago. Pop. 7269. It is enclosed by walls, and  Weld family, is a massive pile, erected in 1588.
has a large square, surrounded by arcades; a Gothic cathe-   LULLWORtTH COVE, England, co. of Dorset, a deep and
dral of the 12th century, and manufactures of Morocco  narrow inlet of the sea, surrounded by lofty cliffs, with 21
leather and thread stockings.  Its mineral baths were feet of water at low tide.
famous in the time of the Romans.                            LUMARSO, loo-mae/so, a village of the Sardinian States,
LUGO, a province of Spain, bounded on the N. by the  province of Chiavari, near Cicagna. Pop. 2657.
Atlantic, between Ion. 60 52' and 80 4' W. Area 3484 square    LUMIIBER,  a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
miles. Pop. 419,437. Capital, Lugo.                        Pop. 136.
LUGO, lootgo, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, delegation    LUMBER BRIDGE, a post-office of Robeson cO., North
and 32 miles S.S.E. of Ferrara. Pop. 7269. It is important Carolina.
as a place of trade, and has a large annual fair from Sep-   LUMBER CITY, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsylvatember Ist to 19th.                                        nia.
LUGOS, loolgosh', a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss,   LUMBER CITY, a post-village of Telfair co., Georgia, on
12 miles from Nyir Bathor. Pop. 1433.                      the Ocmulgee River, about 100 miles S.S.E. of Milledgeville.
LUGOS, a market-town of S.E. Hungary, co. of Krasso, on    LUMIBERLAND, a post-township of Sullivan co., New
the Theiss, 32 miles E.S.E. of Temesvar. Pop. 6600.        York, on the Delaware River, about 125 miles S.S.W. of AlLUGRIN, loo-greenl, a village of the Sardinian States, bany. The Erie Railroad enters New York from PennsylSavoy, on the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1274.   vania in this township, and the Delaware and IHudson
LUGUM  KLOSTER, Denmark. See Louai KLosTERm.             Canal, following the N. bank of the Lackawaxen, also crosses
LUG(UVALLUM or LUGUVALLIO. Ste CARLISLE.                 the Delaware here by a viaduct, and passes eastward along
LUGSWARIDINE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.   the river. Pop. 2635.
LUHATSCHOWITZ, loo'h~it-shof its, a village of Moravia,    LUMIBERPORT, a post-village of Harrison co., Virginia,
14 miles E.S.E. of Hradisch, with sulphur and saline baths, 210 miles N.W. of Richmond.
which have lately acquired repute. Pop. 798.                 LUMBER RIVER, rising near the N.E. border of RichLUIIU. See LOEROE.                                       mond county, in North Carolina, flows in a southerly course,
LUIK, a town of Belgium. See LoEE.                      and enters the Little Pedee,. in South Carolina, about 14
LUIKELAND, a province of Belgium. See LIeGE.             miles E. of Marion Court House.
LU/ING, an island of Scotland, co. of Argyle, off its W.   LUM/BERTON, a post-village and port of entry of Burcoast, separated from Sell Island, on the N., by a strait about lington co., New Jersey, on the S. branch of the Rancocus
300 yards in width. Length 71 miles.                       Creek, at the head of navigation, 2 or 3 miles S. of Mount
LUINGUE, lwsNg, a village of Belgium, province of West Holly. It contains a glass factory. The shipping of the
Flanders, 30 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 1343.                district, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 12,067
LUINO. See LurINo.                                       tons enrolled and licensed, of which 2797 tons were emLUIS DE LA PAZ, loo-ees! dA l pis, a town of Mexico, ployed in steam navigation. During the year, I schooner
near the E. frontiers of Guanajuato, and about 36 miles  and 7 other vessels, with an aggregate burthen of 537 tons,
N.N.W. of Queretaro, with productive silver-mines.         were admeasured.
LUISIANA, LA, 11 loo-ee'see-iOni, a village of Spain, An-   LUMBERTON, a village of Gates co., North Carolina, on
dalusia, 40 miles from Seville. Pop. 2941.                 the Chowan River, about 25 miles W. by N. of Gatesville.
LUIZ-ALVES, loo-eestillyv, MANOEL-ALVES, m.no~6l1.   LUMBERTON, a flourishing post-village, capital of RobeiVves, or MERIDIONAL, mA-re-de-onuIl, a river of Brazil, son co., North Carolina. on the Lumber River. 91 miles S.S.W.
which rises in the Sierra do Duro,.in the N.E. part of the  of Raleigh. It has an active trade in lumber and turpentine.
province of Goyaz, and joins the Tocantins, in about lat. Pop. in 1853, about 2000.
90 20' S. Its whole course is estimated at 150 miles.        LUMBERTON, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, about
LUJAN or LUXAN, 100loo-Ln, a river of the Argentine Re- 70 miles S.W. of Columbus.
public, (La Plata,) South America, joins the Plata estuary    LUMIBERVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvafrom the W., 23 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres.                nia, on the Delaware River.
LUJAR or LUXAR, loo-naRs, a village of Spain, Andalusia,   LUMBIER, loom-be-aiRl, a town of Spain, province of Na.
40 miles from Granada. Pop. 1222.                          varre, 22 miles E.S.E. of Pamnplona. Pop. 2143.
LUKA, lool/k, a town of the Punjab, between the Ghara    LUMBRALES, loom-bri/lis, a market-town of Spain, pro(Sutlej) and Chenaub Rivers, on the route from Ferozepoor  vince and 48 miles W.S.W. of Salamanca.  Pop. 2492.
to Mooltan.                                                  LUMBRERAS, loom-brArns, a market-town of Spain, proLUKAWETZ, loolki-its, or LUKAWICE, loolki-'veetfs, vince and 28 miles S. of Logroilo. Pop. 1300.
a market-town of Bohemia, 4 miles from Reichenau. Pop.   LUMELLINA, a town of Sardinia. See MORTARA.
1005.                                                        LUMELLO, loo-mil1lo, a town of Piedmont, division of
LUKELINGO, a town of Eastern Africa. See QUILOA.         Novara, 10 miles S.E. of Mortara. Pop. 2150.
LUK-FAH-TAH, a post-office of. the Choctaw Nation, Ar-   LUMENCIIA, loo-minbch., a small island of Spain, in the
kansas.                                                    Bay of Biscay, at the entrance of the port of Lequeitio. It
LUKHIOKI. loo-kolkee, a town of the Punjab, between the  had a battery, which the British destroyed in 1810.
Ghara (Sutlej) and Chenaub Rivers, on the route from  Fe-   LUMEZZANE, loo-mit-sOnA, two contiguous villages of
rozepoor to Mooltan.                                       Austrian Italy, 8 miles N. of Brescia. United pop. 2715.
LUKIANOW, a town of Russia. See LoosRANov.                 LUMLEY, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.
LUKISI, lii-kee/see, a maritime village of Greece, govern-   LUMLEY, LITTLE, a chapelry adjoining the above, and
ment of Boeotia, on the channel of Talanta, 12 miles N.N.E. remarkable for its stately castle, originally built in the reign
of Thebes. Near it are vestiges of the ancient Anstedon.   of Edward I., by the Lumleys, ancestors of the Earl of ScarLUKKEE (litklkeex) MOUNTAINS, a considerable range in  borough.
Sinde, connected with the Hala  or Brahooic Mountains of    LUMMEN, lntmhnen, a village of Belgium, province of
Beloochistan; highest parts, about 1000 feet.              Limbourg, 8 miles W.N.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 2891.
LUKKEE, (NorTHERN,) a town of Sinde, in ruins, 10    LUMPHAN/AN, a parish of Scotland, co. and 24 miles
miles S.S.E. of Shikarpore.                                W.S.W. of Aberdeen. Macbeth is said to have been slain
LUKKEE, (SOUTHEaN.) a town of Sinde, on the Indus, here, at a spot marked by a cairn.
near the entrance of the Lukkee Pass, S. of Sehwan.         LUMP/KIN, a county in the N. part of Georgia, contains
LUKOJANOV, a town of Russia. See Los00AN0V.             460 square miles. It is drained by the Chestatee and EtoLUKOV, loolkof, a town of Poland, province and 17 miles wah Rivers. The surface is diversified, being traversed by
S. of Siedlec. Pop. 3586, comprising many Jews.           the Blue Ridge. The soil near the rivers is very productive.
LULA, loo/li, or LUVULA, loo-voolla, a village and island  Gold is found in nearly all parts, and some of the mines are
bf Sardinia, division of Sassari. Pop. 930.               very rich. Indications of its presence are seen in the color
LULEA, (Lulei,) loolle-5, a navigable river of North Swe- of the waters, and many of the hills are completely riddled
1100




LUM                                                        LUR
with shafts and tunnels.-WHItE''S Satistics. Copper, silver, had here a famous synagogue. Its fortifications were razed
magnetic iron, lead, and granite are also found. Organized in 1632, by Cardinal Richelieu. Pop. in 1852, 5392.
in 1838, and named in honor of Wilson Lumpkin, Governor   LUNEN, (Liinen,) lii/nen, a town of Prussia, Westphalia,
of Georgia. Capital, Dahlonega. Pop. 8954; of whom 8015 28 miles N.W. of Arnsberg, on the Lippe. Pop. with suburb,
were free, and 939 slaves.                                 ALT-LuNrEN, Alt-lii'nen, (" Old Liinen,") 5640. It has manuLUMPKIN, a post-village, capital of Stewart co., Georgia, factures of tobacco and woollen.
situated near the source of Hodchodkee Creek, 160 miles   LU/NENBU  G, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia,
S.W. of Milledgeville. It contains, besides the county build- has an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on
ongs, 2 churches, 2 academies, and 12 stores and groceries.  the N. by Nottoway River, and on the S. by the Meherrin
LUMPKIN'S CREEK, Georgia, enters Flint River, in  River. The surface is uneven; the soil is moderately fertile.
Dooly county.                                              Formed in 1746. Capital, Lewistown. Pop. 11,692; of whom
LUNA, loolni, a town of Spain, Aragon, 35 miles from  4505 were free, and 7187 slaves.
Saragossa. Pop. 945.                                        LUNENBURG, a thriving post-village and township of
LUN'E PORTUS. See SPEZIA, GULf or.                      Essex co., Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut River, op.
LU/NAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, on a beautiful posite Lancaster in New HIampshire, (to which the Northern
inlet of the North Sea, 3 miles S.S.W. of Montrose. In its Railroad is soon to be extended,) about 45 miles E.N:E. of
churchyard is a monument erected to Walter Mill, the last Montpelier. It contains a town-house, several churches, and
Scottish martyr.                                          a flourishing academy. The new Congregational church,
LUNANAY, loo'na-nI, a town of Hindostan, province of  erected on the site of the one destroyed in the fire of.1849,
Guzerat, capital of a rajahship, 63 miles E. of Ahmedabad. is a very line building. In seyveral of the public schools,
LUNAS, litinisl, a village of France, department of H1- the languages and higher English branches are taught. Pop.
rault, 7 miles W.S.W. of Lod~ve. Pop. 1500.               of the township, 1123.
LUNAY, liinAf, a village of France, department of Loir-et-   LUNENBURG, a post-township of Worcester co., MassaCher, 6 miles W. of Venddme. Pop. 1600.                   chusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, and on the head waters
LUN'CARITY, a village of Scotland, county and 3- miles of the Nashua River, about 38 miles,W.N.W. of Boston.
N. of Perth, with a station on the Perth and Forfar Railway.  Pop. 1249.
Population employed in a linen bleachery, the largest in    LUINENBURG or MALAGUITASH, mal'a-gwashf, a seaport
Britain. The Danes were here defeated by Kenneth III., in  town of Nova Scotia, capital of Lunenbur' county, on a fine
990, by the bravery of Hay, ancestor of the Errol family.    bay of its own name opening into the Atlantic Ocean, about
LUND, loond, a cityof Sweden, icen of.MalmS, in an exten-  45 miles W.S.W. of Halifax. The harbor affords good anchorsive plain, about 8 miles from the Sound, and 24 miles E. of  age, and at its entrance is a light-house showing two lights,
Copenhagen. It is a very ancient place; and, in Paoan  one revolving, and 30 feet above the other. It is a place of
times, had risen to such importance as to collect a population  considerable trade. Pop. of the county, 16,395.
of 80,000. It was then surrounded with wooden fortifica-   LUNENBUIRG COURT HOUSE, or LEWISTOWN, a posttions, and had its warehouses filled with the merchandise  village, capital of Lunenburg co., Virginia, 91 miles S.W. of
and treasures which the Scanians had carried off in their Richmond. It has an elevated situation, and contains a
piratical excursions. In the middle ages, it became the see handsome court-house.
of an archbishop; and the Scandinavian monarchs were   LUN.iVILLE, lune-vil or lllnlveelf, (anc. Mortana?) a town
elected kings of Scania on a hill in the immediate vicinity. of France, department of Meurthe, near the junction of the
Before the Reformation it contained 21 churches and 6 mo- Vezouse with the Meurthe, 15 miles E.S.E. of Nancy. It has
nasteries. It has now only 3 churches - one of them, a  generally straighi streets and regular buildings; a modern
cathedral, a large, irregular structure, of very ancient date. and handsome church, a palace, built by Leopold, Duke of
But the great attraction of Lund is its University, opened  Lorraine, at the beginning of last century, and subsequently
in 1479, occupying the buildings of an old castle, and pos- embellished and occupied by Stanislaus, ex-king of Poland;
sessed of a library of nearly 60,000 volumes and manuscripts; it has manufactures of cotton and worsted goods, embroidery
an observatory, a museum, physical cabinet, &c., and at-r and earthenware. The trade is in wine, corn, brandy, hemp,
cended by about 500 students. Other objects, deserving of  flax, wood, and embroidery.  Lundville  possesses a court
notice, are the botanical garden, and the Nosocomium or in- of first resort, an agricultural society, a communal college,
fitmary. Pop. 5261.                                        and is one of the largest cavalry stations in France, having
LUND, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.    very extensive barracks and exercise ground. The treaty
LUNDEN, 166nfdfn, a village of Denmark, in Holstein, of peace by which the Rhine became the French frontier,
67 miles N.N.W. of Htamburg.                               was signed here in 1801. Pop. 12,164.  -
LUNDENBURG, 136n/den-b6aRG', BREDSLAWA, brld-   LUNEY'S CREEK, a post-village of Hardy co., Virginia.
slslJgm, or BRACZLAW, brAtsl'Iv, a market-town of Austria,. LUNGA, an island of Austria. See IsoLA GRossA.
Moravia, 38 miles S.S.E. of Brtinn, on the railway from    LUNIGA, an islet off the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
Vienna, and on the Taja. Pop. 2156.                        half a mile N. of Scarba. The strait between these islands
LUNIDIE AND FOW/LIS-EASITER, a united parish of  is remarkable for the violence of its current.
Scotland, counties of Forfar and Perth.                      LU-\NGAN, a city of China. See Lo-zGAN.
LUNDYE, lin'dif, a river of Afghanistan, and a principal   LUNGERN, 106ntghern, a village of Switzerland, canton
tributary of the Cabool River, which it joins from the N., 12  of Unterwalden, near its southern extremity; 8 miles S.W.
miles N.N.E. of Peshawer.                                  of Saremen. Pop. 1400. It is situated near the small Lake
LUNIDY ISLE, England, co. of Devon, in the entrance of of Lungern, recently in part drained by a tunnel.
the Bristol Channel, 9 miles N.N.W. of Hartland Point.   LUNG-KIANG, ltng'ke-Ang/ or loong'ke-dng,  a river of
Area nearly 2000 acres. It is defended by a lofty rampart China, province of Quang-see, after a tortuous SE. course )f
of rocks, except at one narrow opening on its E. side. It 300 miles, joins the Hong-kiang.
has a lighthouse. Silver and copper have been discovered.   LUNGRO, loontgro, a town of Naples, province of Calabr'.
It was anciently a stronghold of pirates.                  Citra, 6 miles S.W. of Castro-Villari. Pop. 3500.
LUNIDY'S LANE, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.  LUNGWITZ, 166ngOits, (UPPERa and LowenR,) two conti.
LUNE, a river of England, enters the Irish Sea at Sunder- guous villages of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 10 miles W.S.Wland Point, by a broad estuary. Length 50 miles. It is of Chemnitz. United population, 5140.
navigable for large vessels to Lancaster.                    LUNI, lootnee, (anc. Lu/na?) a ruined city of Northern
LUNEBURG, (Liinebnrg,) lulneh-bihrg or ltilneh-b.no'R, Italy, at the S.E. extremity of the Sardinian dominions,
a town of Germany, Hanover, capital of a landdrostei and  about 4 miles S.E. of Sarzana. It was ruined by the Saraprincipality, on the left bank of the Ilmenau, and on the  cens in 1016, but gave name to the district of ILunigiana.
Hanover and Hamburg Railway, 68 miles N.N.E. of 1ano-   LUNI, leo-neel, a town of Spain, in the Pyrenees, province
ver. Pop. 11,779. It is walled, has 6 gates, and communi- and 28 miles N. of Saragossa. Pop. 1259.
cates across the river by 7 bridges; has several squares, but   LUNIGIANA, loo-ne-jl/ni, a small territory of Italy,
is, in general, ill built, having dark and narrow streets, and  between the states of Sardinia, Parma, and MIodena. Area
dull, old-fashioned houses. It contains 4 churches, a mo- 197 square miles. Pop. 55,220.
nastery, which was secularized in the 17th century, but    LUNTEREN, ltinfteh-ren, a village of Holland, province
still contains an extensive library; a castle, arsenal, town- of Gelderland, 17 miles N.W. of Arnhemn. Pop. 1900.
hall, theatre, gymnasium, military academy, military hos-   LUNZENAU, 155nttseh-n~wx, a town of Saxony, on the
pital, ordinary hospital, and several other benevolent, edu- Mulde, 12 miles N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2787.
cational, and literary institutions. It has manufactures of    LUPAK, loolppk', a village of IHungary, Thither Theiss,
woollen, linen, and cotton stuffs, and soap, and an active  about 3 miles from Dognacska.  Pop. 1004.
transit trade between Hamburg and the interior of Germany.   LUP/PITT, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
The landdrostei, or district of Ltineburg, has an area of 4336    LUPSA, loop'shdh', a market-town of Transylvania, co. of
square miles. Pop. 319,621.                               Thorenburg, 27 miles N.W. of Karlsburg, with 3099 inha.
LUNEL,'n5llf, (ausc. Lsunati.) a town of France, depart- bitants, and 5 Greek chui-ches.
ment of Herault, 14 miles E.N.E. of Montpellier, on the    LUQUE, loolk4, a modern town of Spain, province and 30
right bank of the Vidourle, and on the Canal of Lunel. It miles S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 3752.
has a communal college, numerous brandy distilleries, and    LURAGO, loo-rI/go, a village of Austrian Italy, governan active trade in Muscat wine and raisins. In the 10tlh  ment of Milan, 6 miles S. of Erba. Pop. 2200..
century, Lunel was a place of strength, and almost entirely    LURAS. loofris, or LAURAS, 16wr/ts, a village of Sardinia,
inisbited by Jews, whose celebrated rabid, Solomon Jarchi  province of and N.E. of Temple. Pop. 1540.
1101




LUR                                                       LUX
LURATE-ABATE, loo-rg/ti-A-bA'ta, a village of Austrian    LUSUSCCOONA RIVER. See'LoosAscoocA.
Etaly, government of Milan, 9 miles E. of Como. Pop. 1981.   LUTENBUJG (Litenburg,) lilten-bWOR'. a town of Den
LURAYV, a post-village, capital of Page co., Virginia, 136  mark, duchy of Holstein, 58 miles N.E. of Gliickstadt, on E
miles N.W. of Richmond. It is pleasantly situated in a  small river, 2 miles from the Baltic. Pop. 2100.
fertile limestone valley. HIere is a quarry of fine marble.   LUTETIA. See PAnRIs.
Luray contains several churches, and about 500 inhabitants.   LUTEVA. See LovvE.
LURAY, a village of Licking co., Ohio, on the National   LU/THERANSVILLE, a post-office of Schioharie co., New
Road, 24 miles E. of Columbus.                             York.
LURAY, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, 50 miles   LUTHERMUIR, lu'ther-mtire, a village of Scotland, co.
E.N.E. of Indianapolis.                                    of Kincardine, 61 miles N.N.E. of Brechin. Pop. 967.
LURCY LE BOURG, liarsee! 15h booR, a market-town of    LU/THERSBURG, a post-village of Clearfield co.. Penn..
France, department of Nibvre, 25 miles S.E. of Cosne. P. 1200. sylvania, on the Erie Turnpike, 136 miles W.N.W. of HlarLURCY LEVY, liiraseel leh-veeW, a market-town of France, risburg.
department of Allier, 20 mniles N.W. of Moulins, with 2940    LUITtHERSYILLE, a village of Rowan co., North Carolina.
inhabitants, and manufactories of earthenwares.              LUITHERVILLE, a village in Meriwether co., Georgia, 100
LURE, liia, (anc. Luterae) a town of France, department miles W. by N. of Milledgeville.
of HIaute-Sabne, capital of an arrondissement, on the Ognon,   LUTISSA, loo'tishtsh6h', a village of Hungary, co. of
16 miles E.N.E. of Vesoul. Pop. 3190. It has a communal Trentschin, near Mount Tisin. Pop. 1040.
college, and an active trade in leather, iron, corn, and cheese.   LUTOMIERZ, loo-tofme-aiRzh', or LUTOMIRSK, loo-toLUR/GAN, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 15  meeRsk!, a town of Russian Poland, government of Kalice,
miles E.N.E. of Armagh, onthe Belfast and Ulster Railway.  on the Ner, 27 miles N.E. of Sieradz. Pop. 1600.
Pop. 4677. It has a handsome parish church, a Roman    LUITON, a market-town and parish of England, co. and
Catholic chapel, court-hduse, bridewell, union workhouse, 19 miles S.E. of Bedford, on the Lea. Pop. of the town in
3 branch banks, and extensive manufactures of linens and  1851,10,648. It is pleasantly situated between ranges of the
muslins. It gives the title of Baron to the Brownlow family, Chiltern Hills; has a fine gothic church, a national school,
who own the town, and whose castle is adjoining.           poor's hospital, union workhouse, market-house, and manuLURGAN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Cavan.       factures of straw hats. In the vicinity is Luton-Hoo Park,,
LURGAN, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. formerly seat of the Marquis of Bute.
Pop. 1228.                                                   LUTRY, liPreef, a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud,
LUR'GERSIALL, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.        on the Lake of Geneva, 3 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. P. 1783.
LURI, loolree, a market-town of Corsica, 13 miles N. of    LUTSCHINE, (Liltschine,) ltit-shee/nA, a river of SwitzerBastia. Pop. 1662.                                         land, canton of Bern, formed by the torrent White L'tschine,
LURISTAN, a district ofPersia. See LOORISTAN.            and the Black Liitschine; falls into the Lake of Brienz.
LURO, loeere, a river and small town of European Turkey.   LUTSCH, LANGEN, 1/lngten 16ltsh, a village of Austria,
The river enters the Gulf,of Arta, after a S. course of 40  Moravia, circle of Olmutz, near IKrnau. Pop. 1560.
miles. The town is l  miles above its mouth.                 LUT/SEY, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
LURROO, itrlroo, or DURROO, dtirlroo, a town of Cash-   LUTTABUND, ldt'tt-bimndf, a pass in Afghanistan, near
mere, 8 miles S. of Islamabad.                             Cabool; lat. 340 21' N., Ion. 690 28' E. It is 6  fmiles long,
LURS, liiR, a town of France, department of Basses-Alpes, and about 7000 feet high.
6 miles E.N.E. of Forcalquier. Pop. 1236..                   LUTTER  or LUTTER-AM-BARENBERGE, 166dter-AmLUS, a province of Beloochistan. See Loos.               b~ren-bhnggheh, a market-town of Germany, duchy and 23
LUSACE. See LusATIA.                                     miles S.S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 1064. Here in 1626, Tilly
LUSATIA, lu-s/she-a, (Ger. Lausitz, lw/zits; Fr. Lusace, defeated Christian IV., King of Denmark.
Iiizissf,) an ancient territory of Germany, divided into the    LUTTERBACIH, 166t'ter-bli', a village of France, departmargravates of Upper Lusatia (Ober Lausitz) and Lower ment of Haut-Rhin, 15 miles N. of Altkirch, on an island
Lusatia (Nieder Lausitz), and bounded on the S. by Bohe- formed by the Dolleren. Pop. 1047.
mia, to which the whole of it originally belonged. It after-   LUTITERWORTH, a market-town and parish of England,
wards fell to Saxony, and remained with it till 1815, when  co. and 14 miles S.S.W. of Leicester, on the Midland Counties
Russia received the whole of Nieder Lausitz.               Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2446. The town, on the Swift, a
LUS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             tributary of the Avon, has a handsome church, containing
LUSFBY'S MILLS, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.    a part of the pulpit, and a portrait of its rector, the reformer
LUSCIIAN, liishftn, or LUZAN, lootzln, a village of  Wycliffe, who died here in 1384.
Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, about 8 miles from Gitschin.   LUTTICH, a town of Belgium. See LIErE.
Pop. 1118.                                                   LUT ION, a parish of England, counties of Huntingdon
LUSCHE, looshlgh, or LUZE, loo/zA. a market-town of  and Northampton.
Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, about 10 miles from Hohen-    LUTTRINGIHAUSEN, tl66ttring-h6w'zen, a town of Rhemauth. Pop. 1440.                                          nish Prussia, 17 miles S.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 980.
LUSDORF, loos/deaf, or LUSTORF, loos!totf, a village of    LUTZEN, l16Vtzen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 9 miles S.E.
Bohemia, circle ofBuntelau, near Friedland. Pop. 1008.     of Merseburg. Pop. 2230. It is memorable for the battle
LUSEN, (Ltisen,) liitzen, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of 6th November, 1632, in which Gustavus Adolphus deof Bruneck, district of Brixen. Pop. 1149.                 feated the Austrians, and lost his life; and for that of 2d
LUSERNA, loo-shren, a village of Piedmont, division of  May, 1813, between the French, under Napoleon, and the
Turin, province and 8 miles S.W. of Pinerolo. Pop. 1183.   allied Russian and Prussian forces, in which the latter were
LUSERNA, BOBBIO DI, bob/be-o dee loo-sr/ni, a village  defeated.
Of the Sardinian States,'contiguous to the above. Pop. 1648.   LUTZK, a town of Russian Poland. See LoorsK.
LUSIGNAN, lii'zeen'y8Na/, (anc. Lusinianum?) a town of    LUVINO, loo-vee/no, or LUINO, loo-eelno, a town of
France, department of Vienne, on the Voune, 14 miles S.W. Austrian Italy, 24 miles N.W. of Como, on the E. shore of
of Poitiers. Pop. 1482. Remarkable as the cradle of the  Lago Maggiore.  Pop. 1943.
Lusignan family, sovereigns of Jerusalem and Cyprus dur-   LUXAN. See LUJAN.
ing, the crusades.                                           LUXAPATIL/LA, a creek which rises in Marion co., AlaLUSIGNY, liGzeenlyee/, (L. Lusigneiuss?) a market-town  bama, and flowing south-westerly, enters the Tombigbee
of France, department of Aube, 8 miles E.S.E. of Troyes. River a little below Columbus, in Mississippi.
Pop. 1000.                                                   LUXIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
LUSITANIA.  See PORevcAL.                                  LUXEMBOURG, (Fr. pron. lxiix~cboora,) or LUX/EMLUSK, a village and parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of  BURG, a province of Belgium, constituting the WV. portion
Dublin, 3 miles W. of Rush.                                of the grand-duchy of Luxemburg; bounded N. by the
LUSNA. looshtnob'h, a village of hungary, co. of Liptau.   province of Liege, E. by the duchy of Luxemburg,  S. by
LUSS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton.            France, and W. by the province of Namur.  Area, 1705
LUSSAC, ltisMsWek, atown of France, departmentofGironde, square miles. It is divided into five arrondissements24 miles E.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 2471.           Arlon, the capital, Bustogne, Marche, Neufchhteau, and
LUSSAC LES CHATEAUX, ltis'sik/ 1I sh'&t6/, a town of  Virton; subdivided into 20 civil and 15 military cantons.
France, department of Vienne, 7 miles W. of Montmoril- Pop. 187,978, the large majority of whom speak French or
Ion. Pop. 1581.                                            Walloon.
LUSSAC LES iGLISES, ltis'sek/ Iiz t'gleez/, a town of    LUX/EMBURG, (Dutch pron. ltixem-bsTeg',) a town'beFrance, department of Haute-Vienne, 16 miles N.N.E. of  longing to Holland, capital of the grand-duchy of LuxemBellac. Pop. 1640.                                        burg, and a fortress of the German Confederation, 115 miles.lUSSIN. See Lossuso.                                   W.S.W. of Frankfort, and 117 miles S.E. of BruSsels. Its
LUSSIN-GRANDE AND LUSSIN-PICCOLO, two towns of  natural position is so strong, and the different powers into
Illyria. See LossIN.                                      whose hands it has successively fallen have done so much
LUSTENAU, slf4steh-nrwx, or LUSTNAU, 1b6st/fnw, a vil- to extend and improve its means of defence, that Carnot
late of Austria, Tyrol, on the Upper Rhine, 7 miles S.S.W. pronounced it to be the strongest place in Europe, after
of Bregenz. Pop. 2995.                                    Gibraltar. It is divided into a low and a high town. The
LUSTLUIGII, ltstflee, a parish of England, co. of Devon.  former lies along the banks of the Alzette, is surrounded
LUSTNAU, 166stniw, a village of Wtirtemberg, about I  with walls, and consists of two quarters, called the Grindel
mile E.N.E. of Tiibingen on the Neckar. Pop. 1459.       and Pfaffenthal.  The latter stands 200 feet higher, on a
1102




LUX                                                        LYC
steep and scarped rock, and is approached from below by  miles in width, constituting a separate coal-field, the beds
flights of steps and zigzag streets, cut out of the solid rock,  of which in some parts are about 30 feet thick. Large quanso as to be passable for a carriage. The whole rock is ur-  tities of coal are mined near Carbondale and Wilkesbarre.
rounded by a strong wall, deep ditches, and a double row   The soil of these valleys is fertile and well adapted to agri.
of formidable outworks. The most remarkable part of the  culture. The county is intersected by the North Branch of
fortifications, called Le Bone, consists of a rocky promon-  the State Canal, and in part by the Lackawanna and Western
tory, which commands the valley both above and below.  Railroad, the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad, and the
The whole town is well built, and contains 3 good public  Pennsylvania Coal Company's Railroad. Organized in 1786,
squares, 4 churches,.3 chapels, and a synagogue; town-  and named in compliment to Chevalier de la Luzerne, at
houses, old and new; the governor's house, town library,  that time minister from France to the United States. Capital,
monasteries of the Dominicans and Franciscans, an athe-  Wilkesbarre. Pop. 56,072.
noeum, with 16 professors, a Roman Catholic seminary for    LUZERNE, a post-village and township of Warren co.,
priests, a normal and several elementary schools. It has  New York, on the Hudson River. Pop. 1300.
manufactures of wax, several distilleries and breweries,    LUZERNE, a township of Fayette co., Penneylvania.
tanneries for chamois as well as ordinary leather, dye-  Pop. 1869.
works, &c., and a trade in gold and silver wares, paper,    LUZERNE, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisoonsin.
iron, honey, wine, vinegar, wood, china, hats, hosiery, &c.    LUZK, a town of Russia. See LooTsK.
Luxemburg is the see of a bishop, and, during part of    LUZON, lcs-zanl, or LUQON, (Sp. pron. of both, loo-thonf,)
the year, the residence of the leading families of the duchy,  an island in the Malay Archipelago, the largest of the Phisome of whom have elegant mansions in it. Pop. 11,143,  lippines, between the Chinese Sea on the W., and the North
exclusive of the garrison, mustering about 5000 men.       Pacific Ocean on the E.; between lat. 120 30/ and 180 40' N.,
LUXEMBURG, GRAND-DUCIIY OF, a territory belong-  Ion. 1190 451 and 1240 10' E.; its greatest length is about
Ing to the Dutch monarchy, and forming the eleventh  550 miles, its greatest breadth about 130 miles; but where
state of the German Confederation, bounded N. and E.  its N. and S. portions are united by a narrow isthmus, it
by Rhenish Prussia, S. by France, and W. by Belgium.  diminishes to 10 miles; area estimated at 57,1505 square
Area, 1228 square miles.  It forms part of the plateau of the  miles. The northern portion of the island, constituting at
Ardennes, and has a rugged and mountainous surface,  least four-fifths of the whole, is of an oblong shape, and tolecovered in many parts with heaths and morasses, though in  rably compact, the only large bays which break the conti.
eneral well wooded. Its drainage belongs almost entirely  nuity of its outline being those of Lingayen on the W., and
tothe basin of the Moselle. For administrative purposes, it  Manila on the S.W.; the S., or rather SE. portion, is exis divided into the three districts of Luxemburg, Greven-  tremely irregular. Its surface is very much diversified, but its
macher. and Diekitch, containing eleven cantons. Luxem-  most prominent features are two mountain chains, the Sierra
burg was first governed by counts, one of whom, Henry IV.,  Madre and Cordillera de Caravallos. The Sierra Madre attains
was elected Emperor of Germany in 1308, and assumed the  a height of at least 7000 feet; the Cordillera de Caravallos, or
title of Henry VII. In 1354 it was erected into a duchy  E. chain, attains, in the N., a height of about 4000 feet, but
by Charles IV., and, in 1443, came by marriage to Philip of  has many summits which exceed 6000, and probably 7000
Burgundy, and, through him, to the house of Spain. By  feet. Several of the loftiest heights are in the S. part of
the peace of the Pyrenees, in 1659, part of it was ceded to  the island, where, situated near the coasts, they fornm a very
the French, and took the name of French Luxemburg; but  conspicuous object at sea. Almost all these mountains are
in 1714 it all merged in the house of Austria, and remained  of volcanic origin, and many disastrous eruptions from
with it till the successes of the French revolutionary armies  them have taken place. The largest river of the island is
incorporated it with the French Empire. In 1814 it was  the Aparri or Cagayan, called also the Tago, (Tagus,) which,
converted into a grand-duchy and given to the King of  formed by two streams from the central mountains, falls
Holland, who possessed it, in common with Holland and  into the sea at Aparri, after a course of about 180 miles.
Belgium, till 1830, when, in consequence of the revolution  Another river, of less magnitude, is the Pasig, which issues
of the latter, part of it became a Belgian province. The  out of the Lake of Bay by seven branches, and is navigable
remainder, continuing with the Dutch, forms the present  by vessels of from 400 to 500 tons. The other principal rivers
grand-duchy. Pop. 169,730.                                 are the Abra, Agno, Pampanga, and Cabucao. The vegetaLUXEUIL, liix'uLu, or LUXEN, (ane. Lesxolvium), a town  tion of Luzon is almost unsurpassed in luxuriance. Even
of France, department of Haute-SaOne, 10 miles N.W. of  the loftiest heights are crowned with gigantic forests, while
Lure, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains. Its warm  and  the plains and valleys are covered with the richest vercold mineral baths, known to the Romans, are much fre- dure, or occupied by the most abundant cultivated crops.
quented, and it has manufactures of paper, hardware, and  Among these are rice, the chief article of food, sugar-cane,
cutlery. Pop. in 1852, 4085.                               which is extensively grown, Abaca, a kind of banana,
LUXOR, looxeor' or lixtor', written LOUQSOR by the  various species of palm, cotton, coffee, cinnamon, maize, and
French, (Arab. El kusr, "the palaces"), a village of Upper tobacco. The mineral kingdom furnishes in considerable
Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 11 miles S. of Carnac, abundance both gold and iron. The former is washed from
on a portion of the siteof acient Thebes, and having one  almost all the streams. The other more important mineof the most magnificent ancient temples extant.            rals are copper, coal, sulphur, marble, gypsum, agates,
LUXOVIUM. See LuxeoUL.                                   jaspers, and carnelans. The manufactures include cotton
LUXUILION, a parish of Ehgland, co. of Cornwall.         and silk tissues, cordage, tobacco, leather, plain and vaLUYK, a town of Belgium. See LIEGE.                      nished, embroidery, wood and ivory carvings, mats, and
LUYNES, loo'een/, a town of France, department of Indre; carriages. Great skill is also displayed in the construction
et-Loire, 5 miles WV. of Tours. Pop. 2000. Some of the  of boats, canoes, and other large vessels. One of 600 tons,
houses are excavated in the limestone rock, on which stands built by the natives, has made many voyages to Spain, and
an old castle, formerly fortified, and during the revolution  is considered the best ship belonging to the port of Manila.
of 1793 called Roche-sur-Loire.                            The principal articles of trade have already been indicated.
LUZ, 1hiz, or LUZ EN BAIRRH7GES, Ihz Ur- baertaizhf, a  Luzon is divided into 19 provinces; its capital is Manila.
own of France, department of Hautes-Pyr6nles, at the foot Eight earthquakes have occurred since 1627, the most reof a lofty mountain, called the Pic de Berzons, 16 miles S. cent in July, 1852. See MANILA. Pop. 2,176,930.
of Tarbes. It has manufactures of mixed silk and woollen    LUZSNA, loostnlh', a village of Hungary, co. of Liptau,
stuffs, called barrYges. Near it are the thermal baths of St. about 4 miles from Neusohl. Pop. 1939.
Sauveur. Pop. 2640.                                          LUZY, li'zeef, a town of France, department of Niivre,
LUZA, a river of Russia. See LoezA.                      19 miles S. of Chhteau-Chinon. Pop. 1394.
LUZARCHES, lii'zaash/, a town of France, department of    LUZZARA  loot-sd/ri, a market-town of Parma, 4 miles
Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement of Pontoise. Pop. 1432.      N. of Guastalla, near the Po. The French gained a victory
LUZECH, liihzshl, a town of France, department of Lot, over the Imperialists here in 1702.
S miles W.N.W. of Cahors. Pop. 1610.                         LUZZI, loot/see, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
LUZERN, a canton of Switzerland. See LUCERNE.            Citra, 11 miles N. of Cosenza. Pop. 2700.
LUZERNE, lu-zern/, a county in the N.E. part of Penn-   LYAREE, II-dree, a maritime town of Beloochistan, prosylvania, has an area of 1400 square miles. It is intersected  vince of Loos, (Lus,) on the Poorally, about 20 miles from
by the North Branch of the Susquehanna River; the Lehigh  the Indian Ocean, and 38 miles S. of Bela.
River flows along its S.E. border; and it is also drained by    LYIBRAND, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.
the Lackawanna, Nescopeck, Huntingdon, and Wapwallol-   LYBISTER, a village of Scotland, co. of Caithness, parish of
pen Creeks. The surface is diversified by several parallel Latheron, 11 miles S.W. of Wick. Pop. 279. A harbor of
mountain ridges of the Alleghany Chain. Wyoming Moun- refuge has been recently constructed here by government.
lain traverses the middle of the county, parallel with the    LYCHIEN, leeKen, a town of Prussia, province of Branriver, and extends towards the N.E. under the name of  denburg, 48 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. 1970.
Mloosic Mountain. The average height of this ridge is about   LYCOMING, 1I-komling, a county in the N.N.E. part of
1000 feet above the valley. Another ridge, called in differ- Pennsylvania, has an area of 1500 square miles. The West
ent parts the Nanticoke and Lackawanna Mountains, rises Branch of the Susquehanna River flows eastward through
in the N.W. part. Between these lies the beautiful and fer- the S. part; and it is also drained by Muncy, Loyalsock,
tile valley of Wyoming, through which the Susquehanna  Lycoming, and Pine Creeks. The surface is mountainous;
liver flows. Including the valley of the Lackawanna, this  the main Alleghany, here called North Mountain, extends
is a long elliptical basin, nearly 60 miles in length, and 5  through the middle. The soil of the valleys is based on
1103




LYO                                                      LYN
limestone, and is very productive; the uplands are mostly    LYM-FTORD, lim'fe-oRd. (Dan. pron. liimfe-ordL.) written
susceptible of improvement. It has extensive mines of  also LUMFIORD and LIIMFIORD, IDenmark, an inlet or arm
bituminous coal, and is liberally supplied with water-power. of the sea extending firom the Cattegat, in about 570 N. lat.,
A canal has been made along the river in this county; The  westward to the German Ocean. It stretches far into North
Williamsport-and Elmira Railroad terminates at the county  Jutland, and there expands into a large, irregular, and shalseat. Formed in 1795, and named from Lycoming Creek. low lagoon. Previously to 1825 it was separated firom  the
Capital, Williamsport. Pop. 26,257.                        ocean by a narrow strip of land, a mile or so in breadth,
LYCOMING, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. over which the sea occasionally broke; but tile coremunicaPop. 1275.                                                 tion is now permanent. Its whole length is perhaps 100
LYCOMING CREEK, of Pennsylvania, flows into the West miles, the breadth varies from i mile or less to about 15
Branch of the Susquehanna, about 2 miles above Williams- miles. The Lymfiord is shallow and of difficult navigation.
port.                                                      It receives several small rivers, and contains the island of
LYCOMING CREEK, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn- Mors, and several smaller islands.
sylvania.                                                    LYIMINGE, a parish of England, co. of KIent.
LYCOPOLIS.  See SIOOT.                                     LYMIINGTON, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
LYCUR/GUS, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.         seaport town, and parish of England, co. of Hants, in the
LYCUS, a river of Western Asia. See ZsBn.                New Forest, on a small navigable river of the same name, and
LYDIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.             communicating with a handsome suburb, close to its mouth
LYDD, lid, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  in the English Channel, 12 miles S.W. of Southampton, to
Kent, on" the English Channel, 3 miles S.S.W. of Romney, whichthe port is subordinate. Pop. of borough in1851, 5282.
of which cinque port it was formerly a member. Pop. 1509. Itis beautifully situated on a steep declivity, has many handLYDDA or DIOSPOLIS. See LuDD.                            some houses for the accommodation of sea-bathers, a church
LYDIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.               subordinate to Boldre, town-hall, theatre, handsome baths,
LYDDEN, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    and custom-house, establishments for ship-building, and
LYDDEN, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   salt works. The harbor admits vessels of 300 tons, but has
LY/DEN, a township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 756.      little trade. Steamers ply to Portsmouth and the Isle of
LYDI/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            Wight. The borough sends 2 members to the House of
LYDIHAM, a parish of England and Wales, counties of  Commons. It gives the title of Viscount to the Wallop
Montgomery and Salop.                                      family.
LYDIARD (lidlyard) BISHOP'S, a parish of England, co.   LYMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, 1of Somerset.                                               miles E.S.E. of Ilchester. Cardinal Wolsey was once rector
LYDIARD ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of Engiand, co. of  of this parish.
Somerset.                                                    LYMMl, limm, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
LYDIIATE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.         LYMPNE or LIMINE, lim, (ane. Por/tus.Lemanianus?) a
LYD/LINCH, a parish of Englanid, co. of Dorset.          parish of England, co. of Kent, 26 miles W. of Hythe. StreetLYDOCH, LOCH, 16K lid/6iK, Scotland, co. of Perth.       fall Castle, the seat of the archdeacon, occupies the site of an
LYELL'S STORE, a post-office of Richmond co. Virginia.  ancient British fortress; a Roman road runs direct to CqnLYGUM KLOSTEI or LUGU1 KLOSTER, ltt'gbm klos!ter,  terbury.
a village of Denmark, duchy and 46 miles N.N.W. of Sles-   LYiIPSIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
wick, owes its origin to a rich Cistercian monastery, founded    LYMPSITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
in the 12th century, but secularized at the Reformation.   LYNCH, linch, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Pop. 1200.                                                   LYND, lind, a river of North Australia, discovered by Dr.
LYK, a townof Prussia. See LIcK.                         Leichhardt, flows through a mountainous country, till it
LYKE/NA, a township in the N.W. part of Crawford co., joins the river Mitchell.
Ohio.                                                        LYNCHIIBURG, a flourishing town of Campbell county,
LY/KIENS, a thriving post-village and township of Dan- Virginia, is finely situated on a steep declivity on the right
phin co, Pennsylvania, is situated about 38 miles N.E. of  (S.) bank of James River, 120 miles W.S.W. of Richmond,
Harrisburg, at the foot of Bear Mountain, which abounds  and 20 miles S.E. of the Blue Ridge. Lat. 370 360 N., ion.
in coal of superior quality. It is connected by a railroad  790 22' W.  The South Side Railroad, leading to Petersburg
16 miles long with the Susquehanna River, at Millersburg. and Richmond, connects here with the Virginia and TenMany persons are employed in the coal-mines at this place.  nessee Railroad, which is to form  part of the most direct
Pop. of the township, 1371.                                route from the Eastern States to those of the South-West,
LY/M[AN, a post-township of York co., Maine, about 25 and to be one of the principal thoroughfares of the Union.
miles S.W. of Portland. Pop. 1376.                         The James River and Kanawha Canal, the greatest public
LYMAN, a post-village and township of Grafton co., New  work in the state, following the course of the river from the
Hampshire, on the left bank of the Connecticut River, about falls at Richmond, is completed to Buchanan, about 50 miles
17 miles N.N.E. of Haverhill. The river is here crossed by  above Lynchburg, and is to be continued to Covington.
aferry. Pop. 1442.                                         The distance between Richmond and Lynchburg by canal is
LYMAN CENTRE, a post,-village of York co., lMaine, 25 147 miles. The navigation of the canal renders this town
miles S.W. of'Portland.                                    the market of an extensive and fertile tract of country. The
LYIIMANSVILLE, a post-village of Potter co., Pennsyl- principal article of trade is tobacco, of which 5810 hogsheads
vania, 183 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                       were inspected here in 1851; 10,700 hogsheads in 1852; and
LYMIE, lime, a post-village and township of Grafton co., 10,219 hogsheads in 1853. About 300,000 bushels of wheat
New IHampshire, on the left bank of the Connecticut River, are also received here every year. The town is supplied
about 55 miles N.W. by N. of Concord. It contains an aca- with river-water from a reservoir which is elevated about
demy, and has manufactures of leather, furniture, and  253 feet above the level of the river, and contains 400,000
starch. I~op. 1617.                                        gallons. This work was finished in 1829, at a cost of $50,000.
LYME, a pleasant post-village and township Of New Lon- The river is here about 200 yards wide, and is crossed by a
don co., Connecticut, on the left bank of the Connecticut  fine bridge. It affords abundant water-power, which is
River, at its entrance into Long Island Sound, and on the  employed in the manufacture of cotton, wool, flour, &c.
New Haven and New London Railroad, 34 miles E. of New  The town contains 9 churches, 3 printing-offices, 3 banks, 3
Haven. It has a steamboat landing, and is the centre of  savings banks, I cotton and woollen factory, 36 tobacco
some trade. Passengers by the railroad here cross the river factories, 4 brass and iron foundries, and 150 stores, in
by a ferry. Pop. 2668.                                     which the annual sales exceed $2,000,000. Capital employed
LYME, a township of Jefferson co., New York, on Lake  in 1851 in manufactures, $725,000. The town was founded
Ontario. *Pop. 2919.                                       in 1786, and incorporated in 1805. In 1848, it contained
LYME, a post-township, forming the N.W. extremity of  7.078 inhabitants. Pop. in 1853, about 10,000.
Huron co., Ohio, 90 miles N. by E. of Columbus. Pop. 1859.   LYNCHBURG, a village of Stokes co., North Carolina.
LYME-REGIS, lime-ree/jis, a parliamentary and municipal   LYNCHBURG, a -village of Sumter district, South Caroborough, seaport town and parish of England, co. of Dorset, line, on the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 18 miles
on the small river Lyme, at its entrance into the English  N.E. of Sumterville.
Channel, 22 miles W. of Dorchester, to which a railway is   LYNCHBURG, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.
projected. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 3516. It   LYNCHBURG, a post-village of Harris co., Texas, on Bufhas a handsome church, a Roman Catholic and other chapels, falo Bayou, opposite to San Jacinto, about 18 miles E. of
almshouse, old town-hall, assembly rooms, custom-house, Houston.
and a harbor, consisting of 2 piers, forming a basin, useful   LYNCHBURG, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tennessee, 78
as a refuge for small vessels.  Its trade has greatly declined. miles S.S.E. of Nashville.
Registered shipping in 1847, 820 tons. The borough sends 1    LYNCHBURG, a village of Marion co., Kentucky, on the
member to the House of Commons. In 1558, the great road from ILexington to Nashville.
engagement with the Spanish Armada took place off Lyme.   LYNCHBURG, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky.
In 1672, the Dutch fleet was defeated here by the English.   LYNCHBURG, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, on
In 1609, Cosmo-de-Medici died in the town. Admiral Sum- the Cincinnati and Hileborough Railroad, 50 miles E. by N.
mers. discoverer of the Bermudas, was born here. An earth- of Cincinnati.
quake, accompanied by fissures of the ground, and other   LYNCIIBURG  SPRINGS, a post-office of Jackson co.,
ixtraordinary phenomena, occurred in the vicinity, in 1839. 1 MIississippi.
1104




LYN                                                       LYO
LYNCH'S CREEK, of South Carolina, rises near the N. 1629, and incorporated as a town in 1632. Pop. in 1830
border of the state, and flows south-eastward, forming the  6138; 1840, 9367; 1850, 14,257.
boundary between the districts of Lancaster, Kershaw,   LYNN. a township of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. P. 1997
Sumter, and Williamsburg on the right, and Chesterfield,   LYNN, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania.
Darlington, and Marion on the left, until it enters the Great   LYNN, a post-township of St. Clair co., Michigan. Pop. 55.
Pedee.                                                      LYNN, a village of Martin co., Indiana, 45 miles E. of
LYNCH'S CREEK, a post-village of Marion district, South  Vincennes.
Carolina.                                                    LYNN, a township in Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 1227.
LYNCH'S LAKE, a post-office of Williamsburg district,   LYNN, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, 8 miles
South Carolina.                                            S.S.E. of Winchester.
LYNCHIWOOD, a post-village of Kershaw district, South    LYNN, a post-office of Calumet co., Wisconsin.
Carolina.                                                    LYNN CAMP, a post-office of Knox co., Kentucky.
LYNICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           LYNNIFIELD, a post-townShip of Essex co., Massachusetts,
LYNDEBOROUGH, lInd/btir-rih,  a post-township of  on the South Reading Branch Railroad, 13 miles N. by E.
Hillsborough co., New Hampshire, on the let bank of the  of Boston  Shoemaking is carried on here to some extent.
Souhegan River, about 25 miles S.S.W. of Concord. Pop. Pop., according to the state census talken in May, 1850, 1010,
968.                                                       but by the United States census taken a few months later,
LYNIDEN, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.         1723, or 1252 males and 471 females.
LYNDESAY, MOUNT, Australia. See LNsDESAT.                  LYNNFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Essex co., MasLYNIDON CORNER, a thriving village of Caledonia co., sachusetts, about 15 miles N. of Boston.
Vermont, about 40 miles N.E. of Montpelier. -It contains 3    LYNN, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
churches, an academy, and 7 stores. About 100 persons are    LYNN-REGIS, lin-ree/jis, or KING'S-LYNN, a parliamentemployed here in the manufacture of carriages. Pop. 400.   ary and municipal borough, seaport, and town of England,
LYNDtIHURST, a parish and village of England, co. of  co. of Norfolk, on the E. side of the estuary of the Great
Hants, beautifully situated in the centre of the New Forest, Ouse, 9 miles from the North Sea, and 26J miles N.E. of Ely,
8 miles W.S.W. of Southampton. Pop. 1380. llere is the  on the East Anglian Railway. Pop. in 1851, 19,335. It is
"King's House," or official residence of the lord warden of divided into several parts by 4 small navigable rivers called
the forest. All the forest courts are held at Lyndhurst. In  fleets, over which are about a dozen bridges; it is defended
the vicinity is the spot where William Rufus was slain by  on the land-side by a fosse, strong bastions, and remains of
the arrow of Sir Walter Tyrrel.                            an ancient embattled wall, with one gateway. The town
LYNIDON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.           is well built, and contains many noted old mansions. The
LYNDON, a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, on  market-place is very handsome, and extensive public walks,
the head waters of the Passumpsic River, and on the Con- lined with trees, beautify the E. part of the town. Chief
necticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, about 40 miles  buildings, St. Margaret's Church, a stately pile of vast diN.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1752.                             mensions, founded in the 12th century; the beautiful and
LYNDON, a township of Cattaraugus co., New York. Pop. spacious chapel of St. Nicholas, All-Saints' Church, a Roman
1092.                                                      Catholic chapel, the ruins of a convent, an octagonal Ladye
LYNDON, a thriving post-village of Whitesides co., lli- chapel tower, a free grammar school, founded in the 15th
noas, on Rock River, about 150 miles N. of Springfield.    century, a large Lancasterian school, several ancient poors'
LYNDON CENTRE, a post-village of Caledonia co., Ver- hospitals, an ancient guildhall and jail, theatre, library, memont, on the Passumpsic River, and on the Connecticut and  chanics' institution, handsome custom-house, large marketPassumpsic Rivers Railroad, 2 miles N. of Lyndon Corner, house, and fort. The harbor is capacious, the river being
and 42 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It has 3 churches, 2 stores, here about 1000 feet in breadth, but the approach is seriously
and about 100 inhabitants.                                 obstructed by shifting sands. Spring tides'rise 18 feet. The
LYN/DONVILLE, a post-village in the N.W. part of Orleans trade of Lynn, which ranked, within the last 50 years, as
co., New York, about 250 miles W. by N. of Albany.         the 5th commercial port of England, is again rapidly inLYNE, line, a river of Scotland, co. of Peebles, rises on  creasing. Principal imports, coal, wine from the Peninsula,
the borders of the county of Edinburgh, and flows S. for 20  timber, hemp, and other Baltic and Canadian produce. Exmiles, into the Tweed, above Peebles.                      ports, corn and wool. Shipyards, breweries, iron foundsies,
LYNE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles.              cork, rope, and tobacco manufactories also employ many of
LYNEIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.            the inhabitants. Steamers ply to Hull. The borough sends
LYNE/SACK, a township of England, co. of Durham.         2 members to the House of Commons. Lynn was remarkLYNESIVILLE, a post-village of Granville co., North  able for its fidelity to the royal cause in the reign of John,
Carolina, 54 miles N. of Raleigh.                          who presented the town with a large silver cup and sword.
LYNGBYE,'ling/biieh or liingfbi'eh, a market-town of It also espoused the side of Charles I.
Denmark, in the island of Seeland, 7 miles N.N.W. of Co-   LYNNIVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania,
penhagen, with a royal summer palace.                      83 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.
LYNN, lin, a city and seaport of Essex co., Massachu-   LYNNVILLE, a post-village of Giles co., Tennessee, about
setts, on the Eastern Railroad, 9 miles N.N.E. of Boston. 60 miles S. by W. of Nashville.
Lat. 420 27 511" N., ion. 700 57/ 277" W. It is situated on the    LYNNVILLE, a post-village in Warrick co., Indiana, 145
north-eastern shore of Massachusetts Bay, in the midst of  miles S.W. by S. of Indianapolis.
the most varied and picturesque scenery. The beaches and    LYNNVILLE, a post-village of Morgan cc., Illinois, about
Nahant, in the vicinity, are noted places of resort, both for 40 miles W. by S. of Springfield.
pleasure and health. Lynn was incorporated a city in 1850,   LYNNVILLE, a post-township in the E. part of Ogle cc.,
and is handsomely built on wide and pleasant streets. The  Illinois. Pop. 168.
principal public edifices are the City Hall, Lyceum Hall,   LYNNVILLE, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa.
and the churches, of which there are 15, of the various de-   LYON, a city of France. See Lyons.
nominations. Among the institutions, the Society for the    LYON, a township of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop. 1134.
cultivation of Natural History is deserving of notice. It   LYNN, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
has a library, and a valuable collection of curiosities. An    LYON, lion, a river of Scotland, flows, after a course of
efficient system of education has been provided, similar to  28 miles, into the Tay at Taymouth Castle.
that generally adopted in the state. Ther6 are in the city    LYONNOIS or LYONNAIS, LE, leh lee'8n'nAi, (L. Alger
an academy, a high school, 9 principal, 6 intermediate, and  Lzugduc cnisis   and LE/dui uclcdusenses.) an ancient province
18 primary schools, besides several private ones. Two news- of France, which formed part of one of the Roman divisions
papers are published here weekly. Lynn has long been  of Gaul, was afterwards included in the second kingdom of
celebrated for the manufacture of ladies' shoes. This branch  Burgundy; and, on being separated from it, became an inof business was pursued here before the Revolution. The  dependent county. Capital, Lyons. It was united to the
sales were then chiefly confined to New England; but since  crown of France by Philip le Bel, in 1310, and now forms
that period the business has been greatly extended, and  the departments of Rh~ne, Loire, Saene, Marne, and Seine.
shoes are now exported in large quantities to almost every    LYONS, lIuonz, (Fr. Lyon, lee6rsG/; Sp. Leon, l-t n;
part of the United States. It is estimated that at the pre- It. Lione, le-ofnu; anc. Lugdu/snums,) the second city of
ent time there are 150 manufactories in the city, giving  France, capital of the department of RhSne, 240 miles
employment to about 10,000 persons, more than half of  S.S.E. of Paris, and 170 miles N. of the Mediterranean;
whom are females; and that 4,500,000 pairs of ladies' and  lat. (Ndtre Dame) 450 45 44" N., ion. 40 491 43" E. Two
misses' shoes are annually made, amounting in value to  large rivers-the SaWne, flowing from the N., and the Rhone
some $3,500,000. From  400,000 to 500,000 pairs are also  from the E., unite, and form a tongue of land, on which the
purchased from neighboring towns. Besides the above, there  greater part of the city is built. It is not, however, confined
are manufactories of leather, morocco, cotton, prints, choco- to the limits thus marked out, but extends to the opposite
late, glue, machinery, tinware, &c. Lynn has several vessels  banks of both rivers, the communication being maintained
engaged in the whale fisheries. Two ships arrived here in  by numerous commodious and handsome bridges, generally
1853, bringing 1656 bbls. of sperm oil, 2120 bbls. of whale  of modern construction. On the might bank of the Sa-ne,
oil, and 28,000 lbs. of whalebone. The cod and mackerel two steep hills, Fourvilres and St. Sebastian, rise in the
fisheries are also prosecuted, and some coast trade is carried  form  of an amphitheatre, and are partially occupied by
on. There are 2 bainks in Lynn, with a capital of $250,000, streets. One of the steepest of these leads up to the summit
a savings institution, and 2 insurance offices. Settled in  of Fourvi6res, from which the best view of the city is o3 U                                                                          1105




LYO.            LYO
tained  and the whole country, for many miles around, is potteries, tanneries, breweries, and chemical works. Lyons
presented to the eye as one grand panorlama, embracing  is admirably situated for trade, on two navigable rivers,
distinct views of the Alps on the E. and the C6vennes on  which make it a great entrepft both for the N. and the S.
the S. In the town itself, though there is much to interest It forms the common centre where the roads from  Paris,
and amuse, there is more to disappoint, and even disgust. Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Geneva, from Switzerland, Italy,
The streets are irregular, narrow, and filthy, and are lined  and Auvergne, all meet; it communicates with the Rhine
with tall ungainly buildings, which, crowded together into  by the Rhone and Rhine Canal, while several other canals,
the smallest possible space, nearly exclude both sun and  branching off from its rivers, give it ample means of transair. There are, however, many fine quarters, among which  port over a great part of the interior of the empire. More
may be mentioned the magnificent quays, with their finely- recently, railways have been constructed, one of which,.
planted walks, stately mansions, and capacious warehouses. passing through Lyons, connects Marseilles and Avignon
Some of the squares, also, are good, such as the Place des  with Paris. The chief imports are raw silk, wine, brandy,
Terreaux and the Place Bellecour; the latter not surpassed  oil, soap, flax, hemp, rice, salt, cotton, wool, coffee, dyes,
in beauty and extent by many in Europe.                    earthenware, and timber; and the exports, spun-silk and
The public edifices of Lyons are not numerous, and those  silk goods, ribbons, woollens, linens, corn, flour, liqueurs,
deserving of notice are more remarkable for their antiquity  ironware, &c.
than for the beauty of their architecture. The Cathedral,    History.-The origin of Lyons cannot be traced. When
on the slope of the Fourvi~res, on the right bank of the  Cresar invaded Gaul it had become a place of some importance,
Sacne, is in the gothic style of the time of Louis XI., and  and it ever after figures more or less in the history of the
has four towers. Higher up the declivity stands the church  Roman Empire; several emperors, in succession, making it
of NOtre Dame, an ancient edifice, occupying the site of the  their occasional residence, and vying with each other in
Forum Vet s, built by Trajan. Beside it is a tower or Bel- adorning it. It early received Christianity, and, towards the
vedere, 680 feet above the Sasne. On the other side of the  end of the second century, numbered thousands of Christians
Fourvitres is the Church of St. Irenaeus, who was the second  amdng- its inhabitants. Its first bishop, Pothinus, died a
bishop of Lyons, and had conversed with the Apostles. The  martyr in 197, and his successor, the celebrated Irenseus,
church, a modern structure, is situated on the grave of the  whose work against heresies is one of the most interesting
martyred bishop, and has beneath it a crypt, in which  literary remains of Christian antiquity, died also a martyr
thousands of Christians are said to have been mnassacred  in 202, and with him no fewer than 19,000 Christian converts.
by orders of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus, A. D. Lyons was afterwards sacked by the IIuns and Visigoths,
202. A little above the Cathedral is the Palais de Justice;  who levelled many of its noblest Roman structures with the
and lower down, on the opposite bank of the Sanne, stands  ground. In the eighth century, it fell into the hands of an
the church of the Abbey of Ainay, beneath whose sacristy,  army of Saracens from Spain, and suffered dreadfully; but
and penetrating far below the bed of the river, are gloomy  recovered its prosperity under Charlemagne, on the dissoludungeons, without light or air, in which many of the early  tion of whose empire it became the capital of the Kingdom
Christians were immured previous to martyrdom.              of Provence. Subsequently, it fell under ecclesiastical domiOther noteworthy edifices of this class are the Church. of  nation; and was long ruled by a succession of tyrannical
St. Nizier, of the 14th century, one of the largest in the  and factious archbishops, who bore its name. In the reign
town; that of St. Bonaventure, the parish saint of Lyons;  of Louis IX.,. Lyons was annexed to the crown of France.
the church of the Chartreux, surmounted by a superb dome, Its prosperity was now much more promoted by temporal
which, from all quarters of the city, is seen rising conspicu- than it had been by spiritual rule. Its new quays, and
ously above the other buildings; the ]glise de l'Obseervance, several of its finest edifices, it owes to Louis XIY. Terrible
lglise  des Anticluailles, Aglise St. Just, and E~glise St. Louis. disasters befell the city while in possession of the troops of
The archiepiscopal palace, situated near the Cathedral, is a  the Convention, in 1793; wholesale butcheries for many
large edifice of no'architectural merit. In this palace a great days, deluged the streets with blood. Many distiuguished
number of Protestants.were butchered in 1572, as a sequel to  men have been natives of Lyons. Among them  may be
St. Bartholomew. In the Place des Terreaux stands the hItel mentioned the Roman emperors Marcus Aurelius, Claudius,
de Yille, considered one of the finest edifices of the kind in  and Caracalla; the celebrated general, Germanicus, nephew
France, though so very irregular in its style, that it cannot of Tiberius; St. Ambrose, St. Irenseus, and Pope Clement IV.
be said to belong to any particular order of architecture.    Pop. in 1852, 156,169.-Adj. and inhab. LYoMNAIS, leeonnAl;
The library, (Bibliotheque Publique,) occupying part of  feminine, LYONNAISE, ]ee'o'nAz.
the buildings of the college, on the Quai de Retz, is the best   LYONS, lWinz, a pleasant post-village and township,
provincial collection in France. It contains 14:400 volumes;  capital of Wayne  county, New  York, situated  on  the
and has, besides, a rich collection of engravings and MSS.  Erie Canal, and on the railroad direct from  Syracuse to
The Palais des Arts or Museum, facing the Place des Ter- Rochester, 44 miles E. by S. of Rochester. It contains a
reaux, occupies the ancient convent of St. Pierre, which  bank, 2 newspaper offices, a fine union school-house, which
dates from the earliest Christian times, and is a fine majestic  cost $16,000, and churches for the Presbyterians, Methodists,
edifice, more in the style of a palace than a monastery. It Baptists, Lutherans, and Episcopalians.  The first two
contains a picture-gallery, a cabinet of medals, a gallery for  churches are large and ornamental buildings. There are
-statues, and another for ancient stuccoes, a dep6t of mecha- several flouring-mills and manufactories here. Pop. of the
nical inventions for the fabrication of silks, with a library  township in 1850, 4925; estimated pop. of the village in
8ttaehed; a free school of design, and a large hall, used as  1855, 3200.
the Exchange. The chief educational establishments are    LYONS, a post-office of Fayette co., Texas.
the  oyal College, founded in 1519; the Institution la Mar-   LYONS, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
tinitre, affording a gratuitous education to 220 sons of arti-   LYONS, a thriving post-village and township of Ionia
sans;; and a veterinary school. Connected with educational co., Michigan, on Grand River, 1 mile above the mouth of
institutions, may be mentioned the Botanic Garden, (Jardin  Maple River, and 31 miles N.W. of Lansing.  Small steamdes Plantes,) near La Croix Rousse, which is the principal boats ascend as far as Lyons when the water is high. The
seat of manufacturing industry.                             river furnishes extensive water-power. Pop. of the townThe most important charitable establishments are the  ship, 850.
Hltel-Dieu,the Maison de la Charit!, a very extensive alms    LYONS, a thriving post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on the
or poor-house; the Mont de PiSt6, and the Hospice de I'An- Mississippi River, about 45 miles below Galena. Produce is
tiqafile. There are several prisons-the New Prison, an  shipped here in steamboats.
extensive building, well arranged; the Maison des Recluses,   LYONS, a township in Sank co., Wisconsin. Pop. 60.
now employed as a military prison; and the prison of Re-   LYONS, a thriving post-village of Hudson township, Walanne, regarded as a model in its kind. Lyons has extensive  worth co., Wisconsin, on White River, 9 miles E.S.E. of Elkbarracks, in which a great number of troops are always quar- horn. It has 2 stores and 30 dwellings.
tered; and is surrounded by a line of detached forts, which    LYIONSDALE, a post-village of Lewis co., New York,
crown its different heights, ostensibly for the purpose of  about 120 miles N.W. of Albany.
defence, but more probably as a means of repressing the    LYON'S FALLS, a post-office of Lewis co., New York.
turbulent spirit for which great masses of the population    LYONS, GULF OF. See GUsLF o LYONS.
have long been notorious.                                     LYONS-LA-FORET, lee"&cNtlA-f'rA1, a town of France, de.
As a manufacturing town, Lyons early acquired, and has partment of Eure, 11 miles N.E. of Andelys. Pop. 1050.
long maintained, the first rank. Its silk manufactures are    LYON'S LANDING,  a post-office of Bladen co., North
perhaps the most important int he world. This constitutes Carolina.
its great staple, and during the three years that have passed    LY/ONS I-TALL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
since 1850, has employed about 60,000 machines, (mi6tiers,)   LYON'S STORE, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee.
scattered over a district of about 40 miles. These machines   LYONVILLE,  a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.
consume about 3,150,000 lbs. of silk, valued at $32,000,000,   LY/ONSYILLE, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, 16 miles
producing silk manufactures valued'at $50,000,000.  It S.W. of Chicago.
is estimated that the home consumption includes one-   LYOOBASHIEVO, LJUBASCIJEVO, or LIOUBACHEYO,
fourth or one-third of this amount, the remainder is lyoo-ba-shQvo, a town of Russia, government of Minsk, 48
exported to all parts of the civilzed world, but by far the miles S.W. of Slootsk. Pop. 1800.
largest market is found in the United States. The other   LYOOBIM, LJUBIS', or LIOUBIIM, lyeo-beem/, a town
man'ufactures deserving of notice are hats, books. jewellery, of Russia, government and 54 miles N.E. of Yaroslav, capital
and liqueurs; besides dye-works, foundries,: glas-housese    of a circle. Pop. 2000.
1106




LYO                                                      MAC
LYOOBETCH, LIOUBETCH, or LJUBETSCH, lyoo'bhtcht, New York, on Oswego and Seneca Rivers, and on the Oswegc
a market-town of Russia, government and 38 miles N.N.W. and Syracuse Railroad, 1S miles S.S.E. of Oswego. Pop. 5833.
of Tchernigov, on the Dnieper. Pop. 1600.                   LYSANDER, a township, Winnebago co., Illinois. P. 659.
LYOOTS1N, LJUTZIN, or LIOUTSIN,lyoot-seenl, (Polish    LYSKOVA, LYSKOWA, a town of Russia. See LIeeovo.
Lucyn, loot/sin,) a town of Russian Poland, government and    LYSS-TURtNEY, a tything of England, co. of Hants.
130 miles N.W. of Vitebsk. Pop. 2100.                      LYTHI/AM, a maritime parish of England, co. of Lancaster,
LYPCSE ZOLYO, liplchA' zollyo', or TOTH-LIPCSE, tot- on the Irish Sea, 5o miles W.S.W. of Kirkham, with a station
liplch&L, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, on the  on the Preston and Wyre Railway. Pop. 2082. The village
Waag, about 5 miles from Neusohl. Pop. 1301.             is frequented for sea-bathing.
LYIRA, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio.                LYTHE, 1ith, a parish of England, co. of York, North
LYS, lis, (Fr. pron. almost leece; Flemish Leye, leh,) a  Riding, 33 miles N.W. of Whitby. In the vicinity is Mulriver of France and Belgium, joins the Scheldt at Ghent, grave Castle, seat of the Marquis of Normanby.
after a N.E. course of 100 miles. Numerous canals commu-   LYTHOINIA, a post-village of De Kalb co., Georgia, on the
nicate with it, and it has an active navigation.         Georgia Railroad, 24 miles E.S.E. of Atlanta.
LYS, leece, or ESA, A/si, a river of the Sardinian States,   LYTITLESVILLE, a post-village of McLean co., Illinois,
joins the Dora Baltea about 4 miles below Fort Bard, after about 70 miles N.E. of Springfield.
a course of nearly 37 miles.                               LYTTELTON. (lit/tel-ton,) PORT, a village of New Zealand,
LYSANDERt, li-sandegr, a post-township of Onondaga co., Middle Island, Canterbury settlement, on Port Cooper.
M  AAD, mad, a town of North Hungary, co. of Zemplin, Chinese. The peninsula, 2t miles in length, by less than a
in the Hegyalla Mountains, with celebrated vine- mile in breadth, is connected with the mainland by a narrow,
yards, 5 miles N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 5644.                 low, and sandy isthmus. The town stands on declivities
MAARSBERGEN, mARs/bRa'gn, a station on the railway  around a semicircular harbor, the,shore being lined by an
between Amsterdam and Arnheim, 25 miles S.E. of Amster-  embanked parade and a terrace of white houses, above which
dam.                                                      Chinese and European residences are curiously intermingled.
MAARSEN, mAR/sen, a village of the Netherlands, province  Principal edifices, the collegiate church of St. Joseph, 11
and 5 miles N.W. of- Utrecht, with a station on the railway  other churches, and the senate-house, besides some Chinese
to Amsterdam.                                             temples, and at the end of the town is a mansion where
MAAS or MIAESE, a river of the Netherlands. See MErns. CamJens composed a great part of his Lusiad. Six forts
MAASLAND, mAsflint, a former department of the Nether- defend the harbor N. and W. of the town, which is fit only
lands, now included in the province of South Holland, and a  for small vessels, and large ships anchor in a roadstead E.
small portion of North Brabant.                           of the island. All the trade of Macao is nominally restricted
MAASLAND, a village of the Netherlands, province of tol'ortuguese and Spanish shipping. The educational semiSouth Holland, 7 miles WV. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1738.       naries are the College of St. Joseph, a royal grammar school,
MAASSLUIS, mAs/slois, or MAASLANDSLUIS, mAssftlnt- and female orphan asylum. The Portuguese authorities and
lois', a fishing town of the Netherlands, province of South  others form a senate, but the government is substantially
IHolland, 10 miles W. of Rotterdam, on the New Maas. The  vested in a Chinese Mandarin. Macao was given to the Porexcellent harbor is annually frequented by above 400 ves- tuguese by the Chinese emperor in 1586, in return for assels, in carrying on the cod and herring fishery. Pop. 4096. sistance against pirates.
MAAS, (mAs,) THE NEW, (Dutch, De Nieuwe Maas, dA    MACAO, mA-kcw! or mi-luklo, a town of Portugal, EstrenyiilvA ma)s. a name given to the right arm of the Merwede, madura, 85 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2200.
unites with the lake at Krimpen, South Holland. flows PW.,  sMACAPA, m&-ki-piA, a town of Brazil, on the left bank of
and is divided into two branches by the island of Roozen- the Amrazon, 200 miles N.W. of Belem or Para, and only 3
burg, reunites below Brielle, and falls into the North Sea.   miles N. of the equator. It has a fort, which defends the
MAAS, THE OLD, (Dutch, De Oude Maias, di lw/deIlh msA,) harbor and the passage of the river. The town carries on
the name given to the leftarm  of the Merwede; uni'es with  a considerable trade in rice, cotton, and fine timber for
the New Maas near Geervliet, South Holland.               cabinet-work. Pop. 6000.
MAASTRICHT, a town of the Netherlands. See MAEsTrICurT.   MACARSCA, mg-kaRsrki. a small seaport town of DalMAAT, mAt, a town of. British India, presidency of Ben-  matia, circle and 34 miles S.E. of Spalatro, on the Adriatic.
gal, Upper Provinces, 35 miles N.W. of Agra.              Pop. 1800. It is beautifully situated on a small bay, and
MABIBETTSVILLE, a post-village of Dutchess co., New  was formerly the seat of a republic.
York.                                                       McAAPJTHUtR, a river of North Australia, flows into the
MABE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.             Gulf of Carpentaria on its S.W. side.
MA/BEES, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.              MAcARTHUR, a river in the S. of Australia, Victoria,
MAIBLE CREEK, a post-office of Jessamin co., Kentucky. flows from the Australian Alps into Lake King, an inlet of
MAIBLETHORPE ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of  the Southern Ocean.
Lincoln.                                                    MAcARTHUR, a river of New South Wales, tributary to
MABLETIIORPE ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. the Gloucester.
of Lincoln.                                                 MACARTHUR ISLES, Pacific Ocean,. are off the N.E. coast
MABOOM, mAboomf, a town of West Africa, country of the  of Australia, near Bird Isles, about lat. 110 40' S.
Timmanees; lat. 80 32' N., ion. 11~ 52' W.; on the route from    MAcARITHUR, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1376.
Rokelle to Falaba.                                          MAcARTHUR, a post-village of Elk township, and capital
MABROOK, m'brook/, a town of Central Africa, Sahara, of Vinton co., Ohio, 60 miles S.S.E. of Columbus.  The
200 miles N.E. of Timlbuctoo, on the route to Tripoli.    Cincinnati and Maarietta Railroad passes near this town. A
MACACU, mg-k&-koof, a river of Brazil, rises in the Organ  newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1850, 424.
Mountains, and flows S. to the Bay of Rio Janeiro.          MACASSAR, mA-katssar, or MANKASSER, mAn-kAs/ser,
MACACU, a town of Brazil, 10 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro.  the chief town of a government of the same name, and a
MACAEL, m&-kP-lt, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 36 miles  Dutch settlement of the Malay Archipelago, on the S.W.
N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 1154.                               peninsula of the island of Celebes, lat. 50 9' S.. ion. 1190 360'
MAcAF/EE, a post-office of Mercer co., Kentucky.        E., 250 miles from Borneo. It. is mostly inhabited by Chinese,
MACAIIE, mA-kd-hA/, a seaport-town of Brazil. province of  and defended by Fort Rotterdam. It was made a free port
Rio de Janeiro, at the mouth of the Macahe River, in the  in 1846,'and has an extensive trade, chiefly with China.
Bay of St. Anna, 40 miles N.N.E. of Cape Frio.           Pop. 20,000. The government of Macassar includes all the
MAcALEVY'S FORT, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Dutch possession in the island of Celebes, and a population
Pennsylvania.'                        of 310,000.
MACALLAH or MACALLA. See MAKALLAr.                       MACAS/SAR, GOA, gotl, or GOACIi, go'KtI, a native state
MAcALILISTER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Mont- of Celebes Island, in the S.W. peninsula. It was at one
gomery co., Tennessee.                                   time a powerful kingdom, having dominion over the greater
MAcAIVLISTERSVILLE. See CALOUN0NSVILLE.                part of Celebes, and also over numerous neighboring islands.
IAcALLISTERYILLE, a post-village of Juniata co., Penn- Pop. about 70,000.
sylvania, 55 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                     MACASSAR, STRAIT OF, separates the islands of Borneo
MACANS, ml-kaNs/, two contiguous villages of Portugal. and Celebes. It varies in breadth from 70 to 240 miles. and
Estremadura, Macans de Camiuha being 17 miles, and  contains the Paternoster, Poolo-Laut, and Parmaroong
Macans de Dona Maria 18 miles N.E. of Thomar.            Islands.
MACAO, ma-kowl, a seaport town and settlement of the   MIACAU, m&i'kt, a marketrtown of France. department
Portuguese in China, province of Quang-tong, on a peninsula  of Gironde, 11 miles N. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1526.
of the island of Macao, at the S.W. entrance of the Canton    MACAUBA, mA-kl6wtb, a town of Brazil, province and
River, 70 miles S.S.E. of Canton. Lat. of flag-staff, 22~ 11' 370 miles W.S.W. of Bahia.
V'I N., ion. 1130 32' E. Pop. between 30,000 and 40,000, mostly    MAgAYO, mi-sIto, a maritime town of Brazil, capital of
1107




MAC                                                       MAC
the piovince of Alagoas, on the Atlantic, lat. 380 4' S., Ion. Ohio, on the Sandusky River, about 78 miles N by W. of
350 441 W. Pop. 5000.  Its harbor is protected from the  Columbus.
ocean by a reef of rocks.                                    MAcCUTCHIENVILLE, a post-office of Vanderburg co.,
MAcBEAN/, a post-village of Richmond co., Georgia.       Indiana.
M.AcBEAN'S CREEK, of Georgia, flows eastward along    MAcDANf/EL'S, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.
the S. border of Richmond co. into the Savannah.             MAcDANIEL'S, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
MAcBRIDESIVILLE, a post-office of Union district, South    MAcDON/ALD, a county forming the S.W. extremity of
Carolina.                                                  Missouri, bordering on Arkansas and the Indian Territory,
MACCAGEVILLE, a post-office of Perry co., Tennessee.   has an area of 620 square miles. It is drained by the head
MACCAGNO-INFERIORE, m&k-kktn/yo-in-ff-re-ofrA, a vil- streams of Elk or Cowskin River, an affluent of the Neosho.
lage of Austrian Italy, 24 miles N.W. of Como.             Lead-mines are found in the county, but not yet worked.
MACCAGNO-SUPERIORE, mak-k/nlyo-soo-pA-re-olrA, a  Named in honor of Sergeant MacDonald, of South Carolina.
village of Austrian Italy, 24 miles N.W. of Como.          Capital, Rutledge. Pop. 2236; of whom 2153 were free, and
MACCAI, mak'kil, a town on the E. coast of Africa, on  83 slaves.
the Massangzanee, which empties itself into the sea, about   MAcDONALD, a post-village of Wilkinson co., Georgia, on
20 miles N. of Sofala, lat. 190 15t S.                     the Central Railroad, 18 miles S. of Milledgeville.
MAcCALL'SI CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Mis-   MACDONALD, a post-village of Randolph co., Alabama,
sissippi.                                                  161 miles E. of Tuscaloosa.
MAcCALL'S FERRY, apost-officeof York co.,Pennsylvania.    MAcDONALD, a post-township in Hardin co., Ohio. P. 582.
MAcCANIDLESS, a post office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.   MACDONALD, a village, capital of Barry co., Missouri, 165
MACCARTHY or M'CARTHY (mak-kartlthee) ISLAND, miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City.
(NativeJanjanB/urg, j n'.jan boo/rA,) an island of West Africa,   MACDONALD'S MILL, a post-office of Montgomery co.,
belonging to Great Britain, in the Gambia River, 127 miles Virginia.
from its mouth. Area 3 square miles. Pop. 1600, mostly    MACDONALD'S MILLS, a post-office of Richmond co.,
liberated Africans.                                        North Carolina.
MAcCAR/TYVILLE, a village in Washington township,   MAcDONOUGTI, mak.-dona., a county in the W. part of
Burlington co., New Jersey, on Wading River, about 28  Illinois, has an area of 575 square miles. It is intersected
miles S.E. of Mount IHolly, contains an extensive paper- by Crooked Creek, an affluent of Illinois River, and drained
mill, and about 30 dwellings..                            by Downing's Fork, and Turkey and Grindstone Creeks. The
MACCHERIO, mAk-kslre-o, or MACHERIO, mg-kfre-o, a  greater part of the county is prairie. The soil is very provillage of Austrian Italy, province of Milan, near the Lam- ductire. It is traversed by the Military Tract Railroad.
bro. Pop. 1060.                                            Groves of timber are distributed along many of the streams.
MACCHIAVALFORTORE, m/k~ke-&-v/l-foR-tofrA, a town  Capital, Macomb. Pop. 7616.
of Naples, province of Molise, 16 miles E. of Campobasso.   MAcDONOUGH, a post-village and township of Chenango
Pop. 2000.                                                 co., New York, about 15 miles W. by S. of Norwich. The
~ MAcCLELtANDSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co., Penn- village has 2 or 3 churches, and several stores and mills.
sylvania.                                                  Pop. of the township, 1522.
MACCLELILANDTOWN, a post-village of Fayette co.,   MAcDONOUGH, a post-office of Newcastle co., Delaware.
Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. of Uniontown, has,several stores,   MAcDONOUGH, a post-village, capital of Henry co.,
and about 60 houses.                                       Georgia, 65 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.  It contains 3
MAC/CLESFIELD, a parliamentary and municipal bo- churches, 1 academy, and about 600 inhabitants. There is
rough and manufacturing town of England, co. of Chester, a cotton factory very near the place. Settled in 1822.
on the railway, 17 miles S.S.E. of Manchester, Popin 1851,   MAcDOW/ELL, a county in the WI. part of North Carolina,
39,048. It is built on an acclivity; and has several hand- area estimated at 450 square miles. The Catawba River has
some streets, a large church, a grammar school, founded in  its sources in this county at the S.E. base of the Blue Ridge,
1502, annual revenue, 9001.; a town-hall, ancient jail for the  the summits of which, along or near the border of the
forest liberty, assembly rooms, theatre, news room, subscrip- county, are about 6000 feet above the sea. The soil is genetion library, with 20,000 volumes, 2 banks, and a spacious  rally fertile.  Formed in 1842 firom  parts of Burke and
market-house. It has extensive manufactures of various  Rutherford, and named in honor of General Joseph Macsilk fabrics, which employ about 8000 hands in 48 mills. Dowell. Capital, Marion. Pop. 6246; of whom  4984 were
About 3000 persons are also employed in 16 cotton-mills. free, and 1262 slaves.
Coal is plentiful, and a canal joins that of Peak Forest, thus    MACDOWELL, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.
connecting with Manchester and London. It sends 2 mem-   MACDOWELL'S, a post-office, Crawford co., Pennsylvania.
hers to the House of Commons, and gives the title of Earl to    MAcDUFF', a burgh of barony, and seaport town of Scotthe Parker family. The jurisdiction of the district, still land, co. and 1 mile E. of Banff, with which it is connected
called Macclesfield Forest, is vested in the Stanley family,   by a fine bridge across the Deveron, and within the parliaMACCLESFIELD, a township of South Australia, pictu- mentary bounds of which it is included. Pop. 2527. It has
resquely situated on the Angas River, E. of Adelaide.      an excellent harbor.
MAcCOMB, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio.               MACE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania.
MAcCON/NELLSBU RG, a post-borough, capital of Fulton    MACEDON, mas/se-don, a post-township of Wayne co., New
co., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from  Philadelphia to  York, on the Erie Canal, 18 miles W. of Lyons. Pop. 2384.
Pittsburg, 70 miles W.S.W. of IHarrisburg. It is pleasantly    MACEDON, a post-village of Mercer co., Ohio, 12 miles
situated in a valley near Cove Mountain, and on Big Cove  S.W. of Celina.
Creek. It was incorporated in 1814. One newspaper is pub-   MACEDON CENTRE, a post-village of Wayne co., New
liehed herE. Pop. in 1850, 477.                            York, 200 miles W. by N. of Albany. It has an academy.
MACCON/NELL'S GROVE, a post-village in Stephenson    MACEDONIA, mas-se-dolne-a, an ancient and celebrated
co., Illinois, 140 miles W.N.W. of Chicago.                country of Europe, lying immediately N. of Greece, now
MAcCONINELLSTOWN, a post-village of Huntingdon co., chiefly or wholly included in the Turkish province of RoomPennsylvania, 95 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.             Elee.-Adj. and inhab. MACEDONIAN, mas-se-dolne-an.
MAcCON1NELLSVILLE, post-office, Oneida co., New York.   MACEDONIA. See ROOM-ELEE.
MAcCONNELLSVILLE, a thriving post-village of. Morgan    MACEDOINIA, a post-office of Montgomery co., North
township, capital of Morgan co., Ohio, on the left bank of Carolina.
the Muskingum  River, 27 miles S.S.E. of Zanesville. It    MACEDONIA, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.
contains 5 churches, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, 1    MACEDONIA, a post-village in Carroll co., Tennessee.
woollen factory, and 2 flouring-mills. The manufactuie  of    MACEDONIA, a post-office of Potawatomie co., Iowa.
salt is carried on extensively in this vicinity. The strata    MACEDONIA DEPOT, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio,
which contain the salt water are in some instances 850 feet on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 19 miles S.E. of
below the surface.                                         Cleveland.
MAcCORfMICK'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Lewis co.,   MACELLO, mii-chll/lo, a village of the Sardinian States,
Kentucky.                                                  3 miles firom Pinerolo, on the Chisone. Pop. 1990.
MACCOR/MICKSTOWN, a post-office of Martin co., Indiana.   MAc'ELROY/, a post-office of Dodridge co., Virginia.
MAcCOYS/VILLE, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsyl-   MAc/ELWAIN'S', a village of York district, South Carolina.
vania.                                                       MACERATA, m&-chA-rA/tA, a town of the Papal States, capiMACCRACIKEN.     a county in the W. part of Kentucky, tal of a delegation of the same name, 21 miles S. of Aincona,
bordering on Illinois, has an area estimated at 330 square  on a lofty eminence above the Potenza, midway between the
miles. The Tennessee and Ohio River forms its N.N.E. Apennines and the sea. It is walled, and has six gates.
boundary; Mayfield's Creek washes its S.W. border; and it The streets, in general, are straight, spacious, and clean, and
is also drained by Clark's River. The surface is level and  lined with handsome houses and several palaces. The
low, subject to be partly overflowed; the soil is fertile, square, in the centre, is of great extent, and contains the CaFormed in 1824, and named from Captain Virgil MacCracken, thedral, the Provincial Palace, and Theatre. There are also
who was killed at the battle of the river Raisin. Capital, six other churches, and 13 convents —5 for females. MacePaducah. Pop. 6067; of whom 5259 were free, and 808 slaves. rata is the see of a bishop, and has a court of first resort, and
MAcCULILOCII'S MILLS, a post-office of Juniata co., an appeal court for the delegations of Macerata, Urbino-6Pennsylvania.                                             Pesaro, Ancona, Ascoli, Camerino, and Fermo. The uniMAcCUTCHIENSYILLE; a post-village of Wyandot co., versity was suppressed, but has been replaced by another,
1108




MAO                                                      MAC
an which theology, philosophy, and medicine are taught.   MACHNOVKA or MACIINOWKA. See MAKNOVaA.
]here are also a museum. a library, and two literary    MACHOW, a town of Poland. See MAKOV.
societies. Pop. 16,000.                                     MACHYNLLETH, pronounced almost m&-hlntfleth, a con.
MACERATA-FELTRIA, mg-chA-rA/t9 f~l/tre-A, a village  tributory parliamentary borough, town, and parish of North
of tie Papal States, 11 miles N.W. of Urbino. Pop. 1370.   Wales, county and 32 miles E.N.E. of Montgomery, on the
MAcEWt EN'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Morrow co., navigable river Dovey. Pop. 1672. The borough unites with
Ohio.                                                     Montgomery in sending 1 member to the House of Commons.
MAcEWIENSVILLE, a post-village of Northumberland  In 1402, Owen Glendower assembled a parliament here.
co., Pennsylvania, about 74 miles N. of Harripbui'g. It has   MACIEOWICE, m~ts-yA-o-veet/s4, a town of Poland, pro2 or 3 churches, and about 400 inhabitants.               vince and 45 miles S.W. of Siedlec on the Vistula. Pop. 900.
M FcARILAND' S, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virginia,   MAcINIDOE'S FALLS, a village of Barnet township,
79 miles S.W. of Richmnond.                               Caledonia co., Vermont, on the Connecticut and Passumpsic
MA.cGALVYSVILLE, a post-office of Rockingham  co., Rivers Railroad, 29 miles E. by S. of Montpelier. The ConVirginia.                                                 necticut is navigable to the falls at this place.
MAcGArRY, a post-office of HIancock co., Illinois.        MAcINTLERFER'S CREEK, of Michigan, enters Stony
M.wcGHEE'S! STORE, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.    Creek, in St. Joseph county.
M.c'GILLICUDIDY ROCKS, the loftiest mountain range    MAcIINTOSHI, a co. in the S.E. part of Georgia, borderin Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry, extending for about 10  tug on the Atlantic, has an area of 640 square miles. It is
miles, between Lakes Killarney on the E., and Carra on the  bounded on the S.W. by the Altamaha River, and drained
W.  It takes the name of the Glena-Purple Mountain, by Sapelo River and Doctor's Creek. The surface is nearly
immediately on Lake Killarney, beyond which, the loftier level, and partly covered with forests of pine. The soil
Rocks form a magnificent back-ground. Heightof Carran- along the Altamaha is very fertile. Organized in 1793, and
tual, the highest peak, 3404 feet.                        named in memory of the Macintosh family, early settlers
MAcGILILIVRAY'S, KOOTANIE, koo/tt-n, orFLAT BOW   of Georgia. Capital, Darien. Pop. 6028; of whom  1399
RIVER, rises in the Rocky Mountains, in British America, were free, and 4629 slaves.
and after twice crossing the line of Washington Territory,. MAcINTOSII, a post-office of Sumter district, South
falls into the Columbia. Entire length between 400 and  Carolina.
500 miles.                                                   M cM.INTYRE, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
MAcGRAWIVILLE, a post-village of Cortland co., New  Pop. 252.
York, about 140 miles W. of Albany. It contains a college,   MAcKAIG'S! MILLS, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.
several churches, and 3 newspaper offices.                   MAcKAYt, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio.
MAcGREGIOR'S LANIDING, a thriving post-village of    MAcKAY, a post-office of Dallas co., Iowa.
Clayton co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, 61 miles above    MAcKEAN, nmak-keen/, a county in the N.N.W. part of
Dubuque.                                                   Pennsylvania, bordering on New York. has an area of 1100
MAcGUIRE'S STORE, a post-office of Floyd co., Georgia.   square miles. It is intersected in the N.E. part by Alleghany
MAcHAR/GUE'S SIILLS, a post-office of Laurel co., Ken- River and Oswaya Creek, and also drained by the' sources of
tucky.                                                     Clarion River. and Teonesta, Kenjun, Driftwood, and Potato
MACHARD, (maalar,)  NEW, a parish of Scotland, co. of  Creeks. The surface is hilly, and covered with forests. The
Aberdeen. On an island, in Bishop's Loch, are the remains  soil is of slate and shale formation. Lumber is the chief
of an old castle of the Bishops of Aberdeen.               article of export. Capital, Smethport. Pop. 5254.
MACI{AR, OLD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.       MAcKEAN, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsylvania; 9
MACIIECOUL, m~shbkooll, (L. Machicolium), a town of  miles S.E. of Erie. Pop. 1916.
France, department of Loire-Infrieure, 20 miles S.S.W. of    MAcKEAN, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1378.
Nantes, on the Falleron. It was anciently the capital of    MAcKEANS/BURG, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pennthe duchy of Rete, possessed a strong castle, and was other- sylvania, 10 or 11 miles E. of Pottsville.
wise well fortified, and defended by a citadel. Both castle    MAcKEAN'S OLD STAND, a post-office of Westmoreland
and citadel were demolished by Louis XIV. Pop. 1762.       co.,.Pennsylvania.
MACHEENWARA, m4-cheeh-wftrA,  a town of North-West    MAcKEE'S HALF FALLS, a post-office of Union co.,
H indostan, 4 miles S. of Sutlej, and 20 miles E. of;Loodianah. Pennsylvania.
MACHELEN, m1K/felgn, a village of Belgium, province of    MAcKEESIPORT, a post-borough of Versailles township,
East Flanders, 13 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2672.          Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the MoMAICHEN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.           nongahela River, at the mouth of the Youghiogheny River,
MAcHENIRY, a co. in the N.N.E. part of Illinois, border-  15 miles above Pittsburg. It owes its rapid growth to boating on Wisconsin, has an area of 620 square miles.  The  building, and to the trade in coal, which is found in abunPishtaka or Fox River flows through the eastern part of the  dance about 2 miles from the town. Pop. 3000.
county from N. to S.; it is also drained by the Kishwaukee    MAcKENDREE COLLEGE. See LEBANON, Illinois.
River, and by Nippersink and Piskashaw Creeks. The sur-   MAcKENZIE, mak-k~nfzee, a river of British North Ameface is nearly level, and is diversified with fertile prairies. rica, one of the largest on the globe, rises, under the name
The underlying rock is limestone. It is intersected by the  of Athabasca, in Mount Brown, near the sources of the CoChicago and Galena Railroad, and by the Rock River Valley  lumbia, about lat. 520 N., Ion. 1160 30' W., flows in a torRailroad, the latter of which is unfinished.'Named in  tuous channel N.N.E.,receiving numerous tributaries, and
honor of -    MacHenry, a member of the Illinois legisla- forming several considerable lakes, till it reaches Athabasca
ture. Capital, Woodstock. Pop. 14,979.                     Lake, whose waters it discharges, and receiving Peace River,
MlcHENRY, a post-village of MacHenry co., Illinois, on  800 miles long, continues N. by WV., under the name of Slave
Fox River, 55 miles N.W. of Chicago.                       River, to Great Slave Lake, which it traverses, emerging
MACIHIERLA, ml-shl/aIi, a town of British India, presi- at its S.W. extremity; it then takes the name of Mackenzie,
dency of Madras, district and 70 miles.W. of Guntoor.      and flows in a general N.N.W.. course, receiving in ]at. 590
MACHERRY, a principality of Ilindostan. See ALVAR.   30' N. the waters of Great Bear Lake, till it reaches the
MACHIANA, m~-che-Inii, a small island of Brazil, at the  Arctic Ocean, which it enters by numerous mouths; its
mouth of the Amazon River, between the islands of Joannes  westernmost being in lat. 680 49' N., Ion. 1350 37' W., hayand Caviana, in lat. 00 5' S., ion. 490 40' W.             ing traversed more than 160 of latitude. Its entire length
MACHIAS, match-Iags, port of entry and seat of justice of  has been estimated at 2500 miles. Its largest tributaries,
Washington co, Maine, on Machias River, near its mouth, beside those above mentioned, are IHay River and the Turn204 miles N.E. of Portland. The industry of the inhabitants again, the latter entering it from  the W., and the former
is chiefly directed to the coast trade and ship-building. The  through Great Slave Lake. The Mackenzie flows through
shipping of the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to an  a vast plain, and is said to be generally navigable, except
aggregate of 3507 tons registered, and 22,645 tons en- along the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it is interrolled and licensed: nearly all of the latter was employed  rupted by cascades. Where it falls into Great Slave Lake,
in the coast trade. The number of clearances for foreign  the river is above a mile broad. An extensive deposit of
ports during the year was 31, tons 6611, of which 6427 were  lignite accompanies its course and its estuary westward.
in American bottoms. During the same period 2 ships, 9  Forts Simpson, Norman, and Good Hope, are on its banks.
brigs, and 15 schooners, with an aggregate burthen of 4166 It was discovered and first navigated by Alexander Maotons, were admeasured. Pop. of the township, 1590.        kenzie, in 1789, from whom it took its name
MACHIAS, a post-village and township of Cattaraugus    MACKENZIE, a river of N. Australia, about'lat. 230 36t
co., New York, about 40 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1342. S., flowing from the W. Coal is found alone its course.
MACHIAS PORT, a post-village and seaport of Washing-   MACKENZIE ISLANDS, a group in the North Pacific, be..
ton co., Maine, at the mouth of Machiss River, 200 miles N. longing to the Caroline Islands. Lat. 100 N., Ion. 1400 E.
E. of Portland. It has an excellent harbor and an exten-   MACKENZIE POINT is a cape in Cook's Inlet, Russian
sive trade in lumber and the fisheries. The Franklin Rail- America.
road connects it with Whitneyville, 9 miles distant. Pop.   MACKtEREL CORNER, a post-office of Carroll co., New
of the township, 1266.                                    Hampshire.
~ MACHIAS RIVER, a fine mill-stream in the S.E. part of    MACK/FORD, a small village of Dodge co., Wisconsin.
Maine. in Washington co., falls into Machias Bay.           MACKFORD, a post-village and township of Marquette
MACHINE, LA, 1a ma'sheent, a market-town of France, co., Wisconsin, 50 miles N.N.E. of Madison. Pop. 520.
department of Nilvre, arrondissement of Decize. P. 2267.   MACKINAC, pronounced and often written MI A KlINAW',
1109




MA0                                                        MAC
or MICHILIMACKINAC, mish'il-e-makte-naw, a post-village,    MAcMATHSt, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.
capital of Michilimackinac county, Michigan, on an island    MAcM:PE/KIN'S, a post-village of Fairfield district, Soutl'
of the same name in Lake Huron, about 320 miles by water Carolina.
N.N.W. of Detroit. Lat. 450 54' N., ion. 840 30' W. It is plea-  1MAoMII/LAN'S, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.
santly situated around a small bay at the south-eastern part   MAcMINNI, a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee, has
of the island. The harbor is safe, and deep enough for large an area estimated at 480 square miles. The Hiawassee Rives
vessels. Fort Mackinaw stands on a rocky height, 150 feet forms its S.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Chestua
above the village, which it commands. Here is an agency  Creek. The surface is an inclined plane sloping to the S.W
for Indian affairs. The village contains a court-house, 2 or The soil'is fertile. The great railroad of East Tennessee
3 churches, and numerous stores. The trade of Mackinac, passes through the county. Capital, Athens. Pop. 13,906;
in 1851, was computed at $356,218. Large numbers of fish  of whom 12,338 were free, and 1568 slaves.
are exported from  this place. Pop. in 1853, 1200.  See   MAcMINNIVILLE, a post-village, capital of Warren co.,
MICHILIMACKI.NAC.                                          Tennessee, on the MacMinnville and Manchester Railroad,
MACKINAW, a post-village in Tazewell co., Illinois, 55  75 miles S.E. of Nashville.
miles N.N.E. of Springfield.                                 MAcNABI, a township and post-village of Canada West,
MACKINAW  CREEK, of Illinois, falls into the Illinois  co. of Renfrew, on the Ottawa River, about 85 miles N. of
River, in Tazewell county.                                 Kingston. Pop. of the township about 1500.
MAcKINILEY, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama.         MAcNAIRY, mak-n ree, a county in the S.S.W. part of
MAcKINtNEY, a post-village, capital of Collin co., Texas,   Tennessee, bordering on Mississippi, has an area estimated
is situated near the East Fork of the Trinity River, 235 at 570 square miles. The South Fork of Forked Deer River
miles N. of Austin City. It is surrounded by a rich farming  rises within its limits, and it is also drained by a creek which
district. Settled since 1846.                             flows intd the Hatchie River. This county occupies part of
MAcKINNEY'S, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.    the table-land between the Tennessee and Hatchie Rivers.
MAcKINNEY'S, a station on the Williamsport and Elmira  Capital, Purdy. Pop. 12,864; of whom 11,471 were free, and
Railroad, near Williamsport, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.   1393 slaves.
MAcKINSITRY'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., lKa    MAcNEAN, mak-neenf, (UrPPER and LOWER,) 2 lakes of
ryland.                                                   Ireland, Ulster and Connaught, counties of Fermanagh and
MAcKISfSACK'S, a small post-village of Fremont co., Iowa. Leitrim, about 9 miles S.W. of Enniskillen.
MACKSIBURG, a post-office of Giles oo., Virginia.         MAcNEIL'S (mak-neelz!) HARBOUR, an inlet, on VanMACK'S PLACE, a post-office of St. Clair co., Michigan.   couver's Island, lat. 500 39' N., Ion. 1270 10' W.
MACKSIVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Mississippi.   MAcNEIL'S FER/RY, a post-office of Cumberland co.,
MACKSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Randolph co., North Carolina.
Indiana, near White River, and 69 miles E.N.E. of Indian-   MAcNUTTV,  a post-village, capital of Sunflower co., Misapolis, has a large flouring-mill and saw-mills.          sissippi, about 90 miles in'a direct line N. of Jackson. It
MACKSVILLE, a village of Vigo oo., Indiana, 1 or 2 miles  has been laid out within a few years.
W. of Terre Haute.                                           MACOMB, ma-kooml, a county in the S.E. part of MichiMACKVILLE, a post-village in Washington co., Kentucky, gan, bordering on Lake St. Clair, contains 450 square miles.
35 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort.                              It is drained by the Clinton River and its branches. The
MACKIWORTH, a pgrish of England, co. of Derby.           surface in the E. part is level, and heavily timbered; the W.
MAcLAIN'S (mak-lAnz) MILLS, a post-office of Waldo co., part is more rolling and occupied by oak openings. The soil
Maine.                                                     is deep and fertile. The Clinton River affords water-power,
MAcLAUGHLINSVILLE, mak-lHllinss-vili, a village of  and is navigable to the capital, Mount Clemens. P. 15.530.
Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles in a direct   MACOMB, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., Newt York,
line E.N.E. of Pittsburg.                                  on the Oswegatchie River and Black Lake, about 140 miles
MAcLEAN, ma-klaint, a county in the central part of Illinois, N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 1197. The St. Lawrence Mining
has an area of 1150 square miles. It is drained by Mackinaw, Company, with a capital of $72,000, was incorporated, SepKickapoo, Salt, and Sugar Creeks, which all rise within its tember 1851, for the purpose of working the lead-mines of
limits. The surface consists mostly of extensive open plains this township. In May, 1852, their capital was increased to
or prairies; the soil is deep, and very fertile. Beds of stone- $360,000.
coal and building-stone are found in several places. The    MACOMB, a post-township in the central part of Macomb
Chicago and Mississippi Railroad intersects the Central co., Michigan. Pop. 75'7.
Railroad at Bloomington, the capital. Named in honor of    MACOMB; a thriving post-village, capital of MacDonough
the H]on. John McLean, member of Congress from Illinois. co., Illinois, on the Military Tract Railroad, 85 miles W.N.W.
Pop. 10,163.                                               of Springfield. It is pleasantly situated on a fertile prairie.
MACLEAN, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York, on  It is the largest place in the county, and contains a court
Fall Creek, about 150 miles W. of Albany. It has several house and several churches. Pop. in 1853, about 1400.
churches and mills.                                          MACOMER, mg-ko-mairl, a village in the island of Salc
MACLEAN, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 775.       dinia, division of Sassari, E.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1650.
MAcLEANSMBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Hamil-   MACON, m5'kSoNl, (anc. Matislce,) a town of France, departton co., Illinois, 160 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It contains, ment of SaSne-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Salne, 33
besides the county buildings, a few stores.                miles S. of Chalons. It is irregularly built, with narrow,
MAcLEAN'S RETREAT, a post-office of Daviess co., Ken- ill-formed streets. The quay is broad, high, and of great
tucky.                                                     length, and is lined by several good houses and cafes.  A
MAcLEAN'S STORE, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi. bridge of 12 arches, sometimes attributed to Coesar, connects
MAcLEANSrVILLE, a village in Jackson cc., Tennessee, the town with that of St. Laurent, on the opposite bank.
80 miles N.E. by E. of Nashville.                          The principal edifices are the Infirmary, Maison de la Charit6,
MAcLEARN'S, a station on the Connecticut and Passump- hIospice de la Providence, HNtel de Ville, and HOtel de la
sic Rivers Railroad, in Barnet township, Caledonia co., Ver- Prdfecture, formerly the bishop's palace. Mlcon possesses
mont, 7 miles from St. Johnsbury.                          courts of first resort and commerce, an agricultural and
MAcLEAY, ma-klIA, a navigable river of East Australia, scientific society, a royal college, and primary normal school.
in the territory N. of' New South Wales, enters the Pacific  Pop. in 1852, 12,653.
Ocean, 65 miles N. of Port Macquaiie.                        MACON, mtkONGI, a town of Belgium, province of HalMacLEAY, a squatting district of East Australia, having  nault, West Chimay.  Pop. 800.
E. the Pacific. Pop. 466.                                    MACON, mA/kofi. a county near the W. extremity of North
MAcLEAY, an island in Moreton Bay, a river of the co. Carolina, bordering on Georgia and Tennessee, area estimated
of St. Vincent, New South Wales, and a mountain range at 600 square miles. Itis intersected by Tennessee River. The
near Darling Downs.                                        Iron or Smoky Mountain forms the boundary on the N.W.,
MACLEMORE'S COVE, a village of Walker co., Georgia.  and the Blue Ridge extends near the S.E. border. Iron is
MAcLEMORESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Carroll found in the mountains. Capital, Franklin. Formed in
co., Tennessee, 114 miles W. by S. of Nashville. It is the  1828, and named in honor of Nathaniel Macon, United States
seat of Bethel College, a flourishing institution, under the  senator from North Carolina. Pop. 6389; of whom 5840 were
direction of the Cumberland Presbyterians, and contains 3 free, and 549 slaves.
churches, 6 stores, and a tobacco factory.                  MACON, a county in the S.W. central part of Georgia, has
MAcLEN/NAN, a new county in the central part of Texas, an area of 366 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by
has an area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by  Flint River, and also drained by Juniper, Whitewater, and
the Brazes River, and also drained by the Bosque, Middle  Buck's Creeks.  The surface is level, and the soil mostly
Bosque, and South Bosque Rivers. The surface is uneven, productive.  The county is intersected by the Muscogee
and consists partly of prairies. Formed since 1850. Capital, Railroad, andinpartby the South-western Railroad. Capital,
Waco. Pop. very sparse.                                   Lanier. Pop. 7052; of whom 4091 were free, and 2961 slaves.
MAcLEOD, mkl16wdf, a lake and fort of British North    MACON, a county in the E. part of Alabama, bordering
America, West Territory, lat 550 N., Ion. 1220 15' W.    on Georgia, has an area of 850 square miles. It is drained
MacLEOD'S, a post-village of Greene co., Mississippi.  by the Eufaukee Creek, and other affluents of the Tallapoosa
MAcMAIH ON'S CREEK, of Belmont co., Ohio, flows into  River, which forms part of the N.W. boundary. The Montthe Ohio River, about 5 miles below Wheeling.            gomery and West Point Railroad passes through the county.
MAcMANIUS, a village of Greene co., Mississippi.       Organized about the year 1834, previous to which it was
1110




MAC                                                      MTAD
included in the Creek Indians' territory. Capital, Tuskegee. between lat. 310 and 320 S., and Ion. 1520 and 1530 E. Area
Pop. 26,898; of whom 11,302 were free, and 15,596 slaves.   2800 square miles. Pop. 1973. It is watered by the TiastMACON, a county in the N. part of Tennedsee, bordering  ings River and its affluents.  With Gloucester and Stanley
on IKentucky; area estimated at 280 square miles. It is it returns 1 member to the Legislative Council.
drained by affluents of Big Barren River.  The surface is   MAcQUARIE, called by the natives WAM1BOOLt, aconsider.
uneven, the soil is generally fertile.  Capital, Lafayette. able river of East Australia, is formed by the junction ofthe
Pop. 6948, of whom 6182 were free, and 766 slaves.        Fish and Campbell Rivers, counties of Bathurst and Weste
MACON, a county in the central part of Illinois, has an  moreland, flows N.W., to lat. 300 455 S., ion. 1470 10' E.,
area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the  where it loses itself in marshes, whence issue tributaries to
North or principal branch of Sangamon River. The surface the river Darling. Total course about 280 miles.
is generally level, and consists of open plains or prairies,    MAcQUARIE, a river of Van IDiemen's Land,(Tasmania,)
diversified by small tracts of timber  the soil is highly  flows N. through the county of Somerset, and joins Lalke
productive. The Central Railroad and the Northern Cross River. Affluonts, the Blackman, Elizabeth, and Isis.
Railroad pass through the county. Capital, Decatur.  Pop.   MAcQUARIE, an inlet of Foveaux Strait, New Zealand,
5988.                                                     at the southern extremity of the Middle Island. Lat. 466
MACON, a bounty towards the N. part of Missouri, has 20' S., Ion. 1670 50' E.
an area of 830 square miles. It is intersected by Chariton    MAcQUARIE, a seaport town of New South Wales, capital
River, and by its East fork; the E. part is drained by the  of a county of the same name, at the mouth of the Hiastings,
South fork of Salt. River, and the W. part by Wolf Creek. 195 miles N.E. of Sydney; lat. 310 25/ S., Ion. 1520 571 E.
Capital, Bloomington. Pop. 6585, of whom 6262 were free, Vessels drawing more than 9 feet of water are not able to
and 303 slaves.                                           enter the harbor with safety.
MACON, a flourishing city, capital of Bibb co., Georgia, is   MacQUARIE IItARBOR, Van Diemen's Land,(Tasmania,)
situated on both sides of the Ocmulgee River, where it is is on its W. coast, between lat. 420 12' and 420 30' S., and
crossed by the Centra:l Railroad, 191 miles W.N.W. of Sa- ion. 11450 15' and 1450 35' E.
vannauh, 100 miles S.E. of Atlanta, and 30 miles S.W. of    MAcQUARIE ISLIAND, in the South Pacific.  Lat. 540
Milledgeville..  The Macon and Western Railroad connects 50' S., ion. 1590 E. Length, N. to S., about 25 miles; breadth
with the Central Railroad at this place, which is also the  4 miles.
terminus of the South-Wesern Railroad, leading to Ogle-   MAcQUARIE LAKIE, of East Australia, New South Wales,
thorpe. Macon is the third city of the state in population  co. of Northumberland, is an irregular lagoon, communiand importance, and is the centre of an active trade. eating with the sea by the inlet Reid's Mistake.
Steamboats can ascend the river as high as this place,   MAcQUARIE  MOUNTAINS, a range W. of New South
which is the head of navigation. The city contains a com- Wales, between the rivers Lachlan and Murrumbidgee. Macmodious court-house, a market-house, 7 churches, 4 banks, quarie is the prefixed name of numerous localities in New
1 academy,, and the Georgia Female College. The latter is a  South Wales.
four-storied brick building, 160 feet by 60, finely situated    MAcQUARIE POR0T, a harbor of East Australia, 190 miles
on an eminence.  Five or six newspapers are published  N.N.E. of Sidney. Lat. 310 27' S., ion. 1530 50' E. It receives
here. A bridge, about 380 feet long, connects the opposite  the IIastings River.
banlks of the river. Rose Hill Cemetery, situated on the    MACRA. See MAGRA.
Ocmulgee, half a mile above the city, is much,admired    MACRAE'SI MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co., North
by visitors. On -the bank of the river, a few miles below  Carolina.
Macon, is an isolated eminence, known as Lamar's Mound,   MACRAE'S (ma-krAzt) STORES, a post-office of Telfair co.,
which appears to be the work of nature, although several Geolria.
artificial mounds occur in the vicinity. The western front   MACRI, a town and gulf of Asia Minor. See MAxrirE.
of this is rugged and precipitous, and the summit is occu-   MACRIGNY, m&t-kreenlyee, a village of European Turkey,
pied by a level area of 50 acres. Pop. in 1850, 5953; in  on the Sea of Marmora, 2 miles from Constantinople, where
1853, about 7000.                                          are extensive iron works, and a model farm.
MACON, a village of Clarke co., Alabama, about 134 miles    MACRINITZA, ml-kree-neet'sl, a town of European TurS. by W. of Tuscaloosa.                                    key, Thessaly, about 65 miles E. of Trikhala. Pop. 2000.
MACON, a post-village of Marengo co., Alabdna, 56 miles    MACRIS. See MACRONIsz.
S. of Tuscaloosa.                                            MACRONISI, mr-kro-neelsee, (ane. Macris or llelena,) an
MACON, a post-village, capital of Noxubee  co., Missis- island in the Grecian Archipelago, off the S.E. extremity of
sippi, on the Noxubee River, 125 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. Livadie; greatest length 8 miles. average breadth 2 miles.
It is situated in a fertile cotton-planting district, and has   IMACR0OOM, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, co. and
some trade.                                                20~ miles WV. of Cork, on the Sulloane. Pop. 4794. It is
MACON, a post-village in Fayette co., Tennessee, 190  finely situated, but consists chiefly of cabins. It has an
miles W.S.W. of Nashville.                                 Anglo-Norman castle, now tastefully restored.
MIACON, a post-township forming the N.WV. extremity of    MAcSIIER/RYSTOWN, a p9st-village of Adams co., PennLenawee co., Michigan. Pop. 1030.                          sylvania, about 12 miles E. of Gettysburg. Pop. 306.
MACON BAYOU, of Louisiana, commences near the N.E.   MACTAN, mak-t~nt, a small island of the Philippines,
extremity of Carroll parish, and flowing in a S.S.W. course, Malay Archipelago, E. of Zebu. Magellan  was killed here
unites with Tensas River on the W. border of Tensas parish. in 1521.
In high water it is navigable about 150 miles.               MACUGNAGA, mz-koon-yiga, (L..iacsniaca,) a village
MACON DEPOT, a post-village of Warren co., North Carn- of Piedmont, near the head of the Val d'Anzasca, 19 miles
lina, on the Gaston and Raleigh Railroad, and 67 miles  S.W. of Domo d'Ossola. 
N.N.E. of Raleigh.                                           MACULLAII, a town of Arabia. See  AKALAH.
MACONNOIS or MACONNAIS, LE, leh. mh`kon'nU!, (L.   MACUN/GY, a former post-township of Lehigh co., Penn-.tmdui Matisconnenfses), a co. and small district of France, sylvania, divided into Upper and Lower Macungy.
which formerly depended on the province of Burgundy, but   MAcV.EY/TOWVN, formerly WAYNESBURG, a thriving
now forms the arrondissement of Macon, in the department post-borough of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank
of Sa~ne-et-Loire.                                         of the Juniata River, 11 miles above Lewistown. The PennMACON RIVER, of Michigan, is formed by three branches  sylvania Canal and Central Railroad pass through the place.
which unite in Monroe co.; it enters the Raisin River about The adjacent hills abound in iron ore, which is manufactured
12 miles above Monroe City.                                here. Pop. in 1850, 580; in. 1853, about 800.
MACORABA. See MeccA.                                       MACWHINITERSVILLE, a post-office of Davidson co.,
MACOSIQUIN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of London- Tennessee.
derry.                                                       MAcWVILILIAMSTOWN, a post-office of Chester co., PennMACOT, mg'sotf, a village of the Sardinian States, Savoy, sylvania.
on the Jsere, E.N.E. of Moutiers. Pop. 1247.                 MADA, NAoY, nodj mohldlhb, a market-town of Hungary,
MIACOTERA, mi-ko-t&/ri, a town of Spain, Leon, province  co. of Szabolcs, 31 miles S.S.E. of Zemplin. Pop. i618.
and 24 miles from Salamanca. Pop. 1960.                      MADAGASCAR, mad'a-gas/kar, (called by the natives
MACOUPIN, ma-koo/pin, a co. in the W.S.W. part of Ill- Mladecasse, mrd-e-lksse,  or _loadegasse, md-e-gdsse;  L.
nois, has an area of 800 square miles. It is drained by the  3hadagasca-ria,) a great island in the Indian Ocean, geneMaconpin, Otter, and Cahokia Creeks, from the first of which  rally considered as appertaining to Africa. It extends from
the name is derived. The surface is moderately diversified, Cape Amber, its most N. point, lat. 110 57' S., to Cape St.
and the soil excellent. The county is intersected by the Mary, its most S., lat. 250 42' S., a distance of nearly 1000
Alton and Springfield Railhoad, and by the Alton and Terre miles. The greatest breadth hardly exceeds 350 miles; and
Haute Railroad. Capital, Carlinville. Pop. 12,355.         its average breadth cannot much exceed 240 miles. Area
MACOUJPIN, a township in Macoupin co., Illinois. P. 72. estimated at 24Q,000 square miles. From the nearest shores
MACOUPIN CREEKIt, Illinois, has its sources in Maconpin  of Africa, (at Mozambiquq) Madagascar is distant 106 geoco., and joins the Illinois River, about 20 miles from its graphical miles; from the Cape of Good HIope, 600 miles;
mouth.                                                    from the Mauritius, 186 miles; and from the Isle of BourMACOUR. an island in the Bed Sea. See EMERALD.           bon, 150 miles.
MACOWAL, mg-kotw/l, a town of British India, Punjab,    Alountains. —The intefnor of Madagascarhas been but little
40 miles N.E. of Loodianah.                                explored by Europeans. A tract bf elevated land, rising by
MACQUARIE, mak-kwvrlee, a co. of New South Wales, successive terraces, extends N. and S. throughout the island.
1111




MAD                                                         MAD
The N. half assumes a mountainous  character. It is only at trees and shrubs yielding gum  elastic, (India rubber,) and
the S.E. extremity of the island that the high land reaches the zozoro or papyrus, peculiar to the island. Ginger, pep.
the sea; everywhere else the coast is bordered by a broad  per, and indigo, grow wild in the woods; cotton, sugar-cane
seam of low and level land, sometimes below the level of the  tobacco, and hemp, are also cultivated. Except in the N.W.
sea. from which latter it is protected only by the beachthrown  and W., where the Sakalavas subsist chiefly on arrow-root,
up by the surf. This tract of low land has on the E. side  the principal food of the Madagassy is rice, of which grain
of Madagascar, a width varying from 20 to 50 miles; on the  they cultivate 11 species, and yet its introduction into the
W., it is double that extent; it is overspread with marshes, interior is said to be comparatively recent; the cocoa nut,
snd is the chief seat of the malignant fevers. The most (on the coast,) the plantain and banana are of still later
elevated table land ofMadagascar, as yet known to Europe- date. Several kinds of yams, manioc, maize, millet, beans,
ans, is included in tihe kingdom of Ankova, nearly in the  &c., add to the general abundance. Besides the native fruits,
middle of the island, and supposed to lie from 4000 to 5000  the orange, peach, citron, mulberry, and even grapes, introfeet above sea-level.' It is nearly surrounded by mountains duced by Europeans, are now widely diffused over the island:
-those of Angavo on the E., and Ankaratra on the S.W., coffee is found to thrive well, and 10 or 12 vegetable oils are
attaining an absolute height perhaps of from 9000 to 10,000  made for home consumption.
feet, being reckoned among the highest of the island: The    Zoology.-There are few formidable wild animals in Madacentral plateau seems also to be surrounded on all sides by  gascar, and the list of its beasts of prey embraces only an
a belt of thick forest, which reaches down to the maritime  ounce or small leopard, the wild dog, wild cat, and bushyplains,and in some few pointsextends even to the sea-shore. tailed fox. Crocodiles are numerous in most of the rivers.
Rivers.-The rivers of Madagascar are exceedingly nume- Snakes of great size are often met with; a species of ostrich is
rous; indeed, there is hardly another country in the world  said to haunt the deserts. Apes are numerous in the woods.
so copiously watered; yet few of them offer, even to a mode- The horned cattle, in which chiefly consists the wealth of
rate extent, the advantages of internal navigation.  They  the Madagassy, are of the hunched kind, like those of India.
fall rapidly from  the highland of the interior, and then  There are, however, wild cattle in the forests which have no
spread into lakes in the low maritime regions, so that they  hunch. Horses have recently been introduced.
reach the sea-shore with slow and feeble streams, unable to    People, Customs, &c.-The population of Madagascar at
overcome the tides and currents of the ocean; hence their  the present day affords, in variety of feature and complexmouths, particularly on the W. coast, are all barred. On  ion, proofs of its having sprung from different races; while,
the N.W. side of the island, where the elevated coast is on the other hand, the perfect unity of language throughout
broken into inlets and deep bays, the rivers which flow into  the island exhibits such a complete blending of these various
these are often accessible, and navigable in boats to some  races as could have been effected only by the operation of
distance.  The largest of these rivers is the Betsibooka, assimilating influences during many ages. The ruling race
which falls into the Bay of Bombetoka, nearly in lat. 160 S. in Madagascar is also the fairest. The Hoves, or Ovahs, who
This inlet, about 30 feet deep, is divided into two parts by a  have established their sway over nearly the whole island,
promontory on its E. side; the lower portion, towards the  are distinguished from the other natives by their light olive
sea, forms a secure and capacious harbor, capable of holding  complexion, the absence of thick lips, and by their active
the largest fleets; the upper portion is a shallow lagoon, figures; they are well made, but rather under the middle
navigable only by vessels of little draught.  Boats can  size. The Sakalavas, who possess the W. coast from the S.
ascend the Betsibooka to a distance of 160 miles.           limit of Menabb to Cape Amber, are quite black, with thick
Lakes.-The low coasts exhibit, not unfrequently, chains  lips, crisped or woolly hair, but not depressed features.
of lakes, running parallel and close to the sea-shore, formed, They are tall, strong, and vigorous, very frank and courain some cases, by the overflowing of the barred rivers; in  geous, and, though  inferior to the  Ilovas in aptitude,
others, by the sea; and are fresh or salt according to circum- appear superior to them  in many noble qualities.  These
stances. At Ivondru, near Tamatave, on the E. coast, the  are the extremes of the fair and dark races. The Betsileo
chain of lakes, beginning with that of Nossi V6, (many  tribe are of a light copper color, with thick lips, and long
islands,) extends above:150 miles along the coast, and the  hair. Some families of the Antaym.r, in Matitana, lay claim
portages. between the lakes, rarely exceeding half a mile, to an Arabian origin, and call themselves Zafyndramina.
it affords a ready means of communication with Andeve- the children of Amino. On the E, coast may be found also
rande, whence the road proceeds to the capital, and also with  many families of Indian and of French descent.
the river Manguru. In the interior of the island are seve-   The chief distinction of a great man is to have many
ral lakes —known chiefly by report.                         wives, although polygamy is familiarly called by a name
Geologsy.-According to the missionary accounts, the pre- which signifies "the cause of strife."  The number of wives
vailing rocks are granite, syenite; and pure quartz; but permitted depends on the man's rank, but must be less tlhan
they mention, also, a long series of stratified rocks, which  12; the possession of a dozen being reserved to the king
probably compose the subordinate ridges, or nearly all be- alone. As silversmiths, gunsmiths, and carpenters, the inyond the central heights; these are clay-slate, graywacke, habitants rapidly acquire the art of Europeans; and, with
sandstone, limestone of different ages, some containing fos- looms of the rudest construction, they make excellent and
sil reptiles; and some being fine marble. The chief deposits  handsome cloths. The religious opinions of the Madagassy
of iron lie in the neighborhood of the volcanic rocks. The  are nowhere clearly set forth. They appear to believe in a
gold and silver mines, so much extolled by the early advo- good and an evil principle, but their chief objects of worship
cates of colonization in Madagascar, are now  no longer  are idols, rendered formidable by the arts of their guardian
heard of. They have, however, copper, manganese, plumn- priests.
bago, rock-salt, an important article of inland trade; nitre,    Government. —The government of Madagascar seems to be
sulphur from  pyrites, and it is said that excellent coal had  a monarchical despotisnt. Public assemblies are still called
been found near the sources of a river falling into the Bet. and addressed by the sovereign, but not consulted. The
sibooka.                                                    monarchy is hereditary; but the order of succession apClimnate.-The heat, on the coasts, is often intense; but on  pears not to be fixed, the reigning sovereign affecting to
the highland of Ankova, the thermometer rarely rises above  appoint his successors. A body of judges sits constantly in
850; in the winter it often sinks, at the same place, to 400;  public to hear complaints and settle disputes, but they are
hail and sleet are frequent, and it is said that ice is often  not guided by any written code of laws. Previous to the
found in the mountains of Ankaratra. On the coasts, the  close of the last century, the island appears to have been
rains are nearly constant, beginning in the evening and  divided among a great number of independent tribes; but
lasting sometimes all night; in the interior, the winter is  at present the number of provinces is about 25, each being
dry and agreeable. The Madagascar fever of the coasts is  governed by a chief subject to the king.
as fatal to the natives of the interior as to Europeans; and    Histor.-The English established a factory in St. Angusyet only Ankova, with some elevated spots at the N. extre-  tine's in 1644, but the climate, and hostility of the natives,
mity of the island, and at the S., near Fort Dauphin, are  compelled them to abandon it at the end of two years. The
exempt from it.                                              French East India Company made settlements on the E.
Vegetation.-Although the interior of Madagascar remains coast as early as 1642; they, too, were forced to yield to the
still unexplored by botanists, enough is known of the vege- climate. Their attempts to colonize the E. coast were retable productions  of the island to prove their richness and  commenced in 1745, and again failed; and, in 1773, the
variety. Of 400 plants collected there, 100 are altogether celebrated  adventurer, Benyowsky, encouraged  by the
new, and 200 more form new species. The most important French court, conducted an expedition to Antongil Bay,
trees are the Baobab, (Adansonia,) the Ravinala, (Urania  but, being thwarted and maligned by the colonists of the
speciosa,) Filao, (Casuarina Equisetifolia,) the Rafia, a Sa- Isle of France, he too perished. The Isle of France, or
gus, from the filamentous leaves of which is made a kind  Mauritius, having fallen into the hands of the English, and
of cloth, while the stem furnishes a drink like spruce-beer.  the French factories on the coast of Madagascar having been
The Avoha, which furnishes the materials ot a coarse  always considered as depending on that colony, the governor,
sort of paper; the Ambaravatsi, (Tapia edulis,) feeding the  Sir Robert Farquhar, claimed, by proclamation, in 1816,
native silk-worm; the Areca; three species of Pandamus,  the sovereignty of Madagascar.  This was an important
(bamboo;) the Azaina, yielding a gum  greatly valued as a  epoch in the history of that island. Badama, born in 1792,
powerful cement; copal and other gums, ebony; the Rl- succeeded to the throne of Ankova in 1808.  Having
vinteara. (Agatbophyllut a-romaticurn,) which produces a  been sent to Great Britain to be educated, he returned to
highly fragrant all-spied; besides these are numerous dye. Tanlnarive in 1817.  This prince abolished infanticide,
hag woods, varieties of Indian fig; tama'inds, sugar-cane  and discouraged, as much as possible, the belief in witch1112




MAD                                                       MAD
craft and other superstitions. HIe formed a regular army, cliffs, or along the front of precipices overhanging the
on the model of the Indian sepoys, trained by General sea. The mountain steeps of Madeira are clothed with a
(originally Serjeant) Brady, a West Indian mulatto. With  remarkably rich and luxuriant verdure. Terraces are visithis force, 30,000 including artillery, he subdued the whole  pie on every side, and eveiry available and accessible spot is
island. He meditated opening roads and canals, and actu-  turned to advantage.  The richest vine district, and the
ally commenced cutting through the necks of land which  part where grows the Malmsey grape, is the valley of the
separate the lakes along the coast. ile encouraged the Pro- Cama de Lobos, on the S. side of the island. In good years,
testant missionaries, and, above all, their schools, which, at  the quantity of wine produced is 25,000 pipes; in recent
the time of his death, had increased to more than 100, af- times, however, it has been reduced to 15,000 pipes; and, in
fording the means of instruction to nearly 5000 children. 1852, a disease having destroyed the vines, the quantity of
In short, Radama, whose principle was that truth and just- wine obtained was only 400 pipes, and so bad in quality as
ice were the foundations of his throne, was one of the most only to be suitable for being made into vinegar.  In the
remarkable civilizers the world has ever seen. He was on  lower portions of the island, groves of orange and lemon
the point of seeing his vast projects crowned with the most trees are mingled with the vineyards; higher up, bananas,
brilliant success, when his queen, a second Clytemnestra,  figs, pomegranates, &c., are seen; and again, still higher,
caused him  to be poisoned in July, 1828. She, with her  the fruits of the temperate zone-namely, apples, currants,
infamous accomplice, succeeded to the throne; and, in a  pears, and peaches. Coffee and arrow-root, both of excellent
short time, manifested her desire to undo, as far as possible, quality, are also grown. Wheat, barley, rye, and Indian
all that he had accomplished. The schools were closed, and  corn are raised, but only to the extent of about one-fifth of
the missionaries left the island in 1835; since which the  the quantity consumed. The climate of Madeira is very
native Christians, who had become numerous, have been  equable, and famed for its salubrity; the mean temperature
subjected to cruel persecution; many of them suffered mar- is 650, and the extremes 740 and 630. It is considered very
tyrdomin 1850. In 1846, the English and F'rench cruisers  healthy, and is much resorted to by invalids, particularly
in those seas, having united in an attempt to humble the  those suffering from pulmonary affections.  Capital, FunHovas, by attacking some forts on the coast, were repulsed  chal. The language of Madeira is Portuguese.
with great loss. Pop. estimated at 4,700,000.-Adj. and inhab.   The group of islands called the MADEIR A ISLANDS) or MAMADEGASSY, mad'e-gas/see, or  IADECASSEE, mad'e-kastsee or IDEia  GROUP, consists of the two islands of Madeira and
mai'gashl, (Fr. M6ALEGAODE, m~l'gsh/.)                    Porto Santo, and the three islets called the Desertas, in
MADAIN, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See MODAIN.            lat. 320 3' to 330 7' N., ion. 160 13' to 160 385' W. This group
MADALENA, a little island of South America, near the S.  appears to have been known to the Romans under the name
coast of Chiloe.                                           of Purpurarire Insulce. They were discovered by Donll Jo.o
MADALENA. See MAGDALENA.                                 Gonzales Zarco, and Tristao Yaz, in 1420; the name MAMADAMPE, ui-dAmfpA, a town of Ceylon, on a river of  DEiRA was given to the principal island, from the magnifithe same name, in a beautiful and fertile country. P. 3000. cent forests of building-timber (in Portuguese,.Madeira)
MADAPOLLAM, mi-d'-pol-lf m/, a maritime town of Bri- which then covered it. Pop. about 110,000. See DEssraAs,
tish India, presidency of Madras, 43 miles E.NE. of Masuli- LAS, and PORTO SANTO.
patam, on the Coromandel coast. It has manufactures of    MADEIRA or MADEIA, m-dOrA, or CAYARI, kI-A-ree,
lon~r cotton cloths,                                        a river of South America, in Brazil, is formed by the junction
MlABAlD, mbhl'dani, a village of Hungary, co. and 11 miles  of the Beni and Mamore, in lat. 100 30' S., Ion. 650 40' W.,
from Komorn. Pop. 1411.                                     whence it flows N.E. 700 miles, and joins the Amazon in 30
MADARAS, mnhfidh'rOshl, a village  of Hungary, Hither  30' S. lat., and about 580 W. ion. Including the Miamore, its
Danube, co. of Bacs. 41 miles S.W. of Szegedin. Pop. 3536.  principal branch, which some consider as the true Miadera,
MADARASZ. mlisd6h'rlss, a market-town of IHungary,  it has a length of from 1500 to 2000 miles, for near 1000 of
o. of Szabolcz, 12 miles W.S.W. of Szegedin. Pop. 7517.    which it is navigable.'or 500 miles from its mouth it is
MADARASZ, a village of Hungary., Thither Theiss, 9 miles  at all times navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet; above this,
from Sznthmiar-Nemeth.  Pop. 1316.                          between lat. 80 50' and 110 S., the navigation is interrupted
MADAWASIKA, a post-township of Aroostook co.,A Maine,  by 17 cataracts; for 500 miles above the cataracts or rapids,
bordering on New Brunswick, about 225 miles N.E. by N. it is navigable for small steamboats. In the lower 500 miles
of Augusta. Pop. 1276.                                      of its course, the depth varies from 27 to 200 feet; above the
MAD'AWAS'KA, a French settlement of New Brunswick, rapids it is generally from 20 to 30 feet. Madeira derives
occupying both sides of the river St. John at intervals for  its name firom the great quantity of timber (Madera) or logs
some 40 miles above the Great Falls.                        brought down by the periodical floods. See IMAsIORE.
MAD/BURY, a township of Strafford co., New Hampshire,   MADEIRA ISLANDS. See MADELRA.
with a station on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 3 miles    MADEIRAVILLE, avillage of Indiana, on the New Albany
from Dover. Pop. 483.                                       and Mlichigan City Railroad, 44 miles S. of Michigan City.
MIADDALENA, LA, lsi-mid-d-lA/na1, an island off the N.   MIADELEY, nmAd/lee, a market-town and parish of England,
coast of Sardinia, 10 miles W. of Longo-Sardo. Pop. 1200. co. of Salop, on the Severn, 14 miles E.S.E. of Shrewsbury.
It has a small town. with a good harbor.                    Pop. in 1851, 8525. It has an iron bridge across the Severn
MADDALONI, md-d-lolnee, a city of Naples, province of  of 1 arch of 100 feet span; a handsome church, a marketTerra di Lavero, 15 miles N.N.E. of Naples. Pop. 11,700. It house, iron-works, manufactures ofporcelain, and coal-mines.
has a royal college, and a noble aqueduct, built by Charles    MADELEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, 4- miles
III., to convey water to the cascades in the royal gardens  W.S.W. of Newcastle, on the London and N. W. Railway.
of Caserta. Maddaloni is supposed to occupy the site of the.IADEIV, milden, a term  of Arabic origin, signifying
ancient Suessula.'" metal" or "mine," furnishing the root of ALMADEN,  KEBMADDEHIJEE, mad'deh-jeel, a considerable villageeof Sind, pAN MADEN, AItGHANA MADEN, &c., which see.
28 miles S.E. of Larkhana. Lat. 270 36' N., Ion. 680 34' E.   MADERA, a river of Brazil.  See MADEIRA.
MAD/DENVILLE, a post-office of IHuntingdon co., Penn-   MADERNO, mg-dkeno, a village of Austrian Italy, gosylvania.                                                   vernment of Milan, 20 miles N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 1452.
MAD/DERTY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.              MADHAJAJRAJPOOR, mnid-haj-rlj-poort, a town of HindosMIAD/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.         tan, province of Rajpootana, 24 miles S.S.E. of Jeypoor.
MADIDOX, a post-office of Hanover co., Virginia.            MADIGNANO. m -deen-yIno, a village of Austrian Italy,
MADDY, LOCI, 1H mid/dee, a large bay of Scotland, in  government of Milan, on the Serio. Pop. 1156.
the Hebrides, on the E. side of the island of N. Uist. It   MADINGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
has numerous branches, and a central group of islands.        MADION, mi/de-on', a Dutch residency of the island of
IMADEFALRA, mi-d't-flf/rA, or METZI)ORF, mnts/doRf, a  Java, on its S. coast, with a town of the same name.
village of Austria, Transylvania, on the Altfiuss, about 80    MADIRAN, m'dee'r8NG1, a town of France, department of
miles from Kronstadt. Pop. 1145.                            Hauter-Pyr6nees, 23 miles N.N.W. of Tarbes. Pop. 1300.
MADEIIURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            MAD/ISON, a county in the E. central part of New York,
MADEIRA, m-d/ee/rn, (Port. pron. mi-dte-ri or mi-dflr/,)  has an area of 620 square miles. It is partly bounded on
an island in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal, the N. by Oneida Lake, and on the E. by the Unadilla River,
about 440 miles off the WV. coast of Morocco. between 320 and is drained by the head branches of the Chenango River.
36' and 320 53' N. lat., and 160 40' and 170 20 WIV. ion. It is Gypsum, water limestone, and common limestone are found
35 miles long, and 12 miles broad. It consists of a mass of  in abundance, and some iron ore and marl occur. It has
volcanic rocks, whose highest peak reaches an elevation of  also a salt spring and two sulphur springs. The Erie Canal,
upwards of 6000 feet. -Through the Wi. half of the island  the Chenango Canal, and the Utica and Syracuse Railroad
runs a central ridge, about 5000 feet high, on which is an  traverse this county. Organized in 1806, and named in
extensive plain called Paul de Serra. From  the central honor of James Madison, fourth president of the United
mass, steep ridges extend to the coast, where they form   States. Capital, Morrisville. Pop. 43,072.
perpendicular precipices of from  1000 to 2000 feet high.   MADISON, a county in the N.E. central part of Virginia.
Thes cliffes are interrupted by a few small bays, where  has an area of 280 square miles. The Rapidan River forms
a richly-cultivated valley approaches the water between  its boundary on the S., S.E., and S.W.; it is also drained by
abrupt precipices, or surrounded by an amphitheatre of  Robertson's and Hazel Rivers, which rise within its limits.
rugged.hills. These narrow bays are the sites of the vil- The Blue Ridge forms the N.W. boundary of the. county;
lages of Maadira. The road round the island is, in many  the surface is diversified by other elevations, and is noted
plz;.es, exceedingly picturesque, passing often between lofty Ifor the sublimity of its scenery. The soil of the valleys is
1113




MAT)                                                       MAD
fertile. Extensive beds of copper ore are found in the Blue  coal and limestone are abundant on the banks of the river
Ridge, but are not worked at present. Organized in 1792. near Alton. The county is intersected by the Altonand
Capital. Madisontown. Pop. 9331; of whom 4607 were free, Terre Haute Railroad, and by the Chicago and Mississippi
and 4724 slaves.                                           Railroad. Capital, Edwardsville. Pop. 20,436.
MADISON, a county in the W. part of North Carolina,   MADISON, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, has an
bordering on Tennessee; area estimated at 450 square miles. area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the St.
It is intersected by French Broad River. The surface is Francis River, and Castor Creek, flowing from N. to S., and
mountainous, the county lying on the S.E. declivity of Bald  also drained by More's and Big Creeks. The soil is generally
Mountain. The land produces good pasturage. The county  thin. Limestone and sandstone are the principal rocks of
was formed in 1850, from Buncombe and Yancey counties, the county. Iron and lead are abundant, and a small quauCapital, Marshall.                                         tity of copper is found in connexion with the lead., The La
MADISON, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, Motto mine, in the N. part of the county, has yielded about
has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the  1,000,000 pounds of lead in a single year. In the N.W. part
North and South Forks of Broad River, which unite at its is a remarkable eminence, called Pilot Knob, which is covered
S.E. extremity. The soil in the northern part is poor, and  with the micaceous oxide of iron. Capital, Fredericktown.
in the south-eastern productive. Gold and granite are found, Population, 6003; of whom 5307 were free, and 696 slaves.
and iron ore is abundant in the county. Capital, Daniels-   MADISON, a new county in the S.W. central part of Iowa,
ville. Pop. 5703; of whom 3770 were free, and 1933 slaves.  has an area of 576 square miles.  The North and Middle
MADISON, a county of Florida, bordering on Georgia  Rivers, affiuents of the Des Moines, traverse the county from
and the Gulf of Mexico, contains about 2500 square miles. W. to E.; it is also drained by Prairie Branch of Middle
It is bounded on the E. by the Suwanee River, and on the  River. The surface comprises extensive prairies; the soil is
W. by the Ocilla River. The surface is undulating. Capital, productive. Large beds of stone-coal are found. Capital,
Madison. P. 5490; of whom 2802 were free, and 2688 slaves. Winterset. Pop. 1179.
MADISON, a county in the N. part of Alabama, bordering   IMADISON, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on the
on Tennessee, has an area of 850 square miles. It is inter-  E. side of Kennebec River, about 35 miles N. of Augusta.
sected by Flint and Paint Rock Creeks, aeffluents of the Ten- Pop. 1769.
nessee River, which forms the S. boundary. The surface is    MADISON, a post-village and township of New Haven co.,
hilly; the soil is very fertile and extensively cultivated. Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, and on the New HIaven
Limestone underlies a large part of the surface. A railroad  and New London Railroad, 21 miles E. of New Haven. The
has been commenced between Winchester, Tennessee, and  village contains a Congregational and a Methodist church,
Huntsville, the county seat. Madison county is one of the  an academy, and several stores. Manufacturing and shipmost densely peopled portions of the state. Pop. 26,427; of  building are carried on to a considerable extent. Pop. of the
whom 12,101 were free, and 14,326 slaves.                  township, 1837.
MADISON, a county in the W. central part of Mississippi,   MADISON, -a post-village and township of Madison co.,
has an area of about 740 square miles. The Pearl River  New York, on the Chenango Canal, and on the Cherry Yalley
forms its boundary on the S.E., and the Big Black washes Turnpike, 95 miles W. by N. of Albany. The village conits N.W. border. The soil is productive. The railroad pro- tains 2 or 3 churches, Brookfield Academy, and several stores.
jected from Jackson to Tennessee will pass through the  Pop. of the township, 2405; of the village, 315.
county. - Capital; Canton. Pop. 18,173, of whom 4330 were    MADISON, formerly BOTTLE HILL, a post-village in
free, and 13,843 slaves.                                   Chatham  township, Morris co., New Jersey, on the Moiris
MADISON, a parish in the N.E. part of Louisiana, border- and Essex Railroad, about 14 miles, W. of Newark, contains
ing on the Mississippi, contains 640 square miles.  It is 2 churches, an academy, and above 100 houses.
bounded on the W. by Macon Bayou, and intersected by the    MADISON, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.
navigable river Tenses. Jrhe surface is low; the soil is  Pop. 1151.
alluvial and fertile.  Capital, Richmond.  Pop. 8773; of    M'ADISON, a township, Clarion co., Pennsylvania. P. 1365.
whom 1420 were free, and 7353 slaves.                        MADISON, a township, Columbia co., Pennsylvania. P. 712.
MADISON, a new county towards the E. part of Texas,   MADISON; a township, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. P. 579.
formed in 1850 from Grimes and Walker counties, has an    MADISON, atownship, Montour co., Pennsylvania. P. 1255.
area of about 580 square miles, bounded on the E. by the   IMADISON, a township pf Perry co., Pennsylvania. P. 1292.
navigable river Trinity, and drained by Bidais Creek.        MADISON, a post-village of Westmoreland co., PennsylMADISON, a county in the N.W. partof Arkansas, border- vania, on the Hlempfield Railroad, 6 miles S.W. Greensburg.
ing on Missouri, contains 1030 square miles. It is drained    MADISON, a station on the Orange and Alexandria Rail.
by the main fork of White River, by War Eagle River, and  road, 4 miles from Gordonsville, Virginia.
by King's River. The surface is diversified by hills and val-    MADISON, a post-village of Rockingham co., North Caroleys; the soil is generally fertile. An active emigration has  line, on Dan River, at the confluence of the Mayo3 116 miles
been directed to this section for a few years past. Capital, N.W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 400.
Huntsville. P. 4823; of whom 4659 were free, and 164 slaves.   MADISON, a flourishing post-village, capital of Morgan
MADISON, a county in the S.W. part of Tennessee, has  co., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 103 miles W. of Auan area estimated at 550 square miles: It is traversed by  gusta, and 43 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville. It has a pleathe South Fork of the Forked Deer River, and the North  sent and healthy situation, surrounded by a beautiful and
Fork of the same rises within its limits. The soil is fertile. fertile country. This place has long been distinguished for
The route of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad lies through. the  excellent schools, and at the present time it contains 4,
county.  Capital, Jackson.  Pop. 21,470; of whom 12,918  which are in a prosperous condition, namely, the Baptist
were free, and 8552 slaves.                                Collegiate Institute, the Madison Female College, (Methodist,)
MADISON, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, the Madison Male Academy, and a high school for boys.
has an area estimated at 500 square miles. The Kentucky  About 250 pupils receive instruction here. Madison is a
River forms its entire boundary on the N., and it is also  place of active trade, and a market for the cotton raised in
drained by Silver and Paint Lick Creeks. The surface is the vicinity. From 20,000 to 25,000 bales are received hero
undulating. The soil isgenerally fertile. Limestone under- annually. The value of goods sold in a year exceeds $230,000.
lies a part ofthe surface. Capital, Richmond. Pop.15,727; It has 4 churches and 1 steam cotton-mill.  The resident
of whom 10,334 were free, and 5393 slaves.                 pop. is about 1600.
MADISON, a copnty in the S.W. central part of Ohio, has    MADISON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Texas.
an area of 480 square miles. It is intersected by Derby and    MADISON, a township of Sevier co., Arkansas. Pop. 350.
Little Derby Creeks, and also  drained by the sources of    MADISON, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 2242.
Little Miami River, and of Deer Creek.  The surface is    MADISON, a townshlip of Clarke co., Ohio. Pop. 949.
nearly level. The soil is fertile.  It is traversed by the    MADISON, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. P. 1406.
Columbus and Xenia Railroad, and by the Columbus and    MADISON, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 1164.
Pique Railroad. Capital, London. Pop. 10,015.                MIADISON, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 864.
MADISON, a county in tihe E. central part of Indiana, con-   MADISON, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 2480.
tains 400 square miles. It is watered by White River, Fall   MADISON, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop.'1519.
Creek, and Pipe Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly    MIADISON, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 2174.
level, and was originally covered with heavy timber. The    MADISON, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1515.
soil is extremely fertile.  The county contains valuable    MADISON, a post-village and township in the E. part of
quarries of limestone and marble. The Bellefontaine and  Lake co., Ohio, on both sides of Grand River, and on the
Indianapolis Railroad, recently opened, passes through the  Cleveland and Erie Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland.
county. Organized in 1823. Capital, Anderson. P. 12,375. Pop. 2986.
MIADISON, a county in the-S.W. part of Illinois, borderin-g    MADISON, a township of Licking co;, Ohio. Pop. 1027.
onthe Mississippi River, opposite the mouth of the Missouri,   MADISON, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. P. 1688.
and nearly opposite St. Louis. Area about 690 square miles.   MADISON, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 988.
It is intersected by Cehokia Creek, and also drained by Silver    MADISON, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 885.
Creek and its branches. The surface is elevated and undu-   MADISON, a, township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 389.
lating, diversified by prairies and woodlands. The river    MADISON, a village of uIngham  co., Michigan,'130 miles
bottom below Alton is several miles wide, and bounded on  W.N.W. of Detroit.
the E. by a bluff which rises from 100 to 200 feet. The soil   MADISON, a township of Lenawee co., Michigan. P. 2404.
is remarkably fertile, and is extensively cultivated. Stone-   MAD)ISON, a post-office of Livingston co., Michigan. 
1114




MAD                                                      MAD
0IADISON, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 561.      MADISON COURT HOUSE, capital of Madison mo., Fir
MADISON, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. Pop. 558. ginia, 70 miles N.W. of Richmond, and 96 miles from WashMADISON, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 694. ington. It contains severalchurches, and there are 5 fiouringMADISON, a township of Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 919. mills in its vicinity. It has a healthy situation on high
MADISON; a township of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 645.      ground, and commands a beautiful view of the Buine Ridge.
MADISON, a post-township of Jefferson co., Indiana. Pop. Pop. about 800.
8223.                                                       MADISON COURT ItOUSE, a post-village, capital of MIadiMADISON, a flourishing city, river-port, and seat of jus- son co., Florida, about 50 miles E. of Tallahassee.
tice of Jefferson co., Indiana, on the Ohio River, 90 miles    MADISON CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Madison co.,
below Cincinnati, 44 miles above Louisville, and 86 miles Alabama.
S.S.E. of Indianapolis, in lat. 380 46' N., ion. 850 21' W. It   MADISON MILLS, a post-village of Madison co., Virginia,
is advantageously situated for trade, and is equal, if not has a woollen factory.
superior, to any town of the state in population and import-   MADISON  SPRINGS, a post-village of Madison  co.,
ance. Steamboats make regular passages between this port Georgia, on the N. fork of Broad River, 94 miles N. of Miland other towns of the Mississippi valley. The navigation  ledgeville. It is a place of summer resort.
is usually open all winter in ordinary seasons. Seve'al   MADISON'S RIVER, the middle branch of the three which
steamboats are owned here. Madison is the S. terminus of go to form the Missouri River, rises near Sublette's Lake,
the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, which was comn- and flows nearly N. to join Jefferson's River.
pleted in 1848, and is doing a large business in conveying    MADISON UNIVERSITY. See HAMILTON, New York.
freight and passengers. The city is beautifully situated in    MADIISONVILLE, a post-village of MIadison co., Missisa valley nearly 3 miles in length, which is enclosed on the  sippi, on Pearl River, 21 miles N.E. of Jackson.
N. by steep and rugged hills about 400 feet high. The site   M)ADISONVILLE, a post-village of St. Tammany parish,
is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the highest floods. Madison  Louisiana, on the Chefuncte, 35 miles N. of New Orleans.
is well built, containing a larger proportion of brickl houses    MADISONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Mlonroe co.,
than is usual in the towns of Indiana.  It has a court- Tenne.see, 172 miles E.S.E. of Nashville, contains a court.
house,    jail. 2 market-houses, 1 bank, 2 large public house and several stores.
schools, and about 15 churches.  There are 4 or 5 news-   MADISONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Ilopkins co.,.
papers published here.  Several of the streets are paved, Kentucky, 200 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It contains a
and lighted with gas. A considerable amount of capital court-house, an academy, and 2 churches.
and labor is employed in manufactures of cotton, wool,   MADISONVILLE, a post-village of IHamilton co., Ohio,
iron, machinery, and oil, and the establishments for pack- about 6 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati.
lug pork Are very extensive. First settled in 1808. Pop.   MADISONVILLE, a post-village in Ralls co., Missouri, 80
in 1840, 3798; in 1850, including North Madison village, miles N.E. of Jefferson City.
8681; in 1853, about 12,000.                                 MADISWEIL, mdIdis-*Ilex, a town of Switzerland, canton
MADISON, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana. and 22 miles N.E. of Bern, on the Langeten, an affluent of
Pop. 988.                                                  the Aar. Pop. 2126.
MADISON, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 884.   MADJERYDROOG, mb-jAR-e-droogf, a town and strong
MADISON, a township of Pike co., Indiana.                hill fort of South India, 62 miles W.N.W. of Bangalore. In
MADISON, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. P. 1199. the town are some magnificent pagodas.
MADISON, a township of St. Joseph co., Indiana. P. 422.   MADJICOSIMA  (ma-je-ko-see/ml) ISLANDS, an archiMADISON, a township of Tipton co., Indiana. Pop. 778. pelago in the Pacific Ocean, between Formosa and the LeoMADISON, a township of Johnson co., Missouri. P. 668. choo Islands. Principal islands, Typinsan, Pa-tclhing-saon,
MADISON, a post-village of Monroe co., Missouri, 12 miles Calayan, and Bahuyan. Pop. estimated at 11,238. They
W. of Paris, is in a rich farming district which abounds in  are all subject to Loochoo. Some of the islands are mouncoal.                                                      tainous, and all are highly fertile. Until visited by Sir
MADISON, capital of the state of Wisconsin, and seat of  Edward Belcher, in 1845-46, they were almost wholly unjustice of Dane co., is pleasantly situated on an isthmus known.
between Third Lake and Fourth Lake, 80 miles WV. of Mil-   MADtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Ilereford.
waukee, and 154 miles N.W. of Chicago, in lat. 430 5' N.,  MiADIOC, a post-village of Canada West, co. of IHastings,
ion. 890 20' W. It stands in the centre of a broad valley, within 1L miles of Hlay Lake, 28 miles N. of Belleville. Pop.
surrounded by heights from which the town can be seen at about 250.
a distance of several miles. The isthmus is about three-   MADOCSA, mlh'dolchlh`, a village of Hungary, Thither
quarters of a mile in width. Fourth Lake, which lies on  Danube, 4 miles from Paks. Pop. 1236.
the N.W. side of the town, is 6 miles long by 4 miles wide.   MADOINIAN MOUNTAINS, a group in Sicily, extending
It is a beautiful sheet of water, with clean gravelly shores. for about 16 miles N.W. and S.E., between the rivers Grands
The'depth is sufficient for navigation by steamboats, and  and Pollina.
is estimated at about 60 feet. The Third Lake is rather    MADRAS, ma-drassf, a maritime city of British India, capismaller. When this place was selected for the seat of go- tal of the presidency of Madras, on the Coromandel Coast; lat.
vernmuent, in 1836, it contained no building but a solitary (Observatory) 130 4 6" N., ion. 800 14' E. It is situated on an
log cabin.  The Capitol, which is a limestone structure, open, sterile, and sandy shore, without a harbor or landingbuilt at an expense of $50,000, stands on ground 70 feet place, and exposed to the swell of the Bay of Bengal, which
above the level of the lakes, and is surrounded by a public breaks upon the beach with great violence; vessels in the
square. The streets which lead from the Capitol towards roadstead, that do not instantly make for sea on the signal
the cardinal points descend gradually to the shores of the  of foul weather from the master attendant's'office, are often
lakesj excepting the one which extends westward to College  lost. A great part of Madras consists of what is called the
Hill. On this eminence, 1 mile W. of the Capitol, and about Black Town, containing the native and East Indian (or
125 feet above the lake, is situated the University of Wis- mixed) population, with a few European familics. It is
consin, which was instituted in 1849. Three newspapers  very closely and irregularly built, with brick houses and
are published.  It contains a bank, 5 or 6 churches, 26  bamboo huts; but the garden-houses in the vicinity, in
stores, an iron foundry, a woollen factory, and several which the Europeans chiefly reside, are very neat, generally
steam-mills.  The author of "Western Portraiture" gives only one story high, nicely smoothed over with fine white
the following lively sketch of this place and its environs:-  lime, and embowered among trees and bushes. The city is
"Madison perhaps combines and overlooks more charming  built on a dead level, and, with the suburbs, which are now
and diversified scenery to please the eye of fancy and pro- very extensive, occupies an area of 27 square miles. Most
mote health and pleasure, than any other town in the  of the Europeans, and some of the East Indians, live in
West; ahd in these respects it surpasses every other state  detached houses in the environs. The public offices and
capital in the Union. It5 bright lakes, fresh groves, rip, storehouses which line the beach are imposing structures,
pling rivulets, shady dales, and flowery meadow lawns, are  with colonnades to the upper stories, supported by rustic
commingled in greater profusion, and disposed in more pic- bases arched, all of the fine Madras chunam, smooth, hard,
turesque order than we have ever elsewhere beheld..   and polishedas marble. One of the chief objects of interest
Nor is it less noteworthy for its business advantages and  in Madras is its citadel, Fort St. George, which commands
its healthful position. Situated on elevated ground, amid  the Black Town and the Roads, and may be considered the
delightful groves and productive lands, well above the cool, nucleus of the city. It was built in 1639, and is admirably
clear lakes, it must be healthy; while the abundance and  situated for the defence of the town and shipping. It con— convenience of fine streams and water-power must facilitate tains a church, the barracks, and an arsenal, with arms
a sound and rapid sidvancement in agriculture and the  for 50,000 men; a marble statue of Lord Cornwallis is erected
mechanic arts. There are also liberal charters for railroads in the great square. The Government House, the church
connecting Madison with Milwaukee, Chicago, and the  of St. George, and some of the other public buildings, are
Miississippi, some of which are being pushed ahead with  handsome structures. The other principal buildings are
energy."  Railway communication with Milwaukee is now  several Episcopal and Armenian churches, an elegant Prescompleted. Pop. in 1840, 376; in 1850, 1525; in 1853, about bytdrian church, Independent, Wesleyan chapels, and Re
3500;'in 1855, 6863.                                      man Catholic cathedrals and chapels. Besides a high school
MADIPSONIIURG. a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.         and a medical college, supported by Government, there ase
MADISON CENTRE, a post-'illage of Somerset cq., Maine, large missionary institutions-that of the Free church has
about 40 miles N. of Augusta.                              700 pupils; the Scottish Establishment, 400; 2 grammar
1115




3MAD                                                          MAD
schools, and several other schools. MIadras is the chief           sDrvssoe, ArEsA, anE POPeLATION Of MADRAS PRasrdsNCy.
seat of all the government offices for, its presidency, of the
Supreme Court, a board of revenue, marine board, &c.                      Name.               s       Popu. e lation "pulation
Notwithstanding  the disadvantages of its position, it is a                                 Sq. Miles.  in 1851.   in 1839.
place of extensive trade. In the Roads, ships moor off the  RGULATION nISTeeCTS:shore in from 7 to 9 fathoms. From  October to January,   Rajahmundry                          6,050   1,012,036    695,016
storms and typhoons prevail, and from  the 15th of October   Masulipatam                       5,000      520,866   544,672
the flag-staff is struck, as a signal for ships not to anchor   Guntoor, including Palnaud     4,960    570,083     267,426
Z'                      ~~~~~~~~Nellore                7,930     935,690    328,7'26
till the 15th of December. N. of Fort St. George is a new,   Chnlput,930      58,690     328,726
Chiugleput                   33020      583,462    331,821
elegant lighthouse, 126 feet high. which, in clear weather,'Madras, included in Cbingleput             72,500    462,051
can be seen 40 miles at sea. The imports consist chiefly of   Arcot. S. Division, including
cotton goods from the United Kingdom, grain from America,         Cuddalore,610   1,006,005                         484,
11                   ~~~~~~~~Arco t, N. division, including1
wines, spirits, metals, sugar, stationery, betel-nuts, piece-   Arcot, N divisien, sneldusi    6 il5,790   1,485,873    523,248
goods, silk, horses, jewelry, &c.  Exports-cotton, grain,   Bellnddry                        3
Sellary                      13,056    1,229,599   1,129,907
indigo, cotton piece-goods, saltpetre, pepper, &c. The exports   Cuddapah                     12,970   1,451,921,081,261
in 1844-5 amounted in value to ~1,641,462, and the imports   Salem, includingVomundoor    8,0           195,37       98,233
and Mullapandy      ~8,200   1,195,377    898,233
to ~1,046,894. In  1847-8, the value of the former was             and Mullapandy8
Coimbatore                    8,280   1,153,862    783,392
~1,277,296, and of the latter, ~787,148. The country in the   Trichiaopoly                     3,000    i09,196      483324
~1,277,296,                              Trichisopely                  2~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~,000  709,196  485,242
vicinity of Madras presents a remarkable contrast to its   Tanjore, including Najore           3,900   1,676,086   1,128,730
barren, sandy shore, having, indeed, the appearance of a   Miadur, including Dindigul    10,700   1,756,791         552,477
fine park; flowers of every kind abound, and the roads are   Tinivelly                         5,700   1,269,216    850,891
bordered with fine avenues of trees, interspersed with the   Malabar                           6,060,514,909   1,15,91
Canra.                        7,720   1,056,333    760,123
bungalows and the residences of the English.                   NoN-REGULATION DISTRICTS:Madras was founded in 1639, by the English, who obtained   Ganjam                            6,400    926,930    438,174
the grant of a piece of ground from the rajah of Chandgherry,    Vizagapatam                  15,300   1,254,272   l,047,414
for the erection of a town and fort.  A native village of the       n                          3,24     23,90
name of Madras formed the site of the present town. It                    Total             144,889  22,381,697   3,967,395
soon became a flourishing city, and the chief station of the
English on the Coromandel coast. In 1702, it was besieged
by IDaood Khan, but was bravely and successfully defended    The population, in 1851, comprised 19,901,808 Hindoos
against him. In 1744, it was taken by the EFrench, who kept  and 1,679,889 Mohammedans, 11,047,119 being males, and
it until 1749, when peace was made, and the place was re- 10,535,558 females. Of these, 13,142,724 Hindoos and 848,217
stored to the English. In 1758, it was again besieged by  Mohammedanrs were employed in agriculture. Number of
the French, under the celebrated Lally, who was obliged to  inhabitants to a square mile, 153.9.
retreat after a siege of two months. In 1769, Madras was    The government of the presidency is vested in a governor,
threatened by Ryder All, who encamped his army within a  subordinate to the governor-general of India. lie is assisted
few miles of the fort, and compelled the English to enter  by a council of 3 members, Ibeing the commander-in-chief,
into a treaty with him. P. in 1839, 462,951; in 1851. 720,000.  and 3 secretaries, placed over the revenue and judicial, pollMADRAS, PRESIDENCY OF, one of the great territorial  tical and military departments.  In each of the 21 districts
divisions of British India, bounded on the N. by the presi-  into which the presidency is divided there is a European
dencies of Bengal and Bombay, the Nizam's dominions, and  collector, who exerts also the chief magisterial power. The
Nagpoor, and on the E., W., and S. by the Indian Ocean. territories of the presidency were n6arly all acquired by the
It comprises the larger proportion of peninsular Hindostan,  British during the latter half of the 18th century.
embracing the whole of the Carnatie, and, extending across    MADRE-DE-DIOS  (mV/DrA-dA-dee/oce) ARCHIPELAGO,
the peninsula, includes all the British territory-Malabar, West Patagonia, is between lat. 500 and 510 S., and about
Canara,'&c.-S. and W. of Mysore, which latter, as well as  ion. 750 W., separated from the mainland, and from Hanover
Travancore, it completely encloses; lat. 80 to 200 N., ion. 730  and Chatham Islands by Concepcion Straits, and consists of
to 850 E. The central portion of-the presidency is occupied  several mountainous and rocky islands, little explored.
by a table-land, surrounded on all sides by an undulating    MADIRESFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
or plain country, gradually decreasing in height as it ap-    MADRID, ma-dridl, (Sp. pron. mt-DreeDf, almost maTtproaches the sea, the whole enclosed on the E., W., and S. reeTut; anc. Jianitua,) the  capital city of Spain, New
by three mountain ranges, called, respectively, the East and  Castile, province of its own name, on  the Manzanares,
West Gfihauts, and the Neilgherry Mountains.  The two for- which is here crossed by five bridges, whose gigantic size
mer run parallel to the E. and W. coasts, the third traverses  forms a striking contrast with that of the river, except
the peninsula from S.W. to N.E., forming a connecting link  during floods, to which it is subject; situated in the centre
betwcjt them. The principal rivers are the Godavery and  of the Iberian Peninsula; lat. 400 25' N., ion. 30 45'  V.;
Kistnadr  Krishna, with their tributaries; and the Pennar,  2450 feet above sea-level. Mean temperature of the three
Palaur, Punnair, Cavery, Coleroon, and ~ighey. The cli- summer months, 760 2/ Farh., orl50 higher than that of Lonmate generally is reckoned the hottest in India, but differs  don; mean winter temperature. 430 7q, only 40 higher than
widely in different localities according to elevation; on the  the temperature of the English capital. The city is built on
tops of the Neilgherries, the thermometer, in the cold sea- several low and irregular sand-hills, and is surrounded by a
son, falls to 31~. At the mouth of the Kistna, it has been  barren and extensive plain, which, excepton the S.W., has no
known as high as 1080 at midnight. The soil along the  visible limit but the horizon. It is nearly square, being about
coasts, particularly those of the Carnatic, is for the most  2 milcs in extent from N. to S., and 21 miles from E. to i,,
part light and sandy; inland it consists of a decomposed  is walled, and entered by 16 public gates; the finest of these
syenite, impregnated with salt, which, in  dry weather, are the Puerta de Alcald, facing the.highway to Aragon, and
covers the ground with a saline efflorescence; still the dis- the Puerta de Toledo, which (begun in 1813) was erected
trict of Tanjore, on the banks of the Coleroon, is esteemed  in commemoration of the happy issue of the war of ludethe granary of Southern India. There are some extensive  pendence. The streets are distributed somewhat irregularly
forests in the presidency, yielding teak, ebony, and other  around the Puerta del Sol, which, likre Temple Bar in Lonvaluable timber trees. The principal vegetable productions  don, is in the centre of the capital, although once the E.
are rice, wheat, barley, maize, and all the other grains corm- gate. The principal streets are broad, long, and airy; And
mon in India; sugar-cane and a great variety of fruits;  the narrow foot-paths, on a level with the centre of the street,
spices, tobacco, hemp, and cotton. There has been a large  are being rapidly replaced by broad pavements raised half
increase of late years in the cultivation of sugar, of which  a foot, and protected by a kerb. Except in a few streets, the
there were imported into the United Kingdom, in 1843,- only  houses are, in general, well constructed, substantial, and of
177 tons, in 1845, 5301 tons, and in 1847, 8572 tons. There  good appearance.  The squares are not very numerous, nor
are two kinds of sugar made in Madras, one from a species  do they contribute much to the'embellishment of the city;
of date tree, the other from the cane; the former is of a very  being generally irregular, and deficient in decorative monuinferior description, and brings but a low price. The wild  ments. Of these, the Plaza Mayor, a little S. of the Calle
animals met with here are those common to other parts of  Mayor or main street, is one of the largest and most regular,
India; namely, the elephant, tiger, chetah, bear, bison, elk, being 434 feet long. and 334 feet broad, with houses supspotted deer, antelope, jackal, wild hog, jungle sheep, &c. ported by granite pillars, which form  a line of arcades beCotton cloths were formerly manufactured here to a great  neath; in the centre is an elliptical esplanade adapted to
extent, but the superiority of British piece-goods has nearly  bull-fights, with an equestrian statue of Philip III. Here
extinguished this branch of industry in India. A little, have been held grand festivals, autos-da-fc, and executions
however, is still done in the E. districts of the presidency, of distinguished criminals. On the W. side of the city, and
and the produce exported to the West Indies and America.  facing the royal palace, is the Plaza de Oriente, which is
Red cloth, muslins, carpets, and silks also continue to be  adorned with 40 statues of Gothic kings, as well as those of
manufactured to a limited extent. For revenue purposes  the Asturias, Leon, Castile, and Aragon. In the centre is a
the presidency is divided into 21 divisions or collectorates,  fine equestrian statue of Philip IV. On the N.W. and S.E.
of which 18 are regulation districts under the Madras go-  of the square are gardens, with avenues of trees, and on
vernment, and 3 are non-regulation districts under the con- the E. stands the Teatrs de Oriente. Near the E. side of the
trol of an agent of the governor; their names, area, and  city is the Plaza de las Cortes. It is adorned with several
population are as follows:-                                  rows of trees, and in the centre stands the semi-colossal
1116




MAD                                                         MAD
statue of Cervantes, by Antonio Sola. The water with  Carcel de Corte, or State Prison, built in 1634. Here, also,
which Madrid is supplied comes from the neighboring moun- are the tribunals of the Audiencia, or Supreme Court. The
tains, filtered through coarse red sand, into subterranean  Carcel de Villa stands at the N.E. extremity of the city,
conduits. Altogether, there are 35 fountains within, and  beside the gate of St. Barbara. In 1847, the number of pereight outside the city, for the use of the inhabitants; but sons incarcerated was 3608, and there were 377 in prison at
the collective amount of water is scanty, the average being  the end of the year. There is also a model prison, a house
only 500 cubic inches a day for each inhabitant-only one- of correction for young men, several female prisons, the
eighteenth' of the quantity placed at the disposal of each  Arrepentidas, the Magdalen Asylum, &c.
Parisian.                                                    Places of Almnusement.-There are seven theatres in Madrid,
Public Buildings.-M-Ivadrid having only become the Spanish  but the most popular place of amusement is the Plaza de
capital in the time of Philip II., cannot boast of many edi- Toros, (bull-ring,) a building which is about 1100 feet in cirfices of great antiquity; and during the dentury and a half  cumference, and capable of containing 12,000 spectators.
that it was occupied by the Austrian dynasty, the only im- The bull-fights begin in April, and continue till November.
portant buildings erected were convents, whose architecture  There is also a circus, a hippodrome, a club called Casino del
did not greatly contribute to the embellishment of the city. Principe, and various other places of amusement. The
The Royal Palace, situated at the W. extremity of Madrid, Prado, (meadow,) an extensive park nearly 2 miles long,
is one of the most magnificent in the world. It occupies lies near the gate of Alcala; here, on winter mornings and
the site of the original Alcazar (castle) of the Moors, burned  summer afternoons, appear all the beauty, rank, and fashion
down on Christmas Eve, 1734, and is of enormous extent, of the Spanish capital. The Prado, extending along the E.
being 470 feet each way, and 100 feet high. The rustic base  side of the city, was levelled and planted by the Conde de
is of granite, the window-work of white Colmenar stone, Aranda, under Charles III., and laid out by Jos6 Hermonwhich, in  the bright sun, glitters like marble; the  silla in garden walks. It contains a fine botanic garden,
architecture is a combination of Ionic and Doric. It con- and is a place of great resort. There are, besides, the gartamns a small but splendid Corinthian chapel, and a library  dens of the Buen Retiro, those behind the royal palace;
of nearly 100,000 volumes, and the armory is one of the  those of the Real Casino; the Casa del Campo, where horse
finest in the world. The Palacio del Congreso de ]iputados,  and hurdle races are given; the Pasco de la Florida, the
or Chamber of Deputies, covers an area of 42,700 square  Paseo de la Ronda, which encircles the greatest part of the
feet. On the two lateral fagades are the entrances for the  city; the Atocha, a winter promenade, Las Delicias de Isamembers, whose sittings are held on the ground floor, in a.bel, at the N.E. corner of Madrid, (containing the Fuente
semicircular saloon, calculated to accommodate 393 persons, Castellana,) and various other promenades.
the aggregate number of deputies and senators when the    Mluseums, Libraries, &c.-The Royal Museum of Painting
edifice was commenced. The structure is faced throughout  and Sculpture, standing in the Prado, contains more than
with granite. The upper chamber, or senate, holds its sit- 2000 pictures, many of which are by the most celebrated
tings in a building facing the Street de la Encarnacion, artists that have ever lived. The gallery of sculpture is
which formerly belonged to the Augustines. The Palacio  very inferior. A new museum, established in the suppressde los Consejos, (Palace of the Councils,) built by the ambi- ed Convent de la Trinidad, was opened to the public by Estious Don Christobal Gomez de Sandoval, minister of Philip  partero, in 1842. Here have been collected from the convents
III., is a fine classic edifice, designed by Herrera. This pa- and galleries of Don Carlos, and the Infante Sebastian, some
lace was purchased by Philip V., and contains the royal 1500 pictures, good and bad. Besides these, there are serecouncil, the supreme tribune of justice, &c. The Audiencia  ral good private galleries. There are also a museum of natural
(Court of Appeal) is one of the few buildings in Madrid of the  science, a museum of antiquities, and a numismatic museum,
period of the Austrians; it is two stories high, and simple in  containing 150,000 coins and medals. The National Library,
style. The Aduana, or Custom-house, built in 1769, is a vast founded by Philip V., is in the same building with the muand sumptuous edifice of five stories, the lower portion com- scum  of antiquities; it contains 130,000 volumes, and is
posed ofgranite, with five arched entrances in the principal open to the public daily. The Library of San Isidro consists
fagade.  The Casa de Correos, or Post-office, a handsome  of 66,000 volumes.
structure, erected in 1768, stands isolated on the S. side of    Educational Establishments.-Not many years since the
the Puerta del Sol; and the Casas Consistoriales, or Town- schools of San Fernando and San Anton were the only
house, probably built in the beginning of the 17th century, places of instruction for the poor in Madrid. In 1844, three
is situated in the Plaza de la Villa. The Palaclo de  Buena- free schools for each sex were established in each of the 10
vista, erected by the extravagant Duchess of Alva, towards  municipal districts into which the city is divided, and these
the close of the last century, rises majestically on an emi- are attended by an aggregate number of about 4000 children.
nence at the extremity of the Calle de Alcal', (Alcala Street,) There are also a number of infant schools. The University
near the Prado; contains the war office, and a military  of Madrid, which arose out of that of Alcalk de Henares,
museum. The offices of marine, justice, and finance are in  founded in the 15th century, stands in the N.W. quarter of
the Casa de los Ministerlos, (house of the ministers,) built the city. In the session of 1847-48, the matriculated stufor the Secretaries of State, by order of Charles V. The  dents amounted to 3637. There are besides, a normal school,
Mint (Casa de Moneda) is to the S. of the Palace.           a deaf and dumb institution, a normal school for the blind,
Churches and Convents.-The capital of Spain is far behind  a commercial school, schools for engineers, a Conservatorio
many provincial towns as regards its temples, which, with  de Musica, an academy for the fine arts, with a gallery of
the exception of a few, attached to conventual establish-  300 pictures, a veterinary college, an academy of medicine
ments, are poor, and ofindifferent artistic merit. The parish  and surgery, &c. In the Buen Retire stands the observachurches are about 20 in number; among them  may be  tory, constructed in the form of an Ionic temple. In 1843,
named those of Santa Maria and San Francisco, the latter  the newspapers of Madrid amounted to about 46, or seven
one of the finest in Madrid; San Gin6s in the Plaza Mayor, times the number that existed ten years previously; their
and opposite to it Santa Cruz, from the tower of which one  circulation is chiefly confined to the capital.
of the best views of the city is to be obtained. Some of the    Commerce, Industry, &c.-The public exchange is held in
convents have been appropriated to public secular uses, San Martin, from ten to three o'clock. A stock exchange,
some have been sold to private individuals, and others de- or Bolsa de Commerci, was established in 1831, and as all
molished, but the churches of a few of them have been pre- men in power use their official knowledge in taking advanserved: there still exist, however, about 20 nunneries, tage of the turn of the market, the Bolsa divides with the
containing an aggregate number of 500 nuns.' Of these, court and army the moving influence of every situacion or
the Salesas Viejas, in the N.E. corner of Madrid, an edifice  crisis of the moment. The national bank, called de San
of immense extent, covering, with its garden, an area of 88  Fernando, was founded in 1827; it issues notes for 500 and
acres, was built in 1758, by order of Barbara, Queen of Fer- 1000 reals, ($23 and $46,) which will not pass out of Madrid,
dinand VI., in imitation ofMadame Maintenon's St. Cyr, as for all who are not Madrileflos, wisely prefer local dollars to
a place of retreat for herself, and a seminary for young  court paper. The circulation is about $580,000.  A general
noble ladies. The Descalzas Reales, (" royal barefeet,") near life and house insurance company was only founded in 1842.
the centre of the city, was founded by Juana, daughter of  The chief industrial establishments are the royal manufacCharles V.; the abbess of which is ranked as a grandee of  tories of porcelain and carpets, manufactories of tapestry,
Spain.                                                      silver work, buttons, iron castings and machinery, coaches,
Charitable Institutions and Prisons.-The  most important beer, paper, &c. A railway was opened between Madrid and
of these are the Military IHospital, an extensive building, in  Aranjuez in 1851, and extended to Tembleque in 1853. This
the N.W. part of the city, and the Hospicio of San Fernando, was the second railway constructed in Spain.
with schools for both sexes, who are also taught various   Madrid occupies the site of the ancient lantzua CcmTetahandicrafts. At the S.E. angle of the city stands the Gene- norurn, called Mllajoritium, in the middle ages. Its importral Hospital, containing 1526 beds; patients of both sexes ance only commenced in 1563, when made the capital of Spain
and all ages, to the number of from 13,000 to 14,000, are  by Philip II. Madrid was held by the French from 1808 to
admitted annually.. The Inclusa, or Foundling Hospital, 1812, and here Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the
receives about 1500 children yearly; and, connected with  throne of Spain. It was the birth-place of many kings of
it, is the Colegio de Nifas de la Paz, to which girls are  Spain, and many eminent men, among whom  are Alonzo
transferred to be educated, at the age of seven years. There  de Ercilla, Lopez de Vega, Calderon de la Barca, Nulez, and
are, besides, a hospital of incurables, a lying-in asylum, a  the brothers Velasquez. Pop. in 1850, 260,000.-Adj. ai!d
hospital for priests, and various other benevolent establish- inhab. MADREILEzLcAN, mad-re-leelne-an, (Sp.:MADRILEiiO, ma.i
ments. Near the S.E. corner of the Plaza Mayor stands the  re-lbnfyo.)
1117




MAD                                                      MAG
MIADRI), a metropolitan province of Spain, forming one posed to the reflux of the waves, it attains its greatest fiery,.)f the five into which New Castile is divided. Capital, and becomes extremely dangerous; but, in ordinary circum.
sadrid.  Pop. 405,737.                                    stances, it may be traversed without apprehension.
MADSRID, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about   MAENCLOCHIOG, min-klotKo-, a parish of South Wales,
55 miles N.W. of Augusta.  Pop. 404.                       co. of Pembroke.
MADRID, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New York,   MAER, mAr or mir, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
on the St. Lawrence River, and intersected by Grass River    MAERKE-KERKIIEM, mfirlkle-hrktlism, a village  of
and the Northern Railroad, on which it has a station, 17  Belgium, province of East Planders, on the Maerke, 15 miles
miles E. by N. of Ogdensburg. It contains Columbia village  S. of Ghent. Pop. 1844.
and the village of Waddington. A dam has been constructed    MAESCAR, mislkar, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of
from  the mainland, at or near Waddington, to Ogden's  Brecon.
Island, in the St. Lawrence, by which means the river is   MAESE or MAAS, a river of Europe. See MoUSE.
made to furnish a hydraulic power of unlimited extent.   MAES MYNIS, mis mrntis, a parish of South Wales, co.
Some iron ore is found in the township. Pop. 4856.         of Brecon.
MADRIDEJOS, mid-re-DAInos, a town of Spain, province    MAESTRICIIT, m[sftrikt, (Dutch Maastricht, mds/triKt;
and 40 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 5156. It stands in an  Ger. Miistricht, masetriKt; anc. i-ajecttum  acd  X[o/sais,*,
extensive plain, and is ancient and well built.            Traojecltune  Supe/rius), an irregularly fortified town of
MADRIGAL, m1d-re-gdil/, a town of Spain, province and  Holland, capital of a province of Limburg, on the left
35 miles N.N.W. of Avila. Pop. 2050. It is memorable as bank of the Meuse, here crossed by a stone bridge, commuthe birth-place of Isabella of Castile.                    nicating with the suburb of Wyk, (Wijk,) also included
]IADRIGALEJO, mld-re-g.-l]uo, a village of Spain, Es- within the walls of the fortress, which are about 5 miles
tremadura, on the Ruecas, 60 miles E. of Badajos. Pop. 986. in circuit, is situated on the Belgian frontier, 56 miles E.
MADRIGUlRAS, mld-re-g/rls, a town of Spain, New  of Brussels, and 52 miles W. by S. of Cologne; lat. 500 51,
Castile, 24 miles S. of Albacete. Pop. 2321.               7" N., ion. 50 41' 9" E. It is esteemed one of the strongest
MADRILEXNA-Nrand MADRILE2'O.  See MAaDRID.               fortresses in Europe; and, by opening sluices, can place the
MAD RIVER, a small stream of Grafton co., near the  surrounding district all under water. In the Vrijthof, a
centre of New HaItmpshire, falls into the Pemigewasset River. large quadrangle, planted with trees, William de la Marck,
MAD  RIVER, of Washington co., Vermont, falls into  surnamed "le sanglier" (boar) of Ardennes, was beheaded,
Onion River, about 7 miles below Montpelier.              in 1485. The noteworthy buildings are the Town-hall (StadMAD RIVER, a small stream  of Litchfield  co., in the huis), the courts and general prison, the commandant's
N.W. part of Connecticut, falls into the West branch of  house, and the arsenal. Maestricht has several barracks,
Farmington River.                                          a military and several other hospitals; 4 Roman Catholic
MAD RIVER, of Ohio, rises in the W. central part of the  and 2 Protestant churches, and a synagogue; an athenmum,
state, and falls into the Miami River at Dayton. It is the  in which Latin, Greek, German, Dutch, and other branches
largest affluent of the Miami from the E.                  of education are taught; and formerly had numerous moMAD RIVER, a township, Champaign co., Ohio. P. 1907. nasteries and nunneries. It carries on an active transit and
MAD IRIVER, a township in Clarke co., Ohio. Pop. 1790. smuggling trade with Belgium, and has manufactures of
MAD RIVER, a township, Montgomery co. Ohio. P. 1464. glass and earthenware, pipes, fire-arms, shot, cloth, pins,
IMIAD/RON, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.         sealing-wax, 2 iron foundries; 3 manufactories of paperMADRO&ERA, mid-rnn-yirA, a town of Spain, province  hangings, 3 beet-root sugar-refineries, 21 distilleries, and
and 32 miles E. of Caceres. Pop. 1964.                     32 breweries.  Maestricht was besieged in 1579, by the
M:ADURA, mi-doo/ra, an island of the Malay Archipelago,  Spaniards, under the Duke of Parma, and 8000 of its luhaimmediately N.E. of Java, with which it is included under bitants were massacred  in 1673, it was taken by Louis
the Dutch government. Lat. 70 S., long. 1130 E. Area esti- XIV., and again by the French in'1748 and 1794; and, in
mated at 1330 square miles. Pop. 263,048. It is inferior in  1830, its garrison resisted successfully the attacks of the
fertility, and barely supports its population. Principal sea- insurgent Belgians. Pop. in 1850; 25,241.
ports, Bankalan, Sumanap, and Pamakasan.                     MAESYCK, mdslk, a town of Belgium, province of LimiADURIOA, mil-doolrd, (anc. Modssra,) a fortified city of  burg, on the Mense, 17 miles N.N.E. of Maestricht. Hubert
IIindostan, capital of a district of itsown name, 270 miles  Van Eyck, a celebrated painter, and his brother, John Van
S.W. of Madras. It is enclosed by old bastioned stone walls; Eyck, also known as John of Bruges, the reputed inventor
streets wide and regular, and public edifices magnificent. of oil-painting, were natives of this place. Pop. 4145.
Here are some of the most remarkable Hindoo buildings in    MAETER, mdter, a village of Belgium, province of East
India, comprising a large palace, temple with pyramidal  Flanders, 15 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 3602.
towers, and a celebrated choultry or ian, 312 feet in length,    MAFFERSDORF, mdf/fers-donfx, a village of Bohemia, on
and with fine columns and grotesque sculptures.  Pop. the Neisse, 57 miles N.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2670.
about 20,000. The British civil station is pleasantly situated    MAFRA, mdfr&, a town of Portugal, province of Estrema1i miles S.W.                                              dura, near the Atlantic, 18 miles N.W. of Lisbon. It is
MADURA, STRAIT OF, the narrow channel separating  celebrated for its vast and magnificent pile of buildings,
the island of Madura, at its WV. end, from that of Java.   erected by John V., in 1717, in imitation of the Escurial of
MADURA AND DINDIGUL, din'de-gill, a district of British  Spain. It is in the form of a quadrangle, measuring 760
India, presidency of Madras, near the S. extremity of India, feet by 670 feet, and includes a magnificent church, adorned
having E. the Gulf of Manaar. Area, 10,700 square miles. with numerous fine marble columns, a royal palace, a colPop. in 1851, 1,756,791. It comprises the island of Ramis- lege, with a library of about 50,000 volumes, and a monas.
seram. Capital, Madura.                                    tery, with 300 cells. Pop. 3250.
MIAIAND ER, a river of Asia Minor. See MenDERa.            MAGACELA, ma-gA-thVYld, a town of Spain, Estremadura,
M JIIREN. See MIoaAva.                                   55 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 1114.
MIELAR, MALAR, (Miilar,) minar, or MAELAREN,   MAGADINO, ml-gA-deetno, a village of Switzerland, canton
mdlar-en, an extensive lake of East Sweden, stretching in- of Ticino, on Lago M5aggiore, at the mouth of the Ticino,
land from the Baltic, for about 70 miles. Breadth from 2  51 miles S.W. of Bellinzona. It is a station for steamers.
to 23 miles; it contains 1300 islands. It has deep and clear   MAGADOXO, ma-a-doxxo (Port. pron. m'-ggdolsho,) writwater, and at its E. end receives the river Arboga, by which,  ten also MAGADOXA, MUKDEESHA, mitik-deefsh&, and MA.
and a canal, it is connected southward with Lake HIjoelmar. KADISHU, mdi-k-dee/shoo, a maritime town of East Africa,
Stockholm is situated on both sides of the strait connecting  capital of a state, and the chief commercial entrepit between
it with the Baltic.                                        Cape Gardaful and the river Juba, on the Indian Ocean, in lat.
MAEL-CARIIAIX, mll-kaa'h./, a village of France, depart- 20 21 N., ion. 450 25' E. Pop. with suburbs, between 3000 and
ment of Cates-du-Nord, 22 miles S.W. of Guingamp. P. 2013. 4000. The town is enclosed by stone walls, and divided into
MAELLA, mi-6l/yA, or MAELLAS, mi-liyts, a town of two parts, one composed wholly of tombs; the other, coinSpain, Aragon, 68 miles S.E. of Saragossa. Pop. 2945.      prising about 150 stone, and many wooden houses, a mosque,
MAELSTROM* or MALSTROM, (MiilstrJm,) mlltstrrim. and several minarets, of Arabian architecture.  The exports
(This is frequently pronounced mlt/strtim, which accords comprise ivory, gums, and some peculiar cloths; principal
with the Dutch sound of ae; but i or ae, in Swedish or imports, sugar, dates, salt-fish, arms, and slaves. The popuNorwegian, sounds like A.) A whirlpool, off the N.W. coast lotion of its kingdom settled on the Haines and Jubb Rivers
of Norway, immediately S.W. of Moskenesae, the most is estimated at 150,000.
S. of the Loffoden Isles, lat. 670 48' N. and ton. 12c E. It   MAGALHAENS, STRAIT OF. See IMAGELLAN.
presents the appearance of a rapid current, which runs alter-   MAGALLON, mg-g l-yonl, a town of Spain, Aragon, 35
nately 6 hours from N. to S., and 6 hours from S. to N., pro- miles W.N.W. of Sara.ossa. Pop. 2044.
ducing immense whirls. The depth of the water around,' MAGAN, mi-gdn', a village of Spain, New Castile, 8 miles
supposed at one time to be too great to admit of soundings, from Toledo. Pop. 952.
has been ascertained not to exceed 20 fathoms, with a bot-   MAGDALA, m1in  d&l&, a town of Germany, Saxe-Wehinar,
tom of rocks and white sand. The whirlpool is greatest on the Madel, 5 miles E.NE. of Blankenhayn. Pop. 675.
at high or low water; and when the wind is N.W., and op* ealestricht is supposed to be a corruption of Trajectu.m ad
Literally, "1mill-stream,"  so named probably from its wThirl-  ~iosam or  oosce Trajectuom, i. e., the "bridge or passage of the
Ing like a mill-stone, and crushing or breaking whatever is Meuse," there having been a bridge over the river, at this place,
Ihrown into it.                                           in very early times.
1118




MAG                                                         MAG
MAGDALA, magtdalIa, (Arab. E  NIfjdel, mljfdel; Hebrew  the Old Market; which is decorated with an equestrian
Migfdal,) a village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, on the W. statue of the Emperor Otho, erected in 973. A fine walk is
side of the Lake of Tiberias.                              furnished by the Ftirstenwall, a well-planted terrace or
MAGDALEN, mag/da-len, (COINMEL or SOUcD,) Terra del parade ground, along the margin of the Elbe. The buildFuego, is a branch of the Strait of Magellan, ion. 710 W., ings most deserving of notice are the Domkirche or Cathedral,
between Clarence and Dawson Islands. Off its S.E. coast is  one of the noblest gothic structures of Northern Germany,
Mount Sarmiento, 6800 feet in height, and on its W. side is  erected in the 13th and 14th centuries; St. Sebastian's Church,
a tolerable harbor.                                        in which is the grave of Otto Guericke, the inventor of the
MAGDALE/NA,   a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia.   air-pump; and the Marien, or Roman Catholic Church, older
MAGDALENA, mg-d4-lAttna, a cavern in Illyria, Carin- even than the Cathedral. Magdeburg possesses numerous
thia, government of Laybach, 3 miles firom  the cavern of  benevolent institutions and  educational establishments.
Adelsberg.                                                 Among the former are 5 hospitals, and 3 orphan asylums;
MAIGDALENA, mgg-d&-lint, a small island in the Medi- among the latter a cathedral gymnasium, pwdagogium,
terranoan, off the N.E. coast of Sardinia. Lat. 410 13' 4" N., normal seminary, medical, industrial, and several other
ion. 90 24' E.                                             schools, institution for the deaf and dumb, &c. The manuMAGDALENA, mag-da-lee'na, (Sp. pron. mag-dA-lAtnA,) a  factures consist principally of woollen, linen, and cotton
river of South America, and, next to thed Orinoco, the prin- cloth, silk ribbons, leather, gloves, soap, and candles. There
cipal in New Granada, rises at the frontier of Ecuador, lat. are, also, several beet-sugar and chiccory factories, breweries,
20 N.. Ion. 760 W., flows N., and enters the Caribbean Sea, distilleries, and oil works.  The trade is extensive, and
lat. 110 N., lon. 750 W. Total course estimated at 900 miles, derives great facilities from the position of the town on the
for more than half of which it is navigable.  Principal Elbe, the canal connectiig this river with the Havel, and
tributaries, the Cauca and the Galinazo. Above Honda it the railroads communicating with Leipsic, Halle, Berlin, and
divides, to enclose the Island de Morales, 40 miles in length. Hamburg. The principal articles are corn, wood, coals, wine,
Its current is very rapid, and its navigation dangerous; but and colonial produce.  Magdeburg is mentioned in the
it is still the main route of communication between the  records of the eighth century. It early distinguished itself
interior of New Granada and the sea.                        in the Reformation, and long exerted a powerful influence
MAGDALENA, the most northern department of New  in its favor. In 1631 it was taken by storm, and given up
Granada, South America, having E. Venezuela, and N. the  to indiscriminate massacre, by the brutal Tilly. The most
Caribbean Sea. Estimated area, 54,000 square miles. Pop. horrible atrocities were committed. A  church, in which
253,521.  Surface very diversified, two cordilleras of the  hundreds of women and children had taken refuge, was
Andes covering its S. and E. portions. It is divided into  nailed up, to prevent escape, and then burned. Above
thle provinces of Cartagena, (its capital,) Santa Marta, Rio  20,000 people were murdered, and the greater part of the
Hacha, and Mompox, its chief towns.                         town was laid in ashes. It was taken by the French in 1806,
MAGDALENA, called also the UBAHY, oo-bi-heel, BRAN- and annexed to the kingdom of Westphalia.  Otto Guericke,
CO, brA.n/ko, and SAN MIGUEL, san me-ght11, a large river  Immermann, and Zschokke, were born here. Pop. in 1816,
of Bolivia. In its earlier course it is called the Chiquitos; it 34,808; in 1849, 56,181.
issues from Lake Ubahy, slat. 180 20' S., and flows N.N.W. to    MAGDEBURG, a government of Prussia, is bounded N. by
about lat. 160 S., when it assumes one or other of the names  Mecklenburg and Hanover.  Area 4484 English square
above quoted, and ultimately falls into the Itenez or Gua- miles, divided into 14 circles. Pop. in 1849, 691.377.
pore, in lat. 120 20' S., ion. 650 5' W. Its entire length,    MAGP, md-zhA/, a town of Brazil, province and 16 miles
including the Chiquitos, is upwards of 500 miles.           E.N.E. of Rio de Janeiro, on the river Magi, near its mouth
MAGDALESNA, a lake of Bolivia, lat. 140 5, S., ion. 640 253  in the Bay of l io.
W., about 12 miles long and 5 miles broad.                    MAGEE'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Yallobusha co., MissisMAGDALENA, a small town or village of Bolivia, on the  sippi.
Magdalena, lat. 130 51' S., ion. 640 31' W.                   MAGELANG, maga-lingl, a village of Java, capital of the
MAGDALENA, a town of Mexico. state of Sonora, on a  province of Kadoe. 40 miles S.W. of Samarang, 1377 feet
branch of Sonora River. The stationary population is about above sea-level.
1500; but at the festival of San Francisco it is increased to    MAGELLAN, mi-jelllan,  (Sp. pron. mn$-nR-yAn!,)  or
10,000 or 12,000.                                           MAGALIAENS, (mI-g,sl-y, aNS,) STRAIT OF, divides the
MAGDALEINA, a bay of Lower California, in which is the  continent of South America from  the island of Terra del
island of Santa Margarita.                                  Fuego: the E. entrance is formed by Cape de la Virgines, on
MAGDALENA, mag-da-lee/na or mig-d-lAdna, the most the mainland, and by Cape del Espiritu Santo, (Queen Cathesouthern of the Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. It has a  rinoe's Foreland,) on one of the largest islands composing
harbor on its S. side.                                      Terra del Fuego, extending between lat. 520 10' and 550 S.,
MAGDALEfNA, an island of Senegambia, near the coast, and ion. 680 20' and 750 W. It is upwards of 300 miles long,
S. of Cape Verd.                                            and is of difficult navigation.  The tides in the strait reach
MAGIDALEN  ISLANDS, a group  situated  near the  an elevation of about 50 feet, the highest point they attain
centre of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, directly in the track  on the Patagonian coast. The strait was discovered in 1520,
of vessels hound up the gulf for Quebec, 54 miles N.W. by ilagalhaens, the great Portuguese navigator, then in the
of Cape Breton, and 100 miles W.S.W. of the nearest point service of Spain, and called, in honor of him, the Strait of
of Newfoundland.  Including Bird  and Biron  islands, Magalhaens. The Spaniards changed the name to Magellan,
the whole length of the range, In a N.E. direction, is about which, in their language, expresses a sound not very differ56 miles. Coffin's Island, the largest of the group, is 25  ent from that of the Portuguese Magalhaens.
miles long, but very narrow. Amherst Island is nearly 6    MAGENTA, ml&-jln'tA, a town of Austrian It'ly, 24 miles
miles in length, and 3' in width, and contains thebest har- N.W. of Pavia.  Pop, 5170.
bor in the chain. Gypsum is found in the hollows and ba-   MAGEROE, (Magerse,) magfpr-5 or mighpr-3'eh, an island
sins of the islands, and occasionally in veins. This mineral of the Arctic Ocean, belonging to Norway, terminating N.
forms an important article of export. The principal depend- by the North Cape, in lat. 710 10' N., lon. 250 50' E. It isence of the inhabitants is upon the cod fishery, although  inhabited by a few Norwegian and Lappish families.
they prosecute the herring and seal fisheries to some extent.   MASGERVILLE, a town of New Brunswick, capital of
The value of fish exported in 1848, was $224,000, besides  Sunbury co., situated in the valley of the St. John's.
which it is believed that large quantities were taken away    MAGGERI, mkglge-ree', or MANGRCY, mAng/gree, a town
in vessels not cleared at the custom-house. The Magdalen  of I-indostan, Mysore dominion, 22 miles W. of BangaIslands were formerly attached to the government of New- lore, with some iron works; iron ore abounding in its vicifoundland, but at present are under the jurisdiction ofthe  nity.
Canadian government. They were granted by the British    MAGGIORE, LAKE, Italy. See LAGO-MAGGIORE.
government to Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, for distinguished    MAGHERA, maH/er-a, a mnarket-town and parish of Ire:
services, and by him  were bequeathed in strict entail to  land, Ulster, co. of Londonderry, 20 miles S. of Coleraine.
his nephew, Captain John Townsend Coffin, the present Pop. of town, 1123.
proprietor, and to his heirs for ever. Pop. about 2000; a    MAGH'ERACL00      INEY, (maHner-a-klootnee,) a parish of
majority of whom are French Acadians.                       Ireland, Ulster, co. of Monaghan.
MAGDEBURG, mag'de-bbtrg, (Ger. pron. m'&otdeh-b6i6a',   MAGH'ERACROSS1. a parish of Ireland, Ulster, counties
Fr. ilcagdebourg, mig'deh-booal; L. A1aydebcursg-uq7,) a town  of Fermanagh, and TFyrone.
of Prussia, capital of a government and of the province of    MAGH-ERACULIMOINEY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co.
Saxony, on the Elbe, 76 miles W.S.W. of Berlin. It ranks as a  of Fermanagh.
fortress of the first class, and is regarded one of the strongest   MiAGIIERADROLL1. a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. df
places in Europe. The Elbe here forms several branches, and  Down.
divides the town into three parts —the town proper, which, on    MAGIHERAFELTT, a market-town and parish of Ireland,
the land side, is regularly fortified, and, towards the river, Ulster, co. of Londonderry, 26 miles S. of Coleraine. Pop.
defended by Forts Sternschanze and Echarnhorst; the Wer- of town, 1560.
der. with its citadel; and Frederickstadt. likdwise strongly    MAGH'ERALINI,  or MARALIN, a parish of Ireland,
fortified. These different parts communicate with each other Ulster, counties of Down and Armagh.
by several bridges. The houses are, for the most part, large    MAGHIIERNO, mi-gh6rlno, a village of Austrian  Italy,
and handsome; but a great number of the streets are narrow. government of Milan. 4 miles E.S.E. of Pavia. Pop. 1358.
The principal squares are the New Market or Domplatz, and    MAGHIIRIBEE, maetfre-bee', a considerable vil aS.e of Sinde,
1119




MAGC                                                       MAHl
on a navigable arm of the Indus, in its delta, 42 miles S.S.E.   MAGUELONNE, a lagoon of Southern France, department
of Tattah.  Pop. 5000.                                    of HRrault, 4 miles S. of Montpellier.  Length 17 miles.
MAGI-IULLf, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, with    MAGUIRE'S (magawirzl) BRIDGE, a market-town   of Irea station on the Liverpool and Preston Railway, 4 miles land, Ulster, co. of Fermanagh, on Colebrook River, 7 miles
S.S.W. of Ormskirk. Pop. 1032.                            S.E. of Enniskillen. Pop. 685.
MAGINDANAO,an island of the Philippines. See MsN-   MAGUIRE'S STORE, a post-office of Washington co., Ark.
DANAO.                                                      MAGUS MUIR, Scotland, co. of Fife. See ST. ANDREws.
MAGIONE, mg-j6fnA, a village of the Papal States, 8 miles    MAGYAR-BENYE, m6d'y6r-bln'yAf, or BENDORF, bUntW.N.W. of Perugia.                                        doeRf, a village of Austria, Transylvania, 26 miles S.E. of
MAGISTERE, LA, 1& m1'zhis'taian, a market-town  of Kokelburg. Pop. 1009.
France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 13 miles W.N.W.   MAGYAR, NAGY, nidj mod'yOWa, or GROSS MAGEN.
of Moissac. Pop. 1848.                                     DORF, groce mkg/en-donf', a village of Hungary, 13 miles
MAGLANS or MAAGLAND, m'gl8N!f, (L. Maia/neumi Fsdci- from Presburg. Pop. 1301.
menssin a?) a village of the Sardinian States, Savoy, on the    MAGYARO, m~dlyt/ro', a village of Transylvania, -o. of
Arvo, 11 miles E.S.E. of Bonneville. Pop. 1925.            Thorenburg, near Thorda. Pop. 1037.
MAGLASS/, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Wexford.   MAGYAR ORSZAG. See HUNGAnTY.
MAGLIANO, mAl-yll'no, a village of Italy, Pontifical   MAGYAROS, mod'y~r'osh/, or NUSSBACH, nd66srbiK, a
States, 20 miles W. of Rieti. Pop. 1380.                   village of Transylvania, 27 miles firom Kronstadt, on the
MAGLIANO. a village of Italy, Naples, province of  Aloota, (Aluta.) Pop. 1468.
Abruzzo Ultra'II., district of Avezzano. Pop. 1400.          MIAGYAR OVAR, a village of Hungary. See ALTENnORG.
MAGLIANO DI MONDOVI, ml-yJno dee mon-do-yeel, a    MAHABALIPOOR, mn-hPbd-le-poor/, a town of British
village of Italy, Piedmont, province and 5 miles N.W. of  India, Bengal, on the Sone, 37 miles. S.W. of Patna.
Mondovi. Pop. 11518.                                         MAHABALIPOORAM, mnt-hih-b',le-poo-rmni;' a town of
MAGLIANO GRANDE, mil-ylno grinfdA, a town of Italy, British India, 35 miles S. of Madras, on the Carnatic
Naples, province of Principato Citra, 36 miles S.E. of Salerno. Coast; near are some remarkable Hindoo temples and
Pop. 3000.                                                 excavations.
MAGLIE, millye-A, a city of Naples, province of Otranto,   MAIABLESHWUR (ml-hl-bllsh-wtilr) HILLS, a conva19 miles E.N.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 3400.                   lescent station of British India, presidency and 80 miles
MAGLOD, mlg-l4df, a village of Hungary, 12 miles from   S.E. of Bombay, in the ghauts of the Concan. Lat. 170 56'
Pesth. Pop. 1583.                                          N., lon. 730 30' W. Elevation above the sea about 4500 feet.
MAGNA-CAVALLO,  mln'yA-k&-v&lllo, a village of Austrian  The village here consists of about 70 dwellings, with a sanaItaly, government of Venice, E.S.E. of Mantua. Pop. 1294. torium, having 8 sets of quarters, a church, prison, and
MAGNAC-LAVAL, m~n'ylkli&v&Ilt, a town of France, de- subscription library. It was founded by Sir J. Malcolm in
partment of Haute-Yienne, 9 miles N.E. of Bellac. Pop. 1108. 1828.
MAGNAC LE BOURG, mdn'ytk/ leh boon, a market-town    MAIHADEO, mi-hi-dAo, a famous Hindoo temple of Briof France, department of Haute-Vienne, 11 miles N.E. of St. tish India, Bengal, 60 miles S.E. of Hosungabad.
Yrieix. Pop. 1420.                                           MAHAILA, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.
MAGNAGO, mln-ygo,   a village of Austrian Italy, pro-   MAHIANADA, m&-ha-nid., a river of IHIindostan, joins
vince and W. of Milan. Pop. 1080.                          the Ganges 30 miles N. of Moorshedabad, after a course of
MAGNANO, mln-y no, a village of the Sardinian States, 250 miles.
division of Turin, 9 miles S. of Biella. Pop. 1706.          MAIIANOY/, a post-office of Northumberland co., PennMAGNAVACCA, mny/yA-v'ktkA, a village and seaport of  sylvania.
the Papal States, about 30 miles E.S.E. of Ferrara, at the    MAHANOY CREEK, of Northumberland co., Pennsylvamouth of the canal communicating with the Adriatic.        nia, falls into the North Branch of the Susquehanna.
MAGNE, mln'yA/, a market-town of France, department   MAITIANOY MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, is situated on
of Deux-Slvres, 4 miles W. of Niort. Pop. 1316.           the N. side of Mahanoy Creek. It traverses the northern
MAGNESIA (AD S~IPYLU..) See MtANEESA.                   part of Schuylkill county, and then extends westerly nearly
MAGNETICAL ISLAND, an island on the S. coast of  through Northumberland. The whole length is above 30
Guatimala, off Port Pueblo; lat. 80 4' 60 N., lon. 810 47' W.  miles.
MAGNETICAL ISLAND, an island off the E. coast of    MAIIAN'SI, a station on the Alabama and Tennessee Rivers
Australia, in Halifax Bay. Lat. 190 8' S., lon. 1460 45' E. Railroad, 5 miles from Montevallo.
Discovered by Cook in 1770.                                 MAHANTAN/GO  CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in
MAGNI, mbn'yee/, a village of France, department of Orne, Schuylkill co., and flows into the Susquehanna.
arrondissement of Domfront. Pop. in 1852, 2879;             MATIIANUDDY, ma-ha-nttdddee, (i. e. " the great river,")
MAGNISI, min-yee'see, a promontory, on the E. coast of  a considerable river of India, Berar and Bengal dominions,
Sicily, 6 miles N. of Syracuse, forms the S. side of the harbor after an E. course of 500 miles, enters the Bay of Bengal by
of Augusta.                                               numerous mouths, district and S.E. of Cuttack. Though
MAGNO'LIA, a post-village of Chautauque co., New York, fordable as low as Cuttack from January to June, during
on Chautauque Lake, about 7 miles S.E. of Maysville.      the rains, it is here 2 miles in width, 1 mile across at SumbMAGNOLIA, a post-office of Harford co., iMaryland.      hulpoor, and navigable for almost 300 miles from its mouth.
MAGNOLIA, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.      MAHARAJEGUNGE, m'~h.'?-rAj-gmnj/, a town of British
MAGNOLIA, a post-office of Clinch co., Georgia.         India, presidency of Bengal, 35 miles N.E. of Purneah.
MAGNOLIA, a post-office of Yazoo co., Mississippi.        MAIIARAJEGUNGE, a town of Bundelcund, 32 miles
MAGNOLIA, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.         E.S.E. of Teary. Lat. 240 35' N., lon. 790 23' E.
MAGNOLIA, a post-office of La Rue co., Kentucky.          MIAHIASIKA, a county in the S.E. central part of Iowa,
MAGNOLIA, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio.            has an area of 576 square miles.  It is intersected by
MAGNOLIA, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana.       the Des Moines and by the North and South Forks of
MAGNOLIA, a post-village of Putnam  co., Illinois, 100  Skunk River, which all flow in a S.E. direction. It is also
miles N. by E. of Springfield.                             drained by numerous creeks. The surface in some parts is
MAGNOLIA, a post-township in the N.W. part of Rock co., level, and in others rolling, and is finely diversified with
Wisconsin. Pop. 632.                                       prairies and woodlands. The prairies are of moderate exMAGNOLIA SPRINGS, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas.  tent, and separated by large bodies of heavy timber, distriMAGNY, mrnnyeee, a town of France, department of Seine- buted along the rivers and creeks. The soil is deep, and
et-Oise, 11 miles N. of Mantes, on the Aubette. Pop. 1300.  very productive.  Stone-coal is abundant, and extensive
MAGOCS, mg'goch/, a village of Hungary, 15 miles from   beds of limestone are found. A railway is in course of conFiinfkirchen. Pop. 2743.                                   struction from Davenport to Oskaloosa. The possession of
MIAGOF/FINSVILLE, a town of Texas, co. of San Antonio, the soil was given by the aborigines to the whites in 1843.
on the Rio Grande, opposite El Paso, founded since the  Organized in 1844. Capital, Oskaloosa. Pop. 5989.
Mexican war, and has 6 or 8 stores.                        I MAHAVILLYGUNGA, niA-hl~vil-le-glni/gl, the principal
MAIGOG, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Stanstead, river of Ceylon, rises in the centre of the island, flows N.
80 miles E. of Montreal, and 20 miles from Stanstead.      past Kandy and Bintenne, and enters the Indian Ocean by
MAGOO, mnigoo/, or MAKO0, mblkoot, a town of Persia, several mouths, S. of Trincomalee.  It receives numerous
province of Azerbaijan, 56 miles N.N.W. of Khoi. Here is affluents, but its navigation is greatly impeded by shoals.
a remarkable cavern, and the river Magoo is crossed by a   MAIIh1, mkhi/, a town of India, belonging to the French,
natural bridge of lava.                                    Malabar Coast, on a river navigable for vessels of 50 tons,
MAIGOR, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.            38 miles N.N.W. of Calicut. Lat. 110 42' N., Ion. 750 38' 16'
MAGRA, m~grA, (anc. Ak[a/cra,) a river of North Italy, E. Pop. in 1849, 3341.
after a S. course of 35 miles, enters the Mediterranean,   MAHEI, an island of the Indian Ocean. See SEYCO ELLES.
(Gulf of Genoa,) 2 miles E. of the Gulf of Spezia.           MAHEBOURG, m'hAbooR/, a town of the Mauritius, on
MIAGSTADT, mlinstht, a market-town of Wtirtemberg, its S.E. coast, with a good harbor, opened to foreign shipping
circle of Neckar, 11 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 1937.  in 1836.
MAGUELONNE, mighgh-lonnl, an islet, or rather a pe-   MAII]E, a town of India. See MAnI.
ninsula, of France, department of IIdrault, above I mile    MAHIEIDPOOR, mi-hid-poorl, or MEHIIDPOOR, m~h-hidlong and about 5 miles from Montpellier. It once was the  poor/, a town of IIindostan, Gwalior dominions, 22 miles N.
gite of a town of some celebrity in the history of Languedoc. of ojein. The British defeated the Patan troops here in 1817
1120




MAH                                                      MAI
MAIIIM, ma'heemf, or m&bheeNG/, a populous town of   MAHREN, (Miihren,) a country ofGermany. See MORAVIA.
British India, on the island of Bombay, has a Portuguese    MAHRISCH-NEUSTADT, (Miihrisch-Neustadt,) mlrishchurch and a Roman Catholic college.                     noirstatt, a town of Moravia, on the railway between Prague
MAHIMI, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, and Vienna, 14 miles N.N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 3500.
65 miles W.N.W. of Delhi.                                  MAIRISCIH-OSTRAU, (Miihrisch-Ostrau,) mArish-osstriw,
MAHLBERG, mAllbtaG, a town of Baden, circleof Upper a town of Austria, circle of Prerau. Pop. 2000.
Rhine, 21 miles N.E. of Ettenheim. Pop. 1688.              MAHRISCH-TRUBAU, (Miihrisch-Triibau,) mdrish trlifMAHMUDPOOR, mdh'mhd-poor/, a town of British India, hlw, or MAIIRISCII TRIBAU  or TRIEBAU. mA/rish tree/presidency of Bengal, 95 miles N.E. of Calcutta.         bow, a town of Moravia, 27 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 3600.
MAHOBA, md-hollb, an ancient ruined town of Hindos-   MAHY, a river of Hindostan. See MHYE.
tan, Bundelcund, 32 miles S.W. of Banda; in and about   MAIA, m/ll, a river of Siberia, governments of Okhotsk
which are some striking architectural remains.           and Yakootsk, joins the Aldan, after a N. course of 500 miles.
MAHOMED-KIANKA-aTANDA, mA.-homl/dd -k~n-k9-tdn/-   MAIDA, mIld'l, a small.town of Naples, province of CaladA, a town of Sinde, on a branch of the Indus, 30 miles S.E. bria Ultra, 7 miles S.E. of Nicastro. Pop. 2600. Near this
of Hyderabad. It carries on a thriving trade with Cutch.   the English defeated a superior French force, 4th July,] 809.
MAHOM/ET, a post-village of Champaign co., Illinois, on    MAIDIEN-BRADILEY, a parish of England, counties of
the N. forlk of the Sangamon, 80 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. Somerset and Wilts.
MAIION, PORT, Minorca. See PORT MAHON..                  MAID/EN CREEK, an affluent of the Schuylkill River, in
MAHON, mit-hont, a town of Persia, province, and 22 miles  Berks co., Pennsylvania.
E. of Kerman.                                              MAIDEN CREEK, a post-township of Berks co., PennsylMAIION, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Indiana.     vania, 60 miles E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1284.
MAHONA, mg-hodn, a town of Hindostan, dominions,   MAIDENHIIEAD, a municipal borough and town of EnRand 34 miles S.W. of Gwalior.                            land, co. of.Berks, on the Thames, here crossed by an elegant
MAHONE BAY, a considerable bay on the S.E. coast of  seven-arched stone bridge, and by a viaduct.of the Great
Nova Scotia, about 35 miles W.S.W. of Halifax.           Western Railway, 26 miles WV. of London. Pop. in 1851,
MAHOINING, a river which rises in the N.E. part of Ohio, 3607. It is picturesquely situated, and has a railway station,
and joins the Beaver River in Pennsylvania. The Penn- a handsome modern chapel, an endowed school, almshouse,
sylvania and Ohio Canal extends along its lower part.    and other charities.
MAHONING, a county in the E.N.E. part of Ohio, border-   MAIDEN-NEW.TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
ing on Pennsylvania, contains 403 square miles. It is   MAID/ENS, a cluster of rocks, off the E. coast of Ireland,
drained by the Mahoning and Little Beaver Rivers. The  in the Irish Sea, 6 miles E.N.E. of Lame Lighthouse. The
surface is undulating; the soil is highly productive and  two highest rocks have each a lighthouse, with fixed white
well cultivated. Extensive beds of stone-coal and iron ore  lights. Lat. 540 55' 6" N., Ion. 50 441 W. Elevation 84 and
have been opened. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes 94 feet. They are surrounded by dangerous reefs.
through the county, and the railroad of the same name runs   MAIDEN SPRING, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
near its S. border. Mahoning was formed out of Trumbull   MAID/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
and Columbiana counties, and was organized in 1846, and    MAIDSTONE, mddlston, a parliamentary and municipal
named from its principal river. Capital, Canfield. P. 23,735. borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the
MAHONING, a former post-township of Indiana co., Penn- Medway, here crossed by a five-arched bridge, and at the tersylvania, now divided into North, South, East, and West mination of a branch of the S.E. Railway, 71 miles E.S.E.
Mahoning.                                                 of Rochester. Pop. in 1851, 20,801. It is beautifully situated
MAHONING, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. on a slope in the central vale of Kent; has many curious
Pop. 1841.                                                old houses, one of the largest and finest ancient parish
MAHONING, a township of Mlontour co., Pennsylvania. churches in England, known as "the pilgrim's chapel," now
Pop. 4169.                                                beautifully restored as a place of worship; a small grammar,
MAHONING, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio.             and other endowed schools, a proprietary school, numerous
MAHONING CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the Al- almshouses, and large charities; a former palace of the
leghany River, a few miles above Kittanning.              Archbishops of Canterbury; well-preserved remains of a
MAHONING MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, in Carbon co., conventual structure, partly converted into an agricultural
is situated on the S.W. side of the Lehigh River, and on the  school; a town-hall and market-cross, large county jail and
S.E. of -Mahoning Creek.                                  house of correction; a county lunatic asylum, extensive
MAHONTONIGA (or MAHANTANIGA) MOUNTAIN, Penn- barracks, neat theatre, library, philosophical society, mechasylvania, extends from the Susquehanna along the northern  nics' institute, and several banks. In the immediate vicinity
border of Dauphin county.                                 are numerous paper-mills, with some of the most productive
MAHOO/PENY, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. hop grounds and orchards in England, and valuable quarPop. 767.                                                 ries of stone, exported by the Medway, which is navigable
MAHOOPENY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Sus- here for vessels of 60 tons. Trade is thriving, and the town
quehanna in Wyoming county.                               increasing. The streets are lighted with gas. The borough
MAHOOPENY MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, in the W. part sends 2 members to the House of Commons. It gives the
of Wyoming county, near the Mahoopeny Creek, an affluent title of Viscount to the Finch family. MaidStone was an
of the Susquehanna. It consists properly of two portions: important city of the early Britons. In the reign of Henry
Big Mahoopeny, near the S. W., and Little Mahoopeny, in  VIII., the first English hops were raised here. In 1648, the
the N.W. part of the county.  Both of these mountains are  town was twice stormed by the Parliamentary forces. In the
spurs of the Alleghany range.                            vicinity is The Moat, a seat of the Earl of Romney.
MAIIOOR, md-hoor/, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's   MAID/STONE, a township of Essex co., Vermont. P. 237.
dominions, on an affluent of the Wurdah, 178 miles N.N.W.   MAID/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
of Hyderabad.                                              MAILAND, a town of Lower Austria, See MILAN.
MAHOtPAC, a post-office of Putnam co., New York.         MAILBERG, a town of Germany. See MALBERG.
MAHOPAC, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.         MAILCOTTA, mil-kottid, a town of Hindostan, Mysore,
MAHORA, md-ho/rc, a town of Spain, New Castile, 19  17 miles N. of Seringapatam.  It has several pagodas.
miles N. of Albacete. Pop. 1445.                           MAILLE, mVu, a village of France, department of Vienne,
MAHOWL, md-howlf, a town of British India, presidency  9 miles S.S.E. of Fontenay-le-Comte. Pop. 1015.
of Bengal,, 35 miles N.W. of Azionghur.                    MAILLERAYE, LA, 1d mlh'yeh-rd/, (L. lespiletumn,) a
MARAHA, mdhtrdb, a tract on the S. coast of Arabia, hamlet of France, department of Seine-Infrieure, 13 miles
between Hadramaut and Cmuria or Kuria Muria (Kuryan  W.N.W. of Rouen, with a fine chateau and park, on the left
Murian) Bay. It is mostly covered by the Shejer and SubAihn  bank of the Seine. Pop. 800.
mountain ranges. Mahrah is the country of the MahrA    MAILLEZAIS, mh'yfeh-z/, a town of NorthernFrance, detribe or nation. The name Mahrah has been displaced by partment of Vendle, 7 miles S.S.E. of Fontenay. Pop. 1350.
others of local origin; the maritime portion of the country    MAIMAITCHIN, MAIMAICHIN, mI-mi-chin/ or mI-mlbeing now generally called Shehr or El Shehr. In the  cheen/, or MAI-MA-TCHIN, mi'm-cheen/, written also MAIearly part of the 17th century, the whole country, from  MACHEN, i. e. "Place of Trade," a village of Mongolia, imDhofar to the W. limit of Hadramaut, was ruled by the king  mediately opposite Kiakhta, on the Russian frontier, and
or sultan of Shehr or Shejer. Mahrah exports 100 tons of  the entrep~t of the Chinese trade with Russia, 160 miles N.
frankincense, with aloes, dragon's blood, and various gums, W. of Oorga. It is commanded by an adjacent bill fortress,
annually to India.                                       is enclosed by a palisade, regularly laid out, and inhabited
MAHRATTA (mdh-rtlt'ta) STATES, comprise most of the  by from 1200 to 1500 males, no women being allowed here.
principal states of Central Hindostan. viz. the Sattarah,   MAIMUND, mi-mfnd/, a town of West Afghanistan, 34
Gwalior, Nagpoor, Indore, Bandab, Colapoor, Dhar, and  miles S.W. of Candahar, in lat. 310 42' N., ion. 640 511' E.
Dewar dominions, having a united area estimated at 131,450    MAIN, mtn, a river of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Antrim,
square miles. The Mahratta Confederation rose into notice  enters Lough Neagh after a S. course of 30 miles.
under Sevajee in the middle of the 17th century, and in the    MAIN, min, a river of Siberia, which joins the Anadeer
18th its possessions extended from the province of Agra to  (Anadyr) after a N. course of 180 miles.
Cape Comorin; but its power was soon afterwards broken    MlAIN, mAn, a fort of British America, district of East
by the British, to whom all the states which composed it are  Main, at the mouth of the East Main River, in James's Bay
now subsidiary.                                            MAIN, MAYNi or MAINE, mAn, (Ger. pron. min,) (auc
fl                                                                     1121




MAI                                                        MAT
Accnus, Mcnus, mfmnis or Menus,) a navigable river of Ger- to Ilath, for ships, to Hallowell (40 miles) for sloops, anid to
many, rises by two streams, the Red and White Main, in the  Waterville (68 miles) for keel-boats.  The Androscoggin
Fichtelberg Mountains, North Bavaria, flows very tortuously  River issues from  Umbagog Lake. and pursuing a very
W., and joins the Rhine opposite Montz. Length 280 miles. winding course through New Hampshire and Maine, joins
It is navigable from the Regnitz (240 miles) to the Rhino. the Kennebec a few miles from  the sea. The Saco River
Chief affluents, on the left, Regnitz and Tauber, and on  rises in the White Mountains, in New Hampshire,,rnd passthe right, the Ssale.                                      ing through the celebrated Notch, empties into the Atlantic
MAINA, minA, a district of Greece, consisting of the S. in the S.W. part of Maine. The St. Croix River forms the
extremity of the Morea, between the gulfs of Koron and  E. boundary for about 70 miles, and the St. John's River
Kolokythia, composing most part of the government of  the N. boundary for about 75 miles. The coast of Maine is
Laconia. The inhabitants, who were never fully conquered  lined with islands, the principal of which are Mount Desert
by the Turks, long lived in a rude feudal state, subsisting  Island, in Frenchman's Bay, Deer, Long, and Fox Islands
mainly by brigandage and piracy.-                          in Penobscot Bay. It is indented with bays and inlets,
MAINA, (anc. Hilpopa    ) a village of Greece, on the Gulf  forming the greatest number of fine harbors possessed
of Koron, 14 miles N.N.W. of Cape Matapan.                 by any state in the Union.  Commencing at the E., the
MAINA, mtn, a town of India, Bhopaul dominion, near most important are the Passamaquoddy, Machias, Pleasant
Ashta.                                                     River, Frenchman's, Penobscot, and Casco Bays, besides
MAINBERNHEIiM, mTn-baRntfhme, a market-town of  a number of smaller inlets, but all important to the
Bavaria, 15 miles E.S.E. of Wiirzburg.  Pop. 1633.         trade of the state. Maine is mirrored over with beautiful
MIAINBURG, mantb66RtO, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, sheets of water, some of them lakes of considerable magni27 miles S.S.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1025.                    tude, among the largest of which are Moosehead Lake, 35
MAINE, mdx or mmn, a river of France, joins the S6vre- miles long, Chesuncook Lake, 24 miles long, Millinoket,
Nantaise, about 4 miles above Nantes. Its course, about 30  Schoodic, Eagle, Grand, imbagog, Sebago, (and a number
miles, is partly navigable.                                of others with unpronounceable names,) which diversify
MAINE, a river of France, which falls into the Loire on  and give beauty to the landscape. So numerous are the
the right, after a navigable course of 7 miles.            lakes and bays of Maine, that it has been estimated oneMAINE, LE, l1hmin, (L. Ceonmania?) an ancient province  tenth of its surface is covered with water.
of France, bounded N. by Normandy, E. by Orleannais, S.    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-If the scenery of Maine
by Anjou and Touraine, and, with Perche, constituted a  was not overshadowed by the grandeur and fame of the
general military government. Its capital was Le lMans. It neighboring White Mountains of New Hampshire, it would
is now included in the departments of Sarthe and Mayenne. be the resort of crowds of admiring tourists. In addition
MAINE, mdn, a river of Ireland, after a course of about 18  to its picturesque lakes and waterfalls, Mount Katahdin
miles, falls into Castlemaine harbor, whence it is navigable  rears its bold summit to a height but little inferior to that
to the village of Castlemaine.                             of Mount Washington, and commands a panorama scarcely
MAINE, mAn, the largest of the New England States, and  inferior in extent or grandeur. Sugar Loaf Mountain, on
thelmost easterly of the United States, is bounded on the N. the Seboois River, though not quite 2000 feet in elevation,
by Canada East, (from which it is separated by the St. John's  is said to overlook 50 mountains and 17 lakes. Chase's
River,) on the E. by New Brunswick, S. by the Atlantic  Mountain, in the same vicinity, Mars Hill, on the E. bounOcean, and W. by New Hampshire and Canada East. It  dary, (1506 feet high,) and Mounts Bigelow, Saddleback,
lies between 430 5' and 470 30' N. lat., and between 660 50' Squaw, Bald, Blue, Speckled, Gilead, and other mountains
and 710 W. ion., being about 250 miles in extreme length  on the W., abound in sources of delight to the lover of the
from N. to S., and 190 in its greatest breadth from E. to W., romantic in nature. On Mount Desert Island, as has been
including an area of about 31,766 square miles, or 20,330,240  elsewhere stated, a mountain of the same name, 2000 feet
acres, of which only 2,035,596, or about one-tenth, were  high, exhibits in striking contrast the grandeurs of the
improved in 1850.                                          ocean and the land, pleasing the more by contrast, and
Face of the Country.-A ridge of broken and detached  heightening the effect of each other. Some of the mouneminences, apparently an irregular continuation of the  tains in the WV. are said to attain an elevation of 4000 feet.
White Mountains of New Hampshire, extends along the  Maine abounds in waterfalls, which combine, in a high dowestern side of Maine for some distance, and then crosses the  gree, the picturesque and the useful, furnishing, as they do,
state in a N.E. direction, forming a chain of scattered peaks, the necessary motive power to her thousands of rising mannwhich terminate in Mars Hill, on the eastern boundary. factories. Near Lewiston, on the Androscoggin River, the
Mount Katahdin, the highest summit in Maine, and inferior  water is precipitated over a broken ledge for about 50 feet,
only to some of the higher peaks of the White Mlountains, and employed for extensive cotton-mills. Godfrey's Falls in
has an elevation of 5385 feet above the sea-level.  This  the Sebools River, Rumford's Falls in the Androscoggin
mountain is situated E. of Chesuncook Lake, and a little  River, Frye's Fall on a tributary of Ellis River, several falls
below the 46th degree of N. latitude.  There are several in the Keunebec River, at Waterville, Skowhegan, Norpeaks varying from 1000 to 4000 feet in altitude. The ridge  ridgewock, and Solon, are all highly picturesque objects.
of highlands just described separates the waters flowing N.    Clismate, Soil, and sProductions.-The winters of Maine are
into the St. John's River from those flowing S. into the  long and severe, but the cold generally steady, and free from
Atlantic. Amid this group of mountains lie a number of  those frequent charges that prove so deleterious to health in
beautiful lakes of considerable magnitude. Another range  the states farther south.  The summers are short, the
of highlands, of from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation, separates  period of vigorous vegetation scarcely lasting four months,
Maine from Canada East, till it strikes the head waters of the  rendering it unfavorable to maize; but the late springs
St. John's River. The state is generally hilly anddiversified. favor apples, pears, plums, and melons, because they are not
Along the coast, however, from 10 to 20 miles inland, there  tempted to blossom so early as to be caught by the frosts.
are some small and marshy plains. Mount Desert, on an  The snow lies for three, and in some of the interior forest
island of the same name in Frenchman's Bay, has an eleva- districts, for five months in the year. The N.E. winds from
tion of more than 2000 feet, and*forms  a striking contrast the Atlantic, in the spring and early summer, charged with
with the vast plain of waters around it.                   fog and chilliness, are among the most unpleasant and unAiinerals. —Maine is not distinguished for its mineral re- healthful features of the climate of this state. Meteorolo~urces, but iron, lime, and a fine building granite, are  gical tables kept at Biddeford, by James G. Garland, in the
extensively found. Copper pyrites occurs, according to Dr. years 1851-2, gave the monthly mean of July at 19 P. at., at
Jackson, in small quantities, at Dexter, Lubec, and Parson- 800; of August, 770; of September, 59~.76; of October, 600;
field. A lead-mine, 4 miles from Lubec, was worked for a  of November, 40.090; of December, 27.930; of January,
few years. A small vein of lead and zinc ore has been dis- 27.410; of February, 37.130; of March, 41.040; of April, 49.130;
covered at Parsonfield. The most extensive deposit of iron  of May, 65.080; and of June, 750.92. Wind westwardly 151
is on the Aroostook River, 50 miles from its mouth. Some  days, eastwardly 54, northwardly 84, and southwardly 77.
umsanganese is found in this deposit. Some of the marble  Quantity of rain, 49.24 inches. First frost in 1851, Septemwhich abounds in the state, admits of a fine polish, particu-  her 15th; last in the spriug of 1852, June 12th; first snow,
larly in' the neighborhood of Thomaston, and on the WV. October 26th; last in spring of 1852, April 16th. Saco friozen
branch of the Penobscot River. Slate of a fine quality for over December 1st; opened March l31st. Lowest point of the
roofing and for school purposes, is found between the sources mercury 80 below, and highest 980 above zero. The merof the Kennebec and the St. John's River.                  cury, however, in some parts, and in severe seasons, descends
Rivers, Lakes, eays, &c. —The rivers of IMaline are nume.  to nearly 300 below zero.
rous and important, affording near their sources, or on their    The soil of Maine is as various as its surface. The best
branches, sites for mills, with abundant water-power, and  lands are between the Penobscot and Kennebec, and are
furnishing, in the principal streams, channels for naviga- highly productive; there is also much good land in the
tion, down which are floated those vast quantities of lumber, valley of the St. John's, and on some other rivers. There is.
which constitute so important a source of the wealth of  a great deal of poor land in the mountainous districts, and
the inhabitants of this state. The Penobscbot and Kenne- along the coast, especially in the S.E. part of the'state. The
bec Rivers are the largest, and, traversing the interior of  most abundant agricultural products of Maine are Irish
the state, flow into the Atlantic, after courses of from 200  potatoes, oats, Indian corn, hay, butter, cheese, wool, live
to 300 miles. The Penobscot tiver, in which the tide rises stock, and fruits, besides considerable. quantities of wheat,
from 20 to 25 feet, is navigable to Bangor, (60 miles,) for  rye. pease, beans, barley, buckwheat, market produce, grasslarge vessels. The Kennebec Iiver is navigable 12 miles, seeds, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey; and some wine,
1122




MAI                                                       MAI
hops, flax, silk, and molasses. In 1850 there were in the  to Portland by railway, and railroads are projected to constate 46,760 farms, occupying 2,039,596 acres of improved  nect St. John's in New Brunswick, and Bangor in Maine,
land, and producing 296,259 bushels of wheat; 102,916 of  with the commercial metropolis of the state. A short road
rye; 1,750,056 of Indian corn; 2,181,037 of oats; 205,541 of  unites Bangor with Old Town. The Cumberland and Oxford
pease and beans; 3,436,040 of Irish potatoes; 151,731 of  Canal, including some lockage, forms a navigable line of 50
barley; 104,523 of buckwheat; 18.311 of grass-seeds; 1,364,034  miles, uniting Portland with Sebago, Brandy, and Long
pounds of wool; 9,243,811 of butter; 2,434,454 of cheese; Ponds.
93,542 of maple sugar; 189,618 of beeswax and honey; 755,889    Education. —Maine has a permanent school fund, arising
tons of' hay; live stock valued at $9,705,726; orchard pro- from  the sale of lands. set apart by the state. This fund
ducts at $342,865; market products at $122,387; andslaugh-  amounted in 1853, to $116,074. In addition to this, the
tered animals at $1,646,773.                                banks pay a semi-annual tax of one-half of 1 per cent. on
Forest Trees. —The great staple of Maine is its lumber. their capital for school purposes, and a tax of 40 cents per
Extensive forests of pine cover the country around the  capita is levied in each town. There were in this state, acsources of the Kennebec, Penobscot, and other rivers in the  cording to the census of 1850, 4042 public schools, with
centre and N. of the state. Hemlock and spruce abound in  192,815 pupils, and $315,436 income, of which $31,110 was
all parts; but white and red oak are confined tp the districts  from public funds, and $269,603 from taxation; 131 acadenear the coast. Maple, beech, birch, and ash are plentiful, mies and other schools, with 6648 pupils, and $51,187 income;
and some butternut and white walnut are found, but not and 3 colleges with 282 students, and $14,000 income, of
in abundance. Cedar swamps occur in the north central which $6000 was from the public fund and $1560 from enportions. The other trees are the poplar, elm, sassafras, dowments.  Attending school, as returned  by  families,
dogwood, willow, wild plum, basswood, buttonwood, juniper, 186,222. Adults who could not read and write, 6282, of
hornbeam, &c. The cutting and rafting of timber to the  whom 4148 were of foreign birth. According to the Amerisaw-mills, where it is converted into boards, shingles, scant- can Almanac, the number of colleges in 1853 was 2, and of
ling, &c., is a great business in Maine. In winter, great theological and medical schools each 1.*
humbers of men are employed in felling the trees, and drag-    Religious Denoesieations.-Of 945 churches in Maine in
ging them over the hard and deep snow to the rivers, where  1850, 326 belonged to the Baptists, 12 to the Christians, 180
they are suffered to lie till the breaking up of the ice in the  to the Congregationalists, 9 to the Episcopalians, 22 to. the
spring, when they are floated down to the mills and places  Free Church, 26 to the Friends, 199 to the Methodists, 7 to
of export. Of the fruit-trees, the apple, pear, plum, and  the Presbyterians, 12 to the Roman Catholics, 73 to the jnion
cherry flourish, but the peach does not succeed well.       Church, 15 to the Unitarians, and 60 to the Universalists,
Anintals.-The moose and caribou are still occasionally  and 2 minor sects; giving 1 church to every 618 persons.
met with in the forests of Maine; the other animals are the  Church property valued at $1,725,845.
bear, deer, catamount, wildcat, wolf, mink, wolverine; beoa-   Periodiccals.-There   were published in Maine, in 1850, 4
ver, martin, sable, weasel, porcupine, woodchuck, racoon, daily, 5 tri and semi-weekly, 39 weekly newspapers, and 1
squirrel, &c. The birds are wild geese and ducks, passenger- monthly periodical, with an aggregate annual circulation
pigeons, hawks, eagles, owls, ravens, humming-birds,  of 4,203,064 copies.
thrushes, quails, &c.                                          Public Institutions.-The State Prison of Maine is at ThoManufactures.-Maine is not so extensively engaged in  maston, and is conducted on the Auburn, or silent system;
manufactures as some of the New England States; she had, the prisoners are engaged in smithing, tailoring, shoehowever, according to the census of 1850, 3682 manufac- making, wheelwrighting, and in quarrying limestone; the
turing establishments, each producing $500 and upwards  number of prisoners, on December 1, 1852, was 73, of whom
annually, of which 12 were cotton factories, employing  only 1 was a female. Excess of receipts over expenditures
$3,329,700 capital, and 780 male and 2950 female hands, more than $2000. There is a State Insane Asylum, located
consuming raw material worth $1,573,110, and producing  at Augusta; it had December 1, 1852, 85 patients, and since
32,852,556 yards of stuffs, valued at $2,596,356; 36 woollen  the opening of the Institution, 488 have been received, of
factories, employing $467,600 capital, and 310 male and 314  whom 47 per cent. were restored. This state had 77 public
female hands, consuming raw naterial worth $495,940, and  libraries, according to the census of 1850, with 51,439 volproducing 1,023,020 yards of stuffs, and 1200 pounds of yarn, umes; 142 school and'Sunday-school libraries, with 29,213
valued at $753,300; 26 iron foundries, forges, furnaces, &c., volumes; 8 college libraries, with 39,621 volumes, and 9
employing $364,100 capital, and 315 hands, consuming raw  church libraries, with 1692 volumes. In 1853, Maine apmaterial worth $127,509, and producing 5175 tons of pig- proprinted $6,772.50 for the education of the deaf, dumb,
iron and castings, valued at $301,616.  There were 213  and blind, (the former in the asylums of Connecticut,)
tanneries, employing  $732,747 capital, consuming  raw  $52,000 to the State Reform  School, $40,000 for repairs of
material worth $892,343, and producing leather valued at the Insane Hiospital, and $12,600 for the State Prison.
$1,620,636; and $17,000 were invested in the manufacture    Coucnties.-Maine is divided into 15 counties, viz., Androsof malt and spirituous liquors, consuming 2000 gallons of  coggin, Aroostook, Cumberland, Franklin, Hancock, Kenmolasses, and producing 220,000 gallons of rum. Home-made  nebec, Lincoln, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Sagadahock,
manufactures, valued at $513,599, were produced. More  Somerset, Waldo, Washington, and York. Capital, Augusta.
ships are built, and perhaps more boards and scantling saw-    Cities and Towns. -Portland is the largest and most comed in Maine than in any other state in the Union. In 1852, mercial town; pop. in 1850, 20,815. The other most import110.047 tons of shipping were built in the state. Lime is  ant places are Bangor, pop. 14,432; Augusta, 8225; Bath,
also largely manufactured for export, chiefly in Thomaston  8020; Gardiner, 6486; Saco, 5798; Rockland, Belfast, Brunsand Rockland.                                               wick, Westbrook, Calais, Frankfort, Eastport, Waldoborough,
Cbommerce.-Maine has a coast indented by bays and inlets, Ellsworth, and Camden.
presenting a greater number of good harbors navigable by    Population. —Till recently, the population of Maine was
vessels of the largest class, than any other state in the con-  almost wholly of English or New England origin, but now
federacy. Her rivers may be ascended by ships and other  it begins to receive a portion of the mixed emigration from
sea-craft from 12 to 50 miles, and much farther by keel-boats. Europe. The number of inhabitants was 96,540 in 1790;
The great staple of export from Maine is lumber, of which  151,719 in 1800; 228,705 in 1810; 298,335 in 1820; 399,455
202,005,830 feet was manufactured in 1851, independent of  in 1830; 501,793 in 1840, and 583,169 in 1850; of whom
lath, shingles, &c., which are also largely exported, as well as' 296,745 were white males; 285,068 females; 725 colored
lime, marble, granite, and ice. In Bangor alone, 182,942,284  males, and 631 females. This population was distributed
feet of lumber were surveyed in 1853. The fisheries employ  among 103,333 families, occupying 95,802 dwellings. Of the
a large number bf vessels and hands in the catching, curing,  entire population, 515,583 were born in the state; 35,295 in
and carrying the fish to foreign markets, (i.e. out of the state.)  other states of the Union, 1949 in England, 13,871 in Ireland,
The foreign imports for 1853, amounted to $1,386,589, and  592 in Scotland and Wales. 14,181 in British America, 290
the exports to $2,040,787. The completion of the Atlantic  in Germany, 143 in France, 430 in other countries, and 584
and St. Lawrence Railroad, it is thought, will greatly in- whose places of birth were unknown, making about 6 per
crease the foreign commerce of Portland. The increase of  cent. of the population of foreign birth. Pop. to square mile
the exports of 1853 over 1852, was nearly $1,000,000. The  16.66. In the year ending June 1, 1850, there occurred 7582
tonnage'owned in Maine in 1853, was 622,426, of which  deaths, or about 13 in every 1000 persons; in the same
51,425 were engaged in cod, and 17,207 in the mackerel fish- period, 5503 paupers, of whom 950 were foreigners, received
cry; number of ships built, 351, with an aggregate capacity  aid., at an expense of about $38 to each person. i Of 266
of 118,916 tons, being the greatest amount of shipbuilding  deaf and dumb, 1 was a colored person; of 198 blind, none
in any state in the Union.                                  were colored; of 561 insane, 5 were colored, and of 577
Internal Improvements.-In January, 1855, Maine had 441  idiotic, 2 also were colored.
miles of railroad completed, and 35 in course of construction.   Government, Flinances, Banlcs, &c.-The governor of Maine
lier chief commercial town, Portland, is connected by rail- is elected annually by popular vote, and receives a salary
road with Boston, and all the intermediate places of import- of $1500 per annum. He is aided by a council of 7 persons,
ance  in Maine  as well as in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. A line through New Hampshire and Vermont,
cpassing wA,ine thrlsoug  Newn H am shireand  ceronnects     Throughout the United States there is a wide discrepancy
pasn ithin 5 miles of Mount Washingtoncnet
between the number of colleges reported by the census and the
Portland with Quebec anad Montreal. From the latter, roads  American Almanac, that of the former being much the larger.
branch to Winthrop, Livermore, and Waterville; Augusta, which may perhaps be accounted for by its includingtheoloiceal
Hallowell, Gardiner, Bath, and Brunswick are also united  medical, and law schools in its list.
1123




MAI                                                       MAK
elected on joint ballot by the legislature. The Senate, corn-    MAIORCA, m~-o-Rkg, a town of Portugal, province of
posed of 31, and the House of Representatives, of 151 mem- Douro, 20 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 2800.
hers, are elected annually by the people. The legislature    MAIRA, milrA, a river of the Sardinian States, joins the
meets on the 2d Wednesday in January. Three months' Po, 3 miles S.W. of Carmagnola, after a course of nearly
residence in the state previous to an election, gives every  60 miles.
male citizen of the United States, not a pauper or criminal,   MAIRENA, mi-rinA, a cillage of Spain, 50 miles S.E. by
the right of suffrage. Maine is entitled to 6 members in  E. of Granada. Pop. 927.
the national House of Representatives, and to 8 electoral   MAIRENA DEL ALJARAFE, mi-rinA dcl Al-Ha-rAIfA, or
votes for President of the United States. The judiciary con- MAIRENA LA TACONERA, mi-rAin& 1A t4-ko-nulrA, a town
sists-1. Of a supreme judicial court, composed of 1 chief  of Spain, 3 miles S.W. of Seville, on the Rio-Pudio. P. 822.
and 6 associate judges, holding courts in 3 judicial districts,   MAIRENA DEL ALCOR, mi-rA'lng dii Al-kou/, a town of
the western, eastern, and middle, for the purpose of hearing  Spain, Andalusia, 1.3 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 3623.
and determining questions in law and equity: other cases   MAISDON, mA'dSaGl, a village of Prance, department of
are tried in the several counties where they are commenced. Loire-Inf6rieure, 13 miles S.E. of Nantes. Pop. 2100.
The judges of this court have salaries of $1800 per annum;   MAISDY, mis/dee, a town of India, Berar dominions, 30
2. Of probate courts, held in each county, and receiving  miles N. of Ellichpoor.
salaries of from $160 to $500; 3. Of-municipal and police    MAISSY, mis/see, a town of British India, presidency of
courts in the larger towns?7'                              Bengal, 52 miles N. of Patna.
The assessed value of property in Maine in 1850, was   MAISIMORE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
$96,765,868; public debt in 1852, $471,500; ordinary ex-    MAISONS-ALFORT, mA.s6N'/ AlfoaR; a village of France,
penses, exclusive of debt and schools, $150,000. In Janu-  department of Seine, arrondissement of Sceaux, on the Paris
ary, 1854, there were in this state 60 banking institutions,  and Lyons Railway. The hamlet of Alfort has a national
with an aggregate capital of $5,913,876, circulation $5,317,750, school of rural economy.
and coin $1,132,610.                                         MAISONS-SUR-SEINE, mAz&NG! sin sAn, a village of
History. —A settlement was made on the site of the pre-  Prance, department of Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles N. of Versailles,
sent town of Phippsburg in 1607, contemporaneously with  with remains of a fine chateau, and a station on the railway
Janmestown in Virginia, but afterwards abandoned. Settle- from Paris to Havre.
ments from New Hampshire gradually extended themselves    MAISSANA, nmis-s/nA, a village of the Sardinian States,
into Maine, and York and Saco are known to have had an  8 miles from Varese, on the Borza. Pop. 2600.
existence in 1625. In 1635 a French armed vessel took pos-    MAITEA, mi-tA/A, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific
session of a trading-house on the Penobscot, and sent the  Ocean, E. of Tahiti, on which it is dependent. Lat. 170 53'
colonists back to Plymouth. In the same year Maine fell  S., Ion. 1480 5' W. Circuit, 8 miles.
into the hands of Gorges, but after his death in 1652, was   MAITLAND, a post-village of Canada. Vest, co. of Grenannexed to Massachusetts, as far as the Kennebec River. ville, on the river St. Lawrence, 7 miles N. of Prescott.
In the latter part of the 17th century, Maine suffered  Pop. about 200.
much from incursions by the savages and French, many of    MAITILAND, EAST and WEST, two towns of Australia,
the towns being laid waste and the inhabitants slaughtered. New South Wales, co. of Northumberland, on the Hunter
This state of things was terminated by the treaty of Utrecht River, at its junction with Walles Creek, 14 miles N.N.W. of
in 1712, by which Maine passed with Acadie into the hands  Newcastle. United pop. 3319. They have several churches;
of the English, and lost its separate history in that of Mas- East Maitland has. a court-house and jail; West Maitland,
sachusetts, to which it was attached. During the Revolu- which is the most thriving place, contains numerous large
tionary war, Portland was bombarded by the English in  stores and some good hotels. With Newcastle, these towns,
1775, and more than 100 buildings, public and private, called collectively the " Northumberland boroughs," return
were destroyed. The ever-memorable march of Arnold, on  1 member to the Legislative Assembly of the colony. Good
his passage to Quebec, in the fall and winter of the same  coal is abundant in the vicinity.
year, took place along the margin of the Kennebec, within    MAIZIERES, mAze-ai&, a village of Prance, department
the limits of the present state of Maine. In 1820 this state  of Meurthe, 14 miles S.E. Chgteau Salins. Pop. 1384.
became an independent member of the great American con-   MAJAMBO, mg-jAm/bo, a maritime town of Madagascar,
frederacy. After a long diplomatic controversy, which had  on its N.W. coast, at the head of the Bay of Majambo, 70
nearly resulted in an appeal to arms, Great Britain and  miles N.E. of Bembatooka.
the United States, by treaty, in 1842, defined the N. and N.   MAJDAN, midAnt, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss,
W. boundary of Maine to be the St. John's and St. Francis co. of Krassova, 4 miles from Oravicza. Pop. 1310.
Rivers to Pohenagamook Lake, and from thence in a S.W.   MAJINIDA, a town of Sinde, on the Indus, 40 miles N.W.
direction along the highlands to the N.E. corner of New  of Hyderabad, with 2000 inhabitants, and an extensive haHampshire.                                                 zaar. Lat. 280 51' N., Ion. 680 19' E.
MAINE, a post-village and township in the W. part of    MAJORCA, ma-jortka, (Sp. Mallorca, mAl-yorJkA; Fr. J~aBroome co., New York, about 70 miles S. of Syracuse. The  jorque, maczhoRkl; L. Balealris MaIjor and iMajorca,) an island
village contains 2 or 3 churches and several stores. Pop. of  in the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, and forming the
the township, 1843.                                        largest of the Balearic group, about 115 miles S. of Barcelona;
MAINE, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. P. 581. between lat. 390 16' and 390 57' N., and lon. 20 18! and 30 27'
MAINE, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.              E.; greatest length 58 miles, greatest breadth 45 miles, area
MAINE-ET-LOIRE, mn-A-lwAtR1 or mkn-A-lwh/l, a depart- 1420 square miles.  It is very irregular and deeply inmeat in the N.W. part of France, formed of the old province  dented. The coasts on the W. and N., facing Spain, are
of Anjou, between Iat. 460 59' and 470 45' N. Area 2755  very lofty and steep; in other directions they are low and
square miles. Pop. in 1852, 515,452. Chief rivers, Loire, shelving.  A great number of good natural harbors are
Sarthe, Mayenne, and Loir.  Surface diversified by hills  scattered along the coasts. The interior is finely diversified
and plains. The valley of the Loire produces lint, hemp, with mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. The culminating
and fruits. The minerals comprise slate, granite, marble, point of the island, Puig de Torella, has a height of about
and flint. Grain, wine, fruits, and cattle are extensively  4800 feet. The climate is temperate, the mountains in the
exported. The department is divided into the arrondisse- N. affording protection against the winter cold, and refreshments of Angers, BangS, Beaupreau, Saumur, and Segri. ing breezes from the sea mitigating the summer heat; violent
Capital, Angers.                                           winds, however, are not unfrequent, and the air is often
MAINES/BURG, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. overcharged with moisture, which hangs in clouds or deMAINES'VILLE, a small post-village of Columbia co., seends in mists. Majorca is generally well watered and ferPennsylvania.                                              tile, producing, in considerable abundance, wheat, barley,
MAINLAND, one of the Orkneys.  See PoMAoNA.              oats, legumes, oil, and wine; fruits abound everywhere.
MAINS and STRATHMARITINE, united parishes of Scot- Capital, Palma. Pop. 179,753. Majorca and Minorca were
land, co. of Forfar.                                       anciently named Gymnesice; while the appellation of Major,
MAINSBURG. See MAiNESBORG.                               or " the larger," was given the former, and that of Minor,
MAINSTOCKHEIM, min/stok'hime, a village of Bavaria, or "the smaller," to the latter island.-Adj. and inhab.
Lower Franconia, on the Main. Pop. 1374.                   MAJOR/CAN or MALLORqUINE, maPlor-keen/; (Sp. MALLoRquIN,
MAIN/STONE, a parish of England and Wales, counties m'l-yoR-keen.)
of Salop and Montgomery.                                     MAJORI, mA-yo/ree, a maritime town of Naples, province
MAIN STREAM, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.       of Principato Citra, 6 miles W.S.W. of Salerno. Pop. 2800.
MAINTENON, mJas'teh-n6Na/, (L. Mesteno,) a town of    MAJS, mish, or MAYSEK, mI'sh~k/, a village of Hungary,
France, department of Eure-et-Loir, 10 miles N.N.E. of Thither Danube, 6 miles firom Mohacs. Pop. 1217.
Chartres, at the confluence of the Eure and Voise, and on    MAJSA, mIshlh, a village of Hungary, district, of Little
the railway to Versailles. Pop. 1442. It has ruins of the  Cumania, 18 miles from Felegyhaza. Pop. 4223.
gigantic aqueduct commenced by Louis XIV. to convey    MAJUMBA, a townof Africa. See MAYOMBA.
water from the Eure to Versailles, and the magnificent chb-   MAJUNGA, mA-jdn/gA, a maritime town of Madagascar,
teau in which he espoused Frangoise d'Aubigne.            on its N.W. coast, at the entrance of Bembatooka Bay. An
MAINVAULT, m~AG'v5f, a town of Belgium, province of extensive traffic is carried on here, chiefly with the Ameni.
Hainaut, 21 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2058.               cans, in jerked beef, horns, tallow, and hides.
MAINIVILLE, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.          MAKAD, mlh'kldl, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube,
MAINZ, a city of Germany. See MENTZ.                   27 miles from Pesth, on an island of the Danube. P. 1088.
1124




ITAK                                                     MAL
MAKADISHU, a town of Africa. See MAGADOXO.              E. coast of Attica, 3 miles E. of Cape Colonna, 10 miles in
MAKALLAH, MACALLAH, rh/-kll1lh, or MACULLAH, length and 2 miles in breadth, but lately uninhabited.
ino-cisiflh, a seaport town of Arabia, on its S. coast, and on a    MAKTAN, mik-t4nl, a small island, one of the Philipsmall bay, 300 miles E.N.E. of Aden. Lat. 140 31/ N., ion. 490  pines, in the Malay Archipelago, lying to the E. of the island
6K E. Population about 4500, comprising numerous foreigners. of Zebu. The celebrated navigator, Magellan, (Magalhaens,)
It is partially enclosed by walls, and has an imposing appear- was killed here in 1521.
ance from the sea, its houses being in a castellated style, and    MAKULLA, a town of Arabia. See MARALLAH.
several stories in height. The harbor, sheltered by a point   MALA, mnlI, a decayed village of Peru, department and
to'the S.E., affords good anchorage, and is greatly-frequented  48 miles S.E. of Lima, about 4 miles from the Pacific. Here
by coasting vessels. It is the best station on this coast for  Pizarro met Almagro, to settle their differences. Pop. 800.
ships to obtain supplies of provisions; and it also exports   MALA, mill/, a river of Peru, enters the Pacific at Portogums, hides, and senna, and has an import trade in coffee, Mala, 50 miles S.S.E. of Lima.
and other native produce from Arabian ports; cotton cloths,   MALA, a village of Spain, with mineral baths, 8 miles
lead, and iron from Bombay; and sheep, aloes, honey, and  S.W. of Granada.
slaves from Kosseir and Berbera.                            MALABAR, mal'a-bart, a maritime district oi British
MAKANIDA, a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, 48 India, presidency of Madras, on the W. coast, mostly bh
miles from Cairo.                                         tween lat. 100 and 121 N. Area 6060 square miles. Pop. it
MAKARIEV or MAKARIEW, m&-ki-re-8v/, a town of  1851, estimated at 1,514,909; in 1802 it was only 465,59i
Russia, government and 46 miles E.S.E. of Nizhnee-Nov- Principal towns, Cahcut, Tellicherry, Cananore, and Ponany.
gorod, on the Volga. Pop. 2350. It has a large monastery,  The Malabar Coast is a name which has been applied to all
and some trade in horses and timber, but its importance  the W. coast of India, though the Malabar language is
has greatly declined.                                     spoken only from Cape Comorin to about lat. 120 30' N.MAKARIIEV, a town of Russia, government and 110 miles Adj. MALABAR1Oc.
K. of Kostroma. Pop. 2850.                                  MALACA. See MALASA.
MAKARIKO, m/-kiree-ko, a town of Russia, government   MALACCA, m/-lak/ka, or MALAYA, m-IlWypa, formerly
and 60 miles E.S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod, on the left bank  an independent country or kingdom of Southern Asia, conof the Volga.                                             sisting chiefly of the Malay Peninsula. It is now divided
MAKEEI, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.           between the territories of the European powers and the
MAIKER, a parish of England, counties of Cornwall and  kingdom of Siam. See MALAY PENINSULA.
Devon, 2' miles S.S.W. of Devonport. On a height near the    MALACCA, milaklIks,  and NANING, nilning/, one of the
village is a battery for the defence of Plymouth Sound.   "Straits settlements" belonging to the British, on the W.
MA/KERSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.    coast of the Malay Peninsula, between lat. 20 and 30 N., and
MAKILNOVKA, mik-nov/k&, a town of Russia. govern- lon. 1020 and 1030 E., having landward the territories of
meut and 95 miles W.S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 5000.              Salangore, Rumbowe, Johole, and Johore. Estimated area
MAKIAN, m-ke-k n1, a small volcanic island in the Malay  1000 square miles. Pop. 58,000, of whom from 2000 to 3000
Archipelago, off the W. coast of Gilolo, lat. 00 20' N., Ion. are Europeans. This settlement is under the British Indian
1270 30' E. Circuit about 18 miles.                        presidency of Bengal, and governed by a resident at MaMAKIN, an island in the North Pacific. See PITT.        lacca, with an assistant at Naning.
MAKINIYAT, m&-ke-ne-ybtf, or MAKINYAT, mb-keen-   MALACCA, the capital of the above district, is situated
ybtt, a straggling village of Central Arabia, 120 miles WV.S. on both sides of the Malacca River, near its mouth, 130 miles
W. of Muscat, formerly a city of consequence, but ruined by  N.W. of Singapore, lat. 20 10' N., ion. 1020 5' E. Pop. 12,120.
the Wahabees in 1800.                                      Principal edifices, the barracks, court-house, town-house,
MAKKUM, mbk/kikm, a market-town of the Netherlands,  jail, civil and military hospitals, and the Anglo-Chinese
province of Friesland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 9 miles S. of Har- College, founded in 1818. Here are also Chinese, Hindoo,
lingen. Pop. 1850.                                         and Malay schools. The ruins of a famous church, erectMAKNOVKA or MAKNOWKA, mbk-nov/kb, written also  ed by Albuquerque, and the remains of Portuguese and
MACHNOYKA, a town of Russia, government and 34 miles Dutch forts, occupy several summits around the town. MaS.W. of Kiev. Pop. 4700.                                   lacca has some export trade in gold-dust, tin, balachang,
MAKO, mlh'kot, or MAKOVIA, mb-kofve-b, a market-town  aloe-wood, ebony, ivory, and Chinese hardwares; and it imof Hungary, co. of Csanad, on the Maros, 22 miles E. by S. ports earthenwares, opium, iron, rice, British and Indian
of Szegedin. It is the residence of a bishop, and contains a  manufactured goods, salt, and colonial produce; the comRoman Catholic, a Greek United, a Protestant church and a  merce of the Straits has, however, become chiefly monopoProtestant gymnasium, a court-house and county buildings, lized by Singapore. The town, said to have been founded
and handsome barracks, recently constructed. It has an im- in 1252, was taken by the Portuguese in 1511, by the Dutch
portent trade in corn, wine, cattle, and wood. The fishing  in 1641, and by the English in 1795. It was again held by
in the Maros is very productive. There are also numerous the Dutch from 1818 to 1825, when, with its territory, they
mills. Pop. in 1846, 21,000; of whom rather nore than one- exchanged it with the British for Bencoolen, in Sumatra.
half are Protestants.                                       IMALACCA, STRAIT OF, a channel between the Malay
MAK00, a town of Persia. See MA&oo.                      Peninsula and the island of Sumatra, connecting the China
MAKOOAS, mt'koolbz, a people of South-East Africa, near  Sea with the Indian Ocean. Length, 520 miles, breadth,
the Mozambique coast.                                      from 25 miles opposite Naning, to 200 miles, at its N. enMIAKOQUETA, ma-k10kl-t., a river of Iowa, rises near the  trance.  The navigation of the strait appears intricate and
S.E. corner of Fayette co., and empties itself into the Missis- dangerous, but with ordinary prudence may be safely
sippi in Jackson co., about 22 miles below Galena. Its passed. The current, -where tides do not prevail, sets often
general course is south-easterly, and its whole length ex- to the N.
ceeds 100 miles..MALACOOREE, MALACOORE' or MALACOURI, m&-i/MAKOQUETA, a thriving post-village in Jackson co., koolree, a strongly fortified town of West Africa, about 65
Iowa, on the river of its own name, 32 miles S.W. of miles E.N.E. of Sierra Leone, on the Malageea.
Galena, and 60 miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City.  It is    MALACZKA, m6h\lbts/kth', a market-town of West IHunpleasantly situated in the middle of a beautiful prairie.  gary, co. and 21 miles N.W. of Presburg. Pop. 2353.
MAKOV, mb-kov/, or MACHOW, mboKfov, a town of    MALADETTA, MOUNT. See NETHOU, PiC.
Poland, province, and 63 miles E.N.E. of Flock. Pop. 4000.    MALAGA, mal'~-g.  or m/lb-gb, (anc. Malaca,) a s6aport
MAKOVIA. See MAXo.                                       city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name, on a bay of
MAKOV or MACHOW, a town of Russia, government of  the Mediterranean, 65 miles E.N.E. of Gibraltar. Lat. ofmole,
Podolia, 9 miles N. of Kamieniec. Pop. 1420.               360 43' 5/ N., ion. 40 26 E. Pop. 68,577. It is built in the form
MAKOWAR, mb-ko-w Ra, an island of the Bed Sea, off the  of an amphitheatre, near the base of a mountainous range,
coast of Nubia, near a small port of the same name, lat. 200  and is commanded by a fine old Moorish castle, perched on a
38' N., ion. 370 20' E.                                    pointed rock, and called the Gibralfaro. The streets are' very
MAKOWAR or EMERALD ISLAND, an island of the Red  narrow, ill paved, and dirty, with high houses built around
Sea, off the coast of Egypt, opposite the ruins of Berenice;  courts. It has a fine promenade, on which are some of the
lat. 230 50' N., ion. 350 45' E.                           best houses in the town. The chief public buildings are a
MAKOWIEC, mb-kolve-6ts, a village of Poland, govern- splendid cathedral, with a spire 302 feet high; the bishop's
ment and 28 miles E.N.E. of Warsaw. Here Kosciusko was, palace, 4 parish churches, 5 hospitals, the opera-house, cuswounded and takenprisoner by the Russians in 1794.         tom-house, legal seminary, and a convict deptt. Malaga is
SIAKREE or MAKRI, mbtkree', a seaport town of Turkey, the see of a bishop, the residence of a civil and military goAsia Minor, S.W. coast, on the Gulf of Makree, 52 miles E. vernor, and the seat of several important courts and public
N.E. of Rhodes,ewhich city it supplies with mules, cattle, offices. The principal manufactures are linen and woollen
sheep, and fuel. It has a good and well-sheltered port. fabrics, sail cloth, rope, paper, hats, leather, and soap; here
Its antiquities comprise a very perfect theatre, and tombs, are also a royal cigar factory, and two extensive iron founremains of the ancient Telmessus.,                        dries. The old MoOrish Darsena, or dockyard, is used as a
MAKREE or MAKRI, a seelport town of Turkey, Room- store-house. The harbor, formed by a niole 700 feet in
Elee, on the Egean Sea, 75 miles S.W. of Adrianople. It is length, on which is a lighthouse, is capable of holding
a Greek bishop's see, and has a harbor defended by a castle. about 450 merchant ships, and may be entered during any
Pop. 3000.                                                wind. Malaga has a large trade in wines, the finest of
MAKRIONISI, mb-kro-neeosee, an island of Greece, off the  which are "Mountain" and " Lagrimass;" the other exports
1125




MAL                                                       MAL
are olive oii, figs, almonds, raisins, grapes, orange-peel, and  Singapore, Labuan, and the settlement of Sarawak,.n th.h
lemons, sent to Great Britain and the United States. with. W. coast of Borneo, which belong to Great Britain, and th6
lead and iron from neighboring mines. The imports corn- N. and N.W. portions of the island of Borneo, the Sooloo,
prise salt fish, iron hoops, bar iron, nails, woollen, silk, and some other islands, under native potentates, the whole
and cotton fabrics, and colonial produce. Malaga is sup- of this vast archipelago is, either really or nominally, under
posed to have been founded by the Carthaginians.  From  the sway of the Netherlands; this last portion is frequently
them it passed to the Romans, under whom it became a  named the Dutch East Indies.
great and flourishing city. It was taken by Ferdinand the    Within the limits here pointed out, lie some of the largest
Catholic in 1487.  It has suffered severely ir different and finest islands in the world, as Borneo, Sumatra, above
epochs from plague, and in 1803-4, the yellow lever deci- 1000 miles in length, Java, Celebes, Luzon, &c. The fertile
mated the population. See VELEZ-MALAGA.                    and cultivated islands of less size, extending E. to the Spice
MALAGA, a maritime province of Spain, Andalusia, Islands, are, Nias, Mantawi, Peggy, Billiton, Banca, Madura,
bounded S. by the Mediterranean.  Area 3052 square miles. Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Comodo, Sandalwood Island, Flores.
Pop. 438,000.                                              or Mangarai, Timer, Ceram, Booro, Gilolo, Mindanao, PaMALIAGA, a post-village of Franklin township, Gloucester  lawan, Negros, Samar, Mindoro, Panay, Leyte, and Zebu.
co., New Jersey, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Woodbury, contains Numerous groups are scattered throughout the Archipelago,
a church, a glass factory, and near 40 dwellings.          consisting eachof hundreds of islands; many of them celeMALAGA, a post-village and township of Monroe co., brated by the natives for their beauty and fertility, but they
Ohio, 110 miles E. by S. of Columbus. Pop. 1561.           have never been surveyed, and are even studiously avoided
MALAGA, VELEZ. See VELEZ-MALAOA.                         by European navigators, who dread not only the hidden
MALAGON, m.-li-gon/, a town of Spain, province and 19  dangers of coral banks and islets, but also the piratical hamiles N.W. of Ciudad-Real.  Pop. 3282.                     bits of those who dwell upon them.
MA'LAIIDEI, a watering-place and parish of Ireland,   Geological Constitution.-The islands which form the S. line
Leinster, on a bay of the Irish Sea, 9 miles N.N.E. of Dublin, of the Archipelago, are all mountainous, and the chief sumwith a station on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway. Pop. mits are volcanic. Many of them, indeed, are still active
1337, partly employed in a valuable oyster fishery. It is volcanoes. It would appear as if this very long and narrow
handsomely built, and is frequented by bathers.            ridge of land had been raised from the ocean by the agency
MALAISIA, mal-Ashe-a, (Fr. Mlalaisie, m.&AI'zee1,) a name  of subterranean fires. The line of volcanic action may be
sometimes applied to the Malay Archipelago. It is derived  traced, on the W. side, through Sumatra to Chittagong, in
from  the circumstance that the inhabitants. for the most the Bay of Bengal. On the E. side it reachesthe meridian
part, belong to the great Malay race.-Adj. MALaIsIAcN, mal- of 1300 E., nearly under which are the little volcanic islands
A/she-an. See MALAY Aa1HIPELAGO.                           of Nila and Seroa, in the Sea of Banda. It then inclines
MALAMOCCO, mg-lA-mok/ko, a town of Austrian Italy, N.W., to the little islands lying on the W. of Gilolo, which
5 miles S.S.E. of Venice, on Malamocco, a long sandy island, are all volcanic. Thence the volcanic line may be traced
separating the lagunes from the Adriatic. Pop. 1800. It was through the Philippines and lapan to Kamtchatka.  In
the residence of- the Doge in the 8th century.             the older primary and secondary rocks, metalliferous Ores
MALANG, md-lIngf, a Dutch town and residency of Java, are abundant. Gold is found in various places, especially
on the S. coast. Pop. of the latter, 80,000. Chief produce, in Borneo and Sumatra; extensive tin-mines in Banca;
coffee.                                                    silver, copper, iron, in other localities; diamnonds are found
MALANS, mg'lSNO, a village of Switzerland, canton of  in Borneo, sulphur is abundant, as are also lignite, naptha,
Grisons, on the Lanquart, 2 miles S.S.E. of Mayenfeld. and asphaltum; coal is tfound in Luzon and other localities,
Pop. 1050.                                                 and native salt is procured from the springs of Java.
MALANSAC, mni1NGcsSAkI, a village of France, depart-   The principal entrances to the Malay Archipelago from
ment of Morbihan, arrondissement of Vannes. Pop. 2021.  the E., are Gilolo Passage and Dampier's Strait, by the coast
MALA, PUNTA, poonftA mIlA, a cape of South America, of'New Guinea, while the Straits of Malacca and of Sunda
New Granada, bounding the W. entrance of the Bay of Pa- give access from the W.; and the Straits of Lombok,Allass,
name.                                                      Ombay, &c., from the S.
MALAR, (M1ilar,) a lake of Sweden. See MAELAR.             Climate.-The whole Archipelago lies within the tropics,
MALASPINA, mn-lAs-peelng, the westernmost of the Co- and indeed, for the most part, close to the equator; which
lumbretes Islands, Mediterranean.                          passes through the middle of Sumatra and of Borneo, and
MALATEEYEII or MALATIA, minld-teefeh, (anc. _eli- across Celebes and Gilolo. This entire oceanic and equatorial
tene,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, 100 miles N.E. of Marash, region is excepted from the general law of thetrade winds,
near the Euphrates. It has about 200 wretched houses, a  which, on the N. and S. sides of the line respectively, blow
ruinous castle, the head-quarters of a pasha, and some good  constantly from the N.E. and S.E.  Within the Archipelago,
mosques and caravanserais. It' is unhealthy; and, from   and thence W. to the coast of Africa, the monsoons, that is,
various causes, most of its population have now settled at  season winds, prevail, blowing alternately from the S.E. and
Aspuzi, about 4 miles southward.                           N.W. But these winds, though locally regular and constant,
MALATIA. See MALATEEYEH.                                 vary much from  place to place; and E. of Celebes, the
MALATIVO, mA-la-tee/vo, written also MOELETIVO, moo- seasons are reversed; here the rains fall during the dry
le-tee/vo, a seaport town of Ceylon, on its E. coast, 52 miles  season of the western islands, though far less copiously than
N.N.W. of Trincomalee, with a small harbor and some salt- in the latter. The North Philippine Islands alone fall within
works.                                                     the region of hurricanes and boisterous winds.
MALAUCENE, mA'160sainf, a market-town of France, de-  - Gr'oups, &c.-The first division ofthe Archipelago, founded
partment of Vaucluse, 16 miles E.N.E. of Orange. Pop. on natural features, embraces Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok,
3283.                                                      and about two-thirds of the W. part of Borneo, to the meriMALAUNAY, m.'916nA, a village of France, department dian of 1160 E. Ion. So far there is a general uniformity
of Seine-Inf6rieure, with a station on the Paris and Ilavre  of animal and vegetable productions; the soil is extremely
Railway, branch to Dieppe, 5' miles N.of Rouen. Pop. 1833. fertile; rice is the general food of the people, who have made
It has numerous cotton and paper mills, but was nearly  a considerable advance in the arts and habits of civilized
ruined by a hurricane in 1845.                             life. The second division, comprehending Celebes, Booton,
MA.LAYA. See MALAY PENINSULA.                            and East Borneo, up to lat. 30 N., is, in soil, food, and civiMALAY  ARCHIPELAGO, ma-l! ar-ke-plM/a-go, called  lization, inferior to the first.  Rice is here no longer
also INDIAN, ASIATIC, and EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO, abundant, and sago often supplies its place. The third
and MALAISIA, the most important and extensive group of  division extends from ion. 1240 to 1300 E., and between lat.
islands on the globe; situated to the S.E. of Asia, and washed  100 S. and 20 N. IHIere nature takes a new aspect. The
WV. by the Indian and E. by the Pacific Ocean. The inhabit- rich vegetation of the western islands is seen only on the
ants are chiefly of the Malay race, whence its name. A. chain  sea-shore, the hills are comparatively bare and. arid. But
of islands, about thirty in number, separated in general only  this is the region in which alone the clove and nutmeg
by very narrow straits, extends from the N.W. extremity of attain perfection. Yet the soil is not fertile, rice is rare, and
Sumatra, lat. 50 341 N., lon. 950 20' E., to the Arroo Islands, the staple food in this division is sage. The inhabitants
lat. 60 S., lon. 1340 30' E., a distance of about 2600 miles. are much inferior to those further W., and have never
The greater part of this chain lies between the 7th and 9th  acquired the use of letters. The clove was originally found
parallels of S. lat.; but at one point-Rotte Island, adjoining  only on the five Molucca Islands, chiefly on Machian,
Timor-it touches the 11th parallel. This is the S. boundary  whence it was carried to Amboina, to which spot its cultivaof the Archipelago. Its E. limit has less compactness and  tion isnow restricted by the Dutch. The fourth, lesi dislinear precision. At a short distance N. and E. from the  tinctly marked than the preceding, lies between the parallels
Arroo Islands, lies the great island of Papua, or New Guinea, of 40 and 100 N., from ion. 1160 to 128~ E., including the N.
the W. peninsula of which is by some considered as belong- angle of Borneo, the SooloG Islands,- and Mindanao. The
ing to the Indian Archipelago. From 200 miles to 500 miles inhabitants are superior to those of the third division. Rice
N.W. are the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, in the widest sense, is their chief food, but sago also is much used. The clove and
and N. by W. from these again are the Philippine Islands; nutmeg are here indigenous, but inferior in quality to those
the largest of which group, Luzon, reaches the 17th parallel growing further S. The fifth division is that of the Philipof N. latitude. Thus the Archipelago has an extreme length  pine Islands, from lat. 100 to 180 N. Hiere a humid climate
of 450, and a breadthof 280. With the exception of the Philip- and volcanic soil reappear, and with them  exuberant
pines, which still belong to Spain, the islands of Penang, fertility. Rice again becomes abundant. Sugar and tobaccc
1126




MAL                                                       MAL
are produced; but peppers, fine spices, and some of the fruits    MALCHIN, mAl-lreent, a town of Germany, grand-duchy
of the islands near the equator are wanting.              of Mecklenberg-Schwerin, between Lakes Malchin and Cumr
VFegetation.-In the woods of Sumatra and Java, most of  mer, 24 miles E.S.E. of Gtistrow. Pop. 3852. Chief indus.
the trees exceed 100 feet in height. But the density of the  try, weaving and tanning.
vegetation is still more astonishing than the vigor of    MALCHOW, m~l/Kov, a town of Germany, grand-duchy
individual plants. In the struggle for space and air, plants of Mecklenberg-Schwerin, on an island in Lake Malchow, 11
of different kinds become piled one over the other. Teak, miles W.S.W. of Waren. Pop. 2887. It has important mamango, fig, musa, sandal, ebony, and other great trees, are nufactures of woollen cloths.
mingled with palms of endless variety and gigantic forms;    MALICOLM, a post-village of Jefferson co., Mississippi, 26
while climbing plants, frequently canes, interweaved from  miles E.N.E. of Natchez, is the eastern terminus of the
tree to tree, bind the whole together, and render the forest Malcolm and Natchez Railroad, in course of construction.
utterly impenetrable. The tendency to climb characterizes    MALDA or MAULDA, mawlldA, a town of British India,
the vegetation of the Archipelago. Stems, a foot or more in  presidency and province of Bengal, district and 50 miles
diameter, and belonging to species which elsewhere grow  S.W. of Dinagepoor, on the Mahanunda, an affluent of the
without support, here twine themselves round the giants of  Ganges. It consists of 3000 houses, miserably built out of
the forest. Several of the climbing canes also take root, the ruins of Gour, 12 miles distant.
like the musa, as often as they touch the ground with their    MALDEGHIEM, m~ltdgh-ghlm', a village of Belgium, proboughs. The inexhaustible supply of great timber afforded  vince of East Flanders, 17 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 6114,
by these woods is to the natives of far less importance than  engaged in tobacco factories, oil-mills, breweries, and cotton
the cocoa-nut, the bamboo, and numerous slender palms printing works.
which adorn the coasts. In general the the objects of cultiva-    MALDEN, mil/den, a parish of England, co. of Surrey,
tion in the Malay Islands-rice, maize, &c.-are each known  2~ miles N.N.W. of Ewell, with a station on the London and
by one name throughout the Archipelago; while the in- South-Western Railway.
digenous productions change their names with the localities.   MALDEN, mallden, a village of Holland, province of GelInhabitants. —In the Malay Archipelago there are two  derland, 4 miles S. of Nymwegen. Pop. 680
aboriginal races. One, of Malay extraction, has a brown or    MALIDEN, mAllden, a thriving post-village and township
fair complexion, the other is the Papuan or Negro race, and  of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on a river of its own name,
is black.  The brown race are about 4 inches below the  navigable for vessels of 300 tons to within half a mile of
average European stature. They are robust and somewhat the village, and on the Boston and Maine and the Saugus
clumsy; the face is square, with hollow cheeks and project- Branch Railroad, 5 miles N. of Boston. It has excellent
ing jaws; large mouth, small nose, small black eyes, and  water privileges. The principal manufactures are tin ware,
lank hair. The Battihs of Sumatra, and the wretched  block-tin ware, India rubber boots and shoes, lasts, bootDyaks of Borneo, who are among the fairest, live under the  trees, enamelled leather, coach lace and tassels; and there
equator; the Javanese, the most civilized and most luxu- are establishments for dyeing silks, cottons, &c., staining
rious, are among the darkest. The Papuas or dark-colored  paper, and making iron pipes. Large quantities of bricks
natives are dwarf Negroes; they rarely attain the height are also made, and there is an extensive tide fouring-mill.
of 5 feet, and have feeble frames; the skin is of a sooty  A  bridge, 2420 feet in length, connects Maiden with
black, not polished like that of the vigorous African; the  Chariestown. The village contains 4 churches, a bank,
chin retreats as to form no part of the face; the lips are about a dozen stores, and 2000 inhabitants. There are also
very prominent, the look wild and malign. They increase the villages of Edgeworth and South Malden township,
in numbers towards the E., and are the sole possessors of  which has a population of 3520.
Papua or New Guinea. Wherever found, they seem to be    MALDEN, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, on the
in the lowest stage of civilization.                       W. bank of Hudson River, 42 miles below Albany. It has
In the Malay Archipelago there are no dry pastures, no  a steamboat landing.
grasses, no open glades. Pastoral life, the ordinary begin-   MALDEN BRIDGE, a post-village of Columbia co., New
ning of industry and society, here has no existence. The York, on Kinderhook Creek, 16 miles S.S.E. of Albany.
natives are chiefly confined by impenetrable forests to the    MALDEN CENTRE, a station on the Saugus Branch Railsea-shore. An unusually large proportion of the whole popu- road, 5 miles from Boston, Massachusetts.
lation have maritime habits. Their chief towns are, in many    MALDEN ISLAND, an island in the Pacific Ocean, lat.
instances, built over the water: the bamboo houses being  (S. point) 30 585 30" S., ion. 1550 W. It is of low coral formaconstructed on stakes. They often shelter an entire village tion, and about 12 or 14 miles in extent. Discovered by
under a single roof. Even the least civilized tribes of the  Captain Lord George Byron, July 30, 1825.
Dyaks construct houses on piles, 10 or 20 feet above the    MALDEREN, mil/deh-rln., a village of Belgium, on the
ground, large enough to lodge 500 people. The natives are  Steenhuffelsche-Beek, 15 miles N.N.W. of Brussels. P. 1755.
skilful boat-builders, and their prahoos, (prhhfis,) often of 60    MALDEREN, a village of Belgium, 11 miles firom Mechlin,
tons burden, are excellent specimens of naval architecture.  (Malines,) with which it communicates by railway.
Fleets of prahoos are fitted out every year in Celebes for   MALDIVE (mal/div) ISLANDS, or MALEDIVA, mnIlA-dee;.
the trepang fishery on the coast of New Holland. The only  vA, (" Thousand Isles"), a chain of islands, Indian Ocean. beforms of governments known to the brown or Malayan  tween lat. 00 45' S., and 70 6' N., and ion. 720 48' and 73' 48'
phpulation are an elective confederation, as in Celebes; or E., about 300 miles S.E. of Hindostan, and separated N. from
an unlimited despotism, as in Java.                       Manicoy and the Laccadives by the 8 and 9 degrees channels.
MALAY PENINSULA, called also MALAC/CA or MA- They are of coral formation, and arranged in 17 round and
LAYA, mt-lWlyg, (anc. Chersonelsus  Aunrea,) the most oval groups, termed atolls, surrounded and protected by coral
southern portion of Continental Asia, forming the S. reefs. Thelargerislands are well wooded with palms, &c.,and
part of the peninsula of Farther India, mostly between  produce millet, numerous esculent roots, fruits, and poultry;
lat. 10 and 130 N., and ion. 980 and 1040 E., connected  the smaller are mere barren islets. Cowry fishing is an ironorthward to Lower Siam by the Isthmus of Kraw, and  portant pursuit. Pop. of the whole may amount to 150,000
having on the E. the Gulf of Siam and China Sea, and  or 200,000. They are Mohammedans, and live under a
on the S. and W. the Strait of Malacca. Malaya proper sultan, who resides on the island of Male, and sends an anor Malacca extends from lat. 10 20' to 70 N. Estimated  nual tribute to the British government in Ceylon.
area 45,000 square miles, and pop. about 375,000. The   MAL-DI-VENTRE, mil-dee-v~n/trA, an island of the Medlicountry, as far as lat. 60 S., comprising the states of Ligor terranean, off the W. coast of Sardinia, 5 miles S.W. of
and Quedah, is claimed by Siam; S. of which it is subdivided  Cape Mannu. It is 5 miles long, 1 mile broad, low, and rocky.
among many small native states-the principal being Perak,   MALDON, mAl/don, a  parliamentary  and  municipal
Johore, Pahang, IKalantan, Tringany, and Rumbowe, be- borough, river-port, and town of England, co. of Essex, on
sides the British territories of Malacca, Naning, and the pro- the Chelmer, occupying an eminence which overlooks a
vince of Wellesley. Its centre is traversed throughout by  marshy tract, 91 miles E. of Chelmsford. Pop. in 1851, 5888.
a mountain chain, rising from 3000 to 6000 feet in height, It has several ancient churches, a grammar school, founded
but decreasing on proceeding to the S., where, however, the  in 1608, with an exhibition to Christ's College,'Cambridge;
detached Mount Ophir is estimated to rise to 5700 feet in ele- a large national school, a valuable library bequeathed by
vation. The surface is well watered and finely timbered. Dr. Plume, who also endowed several charities; an ancient
The population consists principally of Siamese and Malays. town-hall, a jail, and large barracks, with imports of coal,
Principal towns, Malacca, Quedah, Salangore, Johore, Pa- iron, and timber. It has exports of fish and agricultural
tany, and Pahang.-Adj. MALAYAN, mal-#,an, and MALAY, produce. Vessels of considerable burden approach the town.
mal-,V; inhab. MALAY. The latter (MALAY) is also applied to  Shipping, 7280 tons. Sends 2 members to the House of Cointhe whole of MALAISeI or MIALAY AaCHIPELAGO.              mons. It gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Essex.
MALAYTA, mb-liltd, an island in the South Pacific Ocean;   MALDONADO, m51ldo-ngldo, a fortified seaport town of
lat. (S. point) 90 451 S.; ion. 1610 39' 24" E.           Uruguay, or Banda Oriental, on the N.E. shore of the Plata
MALBERG, milbRbeG, or MAILBERG, mi/bloR, a market- estuary, 60 miles E. of Montevideo.  Let. of the island
town of Lower Austria. Pop. 1101.                         Gorriti, which shelters its harbor, 340 57' 2" S.,!on. 540 57'
MAL!BOROUGIH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        35" W. It is regularly built, and has a large public square.
MALBURGETH, ml'b66n-gh6t/, or  MALBORGETIH,   MALE, mb/lA, or MOHL, mol, the principal island of the
mglfboa'ghkt/, a town of Austria, Illyria, 21 miles S.W. of  Maldive group, a little N. of its centre, almost circular,
Villach, in a narrow pass, on the Fella, defended by a strong  having a circumference of nearly 5 miles. It is the resifort, razed by the French in 1809.                        deuce of the Sultan, and the seat of his government, and
1127




MAL                                                       MAL
was once completely fortified by a wall and bastions. Pop.   MALMAISON, mlimls'$nASc/, a ch.tean in France, departnear 2000.                                                 ment of Seine, 4L miles W. of Paris, celebrated as having
MALE, m/l1A or mIleh, a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, been the favorite residence of the Empress Josephine.
50 miles from Trent, on the Noce. Pop. 1161.                 MALMIEDY, mlllmeh-de, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 25
MALEBUM, ni-le-biml, a town of Nepaul, on the Gun- miles S. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Warge. Pop. 4090. It
duck, 138 miles N.W. of Khatmandoo.                        has extensive tanneries, and mauufactories of woollen cloth,
MALEKRA, malle-krl, a neat town of the Punjab, near  muslins, soap, and potash, mineral springs, and near it the
the south range of the Himlalaya Mountains, close to the  ruins of an ancient imperial abbey.
foot of Koe-Kangra.                                          MALMESBURY, mItmzber-e, a parliamentary borough,
MALEMBA, ma-lemnba, a town of West Africa.               town, and parish of England, co. of Wilts, nearly enclosed
MALEOIORT, a;l'mon/, a village of France, department of  by the Avon, here crossed by six bridges, 191 miles N.N.W.
Vaucluse, 6 miles S.E. of Carpentras. Pop. 1300.           of Bath. Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 0998.
MALE-MYN, m/ls-mint, a town of Burmah, on the Irra- The town, formerly fortified -and more extensive, has three
waddy, 76 miles N. of Ava, contains about 800 houses.      principal streets, and a handsome market cross, built in the
MALENOWITZ, mAli-no\Rits, a market-town of Moravia, time of Henry VII. It was the seat of a famous Saxon
12 miles N.N.E. of Hradisch. Pop. 1337.                    nunnery; little now remains, except a portion used as the
MALEO, mn-lAto, a market-town of Austrian Italy, govern-  parish church, with a tomb reputed to be that of King
ment of Milan, 17 miles S.E. of Lodi. Pop. 4042.           Athelstan. It has vestiges of ancient fortifications. The
MALESHERBES, mIl'zaiRb!, a market-town of France, manufacture of woollen cloth, formerly the chief branch,
department of Loiret, on the Essonne, 11 miles N.E. of Pithi- has given way to wool-stapling. Malmesbury ceased to have
viers. Pop. 1475. Here is the fine chateau of Malesherbes. corporate jurisdiction by the Municipal Reform Act. It
MALESTROIT, mIlt'tRwAtA, a town of France, department sends 1 member to the House of Commons. It is the birthof Morbihan, 8 miles S. of Ploermel. Pop. 1790.            place of the historian William of Malmesbury, and the
bIALEW, a parish on the Isle of Man.                     philosopher Hobbes.
MALFI, mRlfee. a village  of Austria, Dalmatia, 7 miles    MALHIISH or MALMYCIT,, mal-mish/, a town of Russia,
N.W. of Ragusa, on a bay of the Adriatic. Pop. 2984.       government of Viatka, 80 miles N.N.E. of Kazan, on the
MALGARAHII, MALGHARA, mdl/g&-r&, or MIGALGARA,  Yiatka. Pop. 2000.
me-g'lga-rl, a walled town of European Turkey, province of    MALMO, (Malmd,) malmfi  or mAllmb, a seaport town
ILroom-Elee, sanjak and 33 miles N.N.E. of Gallipoli. P. 2500. of Sweden, capital of a len, on the Sound, and in one of
MALGRAT, mil-grdt/, a seaport town of Spain, 37 miles the most fertile districts of the kingdom, 16 miles E.S.E.
N.E., of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean.  Pop. 2839.      of Copenhagen; lat. 550 36' 6"/ N., ion. 130 E.  It was
MALGUINAC, mgl'gA'nlk/, a village of France, depart- formerly a place of strength, but all the fortifications have
ment of Morbihan, 4 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 2009.        been removed, to the great improvement of the appearance
MALIHAM, a township, England, co. York. West Riding. of the place.  The town consists of a large and regular
MALHEUR, mal-oort, (Fr. pron. mA'luR.,) a river in the  square, surrounded by an avenue of lime, alder, and chestS.E. part of Ore-on, rises in the Blue Mountains, and flows  nut trees. The principal buildings are two churches, one
into Snake River.                                          of them possessed of a large organ and costly monuments;,
MALIACUS SINUS. See LAsIA, GULF or.                     the old castle, still surrounded by walls and ditches, and
MALICORNE, m lee'konn/, a market-town of France, occupied partly as barracks; the governor's house, towndepartment of Sarthe, 8 miles N. of La Fl~che, on the left house, hospital, and theatre. The staple manufactures are
bank of the Sarthe. Pop. 1094.                             gloves. The trade, much cramped by the want of a good
MALINES, a town of Belgium. See MIEcuLu.                 harbor, is chiefly in grain and brandy.  A steamer plies
MALlIN, a village of Ireland, co. of Donegal, 10 miles N. regularly between Malmb, Copenhagen, and Liibeck. Pop.
by E. of:Londonderry. Pop. 205.                            10,203.
MALIN HEAD, a promontory of Ireland, Ulster, co. of    MALMOI-IUUS, (Malmbhuus,) mAlmd-hooce, or MALMO, a
Donegal. Lat. 550 22' N., lon. 70 24' W. On its summit is a  fertile province or len of Sweden, at its S.W. extremity, havsignal tower.                                              ing S. the Baltic, and W. the Sound. Area 1781 square miles.
MALINOVKA, mg-le-nov/k, a market-town of Russia, Pop. 253,084.
government and 23 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov, on the Donets.   MALNATE, mal-nuta, a village of Austrian Italy, governPop. 2000.                                                 ment of Milan, 13 miles E.N.E. of Como. Pop. 2062.
MALKA, mal/kg, a river separating Circassia from Russia,   MALO, mA/lo, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 10 miles
joins the Terek, 18 miles W.S.W. of Mosdok, after a course  N.W. of Vicenza, on the Torlo. Pop. 3950. It has a saltof about 110 miles.                                        petre tactory.
MALLARE, mAl-l4rA, or MALLERE, mll-l1rA, a village    MALOI-ARCHIANGELSK, m'loi-aR-kAn-ghslsk/, a small
of the Sardinian States, 7 miles from Cairo. Pop. 1597.    town of Russia, government and 46 miles S.E. of Orel.
MALLAYILLY, mAl-li-vil!lee, a fortified town of Southern  Pop. 1300.
India, Mysore dominions, 25 milus E. of Seringapatam.        MALOI-DIELSKAJA, mA'loi-de-0l-ska/jA, a small town of
MALLEMORT, ml'9leh-moRl, a village of France, depart- Russia, Don Cossack country, 230 miles N.E. of Tcherkask,
meat of Bouches-du-Rh3ne, 28 miles E.N.E. of Arles. Pop. on the Medvieditza. Pop. 2500.
2150.                                                        MALOI-YAROSLAVITZ, mnaloi-yt-ro-sl /vits, (?) a small
MALLEN, mal-yan/, (anc..Manslia?) a town of Spain, Ara- town of Russia, government and 38 miles N. of Kalooga, on
gon, 39 miles N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 1852.                the Loosha, (Louja.)  This place was the scene of a sanHAL/LET'S CREEK, a post-village of Medina co., Ohio, guinary engagement between the French and Russians, 4th
115 miles N.N.E. of Columbus.                              October, 1812.
MALLEZA, m5tl-ythg, a village of Spain, Asturias, 25    MALONE, ma-15n/, a post-village and township of Franklin
miles from Oviedo. Pop. 1579.                              co., New York, 57 miles E. of Ogdensburg. Salmon River
MALLICOLLO, mgl-le-kol/lo, a group of islands in the  flows through the township, affording extensive water-power,
Pacific Ocean, about lat. 160 30' S., lon. 1670 50'E., S.E. of  and the village is crossed by the Northern Railroad, the
Espiritu Santo. Estimated area, 600 square miles. It is  bridge for which has a span of 150 feet, at an elevation of
low, welI watered, and fertile, but inhabited by a race appa- 82 feet above the water. Malone village is the largest and
rently in the lowest stage of barbarism.                   most flourishing in the county. It is beautifully situated
MALLICOLLO, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 300 miles  in the midst of a rich and rapidly-improving agricultural
N. of the above. See                                       district; and contains, besides the county buildings, churches
MAL/LING, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.       for the Presbyterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists,
MALLING, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.   Universalists, and Roman Catholics; the Franklin AcadeMALLINC, WEST,a parish and market-town of England, my, a thriving institution, incorporated  in  1831; the
co. of Kent, 51 miles W.N.W. of Maidstone. Pop. 1784.      county poor-house, buildings of the State Arsenal, (sold
MALLORCA. See MAJoacA.                                   since 1851,) a newspaper office, and numerous stores, mills,
MiAL/LORYSVILLE, a post-village of Wilkes co., Georgia, &c. A public park has been laid out on either side of
76 miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville. Ithas a church, an academy, the village since January, 1851, and tastefully ornamented
and a cotton-gin factory.                                  with shade trees, known as " Arsenal Green," which belongs
MAL/LOW, a parliamentary borough, town, and watering- to the state; and another comprising the grounds enclosing
place of Ireland, in Munster, co. and 17 miles N.N.W. of  the Academy. About a mile W. of the village is an excelCork, on the Blackwater, here crossed by an old bridge of 15  lent quarry of Potsdam sandstone, which is being wrought
arches. Pop. of parish in 1851, 9279. It is picturesquely  on an extensive scale, and exported. Limestone is also found
situated, with many elegant seats in the vicinity; has a  in the township. During the winter of 1813-14, Malone was
handsome modern, and the ruins of an ancient church, occupied by a detachment of the army under General Wila Roman Catholic chapel, manor court-house, jail, union  kinson, who left in the early part of February. On the 19th
workhouse, barracks, county infirmary, news-rooms, and the  of the same month, it was visited by 1200 regulars and 4(00
nottest mineral spring in Ireland. The borough sends I  Canadian militia under Colonel Scott, who seized a consider,*
member to the House of Commons. The castle is the seat ble amount of stores collected here. Pop. 4550.
of the Jephson fanmily, who own the town. In the vicinity    MALONNE, m'lonnt, a town of Belgium, 3 miles S.W.
is the ruined castle of the ancient Earls of Desmond.     of Namur, on the Sambre. Pop. 2183.
MALLWYD, maath/wid, a parish of North Wales, counties    MALONNO, m-lon/no, a village of Austrian Italy, 42 miles
of Merioneth and lMontgomery.                             N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1600.
1128




MAL                                                       MIAM
MALOO, nil1oof, a town of North-West I-lindostan, 25  sought a home in the island. Pop. about 100.000.-Adj. and
miles W. of Sirhind. Lat. 300 38' N., lon. 750 58/ E.     inhab. MALTESE, mawl-teezf, (It. MALTESE, mU1-tts4A.)
]IALOLUINES, Atlantic Ocean. See FALKLAND ISLANDS.        MALTA, mawlfta, a post-township in the S.E. part of
M-ALPARTIDA-DE-CACER ES, mdI-paa-tee1tS-d4-kith9- Saratoga co., New York, about 28 miles N. of Albany. P. 1349.
rds, a market-town of Spain, 50 miles N.N.E. of Caceres.   MALTA, a thriving post-village and township of Morgan
Pop. 2575.                                                co., Ohio, on the right bank of the Muskingum, opposite to
MALPARTIDA-DE-PLACENCIA,  mAl-paa-teesDA-dA-pl&- McConnelsville, and 75 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. The
stinlshe-g, (or mil-paa-tee/D,-d4-pl&-the n/the-A,) a village of  village contains 2'or 3 churches, and 1 flouring-mill. Pop.
Spain, Estremadura, 51 miles N. by E. of Caceres.  Pop. about 700; of the township 1302.
2191.                                                       MALUTAVILLE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New York,
M-ALPARTIDA-DE-LA-SERENA, m.l-paa-teefD&-dI-l -st- 30 miles N. of Albany.
rl/nd, a town of Spain, Estremadura, 65 miles E.S.E. of    MALTIBY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.
Badajoi. Pop. 1546.                                         MALTBY LE MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
MAL!PAS, a market-town and parish ofEngland, co. and 14    MALTE.  See MALTA.
miles S.S.E. of Chester. Pop. in 1851, 5726. The town is plea-   MALTERDINGEN, m&l/ter-ding'en, a market-town of
santly situated, has a richly-ornamented church, built about Baden, 12 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1406.
the time of Henry VII.; a grammar school, Alport's School,   MALTERS, mel/ters, a town of Switzerland, canton,nd
and several other charities. It gives the title of Viscount to  11 miles W. of Lucerne, on the Emmen. Pop. 4455.
the Marquis of Cholmondeley, whose residence is in the    MALTON, (mawllton,) NEW, a parliamentary borough
vicinity. Matthew Henry, the Commentator, and Reginald  and town of England, co. of York, North Riding, on the
IHeber, Bishop of Calcutta, were natives of this place.   Derwent, here crossed by an ancient stone bridge, 18 miles
MALPAS, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.           N.N.E. of York, with a station on the York and North MidMALPLAQUET, mSlpllpkY, a village of France, depart- land Railway. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 7661.
ment of Nord, arrondissement of Avesnes, memorable for It stands on an eminence, has a large market-place, national
the victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over the  and Lancasterinn schools, a theatre, public rooms, with a
French, in 1709.                                          library, and remains of a castle of the Yescis, destroyed by
MALPOORA, m&l-poofrA, atown ofHIindostan, Rajpootana,  HIenry II. Porter, malt, corn, and bacon, are largely ex35 miles E.S.E. of Kishenagur.                            ported to Hull, &c., by the navigable Derwent. The borough
MALS, mAls, a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, 5S.W. of  is a polling place for the county, and in conjunction with its
Imst. Pop. 1630.                                          suburb of Norton, and with Old Malton, sends 2 members to
MALSCH, m~lsh, a market-town of Germany, Baden, the IHouse of Commons. The town was burnt in the reign
6 miles E.N.E. of Rastadt. Pop. 2868.                     of Stephen, and on being rebuilt, took the name of New
MALSCH, a market-town of Germany, Baden, 14 miles Malton.
S;S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1295.                              MALTON, OLD, a parish of England, co. of York, North
MALS-ELF, m~ls-Alf/, a river of Norway, falls into the  Riding.
Malunger Fiord, after a course of above 80 miles.           MALTOWN, m~lftown, a town of Iindostan, Bundelcund,
MALSEN, m l-s~n/ or mil-slnt, or MALSESINE, mal-si- commanding a pass into the Gwalior dominions.
see/nA, a village of Austrian Italy, 23 miles N.N.W. of    MALTSCH, m11tch, a village of Prussia, on the Berlin
Verona, with a small port on the Lake of Garda. Pop. 1700. Frankfort and Breslau Railway, 24 miles W. of Breslau.
MALSTROiM. See MAELSTaROM.                                 MALUENDA, ml-loo-6n/dA, almost mil-win/dl, a village
IMALTA, mawlita, (It. pron. mil/tI, Fr. Malte, milt, anc. of Spain, Aragon, 40 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 1125.
Mel/ita,) an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Great   MALU/GIN GROVE, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois, 90
Britain, 62 miles S.S.W. of Sicily, and 197 miles N. of Africa, miles W. of Chicago.
lat. (Yaletta Palace) 350 53'48" N., Ion. 140 31' 15" E.,; greatest   MALVAGLIA, m9l-vld/y&, a town of Switzerland, canton
length 17 miles, central breadth about9 miles, area 98 square  of Ticino, 9 miles N. of Bellinzona. Pop. 1684.
miles. It is of an irregular and oval shape, deeply indented    MALVAGNA, mil-vin/yA, a village of Sicily, finely situated
on all sides, except the S., where the coast forms a continuous on the side of one of the hills of Mount Etna. Pop. 1000.
and almost unbroken line. The largest bays are those of    MALVASIA, NAPOLI DE. See MONEWSvASA.
Marsa and Sirocco on the S.W., and Melheha and St. Paul's   MALVERN, (maw/vern,) GaEAT, a watering-place and
on the N.E.; but the most important, in every respect, is parish of England, co. and 8 miles S.S.W. of Worcester, on
the double bay, formed by the opposite sides of the remark- the E. declivity of the Malvern Hills. Pop. 3763. The vilable peninsula on which the capital, Valetta, stands. The lage, neatly built, has handsome hotels and private houses,
S.W. coast is remarkably bold, having not a ringle opening  good baths, and a fine abbey church, the choir and tower
in which a vessel can take refuge. The surface is very much  of which were built by Sir Reginald Bray, the celebrated
broken by rocks, which pierce it in all directions, and are  architect of Henry VII. Of the abbey, founded in 1083,
almost destitute of any covering of soil, leaving few inter- few vestiges remain.  A medicinal spring here attracts
vening spaces which can be brought under regular culture. many invalids.
The culminating point, which occurs near the S.W. coast,   MALVERN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
does not exceed 1200 feet. The rocks are all stratified, and    MALVERN, mawl/vern, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio,
arranged in nearly parallel layers, with a very gentle dip, ge- 137 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
nerally from N.E. to E. by N. Theyare disposed in 4 distinct   MALVERN, a station in Ohio, on the Tuscarawas Exten
groups, consisting of coral limestone, yellow sandstone, and  sion Railroad, 7 miles from its junction with the Cleveland
blue clay, the former above, in beds of about 20 feet thick, and Pittsburg Railroad, at Bayard.
abounding in fossils, the latter from 100 to 120 feet thick,   MAL/VERN HILLS, England, separatei the co. of Worsandstone, and a yellowish white semi-crystalline limestone, cester from  Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, and are
forming an excellent building stone. The range of tempe- nearly 9 miles in length, from N. to S. The Herefordshire
rature seldom exceeds 60 in 24 hours; the air is usually dry  Beacon, an ancient British fortress, near their centre, is
and clear. The winter climate, from the middle of October 1444 feet in elevation.
till that of January, is most delightful; but in summer the    MALVITTO, mAl-vit/to, a town of Naples, province of
heat becomes extreme, and the bright light reflected from  Calabria Citra, 16 miles S.S.VW. of Castrovillari.  Pop. 2200.
the bare white rocks often injures the sight. There are no    MALWAH, mawl/wI, (i. e. the "mountainous counlakes, or proper running streams in the island; but the  try,") an old province of Hindostan, mostly between lat.
springs are numerous and copious. The soil is very thin, 220 and 260 N., and ion. 740 and 800 E., enclosed by the
and unfit for general cultivation. The corn raised furnishes  provinces of Rajpootana, Agra, Allahabad, Candeish, and
not more than three months' supply. The staple produdc is Guzerat. Its central part is a table land, between its chief
cotton; the vine and olive are cultivated. Fruits, partiuen- rivers the Chumbul in the N., and Nerbuddah in the S.,
larly figs and oranges, are abundant, and of excellent flavor.  and watered by the Sind and Betwah, affluents of the
The central position of Malta in the Mediterranean, makes Jumna. Opium is extensively raised for exportation. This
it an important commercial depat, and at all times an in- province is the principal seat of the Bheel race, and was
valuable naval station. It has, in consequence, received  formerly of the Mahrattas. It is mostly subdivided among
great attention from the British government, and been both  the dominions of Gwalior, Indore, and Bhopaul.
provided with excellent docks and very strong fortifica-    MALWAN, midwint, or SOONDERDROOG, soon-der
tions. Malta was first peopled, it is said, by the Phoeni- droog/, a town and fortified island of British India, presiclans. It passed successively through the hands of the  dency of Bombay, district of South Concan, on the Malabar
Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians; and was finally at- coast, 50 miles N.N.W. of Goa.
tached to Rome during the second Punic WVar. After the    MALYI, mgl'yee/, or MALOI, m-loyt, an island of Siberia,
fall of the Roman empire, it was seized, at different times, in the Arctic Ocean, about 45 miles S.S.E. of the island of
by Vandals, Goths, and Saracens. From the last, it passed  Kotelnol. A great deal of fossil ivory is found on it.
to Sicily, and followed its fortunes till 1522, when Charles    MALZEVILLE, mal'zeh-veel/, a village of France, departV. granted it to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. In  ment of Meurthe, on the Meurthe, here crossed by a bridge
1798, the Grand Master Hompesch surrendered it to Napo- of 13 arches, 15 miles E. of Nancy. Pop. 1646
leon. It was afterwards taken by Nelson, and is now, along    MALZIEU, LE, leh mild'ze-uh, a village of France, departwith the islands of Comino and Gozo, a formally recognised  ment of Lozbre, 25 miles N. of Marvejols. Pop. 1167.
possession of Great Britain. Revenue, in 1852, ~127,728.   MAMA, mI.mP, two rivers of Asiatic Russia, in the N.E.
Expenditures, ~123,086.  In 1849, 849 political refugees of the government of Irkootsk, called Verkhnee-Mamaand
1129




MAgi                                                     MAN
Nizhnee-Mama. The former, the larger of the two, has a    MANAAR, ma-oar, GULF OF, an inlet of the Indian
course of above 100 miles; both join the Vitim.           Ocean, between Ceylon and the S. extremity of India, 120)
MAMADISII, MAMADISCHI or MAM'ADAJCIH, ma-m.- miles in width at its entrance, and separated northward
dilsh or ma-mA-deeshb, a town of Russia, government and 87 from Palk's Strait, by the islands of Ramisseram  and Mamiles E. of Kasan, on the Viatka.  Pop. 2000.             naar, and a reef termed Adam's Bridge.
MAMAKAITING, a township forming the S.E. extremity    MANAAR ISLAND, immediately W. of the N. part of
of Sullivan co., New York. Pop. 4107.                      Ceylon, is 18 miles in length, by 2- miles across.
MAMANGUAPE, ml-mln-gw~Ip4, a rivei of Brazil, enters    MANAC/CAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
the Atlantic, 25 miles N. of Parahiba, after an E. course of    MANACOR, ma-nal-klr, a town of Spain, island of Ma.
130 miles.                                                 jorca, 3 miles E. of Palma, on a gentle declivity. It is
MAMANGUAPE, mg-min-gwapA, or MONTEMOR, men- well built; has several spacious squares, and wide, welltl-molt, a town of Brazil, province and 45 miles N.N.W. of  kUpt streets. Its buildings are substantial; the most imParahiba, on a river of the same name. Its trade in cotton, portant are the palace of the ancient kings of the country,
formerly considerable, has been absorbed by Pernambuco. a large parish church, a chapel of ease, town-house, prison,
Pop. of the district, 4000.                                2 schools, and a hospital. It has a bishop's see, and manuMAMARIONECK, a post-village and township of West- factures of brandy, wine, oil, and verdigris; and some trade
chester co., New York, on Long Island Sound, and on the  in grain, oil, cattle, and fruits. Pop. 10,315.
New York and New Haven Railroad, 23 miles N.E. of New    MANA/DA HILL, a post-office of Dauphin co., PennsylYork. Pop. 928.                                            vania.
MAMIBLE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.            MANfACK, a post-office of Lowndes co., Alabama.
MIAMBUCABA, mAm-boo-kMAba, a market-town of Brazil,   MANADO, ma-nYdo, or MENADO, me-nd/do, a Dutch town
province and 78 miles W. of Rio de Janeiro, near the river  and settlement of Celebes, near its N.E. extremity; lat. 10
MVambucaba. Pop. 4000.                                     28' N., ion. 1240 30' E. It exports large cargoes of coffee,
MAMERS, mamnaiai, (L. lMamercia,)'a town of France, raised in its vicinity, and has also an export trade in rice
department of Sarthe, 24 miles N.N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. in  and gold-dust.
1852, 6017. It has a fine church, and manufactures of    MANAFION, a parish of North Wales, co. of Montgomery.
hempen, cotton, and woollen fabrics. It is supposed to    MANAFORNO, ma-n -foatno, a town of South Naples,
occupy the site of a temple of Mars, which was destroyed in  province of Abruzzo Ultra II., district and 13 miles S.E. of
the 7th century. It was once strongly fortified, and was Avezzano, on the S.E. side of Lake Fucino. Pop. 2300.
long in possession of the English, who demolished its forti-   MANAH, mnna, a village of Northern Hindostan, Gurh.fications in 1428. Pop. 5788.                              wal, 20 miles S.E. of Gangootri, and an important seat of
MAMIIHEAD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            the trade with Thibet.
MAIIHILAD, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.    MIANAIOCKIING, a flourishing post-village of Ocean co.,
MAi/IHOLE, a hamlet of England, co. of Monmouth,  New Jersey, on a creek of its own name, about 19 miles S.
parish of Bedwelty, 7 miles W. of Pontypool. Pop. 6789.   of'f Tom's River, contains 3 or 4 stores, and about 50 dwellings.
MAMINA, mta-meenlya, a large Indian town of Peru, pro-   MANAIA. See MANCAiA.
vince of Tarapaca, lat. 200 4' 48" S. It is supplied with    MANAKOO, MANAKOU, ma-na-koo', or SYMOND'S (sitwater from clear, boiling sulphur springs; and near it gyp- mondz) HARBOR, a fine harbor of New Zealand, North
sum, alum, and carbonate of soda abound. *                 Island, on its E. coast, 7 miles S. of Auckland. Lat. 370 S.,
MAMMELLE, mam'm6mll, a creek of Pulaski co., Arkansas, ion. 1740 30' E.
flows into the Arkansas several miles above Little Rock.    MANALfAPAN, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.
MAMMOLA, mimlnmo-e-, a town of South Naples, province   MANALAPAN BROOK, or SOUTH RIVER, of New Jerof Calabria Ultra I., 7t miles N. of Gerace. Pop. 6000.   sey, rises in Monmouth county, flows northward, and enters
MAMIMOTLI CAVE, a post-office of Edmondson co., Ken- the Raritan, 4 miles below New Brunswick.
tuciky. For a description of the Cave, see KEtNucKv.        MANALIPA or MIALINIPA. See Coco ISLANDS.
MAMOJ ADA. ma-mo-ya'dA, a village on the island of Sar-   MANAMA, ma-nmitm, a town of the Persian Gulf, at the
dinia, S.S.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 1771.                        northern extremity of the island of Bahrein, of which it is
MAMOO-KHAIL, mitmool kilt, a fort of Afghanistan, 60 the capital.
miles S.E. of Cabool. Here the British delbated an Afghan    MANAN, two islands off the coast of Maine. See MENAN.
force in 1842.                                              MANAN/TICO CREEK, of Cumberland co., New Jersey,
MAIORE, ma-mo-r, or MIARMORE, man-mo-ram, con- flowvs into Maui-ice River.
monly called RIO GRANDE, reelo grituld, by the Spaniards,    MANANZARY or MANANZARI, mi-nan-za/ree', a town
a river of Bolivia, formed by thejunction of the Guapey and  on the E. coast of Madagascar, at the mouth of a small river
Chapar6 or Chapari, after a N. course of 500 miles joins the  of its own name. Lat. about 210 20' S., Ion. 480 20' E.
Beni to form the Madeira. Some geographers regard the    MANAOS, Brazil. See BARR.A o RIO-NEGRO.
Guapey (called also the Rio Grande) as the upper portion of    MANNAPARI, a town of British India, presidency of
the Mamore. The valley of this river is semi-annually flood- Madras, district of Madura, 40 miles N.E. of Dindigul.
ed, and the animals driven to the neighbouring heights.     MANASAROWAR, mit-nA-sit-ro-witr, or TSO-MAPHAM,
MAMPANWA, mtm-pan/wit, a village of Borneo, on its  tso-inf/inm, a lake of Thibet, noted in  Hindoo sacred
W. coast, between Pontianak and Sambas. Pop. 2435.        legends, 280 miles E.N.E. of Delhi; lat. 300 40' N., Ion. 810
MAMPAWA, mim-p/wit, a maritime town on the W. coast 30' E., at the foot of Mount Kailas, 15,200 feet above sea-level.
of Borneo, on the river Manpawa. Lat. 00 251 N., Ion. 1090  It forms nearly a circle, about 15 miles in diameter; and is
E. It formerly imported 500 chests of opium annually.      one of the head sources of the river Sutlej, pouring  its
MAN, ISLEt o, (ane. Monalpia or 3leoa-ilna,) an island in  waters into Lake Rakas-Tal, or Tso Lanak.
the Irish Sea, about 30 miles W. of England, 32 miles E. of Ire-   MANASIQUAN' RIVER, of Monmouth co., New Jersey,
land, 15 miles S. of Scotland, and 48 miles N. of Wales; let. flows nearly south-eastward, and enters the Atlantic by
Castleton Light) 540 4' 24" N., Ion. 40 36' 30" W. Extreme  Manasquan Inlet, at the S.E. extremity of the county.
length about 30 miles, with an irregular breadth varying    MANASSEH, mia-nas/seh, a tribe of Israelites.
from 6 to 12 or 13 miles. Area 179,200 acres. Mountains   MANASISAS STATION, a post-office of Prince William co.,
extend nearly through the entire length of the island. The  Virginia.
highest point of the range is Snowfield or Sneafell, about   MANATAWINY, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
2000 feet above sea-level. Veins containing ores of lead,   MANATAWNY  CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the
zinc, copper, and iron, intersect the mountains in a N. and  Schuylkill River near Pottstown.
S. direction. The lead-mines have been worked to advan-   MAN'ATEE/, a post-office of Rillsborough co., Florida.
tage. The island is well watered.  The names of the prin-   MAN'ATON/, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
cipal streams are the Neb at Peel, the Colby near Ramsay,    MANAVGHAT, mitn-Av-ghitl, or MENOVGHAT, min-o'
and the Black and Gray Waters near Douglas. The valleys ghitt/, a market-town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Adana, on
are some of them tolerably fertile in grass and pasture, and  the Manavghat River, (anc. Mellas,) 30 miles N.W. of Alaya.
where the land is somewhat level, grain is frequently culti-   MANAWATU, mn-ni-wt-tool, a river of New  Zealand,
vated. Agriculture is a good deal improved, but is still North Island, rises on the W. slope of the highest mountain
very backwaid.                                             range in the island, and enters Cook's Strait by a mouth
This island was originally peopled by the Manx, (Menvuice,) about 300 yards wide at half-tide. On a bar, at its mouth,
a tribe of the Celtic rdce. It was latterly held as a feudal there are only 7 feet of water at low tide; but, inside the
sovereignty by the Earls of Derby, and more recently by  bar, there is depth enough for small vessels for about 50 miles.
the Dukes of Atholl, from whom it was purchased for the  The tide rises 8 feet.
British Crown in 1806. The legislative and judicial authority   MANAYUNK, man-a-ymnkf, a manufacturingtown ofPennis principally vested in the Houseof Keys, a self-elected body  sylvania, included within the chartered limits of the conof 24 individuals. The governor is named by the Crown. The  solidated city of Philadelphia, on the left bank of the SchuylManx language, derived from the ancient Celtic, is still in  kill River, and on the Philadelphia and Norristown Railroad,
common use, although all the inhabitants speak English. 7 miles N.N.W. from the State-House. It is built on the dePrincipal towns, Castletown, (the capital,) Peel, Douglas, clivity of the hills which rise near the margin of the river.
and Bamsay. Pop. in 1851, 52,116.-Adj. MANX.               A number of handsome residences and churches occupy the
MANA, mini, a river of French Guiana, enters the At- higher parts of the town. Arrangements are now in prolantic 126 miles N.W. of Cayenne. Length 157 miles. On  gress for the introduction of gas-light. Manayunk is amply
its banks is a French colony for free blacks.             supplied with water-power, and is the seat of extdnsive
1130




MAN'                                                         MAN
manufactories of cotton, of which there are about 16 in  Sapphire. Many of the other churches exhibit beautiful
operation. It contains also several manufactories of Ken- styles of architecture. A large number are surmounted
tacky jeans, and of woollen goods, 3 paper-mills, and 1 roll- with lofty towers or.spires, and have richly decorated inteing-mill. There are-6 Protestant and 2 Catholic churches. riors.
Two bridges cross the river at this place.  Pop. in 1850,   Public Buildings.-Among these may be mentioned the
6158; in 1853, about 7000.                                  Town-hall, situated in King Street, containing the offices
MAN/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              of the Chamber of Commerce. It is a fine structure, built
MAN/CETTER, a parish of England, to. of Warwick, 11  in the Grecian style, borrowed partly from the temple of
miles N. of Coventry. It is the seat of a large nunnery. It  Erecthens, and partly from  the Temple of the Winds at
is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman station Alan- Athens, and has on each side of its portico, which is ap.
cduessedzin.                                                preached by a flight of steps, figures of Solon and Alfred,
MANCHA, L., 19 m/ntchl, an old province of Spain, in  and, in the attic story above it, medallion portraits of Luke
the S. part of New Castile, now comprised in the province  and others; in its interior is a splendid hall, 130 feet long
of Ciudad-Real.  Its mules, celebrated for their size and  by 38 feet wide, having its walls, and the dome which forms
strength, are sent to many of the other provinces. It de- the centre of its ceiling, covered with allegorical frescoes.
rives its fame from. the novel of Cervantes.-Adj. and inhab. The Exchange is one of the finest structures of the kind
MANCHEIGAN; (Sp. MANCnsGO, m9n-chA/-go.)                    in the kingdom. It has a front consisting of a lofty Doric
MANHCIIACI, a post-office of East Baton Rouge parish, portico, with 8 fluted columns, and, in the interior is a
Louisiana.                                                  splendid commercial room, 185 feet long by 92 feet wide,
MANCI[AC, a post-office of Hays co., Missodri.            lighted from above by a- lofty glazed centre dome.; in the
MANCIHAC BAYOU, of Louisiana, a small stream form- upper part is, large room containing a library of more
ing' the S. boundary of East Baton Rouge, communicates  than 30,000 volumes.  The Corn Exchange has a handsome
with the Mississippi on the W., and with the Amite on the  front of 6 Ionic, fluted columns, and is capable of holding
E. A small steamboat plies between its extremities.         2400 persons. The Free Trade Hall, capable of containing
MANCHA-REAL, m:n/chA-r[-Al[l. a town of Spain, pro- upwards of 8000 persons, and memorable for the many imvince and7 miles E. of Jaen. Pop. 3966. It has manufactures  portant meetings held here connected with the Free Trade
of linens and woollei.'                    movement, is (1853) about to be pulled down', and replaced
MAN'CHAUGI, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachu- by a building adapted for large meetings, concerts, lectures,
setts, about 47 miles S.W. of Boston.                       &c. The Branch Bank of England, which has its principal
MANCHE, mSnsh, a maritime department of France, in  fagades nearly opposite to the Town-hall, is one of the handthe N.W., on the Manche, or English Channel, formed of  somest buildings in Manchester; it is in the Grecian style,
part of the old province of Normandy. Area, 2263 square  with a Doric colonnade. The other public edifices deserving
miles. Pop. in 1852, 600,882. Principal rivers, the Vire, of'notice are the County Court Hall, Nicholas Croft, a spaTaute, Douve, Merderet, and Selune, all navigable. On its  eious and ornamented building recently erected; the Salford
coasts are Capes la Hague, and Point Barfleur, or Raz de  Town-hall, the workhouses of Manchester and Salfordl, large
Gatteville. Soil marshy in parts of the interior, but fer- and conspicuous structures; the Borough Jail, on the Hyde
tile in grain, lint, hemp, and apples for cider. The horses  Road, and the New Bailey Prison, in Salford.
in this department are considered the best in France;   Ienstitutions, Educational, Scientific, &c.-The oldest educecattle are excellent; sheep  yield  inferior wool.  Chief  tional institution-in Manchester is Chetham College or Hosindustry, manufactures of iron, copper, and zinc, cloth, pital, immediately adjoining the Cathedral, and occupying
linens, cottons, and lace. It was originally inhabited by  the site of the residence of the Baron or Thane of Mancuthe Unelli and Abrincatui. It was subsequently included  alum. The edifice was converted into barracks by the army
in the territory which the Normans wrested from Charles the  of the Parliament, and, having been purchased by the trusSimple, in the tenth century. Along with the other domi- tees of Chetham's charity, was first used as a school in 1656.
nionS of William the Conqueror, it became an appanage of  It is exclusively for boys, (80 in number,) who remain in the
England, but returned to the crown of France under Charles institution till the age of 14, when they are apprenticed
VII. It is divided into the arrondissements of Avranches, with a small premium. Attached to it is a valuable library
Cherbourg, Coutances, St. L3, Mortain, and Yalonges. Capi- of above 22,000 volumes, freely open to every person, resital, St. Lb.                                                dent or stranger.  The Lancashire Independent College,
MAN/CIIESTER, (anc. Manculniumn,) the most important occupying an airy situation, with a considerable space of
manufacturing town of England, occupying chiefly a low  open ground around it, is a noble building, in the English
tract of ground on both sides of the Irwell, at the confluence  Academic style. It was built by the Independents as a theof the Medlock and the Irk, 162 miles N.N.W. of London, 32  ological academy, and will accommodate about 50 students.
miles E. by N. of.Liverpool; lat. (St. Mary's) 530 29' N.; ion. Manchester New College, a theological institution, esta20 14' 23" W. It consists of Manchester. proper, including  blished by the Unitarians, is said to have a valuable, though
the suburbs of Hulme, Chorlton, Ardwick, Cheetham, &c., not very extensive library.  Owen's College, founded by a
situated on the E. or left bank, and the extensive borough  bequest of upwards of 100,000L. from the gentleman whose
of Salford, occupying the right bank of the Irwell; the  name it bears, is still in its infancy, but gives instruction
communication across which is maintained by eight bridges, in all the branches usually taught in the English universi.
several of them  handsome structures.  Yictoria Bridge, ties. The Free Grammar School, founded by Hugh Oldham,
consisting of a single elegant arch; Blackfriars' Bridge, of  Bishop of Exeter, in 1520, has an income of above 40001. per
three arches; the iron bridges of Strangeways and Spring- annum, and a large number of exhibitions at Oxford and
field Lane, and the suspension iron bridge of Broughton, Cambridge. The education given includes the principal
may be specified as most worthy of notice. The almost un- European languages, classics, mathematics, and various
exampled rapidity with which Manchester has risen up, has  other branches. The Commercial Schools, established by
left it comparatively poor in architectural ornament, and  the Manchester Church Education Society, furnish a cornmyet it is superior to most manrufacturiang towns in general plete course of education to the middle classes, on very
appearance. It has few of the narrow, twisted, and crowded  favorable terms. There is also the Ladies' Jubilee School,
lanes, by which all large towns of ancient date are more or established to promote the moral and religions education of
less characterized, while it can point to spacious streets and  poor female children. The Royal School of Medicine and
squares, well paved and well lighted, and lined with houses  Surgery, founded in 1824, is on the same footing as similar
which are generally of a most substantial, and, not unfre-  schools in the metropolis, qualifying for examination at
quently, of a magnificent description. Market Street, con- Surgeons' Hall, &c.; it has an average attendance of from
tinned in the line of the London Road, nearly across the  80 to 100 students. The most important commercial insticentre of the town, towards the Irwell, is one of the finest tution is the Chamber of Commerce, founded in November,
streets out of the metropolis; and any town might well be  1820, for the promotion of measures calculated to benefit
proud of the splendid edifices lining Mosely Street, George and protect-the trading interests of Manchester. It is conStreet, King Street, and Parker Street.                     ducted by 24 Directors, and has been, from its commenceChurches.-The places of public worship in Manchester  ment, a consistent opponent of the corn-laws, and of monoand its neighborhood exceed 180. Of these the Establish-  polies of every kind. Its proceedings attrpct attention in
meat has 49, the Wesleyan Methodists 29, the Methodist every commercial community throughout the world. The
Association 17, the Methodist New Connexion 9, the Primi- Manchester Commercial Association is another institution,
tive Mtethodists 8, the Independents 22, the Baptists 10, the  having similar objects in view.
Roman Catholics 10, the Scotch Presbyterians 5, the Unite-   Among the scientific institutions may be mentioned the
rians 5, and several other denominations one or two each. Literary and'Philosophical Society, established in 1781. It
Among the Established churches, the first place is due to  has numbered many distinguished individuals among its
the Collegiate Church, which, since the erection of Man- members, and published several volumes of valuable contrichester into a bishop's see, has become the Cathedral. It butions. The Chetham Society, established in 1843, for the
was built in 1422, and is considered a fine specimen of per- publication of historical and literary remains, connected with
pendicular Gothic. It consists of a nave and aisles, and is Lancashire and Cheshire, has issued 22 volumes, generally of
renderedconspicuous by its lofty tower, which is 120 feet in  a very interesting description. The other principal societies
height, and in its upper part highly ornamented. The choir  are the Natural HistorySociety, which possesses a very vaincontains some very elaborate carved work, not surpassed by  able museum; the Geological Society, with a museum and
any cathedral in the island. Behind the altar is a curious library; the Statistical Society, the Law Association, the
piece of old tapestry, representing the death of Ananias and  Medical Society, the Royal Institution, occupyislg buildinge
1131




MAN                                                    MAN
which cost 40,0001.; the Athen.Tum,  the School of Design, The trade, embracing all the above manufactures, is neces
Ancoat's Lyceum; the 3 Mechanics' Institutions, and several sarily very extensive.
Musical Clubs. The Free Library,-situated in Camp Field,    Railways and Canals.-The railways are the Liverpool
was the first free lending library instituted in the kingdom. and Manchester, which has its terminus at Victoria Station,
It was established in 1185 by public subscription, extending  Hiunt's Bank, the first opened in Great Britain for swift
to 12,7421., and contains upwards of 16,000 volumes in the  locomotives; the Lancashire and Yorkshire, communicating
reference, and 5000 in the lending library. The other libra- by a branch with Oldham, and leading N. past Rochdale,
ries deserving of notice are the Subscription and New Sub- connecting Manclester with Halifax, Leeds, &c.; the Manscription, the Portico, the Newvall's Buildings, the Foreign, chester and Birmingham, forming one of the principal
the Law Libraries; and also the Salford Museum and Li- branches of the London and North-Western, and the great
brary, which is open to the public,                         thoroughfare to the S.; the Manchester Sheffield and LinBenevolent Institutions. —The principal of these are the  colushire; the East Lancashire, which communicates with
Royal Infirmary, which, in its architectural and general Bury, Blackburn, &c.; and the South Junction and Altringappearance, forms one of the greatest ornaments of the  ham, which has its station in Oxford Road, and is intended
town; it is surrounded by a spacious area, tastefully laid  to connect Manchester with Chester, through Warrington.
out with grass borders and walks, and has a sheet of water  Of the canals, that of the Duke of Bridgewater conmmuniin front: the Blind Asylum, supported partly by subscrip- cates with the Mersey at Runcorn; those of Ashton-undertions, but chiefly by a bequest of 20,0001., left to it by Mr. Lyne, Stockport, and Macclesfield, all join each other and
Henshaw  of Oldham: and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. have a common basin at the back of Piccadilly; that of
The other benevolent institutions deserving of notice are the  Rochdale and Halifax communicates with the Bridgewater;
Lunatic Asylum, the-Eye, Lock, Salford, Royal, and Lying- and that of Bolton and Bury has its terminus in Salford.
in Hospitals; the public Baths anld Wash-houses, the Model    T'he Cbrsporation.-Theq borough of Manchester comprises
Lodging-houses, the Juvenile Refuge Penitentiary, Stran- the several townships of Manchester, Chorlton-upon-Medgers' Friend Society, &c.                                   lock, IHulme, Ardwick, and Cheetham, and also the small
Parks.-The great boast of Manchester, is its fine parks  extra-parochial district called Beswick, and was incorpoand gardens. The most important of these are the Botani- rated by royal charter, granted in October, 1838.  The
cal and Horticultural Garden, scarcely surpassed by any  management of the local affairs is intrusted to the town
out of the metropolis; the Peel Park, situated 1 mile W. of  council, 64 in number, bearing the respective titles of
the Exchange, bounded on its E. side by the Irwell, and  mayor, aldermen, and councillors; and who appoint, from
covering an area of 32 acres, laid out with great taste, and  their body, committees for the transaction of the various
containing, among its other ornaments, a bronze statue of  departments of the public business.  The town council,
Sir Robert Peel; the Queen's Park, about 2 miles N.N.E. of  acting under' powers obtained from the Legislature, are
the Exchange, is in some respects superior to Peel Park, from   now (1853) constructing extensive water-works, calculated
possessing larger trees, a more diversified surface, and a finue  to afford a supply of about 30,000,000 gallons of water daily,
sheet of water near its centre; Phillips Park, lying near loca- at an expenditure (including the purchase of the previous
lities'occupied by the working-classes; and the Zoological very inadequate water-works) of about 1,050,000l.  The
and Pomona Gardens.  The three parks were established  council have also under their management extensive gasby public subscription in 1845, and cost about ~33,000.     works, yielding a profit of upwards of 35,0001, a yeasr. which
Manufactus-es   and  1/-ade. —-To these Manchester owes is expended in the improvement and widening of the streets
almost all its present importance. Its site in these respects  and thoroughfares.
has been admirably chosen. It stands close to one of the    HDistory.-Manchester was known at a very early period
largest and most valuable coal-fields of England, at such a  as one of the chief stations of the Druids, who had here
convenient distance both from the W. and E. coasts, as to  erected an altar called Meyne, which enjoyed the privilege
form a natural emporium  for the traffic of the Atlantic and  of sanctuary. It subsequently became a place of some imthe German Oceans, and on the Irwell, with its two tri- portance under the Brigantes, who built a castle called Manbutaries, Medlock and Irk, which, though not possessed  cenion, the site of which is still preserved by its present
directly of much value for navigation, are easily capable of  name of Castle Field. On the conquest of South Britain
being made subservient to it, and are of great importance  by the Romans, about A. D. 79, the castle was converted by
for many manufacturing purposes. To develop these na- them into a station, and received the name of Mancunium,
tural advantages, a network of canals furnishes easy corn- obviously a corruption of the Brigantes Mancenion. After
naunication to numerous important towns, of which Man- the Romans withdrew, the Saxons, about 488, wrested Manchester may be regarded as the common centre; and to  cunium  from the Britons, but were again forced to restore
these has now been added a system  of railways, which  it. In 620, it was taken by Edwin, King of Northumbria,
scarcely leaves anything farther to be desired in regard to  and was shortly after occupied by a colony of Angles.
facility of transport. The great staple article of manufac-  About this time the old name of Mancunium  seems to
ture and trade in Manchester is cotton, in the production  have been supplanted by its Saxon form, Mancestre, from
of the various tissues of which this town is without a rival which Manchester is derived. The conversion of the inbain the civilized world. In more immediate connexion with  bitants to Christianity is said to have been effected about
the cotton manufactures are numerous bleach-works, dye- 627, by the preaching of Paulinus. Manchester next passed
works, print-fields, chemical works, and engine factories. to the Danes, who, about 920, were expelled by Edward,
Next in importance to cotton is the spinning of silk and  King of Mercia. Its charter, conferring the privilege of a
manufacture of silk goods, which, since relieved from the  borough, was granted in 1301. We hear of Manchester cotheavy import duty on raw silk, have advanced with rapid  ton, for the first time, in 1352. During the civil war, the
strides. Besides articles of pure cotton and pure silk, mixed  possession of Manchester was keenly disputed, and suffered
goods, in which silk and cotton, silk and wool, cotton and  much at the hands of both parties. Its share in the reprowool are combined, are manufactured to a considerable ex- sentative system of Britain was first conferred by the Retent. The following Table, furnished in February, 1853, by  form Bill, under which it enjoys the privilege of sending
the Inspector of Factories, gives the most recent and accu- two members to Parliament. Among,its eminent natives
rate information in regard to the important subject to which  may be noticed the celebrated Duke of Bridgewater, the
it relates:-                                                chemists Dalton and Henry, and Sir Robert Peel, the father
of the late premier. Pop. in 1801, 110,938; in 1841, 353,390;
STATISTICAL TABLE Of the FACTORIES ass a PRINT-WOReS ai  in 1851, including Salford, 401,321..UANsCHESTEn and SALFORD.                    MAN/CHESTER, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine. 
MANCHESTER, a city and one of the shire towns of
Number of   Peisons   Stea-pwer.  Hilsborough co., New Hampshire, is situated on the left
Works.   employed. Stea-power......oyed.          bank of the Merrimack River, at the junction of the Man~
Cotton-Spinning..       35         5292        1540      chester and Lawrence, the Concord, and the Vermont CenCotton-Weaving           i65         7'179       1031      tral Railroads, 18 miles S.S.E. of Concord, and 59 miles N.W.
]Cottsn-Spinnin g and 
Cotton-Spinning ani d    42        17,358        4706      of Boston. This town, like a number of others in New
Wm~~~eaving....                       _. _ England, through the development of the manufacturing
e142        10,359       7277      enterprise, has suddenly grown from a small farming conmWoolien and Worstevi       3          280          80      munity into a wealthy and populous city. Its site is on an
Spinning and Weaving Ielevated plain, 90 feet above the surface of the river. It is
Silk-Thrswing,&c., and    50        7520.      80       regularly planned; the principal street, 100 feet broad,
Smnall Ware.. -
Flan-Spinning....                 1120.    198        extends upwards of a mile from  N. to S., with others of
Print-Works....       35         2985                  less breadth parallel to it, and to the river. These are interTot. 233  42,264  85       sected by others, running from E. to W. There have been
laid out in different sections four public squares, some of
which are handsomely ornamented. The eastern portion of
Forges and foundries, where steam-engines, large cast- the city is built almost exclusively of brick, while the westuIngs, and numerous large and valuable articles of iron, ern abounds in structures of wood, many of which are
malleable and cast, are made, are also numerous.  The  tasteful and elegant residences. The mills and boardingother articles particularly deserving Of notice are paper, houses occupy the slope between the western verge of the
chiefly made at extensive mills in the vicinity; hats, and  plain and the river. The principal public buildings are the
engraving in connexion with the printing of cotton goods. new Town-house, erected in the place of the one destroyed
1132




MAN                                                   MAN
by fire in 1842, and the churches, of which there are 12, of  IMiANCHESTER, a post-township of York co., Pennsylvathe various denominations. An Athenreum was established  nia, 18 miles S. of Harrisburg. Pop. 2603.
in 1844, having a reading'room and a library, which at pre-   MANCHESTER, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland,
sent numbers about 3500 volumes. The system of public 60 miles N.N.W. of Annapolis. It contains a few stores and
instruction comprises a high school, 2 grammar schools, an  about 600 inhabitants.
intermediate, 6 middle, and 12 primary schools, besides others   MANCHESTER, a post-village of Chesterfield co., Virginot classed. Manchester contains 9 or 10 newspaper offices, nia, on the James River, opposite Richmond, with which it
6 insurance agencies, and 3 banks, with an aggregate capital is connected by a bridge. It is beautifully situated, and
of $500,000. A gas company, for lighting the city, was  contains 2 churches, and several elegant residences erected
incorporated in 1851, with a capital of $75,000.        by persons doing business in Richmond. It has mannThe present prosperity of Manchester commenced about factories of tobacco, cotton, and flour. Pop. in 1853, estithe year 1839, at which date the locality now occupied by  mated at 1800.
the city contained no more than 50 inhabitants. The Merri-   MANCHESTER, a post-office of Cumberland co., North
mack here has a descent of 54 feet in the distance of a mile, Carolina. 
called the Amoskeag Falls, which are the most extensive   MANCHESTER, a post-village of Sumter district, South
throughout its entire course. By the erection of a dam  Carolina, on the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad,
across the river, at the head of the falls, and the construe- about 36 miles E:S.E. of Columbia. It is a station on the
tion of canals, the stream has been made to furnish an  railroad which connects with the Camden branch about 6
hydraulic power sufficient to run several hundred thousand  miles from this village.
spindles.  With these advantages for manufacturing, the    MANCHIESTER, a post-village, capital of Coffee co., Tenplace has increased rapidly in population and importance. nessee, is situated at the junction of the forks of Duck
Among the most extensive corporations in Manchester, may  River, 62 miles S.E. of Nashville. The above streams afford
be mentioned the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, who  an excellent water-power. At this place is a very remarkhave 4 mills, containing 62,846 spindles and 1665 looms. able object, called the Old Stone Fort, which is described as
These are operated by 2100 females and 400 males, who daily  a solid stone wall in the fork between the rivers, including
manufacture 65,000 yards (37 miles) of tickings, denims, about 47 acres of land. It presents indications of high anpantaloon stuffs, drillings, and sheetings. The machine  tiquity, as the trees growing upon it are computed to be 500
shops connected with the above employ 500 hands,'who  years old, or more. The Tennessee and Alabama Railroad
annually turn out 60 locomotives, besides a vast amount of passes through the village.
machinery of every description. The Stark Mills (3 in num-   MANCHESTER, a post-village, capital of Clay co., Kenber) employ 1000 females and 200 males. These daily pro- tucky, 110 miles S.E. of Frankfort; is surrounded by a hilly
duce 17,000 yards of drilling, and 30,000 of sheeting, equal region which abounds in coal andiron ore. It has 2 churches
to 27 miles of cloth, besides more than 5000 seamless bags. and a seminary.
One loom yields 40 substantial fancy striped bags daily,   MANCHESTER, a thriving post-village of Sprigg townwoven from top to bottom without a seam. The Manchester ship, Adams co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 72 miles above
Print Works, burnt down in September, 1853, but since Cincinnati. It has some shipping business, and contains
rebuilt, print annually about 12,000,000 yards of delaines. several flouring-mills and small factories. It was formerly
The cloth is manufactured at the rate of 38,000 yards the county seat. Pop. about 600.
(22 miles) daily. Besides the above, numerous other esta-   MANCHESTER, a post-township forming the N.E. part
blishments in Manchester annually turn out a vast amount of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1337.
of various kinds of manufactures.  Several new compa-   MANQHESTER, a post-village and township of Washtenies have been incorporated during the past year, (1853.) naw co., Michigan, on the N. branch of the river Raisin,
Among these may be named the Bloodgett Paper Company, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Detroit. The village is in a rich
(capital $200,000,) intended to make 8000 rolls of paper- farming district, and has several stores. Pop. of the townhangings daily; the New Paper Mill, for the manufacture ship, 1275.
of all kinds of paper, at the rate of 8 tons a day; the New    MANCHESTER, a post-village in Dearborn co., Indiana,
Machine Shop, capital $100,000; and the New Brass, Copper, 85 miles S.E. by E. of Indianapolis.
and Iron Foundry. A new foundry was completed in 1853,   IIANCIESTDR, a post-village of Scott co., Illinois, 45
with which is connected the building of freight cars, intended  miles S.W. by W. of Springfield.
to employ 200 machinists. The Amoskeag Company were   MANCHESTER, a small village of Putnam co., Missouri.
also laying the foundation of another mill, to be completed    MANCHESTER, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri,
the present year, (1854,) in which 1500 operatives would be about 20 miles W. of St. Louis.
employed. Manchester received a city charter in 1846. By a   MANCI-IESTER, a village of Scott co., Missouri, 20 miles
late act, the corporate limits have been extended, including  W. by S. of St. Louis.
the villages of Piscataquog and Amoskeag, (commonly called    MANCHESTER, a township of Sank co., Wisconsin. P. 094.
"Squog" and "' Skeag.'") Pop. in 1850,13,932; in 1853, 20,000.   MAN/CHESTER, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of
MANCHESTER, a post-village and township, semi-capital Sydney, on Milford Haven, formed by Chedabucto Bay,
of Bennington co., Vermont, on the Battenkill River, about which opens into the Atlantic about 120 miles E.N.E. of
88 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1782. See MANcHeSTER  Halifiax.
VILLAGEo.                                                 MANCHESTER, late FRANKFORD, a post-village of CaMANCHESTER, a post-village, seaport, and township of nada West, co. of Hastings, on the river Trent, 8 miles N.
Essex co., Massachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 9 miles of Trentport, and 15 miles from Belleville.  It contains
N.E. of Beverly, and 23 miles N.E. of Boston. The industry  several stores, factories, and mills. Pop. about 450..
of the inhabitants is chiefly directed to the manufacture of   MANCIIESTER BRIDGE, a post-office of Dutchess co.,
chairs and other cabinet-ware, which ehiploys a capital of New York.
$500,000. Incorporated in 1645. Pop. of the township, 1638.   MANCHESTER CENTRE, a post-village of Ontario co.,
MANCHESTER, a post-village and township of Ilartford  New York, about 25 miles S.E. of Rochester.
co., Connecticut, on the Providence Hartford and Fishkill   MANCHESTER STATION, a post-office of Hartford co.,
Railroad, 8 miles E. of the city of Ihartford. It contains 7 Connecticut.
paper-mills, 5 woollen factories, print works, 2 factories for   MANCIIHESTER VILLAGE, a post-village in Manchester
sewing-silk, 5 carriage factories, besides other establish- township, Bennington co., Vermont. It is situated on elements. Pop. 2546.                                       vated ground, and contains a court-house, jail, the BattenMANCHESTER, a manfacturing village of Dutchess co., kill Bank, Burr Seminary, 3 stores, 2 taverns, and a church.
New York, on Wappinger's Creek, a few miles from Pough- The Seminary, a spacious stone edifice, is pleasantly situated
keepsie.                                                in the midst of beautiful scenery.
MANCHESTER, a village of Oneida co., New York, on    MANCI-HOORIA, a region of China,. See MANTCnOORIA.
Oriskany Creek. It has several mills and a cotton factory.    MANCIET, m1N'se-Al, a village of France, department of
MANCHESTER, a post-village and township of Ontario co., Gers, 20 miles S.W. of Condom. Pop. 1800.
New York, on the Canandaigua Outlet, and on the railroad    MANDAL, mln/dil, the most S. town of Norway, stift
from*Canandaigua to Geneva, 8 miles N.N.E. of Canandaigua. and 23 miles W.S.W. of Christiansand, on the Skager-rack,
The village has several churches, and a woollen factory. with a port 17 miles E. of the Naze. Pop. 2250.
Pop. of the township, 2940.                              MAND, m6nd, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, 16
MANCHESTER, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.    miles from Nemeth-Szathmar. Pop. 1000.
MANCHESTER, a township of Passaic co., New Jersey.   MANDAINA, a post-village of Onondaga ko., New York,
Pop. 2781.                                             about 21 miles S.W. of Syracuse.
MANCHESTER, a flourishing borough of Reserve town-   MANIDARIN, a post-office of Duval co., Florida.
ship, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the   MANDARA, mhn-diira, a state of Central Africa. S. of BorOhio River, 2 miles below Pittsburg. It has been built up  non. The surface is mountainous. It is fertile in fruits,
since 1840. Here are large manufactories of paper, ploughs, and abounds with forests and lakes. The inhabitants are a
wagons, oil-cloth, and India rubber. Immediately below is superior race of Mohammedans, who manufacture iron
the United States Marine Hospital, a four-story brick build- wares which they export into Bornoo, and have a pretty
ing, recently erected. The name of the post-office is West formidable array of cavalry. Mora is the principal town
Manchester. Pop. 1755.                                 and residence of the chief.
MANCHESTER' a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.   MANDAS, mln/dls, a market-town of the island of Sar
Pop. 749.                                              dinia, division and 30 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 2188.
1133




MN MANAN
MANDA VE  or MANDIVEE, manlda-vee, the principal   MIANALOOT, or MiANFALOUT, mn-fa-loot', a town of
seaport town of Cutch, Hindostan, on the Gulf of Cutch, Upper Egypt, province of Minieh, on the left bank of the
about 35 miles S.S.W. of Bhooj. Lat. 220 50' N., ion. 690 Nile, 20 miles N.W. of Sioot. It'is enclosed by walls, and
27/ E. Pop. 50,000(?) It is fortified, has an open roadstead  has 2 Coptic churches, also woollen manufactories, and a
with a creek, and an active trade with Sinde, Malabar, the public school.
Persian Gulf, Arabia, and all the W. coast of Africa, as far   MANtFIELD, a parish of England, co. of York, Norti.
as Zanguebar, besides a large inland trade. Exports com- Riding.
prise cotton, silk, and other piece goods; imliorts, bullion,   MANFOOAH  or MANFOUAII, mnn-foot&, a town of Arabia,
ivory, hides, dates, cocoa-nuts, grain, and timber.       near its centre, 450 miles N.E. of Mecca.
MANDCIIOURIAor MANDSI-OORIA. See MANTCHOOaIA.   MANFIREDONIA, man-fre-dofne-a, or mnn-frA-do'ne-A, a
MANDEL, mln-d(lt, an island off the E. coast of Suma- fortified seaport town of Naples, province of Capitanata, on
tra, 70 miles S.W. of Singapore.                          a bay of the Adriatic, 22. miles N.E. of Foggia, lat. 410 38' N.,
MA-iNDELLO, man-dflllo, a market-town of Piedmont, 14  Ion. 150 56' E. Pop. 5000. It is enclosed by walls strengthmiles N.E. of Como, on the E. shore of Lake Lecco. P. 2000. ened by large round bastions. Its port, sheltered by a mole,
MANDEO, man-d4o, a river of Spain, falls by a wide  and defended by a strong fort, is accessible only to small
mouth into the Atlantic at Corunna, after a course of about vessels. It was founded by Manfred in the 13th century, 1
36 miles.                                                 mile N.E. of the ancient Sisontum.
MANDETIVOE, man'deh-tee-voo/, or LEYDEN, lI'den, an    MANFREDONIA, GULF OF,(anc.U/rias Sinus,) an inlet of
island of Ilindostan, Palk's Strait, off the N.W. coast of the Adriatic Sea, in South Italy, Naples, provinces of CapiCeylon; lat. (S. end) 90 15' N., lon. 800 E.              tanata and Bari, about 15 miles in length, and 30 miles wide
MAN/DEVILLE, a post-village of St. Tammany parish. at its entrance, S. of the Garganian Promontory.
Louisiana, on the N. shore of Lake Pontchartrain, 30 miles  IMIANGA, man/ga, a town of Brazil, province of Maranh'io,
N. of New Orleans.                                        at the confluence of the river Iguara with the Moui-Mirim.
M[ANDINGO, man-ding/go, or SAN BLAS, san blas, a  In 1838, Raymundo Gomes, with his followers, broke open
considerable bay of the Caribbean Sea, on the N. side of the  the prison here, let out the deserters and convicts, and, reIsthmus of Panama. Lat. 90 30' N., lon. 790 W.            tiring to Vargem, raised the standard of rebellion. P. 3000.
MANDINGOS, man-dingtges, a well-known tribe of West   MANGAIA, man-ghi/, or MANGEEA, mln-ghee/A, an
Africa, remarkable for their intelligence, and, generally, for islafid in the South Pacific Ocean; lat. 210 57' S., lon. 1580 W.
the advances they have made in civilization. The original It is of volcanic origin, about 30 miles in circumference.
country of this people, who are now spread over a great Discovered by Captain Cook. Pop. estimated at 2000.
portion of West Africa, was the N. slope of the high table-   MANGALORE, mang'g.~-lr/, a seaport town of British
land of Senegambia, between the head waters of the Niger India, presidency of Bombay, district of Canara, on the
and Senegal. Their language is more widely diffused, and  Malabar Coast, 80 miles N.N.W. of Cananore. Lat. 12.52'
more employed by translators than that of any of the other N., ion. 740 54/ E. It is well built and stands on the edge
languages of West Africa. The personal appearance of the  of a fine saltwater lake which communicates with a river.
Mandingos is prepossessing; their features are regular and  The port will not admit of vessels drawing more than 10
open; their figures well formed and comely, averaging a  feet water, except in spring-tides; but there is good anheight rather above the common. Their religion is Moham- chorage off the mouth of the river, in from 5 to 7 fathoms.
moedan, but they are not rigid in its observances.        The exports are principally rice, pepper, sandal-wood, cassia,
MIANDIVEE, a seaport of Hindostan. See MANDAvrEE.    and turmeric; the imports, sugar, salt, and piece goods. The
MANDOW, man'dowt, or MANDOO, man-dos, g ruined  inhabitants are chiefly Mapillas or Moplas, said to be decity of India, dominions, and 35 miles S.W. of Indore.    sceuded from a colony of Arabs. Pop. 30,000.
MANDSHUIRIA, MANDSIIOORIA  or MANDSCRUREI.    MANGANO. See MANcO.
See MIANrNTCOORIA.                                          MANGARATIBA, man-g-rc-tee/b, a maritime town of
MANDU, man-doo', a river of Brazil, rises in a lake of its  Brazil, province, and 53 miles W.S.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on
own name, province of Espirito-Santo, and joins the Doce 4  the Bay of Angra dos Reis. A railroad is in construction
miles below the cataracts of Escadonhas; length, 100 miles.  from this place to Rio.
MANDUEL, m1N\'dii-l/1, almost ml1c'dw~l/, a village of   MIANGEE, a town of British India. See M]IANJEE.
France, department of Gard, arrondissement of Nilmes, on    MANGEEA, an island of the Pacific Ocean. See b[ANGAII.
the railway to Beaucaire. Pop. 1519.                        MANGLIEUX, m8N'ile-uho, a village of France, department
MANDURIA, mln-doo/re-I, a town of Naples, province  of Puy-de-Dbme, 18 miles S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. P. 1680.
and 54 miles N.N.W. of Otranto. It suffered much from an   MIANGO, m&n/go, or MANGANO, mln-g /no;  a village of
earthquake in 1783. Considerable remains still exist of the  the Sardinian States, 6 miles from Alba. Pop. 1817.
old Manduria, destroyed by Fabius Maximus, in the second    MANGOALDE, man-go-tlld', or AZURARA DE BEiRA,
Punic War. Pop. 5200.                                     a-zoo-rarl d& bie-rg, a town of Portugal, province of BeiraIMANtEA, a chapelry of England, co. of Cambridge, with  Alta, about 8 miles from Viseu. Pop. 3184.
a station on a branch of the E. Counties Railway, 51 miles   MANGOIHICK, a post-office of King William co., Virginia.
S.S.E. of March.                                            MANGOLA, mdn-goil, or MANGOLI XULLA, man-go/lee
MANEESA, MANISA, ma-nee/sa, MANISSA, ma-nistsa, or zool/l, one of the Xulla Islands, in the Malay Archipelago,
MANIKA, mg-neelkl, (anc. Afagnecsia ad Sip/ypluss,) a town  between Celebes and Ceram. Lat. (N. point) 10 47' S., ion.
of Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the N. side of Mount Sipylus, 28  1260 3' E. It is about 60 miles long by 10 miles broad. It is
miles N.E. of Smyrna. Pop. 25,000.  It has a citadel on  separated at the W. end from  Xulla-Talyabo by a narrow
a height, and ancient walls, at the foot of which is the  strait, in which is a dangerous whirlpool. This island was
modern town. It has a great many minarets, and numerous  depopulated by war, and is now an uninhabited waste.
handsome public buildings, in this respect excelling Smyrna;   MANGOORO, I{ANGOUROU or MANGURU, mln'gooparticularly the principal khan, which is a remarkable and  roo/, written also MANGORO and MANGOJOURE, river of
magnificent structure, of white stone, round a square which  Madagascar, on the E. coast, formed by several head streams.
contains in its centre, a copious fountain of pure water. It falls into the sea at lat. 200 8/ S. It is nearly as broad
There are 18 mosques in the city. Cotton and silk goods, as the Loire in France, and is navigable for a considerable
and goats'-hair shawls, are manufactured here.   The distance.
mountains about Magnesia were anciently famous for the    MANIGOTSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester
production of the loadstone, whence the name " magnet" is 5 miles E.N.E. of Bristol, with a station on a branch of the
supposed to have been derived.                            Midland Railway.
MANEEYAS, MANIYAS or MANIAS, mg-nee'ls, a village    MANGUEIRA, mdn-gfe-ra, a lake of Brazil, province of
of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 55 miles W.S.W. of Brusa, with some  Slo-Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, between Lake Mirim  and the
remains, supposed to be those of the ancient Pa anenesss.   ocean. It is 90 mileslong, and only 4 miles broad. It disMANEEYAS (or MIANIYAS-GAL, ma-nee'yls g~l,) or charges itself into the sea by a small stream called Taim.
LAKE OF MILETOPOLIS, mt-le-top/o-lis, a lake of Asia    MANIGUM, a post-office of Richmond co., North Carolina.
Minor, about 10 miles S. of the peninsula of Cyzicus, in a    MANGURU. See MANCooROO.
low, flat, grassy tract, commencing with an affluent of the    MANGYELLOS,. man-j~l/los, (?) a village of Austria, SlaRhyndacus.                                                vonia, 4 miles from Csalma; Pop. 1061.
MANERBIO, ml-nhrlbe-o, a town of Austrian Italy, 13    MANGYT, mln-ghit/, a town of Central Asia, 55 miles
miles S.S.W. of Brescia, on the Mella. Pop. 3232.         N.N.W. of Khiva. It stands tolerably high, and is surMAN'EROO/, MONERt0O1, or BRIS/BANE DOWNS, a-dis- rounded by a dilapidated wall.
trict of East Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria; ex-   MANHAS/SET, a post-village of Queen's co., New York,
ulnding W. along the Murrumbidgee River. Estimated area, on the N. side of Long Island, at the head of Cow Bay, about
10,000 square miles. Pop. 1916, of European descent. Sur- 20 miles E.N.E. of New York.
face chiefly an undulating plain from 2000 to 3000 feet above   SIANHAT/TAN, a post-village and township of Lucas co.,
the sea, and traversed by the Australian Alps.           Ohio, at the mouth of the Maumee River, the termincts of
MIAN.ERU, mI-n-rool, a town of Spain, province of Na- the Wabash and ErieCanal, 3 miles below Toledo. Pop. 541.
varre, 10 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1104.               MANHATTAN, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana, on
MANE~IN, m-nI-teenf, (ane. fManetinan) a town of-Bo- the National Road. 45 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis.
hemia, 18 miles N.N.W. of Pilsen, on a river of the same    IANHIATTAN ISLAND, sometimes called NEW YORK
nanei. Pop. 1112.                                        ISLAND, in the S.E..part of New York State, separated
MIANEWIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         from  the mainland by Harlem  Diver. Length 15 miles,
1131




M.AN                                                     MAN
width from halfa mile to 22 miles. It is co-extensive with  and Metis (half-castes) appear as goldsmiths and jewellers
the county of New York, and contains the city of that name, painters and enamellers, oil and soap merchants, confec.
MANHAT/TANVILLE, a post-village of New York co., tioners, and keepers of gambling-houses and cook-shops.
New York, on the IHudson River Railroad, 8 miles N. of the  Other suburbs have each its special character. San Fer.
City I1all. The Lunatic Asylum of New York is located here. nando is the seat of one of the great cigar manufactories,
MAN{EIGAN (man-heelgan) ISLAND, S. of the entrance and Santo Mesa of a steam-cordage manufactory; at the
of George River, Maine. On it is a revolving light, alter- Alcaiceria the Chinese shampans discharge their cargoes;
nately red and white, elevated 170 feet. Lat. 430 441 N., ion. fishermen and weavers inhabit the division of Tondo, and
69O 15, W.                                                its gardens supply the markets With fruit and vegetables.
MANIHEIM, a town of Germany. See MAcmNHEIM.             Malate is famous for its embroiderers; Pace is inhabited by
MANHEIM, manthime, a post-township of IHerkimer co.,  artisans and artists; convalescents resort for health to Santa
New York, on the Mohawk River, along which pass the  Ana and San Pedro Macati; the Chinese burying-ground
Syracuse and Utica Raiload and Erie Canal, about 25 miles  attracts the curious to Bancusay; and near it stands the
E. of Utica. Pop. 1902.                                    Lepers' iHouse, a frightful receptacle for sufferers from eleMANIEIIMI, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylva- phantiasis, St. Anthony's fire, and various other dire diseases.
nia, 33 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 2087..              The principal public buildings are the Cathedral, the
MANIJEIM, apost-borough of Lancaster co., Penisylvania, Palaces of the governor and the archbishop; a beautiful
11 miles N.W. of Lancaster. It is surrounded by a rich and  town-house, 10 churches, belonging to different religious
populous district, and contains several stores. A newspaper  orders; several monasteries, convents, and beateries, (instiis published here. Pop. in 1850, 778,                     tutions for females in which there are no vows;) the Arsenal;
MANIHEIM, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 3 colleges for young men, and 2 for young women; the
1806.                                                      Supreme Court, Prison, Civil Hospital, St. Thomas's UniMANHEIM CENTRE, a post-village of Herkimer co., New  versity, a marine and a commercial school, a large theatre,
York, about 68 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                     the Custom-house, and barracks.  The city has several
MANHU-AqU, min-hoo'd-sool, a river of Brazil, pursuing  squares, in the largest of which, the Prado, there is a bronze
a N.E. course for about 220 miles, joins the Doce.         statue of Charles IV.
MANI, mi-neel, an Indian village of Yucatan, 97 miles   The royal and pontifical University of St. Thomas is in the
E.N.E. of Campeachy, at which are numerous ruins of a  hands of the Dominicans, and has an attendance of about
town which was formerly important.                         500 students. The College of St. Joseph belongs to the Jesuits;
MANIAGO, mA-ne-A/go, a market-town of Austrian Italy, that of St. John Lateran gives a plain education to 240 Indi25 miles W.N.W. of Udine. Pop. 3800.                       ans and Metis. The Escuela Pia belongs to the city, and is
MANIAS, a village of Asia Minor. See MANEEYAS.          for Spanish children alone. A royal marine school was esta,
MANIqA, ma-neefse, a town and petty state of South-East blished in 1820, and a commercial school in 1840. The ColAfrica, tributary to the Portuguese, the town 140 miles N.W. leges of St. Potentiana and St. Isabella are for girls, the latof Sofala. The principal products of the country are gold- ter for orphans. The monasteries have libraries attached to
dust, ivory, copper, and iron.                             them; still science and learning are at a low ebb. Manila
MANICE, mn-neelsA or mi-neessf, or KING GEORGE  is the seat of government, and of the supreme courts. The
RIVER, a river of East Africa, falls into the N. side of Dela- municipality dates from 1571. A tribunal of commerce was
goa Bay, after a S. course, which has been explored upwards established in 1834, and a board of trade in 1835.
for 50 miles.                                                Admirably fitted by nature for trade, Manila has been
MANICXPOOR, mi-nik-poorf, a town of IHindostan, domi- brought, by the political and legislative changes of the present
nions of Oude, on the Ganges, 80 miles S.S.E. of Lucknow.   century, from a state of comparative obscurity, to rank with
MIANICOUAGAN, man-e-kwfg;an, a river,lake, and bay of  Calcutta and Batavia. Its relations with Britain, the Uniited
Canada East, the river bringing the surplus waters of  States, and Australia are rapidly becoming more important,
several lakes, by a S. course of 150 miles, to MIanicouagan  Being the only port in the Philippines open to foreign ves
Bay, in the estuary of the St. Lawrence.                   sels, itAis the centre to which all their productions flow, and
MAN'IDOWISH/, a small river of Chippewa co., Wisconsin, the resort of an infinite number of colonial vessels of all
rises near the N. boundary of the state, and flows south- sorts and sizes. It exports sugar, tobacco, indigo, Manila
westward into Chippewa River.                              hemp and cordage, gold-duSt, birds'-nests, coffee, sappan-wood,
MANIGOD, mg-ne-godf, a village of the Sardinian States, mats and hats, hides, trepang, tortoise-shell,,cotton, rice,
Savoy, in a valley between lofty mountains, E.S.E. of Annecy. and coined money; and it imports British and United States
Pop. 1691.                                                 cloths, hardware, &c.; French novelties and perfumery, and
MANIKA, a town of Asia Minor. See MANEEsA.               a great variety of articles, tea, pottery, &c., from China. The
MANIKYALA, mt-neek-yilhi, a village of the Punjab, value of British goods imported direct, and through Singabetween the Jhylum and Indus Rivers, 145 miles N.W. of  pore, China, and Australia, &c., amounted, in 1846, to
Lahore, supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Taxila.   ~681,134; being more than the value of the total imports
MANILA, mg-nee/la, or MANILtLA, (Sp. Manila, ma- in 1840, from all countries.
neellIA; L. Mranillia;'Fr..Manille, mI'neeif,) the capital   The manufactures of Manila consist chiefly of cigars and
city of the island of Luzon and of all the Philippine Is- cheroots, a government monopoly, which gives employment
lands, see of the Roman Catholic primate, and one of the  to several thousands, both of men and women; of cordage
great emporiums of the E., on the bay of the same name, from the filament of the abaca, and of which the best is
and at the mouth of the river Pasig, which is here crossed  made by steam-machinery; the beautiful fabrics calledpi Gas,
by a bridge. Lat. (Cathedral) 140 36' N., Ion. 1210 E. The  woven from the fibres of the pine-apple leaf, and afterwards
city proper forms the segment of a circle between the river  exquisitely embroidered; juse or sinamaio, and various other
and the sea, and its suburbs extend over numerous islets, cloths made of the abaca filament, pure or mixed cotton
formed by the river and its branches, and easily reached in  fabrics; mats and cigar-cases.
all parts by boats. Behind lies an extensive plain, which    Manila was founded by Legaspi in 1571. In 1645 it war
swells into distant hills, and these again into mountains, nearly destroyed by an earthquake. In 1717, the zeal of a
some thousand feet high, and clothed with vegetation to  governor in repressing abuses, led to the murder of himself
their summits. The Pasig, the steps leading down to which  and his son in an insurrection. In 1762, it was taken by a
are crowded every morning with bathers of both sexes, is British fleet, and held for 15 months. In 1809, an English
prolonged into the bay by two piers, terminating, the one in  house was permitted to establish itself there, a privilege.a small fort, the other in a lighthouse.  Vessels of some hun- extended in 1814 to all foreigners. Manila has frequently
dred tons may come up as far as the bridge. On the S. side  been visited by severe and destructive earthquakes, the most
stands the city, having a dilapidated look, but strongly for- recent of which took place in the autumn of 1852. Scarcely
titled with walls and ditches.. On the N. is situated the  a building in the town remained uninjured, and many were
Binondo suburb, more populous than the city itself; the  completely destroyed. Pop. of the city, 15,000; including
residence of the foreign merchants and the great centre of  suburbs, 140,000.
trade. The aspect of the whole is at once Spanish and    MANILA BAY, island of Luzon, is a land-locked sea, hayOriental; long lines of heavily-mounted batteries, sombre lug an entrance about 12 miles wide, contracted, by numechurches, and ungainly towers, and massive houses of solid  rous islands, into two principal channels —Boca Grande, 3
masonry, mingle with airy cottages in groves of tropical miles, and Boca Chica, 2 miles wide. It measures about 30
trees, raised on posts to permit the free passage of the waters miles from N. to S., and 25 miles from E. to WV. Two lights
in the rainy season, and so constructed as, by their elasticity, were established at the entrance to the bay in February,
to stand the shocks of an earthquake. The streets are.1853; one a revolving light, 648 feet above the level of the
straight, but, for the most part, unpaved, and, during the  sea, in lat. 140 23' 5"( N., lon. 1200 33' 56" E., the other a
rains, almost impassable. In the city the houses are two  fixed light. 417 feet high, about 2 miles eastward.
stories~high, and each has its central court-yard. Here reside    MANILILA, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, on the
the heads of the state, church, and army, and all who would  Shelbyville and Rushville Raihoad, 10 miles W.S.W. of
be thought of the aristocracy. No foreigner may sleep within  Rushville. Pop. about 300.
the walls. A bridge leads across the river into the Binondo    MANIMJARA, mA-ne.maj'ra, a town and fort of British
suburb, where a street, called the Escolta, runs to the right India, in the Punjab territory, 60 miles N.E. of Loodianah.
and the left, lined with innumerable shops and stalls, and    MANINCHI, a river of Africa. See NAMG.I
crowded with a strange and motley population of various    MANIPA, mat-neepil, a small island of the Malay Archiperaces. Beyond the Escolta, a swarm' of Chinese, Indians  laeo, off the W. end of Ceram; lat. 30 17' S., Ion. 1270 28' E.
1135




MAN                                                     MAN
It is about 20 miles in circuit; mountainous, but populous is surrounded by a mud wall, and has a citadel built of
and fertile,                                              burned brick.
MANISES, mu-neelsis, a town of Spain, 4 miles W.N.W.   MANILIUS,a post-village and township of Onondaga co.,
of Yalencia, on the Guadalaviar. Pop. 1805.               New York, on the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, 8 miles E.
MAN, ISLE OF. See MAN.                                  of Syracuse.  The village contains 5 or 6 churches, an
MANISSA, a town of Asia Minor. See MANEESA.             academy, a number of stores, and several cotton factories.
MANISITEE or MANISITIC, a river of Michigan, rises in  Pop. about 1500; of the township, 6298.
the N. part of the peninsula, and flowing W.S.W., enters   MAN/LIUS, a post-township in the W. part of Allegan co.,
Lake Michigan in Manistee county. Length, 150 miles.      Michigan, intersected by Kalamazoo River. Pop. 82.
MANISTEE, a new and unorganized county in the W.N.W.   MANLIUS CENTRE, a post-village of Manlius township,
part of Michigan, contains about 650 square miles. It is Onondaga co., New York, on the Erie Canal, 9 miles E. of
traversed from E. to W. by the Manistee River, from which  Syracuse. It contains an academy.
the name is derived. It is not named in the census of 1850.   MANLLEU, m n-ii-ool, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 40
MANlISTER, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Limerick. miles N.N.E. of Barcelona, on the Ter. Pop. 1991.
MANISTIC, a river of Michigan. See MRANISTEE.             MANLUN/KUS, a new township of Aroostook co., Maine.
MANITCH or MANYTCH, a lake of Russia. See Boi.- Pop. 199.
ILMIEN.                                                     MANILY, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina.
MANITCHI, m&-neetch/, or MANYTCHI, mi-nitch!, a river   MAN/LYSVILLE, a small post-village of Henry co., Tenof Russia, issues from the salt lakes of Chaki, in the S. part nessee, near Sandy River.
of the government of Astrakhan, flows W.NW., expanding    MANNEDORF, (Minnedorf,) mln/neh-dpRf', a village of
into Lake Manitch or Bol-Ilmen, and, after a course of about Switzerland, canton and on the Lake of Zurich, 11 miles
300 miles, joins the Don, a little above Old Tcherkask. Its  S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 2350.
principal affluents are the Charsukul, on the right. and the    MANNERSDORF, mn/nfers-donf', a market-town of Lower
Kalaus and Egorlik on the left.                           Austria, 20 miles S.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1980. It has a
MANITOBA (man-e-to/ba) LAKE, of British North Ame- castle and mineral baths.
rica, is in lat. 510 N., ion. 990 W., immediately S.W. of Lake   MANNERSDORF  or MATTERSDORF, mnit/ters-donf',
Winnipeg, and connected with it by the Dauphin River. (Hun. Kethely, k6tthAlt,) a market-town of West Hungary,
Length 110 miles; greatest breadth 25 miles.              17 miles S.W. of Oedenburg. Pop. 1100.
MAN'ITOOWOC/, a small river of Wisconsin, is formed by   MIANNERSDORF, mln/ners-donf', (Hun. Mennyhar-d, mnl.'two branches which rise near Lake Winnebago and unite  hard/,) a market-town of Hungary, eo. of Zips, 4 miles S. of
in the E. part of Calumet co. It flows thence eastward and  Kesmark. Pop. 1000.
enters Lake Michigan at the village of its own name. The   IMIANNIIARTSBERG, mnn/hartts-bio', a wooded mounnavigation is obstructed by a series of rapids. The name  tain range of Austria. terminates near the Danube, about
signifies "river of s pirits."                           25 miles W.N.W. of Vienna.
MANITOOWOC, a county in the E. part of Wisconsin,   MANNIHEIM or MANHEIM, mann/hime, a town ofBaden,
bordering on Lake Michigan, has an area of 590 square  capital of the circle of the Lower Rhine, on the right bank of
miles. Manitoowoc River, from which the name is derived, the Rhine, between it and the Neckar, in a low situation, proflows through the middle of the county; the N.E. part is tected by a dike, 66 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. It is entered
traversed by East and West Twin Rivers, and the S.W. by  by three principal gates, and is built with the greatest reguSheboygan River. The soil is mostly clayey and fertile. larity —12 streets running parallel to each other, and 10
Pine lumber is the chief article of export. Organized in  crossing them at right angles. The public squares are
1839. Capital, Manitoowoc. Pop. 3702.                     almost all adorned with fountains, which, however, are not
MANITOOWOC, a thriving post-village, capital of Mani- well supplied with water. The principal buildings are the
toowo co., Wisconsin, on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, castle or palace, a huge quadrangular structure of red sandat the mouth of the river of its own name, 93 miles N. by  stone; the Church of the Jesuits, an  imposing edifice, with
E. of Milwaukee. It has a good harbor, contains 3 or 4  a profusely decorated interior; behind this church is the
churches, 12 stores, 2 steam-mills, and 2 shipyards, and  Observatory, a very complete structure of its kind, 107 feet
carries on an active trade -in pine lumber. A newspaper is high; the Theatre, in which Schiller's Robbers was first
issued here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2500.             acted; the Parish Church, and the Churches of Concord and
MANITOOWOC RAPIDS, a post-village and township of  Trinity, the Synagogue, the Town-house, Old Mint, Arsenal,
Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin, on the Manitoowoc River, 4  Barracks, Merchants' Hall, and I-House of Correction. The
miles from its entrance into Lake Michigan. The rapids manufactures are comparatively insignificant; the trade
afford great motive power, which is employed in sawing pine  has recently been very much extended, and Mannheim is
lumber. Pop. 969.                                         now the first commercial town in the grand-duchy.  This it
MANITOU  (manle-too') RIVER, of Brown co., Wisconsin, owes to its admirable position on two important navigable
falls into the Fox or Neenah River a little above the town  rivers, and the opening of the railway to Carlsruhe and
of Green Bay. Its course is nearly parallel with Fox River, Frankfort. The principal articles of trade are tobacco, corn,
from which it is only 2 or 3 miles distant.               wine, wood, hops, linen, millinery, ironmongery, cattle, &c.
MANITOULIN, man'e-too/lin or man'e-too-leen/, a group  Mannheim was once strongly fortified, and, lying not far
of islands in British America, stretching from  E. to W. from the French frontier, and near the centre of military
along the N. shores of Lake Huron, and consisting chiefly  operations, was repeatedly the object of attack, and suffered
of the Great Manitoulin or Sacred Isle, Little Manitoulin  severely during the wars between France and Germany.
or Cockburn, and Drummond. Great Manitoulin, 80 miles In a siege by the Austrians, in 1795, only 14 houses remained
long by 20 miles broad, and with an area of 1600 square  uninjured. The cheapness of living has attracted hither
miles, is deeply indented by numerous bays, has an ele- permanently about 300 English families. Pop. 23,243. -
vated and very rugged surface.  Many of the precipices   MAN/NING RIVER, a river of New South Wales, rises
are covered with clumps of beautiful trees; and behind, about Ion. 1510 30' E., flows E., and falls into the sea by
in the interior, are large and dense pine forests. Little  several outlets, in lat. 320 S.
Manitoulin has a diameter of about 7 miles, and, in    MAN/NINGFORD-ABIBOTS, parish of England, co. Wilts.
its general features, resembles Great Manitoulin.  The    MANININGFORD-BRUCE, parish of England, co. Wilts.
channel between them is about 8 miles long by 4 miles   MANININGHAM, a township of England, co. of York,
wide. Drummond, 24 miles long, with a breadth varying  West Riding.
from 2 to 12 miles, has an irregular surface, covered with    MANNININGHAM, a post-village in Butler co.,.Alabama,
large masses of rock. It is separated from the American  130 miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa.
shore, on the WV., by a strait, called the True Detour, which    MAN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
is scarcely 1 mile wide, and forms the principal passage for   MANININGTON, a township of Salem co., New Jersey, on
vessels proceeding to Lake Superior.                      Salem Creek, about 23 miles S.S.W. of Woodbury. P. 2187.
MIANITOULINE LAKE. See GEORGIAN BAY.                      MANNINGTON, a post-village of Marion co., Virginia, on
MIANITITA, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 442. the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
MANIYAS-GAL, a lake of Asia Minor. See MANE~YAS-GAL.   MANNINGTON, a post-village of Leon co., Florida.
MANJANIK, mln-jA-neekl, a ruined city of Persia, pro- iMANNINGTON IIILL, a village of Mannington township,
vince of Khoozistan, on the Abi-zard River, 60 miles S.E. of  Salem co., New Jersey, on a creek of its own name, about 4
Shooster.                                                 miles E.N.E. of Salem.
MANJEE or MANGER, mln-jeel, a town of British India,   MANININGTREE, a markettown and parish of England,
presidency of Bengal, at the confluence of the Ganges and  co. of Essex, on the river Stour, with a station on the East
Goggra Rivers, 44 miles N.W. of Patna.                   Union Railway, 9. miles S.S.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1176.
MANKASSER, an island of Celebes. See MAcASSAt.           MANNSIBOROUGII, a post-village in Amelia co., Virginia,
MANKAITO, a post-village, capital of Blue Earth co., 30 miles S.W. of Richmond.
Minnesota, on the right bank of the Minnesota, a little    MANN'S CHOICE, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsyl.
below the mouth of the Mankato River.                    vania.
MANKATO or BLUE EARTH RIVER, a small stream in    MANN'S MILL, a village in Linn co., Iowa, 25 miles N.
the S. part of Minnesota territory, falls into the Minnesota  by E. of Iowa City,
River, about 1 mile above the village of Mankato.          MANNSIVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York
MANKERI, mnlu-kArI, a town of the Puujab, between  on the Rome and Watertown Railroad, 52 miles N.W. of
the Jhylum and the Indus, lat. 310 23/ N., lon. 710 30' E. It i nome. It has several mills.
1136




MAN                                                        MAN
MANNSVILLE, a post-office of Taylor co., Kentucky.        MANISELL GAMIAGE, a parish of England, co. of HereMANNU, min-noob, a river of the island of Sardinia, after ford.
a S. course of 40 miles, enters the lagoon of Cagliari, 7 miles   MAN/SELL LA/CY, a parish of England. co. of Hereford.
N.W. of that city.                                          MANSFELD, munsf~lt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 30
MA/NT~Y, a post-village, capital of Sabine parish, Louisi- miles N.W. of Merseburg.  Pop. 1450.
ana, about 150 miles W.N.W. of Baton Rouge.                 MANSFIELD, a market-town and parish of England. co.
MIANOE, (Mantle,) mi/nSieh, a small island of Denmark, and 14 miles N.N.W. of Nottingham, on the Midland ]Railduchy of Sleswick, in the North Sea, 10 miles W.S.W. of  way, and on the borders of Sherwood Forest. Pop. in 1851,
Ribe.                                                     10,012. Chief buildings, &c. an ancient church, a grammar
MANOEL-ALVES, a river of Brazil. See Loz-AsLEs.         school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, with 2 schblarships at
MANOEL-ALVES, in&-no-6ll1-/livs, a small river of Brazil, Cambridge; a spacious moot-hall, a theatre, considerable
joins the Tocantins from the right, in the province of Goyaz, manufactures of cotton hosiery and lace, some iron founnear the confluence of the Somno.                         dries, and a large trade in nmalt.
MANOEL-ALyES-SEPTENTRIONAL, ma-no-l1l-&I/vls smp-   MANSIFIELD, a township of Lamoille co., Yermont, about
t~n-tre-o-n~l/, a river of Brazil, rises in the mountains be- 23 miles N.W. of Montpclier.
tween the provinces of Pernambuco and Piauhi, and, pro-    MANSFIELD, a post-village and township of Bristol co.,
ceeding W.N.W., becomes a majestic river; and after a  Massachusetts, on the Boston and Providence Railroad,
course of nearly 400 miles, joins the Tocantins  from the  about 28 miles S.S.W. of Boston. The inhabitants are exright, above the town of Sio Pedro d'Alcantara.           tensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woollen
MANOEL-ILHIA, ma-no-6l/-eelly', a island of Brazil, near goods. A coal-mine has been discovered here. Pop. 1789.,
the mouth of the Appodi.                                     MANSFIELD, a post-village and township of Tolland co.,
MANO/NA, a new county in the W. part of Iowa, has an  Connecticut, on the Natchaug River, and on the New Lonarea of 890 square miles. The Missouri River forms its don iVillimantic and Palmer Railroad, 38 miles N. by W.
boundary on the S.W., and the Inyan Yankey and Soldier of New London. This township has long been noted for
Rivers flow through the county in a S.W. direction. It con- the manufactuse of sewing-silk. The quantity of raw sil.
tains extensive prairies; the soil is fertile, but mostly un- produced here in 1793 was 265 pounds; in 1827, 2431 pounds;
cultivated. It is not included in the census of 1850, and has  and in 1831, 10,000 pounds. (See UNITEM STATES, Silk, page
but few inhabitants.                                       0000.) Cotton and woollen goods, iron castings, machinery,
MANONA, a village in Clayton co., Iowa, 60 miles N.W.  leather, &c., are also made. Pop. 2517.
by N. of Dubuque.                                            MANSFIELD, township, Cattaraugus co., N. York. P.1057.
MANONO(mI-nofno)ISLAND, oneoftheNavigator Islands,    MANSFIELD, a village and township of Burlington co.,
in the South Pacific Ocean; lat. 130 50' S., lon. 1720 2' W.    New Jersey, on the Delaware River, about 7 miles N. of
MANOPELLO, mi-no-pl/lo, or MANUPELLO, mi,-noo-  Mount Holly. Pop. 2953.
p11/lo, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 9 miles    MANSFIELD, township, Warren co., New Jersey. P. 1615.
SW. of Chieti. Pop. 2400.                                    MANSFIELD, a village of New Jersey. See WAsmnNGTOc.
1MA/NOR, a parish of Scotland, co. and 2 miles S.W. of    MANSFIELD, a post-village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania,
Peebles, on a river of the same name, and on the Tweed. on the Corning and Blossburg Railroad.
Here stood the cottage of David Ritchie, the prototype of Sir   MANSFIELD, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia.
Walter Scott's "Black Dwarf."                                MANSFIELD, a post-office of Dutchless co., New York.
MAINOR, a post-village and township of Lancaster co.,   MANSFIELD, a post-village, capital of De Soto parish,
Pennsylvania, 6 miles S.W. of Lancaster. Pop. 3135.        Louisiana, on the road from  Shreveport to Alexandria, 32
MAN/ORDALE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Virginia. miles in a direct line S. from the former.
MANOR-HAIMIILTON, a market-town of Ireland, Con-   MANSFIELD, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee.
naug]st, co. of Leitrim, 12 miles E. of Sligo. Pop. 1507.    MANSFIELD, a flourishing town of Madison township,
MANOR HILL, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn- capital of Richland co., Ohio, on the line of railroad between
sylvania.                                                  Sandusky City and Newark, where it is crossed by the Ohio
MIAN/ORVILLE, a post-village and station of Suffolk co., and Pennsylvania Railroad, 65 miles N.N.E. of Columbus,
New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 66 miles E. of New  and 50 miles by railroad S. of Sandusky City. Mansfield
York.                                                      is compactly built on a beautiful and commanding elevaMANOSQUE, min'osk/, (L. Manuesca,) a town of France, tion, in the midst of a fertile and populous region. It was
department of Basses-Alpes, 29miles S.W. of Digne. It owes laid out in 1808, at which time the place was surrounded
its origin to the counts of Forcalquier, who built a palace, by an unbroken forest for many miles in extent. The town
and afterwards conveyed both it and the town to the Knights contains 8 churches, one of which is remarkably elegant, 4
of St. John of Jerusalem. The body of Gerard Jung, the  or 5 newspaper offices, and a branch of the State Bank. Pop.
founder of this order, was long preserved here. Pop. 4714.  in 1840,1328; and in 1850, 3557.
MANRESA, mln-rAsA,  a town of Spain, province and 30   MIANSFIELD, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.
miles N.N.W. ofBarcelona. Pop. 13,339. It has a collegiate    MANSFIELD, a post-office of Kendall co., Illinois.
and 4 parish churches, a hospital, an orphan asylum, bar-   MANSFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Tollaud co., Conracks, and an endowed school. Its inhabitants manufacture  necticut, about 35 miles N. by W. of New London.
cotton and silk fabrics, broadcloths, tapes, ribands, gunpow-    MANSFIELD DEPOT, a post-village of Tolland co., Conder, and brandy. It is surrounded by old walls, commanded  necticut, on the New London Willimantic and Palmer Railby a fort, and has clean and well-paved streets.           road, 38 miles N.W. of New Loindon.
MANIOWINE, a post-office of Ramsey co., Minnesota.         MANSFIELD  ISLAND, in Hudson's Bay, British North
MANS, Lr, leh m8Ni, (anc. Suindionum, afterwards Cono- America, is about 70 miles in length.
mani,) a town of France, capital of the department of Sarthe,   MANSFIELD WOODIHOUSE, a village and parish of Engon the ridge and slope of a hill, washed by the Sarthe, which  land, co. of Notts.
is here crossed by three bridges, 112 miles S.W of Paris. The    MANSIGNS, m6cosee n'y /, a village of France, departlower part of the town, near the banks of the river, is poorly ment of Sarthe, LO miles E.N.E. of La Fllche. Pop. in
built, with streets narrow and winding. The upper part 1852, 2621.
has a much better appearance. The streets are spacious;   IMIANSILLA, mgn-seel/ya, the name of several villages of
and the market-place, into which most of them open, is  Spain, the principal being MANSILLA DE LAS M5LTS, (m'sclarge and handsome. The principal building is the Cathe-  seel/yA dA Ids moo/lls,) province, and 11 miles S.E. of Leon,
dral, a fine Gothic structure, with a very old choir, supposed on the Esla, with 715 inhabitants.
to, be of the 10th century. The other edifices deserving of    MANS/KEl'S CREEK, a post-office of Davidson co., Tennotice, are the churches of Notre Dame and L'Ancienne nessee.
Visitation; the Prefecture, library of 40,000 volumes, and    MANSLE, mNIl, a town of France, department of ChaMuseum, including a Picture-Gallery, all occupying part rente, 10 miles N. of Angoul~me.  Pop. in 1852, 1857.
of the buiIdings of an old monastery; the Theatre, and    MANSOORAH, MANSOURAII or MANSURAI H, mln-soolCavalry Barracks. The principal manufactures are linen, r-, a town of Lower Egypt, capital of a province and departcoarse woollens, lace, hosiery, paper, leather, and wax can- ment, on the Damietta branch of the Nile, 34 miles S.W. of
files. The trade in clover and lucerne seed is very extensive. Damietta, having 6 mosques, a government cotton factory,
Le Mans is the see of a bishop, and possesses courts of first and a public school. A French garrison was massacred here
resort and commerce, a consulting chamber of manufactures, in 1798.
an agricnltural and scientific society, a communal college,   MANSOORIEH, MANSOURIEH  or MANSURIEHI, mlna diocesan seminary, and a school of design. It is a place soo-reeleh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad,
of great antiquity, and is said to have been founded, in the near the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, 48 miles
second century, by the Romans, of whose buildings numer- N.W. of Bassorab.
onus vestiges still remain. It was taken by William the Con-   MANSOORSK, MANSOURSK or MANSURSK, mln-soonskl,
queror in the 11th century, and long continued, though  a village of Siberia, government and 110 miles N.E. of Irwith occasional interruptions, in the possession of the Eng- kootsk.
lish, whose king, Henry II., the first of the Plantaeenets,    MANSORIA, EL, Z1 mln-solre-i, a small maritime town
was born in it. In the Revolutionary war, the Venddans  of Morocco, province of Fez, 4 miles N.E. of Fidallah.
sustained one of their worst defeats here, and were ulti-    IANSOURAI andMANSOURIEH.  SeeMANsoORAnand
mately massacred, without distinction of age or sex, to the MANSOORIEH.
number of 10,000. Pop. in 1852, 22,779.                    IMANS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
3 WV                                                                         1137




MAN                                                       MAN
MANSUtRA, a post-office of Avoyelles parish, Louisiana.  in which Napoleon held his court; several convents, a Jews'
MANSURAH, a town of Egypt. ~ See MANSOO0AH.             synagogue, civil hospital, 2 orphan asylums, Jews' asylum,
MANSURIEII, a town of Turkey,  See MANsoORIErr.         arsenal, cavalry barracks, theatre, public library of 80,000
MiANSURSK, a village of Siberia. See MANSoORSK.         volumes, and 1000 manuscripts, and a sculpture gallery. It
MANS/VILLE, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylvania.    has a lyceum, gymnasium, academy of fine arts, several scienMANSVILLE, a post-office of Taylor co., Kentucky.       tific and literary institutions, botanic garden, and numerous
MANSWORT, (Manswbrt,) mgns/Wiat, a village of Lower collections in art and science. The manufactures comprise
Austria, on the Danube, 6 miles E. of Schwdchat.  Pop. silk, woollen, and linen fabrics, paper, cordage, leather, and
1080.                                                     parchment. Outside the walls, but within the fortress, is
MIANTA, LA, 1 m&nltA, a village of the Sardinian States, the Palazzo del Te, with a fine fresco, by Giulio Romano.
2 miles S. of Saluzzo. Pop. 1387.                        Mlantua is the see of a bishop, the seat of a civil, criminal,
MANTALAGOOSE, man-tal-a-goosd, a  lake of British  and mercantile court, and the residence both of a military
America, near 480 N. slat,, and 750 W. Ion.               governor and of a provincial delegate.
MANTAO, min-tdo, a considerable river of Madagascar,   It is said to have been founded by the Etruscans, 400 years
flowing into the sea on its E. coast,                      before the building ofRome. It is often mentioned by Roman
MANTCII00ORIA, MANCH00RIA, man-choolre-a, MAND- writers under its present name, (Mantua.) On the decline of
SH00RIA or MANDCHIOURIA, (Chinese Leao-tong or Liao- the Roman Empire, it was pillaged by the luns, afterwards
tomeng, le-Alo toong, tsghalien, sA-g&-lee16n, or Saghalin, sA-g&- taken by the Longobards, and still later, annexed to the
leenl, and Kirin-oola, kee'reen/ootl&; Fr. Pays des Mandchoux  exarchate of Ravenna. Charlemagne gave it its first fortior Mantchous, pA di mnlf'chool, "country of the Mantchoos,"  fications. In the 11th century it was held, in common with.3landschourie, or Mantchourie, mIN'choolree/; Ger. 2lsandschu- Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio, under the sway of the family
rei, mint-shoo/ri,) an extensive region of East Asia, forming a  of Canossa. In the beginning of the 12th century it became
great division of the Chinese empire, between lat. 390 and 500 independent, and continued so till 1276, when it fell under
N., and ion. 1170 and 1420 E., having S. Corea and the Yellow  the iron rule of Buonacolsi. In 1328 it found better masters
Sea, W. M5ongolia and the Russian government of Irkootsk, in the Gonzagas, who, first as captains, then as marquises,
N. the government of Yakootsk, and E. the Sea of Japan  and finally as dhlkes of Mantua, governed it with great
and Gulf of Tartary. Estimated area, 700,000 square miles. ability, and distinguished themselves by the splendor of
Its seacoast is about 1200 miles in extent. Pop. variously  their court, and their patronage of literature and art. After
estimated at from 2,000,000 to 4.500,000. It has of late been  it had been thus possessed for several centuries, and upon
greatly augmented by immigration from China. On the N. the death of the last duke in 1708, the Emperor Joseph
it is bounded by the Yablonoi Mountain chain, and westward  took possession of the duchy, and annexed it to his other
shut off from Mongolia by a palisade connected with the  dominions.  The fortifications of the town were completed,
Great Wall of China; the Amoor River traverses its centre. and put into their present form by the Austrians. It was
The whole coast is bordered by a mountain chain, probably  takren by Napoleon in 1797, and was, till 1814, capital of the
5000 feet in elevation, beyond which the country is wholly  French department of Mincio. Among the distinguished
unknown to Europeans, but reported to send large quanti-  natives, the name by far the most illustrious, is that of
ties of corn, pease, and ginseng to China, besides which its  Virgil, who was born at Andes, (now Pietole,) in its vicinity.
principal products comprise rhubarb, timber. and live stock.   MiANTUA, an ancient town of Spain. See MADRID.
It consists of three provinces, Shingking, Kirin, and Tsistsi-  MIAN/TUA, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.
bar, in the two last of which the population are chiefly   MIANTUA, a village of McMinn co., Tennessee, 164 miles
nomadic; and the government is strictly military, except in  E.S.E. of Nashville.
Leso-tong, where it is organized as in China. The Mantchoos   MANTUA, a township of Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 1169.
are a Tungusian race. In the 17th century they invaded    MANTUA, a post-office of lIonroe co., Iowa.
China, and placed their leader's son upon the throne.   IMANTUA CENTRE, a post-village of Portage co., Ohio,
Since that time, the Mantchoo dynasty has continued to  145 miles N.E. of Columbus.
reign in China, and the Mantchoo language has become the    MANTUA CREEK, of Gloucester co., New Jersey, flows
court and the official language. Principal towns, Mookden  nearly N.W., and enters the Delaware River 11 miles below
(Lean-tong,) Kirin-oola, Saghalien-Oola, Kin-choo, Fung-  Camden.
whang-cng-ching.-Adj. and inhab. MANSeCH00!o   or MAiNeCH00of,   MANTUA VILLAGE, within the city limits of Phila(Fr.: MANDCHoU, m6&xd'shoo/, or MANTCHou, mSNchool.)     dtelphia, Pennsylvania, on the WV. bank of the Schuylkill
MANTEIGAS, m~n-tl    g s, a village of Portugal, province  River, opposite Fairmount Wire Bridge. It forms part of
of Bera-Baixa, 18 miles W.S.W. of Guarda. Pop. 2073.     the borough of West Philadelphia.
IMANTERNDORF, mnnltern-doRf', a market-town of Aus-   MANUA, mi-noo/a, or OMANOOAU, omI-noofaw, one of
tria, duchy and 55 miles S.S.E. of Salzburg. Pop. 1120.   the Navigator Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean; lat. 140
MiANTES-SUR-SEINE, mS1Nt-siit-sAn, (ane. M]edunta?) a  15' S., lon. 1690 26' W.; it is 16 miles in circumference.  In
town of France, department of Seine-et-ise., capital of an ar- most places it rises precipitously from the water to the
rondissement on the Seine, 29 miles N.N.WV. of Paris, on the  height of from 300 to 400 feet, after which its ascent appears
railway to Rouen. Pop. 1852, 4374. It is prettily situated, and  more gentle.
adorned with fountains, and has a Gothic church, and re-   MANUEL, mi-noo-/11, a village of Spain, province and
mains of former fortifications. Philip Augustus died here  about 28 miles from Valencia. Pop. 1028.
in 1223.                                                      IANIUPELLO, a town of Naples. See MANOPELLO.
MAN/TIORP, a township of England, co. of Lincoln.          IMAAN/VILLE, a post-village of Providence co.,. Rhode
MAN/TI, a post-village of San Pete co., Utah, 40 miles Island, on the Providence and Worcester Railroad, 12 miles
E.S.E. of Fillmore City.                                   N. of Providence.
MIANTINEA, man-te-neefa, a village and ruined city of    IAN/WARING'S, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.
Greece, lorea, giving name to the government of MIantiuea,   MANWAS, min-wvst, a town of India, Bundelcund, 40
9 miles N.E. of Tripolitza. It has remains of walls and  miles S.E. of PRewah.
towers. In its vicinity was fought the battle in which Epa-   ALA.N.  See MAN, (ISLE OF.)
minondas received his death-wound,.. c. 363.                MANY, m3i5, (Kis, kish, and NAov, nldj,) two villages of
BIANTIQUEIRA, msn-te-lktrA,   a serra, or mountain range  Iungary, 33 miles N.E. of Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. 3000.
of Brazil, containing the highest summits in the interior of    MANYOK, NAGY, n5dj mgn'yok/, a village of HIungary,
that empire. It stretches fi-om E. to S.W., in the S. part of  18 miles from Tolna. Pop. 1000.
the province of Minas-Geraes, and appears to have various   iMANYTCII, a river of Russia. See MAITc0r.
ramifications, extending into the surrounding provinces..    MANZANARES, mtn-th -ncirls, a river of Spain, New
It is crossed by several roads leading from Minas-Geraes into  Castile, joins the Henares, after a S. course of 40 miles, 12
the more eastern.provinces.                                miles S.S.E. of Madrid.
MIAN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             MIANZANARES, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles
MIANTON, a parish of England, co. of Rut!and, with a  E. of Ciudad-Ieal. Pop. 8560. Principal buildings, parish
station on the Stamford and Peterborough Railway, 3 miles church, hospital, cavalry barracks, and an old castle.
S.E. of Oakham.. MANZANARES, a river of South America, Venezuela,
MANTON, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode Island.   department of Caracas, enters the Caribbean Sea near CuM!ANTON. a post-office of Marion co., Kentucky.          mane, after a N. course of 40 miles.
MANTOTTE, mln-tottf, a town of Ceylon, on its N.W.   IMIANZANEDA-DE-TRIBES, m n-thA-nAfdA-DA-treels-S, a
coast, opposite the island of Manaar.                     town of Spain, province and 42 miles E. of Orense, formerly
MANTUA, man/tu-a, (It. Mantova, mqnfto-v&: Fr. MXavtoue, fortified.
m8G'Stoo1,) a fortified city of Austrian Italy, capital of a    MANZANERA, min-ithe-nire, a town of Spain, province
delegation, on an island in the Mincio, and on the railway  and 20 miles S.S.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2280.
from Verona to be extended to Leghorn, 22 miles S.S.W.' MiANZANILLA, min-thl-neellyA, a town of Spain, prcof Verona. Lat. 450 9, 34" N., lon. 100 48' 1" E.  Pop. vince and 27 miles E. of IHuelva. Pop. 2038.
30,674. It is surrounded by swamps, crossed by artificial   MANZANILLA, mgn-si-neellyg, a bay of Mexico, on the
dams, which connect it with several fortified suburbs and  W. coast of the department of Guadalajara, 130 miles S.S.E.
outworks. Principal public buildings, the Cathedral, de- of Cape Corrientes; lat. 190 3' 5" N., Ion. 1040 16' W. It is
signed by Giulio Romano, with.marble faqade; the Palazzo  one of the finest on the Mexican coast, and communicates:nsperiale, and various private palaces; the Castello di Corte, with the city of Colima.
formerly the palace of the Gonzagas; the Palazzo Vecchio,    MANZANILLA, a high and projecting point on the Istb
1138
118.,                                                           -, ihadpoetn   on  ntelt




MAN                                                        MAR
Inus of Panama, on the N. coast of the Caribbean Sea; lat. Africa, flows in a general N.E. direction, and fhils into
9~ 39' N., Ion. 790 32' WV.                                Delagoa Bay, S. side, about lat. 260 S.  Vessels drawing 10
MANZANILLA, a point of Venezuela, on the Caribbean  feet water may, with care, ascend it for 30 miles.
Sea, 30 miles N.E. of Core; lat. 110 31' N., ion. 690 22' W.  MAP/PERTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
MANZANILLA, a point on the island of Trinidad, E.   MAPIPLETON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
coast; lat. 100 31' N., ion. 610 4' W.                       MAPPLETON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
MANZANILLA, a bay in the island of Hlayti, on the N.W. Riding.
coast, has excellent anchorage; lat. 190 45' N., ion. 720 W.  MAP/PONWDERl a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
MANZANILLA   LIMON, min-sl-neel/yl  l mbnI, or tIA'QUONI, a thriving post-village of Knox co., Illinois,
NAVY BAY, in New Granada, in the Isthmus of Panama, on Spoon River, about 100 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. It
on the Caribbean Sea, a little. to the E. of the month of the has a valuable water-power, and contains several stores.
river Chagres.' It forms a large, beautiful, and secure road-  MiAR, an ancient district of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen,
stead, about 5 miles in width, and has become a favorite between the Don and Dee.
resort of ships of war and steamers visiting that part of the    MARA-ARBAREI, m.lr&-aR-bA-rA/ee, or VILLAMAR, v6lcoast.                                                    19-man/, a village on the island of Sardinia, province of
MIANZANILLO, mfn-s&-neellyo or min-th&-neellyo, atown  Cagliari, on the Caralita. Pop. 1931.
and seaport on the S.E. coast of the island of Cuba, about   MIARABAI. See NYAssI.
85 miles W.N.W. of Santiago de Cuba; lat. 200 22' N., ion.   MARACA, an island of Brazil. See ITAMAPACA.
770 15' W. It has a good harbor, and a considerable trade    MARA-CALAGONIS, ml/rA-kA-l4-go/nees, a village on the
in coffee, sugar, and fruit. Steamers plying between Bata- island of Sardinia, not far from Sinnat. Pop. 1076.
bane and Santiago de Cuba touch at this port. Pop. in 1853,   MARACAIBO a city of Venezuela. See MARACAYBO.
3050; of the jurisdiction, 19,381; of whom 7321 were white,   MARACANDA. See SAMARCAND.
11,143 free colored, and 917 slaves.                         MARACAY, m  ra-kil, a town of Venezuela, department
MANZANO, m n-zd/no, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- and 55 miles W.S.W. of Caracas. Pop. 8000.
vince of Friuli, on the Natisone, about 6 miles from Palma.    MARACAYBO or MARACAIBO, m4-rd-ki/bo, a fortified
MANZAT, m6SaGzJ, a market-town of France, department  city and seaport of Venezuela, capital of a province of its
of Puy-de-DOme, 14 miles N.W. of Clermont. Pop. in 1852, own name, on the WV. side of the entrance to Lake Mara2045.                                                     caybo, from the gulf of the same name; lat. 100 40' N.;
MAON, mg-6n/, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, lon. 710 45' VW. Many of the houses are built with chalk
W. of the island of Pago. Length about 5 miles.           and sand, and thatched with a kind of reed which grows
MAOONA, MAOUNA or MAUNA, m&-oofn&, or MAS- on the banks of the lake, and which is preferred to tile, on
SACRE ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, Navigator Group, is in lat. account of its coolness. It contains a parish church, a large
140 22' S., ion. 171 WV. Here eleven of the companions and very handsome structure; several convents and monasof La P6rouse were massacred, (whence its name.)          teries, and a hospital. The harbor is deep, but obstructed
MiAPELLO, mi-pelflo, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- by a bar, on which there are only 10 feet water at high tide,
ment of Milan, province and W. of Bergamno. Pop. 1715.    and but 71 feet at ebb. The number of vessels that entered
MAIPERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         the port in 1847 was 55; value of cargoes, $332,760. Cleared
MAPILCA, mg-peel/ki,  a village of the Mexican Confede- in the same year, 90; value of cargoes, $377,400.  Of the
ration, state of Vera Cruz, with remains of a ruined city.    foreign vessels that entered, 13 were Americans, and 4
IMAPIMI, ml-pee/mee, a town of the Mexican Confedera- British. The total amount of imports, for the same year,
tion, state and 130 miles N.N.E. of Durango. Pop. 2400. It was $421,070; and of exports, $506,186. Pop. in 1853, 8500.
gives name to a large desert tract, the BOLSON DEs M,APUn.  MARACAYBO, LAKE, (Sp. Lago de Mareacaybo, ligo d.
MAPIMI LAKE, called also CAYMAN, kl-mmn', (i. e. mg-r&-k~lbo,) nearly 100 miles in length; greatest breadth
"Alligator" lake,) a lake of the Mexican Confederation, on  70 miles. Though it has depth sufficient for the largest
the borders of Durango and Cohahuila.                      ships, these cannot enter it, owing to a shifting bar at its
MIAPIRI, mi-pee-reel, a considerable river ofBolivia, unites  mouth. It communicates with the Gulf of Maracaybo by
with the Chuqueapo to form the Beni.                       a strait 20 miles in length, and from 5 to 10 miles across,
MAIPLE, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio.                and receives the Zulia, Chama, Perija, Matatan, (or MoMAPLE, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.             tatan,) and other rivers.
MAIPLEBECK, a parish of England, co. of Notts.             MARACAYBO, GULF  OF, (Sp. Golfo de Maracaybo,
MAPLE BOT/TOM, a village of Iredell co., North Carolina. gol/fo di mi-ri-kh/bo,) aninlet of the Caribbean Sea, boundMAPLE CREEK, a small post-village of Washington co., ed eastward by the peninsula of Paraguana, immediately
Pennsylvania.                                              S. of which is that part of it called El Golfete. It extends
MAPLE CREEK, a pest-office of Carroll co., Tennessee.    N. and S. about 75 miles; extreme breadth about 150 miles.
MA'PLEDER/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Hants.   It contains several small islands.
MAPLE-DUR/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         MIARAGHA, mir1'gA, a city of Persia, province of AzerbaijMAPLE FUR/NACE, a post-office of Butler co., Penn-  an, 50 miles S. of Tabreez, on atributaryofLake Ooroomeeyah.
sylvania.                                                  Pop. about 15,000. It is enclosed by walls and well built;
MAPLE GROVE, a post-office Of Aroostook co., Maine.      principal structures, a large bazaar, spacious public baths,
MAPLE GROVE, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.    two bridges of the 11th century, and the tomb of Holagou,
MAPLE GROVE, a post-office of Bradley co., Tennessee.   a descendant of Jenghis Khan, who founded an observatory
MAPLE GROVE, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio,            on an adjacent mountain, at the foot of which are some
MAPLE GROVE, a post-township in the S.E. part of  cave-temples.
Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 153.                               MIARAGOGIPE, mir-rg-go-zheelpA, a flourishing town of
MAPLE RIVER, of Michigan, rises in Shiawassee co., and  Brazil, province of Bahia, 25 miles S.W. of Cachoeira. Pop.
after a course of about 100 miles, falls into Grand River, at 3000.
Lyons, Ionia county. Its general direction is westward.      MA/RAI-i TAN/KA, alake of Minnesota Territory, 10 miles
MAPLE SPRINGS, apost-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi.  N.WV. of Mankato. Length about 10 miles.
MAPLE SPRINGS, a post-office of Red River co., Texas.      MARAIS, ml'ri/, a natural division of the department of
MAIPLESTEAD, GREAT, a parish ofEngland, co. ofEssex. Vendfe in France, comprising all that part of the coast
MAPLESTEAD, LITTLE, a parish ofEngland, co. ofEssex.  formerly covered by the sea. Soil very fertile; but climate
MA/PLESVILLE, a post-village in Bibb  co., Alabama, 45  unhealthy.
miles N.WV. of Montgomery.                                   MARAIS, mitrP, a creek of Missouri, flows N. through
MA/PLETON, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.       Osagoe co, and enters the Osage River a few miles from its
MAPLETON, a post-village in Abbeville district, South  mouth.
Carolina, 110 miles W. of Columbia.                          MARAIS, a post-village of Osage co., Missouri, on the
MAPLETON, a post-village of Starlk co., Ohio, 125 miles  above stream, 23 miles S.S.E. of Jefferson City.
N.E. of Columbus, has 2 stores and 1 church.                 MARAJEI, ma'rijeh, an oasis of North Africa. Lat. 290
MAPLETON, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.    30' N., Ion. about 200 E.
MAPLETON, a little village of Mercer co., New Jersey, on    MARAJO, mi-ri-zhoP, or JOAINES, zho- n/1ns, a large
Millstone River.                                           island in the Atlantic Ocean, on the N. coast of Brazil, proMAPLETON DEPOT, a post-office of Huntingdon co., vince of ParH, between the estuaries of the Amazon and
Pennsylvania.                                              Pard Rivers, and extending from near the equator to lat. 20
MA/PLETOWN, a small post-village of Greene co., Penn- 20' S.. and from lon. 480 30' to 510 30' WV. Length and
sylvania.                                                 breadth about 150 miles each. It is intersected by the navi.
MA/PLEVILLE, a post-village of Providence co., Rhode  gable rivers Anajaz and Mapua. Pop. estimated at 20,000.
Island, about 20 miles N.W. by WV. of Providence. It con-   MARAKA.  See DoNGoLA, Naw.
rains 2 woollen and cotton mills, employing 75 hands. Pop.   MARAKSH.  See MoRoco.
about 230.                                                  MARAMBAYA, mn-r um-bii, an island of Brazil, proMAIPLEWVOOD, a station of Essex co., Massachusetts, on  vince and 27 miles VW. of Rio de Janeiro, in the bay of Angra,
9he Saugus Branch Railroad, 6 miles N.N.E. of Boston.     dos Reis, 26 miles in length; average breadth 1 mile.
MAPOCHA, mi-po/chi, or MAPOCHIO, mi-po!cho, a river    MARAMEC, pronounced and often written MER/RIMACx,
of Chili, after a course of 75 miles, joins the Maypu, about a river of Missouri, rises in Dent county, in th{ S.E. central
85 miles S.W. of Santiago.                                part of the State. Its general direction is N.E., and its whole
MAP00OTA, mi-poolt, a considerable river- of South-East length is estimated at 300 miles. It flows through a hilly
1139




MAR                                                     IMAR
Country, abounding in mines ofcopper, iron, and lead, many  burthen, and a brisk trade in corn. A maritime canal ha.,
ofwhich are successfully worked. Steamboats have navigated  been commenced, which will open the navigation to vessels
this iiver, and, with a little improvement, they would be  of 300 tons.
able to ascend to the Virginia Mines of Franklin county, a    MARASHl, m)rsbsht, or KERMANIA, kha-mainee-3, (anc.
distance of perhaps 100 miles. A small stream, called the  Germanfcia,) a town, capital of a pashalic of its own name,
Osage Fork, enters the river from the right, in the N.E. part in Asiatic Turkey, picturesquely Oituated on a slope of th,
of Crawford county. The Dry Fork rises near the N.E. ex- lofty Aghr Tagh, above the Jyhoon, 90 miles N.N.W. of
tremity of Texas county, and flowing northward, falls into  Aleppo. It consists of about 3500 houses of wood and clay.
the main stream  near Massie's Ironworks, in, Crawford    MAIRASH, a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 360
sounty.                                                    3' and 380 30' N., and lon. 360 and 350 40' E. It is traversed,
MARAMEC, a station of Jefferson co., Missouri, on the  W. to E., by the main chain of Taurus, and bounded E. by
Pacific Railroad, 19 miles W. of St. Louis.                the Euphrates.
MARAMEC, a post-village of Crawford co., Missourf, 70    MARASH, a village of European Turkey, Bulgaria, S.E.
miles S.E. of Jefferson City. A remarkable spring here of Shoomla.
furnishes motive power for machinery of various kinds.       MARAT, mlrVf, a village of France, department of PuyMARANGANE, mg-r1n-gl/nA, a village on the S.E. coast de-DIme, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ambert. Pop. in 1852, 3154.
of Africa, 8 miles from Quilimane.                           MARATEA, mA-r.-tViJ, a town of Naples, province of
MARANHAO, (Maranh~So,) MARANHAM, mg-rAn-y6wNG1 Basilicata, and 11 miles S.E. of Policastro. Pop. 4500.
or mar'an-h~m/, or SAO (S&o) LUIZ, s6wNG loo-eezt, a city    MAR/ATIION, a hamlet, small river, and plain of Greece,
of Brazil, capital of a province of its own name, and  government of Attica, the hamlet on the river 3 miles from
on the W. side of the island of Maranhio, 290 miles E. of  its mouth, and 18 miles N.E. of Athens. The river (anue.
Belem or Par&, and 280 miles W. of Ceara or Fortaleza; lat. Cha~radidts) has a S.E. course of 10 miles to its month in
(Cathedral) 20 31'42" S., Ion. 440 18'42/ W. It is surrounded  the YEgean Sea, opposite the S. end of Euboea; the plain,
on the E. by mountains, which form  a kind of natural for- bounded S. by Mount Pentelicus, is renowned for the victress, being  crossed only by narrow passes. On the N. and  tory of Miltiades over the army of Xerxes, a, c. 490.
S., it is encircled by the small streams Sio Francisco and    MAR/ATHION, a county in the N. part of Wisconsin, borMaranh'ao, which rise and fall with the tide.  At the  dering on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, contains 5452
mouths of these rivers is a basin, accessible, at high water, square miles. Wisconsin River traverses its whole length.
to vessels drawing 20 feet, affording fine shelter, and de- The surface is mostly covered with forests of pine. This
fended, at its entrance, by a series of forts. The town itself  county was separated from  Portage county in 1849-50.
is built on unequal ground, but with considerable regu- Capital, Wausan. P6p. 508.
larity, and, as almost all the houses have gardens attached,   MARATHON, a post-village and township on the S. boroccupies a large space. The streets cross each other at right der of Cortland co., New York, on the Tioughnioga River, a
angles, and are paved; the houses in the principal thorough- tributary of the Susquehanna, and on the Syracuse and
fares are of two stories, and generally provided with balco- Binghamton Railroad, 50 miles S. by E. of Syracuse. Pop.
nies. The principal edifices are the Cathedral and Episcopal 1149.
Palace, magnificent structures, both' built by the Jesuits;    MARATHON, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.
the governor's Palace, the Town-house and Prison, the Cus-   MARATHON, a post-township in the N.W. part of Lapser
tom-house, Treasury,. College, the richly-endowed Hospital da  co., Michigan. Pop. 205.
Mlisericordia, and two other hospitals; and various churches,    MARATIHIONISI, mg-r&-tho-neelsee, a maritime village of
monasteries, and nunneries. The trade isof great impor- Greece, Morea, government of Laconia, on the Gulf of
tance; the provinces of Par&, Piauhi, Ceara, Rio-Grande-do- Kolokythia, opposite the island of Marathonisi, (anc. Craoue,)
Norte, and Goyaz, having here the entrep~t for their produce. 27 miles S. of Mistra. It is a wretched town on the site of
The principal exports are rice, cotton, rum, medicines, and  the ancient Mygcmium(?) Near it are the ruins of Gythium.
manteiga di tartaruga, a kind of butter made of tortoise    MARATUBA (mg-rA-too/bi) ISLES, a group of the Malay
eggs. The imports consist of various articles of European  Archipelago, in the Celebes Sea, off the E. coast of Borneo.
manufacture. Maranhho is the seat of the Provincial Legis-   MARAVACA, (m&-rA-v kA,) MOUNT, of South America,
lative Assembly, the residence of the provincial governor, Venezuela, is in lat. 30 40' N., Ion. 650 50, W., and estimated
the see of a bishop, and possesses a lyceum or college, in  at from 10,000 to 11,000 feet in height by Schomburgk.
which the ancient and modern languages, rhetoric, geo-   MARAVI, a lake of Africa. See NYAssI.
graphy, grammar, philosophy, mathematics, design, naviga-   MARAVI, ml-rilvee, a port of Cuba, on the N. coast, near
tion, and astronomy are taught; also a commercial school, its E. end, at the mouth of the river Maravi.
and a botanical garden, principally designed to promote    MARA/ZION or MARKET JEW, (ane. Foe-urn Jo/vis?) a
agriculture. Pop. 30,000.                                 small seaport and market-town of England, co. of Cornwall,
MVARANHAO, (Maranhho,) or MARANIIAM, a marl- on Mount's Bay, 18 miles W.S.W. of Falmouth. Pop. 1683.
time province in the N. of Brazil, so called from  MIaaraion,   MARAZZI, mn-rftfsee, a village of the Sardinian States, 1
the name originally given to the river Amazon; bounded on  mile from San Martino, on the Bisagno. Pop. 2890.
the N. by the Atlantic, E. and S.E. by Piauhi, S.W. by Goyaz,   MARBACH, maR/bdK, a town of Southern Germany, Witrand on the N.W. by ParS; lat. between 10 22/ and 10~ 30/ S., temberg, on the Neckar, 15 miles S. of Heilbronn. Pop.
lon..410 20' and 480 W. Area 94,900 square niles. The E. 2340. The poet Schiller was born here.
half of the coast-line forms almost a continuous straight line,   MARBACII, a market-town of Lower Austria, on the
unbroken by a single indentation of any magnitude; the WV. Danube, 23 miles S.W. of Krems.
half contains several bays, among which are S3o Marcos and    MARBACII, maw/biK, or MARPACH, maR/ph, a town of
Sio Jos6, forming the respective embouchures of the Itapi- Switzerland, canton and 23 miles S.W. of Lucerne, 2700 feet
curo and the Miarim, on the opposite sides of the island of  above sea-level. Pop. 2004.
Maranh~o. A considerable part of the surface is occupied by    MARBACIH, a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles
forests, which yield excellent timber, and ornamental and  E.S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1113.
dye woods. The most important cultivated crops are rice,   MARBAIS, marb/,. a village of Belgium, province of Bracotton, and the sugar-cane. Much of the produce of the last bant, 22 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1782.
is converted into spirits. The province appoints 4 deputies    MARBELLA, mAn-b~l/yA, a walled town of Spain, province
to the General Legislative Assembly, and 2 senators. The  and 29 miles S.W. of Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop.
Provincial Assembly, composed of 28 members, holds its  5850.
sittings in Maranhgo. Pop. 390,000.                          MAR/BLE, a post-office of Marion co., Arkansas.
MARANHO0 (RmrEa.) See MIAnuM.                              MARBLE CREEK, a post-village of Jessamine co., KenMARANHAO  (or MARANHAM) ISLAND, of Brazil, is be- tucky.
tween the bays of Sho Jos6 on the E., and Sho Marcos on the    MARBLE DALE, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut.
W. On the S. it is separated from the mainland by a chan-    MARBLE FURNACE, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio, 93
nel called the Rio do Mosquito; on the N. it is washed by  miles S.S.W. of Columbus.
the Atlantic; greatest length, from N.E. to S.W., 28 miles;    MARBLE HALL, a post-office of Ihawkins co., Tennessee.
greatest breadth, 20 sieiles: Its surface is more elevated than    MARBLEHEAD, mar'b'l-h~dl, a post-township and port
that of the mainland; and, on the E. side, is lined by reefs, of entry of Essex co., Massachusetts, on an irregular rocky
which make access to it difficult. Pop. 40,000.            peninsula of its own name, and at the terminus of a railroad,
MARANO, mi-rdno, a village of the Papal States, 11 miles (by which it has communication with Salem and Boston,)
S.E. of Fermo, on the Adriatic. Pop. 1600.                18 miles N.E. of Boston. It is pleasantly situated on an
MARANO, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, excellent harbor, which is accessible at all seasons to vessels
6 miles WV. of Cosenza. Pop. 4000.                        of the largest class. A breakwater constructed in 1845 also
MARANO, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles N.W. of renders it safe during storms. The inhabitants are extenNaples. Pop. 6500.                                        sively engaged in the cod fisheries; in which 45 vessels,
MARINO, mg-rdtno, a town of Austrian Italy, 20 miles averaging about 80 tons each, owned here, were employed
S. ofUdine, at the head of the Adriatic. Pop. 1200.       in 1853, each vessel making two trips. They procured-54,000
MARANON, a riverof SouthAmerica. See AeAzoN.            quintals, valued at $162,000. In the extent of its cod fishery,
MARANS, minrNo', (L. Afarantiem,) a town and river- Marblehead ranks as the second town in the state, being
port of France, dlepartment of Charente-Inf6rieure, on the  exceeded only by Barnstable. Many ships and brigs owned
SBvre-Niortaise, 11 miles N.E. of La Rochelle. Pop. in 1852, here sail from and return direct to Boston. The shipping of
4600. It has a quay accessible for vessels under 100 tens the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of
1140




MAR                                                       MAR
1192 tons registered, and 6114 tons enrolled. and licensed.   MARCHE-LES-DAMES, maRsa-l14d~ml, a station on the
Of the latter, 1858 tons were employed in the coast trade, Namur and Liege Railway, 5 miles E. of Namur.
and 3675 tons in the cod fisheries. The foreign arrivals for   MARCIIE-LEZ-ECAUSSINES, maRsh-lIz-Akb s'seen/, a vii.
the year were 168, (tons 12,129,) of which 161 (tons 11,464) lage of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 15 miles N.E. of
were by foreign vessels. The clearances for foreign ports Mons. Pop. 1778.
were 162, (tons 11,675, of which 11,161 were in foreign bot-    MARCHENA, mait-chfnd, a town of Spain, province and
toms.) During the same year, 5 schooners, with an aggre- 29miles E.S.E. of Seville, on the Guadalquivir, and on a height
gate burthen of 432 tons, were admeasured. Tile town con- commanded by an old castle. In its neighborhood are welltains churches of 6 denominations; 2 banks, with a capital frequented sulphur baths. It is well built; retains some
of $220,000; an insurance office, 1 newspaper office, an aca- vestiges of its ancient tower-flanked walls; and has some
demy, a high school, various benevolent societies, and up- fine squares, and paved streets. It contains three parish
wards of 30 manufactories of various kinds.  The prin- churches, several chapels, town and court-house, prison,
cipal arti6les produced are boots and shoes, employing a  two hospitals, an orphan asylunf, college, store-house, three
capital of $1,000,000. Pop. of the township, 6167.         convents, and a palace of the Dukes of Arcos. It has manuMARBLEIHEAD, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.      factures of linen, serge, and cloth, earthenware, soap, wine,
MARBLEHEAD, a post-office of Ottawa co., Ohio.          and oil, and carries on some trade with Seville. Pop. 11,820.
MARBLEHEAD LIGHTS, two in number, are situated    MARCHES, LES, IA maush, a village of the Sardinian
on the S.E. side of the E. entrance to Marblehead Harbor, States, on the Is6re, 6 miles S.S.E. of Chamblry. Pop. 1627.
Massachusetts. Lat. 420 30' 18" N., lon. 700 50' 30" W.     MARCHIFIELD, a new  township of Washington  co.,
MARBLE HILL, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.   Maine. Pop. 294.
MARtBLE ISLAND, Hudson's Bay, British North Ame-   MAIRCIIENNES, maa'she-8nnl, (L. Aarclianse,          ) a village
rica, is in lat. 620 30' N., lon. 920 W.                  of France; department of Nord, 19 miles S.S.E. of Lille.
MARIBLETOWN, a post-village and township of Ulster Pop. in 1852, 3047. Near it is the hamlet of Marchiennesco., New York, on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 7 miles Campagne.
S.W. of Ringston. Pop. 3839.                                MARCHIENNES AU PONT, maeashe-Ann!   6 p6NG, a viiMARBLE VALLEY, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.   Iage of Belgium, province of Hainaut, on the Sambre, 2
MARBOZ, marebof, a town of France, department of AiD, miles W. of Charleroi. and on the railway to Brussels.
arrondissement and 10 miles N. of Bourg. Pop. 2410.         MARCIIIN, maRashING1, a town of Belgium, province and
MARBURG, marlbtrg, (Ger. pron. matlbb6nG; anc. Mati- about 21 miles S.W. of Liege, on the Hoyeux. Pop. 2243.
acum,) a town of Hesse-Cassel, on the Lahn, and on the    MARCHWIEL, maratweel, a parish of Wales, co. of
Frankfort Railway, 48 miles S.W. of Cassel.  Pop. 7954, Denbigh.
including the suburb of Weidenhausen. It stands on the    MARCIAC, maa'se-kf, a town of France, department of
slope of a hill,' crowned by the ancient feudal castle of  Gers, 12 miles W. of Mirande. Pop. in 1852,1955.
the landgraves of Iesse.  Principal public edifice, the    MARCIANA, maRt-chIt/nA, a town of Tuscany, in the
church of St. Elizabeth, in the pointed Gothic style, island of Elba, 8 miles E. of Porto-Ferrajo. Pop. 1636. Near
built between 1235 and 1283, ann containing, with several it, on the N. coast of the island, is MARCIANA MARIANA, with
monuments of the Hesse-Landgraves, the tomb of St. a harbor. Pop. 1794.
Elizabeth, resorted to by numerous pilgrims.  Its Univer-   MARCIANISI, maa-chg-neefsee, a town of Naples, prosity, founded in 1527, had, in 1846, 264 students. It has  vince of Terra di Lavoro, 3 miles S.W. of Caserta. Pop. 6600.
also a gymnasium, a normal school, schools of surgery, bo-   MARCIANO, maR-ch tno. a village of Tuscany, 25 miles
tanic garden, several hospitals, and manufactures of linen  E. of Sienna. IHere, in 1555, the Tuscans defeated the French.
fabrics, stockings, leather, tobacco, and pipes.           Pop. 2214.
MARBURG, mAr/bO56o, a walled town of Austria, Styria,   MARCIGNAGO, malt-cheen-y&go, or MARCINAGO, maRon the Drave, 36 miles S.S.E. of Gritz. Pop. 4500.         chee-nit/go, a village of Austrian Italy, province of P.avia, E.
MAR/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Chester.           of Bereguardo.  It is famous for the defeat which the
MARCARIA, maR-kt-ree/t,  a market-town' of Austrian  Ghibellines of Pavia here sustained, in 1132, from the Guelfs
Italy, 13 miles W.S.W. of Mlantua, on the Oglio. Pop., 3000. of Milan. Pop. 1286.
IMARCELCAVE, maR's~l'kivf, a village of France, depart-   MARCIGNY, may'seen'yeef, a town of France, department
ment of Somme, arrondissement of'Amiens. Pop. 1591.    of Salne-et-Loire, on the Loire, 14 miles S.W. of Charolles.
MARCELLAZ, man-ch6l-litz/, a village of the Sardinian  Pop. in 1852, 2768.
States, Savoy, province of Genevese. Pop. 1108.              MARCILLAC, man'see'yik/, a village of France, departMAR'CELLINEI, a post-office of Adams co., Illinois.      ment of Aveyron, 11 miles N.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852,
MARCEL/LON, a post-township of Columbia co., Wiscon- 1575.
sin. Pop. 468.                                               MARCILLAC. a village of France, department of Charente,
MARCELfLLUS, a post-village and township of Onondaga  15 miles N.W. of Angoul~me. Pop. 1470.
co., New York, on Nine Mile Creek, and on the Auburn and    MARCILLAC, a village of France, department of Gironde,
Canandaigua Branch Railroad, 15 miles E. by N. of Auburn. 11 miles N.E. of Blaye. Pop. in 1852, 2008.
The village has Presbyterian, Methodist, and Episcopal   MARCILLAC, a village of France, department of Corr~ze.
churches; also manufactures of paper and wool; and in  12 miles E. of Tulle. Pop. 1790.
the township are several tanneries. Pop. of township, 2759.   MARCILLAC, a village of France, department of Lot, 24
MARCELLUS, a township of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 222. miles E. of Cahors, and having in its vicinity one of the
MARCELLUS, a village of Rush co., Indiana, on the rail- most beautiful stalactitic caves in France.
road, 5 miles E. of Rushville.                               MARCILLAT, man'seey tl, a village of France, department
MARCELLUS,   a small postvillage of Washington co., of Allier, 11 miles S. of Montlugon. Pop. in 1852, 1704.
Iowa.                                                        MARCILLAT, a hamlet of France, department of Puy-deMARCELLUS FALLS, a post-village of Onondaga co., D6me, arrondissement of Riom.
New York, on Nine Mile Creek, about 140 miles W. by N.   MARCINELLE, maR'see'nlll/, a village of Belgium, proof Albany.                                                 vince of Hainaut, 24 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1290.
MARCENAT, manaseh-ni/, a town of France, department   MARCKE, mank or marfkeh, a village of Belgium, pro.
of Cantal, 13 miles N. of Murat. Pop. in 1852, 2653.      vince of West Flanders, on the Lys, 24 miles S. of Bruges.
MARCII, a market-town of England, co. and 25 miles N. Pop. 1544.
W. of Cambridge, on the navigable river Nene, with a station    MIARCKOLSHEIM, manlkols-himeo or man'kol'simt, a viion the East Anglian Railway. Pop. in 1851, 4171. March- lage of France, department of Bas-hLhin, 8 miles S.E. of
Wet-Fen comprises 3600 acres, and is drained by steam.     Sch6lestadt. Pop. in 1852, 2511.
MARCIH, manitK, MORAVA or MORAWA, mo-rt/vi, a river   MAR/CLE, (mar'k'l,) MUCH, a parish of England, co. of
of the Austrian Empire, joins the Danube 8 miles W. of  Hereford.
Presburg.  Length 180 miles; it is navigablM from  the    MARCLE, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Danube to Presburg, a distance of 50 miles.                 MARCODURUM. See DUREN.
MARCH  OF ANCONa.  See ANCONA.                            MARCO, a post-office of Green co., Indiana.
MARCIIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks.             MARCOING, manakwiNG' or man'ko-AN-/, a village of
MARCHAMALO, man-cht-m1lo, a town of Spain, New  France, department ofNord, 5 miles S.S.W. of Canmbral.
Castile, 2 miles N. of Guadalajara,. on the Henares. P. 1080. Pop. in 1852, 1631.
MARCIJAND, a post-office of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.    MARCOLEZ, mitn'ko'l, a village of France, department
MARCHIE, maish, an old province of Central France, of Cantal, 11 miles S.W. of Aurillac. Pop. 1590.
now forming the department of Creuse, and parts of Indre    MARQON, man's6NG/, a village of Prance, department of
and Haute-Vienne.                                         Sarthe, 18 miles S.W. of St. Calais. Pop. 2014.
MARCIICHE-EN-FAMENE, mansh-6No-fitmitn?, a town of    MARCOURT, maR'koonc, a town of Belgium. province of
Belgium, province of Luxembourg,  on the Marchette, 44  Luxembourg, on the Ourthe, 42 miles N.N.W. of Arlon. Pop.
miles N.N.W. of Arlon. A treaty between Austria and the  1064.
States of Holland, which was concluded here in 1577, bears    MARCOUSSIS, man'koos'sees/, a village of France, departthe name of the Perpetual Elict. Pop. 1400.               ment of Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles S.S.E. of Versailles. P. 1360.
MARCHEGG, mani/ng, or MIARCHECK, maR/ik, a town    MARCOVECZ or MARKOVECZ, man'ko'vits/, a village:f Lower Austria, on the March. 25 miles E.N.E. of Vienna. of Hungary, county of Temesvar  Pop. 1477.
It is fa 7 us for the victory which Ottokar gained here, in    MARCQ, mank, a village of Belgium, province of HIainauf
1260, ovry  Bela. Pop. 1180.                              1 mile W. of Enghien. Pop. 2000.
1141




MAR                                                       MA
~MARCQ-UEN-BAREUIL,   maak-8NG-bPrul,    a village of  MI ARENGO, a thriving post-village and township of Me
France, department of Nord, 3 miles N. of Lille.  Pop. in  Henry co., Illinois, on the railroad between Chicago and
1852, 3989.                                              Galena. 66 miles W.N.W. of the former. Pop. of the town
MARCQUETTE, maaklttl, a village of France, adjacent ship in 1853, 1030; of the village, about 650.
to the above, had formerly an abbey of celebrity.          MARENGO, a post-village, capital of Iowa co., Iowa, on
MARICROSS, a maritime parish of South Wales, co. of Iowa River, about 35 miles W.N.W. of Iowa City.
Glamorgan.                                                 MARENNE, a town of Piedmont.  See MARENE.
MAIICUS, a post-office of Jackson co., Georgia.           MARENNES, mlrinnl, (L. MNarenicc,) a seaport town of
MARICUS HOOK, a post-village of Delaware co., Pennsyl- France, depaxtment of Charente-Inf6rieure, on the Atlantic,
vania, on the Delaware River, and on the Philadelphia and  24 miles S. of La Rochelle, near the mouth of the Seudre,
Wilmington Railroad, 18 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. In the  Pop. in 1852, 4589. It is surrounded by salt marshes, whence
early settlement of Pennsylvania this was a place of import- large quantities of salt are extracted.
ance, but has since declined. Pop. about 500.              MAREOITIS, LAKE, or BIRKET-EL-MARIOOT, (or MAMARICY, a post-township of Oneida co., New York, 4 miles RIOUT,) bS6R/-ket-el-m&-re-oot/, a lake in the N.E. part of
N. of Utica. Pop. 1857.                                   Lower Egypt, S.E. of Alexandria. It had become entirely
MARCY, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.         dry within the last three centuries, but as the bottom is
MARCY, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin, 15  several feet below the level of the sea, the English, in 1801,
miles W.N.W. of Milwaukee.                                in order to circumscribe the operations of the French, cut
MARCY, a post-office of Franklin co., Illinois.         across the narrow isthmus which separated the basin from
MARCZ, marts, or MARTZA, maRts6h',  a village of Hun- the Lake of Abookeer, (Aboukir,) when the sea-water flowed
gary, 7 miles from Oedenburg. Pop. 1128.                  in, and covered an extent of 30 miles in length, and 15 in
MARDEEN or MARDIN, mar-deen, (ance. Marde.?) writ- breadth. This isthmus has since been restored by MIohamten also MERDIN, mer-deenf, a fortified town of Asiatic  meed Alee.
Turkey, pashalic and 57 miles S.E. of Diarbekir, on the S.   MAIRESFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
declivity of Mount Masius. It has a castle on a height   MARETZ, m'irits', a village of France, department of
commanding a magnificent view, several mosques, churches,.Nord, 12 miles S.E. of Cambrai. Pop.. in 1852, 2595.
a large Mohammedan college, and manufactures of linen    MAREUIL, mhru-V1, a village of France, department of
and cotton stuffs, and leather.                           Cher, 17 miles S.W. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 1600.
MARtDEN, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.            MAREUIL, a market-town of France, department of DorMARDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 7 miles S.S.W. dogne, 10 miles S.W.  of Noneutron. Pop. in 1852, 1765.
of Maidstone, with a station on the South-Eastern Railway.   MAREUIL, a village of France, department of Vend6e,
MARDEN, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.              14 miles S.E. of Bourbon-Vend6e. Pop. in 1852,1609.
MARDEN, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         MARtFLEET, a parish of England, co. of York, East
MARDEN, NORTHI, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.   Riding.
MARDEN, UP, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           MARGA, malrJglh, a village of Hungary, banat of TemesMARDIN, a town of Turkey. See MAIODEEN.                 var, 30 miles from Karansebes. Pop. 996.
MARIDISVILLE, a post-village of Talladega co., Alabama,   MARGALILAWAY RIVER rises in the N.E. part of New
about 110 miles E. by N. of Tuscaloosa.                   Hampshire, in Coos county, and running into Maine returns
MARE, mAIrA, an island of Brazil, off the E. shore of the  into New Hampshire, where it receives the waters of UtmBay of All Saints or Bahia, opposite to the mouth of the  bagog Lake.  After this junction it is called the AndrosPitunga, and 14 miles N. by E. of Bahia, has a circuit of  coggin River.
nearly 12 miles. Pop. 700.                                  MARIGAM, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
MARE ADRIATICUM or HADRIATICUM, and MARE    MARIGARET-MARSH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
ADRIATICO. See ADRIATIC SEA.                                MARIGARETSVILLE, a village ofNorthampton co., North
MARE INTERNUM. See MEDIERRAiNEAN SEA.                   Carolina, on the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, 150 miles
MARE IONIUM. See ONI.AN SE A.                           N.E. by E. of Raleigh.
MARE TYRRHENUM. See TYRRENE SEA.                          MARGARET/TA, a township ofErie co., Ohio. Pop.1537.
MAREB, m  rib', a river of Abyssinia, joins the Atbara or   MARGARETTA, a post-village of Clark co., Illinois, 110
Tacazze, near lat. 160 N., ion. 360 E., after a N;W. course, miles E. by S. of Springfield.
estimated at 250 miles.                                    MARGARETTA FUltNACE, a post-office of York co.,
MAIREB, m/rib, (ane. Satba?) a town of Arabia, 80 miles Pennsylvania.
N.E. of Sana, and stated to be enclosed with walls, and com-   MARGARET/TING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
prising 300 houses.                                        MARIGAR-ETTYILLE, a post-office of Delaware co., New
MARECCHIA, mi-rik/ke-i, a river of Central Italy, Ponti- York.
fical States, rises in the Apennines, flows E.N.E., and after   MARGARITA, mar-g.-reelta, an island in the Caribbean
a course of 38 miles, enters the Adriatic 1 mile N. of Rimini. Sea, belonging to Venezuela, department and 30 miles N. of
MIAREE, LOCH, lox mi-reel, a lake of Scotland, co. of  Cumanan, off the coast of South America, lat. 110 N., Ion. 640
Ross, near the W. coast. Length 20 miles. It is studded  W. Length 45 miles; breadth from 5 to 20 miles. Estimated
with islands, and is surrounded by the wildest scenery. The  population 15,000. It consists of two principal elevated perEwe carries its superfluous waters N.W. into Lake Ewe.    tions united by a low isthmus. The coasts are arid and bar.
MAREGUARE, a river of Guiana. See ME EWARI.            ren, but the interior is fertile, producing maize, sugar, coffee,
MAREHAMI-oN-TE-HILL, parish of England, co. Lincoln.  cotton, and bananas, though insufficient for home consump.
MARE/HAM-LE-FEN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. tion. lMany poultry and live stock are reared; and the
MAREMMA, LA, 1i mA-rimlmA, a marshy region of West island has salt works and an active fishery; its name being
Italy, forming the S. part of Tuscany, extending along the  derived~ from the pearls (in Latin  aforgaritce) which were
coast from Orbitello to Piomrbino.  Though formerly the  formerly procured here in considerable quantities. Mannseat of the most flourishing Etruscan cities, it is now mostly  factures are chiefly of cotton hosiery and hammocks.
desert. It is traversed by the river Ombrone, and contains Principal towns, Assumption, the capital, in its centre, and
the Lakes Castiglione and Orbitello, with the borax lagoons Pamnpatar, with a pretty good harbor, On its S. coast. A
of Monte Cerboli.                                        considerable contraband trade is carried on with the adjaMARENE, mi-rini, or MARENNE, mi-rAn/n, a small cent coast and the British and French West Indies. The
town of Piedmont, province Of Saluzzo, 4 miles N.E. of  channel of Margarita, between it and lhe mainland, is 20
Savigliano. Pop. including commune, 2377.                miles across, and through it all ships from Europe pass to
MARENGO, mi-rin/go, a village of Piedmont, province  Cunana, Barcelona, or La Guayra.  Margarita was disand 2 miles S.E. of Alessandria, near the Bormida, and  covered by Columbus, in 1498.
memorable for the battle of 14th of June, 1800, between    MARGARITA, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, on
Napoleon and the Austrians, in which the latter were corn- the coast'of Old California; lat. 240 18' N., ion. 1110 42' W.
pletelfy defeated.                                        Length 30 miles; breadth 10 miles.
MAREN/GO, a county in the WV. part of Alabama, has an - MARGARITA, a town on the island of Majorca, 22 miles
area of 1160 square miles. The Tombigbee and Blackwarrior  S. of Alcudia. Pop. 2263.
Rivers unite on its N.W. borde'r. It is also drained by    MARGARITA, uman-gi-ree/ti, or SANTA-MARGARITA,
Chickasaw Creek. The surface is undulating, and partly  sinlti-maR-gA-ree/ti, a village of the Sardinian States, pro.
occupied by prairies; the soil is exceedingly fertile. The  vince of Mondovi, on the Biobbio. Pop. 1519.
county comprises a large part of the tract commonly known    MARGARITI, maa-gi-reeltee, a town of European Turkey,
as the" Canebrake," which by many is regarded as the most Epirus, sanijak of Delvino, 5 miles N. of Parga. Pop. 6000.(?)
desirable cotton land in the South. Capital, Linden. Pop.   MARGATE, almost marlgit, a seaport and market-town,
27,831, of whom 7138 were free, and 20,693 slaves.        watering-place, and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the
MARENGO, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, about North Sea, about 80 miles E.S.E. of London, and 15~ miles
14 miles N.E. of Geneva.                                 N.E. of Canterbury, with which, and with Bamnsgato, about
MARENGO, a post-office, Laurens district, South Carolina. 3 niles S.E., it is connected by branches of the SouthMARENGO, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.      Eastern Railway.  Pop. in 1851, 9107. It stands in the
MARENGO, a post-office of MIorrow co., Ohio.           hollow, and on the declivities of two chalk hills. Chief
MIARENGO, a post-township of Calhoun'co., Michigan, in- buildings, a modern Gothic and other churches, a national
tersected by the Michigan Southern Railroad. Pop. 1014.   school, well-endowed almshouse, an infirmary, town-hall
MARENGO, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana;       and market-house, assembly rooms, theatre, large public
1142




MAR                                                      MAR
library, with several bazaars, baths, and hotels. The har- near the N.W. extremity of Nebraska Territory, and flow.
bor is formed by a curved stone pier, with a lighthouse, ing south-easterly, joins the Missouri, about 50 miles below
at. 510 24/N., ion. 10 23' E. It has from 8 to 13 feet at high  the Great Falls. Entire length, about 300 miles.
water, but is dry at low tide. It has a fishery and some    MARIA-STEIN, si-reei-sttne', a place of pilgrimage in
trade, and is greatly resorted to by sea-bathers.         Switzerland, canton of Soleure, 8 miles S.W. of Basle, with
MARGAUX, maaRgdf, a village of France, department of  a Benedictine abbey and image of the Virgin.
Gironde, 18 miles N. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1034.                MARIA STEIN, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.
MARGERIDE, maRazheh-reedl, a chain of mountains of    MARIA-THERESIANOPEL. See THurrSiENScADT.
France, between the basins of the Allier and Lot, in the    MARItATOWN, a village of Canada West, situated on the
departments of Lozlre, Haute-Loire, and Cantal.           Williamsburg Canal, 21 miles S.W. of Prescott, and 29 miles
MARGGRABOWA, a town of Prussia. See OLETZKO.             from Cornwall. Pop. about 125.
MARGHILAN, mai'ghee4[nt,, a town of Independent    MARI/AVILLE, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine,
Toorkistan, state and 20 miles S.E. of Khokhan. It is en- on Union River, 20 miles E. by N. of Bangor. Pop. 374.
closed by earthen ramparts, is said to have some good build-   MARIIAVILLE, a post-village of Schenectady co., New
ings, remains of antiquity, manufactures of gold and silver  York, 27 miles W. by N. of Albany.
stuffs, velvets, silk fabrics, and an active trade.          MARIAZELL. See MARIENZELL.
MARGITILL, makghil or mar'gheelf, a village of Asiatic    MARIBO, md/re-bo', a town of Denmark, stift of Falster,
Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, on the Shat-el-Arab, 4 miles N. near the centre of the island of Laadland. Pop. 1400.
of Bassorab. It has a large depot for merchandise belonging    MARICA, mn-reefkg, a town of Brazil, province and 20
to British merchants.                                     miles E. of Rio de Janeiro, on a. lake of the same name, about
MAtRGITTA, mtit'ghitftbh', a market-town of IHungary,  8 miles from the sea. It is the head-quarters of abody of
co. of Bihar, 35 miles E.S.E. of Debreezin. Pop. 2947.    national guards, and seat of an electoral college;. has a conMARCGITTA, NACGY, nddj-man'ghitt hx, a town of Hun- siderable trade in mandioc, flour, rice, and millet, almnost
gary, co. of Torontal, W. of Temesvar. Pop. 1722.         all conveyed on mules to Rio de Janeiro. Sugar and rum
MARGONIN, maa-go-neen!, a town of Prussian Poland, 40  also are exported. Pop. of district, 6000.
miles W.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 1990.                        MARICKPOOR, mn/rik-poor/, a town of British India, preMARGUERITTES, maaRg'-reetl, a market-town of France, sidency of Bengal, district and 40 miles S.E. of Cuttack.
department of Gaid, 4 miles N.E. of Nnmes. Pop. 1800.       MARIEL, mn/re-el!, a seaport town on the N.W. coast of
MARGUS, a river of Servia. See MoRAVA.                  the island of Cuba, about 20 miles W. of Havana; let. 230 3'
MARI'HAI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          N., ion. 820 47' W. It has a large well-sheltered haIlbor,
MARITAM CIIURCI, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. capable of receiving vessels of any class. Railways connect
MARIHOLM, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    it with Havana and Batabano, on the opposite sides of theMARIA, mg-ree!, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province  island. Pop. in 1853, 1296.
and 57 miles N. by E. of Almeria. Pop. 3500.                 MARIEFRED, ml-reefeh-fr~d, a town of Sweden, inn and
MARIA CREEK, of Indiana, enters the Wabash, 8 miles  37 miles N.E. of Nykuping, on a bay of Lake Mwelar. Pop.
above Vincennes.                                           1000. Near it is the palacdof Gripsholm.
MARIA CREEK, a post-office of Knox co., Indiana.           MARIE GALANTE, mO/reef gd'lONt, one of the French
MARIA FORGE, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.   West India Islands, S.S.E. of Guadeloupe, of which it is a
MARIAGER, m~lre-o'gher, a seaport town of Denmark,  dependency, 20 miles N. of Dominica. Estimated area 60
province of Jutland, 14 miles N. of Randers, on the S. coast square miles. Pop. in 1849, 12,749. Principal products,
of the Mariager-fiord. Pop. 500.                           coffee, sugar, cotton, and cocoa. Shores rocky, with no good
MARIVA ISLAND, Tasmania, is off the E. coast of Van  harbor. Principal town, Basseterre, on the S.W. side.
Diemen's Land, about 2. miles from  the coast. tat. from'   MARIEL, m&-re-6l!, a town of Cuba, capital of a depart420 40' to 420 50' S., ion. 1480 10' E., consisting of two ole- ment of its own name, on the N. coast. Pop. in 1853, 1296.
vated portions united by a narrow isthmus, and having the    MARIENBAD, mu-reelen-b' dx or ma-reelen-bit', a village
village of Darlington at its N. extremity.                 of Bohemia, N.W. of Pilsen, in a picturesque valley; freMARIA ISLAND, of Australia, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, quented for its cold chalybeate and saline baths, which conmon the W. coast; lat. (N. point) 140 50' S., ion. 1350 543 E.   prise the Kreutzbrunnen, temperature 531~Fahrenheit, and
MARIA ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, the Caroline and Ambrosius Springs, of about 500 Fahrenheit.
in the Low Archipelago; lat. 220 S., lon. 1360 W.            MARIENBERG, m~-reefen-bRac&, a town of Saxony, circle
MARIAKERK, mO-reesa-kIRk', or MARIAKERKE, m4- of Zwickau, 17 miles S.S.E. of Chemnita. Pop. 4i47. It has
reelf-khrlkeh, a village of Belgium, province of East Flan- mineral baths, and manufactures of linen and lace.
ders, on the canal of Bruges, 5 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop.   MARIENBOURG, mIree'aNcGbooa, or MARIENBURG,
1095.                                                      mA'ree'ln-b55aeR', a fortified town of Belgium, province and
MARIA, KIS, kish m9'ree/lh', a village of Hungary, co. 30 miles S.W. of Namur, connected by railway with Charleroi.
of Bihar, about 3 miles from Potsay. Pop. 1861.            It was built in 1542, by Mary, Queen of IHungary, and sister
MARIALVA, ml-re-dl/vO, a town of Portugal, province of  of Charles V. Its fortifications were demolished by Louis
Beira-Alta, 30 miles S.E. of Lamego, defended by a strong  XIV., but restored in 1818. Pop. 682.
castle. Pop. 400.                                            MARIENBURG, mg-reelen-b63Rwa, a walled town of West
MARIAMPOL, ma-re-Imlpol, or iMARIANPOL, mO-re-unl- Prussia, 27 miles S.E. of Dantzic, on the Nogat, here crossed
poli, a town of Poland, palatinate of Augustowo, 36miles N.E. by a bridge of boats. Pop. 6050. It has a celebrated castle,
of Suwalki. Pop. 2375.                                     built in 1274, and long the seat of the grand master of the
MARIANA, mg-re-A/nl, or MARIANNA, m&-re-nnn, an  Teutonic order, an imposing edifice which has been recently
episcopal city of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 45 miles  restored; a normal school, and manufactures of cotton and
N.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 5200. It stands in a small plain, woollen cloths.
3080 feet above the level of the sea. bounded by two heights,   MARIENBURG, a market-town of Russia, government of
crowned by churches, and has a large cathedral, Carmelite  Livonia, on the lake of the same name, 57 miles SW. of
and Franciscan Convents, a diocesan seminary, and episcopal Pskov. Pop. 2000.
palace, but little trade.                                    MARIENBURG, (Hun. Foldevar, fol'dOvR/v,) a village
MARIANA ISLANDS. See LAnnoNrs.                           of Transylvania, Saxon Land, 10 miles N. of Kironstadt.
MARIAN/NA, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Plo-   MARIENWERDER,, m-ree/len-Wa'der, a city, capital of
rida, on the right bank of Chipola River, 72 miles W.N.W. West Prussia, and of a government of its own name, on the
of Tallahassee. It has a court-house, a printing-office, and  Little Nogat, a tributary of the Vistula, 45 miles S.S.E. of
several stores.                                            Dantzic. Pop. 7600. It has a cathedral of the 13th century,
MARIANNA, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.       with a steeple 170 feet in height; an old castle, schools of
MARIANNA, a post-office of Davidson co., Tennessee.      arts and agriculture, and a hospital for blind soldiers. Chief
MARIANNE ISLANDS. See LADuONES.                          industry, woollen cloth weaving, brewing, and distilling.
MARIANO, mI-re-Afno, a town of Austrian Italy, delega-   MARIENWERDER, a government of West Prussia,
tion and 9 miles S.S.E. of Como. Pop. 4000.                bounded N. by Pome-ania and the government of Dantzic.
MARIANPOL, a town of Poland. See MARcA3PoL.              Area. 6816 square miles. Pop. in 1849. 621,046.
MARIANUS MONS. See Semman  MORENA.                        MARIENZELL, mO-reeuen-tsPll,  or MARIAZELL, mnLMAIRI-ANISLEIGII, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   ree',-tsellf, i. e., the "cell or' shrine of (Saint) Mary," a small
MARIAPOL, a town ofRussia. See MARIOPOL.                town of Stynria, with a church and famous statue of time
MARIAS, LAS TEES, lIs trls mi-ree/Os, (" The Three  Virgin. It has been called the Loretto of Austria, being the
Maries,") three islands of the Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast most celebrated place of pilgrimage in the, empire. It is
of Mexico, state of Jalisco, between lat. 210 and 22~ N., and  said to be annually visited by about 100,000 persons. Dision. 1060 and 1060 30' W., the middle or largest being 15 tant 56 miles S.W. of Vienna. Near it are some of the
miles in length by 8 miles in breadth. Named Isles de la largest hiron foundries in Austria, and sulphur and copper
Magdalena by Diego de Mendoza, in 1532.                    works.
MARIA-SCHEIN, ml-reefl-shine', a place of pilgrimage in    MARIESTAD, mO-ree/Is-t.d, a town of Sweden, capital of
Bohemia, circle and 17 miles N.N.W. of Leitmeritz, with a a len, on Lake Wener, at the mouth of the Tida, 156 miles
church, and mitaculous image, stated to attract annually  W.S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 2500.
from 30,000 to 40,000 devotees.                              MARIESTAD, also called SKARABOEG, skI/rO-bog', a
MARIA'S (ma-ri.az) RIVER, one of the upper tributaries  ion of Sweden, lies chiefly between Lakes Wener and
Pt the'Missouri, rises on the side of the Rocky Mountains, Wetter, and forms part of West Gothiand. Pop. 173,867.
1143




MAR                                                         MAR
MARIETTA, mA-re-tta, a post-village of Onondaga co., tinique, on its S. coast, at the head of a b.y, 16 miles S.E.
New York, 145 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                       of Port Royal. Pop. 2907. Near it is the extinct volcano,
MARIETTA, a post-borough of East Donegal township, Le Marin.
Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Susque-   MARINDUQUE, mg-reen-dooskA, an island of the Malay
hanna, 25 miles S.E. of IHarrisburg, and 14 miles W. of Lan- Archipelago, Philippines, S. of Luzon. Lat. 140 30' N., ion.
caster. It is finely situated on a gradual declivity, and  1220 E. Length 40 miles, breadth 10 miles. Principal viisurrounded by a rich and populous country. The original lagee, Roac and Napo.
name of the place was Anderson's Ferry. It carries on an    MARINE, mS-reent, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois,
active trade in coal and lumber, by means of the Pennsyl- about 22 miles E. by S. of Alton.
vania Canal and Columbia Branch Railroad, which connect   MARINELLA, mA-re-n~l/la, a small seaport of Sicily, 1i
it with Harrisburg and Colunmbia. Incorporated in 1812. miles E.S.E. of Mazzara. Its site is near that of the ancient
Marietta contains a town-hall, an academy, and 3 or 4  Slieiunltum, and its ruins consist of the stupendous remains
churches. Pop. in 1850, 2099; in 1853, about 2500.          of 3 Doric temples.
MARIETTA, a flourishing and handsome post-village,    MARINE MILLS, a village of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, on
capital of Cobb co., Georgia, is situated on the Western and  the St. Croix River, about 18 miles N. of Hudson.
Atlantic Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of Atlanta. The site of    MARINEO, m&-re-nA/o, a town of Sicily, intendency, disthis village is higher than that of any other on this railroad. trict, and 11 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 6000.
It is surrounded by a rich farming and mining region. It   MARINES, minreent, (L. Alanergigsm,) a village of France,
contains the iAmerican State Military Academy, 4 churches, department of Seine-et-0ise, 8 miles N.W. of Pontoise. Pop.
and 3 newspaper offices. Two and a half miles from Mari- in 1852, 1645.
etta is Kenesaw Mountain, which Is 1823 feet above the    MARINETTA, a post-office of Oconta co., Wisconsin.
level of the sea, and affords an extensive and beautiful view.   MARINGOUIN, mAiraNc'gw'Ns', a small bayou of LouisiMARIETTA, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.    ana, commences in Pointe Coupee parish, and flows southMARIETTA, a flourishing town, capital of Washington  ward through Iberville parish into Grand River.
co., Ohio, is beautifully situated on the left (E.) bank of the    MARINGUES, mnr.lNgf, a town of France, department
Muskingum   River, at its confluence with the Ohio, 62 miles of Puy-de-DBme, 11 miles VW.N.W. of Thiers. P. in 1852, 4299.
below Wheeling, and 115 miles S.E. of Columbus. The town    MARINHA-GRANDE, mn-reen/yA-gr1nfdA,,         a village of
is regularly laid out on level ground, and in the midst of Portugal, province of Estremadura, 5 miles N.W of Leiria.
highly picturesque scenery. Many of the houses are con- Pop. 1800. It is celebrated for its manufactures of glass.
structed with great neatness, and embellished with fine    MARINILLA, mA-re-neel/yA, a town of New Granada, progardens and ornamental trees. Marietta is the oldest town  vince and 50 miles S.E; of Antioquia; lat. 50 41' N., on a
in the state, having been settled in April, 1788, by a com- plateau 6765 feet above sea-level. Pop. 4915.
pany of New Englanders  under the command of General   MARINO, m1-ree/no, (anc. Bovildlce?) a market-town of
R. Putnam. Fort Harmar was built on the opposite bank  Italy, Pontifical States, with a castle, 13 miles S.E. of Rome.
of the Mnskingum  in 1786. It is also distinguished by the Pop. 5070.
excellence of its schools. The town contains 8 churches.   MARION, mAlre-on, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia,
2 public libraries, an academy, a flourishing union school. has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by
a branch of the State Bank, and is the seat of Marietta  the Monongahela River and its branches, the West Fork,
College, founded in 1835. Two newspapers are published  and Tygart's Valley River, which unite within its limits.
here. The Muskingum is navigable by steam  as high as The surface is diversified by hills, and partly covered with
Zanesville, and also affords extensive water-power. A rail- forests. The soil is generally rich. Mines of good stoneroad has been commenced, leading from  Cincinnati viid  coal are extensively worked, and iron ore is abundant.
Marietta to Wheeling, &c. A great impetus has been given  Steamboats ascend the river as faras the county seat: the
to the growth of the town during the last 5 or 6 years, by  Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passes through the county.
the establishment of mnanufactories of various kinds. Pop. Organized in 1841-2, and named (as well as those which folin 1850, 3175; in 1854, about 4000.                         low) in honor of General Francis Marion, a prominent actor
MARIETTA, a village of Shelby co., Indiana, on Blue  in the war of the Revolution.  Capital, Fairmont. Pop
River, and on the Shelbyville Branch Railroad, about 35  10,552, of whom 10,458 were free, and 94 slaves.
miles S.E. of Indianapolis.                                   MARION, a district in the E. part of South Carolina,
MARIETTA, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, about bordering on North Carolina, has -an area of 1100 square
12 or 14' miles N.W. of Lewistown.                          miles. It is intersected by the Great Pedee, and bounded on
MARIETTA, a post-office of Marshall co., Iowa.            the S.E. by the Little Pedee or Lumber River, on the S.W.
MARIETTA FURNACE, a small village of Lancaster co., by Lynche's Creek. The surface is nearly level, the soil is
Pennsylvania.                                               sandy, but in some parts fertile. The Pedee River is naviMARIGLIANO, ma-reel-ya'no, a town of Naples, province  gable in the lower part of the district, which is intersected
of Terra di Lavoro, 31 miles W. of Nola. Pop. 3800.         by the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. This railway
MARIGNANE, mPreenyyl nf, a market-town of France, crosses the river by an iron bridge, the piers of which are
department of Bouches-du-Rhbne, on a lagoon, 14 miles hollow cylinders of iron, 19 feet in circumference. Capital,
S.S.W. of Aix. Pop. in 1852, 2183.                          Marion Court House. Pop. 17,407, of whom 9887 were free,
MARIGNANO, a town of Austrian Italy. See MELa GNANO. and 7520 slaves.
MARIGNIER, minreen'ysiI, a village of the Sardinian    MARION, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia, has an
States, Savoy, E. of Bonneville, on the Arve. Pop. 1800.    area of about 550 square miles. It is drained by the KinchaMARIGNY, m~reen'yeef, a village of France, department foonee, Juniper, Buck, Cedar, and Whitewater Creeks,
of Manche, 7 miles W. of St. LO. Pop. in 1852,1589.         affluents of Flint River. The surface is nearly level; the
MARIGNY L'EGLISE, mt'reeniyee! lIAgleez!, a town of  soil for the most part is productive. The county is interFrance, department of Nilvre, 20 miles E.S.E. of Clamecy. sected by the Muscogee Railroad. Capital, Buena Vista.
Pop. 1820.                                                  Pop. 10,280, of whom 6676 were free, and 3604 slaves.
MARIGOT, La, Ieh mn1ree'gol, a village of Martinique,   MARION, a county of Florida, in the N. central part of the
West Indies, on its N.E. coast, and having one of its best peninsula, has an area of above 2500 square miles. Itis drainports at the mouth of a small river.                        ed by the Ocklawha River, and bounded on the S.W. by the
MARIGOT, LE, a village of St. Martin, West Indies, on  Withlacoochee.  The surface is nearly level; the soil is ferits N. coast, and capital of its French portion.            tile. In 1850 it produced 508 hogsheads of sugar, and 31,625
MARIGOT DES ROSEAUX, ml'reegoP dA ro'zst, a village  gallons of molasses. The quantity of sugar was the greatest
of St. Lucia, West Indies, on its W. coast.                 raised in any county of the state. Pop. 3338, of whom 2069
MIARIGOT, a village of Marie Galante, West Indies.        were free, and 1269 slaves.
MARIGOT. See CAPESTERRE and BOURaG,aRAND.                   MARION, acounty in the W.N.W  part of Alabama, borderMARIGUANA, mA-re-gwlYn', one of the most N. of the  ing on the Mississippi, has an area of 1180 square miles. It is
Bahama Islands, about 25 miles in length, and from 3 to 5  traversed by the Buttahatchie River, and also drained by
miles in breadth, lat. 220 23' N., ion. 720 55' W.          Sipsey River. The surface is hilly; the soil generally fertile
The MARcOOANA PASSAGE is between Mariguana Island  Capital, Pikeville. Pop. 7833, of whom 6925 were free, and
and Acklin Island, 50 miles westward.                       908 slaves.
MIARIN, mi-reeu, a town of Spain, province and 5 miles   MARION, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, bordering
S.W. of Pontevedra, on a bay of the Atlantic Ocean. P. 3244. on Louisiana, has an area of about 1570 square miles. It
MARIN, m  -reen, a county in the W.N.W. part of Call- is intersected by Pearl River, (navigable for small boats.)
lornia, )as an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded  The surface is undulating, or nearly level; the soil is gencon the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and partly on the E. by  rally inferior. Capital, Columbia. Pop. 4410, of whom 2215
San Pablo Bay, and is drained by Corta Madera, San Anto- were free, and 2195 slaves.
nio, San Geronimo, and several other little streams, flowing    MARION, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, bordering
into the Pacific and San Pablo Ray. The surface is uneven, on Missouri, contains 700 square miles. It is intersected by
with a range of mountains running nearly through the  White River. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys.
centre. Tama el Paris, or Table Mountain, is the principal Extensive lead-mines are found in the county, and quarries
elevation. About one-half of the soil is susceptible of cul- of beautiful yellow variegated marble on the western bortivation; the other portion is excellent for grazing. Capi- der. Capital, Yellville. Pop. 2302, of whom 2176 were free,
tal San Rafael. Pop. 1036.                                and 126 slaves.
MARIN, Lr., leh m.;hr&N!s, a village of the island of Mar-  I MARION, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, bordering
1144




MAR                                                       MAR
en Georgia and Alabama; area estimated at 700 square miles.   MARIOl, a post office of Union parish, Louisiana.
It is intersected by the Tennessee and Sequatchie Rivers.    MARION, a post-village, capital of Angelina co., Texas,
The surface is traversed by high ridges connected with the  on the right hand of the Angelina River, 160 miles N. by E.
Cumberland Mountains.  Stone-coal is found. Capital, Jas- of Galveston.
per. Pop. 6314, of whom 5763 were free, and 551 slaves.      MARION, a post-village, capital of Crittenden co., ArkanMARION, a county near the centre of Kentucky, has an  sas, is situated on the road from Memphis to Little Rock, 10
area estimated at 330 square miles. It is intersected by  miles W.N.W. of the former, and 140 miles E. by N. of the
Rolling Fork of Salt River. The surface is undulating and  latter.
hilly, and the soil mostly fertile. The rock which underlies    MARION, a township of White co., Arkansas. Pop. 404.
the county is limestone.  Capital, Lebanon. Organized in    MARION, a post-village, capital of Crittenden co., Ken1834. Pop. 11,765, of whom 8679 were free, and 3086 slaves. tucky, about 230 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It contains a
MARION, a county in the N. central part of Ohio, con-  court-house, and over 100 inhabitants.
tains 360 square miles. It is drained by the Scioto and    MARION, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 672.
Olentangy Rivers. The surface is generally level, and the    MARION, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 995.
soil fertile. An extensive prairie occupies the N. part. The    MARION, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 841.
county is intersected by the Bellefontaine and Indiana Rail-   MARION, a township of I-Iancock co., Ohio. Pop. 904.
road. Organized in 1824. Capital, Marion. Pop. 12,618.       MARION, a township of IHardin co., Ohio. Pop. 452.
MARION, a county in the centre of Indiana, contains 420    MARION, atownship of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 77.
square miles. It is drained by the W. fork of White River,    MARION, a township.of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1746.
and by Eagle and Fall Creeks. The surface is nearly level;    MARION, a flourishing post-village and township, capital
the soil is fertile. Marion county is the most populous in the  of MIarion co., Ohio, on the route of the Bellefontaine and
state, except Wayne. It is traversed by7 or8 railroadlines, Indiana Railroad, 44 miles N. of Columbus.  The village
a more particular account of which will be found under the  was laid out in 1821, and it is steadily improving. Marion
head of INDIANAPOLIS, the capital. Organized in 1822. Pop. has a court-hoause, 3 or 4 churches, a union school, and 1
24,103.                                                    bank. Some of these are fine brick buildings. Two newsMARION, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, has papers are published here. Pop. in 1850, 1311; in 1853,
an area of 530 square miles. It is drained by the Skillett about 1600; of the township, in 1850, 2291.
Fork of Little Wabash River, and by Crooked and other    MARION, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 1428.
creeks. The county includes a part'of the Grand Prairie.   MARION, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1764.
The surveyed routes of the Central Railroad and of the Ohio    MARION, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 900.
and Mississippi Railroad intersect each other in this county.    MARION, a post-township in the S. part of Livingston co.,
Capital, Salem. Pop. 6720.                                 Michigan. Pop. 883.
MARION, a county in the E.N.E. part of Missouri. border-   MARIION, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 1095.
ino on the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illinois,  MARION, a flourishing post-village, capital of Grant co.,
has an area of 432 square miles. It is traversed by the  Indiana, on the Mississinewa River, 68 miles N.N.E. of InNorth and South Fabins Rivers, and by the North Two  dianapolis. The plank-road firom  Lagro to Andersontown
River, and also drained by South Two River. The surface  passes through it. It is surrounded by a rich farming counconsists of undulating prairies, and forests which are dis- try. One newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1850,703;
tributed along the larger streams. The prairies have a deep, in 1853, about 1000.
rich soil, free from stones. Bituminous coal and saltpetre    MARION, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana. P. 1270.
are found in the county, and limestone and freestone are    MARION, a township of Jasper co., Indiana.  Pop. 883.
abundant. A railroad is in progress of construction through    MARION, a township of Jennings co., Indiana. Pop.
the county from Hannibal to St. Joseph, on the Missouri 1260.
River. Capital, Palmyra. Pop. 12,230, of whom 9398 were    MARION, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana.  P. 2025.
free, and 2832 slaves.                                        MARION, a, township of Monroe co., Indiana. Pop. 256.
MARION, a county in the S. central part of Iowa. has an    MARION, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 898.
area of 576 square miles. The River Des Moines flows    MARION, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1320.
through the county, receiving the Whitebreast River and    MARION, a township of Shelby co., Indiana.  Pop. 786.
Eunglish Creek; the S.E. part is traversed by Cedar Creek.    MARION, a village of Shelby co., Indiana, on Blue River,
Extensive prairies occur in the county. The soil is produc-  and on the railroad from Shelbyville to Knightstown, 4 miles
tive. Stone-coal and iron abound along the banks of Des N. of Shelbyville.: Moines River.  Settled about 1843.  Capital, Knoxville.    MARION, a township of Madison co., Illinois. Pop. 966.
Pop. 5482.                                                    MARION, a township of Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 595.
MARION, a county in the W. part of Oregon, has an area    MARION, a thriving post-village, capital of Williamson
estimated at 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by  co., Illinois, on the Main Road leading N. and S. through
the Cascade Range, and on the W. by Willamette River, the centre of the state, 172 miles S. by E. from Springfield.
and is drained by several tributaries of that stream. The  Laid out in 1839.
soil in the W. part is very fertile. Capital, Salem. Pop. 2749.    MARION, a township of Buchanan co., Missouri. P. 798.
MARION, a post-township of Washington co., Maine,   MIARION, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri, on the W.
about 88 miles E. of Bangor. Pop. 207.                      bank of the Missouri River, 15 miles N.W. from Jefferson
MARION, a township of Bristol co., Massachusetts. In- City.
corporated in 1852.                                           MARION, a thriving post-village, capital of Linn co.,
MARION, a post-office of lartford co., Connecticut.       Iowa, on the mail route from Dubuque to Iowa City, 30 miles
MARION, a post-village and township of Wayne co., New  N. from the latter.
IYork, 12 miles N.W. of Lyons. It has several churches, and    MARION, a post-village of Kenosha co., Wisconsin.
manufactories of iron. Pop. of the township, 1839.            MARION AND CROZET ISLANDS. See CRozET ISLANDS.
MARION, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1530.   MARION CITY, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, on!MARION, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. P. 595. the Mississippi'River, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson
MARION, a small village of Forest co., Pennsylvania.      City.
MARION, a thriving post-village of Franklin co., Penn-    MARION  COURT HOUSE, capital of MIarion  district,
sylvania, near the Franklin Railroad, 51 miles S.W. of  South Carolina, on the Wilmington and Manchester BailIIHarrisburg. It contains 2 stores and about 300 inhabitants.  road, 110 miles E. by N. of Columbia. It is situated in a
MARION, atownship of Greene co., Pennsylvania. P. 852. level and fertile country, in which cotton and rice flourish.
MARION. a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, 167 miles A newspaper is published here.
W. by N. of Harrisburg, and 12 miles N.E. of Indiana, has 2    MIARIONVILLE, a post-office of Forest co., Pennsylvania.
stores and 15 houses.                                         MARIOPOL. ml-re-olpohl MARIUPOL or MARIOUPOL,
MARION, a post-village, capital of Smythe co., Virginia, ma-ree-oo/pql, written also'IARIAPOL, a town of Russia,
on the Middle fork of Holston River, and on the turnpike  government and 140 miles S.E. of Yekaterinoslav.  P. 4000.
from Baltimore to Nashville, 275 miles W. by S. of Richmond.   MARIOUT or MARIOOT. See MAREOTIS.
MARION, a post-village, capital of McDowell co., North    MARIPOCUT, mi-re-po-koof, a village of Brazil, province
Carolina, is situated a few miles E. of the Blue Ridge, near and 35 miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on a small river of
the source of Catawba River, about 220 miles W. of Raleigh. the same name. Pop. 1800.
MARION, a post-village, capital of Twiggs co., Georgia, 35    MARIPOISA; a river of Mariposa co., California, rises
miles S.S.W. of Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, 2  among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and flowstores, and about 100 inhabitants.                          ing in a general W.S.W. course, falls into the San Joaquin.
MARION, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Alabama, 78    MARIPOSA, a county in the central part of Californlia, has
miles W.N.W. of Montgomery. It is the seat of Htoward  an area estimated at about 8000 square miles. It is bounded
College, under the direction of the Baptists. Mlarion also  on the S.W. by the Coast Range, and is drained by San Joahas 2 flourishing female seminaries; and several churches. quin River and its tributaries, tIhe Mercede and F'resno, and
Three newspapers are published here. Pop. 1544.             other smaller streams. The surface in the E. part is traMARION, a village of Carroll co., Mississippi, on the  versed by the Sierra Nevada. or Snowy Range. Thous'ands
Yazoo River, about 90 miles N. of Jackson.  Several thou- of wild horses are found in this county, and game of almost
sand bales of cotton are shipped here in steamboats.        every kind abounds. The finest quality of marble exists on
MA.ION, a post-village, chpital of Lauderdale co., Missis- the N. fork of the Mercede and elsewhere. Vaelous kindp
sippi, 110 miles E. of Jackson.                             of mineral springs are found in different parts. Gold i,
1145




MAR                                                      MAR
abundant. New and rich discoveries are daily made, and it   MARKNEUKIRCIIEN, maekfnoiokl6RX-en, a town of
ise believed that immense deposits of gold lie in the beds of Saxony, 28 miles S.S.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 3094.
the San Joaquin, Mercede, and other rivers, which can only    MARKOBEL, (Markibel,) ma-kii-/bel, a village of Ifesse.
be obtained by a heavy expenditure of capital and labor. Cassel, province and near Ianau, on the KIbeIsbach. P.1280.
A greatvariety of other minerals are found in various parts.   MARKOLDENDORF, maR-kol/den-doRf', a village of Ha-an
The gold district in this county is perhaps 100 miles wide, over, on the rlm, which separates it from the village of
and extends back indefinitely into unexplored regions. Oldendorf, 21 miles N.N.W. of Gittingen. Pop. 1134.
Capital, Mariposa. Pop. in 1852, 8969.                     MARKOYECZ, a river of Hungary. See MAsncvecz.
MARIPOSA, a post-town of Mariposa co., California, on    MARKOVITCHI or MARKOWITSCII, man-ko-vitchfee, a
the road from Sacramento City to Los Angeles, and on the  market-town of Russia, government of Moheelev, 22 miles
Mariposa River, about 150 miles S.E. of San Francisco.   S.E. of Novo-Bielitza. Pop. 1650.
MARIPPI, ml-ripfpee, a small town of Brazil, on the    MARKOYKA or MARKOWKA, ma;t-kovlk&, a marketHiapura, about 40 miles from the Amazon.                 town of Russia, government and 145 miles S. of Voronezh,
MARIQUITA, wni-re-keeitA,  a town of South America, Pop. 1200.
New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, capital of a   MARK-RANSTADT, (Mark-Ranstidt,) matk'rtn/st~tt, a
province, 10 miles W. of Honda.                          small town of Germany, in Saxony, 7 miles S.S.W. of LeipMARIS/SA, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, 40 miles sic. Pop. 1030.
S.E. of St. Louis.                                         MARKSIBOROUGH or MARKS/VILLE, a post-village of
MARISSUS or MARISUS. See MAROS.                        Hardwick township, Warren co., New Jersey, on the left
MAR/ITIME ALPS, (ane. J[as-it/imce Al/pes,) the name of a  bank of Paulinskill River, 14 miles N.N.E. of Belvidere, condivision of the Alps, extending from the head of the Gulf  tains a church, and a cotton factory.
of Genoa westward to Monte Viso, near the sources of the Po.   MARKS/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
MARITIMO, mn-reete-mo, or MARIT/TIMO, (anc. Hi/era    MARK'S CREEK, of Richmond co., North Carolina, flows
or lMaritlima,) an island ofthe Mediterranean, off the W. coast into Yadkin River, near the S. boundary of the state.
of Sicily, and included in its intendency of Trapani, with a    MARKS/HALL, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2 miles
castle on its N.E. coast. Length 3. miles; breadth 2 miles. W.N.W. of Coggeshall.
MA/RITS, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio.              MARK/STAY JUNC/TION, is a station on the East Counties
MARITZA or MARIZZA, mg-rit/sA, (anc. Helbrus,) the  Railway, England, between Chelmsford and Colchester.
principal river of Roomn-Elee, European Turkey, nearly the    MARKSTEFT, matk/sthft, a town of Bavaria, on the
whole of which province is comprised in its basin, rises on  Main, 45 miles W.N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1310.
the N.E. slope of Despoto-dagh, Balkan, flows S.E. and S.S.W.,  MIARKSUHL, mankl/sool, a town of Saxe-Weimar, 6 miles
and enters the YMgean Sea, opposite Enos. Length 260 miles. W.S.W. of Eisenach, on the Suhl, Pop. 1073.
MARIUPOL, a town of Russia. See MIARIOPOL.               MARKSVILLE, New Jersey. See MannKSBOnoUH.
MARIZZA, a river of Turkey. See MARITZA.                 MARKSIVILLE, a post-village of Page co., Virginia, 100
MARJOW, mar\jmw/, a town of British India, presidency  miles N.W. of Richmond.
of Madras, 15 miles N. of Onore, and conjectured to be the    MARKSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Avoyelles parish,
ancient Alszsiris.                                       Louisiana, about, 4 miles S. of Red River, and 255 miles
MARK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            W.N.W. of New Orleans.
MARKAH, man/kg, a town of Africa, in lat. 10 431 N., ion.   JIARK_, mankt, a German word signifying'market,"
440 53' E. Pop. about 30Q0.                              forming a part of the names of numerous towns and villages
MARK/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          of Germany.
MARK, DE, d. mank, a river of Holland, rises in Belgium,   MARKT-BIBART, mankt beelbaRt, a town of Bavaria, on
assumes the name of Dintel, and enters the Volle Rak, after the Ehe, 24 miles E.S.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1100.
a course of about 40 miles.                                MARKT-BREIT, mnaRkt-brite, a town of Bavaria, on the
MARKDORF, maRk/doRf, a town of Germany, Baden, Main, 13 miles S.E. of Wiirzburg, with 1990 inhabitants.
circle of Lake, 11 miles E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 1416.   MARKT-BERGEL, maRkt-bkrnGh9l, a market town of BaMARK-DUREN, a town of Prussia. See DUanEN.             varia, 14 miles N.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1400.
MARKELO, moanke-lot, a village of Holland, province of    MARKT-ERLBACH, a town of Bavaria. See EnLB.AcH.
Overyssel, 15 miles E. of Deventer. Pop. 793:         MAR/LAND-PEtTER'S, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
MAR'KEN, manr/ken, an island of the Netherlands, pro-  IMARlLBOROUGH, marl/b'rtih, or mawl'bro, a parlitavince of North Holland, in the Zuyder-Zee, 10 miles N.E. of  mentary and municipal town of England, co. of Wilts, on
Amsterdam. Pop. 733.                                     the Kennet, here crossed by several bridges, 26 miles E.N.E.
MIAR/KESAN, a small post-village of Marquette co., Wis- of Salisbury, and 10 miles W. of IIungerford. Pop. in 1851,
cousin.                                                  5135. It has numerous antique houses, with piazzas; an
MARKET-DEEPING.  See DEEPINz. For other places old Norman church, grammar school, founded by Edward
with the prefix MAaKer, not under-mentioned, refer to their VI.; a guild-hall with assembly-rooms, vestiges of a castle,
additional names.                                        in which Henry III. held the parliament which enacted the
MAR/IKET-HAR/BOROUGII, a market-town of England, "Statutes of Malbridge."'  It has manufactures of rope and
county and 165 miles S.S.E. of Leicester, on the Welland, sacking, and was formerly a great thoroughfare on the Bath
and on the London and York Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2325. Road. The borough sends 2 members to the House of ConIt has a fine Gothic church, said to have been erected by nmos. It gave the title of Duke to Queen Anne'scelebrated
John of Gaunt. It gives the title of Earl to the Sherard  general, and now to the family of Spenser-Churchhill.  In
family.                                                  the vicinity is Marlborough, or Savernake Forest, 12 miles
MAR/KETHILL, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, county  in circuit, the property of the Earl of Alesbury, and the
and 6 miles S.E. of Armagh. Pop. 1424. It has a neat court- only forest in the kingdom belonging to a subject.
house and jail, and a castellated seat of Lord Gosford, who - MARL/BOROUGH, a district in the N.E. part of South
owns the town.                                           Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 504
MARKET-JEW, England. See MARAZION.                     square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Great
MARKET-0IVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland. Pedee, and drained by the Little Pedee and Crooked Creek.
MARIKET-STREET, a division of the parish of Wymond- Capital, Bennettsville. Pop. 10,789; of whom  5189 were
ham, England, co. of Norfolk.                            free, and 5600 slaves.
MARK/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.      SMARLBOROUGH, a post-village and township of Cheshire
MARKGRONINGEN, (Markgriningen,) mapk'grinting-  c.o., New Hampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, about 43
en, a town of Wtirtemberg, 6 miles W.N.W. of Ludwigsburg. miles W.S.W. of Concord. It has a paper-mill, and several
Pop. 2759.                                               manufactories of wooden ware. Pop. 887.
MARKIAM, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York,   MARLBOROUGH, a post-village and township of Wind20 miles S. of Toronto. It contains 4 mills, several stores ham co., Vermont, on the Fitchburg and Bellows Falls failand hotels. Pop. about 650.                              road, 28 miles S.S.W. of Bellows Falls. Pop. 896.
MARK/tHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Notts.      MARLBOROUGII, a post-township of Middlesex co., Mas.
MARKHAM'S, a station of Morgan co., Illinois, on the  sachusetts, intersected by the Lancaster and Sterling Branch
Great Western Railroad, 40 miles W.S.W. of Sp'ingfield.    Railroad, 34 miles W. of Boston. The boot and shoe busiMARK/IHAM  STATION, a post-office of Fauquier co., ness employs many of the inhabitants. Pop. 2941.
Virginia.                                                  MARLBOROUGH, a post-township of Hartford co., ConMARKIIAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Notts.   necticut, about 17 miles SE. of IHIartford. Pop. 832.
MARKINCII, mar/kinch5, a village and parish of Scotland,   MARLBOROUGH, a post-village and township of Ulster
co. of Fife, 7 miles N. of Kirkcaldy, with a station on the co., New York, on the Iiudson River. The village is situated
Edinburgh and Northern Railway. Near it are Balgonie on Oldmanskill, near the Hudson, about 20 miles S. of AlCastle and Balfour Ihouse. Pop. in 1851, 5843.           bany. It has 3 or 4 churches, and manufactories of paper
MARK/INGTON, a township of England, co. of York, and wool. Pop. of township, 2406.
West Riding.                                               MARILBOROUGHI, a post-office of Monmouth co., New
MAR/KLE, a post-office of Huntington co., Indiana.     Jersey.
MARKLESBURG, mar/kelz-btirg, a village of IHunting-   MIARLBOROUGII, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylton co., Pennsylvania, about 100 miles W. of Harrisburg.    vania.
MARKLISSA, mank-lisls/, a town of Prussian Silesia, 42    MARLBOROUGH, a townsliip of Montgomery co., Penn
miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1470.      sylvania. Pop. 1174.
1146
-J




MAR                                                       MAR
MARLBOROUGH, a post-office of Pitt co., North Carolina.   MARMORA, marlmo-ra5,* or MARMARA, (mar.'ma-r,,)
MARLBOROUGH, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. SEA OF, (anc. Proponftis,) is situated between Europe apd
Pop. 587.                                                  Asia, communicating with the Grecian Archipelago by the
MARLBOROUGII, a post-township in the N. part of Stark  strait of the Dardanelles, and with the Black Sea by the
co., Ohio; has a union school. Pop. 2133.                  Bosporus.  Its  extreme length is above 160 miles; its
MARLBOROUGH COURT HIOUSE. See BcNcETTSVXLLE.   greatest breadth near 50 miles. This sea receives its appellaMARLBOROUGH DEPOT, a post-village of Cheshire co., tion from  Marmora, (anc. Proconnecsus,) a small island
New Hampshire, on the Chester Railroad, about 45 miles towards its western extremity, lat. 400 36' N., Ion. 27~ 351 E.,
W.S.W. of Concord.                                         which has long been celebrated for its marble quarries,
MARLIBROOR, a post-office of HeMapstead co., Arkansas. whence it is supposed to derive its name; marmot (in the
MARLIDON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             plural marm6ra) being the Latin word for "marble."
MIARLE, ma1, (L. NMC-ane,) a town of France, depart,.cnt    MARMORA, an island of Turkey. See preceding article.
of Aisne, 14 miles N.E. of Laon. Pop. in 1852, 2086.         MARIMORA, apost-village of Canada West, 32 miles S.S.W
MARLENIIEIM, maRltcn-hime', (Fr. pron. maqnln'6ml,) a  of Belleville, and 82 miles from Kingston. Pop. about 200.
village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 12 miles W.N.W.   MARMORE, a river of Bolivia. See MA3IORE.
of Strasbourg. Pop. 1789.                                    MARMORICE. See MARMARAS.
MARLESIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          MARMOUTIER, maa'moolte.A, (Ger. 11uermiicster, m'wl
MAR/LEY'i MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North  er-miin'ster; L.  eauflri  onastetrinumn.,) a town of France, de
Carolina.                                                  partment of Bas-Rhin, 17 miles N.W. of Strasbourg, at the
MARLFIELD, or ABBEY, a village of Ireland, co. of Tip- foot of the Vosges Mountains. Pop. in 1852, 2489.
perary, 2 miles W.S.W. of Clonmel. Pop. 998.                 MARNE, marn, (anc. Ho[atlrona,) a river of France. rises
MARILIN, apost-office of Falls co., Texas.               S. of Langres, passes St. Didier, (where it becomes navigable,)
MARLIN BOTTOM, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Vir- and joins the Seine on the right at Charenton. Chief affiuginia.                                                     ents on the left, Petit and Grand Morin; on the right,
MARILINGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    Ornain and Ourcq. Length 210 miles.
MAR/LIN'S CREEK, a small village of Pickens district,   MARNE, a department in the N.E. part ofFrance. formed of
South Carolina.                                            part of the old province Chanmpagne. Area 3116 square miles
MAR1LOES, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.    Pop. in 1852, 373,302. Chief rivers. the Marne and the Seine
MARLOW, marllov, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 18  A great part of the department is comprised in the district
miles E.N.E. of Rostock. Pop. 1391..                       formerly called Champagne-Pouilleuse. Its sandy plains, for.
MARLOW, mar/iS, a post-village and township of Cheshire  merly naked, have been lately planted with Scotch pines
co., New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot River, about 38 miles  Grain is raised more than necessary for consumption. The
W. by S. of Concord. It has manufactories of rakes, shoe- vine forms the principal produce of the department; the
pegs, wooden ware, and staroh. Pop. 708.                   chief minerals are mill-stones. The department is divided
MARLOW, GREAT, a parliamentary borough, town, and  into the arrondissements of Chlilons, Epernay, Reim s, Sain te.
parish of England, co. of Bucks, on the Thames, here  Menehould, and Vitry-le-Francais. Capital, Chllons-sur-Mer
crossed by an iron suspension bridge, 5 miles N.N.W. of    MARNE, maatneh, a village of Denmark, duchy of Rol
Maidenhead. Pop. of borough, in 1851, 6523. It has many  stein, SouthDitmarsch. Pop.1300.
good houses, a handsome town-hall, and church, with some    MARNIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
manufactories of silk, lace, and paper. It sends 2 members    MARN/IITLL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
to th  I-louse of Commons.                                   MARNOCH, marl/no, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.
MARLOW, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.         MARO/A. a station of Macon co., Illinois, on the Illinois
MARLOW'S MILLS, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.  Central Railroad, 11 miles N. of Decatur.
MARLTON, a flourishing post-village in Evesham town-    MAROCCO. See MoRocco.
ship, Burlington co., New Jersey, about 9 miles S.S.W. of    MAROILLES, m         ~rwalf a village of France. department
Mount Holly.                                               of Nord, on the railway from Paris to Orleans, 22 miles S. of
MARLY-LE-ROI,  ma nlcee-lehiwg, a village of France,  Pais. Pop. in 1852,2171.
M~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~aris.L  P'op.-h     e-        1         85, 2 1 71
department of Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles N. of Versailles, on the    MAROLLES LES BRAUX, mS'rolll 1A brS, a town of
Seine, celebrated as the residence of Louis XIV., and for the  France, department of Sarthe, arrondissemeut of Macero
hydraulic works which he planned to convey water to Ver- Pop. in 1852, 2138.
sailles. Pop. in 1852, 2086.                                 MAROMME, mA'rommf, a village of France, department
nMARMAGNEl maR'mfi~r, a village of France, on the rail- of Seine-Infdrieure, 3 miles N.W. of Rouen, with a station on
way from Paris to Nevers, 6 miles N. of Bourges.          the railway to Dieppe. Pop. in 1852, 2933.
MARMANDE, maa/mINdm, (L. Marcsanda,) a town of    MARONI, a river of South America. See MiAROWYNE.
France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne, here    MARONNE, LA, IA mironnt, a river of France, joins the
crossed by a one-arched bridge, 30 miles N.W. of Agen. Pop. Dordogne, after a W. course of about 44 miles.
in 1852, 8336. It is nearly surrounded by an esplanade    MAROOT, mAroot,, a fortified town of India, 64 miles E.
planted with trees, and ornamented with fountains. Princi- of Bhwalpoor. It is a considerable mart for grain, and a
pal edifices, the new town-hall, court-house, and communal garrison station.
college. It has manufactures of linen and woollen cloths,   MARORE, ma-rofrA, a village of Italy, duchy and 2 miles
and a small port for steamboats which ply daily to Bor- S.E. of Parma. Pop. 1206.
deaux.                                                       MAROS, mfr'osht, or MAROSCII, mArosh, (anc. Macrisus
MARMANHAC, ma'manlklk, a village of France, depart- or!arissusc,) a river of Transylvania, rises near the frontier
ment of Cantal, 7 miles N.N.E. of Aurillac, with a chapel of Moldavia, flowsW., andjoinstheTheiss, opposite Szegedin;
cut out of the rock. Pop. 2000.                           length estimated at 400 miles. Afltuents, the Kokel and
MARMARA, SEA OF. See MAcIRMORA.                          Strahl.
MIARMARAS, MARMARASS, maeam- rlsst, or MARMO-   MAROS, midrdce, a seaport town of Spain, province of
RICE, maa'mo-reecel, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, S.W. Corunna, 30 miles WV. of Santiago, on the N. side of a bay of
coast, at the head of the Bay of Marmaras, 27 miles N. of  the same name. It is an important fishing station, and conRhodes, and included under the jurisdiction of that island, tauins a custom-house. Pop. 4792.
to which it furnishes provisions and live stock. It has also    MAROS-BOGAT, mcrosh!  borgi/-. a village of Austria,
an export trade in timber, valonea, turpentine, honey, wax,  Transylvania, co. of Thorenburg. Pop. 1289.
leeches, &c. Near it are some remains of the ancient Phys-   MAROS-BRETTYE, mlr'osh!  britlyA}, a village of AuscuS.-CAPE MARMARAS is at the entrance of the bay, lat 360  tria, Transylvania, co. of IIunyad. Pop. 809.
42' 40" N., lon. 280 20' E.                                  MAROSCII. See MAoe.
MARMAROS,. maimmh'roshl, a county of Iungary, cir-    MAROS, NAGY, nfdj mlr'oslh!, or GROSS-MAROSCH,
cleo of Thither Theiss. Szigeth is the capital. Pop. 170,000. groce-mrnosh, a market-town of IIungary, on the right bank
MARMENOR, ma -mi-noRe, a lagoon of Spain. province of of the Danube. 22 miles N.N.W. of Pesth. Pop. 2597.
Murcia, extending N. from Cape Palos about14 miles; greatest   MAROSTICA, mAsroette-kA, a town of Austrian Italy, 15
breadth about 6 miles; separated from the Mediterranean  miles N.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 3000. It is enclosed by walls,
by a sandbank, about 500 yards broad.                      and has manufactories of straw hats.
MARMIROLO, mar-me-rollo, a village of Austrian Italy,   MAROS-UJ-VAR-ALSO, mrh'roshl-oove-vhR'-l'Psho~, a mar5 miles N.W. of Mantua, with ruins of a palace built in 1480. ket-town of Austria, on the Maros, 26 miles E.N.E. of KarlsPop. 2316.                                                 burg. Pop. 1900.
MARlMITON, a small, river of Missouri, rises in the E.   MAROS-UJ-VAR-FELSO, mrhrosht-oo'e-vcin!f 6lshil, a
part of Kanzas Territory, and flowing eastward into Bates village of Austria, co. of Nieder-Wcissenburg,. Pop. 372.
co., in Missouri, unites with the Little Osage a few miles    MAROS-VASARHELY, mlh'rosh! vlshanuhel, (anc. Agrofrom its mouth.                                            polis?) a town of Transylvania. capital of the Maroser Stnhl,
BMARMVOLEJ or MARMOLEXO, man-mo-lWuo, a village  on the Maros, in a beautiful and fertile district, 54 miles
of Spain, province and 23 miles N.W. of Jaen, on the Guadal- N.N.E. of Hermannstadt. Itis fortified, and generally well
quivir. Pop. 2020.                                        built; contains five churches, a gymnasium, semninary, colMARIMORA or MAR/MARA, a large village of Asia Minor, lege, a library of 60,000 volumes, and a good cabinet of
Anatolia, 56 miles E.N.E. qf Smyrna.
MARMORA, LA, 1 marlmo-rn, a village of the Sardinian. "And you and I may chance ere morning rise
States, 22 miles from Coni. Pop. 1167.                          To find our way to MlARsORA without boats."-BYRON.
1147




MAR                                                        MAR
minerals. Not for from the town is a strong castle, in which  division of Coni, E.N.E. of Mondovi. The French, in 1693.
a garrison is stationed. Pop. 10,000.                      here defeated the Savoyards, and took their duke, Vittorit
MAIROTHI-I-ARANYOS. m6hrotlOh'rgnyoshf, (SlavonicMeor- Amedeo II., prisoner. Pop. 952.
cwc-e (?))a town of Hungary, co. of Bars, 13 miles N.E. of    MARSAL, maR'sAll, a town of France, department of
Neutra.  Pop. 1900.                                        Meurthe, 5 miles E.S.E. of Ch'teau-Salinm, formerly fortified.
MAR'OWNI, a parish of the Isle of Man, 6A miles W.N.W.   MARSALA, maa-sIAt, (anc. Lilybotum,) a fortified seaport
of Douglas. Pop. 1318.                                     city of Sicily, on its W. coast, intendency and 16 miles S.S.W.
PMAROWYNE, mIro —wIn, mi/ro-wlneh, or MARONI, of Trapani. It is enclosed by bastioned walls, and has a
ma-ro-nec, a river of South America, forms the limit be- cathedral, several convents and ahbeys, a gymnasium, large
tween Dutch and French Guiana. Length 400 miles.           cavalry barracks, an old castle, and a curious vibrating
MARBPLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Cheshire, 41 miles bell-tower. Its ancient port was filled up in 1580 by Don
E.S.E. of Stockport, with a station on the railway thence to.John of Austria, to prevent its becoming useful to corsairs;
Macclesfield.                                              and the new port, about 1 mile S., bounded by a mole, is
MAR!PLE, a post-township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, adapted only for small vessels. The principal importance
12 miles W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 876.                     of Marsala is due to its wine trade, which has grown up
MARPOD, maocpod1, or MARIAPOD, mg-reetl-pod, a vil- within the present century, and in which many English
lage of Austria, Transylvania, circle of, and East from I1er- houses are now engaged. The district is estimated to yield
mannstadt. Pop. 1096.                                      annually about 30,000 pipes of wine, of which two-thirds are
MARQUAIN, maa'k~NaN, a village of Belgium, province  exported. Marsala also exports corn, cattleoil, salt, and
of HIainaut, 29 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1180.             soda, in small quantities. Marsala, under the name of
MARQUESAS, maa-ki/sbs, (or MENDANA, mln-dintyA,)  Lilyboeum, was the chief fortress of the Carthaginians, in
ISLANDS, (Fr. Les Marquises, IA manakeezl,) a group in the  Sicily, and figures much in the wars between them and the
Pacific Ocean, between lat. 80 and 110 S., and about ion. 1400  Romans. Pop. 21,000.
W., comprising 13 islands, theprincipal being Nookaheeva, 70    MIARSAN, LE, leh rma'sANOf, a district of France, which
miles in circuit. Estimated population of the group, from  formed the E. part of La Chalosse, and belonged to the for15,000 to 20,000. The coasts are generally inaccessible, rising  mer province of Gascony.  It now forms part of the defiom the water like walls. The surface is mountainous, but partmert of Landes.
in the interior the soil is fertile, producing pulse, cocoa,   MARSBERG, maRsbAeRG, OnER, ofber, and NIEDER, neefder,
nuts, yams, bamboos, wild cotton, and sugar-cane. The  (the latter is called also STADTBERGE, stdtt/beaR-eh,) two
inhabitants are stated to be superior in bodily endowments  contiguous towns of Prussian Westphalia, 33 miles E. of
to those of many other island groups in the Pacific, but also  Arnsberg. United pop. 3448.
less civilized: they exchange live stock and vegetables in    MARS BLUFF, a post-office of Marion district, South Careturn for muskets, ammunition, and tobacco. Resolution  rolina.
Bay in Tahuata, and Port Jarvis in Roapoa, are the best   MARSCIIHENDORF, manlshn-donf', (Bohemian Maressow,
harbors in these islands. The Marquesas were discovered in  mA-r~s-sov1,) a village of Bohemia, circle and 33 miles N. of
1595, by Alonzo Mendara de Neyva. They were subsequently  Kiiniggriitz, in a valley on the Aupa,  Pop. 1248.
visited and described by Cook, and the Forsters, in 1774,   MARSCIANO, man-sh/0no, a small town of Central Italy,
when Hood's Island was added to the group. In 1791 three  Pontifical States, 14 miles S.W. of Perugia. Pop. 2400.
more were discovered by Captain Ingraham, an American    MARS/DEN, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
navigator, and were named Washington Islands. In 1842, Riding.
they acknowledged the sovereignty of France.                 MARSDEN, GItEAT, a chapelry of England, co. of LenMARQUETTE, mar'khtt/, an unorganized county of Michi- ca ster.
gan, in the W. part of the Upper Peninsula, contains about   MARSDEN, LITTLE, a township and parish of England,
3600 square miles. It is intersected by the Michigamig, co. of Lancaster.
River. The surface is mostly covered with forests of pine.   MARS-DIEP, maRs depp/, a strait in Bolland, separating
The underlying rocks are granite and limestone. Extensive  the island of Texel from the main land, 2 miles across, and
beds of iron are found in the county. The census of 1850 the principal entrance from the W. into the Zuyder-Zee
furnishes only the population, which was 136.              The town of Helder is on its S. shore.
MARQUETTE, a county near the centre of Wisconsin,    MARSEILLAN, maztsAtV'ybNcG, a market-town of France,
contains 860 square miles. It is intersected by the Neenah  department of 11rault, 15 miles E. of B6ziers, on the lagoon
or Fox River, and contains several small lakes. The surface  of Thau, where it has a small haven; near it are salt pans.
is partly occupied by prairies; the soil is good. The prin- Pop. 3534.
cipal rock is sandstone. Organized in 1844. Capital, Mar-   MARSEILLES, mar-solz (Fr. Asseille, man's~l! or man'quette. Named in honor of M. Marquette, one of the first s/ye; It. Massiglia, mis-seel/yA; Sp. ilqrsella, mAn-s61Yyl;
explorers of this region. Pop. 8641.                       L..Massilfia  CGr. Maccratla, Massalia,) a famous city of
MARQUETTE, a village of La Salle co., Indiana, on Little France, capital of the department of Bouches-du-Rh~ne,
Indian Creek.                                              and the most important seaport of the empire, is situated
MARQUETTE, a post-township in the S. part of Miarcluette  at the head of a finely-sheltered bay on the N.E. side of the
co., Wisconsin. Pop. 246.                                  Gulf of Lyons, formed by the Mediteranean, about 200 miles
MARQUETTE, a thriving post-village, capital of Marquette  S. by E. of Lyons, and 420 miles S.S.E. of Paris; lat.
co., Wisconsin, is pleasantly situated' on the S. shore of  (observatory) 430 17' 48" N., lon. 50 22' 15" E. The city
Puckawa Lake, an expansion of Neenah River, about 50  is built on the acclivity and at the foot of a hill, around
miles N.N.E. of Madison.                                  which a semicircular chain of loftier hills rises at a short
MARQUINA, maR-kee/nu, a small town of Spain, province distance, leaving the view open to the sea. It is divided
of iscy,   15 mileso f Bicf Bilbao. Pop. 1132.            into the old town on the W., and the new town on the E.
MARQUISE, man'keezf, a village of France, department of  The site of the former is very uneven; the streets are narPas-de-Calais, 7 miles N.N.E. of IBoulogne. Pop. in 1852, 2700. row and irregular, and the houses which line them are of
MARR, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.    great height. The new town, on the opposite side, is traversed
MIARR, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.     from N. to S. by a long and splendid thoroughfare, commence
MARR, a township in Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 1319.    ing at the Aix gate, and terminating at the Place Castellane.
MARRABOO, MARRABOU or MARRABU, mar-rA-bool, a  Almost all the other streets are spacious, and lined with
walled town of West Africa, state of Bambarra, on the  handsome houses. Between the old and new towns is a
Joliba, 120 miles W.S.W. of Sego.                         street, or promenade, called the Grand Cours, planted with
MIARRADI, man-RnAdee, a village of Tuscany, N. of the  a double row of trees, adorned with fine fountains, and borApennines. 28 miles N.E. of Florence. Pop. 1300.          dered with many elegant mansions. Marseilles is not rich
MARRAHI, mar/rA, a town of Syria, pashalic and 28 miles in public edifices. The most deserving of notice are the
N.N.E. of Damascus, with some good edifices, now in decay. Church of La Major, the oldest in the town, and supposed
MARRAH, a town of Syria, pashalic and 43 miles S.E. of  to occupy the site of a temple of Diana; the Church of St.
Aleppo.                                                   Victor, also of great antiquity, and originally consisting
MARRATXI, man-RAtffee, a town of Spain, on the island  of a grotto, or cavern, in which the first Christians were
of Majorca, 5 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 1636.             accustomed to meet in secret for worship, and to bury the
MARIRICK, a parish of England, co. of York, Noith Riding. bodies of their martyrs; the lofty belfry, all that the revoMARIRIOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Howard co., Maryland. lution of 1793 has allowed to remain of ths once beautiful
MARI/ROS, a parish of VWales, co. of Carmarthen.        Gothic Church of the Accoules; the Church of Chartreux,
MAR/ROWBONE, a post-office of Davidson co., Tennessee. sitsated without the town, but unquestionably the finest
M]ARROWBONE, a post-office, Cumberland co., Kentucky. of which it can boast; the Hotel de Yille, a heavy building,
MARRUBIO, man-oo/be-o, a village on the island of  overloaded with tasteless ornaments; the Prefecture, a large
Sardinia, near the shores of the large lagoon of Sassa. P. 1016. edifice, surrounded by a well-laid-out garden; the Museum,
MABRUECO and MARRUECOS.  See MoRocco.                   Observatory, Library, and two theatres. Notice is also due
MARRUM, mlntnRLm, or MERRUM, mnn/Rhui, a village of  to the triumphal arch, on theside of Aix, and the spacious
lbhe Netherlands, Friesland, 9 miles N. ofLeeuwarden. P. 935. and well-constructed quays, with their conmmodious ware.
MIARS, a post-office of Bibb co., Alabama.             houses. There is a beautiful fountain in the Place Royal, and
MARSAC, man'sAk/, a town of France, department of Puy- many others in different parts of the town. The supply of
le-DIme, 37 miles S.E. of, Clermont. Pop. in 1852, 2121.  water derived from these has recently been increased by the
MARSAGLIA, man-sJl/yA, a village of the Sardinian States, construction of an aqueduct connecting with the Durance.
1148




MAR                                                        MAR
Marseilles is the see of a bishop, and possesses a court of  Fishing and Grave Creeks flow through the county. The
first jurisdiction, a Court and Chamber of Commerce, an  surface isdiversified; the soil is fertile. The Baltimore and
Exchange, a Royal Naval Observatory, a Maritime Syndi- Ohio Railroad has been opened through this county. Stonecate, a Mint, an Academy of Sciences Belles-lettres and Arts, coal and water-power are abundant. Formed in 1835, atod
an Athen um, a Royal Medical Society, a Society of Phar- named in honor of John Marshall, late Chief Justice of the
macy, a Statistical Society, an Agricultural Society, a first- United  States. Capital, Elizabetlotown. Pop. 10,138, of
class School of Itydrography, a Royal College, with a library  whom 10,089 were free, and 49 slaves.
af 45,000 volumes, a secondary School of Medicine, a Special    MARSHALL, a county in the N.E. part of Alabama, has
School of Design, a Special School of Industry and Con- an area of 677 square miles. It is intersected by Tennessee
merce, a Special School of Music, a Diocesan Seminary, a  River, (navigable by steamboats,) and Paint Rock River flows
Deaf and Dumb Institute, a Cabinet of History, an extensive  along its N.W. border. The surface is traversed by mountain
Public Library, a Museum  of Paintings and Antiquities,  ridges connected with the Appalachian system. The soil is
with perhaps the largest collection in France after those of  generally fertile. Theplank-road extending fromWetumpka
Paris, and a Royal Botanic Garden, one of the finest in the  to the Tennessee River has its northern terminus in this
empire. It has also numerous benevolent institutions, and  county. Capital, Warrenton. Pop. 8846, of whom 7978 were
its Lazaretto is the largest in the world.                 free, and 868 slaves.
The manufactures of Marseilles are various and exten-   MARSHALL, a county in the N. part of Mississippi, borsive. The principal articles produced are soap, soda, and  derinug on Tennessee, has an area of about 860 square miles.
other chemical products, bonnets, shoes, perfumery, tobacco, It is watered by the Tallahatchie, Tippah, and Coldwater
olive oil, and liquors; besides which there are also tanneries, Rivers. The surface is finely diversified by gentle undulaand sugar, sulphur and salt refineries.                    tions. The soil is fertile. In 1850 this county produced
The harbor is one of the finest in France.  It is per- 32,775 bales of cotton, 1,236,006 bushels of corn, and 147,232
fcctly secure in all weathers, and possesses anchorage for of oats; greater quantities of each than were produced by
1200 vessels in from 18 to 24 feet of water. It is strongly  any other county in  the state.  Marshall county was
defended by two forts, viz., the Tower of St. John, on the  comprised in the territory of the Chickasaw Indians. It
N., and the Fort of St. Nicolas, on the S. Near this fort was transferred from aboriginal hands, and organized in
a new wet-dock, called Port de la Joliette, measuring 500  1836, and is now thie most populous, and among the most
yards by 400, has recently been formed. With respect to the  wealthy of the state. Capital, Holly Springs.  Pop. 29:689,
amount of tonnage owned, Marseilles holds the first rank  of whom 14,272 were free, and 15,417 slaves.
in the empire. Its foreign commerce exceeds that of every    MARSHALL, a county in the S. central part of Tennessee;
other port in France, and its coast trade is only surpassed  area estimated at 350 square miles. It is intersected by
by that of Bordeaux. The number of trips made byvessels  Duck River. The surface is diversified by hills or undulaemployed in the coast trade, in 1852, was 3514. The total tions of moderateheight; the soil ismostly fertile. Capital,
amount of merchandise received coastwise at the 242 ports  Lewisburg.  Pop. 15,616, of whom  11,982 were free, and
of France during the year, is represented by 2,544,785 tons, 3634 slaves.
of which 272,135 tons were landed at Bordeaux, 188,717 at    MARSHALL, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, conMarseilles, and 154,577 at Cette. The receipts at the custom- tains about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and
house of Marseilles in 1848 amounted to $4,514,062, and in  E. by the Tennessee River, and drained by Clarke's River.
1849 to $5,814,850. Its commerce in the wines and fruits of  The surface is moderately hilly or undulating; the soil is
the south, in cork and anchovies, has flourished for 24 cen- fertile. Organized in 1841. Capital, Benton.  Pop. 5269, of
turies, and extends to all parts of the world.             whom 5020 were free, and 249 slaves.
Marseilles is the great point of debarkation of passengers    MARSHALL, a county in the N. part of Indiana, contains
for the various ports on the Mediterranean. It conmmuni- 440 square miles. It is drained by the Yellow and Tippecacates by regular lines of steam-packets with Ajaccio and  noe Rivers. The surface is generally level. About half of
Bastia in Corsica, with Genoa, Leghorn, Civita Vecchia, and  the county is timbered land, and the remainder is occupied
Naples in Italy, with MIessina in Sicily, with Malta, Alex- by barrens and prairies. The soil of the prairies and timandria, Beyroot, Constantinople, Smyrna, and Athens; also  bered land is extremely productive. Extensive beds of iron
with Algeria through three separate lines, one to Algiers, ore are found in the county. Organized in 1836. Capital
passage in 45 hours, another to Stora, passage 55 hours, and  Plymouth. Pop. 5348.
the third to Oran, passage 65 hours; besides which it has    MARSHALL, a county in the N. central part of Illinois,
regular steam  communication with Barcelona, Valencia,  has an area of 445 square miles. It is intersected by the
Almeria, Malaga, and Cadiz, in Spain. Railways connect Illinois River, (navigable by steamboats,) and also drained
Marseilles with Avignon, Alais, Montpellier, and Cette, be- by Sand and Crow Creeks. The surface is nearly level, and
sides which a great route is in progress, by which, when  is diversified by prairie and timber. The soil is fertile.
completed, railway communication Will be opened through  Stone-coal is fotand. Capital, Lacon. Pop. 5180.
the heart of the empire, from the Mediterranean to the    MARSHALL, a new county in the central part of Iowa,
English Channel.                                           has an area of 576 square miles. It is traversed by Iowa
sMarseilles, foundedby the Phoenicians, about 600 B.c., served  River, flowing S.E., and also drained by Timber Creek. The
as a refuge for them from the vengeance of Cyrus. Its pro- land is productive, and is said to be finely timbered with
gress for centuries was rapid, and almost without interrup-  oak, ash, walnut, sugar-maple, &c. Indian corn and butter
tion. It soon became the entreplt for all the surrounding  are the staples. In 1850, Marshall county produced 12,410
co untries, founded many colonies,was celebrated for the culti- bushels of corn, and 4230 pounds of butter. Stone-coal is
vation of letters and arts, preserved for a time its liberty un- found in the county. Pop. 338.
der the Romans, and often acted as an independent republic.   MARSHALL, a post-township of Oneida co., New York, on
Having taken the part of Pompey in the great contest for the Chenango Canal, 12 miles S.W. of Utica. Pop. 2115.
supremacy between him and Caesar, it was besieged by the    MARSHALL, a post-village, capital of Madison co., North
latter, and, being taken, was deprived of all its peculiar Carolina, on the French Broad River, 280 miles W.of Raleigh.
privileges. On the decline of the Roman Empire; it became    MARSHALL, a small village of Marshall co., Alabanma.
a prey to the Goths, Burgundians, and Franks. In 735 it   MARSHALL, a thriving post-village, capital of Harrison
fell into the hands of the Saracens, who completely destroyed  co., Texas, about 250 miles N. by E. of Galveston. It conall the ancient monuments which previous barbarians had  alins, besides the county buildings, a college and several
spared. In the 10th century it fell under the dominion of  hotels.  Three newspapers are published here.  The surthe Counts of Provence, and continued for some centuries rounding country is fertile, and rather thickly settled.
after to follow the fortunes of that house. Louis XI. united    MARSHALL, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky.
it to the crown of France in 1481. It suffered severe ravages    MARSHALL, a post-township of HIighland  co., Ohio.
from  the plague, in 1720.  It was the birth-place of the  Pop. 1187.
astronomer Pytheas, the preacher Mascaron, and the sculp-   MARSHALL, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, 68 miles
tor Puget. Pop. in 1852, 192,527.-Adj. and inhab. MARSEIL- E. of Cincinnati.
LAS, or MARSEILLOIS, mamn'sAlyA/, or maz s'AyU;  feminine,   MARSHALL, a post-village and township, capital of CalMarSEmLLAaSS, maesIl'yAzt; and MASSILI.N, mas-sille-an, houn co., Mlichigan, on the Kalamazoo River, and on the
when the ancienttown is referred to.                       Central Railroad, 48 miles S.W. of Lansing, and 110 miles
MARSEILLES, mar-sadlz, a thriving post-village and  W. of Detroit. It has a pleasant situation, and is one of the
township of Wyandot co., Ohio, about 60 miles N.N.W. of  most flourishing inland towns of the peninsula. It contains
Columbus. Pop. over 300; of the township, 538.             Marshall College, 2 newspaper offices, several churches, 1
MARSEILLES, a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, 136  woollen factory, and 4 flouring-mills.  Pop. in 1853, about
miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.                              2500; of the township in 1850, 2822.
MARSEILLES, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, on    MARSHALL, a small post-villaer  and township of Clarke
the Illinois River and Canal, 76 miles W.S.W. of Chicago.    co., Illinois, on the National Road, about 130 miles E.S.E.
MARSELLA, a city of France. See MAasm.LLES.             of Springfield.  It was formerly the county seat. Pop. 1341.
MARSH, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.         MARSHALL, a township in Platte co., Missouri. Pop
MARSH CHAP/EL, parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        2243.
MARS}I GIBIBON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.         MARSHALL, a post-village, capital of Saline co., Missouri:
MARWSHALL, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, bor- 87 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City, contains a court-house
dering on Pennsylvania and Ohio, has an area of about 230  church, and a few stores.
square miles. The Ohio River washes its W. border, and    MARSHALL, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa.
1140




MAR                                                        MAR
MARSHALL COLLEGE. See MERCERSBURG, Pa.                      MARSITON MAG/NA, a parish of England, co. of Somerset
MARSHALL ISLANDS, a small group in the Pacific    MARSITON MAI/SEY, a parish of England, co. of I~ilts.3cean, Mulgrave Archipelago. Lat. 70 30' N., ion. 1730 30' E.   MARS/TON MONTGOM/ERY, a parish of England, co. of
MARSHALL'S CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co., Penn-  Derby.
sylvania.                                                     MARSTON MOORS, a locality of England, in Yorkshlire,
MARSHALL'S FERRY, a post-office of Granger co., memorable for the defeat of the forces of King Charles I.,
Tennessee.                                                  in 1644.
MARSHALL'S POINT, at the E. entrance of Herring Gut,   MARSJTON MORE/TAINE, a parish of England, co. oC
Lincoln co., Maine. On it is a fixed light, 30 feet above the  Bedford.
level of the sea. Lat. 430 50' N., lon: 690 9' 30" W.         MARSTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
MAR/SHALLSVILLE, a post-office of Greenbrier co.,   MARSITON PRIIORS, a parish of England. co. of Warwick,
Virginia.                                                     MARSITON SIC/CA, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
MARSIIALLSV ILLE, a post-village in Macon co., Georgia,   MARS/TON'S MILLS, a post-office of Barnstable  co.,
on the South-West Railroad, 70 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. Massachusetts.
MARSI-IALLSVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio,   MARS/TON ST. LAW/RENCE, a parish of England, co. of
100 miles N.E. of Columbus.                                 Northampton.
MAR/SHALLTON, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsyl-    MARS/TON TRUSISEL, a parish of England, co. of North.
vania, about 30 miles W. of Philadelphia.                   ampton.
MIARSHALL TURNPIKE, a post-office of Marshall co.,   MAR/STOW, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Mississippi.                                                  MARSTRAND, maR/strand, a seaport town of West SweMAR/SIHALLYILLE or CUM/BERLAND WORKS, a village  den, len and 20 miles N.W. of Gothenburg, on an island in
in Maurice River township, Cumberland co., New Jersey, on  the Cattegat. Pop. 1200. It has a harbor defended by 2
Tuckahoe Creek, contains some extensive glass works, and  forts, and a bomb-proof castle.
upwards of 40 dwellings.                                      MARS/WORTII, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
MARSH/AM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             IMIARTA, ma/Rlt, a small river of the Papal States, by
MAR/SI-APEEW  or MARSHI/PEE' DISTRICT, an ancient which  Lake Bolsena sends its surplus waters into the
Indian settlement of Barnstable Co., Massachusetts, abotA  Mediterranean; total course about 30 miles.
48 miles S.E. of Plymouth.                                    MARTABAN, mar'ta-bant, a frontier town of the Burmese
MARSII/BOG, a village of Monmouth co., New Jersey, dominions, capital of a province, on the Salwin River, near its
about 10 miles S,E. of Freehold.                            mouth, 10 miles N.W. of Maulmain. Lat. 160 32' N., Ion. 970
MARSH CREEK, of Adams co., Pennsylvania, is a branch  35' E. It stands ona declivity, and is enclosed by a stockade,
of the Monocacy River.                                      built of wood.  It has several conspicuous temples; and
IMIARSH CREEK, a post-office of Gibson co., Indiana.'    beside the river is a battery of masonry; but Maulmain has
MARSHI/FIELD, a market-town and parish of England, succeeded to most of its former commerce. Martaban was
co. of Gloucester, 13 miles E. of Bristol. Pop. 1648. The  captured by the British in 1824, and again in 1852.
town, consisting of one street, nearly 1 mile in length, has    MARTABAN, GULF OF, an inlet of the Bay of Bengal,
a considerable trade in malt.. between lat. 140 and 170 N., and ion. 940 and 9SO E., having
MARSIHFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.   N. the Burmese dominions, and E. the British Tenasserim
MARSHI/FIELD, a post-vilIage and township of Washing- provinces. It receives the Irrawaddy, Setang, and Salwin
ton co., Vermont, on Onion River, about 11 miles E.N.E. of  Rivers; and on its E. coast is the town of Amherst.
Montpelier. Pop. 1102.                                        MARTANA, mas-tWnn, a small island of Italy, in the
MARSHFIELD, a post-village and township of Plymouth  N.W. part of Lake Bolsena, Papal States, memorable as
co., Massachusetts, on Massachusetts Bay, 28 miles S.E. by  the scene of the imprisonment and murder of Amalasontha,
S. of Boston. The farm and country residence of the late  Queen of the Goths, only daughter of Theodoric, and niece
Daniel Webster is in the S. part, about 12 miles N. of Ply- of Clovis. She was strangled in 535, by the order or conmouth. Marshfield has.manunictories of machinery, and is  nivance of her cousin Theodatus, with whomi she had shared
the seat of the Douglas Manuflacturing Company, for making  her kingdom.
cotton sheetings, &c. Pop. 1837.                              MAIRTANO, mac-tI/no, a town of South Italy, Naples, proMARSHFIELD, a post-office of Erie co., New York.          vince and 12 miles W.N.W. of Otranto. Pop. 2500.
MARS HILL, of Aroostook co., Maine, about 1 mile W. of    MARTEE-KIIAN-KA-TANDA, maR/tee'kln-ki-tln/dA, a
the New Brunswick boundary line. It is an isolated emi- town of Sinde, near the Indus, 16 miles SW. of Khyerpoor.
nence with 2 peaks, one 1506 feet, and the other 1363 feet It has a brisk trade withJoodpoor, chiefly in cottons, to the
above the level of St. John's River.                        amount of 40001., and other articles of the value of 6000/.,
MARS HILL, a small village of Clarke co., Georgia.        annually.
MARSH ISLAND, at the entrance to Vermilion Bay, Loui-    MARTEL, maat~llf, (L.'Msartel/lem,) a town of France,
siana. At its W. end is a revolving light, elevated 90 feet.  department of Lot, 35 miles N.N.E. of Cabors. Pop. 3150.
MARSHLAND, a post-office of Richmond co., New York.    MARTFELD, maat/f lt, a village of lanover, Unterhoya,
MARSh'S LANDING, a post-office of Contra Costa co., bailwick of Hoya. Pop. 1136.
California.                                                   MAR/TIIA FURINACE, a post-village of Centre co., P ennMARSHVILLE, a village in Hermon township, St. Law- sylvania, in Bald Eagle Valley, 100 miles W.N.W. of Iiar.
rence co., New York, on Elm Creek, about 25 miles S.E. of  risburg.
Ogdensburg, with which it is connected by a plank-road.       MARTIIALEN, maR't/llen, a village of Switzerland, canMARSSHWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           ton and 18 miles N.N.E. of Zurich, near the Rhine. P. 1140.
IMIARSHY IhOPE, a small river, rises in Kent co., Dela-    MARTIHAM, mart/ham, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
ware, and enters the Nanticoke on the boundary between    MAR/TITA'S, or MARITHA'S FUR/NACE, a post-village
Dorchester and Somerset counties of Maryland.               of Hardin co., Illinois, 5 miles from the Ohio River.
MARSICO NUOVO, matlse-ko noo-o/vo, an episcopal city    MAR/THASVILLE, a post-village in Warren co., Missouri,
of Naples, province of Basilicata, 18 miles S. of Potenza. near the l Missouri River, 65 miles E. by N. of Jefferson City.
Pop. 7400.                                                    MARTHA'S VINEYARD, an island lying off the S.E.
MARSICO VETERE, maa/se-ko vlttl-rA, (ane. Abellilnszm   coast of Massachusetts, and separated from Barnstable co.
fesarlsicims,) a town of Naples, 4 miles E.S.E. of Marsico  by Vineyard Sound, which is from 3A to 7 miles wide. It is
Nuovo. Pop, 3000.                                           21 miles in length, and from  3 to 9 miles in breadth. It
MARSIGLIANA, man-seel-yi/ni, a village of Tuscany, forms a part of Duke's county, Massachusetts, which see.
province and'19 miles S.E. -of Grossetto, on the Albegna.   MARTHA'S VINEYARD, a post-office of Chatham  co.,
Pop. 2000.                                                  North Carolina.
MARSILLARGUES, maatssee'yacg/, a town  of France,    MARTHOD, mal-tod/, a village of the Sardinian States,
department of Ih6rault, 15 miles E.N.E. of Montpellier.  Upper Savoy, 3 miles from Albert-Ville. Pop. 1307.
Pop. 3549.                                                    MARTHON, maR'tlNs/, a town of France, department of
MARSIVAN, maa'se-v n/, or MARSOVAN, maa'so-vnl, a  Charente, 14 miles E.S.E. of Angonulime.  Pop. 624-. It has
large village ofAsia Minor, pashalic of Seevas, 2n miles W.N.W. remains of fortifications, and manufactories of woollens,
of Amasia, in a wide undulating plain. It is stated to com- iron-mines in its vicinity, and 12 annual fairs.
prise 5000 houses, of which 1000 are inhabited by Armenians,   MARTH, VOROS, (V'ris,) vb'rlsh/ mact, a village of
and it has many mosques and fountains, and some manu- Hungary, co. of Baranya. Pop. 1597.
factories of cotton stuffs.                                   MAR/TIC, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,
MARSK, two parishes of England, co. of York, North  on the Susquehanna River. Pop. 3099.
Riding.                                                       MAR/TICVILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., PenusylMARSTAL, maRstill, a seaport town of Denmark, duchy  vania, 8 miles S. of Lancaster.
i)f Sleswick, on the E. coast of the island of Azroe, in the    MARTIGNANO, maa'teen-yl/no, a village of Austrian
Baltic. Pop. 2100.                                          Italy, 19 miles E.S.E. of Cremona, on the Po. Pop. 1450.
MARStTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              MARTIGNANO, a village of Naples, province of Otranto,
MARSTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.              9 miles S.S.E. of Lecce.
MARS/TON BIGIOTT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    MARTIGNI-BRIAND, martteen'yA/bree'e e/, a marketMARSTON oN DOVE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.  town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 16 miles W.
MARSTON FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.    of Saumur.  Pop. in 1852, 2124.
MARSTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of York.           MAIARTIGNF-FERCIIAUD, maaRteen'yA/L-f5-sh6/, a village
1110




FMAR                                                      MAR
_:f France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 21 miles S.S.W. of  again taken by the British in 1809, and restored a second time
Vitr6. Pop. in 1852, 3793.                                to France. at theclose of the war in 1814. Pop. 121,478.
MARTIGNY LA VILLE, maR'teen'yee l& veel, (anc. Octo-   MARTINO, maR-teehno, a village of Brazil, province of Riodulrcus? Ger. ellartinach, manate-nk',) a town of Switzer- Grande-do-Norte, 170 miles WV. of Natal. Pop. 2000.
land, canton of Valais, 17 miles W.S.W. of Sion, on the right   MARTIN'S, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia.
bank of the Drance. Pop. 1000.                              MARTINSBERG, mnartins-b6RaG, (Hun. Szent ~afrtony,
MAtRTIGNY-LE-BOURG, maReteen'yee lob boon, a market- slot m~a'toAi,) a mnarket-town of West Hungary, co. and
town of Switzerland, half a mile S. of Martigny. P. 2457.  12 miles S.E. of Raab, with an ancient Benedictine abbey,
MARTIGUES, niaRteeg/, (L. Mlaritimna Colonia Antiio-i founded by Stephen I. of Hungary. Pop. 1893.
rum,) a town of France, department of Bouches-du-Rh~ne, 21    MARTINSBERG, Transylvania.  See MArTONzHEeG.
miles S.W. of Aix, near the Etang de Berre. Pop. in 1852,   MARITINSBURG, a post-village and township, capital of
8520. It has extensive fisheries in the lake, and boat- Lewis co., New York, about 130 miles N.W. of Albany. The
building.                                                 village contains, besides the county buildings, 5 or 6
MAR/TIN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           churches, an academy, a bank, a newspaper office, and
MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. manufactories of wool and flour. Pop. estimated at 700; of
MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.              the township, in 1850, 2677.
MARTIN, a hamlet of England co. of Lincoln.               MARTINSBURG, a thriving post-borough of Blair co.,
MAR/TIN, a county in the E. central part of North Caro- Pennsylvania, is situated in Morrison's Cove, a rich valley
lina; area estimated at 430 square miles. The Roanoke among the Alleghany Mountains, 112 miles W. of Harrisforms the entire N. boundary.  The surface is level, and the  burg.
soil generally sandy. The Roanoke River is navigable for    MARTINSBUIRG, a village of Butler co., Pennsylvania,
large boats on the border of the county, and large quantities  about 18 miles N.N.E. of Butler.
of lumber (pine and cedar) are exported by this means.   MARTINSBURG, a flourishing post-village, capital of
Formed in 1774, and named in honor of Josiah Martin, Berkley co., Virginia, on Tuscarora Creek, and on the Balthen governor of the colony. Capital, Williamston.   Pop. tin-ore and Ohio Railroad, 180 miles N. of Richmond. It is
8307; of whom 4940 were free, and 3367 slaves.            situated in a fertile and elevated region, a few miles W. of
MARTIN, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, has an  the Blue Ridge. It has an active trade, and is an important
area of 340 square miles. It is intersected by the East Fork  station on the railroad, containing the machine shops and
of White River, and by Lick Creek. The surface is hilly. engine-houses of the company. The abundant water-power
The soil contains a large proportion of clay. A railroad is furnished by the creek is employed in tlhe maqufacturing
projectedthrough the county, from Cincinnati to St. Louis. of flour, iron, &c. The town contains 4 or 5 churches, 2
Stone-coal, iron ore, and grit or hard sandstone are abundant. academies, 2 newspaper offices, and an almshouse. Pop. in
Organized in 1820, and named in honor of the late Major  1853, about 2500.
M1artin, of Kentucky. Capital, Dover IIill. Pop. 5941.      MARTINSBURG, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, about
MARTIN, a post-township in the E. part of Allegan co., 40 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It contains an academy and
Michigan. Pop. 329.                                        several churches.
MAIRTINA, mar-teelng, a town of Naples, province of    MARTINSBURG, a post-village of Washington co., indi.
Otranto, 19 miles N.N.E. of Taranto. Pop. 4000.            anna, 12 miles S.S.E. of Salem.
MARTINACIH. a town of Switzerland. See M.ATIGNz.           MARTINSBURG, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois.
MARTINCZE, manr-tinoss, a villageo of Austria, Slavonia,   MARTINSBURG, a post-village of Ripley co., Missouri,
about 22 miles E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 3106.              190 miles S.E. by S. of Jefferson City.
MARITINDALE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., North    MARTIN'S CREEK, of Northampton co., Pennsylvania.
C~arolina.                                                 flows into the Delaware River.
MARTINDALE DEPOT, a post-village of Columbia co.,   MARTIN'S CREEK, a post-office of Northampton co,
New York, on the Harlem  Railroad, 35 miles S. by E. of  Pennsylvania.
Albany.                                                      MARTIN'S CREEK, a post-office of Pickens district, South
MARTINDALE'S CREEK, of Indiana, enters the White- Carolina.
water River near Milton, Wayne co.                           MARTIN'S FERRY, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
MARTINENGO, maa-te-nln/go, a walled town of Austrian    MARTIN'S FORK, a pest-office of Lewis co., Kentucky.
Italy, province and 10 miles S.S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 4093.    IIARTIN'S HILL, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.
MARTINET/TA, a township in Brown co., Wisconsin.   MARTIN'S LANDING, a smallvillage of Cole co., Missouri.
Pop. 243.                                                    MARTIN'S LIMEKILNS, a post-office of Stokes co., North
MARTINEZ, mar-teelnc, a post-town of California, situ- Carolina.
ated in the-N. part of Contra Costa co., of which it is the   MIARTIN'S STORE, a post-office of Macon co., Georgia, on
capital, is separated from Benicia by the strait connecting  the South-Western Railroad, about 50 miles E. by S. of
Suisoon and San Pablo Bays.                                Columbus.
MAR/TINIOE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             MAR/TINSTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
MARTIN HUSISINGTREE, a parish of England, co. of    MAR/TINSVILLE, a post-village in Wheatfield toownship,
Worcester.                                                 Niagara co., New York, on the N. branch of Tonawanda
MARTINIANA, maa-te-ne-/ng, a village of the Sardinian  Creek, about 15 miles N. of Buffalo. It contains 2 stores, a
States, Piedmont, 6 miles W. of Saluzzo, on the Pu. P. 1689. steam saw-mill, and a tavern. Pop. about 600.
MARTINICO, one of the West Indies. See MAnrTNIQUE.         MARTINSVILLE, apost-office of Somerset co., New Jersey.
MARTIN/ICUS ISLAND, S. of Penobscot Bay, Saine: on    MARTINSVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Peunsylit are two fixed lights, 40 feet from each other, and 82 feet vania.
above the level of the sea. Lat. 430 4' 30" N., Ion. 680 49' V.   MiARTINS~ILLE, a post-village of Northampton  co.,
MARTINIQUE, mar'tin-eekf, called by the natives IMADI- Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, 115 miles E.N.E. of
ANA, mg-de-S/nS, (Sp. Martinico, mase-te-neelko,) one of the  Harrisburg. The pest-office is named Martin's Creek.
French West India Islands, Windward group. Its loftiest   MARTINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Itenry co.,
summit, Mount Pelte, 4450 feet high, is in lat. 140 48' N., ion. Virginia, on a branch of the Dan River, 207 miles WY.S.W.
610 10' WV.; 30 miles S. by W. of Dominica, and 20 miles N. of  of Richmond.
St. Lucia. It is of irregular form, high and rocky, about 45    MARTINSVILLE, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, on
miles long, and 10 miles to 15 miles broad; area, 380 square  the Ohio River, 2 miles above Wlheeling. It contains 3
miles. There are six extinct volcanoes on the island; one of  churches, several stores, and about 500 inhabitants.
the craters is of large dimensions. Extensive masses of vol-  MIARTINSVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 10
canic rocks cover the interior, rise to a great elevation, and ex- miles S. of Wilmington.
tend from the mountains to the shores of the sea, where they   MIIARTINSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Washington
form numerous deep indentations along the coast. Between  township, and capital of Morgan co., Indiana, 1 mile E. of
the volcanic rocks, occur broad irregular valleys of great the W. fork of WVhite River, and 31 miles S.S.W. of Indianfertility. About two-fifths of the island is under cultivation. apolis. A large amount of; produce is bought atit this place,
The mountain slopes are in most parts covered with primeval and shipped by the river during high water. This iillage is
forests. Numerous streams flow from the heights, most of  the western terminus of a railroad which connects with the
them mere rivulets, but a few are navigable for boats for a  Madison and Indianapolis Railroad at Franklin. It contains
short distance from their mouths. The principal produc- a court-house, several churches, and a newspaper office.
tions are sugar, coffee, cocoa, and cotton. The quantity of  Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1000.
sugar exported in 1850 was 279,757 cwt.; in 1851, 387,269    MARTINSVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Illinois, on
cwt.; and in 1852, 310,939 cwt.                           the National Road, 84 miles E. by N. of Vandalia.
It has several good harbors, the best of which is Port   MARITINTOWN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
Royal on the S.V. side. The principal town is St. Pierre, Glengarry, 75 miles S.W. of Montreal, and 13 miles from
on the N.W. side of the island. The administration of  Cornwall. It contains several stores. Pop. about 300.
Martinique is under a governor and a privy council   MARlTIN VAS ISLANDS, a cluster Df rocky islets in the
of 7 members, aided by a colonial council, composed of  Atlantic Ocean, E. of South America
80 members. The island was discovered by the Spaniards   MIARTIRANO, mat-te-rdlno, a town of Naples, province
in 1493. In 1635 it was settled by the French, who eventu- of Calabria Ultra, 8 miles N. of Nicastro. Pop. 2106.
ally extinguished the aboriginal race. It was subsequently    MARTIRES, Los,!oce masti/te-res, three small low islands
taken by the British, in 1794, and restored in 1802 it was in the North Pacific Ocean, about lat. 70 34'N., Ion. 149029' E
1151




MAR                                                      MAR
MARTIRIOS, mar-tee/re-oce, a village of Brazil, province  fishery. Two miles distant is the ancient castle of Inverlochy,
af Minas-Geraes, between the Yelhas and the Paraupeba. the seat of Banquo, progenitor of the royal house of Stuart.
The inhabitants cultivate millet, haricots, rice, and sugar-   MAIRYCULTER, a parish 6f Scotland, co. of Kincardine,
cane, and make brandy. Pop. 7000.                         on the S. bank of the Dee, 8 miles S.W. of Aberdeen. It
MARTIS, man/tees', a village on the island of Sardinia, has a Roman Catholic college for divinity students.
division of Sassari. Pop. 1310.                             MA/RYHILL, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 3 miles
MARTIZAY, maRftee'zY/, a market-town of France, depart- N.W. of Glasgow, on the banks of the Kelvin, here crossed
ment of Indre, arrondissement of Le Blanc. Pop. 1932.     by the Forth and Clyde Canal. It contains two print works,
MARtTLESHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        bleach and glass works, an iron-foundry, spinning-mill, and
MARTLET/WY, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.          boat-building yards. Pop. 2552.
MARTILEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.           MA/RYKIRK or ABERLUTHINET, a parish of Scotland,
MARIt'OCK, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  co. of Kincardine.
]~omerset, on the Parret, 61 miles W.N.W. of Yeovil. P. 3025.   MARYLAND, mA/re-Iand, one of the thirteen original states
MARTOLA MARIAM, maR-toliA m're-Am/, a town of  of the American confederacy, and the most southern of the
Abyssinia, state of Amhara, on a hill, lat. 100 51' N., ion. Middle States, is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by
370 48' E., and having remains of a fine church.           Delaware and the Atlantic, and S.S.W. and W. by Virginia,
MAR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            from which it is separated by the Potomac River. It lies
MARTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.             between 380 and 390 44' N. lat., and between 750 101 and 790
MARTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, 20' W. Ion. Maryland is very irregular in outline, occupy51 miles N. of Stokesley. Captain Cook, the famous nayvi- ing an extent of about 190 miles on its northern boundary,
gator, was born hera in 1728.                              which contracts on its W. side till at its southern limits it
M1ARTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.         has scarcely half that extent, even including Chesapeake
MARTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.         Bay. Its greatest breadth, in a N. and S. direction, is about
MARTON, LONo, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland. 120 miles. This state is divided by Chesapeake Bay into two
MARITON wIrn GRAF/TON, a parish of England, co. of  portions, called the Eastern and Western Shore; the two
York, West Riding.                                         divisions, exclusive of the bay, including an area of about
MAR/TON wITH MOX/BY, a parish of England, co. of York, 9356 square miles, or 5,987,840 acres, of which 2,797,905 were
North Riding.                                              improved land in 1850. The Western Shore is ab6ut double
MARTONIEGY, m6Ritonehldjl, orMARTINSBERG, mae/- the area of the Eastern. About 60 square miles of the oritins-beRG', a village of Austria, Transylvania, about 12 miles ginal territory of Maryland have been taken off by its grant
firom Siombath. Pop. 1117.                                 of the District of Columbia to the government of the United
MARTONVASAR, m6e'ton'vlh'sai/, a market-town of B un- States.
gary, 17 miles SW. of Buda. Pop. 1394..a tcee of the Counstry.-The surface on both shores of ChesaMARTONYOS, m6Reton'yosh/, a village of IHungary, 16 peake Bay is level, and the soil sandy. A range of hills enmiles S.W. of Szegedin, on the Theiss. Pop. 4153.          ters the state where the N. boundary strikes the SusqueMARTOREL, maa-to-rtlf, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 12  hanna, and extends in a S.W. direction to thle Potomac
miles N.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat, with a-bridge and  River, which it intersects about 10 miles above Washington
triumphal arch of Roman construction. Pop. 3106.           City. This ridge divides the alluvial from the mountainous
MARTOS, mar/toce, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 9 miles  portion of the state. The mountainous district occupies the
W.S.W. of Jaen. It is indifferently built; has two squares, strip of territory (not more than 4 miles wide in its narrowcrooked, steep, and unpaved streets; three fine churches, est part) in the N.W. of the state, between the Pennsylsome chapels, two convents, a handsome town-house, pri- vania line and the Potomac River. This section is crossed
son, hospital, several schools, an orphan asylum, small by different ridges of the Alleghany Mountains, bearing
theatre, and, at some distance S. of the town, two bathing  different local names, such as South-East Mountain.  Sugarestablishments, the waters of which contain sulphur, meg-  Loaf Mountain, Catoctin, Blue Ridge, Kittatinny, Rugged
nesia, alum, &c. Linen, pottery ware, hats, and oil, are made. Mountain, and Will's Mountain. None of these are of any
Pop. 11,092.                                               great elevation. A belt of primary formation, composed of
MARTRES, maat'r, a market-town of France, department gneiss, mica slate, serpentine hornblende, limestone, clay
of Iaute-Garonne, 24 miles S.W. of Muret. Pop. 1650.       slate, &c., forms the mountainous part of this district.
MARTRES DE VEYRE, mat/t'r deh v.AR, a market-town    Miserals.-The N.W. part of this state is rich in bituninous
ofrance, department of Puy-de-DSme, 8 miles S.E. of Cler- coal and iron. The coal region, though only covering an
mont. Pop. 1929.                                           area of 550 square miles, is very productive. The trade in
MART/VILLE, a post-village of Sterling township, Cayuga  this coal has received a double impetus recently by the cornco., New York, 175 miles W. by N. of Albany.               pletion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and from the
MARUA, m&-roo/A, MAURUA, m6w-roo/a, or MAUPITI, increased demand for its use in steam-vessels.  The sales of
mow-pee/tee, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific  coal increased from 1708 tons, in 1842, to 533,980, in 1853.
Ocean; lat. 160 26' S., Ion. 1520 12' W.                   The extent of its iron resources will be best shown by the
MARUM, mA/rtim, a village of Holland, province and 12  simple statement of the fact that there were 31 furnaces in
miles S.W. of Groningen. Pop. 794.                         Maryland in 1853, smelting 70,500 tons of iron; an increase
MARUTEA. See LoRD IOOD's ISLtND.                         of 27,000 tons over 1850. Copper mining is beginning to
MARVAO, (Marvyo,) mal-vwWN~/, a fortified town of Por- attract much attention in this state, and mines have been
tugal, province of Alem-tejo, on the Spanish frontier, 11  opened in Frederick and Carroll counties. Traces of nickel
miles N.E. of Portalegre, with a citadel and extensive  and cobalt are found in the Springfield Mine, and argentife.
cisterns. Pop. 1300.                                       rous galena in the Dolby Hide Mine. Cobalt has been found
MARVAO, maa-vOwNGI, a town of Brazil, province of  on the Patapsco. The capital engaged in copper mining in
Piauhy, on the Marvao, 150 miles N.E. of Oeiras. Pop. 1850, was $13,200. The other minerals are alum, porcelain3000.                                                      clay, lime, chrome, manganese, magnesia, barytes, marble,
MARVEJOLS, m vaalvh-zholf, (L. fenari/ogiues,) a town of  marls, ochres, hones, and even gold. Lignites occur abunFrance. department of Lozlre, on the right branch of the  dantly in Anne Arundel county, associated with iron pyrites
Coulagues, 10 miles W.N.W. of Mende. Pop. in 1852, 4386. and amber.
MAR/VEL, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, 150 miles    Rivers and Bays.-The Chesapeake Bay extends northW. by S. of Jefferson City.                                ward about 120 miles within this state, with a breadth vaMARVILLE, maa'veel, a village of France, department tying from 7 to 20 miles. It is navigable for large vessels
of Meuse, 6 miles S.E. of Montmedy, with 1263 inhabitants. throughout its whole extent, and receives the large and
MARIVIN, a post-village of Chautauque co., New York, navigable river Potomac at the S. extremity of the state,
about 280 miles W. by S. of Albany.                        besides the Patuxent and Patapsco from the W., the SusMARVIN, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.    quehanna from the N., and the Elk, Chester, Choptank,
MARVINS, a village in Adair co., Iowa, 170 miles W.S.W. Nanticoke, and Pocomoke from the E. All these rivers are
of Iowa City.                                              more or less navigable for small ocean craft, and the PotoMARVIN'S MILL, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio.       mac for the largest class vessels to Alexandria. The bay
MARWAR. a state of Hindostan. See JOODPOOe.              abounds with fine fish, oysters, and terrapins. The waters
MAR/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             of the bay back up in numerous inlets, and bring the means
MA/RY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Arkansas.           of cheap and easy transport almost to the very doors of the
MARYAMPOL, ml-re-Am/pol, a small town of Austrian  farmer, beside furnishing him with a cheap supply of a great
Galicia, on the Dneister, 11 miles N.E. of Stanislawow.    variety of the finest fish. There are a number of islands in
MARY ANN, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 999.  Chesapeake Bay, the principal of which are' Kent Island,
MARY ANN FURINACE, a small village of Cumberland  opposite the city of Annapolis,12 miles long, and Tangier
co., Pennsylvania.                                         Island, farther south.
M1A/RYBOROUGH, a borough and town of Ireland, Lein-   Objects qf Interest to Tourists. —Maryland shares with Yir.
ster, c:apital of Queen's co., with a station on the Great ginia the wild scenery at Harper's Ferry, where the Potomac
South and West Railway, 531 miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. bursts through the Blue Ridge, and which Mr. Jefferson
3633.                                                     declared worth a voyage across the Atlantic to witness. The
-IARYBURGI, m/re-blr'rith, a village of Scotland, co. falls of the Potomac, about 14 miles above Georgetown,
of Inverness, on Loch Eil. at the mouth of the Lochy, im- though of no great perpendicular height, are represented
mediartely S.W. of Fort William.  It has a large herring  as being one of the most interesting cataracts in the United
1152




MAR                                                       MAR
States. The descent is about 80 feet in 1. miles, from 30 to  will probably be multiplied rapidly by the increased pro40 feet of which are in one perpendicular pitch. It is not, ductiveness of the completed works.  Discoveries of new
however, the fall of water that constitutes the whole inter- veins of coal in the Cumberland coal region, for which
est cf the scene, which is very much heightened by the  there is now a great demand for steamships and other purwild, perpendicular cliffs that shut in the river on the Vir- poses, together with the increased production of iron from
ginia side.                                                the same region, cannot fail to add greatly to the income
Climtate, Soil, and Productions.-Maryland occupies a po- from the canal. In January, 1854, there were in Maryland
sition about equally removed from  the extremes of the  597 miles of railroad in operation, and 30 in course of conNorth and South as to temperature. Her contiguity to the  struction. These roads connect Baltimore with Wheeling
ocean, and the fact of the Chesapeake Bay permeating her  and Cincinnati, and various intermediate places, with Wash.
midst, give her the advantage of whatever mitigating effects ington City, with Wilmington, in Delaware, with Harrislarge bodies of water may exert on climate. On the other  burg, York, and Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, and with
hand, the lowlands on the borders of the Chesapeake Bay  Annapolis, the state capital.  The Chesapeake and Delaare subject to exhalations of miasmatic matter, which give  ware Canal opens an inland navigation to Philadelphia,
rise to bilious fevers and fevers with ague in the autumn.   and the Susquehanna Canal gives Baltimore a share in the
The soil of the Eastern Shore, and some of the counties trade of the interior of Pennsylvania, bringing to her the
on the Western, is a mixture of sand and clay, which, lumber of Southern New York. Hagerstown, in Maryland,
though not of the most fertile character, is easily improved, is also connected with Chambersburg, Carlisle, and Ilarrisand, by the aid of manure, which it possesses at hand in its  burg, in Pennsylvania.
extensive beds of marl, well repays cultivation. Some of    Cosmnerce.-Maryland possesses great facilities both for
the valleys of the middle and northern counties are highly  foreign and internal commerce, having the Chesapeake Bay,
fertile. Maryland has formerly suffered from an injudicious navigable for the largest vessels, extending through the
system of agriculture, of constant cropping with but little  heart of her territory, and her south-western shore washed
manuring. This system is, however, happily passing away; by the Potomac and the Susquehanna, floating a portion
emigrants from the North are taking up the lands worn  of the products of Southern New York and the interior of
out by the system referred to, and by means of guano,  Pennsylvania to her commercial metropolis. Communicatbone-dust, marl, and other manures, are restoring the land  ing with the great West by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
to more than its pristine fertility. The soil receives im-  and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal; with Pennsylvanial
provement easily, is readily cultivated, and the farmers and the north-east, by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal;
emigrating from  the rougher soil of the North find their  and by several railroads, Maryland has every prospect of
labors here much diminished. Maryland ranks third of the  increasing her trade in a rapid ratio. The Cumberland coal,
states of the Union in the absolute amount of tobacco pro- now much in demand for steamers, will add greatly to her
duced; and, if we regard population, the second.  The  coasting tonnage. The prime articles of foreign export are
othej great staples are wheat and Indian corn; besides  flour, wheat, pork, and tobacco. The imports of Maryland
whidh, large quantities of oats, rye, buckwheat, flax, hay, for the year 1852-3, amounted to $6,330,078, and her exports
grass-seeds, Irish and sweet potatoes, pease, beans, fruits, to $7,906,459; tonnage entered, 119,089; cleared, 143,596;
butter, beeswax, honey, and wool,. and some barley, wine, owned in the state, 206,086; and number of vessels built,
cheese, hops, hemp, silk, maple sugar, and molasses are pro- 122, with a tonnage of 16,901. Of the vessels built, 1 only
duced. According to the census of 1850, there were in  was a steamer. See BALTIrMORE.
Maryland 21,860 farms, occupying 2,797,905 acres of im-    RElucation.-According to the census of 1850, Maryland
proved land, (about 130 acres to each farm,) producing  had 11 colleges, with 992 students and $101,714 income, of
4,494,680 bushels of wheat; 226,014 of rye; 10,749,858 of  which only $1700 was from public funds; 907 public schools,
Indian corn; 2,242,151 of oats; 12,816 of pease and beans; with 33,254 pupils and $220,148 income, of which $67,273
764,939 of Irish potatoes; 208,993 of sweet potatoes; 103,671  was from public funds, and $88,663 from taxation; and 224
of'buckwheat; 17,778 of grass seeds; 2446 of flax-seed;  academies and other schools, with 10,677 pupils and $242,229
21,407,497 pounds of tobacco; 477,438 of wool; 3,806,160 of  income, of which $7165 was from public funds, and $14,995
butter; 157,956 tons of hay; 1933 of hemp; 35,686 pounds firom endowments. Attending schools, as reported by famiof flax; 47,740 of maple sugar; 74,802 of beeswax and  lies, 62,063. Free adults who could not read and write,
honey; live stock valued at $7,997,634; orchard, products, 41,877, of whom 3451 were of foreign birth. According to
$164,051; market products, $200,869; and slaughtered ant- the American Almanac, there were in 1853, in Maryland, 5
mals, $1,954,800.                                           colleges with 433 students, and 2 medical schools with 125
Forest T-ees. —Several varieties of oak, pine, chestnut, students.
cedar, poplar, maple, fir, hickory, ash, beech, gum, birch,   -Religious Denominations.-Of the 909 churches in lMarypersimmon, sycamore, walnut, cypress, sassafras, locust, land in 1850, the Baptists owned 45, the Episcopalians 133,
dogwood, magnolia, holly, elm, and cherry are the prin-  Friends 26, German Reformed 22, Lutherans 40, Methodists
cipal woods.                                                479, Presbyterians 56, Roman Catholics 65, Free Church 6,
JManufacturec. —Maryland has a large amount of capital and minor sects 37; giving one church to every 641 persons.
invested in a great variety of manufactures. In 1850 there  Value of church property, $3,947,884.
were 3863 establishments, each producing $500 and up-    Periodicals. —There were published in 1850, 6 daily, 4 triwards annually; of these, 24 were cotton faictories, employ- weekly, 54 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 3 monthly newsing $2,236,000 capital, and 1008 male and 2014 female hands, papers and magazine, with an annual aggregate circulation
consuming raw material worth $1,165,579, and producing  of 19,612,724.
27,883,923 yards of stuffs, and 46,000 pounds of yarn, valued    Public  Institutions.-The  State  Penitentiary, located
at $2,120,504; 38 woollen factories, employing $244,000 capi- at Baltimore, received a state appropriation in 1851 of
tal, and 262 male and 100 female hands, consuming raw  $30,000. The number of convicts in this institution in
material worth $165,568, and producing 373,100 yards of  December, 1852, was 305, of whom 54 were minors; but for
stuffs, valued at $295,140; 51 furnaces, forges, &c., employ- the latter class a place of correction rather than punishing $2,559,750 capital, and 2699 male hands, consuming  ment is about to be supplied, in a House of Refuge, now in
raw material worth $1,259,426, and producing 59,885 tons  course of construction, which will embrace the improveof castings, pig iron, &c., valued at $2,512,831; $247,100  ments suggested by institutions established in other states.
were invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous  The Maryland Hospital for the Insane, at Baltimore, had
liquors, consunming 76,900 bushels of barley, 166,100 of  164 patients under care in the year 1852, of whom 101 were
Indian corn, 54,300 of rye, 460 of oats, and 25 ions of hops, private patients, and 63 public. Of these, 34 were admitted
employing 126 hands, and producing 26,380 barrels of ale, during the year, 10 recovered, 18 were discharged. 3 inand 787,400 gallons of whiskey, wine, &c.; and 116 tan- proved, 15 unimproved, and 6 died. The expenditures for
neries, employing $628,900 capital, consuming $725,612  the year were'$25,647.06. From the establishment of this 
worth of raw material, and producing leather valued at institution, in the early part of the present century, up to
$1,1031;139. Homemade manufactures, valued at $111,828, this time, (1853,) it has received from the state $111,000,
were fabricated.                                            and from other sources $98,000. There were in Maryland
Internal Improvements.-Maryland was among the earliest in 1850, 17 public libramies with 54,750 volumes, 92 Sundayof the United States to enter with zeal upon a system of  school and school libraries, with 34,650 volumes, 10 college
internal improvements; and it is believed that a portion  libraries with 33,792, and 5 church libraries with 1850 volof the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the first in Ame- ninumes.
rica used for the purposes of ordinary travel and transport   Population.-Maryland was originally settled mostly by
of goods. This state, as well as Pennsylvania, displayed  the English, but it partakes at present of much the same
more enterprise than caution  in projecting her earlier mixture of population that characterizes the United States
works of intercommunication, and involved herself in a  generally. The number of inhabitants was 319,728 in 1790,
heavy debt, particularly for the construction of the Chesa- 341,548 in 1800; 380,546 in 1810; 407,350 in 1820; 447,040
peake and Ohio Canal, for which, up to the year 1839, she  in 1830; 470,019 in 1840; 583,034 in 1850; of whom 211,187
had expended upwards of $7,000,000, and which has never  were white males, 206,756 white females, 35,192 free colored
been completed beyond Cumberland, (184 miles,) nor yielded  males, 39,531 free colored females, 45,944 male slaves, and
a remunerating income in tolls. Maryland has loaned and  44,424 female slaves. This population is divided into 87,384
expended more than $15,000,000 in aid of railroads and  families, occupying 81,708 dwellings. Representative popucanals, which are now likely to become richly remunera-  lation, 546,887. Of the white population, 399,396 were born
tive. She has already a sinking fund of $2,922,750, which  in the state; 41,712 in other states of the Union; 3467 in
3 X                                                                       1153




MAR                                                      MAS
En1gland;'19,557 in Ireland; 1353 in Scotland and Wales; at Bladensburg. The constitution of Maryland underwent
215 in British America; 26,936 in Germany; 507 in France; a radical change at the Revolution, and has been twice re1253 in other countries, and 462 whose places of birth were modelled since, viz. in 1833 and 1851.
unknown; making about 10 per cent, of the free population    MARYLAND, a post-village and township in the S.E. part
of foreign birth. Population to square mile, 53. There  of Otsego co. New York, about 65 miles W. by S. of Albany
occurred, in the year ending June 1, 1850, 9621 deaths, or  Pop. 2152.
about 17. in every 1000 persons. In the same period, &194    MARYLAND LINE, a post-office of Baltimore co., Marypaupers, of whom 1093 were foreigners, received aid, at an  land.
expense of about $16 to each person.  Of 261 deaf and    MAIRYLEBONE or ST. MARYLEBONE, a parliamentary
dumb, 38.were free colored, and 26 slaves; of 323 blind, 63  borough and parish of England, co. of Middlesex, forming
were free colored, and 45 slaves; of 546 insane, 44 were free  the N.W. quarter of the metropolis, having E. the borough
colored, and 25 slaves; and of 391 idiotic, 48 were firee  of Finsbury, and S. Westminster, on which side Oxford
colored, and 68 slaves. Of the entire population in 1850, Street forms its boundary. Pop. 287,465. The borough conthere were engaged in mining 313; in agriculture 69,851; sists mostly of elegant streets, very regularly laid out, and
in commerce 3249; in manufactures 21,325; in navigatiug  inhabited by many wealthy private families; and it comthe ocean 721; in internal navigation 1519; and in the  prises the Regent's Park, Portland Place, the upper part of
learned professions 1647.                                  Regent Street, Cavendish, Portman, Manchester, and Fitzroy
Counties.-Maryland is divided into 21 counties, viz., Alle- Squares; the new and splendid quarter between the Regent's
ghany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Caroline, Carroll, and Hyde Parks, the Colosseum, Princess's Theatre, MiddleCecil, Charles, Dorchester, Frederick, Harford, IHoward, sex Hospital, the terminus of the Great Western Railway, and
Kent, Montgomery, Prince George, Queen Anne, St. Mary's, several handsome churches. Since the Reform Act it has
Somerset, Talbot, Washington, and Worcester.  Capital, sent 2 members to the House of Commons.
Annapolis.                                                  MAIRYPORT, a seaport town of England, co. of CumberCities and Towns.-The principal towns of Maryland are  land, on the Ellen, at its mouth in the Irish Sea, conBaltimore, population in 1850, 169,054; Cumberland, 6073; nected by railway, 26 miles W.S.W. of Carlisle, and 12'miles
Frederick, 6028; Hagerstown, 3879; Annapolis, 3011; and  N.N.E. of Whitehaven. Pop. in 1851, 5698. It is well
several other towns with populations varying from 1000 to  built; has yards for ship-building, some manufactures of
1500.                                                     cottons, and large exports of coal to Scotland and Ireland.
Government, Piinances, Bants, &c. —The governor of Mary- Registdred shipping in 1846, 122 vessels; aggregate burden,
land is elected by the people for four years, and has a salary  15,416 tons. The harbor dries at low water.
of $3600 per annum, with the use of a furnished house.   M:ARY'S CREEK, Texas, rises in Cook co., and flows
The Senate consists of 22 members, elected for four, and  south-eastward into Stewart's Fork, in Tarrant county.
the House of Representatives of 74, elected for two years,   MARY'S GARDEN, a post-office of Cumberland co., North
both by the people. The state is divided into three districts, Carolina. 
from which the governor must be chosen in rotation. The    MAIRYSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
sessions of the legislature are biennial, and convene on the    iiMAIRYSVILLE, a post-village in Campbell co., Virginia,
first Wednesday in January. The judiciary consists, 1. Of  near Staunton River, 115 miles S.W. by WV. of Richmond.
a court of appeals, composed of four judges, elected from    MARYSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Charlotte co.,
districts by popular vote for ten years, but each judge must Virginia, is situated near the railroad from Richmond to
retire at the age of 70. The governor and Senate designate  Danville, 100 miles S.W. of the former. It contains 3
one of the four as chief justice; 2. Of eight circuit courts, churches, an academy, and about 600 inhabitants.
presided over by as many judges, each elected from a sepa-   MARYSVILLE, a post-office of Robeson co., North Carorate district, by popular vote, for ten years. The fifth cir- lina.
cult comprises the city of Baltimore, which has three courts,   MARYSVILLE, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.
viz. a superior court, court of common pleas, and a criminal,   MARYSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Blount
court. The judge of the latter is elected for six years; 3. Of  co., Tennessee, 18 miles S. by W. of Knoxville, and' about 8
an orphans' court in each county, and in the city of Balti- miles S. of HIolston River. It is the seat of the Southmore, composed of three persons as judges, elected by popu- Western Theological Seminary, founded by the Presbyterians
lar vote for four years. Registers, sheriffs, constables, jus- in 1821.
tices of the peace, and prosecuting attorneys are all elected    MARYSVILLE. See CLAYSVILLE.
by the people, for periods varying from two to six years.   MAIRYSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Paris township,
The judges of the court of appeals, and the Baltimore city  capital of Union co., Ohio, on Mill Creek, 30 miles N.W. of
courts, receive salaries of $2500, and the circuitjudges $2000  Columbus. It is situated in a beautiful and fertile country,
per annum. The office of attorney-general has been abo- at the intersection of two railroads, connecting it with Coliphed by the new constitution. No debt is to be contracted  lumbus, Springfield, Cincinnati, &c. Marysville contains a
by the state for a greater sum than $100,000, or for a longer  court-house, an academy, and several churches. Pop. 800.
period than 16 years. Every free white male citizen of the    MIARYSVILLE, a post-village, capital of De Kalb co., MitsUnited States, 21 years of age, resident in the state one  souri, about 150 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
year, and in the county, town, or city where he offers to    MARYSVILLE, a post-village of Benton co., Iowa, 40 miles
vote, for six months next preceding the election, may vote. N.W. by N. of Iowa City.
Maryland is entitled to 6 members in the national House    MARYSVILLE, a town of Kanzas, on the California road
of Representatives, and to 8 electoral votes for President of and on the Big Blue River, 125 miles W. of Leavenworth.
the United States. The assessed value of property in 1850,   MARYSVILLE, a flourishing city, capital of Yuba co.,
was $208,563,568.  The public debt in 1853, $15,356,224, California, is situated on the N. bank of Yuba River, 1 mile
including a contingent debt of $3,429,689, and a sinking,  above its junction with Feather River, and about 100 miles
fund of $2,922,750. School fund in 1853, $148,509; amount N.N.E. of Benicia. Steamboats ply regularly between this
of productive property, $11,212,617; and, of at present un- town and San Francisco; and the main road from  Sacraproductive property, $16,319,138; ordinary expenses, exclu- mento City passes through it. A daily newspaper is pubsive of debt and schools, $170,000. Receipts for 1853 lished here, and in 1852 the city had 4 churches. The town
amounted to $1,387,972, and -expenditures to $1,193,569. was commenced late in the fall of 1849. A city charter was
The number of banking institutions in January, 1854, was granted February 5, 1851, and amended May 7; 1853. The
25, with an aggregate capital of $9,558,409, a circulation of  population in 1854, according to the San Francisco Herald,
$4,918,381, and $3,405,900 in coin.                        was 9000.
lIistory. —Maryland derived its name from  Henrietta    MARYSVILLE, a post-village of Benton co., Oregon, on
Maria, queen of Charles I., who granted tO'Lord Baltimore the W. bank of the Willamette River.
a charter for the territory now occupied by the present state    MARY-TAVY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
of Maryland., Leonard Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore,    MAIfRYTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
led the first colony, which settled at St. Mary's, in 1634.' In    MAIRYVILLE, a post-village of Nodaway co., Missouri,
1649, to her lasting honor, Maryland passed an act granting  220 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.
religious toleration to all sects and creeds. In 1660, when    MARZAMENI, maad-zg-mnAlnee, a small island off the S.E.
Philip Calvert assumed the government,'the colony had  coast of Sicily, 21 miles S.S.W. of Syracuse.
12,000 inhabitants; eleven years afterwards they had'in-   MARZANO, maad-z no, a town of Naples, province of
creased to 20,000. In 1688, William III. assumed the govern- Terra di Lavoro, 24 miles E.N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 1400.
ment; which, however, was restored to the Calvert family    MAS AGENAIS, LE, leh m7z'zheh-nY, a small town of
twenty-seven years later. In 1694 and 1695, a disease pre- France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne, 7
vailed among the stock, carrying off about 60,000 cattle and  miles W.N.W. of Marmande. Pop. 1416.
hogs. In 1753, the colony had 154,188 inhabitants.  No   MAS-A-FUERA, mis-A-fw/rA, a rocky island in the Pacific
conspicuous engagement took place in Maryland during the  Ocean, belonging to Chili, 110 miles W. of the island of Juan
Revolutionary contest, but some of the sessions of the con- Fernandez, and rising to 2300 feet above the ocean. Lat.
tinental Congress were held at Annapolis, and there Wash- 330 491 S., ion. 800 54' 30"f W. It is about 10 miles in cirington resigned his command at the close of the war. cumference. The appellation Mas-a-Fuera, signifying "furDuring the war of 1812, however, her te-ritory was twice  ther out," [to sea,] was given to this island in contradistiucinvaded by the British, who were gallantly repulsed from  tion to JUAN FERNANDEZ, which was called Xlas-a-l'icsra,
North Point, near Baltimore, September 13, 1814; although  (" nearer the land.")
they had gained a temporary triumph a few weeks before    MASAMBEEK or MASAMBIK. See MozAnMBIqUE.
1154




MAS                                                        MAS
MASANASA, mg-sa-n&Psi, a village of Spain, province county is intersected by the Maysville and Danville Railroad.
and about 4 miles W.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1915.          and by a turnpike leading to Lexington.  Capital, WashingMASAR/DIS, a post-township of Aroostook co., Mlaine, ton. Pop. 18,344; of whom 14,060 were free, and 4284 slaves.
intersected by Aroostook River.                             MASON, formerly NOTIPESKAGO, an unorganized county
MAS-A-TIERRA ISLAND. See JUAN FRNANDEZ.                 in the W. part of Michigan, bordering on Lake Michigan,
MASAYA. m&-sil, a town of Central America, state and  contains about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the
40 miles N.W. of Nicaranua, at the foot of the volcano of  Notipeskago River. The census of 1850 states the population
Masaya.                                                   at 93.
MASBATE, mns-b/tA, one of the Philippine Islands, Ma-   MASON, a county in the W. central part of Illinois. has
lay Archipelago, S. of Luzon, and W. of Samar. Length,  an area of 540 square miles. The Illinois and Sangamon
from E. to W., about 70 miles, average breadth 20 miles. Rivers form its boundaries on the N.W. and the S., and unite
Here are the ports of Barreras and Catayugan.             at its western extremity. The surface is generally level,
MASIBOROUGH, a village of England, with a station on  and liable to submersion; the soil is very productive. Stonethe Midland Railway. See RoTHEuanr.                       coal is abundant. The Illinois River furnishes an easy
MASCAL, mls-lkdl, or MASCALLY, mis-kalflee, an island  access to the Northern and Southern markets.  Capital,
of British India, presidency of Bengal, distridt of Chitta- Havana. Pop. 5921.
gong, in the Bay of Bengal, near the coast, 42 miles S.S.E.   MASON, a post-village and township in Hillsborough co.,
of Islamabad.                                             New Hampshire, on the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad,
MASCALI, m[s-kllee, a seaport town of Sicily, intendency  38 miles S. by W. of Concord. Pop. 1626.
and 18 miles N.N.E. of Catania, near the foot of Mount   MASON, apost-office of Jackson co., Tennessee..
2Etna. Pop. 4000. It is decaying, while its outports, Giarre    MASON, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1132.
and Riposto, are rising in importance; but it has an active    MASON, a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, about 90 miles
fishery, and trade in wine, lime, corn, timber, fruit, and lava. S.W. of Columbus, contains a few stores, and 431 inhabitants.
Mascali has some curious Safacenic and other antiquities.   MASON, a village of Branch co., Michigan, on the ColdMASCALUCIA, m&s-kA-loocha, a town of Sicily, 5 miles water River, 85 miles S.S.W. of Lansing, and 1 miles from
N. of Catania, on the E. declivity of Mount 2Etna. Pop. the Southern Railroad.
2000. It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1818.      MASON, a township of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 570.
MASCARA, maslkgr/, or VICTOIRIA, a town of Algeria,   MASON, a thriving post-village, capital of Ingham co.,.
province and 45 miles S.E. of Oran. Pop. in 1849, 4512, of  Michigan, 12 miles S.E. of Lansing.  The Sycamore Creek,
whom 1716 were Europeans. It was the residence of Abd- which passes through the village, affords water-power
el-Kader; was taken and ruined by the French in 1835; Mason is the oldest village in the county, and was first
afterwards ceded to Abd-el-Kader, and again occupied in  settled about 1837. Pop. in 1853, about 600.
1841. It gave its name to the W. province of Algiers, called    MASONE, ma-sofnA, a village of the Sardinian States,
also TLEsECEEN, and now ORAN.                              division of Genoa, 3 miles from Campofi-eddo. Pop. 2027.
MASCARENE (mas-ka-reent) ISLES, a collective name of    MASON GROVE, a post-village of Mladison co., Tennessee,
the islands of Bourbon, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, in the  15 miles N.W. of Jackson.
Indian Ocean, so called from the Portuguese Mascarenhas,   MASON HALL, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.
who discovered Bourbon in 1545.                              MASON HALL, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee, 153
MASCAT, or MASCATE, in Arabia. See MUscAT.               miles W. by N. of Nashville.
MAS/COMY RIVER, a small stream  of Grafton co., near    MASON/IC COI/LEGE, of Marion co., Missouri, about 12
the centre of New Hampshire, falls into Mascomy Pond.'   miles W. of Palmyra. It was founded in 1831 originally as
MASCOUTAH, mas-koo/tah, a post-village of St. Clair co., a manual labor school, and it has still a large tract of land
Illinois, 25 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis. It has 1 Methodist occupied as a farm. In 1852, it had 5 instructers, and 45
and 1 Catholic church, and a steam flouring-mill.          students.
MAS DE AZIL, mns dA Pzeel, a small town of France, de-    MASON ISLAND, a small island of Ireland, co. of Galway,
pertiment of Ari6ge, 12 miles W.S.W. of Pamiers. Pop. 1590. 14 miles S.E. of Clifden.
MAS DE LAS MATAS, mas dA las inamts, a town of    MASON RIVER, Illinois, a little stream which falls into
Spain, province of Teruel. Pop. 1809.                     the Illinois River, opposite to Morris, in Grundy co.
MASH/AM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of   MASON'S POINT, a small post-village of Benton co., TenYork, North Riding, on the Ure, 16 miles S.S.E. of Rich- nessee, on the Tennessee River.
naond. Pop. of the town, 1318.                               MA/SONSVILLE, a village of Thompson township, WindMASH'APAUG/, a post-office of Tolland co., Connecticut.  ham  co., Connecticut, on the Norwich and Worcester RailMASH/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Essex..    road, 37 miles N. by W. of Norwich.
MASHOWl, md'shdwt, or MASSAO, mas'ssw/, a town of    MA/SONTOWN, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,
South Africa, Bechuana country, about 115 miles N.E. of  194 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg.
Lattakoo. Pop. 10,000(?).                                    MASON VILLAGE, a post-village of Hillsborough co.,
MASI, ma/see, a village of Austrian Italy, 28 miles S.W. New Hampshire, at the terminus of the Peterborough  and
of Padua, on the Adige. Pop. 2220.                         Shirley Railroad, 23 miles from Groton.
MASIO, mA/se-o, a village of the Sardinian States, 2 miles    MA/SONVILLE, a post-village and township in the W.
from Oviglio, on the Tanaro. Pop. 1898.                    part of Delaware co., New York, about 95 miles S.W. of
MASIUS MONS. See KARA DAGn.                              Albany. Pop. 1550.
MASKAT, Arabia. See MuscAT.                                MASONVILLE, a post-village in Lauderdale co., Alabama,
MASK, LOUGH, 18H mask, a lake of Ireland, cos. of Gal- near the Tennessee River, about 200 miles N.N.W. of Montway and Mayo, 11 miles S. ofCastlebar, about 8 miles long.  gomery.
MASKEIGON, or MASKE/GO, a river of Michigan, rises    MASONVILLE, a small village of Daviess co., Kentucky.
in the N. central part of the state, and flowing nearly south-   MASOVIA, ma-so/ve-a, the name of a former palatinate of
westward, enters Lake Michigan in Ottawa county, about 12  Poland, since named the Province of Warsaw.
miles N.N.W. of Grand Haven. Its whole length is esti-   MAS/PETH, a post-office of Queen's co., New York.
mated at 200 miles, and it is navigable 25 miles from its   MASSA, mas/sA/ a walled town of Northern Italy, grandmouth. Fifty miles from its mouth it has a fall of 25 feet. duchy and 53 miles S.S.W. of Tuscany. Pop. 1400.
Maskegon Lake, an expansion of the river, is 10 miles long,   MAS/SAC, a county in the S. part of Illinois, bordering
and is about half a mile from Lake Michigan.              on the Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky, has
MASKE/GON or MUSKE/GON, a post-township in the N.W. an area of abolt 140 square miles. The surface is uneven
part of Ottawa co., Michigan, intersected by Maskegon River. and heavily timbered. Stone-coal and lead are found in the
Pop. 484.                                                  county, but not worked. Capital, Metropolis.  Pop. 4092.
MASNOU, mls-noo (?). a village of Spain, on the Barcelona   MIASSAC, a village of Massac co., Illinois, on the Ohio
and Mators Railway, about 10 miles from Barcelona.        River.
MA/SON, a county in the W. part. of Virginia, bordering    MASSACHUSETTS, mas'sa-chu/setts, one of the original
on the Ohio River, has an area of 300 square miles. The  states of the American Confederacy, and one of the New
Kanawha River flows through the middle of the county  England. or Eastern States, is bounded on the N. by Verintothe Ohio. The surfaceis diversifiedby hills aidvalleys; mont and New Hampshire, E. by the Atlantic, S. by'the
the soil is productive. Timber and stone-coal are abundant. Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and W. by New
Salt springs of great value have lately been found near the  York. It lies between 410 10' (including the islands) and
Ohio River in this county, and several furnaces for preparing  420 53' N. lat., and between 690 50' and 730 30' W. Ion. It
salt are now in operation. Formed in 1804, and named in  is very irregular in shape, the S.E. portion projecting into
honor of George Mason, a distinguished statesman of Vir- the ocean so as almost to enclose Cape Cod Bay. The
ginia. Capital, Point Pleasant. Pop. 7539; of whom 6892 greatest length of the state from E. to W. is about 145 miles,
were free, and 647 slaves.                                and it has in the longitude of Boston a breadth of about 90
MASON, a county in the N.N.E. part of Kentucky, bor- miles, while the western portion is not more than 48 miles
dering on the Ohio, contains 230 square miles. The Ohio  wide. It includes an area of about 7800 square miles, or
River bounds it on the N., and it is intersected by the N. 4,992,000 acres, of which 2,133,436 are improved.
fork of the Licking, and also drained by Limestoneand    Face of the Country. —The surface of Massachusetts is
Lee's Creeks. A bold range of hills extends along the Ohio  generally uneven, and in many parts rugged and mountainRiver, and the surface of the interior is finely diversified. ous. The middle, eastern, and north-eastern portions are
bhe soil is calcareous, deep, and highly productive. The hilly and broken, and the south-eastern level and sandy
1155




MAS                                                      MAS
The western portion, though mountainous, does not attain  many tourists in the season for travelling. The spectator
a very great elevation above the sea. Saddle Mountain, in  has below him the beautiful meandering Connecticut wendthe NW. extremity, 3505 feet in altitude, is the highest ing its way through the meadows and among the villages,
land in the state. This is a peak of the Green Mountains, while to the S.W., and at no great distance, is Mount Tom;
which enter the state from Vermont and pass into Con- and still farther in the same direction, Bald or Washington
necticut. They run nearly parallel with the Connecticut Mount, and in the N.W. Saddle Mountain, the  highest
River, at distances of about 20 to 30 miles.  The other ground in the state; and turning to the E. and N.E. he
principal mountains are the isolated peaks of Mount Tom, has the peaks of Wachusett in Massachusetts, and Monadand Mount Holyoke, near Northampton-the former on the  nock in New Hampshire; the intermediate parts of the
W., and the latter on the E. side of the Connecticut; and  scene being filled up with a great variety of landscape, vilWachusett Mountain, N. of the middle of the state. Wa- lages, hills, rivulets, and low mountains. There is a good
chusett has an elevation of about 2018 feet, Mount Tom of  hotel on the top of Mount IHolyoke, and in the vicinity
1200, and Holyoke of 910 feet. The Green Mountain divides the beautiful village of Northampton. at which the tourist
into two ranges in Massachusetts; the most western and  may take up his quarters and make his -excursion from
most elevated is called the Taugkannic, or Taconic, and the  thence over the mountain. A yet more extensive view is
eastern the Housic Ridge, and is about half the height of the  obtained from Saddle Mountain, but it has hitherto lain
other. Saddle Mountain, already named, and Bald Moun- more out of the line of travel, and been less visited, though
tain, Mount Everett, or Mount Washington, by all which  of thrice the elevation of Mount Tom. It commands a view
names it is designated, 2624 feet in height, in the S.W. angle  of the surrounding country for 40 oi 50 miles, extending to
of the state, are peaks of the Taugkannic Range. Mount the Catskills on the W., overlooking the Green Mountains
IHolyoke, Mount Tom, and Wachusett Mountain are con- on the N., S., and E., and on the N.E. reaching to Monadsidered as detached parts of the Great White Mountain  noclk Mountain, in New Hampshire.  This mountain is
Range from New Hampshire.                                 fertile to the summit, near which is a small lake or pond.
GeoIogy.-The rocks of Massachusetts are mostly primary, Goodrich describes a phenomenon as having occurred here
in some places covered with the older secondary formation. in 1784, called by the inhabitants the bursting of a cloud.
A belt of this kind, 10 to 15 miles in width, extends from  About dawn of a certain morning, the tenants of a house
Boston S.W. to Rhode Island. The primary rocks extend  on the banks of the Hoosic, on the western slope, were
in the N. to the ocean's verge, while the valley of the Con- aroused by the roaring of the torrent, and had barely time
necticut rests on a bed of red sandstone. The primary rocks to escape before their dwelling was swept away by the
of this state form some excellent building stone, and the  flood. The torrent wore a gully in the mountain 20 feet
gray granite of Quincy Hills has probably its representative  deep, and swept away the timber entirely from about 10
in one or more of the public buildings of every great city or acres of land. Berkshire county abounds in sublime and
town from Massachusetts to Texas. The mountains of the  picturesque scenery, and has become a favorite resort not
western part of the state are composed of granite, gneiss, only for tourists, but for citizens seeking pleasant summer
quartz and other siliceous rocks, of mica and clay slates, residences.  Hawthorne, Miss Sedgwick, Fanny Kemble,
limestone, and hornblende. The white marble of-Berkshire  James, and  others, have rendered their tribute to the
county is a fine building material, and forms parts of the  charms of Berkshire scenery, by taking up their abode
walls and columns of Girard College at Philadelphia. The  there for considerable periods.  The Ice Hole, a narrow and
soapstone (steatite) of Hampshire county is largely used  deep ravine of great wildness, in Stockbridge, where the
as a building material, and is exported for that purpose. ice remains the year round; a fall of about 70 feet descent,
The other minerals are serpentine, asbestos, slate, some  ariid wild scenery, in the Housatonic, in Dalton; the Naanthracite coal in the secondary formation, some copper in  tural Bridge. on Hudson's Brook, in Adams, where a fissure
Northampton and Southampton, plumbago, ochres, argilla- of from 30 to 60 feet deep, and about 500 feet long, has been
ceous earths, lead and iron; the last is found in Plymouth  worn through the limestone rock, forming a bridge 50 feet
and Bristol counties, but in greatest abundance W. of the  above the water; a rock of 30 or 40 tons, in New MarlConnecticut River. The annual product of the state, accord- borough, so nicely balanced that a finger can move it; and
ing to Whitney, is about 12,000 tons. Lead exists in North-  -Hanging Mountain; on the Farmington River, in Sandisampton, (where mines were worked as early as 1765,) and ip  field, rising in a perpendicular wall above the river to the
Hampshire county. There are some thin coal seams 5 miles height of more than 300 feet; are, after the mountains
from  Mansfield, and some plumbaginous anthracite in  already named, the most remarkable natural objects in
Worcester.                                                Berkshire. Blue Hill, 11 miles S.W. of Boston, which comRivers, Bays, and Islands.-The B. and S.E. border of  mands a fine view of Boston Harbor and the ocean, is 635
Massachusetts is much indented with bays. A large gulf, feethigh, being the most elevated land in Eastern Massabetween Cape Ann and Cape Cod, has protruded itself for chusetts. On the side of Mount Toby, a hill of sandstone,
about 25 miles in a S.W., and 65 in a S.E. direction, into  elevated about 1000 feet above the Connecticut, is a cavern
the eastern part of the state; the northern portion having  about 150 feet in length and 60 in depth. Nahant, a rocky
received the name of Massachusetts, and the southern of  promontory on the N. shore of Boston Bay, extending 4
Cape Cod Bay. Buzzard's Bay from the S. extends in a N.E. miles into the sea, is the most noted watering-place in Masdirection towards Cape Cod Bay, forming Barnstable county  sachusetts. It is about 9 miles N.E. of Boston, and cominto a peninsula almost enclosing Cape Cod Bay. Plymouth  mands a fine view of the ocean, and of the shipping enterBay is a smaller inletof Cape Cod on the WV. The Connecti- ing and departing from  the harbor.  In addition to its
cut River, which passes through the W. part of the state, good beach, Nahant has the charm of wildness given to it
is the only large river in Massachusetts; and even this, on  by the rugged rocks which form the promontory, and into
account of its rapid descent, is not navigable in this state  the caves and recesses of which the sea surges at times
without the aid of canals and locks. The Merrimack, from   with great violence.  The mineral springs of this state
New Hampshire, runs 35 miles within the N.E. portion of  have not acquired any great celebrity beyond her own
Massachusetts, and by means of its falls and rapids, fur- limits; the principal are, one in the town of Hopkinton,
nishes valuable water-power to the great manufacturing  impregnated with carbonic acid, and carbonates of lime
towns of Lowell and Lawrence.  It receives within the  and iron; one in Shutesbury, containg muriate of lime;
limits of Massachusetts the Nashua and Concord Rivers  and a chalybeate sulphur spring in Winchenden.  The
from  the S.W. Blackstone River passes from the centre  Quincy granite quarries, 6 or 8 miles S. of Boston, in a
of the state S.E. to Narraganset Bay.  The Connecticut  range of hills 200 feet high, are worthy of a visit.
receives Miller's and Chickopee Rivers from the E., and    Climate.-The climate of Massachusetts is severe in winthe Deerfield and Westfield from theW. The Housatonic  ter, and on the sea-coast, subject to chilling N.E. winds in
rises in the N.W. of Massachusetts, and runs S. into the  the spring, that are very unfavorable to delicate lungs.
state'of Connecticut. Taunton River, celebrated for its  According to observations made at Worcester, in 1850-51,
water-power, and on whose banks stand the manufacturing  snow fell two days in October, and on five days in April, and
towns of Taunton and Fall River, runs from the S.E. part one day in May. According to a register kept by Mr. Bond,
of this state into Narragansett Bay. Charles River, from  at Cambridge, from  May, 1851, to April, 1852, the mean
the interior, separates Boston from Charlestown, and flows temperature of four observations made between sunrise and
into Massachusetts Bay. The rivers of this stat4 furnish  9 P. m., gave for May, 550.53; for June, 64u.76; July, 710.40;
abundant water-power, and in many places exhibit wild  August, 680.02; September, 610.09; October, 520.94; Novemand romantic scenery. There are several small islands be- her, 340.80; December, 220.86; January, 200.80; February,
longing to this state, near the S.E. shore. The principal of  270.43; March, 320.94, and April, 410.02. The greatest cold
these are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, chiefly noted  was 80 below zero, January 16, at sunrise; the greatest heat,
for their employment in the whale and other fisheries. Nan- 980, June 30, at 3 o. r. N.W. winds prevailed 149 days, S.W.
tucket Island has an areaof about 50 square miles, and  67, and N.E. 37 days, in 1850-51. It snowed 37 days in the
Martha's Vineyard 85.                                     same year, and rained 97; 219 days were fair, and 129
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Massachusetts abounds in  cloudy; 45.77 inches of rain, and 61 of snow fell. The most
licduresque scenery. This observation is especially true of  unpleasant feature of the climate is the sudden changes,
the western part of the state, and the view of the Connec- sometimes more than 400 in 24 hours. The settled weather
ticut River and Valley from  Mount H-olyoke has long been  of the winter is more regular, and perhaps on that account
telebrated. Though rather less than 100Q feet in height, more healthful than farther south. The rivers'are frozen
the views it commands, and its easy ascent, being traversed  for two or three months, and occasionally the harbors for as
to its summit by a good carriage road, have'uvited hither  many weeks. Though vegetation is rather late in putting
1156




MAS                                                        MAS
Ihrth, it makes amends by its rapidity. The peach and  public attention from canals, and in Massachusetts, the beds
apricot bloom  about the middle of April, and cherry and  of two, (the Blackstone, from Worcester to Providence. and
apple about the same period in May.                         the IHampden and Hampshire Canal, from Northampton to
Soil cand Productions.-Though the soil and climate of  Southwick,) have been converted into tracks for railroads.
Massachusetts are not the most favorable to agriculture, the    Commnerce.-In commerce, this state occupies the same
skill and industry of her people have made even her rocky  prominence as in most else, being second only to New York
soil to yield rich rewards to the husbandman, and there is  in absolute amount; but if we regard population, first in
probably no more scientific farming than in the Bay State. this respect in the Union. Though, as before stated, she
The best soils are in the middle and western parts of the  exports nothing of her native products but her rocks and
state. in the valleys of her streams and rivers, and particu- her ice, yet her hardy sons explore every sea where the whale
larly those of the Connecticut and Housatonic. The poorest ranges, bringing home, after'years of toil and endurance,
soil is in the' flat, sandy counties of the south-east. Salt rich cargoes of oil and bone,' which are distributed over the
marshes abound near the coast. Senator Preston, of South  world. Her citizens at home are no less industrious; calling
Carolina, has s;id of Massachusetts, that though the most to their aid the most ingenious machinery, and the powers
prosperous state in the confederacy, yet she literally exported  of water and steam, they manufacture millions of yards of
none of the products of her soil but her rocks and her ice. stuffs to be distributed, not only over their own country,
Though she does not produce grain enough to supply her  but send them to South America, the West Indies, and even
own consumption, she is enabled by her skill, enterprise, to Europe and China. She has also nearly monopolized the
and industry in the production of manufactures, and by  trade with HIindostan and Russia. The foreign imports for
her wide-extended commerce, generally to keep the balance  the fiscal year 1852-3, amounted to $41,367,956, and the exof trade in her favor, and to support the densest population  ports $19,955,276; tonnage entered 724,174, cleared 716,828;
in the United States, in the greatest average amount of  tonnage owned 850,280, (relatively the greatest in the Union,)
comfort.' HIer most important agricultural products are  number of vessels built, (second only to Maine,) 205, of
Indian corn, oats, Irish potatoes, rye, barley, buckwheat,  which only 2 were steamers, with an aggregate.:tonnage of
fruits, butter, cheese, hay, maple sugar and live stock, with  83,015. Of the tonnage owned in the state 157,497 were emconsiderable tobacco, wool, pease, beans, wheat, grass-seeds, ployed in the whale, 37,631 in the cod, and 41,280 in the
hc,ps, beeswax, and honey, and some wine, flax, silk, and  mackerel fishery. In 1848 the tonnage of Massachusetts
molasses. In 1850, this state had 34,235 farms, occupying  engaged in the cod fisheries, amounted to 44,754, and in the
2,133,436 acres of improved land, (or about 63 acres to each  mackerel fisheries to 37,696 tons. The importation of whale
farm,) producing only 31,211 bushels of wheat; 481,021 of  oil in 1849 was 204,000 barrels, being three-fifths of the total
rye; 24,345,490 of Indian corn; 1,165,146 of oats; 43,709 of  amount imported into the United States. M~ore than half
pease and beans; 3,585,384 of Irish potatoes; 112,385 of bar- of the cod and mackerel fisheries is carried on in Massachnley; 105,895 of buckwheat; 138,246 pounds of tobacco; setts bottoms.  There is great irregularity in this branch of
585,136 of wool; 8,071,370 of butter; 7,088,142 of cheese; trade, the product in 1850, for example, being twice that of
651,807 tons of hay; 121,595 pounds of hops; 795,525 of  1849 in the cod fishery, and but little more in the latter year
maple sugar; 59,508 of beeswax and honey; live stock  than in 1838. This department of industry, as a distinct
valued at $9,647,710; orchard products, $463,995; market employment, is almost peculiar to New England, and more
products, $600,020; and slaughtered animals, $2,500,924.    especially to Massachusetts, which perhaps has a greater
A ~atnufactures.-In manufactures, as indeed in most else  amount of capital and hands employed in the fisheries
requiring  skill, industry, and enterprise, Massachusetts  generally, (and in the whale fisheries certtaisly,) than any
takes the lead. Though small in area, and with a churlish  other country in America, if not in the world. Of 255
soil and climate, this state, through the aid of her mann- whaling vessels which arrived in the United States in 1853,
factures, is more densely populated and more thickly dotted  only 13 came to ports out of New England, and only a very
over with thriving towns and villages, than any member of  small proportion out of Massachusetts; consequently, of
the confederacy. By the census returns of 1850, she stands  the 103,077 barrels of sperm, and 260,114 of whale oil, and
far before every other state in the amount of her woollen  5,652,300 pounds of whalebone, nearly all was imported into
and cotton manufactures. According to the same census, Massachusetts.  A recent return of the assessors of Massathere were in Massachusetts 9637 manufacturing.establish-  chusetts, gave the capital invested in the fisheries generally
ments, (the greatest relative amount in the Union,) each  at $13,619,578, employing 20,313 persons, and yielding
producing $500 and upwa-ds annually, of which 213 were  $9,622,611 in fish and oil.' The future prospect of the cod
cotton maanufactories, employing $28,455,630 capital, and  and mackerel fisheries is, notwithstanding, not flattering, as
9293 male, and 19,437 female hands, consuming raw mate-  we have been almost entirely superseded in foreign marrial worth $11,289,309, and producing 298,751,392 yards of  kets. We learn from De Bow's Resources of the South and
stuffs, and 353,660 pounds of yarn, valued at $19,712,461; West, that the two Canadas exported betwen 1840 and 1850,
119 woollen factories, employing $9,089,342 capital, and 6167  fish of the value of $7,000,000, and Halifax, in one year,
male, and 4963 female hands, consuming raw material $275,000. The total amount of mackerel inspected in Masworth $8,671,671, and producing 25,865,658 yards of stuffs, sachusetts in 1852, was 196,7681 barrels, and of all kinds,
and 749,550 pounds of yarn, valued at $12,770,565; 80 forges, pickled and smoked, 333,3321 barrels. The greatest amount
furnaces, &c., employing $2,578,350, and 2119 male hands, (389,944 barrels,) was inspected in 1831, the smallest (58,309
consuming raw material worth $1,464,833, and producing  barrels) in 1840. These items are given to show the irregu52,081 tons of pig, wrought, and cast iron, valued'at  larity of the trade. Boston exported in 11 months of 1854,
$2,959,078; invested in the manufacture of malt and spirit-  107,645 tons of ice, and an average of about 100,000 tons for
uous liquors, $457,500, consuming 80,000 bushels of barley, several years previous.
19,400 of Indian corn, 26,600 of rye, 35,130 hogsheads of    Education.-In Massachusetts was begun that system for
molasses, and 29 tons of hops, producing 25,800 barrels of  the diffusion of knowledge among all classes, by means of
ale, &c., 120,000 gallons of wine, whiskey, &c., and 3,786,000  common schools, which has since extended itself to the
gallons of rum; and 246 tanneries, employing $1,377,725  Middle and Western States, is slowly making its way in the
capital, consuming raw material worth $2,311,178, and ma- Southern States, and even into Europe; and wherever it
nufactured leather valued at $3,519,123.                    goes carrying with it the spirit of liberty, for which it seems
Internal Improvements.-We would not speak in superla- (humanly speaking) the only fit preparation.  Though
tives, butjustice to Massachusetts seems torequire it. While  many of her sister states are now rivalling Massachusetts
Nature has dealt out her favors to her with a sparing  in the excellence of their common schools and other educahand, she has surpassed all other states in industrial and  tional institutions, yet to her belongs the undoubted honor
mechanical improvement, and has laid down more miles  of having first extended her care to the intellectual culture
of railroad than any other member of the confederacy,  of her humblest citizens; the rich reward of which is seen
population and area considered. Though not the first to  not only in the number of splendid names that adorn her
enter extensively into this kind of improvement, she has  literature, but in the distinguished sons she has sent out
amply atoned for any temporary delay by her subsequent  to form the legislators, professors, authors, and teachers of
energy and enterprise; and at the beginning of 1854 had 43  other states. According to the census of 1850, Massachulines of railroad, numbering 1283 miles, completed, and 48  setts had 6 colleges, with 1043 students and $107,961 ucome,
in course of construction.  By these roads Boston commu- of which $5000 was from  public funds and g52,223 from
nicates directly with every important town in Massachu- endowments; 3679 public schools. with 176,475 pupils and
setts, and with most of those of the neighboring states. $1,006,795 income, of which $37,341 was from public funds,
There are three lines of continuous railroads, uniting the  $16,906 from endowments, and $935,141 fron taxation; and
capital of the state with New York, and with the interme- 381 academies and other schools, with 12,774 pupils and
diate towns of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Central Mas- $310,177 income, of which $19,470 was from  endowments.
sachusetts. Two other lines connect Boston with Portland, Attending school, as reported by families, 222,220 pupils.
and the towns between them. Two, one through Vermont. Adults who could not read and write, 28,345, of whom 26,484
and the other through Central New Hampshire, bring her were of foreign birth. According to the American Almanac,
in direct intercourse with Burlington, Vermont, with Mon- there were in the state at the close of 1852, 71 incorpotreal, and with Ogdensburg; and another to Albany, opens  rated academies, with 4220 scholars, and 749 unincorporated
an uninterrupted line of railway communication between  academies and private schools, with 16,131 scholars; local
Boston, Cincinnati, Terre-Haute, Chicago, Galena, Rock  funds for the support of academies $354,620, yielding $21,584
Island, and Alton, and from the latter by steamboat to St. income; 91,539 volumes in school libraries. The same anLouis.  Railroad communication has generally diverted  thority gave this state, in 1853, 4 colleges with 844 students,
1157 




MAS                                                         MAS
3 theological schools with 147 students, 2 medical schools females, being the most densely peopled of the United States,
with 230 students, and 1 law school with 158 students. At viz. 137.17 to the square mile. This population was divided
the close of 1853, the number of public schools in Massa- into 192,675 families, occupying 152,835 dwellings, or 30,000
chusetts was 4113, attended by 202,081 pupils in the winter, more families than dwellings. In the year preceding June
and 187,022 in the summer; number of teachers during the  1st, 1850, there occurred 19,404 deaths, or rather more than
former period, 4684, (1971 male and 2713 female,) and 4517  19 persons in every thousand —a greater ratio than in any
during the latter. Total amount expended for school put- state except Louisiana.  In the year 1852, 27.737 panposes, $1,072,310, of which $37,266 was the income of local pers, of whom 11,321 were foreigners, received aid, at an
funds. Massachusetts has (1854) 5 normal schools, 4 sup- expense of $476,674. Of the entire population in 1850,
ported by the state, located in Westfield, Bridgewater, 685,324 were born in the state; 142,106 in other states;
Framingham, and Salem, and-l in Boston supported by the  16,685 in England; 115,917 in Ireland; 4683 in Scotland and
city.                                                       Wales; 15,862 in British America; 4319 in Germany; 805 in
Neligious  Desnominations.-Of the 1475 churches in Mas- France; 2638 in other countries; and 3539 whose places of
sachusetts, in 1850, the different sects of Baptists owned 266; birth were unknown-being about 16 per'cent. of foreign
the Christians, 30; the Congregationalists, 448; the Episco- birth. Deaf and dumb in the state at the same period, 358,
palians, 54; the Friends, 39; Free, 7; the Methodists, 262; of whom 4 were colored; 463 blind, of whom 6 were colored;
the Presbyterians, 15; the Roman Catholics, 41; the Unita- 1680 insane, of whom  19 were colored; and 791 idiotic, of
tarians, 163; and the Universalists; 123. The remaining  whom 5 were colored. Of the entire population, 499 were
churches were owned by the French Protestants, German  employed in mining; 87,837 in agriculture; 8063 in comProtestants, Jews, Liberals, Lutherans, Restorationists, merce; 85,176 in manufactures; 27,153 in navigating the
Second Advent Church, Shakers, Swedenborgians, and the  ocean; 372 in internal navigation; and 3804 in the learned
Union Church-giving 1 church to every 673 persons. Value  professions.
of church property,$10, 205,284.                              Counties.-Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties, viz.
Per-iodicals. —There were published in this state in 1850, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin,
22 daily, 4 tri-weekly, 11 semi-weekly, 126 weekly, 3 semi- Hampden, IHampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Nodrfolk, Plymonthly, 29 monthly, 4 bi-monthly, 7 quarterly, and 3  mouth, Suffolk, and Worcester. Capital, Boston.
annual newspapers, magazines, and reviews, with an aggre-    Cities and Towns. —In proportion to its extent and populagate annual circulation of 64,820,564 copies. Of these, the  tion, Massachusetts has more large towns than any other
monthly, hi-monthly, quarterly, and annual periodicals, state in the Union. The most important of these are Bosalone, had a circulation of nearly 1,500,000 copies.        ton, population in 1850, 136,881; Lowell, 33,383; Salem,
Public Institutions.-This state abounds in institutions of  20,264; Itoxbury, 18,364; Charlestown, 17,216; Worcester,
this class, among which may be mentioned two State luna- 17,049, (21,000 in 1853;) New Bedford, 16,443; Cambridge,
tic hospitals, one at Worcester, founded in 1832, and the  15,215; Lynn, 14,257; Springfield, 11,766; Fall River, 11,524;
other at Taunton, completed about the commencement of  Taunton, 10,441; Newburyport, 9572; Nantucket, 8542;
1854, with accommodations for 250 patients. The former is Lawrence, 8288, (12,000 by a local census in 1853;) Chickoa well-managed institution, and has been very successful in  pee, 8291; Danvers, 8109; Dorchester, 7969; Gloucester, 7786;
the cure of patients. Of 2306 lunatics admitted in 13 years, Andover, 6945; Chelsea, 6701; Marblehead, 6167; Plymouth,
over 1000 were discharged cured. This hospital is intended  6024; Haverhill, 5877; Pittsfield, 5872; Beverly, 5376;
to accommodate only 360 patients, but of late years it has  WIeymouth, 5369; Middleborough, 5336; Northampton, 5278;
been much crowded, the number in November 1852 having  Newton, 5258; Fitchburg, 5120; and Quincy, 5017; besides
been 532. The government has directed the building to be  a large number of villages, with populations varying from
either torn down and a new one erected, or to be repaired  2000 to 5000. It is to be observed, that. in giving the popuat great cost, as the committee, after examination, shall lations above, the township is included with the village or
think best. Of the 532 inmates, 241 were paupers. The  town. To give a correct idea of the relative importance of
expenses of the institution, for the year above named, Bost6n, we should give in its population a number of neighamounted to $43,878. The McLean Asylum for the Insane, boring towns and villages, dependent on it, and doing bustlocated at Somerville, is an institution where great pains  ness in it. Taking a radius of ten miles, with Tremont
are taken to interest the minds of patients, to surround  House for a centre, you will enclose an area containing
them with agreeable objects, and to avoid severe remedies. 250,000 inhabitants; or, limiting it to its inmmsediate suburbs
It was established in 1818, and named from its founder. In  of Charlestown, Chelsea, Cambridge, Roxbury, Brookline,
1854 there were 200 patients in the Asylum, and 264 in a  Dorchester, &c., you will have an aggregate of more than
similar insitution for paupers in Boston. There are also  200,000 inhabitants.
institutions-one at Ipswich and one at Cambridge-where    Government, Fiinances, &c.-The governor and lieutenantinsane paupers, who are incurable, are kept in custody; the  governor are elected annually by the people, the former
former has 82 patients and the latter 68. The State Reform  receiving $2500 per annum, and the latter 84 per dienm. The
School at Westborough is an institution for the reformra-  Senate consists of 40 and the House of Representatives of
tion of juvenile offenders; expenses for the year, $31,224.47. 356 members, both elected annually by popular vote. MasIn November, 1852, thered were 341 boys in the School. Four  sachusetts is entitled to 11 members in the national House
hours of each day are devoted to school, and six to labor.  of Representatives, and to 13 electoral votes for President.
There were 3 state almshouses builtin 1853, located at Tewks- The judiciary consists-1. Of a supreme court, comprised
bury, Palmer, and Middleborough respectively, and each  of 6 judges, appointed by the governor and council, and
calculated to accommodate 500 paupers, who may be either holding office during good behavior. This court has exclunatives or foreigners. The total number of paupers relieved  sive jurisdiction in all capital and chancery suits, and in all
or supported in 1853 was 25,981, of whom  12,334 were of civil cases where the amount exceeds $600 in Suffolk, or
foreign birth; cost to the state, $467,959. The other chari- $300 in the other counties; 2. Of a court of common pleas,
table institutions being mostly located in Boston, will be  composed of 1 chief and 6 associate judges, which has jurisfound described under that head. The State Prison located  diction in all cases exceeding $20, and in criminal cases not
in Charlestown, was founded in 1800. The number of pri- capital, except in Suffolk, where the municipal court has
soners (September, 1852) was 483, of whom 421 were confined  cognisance in criminal actions; 3. Of probate courts in each
for offences against property, and 76 against the person; and  county; 4. Of police, courts held in most of the 13 cities and
170 were foreigners. Among the convicts were 35 negroes, several of the large towns of the state; 5. Of commissioners
and 15 mulattoes. Expenses, $61,633; receipts, $57,458. of insolvency; and 6. Of justices' courts. The judges of the
The whole number of prisoners in the jails and housqes of  supreme court have salaries, the chief of $3500, and the
correction for 1852, was (including 1363 debtors) 10,875, of  associates of $3000; of the court of common pleas, the chief
whom  2615 were foreigners, and 432 colored. Expenses, has $2300, and the associates $2100; of the police court,
$107,351; value of labor, $30,636. In 1850, Massachusetts  $1500 per annum  in Boston, but less elsewhere; and the
had 177 public libraries, with 257,737 volumes; 1225 school commissioners of insolvency are remunerated by fees not
and Sunday-school libraries, with 270,121 volumes; 18 col- to exceed $1500 each.
lege libraries, with 141,400 volumes; and 42 church libraries,   The assessed  value of property in 1850 amounted to
with 14,757 volumes,                                        $546,003,057; the public debt, in 1854, to $6,853,730, of
Population.-lMassachusetts was originally settled, and for which $5,049,555 was scrip loaned in aid of railroads; puba long period almost exclusively occupied, by people ofneirly  lic property $11,092,457, including security held for loans
unmixed English descent. In point of morals, education, to railroads $2,079,796; productive securities $4,422,714;
and intellectual culture, her citizens are unsurpassed in any  receipts for 1853, $2,118,205; payments $2,181,379; ordinary
portion of the Union; and she has given birth to a larger revenue $882,289; ordinary expenditures $679,752; among
number of eminent authors, inventors, and statesmen, than  the appropriations during the year 1853-4 were: to school
any other state in the Confederacy. Among the multitude  and other funds $502,896; new lunatic asylum  $200,845;
of her distinguished authors, may be named Prescott, Ban- state-prison $40,551; legislative conventions, &c., $87,488.
croft, Bryant, Hawthorn, and Bowditch; and it is no exagge- There were in this state in July 1854, 151 banks with
ration to say that the renown of her statesmen is coextensive  $53,422,652 capital, $18,080,925 circulation, and $3,551,093
with the fame of their country. At the first national census  in coin; 60 savings banks, in 1853, had $23,370,102, depoin 1790, the inhabitants numbered 378,717; 423,245 in 1800; sited by 117,404 individuals.
472,040 in 1810; 523,287 in 1820; 610,408 in 1830; 737,699   HIistorys.-Massachusetts has been the theatre of some of
in 1840; and 994;514 in 1850; of whom 484,093 were white  the most stirring events in the history of our country. Hero
males, and 501,357 females; 4424 colored males, and 4640  the mental, conflict, as well as the struggle in arms, with
1158




MAs                                                       MAS
Great Britain commeneed.  The first settlement was made  here contains several large islands, and is intersected b,
at Plymouth, December 22, 1620, by the Pilgrim  Fathers, Grass and Racket Rivers, on the former of which is situthe founders of our public school system, now scattering  ated the village, at the northern terminus of a plank-road
blessings wherever it goes, and of those principles of endur- communicating with Potsdam and Ogdensburg. Grass River
ance and private virtue which have been the stay of the  here has been dammed, and affords a fine water-power. It
land in every hour of peril. What if they did transmit is spanned by a bridge, and another crosses it at Massena
some bigotry and intolerance along with it: in human  Centre. There are also two bridges across the Racket River
affairs we expect nothing perfect; and stern virtues in their in the township. About a mile S.E. of the village, on the
excesses are often nearly allied to vices. If men believe  plank-road, and on the W. bank of Racket River, are the
ardently; they are apt to support strongly; and it requires  Massena Srinhgs, celebrated for their medicinal qualities.
a great enlargement of views or great forbearance, to tole- A neat building, supported by pillars, has been erected over
rate that which' is to- us clearly wrong. Indifference -may  the spring, and the ground around handsomely laid out
tolerate everything; but it is next to impossible for zeal and planted with trees. There are two hotelsfor the acconito do so.                                                 moelation of visitors, one of which, completed in 1848, is of
In 1675, a native chief, named Philip of Pokaneket, hay- brick, 90 feet by 44, with wings, and capable of accommoing aroused the different tribes to make a united effort to  dating about 200 persons. It is also proposed to make addiexpel the English, made an attack upon the inhabitants of  tions to the buildings, which will increase its size to about
Swansey, in which a number of the colonists perished;  double its present capacity. In September, 1813, a barrack
this kindled a war of savage incursions, lasting for three  erected at Massena village by the state, was burned by a party
years, which was terminated by the death of Philip, and  of Canadians, who also destroyed other property and took
the complete overthrow of the power of the Indians in  several prisoners.  Pop. of the township, 2870.
Massachusetts.  The Revolutionary contest began in this    MASSENA CENTRE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co.,
state, with the skirmish at Lexington, in April, 1775, which  New York, on Grass River, which here affords fine water
was followed by the battle of Bunker's IHill, June 17, of the  power, about 42 miles N.E. of Ogdensburg. It contains a
same year, and the evacuation of Boston by the British  church and several mills.
troops in March, 1776, which for ever destroyed British rule    MASSERA, mnstseh-rd, MAZIRA or MAZURA, mzler-A.
in Massachusetts. This state has since been the scene of  an island off the S.R. coast of Arabia, province of Oman, in
but one struggle'in arms, when an attempt was made in  the Arabian Sea. Lttt. 200 30' N., Ion. 59O E. Length, 40
1786 to resist the authorities by a party of rebels led on by  miles; average breadth. 15 miles.
one Daniel Shays. This revolt led to no important engage-   MASSERANO, mrs-st-rNno, a walled town of Piedmont,
ment, and was finally put down in the commencement of  division of Turin, 8 miles N.E. of Biella. Pop. 3441.
the following yeari. Massachusetts has given two Presidents    MASSEUBE, mis'svbl, a town of France, department of
to the United States, (the elder and younger Adams,) and  Gers, ll milesS.E. ofMarmande, ontheGers. P. in1852, 1886.
has sent some of the most distinguished statesmen and    MASSEVAUX, mlss'v5T, (Germ. Masmilnster, ms/nstinorators to the national councils.                          ster,) a town of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 11 miles
MASSACIUCCOLI, mls-sl-chook/ko-le, a small lake and  N.N.E. of Belfort. Pop. in 1852, 3155.
village of Central Italy, duchy -and 8 miles W. of Lucca; the    MASISEY'S CREEK, of Greene co., Ohio, flows into the
lake, 21 miles in length, discharges its waters into the  Little Miami River.
Montero.                                                     MASSIAC, m~s'se-[kf, a town of France, department of
MAStSACK, a post-office of McCracken co., Kentucky.      Cantal, 15 miles N.N.E. of St. Flour, on the Alagon. P. 2206.
MASSACRE ISLAND, Pacific Ocean. See MAo00NA.               MASSICO, mts!se-ko, a town of Naples, province of Terra
MASSA DUCALE, mAssls doo-kVIlA, or MASSA DI CAR- di Lavoro. The wine from the vineyards on the south slope
RARA, m{slsi doe kbR-rafra, an episcopal city of Northern  of the Mons Masllsticus, in this vicinity, was famous in Roman
Italy, 58 miles S.W. of Modena, near the Frigido, 2 miles  times, and is much celebrated by Horace. In the vicinity,
from  its mouth, in the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 9826. Chief  Appius Claudius gained a victory over the Samnites.
edifices, a fine palace, a modern cathedral, and an old castle.   MASISIE'S MILLS, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia.
It has manufactories of silks, and trade in the fine marble    MASSILIA or MASSIGLIA.  See MARSEILLES.
of its vicinity. It was formerly capital of the duchy of    MASISILLON, a handsome and flourishing town of Perry
Massa-Carrara, a state in the S.W. of Modena, composed of  township, Stark co., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas River, and on
the duchy of Massea, and the principality of Carrara. This  the Ohio Canal, 112 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 65 miles
small state was given to the Archduchess Maria Beatrice in  S. of Cleveland. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad con1814, and reunited to Modena on her death in 1829.         nects it with Pittsburg on one hand, and with the railways
MASSAFRA, mnds-seifrA.  a walled town of Naples, province  of Indiana on the other. The town is regularly planned
of Otranto, district and 10 miles N.W. of Taranto. P. 6600. and compactly built, and contains a number of handsome
MASSA-LOMBARD0, mdsssl-lom-barldo, a walled town of  residences. It is situated in a highly productive and poputhe Papal States, 30 miles S.S.E. of Ferrara. Pop. 4000.   ious farming district, which is liberally supplied with hard
MASSALSK, mds-salsk/, or MOSALSK, mo-s'lsk/, a town  timber, stone-coal, and water-power. Large quantities of
of Russia, government and 50 miles W. of Kalooga, on the  flour, wheat, and Indian corn are shipped by the canal at
Mosalka, at its confluence with the Gorodenka. Pop. 1248.  this place. Wool is also an extensive article of export. MasMASSA-LUBRENZE,, mas/sa-lIbo-brin/zi, or MASSA-DIE- sillon contains churches of 7 denominations, 1 bank, 3 iron
SORRENTO, ms's-dk-soa-Rn/to, a town of Naples, province, foundries, with machine shops, and 1 woollen factory; 3
on the Gulf, and 19 miles S. of Naples. It is the see of a  newspapers are published here. Pop. estimated at 4000.
bishop. Pop. 6781.                                           MASSILLON, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.
MASSA-MARITIMA, masfs9-ma-ree/te-ma, or MASSA-DI-   MASSILLON, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, near the
MAREMMA, mstses dee ma-rml/mi, a town of Tuscany, 33  E. line of the county, 40 miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City.
miles S.W. of Sienna. It is the see of a bishop. Pop. 2099.    MAS'SINGIIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of
MASSANUT/TEN, a post-office of Page co., Virginia, 144  Norfolk.
miles N.W. of Richmond.                                      MASSINGHAMI, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of
MASSAO, a town of South Africa. See MASnOW.              Norfolk.
MASSAPEAG, mas'sa-plg/, a station of New London co.,   MASSINGY, m1as's1AINzheel, a village of the Sardinian
Connecticut, on the New London and Willimantic Railroad, States. Savoy, 3 miles from Rumilly. Pop. 1041.
8 miles N. of New London.                                    MASSION, mis-se-on!, a village of Spain, Catalonia, with
MASSAROONY, mas-sA-rooenee, or MAZARUNI, ma-z- a station on the railway between Barcelona and Mataro.
rootnee, a river of British Guiana, which has been explored   IMASSOW, mas/sov, a walled town of Prussian Pomerania,
upwards for about 400 miles, though its navigation is inter- 22 miles E.N.E. of Stettin. Pop. 2110.
rupted by numerous rapids. It flows from near lat. 40 301   MASSOWAH, mgts'so-wd, or MASSOUAII, mis/soo-A, the
N., and lon. 600 W., and joins the estuary of the Essequibo. principal seaport town of Abyssinia, on a small sterile
MASSA-SUPERIORE, mas/sA-soo-pi-re-osrc, a village of  island in the Red Rea. Lat. 15~ 36' N., lon. 390 21' E.
Austrian Italy, 27 miles E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Ps. Pop. Population of island estimated at 4000. An active import
3000.                                                     trade with the A,:abian ports and Bombay is here carried
MASSAT, mas's', a townof France, department ofAr](ge, on. Chief imports, corn, maize, rice, cotton stuffs, silks,
12 miles S.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 1000.                    muslins, cotton wool, glass-wares, cutlery, arms, hardwares,
MASSAY, mts'st/, a market-town of France, department elephants' teeth, spices, coral, wines, and spirits. The Arab
of Cher, 19 miles W.N.W. of Bourges. Pop. 1136.            vessels trading hither pay a certain import annually.
MASSBACII, mass/bKi, or MASBACH, mils/baa, a market-   MASTA, a river of Russia. See MasA.
town of Bavaria, 7 miles S.E. of Miinnerstadt. Pop. 1172.     IASTENBROEK, mas/ten-br33k, a village of Holland,
MlASSE, maest, or MAZZE, matiVat, a village of the Sardi- province of Overyssel, 6 miles N.W. of Zwolle. Pop. 1000.
nian States, 12 miles S.S.E. of Ivrea, on the Dora Baltea.   MAS/TEN'S CORNER, a post-office of Kent co., Delaware.
Pop. 3300.                                                   MAS/TERSONVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., PennMASSEMEN-WESTREM, m s/seh-men-*6s/t-lm, a village sylvania.
of Belgium, province of E. Flandiers, on the Molenbeek, 7    MAS/TERTON, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.
miles S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2079.                              MASITERVILLE, a station of Highland co., Ohio, on the
MASSE/NA, a post-village and township of St. Lawrence  Steubenville and Indiana Railroad, 10 miles from Fairview.
county, New York, about 40 miles N.E. of Ogdensburg.   MAST HOPE, a station in Wayne co., Pennsylvania, on the
The township borders on the St.'Lawrence River, which  New York and Erie Railroad, 126 miles from Newr York City.'1159




MAS                                                        MAT
MAST HIOPE, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania.(?)     MATAMORAS, a post-office of 3Montgomery co., North
MASTRE. LA, 1I mist'r, a market-town of France, depart- Carolina.
mnent of Ardche, 14 miles S.W. of Tournon, on the Doux.   MATAMORAS, a village of Blackford co., Indiana, on the
Pop. in 1852, 2501.                                         Salamonie River. about 85 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
MASTRICHT, (Mlistricht.) See MAESTRICHT.                    MATAN, mi-thnl, a native state on the island of Borneo,
MASTUCHI, mis'tootcht,(?) a town of Central Asia, capital on the S.W. coast of the Carimata Strait. It yields the best
of Chitral. Lat. 360 12' N., ion. 720 31' E. It has some trade  diamonds in Borneo; also, iron, tin, and sego.
with Yarkand and Afghanistan.                                 MATAN, a small island of the Malay Archipelago, PhilipMASTURA, mis-toolr/ or misttoo-ra, a town of Arabia, pines, immediately E. of Zebu, where, in 1520, MIagellan was
Hitjaz, near the Red Sea, 140 miles S.S.W. of Medina.       killed in a skirmish with the natives.
MAST YARD, a post-village of Merrimack co., New Hiamp-    MATANZA, LA, 1I mI-tin/sA, a town of the Canaries, on
shire, on the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers Railroad, 7  the N: part of the island of Teneriffe. Pop. 1374.
miles N.W. of Concord.                                        MATANZAS, mi-tanuzas or mI-tIn/thts, a fortified seaport
MASULIPATAM, m&-soo'le pa-tam/, a town of British  town on the N.W. coast of the island of Cuba, 52 miles E. of
India, the capital of a district of its own name, on the Coro- Havana. Lat. 230 3' N., ion. 810 40' W. It is situated on a flat
mandel Coast, is 220 miles N.N.E. of Mladras. The fort is  on both sides of the San Juan, which brings down large quarnsurrounded by a salt morass, communicating by a canal titles of mud, materiatly impeding navigation in the harbor.
with the Kistnah and the sea. The town, 1 miles N.W., is  The houses are built very substantially, mostly of stone, but
large, and has long been famous for its chintz manufactures. with an entire absence of any architectural beauty. The
Its trade has latterly declined, but it still exports goods to  principal edifices are the Castle of San Severino, the church,
Calcutta, West Hindostan, and the Persian Gulf; its port, a fine hospital, a theatre, and extensive barracks.  One daily
which is on the only part of this coast not surf-beaten, is  newspaper is published in the town. Some improvement
accessible for vessels of 300 tons.                         has of late taken place in the schools of Matanzas, although
MASULIPATAM, a district of British India, presidency  the standard of education on the whole is exceedingly low.
of Madras, having E. the Bay of Bengal. Area 5000 square  In commercial importance, Matanzas ranks nextto, Havana.
miles. Pop. in 1851, 520,8660.                              Its facilities for trade have been greatly increased by the
MASULLAS, mbs-soolflds, a village on the island of Sar- construction of railways connecting it with Havana, Cardedinia, province of Busachi. Pop. 1056.                      nas, and other principal towns in the island. A telegraph
MIATA, mitI, a lake of Brazil, province and 170 miles  is being formed from  Matanzas to Havana, and steamers
S.S.W. of Maranhlo, and giving origin to the river Codo. also ply daily between the two ports, making the passage in
Length about 20 miles.                                      5 hours, besides touching at Cardenas, Jucano, &c.  The
MATA, a river of East Africa, enters the Channel of  imports consist chiefly of articles of food, machinery, and
Mozambique, nearly midway between the rivers Sofala and  materials for sugar and coffee plantations; fancy goods are
Sena.                                                       brought principally from  Havana.  The exports in 1847,
MATA, LA, 11 mItI, a town of Spain, New Castile, 20  comprised 387,171 boxes of sugar; 54,841 hogsheads of
miles W.N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1000.                          molasses, and 3,405,777 pounds of coffee. Among the other
MATA, LA, a town of Spain, Estremadura, 27 miles N.W. articles of export are tobacco, honey, wax, and fruits. The
of Caceres. Pop. 1095.                                      bay is spacious, easy of access, and completely sheltered
MATAGORIDA, a bay or extensive lagoon of Texas, at the  from winds, except those from  the N.E., which bring in a
mouth of Colorado River, 55 miles long, with an average  heavy swell. Pop. in 1853, 26,000; of the jurisdiction, 81,397,
breadth of about 7 miles, and is enclosed from the Gulf of  viz.: 34.721 white, 5948 free colored, and 40,7283slaves.
Mexico by a peninsula 45 miles long, by 2 to 3 miles broad;   MATAPAN, CAPE. See CAPE MATAPAN.
let. (S. point) 280 24' N., ton. 960 20' W. A little to the S.W.   MATAPAS, mi-tipls. a market-town of Central America,
of the port is an island of the same name.                  state, and 65 miles E.S.E. of Guatemala.
MATAGORIDA, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, on the    MATAPOZUELOS, mI-t.-po-thwI/loce, a town of Spain, in
Gulf of Mexico, and on Matagorda Bay. It is intersected by  Leon, 17 miles S.S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 1120.
Colorado River and the Cany Bayou.  The surface is an    MATARAH, a town of Arabia.  SO MuvTrs.
alluvial plain, destitute of timber, except the margins of the    MATARAM,  a city of Java. See DBoaJoa~avA.
streams. The uplands are mostly uncultivated.  In 1850    MATAREEIYEH  or MATARIYEH, mI-tI-ree/yeh, often
the county produced 1394 hogsheads of sugar, a greater  written MATARIA, (anc. Heliospolis, i. e. the "city of the
quantity than any other in the state excepting Brazoria.  sun,") a village of Lower Egypt, in a beautiful district, 6
Capital, Matagorda. Pop. 2124, of whom 916 were free, and  miles N.N.E. of Cairo. Lat. 300 48' N., lon. 310 58' E. It
1208 slaves,                                                very early acquired, and long continued to possess great
MATAGORDA, capital of Matagorda county, Texas, is  celebrity, from  its temple of the sun, which was a very
situated on the bay of the same name, at the mouth of the  magnificent structure, and was, for ages, the chief seat of
Colorado River, 250 miles S.E. of Austin City. The river is Egyptian learning. According to Strabo, the city stood on
navigable for steamboats to the city of Austin. Matagorda  a large mound, and had lakes in front filled with water fronm
has considerable trade, and is the depot for the produce of  the neighboring canals. The gardens of Matareeyeh were
the Colorado Valley, which is one of the richest portions of  renowned for a balsam, produced from plants first brought
the state, producing cotton, sugar-cane, rice, indigo, and  from Judea by Cleopatra, and believed to be the same as the
maize. The sea breeze, which blows during the summer, Balm of Gilead, mentioned in the Bible; and it was in these
renders this town a favorite summer residence of citizens  gardens that, about thirty years ago, the cultivation of Infrom  the interior. A lighthouse has lately been erected  dian cotton was first tried in Egypt. In the plain, in the
here. A weekly newspaper is published. Pop. about 1200. vicinity, Sultan Selim  encamped in 1517, previous to his
MATAM, mi-tlml, a village of Senegambia, Poota-Damga, defeat of Toman Bey, which transferred the Miemlook
on the left bank of the Sengal; lat. 150 44' N., Ion. 130  sceptre to the Osmanlee; and, in the same locality, in 1800,
5' W.                                                       the Turks were signally defeated by the French under IKloMATAMOIRA, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennessee, her. Matareeyeh is now a very insignificant place.
near the Hatchee River, 07 miles E. of Memphis.               MATAREEYEH or MATARIEH, m,-ti-ree/yeh, a village
MAT'AMOIRAS or MATrAMO/ROS, a river-port town of  of Lower Egypt, province and 20 miles S.E. of Damietta, on
the Mexican Confederation, department of Tamaulipas,  the E. shore of Lake Menzaleh.  Pop. 3000.
on the S. bank of th6 Rio Grande, 40 miles from the Gulf    MATARELLO, mI-tI-ri/lo, a village of Austria, Tyrol, 6
of Mexico. Its port on the gulf consists of two harbors, miles from Trent. Pop. 1260.
the Brazo de Santiago and the Boca del Rio, about 9 miles    MATARIA or MATARIYEI.  See MATAREEYEH..
apart, and both obstructed by bars impassable during strong    MATARO, mI-tI-rol, (anc. Illuro?) a  maritime city of
winds. Exports consist chiefly of specie, with some hides, Spain, on the Barcelona and Mataro Railway, 151 miles N.E.
wool, and horses; imports, manufactured goods, chiefly from  of Barcelona. Pop. 13,010. It stands on the slope of a hill,
Great Britain and the United States. Customs revenue has and consists of an old and new town, the latter having 2
usually been mortgaged by the government for the payment fine squares. It has a large parish church, a hospital, colof the Mexican army. Pop. 20,000. Opposite this town, on  legs, and school of navigation, manufactures of leather,
the N.E. side of the river, General Taylor established his  cotton, silks, velvets, and ribands, and docks in which shipcamp in the spring of 1846, previous to the commencement building is actively carried on. It is connected with Barceof hostilities between the United States and Mexico. The  lone by a railway 151 miles long, opened 29th October, 1848,
latter place has been since called Fort Brown, or Browns- the first in Spain.
yville, in honor of Major Brown, commander of the garrison,    MATARUNA, mi-ti-roofng, a village of Brazil, provizce
who was mortally wounded by a shell from the. Mexican  and 70 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro, on the N. shore of Lake
batteries, (May 6, 1846,) while General Taylor, with the  Ararauma, on a river of its own name, herd crossed by a
main body of his forces, was engaged in opening a com- bridge. Pop. 3200.
munication with Point Isabel.  After the victories of Palo    MATAS/KA. a small village of Itawamba co., Mississippi.
Alto and Resace de la Palms. the American army entered    MATAVIARA, mnt-ve-v-n/yI, a river of Spain, falls into
and took possession of Matamorns without opposition.        the Ebro, in the province of Teruel; total course about 60
MATAMORAS, a town of Mexico, 54 miles from Puebla.  miles.
MATAMOIRtAS, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania,   MATAWAMKEAG, mat-a-wlm/klg, a river in the N.E.
13 miles N. of tHarrisburg, h.s about 150 inhabitants.     part of Maine, rising in Aroostook county, falls into tho
MIATAMOR.kS, a post-office of Pike co., Penn-tivania.     Penobscot in Penobscot county.
1160




MAT                                                      MAT
MATAWAMKEAG or MATTAWAMKEAG, a post-office of Yesso, at the ilouth of a river on its S. coast, lat. 41" 32'
of Penobscot co., Maine.                                   N., Ion. 1400 E. Pop. has been estimated at 50,000. It exMATCHIAPONIX BROOK, of New Jersey, rises in Mon- tends along the margin of an open bay, facing which is an
mouth county, and falls into the South River in Middlesex  island with a beacon shi'tering a harbor capable of receivcounty, near Spottswood.                                  ing the largest ships.
MATCHII-IA, mn-cheefc4, a market-town of Russia, Don    MATSMAI, STRAIT OF. See YEssO.
Cossack country, 75 miles E.N.E. of Novokhopersk. P. 2200.   MATISON, a parish of England; co. of Gloucester.
MATCHIN, m ttcheenl, a town of European Turkey, Bul-   MATTAPOIISETT, a post-village of Plymouth co., Massagaria, on the right bank of the Danube, 32 miles N.E. of chusetts, on Buzzard's Bay, about 60 miles S. by E. of Boston.
Hirsova. It has 2 forts.                                   The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the whale fishMATCIIING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            eries. During the year 1853, 7 vessels arrived heie, bringing
MATELICA, m4,-t4lte-kg, a town of Central Italy, Poditifi- 1816 barrels of sperm oil, 42 of whale oil, and 4900 pounds of
cal States, 23 miles W.S.W. of Macerata. Pop. 7270. It is  whalebone.
enclosed by walls, and has several churches and convents.    MATTAPIONY, a river in the E.S.E. part of Virginia,
MATELLES, LES, 1  m't4111, a town of France, depart- rises in Spottsylvania co., and flowing in a general S.E.
ment of H1rault, 9 miles N.N.W. of Montpellier.            course after forming the boundary between King and Queen
MATERA, nim-t4r&, a town of Naples, province of Basili- and King William counties, unites with the Pamunkey to
cata, 43 miles E. of Potenza, on the Gravina. Pop. 11,200. form the York River.
It is a place of great antiquity, the residence of an arch-   MATTAMMISCONITIS, a township in Lincoln co., Maine.
bishop, seat of a civil court, and has a cathedral, 3 cbnvents, Pop. 54.
and a royal school of belles-lettres, medicine, law, and agri-   MAT'TAWANI, a post-village of Van Buren co., Michigan,
culture.                                                   on the Michigan Central Railroad, 156 miles W. of Detroit.
MATE-SZALKA, mtlt-sA.sllk6hh, a market-town of IHun-   MAT/TERDALE, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland.
gary, Thither Theiss, 9 miles from Neutra-Bathor. P. 2580.   MATTERHORN, a mountain of the Alps. See CEwvIN.
MATHA, m4ttI, a village of France, department of Cha-   MATTERSDORF, mat'ters-doef', (Hun. ~agy-Martony,
rente Inf6rieure, 11 miles S.E. of St. Jean d'Ang6ly. P. 2125. n6dj mantofit, a market-town of West Hungary, county and
M1A-THEOO SHAN or MA-THEOU CHAN, mg-td-ool shin,  10 miles W.N.W. of-Oedenburg. Pop. 4092.
a mountain of China, province of Yun-nan, lat. 250 40' N.,   MATITERSEY, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
ion. 1020 E. It is covered with perpetual snow.              MAT'TEWAN!, a post-village of Fishkill township, DutchMATItERN, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.          ess co., New York, on Fishkill Creek, about 90 miles S. Of
MATH'ERTON, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.        Albany. It has abundant water-power, and contains extenMATHION, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.          sive manufactories of iron and cotton fabrics. Pop. estimated
MATHURA, sometimes written, and usually pronounced, at 1900.
MVUTITRA, a town and place of pilgrimage in British India,   MATTHEWS, math!fiz, a county in the E. parstof Virginia,
presidency of Bengal, on the Jumna, 30 miles N.W. of Agra  bordering on Chesapeake Bay, near its southern extremity.
It is greatly venerated by Brahmins as the birth-place of  It consists of a peninsula washed by Piankatank River on
Krishna, and consists chiefly of a continued street of tem- the N., by the Chesapeake on the E., and by Mobjack Bay
15les, ghauts, &c., of some elegance, with several mosques, a  on the S.W., and joined to the mainland by an isthmus
fort, and some extensive cantonments. The Jumna is navi- about 1 mile wide. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth, 8
gable for large boats at all seasons. Pop. estimated at 60,000. miles. Area, about90 squaremiles. Thesurfaceis extremely
MATIA, ml-teel', or MITIA, called also AURORA, one of  level; the soil is sandy and moderately fertile. Ship-buildthe Society Islands. Lat. 500 15' S., lon. 1480 5' W.      ing is an important branch of business. Named in honor
MATIGNON, ma'teen'y6NG;, a town of France, department of General Matthews, an officer in the war of the Revolution,
of CStes-du-Nord, 15 miles N.N.W. of Dinan. Pop. 1360.    and afterwards governor of Georgia. Capital, Westville.
MATILIDA. a post-village of Canada West, township of Ma- Pop. 6714, of whom 3791 were free, and 2923 slaves.
tilda, on the Point Iroquois Canal, 15 miles N.N.E. of Pres-   MATTHEWS COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of
cott, and 36 miles from Cornwall. It contains several stores, Matthews co., Virginia, 70 miles E. of Richmond, is situated
and 4 mills. Pop. about 125.                               near an arm of Chesapeake Bay.
MATILfDA  FURNACE, a small village of Mifflin co., Penn-   MATTHEW'S  STORE, a post-office of Howard co., Marysylvania.                                                  land.
MATILIDAVILLE, a post-village of Clarion co., Pennsyl-   MATTHEWSVILLE, a village in Pocahontas co., Virginia,
vania, on Clarion River, about 6 miles from its mouth.     170 miles N.W. by W. of Richmond.
MATINA, m.4-tee/nA, the principal river of Costa-Rica,   MATTIE, mltttyA or mrut'teet, a village of the Sardinian
Central America, formed by the union of the Chirripo and  States, division of Turin. Pop. 2229.
Barbilla, flows E., and enters thd Caribbean Sea, near lat.   MAT/TISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
100 N., ion. 80 25' W. At its mouth is a village of the same    MATITISON, a post-township in the E. part of Branch co.,
name.                                                      Michigan. Pop. 475.
MATINIICUS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.           MAT'TITUCKI, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, on
MATISCO. See MAcoN, France.                              the Long Island Railroad, 83 miles E. of New York.
MATILASK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             MATTIACUM. See MasBao.
MATILOCK, a watering-place and parish of England, co.   MATTO-GROSSO, mltlto  grostso, or MIATO-GROSSO,
and 16 miles N.N.W. of Derby. Pop. 3782, partly employed  ("great or dense forest,") the most W. and largest province
in manufactures of cotton, and in lead-mines. The village  of Brazil; lat. from 70 to 240 N.; Ion. from 510 to 650 W.;
is neatly built on the slope, and at the bottom of the narrow  area 865,800 square miles. It is traversed f-om N.W. to
and singularly picturesque vale of the Derwent. It has an  SE., by a mountain chain, forming the principal watershed
ancient church, numerous good hotels and lodging-houses, between the basins of the Amazon and the Rio-de-la-Plata.
a library, mineralogical museums, and handsome baths and  Fromthe mountains innumerable streams descend, and flow
pump-rooms, connected with hot springs, temperature about through lofty rocky valleys, which gradually spread out into
680 Fahr. In the vicinity are several petrifying wells, lead- immense plains. There are also numerous lakes, some of
mines, caverns, and the picturesque woods of Matlock Dale. them of considerable extent. The untmine Matto-Grosso is deMATLOCK BATIH and BRIDGE, England, stations on the  rived from the dense forests, which cover a great part of the
Ambergate and Rowelly Branch of North Midland Railway. surface. The province is particularly rich in minerals. There
MATO-GROSSO, Brazil. See MATTo-GRosso.                   is scarcely a district in which gold is not found, and iron is
MATOOKOO or MATUKU, mI-too'koo!, written also MO- everywhere abundant. Rock-salt and saltpetre are both
TOUGOU, one of the Feejee Islands, in the South Pacific  worked to a limited extent. Over an extensive region near
Ocean; let. 190 14' S., ion. 1791 44' W.                   the centre diamond-mines have been wrought from a very
MATOTSHKIN (ml-totch-keenl) SHAR, a strait of the  remote period, and still continue to yield a large revenue
Arctic Ocean, extends E. and W. for 45 miles by 3 miles in  to the government. In other quarters, various other gems
breadth, and divides Nova Zembla into two unequal parts. and crystals are obtained. For administrative purposes,
Let. 730 20' N., ion. 550 to 600 E.                        Matto-Grosso is divided into two comarcas, Cuyaba and
MATOUCIIIN, m-toolchin, a village in Woodbridge town- Matto-Grosso, subdivided into numerous districts. It sends
ship, Middlesex co., New Jersey, on the New Jersey Rail- only one deputy to the General Legislative Assembly, and
road, about 7 miles N.E. of New Brunswick.                  appoints only one senator. The Provincial Assembly, conMATOUR,.m'toorJ,'a market-town of France, department  sisting of 20 members, holds its sittings in Cuyaba. Pop.
of Salne-et-Loire, 16 miles W. of Macon. Pop. 2436.        180,000.
MATRA, m.fftrdh', a mountain range of Hungary, branch,  MATTO-GROSSO or VILLA BELLA, veelll bhl/li, a city of
of the Carpathians, extending between the Theiss and the  Brazil, in the above province, on a height above the right bank
Danube for 36 miles; culminating point about 3500 feet high. of the Guapore, below-the confluence of the Alegre, 300 miles
MATRONA. See MARNE.                                      W. of Cuyaba. It is surrounded by plains, W'hich are annually
MATSA, mftltsbh, a village of Hungary, 12 miles from  inundated, and is, built with considerable regularity. The
Arad. Pop. 1346.                                           houses are low, constructed of earth and wood, and covered
M[ATSIOV or MATSIOW, m/t-se-ovf, a market-town of  with tiles; and, being whitewashed both within and without,
Russia, government of Volhynia, 29 miles N. of Vladimeer. have a cheerful and comfortable appearance.  It has 3
Pop. 3400.                                                 churches, a town-house, smelting-house, hospital, barracks,
3'IMATSMAI, mtts'mtl, a city of Japan, capital of the island  and arsenal; a Latin, and two primary schools. Its only
1161




MAT                                                      MAU
trade is in horses and cattle, Pop. of comarca, including  CHIEN, a market-town of Lower Austria, circle of Inn, $
only those civilized. 15,000.                              miles from Brunau. Pop. 1000.
MATTOL, mdt.tol', a river of South-east Africa, rising in a    MAUGHOLD, maw/lid, a parish of the Isle of Man.
salt-water marsh in the interior, falls into Delagoa Bay.    MAUGUJIO, m6'ghee'of, (L. 31algorium,) a market-town o01
MATTRAH, a town of Arabia. See MUTTcaA.                  France, department of H6rault, on the railway to Nimes,
MATIUKU. one of the Feejee Islands. See MATOOxO.        and on the lagoon Mauguiq, 7 miles in length, by about 2
MATURA, m/too-rA, a- small town and fort of Ceylon, miles in breadth, 6 miles E. of Montpellier. Pop. 2064.
near its S. extremity, 26 miles E. of Point de Galle.        MAUI or MOWEE, m~w/ee, one of the Sandwich Islands,
MATURATTA, mdt-too-rdt/tA, a maritime town and port in the North Pacific Ocean, N.W. from  Hawaii; lat. ot
of Ceylon, S.E. of Kandy.                                  the S.E. point 200 44' N., ion. 1550 58' W. It is: divided
MATURIN, nam-too-reenl, a department in the N.E. of into two oval-shaped peninsulas, connected by a low
Venezuela, extending from  the Gulf of Paria W. to the  isthmus. The peninsulas, called respectively, East Maui,
Unare, lon. 650 20' WV., and from the Caribbean Sea to the  and West Maul, rise, the former to a height of 10,000 feet,
Orinoco. It comprises the provinces of Cumana, Barcelona, terminating in a crater 2700 feet deep, and falling almost
and Margarita. Capital, Cumana. Pop. 125,000.              perpendicularly towards the sea; the latter to an elevation
MATURIN, a town of Venezuela, on a river which falls of 6100 feet, and having many sharp peaks and ridges,
into the Gulf of Paria; ]at. 90 30' N., Ion. 620 501 W.    divided by deep valleys, which, in descending towards the
MATZDORF, matstdoaf, a town of North Hungary, co. sea, form sloping plains on the N. and S. sides, of consideof Zips, on the Poprad, 6 miles S.W. of Kesmark. Pop. 1060. rable extent. Numerous beautiful cascades pour over the
MATZENHEIM, mdt'sen-hfmex, (Fr. pron. mdt'seh-nlm,)  rocks, from heights of several hundred feet. On the W.
a station of France, on the Strasbourg and Bhle (Basel) side is the bay and town of Lahaina, much resorted to by
Railway, 15 miles S. of Strasbourg.                        whalers. Maui has been occupied as a missionary station
MAUBAN, mow-b/nt, a town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, since 1832, and the church contains about 300 members.
Malay Archipelago, on its E. coast, S.E. of Manila. P. 5900. The schools, attended by about 1000 children, are very inMAUBERT-FONPTAINE, m6'bail-fdrcN'tdn1, a town  of  efficient, there being neither regular teachers nor schoolFrancs, department of Ardennes, 6 miles S.W. of Roeroy. houses. Pop. of the island, in December, 1853, 17,330.
Pop. 1312.                                                   MAULDA, a town of India.  See MALDA.
MAUBEUGE, m'bbuzh/, (L. Altalbodium,) a fortified town    MAUKiI, an island of the South Pacific. See PARnY.
of France, department of Nord, on the Sambre, 11 miles N.   MAULDE, m5ld, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut,
of Avesnes. Pop. in 1852, 7717. It has a national factory  21 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1377.
of fire-arms, iron foundries, and manufactures of iron and    MAUL/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
steel goods.                                                 MAULIDING'S MILLS, a post-office of Wayne co., Illinois.
MAUBOURGUET, mS'booa'gA!, (L. Malburgetums,) a town    MAULE, m6w/ld, a river of Chili, enters the Pacific, near
of France, department of Hautes-Pyr6n6es, on the Adour, the village of La Constitucion, 100 miles N.E. of Concepcion,
16 miles N. of Tarbes. Pop. in 1852, 2563.                 after a W. course of 180 miles, for the last few leagues of
MAUBRAY, m6'brA/, a village of Belgium, province of  which it is navigable for small craft. It gives the name to
Ilainaut, 24 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 1680.                  a department between those of Concepcion and Colchagua,
MAUCH  CHUNK, mawk chnkl/, a flourishing town, with an area of 3990 square miles, and a population of
capital of Carbon co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of  102,000.(?)
the Lehigh River, at the mouth of Mauch Chunk Creek, 100    MAULEON, m1q'l4'6N/, a town of France, department of
miles N.E. of Harrisburg, and 36 miles W.N.W. of Easton. Basses-Pyr&n6es, 25 miles S.W. of Pau. Pop. 1654.
The surrounding region is traversed by several rugged and    MAUL]VRIER, mO'lA'vre-A/, a village of France, departsterile mountain ranges, which abound in coal and iron  ment of Maine-et-Loire. on the Moine. Pop. in 1852, 2398.
ore. The banks of the river near this place are high and    MAULMAIN, mAl'mtnf, MOULMEIN  or MOELMYNE,
precipitous, and the scenery is remarkably wild. Mauch  mool-min/, a seaport town of Further India, capital of a
Chunk is built in one of the narrow ravines through which  British province of the Tenasserim Coast, at the mouth of
the river passes, whtre there is scarcely room for buildings, the Salwin River, opposite the Burmese town Mlartaban, 28
and there are no gardens in the place. The ground being  miles N.E. of Amherst, lat. 160 30' N., Ion, 970 37' E. Popall occupied in Mauch Chunk proper, they are now building  ulation some years ago estimated at 10,000, and during the
in what is termed Upper Mauch Chunk,'on the top of the  late Chinese war it was garrisoned by 4000 men, including
hill, and on the E. bank of the river. The latter quarter an European regiment. It was founded in 1825, as a fronis called Greenwood. Mount Pisgah, which is a short dis- tier military station, but having a good harbor, protected
tance N., rises about 1000 feet above the surface of the Le- westward by the island of Balu, it has become a fiourishing
high. Mluch Chunk is a place of active business, particu- seat of commerce. Exports consist of teak-timber, rice, tolarly in coal and lumber. The bed of coal on the top of bacco, stick-lac, betel-nut,.ivory, cocoa-nuts, and live stock.
Mauch Chunk Mountain, or Summit Hill, is about 50 feet Imports are mostly European cotton goods and marine
in thickness. In 1850, 722,000 tons of coal were exported  stores. Trade principally with Calcutta, Madras, Rangoon,
from Carbon county by the Lehigh Company's Canal, which  and Penang. About 15 miles distant are some remarkable
has contributed greatly to the prosperity of'this region. stalactitic caverns.
The amount paid out by the company in the year was   MAUMEE, maw'meef, a river formed by the St. Joseph's
computed at $603,000. In 1851 the produce of the mines andSt. Mary's Rivers, whichunite at FortWayne, inlndiana.
amounted to 989,296 tons. The navigation of the river has It flows through the N.W. part of Ohio, and enters Maumee
been improved as far as Whitehaven, 25 miles above. The  Bay, at the W. end of Lake Erie, about 4 miles below Toledo.
works on this part of the line are truly magnificent; there  Steamboats can ascend to Defiance, (about 60 miles from its
are dams 50 feet high, and locks of solid stone, which raise  mouth,) when the water is high, and boats of 60 tons in
the water 33 feet. A railroad has been constructed to the  ordinary stages. The Wabash and Erie Canal follows the
mines of Summit Hill, about 9 miles W. of the town. The  course of this river from Fort Wayne to its mouth, a discars, loaded with coal, descend by their own gravity to the  tance of 80 miles.
landing, and after being emptied have' been heretofore    MAUMEIE, a township in Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 93.
drawn up the plane by mules. But now the labors of the    MAUMEE CITY, capital of Lucas county, Ohio, on the
mules are superseded. A " back track" has been constructed, left bank of the Maumee River, and on the W'abash and
which is regarded as a master-piece of bold and successful Erie Canal, opposite Perrysburg, and 8 miles S.W. of Toledo.
engineering. From the chutes where the coal cars are un- It is at the head of the regular steamboat navigation. nod
loaded at the town of Mlauch Chunk, they return. by their has an active business. It contains 4 churches, a union
own weight to the foot of Mount Pisgah. They are then  school. 1 printing-office, and numerous stores. There are- In
drawn to the top of that mountain on an inclined plane by  the vicinity several flouting and other mills.
means of a stationary engine. From the head of this plane    MAUMELLE, maw'mnl/, or MAMIMELLEI, a post-office of
they pass by their own gravity along a railway of 6 miles, Pulaski co., Arkansas.
to the foot of another inclined plane. To the top of this    MAUNA. See MAOONA.
they are again raised by steam, and thence descend to the    MAUNA LOA, mow/nA lo', or MAUNA R.OA, ("great
different mines, where they are filled with coal, and again  mountain,") a mountain of HAWAII, (which see.)
descend by their own weight to the chutes. Two papers    MAUNDWVEEI, a town of India, presidency and 13 miles
are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 3500.                       S.E. of Bombay.
MAUCILINE, moKllin, (Celtic,.iagh, "1a meadow;" Linn,   MAUNDIWA, a town of India, on the Nerbudda, stated,
a "lake,") a manufacturing town and parish of Scotland, co. in 1820, to comprise 1000 houses.
of Ayr, with a station on the Glasgow and Ayr Railway, 8    MAUNKAIRA, mawn-ki/r', written also MUNKERE, a
miles S.E. of Kilmarnock, on the Ayr.  Pop. of village, fortified town of the Punjab, between the Jhylum and In
1336. It has a public library, branch bank, and manufac- dus Rivers, 38 miles S.E. of Bukkur. Lat. 310 23' N.: ion.
tures of wooden snuff-boxes, and numerous cotton looms. 710 30' E.
The parish was long the residence of Burns.                 MAUNPOORI, a fortified town of HIindostan, dominion
MAUCKIPORT, a post-village in IHarrison co., Indiana, on  and 53 miles E. of Jeypoor.
the Ohio River, 135 miles S. of Indianapolis.               MAUNPOO/RAH, a town of Hindostan, Gwalior dominion,
MAUER, mbwler, sometimes written MOWER, a village  S.W. of Oojein.
)f Lower Austria, 6 miles S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1056.       MAUN/SA, a town of West IHindostan, dominion and 82
5IAUERKIRCHIEN,   mw/ler-kObaaRKn, or MAWERKIR- miles N.W. of Baroda.
1162




MAU                                                      MAY
NIAUPITI, an island in the South Pacific. See M-~iARUA.   MIAUVAISE (mb'vAzO RIVER, or MUEHIKEE, a small
MAUR, mOwR, a village of Switzerland, canton and 7  stream of Wisconsin, rises in La Pointe cc, and fiows into
miles S.E. of Zurich, S.W. side of Lake Greiffen. Pop. 2133. Lake Superior.
MAUREPAS, mo/re-pA', a lake situated in the E. part of    MAUVEZIN, malveh-zANo, (L. Manue.sinum,) a town of
Louisiana, at the mouth of Amite River, communicates with  France, department of Gers, 19 miles S.E. of lectoure. P. 1371.
Lake Pontchartrain by an outlet about 3 miles long. Its    MAUVIILA, a village of Mobile co., Alabama, on the
form is orbicular, and its greatest extent 13 miles.      Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Mobile.
MAURIAC, mi're-Akl, (L. Mauriacum,) a town of France,   MAUZ], m0'zA/, a town of France, department of Deuxdepartment of Cantal, 36 miles W.N.W. of St. Flour. Pop. Sbyres, on the right bank of the Mignon, 13 miles S.W. of
in 1852,3594. It has a fine Gothic church, communal col- Niort. Pop. 1824.
lege, and trade in horses and mules.                        MAYROMATI. See MESSONE.
MAUI/RICE RIVER, or PRINCE MAURICE RIVER, of   MiAVRO (or MAURO)POTAMOS, mdv/ro pot'A-mos, (onc.
New Jersey, rises by several small streams in the S. central Acl/eron,) a rive1' of Greece, Epirus, enters the Mediterrapart of Gloucester county, and flowing first S., and after- nean 7 miles E.S.E. of Parga, after a S.W. course of 40 miles.
wards S.W., falls into Delaware Bay about 20 miles in a  From the N. it receives the river anciently called the Cocytus;
straight line N. by W. fromi  Cape May Lighthouse.  It is and both streams were, by the Greek mythologists, reputed
navigable for vessels of 80 or 100 tons to'Millville, 20 miles. to be rivers of hell.
MAURICE RIVER, a township of Cumberland co., New    MAVYRO (or MAURO)POTAMOS, (ane. Cephis/sus,) a river
Jersey. Pop. 2245.,                                       of Greece, in Livadia, falls into Lake Topolias, (anc. Copais.)
MIAU/RICETOWN, a village of Downe township, Cumber-    MAVRO-VOUNO, mAvyro vooyno, (or the "black mounland co., New Jersey, on Maurice River, about 36 miles S.E. tain,") a triple-peaked height of Greece, Epirus, elevation
of Salem, contains a church anud 30 or 40 dwellings.      1500 feet.
MAURITANIA TINGITANA.  See Monocco, EMPIRE OF.            MAWD/ESLEY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
MAURITIUS, maw-rish/e-tss, or ISLE OF FRANCE, an    MAW/GAN-ci-MENEAGE, a parish of England, co. of
island of the Indian Ocean, a colony of Great Britain, E. Cornwall.
from the islands of Madagascar and Bourbon; lat. (Port    MAW/GAN-iN-PY/DER, a parish of England, co. of CornLouis the capital,) 200 9/ 42" S. ion. 570 28' 45" E. It is of  wall.
an oval form, about 40 miles from N.E. to S.W., and 25    MAW/NAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
miles in its greatest breadth.  It is surrounded by coral   MAX'ATAWINY, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylreefs, and in the interior is composed chiefly of rugged and  vania, 74 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1740.
irregular mountains, rising usually into points or pin-    MAXDORF. mxldoaf, a village of Bohemia, circle of
nacles of considerable height; the highest, the Brabant Buotzlau, 9milesfrom Reichenberg. Pop. 1163.
Mountain, being 3000 feet, and the singular insulated    MAXEN, mnx/en, a village of Saxony, circle and 10 miles
rock, Peter Botte, 2600 feet. Betwveen the mountains, and  S.S.E. of Dresden, with a castle and mineral baths. In
along the coast, there are several large and fertile plains  1759, the Austrians here defeated the Prussians.  Pop, 665.
and valleys, well watered by numerous streamlets, and hay-   MAXENT. m3xW8NG, a village of France, department of
ing an exceedingly rich soil of black vegetable mould, or Ille-et-Vilaine, arrondissement of Montfort. Pop. 1890.
stiff clay. Iron exists, but is of an inferior quality. The    MAX/EY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
climate is salubrious, but is subject to violent, frequent, and    MAX/EY, a post-village of Oglethorpe co., Georgia, on the
destructive hurricanes. Shady groves of mango, dense  Athens Branch Railroad, 94 miles W. by N. of Augusta.
masses of mimosa, and nearly every beautiful t:ree of the    MAX/FIELD, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on
tropics, are to be met with in Mauritius. Many plants from  the Piscataquis River, 38 miles N. by E. of Bangor. P. 186.
Europe, Africa, Madagascar, and India are acclimated, and    MAX/ISTOKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
thrive well. The principal objects of cultivation are sugar,   MAX/TON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.
rice, maize, mandioc, and vegetables; and, to a limited ex-   MAXIVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Kentucky,
tent, coffee, pepper, and the mulberry for the production of  about 30 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort.
silk. The exports of sugar, which is the staple of the island,   MAXVILLE, Huron co., Ohio. See PaRu.
increased from 64,886,184 lbs. in 1839, to 119,430,044 lbs. in    MAXYILLE, a village of Spencer co., Indiana, on the
1848, mostly sent to Great Britain. Xhe next largest article  Ohio River, at the mouth of Anderson's Creek, about 140
of export is rice, amounting, in 1848, to 3,085,424 lbs., the  miles S. by W. of Indianapolis.
greater part of which went to the Cape of Good Hope. The    MAX/WELL, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.
total exports, in 1852, amounted in value to 1,100,5641.   MAXTWELL'S, a station of Brunswick co., North Carolina,
The imports, which consist of provisions of all kinds, live  on the Wilmington and Mianchester Railroad, 25 miles W.
stock, copper, cordage, glass, cotton manufactures, &c., of Wilmington.
amounted to 1,052,3511.'Tlhe government of the island is    MAXWELL'S CREEK, a post-office of Mariposa co., Callvested in a governor, a colonial legislative council, subordi- fornia.
nate to the orders of the sovereign in council. Revenue    MAX/WELLTOWN, a burgh of barony of Scotland, co. of
1852, 311,854/.; expenditures, 283,053/. Mauritius was dis- Kirkcudbright, on the Nith, opposite Dumfries, with which
covered in 1505 by the Portuguese.  The Dutch took pos- it communicates by 2 bridges. Pop. in 1851, 3820, chiefly
session of it in 1598, and named it Mauritius, in honor of  Irish.
Prince Maurice. It fell into the hands of the French in    MAY, an islet of Scotland, at the mouth of the Firth of
1721, who retained it till 1810, when it was captured by the  Forth, 6 miles E.S.E. of Fife-ness, 1 mile in length, with a
British. It is well known as the scene of St. Pierre's tale of  light 240 feet above the sea. Lat. 560 11' N., Ion. 20 331 W..
Paul and Virginia. There is a packet communication month-    MAY, a small river of Scotland, co. of Perth, tributary
ly between the islandand Ceylon. The principal towns are  to the Earn.
Port Louis and Mahebourg. French is the language chiefly    MAY, a small river of Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
spoken. Pop. 161,920.                                        MAY, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
MAURIUS, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana.               MAY, LE, 1eh' ma, a village of France, department of
MAURON, m6'r6Nc/, a town of France, department of  Maine-et-Loire, 7 miles S.E. of Beaupr6au.  Pop. 1065.
Morbihan, 12 miles N.N.E. of Ploermel. Pop. in 1852, 4246.   MAYACO, mi-A/ko, a town of Hayti, on the N. coast, about
MAURS, mosa, (L. Mlisrtiun.,) a town of France, depart- 25 miles N.E. of Cape Engaiflo.
ment of Cantal, 30 miles S.W. of Aurillac. Pop. 3081.        MAYAGUANA, mi-A-gwt/nA, an island of the West Indies.
MAURUA, or MAUPITI. See IIARUA.                            MAYAGUEZ, mi —wasf, or ml-a-w&z/, a town and port of
MAURY, a county in the S.W. central part of Tennessee; the island of Porto Rico, Antilles, 70 miles S.W. of St. Jeanarea estimated at 600 square miles. Duck River divides it de-Porto-Rico.  It was taken in 1822, by the adventurer
into nearly equal parts, and is joined in its passage by seve- Ducoudray, who attempted to establish an independent
cal affluents, which furnish water-power. The surface is republic.
diversified; the soil is very fertile. The county is inter-   MAYAS, milFs, a nation of American Indians, who, before
sected by the route of the projected railroad from Nashville  the Spanish conquest, occupied the whole peninsula of Yuto Jackson, in Mississippi. Miaury is the third county in  catan, including Tabasco. Though nearly extinct as a disthe state with respect to population. Capital, Columbia. tinct tribe, their language is still spoken by theuIndians of
Pop. 29,520, of whom 16,850 were free, and 12,670 slaves,    all the countries originally in their possession.
MAUTERN, miw/tern, a small town of Austria, Styria,   MAYARI, mi-A-ree/, a seaport town, oi the N. coast of
20 miles W. of Briick, with mineral baths and iron works.   Cuba, near the mouth of a small stream which flows into
MAUTERN, a small town of Lower Austria, on the Dan- the Bay of Nipe. It is celebrated for the fine tobacco raised
ube, here crossed by a bridge to Stein, 40 miles W.N.W. of  here. Let. 200 45' N., lon. 750 30' W.  Pop. about 3000.
Vienna, and where, in 1484, Mathias of HIungary obtained    MAY/BINTON, a post-village of Newberry district, South
a signal victory over the Austrians.                      Carolina, near Broad River, about 45 miles N.W. of Columbia.
MAUTERNDORF, m~w/tern-docf', amarket-town of Upper    MAY/BOLE, a burgh of barony, town, and parish of
Austria, circle and 57 miles S.S.E. of Salzburg. Pop. 1120.  Scotland, co., and 7- miles S. of Ayr. Pop. of burgh in 1851,
MAUTH, mlwt, or MEGTO, m~g/to, a market-town of  3862. The town contains various stately antique buildings,
Bohemia, circle and 21 miles S.W. of Beraun. Pop. 1200.   including the castle, the ancient seat of the Cassilis family,
MAUTHAUSEN, muwtlh~w'zen, a market-town of Upper  called  "Kings of Carrick;" also manufactures for Glasgow
Austria, on the Danube, 3 miles N.E. of Enns. Pop. 1200.  houses. employing numerous hands, mostly Irish.
MAUTHEN, miw/ten, a village of Illyria, in Carinthia.     MAYCAL'LIN CREEK, of Arkansas, flows through Pops
1163




MAY                                                        MAY
co., and enters the Arkansas near the W. line of John- towns, Castlebar, Ballina, and Westport. It sends 2 menre
son county.                                                bers to the House of Commons, (both for the county.)
MAYDOURGHAUT, in -door-gawt', a town  of India,   MAYO, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, in a county of the
Nizam's dominion, 140 miles S.E. of Hyderabad.             same name, containing the village from which the county
MAVEN, minen, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, 15  takes its name, 3 miles S.E. of Balla. Pop. 4179.
miles W. of Coblentz. It has manufactures of woollen    MAY1O, a small river of Virginia and North Carolina,
cloth, red leather, and earthenware  Pop. 4903.            rises by two branches, the North and South Mayo, in Patrick
MAYENCE, a town of Germany. See MENTZ.                   county, of the former state, and flowing south-eastward
MAYENFELD, mifen-fm lt', a town of Switzerland, canton  into North Carolina, enters the Dan River at Madison.
of Grisons, near the Rhine, 11 miles N. of Chur. Pop. 1200.   MAYO, mtlo, one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the AtlanMAYENNE, LA, (L. Miduana,) a river of France, rises in  tic, E. of Santiago. It is about 18 miles in circuit, with a
the department of Orne, flows S. and unites with the Loir  rocky coast and sterile soil, its principal product being salt,
and Sarthe in forming the Maine; total Course, about 125  from a natural lagoon. Chief port, Pinosa.
miles, of which about 55 miles are navigable.                MAYO, m/ilo, a river of the Mexican Confederation, state of
MAYENNE, mnlylnn! or raminn/, a department in the  Sonora, enters the Gulf of California, 100 miles S.E. of GuayN.W. of France, formed of part of the old province of Maine- mas, after a S.W. course of 1.30 miles.
et-Perche. Area 1966 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 374,556.   MAYO, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the N.
Surface generally flat; sufficient corn is raised for consump- coast of Celebes, 30 miles N. of Menado.
tion; cider and perry are extensively made; lint and hemp    MAYO, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
are grown, and the forests furnish timber for the marine.   MAYOMBA, mt-yomlbl, MAYUMIBA or MAJUMBA, mdChief industry, linen spinning and weaving. Chief river,  jim/lbit, a town of Southern Guinea, 120 miles N.W. of Lethe Mayenne. The department is divided into the arron- ango, at the mouth of the Mayomba, in the Atlantic. It is
dissements of Chiteau-Gentler, Laval, and Mayenne. Capi- the capital of the country of Mayomba, which is rich in coptal, Laval.                                                per, ivory, and gum.
MAYENNE, (L. 2e1uana,) a town of France, department   MAYOINING, a post-village in Patrick co., Virginia.
of Mayenne, 17 miles N.N.E. of Laval, chiefly on the right    MAYORES, a town of Spain. See CUMBRES —IAvORES.
bank of the Mayenue, but connected by a bridge with an    MAYORGA, mA-yoafgg, a town of Spain, province and 48
extensive suburb on the left bank. It has a large public  miles N.W. of Valladolid, on the Cea. Pop. 1790.
square, adorned with a fountain, and a Hotel de Ville; two    MAYORGA, a group of the Friendly Islands, in thie Pacichurches, in the suburb; and an old castle of the Lords of  fic, the chief of which is Varao.
Mayenne, on the right bank, and picturesquely overhanging    MAYOTTA, an island, Indian Ocean. See Comsono.
the bridge. This castle was taken by the English, under    MAYPOCI-IA, mi-pobchl, a small river of Chili, joins the
the Earl of Salisbury, in 1424, after a three months' siege. Maypu, in lat. 330 40! S., length about 60 miles.
The manufactures of linen, calico, and ticks, are important,   MAY/PORT MIILLS, a post-office of Duval co., Florida.
and employ about 8000 persons in and around the town.   MAYPU, mi-pool, a river of Chili, department of Santiago,
There are also cotton-mills, bleachfields, and dye works. rises in the Andes, and after a W. course of 130 miles, enters
Pop. in 1852, 9933.                                        the Pacific, 40 miles S. of Valparaiso. The principal affluent
MAYESVILLE, mlzf/vill, a post-office of Sumter district, is the Melipilla, which joins the Maypu, 40 miles E. of the
South Carolina.                                            Pacific Ocean, The course of this mountain stream is so
MAYET, mltyf, (L. Maiatum,) a village of France, depart-  impetuous, that it can only be spanned by suspension
ment of Sarthe, 16 miles E.N.E. of La Fulche. Pop. 3764.    bridges. In the plain traversed by it, the republican troops,
MAYET, a village of'France, department of Allier, arron- under San Martin, defeated the royalists in the year 1818.
dissement of La Palisse. Pop. in 1852, 1919.                 MAYPU, a mountain peak of the Andes, in Chili, lat. 330
MAYIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.         50, S. Height, 15,000 feet.
MAYFIELD, a town and parish of England, co. of Sussex,   MAYRENA-DEL-ALCOR, mI-rAln{-dhl-l-kis!, a town of
81 miles S. of Tunbridge Wells. Remains of a palace, said  Spain, province and 13 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 3541.
to have been built by St. Dunstan, and long a residence of  It has a castle, and a large horse and cattle fair.
the Archbishops of Canterbury, still exist.                  MAYRES, maiR, a village of France, department of ArMAY/FIELD, a township of Somerset co., Maine, Pop. 133. dlche, 12 miles N.W. of Largentilre.  Pop. in 1852, 2471.
MAYFIELD, a post-village and township in the E. part of    MAYRHOFEN, mintho'fen, a village of Austria, Tyrol,
Fulton co., New York, about 47 miles N.W. of Albany. It circle of Schwatz, near Zell. Pop. 1245.
has manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, paper, &c.   MAY'S LANDING, a post-village, capital of Atlantic
Pop. 2429.                                                 county, New Jersey, is situated in Hamilton township, at
MAYFIELD, a post-village of Isle of Wight co., Virginia, the head of navigation, on Great Egg Harbor River, about
is pleasantly situated, 72 miles S.E. of Richmond.         65 miles S. of Trenton. It consists of two parts, Miay's
MAYFIELD, a post-office of Rockingham co., North Cars- Landing proper, and Hamilton, about a quarter of a mile
Tina.                                                      up the river, where a dam has recently been constructed,
MAYFIELD or ROCK MILLS, a post-village of Warren co., affording fine water-power. It has 3 or 4 churches, 2 banks,
Georgia, on the Ogeechee River, 54 miles W. by S. of Augusta. 2 foundries, and a large grist-mill.
It has a cotton factory.                                     MAYS'LICI!, a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky, on the
MAYFIELD, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.       railroad from Maysville to Lexington, 12 miles S.W. of the
MAYFIELD, apost-village, capital of Graves co., Kentucky, former. It contains 2 or 3 churches.
on Mayfield Creek, 275 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort. It has    MAYSVILLE, mnz/vil, a post-village, capital of Chaua court-house and about 100 inhabitants.                   tauque co., New York, at the N.W. end of Chautauque Lake,
MAYFIELD, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity  about 60 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. It contains, besides the
of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Pop. 1117.                          county buildings, 3 or 4 churches, an academy, and 3 printMAYFIELD, a township in De Kalb co., Illinois. P. 564. ing-offices. A steamboat plies between this place and JamesMAYFIELD'S CREEK, in the W. part of Kentucky, rises town. Pop. estimated at 700.
in Graves co., and flowing northward and then westward,    MAYSVILLE, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
enters the Mississippi River in Ballard co., about 8 miles    MAYSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Buckingham co.,
below the mouth of the Ohio River.                         Virginia, is situated on Slate River, at the head of navigaMAY FLOWER, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.       tion, 27 miles from its mouth, and 87 miles WV. of Richmond.
MAY HILL, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois.            It has a handsome court-house, built according to a plan
MAYLAND, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              furnished by Jefferson, and a large Presbyterian church.
MAYN, a river of Germany. See MAIN.                        MAYSVILLE, a post-village in Greenbrler co., Virginia,
MAYtNOOTII,  a market-town of Ireland, Leinster, co. of  190 miles W. by N. of Richmond.
Kildare, on the Royal Canal, with a station on the Irish    MAYSVILLE, a post-office of Green co., North Carolina.
Great Western Railway, 15 miles W.N.W. of Dublin. Pop.   MAYSVILLE, a station of Sumter district, South Carolina,
2129. It has remains of a castle, formerly the chief seat of  on the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad, 9 miles N.E.
the Fitzgeralds; a large Roman Catholic chapel and convent, of Sumterville.
and the Royal College of St. Patrick, founded in 1795, for    MAYSVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Georgia.
the education of the Roman Catholic clergy. It. accomme-   MAYSVILLE, a post-office of Madison cc., Alabama.
dates about 450 students, 250 of whom are maintained free.   MAYSVILLE, a post-village of Benton co., Arikansas,
Annual government grant, 30,0001.                          stands on the W. boundary of the state, about 25 miles W.
MAYO. mnAo, a maritime county of Ireland, Connaught, of Bentonville.
having E. the counties of Sligo and Roscommon. Area 2131    MAYSVILLE, a handsome city of Mason co., Kentucky, on
square miles, or 1,363,882 acres, of which about 800,000 are  the Ohio River, 60 miles above Cincinnati, and 60 miles
waste or unimproved mountain pasture, and 56,976 under N.E. of Lexington. It was formerly called Limestone, from
water. Pop. in 1841, 388,887; in 1851, 274,830. Coast line  Limestone Creek, which here enters the river. The sitnafringed with cliffs and islets, and indented witn innumerable  tion is elevated and delightful. A range of bold and verdant
inlets. The surface is mostly mountainous, but comprising  highlands, rising immediately behind the city, render its
many fertile and comparatively level tracts. Soil generally  appearance, as viewed from the river, exceedingly attractive.
lightbetter suited to grazing than tillage. Chief crops, flax, It is compactly built. Among the public buildings are a
eats, and potatocs. The fisheries are valuable, and the county  handsome city hall, a substantial stone jail, a hospital, and
has'arble and' slate works. Iron ore is plentiful. Chief  7 or 8 churches. It contains also 2 banks, 2 large seminaries,
1164




MAY                                                        MEA
besides the public schools, and printing-offices, in which 4 France, department of Corrdze, 14 miles S.W. of Ussel.
newspapers are published. In the extent of its business  Pop. 1690.
and population, Maysville is the fourth town in the state,  IMAZINA, a fort of Afghanistan.  See MAZEENA.
and is steadily advancing in these respects. It is the en-   MAZO, m/so, a miserable town of the Canary Island
trepdt of the goods and produce imported and exported by  Palma, on its E. coast. Pop. 4181.
the north-eastern section of Kentucky, and is the most   MA/ZON, a small post-village of Grundy co., Illinois, a
extensive hemp market in the United States. A railroad is few miles S. of Morris.
in course of construction extending from this place to Lex-    MAZUFURABAD, mI-ztif'fir-,i-bld/, a town of the Punington, and another to the mouth of Big Sandy River.. jab, at the confluence of the Jhylum, and its great tributary
Among the various manufactures in operation may be men- the Kishengunga, and commanding the entrance of the
tioned 2 steam-cotton factories, 1 large bagging factory, 2  Baranula Pass into Cashmere.
iron foundries, 5 rope-walks, 12 manufactories of ploughs,   MAZYE, mt-zV, a large village of Afghanistan, in the
and 5 of coaches and wagons. The corporation have expended  Pisheen Valley, 40 miles N. of Shawl.
$70,000 on the different turnpikes which converge to this    MAZURA, an island of Arabia. See MASSERA.
point, in addition to individual subscriptions. Maysville    MAZZARA, mt-s3trA, (ance. AlJassar-c  and Em.porium,`
was settled in 1784, and incorporated in 1833. Pop. 7000.    a town of Sicily, intendancy and 26 miles S. of Trapani,
MAYSVILLE, a small village of Montgomery co., Ohio.   at the mouth of the Salemi.  Pop. 8400. It is enclosed by
MAYSVILLE, a village of Daviess co., Indiana, on the  Sa-acenic walls, and has narrow, unpaved, dirty streets.
White River, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 110 miles  Its public buildings comprise a cathedral, bishop's palace,
S.W. of Indianapolis.                                     senate-house, several convents, an hospital, college, theatre,
MAYSVILLE, a village in Fountain co., Indiana, on the  and a caricatore for warehousing corn.
Wabash River, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 70 miles    MAZZARA, VAL DI, vAl dee m t-slrA, an old division
N.W. of Indianapolis.                                      of Sicily, now subdivided among the provinces of Trapani,
MAYSVILLE, a post-office of HIuntingdon co., Indiana.   Girgenti, and parts of Palermo and Caltanisetta.
MAYSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Clay co., Illinois,   MAZZARINQ, mtt-sI-ree/no, a town of Sicily, province
on the border of Twelve Mile Prairie, and on the Ohio and  and 14 miles S.E. of Caltanisetta, in the Val-di-Noto, with a
Mississippi Railroad, near the Little Wabash River, 122  college, and palace of Prince Butera. Pop. 11,600.
miles S.E. of Springfield.                                   MAZZE, a village of Piedmont. See MAssE.
MAYSVILLE COURT HOUSE, a post-office of De Kalb co.,   MAZZO, mct/so, a village of Austrian Italy, province of
Missouri.                                                  Sondrio, S. of Bormio. Pop.'1129.
MAY/TOWN, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,   MDOUKAL, m'dookt/11,(?) a village of Algeria, in the Sa.
30 miles from Harrisburg.                                 hars, at the S.E. extremity of the Lake IHadna, 97 miles S.
MAYUMBA or MAJUMBA. See MAYOMBA.                         W. of Constantine. Pop. 700.
MAYVILLE, New York. See MAvSVILLE.                        MEACO, the capital city of Japan. See MIAKo.
MAY/VILLE, a thriving post-village of Dodge co., Wiscon-   MEAD, a township, Crawford co., Pennsylvania. P. 3388.
sin, on the Ossin River, an affluent of Rock River, about 52    MEAD, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania.
miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has a valuable and improved    MEAD, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1626.
water-power. Iron ore is found 8 miles from this village,   MEADAY, mt-I-dit', a ruined town of Burmah, on the
and a company has been formed here for the manufacture  Irrawaddy, 40 miles N. of Prome. It was destroyed by the
of iron. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 600.                   retreating Burmese in 1826.
MAZACA or CA1SAREA. See KAiSAREEuvn.                       MEADE, meed, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has
IVIAZAGAN, mtz'a-gn/, a fortified seaport town of Morocco, an area estimated at 500 square miles. The Ohio River forms
on the Atlantic, 122 miles N.W. of Morocco, at the extremity  its boundary on the N. and N.W. for a distance of about 60
of a low rocky point. It has some good fortifications, but is miles, and Salt River forms its boundary on the E. The
now mostly in ruins. Pop. 2000.                            surface is generally rolling, and the soil fertile. The county
MAZAGAO, (Mazaglo,) m1-z-g6w Nca/, a town of Brazil, contains abundance of cavernous limestone, a good material
province and about 190 miles W.N.W. of Par&, near the  for building. Formed in 1823, and named from  Captain
estuary of the Amazon.                                     Jamnes Meade, who fell at the battle of the river Raisin.
MAZ'AGONG/, a village of British India, presidency and  Capital, Brandensburg.  Pop. 7393; of whom 5820 were free,
on the island of Bombay, chiefly inhabited by descendants and 1573 slaves.
of the Portuguese.                                           MEADIORVILLE, a post-office of Mason co., Tennessee.
MAZALTENANGO, mI-sal-tI-ntn/go, a town of Central    MEADOW (mId/o) BLUFF, a post-office of Greenbrier co.,
America, state and 110 miles W. of Guatemala.              Virginia.
MAZAMET, mt'zt'm., a town of France, department of    MEADOW BRANCH, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.
Tarn, on the left bank of the Arnette, 10 miles S.E. of Cas-   MEADOW CREEK, post-office, Orange co., North Carolina.
tres. Pop. in 1852, 9894. It has extensive manufactories   MEADOW CREEK, a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky.
of cloths, and large cloth fairs.                            MEADOW DALE, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.
MAZAN, mt'z6Nts/, a village of France, department of    MEADOW FARM, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
Vaucluse, 5 miles E. of Carpentras. Pop. in 1852, 3837.      MEADOW RIVER, a small stream in the W. central part
MAZAN, a village of France, department of Ardlche, of Virginia, rises in Greenbrier co., and flows along the
arrondissement ofLargentilre. Pop. in 1852, 3837.          boundary of Nicholas and Fayette counties into Gauley
MAZANDERAN, mt-a n'der-tn/, or MAZANDEROON, River.
mt-zbn'der-oon/, a province of North Persia, mostly between    MEADOWS, a post-office of Van Buren co., Arkansas.
lat. 360 and 370 N., and Ion. 500 and 54n E. Pop. 150,000.   MEAD'S BASIN, a post-office of Passaic co., New Jersey.
MAZARAMBROZ, mt-tht-rtm-brdth/, a town of Spain, New    MEAD/S CORNERS, a post-office of Crawford co., Penn~Castile, 11 miles from Toledo. Pop. 1568.                 sylvania.
MAZARRON, a town of Spain. See ALtIAZAaRRON.               MEAD'S MILL, a post-office of Wayne cot Michigan.
MAZATLAN, mz'.at-ltn! or m&-s&t-l n/, a flourishing town    MEAD/VILLE, a flourishing borough, capital of Crawford
and seaport of Mexico, in Cinaloa, at the entrance of the river co., Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situated on French Creek,
Mazatlan into the Gulf of California, 183 miles S.E. of Ci- 236 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg, and about.95 miles N. of
naloa. Lat. (Custom-house,) 230 11' 48" N., ion. 1060 23' 45"  Pittsburg. It is the principal market of this fertile and
W. It is built on the crest of some heights, and has a clean  populous county, from which grain, lumber, &c., are exand healthy appearance. There are many finue stores well ported. A branch canal extends to the Alleghany River at
stocked with European goods; but few American manufac- Franklin. Among the public buildings are a handsome
tures are to be met with. The port is sheltered to some ex- court-house, a state arsenal, and an academy. The elegant
tent from the N. winds, but exposed to the W. and S. Mazat- building of Alleghany College stands on an  eminence
lan, after Acapulco, is the most commercial town in Mexico. half a mile N. of the town. There is also a divinity school
It forms the outlet for the products of the mining districts of belonging to the Christians and Unitarians. Meadville con:
St. Sebastian, and imports considerable quantities of English  tains several paper-mills, an oil-mill, and an edge-tool factory.
goods. In 1846, its exports amounted to $1;657,748, and its Four newspapers are published here. Incorporated in 1823.
imports to $1,559,768. In 1853, 35 steamers arrived here  Pop. in 1850, 2578.
firom the United States, bringing 5095 passengers; and the    MEADVILLE, a thriving post-village of Halifax co., Virtotal tonnage of the vessels of all kinds arriving here was ginia, on the Banister River, at the head of navigation, about
30,762. Pop. of the town from 10,000 to 121000.            136 miles S.W. of Richmond. It contains a large fouringMAZ], m'at!, a market-town of France, department of  mill and a tobacco factory. Pop. about 500.
Maine-et-Loire, on the Authion, 9 miles S.W. of Bang&.   MEADVILLE, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Mis.
Pop. in 1852, 3836.                                        sissippi, on the Homochitto River, 80 miles S.S.W, ofJackson,
MAZEENA or MAZINA, m-azee/na, a fort of Afghanistan, and 34 miles E. of Natchez.
15 miles S.W. of Jelalabad. Near this place the British de-   MEADVILLE, a post-office of Mead co., Kentucky.
feated an Afghan force in July, 1842.                        MEAGHER, mee'gher, a post-office of Bureau co.. Illinois.
MAZEIRA an island of Arabia. See MAssERA.                  MEAIIGUNGE, mt-t-gfmnj/. a walled town of India, donei.
MAZeRES, mt'&zai!,. (L. Macerie,) a town of France, de- nions of Oude, 24 miles S.W. of Lucknow.
partment of Aritge, on the Lez, 10 miles N. of Pamiers.   MEAKSIMA or MEACSIMA, mi-ak-see'mA, some islets of
]'op. in 1852, 3094.                                      Japan, W. of the S. part of Kioo-Sioo.
MAZ1ERE, LA BASSE, 1it bhIss mzt'e-aiR1, a village of    MEALFOURVOUNIE, mil-foor-vool/nee, a mountain of
1165




MEA                                                         MEC
Bcotland, co. of Inverness, on the W. side of Loch Ness.  The great temple of the Kaba, the leitu-'llah, or EI-Ha.
Elevation 2700 feet.                                        ram, is an unsymmetrical, modern-looking patchwork of
MEALY MOUNTAINS, a hill chain in Labrador, British  ancient fragments, without any pretension to unity or
North America, near its E. coast, between Cape Charles and  style. It may be entered by 19 doors, and is adorned exterSandwich Bay. Estimated height, 1480 feet.                  nally with seven minarets. Within, the great four-sided
MIEANA, mA-AS/n, a village of Sardinia, Piedmont, 27  court of the temple, surrounded by colonnades of irregular
miles W.S.W. of Turin, on the Clusone. Pop. 1550.           pillars, is about 250 paces long and 200 wide; and, nearly
MEANA, a village of the island of Sardinia, division and  in the middle of it, in a hollow, stands the Kaba (cube) or
50 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 1391.                         sacred house, erected in 1627, measuring, in length, about
MEANIDER CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Mahoning  18 paces, in width 14 paces, and in height not exceeding 40
River, about 7 miles below Warren.                          feet. The sides are completely covered by the Keeswa, that
MEANIEE, (" fishing-place,"), a maritime town of West is, the veil or curtain of rich black silk, which is renewed
Hindostan, 75 miles N.W. of Joonaghur.                      every year, at the expense of the Ottoman Porte. This
MEANEE, a village of Sinde, on the Fulailee branch of  silken curtain, waving and fluttering with every breath of
the Indus, 5 miles N. of Ilyderabad, and where the British  wind, is thought, by the simple devotees around, to be
troops, under Sir Charles Napier, defeated a Belooch force, fanned by the wings of guardian angels. In two places only
17th February, 1843.                                        is this covering removed, one so as to expose a gray stone
MEANEE, a town of Sinde, on the Indus, 45 miles S.W. at the S.E. end of the building, which it is thought meriteof Hyderabad.                                               rious to touch; and, in like manner, at the N.E. angle, is
MEANEE, a town of Punjab, on the Ravee, over which is exposed the celebrated black stone, the kissing of which is
a much-frequented ferry, 21 miles N.W of Lahore.            a chief object of the pilgrimage, This stone is believed to
MEANEE, a village of Afghanistan; lat. 290 21' N., ion. be the angel whose office it will be, at the last day, to iden700 40' E.                                                  tify those who have duly performed the Haj. Besides the
MEANEE, a village of Sinde, 5 miles N.W. of Sehwan; momber or pulpit of the Imtm, and the desks assigned to
lat. 260 24' N., Ion. 670 55' E.                            the doctors of the different sects, there are several i-regular,
MEANGIS (mA-ingfghis, or mA-An/gheez)ISLES, a group in  and. in some measure, unsightly buildings, round the Kaba.
the Malay Archipelago, about lat. 50 N., ion. 1270 E., 90 miles In one of these is the famous well of Zemzem, alleged to be
S.E. of Mindanno. Chief island, Nanusa.                    the one whence Hagar obtained water for Ishmael, and
MEANS/VILLE, a post village in Union district, South  which is surrounded by a circular wall, 5 feet high, and
Carolina.                                                  10 feet in diameter. Its waters are perfectly fresh, though
MEARE, meer, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       every other spring in the neighborhood is brackish. Among
MEARIM, a river and town of Brazil. See MIARIM.          the pilgrims they are devoutly believed to be a sure remedy
MEARNS, mmrns, a parish of Scotland, co. of Rtenfrew. for all bodily ailments, and even salutary for the soul. Few
The Mearns is the popular name for the co. of Kincardine.  pilgrims leave the holy city without taking with them some
MEARS (meerz) ASHLEY, a parish of England, co. of  flasks filled from the sacred well.
Northampton.                                                  The Meccawee, or inhabitants of Mecca, are, with exception
MEASHANI, a parish of England, co. of Derby.              of a few IIejizi Bedouin, all strangers by birth or parentage;
MEATI, meee{, a county of Ireland, Leinster, having E. that is to say, they are either not natives.of the place, or
Dublin and the Irish Sea. Area 906 square miles, nearly the  not descendants of the indigenous tribes.  They are, in
whole of which is cultivated.i Pop. in 1841,183,828; in 1851, fact, settlers, or children of settlers, attracted hither by
140,750. Surface, mostly flat. Principal river, the Boyne.  gain. They are extremely proud of their city, fond of fine
Soil, chiefly a rich clayey loam, on limestone or gravel. The  clothes and parade, devoted to the pleasures of the table,
condition of the numerous small farmers is wretched. Chief  and cold spectators of the fanaticism which they periodically
towns, Trim, (the capital,) Kells, and Navan. The county  witness, and of which they make their money. Intent on
sends 2 members to the house of Commons. Previous to the  gain, they care not for learning; the colleges of Mecca have
Anglo-Norman Conquest, the king of Meath was supreme  falleneto decay, and the libraries, once rich, have totally dismonarch of Ireland.                                         appeared. As Mecca, during the pilgrimage, is visited by
MEAUX, mS, (anc. Iati/num orJati/num, afterwards Mie/ldi,)  100,000 strangers on an average, it becomes, for three or
a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, 25 miles E.N. four months in the year, the greatest market in the East;
E. of Paris, on the Marne, and on the railway to Strasbourg.  its merchants occasionally accumulate large fortunes,' and,
Pop. in 1852, 9900. It has a tribunal of commerce, a com- under the protection of the Turks. they are not afraid to
munal college, with a library of 13,000 volumes, and trade  show their riches, and live like princes. On the other hand,
in grain and cheese. It is the see of a bishop; has courts of  it is proverbial that Mecca is the beggar's paradise; the
first resort, and an agricultural and scientific society. Meaux  beggars of the holy city are importunate as well as numerous.
was taken by the Normans in 862, and,'after a regular  The Shereefs, (Sherifs,) or direct descendants of Mohammed,
siege, by the English, in 1421. It may be regarded as the  are now a numerous and widely-spread body. These nobles,
cradle of the Reformation in France. Its bishop, Brissonnet, as they may be called, elect the Shereef of Mecca, and their
who had early embraced the reformed doctrines, though he  choice is invariably confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan. The
afterwards abjured them, gathered around him a number  stationary population of Mecca was estimated by Burckhardt,
of able men, some of whom, as Jaques Lefivre of Etaples, in 1814, at between 25,000 and 30,000, including some 3000
and William Farel, distinguished themselves as Reformers.  or 4000 Abyssinian and negro slaves.-Adj. and inhab. MEccAMEAVY, mee/vee, a parish of England. co. of Devon.        WE, (Mecciwi,) mkl/ki-wee', sometimes written MECCAWAY.
~MEBARREZ or MUBARREZ, EL, 61 meb-arlnrz, a walled    MECICA, a post-township in the N. part of Trumbull co.,
town of Arabia, province and 33 miles S. of Lahsa. It is sur- Ohio, intersected by the Musquito River. Pop. 872.
rounded by a deep ditch, defended by lofty towers. P. 10,000.   MECEJANA, mA-sA-zhA/nA, a village of Brazil, province
MECCA or MEKKA, mik/ka, written also MEKKEIHI,  and 12 miles E. of Ceara. Pop. 2000.
(anc. Macoralbi; Fr. _Mecque, mik,) the most celebrated    MECHIADER, ma-chider, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 84
city of Arabia, the seat of the Mohammedan religion, miles S. of Sena, with a castle, the residence of a governor.
is situated five days' journey E. of Jidda; let. 210 38'   MECHANIC, me-kan/ik, a township of Holmes co., Ohio.
N., lon. 40o.8' E.  It is styled by Mohammedans El Pop. 1647.
Mosherefe, (the noble;) On-El-Kora. (the mother of towns;)   MECHAN/ICSBURG, a village of Alleghany co., PennsylBeled-el-Amein, (the land of the true believers,) &c. Mecca  vania, on the Alleghany River, 10 miles N.E. of Pittsburg.
stands in a narrow, sandy valley, from 100 to 700 paces  Pop. over 200.
broad, extending in a general direction N. and S., enclosed    MECHANICSBURG, a thriving post-borough of Cumberby sterile hills, from  200 to 500 feet high, without tree  land co., Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Yalley Railroad,
or verdure; and is ill supplied with water. In its centre  8 miles E. of Carlisle; It is situated in a populous neighis the Beitu-'llah, (house of God,) or E1-haram, (the in- borhood, and has an active business. Pop. estimated at 1000.
violable,) the great mosque, enclosing the Kaba, dividing    MECHANICSBURG, a village of York co., Pennsylvania,
the whole into the upper (northern) and lower (southern)  44 miles S.S.E. of IHarrisburg.
towns; these again being subdivided into 25 quarters,    MECHANICSBURG, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.
exclusive of the suburbs, which stretch in single lines    MECHANICSBURG, a small village of Carroll co., Ohio.
of houses along the narrow parts of the valley.  ilecca    MECIIANICSBURG, a flourishing post-village of Goshen
is reported to be in itself a good-looking city; the streets  township, Champaign co., Ohio, on the Springfield and Delabeing wider than is usual in Eastern towns, the houses of  ware Turnpike, J0 miles E. of Urbanna. It is surrounded by
stone, often three stories high, and well lighted. The castle, a fertile country, and has increased rapidly within a few
on its S.E. side, near the Shereef's house, is large enough for years. The railroad which is in progress from Springfield to
a garrison of 1000 men, and is thought by the Arabs to be  Delaware passes through this village. It has a woollen fecimpregnable. The city is annually filled at the time of the  tory and several mills. Pop. about 1200.
Haj or pilgrimage to the Kaba, when apartments in almost    MECHANICSBURG, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.
every house are hired to itrangers, and thousands besides    MECHANICSBURG, a village of Marion co., Indiana, 10
encamp outside the town.  This pilgrimage, customary  miles N.W. of Indianapolis.
among the Arabs in early and idolatrous ages, and subse-   MIECHANICSBURG, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illi
quently enjoined by Mohammed on all his followers, is the  nois, 15 miles E. of Springfield.
sole foundation of Mecca's fame, and the only source of her    MECIIANICSBURG, a post-village of Macon co., Missouri,
wealth and rccupation.                                    105 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.
1166a




MIEC                                                      MED
MECIIANICSBURG, a village-in Van Buren co., Iowa, 80  ed by several bays, of which the largest is that of Wismar.
miles S.S.W. of Iowa City.                                Lakes are very numerous, and indeed, form one of the chaMECHANICS' FALLS, a thriving post-village of Ancdros- racteristic features of the country. The soil is fertile, and
c.oggin co., Maine, on a tributary of the Androscoggin, prodtes corn in such abundante as to leave a large surplus
and on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, whence for export.  The other principal crpps are pease, beans,
diverges the Buckfield Branch Railroad, 37 miles N.N.W. of potatoes, and turnips. Both horses and cattle are largely
Portland. It contains a church, machine shops, and several exported; and wool has become one of the most important
mills, among which are 2 for making paper.                sources of revenue. The distillation of spirits from grain is
MECHANICS' GROVE, a post-office of Lancaster co., carried on to an extent seldom equalled even in Germany.
Pennsylvania.                                             The government is a limited monarchy, and intimately
MECHANICS' RIVER, a post-office of Albemarle co., Vir- connected with that of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Each duchy
ginia.                                                    has its separate states,'but both bodies annually meet togeMECHANICSTOWN, a post-village of Frederick co., Mary- ther, and have power to make common laws, and impose
land, about 20 miles N. of Frederick.                     common taxes, for the whole of Mecklenburg. (MecklenburgMECHANICSTOWN, apost-office of Carroll co.. Ohio.      Schwerin is divided into six districts.) Capital, Schwerin.
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Rutland co., Ver- Pop. in 1853, 541,449.
mont, 8 miles S. by W. of Montpelier.                       MECKILENBIRG (or MEK/LENBURG) STRELITZ, (Ger.
MECHAN/ICSVILLE, a post-village of Saratoga co., New  pron. mlk-l1n-b66aG-strAlits,) a grand-duchy of Europe,
York, on the Hudson River, on the Champlain Canal, and  intimately connected with the above; 20th state of the
on the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, 12 miles N. of  German Confederation, consisting of two larger and several
Troy. It contains a cotton factory and several mills.     smaller districts; the former separated by the interposition
MECHANICSVILLE, a village and station of West Ches- of Mecklenberg-Schwerin, and the latter existing in separate
ter co., New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 45 miles N.N.E. patches. The whole area is estimated at 767 square miles.
of New York.                                              The physical features of this duchy do not differ essentially
MECHANICSVILLE, a village, Hunterdon co., New Jer- from those of Mecklenburg-Schwerin above described., In
sey, about 12 miles N.E. of Flemington.                   union with that duchy, it has a fourteenth vote in the
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Philadelphia co., plenum of the Confederation. The house of Mecklenburg
Pennsylvania, 104 miles E. of Harrisburg.                 is the oldest reigning family in Eupope, and the dukes still
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Penn- take the title of Princes of the Vandals. Capital, Neu-Stresylvania, 6 miles N.W. of Allentown,' has about 150 inha- litz. Pop. in I851, 99,628.
bitants.                                                    MECKILENBUIRG, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia,
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 500 square
Maryland, 24 miles N. of Washington.                      miles. It is intersected by the Roanoke, bounded on the N.
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Louisa co., Virginia, by the Meherrin River, and also drained by Allen's, Blue65 miles N.W. of Richmond. It has 1 church,               stone, and many other creeks. The surface is beautifully
MECIIANICSVILLE, a post-village in Sumter district, diversified by hill and dale, and partially covered with
South Carolina..forests; the soil is generally fertile, excepting the higher
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Jasper co., Georgia, ridges. Granite and other primary rocks underlie the sur46 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                            face. A plank-road has recently been laid in the county.
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama. Organized in 1704. Capital, Boydtown.  Pop. 20,630, of
MECHANICSVILLE, a post-village of Cannon co., Ten- whom 8168 were free, and 12,462 slaves.
nessee.                                                      MECKLENBURG, a county in the S.W. part of North CaroMECHELEN, a city of Belgium. See MECnLIN.                lina, bordering on South Carolina; area estimated at 720
MECIHELEN, miKleh-len, a village of Belgium, province  square miles. The Catawba River forms the entire W.
of Limbourg, on the Meuse, 14 miles E.N.E. of Hasselt. boundary, and the county is drained by McAlpin's and SuPop. 1197.                                                gar Creeks. The surface is elevated and hilly. Granite is
MECHLIN, mlkllin, (Dutch pron. miktlin, almost miHf- found in several parts of the county, and a few mines of
lin,) or MECIIELEN, mSk/el-en, (L. Mechlinfia; Fr. Ila- gold have been opened in it. The North Carolina Central
lines, m&leent,) a city of Belgium, province and 14 miles Railroad terminates at Charlotte, the county-seat, and anS.S.E. of Antwerp, divided into two portions by the Dyle. other railroad extends from that town to Columbia, South
Pop. 27,234.  It is the central station for the railways  Carolina. Pop. 13,914, of whom 8441 were free, and 5473
which traverse Belgium in all directions.  Principal edi- slaves.
fices, a cathedral of the 12th century, with a steeple 370    MECKLENBURG, a post-village of Hector township,
feet in height, and containing the "Last Supper," by  Tompkins co., New York, 13 miles W. of Ithaca. It conRubens, (whose "Adoration of the Magi" is in the Church  taihs 3 churches and several manufactories. Pop. about 400.
of St. John, here;) Church of the Recollets, with Van-   MECKLENBURG, a post-village in Knox co., Tennessee,
dyke's famous "Crucifixion;" bishop's palace, town-hall, on Holston River, near the mouth of French Broad River,
arsenal, cannon foundry, Franciscan convent, and the  185 miles E. by S. of Nashville.
beguinage for 800 widows. Mechlin is the see of the arch-   MECO, m/ko, a town of Spain, New Castile, 21 miles
bishop primate of Belgium, the residence of a military com- from Madrid. Pop. 1413.
mandant, and has a diocesan college, and a Roman Catholic    MECOSTA, a county of Michigan. See NEcosTA.
university, opened in 1834; an academy of painting and    MECQUE. See MEccA.
architecture, and a society of fine arts. Its chief manufac-   MEDAK, mondbk', a village of Austria, Croatia, 12 miles
tures are of shawls, woollen stuffs, tobacco, starch, and beer; from Gospich. Pop. 1327.
it has also an extensive trade in flax, corn, and oil, and    MEDIARY, a post-village of Putnam  co., Ohio,. on the
communicates with Louvain by a canal navigable for vessels road from Finley.to Defiance.
of 160 tons. Mechlin appearsto have been founded in the    MEDIARYSVILLE, a post-office of Pulaskico., Iowa.
fifth century. For some time it was the capital of a lord-   MEDIBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
ship, and was governed by its own counts.  Its greatest   MEDE, mndA, a town of the Sardinian States, 26 miles
prosperity was in the 14th century, when it had important S. of Novara. It has manufactures of hats, a tannery, and
manufactures of broadcloth, which employed about 3000  several silk-mills. Pop. 4415.
looms. Its most distinguished natives are Jean Bol, an    MEDEAH, mt-dAt1, (anc. Lamida,) a fortified town of Alexcellent miniature painter, and Michael Coxie, a good  geria, province and 40 miles S.S.W. of Algiers. It is suphistorical painter; Dodoens, a celebrated botanist, and phy- plied with water from a neighboring mountain by means
sician to Charles V.; Ernest of Mansfeld, a famous general; of a lofty aqueduct.
and Zype or Zypoens, a distinguished jurist.                MEDEBACIH, mnFdeh-bIaK, or MADEBEKE, mlfdeh-bot~MECHOACAN. See MIcHOACAN.                              keh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 32 miles S.E. of ArnsMECINA-BOMBARON, mA-thelnt-bom-b&-ron/, a town of  berg. Pop. 2330.
Spain, Andalusia, 50 miles S.E. by E. of Granada. P. 2630.   MEDEENET ABOO or MEDINET ABU, mt-dee/n~t 9-bool,
MECKENHEIM, mrkfken-hime', a walled town of Rhenish  a village of Upper Egypt, on that part of the ruins of Thebes
Prussia, 22 miles S.S.E. of Cologne. Pop. 1300.           lying on the W. bank of the Nile, opposite Luxor, and comMECKENHEIM, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 4 miles prising the remains of its chief temples. See THEBES.
S.E. of Durkheim. Pop. 1756.                                MEDEEYAD or MEDIYAD, me-dee'ytdf, a small town
MECKESHEIM, mlk/kes-hime., a village of Baden, on  of Asiatic Turkey, in a populous plain, 35 miles S. of Sert,
the Elsens, 8 miles S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 107Q.        on the route to Mosul. It is the residence of a governoi..
MECKLENBURG (orMEKLENBURG) SCHWERIN, mikf- Previous t6 1830, when it was taken by the French, it was
len-btrg shwA-reenf, (Ger. pron. m.k.len-b66Ro' shw.4-reen?,) the residence of the Bey of Titteri. Pop. in 1849, 5596.
a grand-duchy of Europe; 13th state of the German Con-   MEDIELINE, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.
federation; bounded N. by the Baltic Sea, W. by the princi-   MEDELLIN, m M-dSl-yeenl, a town of Spain, province and
pality of Ratzburg, S.W. by Hanover, S. by Prussia, and E. 52 miles E. of Badajos, on the Guadiana. Pop. 2000. Herby Prussia and Mecklenburg-Strelitz; lat. from 530 71 to 540  nando Cortes was born here in. 1485. It was sacked by the
15' N., ion. from 100 40' to 130 10, E. Area 4845 square miles. French in 1809.
bhe surface is generally fiat, the only exception being a ridge    MEDELLIN, mA-dMl-yeenf, a city of Soutl- America, New
vf low hills, which forms the watershed between the basins Granada, department of Cundinamarca, between the Cordil)f the Elbe and the Baltic. The sea-coast is low, and indent- leras of the Andes, 48 miles S.E. of Antioquia.  Elevation
1167




MED                                                         MED
5030 feet. Pop. estimated at 14,000. It is picturesquely  most noteworthy buildings are the great mosque, 2 smaller
situated, and is an entrepat for the produce of a considerable  ones, a college, and the public baths. Beyond the walls,f
region.                                                     the city, W. and S., are suburbs consisting of low houses,
MEDELLIN, a river of the Mexican Confederation, state  yards, gardens, and plantations, in which the Bedouins
of Vera Cruz, enters the Gulf of Mexico about 5 miles S. of  encamp. These suburbs have also their walls and gates. The
that city, after an E. course of 25 miles.                  canal, which supplies Medina with water from a valley, a
MEDEMBLIK, mifdem-bleek', a maritime town of the  few miles to the S., is a noble work, and undoubtedly the
Netherlands, province of North HIolland, with a port on the  greatest of its kind in Arabia. It is generally about 25 feet
Zuyder-Zee, 9 miles N.W. of Enkhuysen. Pop. 2807.            under ground, and terminates in a basin, from which all may
MEDENICE, mA'dfh-neetlsA, a village of Austria, Galicia, draw without restraint.
36 miles from Sambor, on the Letnienka.  Pop. 1320.            The mosque of the prophet stands at the E. side of. the
MEDESANO, mA-dt-safno, a village of Italy, 10 miles S.W. city, and, though on a smaller scale, it resembles that at
of Parma, on the Taro. Pop. 3824.                            Mecca; its colonnades are remarkable only for their extreme
MEDIFIELD, a post-village and township of Norfolk co., irregularity. The tomb of the prophet is enclosed with a
Massachusetts, on Charles River, about 18 miles S.W. of  screen of iron filagree, of excellent workmanship; at the
Boston. Pop. 966.                                            S. side of this the pilgrim  goes through his devotions.
MED/FORD, a flourishing post-village and township of  There are four doors into the interior, but one of these only
Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the Mystic River, and on  is open, and kept by a eunuch. Admission into the enclosed
the Medford Branch Railroad, which communicates with  area, or El-Hejarah, is allowed only to Pashas, leaders of
the Boston and Maine Railroad at Maiden, 5 miles N.W. of  the IIaj, and such like, oh payment of a large fee. There
Boston. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in ship- is little to be seen inside but the embroidered silk curtains
building, which, on the average, employs about 350 hands, which are said to conceal a quadrangular black stone, supA stream fed by ponds, and entering the Mystic, here affords ported by two pillars, between which are the graves of
motive power for 5 saw-mills.  The village contains 7  Mohammed, and his friends and successors, Abu Bekr and
churches, a town-house, Tufts College, an institution under  Omar. The Arabs in Medina know nothing of the great
the direction of the Universalists, incorporated in 1852, an  magnet which, according to some Europeans, supports the
academy, a high school, a social library, and about 15 stores. coffin of Mohammed. Great numbers make the pilgrimage
Tufts College is beautifully situated on Walnut Hill, with a  to the prophet's tomb; and it is estimated that one-third
handsome park in front, comprising from  10 to 12 acres. of the Mecca pilgrims go on to Medina, the pilgrimage to
The building is 100 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 3 stories which may be performed at any time of the year. The inhigh, containing in all 22 rooms; The Medford Institution'is habitants of this city, like those of Mecca, are strangers in
situated at West Medford, on the Boston and Lowell Rail- the land of the Bedouins. They are less gay and vivacious
road, about a mile from the centre. Pop. of the township 3749. than those of Mecca, and at the same time more studious
MEDSFORD, a village and station of Suffolk co., New York,  as to appearances; nor are they inattentive to learning, and
on the Long Island Railroad, 55 miles E. of Brooklyn.       some of them are said to possess fine libraries. The Shereefs
MEDFORD, a poet-village of Medford township, Burling-  (Sherifs) in Medina are Ulema or doctors of the Koran, and
ton co., New Jersey, on Haines Creek. 7 miles S. of Mount  not men of the sword, as in Mecca. It is remarkable, that
IHolly, contains 4 churches, 8 orl 10 stores, 1 bank, and about  the two holy cities of the orthodox Mohammedan world are
800 inhabitants. Pop. of township, 3022.                    in the midst of sectaries; for as Mecca is surrounded by the
MEDGYES, mtdeylsh', or  MEDIAS, mAlde-As, (anc.  followers of Zeid, so the Bedouin t*ibes, and many of the
Media?) a town of Trausylvania, on the Great Kokel, 37  Shereefs at Medina, are adherents of Alee, (Ali.) The business
miles E. of Karlsburg.  Pop. 5900. It is enclosed by walls, of Medina is all done by the merchants of Yembo or Yambo,
has Greek, Roman Catholic, and Calvinistic churches; a  a port on the Red Sea, about 105 miles to the S.W. The
Protestant college, and Roman Catholic high school.         population is supposed to be from 16,000 to 20,000, of whom
MEDIA, meelde-., a country of antiquity, comprising the  12,000 are within the walls.
N. and W. provinces of the modern Persian dominions; viz.,  MIEDIINA, (formerly THE MEDE,) a river of England,
Irak-Ajemee, Mazanderan, Ghilan, and Azerbaijan, the last Isle of Wight, which it divides into two nearly equal parts,
having been the ancient Mledia Atropatene.-The  Great  joining the sea at Cowes Harbor. It is navigable to NewMedian wall, between the.Tigris and Euphrates, at their port, 4 miles inland.
nearest point of approach, has been apparently identified of    MEDINA, a village of Senegambia, Jaloff country; lat.
late between lat. 330 20' and 340 N., and about ion. 440 E. 150 18' N., ion. 15~ 12 WV.
Media originally formed part of the Assyrian Empire, rose    MEDITNA, a small river of Texas, rises in Bexar co., and
afterwards to be an independent monarchy, and, having  flowing S.E., unites with other streams a few miles S. of
been subjugated by Cyrus, was incorporated with Persia.  San Antonio; below this it is called San Antonio River.
On the downfall of the Persian Empire it passed, first tonthe    MEDINA, a county towards the S.W. part of Texas, has
Seleucidee, and then to the Parthians.-Adj. MEDIAN, meet- an area of about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the
de-an; inhab. MEDE, meed.                                   N.E. by the Medina River, from which the name is derived,
MEIDIA, a post-village, capital of Delaware co., Pennsyl- and intersected by Hondo and Seco Creeks. The surface is
vania, on the Philadelphia and West Chester Railroad, about uneven, consisting partly of prairies; the soil is mostly un15 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. It contains a fine court-  cultivated. Capital, Castroville.  Pop. 909, of whom  881
house and jail, erected at a cost of about $35,000. A news- were free, and 28 slaves.
paper is published here. Pop. about 500.                      MEDINA, a county in the N.N.E. part of Ohio, has an
MEDIANA, mA-De —/ng, a town of Spain, Aragon, 21 miles  area of 420 square miles. It is drained by Rocky and Black
S.S.E. of Saragossa, on the left bank of the Ginel. P. 1313. Rivers, and by Killbuck and Chippewa Creeks, which rise
MEDICINA, mA-de-chee/nd, a large market-town of North- within its limits. The surface is undulating, the soil a
ern Italy, Pontifical States, 15 miles E. of Bologna, on the  clayey and gravelly loam, adapted to pasturage.  Large
canal of Medicina. Pop. 6700, mostly agricultural.          quantities of mineral fire-proof paint are procured in the
MEDICINAL (me-disse-nal) SPRINGS, a post-village of  eastern part of the county, and exported to other states and
Walker co., Georgia, about 210 miles N.W. of Milledgeville, to Europe. Capital, Medina.  Pop. 24,441.
situated at the base of Taylor's Ridge. The springs are sur-   MEDINA, a thriving post-village in Ridgeway township,
rounded by charming scenery.                                Orleans co., New York, on Oak Orchard Creek, where it is
MED/ICINE CREEK, of Missouri, rises near the N. bor- crossed by the Erie Canal, and the Rochester Lockport and
der of the state, and after a southerly course of perhaps  Niagara Palls Railroad, about 36 miles N.E. by N. of Buf100 miles, enters Grand River in Livingston county, about fal. It contains several flouring-mills, about 10 stores, 5
10 miles S.E. of Chillicothe.                               churches, and 1 academy. A newspaper is published here.
MElEDINARA, me-dee/nA, an Arabic word signifying "city,"  Pop. in 1853, 2500.
forming the names or portions of the names of a number of    MEDINA, a thriving post-village and township, capital of
towns in Arabia, Barbary, and Spain.                        Medina co., Ohio. The village is pleasantly situated. 112
MEDINA, me-dee/nS or mS-deeln&, (Arab. Medinat-el-Nebi, miles N.E. from  Columbus, and 28 miles SW. from  Clevepronounced mel-deelnnt-6n-nSlbee', " the Prophet's city;" anc. land, on an eminence, and contains several churches, and 2
Yaerib the Jaths~pmepa   or Jntrip/ a, of Ptolemy,) a city of  newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 2011; of the village, 1008;
Arabia, celebrated for containing the tomb of Mohammed, is  in 1854, about 1500.
situated about 248 miles N. by W. of Mecca; lat. 240 57' N.,   MEDINA, a post-village and township of Lenawee co.,
lon. 390 53 E. It stands about3000 feet above sea-level, at the  Michigan, on Tiffin's Creek, 80 miles S.W. of Detroit. Pop.
E. side of the mountains running parallel to the Red Sea; ex- of the village, 250; of the township, 1600.
tending S. is an immense plain; in every other Sirection the    MEDINA, a township of Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 602.
view is bounded by hills or mountains, which, towards the    MEDINA, a post-village in'Winnebago co., Illinois, about
S.W., have a bold and rugged appearance. It is surrounded  100 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago.
by a strong stone wall about 40 feet high, flanked with towers,   MEDINA, a post-office of Brown co., Wisconsin.
while on a rock, at its N.W. side, stands the Castle. Of its 3    MEDINACELI, ml-dee'nS-th~/lee, a town of Spain, progates, that facing the S., and called the Bab-el-Musree (or  vince and 33 miles S. of Soria, near the Jalon. Pop. 1500.
D1Bab-el-Misri) "Egyptian Gate," is remarkable for its beauty. It has a noble ducal alace, and remains of a Roman arch.
Medina seemed to Burckhardt, after Aleppo, the handsomest    MEDINA DE LAS TORRES, m,-deendi df Ids toR/iQs, a
city in. the East. The houses are of stone, two stories high,  town of Spain, 43 miles S.S.E. of Badajos.  Pop. 2370.
and many of them  bespeak opulence and comfort. The    MEDINA  DEL CAMPO, mA-dee'n&  dll kdmfpo, (ane
1168




MED                                                       MEE
Ifethimna C(amptsbis?) a town of Spain, in Leon, 26 miles  nean abounds with fish, and also furnishes the finest coral,
S.S.W. of Valladnlid. It has 2 hospitals. a collegiate and  sponge, and ambergris.
6 parish churches. There are ruins denoting the ancient    The Mediterranean was called by the Hebrews'the Great
importance of this place, which is said to have once con-  Sea." *The Phoenicians are the first people known to have
tained 50,000 inhabitants. It was a royal court, and much-  extended their commerce along its coasts; the Greeks afterfrequented emporium. In the castle the infamous Ceesai  wards disputed it with them. After the destruction of CarBorgia was confined for two years, and Queen Isabella  thage, the Romans were sole masters of its shores; in the
died in it, November 26, 1504. Medina was the capital of  middle ages, the Venetians monopolized its commerce.
the Campo, or level district, which is one of the finest    MEDIYAD, a village of Turkey. See MEDEEYAD.
wheat countries in the world. It is the birthplace of Fer-    MEDJERDA, a river of North Africa. See MEJERDA.
dinand I. of Aragon, and of the historian Diaz del Castillo.    MEDJIBOJ, mld-jee-bojf, a town of Russian Poland, goPresent pop. 2760.                                         vernment of Podolia, on the Bug, 55 miles N.E. of KamieMEDINA DE POMAR, mA-deefnA dA po-maRa, a town of  niec. Pop. 4000.
Spain, province, and 38 miles N.N.E. of Burgos. Pop. 1248.    MEDL, mid'l, or MEEDL, m~d'l, a village of Austria,
It has a good bridge, and some magnificent tombs of the  Moravia, 4 miles from Littau.  Pop. 1225.
Velasco family.                                              MEDLING, a town of Austria. See MDLING.
MEDINA  DE RIO  SECO, mA-deetnA dl, reelo sAtko, a    MEDIMENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
town of-Spain, province, and 25 miles N.W. of Valladolid,    MEDNOI, mld-noil, an island belonging to Russia, in the
on the Sequillo, an affluent of the Douro. It was for-  Behring Sea, E. of Behring Island. Length 30 miles, breadth
merly far more important than at present. Pop. 4700. It  5 miles. Copper is found on its W. coast.
has manufactures of coarse woollens and pottery wares.      MEDO, ma/do, a small island of Brazil, in the Bay of Sio
MEDINA-SIDONIA, mA-Dee/nd-se-dolne-A, a city of Spain, Marcos, province and 4 miles W. of Maranhgo.
in Andalusia, province and 22 miles S.E. of Cadiz. Pop.   MEDOACUS MAJOR. See BRENTA.
10,534. It stands on the brow of a rocky eminence, is en-   MEDOACUS MINOR. See BACClIGLIONE.
closed by walls, and has externally an imposing appearance,    MEDOC, meh-dokl, an old district of France, in the N.W.
but it is almost wholly in decay. The principal square, in  part of Guienne, along the Garonne. It now forms the NW.
which stand the Tuscan and Doric town-house and the  part of the department of Gironde.
granary, has a planted promenade, and is provided with    MEDIOMSLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.
lamps. There are ten schools, a foundling hospital, an or-   MEIDON, a post-office of Madison co., Tennessee.
phan asylum, two churches, two nunneries, five suppressed    MEDR]IAC, mA'drA'Akt, a village of France, department
monasteries, and five hermitages.                         of Ille-et-Vilaine, 10 miles N.N.W. of Montford. Pop. 2123.
MEDINET ABU. See MEDEENET ABno.                            MEDISTED, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
MEDINET-EL-FAYOOM,, mn-deelnbt-6l-ff-ooml, (ant. C-eoco-   MEDUISA, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
dilopolis, afterwards Arsinloe,) a town of Central Egypt, capi-   MEDVEJII-OSTROVA, mcl-vldijee-os-trofvlA, (" Bear Istal of the province of Fayoom, on the Bahr Yoosef, or Canal ands,") two groups of islands in Asiatic Russia; one in
of Joseph, 52 miles S.S.W. of Cairo. Estimated population, Behring Strait, the other in the Arctic Ocean, opposite the
5000. It has several Coptic churches, mosques, manufacto- mouth of the Kolyma River.
ries of woollen stuffs, and a trade in rose-water and nitre.  MEDVES, md vlsh', a village of Iungary, co. and 5 miles
MEDIOLANUM, France.  See EvnREux; also SAIN'ES.          from Temesvar, on the Theiss. Pop. 1662.
MEDIOLANUM. North Italy. See MILAN.                        MEDVIEDITZA, mid-ve-A-ditls, incorrectly writtenMELUMEDITEfRRANLEAN, m~d'e-ter-rlVne-an, " midland," is a  VIDETZ, a river of Russia, joins the Don on the left, 15 miles
name applied generally to all seas nearly surrounded by  below the influx of the Khoper, after a S.W. course of 330
land, as the Baltic.                                       miles. Many German and other colonies are seated on its
MEDITERRANEAN SEA, (L. Mare lnternum or Mediterral- banks.
neusm; Fr. Mer Mediterrcange, main mi'dee't6a'r'nl, Sp. Mar    MEDIWAY, (anc. aga?) a river of England, rises in the
Mediterraneo, man m —De-t8a-rltnl-o; It. Mare Mediterraneo, S.E. part of Surrey co., and joins the Thames at Sheerness.
mni/rI mI-de-tiR-na nI-o; Ger. M3tctlmeer, mit/tel-matt,. or It is navigable to Penshurst.
Mittelltinadisches  Meet, mit'tll-lln/dish-es main,) a  great   MEDIWAY, a small river of Georgia,  which enters the
inland sea, between lat. 300 20' and 450 50' N., and ion. Atlantic between Bryan and Liberty counties, a few miles
50 W. and 350 E., about 2200 miles long, breadth, from  below Sunbury.
Venice to the Bay of Sidra, 1200 miles. On the N. and N.W.   MEDWAY, a post-township of Norfolk co., Massachusetts,
it washes the shores of Europe, on the S. those of Africa, and  on Charles River:, and at the terminus of a branch of the
on the E. those of Asia. It communicates on the WV. with  Norfolk County Railroad, about 22 miles S.W. of Boston.
the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar, and on the  It has manufactures of thread, prints, osnaburgs, cotton
N.E. with the Black Sea, through the Sea of Maraoora and  flannels, carriages, boots and shoes. &c. There are two viithe Straits of the Dardanelles, and Constantinople. It is  lages in the township, East Medway and West Medway.
very irregular in shape; by the projection of the S. part of  Pop. 2778.
Italy, and of Cape Bon in Africa, and the interposition of    MEDWAY, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
the island of Sicily, it is divided, near its centre, into distinct   MEDWAY, a post-office of Clark co., Ohio.
and not very unequal E. and WV. portions.. In addition to    MED/YBEMPS, a township of Washington co., Maine.
these, the other important subdivisions are the Tyrrhene or Pop. 287.
Tuscan Sea, the Adriatic Sea or Gulf of Venice, the Ionian Sea,   MEDYNSK, m,-dinskl, or MEDYN, mi'din, a town of
and the REgean Sea or Grecian Archipelago. The largest Russia, government and 40 miles N.N.W. of Kalooga, on the
gulfs are, on the shores of Europe, those of Lyons, Genoa, Ta- Medynka. Pop. 2000. An engagement took place here beranto, Lepanto, Koron, Kolokythia, ]gean, and Salonica; on  tween the French and Russians, in 1812.
the shores of Asia, Adramyti, Smyrna, Adalia, and Iskande-   MEDZIBON, mit/se-bon, a town of Prussian Silesia, 35
roon; and on the shores of Africa, Sidra and Cabes. The  miles N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 1310.
largest and most important islands are Sicily, Sardinia, Cor-   MEEDEN, mnlden, a village of the Netherlands, province
sica, and the Balearic Isles, in the WV. division; and Cyprus, of Groningen, 9 miles N.W. of Delfzyl. Pop. 1174.
Rhodes, Crete, the Ionian Isles, and Malta, in the E. division.   MEEDEN, a village of Holland, province and 16 miles
The principal rivers which discharge themselves into the Me- S.E. of Groningen. pop. 1231.
diterranean are the Ebro, Rhone, Po, and Nile; and through    MEEKES (meeks)  4ILL, a post-office of York district,
the IIellespont and  Bosporus it receives the waters of  South Carolina.
the Black Sea. Between Cape Bon and the Sicilian coast,   MEELING. See MELING.
where the water is shallowest, the depth barely exceeds 30    MEEtLICK, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Galway.
fathoms; but in almost all other places, particularly at a    MEELICK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.
distance from the shores and inlands, is so much increased    MEEMIE, uteem, a post-village and township in the S. part
that it often gives no soundings.  Owing to the very nar-  of Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin.  Pop. 199.
row channel which connects the Mediterranean with the    MEENAB, MINAB, mee'nibt, or MINNONQ(?) a small
mainocean, there is very little tide; though, in some places, as  river of Persia, falls into the Persian Gulf near a town of
in the Ionian Sea, the Adriatic, on parts of the African coast, its own name. The valley of this stream is very fertile.
&c., a rise of more than 6 feet sometimes occurs. The gene-   MEENAM or MINAM, mee'nm', a village of Persia, proral current, entering from the ocean, flows E. along Africa, vince, and 80 miles IV. of Kerman, stated to consist of about
then N. along Syria, and begins to return by following the  400 grottos excavated in a mountain, and inhabited by a
coast of Anatolia WV. The prevailing winds are the S.E. and  sect of schismatic Mohammedans.
S.W. in spring, and the N.E. and N.W. during the rest of the    MEENEN. See MENtN.
year. They often blow suddenly, and with great violence.   MEENGANA, meen-gonA, a thriving town of the Punjab,
The most remarkable are the Bora; in the Adriatic, and the  a little above the junction of the Chenaub and Jaylum.
burning Sirocco, from the Aft-ican Desert. Water-spouts are   H3EER, main, a word in Dutch and German, signifying
common on the coast of Asia Minor. Active volcanoes exist  "sea," and formin  parts of several names in the N.. part
on the coast of Naples, in the Lipari Islands, Sicily, and the  of Europe. as (-Iaarlemmer Meer,) the " Sea of Haarlem," &c.
Grecian Archipelago; and, in July, 1831, the remarkable    MEER, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
active volcano named Graham's Island was shot up from the    MEERANE, mtlra'neh, a town of Saxony, 21 miles W. of
sea, between Sicily and the African coast, 1st. 370 8' 30" N..  Chenanitz.  Pop. 7345. It has manufactures of woollen
ion. 120 42' 151 E., and again disappeared. The Mediterra-  stuffs andbombazines.
3Y




MEE                                                         MEt
MEERAT, mee-ratt, MEERTA, meer/td, a town of Rindos-   MEGYER-POCS, m.d'yairlpotch, a village of Hungary, Ico.
tan, province and 36 miles W. by N. of Ajmeer; let. 260  of Pesth, on an island in the I)auube above Buda. P. 1092.
38' N., Ion. 730 49' E.                                      MECGYER-TOTH, mtd'yaiRstot, a village of Hungary, co.
MEERBEKE, mhrlb'keh, a village of Belgium, in East of Neutra. Pop. 1992.
Flanders, 22 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2441.               MEGYES-ARANYOS, m8d&y~sh16h'r3n'yohsh        a marketMEERENDRE. m1r8Nd'r/ or mIr~n-dreh, a village of  town oflIungary, co. of Szathmar. Pop. 1932.
Belgium, in East Flanders, 6 miles W.N.W. of Ghent. Pop.   MEGYES-NYIR, mtd'ytsh!nyeeR, a village of Hungary, cc.
2545.                                                      and 11 miles E. of Szatbmar.  Pop. 2062.
MEERGURIH, meer'g&ir, a town of West Iindostan, do-   MEHADIA, mh[tldee16h', a market-town of South Hunminion and 72 miles E.S.E. of Bhawlpoor.                   gary, 15 miles N. of Orsova. Pop. 1684. The Baths of MeMEERHOUT, maia'hiwtV, a village of Belgium, province  hadia, or Hercules Baths, near this, were known to the
of Antwerp, 15 miles S.E. of Turnhout. Pop. 3250.          Romans, and are annually frequented by many visitors.
MEERLE, mairfleh, a village of Belgium, province and.  MEHALLET-EL-KEBEER, mA-hAlllft-6l-ke-beerf, or ME23 miles N.E. of Antwerp, on the Marck. Pop. 1233.         HALA-EL-KEBIR, a town of Lower Egypt, capital of the
MEERPOOR, mcer'poor!, a town of Sinde, near the Pin- province of Garbieh, 45 miles S.W. of Damietta.
garee, a branch of the Indus, 45 miles, S. of Hyderabad.   MEHEDIAH, mkh-he-dee/l, or MAMMORAIl, mnfmlmoPop. 10,000. It commands the route between Hyderabad  rA, a fortified town of Morocco, province, and 110 miles
and Cutch, and formerly yielded, with its territory, an  W.N.W. of Fez, on the Seboo, 1 mile from its mouth. P.400.
annual revenue of 50,0001. Many villages of Sinde and    MEHERMRIN, a river of Virginia and North Carolina,
Belooclistan have the same name.                           rises in Lunenburg and Charlotte counties of the former
MEERPOOR, a town of Punjab, 115 miles N.W. of Lahore.  state. It passes into North Carolina, and flows along the
MSEERPOOR, a village of Sinde, 10 miles E. of Ghara, near  boundary between Gates and Hertford counties, until it
Moujdurria, a ruined city, exhibiting many evidences c4' unites with the Nottoway River to form the Chowan. Its
former population and wealth; lat. 240 40' N., Ion. 670 49' E. general direction is E.S.E., and its whole length is estimated
MEERPOOR, a village of Sinde, near the right bank of  at about 150 miles. It is navigable by sloops to Murfreesthe channel of the Buggaur; lat. 240 30' N., lon. 670 491 E.  borough. in North Carolina.
MEERP00OOR, a village of Sinde, 52 miles W. of Amerkote,   MEITERRIN DEPOT, a post-office of Southampton co.,
lat. 250 24' N., Ion. 690 E.                               Virginia.
MEERPOOR, a village of Beloochistan, province of Cutch    MEFIDPOOIR. a town of Hindostan. See MAEIDPoooo    R.
Gundava, on the great route from Sinde to Ghuznee. Lat.    MEHITS or MELTS, mA/lis, a village of Saxe-Coburg,
280 36' N., lon. 670 56' E.                               principality. and 20 miles S. of Gotha. Pop. 1706.
MEERSBURG, maiRstb66RG, a town of Baden, on the Lake    M3IEHLSACK, mail/sAk. a town of East Prussia, 37 miles
of Constance, 5 miles N.E. of Constance. It has a castle, S.S.W. of KRnigsberg.  Pop. 3030.
and a Dominican convent.                                     MElIH00/PANY or MAHOOPENY, a post-office of Wyoming
lIEERSSEN, maiaslsen, a town of the Netherlands, pro- co.. Pennsylvania.
vince of Limburg, 4 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 2008.     MESIRAND. mer-rAndt, or MERANDE, m~r-And', written
MEERSSEN, a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, 3 miles  also MEREND and MEHREND, a town of Persia, province
E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1826.                               of Azerbaijan, 48 miles E.S.E. of Khol.
RMEEBUT, mee'rtit, a town of British India, capital ofa dis-   METIRING.  See MlEINc.
trict of its own name, 35 miles N.E. of Delhi, on an affluent    MEHIUN, mA'iizNl, a town of France, department of Cher,
of the Ganges. It is enclosed by a brick wall, but is in decay, on the Ylvre, and with a station on the Orleans and Bourges
though it has many remains attesting former magnificence, Railway, 9 miles N.W. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 4260.
besides one of the largest British churches in India, a British    MEIA-CO-SIHIMAH. ISLES. See MADJrIcos MA.
free school, and extensive barracks, forming an importan -   MEIAPONTE, mi-e-A-pon/tA, a town of Brazil, province
station for the British troops in the Upper provinces of  and 65 miles E. of Goyaz, on the river Almas. It has five
Bengal presidency.                                         churches, a hospital, a Latin and a primary school, many
IIEERUT, a district of British India, presidency of Bengal, distilleries and potteries, and is well situated for trade,
Area 2250 square miles. Pop. 860,736.                     lying in the tract along which numerous herds of cattle
MEES, LEs, 11 mA, a market-town of France, department are driven, for Sao-Paulo, and the province of Minas-Geraes.
of Basses-Alpes, 14 miles W.S.W. of Digne. Pop. 2030.       MEIDLING, mid/ling, (OnBE, o/ber, and U.TER, 55n/ter,)
MEESIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Herts.            two contiguous villages of Lower Austria, 3 miles S.W. of
MEETI{, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              Vienna. Pop 3500.
MEETlING STREET, a post-office of Edgefield district,   MEIGLE, meelg'l, an ancient village and parish of ScotSouth Carolina.                                           land, co. of Perth, on the Scottish Midland Junction RailMEFFERSDORF, m~f/ffrs-doafN, a village of Prussian  way, 21 miles N.N.E. of Perth.  In the church-yard is a
Silesia, government of Liegnitz, circle of Lauban. Pop. 716. monument, said to be the tomb of Yanora or Guinevar,
MEGALO-XASITRO, capital of the island of Crete. See the wife of King Arthur. Belmont Castle is in the parish.
nCR.ETrE.                                                    MEIGS, mlgz, a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee, area
MEGALOPIOLIS, a ruined city of Greece, Morea, govern- estimated at 160 square miles. The Tennessee River, navimn!t of Gortynia, 5 miles N. of Leondari.                 gable for steamnboats, forms its boundary on the N.W.  The
MEGANISI, m-gi-neefsee, one of the Ionian Islands, in  surface is hilly, the soil fertile.  Capital, Decatur.  Pop.
the Mlediterranean, off the E. coast of Santa Maura. Length, 4879; of whom 4484 were free, and 395 slaves.
from N. to S., 6 miles, breadth 3 miles.                    MEIGS, a county in the S.S.E. part of Ohio, bordering on
3FE GANTTIC, a county in the eastern part of Canada East, Virginia, contains about 350 square miles. The Ohio River
bounded on the S.E. by the state of Maine, and comprising  washes the eastern and part of the southern border. The
an area of 1465 square miles. In this county are Lakes St. surface is hilly; the soil is chiefly composed of clay. It is
Francis and William. Pop. 13.835.                         more remarkable for its mineral than its agricultural riches.
MiiEGARA, (Gr. Meyapa,) a village, formerly an important The hills along the Ohio River contain very extensive mines
city of Greece, government of Attica, near the mouth of a  of excellent coal, from which 5,000,000 bushels have been
small river which enters the Gulf of 2Egina opposite Salamis, exported in a year. The salt works of this county are pro21 miles W. of Athens. Pop. 1000.                          bably as extensive as any in the Western States. In 1851,
MEGASPE/LION, a rich convent of Greece, Morea, govern- five or six companies were formed for the manufacture of
ment of Achala, 5 miles N. of Kalavrita. It is said to be one  salt, near the Ohio River. Wells have been sunk to the
of the earliest monastic foundations in Greece, and occupies depth of 1000 feet, each of which throws up 50 gallons of
a vast cavern in a steep and almost inaccessible rock, above  brine per minute. Capital, Pomeroy. Pop. 17,971.
300 feet in height. The Turks, under Ibraheemn Pasha,   MEIGS, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1438.
besieged the convent, but were repulsed with a loss of   MEIGS, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1680.
several thousand men. It has connected with it, from 250    MEIGS' CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Muskingum River in
to 300 monks, and a miraculous image of the Virgin, resorted   Morgan county.
to in pilgrimage.                                            MEIGS' CREEK, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.
MEGEN, mlothen, a town of Netherlands, North Brabant,   MEIGSVILLE, m~gz/vill, a post-village in Jaclkson co.,
on the Meuse, (Maas,) 15 miles N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. P. 600. Tennessee.
MEGkVE, m'h-zhaiv/, a market-town of Savoy, province    MEIGSVILLE, a post-township in the S. part of Morgan
of Faucigny, 5 miles S. of Sallenches. Pop. 2774.          co., Ohio. Pop. 1512.
MEGICO, a city of North America.   See Rexoco.            MEIGSVILLE, a village of Mendocino co., California, on
MEGINA, a river of British India, presidency of Bengal, the N. side of a small bay, formed at the moioth of Bool-daim
rises 40 miles N.W. of Dacca, and joins the Brahmapootra, River, about 140 miles N.N.W. of San Franucisco.
in about 230 30' N., to which it gives its own name for the    MEIKLE (mee/k'l) FERRtY, a straitof Dornoch Frith,
rest of its course. See BIAHMAP0'I:RA.                    Scotland, 3 miles W.N.W. of Tain, co. of Ross. Breadth 3
MsEGYER, mn dlyaie/, avillage ofHungary, Hither Danube, miles. It is crossed by a ferry, in the line of the Great
so. of Neograd; with a church. Pop. 1362.                 Northern Road.
MREGYER-BEKAS, mid'yairhblksshlI/, a village of Ilun-    MEILEN or MEYLEN, ml/len, a village of Switzerland,
gary, co. of Pesth, inhabited chiefly by Germans. Pop. 814. canton and on the Lake of Zurich. Pop. 3000.
MEGYER-NAGY, mid'yaiR/nldj, a market-town of Hun-   MEILHAN,-mA'ln],, a town of France, department of Lob
gary, co. and 19 miles N.W. of Konsorn. Pop. 1723.        et-Garonne, 7 miles W. of Marrdanle. Pop. 2268.
1170




MEI                                                      MEL
MIEILLAC, mi'ydk, a village of France, department of    MELAY, meh-lW, a village of France, department of ScOne.
Ille-et-Vilaine, 19 miles S. of St. Maloe.                et-Loire, arronlissement of Charolles. Pop. 1932.
MEILLANT, mA'y63at1, a village of France, department of    MELAZGIIERD, mA-lz-gh~rd1, a. dilapidated  town of
Cher, 20 miles S.S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 1600.              Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and 80 miles S.E. of Erzroom, on
MEIIUNA, mA-moo/na: a town of Afghanistan, Iluzareh  the Euphrates.
country, on an affluent of the Oxus, in lat. 350 50' N., Ion.   MELAZZO, mA-litfso, a village of the Sardinian States,
640 38' E.                                                about 3 miles S. of Acqui. Pop. 1588.
MEINAMI, a river of Asia. See MENAM.                      MELAZZO, a town of Sicily.. See MILAZZO.
HEINAU, mtn~w, a small island of South Baden, circle  MIELBECKS, a township of England, co. of York, North
of take, in the Lake of Ueberlingen, 21 miles W. of Constance, Riding.
with a village, a castle, and numerous vineyards, the pro-   MELtBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
perty of Prince Esterhazy.                                  MELBOUIRN, a township of England, co. of York, Ieast
MEINBERG, min'bsRG, a village of Germany, Lippe-  Riding.
Detmold, bailiwick of Horn. Pop. 1044.                      MELBOURNE, m8/brirn, a market-town and parish of
MEININGEN. mitning-en, or MEINUNGEN, mitn55ng-en, England, co. and 8 miles S.S.E. of Derby, with a church,
a fortified town of Central Germany, capital of the duchy of  Baptist, Wesleyan, Independent, and Swedenborgian chap.
Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 38 miles E.N.E. of Fulda. els; 2 schools and a mechanics' institution. The staple
Pop. 6205. Principal edifice, the Palace, the residence of the  manufacture is that of lace-gigves, in which the inhabitants
dukes since 1681, containing collections of paintings and  are chiefly employed. It gives the title of Viscount to the
natural curiosities. It has a House of Assembly for the  Lamb fimily.
duchy, 2 gymnasia, a normal school, and manufactures of    MELBOURNE, ml1btrn, a city of Australia, capital of
woollens and linens.                                      Victoria, on the Yarra Yarra, near its mouth in Port
MEININGEN, SACHSEN. See SAXE-MENINGEN,.                 Phillip, 445 miles S.W. of Sidney; lat. 370 48' 36" S., ion.
MEI-OMEED or MEI-OMID. ma'o-meedl, a village of Per- 1440 57' 45" E.  The principal part of the town is laid
ela, province of Khorassan, 35 miles E. of Shahrood.      out in a low fertile valley, while the extreme ends are
MEIR, meer, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.        carried over two picturesque eminences. The streets are
MEIRE, nmt/reh, a village of Belgium, province of East broad and regular, running at right angles to each other,
Flanders, 13 miles S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2433.              but, owing to the want of pavements, become almost
MEIIRELBEKE, ml/rel-ba'keh, or MEERLEBEKE, maile- impassable in wet weather. More than half of the houses
leh-bAkeh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 2 miles are built of stone and brick, and none' are now allowed. of Ghent, on the Scheldt. Pop. 3298.                    to be constructed of wood.  Many have fine gardens
MEIRINGEN or MEYRINGEN, m5/rin-en, a town of attached.  Among the principal edifices are the Union
Switzerland, canton and 39 miles S.E. of Bern, on the Aar. Bank of Australia, the Australasian Bank, the CustomMany of the inhabitants are weavers. Pop. 4165.           house, the Mechanics': Institution, the Roman Catholic
MEISENEIEIM, m/zen-hnme', a town of West Germany, Chapel, the new Government Offices, and the Court-house.
capital of a detached principality, belonging to Hesse-HIom- The jail is a large, but gloomy structure, built of dark
burg, on the Glan, 45 miles S. of Coblenta. Pop. 2300.     ferruginous sand-stone. A botanic garden was commenced
MEISSEN, mistspn, a town of Saxony, 15 miles N.W. of in 1846, on a grant from the legislature of 5001., with a
Dresden, on the Elbe. Pop. in 1849,8914. It is enclosed by  prospective annual allowance of about half that sum. The
walls, has numerous suburbs, and presents a picturesque  garden is prettily situated on the S. bank of the Yarra, about
appearance with "its castle, Gothic church, and lofty houses, 1 mile E. of the town, but, as yet, has comparatively few
perched high on a rocky eminence," but it is internally  plants. Besides the Roman Catholic chapel above spoken
gloomy. Its fine cathedral has some monuments of Saxon  of, there are places of worship belonging to the Protestant
princes; in its castle, founded by Henry the Fowler, is now  Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Wesleyans, Independents, and
established the famous procelain factory, producing all the  Baptists; a Quaker'meeting-house and Jews' synagogue.
goods known as'" Dresden china."  It has manufactures  Sunday and day schools are attached to the English, Scotch,
of hosiery, leather, colors, and camels'-hair brushes. The and Roman Catholic churches; and there are, besides, several
convent of Afra, near the town, is the seat of a royal private seminaries for the education of youth, and a number
school.                                                   of religious and benevolent societies. Four newspapers were
MEJERDA or MEDJERDA, mld-jc-ldA, (anc. Baglsadas,) published here in 1852. The town is amply supplied with
a river of North Africa, Algeria and Tunis, rises in the  water from the Yarra. A bridge 30 feet in width has rmGreat Atlas, and, after a N.E. course of 200 miles, enters the  cently been constructed across the stream, composed of a
Gulf of Tunis, on the Mediterranean, 24 miles N. of Tunis.  single arch of 150 feet span, at a cost of 10,0001.
MEJICO, a city of North America. See MExiCO.              In consequence of the immense influx  of emigrants,
MEKINEZ, a town of Morocco. See MEQUINEz.               attracted by the recently discovered gold-fields, prices have
MEKKA or MEKKEH. See MEIccA.                             become very exorbitant. In June, 1852, jackboots for the
MEKLENBURG-SCHWERIN. See MeCKLENBURas -SCHwe- diggings were sold for 71., ordinary boots 41., a pair of shoes
RIN.                                                      21. The smallest lodgings cost 51. per week, and indifferent
MEKLONG, miA-klongl, a town of Siam, at the confluence  houses of four or five unfurnished rooms, from 3501. to 4001.
of the Meklong River with the W. mouth of the Menam, 30  a year. The gold-fields, to which this sudden revolution in
miles S.W. of Bang-kok. Pop.'estimated at 13.000.        prices and the state of society is attributable, extend over a
ME-KONG, mA'kong/, or MENAM-KONG, mA'n~mkong1,  vast tract of country, but are situated chiefly at Mount
called also MAYKIANG, mAke-ung/, and CAMBO/DIA  Alexander, 70 miles N.W., and Ballarat, 60 miles W.N.W.,
RIVER, one of the principal rivers of the S.E. of Asia, rises and more recently at Ovens, 130 miles N.E. of Melbourne.
in Thibet, where it has the name of LAN-THSANG-KIANG, In an address to the Crown by the Legislative Council, Sep
l~n-t'hslng-ke-Ang,, afterwards intersects the Chinese pro- tember, 1852, the weekly yield of gold at the Victoria
vince of Vun-nan, traverses Laos and Cambodia, and enters  Diggings, calculated on the previous three months, was
the China Sea by numerous mouths, near lat. 100 N., ion. stated at 80,000 oz., giving, at the rate of 70s. per oz., a gross
1060 4(Y0' E. In its lower part it separates into numerous annual value of 14,560,0001. By far the larger proportion of
arms, and divides the Anamese and Siamese dominions.    the gold yielded by the Victoria Diggings finds its way to
MEKRAN, mlk'rln/, or MUKRAN, mfck-r1n/, the largest Melbourne, by Government or by private escort, or in the
province of Beloochistan, between lat. 250 and 280 N., and  hands of individual diggers; still, a not inconsiderable
lon. 580 and 660 E., having S. the Indian Ocean, and N. a  amount is carried direct to Adelaide, in South Australia.
desert separating it from Afghanistan. Area estimated at    From  the discovery of the mines in April, 1851, up to
100,000 square miles. Pop. 200,000. It is a wild and bar- January, 1854, 4,617,818 oz. of gold, valued at 18,471,2721.,
barons region, and here the troops of Alexander the Great and 6,000,0001. in gold, which it is estimated was taken:away
suffered severely from drought on their return from India  privately, were exported from  Melbourne alone. During
into Persia.  It is divided into numerous petty districts, the three months ending March 31, 1854, the quantity
under separate chiefs, some tributary to the khanof Kelat, exported amounted to 511,279 oz., valued at 2.045,1161. The
others to Muscat and Persia.                              quantity shipped at Sidney in 1853, amounted in value to
MEKUN, an island of Arabia. See PERiM.                  nearly 9,500,0001. The number of diggers employed in the
MIEL, mul, or MELO, mA/ho, a market-town of Austrian  mines, in 1853, was supposed to exceed 100,000. According
Italy. 9 miles S.W. of Belluno, on the Piave. Pop. 4500.    to the report of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce, the
MELADA, mA-l/dA, an island of Austria, in the Adriatic, rapid growth of the town, with respect to its commerce, is
off the coast of Dalmatia, 15 miles W.N.W. of Zara.       without a parallel in the history of the world. During the
MELACOORE, MELAKOURI or MELAKURI, mA-l,-koo/- year 1852, the shipping inwards, increased from 669 vessels,
ree, a town of W. Africa, capital of an independent territory, (tons 126,000,) to 1657 vessels, with an aggregate burden of
on a river of the same name, about 68 miles N.NEW. of Free  408,000 tons, and the value of imports rose from 1,056,0001.
Town, SierraLeone. Itstandsat thehighest point to which  to 4,044,0001., and in 1853 they amounted to 14,000,0001.
the Melacoore is navigable. Pop. of the town, about 1000; The value of produce exported  in 1851, amounted to
territory, about 50,000.                                  1,423,0001., and in 1852, 7,452,0001, of which 6,135,7281. was
MIELAOUI or MELAWI. See MELLAWEE.                       gold, and 1,062,7871. the value of 20j047,453 pounds of wool.
MELA SSA.  mA-lAs/sA, or MELASSO, mA-]ls/so, (anc. My- These estimates include also the commerce of Geelong,
lasa,) a town of Asia Minor, near its S.W. coast, 23 miles  amounting, however, to but a small part ot the whole. MelI
N.E. of Boodroom                                          bourne is not very favorably situated with respect to means
1171




MEL                                                      MEL
of communication. The Yarra Yarra, which is very nar-   MELENIK, m4-l6n-eek! or mll.e-nik/, a town of European
row, has only depth enough to float small vessels, and, Turkey, Macedonia, 60 miles S.E. of Ghiustendil.
close above the town, it is interrupted by falls; the proper    MELFI, mllfee, a town of Naples, province of Basiice. t.%
harbor, accordingly, is at the mouth of the river, in Itobson's  on a lofty volcanic mountain, overlooking the Plain of CapiBay, Port Phillip, and though only 2 miles distant by land, tanata, 34 miles S. of Foggia. Pop. 8400. It is enclosed by
is from 7 to 8 miles by river. Allowing for some difficulty  ruined walls, and has an old castle, a cathedral, several conof entrance from the narrow channel commencing between  vents, and cisterns.
Ports Nepean and Lonsdale, and the shoals which line its    MELIFORD, a village and parish of England, co. of Sussides, it is scarcely possible to'conceive a'finer expanse, or a  folk, on the Stour, 3 miles N. of Sudbury. Pop. 2597. It is
more sheltered and easily navigable bay than Port Phillip, beautifully situated, and has a handsome Gothic church,
which forms a basin of from  60 to 70 miles in circuit. hospital, and manufactures of silk.
In many central places, the depth varies from  12 to 15    MELGAGO, mkl-gtso, the northernmost town of Portufathoms, and, evennear the shore, is generally from 5 to 7 gal, province of Minho, 38 miles N.E. of Braga, on the Minho,
fathoms. At Williamstown, where vessels for Melbourne with a large fortress, and a trade in hams.
generally anchor, it is 5 fathoms; and in Geelong Bay, the    MELGAgO, m6l-gIUso, a town of Brazil, province and 168
other most frequented anchorage, the depth varies from 2  miles S.W. of Pari. It has a church, and considerable trade
to 7 fathoms. The facilities for communicating between  in timber. Pop. 4000.
Melbourne and the shipping in the harbor, however, have    MELGAR DE FERNAMENTAL, ml-garY dA fku-n —mnnbeen greatly increased by the construction of the Mel- tAll, a town of Spain, province and 24 miles W.N.W. of Burbourne and lIobson's Bay Railroad, extending from the  gos, near the Pisuerga. Pop. 2700.
town to the beach. It was the first constructed in Australia,   MELGIG, mbl'ghig/, a salt lake or marsh in the S.E. of
and was opened on the 12th September, 1854. The locomotive  Algeria, near lat. 330 N., ion. 70 E. It receives the river
used was constructed in Victoria, and is the first one ever Adjedi from the N.W. Length 26 miles; breadth 18 miles.
built in the southern hemisphere. It is a 30 horse-power   MELIANA, mA-le-/nA, a village of Spain, province and
engine, capable of running 25 miles an hour. A railway  about 3 miles from Valencia. Pop. 1058.
has also been chartered to connect Melbourne with the gold-   MEL/IDEN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint.
fields of Mount Alexander. Steam communication by several   MELIKUT, mA'lee'koott, a village of Hungary, co. of
companies, and by different routes, has been established with  Bacs, 110 miles S. by E. of Pesth. Pop. 4333.
Great Britain; and steamers also ply between Melbourne,   MELILLA, ml-leel/yi. a seaport town on the N. coast of
Hobart Town, Sidney, and other ports of the adjacent, colo- Morocco, but belonging to the Spaniards, 40 miles E.N.E. of
hies. Melbourne was founded by Sir Richard Bourke, May  Beni-Botoya. Pop. 3000. The Spanish citadel, on a rock,
19, 1837. It is incorporated, and has a mayor, aldermen, contains large magazines and cisterns, and is garrisoned by
and councillors. Pop. in 1841, 4479; in 1846, 10,955; in  about 900 men.
1852, 25,000; in 1853, estimated at 50,000.                  MELIN, meh-lNcN/, or mA/llin, a village of Belgium, proMELBOURNE, a maritime county of West Australia, in- vince of Brabant, 21 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1658.
tersected by the river Moore.                                MELINDA, mA-leen/dA, or MELINDE, mA-linfdA, a seaport
MELBOURNE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Sher-  town of East Africa, capital of a state of its own name, N.
brooke, on the St. LFrancis River, 24 miles N.N.W. of Sher- of Zanzibar, lat. 40 50' S., lon. 400 E. It has many ruined
brooke, and 63 miles from Port St. Francis.                churches built by the Portuguese, who possessed it during
MELBOURNE ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, forms, with  the 16th and 17th centuries. A very considerable trade is
Bedford and Minto Islands, a group of the Dangerous Ar- carried on by caravan with the interior, and by water with
chipelago, and was discovered by Lord E. Russell, in 1837.  the Red Sea, Persia, and the N. parts of India. Vasco de
MEL/BURY ABIBAS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. Gama visited Melinda, April 13, 1498, where he was kindly
MELBURY  BUBB, a perish of England, co. of Dorset.   received, and furnished with pilots to proceed to India.
MELBURY OSIMOND, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   MELINE, ml/in, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.
MELBURY  SAMP/FORD, a perish of England, co. of    MELING or MEELING, mA'ling/, a chain of mountains
Dorset.                                                    in the southern part of China, about 200 miles N. of Canton.
MELCH/BOURN, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          MELIPILLA, mA-le-peel/yA, a town of Chili, department
MELCHTIIAL, mlKl/til, a valley of Switzerland, canton  and 38 miles S.W. of Santiago, on the Maypu.
of Unterwalden, S.E. of Sarneu, traversed by the Melch    MELIS, a village of Germany. See MEHLIS.
River, and noted as the birth-place of Arnold of Griitli and    MIgLISEY, mAlee'zA/, a village of France, department of
Nicholas von der Flue, two of the founders of the Swiss  Haute-SaOne, 7 miles N.N.E. of Lure. Pop. in 1852, 2373.
Confederation.                                               MELITA, an island in the Adriatic. See MELEDA.
MEL/COMBE-HORSEY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   MELITA, an island in the Mediterranean. See MALTA.
MEL/COMBE-RE/GIS, a perish of En-land, forming part   MELITENE.  See MALAcEEYEH{.
of the borough of Weymouth. See WEYMOUTH.                    MELITO,  mA-lee!to, a village of Naples, Calabria Ultra,
MELDAL, mil/dAl, a village of Norway, stift and 35 miles district of Reggio. Pop. 1000.
S.W. of Trondhjem. Pop. 4260.                                MELITO, a village of Naples, Principato Ultra, district
MELDEN, m.l/ddn, a village of Belgium, province of East of Arcane. Pop. 900.
Flanders, on the Scheldt, 18 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop.   MELITO, a village of Naples, Principato Citra, district
1573.                                                      of Vallo.
MELDERT, mll/dert, a village of Belgium, in East Plan-   MELITO, a village of Naples, province of Naples, district
ders, on the Molenbeek, 18 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 1904.   of Casoria. Pop. 3000.
MELDI.  See MEAUX.                                         MELITOPOL, mA-le-to/pol, a town of Russia, in the Crimea,
MELDOLA, m31/do-li, a village of Central Italy, Pontifical 125 miles N.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. 1760.
States, 7 miles S. of Forli. Pop. 4220.                      MELK, milk, or MOLK, (M51k,) milk, a market-town of
MELtDON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.  Lower Austria, on the Danube, 14 miles W. of St. Polten.
MIELDORF, mil/dosf, a market-town of Denmark, duchy  Pop. 1000. It is situated at the foot of a height, on which
of Holstein, near the North Sea, 53 miles N.W. of Ihamburg.  is a Benedictine abbey, founded in 1089, on the site of the
Pop. 2000.                                                 Roman Nsomare, its precincts comprising a college and eccleMEL/DRETH, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.       siastical seminary, a large library, and a botanic garden.
MELtDRUM, OLD, a market-town and perish of Scotland,   MELKS/HAM, a market-town and parish of England, co.
co. and 16 miles N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 1102.              of Wilts, on the Avon, here crossed by an elegant stone
MELEDA, mul/S-dA, (anc. Mieita,) an island of Austria, bridge, and on the Great Western Railway, 101 miles E:S.E.
Dalmatia, circle and 19 miles W.N.W. of Ragusa, greatest of Bath. Pop. in 1851, 2931. In the immediate vicinity
length 23 miles, mean breadth not more than 2 miles. are baths and a pump-room, erected over a chalybeate and
The interior is traversed by lofty bills, generally of a  saline spring, similar to those of Cheltenham.
parched and arid appearance, and intersected by numerous   MELLA, m6ll/i, a river of Austrian Italy, joins the Oglio,
fertile valleys. The harbor of Palazzo, on the N. side, is con- 12 miles N.E. of Cremona, after a course of 50 miles.
sidered the best on the Dalmatian coast.                     MELLARA, mBl-lSrS, a village of Austrian Italy, proMELEGNANO, mA-lan-y no, a town of Austrian Italy, vince and 21 miles E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 2323.
10 miles S.E. of Milan. It has a court of justice, several   MELLAWEE  or MELLAWI, m/lSl1wee, written also
public offices, three churches, and a trade in corn, rice, flax, MELAOUI, a market-town of Egypt, 26 miles S. of Minielh,
and dairy produce. In 1279 peace was concluded here be- on the left bank of the Nile.
tween the Guelfs and the Ghibellines; and in 1515 Francis   MELLE, ml11eh, a village of Belgium, with a station on
I. here defeated the Imperialists. Pop. 7000.             the railroad fronm Ostend to Brussels, 46 miles from Ostend.
MELEKHOVSKAIA or MELEKHOWSKAJA, mS-lA-xov-   MELLE, a village of Belgium, East Flanders, 4 miles S.E.
skAi, a market-town of Russia, Don-Cossack country, 23 of Ghent. on the Scheldt. Pop. 2095.
miles N.E. of Tcherkask, on the Don. Pop. 2000.             MELLE, muPleh. a town of Hanover, 13 miles E.S.E. of
MELENCZE, mA'l1nt'sS, a village of Hungary, co. of To- Osnaburg, on the Else. Pop. 1437.
rental, 28 miles N.E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 4515.           MELLE, mBl/IS, a village of Piedmont, division of Coni,
MELEN/DEZ, a small post-village, capital of Benton co., province and 11 miles W.S.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 2043.
Florida.                                                    MELLE, mill, (L. Metal/lum,) a town of France, departMELENKI, mA-lnl/kee, a town of Russia, government ment ofDeux-Sbvres, capital of an arrondissement, 17 miles
and 70 miles S.S.E. of Vladimeer. Pop. 5685.              E.S.E. of Niort. Pop. in 1852, 2700. It has beautiful sub.
1172




MEL                                                        M3EM
nrbs, and the district is celebrated for a breed of nmles,   MELITIHAM, a village and chapelry of England, co. of
reputed among the best in Europe. In the neighborhood  York, West Riding, 5 miles S.S.W. of Huddersfield. Pop,
Is the suiphurous spring of Fontadan.                      3263, employed in woollen manufactories.
MELLES, mill, a village of France, department of HIaute-   MELFTON-MOWIBRAY, (m6lbree.) a market-town and,
Garonne, arrondissement of St. Gaudens. Pop. 1143.         parish of England, co. of Leicester, on the navig-able Wreke,'
MELILENVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., New  herecrossed by 2 stone bridges, and with a station on the
York, on the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad, 9 miles E. by  Midland Railway, 141 miles E.N.E. of Leicester. Pop. in 1851,
N. of HIudson.                                             4391. The town has a-fine Gothic church, 2 large free schools,
MELLET, m6lllA1, or mdltIt, a village of Belgium, province  supported by the town estate, an almshouse, founded in 1638,
of Hainant, 27 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1159.                a good library and news-room, excellent hotels, and stabling
MELLIIKA, ntl-leelka, a walled town in the Algerian Sa- for upwards of 800 horses, belonging to the members of the
hare, on the Wady-Mezab, 3 miles S. of Gardaia. It is the  famous subscription fox-hunt, which attracts to Melton,
holy town of the children of Mezab, and has three mosques. during the season, the Wlite of the fashionable sporting world.
Pop. about 1300.                                           In 1644, during the civil war, the Royalists, after a severe
MELLING, mIlling, a village of Austria, Styria, I mile  action here, defeated a body of parliamentary troops of about
from Marburg; with a church and a castle. Pop. 1100.       2000 men. William de Melton, archbishop and chancellor
MEL/LING, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.         of England, under Edward III., was a native of MeltonMELLING, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.        Mowbray.
MELLINGEN, m~llling-fn, a small town of Switzerland,    MEL/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
canton of Aargau, 1 mile S. of Baden, on the Reuss. P. 685.   MELTON CONSTABLE, aparishl of England, co. of Norfolk.
MEL/LION, ST., a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.       MELTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
MELILIS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on a railway,   MELTON, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of York, West
31 miles W.N.W. of Eye.                                    Riding.
ME LLONSVILLE, a village of Lawrence co., Kentucky, is    MELTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
situated on the Levica River, a fork of Big Sandy River, 15    MELTON ROSS, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
miles above Louisa. Extensive coalmines have been opened    MEL/TONSVILLE, a post-village in Marshall co.. Alabama.
in this vicinity.                                            MELUN, (Fr. pron. m'ltNQ or meh-liiNG/; anc. Melodutnu/cs,)
MEL/LONVILLE, a small post-village, capital of Orange  a town of France, capital of the department of Seine-et-Marne,
co., Florida, about 240 miles S.E. of Tallahassee.         on the Seine, and on the Paris and Troyes Railway, 27 miles
MELLOON, ml-loon/, atownofBurmah, on theIrrawaddy,  S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 7487. It has a parish church,
opposite Patanago.                                         the clock-tower of an old abbey, ruins of a royal palace of
MEL/LOR, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.            the kings of France, a communal college, normal school, and
MELLOR, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.         public library; with manufactures of woollen cloths and
MEL/LOW  VAL/LEY, post-office, Randolph co., Alabama. printed linens.  The French king, Philip Augustus, was
MELLRICHSTADT. mlll/riK-stittt, a town of Bavaria, on  born in its castle.
the Saale, 48 miles N.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1810.          MEL/VALE, Maryland, a station on the Baltimore and
MELLS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.             Susquehanna Railroad, 4 miles from Baltimore.
MEL/MERBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.         MEL/VERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
MEL/MORE, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.               MELVIDETZ. See MEDVIEDITZA.
MELNIK, mil/nik, a town of Bohemia, on the right bank    MEL/VILLE, a post-office of Alamance co., North Carolina.
of the Elbe, 21 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 1378.               MELVILLE, a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia.
MELNITZY. m81-nit/see, a market-town of Russian Po-. MELVILLE, a post-office of Dade co., Missouri.
land, government of Volhynia, 17 miles E.S.E. of Kovel.   MELVILLE BAY, an inlet of Greenland, near the head
Pop. 1500.                                                 of Baffin's Bay, let. 760 N., and between lon. 600 and 640 W.
MELO, mA/lo, a town of South America. Uruguay, 200    MELVILLE CASTLE, Scotland. See LASSWADE.
miles N.E. of Montevideo.                                    MELVILLE ISLAND, an island off the coast of North
MELOCABUS. See Cosunro.                                  Australia, in lat. 110 28' S., lon. 1310 E. Length 70 miles;
MELODUNUM. See MELUt.                                    breadth 30 miles. In 1824, a British settlement was planted
MEL/ON, a post-office of Barbour co., Virginia.          at Fort Dundas, near Apsley Strait, but soon afterwards
MELORIA, m-lo/re-&, (anc. fMana/ria?) a small island in  abandoned.
the Mediterranean, off the coast of Tuscany, 4 miles W. of    MELVILLE ISLAND, the westernmost of the Georgian
Leghorn. IHere the Genoese totally defeated the Pisans in  Islands, of British North America, inthe Arctic Ocean. Let.
a naval engagement in 1250.                                750 N., lon. 1100 W.  Discovered by Captain Parry, who
MELOS. See MILt.                                         wintered here in 1819-20; and in 1851, its S. and S.W.
MELOVATKA or MELOWATKA, mA-lo-vt/k9, a market- shores were explored by Lieutenant McClintock, and its S.E.
town of Russia, government of Kharkov, 33 miles S.E. of  by Mr. Bradford, in search of Sir John Franklin.
Koopiansk. Pop. 2000.                                        MELVILLE ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific, in
IMIEL/PINE, a post-village of Muscatine co., Iowa, 40 miles let. 170 35' S., ion. 1420 41' W.
E.S.E. of Iowa City.                                         MEL/VIN, a post-office of Ballard co., Kentucky.
MELRES, mil/ris, a town of Portugal, province of Douro,   MEL/VIN VIL/LAGE, a post-village of Carroll co., New
12 miles E. of Oporto, on the Douro. Pop. 1276.            Hampshire, 45 miles N.E. of Concord.
MELVROSEI, a burgh of barony and perish of Scotland,   MELZ, milz, a village of France, on the railway from
co. of Roxborough, on the Tweed, here crossed by a bridge, Troyes to Paris, 38 miles from Troyes.
and on the North British Railway, 11 miles N.N.W. of Jed-    MELZO, m/tzo, a market-town of Austrian Italy, Lomburgh. Pop. in 1851, 7487. The town is noted only for its  hardy, 12 miles E.N.E. of Milan.
Abbey, the church of which, when entire, was the finest in    MEMBRILLA, mIm-breel/yA, a town of Spain, province
Scotland, as it is still the noblest ruin. It was founded by  and 29 miles E. of Ciudad-Real. Pop. 3620.
David I., in 1136, for monks of the Cistercian order; rebuilt   MEMBRIO, mimlbre-o, a village of Spain, Estremadura,
in the richly decorated style, between the reigns of Robert 37 miles W.N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 2903.
Bruce and James IV.; and unroofed and greatly dilapidated    MEM/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
at the Reformation. Length from E. to W., 258 feet; breadth    MEMEL, mm/fel or mA/me, a town and seaport of Prussia,
of cross aisles 137 feet. The Duke of Buccleuch is pro- government of KInigsberg, capital of a circle, at the N. end
prietor.                                                   of the Curische-Haff, where the Dange falls into the Baltic,
MEL/ROSE, a beautiful and thriving post-village and  72 miles N.E. of Kiinigsberg; let. 550 43' 42/ N., Ion. 210 6'
township of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and  12" E. It is defended by a citadel, consisting of four bastions,
Maine Railroad, 7 miles N. of Boston. Pop. 1260.           with ravelines and half-moons, and is divided into three
MELROSE, a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia.      quarters-the Old, the New, and Frederick's Town; with
MELROSE, a post-village of Nacogdoches co., Texas, about three suburbs. It is the seat of an admiralty and several
260 miles N.E. of Austin.                                  provincial courts, and contains three Lutheran churches, a
MELROSE, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.             Roman Catholic chapel, a synagogue, exchange, theatre,
MIELROSE, a township of Adams co., Illinois. Pop. 1541. hospital, infirmary, a superior town school, a school for naviMELROSE, a post-village and township in Clarke co., li-  gation, an industrial school, and house of refuge for neglected
nots, 9 or 10 miles W.S.W. of Darwin. Pop. 672.            children. Its manufactures consist of woollen and sail-cloth,
MELS, mils, a village of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, candles, soap, &c.; but the great source of its prosperity is
11 miles S.W. of Sargans. It has an important manufac- its trade, which is very extensive, and consists chiefly of
tory of fire-arms, and a glass-house. On a neighboring hill timber, corn, flax, hemp, potash. linseed, and colonial prostands the old castle of Nidberg. Pop. 3329.               duce. The exports and imports from 1846 to 1849 inclusive
MELSELE, mil-sA/leh, a village of Belgium, province of were, in value, as follows:East Flanders, 27 miles N.E. by 1E. of Ghent. Pop. 2747.
MEL/SONBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North              Years.           Exports.           Imports.
Riding.                                                            1846.~9577,081..... ~322551
18417.          726,711.... 198,448
MELSUNGEN, mil/s50ng-gn, a tbwn of Germany, Hesse-               1848..        41.5,511.         172,471
Cassel, province of Nieder-Hessen, on the Fulda, 13 miles S.       1849.....  889,32 8.....    609,532
of Cassel. Pop., 4020. It is enclosed by walls, and has a
castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth.                   Since the commencement of the preseot European war,
1173




~MEM                                                       MEN.1riemel bas become the principal entrepot of the foreign trade    MIENADO, mA-nmldo, a' Dutch province or government
with Western Russia-which formerly passed through Cron- comprising all the N. portion of the island of Celebes.
stadt. Among the produce brought to Memel during the 3    MENADO, a town on the N. coast of the N. peninsula of
months ending July 1,1854, were 5,002,800 pounds of hemp, the island of Celebes; lat. 10 28' N., Ion. 124~' 50' E.; on a
and 6,779,720 pounds of flax. In May, 500 cartloads of hemp  large, fine bay, with a fort and Dutch garrison. Pop. 6000
and flax frequently arrived in a day, and on the 4th of that   MENAGGIO, mi-nhdljo, a market-town of Austrian Italy,
month, 186 vessels were lying in the harbor and river Dange, government of Milan, 15 miles N.N.E. of Como, at the
unable to discharge their cargoes, the landing-places all mouth of the Senagra, on the W. bank of the Lake of Come.
being occupied. The principal articles received from Russia,   MENAI (mhnli) STRAIT, a channel of North Wales, sepabesides hemp and flax, are oil, tallow, wool, and yarn. In  rating the island ofAnglesea from Caernarvon; itruns nearly
exchange she takes cotton, sugar, coffee, wine, spices, and  S.W. and N.E., and is about 11 miles long, from its S.W.
other colonial produce. The harbor of Memel is large and  entrance to Bangor Ferry, where it expands to a breadth of
safe, and has a depth of water from 14 to 17 feet. It is pro- from I to 4 miles. The navigation of this strait is, in some
vided with extensive docks, and a good lighthouse, which  places, difficult and hazardous; but is much used by vessels
stands on the N.E. side, 98 feet above the sea, and may be  under 100 tons burden. The strait is crossed by 2 stupenseen 20 miles off. Ship-building is carried on to a consider- dous structures, the Menai Bridge and the Britannia Bridge,
able extent. Pop. 9906.                                    about a mile apart. The former, which is a suspensionMEMEL, a circle of Prussia, is bounded N. and E. by Rus-  bridge, forming a part of the great line of road between
sia, and W. by the Baltic Sea. Pop. 46,078.                London and Holyhead, was planned and executed by TelMEMEL, a river of Prussia. See NIEMEN.                  ford in 1825, at a cost of 211,7911.; the distance between the
MEMMINGEN, mlmfming-en, a town of Bavaria, circle  supporting pyramids or points of suspension is 560 feet,
of Swabia, on a tributary of the Iller, 43 miles S.W. of Augs- and the height of the carriage-way above high-water is 100
burg. Pop. 6876. It is enclosed by walls, and has a hand- feet. The Britannia Bridge is an iron tubular structure,
some town-hall, an arsenal, barracks, a lyceum, academy of erected to accommodate the Chester and Holyhead Railway;
music, and manufactories ofwoollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, it consists of two lines of tubes, each 1513 feet long, suphosiery, ribbons, oil-cloth, copper and iron wares.       ported on three towers, besides the shore abutments, 100
MEMIPHIS,  (Coptic Momf and Mfeno or Mleslph,) an ancient feet above the sea. The first train passed through  the tube
city of Lower Egypt, on the banks of the Nile, about 10 miles on March 6, 1850. Whole cost, 601,8651.
S. of Cairo. It is said to have been built by Menes, the first   MENAIJ]LEN, a post-township of Adams co., Pennsylvania,
king of Egypt; and, in the time of Abulfeda, about 1342, its 48 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1455.
remains were very extensive.  Of latter times, however,   MENALLEN, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,
almost every trace of its existence had disappeared except a Pop. 1411.
solitary colossal statue of Sesostris. But within a few years   MENAl, mnA-n~ml, or MEI-NAM, mnAe-n m! or mi'nint,
extensive explorations have been carried on by the French  ("mother of waters,") one of the large rivers of Southern
government, resulting in several interesting discoveries, Asia, rises, according to native accounts, in the table-land
among which may be mentioned an avenue or passage bor- of Yun-nan, (China,) traverses the centre of Siam, and after
dered on each side by images of sphinxes, amounting in all a S. course, estimated at 800 miles, enters the Gulf of Siam
to about 140, and an immense subterranean cemetery, with  by 3 mouths, the E. of which is navigable for large ships.
tombs like vast chests of polished granite, hewn firom a   MENAM-KONG, a river of Asia. See MXxoNGo.
single block of stone.-(See Dr. TuoMas's  n-avels in Egypt   MENANI, or MANANI, GREAT, an island in the Atlantic,
and Palestine, pp. 60 and 61.)                            at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy, and opposite the S.
MEMPHIS, a post-village and steamboat-landing of Pick- extremity of Passamaquoddy Bay. It is 13 miles long, and
ens co., Alabama, on the Tombigbee River, below Columbus. 6 miles at its greatest breadth.
MEMPHIS, a flourishing city and port of entry of Shelby    MIENAN, or MANAN, LITTLE, an island of the United
co., Tennessee, is beautifully situated on the Mississippi States, Maine, off Steuben Harbor. It has a lighthouse
River, just below the mouth of Wolf River, andbn the 4th  with a tower 25 feet high.
Chickasaw bluff, 420 miles below St. Louis, and 209 miles   MENANCABOW  or MENANIKABAU, mA-nn'ka-bSwi, a
W.S.W. of Nashville. It is the most populous and important state of Sumatra, comprising a territory in its W. part.
town on the river between St. Louis and New Orleans, and  Population mostly Mohammedan, and they carry useful
occupies the only eligible site for a commercial depat from  arts to a greater perfection than any other people of Suthe mouth of the Ohio to Vicksburg, a distance of 650 miles. matra. They are now wholly or partially tributary to the
The bluff on which it stands is elevated about 30 feet above  Dutch of Padang.
the highest floods, and its base is washed by the river for a    MENARD!.  a county in the W. central part of Illinois,
distance of 3 miles, while a bed of sandstone projects into  has an area of 300 square miles. The Sangamon River flows
the stream and forms a convenient landing. The appearance  through the county, and forms part of its northern bonnof Mempiis from the river is remarkablyfine. An esplanade, dary; Salt Creek also flows along the northern border until
several hundred feet wide, extends along the bluff in front it enters that river. The surface is level; the soil producof the town, and is bordered with blocks of large warehouses. tive. Named in honor of Peter (Pierre) Menard, a distinTravellers, who have recently visited Memphis, express  guished French pioneer. Capital, Petersburg. Pop. 6349.
astonishment at the signs of improvement and commercial   MENARS-LA-VILLE, a town of France. See MEn.
activity which are here exhibited. The population has been    MENAS-ALBAS, mtl/nis-ll'/b s, a town of Spain, province
doubled since 1845. It contains 6 or 7 churches, 1 academy, and 28 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 3651.
a medical college, 2 banks, and a telegraph office. The    MENASHIA, athriving post-village of Winnebago co., WisUnited States government has recently established a naval cousin, at the outlet of Winnebago Lake, and on the right
deplt at this place. The river is deep enough to float the  bank of Neenab River, 33 miles N. of Fond du Lac. It has
largest ship of war from this point to its mouth. The build- plank-roads extending to Appleton and Manitoowoc, and
ing of steamboats has been commenced, and manufactories  steamboats run daily to Fond du Lac. It contains an iron
of cotton, iron, and ropes have been established. Six weekly  foundry, a large pottery, 2 grist-mills, 5 saw-mills, a pail
and several daily newspapers aure published here. Memphis factory, 2 chair factories, and 2 sash and blind factories.
is the western terminus of the Memphis and Charleston  Here is a United States Land-Office, and the State ImproveRailroad, part of which is in operationm  Another railroad is ment Office. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
in course of construction from this, place to Nashville, and    MENAT, moh-ni, a market-town of France, department
one also projected to Little Rock, Arkansas. Steamboats  of Puy-de-D^me, 17 miles N.W. of Riom.  Pop. in 1852, 2276.
make frequent passages between this and other ports on the    MENBRILLA, mln-bteelfyg, a town of Spain, New Castile,
river. The quantity of cotton annually shipped here is  29 miles E. of Ciudad Real. It contains a court-house, prison,
estimated at above 100,000 bales. The population in 1840  and nunnery, and has manufactures of serge, earthenware,
was 3300, in 1850 it amounted to 8841, and in 1853 it was and corks; also an oil and several flour mills. Pop. about
estimated at 12,000.                                       5000.
MEMPHIS, a post-office of Clark co., Alabama.              MENCHIA, or MENCHYEH, EL, M1 mln/chee'a, a large
MEMPHIS, Indiana, a station on the Jeffersonville Rail- town, at a short distance S.E. of Tripoli.
road, 15 miles from Jeffersonville.                          MENCONICO, men-konle-ko, a village of the Sardclinian
MEMPHIS, a post-office of St. Clair co., Michigan.       States, division of Genoa, 8 miles from Bobbie. Pop. 1132.
MEMPHIS, a thriving post-village, capital of Scotland    MENDANA ISLANDS. See MARQuEsAs.
co., Missouri, is situated near the North Fabius River, 130    MENDAVIA, mln-dlve-a, a market-town of Spain, promiles in a direct line N. of Jefferson City. The land in the  vince  of Navarre, 40 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1900.'vicinity presents fine advantages for farming.           Cesar Borgia was killed in a skirmish, near this town, in
MIEMPHREMAGOG  (mim'fie —mJAgog) LAKE, situated  1507.
partly in Vermont and partly in Canada, is about 30 miles    MENDE, m8Nd, (L. llremmate,) a town of France, capital
in length, and varies from 1 to 4 in breadth. About 8 miles  of the department of Lozlre, on the left bank of the Lot, 75
only of its S. extremity lies in Orleans county, Vermont, miles N.W. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 6015. It is situated
and the rest in Canada. It discharges its. waters by Magog  on the slope of Mont Mimat, enclosed by boulevards, and
outlet into the St. Francis River, in Canada.            has a fine cathedral with 2 spires, and an episcopal palace,
MIENA, minu, a market-town of Russia, government and  now the prefecture; a public library, chamier of mannufac48 miles E. of Tchernig,,ov, on an affluent of the Desna. Pop. tures, and considerable manufactures of serges and other
0.00. It was important in the 10th century.              coarse cloths.
117:




MEN                                                      MEN
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ —i1'
MENDEFI, or MENDE Y, men/deh-feeN, a lofty mountain  a good parish church, some convents, and a fine alameda,
uf Central Africa, S. of Mandera, near lat. 90 N., ion. 140  nearly a mile long, shaded by rows of magnificent poplars.
250 E. It is supposedl to be volcanic.                    Mendoza is an cntrepdt for the trade between Buenos Ayres
M ENDELI, mln-dllee, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic  and Chili, with which latter it communicates by the mounand 36 miles N.E. of Bagdad. on the route across Mount Za- tain passes of Uspallata and Portillo. Pop. 12,000.
gros, and defended by a castle.                             MENDRISIO, mln-dreefse-o, the most southern town of
MENDELI, a mountain of Greece. See PENTrELICUS.         Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 6 miles N.W. of Come, with
MIiENDEN, minfden, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 12  1716 inhabitants, a college, and Capuchin convent.
miles W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 3300.                            MENDYGHIAUT, mdn-de-gawt', a town of British India,
MENDER, mtntder, or MEINDER, mnidfer, written also  presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, 5 miles S. of Kanoje.
IMENDERE, (ane. 3fan~ leNE,) a river of Asia Minor, Ana-   MENIELOS a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.
tolia, is formed by two streams, about 50 miles S.W. of    MENES, mA'nlsht, a village of IHungary, co. and 12 miles
Afloom Kara Hissar, flows generally W.S.W., and enters the  E.N.E. of Arad, with a finue castle. Pop. 1577.
gEoan Sea, 32 miles S.S.W. of Ayasoolook, (Ephesus,) after    MENETOU-SALON, mn'neh-tool s-l(NG1, a market-town
a course of upwards of 200 miles. On the banks are the  of France, department of Cher, 10 miles N.N.E. of Bourges.
traces of the ancient cities Alpamea, Anliochia ad Ncan-  Pop. in 1852, 2571.
drsum, and Miletus.                                         MENGEN, minglen, a walled town of Wtirtemberg, on
MENDER, MEINDER, or MENDERE, (anc. Sinelois,) a  the Danube, 6 miles S.E. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 2044.
river of Asia Minor, plain of Troy, rises in Mount Ida, flows    MENGERINCGHAUSEN, mlng/fr-ing-hbw'zen, a small
N.W., and after a N.N.W. course of about 60 miles, past the  town of Germany, 12 miles N. of Waldeck. Pop. 1743.
sites of Troy and Pergamus, enters the IHellespont at its    MENTIIENOIT, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
mouth, in conjunction with the Scamauder.                  MENIN, meh-nANGI, (Flem. M3eenen, mA/nen,) a fortified
MENDER, KUTCI1UK (or LIT'rL  MENsEnD,) a river of  town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the Lys,
Turkey. See CAYESTEa.                                    and on the French frontier, 7 miles S.W. of Courtrat. Pop.
MENWD/HAM, a parish of England, counties of Norfolk and  8052. It has manufactures of lace, woollen stuffs, and toSuffolk.                                                 bacco. It was repeatedly taken by the French, in the 17th
MENDI-AM, a post-village of Mendham township, Morris and 18th centuries.
co., New Jersey, 7 miles W. by S. from Morristown, has 2    MENJEEL, MENJILE, min-jeell, or MENZIL, man-zeel/,
churches, 2 academies, and 5 or 6 stores. Pop. about 400; a village of Persia, province of Ghilan, on the confines
of the township, 1720.                                   of Irak-Ajemee, and on the Sefeed-rood here crossed by a
MENDTG, m~n/dig, (NEnona, neetder, and ODEo, otber,) bridge, 40 miles S.S.W. of Reshd, having about 60 houses,
two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, government and  and an active trade in oil and soap.
15 miles W. of Coblenta. Pop. of the latter, 1150; of the    MENMUIR, mbn-miir/, a parijh of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
former, 1222.                                              MENNETOU-SUR-CHER, jni'nneh-toolstin-shain, a town
MENDIGORRIA, m1n-de-gor/JRe-, a town of Spain, pro- of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, on the Cher. P. 950.
vince of Navarre, 16 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 2160.     MENNEYRET, mtn'neh-vr', ia village of France, departMEN/DIP HILLS, England, co. of Somerset, divide the N. ment of Aisne, arrondissement of Vervins. Pop. 2192.
from the central part of the county. Length about 24 miles,   MENNIGRUFFEN, (Mennightiffen,) m1n/nio-hiif'fen, a
with an elevation of upwards of 1000 feet.                village of Prussia, Westphalia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Minden.
MEN/IDLESHIAM, a town and parish  of England, co. of  Pop. 1216.
Suffolk, 16S miles N.N.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1340. A silver   MENNIKORL, min-ne-konl, a village of Russia, governcrown of one of the Saxon kings, weighing 60 ounces, was mect of Esthonia, 14 miles W.S.W. of Wesenburg. P. 2000.
dug up here in the 17th century.                            MENINO, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, 12 miles
MENDOCINO, mbn-do-see/no, a county in the N.W. part W. of Lewistown. Pop. 1020.
of California, has an area of about 5000 square miles. It is   MENOM/ONEE, MENOM/INEE, or MENOMINIE, a small
bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and on the E. by  river of Wisconsin, rises in Washington co., and falls into
the Coast Range. Pop. 416.                                Milwaukee River at the city of Milwaukee. It furnishes exMEN/DON, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, tensive water-power at the rapids, 15 miles from its mouth.
about 57 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 504.            MENOMONEE, a township of Waukesha  co., Wisconsin.
MENDON, a post-village and township of Worcester co., Pop. 1340.
Massachnsetts, 35 miles S.W. of Boston. The village is situ-   MENOMIONEE FALLS, a thriving post-village of Waukeated on a commanding elevation, contains 3 or 4 churches, sha co., Wisconsin, on the Menomonee River, 15 miles N.W.
50 to 60 dwellings, and several stores. Pop. of the township, of Milwaukiee. Tihe river passes between steep banks of
1301.                                                     blue limestone. 30 feet high, and has afall of 48 feet in the
MENDON, a post-village and township of Monroe co., New  course of a half-mile, affording fine water-power, which
York, 12 miles S.S.E. of Rochester. It hasf2 or 3 churches, gives motion to several mills.
an academy, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 3353.    MENOOF or MENOUF, mnn-oof/, a town of Lower Egypt,
MENDON, post-office, Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania.   capital of a province in the Delta, on the canal of Menoof,
MENDON, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.              which connects the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the
MENDON, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan.         Nile, 30 miles N.N.W. of Cairo. It has indigo works, a
MENDON, a post-village and township of St. Joseph co., manufacture of mats, and a government school.
Michigan, on the St. Joseph River, about 140 miles W. by    MENORCA, an island of Spain. See MINRacA.
S. of Detroit. Pop. 862.                                    MENOUF, a town of Egypt. See MENOOF.
MENDON, a post-office of Madison co., Indiana.           MENOVGHAT. See MAINAVGHAT.
MENDON, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 116 miles   MENS, m6Ns, a market-town of France, department of
WV. by N. of Springfield.                                Isbre, 25 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. 1738.
MENIDON, a village in Clayton co., Iowa, about 100 miles        lENSELINSK or MENZELINSK, m /nlzeh-linsk, a town
N.N.E. of Iowa City.                                     of Russia, government of Orenboorg, on the Ik, an affluent
MENI)DON CENTRE, a post-office of MIonroe co., New York.  of the Kana., 135 miles N.W. of Oofa. Pop. 1420..
MENDOITA, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, on the    MENSFELDEN, mlnsfbls-den, a village of Germany,
Galena Branch of the Illinois Central Bailroad, and on the duchy and 10 miles E.N.E. of Nassau. Pop. 1014.
Chicago and Aurora Railroad, 15 miles from La Salle.       MVENSHIEH, EL, 1 mln/shee'&h, (anc. Iolensesis,) a town
MENDOITA, a post-village, capital of Dakota co., Miene- of Upper Egypt, 9 miles N.N.W. of Girgeh, on the W. bank of
sota, at the confluence of St. Peter's or Minnesota River the Nile, with nitre works, and a government cotton factory.
with the Mississippi, 7 miles above St. Paul. It is situated' MENS/TRIE, a village of Scotland, cos. of Clackmannan
in a fertile tract of land.                              and Perth, 3 miles E.N.E. of Stirling. Pop. 518.
MENDOZA, mnn-dotza or mmn-dotthb, a river of the Argen-  IMENTEITIT, Scotland. See MoNTEov.
tine Republic, (La Plata.) rises on the E. side of the Andes.   MENT/MORE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
about lat. 320 35' S., near the volcano of Aconcagua, and falls   MENTONE, mbn-tolnh, the largest town in the principalinto the Lake de Guanacache, lat. 320 S.; its whole length  ity of Monaco, Northern Italy, beautifully situated on the
being about 200 miles.                                   Mediterranean. Pop. 5000.
MENDOZA, a depastment of the Argentine Republic, (La    MEN/TOR, a post-township in the W. part of Lake co.,
Plata,) between lat. 320 and 340 30' S., and lon. 670 and 700 Ohio, on the S. shore of Lake Erie, and on the Cleveland
W., having N. and E. the departments of San Juan and San  and Erie Railroad, 23 miles from Cleveland. Pop. 1571.
Luis, W. the Andes, separating it from Chili, and S. an un-   MENTOR, a smallpost-village of Sheboygan co., VWisconsin.
settled regrion. Estimated pop. from 35,000 to 45,000. Capital,   MENTRIDA, mbn-treefID, a town of Spain, province and
Mendoza.                                                 27 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2679.
MENDOZA, a city in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,)   MENTZ, m~nts, (anc. _lloguntiacsn or _Mforontiacum;
South America, pleasantly situated on a level plain on  Ger. J11ainz, mints; Fr. Mayence, mn.y3Nsst,) a city of Hess
the E. declivity of the Paramilo range, 2891 feet above Darmstadt, capital of Rheifihessen, on the left bank of the
sea-level; lat. 320 53' S., Ion. 690 6' W., about 55 miles Rhine, opposite to the mouth of the Main, and 20 miles.S.E. from  the volcano of Aconcu.   It is compact, W.S.W. of Fraekfort, with which it is connected by railway.
wcell built, for the most part of sun-burnt bricks, plastered  It is a fort-ess of the German Confederation, and has a
and whitewashed, and contains some fine buildings. The garrison, partly Austrian and partly Prussian, of 8000 men,
houses have gardens and orchards attached to them. It has commanded alternately for five years, by an Alstrsian and a
1115




MEN                                                       MER
Prussian governor. The city, situated partly on a fiat, and    M1EQ1INEZ or MERINEZ, milkfe-1nz', sometimes written
partly on an acclivity, rises up gradually from the Rhine, in  MEKINES or MEKNAS, a city of Morocco, province and
the form of an amphitheatre. It is walled, flanked with  34 miles W.S.W. of Fez. Pop. 60,000. It stands in a fertile
bastions, and defended besides:by a citadel, and several valley, is large, better built than Morocco, and has a palace,
forts and outworks. A bridge of boats, above 1600 feet long, considered the finest in Morocco, and often the resilence of
connects it with its suburb of Castel, near which the river the emperor.
forms an island, on which some fortifications have been    MEQUON, meh-kwunl, a post-village and township oerected. The houses are generally lofty, and have often a  Washington co., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee River, at the
venerable and noble appearance; but, as many of the streets mouth of Mequon River, 13 miles N. of Milwaukee City.
al e narrow, they exclude both air and light, and give several The village has 20 dwellings and about 150 inhabitants.
quarters of the town a dark, confined, unwholesome look. Pop. of the township, 2100.
The Neue Anlage, outside the gates, is the principal prome-   MEQUON RIVER, post-office, Washington co., Wisconsin.
nade, consisting of extensive public gardens, well laid out,   MIER, maie, a French word signifying " sea;" as, MER-DEand commanding fine views of the city and surrounding dis- GLACE, (" Sea of Ice,") the name of one of the glaciers of
trict. The principal edifices are the Cathedral, a vast building  Mont Blanc; MER MOrTD, ("D )ead Sea;") MER NOIRe, (" Black
of red sandstone, finished in the 11th century; the Merchant's  Sea;") ieR ROUGE, (" Red Sea,") &c.
Hall, formerly the Electoral Palace, (Kurfiirstliche Schloss;)    MER, mis, or MENARS-LA-VILLE, meh-nael-l-veelP, a
the old collegiate Church of St. Stephen, occupying the  town of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, with a station
highest site in the city; the Church of St. Peter; the  on the Orleans and Tours Railway, 11 miles N.E. of Blois.
Deutsche Hans, (German Hlouse,) orGrossherzogliche Schloss, Pop. in 1852, 4253.
(Graud-Ducal Castle,) now the governor's palace.; the former,   MElt and SER, two contiguous summits of the Himalayas,
Dalbergische Paldais, now used by the courts of justice; the  in the N. part of the Punjeb, in lat. 340 N., Ion. 760 E., and
Library Buildings, containing, in addition to the library, a  both conical and of nearly the same height, but while one
museum, with several good collections,'antiquities, philoso- is white with snow, the other is black, and uniformly bare.
phical and chirurgical apparatus, pictures, &c. One of the    MERA. meh-rdi, a town of France, department of Oise,
most interesting objects in the town is the house, or rather' 15 miles S. of Beauvais. Pop. 2473.
the site of the house of John Gensfteisch, better known by    MERA, mfr6lhi, (ALSO, 6l1shol, and FELS6, f6lIshO',) two
the name of Gutenberg, and deserving of perpetual remem- nearly contiguous villages of HIungary, co. of Abaujvar, 4
brance as the inventor of movable types. The site is now  miles from Forro. Pop. 1565.
occupied by the Casino, or reading-room, and the rooms of a    M'ERABING, msr-~-bingt, a town of South Africa, capital
literary association; but the house in which he was born  of the teirritory of the Mantetis, situated within the interior,
exists, and. more interesting still, the house which con- N.WV. of Delagoa Bay. It occupies the summit of- long but
tained his first printing-offie. An admirable bronze statue  narrow ridge, and forms an important stronghold, being
of Gutenberg, by Thorwaldsen, erected by subscription, ob- accessible only on the  V., by two openings called Likorcs.
mained from all parts of Europe, stands in an open space near bettoa, (or the hewn gates.) In peace, the population is
the theatre. The manufactures consist chiefly of leather,  about 1400; but in war is greatly increased by numbers
soap, hats, glue, vinegar, tobacco, and musical instruments. resorting to it for protection from the neighboring kraals.
The trade, particularly transit, is extensive, being greatlyi  MERAIRICHI. See MIRAMIcrH.
facilitated both by water communication -and railway, and    MERAN, mtlrn, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 15 miles
has in recent times greatly increased. The principal articles  N.W. of Botzou, on an affluent of the Adige. Pop. 2300. It
are wine, corn, and wood. Mentz owes its foundation to a  has 2 monasteries, a college, and an English seminary for
Roman camp, which Brusus pitched here. It was, shortly  noble ladieS. Near it is the mountain fortress of Tyrol.
after, converted into a permanent bulwark, and became the    MERAPI, mi-r.tpeex, a volcano of Java, district of Kadoe.
most important of a line of forts built along the Rhine, as It was in violent eruption September 14th to 17th, 1849.
a barrier against the incursions of the Germans. On the    MERAPI, an active volcano in the island of Sumatra, near
decline of the power of Itome it was almost entirely de- the W. coast. Lat. 00 24' S., Ion. 1000 30' E. It is about
stroyed, but was afterwards restored, chiefly by Charle- 9700 feet high.
mawne, and became the first ecclesiastical city of the German    MERATE, mi-ritl.  a market-town of Austrian Italy, with
Empire, of which its archbishop-elector ranked as the pre- the magnificent palace of Belgioioso, 18 miles S.E. of Come.
mier prince. Its history, during the 16th century, is of    MERAVIGLIE, mA-rA-veel/yA, a chain of nine small lakes
considerable interest, in connexion with the progress of the  of the Sardinian States, in the N. of the division of Nice.
Reformation, which early brought Luther into collision with    MERAWE, a tract of Nubia. See MEROE.
its ecclesiastical authorities. Pop. 31,345.                 MIIERBES-LE-CHATE AU, mieb-leh-shgt0l, a village of
MENTZ,   a township of Cayuga co., New York, intersected  Belgium, province of Hainaut, 13 miles S.E. of Rons, on the
by the Erie Canal and by the Syracuse and Rochester Rail- Sambre. Pop. 1057.
road. It contains the Montezuma Salt Works. Pop. 5239.    MERBIDERY, nier'be-drlree, a town of British India, preMENUTHIIAS, (INSULk.) See ZANZmI.B.                      sideucy of Madras, district of Canara, 17 miles N.E. of ManMENZALEIH min'zalleh (LAKE;,) one of the great lagoons  galore, and with various handsome Jain pagodas, its populaof Lower Egypt, immediately S.E. of Damietta, separated  tion being chiefly of the Jain sect.
by a narrow sandbank from the Mediterranean, with which    MERCADAL, mie-kA-dAl1, a town of the Balearic Islands,
it communicates by 3 openings.   Length 50 miles, greatest Minorca, 13 miles N.W. of Mahon. Pop. 4000.
breadth 25 miles. It receives the Pelusiac and Tanitic    MERCiARtA or RiERKARA, mie-kgIrA, a fortified town of
branches of the Nile. The Menzaleh Canal from this lake  British India, presidency of Madras, 67 miles W. bf Seringajoins the Nile N. of the town of Mansoorah.                patam.
MENZALEH, a town of Lower Egypt, on the S. bank of    MERCATELLO, miR-kl-t lo, a town of the Papal States,
the lake of same name, 20 miles S. by E. of Damietta.      about 15 miles W.S.W. of Urbino, on the Metauro. P. 1250.
MENZELINSK, a town of Russia. See MENSELINSK.              MERCATO-SARRACENO, mni-kAlto-sae-Rd-chbno, a town
MENZINGEN, mint/sing-.n, a town of Switzerland, can- of Italy, Pontifical States, 21 miles S.S.E. of Forli. P. 4000.
ton and 4 miles E.N.E. of Zug. Pop. 2649.                    MERCEDE (mer-sAdl) CITY, a town of Tuolumne co.,
MENZINGEN, mintfsing-en, a market-town of Baden, cir- California, is situated on the San Joaquin River, a little
cle of Middle Rhine, 16 miles N.E. of Carlsrub(,. Pop. 1370. below the mouth of the Mercede, and on the main road from
MEOLS, (meelz,) NORTH, parish, England, co. Lancaster.  Sacramento City to Los Angeles, 115 miles in a straight line
MEON, (meen,) WEST, a parish of England, co. of Hants. E.S.E. of San Francisco.
MEON-STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.            NIERCEDE RIVER, of Mariposa co.. near the centre of
MEOPHAR, meelfam, a parish of England, co. of Kent.   California, rises on the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and flowRMEPIAL, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.          ing in a general W.S.W. course, falls into the San Joaquin
MEPPEL, mip/pel, a town of the Netherlands, province'about 75 miles above Stockton. It is navigable for small
of D)renthe, on the Havelter, near its mouth, in the Reest, steamboats about 20 miles.
26 miles S.W. of Assen. Pop. 6426.                           MERCENASCO, mie-chA-nslko, or MARCENASCO, manMEPPEN, mip/ppn, a walled town of Hanover, 44 miles chA-ndsfko, a village of the Sardinian States, division of
N.W. of Osnaburg, on the Ems. Pop. 1951.                   Turin, 6 miles from Ivrea. Pop. 2208.
MEPPPERSIHALL, a parish of England, counties of Bed-    MERICER, a county near the centre of New Jersey, has
ford and Herts.                                            an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the
MEQUANITGO or MUKWANtAGO, a post-village of Wan- S.W. by the Delaware, and partly on the N.E. by Milistone
kesha county, Wisconsin, on Fox River, at the mouth of'River, and is drained by Aesunpink and Stony Creeks.
Mequanigo Creek, and on the Milwaukee and Jancsville  The surface is generally level, with a considerable elevation
Plank-road, 25 miles W. of:Ml1waukee. It has 5 stores, 1  on the northern border, called Rocky Hill. The soil is ferfiouring-mill. and about 500 inhabitants,                 tile and highly cultivated. Sandstone is found in the northMEQUINENZA, mi-ke-ninfthsl, (ans. Octogedsa,) a town  ern part. The Trenton Falls of the Delaware, near Trenston,
and fort of Spain, province and 60 miles S.S.E. of Hue.a, on  afford immense water-power. The Camden and Amboy railhse Ebro. at the influx of the Cinea. It is.defended by a  road, the New Jersey Railroad, and the Delaware and Raritan
fortress, which was taken by the French in 1810. Mequi- Canal traverse the county, which is also partly intersected
nenza is supposed to be the Octogesa mentioned by Csesari by the Trenton Branch Railroad. Named in honor of General
and was a place of considerable importance in early Spanish  Iugh Mercer, who was mortally wounded at the battle of
history. Pop. 1370.                                       )rinceton in 1777. Capital. Trenton. Pop. 27,992.
1176




MIER                                                      MER
MERCER, a county in the W.N.W. part of Pennsylvania, of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, on Lake Maggiore, 1 mile
bordering on Ohio, has an area of 775 square miles. The  from Arona. Pop. 1050.
Shenango River flows through the county from N. to S.;   MERCURY BAY, New Zealand, on the N.E. side of North
French Creek touches the N.E. part, and other parts are  Island, in lat. 360 48' S., Ion. 1750 45t E.
drained by the Neshannocki, Sandy, and  Pymatuning    MERCURY-GEMILLY, mla'kii'ree! zheh-mee'yeeI, a vilCreeks. The surface is generally undulating; the soil of the  lage of the Sardinian States, province of Upper Savoy, 2
upland is a rich clayey loam. Extensive beds of stone-coal miles W. of Albertville. Pop. 1920.
and limestone are found, there are also valuable iron-mines.   MER-DE-GLACE, (" Sea of ice.") See MONT BLANC.
The Pittsburg:,and Erie Railroad, not yet finished, passes   MERDIN, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See MARDEEN.
through this county, which is also traversed by the Beaver   MERDRIGNAC, m~a~dreen'yi k.   a market-town of Friance,
and Erie Canal. Organized in 1800. Capital, Mercer. Pop. dep. of Cates-du-Nord, 15 miles E. of Loud6ac. Pop. 2952.
33,172.                                                     MER-DES-INDES.  See IsoIAN OCErAN.
MERCER, a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, has    MERE, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
an area of 440 square miles.  It is intersected by Blue  Wilts, 22 miles W.N.W. of Salisbury. Pop. 3139.
Stone River, bounded on the E. by the Kanawha or New    M:3RE, a township of England, co. of Chester.
River, and also drained by Brush and other creeks. The    MERE, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan.
surface is heavily timbered; the Great Flat Top Mountain,   MEBJEDITH, a township of Belknap co, New HIampshire,
a branch of the Alleghany chain, extends along the N.W. on Winnipiseogee Lake, 33 miles N. of Concord. It has
border~of the county. The land is adapted to pasturage. manufactures of satinets, sheetings, &c., and contains MereOrganized in 1837. Capital, Princeton. Pop. 4222; of whom  dith Bridge, the county seat. Pop. 3521.
4045 were free, and 177 slaves.                             MEREDITH, a post-village and township in Delaware co.,
MERCER, a county in the central part of Kentucky, has New York, about 70 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 16034.
an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is bounded on    MEREDITH BRIDGE, a thriving village, capital of Belthe N.E. by the Kentucky River, on the E. by Dick's River, knap co., New Hampshire, on the Winnipiseogee River, near
and drained by the sources of Salt River. The surface is its outlet from the lake of the same name, and on the Boston
undulating; the soil good. Organized in 1786.  Capital, Concord and Montreal Railroad, 27 miles N. by E. of ConHarrodsburg.  Pop. 14,067; of whom 10,506 were free, and  cord. It contains, besides the county buildings, 3 churches,
3260 slaves.                                              a bank, 15 stores, and several cotton-mills and other estaMERCER, a county in the W. part of Ohio, bordering on  blishments, for which the river affords motive power.
Indiana, has an area of 468 square miles. It is intersected    MEREDITIH CENTRE, a post-village of Belknap co., New
in the N.E. part by St. Mary's River, and also drained by the  Hampshire, about 25 miles S.E. by E. of Concord.
head streams of the Wabash. The surface is nearly level,   MIEREDITHI MILLS, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana.
and mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Capital,   MEREDITH'S  TAVERN, a post-office of Marion co.,
Celina. Pop. 7712.                                         Virginia.
IIERCER, a county in the W.N.W. part of Illinois, border-   MEREDITH VILLAGE, a post-village in Belknap co., New
ing on Iowa, has an area of about 500 square miles. The  Hampshire, on the outlet of Winnipiseogee Lake, and on
Mississippi River forms its boundary on the W., and it is the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, 37 miles N. by
intersected by Edward's and Pope's Creeks. The surface is E. of Concord. It contains several churches and factories.
moderately uneven, and the soil is good; the county con-   MEREDOISIA, a post-village of Morgan co., Illinois, on
tains a large proportionof prairie. This county is comprised  the Illinois River, 55 miles W. of Springfield.  It has a
in the coal-field of Illinois. Capital, Keitissburg. Pop. 5246. steamboat landing, and some shipping business. The proMERCER, a county in the N. part of Missouri, bordering  duce received here in 1852was valued at $300,000.
on Iowa, has an area of 500 square miles. It is drained by    MEREND or MEHREND. See MnEIRAND.
Weldon River, Crooked Fork of Grand River, Medicine and    MERETCH, MERETSCH or MERECZ, mA-rftch!, alarlketMuddy Creeks.  Capital, Princeton. Pop. 2691; of whom  town of Russia, government and 56 miles S.W. of Vilna, on
2677 were free, and 14 slaves.                             the Niemen. Pop. 4000.
MERCER, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on    MEREVALE, meertvail, a parish of England, counties of
Sandy River, about 25 miles N. by W. of Augusta. Pop. 1186. Leicester and Warwick.
MIERCER, a village and township of Butler co., Pennsyl-   MWRAVILLE, mA'rA'veel!, a market-town of France, devania, 20 miles N. by W. of Butler. Pop. 1296.             partment of Seine-et-Loire, 37 miles S. of Paris. It has a fine
MERCER, a post-borough, capital of Mercer co., Pennsyl- park. Pop. 1784.
vania, is pleasantly situated near Neshannock Creek, on the    MEREWARI, mA-rA-w~tree, or MAREGUARE, ma-rA-gw/lturnpike from Pittsburg to Erie, 60 miles N. by W. of the  rh, a river of South America, Guiana, rises about lat. 40 N.,
former, and 238 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.  It has a  Ion. 650 WV., and unites with the Erevato to form the Caura,
brick court-house, a stone prison, an academy, several an important affluent of the Orinoco.
churches, and a number of handsome dwellings. Three or   MERE/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
four newspapers are published here. Incorporated in 1814.   MERGENTIIAL, GROSS, groce meIohen-tAll. a village of
Pop. in 1850, 1004.                                       BPohemia, circle of Buntzlau,N.N.E.from Leitomisechel. Pop.
MERCER, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.               1147.
MERCER  SALT WORKS, a post-office of Mercer co.,   MERGENTHIEIM, mIao/hent-hime', or MARIENTIHAL,
Virginia.                                                  ml-reeogn-tdl, a town of Wirtemberg, circle of Jaxt, on the
MERCERSBURG, a flourishing post-borough of Mont- Tauber, 56 miles  N.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2381.
gomery township, Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 62 miles S.W.   MERGHEN, mitlghen, atown of Mantchooria, 110 miles
of IHarrisburg. It is the second town of the county in popu- S.W. of Saghalien-Oola.
lation, and is a place of active trade. The houses are    MERGIII. See MErnuc.
principally built of brick and stone. Marshall College of   IMERGOZZO, mis-gotso, a village of the Sardinian States,
this place, under the direction of the German Reformed  division of Novara, 5 miles from Pallanza. Pop. 2079.
church, was founded in 1836. Connected with this is a    MERGUI or MERGHI, mer-ghees, a maritime town of Britheological seminary. A  newspaper is published here. tish India, and the capital of one of the Tenasserim  proPop. in 1850, 1184.                                       vinces, on an island in the delta of the Mergui River, lat.
MIERCER UNIVERSITY. See PrENFrIELD, Georgia.            120 26' N., Ion. 980 35' E. Estimated population, 8000, comMERCHANT'S BLUFF, a post-office of Darlington co., prising Burmese, Siampse, Chinese, and other settlers. It
South Carolina.                                           stands on the skirts of a steep hill, and is enclosed by a
MERCHINGEN. mhrxfing-en, a village of Baden, circle of  wooden stockade. It has some small pagodas, and brick
Lower Rhine, on the Kessachl. Pop. 1194.                  bastions, with the military cantonments, hospital, and a few
MERCHTEM, msa.ttem, a village of Belgium, province  European houses. The harbor is well adapted for small
of East Flanders, 12 miles S.E. of Furnes. Pop. 3320.     vessels; and some export trade in sapan wood, ivory, tortoiseMERCIA, men/she-a, (anc. Placvia Cesarien/sis,) one of  shell, sea-slug, shark-fins, &c., is here carried on. The climate
the old kingdoms of the Saxon heptarchy, occupying the  is comparatively healthy. The townwas stormed and taken
centre of England, and comprising all the modern counties by the British in 1824.
between the Thames on the S., Yorkshire and Lancashire    MERGUI (or MERGII) ARChIIPELAGO, a group of
on the N., the kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex on the  islands in the Indian Ocean, off the Tenasserim Coast, be
E., and Wales on the W. It was the largest and one of tween lat. 90 and 130 N., and Ion. 970 and 980 30h E., formthe most powerful states of the Saxon confederacy, was uing a part of the British province of Mergui.  Principal
founded in 582, from which period it remained independent islands, Dorne, King's. and St. Matthew's. The province
until its conquest by Egbert, king of Wessex, in 827. Its  of Mergui is the most southern on this coast belonging to
capital city was Leicester.                               the British.
MIERCKEM, mhek/kem, a town of Belgium, province of    MERHAMET-ABAD, mlr-hAYmit-A-bAdt, a village of Persia,
West Flanders, 18 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 3650.      province of Azerbaijan, 80 miles S.W. of Tabreez. It has a
MERC(EUR, mlskuv/t, a market-town  of France, depart- fort and a palace recently built, and about 1000 houses, a
ment of Corrbze, 17 miles S.E. of Tulle.  Pop. 1035.      few belonging to Jews and Armenian Christians.
MERCOGLIANO, mls-k6l-ylno:   a fortified town of Naples,   MERIDA, mIse-DA., (anc. Emerita Aegquslta,) a city of
province of Principato Ultra, 3 miles WV. of Avellino. Pop. Spain, province and 30 miles E. of Badajos, on the right bank
4000.                                                     of the Guadiana, here crossed by a fine Roumn bridge of 81
MERCURAGO, min-koo-rA/go, (L. Jlerocuriacum,) a village arches, and 2575 feet in length. It has a large convent, 2
1177




MER                                                       MER
churches, 2 hospitals, and a prisou, arsid is remarkable for  gallons per minute, at thle temperature of 90 degrees. Fir,
its extensive Roman remains, including an amphitheatre, a  bathing-houses have been erected at this place. Formed in
circus, a theatre, bathe; and a triumphal arch in good pre- 1827, and named in hionor of David Meriwether, formcriy a
servation. According to the chronicle of King Roderick, member of Congress from  Georgia.  Capital, Greenville.
the walls of the city at the time of the Moorish invasion  Pop. 16,476, of whom 8483 were free, and 7993 slaves.
were 24 miles in circuit, 15 fathoms high, and 10 fathoms    MERK, mDak, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, co.
broad, with 3700 towers, 84 gates, and 5 castles; and, in  of Szathmar, Pop. 1005.
time of peace, the garrison consisted of 80,000 infantry, and    MEIKAIH, m~atkA, a seaport town of East Africa, 45
10,000 horse. A.zlsssta Enerita was founded, 25 e3. c., by a  miles S.W. ofMagadoxo. Pop. about 3000. It is stone-built,
Roman general, under the Emperor Augustus; it afterwards  and was founded by Arab traders.
became the capital of Lusitania, and the most magnificent   MERtKELSDORF, mblrk9ls-dofRf        or MERKLINERH1OF,
city in Roman Spain. It capitulated in 715 to the Moors, mlak-leelner-hof,  a village of Bohemia, near Lower A lersfrom whom it was taken again by Alonzo el Sable, in 1229, bach, 16 miles from Trautenau. Pop. 1065.
%nd became attached to the Ikingdom of Castile. From that   MERKENDORF, mRlaken-doaf', a town of Bavaria, circle
day the province and city date their decline. Lat. 380 51' of Middle Franconia, 9 miles S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 806.
N., ion. 6O 15' W. Pop. about 6000.                          MERKEZ, mer-khz/, a village, castle, and river in Syria, 6
MERIDA, mirle-di, the capital city of Yucatan, in lat. 200  miles N. of Iskanderoon, on the E. side of its bay.
50, N., ion. 89& 40' W., 25 miles from the Gulf of Mexico.   MERKLINGEN, mkaklling-en, a village of Wiirtemberg,
Pop. about 23,000. It was founded in 1542, on the site of a  circle of Neckar, 13 miles W. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 1297.
city previously ruined by the Spaniards, and is regularly    MERKLINGEN,h village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube,
laid out, and well built of stqne. It has many good squares, 15 miles NW. of Ulm. Pop. 600.
the principal and central one containing the Cathedral, a    MERKS/IJALL, a parish of England, co. of Norwich.
rich edifice of the 16th century, the Bishop's Residence, and    MIERLARA, m6a-lI/rA, a town of Austrian Italy, 28 miles
the Government IHouse. Of its three convents, two are  SW. of Padua. Pop. 2500.
now in ruins; a remaining portion of the Jesuits' Convent   MERULAC, mWa'A'k/, a town of France, department of
now serves for the Legislative Chambers of the state. The  Cates-du-Nord, 9 miles N.W. of Loud6ac. Pop. 2826.
manufactures and trade are inconsiderable; it communi-   MERILERA, m6R-lA/rA, the most N. of the lonian Islands,
cates by a good road with its port, Sival.                in the Mediterranean, 7 miles N.W. of Corfu. Length 2 miles.
MEIRIIDA, a town of South America, Venezuela, depart-   MERLERAULT, LE, leh mWIalA-rO/, a market-town of
ment of Zulia, capital of a province, on the Chama, 85 miles  France, department of Orne, 15 miles E. of Argentan.
N.W. of Varinas. Pop. 4000. Before its destruction by an  Pop. 1433.
earthquake, in 1812, it was the largest city in Venezuela,   MER/MAID, a post-office of New Castle co., Delaware.
and it is stated to be again flourishing, having a cathedral,   MER MEDITERRANJE. See MEDITEaRRAANE.  SeA.
ecclesiastical seminary, and college, and some woollen ma-   MERMENTEAU (meremen-t0l) RIVER, of Louisiana, is
nufactures.                                               formed by small branches, which unite on the S.W. border
MER/IDEN, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           of St. Landry parish. Flowing south-westward, it enters
MERIDEN, a post-office of Sullivan co., New Hampshire. the Gulf of Mexico at the W. extremity of Vermilion parish.
MERIDEN, a beautifully situated post-village and town-    MERMERIKO, mhr-mA-reelko, a village of Seneganmbia,
ship of New Haven co., Connecticut, on the New Hinaven  on the Falm6, nearly opposite Samba-Yaya, lat. 130 51' N.,
Hlartford and Springfield Railroad, 18 miles N. by E. of New  -n. 120 20' W., inhabited by Foolabs and Sarracolets.
Haven. The village stands on a hill about half a mile E.   MERL MORTE. See DEAD SEA.
of the railroad; it contains 5 churches, 4 of them new, a    MER NOIRE. See BLACK SEA.
banmk, an academy, and several extensive manufactories.    MEROE, mioN-a, or MERAWE, mlr/a-wA, ILsL or, a wide
bank, an academy,'         MO~ mrl-,    r  ERT;Em~~gISI~OF                                      I~d
There are numerous manufactories of hardware and other  tract in South Nubia, between the Nile ad its tributary, the
articles scattered throughout the township.  Pop. of the  Atbara. Length 400 miles, breadth 200 miles. The ruins
township, 3559. See WEsr MERIDEN.                          of the ancient Merob are in its N. part, on the E. bank of
MERID/IAN, formerly CATO FOUR CORNERS, a post- the Nile, 26 miles N.E. of Shendy; and on a part of its site
village of Cayuga co., New York, 16 miles N. of Auburn. is the modern dilapidated town of the same name, with a
It contains 2 banks.                                       manufactory of indigo, and some large corn magazines.
MERIDIAN, a township in the N.W. part of Ingham co.,   MEtROM:, a post-village of Sullivan co., Indiana, on the
Michigan. Pop. 367.                                        Wabash River, about 33 miles S. of Terre-IHaute. It was
MERIDIAN, a post-village in Miercer co., Illinois, 125  formerly the county seat.
miles N.N.W. of Springfield.                                 MEROINA, a post-village in McHenry co., Illinois, 50 miles
MERIDIIANVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Alaba- N.W. of Chicago.
ma, 8 miles N. of Huntsville.                                ME1'RO/, a river of New South Wales, co. of Wellington,
MER'IGOMISHf, a port of Nova Scotia, co. ofPictou, about flows W.N.W. to the Cudgegang, an affluent of the Mac85 miles N.E. of Halifax. It has ponds where timber is  quarie. It furnishes rich gold diggings.
shipped in considerable quantities annurally.                MEPJRELL, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, on the
MERINCHAL, meh-rANG'shilf, a village of France, depart- Ocenee River, about 28 miles N. of Milledgeville. It has
ment of Creuse, 14 miles E. of Aubusson. Pop. 2119.        water-power, which is employed in a cotton factory. P. 300.
MERING, mi/ring, a village of Bhivaria, with a station on    MERRIAN, a post-office of Noble co., Iowa.
the Royal Bavarian Railroad, about 30 miles from Munich.    MERIRICKVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
IMIERINVILLE, meh-r xe'vesl1, a village of France, depart- Grenville, on the Rideau Canal, 26 miles E. of Perth, and
ment of Aude, 12 miles N.E. of Caercassonne. Pop. 1625.    29 miles from Brockville. It contains several mills.'MIERIONETH, nrn/i-on'eth, or MER/ION'ETHSI-IIRE, a    MERIRICK, a post-office of Queen's co., New York.
maritime county of North Wales, having W. Cardigan Bay.   MERtRLILLSVILLE, a post-office, Franklin co., New York.
Area 663 square miles, or 424,320 acres, of which about 50,000    MIMERRILLSVILLE, a post-office of St. Clair co., Michigan.
arearablec. Pop. in 1851, 38,843.  Surface mountainous, in    MERRILLTOWN, a post-office of Travis ca., Texas.
many parts well wooded, and intersected by fine vales.   MER/RILLYILLE, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana.
Principal summits, Arran-Fowdy, 2955 feet, and Cader-   MER/RLIMACK  or MER/RtlMAC, a river of New EngIdris, 2914 feet in heiglit. Principal rivers, the Dee, Maw, land, is formed by the union of the Pemigewasset and Winand Dyfi.  Small lakes are numerous, and that of Bala, nipiseogee Rivers, on the border of Belknap and Merrimack
the largest in North Wales, is in this county. Soil mostly  counties, in the S. central part of New Hampshire, and after
poor, and suited only-for pasturage. Welsh ponies of the  flowing in a general S. course for about 80 miles into Maspurest breed are nearly confined to this county and Sont- sachusetts, turns to the N.E,, and falls into the Atlantic, a
gomeryshire. Mineral products are slate and lime at Cor- few miles below Newburyport. Its whole course is about
wen and Festiniog, with some lead and copper at Barmouth, 110 miles, flowing through a country which, although not
Towyn, &c. Chief towns, IHarlech, the capital, Bale, Dol- as picturesque as the Valley of the Connecticut, is still well
gelly, Corwen, and  Towyn.  It sends 1 member to the  worthy of attention from the traveller. It is navigable for
House of Commons.                                          vessels of 200 tons 15 miles to Haverhill, and by means of
MERIONETHISITIRE, a county of Wales. See MERIONETHr. canals and locks around the falls, boats may ascend to ConMERISCHWANDEN, mAnrish-'-n'den, a town of Switzer- cord, in New Hampshire. Its water-power is more extenland, canton of Aargau, near the Reuss, 10 miles S.W. of sively employed in the manufacture of cotton goods than
Zurich. iop. 1232.                                         that of any river in America, if not in the world. Among
MEIRITCH, a town of Hindostan. See MERRITc.              the manufacturing towns on its banks may be mentioned'
MER/IXVETHIER,  a county in the W. part of Georgia, has the cities of Manchester, Lawrence, and Lowell.
an area of about 500 square miles. Flint River forms its   MERRIMACK, of Missouri. See MARAMEO.
E. boundary, and it is drained by White Oak, Red Oak,   MERRIMACK, a county in the S. central part of New
Beech, Cane, and Flat Shoal Creeks. The surface is gene- Hampshire, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is
rally undulating.  The Pine Mountains rise W. of Flint intersected by the Merrimack and watered by the ContooRiver, and afford much picturesque scenery; Small quan- cook, Suncook, and other smaller streams, affording watertitles of gold are found in' the N. part. This county is re- power. It contains numerous small lakes or ponds. The
markable for its medicinal springs, among which may be surface is uneven, and in the N. part rough and mountainnanmed the Warm Springs, Sulphur Springs, Cold Springs, ous. Kearsarge Mountain and the Ragg ed Mountains are
and Chalybeate Springs. The Warm Springs discharge 1400  the principal elevations. The soil is in most parts produc1178




MER                                                       MM
tive, and under good cultivation.  In 1850 this county pro-   MERTITIYR MAWR, (mbwR,) a parish of South Wales tca
duced 231,610 bushels of corn-more than was produced by  of Glamorgan.
any other county in the state.  The railroad connecting    MEIRTIIYR-TYDVIL, mer/Tngr-tid/vil, a parliamentary
Manchester and Bristol traverses this county, and numerous  borough, town, and parish of Southl Wales, co. of Glamorgan,
short lines centre in Concord. Organized in 1823. Capital, on the Taff, 22 miles N.N.W. of Cardiff, with which it is
Concord. Pop. 40,337.                                      connected by the Taff-vale Railway, and by canal. It'has
MERRIMACK, a township of Hillsborough co., New  sprung up, within the last 80 years, from a mere village to a
IIampshire, on both sides of the Souhegan' River, at its place ofgreat extent and importance; and, though consisting
junction with the Merrimnack, and on the Nashua and  generally of irregular assemblages of workmen's houses,
Lowell Railroad, 5 miles from  Nashua. It has a carpet situated on both sides of the river, and communicating
factory and other establishments.  Pop. 1685.              by two bridges, has recently undergone important changes,
MEIIIRIMAN'S SHOP, a post-office of Prince Edward co., which have greatly improved its sanitary condition and geneVirginia, 96 miles W.S.W. of Richmond.                     ral appearance. A street, recently formed, and now become
MER/RINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.         the principal thoroughfare, contains good shops and dwellMERIRIOTT, a parish, of England, co. of Somerset.        ings; and near its centre is one of the most spacious and
MERRITCH or MERITCH, mir'ritch5, a considerable town  splendid market-places in Wales. The public buildings and
of West Ilindostan, 72 miles S.E. of Sattarah, nearl the  institutions include two Established churches, and a Chapel
Kistnah, on the bank of which are a handsome ghaut and  of Ease, and about 30 places of worship, belonging chiefly
pagoda; but the town itself has no building of note, except to the Wesleyan and other Methodists, Independents, Rapa fort and some small mosques.                             tists, &c.; national and other schools, a Mechanics' Institute,
MER/RITT, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan.          a theatre, and, in the vicinity, Cyvartha Castle, with its
MERRITT, a small town of Yolo co., California.           park, and Pen-y-Darren I-ouse, with its gardens, form conMIERRITT'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Lexington district, spicnous and pleasing objects. The town owes its prosperity
South Carolina.                                           to its situation near the centre of the valuable coal and mineMER/RITSTOWN, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsyl- ral field of South Wales. The mines are extensively worked;
vania, 4 miles S. of Brownsville.                          and among the important iron works which have been estaMER/RITTSVILLE, a post-village of Greenville district, blished, those of Dowlais alone, when in full operation, emSouth Carolina, 135 miles N.W. of Columbia.               ploy about 6000 persons. The produce, mostly shipped at
MERRITTSVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  Cardiff, has exceeded 110,000 tons per annum. The borough
Welland, 11 miles S. of St. Catherine's. Pop. about 250.    is under the superintendence of a stipendiary magistrate. It
MIER-ROUGE. See RED SEa.                                sends a member to the House of Commons. In the environs
MER/ROW, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.             are many handsome residences, and 3 miles from the town
MERIROW STATION, a post-office of Tolland co., Connec- are the ruins of Morlais Castle, the seat of the ancient Princes
ticut, on the New London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, of Brecon. The first railway locomotive ever started, is said
40 miles from New London.                                  to have run at Merthyr in 1504. Pop. in 1851, 63,080.
MiERRUM, a village of IHolland. See M.aaoUM.               MERTOLA, m6a-to/lA, (anuc. Myrtilis,) a fortified town of
MER/RYALL, a post-office of Bradford co.. Pennsylvania.  Portugal, province of Alemtejo, on the Guadiana, 66 miles
MERRY IHILL, a post-office of Bertie co., North Carolina, S. of Evora. Pop. 3000.
173 mies E. by N. of Raleigh.                               MIERITON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the
MERRY  MOUNT, a post-office of Warren co., North' Wandle, here crossed by a bridge, S'miles S.S.W. of London.
Carolina.                                                  Pop. 1914. Henry III. held a parliament here.
MERRY OAKS, a post-office of Itamilton co., Tennessee.    MERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
MERRY OAKS, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.         MERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
MERRY OAKS, a post-office of San Joaquin co., California.   MERTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
MERSCH, msKs,    a market-town of the Nethelands,   MERTON, a post-township in the N. part of Waukesha
grand-duchy and 10 miles N. of Luxemburg. Pop. 24100.    co,, Wisconsin.  Pop. 966.
MiERSE, nmrs, or MARCH, a district of Scotland, forming    MERTOUN, mer-toon/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwiclr.
the S. part of Berwickshire.                                 MERTZI/TOWN,  a village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 74
MEWR/SEA, EAST and WEST, two parishes of England. miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
co. of Essex, form a fnely wooded island in the North Sea;   MtRU, mnAriil, a town of France, department of Oise, 15
connected with the mainland by a long causeway, covered  miles S. of Beauvais. Pop. in 1852, 2571.
at high water.                                               MERUD, meer[d/, a fortified town of British India, preMIERISEBURG; (Ger. pron. m~a/seh-b00a6o,) a town of sidency of Bombay, 47 miles S.E. of Poonah.
Prussian Saxony, pn the left bank of the Saale, and on the    MERV, of Central Asia. See MERwV.'Thuringian Railway, 56 miles S.S.E. of Maltgdeburg. Pop.   MERVILLE, mniveell, or MERGHEI-I, ma.'ghl`mI, (1L.
11,348. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, with a  Menariacum,) a town of France, department of Nord, on the
monument to the Emperor Rudolph, of Swabia; ducal and  Lye, 18 miles W. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 5954. 
episcopal palaces, a military orphan asylum, school of sur-   MERW, MERY, ntrv, or MERU, mhrfoo, (anc. Astliochia
gery, and manufactories of woollen and linen fabrics, paper, Margiana?) a walled town of Independent Toorkistan, domitobacco, vinegar, and excellent beer.                      nion and 300 miles S.E. of Khiva.  Pop. 3000.
MERSEBURG, mhnseh-bhaORG, a government of Prussian    MERW, MERV, or MERU, a village of Thibet, on the
Saxony, bounded N. by Hanover; area 3020 geographical Sutlej. above the timalayas30 miles E.N.E. of Rampoor.
square miles.  It belongs to the basin of the Elbe; the    MERWEDE, DE, dA mrJ/i/Adeh, a river of Holland, formed
minerals are of great value, and include silver, lead, copper, by the junction of the Meuse and Wal.
iron, coal, and lignite. Pop. in 1849; 742,644.              MER/WINSBURG, a post-office of MonrOe co., PennsylMERS-EL-KltRBIR, mbns-6l-ke-beera, (Sp. J]sazalquivir, mA- vania.
sal-ke-veerJ,) a strongly fortified town of Algeria, on the    MERWINSYILLE, a post-office of Litthfield co., ConnecMediterranean, province and 3 miles N.W. of Oran. It was tieut.
taken by the Spaniards in 1505, abandoned by them in 1792.   MERXEM, m~rxlem, a village of Belgium, province and
and taken by the French in 1830.                           2 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1648.
MERSEY. mer/zee, a river of England, rises in the N. pakt   MERXHEIM, msRxhsxhme, a village of Germany, Hesseof the county of Derby, and flows WV., mostly between the  IIomburg, bailiwick of Meisenheim. Pop. 1333.
counties of Chester and Lancaster, till it expands into the    MERXIIEIM, (Fr. pron. max'lm/), a commune of France,
spacious estuary or arm of the Irish Sea, which forms Liver- department of Haut-Rhin, with a station on the Strasbourg
pool harbor. Length 60 miles. Chief affluent, the Irwell, and Bale (Basel) Railway, 11- miles S.W. of Colmar.
to the junction of which it is navigable for large vessels.  MERXPLAS, m6ax/pIls, a village of Belgium, province
MERStIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the  and 27 miles E.N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1381.
South-Eastern Railway, 3. miles S.E. of Ashford.             MIfRY-SUR-SEINE, ml.'rteesia  sjn, a town of France,
MERSHON'S (mgr-shonz/ CROSS ROADS, a post-office of  department of Aube, on the Seine, which here becomes
Laurel co., Kentucky.                                      navigable, 12 miles W.S.W. of Arcis-sur-Aube. Pop. 1400.
MERS/TITIAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3 miles It was nearly burned to the ground during a combat beN.E. of Reigate, with a station on the London and Brigghton  tween the French and Prussians in 1814.
Railway, which here passes through a long tunnel N. of Red    MERZDORV, mlats/doaf, a village of Prussia, in Silesia,
Hill Station.                                              government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1026.
MERSITON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.              MERZDORF, a village of Bohemia, circle of KIniggriitz,
MERTENDORF, m~r/ten-doRff, a village of Bohemia, cir- 4 miles from Braunau. Pop. 1419.
cle of Leitmeritz, about 13 miles from Ausche. Pop. 1019.    MERZICZ, mZf/zitch, a village of Bohemia, 6 miles f-om
MERtTIIOR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.         Opoczno. Pop. 1145.
MERTHYR, mer/R{er, a parish of South Wales, co. of Car-  ~ MERZIG, m&t'sig. a town of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles
marthen.                                                   S. of Treves, on the Saar. Pop. 3450.
MERTILYR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.       MESADA NEVADA, mi-sADlA nI-vA/e/, a mountain peak
MERTHYR CYNOG,.(kjn'og,) a parish of South Wales, co. of the Andes, in Bolivia, lat. 160 30' S., Ion. 670 52' W
of Brecon.                                                 Ileight 19,356 feet.
MERTHYR DOVAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of ula-   MESAGNE, ma-shnlyA, a town of Naples, province of
morgan.                                                    Otranto, 27 miles N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 6000.
1179




MES                                                         MES
MESCIHTED or MESCIHID, a town of Persia. See MESRED. weather. Messinn  extends above 2 miles along the bay
MESCIHEDE. m./shA'deh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia,  and about half a mile up an acclivity, which terminates in
11 miles E.S.E. of Arnsberg, on the Ruhr. Pop. 2000.        several considerable mountains. Its white houses and nuMESEN, Rtussia.  See MEZEN.                               merous spires contrast beautifully with the dark green of
MESERITSCII, GRoss, groce ma'zer-itch', a town of Mo- the olive, lemon, and orange groves clothing the mountain
ravia, 19 miles E. of Iglau, on the Oslava.  Pop. 3900.     slopes, as the city is approached by water. From the upper
MESEIRITSCII, WALLAcrsoC, (*[l'lqJ-Kish mAzer-itch',) a  portions of the town is obtained a magnificent view of the
town of Moravia, 25 miles N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 1690.        ocean and the lofty mountains of the Italian continent.
MESERITZ, maAzer-its', a town of Prussian Poland, 55  Messina is for the most part handsomely laid out. It has
miles W. of Posen, on the Obra. Pop. 4760.                  wide streets, well paved with blocks of lava, of which maME!SIIAW, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              terial most of the houses are constructed. The Marina, a
MESH/ED' or MUSIIEDx, written also MESCHED and  favorite promenade fronting the harbor, is a broad quay,
MESCHID, a walled city of N.E. Persia, capital of the pro- adorned with statues and fountains; immediately beyond
vince of Khorassan, in lat. 360 17' 40" N., ion. 590 25' E. this is a magnificent terrace, once lined with noble edifices,
Pop. estimated at 45,000. It stands in a fertile plain, and  of which but few survived the great earthquake of 1783.
has the superb mausoleum of the Imim  Rieza, the magnifi- Owing to the occurrence of these phenomena, the houses in
cence of which, with its silver gates, jewelled doors, rails  Messina seldom  exceed two stories.  Among the public
once of solid gold, is scarcely equalled in Persia; but its  buildings may be mentioned the Cathedral, a Gothic struccolleges are in ruins. It has manufactures of velvets, and  ture, erected by the Normans soon after their conquest of
an active trade with Bokhara, Candahar, Hlerat, &c.         Sicily; the Viceroy's Palace, having a finely planted park;
MESHO0PEN  CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the  the Archiepiscopal Palace, the Senate-house, an exchange.
North Branch of the Susquehanna, in Wyoming county.         custom-house, bank, a large and well-endowed hospital, a
MESILLA  VALLEY, or LA MESILLA, 11 mA-seelyA,. a  prison, 2 theatres, an extensive arsenal, and a large lazaretto,
tract or strip of bottom-land, 8 or 10 miles long, in the S.  besides about 50 churches and numerous nunneries. It
part of New Mexico, and on the W. side of the Rio Grand~.  possesses a royal college, or Redl-Academia-Carolina, with a
It owes its name, signifying "the little table" or "little  full complement of professors in belles-lettres, philosophy,
plateau," (from the Spanish.Mesa, a "' table,") to the fact ef  law, and medicine, a naval seminary and an extensive public
its-being elevated a few feet above the other bottom-lands  library, rich in Greek manuscripts. Messina is the seat of a
of the river. See NEW MEXICO. In this valley or tract is  Roman Catholic archbishop and archimandrite and a Greek
also a small Mexican village, called LA MESILLA.            protapapa; also of a high court of appeal, a criminal court,
MESJID. See MUvsJnID.                                     civil court, and court of commerce. Its manufactures of
MESLIN-L'EVEQUE, mis'lANa!/ bvAkf, a village of Del  silk goods and satins have long been famous, and its cornglum, province ofIlainaut, 18 miles N. of Mons. Pop. 1873.  merce is the most extensive of all the towns of Sicily. In
MESO, mi/so, a river of Asiatic Russia, government of  1847 it exported silk manufactures, fruits, olive oil, wine
Yeniseisk. falls into the Gulf of Tazovsk; length, 140 miles.  and spirits, salted fish, linseed, sumac, essences, &c., to the
MESOLA, mA/so-Il or msto-lIA, a town of the Papal States,  value of $1,689,644; and imported colonial produce, hard31 miles E.N.E. of Ferara.  Pop. 4000.                      wares, cotton, woollen, and other manufactures to the value
MESOLONGHI, a town of Greece. See MessoLONnaI.            of $1.600,494. It has valuable tunny and other fisheries.
MESOPOTAMIA, mis'o-po-tA/me-a, (Arab. Al Jezeereh, or    Ancient Zancle is said to have been founded 1004 years n. c.
Al Tezira, AI jez-eelreh, "the island,") the name given by the,Its present name was given it by the Messeneans, into whose
ancient Greeks to a country of Asia, lying'between the  possession it came about 500 n. c. Charles of Anjou, in an unrivers Euphr:ates and Tigris, now comprised in the pashalics  successful attack upon the town, lost the greater part of his
of ]iarbekir and Bagdad, and containing  the cities of Diar-  fleet, and, in 1674, a Spanish fleet having blockaded the port
lbekir, Mardeen, Nisibin, and Mosul, with parts of the ruins  was defeated in a great naval battle by tihe French. In 1743,
of Babylon and Seleucia. Its length, from  N.W. to S.E.,  the plague carried off more than half of its inhabitants. and
is between 600 and 700 miles; its greatest breadth is near  by the earthquake of 1783 several hundred lives were lost,
200 miles. MEsoorAPnAM  (from the Greek Meeos, mEsds, and  and its best buildings destroyed. September 6, 1848, iMesroraeog, ptacSsc) signifies literally "between the rivers."   sine surrendered to a Neapolitan fleet and a large land
BMESUPOTAJMIA, a post-township forming the N.W. ex- force, having withstood their fire for four successive days.
tremity of Trumbull county, Ohio. Pop. 959.                 Pop. in 1850, 97,074.-Adj. and inhab. (Fr. MEssINoIs, rusi'MIESORACA, mua-so-rA/kA, a town of Naples, province of  seenwil; It. MESSINESE, mis-senA/sA.)
Calabria Ultra, 17 miles N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2400.        MESSINA, a province of Sicily, bounded N. by the TyrMESQUITELLA, mIs-ke-til/lA, a town of Portugal, pro- rhene Sea, E. of the Strait of Messina and the Ionian Sea,
vinde of Beira-Baixa, 15 miles W.S.W.'of Guarda.  P. 1033.  length about 100 miles, mean breadth 25 miles. P. 338,352.
MESSA, mis/si, a walled town of Morocco, province of   MESSINA, STRAIT OF, (It. Faro  di'Messino, fAro dee
Soos, 60 miles S.W. of Terodant. Pop. 3000.                 mis-seeln&; Fr.Detroit de Meessine, dA'trwg/ deh mis'seent; anc.
MESSAC, mis'slk/, a village of France, department of  Fsr-/tumn Sic/hclum,) a strait, which separates Sicily from Italy,
Ille-et-Vilaine, 18 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 2536.         and communicates between the Tyrrhene and the Ionian Sea;
MESSANCY, miss&NG'see/, (Ger. Metzig, mit/si.,) a vil- length about 20 miles, width 11 miles, but where it is narlage of Belgium, province of Luxembourg, 4 miles N.N.E. of  rowest does not exceed 2 miles. From  the Faro Tower to
Longwy.  Pop. 2070.                                         the Rock of Scylla, on the opposite coast of Italy, the exact
MESSANA. See MEssaNA.                                     distance is 6047 yards. The depth is so great, that in the
MIESSE, mis/seh, or MESCIIENDORF, mshb/en-doRf', a  centre no bottom has been found with a line of 100 fathoms,
village of Austria, Transylvania, 27 miles from Schdssburg.  and a strong current continually running with the tide,
Pop. 1208.                                                  makes the navigation somewhat difficult, but by no means
MESSEJANA, mis-sA-zhl/nA, a walled town of Portugal, so formidable as was fabled by the ancients, to whom the
province of Algarve, 28 miles S.W. of Beja. Pop. 1500.      Rock of Scylla, already mentioned, and that of Charybdis,
MESSE/NE, (Gr. Mcsr/Ysv,) modern MAVROMATI, ni-  on the opposite side of the strait, but at some distance to
vro-mA/tee, a village of Greece, Morea, government of Mes- the S., seemed so dangerous that it was generally believed
senia, 16 miles S.E. of Kyparissia. It stands at the foot to be almost impossible to avoid the one without being
of Mount Ithome, on either side of the" Black Spring," (the  dashed upon the other.
ancient fountain of Clepsydra,) and on the site of ancient   MESSINA SPRINGS, post-office, Onondaga co., New York.
Messene, the remains of which are extensive.                  MESSINE, a city of Sicily. See MESSINA.
1MESSE/NIA, an ancient country and now a government    NiESSINOIS,.ESS~INESE.  See MEssINA.
of Greece, consisting of the S.W. peninsula of the Morea, and    MESSINES, mis'seen/, (Flem. Meesen, msA/zn,) a town of
having landward the governments of Tryphilia, Gortynia, Belgium, in West Flanders, 6 miles S. of Ypres. Pop. 1500.
and Laconia. —Adj. and inhab. MESSENIAN, mrs-see/ne-an.       MESISING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
MESSIN, mis's~e/, a district of France, which belonged    MES/SINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
to the former province of Lorraine, and had Metz for its    MESSIS, mes'seest', or MISIS. rmis'seeso, a large village of
capital.  It now forms the greater part of the department  Asia Minor, pashalic, and 18 miles E. of Adana, beside the
of Moselle.                                                 Jyhoon, (anc. Jyrla/us,) on the site of the ancient Mopsuestia.
MESSINA, mis-see/ng, (ane. Zan/cte; afterwards M3essacna    MESSONGO, a post-office of Accomack co. Virginia.
or Messelse; Fr. Messine, mis'seen/,) a city and seaport of    MESTANZA, mis-tin/thA, a town of Spain, Now Castile,
Sicily, capital of a province of the same name, is situated on  province and 30 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad-Real. Pop. 2670.
the Straitof Messina, here about 2 miles wide, 200 miles S.S.E.   MESTCilOVSK, mis-chovskl/, a town of Russia, governof Naples; lat. (light) 380 11' 10" N., ion. 150 34' 45" E. It ment and 40 miles W.S.W. of Kalooga.
ranks as a fortress of the first class, being walled, flanked    MESTRE, mis/trl, a town of Austrian Italy, 5 miles N.W
with bastions, and defended by a citadel and several forts. of Venice, with a station on the railway to Vicenza, on the
The harbor, one of the best in the Mediterranean, is formed  margin of a lagoon. Pop. 6000.
by a semicircular strip of land, which, from its resemblance    MESURADO   (mis-oo-r/do) RIVER, of West Africa, flows
to a sickle, suggested the original name of the town; Zancle, S.W. for about 300 miles, and enters the Atlantic at Mon(in Greek,.ZayKXl,) signifying a "sickle," or "pruning-hook."  rovia.'he opposite extremities approach each other to within    MESURATA, mis-oo-ritftl, a maritime town of North Af
about 500 yards. Within, the harbor has a circuit of nearly  rica, dominion and 112 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli, at the on.
4 miles; it is of great depth, and perfectly secure in all trance of the Gulf of Sidra.
1180




MET    o                                                 MEU
META, mAit&, a river of South America, New Granada,   METTMIANN, mttmilnn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 95
rises about 40 miles S. of Bogota, and joins the Orinoco,  miles N.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Diissel. Pop. 2625.
after a N.E. course of 500 miles.                           MET/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
METIAL, a township, 1'ranklin co., Pennsylvania. P. 1221.   METZ, mlts, (Fr. pron. mAss; anc. Divodulrum., after.
METAMOIRA, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.           wards Mlediomatlrici and  ietltis or lle/tis,) a fortified city
METAMORA, a post-township in the S. part of Lapeer  of France, capital of the department of Moselle, at the
co., Michigan. Pop. 821.                                  confluence of the Moselle and Seille, and at the head of a
METAMORA, a post-township in Franklin co., Indiana. branch of the railway from Paris to Strasbourg, 170 miles
Pop. 865.                                                 E. of Paris. Metz is one of the strongest and most importMETAMORA, a post-village, capital of Woodford co., Illi- ant places in France; and its esplanade is one of the finest
nois, about 80 miles N. by E. of Springfield.             promenades in Europe. It has a citadel on the right bank
METAMORA S, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania.    of the Moselle, a Gothic cathedral, with a spire 373 feat high,
METAPA, m-tl/pA., a town of Central America, state and  a tribunal of commerce, a national college, school of engi20 miles S.S.E. of Guatemala, near Lake Metapa. Pop. 8000. neering, primary normal school, a botanic garden, an AcadJMETAURO, mA-tdw/ro, (anc. Mctasdrus.) a river of Cen- mie Usinversitaire for the departments of Ardennes and Motral Italy, Pontifical States, after an E.N.E. course of 50  selle; an Arsenal, one of the largest in France, with a cannonmiles, enters the Adriatic 9 miles S.E. of Pesaro.        foundry, and an armory containing about 80,000 stand of
METAXATA, mA-tix-Al/t, a village of the island of Cepha- arms; a military hospital, capable of receiving 1500 patients,
lonia, 6 miles S.E. of Argostoli.                         and a public library of 30,000 volumes. It has important
MET/CALF STA/TION, a village of Middlesex co., Massa- manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, muslins, thread, machusetts, on the Milford Branch Riailroad, about 25 miles  chinery, and musical instruments; and an active trade,
W.S.W. of Boston.                                         being a general entrepat for colonial and foreign merchanMETCOVICH, mit/ko-vik', a town of European Turkcey, diss. Metz, under the Romans, rose to considerable importHerzegovina, 24 miles S.S.W. of Mostra. Pop. about 500.    ance, being:traversed by six grand military roads. Under
MEITEA, a post-village of Cass co., Indiana, 10 miles N. the descendants of Clovis, it became the capital of the kingby E. of Logausport.                                      dom of Austrasia; and, on the decline of the house of CharleMETELEN, mAlteh-len, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 23  magne, passed to the Emperor of Germany, who, in order
miles N.W. of Miinster. Pop. 1400.                        to make it a barrier against France, strongly fortified it,
METELIN. See MITYLEXrE.                                 and allowed it to possess an almost republicanfreedom. In
METELIS. See FooAH.                                     1552, it claimed the protectorate of France, and ceased to
METEREN,  m'teht-r1oG/, a village of France, department be free. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes, by depriof Nord, 5 miles E.N.E. of Hazebrouck. Pop. 2540.         ring it of many of its best and most industrious citizens,
METERNICH, ml/ter-nisK, a village of Rhenish Prussia,  inflicted a blow, from the effects of which it has never reco2, miles W. of Coblentz.                                  vered. Pop. in 1852, 43,484.
METEITECUNK', a small river in the E. part of New    METUI/CIEN, New Jersey. See MATOUCHIN.
Jersey, is formed by the N. and S. branches, which rise in    METZENSIEFEN, m~t/sen-see'fen, a market-town of North
Monmouth county and unite in Ocean county; after a course  Hungary, 18 miles W. of Kaschau. Pop. 5359.
of 4 miles it enters the N. end of Barnegat Bay.             METZIG, a village of Belgium.  See MessANCv.
METETECUNCK, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.    METZINGEN or MEZINGEN, mit/sing-en, a town of S.
MET/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          Germany, Wiirtemberg, on the Neckar, 18 miles S.E. of
METIIAMIS, meh-tOmeest. a village of France, depart- Stuttgart. Pop. 4200.
ment of Vaucluse, 15 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. 1020.       METZOVO, a town of Turkey. See MEzzovo.
METHIERINGHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   MEU, mvh, a river of France, joins the Vilaine, about 3
~METH/ILL, a small burgh and seaport of Scotland, co. of  miles above Pontrean, after a course of above 50 nmilese.
Fife, on the Frith of Forth, 1 miles W. of Leven. Pop. 466.   MEUDON, mvh'drS/l, (L. Jl'eudo,) a town of France, de
METH/LEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, partment of Seine-et-Oise, 5 miles WV. of Paris.  Pop. in
with a station on the North Midland Railway, 7 I miles S.S.E. 1852, 3783. It has a royal palace and park, and a station
of Leeds.                                                  on the railway to Versailles.
METHILICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.         IMEULAN, muh'l8N., a town of France, department of
METHODIST GENERAL BIBLICAL INSTITUTE. See  Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine; and on the Paris and Rouen
CoNconD, New Hampshire.                                    Railway, 8 miles W.N.W. of Poissy. Pop. 1890.
METHONE. See MonoN.                                        MEULEBEKE, mbtleh-b.keh, a village of Belgium, proMETHIUEN, a thriving post-village of Essex co., Massa- vince of West Flanders, 10 miles N. of Courtral. Pop. 9293.
chusetts, 30 miles N. by W. of Boston, is situated near the    MIEULEBEECK, mi/1eh-bbk', a village of Belgium, proMerrimack River, on both sides of the Spicket, (which here  vince of South Brabant, 1 mile N.W. of Brussels.
has a fall of 36 feet, affording excellent water-power,) and    MEUNG or MEttUN, mb'el, (L. ISMagdunucm,) a town
on the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad. The principal of France, department of Loiret, on the right bank of the
articles produced are cotton goods, boots and shoes, hats, Loire, and on the railway to Tours, 11 miles W.S.W. of
and leather. About 1,000,000 yards of twilled goods and  Orleans. Pop. in 1852, 4646.
tickings, and 2,000,000 bricks are annually made. There    MEURIM, a town and river of Brazil. See MsAnIM.
are also 8 or 10 shoe manufactories. Pop. of the township,   MEURS, muRas, or MOlRS, (MRrs,) mirs, a town of Rhenish
2543.                                                     Prussia, 17 miles N.N.E. of Dusseldorf, on the"Eider;    Pop.
METHIVEN, a village and parish of Scotland, co. and 6  2860.  It has Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches, a
miles W.N.W. of Perth. Pop. ofvillage, 950.               normal school, and a town-hall in front of which are the
METI-IWOLD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        sculptured lions found on the site of the Asciburgum  of
METHIYE, (mlth-1/,) LAKE, a small lake of British North  Tacitus. Under the French, Meurs was the capital of the
America, 180 miles S. of Lake Athabasca, and having at its  department of Roer.
S. extremity Fort Methye. Another Lake Methye is 350    MEURSAULT, mUR's61, (L. Mlu-is Saltus,) a village of
miles S.W.                                                France, department of COte-d'Or, on the railway from Paris
METIDJAH or METIJA, mA'tee)jP, a fertile plain ill Al- to Lyons, 27 miles S.S.W. of Dijon. Pop. 2201.
geria, extending S. of the city of Algiers, between it and the    MEURTHE, munt, (L. Asurta,) a river of France, rises in
Lesser Atlas. Length from E. to W., 90 miles.             the Vosges, S.E. of St. Di6, and joins the Moselle on the
IMIETILOWITZ, mA/te-lo'Wits, a village of Austria, Moravia, right at Frouard, 6 miles N. of Nancy. Length 70 miles.
oircle of Prerau. Pop. 1156.                                MEURTHE, a department in the N.E. of France, formed
METLILI, m~t-leellee, a walled town of Algerian Sahara, of part of the old province of Lorraine. Area 2322 square
Wady Mezab, 33 miles S.W. of Gardala.                    mniles. Pop. in 1852, 450,425. It is situated ertirely in the
METO/MEN, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin,.basin of the Moselle, and covered with low offsets of the
in a township of its own name, 20 miles WV. by S. of Fond  Vosges Mountains; there are extensive marshes in the
du Lac, has 2 churches and 2 mills. Pop. 250; of the town- N.E. Corn is raised more than sufficient for consumption.
ship 720.                                                 The minerals comprise building and lithographic stones,
METOMP/KIN, a post-office of Accomack co., Virginia.    marble, and alabaster; it has vast deposits of turf, and
METROP/OLI, meh-troplo-le, (anc. Gortynia?) a town of  an immense bank of rock-salt, whence issue valuable salt
Crete, near its centre, 20 miles S.W. of Candia.          springs. Capital, Nancy. The department is divided into
METROP/OLIS, a ruined city of Asia Minor, 22 miles the arrondissements of Chateau-Salins, Luniville, SarreS.S.E. of Smyrna.                                         bourg, Toul, and Nancy.
METROPOLIS CITY, a post-village, capital of Massac co.,   MEUSE, mfz, (Fr. pron, muz; Dutch Moaas, mis, or loaese,
Illinois, on the Ohio River, 36 miles from its mouth, and  mA/seh; anc. M/olsa,) a river of Europe, rises in France, depart214 miles S. by E. of Springfield. Two newspapers are pub- ment of Haute-Marne, N.E. of Langres, traverses the depart.
lished here. Pop. about 600.                              meat of Vosges, where it disappears underground near BazoMETS, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana.            iles, and re-appears, 4 miles distant, near Neufchfteau. In
METTET, mft/tht, a town of Belgium, province and 12  France it passes Commercy, and Verdun, (where it becomes
miles S.S.W. of Namur. Pop. 2215.                         navigable,) Ml1zilres, Givet; in Belgium, Dinant, Namur,
METTINGEN, mftlting-en, a village of Prussia, province Huy, and Liege; in Holland, Maestricht and Gorcunm;
of Westphalia, government of Mliinster. Pop. 1880.        below Gorcum it separates into several branches, traversing
MET/TINGHIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.     the Bies Bosch and IHolland's Diep, forming numerouc
1181




MEU                                                        M MEX
islands, and enters the North Sea by 3 principal  mouths, Luis Potosi, gradually sinking till, in lat. 260, it disappears
the Meuse on the N., the Flakkee in the middle, and the  on the border of the plain, watered by the Rio Grande  del
Grevelingen on the S. Chief affluents on the left, the Bar, Norto. The W. branch spreads over Guadalajara, declines
Sambre, and Dommel; on the rig-ht the Semoy, Lesse, N. of the mines of Bolaros, and, rising again in the states
Ourthe, Roer, (Ruhr,) and Niers; the Waal. (a branch of the  of Cinaloa and Sonora, forms, in the latter, the mountains
Rhine,) the Lingoe, Leek, and the Lower Yssel, another branch  of Pimeria Alta, which are celebrated for their gold-mines.
of tihe Rhine. The Meuse communicates with the Aisne by    Starting from Tehuantepec, on the shore of the Pacific
the Canal of Ardennes.  Length of the Miver, 434 miles.     Ocean, lat. 160 20' N., we soon reach the plain of 0ajaca, at
M[EUSE, a frontier department of France. in the N.E., a height of 5500 feet, and thence a wheel carriage can roll
formed of part.of the old province of 4orraine, and bounded  without difficulty to Santa F6. in New Mexico, (lat. 360121 N.,)
N. by Belgium.  Area 2368 square miles.   Pop. in 1852, a distance of above 1400 miles. Though some parts of this
328,657. It is traversed from  S. to N. by a range of low  route muight fall below thelevel of2000 feet, and others nearly
hills called the Mountains of Argonne, which separate the  reach an elevation of 8000 feet, yet the slopes are so gradual
basins of the Mense and Seine. Chief rivers, the Meuse, as to offer no serious impediment to the construction of an
Chiers, Saulx, Ornain, Aisne, and Aire. Cattle and sheep  easy road; this facility, however, pertains wholly to the inare extensively reared. Capital, Bar-le-Duc. The depart- ternal communications; the descent from the Mexican tablement is divided into the arrondissements of Bar-le-Duc, lands to the sea, on both sides, is everywhere rugged and
Commercy, Montm6dy, and Verdun.                             abrupt, presenting such difficulties in the way of carrying
MEUSELBACH, moifzel-bdlt, a village of Central Ger- goods, as will probably always cut off the internal and most
many, principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 6 miles S. productive provinces of Mexico from a fair participation in
of Konigsee.  Pop. 1350.                                    the commerce of the globe. In going from the city of Mexico,
MEUSELWITZ,  moi/zel-bitsx, a market-town of Germany, (7400 feet,) to Acapulco, on the South Sea, the road attains.
duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, 15 miles N.E. of Gera. Pop. 1527. a height of 8600 feet before the rapid descent commences;
MEUX, mnuh, a village of Belgium, province and 6 miles the great roads between the capital and Vera Cruz cross the
N.N.W. of Namur. Pop. 1238.                                 mountains at a height of 10,500 feet.
MEVAGIt, mA-vdhf, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of    Sunanits.-The loftiest of the snowy summits and volDonegal.                                                    canic cones, scattered  along the Mexican highland, lie
MEV'AGIS/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.    within the narrow zone comprised between lat. 180 29tand
MEWAT. See ALVAa.                                         190 12' N. They are all of volcanic origin, and, in several
MIIEWE, mA/fevh, a town of East Prussia, 8 miles N.W. of  of them, the subterranean fires still continue raging. AsMarienwerder, on the Vistula. Pop. 2650.                    cending W. from the shore of the Mexican Gulf, a little S.
MEW ISLAND, one of the Copeland Islands.                  of Vera Cruz, we first meet, 12 miles from the sea, in lat.
MEX/BOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of York, West 180 24' N., the still active volcano of Tuxtla, (5118 feet.) the
Riding.                                                     highest point of the Sierra de San Martin; further N., (lat.
MEXCOAC, mlx-ko-&k/, a town of the Mexican Confedera- 190 2',) the peak of Orizaba or Citlaltepetl, (Star-mountain,)
tion, about 8' miles S. of the city of Mexico. A military  17,380 feet, its flanks covered with rich woods; anterior to
dep~t and hospital were established here by General Scott, the close of the 16th century it became extinct; a few
in August, 1847, previous to the battle of Chapultepec.     miles further N., (lat. 190 28',) is the Cofre de Perote or NauMEX/ICO, THE REPUBLIC OR CONFEDERATION OF, campatepetl, (rectangular or cubic mountain,) 13,416 feet.
(Sp. Mexico, llegico or Mejico, mlh/Ie-ko: Fr. Miexique, mix-  S.W. of these, on the confines of Puebla, lat. 180 35' N., is
eekl; It. lesico, mnse-ko,) formerly NEW SPAIN, a country  the still active volcano of Pop~catepetl, (Smoking-mountain,)
of greal extent, in the southern part of North America, ex- 17,720 feet; while, 35 miles further N., stands Iztiiccihuatl,
tending fromn lat. 150 58' to 330 5, N., and from Cape Catoche, (the White Lady,) 15,705 feet high. The latter appears to
in Yucatan, lon.860 43'tolon. 1170 5'W. Where not confined  have been extinguished at an early period, and, since the
by the sea-it is bounded on the S. by Guatenmla, and on the N. 17th century, Pop6catepetl has had no violent eruption,
and N.E. by the United States, from which it is partly sepa- though clouds of smoke and ashes are occasionally thrown
ratedby the Rio Grands del Norte.  The general contour of out from its enormous crater. About 50 miles W. of the
the country is very irregular.  The distance between the two  White Lady, the Pico del Frayle, the highest point of the
opposite extremities; viz., the point of junction with the  Nevado de Toluca-another extinct volcano-attains the
United States, on the Pacific coast, and Cape Catoche, in the  height of 15,250 feet. About 120 miles W. of this mounCaribbean Sea, is about 10925 miles. The greatest length, tain, stands Jorullo, which rose, on the night of September
between the same point on the Pacific, and the most south- 28, 1759, firom  the level plain to the height of 4149 feet.
eastern in the boundary on the side of Guatemala, is about Of all the summits here named, only three, Poplcatepetl,
1750 miles.  The greatest breadth is between the most Citlaltepetl, and the Izticcihuatl, rise above the limit of
eastern and western parts in the United States bound- perpetual snow, which, between lat. 190 and 200 N., may be
ary, where the distance from  the Gulf shore to the Pa- assumed to be at an elevation of 15.000 feet, though varying
cific does not varsy much fiom 1500 miles. The greatest much with local circumstances.  The Nevado de Toluca
breadth measured on a ptarallel of latitude is about 960 miles. reaches that limit, but can hardly be said to rise above it.
Measured on the Tropic of Cancer, which intersects Mexico    6eoloqy and Mi4ses.-In Oajaca, granite everywhere breaks
centrally, the distance across is 590 miles; and further S., through the superincumbent rocks, and forms the highest
at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, where the country is the  sunimits of the mountains. Gneiss, mica-slate, and syenite
narrowest, the opposite shores approach each other to with- extend down from the central ridge to the sea on both sides.
in about 130 miles. In the above estimates of breadth, ex- In all these rocks are found auriferous veins. On the borcept the last, is included the peninsula of California, extend- ders of Guatemala, the prevalent rocks are porphyry, of
lug into the Pacific about 700 miles, with a breadth varying  many varieties; clay-slate, and limestone, all unbroken by
from 30 to 150 miles, and separated from thle mainland by  granite. The first of these contains veins of silver, lead,
the Gulf of California, about 100 miles wide.               and copper. In Puebla, all the primitive rocks are covered
Meountanins.-Mexico is, for the most part, an enormous  by enormous masses of calcareous tuff. Further N., graridge, raised by volcanic force, between two oceans, and rami- nite seems to form everywhere the foundation of the rocky
tying into several chains as the continent becomes wider. This system; while the table-land is a superstructure of porphyridge,which forms a continuation of the Andes of South Ame- rie, which contain, (where they do not incline to trachyte,)
rice, is, in the Istbh  us of Panama, where its dimensions are  those rich deposits of the precious metals for which Mexico
least, a mass of granite, varying from 150 to 900 feet in abso- has long been so famous.  Old sandstone, limestone, claylute elevation. It leans W. to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, slate, syenite, serpentine, amygdaloid, dolerite, and basaltic
sending off, in Guatemala, a branch N.E. through the penin- lavas, accompany the predominating rocks.  The coal
sula of Yucatan. On entering Mexico, the ridge strikes  formations are wanting, but deposits of rock-salt may pos,
N.W., and acquires a greater breadth, so that the state of  sibly be found in Oajaca, where salt-springs issue from gypOajaca may be said to occaipy the summit of a single ridge, seoeus strata, near San Juan de los Cues.
150 miles wide, falling rapidly on one side to the shores of   boasts and Hlarbors.-The opposite shores of Mexico differ
the Pacific Ocean, and descending, by a succession of ter- widely in physical conformation.  The great current of the
races, on the other side, to Tabasco and Vera Cruz; to this  Atlantic Ocean sweeps round the peninsula of Yucatan and
succeeds the great Mexican table-land, beginning with the  through the Gulf of Mexico, causing a continual increase of
elevated plains of Puebla, Mexico, Queretaro, and Michoa- sandbanks, extension of the beach, and barring of the river
can, which have an absolute height of from 6000 to 8500 feet, mouths. On the whole coast of the Gulf of Mexico, fromi
a chain of volcanic cones and snowy peaks rising, at wide  Cape Catoche, in Yucatan, to Texas, there is no bay of any
intervals, far above them. Between the 18th and 21st par- importance; no good harbor, easy of access, nor scarcely
allels, the Mexican chain runs N. and S. Beyond thelatter  any sheltered anchorage. Between Yucatan and Tabasco,
limit it turns N.W., and, under the name of Sierra Madre, or lies Lake Terminos, (Laguna de Terminot,) 45 miles long
Tepe Suenne, extends through the states of Queretaro and  and 30 wide, connected with the sea by two channels, the
Guanajuato, where unusually rich silver-mines abound. N. deepest having but two fathoms.  Could  this channel
of Guanajuato, it divides into three branches, of which the be deepened, the lagoon might become a very importan.
middle one or central chain continues to the N.W. as far as harbor. Further WV. on the coast of Tabasco, the Laguna
the 30th parallel, beyond which it bends N. till, under the de Santa Ana., though deep within, is quite inaccessible by
name of Sierra Verde, it joins the Rocky Miountains, in let. shipping, owing to the shoal and narrow passage leadint. to
450 N. The E. branch extends through the state of San  it. Similar remarks apply to the lagoons of Miadero, Tami1182




MEX                                                           MEX
6hua, and Tampico; beyond the last-named place N., ex- is, that Mexico, being, to a great extent, a table-land, threetends a long succession of sandbanks, fronting the shore, fifths of its area lying within the tropic, has not a tropical,
and exhibiting, in its.earlier stages, the process of forming  but a temperate climate.  The mean temperature of the
lagoons. Here, on the coast of Tamaulipas, we find the  Mexican coasts, between the 15th and 20th parallels: is 76c
Laguna de Morales, de Madre, de Santanider, and a few  Fahrenheit, while the elevated plains, within the snse limits,
others, all difficult of approach, and rapidly filling up with  have but 640. The Mexicans divide their country, with resand. When we turn from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pact- spect to climate. into'Tierras Calientes, (hot lands,) which
fie side, the scene chaunges. On the WV. coasts of Mexico, rarely exceed 900 feet in elevation; Tierras Templadas,
from  Acapulco, in lat. 160 50' N., the harbor of which is  (temperate,) ranging between 4000 and 5000 feet; and Tiernearly landlocked, and sufficiently deep and capacious to  ras Frias, (cold,) above 7000 feet. The coasts, particularly
accommodate a hundred ships of the line, to Guaymas, ex- those of the gulf, are insufferably hot, humid, and dreadtends a series of fine harbors, capable of sheltering the  fully unhealthy. On the Pacific the climate is hardly less
largest vessels. In lat. 210 32/ N., at the mouth of the Iio  noxious. Here the rank vegetation reaches down to the
Grande  do Santiago, is the noble harbor of San Bias, which, sea-side; and, in the shallow water, mangroves and molluscs
in its natural advantages, resembles that of Acapulco;  decompose and spread pestilence. The plains of the inteand in lat. 230 15, N., is the harbor of Mazatlan, in which  rior, from 3500 to 4500 feet high, where the evergreen oak
now centres the trade with China and the -ast Indies. This  predominates, enjoy a delicious climate, perfectly healthy,
port is difficult of access, and inferior in most respects to  and, at the same time, favorable to luxuriant vegetation.
the harbor of Guaymas, in lat. 270 40' N. The E. shore of  IIigher up, the air, more rarified, is also drier, and trees of
the California peninsula offers many bays and small havens. vigorous  growth  disappear with  unexpected  rapidity.
Its W. side, towards the ocean, is less indented.             IIence a large proportion of the elevated plains of lMexico
Rivers and Lakes.-Mexico is, in general, but sparingly  present a most dreary and inhospitable aspect —dry, barren,
watered, and labors under the almost total want of naviga-  and desolate. The rains begin, on the E. coast, about the
ble rivers reaching the interior. Within the tropic, the  first week in May, and, advancing with the trade-wind, reach
country is narrow, and the streams, descending from  the  the capital about three weeks later; they cease in October,
elevated interior to the seas on both sides, assume the chqb- when the dry season commences.  The quantity of rain
racter of rapid torrents, dry at one season and overflowing at that falls annually in Vera Cruz, is, on an average of nine
another. The longest, and probably the greatest, in all re- years, (1822-1830,) 185 inches; but it is extremely irreguspects, of the Mexican rivers, is the Rtio-Grande-del-Norte, lar, and was, in 1826, only 64 inches. Earthquakes are of
called also Ito-Bravo-del-Norte, which now marks a portion  frequent occurrence, particularly in Oajaca, along the S.
of the boundary between Mexico aid the United States. coast, and near the capital; but they are generally slight,
The Rlio de Tampico, formed by the junction of the Panuco  and do little damage. The most remarkable volcanic phewith the Tula or Montezuma, flows N.E. to the Gulf of Mexi- nomema, recorded in Mexico in modern times, are the rise
co, close to Tampico of Tamaulipas, taking the name of this  of Jorullo, in 1759, and the eruptions of Tuxtla, (the highcity; total course, about 200 miles. Small vessels may ascend  cst point of the mountains of San Martin, S. of Vera Cruz,)
the Panuco 40 miles. The San Juan rises in the metallifer-  which commenced in March 1793, and continued for three
ous mountains of Oajaca, flows S. and E., forms the great  years. The S.W. shores of lMexico are visited at times by
lagoons of Tequiapa and Embarcadero, and at length reaches  hurricanes of indescribable fury.
the sea through the Laguna del Madero; it is navigable,. Zoology.-The wild animals of Mexico are extremely nufor ships of moderate burden, 24 miles above its mouth. mereus. The bison, or American buffalo, (Bos Bonassus,)
The Rio de Iuasacualco issues from the mountains of Tarifa, in Mexico called also Cibolo, comes in midwinter, in imlat. 170 N., flows WV. between the states of Oajaca, Tabasco,  meuse herds, from the forests of the north-west. The grisly
and Vera Cruz; then winding round to the N. and E., falls  bear, the most formidable of its kind, inhabits the mouninto the gulf, in lat. 180 8' 275' N. This river has attracted  tains in the north provinces. In solitary thickets, near
much attention, because it has been supposed that the corm-  lakes and rivers, lives the tapir, (called also by the Spa,
munication between the two seas, (the Mexican Gulf and  niards Anta or Dcanta,) which is the largest indigenous
the Pacific Ocean,) might be effected by joining the I-Iuasa- quadruped after the bonassus.  Among the feline animals
cualco and the Chicapa or Chimnalapa, which latter rises about  are the jaguar, the cougar or puma, the ocelot, jaguarundi,
14 miles from the sources of the former, and falls into the  and tiger-cat. The tagnicati and javali are singular species
Gulf of Tehuantepec. (See TEHUANrEPvC.) The rivers flowing  of wild swine, the latter a deadly enemy of the jaguar. The
into the P'acific Ocean are, towards the S., all rapid, and  Mexican forests swarm with porcupines, anteaters, gluttons,
important only as they water coasts more or less populous. sloths, weasels, and polecats, in great variety; armadillos,
The Rio Balsas or Zacatula descends from the state of Mexico, carvies, and monkeys. Among the swimmers we find the
and, after collecting several large streams, reaches the ocean  manati or sea-cow, (chiefly in the lagoons of the E. coast,)
with a broad and deep channel, navigable for boats a good  the flesh of which is thought a delicacy. The W. coasts are
way up, and forms at its mouth the little harbor of Zacatula. frequented by whales and seals of the most valuable kinds.
The first great river which we meet with going N., on this  The feathered tribes of Mexico are countless; one, the c.
side, is the Rio Grande de Santiago or Rito Toltlan, dis-  landra, is said to have the song of the nightingale.  In the
charging the waters of Lake Chapala, the second in magni- rivers we find the Mexican crocodile, (C. Rhonbifer,) besides
tude of the Mexican rivers. It is formed by the junction  some alligators, as the cayman, (C.paipebrosus.)  We must
of the Laja and Lerma, near Salamanca, in Guanajuatd, hasten by the lizards and the reptiles also, simply mentionand after a very winding course of 600 or 700 miles, enters  ing the rattle-snalke and two species of boa. A species of
the Pacific near San Blas, (lat. 210 32' N.,) by several mouths.  murex, yielding a fine purple dye, is found on both coasts,
This river has many rapids, and is, in the rainy season, an  but chiefly on the XiV. The pearl fishery, once so profitable
impetuous torrent; but during the dry is fordable 24 miles  on the coast of Old California, seems now incapable of
from the sea. The river Gila, forming part of the bound- revival.
ary between Mexico and the United States, is 3 miles wide    Domesticated Anieenals.-The ancient Mexicans never atat its junction with the Colorado, and navigable for large  tempted to subject to economical purposes the wild animnals
vessels. Mexico has numerous other rivers entering both  around them. They knew nothing of the Ilanma; and from
the E. and W. coasts, but few of them, however, are of any  the bison, the wild sheep and goat, they derived little or no
commercial importance.                                        advanftage. The savage Camanches have always employed
The lakes and lagoons of Mexico are very numerous, but large clogs to carry their tents and draw their baggage, while
comparatively nunimportant. The largest of them is Lake  the Mexicans kept only the small dumb dog, (Techichi,)
Chapala, in Jalisco, covering an area of 1500. square miles. which they fattened for the table. But at the present day,
The states in which lakes chiefly occur are Chihuahua, San  Mexico is abundantly stocked with domesticated animals,
Luis Potosi, Mexico, and Michoacan.                           introduced by the Spaniards. Hiorned cattle and horses
Clienate.-Mexico has a configuration of surface, which is  have indeed grown wild in many parts, and now occupy, in
eminently calculated to exhibit great diversities of climate  imnmense herds and droves, the great plains of the interior.
within a narrow  compass. It is known that an absolute  The chief cattle farms are in the inner states-Jalisco, Duelevation of 3000 feet produces on the climate an effect equal range, Chihuahua, &c., where herds of 30,000 or 40,000 are
to that resulting from an increase of 10~ of latitude. How  not uncommon. The grazier derives all his gains from the
various, therefore, must be the climate of a country, the  flesh, fat, and hides of his cattle. The milk and butter,
extensive and cultivated plains of which rise frequently far  (the latter rarely r.ade, and of inferior quality,) are here
above that elevation. The principal high plains, in the vici- of little value. The sheep farms are mostly in the N. parts
nity of the city of Mexico, are the valleys of Tollfca, 8600 feet; of Mexico, and though often on a great scale, are in their
of Ten6chtitlan, 7400 feet; of Actopan, 6450 feet; and the val- husbandry very primitive and rude; the wool is coarse, and
Iey of Istla, 3200 feet above sea-level. Thus we find at once, little care is bestowed on the sheep.  Horses are very unclose by the capital, differences of climate arising from ele- merous in Mexico, and the N. frontiers are frequented by
vation, which, at a common level, could have been produced  immense droves, in a perfectly wild state. Mules are also
only by an intervening meridional distance of 1200 miles. numerous; 100,000 of them  are said to be constantly emThe valley of Istla produces the sugar-cane; Actopan yields  ployed by carriers and in the mines.
cotton; Ten6chtitlan is rich in wheat and other European    Ve/etattioes.-Mexico possesses a variety and abundance of
grains; Tolfica in the Agave, from which is made the popu- vegetable productions, known to hardly any other portion
lar beverage of the country; the four different climates of the earth.  The forests near the coasts displa.y the ginedbeing thus distinctly and conspicuously marked. HIence it est formus of tropical vegetation.  There. may be seen thbs
1183




MEX                                                       MEX
gigantic mahogany, the Brazil-wood, the Campeachy-wood, which produce a kind of silk; but soon after the conquest,
American ebony, yellow and iron wood, intermingled with  the true silkworm  was introduced by the Spaniards, and
the elegant giant-ferns and palms without number. Then, large plantations were made of the white or Chinese mulas we ascend, we meet with magnificent magnolias, caroli- berry. The silk trade had grown to considerable importneas, plumierias, and oleanders.  Varieties of hybiscus, ance in the 18th century, when the Indians, irritated by
begonia, lobelia, bauhinia, &c., cover wide tracts. At the  the exactions to which it exposed them, conspired to extirabsolute height of 3000 feet, the Mexican oaks begin to pre- pate it, and destroyed at once, to a great extent, the ouldominate in the woods, associated with euphorbias and  berry trees. Since the revolution, pains have been taken,
acacias.  The oak disappears generally at the height of  particularly in Oajaca, to restore this branch of industry.
10,000 feet, while the pine species extend between the eleva-   Mlining and Coinage.-Some of the Mexican mines, once
tions of 0000 feet and 12,500 feet. Within these limits, also, celebrated, as those of La Puebla, are now quite exhaustgrow the various species of agave, the arbutus, dahlia, and  ed; others, as Bolaeos, hardly repay the cost of working
geranium. Plants of the cactus family are widely diffused, them.  The chief mining districts of the present day
groups of them occurring on sandy tracts near the sea-side, are, in the order of their importance, as follows: Guawhile they frequently grow at an elevation of 10,000 feet; najuato, San  Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, Durango, Chihuabut their favorite region lies between the limits of 3000 feet hua, Sombrer6te, (in Zacatecas.) Tasco, (Mexico,) 0ajaca,
and 5500 feet above the sea. The best cultivated districts of  Real del Monte, (Mexico,) and IHostotipaquil!o, (Jalisco.)
Mexico are those which are situated near some of the richest According to authentic records, the produce of the Mexican
mines in the plains, extending from Zelaya and Salamanca, mines, (gold and silver,) coined from  1690 to 1803, exto Silao, Guanajuato, and Villa de Leon. In the wildest and  ceeded $1,334,800,000, In 1804 and 1805, the annual prodreariest spots of the Cordilleras, the opening of mines has  duce of the mines exceeded $24,200,000; but the distress
never failed to call tillage into existence. On many parts  of the mother country began, at this period, to press on
of the table-land, agriculture is much checked by the scar- the colony, and the activity of the mines abated. Then
city of water, to remedy wlhich, reservoirs and canals of  came the civil wars of the revolution; the proprietors of
irrigation have been constructed tt great expense. Of the  the mines, mostly old Spaniards, were obliged to quit the
articles of food cultivated by the Mexicans, the most ina- cQuntry; the mines, abandoned, soon went to ruin-some
portant is maize, the return of which varies from 50 to 130  falling in, others filling with water; while the capital which
fold. The districts most distinguished by the culture of  might have restored them was spent in civil war. On the
this grain, are the S. and E. parts of the state of Mexico, restoration of order, in 1825, the Mexican government held
them states of Puebla, Queretaro, and Oajaca, and the neigh-  out inducements to foreign capitalists to reopen the niires,
borhood of Aguas Calientes, in Zacatecas.  Wheat and bar- and several companies were accordingly formed for that
ley are cultivated most'successfully at an elevation of 7000  purpose.
feet. The former yields from 20 to 60 fold. The produc- Thesilver coined in Mexico, from 1535 to 1845, inclutions above mentioned belong to the table-land of Mexico;    sire, amounted to-... -.                     $2,465,2715,954
the inhabitants of the Tierras Calientas, and the sea-coasts, The gld coined in Mexico frem 1535 to 1545, inclsive,
look for their chief and ordinary food to the banana or   amoened to.126,989,02
Copper, from 1811 to 1844, inclusive.....      5,566,876
pisang, (Mousa Paradisiaca,) called by the Spaniards PlItano,'  General coinage from 1845 to 1849, inclusive....    70,000,000
and which is to them what the maize is to the people of the                                                     -
highland. To the same region belongs the manioc, called          Total coinage in 314 years......     $2,66,828,85.1
also yuca, producing cassava or mandioc flour, and tapioca. Or nearly $8,500,000 annually.
Another important object of cultivation, which occupies  According to an official report, of February, 1850, the coinextensive tracts on the table-land of Mexico, is Spanish  age for the year at all the mints in Mexico, exclusive of
pepper, (capsicusm, in Aztec, chili,) which is consumed by  Hlermossillo, amounted to $1,351,416 in gold, and $27,003,989
the inhabitants in enormous quantities. Among the culti- in silver; total, $28,355,405. The increase in the produce
vated plants of Mexico there is none more important or cha-  of the Mexican mines for several years past, has been about
racteristic than the maguSy, (4gave Americana,) from the  $5,000,000 annually. About the year 1850, a new impetus
sap of which is prepared the favorite drink of all classes, was given to mining operations, by the discovery, in the
the pulque of the Spaniards, the octli of the Aztecs. The  state of Sonora, near Pitic, of quicksilver mines, so rich as
filaments of the thick, fleshy leaves, serve for the same pur- to be named New Almaden, after the famous quicksilver
poses as hemp, while their outer cuticle is the material mines of Almaden, in Spain. But, since the period referred
formerly used as paper by the Aztecs. It seems doubtful to, the emigration of miners to California has seriously inwhether the vine is to be considered as a native MIexican  terfered with mining industry.
plant, but at all events, it is now found wild in all the    Xlanufactures.-The chief manufactures are sugar and
woods. Wines little inferior to those of Jeris, (sherry,)and  rum, aloes, wine, and brandy, earthen and stone ware,
Yal de Pe as, are now miade at Parras and Tehuactn; but glass, paper, and the thread and tissues of cotton, wool,
this branch of culture and industry is still only in its in- anid silk. Sugar and rum are made in numerous districts,
fancy.  The Spanish government always protected the mo- but more especially in the states of Vera Cruz, Tabasco,
nopoly of wine-growers, by prohibiting the culture of the  Yucatan, Mexico, Guerrero, Michoacan, and Guadalajara;
vine in its American possessions, and an order to extirpate  the preparation of olive oil employs about 50 mills in the
the vineyards in Mexico was issued in 1802. The olive, too, capital, in addition to those in Tacubaya, Toluca, Guanawas another useful plant, the culture of which was forbid-  juato, and Puebla; wine and brandy are produced in conden by the tyrannical monopoly of Spain; since the revolu- siderable quantity, only in Guanajuato, Cohahuila, Lower
tion it has received considerable attention. The oil made  California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, more especially in the
is equal to the best imported from  France and Italy, and  last; the largest and best potteries are in Mexico, Guanaalreasy nearly suffices for the home consumption.           juato, and Guadalajara; four glass works exist in the city,
Sugar was exported from  Mexico in large quantities  and others in the state of Mexico, and in that of Puebla;
under the Spanish government; at the present day, the  paper, both of coarser quality, and also not inferior to the
amount of it produced hardly suffices for home consumption. writing.paper of other countries, employs a number of mills
Still a very great extent of Mexican territory is sadapted to  in the states of Mexico, Puebla, and Jalisco; bist owing to
the growth of the sugar-cane; and, from the genial charac- the scarcity of linen rags, it is usually made of cotton, or the
ter of the soil, a plantation in Vera Cruz yields nearly twice  fibrous part of the aloe; the spinning and weaving of cot:as much as one in Cuba. The consumption of coffee by the  ton, in addition to the numerous hand-looms throughout
Mexicans themselves is small, and the exportation not great, the country, employs in the Federal District, and the states
but is rapidly increasing. Though it was fromn  Mexico that of Cohahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Mexico, Puebla, Queretaro,
Europe first learned the use of chocolate. (chocolatl, the  and   eraa Cruz, 62 factories, driven by machinery; the
Aztec name of the cocoa-nut,) yet the culture of the cocma  principal seats of the woollen manufacture are in the Fedetree has. there declined to such a degree, that an importa- ral District, the states of Mexico, Queretaro, Zacatecas, and
tion from Caracas and Guatemala is required at present to  the territory of Tlaxcala. Silk, spun chiefly by the hand,
satisfy the internal demand. Vanilla, (properly Vcaynilla, but partly also by a machine driven by horses, employs
a small pod or husk,) which also enters into the composi- numerous persons in the states of Puebla and Guadalajara,
tion of chocolate, is another Mexican product. Tobacco, but more especially in the capital, where the quantity anfrom being the object of a government monopoly till 1833, nually spun exceeds 40,000 lbs.; the only silk goods woven
is high in price and inferior in quality. All the inhabitants, within the Confederation are ribbons, and mantles, called
male and female, smoke, and the consumption of it in the  rebozos, which in Mexico, are considered an essential part
country is enormous. Cotton was cultivated extensively  of female dress. The only other manufactures deserving ~
in Mexico, before the arrival of the Spaniards, and may  of notice, are gold and silver lace, oil-cloth, and stearine
again be expected to become an important article of culture  candles, for the making of which, a company, with excluin a country where the cotton plant is not an annual, as in  sive privileges, has recently been established. In 1817, the
the United States, but continues productive for several value of manufactured goods was $66,441,869. The value
years. The cochineal insect, so valuable for its dye, seems  of Mexican manufactures, in 1853, is estimated at from
to be peculiar to Mexico. In ancient times this branch of  $90,000,000 to $100,000,000.
industry was prosecuted with much more zeal than at the    Commersce, Revenzue, &c.-The foreign trade of Mexico is
present day, the heavy imposts laid on it by the Spaniards  chiefly confined to the importation of linens, woollens, cothaving disgusted the Indians, by whom  alone its constant tons, silks, wines, brandies, ornamental wares, glass and
but easy labors are carried on. Mexico has several worms iron wares, millinery, paper, quicksilver, oil, wax, and
1184




MEX                                                              MEX
salted and dried fish.  The latter commodity is principally  2. Mestizos, the progeny of a white father, and a red or
furnished.by the United States, but all the finer fabrics of  Indian mother.  3. Mulattos, from  the union of the white
linen, cotton, silk, and wool come from Europe. Five-eighths  and Negro races.  4. The Indians or red race, of various
of the linen manufactures come from Germany, while three-  distinct tribes.  5. Zambos, resulting -from  the mixture of
eighths are from Irish, Dutch, French, and American looms. the Indian and Negro races; and, 6. The African Negro;
Cotton goods are imported largely from England and France.  the unmixed offspring of this race, born in America, alre
The importation of the best qualities of silks is from France  called Chinos. It is difficult, at the present day, to define
and Germany, and reaches nearly a million and a half, three-  the exact limits of either the white or the red race, accordfourths of which is from France.  Woollens are divided be-  ing to purity of blood; but it is quite certain that the
tween France, England, and Germany, while ornamental  latter constitute the great majority of the Mexican populawares, millinery, &c., come almost exclusively from France.  tion.  It is probable that four-sevenths of the nation are
The following Table exhibits the trade of Mexico with the  Indians, and two-sevenths of mixed origin; the remaining
United States at several different periods, commencing with  one-seventh being Creoles and Negroes or Chines, who, are,
1829.                                                             together, but a handful.  It has been said that five-andthirty distinct languages are spoken, by the Indian tribes,
within the limits of Mexico. The most widely-spread Indian
Year.  ~ imperts.         Experts.         language is, as might be expected. that of the most civilized.nation, the Aztecs, which, including the dialects spoken
1829                    $2,331,151          $5,026,761         by the Toltecs, Chichimekis, &c., extends through several
1835                     9,029,221            9,490,446        degrees of latitude.
1839                     2,164,097           3,500,707
1843                     1,471,937            2,5en,4e0           Ansiquities.-It is well ascertained that powerful, and, for
1846  ar with the        1,531,180 1,13,836,621         the most part, kindred tribes, descended on Mexico, from the
2847 United States.       238,004              481,7189        N., from the seventh to the twelfth centuries; the Toltecs ar1848                     4,054,452           1,581,247         riving at the former, and the Aztecs at the latter period. It
1811                     3,181,7821,     15,80477
1810                     2,012,827           2,131,366         is certain that these nations had attained to a high degree of
1851                     1,581,783           1,804,779
1852                     2,284,929           1,649,206         civilization; they were good smiths, good masons, had made
some advance in the arts of design; they raised great edifices,
constructed vast works, palaces, pyramids, roads, aqueducts,
The trade of Mexico with the United States, for the year  bridges, &c.; they had a more accurate calendar, and  ine
ending June 30, 1853, comprised $3,558,824 imports, and  better adjusted by intercalation, than the Egyptians, Greeks,
$2,167,985 exports.                                               and Romans; and, finally, they had a system of picture-writThe manufactured fabrics are chiefly from Great Blritain,  Ing, by means of which they recorded many facts, and which,
which furnished to Mexico in 1851, 9,198,176 yards of plain  if it had not been rudely and utterly demolished, would
calicoes, and 12,726,212 yards of printed calico, 310,224 yards  have probably led them  on rapidly in the career of improveof twist, silk fabrics to the value of $48,366, linens $518,276,  ment.  In comparing their habits and acquirements with
and woollens amounting to $404,624.'                           those of the inhabitants of the Old World, the differences
The foreign commerce of Mexico for 1852 employed 837  are far more strongly marked than the affinities.  Their
vessels, with an aggregate burden of 256,692 tons. Of the  ignorance of the cereal grains, of milk, and of pastoral purvessels 68 belonged to Mexico, 435 to the United States, 108  suits, draws a broad line between the civilization of Mexico
to England, 69 to France, 60 to Spain, 13 to Hamburg, 24  and that of Asia.  The monuments which remain to attest
to Peru, 5 to Belgium, 1 to Portugal, 1 to Nicaragua, 1 to  their boldness of design and progress in the arts of construeSweden, 1 to Hanover, 8 to Bremen, and 1 to Venezuela.  tion are widely scattered, and there is reason to suspect that
Of the classes of vessels, 219 were steamers, 55 frigates,  they are as yet but imperfectly brought to light.  It will be
(vessels of war,) 114 barks, 165 brigs, 63 hermaphrodite brigs,  sufficient here to mention the extensive remains of the city
155 schoon6rs, and 68 pilot-boats. During the year 43,816  of Tenlchtitlan, near the modern Mexico, with its dikes,
passengers arrived from  sea, and 40,153 left at the various  aqueducts, and fragments of a bridge.  Oajaca is rich in
ports of the confederation.  From  the above it will be per-  ancient remains, among which the chief are the palace and
ceived that full half of the foreign commerce of Mexico is  pyramid of the Zapotekas at Mitla. Another great pyramid
carried on with the United States.                                or teocalli is to be seen near Cholula, in Puebla.  Near ViiAccording to official reports, the general expenses of the  lanueva, in Zacatecas, are the extensive and remarkable
Mexican government are as follows:-                               ruins known as Los Edificios. In Vera Cruz are the pyramids of Papantla, built of colossal masses of porphyry. The
Estimate for the War Department.....       $1,753,655      extensive ruins of Palenque, in Chiapes, are well known;
Estimate ror the nepartment of Foreign Relatioss   878,000     but they have been eclipsed by those of Itzalana, in YucaEstimate for the Department of Justice....   427,000
Estimate for the Department of Finance...  1,689,154      tan, more recently discovered, and which seem  to indicate
Interest on the English debt, $51,208,250 at 3 per   1,36,247  a style of art distinct in some respects from the ordinary
cent., according to the new arrangement                      Mexican.
Interest on the domestic or interior
dnebrest,  5e0oms ati 3per cnt..       2,250,000        The divisions, population, &c., of the Mexican Confederadebt, $75,000,000 at 3 per cent.             tion, according to the census just published, (1854,) are exTotal.......  $12,525,956             hibited in the subjoined Table.
The revenue is estimated as follows:Importation duties..... $4,000,000            States or Departments, Area in  Popu-      Capitals.    PopuExportation duties....                          450,000          and Territsries.     sq. m.  lotion.                latson.
Tonnage duties                                     60,0000............-00..
One per cent. sn increase of importation...    140,000    *Aguascnlientes                   81.,727 Aguascalientes? 
Two per cent. on Averia.........    210,000               Chihuahua....          100,250  147,600 Chihuahua.    14,000
International duties.......            500,000      Chiapa..18,679  161,914 Ciudad-Real.  6,50
Introduction of money into the ports...         300,000      Cinaloa......  35,721  160,008 Villa del Fuerte?  12,000
Contingent paid by the states...  1,011.000       Cohahuila....           56,570  66,228 Saltillo.       19,898
Tobacco revenue belonging to the government       600,000      Durango...              48,489  137,591  Durango         22,000
Playing cards..........   20,000                Guauajuato               12,618  718,775 Guanajuato.    48,954
Post-office revenue........                90,000      Guerrero                 32,002  270,00 Tixtla,..      4,
Direct contributions of the districts and territories  450,000  Jalisco.                48,50  774,461 Guadalajara       63,000
Tax on the rent 4f property......            50,000      Mexico.                19,53511,001,875 Toluca...    12,00
Mints.................   100,000                           Michoacan                22,993  491,679 Valladolid?..  18,000
National lotteries...........             60,000      New Leon.....   16,687  133,361 Monterey...  13,534
Sealed paper..............   150,000                          Oajaca..  31,822  489,960 Oajaca...   25,000
Pawnbrokers' shops...........                     30,000      Puebla.     2. 12,042 683,725 Puebla..    71,631
Duties on the assays of silver, tolls, letters of )            Queretaro....   2,444  132,124 Queretaro..  29,70:
security, patents for navigation, passports,    229,000      San Luis Potosi...  29,486  394,592 SanLuis...  40,000
and smaller imposts                                           Sonora......   23,466  147,133 Ures...  7,010
Tabasco.....  1,609  63,580 SanJuanBautista  4,000
Total revenue........            $8,450000       Tamaulipas...  30,334  100,064 Victoria..    5,500
Expenditures......12,525,956        Vera Cruz.27,595  274,686 Vera Cruz..   8,328
tYucatan                 52,941  668,62 Merida.... 40,OO00
Deficit.......  8$4-,01,956     Zacatecas                30,507 305,551 Zacatecas... 25,005
Federal District, lexico      9 200,08  exilco... 170,000.
Inlabitants, Races, Languages, &c.-The population "of  Tlaxcala, Territory of,    1,984  80,171 Tlaxcala.,403
Mexico  is composed, as in  the  other Spanish-American   Colima, Territory of,              3,Le    61,243 Colima..  1,774
Tehuantepec, Territory
states, of three distinct races-the aboriginal Indians or  Tehntepec, Territory82,39
red men, as they are called; the Europeans or white men;  Lower California, Terriand the Africans or N1egro race, introduced as slaves by the    tory of...  60,662  12,000 La Paz.50
Europeans. These, by intermixture, give rise to other de-  Isa do  CarmenTernnominations; so that all may be classed, with reference to    to  of,                               12,32
caste and color, as follows: —l1. White men, who, if born in                               814,148 7,853,394               783,1891
Spain, were called Chapetones, or rather Gachupines (Gat                                 -
zopin means, in Aztec, a man on horseback, or rather a    * Recently organized.
centaur-half-man, half-horse); and if natives of America,    t Yucatan declared herself independent, for the second time,
of unmixed European blood, are styled Creoles (criollos).  in 1846, but has again joined the Mexican Confederation.
3 Z                                                                                1185




MEX                                                        MEX
Goversment and History. —The government of Mexico, Tezcuco, and was approached by four great causeways,
being still in a state of transition, may be sufficiently de-  which stretched through the lake, and met in the centre
scribed in an account of the events connected with the  of thie city. Owing to the drainage and more rapid evaporevolution. Mexico was discovered in 1517. by Francisco  ration produced by the removal of the forests and other
Ilernandez Cordova, who sailed along the coast from Cape  causes, the lake has receded, and the present city, though
Catoche to Campeachy Bay.  In 1519 tllernando Cortez occupying the same site, is now about 23 miles W. from its
landed where Vera Cruz now stands, and founded a town  shores. The distant view is therefore very different from
called Villarica some miles farther north. With his little  that which Cortez has rapturously described; but still conband he soon ascended the table-land, the numerous in- tinues to strikle all travellers with admiration. The city
habitants of which (the Aztecs) he found united under a  is strongly fortified on every side. It is built, with the
powerful sovereign called Montezuma. Within the limits  utmost regularity, in the form  of a square, is enclosed
of this empire were several small republics, of which that of  by lofty walls, and consists of a great number of spacious
Tlaxcala united with Cortez.  The empire of the Aztecs  streets, either parallel or at right angles to each other,
did not extend over all the table-lands; the table-land of  forming a series of square blocks of massive and uniMichoacau constituted a separate and independent king- form  structures, and leading to a central square, which
dom. -After two years of incessant warfare, Cortez  suc- covers an area of from  12 to 15 acres. The houses are
seeded in overturning the empire of the Aztecs, and the  almost all built of hewn stone, in a very pure style of
smaller states were subjected to the Spaniards almost with- architecture, are three or four stories in height, have fiat
out a struggle. Cortez having firmly established his an- terraced roofs, and are often not only provided with.iron
thprity in the country, a considerable number of persons  balustrades and gates ornamented with bronze, but covered
emigrated annually from  Spain to' Mexico, and there ac- with porcelain mosaic, of elegant patterhs. The streets are
quired great wealth as adventurers in mining, as mer- well paved, but often badly cleaned, and being neither
chants, and as officers of government. The country con- lighted nor watched, become unsafe for night passengers.
tinned in this state for nearly three centuries; and when    The most remarkable edifice is the Cathedral, built on the
Napoleon overthrew the Spanish throne, Mexico remained  site of the great teocalli, or pyramid temple of the Aztecs,
firm in her allegiance; but when he was defeated, and the  and occupying one entire side of the central square. It is
restored Spanish monarch promised his European subjects  500 feet long, by 420 feet wide, and, though not in strict
a constitution, discontent arose in the colonies. The first conformity with any order of architecture, is remarkably
revolutionary movement took place in 1810, and was chiefly  imposing. The walls are built of unhewn basalt, but the
fomented by the clergy.  In 1820, the viceroy, Apodaca, front is covered over with the most laborious carving, while
received orders to proclaim the constitution of 1812; being  massive pillars rise up against the wall for the support of
himself averse to the measure, he sent Colonel Iturbide, its two lofty towers. The interior is gorgeous, almost beapparently on an expedition against the rebel Guerr6ro, yond description, though the decorations are more remarkbut really to sound the wishes of the people.  Iturbide, ablefor costliness than taste. The choir is formed of rare
however, joined Guerr6ro, and raised the standard of re- carved woods, and elaborately covered with gilded images;
volt. Apodaca was deposed, and the views of the insur-  the high altar, raised from the floor, on an elevated platgents were proclaimed; namely, that Mexico should form  form, exhibits a profusion of candlesticks, crosses and other
a constitutional monarchy, independent of Spain.  The  ornamnents, of solid gold or silver, and is crowned by an
crown was offered to a Spanish %prince, but the proposal image of the Virgin, decked in jewels, estimated at the value
being rejected by the Spanish Cortes, the Mexican Cortes  of more than half a million sterling; and all the other parts
proceeded to carry out their scheme of national indepen- of the church are a perfect wilderness of columns, statues,
deuce; and, in May, 1822, elected their general and pre- shrines, fonts, &c. Another side of the great square is occusident, Don Augustin Iturbide, Emperor (f Mexico, by the  pied by the National Palace, the residence formerly of the
title of Augustin I.  The new monarch, however, soon  viceroys, and now of the president. It is a quadrangular
showed his distaste for constitutional government, and con- pile, of such enormous dimensions, that, besides accommosequently, before the close of the year, the country bristled  dating the president and his family, it contains the principal
with arms, the chief officers, Santa Anna among the num- government offices, the Supreme Court, the Chamber of
her, revolting, and demanding the re-opening of the Cortes. Deputies, and that of the Senate. In the S.E. corner of the
Iturbide yielded, abdicated, and left the country in April, square, opposite the the principal front of the Cathedral, is
1823, but returning the next year was taken, and shot at Pa- the Casa Municipal or Town-house, partly occupied as an
dilla. The experiment of a monarchy having failed, the plan  Exchange. Immediately S. of the National Palace, but withwas now tried of a federal republic, copied, in many parti-  out the square, is the University, which contains the Naculars, from that of the United States; the main principles  tional Museum, and has, in its front, a magnificent modern
of its constitution being:-the Independence of Mexico, the  market. At some distance W. of the square, is the Mineria,
maintenance of the Roman Catholic religion, the abolition  or School of Mines, which occupies one of the most elegant
of all distinctions of caste, and the division of the powers  edifices of the city, and in which lectures on the sciences
of government into three branches-the legislative, execu- connected with mining are occasionally given. Attached to
tive, and judicial.  This scheme, though it encountered  it is a tolerably good mineral museum.
much opposition, was ultimately adopted in February, 1824.   Mexico contains from  50 to 60 churches and convents,
The first president was General Guadalupe Victoria. The  few of which are remarkable for architectural merit, but
federal states were 19, with five territories.  This constitu- most are possessed of considerable riches, and are ostentation, though copied, as stated above, in many particulars  tiously set off by gaudy decorations. One of the most elefilom that of the United States, deviated from that model in' gant of the churches, is that. of San Domingo, a light and
one or two important points. It established an exclusive  airy structure, surmounted by a spire and dome. The other
religion, resulting from the active share which the clergy  edifices and objects particularly deserving of notice are the
had all along taken in the revolution; and it omitted to  convents of St. Francisco, St. Augustine, and La Merced,
make judicial proceedings public, and to use the intervention  all of them  large and imposing  structures, with numerous
of ajury. It abolished slavery, however; and, being followed  spires and cupolas; the magnificent aqueducts by which
up by measures calculated to facilitate the naturalization of  the city is supplied with water, the public fountains, the
strangers, and to promote education, it effected at once a pro- colossal equestrian statue of Charles IV., in the court-yard
digious improvement in the condition of the community. In  of the University; the Acordada, or Public Prison, the
1835, Santa Anna changed the federal into a central repub- Theatre, the Plaza de Toros, a large circular enclosure for
lic. Hard pressed by his rival, Bustamente, he seems to have  bull-fights, with accommodation for about 3000 spectators;
felt little scruple as to the means by which he conciliated  two magnificent Pseos, or Promenades-the one, Paseo
parties. In the mean time, the distant provinces showed  Nuevo, to the W. of the city, consisting of a broad avenue,
an inclination to push- too far the principle of independence. shaded by rows of stately trees, and broken at intervals by
Yucatan was disaffected; Texas, filled with adventurers  fountains-the other, the Passo de la Viga, on the opposite
from the United States, revolted, and established its inde- side of the city, skirting one of the canals leading to the
pendence by a victory, in which the Mexican general, Santa  Lake of Chalco, and very tastefully laid out; and the AlaAnna, was taken prisoner. This successful revolt of Texas  meda, a park of 10 or 12 acres, formed into labyrinths by
was an event pregnant with important consequences; in  magnificent forest-trees; this last is a place of great public
ten years more the new state was annexed'to the United  resort, particularly on festivals.
States; then came the war of the latter With Mexico, which    The manufactures of the city are of comparatively limited
was concluded in February, 1848, by Mexico yielding to the  extent; they include gold and silver lace, jewelry and silverUnited States above 530,000 square miles of territory, smniths' work, woollen cloths, blankets,'baizes, cotton goods,
namely, New Mexico and Upper California.  Though the  hats, soap, liqueurs, carriages, and tobacco; the trade is
country is yet (1855) as it has long been, in an unsettled  also very limited, the exports being confined almost entirely
state, the form of a federal republic is still maintained.-  to the produce of the mines; while the imports are chiefly
Adj. and inhab. MEXICAN, mlxle-kan.                       manufactured goods from Europe, and silk goods, especially
MEXICO, MEJICO  or MEGICO, (Aztec Tenochtitlaccn,) a city  hosiery, from China.
of North America, capital of the Mexican Confederation, is sit-   Mexico, originally Tenochtitlan, is said to have been founduatedin a state of its own name, on a plain, 7400 feet above the  ed in 1325, and occupied, as already stated, several islands of
sea, enclosed by lofty mountains, and covered with meadows Lake Tezeuco, to which access was given by broad causeways.
and lakes; lat. 190 25 45" N., lon. 103145 53 W. When taken  It had not long been occupied by the Spaniards, when their
by Cortez, in 1521, Mexico stood on several islands in Lake  tyranny brought all the miseries of war upon the city, and
1111




M EX                                                        MIA
almost all its ancient splendor disappeared. A new city, above river, about 18 miles above its mouth in the White
however, soon arose, under the genius and indomitable  Sea. It has two churches, and a small haven, at which it
perseverance of Cortez; and numerous edifices, vying in  carries on  considerable trade, chiefly in furs, tallow, whale
magnificence with the most celebrated structures of the old  and seal oil, and fish. Pop. 2000.
world, sprung up, as if by magic, in every quarter. The    MI&ZI ERES, mnz'e-aiel or mf'ze-ainl, (L. Macerie Madeoilowness of the site, compared with the level of the surround- acuna), a strongly fortified town of France, capital of the deing lake, was a serious obstacle to its prosperity, exposing  partment of Ardennes, on a peninsula formed by the Meuse,
it not only to pestilential vapors, but to fearful inundations. 47 miles N.E. of Rheims. Pop. in 1852, 3926. It commueniBy means of an immense cut through the solid rock, 12  cates by a suspension bridge with Charleville, on the opposite
miles in length, 150 feet deep, and 300 feet wide, commenced  side of the Meuse, and has a fine Gothic church, in which
in 1609, and completed in 1789, the waters of several lakes, Charles II. espoused Isabella of Austria. In 1520, the troops
which, from occupying a higher level than Tezcuco, dis- under the Chevalier Bayard, successfully defended it against
charged themselves into it, and often raised its level so as 40,000 Spaniards; and, in 1815, it held out for two months
completely to submerge the city, were diverted into the  against the Russians.
Panuco, which carries them directly to the Gulf of Mexico.   M1ZItIRlES-EN-BRENN`E, m&'ze-aiPe ial  br~nn, a town
Of the recent events in the history of the city, the most im- of France, department of Indre, 16 miles N.E. of Me Blanc.
portant was its occupation by the army of the United States, Pop. 1541.
frbm, September 13, 1847, till June 12, 1848. Pop. 180,000.   MEZIN, m&z&tAa, (L. Mesisnum,) a town of France, deThe Federal District of Mexico comprehends the N. part of  partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 7 miles S.S.W. of N6rac, on the
the state, and the immediate environs of the city. Area 89  Gelizl. Pop. in 1852, 3027.
square miles. Pop. 200,000.                                  MZIN, a mountain of France. See CfvENEs.
MEXICO, a state of the Mexican Confederation, situated    MEZINGEN, Wtirtemberg. See METZINGEN.
between lat. 160 34' and 210 7' N., ion. 1020 37' and 1070 27'    MEZO  (Mezij) BERENY, mA/zij  b/rAil!, a village of
W., is bounded N. by Queretaro, N.E. by Vera Cruz, E. by  Hungary, county and 7 miles N.W. of Bekes. Pop. 7900.
Puebla, S. and S.W. by Guerrero, and W. by Michoacan. It has a Protestant gymnasium.
Area 19,535 square miles. More than two-thirds of the sur-   MEZO (Mezb) IIEGYES, mA/z&x hld'y8sht, a market.
face is covered by mountains, resting on a plateau which  town of Hungary, co. of Csanad, 33 miles E. of Szegedin.
has a height of from 6500 to 7500 feet above sea-level. The  It is remarkable for an immense imperial stud, founded by
culminating point, Nevado de Toluna, has an absolute height Joseph II., which furnishes to the army in time of peace
of 14,566 feet. Capital, Tolucna. Pop. 1,001,875.         1000 horses annually.
MEX/ICO, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, on the    MEZO KOYEZSD.  (MezU KiJvezsd,) mAtrzc  k6'vPzhd1, a
Androscoggin River, 28 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 482. royal market-town of Hungary, co. of Borsod. Pop. 6570.'
MEXICO, a post-village and township of Oswego co., New    MEZO-CSAN, (Mezi-Csan,) mA/sz6ch[n/, a village of Tran
York, about 35 miles N. of Syracuse. The township borders sylvania, co. of Thorenburg. Pop. 1543;
on Lake Ontario, and is intersected by Salmon Creek, on    MEZO-TUR, (Mezd-Tur,) mA/zsOtooaR, a market-town of
which is the village, containing 3 or 4 churches, an academy, Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Berettyo, 57 miles S.W. of
and several mills. Pop. of the village, 800; of the town- Debreczin.  Pop. about 15,000.
ship, 4221.                                                  MEZRITSCH, m~ts'ritch, a village of Bohemia, 16 miles
MIEXICO, a post-village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, on  from KSniggr~tz. Pop. 1085.
the Juniata River and Canal, 42 miles N.W. of IHarrisburg.    MEZZANA-BIGLI, m~t-sItng-beellyee, a village of the
MEXICO, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama.         Sardinian States, Piedmont, on the Po. Pop. 2547.
MEXICO, a post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio, on the    MEZZANA-MORTIGLIENGO, m~t-sInA-mo -teel-yln/go,
Sandusky River, 78 miles N. by W. of Columbus.             a village of Piedmont, 10 miles from Biella. Pop. 10607.
MEXICO, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, on the plank-   MEZZANEGO, mft-sl-nI/go, a village of the Sardinian
road from Peru to Rochester, 5 miles N.N.W. of the former.  States, division of Genoa, 3 miles from Borzonasca. P. 2340.
MEXICO, a post-village, capital of Audrain co., Missouri,   MEZZANI, mlt-sIlnee, a vilage of Italy, duchy and 14
on a fork of Salt River, 40 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.    miles N.N.E. of Parma. Pop. 3975.
MEXICO, GULF OF. See GULF OF MEXICO.                       MEZZANINO, m~t-si-neelno, a village of the Sardinian
MEXIMIEUX, m~x'ee'me-uhf, a town of France, depart  States, Piedmont, on the Po. Pop. 1789.
ment of Ain, 20 miles E.S.E; of Trivoux. Pop. 2473.         MEZZENILE, m~t-sA-nee/lA, a village of Piedmont, diviMEXIQUE. See MExico.                                    sion and 23 miles N.W. of Turin. Pop. 2502.
MEXLITLAN, mlx-leet-ldnP, a market-town of the Mexi- iMEZZO, mld/zo or m~t/so, or LOPUD, lo-pood/, an island
can Confederation, state and 100 miles N.E. of Mexico.     of Austria, on the coast of Dalmatia, about 7 miles N.W. of
MEYAHOON, Burmese dominions. See MYAN-AONG.              Ragusa; 3 miles long by 2 miles broad; It was taken by the
MEYENBURG, mt/en-b00a', a walled town of Prussia, British in 1813, and continued in their possession till 1815.
province of Brandenburg, 73 miles N.W. of Berlin. P. 1607.   MEZZOJUSO, m~t-so-yoo/so, a town of Sicily, 18 miles
MEYENFELD, Switzerland.  See MAYENFELD.                  S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 4000.
MEYIER'S MILL, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsyl-    MEZZO-LOMBARDO, m6t/so-lom-baatldo, a market-town
iania.                                                     of Austria, Tyrol, 16 miles from Trent.  Pop. 2216.
MEYERSTOWN, of Pennsylvania.  See MYERSTOWN.               MEZZOVO, mit-solvo, a town of European Turkey, EpiMEY/ERSVILLE, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas.       rus, pashalic and 23 miles E.N.E. of Yanina, in a mountain
MEYGEM, mtoh~m, a village of Belgium, province of  chasm on both sides of the Arta. It has about 1000 houses.
East Flanders, 9 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 1314.               MEZZOVO, a mountain of Turkey.  See PINDUs.
MEYLEN, a town of Switzerland. See MEILES.                 MGLEEN or MGLIN, m'gleen, a town of Russia, governMEYMAC, mAkmlk, a town of France, department of Cor- ment and 128 miles N.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 6800.
risze, 9 miles W. of Ussel. Pop. in 1852, 3908.              M-IAR, e'har, a town of British India, presidency and
MEYOMEED. See MEI-OMEEoD.                                72 miles S.S.E. of Bombay, district of Concan, on a navigable
MEYON, mA-yinu, an island of the Malay Archipelago, be- river, about 25 miles from the sea.
tween Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 10 15' N., Ion. 1260 40! E.  MHI:YSUR, m'hi-stir, a town of Hindostan, dominion
MEYRINGEN, a town of Switzerland.  See MEIRINGEN.   and 40 miles S.S.W. of Indore, on the Nerbudda.  It is
MEYRUEIS, maia'wA/, a town of France, department of  regularly and well built, and has a stone fort, containing a
Lozure, 12 miles S.S.W. of Florac, on the Yonte. Pop. 2186. palace and several Iindoo temples, and communicating
MEYSSAC, mnAslkl, a village of France, department of  with the river by a fine range of ghauts, (stairs.)
Corrlze, 10 miles S.E. of Brivas. Pop. in 1852, 2846.        MIIlOW, m'hlw, a town of India, dominion and 12 miles
MEYSSE, mlsfs.h, a village of Belgium, province of Bra- S. of Indore, important as a military station.
bent, 6 miles N.N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 2376.                 MIIOW, a town of IIindostan, province of Allahabad, 53
MEYZIEUX, msze-uht, a village of France, department miles N.E. of Benares; let. 250 57' N., ion. 830 37' E.
of IsBre, 17 miles N. of Vienne. Pop. 1353.                  MHOW, a town of Hindostan, province of Allahabad, 76
MEZAO (Mez-io) FRIO, mA-zswNG/ freeto, a town of Portu-  miles S.W. of Benares; lat. 240 37' N., ion. 810 56' E.
gal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 12 miles S.S.W. of Villa Real.   MtIOW, a town of Hindostan, province of Bundelcund,
Pop. 1170.                                                170 miles W. by S. of Allahabad; lat. 250 20' N., ion. 790 7' E.
MEZE, mais or miz, a seaport town of France, depart-   MIHYE or MAHY, ma-hIl, (anc. Afais,) a river of India,
ment of Hlrault, on the lagoon of Than, 19 miles S.W. of  after a S.W. course of more than 300 miles through the BomMontpellier. Pop. in 1852, 4986. Its harbor accommodates  bay and Baroda territories, enters the Gulf of Cambay, by a
vessels under 60 tons burden.                             mouth 5 miles across.
MAZEL, mAzsl!, a town of France, department of Basses-   MIAJADAS or MIAXADAS, me-A-HID/s, a town of Spain,
Alpes, 15 miles S.S.W. of Digne, on the Asse. Pop. 1000.    province and 30 miles S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 3290.
M]ZEL, a village of France, department of Puy-de:DIme,   MIAKO, MEACO, me-A/ko, or KEE/O, (KIO,) a city ofJapan,
arrondissement of Clermont. Pop. 1207.                    and its ecclesiastical capital, in the island of Niphen, on the
MEZEN, MEZENE, or MESEN, mez-ainm, a river of Rus- Yeddogawa River, 240 miles W.S.W. of Yeddo. Lat. 350 3'
sin, rises in the S. part of the government of Vologda, flows  N., lon. 1350 53' E. It stands in a spacious plain, enclosed by
circuitously N.W., and falls into the bay of its own name, mountains covered with gardens, interspersed with temple.
In the White Sea, after a course of above 450 miles.      and monasteries. The city is stated to be 4 miles in length,
MEZEN, MEZENE, or MESEN, a town of Russia, go- 3 miles in breadth, and encircled by a fosse. On its N. side
vernment and 150 mis.es N.E. of Archangel, situated on the is a separately fortified quarter, comprising the residence
1187




MIA                                                       MlIC
of the dairi, or ecclesiastical sovereign of the empire; and    MIAVA, mee'Shtv~h', a market-town of North-West Htun
on the W. is a strong citadel, the residence of various go-  gary, co. of Neutra, on the Miava, an affluent of the Morava,
vernment officers, and occasionally of the viceroy. One of  48 miles N.N.E. of Presburg. Pop. 9800. It has manufacthe temples has a colossal image of the god Dalboots, or the  factories of woollen cloth and bagging, distilling, and a tra-ade
Grand Boodha, made of wood and covered with gilt paper, in hemp and flax.
represented, like the Hindoo idols, sitting on a flower of    MIAXADAS, a town of Spain. See MIAJADAS.
lotus. The total height is more than 90 feet, the statue    MICANIOPY, a post-office of Alachua co., Florida.
being about 80 feiet, and the flower above 10 feet high. The    MICCO, a post-office of the Creek Nation, Arkansas.
image is 25 feet (4 toises) between the shoulders, and is    MICCOSUfKEE, a post-office of Leon co., Florida.
capable of containing several people in the palm  of the    MI/CHAEL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
hand. In a neighboring building is suspended the largest   MICHAEL-CHURCH, a parish of South Wales, co. of
bell in the known world. It is about 18 feet high, and  Radnor.
weighs 2,010,000 Dutch pounds, or about 1000 tons I (Balbi.)   MICHIIAEL-CHURCll-ESKILEY, a parish of England, co.
Miako is the principal seat of learning and literary publica-  of Hereford.
tion, and the chief manufacturing city of the empire, every    MI/CIlAELSTONE-VEFDOW, a parish of England, co. of
kind of Japanese handicraft being here carried on in the  Monmouth.
highest perfection. It is probably the first commercial town    MICI-IHAELSTONE-LE-PIT, a parish of South Wales, co.
in Japan, and here all the money of the empire is coined, of Glamorgan. 
The population probably exceeds 500,000. MIAKO signifies    MICIIAELSTONE-suP.ERa-AVON, a parish of South Wales,
"tcapital;" KEE0, (or KIo,) a " residence."                co. of Glamorgan.
MIALLET, meeW9l1i, a village of France, department of    MICHAELSTONE-suER-ELY, a parish of South Wales,
Dordogne, 13 miles E. of Nontron. Pop. 1863.               co. of Glamorgan.
MIAMI (mi-ah/mee) RIVER,Ohio, rises in Hardin co., in the    MIICIIAELSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
N.W. central part of the state. Its general course is nearly    MIICHAELVILLE, a post-village of iarford co., Maryland.
S.W., and after passing Troy, Dayton, and IIamilton, it emp-   MIICHELSBERG, meetK9ls-boRG', a market-town of Boties itself into the Ohio River at the S.W. extremity of the  hemia, 30 miles W.N.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 898.
state, about 20 miles below Cincinnati. Its principal tribu-    MICHELSDORF, meefiKels-doRf, (IIun. Milhaiy.Falcva,
taries are the West Branch, the Mad River, and the White- mee'hli f5l1v~hb,) a market-town of HIungary, co. of Zips,
water River. Its length is computed at about 150 miles. 2 miles N. of Poprad. Pop. 120.
It is a beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through a highly    MICHELSDORF, meefKels-doRf', sometimes written MIproductive and populous valley or plain, in which limestone  CHAELDORF, a village of Upper Austria, S.E. of Steyer.
and hard timber are abundant. The Miami Canal follows Pop. 2375.
the course of the river for about 70 miles. The river and    MICHELSDORF or MICHAELDORF, a village of Bohecanal furnish extensive water-power.                       mia, 33 miles E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1840.
MIAMI, a county in the W. part of Ohio, contains about   MICHELSROMBACH, mee&-Kels-rom'bKx, a village of
400 square miles. It is intersected by the Miami River, by  Hesse-Cassel, province of Fulda.  Pop. 1000.
the West Branch of that river, and also drained by Green-   MICHELSTADT, meeciel-st~tt', a town of Germany, grandville and Panther Creeks. The surface of the eastern part duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Minding, 21 miles S.E.
is rolling, and that of the western part more level. The soil of Darmstadt. Pop. 3000.
is rich and under good cultivation. It is intersected by the    MICHES'EBEE, a small river of Saginaw co., Michigan,
Miami and Erie Canal. One or two railroads are in course of  flows into the Shiawassee near its junction with the Flint.
construction through this county. Capital, Troy. P. 24,996.   MICIIETITRE, a township of Martin co., Indiana. -P. 953.
MIAMI, a county in the N. central part of Indiana, con-   MICHIELS-GESTEL, meef.eels-Hs'ttel, a village of the
tains 384 square miles. It is intersected by the Wabash and  Netherlands, province of North Brabant, on the Dommel,
Eel Rivers. The surface is hilly near the rivers, and almost 41 miles S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2673.
level in other parts. The soil is fertile. The Wabash and    MICIIIGAN, mishte-gan, formerly mish-e-glnf, one of the
Erie Canal passes through the county, and a railroad is in  more recently settled of the North-Western States, occupies
course of construction from Indianapolis to Peru, the capi- two peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes Erie,
tal. Pop. 11,304.                                          St. Clair, and Huron on the E., and Lake Michigan on the
MIAMII, a post-village of Dade co., Florida, on Key Bis- WV.; and the northern between Lakes Michigan and Huron on
cayne Day, at Cape Florida. A lighthouse has been erected, the S., and Lake Superior on the N. The whole is bounded
and a company of United States troops stationed here. It on the N. by Lake Superior, E. by the Straits of St. Mary,
is considered a desirable winter residence for invalids.   Lake Huron, St. Clair River and Lake, Detroit River and
MIAMI, a township in Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 2690.    Lake Erie, (all which separate it from Canada West,) on the
MIAMI, a township of Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 1865.        S. by Ohio and Indiana, and on the W. by Lake Michigan
MIAMI, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of  and Wisconsin, from the latter of which it is partly separated
Hamilton co., Ohio, intersected by the Miami River. P. 1556. by the Menomonee and Montreal Rivers. Michigan lies
MIAMI, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 775.          between 410 40' and 470 30' N. lat., (if we exclude Isle Royale,
MIAMI, a collection district of Ohio. See TOLEDO.        a dependency of this state,) and between 820 12' and 90~
MIAMI, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 3456. 30 WV. Ion. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in
MIIAMI or MIAMITOWN, post-village, Miami co., Indiana, extreme length from  S.E. to N.W., and 130 miles in its
on the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, 10 miles S. of Peru. greatest breadth, and the southern about 283 miles from N.
MIAMI, LITTLE. See LITTLE  MIAMI.                       to S., and 210 from  E. to W. in its greatest width. The
MIAMI, a post-office of Saline co., Missouri.            joint area of the two peninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or
MIAMIISBURG, a flourishing post-village of Miami town- 35,595,520 acres, of which only 1,923,582 were improved in
ship, Montgomery co., Ohio, on the Miami River and Canal, 1850. About two-fifths of the area is included in the north10 miles below Dayton, with which it is connected by rail- ern peninsula.
road. The village is neatly built in the midst of a rich and    Face of the Country, Geology, and Minerols. —The southern
populous neighborhood. The river affords extensive water- peninsula of Michigan, so interesting in its agricultural
power, and is crossed by a covered bridge. Miamisburg con- and economical aspects, is rather tame in its topographical
tains 3 or 4 churches, 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, features, as there is no considerable elevation (compared
and an iron foundry. About one mile from the town is a  with the country immediately around it) within its whole
remarkable mound of a conical form, 67 feet high. It is extent, though the ridge which divides the waters flowing
the largest one in the northern states, except the Mammoth  into Lakes Huron and Erie from those flowing into Lake
Mound at Grave Creek, below Wheeling.                      Michigan, is 300 feet above the level of the lakes, and about
MIAMISVILLE or MIAMIVILLE, a post-village of Cler- 1000 feet above the sea. The country, however, may be
mont co., Ohio, on the Little Miami and Columbus Railroad, generally characterized as a vast undulating plain, seldom
17 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati.                             becoming rough or broken. There are occasional conical
MIAIIITOWN, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, on  elevations of from 150 to 200 feet in height, but generally
the Miami River, 14 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati, contains much less. The shores of Lake Huron are often steep,
several hundred inhabitants.                               forming bluffs; while those of Lake Michigan are coasted
MIAMI UNIVERSITY.  See OXFORD, Ohio.                     by shifting sand-hills of from 100 to 200 feet in height. In
MIANNA or MIANA, me-Anan, a town of Persia, pro- the southern part are those natural parks, thinly scattered
vince of Azerbaijan, on the Sefeed-rood. here crossed by a over with trees, called in the parlance of the country " oak
bridge of 23 arches, 80 miles S.E. of Tabreez. Pop. 2000.    openings;" and in the S.W. are rich prairie lands. The
MIAtNUS, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.    northern peninsula exhibits a striking contrast, both in soil
MIARIM, me-g-reeeot, or MEARIM, mA-A-reeNo, some- and surface, to the southern. While the latter is level or
times called the MARANHAO, (Maranhlo,) a river of Brazil, moderately undulating, and luxuriantly fertile, the former
rises in the S. part of the province of Maranhao, receives nu- is picturesque, rugged, and even mountainous, with streams
merons affluents, and falls into the Bay of Sio Marcos, with  abounding in rapids and waterfalls-rich in minerals, but
a strong current; total course about 350 miles.           rigorous in climate, and sterile in soil. The Wisconsin or
MIARIM or MEARIM, a town of Brazil, province and 75 Porcupine Mountains, which form the watershed between
miles S. of MaranhBlo, on a river of the same name.       Lakes Michigan and Superior, are much nearer the latter
MIASINO, me-&-seelno, or MASINO, mg-seeano, a village  than the former, and attain an elevation of about 2000 feet
of the Sardinian States, division of Novara. Pop. 1025.   in the N.W. portion of the peninsula. The E. part of this
1188




MIC                                                         MIC
division of the state is undulating and picturesque, but the    Animael. —The wild animals of Michigan are the wolverine,
central is hilly, and composed of table-land. The shores  black beer, wolf, elk, deer, moose, lynx, wildcat, panther,
of Lake Superior are composed of a sandstone rock, which, fox, martin, raccoon, porcupine, opossum, weasel, skunk,
in many places, is worn by the action of the wind and  gopher, squirrel, marmot, rabbit, hare, with some beavers,
waves into fancied resemblances of castles, &c., forming the  otters, muskrats, and minks.
celebrated Pictured Rocks; while the shores of Lake Michi-    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-The island of Mackinaw, in
gan are composed of a limestone rock. The streams on the  the straits of the same name, already visited for its pienorthern slope of the Porcupine Mountains have a rapid  turesque beauty, may probably become the future Newport
descent, and abound in picturesque falls and rapids. The  of the North-Western States. In addition to its bold shores,
northern peninsula is primitive, and the southern secondary; rising to a height of nearly 200 feet perpendicularly above
but primitive rocks are scattered over the plains of the latter  the water, and the charm  of its picturesque views and cool
of snore than 100 tons weight, most abundant on the borders breezes, it has the accompaniment of fine fishing in its viciof tihe great lakes, on the flanks of valleys, and where traces nity; and the pleasant excursions to Sault St. Mary, to angle
of recent floods are apparent.                             for the far-famed white fish, to tempt the sportsman and
Michigan, in its northern peninsula, possesses probably  epicure to while away a summer vacation in this vicinity.
the richest copper-mines in the world, occupying a belt of  About 60 miles W. of the entrance of the Strait St. Mary,
120 miles in length by 2 to 6 miles in width. A block of  are the celebrated " Pictured Rocks," composed of sandstone
almost pure copper, weighing some tons, and taken from   of various colors, and worn by the action of the wind and
near the mouth of the Ontonagon river, lies embedded in  waves into resemblances of ruined temples, castles, &c. One
the walls of the National Monument at Washington. A  peculiarly striking object, called the Doric Rock, is a colonnade
mass weighing 150 tons was uncovered in the North Ameri- of four round pillars, of from about 3 to 7 feet in diameter,
can Mine in 1854. Thesame mineral abounds also in Isle  and 40 feet in height, supporting an entablature, 8 feet
Royale. One house shipped from this district, in 5i months  thick and 30 feet across. These rocks extend for about 12
of 1854, 2,007,636 lbs.; and in the 9 years ending with 1853,  miles, and rise about 300 feet above the water. Sometimes
inclusive, 4824 tons were shipped. Silver has been found  cascades shoot over the precipice, so that vessels can sail bein connexion with the copper, yielding, in one instance, 25  tween them  and the natural wall of rock. On laying out
per cent., and in another 50 per cent. of the precious metal. the track for a railway across the state from  Detroit, the
Iron of a very superior quality exists in a belt of slates, engineers encountered a singular lake, covered with an acfrom 6 to 25 miles wide, extending westward for 150 miles  cumulation of vegetable matter-the growth of ages-but
into Wisconsin, and approaching the lake at the nearest concealing beneath a deep and dangerous, though not expoint within 12 miles. Though the mineral resources of the  tensive lake, which compelled them to make a detour from
state are very imperfectly developed, yet lead, gypsum, peat, the road.
limestone, marl, and coal are known to exist, the last in    Climate.-Notwithstanding the severity of the climate in
abundance at Corunna. within 100 miles of Detroit. Great  Michigan, it is moderated by its proximity to the lakes;
activity prevails in the mining, region in the northern penin- yet the temperature of the northern peninsula is quite
sula, which will no doubt be greatly increased on the com- rigorous. A registry kept at Fort Brady in January, 1825,
pletion of the Sault St. Mary Canal.                        showed a range of 610 between 360 above and 250 below
Lakes, Rivers, and Islands.-Michigan is fairly entitled to  zero, with prevailing winds S.E.; while in July, of the same
the soubriquet of "The Lake State," surrounded as it is by  year, the range was from  510 to 890, and winds mostly W.
the largest fresh-water lakes on the globe. The sea-like  Average for the year 430.52; maximum, 890; minimum, 250;
Superior laves the shores of the northern peninsula for more  range, 1140; prevailing winds, W.; fair days, 162; cloudy,
than 350 miles, with its stormy waves, while Lake Michigan  43; rainy, 95; and snowy, 65. The temperature of Southern
washes the western shore of the southern peninsula for  Michigan is milder than the same parallel in the Eastern
nearly the same distance; Lake Huron, the N.E., for 300; States. Observations kept at Detroit, in January, 1828,
and Lakres Erie and St. Clair, the S.E., for about 40 and 30  showed a range of from 30 below to 600 above zero; averagmiles respectively, giving to Michigan a lake coast of con- ing 330 for the month, prevailing winds, S.W. The northern
siderably more than 1000 miles. The small Lake St. Clair  peninsula is favorable to winter grains, but not to Indian
communicates with Lalkes Huron and Erie, with which it  corn; while the southern produces maize as well as the
aommunicates by the straits (commonly called rivers) St. winter grains abundantly.  The prevailing diseases are
Clair and Detroit, the former about 28, the latter 25 miles in  bilious fevers, ague, and dysentery; consumption is rare.
length. There are a number of small lakes in Michigan of    Soil and Productions.-Great fertility is the characteristic
no importance to navigation, which yet add to the general  of most of the soil in the middle and S. of the lower peninpicturesqueness of the state. The Straits of Mackinaw (for- sula; mostly free from  stone, and of a deep, dark sandy
merly written Michilimackinac) separate the southern from  loam, often mingled with gravel and clay. The northern
the northern peninsula, and connect the waters of Lakes  peninsula has a large portion of rugged and poor soil, but
Michigan and Huron by a navigable channel. Finally, the  its agricultural capabilities are not yet well developed.
Straits of St. Mary unite the waters of Lake Huron with  Portions of it are well timbered with white pine, spruce,
Lake Superior, but here unfortunately occurs a bar to the  hemlock, birch, oak, aspen, maple, ash, and elm. As the
navigation, in a rapid called the Sault St. Mary, which has  wants of the advancing settlements increase the demand,
a descent of about 22 feet in half a mile. A ship canal is this region can furnish large supplies of lumber from its
now being excavated, which it is expected will soon enable  forests of pine, spruce, &c., manufactured at the fine millvessels to surmount this impediment. The rivers of Michi- sites afforded by the rapid streams on the Superior slope of
gan are not large; the most important in the southern pen- the Porcupine Mountains. Much of Southern Michigan is
insula, on the W., (commencing at the S.,) are the St. occupied by those beautiful and fertile natural lawns, called
Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, Maskegon, and Manistee, all  oak openings, covered with scattered trees, and free from
emptying into Lake Michigan; and on the E. are the Au  underwood. Another portion is prairie, and yet another
Sable and Saginaw, flowing into Lake Huron, and the Hu- timbered land, covered with black and white walnut, sugar
ron and Raisin discharging  their waters into Lake Erie. maple, different species of oaks, hickory, ash, basswood, soft
The Saginaw is formed by a number of branches, proceeding  maple, elm, linden, locust, dogwood, poplar, beech, aspen,
from almost every point of the compass. The rivers of the  sycamore, cottonwood, cherry, pine, hemlock, spruce, tamenorthern peninsula are also small, and, as has been before  rack, cypress, cedar, chestnut, papaw, &c. The prairies are
stated, those descending into Lake Superior have short and  small, and divided into wet and dry, the latter of course
rapid courses, obstructed by frequent falls and rapids, which  being somewhat elevated. The N.W. of the lower peninsula
oppose navigation, but furnish valuable mill-sites. The  is but little known, but recent letters from  that region
principal rivers in this section are, the Menomonee, Mon- represent it as well timbered, well watered, and fertile; it,
treal, and Ontonagon. The Menomonee, forming part of  however, has an uninviting aspect from the lakes. On the
the boundary between Wisconsin and Michigan, through  shores of Lake Huron, near Saginaw Bay, is a marshy disthe greater part of its course, empties itself into Green Bay. trict. Michigan is eminently an agricultural state; the
The Montreal also forms a portion of the same boundary, staple products being wheat, Indian corn, oats, Irish potabut discharges its waters into Lake Superior, as does the  toes, (for which it is especially favorable,) butter, hay, maOntonagon, about 50 miles farther E. Keweenaw Bay, on  pie sugar, wool, and live stock, with large quantities of
the northern peninsula, opens into Lake Superior; and Green  buckwheat, rye, peas, beans, barley, fruits, cheese, beeswax,
Bay, in the S.W. of the same peninsula, opens into Lake  and honey; and some tobacco, sweet potatoes, wine, grassMichigan. This bay is partly in Wisconsin. Great and  seeds, hops, flax, silk, and molasses. In 1850 there were
Little Traverse Bays project from Lake Michigan into the  34,089 farms in Michigan, containing 1,929,110 acres of imN.W. of the southern peninsula, and Thunder and Saginaw   proved land, (being about 60 acres to each farm,) producing
Bays, from Lake Huron, extend into the N.E. of the same  5,641,420 bushels of Indian  corn, 4,925,888 of wheat,
peninsula. The St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, and Mas- 2,866,056 of oats, 2,359,897 of Irish potatoes, 472,917 of
kegon have courses of from  200 to 300 miles, and are navi- buckwheat, 2,043,283 pounds of wool, 7,065,878 of butter,
gable from 40 to 50 miles for vessels of light draught. There  1,011,492 of cheese, 2,439,794 of maple sugar, 404,934 tons of
are several small islands belonging to Michigan. The most hay, and live stock to the value of $8,008,734; market proimportant of these are Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, value-  ducts, $14,738; orchard, $132,650, and slaughtered animale,
ble for its copper-mines; and Mackinaw, Beaver, Bols Blanc, $1,328,327.
and Drummond Islands, in and near the Straits of Mack-    Manufactures.-In common with the other more recently
inraw.                                                        settled states, Michigan has not yet had leisure to give
1189




F
MIIC                                                          MlC
much attention to the development of her manufacturing  amounted to $16,736, leaving nearly $6000 to be paid by the,
resources. In 1850 there were in the state 1979 manufac-  state. There were in 1850, 280 public libraries, with 65,11(!
turing establishments, each producing $500 and upwards  volumes, 134 school and Sunday-school, with 34,927 volumes,
annually, of which 15 were engaged in woollen manufac- and 3 college libraries, with 7900 volumes.
tures, employing $94,000 capital, and 78 male and 51 female    Population.-Though originally settled by the French,
hands, consuming raw material worth $43,402, and produc- the great bulk of the population is from the New England
ing 141,570 yards of stuffs worth $90,242; 64 forges, fur- and Middle States. A large portion of the latter is of New
naces, &c., employing $210,450 capital, and 362 male hands, England descent. The number of inhabitants in Michigan
consuming raw material worth $105,865, and producing  in 1810, was 4762; 8896 in 1820; 31,639 in 1830; 212,267 in
5430 tons of castings, pig iron, &c., valued at $300,697;  1840, and 397,654 in 1850, of whom  208,465 were white
$139,425 capital, and 98 hands were employed in the mann- males, 186,606 white females; 1432 colored males, and 1151
facture of 10,320 barrels of ale, porter, &c., and 890,900 gal- colored females. There were also 72,611 families, occupying
lons of whiskey, wine, &c.; and 60 tanneries, employing  71,616 dwellings. Of the entire population, 138,427 were
$286,000 capital, consuming raw material worth $203,450, born in the state, 203,229 in other states of the Union, 10,620
and producing manufactured leather valued at $363,980; in England, 13,430 in Ireland, 2448 in Scotland and Wales,
domestic manufactures were fabricated worth $354,936.  14,008 in British America, 10,070 in Germany, 945 in Pranceo
The manufacture of lumber is an important item in the  3291 in other countries, and 1211 whose places of birth were
industrial employments of this state; three counties, it was  unknown, making about 12 per cent. of the population of
estimated, would send to market 150,000,000 feet in 1854. foreign birth.  Pop. to square mile, 7.07. In the twelve
In the same year there were 72 mills on the Saginaw and  months preceding June 1, 1850, 1190 paupers received aid,
its. tributaries.                                           of whom 541 were foreigners, and in the same period there
Intersal Improevcnents.-This youthful state has made  were 4515 deaths, or about 12 in every one thousand per.
rapid advances in internal communication, although she  sons. Of 125 deaf and dumb, 1 was a colored person; of
has been provided by nature with an excellent and cheap  125 blind, none were colored; of 133 insane, 1 was colored,
highway to nearly all her borders, in the inland seas which  and of 189 idiotic, 3 were colored. Of the entire population,
surround her. In January, 1855, she had 601 miles of rail-  40 were engaged in mining (in 1854 many hundreds); 56.521
road completed, and 333 in course of construction. The for- in agriculture; 728 in commerce; 6890 in manulictures 
mer connect Detroit and Monroe with Chicago, Illinois, and  24 in navigating the ocean; 166 in internal navigation, and
various interior towns in Michi,,an.  Detroit is also con- 904 in the learned professions. Pop. in 1854 509,374.
nected with Pontiac, and Adrian with Toledo, Ohio. A por-    Counties.-Michigan is divided into 43 organized counties,
tion of the Southern Railroad leaves Michigan, and passes  viz., Allegan, Barry, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Chipinto Indiana, about 60 miles E. of Lake Michigan. By means  pewa, Clinton, Eaton, Gennessee, Hillsdale, Houghton, iuof the railroads of Canada West, Detroit is united to Buffalo,  ron, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent, Lapeer,
New York, and the other Atlantic cities. Railroads are  Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Marquette, Mackinaw, Maprojected to connect Port Huron with Grand Haven, and  son, Midland, Montcalm, Monroe, Newago, Oakland, Oceana,
Detroit with Mackinaw, and intermediate points. A ship  Ontonagon, Ottawa, Saginaw, Sanilac, St. Clair, St. Joseph,
canal was opened in 1855 round the rapids on St. Mary's  Schoolcraft, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Van Buren, Washtenaw,
River, connecting Lakes Superior and Huron. The com- Wayne, besides 21 unorganized counties. In all 64 counties.
pletion of this work must add greatly to the commer-  Capital, Lansing.
cial importance of Michigan, and enhance the value of    Cities aud Towns. —The towns of this state exhibit the
the copper, iron, and lead mines on the shores of Lake  same rapid growth which is so wonderful a characteristic of
Superior.                                                  the Western States generally. Detroit, the largest town in
Commerce. —Michigan, surrounded as it is by inland seas, the state, had, in 1850, a population of 21,019, which had
is most favorably situated for internal trade, and trade with  increased to 40,127, in 1854. The other principal towns are
British America. Her foreign commerce is, however, small,  Ann Arbor, 4868; Monroe City, 2813; and Ypsilanti, 3051;
and only amounted, in 1852-3, in imports to $211,230, and  and several flourishing villages of from 1000 to 2000.
exports to $353,685; tonnage entered for the same year,    Covernment, Finances, &c.-The governor and lieutenant86,555; cleared, 79,933; tonnage owned, 45,912; of which  governor of Michigan are each elected by the people for two
19,417 was steam tonnage; number of vessels built, 14, with  years; the former receiving a salary of $1000 per annum,
a tonnage of 4304. In the spring of 1853 there were owned  and the latter, who is ex-officio President of the Senate, $6
at Detroit and Mackinaw 56 steamers, with a tonnage of  per diem, during the sessions of the legislature.  The
17,925. The lake trade of 1851 has been stated in Andrew's  Senate consists of 32, and the House of Representatives of
Report at $32,595,329 for the entire state. Wheat and other  66 members, both elected by the people for two years. The
grain, flour, pork, live stock, wool, lumber, and copper, are  legislature meets biennially, on the first Wednesday in
among the leading articles of export.                       January. The state sends 4 members to the national House
Education.-In 1850 there were in Michigan, according to  of Representatives. and casts 6 electoral votes for President
the census, 3 colleges, with 308 student~ and $14,000 in- of the United States. The judiciary consists of a supreme
come; 2714 public schools, with 110,455 pupils, and $167,806  court, composed of 8 circuits, presided over by one chief,
income, of which $54,279 was from public funds, and $88,879  and seven associate judges.  The assessed value of property
from taxation; and 37 academies and other schools, with  in Michigan, in 1850, was $30,877,223; public debt, in 1854,
1619 pupils and $24,947 income, of which 87960 was from   $2,359,551, and trust fund, $466,956; school fund, $500,000;
endowments. Attending school, as returned by families, other productive property, $628,000; expenses exclusive of
105,961, or more than one-fourth of the entire population. debt and schools, about $125,000 a year; total expenses for
Of the adult population, 8218, of whom 3009 were of foreign  1853, $396,449; and receipts, $773,675. In January, 1854,
birth, could not read and write. The University of Michi- the banking capital of the state was $1,084,718; circulagan is in a very prosperous condition, and receives an in- tion, $1,270,989; and $357,672 in coin.
come of $25,000 fromn the University Fund. It has an agri-   ttistory. —Michigan was colonized by the French, near
cultural chair, and confers a degree for either a full or par- Detroit, in the latter half of the seventeenth century, and
tial course. According to the National Almanac for 1854.  also at Mackinaw; but, like other French  colonies in
the School Fund of Michigan amounted to $500,000; and  America, did not progress rapidly. At the peace of 1763,
the number of colleges 2, with 94 students. A State Nor- it came, with the other French possessions in North Amnerimal School went into operation at Ypsilanti in 1853.        ca, under the dominion of Great Britain, and so remained
Religious Denominations.-Of the 399 churches in Michi- till the breaking out of the American Revolution, when it
gan, 66 belonged to the Baptists, 29 to the Congregational-  of course came into the hands of the United States. On the
ists, 10 to the Dutch Reformed, 25 to the Episcopalians, 7 to  expulsion of the French, the celebrated Indian chief, Penthe Friends, 12 to Lutherans, 119 to Methodists, 72 to Pres- tiac, seized the occasion to rid the country of the hated
byterians, 44 to Roman Catholics, and 7 to the Universal- whites, by a general uprising, and simultaneous attacks on
ists. The remainder belong to the Free Church, Christian,  all the forts of the English on the lakes. Mackinaw was
_Union, Moravian, and Mariners' Church; giving one church  taken by stratagem, and the garrison mercilessly butchered.
to about every 1000 persons. Value of church property, Detroit was besieged for some months by Pontiac, with C00
$723,600.                                                   Indians; but it held out till the Indian allies, becoming.Periodicals.-There were published in Michigan, in 1850, weary of the siege, retired, and left Pontiac no choice but
5 daily, two tri and semi-weekly, 47 weekly, 3 semi-monthly, to make peace. The British did not surrender Detroit to
and 3 monthly newspapers and periodicals, with an aggre- the United States till 1796. In 1805, Michigan, which up
gate annual circulation of 3,247,736 copies.               to that period had been a part of the North-West Territory,
Ptublic Institutions.-Provision has recently been made for  was formed into a separate government. In 1812, it became
the establishment of asylums for the deaf, dumb, blind, and  the scene of some stirring events in the war with Great
insane, which are now in course of construction. The In- Britain. Lying contiguous to Canada, it was invaded in the
sane Asylum, at Flint, and the others at Kalamazoo. An  very commencement of that struggle, and its capital (Deylditional appropriation of $20,000 was made in favor of  troit) surrendered, August 15, 1812, by General Hull, under
these'institutions in 1853. They are under the control of  circumstances which led to his displacement from his conma board of 5 trustees, appointed by the legislature. The  mand. Previous to this, Fort Mackinaw had beeh taken by
State Prison is at Jackson, and had 131 inmates in Novem- the enemy. At Frenchltown, in this state, occurred (Januber, 1850, of whom 115 were white, and 16 colored. The  ary 22, 1813) a cruel massacre by the savages, of a party of
income during the year was $10,700, and the expenditure  Americans, prisoners of war. General Harrison soon after
1190




MIC                                                     IMID
drove the enemy out of the territory of Michigan, and re- state having no seaport. Capital, Yalladolid(?) The principal
moved the seat of war into Canada. Michigan became an  towns, are Pascuaro, and Zamora. Pop. 491,679.
independent member of the American Confederacy in 1837,   MI[CKItFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
and has since been rapidly progressing in population,   MICKLEHAM, mikll1-am, a parish of England, co. of
wealth, and internal improvements.                         Surrey.
MICHIGAN, (signifying in the Indian language "Great   MICKLEOVER, miktl-o'ver, a parish of England, co. of
Water,") LAKE, one of the five great lakes of North Ame- DWrby.
rice, connected with the St. Lawrence River, situated be-   MICKLETON, mik/e.l-ton, a parish of England, co. of
tween 410 30' and 460 N. lat., and between 850 50' and 880 WV. Gloucester.
Ion. It is the largest lake that is wholly included within the    MICKLETON, a township of England, co. of York, North
United States. The principal portion lies between the state  Riding.
of Michigan on the E. and Illinois and Wisconsin on the    MICONI, an island of Greece. See Mvcomus.
W.; but the N.E. extremity, to the extent of about 100    MICUIPAMPA, me-kwe-plm$pa, a town of Peru, departmiles, is comprised within the state of Michigan. Its length, ment of Trujillo, province and 25 miles N.N.EI. of Caxafollowing the curve, is near 350 miles; its greatest breadth  marca, with silver-mines, at a great elevation, on the Andes.
about 90 miles. The surface of the lake is about 600 feet   MIDIBRIDGE, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.
above the level of the sea; the depth is stated to be 900    MIDDELBURG, midldel-brrg, (Dutch pron. mid/del-buic',
feet; some have estimated its mean depth as high as 1000  L. MAedioburlgum, fe/diue Casttruo,) often writtenin Englishi
feet; area estimated at 20,000 square miles. The shore of  MIDDLEBURG, a town of Holland, capital of the province of
the lake is generally low, being formed of limestone, rock, Zealand, near the middle of the island of Walcheren, 47 miles
clay, or sand. It never has high cliffs, like those on the  S.W. of Rotterdam, and 5 miles N. by E. of Flushing. It is
upper part of the Mississippi River. The lake appears to  surrounded by a broad canal, bordered by a prettily planted
be moving westward, as the water is constantly, though  counterscarp, and environed by a large number of fine garslowly, receding from the Michigan shore, and encroaching  dens, rich meadows, and bleaching-greens. It has numerous
upon that of Wincousin. On the E. shore, the sand thrown  squares, of which the great market (Grootemarkt) is one
up by the waves during a heavy sea soon becomes dry, and  of the finest in the kingdom. On its N. side stands the
is carxied inland by.the action of the winds. This loose  splendid Town-hall, composed of two portions; an older, in
sand forms hills ranging in height from 10 to 15'0 feet, the  Gothic style, the fronts of which, overladen with ornaments,
forms of which are constantly changing. (See LAPHAW'S   were completed in 1518; and a new side wing, in the Ionic
Gazetteer of Wisconsin, p. 132-3.). Lake Michigan is des- style, finished in 1784. On the N. front of the old building
titute of islands, except a few near its N.E. extremity. It  are 25 colossal statues, of the counts and countesses of Zeeis usually clear of ice about the middle or latter part of  land, the series closing with the Emperor Charles V. Among
March; but as the Straits-of Mackinaw remain frozen con- the other important edifices and institutions may be specifisiderably later, steamers from the E. seldom reach Milwau- ed the Abbey, an extensive structure, with a fine tower; the
kee before the middle of April, and they are sometimes pre- Court-houses, Prison, Exchange, Gymnasium, Academy of
vented by the ice from arriving before the middle of May. Design and other schools, Museum, Barracks, three ReformLake Michigan has but few bays on its shores, and fewer ed and two Roman Catholic churches, a Walloon, an English,
good harbors. Among the latter may be mentioned Little  a Baptist, and a Dissenting church, a synagogue, an infirmTraverse Bay, in the N. part of the Lower Peninsula, and  ary, an orphan hospital, and various benevolent, literary,
Grand Haven, at the mouth of Grand River, in Ottawa  and scientific institutions. The shipping trade is very limitcounty, Michigan. Green Bay, lying principally within the  ed. Cotton-weaving, brewing, chocolate-making, tanning,
limits of Wisconsin, is the only considerable bay on Lake  lace-making, worsted-spinning, and salt-refining, are the
Michian. See GREEN BAY.                                   chief manufactures; in addition to which a few vessels are
MICHIGAN, a township in Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 844. built. The town, which is very ancient, was taken by the
MICHIGAN, a township in La Porte co., Indiana. Pop. 163. Dutch from the Spaniards, in 1574. Zacharias Jansen, a
MICHIGAN CENTRE, a post-village of Jackson co., Michi- spectacle-maker, of this town, is said to have been the first to
gan, on the Michigan Central Railroad, 70 miles  W'. of  discover the telescope, in 1590. The ill-fated British Walcheren
Detroit.                                                   Expedition, in 1809, here lost 7000 men, from the effects of
MICHIGAN CITY, a post-village of La Porte co., Indiana, the unhealthy climate. In 1810, when Holland had been
on Lake Michigan, about 40 miles by water E.S.E. of Chi- united to France, Middelburg was made the capital of the
cago. The Michigan Central Railroad passes through it, department of Bouches-de-lEscaut.  Pop. in 1850, 15,034.
and several plank-roads terminate here. It contains a branch    MIDDELFART, mid'dl-faat', or MIDDELFURT, mid/delof the State Bank, a newspaper office, and numerous stores. f65Rt', a seaport town of Denmark, on the N.W. coast of the
Pop. in 1850, i002; in 1853, 2353.                         island of Funen, 26 miles W.N.W. of Odense. Pop. 1600.
MICHIGANTOWN, a thriving post-village of Clinton co.,   MIDDELHARNIS, mididel-hae'nis, a village of the NetherIndiana, on the Michigan (Plank) Road, 40 miles N. of In- lands, South Holland, in the island of Overfiaklkee. P. 2905.
dianapolis. Pop. about 300.                                  MIDDELSTUM, mididol:stem m, a village of the NetherMICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF. See ANN ARnoa.                  lands, province of Groningen, 9 miles W.N.W. of AppingaMICHILIMACKINAC, mish'il-e-maklin-aw, or MACKI- dam. Pop. 1620.
NAC, makre-naw, a county of Michigan, in the E. part   MIDIDLE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
of the upper peninsula, borders on Lake Michigan and the    MIDDLE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
Straits of Mackinac, which separate it from the lower penin-    MIDDLE, a township, Cape May co., New Jersey. P. 1854.
sula. The surface is uneven, and is timbered with pine and    MID/DLEBIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.
other trees. Lumber is the chief article of export. Capital,   MID/DLEBOROUGI, a thriving post-village and township
Mackinac. Pop., including 21 unorganized counties; 3598.   of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the left bank of Taunton
MICIIILIMACKINAC, DISTRICT OF. The shipping of  River, on the Fall River Railroad, at its junction with Cape
this collection district, June 30,1854, amounted to an aggre- Cod Branch Railroad, and about 40 miles S. by E. of Boston.
gate of 4393 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 2294tons  It has manufactures of prints, sheetings, carriages, castings,
were employed in steam navigation.  During the year, 6  boots and shoes, &c., and contains one of the State Almsvessels, with an aggregate burthen of 747 tons, were ad- houses, instituted in 1853. Pop. 5336.
measured..MIDIDLEBOURNE, a thriving post-village, capital of
MICI'IPICOtTON, a bay of Lake Superior, North Ame- Tyler co., Virginia, on Middle Island Creek, 45 miles S. by
rice, on its N. side in Canada WVest, lat. 470 55' N., Ion. 850  W. of Wheeling.  It has a turnpike leading to the Ohio
30' W. In it is an island of the same name, and on its shore  River, and contains a flouring-mill.
Fort Michipicoton, at the mouth of a considerable river.     MIDDLEBOURNE, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio,
MICHLE, miKl/i, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from  on the National Road, 91 miles E. by N. of Columbus. It
Prague, and the property of its university. Pop. 1000.     has 2 or 3 churches, and several hundred inhabitants.
MICHOACAN, me-sho-A-k&nf, or MECIOACAN, mA-cho-   MIDDLE BRANCIH, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio.
a-kUnf, sometimes called VALLADOLID, vdl-yA-do-leedl, a    MIDIDLEBROOK, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont.
nmaitime state of the Mexican  Confederation, between    MIIDDLEBROOK, New Jersey. See BouNo BaROO.
lat. 180 and 210 N., and Ion. 1000 and 1040 W., having    MIDDLEBROOK, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia,
S.W. the Pacific. The Bolsas, with its affluents, and the 10 miles S.W. of Staunton. It contains a church, and about
Lerma and its tributaries, form its principal rivers. Area  60 dwellings.
22,993 square miles. Surface greatly diversified. A branch    MIDDLEBR0OOK MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co.,
of the Anahuac Mountains ramifies over its N. and central Maryland.
parts, and in it is the famous volcano of Jorullo. The lakes    MIDIDLEBURG, a post-village and township of Schohbrie
are numerous, and that of Chapala forms part of its N.W. co., New York, on Schoharie Creek, 35 miles W. of Albany
frontier. The soil is generally fertile. The products comprise  The village has several churches, and about half a dozen
maize, wheat, pulse, potatoes, manioc, cotton, sugar, indigo, stores. Pop. 2967.
hemp, flax, aloes, and tapinzezan, which last is peculiar to    MIDDLEBURG, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania,
this region. The mountain sides are clothed with forests on the south line of the state, on the Franklin Railroad, 63
of fine woods, and gold, silver, and lead are procured in  miles S.W. of Harrisburg. It contains about 250 inhabitants.
considerable quantities, mining industry being here of the    MIDDLEBURG, a small village of Tioga co., Pennsylfirst importance. Its manufactures are insignificant. The  vania.
produce is mostly sent by land to Mexico and elsewhere, this    MIDDLEBURG3 called also SWINEFORDSTIWN, a post
1191




MID                                                      MID
village of Union co., Pennsylvania, on Middle Creek, 60 miles   MIDDLEFIELD, a post-township of Geauga co., Ohio.
N. of llarrisburg.                                        Pop. 918.
MIDDLEBURG, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, 65    MIDDLEFIELD CENTRE, a post-village of Oteego co.,
miles N.W. of Annapolis.                                  New York, 6 miles N.E. of Cooperstown.
MIDDLEBURG, a handsome post-bdrough of Loudon co.,   MIDDLEFORD. a post-village in Sussex co., Delaware.
Virginia, on a small affluent of the Potomac, 143 miles N.   MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia.
of Richmond. It has an active trade, and is one of the    MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee.
principal towns of the county. It has 3 churches, a fiou-   MIDDDE FORK, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio.
rishing academy, 7 stores, and 1 tobacco factory. Pop.   MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana.
about 800.                                                  MIDDLE FORK, a post-office of Macon co., Missouri.
MIDDLEBURG, a post-office of Duval co., Florida.          MIDIDLE GRANIVILLE, a post-village of Washington
MIIDDLEBURG, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennessee, co., New York, on the Rutland and Washington'Railroad,
180 miles S.W. of Nashville.                              65 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It has a cotton factory.
MIDDLEBURG, a postvillage of Casey co., Kentucky.         MIDDLE GROVE, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York
MIIDDLEBURG, a small post-village of Lewis co., Ken-   MIDDLE GROVE, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.
tucky.                                                      MIDDLE GROVE, a post-village of Monroe co., Missouri,
MIDDLEBURG; a post-township in the W. part of Cuya- 17 miles W.S.W. of Paris.
hoga co., Ohio, on the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati   MIDIDLE HADIDAM, a post-village in Middlesex co., ConRailroad. Pop. 1490.                                      necticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 20 miles S.S.E.
MIDDLEBUJRG, a village of Logan co., Ohio, 40 miles of Hartford. Gold has been found in the vicinity.
N.W. of Columbus.                                           MIDDLEHIAM, midldel-am, a market-town and parish of
MIDDLEBURG, a small village of Noble co., Ohio.         England, co. of York, North Riding, picturesquely situated
MIDDLEBURG, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Michigan.  on the Ure, 9 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. Pop. 930. It has
MIDDLEBURG, a post-office of Boone co., Missouri.      renmains of a castle built A. o. 1190, where, in the 15th cenMIDDLEBURG, a small village of Carroll co., Missouri.   tury, the Earl of Warwick detained Edward IV. prisoner.MIDDLEBURG, a town of Holland. See MIDDELUrOG.    MIDDLEHAM MooR, half a mile S.W., is a noted trainingMIDDLEBURG ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific ground for racers.
Ocean. See EoA.                                           MlIDIDLEHAM, BISII/OPS, a parish of England, co. of
MIDDLEBURY, midldel-blr-re, a beautiful post-village, Durham.
township, and seat of justice of Addison co., Vermont, is   MIDDLE HOPE, a post-office of Orange co. New York.
situated on both sides of Otter Creek, at the falls, and on    MIDDLE ISLAND, a small post-village of Suffolk co.,
the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 35 miles S.S.E. of New York.
llurlington. It contains, besides the county buildings, 5 or   MIDDLE ISLAND CREEK, in the N.W. part of Virginia,
6 churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper offices. A white and  rises near the boundary between Lewis and Harrison counvariegated marble of the finest quality, obtained from a  ties, pursues an extremely winding course through Doddquarry near the village, is wrought and exported in large  ridge and Tyler counties, and empties itself into the Ohio,
quantities. Middlebury is one of the most important mann- about 20 miles above Marietta. Its whole length is estifactoring towns in the state, and is the seat of Middlebury  mated at more than 120 miles. It furnishes ample waterCollege, founded in 1800. The principal edifice is of stone, power.
106 feet by 40, and four stories high. Pop. of the township,   MIDIDLE LANC'ASTER, a post-office of Butler co., Penn3517.                                                    sylvania.
MIDDLEBURY, a post-township of New Haven co.. Con-   MIDDLE MILLS, a post-office of Chippewa co., Wisconsin.
necticut, about 20 miles N.W. of New Haven. Pop. 763.       MIDDLE MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Botetourt co., VirMIDDLEBURY, a post-village and township of Wyoming  ginia.
co., New York, on the Buffalo and New York City Railroad,   MIDDLE PAXTON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsyl43 miles E. of Buffalo. It has an academy. Pop. 1799.     vania. Pop. 1204.
MIDDLEBURY, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania.   MIDtDLEPORT, a thriving post-village in Royalton townPop. 1096.                                                ship, Niagara co., New York, on the Erie Canal and RochesMIDDLEBURY, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1092. ter and Niagara Railroad, about 33 miles N.E. of Buffalo.
MIDDLEBURY, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio, 45 miles It contains 4 churches, 6 stores, 2 hotels, 2 flouring-mills,
N.W. of Columbus.' Pop. in 1853 about 300.                1 steam saw and 3 water mills, and 1 furnace. Pop. about 1000.
MIDDLEBURY, a thriving post-village of Tallmadge    MIDDLEPORT, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsyltownship, Summit co., Ohio. 112 miles N.E. of Columbus, vania.
and 2 miles E. of Akron. It is beautifully situated on both    MIDDLEPORT, a post-office of Braxton co., Virginia.
sides of Little Cuyahoga River, which furnishes extensive    MIDDLEPORT, a thriving village of Meigs co., Ohio, on
water-power.  The village contains 2 woollen factories, 1  the Ohio River, about 2 miles below Pomeroy. It has valuamanufactory of fire-engines and letter-presses, and manufac- ble coal-mines.
tories of stone-ware pumps and water-pipes. Pop. about 1200.   MIDDLEPORT, a thriving post-village, capital of Iroquois
MIDDLEBURY, a township of Shiawassee co., Michigan. county, Illinois, on the Iroquois River, at the junction of
Pop. 132.                                                 Sugar Creek, 150 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. It contains
MIDDLEBURY, a station on the Michigan Southern and  a court-house and numerous stores. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
Northern Indiana Railroad, about 140 miles N. of Indiana-   MIDIDLE QUAR/TER, a township of England, co. of Cumpolls.                                                   berland.
MIDDLEBURY, a village of Clay co., Indiana, 70 miles   MIDDLE RIDGE, a post-office of Newton co., Georgia.
S.W. of Indianapolis.                                      MID!DLE RIVIER, of Virginia, a branch of the ShenanMIDDLEBURY, a post-village and township of Elkhart doah. rises in Augusta co., flows eastward, and unites with
co., Indiana. It contains 2 churches, an academy, and a  the North River near Port Republic, in Rockingham co.
flouring-mill. Pop. of township, 1135.                     MIDDLE RIVER, a small stream of Iowa, rises in the W.
MIDDLEBURYf a post-office of Mercer co., Missouri.     central part of the state, and flowing eastward, enters Des
MIDDLEBURY CENTRE, a post-office of Tioga co., Penn- Moines River, in Polk co.
sylvania.                                                  MIDDLE RIVER, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia.
MIDDLEBUSII, a post-village of Franklin township, So-   MIDDLE RIVER, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.
merset co., New Jersey, about 25 miles N.N.E. of Trenton.   MIDDLESBOROUGH, miclddelz-b'rith or middfelz-bitr-rhh,
MIDDLE CREEK, of Union co., Pennsylvania, flows into  a river-port and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding,
the Susquehanna.                                          on the Tees, near its mouth, and 31 miles E.N.E. of StockMIDDLE CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Yadkin  ton, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1851,
River, near the E. border of Davie county.                7431. It has been built within the last 20 years, by a jointMIIDDLE CREEK, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania. stock company as a port for loading colliers. It has a naPop. 614.                                                 tional school, reading-rooms and observatory, manufactures
MIDDLE CREEK, a small post-village of Union co., Penn- of rope and sail cloth, iron works, yards for ship-building, a
sylvania.                                                 commodious dock, and exports of coal, amounting, in 1839,
MIDDLE CREEK, apost-office of Wake co., North Carolina. to 510,000 tons. The port is subordinate to Stockton.
MIDDLE CREEK, a post-office of McMinn co., Tennessee.   MIDIDLESEX,the metropolitan county of England, having
MIDDLE CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.        N. the co. of Herts, E. Essex, S. the Thames, (which separates
MIDDLE CREEK, a small village of Washington co., Mis- it firom Kent and Surrey), and WV. Ducks. Area 281 square
souri.                                                   miles, this being next to Rutland the smallest English county.
MIDDLE CREEK MILLS, a post-office of Boone co., Ken- Pop. in 1851, 1,886,576.  Surface mostly flat in the S.W.,
lucky.                                                   elSewhere undulating. Principal rivers, besides the Thames,
MIDDLE FABIUS, a post-office of Scotland co., Missouri.  the Brent, and the Colne, and Lea, which form respectively
MIDDLEFIELD, a post-township of Hampshire co., Mas- its W. and E. boundaries. The Grand Junction Canal, and
sachusetts, on the Western Railroad, about 30 miles N.W. the New River Cut, also intersect the county. Grass farms
of Springfield. It has several mills for making broadcloths for the supply of London with milk and hay, greatly exceed
and satinets. Pop. 737.                                  in extent the arable land. Market gardens are very extenMIDDLEFIELD, a post-township of Otsego co., New York, sive, and a large portion of the county is occupied by villas
Dn Otsego Lake, about 60 miles IW. of Albany. Pop. 3131.  and pleasure grounds. It sends 14 members to the House
1192




MID                                                       MID
)f Commons, 2 being for the county, and 12 for the metro-   MIDDLETON, a village of Ireland, Ulster, county and 7
politan boroughs N. of the Thames.                       miles S.W. of Armagh. Pop. 708.
MID/DLESEX, a county in the N. central part of Massa-   MIDDLETON, a post-township of Strafford co., New
chusetts, has an area of about 830 square miles. It is Hampshire, bordering on Maine, about 34 miles N.E. of
partly bounded on the S.E. by the Charles River, and is Concord. Pop. 476.
watered by the Merrimack, Nashua, and Concord Rivers,   MIDDLETON, a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts
and other smaller streams, which furnish abundant water- intersected by the Essex Railroad, 19 miles N. of Boston
power. Lowell, the most celebrated, and one of the most It has manufactures of boots and shoes, paper, &c. P. 852.
important manufacturing cities in America, is situated in    MIDDLETON, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania,
this county. The surface is uneven, and in the N.W. part on the Ohio River, 12 miles below Pittsburg.
hilly; the soil is various. By means of canals around the    MIDDLETON or MIDIDLETOWN, a post-village of Hyde
falls, boats ascend the Merrimack River through this county  co., North Carolina, on Middle Creek, 1 mile from Pamlico
to Concord, in New Hampshire. It is intersected by the  Sound, is one of the principal shipping ports of the county.
Boston and Worcester, the Fitchburg, the Worcester and    MIDDLETON, a post-village of Carroll co., Mississippi,
Nashua Railroads, and those connecting Fitchburg with  about 95 miles N. of Jackson.
Lawrence, Boston and Nashua, and Boston and Manchester.   MIDDLETON, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennessee,
Named from  Middlesex, a county of England. Seats of  about 40 miles S.E. of Nashville.
justice, Concord, Cambridge, and Lowell. Middlesex is the    MIDDLETON, a village of Jackson co., Ohio, 84 miles
most populous county in IMassachusetts. Pop. 161,383.    S.S.E. of Columbus.
MIDDLESEX, a county in the S. part of Connecticut, has   MIDDLETON, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 331.
an area of about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the S.   MIDDLETON, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa, about
by Long Island Sound, partly on the E. by the Connecticut 8 miles W. by N. of Burlington.
River, and the Hammonasset River runs along its W. bor-   MIDDLETON, a post-township in the S. part of Dane co.,
der.  Several smaller streams furnish abundant water- Wisconsin. Pop. 320.
power. The surface is hilly. The soil is generally fertile,   MIDDLETON-CHEINEY, a parish of England, co. of
and along the Connecticut River of excellent quality. Large  Northampton.
quantities of sandstone are quarried and exported. The    MIDIDDLETON-wIrTH-FORDLEY, a parish of England, co.
railroad connecting New Haven and New London traverses of Suffolk.
this county, which is also partly intersected by a branch of    MIDDLETON IN TEESIDALE, a market-town and parish
the New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Seats of justice, of England, co. of Durham, 9 miles N.W. of Barnard-Castle,
Middletown and Haddam. Pop. 30,680.                      with a station on the railway between Stockton and DarlingMIDDLESEX, a county in the N.E. central part of New  ton. Pop. 3787.
Jersey, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded    MIDDLETON ISLANDS, small islands in the South Paon the S.W. by Millstone River, partly on the N. by Rahway  cific, one 350 miles E. of Australia, called Sir C. Middleton's
River, and on the E. by Staten Island Sound and Raritan  Island, S.W. of which is Middleton Shoal.
Bay. It is intersected by the Raritan, and also drained by    MIDDLETON-ON-THE-tIILL, a parish of England, co. of
South River, and Manalapan Creek. The surface is level or  Hereford.
undulating. The soil varies from deep sand to clay, and is   MIDDLESEX-ON-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co.
generally fertile. Sandstone is quarried in various parts of York, East Riding.
of the county. The Raritan River is navigable for small   MIDDLETON-SCRIV/EN, a parish of England, co. of
steamboats to New Brunswick, and the bay of the same  Salop.
name into which it flows affords an excellent harbor. The    MIDDLETON ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of
Camden and Amboy Railroad and the New Jersey Rail- Durham.
road traverse this county, and the Delaware and Raritan    MIDDLETON-STOINEY, a parish of England, co. of OxCanal touches its western border.  Organized in 1682. ford.
Capital, New Brunswick. Pop. 28,635, of whom 11 were    MIDDLETON  STONEY, a chapelry of England, co. of
slaves.                                                   Derby.
MIDDLESEX, a county in the E. part of Virginia, border-   MIDDLETON TY/AS, a parish of England, co. of York,
ing on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of Rappahannock  North Riding.
River. The latter forms the entire boundary on the N.E.,   M1DIDLETOWN, a post-village and township of Rutland
and Piankatank River on the S.W. The length is 39 miles; co., Vermont, about 66 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. It
mean breadth 4 or 5 miles; area about 150 square miles. contains 2 churches, 2 stores, and 6 factories and mills.
The soil is sandy, and a portion of the land is fertile. Formed Pop. 875.
in 1675. Capital, Urbana. Pop. 4394, of whom 2052 were   MIDDLETOWN, a village recently sprung up on the island
free, and 2342 slaves.                                    of Martha's Vineyard, Duke's co., Massachusetts, on the road
MIDDLESEX, a post-township of Washington co., Ver- leading from  Holmes' Hole to the village of Newton. It
mont, on Onion River, and on the Vermont Central Ratil- contains a Baptist church.
road, about 6 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1365.          MIDDLETOWN, a township of Newport co., on the island
MIDDLESEX, a post-township of Yates co., New York, of Rhode Island. Pop. 830.
on Canandaigua Lake, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Rochester.   MIDDLETOWN, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of
Pop. 1385.                                                Middlesex county, Connecticut, on the right bank of the
MIDDLESEX, a village and township of Butler co., Penn- Connecticut River, at the head of ship navigation, and on
sylvania, 20 miles N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 2262.           the route of the Air Line Railroad now in process of conMIDDLESEX, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. on  struction between New York and Boston, 34 miles from
the Shenango Creek, and on the Erie Extension Canal, 12 Long Island Sound, and 24 miles N.E. of New haven.  Let.
miles S.W. of Mercer.                                    410 33' 8" N., Ion. 720 39' W. A branch railroad communicates
MID/DLESEX, a county in the western part of Canada  with the New Haven Hartford and Springfield Railroad, 10
West, intersected by the Thames River, comprises an area  miles distant. It is pleasantly situated, partly on an accliof 1039 square miles. Pop. 39,899;                       vity commanding a fine prospect. Main street, on which
MIDDLESEX VILLAGE, a post-village of Middlesex co., are the principal stores, hotelS, and many of the churches,
Massachusetts, on Merrimack River, about 25 miles N.W. is broad, level, and with others parallel to it, is intersected
of Boston.                                               at right angles by those passing westward from the river.
MIDIDLE SMITHIFIELD, a township of Monroe co., Penn- The elevated portion of the city contains many elegant
sylvania. Pop. 1678.                                     mansions, surrounded with spacious and highly ornamented
MIDDLE STATES. See UNITED  STATES.                     grounds. The principal public buildings are the CustomMIIDIDLETON, a market-town and parish of England, co. house and Court-house, both constructed of the Chatham
of Lancaster, on the Manchester and Leeds Railway, and  free-stone. The latter is adorned with a fine Grecian portico.
the Rochdale Canal, 52 miles N.N.E. of Manchester. Pop. The Wesleyan University, a flourishing institution under
of the town in 1851, 5740.                                the direction of the Methodists, occupies a beautiful elevaMIDDLETON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.:         tion overlooking the city and the valley of the Connecticut.
MIDDLETON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with a Three newspapers are published here. The wharves are
station on the East Anglian Railway, 3 miles S.E. of Ring's commodious, and have 10 feet of water. Steamboats, plying
Lynn.                                                    between Hartford and New York, here have a landing. The
MIDDLETON, a parish of England, co. of York, North  shipping of the port, June 10, 1852, amounted to an aggreRiding.,                                                  gate of 14,432 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 14,006
MIDDLETON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         tons were employed in the coast trade, and the remainder
MIDDLETON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.        in the cod and mackerel fisheries. During the year, 14
MIDDLETON, two townships of England, co. of York, schooners and 2 steamers, with an'aggregate burthen of
West Riding.                                             2213 tons, were admeasured. In the vicinity of Middletown
MIDDLETON, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, county  are rich minerals, for an account of which see CONNECTICUT,
and 14 miles E. of Cork, on a navigable stream of the same  page 489. The city contains 3 banks, and a savings instiname, flowing into Cork Harbor. Pop. in 1852, 6010. It is tution. It has manufactures of Britannia and other hardneatly built, and its porL is reached by vessels of about 200  ware, castings, screws, leather, &c. It was settled in 1636,
tons. Middleton gives the title of Viscount to the Broderick  incorporated a town in 1654, and a city in 1784. Pop. of the
family.                                                   township, 8441; of the city, 4211.
1193




MID                                                       MIE'
MIDDLETOWN, a township in the E. part of Delaware    MIDjDLEWICIH, a market-town and parish of England,
to., New York. Pop. 3005.                                 county and 21 miles E. of Chester, on the Grand Trunk
MIDDLETOWN, a flourishing post-village of Orange co., Canal, and 2 miles E. of the Grand Junction Railway. Pop.
New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, at the junc- in 1851, 4498. The town has some manufactures of silk and
tion of the Newburg Branch Railroad, 77 miles from New  cotton, and a large trade in salt, obtained from the celebrated
York City: It has 5 or 6 churches. the Wallkill Academy, brine springs of the vicinity.
about 15 stores. and extensive iron-works.                   MIDDLE WOODIBERRY, a township Of Bedford co., PennMIDDLETOWN, a post-village and township of Monmouth  sylvania. Pop. 1709.
co., New Jersey, on the Atlantic Ocean, about 13 miles N.E.   MIDDLE YUIBA, a river of Yuba co., California, rises on
of Freehold. The village contains 3 or 4 churches, some 50  the slope of the Sierra Nevada, and fiowing in a general
houses, and a newspaper office. Pop. 3245.                 W.S.W. course, falls into the Yuba River, 75 miles above
~MIDDLETOWN, a village of Adams co., Pennsylvania, 7  Marysville. Gold is found on this stream, which also affords
miles N. of Gettysburg.  It has near 100 inhabitants.      v$luable water-power.
MIDDLETOWN, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania,   MIDIDLEZOY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
on the turnpike from Kittanning to Indiana, 45 miles N.E.   MIDGLEY, mijtlee, a township of England, co. of York,
of Pittsburg.                                              West Riding.
MIIDDLETOWN, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.   MID/HURST, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and
Pop. 2223.                                                 parich of England, co. of Sussex, 11 miles N.N.E. of ChiMIDDLETOWN, a post-borough of Upper Swatara town- chester, on the navigable Rothe., a tributary of the Arun.
ship, Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on the E. bank of the  Pop. in 1851, 7021. It is remarkably neat, and sends one
Susquehanna, at the mouth of Swatara Creek, aid on the  member to the House of Commons. In its vicinity are the
Lancaster and Harrisburg Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Harris-. ruins of Cowdry House, a noble mansion, destroyed by fire
qurg. It contains a bank and a newspaper office. The  in 1793.
Union Canal terminates here. Pop. in 1853, about 120f).      MIDIAH, mee/deel, a maritime town of Turkey in Europe,
MIDDLETOWN, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylva-  province of Room-Elee, on the Black Sea, at the mouth of
nia. Pop. 1972.                                            the Tolopaz; lat. 410 38' N., Ion. 280 8' E. It has a small
MIDDLETOWN, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 16  roadstead. where vessels may anchor in 10 or 12 fathoms.
miles N. by E. of Mercer.                                    MIDI, PIC DU. See PYRENEES.
MIDDLETOWN, a township of Susquehanna co., Penn-   MIDI, DENT-DU, Alps. See DENT-DU-MIDn.
sylvania. Pop. 1140.                                        MID/LAND, a new county in the E. central part of MichiMIDDLETOWN, a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- gan, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is partly
vania, 174miles W. of Harrisburg.                         bounded on the E. by Saginaw Bay, and is intersected by
MIDDLETOWN, a thriving post-village of New Castle co., Tittibawassee River, and also drained by the Salt, Chippewa,
Delaware, 25 miles S.S.W. of Wilmington. It has 2 fine  and Pine Rivers. The surface is undulating or level, and
churches, a flourishing academy, about 6 stores, and a car- well wooded. The soil is generally fertile. Pop. 65.
riage factory. Pop. about 500.                               MIDLAND, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia.
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland,   MID-LAVANTI, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
on a branch of Catoctin Creek, 9 miles W. by N. of Frederick.   MID/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
It contains 1 or 2 newspaper offices.                        MID-LOTIIIAN.  See EDINsnURGH, COUNTY OF.
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Frederick co., Virginia,   MID/MAR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
on the turnpike leading from Winchester to Staunton, 13    MID'NAPOOR/ or MIDNAPOUR, a town of British India,
miles S.S.W. of Winchester. It contains 2 churches,        capital of a district of its own name, is situated on the N.
MIDDLETOWN, a small village of Sullivan co., Tennessee. bank of the Cassai River. 72 miles W.S.W. of Calcutta. Chief
MIDDLETOWN, a small village of Warren co., Tennessee. buildings, the jail, hospital, barracks, and residence of the
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village in Jefferson co., Kentucky, district authorities.
40 miles W. by N. of Frankfort.                              MIDNAPOOR, a district of British India, presidency and
MIDDLETOWN, a thriving post-village of Lemon town- province of Bengal, having E. the Hoogly River. Estimated
ship, Butler co., Ohio, on the Miami River and Canal, 13 miles area 8260 square miles. Pop. 1.361,000.
N.E. of Iamilton. It contains several churches, and numer-    MIDOES or MIDOENS, me-do/las, a town of Portugal, proous stores. The railroad from Cincinnati to Dayton passes  vince of Beira-Baixa, 36 miles W.S.W. of Guarda. Pop. 1647.
along the other side of the river, which is here crossed by a    MIDOUZE, mee'dodz/. a navigable river of France, formed
bridge. Pop. in 1853, about 1400.                          by the union of the Midou and Douze, enters the Adour on
MIDDLETOWN, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, 10 miles  the right, below that town. Length 18 miles, or comprising
N.E. of Urbanna.                                          the Midou. 65 miles.
MIDDLETOWN, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio.   MIDROi, midl/ro-A', a town of Algeria, province of Titteri,
Pop. 1570.                                                 on the river Faled, 134 miles S.W. of Algiers.
MIDDLETOWN, a small village of Holmes co., Ohio, 98    MID/VIEW, a post-office of Henry co., Kentucky.
miles NE. of Columbus.                                      MID/VILLE, a post-village of Burke co., Georgia, on the
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Henry co., Indiana, Central Railroad, 94 miles N.W. of Savannah.
about 40 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.                         MID/WAY, a village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the
MIDDLETOWN, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, 55 Pennsylvania Railroad, 40 miles W. of Philadelphia; has
miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis; has about 150 inhabitants.  several machine shops.
MIDDLETOWN, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, 14 miles   MIDWAY, a post-office of Davidson co., North Carolina.
S.S.W. of Terre Haute.                                      MIDWAY, a post-village and station of Barnwell district,
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Logan co., Illinoie, on  South Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 72 miles
Salt Creek, 22 miles N. of Springfield.                   W.S.W. of Charleston.
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of McDonough co., Illinois,   MIDWAY, a pleasant village of Baldwin co., Georgia, on
10 miles 5.S.W. of Macomb. The name of the post-office is  the railroad from Milledgeville to Gordon, 19 miles'S. of the
Young.                                                    former. It is the seat of Oglethorpe University, (PresbyteMIDDLETOWN, a township in Lafayette co., Missouri. rian,) a flourishing institution, founded in 1838. Pop.
Pop. 1352.                                                 about 300.
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village in Montgomery co., Mis-   MIDWAY, a post-village of Barbour co., Alabama.
souri, 65 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.                      MIDWAY, a post-village of Madison co., Mississippi.
MIDDLETOWN, a post-village in Des Moines co., Iowa, 65    MIDWAY, a post-office of St. Landry parish, Louisiana.
miles S.S.E. of Iowa City.                                   MIDWAY, a post-office of Hot Springs co., Arkansas.
MIDDLETOWN, a township of Marquette co., Wisconsin.   MIDWAY, a post-village of Monroe co., Tennessee, 164
Pop. 359.                                                  miles E.S.E. of Nashville.
MIDDLETOWN, a small mining settlement of Shasta co.,   MI1DWAY, a handsome post-village of Woodford co., Ken.
California.                                                tucky, on the railroad from Lexington to Frankfort, 14 miles
MIDDLETOWN CENTRE, a post-office of Susquehanna  from each place. It has 3 churches, 3 hemp factories, and
co., Pennsylvania.                                         about 600 inhabitants.
MIDDLETOWN  POINT, a post-village in  Middletown    MIDWAY, a village of Clark co., Ohio, about 50 miles W.
township, Monmouth co., New Jersey, on a small creek of  of Columbus.
its own name, 36 miles E.N.E. of Trenton, has a bank, about   MIDWAY, a village of Madison co., Ohio, a few miles S.
a dozen stores, 2 or 3 churches, and near 600 inhabitants.   of London, the county seat.
MIDDLE VILLAGE, a post-village, Queen's co., New York.   MIDWAY, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana.
MIDDLEVILLE, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York,   MIDWAY, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.
on West Canada Creek, about 14 miles E.N.E. of Utica. It   MIDWAY, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, 30 miles
has manufactories of cotton, &c.                           N.W. of Jefferson City.
MIDDLEVILLE, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.    MIDWOLDE, midl/'ol-deh, a village of Holland, province
MIDDLEVILLE, a post-village of Barry co., Michigan, on  of Groningen, 5 miles N.W. of Winschoten. Pop. 1674.
Tlhornapple River, about 54 miles W. of Lansing.            MIECIIOW, me-A/Kov, a town of Poland, province and 44.MIDDLEWAY, a post-village of Jefferson co., Virginia, miles S.W. of Kielce. Pop. 1500.
near Opequan Creek, 7 miles S.W. of Charlestown, contains    MIECHOW, a small town of Poland, province and 23
2 churches. Pop. about 500                                miles N.N.W. of Lublin.
1194




MIE                                                         MIL.MIEDNIIKr, me-id'neelkee, a small town of Russia, go-  3MIGUELTURRA, me-ghll'tooarIR, a town of Spain, New
vernment and 16 miles S.E. of Vilna.                       Castile, 2 miles S. of Ciudad-Real. It has two primary
IdIEDZNA, me-6dz/na, a small town of Russia, province  schools, a church, and four hermitages, one of which, Santo
and 21 miles N.N.W. of Siedlec, (Poland.)                  Cristo de ia Misericordia, is remarkable for the richness and
MI.iDZYRZY~, me-3dzl`Rlzits, a town of Poland, province  elegance of its architecture. The manufactures comprise
and 25 miles S.E. of Siedlec, on an affluent of the Bug,   brandy, leather, bricks, and tiles. Pop. 5558.
MIEDZYRZYC, a market-town of Russian Poland, go-   MIHALY-FALVA, mee'hlifol/v~h', or MICIHELSDORF,
vernment of Volhynia.                                      meelKels-doRf', a village of Austria, Transylvania, at the conMIELAN, meAU15Nos, a town of Prance, department of  fluence of the Hokel with the Mares. Pop. 1126.
Gers, 20 miles S.W. of A uch. Pop. in 1852, 2043.            MIIHALY-FALU, mee'hif-fl/loox, a village of Hungary,
MIER, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.               co. of Szabolcs. Pop. 2107.
MIER, a post-office of Wabash co., Illinois.               MIHIALY-JASZ-TELEK,  me-1hM]-js-tPl~ kI, a village of
MIERES DEL GAMING, me-Arlds di k&peefnol or SAN  Hungary, Hither Theiss, at the confluence of the Zaqus with
JUAN BAUTISTA, sin Hoo-An! bow-tees/td, a town of Spain, the Tarna. Pop. 1890.
Asturias, 10 miles S. of Oviedo, on the Lena or Caudal. It   MIIIALY-NAGY, mee'hall ndj, a market-village of Hunhas a fine palace, an iron foundry, and a trade in cinnabar, gary, Hither Theiss, co. and 37 miles S.W. of Zemplin, on
iron, sulphur, and coal. Pop. 4000.                        the Laborca. Pop. 2118.
MIES, mees, or SILBER-BERGSTADT, sil/ber-b6Rl/stitt,   MIHLA, meetl, a village of Germany, duchy of Saxea walled town of Bohemia, 15 miles W. of Pilsen. Pop. 4269, Weimar, 7 miles N. of }isenach. Pop. 1294.
mostly employed in extensive lead and silver mines. I-Here,    MIHRJAN, a town of Persia. See BHIRJAN.
in 1427, 31,000 HIussites defeated a German army of 80,000.    MIHOLACZ, mee'ho'lltsf, written also MIHIOLCZINUM,
MIESBACIL, mees/bax, a market-town of Bavaria, 16  a market-town of Austria, Slavonia, co. of Verocz, on the
miles S.S.W. of Munich. Pop. of district, 13,618.          Drave, 12 nliles from Siklos. Pop. 2150.
MIESCHISTO, mee-shisfto, a town of Prussian Poland,   MIIIAS or MIAS, mee'3st, a river of Asiatic Russia, governgovernment and 40 miles S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 580.        ments of Orenboorg, Perm, and Tobolsk, joins the Tobol at
MIESZKOW, me-6sh/kof, a town of Prussian Poland, go- Yalootrovosk, after an eastward course of 300 miles. On it
vernment and 30 nmiles N.E. of Posen. Pop. 750.            is the Fort Miiaskoi, 25 miles E. of Tcheliabinsk.
MIETAU, a town of Russia. See MiaAu.                       MIJARES or MIXARES, me-ausIris, ariver of Spain, enters
MIEUSSY, mee'uvs'see/, a village of the Sardinian States, the Mediterranean 6 miles S. of Castellon-de-la-Plana, after
Savoy, province of Faucigny. Pop. 2233.                    an E. course of 65 miles.
MIEZA, me-.kthA, a town of Spain, Leon, province and    MIJARES or MIXARES, a town of Spain, province and
about 54 miles from Salamanca. Pop. 1061.                  25 miles S. of Avila. Pop. 767.
MIF/FLIN, a county in the S. central part of Pennsyl-   MIJAS or MIXAS, mee/uis, a town of Spain, province and
vania, has an area of 370 square miles. It is intersected by  15 miles S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 4080, with numerous mills.
the Juniata River, and also drained by Kishicoquillas, Jack's,   MIJIRITCII, a town of Russia. See MIZaIRITCH.
and Licking Creeks. The surface is mountainous, traversed    MIKHAILOV or MICHAILOV, me-K-lov!, a town of Rushy high and rugged ridges, and by beautiful valleys. Iron  sia, government and 32 miles S.W. of Riazan, on the Pronia.
is procured in large quantities from  the mines of this  Pop. 6500.
county; limestone and slate are also abundant. It is inter-    MIKIIAILOVKA, me-iK-lovlkA, a town of Russia, governsected by the Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad. ment of Koorsk, 10 miles W. of Novoi-Oskol, on the Khorok.
Formed in 1789, and named in honor of Governor Mifflin. Pop. 6000. It has 3 churches, manufactures of linen, wax,
Capital, Lewistown. Pop. 14,980.                           and leather, and carries on a considerable trade.
MIFFLIN, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.   MIIKHAILOVKA, a town of Russia. government and 17
Pop. 2603.                                                 miles S.S.E. of Yekaterinoslav, on an affluent of the Dnieper.
MIFFLIN, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 3600.
Pop. 1024.                                                   MIKIIALITZA, or MIKHILALITCI.  See MudAsLITac.
MIFFLIN, a township of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania.   MIKLOS-FALU, mee'klosh'-fd/loo, a village of Hungary,
Pop. 1574.                                                 co. of Wieselburg. Pop. 1240.
MIFFLIN, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania.   MIKOLA, mee'kofl1hl, a village of Hungary, co. of SzathPop. 1302.                                                 mar, 4 miles from Szathmar-Nemeth.  Pop. 1112.
MIFFLIN, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.   MIKOLAJOW, mee-ko-la-yov/, a market-town of Austrian
Pop. 1186.                                                 Poland, Galicia, 20 miles N.N.E. of Stry. Pop. 1860.
-MIFFLIN, a post-village of Henderson co., Tennessee, 137    MIKULINCE, me-koo-linfsA, a town of Austrian Poland,
miles S.W. of Nashville; has 3 stores.                     Galicia, circle and 12 miles S. of Tarnopol. Pop. 2000.
MIFFLIN, a post-township in Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 891.   MILAGRO  ERGA.IA, me-l/gro 6s-gI/ve-A, a town of
MIFFLIN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1095.  Spain, province of Navarre, 40 miles S. of Pamplona, on
MIFFLIN, township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 546.           the right bank of the Aragon. Pop. 1800. Near this is the
MIFFLIN, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1106.  Marsh of Pelalen, in which Sancho V., King of Navarre,
MIFFLIN, a township of Wyandot co., Ohio. Pop. 668.   perished, 1076.
MIFFLIN, a post-village and township of Iowa co., Wis-   MILAH, mee/l9, a town of Algeria, province and 21 miles
tonsin, 11miles from Mineral Point. The village has 4 stores, N.W. of Constantine, on the ancient Roman road between
1 smelting furnace, and about 200 inhabitants. Pop. 640.   that city and Algiers, and surrounded by gardens filled with
MIFFLIN CROSS ROADS, a small village of Cumberland  theifinest fruits and flowers. Pop. about 4000.
co., Pennsylvania.                                           MILAM, mt/lam, a county in the central part of Texas,
MIF/FLINSBURG, or YOUNGMANSTOWN, a post-bo- has an area of about 600 square miles. The Brazes forms
rough of Buffalo township, Union co., Pennsylvania, on  its N.E. boundary. It is intersected by Little River, and
Buffalo Creek, 68 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. It is situated  also drained by Brushy Creek. The soil is generally fertile.
in a rich farming district, and has an active trade. It con- Named in honor of General Benjamin Milam. Capital,
tains 2 churches.                                          Cameron. Pop. 2907; of whom  2471 were free, and 436
MIF/FLINTOWN, a post-borough, capital of Juniata co., slaves.
Pennsylvania, is beautifully situated on the left bank of    MILAM, a post-village, capital of Falls co., Texas, on the
Juniata River, 43 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. The Central right bank of the Rio Brazes, about 85 miles N.N.E. of
Railroad, which runs along the right bank of the river, con- Austin.
nects the town with Pittsburg, -Iarrisburg, &c. Two news-   MILAM, a post-village, capital of Sabine co., Texas, on
papers are published here. The borough contains 3 churches Boregas Creek, an affluent of Sabine Kiver, 330 miles E.N.E.
and an academy. The Juniata is crossed by a bridge at this of Austin City.
place.                                                       MILAN, millan,* (Fr. pron. meel6Nla/; It. Milano, me-lf/no;
MIFFLINVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsyl- Ger. Mailand, nt/lInt; anc. Mediola/num,) the largest city of
vania, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, 88  Austrian Italy, and the third in size in Italy, (being exceedmiles N.N.E. of Harrisburg.                                ed in population only by Naples and Rome,) capital of a
MIGALGARA, a town of Turkey. See MALOARAnI.              government ofjts own name, and of the Lombardo-Venetian
MI(GHARINA, me-gg-reelnI, a village of Naples, province  Kingdom, about 175 miles W. of Venice, 75 miles N.N.E.
of Calabria Ultra II., 7 miles W.N.W. of Catanzaro. P. 1600. of Genoa, and 325 miles N.N.W. of Rome. Lat. 450 28' 1"
MIGLIONICO, meel-yonte-ko, a market-town of Naples, N., lon. 90 11' 48" E. It is situated in a beautiful and fertile
province of Basilicata, 9 miles S.W. of Matera. Pop. 3300.  plain, between the Adda and Ticino, which, in this part of
MIGNANEGO, meen-yA-n/go, a village of the Sardinian  their course, feed four separate canals, one of which, the
States, division of Genoa, 2 miles from  San Quirico. Pop. Naviglio  Grande (nl-veellyo gr nIdA) or "Great Canal," en2580                                                       circling a considerable portion of the interior of the city,
MIGNI~, meen'yY,' a village of -France, department of  divides it into two unequal parts, while the other three, on
Vienne, on the Auzance. Pop. 1931.                         the outside, are available both for irrigation and traffic.
MIGNi, a village of France, department of Indre, 13
miles N.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 1149.
miles N.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 1149.           *All the poets place the aeoent on the first syllable of this
iMIGUEL-ESTEBAN, me-gh6l1-6s-tA-Bon/, avillage of Spain, name. Byron and Nloore  rhyme it with villain. This appears
New Castile, province of Toledo, 65 miles S.E. of Madrid. to be the prevailing, if not universal pronunciation: among eorPop. 2200.                                                 zest speakers.
1195




MIL                                                        MIL
By railway, it is connected on the N. with Como, and on the  House of Incurables, (Pie Casa degli Incurabl7i,) the Peni
E. with Treviglio, the latter, a part of an unfinished line to  tentiary and House of Industry, (Casa di Recovero e d' IndusVerona and Venice. It is built in the form of an irregular tria,) the Military, Orphan, and several foundling hospitals.
polygon, and is surrounded by walls, which were once    The occasional visits of the emperor, and the constant
flanked with large and massive bastions. These, with a  residence of a viceroy, give to this city many of the appensingle exception, have been removed, and the space occupied  dages of a, court and independent capital. It is also the
by them and the earthen ramparts has been converted into  see of an archbishop, the seat of courts of primary resort,
pleasant walks, shaded by.magnificent chestnut trees. The  criminal and mercantile courts, and a court of appeal for
town is entered by 11 gates, the streets leading from which  all Lombardy. Milan is the largest book mart in Italy;
are of convenient breadth, well paved, and lighted with gas. from its position on the great routes across the Alps, and
The finest gate is the Arco della Pme, a modern, sculptured, its connexion by canals with the principal rivers in Italy,
marble arch, situated at the end of the Simplon Road; near it is favorably situated for trade. It is connected by railway
it is the Piazza d'Armi, an immense space, obtained by the  with Vienna, (opened at the two extremities in 1850,) Tredemolition of the citadel and its outworks; it is used for the  viglio, 20 miles E.N.E., and Monza, 9 miles N.E. Its mannexercise of troops, and has extensive barracks; part of it has  factures comprise silks, velvets, ribbons, lace, cotton, carpets,
been converted into an amphitheatre, 800 feet long by 400 feet jewelry, glass, paper, and porcelain; it has a royal tobacco
broad, capable of containing 30,000 spectators. The houses  manufactory.
of Milan are built, for the most part, of brick, and covered    Milan is very ancient; it was founded in 400 a. c., and was
with tiles, but have often a handsome and showy exterior.  inhabited and embellished by many of the Roman emperors.
The finest streets are the Corso di Porta Romana, Corso di Virgil studied here, and it is the birth-place of many emiPorta Nuova, and Corso di Porta Renza or Orientale. All nent persons, among whom may be named the Popes Alexof these, but more especially the last, have ranges of elegant ander II., Urban III., Celestine IV., Pius IV., and Gregory
mansions, which would be ornaments to any capital in  XIV.; the jurist Alciato, the geometer Cardan, Beccaria,
Europe.                                                     author of the celebrated work on Crimes and Punishments;
Among the great number of public edifices that adorn  Agnesi, a lady, celebrated for her scientific attainments;
Milan, the most remarkable is the Dubmo or Cathedral, a  and Alessandro Manzoni, the first living novelist of Italy.
vast and magnificent structure, inferior only to St. Peter's  It was the capital of a republic in 1056; in the end of the
at Rome. It is situated almost in the centre of the city, in  14th century it was made the capital of the duchy of Milan;
the Piazzca del Duomo. The edifice was commenced in 1387, it passed successively under the dominion of Spain and
and has ever since been advancing towards completion. It  Austria; was taken by the French in 1790 and 1800. In
is built of white marble, and is remarkable for the extreme  1805 they made it the capital of the Ringdom  of Italy. It
lightness of its construction. It is490 feet long, 298 feet wide, was restored to Austria in 1815. Pop. of the city in 1846,
and 355 feet high to the top of the dome, above which rises an  156,326, or, including the suburbs, 189,380. Another anelegant tower or spire, in the shape of an obelisk. Its form  thority gives the population in 1846 at 161,966, including
is that of a Latin cross, divided into five naves. Around  a garrison of 8000 men and 17,000 strangers.-Adj. and
the roofs and sides are 4600 niches, of which nearly 4000  inhab. MILANESE, mll'an-eezI, (It. pron. me-lV-nbssA.)
are already occupied by statues.  The building is also    MILAN, a fertile province of Italy, containing the capital
adorned with more than a hundred beautiful spires, giving  city of the same name. Area 750 English square miles. Pop.
its exterior the appearance of a forest of marble. In the  604,512.
interior'everything is of the most imposing and gorgeous   ~ MILAN, a post-township of Coos co., New IIampshire, on
description, and the eye wanders almost overpowered by the  the Grand Trunk Railway, about 105 miles N. by E. of Connumber of grand and beautiful objects which claim  its  cord. Pop. 495.
attention. About 50 pillars of immense size and vast height    MILAN, a pleasant village of Cayuga co., New York, on
support the arches of the naves. The flpor is formed of  the Owasco Inlet, 21 miles S. by E. of Auburn.  It contains
marble of different colors, disposed in various figures; paint- several churches and manufactories.
ings by the most celebrated masters adorn the walls, and the    MILAN, a post-township of Dutchess co., New York, about
groups of figures sketched on the windows are of a size and  56 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 1764.
boldness probably unequalled in the world. The other re-   MILAN, a small post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.
markable edifices are the Church of Sant' Ambrogio, founded    MILAN, a flourishing post-village and township of Erie
by St. Ambrose in 387, and in which the Emperors of OGer- co., Ohio, on the right bank of Huron River, 8 miles from
many were crowned, and containing so many ancient epi- Lake Erie, and 103 miles N. by E. of Columbus. It is beau.
taphs and other relics, as to form  a rich museum  of early  tifully situated on a bluff 60 feet higher than the river. A
Christian antiquities; the Church of Sant' Eustorgio, with  ship canal has been opened, by which vessels of 250 tons
an ancient campanile, and interesting monuments; the  can ascend from the lake to this point. Considerable quanChurch of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in which is the cele- titles of grain and other produce are shipped here. Milan
brated " Last Supper," by Leonardo daVinci; the Church of  contains 3 churches, a large academy, a newspaper office,
Santa Maria della Passione, with a magnificent mausoleum, and numerous stores. Settled in 1809. Pop. of the townregarded as one of the best works of the sculptor Andrea  ship in 1850, 2697; of the village in 1853, about 2000.
Fusina; the Palazzo Reals or La Corte, occupied by the    MILAN, a post-towhship forming the N.W. extremity of
viceroy; the Archiepiscopal Palace, adjoining the Cathedral, Monroe co., Michigan. Pop. 642.
and connected with it by a kind of tunnel; the Palazzo di    MILAN, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, 70 miles
Governo, containing a vast court lined with porticoes sup- S.E. of Indianapolis, has about 250 inhabitants.
ported by pillars; the Palazzo del Marine, now used as a    MILAN, a post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois, on the
custom-house and treasury; the Broletto or Palazzo Muni- Mississippi River, 25 miles above Alton.
cipali, remarkable for its historical associations; the Palazzo    MILAN, a post-office of Sullivan co., Missouri.
della Ragione or de' Tribunali, situated in the centre of the    MILANESE, mil'an-eezlor me-l4-nmss, an old division of
Piazza dei Mercanti, and partly used as a register office; the  Italy, capital Milan. A part of it was ceded by Austria to
Palazzo di Giustizia, and'de' Tribunali; the former for the  Sardinia in 1736. The AusTRIAr MILAN.aSE is now comprised
criminal court, and the latter for the ordinary courts of  in the government of Milan.
justice; the Royal Mint or Stamperia Reale; the barracks,    MILANO. See MlILAN.
forming a long and elegant range of buildings, capable of    MILAZZO, me-lt'so, or MELAZZO, mA-1ltfso, (anc. Myllc,)
holding 4000 men; the prisons, one of which is regarded as  a strongly fortified seaport town of Sicily, 18 miles W. of
a model of its kind; the House of Correction at Porta Nu- Messina, on the N. coast. Pop. 7000. It consists of an upper
ova, and a great number of theatres, among which that and a lower town, both irregularly built, and with many
called Della Scala takes precedence, accommodating 4000  large, but mean edifices; its citadel, and other military
spectators, and said to be the largest in the world, not ex- works, are, however, so strong by nature and art, that it
cepting even the San Carlo of Naples.                       may be regarded as the Gibraltar of Sicily. It has a conThe chief scientific and educa;tional establishments are  venient harbor, and an export trade in tunny, wine, silk,
the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, formerly the Palace  fruit, rags, argol, corn, oil, and the cordial called vino-collo.
of the Brea, with alibrary of 100,000 volumes, valuable manu-    MILAZZO, GULF OF, Sicily, extends 16 miles E. of the
scripts, and a picture-gallery rich in the choicest productions town of Milazzo, and has been the theatre of many engageof the ancient Italian masters, an astronomical and magneti- ments in ancient and modern times,
cal observatory, considered the finest in Italy, and a botanic   MiILBORNE-PORT, a disfranchised borough and parish
garden; the Ambrosian Library with 60,000 volumes and  of England, co. of Somerset, on the Ivel, 27 miles E.N.E.
15,000 manuscripts, the Trivulzio Library, 20,000 volumes of Sherborne. Pop. 1740. The town has an ancient guildand 2000 manuscripts, 4 gymnasia, a normal school, school of  hall, and brisk manufactures of gloves.
medicine and surgery, several learned societies, and a military    MILIBOURN, a village of Ballard co., Kentucky, about 14
geographical institute, which publishes excellent maps. The miles from the Mississippi River. It contains 2 churches,
principal benevolent endowments are the Ospitale Maggiore,  and about 150 inhabitants.
richly endowed, and occupying a vast range of buildings in    MILBOURNE CHURCH STONE, a parish of England, co.
the Gothic style, with a fagade adorned by five bas-reliefs, of Dorset.
and a large square court enclosed by porticoes; it contains    MILlBRIDGE, a post-township of Washington co., Maine.
2300 beds for the sick poor of all nations; the Ospitale di Pop. 1170.
Santa Caterina, Ospitale dei Fate-bene-Fratelli, Ospitale dei   MILLIBURG, a post-office of Greenville district, South
Pazzi, the Monte di Pieta, the Infant Ilouse of Refuge, the  Carolina.
1196




MIL                                                     MIL
MILIDEN. See MoeuDoN.                                   MILFORD, a hundred in Kent co., Delaware. Pop., includMILDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         ing Mispillion, 5895.
MILDENAU, mil/deh-ndw, a village of Saxony, circle of   ltILFORD, a thriving post-borough of Kent co., Delaware,
Zwickau. Pop. 2072.                                     on the left bank of Mispillion Creek, 21 miles S.S.E. of Dover,
MILDENHALL, millden-hill, a market-town and parish  and 68 miles S. of Wilmington. It is the seat of consideraof England, co. of Suffolk, on the navigable Lark, with a  ble business, and contains 2 banks. 4 or 5 churches, a public
station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 9 miles S.S.W. of library, and a newspaper office. The Mispillion is navigable
Brandon. Area of parish, 13,710 acres. Pop. 4374. It is for schooners. Next to Wilmington, Milford is the Largest
well built, and has a handsome church, with a rich carved  place in the state. It is divided by the Mispillion into North
roof.                                                   and South Milford. The latter has a branch of the' Smyrna
MILDENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.        Bank, a church, an academy, and a ship-yard.
MILEIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          MILFORD, a post-village of Caroline co., Virginia, on the
MILES, a post-township forming the E. extremity of Cen- Richmond, Frederitksburg, and Potomac Railroad, 38 miles
tre co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1306.                       from Richmond.
MILESPBURG, a thriving post-borough of Centre co.,   MILFORD, a village of Preston co.,: Virginia, on the turnPennsylvania, on Bald Eagle Creek and Canal, 2 miles N. pike from Brandonville to Fishing Creek.
of Bellefonte, and 87 miles N.W. of iarrisburg. It is the    MILFORD, a post-village in Greenville district, South
terminus of a plank-road which extends to Tyrone, on the  Carolina.
Central Railroad. Pop. in 1853, about 600.                MILFORD, a post-office of Baker co., Georgia.
MILES RIVER, of Talbot co., Maryland, is a navigable    MILPORD, a post-village in Bracken co., Kentucky.
inlet of the Chesapeake.                                  MILFORD, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 2068.
MILESTOWN, mIzfttiwn, a village of Pennsylvania, with-   MILFOED a thriving post-village of Miami township,
in the chartered limits of the city of Philadelphia, 7 miles N. Clermont., Ohio, on the E. bank of Little Miami River, 14
of the State-House.                                     miles N.E. of Cincinnati. A bridge across the river connects
MILESTOWN, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland.   the village with the Little Miami Railroad. Pop. estimated
MILETIN, me.leh-teenl, a town of Bohemia, circle of  at 600.
Bidschow, 57 miles N.E. ofPrague. Pop. 1370.              MILFORD, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 645.
MILETO, me-lfto, a town of Naples, province of Calabria    MILFORD, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1349.
Uiltra II., 47 miles N.N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 1250. It has a   MILFORD, a flourishing post-village and township of Oakcathedral and a bishop's palace.                       land co., Michigan, on Woodruff Creek, 40 miles N.W. of
MILEITUS, (Gr. MXsiros, Miitos,) a ruined city of Asia Detroit. The water-power of the creek gives motion to 3
Minor, the remains of which, near the mouth of the Mender, grist-mills, 1 woollen factory, and 2 fulling-mills.  Milford
30 miles S.S.W. of Ayasoolook, (Ephesus,) comprise an enor- contains 3 churches, and 10 stores. Pop. in 1853, about 800;
mous theatre, and ruins of a church. —Adj. and inhab. of the township in 1850, 1470.
MILESIAN, mi-leeshfyan.                                   MILFORD, a post-~illage of Decatur co., Indiana, on Clifty
MILIFORD, a parliamentary borough and seaport town  Creek, 8 miles W. of Greensburg, contains about 400 inhaof South Wales, co. of Pembroke, on the N. side of Milford- bitants.
Ilaven, 6 miles E.N.E. of St. Anne's Head, and 6 miles   MILFORD, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on
W.N.W. of Pembroke. Pop. of the borough in 1851, 2837. Turkey Creek, 126 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.
It was founded in 1784, is well built, has an elegant church,   MILFORD, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. Pop.
custom-house, observatory, market-house, quay, with some  806.
ship-building, trade in ship stores, and exports of stone,   MILFORD, a village of Warren co.. Indiana, 14 miles N.
coal, and lime. Mail packets ply to Waterford. Registered  of Williamsport.
shipping, 9470 tons. The borough unites with Pembroke,   MILFORD, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on Sugar
Tenby, and Wiston in sending one member to the House  Creek, about 140 miles E.N.E. of Springfield.
of Commons.                                               MILFORD, a thriving post-village of Kendall co., Illinois,
MILFORD, a village of England, co. of Derby, on the on Fox River, 61 miles S.W. of Chicago. It has an excellent
Derwent, here crossed by a handsome bridge, and on the  water-power, and several mills.
North Midland Railway, 2 miles S. of Belper. Pop. 895.    MILFORD, a village in Winnebago co., Illinois, 90 miles
MILFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.           W.N.W. of Chicago.
MILFORD, a tything of England, co. of Wilts.            MILFORD, a post-village and township in the N. part of
MILFORD, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, on the Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Pop. 728.
Penobscot River, about 17 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 687.   MILFORD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Prince
MILFORD, a post-village and township of Hillsborough  Edward, situated on the Black Rtiver, 7 miles S. of Picton.
co., New Hampshire, on the railroad from Nashua to Wilton, Pop. about 250.
about 29 miles S. by W. of Concord. It has several cotton-   MILFORD CENTRE, a post-village of Otsego eco., New
mills and foundries, and manufactories of cabinet ware, York, on the Susquehanna River, about 15 miles S. of
sash, and blinds, &c. Pop. 2159.                        Cooperstown.
MILFORD, a post-village and township of Worcester co.,   MILFORD CENTRE, a thriving post-village of Union co.,
Massachusetts, on the Milford Branch Railroad, 34 miles S.W. Ohio, on Big Darby Creek, and on the Springfield and Mansof Boston. The village contains 4 or 5 churches, a bank, a  field Railroad, 32 miles N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 or 3
savings institution, an insurance office, a newspaper office, churches.
and a high school. In Milford township, 1- miles W. of the   MILFORD-HAfVEN, a harbor of England, on a basin or
village, is the flourishing community of Hopedale, founded  deep inlet of the Atlantic, coast of South Wales, co. of Pemin 1842. It comprises about 600 acres of land, a post-office, broke, forming one of the best ports in the British domiand about 200 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published  nions. Lat. of St. Anne's HIead, the N.W. extremity of the
here. Pop. of the township in 1850, 4819; in 1854, near 7000. entrance, and on which are 3 lighthouses with fixed lights,
MILFORD, a post-village, township, and seaport of New  510 41' N., ion. 50 10' 25" WV. Length of haven about 15
Haven co., Connecticut, on the New York and New IIaven  miles, average breadth 2 miles. It is completely landlocked,
Railroad, and on the Wopewaug River, 10 miles S.W. of New  has deep water, and the whole shipping of the empire might
Hiaven. It contains 3 churches, 6 or 8 stores, and several ride here as safely as in dock, in any weather; whilst the
good schools. The harbor is safe, and admits vessels of access is easy, and the egress can be accomplished by aid of
about 200 tons burthen. Pop. of the township, 2465.     the strong ebb, even in head winds. The town, founded in
MILFORD, a post-village and township of Otsego co., New  1790, situated on the N. side of the Haven, contains a handYork, about 75 miles W. of Albany. The village has churches some church, market-house, custom-house, and dock-yard.
of 3 or 4 denominations, half a dozen stores, and several Pop. 2377.
factories. Pop. 2227.                                     MILFORD, SOUThI, a township of England, co. of York,
MILFORD, a post-village of Alexandria township, Hunter- West Riding.
don eo., New Jersey, is situated on the Delaware River and    MILIFORDTON, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.
the Belvidere and Delaware Railroad, about 20 miles above   MILH, EL, Al mil or meel, (anc. Maoatha? the Molodah of
Lambertville. It has 2 churches, 4 stores, 2 hotels, and 1 the Scriptures,) a village of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus,
fouring-mill. A bridge crosses the river at this place. Pop. 18 miles S. of Iebron, with large wells, and vestiges of a
about 800.                                              ruined town, covering an area of half a square mile.
MILFORD, a village of Mercer co., New Jersey, about 16   M1LHAU, a town of France. See MILLAU.
miles E. of Trenton.                                      MILHAUD, mee'l16, a town of France, department of Card,
MILFORD, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. P. 2527. 4 miles S.W. of Nimes, on the railway to Montpellier. Pop.
MILFORD, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania. 1700.
Pop. 1373.                                                MILIANAH, me-le-/n[, (ane. Miniana?) a town of
MILFORD, a post-borough 4nd township, capital of Pike Algeria, province and 68 miles S.W. of Algiers, on a moonco., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, and on the Dela- tain slope, 3000 feet above sea-level. It has numerous.,
ware and Hudson Canal, 160 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg. mosques, a limekiln, a pottery, and various kinds of manuThe borough contains a court-house, 2 churches, and an  factures. Roman remains are still met with here. It now
academy. Settled about 1800. Pop. of the township, 830.  contains a French garrison. Pop. in 1849, 2340; of whonm
MILFORD, a village and township of Somerset co., Penn- 1102 are Europeans.
sylvania, 7 miles S.W. of Somerset. Pop. 2070.            MILIASKA. See MGLIsaZZA.                1197
1197




-- - MIL                                                   lMIIL
MIILIT,LL  me-lillee, a town of Sicily, 13 miles N.N.W. of  cester co., Massachusetts, on the Blackstone River, and on
Syracuse, on the Cantara. Pop. 4200. Close to it are the  the Providence and Worcester Railroad, 42 miles W.S.W. of
ruins of the ancient Hyblla. and the population, as in anciqnt Boston. It contains a bank, and has 5 or 6 woollen factories,
times, collect a great quantity of honey in the-vicinitv.  several cotton factories, and a carpet-mill. Pop. 3031.
MILIS, meelleece, a village on the island of Sardinia,   MILL CREEK, of New York, a station on the Corning and
division of Cagliari, province of Busachi, 6 miles N. of Oris- Blossburg Railroad, 25 miles from Corning.
tano. Pop. 1450.                                             MILL CREEK, of Aust!nu co., Texas, flows into Brazos
MILIITARY FRONtTIER, (Ger. Militiir-iGrenze, me-le-t.a0  River, a few miles above San Felipe.
grlntfseh,) a belt of country, in the Austrian dominions,   MILL CREEK, of Middle Tennessee, flows into Cumberstretching along the frontiers of Turkey, from the Adriatic land River from the left, about 4 miles above Nashville. It
Sea, and Dalmatia, to Transylvania; and bounded N. by Croa- furnishes motive power to several mills.
tia, Slavonia, Hungary, and Transylvania; and S. by Bosnia,   MILL CREEK, of Mahoning co., Ohio, falls into Mahoning
Servia, and Walachia; area 12,922 English square miles. River.
This military frontier was originally formed about the middle    MILL CREEK, Ohio, an affluent of the Ohio River, which
of the 16th century, by the Emperor Ferdinand L. It sub- it enters at Cincinnati.
sequently underwent repeated modifications, and now con-   MILL CREEK, Ohio, an affluent of Scioto River, which it.
sists of three principal divisions —the Croatian frontier, enters in Delaware co.
subdivided into those of Karlstadt, Banat, and Warasdin;    MILL CREEK, of Michigan, rises in Lapeer co., and enters
the Slavonian-Servian frontier, and the Banat frontier. Black River in St. Clair co.
The inhabitants are both cultivators of the soil and soldiers;   MILL CREEK, of Washtenaw co., Michigan, enters the
and the magistrates are officers of different grades. The  Huron River near Dexter.
prbperties are hereditary military fiefs, which the inhabit-   MILL CREEK, Indiana, an affluent of Eel River, rises in
ants hold from the state, under different conditions of mili- Hendricks co., and enters the river in Putnam co. It has
tary services; one of which is maintaining a permanent a perpendicular fall of 45 feet.
sanitary cordon against Turkey; another is the guarding    MILL CREEK, of Pulaski co., Indiana, flows into the
against the introduction of contraband wares. In time of  Tippecanoe.
peace, the force of the Military Frontiers is about 45,000    MILL CREEK, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania, constrong. The inhabitants are divided into 14 regiments of  tains Erie, the county seat. Pop. 8922.
infantry, 1 of hussars, and 2 battalions of seamen.  Pop.   MILL CREEK, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsylin 1850, 1,747,733.                                        vania.
MIL1ITARY INSTITUTE, a post-office of Franklin co.,   MILL CREEK, a small village of Lancaster co., PennsylKentucky.                                                  vania.
MILITARY IOAD, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.   MILL CREEK, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania.
MILITARY SPRINGS, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala,  Pop. 1059.
bama.                                                        MILL CREEK, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
MILITELLO, me-le-tflqo, a town of Sicily, province and  Pop. 840.
21 miles S.W. of Cantania. Pop. 80001?                      MILL CREEK, a small post-village of Tioga co., PennsylMILITELLO, a town of Sicily, province and 49 miles vania.
W.S.W. of Messina. Pop. 2500.                                MILL CREEK, a hundred in New Castle co., Delaware.
MILITICS, mee'lee'titchf, (NEMETrT, nAmft!, and RATZ, Pop. 3317.
rats,) two nearly contiguous villages of Hungary, co. of Bacs,   MILL CREEK, a post-office of Berkley co., Virginia.
about 14 miles from Zombor, on the morass Mosztanga. Pop.   MILL CREEK, a post-offite of Sabine parish, Louisiana.
of Nemeth-Militics, 3663; Ratz-Militics, 2652.               MILL CREEK, a post-office of Bowie co., Texas.
MILITSCI[, meellitch, a town of Prussian Silesia, 33    MILL CREEK, a post-office of Izard co., Arkansas.
miles N.N.E. of Breslau, on the Bartsch. Pop. 2200.          MILL CREEK, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. P. 872.
MILL, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1510.       MILL CREEK, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
MILL, a township in Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 1537.         MILL CREEK, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. P. 6287.
MILLAN-DE-LA-COGOLLA,  meeI-lgntdA-lI-ko-gol/lI,  a    MILL CREEK, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 726.
town of Spain, Old Castile, 24 miles S.W. of Logroflo, on the    MILL CREEK, a township of Williams co., Ohio. P. 408.
Cardenas. Pop. 1771.                                         MILL CREEK, a township of Clark co., Illinois. P. 672.
MILILARD, a new county in the western part of Utah    MILL CREEK, a post-office of Pulaski co., Illinois.
territory, is bounded on the W. by California, and is drained    MILL CREEK, a post-village of Ripley co., Missouri, 160
by Walker's and Nicollet Rivers, with some smaller streams. miles S.S.E. of Jefferson City.
This county was formed since 1850. Named in honer of    MILL-CREEK, a post-village of Canada West, on the postMillard Fillmore, late President of the United States.     road from Kingston to Toronto, township of Ernesttown,
MILLARD, a post-office of Wayne co., North Carolina.    12 miles W. of Kingston. Pop. about 250.
MILLARD, a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana.          MILLIDALE, a post-office of Warren co., Virginia.
MILLARD, a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin.         MILLDALE, a post-village of Warren co., Mississippi, 13
MILLARDSVILLE, a small village of Susquehanna co., miles N.E. of Vicksburg.
Pennsylvania.                                                MILLDALE, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio.
MILL ARK, a post-office of Fulton co., Indiana.            MILL!DAM, a post-office of Madison co., Missouri.
MILLAS, meel'l!, a town of France, department of Pyr6-   MILILEDOEVILLE, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsyln6es-Orientales, on the Tot, 10 miles W. of Perpignan. Pop. vania.
in 1852, 2176.                                               MILLEDGEVILE, a post-village of Montgomery co., North
MILLAU, meedl6, or MILHAU, (ane..LEmilianume,) a town  Carolina, 133 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.
of France, department of Aveyron, capital of an arrondisse-   MILLEDGEVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co.,
ment, on the right bank of the Tarn, 30 miles S.E. of Rodez. North Carolina.
Pop. in 1852, 10,041. It has a communal college, courts of    MILLEDGEVILLE, capital of the state of Georgia, and
first resort and commerce, a chamber of commerce, an  seat of justice of Baldwin county, is situated on the W.
agricultural society, and several manufactories of woollen  bank of the Oconee River, 158 miles N.W. of Savannah,
cloth, silk-twist, chamois leather, and leather gloves.  It and 659 miles S.W. of Washington; lat. 330 7' 20" N., Ion.
was one of the strongholds of the Calvinists during the  830 19, 45" W. It is surrounded by a beautiful and fertile
religious wars, but its ancient castle was demolished by  cotton country, and contains a number of handsome resiLouis XIII.                                                deuces. The Oconee River furnishes excellent water-power
MILL BEND, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee.      here, and was once navigated below by small steamers, but
MILLIBOROUGH SPRING, a post-village of Bath co., Vir- these are now superseded by railroads. A branch railroad,
ginia, 157 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. It is pleasantly  17 miles long, extends S. to Gordon, on the Central Railroad,
situated on the turnpike from  Staunton to Bath Court- and another extends in the opposite direction to Eatonton.
house, and is a place of active business. Medicinal springs The State-House is a fine Gothic edifice. Milledgeville conoccur in the vicinity.                                     tains a penitentiary, an arsenal of the state, a court-house,
MILL'BROOK,   a Parish of England, co. of Southampton.  4 or 5 churches, 1 academy, and 1 bank. Five newspapers
MILLBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          are published here. Pop. about 3500.
MILLBROOK, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Dur-   MILLEDGEVILLE, a village of White co., Tennessee, 80
ham, 18 miles N.W. of Port IIope, and 4 miles from Cavau- miles E. by S. of Nashville.
ville. It contains numerous stores. Pop. about 275.          MILLEDGEVILLE, a post-villege of Lincoln co., KenMILLBROOK, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut.  tucky, 9 miles S. of Danville. It contains a steam-mill.
MILLBROOK, a post-office of Warren co., New York.          MILLEDGEVILLE, a post-village of Carroll co., Illinois,
MILLBROOK, a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey.    about 50 miles S.E. of Galena.
MILLBROOK, a small village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.   MILLEN'S BAY, a post-village in the W. part of Jefferson
MILLBROOK, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, on the  co., New York.
Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 80 miles N.E. of Columbus.   MILL-EN-ST. HUBERT, meel-8NV-sANa  hi'baiar, a village
MILLIBURG, a post-office of Berrien co., Michigan.,     of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 7 miles S.E.
MILLBURN, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 45 miles of Grave. Pop. 2249.
N.N.W. of Chicago.                                          MILLER, a county in the S. central part of Missouri, has
tILTLBURY, a thriving post-village and township of Wor-  an area of 570 square miles. It is intersected by Osage
1198




MIL                                                        MIL
River, and 4Iso drainted by Auglaize  liver and Tavern    MILLERVILLE, a post-village in Louisville township, St.
Creek. The surface is uneven, and, in some parts, broken; Lawrence co., New York, on Grass River, which here affords
the soil is generally poor, excepting on the margins of the  water-power, about 30 miles N.E. of Ogdensburg. It constreams. The county is well timbered with valuable wood, tains a church, a hotel, stone grist-mill, with 4 run of
including walnut and sugar maple. The Osage River is stones, saw-mills, triphammer, tannery, clothing works, &c.
navigable in high stages of water, that is, usually three or The river is here crossed by a bridge.
four months of the year. Named in honor of John Miller,   MILLERY, milleh-reel, a small town of France, departformerly Governor of Missouri. Capital, Tuscumbia. Pop. ment of Rhbne, 9 miles S.S.W. of Lyons. Pop. 1525.
3834; of whom 3645 were free, and 189 slaves.               MILLESIMO, mil-lA/semnio, a market-town of Sardinia,
MILILER, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1064.e      division of Genoa, 5 miles S.W. of Cairo, on the Bormida.
MILLER, a township in Dearborn co., Indiana. P. 1122. Pop. 1308. Bonaparte here gained a victory over the AusMILLER, a township in Marion co., Missouri. Pop. 1290. trians in 1796.
MILLER, a township in Scotland co., Missouri. Pop. 666.   MILLEVILLE, mill/vil, a post-village in Brunswick townMILLERAY, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa.           ship, Rensselaer co., New York, about 12 miles N.E. of AlMILLEROCIRES, meel'leh-rbshl, a village of Canada West, bany. It has 2 churches, a school-house, tavern, grist-mill,
on the Cornwall Canal, in the township of Cornwall, and  saw-mill, and a large auger manufactory.
45 miles from Prescott. Pop. about 220.                     MILL FALLS, a post-office of Marion co., Virginia.
MILLER'S, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.             MILLFIELD, a post-village of Athens co., Ohio, about 72
MIL1LERSBURG, a village of Berks co., Pennsylvania, miles S.E. of Columbus.
about 26 miles N.W. of Reading.                             MILLFORD SQUARE, a post-office of Bucks co.,'PennMILLERSBURG, a post-village of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- sylvania.
vania, on the left bank of the Susquehanna IRiver, at the    MILL GAP, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.
mouth of Wiconisco Creek, 28 miles N.N.W. of IHarrisburg.    MILL GREEN, a post-office of Harford co., Maryland.
It contains a church and several stores. A railroad, 16    MILL GROVE, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
miles long, extends from this place to the coal-mines of Bear    MILL GROVE, a post-village of Sumter district, South
Mountain.                                                  Carolina.
MILLERSBURG, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennes-   MILL GROVE, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia, 9 miles S.
see, 43 miles S.E. of Nashville.                           of Marietta.
MILLERSBURG, a post-village of Boun-bon co., Kentucky,   MILL GROVE, a post-office of Henry co., Alabama.
on the IIinkston Creek, 48 miles E. of Frankfort, is sur-   MILL GROVE, a village of Wood co., Ohio, about 120
rounded by a rich farming community, and is one of the  miles N.N.W. of Columbus.
principal places in the county. It has 4 or 5 churches, a    MILL GROVE, a post-village of Owen co., Indiana, on Mill
thriving high school, and several mills. Pop. 600.         Creek, 15 miles N. of Spencer, the county town.
MILLERSBURG, a post-village, capital of Holmes co.,   MILL GROVE, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. P.523.
Ohio, on Killbuck Creek, 87 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is    MILL GROVE, post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.
built on elevated ground, and surrounded by hills. Laid    MILL HALL, a post-village of Bald Eagle township, Clinout in 1824. It contains 4 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 1  ton co., Pennsylvania, on Fishing Creek, 104 miles N.W. of
foundry, and 1 grist-mill. The Cleveland and Zanesville  Harrisburg. It contains 1 woollen factory, 1 iron foundry,
Railroad passes through it.                                1 furnace, and several mills. Pop. about 600.
MILLERSBURG, a village of Meigs co., Ohio, 88 miles   MILL HAVEN, a post-village of Scriven co., Georgia, 77
S.E. of Columbus, and 12 miles N. of Pomeroy.              miles N.W. of Savannah.
MILLERSBURG, a village of Ohio co., Indiana, on the    MILLHEIM, millthime, a post-village of Centre co., PennOhio River, about 40 miles below Cincinnati.               sylvania, in Penn Valley, 85 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.
MILLERSBURG, a village of Whitley co., Indiana, on the  Pop. 200.
Eel River, 12 miles S.W. of Columbia.                        MILL HILL, a post-office of Cabarras co., North Carolina;
MILLERSBURG, a post-village of Mercer co., Illinois, 156    MILLIHOUSE, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 3 miles
miles N.W. of Springfield. It was the county seat previous  N. of Dundee, in the manufactories of which town its inhato 1849. A newspaper is published here.                    bitants are mostly engaged.
MILLERSBURG, a post-village of Callaway co., Missouri,   M1LLIHOUSEN, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 55
21 miles N. of Jefferson City.                            miles S.E.fof Indianapolis.
MILLERSBURG, a post-office of Iowa co., Iowa.              MLIL/LICAN, a post-office of Brazos co., Texas.
MILLER'S CHAPIEL, a post-office of Dyer co., Tennessee.   MIIL/LIFONT or MELILEFONT, a parish of Ireland, LeinMILLER'S CREEK, a post-office of Davis co., Utah.        ster, co. of Louth.
MILLER'S MILL, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.        MIILIKEN'S  BEND, a post-village of Madison co.,
MILLER'S PLACE, a post-village of Suffolk co., New  Louisiana, on the right bank of the Mississippi River, 25
York, near the N. side of Long Island.                     miles above Vicksburg.
MILfLERSPORT, a thriving post-village of Fairfield co.,   M1LILIN, a post-office of Burke co., Georgia.
Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 30 miles E.S.E. of Co-   MIIL/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
lumbus.                                                    Riding.
MILLER'S RIVER, of Massachusetts, rises in the N. part   MILILINGTON, a village of Middlesex co., Connecticut, 35
of Worcester co., flows W. into Franklin co., and enters the  miles E.N.E. of New Haven.
Connecticut, at its bend near Greenfield, after a course of    MILLINGTON, a post-village of Somerset co., New Jersey,
about 60 miles.  It affords motive power for numerous  about 40 miles N.N.E. of Trenton.
factories and mills.                                         MILLINGTON, a post-village of Kent co., Maryland, on
MILLER'S RIVER, a mill stream in Calbedonia co., in the  the Chester River, 60 miles E.N.E. of Annapolis.
E.N.E. part of Vermont; falls into the Passumpsic River.     MILLINGTON, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.
MILLER'S TAVERN, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia.    MILLING, mil-leelno, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas.
MILtLERSTOWN, a village of Butler co., Pennsylvania,    MILLOM, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
10 miles E.N.E. of Butler.                                   MILL PLAIN, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut,
MILLERSTOWN, a village of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, 70 miles S.W. of Hartford.
on the turnpike from Harrisburg to Lebanon, 20 miles E.   MILL POINT, a post-village of Pocahontas co., Virginia.
of Harrisburg. It has several mills on Quitapahilla Creek.   MILL POINT, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.
Pop. in 1853, about 1000.                                    MILL POINT, a village of Ottawa co., Michigan, on Grand
MILLERSTOWN, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- River, 1 mile above Grand Haven. It has 6 or 7 steam sawvania, 9 miles S.W. of Allentown.                          mills.
MILLERSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Greenwood    MILLIPORT, a sea-bathing place of Scotland, in the Frith
township, Perry co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the  of Clyde, co. of Bute, on the S. side of the island of CumJuniata River, 29 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. The Central bray, beautifully situated. Pop. 817.
Railroad and Pennsylvania Canal pass by the place. Pop.   MILLIPORT, a post-village in Veteran township, Chemung
about 800.                                                co., New York, on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad,
MILLERSTOWN, a post-village of Grayson co., Kentucky, 150 miles S.W. by W. from Albany. A stream flows past the
125 miles S.W. of Frankfort.                              village, affording motive power for numerous saw-mills.
MILLERSTOWN, a post-village of Champaign co., Ohio.    MILLPORT, a thriving post-village of Potter co., PennMILLIERSVILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn- sylvania, on the Oswayo Creek, about 200 miles N.W. of
sylvania, 39 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. It contains several Harrisburg.
stores, and about 600 inhabitants.                          MILL PORT, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
MILLERSVILLE, a post-village of Anne Arundell co.,   MILLPORT, a village of Jackson co,, Indiana, on the
Maryland, on the Annapolis branch of the Baltimore and  Muscatituck River, 78 miles S. of Indianapolis.
MWashington Railroad, 11 miles from Annapolis.              MILL PORT, a post-office of Washington co., Indiana.
MILLERSVILLE, a post-office of Barnwell district, South    MILL POT, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.
Carolina.                                                   MILL RAY, a post-office of Bullock co., Geir'gia.
MILLERSVILLE, a post-office of Adair co., Kentucky.       MILL RIDGE, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.
MILLERS~ILLE, a village of Delaware co., Ohio, 28 miles    MILL RIVER, a small stream of Wincdsor co., in the S.S.E
N.N.W. of Columbus.                                       part of Vermont, falls into the Connecticut River.
M1ILLERSYILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana.     M.ILL RIVER  a small stream of Fairfield co., in the SW.
1199




MIL                                                        MIIL
part of Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound at New  TLETOWN, a village of Ocean co., New Jersey,, on the road
Haven.                                                     leading from Barnegat to Mount Holly. The charcoal busi.
MILL RIVER, a post-office of Berkshire co., Massachusetts. ness is extensively carried on here.
MILL RIVER, a post-office of Henderson co., North Caro-   MILLVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania,
lina, 270 miles WV. of/Raleigh.                             84 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg.
MILLS, a new county in the W.S.W. part of Iowa, border-   MILLVILLE, a post-village of King George co., Virginia,
ing on the Indian Territory, has an area of about 400 square  about 70 miles N.NE. of Richmond.
miles. The Missouri River forms its W. boundary, and the    MILLVILLE, a lost-office of Spartanburg district, South
county is traversed by Nishnabatona River and Keg Creek. Carolina.
The soil is said to be good, but is mostly uncultivated. This   MiLLVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Alabama, 65
county is not included in the census of 1850. Named in  miles S.S.W. of Montgomery.
honor of Major Mills, of Iowa, killed in the Mexican war.     MILLVILLE, a small village of Marion co., Alabama.
MILLSIBOROUGH, a post-village of Washington Co., Penn-   MILLVILLE, a post-village of Rush co., Texas, about 10
sylvania, on the Monongahela River, about 36 miles by land  miles N.E. of Henderson.
S. of Pittsburg. Pop. in 1853, about 500.                     MILLVILLE, a post-office of Lafayette co., Arkansas.
MILLSBOROUGIHI, a post-village of Sussex co., Delaware,   MILLVILLE, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tennessee, 97
45 miles S. by E. of Dover.                                 miles S. by E. of Nashville.
MILLSBOROUGH, a village of Richland co., Ohio.             MILLVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on Indian
MILLS' CORNERS, a post-office of Fulton co., New York. Creek, 22 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati.
MILLS/FIELD, a township of Coos co., New IHampshire,   MILL~ILLE, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 21
about 10 miles W. of Umbagog Lake. Pop. in 1830, 33; in  miles E. of Galena.
1840, 12; and in 1850, 2.                                    MILLVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Ray co., MisMILLSFORD, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio.            souri, on the road from Richmond toChillicothe, about 150
MILLS' GAP, a post-office of Rutherford co., North Carolina. miles N.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. about 500.
MILLS' MILLS, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York.   MILLVILLE, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, on TurMILLS' MILLS, a thriving village of Fayette co., Indiana, key River, a few miles from its mouth.
on the Whitewater River and Canal, 60 miles E.S.E. of In-    MILLVILLE, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin.
dianapolis.'                                                 MILLiWAY, a post-office of Abbeville district, South
MILLS POINT, Kentucky. See HICKMAN.                      Carolina.
MILLSPORT, a small village of Lancaster Co., Pennsyl-   MILL/WEE'S, a post-office of Anderson district, South
vania.                                                     Carolina.
MILLS' PRAIRIE, a post-office of Edwards co., Illinois.    MILLIWOOD, a post-office of Westmoreland co., PennsylMILL SPRING, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.   vania.
MILL SPRINGS, a post-office of Wayne Co., Kentucky,   MILLWOOD, a post-village of Clark co., Virginia, 140
101 miles S. of Frankfort.                                 miles N. by W. of Richmond. It has 1 or 2 churches, and
MILLSTADT, mill/st~tt, a village of Austria, Illyria, 18  several flouring-mills.
miles N.W. of Villach, on the N. shore of a lake of the same    MILLWOOD, a post-office of Dooly co., Georgia.
name, about 9 miles long and 2 broad. Pop. 500.              MILLWOOD, a post-office of Jackson co., Florida.
MILLSTADT, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois.       MILLWOOD, a steamboat-landing of Alabama, on the
MILL/STONE, a new township of Monmouth co., New  Black Warrior River below Tuscaloosa.
Jersey. Pop. 1673.                                           MILLWOOD, a post-office of Collins co., Texas.
MILLSTONE, a post-village of Somerset co., New Jersey,   MILLWOOD, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. P. 1624.
on the left bank of Millstone River, and near the Delaware    MILLWOOD, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, near Vernon
and Raritan Canal, 25 miles N.N.E. of Trenton, contains 4  River, 55 miles NE. of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, about 400.
or 5 stores, and some 50 or 60 houses.                       MILLWOOD, a post-office of Lincoln co., Missouri, 78 miles
MILLSTONE, a post-office of Oglethorpe co., Georgia.     E.N.E. of Jefferson City.
MILLSTONE RIVER, in the central part of New Jersey,   MILLY, mee'yee/, (L. Milliacum,) a town of France, departrises in Monmouth county, separates Mercer from Middlesex  ment of Seine-et-O/se, on the Ecolle, 15 miles E. of Etampeu
county, then flowing northward through part of Somerset, Pop. in 1852, 2028.,   -
enters the Raritan, 2 or 3 miles S.E. of Somervill.         MILLY, a village of France. department of Oise, 6 miles
MILL/STREET, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, co. of  N.N.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1078.
Cork, 20 miles E. of Killarney. Pop. 2162. It has a jail,   MILNA, mil/nA, a seaport town of Austria, Dalmatia, 13
and infantry barracks.                                     miles S. of Spalatro5 on the W. coast of the island of Brazea,
MILLS VIL/LAGE, a village of Frankfort township, Waldo  on a large bay which forms an excellent natural harbor.
co., Maine, about 20 miles N.E. by N. of Belfast. It contains Pop. 2763.
a church, 6 stores, and extensive lumbering-mills.           MIL/NATIHORT, a market-town of Scotland, co. and It
MILLTHORPE, a town of England. See MILNTHOrPE.    miles N.N.E. of Kinross. Pop. in 1851, 1605.
MILLTOWN, a village of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry,   MILINER, a post-village of Pike co., Georgia, on the Macon
8 miles S. of Tralee. Pop. 797. In the vicinity is Kilcole-  and Western Railroad, 46 miles N.W. of Macon.
man Abbly.                                                   MILNER, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
MILLTOWN, a village of Ireland, Leinster, co. and 2 miles    MILINERSYILLE, a postoffice of Guernsey co., Ohio..S.SE. of Dublin. Pop. 736.                                  MILN/GAVIE or MILL/GUY, a village of Scotland, co. of
MILLTOWVN, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.       Stirling, 7 miles N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 1622.
MILLTOWN, a post-village of Putnam  co., New York,   MILNTIIORPE or MILLTHORPE, millfthorp, a marketabout 100 miles S. of Albany. It has 2 churches, and 4 or town of England, co. of Westmoreland, 7 miles S.S.W. of
5 stores.                                                  Kendal, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle Railway.
MILLTOWN, a little village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, Pop. in 1851, 1534.
about 11 miles W.S.W. of Flemington.                         MI-LO, meetlo, or ME/LOS, (Gr. MrXos,) an island of the
MILLTOWN, a village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.       Grecian Archipelago, kingdom of Greece, government of Syra,
MILLTOWN, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, lat. 360 45/ N., ion. 240 23' E. Area 65 square miles. Pop. 3800.
4 miles E. of Westchester.                                 Surface mountainous, volcanic, and generally sterile. Mount
MILLTOWVN, a manufacturing village of Montgomery co., St. Elias, in its W. part, is 2480 feet in height. Sulphur, alum,
Pennsylvania, on Tacony Creek, about 8 miles N. by E. of and vitriol are its principal products, and it has many caverns
Philadelphia. Shovels and spades are made here.            and hot springs. A large bay indents it on the N., forming
MILLTOWN, a post office of Chambers co., Alabama.        one of the most frequented harbors in the Cyclades, on the
MILLTOWN, a post-village of Crawford co., Indiana, 110  S.E. side of which is the small and unhealthy town of Milo,
miles S. by WV. of Indianapolis.                           in ancient times a flourishing city. Ac'TI-MILO, ln'tee mee/lo,
MILL/TOVWN-MALBAY, (mAd/bA,) a town of Ireland, Mun- is an islet about 6 miles N.W.
ster, co. of Clare, on the Cove of Malbay, 18 miles W. of En-   MI/LO, a post-village and township of Piscataquis co.,
nis. Pop. 1295.                                            Maine, on the Piscataquis River, which here receives the
MILL/VIEW', a post-office of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania.  Sebec, and about half a mile E. of Pleasant River, 35 miles
MILLVIEW, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia.      N. by E. of Bangor. The village possesses an abundant
MILL VILLAGE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New  water-power, which'is employed for a grist-mill, saw-mill,
Hampshire.                                                 shingle and clapboard establishment, carding and clothMILLIVILLE, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachu- dressing factory, and a large shovel-handle factory, turning
setts, on the Providence and Worcester Railroad, 20 miles out about 3000 dozen handles annually. It contains a
from the former and 23 from the latter.                    church, erected in 1853, and 6 stores. A bridge of 280 feet
MILLVILLE, a post-village of Orleans co., New York, span was built across Pleasant River in 1852, at a cost of
about 40 miles W. of Rochester. It has an academy.         $3500. Over this bridge passes most of the travel between
MILLVILLE, a post-village and township of Cunmberland  the E. and W. parts of the state. Pop. of the village, about
co., New Jersey, at the head of navigation on Maurice 600; of the township, 1100.
River, about 29 miles E.S.E. of Salem. The village has 2    MILO, a post-township of Yates co., New York. borders on
extensive glass manufactories, and about 1600 inhabitants. Seneca and Crooked Lakes, and contains Penn Yan, lbe
Pop. 2332.                                                county seat. Pop. 4791.
MILLVILLE, otherwise called IIEADLEY'S and TAT/-   MILO, a post-olice of Bradley co., Arkansas.
1200




MIL                                                       MIL
MILO, a post-office of Brown co., Indiana.               very near the N. boundary of the state..-County Line Creek,
MILO, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois.             which joins the Dan River here, atfords water-power. Milton
MILO CENTRE, a post-village of Yates co., New York, on  contains a large fouring-mill, a cotton factory, and 4-tobacco.he Csnandaigua and Elmira Railroad, 4 miles S. of Penn  factories. It has also several seminaries, 8 stores, 1 news.
Yan.                                                       paper office, and I bank. Pop, in 1853, about 1200.
MILOSLAW, mee/lo-slgv'. a town of Prussian Poland, 29    MILTON, a post-village in Laurens district, South Carolina.
miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1590.                              MILTON,, post-office of Wilkinson co., Georgia.
MILOSTAYITCHI, me-lo-sti-vitchlee,'a market-town of    MILTON, a post-village, capital of Santa Rosa co., Florida,
Russia,:government of Moheelev, 10 miles E.N.E. of Klimo- on the Blackwater River, near its entrance into Pensacola
vitchi. Pop. 1800.                                         Bay, about 20 miles N.E. of Pensacola.
MAILROY/, a small post-village of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania.   MILTON, a post-village of Autauga co., Alabama, about
MILROY, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, on Little  40 miles W.N.W. of Montgomerv.
Flat Rock Creek, 8 miles S. of Rushville.                    MILTON, a post-village of Lafayette co., Mississippi, on
MILISON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.             the Tallahatchie River, at the mouth of Tippah Creek, and
MILISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             at the head of steam navigation, 13 miles N.E. of Oxford.
MIL'STON,  a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 2~ miles    MILTON, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennessee, 15
E.N.E. of Amesbury. Addison was born in the parsonage.  miles N.E. of Murfreesborough.
house of this parish in 1672.                                MILTON, a post-village of Trimble co., Kentucky, on the
MILTENBERG, milten-brtG', a town of Bavaria, on the  Ohio River, nearly opposite Madison, Indiana.
Main, 31 miles W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 3050. It has a Fran-   MILTON, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1432.
ciscan convent, and a castle belonging to the Prince of   MILTON, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1472.
Leininfen.                                                 MILTON, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of
MILITON, a parish of England, co. of Berks, 3 miles S.S.W. Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop. 1123.
of Abingdon.                                                MILTON or WEST MILTON, a thriving postvillage of
MILTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.          Miami co., Ohio, on Stillwater Creek, 78 miles W. of ColumnMILTON, a village and parish of England, county and 15  bus, has 2 churches and several mills' Pop. about 600.
S.S.E. of Hants.                                            MILTON, a village of Stark co., Ohio, about 100 miles N.E.
MILTON ABIBAS, a town and parish of'England, co. of  of Columbus.
Dorset, 6 miles W.S.W. of Blandford-Forum.  Pop. 853.   MILTON, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1360.
Milton Abbey is a noble structure occupying the site of a    MILTON, a township ofWood co., Ohio. Pop. 244.
monastery built by King Athelstan about 933.                MILTON, a township in Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 611.
MILTON AB/BOT. a parish of England, co. of Devon.         MILTON, a township in Jefferson co., Indiana. P. 1544.
MILTON BRY/ANT, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.    MILTON, a flourishing post-village and township of Wayne
MILTON DAMIERELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon. co., Indiana, on the Whitewater Valley Canal, 54 miles E.
MILTON ERNEST, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.   of Indianapolis. Pop. 765.
MILTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         MILTON, a village of Brown co., Illinois, on McKee's
MILTON KEYNES, (kUnz,) a parish of England, co. of  Creek, about 60 miles W. of Springfield.
Bucks, 3A miles S.S.E. of Newport-Pagnell. Atterbury, the    MILTON, a township in Du Page co., Illinois. Pop. 2148.
celebrated Bishop of Rochester, was born here in 1662.       MILTON, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois.
MILTON LILtBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   MILTON, a post-village of Randolph co., Missouri, 12 miles
MILTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.    E. of Huntsville.
MIILTON MALIZOR, a parish of England, co. of North-   MILTON, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.
ampton.                                                      MILTON, a thriving post-village in Milton township, Rock
MILTON PODIIMORE, a parish ofEngland, co. of Somerset. co., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad,
MILTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        about 60 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. It has 2 churches
MILTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford.            and an academy. Pop. 400; of the township, 1032.
MILTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Hants, island of    MILTON, a thriving town of Washington co., Oregon, on
Portsea.                                                   the W. side of the Columbia River, 30 miles N.N.W. of PortMILTON or HERBERTSHIRE, a small village of Scotland, land. Pop. 800.
co. of Stirling, 7 miles W.N.W. of Falkirk, on the Carron.   MILTON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Halton, 36
MILlTON, a township of Oxford co., Maine. Pop. 166.    miles S.W. of Toronto, and 25 miles from Hamilton. Pop.
MILTON, a post-village and township of Strafford co., abont 300.
New Hampshire, on the Salmon Falls River, 30 miles E.N.E.   MILTON, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Shefford,
of Concord. The village is the present terminus of the Great and 8 miles from Granby.
Falls and Conway Railroad. It has manufactures of flannels,   MILTON MILLS, post-office, Strafford co., New Hampshire.
bobbins, &c. Pop. 1629.                                      MILTON-NEXT-GRAVESRND, a parish of England, co.
MILTON, a post-township of Chittenden co., Vermont, on  of Kent.
the Lanioille River, and on the Vermont Central Railroad,   MILTON PARK, England. See PxETonBnouor.
about 44 miles N.W. of IMlontpelier. Pop. 2451.              MILTON, ROYAL, an ancient market-town and parish of
MILTON, a post-village and township of Norfolk co., Mas- England, co. of Kent, on an inlet of the Channel between
sachusetts, on the Milford Branch Railroad, 8 miles S. of the Isle of Sheppy and the mainland, near the mouth of
Boston. The township contains many elegant country resi- the Medway, 71 miles W.N.W. of Feversham. Pop. in 1851,
dances, and is noted for its delightful scenery. The village  2407. It has wharves for barges engaged in the London
ig a pleasant and thriving place, with an academy incorpo- carrying trade, and numerous dredgers employed in its celerated in 1798. A village called the Mill is situated at the  brated oyster fisheries.
head of navigation on the Neponset, partly in Milton and    MILITONSBUIRG, a thriving post-village of Monroe co.,
partly in Dorchester. It is the seat of an active business, Ohio, 114 miles E. by S. of Columbus. Pop. about 300.
and has some manufactories. A fine granite bridge has    MILITONVILLE, a village of Wayne co., Mississippi, 115
recently been constructed acroes the Neponset, connecting  miles E.S.E. of Jackson.
Milton with Dorchester. The river affords excellent motive    MILTONYILLE, a village of Butler co., Ohio, 30 miles N,
power for mills. A fine quality of granite is found here. of Cincinnati.
Pop. of the township, 2241.                                 MILTONVILLE, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio, on the
MILTON, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecticut, about right bank of the Mauimee River, 55 miles W. of Sandusky
35 miles W. of Hartford.                                  City.
MILTON, a township of Saratoga co., New York, iminedi-   MILTSCHIN, milt-sheenf, orMILCSIN, mil-cheen! a town
ately N. of Ballston Spa. Pop. 4220.                      of Bohemia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 1500.
MILTON, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, near the    MILTSEEN or MIILTSIN, milt-seent, a mountain of North
Hudson River, about 80 miles below Albany. It has3 or 4  Afr-ica, the highest ascertained peak of the Atlas, is situated
churches, and is the centre of some trade.                about 30 miles S.E. of the city of Morocco. Lat. 310 15' N.,
MILTON, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey.       Ion. 7T 25' W. Iteight 11,400 feet.
MILTON, a village of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania.        MILfVERTON, a market-town and parish of England, co.
MILTON, a post-borough of Turbot township, Northum- of Somerset, 13A miles S.W. of Bridgewater.
berland co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the West   MILIVERTON WTHr ED/MONSCOTT, a parish of England,
Branch of the Susquehanna, 70 miles N. of Harrisburg. co. of Warwick.
It is the most populous town in the county. Large quanti-   MILVILLE, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.
ties of grain are exported from this place by the West Branch    MILVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of Durham, 5
Canal. A bridge crosses the river here. Milton is on the miles W. of Bowmanville. It contains several mills and
Sunbury and Erie Railroad, at the W. terminus of the Cata- stores. Pop. about 200.
wissa Railroad, not yet finished. It has 4 or 5 churches, 1    MILWAUIKEE, or MILWAU/KIE, a river of Wisconsin,
academy. 1 newspaper office, and 2 steam-mills. Pop. in  which rises in Fond du Lae  co., and after a course of
1850, 1649; in 1853, about 2000.                          perhaps 100 MIiles, enters Lake Michigan, at the city of Mil.
MILTON, a thriving post-village of Sussex co., Delaware, waukee. Its general direction is S.S.E. The lower part of
8 miles S.E. of Milford.                                  its course for about 30 miles is nearly parallel with the lake,
MILTON, a flourishing post-village of Caswell co., North  from which it is only 4 or 5 miles distant. It furnishes exCarolina, on the Dan River, 75 miles N.W. of Raleigh, and  tensive water-power.                      1201.
4 A




MIL                                                         MIN
MILWAUKEE;    a county in the S.E. part of Wisconsin,   MINAB. See MEE.NAB.
borderin, on Lake Michigan, contains 240 square miles. It    MINA4, meo'nt, (plural MrNAs, meelngs,) a Portuueose
is drained by the Milwaukee, Menomonee, and Root Rivers. and Spanish word signifying "mine," and' forming a part
The surface is gently undulating.   The soil is calcareous,  of several names in South America; as, sMINAS-GR.AXs, the
and highly productive. Milwaukee county is traversed by  "General Mines," MINAS-NovAs, the "New Mines," Zc.
6 plank-roads, and by the Milwaukee and Mississippi Rail-    MINAS-GERAES,     meen~ s   zha-rr(s.  almost zlit-ricet,   a
road. Settled in 1834 or 1835. Though the smallest in ex- province of Brazil, situated between lat. 140 25' and 230 S.,
tent, it is the most populous county in the state, and the  and lon. 400 37' anid 530 20' W., having E. Bahia, S. San
most important as containing the city of Milwaukee, the  Paulo, W, Goyaz, and N. Pernambuco. Area 160,870 square
commercial capital of Wisconsin. Pop. 31,077.               miles. It occupies the highest table-land. in Brazil, and is
MILWAUKEE, a post-township in the E. part of Milwau- the most populous of its provinces. The prairies are covered
kee co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1351,                              with vast herds of cattle, and the cheese of the province is
MILWAUKEE, a city, port of entry, capital of Milwaukee  in high repute. The gold and precious stones of the procounty, and the most populous town of Wisconsin, is situ-  vince are very important; extensive'iron works have been
ated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of  erected in the neighborhood of Ouro-Preto, and furnish
Milwaukee River, 90 miles N. of Chicago, and 75 miles E. many of the large castings used in the sugar-houses.'Edunof Madison. Lat. 430 3' 45"N., ion. 870 57' WV. It is plea. cation has made greater advances in this than in any of the
sanftly situated on the flats bordering the river, and on the  other provinces. In 1841, there were 26 Latin, and 181 pri,
bluffs which rise abruptly from the margin of the lake to  mary schools, a normal school, and a school of science in
the height of about 100 feet. The river approaches from the  Ouro-Preto, (formerly Villa Rica.)  It sends 20 deputies to
N. in a direction nearly parallel with the lake shore, and is  the General Assembly, and appoints 10 senators. The Projoined about I mile from  its mouth, by the Menomonee  vincial Assembly, composed of 36 members, holds its sitting
River, which comes from  theW.  The largest boats of the  in Ouro-Preto. Pop. 900,000.
lake can ascend the river 2 milesfrom its mouth. The gene-   MINAS-NOVAS, mee/nAs noeves, formerly BOM-SUCCESral appearance of the city is peculiar and striking, from the  SO DAS MINAS-DE-FANADO,  b6Na soo-sAso dds meelnls
color and superior quality of the bricks manufactured here. di ft-nA/do, a modern town of Brazil, province of MinasThey have a delicate and enduring cream  or straw color, Geraes, 230 milfs N.N.E. of Ouro-Preto, with an electoral
which is highly agreeable to the eye, and is not affected by  college, a school of primary instruction, and a hospital.
the action of the elements. Many of these bricks are ex- Pop. 3000.
ported to distant parts of the Union. M]ilwaukee contains    MI/NAVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., New
about 30 churches, of which 26 are Protestant and 4 Roman  York, 35 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
Catholic, 5 public schools, the Milwaukee University Insti-   MINAYA, nme-niV, a town of Spain, province and 31 miles
tute, a female college, several academies, 3 orphan asylums, N.W. of Albacete. Pop. 2312.
and other benevolent institutions. The public press con-   MINCAR/LO, one of the Scilly Islands, 4 miles W. of St.
sists of 7 daily newspapers, and about the same number of  Mary's.  Area 12 acres.
weekly issues. There are 3 or 4 banks, and several insur-    MINCH, a strait of Scotland. See MiNsrs.
ance companies. The streets, stores, &c., are lighted with    MINCHINIIAMP/TON, a markiet-town and parish of Enggas. In 1853 the citizens voted a loan of $50,000, to be ex- land, co. of Gloucester, on the Cotswold Hills, 4 miles S.E.
pended in the improvement of the harbor' Congress having  of Stroud, near a branch of the Great Western Railway.
previously appropriated $15,000 to that purpose.             Pop. in 1851, 4459. The town has manufactories of woollen
The Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad has recently been  cloth, recently employing about 1000 hands.
completed from this place to Madison. Other railroads are    MINCHINMADIVA,  min-chin-m-dee/vt, written  also
in progress to Chicago, Green Bay, Beloit, &c. Plank-roads  MINCIIINMADOM, a mountain peak of the Andes, in Paextend from the city in six directions, with an ag regate  tagonia!; lat. 420 50' S. Height 8000 feet.
length of about 200 miles. Milwaukee is the outlet of the    MINCIO, min/cho or meen/cho, (anc. Minlcius,) a river of
productions of a rich and rapidly improving country. The  North Italy, emerges from the S. extremity of Lake Garda,
following quantities of produce were shipped here in 1852, flows S. and E., and joins the Po, near Governolo, after a
viz.: 394,386 bushels of wheat; 345,620 of barley; 428,800  course of 38 miles. Goito and Mantuna are on its banks, from
of oats; 88,597 barrels of flour; 1,771,314 pounds of pork in  which last city downwards it is navigable for barges.
bulk; 19,603 barrels of pork; 321,121 pounds of wool; about    MINDANAO, min-dt-n/o  or meen-dA-na/o, or MAGIN1,000,000 pounds of lead, and 700,000 bricks. Tonnage of  DANAO, mt-Heen-dt-nto, (inhabitants of the lakes,) an
vessels owned here in 1854, 14.217.  During the year 26  island of the Malay Archipelago, the southernmost and after
schooners, of 2946 tons. were built. The navigation is usually  Luzon the largest of the Philippines, extending from Point
open about 8 months in the year, from March to November. Banajan, lat. 90 50'N.. ion. 1250 23' E., to Point Mindanao, lat.
Milwaulkcee enjoys a healthy climate, the great lakes having  50 32' N., Ion. 1250 23'E; and W. to E. from Point Alimpapan,
a sensible influence in modifying the extremes of heat and  lat. 70 6' N., ion. 1220 E., to Cape St. Augustine or Pand-agicold. The mean annual temperature in 3 years was 470.  tan, lat. 60 4/ N., Ion. 1260 13' E. Greatest length 300 miies.
The extensive water-power of the river constitutes an im- Estimated area 36,000 square miles. Iligan Bay on the N.,
portant element in the prosperity of Milwaukee. At the  and Illano or Illanon Bay on the S., nearly divide the island
head of the navigable part of the river a dam  has been  into two parts.  Its line of coast is marked with many
built, which raisesthe water 12 feet, and a canal conveys it  bays and headlands, which afford excellent shelter to ships
to the city. Ilere are 5 large flouring-mills a woollen fac- during storms, but strong currents make its A. side dantory, several machine shops. and othee establishments. The  gerous. Its mountains are of immense altitude, and are
reported value of articles manufactured in 1852 was over  clothed nearly to their summits with dense forests of teak
$2,000,000. Milwaukee is remarkable for the rapidity of its  and other large trees. Numerous volcanoes, some extinct,
growth, which has not been surpassed, if equalled, by any  others in full ignition, occur among them; but Mount Caof the western towns. It maintains intimate relations with  latan, near the source of the river Batuan, seems the only
a region to which a vast emigration is flowing —a region  one known, by name, to geographers.  It is thickly interwhich a few years ago was a solitary waste, or a field of  spersed with lakes, from which circumstance it derives its
savage warfare, but is now appropriated to the peaceful pur- name. In some parts of the island are extensive prairies.
suits and liberal institutions of civilized society. The place  The products comprise gold, rice, wax, cassia, rattans, towas settled in 1835. The city was incorporated in January,  bacco, and pepper, exported chiefly to Manilla and the adja1846. Pop. in 1840,1751; in 1850,20,061; in 1854, about 30,000. cent islands. Nitre, and volcanic products are said to be
MILWAUKAKEE, a post-village of Clackamas co., Oregon.    abundant. The interior is peopled by Papuan negroes. The
MILWAUKIE, a river of Wisconsin.  See MITWAUKEE.          Malays, who have long been notorious for their piracies,
MILfWICIH, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.          live under many independent chiefs, the principal of whom
MILZANO, mil-zitno, a village of Austrian Italy, gov- is the Sultan of Mindenao.  Principal towns, Mindaneo,
ernment of Milan, province of Brescia, on theMella. P. 1239. Zamboangan, Cayagan, Surigao, Tandag, and Catel. Pop.
MIMCINA or MIMSINA, mimn-see/na, a considerable town  uncertain; that of the 2 Spanish provinces on its N. side
of,Morocco, province of Darah, 190 miles S.E. of Morocco, let. amounted, in 1837, to upwards of 74,000.
300 N., ion. 50 W., beautifully situated among palms, and in-    MINDANAO,  a town on the S.W. coast of the island of
habited by Berbers, Moorish agriculturists, and some Jews. Mindanaoe, near the mouth of the river Pelangy, in the Bay
MIiMMS, NORTHI, a perish of England, co. of HIerts.       of Illana, and contiguous to which is Selangan, the resiMIMMS, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.  dence of the Sultan 6f Mindanao.
MIN, min or meen. or MIN KIANG, min' ke-tng/, a con-   MINDELIIEIM, minldel-hime', (anc. Rosletrus    Nineotria,,)
siderable river of China, province of Fokien, the greater  a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, 6n the Mindel, 30 miles
part of which it drains, rises in the black tea district, and  S.W. of Augsburg.  Pop. 2625.
flows generally S.E. into IHo-sien Bay, lat. 260 8' N., ion.   MINDEN, minmden, (L..Mis/da,) a strongly fortified town of
1190 40' E. Near its mouth it is bounded on each side by  Prussia, Westphalia, on the Weser, here crossed by a bridge
lofty heights; a good deal of rice is raised on its batiks. On  600 feet in length, and on the railway from  Berlin to the
it are the cities Rien-chang Yen-ping, and Foo-choo,. the  IRhine, near the Hlanoverian frontier, 60 miles E.N.E. of 51iCnlast being one of the Chinese ports now open to Europeans.  ster. Its fortifications have been great.ly improved since 1815,
MI/NA, a post-villaoe and township on the W. border of  and it has some new barrack~, which, with its cathedral, form
Chautauque co., New York, about 350 miles W. by S. of Al- its most striking public buildings. It has Lutheran. Rolman
bany. Pop. 996.                                            Catholic, and Calvinist churches; several hosyitals, schools,
1202




MIN                                                       MIN
and public institutions; manufactories of woollen and linen    MINERSVILLE,   a post-village of McDowell co., North
fabrics, hosiery, tobacco, soap, and refined sugar; and a con- Carolina.
siderable trade on the river between Bremen and Central   MINERSVILLE, a village of Salisbury township, Meigs
Germany. Minden is the seat of several important courts; co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 100 miles S.E. of Columbus. It
and possesses an historical and antiquarian society. It was  joins the upper part of Pomeroy.:he residence of several of the early German emperors, and    MINERiVA, a post-village and township in the S.W. part
many diets have been held here. In 1759, the Duke of  of Essex co., New York, about 90 miles N. of Albany. P. 586.
Brunswick defeated the French in the neighborhood. Pop.   MINERVA, a post-office of Houston co., Georgia.
in 1846, 12,782.                                             MINERVA, a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky, 10 miles
MINDEN, a government of Prussia, Westphalia, bounded  W. of Maysville. It has 2or 3 churches.
N. and N.W. by Hanover. Area 2040 square miles. It be-   MINERVA, a post-village of Stark co,, Ohio, on the Sandy
longs to three independent basins-the Weser, Eins, and  and Beaver Canal, and on a branch of the Cleveland and
Rhine. Minden is subdivided into 10 circles; Pop. in 1849, Pittsburg Railroad, about 110 miles N.E. of Columbus.
463,229.                                                   Grain is shipped here on the canal.
MINIDEN, a post-township on the W. border of Montgo-   MINERVA, a. post-office of Jasper co., Iowa.
mery co., New York, on the Mohawk River and Erie Canal,   MINERVINO, me-nls-vee1no, a town of Naplek, in Terra di
about 60 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 4623.               Bari, district of Barletta, 15 miles S.W. of Andria. P. 7200.
MINDEN, a beautiful post-village and former capital of    MINES BAY. See NOVA ScoTIA, page 1368.
Claiborne parish, Louisiana, is situated about 2 miles E. of    MINES SHIIVBOLETH, a small village.of Washington
the Daunchite River. and 400 miles N.N.W.of New Orleans. co., Missouri.
Its landing-place is frequently visited by steamboats which    MINESOTA, a territory, United States. See MINNESOTA.
ascend from Red River through Lake Bistineau. It is a    MINET/TO, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
place of active business, and in respect to wealth'and popu-   MINIETY, a parish of England, counties of Gloucester and
lation, it is the second town in Northern Louisiana. It has  Wilts, with a station on the Great Western Railway, 91
2 churches, 2 printing-offices, 1 iron foundry, 12 stores, and  miles S. of Cirencester.
shops in which various utensils are made. Pop. in 1853,   MINEIWITIHEN, one of the Scilly Islands.
about 1000.                                                 MINGAILA, an island of the Hebrides, near their S.
MINDEN, a township of St. Joseph co., Michigan. P. 862. extremity, about 2 miles S.S.W. of Pabba. Length 3 miles.
MIN/DENVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., New  Cliffs on the S.W. remarkably lofty.
York, about 60 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                      MINGAN (mingfgln) ISLANDS, a group, British North
MINDORO; min-dofro or meen-dofro, an island of the  America, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, N. of Anticosti.
Philippines, Malay Archipelago, lat. of Pt. Calavite, 130 27'    MINGLANILLA,  min-gl0-neeltyi, a village of Spain, New
N., Ion. 1200 21' E., and 20 miles S. of Luzon. Estimated  Castile, 44 miles SE. of Cuenca. Pop. 1948
area 4150 square miles. Pop. 29,632. Surface mountainous,   MINIGO FLAT, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia.
and, viewed from the sea, it is picturesque. Chief town,   MINGOLSHERIM, mingI9ls-hime', a village of Baden, 20
Calapan, on its N. coast.                                  miles S.S.E.of Mannheim. Pop. 1840. Nearit isa mineral
MINDORO, SEA OF. See SooLOO SEA.                         spring, and the ancient castle of Kisslau.
MINDORO, a post-office of La Crosse co., Wisconsin.        MINGRELIA, min-greefle-A, (Fr. Mingreie, mkcNa'gr4ieef,
MINDITOWN, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            Ger. Mingrelien, min-grAle-en,) a province of Asiatic Russia,
MINE CREEK, a post-township in Hempstead co., Arkan- between the Black Sea on the W., and the Caucasus on the
sas. Pop. 1185.                                            N. Area 2365 square miles. Pop. 70,000. The inhabitants
MINEIIlEAD, a seaport, ancient borough, market-town, belong mostly to the Greek Church, and their prince, a vasand parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the Bristol Chan- sal of Russia, resides in the small town of Zoobdidee, (Zubnel, 22 miles W.N.W. of Bridgewater. Pop. in 1851, 1542. didi.) The country hasoften been devastated by wars, and
The town has a commodious harbor, with a herring fishery, many of the population, who are extremely handsome, are
coasting and Irish trade.                                  carried into slavery. On the W. coast, are the forts of RedoutMINEHEAD, a promontory of Ireland, Munster, co. of  Kaleh. and Anaklia.
Waterford, on the Atlantic, 6 miles S.S.W. of Hehwick-head.   MINHO,* meenlyo, (Sp. Miso; anc. Miincius,) a river of
MINElING, a post-office of Morgan co., Missouri.         Spain and Portugal, rises in Galicia, 30 miles N.E. of SantiMINEIKILL FALLS, a post-office of Schoharie co., New  ago, flows E., S., and W., latterly bounding Portugal on the
York.                                                      N., and enters the Atlantic near Caminha, 52 miles N. of the
MINE LA MOTTE, a post-office of Madison co., Missouri.  mouth of the Douro, after a course of 130 miles. Affluents,
MINEO, me-nDAo, (anc. Melne,) a town of Sicily, 26 miles the Sil, Avia, and Tea.
S.W. of Catania, on an eminence near a sulphurous lake, and    MINHO  or ENTRE  DOURO-E-MINHO, 8n/trA dSfro 
possessing a college. Pop. 8000.                           meen/yo, (i. e. "between the Douro and Minho,") the most
MINERA, me-nAfra, a chapelry of Wales, 3 miles N.W. of  northern province of Portugal, having W. the Atlantic, and
Wrexham.                                                   N. the Minho. Area 2044 square miles. Pop. 487,431. Its
MINfERAL HILL, a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas.    S. part' has been lately comprised in the new province of
MINERAL POINT, a post-township in the S. part of Iowa  Porto; and it is now divided into the comarcas of Braga and
co., Wisconsin. Pop. 2584.                                 Viana, its chief towns.
MINERAL POINT, a thriving post-village and township,   MINIER or MINYEII, meene-yeh, a town of Egypt, capcapital of Iowa co., Wisconsin, 47 miles W.S.W. of Madison. ital of a province, on the left bank of the Nile, 136 miles
The village stands on a point of land between two small S.S.W. of Cairo. It has some earthenware manufactures,
streams, and is surrounded by a rich mineral region, from  and a government cotton factory.
which large quantities of lead and copper are exported by    MINtINGSBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
way of Galena. It is a place of active business, and is rapidly    MINIISH, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, in the
improving. It has 5 churches, 4 smelting furnaces, 11 dry- Atlantic, 3 miles WV. of the centre of Kilkerran Bay. Length
goods stores, and 1 bank.. A company has been formed here  2 miles. Pop. about 500.
to construct a railroad which shall intersect with the Illinois    MIN/ISINK, a post-village and township in the W. part
Central Railroad, and cnnect this point with Chicago. Laid  of Orange co., New York. The township is intersected in
out in 1827.  Pop. of the township in 1850, 2584; of the  the N.W. by the New York and Erie Railroad, about 60
village in 1854, estimated at 3000.                        miles N.W. of New York City.
MINERAL RIDGE, a small village of Mercer co., Penn-    MINIUS. See MINH0.
sylvania.                                                    MINNAI, a town of Arabia. See OMAN.
MINERAL SPRINGS, apost-office of Columbia co., Florida.   MINNAY SOTOR. See MINNESOTA.
MINERBE, me-n~a/bl, a town of Austrian Italy, 20 miles   MINNEAP/OLIS, a post-village, capital of Hennepin co,
S.E. of Verona. Pop. 3000.                                 Minnesota, beautifully situated on the right bank of the
MINERBE, a town of Northern Italy, Pontifical States, 11  Mississippi, a little above the Falls of St. Anthony. It is
miles N.E. of Bologna. Pop. 2800.                          surrounded by a rich agricultural region, and in the spring
MINE RIDGE, in the S.E. part and extending along the  of 1854 had 3 stores and 500 inhabitants.
E. border of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, derives its name    MlIN'NESOITA or MIN'ESOITA, (originally written MINfrom the copper-mines which it contains, but which are no  NAY Soeon,) a territory of the United States, is bounded on
longer worked.'                      the N. by British America, E. by Lake Superior and the
MIlNERS, a village of Wash!ington co., Missouri, 110 miles state of Wisconsin, S. by Iowa and Missouri Territory, and
S.E. by E. of Jefferson City.                             W. by Nebraska Territory. The Lake of the Woods, with a
MI/INERSVILLE, avillage of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, chain of small lakes and their outlets, forms a part of the
2 miles E. of Pittsburg.                                  northern boundary, the St. Croix and Mississippi a part of
MINERSVILLE, a thriving.post-borough of Schuylkill co., the eastern, and the Missouri and White Earth Rivers the
Pennsylvania, on the WV. branch of the Schuylkill River, 4  western loundary. It lies between 420 30' and 490 N. lat.,
miles W. of Pottsville. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, and between about 890 30' and 1030 30 WV. Ion., being about
snrrounded by hills which contain rich beds of coal. A  650 miles in extreme length from E. to W., and 430 from N.
branch railroad, 7 miles long, connects it with Schuylkill
Iaven, on the Reading Railroad. It has a newspaper office,
1 iron foundry, 1 car factory, and 1 flour-mill. Incorporated   * This is the Portuguese spelling; the Spaniards write the
in 1831. Pop. in 1840,600; in 1850, 2951; in 1853, attbout 4000. name AMin1, but pronounce it in the same manner.
1203




MIN  M. IN
to S., including an area of nearly 166,025 square miles, or  Lake Pepin, a beautiful sheet of water, is a meore exptuseon
106,256,000 acres.                                         of the Mississippi in the S.E. of this territory.  The' river,
Aecc of the Country.-Though there are no mountains in  and large streams of Minnesota are almost as numerous as
Minnesota, it is the most elevated tract of land between the  its lakes. The far-famed Mississippi takes its humble origin
Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay; and from  its central from  Itasca Lake, from  whose pellucid waters it issues a
heights sends its waters to every point of the compass, but rivulet of but a few feet in width, and first meandering in
mostly to the N. and S. The position from which the Red  a N.E. direction through a number of small lakes, to receive
RIiver of the North and the St. Peter's take their opposite  their tribute, it turns to the S., and pursues its lordly way
courses is almost exactly in the centre of the territory, and to its far distant exit in the Gulf of Mexico, laving in its
elevated about 2000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. A pla- course the shores of 9 states and 1 territory. About 800
tenu, called the " Coteau des Prairies," or  "Prairie Heights,"  miles of its length are included within Minnesota, of which
about 200 miles in length, and from  15 to 40 in breadth, 600 are'navigable for steamboats; 200 below the Falls of
runs through the middle of the southern part of Minnesota.  St. Anthony,. and 400 above; with two interruptions, howIts greatest elevation is about 1916 feet above the level of  ever, at Sank Rapids and Little Falls. The Rum and St.
the sea, and its average height about 1450 feet. The northern  Croix, tributaries of the Mississippi, drain the S.E. portion
portion, which is the highest, is about 890 feet above Bigstone  of the territory, and the Red River the northern, passing
Lake, which lies in its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's or off into Hudson's Bay. It is the outlet of Traverse, OtterMinnesota River, we come upon another range of heights, tail, Red, and several smaller lakes. It has a course of
known as the Coteau du Grand Bois, or the Wooded Heights, about 500 miles within Minnesota, though it does not flow
which extend for more than 100 miles nearly parallel with  directly north more than 200 miles in that distance. The
the Coteau des Prairies. This ridge is mostly covered with  Lake Superior slope is principally drained by the St. Louis
an extensive forest of hard wood. Through the middle of  and its branches, and by the outlets of that series of small
the triangle which occupies the N.E. portion of the territory  lakes that form the N.E. boundary of Minnesota. The great
runs a third range of heights, called the "Hauteurs de  valley formed by the slopes of the Coteau des Prairies and
Terre," or "Highlands," which extend W. by S. about 300  the Coteau du Bois is drained by the St. Peter's or Minnemiles, and form the dividing ridge, whence flow the waters  sota and its tributaries. This river runs first in a SE., and
that seek Lake Superior and the Mississippi in one direction, then in a N.E. course, with a total length of from 400 to
and hudson's Bay in the other. A range of less altitude  500 miles, and is navigable for steamers.  Its principal
than the " Coteau des Prairies," but continuing in the same  branch is the Blue Earth or Mankato River. The St. Peter's,
direction. forms the watershed of the streams flowing into  with the Crow Wing and Crow Rivers, are the principal trithe Missouri on the W., and those flowing into the Red River butaries of the Mississippi from the West. The Rivibre h
on the E. The rest of the country generally alternates  Jacques (reelve-airl ah zhak) and the Sioux are the principal
between sandhills and swamps.                               affluents of the Missouri from this territory. They both
Geology.-Minnesota, east of the Red River of the North, have an almost directly S. course, the former being about
is mostly covered with drift, lying on crystalline and meta-  600, and the latter 400 miles long. Nearly the whole western
morphic rocks, which occasionally protrude to the surface in  boundary is washed by the Missouri, which opens the westthe valleys of the rivers and on the shores of lakes. In the  ern part of the territory to the commerce of the great MisS.E., the lower magnesian limestone crops out in the valleys  sissippi Valley. The rivers of Minnesota abound in small
of the Mississippi and St. Peter's Rivers; and on the latter  falls and rapids, which, while they interrupt navigation,
river the sandstone occasionally obtrudes in a few places, furnish extensive water-power. The St. Croix is navigable
with occasional intrusions of igneous rocks. On the shores to Stillwater for large boats, and for small ones to the falls;
of Lake Superior are " alternations of metamorphic schists, the Minnesota to Traverse des Sioux, and at high water 100
slates, and sandstones, with volcanic grits and other bedded  miles further; the St. Louis 20 miles for large vessels, and
traps and porphyries, intersected by numerous basaltic and  the Red River in nearly all parts for either Durham boats
greenstone dikes, with occasional deposits of red clay, marls, or steamboats. The Blue Earth, Rum, Elk, and others are
and drift."  In the N.E. angle of Minnesota is a tract of  navigable from  50 to 100 miles for steamboats of light
hornblendic and argillaceous slates, with bedded porphyries draught and flat-boats.
and intrusions of greenstone and granite. On the Lake of    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-If we except cataracts of
the Woods, Rainy Lake, and their outlets, are metamorphic  the first magnitude and high mountains, Minnesota preschists, with gneiss and gneissoid rocks.                   sents as great a variety of natural objects of interest as
Minerals.-The indications from geological surveys of Min- any portion of our widely-extended domain. The traveller
nesota do not favor the hopes of great metallic wealth within  enters her territory ascending the Mississippi, amid beautiits borders. Copper has been found, but in most instances  ful islands, (one of which, Mountain Island, is 428 feet
it is not "in place," but appears to have been carried thither  high,) and between cliffs of sandstone and magnesian limeby the drift and boulders. The probability is that, of richer stone rising to an elevation of from  300 to 500 feet. Soon
metallic ores than iron, this territory will not afford (except he passes into that beautiful expansion of the river named
near Lake Superior) sufficient quantity to repay the labors Lake Pepin, on the E. bank of which he has Maiden's Rock,
of the miner; for, if they exist at all, they probably lie at 400 feet high; and near the northern extremity of the
great depths. The indications are equally unfavorable to  lake, La Grange Mountain, a headland about 330 feet above
there being any large deposits of coal. A lead vein, 4 inches  the lake, 180 of which, at the base, is sandstone, capped
in thickness, was discovered on the Warajis River, by the  with magnesian limestone. As he proceeds, continuing his
geological corps of Professor Owen. The most remarkable  ascending voyage, the traveller arrives at the famed St.
mineral in this territory is the red pipestone, of which the  Anthony's Falls, less celebrated on account of their perIndians make their pipes, and which is believed to be pecu- pendicular pitch (only 161 feet) than for their accompaniliar to the region of the Coteau des Prairies. A slab of this ments of wild scenery and their geological interest.  The
stone has been, or is to be, sent to Washington, to be inserted  falls are divided by an island, as at Niagara, the greater
in the great national monument erecting to the memory of  portion of the water passing on the western side, which is
the father of his country. Salt exists in vast quantities 310 yards wide. The entire descent, including the rapids,
between 470 and 490 N. let., and 970 and 990 W. ion.        is 58 feet in 260 rods. St. Anthony's Falls will no doubt
Lakes and Rivers.-Minnesota is perhaps even  more  one day become a Western Lowell; indeed its capabilities
deserving than Michtigan of the appellation of the " Lake  as a manufacturing site far transcend those of the town
State," as it abounds in lacustrine waters of every size, from  named, when the wants of the country shall call them into
lakes of 40 miles in extent, to small ponds of less than a  requisition. Fountain Cave, 2 or 3 miles above St. Paul, is
mile in circuit. These beautiful sheetf of water give origin  an excavation in the white sandstone, which opens, by an
to rivers flowing  N., S., and E.; some finding their way to  arched entrance 25 feet wide and 20 high, into a chamber
the Atlantic through the mighty Mississippi and the Gulf  150 feet long and 20 wide, along the centre of which glides
of Mexico; others through the great lakes. Niagara, and the  a rivulet, which may be heard from its inner and hidden
St. Lawrence; and others, again, pass off to the N., and  recesses dashing down in small cascades. The passage beseek the ocean through Hudson's Bay and Straits. The  comes very narrow as you proceed up the channel, occasionlargest of these lakes, with the exception of Lake Superior, ally opening into small chambers. Mr. Seymour advanced
are the Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, Red, Minni-Wakan  nearly 1000 feet within the cave without reaching its teror Devil Lake, Leech, and Mille Lac or Spirit Lake. These  mination. Brown's Falls are in a narrow stream, the outgenerally have clear, pebbly bottoms, and are well stocked  let of several small lakes on the W. side of the Mississippi.
with fish, among which are the white fish, pike, pickerel, They have a perpendicular descent of 50 feet; and includmaskelonge, sucker, perch, and trout. Wild rice grows on  ing smaller falls and rapids, 100 feet. Pilot Knob, near the
the borders of many of them, especially at the North. confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, is an elevation
]evil Lake, which is on the 48th parallel of N. let.. in the  of 262 feet, which commands a fine view of the surrounding
N.W. of Minnesota, is about 40 miles in length by 15 in  country and the two rivers near whose junction it stands.
breadth, and its waters, which are brackish, haveeso visible  The St. Croix Falls or Rapids, about 30 miles from  its
outlet. Red Lake, on the same parallel, E. of Red River, mouth, have a descent of nearly 50 feet in 300 yards; btIt
with which it communicates, is divided into two portions, the most interesting portion of the scene consists in the
united by a strait of 2 miles in width. and covers about the  perpendicular walls of trap-rock through which the river
same area as Devil Lake. Lake of the Woods, and Rainy  has forced its way, about half a mile below the rapids, and
Lake, (the former a large shleet of water, perhaps 100 miles through which it rushes with great velocity, forming eddies
in circuit,) are both on the N.E. boundary of the territory. and whirlpools. At this place, 40 or 50 feet above the riv1204




"MIN                                                       MIN
port-holes 20 to 25 feet in diameter, and 15 to 20 deep, have  Croix, and Pine Rivers there are extensive forests of pine.
been worn by the action of the water. This pass is called  According to Professor Owen, "a belt of forest crosses Minthe Dalles of the St. Croix.  The Sioux River "breaks nesota in lat. 440 30', which is remarkable for its unusual
through a remarkable formation of massive quartz, which  body of timber, in a country otherwise but scantily tim.
crosses it perpendicularly," at the Great Bend, in about 430  bered."  Bond says, " there are 80 miles of solid pine tim30' N. lat., and forms a series of falls and rapids, one of  ber on the shores of the Mississippi, below Pokegamin Falls."
which is 21 feet, another 18, and a third 10 feet in perpen- Taken as a whole,' Minnesota can scarcely be called a welldicular pitch. The entire descent in 400 yards is 100 feet. wooded country. But here, as in other parts of the West,
Minnesota shares with Wisconsin in the falls and rapids of  when the prairies are protected from fire, a growth of young
the St. Louis Rtiver, another picturesque and romantic dis- timber soon springs up.
play of nature's works-for a description of which, see Wie-   Anintals.-Minnesota has always been a favorite hunting
CONSrN. The rivers of Minnesota are filled with picturesque  ground of the Indians, and vast herds of buffalo, elk, deer.
rapids and small falls, and often bordered with perpendicu- antelope, and other game still roam over the plains west of
lar bluffs of lime and sandstone, or gently sloping hills  the Coteau des Prairies and the Red River. Deer. black bear,
that gracefully recede from the water. This region is the  antelope, wolverine, otter, muskrat, mink, martin, wolf, and
paradise of the hunter: its prairies and forests are the home  racoon abound, and the moose and grizzly bear are occa-.
of many wild animals, and in its rivers and lakes swim great sionally met with. The prairies are frequented by grouse,
varieties of fish.                                          pheasants, and partridges, and the streams by wild ducks
Climate.-The climate of this territory is severe, especially  and geese. The other birds are hawks, buzzards, harriers,
in the northern part. At the Pembina settlement, under  owls, quails, plovers, larks, and a great variety of small
the 49th parallel of latitude, the cold is frequently so great birds. Among the water fowl are the pelican, tern, hooded
as to fieeze quicksilver. According to observations kept sheldrake, bustard, broadbill, ruffle-headed dluck, wood duck,
by the officers stationed there in January, 1847, the mean  teal, wild goose, and loon. Both the golden and bald eagle
temperature of the month, from three observations a day, are occasionally met with. The rivers and lakes abound in
at 9 A. a., and 3 and 9 P. Mr., was 12 ~ below zero; and the  fine fish, among which are the bass, cap, sunfish, pickerel,
greatest cold 480 below the same point. The average of 66  pike, catfish, whitefish, sucker, maskelonge, and trout.
days' observations was 2210 below zero; and the highest    Masssufarctures.-There are great capabilities in the innupoint reached in the month of January, 300 above zero. The  mesrable rivers of Minunesota, with their falls and rapids, for
hottest day in the month of July was 960, showing a range  manufacturing establishments.  At present the conversion
of 1440 between the greatest cold and greatest heat. From   of her pine forests into boards, scantling, &c., constitutes
the 17th of June to the 17th of July, 1848, the mean tem- the principal manufacture of this new  and flourishing
perature was 690. Even as late as in the latter weeks of  territory.
March, and as early as in November, the thermometer often    Internal Imsprovements.- These   of course, are as yet confalls below zero. Observations made at St. Paul's, in lat. fined to opening common and military roads. In the settle440 56' N., in December, January, and February, of the  ment of a new country, the emigrants naturally first locate
winter of 1850-51, gave the following result: Clear days, on the great rivers, and a considerable time elapses before
22; variable, 45; cloudy, 23; rain, 5; snow. 24; and hail, 1. they need any other highway than these rivers themselves
Greatest height of the mercury, 470; lowest point, 320 5' and short roads leading to them. The best lands of Minnebelow zero; average of the winter, 15~ 23'. Thirty-one days sota are'on her two great navigable rivers, the Mississippi
the mercury was at or above freezing, and 37 days below  and St. Peter's; and the first acts of internal improvement
zero. The coldest day, (January 30,) it was 200 below; and  needed by this territory will be the removal of somen  obstructhe mildest, (February 25,) 360 6' above zero. Winds, N.N.W.;  tions in these streams. It is among the probabilities that
50 days; S.E. to E.N.E., 20 days; variable, 20 days. The  the great Pacific Railway may traverse this region, as
amount of rainy days this winter is stated as unusually  engineers are now examining the feasibilities of a northern
large, from which the dryness of the atmosphere may be  route.
inferred.  The earliest closing of the navigation by ice,    Commerce.-Minnesota has the advantage of two outlets
between 1844 and 1850, was November 8; the latest, December  for her products; one by way of the Mississippi, to every
8. The earliest opening in the same period, was March 31: portion of the Mississippi Valley; and the other by way of
the latest, April 19. The climate of Minnesota,. in somei  LakeSuperior, withtheLake States and with the East. The
parts, is too severe for Indian corn, but the dryness and  great export of this territory is her lumber, and in the
steadiness of the cold favor wheat and other winter grains. winter of 1850-51, 21,000,000 feet were cut on the St. Croix
Soil aid Productions.-The soil of Minnesota varies greatly. and its tributaries. The same region would send, it was
In the valleys of the rivers it is mostly excellent, especially  calculated, 60,000,000 feet to market in 1853; and this portion
in those of the St. Peter's, and of the Mississippi and its  of the trade of Minnesota must increase in a rapid ratio with
tributaries in the S.E. part of the territory. Above the Falls  the settlement of its own waste lands, and of the lower
of St. Anthony, with the exception of the river alluvions  country. In 1841, according to Mr. Prescott's register at
and some prairie land. the country is generally covered with  Fort Snelling, 40 steamboats arrived from below, 48 in 1845,
drift, interspersed with marshes, too wet for cultivation; but 24 in 1846,47 in 1847, 63 in 1848, 85 in 1849, and 102 in 1850.
the elevated portion is often much of it of tolerable fertility, The Mississippi River was open for navigation, or the first
though inferior to the calcareous lands of the river bottoms, boat arrived, in the years 1841,'5,'6,'8,'9, and'50, respectand not unfrequently covered with dwarf timber. Professor  ively, on the 20th of March, 6th of April, 31st of March, 7th
Owen remarks that "the general agricultural character of  of April, 9th of April, and 19th of April; and the river
the Red River country is excellent. The principal drawbacks  closed, in the same years, on the 23d and 26th of November,
are occasional protracted droughts during the midsummer  and on the 4th, 7th, and 1st of December. The foreign exmonths, and during the spring freshets, which from time  ports for 1851-2 amounted to $1207.
to time overflow large tracts of low prairie, especially near.Fucatico.-Minnesota has a public system of free schools,
the Great Bend."  According to Governor Ramsay, wherever which is under the general direction of a superintendent of
the test has been made, Minnesota produces corn, wheat, common schools, and the local supervision of trustees. Every
oats, and potatoes equal in quality to that produced in any  township containing not less than five families is considered
state in the Union, and in quantity such as to astonish those  a school district. These school trustees are elected every
who have been familiar even with the rich bottom lands of  year, and a majority of the voters may levy a tax not to
Indiana and Illinois. The nutritious wild rice, strawberries, exceed.S600 a year. A county tax is also levied for school
currants, plums, cranberries, grapes, and crab-apples are  purposes, of one-fourth of one per cent. on the ad valrem
indigenous. According to the census of 1850, there were  amount of assessment roll made by the county assessors:
5035 acres of land only under cultivation, but as the popu- also 15 per cent. of all moneys raised by licenses of spirituous
lation is now (1853) probably more than treble what it was liquors, and on all fines for criminal acts. "An act to
at that period, this will be a very unfair representation of  incorporate the University of Minnesota," was passed
the present agricultural condition of the territory. In the  February 25, 1851. This institution is to consist of five
year of the national census, there were produced 1401 bushels  departments, namely, of science, literature, and art; of laws;
of wheat; 125 of rye; 16,725 of Indian corn; 30,582 of oats; of medicine; of agriculture; and of elementary instruction.
10,002 of peas and beans; 21,145 of Irish potatoes; 200 of  Twelve regents appointed by the legislature manage its
sweet potatoes; 1216 of barley; 515 of buckwheat; 2019  affairs. It is located at St. Anthony. The proceeds of all
tons of hay; 85 pounds of wool; 5100 of butter; 2950 of lands granted by the United States go to form a perpetual
maple sugar; 80 of beeswax and honey. Value of live stock, fund for the support of the University. Congress has granted
$92,859; of market produce, $150; and of slaughtered ani- two townships of land for this purpose already.
mals, $2840.                                                  Public Institutions.-A Penitentiary, located at Stillwater,
Forest T-ees. —Parts of Minnesota are densely timbered  is the only other institution, besides the University, of a
with pine forests, and the ridges of the drift districts with  strictly territorial character. A Historical Society was est,.
small pine, birch, aspen, maple, ash, elm, hemlock, firs, pop- blished at St. Paul in 1849, which annually publishes its
lar, and basswood. In the swamps between the ridges, the  transactions.
tamarack, cedar, and cypress are found; while the river    Population.-The commencement of the settlement of this
bottons furnish a good growth of oak, aspen, soft maple, territory is quite recent; and, at the United States census
basswood, ash, birch, white walnut, linden, and elm. Much  of 1850, there were only 6077 inhabitants; of whom 3695
of this timber on the poorer ridges, and in some of the  were white males, 2343 white females, 21 free colored niales
marshes, is of rather a dwarf character. On the Rum, St  and 18 free colored females. Governor Rainsay estimated
1205




MIN                                                        MIN
the Indian population in 1852 at 25,000. The number of  Baaleais  Milnor and Misnorca;  Sp. lenorca, m4-n )Rfkil
families in 1850 was 1016, occupying 1002 dwellings. Of the  Fr. hinorque, mee'nonkf; Dutch, Aiinorka, me-nofRki,) at
population, except Indians, 1586 were born in the territory, island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain; between
2511 in the different states of the Union, 84 in England, 271  lat. 390 47' and 400 4 45" N., Ion. 30 481 and 40 201 E.; length
in Ireland, 41 in Scotland and Wales, 1417 in British America, 35 miles; average breadth about 10 miles; area 335 square
141 in Germany, 29 in France, 65 in other countries, and 22 miles. The coast is very much indented on all sides except
whose places of birth were unknowni, giving about 33 per the S., and generally presents a succession of bold headlands,
cent, of foreign birth. In the year ending June 1, 1850, enclosing small creeks and bays, of which several form good
there occurred 30 deaths, or about 5 in every one thousand  harbors. Of these the best and most frequented is Port
persons. In the census returns, no deaf, dumb, or blind, Mahon, the capital of the island. The surface rises from
and but 1 idiot and 1 insane was reported. Pop. to the  all sides towards the centre, where it becomes mountainous,
square mile only.04. Of the entire population, 340 were  attaining, in Mount El Toro, the height of about 5000 feet.
engaged in agriculture, 599 were laborers, 126 lumbermen, The soil is not generally fertile; but in good seasons, the
207 hunters, 396 mechanics and manufacturers, 208 mer- wheat and barley grown is equal to the consumption. The
chants and traders, 9 engaged in internal commerce, and  other principal products are oil, wine, hemp, flax, oranges,
77 in the learned professions. So rapid and constant has  and lemons. Iron, copper, and lead, are found in abunbeen the influx of emigration into this territory since the  dance; and superior marble, porphyry, and alabaster
taking of the national census, that the population in 1854  exist in several districts. The first possessors of Minorca
was estimated at 35,000 civilized inhabitants.             were the Carthaginians, who drew from  it, in common
Counties.-Minnesota is divided into 20 counties, viz. Ben- with the other islands of the Baleares, a number of exton, Blue Earth, Cass, Chisago, Dakotah, Fillmore, Goodhue, sellent slingers, who distinguished themselves during HanIlennepin, Itasca, Kapasia; Le Sueur, Nicollet, Pierce, Pem- nibal's wars in Italy, It afterwards passed successively
bina, Ramsay, Rice, Scott, Sibley, Wabashaw, and Washing- into the hands of the Romans, the Vandals, and the
ton. Mankatah and Wahnahta have been obliterated since  Moors: the last were expelled in 1285 by the Spaniards.
1850. Capital, St. Paul. The principal towns are St. Paul, During the greater part of the 18th century it belonged to
population in 1854 estimated at 5000; and St. Anthony's, the British, who finally ceded it to Spain at the peace of
2000. Stillwater, St. Croix, and Wabasha are the other im- Amiens.  For administrative purposes, it is divided into
portant places.                                            the four districts of Mahon, Alayor, Mercadel, and CiudaGovernminent.-The governor is appointed by the President dela. Pop. about 40,000.
of the United States for four years; salary, $2500. The legis-   MINORI, me-nofree, a town of Naples, province of Prinlature consists of a Council, composed of 9 members, and a  cipato Citra, 7 miles W.S.W: of Salerno, near the Gulf of
House of Representatives, of 18 members, both elected by  Salerno. Pop. 2200.
the people, the former for 2 year., and the latter annually.   MINOT, me-notf, a post-village and township of AndrosThe number of councilmen may be increased to 15, and of  coggin co., Maine, on a tributary of the Androscoggin, 37
the representatives to 39. The judiciary consists of a su- miles N.N.W. of Portland, by the Grand Trunk Railway,
preme, district, and probate courts. The territory sends a  which intersects the township, and here sends off a branch
delegate to the national House of Representatives, who may  road 13 miles long to Buckfield. The village has a church,
speak, but not vote.                                       and several stores and mills. There are also two other vilIlistoey.-Minnesota is said to have been first'isited by  lages in the township, viz., Mechanics' Falls and East Minot.
white men in the person of two free traders in the year 1654; Pop. in 1850, 1734; in 1854, 2000.
who, on their return to Montreal, two years afterwards, gave    MINOT'S LEDGE, or COHASISET ROCKS, Boston Harbor,
such glowing descriptions of the country as to induce, not 8 miles S.E. of Boston Light, has a fixed light 66 feet hi-h.
only traders and trappers, but Jesuit missionaries to visit   MINOW  (moe/now) ISLANDS, a group of East Africa, in
the country. To the latter are we indebted for the first Mozambique Channel, off the N.W. coast of Madagascar, lat.
printed records of Minnesota. The present territory of Min- (N. point) 120 49' 30" S., Ion. 480 39' E. They are about 27
nesota formed part of the original Louisiana Territory, as in number, and with the exception of two or three, which
purchased from France in 1803. The eastern portion formed  ar6 low and of coral formation, are lofty and precipitous,
a part of the French possessions which were surrendered to  presenting ranges of basaltic columnns.
the English at the -peace of 1763, and subsequently by the    MINP00OOREE, a considerable town of British India, prolatter to the government of the United States, after the  sidency of Bengal, 60 miles E. of Agra.
close of the Revolution. During the administration of Mr.   MINSII or MINCI, mnlntch, (" Stormy Sea,") the broad
Jefferson, (in 1805,) an exploring expedition, under General strait which separates the islands of Lewis, Htebrides, from
Pike, traversed the country. The first fortification of the  the W. coast of Scotland. Mean breadth about 35 miles. A
United States within the present limits of Minnesota was contraction of this sound, to the S.S.W., is called the Little
located at Fort Snelling, which has been occupied by an  Minsh, and separates the middle portion of the Outer HeobAmerican garrison ever since 1819. With the exception of rides from the island of Skye.
the British settlement at Pembina, which was not then    MIN-SHAN  or MIN-CIHIAN, min (or meen) shin, or
known to be within the limits of the United States, no settle- KIEOO-TING-SHIIAN, (Kieou-Ting-Shan,) ke-'-oolting'shain
ments were made in this territory till about 1845. In 1849  i.e. "mountain with nine lofty summits," a mountain of
it was organized into a territorial government. It has suc- China, province of Se-chuen, in lat. 310 34' N., ion. 1030 E.
cessively formed parts of the Missouri, North-West, Wiscon- It is covered with perpetual snow.
sin, and Iowa Territories.                                   MIN SHfIULL-CIIURCII, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
MINNESOITA CITY, a post-village, capital of Fillmore    MINSHIULL VERItNON, a township of'England. co. of
county, Minnesota, on the right bank of the Mississippi Chester, wfih a station on the London and North-Western
River, at the mouth of the Rolling Stone, 120 miles below  Railway, 5 miles N.W. of Crewe.
St. Paul. It was settled in 1852, by the "Western Farm      MINSK, minsk, a government of Russia, between lat.
and Village Association," who number over 100 persons. 510 12' and 550 50' N., and ion. 250 10' and 300 45' E. Area
The Rolling Stone furnishes water-power in the vicinity.    34,716 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 935,345, of whom about
MINNETON/KA or MINNITANI/KA, a lake of Minnesota, 100,000 were Jews, and 40,000 of Tartar descent. Surface
included in Sibley and Hennepin counties,'is 28 miles long. level, marshy, and for the most part inundated in the
MINtNIEHIVE, a small burgh of barony of Scotland, co. spring; principal rivers, the Pripel s, and Dnieper, with their
and 161 miles N.W. of Dumfries. Pop. about 600.            affluents, the Beresina, Pechiza, &c.; and it is partially
MIN'NIGAFFI, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirk- bounded on the S.E. and the W. by thle South Dwina and the
cudbright.                                                 Niemen. More grain (chiefly rye) is raised than is required
MINNIOAH, a post-office of Wabesham co., Minnesota.   for home consumption; hemp, flax, potash, and tar, are
MINNI WAKAN, minunee wA-k~nf, or DEVIL LAKE, in  other important products. Forests very extensive, and, next
Minnesota Territory, intersected by the 48th parallel of N. to agriculture, the people are mostly occupied in sawing and
latitude, and the 99th meridian of W. longitude. Length  trading in timber. Linen weaving and distilling is pretty
about 40 miles; greatest breadth 12 miles. The water of  actively carried on. Principal towns, Minsk, Bobruisk, and
this lake is of a deeper tint than that of the neighboring  Slootzk.
fresh-water lakes; it is so brackish that it cannot be used    MINSK, a town of Russia, capital of the above government,
as drink by man; the buffaloes, however, are said to be very  situated on an affluent of the Beresina, 430 miles S.W. of St.
fond of it, drinking it as freely as they would any other Petersburg. Pop. 23,600, among whom are many Jews. It
water. No outlet has yet been discovered.                  is mostly built of wood, but has some handsome stone
MINONK, of Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central edifices, several Greek, Greek-United, and Roman Catholic
Railroad, 31 miles S. of La Salle.                         churches, a synagogue, a theological seminary, and a large
MINOOK, of Illinois, a station on the Chicago and Rock  theatre, with manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. It
Island Railroad, 10 miles E. of Joliet.                    is the see of a Greek archbishop and a Roman  Catholic
MILO, Pennsylvania. See MENNO.                           bishop, and is mentioned in records of the 11th century.
MINO, a river of the Spanish peninsula. See MssnoH.        MINiSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of  iants.
MINORCA,* min-orlka, or MENOR:CA,* mmn-or/lca, (L.   MINISTER, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
MINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Kent, with a sta* Named from its being the "smaller" (in Latin minor,
tion on the South-Eastern Railway, 4 miles WV. of Rams15panish menor) of the two principal Balearic Islands. In like
mannor MAJORCA derives its name from the Latin word majior, gate.  The church is a fine structure, on the site of the
greater;" it being the larger of the two islands just alluded to.I famous Saxon Nunnery of St. Mildred, founded about 670
1206




1
MIN                                                        MIR
In the parish is Ebbsfleet, the landing-place both of Hengist of Charente-Infdrieure, 8 miles S.W. of Jonzac.. Pop. ill
and Iforsa, and of St. Augustine.                         1852, 2290.
MINSTIER, SOTTHI, a parish of England, co. of Essex.      MIRAMICHI, mlr'a.me-sheet, a bay and river of Newi
MINSTER-LO VEL. a parish of England, co. of Oxford.    Brunswick, British North America, the bay on its E. coast.
MINSTER IN SLIEPPY, a parish of England, co. of Kent. lat. 470 10' N., ion. 650 W~., being the estuary of the river
MINSTER, a post-village of Auglaize co., on the Miami which expands into it after a N.E. course of 75 miles. it is
Canal, 122 miles N. of Cincinnati. Pop. about 600.        navigable for vessels of the largest class about 30 miles. OpMINSTERILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Salop.       posite the mouth of-the bay are Fox and Passage-Islands.
INISTERIWOtTH,    a parish of England,:co. of Gloucester.    MIRAMICHI, a port of entry, cpital of Northumberland
MINTAO. See MINTow.                                     co., New Brunswick, at the entrance of the- beautiful river
MINITERN-MAGINA, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. of the same name into Miramichi IIarbor, about 140 miles
MINTING, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           N.N.E. of St. John. The river is 9 miles wide at its mouth.
MINTtLYN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          The commerce of Miramichi is already extensive, and inMINfTO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, with a  creasing. The total number of foreign arrivals for the
village on the Teviot, 51 miles N.E. of Hawick.           year 1851, were 219, (tons 39,986,) and the clearances 216,
MIN/TO ISLAND, in the Pacific, forms, with Bedford and  (tons 45,254.) Total value of importa, $347,990; exports,
Melbourne Islands, a group of the Dangerous Archipelago, $411,700, of which $23,120 was the value of fish exported to
and was discovered by Lord E. Russell in 1837. Lat. 210 23' the United States, $18,765  being for salmon. During the
S., ion. 1360 32' W.                                      year 6 American ships took cargoes of timber and deals
MINITON, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia.           at this port, for London.  December 31, 1850, 90 vessels
MIN/TONS~ILLE, a post-village of Gates co., North  (tons 7464) were registered at the port; and during the
Carolina.                                                 year, 21 vessels (tons 5603) were built here.
MIN1TONVILLE, a post-office of Casey co., Kentucky.       MIRAMONT, mee'r/m6NcG, a market-town of France, deMINTOW or MINTAO, min-t6w1, written also MINTO and  partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 12 miles N.E. of Marmande.
MUNTOCK, a town of the island of Banca, Malay Archipe- Pop. 1800.
lago, near its W. coast.                                    MIRAMONT, a village of France, department of HauteMINT SPRING. a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.    Garonne, arrondissement of St. Gaudens. Pop. 1676.
MINUCCIANO, me-noot-ch/no, a small fortified town of    MIRANDA DO DOURO, me-rinldd  do doe/ro, (anc. ConNorth Italy, duchy and 27 miles N.N.W. of Lucca. P. 2200. tium?) a town of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, capiMINYEI-I, a town of Egypt. See MINIEH.                   tal of a comarca on the Douro. close to the Spanish frontier,
MIOGLIA, me-dlyA, a village of the Sardinian States, 28 miles S.E. of Braganza. Pop. 4840.
division of Alessandria, S. of Acqui. Pop. 1073.             MIRANDA DO CORVO, me-rhnldl do koR'vo, a town of
MIOS, me-os/, a town of France. department of Gironde, 23  Portugal, province of Beira, 12 miles S.E. of Coimbra. P. 3880.
miles S.W. of Bordeaux, on the Leyie. Pop. in 1852, 2282.    MIRIANDA DEL EBRO, me-rbntdA dl A'bro, a town of
1IOSEN (Milsen) or MJOSEN, me-6lzen, the largest lake  Spain, province and 40 miles N.E. of Burgos, on the Ebro.
of Norway, 40 miles N.N.E. of Christiania. Length, 55 miles; Pop. 2390. It has an ancient church, and a custom-house on
greatest breadth, 12 miles. It receives the Lougen River, the Castilian frontier.
and discharges its surplus waters S. by the Vermen, into the    MIRANDA DE ARGA, me-rinida di arlgA, a town of
Glommen. In summer a steamer plies upon its waters.        Spain, — province of Navarre, 24 miles S.S.W. of Panmplona.
MIOS-VAND, (Mils-Vand,) mee/ls-vind, a lake of Norway, Pop. 1390.
in the Fillefield, at the N. foot of the lofty Mount Grindad-   MIRANDA DEL CASTANARi, me-rin/dA dil kUs-tl-nant,
den, in the S.W. province of Christiania; length about 24  a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S.S.W. of Salamanca.
miles, breadth not more than 1 mile.                       Pop. 1136.
MIPIBU, me-pe-boot, a town of Brazil, province of Rio-   MIRAN/DA, a post-village of Rowan co., North Carolina.
Grande-do-Nbrte, on the small riverof its own name, and on    MIRANDE, meesrSNd/, (L. Miranfda,) a town of France,
the Lake Papari, 40 miles S.S.W. of Natal, and 20 miles  departmuent of Gers, 13 miles S.W. of Auch, on the Baise.
from the sea. Pop. 2000.                                   Pop. in 1852, 3454. It has remains of old fortifications.
MIQUELON, mik'eh-lon/, or more properly mee'keh-lNG/,   MIIRANDELLA, me-r-in-dillil, (ans. Caladus/um.?) a fortitwo islands off the S. coast of Newfoundland, forming, with  fled town of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, onthe
the adjacent island of St. Pierre, a colony belonging to  Tuo, 36 miles S.W. of Braganqa. Pop. 1700.
France, with an ar;a of 85 square miles. Great Miquelon    MIRANDELLA, a market-town of Brazil, province and
is in lat. 470 4' N., Ion. 560 20' W., and immediately S. of it 170 miles N.N.W. of Bahia.
is Little Miquelon, or Langley. United pop. in 1849, 510.   MIRANDOL, meerc6G'dol,,     a village of France, departFishing is almost the sole occupation of its inhabitants. ment of Tarn, 16 miles N. of Alby, on the Viaur. Pop, 2570.
See Sr. PIERRE.                                              MIRANDIOLA, me-r nldo-li, a fortified town of Northern
MIRA, meelrd, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, near Italy, duchy of Modena, 18 miles N.N.E. of Modena. Pop.
the Atlantic, 24 miles N.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 6000.         6000. It is enclosed by walls, -and has a castle, a handsome
MIRA, meesrA, a river of South America. republic of cathedral, a hospital, and a palace, long occupied by the
Ecuador, rising in the Andes, flows N.W. and enters the  sovereign when Mirandola'as the capital-of an independent
Pacific by several months, near lat. 1~ 36' N., lon. 790 5' WV.  duchy. One of.the sovereigns, known by the name of Pico
MIRA, a town of South America, in Ecuador, near the  di M1irandola, acquired a distinguished name in literature.
source of the river Mira, -65 miles N.E. of Quito.  *        MIRANO, me-rfno, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 12
MIRA, meelrA, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 10 miles  miles N.E. of Padua, on the Musone, at the origin of the
W. of Venice, on the Brenta Morta. Pop. 2000.              Canal of Mirano. Pop. 5500.
MIRA, mee/rA, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S.E.   MIRAVET, me-rA-vitl, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 30 miles
of Cuenca. Pop. 1598.                                      S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1726.
MIRABEL, mee riibl.l, a town of France, department of    MIRE, mees, a village of France, department of Indre-etTarn-et-Garonne, 9 miles N.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 107.  Loire, about 7 miles from Tours, famous for the great battle
MIRABEL AUX BARONNIES, mee'rd'bill i bibron'ieet.  fought in the neighborhood in 731, when Charles Martel
a village of France, department of DrOme, 4 miles S.W. of  gained a signal victory over the Saracens, and slew AndeNions. Pop. 1793.                                          rama. their leader.
MIRABELLA, me-rg-bWllA, a city of Naples, province of    MIR EBALAIS, LE, loh meenb'lAl, a town of Hayti, on
Principato Ultra, 14 miles SW. of Benevento. Pop. 5800.   the Artibonite, 80 miles N.N.E. of Port-au-Prince.
MIRABELLA, a village of Sicily, district of Caltagirone.    MIREBALOIS or MIREBALAIS, meesb~lil, an old-diviPop. 3000.                                                 sion of France, now comprised in the department of Vienne,
MIRABELLO, me-r&-blltlo, a village of Austrian Italy, 3  and named after its chief town, Mirebeau.
miles N. of Pavia. Here the battle of Pavia was fought, in    MIREBEAU, mee'reh-bbf or meesibOl, (L. Mirebelusm,) a
1525, when the French were defeated, and their king, town of France, department of Vienne, 16 miles N.N.W. of
Francis I., taken prisoner. Pop. 1678.                     Poitiers. Pop. 2732.
MIRABELLO, a market-town of Piedmont, province and    MIREBEAU,  a market-town of France, department of
8 miles S.S.E. of Casale. Pop. 2240.                       C~te-d'Or, 13 miles E.N.E. of Dijon. Pop. 1220.
MIRABELLO, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 3    MIRECOURT, mee'reh-kooRt or meesakooll, (L. Mirecusrmiles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 2200.                         tisum,) a town of France, department of Vosges, 16 miles
-MIRABILE, me-rible-le, a post-office of Caldwell co., Mis- N.W. of Epinal. Pop. in 1852, 5443. It is the seat of a trisouri.'                                                    bunal of commerce, and a communal college, and is noted
MIRADOUX, me'rA'doof, a town of France, department of  for manufactures of violins, guitars, barrel-organs, and other
Gers, 7 miles N.E. of Lectoure. Pop. 1692.                 musical instruments.
MIRAFLORES, mue-ri-flolrs, a market-town of Spain, pro-   MIREFLEUR,  mee'reh-fuOr  or meee'flun/, a market-town
vince and 17 miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 1631.           of France, department of Puyce-DOme, near the river Allier,
MIRAFLORES, me-ri-fiotris, a village of the Argentine  9 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 1324.
Republic, (La Plata,) South America;province and 100 miles    MIREMONT, mee'reh-m6NG1 or meeglminN5p, a town of
-.E. of Salta, on the Salado.                            France, department of Haute-Garonne, 8 miles S-E. of Muret'MIRAGENIL, me-r-&i-sneell, a market-town of Spain, pro-   MIREMONT, a town of France, department of Puy-devince and 60 miles E.N.E. of Seville, on the Genil. P. 2388. DOme, 18 miles W.N.W. of Clermont. Pop. 1588.
IIBRAMBEAU, mees'rlSbe t, a town of France, department    MIREPOIX, mee'reh-pwi; or meea'pwi/, (L. JMirapici,) a12tf




MIR                                                        MIS
town of France, department of Arilge, on the Lers, 14 miles and Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, Protestant and
E.S.E. of Pamiers. Pop. in 1852, 4476. It has a large hos- Roman Catholic gymnasia, a Greek national school, Roman
pital, a'town-hall, and manufactories of coarse woollens and  Catholic high school; and a convent. Its principal trade is
cottons.                                                   in wine.  The best steel in Hungary is made from  iron
MIllIFIELD, a village and parish of England, co. of York, obtained from neighboring mines.
West Riding, with a station on the Lancashire and York-   MISLITZ, mis/lits, or MIROSLAW, meeiros-lav', a market.
shire Railway, 5 miles N.E. of Iuddersfield.               town of Austria, Moravia, about 16 miles from Znaim. Pop.
MIRGOROD, meea-go-rodf, a town of Russia, government 1056.
and 50 miles N.W. of Poltava, on the Khorol.  It is the    MISOCCO, me-sok/ko, (Ger. Maisox-thal, mF/zoxr-tl, It.
chief seat of the ecclesiastical authorities of the government,  Val Afelsolsina, vil m6l-sol-see/nA,) a valley of Switzerliand,
contains 3 churches, and, besides carrying onan important canton of Grisons, S. of the Alps, immediately E. of the
general trale, has 4 yearly markets. Pop. 7437.            canton of Ticino, and traversed by the Moesa, on which is
MIRIBEL, mee'reebll/, (L..Miribellum,) a market-town  the village of Misocco, with 1200 inhabitants, and a ruined
of France, department of Ain, 12 miles S.E. of Trdvoux. fortress.
Pop. in 1852, 2913.                                         MISOLONGHI, a town of Greece. See MISSoLONGsn.
MIIRIBEL, a village of France, department of Islre, ar-   MISPILILION, a hundred in Kent co., Delaware.
rondissement of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 2707.                MISPILLION CREEK, of Delaware, forms the boundary
MIRIICKVILLE, a post-villag,,e of Bristol co., Massachu- between Kent and Sussex counties, and enters Delaware Bay.
setts, about 40 miles S. of Boston.                          MISSAGLIA, mis-sAl/yA, a market-town of Austrian Italy,
MIRIM, me-reeNof, a lake of South America, in neutral 19 miles N.N.E. of Milan. Pop. 2100.
territory, between Brazil and Uruguay. Lat 330 S., ion.   MISSAUIIKEE, a new and unorganized county in the N.
530 W. Length 100 miles, greatest breadth 20 niles.  It central part of Michigan, contains 625 square miles. It is
receives several rivers, and communicates on the E. with  drained by an affluent of Maskegon River. The county is
the Atlantic by the Tajim, and northward with the Lake  not named in the census of 1850, and has few inhabitants,
de los Pates by the Mirim.                                except Indians.
MIRIMANDE, mee'reemSNdl, a market-town of France,   MISSELEMIEII, mis-sel-eh-meeleh, a town of Nubia,
department of Drome; 15 miles S. of Valence. Pop. 2346.   peninsula of Senaar, about four hours W. of the Bahr-el.
MIRITI, me-re-tee(. a town of Brazil, province and 14  Azrek. The market is the resort of many merchants from
miles N.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on the Miriti.               Souakin, who barter cotton, spices, and perfumes for gold,
MIROPOLIE, me-ro-po!/yA, a walled town of Russia, go- while those from Abyssinia bring slaves and a few horses.
vernment and 50 miles S.W. of Koorsk, on the Psiol, an    MISISENDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
effluent of the Dnieper. Pop. 5000.                          MISSENDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
MIROTITZ, meefro-tits', a town of Bohemia, on the Loin-    MIS/SIONARY  STA/TION, a post-village of Floyd co.,
nitz, 50 miles S.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1300.                Georgia, on the Rome Railroad, 185 miles N.W.. of Milledge.
MIROW, mee/rov. a market-town of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, ville.
12 miles W.S.W. of Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 1563. It has 2 ex-   MISSIONES, (mis-se-olnls,) COUNTRY OF, a region of
tensive ducal palaces.                                     South America, in which the Jesuit missionaries founded
MIROWITZ, mee/ro-Qits', a town of Bohemia, 43 miles  numerous establishments of converted Indians, previous to
S.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1100.                               the suppression of their order in 1767,  The region now
MIRZANAGUR, mnir'z1-nil-ghtirl, a town of British India, forms the greater portion of Paraguay, and parts of the
province of Bengal, 55 miles N.E. of Calcutta.             adjacent states;
MIRiZAPOORI, a district of British India, presidency of    MISISION POINT, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
Bengal, having S. and W. the Rewah territory and Allaha-    MISSION RIVER, a smniall stream of Texas, flowing through
bad district. Area 1026 square miles. Pop. 600,000, princi- Refugio co. into Aransas Bay.
pally iindoos.                                               MISSION SAN JOS~, (san no-ze/,) a post-office of Contra
MIRZAPOOR, a town of Iindostan, presidency of Bengal, Costa, California.
in the above district, on the right bank of the Ganges, 32    MISSIS, a town of Asia Minor. See MESSIS.
miles S.W. of Benares; lat. 250 10, N., ion. 830 351 E. It is   MISSISIQUE, MISSIS/QUI, MISSISIQJOI, or MISSISICO
large and flourishing, well built, consisting of handsome RIVER, rises in Orleans county, in the N. part of Vermont,
European houses, native habitations, and clusters of I-indoo  and flows in a northerly direction into Canada, where, after
temples crowding the banks of the Ganges. It is a place of  running for several miles, it returns into Vermont, and'extensive inland trade, and an important cotton mart. It traversing Franklin county, falls into Missisque or Missisco
is also noted for its manufactures of carpets, and various  Bay, an arm of Lake Champlain. The whole length of the
cotton fabrics, and has likewise some manufactures of iron. river is about 75 miles, and it is navigable for vessels of 50
The population exceeds 100,000.                            tons about 6 miles, to Swanton Falls, where there is a very
MISANTLA, me-sinltll, a ruined city of the Mexican  valuable water-power.
Confederation, state of Vera Cruz, 35 miles N.E. of Jalapa,    MISSISIQUOI, a county in the S. part of Canada East,
on an isolated plateau. Its remains comprise a pyramid, bounded on the S. by the state of Vermont and Lake Chainstreets, ancient walls, and a cemetery.                    plain, comprises an area of 360 square miles. Pop. 13,484.
MISCHKIN.: See MISHKnN.                                    MIS'SISSIN/EWA RIVER, rises in Darke county, in the
MISENO, me-so/no, (ane. Misesnum,) a promontory of  W. part of Ohio, and flowing in a general N.W. direction,
Southern Italy, province and 9 miles S.W. of Naples. Near fallsointo the Wabash about three miles above Peru, in
it are the ruins of the ancient Roman port of Misenum.     Indiana.
MISENTO. See MISINro.                                      MISSISSINEWA, a township of Westmoreland co., PennMITSERDON. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       sylvania. Pop. 771.
MISHAWAKA, mish.a-w''ka, a flourishing post-village    MISSISSINEWA, a post-township in Darke co., Ohio.
of St. Joseph co., Indiana, is situated on the St. Joseph's Pop. 378.
River, and on the railroad from Chicago to Toledo, 89 miles    MISSISSIPPI, mis'sis-sip/pee, (Missi Sipi, i. e. the "Great
E. by S. of the former. It is surrounded by a rich farming  Water,") the most important river in North America, and
region, which contains abundance of iron ore. The river  with the Missouri, its principal affluent, the longest in the
is n'avigable by small steamboats several miles higher than  world, rises on the Hauteurs de Terre, the dividing ridge
this place, and also affords abundant water-power. The  between the Red River of the North, and the streams
village has 1 or 2 furnaces, a rolling-mill, a woollen factory, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, 3160 miles from the gulfl;
a large flouring-mill, and several saw-mills. Pop. in 1850, and 1680 feet above the level of the ocean, lat. 470 N., ion.
1412; in 1854, about 2000.                                 950 54' W. A small pool, fed by the neighboring.hills, disMISHKAN or MISCIiKAN, mish-kan', a considerable vil- charges a little rivulet, scarcely a span in breadth. Meanlage of Persia, province of Rhorassan, 50 miles N.W. of Nisha- dering over sand and pebbles, and blending with it here and
poor.                                                     there a kindred streamlet, it ripples on, forming a number
MISHKIN  or MISCHKIN, mish-keen/, a town of Rus- of basins, until it subsides at last into Itasca Lake. From
sia, government and 58 miles W.N.W. of Yaroslav, on the  this issues a second stream, giving promise of the strength
Volga. Pop. 1000.                                          of its maturity. Firstflowing northward through several
MISHTEGAYOC RIVER, of Michigan, rises in Genesee and  small lakes, and then in various directions, forming Cass
Shiawassee counties, and flowing nearly northward, enters Lake, Lake Winnipeg, and a number of other bodies of water,
the Flint River, 5 miles from itsjunction with the Shiawassee. it afterwards assumes a southerly course, receives mighty
MISINTO, me-sin/to, or MISENTO, me-sen/to, a town of  rivers as tributaries, and having rolled its vast volume
Austrian Italy, province of Milan. Pop. 1180.             through more than eighteen degrees of latitude, enters the
MISIS, a town of Asia Minor. See MESSIS.                Gulf of Mexico by several mouths, lat. 290 N., ion. 890 25'
MISITRA, a town of Greece. See Misa'A.                  W. Though above the junction not so lcarge as the Missouri,
MISKIE, mishlkP, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, which flows into it from the N.W., 1253 miles from the Gulf,
co. of Pesth, about 32 miles from Baja. Pop. 2148.        yet having been first explored, it received the name MisMISKE, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, on the T'iz. sis'ippi, which it has since retained throughout its entire
MISKETI or MISKHETI.  See MSKET.                        course. If we regard the Missourias a continuation of the
MISKOLCZ, mish-koltsf. a town of Hungary, capital of  Mississippi above the junction, the entire length will amount
the circle of Bocsod, 24 miles N.E. of Erlau. Pop. 30,000, to about 4350 miles.
chiefly Protestants. It has numerous Lutheran, Greek,   Above the confluence of the two rivers, the waters of ~he
Avnow1208e 
1208




MIS                                                            MIS
Mississippi are remarkably clear, but after commingling  less than 20 days. Flat-boats, a species of raft not designed
with those of the Missouri, (the name of which signifies  to return, are extensively used for transportation down the' Mud River,'") they become exceedingly turbid, and contain  stream. Large ships seldom  ascend above Natchez. The
about three-tenths of sedimentary matter. The other prin- first steamboat for navigation on the western waters was
cipal tributaries from  the N.W. and W. are the St. Peter's  built at Pittsburg, in 1811. In 1815, there were about 14 in
or Iinnesota, which flows into the Mississippi,2192 miles  use; in" 1829, 230; in 1843, 600; and in 1848, 1200. The
from  its mouth; the Des Moines, forming the boundary  number of steamboats now plying on the western rivers
between Iowa and Missouri; the Arkansas and the Red  and lakes is supposed to be about 1500, with an aggregate
Rivers. Those from  the N.E. and E. are the Wisconsin,  burthen of more than twice the entire steamboat tousse
entering it 1932 miles from its mouth; the Illinois, flowing  of Great Britain, and probably equal to that of all other
into it 506 miles below; and the Ohio River, which joins it parts of the world.  The total value of the stainboats
1216 miles from the Gulf of Mlexico. Besides these, it has  annually afloat on the western waters, is estimated at
a great many other affluents, some of which are navigable  $6,000,000. The Mississippi Riiver and its tributaries drain
for hundreds of miles.                                         an area of over 1,200,000 square nmiles. This vast region,
The descent of the Mississippi, from  its source to its em- from its almost unexampled fertility, has obtained the title
bouchure, averages a fraction over six inches to the mile. of the " Garden of the World."
The elevations of the various points are: at its extreme    The Delta of the Mississippi consists of that portion of tersource, 1680 feet; Itasca Lake, 1575 feet; Falls of St. Anthony,  ritory at the mouth of the river, composed entirely of allu856 feet; Prairie du Chien, 6142 feet; St. Louis, 382 feet; mouth  vion. It is about 200 miles in length, with a mean wsidth
of the Ohio, 324 ifeet; Natchez, 86 feet; entrance of the Red  of 75 miles, constituting an area of about 15,000 square
River, 76 feet; and opposite New  Orleans, 101 feet. The  miles of delta formation.  The depth of the alluvion is
only falls of any considerable note, are those of St. Anthony,  estimated at 1000 feet. The debris carried along with the
2200 miles from  the Gulf of Mexico, and the rapids of Ps-  flood is principally deposited near the borders of the. stream,
cag ama, 685 miles farther up the stream. The river at the  the necessary result being that these portions have been
latter place is compressed to a width of 80 feet, and precipi- raised to a much higher level than the adjoining lands. In
tated over a rugged bed of sandstone at an angle of about  some places the slope is as much as 18 feet in a distance of a
400. The entire descent is 20 feet in about 300 yards. At the  few miles. The interior consists of vast swamps covered
former there is a perpendicular fall of 17 feet, with rapids  with trees, of which the tops only are visible during the
above and below, making in all about 65 feet descent in three- floods. The river, for almost 50 miles from its mouth, runs
quarters of a mile. The scenery here is grand and pictur- nearly parallel with the Gulf of Mexico, firom which it is
esque, especially at the time of the spring floods. Below this  separated at particular places by an embankment only half
the river is navigable; a considerable obstruction, however,  a mile across. The passes through which the waters of the
is offered, when the water is low, by the rapids, about. Mississippi are discharged into the gulf are undergoing
nine miles in extent, a short distance above the entrance of  incessant changes; old channels are filling up, and new ones
the Des Moines. The average depth of the Mississippi,  forming. The depth of water in these passes has never been
below the mouth of the Ohio, varies from 90 to 120 feet, and  equal to the requisitions of commerce; and it is only by the
the breadth from 600 to 1200 yards. Opposite the Mint at  most enormous applicationof steam-power and ploughing
New Orleans, it is stated by J. L. Riddell, in a communica- through deep beds of sand, that ships of the largest class
tion to Professor Lyell, to be one-third of a mile wide, and  are enabled to get safely over the bars.
100 feet deep. The mean velocity of the current at this    MISSISSIPPI, one of the Southern States of the Ameriplace is about two feet per second, (or about 33 miles per  can Confederacy, is bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabansma,
day;) between the Gulf and the entrance of the Missouri.  S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, and W. by the Pearl
it is from 60 to 70 miles per day; above, the current is less  and Mississippi Rivers, which separate it from Louisiana and
rapid.                                                         Arkansas.  It lies between 300 20' and 350 N. tat., and beA peculiarity of the Mississippi, is its extremely winding  tween 880 12' and 910 40' W. ion., being about 399 miles
course; sometimes a bend of 30 miles will occur where the  long from N. to S., and 150 in average breadth, including an
distance across the neck does not exceed a mile. This cir-  area of about 47,156 square miles, or 30,179,840 acres, of
cumstance, no doubt, tends to check the current and fccili-  which only 3,444,358 are improved.
tate navigation.  One of the most important facts in rela-    Face of the Country.-The eastern and central parts of
tion to the Mississippi is, that it flows from north to south. the 5tate are a kind of table-land, descending towards the
A river that runs east or west has no variety of climate  Mississippi by steps formed by two ranges of bluffs of irreor productions from its source to its mouth.  The trapper  gular outline, sometimes approaching close to the rive'-'s
and - husbandman  descending  the "Father of Waters,"  brink, and overhanging it by precipices of fiom  100 to 200
constantly meet with a  change of climate; they take  feet in height. In other places, a wide expanse of swamp
with them  their furs. and cereal grains, the products of  fills up the interval.  One of these marshes extends from
the North, to exchange for the sugar and tropical fruits  50 miles below the mouth of the Yazoo River to i5semphis,
that are gathered on the banks below. Agair, the floods  in Tennessee, with a breadth varying from  a few miles to
produced by winter snows and spring rains cannot be simul-  50, and sometimes even 100 miles, occupying an area of
taneously discharged. The course of the stream being from   nearly 7000 square miles. This section is liable to inuudanorth to south, spring advances in a reverse direction, and  tions at the period of freshets, and sometimes is covered
releases in succession the waters of the lower valley, then  with water to the. depth of several feet. The rivers geneof the middle section, and finally the remote sources of the  rally run in a S.W. course, showing the general slope of the
Mississippi and its tributaries. It is a remarkable facti that  country to be in that direction; a portion of the N.E., howthe waters from  this last-named region do not reach the -ever. is drained by the Tombigbee, and the central and S.l.
Delta until upwards of a month after the inundation there  portions by the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers, which seek
has been abating. The swell usually commences toward  the Gulf of Mexico on a S. and S.E. direction. The norththe end of February, and continues to rise by unequal  erf and central parts of the state are undulating, presenting
diurnal accretions till the Ist of June, when they again  a champaign appearance. The N.E. is prairie land, extendbegin to subside. No experience will enable a person to  ing for some distance down the Alabama boundary, when
anticipate, with any approach to certainty, the elevation of  the country again becomes rolling and timbered. The S.E.
the flood in any given year. In some seasons the waters do  of the state is low but undulating, and abounding in pine.
not rise above their channels; in others, the entire lower val- Near the coast, the country, which farther west is swampy,
ley of the Mississippi is submerged. Embankments, called  becomes firm. The mineral resources of the state, so Inr as
levees, have been raised from 5 to 10 feet high on both sides  developed, are not extbnsive.  Some gold has been found in
of the stream, extending many miles above and below New   Marion county, but coal and marble are not known to exist
Orleans.  By this means the river is restrained within its  in any considerable quantity. In 1850 about $100,000 were
properlimits, except at the greatest freshets, when the waters  invested in iron foundries, &c.
sometimes break over, causing great destruction of proper-    Rivers, Bays, &c.-The western part of this state is drained
ty, and even loss of life. The average height of the flood, by the Mississippi and its tributaries, the eastern by the
from the Delta to the junction of the Missouri, is about 15  tributaries of the Tombigbee and Pascagoula, and the central
feet; at the mouth of the latter river it is 25 feet; below  by the Pearl River.  The Yazoo and the Big Black are the
the entrance of the Ohio, the rise is often 50 feet; at Nat-  largest branches of the Mississippi from this state, and drain
chez, it seldom exceeds 30 feet; and at New Orleans is about  the N.W. portion..The Tennessee River touches the X.E.
12 feet. This diminution is supposed to result from  the  boundary of the state for about 15 miles. The Mississippi
drainase through the Atchafalaya, Bayou ia Fourche, and  River renders this state accessible to the largest steamboats
other channels breaking from  the lower part of the river to  for the whole extent of its western boundary, and smasller
the Gulf of Mexico. The flood often carries away large  steamboats ascend the Yazoo for 300 miles, the Big Black for
masses of earth with trees, which frequently become em-  50 miles, the Pearl sometimes to Jackson, (though its nsaibedded in the mud at one end, while the other floats near  gation is much impeded by sandbars and shallows,) and the
the surface, forming  snags and sawyers.                       Pascagoula for a short distance. There is a chain of lakes
Vessels are usually from  8 to 10 days in ascending the  and bays, so called, but more properly sounds, separating
Mississippi from thei gulf to Newr Orleans, and 9 or 10 weeks  some low islands froni the coasts. The principal of these
not unfrequently elapse in sailing to the mouth of the  bays, or lakes, are Lake Borgue and Pascagoula Bay. Biloxi
Illiunois River.. By the aid] of steam, however, the passage  ncd St. Louis Bays are arms of these. This state borders cn
from Cincinnati to New Orleans and back again is made in  the gulf for about 60 or 70 miles, but has no good harbors.




MIS                                                        MIS
Objects of Interest to Tourists. —Mipsissippi has not many    Manufactures.-The manufactures in this state are few.
striking objects in her physical conformation to arrest the  In 1850 there were 866 establishments, each producing $500
mere tourist, but must rely ou her rich soil and utilitarian  and upwards annually. Home-made manufactures the same
advantages principally to interest the statesman and philo- year were produced to the value of $1,164,020. There were
sopher. Not far from  Natchez, at a village called Seltzer- only 2 establishments engaged in cotton manufactures,
town, there is a group of mounds, the most elevated of  employin- $38,000 capital, and 19 male and 17 female hands,
which is about 35 feet high, with a fiat area on the summit, consuming raw material of the value of $21,500, and proof some 2 or 3 acres, surrounded by a rampart 2 or 3 feet ducing 171,000 pounds of yarn, worth $30,500; no woollen
high, and enclosing 6 other mounds, one of which is 30 feet establishments; 8 iron foundries, &c., employing $100,000
in elevation, or 65 feet above the base of the large mound. capital, and 112 male hands, consuming raw material of the
Numerous relics, such as pipes, weapons, vessels, &c., have  value of $50,370, and producing 924 tons of castings, worth
been taken from  them. Another group, of smaller but $117,400. There were also 92 tanneries, employing $145,615
similar earth-works, lies still nearer Natchez. There are  capital, consuming raw material worth $111,474, and proseveral medicinal springs in this sts-e, of much resort; ducing leather valued at $229,407.
among them  are Cooper's Well, in Hinds county, 12 miles    Coesmerce.-The commerce of this state being mostly carW. of Jackson, (the waters of which are impregnated with  ried on through New Orleans, no' tables of its exports or
sulphur and iron, and regarded as beneficial in diseases of  imports can be given; but the great article of export is cotthe bowels and skin;) and Lauderdale Springs, in the county  ton. The tnnage  of Mississippi in 1852-3 was only 3508.
of the same name, contain white sulphur and chalybeate  No vessels are reported as being built within the state. The
waters. One spring has a body of water sufficient to turn a  products of the N.W. of the state find their outlet princimill. The bluffs on the western side of the state, which  pally at Memphis, Tennessee; and of the N.E., through
sometimes rise perpendicularly from the water's edge to the  Tombigbee River, at Mobile. A large portion of the E. and
height of 150 or 200 feet, and then recede many miles into  S.E. also has the same market. Pine timber will probably
the interior, become very interesting objects to the voyager soon contribute largely to the exports of Mississippi, both
cx the Mississippi, from their contrast to the monotonous in lumber and naval stores.
scenery of that region..Education.-According to the census of 1850, Mississippi
Climate, Soil, and Pl-oductions.-Mississippi approaches'had 11 colleges, with an'aggregate of 862 students, and
within a few degrees of the torrid zone, and its long sum- $42,000 income, of which $10,600 was from endowments;
mers partake of the heat of that region; but the winters, 782 public schools, with 18,746 pupils, and $254,159 income,
a's well as those of Louisiana, have a temperature a few de- of which $32,492 was from public funds, and $31,626 from
grees lower than on the Atlantic in the same latitude. In  taxation; and 171 academies and other schools, with 6628
the southern part of the state the season is long enough to  pupils, and $73,717 income, of which $5743 was from public
mature the fig and the orange, while in the north the apple funds. Attending school, as reported by families, 48,803.
flourishes. The valleys of the northern and central per- Free adults who could not read and write, 13,518, of whom
tions of Mississippi are exceedingly fertile, but subject, in  81 were of foreign birth. According to the National Almaplaces, to the washing of sand from the less fertile upland  nac for 1854, there were 3 colleges, with 220 students. There
regions during freshets. Cotton was formerly the staple of  is a township school fund arising from the leasing of lands
this region, but since the soil has been somewhat exhausted, granted by Congress.
lighter crops have taken its place. The prairie region of    Religious Denomsinations.-Of 1016 churches in 1850, the
the N.E. has a rich, black, adhesive soil, impregnated with  Baptists owned 385, Christian 8, Episcopalians 13, Free
lime, and yielding luxuriant crops of Indian corn and  Church 3, Methodists 454, Presbyterians 143, Roman Cathocotton. The soil in the S.E. part of the state is sandy, lies 9, and Union 1. Giving I church to every 598 persons.
mostly covered with pine, interspersed with more fertile  Yalue of church property, $755,542.
portions, producing Indian corn and small grain abun-    Periodicals.-There were published in 1850, according to
dantly, and cotton and rice to some extent. Fruits flourish  the census, 4 tri-weekly and semi-weekly and 46 weekly
in this district, which is also famous for its cattle, being  newspapers, with  an  aggregate annual circulation  of
sometimes called the "'cow country.". The southern coun- 1,752,504 copies.
try, back from the seacoast, is sandy, and covered with pine    Putblic Iustitutions.-There are at Jackson a Penitentiary
forests, which are beginning to be turned to account in the  and Blind Asylum. The census in 1850 reported 4 public
production of turpentine, &c. But the richest and.most libraries, with 7264 volumes, 109 school and Sunday-school
inexhaustible soil in ltississippi is that section lying be- libraries, with 4380 volumes, and 4 college libraries, with
tween the upland bluffs and the Miississippi, called some- 10,093 volumes.
times the swamp lands. A writer in De Bow's Resources of    Poupleation.-The number of inhabitants in 1800, was
the South and West, asserts "'that the opinion that this  850; 40,312 in 1810; 75,448 in 1820; 136,621 in 1830; 375,651
region is unhealthy is fast giving way, and that population  in 1840; and 605,948 in 1850, of whom 156,287 were white
of the very best character is now settling there."  The  males, 139,431 white females; 474 free colored males, 456
great drawback, however, (its liability to inundations,) still free colored females, and 154.674 male, and 154,626 female
remains, though even this will probably be removed as the  slaves. Representative popuiation, 482,595. This populapopulation becomes more dense, and further and stronger  tion was divided into 52,107 families, occupying 51,681
embankments are made. The great staple of the state is dwellings. Of the free population, 136,141 were born in the
cotton, in the production of which it ranks third (and if we  state, 155,211 in other states, 593 in England, 1928 in Ireregard only population, second) of the states of the Union. land, 327 in Scotland and Wales, 79 in British America, 1064
The principal products are Indian corn, peas, beans, Irish  in Germany, 440 in France, 527 in other countries, and 576
and sweet potatoes, butter, beeswax, honey, and live stock; whose places of birth were unknown; making about 1~ per
considerable wheat, rice, tobacco, wool, fruits, cheese, and  cent. of the free population of foreign birth. Pop. to square
some molasses, sugar, barley, buckwheat, wine, hay, grass- mile, 12.86. In the year ending June 1, 1850, there occurred
seeds, rye, hops, hemp, flax, and silk. In 1850 there were  8721 deaths, or about 14 to every one thousand persons. In
in Mississippi 23,960 farms, containing 3,444,358 acres of  the same period, 260 paupers, of whom  12 were foreigners,
cultivated land, or about 146 acres to each farm, producing  received aid, at an expense of $70 for each individual.  Of
137,990 bushels of wheat; 9606 of rye; 22,446,552 of Indian  107 deaf and dumb, 1 was free colored, and 27 slaves; of 205
corn; 1,503,288 of oats; 1,072,757 of peas andbeans; 261,482  blind, 86 were slaves; of 129 insane, 24 were slaves, and of
of Irish potatoes;.4,741,795 of sweet potatoes; 2,719,856  222 idiotic, 4 were free colored, and 84 were slaves. Of the
pounds of rice; 49,960 of tobacco; 193,717,200 of cotton; entire population 14 were engaged in mining; 139,724 in
559,619 of wool; 4,346,234 of butter.; 21,191 of cheese; agriculture; 1303 in commerce; 4151 in manufactures; 33
12.505 tons of hay; 388,000 pounds of sugar; 397,460 of  in navigating the ocean; 100 in internal navigation; and
beeswax and honey; live stock of the value of $19,403,602;  1506 in the learned professions.
slaughtered do. $3,636,582; products of orchards, $50,405;    Counties.-Mississippi is divided into 60 counties, viz.
and nmarket goods. $46,250.                                 Adams, Amite, Attala, Bolivar, Calhoun, Carroll, Chickasaw,
Forest 1'ees.-The swamps abound in a growth of black  Choctaw, Claiborne, Clarke, Coahoma, Copiah, Covington, Do
and white cypress, (the latter an excellent kind of timber,) Soto, Franklin, Greene, Ihancock, Harrison, Hinds, Holmes,
and the southern portions with pine, a ridge of which  Issaquena, Itawamba, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones,
crosses the state from Jackson to Alabama. The north is  Kemper, Lafayette, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Leake, Lowndes,
well wooded with oak and hickory. The oaks include red, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Neshoba, Newton,
white, post, and live oaks. The other timber is black wal- Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Panola, Perry, Pike, Pontotoc, Rahkin,
nut, locust, a dwarf species of buckeye, beech, dogwood, Scott, Simpson, Smith, Sunflower, Tallahatchie. Tippah,
persimmon, and papaw. The fruits are peaches, figs, oranges, Tishemingo, Tunica, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkinplums, cherries, grapes, and melons.                        son, Winston, Yallobusha, and Yazoo. Capital, Jackson.
Internal Iseprovements have made but little progress in    Cities and Towns.-There are no large towns in this state:
this state. In January, 1855, -there were 239 miles of rail- Natchez, the largest, had, in 1850, a population of about
way completed, and 755 in course of construction. Bran- 4434: the other principal towns are, Aberdeen, population
dlon, Jackson, and ItRaymond are connected with Vicksburg, 4000; Vicksburg, 3678; Jackson, estimated at 3500; Colum
Woodville with Bayou Sara, and Winchester with Mobile, bus, 2611; IHolly Springs, 2052; Port Gibson, 1037; and
by 88 miles of the finished portion of the Ohio and Mobile  Shieldsborough and Gainesville, each about 1000.
Railroad.  Plank-roads are beginning to claim  attention    Government, Finances, &c.-The governor is elected by the
here as elsewhere.                                         people for two years, and receives $3000 salary. The Senate
1210




MIS                                                            MIS
is composed of 32, and the iHouse of Representatives of 92  Marco Bozzaris, who was killed in the action. The walls are
members, both elected by the people, the former for 4 and  washed by the sea, but, owing to a vast shoal, it is only acthe latter for 2 years. The sessions of the legislature are  cessible by fishing-boats.  Other vessels cannot approach
biennial, and meet on the first Monday in January. The  nearer than  from  4 to 5 miles.  Lord Byron died here
judiciary consists —i. Of a high court of errors and appeals,  April 19, 1824.
composed of one chief and two associate judges; 2. Of a    MIStSON, a small parish of England, co. of Notts.
superior court of chancery, held at Jackson, and considered    MISSOURI, mis-soo/ree, (i.e. the"  MudRiver,"') the longest
in law as always open; 3. Of district chancery courts; and  tributary stream in the world, has its source-in the RNeky
4. Of 7 circuit courts. The judges of the court of appeals  Mountains, lat. 450 N., lon. 1100 30' W. The springs which
receive $3000, the chancellor $2600, and the vice-chancellors  give rise to this river are not more than a mile from  the
$2000 per annum. The district judges are elected for 4 years. head waters of the Columbia, which flows W. to the Pacific
The assessed value of property in 1850 was $205,422,167; the  Ocean. The first 500 miles of its course to the Great Palls
public debt, (in 1853,) $7,271.707; of which $5,000,000 was  is nearly N.; then inflecting E.N.E., it reaches its extreme
contingent debt; public property, (not at present produc-  northern bend at the junction of White Earth River, lat.
tive,) $2,000,000, and ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt 480 20' N. After this its general course is S.E., till it joins
and schools, about $130,000 per annum.  Mississippi re- the Mississippi in about 380 50' N. lat., and 900 10' W. Ion.
quires 12 months' residence to entitle a citizen to the right  At a distance of 411 miles from the source of the Missouri,
of suffrage.  This state sends five members to the national are what are denominated the Gates of the Rocky MounCongress, and gives seven electoral votes for President of the  tauins. For a distance of nearly six miles, the rocks rise
United States. In January, 1854, there was in Mississippi  perpendicularly from  the water's edge to a height of 1200
but one bank, with $240,165 capital, a circulation of $234,745,  feet. The river is compressed to a width of 150 yards, and
and $5669 in coin.                                            for the first three miles there is only one spot, and that of
History.-Mississippi was first visited by Europeans about  but a few yards in extent, on which a man could stand bethe year 1540, when De Soto, with 1000 followers, crossed  tween the water and the perpendicular walls. At a distance
the state on an exploring expedition from  Florida. This  of 110 miles below this, and 2575 miles above the mouth of
party having suffered severely by attacks firom  the abo- the Missouri, are the Great Falls, where the river descends,
rigines, no other attempt was made to establish a permlnent  by a succession of falls and rapids, 357 feet in 16. miles.
colony till 1682, when La Salle descended the Mississippi and  The perpendicular falls, commencing down the stream, are,
visited this region. He returned in 2 years with a party  first one of 87 feet, one of 19 feet, one of 47 feet, and one of
which he intended to settle in Mississippi, but meeting with  26 feet. Between and below these are continual rapids of
misfortunes, the colony never reached its destination.  The  from 3 to 18 feet descent. These falls, next to Niagara, are
next attempt at settlement was made by Iberville, but with  regarded as the grandest in North America.
no successful result.  The settlement at Port Rosalie (now       The bed of the Missouri commences at the confluence of
Natchez) in 1716, by some Frenchmen under Blenville, was  3 small streams, about equal in length, and running nearly
generally considered the first permanent colony. A general parallel to each other-Jefferson's, Madison's, and Gallatin's.
massacre of the white inhabitants by the savages took place  The Yellowstone, 800 yards wide at its mouth, and probably
In 1728, but, as in every other contest between the Indians  the largest tributary of the Missouri, enters it from  the
and the whites, victory ultimately rested with the latter.  S.W., 1216 miles from its navigable source. The two rivers,
Other conflicts in 1730,'39, and'52, though carried on with  at their junction, are about equal in size. Steamboats
varying success, had the same result. At the peace of Paris, ascend to this point, and may ascend farther both by the
in 1763, Mississippi became a part of the English territory. main stream  and its afiluent. Chienne River, 400 yards
Soon after, a portion of the French, so inhumanly driven by  wide at its mouth, enters the Missouri from  the S.W., 1310
the English from Nova Scotia, settled in Mississippi; and in  miles from its mouth; White River, 300 yards wide, enters
1708 commenced an emigration from  the Eastern colonies, it from  the S.W., 1130 miles from  its mouth; Big Sioux
by way of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. In 1798, Missis- River, 110 yards wide, enters it from  the N.E., 853 miles
sippi, including Alabama, was erected into a territory, and  from its mouth; Platte River, 600 yards wide, enters it from
in 1817 was admitted into the Union as an independent state. the S.W.. 600 miles from  its mouth; Kanzas River, 233
MISSISSIPPI, a county forming the E.N.E. extremity of  yards wide, enters it from  the S.W., 340 miles from  its
Arkansas, and bordering on Missouri and the Mississippi  mouth; Grand River, 190 yards wide, joins it from the N.,
River, which washes the entire E. border. Area about 1000  240 miles from its mouth, and Osage River, 397 yards wide,
square miles. It is bounded on the W. by St. Francis River.  flows into it from the S.W., 133 miles from its junction with
The surface is flat, and partly occupied by lakes and swamps, the main stream. The Missouri is stated to be 3096 miles
formed by the overflow of the "great river." The soil of the  long to its confluence with the Mississippi; add to this 1253
drier portions is very fertile. Capital, Osceola. Pop. 2368;  miles, the distance its waters must flow to reach the Gulf
of whom 1503 were free, and 865 slaves.                        of Mexico, -and we have an entire length of 4349 miles.
MISSISSIPPI, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, bor- There is, however, reason to believe that the early statedering on the river of its own name, opposite the mouth of  ments respecting the extent of this river and its tributaries
the Ohio, has an area of 400 square miles. The Mississippi were somewhat exaggerated. Throughout the greater part
River separates it from Kentucky and Illinois, and forms its  of its course, the Missouri is a rapid, turbid stream. No
boundary on the N., E., and S. The county is drained by  serious obstacle, however, is presented  to  navigation
James and Cypress Bayous. The surface is level; the soil from its mouth to the Great Falls, a distance of 2575 miles,
is very fertile. A portion of the county is occupied by  excepting perhaps its shallowness during the season of the
- cypress swamps. An appropriation has been made by the  greatest drought, when steamboats meet with difficulty in
state for the purpose of reclaiming the lands in this county  ascending.  The flood from  this river does not reach the
which were submerged by the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. Mississippi till the rise in the Red, the Arkansas, and the
Organized in 1845.  Capital, Charleston.  Pop. 3123; of  Ohio Rivers has nearly subsided. Vast prairies, with nar —
whom 2377 were free, and 746 slaves.                           row strips of alluvion skirting the streams, compose the
MISSISSIPPI CITY, a post-village, capital of Harrison co., Missouri Basin; excepting the upper portion of the river.
Mississippi, on the Gulf of Mexico, about 70 miles W. by S. which flows through an arid and sterile region. The entire
of Mobile.                                                     extent of area drained is estimated at 500,000 square miles.
MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE.  See CLINTON, Mississippi.                MISSOURI, one of the largest of the United States, and the
MISSISSIPPI or ENGLISH RIVER, British North Ame-  first formed wholly W. of the Mississippi River, is bounded
rica, rises in La Crosse Lake, near let. 550 30' N., lou. 1080  on the N. by Iowa, (from which it is separated for about 30
W., flows very tortuously eastward through numerous mi- miles on the N.E. by the Des Moines RIiver,) and on the E. by
nor lakes, and, under the name of the Churchill River, en- the Mississippi River, which divides it from  Illinois, Kenters HIudson Bay 50 miles XV. of Cape Churchill, after a total  tucky, and Tennessee; on the S. by the Arkansas. and on the
course estimated at 630 miles. Its navigation is impeded  WV. by Indian, Kanzas, and Nebraska Territories; from the
by numerous rapids.' It is separated by a portage of only  latter two of which it is partly separated by the Missouri
370 yards from an affluent of the Saskatchewan.  Forts Nel- River. This state lies (with the exception of a small projecson, Rapid River, &c., are on its banks.                       tion between the St. Francis and the Mississippi River, which
MISSIYVRI, mis-seev/ree, (anc. Alcsesnlbria,) a seaport town  extends to 360) between 360 30' and 400 36 N. lat., and be-' of European Turkey, Room-Elee, on a peninsula in the Black  tween 890 10' and 960 W. Ion., being about 285 miles in its
Sea, 17 miles N.E. of Boorghas, lat. 420 39' N., ion. 270 43' greatest length from  E. to WV., and 280 in width from  N.
E.; with a harbor, formerly a principal station of the Byzan- to S., including an area of 67,380 square miles, or 43,123,200
tine fleets.                                                  acres, only 2,938,425 of which were improved in 1850.
MISSOLONGHI, mis-so-long/ghee, written also MESSO-   Face of the Country.-This great state is mostly level or
LONGIHII, a small town of Greece, Livadia, on an extensive  undulating N. of the Missouri, while the portion S. of that
fiat, thickly wooded with olive tress, and watered by the -river (much the larger part of the state) exhibits a greater
Achelous and Avernus, 22 miles W. of Lepanto. It is walled  variety of surface. In the S.E. part, near the Mississippi
and otherwise defended, so as to be a place of considerable  River, and S. of Caps Girardeau, is an extensive marsh,
strength. It greatly distinguished itself during the war  reaching beyond the state into Arkansas, and occupying an
of the revolution, when it was besieged by the Turks, area of about 3000 square miles. The remainder of this
and, though ultimately reduced by famine, caused an  portion, between the Mississippi and the Osage Rivers. is
immense loss to the besiegers.  Near it, in 1823, a large  rolling and gradually rising into a hilly and mountainous
Turkish army was defeated by a small Greek force under  district, forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains. Be
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MIS                                                         MIS
yond the Osage River, at some distance, commences a vast    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-We shall hardly be able tt
expanse of prairie land, which stretches away to the Rocky  do justice to Missouri in this respect, in the present state of
Mountains.  The ridges forming the Ozark chain, which  our knowledge of the interior, as there are doubtless, in her
probably in no place reaches an elevation of 2000 feet, ex- mountain recesses, gorges, waterfalls, and caves whose fame
tend in a N.E. and S.W. direction, separating the waters has not yet reached us. To the geologist the state already
that flow N.E. into the Missouri River from those that flow  possesses ample inducements for a visit; while the lover of
S.E. into the Mississippi River. The geological features of  fine scenery will find much to interest him  in the wild
this state are very interesting. One of the richest coal-fields  bluffs both of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, which
perhaps in the world, occupies the greater part of Missouri rise to an elevation varying from 50 to 300 feet. In the S.E.
N. of the Osage River, and extends nearly to the N. bound- part of the state, the scene of the earthquakes of 1811 and
ary of Iowa. A carboniferous limestone, which comes to  1812, may be viewed many traces of that startling event:
the surface on the E. and W. borders of the state, forms a  among others are to be seen, at the bottoms of lakes, subrim  from  5 to 40 miles in breadth. The lower magnesian  merged forests and canebrakes.  Pilot Knob, 444 feet high,
limestone crops out on the Missouri River, from  25 miles  and Iron Mountain, 1500 feet high, the former of steel, as
above Jefferson City to within 35 miles of its mouth, with  it is said, and the latter of nearly pure iron, are well worth
occasional obtrusions  of sandstone.   Schoolcraft thus  a visit from the curious and scientific tourist. Big Spring,
speaks of the Ozark Mountains: "The Ozark is a term   at the head of the Maramec River, rising in a very deep basin
applies to a broad, elevated district of highlands, running  100 feet across, and surrounded by banks as many feet in
from N. to S. centrally through the staoes of Missouri and  perpendicular height, gives rise to a stream 60 feet wide and
Arkansas.  It has on the E. the striking and deep alluvial 3 feet deep, and-with sufficient force to turn two mills at its
tract of the Mississippi River, and on its W. the woodless  source. The water is extremely cold. Schoolcraft describes
plains or deserts which stretch below the Rocky Mountains."  a cave near some of the head waters of the White River,
Minerals.-Missouri is particularly rich in minerals, and  thus:-" The opening appeared to be 80 or 90 feet wide and
a vast region in the neighborhood of Iron Mountain and  30 high. A vast gloomy rotunda opened before us, which
Pilot Knob is, perhaps, unsurpassed on the globe for pro-  very soon after entry increased to a height of 60 or 70 feet,
ductiveness in iron of the best quality.  Though exist- and in width to 150 or 200 feet. This hall extended into the
ing in the greatest abundance and purity in this locality,  rock voutherly, branching off into lateral avenues. We exthis mineral is found on the Maramec River, at Birming-  plored the main gallery for 500 or 600 yards, when we met 
ham on the Mississippi, 120 miles below St. Louis, and in  with obstructions."
other parts of'the state. The principal mines of lead in    Climate. —The climate of Missouri is very variable: in the
Missouri, according to Whitney, are in Washington co., on  winter the thermometer sinks below zero, and the rivers are
the branches of the Maramec River. There are a few others  frozen so as to admit the passage of heavily laden vehicles.
in Franklin and Jefferson counties, but the aggregate pro- The summers are excessively hot, but the air dry and pure.
duct of lead from all the mines in the state, in 1851, was In the autumns, bilious and remittent fevers are common
only estimated at 1500 tons, a decline of more than one-half  on the river bottoms. Pulmonary complaints, however, to
from that of 1842. Copper exists throughout the mineral such a degree as to terminate in consumption, are infreregion, (a tract of 17,000,000 or 18,000,000 acres,) but is most quent.
abundant near the La Motte Mines. It is found combined         oil and Productieons.-The soil of Missouri, speaking genewith nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt, and lead, and these  rally, is good, and of great agricultural capabilities; but
often yield 34 per cent, of the pure metal. Of the - other  the most fertile portions are in the river bottoms, which are
metals named, all except nickel are found in considerable  a rich alluvion, (in some cases, however, mixed with sand,)
quantities. Silver exists in the lead ore, 350 pounds of pure  and in that portion N. of the Missouri River, except in the
metal having been obtained from 1,000,000 pounds of lead. E., where a sandy soil prevails. South of the Missouri there
Tin has been found in small quantities. Of the non-metallic  is a greater variety in the soil, but much of it is fertile, and
minerals, limestone abounds N. of the Missouri River, and  even in the mountains and mineral districts there are rich
forms a good building-stone. Marbles beautifully veined  valleys, and about the sources of the White, Eleven. Points,
and crystalline are found in parts of the state; also gypsum, Current, and Big Black Rivers, the soil, though unproducsandstones, red and white, porphyries, sienite, saltpetre, sul- tive, furnishes a valuable growth of yellow pine.  The
phate of baryta, kaolin, and inferior clays. The red sand- marshy district of the S.E. part will, when the population
stone is of too coarse and loose a texture for architectural shall have become sufficiently dense to justify the expense
purposes, but the white, found near St. Genevieve, makes  of drainage, be probably one of the most fertile portions of
superior glass. In a letter to us Professor Silliman, Sr., says, the state. The great staple of Missouri is Indian corn, and
"at a place called Arcadia, the iron, in a dyke several yards  more hemp is produced than in any state except Kentucky:
wide, is bounded by walls of porphyry."                     the other great products are wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas,
Cbol.-Bituminous coal, much of it cannel coal, exists in  beans,, Irish and sweet potatoes, fruits, butter, cheese, pork,
vast beds on both sides of the Missouri River, below the  bay, flax, honey and beeswax; considerable rye, buckwheat,
mouth of the Osage, and 40 miles up that river. The great market products, grass-seeds, maple sugar, and some rice,
cannel coal-bed in Callaway county consists, in one place, barley, wine, hops, silk, and molasses. In 1850 there were
of a solid stratum 24 feet, and in another 75 feet in thick- in the state 54,458 farms, occupying 2,938,425 acres of imness, and is believed to be the largest body of cannel coal proved land, (less than 60 acres to each farm,) and producing
known. Coal is also found in the neighborhood of Lexing- 2,981,625 bushels of wheat; 44,268 of rye; 36,214,537 of Inton, and in many other places.                              dian  corn; 5,278,079 of oats; 46,017 of peas and beans;
Rivers.-Missouri enjoys the navigation of the two great-  939,006 of Irish potatoes; 335,505 of sweet potatoes; 23,641
est rivers in the United States, if not in the world. By  of buckwheat; 13,696 of flaxseed; 17,113,784 pounds of
means of the Mississippi River, which coasts her entire  tobacco; 1,627,164 of wool; 7,834,359 of butter; 203,572 of
eastern boundary, she can hold commercial intercourse with  cheese; 116,925 tons of hay; 16,028 of hemp; 527,160 pounds
the most northern territory of the Union, with the whole of  of flax; 178,910 of maple sugar; 1,328,972 of beeswax and
the valley of the Ohio, with some of the'Atlantic States, honey; orchard products valued at $514,711; market proand with the Gulf of Mexico. By means of the Missouri, ducts, $99,454; live stock, $19,887,580; and slaughtered
her other great river, she may extend her internal com- animals, $3,367,106.
merce to the Rocky Mountains, besides receiving the pro-    Fbsrest and Fruit Trees.-" The river bottoms are covered
ducts that may be furnished in future times by its multi-  with a luxuriant growth of oak, elm, ash, hickory, cottontude of tributaries. The Missouri River coasts the N.W. of  wood, linn, and white and black walnut. In the more barthe state for about 200 miles, (following its windings,) and  ren districts are found white and pin oak, and sometimes
then darts across the state in a direction a little S. of E., forests of yellow pine. The crab-apple, papaw, and persimdividing it into two portions, of which about a third is N., mon are abundant; as also the hazel and pecan."  There
and the remainder S. of that river. The S. shore is bounded  are three species of wild grape; and apples, pears, peaches,
in many places by bluffs of from 100 to 300 feet in height, apricots, and nectarines yield well.
while the N. is often bottom  lands, not generally liable to    lanufcactures.-Missouri has not as yet largely engaged
inundation. Both the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers are  in this branch of industrial employments; though in 1850
navigable for large steamers far beyond the limits of the  there were 3030 establishments, each producing $500 and
state, though the navigation of the latter is impeded by the  upwards annually; 2 of these were cotton factories, employ,
swiftness of its current (twice that of the Mississippi) and  ing $102,000 capital, 75 male and 80 female hands, consumby the shifting sands. The Missouri River receives a num- ing raw material worth $86,446, and producing 13,260 bales
her of tributaries within the limits of the state, the princi- of batting, valued at $142,000; 1 woollen factory, employing
pal of which are the Chariton and Grand Rivers from the  $20,000 capital, 15 male and 10 female hands, consuming
N., and the Osage and Gasconads from the S. The principal raw material worth $16,000, and producing 12,000 yards of
tributaries of the Mississippi River within the state are the  cloth, and 6000 pairs of blankets, worth a total value of
Salt River, N., and the Maramec River, S. of the Missouri $56,000; 13 iron forges, foundries, &c., employing  $848,100
River. The St. Francis and White Rivers, with their branches, capital, and 722 male hands, consuming raw material worth
drain the S.E. part of the state, and pass into Arkansas. $254,996, and producing 25,413 tons of pig, cast, and wrought
The Osage is navigable for steamboats 275 miles, and it is iron, valued at.719,795; capital invested in the manufacture
proposed to improve its navigation, as well as that of the  of malt and spirituous liquors, $298,900, consuming 124,400
Grand, Salt, and Maramec Rivers. Fine plank and timber  bushels of barley, 309,200 of Indian corn, 24,900 of rye, and
are floated down the Gasconade Rtiver.                     31 tons of hops, producing 44.850 barrels of ale, &Se., and
1212




MIS                                                         MIS
939,400 gallons of wine, whiskey, &c.; and 148 tanneries, to 20,845 in 1810; 66,586 in 1820; 140,145 in 1830; 383,702
employing $228,095 capital, consuming raw material worth  in 1840; and 682,044 in 1850; of whom  312,987 were white
$247,956, and producing leather valued at $866,241. Home- males, and 279,017 females; 1361 free colored males, and
made manufactures were produced to the value of $1,674,705. 1257 females; 43,484 male slaves, ~nd 43,938 female. Pop.
Internal Zmprsovemntesls.-On the 1st of January, 1855, Mis- to the square mile, 10.49. This population was divided into
souri had fifty miles (that portion of the Pacific nearest 100,890 families, occupying 96,849 dwellings. In the year
to St. Louis) of completed railroad, and, according to Hunt's ending June, 1850, 12,121 deaths occurred, or nearly 19 in
Merchant's Magazine, 963 in course of construction, intended  every one thousand persons; in the same period 2977 panto connect Hannibal with St. Joseph, and St. Louis with  pers received aid, of whom  1729 were foreigners, at an
Kanzas-the great Pacific Railroad. Another road, a branch  expense of about $18 to each pauper. Of the free populaof the Pacific, is to connect St. Louis and Springfield with  tion, 266,934 were born in the state; 250,166 in other states;
Neosho.  A railroad is also contemplated from  St. Louis  5379 in England; 14,734 in Ireland; 1225 in Wales and
northward to the Iowa line, and one from the same point to  Scotland; 1053 in British America; 44,352 in Germany;
Iron Mountain. Plank-roads are coming much into vogue  2138 in France; 3593 in other countries; and 1322 whose
in this state, as well as elsewhere. Three per cent. on the  places of birth were unknown; making more than enesale of public lands is devoted to internal improvements. eighth of the population of foreign birth.: There were in
The state loans $3,000,000 to the Pacific, $750,000 to the  the state, according to the census, 282 deaf and dumb, of
Iron Mountain, and $1,000,000 to the St. Joseph Railroad.    whom 19 were slaves; 232 blind, of whom  3 were' free coCommerce.-St. Louis is the great centre of internal com- lored, and 38 slaves; 262 insane, of whom 2 were free colored,
merce of the Mississippi and its tributaries, which must and 11 slaves; and 357 idiots, of whom  32 were slaves.
greatly increase as the settlements on those great rivers  According to a state census in 1852, the population of Misextend themselves. It is also the depSt of the fur trade of  souri was 724,687, of whom  87,207 were slaves. Of the
the Upper Missouri and its tributaries. The foreign imports  entire population in 1850, 742 were engaged in mining;
of Missouri (a very small part of its trade) amounted, in  92,408 in agriculture; 2522 in commerce; 11,100 in mann1852-3, to $859,654; tonnage of the state, 45,441, of which  factures; 39 in navigating the ocean; 1885 in internal navi39,431 was steam tonnage; number of vessels built, 22, of  gation; and 1469 in the learned professions.
which 11 were steamers, tonnage 3583. Of 1195 steamers    Counties. —There are in Missouri 101 counties, viz., Adair,
owned in the United States in 1853, 126 belonged to St. Andrew, Atchison, Andrain, Barry, Bates, Benton, Boone,
Louis. The exports of this state consist mainly of lead, Buchanan, Butler, Caldwell, Callaway, Camden, Cape Girarpork, flour, wheat, tobacco, hemp, flax, and live stock. Mis- dean, Carroll, Cass, Cedar, Chariton, Clarke, Clay, Clinton,
souri has long been the principal seat of an active caravan  Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Dade, Dallas, Daviess, De Kalb,
trade with Santa F6; but this trade is notso extensive as  Dodge, Dunklin, Franklin, Gasconade, Gentry, Greene,
formerly, a considerable portion having been diverted to  Grundy, Harrison, Henry, IHIickory, IIolt, Howard, Jackson,
Texas. (See Sr. Louis.) The leading articles imported by  Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Laclede, Lafayette, Lawway of the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi and its tributa- rence, Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Macon, McDonald,
ries, in 1854, were wheat, corn, flour, barley, oats, tobacco, Madison, Marion, Mercer, Miller, Mississippi, Moniteau,
hemp, coffee, hides, pork, lead, lard, meats of different  Monroe, M[organ, Montgomery, New Madrid, Newton, Nodakinds, molasses, sugar, nails, paper, potatoes, salt, rope, way, Oregon, Osage, Ozark, Perry, Pettis, Pike, Platte, Polk,
whiskey; &c.                                                Pulaski, Putnam, Rails, Randolph, Ray, Reynolds, Ripley,.Education.-Missouri has a school fund of $575,668, and  Scotland, St. Charles, St. Clair, St. Francis, St. Genevieve,
another fund of $100,000 called the seminary fund. The  St. Louis, Salina, Schuyler, Scott, Seneca, Shannon, Shelby,
state also appropriates one-fourth of its revenue to the sup- Stoddard, Sullivan, Taney, Texas, Warren, Washington,
port of schools; making an annual income of about $140,000, Wayne, and Wright. Capital, Jefferson City.
which is distributed among the counties. Every 16th sec-   Cities and Towns.-St. Louis is the largest city in Missouri,
tion of the public lands is devoted to common schools. pop. in1850,77,854,(120,000 in 1854;) the other principal
According to the census of 1850, this state had 9 colleges, towns are St. Joseph's, population about 5000; Hannibal,
with 1009 students, and $79,528 income, of which $23,000  2557; Lexington, 2698; Castor, 2084; Jefferson City and St.
was from  endowments; 1570 public schools, with 11,754  Charles City, about 3000 each; Weston, 1915; Cape Girarpupils, and $160,770 income, of which $74,807 was fr6m pub- dean, 1500; Palmyra, 1284; Carondelet, 1201; and St. Genelic funds, $3024 from taxation, and $7178 from endowments; vieve, Liberty, Paris, and Louisiana City, each about 1000.
204 academies and other schools, with 8829 pupils, and    Government, Finances, &c.-The governor anid lieutenant$143,171 income; 95,285 attending school, as returned by  governor are elected by popular vote for 4 years, the former
families.  According to the American Almanac for 1854, receiving $2000 per annum, and the use of a furnished
there were in this state 6 colleges, with 548 students, and 2  house, and the latter $4.50 per diem  during the session of
medical schools, with 210 students. The State University, the Senate, of which he is ex officio president. The Senate
located at Columbia, in Boone county, is endowed with six  consists of 18, and the House of Representatives of 49 memtownships of land by the general government. Four coun- bers, the former elected for 4 and the latter for 2 yeais, by
ties contended for the honor of having it located within  the people. The sessions of the legislature are biennial,
their limits, and it was accorded to Boone because its citizens  and meet on the first Monday in December. Twelve mnonths'
subscribed most liberally to its funds. Howard Iligh School, residence in the state is necessary before exercising the right
at Fayette, in Howard county, is a flourishing and successful of suffrage. Missouri is entitled to 7 members in the naschool. St. Charles College, at the town of St. Charles, was  tional House of Representatives, and to 9 electoral votes for
established by Mr. Collier, who bequeathed the institution  President. The judiciary consists-i. Of a supreme court,
$10,000. Of the free adult population, 36,778, of whom 1861  composed of 3 judges; 2. Of 14 circuit courts, and the courts
were of foreign birth, could not read and write.            of St. Louis, (viz., common pleas, criminal, and probate
Religious Denominations.-Of 878 churches in Missouri in  courts,) and the common pleas courts of Hannibal City;
1850, the different sects of Baptists owned 300; the Christ- and 3. Of county courts. The judges of the supreme and
ian Church, 57; the Episcopalians, 11; the Free Church, circuit courts are elected for 6 years, by popular vote, and
13; the Lutherans, 21; the Methodists, 250; the Presbyteri- the county judges for 4 years, in the same manner. The
ans, 125; the Roman Catholics, 65; and the Union Church, supreme court holds 2 sessions annually, one at St. Louis
11. The rest belonged to the Boatmen's Church, the Church  and one at Jefferson City. A circuit court is held twice a
of Christ, the Evangelists, the German Protestants, the  year in each county, and has exclusive jurisdiction in criGerman Evangelical Church, the Independents, the Jews, minal matters, and in all contracts and matters of tort over
the Mennonites, the Mormons, the Republicans, the Ration- $90. The county court is limited to matters of probate and
alists, the Unitarians, and the Universalists.-giving one  local county affairs. The judges of the supreme court rechurch to every 776 inhabitants. Value of church property, ceive $1800 salary each; the circuit judges $1250 each, and
$1,561,610.                                                thejudges of the St;. Louis courts $3000. There is a recorder's
Periodicals. —There were published in Missouri, in 1850, court at St. Louis, confined to small offences. The assessed
5 daily, 4 tri and semi-weekly, 45 weekly, and 7 monthly  value of property in the state in 1850 was $98,595,463; pubnewspapers and magazines, with an annual aggregate cir- lie debt, (in 1854,) $3,307,000, of which $2,450,000 was loans
culation of 6,195,560 copies,                              to railroads; school fund, $575,668; other productive proPublic Institutions. —The State Penitentiary at Jefferson  perty, $272,263; receipts for the two years ending October 1,
City had, in December, 1852, 232 convicts confined within  1854, $808,685; expenses, $628,483. Missouri had, in Januits walls, of whom 145 were from  the county of St. Louis. ary, 1854, 1 bank with 5 branches, with $1,215,405 capital,
This institution is conducted by lessees, who pay an annual $937,835 in coin, and $2,487,580 circulation. The amount
rent of $5000 to the state. In 1853,.the Lunatic Asylum at  of bonds authorized to be loaned to railroads was originally
Fulton had 93 inmates; and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum  $8,250,000, of which, as stated, $2,450,000 have already been
at the same place, 43. The Blind Asylum  at St. Louis is issued.
being enlarged. There were, in 1850, 13 public libraries,   Histoey. —Though the French were the first settlers, and
with 23,106 volumes; 79 school and Sunday-school, with  for a long time the principal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a
31,650 volumes; 4 college, with 19,700; and 1 church library, very small portion of her present population is of that dewith 600 volumes.                                          scent. A fort was built by that people as early as 1719, near
Population.-Though originally settled by the French, less the site of the present capital, called Fort Orleans, and its
than one-third of one per cent. of the present inhabitants  lead-mines worked to some extent the next year. St. Goneof Missouri are of that extraction. The population amounted  vieve, the oldest town in the state, was settled in 1755, and
1213




MIS                                                       MIT
St. Louis in 1764. At the treaty of 1763, it was assigned, has a curious and ancient church, in which some paintings
with all the territory west of the Mississippi, to Spain. "In  of the reign of Edward IV. were recently discovered.
1780, St. Louis was besieged and attacked by a body of Bri-   MITCIIIELDEVER, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
tish troops and Indians, 1540 strong."  During the siege,   MITCHIELL, a new county in the N. part of Iowa, her.
60 of the French were killed. The siege was raised by  dering on Minnesota, has an area of 420 square miles. It
Colonel Clark, an American, who came with 500 men to the  is intersected by the Cedar Rivet, which flows in a S.S.E.
relief of the place. At the close of the American Revolu- direction. This county is not included in the census of 1850,
tion, the territory west of the Mississippi remained with  and has few, if any, civilized inhabitants.
Spain till it was ceded to France in 1801. In 1803, at the    MITCHELL, a township in Poinsett co., Arkansas. P. 954.
purchase of Louisiana, it came into the possession of the    MITCHELL, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
United States, and formed part of the territory of Louisiana    MITCHELL, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Perth,
till the formation of the state of that name in 1812, when  12 miles N.N.W. of Stratford, and 33 miles from Goderich
the remainder of the territory was named Missouri, from  It contains hotels and several mills. Pop. 150.
which (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the admis-   MITCHIELL'S, a post-office of Walker co., Texas.
sion of slavery) was separated the present state of Missouri   MITCHELL'S, a village of Jasper co., Iowa, 65 miles W
in 1821. In 1811 and 1812 occurred a series of earthquakes  of Iowa City.
which, in the neighborhood of New Madrid in this state,   MITCHIELLSBURG, a post-office of Boyle co., Kentucky.
caused the earth to open, and entirely changed.the face of the    MITCH/ELL'S LANDIING, a post-office of Obion co., Ten.
country, swallowing up hills and forming new lakes, while  nessee.
others at the'same time were drained of their water. The    MITCHELL'S MILLS, a post-office of Indiana co., Penn
current of the Mississippi was turned back till the aocumu- sylvania.
lating waters gaine'd sufficient force to break through the    MITCHELL'S MILLS, a village of Boyle co., Kentucky, 41
newly raised barrier. All this region is now a widely ex- miles S.W. of Lexington.
tended marsh.-Inhab. MssOURIsnAr, mis-soo/re-an.             MITCHELL'S PEAK.  See MOuNT MITCHreIL.
MISSOURI, a township, IIempstead co., Arkansas. P. 513.   MITCHELL'S SALT-WORKS,post-officeJefferson co.,Ohio.
MISSOURI TERRITORY, (sometimes called NORTH-   MITCHELL'S STATION, a post-office of Culpepper co.,
WES' TERRITORY,) a former unorganized territory, oc- Virginia.
cupying the N.W. portion of the United States possessions    MITCIIELLSTOWN, a market-town of Ireland, Munster,
E. of the Rocky Mountains. Its area had been greatly  co. and 25 miles N.N.E. of Cork. It has a large square, a
reduced by the organization of Iowa territory and Minne- handsome church, and a college for decayed persons of
sota; and finally, in 1854, the remainder was divided be- superior station.
tween the territories of Kanzas and Nebraska. See Nonea-    MITCHELLSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co.
WESTr TERRITORY.                                           of Meath.
MISSOUIRITON, a post-village of St. Charles co., Missouri.   MITCHELLSTOWN CAVES, in Ireland, Munster, co. of
MISSOURI UNIVERSITY. See COLUMBIA, Missouri.             Tipperary, 7 miles E.N.E. of Mitchellstown, are a large and
MISTAtKEN  POINT, the S.E. extremity of Newfound- fine series of stalactitic caverns.
land, 65 miles S.S.W. of St. John's.                         MITCHIELLSVILLE, a post-village of Robertson co., TenMISTASSINNIE. See MISTISSINNY.                           nessee, on the turnpike from Nashville to Louisville, 35
MISTEK, mislttk, a town of Moravia, circle of Prerau, 50  miles N. of the former, and on the N. line of the state.
miles E.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2610.                           MITCHELLSVILLE, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky.
MISTELBACII,  misftel-bgk', a market-town of Lower    MITCHIEALMERSH,  a parish of England, co. of Hants.
Austria, on the Laya, 27 miles N.N.E. of Vienina. Pop. 2468.   MITIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
It has a college of the Barnabites, and a hospital.          MITIA, an island of the Pacific Ocean. See AnURORA.
MISTERBIANCO, mislthR-be-in/ko, a town of Sicily, in-   MITIERO, me-te-Yro. or MITTIARO, mnit-te-ftro, one of
tendency and 4 miles N.W. of Catania. Pop. 3000.           Cook's Islands in the South Pacific; lat. 200 1' S., ion. 1570
MIS/TERTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.       34' W., length from N. to S. about 4 miles, breadth 1 mile.
MISTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.              MITLA, mitl, a village oftheMexican Confederation, state
IIISTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        and 26 miles E. of Oajaca, on the table-land of Mixtecapan,
MIS'TISSININY  or MISTASSINNIE, LAKE, British  5000 feet above the ocean, with extensive remains of ancient
North America, is in lat. 510 N., Ion. 720 to 730 W. Length  tombs, and other edifices, and in one place distinguished
from N.E. to S.W. 60 miles; greatest breadth 30 miles. It from all other Mexican ruins by columns supporting a roof.
contains several large islands. Rupert River flows from it   MPJTRE ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, lat. of S.E. point 110 55W
W. into James's Bay.                                       S., Ion. 1700 20' W., was discovered in 1791, and named after
MISTILEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             one or two remarkable promontories resembling a mitre and
MISTRA, mis/trA, or MISITRA, misle-tra, a town of Greece, steeple.
Morea, capital of the government of Lacedemon, on the side    MITRI, meettree, a walled and well supplied town of Beof a hill crowned by its citadel, 30 miles S. of Tripolitza. Pop. loochistan, province of Cutch-Gundava, N. of Bhag.
1500. Previous to the last war, this was the most populous    MITROWICZ, MITROVICZ or MITROWITZ, mitro-evits',
town in the Morea. About 6 miles N.E. are the remains of  (Hun. Demetrovicze, d4\m.Atro\veet/s\,) a market-town of
ancient Sparta, scattered for about a mile over five low hills, the Austrian dominions, Slavonian military frontier, circle
MISTRETTA, mis-trft/tt, (anc. Anrastra, Asscsts-atus, and  and 24 miles S.S.W. of Peterwardein, on the left bank of the
Myttistratsm,) a town of Sicily, 68 miles W.S.W. of Messina. Save. Pop. 5200. It is the head-quarters of the Peterwardein
It occupies a lofty eminence on the  legwitano, and in its regiments, and has a Roman Catholic church, 3 Greek
vicinity is a petroleum spring. Pop. 8000.                 churches, a high school, and numerous Roman antiquities.
MITA, meett, a town of Central America, Guatemala, in    MITSOO, a lake of Japan. See OITs.
the corregimiento of Chiquimula. Pop. 3300.                  MIT'TAGONG! RANGE, a range of hills in New South
MITAU, meefttiw. or MITTAU, mit/tOw, (L. Mittavia; Wales, co. of Camden. It is the name also of a town in the
Lettish Jelgava, yl-;givA,) a town of Russia, capital of the  same county, 56 miles S.W. of Sydney.
government of Courland, in a low, sandy district on the    MITTAU or MITTAW, a town of Russia. See M:IrAU.
Aa, crossed by a bridge of boats, 25 miles S.W. of Riga, 350    MITTELBACHI, mit/tel-b~A', a village of Saxony, circle of
miles S.W. of St. Petersburg. Lat. 560 39' N., Ion., 230 44' Zwickau, bailiwick of Chemnitz. Pop. 1219.
E. Pop. 28,100; half of whom are of German descent, and    MITTELBERG, mitftel-b6nao, a village of Austria, Vorarl.
1000 are Jews. It covers a large space, of which, however, berg, district of Bregenzerwald. Pop. 1447.
a considerable portion is occupied by gardens; it is indif-   3IITTEL-KATI'TBACH, mittel-kitt/bAK, a village of Hesseeferently built, the houses being chiefly of wood, painted  Cassel, provinceofFulda, bailiwic  ofNeuhof. Pop.1083.
green or reddish-brown; many of the streets narrow and    MITIEL MEER, MITTELLANDISCHES  MEER. See
crooked, but some also wide, straight, and regular.  The  MErmITERRANEAN.
most interesting building is the Castle, the residence of the   MITTELWALDE, mittel-'4Pdeh, a town  of Prussian
old Dukes of Courland. It had almost become a mere ruin, Silesia, on the Neisse, 39 miles S.W. of Neisse. Pop. 1784.
when, in 1739, Marshal Biron, the favorite of the Empress   MITTELWALDE or MITTENWALDE, mitVten-4Al'deh. a
Anne, commenced a palace on the same site, and completed town of Pi-usian Silesia, 23 miles E.S.E. of Potsdam. P. 1966.
it after his return from exile. It stands on an island sur-   MITTELZELL, an island of Baden. See EICHENAU..
rounded by the canals of the Aa. Among the other build-   MITTELZELL, mitltel-tshll, a market-town of Bavaria,
ings and institutions, may be mentioned 4 churches, a Greek, near Wtirzbur,, on the Main. Pop. 1441.
a Ronman Catholic, a Lutheran, and a Reformed church; 3   MITTENWALD, mitlten-QWlt', a market-town of Bavaria,
synagogues, a museum, a library of 20,000 volumes, ani  on the Isar, 51 miles S.S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1720.
observatory, a gymnasium, with 9 professors, Courland    MITTENWALDE, a town of Prussia. See MrITTELWALDE.
Society of Literature, a hospital, an orphan and a lunatic    MITTEIRBURG, a town of Istria. See PsSINo.
asylum, a casino, and a theatre capable of containing 3000    MITTERSILL, mittter-sill', a market-town of Upper Aus.
spectators. Its manufactures, which are of little moment, tria, on the Seilze, 23 miles S.S.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 600.
include linen, hosiery, soap, and leather; and its trade is   MITTERTEICH, mit/ter-ti'K, a market-town of Bavaria,
very limited.                                             Upper Franconia, E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1553.
MITCHI'AM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.            MITTIARO, an island of the Pacific. See lITIERo0.
MITCIFELDEAN, a market-town and parish of- England,   MITTIMEE, mitrte-meet, an oasis of Central Afi-ica, 20
co. and 11 miles W. of Gloucester.  Pop. in 1851, 662. It miles N.W. of Lake Tchad, with upwards of 50 wells.
1214




MIT                                                          MOO
MITTINEAGUE, mit'te-fieegt, a post-office of IHampden    MOBILE, mo-beelt, a river of Alabama, is formed by the
to., Massachusetts.                                        confluence of the Alabama and Tombigbee, at the southern
MITIITON, a parish of England, counties of Lancaster and  extremity of Clarke county. After a course of about 6
York, West Riding.                                         miles, it divides into two channels, of which the western
MITTON, LOWER, a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester. and largest retains the name of Mobile, and thle eastern is
MITTUN-KOTE, mit/ttn-kftt, a town of the Punjab, in  called the Tensaw. The Miobile flows southward, forming
its S. extremity, on the W. bank of the Indus, in lat. 280  the boundary between Mobile and Baldwin counties, and
54' N., Ion. 700 251 E. Pop. 4000. It is surrounded by date  enters Mobile Bay at the city of its own name, after a course
groves, and well situated for commerce.                    of 50 miles. It is navigable by large steamboats.
MITTWEIDA,  mitt't*WdA, a town of Saxony, circle of   1MIOBILE, a county forming the S.W. extremity of AlaZwickau, 35 miles S.E. of Leipsic, on the Zschoppau, an  bama, bordering on Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico,
affluent of the Miulde. It has extensive manufactures of  has an area of 1400 square miles. The Mobile River and
woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. Pop. in 1849, 7012.    Bay of the same name form its boundary on the E., and it
MITTWEIDA, a village of Saxony, district of Schwarzen- is also drained by the Esatappa River. The surface is nearly
berg, 54 miles S.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1083.               level, and extensively covered with forests of pine; the soil
MITYLENE, mit-e-leetnee, or METELIN, mnt-e-leent, (anc. is sandy, and generally poor. The county is intersected by
Lesltbos; Gr. Asnogc,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Capital, Mobile. Pop. 27,600,
belonging to Turkey, near the coast of Asia Minor, mostly be- of whom 18,244 were free, and 9356 slaves.
tween lat. 390 and 390 20' N., and Ion. 250 50' and 260 35' E.   MOBILE, a city, port of entry, and caiital of Mobile co.,
Estimated area 276 square miles. Pop. 40,000. Two bays  Alabama, is situated on the WV. bank of Mobile River, immreindent it on the S. side, and it has good harbors and a fertile  diately above its entrance into the bay of the same name,
soil. A range of mountains traversing it is clothed with  30 miles N. of the Gulf of Mexico, 330 miles by water S.W.
pine woods, and at their base are many olive grounds and  of Montgomery, 165 miles E. by N. of New Orleans, and
vineyards, but the island was greatly devastated during the  1033 miles from Washington. Lat. 300 41' 48" N.. lon. 870
Greek struggle. The principal products are oil ansd pine  59' Wv. It is by far the most considerable town of the state
timber. with some grapes, figs, cotton, and pitch; its wine, both in population and commerce, and, after New Orleans,
anciently famous, is now inferior; and the corn raised is is the greatest cotton market in the United States. The
insufficient for the inhabitants.  Principal towns, Castro, site is a level sandy plain, sufficiently elevated for the pur(or Mitylene,) on the E. coast, Molivo, and Culoni. Thee- pose of convenient drainage, being about 15 feet higher
phrastus, Pittacus, Alceus, and Sappho were natives of this  than the bay. The streets are wide, and mostly run N. and
island.                                                    S., and E. and WV. Much -Itention has recently been paid
MIUS, mee-oosl,(?) a river of Russia, rises in the S.E. of the  to planting shade trees, and the city is supplied with springgovernment of Yekaterinoslav, and falls by a wide estuary  water brought from the distance of several miles. It is not
into the Sea of Azof.                                      compactly built, excepting the portion occupied by the comMIXARES, a river and town of Spain. See'MJEAns.          mercial houses. On the S. and W. side of the town there
MIXAS, a town of Spain. See, MIJAS.                      are dry, sandy pine-hills, which afford agreeable and healthy
MIX/BURtY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.           retreats during the hot season. Mobile is the seat of Spring
MIXCO, mix/ko, a village of Central America, state and 5  Hill College, founded by the Catholics, having a library of
miles S.W. of Guatemala, on a hill-side, with 4000 inhabit- 7000 volumes. It also contains an institution for the blind,
ants (?) and some remains of an ancient city.              a city hospital, a United States marine hospital, 2 orphan
MIXIER~ILLE, a post-office of Franklin  co., Indiana.    asylums, a theatre, 2 or 3 banks, and 6 newspaper offices.
MIIXSTADT, mixtstitt, a town of Prussia, province and 80  Thereare churches of 6 denominations, and several academiles S.FS.E. of Posen. Pop. 1209.                         mies. The health of the town has recently been improved
MIXTECAPAN, mix-ti-kb-pint, a table-land of the Mexi- by draining and filling in the low grounds on the N. The
can Confederation, occupying most part of the department entrance to the bay is defended by Fort Morgan, formerly
of Oajaca, between the Plains of Mexico and La Puebla, and  Fort Brower, and a lighthouse has been erected in the same
the isthmus of Tehuantepec. Average elevation 5000 feet. vicinity. Mobile has an advantageous position for trade,
In its S. part it is traversed by several broad valleys extend- being the natural outlet of the greatest cotton region in the
inug E. and W. On it is the city of Oajaca; also the ruins South. Steamboats ply regularly, at all seasons, between
of Mitla.                                                  this port and Montgomery and Tuscaloosa. Another line
MIXITOWN, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania.      keeps up a daily communication with New Orleans cia
MIXtIVILLE, a village of Alleghany co., New York, near  Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain. A railroad about 450
the Genesee River, 14 miles N. of Angelica.                miles long is in course of construction firom  Mobile to
MIYANDAB, me-y/n-dlb/, a highly cultivated plain in  the mouth of the Ohio River, connecting with the Central
North Persia, province of Azerbaijan, on the S.E. side of the  Railroad of Illinois. This road, when finished, wvill form part
Lake Ooroomeeyah.                                          of the direct route from the Gulf of Mexico to the great lakes.
MIYARISIMA, me-y4-re-seetm&, an island of Japan, S.S.E. Another railroad is in progress, which will connect this city
of Nokisima, inhabited chiefly by fishermen.               with Columbus, in Georgia. The receipts of cotton for the
MIZANTLA, me-sluttl', a ruined city of the Mexican  year ending September 1, 1854, was 538,864 bales. The exConfederation, 35 miles N.E. of Jalapa, on an isolated plateau  ports for the year amounted to 515,631 bales, of which
near the Gulf of Mexico.                                   336,963 were to foreign ports, and 178,668 coastwise. Great
MIZIEN-HEAD, (anc. Noltiuam Promontoreium,) a cape of  Britain took 231,230 bales, and France 76,752 bales. There
Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork. Lat. 510 27' N., ion. 90 509 W.  were also exported 12,606,805 feet of sawn:lumber, 186o345
On it are the ruins of a castle.                           feet of deck planks, 1376 tons of hewn timber, and 1088
MIZIIRITCII or MIJIRITCH, me-je-ritcht, a town of  masts and spars. The total value of foreign exports was
Russia, government and 79 miles N.WV. of Kharkov. Pop. $13,911,612, and of foreign imports, $795,653. The shipping
7000. It is enclosed by earth ramparts, and has 3 annual of the port, June 30, 1854, amounted to 11,605 tons registered,
fairs, at which large quantities of woollen cloths are sold.   and 21,994 tons enrolled and licensed. The number of
MIZIIIRIZCH or MIIJIRITCII, a town of Russia, govern- foreign arrivals for the year was 133-tons, 86,321; clearmnent of Kiev, 28 miles W.N.WV. of Tcherkasi.              ances195 —tons,118,498. During the year9 vessels (tonnage,
MIZQUE, meesslk, a town of South America, Bolivia, de- 2000) were built. A new custom-house is now being built
partment of Cochabamba, 32 miles S.E. of Oropesa.          here. at a cost of about $300,000. Mobile was ceded to the
MIZR or MIZRAIM. See EGYPT.                              United States by Spain in 1813. It was incorporated a town
MLAYA or MLAWVA, m'lblvb, a river of Servia, joins the  in 1814, and a city charter was granted in 1819. Pop. in
Danube 13 miles E.N.E. of Semendria, after a N. course of  1830, 3194; in 1840, 12,672; and in 1850, 20,515.
50 niler.                                                    MOBILE BAY, situated in the S.W. part of Alabama,
MLAYA or MLAWA, m'lva, a small town of Poland, extends southward from the mouth of Mobile River, and
province and 46 miles N.N.E. of Plock. Pop. 1000.          communicates with the Gulf of Mexico by two channels,
5MNISEK, m'neefslk, or MNISCIIECK, m'nishlk, a mar- separated by Dauphin Island. The eastern, or main chanket-town of Bohemia, about 17 miles S.S.WV. of Prague. nel, has about 18 feet of water. Length from N. to 5., 35
Pop. 1000.                                                 miles. The width increases gradually in passing southward,
MOA, mofb, an island of Cuba, on its N. coast, 40 miles until it amounts to about 15 miles.
N.WV. of Baracoa.                                            MOBILE POINT, the E. side of the entrance to Mobile
MOA, SIERRA DE, se-ka!fa di mof, a mountain range in  Bay, Alabama. A revolving light, 55 feet high, is on its
the island of Cuba, 30 miles W. of Baracoa.                western extremity. Lat. 300 15' 40/ N., ion. 870 58' W.
MOA, an island of the Eastern Archipelago, lat. 80 15' S.,   MOBfLEY'S POND, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia.
Ion. 1280 5' E. Length 20 miles.                             MOCARANGA or MOCARANGUA. See MONoaMoTAPA.
MOAR, me-art, a river in the peninsula of Malacca, enters    MOC'CAS, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.
the ocean after a course of 100 miles.                       MOCICASIN CRIEEK, of North Carolina, rises near the
MOATE, a market-town of Ireland, Leinster, co. of West- E. border of Wake co., and flowing S.E. unites with Conmeath, on the Grand Canal, 9 miles E.S.E. of Athlone. Pop. tentny Creek.
2095.                                                        MOCCIIIE, mok'kyi, a village of the Sardinian States,
MOBtBERLY, a parish of England, co. of Chester.          province of Susa, on the Dora-Ripaira. Pop. 2301.
MOAMEQUA, mo-amte-kwb', of Illinois, a station on the    MOCEJON or MOCEXON, mo-thbiSnf, a village of Spain,
Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles S. of Decatur.         New Castile, 7 miles from Toledo. Pop. 1620.
121,




MOO                                                        MOE
MOCHA, molchi, an island of Chili,:off the coast of Arau-  highest point, Monte Cimone, 6976 feet. The minerals coma
cania, lat. of S. summit, 380 24' S., ion. 740 W. Length 8  prise iron and marble; the soil is very fertile in the plains
miles. At its N. end is a peak 1230 feet in height. It is the climate is temperate and healthy. The chief products are
occasionally resorted to by whalers, but the landing is bad, maize, wheat, rich wine, silk, and honey. It has many mineand supplies of wood and water are scarce.                 ral springs. The so called Artesian wells were used by the
MOCHA or MOKHA, mollka, (Arab. pron. molf',) a forti- Modenese long before they were known in Artois. The duchy
fled seaport town of Arabia, Yemen, on the Red Sea, 55  hag recently acquired additional territory, and now consists
miles N.N.W. of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Lat. 130 20' of the provinces of Modena and Frignano, Reggio, and   uasN., ion. 430 12' 2" E. Pop. 7000. It stands on the margin  talls, Garfagnana, Lunigiana, Massa, and Carrara. Standof a sandy plain, between two points of land, which enclose  ing army, 3500 men. Public revenue, $1,682,000. Modena,
a small bay adapted for vessels of 10 or 12 feet burthen. It after passing through the hands of a great number of masexports annually about 10,000 tons of the finest coffee to  ters, was finally erected into a duchy in 1453, and settled on
Jiddah, Suez, and Bombay, with dates, gums, senna, horns, a branch of the family of Este, which has given Europe
hides, balm, ivory, gold-dust; and imports rice, piece-goods,  so many of its sovereigns. It lost its independence by the
iron, hardwares, slaves, and ghee from Abyssinia, whence  French Revolution, and was merged successively into the
many of its exported goods are brought to Mocha in the  Cisalpine Republic and the Kingdom  of Italy. The duke
way of transit.                                             resumed his possessions in 1814. For administrative purMOCHA, is a country in the S.W. part of Abyssinia.        poses, the territory is divided into four governments-MoMOCHRUM, moelrtrm, a maritime parish of Scotland,- co. dena, the capital; Reggio, Garfagnana, and Massa-di-Carraof Wigton.                                                  ra, to which should be added the delegazione governsativa  of
MOCIHITREF, moKltr~f, a parish of North Wales, co. of  Frignano, and that of Lunigiana.
Montgomery.                                                   MODE/NA, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, about
MOCKERN, (Mlckern,) mikfern, a town of Prussian Sax- 80 miles S. of Albany.
ony, 13 miles E. of Magdeburg, on the Ehle. Pop. 1550.        MOD]NE. See MIODENA.
MOCKMVIUHL, (Mockmti[hl,) mokl/mil, A town of Wilrtem-    MODER, nmo'daie/, a river of France, department of Basberg, at the confluence of the Seckau with the Jaxt, 10  Rhin, rises on the E. side of the Vosges Mountains, flows
miles E. of Neckarsulm. Pop. 1524.                          S.S.E., and after a course of 30 miles, joins the Rhine, 17
MOCKS/VILLE, a neat post-village, capital of Davie co., miles below Strasbom-g.
North Carolina, 140 miles W. of Raleigh, and 10 miles from    MODERN, mo/dern, MODOR, molder, MADRA, mihldrth',
the Yadkin River.                                           or MODRA, moldrA, a walled town of West IHungary, co.
MOCKVILLE, a post-office pf Uass co., Missouri.           and 16 miles N.E. of Presburg.  Pop. 5010. It has a ProMOCKWANPOOR, Nepaul. See MucKWANPOOs.                     testant College, and is the seat of the Lutheran superintend.
MOCLIN, mok-leent, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 20 mile9  ency for Hungary on this side of the Danube.
N.W. of Granada, on a river of same name. It was once a' MIOD/EST TOWN, a post-village of Accomack co., Virginia,
Moorish fortress, called, from its strength, the Shield of  3 miles from the Atlantic, and 10 miles E. of Accomack
Granada. Pop. 2760.                                         Court House. It contains 2 churches and a few shops.
MOCLINEJO or MiOCLINEXO, mok-le-nAno, a village of    MODICA, modle-kd, (anc. Motuca, Meotyca or Msstyca,) a
Spain, Andalusia, 10 miles from Mtalaga. Pop. 1068.         town of Sicily, 30 miles W.S.W. of Syracuse, in the Val di
MOICOMOICO, a maritime town of Sumatra, on its W. Note. Pop. 17,500. It is ill built, but has a large square,
coast. Lat. 200 31' S., Ion. 1010 10' E.                    and some handsome mansions, a castle, and several churches
MOCONESI, mo-ko-nA/see, a village of the Sardinian  and convents.  It exports grain, oil, wine, and cheese,
States, division of Genoa, 2 miles from Cicagna. Pop. 2329.  mostly to Malta. In its vicinity is the valley of Iplsica  or
MOCSA, mo/ch6hb, a town of Hungary, co. and 7 miles  Is'pica, remarkable  for its dwellings excavated in the rock.
S.S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 2137.                                  MODICIA or MOD(ETIA.  See MONZA.
MODAIN, mo'dtin/, written also MADAIN and MEDAJIN,   MNODIGLIANA, mo-deel-yan&, (anc. 6bsftrsm  lfatilum )
a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and 20 miles S.E. of Bag- a walled town of Tuscany, province, and 40 miles N.E. of
dad, on the Tigris, near the site of the ancient Ctelsi hos,  Florence, on the Marzeno, N. of the Apennines. Pop. 2335.
with the traces of a palace and other antiquities.          It has a castle, and several churches and convents.
MODANE, mo-dt/nA, a town of the Sardinian States, Savoy,   MODINALLA,   mo-de-nAlIAl, a village of West Africa, on
on the Arc, 17 miles E.S.E. of San Giovanni di Moriana, the Senal, in lat. 150 55' N., Ion. 130 5' W., inhabited by
3500 feet above the sea. Pop. 1200.                         Mar-boots, of the Moorish nation of the Dowiches, who reMODBBURY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  ceive valuable offerings from the faithful.
Devon, on the Erme, 111 miles E.S.E. of Plymouth. P. 1858.   MODLIN, mod/lia, a fortress of Poland, province of Plock,
MODENA, mod/kn-A,:4 (Fr. Ms oZne, mo'dain/; anc. Mul- at the junction of the Bug and Vistula, 16 miles N.W. of
tisa,) a fortified city of Northern Italy, capital of a duchy, Warsaw, erected in 1807. It is one of the strongest places
on the AEmilian Way, which forms its fine Strada Maestra, in the Rlussian dominions.
dividing it into the old and new city, 24 miles W.N.W. of    MOIDLING, modling. or MtEDLING, mdrling., a marketBologna. Pop. 27,430. It is regularly laid out, and has a  town of Lower Austria, 8 miles S.S.WV. of Vienna, on the railcitadel, with streets bordered by arcades; and its ramparts way to Grsitz. Pop. S500.
form pleasant public walks. Principal edifices, the Ducal   MODON, moldon, (anc. Methotne,) a fortified maritime town
Palace, a splendid building, with a picture gallery, fine gar- of Greece, Mores, government of Pylos, 6 miles S. of Navadens, an extensive library, the Biblioteca Eastecse, of which  rino. It has a small port, with an open roadstead between
Muratori and Tiraboschi were successively librarians, con- it and the island of Sapienza, and a few remains of anitiqtsity.
taining 100,000 volumes and 3000 mannscripts; a cathedral, Its light-house is in let. 360 48' 5" N., ion. 210 42' 5" E.
with curious sculptures and a square marble tower, in which    MODOR, a town of Hungary.  See MODERN.
is preserved the famous wooden bucket, (&Scchia rapita,) the    MODOS, mo'dosh/, a village of IHungary, co. of Torontal,
cause of feuds between the Modenese and Bolognese, in 1325; 27 miles S.W. of Temesvar, on the Theiss. Pop. 1039.
a theatre, and public baths. Its University, suppressed in    MODRA, a town of HIungary. See MOoaRN.
1821, was succeeded by a school of theology, law, medicine,   MODREERNY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
and mathematics. It has an observatory, rich cabinets    MODUGNO, mo-doon/yo, a town of Naples, province and
of natural history, and a botanic garden. It is connected  6 miles S.W. of Bari. Pop. 5000. It has manufictories of
by a navigable canal with the Panaro, and has manufactures  woollen and cotton cloths, and tanneries.
of hempen and woollen cloths, hats, glass, and leather: its silk    MODURLI, mo-door/lee, a village of Asia Minor, Anatolia,
manufacture, once important, has declined. Mutina existed  24 miles S.W. of Boll.
under the Etruscans, and rose to such splendor under the Ro-   MODUM, moldoom, a parish and village of Norway, stift
mans, as called forth a eulogy from Cicero. It was repeatedly  of Aggershulis, on the Drammen, 25 miles W. of Christiania.
sacked by the northern invaders, whose ravages have left Pop. 4500. Near it are important cobalt-mines, and extenfew vestiges of its ancient grandeur.  It fell to the house  sive manufactures of smalts.
of Este in  1288.  The antiquarian  Sigonius was born   MIOEHRING, a town of Germany.  See MbRIN.
here in 1520, the anatomist Fallopius in 1523, and the poet   MOELETIVOE, a town of Ceylon.  See MALATrVO.
Tassoni in 1565. Under the French it was the capital of the    MOELMYNE, a town of British India. See MAuLMAIN.
department of Panaro.-Adj. and inhab. MODENESE, mod'-    MO/EL-Y-MOUNT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Careh-neez!; (It. pron. mo-di-nils/s.)                         digan.
MODENA, Ducav OF, (It. Ducato di Modena, doo-ki/to    MOEN, (Mden,) me/fn, (L. Meneia Virgin/ia Dan/ica,) an isdee mod/A-ni; Fr. Duchi de  1od1 ne, dii'shi deh mo'dsain/,) a  land of Denmark, in the Baltic, with a lighthouse on the S.E.
state of Italy, bounded E. by the Pontifical States, S. by the point, lat. 540 57' N., lou. 12~ 36' 36" E., separated N.W. from
grand-duchy of Tuscany and Lucca, S.W. by the Gulf of  Seeland by the Ulf Sound, and S. from Falster by the Groen
Genoa, W. by Parma, and N. by the Lombardo-Venetian  Sound, each, where narrowest, about 1 mile across. Area 87
Kingdom. Area, (including recent acquisitions,) 2073 square  square miles. Pop. in 1850, 13,600. Its E. coast is a precimiles. Pop. in 1850, 586,458. The surface is partly moun- pitous limestone barrier, 500 feet above the sea, and termed
tainous, being traversed by a portion of the Apennines; the Mtensklint. Chief town, Stege, with a harbor on the
N.W. coast.
" If ever you should come to MIODENA,                 MORN, (Mben,) mresn, an island of Russia, between the
Stop at a palace near the Reggie gate."          island of Oesel and the main land, about 40 miles in length
RoocGEs' Itly Part First, XVIII.       and breadth.
1216




MOE                                                     MOH
MOEN. moon, a town of Belgium, province of West Flan-   MOGI-GUAGU. mo'zhee-giw-soof, a village of Brazil, pro.
ders, about 6 miles S.E. of Courtrai.. Pop. 2400.        vince and 170 miles N. of Sao-Paulo, on a river of the same
MOERBEKE, mooslbA-keh, a village of Belgium, province  name.
of East Flanders, 12 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop..1251.      MOGILNO, mo-ghiltno, a town of Prussia, province of
MOERBEKE, a village of Belgium, province of East Flan- West Prussia, government and 33 miles S.S.W. of Bromberg.
ders, on the Moervaert Canal, 14 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. Pop. 1505.
3582.                                                      MOGI-MIRIM, molzhee-me-reeNGI, a town of Brazil, proMOERDYK, mooRpdik', a village of the Netherlands, pro- vince and 115 miles N.N.E. of Sio-Paulo, on a river of the
vince of North Brabant, on Hollandsdiep, 110 miles N.W. of same name; with a trade in horses and cattle, cotton, sugar,
Breda. Pop. 1054.                                         and rum. Pop. of district, 6000.
MOERGESTEL, moosR-Hsltel, a village of the Netherlands,   MOGLINGEN, (Mbglingen,) mngIling-en, a village of Wiir18 miles E.S.E. of Breda. Pop. 1164.                      temberg, circle of Neckar, near Ludwigsburg.  Pop. 1162.
MOERE, moolreh, a village of Belgium, province of'West   MOGOL. See MOGUL.
Flanders, on the Moerdykvaert, 13 miles W.S.W. of Biruges.   MOGORO, mo-gofro, a village in the island of Sardinia,
Pop. 1160.                                               about 34 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2160.
M(ERIS, (meelris,) LAKE, or BIRKET-EL-KEROON, more    MOGUER, mo-gaiR, a town of Spain, province and 5 miles
properly BIRKET-EL-KOORN, bS6rJ-ket-el-koorn/, (i. e. the  E. of Huelva, with a port on the Tinto. Pop. 6092. Its old
lake of the horn," sonamed from its peculiar shape;) a lake  Franciscan Convent is preserved as a national monument.
of Central Egypt, province of Fayoom, and occupying the  Columbus, it is said, craving charity here, in 1484, was reN. part of its valley, in lat. 290 30' N., and from Ion. 320 30' ceived by the prior, by whose influence he was enabled to
to near 330 E. Length 30 miles; greatest breadth 6 miles. prosecute his discoveries. le sailed from the port of Palos,
Shores bold on three sides, but on the S. low and sandy. It near this place, on August 3, 1492.
communicates by two large channels with the Nile, and with    MOGUL, mo-gtlf, (a corruption of MoNaOL or MONGOIOAN,)
the Canal of Joseph, (Bahr Yoosef.)                      the name commonly applied to the empire founded in HinMOERZEKE, mooazA —keh, a village of Belgium, province  dostan, in the early part of the 15th century, by Baber, a
of West Flanders, 19 miles E. of Ghent, on the Scheldt. Pop. descendant of Timor or Tamerlane. That conqueror, after
3237.                                                    defeating the Sultan, Ibraheem Lodee, the Afghan sovereign
MOESIA INFERIOR. See BULGARIA.                         of Hindostan, extended his conquests to the mouths of the
MOF/FAT, a market-town, watering-place, and parish of  Ganges, in 1526-7-8. Although a prince of the Toork (or
Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on the Annan, 19 miles N.N.E. of  Turki) nation and not a Mongol himself, yet having many
Dumfries. Pop. in 1851, 2304. It is situated at the head of a  Mongols in his army, the power which Baber established
broad rich valley, surrounded by mountains, and has a became generally known in Europe, as the MoGnL Emarsric;
church, branch bank, numero-s villas, and elegant baths, and the reigning sovereign was popularly styled "the
including a reading and assembly room.  The principal Great Mogul."  The seat of government was established at
mineral spring is saline and sulphurous, resembling that of  Delhi. Among the most distinguished and powerful rulers
Harrogate.                                               of this dynasty was Aurungzebe, who began to reign in
MOFFAT HILLS, a mountain chain of Scotland, between  1658 and died in 1707, having subjected to his sway almost
the counties of Dumfries on the S. and Lanark and Peebles the entire peninsula of Hindostan, including the Deccan,
on the N.; elevation of Hartfell, the principal summit, 2635 which had not before been conquered by the Mogul emfeet. The Annan, Tweed, and Clyde Rivers have here their perors. From his death may be dated the decline of the
sources.                                                 empire; the last sovereign, Shah Allum, died in 1806, a
MOFFATT'S CREEK, a post-village of Augusta co., Vir- pensioner of England.
ginia.                                                      MOGYOROD, mod'yo'rodf, a village of Hungary, co. and
MOFIFATTS~ILLE, a post-village of Anderson district, about 10 miles from Pesth. Pop. 1001.
South Carolinra, 117 miles W.N.W. of Columbia.              MOH, mS, or MOICIIEN, moitlen, a village of Austria,
MOFFET'S STORE, a post-office of Columbia co., New  Transylvania, near Itermannstadt. Pop. 1185.
York.                                                       MOIIA, mo'I, a village of Belgium, province and 19 miles
MOFIFITT'S MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., North  S.W. of Liege, on the Mehaigne. Pop. 1099.
Carolina.                                                  MOHACS, mo'hbtcht, or MOHACZ, mo'h~tsf, a town of
MOGADORE, MOGADOR or MOGODOR, mog'o-dlr', called  South Hungary, circle of Baranya, on the W. arm of the
SWEERAH, (SUIRA or SUIRAH,) sweefrg, i. e. the "Beau- Danube, 25 miles E.S.E. of Fiinfkirchen. Pop. 10,050. It has
tiful," by the Moors, a fortified city and the principal sea- a castle, the summer residence of the Bishop of Fiinfkirchen;
port of Morocco, on the Atlantic, 125 miles W.S.W. of Mo- Reformed and Roman Catholic churrches, and a college. It
rocco. Pop. estimated at 17,000, comprising 4000 Jews. It is a station for steamers plying on the Danube. The two
stands on a rocky promontory, surrounded by a barren and  great battles fought near it may be considered as marking
sandy region, and consists of two parts, each enclosed by  the commencement and conclusion of the Turkish power in
walls, and the citadel, containing the residences of the go- Hungary. On August 29,1526, the Ottomans, under Solyman
vernor and foreign consuls, the custom-house, treasury, &c., the Magnificent, completely defeated the Hiungarians, who
while the other quarter is inhabited by the Jewish popula- lost 22,000 men, numerous nobles, and their king, Louis II.,
tion. It is pretty well built, and its white edifices render on the field; but the Turks received a total defeat from the
it handsome as seen from the sea, where it is defended by  Imperialists under the Duke of Lorraine, at the second battle
several strong batteries. It was bombarded by the French  of Mohacz, in 1687.
August 15, 1844. Its port, S. of the citadel, is sheltered by    MOIHALITSH, a town of Asia Minor. See MUHAITCH.
an island off the shore, but is adapted for only small vessels.   MOHAMMEDABAD, mo-hm/mtmd-:-b~d1, a village of Asia,
The exports comprise wool, gum, wax, hides, skins, almonds, East Persia, province of Khorassan, on the route from
feathers, gold-dust, wrought iron, hardwares, and cotton  Meshed to Lake Zurrah,12 miles S. of Toorboot,with vestiges
goods. In 1847 they amounted to $554,400; the imports to  of formerly strong fortifications, and a citadel and lofty
$373,890. Mogadore was founded, in 1760, by the Emperor tower.
Seedy Mahomet, on the site of an old Portuguese fort.      MOHAMMEDABAD, a village of Persia, province of KhoMOGADORE, mog'-darl, a post-village of Ohio, on the line  rassan, on the route from Meshed to Lake Zurrah, 40 miles
between Summit and Portage counties, 15 miles S.W. of Ra- S. of Kakh, with a population of 250 families, mostly cattle.
Venna. It has manufactures of stoneware.                 breeders.
MOGADOURO, mo-g.dSlro or mo-gA-dootro, a walled town    MOHAMMEDABAD, a fortified village of Persia, province
of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 22 miles N.E. of  of Khorassan, on the route from Meshed to Lake Zurrah, a
Moncorvo. Pop. 562.                                      little S.of Tabas.
"MOGAUNG, mo-gawngf, a town of Burmah, at the junc-   MOHAMMERAH, mo-hbmnmeh-ri, a town on the frontier
tion of the Mogaung or Numkong and Namyang Rivers, 70 of Asiatic Turkey and Persia, having alternately belonged
miles N.N.W. of Bhamo.                                   to either, on the canal between the Shat-el-Arab (Euphrates)
MOGELSBERG, mofgels-bnRGo, a town of Switzerland, and Lower Karoon, about 30 miles S.E. of Bassorab, which
canton and 12 miles W.S.W. of St. Gall, with several cotton  place it is said to be fast eclipsing in commercial importance.
factories, and a considerable transit trade. Pop. 2965.    MOIHAWK, a river of New York, rises near the border,
MOGENTE or MOXENTE, mo-HsnltA, a town of Spain, between Lewis and Oneida counties, about 20 miles N. of
province and 43 miles S.W. of Yalencia, on an affluent of  Rome.  It passes through Herkimer, Montgomery, and
the Juc. Pop. 3594.                                      Schenectady counties, and enters the Hudson River 3 miles
MOGGIO-DI-SOTTO, modljo-dee-sotfto, a market-town of  above Troy. Its general direction is E. by S., and its whole
Austrian Italy, 24 miles N. of Udine, on the Fella. P. 2791. length about 160 miles. The Erie Canal follows the course
MOGHILEY or MOGHILEW. See MOHEELEV.                    of this river from Rome to its mouth. The river has a
MOGHYANI, a town of Punjab. See MEENOANA.              direct fall of 70 feet at Cahoes, about 2 miles from its juncMOGI-DAS-CRUZES, motzhee-d s-kroofzls, a town of Bra- tion with the Hudson, and affords abundant water-power
zil, province and 35 miles E.N.E. of Sio-Paulo. It has a hand- at several places. The chief towns on its banks are Rome,
some parish church and 3 other churches, a Carmelite con- Utica, Little Fails, and Schenectady.
vent, a Latin and a primary school, manufactures of woollen    MOHAWK, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York, on
cloth, and a trade in sugar, rum, cotton, and coffee, which  the Mohawk River, and on the Eyie Canal, about 80 miles
are carried by mules to Santos or Sio Sebastino, and then  W.N.W. of Albany. It contains a bank, a newspaper office,
shipped for Rio Janeiro. Pop. of district, 9000.         and over 100 dwellings.
4B                                                                       1217




MOH                                                       MOL
0MOH:AWK, a township of Montgomery co., New York,   MOILEH is a valley of Egypt, on the route from Fayom:ontains Fonda, the county seat. Pop. 3095.                to the Little Oasis.
MOHAWAK VALLEY, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.    MOIMENTA-DA-BEIRA, mo-e-mn/tt. dl bte-r/, a town
MOH-EELEV  or MOGHILEV, mo-see/llv', a walled town of  of Portugal, province of Beira-Alta, 21 miles S.E. of Lamego.
Russia, capital of a government of the same name, on the Dnie- Pop. 1250.
per, 85 miles S.W. of Smolensk. Pop. 16,000, many of whom are    MOINES, ILE AUX, eel 6 mw/n, a small island of France,
Jews. It is the seat of Greek and Roman Catholic archbishop- in the Gulf of Morbihan, off the coast of the department of
rics, and has a fine Greek Cathedral, built in1780, and nume- Cdtes-du-Nord, about 12 miles N. of Lannion.  It is, the
rous other Greek churches, 1 Lutheran and 5 Roman Catholic largest of the group called Sept Iles or Seven Isles, and the
churches, numerous synagogues, several Greek and Roman  only one which is inhabited.
Catholic convents, 2 Episcopal seminaries, a town school,   MOINIGONAN RIVER, Iowa, a name sometimes given to
various charitable institutions; an extensive export trade  the upper portion of the Des Moines River.
to Riga, Klnigsberg, Dantzic, and Odessa, in leather, hides,   MOI/RA, a small market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
wax, honey, corn, and other agricultural products; and a  Down, 14 miles S.W. of Belfast. Pop. 823., It gives the title
considerable import trade in thrown silk. Besides being the  of Earl to the Marquis of Hastings.
residence of the principal officers of the government, it has    MOIlRA, a post-village and township of Franklin co., New
also well frequented fairs. Many of the Russian nobility  York, on the Northern Railroad, 47 miles E. of Ogdensburg.
reside here, and a great part of the ground in the vicinity  Pop. of the township, 1340.
is occupied by gardens.                                      MOIRANS, mwj5'r5NGI, a town of France, department of
MOHEELEV or MOGHILEV, a town of Russian Poland, Is~re, on the Merge, 16 miles N.E. of St. Marcellin. Pop. in
government of Podolia, capital of a district, on the Dniester, 1852, 2765.
53 miles E.S.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 7300, comprising many    MOIRANS, a town of France, department of Jura, 8 miles
Jews. It has an active trade with Wallachia and the adja- N.W. of St. Claude.
cent provinces. Being enclosed by hills, the climate is so    MOISDON, mws'd6NSN/, a market-town of France, departmuch milder than in the rest of Podolia that fine fruits and  ment of Loire-Inf6rieure, 7 miles S. of Chlteaubriant. Pop.
silk are extensively cultivated.                           in 1852, 2529.
MOHEELEV, MOGIJILEV, or MOIIILEV, mo-uee/liv', a    MOISLAINS, mwVPlANa/, a market-town of France, degovernment of Russia, mostly between lat. 520 and 550 15/ partment of Somme, 5 miles N.E. of Plronne. Pop. 1801.
N., and ion. 280 35' and 320 35' E., enclosed by the govern-   MOISSAC, mw[sts/kl, a town of France, department of
ments of Vitebsk, Smolensk, Tchernigov, and Minsk. Area  Tarn-et-Garonne, on the right bank of the Tarn, and on the
18,934 square miles. Pop. in 1851,837,537. Surface mostly  railway from Bordeaux to Cette, 14 miles W.N.W. of Mona wide plain. Principal rivers, the Dnieper, with its tribu- tauban. Pop. in 1852, 10,655. It has a communal college,
taries, the Sozh (Soj) and Droots, (Drouetz.) Soil generally  and a large parish church, on.e part of a celebrated abbey.
fertile, and corn is exported. Large quantities of timber    MIOJACAR or MOXACAR, mo-Hi-kaat, (anc. MMeoeis?) a
and masts are floated down the rivers to the ports of the  city of Spain, province and 39 miles E.N.E. of Almeria, ciear
Black Sea.                                                 the Mediterranean. Pop. 3272. It has a ruined castle. It
MOHE/GAN, a station of New London co., Connecticut, on  was taken from the Moors by Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1488.
the New London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, 4 miles   MOJADOS or MOXADOS, mo-ii&doce, a town of Spain, in
S. of Norwich.                                             Leon, 18 miles S. of Valladolid, on a gentle slope above the
MOHEGAN  (mo-heelgan) MOUNTAINS, of New  York, Cega. Pop. 1082.
the name formerly applied to the ADnRNoADAC MOUNTAINS,   MOJAISK, a town of Russia. See MOZHAISK.
(which see.)                                                 MOJENTE, a town of Spain. See MOGENTE.
MOHIC/CAN, a post-township in the S.E. part of Ashland    MOJGURI-, moj'g/ir/, a town of North-west HIindostan,
co., Ohio. Pop. 1774.                                      dominions, and 40 miles S.E. of Bhawlpoor. It has some
MOIICCAN RIVER, Ohio. See WALHONDINGo.                   mosques, and a good supply of water.
MOIHIICCANVILLE, a post-village of Ashland co., Ohio,   MOJOLA, mo-yo/l1, or MOGLIOLA, moT-yo/l1, a village of
about 80 miles N.N.E. of Columbus.  The post-office  is the Sardinian States, division of Coni, about 4 miles from
called MoHiccaN.                                           Demonte, on the Stura. Pop. 1026.
MOHILEV, a government and town of Russia. See    MOJOS. See Moxos.
MOHEELEV.                                                    MOKA or MOKHA, a town of Arabia. See MoxsHA.
MO/HILL, a market-town and parish of Ireland, Con-   MIOKCHA.  See MOKSHA.
naught and Leinster, counties of Leitrim  and Longford, 9    MOKELUMNE HILL, California. See MOQUELcUNE.
miles E.S.E. of Carrick-on Shannon. Pop. of town, (co. of    MOKE/NA, of Illinois, a station on the Chicago and Rock
Leitrim,) in 1851, 1217.                                   Island Railroad, between Chicago and Joliet, 10 miles from
MOHILLA ISLAND. See Coaopo ISLaNDS.                     the latter.
MOHIM, mo'him/, or MAHIM, a large but ruinous town    MOKENA, a post-office of Will co., Illinois.
of British India, presidency of Bengal, 62 miles W.N.W. of    MOKHANSK, mo-cnskek, a town of Russia, government
Delhi.                                                     and 28 miles N.N.W. of Penza, on the Moksha. It has 6
MOHL, one of the Maldive Islands. See MALE.              churches, a Greek convent, and a manufactory of woollen
MOHLIN, (M-hlin,) mI/lin, a town of Switzerland, canton  cloth; and distinguished itself in 1717, by its valiant defence
of Argan, 11 miles E. of Btasel. Pop. 1973.                against an incursion of the Tartars of the Kooban. P. 4000.
MOHON, mo'dNG/, a village of France, department of Mor-   MOKRIN, mok'reent, a village of South Hungary, co. of
bihtan, 29 miles N.N.E. of Vannes.                         Torontal, 42 miles W.N.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 5262.
MOHRA, m0/rA, a village of Saxe-Meiningen, on the    MOKSHA or MOKSCHA, mok/sh/, a river of Russia, goMohrbach. It is the place from which Luther's family  vernments of Penza and Tambov, joins the Oka, 15 miles
originally came, and where his parents lived before their S.E. of Yelatom, after a N.W. course of 230 miles.
removal to Eisleben. It possesses a statue of the Reformer.    MOKSOBO. See MoNconooo.
MOHRIN, a town of Prussia. See MonI,.                      MOLA, mo/iS, or MOLA DI BARI, mo'iA dee b&/ree, (L.
MOHRING, (Mlhring,) a town of Bavaria. See MEHRING.  aTures Jculiane,) a seaport town of Naples, province and
MOHRINGEN, (Mbhringen,) m'/ring-en, a town of Baden, 13 miles S.E. of Bari, on the Adriatic. Pop. 8400. It stands
circle of Lake, on the Danube, 29 miles N.W. of Constance. on a low point, having 3 creeks, used for loading small yesPop. 1200.                                                 sels. On either side of the town is an open roadstead, with
MOHRINGEN, (Mlhringen,) a village of Wiirtemburg, 10 fathoms water.
circle of Neckar, 7 miles N. of Engen. Pop. 2140.            MOLA DI GAETA, mollt dee gt-Yt/t, (ane. Frmice,) a
MOHRS/VILLE, a post-village of Berks co., PennsSlvania, town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 3, miles N.E.
on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 10 miles W.N.W. of Galta. Pop. 1800. Its vicinity was anci-ently famous for
of Reading.                                                fine wines, and near it is the tomb of Cicero.
MOHRUNGEN, mO/rslng-en, a town of East Prussia, 62    MOLAR, mo-last, a village of Spain, New Castile, 23 miles
miles S.S.W. of Kbnigsberg. Pop. 2800. The French de- N. of Madrid. Pop. 1437.
feated the Russians here in 1807.                            MOLARE, mo-l/rI, or MOLLARE, mol-lWtrA, a town of the
MOHUNGUR, mo-hfing-gfirf, a town of Hindostan, Gwalior Sardinian States, 10 miles ES.E. of Acqui, on the Orba.
dominion, 60 miles W.S.W. of Jhansi.                       Pop. 1499.
MOIHIUNPOOR, mo-htin-poor/, a town of Hindostan, Gwa-   MO/LASI, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
lior-dominions, 44 miles N. of Seronge.                      MOLASSANA, mo-lts-sen/, a village of the Sardinian
MOID/ART, a wild and rugged district in the S.W. part of  States, division ofGenoa, about I mile filom Staglieno. P. 1571.
the co. of Inverness, Scotland, on an inlet of the Atlantic,   MOLD, m51d. a parliamentary borough, market-town, and
of the same name, about 10 miles S.E. of the island of Rig.  parish of North Wales, capital of the co. of Flint, and 6i
MOIDART, a loch or arm of the sea, in Scotland, about 4  miles S. on the Allen, and on a branch of the Chester and
miles long, on the S.W. coast of Inverness-shire.          Iollyhead Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3432. In the parish are
MOIE or MOJE, mo/y/, a village of the Sardinian States, coal, iron, and lead mines. It unites with Flint, &c., in reSavoy, 5 miles from Rumilly. Pop. 1333.                    turning I member to the Ioeuse of Commons.
MOILAH, moi/l/AH', or MOWILAI, mo/we-ilHo, a seaport   MOLDAU, mol/dlw, (Bohemian Vltawa, *l't6t9?) a river
town of Arabia Petroea, on the Red Sea, near the Gulf of  of Bohemia, tributary to the Elbe, whichit joins near Melnik,
Akabah. It has a castle, some brick houses, and about 150  20 miles N. of Prague, after a N. course of 200 miles. On its
huts.                                                      banks are the city of Prague, and the towns of Rosenberg,
1218




MOL                                                        MOL
frumau, and  Budweis, from  which last it is navigable   MIOLESWORTH, mSlz/worth, a parish of England, co. of
to the Elbe.                                              HIuntingdon.
MOLDAU, mol/d~w, MOLDAVA, mol-dd/vA, or SZEPSI,   MOLFETTA, mol-ftt, (anec. Respa?) a seaport town of
sip/shee', a market-town of Hungary, co. of Aba-ujvar, on  Naples, province and 16 miles W.N.W. of Bari, on the Adrithe Bodva, 16 miles from Kaschau. Pop. 2455.              atic. Pop. 13,000. It has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, and
MOLDAU, a principality of Turkey. See MOLDAVIA.         college, a ship-building yard, a port, formed by a mole, and
MOLDAU-TEIN, mol/dow-tin, a town of Bohemia, 17 miles a natural breakwater; and considerable trade in corn, oil,
N. of Budweis, on the Moldau. Pop. 3351.                  and almonds.
MOLDAVA, mol-dAvv, a river of Austrian Poland and    MOLHEM-BOLLEBECK, molfhdm-bolfleh-bik', a village of
Moldavia, joins the Sereth, 36 miles S.W. of Yassy, after a  Belgium, province of Brabant, on a small stream, 8 miles
south-eastward course of 110 miles.                       N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1000.
IOLDAVIA, (mol-dAve-a,) PRINCIPALITY OF, (L. Mel.-   MOLItRES, mo'le-aisl, a town of France, department of
dcvia; Ger. Moldau, molld6w; Fr. Moldavie, mol'd&'veer;  Tarn-et-Garonne, 11 miles N. of Montauban. P. in 1852, 2459.
Turk. Bogdan, bog-dint, or Kera-Islak, kArA-is-lAk/,) a state    MOLIN, mo-leen/, or MOLLN, (Mblln,) miln, a town of
of South Europe, and one of the three Danubian principali-  Denmark, duchy and 19 miles N.N.E. of Lauenbur,,. P. 2750.
ties, under the suzerainty of Turkey, and the protection of    MOLINA, mo-lee/nt, a town of Spain, province and 8 miles
Russia; capital city, Yassy. It is bounded, N. and E. by  N.W. of Murcia. Pop. 3957.
Russia, S. by Wallachia and Turkey, and W. by Transylvania    MOLINA. a walled town of Spain, 72 miles E.N.E. of
and Bukowina; lat. 45022'to 470181 N., Ion. 25018'to28018'E. Guadalajara, on the Gallo. Pop. 3453. It was sacked by
It is 220 miles from S.E. to N.W., and about 100 miles from E. the French in 1810.
to W. throughout three-fourths of its length, the remaining    MOLINARA, mo-le-ni/rA, a town of Naples, province of
fourth abruptly diminishing to about 45 miles. Area esti- Principato Ultra, 14 miles N.E. of Benevento. Pop. 2100.
mated at 18,000 square miles. The general surface of the    MOLINE, mo-leent, a thriving post-village of Rock Island
country, excepting the W. frontier, consists of undulating  co., Illinois, on the Mississippi River, about 3 miles above
plains of great beauty and vast extent, covered with luxu- Rock Island City. The rapids of the river at this place afford
riant crops of grass. Towards the W. the plains are suca  abundant water-power, which is used in mills and factories.
ceeded by hills and valleys, formed by detached branches It has a station on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad.
of the great Carpathian chain. It is watered by several   MOLINETTO, mo-le-ndt/to, a village of the Sardinian
considerable streams; the largest, the Sereth, traverses it States, division of Nice, 10 miles from Sospello. Pop. 1000.
longitudinally, nearly throughout its entire length. It has    MOLINO, mo-lee/no, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
the Pruth on its E. border, and, for a short distance, the    MOLINO, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.
Danube on its S. limit. It possesses considerable mineral   MOLINO, a post-office of Lincoln co Tennessee.
wealth, of which, however, little advantage has been taken.   MOLINO DEL REY, mo-leetuno dl rX, 2 miles S.W. of the
The principal minerals are rock-salt, asphaltum, and small city of Mexico, a range of massive stone buildings about
quantities of gold. The climate is warm in summer; but 500 yards long, forming the western side of an enclosure
frequently severe in winter. The principal products are which surrounds the rock and castle, groves and fields, of
wheat, barley, millet, and maize; wine and tobacco are also  Chapultepec. These buildings were occupied by the troops
produced in considerable quantity. But by far the greater of Santa Anna, in September, 1847, to intercept the march
portion of the country is pasture, which feeds vast numbers of the American army upon the city of Mexico. The attack
of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. Large herds of hogs, was made on the morning of the 8th; and, after a severe
also, are reared in the forests. Great numbers of horses are  contest, the buildings were captured, with a loss to the
sent into Austria and Prussia for the service of the light Americans of 787 killed and wounded, (including 59 officers,)
cavalry.  The wild animals are stags, wild-boars, bears, out of 3447, the whole number engaged. The Mexican force
wolves, foxes, wild-goats, hares, and martens.  Bees also  numbered about 10,000.
abound. The foreign trade, however, of the principality,   MOLINO DEL REY, a post-office of Arkansas co., Arkansas.
through its port Galatz, on the Danube, (which see,) is con-   MOLINOS, mo-lee/noce, a town of Spain, Aragon, 63 miles
siderable, and increasing. The great bulk of the people in  S.S.E. of Saragossa. Pop. 1279.
Moldavia are employed more or less in agricultural pursuits.   MOLINS-DE-JEY, mo-leensl-dl-rA, a town of Spain, CataThey are a very intelligent and sagacious race, quiet and  lonia, 6 miles S.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. P. 1055.
harmless, and, though given to drinking, yet quarrelling    MOLIRAO, (Molirlo,) mo-le-rOwNO, a village of Brazil, proand fighting are almost unknown among them. The prin- vince of Rio-de-Janeiro, in the Serra dos Orgaos, between the
cipal food of the peasantry consists of a kind of dough made sources of the Rio Grande, an affluent of the Paraliiba. Pop.
of the flour of Indian wheat, sometimes mixed with milk. 1000.
The foundation of the Moldavian language is Latin, inter-    MOLISE, mo-lee/A, or SANNIO, sdntne-o, (anc. Samnium.)
mixed, however, with a number of Slavonic and Turkish  a province of Naples, having on the N. the Adriatic Sea.
words. Education is in a very low state. The established  Area 1785 square miles. Pop. 360,549. Capital, Campobasso.
religion is that of the Greek church, although there are a    MOLISE, (ane. Meke?) a town in the above province, 9}
great number of Turks, Armenians, Jews, and Gypsies; the  miles N.N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 900.
last so numerous as to form  a marked feature in the    MOLITCHNIA, mo-litch/nia, or MOLOCHNIA-VODY, mostructure of its society. Moldavia is governed by an elected  lotchnue —vo/dee, written also MOLOTCHNOUIA, a river of
prince named the Hospodar, whose nomination must be sub-  Russia, rises S.E. of Orekhov, flows S.W., and after a course
mitted for the approbation both of Russia and the Ottoman  of about 70 miles, expands into Lake Molotchnoe, which
Porte. A diet, composed of nobles and clergy, discusses all communicates with the Sea of Azof.
propositions made by the prince, and votes taxes; but all   MOLITERNO, mo-le-tiR/no, a town of Naples, province of
decisions must be submitted for the sanction of Russia. The Basilicata, 10 miles N.N.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 5000.
army is organized on the Russian plan, and can be rein-   MOLIVO, mo-lee/vo, (ane. Metthyvslsa,) a seaport village of
forced by a considerable number of peasant militia, but it Asiatic Turkey, on the N. coast of the island of Mitylene.
has no cannons or fortresses. The principality is divided  It is defended by a ifortress, and has some trade in olive oil,
into 12 districts, subdivided into 59 circles, and has 31  fruits, and cotton.
towns; Yassy, the capital, and Galatz, the principal port, are    MOLKWERUM, molk1*A-riim, a small maritime town of
by far the most important. Moldavia has been tributary to  the Netherlands, province of Friesland, 2 miles N.E. of
the Porte since the 16th century. Its political state was Stavoren.
regulated by the treaties of 1826 and 1829 (the latter that   MOLK, (M8lk,) a town of Austria. See MELK.
of Adrianople) between Russia and Turkey; while main-   MOLL, moll, a village of Belgium, province and 31 miles
taining the suzerainty of the latter, the country was placed  E. of Antwerp. Pop. 4770.
under the protection of Russia. In 1831, Turkey recognised    MOLLN, (Milln,) a town of Denmark. See MOzIN.
the right of Moldavia to display a national flag. Pop. in 1839,   MOLILAND, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
1,419,105.-Adj. and inhab. MOLDAVIAN, mol-d0Ive-an.          MOLLHAUSEN, a village of W'rtemberg. See EBHAUSEN.
MOLDE, mol/deh, a seaport town of Norway, stift'of Trond-    MOLLINA, mol-yeefnA, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 35
lijem, on the bay of Molde, 32 miles S.W. of Christiansund,  miles from Malaga. Pop. 1771.
with 1000 inhabitants, a convenient harbor, and trade in    MOI]LINGTON, a chapelry of England, counties of Oxford
Limber, tar, and fish.                                    and Warwick.
MOLDOVA, mol'do/vohh, a village of Hungary, Banat, 15    MOLLINGTON, GaSrAT and LITTLE, townships of England,
miles SE. of Weisskirchen. Pop. 1575.                     co. and 3 miles N.N.W. of Chester, with a station on the railMOLDOVA, a town of Hungary, co. of Krassova, 56 miles way thence to Birkenhead.
E. of Belgrade. Pop. 2800.                                  MOLLIS, mol/lis, a village of Switzerland, canton and 4
MOLE, a river of England, rises in the N. part of the co. miles N. of Glarus. Pop. 2400.
of Sussex, and joins the Thames opposite Hampton Court.   MOLLN, molln, a village of Upper Austria, circle of Traun
MOLE, a small river of Devonshire, in England.          Pop. 1246.
MOLE, LE, leh mol, a seaport town of Hayti, at its N.W.   MOLLITOWN, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania,
ixtremity, with the best harbor in the island. and some trade  64 miles E. of Harrisburg.
in cotton, coffee, and indigo.                              MOLLWITZ or MOLWITZ, mollt/its, a village ofPrussian
MOLEMBAIX, monlIs'bA/, or molSMlbAxl, a village of  Silesia, 25 miles S.E. of Breslau. Pop. 535. Here the PrusBelgium, province of Hainaut, 30 miles N.W. of Mons.  sinns defeated the Austrians in 1741.
Pop. 1392.                                                  MOLODETCHNO, mo-lo-dtch/no, a market-town of Rue
1219




MOL                                                       MON
sian Poland, government and 37 miles N.W. of Minsk, the cession of the place, the flag was struck in 1826, when
whence Napoleon dated his 29th bulletin, 3d December, the forces of Sultan Seid Said, aided by an American ad.
1812, after the dispersion of his powerful army.           venturer, with a heavily armed ship, obtained possession
MOLOGA, mo-lo/gi, a river of Rtussia, governments of  of the town. It is now generally called by the natives Vita,
Tves, Novgorod, and Ysroslav, joins the Volga on the left, that is, Battle, from its valiant defence.
near Mologa, after a N. and E. course of 250 miles.          MOMBELLO, mom-bil/lo, a village of Piedmont, province
MOLOGA, a town of Russia, government and 68 miles of Alessandria, 13 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2361.
W.N.W. of Yaroslav, on the Volga, where it is joined by the    MOMBERCELLI, mom-bkR-chbl/lee, a'village of P'iedmont,
Mologa. Pop. 2109.                                         province and 7 miles E.S.E. of Asti. Pop. 2440.
MOLOKAI, mo-lo-kV, or MOROTAT, mo-ro-til, written also    MOMBELTRAN, mom-bil-triltn, a town of Spain, Old CasMOROTOI, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. tile, 32 miles S.S.W. of Avila. Pop. 1133.
Lat. 210 9' N., ion. 156~ 51' W. It is apparently formed by    MOMBRIO DE TARRAGONA, mom/bre-o di taR-nA-go/ni,
a chain of volcanic mountains, 40 miles long and from 7 to  a town of Spain, Catalonia, on the Salado. Pop. 1196.
9 miles broad. Pop. in 1853, 3565.                           MOMELLANO, mo-ml-litno, or MONMELIANO, mon-mit
MOLSEN, (MOlsen,) miil/sen, a town of Prussian Saxony, ie-it/no, a town of the Sardinian States, province of Savoy
15 miles S. of Merseburg. Pop. 956.                        Proper, on the Isbre.
MOLSHEIM, mols/hime, (Fr. pron. mols'aml; L. Mel-   M0/MENCE, a post-township of Will co., Illinois. P. 573.
shemirnm,) a town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 12 miles    MOMIGNIES, mo'meen'yee/, a town of Belgium, province
W.S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 3531. It has manu- of IHainaut, 36 miles S.S.E. of Mons. Pop. 2490.
factures of hardwares, tape, and paper.                      MOMLING, (Mlmling,) mim/ling, or MOMLIN GEN, (MbmMOLTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.    lingen,) mim/ling-en, a village of Bavaria, Lower Pranconia,
MOLTON, SOUTH, a municipal borough, market-town,  district of Obernburg. Pop. 1291.
and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the small river    MOMO, molmo, a town of the Sardinian States, 8 miles
Mole, 111 miles E.S.E. of Barnstaple. Pop. in 1851, 4482. N.N.W. of Novara, on the Agogna. Pop. 1297.
The town, on an eminence, with well-paved streets, and    MOMPANTERO, mom-pin-tl/ro, a village of the Sardinian
lighted with gas, has a spacious market-place, a handsome  States, division of Turin. province of Susa. Pop. 1329.
church, a grammar-school of the 17th century, a blue coat   MOMPIANO, mom-pe-ino, a village of Austrian Italy,
school, with manufactures of woollens and lace.            government of Milan, 3 miles from Brescia. Pop. 2070.
MOLUA, mo-loo/iA, a nation in the interior of Africa, E.   MOMPOX or MOMPOJ, mom-poH/, a town of New Graof Congo, with whom the Portuguese in Angola have had  nada, province and 140 miles S. by W. of Santa Marta, on
communication, with a view  of establishing commercial the Magdalena; lat. 90 15' N., ion. 740 30! W. The streets,
intercourse. It is governed by a prince, entitled Muota  which extend along the river for two miles, are well laidYanvo, or Murlpue, to whom, in 1802, the Portuguese sent out, but the houses are badly built. There are here a good
two native mercantile-travellers, who reached the capital by  qusy and custom-house, built very high on account of the
a circuitous route of 77 days from Pungo Andongo, (about periodical floods of the river, which take place in December,
150 miles from Loanda.) Lat. 40 51 S., ion. 190 20' E.     and raise the waters 12 or 13 feet higher than their usual
MOLUCCAS, mo-lhk/kaz, or SPICE ISLANDS, a name ap- level. Mompox is the depot of all the foreign goods destined
plied to the islands of the Malay Archipelago, between  for the consumption of the valley of the Magdalena.  Pop.
Celebes and Papua, comprising Gilolo, Ceram, Boors, Am- 10,000.
boyna, the Banda Islands, Batshian, Oby, and Waigeoo.    MONA. See ANGLESEvY.
They are mostly mountainous, volcanic, and very fertile,   MONA, molng, a small island of the West Indies, in the
producing nutmegs, cloves, and other spices, sago, as the  Mona Passage, a strait 80 miles across, which separates
chief article of nourishment, and fine woods and fruits. IHayti from Porto Rico. The island is 7 miles long and 2
Around them are many pearl and trepang fisheries. The miles broad. N.W. of it is the islet of MoNITA, (mo-nee'tt.)
Moluccas have been for centuries alternately in the posses-   MONACHLOGDDU  or MONACHLOGDDEE, mo-naK-log'sion of the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Dutch; but were roee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
taken from the latter by the British, in 1796, and restored    MONACO, monit-ko, a small principality of North Italy,
to them in 1801. In 1810 they were again captured by the  under the protection of Sardinia, which maintains in the
British, and in 1814 again given up to the Dhtch, in whose  capital a garrison of 300 men, between the divisions of Nice
possession they still remain. The general language on the  and Genoa, and bordering the on Mediterranean. Area 53
coast is the Malay. The population consists of Malays, square miles. Pop. 6800. The principality was founded in
Papuans, Chinese, Japanese, and some Europeans. The  the 10th century, in favor of a member of the house of Gri.
MOLUCCA PASSAGE lies between Gilolo and the N. peninsula  maldi, with which, though with partial interruptions, and a
of Celebes. Near its centre are the islands of Meyon and  change, in 1731, from the male to the female line, it has since
Tyfore.                                                   remained.  The prince resides at Paris 6 months, and at
MOLUCHES, mo-loolchis, a warlike tribe of Indians in  Monaco the other 6 months, in the year.
the N.W. part of Patagonia.                                  MONACO, (ans. Portus-Moneci or Por/tus ier/eulis RMo.
MOLVIZAR, mol-ve-thaaf, a village of Spain, Andalusia, neodci,) the capital of a principality of its own name, is
35 miles from Granada. Pop. 2306.                          situated on a rocky promontory, in the Mediterranean, 8
MOLWITZ.  See MOLLWITZ.                                  miles E.N.E. of Nice. Pop. 1200. Its fortifications were
MOMBARCARO, mom-baa-kitro, a village of the Sardi- erected by Louis XIV.; the palace, and a fine terrace overnian States, division of Coni, N.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 1060.  looking the sea, are its principal objects of interest.
MOMBARUZZO, mom-bi-root/so, a town of Piednmont,   MONADINOCK  MOUNTAIN, commonly called GRAND
division and 14 miles S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2254.      MONADNOCK, is situated in Cheshire co., New Hampshire,
MOMBASIGLIO, mom-bi-seel/yo, a village of the Sardinian  22 miles E. of Connecticut River.  It is about 5 miles in
States, 6 miles from Mondovi, on the Monza. Pop. 1057.    length, from N.E. to S.W., and 3 miles wide, with an elevaMOMBAS or MOMBAZ, mom-bisl, or MOMBASA, mom- tion of 3718 feet above the level of the sea.
btlsit, (the former the common, the latter the literal Arabic    MONAGAY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Limerick.
form; in the language of the native race, Mpdza) an island    MONAGHAN, mon/a-Han, an inland co. of Ireland, in
and town on the E. coast of Africa, lat. 40 6t S., Ion. 390 49' E. Ulster. Area 500 square miles, or 320,000. acres, about
When the Portuguese first arrived here, at the end of the  20,000 of which are waste. Pop. in 1841, 200,442; in 1851,
15th century, they found a large and well-built town, with a  141,758. Surface hilly, interspersed with many bogs and
great deal of trade, and the people apparently wealthy. In  small lakes. The North Blackwater River is on the N.
1507, Alneida took Mombas, and destroyed it by fire. In  boundary.  Chief crops, flax, oats, wheat, and potatoes.
1588, the Portuguese again took possession of the island, Butter is made in large quantities. Limestone is the prinand appear to have retained it till about 1720. During this cipal mineral product.  The Ulster Canal traverses the
period they erected the fort, castle, great tank, and other county. Monaghan comprises 5 baronies, and 19 parishes
structures, which remain more or less dilapidated to the  in the diocese of Clogher. Chief towns, Monaghan, Clonee,
present day. The castle stands on a rock, cut perpendicu- and Carrickmacross. It sends 2 members to the House of
larly, and is still capable of being rendered a stronghold. Commons, both for the county.
Mornbas, at the present day, is but a ruin; its inhabitants   MONAGHAN, a market-town of Ireland, capital of the
are mostly sunk in abject poverty, and Wretched hovels are above county, on the road from Dublin to Londonderry, and
now scattered among the crumbling walls of stately build- on the Ulster Canal, 68 miles N.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. in
ings. A few stone houses still remaining, are inhabited by  1851, 3484. It is situated on the borders of two large ponds;
Arab merchants. Immediately outside the walls of the  has a central square, a diocesan school, national'school,
town, on the N. side, is JokAili, a Sawdhili village, that is, county infirmary, infantry barracks, and market-house.
a suburb inhabited only by Mohammedan Africans. At the    MONAGHAN, a post-office of St. Clair co., Missouri.
S. end of the island is another village of mixed population,   MONAL/TY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meatb.
called Kilendini. The whole population of the island, pro-   MONWASTER/EYEN, a market-town of Ireland, Leinsfer,
bably, does not exceed 6000. The harbor of Mombas is said  county and 6 miles W.S.W. of Kildare, on the Barrow, here
to be quite perfect, secure, commodious, roomy, and open to  crossed by 2 bridges, and on a branch of the Grand Canal.
the sea-breeze. Mombas placed itself under the protection  Pop. 1097.
of the British flag in 1823, was immediately filled with    MONASTERIO, mo-nbs-ti/re-o, a town of Spain, province
Banyans, and enjoyed for three years a return of mercan- and 55 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2804.
tile prosperity. But the British government not accepting    MONASTERIO IDE RODILLA, mo-nis-titre-o di ro-reell.
1220




MON                                                      MON
yi, a town of Spain, province and 12 miles N.E. of Burgos. ment of Tarn-et-Garonne, 12 miles E.S.E. of Montauban,
Pop. 578.                                                 Pop. in 1852, 2168.
MONASTERO D'ACQUI, mo-nls-t/ro d&lkwee, a village    MONOLAR, a small town of France, department of Lotof the Sardinian States, 7 miles S.W. of Acqui, on the West et-Garonne, 9 miles N.W. of Villeneuve. Pop. in 1852,1984.
Bormida. Pop. 1394.                                         MONCLOVA, a misspelling for MONTELOVEZ, which see.
MONASTERO DI MONDOVI, mo-nts-t~iro dee mon-do-veer,   MONCLO/VA, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio.
a village of the Sardinian States, 4 miles S. of Mondovi.   MONCONTOUR, m1NaGk6NsGtooa/, a town of France, dePop. 1700.                                                partment of Cdtes-du-Nord, 12 miles S.S.E. of St. Brieuc.
MONASTEROLO DI SAVIGLIANO, mo-ns-ti-ronlo dee  Pop. in 1852, 1678.
st-veel-yA/no, a village of the Sardinian States, 8 miles E.N.E.   MONCONTOUR, a town of France, department of Vienne,
of Saluzzo. Pop. 1576.                                    9 miles S.S.W. of Loudun.
MONASTIER, mo'n s'te-A/, a  town of France, depart-   MONCORVO, Portugal. See ToRRE-D-iE-MONCORVO.
ment of Haute-Loire, 9 miles S.S.E. of Le Puy. Pop. in    MONCOUTANT, moNeGkoot6cNG/, a town of France, depart
1852, 3464.                                               ment of Deux-S&vres, 16 miles N.W. of Parthenay. P. 2065.
MONASTIR, mo-ngs-te'rl, a seaport town of North Africa,   MONCRABEAU, m1NG'kr1'b5/, a town of France, departdominions and 80 miles S.E. of Tunis, on the Gulf of Sidra. ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 7 miles S. of N6rac. Pop. 1144.
Pop. 12,000, who manufacture woollen and camlet fabrics,   MON/CRIEFF HILL, Scotland, 2i miles S. of Perth. Its
and have some maritime trade.                             summit, 756 feet above the sea, commands a splendid view
IIONASTIR, mo'nts-teer, sometimes written MIONAS- of the river Tay.
TEER or VITOLIA, be-to!le-4, a city of European Turkey,   MONCRIVELLO, mon-kre-vpl/lo, a village of Piedmont,
capital of Macedonia, 400 miles W. of Constantinople. It is division of Novara, 22 miles W. of Vercelli. Pop. 2244.
built at the W. edge of afine plain, in a recess formed by two    MONCUCCO, mon-kook/ko,'a village of Piedmont, division
lofty mountains, and is intersected by a river, crossed by  of Alessandria, 18 miles N.N.W. of Asti. Pop. 1611.
numerous bridges. The streets are wide and well paved, and    MONCUQ or MONTCUQ, m6NG'kiik, a town of France,
the houses neat and clean; the mosques and minarets, inter- department of Lot, 15 miles S.W. of Cahlors. Pop. 2356.
mixed with cypress and willow foliage, give a, picturesque    MONDA, mon/dI, (anc. Mun/da,) a town of Spain, province
appearance to the town: and the well-frequented bazaars  and 28 miles W. of Malaga.  Pop. 3904.
are remarkably handsome. Being the central siuation for    MON/DAY CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Iockhocking
all military operations.relating to Albania, Macedonia, Thes- River, a few miles above Athens.
saly, and Bosnia, it is a place of remarkable activity. The    MONDAY CREEK, a township forming the S.W. extremity
majority of the inhabitants are Greeks and Bulgarians, the  of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1124.
Tu-kish residents being mostly soldiers or officials. Pop.   MONDEGO, mon-d/go, (anc. Meon/da,) a navigable river of
about 15,000.                                              Portugal, rising in the Serra Estrella, 14 miles S.W. of
MONASTORCHINA, mo-nus-toR-cheelnA, written also MO- Guarda, and enters the Atlantic at Cape Mondego. Length
NASTYRCHTCIIINA, a market-town of Russia, government 130 miles.
and 60 miles E.N.E.of Moheelev. Pop. 3000.                   MONDEGO, a navigable river of Brazil, province of MattoMONBELLIARD, COlMT] DE, kS6N't/ deh m6NG'b~llle-aer, Grosso, separates in part Brazil and Paraguay, and joins the
an ancient district of France, situated at the foot of theVosges, Paraguay on the left, at Fort Miranda. Length, 180 miles.
between Upper Alsace and the old territory of Bile, (Basel.)    I MONDEJAR or MONDEXAR, mon-dA-Hast, a town of
After having been long in the possession of the Dukes of  Spain, province and 31 miles E. of Madrid. Pop. 2670.
Burgundy, it passed, in 1419, to a branch of the house of    MONDIM, mon-deeNG/, a town of Portugal, province of
Wiirtemberg, and continued with that house till 1793, when  Beira-Alta, 12 miles S.S.E. of Lamego, on the Tarouca.
it was ceded by treaty to France. It is now included in the  Pop. 665.
department of Doubs.                                         MONDIM-DE-BASTO, mon-deeNo/-di-bas/to, a town of PorMONCADA, mon-kA/DA, a town of Spain, province and  tugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, on the Tamega, 68 miles
7 miles N. of Valencia, on the Moncada. Pop. 2720.         S.W. of Braganza. Pop. 1500.
MONCAYO, mon-kt/o, (Means Caunus,) a mountain of    MONDOLEH, mon-do/leh, a small but richly wooded and
Spain, about 55 miles W. of Saragossa, on the boundaries  fertile island in the Bay of Amboises, West Africa.
of Aragon and Castile; 9600 feet high, and, next to the    MONDOLFO, mon-dol/fo, a town of Central Italy, PontifiPyrenees, the highest mountain in that quarter. On its cal States, 15 miles S.E. of Pesaro. Pop. about 2000.
skirts, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus obtained a victory    MONDONEDO, mon-dtn-yA/Do, a town of Spain, province
over the Celtiberians, which decided the fate of that warlike  and 30 miles N.N.E. of Lugo. Pop. 6194. It has a cathenation.                                                    dral. a seminary, and manufactures of coarse cloths.
MONCALIERI, mon-kg-le-/ree, a town. of Piedmont, on    MONDOUBLEAU, m6NG'doo-bl0/, a town of France, depart.
the Po, 4 miles S. of Turin, with which it communicates by  ment of Loir-et-Cher, 14 miles N.N.W. of VendSme. P. 1671.
railway. Pop. 8002. It has a palace, frequently resorted to    MONDOVI, mon-do-veel, (L. Meons /ilci and Mans ReganZis,)
by the royal family, and containing a fine collection of per- a town of Piedmont, 14 miles E.S.E. of Cono, near the Ellero.
traits, and in October, one of the largest cattle fairs held in  Pop. 15,921. It is divided into 4 parts: the Piazza, on a hill
Piedmont.                                                  enclosed by walls, and having a citadel, and the suburbs at
MONCALVO, mon-k l1vo, a town of Piedmont, division  its foot; Carassone, Breo, and Piano del Valle. It has a
and 22 miles W.N.WV. of Alessandria. Pop. 3686.            cathedral, and other churches, a bishop's palace, 4 hospiMONIAO, (MonqIo,) mon-s~wne/, a fortified town of Por- tals, 2 asylums, a college, a diocesan school, silk-mills, tantugal, province of Minho, 28 miles N. of Braga, on the Minho. neries, iron forges, and manufactures of woollen and cotton
Pop. 1200.                                                 fabrics. HIere, April 22, 1796, the French under Napoleon
MON4ARAS or MONSARAS, mon-st/rhs, a town of Por- totally defeated the Sardinian troops under Colli. Mondovi
tugal, province of Alemtejo, on the Guadiana, 28 miles S.WV. was also sacked by Soult in 1799.
of Elvas. Pop. 1500.                                         MONDRAGON, mon-drt-gfn/, a town of Spain, province
MONCEAUX, m1NG'sS1, a village of France, department of Guipuzcoa, and 33 miles S.W. of Saint Sebastian. P. 2500.
of Corrize, 14 miles S.S.E. of Tulle. Pop. 1780. It is also    MONDRAGON, misa'dr1g6N%/, a town of'rance, departthe name of a suburb of Paris, noted for its fine park.    ment of Vaucluse, arrondissement of Orange. Pop. 2000.
MONCH, (Minch,) minK, (i. e. "the monk,") or KLEIN   MIONDRAGONE, mon-dr-golnl, a town of Naples, proEIGER, kline IVghfer, one of the loftiest Alpine heights of  vince of Terra di Lavoro, 17 miles S.E. of Gaita. Pop. 2150.
Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the borders of the Valais, 3    MONDSEE, mond/sPt, a town of Upper Austria, on the N.
miles N.E. of the Jungfrau.  Height, 13,044 feet.          bank of a lake of same name, 15 miles E.N.E. of Salzburg.
MONCIIBERG, (Monchberg,) monablacG, a market-town  Pop. 1170.
of Bavaria, 31 miles W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1338.             MONDSEE, a lake of Upper Austria, about 6 miles long,
MONC[IEN-GLADBACH.  See GLADBACH.                        and less than 2 miles broad, is about 1400 feet above seaMONCLI/ES, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconsin, level, and surrounded by mountains.
on the plank-road from Milwaukee to Dodge county, about    MONEAH, mo/need', a town of British India, presidency
28 miles N.W. of Milwaukee.                                of Bengal, at the conflience of the Sone and Ganges, 21
MONCIIO, mon-kelo, a village of Italy, duchy and 32  miles W. of Patna. It has a Mohammedan tomb, and Hiumiles S. by W. of Parma. Pop. 2201.                        doo antiquities.
MONCHIQUE.  mon-shee/kA, a town of Portugal, province    MONEDIE/, mon/e-deeW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
af Algarne, 13 miles N.E. of Lagos. Pop. 2760.               MO'NEEI, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, on the Illinois
MONCIIOBOO,,  MONCHABOO, mon'cho-boo/, or MON- and Central Railroad, 34 miles from Chicago.
CHOBO, mon'cho-b0l, (called by the natives MOKSOBO,   MONEEK/, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa.
mok'so-bS/, or MOKSOBOO, moks'o-boof,) a town of Burmah,   MONEGLIA, mo-nil/yt, a village of the Sardinian States,
recently become its capital, on the W. bank of a considerable  on the E. shore of the Gulf of Genoa, 10 miles E.S.E. of
lake, 27 miles N. of Ava. It is the birthplace of Alompra, Chiavari. Pop. 2200.
and during his rule it was also the seat of government,   MONEIN, mo1n0 NG/, a town'of France, department of
which has since been alternately transferred to Ava, Sa- Basses-Pyrinies, 11 miles WV. of Pau, on the Baise. Pop.
kaing. and Anara-poora. Pop. 4000.                        1276.
NIONCHISROTH, (AI6nchsroth,) mnnKstr/t, a village of   MONEMVASIA or MONEMBASIA, mo-nmin-vi-see/l, oc
Bavaria, 25 miles S.S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1014.           NAPOLI DI MALVASIA, n/po-le dee ml-vit-see/i, (ane.
MlONCLAR, min)G'klaRI, a sma.ll1 town of France, depart- Minoea,) a maritime town of Greece, Morea, government of
1221




MON                                                       MON
Lacedsemon, on the 2Egean Sea, 20 miles N.N.W. of Cape  part forming the E. half of the Gobi (which see); thoulgh
Malea. It stands on a small island, having one entrance  here and there this stony and sandy region is interspersed
by a bridge from the mainland (whence its name, supposed  with some productive tracts, feeding large herds of cattle
to be derived from the Greek zosrn, mtn-, "only," "single,"  belonging to nomadic tribes, and where also some wheat,
and e#6aatq, Ombasis, "entrance"); and consists of a fort- barley, and millet, are raised. In the N. the country is
ress and an outer town. Near it are the remains of Epi- richly wooded. Its rivers are mostly affluents of the Amoor
dautrus Limefra, Pop. 2000.                                Irkootsk, or Yenesei, though sonie discharge themselves into
MONEMUGE, a region of East Africa. See MONOMOEZI.   extensive lakes, which are most numerous in the N.W., tif
MONEROO, a district of Australia. See MANERo00.          principal lakes being the Oobsa Nor and Ike-Aral Nor. The
MONESIGLIO, mo-nA-seellyo, a village of the Sardinian  trade is almost exclusively with China proper, to which the
States, 17 miles E.N.E. of Mondovi, on the Bormida. Pop. Mongols send live stock of all kinds, receiving in return
1400.                                                      large quantities of brick-tea, tobacco, brandy, silk, cotton,
MONESTEE or MONISTIQUE RIVER, of Michigan. See and woollen fabrics, boots, and metallic wares. The MonMANISTEE.                                                  gols have a peculiar conformation, which has been taken by
MONESTIER, mo'n8sAte-airl, a market-town of France, ethnologists as the type of a great subdivision of the human
department of Iautes-Alpes, 8 miles N.W. of Briangon. Pop. race inhabiting most part of Asia E. of the Caspian. They
in 1852, 2791.                                             are of the Boodhic religion, and live under various chiefs,
MONESTIPS, mo'n6s'te-A/, a town of France, department who pay tribute to the Chinese emperor, but receive presents
of Tarn, 10 miles N.N.W. of Alby. Pop. in 1852, 1561.      from him in return to a much greater amount. Mongolia
MONEWIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          is divided into 56 aimaks, or chiefships, and again into 135
MON/EYASH, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.          "banners," or military tribes, again subdivided into regiMONEY CREEK, a post-village and station of McLean co., ments, &c. The supreme administration is vested in the
Illinois, on the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 120 miles  board or tribunal of foreign affairs at Peking. Chief city,
from Chicago.                                              Oorga. The native tribes all claim descent from  the celeMON/EY-GALL, a market-town  of Ireland, Leinster, brated Jenghis Khan, who in the beginning of the 13th
Kin,'s co., 8 miles S.W. of Roscrea. Pop. 764.             century united the different races under his sway; and in
MONIEYMORE', a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of  the course of his devastating conquests, both westward and
Londonderry, 30 miles S. of Coleraine. Pop. 942.           southward, made the Mongols, of whom little had been proMONEYMUSK, a parish of Scotland. See MONYMUSK.     vioisly heard, to occupy an important page in the world's
MONFALCONE, mon-fal-kolnA, a fortified town of Illyria, history.  The conquests of Jenghis Khan were extended
16 miles N.W. of Triest, near its gulf. Pop. 1360.         by his son Oktai, who subdued the whole of China, and
MONFIA, mon-fee/a, an island off the E. toast of Africa, overthrew  the caliphate of Bagdad, while other hordes,
Muscat dominions, 75 miles N.N.E. of Quiloa. Lat. 70 50, S., under the khans Manku and Batu, forced their way into
ion. 390 40' E. It is low and fertile.                     Russia, devastated large portions of it, pillaged Moscow,
MONFLANQUIN or MONTFLONQUIN, m6NG'fi8aNa'kANG/, entered Poland in 1240, and were threatening all Germany
a town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, 10 miles  with destruction, when, in 1241, their progress was arrested
N.N.E. of Villeneuve. Pop. in 1852, 4912.                  by their signal defeat at Wahlstatt. After the death of
MONFORTE, mon-foR/tA, a town of Spain, province and  Oktai in 1243, all further attempts on Europe ceased; but
17 miles W. of Alicante. Pop. 3188.                        nearly half a century longer, the empire which he had
MONFORTE, mon-foe/tA, a town of Portugal, province of  established continued to flourish, and stretch from  the
Alemtejo, 17 miles S. by E. of Portalegre. Pop. 809.       Chinese Sea W. to the frontiers of Poland. and from IlinMIONFORTE, mon-for/tA, a town of the Sardinian States, dostan N. to the frontiers of Siberia.  At a late period,
division of Coni, 9 miles S. of Alba. Pop. 2169.           under Timur or Tamerlane, the Mongol Empire, which had
MONFORTE, mon-for/tA, a town of Brazil, 35 miles N. of  been gradually crumbling to pieces, acquired new lustre.
Para, on the island of Marajo, on a height, overlooking the  But the revival proved temporary, and at his death a coneBay of Para.                                               plete dieruption took place. The fragments, however, were
MONFORTE DE LEMUS, mon-fo/tAt dA IlAmooce, a town  so large as in some instances to be sufficient to found new
of Spain, province and 25 miles S. of Lugo. Pop. 4004.     dynasties.-Adj. and inhab. MON/GOL and MONGOLIAN, monMONFORTE DE RIO LIVRE, mon-foRtA dA reefo lee/vrA, gole-an.
a town.of Portugal, province of Tras-os-MIontes, 8 miles E.   MONIGOQUINONGI, a post-village in La Grange co., Indiof Chaves. Pop. 450.                                       ana, 155 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.
MONFRICI, mon-freetchee, a town of Sicily, province of    MONGRANDE, mon'grdn/dA, a town of Piedmont, division
Girgenti, 11 miles W.NW. of Sciacca. Pop. 0000.            of Turin, 7 miles E.N.E. of Ivrea. Pop. 3724.
MONGARDINO, mon-ga-deelno, a village of the Sardi-    MONGUAIGON, a township of Wayne co., Michigan. P. 984.
nian States, 5 miles S. of Asti. Pop. 1080.                  MONHEIM, mon/hime, a small town of Germany, Bavaria,
MONGAT, mon-gAt/, a village of Spain, on the Barcelona  circle of Swabia, 35 miles S.S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 1417.
and Mataro Railway.                                          MONHEIM, a small town of Germany, Rhenish Prussia,
MONGATZ, a town of East Hungary. See MuNKACS.            10 miles S.S.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 1312.
MONIGAUP VAL]LEY, post-office, Sullivan co., New York.   MON/IFIETH, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of
MONGEHAM, (mtnj-am,) GREAT, a parish of England, Forfar, with a station on the Dundee, Perth, and Aberdeen
co. of Kent.                                               Railway, 10 miles S.S.W. of Arbroath. Pop. in 1851, 4267.
MONGEIAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.   MONIKIE, mon/e-kee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
MONGE/WELL, mtiuj/wpl, a parish of England, co. of    MON'IMAIL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 4 miles W.
Oxford.                                                    of Cupar. IIere is Melville HIouse, seat of Earl Melville;
MONGHIR, MONGHYR, -or MUNGEER, mnming-gheer/, a  also the Mount, the site of the residence of the celebrated
fortified and manufacturing town of British India, presi- satirical poet, Sir David Lindsay, in the reigns of James IV.
dency of Bengal, district of Boglipoor, on the S. bank of  and V.
the Ganges, 80 miles E. of Patna. Lat. 250 23/ N., ion. 860    MON/INGTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
30' E. Estimated pop. 30,000. It is finely situated on a    MONINGTON  oN WYE, a parish of England, co. of
rocky height, at the bend of the river, and though irregu- Hereford,
larly built, has some fine European and other residences,   MONISTIC, a river of Michigan. See MANISTEE.
besides several temples, and other public buildings, includ-    MONISTROL, mo'nees'trol/, a town of France, department
ing a highly venerated Mohammedan tomb. It was for- of IHaute-Loire, 11 miles N.E. of Yssengeaux. Pop. 1112.
merly an important frontier fortress of the British, but its   MONISTROL-DE-MONSERRAT, mo-nees-tr5lP-dA-mon-seRcitadel is now in decay; it is, however, still a military sta- rAtV, a town of Spain, Catalonia, 27 miles N.W. of Barcelona,
tion. Here are active native manufactures of guns, other  at the foot of the Mountain of Monserrat. Pop. 1299.
arms and cutlery, carriages,- furniture of all kinds, army    MONITEAU, monNe-tO/, a county near the centre of
clothing, &c., and the town has several native schools, and  Missouri, has an area estimated at 400 square miles. It is
a deptt of the British Missionaiy Society.                 bounded on the N.E. by Missouri River, and intersected by
MONGIARDINO, mon-jaR-dee/no, a village of the Sardi- Saline, Moreau, and Moniteau Creeks.  Limestone undernian States, division of Genoa, 12 miles from Novi. P. 1860. lies part of the county. Stone-coal of fine quality is abunMONGIBELLO, a name of Mount Etna. See ETNA.              dent. Capital, California. Pop. 6004; of whom  5438 were
MONGO, mong/go, a mountain range in West Africa, on  free, and 566 slaves.
the mainland, opposite Fernando Po, its highest peak, Mon-   MONITEAU, a small village of Moniteau co., Missouri.
gomasobah, "God's Mountain," being subject to volcanic    MONITEAU CREEK, of Missouri, enters the Missouri
eruption.                                                 River at the N. extremity of Cole county.
MONGOLIA, mon-go/le-a, (Fr. MongoIie, m6NG'go'lees; Ger.   MONITEAU CREEK, of Howard co., Missouri, flows into
Mongolei, mon/go-li',) a wide region of Asia, comprised in the  the Missouri from the left at Rocheport.
Chinese Empire, mostly between lat. 370 and 500 N., and ion.   MONITOOWOC. See MANIrTOOWOC.
880 and 1250 E., having E. Mauntchooria, from  which it is    MONIVAE, mon e-vAl, a parish of Ireland, Connaught,
separated by a wooden palisade, S. and S.W. China and  co. of Galway.
Chinese Toorkistan, and N. the Khing-gan, and  other    MON/IVAIRD' AND STROW/AN, a united parish of Scotmountain chains, dividing it filom the Russian government land, co. of Perth.
Irkootsk.  Estimated area 1,400,000 square miles.  Pop.   MONJOS or MONXOS, Los, loee mong/noce, ("The
supposed 2,000,000. It is mostly a vast desert, its central Monks,") 4 small low islands, in the South Pacific Ocean,
1222




MON                                                      MON
extending nearly 5 miles from E. to W.; lat. 00 571 S., ion. member to the' House of Commdns. In the vicinity is Troy
1450 41t E.                                             House, a seat of the Duke of Beaufort, in which are pre.
MONJ'POOR/, a town of Western Hindosth, 24 miles S.E. served the cradle of Henry V., and the armor he wore at
of ltahdunpcor.                                         Agincourt. Henry V., and Geoffrey of Monmouth, the hisMONK-BRETTON, England. See BRETTON, MONK.             torian, were nativms of the town.
MIONKILAND, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.       MONMOUTIH, montmhth, a county in the E. central part
MONKLAND, NEW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, of New Jersey, has an area of about 810 square miles. It is
containing the borough of Airdrie. See AIRDRIE.         bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the N. by
MONKLAND, OLD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, Sandy Hook Bay.and Raritan Bay, and is drained by Neveradjoins New Monkland on the S.W., about 8 miles E. of sink and Manasquan Rivers, flowing into the Atlantic, and
Glasgow, with which it is connected both by canal and rail- by Crosswick's and Doctor's Creeks, which fall into the Delaway. P. 19,709. It has many valuable coal and iron works.  ware. Neversink Hills are intheN.E.part. Thewholecounty
MONKILEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         is of alluvial formation, and consists of clay mingled with
MONK/INASIH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan. sand, gravel, and, in low places, vegetable mould. In 1850,
MONK'S COR/NERS, a post-office of Charleston district, this county produced 773,272 bushels of potatoes, the greatest
South Carolina.                                          quantity produced by any county in the United States,
MONKSEATON, mminks-eeton, a township of England, except Grafton county, New Hampshire. Marl is found,
co. of Northumberland.                                   and much used as a manure. Capital, Freehold. Pop.
MONK/SILVER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    30,313.
MONK'S STORE, a post-office of Sampson co., North    MONMOUTH, a post-village and township of Kennebec
Carolina.                                                co., Maine, on the Androscoggin.and Kennebec Railroad,
MONKSITON or MONX/TON, a parish of England, co. of  about 15 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1925.
Haunts.                                                    MONMOUTH, a post-village of Adams co., Indiana, on the
MONKSITOWN, a perish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork. St. Mary's River, 114 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
MONKSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Dub-   MONMOUTH-, a post-village, capital of Warren co., lilin, comprising Kingstown, half a mile W. of which is the  nois, on the Peoria and Burlington Railroad, 120 miles N.W.
hamlet Monkstown. TIere are also several villages and nu- of Springfield. It is situated in a rich and beautiful prairie,
merous handsome residences on Dublin Bay.                under good cultivation.'It became the county seat in 1831.
MONKSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co' of Meath.          A newspaper is published here.
MONKSTOWN or MONKS/LAND, a parish of Ireland,   MONMOUTHSHIRE a county ofEngland. See MoNMourT.
co. of Waterford.                                          MONNAIE, mon'n', a market-town of France, departMONK/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           ment of Indre-etLoire, 8 miles N.N.E. of Tours. Pop. 1550.
MONKTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent, in the Isle    MONNERICH, mon/ner-iW, or MUNNERICIH, mtsnlnerof Thanet.                                              ie, a village of Dutch Luxemburg, 8 miles S.W. of LuxemMONK/TON, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, burg. Pop. 1200.
about 30 miles W. by S. of Monatpelier. Iron ore and kaolin    MONNIKENDA.M, mon'e-ken-daml, (L..1onachodanum,)
are found here. Pop. 1246.                               a town of the Netherlands, province of North Holland, with
MONK/TON FEARtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  a harbor on the Zuyder-Zee, 8 miles N.E. of Amsterdam.
MONKTON, FORT, England, co. of Hants, 2 miles S. of  Pop. 2471. 
Gosport, defends Spithead, and the entrance to Portsmouth    MON/NOW  or MUNINOW, a river of England, joins the
Harbor on the W.                                         Wye near Monmouth.
MONK/TON wITr  JAR/ROW, a township of England, co.   MONOCIACY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Lehigh
of Durham, parish of Jarrow, 4 miles E. of Gateshead. The  in Northampton co.
Venerable Bede was born here in 673.                       MONOCACY RIVER, is formed by Rock, Marsh, and MidMIONKTON MILLS, Maryland, a post-village and station  dle Creeks. which rise in Adams co., Pennsylvania, and,
of Baltimore co., on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail- uniting in the N. part of Frederick co., Maryland, the river
road, 22 miles from Baltimore.                           falls into the Potomac, near the boundary between Frederick
MONKTON MOOR, a parish of England, co. of York.        and Montgomery counties, after a course of about 50 miles.
MONKTON NUN, a parish of England, co. of York, West   MONOGIHAN, mon/a-Hpn, a township of York co., PennRiding.                                                  sylvania. Pop. 880.
MONKITON AND PREST/WICK, a united parish of Scot-    MONOK, mon'okl, a town of Hungary, co. of Zemplin, 20
land, county and 4 miles N.E. of Ayr, with a station on the  miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2562.
Glasgow and Ayr Railway. The village of Monkton has' a    MONOMOEZI, mo-no-mo-~Azee, (perhaps more correctly,
handsome modern, and 2 very ancient dilapidated churches, MOENEMOEZI, mo-ln'yA-mo-A/zee; generally written by
and the ruins of a hospital for lepers.                  the Portuguese of the 16th and 17th centuries, MONEMUGE,
MONK/TON TARRANT, aparish of England, co. of Dorset. mo-nA-moo/zhA, or MUNHEMUGE, moon-yA-moo/zhA,) a
MIONKTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. great empire of East Africa, on the W. side of the great
MONK-WEABIMOUTH. See WEAROUTR, SUNDERLAND.    lake called Nyassa or the sea. The same name was given,
MONLEON, m6NG'lA'dNo/, a town of France, department by early writers, to the sovereign and to the country, though
of IHautes-Pyrendes, 23 miles N.E. of Bagnbres. Pop. 1327. they state that it belongs properly to the former. At the
I MONMORE, mon-mor/, the largest bog in the county of present day, Monomoezi is no longer united under a single
Clare, Ireland, extending across the great Clare peninsula, ruler, but is divided into several kingdoms, respecting the
from Dunbeg Bay to the Shannon. Area 9254 acres.         relative importance of which we have no information. In
MONMOUTH or MONMOUTHSHIRE, mon/mntth-shir, a  the 16th century, when the empire flourished, it was said
maritime county of England, having S. the Bristol Channel. to extend S. to the Maurusa, (the nation of Makfia, opposite
Area 576 square miles, or 368,640 acres, of which about to Mosambique.) or the 12th parallel; others placed its S.
280,000 are cultivated.'Pop. in 1851, 157,418. Surface pic- limit at SMongalo, lat. 100 S. In the N. it was said to reach
turesquely varied, with hill and vale, and finely wooded; Gurague, in Abyssinia, or, according to the maps of that
bordering the Bristol Channel, it is in parts fiat; W. of the  day, the fourth parallel of S. lat.; on the W. it had the lake;
Usk, comparatively mountainous. Chief rivers, the Wye, and on the E. it was supposed to approach the coast in the
Usk, Monnow, and Romney. Coal, iron, and limestone  direction of Quiloa. According to our recent information,
abound, and are' extensively wrought. Canals and railways  the most S. kingdom of Monomoezi is in lat. 90, where the
facilitate access to the mines. The Welsh language is in  lake is distant about 450 miles from Quiloa. The most N.
common use. Monmouth comprises 6 hundreds. Principal countries, Msarara and Pfoghe, are probably under the
towns, Monmouth, Abergavenny, Newport, Caerleon, and  fourth parallel, and 600 or 700 miles from the sea. As to the
Usk. The county sends 2 members to the House of Con- E. frontier of Monomoezi, we only know that, on the great
mons. Under the Romans and Britons, it formed a part of  caravan route from the coast (lat. 60305) to Oha, (lat. 70 30',)
the ancient Gwent or Siluria, which the Saxons never sue- it is reached in 46 days; the distance thence to the lake
ceeded in conquering. It was made an English county by  being 24 days more.
Henry VIII. No county in England is more celebrated for   Of the numerous countries included under the general
beautiful scenery, or for the number of its British and Ro- title of Monomoezi, four are said to constitute independent
man mediseval remains.                                   kingdoms, namely, Uranga, (the Ruenga of early writers,)
MIONMOUTH, a parliamentary and municipal borough, on a S. branch of the Lufiji, 1at. 80 to 90 S.; Uvinza, Uglyi,
market-town, and parish of England, capital of the above  Oha or Uha, Usui, and Ucanga. The king of Oha is somecounty, in a beautiful vale, at the confluence of the naviga-  times represented as the paramount sovereign of Monomoble Wye and the Monnow, here crossed by handsome bridges, ezi. The people of Monomoezi are, collectively, Mucaranga.
21 miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, and 17 miles S. of Hereford, This name, given to the race and language both in Mono(with which it is connected by railway,) and 115 miles W.N.W. moezi and MQnomotapa, signifies, native of Uranga, and
of London. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1852, 5967. It points out that country as the cradle of the widely-spread
has a parish church, originally a priory; an ancient priory  nation. It is remarkable that, in Monomotapa, while the
house, a curious antique chapel, a grammar school, founded  empire existed in all its state, the chief officers of the king's
in the reign of James I.; ruins of a royal castle, erected  guards were entitled Mucamoegi, evidently in allusion to
before the conquest; several banks; manufactures of bar- the N. and original home of the race. The natives of Monoiron, tin-plates, and paper; and exports of bark and timber. moezi are tall and well made; black, but not with exaggoThe borough joins with Usk and Newport in sending 1  rated negro features.  The journey between Oha and the
1223




MON31 MON
ecoast takes about four months and a half. ad six weeks or Indiana, on the railroad from Peru to Elkhart, 115 miles N,
two months are spent on the sea-side, so that the expedition  of Indianapolis.
down and back again occupies 11 months. The number de-   MONOR, moanoat, a town of Hungary, Hither Danube,
scending annually is from 8000 to 10,000, of whom the great co. and 20 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 5408.
majority encamp on the coast opposite to Zanzibar, round    MONOSTOI, mo'nos'toeJ, a village of IHungary, Hither
the mouth of the Rtfvu; a few go to Kilwa, and some north- Danube, 27 miles S.E. of Ftiinfkirchen. Pop. 1245.
wards. The opinion prevails in Zanzibar, that the kingdoms    MONOSTOR, a village of Hungary, Hither Theiss, co. of
of Monomoezi are now recovering their former prosperity  Temcsrar. Pop. 1720.
and power.                                                   MONOSTOR, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. ol
MONOMOTAPA, mon'o-mo-tflpa, an empire of East Africa, Pesth, on an island of the Danube. Pop. 900.
of great relative magnitude and power, at the time of its    MONOSTOR-APATI, mo'nos'toRlah/poh'tee', a village of
discovery, in the beginning of the 16th century, when, Hungary, Thither Danube. co. of Szalad. Pop. 819.
owing to the ignorance and exalted temper of the age, it   MONOSTOR-BATHI, mo'nos'torJ bAt, a village of Hungary,
was described in very exaggerated terms. It was said to  Hither Danube, co. of Bacs, onthe left bank of the Danube.
have a circumference of 1000 leagues, and, even at the pre- Pop. 1179.
sent day, the estimated length of the river Zambezi, which    MONOSTORSZEG, mo'nos'toa'slgl, a town of Hungary,
gives the breadthof the empire, is doubtless double the truth.  ilither Danube, on the left bank of the Danube, with which
The name Monomotapa, or more correctly, Moejie Mlotdpa, siR-  a navigable canal here communicates, 41 miles S.E. of Fiinfnifies the Empire or Emperor of Motdpa; literally, perhaps, kirchen. Pop. 4249.
Motdpa itself or himself. The empire appears to have been    MONOVAR, mo-no-varY, a town of Spain, province and 28
co-extensive with the diffusion of the Mucaranga race, S. miles N.W. of Alicante, on the Elda, defended by a castle
of the Zambezi; it reached, therefore, from this river S. to  and a fortified hermitage, which are perched on two emiInhambane, W. to Mailisa, but did not go beyond the basin  nences. Pop. 7590.
of the Zambezi. On the E. it extended to the sea in Soffila,    MONPAZIER, mraG'pAze-Af, a town of France, department
but did not embrace the mouths of the Zambezi; its N. of Dordogne, 24 miles E.S.E. of Bergerac. Pop. 1061.
boundary, on the sea-shore, being the river Tendactilo.      MONPEYROUX-DE-BOSQUET, mINGc'proofdeh-bos'k-, a
MONON, a post-office of White co., Indiana, 10 miles N.W. village of France, department of Aveyron, 8 miles S. of
of Monticello.                                             Espalion. Pop. 1550.
MONONA, a post-village of Clayton co.; Iowa, 118 miles    MONPONT, m6aNGp6Nal, a town of France, department of
N. by E. of Iowa City.                                     Dordogne, on the Isle, 19 miles S.S.W. of Riberac. P. 1328.
MONONGA-BE, mo-non'gA bA, a town of Madagascar,    MONQUHITTER, mon'kit/ter, a parish of Scotland, co.
capital of the Vronimes tribe, district of Ibara, about lat. of Aberdeen.
2ft. S., ion. 460 E. It consists of about 800 houses, situated    MONREALE, mon-rA-AfliA, or MONTREALE, mont-rA-MlA,
on an affluent of the Manangara.                           a town of Sicily, intendency and 4 miles S.W. of Palermo,
MONONGAIHELA (mo-non'ga-heetla) RIVER, a branch of  with which it communicates by a noble road. Pop. 13,000.
the Ohio, is formed by the West Fork and Tygart's Valley  It stands on a steep hill, and has a remarkable cathedral,
Rivers, which rise in Randolph and Lewis counties of Fir- and an export trade in corn, oil, and fruit, raised in its
ginia, and unite 1 mile from Fairmont in Marion county. vicinity. It was founded in the beginning of the 12th cenIt pursues a north-easterly course to the mduth of Cheat tury, by the Norman prince, William  II., surnamed the
River, its principal tributary, which enters it near the  Good, who also founded its magnificent cathedral, and the
boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania, after which  Benedictine convent, which possesses an excellent library.
its general direction is northward until it unites with the  Monreale is the see of a bishop, and has a college. Outside
Alleghany at Pittsburg.  Large steamboats ascend this  the town, picturesquely,situated among steep rocks, is a
river to Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and those of medium   royal summer residence, called Renna.
size to Fairmont, Virginia. The whole length, exclusive of    MONREAL DEL CAMPO, mon-rYAl d~l kgm/po, a town
branches, is 150 miles. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad  of Spain, Aragon, 34 miles N.N.W. of Teruel. Pop. 1516.
crosses the river just below the junction of its branches by    MONROE, mon-rcS, a county in the N.W. part of New
a wire suspension bridge. It is about 400 yards wide at York, has an area of about 720 square miles. It is bounded
Pittsburg, and 300 yards, on an average, below the mouth  on the N. by Lake Ontario, and drained by the Genesee
of Cheat River. The obstructions caused by rapids in the  River, Allen's and Sandy Creeks, and other small streams.
lower part of its course have been obviated by dams. The soil is very fertile. In 1850 there were raised 1,441,653
Branches.-The West Fork, also called West Fork River,  bushels of wheat, the greatest quantity produced by any
rises in Lewis county Virginia, flows northward and north- c6unty in the United States. Iron ore, sandstone, and gypeastward through Harrison county, and meets the other sum are found here, and there are also sulphur and salt
branch in Marion county, after a course of more than 100  springs. The Erie Canal traverses this county, which ig
miles. Water-power is abundant on this stream. Tygart's  also partly intersected by the Genesee Canal, and by seveValley River will be described under its own head.         ral railroads centering in Rochester.  Organized in 1821,
MONONGAIHELA, a township of Greene co., Pennsylva-  and named in honor of James Monroe, fifth President of the
nia. Pop. 1153.                                           United States. Capital, Rochester. Pop. 87,650.
MONONGAHELA  CITY, formerly WILLIAMSPORT, a    MONROE, a county in the E. part of Pennsylvania, conthriving post-borough of Washington co., Pennsylvania, on  tains about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by
the left bank of the Monongahela River. about 20 miles S. the Delaware River, which separates it from New Jersey;
of Pittsburg. It is remarkable for its active trade and -on the N.W. by the Lehigh, and also drained by Tobyhanna
flourishing manufactures of glass and other articles. The and Broadhead's Creeks. The surface in some parts is
railroad which is in progress from Wheeling to Greens- mountainous; the soil of the valleys is productive. Limeburg passes through or very near the town. Pop. in 1853, stone and slate are found in the county. Capital, Strouds1500.                                                     burg. Pop. 13,270.
MONONGALIA, mo-non-g/le-. a county in the N.W. part   MONROE, a county in the S.W. central part of Virginia,
of Virginia, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of 630  contains'450 square miles. It is drained by the Greenbrier
square miles. It is intersected by the Monongahela and  and New Rivers, which unite on its N.W. border. The
Cheat Rivers. Laurel Hill, the most western ridge of the  county is traversed by the main branch of the Alleghanies
Alleghanies, passes through the E. part of the county. It abounds in mineral springs, some of which are frequented
Much of the soil is fertile. It is traversed by the Baltimore  as watering-places.  Stone-coal is found.  The Covington
and Ohio Railroad. Stone-coal is abundant. Formed in  and Ohio Railroad is located through this county. Capital,
1776. Capital, Morgantown. Pop. 12,387; of whom 12,211  Union.  Pop. 10,204, of whom  9143 were free, and 1061
were free, and 176 slaves.                                slaves.
MONON/OMY POINT LIGHT, on the extreme southern    MONROE, a county in the central part of Georgia, has an
point of the peninsula of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. A nar- area of 440 square miles. The Ocmulgee River forms its
row channel, of sufficient depth to be navigated by small eastern boundary, and' the Towaliga River flows through it
craft, has been worn across the neck by the action of the  into the Ocmulgse; it is also drained by the Tobesofka,
sea, separating it from the mainland. The lantern has an  Shoal, Rum, and Crooked Creeks. The soil varies firom ferelevation of 25 feet above the level of the sea, and shows a tile to barren. In 1850 the county produced 724,070 bushels
fixed light. Lat. 410 33' 42" N., lon. 700 W.              of corn; the greatest quantity raised in any county of the
MONOPOLI, mo-nopro-le, a town and seaport of Naples, state. Gold has been found in several localities, and iron,
province and 27 miles E.S.E. of Bari, on the Adriatic. It granite, and plumbago exist.  Monroe county is interranks as a fortress of the thiTd class, being seated on an  sected by the Central Railroad. Organized in 1821. Capieminence, walled, and defended by a castle. It has 2 sub- tal, Forsyth.  Pop. 16,985, of whom  6815 were free, and
urbs, consisting of well-built houses; but the town itself is 10,170 slaves.
indifferently built; the houses being too lofty for the width    MONROE. a county of Florida, forms the S. extremity of
of the streets, render them  dark and gloomy. It has a  the peninsula, terminating at Cape Sable. The Gulf of
cathedral, and numerous other churches; 2 harbors, with  Mexico washes it on the S.W., and Lake Okechobee on tis
great depth of water, but imperfectly sheltered; and a trade  N.E. Its limits comprise numerous islands of coral forma,
In woollen and cotton cloth, (both extensively manufactured  tion, named the Florida Keys. The surface of the mainin the town,) wine, and olives. Pop. 16,000.              land is mostly occupied by marshes and everglades, or shalMONOQUET, mon'o-kUtV, a post-village of Kosciusko co., low lakes. Nearly the whole population of the county Is
1224




MION                                                       MON
ontained in the city of Key West, which is the seat of jus- Connecticut, on the Housatonic River and Railroad, about
tice, and the largest town of Florida. Pop. 2645, of whom   17 miles W. by N. of New Haven. Pop. 1442.
2214 were free, and 431 slaves.                               MONROE, a post-village and township of Orange co.. New
MONROE, a county in the S.W. part of Alabama, has an  York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 50 miles from
area of 1070 square miles. The Alabama River flows along  New York City. Settled in 1742. Pop. 4280. It is the seat
its N.W. border. The surface is undulating or nearly level. of Brockport Collegiate Institute, with about 150 students.
Pine lumber is procured from the forests.  Capital, Clai-   MONROE, a township of Middlesex co., New Jersey. Pop.
borne.  Pop. 12,013, of whom  5688 were free, and 6325  3001.
slaves.                                                       MONROE, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, 3 miles N.E.
MONROE, a county in the E.N.E. part of Mississippi, of Morristown.
bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 950 square    MONROE, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
miles. It is intersected by Tombigbee River, and its afflu-    MONROE, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.
cnts, the Buttahatchee and Oktibbeha.  The surface is a  Pop. 775.
level plain, almost entirely destitute of trees, and covered    MONROE, a township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.
with rank grass. The soil is a black, calcareous, and highly  Pop. 1436.
productive loam. The county is intersected by the route    MONROE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, on
of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Capital, Aberdeen. Pop. the Delaware River.
21,172, of which 9455 were free, and 11,717 slaves.           MONROE, atownship of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. P. 1295.
MONROE, a county in the E. part of Arkansas, contains    MONROE, avillage and township of Cumberland co., Penn1040 square miles. It is intersected by the White and Cache  sylvania, 5 miles S.E. of Carlisle.  Pop. 1772.
Rivers. The surface is mostly level, and is partly occupied    MONROE, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on
by cypress swamps. Capital, Lawrenceville. Pop. 2049, of  the National Road, about 180 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg.
whom 1654 were free, and 395 slaves.                        Laid out in 1820. Pop. about 400.
MONROE, a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee, border-   MONROE, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania.
uing on North Carolina; area estimated at 500 square miles. Pop. 602.
It is intersected by Tellico River, and the Little Tennessee    MONROE, a post-village, capital of Union co., North Caroforms part of its N.E. boundary.  The Unaka, or Smoky  line, 150 miles S.W. of Raleigh.  It was selected for the
Mountain, lies on its S.E. border. The great railroad of  county seat in 1844, when the county was organized. It
East Tennessee passes through the county. Capital, Madi- contains, besides the county buildings, 6 stores, and about
sonville. Pop. 11,874, of whom 10,686 were free, and 1188  300 inhabitants.
slaves.'                                                     MONROE, a post-village, capital of Walton co., Georgia,
MONROE, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering  66 miles N.W. of Milledgeville, and 10 miles from  the
on Tennessee, has an area estimated at 600 square miles. It Georgia Railroad. It presents a neat appearance, and conis drained by the head streams of Big Barren River, and  tains a brick court-house, a jail, 2 churches, 2 hotels, and 2
the S.E. part is traversed by Cumberland River. The sur- high schools.
face is diversified. The soil is generally fertile. Limestone,    MONROE, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.
suitable for building, is abundant. Formed in 1820. Capi-   MONROE, a post-office of Perry co., Mississippi.
tal, Tompkinsville. Pop. 7756, of whom 6925 were free, and    MONROE, a post-village, capital of Washita parish, Loui831 slaves.                                                 siana, on the E. side of the Washita River, 250 miles by
MONROE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Ohio, bordering  water N.N.W. of Baton Rouge. Steamboats navigate the
on the Ohio River, which separates it from Virginia, has an  river both above and below this point. The route of the
area of about 420 square miles. It is drained by Little  projected railroad from  Vicksburg to Shreveport passes
Muskingum  River, and by Seneca and Sunfish Creeks, all through Monroe.
of which rise within its limits. The surface is hilly, and    MONROE, a township in Lafayette co., Arkansas. P. 714.
welltimbered. In 1850 this county produced 3,681,705 pounds    MONROE, a township in Sevier co., Arkansas.  Pop. 335.
of tobacco, the greatest quantity produced by any county in    MONROE, a post-village of Overton co., Tennessee, 106
the state. It contains large beds of stone-coal, and some  miles E. by N. of Nashville, was formerly the capital of the
iron. Organized in 1813. Capital, Woodsfield. Pop.a28,351. county.
MONROE, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Michi-    MONROE, a pest-village in Hart co., Kentucky, 90 miles
gan, bordering on Lake Erie, contains 540 square miles. S.W. by S. of Frankfort.
It is traversed by Raisin River, bounded on the N.E. by    MONROE, atownship of Adams co,, Ohio. Pop. 1191.
Huron River, and also drained by Macon River, and Stony,   MONROE, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 924.
Saline, and Swan Creeks. The surface in the N. is level and    MONROE, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 1587.
heavily timbered; the S. part consists of rolling prairies,   MONROE, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, about 12 miles
interspersed with groves of oak and hickory. The soil is E.N.E. of Hamilton, has about 300 inhabitants.
fertile. The valley of Raisin River is noted for beauty and    MONROE, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1117.
fertility. Limestone and other good building stone are    MONROE, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 1897.
found. The Southern Railroad passes through the county.   MONROE, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 760.
Organized in 1817. Capital, Monroe City. Pop. 14,698.         MONROE, a.township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 918.
MONROE, a county in the S.W. central part of Indiana,   MONROE, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1076.
contains 420 square miles. It is drained by Salt Creek and    MONROE, a township of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1154.
Beanblossom  Creek. The surface in general is hilly, and    MONROE, a village of Highland co., Ohio, 14 miles E. by
the soil productive.  It is intersected by the New Albany  N. of Hillsborough.
and Salem Extension Railroad. Organized in 1818. Capital,   MONROE, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 966.
Bloomington. Pop. 11,286.                                     MIONROE, atownship of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1324.
MONROE, a county in the SW. part of Illinois, bordering    MON ROE, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1029.
on Missouri, has an area of about 300 square miles. The    MIONROE, a township of Logan co., Ohio.! Pop. 1435.
Mississippi River forms the boundary on the W. and S.W.;    MONROE, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 403.
the county is also drained by Prairie and Eagle Creeks.    MONROE, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 2035.
The surface is hilly in the west pert, and nearly level in the    MONROE, a township of Muskingum co.,Ohio. Pop. 977.
east. The soil ismostlyfertile. Capital, Waterloo. P. 7679.   MONROE, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1429.
MONROE, a county in the N.E. part of Missouri, has an    MONROE, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1637.
area of about 620 square miles. It is intersected by Salt   MONROE, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1343.
River, and also drained by the Middle Pork, South Fork,   MONROE, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1719.
Elk Fork, and Long Branch, affluents of the firstr-named    MONROE, a flourishing town, capital of Monroe co.,
river, and by Crooked, Otter, and Indian Creeks. The sur- Michigan, is pleasantly situated on both sides of the Raisin
face is undulating, and consists partly of prairies; the soil River, 2 miles from its entrance into Lake Erie, and at the
is very productive. Stone-coal abounds in several places; E. terminus of the Michigan Southern Railroad, 40 miles
the rocks which underlie the county are limestone and free- S.W. of Detroit. It is connected with the lake by a shipstone. Organized in 1830. Capital, Paris. Pop. 10,541, of  canal, and is the terminus of two plank-roads. The courtwhom 8493 were free, and 2048 slaves.                       house, which is built of hewn stone, cost $35,000. The town
MONROE, a county in the S. part of IoWa, has an area of  contains 6 churches, several of which are handsome build430 square miles. It is intersected by Cedar Creek, and the  ings, a female seminary, and 3 newspaper offices. The valley
Des Moines touches the N.E. extremity of the county, which  of Raisin River is said to be equal in fertility to any part of
is also drained by Miller's and Avery's Creeks. The surface  the state. Monroe is the principal market for the wheat
is diversified by groves of timber, and fertile rolling prai- produced in several adjoining counties. It contains manuries. Limestone is one of the principalrocks. The land was factories of wool, flour, lumber, and leather.  The reported
relinquished by the Indians in 1842. Capital, Albia. Pop. value of imports and exports in 1851 was $4,863,023. This
over 2884.                                                  place was settled by the French, about 1776. but the present
MONROE, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, about 44  town has been mostly built since 1835. Pop. in 1850, 2813;
miles E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1606.                         in 1853, about 3500.
MONROE, a post-townhlip of Franklin co., MIassachusetts,    MONROE, a township of Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 347
bordering on Vermont, about 52 miles N.N.W. of Spring-   MONROE, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 414.
field. Pop. 254.                                              MONROE, a township of Carroll co., Indiana   Pop. 588.
MONROE, a post-village and township of Fairfield co.,   MIONROE, a township of Clarke co., Indiana.  Pop. 161
1225




MON                                                        MON
MONROE, a township of Delaware co., Indiana. Pop. 720. Tar, 19 miles N.E. of Draguignan. Near it is a magnificent
MONROE, a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 777.   grotto.
MONROE, a township of Jefferson co., Indiana. Pop. 1090.   MONSANTO, mon-sAn'to, a fortified town of Portugal,
MONROE, a township of Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 1246. province of Beira, 43 miles S.E. of Guarda. Pop. 1360.
MONROE, a township of Morgan co., Indiana. Pop. 1300.   MONSARAS, a town of Portugal. See MONg4RAS.
MONROE, a township of Pike co., Indiana. Pop. 1285.        MONS CADMUS. See BABA-DAOGI.
MONROE, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 545.   MONSf'GGUR, mtNoG'sA'gtis, a town of France, department
MONROE, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1255. of Gironde, near the right bank of the Dropt, 7 miles N.E.
MONROE, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 735. of La Reole. Pop. 1344.
MONROE, a township of Cook co., Illinois.                  MONSELICE, mon-s-leefchA, a walled town of Austrian
MONROE, a township of Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 413.      Italy, delegation and 13 miles S.W. of Padua, on the Canal
MONROE, a township of Saline co., Illinois. Pop. 756.    of Monselice, which extends from  Padua to Este.  Pop.
MONROE, a flourishing post-village of Monroe township, 5400.
capital of Green co., Wisconsin, on the road from Milwau-   MONSERRAT, mon-skR-Rat/, or MONTSERRAT, mont-sRkee to Galena, 40 miles S.S.W. ofMadison. It is finely situ- Ratl, a mountain of Spain, Catalonia, province and 19 miles
ated on a fertile rolling prairie, and is a place of active trade. N.W. of Barcelona, near the right bank of the Llobregat. It is
It has 1 newspaper office, 2 churches, 7 stores, 2 steam-mills, 3300 feet in height, and consists of a great number of lofty,
and about 900 inhabitants.                                 isolated peaks, between which the ascent is made with great
MONROE CENTRE, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine, difficulty. About midway up its E. side, stands the famnous
about 45 miles E.N.E. of Augusta.                          monastery of the same name, in which Charles V. spent his
MONROE CENTRE, a post-village in the N. part of Ash- last days. It possesses an image of the Virgin, whose alleged
tabula co., Ohio.                                          miraculous powers used to attract vast numbers of pilgrims;
MONROE, a post-office of Laurens district, South Caro- and, perched on the surrounding rocks, are numbers of herlina.                                                      mitages, several of which have been occupied by the most
MONR10]MILLS, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.           distinguished saints of the IRomish calendar. As the mounMONROETON, mon-ro/ton, a post-village of Bradford co., tain stands in the line of the royal road from  elanresa,
Pennsylvania, on Towanda Creek, about 130 miles N. of  across the Llobregat, advantage was taken of its strong
Harrisburg.                                                natural position in the war of independence, and several
MONROETON, a post-village of Rockingham  co., North  fortifications were erected upon it.
Carolina.                                                    MON/SEY, a post-office and station of Rockland co., New
MONROEVILLE, mon-ro/vil, a post-office of Alleghany co., York, on the Erie Railroad, 37 miles from New York.
Pennsylvania.                                                MONSIIEIM, (Minsheim,) mbns/hime, a village of WiirMONROEVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Alabama, temberg, circle of Neckar, on the Kreuzbach. Pop. 1011.
10 miles E. of Claiborne, was formerly the county seat.      MONSOL, m6Naisol/, a village of France, department of
MONROEVILLE, a thriving post-village of Ridgefield  RhOne, 18 miles N.W. of Villefianche. Pop. 1238.
township, Huron co., Ohio, on the Huron River. on the    MON/SON, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, on
Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, and on the Mansfield and  the Piscataquis River, about 73 miles N.N.E. of Augusta.
Sandusky Railroad, 16 miles S. of Sandusky. It is a place  Pop. 654.
of active business, and of rapid growth. It contains 8 or 10    MONSON, a post-village and township of Hampden co.,
stores, and a union school. Pop. in 1855, about 1500.      Massachusetts, on the Chickopes River, on the New London
MONROEVILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Ohio, about 24  Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, about 20 miles E. of
miles N.W. of Steubenville.                                Springfield. It contains a flourishing academy, and has
MONROEVILLE, a village of Summit co., Ohio, on the  several satinet and cotton mills. Pop. 2831.
Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 130 miles N.E. of Columbus.   MONSTER, mrnlster, a village of Holland, province of
MONROEVILLE, a township of Monroe co., Michigan.  South Holland, 15 miles W.N.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1540.
Pop. 837.                                                    MON/SUM  RIVER, a small stream of York co., Maine,
MONROEVILLE, a small post-town, capital of Colusi co., falls into Kennebunk Harbor.
California.                                                  MONTA, mon/tS, (L. Montata,) a village of Piedmont, diMONROE WORKS, a post-village of Orange co., New York, vision of Coni, immediately N.W. of Casale. Pop. of comon the New York and Erie Railroad, 52 miles from New York  mune, 2850.
city. Named from the iron works in the vicinity.             MONTABAUR, monftd-bi wiO, a town of West Germany,
MONROIG, mon-ro-eegf, a town of Spain, province and 13  duchy and 8 miles N. of Nassau. Pop. 2727. It has oilmiles W. of Tarragona. Pop. 3092.                          mills, and manufactures of linen and paper.
MONROIVIA, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland,   MON/TACUTE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 50 miles from Balti-    MONTACUTO, mon/takoolto, a market-town of Tuscany
more.                                                      42 miles E.S.E. of Florence.
MONROVIA, a post-village of Morgan co., Indiana, 24    MONTAFUNERTHAL, mon'tt-foolnr-tl', a wild and romiles S.W. of Indianapolis. Pop. about 200.                mantle valley of Austria, Tyrol, in the S.E. of Vorarlberg,
MONROYO, mon-roy/o, a town of Spain, Aragon, 80 miles  near St. Peter, and traversed by the Ill. It forms a district
S.E. of Saragossa. Pop. 1396.                              of about 150 geographical square miles, includes 10 parishes,
MONS, m Nss, (Flemish Bergqen, bin/nen; anc. Moeites is governed by its own landamman, and has a population
Hanoni/ z,) a fortified town of Belgium, capital of the pro- of 8900. Its chief town is Schruns.
vince of Iainaut, 27 miles E.S.E. of Tournay, on the railway    MONTAGNA, mon-tin/yl, a town of Austrian Italy, 2
from Brussels to Valenciennes, and intersected by the Trou- miles E. of Sondrio. Pop. 1943.
ille, here crossed by 3 bridges. It has 5 gates, and is com-   MONTAGNAC, m6NSaqtln'y&k/, a town of South France,
manded by a castle, "Chateau-Lien," built on the site of an  department of Hdrault, on the HIrault, 21 miles W.S.W.
ancient Roman camp. Twolakes interrupt the approach from  of Montpellier. Pop. in 1852, 3647.
the E., and, from the facilities for laying the whole circum-   MONTAGNANA, mon-tgn-y/lnA, a town of Austrian Italy,
jacent country under water by turning the river from its delegation and 23 miles S.W. of Padua, on the Frassina.
usual course, access to the fortress is rendered difficult. The  Pop. 8200. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollen
town has a flourishing appearance; its principal streets are  and linen cloths, hats, and leather.
wide and straight, though occasionally somewhat steep; and    MONTAGUE (mon/ta-gu) ISLAND, one of the New Hesome of its 8 squares are spacious, and lined with handsome  brides, in the South Pacific. Lat. 170 268 S., Ion. 1680 17' E.
houses and public buildings. It has 5 churches, those of   MONTAGNES ROCHEUSES. See ROCKY MOUNTAINs.
St. Wardru and St. Elizabeth being beautiful structures; a    MONTAGUE, monftt-gu, a post-village and township of
Gothic town-hall, civil and military hospitals, court-house, Franklin co., Massachusetts, about 36 miles N. of Springfield.
arsenal, and theatre; a school of arts, academy of music; The township borders on the Connecticut, which is here
mineralogical, architectural, and horticultural societies; crossed by a bridge. It is intersected by the Vermont and
medical seminary, orphan asylum, a deaf and dumb insti- Massachusetts Railroad. A dam has been constructed across
tution, 2 lunatic asylums, a college, and numerous public  the river at Turner's Falls, in the N. part of the township,
and private schools.  Its manufactures consist of linen, creating an immense hydraulic power. Navigation is faciliwoollen and cotton fabrics, fire-arms, cutlery, musical in- tated by a canal around the falls, with 75 feet of lockage.
struments, and sugar; it has also copper, lead, and pewter Montague has manufactures of cutlery, piano-fortes, leather,
foundries; several breweries and bleach-fields; an active  rakes, &c. Pop. 1518.
trade in timber, coal, building-stone, and corn, the transfer   MONTAGUE, a post-township of Sussex co., New Jersey,
of which is facilitated by a canal, connecting with the  on the Delaware River, about 85 miles N. of Trenton. Pop.
Scheldt. In 1425, Jean IV., Duke of Brabanut, aided by  1009.
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, besieged and took the    MONTAGUE, a post-village of Essex co., Virginia, 54 miles
town. It afterwards sustained several sieges, and was E.N.E. of Richmond.
alternately in the hands of the Austrians, Spaniards, and    MONTAGUE CANAL, a post-village in Franklin co., MasFrench, till, in 1794, it fell to the latter, and was retained  sachusetts, on the canal around Tvurner's Falls, in the Conby them till 1814, when it was ultimately incorporated with  necticut, about 85 miles W. by N. of Boston.
Belgium. Pop. 23,165. This district of country is called    MONTAGUE (mon/t-gu) ISLAND. an island in the Pacific
the BORINAGE, and the miners are called BORAINS.          Ocean, off East Australia, lat. 360 18' S., Ion. 1500 24' E.
MONS, mdso or mdcess, a village of France, department of   MONTAGUE  ISLAND, an island in the Pacific Ocean, Rus,
1226




MON                                                       MON
siau America, Prince William  Sound, lat. 600 N., Ion. 1460  the junction of the canals Briare and Loing, 38 miles E. of
50' W. Length 50 miles, breadth 8 miles.                  Orleans. Pop. in 1852,7527. It has ruins of walls, and of
MONTAGUE AND BRISTOL ISLANDS, in the Antarctic  an old castle, built by Charles V. of France.
Ocean, lat. 58~ S.. ion. 270 W.: MONT-ASTRUC, mdNt-ts'triik, a village of France, departMONTAGUE ISLAND, on the S.E. coast of Australia; lat. ment of Haute-Garonne, 10 miles N.E. of Toulouse. P. 1200.
360 18' S., ion. 1500 24' E.                                MONTATAIRE, m16NG'tA'tair/,    a village of France, departMONTAGUE ISLAND, on the E. coast of China, province  ment of Oise, arrondissement of Sells, with important iron,
of Che-kiang; lat. (E. point) 290 10' N., Ion. 1220 5' E.  copper, and zinc works. Pop. in 1852, 2657.
MONTAGUE ISLAND, one of the Sandwich Islands, in    MONTAUBAN, m6NG't5'b6NG1, (ane. Mons Alba'sus,) a town
the South Atlantic; lat. 580 27' S., ion. 260 44' W.      of France, capital of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, on
MONTAGUE SOUND, inthe Pacific Ocean, N.W. of Anstra- the right bank of the Tarn, and on the railway from Borlia, lat. 140 30' S., ion. 1250 30' E.                    deaux to Cette, 110 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852,
MONTAIGU, m1G\6tA'giit, (Flemish  cherpeneuvel, sKOR!- 24,726. It is the see of a bishop, has a tribunal of commerce,
ppn-hi'vel; the signification of both names being the same-   a chamber of manufactures, a seminary with Protestant
"sharp mountain,") a town of Belgium, province of Bra- faculty of theology, normal school, and library of 10,000
bant, 28 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2267.               volumes. Montauban, founded in the middle of the 12th
MONTAIGIU, mds'tNg'iig, a town of France, department century, was ineffectually besieged by Montluc in 1580, and
of Vendde, 20 miles N.N.E. of Bourbon-Vend6e. Pop. 1310.  by the troops of Louis XIII. in 1621. It was one of the first
MONTAIGUT, m6NGot'gii', or MONTAIGU, a small town  towns which embraced the Reformation; and has, in conseof France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 16 miles N. of  quence, been often subjected to the most cruel persecutions.
Moissac. Pop. in 1852, 3279.                                MONTAUD, miN&Gtaf, a market-town of France, departMONTAIGUT, m6NG\tA'gii, or MONTAIGU, a small town  ment of Loire, arrondissement of St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852,
of France, department of Puy-de-DSme, 24 miles N.W. of  5726.
BRim. Pop. in 1852, 1652.                                   MONTAUDIN, m6Na'tSd NGJ, a market-town of France,
MONTAILLEUR, m6NG'tAh'ymR1, a village of the Sardinian  department and 17 miles W.N.W. of Mayenne.  Pop. 1484.
States, province of Upper Savoy, 3 miles from Chamb6ry.   MONeTAUKP, a post-village of Dent co., Missouri, 110 miles
Pop. 1168.                                                S.W. of St. Louis.
MONTAIMONT, mNoGtWm6SoG, a village of the Sardinian    MONTAUK POINT, a high promontory at the eastern
States, Savoy, 7 miles N. of St. Jean de Maurienne. P. 1500. extremity of Long Island, against which the waves of the
MONTALBAN, mon-tl-bitnl, a town of Spain, province  Atlantic beet with tremendous violence. It contains a fixed
and 18 miles S. of Cordova. Pop. 2794. It was fortified u-n- light, 161 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 410 4' 12"
der the Moors.                                            N., ion. 710 51' 54" W. The firm sea air here, together with
MONTALBAN, a market-town of Spain, province and 32 the wildness and grandeur of the scenery, attracts many
miles N.N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2902.                         visitors during the summer season.
MONT ALBAN, (Alfban,) a village of Warren co., Missis-   MONTAZZOLI, mon-tithso-le, a town of Naples, province
sippi, on the railroad from Vicksburg to Jackson, 8 miles E. of Abruzzo Citra, 17 miles S.W. of Yasto. Pop. 2100.
of the former.                                                MONTBARD, m6Ne'bas/, (L. 11ions Barrus,) a town of
MONTALBANO, mon-tal-blno, a town of Naples, province  France, department of Cote-d'Or, on the Burgundy Canal,
of Basilicata, 26 miles S.S.W. of Matera. Pop. 2800.       and on the railway from Paris to Lyons, 9 miles N. of Semur.
MONTALBODO, mon-tWl-holdo, a village of Central Italy, Pop. in 1852, 2719. It is the birth-place of the naturalists
Pontifical States, delegation and 19 miles W. of Ancona. Buffon and Daubenton.
Pop. 4000.                                                   MONTBAZON, m6dNGb&'z6N-/, (L. Mons-Basonis,) a town of
MONT-ALCINO, a town of Tuscany. See MONTE AMCINO.  France, department of Indre-et-Loire, on the Indre, 8 miles
MONTALDO-DI-MONDOVI, mon-till/do dee mon-do-veer, a  S. of Tours. Pop. 1180.
village of the Sardinian States, division of Coni, 6 miles    MONTBELIARD, m6No'Gble-aa/, or MONTBELLIARD,
S. of Mondovi. Pop. 1991.                                  m6NGbll'le-ars, (L. Mons-Pilliger; Ger. Miiisseclgard, miimtMONTALDO-D'ACQUI, mon-tllfdo daklkee, a village of  p9l-gaat',) a town of France, department of Doubs, 40 miles
the Sardinian States, division of Alessandria, province of  E.N.E. of Besangon, on the Rhline and Rhone Junction CaAcqui. Pop. 1020.                                          nal. Pop. in 1852, 6144. It has a communal college and
MONTALDO-ROERO, mon-tlt'do ro-Atro, a village of the  public library, and manufactures of woollen and linen fabSardinian States, division of Coni, 6 miles from Alba. Pop. rice and muslins.
1426.                                                        MONT BLANC, m6Ns blrgot, (It. Monte Bionco, monftt beMONTALDO-SCARAMPI, mon-t4ltdo sklirim/pee, a vii- Anlko; L. Mens Albus; both names, as well as the French
lage of the Sardinian States, province of Asti. Pop. 1055.   MIont Blanc, signifying "White Mountain,"). a celebrated
MONTALEGRE, mon-ta-l~lgrt, a town of Brazil, province mountain of the Alps of Savoy, the highest in Europe, in
of Pari, on the Amazon, 100 miles W. of Almeirim. Pop. of  lat. 450 49' 58" N., Ion. 60 51' 54" E. The elevation, as given
district, 4000.                                            by the Italian engineers, is 15,810 feet; but this varies to
MONTALEGRE, mon-td-l3grA, a market-town of Portugal, an extent of several feet, according to the amount of conprovince of Tras-os-Montes, 15 miles S.S.W. of Chaves.     densed snow on its summit. Limit of the snow line, 8000
MONTALENGO, mon-tA-lnl/go, a village of the Sardinian  feet above the sea; 34 glaciers bound the chain of Mont
States, division of Turin, 8 miles S. of Ivrea, on the Canal Blanc, occupying a surface estimated at 95 square miles.
of Caluso. Pop. 1340.                                      The largest and most complex of these is the Mer de Glace,
MONTALTO, mon-t~l/to, a village of the Sardinilan States, (" sea of ice,") the lower part of which, called the Glacier des
division and 30 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria. Pop. 1222.    Bois, (the "glacier of the woods,") gives rise to the river
MONTALTO, a village of the Sardinian States, division of  Arveiron, 2 miles above Chamouni. Mont Blanc was first
Nice, 12 miles from St. Remo. Pop. 1050.                   ascended by Paccard, 8th August, 1786.
MONTALTO, a village of the Sardinian States, division of    MONTBLANCII, mont-blink/, a town of Spain, province
Turin, 2 miles N. of Ivrea, on the Dora. Pop. 1320.        and 17 miles N.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 4114.
MONTALTO, a town of the Papal States, delegation and    MONTBR]IIAIN, m6dsNbrrAhaNG, a village of Flrance, de8 miles N.N.E. of Ascoli. It is a bishop's see. Pope Sixtus partment of Aisne, arrondissement of St. Quentin. Pop. in
V. was born here. Pop. 1500.                               1852, 2023.
MONTALTO, (L. Babia), a town of Naples, province of    MONTBRISON, m1NNGbree'z6Ns, (L.. Montbsisonium,) a
Calabria Citra, 8 miles N.W. of Cosenza, Pop. 2430.       town of France, capital of the department of Loire, 234 miles
MONT ALTO, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania.  S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 5994. It has a normal school,
MONTALYANEJO, mon-t&l-v&-nl/eo, a town of Spain, and a public library of 15,000 volumes, but no manufactures.
New Castile, 24 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1189.              It communicates by railway with the Loire, and with the line
MONTALVAO, mon-t&l-viwNG,! a small fortified town of  from Roanne to Lyons. In its vicinity are mineral springs.
Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 27 miles N.N.W. of Porta-   MONTBRON,  m6lnbr6bNG, a town of France, department
legre.                                                     of Charente, 16 miles E. of Angouldme. Pop. 1235.
MONTALVO, mon-tfllvo, a town of Spain, New Castile,   MONTBRUN, mdrs'brsnl,   a village of France, depart30 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1141.                           ment of Haute-Garonne, 33 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop.
MONTANARO, mon-t.-n&'ro. a town of Piedmont, divi- 1570.
sion, province, and 15 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop., includ-   MONTCALM, mont-kiml, a new county in the S.W. cening commune, 4400. It has a castle and 2 schools.          tral part of Michigan, has an area of 580 square miles. It
MONTANCHES, mon-tln/chls, a town of Spain, province  is principally drained by Flat and Pine Rivers, and Fish
and 20 miles S.E. of Caceres, with a town-house, prison, 2  Creek. The soil is fertile. Capital, Montcalm. Named in
professorships of Latin, and 3 elementary schools; a church, honor of General Montcalm, who fell in the defence of Quea nunnery, and several fountains; 50 flour and oil mills. bee, in 1755. Pop. 891.
Many of the inhabitants are engaged in different kinds of    MONTCALM, a post-village and township, capital of Monttraffic, exporting chiefly their hung beef and rich hams, calm co., Michigan, about 50 miles N.W. of Lansing. P. 135.
which are much esteemed. Pop. 5587.                         MONTCALM, a post-office of Bienville parish, Louisiana.
MONTARGIL, mon-taa-zheelf, a village of Portugal, pro-   MONTCEL, mdNe's6I!, a village of the Sardinian States,
vince of Alemtejo, 42 miles S.W. of Portalegre. Pop. 1311.  Savoy Proper. 5 miles from Aix. Pop. 1115.
MONTARGIS, moNsetaezhee!, (L. Montar-giomsellonodusm,)    MONT CENIS, m6Ns seh-nee5, (It. Monte Cenisio, mont,4 ~
a town of France, department of Loiret, on the Loin-, at ehA-neelse-o,) one of the most remarkable summits of the
1227




MON                                                     MON
Alps, on the limits of Savoy and Piedmont; lat. (of hospice)  the Chiese. Pop. 6600, who manufacture. silk stuffs. Hero
450 14 8" N., ion. 6~ 56' 11" E. The road in the pass of Mont the Austrians were defeated by the French in 1796.
Cenis, made by the French in 1808 to 1811, is one of the most   MONTECIHIIARO D'ASTI, mon'tA-ke-Atro das/tee, a town
frequented across the Alps. Highest point 6775 feet above of North Italy, Piedmont, division and 27 miles W.N.W. of
the sea.                                                   Alessandria. Pop. 2084.
MONT CERVIN, (Germ. Matterhorn.) See CERvIN.               MONTECHIARUGOLO, mon'ta-ke-&-roo/go-lo. a village of
MONTCORNET, m6NG'koa'nA/, a market-town of France, Italy, duchy and 10 miles S.E. of Parma, on the Enza. Pop.
department of Aisne. Pop. in 1852, 1783.                   8967.
MONTCUQ, a village of France. See MONOuQ.                  MONTE-CHRISTI, montAU-krisftee, a maritime town of
MONT-DAUPHIN, mdNG'd6'faNaf, a small fortified town  Hayti, capital Of an arrondissement, on itsIN. coast, 30 miles
of France, department of Hautes-Alpes, on a height beside E. of Cape Haytien, near the mouth of the river, and on the
the Durance, 10 miles N.E. of Embrun. Pop. 669.            declivity of the mountain range of Monte-Christi, whence
MONT-DE-MARSAN, m6NG-deh-maRas8NG1, (L. Mens Mfar- its name. Pop. 3000.
tiani,) a town of France, department of Landes, at the junc-   MONTE-CIHRISTI or MONTE-CRISTI, mon'ta-kris'tee, a
tion of the Douze and Midou, which here form the navigable  town of South America, Ecuador, department and 96 miles
Mitlouze, and are spanned by handsome bridges, 62 miles N.W. of Guayaquil.
S. of Bordeaux.  Pop. in 1852, 4463. It has a communal    MONTE-CHRISTO, mon'tA krislto, (anc. Oglasa,) an island
college, and mineral warm baths. Manufactures comprise  in the Mediterranean, belonging to Tuscany, province of
common woollen cloths, blankets, sail-cloth, and leather,  Sienna, 26 miles S. of Elba.
and by its position on the navigable river Midouze, it has    MONTECRESTESE, mon'tA-krls-tAsA, a village of the
become an entreplt for the wines, brandies, wool, and agri- Sardinian States, division of Novara, 6 miles from  Dome
cultural produce of the surrounding country.               d'Ossola. Pop. 1316.
MONTDIDIER, m6Na'deede-M, (L. Mons Desidefrii,) a    MCNTECUCCULO, mon't4-kookfkoo-lo, a village of North
market-town of France, department of Somme, 21 miles S.E. Italy, dominion and 22 miles S.S.W. of Modena; the birthof Amiens. Pop. in 1852, 4063. It has remains of old forti- place of Raymond de Montecuccoli.
fications, a town-hall, a prison, communal college, and ex-   MONTE-DELLA-SIBILLA, mon't4-dP1tl&-se-bil/l., one of
tensive manufactures of hosiery.                           the Apennine Mountains of Central Italy, Pontifical States,
MONTDIDIER, a village of France, department of  delegation and 26 miles N.E. of Spoleto. Height 7212 feet.
Meurthe, arrondissement of Chateau-Salins.                   MONTE FANO, mon/tA f/no, a market-town of Italy,
MONT-DOR, France. See DoR.                               Pontifical States, delegation and 8 miles N. of Macerata.
MONTIDRAGON  or MONDRAGON, m6NaNdr&g6NG;, (L. Pop. 3370.
Moens Draco/nis,) a town of France, department of Vaucluse,   MONTEFALCO, montA-flfko, a town of Central Italy,
on the Lez, 20 miles N.N.W. of Avignon. Pop. 1769.         Pontifical States, 14 miles N.N.W. of Spoleto. Pop. 3550.
MONTE ALCINO, mon/tA Al-chee/no, or MONT-ALCINO,    MONTEFALCONE, mon'to-f'1-ko/nA, a town of Naples,
mon-tdl-cheetno, an episcopal city of Tuscany, province and  province of Molise, 14 miles N.W. of Larino.
20 miles S.S.E. of Sienna. Pop. 3800. It has a fine cathedral,   MONTEFALCONE, a town of Naples, province of Capi-'
restored in 1832, and a castle.                            tanata, district of Bovina. Pop. 3900.
MONTE ALEGRE, mon/ti A-lgrA, a town of Spain, pro-   MONTEFALCIONE, mon'tA-fl-cho/na, a village of Naples,
vince and 30 miles S.E. of Albacete, in a narrow valley, Principato Ultra, 5 miles N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 2700.'overlooked by a ruined Moorish castle. Pop. 3490.            MONTEFIASCONE, mon'tA-fe-Js-ko/nA, a town of Central
MONTE-ALTO, mon'tA-&l/to, a town of Brazil, province of  Italy, Pontifical States, 9 miles N.N.W. of Viterbo. Pop.
Bahia,. comarra of Urabu.                                  4809. It stands on a hill, occupying the site of an ancient
MONTE-APERTO, mont&A —pla/to, a village of Sicily, pro- Etruscan city, of which some remains exist; its cathedral
vince and 3 miles W.N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 1000.           cupola, and several other buildings, are the works of San
MONTEBELLO, mon'tA-b8l/lo, a town of Austrian Italy, Michele.
delegation and 10 miles S.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 4000. It-  MONTE-FILITRANO, mon'tA-fe-le-tril/no, a market-town
has 2 castles, and several churches.                       of Central Italy, Pontifical States, 15 miles S.W. of Ancona.
~MONTEBELLO, a village of Austrian Italy, Piedmont, Pop. 1200.
division and 23 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria, and from a    MONTEFORTE, mon'tA-fon/tA, a market-town of Austrian
victory over the Austrians near which, Marshal Lannes  Italy, delegation and 14 miles E. of Verona.  Pop. 1700.
derived his title of Duke de Montebello.  A battle was   MONTEFORTE, a market-town of Naples, province of
fought here between the Austrians and French in 1812.      Principato Ultra, 5 miles W.S.W. of Avellino. Pop. 3500.
MONTEBELLUNA, mon't,-bl-loolnA,  a market-town of    MONTE-FRIO, mon'tA-freelo, a modern town of Spain, pro.
Austrian Italy, delegation and 13 miles W.N.W. of Treviso. vince and 22 miles W.N.W. of Granada. It has 8 iflour and
MONTEBESCARIA, mon'tA-b6s-k&re-A, or MONTEBEC- 7 oil mills, 3 manufactories of soft soap, a brandy distillery,
CARIA, mon'tA-blk-khfre-A, a village of Piedmont, division  and 4 fulling-mills. Pop. 7903.
of Alessandria, 7 miles S.W. of Pavia. Pop. 2641.            MONTEFUSCO, mon'ti-foos/ko, a town of Naples, province
MONTE  BIANCO. See MONT BLANC.                          of Principate Ultra, 9 miles N.N.E. of Avelline. Pop. 2200.
MONTEBOURG, m6Nd'teh-boott, (L. Jloe;tis Bur/gus,) a  It is a bishop's see, and has some manufactures of woollen
town of France, department of Manche, 15 miles S.S.E. of  stuffs.
Cherbourg. Pop. in 1852, 2471.                               MONTEGICAR. See MoNTEJICAa.
MONTECALVO, monta-kAl/vo, a town of Naples, province    MONTE-GIORGIO, mon'tA-joa/jo, a market-town of Cenof Principato Ultra, 14 miles E.N.E. of Benevento. P. 4900. tral Italy, Pontifical States, 20 miles S.W. of Fermo. P. 3660.
MONTE-CAVO or MOUNT CAVO. See ALBANo.                      MONTEGO (mon-tee/go) BAY, a seaport town on the N.W.
MONTECARLO, mon'tA-kaat/lo,  a town of Tuscany, 30  coast of Jamaica, capital of the co. of Cornwall, on a bay of
miles W.N.W. of Florence. Pop. 2960.                      same name, with a harbor protected by a breakwater, but
MONTE-CAROTTO, mon'tA-kA-rot/to, a town of Italy, still somewhat exposed to a heavy swell from the N.; lat.
Pontifical States, delegation and 24 miles W.S.W. of Ancona. (fort) 180 29' 24"' N., ion. 770 56' W. It is defended by a
Pop. 2800.                                                 battery, has a court-house, where the assizes are held, and
MONTE-CASINO, mon'-klA-see/no, a celebrated Benedic- carries on a considerable trade. Pop. about 4000.
tine abbey, of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, on a moun-   MONTE-GRANARO, mon'tA-gr&-n/ro, a village of Central
rain near San Germans, with a library of 19,000 volumes.   Italy, Pontifical States, delegation and 6 miles N.W. of
MONTEdASTELLO, montA-kAs-t6l/lo, a village of the  Fermo. Pop. 4000.
Sardinian States, 4 miles N.E. of Alessandria, on the Tanaro.   MONTEGROSSO D'ASTI, mon'tA-grostso dAs/tee, a marketPop. 1200.                                                town of Piedmont, division of Alessandria, 6 miles S.S.E. of
MONTE-CATINI, mont%-k&-tee/nee, a village of Tuscany, Asti. Pop. 2177.
government and 29 miles W. of Florence. Pop. 2600. It   MONTEHERMOSO, mon't.-l -mo/so, a town of Spain, prohas thermal springs, and elegant baths, the most celebrated  vince and 52 miles N. of Caceres.  Pop. 2860.
in Tuscany.                                                  MONTEITH or MENTEITH, mon-teeth/, a picturesque
MONTECATINI DI VAL DI NIEVOLE, mon'tA-k-tee/- district of Scotland, in the S.W. part of the co. of Perth, on
nee dee vdl de ne-A/vo-IA, a town of Tuscany, province of  the Teith. Length about 24 miles.
Florence, S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 2782.                           MONTEITH  or MENTEITHI, PORT oF, a village and
MONTECCHIO, mon-tlk/ke-o, a market-town of Modena, parish of Scotland, in a district of same name, 8 miles W.
on the Enza, 8 miles W. of Reggio.                         of Doune, including Lochs Vennachoir and Monteith; the
MONTECCHIO  MAGGIORE, mon-tlk/ke-o mAd-jo/rA, a  latter lake has a circuit of about 7 miles, richly wooded
village of Austrian Italy, delegation and 7 miles S.W. of banks, and beautiful islands, on one of which are ruins of
Vicenza. Pop. 4200.                                       a castle of the ancient Earls of Monteith or Menteith, a
MONTE-CERBOLI, mon'tA-chla/bo-le, a village of Tus- branch of the Graham family. Pop. 1446.
cany, province and 40 miles S.S.E. of Pisa. Near it are the    MONTEITH/VILLE, a post-office of Stafford co., Virginia.
famous borax lagoons of the grand-duchy.                    MONTEJAQUE, mon-t&-Ht/kA, a town of Spain, province
MONTECtI, m16NG'tsht, (L. leontigizem,) a town of France, of Malaga, 4 miles W. of Ronda. Pop. 1363.
iepartment of Tarn-et-Garonne, 7 miles W.S.W. of Montan-   MONTEJICAR, MONTEGICAR or MONTEXICAR, moenban, on an affluent of the Garonne. Pop. 1700.            t&-ne-kaa/, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles E.N.E. of
MONTECHIARO, montA-ke-Pro. a market-town of North  Granada. Pop. 2455.
Italy, Lombardy, delegation and 12 miles S.E. of Brescia, on    MONTELEONE, mon'tA-l-o/nA, (anc. Hippo/tnium or Vi/be,)
1228




MON                                                       MON
a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 11 miles E. of  itf to complete subjection; but after some sanguinary con.
Tropea. Pop. 2500. It stands on the slope of a hill, corm- filets the Turks were induced to recall their army without
manded by a fine old castle.                              having accomplished the object of the expedition.
MONTELEONE, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata,   MONTENERIO, mont&-nt/ro, a town of Naples, province
7 miles SW. of Bovino. Pop. 2500.                         of Molise, 11 miles N.N.W. of Larino. Pop. 2500.
MONTLLIMIART, m6ra'tA'iee'maRa, (anc Mlns Adhemari?)    MONTENOTTE, mon'tA-not/th, a village of Sardinia, divia city of France, department of DrOme, 26 miles S. of Va- sion and 26 miles W. of Genoa, in the Apennines. Here the
lence, on the Roubion, and on the railway from Lyons to  French defeated the Austrians, April 11, 1796.
Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 9862. It is built on the slope of a    MONTEODORISIO, a town of Naples. See MONTrooaISIo.
hill, crowned by a citadel, and has a communal college.   MONTE-PAGANO, mon'tA-pA-glno, a market-town  of
The vicinity is covered with rich vineyards, plantations of  Naples, Abruzzo Ultra I., near the Adriatic, 15 miles E. of
mulberry trees, and orchards.                             Teramo.
MONTELLA, mon-t4l/l1, a town of Naples, province of    MONTEPELOSO, mon'tA-pA-lolso, a town of Naples, proPrincipato Ultra, 12 miles E.S.E. of Avellino. Pop. 5800.    vince of Basilicata, 24 miles E.N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3100.
MONTELLANO, mon-tll-y~lno, a town of Spain, province    MONTEPULCIANO, monltA-pool-ch&/no, a town of Central
and 32miles S.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 4013.                 Italy, Tuscany, 26 miles S.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 2814. It
MONTELILO, a post-village of Marquette co., Wisconsin, stands on a mountain enclosed by an embattled wall. Carin a township of the same name. It has a mill, 7 stores, dinal Bellarmine is said to have been born here. Monteand about 200 inhabitants.                                pulciano is an ancient Etruscan city, and has many interestMONTELOVEZ, a town of Mexico. See COHA LUM.             ing remains.
MONTELUPO, mon'tA-loolpo, a market-town of Tuscany,   MONTEREALE, mon'tA-rA-NlA, a fortified town of Naples,
12 miles W.S.W. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 1370.      province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 14 miles N.W. of Aquila.
MONTE LUPONE, monltA 1o-poln&, a market-town of  Pop. 5600.
the Pontifical States, delegation and 61 miles N.N.E. of   MONTEREAU, m6zacteh-rrt, (anc. Condalte or Condcalte &Sno-.
Macerata. Pop. 3660.                                     hnun,) a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, at the
MONTE MAGGIORE, monttA md-jo'rA, a market-town  junction of the Seine and Yonne, 16 miles E.S.E. of Melun,
of Sicily, 29 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 5860.           on the railway to Troyes. Pop. in 1852, 6545. It has exMONTEMIAGNO, mon'tA-min/yo, a town of the Sardinian  tensive manufactories of earthenware. Steamers ply hence
States, division and 15 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop.. to Paris. In1814, it was the scene of Bonaparte's last victory.
2538.                                                       MONTEREGGIONE, mon'tA-rid-jolnA, a walled town of
MONTEMSIALE, montA-mallA, a village of the Sardinian  Tuscany, 8 miles from Sienna.
States, division of Coni, in the valley of the Grana. Pop.   MONTEREY, mon-ta-rA/, a city of the Mexican Confedera1515.                                                     tion, capital of New Leon, on the Tigre, at the head of a
MONTEMARANO, mon~-mA-rhno, a town and bishop's  large and beautiful valley, 85 miles E. by N. of Saltillo; lat.
see of Naples, 10 miles E. of Avellino. Pop. 1800.         260 N., ion. 1000 W. It has well-paved streets, houses of
MONTE-MARCIANO, mon'tA-mas-ch91no, a market-town  stone, in the Moorish style, with fiat roofs, and is the most
of Italy, Pontifical States, delegation and 10 miles W.N.W. important place in North Mexico. Near it are' gold, silver,
of Ancona. Pop. 4485.                                      and lead mines. Pop. about 12,000. It was taken in 1846,
MONTE-MAYOR, mon'tA-mi-r Pt, a town of Spain, province  by the United States army under General Taylor.
and 14 miles S.S.E. of Cordova. Pop..3192.                   MONTEREY, mon-teh-r'l, a county in the western portion
MONTE-MILETTO, mon'tA-me-ltVto, a town of Naples, of California, has an area of above 5000 square miles. It is
province of Principato Ultra, 9 miles N.E. of Avellino. Pop. bounded on the W. by the Pacific, on the E. by the coast
2400.                                                      range of mountains, and partly on the N. by the Pajaro River,
MONTEMILONE, mon't&-me-loonA, a market-town of Na- and is drained by the Salinas (or San Buenaventura) and
ples, province of Basilicata, 9 miles E.N.E. of Venosa.    Carmel Rivers, and by the Arroyos of San Bruito and NaciMONTEMOLIN, mon-t&-mo-leen?, a village of Spain, Estre- miento, with their tributaries. The county is naturally
madura, 60 miles S.E. of Badajos. The son of Don Carlos divided into three valleys, known as San Juan, Salinas, and
takes from this place his title of Count of Montemolin. Carmel. The first of these has an extent of about 70 by 9
Pop. 2220.                                                 miles, the second about 18 by 12, and the third about 15 by 3.
MONTEMOR, a town of Brazil. See MAMANGUAPE.             Much of the soil is rich and productive. Gold has been found
MONTE-MORENO, mon'th mo-rhino, a conical mountain  at San Antonio and in Carmel Valley, and silver has been
of Brazil, forming a promontory on the S. of the Bay of  discovered in small quantities. In the upper portion of
Espirito-Santo, province of that name.                     Salinas Valley are some sulphur springs. Capital, Monterey.
MONTEMOR-NOVO, mon-tU-morW nolvo, a town of Brazil, Pop. 2728.
province and 60 miles S. of Ceara. Pop. 2000.                MONTEREY, a post-township of Berkshire' co.. MassachuMONTEMOR-O-NOVO, mon-th-mORfo-no/vo, (i. e. "New  setts, about 125 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has manufacMontemor,") a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 22  tories of paper, woollen goods, rakes, &c. Pop. 761.
miles W.N.W. of Evora. Pop. 3000.                            MONTEREY, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
MONTEMOR-0-VELHO, mon-th-matlo-villyo, (" Old Men-   MONTEREY, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on
temer,").a town of Portugal, province of Beirs, on the Men- the Monongahela River, 4 miles above Pittsburg.
dego, 12 miles W.S.W2 of Coimbra. Pop. 2550.                 MONTEREY, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
MONTEMURRO, mon-th-moos!'to, a town of Naples, pro-   MONTEREY, a post-village, capital of Highland co., Virvince of Basilicata, 24 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 5000.  ginia, on the Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike, 180 miles
MONTENAKEN, m6n'tt-n&h'ken, or MONTENAEKEN, W.N.W. of Richmond. Pop. over 100.
monfth-nhtken, a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg,   MONTEREY, a post-village of Abbeville district, South
15 miles S.S.W. of Iasselt. It is an ancient place, was once  Carolina.
defended by a strong castle, and is memorable for a great   MONTEREY, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama.
battle fought in its vicinity, in 1213, between the Liegeeis    MONTEREY, a small village of Itawamba co., Mississippi.
and Brabanuons, when the latter were defeated with a loss    MONTEREY, a post-office of Rankin co., Mississippi.
of 3000 killed, and 4000 prisoners. Pop. 877.                MONTEREY, a post-village of Cass co., Texas, at the N.
MONTENDRE, mb6cN'tNd'r1, a market-town of France, end of Soda Lake, about 30 miles N.W. of Shreveport, in
department of Charente-Infdrieure, 11 miles S. of Jonzac. Louisiana. It is a shipping point for cotton.
Pop. 1041.                                                   MONTEREY, a small post-village of McNairy co., TenMONTENEGRO  monutI-nh/gro, i. e. "Black Mountain,"  nessee.
(Turk. Karadcagh, khr'dgg; Native Cernogora or Tzercngsra,   MONTEREY, a thriving village of Owen co., Kentucky,
ts6'no-gofrh,) a small independent country of European Tur- on the Kentucky River, at Lock and Dam No. 3.
key, between lat. 420 10' and 420 56' N., Ion. 180 41' and 200    MONTEREY, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.
22' E., bounded E. by Herzegovina and Austrian Albania,   MONTEREY, a township in Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 85.
(Cattaro,) and on the other sides by Turkish Albania. Area    MONTEREY, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan.
estimated at 450 square miles, and pop. in 1848, at 100,000,   MONTEREY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Indiana.
mostly belonging to the Greek church, ignorant and super-   MONTEREY, a small post-village of Calhoun co., Illinois,
stitious. The surface forms a series of elevated ridges of on the Illinois River.
limestone rocks, with lofty mountain peaks, some of which    MONTEREY, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.
are 5000 or 6000 feet in elevation, and are generally covered    MONTEREY, a village in Lee co., Iowa, on the Mississippi
with valuable timber. The country is divided into 8 depart- River, 90 miles S. by E. of Iowa City.
ments; government republican, under the protection of the    MONTEREY, a post-office of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.
Czar of Russia. The V~adika is high priest, civil governor,   MONTEREY, a port of entry and city, capital of Monterey
and commander-in-chief of the army. In ancient times this co., California, situated on Monterey Bay, and on the road
country formed part of Illyricum; it was afterwards a dis- from San Jos6 to Los Angeles, 94 miles S.S.E. of San Frantrict of Servia. The chief families of Montenegro have been  cisco, lat. 360 35' N. A mission was founded here in 1776,
educated in St. Petersburg and appointed to grades in the  by Father Junipero Serra. The place subsequently became
Russian army; and the annual tribute due to the Porte the capital of California, which distinction it lost in 1847.
(about 40001.) has long been paid by a remittance from the  A city charter was granted April 30,1851, and a second May
Emperor. of Russia. In 1853, the Turks sent an army of 11, 1853. The harbor is open to N. winds, but is protected
34,000 men agalost Montenegro, with the view of reducing  from the S. It is of good depth, and has excellent anchorage
1229
L. 3,0   e   gis   otngo   ihteve   frdcn   fo   h.I  so  oddph  n   a  xeln  nhrg




MON                                                        MON
The Salinas Valley depends on this port for its supplies.   MONTEU-ROERO,   mNGc-tvh, ro,}ro/, a village of the Sac
Pop. in 1854, about 2000.                                  dininn States, division of Cono, 3 miles from Canale.  Pop.
MONTEREY LANDING, a post-office of Concordia parish, 2600.
Louisiana.                                                   MONTE-VAGO. mon'tA-vA/go, a tovwn of Sicily, province
MONTERODUNI, mon-tA-ro-dootnee, a town of Naples, of Girgenti, on the Belici, 16 miles N.W. of Sciacca. P. 3000.
province of Molise, 4 miles S. of Isernia. Pop. 1740.        MONTEVALILO, a post-village in Shelby co., Alabama, on
MONTERONI, mon-tA-ro/nee, a market-town of Naples, the Alabama and Tennessee Rivers Railroad, 65 miles N.W.
province of Otranto, 5 miles W.S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 2000.    of Montgomery,
MONTERONI, a town of Tuscany, 10 miles S.E. of Sienna.    MONTEVARCIII, mon'tA-vaR/kee, a town of Tuscany,
Pop. 3307.                                                 province and 24 miles S.E. of Florence, on the Arno.  Pop.
MONTE-ROSA, mon'td-rofsl, a mountain of the Pennine  3600. It is commanded by a castle on a neighboring height,
Alps, inferior in elevation only to Mont-Blanc, from which  and has a college, manufactures of silk, twist, woollen stuffs,
it is distant 50 miles E.N.E., on the boundary between the  &c. Here is the Museum of the Academy Val d'Ancese, rich
Valais and Piedmont, lat. 450 56' 1/" N., lon. 70 52' 10" E. in fossil remains.
Height of its principal summit estimated at 15,208 feet. It   MONTE-VECCiIO, mon~tA vlklke-o, a village of Central
sends out ramifications to all the cardinal points, its loftiest Italy, Pontifical States, delegation of Pesaro, 4 miles N.N.E.
peaks being on its N. and S. limbs.                        of Pergola, with 1700 inhabitants.
MONTE-ROSSO, mon~tA-roslso, a town of Naples, Sicily,   MONTE-VECCHIO, a village of Central Italy, Pontifical
province and 27 miles W.N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 6500.       States, delegation and 15 miles S.E. of Forli, on the MaMONTE-ROSSO,  a town of Naples, province of Calabria  recchia.
Ultra, district and 10 miles E.N.E. of Monteleone. Pop. 2200.   MONTEVERDE, mon'tA-v8r/dA, a town of Naples, proMONTEROSSO, a village of the Sardinian States, division  vince of Principato Ultra, on the Ofanto, 19 miles E.N.E. of
of Genoa, 4 miles from Levanto. Pop. 1199.                 St. Angelodei Lombardi. Pop. 2000.
MONTEROSS0,  a village of the Sardinian States, division    MONTE-VERDE, mon'tiA-vaRdA, a village of Tuscany, proof Coni, on the Grana. Pop. 1220.                          vince and 40 miles S.S.E. of Pisa.
MONTE-ROTONDO, mon't-ro-tontdo, a town of the Papal   MONTEVERDE ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocena,
States, delegation and 26 miles S.S.W. of Rieti. Pop. 1000.  Caroline Islands, in lat. 30 27' N., ion. 1560 E., consisting of
MONTE-ROTONDO, the loftiest mountain of Corsica, 25  30 low islets, named after their discoverer, in 1806.
miles N.E. of Ajaccio. Height, 8763 feet.                    MONTE-VETTOLINI, mon'tA-vt-to-lee/nee, a town of
MONTE-RUBBIANO, mon'tA-roob-yAtno, a town of Cen- Tuscany, province and 16 miles W.N.W. of Florence. P. 2000.
tral Italy, Pontifical States, delegation and 5 miles S. of    MONTEVIDEO, mon'te-vidte-o, (Sp. pron. mon'tA-ve-oDfo;
Fermo. Pop. 2500.                                          Port. M[onte fee, mon/tA vAo,) a seaport city, and capital of
MONTERRUBIO, monWtR-Roobe-o, a town of Spain, pro- the republic of Uruguay, South America, on a peninsula in
vince and 78 miles E.SE. of Badajos. Pop. 3206.           the estuary of the Plata, 105 miles E.S.E. of Buenos Ayres.
MONTESA, mon-tA/sl, a town of Spain, province, and 38  Lat. 340 53' S., Ion. 560 15' W. Pop. 12,000.(?) It is situated'
miles S. of Valencia.                                      on a gentle elevation, at the extremity of a small peninsula,
MIONTE SAN GIULIANO, mon/tA sin joo-le-sAno, or OLD  and is surrounded by a strong wall, mounted with guns,
TRAPANI, trA-pA/nee, a town of Sicily, province of Trapani,  and further defended by a citadel or castle, of indifferent
on a high mountain, (the ancient E/ryx,) 27 miles N.N.E. of  construction, with bulwarks and batteries. It is pretty
Marsala. Pop. 7500. It is enclosed by a dilapidated wall, regularly built, in the form of an amphitheatre, but is illand its churches and convents are mostly in ruins. On the  supplied with water, and, except a cathedral, a castle, and
mountain Eryx once stood a far-famed temple of Venus, of  the governor's residence, it has no buildings of importance.
which a few granite pillars remain.                        Climate damp; the heat of summer is oppressive, and storms
MONTESANO, mon-tA-s/tno, a market-town of Naples, are frequent. Its port, open to the S.W., is the best on the
province of Principato Citra, 11 miles S.E. of Diane. Pop. Plata, and in 1848, the merchandise exported here amount6000.                                                      ed to $5,573,218, of which hides stood for $4,124,203, the reMONTE-SAN-SAVINO, monltA-sgn-sg-ves/no, a town of  mainitg goods being beef, butter, hair, feathers, and other
Tuscany, 12 miles S.S.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 4098. It stands  animal products, with Chilian copper, and Paraguay tea.
on a lofty hill enclosed by walls.                         Imports consist chiefly of British cottons, woollens, and
MONTE-SAN-SAVINO, mon'tA-s&n-s —veesno, a town of  hardware, flour, wines, colonial produce, salt, and manufacTuscany, 37 miles S.E. of Florence. Pop. 4121.             tured goods.
MONTE SANT'ANGELO, monftA sAnt-An/jA-lo,  a town of    MONTEVIDIEO, a post-village of Elbert co., Georgia, 90
Naples, province of Capitanata, on the S. slope of Mount miles N.E. of Milledgeville.
Gargano, 28 miles N.E. of Foggia. Pop. 6600. It has a cas-   MONTE-VISO, mon't&-veetso, one of the principal summits
tie, and remains of a Roman temple.                        of the Alps, at the junction of their Maritime and Cottian
MONTE SANTA MARIA, monltA sgnltA mg-reel, a town  divisions, 40 miles S.W. of Turin. Elevation 12,585 feet.
of Italy, Pontifical States, delegation and 25 miles N.N.W.   MONTEZU/MA, a post-village of Mentz township, Cayuga
of Perugia. Pop. 2000.                                     co., New York, on the Seneca River, at the junction of the
MONTE SANTO. See AMos, MOUNT.                            Cayuga and Seneca Canal with the Erie Canal, 35 miles W.
MONTE-SANTO, monetA-sAn/to, a town of the Pontifical of Syracuse.  Pine salt is prepared from  springs at this
States, delegation and 10 miles E.N.E. of Macerata, on a hill place. It has an active business in forwarding produce.
near the Adriatic, where it has a small haven for fishing- The Montezuma or Cayuga Marshes, from 2 to' 3 miles
boats. Pop. 5818.                                          wide, extend about 14 miles along.the outlet of Cayuga
MONTE-SANTO, a village of the Pontifical States, delega- Lake and Seneca River.
tion and 15 miles N.E. of Spoleto. Pop. 1500.                MONTEZUMA, a post-village of Macon co., Georgia, on
MONTE-SANTO, a town of Brazil, province and 210 miles the Oglethorpe branch of the South-Western Railroad, about
N.W. of Bahia.                                             80 miles S.W. from Milledgeville.
MONTE-SARCHIO, mon'tA-saat/ke-o, a large walled town    MONTEZUMA, a post-village, capital of Covington co.,
of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 13 miles N.N.W. of  Alabama, on the Conecuh River, about 80 miles S. of MontAvellino. Pop. 4600.                                       gomery.
MONTE-SCAGLIOSO, mon'tA-sk9l-yofeo, a town of Naples,   MONTEZUMA, a post-village of McNairy co., Tennessee.
province of Basilicata, 9 miles S.S.E. of Matera. Pop. 6100.    MONTEZUMA, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky.
MONTE-SCUDAJO, mon'tA-skoo-dA/yo, a village of Tusca-   MONTEZUMA, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio.
ny, province of Pisa, 22 miles S.E. of Leghorn. Pop. 1053.    MONTEZUMA, a flourishing post-village of Parke co.,
MONTE-SCUDOLO, mon'tA-skoo/do-lo, a town of the Pen- Indiana, on the Wabash River and Canal, where they are
tifical States, 9 miles S.S.E. of Rimini. Pop. 1915.       crossed by the plank-road from Indianapolis to Springfield,
MONTE-SILVANO, mon'tA-sil-vA/no, a village of Naples, in Illinois, 68 miles from the former. It contained, in 1851,
province of Abruzzo Citra, 4 miles N.W. of Pescara. Pop. 10 stores, and over 400 inhabitants.
1000.                                                        MONTEZUMA, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, on the
MONTESQUIEU, mdNcatlseke-uhf, a town of France, de- Illinois River, 58 miles W. by S. of Springfield. It is a landpartment of Gers, 10 miles W.S.W. of Auch. Pop. 2000.    lug-place for steamboats.
MONTESQUIEU-LAURAGAIS, m6Na't6s'ke-vh!   l5'rAgA/,   MONTEZUMA, a post-village, capital of Poweshiek co.,
a town of France, department of Iaute-Garonne, 28 miles Iowa, about 60 miles W. by S. of Iowa City.
S.S.W. of Toulouse, on the Arize. Pop. 1320.                 MONTEZUMA, a post-village of Green co., Wisconsin.
MONTESQUIEU-VOLVESTRE, m6Ns'tls'ke-uh/ volvlst'rf,   MONTFAUqON, mdseGfSis6No/, a village of France, dea town of France, department of Garonne, 29 miles S. of partment of Lot, 17 miles N.N.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1720.
Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 3918.                               MONTFAUON, a village of France, department of HauteMONTESSON, m6NQ'ts'slNe/, a town of France, depart- Loire, 20 miles E.N.E. of Le Puy, with 1136 inhabitants.
ment of Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement of Versailles. P. 1706.   MONTFAUgON, a suburb of Paris, France, to which the
MONTEUX, m6cNa'tuhl, (L. Mentilii,) a town of France, de- refuse of that city is mostly carried.
partrent of Vaucluse, 11 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. in    MONT-FERRAND. See CLERMONT FERRAND.
1852, 4607.                                                 MONTFERRAT, mont-fVn-Rt/ or m6GafWRoRA/, an old marMONTEU-DU-PO, mNstuhh/ dii po, a village of the Sardi- quisate of Northern Italy, is now comprised in the provinces.iaun States, divisi-n and 18 miles N.E. of Turin, on the Po. of Alessandria, Coni, Turin, Novara, and Genoa, (Sardinian
Pop 1070. 120                                             dominions.) Its capital was Casale.
1 o3r




11MON                                                     MON
MONTFERRIER, m6oG' ftRe-6!, a village of France, de- jected,) and the North Pennsylvania lailroad. Formet in
partment of Ari6ge, 11 miles S.E. of Foix. Pop. 1894.      1784. Capital, Norristown. Pop. 58,291.
MONTFERRIER, a village of France, department of H6-    MONTGOMERY, a county of Maryland, bordering on the
fault, arrondissemmnt of Montpellier.                      district of Columbia, and on the Potomac River, which sepa.MONTFLANQUIN, a town of France. See MONFLANQUIN. rates it from Virginia, has an area of about 660 square mile,
MONTFOORT, mont'fdat, a town of the Netherlands, pro- It is-bounded on the N.E. by the Patuxent River, and drained
vince and 8 miles W.S.W. of Utrecht, on the Yssel. Pop. by the East Branch of the Potomac, and by Seneca, Rock,
1752. It had a strong fortress of the 12th century, demo- and Watts Creeks. The surface is moderately hilly; the
lished by the French in 1672.                              soil in general is not very rich, excepting the margins of the
MONT/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           streams. The rocks which underlie the county are gneiss,
MONTFORT, m6Ns'foa/, a town of France, department of  serpentine, red sandstone, and limestone. A gold-mine was
Landes, 11 miles E. of IDax. Pop, in 1852, 1644.          discovered, in 1848, near Brookeville. The Chesapeake and
MONTFORT, a village of Dutch Limburg, near Maestricht.  Ohio Canal passes along the S.W. border. Capital, RockPop. 686.                                                 ville.  Pop. 15,860; of whom 10,746 were free, and 5114
MONTFORT, a village of Wisconsin. See WINoVILLE.        slaves.
MONTFORT LAMAURY, m6Na'foR/ 1t6'm0ree/, (L..oons    MONTGOMERY, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia,
Forltis Amalaroici,) a town of France, department of Seine- has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the
et-Oise, 14 miles W.S.W. of Versailles. Pop. in 1852, 1760. W. by New River, and drained by the head streams of the
Simon de Montfort, who headed the first crusade against Staunton or Roanoke, and by Craig's Creek. The county is
the Albigenses, was born here in 1165.                    situated at the north-western base of the Blue Ridge, and
MONTFORT SUR MEU, moNG'foa! siiR muh, (L. Meons has a mountainous surface. The soil is mostly rocky and
Forltis,) a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 13  unproductive, excepting in the vicinity of the river. The
miles W.N.W. of Rennes, on the 1Meu.  Pop. in 1852, county is intersected by the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad.
2072.                                                     Formed in 1776. Capital, Christiansburg. Pop. 8359; of
MONTFRIN, m6Ns'fr$Nal, a town of France, department whom 6888 were free, and 1471 slaves.
of Card, 11 miles E.N.E. of Nimes. Pop. in 1852, 2fr39.     MONTGOMERY, a county in the S.W. central part of
MONTGELLAFREY, m6aNGzhll'lfrA1, a village of the  North Carolina. Area estimated at 550 square miles. The
Sardinian States, division of Savoy, near Saint Jean de MIau-  Yadkin River forms the W. boundary; the Uharie and Little
rienne. Pop. 1000.                                        Rivers, affluents of the Yadkin, flow through the county.
MONTGERON, m6,Nszheh-r6NoG, a village of France, on the  The surface in the W. part is mountainous; the soil of the
Paris and Lyons Railway, 11 miles from Paris.             valleys is fertile. Gold is found in several places near the
MONTGISCARD, mSNGszheese'kare, a town of France, de- Yadkin. One steam-engine, for pounding the ore, was in
partment of Haute-Garonne, 8 miles N.W. of Villefranche, operation in 1851. Formed in 1779. Capital, Troy. Pop.
on the Canal du Midi. Pop. in 1852, 1325.                  6827; of whom 5099 were free, and 1773 slaves.
MONTGOMERY, mont-ghmfer-e,  or  MONTGOMERY-   MONTGOMERY, a county in the S.E. central part of
SHIRE, mont-gimlter-e-shir, an inland county of North  Georgia, has an area of 750 square miles. The Ocmulgee
Wales, having on the N. the counties of Merioneth and  River forms its boundary on the S., the Little Ocmulaee
Denbigh, E. Salop, S. Radnor, and on the W. Cardigan. on the S.W., and Pendleton's Creek on the N.E. The county
Area 755 square miles, or 485,200 acres, about half of  is traversed by the Oconee, which unites, on its southern
which is uncultivated, and not more than 80,000 under border, with the Ocmulgee, forming the Altamaha. The
tillage. Pop. in 1851, 67,835. Surface very mountainous, surface is level; the soil is sandy, and generally inferior.
but intersected by some fertile sheltered vales, and well In 1850, this county produced 292 bales of cotton; 55;365
wooded.  The mountain  Plinlimmon is partly in this bushels of corn; and 28,710 of sweet potatoes. Capital,
county. Principal rivers, the Severn, Vyrnwy, Wye, and  Mlount Vernon. Pop. 2154; of whom 1541 were free, and
Dee, which rise in the county. Agriculture is much irm- 613 slaves.
proved; the mountains are chiefly in sheep-walks. ThM        MONTGOMERY, a county in the S.E. central part of Alapure breed of Welsh ponies, or "MlMerlins," is still preserved  bama, has an area of 1010 square miles. The Tallapoosa
in this county. Slate forms the general basis of the mous- and Alabama Rivers form the N. boundary of the county
tains, and is the principal mineral wrought. The county  It is also drainedbythe Catamra and Pintelala Creeks. The
is the chief seat of the Welsh flannel manufacture. Mont- soil is generally fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the
gomery is divided into 9 hundreds. Principal towns, Mont- staples. In 1850, there were raised 25,326 bales of cotton;
gomery, Welshpool, Newtown, and Llanfyllin. The county  1,265,615 bushels of Indian corn; 293,488 of sweetpotatoes;
sends 1 member to the Htouse of Comnons, and 1 is sent and 191,853 of oats: the greatest quantities of each proby its borough. During the Saxon era, it formed part of duced in any county of the state. The county is partly
the Welsh principality of Powis, and was named Mont- traversed by the Montgomery and West Point Railroad, and
gomery after one of its Norman conquerors.                 another railroad is projected from Montgomery to Mobile
MONTGOMERY, a parliamentary borough, market-town, Bay. Several plank-roads have lately been made in the
and parish of North Wales, capital of the above county, on  county. Montgomery is the county seat, and the capital
the Severn, 20 miles S.W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of the parlia- of Alabama. Pop. 29,795; of whom 10,284 were free, and
mentary borough, in 1851,1248. It has a church, a venera- 19,511 slaves.
ble cruciform pile; guildhall, county j ail, and house of correc-   MONTGOMERY, a county in the E. central part of Texas,
tion, and remains of a stately Norman castle, in which the contains 1200 square miles. It is drained by the San Jacinto
celebrated Lord Herbert of Cherbury was born, in 1583. River and its affluent creeks. The surface is an alluvial
With the contributory boroughs of Llanidloes, Welshpool, plain; the soil is fertile. Capital, Montgomery. Pop. 2384;
Llanfillyn, Machynlleth, and Newtown, it sends 1 member  of whom 1439 were free, and 945 slaves.
to the House of Commons. In the vicinity are remains of    MONTGOM'IERY, a county in the S.W. central part of
a British camp, also of Cherbury Priory, founded in the  Arkansas. Area 1100 square miles. It is drained by the
reign of John. The last battle between the Welsh and  Washita River. The surface is mostly mountainous, and
English took place in the vicinity in 1294.               adapted to pasturage and the rearing of sheep. An extenMONTGOMIERY, a county in the eastern part of New  sive quarry of the finest slate has been opened. Cepital,
York, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is inter-  Mount Ida. Pop. 1958; of whom  1892 were free, and 66
sected by the Mohawk River, which is here joined by the  slaves.
Schoharie and other smaller streams. The surface is uneven    MONTGOMERY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennesand mountainous. The alluvial lands along the MIohawk  see, bordering on Kentucky, has an area estimated at 550
are abundantly fertile, and on the adjacent uplands the soil, square miles. It is intersected by Cumberland River, navithough rather heavy, is very productive. This county is gable by steamboats, and also drained by its affluent, the
intersected by the Erie Canal, and by the Utica and Sche- Red River. The surface is undulating, and the soil fertile.
nectady Railroad. Organized in 1772, and named in honor In 1850 the county produced 3,454,745 pounds of tobacco,
of General Richard Montgomery, who fell before the walls a greater quantity than was raised in any other county of
of Quebec, in the year 1775. Capital, Fonda. Pop. 31,992. the state. Capital, Clarksville. Pop. 21,945; of whom 11,974
MIONTGOMERY, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, were free, and 9071 slaves.
contains 450 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the    MONTGOMERY, a county in the N.E. central part of
Schuylkill River, and drained also by Perkiomen, Mana- Kentucky, has an area estimated at 400 square miles. It is
tawny, and Wissahickon Creeks. The surface is diversified  intersected in the S. part by Red River, an affluent of t,?
with beautiful undulations. The soil is productive and  Kentucky, and also drained by Hinkston Creek. Tihe S.E.
highly improved. In 1850 this county produced 98,701 tons part is mountainous; the other parts generally rolling or
of hay, and 3,048,089 pounds of butter, the greatest quan-  hilly. The soil, excepting the mountains, is very productive.
tities of each raised in any one county of the state. Sand- First settled about 1790. Capital, Mount Sterling. Pop.
stone and shale underlie the greater part of the county; 9903; of whom 6830 were free, and 3073 slaves.
limestone is found in the S.E. part, and extensive quarries    MONTGOMERY, a county in the XV.S.W. part of Ohio,
of fine marble are worked in the same vicinity, about 12  contains 440 square miles. It is drained by Miami and Mad
miles from Philadelphia. Iron, lead, and copper are found  Rivers, and by Twin Creek. The surface is pleasantly diverin the W. part, near the river. The public works are the  sified by small elevations. The soil is calcareous, producPhiladelphia and Norristown Railroad, the Chester Valley  tive, and well cultivated. The rock which underlies the
Railroad, the Norristown and Doylestown Railroad, (pro- county is the Trenton limestone, an excellent material for
1231




MON                                                        MON
building. The Miami Canal passes through the county, and    MONTGOMERY CENTRE, a post-village of Franklin co.
six important railways terminate at Dayton. Montgomery  Vermont, about 45 miles N. of Montpelier.
is among the most wealthy and populous counties of the    MONTGOMERY CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Wood co.,
state.'Capital, Dayton. Pop. 38,219.                      Ohio.
MONTGOMERY, a counity in the W. central part of In-   MONTGOMERY ISLANDS, a group of six small rocky
diana, contains about 500 square miles. It is drained by  islets, off the N.W. coast of Australia, at the entrance of
the Sugar and Racoon Creeks, affluents of the Wabash  Doubtful Bay; lat. 150 49' S.
River. The surface varies from level to undulating; the    MONTGOMERY'S FERRY, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsoil is fertile. This county is intersected by the New Albany  sylvania.
and Salem Railroad, and the Lafayette and Crawfordsville    MONTGOMERYSHIRE, aco. ofEngland. See MONTCGOMERY.
Railroad. Organized in 1823. Capital, Crawfordsville. Pop.   MONTGOMERY'S POINT, a small village of Desha co.,
18,084.                                                    Arkansas.
MONTGOMERY, a county in the S.W. central part of Illi-   MONTGOMERYVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co.,
nois, has an area of 690 square miles. It is drained by the  Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N.E. of Norristown.
E. and W. forks of Shoal Creek. The surface is undulating,   MONTGUYON, m6NG'gUiy6NG1, a town of France, departand partly covered with forests; the soil is fertile. A large  ment ofCharente Infdrieure, 20 miles S.E. ofJonzac. P. 1457.
portion of the county is prairie. It is intersected by the    MONTHAILIA. a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.
Alton and Terre Haute Railroad. Capital, Hillsborough.   MONTHIEI, m6NG'tA!, a village of Switzerland, canton of
Pop. 6276.                                                 Valais, at the entrance of the valley of Lie, near the Rhone,
MONTGOMERY, a county in the E. part of Missouri, has  21 miles W. of Sion. Pop. 1623.
an area of 504 square miles. It is partly bounded on the S.   MONTHERMt, m6esttR'mff, a market-town of France,
by Missouri River, intersected in the S.W. by the Loutre  department of Ardennes, on the Meuse, 8 miles N. of
or Otter River, and in the N.E. by the Rivilre au Cuivre, Mlzilres. Pop. in 1852, 2299.
or Copper River. A considerable range of bluffs extends    MONTIUREUX, m6NGtii'rubht, a town of France, departthrough the S. part, parallel with the Missouri. Limestone  ment of Vosges, 20 miles S.S.W. of Mirecourt, on the SaOne.
underlies the county, and stone-coal and iron ore are found  Pop. in 1852,1693.
in it. Capital, Danville. Pop. 5489; of whom 4452 were    MONTICELLI, mon-to-chlllee, a village of Naples, pro.free, and 1037 slaves.                                     vince of Terra di Lavoro, district of GaiSta. Pop. 1400.
MONTGOMERY, a new county in the S.W. part of Iowa,   MONTICELLI, a village of Italy, Pontifical States, cohas an area of 430 square miles. It is traversed by the two  marca di Roma, district of Tivoli. Pop. 1000.
branches of Nishnabatona River, an affluent of the Missouri.   MONTICELLI, mon-te-ch~lllee, a town of the Papal States,
The county has but few inhabitants.                       19 miles N.E. of Rome. Pop- 1025.
MONTGOMERY, a post-township of Franklin county, Ver-   MONTICELLI, a village of Tuscany, 5 miles N. of Flomont, about 45 miles N. of Montpelier. Pop. 1001.         rence. Pop. 1305.
MONTGOMERY, a post-township of Hampden county,   MONTICELLI, a village of the Sardinian States, division
Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, about 14 miles  of Coni, province of Alba, near the Tanaro. Pop. 1663.
N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 395.               iMONTICELLI.,  a village of Austrian Italy, province and
MONTGOMERY, a post-village and township of Orange E.S.E. of Pavia. Pop. 1261.
county, New York, on the Walkill Creek, about 88 miles W.   MONTICELLI-D'OGLIO, mon-te-chlflee d6lS-yo, a village
by S. of Albany. The village has churches of 3 or 4 denomi- of Austrian Italy, province of Brescia, near the Oglio.
nations, an academy, and 8 or 10 stores. Pop. about 1200;   MONTICELLI-D'-ONGINA, mon-te-chMl-lee don-jeelnA, a
of the township, 3933.                                     village of Italy, duchy and 28 miles N.W. of Parma. Pop.
MONTGOMERY, a post-township of Somerset co., New  of village; 1000; commune, 7802.
Jersey, on Millstone River, and on the Delaware and Raritan    MONTICELLO, mon-te-ch~lllo, a village of Austrian Italy,
Canal, about 16 miles N.N.E. of Trenton. Pop. 1763.        province and 14 miles S.E. of Como. Pop. 1650.
MONTGOMERY, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylva-   MONTICELILO, a post-township in the E. part of. Aroosnia. Pop. 3235.                                            took co., Maine, bordering on New Brunswick.  Pop. 227.
MONTGOMERY, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.   MONTICELLO, a post-village in Thompson township, and
Pop. 751.                                                  capital of Sullivan co., New York, 110 miles S.S;W. of AlMONTGOMERY, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl-  bany. It contains, besides the county buildings, churches
vania. Pop. 971.                                           of 4 or 5 denominations, an academy, 2 banks, and 2 newsMONTGOMERY, a flourishing city, capital of the state of  paper offices. Pop. estimated at 1200.
Alabama, and seat of justice of Montgomery co., is situated    MONTICELLO, mon-te-ch6lllo, the residence of Thomas
on the left bank of the Alabama River, 331 miles by water  Jefferson, third  President of the United States, is in Albefrom Mobile., It is 197 miles by the road N.E. of Mobile, marile co., Virginia. It is beautifully situated 3 miles S.E.
and 839 miles from WVashington.  Lat. 320 21' N., lon. 860  of Charlottesville, commanding a magnificent view of the
25' W. Montgomery is the second city of the state in  distant mountains and of the Rivanna, which flows in the
respect to trade and population, and is one of the most  immediate vicinity.
flourishing inland towns of the Southern States. It possesses    MONTICELLO, a post-office of Guildford co., North Car.
great facilities for communication with the surrounding  lina.
country. The Alabama River is one of the best in the    MONTICELLO, a post-village of Fairfield district, South
Union for steamboat navigation. As it is never closed by  Carolina, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Columbia.
ice, and very rarely affected by drought, large steamers    MONTICELLO, a village of Butts co., Georgia.
ascend from Mobile to this place at all seasons of the year.   MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., GeorThe Ccosa River is navigable for large steamboats to We- gia, 35 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It contains a handsome
tumpka. The Montgomery and West Point Railroad, of  court-house, 3 churches, and an academy.
which this city is the W. terminus, leads to Atlanta, in    MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co.,
Georgia. Another railroad has been commenced which will Florida, 29 miles E.N.E. of Tallahassee. It contains a courtconnect the city with some point on Mobile Bay. Plank- house, a few stores, and 400 inhabitants.
roads are in course of construction to the Tennessee River    MONTICELLO, a post-village of Pike co., Alabama, about
and to Tuscaloosa. The cotton shipped at this place annually  50 miles S.E. of Montgomery. It was formerly the capital
amounts to 75,000 bales. The city has 1 bank and 6 news- of the county.
paper offices. The public records and offices were removed    MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Lawrence co.,
from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery in November, 1847. The Mississippi, on Pearl River, 85 miles S. of Jackson. It has.new state-house was destroyed by fire in December, 1849; a court-house, a newspaper office, an academy, and several
another was erected on the same site and conmpleted in 1851. stores.
Pop. in 1850, 4935; in 1853, estimated at 7000.              MONTICELLO, a post-office of Carroll co., Louisiana.
MONTGOMERY, a flourishing  post-village, capital of    MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Drew co., ArkanMontgomery co., Texas, 50 miles N. of Houston. It is sas, about 85 miles S.S.E. of Little Rock.
situated in a level and fertile tract of land, which is mostly    MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., Tenoccupied by thrifty cotton planters.                       nessee, about 85 miles E. of Nashville.
MONTGOMERY, a post-office of Trigg co., Kentucky.          MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., KenMONTGOMERY, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee.   tucky, 100 miles S. of Frankfort. It contains a brick courtMONTGOMERY, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. P. 1848. house, 2 churches, and 2 tanneries.
MONTGOMERY, a township of Franklin co.. Ohio. P. 1331.   MONTICELLO. a village of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Ohio
MONTGOMERY, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 13 and Erie Canal, 30 miles E. by S. of Columbus.
miles N.E. of Cincinnati.                                    MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of White co., Indiana,
MONTGOMERY, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 643. on the Tippecanoe River, 82 miles N.W. of Indianapolis.  It
MONTGOMERY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 922. is situated on the border of Grand Prairie. One newspaper
MONTGOMERY, a post-township in Jennings co., Indiana. is published here.
Pop. 1556.                                                   MONTICELLO, a village of Madison o., Illinois, 4 or 5
MONTGOMERY, a township in Owen co., Indiana. Pop. miles N. of Alton.
987.                                                        MONTICELLO, a post-village, capital of Piatt co., Illinois,
MONTGOMERY, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, on the  near the N. fork of the Sangamon River, about 70 miles
Aurora Extension Railroad, 45 miles S.W. of Chicago.      E.N.E. of Springfield. Laid out in 1838. Pop. about 300.
1232




MNO~'MON
MONTICELLJ, a small village of Chariton co., Missouri.  steep rock close to the Tet, in a gorge at the foot of the Pyre'
MONTICELLO, a poet-village of Lewis. co., Missouri, on  nees, with a. remarkable square citadel. Pop. 1080.
the North Fabius River, 130 miles N. by E. of Jefferson City.   MIONTLOUIS, a village of France, department of Indre-et.
MONTICELLO, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa.           Loire, 61 miles E. of Tours, with a station on the Orleans
MONTICELLO, a post-village of Green co., Wisconsin, and Tours Railway.
about 35 miles S.S.W. of Madison.                           MONTLUVON, m6NGa'tLs6Ne/, a town of France, departMONTICELLO, a township of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. ment of Allier, on the right bank of the Cher, close to the
Pop. 198.                                                 Canal de Berri, 38miles W.S.W. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852,
MONTICELLO,  a post-office, Thurston co., Utah Territory. 8922. It. is crowned by a ruined castle, has remains of old
MONTICELLO, a post-village of Lewis co., Washington  walls and towers,. and manufactures of coarse woollens.
Territory, on the Columbia, at the mouth of Cowelitz River.  MONTLUEL, m&aG0lUj'l, (L. Mons Lupcl'li,) a town of
MONTICELLO-BRU SATI, mon-te-chll/lo-broo-slYtee, a vil- France, department of Ain, 24 miles S.E. of Trlvoux. Pop.
lage of Austrian Italy, province of Brescia, 8 miles from Iseo. in 1852, 2866.
MONTICIANO, mon-te-chl/no, a walled town of Tuscany       MONTMARAULT, m6Nas'mAr0-, a town of France, depart18 miles from Sienna. Pop. 2026.                          ment of Allier. 16 miles E. of Montlunon. P. in 1852, 1612.
MONTI1RENDER, maNG'te-Ar8Na'daiR1, a market-town    MIONTMARTIN-SUR-MER, m(vamaR~t% ot.siiR-mai:,- a
of France, department of Haute-Marne, 8 miles W.S.W. of  village of France, department of Manche, close to the
Vassy. Pop. in 1852, 1496.                                English Channel, 6 miles S.W. of Coutances. P. in 1852, 856.
MONTIERS-SUR-SAULX, m6Na'te-.siiR-sst,    a market-town    MONTMARTRE, mNG'maRt'r/, a village of France, departof France, department of Meuse, 10 miles S. of Ligny. Pop. ment of Seine, forming a N. suburb of Paris, within the new
1204.                                                     line of fortifications. Pop. in 1852, 23,112. It is a favorite
MONTIERI, mon-te-Alree, a town of Tuscany, 19 miles Sunday resort for the Parisians, and has many inns and
S.W. of Sienna. Pop. 1071.                                villas, with an asylum for the aged, 2 schools, oil-cloth facNIONTIGLIN, mon-te-gleen/, a town of the Sardinian  tories, seagliola works, woollen-mills, and gypsum quarries.
States, division and 27 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop..   MONTMIDY, mNG'mA'deel, (L. Maledictus,) a fortified
3060.                                                     town of France, department of Meuse, on the Chiers, 25
MONTIGLIO, mon-teel/yo, a market-town of Piedmont, miles N. of Verdun. Pop. in 1852, 2649. It is defended by
division and 28 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. (with  extensive outworks, and has barracks, military hospital, and
commune,) 3042.                                           prison.
MONTIGNAC, mdxNateen'yAkf, a town of France, depart-   MONTMEILLAN, mrNo6mA'y8Nca, or  MONTMELIAN,
ment of Dordogne, 12 miles N. of Sarlat. Pop. in 1852, 4146. maNG'm4lme-SNGf, a town of Savoy, on the Is~re, 7 miles S.E.
MONTIGNOSO-LUCCHESE, mon-teen-yolso look-kAisA..   a  of Chamblry. It was once so strong as to be regarded as:
village of Tuscany, duchy of Lucca, 3 miles from Massa- the bulwark of Savoy, and the key of its Alps; but, after' Ducale. Pop. 1465.                                       standing several sieges, its fortifications were finally demoMONTIGNY, mSNateen'yee, numerous small villages of  lished by Louis XIV., in 1705, and its famous.castle, which
France, in the N., N.W., and central departments.         crowned a rock overhanging the town, now exists only in a
MONTIGNY-LE-ROI, m6NG'teenuyee/-leh-rwA, a town of few fragments, overgrown: with briars and nettles. Pop.,
France, department of Haute-Marne, arrondissement of  with commune, 1325.
Langres, formerly fortified. Pop. 1211.                      MONTMERLE, m16NO11mRlR, a village of France, departMONTIGNY-LE-TILLEUL,  m6Nateen'yeetleh-teelvlull, a  ment of Ain, 9 miles N. of Tr6voux, on the Salne. Pop.
village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, on the Sambre, 24  in 1852. 1888.
miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1452.                                 MONTMIRAIL, mDNG'mee6'ra, (L. Mesas Aiiraboilis,) a town.
MONTIGNY-SUR-SAMBRE, m&oNGteen'yee/siir-s$ab'r, a  of France, department of Marne, 22 miles S.W. of Epernay.
village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 2 miles E. of Char- Pop. in 1852, 2570. It has manufactures of cutlery, copper
leroi, on the Sambre. Pop. 3812.                          and tin wares. A battle was fought here, 17th February,
MONTIJO or MONTIXO, mon-teefeo, a town of Spain, 16  1814, between the French and the allies.
miles E. of Badajos, on the Guadiana. Pop. 4150.             MONTMORENCY, m~cacmoWrSN Gseet, or ENGHIEN, 8wa.:
MONTIJO (mon-tee/Ho) BAY. New Grenada,near 800 W. lon. ghe-ANq.c   (L. Monmorenciacum,) a village of France, departMONTILLA, mon-teelly&, a town of Spain, province and  ment of Seine-et-Olse, 11 miles E.S.E. of Pontoise. Pop. 2144.
18 miles S.E. of Cordova. The streets are broad, clean, and  Near it is the HIermitage, a favorite residence of Rousseau.
very well paved; and there are 3 squares, a town-house, a    MONTMORENCY, mont-mo-ren'se, an unorganized county
prison, a palace, belonging to the Duke of Medinaceli; a pub- of Michigan, in the N.E. part of the lower peninsula, has an
lic school and various private schools, an asylum for orphan  area of about 570 square miles. It is drained by Thunder
girls, a poor-house and foundling hospital, a hospital for Bay River, which flows into Lake Huron.
the sick poor, a parish church, formerly a mosque; a chapel-   MONTMOREN/CY, a river of Canada East, which joins
of-ease, 7 hermitages in or near the town, 3 convents, and 2  the St. Lawrence, 6 miles N.E. of Quebec, after forming a
nunneries. Montilla was wrested from the Mussulmen by  cataract 250 feet in height..
Ferdinand III., who peopled it with Christians. It was the    MONTMORENCY, a county in the S.E. part of Canada
native place of the great Captain Gonzalo Fernandez de East, comprising an area of 7465 square miles, is bounded
Cordoba, whose family were the lords of this place. Pop. on the S.E. by the St. Lawrence. Pop. 9598.
13,224. It has manufactures of coarse linen and woollen    MONTMORILLON, m11Nemo'reel5'l1N/, (L.  elons Macuricloths, oil-mills, and potteries, and was formerly fortified.   tionis,) a town of France, department of Vienne, 17 miles
MONTILLANA, mon-teel-yil/n, a village of Spain, Anda-  E.S.E. of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 5228.  It has a curious
lusia, 30 miles from Granada. Pop. 1057.                  octagonal temple, built over a sepulchral cave; an ecclesiMONTIOVET or MONTJOVET, mon-te-o-vlt/, a village of  astical seminary, and a hospital.
the Sardinian States, division of Aosta, 5 miles frontm Verres,    MONTODINE, mon-to-dee/nA, a town of Austrian Italy,
on the Dora Baltea. Pop. 1400.                            delegation and 10 miles E.S.E. of Lodi, on the Serio, 2' miles
MONTIRAT, m1Notee'rV, a town of France, department above its junction with the Addas  Pop. 2000.
of Tarn, arrondissement of Albi. Pop. in 1852, 2239.        MONTODORISIO,  mon-to-do-ree/se-o, or MONTEODORIMONTIVILLIERS,  m$csGte\vee'yA/, (L. Mfonmstelisum Vil- SIO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 3 miles
lafris,) a town of France, department of Seine-Inflrieure, 5  W.S.W. of 11 Vasto. Pop. 2500.
miles N.E. of Havre. Pop. in 1852, 4195. It is situated in    MONTOIRE, m6sNGtwla/, (L. Mons.Aureus,) a town of
a pleasant valley, and has a communal college; tanning, France, department of Loire-Inf~rieure, on the Loire, near
linen bleaching, and sugar refining works.                its mouth, 29 miles W.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 5028,
MONTJALEIA, mont-yd-lAt, a market-town of Russia, partly employed in vitriol works, and in cutting turf.
government of Poltava, 20 miles N.N.E. of Krementchoog.   MONTOIRE, a town of France, department of Loir-etPop. 1800.                                                Cher, 24 miles W.N.W. of Blois. Pop. in 1852, 3180. It is
MONTJEAN, m6,SNGzh8sNG, (L. Mons J7ohantnis,) a market- commanded by a ruined castle, and has cavalry barracks.
town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire,   MONTOLIEU, m6NG'to1e-uhf, a town of France, depart13 miles E. of Beauprlau. Pop. 1470.                      ment of Aude, 10 miles W.N.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. 1760.
MONTJOIE, moNsa'zhw3], or MONTSCHAN, montfsh~n,   MONTONA, mon-toenS, a town of Austria, Illyria, govern(L. Mons Jolvis,) a town of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles S.S.E. ment of Istria, 21 miles S. of Triest. Pop. 1100.
of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Ruhr. Pop. 3000.                 MONTONE, mon-to/nA, a town of Sicily, province of SyraMONT4OIE, m6cG'zhwd1, a village of France, department cuse, 8 miles W.S.W. of Modica. Pop. 4000.
of Ari6ge, 1 mile N. of St. Girons. Pop. 1820.              MONTONE, (anc. UVtis,) a river of Italy, falls into the
MONTJOVET, a village of Sardinia. See MONeIOVET.        Adriatic, 6 miles N.E. of Ravenna; total course about 46 miles.
MONTLH]ARY, m6N-'l'Treel, a town of France, department   MONTOl/GA, a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas.
of Seine-et-Olse, 15 S.W. of Paris, on the slope of a hill,   MONTOPOLI, mon-top/o-le, a walled town of Tuscany, 24
crowned by a tower commanding a good view of Paris, and  miles W.S.W. of Florence. Pop. 2574.
its environs. Pop. 1460.                                    MONTORIO, mon-tofre-o, a town of Naples, province of
MONTLIEU. m&SGlenuht, a town of France, department of Molise, 31 miles SE. of Larino. Pop. 1500.
Charente-Inflrieure, 15 miles SE. of Jonzac. Pop. in 1852,   MONTORIO, a town ofNaples, province of Abruzzo Ultra
1059.                                                     I., 6 miles S.W. of Teramo. Pop. 2300.,
MONTLOUIS, m6aSeloo'eel, a town of France, department   MONTORO, mon-torro, a city of Spain, Andalusia, 27 miles
of Pyrdnies-Orientales, 40 miles W.S.W. of Perpignan, on a  N.E. of Cordova, on a rocky and, uneven peninsula formed
4C                                                                         1233




MON                                                        MON
by the Guadalquivir, here crossed by a fine bridge. It has  of the town. Montpellier is. irregularly built, and mostof
five squares, a hospital, one of the best institutions of the  the streets are steep and narrow. The principal buildings
kind in Andalusila; a granary, a town-house, a foundling  deserving notice are the Cathedral, a large edifice, in a conhospital, a college for young ladies, with a church attached; fined position, and not of much architectural merit; seven
and various public and private schools for elementary edu- other Roman Catholic churches, and a Protestant church,
cation. There is no drinkable water in the city, and the in- the old Episcopal Palace, now occupied b,* the School of
~ habitants are obliged to supply themselves from a fountain  Medicine, the Theatre, Exchange, with a fine Corinthian
onthe opposite side of the river. The neighborhood abounds  colonnade; Palais-de-Justice, and triumphal arch, of the
with quarries of millstone, limestone, rock-salt, and pitch- Doric order, forming the gateway of Peyrou. The most imstone, as well as mines of antimony, copper, and cobalt. portant public establishments are the Ecole de Medicine, a
There are 7 fulling-mills, 11 flour and numerous oil mills; medical school of great celebrity (said to have been founded
The principal article of export is oil, in great quantities. by Arab physicians driven out of Spain), with valuable anaPop. 10,732.                                                tomical collections, and splendid amphitheatre; the BotanMONTOIRO, a town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, ical Garden, containing, in an arched recess, shaded by
11 miles N. of Salerno. Pop. 6200.                          cypress, the remains of Miss Temple, the Narcissa, whose
MONTOUR, mon-toort, a county in the E. central part of  early death and funeral are so impressively described in
Pennsylvania, has an area of about 230 square miles. It is  Young's Night Thoughts; the Public Library, the Mus6e
intersected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna, and  Fabre, a picture-gallery, remarkably rich in works of the
drained also by Chillisquaque and Roaring Creeks. The  best masters; several large and well-managed hospitals,
surface is traversed by high barren ridges, namely, Mon- among which may be specified the General Hospital and H3tour's Ridge, from which the name is derived, Limestone  tel Dieu St. Elol, central house of correction, &c. MontpelRidge, and Muncy Hills. The intervening valleys are fer- lier is the see of a bishop, and the seat both of a high court,
tile. Montour's Ridge abounds in limestone and excellent with jurisdiction over the departments of Il6rault, Aveyron,
iron ore, yielding large quantities of iron. The county is  Aude, and Pyr6nles-Orientales, and of a court of first resort
traversed by the North Branch Canal. Formed quite re- and commerce. It also possesses a Commercial Chamber,
cently out of the W. part of Columbia. Capital, Danville. an.cadgtmie Uiiversitaire, College, Diocesan Seminary, and
Pop. 13,239.                                                secondary ecclesiastical school, faculties of medicine and
MONTOUR, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. science, special school of pharmacy, agricultural.and anPop. 409.                                                  tiquarian societies, museums of painting and sculpture,
MONTOUR'S RIDGE. a mountain ridge forming a part of  a library of 30,000 volumes, and another with 6000 volthe S. boundary of Montour co. Its direction is nearly east nmnes. It has manufactures of cotton and woollen goods,
and west. Length nearly 20 miles.                           verdigris, mineral acids, and other chemical products, corks,
MONTOURSIVILLE, a post-village of Lycoming co., Penn- liqueurs, perfumes, several tanneries, sugar-refineries, and
sylvania, 3 miles E. of Williamsport It has an active trade  numerous distilleries of brandy and spirits. The harbor 
in lumber. Pop. in 1851, near 300.                          of Juvenal, formed by the Lez. and not a mile distant from
MONTPELIER, mont-peelfyer, the capital of Vermont, the town, gives great facilities for trade; the principal artiand seat of justice of Washington co., is situated on the Onion  cles of which are wines, brandies, spirits, olive-oil, fruits,
River, and on the great railway thoroughfare connecting the  leather, wool, copper, verdigris, &c. Montpellier was built
Atlantic at Boston with the St. Lawrence River, 200 miles  in the 10th century out of the ruins of Maugelonne. Louis
N.W. of Boston, and 85 miles S.E. of Montreal. Lat. 440171 N.. XIII. took it from  the Calvinists in 1622. Pop. in 1852,
Ion. 760 36' W. It occupies a central position in the state, 37,611.
and is chiefly remarkable for its active trade and general    MONTPELLIER, COMT] DE, k6NG`ti/ deh m1N Gpll'le-Yt,
improved appearance. The state-house, fronting on State  an ancient district of France, formerly dependent on the prostreet, is a magnificent granite structure, which cost upwards vince of Lower Languedoc, but previously long governed by
of $130,000. It is in the form of a cross, 150 feet in length, independent counts. It now forms part of the department
and 100 feet deep, including the portico, which consists of  of Itrault.
six columns, each 6 feet in diameter at the base, and 36 feet    MONTPENSIER, m6 NGIp6NG'se-A, a village of France, dehigh. The building is surmounted by a dome, the apex of  partmeat of Puy.de-dlne, 10 miles N.N.E.of Riom. It gave
which is 100 feet from the ground. The Court-house is also  the title of Duke to the youngest son of the ex-king Louis
a fine building. Montpelier contains 2 banks, 5 churches, Philippe.
5 newspaper offices, an academy, and about 30 stores. It    MONT-PERDU, m6ra'-plaRdiid, (Sp. Monte Perdido, mon/tA
became the capital of the state in 1805, and of the county in  pha-deefDo; both names signifying "Lost Mountain," pro1811. Pop. in 1830,1792; in 1840, 3725, and in 1850, 2310. bably in allusion to its peak being lost in the clouds,) one
Nov. 9, 1848, East Montpelier, containing in 1850, 1447 in- of the highest summits of the Pyrenees, situated in.Aragon,
habitants, was organized from the township of Montpelier. Spain. Lat. 420 36' N., len. 00 2' E. It has an elevation of
MONTPELIER,'a post-office of Hanover co., Virginia.      10,950 feet.
MONTPELIER, a post-village in Richmond co., North Care-   MONTPEYROITX, m6NaG'piroof, a village of France, delina.                                                       partment of HIrault, 9 miles E.S.E. of Lod/ve.  Pop. 1713.
MONTPELIER, a post-village in Monroe co., Georgia, 50    MONTPEYROUX, a village of France, department of
miles W.S.W. of Milledgeville.                              Aveyron, arrondissement of Espalion.  Pop. 2000.
MONTPELIER, a post-village in Marengo co., Alabama.         MONTP]IZAT, mU1GNpXzcA, (L. lons Pensaftus,) a village
MONTPELIER, a post-office of Adair co., Kentucky.         of France, department of Ardlche, 12 miles N.N.W. of ArMONTPELIER, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio.          gentiSre.  Pop. in 1852, 2820.
MONTPELIER, a post-village of Blackford co., Indiana,    MONTPfZAT. a village of France, department of Lot-eton the Salamonie River, 40 miles S. by W. of Fort Wayne;  Garonne, 10 miles N.N.W. of Agen. Pop. 1687.
was first settled in 1839.                                    MlONTP)ZAT, a village of France, department of Tarn-ctMONTPELIER, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi. Garonne, 16 miles N.N.E. of Montauban.  Pop. 1099.
MONTPELIER, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa.              MONTPONT, m1Ns6pNosG, a village of France, department
MONTPELLIER, mont-pailte-er, (Fr. pron. m6NcS'ppPle-A/;  of Salne-et-Loire, 23 miles N.E. of Mdcon.  Pop. 2259.
L. Moens Pessula/nus,) a city of France, capital of the depart-   MONTQUHITTER, a parish of Scotland. See MosqunraER.
meut of H-l6rault, finely situated on an undulating acclivity,    MONITRA, a post-office of Shelby county, Ohio.
washed by the L~ze, about 6 miles N. of the Mediterranean,   MONTRADOK, mon-trg-dokl, or TRADOK, trA-dokl, a large
and 76 miles W.N.W. of Marseilles. A railway from Mont- village on the island of Borneo, on a plain at the base of a
pellier extends to Nimes, connecting with the Marseilles and  mountain range, about 80 miles S.E. of Sambas.
Lyons Railway. Montpellier has been much celebrated for'   MONTREiAL, m6G'Str'Al/, a town of France, department
the brightness of its atmosphere, and the mild salubrity  of Aude, 11 miles W. of Carcassonne. Pop. in 1852, 3070.
of its climate, and, in consequence, long continued to be    MONTR8AL, a town of France, department of Gers, 29
recommended by British physicians as a proper residence  miles N.W. of Auch. Pop. in 1852, 2731.
for their pulmonary patients. Montpellier is celebrated for    MONTREAL, mon-tre-awlt, (Fr. Montreal, m6Nea'trAlA1f;
the peculiar richness and beauty of the landscape  of the  Sp. Montereal, mon-tA-rA-All; L. Mons Regallis, i.e. "Mount
vicinity, the whole district, for above 2 miles around, being  Royal,") a city and river-port of British America, recently
studded with handsome country-seats embosomed among  the capital of Canada East, on the S. side of the island of Mentrees, or surrounded:by gardens, orchards, vineyards, and  treal, in the St. Lawrence River, here above 3 miles wideolive-yards. The city, enclosed by an old wall in ruins, and  and on the site of the Indian village of Hochelega, 180 niles
defended by a citadel of no great strength, rises in the form  S.W. of Quebec, 420 miles N. of New York, and 600 nmiles from
of an'amphitheatre, along a slope, the summit of which, 168  the sea; lat. 450 30' N., olen. 730 25' W. It is the principal
feet above sea-level, is occupied by the Place de Peyrou, form- city and second commercial port of British America, is
ing part of the splendid promenade of the same name, which  favorably situated for intercourse with both provinces, and
has been laid out at vast expense, and with much good taste, with New.York and Boston, being at the head of the ordicommands magnificent views, and is regarded as one of the  nary navigation from the Atlantic, and at the foot of the
finest promenades in Europe. At one of its extremities is grand chain of canals, which connects the -great Lakes Onthe Chateau  d'Eau, a kind of fountain-temple, which ro- tario, Erie, Huron, and Superior with the river and the
ceives its water from a noble aqueduct of 53 large arches  ocean.  The obstruction to the navigation of the river,
and 2896 feet in length, led across the valley from an oppo- caused by the Lake St. Peter's, a broad, shallow part of the
site hill, and sends down copious supplies to every quarter  St. Lawrence, about 45 miles N.E. from Montreal, haying
1234




MON                                                          MON
only a depth of from  9 to 12 feet, —has been recently re-    The Fur  Trade.-The following table exhibilsthe impormoved. The city is connected by railway with Plattsburg,  tation of furs by the Hudson's Bay Company,bae centre of
Portland, Boston, and New  York.  It is also connected  whose operations is in Montreal) for three yetrl;:through Richmond with Quebec. Lines are projected, which,_
when completed, will connect Montreal with Kingston, To-                                        1854.     185       1852.
ronto, and other towns in Canada West.                                                                              152.
The ISLAND OF MONTREAL, on which the town is built, is    Beaver..l.....                       52,659  -49..9'   44,536
situated at the confluence of the Ottawa with the St. Law-    Badger.                             889         0      1.78
Bear..,092     3,6~8     4,203
rence. It is 32 miles long, and about 10 miles broad at the    Fisher.7                                             4,253
Fisher......... ~ 3,722  4,511  5,225
widest part; generally level, with the exception of the    Fox-Silver.                             88 3.        1      762.
mountain which rises N.W. of the town, and is watered by              Cross.....           1,429     1,004     2,049
numerous small streams.  The soil is for the most part for-       "  Ried...,35.    3,067,6,574
tile and well cultivated, and the climate particularly favora-        Witt.e 4,658                        5,569     255
Kitt..... 4,658  5,569  2,116]
ible to the growth of apples and pears.                         Lynx........                    4,169     8,932     4,660
Montreal occupies a low  tract of land, about 2 miles    Martin.                             109,974    73,422    69,424
wide, between  a considerable and very beautiful eleva-    Mink.....       7,015    30,407     5,845 -
tion, called Royal Mount, and the river.  It is divided   lMusquash....313,631   510,665   476,870
Otter.........    10.344    11,278            8,140
into the upper and lower town, in the latter of which the    Rabbit..              82,814    82,40      4,8217
streets are narrow and ill paved; the houses being gene-    Wolf.........    13,724                      6,500     7,901
rally in the French style, gloomy in appearance and with    Wolverine...          740       t81       675
dark iron shutters. The upper-town has wide streets, with
large, well built, and commodious houses, constructed of a    The amount of shipping, however, affords an imperfect
grayish limestone, and roofed with tin or sheet-iron, which  view of the trade of this increasing city, from  the circumglittering in the sun, and combined with the effect of the  stance of Quebec engrossing the greater part of the timber
lofty spires and towers, gives a very imposing appearance  trade, and, consequently, having a much greater amount of
when viewed from  a distance. Notre Dame is the main  shipping; and, also, from the obstruction of Lake St. Peter,
street, running on the centre of the ridge on which the town  already adverted to, causing a large quantity of goods to be
stands, but St. James Street, farther west, is wider and more  sent to Montreal in lighters.
elegant. The city is well supplied with water, and the streets    Manufactures.-Among the marnufactures are foundries
lighted with gas. The principal public buildings, most of  of cast-iron, distilleries, breweriec, soap and candle works,
which are in the Rue Notre Dame, are the Town-hall, the Se- manufactures of hardware, inchlding excellent cutlery, floorminary of St. Sulpice, the Hotel Dieu, a large hospital for the  cloth, carriages, and especiall  beautiful sledges, or sleighs,
reception of the sick poor; the Convent of Notre Dame, de-  as they are more commonly called. In 1551 there were 7
signed for female instruction; the General Hospital, two  iron foundries and 7 machine factories.
convents, English and Scotch churches, the Court-house, New      Cltimate.-The climate in summer is hot, often reaching
Jail, Government house, Nelson's Monument, the Quebec  960 in the shade; and the winters are severe, the tempera,
Barracks, the new  Roman Catholic'Cathedral, (capable of  ture ranging for weeks from zero to 100 below it.
containing from 10,000.to 12,000 persons, esteemed one of    The population;t  1844 was 44,093, in 1851, 57,715, and
the finest Gothic buildings in North America, 2551 feet in  is composed mainly of French Canadians, English, Scotch,
length by 134k wide, and with 6 towers, 3 of which in front Irish, and Americans.  The -French  language is much
are 220 feet high,) and the Market-house, a magnificent pile  spoken.
with a lofty dome, fronting the wharf.  There.are also a    Fducation.-The educational means of this city comprise
library and reading-room, a Society of Natural History, a -.French College, a University, with 5 professors, open to
Mechanics' Institute, the Canadian Institute, Merchants' peaeons of all religious denominations, a Roman Catholic
Exchange, Mercantile Library, and an Agricultural Asso-  theological school, a high school, and several classical and
elation. The largest banking-houses in British North Ame-  scientific academies.
rica have their head offices here, which are mostly situated     General Statistics.-According to the Canada Directory,
in the Place d'Armes.  A tubular iron bridge is now (1855) there were in Montreal, in 1851, 1 Baptist, 1 Unitarian, 4
in course of construction across the St. Lawrence at this  Roman Catholic, 5 Episcopal, 6 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist,
place, which, it is estimated, will cost from  $1,500,000ooo to  2 Congregational churches, and 1 Jews' synagogue; 7 fire$2,000,000.                                                    engines and stations, 4 banks, 3 savings banks, 32 insurance
The harbor, which is formed towards the St. Lawrence, is  companies, and agencies of foreign insurance companies, 3
secure, and the quays, according to Andrews, "are unsur-  medical schools, 1 general hospital, an asylum for aged and
passed by those of any city in America; built of limestone,  infirm women, 2 orphan and 2 Magdalene asylums, a lyingand uniting with the locks and cut-stone wharves of the La- in hospital, a dispensary, an institution for the treatment
chine Canal, they present, for several miles, a display of con-  of the eye and ear, a ladies' benevolent society, and a board
tinuous masonry, which has few parallels.  No unsightly  of trade. There were published in the same year, 3 daily, 3
warehouses disfigure the river side. A broad terrace, faced  semi and 6 tri-weekly, 8 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, 3 monthly,
with gray limestone, the parapets of which are surmounted  and 2 quarterly newspapers and periodicals, besides other
with a substantial iron railing, divides the city from the river, religious and scientific journals. At the same date Montreal
throughout its whole extent.  It is proposed to form a new   had 19 hotels, 87 inns and taverns, and 3 principal markets,
harbor of 18 or 20 acres in extant, between Mun's Island  viz., Bonsecours, StL Louis, and St. Lawrence Markets.
and the mainland, the estimated cost of which is $300,000.    HTistosy.-Montreal was founded in 1640, under the name
Cbmmerce.-The following shows the number and tonnage  of Ville-Marie, on the site of the Indian village of Hocheof ocean vessels which arrived in Montreal up to the 18th  laga. In 1760, it was taken by the English, shortly after
of November, 1854, for the last ten years. The increase is  the surrender of Quebec. In 1832, the cholera raged there
chiefly in the incre.sed capacity of the ocean ships:-        with great violence, carrying off 1843 inhabitants, in a population of little more than 30,000. A political mob burnt
Year.     Vessels.  Tonnage. Year.       Vessels.  Tonnage. the Parliament House and Library adjoining, April 26,
1845..    199.. 51,093   1850.. 218.. 58,785   1849, in consequence of which the seat of government was
1846...217          55,658 ]  85l 1      271..46,767   rm
146... 217..5,58   1851             27. 46,7      removed to Quebec.  In July, 1852, a destructive fire laid
1807...21 2      63I508 ] 1852... 185.. 44,877
1848...           42,15I   1853... 240.. 59,279   waste a large part of the city, burning 1108 houses and de189         165..  37,782   1854... 254.  80,892   stroying property valued at 340,8161.
MONTREALI, a county in the western part of Canada
The duties increased from  191,8561. in 1849, to 478,3601. East, is composed of islands situated in the St. Lawrence,
in 1854; and the value of the imports was respectively  and comprises an area of 197 square miles. On the largest
2,294,7101. in 1851; 2,311,4711. in 1852; 3,803,6961. in 1853;  of these islands is the city of Montreal, the capital of Caand 4,682,4031. in 1854. The value of the leading articles  nada.  Pop. 77,381.
imported, was, in                                               MONTREALE.  See MONREALE.
1852.           1853.      MONTREAL ISLAND.  See MONTREAL, City.
Sugar, r                           109,104       ~152,779      MONTREAL RIVER, forming part of the boundary beea.............  11,796                           138,441   tween Wisconsin and Michigan, flows N.W. into Lake SupeTobacceo, mnuactured               3,49            42,184   rior.
and unmanufactured,              35,449
Spirits: brandy, gin, rm, wine, &.,  53,739         8023       MONTREDON, m6sNGstrA'ddNol, a market-town of France,
Siis  rny  in, rum, wine, &tc.,  53,739     83,023
Cotton,                           362,162         618,550   department ofTarne, 17 miles E. of Alby. Pop. in 1852,
Iron and hardware,.  180,301          258,574   5548.
Linen............ 39,216                          58,5t9      MONTRIIJEAU, mdostrAzh01, a town of France, departSill.79,884                                        137,293   ment of Itaute-Garonne, on the Garonne, here crossed by a
Wool,                             378,163          608,186
Iron: bar, red, sheet, boiler, &c.,    164,060     311,8s2   marble bridge of 5 arches, 8 miles W. of St. Gaudens. Pop.
Railroad bar........                              67:237   in 1852, 3777.
MONTRELAIS, mnNaetreh-l1A, a village of France, departBesides these, the more important articles imported-in the  ment of Loire-Inftrieure, on the Loire, 9 miles E. of Anco
order named-were furs, oil, leather, books, tallow, molasses, nis. Pop. in 1852, 2159.
flour, pork, steel, paper, dried fruit, glass, machinery. her-    MONTRIlSOR, m8NG'trA'zolR, a town of France, departl
rings, cotton warp and yarn, India rubber, spices, rice; &c.  ment of Indre-et-Loire, 9 miles E. of Loches.  Pop. 700.
1235




MON                                                       MON
MIONTR MEERU-SL- S-MEr, m116trul/ siir-mais, a town of  an academy, 6 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in
France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, 8 miles 1853, about 1500.
fromits mouth, with a station on the Amiens branch of the    MONTROSE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Virginia.
Northern Railway, 20 neiles S.S.E. of Boulogne. Pop. in    MONTROSE, a post-village of Jasper co., Mississippi.
1852, 3939. It is enclosed by a rampart, and defended by a    MONTRtOSE, a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee.
strong hill-fortress.                                        MONTROSE, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio.
MONTRJi UIL  Sous Boss, m&cetrull soo bw&, (L. Mon-   MONTROSE, a town.ship in Genesee co., Michigan. P. 52.
striolum,) aitown of France, department of Seine, 3. miles    MONTROSE, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, on the Miis.
E. of Parie.   Pop. in 1852, 3810, employed in manufactures  sissippi River, at the head of the lower rapids, 12 miles above
of ensmelloe leather and porcelain.                       Keokuk. The inhabitants are mostly employed in "lightenMONTRYUIL BELLAY, m6.NG'trul  b6ll'l, a town of  ing" steamboats over the rapids, which obstruct the naviFrance' department of Maine-et-Loire, on a craggy height, gation of the river. It has a line of omnibuses to Keokuk.
near the ThIuS. 9 miles S.S.W. of Saumur, formerly a place  Pop. about 800.
of great strength.  Pop. in 1852, 1884.                      MONTROSE, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. P. 372.
MONTiEUJIL LE ClEBTIF, m6xGetru/-l1eh-shPteefV, a vii-   MONTROSE DEPOT, a post-office of Susquehanna co.,
lage of Fr ance, department of Sarthe, 19 miles W.S.W. of Pennsylvania.
Mamers.'Pop. 1240.                                          MONTROUGIE, miceeroozh/, a village of France, departMONTRItUX, m6NGatruh!, a village of Switzerland, canton  ment of Seine, forming a S. suburb of Paris, beyond the
of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 14 miles S.E. of Lausanne. fortifications. Pop. in 1852, 9223. Here is the entrance to
Pop. of parish, 2600.                                      the catacombs, extending beneath Paris. The commune of
MONTREVAULT, mU6NG'treh-vaS, a town of France, de- Petit-Monztrou.qe is now enclosed by the fortifications.
partment of Mainue-et-Loire, arrondissement of Beauprsau.   MONT-SAXONEX, mont-sax-o-nWx!, a village of the SarPop. 780.                                                  dinian States, Savoy, 7 miles S.E. of Bonneville. Pop. 1308.
MONTREVEL, s:n:mNGtreh-v[I!,  a town of France, depart-   MONTSECH, mont-sekS, a range of mountains in Spain,
ment of Ain, arrotai.ssement of Boorg, on the Reyssouse. Catalonia, province of Lerida, stretching from E. to WV. about
Pop. 1400.                                                 26 miles.
MONTRICHARD, m6No'ree'shan/, a town of France, de-   MONT.SERRATI or MONWSERRATI, one of the British W.
partment of Loir-et-Cher, on the Cher, 18 miles S.S.W. of India Islands, Leeward group, nearly at equal distance (10
Bloie. Pop. 1200.                                          miles) from the islands of Nevis, Antigua, and Guadeloupe;
MONTRICOUX, m6Nciree6i;oo1, a town of France, depart- lat. (N. point) 160 50' N., ion. 620 12' W. It is of an oval
ment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on thie right bank of the Aveyron, form, 10 miles to 12 miles long, 7. miles broad; About two13 miles E.N.E. of Montauban.'Pop. in 1852, 1000.         thirds of the surface is mountainous and barren, the reMONTRIGAUD, m6N'-ee.gbf, a village of France, depart-  maindler is well cultivated; about 6000 acres are appropriated
ment of Drame, 23 miles N.N.E. of' Valence. Pop. 1560.    to sugar, 2000 acres to cotton, 2000 acres to provisions, and
MONTROSE, mont-rSzt, a royal aid parliamentary bo- 2000 acres to pasturage. The quantities of sugar, rum, and
rough, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, county of For- molasses, which form the chief products of the island, exfar, 34 miles S.W. of Aberdeen; let. 560 42' 30" N., ion. 20 28' ported in 1849, were:-sugar, 561 hogsheads, 230 tierces, 563
W.; 70 miles N.E. of Edinburgh, on the railway from Dun- barrels; rum, 12 hogsheads, 30 puncheons; molasses, 336
dee to Aberdeen. The appearance of the town is exceedingly  puncheons.  Cotton, wool, arrow-root, and tamarinds are
pleasing; the streets, which are well paved, and lighted with  also among its exports. The government of tile  island is
gas, being, in general, spacious and cleanly, and the houses vested in the Governor-in-chief of the Leeward Islands, who
substantial, and, in some localities, elegant. Th, public  is represented by a president, assisted by a council, and
buildings are the Town-hall, containing a court-room, news- house of assembly. The island was discovered and named
room, and public library; the lunatic asylum, said to be the by Columbus in 1493. Chief town, Plymouth, on its S.W.
first institution of the kind in the kingdom; the infirmary,  coast. On February 8, 1843, Montserrat sustained conhouse of refuge, the museum, containing a valuable collec- sidercble damage from an earthquake. Pop. in 1844, 7365,
tion in every department of natural history, together with  of whocw not more than 150 are white.
a variety of coins and relics of antiquity; —the academy, on    MONY''IERRATj a mountain of Spain. See MONSERRAT.
the E. side of the town, and a magnificent chain bridge,   MONT-3T.-AUBERT, m16NG'seNt'0baia, a village of Belwhich crosses the South Esk. It has a parochial and 2 Free  glum, province of H-Iainaut, 33 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop.
churches, 2 United Presbyterian, an Independent, an English  1496.
Episcopalian, a Scotch Episcopalian, a Methodist, 2 Baptist   MONT ST. JEAN, m6Ne sIta zchb8N. a village of Belgium,
churches, and a Glassite meeting-house. The educational in- province of South Brabant, 11 miles S.E. of Brussels, immo
stitutions comprise an academy, 2 Free Church schools, and  diately E. of the field where was fought the action of Waterabout 30 otherg, public and private, besides 2 infant schools. loo, called by the French the battle of Mont St. Jean.
There are 2 principal libraries in the town-one containing    MONT ST. MICHEL, m16N sANG mee'sh6l!, a picturesque,
10,000 volumes, the other 3000 volumes; also a library be- steep, and fortified rock, off the coast of Normandy, in Canlonging to the town grammar school. The principal business  cale Bay, 7 miles S.W. of Avranches, having a striking
in Montrose is flax-spinning and weaving. In 1851, there  resemblance to St. Michael's Mount, off Cornwall, on the
were 5 spinning-mills, consuming, together, 5750 tons of flax, opposite side of the English Channel. On its summit is an
and employing 2150 persons. There were also 3 large flax  abbey, founded in the 8th century, clustered around which
spinning-mills, and 2 bleaching-works, which give employ- is an irregular town. Pop. 1000.
ment to 500 work-people. The number of persons employed    MONTSURS, m6ao'siaR, a market-town of France, departin weaving and manufacturing linen is estimated at 1400, the  ment of Mayenne, 12 miles E.N.E. of Lavel. Pop. 1405.
power-looms at 130, and the hand-looms at 400, together   MONT-TENDRE, mDl-ect&Nfl'rS, one of the Jura Mountains,
producing 1450 pieces of cloth weekly. Starch of a superior  Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the S.E. side of the Lake
quality is manufactured to a considerable extent, there  Joux, 15 miles N.W. of Lausanne. Height 5538 feet.
being 3 establishments in the town for making that article;   MONT TERRIBLE, m6Ne tliateeb'l1, and MONT TONalso 2 iron foundries, a corn and flour-mill, and a little ship- NERRE, mb6e ton'naiRl, two former departments under the
building is carried on. The harbor of Montrose is one of  French Empire, the former partly composed of the N.W. part
the best on the E. coast of Scotland. It is formed by the  of the Swiss canton of Bern, with.Porentruy for its capital,
entrance of the South Esk into the North Sea, where, on a  and named after a mountain 3 miles S.E. thereof, on which
rocky promontory on the S. side of the river, a lofty white are vestiges of a camp established by Julius Ceesar. The
beacon is erected. Two lighthouses, one 45 feet, the other latter is now mostly comprised in Rhenish Bavaria; capital
35 feet high, were erected, in 1818, on the N.E. side of the  city, IMentz.
river. The quays and wet dock are about 1~ miles from the    MONTU-BECCARIA, monltoo-bl-kkfre-A, a town of the
entrance of the river; the latter is capable ofaccommodating  Sardinian States, division of Alessandria, 10 miles E.N.E. of
6000 tons of shipping. In 1851, there entered 47,420 tons Voghera, on the Versa, an affluent of the Po. Pop. 2650.
of shipping, 8462 tons of which were engaged in the foreign    MONTU DE GABBI, m6nttoo dA glb'bee, a village of the
trade; and there cleared 29,048 tons, of which 12,509 belonged  Sardinian States, division of Alessandria. 15 miles E.N.E.
to the foreign trade. The chief imports are flax and hemp, of Voghera, on the Versa, an affluent of the Po. Pop. 1983.
coals, and herrings; and the exports —manufactured goods,   MONTUIRI, mon-twee-reel, a town of the Balearic Isles,
grain, and cattle.  Steamers ply between Montrose and  Majorca, 17 miles E. of Palma.  Pop. 2783.
London, Leithl, Dundee, and Aberdeen. Montrose unites   MONTURESVILLE. See MONTOUaSVILLE.
with Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar, and Bervie, in returning a    MONTVILLE, a village  of France. See MloNvnLE.
member to Parliament. Here, in 1296, Baliol is said to have   MONT/VILLE, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine. about
surrendered the Scottish crown to Edward I. The famous  30 miles E. by N. of Augusta. It is well supplied with
Marquis of Montrose was born here in 1612, and the town  water-power, employed for mills of different kinds. There
now gives the title of Duke to his family. P. in 1851,15,238. are 3 post-offices in the township, but no large village. Pop.
MONTROSE1, a post-borough of Bridgewater township, 1881.
capital of Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware    MONTVILLE, a township of New London co., ConnectiLackawana and Western Railroad, 165 miles N. by W. of cut, on the right bank of Thames River, intersected by the
Philadelphia. It is pleasantly situated in a hilly region, New London Willimantic and Palmer Raiload, about 38
near the sources of Wyalusing Creek. The houses are miles S.E. of Hartford. It has a wire factory and several
v.ostly wood, and paintedwhite. Montrose contains a bank, cotton-mills. Pop. 1848.
1236




MON.MOO
MIONTVILLE, a village of Caynga co., New York, about I York, about 110 miles N. by E. of Albany. The village is
20 miles S.S.E. of Auburn.                                situated on the Northern Railroad, where it is crossed by
MONTVILLE, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey, on  the Plattsburg and Montreal Railroad, and contains 2 or 3
the Morris Canal, 24 miles N.W. of Jersey City.           churches, about half a dozen stores, auni several mills. Pop.
MONTVILLE, a post-township forming the N.E. extre-'oftownship, 3365.
mity of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. 702.                         MOOERS VILLAGE, a village situated on the Plattsburg
MONTVILLE, a township of Mediia co., Ohio. Pop. 1077.  and Montreal Railroad, 20 miles from Plattsburg.
MONTZItN, munt!sen or m6NtVs6Nd, a village of Belgium,   MOOJABAD, moo-ji-b/dt, a considerable town of Hindogprovince and 21 miles N.E. of Liege. Pop. 1070.           tan, dominions and 30miles S.W. of Jeypoor, with a mosque,
3MONUCCO, mo-nook/ko, a village of the Sardinian States, some good gardens, and several Jain temples.
Piedmont, 20 miles N..W. of Asti. -Pop. 1611.               MOOK, mok, a village of the Netherlands, province of
MONIUMENT, a post-village of Barnstable co., Massachu- Limburg, 30 miles N.N.W. of Venloo. Louis of Nassau was
setts, on the E. side of Buzzard's Bay, and on the Cape Cod here conquered and killed by, the Spaniards in 1574.
Railroad, 56 miles S.E. by S. of Boston.                    MOOKDEN, MOUKDEN, or MTUKDEN, mook'd(n?, SHIINMONUMENT, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois.          YANG or CHIN-YANG, shin-ydingf, or FUNG-THIAN, fturig'MONUMENT ISLAND, a post-office of Delaware co., New  t'he-nt, a city of Mantchooria, capital of the proince of
York.                                                     eao-tong, on an eminence about 380 miles N.E. of Peking.
MONVILLE or MONTVILLE, m6NaGveelf, a village of  Lat, 410 50' N., Ion. 1230 20' E. It was the last residence of
France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, with a station on  the Mantchoo sovereigns, before their conqnest of China,
the Paris and I-Iavre Railway, 10 miles N. of Rouen. Pop. and the place where the early emperors of the reigning dy2543. It was visited by a destructive waterspout in 1845.   nasty are buried. It is now the seat of several superior
MONY, mo'neel, a town of France, department of Oise, tribunals, /td of a Chinese viceroy of the highest rank.
about 6 miles S.W. of Clermont. Pop. 2232.                  MOOLA (moolil) or GUNDAVA (gn-dOllvA) PASS, BelooMON/YMUSK, a village and parish of Scotland, county  chistan, leads from Gundava to Kelat, along the valley of
and 19 miles W.N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 895.                the Moola, an affluent of the Indus, its centre being in lat.
MNONZA, monozA, (anc. Modicia,) a town of Austrian  280 N., Ion. 670 E., and its extreme elevation 4600 feet,
Italy, government and 9 miles N.N.E. of Milan, on the    MOOLA, moolli, a town of Asia Minor, 130 miles S.E. of
railway to Como, and on the Lambro, which divides it  Smyrna.
into two parts, and is here crossed by three bridges. Its    MOOLKIER, mool-keeIf, a town of Hindostan, province
site is somewhat elevated, and its air remarkably pure and  of Caudeish, on the Moosur, which here forms a cataract,
healthy. In early times it was surrounded by walls, flanked  82 miles E.S.E. of Surat.
with bastions, and defended by a castle, but these have    MOOLOOPETTA, moo-loo-plt/t/, a maritime town of Brialmost entirely disappeared, and great improvements have  tish India, presidency of Madras, 124 miles N.E. of Cape
been made by levelling and planting the ramparts. The  Comorin, and a favorite resort of invalids.
streets are regular, and paved with flints. The most remark-   MIOOLTAN, MOUL'TAN or MULTAN, mool-tln!, an anable edifices are the Cathedral of St. John Baptist, originally  cient city of the Punjab, 164 miles S.W. of Labore, on the
founded in the beginning of the 7th century, by the cele- left bank of the Chenaub, from which it is distant about 3
brated Lombard queen, Teodolinda, subsequently repaired  miles; lat. 300 8' N., lon. 710 28' E. It is upwards of 3 miles
and enlarged, and now forming a beautiful structure, sur- in circumference, and is surrounded by a dilapidated wall,
mounted by a lofty spire, adorned by numerous sculptures  and overlooked on the N. by a fortress of some strength.
and paintings, and so rich in curious and interesting gifts  The houses are built of burned brick, have fiat roofs, and
bestowed by the queen and others, as to be a kind of medi- sometimes rise to a height of 6 stories, their loftiness giving
eval museum; the Church of San Gerardo, recently finished  a gloomy appearance to the narrow streets. The bazaars
in the form of a rotunda, and several other handsome  are extensive, but are also inconveniently narrow.  The
churches; the Broletto or Town-hall, an Italian Gothic struc- principal manufactures are silks, cottons, shawls, longees,
ture, attributed to Frederick Barbarossa; the Palace, in  brocades, and tissues. Mooltan has an extensive foreign
which the Viceroy of Milan usually resides in summer; the  trade with the countries W. of the Indus, and a large bankBarnabite college, diocesan seminary, gymnasium, hand- ing business is carried on by its merchants. The fortress,
some theatre, penitentiary, house of industry, monte-de-  built in 1640, on the site of the old city, stands on a mound
pi/t/, and hospital. In the town and immediate neighbor- of earth, and is an irregular figure of six sides, surrounded
hood, above 5000 looms are employed in weaving cotton  by a wall about 40 feet high outside, and surmounted by 30
goods, of various descriptions, but especially fustians. There  towerS. The vicinity is covered with a vast quantity of the
are, also, manufactures of hats, leather, bricks, tiles, and  ruins of tombs, mosques, and shrines. Many of these have
sausages, for which the town has long been famous. Under been substantial edifices, and all tend to show the former
the Romans, Monza made some progress, but did not attain  extent and antiquity of the city. The gardens around are
its highest prosperity till the time of the Lombards. who  numerous, and well stocked with-fruit trees, as mangoes,
fortified and embellished it, and made it the capital of their oranges, citrons, limes, &c. Its date-groves also yield much
kingdom. After their fall it was for a time independent, fruit, and vegetables are grown in great abundance. Moolbut afterwards became a dependency of Milan. Pop. 18,134. tan is one of the most ancient cities in India; it was taken
MONZAMBANO, mon-ztm-b no, a market-town of Aus- by the Mohammedans at the close of the 8th century, again
trian Italy, province and 18 miles N.N.W. of Mlantun: Pop. at the commencement of the 11th, and a third time by
2729. The French gained a victory over the Austrians here  Tamerlane at the close of the 14th. Latterly it fell into the
in 1800.                                                  hands of the Sikhs, from whom it was taken by the British
MONZE, CAPE. See CAPE MoNZE.                            in 1849. Pop. estimated at 80,000.
MONZIE, monuzee, or SMONIE, monunee, a village and    MOON or MOEN, moon, an island of Russia, in the Baltic,
parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, 3 miles N.E. of Crieff. at the N. entrance of the Gulf of Riga; greatest length about
Pop. 1199. It has several ancient remains, including the  9 miles, breadth 6 miles.
reputed fort of Fingal, tomb of Ossian, and Monzie Castle.    MOON, a post-township  of Alleghany co., Pennisylvania,
MONZINGEN, monttsing-en, a village of Rhenish Prus- on the Ohio River, 12 miles below Pittsburg. Pop. 1583.
sin, 39 miles S. of Coblentz, on the Nahe. Pop. 1085.       MOON, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 916.
MONZON, mon-thbnu, a fortified town of Spain, province    MOONCHY, moounche, a town of India, in the Deccan,
and 33 miles S.E. of Huesca, on the Cinca. Pop. 2880.     Nizam's dominions, on the Godavery, 38 miles S.S.E. of
M00OAB, MOUAB or MUAB, moo-ib', a town of Arabia, Aurungabad.
Yemen, 60 miles E.S.E. of Sana.                             MOON/DER or MOON/DRA, a large village of Sinde, 30
MOODANIA, MOUDANIA or MUDANIA, mooeI/ne-., a  miles N. of Sehwan, on the route to Larkhana; lat. 260 47t
large straggling village of Asia Minor, on the Sea of Mar- N., Ion. 670 54' E.
morn, 15 miles N.W. of Brusa, and the place of embarka-   MOONE, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kildare.
tion of travellers thence to Constantinople, with which city    MOONEY, a township of Phillips co., Arkansas. Pop.
it has weekly steam communication. It contains about 1000  325.
houses.                                                     MOONEY, a post-office of Jackson co., Indiana,
MOODAPOOR, moo-d -poor?, a town of British India,   MOON'S, a post-office of Fayette co., Ohio.
presidency and province of Bengal, 66 miles W.N.W. of    MOON'S POINT, a small village of Livingston co., Illinois.
Dacca.                                                      MOONUK, moo'nUlk, a town of India, in the Sikh terriMOODHILLI, a town of British India, presidency of Born- tory, 117 miles N.W. of Delhi.
bay, district and 62 miles N.E. of Darwar.                  MOONZIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, 3 miles N.N.W.
MOODKEE, a village of North-Western Hindostan, Raj- of Cupar. It has remains of a fortress of the Crawfords,
pootana, about 28 miles S.E. of Ferozepoor. Pop. 6000. IIere, and Colluthie House, an ancient seat of the Ramsays.
iun 1845, the first action took place between the Sikhs and    MOOR. See Morocco.
the British forces.                                         MOOR or MOR, mor, a town of West Hungary, co, and 16
MOODINA, a post-office of Orange co., New York.         miles N.W. of Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. 7000. It has a citadel,
M100DUS, a post-village of Middlesex co., Connecticut, a Capuchin monastery, large barracks, several Protestant
about 25 miles S. by E. of Hartford. It contains several churches, and a trade in superior wines.
cotton factories.                                           MOORAD  (MOURAD or MURAD) CHAI, moo-rldf-chi
MOODY'S MILL, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.       a river of Asiatic Turkey. and the E. branch of the EuM00ERS, a post-village and township of Clinton co., New  phrates, rises about 50 miles S.W. of Mount Ararat, flown
1237




MOO                                                        MOO
westward, and joins the north branch or Frat, about 85  moorgAb', written also MOORGAUB and MOURGAB, a river
mil:s N.N.W. of Diarbekir.                                 of Afghanistan and Independent Toorkistan, rises in the
00RAFA, MOURAFA or MURAFA, moo-rA/fA, a market- HIuzalreh  country, flows N.W. into Khiva, and beyond Merv
town of Russian Poland, government of Podolla, 37 miles N. is lost in the sands, after a course of about 250 miles.
of Yampol. Pop. 1800.                                        MOOtRGHAUB, a town of Persia, province of Fars. 70 miles
MOORASHKINO, MOURACHKINO or 1IURASCHKINO,  N.7E. of Sheeraz, immediately N. of the ruins of Pasargada
moo-rAsh-keetno, a market-town of Russia, government and  ot Pasargadce.
40 miles S.S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. Pop. 6,000; employed    MOORISH.  See Morocco.
in manufactures of leather, soap, and hosiery.               MOORILINCH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
MOORBURG, mahb06aRG, a village of Germany, in the    MOORLEY, moorllee, or JESSORE, jis-sbr/, a town of
territory and 4 miles S. of the city of Hamburg. Pop. 1817. British India, presidency and province of Bengal, capital
MOOR/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            of the district of Jessore, 66 miles N.E. of Calcutta.
MOORDRECHT, mbrJdrikt, a village of the Netherlands,   MOORLEYDUR  SERIAI, moor-le-dtir/ sA-rY, a town o0
province of South Holland, 9 miles N.E. of Rotterdam. British India, presidency, province and 40 miles E. of Agra.
Pop. 1904.                                                    MOOROM, MOUROM  or MUROM, moo-roml, a town of
MOORE, mbr, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Ros- Russia, government and 70 miles E.S.E. of Vladimeer. on the
common.                                                     Oka. Pop. 6500. It comprises a Kreml or citadel, and two
MOORE, a township of England, co. of Chester, with a  other quarters, a cathedral of the 16th century, and upstation on the London and North-Western Railway, 3 miles wards of 17 other churches and several convents; manufacS.W. of Warrington.                                         tures of linens, leather, soap, and earthenwares, which last
MOORE (mBr) POINT, of West Australia, forming the S. articles, with a considerable quantity of corn, are exported
extremity of Port Grey; let. 280 47' S., ion. 1140 37' 40" E.  to St. Petersburg.
MOORE, mar, a county in the central part of North Care-   MOORSAUM, moor-sawmt, a town of British India, presilina; area estimated at 650 square miles. It is drained by  dency and 29 miles N. of Agra.
Deep, Little, and Lumber Rivers.  The surface is diversi-   MOORSEELE, mr/sA-ieh, a marlket-town of Belgium, profled. The county is intersected by a plank-road leading to  vince of West Flanders, 4 miles W. of Courtrai. Pop. 4000.
Fayetteville.  Capital, Carthage.  Formed in 1784, and    MOORSEL, mbrJsel, a village of Belgium, province of
named in honor of IIon. Alfred Moore, late associate jus- East Flanders, 18 miles E.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2807.
tice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Pop. 9342,   MOORSHEDABAD, moor'she-da-bAdf, a city of British
of whom 7366 were free, and 1976 slaves.                    India, presidency and formerly the capital of the province
MOORE, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania. of Bengal, extends along the Ganges for about 8 miles, 115
Pop. 2615.                                                  miles N. of Calcutta. Lat. 240 11' N., ion. 88~ 15' E. Pop.
MOORE/FIELD, a post-village, capital of Hardy co., Vir- estimated at 165,000. It is meanly built, and its only reginia, on the S. branch of the Potomac, 178 miles N.W. of  markable edifice is the palace of the nabob, a large white
Richmond. It contains several stores and mills, and about building, in the European style. It has many mosques
50 dwellings.                                               scattered through the city, and here are the remains of
MOOREFIELD, a post-village of Nicholas co., Kentucky,  a Mohammedan palace, built out of the ruins of Gour. It
56 miles S.E. of Frankfort.                                is the seat of one of the six courts of circuit under the BenMOOREFIELD, a township of Clarke co., Ohio. P. 1214.  gal presidency, and of a British college, founded in 1826,
MOOREFIELD, a post-village and township of Harrison  and having an annual revenue of 1650/.; has considerable
co., Ohio, 105 miles E. by N. of Columbus. Pop. of the town- manufactures of silk and other fabrics. The district Moorship, 1214; of the village, in 1853, about 400.             shedabad, has an area of 1870 square miles. Pop. 800,000.
MOOREFIELD, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana,   MOORSLEDE, mrssllA-deh, a village of Belgium, province
95 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.                              of West Flanders, 9 miles N.E. of Ypres. Pop. 6333.
MOORE/LAND, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.               MOORS/LEY, a township of England, co. of Durham.
MOORE'S, a post-office of Bowie co., Texas.                 MOORTOWN, mbr/town, a station on the Lincolnshire
MOORES/BOROUGH, a post-village of Cleveland co., North  branch of the Midland Railway, 7 miles N. of Market-Raisen.
Carolina.                                                     MOOIRVILLE, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.
MOOREStBURG, a village of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl-   MOORWINSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
vania, 86 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.                         MOORZOOK. MOURZOUK, or MURZUK, moorzookl, (anc.
MOORESBURG, a post-village of Montour co., Pennsyl-  Gar/ama, Gr. l'apapa.) a commercial city of Africa, capital
vania, 5 miles W.N.W. of Danville.                         of Fezzan, in let. 250 54' N., ion. 140 12' E. Pop. estimated
MOORESBURG, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee.   at 3500. It is built of brick, cemented with mud: it has a
MOORESBURG, a post-office of Pulaski co., Indiana.       mosque, and a garrison of 500 men. It is the residence of
MOORE'S CREEK, a post-office of New Hanover co., North  a British consul. It was far more important a few centuries
Carolina.                                                   ago than at present. Garama was the capital of the GaraMOORE'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Hardeman co., mantles mentioned by Virgil, (.Eneid, lib. vi. 1. 794.)
Tennessee.                                                    MOOSA, MOUSA or MUJSA, moot's, a town of Arabia, in
MOORE'S FORKS, a post-office of Clinton co., New York.  Yemen, 20 miles N.E. of Mocha. It has a garrisoned fort.
MOORESHILL, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana,    MOOSBURG, mnshb6RGa,  a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper
on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of  Bavaria, on the Isar, 29 miles N.E. of Munich. Pop. 1739.
Lawrenceburg. Pop. in 1850, 206.                              MOOSE, moos, a river of British North America, enters
MOORE'S MILLS, a post-office of Jackson co., Virginia.    James's Bay, in conjunction with the Abbitibbe, after a
MOORE'S ORIDINARY, a post-office of Prince Edward co., north-eastward course estimated at 250 miles.
Virginia.                                                     MOOSEAPECK (moo-se-plk/) LIGHT, on Sibley Island, at
MOORE'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Illinois. the entrance of Machias Bay, Maine. It is a fixed light, 65
MOORE'S RANCHE, a post-office of Colusi co., California. feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 440 32' N., Ion. 670 22' W.
MOORE'S REST, a post-office of Anderson co., Tennessee.   MOOSEHEAD (mooss'hid/) LAKE, the iargest lake in
MOORE'S SALT-WORKS, a post-village of Jefferson co., Maine, between Somerset and Piscataquis counties. It is
Ohio, 130 miles E. by N. of Columbus.                       very irregular in its form. Length about 35 miles, greatest
MOORE'S STORE, apost-office of Shenandoah co., Virginia. breadth, including its principal island, about 10 miles. The
MOORESTOWN, mOr'/town, a post-village of Chester waters are deep, and abound in trout and other fish. There
township, Burlington co., New Jersey, on the road from  is a steamboat on the lake, chiefly used for towing timber
Camden to Mount HIolly, 9 miles from each. It contains 5  to the Kennebec River. A hotel has been erected in a wild
churches, 3 or 4 stores. and about 1000 inhabitants.        and picturesque situation on the shores of the lake, for the
MOORESVILLE, mbrztvill, a post-village of Delaware co., accommodation of persons visiting here in the summer.
New York, 48 miles S.W. by W. of Albany.                      MOOSEHEADVILLE, mooslhid-vill, a post-office of Erie
MOORESVILLE, a post-village of Orange co., North  co., Peninsylvania.
Carolina, 75 miles N.W. of Raleigh.                           MOOSE HI LOCK  MOUN/TAIN, in Grafton co., New
MOORESVILLE, a post-village of Limestone co., Alabama, Iampshire, about 60 miles N. of Concord. It consists of two
about 20 miles W.S.W. of IIuntsville.                       peaks, the highest of which rises 4636 feet above the sea.
MOORESVILLE, a post-village of Marshall co., Tennessee,   MOOSE ISLAND, an island of the West Indies, Bahamas,
63 miles S. by W. of Nashville.                             25 miles S.E. of the Great Bahama Island.
MOORESVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Morgan co.,   MOOSE MEADOW, a post-office of Tolland co., Connecticut.
Indiana, on White Lick Creek, 16 miles S.W. of Indiana-   MOOSE RIVER, of Maine, rises in the N. part of Franklin
polls. It has a plank-road leading to Franklin.  Pop. 550.  co., and, flowing through Somerset co., falls into Moosehead
MOORE'S VINEYARD, a post-office of Bartholomew co., Lake.
Indiana.                                                      MOOSE RIVER, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.
MOORE/TOWN, a post-village of Montgomery co., Penn-   MOOSE RIVER, in the N.E. part of Vermont, rises in
sylvania, on the turnpike between Philadelphia and Easton.  Essex co., and falls into the Passumpsic in Caledonia county.
11 miles N. of the former. It contains 1 church and about   MOOSE RIVER, of New York, rises in Hamilton co., and
30 dwellings.                                              enters Black River in Lewis county.
MOORFVILLE, a small village of Washtenaw co., Michi-   MOOSH, MOUSH or MUSH, moosh, a town of Turkish Ar
gan, on Saline River.                                      menia, pashalic and 83 miles S.S.E. of Erzroom, in a fine
MOORGHAUB, moor'gawb/, MOURGHAJB or MURGHAB, plain N. of the Niphates Mountains. Pop. about 700 Mo1238




MOO                                                       MOR
hammedan and 500 Armenian families. It is built around  town of Spain, New Castile, 13 miles S.W. of M3adrid. Pop.
a conical hill, and has some large and well supplied bazaars, 544.
7 mosques, and 4 churches. It has some trade with Con-   MORALEJA-DEL-VINO, mo-rl-lY & dl veeano, a village
stantiuople and Syria, and coarse cotton cloths are manu- of Spain, Leon, 14 miles from Zamora. Pop. 929.
factured here.                                              MORALES (mo-rahllez) DE LAYVACCA, a post-officeof
M00tSIC MOUNTAIN, of Pennsylvania, in Luzerne co., Jackson co., Texas.
extends from near Wilkesbarre, N.E., along the left bank of    MORALES-DE-TORO, mo-rAfls-dA-tofro, a town of Spain,
the Susqluehanuaand Lackawanna Rivers above30 miles. Its  Leon, 28 miles E. of Zamora. Pop. 887.
average height is stated to be about 1000 feet. The Moosic   MORALES DE ZAMORA, mo-rIqts dl zg-mo/rA, or MOMountain may properly be regarded as a continuation of  RALES DEL VINO, mo-rnall6s dli veefno, a village of Spain,
the Wyoming Mountain.                                     Leon, 4 miles S. of Zamora. Pop. 1085.
MOOSOP, a post-office of Windham co., Connecticut.        MORANI, a village of Mackinac co., Michigan, on the
MOOSUL., Asiatic Turkey. See MosUL.                     Strait of Mackinac. The inhabitants procure a subsistence
MOOT, MOJUT or MUT, nioot. a town of Asia Minor, pa- by fishing.
shalic of Itch-elee, on the Ghiuk-Sooyoo, (anc. Calycadnus,)    MORANNES, molrlnnt, a market-town of France, depart22 miles N.W. of Selefkeh, on the route from Karaman. It ment of Maine-et-Loire, on the Sarthe, 20 miles N. of Anis a wretched modern village, on the site of an extensive  gers. Pop. 1238.
Greek city, many colonnades of which still exist, as also    MORANO, mo-rI/no, (anc. Muraonum,) a town of Naples,
ruined mosques and baths, to attest its subsequent pros- province of Calabria Citra, 6 miles N.W. of Castrovillari.
perity under the Tlrkish Karamanian sovereigns, in the  Pop. 8000. It is commanded by a fine Gothic castle, and
14th and 15th centuries. It' stands in a most picturesque  has manufactures of silk, cotton, and woollen fabrics.
country, is governed by a pasha, and has a fortress and a    MORANO, a market-town of Piedmont, division of Alesmosque.                                                   sandria, 1 miles W. of Balzola, on the Po. Pop. 2204.
MOOTA-MOOLA, moo/t/-moo/lI, a river of Hindostan,   MORANT, mo-rant/, a river of Jamaica, co. of Surrey, enformed by the junction of the Moota and the Moola at the  ters Morant Bay, (an inlet of the Caribbean Sea,) 22 miles
town of Poonah, joins the Beemah, one of the main afflu- E.S.E. of Kingston. Morant Point'is the E. extremity of
ents of the Kistna.                                      the island, in lat. 170 56' N., lon. 760 11' W., and on which
MOOTAPILLY, MOUTAPILLY or MUTAPILLY, moo-tdI- a cast-iron lighthouse has been erected; 12 miles W.S.W. is
pil/lee, written also MOTUPILLY, a town of British India, the inlet Port Morant.
presidency of Madras, 41 wiles W.S.W. of Guntoor, on the    MORANT, a town on the S.E. coast of the island of JaCoromandel Coast. It has an active coasting trade.        maica, 20 miles S.E. of Kingston, on the bay, and at the
MOOZ-TAGI, nmooz-tAg/, a portion of the mountain circle mouth of a river of the same name. It has a considerable
which bounds the great table-land of Eastern Asia on the and increasing trade. Pop. about 7000.
N.W., lying between Chinese Toorkistan, and the Thian-   MORARf, a lake of Scotland, in the W. part of the co. of
Shan territory, and Khokan.                               Inverness, 1- miles S. of Loch Nevis. Length 8 miles.
MOQUEHUA, (mo-kI/wl (?)) a maritime department of    MORARD-DE-GALLES, molribt-deh-glll, a cape of South
Peru, occupying the S. extremity of the republic. It is Australia; lat. 360 351 S., ion. 1390 52' E.
bounded on the N. by Arequipa, and divided into the pro-   MORAS, mo'r t, a market-town of France, department of
vinces of Arica, Moquehua, and Tarapaca. Capital, Tacana. Dr~me, 25 miles N. of Valence. Pop. in 1852, 4450.
Pop. in 1850, 61,432.                                       MORAS, a village of Sardinia. See MOReS.
MOQUEHUA or MOQUEGA, mo-kI/g[. a town of Peru,   MORAT, mo'rltf,(Ger. Mzuten. mooRt/ten,) asmall town of
capital of a province of its own name, in a fertile valley on  Switzerland, canton and 8 miles N.W. of Freyburg, on the
the left bank of the Ilo, and on the great route W. of the  S.E. bank of the Lake of Morat.  Pop. 1853. It is partially
Cordilleras, in lat. 170 25' S. It contains a good church, and  enclosed by walls, and has a Protestant College and various
several convents. Pop. about 10,000. In the province are other schools, an active transit trade, and some Roman anmany large vineyards which produce great quantities of tiquities, whence it is supposed to have been a suburb of
wine and brandy; it also abounds in firuit, among which  the ancient Aventicum. Immediately S.W. of it, the Swiss
are olives of excellent quality. Pop. in 1850, 32,380.    totally defeated the invading army of Charles the Bold, Duke
MOQUELUMNE, (commonly pronounced mo-kal/lm-ne.)  of Burgundy, the 22d June, 1476.
a river of California, rises among the hills at the foot of~the    MORATA, mo-r/til, a town of Spain, province and 20
Sierra Nevada, and flows in a general westerly direction till miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 2500.
it receives the waters of Dry Creek, when it turns, and after    MORATA-DE-JALON, mo-r/tl.-di-Hn-lont, a town of Spain,
running in a S.S.W. course between San Joaquin and Sacra- Aragon, 31 miles S.W. of Sanagossa, on the Jalon. Pop. 1425.
mento counties for some distance, falls into the San Joaquin    MORATALLA, mo-rI-t/l/l, a town of Spain, province and
River, about 50 miles below Stockton.                     45 miles N.N.W. of Murcia, on an affluent of the Segura.
MOQUELUMNE HILL, the most important town of Cala- Pop. 7988. It has a large castle, a hospital, 3 brandy distilveras co., California, is situated in the western (or W. cen- leries, and numerous oil and flour mills.
tral) part of the co., about 1I miles S. of Moquelumne River.   MORAT, LAKE OF, (Ger. AMurtener  Se or Mnurt-ner See,
The inhabitants are largely engaged in trade.             mooet/nnr-sA, a small lake of Switzerland, cantons of FreyMOQUI (mo-kee') INDIANS or MOQUIS, mo-keezl, a tribe  burg and Vaud, 2 miles S.E. of the Lake of Neufchhtel, and
of Indians in the'W. part of New Mexico.                  connected with it by the river Broye, which traverses the
MOR, a town of Hungary. See MOOR.                       Lake of Morat. Length, 7 miles, breadth 2 miles. Banks
MORA, mofrI, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles low, fertile, and agreeable. On its E. and S. sides are the
E.S.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2656.                              towns of Morat and Avenches.
MORA, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles WV. of Tar-   MORAU, KLEIN, kline mo/r6w, a village of Austria, Moragona, on the right bank of the Ebro, with 3500 inhabit- ravia, circle of Troppau, bailiwick of Trendenthal. P. 1217.
ants, and well-frequented mineral baths.                    MORAVA, a river of Austria. See MARCH.
MORA, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles S.E. of    MORAVA, (ane. Maar/gus,) the principal river of European
Toledo. Pop. 5267.  It has a castle.  Its sword factory, Turkey, in Servia, through the centre of which it flows,
once celebrated, has now fallen into decay.               joining the Danube 6 miles N.E. of Semendria. It is formMORA, riolra, the capital town of Mandara, Central ed by the junction of the East and West Morava, 33 miles
Africa, founded about 1814, is situated in a basin enclosed  W. of Nissa, whence the resulting stream has a N. direction,
by a semicircular ridge of mountains; lat. about 10~ 20' N., and a course of 115 miles, its two heads being additionally
Ion. 140 48' E.                                           each about 130 miles in length. Affluents, the Tempesca
MORA, mo/rI, a river of Moravia, joins the Oppa, 3 miles  and Nissava.
above Troppau, after a course of about 50 miles.            MORAVI, mo-rI/yee, a town of East Africa, a little S. of
MORAD. See MURAD.                                       Lake Nyassi, which is sometimes called the Lake of Moravi.
MORADABAD, mo'r&-di-bld/, a district of British India,   MORAVIA, mo-r/ve-a, (Ger. Miihren-, m./ren; Fr, Mocavie,
presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, in the Doab. Area  modrIvee/; L. Mora/via,) a province of the Austrian em2405 square miles. Pop. 861,140.                          pire, which with Austrian Silesia, (iicorporated with it in
MORADABAD, a town of British India, capital of the  1783,) lies mostly between lat. 480 40' and 500 20' N., and lon.
above district, on a ridge between the Ranimgunga and  150 10' and 190E., having E. Galicia anid Hungary, S. Austi-la,
Ganges, 90 miles N.E. of Delhi. Pop. 32,600. It is irregu- W. Bohemia, and N. Prussian Silesia.  Area, 10,239 square
larly and ill built, and it has no public buildings of import- miles. Pop. in 1850. 2,238,4241. Moravia, like Bohemia, forms
ance; it is, however, the seat of a thriving trade. W. of  an elevated plateau, inclined towards the S., and almost surthe town are cantonments. for native regiments.           rounded by mountains, having S. and E. the Carpathians, N.
MORAGY, mo'r6dj/, or MORATZ, mouritst, a village of and W. the Moravian Mountains, and N.E. the Sudetic MounHungary, 4 miles from Battaszek. Pop. 1466.              tains; it belongs almost entirely to the basin of theDanube, to
MORTAL, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1048.  which most of its waters are conveyed by the March or MoraMORAL DE CALATRAVA, mo-rnl/dA kA-lA-trl/vi, a town  va, except in the E., where the Oder and some of its branches
of Spain, province and 20 miles E.S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. rise. Large quantities of fine flax are raised, and fruits are
4612.                                                    so plentiful that Moravia is styled the Orchard of Austria.
MORALEJA or MORALEXA, mo-rI-lA/Hn, a town of Spain, Vineyards were formerly so extensive that in 1803 the goEstremadura, 48 miles N.N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 1314.      vernment prohibited the appropriation of more land for the
MORALEJA-DE EINMEDIO, mo-r-l1 /nI da ln-mA-dee/o, a vine. Grazing lands are extensive, and live stock of all kinds
123 9




MOR                                                       MOR
numerous. The principal mineral products are iron, coal, reared. The minerals comprise iron and lead; chief Indusand clay for pipe-bowls, &c., with some copper and lead; the try, iron forging and manufacture of linen. The department
gold and silver mines were mostly abandoned in the 15th  is divided into the arrondissements of Lorient, Ploermel,
and'16th centuries. Woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics and  Pontivy, and Vannes, the capital.
thread are made on a large scale; other manufactures are    MO'ItIBORN, a parish of England, co. of IIuntingdon.
of silks, leather, paper, potash, glass and beet-root sugar.   MORICIIARD-IBISHOP, a parish of England, co. ofDevon.
Trade is facilitated by means of the railway to Vienna.   MORCIENSTERN. See MORGENSTERsN.
Population mostly Slavonian, but about 450,000 are esti-   MORCLES, DENT DE, d6Nr- deh moRaklA, one of the sum
mated to be of German descent, and 30,000 Jews. Govern- mits of the Alps, in Switzerland, between the cantons of
meot administered by an officer, with direct authority from  Vaud and Valais. Elevation of the Tkte Noire, 9757 feet.
Vienna, but the marquisate has its own assembly of clergy,   MORCONE, moR-kotnA, a town of Naples, province of
nobility, knights, and citizens, who meet annually to appor- Molise, 2t miles S.W. of Campobasso.  Pop. 5000. It is
tion the mode of raising and distributing the revenue. It walled, has a castle, and linen and cotton manufactures.
is divided into 8 circles, in each of which is a secondary tri-   MORfCOTT, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
bunal, with appeal to the high court of Brtinn, the capital,   MORIDANSVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennnext to which t)lmutz, Iglau, Znaym, and Troppau (Silesia),  sylvania.
are the chief cities. In the 9th century, Moravia was the    MORDELLES, moRadllt, a market-town of France, departcentre of a powerful kingdom, comprising also Bohemia, ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 8 milessW.S.W. of Rennes. Pop. in
Silesia, and parts of North Germany and Hungary. In 1805  1852, 2714.
it was the great theatre of war between the French and    MORIDEN, a parish of England, co.-of Dorset.
Austro-Russiadt armies.-Adj. and inhab. MotAVIAN, mo-rAI-   MORDEN STEEIPLE, a parish of England, co. of Camve-an.                                                     bridge.
MORAIVIA, a post-village and township of Cayuga co.,   MORD1IFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
New York, 18 miles S.S.E. of Auburn. The township bor-   MORDINGEN, (Mlrdingen,) maRfding-en, or MERDINGders on Owasco Lake.  The village. situated on Owasco  EN, mkrlding-en, a village of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine,
Inlet, contains 2 or 3 churches, the Moravian Institute, a  7 miles W.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1622.
cotton factory, and many handsome dwellings. Pop. esti-   MORIDINGTON, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Bermated at 800; of the township, 1876.                       wick. The coast is defended by bold cliffs; and here, amongst
MORAVIA, a post-office of Appanoose co., Iowa.          other antiquities, are the ruins of Edrington Castle.
MORAVIAN MISSION, bf Ranzas Territory, among the    MORtDON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
Stockbridge Indians, is about 3 miles S. of Leavenworth City.   MORE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
MORAVICZA, mo-r-vit'sl, a town of Austria, Croatia,   MOREA, mo-reela, or PEL'OPONNEISUS, (Gr. rleXorovS.W. of Carlstadt. Pop. 2026.                              resog, i. e. "Island of Pelops,") a peninsula, the S. portion
MORAWA, a river of Austria.  See MAanc.                  of the Kingdom of Greece, separated from the continent by
MORAY, (pronounced  and often written MURfRAY,) the Gulfs of Patras, Corinth, and Egina, and only attached
MURRAYSHIRE, mfsr/re-shir, or ELGINSHIRE, a northern  to it by the Isthmus of Corinth. Its length is near 160
county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Moray Frith, E. miles; its breadth about 100 miles. Area estimated at 8800
and S.E. by Banffshire, and for 25 miles by the river Spey, S. square miles. In shape it is supposed to resemble a muland W. by Inverness and Nairn shires. Area 473 square miles, berry l eaf. The name More was given to this peninsula by
or 302,720 acres, of which 120,000 acres are cultivated, 200,000  the Italians, from the quantity of mulberries (in their aInnuncultivated, and 217,600 unprofitable. Pop. in 1851, 38,959. guage "emore") which it produces. It is now one of the three
The county consists of a champaign, alluvial, and fertile  great divisions of the kingdom, and contains the nomes of
district, on the, borders of the frith, and a mountainous  Argolis, Elis, and Achaia, Arcadia, Messenia, and Laconia.district to the S. and S.W. Primary granitic rocks prevail Adj. and inhab. MoREOT, molre-ot'.
in this latter region, and old red sandstone, limestone, and    MOREAU, mo'rt, a post-township in the N.E. part of
traces of oolitic strata form the basis of the low country; a  Saratoga co., New York, on the Hudson River, where it is
deep alluvial clay prevailing along the valley of the firth, crossed by the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, about 50
and a gravel and conglomerate forming the sub-soil of the  miles N. of Albany. The falls in the IHudson at this place
interior. Principal rivers, the Spey, Findhorn, and Lossie. furnish an immense hydraulic powhr. Pop. 1834.
Loch-in-dorb, Loch Spynie, and Loch-na-bo,  are the chief    MOREAU CREEK, of Missouri, enters the Missouri River
collections of water. All the usual agricultural crops are  5 miles below JeffersonCity.
raised; and so fertile is the county, that it formerly received    MOREAU STATION, a post-office and station of Saratoga,
the name of the "Garden of Scotland."  The county con- New York, on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 48
tauins 2 royal burghs, Elgin and Forres, a burgh of barony, miles N. of Troy.
Fochabers, and the seaports of Garmouth, Lossiemouth,       MOREAUVILLE, mo-r3tvill, a post-office of Avoyelles paBurghead, and Findhorn. -It sends, along with Nairnshire, rish, Louisiana.
1 member to the House of Commons.  The ancient PRo-   MOREIBATIH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
VINCE or MORAv contained, besides the modern county, the    MORERIATTLE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.
county of Nairn, and part of Inverness and Banffshire.      MOREtCAMBE-BAY or LANCGASTER BAY, an extensive
MORAY (or MURRAY) FRITIH, the largest indentation on  inlet of the Irish Sea, on the W. coast of England, co. of
the Scottish coast, the entrance from Kinnaird Head in the  Lancaster, having the peninsula of F'uness and Walney
S., to Duncansby I-lead, county of Caithness, being 75 miles Island on the N., and the projection of coast terminating
across. The Frith extends S.W. for about 75 miles, Cromarty  near Fleetwood on the S. Length 16 miles, average breadth
and Beauly Friths forming branches.                       10 miles. It receives the Leven, Ken, Lune, and Wyre.
MORAZZONE, mo-rAt-so/nA, a village of Austrian Italy,    MORSE, LA. lA  mo'nrA, the French name of the MoREA.
government of Milan, province of Como. Pop. 1230.           MOREET MILL, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina,
MORBECQUE, moa'blk/, a market-town of France, depart-    MOREtFIELD, a post-office of.Green co., Wisconsin.
ment of Nord, 2 miles S. of Hazebrouck. Pop. in 1852, 3816.   MOREHOUSE, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, borMORBEGNO, moR-b8n/yo, a market-town  of Austrian  dering on Arkansas, contains 770 square miles. The Washita
Italy, Valtellina, on the Adda, 33 miles N.E. of Como. Pop. River bounds it on the W., and it is drained by Bartholomew
3300.                                                     Bayou, navigable by steamers. The surface i~ undulating,
MORBELLO, moa-bhlllo, or MURBELLO, mooR-b8llo, a  the soil is generally fertile. Formed from part of Washita
village of the Sardinian States, division of Alessandria, 4  parish. Capital, Bastrop. Pop. 3913; of whom 1907 were
miles from Ponzone. Pop. 1000.                            free, and 2006 slaves.
MORBEYA, mor-bAa. (Moorish Uemm-er-r'bieh,) a river of    MOREHOUSE, a township of IIamilton co., New York.
North-West Africa, rises in Mount Atlas, separates the king- Pop. 242.
doms of Morocco and Fez, and, after a W.N.W. course of 230    MORE/IIHOUSEVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co, New
miles, enters the Atlantic at Azamor.                     York, about 115 miles N.W. of Albany.
MORBIER, moa'be-/, a village of Franc, department   MOREISIIWAR, mo-rAsh-war/, a considerable town of
of Jura, 24 miles E.S.E. of Lous-le-Saulnier. Pop. 2087.    British India, presidency of Bombay, 34 miles S.E. of PooMORBIHAN, moabee'6~ss/, a maritime department in the  nab, and having a remarkably handsome domed edifice.
W. part of France, formed a part of the old province of Bre-    MORE/LAND, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.
tagne, having S. the Atlantic, S. and W. Finistlre, and N.   MORELAND, a post-township in the S.E. part of LycomCites-du-Nord.  Area 2667 square miles.  Pop. in 1852, ing co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 714.
478,172. The coasts on the Atlantic in the S. are much    MORELAND, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsylvaindented; the chief bay is Morbihan, from  which the  nia. Pop. 2348.
department is named. Near the coast are the islands Groix,   MORELAND, a former township of Pennsylvania, within
Belle-Isle, Houat, and numerous islets. Climate mild, but the city limits of Philadelphia. Pop. 492.
humid. Surface traversed by ramifications of the Mountains    MORELAND, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.
of Arree from N. to S., and watered by the Vilaine, Oust,   MORELAND, a post-village of Bourbon co., Kentucky.
Blavet, and Scorff. It is very fertile in some parts, but nearly  about 11 miles N.E. of Lexington.
one-l.alf is occupied by vast heaths, intermixed with excel-   MORE/LEIGHI, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
lent pasturage. Corn is raised sufficient for consumption.   MORELLA, mo-rAl/yA, a town of Spain, Valencia, proLint, hemp, inferior wine, cider, butter, and honey are the  vince of Castellon-de-la-Plana, 45 miles N. of Tortosa, on
princit)al products. Horses, cattle, and sheep are extensively  the S. skirt of a high mountain, and defended by strong
1240




MOR                                                        MOR
frtificatioas. During the last civil war, the walls and  surface is mountainous, and the soil generally poor. The
magazines of the citadel were destroyed. There are several county contains large deposits of iron and stone-coal. The
squares, a town-house, 2 hospitals, several churches, and 3  Berkeley Spring in this county is one of the oldest watering.
convents. It has manufactures of blankets and sashes, in  places of the United States. The Baltimore and Ohio Railwhich about 1500 persons are employed. In 1838, Morella  road, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, follow thle course
was surprised, in a snowy night, by Cabrera, and was re- of the Potomac River along the border of the county. Ortaken, after a very brave defence, by Espartero, in 1840. ganized in 1820, and named in honor of General Daniel
Pop. 5180.                                                 Morgan, an officer in the war of the Revolution. Capital,
MORE(MAN'S RIVER, a post-office of Albemarle co., Bath. Pop. 3557; of whom 3434 were free, and 123 slaves.
virginia.                                                    MORGAN, a county situated a little N. of the centre
iIORENA, SIERRA, Spain. See SIEeRA MoREN.c.              of Georgia, contains 330 square miles. It is drained by
MOREN/CI, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan, has  Little River, and the affluents of the Appalachee River,
about 150 inhabitants.                                     which forms the N.E. boundary. The surface is undulating.
MORE-OKIIOSTSKOE, a sea of Siberia. See OrnoTsit.    Efforts are being made to restore the exhausted land to its
MORES, morlds, or MORAS, molers, a village on the  original fertility.  Excellent granite is abundant, and a
island of Sardinia, division of Sassari, 4.miles W.S.W. of  little gold has been found. The county is intersected by
Ozieri. Pop. 2116.                                         the Georgia Railroad. Capital, Madison. Pop. 10,744; of
MORESBY, m6rztbee, parish of England, co. Cumberland.  whom 3650 were firee, and 7094 slaves.
MORBSNET, mo'rls'nAl, a village of Belgium, province,    MORGAN, a county in the N. part of Alabama, has an 
and 11 miles E.N.E. of Liege, with extensive zinc-works.   area of 750 square miles. The Tennessee Rliver forms its
MOREl QUEE.     See MoRocco.                             entire boundary on the N., and the Flint River flows through
IMORE!STEAD, a parishof England, co. of Hants.          the county into the former. The surface is hilly and mounMORESTEL, mo'rls-t8l/, a market-town of France, depart- tainous; the soil generally fertile. A railroad extends from
ment of Is~re, 8 miles N. of La Tour du Pin. Pop, 1326.    Decatur in this county to Tuscumbia, connecting the two
MORES'VILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., New York, points on the river, between which navigation  is obstructed
55 miles W.S.W. of Albany.                                 by the Muscle Shoals. Capital, Somerville. Pop. 10,125;
MORET, mo'rA, a walled town of France, department of  of whom 6688 were free, and 3437 slaves.
Seine-et-Marne, on the Loing, near its mouth, and on june-   MOIGAN, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee; area
tion with the Seine, 7 miles W.S.W. of Montereau. Pop. estimated at 1000 square miles. It is drained by tile head
in 1852, 1627.                                             streams of Emory's River. The surface is mostly occupied
MORETON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, with a  by the Cumberland Mountains and intervening valleys, and
station on the London and South-Western Railway, 7- miles covered with extensive forests. Stone-coal is said to be
E.S.E. of Dorchester.                                      abundant. Capital, Morgan Court Itouse. Pop. 3430; of
MORETON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              whom 3329 were free, and 101 slaves.
MORETON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.                MORGAN, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has
MORETON (m6rltpn) BAY, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, an area estimated at 800 square miles. Licking  River flows
E. of Australia, between lat. 270 30' S., and lon. 1530 E. through the county, and IRed Rliver, an affluent of the. KenLength 70 miles. It is sheltered seaward by Moreton and  tucky, rises within its limits. The surface is diversified by
Stradbroke Islands, the former 25 miles int length  by 5 is  hills and fertile valleys, and extensively covered with forests.
breadth; and it contains numerous other islands, and  Iron ore, stone-coal, alum, copperas, and oil springs are
receives the Brisbane and Logan Rivers. It was made a  abundant in the county. Sandstone is the principal rock.
convict settlement in 1849.                                 Organized in 1822. Capital, West Liberty. Pop. 7620; of
MORRITON CORIBET, a parish of England, co. of Salop.  whom 7433 were free, and 187 slaves.
MORETON-HABMPISTEAD, a market-town and parish of    MORGAN, a county in the S.E. part of Ohio, contains
England, co. of Devon, 13 miles W.S.W. of Exeter. Pop.in  about 360 square miles. It is intersected by Muskingum
1852, 1858.  It has a handsome church; the ruins of 2  RiVer, (navigable bysteamboats,)and byM eigs Creek. The
castles, and in the vicinity, which is strewed around with  surface is diversified by hills of moderate height. The soil
huge framents of rocks, are several Druidical remains. is generally fertile. Large quantities of salt are procured
Worsted spinning partly employs the population.             inthis county by boring into strata of sandstone, which, in
MORETON-IN-THE-MARSIH, a market-town and parish  some cases, lie more than 800 feet below lhe surface. Capiof England, co. and 26 miles E.N.E. of Gloucester, on the  tal, MlcConnellsyille.  Pop. 28,585.
ancient Roman Foss-way, and connected by railway with    MORGAN, a county situated near the centre of Indiana,
Stratford. Pop. 1345.                                      contains 450 square miles. It is drained by the White River
MORETON MAIDS, a parish of England, co. of Buck- and its affluents. The surface in the S. is hilly, and in
ingham.                                                    other parts nearly level. The soil is excellent. The MarMORETON, NORTIHI, a parish of England, co. of Berks.   tinsvilie Railroad terminates in the county. Organized in
MORETON, SOUTII, a parish of England, co. of Berks.   1822. Capital, Martinsville. Pop. 14,576.
MORETON TAY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            MORGAN, a county in the S.W. central part of Illinois,
MORETON VALENCE, a parish of England, co. of Glou- has an area of 530 square miles. It is partly bounded on
coster.                                                    the WV. by the Illinois River, and also drained by Apple,
MOREITOWN, a post-township of Washington co., Ver-  Sandy, and Mauvaiseterre, (usually called Movistar,) and
mont, about 11 miles W. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1335.   Indian Creeks. The county consists of open plains or praiMORET ST. MIAI}IES, mo'r, s~NaN' s mninn, a village of  ries, slightly undulating, and interspersed with small groves
France, on the Paris and Lyons Railway, 43 miles from  of trees. It is among the most thickly settled and highly
Paris.                                                     cultivated in the state. The soil is a black loam, nearly two
MORETTA, mo-rltlt, a market-town of Piedmont, division  feet deep, free from stones, and remarkable for fertility and
of Coni, on the Po, 22 miles S.S.W. of Turin. Pop. 3387. It durability. In 1850 this county produced the largest quaahas a church, much visited in pilgrimage.                  tity of corn of any county in the state, excepting Sangamon,
MORETTES, mo-r-tltls, a town of Brazil, province of  and was exceeded by very few in the United States. The
Sao-Paulo, on the Nhundiaguara, near its mouth, in the Bay  deficiency of wood is compensated by the abundance of
of Paranagua; principal trade in Paraguay tea and rum, stone-coal, and by the introduction of the Osage Orange for
shipped at the port of Paranagua.                          hedges, which stretch for hundreds of miles across the
MOIRETZ  MILL, a post-office of Watauga co., North  boundless prairies. The county is intersected by the SanCarolina.                         Ramon and Morgan Railroad. Capital, Jacksonville. Pop.
MOREUIL, moruclf, a town of France, department of  16.064.
Somme, 12 miles S.E. of Amiens. Pop. in 1852, 2243, who    MORGAN, a county in the WV. central part of Missouri,
manufacture hosiery and paper.                             has an area of 690 squares miles. The Osage River washes
MOREVEE, mo're-veel, a town of West Ilindostan, Banoda  its southern border. It is drained by La Mine River, and
dominions, Guzerat peninsula, 15 m. N. by W. ofWankaneer. by Raw and Big Gravoiels Creeks. The surface is diversified
MOREWARA, mo're-wtlra, a town of West Hindostan, do- by hills and ridges of moderate height, and partly covered
minions and 21 miles N.W. of Rahdunpoor.                   with forests. The soil is generally fertile, excepting the
MIOREZ, mo'rVl, (L. Aforicium,) a market-town of France, highlands in the S. part, which contain mines of lead.
department of Jura, on the Bienne, 25 miles E.S.E. of Lone-  Stone-coal and good limestone are abundant. Capital, Verle-Saulnier. Pop. in 1852, 3153.                           sailles. Pop. 4650; of whom 4197 were free, and 453 slaves.
MIORFASSO, molt-flsfso, a village of Italy, Parma, on the    MORGAN, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, about
Lubiano, 23 miles S. of Piacenza. Pop. 3529.               56 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 486.
MORFELDEN, (Mijrfelden,) m0a'fltden, or MERFELDEN,   MORGAN, a township, Greene co., Pennsylvania. P. 1157.
m6aRf1lden, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Stark-   MORGAN, a post-township in the S. part of Ashtabula
enburg. 8 miles W.S.W. of Laugen.m  Pop. 991.              co., Ohio. Pop. 888.
MORIFIL or MOR/VIL, a parish of South Wales, co. of    MORGAN, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 1706.
Pembroke.                                                    MORGAN, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1128.
i.ORPGAN, a county forming the N.N.E. extremity of    MORGAN, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 823.
Virginia. bordering on the Potomac River, which separates    MORGAN, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 2308.
it front Msryland.  Area about 330 square miles. It is    MORGAN, a township of Sciota co., Ohio. Pop. 280.
Intersected by Cacapon River and Sleepy Creek.  The    MORGAN, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 951
1241




MOR                                                       MOR
MORGAN, a township in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 373.  picturesquely situated in a valley so narrow as only to admit
MORGAN, a township in Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 469.  the stream. The principal square is of great extent, and
MORGAN CITY, a village of Illinois, on the Great West- adorned with some fine mansions; but the on!y public ediern  Railroad, 25 miles from Springfield.                 fices deserving of notice are the large and elegant buildings
MORGAN COURT IOUSE, a post-village, capital of Mor- occupying the site of the ancient H1tel de Ville, and containgan co., Tennessee, on Emory's River, 156 miles E. of Nash- ing the municipal offices and law courts, thelinen and corn
ville.                                                    halls, and the churches of St. Matthew and St. Melaine.
MOR!GANFIELD, a post-village, capital of Union co., The town has a public library and a communal college.
Kentucky, 205 miles W. by S. of Frankfort. It contains 2 The manufactures are linen, oil, candles, and tobacco, for
or 3 churches, and 2 academies.  Incorporated in 1812. which the government hats a splendid factory, employing
Pop. about 400.                                           from 300 to 400 persons. The trade is in leather, agricultural
MORGAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Tennessee. products, thread, bleached and raw paper, wine and brandy.
MORGAN'S FORK, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio.         Pop. in 1852, 12.393.
MORGAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Union co., North Ca-   MOR'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.
rolina.                                                      MORILAN'S GROVE, a post-office of Wayne co., Illinois.
MORGAN'S RIDGE, a post-office of Marion co., Virginia.    MORLANWELZ, mor/ln-~5tz',       a village of Belgium,
MORGANSVILLE, a village of Ohio. See MORGANVILLE.   province of Hainaut, 15 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1925.
MORIGANTOWN, a post-village of Caernarvon township,   MORILEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
Berks co., Pennsylvania, 12 miles S. of Reading.             MORLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West RidMORGANTOWN, a thriving post-village, capital of Monon- ing, with a station on the Leeds and Manchester Railway,
galia co., Virginia, is finely situated on the Monongahela  4 miles S.S.W. of Leeds.. Pop. 4087, chiefly employed in the
River, 295 miles N.W. of Richmond. It has facilities for woollen manufacture.
trade by the steamboat navigation of the river. Morgan-   MORLEY, a post-village, St. Lawrence co., New York.
town contains a court-house, a bank, 3 newspaper offices,   MORLEY ST. BOTOLPH, a parish of England, co. of Nor
and several mills. Pop. about 1000.                       folk.
MORGANTOWN. a beautiful post-village, capital of Burke    MORLEY ST. PETERS, a perish of England, co. of Norco., North Carolina, on the Catawba River, 200 miles W. of  folk.
Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, bank, and several   MORMANNO, moa-mntnno, a town of Naples, province of
churches. Pop. in 1853, about 500.                        Calabria Citra, 13 miles N.W. of Castrovillari. Pop. 5800.
MORGANTOWN, a post-village of Blount co., Tennessee.    MORMENTZEL, mor/mlnt-s6lx, a hill of Austria, TranMiORGANTOWN, a post-village, capital of Butler co., Ken- sylvania, in the narrow pass of Borso, on the Great Szamos,
tucky, on Green River, 141 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It has above which it rises more than 1800 feet.
a court-house, and a newspaper office.                       MORMOIRON, moa'mwiir6NGf, (L. Mlarul-io,) a marketMORGANTOWN, a post-village of Morgan co., Indiana, on  town of France, department of Vaucluse, on the Auzon, 7
Indian Creek, about 35 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. The miles E. of Carpcntras. Pop. in 1852, 2590.
railroad firom Franklin to Martinsville passes through it.   MORMON ISLAND, a post-office of Sacramento, California.
MOR/GANVILLE, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.    MORMON'S HILL, a post-office of Marshall co., Iowa.
MORGANVILLE or MORGANSVILLE, a postvillage of    MORNANT, moa'n8NG1, a town of France, department of
Morgan co., Ohio, 70 miles E.S.E. of Columbus.            Rhdne, 12 miles S.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 2370.
MORtGARTEN, moagaa/ten. a mountain of Switzerland,   MORNESE, moR-nA/s, a village of the Sardinian States,
on the boundary of the cantons of Schwytz and Zug, 5 division of Genoa, 5 miles from Novi. Pop. 1100.
miles N. of Schwytz. Here, on 15th November, 1315, 1300   MORNICO, moRane-ko, a village of Austrian Italy, governSwiss defeated an army of 20,000 men under Leopold of Aus- ment of Milan. Pop. 1400.
tria, this being the first battle fought for Swiss independence.   MORNtINGSIDE, a village of Scotland, co. and 2 miles S.
In 1798, the Swiss also defeated a French force here.      of Edinburgh, parish of St. Cuthbert's. Pop. 1795. It has
MORGENSTERN. mol/Ghepn-st8Rn', or MORCHENSTERN, numerous handsome seats and villas, and is much resorted
moRxten-stean', a village of Bohemia, 26 miles N.E. of Bunt- to for its salubrious air. Here is the city and county lunatic
elau. Pop. 2550.                                           asylum;
MORGES, moazh, (Ger. Mo-see, moRtsA, )a town of Switzer-   MORN/ING SUN, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.
land, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 7 miles W.   MORNING SUN, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 111
of Lausanne. Pop. in 1850, 3841. It is situated at the foot miles W.S.W. of Columbus.
of a height, on which is the Castle of Wuffiens, founded in    MORNING SUN, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa.
the 10th century.                                            MORNING-THIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
MORIHAM. a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington.          MORN/INGTON, a hamlet of Ireland, Leinster, co. of
MORIIANGE, mo5Nzzh/, a town of France, department Meath, on the Boyne, 3 miles E.N.E. of Drogheda.  Pop.
of Moselle, 24 miles S.W. of Sarreguemines.  Pop. 1200.    180. It gives the title of Earl to the Wellesley-Pole family.
MORI, mo/ree, a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, about 2    MOIRNINGTON ISLAND. the most northern and largest of
miles from Roveredo, on the Adige, at the junction of the  the Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria, North Australia,
Comeraso. Pop. 4000.                                       in lat. 160 24' S., ion. 1390 37' E.
MORI/AII, a post-village and township of Essex co., New    MORNINGTON PORT, an inlet of the Red Sea, in Nubia,
York, about 115 miles N. by E. of Albany. The township  lat. 18~ 11' N.
borders on Lake Champlain. Thevillage, about 3 miles   MO/RO, a small river of Arkansas, enters the Washita at
from the lake, contains 2 or 3 churches, and an academy. the S.W. extremity of Bradley county.
Pop. 1000; of township 3065.                                 MOROCCO, mo-rok/ko, or MAROCCO, (Arab..Marakash,
MORIALMI, mo'ree'All'mA/, a village of Belgium, province  ml-rilkash, or Marakshl, mA-rlksh!; Fr. Mlaroc, ma'rlk; Sp.
and on the Sambre and Meuse Railway, 17 miles S.W. of  Marrueco,mia-Roo-Alko; It.Mlarocco, mA-roklko; L. MareolhiNamur, with important iron-mines. Pop. 1100.               use,) the capital city of an empire of the same name, on the
MOR]ICE-TOWN, a hamlet of England, co. of Devon.         N. side of an extensive and fertile plain, 1450 feet above seaMORICLIES, morle-chez, a post-village of Suffolk co., New  level; lat. 310 371 31" N., Ion. 70 35 30s W. It is nearly 6 miles
York, about 15 miles S.W. of Riverhead.                   in circuit, and is surrounded by a strongly-built machicoMIORIN, mo-reen/, a fortified town of Prussia, province of lated wall of tappia work, (lime beaten with earth in a case
Bruandenburg, on the railway from Augsburg to Munich, 6 or frame,) 30 feet high, with foundations of masonry and
miles E. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 1280.                         square towers every 50 paces. In the walls there are 11 gates.
MORINGEN, mo/ring-en, a walled town'of Hanover, The entire space within is not generally covered with build35 miles S.S.W. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1565.                  ings, but comprises large gardens and open areas of from 20
MO/RINGVILLE, a post-village of Westchester co., New  to 30 acres in extent. The streets are narrow, irregular, and
York, on the Harlem Railroad, 25 miles N. of New York.    unpaved. The houses are mostly constructed of tabby or
MORINGVILLE,  a post-village in Chatham co., North  tappia, although many are built of stone; they are generally
Carolina.                                                  of one story, fiat-roofed, with the side towards the street plain
MORKOWITZ, moa/ko-Pits', a marlket-town of Austria, and whitewashed, having here and there a narrow unglazed
Moravia, 12 miles from Wischau. Pop. 1302.                 opening for a window. There are several market-places; and
MORLAAS, moR'lIs/,'a town of France, department of a covered bazaar, at which a great variety of articles are
Basses-Pyr6n6es, 6 miles N.E. of Pau. Pop. in 1852, 1836.   always on sale. There are altogether 19 mosques in the
MORLACCA, nmoR-lk/ka. (Ger. Vellebith,vl/lh-bit',)adistrict city, of which 6 are remarkable for their size and archiof Austrian Croatia, consisting of the mountainous coast-line, tectural elegance. On the S. of the city stands the palace,
comprising the towns of Carlopago and Zeng. Its inhabit- comprising a space of about 1500 yards long by 600 yards
ants are among the rudest in the Austrian Empire.         wide, and near it is the Jews' quarter, (El Millah,) a walled
MORLACCA, STR'AIT OF, three miles in breadth, sepa- enclosure of about 1~ miles in circuit, one-half. of it nearly
rates the Illyrian and Dalmatian islands, Veglia, Arbe, and  in ruins, thronged to suffocation, and excessively filthy.
Page, from the main land.                                 Morocco is famous for the manufacture of the species of
MORLA.IX, moRs'l/, (L. AMrne/hmu,) a town of France, de- leather to which the town gives name. One establishment
partment of Finisttre, at the conduence of the Jarleau and  is said to employ 1500 persons. The color used in dyeing the
Kerlent, which, uniting their streams as they fall into a morocco is confined to yellow. There are the ruins of exten
small estuary, form a harbor extremely difficult of access, sive aqueducts in the vicinity of the town, some of them 20
though secure when entered, 34 miles N.E. of Brest. It is  miles in length. Morocco was founded in 1072. It has long
1242




NOR                                                         MOR
been hastening to decay, and is now nearly half in ruins, with luxuriant forests, than by rugged and precipitous
the result of war, plague, and wretched government. Pop. forms. Of the mineral treasures, the richest and best known
in 1844, estimated at 100,000.                             are the copper ores, which are found chiefly in the S. ramiMOROCCO or MAROCCO, THE EMPIRE OF, (anc. Tingi- ficationS of the Atlas, S. of the river Soos, near 290 30' N.
talna  Mauritalnia; Arabic, Meghreebel-aklcsa, mdulreeb'el- lat., and between 80 and 90 W. ion. There are reports, also,
Ak'sg, i.e. " The Extreme West;" Fr. Empiire de larc, WM- of iron-mines in the interior, and of lead found. in the vicipeen/ deh mirokf; Sp. 4asrruecos,m'l-Raoo-,/koce,) an extensive  nity of TUmsna.  The kihol or ore of antimony, used by
maritime country occupying the N.W. extremity of Africa, Moorish ladies for darkening the eyebrows, is obtained from
bounded W. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the Mediterranean, Tedla. Amethysts of great size and beauty have been found
N.E,. by Algeria, and E. and S. by the Sahara or Great Desert; in the recesses of the Atlas.
lat. 280 to 360 N., and lon. 00 38' to 110 38' W.; area about    Climate and Vegetable Productions.-The extremes of tem222,560 square miles, consequently exceeding that of France. perature in Morocco lie within moderat8 limits, the thermoThe country is traversed diagonally from  N.E. to S.W., meter, in the plains, rarely falling below 409 Fahrenheit in
throughout its whole exteut, by the great miountain chain of the winter; while even in Tarodant, the chief town of Soos,
Atlas, on the N.W. side of which lie the territories of Fez and  it does not rise above 950 in summer. The mean annual
Morocco; on the opposite side, the principalities of Tafilelt, temperature of the city of Morocco, ata abn bsolute elevation
Draha, (Daraa,) El-Harish, Adrar, Gezulah, Soos, and Tesset of 1384 feet, is about 640. Of the Flora there is as yet but
or Soos-el-aksa, that is, "the extreme or furthest limit."'lThe  little known. The forests of Er-Rteef contain, among other
Empire of Morocco is not divided in the manner of European  species of oak, that which bears edible acorns, and als0 that
states. The division best known in it is that derived from   which yields cork. In the higher regions of the Atlas are
the occupying tribes, and with which we are very imper-  found the Aleppo pine, the cedar of Lebanon, many variefectly acquainted; another is that of the Ammala or districts, ties of oxycedrus and of juniper, yielding fragrant gums.
now 30 in number, but fluctuating and very unequal, some- The Ph/ceni dactylif'ra or date-palm, and the Chamnerops
times confined to a single town, sometimes embracing an  hIuilis or dwarf-palm, form extensive woods E. and S. of the
extensive territory, administered each by a kaid, whose  Atlas. In the maritime region grows the Efleod ndron a gilin,
chief duty it is to collect the imposts.                   from~the olive-like fruit of which is extracted an excellent
Nltstral Regions,:  leountains, &c.-Physically considered, oil, called arghlsn, consumed in large quantities in the
Morocco falls naturally into four separate reglons: —1. The  country, though little known in Europe. Among the wild
great range of the Atlas, composed of two or more parallel plants of the S. provinces, may be mentioned the caper and
chains, meeting the desert of Angad, in the N.E., forms a  archil, the latter of which supplies an important article of
natural frontier. 2. Er-Reef, (Er Rif,) or the northern marl- commerce.
time district, comprising the chains of mountains which rise    Cultivation.-The agriculture of Morocco is in the lowest
at no great distance from the Mediterranean Sea. This region  possible condition. The soil is but rudely scratched with a
is connected with the former by an elevated tract of country  wooden plough; neither science nor capital aid the labors
W. of the Mulwesyah, (Mulula.) 3. The wide belt of fertile  of the husbandman; and the annual production is calculated
plain, intermixed with gentle hill and valley, which lies be- barely to supply the wants of the country. The cereal crops
tween the two preceding regions, and extends from the M1ul- are wheat, which is excellent; barley, of inferior quality;
weeyah to Mogadore, a distance of 450 miles. 4. The plains  and maize. Durrah or millet (Sorghum vulgare) constitutes
and valleys S.E. of the Atlas. These last all terminate in or  the chief support of the population, though beans, the escunadjoin the Great Desert. But here the landmarks of em- lent arum, and even canary-seed, are consumed in large
pire have little stability. The rulers of Morocco exercised  quantities by the poorer classes. The vine is cultivated only
sovereignty, at one time, over Tegorarin, Tooat or Twat, near the towns, merely for the sake of the fresh grapes and
Arosan or Arawan, and several other oases in the heart of  raisins. All the fruits of Southern Europe, and the Canary
the desert; they even carried their victorious arms across  Islands, are to be found here in sufficient abundance. A
the desert to Timbuctoo  and K.ghS. At the present day, large portion of the population leads a pastoral life, subsisthowever, they have little or no real power S. of the Atlas. ing wholly on the produce of their herds and flocks.
In this portion of the Atlas are comprised the most elevated    Animals. —The lion still haunts the plains on the sides of
points known in North Africa. Miltseen, (Miltsin,) a peak  Atlas, followed by panthers and ounces.  The wild boar
distant about 30 miles S.S.E. of the city of Morocco, has an  inhabits the woods. Gazelles, and several species of large
absolute height of 11,500 feet, thus equalling the highest of  antelope, enter the country from  the desert.  But more
the Pyrenees, and falling but little short of the limits in  formidable by far than beasts of prey, is the locust, which,
this latitude (310) of perpetual snow. Adjoining the central coming from the desert, lays its eggs in May, and the young
chain are several table-lands of great extent, consisting of  brood taking wing in July, come forth in countless multiinrregular plains; and, at a little distance N. of it, extends  tudes, spreading desolation over the fields, and terrifying
the maritime chain now called Er-Reef, and formerly the  the people with the threat of pestilence and famine. The
Atlas MIinor; its general height is from 2500 to 3500 feet.    ostrich is found on the S. frontiers of Morocco, and the
Rivers. —The height of these mountains, and the general  ostrich feathers brought from  that quarter are the best
uniformity of their slope on both sides, procure for Morocco  known in commerce. The wealth of the Arab tribes consists
the distinction of having the largest rivers in North Africa. chiefly in their droves, herds, and flocks. Horses of an
The rivers flowing  from the N. side of the Atlas have a  excellent breed are numerous, and the number of horned
shorter course than those flowing from the S., but the former cattle is estimated at from 5,000,000 to 6,000,000. Still more
have their channels well filled with water, while the latter, important are the sheep, supposed to number at least
whether they flow circuitously to the sea, or become lost in  45,000,000. The wool is frequently of the finest possible
the sands of the desert, are dry in summer. The Mulwee- description.  The number of goats is estimated at from
yah, rising in a principal knot of the Atlas, nearly in lat. 10,000,000 to 12,000,000.
32~ 30'N., flows N.E. to the Mediterranean, with a course of  _aeanufactures.-In general, among the rural population,
350 miles. The Seboo descends fi-om Mount Sililgo W. to the  each family supplies all its own wants. Every woman spins,
Atlantic, in a course of 200 miles. The Omm-er-rebieh,  and every man knows how to weave the coarse cloth which
(" mother of verdure,") which enters the sea at Azamor, lat. forms his haik or mantle. In the towns, however, some
330 17' N., has a course of about 190 miles; and the Tensift, manufactures have sprung up.  Fez makes and exports
which passes near the city of Morocco, has a length of about  great quantities of the cloth caps which bear the name of
180 miles. Of the rivers which discharge their waters into  that city. The tanners of Mequinez have a great reputathe desert, the Guir, the most E., seems to have a course  tion; those of Morocco render the lion's or panther's skin
S.S.E., occasionally traceable for 300 or 400 miles. The Ziz, as white as snow and as soft as silk. Of the fine Morocco
which, with its numerous affluents, waters a very fertile and  leather, Fez furnishes the red, Tafilelt the greenand the
populous country, is wholly spent before it attains half that city of Morocco the yellow. The Morocco carpets, called by
length. The Draha or Daraa, rising in the central and most the Moors Sherbiah and Katifah. and much esteemed in
elevated portion of the Atlas, (lat. from 310 to 320 N.,) first Europe, under the name of Turkey carpets, are made chiefly
runs S. for nearly 200 miles, forms ab vast lake called Ed-De- in the province of Ducalla. The Jews alone do business as
ba'n, having three times the surface of Lake Geneva, and  goldsmiths and jewellers.
then, turning  W., enters the ocean in ]at. 280 18' N., after a    Commerce. —The commerce of Moroco  may be clasied
course of 700 miles; the lower portion of its bed, however, as  under three heads:-1. Commerce with the East, carried on
well as the lake, are periodically dry, the waters of the latter  by means of the caravans to Mecca, which have at once a
giving place to richly cultivated fields. The coast, being  mercantile and a religious character; 2. With Soodan or
generally low and little broken, offers few good harbors; of  Negroland, across the Great Desert; 3. The maritime trade
these, Tangier, and Mogadore or Sweera, (Suira,) are the  with European states. The former comprises Persian silks,
best; the rest, as EZ-Araish, Sla or Salee, and Rabat, Mehe- perfumes, spices, and some Indian goods; to which are
die, Azamor, &c., are. but open roadsteads at the mouths of  added cotton and raw silk from Cairo; the whole amountrivers. Along the coast are numerous sibkas or shallow  ing in value to about $2,000,000. The goods exported by
pools, which the lot season converts into salt-panss.       this channel are cochineal, indigo, skins, fine leather, woolGeology, Minerals, &c.-Respecting the geology of this re- len cloths, and ostrich feathers. The Ktfilahs going S. are
markable region, there is scarcely anything known. Though  much less numerous thaih those destined for Egypt or
the summits of the Atlas often rise into peaks, they never  Mecca, yet they often reckon from 16,000 to 20,000 camels,
exhibit needles or jawged outlines, with acute angles; their  and 500 or 600 men. At Timbuetoo, they meet the mericenery is characterized rather by rounded heights clothed  chants from the S., and dispose of their goods, chiefly salt,
1243




MOR                            M0R
woollen mantles, sashes, Turkey daggers, tobacco, and look- existence among the Gezulah, and on the borders of the
in-glasses, for ivory, rhinoceros-horn, incense, gold-dust, desert. In 1055, their chief, Abu Bekr ben Omar el-Lamtfini,
ostrich feathers, gueps, malaghetta or Guinea pepper, carda- was proclaimed sovereign of Ma-hreb-el-aksa. His grandson
mum, assafcetida, indigo, and slaves. This traffic yields crossed the mountains, and in 1072 laid the foundations of
them a great profit. Of 4000 black slaves annually brought the city of Morocco, which thus arose with the remarkable
into Morocco by the Kkfilahs from the S., not more than  dynasty of the Mornbites or Almoravides. In the time of
half remain in the country; the rest are profitably disposed  El-Watas, the founder of a dynasty bearing his name, the
of in Algiers and TuniS. The capital advanced on each  expulsion of the Moors and Jews fronm Spain A. D. 1480-1501,
expedition to Timbuctoo is estimated at $1,000,000, and tile added 800,000 souls. it is said, to the population of Maghrebreturns are said to exceed in value ten times that amount. el-aksa. In the middle of the 16th century, a new dynusty
The trade by sea with European states is said to have been  commenced with the descendants of the Shereef HIosein.
opened, in 1551, by Thomas Wiudham, an Englishman. Of The fifth of this family, commonly called Iamed Shereef
the whole of this commerce with Christian states, two-thirds el-Man-sooeer, towards the close of the 16th century, nmad
in amount are carried on with Great Britain; the imports himself master of Morocco, and pushed his conquests
from which maybe valued, in round numbers, at $2,420,000. through the desert as far as Timbuctoo  and Kagho. Ills
Five cities, namely, Fez, Morocco. Mequinez, Rabat, and  reign (from 1579 to 1603) is regarded as the golden age
Tetuan or Tetewan have mints, and coin gold, silver, and  in the history of Morocco. The ninth and last Moroccan
copper.                                                  dynasty is that founded in 1648, by Mulai Shereef el Fileli,
Inhabitants, Education, &c.-An important element of  or King of Tafilelt, who was' remarkable, among other
weakness in the social and political constitution of Morocco  things, for his numerous posterity, having 84 sons and 124
is to be found in the division of its population into several daubhters.  From him the present (1853) Sultan of Modistinct races, which, so far from uniting, repel one another. rocco, Mulai Abd-er-rahman, whose reign commenced in
The Berbers, the oldest inhabitants of the country, are  1822, is the tenth in succession. His predecessor abolished,
divided into Amazig and Shelluh, the latter of whom in- in 1814, the slavery of Christians throughout his dominhabiting the recesses and high plains of the Atlas, S. of the  ions; and, in 1817, he disarmed his marine, and strictly
capital, devote themselves to agriculture.  The Amazig  prohibited piracy.-Adj. LooeIsH, moor/lish, MOR0CCAN, and
inhabit the mountains'of Er-Reef, and parts of Atlas. The  MopSeQUE, mo-resk; (Arab. MOHCRABEE,  mo/GhrA-beex, in
Arabs form the bulk of the rural population in the plains; the plural, MoGHARaA, mo'ehaa'bA; Sp. MARROQUIN, matlinosome of them are cultivators; some are Bedouin; most of keen/;) inhab. Moor and MOGHnEBuN, mo/ghreb-in.
them entered the country with the victorious successors of   MOROC'CO, a village of Jasper co., Indiana, 118 miles N.W.
Mohammed; while others claim Hamyaritic descent, and a of Indianapolis.
much more ancient settlement. In the towns along the    MOROMANNO, a town of Naples. See MORMAINNO.
coast we find the Moors, supposed to be a remnant of the    MORON, mo-rbnl, or MOItON-DE-LA-FRONTERA, me rcn!
Mohammedans expelled from Spain in the 15th century. The  dA-l-fron-t-YrI, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 32 miles N.E. of
chief physical characteristic of this people is their coipu- Seville, near the Guadaira. In the principal square stands
lence, and it is said that, in the harems, extreme corpulence  the Town-house. It has also a prison, granary, eight priis considered by the ladies as the first of personal attractions. mary schools, a Latin grammar school, 3 hospitals, a finue
A considerable number of Jews is to be found in all the  church with 3 naves, and several convents and nunneries.
commercial towns of Morocco. The education given at the  On the hill, E. of the town, are the ruins of the ancient
schools in the chief towns of Morocco, and completed at the  castle, for several centuries one of the most important
university of Fez, entitled Dar el Ilm (" the abode of know- strongholds in Spain. It was blown up by the French in
ledge,") does not go beyond the theology of the Koran. The  1812. Agriculture is the prevailing occupation, but there
public libraries, once famous, are now  dispersed; true are also 4 manufactories of hats. 1 of soft soap, several of
science is unknown, and whatever monuments of art are to  lime and gypsum, 5 potteries, numerous flour and oil mills,
be found in the kingdom, point to past ages, particularly  and a few looms for linens. MIoron has long been the headto those when literature and art flourished under the Ara- quarters of gangs of robbers, who have infested this part
bian dynasties in Spain. Music is the only art for which  of Spain. Pop. 10,192.
the Moors are said to manifest a decided taste.           MORONE, me-rninA, or MORRONE, moR-aonnA, a town of
Government. —-The sovereign or Sultan of Morocco, styled, Naples, province of Molise, 8 miles S.W. of Larino. Pop.
by Europeans, Emperor, bears the title of Emeer el Moome- 3200.
neen, or "Lord of the true Believers."  He is ordinarily    MOROS, mo/roce, a village of Spain, Aragon, 60 miles from
called, by his subjects, simply Si-e-na, "Our Lord."  He is Saragossa, with a church and hospital. Pop. 1125.
absolute in tihe strictest sense; the lives and properties of his   MORtOTAI, one of the Sandwich Islands. See MOLOKAI.
subjects are at his disposal; from him alone proceed laws,   MOROVSK or MOROWSK, mo-rovsk/, a market-town of
which he makes and unmakes at his pleasure. The Sultan's Russia, government and 36 miles S.W. of Tchernigov, on
treasury, situated in Mequinez, and called the Belt-el-mell, the Desna. Pop. 2500.
(" House of the funds,") is a mysterious and impenetrable    MOROZZO, mo-rot/so, a market-town of Piedmont, 8 miles
structure, guarded by 2000 blacks. It is supposed to contain  E.N.E. of Coni, on an affluent of the Tanaro. Pop. of commoney, jewels, and bullion, to the value of $50,000,000. It mune, 1085.
was formerly customary to put to death immediately the per-   MORtPETH, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and
sons employed to deposit treasures within its wallsi The  parish of England, co. of Northumberland, 14 miles N. by
military force maintained by the Sultan does not ordinarily  W. of Newcastle, on the railway to Berwick. It has two
exceed 16.000, of whom half are blacks, and of the remainder principal streets, paved, and lighted with gas; a town-hall,
a large portion are Bedoudns from the S. desert. The marine  an elegant bridge of 3 arches over the Wansbeck, a prison
force is insignificant.                                 and court-house, an old market-cross, a fine old parish church,
For an estimate of the population of Morocco, there are no  in the decorated English style, a handsome chapel of ease,
certain data whatever. Jackson assumes it to be 15.000,000; several Dissenting places of worship, and a Roman Catholic
GrIberg de HlemsU, 8,500,000. There is reason, however, to  chapel; a grammar, and several other schools; a mechanics'
believe that the population of Morocco is about double of institute, and a dispensary. The woollen manufacture and
that of Algeria; whence we may conclude that it is between  ta.nning are carried on to some extent. Dr. Morrison, the
5,000,000 and 8,000,000, and probably does not much exceed  Chinese scholar and missionary, was a native of Morpeth;
6,000,000. The Berbers appear to be much more numerous, it also gives the title of Viscount to the family of Howard.
and the black population much less so than has hitherto  The town was burned down by its own inhabitants. in
been supposed.                                          1215, that it might not furnish quarters to King John.
History.-In the Mauari or Maurudsii, Masosyli, Mazoices, The borough returns a member to Parliament.  Pop. in
and GcetuIli of ancient writers, it is easy to recognise the  1851, 10,012.
Moors or Moriscos, the Shelluh, Amazig, and Gezulah or   MORPETII, a town and river-port of New South Wales,
Benoo Oodalah of modern times. The Vandals, who held the  co. of Northumberland, at the head of the navigable part
country for some years, are supposed to have introduced  of the Hunter River, 78 miles N.E. of Sydney. It has an
into it, at the end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th  Episcopalian church, a Wesleyan   chapel, several schools, a
ceatury, the piratical habits, which afterwards became so  steam flour-mill, a soap and candle moanufactory. Steamers
characteristic of the coasts of Barbary and Morocco. In the  and sailing vessels constantly ply between this place and
latter part of the 7th century, the Arabs, fired with enthu- Sydney.
sinsr, spread over North Africa, and having taken posses-   MIORPETHII, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Kent,
sion of Mauritania, penetrated S., even to Sooees and the 192 miles from Toronto, and 61 miles fieom London.
borders of the desert. It was about this time that the Jews   MIORRA, mORbRY, a town of Italy, Piedmont, division of,vere expelled from Spain by decree of the Council of Toledo, Coni, 7 miles S.W. of Alba. on the Tanaro. Pop. 3318.
(s_. D. 69,) and sought refuge in great numbers on the shores. MORRA, a town of Italy, Naples, province of Prinsipato
of Africa.                                              Ultra, 3 miles E.N.E. of Sant' Angelo-dei-Lombardi. P. 3300.
Near the close of the 8th century, a descendant of Moham-   MOR/RIS, a county towards the N. part of New Jes-Sey,
red, named Edris, was made sovereign of the Berber tribes has an area of about 760 square miles. It is bounded on
in and about Atlas. His son and successor founded, in 807, the N.E. by the Pequanock River, on the E. and S.E. by
the city of Fez, and established the dynasty of the Edrisites, the Passaic, and partly on the N.W. by the Musconetcong,
In 1035, the warlike sect of the Morabites (E1I-Morabetoon, and is drained by the N. and S. branches of the  Iaritan,
signifying those " strictly bound by religion") first rose into  and by Rockaway River. Schooley's Mountain, in the W.,
1244




MOR                                                    MOR
Trowbridge Mountain, near the centre, and Long Hill, in    MORRISTOWN, a post-village of Henry co., Illinois, about
the S. part, are the principal elevations. Copper, iron, 15 miles E. of the town of Rock Island.
zinc, sandstone, and limestone are abundant; and marble,   MORRISTOWN, a post-office of Cass co., M/ssouri.
plumbago, manganese, and other valuable minerals are    MORRISTOWN, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of
found. The iron-mines are veryvaluable, and great num- Sidney, on the St. George Bay, near its entrance into the Gulf
bers of the inhabitants are engaged in manufacturing this of St. Lawrence, about 120 miles N.E. of IIalifax.
metal. The Morris Canal traverses the county, which is   MOR/RISVILLE, a post-village in Morristown township,
also partly intersected by the Morris and Essex Railroad. Lamoille co., Vermont, on the Lamoille River, which furOrganized in 1738, and named from Lewis Morris, then  nishes it with water-power, about 20 miles N. by WV. of
governor of the province. Capital, Morristown. Pop. 30,158. Montpelier. It contains a church, an academy, I printingMORRIS, a township of Otsego co., New York. Pop. 2227. office, and 1 grist and saw mill. Pop. about 300.
MORRIS, a township of Morris co., New Jersey. P. 4992., MORRISVILLE, a thriving post-village in Eaton townMORRIS, a township, Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. P. 639. ship, and capital of Madison co., New York, on the Cherry
MORRIS, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. P. 1250. Valley Turnpike, about 100 miles W. by N. of Albany. it
MORRIS, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania. contains, besides the county buildings, an academy. several
Pop. 787.                                               churches, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1855, 715.
MORRIS, a post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 133   MORRISVILLE, a thriving post-borough of Bucks co.,
miles N. of Htarrisburg. Pop. 278.                      Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, opposite Trenton, 30
MORRIS, a village and township on the S. border of miles above Philadelphia. The railroad from Philadelphia
Washington co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1688,                to New York passes through it; and a bridge, 1100 fcot long,
MORRIS, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1028.      connects it with the city of Trenton. It was formerly the
MORRIS, a thriving post-village, capital of Grundy co., residence of Robert Morris, the eminent financier. Pop. in
Illinois, on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 62 miles S.W. 1853, about 700.
of Chicago. It is the principal shipping point for the grain    MORRISVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia,
of Grundy county. The Chicago and Rock Island Railroad 95 miles N. by W. of Richmond.
passes through the village. About 400,000 dollars' worth    MORRISVILLE, a post-office of Wake co., North Carolina.
of produce was received here in 1852. Laid out in 184:1.   MORRISVILLE, a small village of Clinton co., Ohio.
Pop. in 1854, estimated at 1000.                          MORRISVILLEE.    a village and station of HIendricks co.,
MORRIS CHURCIH, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia. Indiana, on the railroad between Terre Haute and IndianaMORRIS CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Fayette co., Penn- polils, 25 miles W. by S. of the latter.
sylvania.                                                 MORRO-DE-SAO-PAULO, (Morro-de-Sgo-Paulo.) moRtRoMOR/RISDALE, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- dA-s6wo-pS.w'lo, a village of Brazil, at the foot of a provaniat, on the Clearfield Turnpike, 110 miles W.N.W. of montory on the N. extremity of the island of Tinhar6, S. of the
Harrisburg.                                             Bay of All Saints, province and 50 miles S.W. of Bahia. It
MORRIS HILL, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.     is defended by a battery, and cbntains a church and a
MORRISIA/NA, a beautiful and flourishing post-village primary school
of Westchester co., New York, on IHarlem River, and on the    MORRO- GRANDE, moaR/o-gr nldA, a village of Brazil,
Harlem Railroad, 10 miles N. of New York. It contains province of Minas-Geraes, 15 miles S.E. of Cahete, with one
churches of 7 or 8 denominations, several seminaries, nu- of the most beautiful churches in the province. The inhamerous stores, and many elegant country seats, the resi- bitants are almost all miners or laborers. Pop. 5000.
dences of persons doing business in New York. A branch    MORRO-GRANDE, a mountain range of Brazil, which,
railroad connects it with Port Morris on the East River.  after forming part of the boundary between the provinces
MOR/RISON, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.   of Goyaz and Minas-Geraes, enters the latter, and becomes
MORRISON'S, a small post-village of Monroe co., Illinois. the base of the chain known by the name of Pyrenees. It
MORRISON'S CROSS ROADS, a small village of Warren  here forms the water-shed between the waters of the N. and
co., Tennessee.                                         S., and gives rise to some of the great rivers of Brazil.
MORRISON'S TAN YARD, a post-village of Mecklenburg    MORRONE, a town of Naples, See MonoNE.
co., North Carolina.                                      MORROPE, moRaRO-pa/, a town near the N. extremity of
MORItRISONVILLE, a post-office of Clinton co., New Yorlk. Peru, on the Leche, near its mouth in the Pacific.
MORRISONVILLE, a post-office of Loudon co., Virginia.   MORIROW, a county in the N. central part of Ohio, has
MORRIS PLAINS, a little village of Morris co., New Jer- an area of 370 square miles. It is drained by the Vernon
sey, 2 miles N. of Morristown.                          River, the East branch of the Olentangy or Whetstone, and
MOR/RISTOWN, a post-village and township of Lamoille  by Walnut Creek, all of which rise within its limits. The
co., Vermont, on the left bank of the Lamoille River, about soil is highly productive. A large quarry of freestone has
20 miles N. by W. of Montpelier. It contains several mann- been opened at the county seat. The county is intersected
factories of woollen goods, starch, leather, boots, shoes, &c. by the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, and by the route
Pop. 1441.                                              of the Springfield and Mount Vernon Railroad. Formed
MORRISTOWN, a post-village, township, and river-port about 1848, and named in honor of Governor Morrow, of
of St. Lawrence co., New York, on the river St. Lawrence. Ohio. Capital, Mount Gilead. Pop. 20,280.
about 14 miles S.W. of Ogdensburg. Black Lake bounds   MORROW, a thriving post-village of Warren co., Ohio, on
the township on the E. The village on the river has a thie Little Miami Railroad, at the terminus of the Zanesville
wharf where steamboats land, and several warehouses. It and Wilmington Railroad, 37 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati.
communicates with the interior by a plank-road. Pop. 2274. It has been built since the construction of the railroad,
MORRISTOWN, a post-village and township, capital of (about 1844.) Pop. 1000.
Morris co., New Jersey, on Whippany River, and on the    MORS, mons, or MIORSOE, (Morste,) mooslteh, almost
Morris and Essex Railroad, 50 miles N.N.E. of Trenton, and  mosfae h'yeh, an island of Denmark, Jutland, in the Lyrn32 miles by railroad W. by N. of New York. It is situated  fiord, and forming a part of the amt of Thisted. Length 23
on a plain, is regularly laid out, and presents an appearance  miles, breadth 11 miles. Pop. 6000, mostly engaged in agriof neatness and comfort, having a fine public square in the  culture and fishing. Surface level; about two-thirds of it is
centre. It contains a handsome court-house, 5 or 6 churches, fertile, and cultivated, the rest marshy. Principal town,
2 banks, 2 academies, a large hotel, and numerous stores. Nykibbing, on its E. shore.
It is the principal market for a rich and highly productive    MORS, (Mbrse) a town of Rhenish Prussia. See M:uns.
agricultural region; 3 newspapers are published here.   MORSBURG, (Mlrsburg,) meRslb66RG, or MEERSBURG,
Morristown has manufactories of paper, coaches, iron, &c. mrsslb6neG, a walled town of Baden, circle of Rhine, 5 miles
It is noted as having been the head-quarters of the Ameri- E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 1320.
can army on tvwo different occasions, The house occupied    MORSCH, (Mhrsch,) mUnsh, a village of Baden, circle of
by General Washington is pointed out, and the remains of  Middle Rhine, N.W. of Ettliugen. Pop. 1209.
an old fort are still visible in the rear of the Court-house.   MORSCHIEN, ALT, Alt moaRfshen, is a village of HessePop. estimated at 3300.                                 Cassel, 5 miles S.E. of Melsungen.
MORRISTOWN, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.    MORSE CREEK, a post-office of McNairy co., Tennessee.
MORRISTOWN, a village of Jefferson co., Tennessee, is   MORSE/VILLE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New York,
pleasantly situated in a fertile valley on the route of the  about 45 miles W. of Albany.
East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad.                     MORSIIANSK or MORSCHANSK, moR-shdnskf, a town
MORRISTOWN, a thriving post-village of Belmont co., of Russia, government and 56 miles N. of Tambov, on the
Ohio; on the National Road, 21 miles W. of Wheeling, has 2 Tsna. Pop. 5000, partly employed in manufactures of sailchurches, and about 600 inhabitants.,                  cloth and soap.
MORRISTOWN, a village of Clarke co., Indiana, on the    MORSOE, an island of Denmark. See MoRs.
railroad from Jeffersonville to Columbus, 20 miles N. of the    MORSS/TON, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.
former.                                                  MORSITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
MORRISTOWN, a village of Randolph co., Indiana. on    MORTAGNE, moa'tfti, a town of France, department of
the Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroad, about 65 miles Orne, 21 miles E. of Alengon. Pop. in 1852, 4948. It stands
E.N.E. of Indianapolis. Laid out in 1851.              on the summit and side of a steep hill; has remains of old
MORRISTOWN, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana, on  ramparts, and a Gothic church with a lofty tower. The
the Blue River, and on the railroad from Shelbyville to  manufactures comprise linen cloths for the colonies, pack.
Knightstown, about 26 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis.    ing cloths, calicoes, porcelain, and leather.
1245




MOR                                                        MOS
MORTAGNE, a:,wvn of France, department of Nord, Sergipe, on the Ganhomoraba, W. of Santo-Amaro. It has
arrondissement of Valenciennes. Pop. 1318.                 a parish primary school, custom-house, and a port, which is
MORTAGNE SUR GIRONDE, moa'tllf siiR zhee'r6Ndf, a  the entrepat for the sugar made in the neighboring districts
town of France, department of Charente-Inf6rieure, arron- sent to Bahia.
dissement of Saintes.,Pop. 1436.                            MORUMBIDGEE, a river of Australia. See MURUnJMBIDGEE.
MORTAGNE SUR SEVIE, moRatgif siia saiv'r, a town of    MOR/VAIHT, a pariah of England, co. of Cornwall.
France, department of Vendte, arrondissement of Bourbon-   MORVAN. moa'v6NNl, an old division of France, in the
Vendse, with mineral springs. Pop. 1404.                   Nivernais, now partitioned among the departments Nilvre,
MORTAGOA, moR-tX-go1&,  a town of Portugal, province of  CSte-d'Or, and Salne-et-Loire.
Beira-Alta, 20 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 840.            MOPJVAL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
MORTAIN, moi1ttNer, (L. Jioritolium,) a town of France,   MORBVEN or MORIVERN,,a parish of Scotland, co. of
department of Manche, 34 miles S.S.W. of St. L6. Pop. 2514. Argyle.
MORTARA, moR-tdfrl, a town of Piedmont, capital of the    MORVEN, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Caithness, parish
province of Mortarn or Lomellina, on the Arbogna, 25 miles of Latheron. Elevation 3000 feet.
N.N.E. of Alessandria. Pop. 5316. It is enclosed by walls,   MORVEN, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, parish
and has noble residences, public schools, barracks, and a  of Logie-Coldstone. Elevation 2700 feet.
theatre; but is nearly deserted on account of the miasma    MOR/VEN, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia.
from its rice fields.                                        MORVEN, a post-village of Anson co., North Carolina,
MORTEAU, moa'tai, a market-town of France, department 115 miles S.W. by W. of Raleigh.
of Doubs, 16 miles N.E. of Pontarlier.  Pop. in 1852, 1703.  MORVEN, a post-office of Lowndes co., Georgia.
MORTEFONTAINE, moRt'f6rNsat~n/, a village of France,   MORVEN, a village of Shelby co., Indiana, on Flatrock
department of Oise, arrondissement of Senlis. In its fine  Creek, 40 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.
chateau the treaty of peace between France and the United    MOR/VILL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
States of America was signed in 1800.                        MORVILLAR, moa'vee'yait, a village of France, depart.
MORTESO, moR-tAlso, MORTERO, moR-tWfro, or MORTER, ment of Haut-llhin, 7 miles S.E. of Belfort. Pop. 400.
mor-taiaR, an island of Austria, in the Adriatic, off the coast   MOR/VIN, a post-office of Clarke co., Alabama.
of Dalmatia, 28 miles S.E. of Zara, 6 miles long, and 2 miles    MORZASCO, moad-zeslko, or MURZASCO, mooRd-zds/ko, a
broad. Pop. 1180. On it is a village of the same name, sup- village of the Sardinian States, division of Alegsandria, proposed to occupy the siteiof the ancient Colentum.         vince of Acqul, on the Bormida. Pop. 1900.
MORTES, RIO DAS, reelo d~s morlt~s, a river of Brazil,   MORZINE, moed-zeelnA, a village of the Sardinian States,
rises in the province of Minas-Geraes, and joins the Rio  division of Savoy, 12 miles S.S.E. of Le Blot, on the Dranse.
Grande on the right, near the small village and port of Ma- Pop. 2000.
caia, after a course of 120 miles.                           MOSA. See MEuse.
MORTES, RIO DAS, a river of Brazil, rises in the province    MOSIALEM, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, near the
of Matto-Grosso, and, after a navigable course of about 400  MississippiERiver, 75 miles N.E. of Iowa City.
miles, joins the arm of the Araguay which flows to the W.   MOSALSK, a town of Russia. See MIAssArsK.
of the island of Bananal, or Santa Anna, in lat. 120 S.      MOSAMBIQUE, acountry ofAfrica. See MozAMBIaQUE.
MORITHOE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               MOSBACH, moslb~x, a town of Germany, grand-duchy
IMORTIER, moa'te-/, a village of Belgium, province and  of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine. on the Elz, 32 miles E.S.E.
9 miles E.N.E. of Liege, with several mills, and a trade in  of Mannheim. Pop. 2400. It is enclosed by walls, and has
corn. Pop. 1046.                                           a high school, and manufactures of porcelain and paper.
MORTIER, an island in the Malay Archipelago. See MonTIR.    MOSBACIHI, a town of Germany, duchy of Nassau, on the
MORITIMER, a village in Lake co., Illinois, 45 miles N. Rhine, 2 miles S. of Wiesbaden.
by W. of Chicago.                                            MOStBOROUGH, a township of England, co. of Derby.
MIORTTIMER'S CROSS, a township of En-land, co. of    MOSBURG, mos/bOORo, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the
Hereford, 5b miles N.W. of Leominster.  A pillar commemo- Isar, 29 miles N.E. of Munich. Pop. 1739.
rates the victory of 1461, which destroyed the power of    MOSCHA. See MUscAT.
Henry VI., and raised Edward IV. to the throne.              MOSCHEL, OBER, o/ber moshfel, a town of Bavaria, circle
MORTIZZO, moa-tit/so, a village of Italy, Parma, 6 miles of Palatinate, 25 miles S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 1477.
N.E. of Piacenza, on the Po. Pop. 2601.                      MOSCI-IENITZA,mos-kA-nitfse,amaritime village of Istria,
MORTLACI, mort/lax, a parish of Scotland, and formerly  on the Gulf of Quarnero, 12 miles S.W. of Flume.
a bishop's see, co. and 29 miles W.S.W. of Banff. Near it  MtOSCHIANO, mos-ke-9/no, a town of Naples, province of
Malcolm II. defeated the Danes in 1010.                    Abruzzo Ultra I., 11 miles N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1500.
MORT/LAKE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the    MOSCHIN, mo-sheenf, a town of Prussian Poland, governThames, 8 miles W.S.W. of London, with a station on the  ment of Posen, circle of Schrimm. Pop. 1020.
London and Richmond Railway.                                 MOSCHTIENITZ, OBER, ober moshltee-nits, a village of
MORT/LOCK ISLANDS, a group of small islands in the  Moravia, circle and 17 miles from Prerau. Pop. 1044.
Pacific Ocean, N. of the Solomon Islands, lat. 40 55, S., lon.    MOSCIANA, mo-shlng, a town of Naples, province of
1560 10' E.                                                Abruzzo Ultra I., 10 miles E.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 2450.
MOR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.                MOSCISKA, mos-tsees/kA, a town of Austrian Poland,
MORTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             Galicia, 16 miles E. of Przemysl. Pop. 2900.
MORTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Lincoln, 2 miles   MOSCOW, moslka, (Russ. Jioskva, mosk-vA/; L. eos/cua
W.N.W. of Gainsborough. Pop. 500.                          or Aloslchia; Fr. Moscou, mosokool; Ger. Aeoskau, mos/kiw,)
MORTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.           a famous city of Russia, capital of the government of its
MORTON, a post-office of Tazewell co., Illinois.         own name, and formerly of the whole Russian Empire,
MORETON BAGIGOTT, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. is situated on the Moskva, 400 miles S.E. of St. PetersMORTON, EAST, a township of England, co. of Durham.  burg, with which it is connected by a first-class railMORTON, EAST AND WEST, a township of England, co. way; lat. (Observatory) 550 45' 21" N., ion. 370 34' E. It is
of York, West Riding.                                      surrounded by a wall or earthen rampart, 20 miles in eirMORETON JEF/FRIES, a parish ofEngland, co. of HIereford. cult, of a very irregular shape, and altogether useless for
MOB/TON MORIREELL, a parish, England, co. of Warwick. any purpose of defence. The site of the city has an uneven,
MORTON ON THE IIILL, a parish of England, co. of  undulating surface, and is traversed by the navigable
Norfolk.                                                   Moskva, which, entering near the middle of the W. side of
MOB/TON PINK/NEY, a parish of England, co. of North- the wall, makes a series of serpentine windings, and leaves
ampton.                                                    it at the S.E. corner. Within the city, the Moskva receives a
MORTON'S CORNERS, a post-office of Erie co., New York. small tributary from the N.E. The most remarkable elevaMORTON'S STORE, a post-office of Alamance co., North  tion is the hill on which the Kremlin stands, situated near
Carolina.                                                  the centre of the city. It is nearly of a triangular shape,
MOR/TONSVILLE, a post-village of Woodford co., Ken- and surrounded by an immense white wall, 60 feet high,
tucky, 18 miles W. by S. of Lexington. It contains a church  and about 1 mile in circuit. This wall is flanked by embatand a bagging factory. Pop. 400.                           tied towers, and gives access, by several gates, to the interior,
MORTONVILLE, a post-village of Orange co., New York, which formed the original nucleus of the city, and is still
about 94 miles S.S.W. of Albany.                          the site of its most important and characteristic edifices.
MORTONVILLE, a small post-village of Chester co., Penn- Immediately to the E. of the Kremlin, is the second quarsylvania.                                                  ter, the Kitai Gorod, or Chinese City, fenced round by a wall,
MORTRuIE, moa'trAt, a market-town of France, depart- which is flanked with towers and buttresses. Around the
ment of Orne, 14 miles N. of Alenron. Pop. in 1852, 1482.  Kremlin, as centre, two large circles have been drawn-the
MORTSEL, moatasel or moat's611, a village of Belgium, pro- inner one, with a radius of 1 mile; and the outer, with a
vince and 5 miles S.S.E. of Antwerp, near the railway to  radius of 1~ mile in length. The circumference of each cir
Mechlin. Pop. 1413.                                       cle consists of a wide belt of finely-planted boulevard. Th"
MOR/TYISLE, MalayArchipelago, is off theN.E. extremity  inner circle stops short at the N. bank of the river. The
of Gilolo, lat. 20 N., rnd lon. 1280 30' E. Length 60 miles, outer circle is completed, proceeding across the river, and
average breadth 25 miles. Chief product, sago.-The STRAIT  enclosing a considerable space on the S. bank. The zone,
DF MORTY, between it and Gilolo, is 30 miles across.      enclosed between-the Kremlin and the Kitai Gored. and the
MORUIM, mo-roo-eela, a town of Brazil, province of  inner-boulevard, is called the quarter of the Beloi Gored or
1246




MoS                            MOS
White City; while the other zone, included between the  cent. It is ascended by a good staircase, and amnply rewards
two boulerards, so far as it lies N. of the river, is called the the toil of ascent by the magnificent view which it commanuds.
quarter of the Zmelnoi Gorod.  All the enclosed space It consists of several stories, in each of which hangs a stubeyond the four quarters now  described, whether situ- pendous bell, one of them weighing 64 tons. Another bell,
ated on the N. or the S. bank of the Moskva, is regarded as nearly trebling this enormous weight, called Czar Iqolokol
suburbs.                                                   or the Monarch, stands at the bottom of the tower, on a
The strange irregularity with which MIoscow is built, is pedestal of granite, to which it was raised, in 1837, by the
one of the first thins which forces itself on the notice of  Emperor Nicholas, after having- remained for a century buthe visitor. This might have been expected to be remedied  ried on the spot into which it is said to have fallen, when
by the great conflagration of 1812; but though the incon- the tower, in which it was suspended, was burned. Its
gruities are certainly fewer than they were, enough still height is 21.3 feet, diameter 22.5 feet, and least thickness 3
remains to give the city its old chtiaracteristic features. The inches. A huge fragment was broken from it by the fall.
streets, in general, continue uneven and tortuous; nume- Immediately to the E. of the Kremlin, between its walls
rous paltry lanes open all at once into magnificent squares;  and those of the Kital Gored, stands, in the Krasnoi Plocand long rows of little 3ellow wooden houses abut on vast shad or Red Place, the Cathedral of St. Basil, one of the
colossal structures. In order to describe the principal edi- strangest specimens of architecture anywhere to be met
fices, we must again return to the Kremlin, previously  with; it has no less than 20 towers and domes, all of differstopping to view it from the most favorable spot-the S. cut shapes and sizes, and colored over with the most varied
side of the bridge Moskva Rekoi. Here it seems to rise out hues-some green, spread like net-work, over a yellow
of the water, picturesquely adorned with turf and shrubs;  ground; one red, with broad white stripes; and a third,
while above its snowy wall and verdant foliage, palaces and  gilded. The whole is a perfect huddle; and though different
churches rear their majestic heads, crowned with numerous  accounts of its origin are given, the most credible seems to
cupolas of glittering gold and silver, and presenting one of  be, that it was a whim of Ivan the Terrible, to try how
the most striking views of which any European city can  many chapels could be erected on the same spot, and under
boast. Entering by the Spass Vorata, or Gate of the Re- the same roof, where religious Service could be simultanedeemer, over which is a picture of our Saviour, the object ously performed without mutual interference. The archiof the deepest reverence, and through which, in consequence,  tect was an Italian, and so pleased his employer, that the
none must pass without being uncovered, we are at once  savage despot put out his eyes, in order that he might never
introduced to the most interesting and important buildings  be able to build another like it.
of Moscow. The first we notice is the Terema or old palace    It is impossible to state the number of churches in Mosof the Czars; it consists of four stories, which diminish in  cow, souse making them  1500, and others reducing them to
ascending, till the uppermost contains only a single room, 250. The smaller number, if proper churches only are
and is surrounded with balconies, with stairs both within  included, is probably the morewaccurate; but it is scarcely
and without, leading to each separate terrace; the lowest possible to traverse a street, in which clustering domes and
floor contains the throne and audience chambers; the high- minarets do not meet the eye. The number of monasteries,
est was the residence of the czarinas and their children; the  also, is very great. Those most deserving of notice are the
walls are richly and almost grotesquely decorated, and co- Donskoi, situated near the S. barrier, surrounded with anvered with portraits of the czars, armorial bearings, &c. cient walls, surmounted by battlements like those of the
The main body of this palace was so much injured by the  Kremlin, and containing, within its enclosure, six churches
French, that repair was impossible, and its place has been  and chapels, several courts, a plantation of birchwood, and
supplied by the Bolchoi Dvoretz or Large Palace, built by  dwellings for the Archimandrite and monks; the Seminovthe Emperor Alexander, and sometimes called, after him, the  skoi, at the S.E. corner of the wall, near where the Moskva
Alexanderski Dvoretz; an immense pile, and not without leaves it, having more the appearance of a fortress than
an imposing effect; but its modern style and decorations are  a monastery; and the Devitchei Convent, at the S.W..corner,
in bad keeping with the venerable structures with which it with walls, flanked by 16 towers; several churches, one of
is associated. The same may be said of the Maloi Dvoretz  them  containing the tombs of several czarinas and prinor Little Palace, built by the. Emperor Nicholas, containing  cesses; and a churchyard, beautifully laid out with shrubs
some interesting pictures by Bernado Belotto de Canaletto, and flowers,  and containing a great number of fine monuand a collection of all the works that have been written  ments.  Close to this convent is the Devitchei-foll, or Maicconcerning Moscow, in French, Russian, and German. The  ens' Field, where the emperors, on their coronation, enterSabernoi  Ploschad, or Cathedral Square, situated on the  tain their subjects. The Emperor Nicholas here, on that
summit of the Kremlin, and enclosed within a magnificent occasion, dined 50,000 persons.
iron railing; contains the Upenski Saber or Cthedral of    Among educational establishments, the only one deserving
the Assumptiort; and two churches-the Arkhangelski Sa- of particular notice is the University, whose jurisdiction is
bor or Church of St. Michael, and the Lady of the Cave.    not confined to the city or government of Mloscow, but exThe Cathedral, in which the emperors are crowned, bears  tends over the governments of Tver, Yaroslav, Kostroma.
no resemblance, either without or within, to the cathedrals  Vladimeer, Riazan, Tambov, Orel, Toola, Kalooga, and Smoof Western Europe. It is a clumsy building, with heavy  lensk. It was established by the Empress Catherine, in
pillars, which support five cupolas, and, like the walls, 1755; consists of 4 faculties, and is attended by about 900
glittering with gold from top to bottom, the golden ground  students. Its scientific collections are poor, compared with
covered over with grotesque frescoes of sacred subjects; it the best of those in the W. of Europe; but it is tolerably
was founded in 1325, and rebuilt in 1472. Immediately be- rich in anatomical preparations; in connexion with it is a
hind the Cathedral is the Synodalni Dom or H-ouse of the  gymnasium, a library of 50,000 volumes, an observatory, beHoly Synod, so called because a section of the Synod has  tanical garden, &c. Among the benevolent establishments
its offices in it, and containing  the Mir or Holy Oil, which  are the Alexander Hospital and St. Catherine's Hospital,
is used in the baptism  of all Russian children. A much  both near the N. barrier; and another hospital of St. Cathemore valuable treasure of the Holy Synod is a library, rine, near the N.E. corner; 2 military hospitals in the E., a
remarkably rich in rare manuscripts. The Church of St. widow's hospital in the W., and St. Paul's Hospital and the
Michael is a sombre building, lighted by windows so dimi- Galitzin H-ospital in the S. Another hospital, the Foundling,
nutive, as to do little more than make darkness visible. situated on the N. bank of the Moskva, a little to the E. of
Almost all the Russian sovereigns, from Ivan Danilovitch, the Kitai Gored, has acquired more celebrity than all the
down to Peter the Great, are buried here; their figures, rest; but whether it is entitled to be ranked among benevonatural size, are painted in fresco round the walls, each  lent establishnents, is questionable; its encouragement to
over against his own tomb, where he sits wrapped in a white  vice being palpable and notorious; as all children, up to a
mantle. Immediately adjoining is an odd-looking church, certain age, are received on presentation, and no questions
with walls of immense thickness, said to be the oldest in  asked. The number actually in the house, or supported
Moscow, and constantly thronged with  devotees.  The  in some way or other by the institution, is upwards of
Church of the Annunciation is paved with fine pebbles of  25,000. Moscow possesses 2 theatres-one, where the perjasper, agate, and carnelian. Within the Kremlin, also, is  formances are in French; and the other, or Alexander Thean immense pile of buildings, lining the sides of a triangle, atre, where they are in Russian. Among the other buildings
one side being occupied by the Senate, which contains the  or places worthy of notice, are the great Riding-School, to
offices of the various local departments, and the other two  the W. of the Kremlin, supposed to be the largest building
by the treasury and arsenal. The chief attraction here is in the world unsupported by pillar or prop of any kind; the
the upper story of the treasury, containing the crowns of  principal bazaar, or Gostinuoi Dvor, in the Kitai Gored, a
the early Czars, arranged in regular succession; several colossal building of 3 stories, where wholesale merchants,
thrones, warlike trophies, and miscellaneous curiosities. to the number of more than 1000, regularly carry on their
The arsenal contains 100,000 stand of arms, the cannon  trade; the Riadi, an open space in the same vicinity, occutaken from the French during their disastrous retreat, and  pied by narrow streets of shops; the barracks. along the E.
numerous other military trophies.                          side of the inner boulevard; and the Race-course, a large
Nearly in the centre of the buildings of the Kremlin, now  oval, elongated N. and S., and almost touching the S. barrier.
described, and far overtopping them all, is the famous Ivan  The number of open and planted spaces throughout ihe city
Veliki, or Tower of John the Great, which rises without is very great. Several of these, including the boulevards.
ornament of any kind, to the height of 209 feet, and is sur- have been already mentioned; and we may now add the
mounted by a gilded dome, on which, as on the other gilded  Princess Galitzin's gardens, stretching along the right bank
domes of the Kremlin, the cross is displayed above the cres- of the Moskva, and beautifully laid out, but now partly
1247




MOS,MOS
occupied by the Empress's villa; and the Sparrow Hills to    MOSCOW, a post-village in Muscatine co., Iowa, 25 miles
the S.W.                                                    E.S.E. of Iowa City.
Manufactures of various kinds are carried on to a great   MOSCOW MILLS, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.
extent within the city; but bear only a small proportion to    MOSDOK, mos-dokt, a town of Russia, province of Cauthose which are carried on for Moscow in the surrounding  casus, 63 miles E.S.E. of Georgievsk, on a height above the
towns and villages. The principal establishments are for Terek. It is strongly fortified by nature, being only accestextile fabrics, chiefly woollen, cotton, and silk; in all of  sible on two sides, and has been considerably strengthened
which, much steam-power, and the most improved machine- by art. It has a Roman Catholic, a Greek, and an Armery, are employed; the other principal articles are hats, bard- nian church; a hospital, merchant-house, and quarantine
ware, leather, chemical products, beer, and brandy. From  establishment; and manufactures of morocco leather and
its central position, Moscow is the great entreplt for the  brandy. Pop. 5000.
internal commerce of the empire. Great facilities for this    MOSE, mo/se, an islandof the Asiatic Archipelago, N. of
commerce are given by water communication, which extends, Timor-laut, lat. 60 20' S., ion. 1310 30' E., and 20 miles in
on one side, to the Baltic; on another, to the Caspian; and, circuit.
on a third, to the Black Sea; and by the railway to St. Peters-   MOSEIRAH, an island of Arabia. See MIASSERA.
burg.  Another railway is projected from Moscow to Dina-    MOSEL, a river of Europe. See MOSELLE.
burg, at which point it will connect with the railway now    MOSIELEM, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
being graded from  St. Petersburg to Warsaw. In winter,   MOSELLE, mo'zlll/, (Ger. Mosel, mo/zel; anc. l:oselfla,) a
the traffic over the snow in sledges is enormous; as many  river in the N.W. part of Europe, rises in the S.E. of the
as 3600, loaded with goods for Tiflis alone, have been known  department of Vosges, (France,) passes Remiremont, Epinal,
to leave the city in a single year.                         Toul, Frouard, Pont-a-Mousson, Metz, and Thionville, in
Moscow, for administrative purposes, is divided into 21  France; separates the duchy of Luxembourg from Rhenish
districts; and is under the inmmediate charge of a general Prussia, and joins the Rhine on the left of Coblentz. It is
and military governor. It is the seat of important civil navigable from its confluence with the Meurthe near Frouand criminal courts, and of various superintending boards ard. Chief affluents in France, the Meurthe and Seille on
of police, manufactures, trade, &c.; and has several literary, the right, and in the Prussian States, the Sarre on the right,
scientific, and other societies; among which, one of the most and the Sure, Kyll, and ElN on the left. Total course, torprominent is the Bible Society, established in 1813. The  tuously N.N.E., 328 miles.
foundation of the city dates from 1147. Its nucleus was the    MOSELLE, a frontier department in the N.E. of France,
Kremlin, which, atfirst, was nearly surrounded by a palisade, formed of parts of the old provinces of Lorraine and French
and formed an important military station. For a long time  Luxembourg, between the departments of Lower Rhine,
it continued to be a dependency on the principality of Via- Meurthe, and Meuse, bounded on the N. by Belgium, Rhedimeer; and in 1238, when the cruel Batou-Khan devas- nish Prussia, and Bavaria. Area 2034 square miles. Pop. in
tated Russia, it was sacked and burned. In 1293, it was  1852,459,684. The surface is partly covered with contreforts
again sacked, and the inhabitants were dragged away into  of the Ardennes and Vosges Mountains. Chief rivers, the
slavery by Khan Nagai. It afterwards became a prey to  Moselle and Sarre. It has mines of iron, coal, and excellent
intestine dissensions-several princes disputing the posses- lime, and several salt springs. Forests cover a great part
sion of it; but at last Dimitri, s rnamed Donskol, became  of the surface, and yield excellent building timber. Grain
sole master, and died in 1389, after having done more for its  is raised sufficient for consumption, and the wine is of good
prosperity than any one into whose hands it had previously  quality. The department is divided into the arrondissements
fallen. From this time its prosperity continu6d to advance, of Metz, (the capital,) Briey, Sarreguemines, and Thionville.
though not without repeated interruptions by fire, pestilence,   MOSELLE, mo-z8llf, a post village of Jo Daviess co., llifamine, and war. It now became the capital of Muscovy, and  nois, near the Missouri River, 10 miles S. of Galena.
afterwartls of the whole Russian Empire; but was deprived    MOSELY (m6zlee) GROVE, a post-office of Dallas co., Alaof this honor in 1703, when St. Petersburg' was founded, bama.
and became the royal residence. It still, however, possesses    MOSELY HALL, a post-office of Lenoir co., North Carolina.
all the grandeur, and many of the other features of a capital.    MOSELY'S, a post-office of Madison co., Florida.
Many of the nobility reside in it; and, both in salubrity    MOSELY'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia.
and central position, it possesses natural advantages which    MIOSHAISK, a town of Russia. See MOZHAISK.
no political preference can ever confer on St. Petersburg.   MOSIIERVILLE, mo/zher-vil, a post-office of Saratoga co.,
The principal event, in the history of Moscow, is the burn-  New York.
ing of it in 1812, for the purpose of dislodging the French    MOSHKOVA, a town of Russia. See MUTSnKeoVA.
from  their winter quarters. The damage then done has    MOSIERTOWN, molzher-t6wn, a village of Crawford co.,
been long since repaired, and Moscow  has again risen  Pennsylvania, 9 miles N.W. of M{eadville.
from her ashes more beautiful than before. Pop. in.1840,    MOSKENIESOE, moskfeh-nAs Sefh, the southmost of the
349,068.                                                    Loffoden Islands, Norway, lat. 670 50' N., ion. 120 5' E.
MOSCOW, one of the most important and populous of the  Length 15 miles, breadth 8 miles. Immediately S. of it is
governments of Russia, mostly between lat. 540 50  and 560  the current called the Mael-strom. See LorsrODEN.
40' N., and ion. 340 50' and 38~ 50' E., enclosed by the go-   MOSKONISI, mos-lko-neetsee, an island of Asia Minor,
vernments of Tver, Vladimeer, Riazan, Toola, I(alooga, and  Anatolia, in the Gulf of Adramyti, 10 miles N.E. of Mitylene.
Smolensk. Area 12,609 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,348,041. Length 41- miles. It is mountainous, and has on its S. siae
Surface an extended plain with few undulations; principal  the village Moslco, with trade in fruit and cotton.
rivers, the Kliasma, Protwa, and Moskva, (or Moskwa,) affiu-    MOSKVA, mncskfv/, or MOSKWA, (Russ. pron. moslk-*A,)
ents of the Volga, and the Oka. Soil very fertile, but the  a river of Russia, traverses the government of Moscow, fromn
corn, produced i4 insufficient for home consumption. Cattle  NV. to E., passing Moscow, Mozhaisk, (Mojaisk,) Bronnitza,
and horse breeding are actively carried on. Manufactures  and joins the Oka at Kolomnna.  Total consse 200 miles.
extensive and very varied, embracing woollen, cotton, and  The battle of Borodino, called by the Flench the battle of
silken fabrics. carpets, gold and silver wares, paper, &c., em-  Mos-sva, was fought on the Kolotza, an affluent of the
ploying in 1840, upwards of 85,000 hands in 1150 factbries,  Moskva, September 7th, 1812. See BORODINo.
and at least 120 steam-engines. Next to Moscow, the prin-   MOSKYA or MOSKWA.  See Moscow.
cipal towns are Kolomna and Dmitrov.                          MOSILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester, with a
MOSCOW, mos1kh,' a township of Somerset co., Maine.  station on the Bristol and Birmingham Railway, 3 miles S.
Pop. 577.                                                   of Birmingham.
MOSCOW. a post-village of Livingston co., New York, near    MOSLEY or MOSSLEY, a chapelry of England, co, of
the Genesee Valley Canal, about 35 miles S.S.W. of Roches- Lancaster, with a station on the Leeds and Manchester
ter. Pop. estimated at 500.                                 Railway, 2 miles from Staleybridge.
MOSCOW, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.         MOSQUERELA, mos-kA-rA/l9; a walled town of Spain,
MOSCOW, a post-office of Marion co., Alabama.             Aragon, 36 miles E.N.E. of Teruel; with a church, and an
MOSCOW, a post-office of Polk co., Texas.                 old palace in which King Jaime I. of Aragon used to spend
MOSCOW, a post-village of I-Iickman co., Kentucky, 6  the hot season.
miles S. of Clinton, has 2 stores.                            MOSQUITIA. See MosQUITo TERRIsORa.
MOSCOW, a post-village of Fayette co., Tennessee, on the    MOSQUITO (mos-kee/to) CREEK, of Georgia, enters the
Wolf River, and on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 0cmulgee River in Pulaski county.
40 miles E. of Memphis.                                       MOSQUITO  CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Mahoning.
MOSCOW, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio  River, about 6 miles from Warren, in Trumbull county.
River, 29 miles above Cincinnati, has several hundred    MOSQUITO CREEK, of Indiana, enters the Ohio in Harinhabitants.                                               rison county.
MOSCOW, a post-village and township of Hillsdale co.,   MOSQUITO (mos-keelto) TERRITORY, called also MOSMichigan, on a branch of Kalamazoo River, about 60 miles  QUITIA, mos-keesshe-a, an extensive but not well-defined
S. of Lansing. It contains 3 stores and a furnace. Pop. country, occupying the N.E. projection of Central America,
About 300; of the township, 942.                          between lat. 110 and 160 N., and Ion. 830 10' and- 860 W.,
MOSCOW,  a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, 40 miles and bounded N. and E. by the Caribbean Sea, S. by
E.SE. of Indianapolis.                                    Costa Rica, from  which it is separated by the river San
MOSCOW, a small village of Lincoln co., Miissouri.      Juan, S.W. by Nlcaragua, and W. by Honduras.  Area,
MOSCOW. a small village of Washington co., Missouri.   including some contested portions claimed by Costa Rica
1248




MOS                                                       MOT
and Nicaragua, 34,000 square miles, and, excluding them, as in everything else. At present its bazaars are small and
about 26,000 square miles. The surface is very mountainous  inferior in appearance, and its streets thronged with poor.
in the W., being traversed by a lofty chain, which stretches  In point of trade, it is chiefly a thoroughfare for the traffic
across the country in a N. direction, and furnishes the  between Bagdad, Syria, and Constantinople. It has, howsources of all its important rivers. The largest of these  ever, considerable commercial intercourse with the interior
rivers are the Roman or Aguan, forming the boundary of  of Koordistan. Its principal manufactures are napkins and
Mosquitia on the N.W.; the Tinto or Wanx, and the Escon- other cotton stuffs, such as chintz shawls for turbans, and
dido or Segovia. The soil is remarkably fertile, and has a  calicoes.  It was formerly celebrated also for its nmuslins,
most luxuriant tropical vegetation, producing in abundance  (which word is derived from  MosUL,) the manufacture of
all the staples of the West Indies, large quantities of  this description of fabrics having been here carried on to a
mahogany and other cabinet timber, dye-woods, drugs, &c. greater degree of perfection, it is said, than in anyother
The climate along the coasts is hot, humid, and unhealthy; place in the Mohammedan dominions. The climate is exon the highlands it is cool and salubrious. Valuable mine- tremely hot in summer, the winters are mild, although
sls are said to abound in the interior, and along the coast there is sometimes a light fall of snow. In the vicinity are
great quantities of tortoise-shell of the finest quality are  several warm sulphur springs, also some extensive quarries
obtained. The Mosquito Indians, the native, and almost of marble, and near by, on the E. bank of the river, are the
the only inhabitants, are an active and daring race, tolerably  recently-discovered remains of ancient Nineveh. The city
expert in the use of fire-arms. Their chief assumes the  has been repeatedly devastated by famine and plague. On
title of King of Mosquitia. They have considered them- one occasion of this kind, where both were combined, or
selves under the protection of the British government. The quickly followed each other, it is said that 100,000 persons
government of New Granada claims the whole country as were cutoff. Pop. estimated at 40,000.
belonging to the territories of that republic. Capital, Blue-   MOSUL, MOSEL or EL MOSUL, a pashalie of Asiatic
fields or Blewfields.                                     Turkey, comprising the most part of Turkish Koordistan,
MOSS, moss, a seaport town of Norway, stift of Agger- between lat. 350 30' and 380 N., and from Ion. 420 eastward,
shuns, on the fiord, 32 miles S. of Christiania. Pop. 3132. to the border of Persia, having on other sides the pashalics
In its vicinity are extensive iron-mines,                 of Van, Diarbekir, and Bagdad. Surface mountainous, espeMOSS, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mobile.           cially in the N. and E. Principal rivers, the Tigris, and its
MOSSAMEDES, mos-sA-mldls, a Portuguese colony in  affluents, the Great and Little Zab, and the Khaboor. BeSouth Africa, with a town and fine harbor, 170 miles S. of  sides Mosul, the capital, it comprises the town of Arbil,
Benguela, with a healthy climate. It has several forts.   (Arbela), and the ruined Al-ladhr.
MOS/SER'S VALLEY, a small village of Union co., Penn-   MOSULLA, mo-stil/l, a town of Persia, province of Ghisylvania.                                                 lan, 35 imiles W. of Reshd. Pop. 2000.
MOSSET, mos'sAl, a town of France, department of Pyr6-   MOSTJR, a town of R.ussian Poland. See MozYR.
n6es-0rientales, 5 miles N.N.W. of Prades. Pop. 133.         MOSZLAVINA, moss-l-veesnb, a village of Austria, SeaMOSSINGEN, (Mbssingen,) mJstsing-en, a market-town of  vonia, co. of Verocz, on the Drave, about 20 miles from
Wtirtemburg, circle of Black Forest, on the Steinbach, 8  Siklos. Pop. 1350.
miles S.W. of Reutlingen. Pop. 2744.                         MOSZYN, mostsin, a town of Prussian Poland, 12 miles
MOSISINGFORD, a post-village of Charlotte co., Virginia, S.S.W. of Posen, on the Warta. Pop. 925.
on the Richmond and I)anville Railroad, 6 miles from Roan-   MOTA DEL CUERVO, moltd dUl kw~atvo, a modern town
eke. Stages connect here with numerous places in Virginia  of Spain, province and 48 miles S.S.W, of Cuenca, on the
and North Carolina.                                        road from Madrid to Valencia. Pop. 3712.
MOSSKIRCI, (Mlsskirch,) missfkORk, a town of Baden,   MOTA DEL MARQUES, mo/tt del mhlkhs, a village of
24 miles N. of Constance.  Pop. 1636. Here the French, Spain, Leon, 27 miles W. of Valladolid, with a magnificent
under Moreau, defeated the Austrians, under Kray, May  palace of the Dukes of Alba. Pop. 1892.
5th, 1800.                                                   MIOTAGUA, mo-tA/gwA, a river of Central America, states
MOSSKIRCH, a market-town of Styria, 10 miles S.W. of  of Guatemala and Honduras, rises near Quesaltenango, and
Grtttz.                                                    enters the Bay of Honduras, 15 miles W. of Omeoa. In its
MOSSOCZ, mosh/shotse, or MOSONCZE, mo'shontlsA, a  upper part it has numerous rapids and cataracts; but it is
market-town of Hungary, 17 miles N.E. of Neusohl. Pop. navigable for boats for the last 100 miles.
2755.                                                       MOTALA, mo-t/l, a market-town of Sweden, len and 23
MOSSO-SANTA-MARIA, mostso slnltA mi-reell, a village  miles W.N.W. of Linklping, at the influx of the Motala
of Piedmont, 18 miles N.E. of Biella. Pop. 2100.          River into Lake Wetter. Pop, 2000. It has a good harbor,
MOSS SIDE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. and its inhabitants are partly employed in ship-building,
MOSISY CREEK, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.    and in the manufacture of cutlery.
MOSSY CREEK, a thriving post-village of Jefferson co.,   MOTICOMB, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
Tennessee, on the line of the E. Tennessee and Virginia   MIOTHE FENELON, LA, 1A mot fAneh-l6NG/, a village of
Railroad, about 212 miles E. of Nashville. It is liberally  France, department of Lot, arrondissement of Gourdon. It
supplied with water-power by a creek of its own name, on  is named from  the family of the Archbishop of Cambrai.
which there are 2 cotton factories.                        Fenelon was born at the Chlteau Fenelon, department of
MOSTAGANEM, mos-td-g-n~ml, a town of Algeria, pro- Dordogne, canton of Carlux.
vince and 471 miles E.N.E. of Oran, about 1  miles from the    MOTHE MONRAVEL, LA, il mot m6aeGrIv6ll, a village
Mediterranean. Itpossesses strongmilitaryworks, and ample  of France, department and on the Dordogne, 21 miles W.
accommodation for troops. It has manufactures of carpets, of Bergerac.
coverlets, woollen cloaks, and jewelry, and a considerable    MOTHE ST. HI'RAY, LA, 11 mot s/NG-hirPl, a village of
trade with the interior. Pop. in 1849, 6495, of whom 3377  France, department of D)eux-Slvres, on the Slvre-Niortaise,
were Europeans.                                           17 miles E.N.E. of Niort. Pop. in 1852, 2394.
MOSTAR, mos'tarl, (" Old Bridge,') a walled city of Euro-   MOTHIELL, mttthfll1, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co,
pean Turkey, and the chief town of Herzegovina, on the  of Waterford.
Narenta, in lat. 430 24' N., Ion. 170 55' E. Pop. 7300, of whom    MOTHIERBANK, off the S. coast of England, co. of Hants,
2600 are Turks, 3560 Greeks, 1440 Roman Catholics, and 300  is a shoal between the mainland and the Isle of Wight,
gipsies. Mostar is celebrated for its old Roman bridge, a  forming the N.W. boundary of the roadstead of Spithead.
single arch of 95 feet span. The houses are mostly of stone,   MOTHIERKILL CREEK, of Kent co., Delaware, enters
roofed with slabs. Chief exports, hides, wool, fruit, wax, Delaware Bay.
tallow, and cattle.                                         MOTHIERS AND DAUGHITERS or STAPIPEN, a group of
MOSTARDAS, mos-tarldbs, a village of Brazil, province islets of Norway, not far from the North Cape, and off the
of S~o-Pedro-do-Rio-Grande, 50 miles S.S.E. of Alegre, with  N.W. coast of the island of MagerSe. They consist of a
a church. Pop. 3000.                                    I central island, rising precipitously to a great height, and
MOS/TERTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         other three also precipitous.
MOSTOLES, mos-toll~s, a town of Spain, New Castile, 10    MOTHIERWELL, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark,
miles S.W. of Madrid. Pop. 1550.                          with a station on the Caledonian Railway, 7 miles N.W. of
MOS/TON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.       Carluke. Pop. in 1851, 1274. It takes its name from a
MOS/TYN, a village and township of North Wales, co. of village anciently dedicated to the Virgin.
Flint, at the mouth of the Dee, about 41 miles N.W. of Ho-   MOTHIVEY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
lywell, with a station on the Chester and IIolyhead Railway.   MOTIER, mo-teerl, a post-office of Pendleton co., Kentucky.
Pop. 2091. Steamers ply hence to Liverpool.                 MOTIERS TRAVERS, mo'te-A/ trl/vairl, a village of SwitzMOSUL, MOSEL, molsefl or moo/sul, or EL MOSUL, written  erland, canton and 16 miles W.S.W. of Neufchltel; inhabited
also MOUSUL, MOUSEL, and MOSSOUL, a large town of  by watch and lace makers. Here Rousseau resided when he
Asiatic Turkey, capital of a pashalic of the same name, plea- wrote his Lettres de la Montagne. Pop. 700.
santly situated on the right bank of the Tigris, 220 miles N.W.   MOTILLA DEL PALANCAN, mo-teel/y dl f  pd-laln-kin',
of Bagdad. It rises to a considerable elevation in the middle, a town of Spain, 39 miles S.S.E. of Cuenca. Pop. 2890.
and is surrounded by a wall, but is in a state of decay. Its    MOTIR, mo-teer, or MORTIER, a small island of the Moprincipal ornaments are a college, the tomb of Sheik Abdul luccas, Malay Archipelago, S. of Tidor, fertile and well cul
Kassin, and the remains of a beautiful mosque, with a fine  tivated.
minaret. The coffee-houses, baths. khans, and bazaars, are    MOTILEY, a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky.
also handsome buildings. The city has declined in commerce    MOTOLA, molto-l: (L. Moleola,) a walled town of Naples.
4D                                                                           1249




MOT                                                      MOU
province of Otranto, 16 miles N.W. of Taranto. It is an    MOTZIN\GEN, (M1itzingen,) mit/sing-en, a village of Wiirepiscopal see. Pop. 2500.                                  temberg, circle of Black Forest, 5 miles S.W. of Iterrenberg
MOTRICO, mo-treelko, a town of Spain, province of Gui- Pop. 1028.
puzcoa, near the Mediterranean, 20 miles N.E. of Bilbao.   MOUAB, a town of Arabia.  See MooAB.
Pop. 2590.                                                   MOUCHAMPIS, moo'shUNGI, a market-town of France, deMOTRIL, mo-treelf, a city of Spain, Andalusia, province partment of Vend6e, 19 nmiles E.N.E. of Bourbon-~end~e.
and 38 miles S.S.E. of Granada, about 1 mile from the Me- Pop. 2186.
diterranean. Lat. 360 45' N.; ion. 30 34, W. It is irreg,,u-   MOUDANIA, a village of Asia Minor. See MOODANIA.
larly built, has a town-house, granary, and ill-proportioned    MOUDON, moodldNGI, (Ger. Milden, millden, anc. Miniducollegiate church, all in the great square; also barracks, a nuns,) a small town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 14 miles
nunnery, with a pretty church; several suppressed convents. N.N.E. of Lausanne. Pop. 1400.
whose churches are used as chapels of ease; and various    MOUKDEN, a city of the Chinese Empire. See MoooKDN.
schools. By the port of Motril is generally understood that   MOULE, LE, leh mool, a town of the French colony of
of Calahonda, distant 2 leagues, and the roads of Baradero, Guadeloupe, with a port on the N.E. coast of Grand Terre.
where vessels under 500 tons load and unload, and which  Pop. 10,021.
are defended by a castle. Motril is the depOt for the exports    MOULIN, moollin, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
and imports of the provinces of Granada and Jaen. On an    MOULINETTE, moo'le-nkttl, a post-village of Canada West,
average of the two years 1844 and 1845, 244 vessels, of 6180  co. of Stormont, 7 miles N.W. of Cornwall, and 43 miles from
tons; entered this port, and 232, of 5059 tons, cleared; the  Prescott. Pop. 120.
chief articles of import being rice, sugar, cinnamon, cocoa,   MOULINS, mooqANGc, a town of France, capital of the decoal, leather, iron, and cotton and woollen tissues; and the  partment of Allier, on the Allier, and on railway (in prochief exports, oil, figs, and raisins, oranges, wine, brandy, gress) from Naevers. Pop. in 1852, 14,781. It has 2 large
corks, esparto, lead, antimony, dye-wood, &c. There are 2  squares adorned with handsome fountains. Principal pubsugar manufactories, 1 of rum; 2 soap works, 9 potteries, lic buildings, the Cathedral, never completed, a modern
about 120 looms for coarse cottons, 18 bake-houses, 4 flour Town-hall, Court-house, National College, 2 large hospitals,
and 4 oil mills. Pop. 10,170.                              an old castle, a small theatre, a public library, picture-galMOTSKI, mot'skee, a market-town of Russia, government lery, public baths, and large cavalry barracks. In the suband 167 miles S.S.W. of Voronezh. Pop. 1800.               urbs along a river are well-planted walks. It is a bishop's
MOTTA ALCIATA, motltt Al-chlt t, a village of the Sar- see, and the seat of the tribunal of commerce, chamber of
dininn States, province and about 7 miles from Biella. Pop. manufactures, and societies of rural economy, natural his1434.                                                      tory, and fine arts. It has manufactures of cutlery, silk,
MOTTA CARNASTRA, motft& kaR-n~sotrt, a town of Sicily, woollen and cotton, with glass-polishing works, a brisk trade
province and 36 miles S.W. of Messiaa, near the N.E. side in corn, wine, raw silk, timber, and live stock. It owes its
of Mount Etna. Pop. 1390.                                  name (MOULINS signifies "' mills") to the great number of
MOTTA-DE-CONTI, mot8tl-dA-konttee, a village of the  water-mills, formerly on the Allier. Marshal Villars, oppoSardinian States, 9 miles from Vercelli. Pop. 1280.        nent of Marlborough, and the Duke of Berwick, natural son
MOTTA DEL FRIULI, motftt d~l freefoo-le, a market-  of James II., were born here.
town of Austrian Italy, delegation and 20 miles N.E. of    MOULINS, Lns, 1 Mnoo'lAnG/, a village of France, departTreviso, on the Livenza.                                   ment of Nord, arrondissement of Lille, of which it may be
MOTTAFERNO. mot'td-flR/no, a town of Sicily, Messina, considered a suburb. Pop. in 1852, 4875.
4 miles N.W. of Mistretta. Pop. 2000.                        MOULINS ENGILBERT, moo'l0 NG! 8NG'zheel'bai/, a town
MOTTA SAN GIOVANNI, mot/t sdn jo-vdntnee, a town  of France, department of Ni~vre, on the Gaza, 30 miles E.
of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 7 miles S.E. of  of Nevers. Pop. 1542. It has manufactures of hats, earthReggio. Pop. 1140.                                         enware. and leather.
MOTTA SANTA LUCIA, mottl sknlt loo-cheet4, a market-   MOULMEIN or MOULMAIN. See MAULIAIN.
town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 9 miles N.N.W.   MOULISEY, m6l1see, (EAST), a parish of England, co. of
of Nicastro. Pop. 3000.                                    Surrey.
MOTTA SANTA ANASTASIA, mottt stnft9 9-nas-talse-A,   MOULSEY, (WEST), a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
a town of Sicily, province and 6 miles W.N.W. of Catania.   MOULSFORD, m51lz'ford, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
Pop. 1450.                                                   MOUL/SON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
MOTTA VISCONTI, motftl vis-kon/tee, a town of Italy,   MOULTAN, a city of Hindostan.  See MOOLTAN.
province and N.W. of Pavia, near the Ticino. Pop. 2350.      MOULTON, m6l/ton, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
MOTTE, LA, 14 mott, a market-town of France, depart-   MOULTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
ment of COtes-du-Nord, 5 miles N. of Louddac. Pop. 3097.     MOULTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
MOTTE ST. JEAN, LIA,I1 mott sANt zh6No, a market-town    MOULTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
of France, department of SaOne-et-Loire, at the junction of    MOULTON ST. MICHAEL, a parish of England, co. of
the Loire and Arroux, 15 miles W.N.W. of Charolles. Pop. Norfolk.
2000.                                                        MOULTON ST. MICHAEL, a township of England, co. of
MOTTE SERVOLLEX, mott skavol'l4, a village of Savoy, York, North Riding, 5 miles N.E. of Richmond, with a sta4 miles N.W. of Chamb6ry. Pop. 3711.                      tion on the York and Newcastle Railway.
MOTTEVILLE, mott'veelf, a village of France, on the rail-   MOULTON, molfton, a post-village, capital of Lawrence
way from Dieppe to Havre, 36 miles from the latter.        co., Alabama, about 110 miles N. by E. of Tuscaloosa. It
MOTT HAVEN, a post-village of Westchester co., New  has a court-house, several stores, and a newspaper office.
York, on the Ilarlem River and Railroad, 8 miles from New    MOULTON, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 450.
York. It has manufactures of castings.                       MOULITONBOROUGII, m1!totn-bftr-rfth, a post-township
MOTTINGEN, a village of Germany,.on the railway from  of Carroll co., New I-Iampshire, bordering on the N.W. shore
Munich to Nuremberg, near Nordlingen.                      ofWinnipiseogee Lake, 40 miles N. of Concord. Squam Lake
MOT/TISFONT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.         bounds it on the W. It contains a mineral spring, and beds
MOTtTISTON, a parish of the Isle of Wight.               of iron ore. Pop. 1748.
MOTTLING, mtttling, (L..etuelm,) a small town of Illy-   MOUITONVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois.
ria, Carniola, on the Kulpa, 13 miles S.S.E. of Neustidtl.   MOULTRIE, m0lftree, a county in the S.E. central part
Pop. 1000.                                                 of Illinois, has an area of 320 square miles. It is intersected
MOT/TRAM-IN-LONGIDEN-DALE, a village and parish  by Kaskaskia River. The county consists partly of prairie
of England, co. of Chester, hundred of Macclesfield, on the  and partly of timbered land; the soil is fertile. The Alton
Sheffield and Manchester Railway, 10 miles E. of Manches- and Terre-Haute Railroad passes along the southern border.
ter. The village W. of the river Etherton, consists of a long  Capital, Auburn. Pop. 3234.
and well-paved street, with houses generally of stone and    MOULTRIE, a post-office of Spartanburg district, South
slated, a grammar and numerous other schools, and exten- Carolina.
sive factories. It has two extensive print works, and seve-   MOULTRIE, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, on
ral large cotton factories, in which the great body of the in- the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 66 miles from Clevehabitants are employed.                                    la d.
MOT/TRAM ST. AN/DREWS, a township of England, co.   MOUNA ROA. See MAUNA LoA.
of Chester.                                                  MOUND BAYOU, a post-office of Tensas co., Louisiana.
MOTT'S CORNERS,'a post-village of Tompkins co., New    MOUND CITY, a post-office of Crittenden co., Arkansas.
York, about 165 miles W. by S. of Albany. It has several   MOUNDSVILLE, Virginia. See GRAve CREEK.
mills.                                                       MOUNDIVILLE, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin.
MOTTIVILLE or MOTTStVILLE, a post-village of Onon-   MOUNT, a parish of South Wales. See MOE.-Y-MOUNT.
daga co., New York, on the outlet of Skaneateles Lake, about   MOUNT AIBRAHAM, a mountain of Franklin co., Maine,
150 miles W. by N. of Albany. It has an iron foundry with  about 60 miles N.N.W. of Augusta.
a. machine shop.                                             MOUNT ADIAMS, a peak of the White Mountains: in
MOTTVILLE, a post-village of Mottville township, St. Jo- Coos.co., New IHampshire. It is the second N. of Mount
veph co., Michigan, on the St. Joseph River, about 95 miles Washington, and next to it in height, having an elevation
S. by W. of Lansing, and 2 miles N. of the Southern Rail- of 5759 feet.
road. Psp. of the township, 611; of the village, about 400.   MOUNT ADAMS or WACHU'SET MOUNTAIN, Worcester
MOTYCA. See MoDIcA.                                     co., Massachusetts. Height, 2018 feet.
1250.




MOU                                                     MOU
MOUNTIAIN, a township in Washington co., Arkansas.   MOUNT CAMIBRIA, a post-office of Niagara co., New
Pop. 909.                                                York.
MOUNTAIN COVE, a post-village of Fayette co., Virginia,   MOUNT CAMPBELL,  a post-office of York co., Pennsyl.
on the Kanawha River, 200 miles W. of Richmond. One vania.
paper is issued here.                                      MOUNT CAR/BON, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
MOUNTAIN CREEK, of Culpepper co., Virginia, falls into    MOUNT CAR/MEL, a post-office of Northumberland co.,
the Rappahannock.                                        Pennsylvania.
MOUNTAIN CREEK, a. post-office of Catawba co., North    MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
Carolina.                                                  MOUNT CARMEL, a small village of Abbeville district,
MOUNTAIN CREEK, a post-office of Anderson district, South Carolina.
South Carolina.                                            MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia.
MOUNTAIN CREEK, a post-office of Warren co., Ten-   MOUNT CARMEL, a post-village of Covington co., Missisnessee.                                                  aippi, 55 miles S.S.E. of Jackson.
MOUNTAIN FALLS, a post-office of Frederick co., Vir-   MOUNT CARMEL, a post office of Smith co., Tex a.
ginia.                                                     MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.
MOUNTAIN GLEN, a small village of Scott co., Arkansas.   MOUNT CARMEL, a post-village of New Haven co., ConMOUNTAIN GROVE, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.   necticut, on the New Haven and Northampton Railroad.
MOUNTAIN HOMIE, a post-village of McDowell co., North    MOUNT CARMEL, a post-village of Fleming co., KenCarolina.                                                tucky, 81 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort. It has 1 church, and
MOUNTAIN HOME, a post-office of Laurens co., Alabama. 2 stores. 
MOUNTAIN RIDGE, New York, the name given to a low    MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio, 12
ridge extending nearly parallel to the S. shore of Lake On- miles E. of Cincinnati.
tario, of which lake it is supposed to have once formed the    MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana,
beach.                                                   75 miles S.E. from Indianapolis.
MOUNTAIN SHOALS, a post-office of Spartanburg dis-   MOUNT CARMEL, a post-village, capital of Wabash co.,
trict, South Carolina.                                   Illinois, on the Wabash River, opposite the mouth of'White
MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON. See AFRICA.                     River, 160 miles S.E. of Springfield. It has a beautiful
MOUNTAIN SPRING, a post-office of Martin co., Indiana.  situation and advantages for manufacturing, with a dam
MOUNTAIN STAND, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama. across the river, a mile above the village, producing inexMOUNITAINTOP, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.    haustible water-power. The place is remarkably healthy,
MOUN/TAINTOWN CREEK, of Gilmer co., Georgia, flows  having entirely escaped the cholera when it prevailed in
Into the Coosawattee River.                              the vicinity. A newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1853,
MOUNT/AINVIEW, a post-village of Abbeville district, 1500.
South Carolina.                                            MOUNT CARMEL, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.
MOUNTAINVIEW, post-office, Santa Clara co., California.   MOUNT CARtROLL, a thriving post-village, capital of
MOUNT AIRIY, a village of Iunterdon co., New Jersey, Carroll co., Illinois, on Carroll Creek, 210 miles N. of Spring16 miles N.N.W. of Trenton; it has 1 church.              field. It has a large flouring-mill, for which the creek furMOUNT AIRY, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania.  nishes motive power. A newspaper is published here. Laid
MOUNT AIRY, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, on  out in 18413. Pop. 600.
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.                           MOUNT-CHARLES, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co.
MOUNT AIRY, a post-village of Pittsylvania co., Virginia,  and 4 miles W. of Donegal, on the N. side of Donegal Bay.
145 miles S.W. of Richmond. It has several churches and  Pop. 539.
mills.                                                     MOUNT CLEMIENS, a flourishing post-village, capital of
MOUNT AIRY; a post-village in Surrey co., North Carolina. Macomb co., Michigan, is pleasantly situated on the left
MOUNT AIRY, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee, 113  bank of Clinton River, 6 miles from its entrance into Lake
miles S.S.E. of Nashville.                               St. Clair, and at the head of steam navigation, 20 miles
MOUNT AIRY, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.       N.N.E. of Detroit. A plank-road connects it with Detroit,
MOUNT AIRY, a small village of Saline co., Illinois.   and another extends 20 miles N.W. to Romeo.. A number
MOUNT AIRY, a post-office of Randolph co., Missouri.    of the inhabitants are employed in ship-building. SteamMOUNT AL/BAN, Mississippi, a station on the Vicksburg  boats ply daily between this and Detroit.  It contains 1
and JacksonRailroad, 6 miles from Vicksburg.             bank, a manufactory of window glass, 2 or 3 newspaper
MOUNT AL/TO. a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. offices, and several mills. Pop. in 1853, about 2500.
MIOUNT ANIDREW, a post-office of Barbour co., Alabama.   MOUNT CLIF/TON, a post-office of Shenandoah co., VirMOUNT AUBRY, aw/bree, a village of Lehigh co., Penn- ginin.
sylvania, on the right bank of the Lehigh River, 1 mile   MOUNT CLINtTON, a village of Bergen co.. New Jersey,
above Allentown. The new Allentown iron works are esta- on the Hudson River, about 15 miles N. by E. of Jersey
blished here. Pop. 200..                               City.
MOUNT AU/BURN, a beautiful cemetery, situated about   MOUNT CLI/O, a post-village of Sumter district, South
a mile W. of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachu- Carolina.
setts. It was laid out in 1831, and comprises an area of    MOUNT COMIFORT, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.
about 100 acres. The surface is beautifully diversified with    MOUNT COMFORT, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana.
hill and dale, portions of it rising to an elevation of about   MOUNT CRAB, a post-office of Brown Co., Pennsylvania.
125 feet above the level of Charles River. A natural growth    MOUNT CRAW/FORD, a post-village of Rockingham co.,
of forest trees cover a large portion of the grounds, adding  Virginia.
a simple, majestic, and most appropriate ornament to this   MOUNT CROIGHAN, a post-office of Chesterfield district,
hallowed spot, over which are scattered tombs and monu- South Carolina.
ments of the most various' and exquisite workmanship, sur-   MOUNT DEFIIANCE, a high eminence in Essex eo., New
rounded and adorned with every variety of shrub and flower. York, overlooking the site of Fort Ticonderoga.
Near the entrance of the cemetery, which is by a massive    MOUNT DESERT, dz/lert, an island of the United States,
gateway in the Egyptian style, stands the chapel, a hand- on the coast of Maine, in Frenchman's Bay, 40 miles S.E.
some granite edifice, in which are performed the funeral of Bangor, 15 miles long and 12 miles broad. It has several
services. The first interment at Mount Auburn was that excellent harbors, and employs a considerable amount of
of Mrs. Hannah Adams, one of the earliest female writers  shipping in the coasting trade, and the fisheries. The island
of New England.                                          constitutes a township of Mount Desert Island. Pop. 777.
MOUNT AUBURN, a post-village of Shelby co., Indiana,   MOUNT DESERT ROCK, 20 miles S. of Mount Desert
about 12 miles S.W. of Shelbyville.                      Island, Maine. On it is a fixed light 50 feet above the level
MOUNT AUBURN, a post-office of Christian co., Illinois. of the sea. Lat. 430 58' 301' N., Ion. 680 8' WV.
MOUNT BALKER, a peak of the Cascade Range, on the    MOUNT DESERT ROCK, a new township of Hancock
northern border of Oregon,'about 90 miles E. from the  co., Maine. Pop. 5.
mouth of Frazer's River.                                   MOUNT EATON, ee/ton, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio,
MOUNT BETH/EL, a little village of Somerset co., New  18 miles S.E. of Wooster. Pop. in 1853, 500.
Jersey, 7 miles N.E. of Somerville.                        MOUNT E/DEN, a post-office of Spencer co., Kentucky.
MOUNT BEThIEL, a post-village of Northampton co.,   MOUNT EDEN FURNACE, a small village of Lancaster
Pennsylvania, 120 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.            co., Pennsylvania.
MOUNT BETHEL, a post-office of Newberry district,   MOUNT EDGECUMBE, 6j/krm, England, co. of Cornwall,
South Carolina.                                          is a hilly promontory, with the fine seat of the Earl of Mount
MOUNT BIG/ELOW, on the boundary line between So- Edgecumbe, 3 miles S.W. of Plymouth.
merset and Franklin counties, Maine, about 70 miles N.N.W.   MOUNT EDGECUMBEI, a mountain of New Zealand,
of Augusta.                                              North Island, in lat. 380 S., ion. 1770 E., and about 10,000
MOUNT BLANCIIARD, a post-village of Hancock co., feet above the sea.
Ohio, on Blanchard River, 85 miles N.N.W. of Columbus.   MOUNT ELIBA, a post-office of Bradley co., Arkansas.
Pop. about 250.                                            MOUNT E/LON, a post-office of Darlington district, South
MOUNT BRIGGS, a village of Potawatamie co., Iowa, 12  Carolina.
miles E. by N. of Council Bluffs.                          MOUNT EM/MONS, a peak in Hamilton so., New York.
MOUNT CAL'VARY, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.      Height about 4500 feet above the sea.
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MOUNT EINON, a village of Richmond co., Georgia, 15  a hotel, a store, and about 150 inhabitants. The township
miles S. of Augusta.                                    is intersected by the New York and Erie Railroad, on which
MOUNT ENITERPRISE, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.  is a station at Otisville. There are also two other villages,
MOUNT E0OLIA, a post-office of Union co., Georgia.    viz., Finchville and New Vernon. The Shawangunk Kill
MOUNT EPHRAIM, eelfram, a small village of Guernsey  affords motive power for 1 clover-mill, 3 flouring-mills, a
co., Ohio.                                              woollen manufactory, and 4 saw-mills. The schools of
MOUNT EPHRAIM, a small post-village of Noble co., Mount Hope are among the most prosperous in the county.
Ohio.                                                    Pop. of township. 1512.
MOUNT ETNA, a mountain of Sicily. See ETNA.             MOUNT HOPE, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania,
MOUNT ETINA, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Indiana, 11 miles S.E. of Chambersburg. It contains a mill and 200
on the Salamonie River, 90 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. inhabitants.
about 200.                                                MOUNT HOPE, a small post-village of Lancaster co., PennMOUNT ETNA, a small village of Rush co., Indiana, 6 sylvania.
miles N. of Rushville.                                    MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Alabama.
MOUNT EUTOIPIA, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.   MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee.
MOUNT/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.        MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Holmes co., Ohio.
MOUNT FREEIDOM, a post-office of Pendleton co., Vir-   MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana.
ginia.                                                    MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois.
MOUNT FREEDOM, a post-village of Jessamine co., Ken-   MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri.
tucky.                                                    MOUNT HOPE, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.
MOUNT GAL/LAGHER, a post-village of Laurens district,   MOUNT HOPE BAY, the north-eastern arm of NarraganSouth Carolina.                                         set Bay, extending through Bristol county, Rhode Island,
MOUNT GILIEAD, a post-village of London co., Virginia, into Bristol county, Massachusetts.
155 miles N. of Richmond. It stands on an eminence corn-   MOUNT HO/REB, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia, 111
mandins a beautiful view of the Blue Ridge.             miles W. of Richmond.
MOUNT GILEAD, a post-office of Montgomery co., North    MOUNT IIDA, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co.,
Carolina, 123 miles from Raleigh.                       Arkansas, on the Brushy Fork of Washita River, about 90
MOUNT GILEAD, a post-office of Franklin co., Arkansas. miles W. by S. of Little Rock. It is situated in a hilly reMOUNT GILEAD, a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky, gion, which abounds in valuable minerals.
12 miles S.E. of Maysville.                               MOUNT IDA, a post-office of Montgomery co., Kentucky.
MOUNT GILEAD, a small village of Pulaski co., Kentucky.   MOUNT INDEPEN/DENCE, in Rutland co., Vermont,
MOUNT GILEAD, a flourishing post-village of Gilead town- about 2 miles S.E. of Fort Ticonderoga.. It is chiefly distinship, capital of Morrow co., Ohio, on the E. branch of Olen- guished As having contained important military fortificatangy River, 42 miles N. by E. of Columbus. The railroad  tions in the early history of the country.
which connects Cleveland and Columbus passes 17 miles   MOUNT ISABEL, iz/a-bl, a post-office of De Soto co., Mis.
west from this place. It is the principal town in the county, sissippi.
and has 4 good mills, which are moved by water-power.   MOUNT JACK/SON, a post-village of Lawrence co., PennTwo newspapers are published here. It has a union school. sylvania, on Hickory Creek, 50 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg.
Pop. in 1853, about 1000.                                 MOUNT JACKSON, a post-village of Shenandoah co., VirMOUNT GROVE, a small village of Davis co., North Ca- ginia, on the Valley Turnpike from Staunton to Winchester,
rolina.                                                 13 miles S.W. of Woodstock. Mill Creek affords water-power,
MOUNT HAWIKINS, a post-village of Perry co., Illinois, which has been somewhat improved.
about 10 miles E. of Pinckneyville.                       MOUNT JEF/FERSON, a peak of the White Mountains,
MOUNT HAWMLEY, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.   in Coos co., New Hampshire, situated immediately N. of
MOUNT HEALITHY, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, Mount Washington, between it and Mount Adams. Height
110 miles S.W. by W. of Columbus.                       5657 feet above the level of the ocean.
MOUNT HEALTHY, a post-office of Bartholomew co.,   MOUNT JEFFERSON, a village of Shelby co., Ohio, on the
Indiana.                                                state road from Piqua to Fort Wayne. Pop. about 150.
MOUNT HE/BRON, a post-office of Green co., Alabama.     MOUNT JEFFERSON, a post-office of Carroll co., Indiana.
MOUNT HERION, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.         MOUNT JOR/DAN, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas.
MOUNT HICKIORY, a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia.   MOUNT JOY, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania.
MOUNT HICKORY, a post-office of Chambers co., Alabama. Pop. 1098.
MOUNT HIGH, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama.     MOUNT JOY, a post-village and township of Lancaster
MOUNT HILL, a post-office of Abbeville district, South  co., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Harrisburg RailCarolina.                                               road, 12 miles N.W. of Lancaster. The village is situated
MOUNT HILL, a post-office of Morgan co., Alabama.     in a rich and populous district, and contains 2 churches and
MOUNT HILLIIARD, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.  1 seminary. Pop. 2626.
MOUNT HILL IRON-WORKS, a small village of Cumber-   MOUNT KING/STON, a post-village of Montgomery co.,
land co., Pennsylvania.                                 Illinois, 72 miles S. of Springfield.
MOUNT HOIJLY, a post-township of Rutland co., Ver-   MOUNT KIS/KG, a post-office of Westchester co., New
mont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, about 66  York.
miles S. by W. of Montpelier. It contains 2 churches, 4   MOUNT LAFAYETTE, (laf1A-yltt/,) a peak of the White
stores, and 6 factories and mills. Pop. 1534.           Mountains, of New Hampshire, in Grafton co., about 75
MOUNT HOLLY, a post-village of Northampton town- miles N. by W. of Concord. Height about 5500 feet.
ship, and capital of Burlington co., New Jersey, on the   MOUNT LANi/)ING, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia.
north branch of Rancocus Creek, 19 miles 0. of Trenton.   MOUNT LAN/GUM, a post-office of Iroquois co., Illinois.
It is pleasantly situated amidst a fertile and populous   MOUNT LAU/REL, a post-office of Burlington co., New
country, and contains, besides the county buildings, 7 Jersey.
churches, a bank, a boarding-school, 2 newspaper offices, a   MOUNT LAUREL, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
woollen factory, and several mills. A branch railroad con-   MOUNT LEBIANON, a small village of Spartanburg disnects it with Burlington, from which it is 7 miles distant. trict, South Carolina.
The name is derived from an eminence which rises about   MOUNT LEBANON, a post-village of Claiborne parish,
200 feet above the level of the sea. Pop. in 1854, estimated  Louisiana, about 200 miles N.N.W. of Baton Rouge.
at 2000.                                                  MOUNT LEINSTER, leen/ster, a mountain of Ireland,
MOUNT HOLLY, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, on the  Leinster, co. of Carlow, 7 miles E.N.E. of Borrie. Elevation
Walhonding River, about 60 miles N.E. of Columbus. It 2610 feet.
contains 1 woollen factory, a flouring-mill, an iron foundry,   MOUNT LEVYEL, a post-village of Dinwiddie co., Virginia.
and 200 inhabitants.                                      MOUNT LIB/ERTY, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, 40
MOUNT HOLLY, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.       miles N.E. of Columbus.
MOUNT HOLYOKE, (ho/le-Ok or hllyyk,) in Hadley tbwn-   MOUNT LIBERTY, a post-office of Marion co., Illinois.
ship, Hampden co., Massachusetts, 3 miles E. of Northamp-   MOUNT LINN, a peak of the Coast Range, in California,
ton. The summit is 830 feet above the Connecticut River, in about 400 N. lat., and 1230 W. ion.
affording a magnificent view. The Mount Holyoke Female   MOUNT MAc/INTIRE, New York, a summit of the Adiron(Manual Labor) Seminary, in the vicinity, is considered one  dack group, situated N.E. of Mount Tahawus. Height about
of the best educational institutions in the United States.   5180 feet.
MOUNT HIOLYOKE, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee.   MOUNT MADrISON, a peak of the White Mountains, in
MOUNT HOOD, Oregon, one of the summits of the Cas- Coos co., New Hampshire. It is immediately S. of Mount
cade Range, about 70 miles E. of Oregon City. Height about Washington, and elevated 5415 feet above the level of the
14,000 feet.                                            sea.
MOUNT HOPE, a beautiful eminence of Bristol co., Rhode   MOUNT MANS/FIELD, of Vermont, the highest peak of
Island, on the W. shore of Mount Hope Bay, celebrated as the Green Mountains, about 20 miles N.W. of Montpelier.
having been the residence of the famous King Philip.    Elevation, 4359 feet.
MOUNT HOPE, a post-village and township of Orange co.,   MOUNT MARCY, New York. See MOUNT TAnAWUS.
New York, on the Shawansunk Kill, a fine mill-stream, about   MOUNT MEIGS, (m~gz,) a postvillage in Montgomery c.,
130 miles S.S.W. of Albany. The 7illage contains a church, Alabama, 15 mpiles E. of Montgomery.
1252




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MOUJNT MELIMOYU, (m~l-e-mo-yoof,) a mountain peak    MOUNT PETREIA, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas.
of the Andes, in Patagonia, near the W. coast. Lat. 440 S.   MOUNT PIERCE, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
Height 7400 feet.                                          MOUNT PINISON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama.
MOUNT MELILICK, a market-town of Ireland, Leinster,    MOUNT PINSON, a post-office of Jackson co., Arkansas.
Queen's co., on a branch of the Grand Canal, 6 miles N.W.   MOUNT PINSON, a post-office of Madison co., Tennessee.
of Maryborough. Pop. in 1852, 3651, employed in cotton    MOUNT PISGAH, (piztgah,) a post-office of Alexander co.,
and woollen manufactures, iron and brass works, and pot- North Carolina.
teries. It has a branch bank, and 2 weekly markets.        MOUNT PISGAH, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio,
MOUNT MERID/IAN, a small post-village of Augusta co., about 20 miles E. of Cincinnati.
Virginia, 118 miles N.W. of Richmond.                      MOUNT PISGAH, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.
MOUNT MERIDIAN, a small post-village of Putnam co.,   MOUNT PISGAH, a small village of Dallas co., Missouri.
Indiana, on the National Road, 8 miles S.E. of Greencastle,   MOUNT PLEAS/ANT, a post-office of Saratoga co., New
and 40 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis.                     York.
MOUNT MILTSIN, in North Africa. See MILrSEEi.           MOUNT PLEASANT, a township of Westchester co., New
MOUNT MISIERY, a little village of Burlington co., New  York. Pop. 3323.
Jersey, 17 miles E.S.E. of Mount Holly.                    MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of Alexandria townMOUNT MITCHIELL or MITCHELL'S PEAK, of North  ship, in the western part of Hunterdon co., New Jersey,
Carolina, is a peak of the Black Mountain, situated about 1 about 11 miles W.N.W. of Flemington.
mile N. of the point where an outlying ridge connects Black    MOUNT PLEASANT, a village of Monmouth co., New
Mountain with the Blue Ridge. This mountain rises 6732 Jersey, 10 miles N. of Freehold.
feet above the sea, and was supposed to be the highest land    MOUNT PLEASANT, a village of Morris co., New Jersey,
E. of the Mississippi, till the Hon. Thos. L. Clingman, in Sept. 13 miles N.N.W. of Morristown.
1855, ascended another peak of Black Mountain lying about   MOUNT PLEASANT, a township of Adams co., Pennsyl3 miles N. of this, whose altitude he ascertained to be 6941 vania. Pop. 1614.
feet. The former was named in honor of Prof. Mitchell, of   MOUNT PLEASANT, a village and township of Columbia
the University of North Carolina, who was the first to deter- co., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. of Bloomsburg. Pop. 708.
mine its height; the latter, for a similar reason, is called    MOUNT PLEASANT, a small village of Lancaster co.,
Clingman's Peak.                                         Pennsylvania.
MOUNT MITCH/ELL, the loftiest summit of the Darling    MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village and township of WashDowns, East Australia; lat. 280 S. Height 4100 feet.     ington co., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles S.W. of Pittsburg.
MOUNT MORIIAH, in Coos co., New Hampshire. one of  Pop. 1254.
the peaks of the White Mountains, is situated in Shelburne    MOUNT PLEASANT, a township of Wayne co., Pennsyltownship.                                                vania. Pop. 1551.
MOUNT MORIAH, a small village of McDowell co., North    MOUNT PLEASANT, a flourishing  post-borough and
Carolina.                                                township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, about 40 miles
MOUNT MORIAH, a post-village of Wilcox co., Alabama. S.E. of Pittsburg. It contains several churches, is one of
MOUNT MORIAH, a post-office of Hempstead co., Ar- the largest towns of the county, and has considerable trade.
kansas.                                                   Incorporated in 1828. Pop. 534; of the township, 2576.
MOUNT MORIAIH, a post-office of Brown co., Indiana.       MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village in Frederick co., MaryMOUNT MOR/RIS, a post-village and township of Living- land.
ston co., New York, on thb Genesee Valley Canal, 36 miles    MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of Spottsylvania co.,
S. by W. of Rochester. The Genesee River flows through  Virginia, 5 miles N. by W. of Richmond.
the township, and by means of a dam and raceway, which    MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of Cabarras co., North
extends to the village, affords an abundant hydraulic power. Carolina, on or near the North Carolina Railroad, 136 miles
The village contains 4 or 5 churches, an academy, a news- W. of Raleigh.
paper office, numerous stores, and several mills and facto-   MOUNT PLEASANT, a small post-village of Monroe co.,
ries. Pop. in 1855, 4042.                                 Alabama.
MOUNT MORRIS, a post-village of Greene co., Pennsyl-   MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-office of Caldwell parish,
vania, on Dunkard's Creek, 18 miles S.E. of Waynesburg.    Louisiana.
MOUNT MORRIS, a post-village and township in Ogle co.,   MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village, capital of Titus co.,
Illinois, 177 miles N. of Springfield, and about 6 miles W. Texas, on the road from Clarksville to Jefferson, 320 miles
of Rock River. The village contains a flourishing seminary  N.E. of Austin City. Laid out in 1846.
and a nlewspaper office. Pop. 1092.                        MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-office of Carroll co., Arkansas.
MOUNT MOURNE, a post-office of Iredell co., North Ca-   MOUNT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village of Maury co.,
rolina.                                                  Tennessee, on the turnpike leading from Nashville, 52 miles
MOUNT NEtBO, an eminence in Middlebury township, S.S.W. of that city. Pop. about 400.
Addison co., Vermont, commanding a finue view of Lake   MOUNT PLEASANT, a small village of Sullivan co., TenChamplain.                                               nessee.
MOUNT NEBO, a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl-   MOUNT PLEASANT, a small post-village, capital of HIarvania.                                                   lan co., Kentucky, is situated on the Cumberland River,
MOUNT NEBO, a village of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, near its source, 170 miles S.E. of Frankfort.
on the state road from Harrisburg to Pottsville. It contains   MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio,
about a dozen houses.                                    on the turnpike, 10 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has several
MOUNT NEBO, a post-office of Yadkin co., North Carolina. hundred inhabitants.
MOUNT NEBO, a post-office of Yallobushaco., Mississippi.    MOUNT PLEASANT, a flourishing post-village and townMOUNTNES/SING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.      ship of Jefferson co., Ohio, about 130 miles E. of Columbus.
MOUNT NILES, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama.  The village has an active trade, and contains 1 bank, 4
MOUNT OF OLIIVES, a celebrated hill of Palestine, about churches, a boarding-school, and several mills and mannhalf a mile E. of Jerusalem. Its summit commands one of factories. The yearly meeting of the Society of Friends is
the finest views that can be obtained of the adjacent city.   held at this place. Pop. of the village, about 1000; of the
MOUNT OL/IVE, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland. township, 1847.
MOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Wayne co., North Carolina.   MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village in Oakland co., MichiMOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.      gan, 41 miles from Detroit.
MOUNT OLIVE, a post-village. capital of Izard co., Ar-   MOUNT PLEASANT, a township in Delaware co., Indiana.
kansas, on White River, about 100 miles N. of Little Rock.  Pop. 924.
MOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.        MOUNT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village of Martin
MOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana.    co., Indiana, on the E. fork of White River, 35 miles E. of
MOUNT OLIVE, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.    Vincennes, was the capital of the county for several years
MOUNT OLIVER, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- previous to 1846. It is a shipping point for produce.
vania, is on a high hill, about 2 miles S. of Pittsburg. Pop.   MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-office of Union co., Illinois,
about 150.                                               160 miles S. of Springfield.
MOUNT OLIVET, a post-office of Bracken co., Kentucky.   MOUNT PLEASANT, a township in Lawrence co., iMisMOUN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.        souri. Pop. 473.
MOUNTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.       MOUNT PLEASANT, a township in Scotland co., Missouri.
MOUNT PACARAIMIA or SERRA PACARAIMA, shlet  Pop. 801.
p&-k&-rk mA, an isolated mountain of Brazil, near the Parima.   MOUNT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village, capital of
Lat. 30 38' N., ion. 630 8' W. See SERRA PACARAIsA.      Henry co., Iowa, 5i5 siles S. of Iowa City. It contains an
MOUNT PAL/ATINE, a post-village of Putnam co., Illi- academy, and numerous stores. Two or three newspapers
nois, 12 miles S.E. of Hennepin. Judson College, at this  are published here.
place, was founded by the Baptists.                        MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village and township of Ra.
MOUNT PAR/THENON, a post-office of Newton co., Aa- cine co., Wisconsin, on a plank-road, 4 miles W. of Racine.
Lkansas.                                                 Pop. 1086.
MOUNT PEILIA or MID/DLEBURG, a post-village of    MOUNT PLEASANT, a village of Canada West, in the
Weakly co., Tennessee, 135 miles W. of Nashville.        united counties of Wentworth and Halton, 5 miles from
MOUNT PER/RY, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio.        Brantford, and 30 miles from Hamilton. Pop. about 200.
1253




MOU LMOU
MOUNT. PLEASANT MILLS, a post-office of Union co.,   MOUNT STERLING, a post-village of Switzerland co.,
Pennsylvania.                                               Indiana, 4 miles from Vevay.
MOUNT POLK, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.           MOUNT STERLING, a post-village, capital of Brown co.,
MOUNT PROS/PECT, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee. Illinois, 77 miles W. by N. of Springfield. It is pleasantly
MOUNT PROSPECT, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana.  situated on the border of a prairie.
MOUNT PROSPECT, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois.   MOUNT STERLING, a post-office of Gasconade co., Mis.
MOUNT PULAS/KI, a post-village, capital of Logan co., souri.
Illinois, is situated 25 miles E.N.E. of Springfield.         MOUNT STERLING, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.
MOUNT RAINIIER, a peak of the Cascade Bange, in the    MOUNT STERLING, a post-village of Crawford co., WisN.W. part of Oregon, in lat. about 460 50' N., ion. 1210 30' consin, about 25 miles N. by E. of Prairie du Chien.
W. Height about 12,000 feet.                                  MOUNT ST. HELEN'S. See ST. HaLrc'S.
MOUNT/RATH, a market-town  of Ireland, Leinster,   MOUNT  ST. MARY'S COLLEGE.  See EMETTSBURGn,
Queen's co., near the proposed line of the Cork Railway, 14  Maryland.
miles E.N.E. of Roscrea. Pop. 3000. It has a monastery    MOUNT SUM/NER, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., iliand nunnery, several schools, with manufactures of cottons nois, 155 miles W.N.W. of Chicago.
and worsteds.                                                 MOUNT SURPRISE/, a post-office of Luzerne co., PennMOUNT REPUB/LIC, a post-village of Wayne co., Penn-  sylvania.
sylvania, 170 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.                       MOUNTS/VILLE, a post-village of London co., Yirginia,
MOUNT ROCK, a small post-village of Cumberland co., 150 miles N. of Richmond.
Pennsylvania.                                                 MOUNT SYI/VAN, a post-office of Lafayette  co., MisMOUNT ROSE, a post-office of Mercer co., New Jersey.    sissippi.
MOUNT ROSE, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio.              MOUNT SYLVA/NIA, a post-office of Washington co.,
MOUNT SA/LEM, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.  Oregon.
MOUNT SALEM, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.        MOUNT TA/BOR, a township of Rutland co., Vermont.
MOUNT SAVIAGE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland. Pop. 308.
MOUNT SAVAGE, a post-office of Carter co., Kentucky.        MOUNT TABOR, a post-village of Union district, South
MOUNT'S BAY, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the extreme  Carolina.
S.W. coast of England, co. of Cornwall; between the two    MOUNT TABOR, a post-village of Monroe co., Indiana,
large prompntories, (Horns of Cornwall,) respectively termi-  on Beanblossom Creek, 11 miles N.W. of Bloomington.
nating in the Land's End and Lizard Point. In it is St.   MOUNT TAHAWUS, ta-haw/wts, or MOUNT MAR/CY,
Michael's Mount.                                            New York, the highest summit of the Adirondack group,
MOUNT SCOTT, a village in Cass co., Iowa, 200 miles situated in the W. central part of Essex county. It has an
W.N.W. of Iowa City.                                        elevation of 5467 feet above the sea.
MOUNT SERENE, (se-reen/,) a post-office of Barbour co.,   MOUNT TIR/ZAH, a post-office of Person co., North CaroAlabama.                                                    lina, 44 miles N.N.W. of Raleigh.
MOUNT SEWlARD, Franklin co., New York, about 130    MOUNT TOM, on the right bank of the Connecticut River,
miles N. by W. of Albany. It is a branch of the Adirondack  Hampden co., Massachusetts, has an elevation of 1214 feet
Range, having an elevation of 4800 feet above the level of  above the sea.
the sea.                                                      MOUNT UL/LAH, a post-office of Rowan co., North CaMOUNT SID/NE Y, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, rolina.
on the stage-road from Winchester to Staunton, 10 miles    MOUNT U/NION, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Penn
N.E. of the latter. It contains 1 church and 1 academy. sylvania, on the Juniata River, and on the Central Railroad,
Pop. estimated at 300.                                      80 miles W. of Harrisburg.
MOUNT SID/NEY, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, on    MOUNT UNION, a small post-village of Stark co., Ohio,
the Muscakituck River, 80 miles S. of Indianapolis.         on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 134 miles N.E. of
MOUNT SI/NAI, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.    Columbus.
MOUNT SINAI, in Arabia. See SINAI.                          MOUNT UP/TON, a post-village of Guilfobrd township,
MOUNT SOILON, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia,  Chenaugo co., New York, on Unadilla River, 100 miles W.
about 110 miles W.N.W. ofRichmond. It has a fine water- by S. of Albany.
power, and contains a paper-mill, a fiour-mill, an iron    MOUNT VER/NON, a post-township of Kennebec co.,
furnace, anid rolling-mill.                                 Maine, on a fine mill-stream, about 20 miles N.N.W. of
MOUNT SOR/REL, (properly MOUNT SOAR-HILL,) a  Augusta. Pop. 1479.
market-town of England, co. of Leicester, on the Soar, here    MOUNT VERNON, a post-village and township of'Hillscrossed by a bridge, and on a branch of the Midland Counties  borough co., New Hampshire, about 22 miles S. by W. of
Railway, 7 miles N. of Leicester. Pop. 1536.                Concord. Pop. 722.
MOUNT  ST. ELI/AS, (anc. Taygetus,) a mountain of    MOUNT VERNON, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode
Greece, Morea, government of Laconia, in Maina, 10 miles  Island.
S.W. of Mistra. Height 7829 feet.                             MOUNT VERNON, a new and flourishing post-village of
MOUNT ST. ELIAS, (anc. /Olcha,) a mountain of Greece, Westchester co., New York, on Bronx River, and on the
near the S.E. extremity of the island of Euboea. HIeight 4607  New Haven and Harlem Railroad, 20 miles N. of New York.
feet. Here have been discovered the remains of a temple of  Pop. about 2000.
Neptune.                                                      MOUNT VERNON, a post-village of Chester co., PennsylMOUNT ST. ELIAS, a mountain of Greece, island of Ceos. vania, 72 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.
MOUNT ST. ELIAS, a mountain of Greece, island of Melos.   MOUNT VERNON, a post-office of Rowan co., North CaMOUNT ST. ELIAS, a mountain of Greece, island of  rolina.
Paros, Grecian Archipelago.                                   MOUNT  VERNON, Virginia, the former residence of
MOUNT ST. EL[AS, a mountain of Greece, Santa Maura, General Washington, on, the W. side of the Potomac, 8
Ionian Islands, 4 miles S.W. of Amaxichi. IHeight 3000 feet. miles below  Alexandria.  It contains the Mansion and
MOUNT  ST. ELIAS, a volcanic mountain  of North  Tomb of the "Father of his Country."
America, forming a part of the boundary between the    MOUNT VERNON, a post-village, capital of Montgomery
British and Russian territories. Lat. 600 18' N., ion. 1400 co., Georgia, 1 mile from the Oconee River, and 100 miles W.
30S  W. Estimated height 17,900 feet. It is said to be per- of Savannah, is surrounded by sandy pine barrens.
ceptible 120 miles off at sea.                                MOUNT VERNON, a post-village of Mobile co., Alabama,
MOUNT ST. ELIAS, the highest peak of the island of  150 miles S.W. of Montgomery.
Santorini, Grecian Archipelago, at the S.E. extremity of the    MOUNT VERNON, a post-village of Titus co., Texas,
island; lat. 360 22' N.; Ion. 250 28' 45/5 E. It is of limestone about 300 miles N.E. of Austin, is situated on the border
or marble formation, and 1887 feet high.                    of a prairie, and has a boarding-school for girls.  Pop. 200.
MOUNT ST. ELIAS, a peak on the S. part of the island    MOUNT VERNON, a post-village, capital of St. Francis
of 2E1ina, 1752 feet high.                                  co., Arkansas, 115 miles E.N.E. of Little Rock, and 4 miles
MOUNT STER/LING, a post-village of Choctaw co., Ala- W. of St. Francis River.
bama, 125 miles W. by S. of Montgomery.                       MOUNT VERNON, a post-office of Monroe co., Tennessee.
MOUNT STERLING, a small village of Monroe co., Ala-   MOUNT VERNON, a post-village, capital of Rockcastle
bama.                                                       co., Kentucky, about 70 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort.  It has
MOUNT STERLING, a post-village, capital of Montgo-' 4 churches, several stores, and about 300 inhabitants.
mery co., Kentucky, on Hinkston Creek, near its source, 60    MOUNT VERNON, a flourishing post-village of Clinton
miles E. by S. of Frankfort.  It contains a large brick  township, Knox co., Ohio, is beautifully situated on the N.
court-house, 3 or 4 churches, a newspaper office, an aca- bank of Vernon River, 45 miles N.E. of Columbus.  It is
demy, 1 bank, and the Highland Institute; also about 25 compactly built on ground gently ascending from the river,
stores, and numerous mechanics' shops.  Pop. in 1853, and contains a number of elegant dwellings.  It is surabout 1500.                                                rounded by a fertile and well-improved country, and has
MOUNT STERLING, a thriving post-village of Madison  an extensive trade.  Main street, the principal business
co., Ohio, on the turnpike from  Columbus to Washington, street, is about one mile long. The river affords ample and
about 22 miles S.W. of Columbus.                           permanent water-power.  The railroad from  Sandusky to
MOUNT STERLING, a village of Moskingum  co., Ohio, Newark here intersects the Springfield Mount Vernon and
on the National Road, 46 miles E. of Columbus.             Pittsburg Railroad. It contains I Catholic ahd 8 Protest
1254




MOU                                                      MOW
ant churches, 1 bank, 40 stores, 2 iron foundries, 1 large    MOURAO, (Mourlo,) m8-r1wNe/, a walled town of Portu.
woollen factory, and 3 flouring-mills; 3 newspapers are  gal, province of Alemtejo, near the Guadiana, 29 miles S.E.
published here. Laid out in 1805. Pop. in 1850, 3711; in  of Evora. Pop. 2200.
1853, about 4500.                                          MOURAD, a river of Asia. See MooRAD.
MOUNT VERNON; a post-village of Macomb co., Michigan.   MOURCOURT, mooxekooat, a village of Belgium, province
MOUNT VERNON, a thriving post-village, capital of  of Hainaut, 33 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1738.
Posey co., Indiana, on the Ohio River, 200 miles S.W.;. of    MOURIES, moo're-.A, a village of France, department of
Indianapolis. It carries on an active trade, which has  Bouches-du-Rhbne, 6 miles S.S.E. of St. R6my. Pop. 2000.
lately been increased by the construction of a plank-road to    MOURINE, morn, a river of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal,
New Harmony. Mount Vernon has 3 or 4 churches, an  runs 8 miles N.N.E. and joins the Foyle at Lifford.
academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. in 1853, about 1500.   MOURNE ABIBEY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of
MOUNT VERNON, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Cork, 5 miles S.S.E. of Mallow. It has the ruins of a pro.
Illinois, 135 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It contains a court. ceptory of the Knights Templars.
house, 3 or more churches, and several stores.              MOURNE MOUNTAINS, of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down,
MOUNT VERNON, a post-village and township, capital of  extend about 11 miles from E. to W. between Newcastle on
Lawrence co., Missouri, 190 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. the Irish Sea, and Carlingford Bay. Their highest summits
Pop. 1579.                                               rise to between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea.
MOUNT VERNON, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.           MOUROM, a town of Russia. See MoonoM.
MOUNT VERNON, a thriving village of Mahaska co., Iowa.   MIOURROUX, mooR-Root, a village of France, department
MOUNT VERNON, a thriving post-village of Dane co., of Seine-et-Marne, 2 miles W.N.W. of Coulommiers, on the
Wisconsin, 17 miles S.W. of Madison. It has a fine water- Grand-Morin. Pop. 2010.
power, and good materials for brick.                        MOU/RYTOWN, molrPe-town, or MOURYSTOWN, a post.
MOUNT VERNON, a post-office of Wabashaw co., Min- village of Highland co., Ohio, 14 miles S.W. of Hillsborough.
nesota.                                                     MOURZOUK, a town of Fezzan. See Moorzoox.
MOUNT VERINON TAN/NERY, a post-office of Frederick    MOUSA; a town of Arabia. See MOOSA.
co., Virginia.                                             MOUSCIRON or MOESKROON, moos/krun, a village of
MOUNT VIEW, a post-village of Benton co., Missouri, 80  Belgium, province of East Flanders, near Menin, on the
miles S.W. by W. of Jefferson City.                       railway from  Ghent to Lille.  The French defeated the
MOUNT/VILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- Austrians here in 1794.
venia, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 8 miles   MOUSE/HOLE, a village of England, co. of Cornwall, at
W. of Lancaster.                                         the foot of a hill, on the sea-shore opposite to St. Clement's
MOUNTVILLE, a post.village in London co., Virginia.    Isle, about 3 miles S. of Penzance; destroyed by the SpaMOUNTVILLE, a post-village in Laurens district, South  niards during the reign of Elizabeth, in 1595. The port is
Carolina.                                                 defended by two batteries. Pop. 1014.
MOUNTVILLE, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia, 9    MOUSSOUL, Asiatic Turkey. See Mosm,.
miles E. of La Grange.                                      MOUSTIER, moos'te-A/, a village of Belgium, province of
IMOUNT VIN/CO, a post-office of Buckingham co., Virginia. Hainaut, on the Ronne, and on the railway from Brussels
MOUNT VISION, (vizhtogn,) a post-village of Otsego co., to Namur, 25 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1633.
New York, 78 miles W. of Albany.                            MOUSTIERS, moos'te-A/, a town of France, department
MOUNT WASH/INGTON, the highest peak of the White  of Basses-Alpes, 16 miles S. of Digne, picturesquely situated
Mountains, and the most elevated land in New England, is at the foot of a chain of precipitous rocks. Pop. 1589.
situated in Coos co., New Hampshire, about 85 miles N. by    MOUS/WALD, moos/wOld, a parish of Scotland, co. of
E. of Concord. It is 5850 feet above the Connecticut River Dumfries.
at Lancaster, and 6226 feet above the level of the ocean. Its   MOUTA, mootd or mO/tA, a town of Portugal, province of
summit much of the time is concealed from view among the  Alemtejo, on a creek formed by the mouth of the Tagus, 10
clouds. The sides are remarkably steep, and for about three- miles S.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 1900.
fourths of the distance to the top covered with a thick growth    MOUTAPILLY, a town of India. See MOOTAPILLY.
of tress. The pinnacle is in the form of a cone, and consists   MOUTt OF CARD, a post-office of Pike co., Kentucky.
of a mass of broken rocks. Within a few years Mount   MOUTH OF HIWASISEE, a post-office of Meigs co., TenWashington has become a popular place of fashionable  nessee.    -
resort. It is ascended from the W. by a winding pathway    MOUTH OF IN/DIAN, a post.office, Monroe co., Virginia.
for horses, and during the warm season, parties of 50 or 60    MOUTHI OF LITTLE  RIVER, a post-office of Blount co.,
gentlemen and ladies visit the summit daily.              Tennessee.
MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-township of Berkshire co.,   MOUTH  OF POICAl, a post-office of Putnam co., Virginia.
Massachusetts, forms the S.W. extremity of the state. It   MOUTH OF SAN/DY, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee.
contains Mount Washington, the most elevated peak of the    MOUTH OF SENIECA, a post-office of Pendleton co., VirTaghanic or Taconic Range, 2624 feet high. Pop. 351.      ginia.
MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-office of Steuben co., New    MOUTH OF WIL/SON, a post-office ofGrayson co., Virginia.
York.                                                       MOUTH OF YELLOW CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson
MOUNT WASIIINGTON, a village of Alleghany co., Penn- co., Ohio.
sylvania, on a high hill in the rear of South Pittsburg.    MOUTIER-GRANDVAL, moo'te- ] grbN'GvAl, or MUN.Here are a number of country seats, overlooking the city  STER, mtin/ster, a village of Switzerland, canton and 23
of Pittsburg.                                             miles N. of Bern. Pop. 1298.
MOUNT WASHINGTON, formerly VERNON, a beautiful   MOUTIERS, moonte-Sl, a town of Savoy, on the Islre, 30
post-village of Bullitt co., Kentucky, near Salt River, 21  miles E.S.E. of Chamb6ry. Pop. 2330. It has hot mineral
miles S.S.E. of Louisville. It is the largest place in the  springs. It was the birth-place of Pope Innocent V.
county, and contains 3 churches and 6 stores. Pop. in 1863,   MOUVEAUX, moo'vS/, a village of France, department of
estimated at 1000.                                        Nord, 7 miles N.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 2233.
MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-village of Hamilton co.,   MOUX, moo, a village of France, department of Nilvre,
Ohio. It is a suburb of Cincinnati.                       13 miles N.E. of Ch'teau-Chinon. Pop. 1570.
MOUNT WASHINGTON, a post-office of Morgan co., In-   MOUY, moo'ee/, a town of France, department of Oise, 13
diana.                                                    miles S.E. of Beauvais, on the Th6rain. Pop. in 1852, 2766.
MOUNT WILtLING, a post-office of Orange co., North    MOUZANGAYE, moo-z&:n-ghi/A(?) a maritime town of
Carolina.                                                 Madagascar, on its W. coast, N.E. of Bembatooka Bay.
MOUNT WILLING, a post-village in Edgefield district,   MOUZAY, moo'zA, (L. Mosomsagus.Remo'rum,) a village of
South Carolina.                                           France, department of Meuse, 9 miles W.S.W. of Montm6dy.
MOUNT WILLING, a post-village in Lowndes co., Ala- Pop. 1810.
bama, 40 miles S.W. of Montgomery.                          MOUZON, moo'zcNO, a town of France, department of
MOUNT WILLING, a post-office of East Feliciana parish, Ardennes, on the Meuse, 9 miles S.E. of Sedan. Pop. in
Louisiana.                                                1852, 2390.
MOUNT WOLF, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.      MOIVILLE, a small market-town and parish of Ireland,
MOUNT YO/NAH, apost-village of Habersham co., Georgia, Ulster, co. of Donegal, on Lough Foyle, 18 miles N.N.E. of
15 miles W. of Clarksville. It has 1 church, 3 stores, and  Londonderry. Pop. of the town, 595. Steamers ply to Lonnear 100 inhabitants.                                     donderry during the summer.
MOUNT ZI/ON,.a post-office of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania.   MOVILLE, (UPPER,) a parish of Ireland, adjoining the
MOUNT ZION, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia.    above, on the S.
MOUNT ZION, a thriving post-village of Hancock co.,   MOVISAS or MOVIZAS, mo-vee/zz, a people dwelling in
Georgia, 30 miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville. It has a fiourish-  the S.E. part of Africa.
ing seminary and 3 churches. Pop. about 400.               MOW, several towns of India. See Muow.
MOUNT ZION, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.    MOWAH, mOw/I. a town of British India, presidency of
MOURA. moo/rA, (Port. pron. m6/rA or m/oo-rI,) a walled  Bengal, N. of the Ganges, 37 miles E. of Patna.
town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, near the Guadiana,   MOWAH, a frontier village and port of British India,
32 miles S.S.E. of Evora, with 4000 inhabitants.         dominions and 70 miles N.E. of Jeypoor.
MOURA, a town of Brazil, province of Para, on the Rio    MOWEA/QUA, a post-office of.Shelby co., Illinois.
Negro, 47 miles W.N.W. of Ayrio.                           MOWEE, one of the Sandwich Islands. See M.NU.
1255




MOW                                                        MSK
MOWNA (MAUNA) KEA and MOWNA  ItOA, two vol- hands passes all the trade with the interior, reside at
tanoes of Hawaii. See HAWAII.                              Lumbo, a village between the latter two. The Portuguese
MOXACAR, a city of Spain. See MOJAlAR.                   dominion does not extend beyond this narrow territory;
MOXADOS, a town of Spain. See MoJADos.                   and even the safety of Mozambique-the metropolis of the
MOXENTE, a town of Spain. See MOGENTE.                   captaincy-general of East Africa-has been threatened more
MOXOS or MOJOS, mokeoce, a subdivision of Bolivia, in  than once by the petty chiefs in the neighborhood. Pop.
itq N. part, mostly between lat. 10~ 30' and 18' S., and ion. of the island, about 6000; of which not quite 400 are free.
570 40' and 600 W., having N. and E. the territories of Brazil Of these about 30 are Portuguese, the remainder being
(firom which it is separated by the Itenez or Guapore) and  Canareens (Portuguese Creoles from Goa), Arabs, Banyans,
South Peru. It comprises the torvns or villages of Exalta- and blacks. Until 1759, the governor of Mozambique was
cion, Trinidad, Loreto, and Concepcion, though chiefly inba- subordinate to the viceroy of India; but in that year the
bited by the Mojos, a tribe of roving Indians.             Captainu-generalcy of East Africa was severed from India,
MOY, a' river of Ireland, which, after a course of about and placed immediately under the crown.
40 miles, enters Killala Bay. It is navigable to near Ballina.   The COUNTRr  (or TERRITORv) of MoZAMBIQUE, in other
MIOY, a market-town of Ireland, Ulste, co. of Tyrone, 6 words, the country claimed by the Portuguese, extends from
miles W.N.W. of Armagh. Pop. 857. The Moy-Valley sta-  the Bay of Louren~o Marques, (Delagoa Bay,) in lat. 260 S., to
tion, Midland Great Western Railway, is 5~ miles E. of Kin- Mazimbi or the Brooks, about 40 miles S. of Cape Delgado.
negad, and 30, miles W. of Dublin.                         At Mazimbi there is an Arab fort, bearing the flag of the
MOYA, molyt. a town of Spain, province and 30 miles N. Sultan of Muscat.  The settlements on this long line of
of Barcelona. Pop. 2649, mostly employed in making cheese, coast are at Delagoa Bay, Inhamban, Softila, Quilimane,
which is of high repute.                                   and Mozambique.  In none of these settlements is there
MOYA, a town of Spain, province and 42 miles E.S.E. of  any occupation of territory beyond the protection of the
Cuenca. Pop. 1396.                                         fort. Besides these, the settlements on the river Zambezi,
MOYA, a town composed of a multitude of villages on  extending up about 500 miles, (according to Portuguese
the island of Grand Canary, with two primary schools, an  estimates, 700 miles or even 1500 miles,) and comprised
oratory, and 7 mills for grinding toasted millet. Pop. 3706. under the title of Bios de Sena, are nominally included in
MOY/ACOMBE, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, counties of  the government of Mozambique. These settlements are Senn,
Carlow, Wexford, and Wicklow.                              about 100 miles W. of Quilimane, (150 by the river,) Zumbo,
3MOY'AMEN/StNG, formerly a district of Philadelphia co., 150 miles still further up the river; and Mafiiga, the source
Pennsylvania, now included within the chartered limits of  of the gold, probably 250 miles S.W. by W. of Tet6. The
the city of Philadelphia.  It contains the county prison. growing power of the Sultan of Muscat, residing at ZanziPop. 26,979. See PtILADELPHIA.                             bar, and the commercial activity fostered within his rule,
MOY-AND-DALAROS/SISIE, a parish of Scotland, counties  and also the advance of the emigrant Boers from the Cape
of Inverness and Nairn.                                    Colony N. to Mafiia, (it is said that some have even reached
MOYARITA or MOYFESITA, a parish of Ireland, Munster,  the Zambezi,) have contributed to divert the native trade
co. of Clare.                                              from  its old channels and  the Portuguese settlements.
MOYCULILEN, a parish of Ireland. co. of Galway.          Ivory is the staple production of these countries; and about
MIOYENMOUTIER, moiSNa'moo'te-., a village of Prance, 250,000 lbs. weight of it are-exported from Mozambique andepartment of Vosges, 6 miles N. of St. Did. Pop. in 1852, nually, chiefly to India. Coir, orchil, and manna, are also
2532.                                                      collected along the coasts. The coffee of Sena is said to be
MOYENNEVILLE, moi'inn'veelf, a village of France, de- excellent, but is little known in commerce. The gold-dust
partment of Somme, 4 miles S.W. of Abbeville. Pop. 1100.  of Sofdla is now reduced to a trifling quantity.
MOYENVIC, moi'&ssveekt, a town of France, department    MOZAMBIQUE CHANNEL, a strait of the Indian Ocean,
of Meurthe, 4 miles S.E. of Chiteau Salins. Pop. in 1852, between lat. 120 and 250 S., and lon. 350 and 490 E., sepa1072. Near it is the largest salt-mine in France.          rating Madagascar from  the mainland of East Africa.
MOYEUVRE LA GRANDE, moiUv'rf 1 gr6Nd, a market- Length, from N. to S., about 1000 miles, breadth 250 miles in
town of France, department of Moselle. on the Orne, 9 miles its centre, and about 600 miles at each outlet. Coasts a good
S.W. of Thionville. Pop. in 1852, 1578.                    deal broken, but only the inlets of Mozambique and Sofala
MOYLIGROVE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke. are of much size. It receives the Zambezi River, and on it
MOYILOUGII, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of  are the chief towns of the Mozambique dominions, with MounGalway.                                                   rondaya, Boyana, Bembatooka, Nareenda, and Passandava.
MOYNE (moth) RIVER, a river of South Australia, falls In its N. outlet are the Comoro and Querimba island groups.
into Port Fairy, at the town of Belfast. Lon. 1420 15' E.   MOZDOK, moz-dokl, a town and fortress of South Russia,
MOYOBAMBA, mo-yo-bhmlbA, a town of North Peru, de- government of Caucasus, on the Terelk, 85 miles E.S.E. of
partment of Trujillo, province and 40 miles E. of Chacha- Georgievsk, on the route into Georgia. Pop. 5000, of a very
poyas, on the Moyobamba River, an affluent of the Huallaga. mixed descent, but chiefly Armenians. It is enclosed by
Pop. 5000.                                                gardens, and regularly built of wood; has Greek, Armenian,
MOYlRUS, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Galway. and Roman Catholic churches, some distilleries, and colored
MOZ, moz, a town of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, leather factories.
6 miles E. of Moncorvo. Pop. 420.                            MOZ-GHAR, mozgasR/, a town of Hindostan, principality
MOZAMBIQUE or MOSAMBIQUE, mo-zam-beekl, (called  and S.W. of Bhawlpoor, defended by a lofty fortress.
by the natives MAS'AMBEEK! or MAZ'AMBEEK/,) a city on the E.   MOZ, PORTO DE, poetto dl moe, a town of Brazil, procoast of Africa, and the metropolis of the Portuguese posses- vince and 230 miles W.S.W. of Para, on the Xingu, about
sions in that quarter; lat. 150 3' S., Ion. 400 49' E. The har- 16 miles above its junction with the Amazon; with a handbor; to which this place owes all its importance, is an inlet some church, a prison, and a port. Pop. 4000.
of the sea in the mainland, 5 miles deep, and 5 miles wide.   MOZET, mo-zel, a village of Belgium, province and 4 miles
Three small rivers flow into it at its head, while across its  E. of Namur, on the Samson. Pop. 1731.
entrance extend three small islands, which, with reefs and    MOZIHIAISK, MOJAISK, mo-zhiskl, or MOSCHAISIK, a
shoals, break the swell of the ocean, and render the anchor- town of Russia, government and 63 miles W.S.W. of Moscow,
age within perfectly safe in the worst weather. On the  capital of a circle, on an afflueut of the Moskva. Pop. 4000.
middle island, which is about 11 miles long, and hardly  It has a strong citadel, a cathedral, and extensive salt magaa quarter of a mile wide, stands the city. The other two  zines. Near it, on the 7th September, 1812, the celebrated
islands, St. George on the N., and St. Jago on the S., are  battle of Borodino was fought.
both uninhabited.  They are covered with trees and ver-   MOZYR or MOZIR, mo-zeeae, a town of Russia, governdure, while the sandy area of Mosambique, in the middle, ment and 146 miles S.E. of Minsk, on the Pripets. P. 3000.
is entirely occupied by the city and its defences. The fort   MOZZATE, mot-sl/tl, a village of Austrian Italy, governof St. Sebastian, at the N. end of the island, built about ment of Milan, province of Come, near the Bozzente. P. 1611.
the beginning of the 18th century, is a great work, mount-   MRICNA, m'rits/nI, or SMIERICNA.  smer-its!nA, a village
ing 80 guns. At the other end of the island is Fort St. Lo- of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, on a small stream, 2 miles
renzo. Mosambique contains the Governor's Palace, a large from Starkenbach.  Pop. 1171.
edifice; the Custom-house, 2 churches, and 5 chapels; the   MRIN, m'rin or m'reen, a market-town of Russia, governquays and wharfs are all constructed in a style of solidity  ment, and 28 miles S.S.E. of Tchernigov, on the Oster, an
far beyond the present importance of the place, which is affluent of the Desna. Pop. 1800.
rapidly sinking into decay. It is still the seat of a bishopric,   MROCZEN, m'rotchl~n, a town of Prussian Poland, 19 miles
subordinate to Goa, but religion is little thought of. The W.N.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 1380.
peninsula on the N. side of the bay belongs to the Portu-   MSCIIIT, a town of Asiatic Russia. See MscET.
guese. On the isthmus which joins it to the continent, at   MSENO, m'se/no, or MSCHENO, m'sh~lno, (Ger. Wemsthe head of the bay, stands the village of Mesuril, where  sen, Qm/senn,) a town of Bohemia, 13 miles W. of Buntzlau.
the trade is carried on with the natives, who come down  Pop. 1814.
from the interior at certain seasons, bringing ivory, skins,   MSILA, m'see/l1, a town of Algeria, in the Sahara, 119
wax, &c. Nearer to the island is Cabeceira Grande, where  miles S.E. of Algiers, intersected by the Wady Msi!a.  It
the Portuguese officers and merchants have their villas and  has some jewellers, dyers, and wool-carders, all Jews. Pop.
grrdens; and, at the end of the peninsula, the village of Ca- about 1500.
beceira Peeuena contains the dwelliugs of Mohammedan    MSKET, m'sklt, MVTSKHETI, m'sat'se, or MESOHITI,
inhabitants of the place.  The Banyans, through whose  mes-keeftee, written also MSCHIT and MISKETI, a very
1256




MST                                                         MUHI
ancient town of Russia, Georgia, in the angle formed by    MUDDY CREEK, a village and township on the W. bort
the confluence of the Aragvi with the Koor, 10 miles  der of Butler co., Pennsylvania.  Pop. 1142.
N.N.W. of Teflis.  It is said, when formerly the capital    MUDDY CREEK, a post-office of Champaign co., Ohic.
of Georgia, to have been 20 miles in circuit, and to have    MUDDY CREEK, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.
contained 80,000 men capable of bearing arms.  It now    MUDDY CREEK, a post-office of Forsyth co., North Caconsists of mean houses, many of them half, and some of  rolina.
them wholly under ground, but has, among other remains    MUDDY CREEK FORKS, a post-office of York co., Pennof ancient magnificence, a spacious and beautiful cathedral. sylvania.
Other objects of interest are, the ruins of the ancient palace    MUDDY FORK, a creek of Ohio, enters the Walhonding
of the Georgian princes, and an old castle. Msket is sup- River, in Holmes county.
posed to be the Artanissa and Mislettae of Pompey, and Hiar-   MUDDY FORK, a post-office of Cleveland co., North Camastis of Pliny.                                            rolina.
MSTA, m'st& or MASTA, m&-star, a river of Russia, govern-   MUDDY LANE, a post-village of McDonough co., Illinois,
ments of Tver and Novgorod, enters Lake Ilmen a little S. 80 miles WV. by S. of Peoria.
of Novgorod, after a tortuous N. and W. course of 250 miles,   MUDIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
for most part of which it is navigable; and at Voltchok a    MUD LICK, a post-office of Chatham co., North Carolina.
canal proceeds to connect it with the Tvertsa, and thus    MUD SPRING, a post-office of Denton co., Texas.
unite the Baltic and Lake Ladoga with the Volga and Cas-   MUD SPRING, a post-office of El Dorado co., California.
plan Sea.                                                     MUFF, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal.
MSTISLAYL, m'stis-l9vl0, a town of Russia, government    MUGARDOS, moo-ganR/doce, a seaport town of Spain, Galiand 54 miles E.N.E. of Moheelev, on the Sozh, an affluent of cia,. N.E. of Corunna, on the S. shore of the BRias (ree/as) or
the Dnieper. Pop. 4300. It has a Unitarian and numerous  "Estuary" of Ferrol. Pop. 1782.
Greek churches, a synagogue, Greek and Roman Catholic    MUGDUL, a town of Hindostan.  See MUKTUL.
monasteries, a Jesuit college, school for nobles, and trade in    MUGE, mootzhA, a town of Portugal, province of Estrehemp and grain.                                             madura, 11 miles S. of Santarem, on a stream of the same
MTSKHETI, a town of Asiatic Russia. See MSKrET.           name, an affluent of the Tagus. Pop. 1070.
MTZENSK, a town of Russia. See MZENSK.                      MUGELN, (Mtigeln,) a town of Saxony, 29 miles E.S.E.
MUAB, a town of Arabia. See MooAa.                        of Leipsic. Pop. 2265. Near it is a fine castle.
MUBARREZ, EL, a town of Arabia. See MenAaaEZ, EL.           MUGGENDORF, m66g/ghen-dorf', a village of Bavaria,
MIUDANIA, a village of Asia Minor. See MooDANIA.          Upper Franconia, 27 miles N.E. of Nuremberg.
MUCH, mook, INFERIORE, in-fl-re-o/rA, and SUPERIORE,   MUGGENSTURM, m06glghen-st65Rmn, a village of Baden,
soo-pA-re-o/rA, two nearly-contiguous villages of Dalmatia,  circle of Middle Rhine, on the Duke of Baden's Railway, 11
9 miles from  Spalato, near the Dobratz, with a court of  miles firom Baden. Pop. 1534.
justice. Pop. 1550.                                           MUGGIA, mood/jA, a town and seaport of Austria, Illyria,
MIUCHIAMIEL, moo-chl-me-6ll, a town of Spain, province  government of Istria, on the Gulf and 5 miles S.S.W. of
and 7 miles N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 3654. The wine of its  Triest. Pop. 1437.
vicinity is of superior quality.                              MUGIGINGTON, a parish of Englanfd, co. of Derby.
MUCHELN, (Mticheln,) miiIK/eln, a town of Prussia, pro-   MUGLITZ, (Mtiglitz,) miiclits, (Moravian Alohelnice, mohvince of Saxony, 10 miles W.S.W. of Merseburg, on the Gels-  l-neet/si,) a town of Moravia, 19 miles N.W. of Olmutz, on
selbach. Pop. 1086.                                         the March.' Pop. 4000. It has manufactures of woollen
MUCHIELNEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         stuffs.
MUCHINIPIPE, a post-ofrce of Logan co., Ohio.               MUGNANO, moon-yA/no, a town of Naples, province and 5
MUCII-WENILOCK, a town of England. See WiuroNLCK.            miles N.N.W. of Naples. Pop. 3000.
MUCK, an island of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Ar-   MUGRON, mtigr6NO/, a town of France, department of
gyle, 5 miles S.S.W. of Eigg. Length about 2 miles.         Landes, 9 miles W. of St. Sever. Pop. in 1852, 2188.
MUCK'AIRN/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.            MUHALITCH, mfilh-tA-leetch/, or MIKHALITCIH, miK'h&MIUCK'ALEEI CREEK, Georgia, enters Kinchafoona Creek  leetch/, (improperly MOHALITZ,) a town of Asia Minor,
from the N., about 1 mile from Flint River, at Albany.      Anatolia, 13 miles S. of the Sea of Marmora, 37 miles YV.
MUCKIART, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.             of Brusa. Pop. 11,000. It exports silk, wool, valonea, and
MUCK/ING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              fruits to Constiantinople, and imports foreign goods, chiefly
MUCK/ISH, a mountain of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal,  overland from Smymrna, to about 60001. in value annully.
5 miles S. of Dunfanaghy. Its sides are very steep, and the    MUIHILBACH, (Miihlbach,) miillbAK, amarket-town of Gersummit 2190 feet above the sea.                             many, Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 40 miles E.S.E.
MUCKLESTON, mtik/els-tgn, a parish of England, cos. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder.
of Salop and Stafford.                                        MUIILBACII, a market-town of Germany, Tyrol, 13 miles
MUCK/NO, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Monaghan.  W. of Brunecken. Pop. 620.
MUCKRANA, m-ik-kr/nA, a town of North Western Hin-   MUHLBERG, (Mtihlberg,) mtil/fblG, a town of Prussian
dostan, Rajpootana, 35 miles N.W. of Ajmeer. It has some  Saxony, 53 miles E. of Merseburg, on thie Elbe. Pop. 3320.
trade in the white marble of its neighborhood.              Here Charles V. obtained a victory over the Elector of SaxMUCK/ROSS, a peninsula of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry, ony in 1547.
between the middle and lower lakes of Killarney, with ruins    MUHLBERG, a village of Prussian Saxony, 11 miles S.W.
of an abbey founded in 1440.                                of Erfurt. Pop. 1345.
MUCK/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              MUHLBURG, (Mtihlburg,) millb66Rac, a town of Baden,
MUCKUDDRA, mtik-kaid/dr!, a village of tIindostan, pro-  circle of Middle Rhine, about 1 mile W. of Carlsruhe. Pop.
vince of Malwah, 118 miles N. by E. of Oojein, in a circular 1450.
basin enclosed by steep hills.                                MUHLDORF, (Miihldorf,) miil/doaf, a town of Upper BaMUCURI, moo-koo-reet, a river of Brazil, falls into the  varia, on the Inn, 45 miles E.N.E. of Munich. Pop. 1590.
channel between the reef of Paredes and the mainland, in    MUILENBACH, (Miihlenbach,) miillen-btx', or MULlat. 180 60 S. Total course 150 miles.                      LENBACH, miilflen-bUK', (Hun. Szasz-Sebes, s es-sA/lbish',) a
MUCK'WANPOOR/, a strong hill-fortress of Nepaul, 18  townof Transylvania, Saxon-land, on the Miihlenbach, 29
miles S. of Khatmandoo.                                     miles W.N.W. of Hermannstadt.  Pop. 4200. It is enclosed
MUD BRIDGE, a post-office of Cabell co., Virginia.        by walls, and has Roman Catholic, Greek-United, and LuMUD CREEK, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.         theran churches, manufactures of woollen cloth, and brewMUD CREEK, Texas. See ANGELINA RIVEa.                     eries, and around it are numerous vineyards.
MUD CREEK, of Fulton co., Indiana, flows into the Tip-   MUHLENBURG, mulenli-btrg, a county in the W. central
pecanoe.                                                    part of Kentucky.  Area estimated at 500 square miles.
MUD CREEK, a post-office of Henderson co., North Care- The Green River flows along its northern and eastern borlina.                                                       ders. The surface in the S. is broken, in the N. undulating.
MUD CREEK, a post-office of McNairy co., Tennessee.       The soil is mostly fertile. Coal is abundant, and there are
MUD CREEK, a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan.          rich hiron-mines near Green River. Capital, Greenville. Pop.
MUD CREEK, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois.      9809; of whom 8287 were free, and 1522 slaves.
MUDtDY, a township in Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 772.        MUIHLENBURG, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
MUDDY CREEK, of York co., Pennsylvania, flows into    MUIIHLENBURG, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. P. 585.
the Susquehanna.                                              MUHLHAUSEN, (Mihlhhausen,) mtilhiwlzen, (Fr. MuhlMUDDY CREEK, of Kentucky, forms the boundary be- house, mtt'oozt,) a walled town of Prussia, government and
tween Butler and Muhlenburg counties, until it joins Green.29 miles N.W. of of Erfurt, in a fertile district, on the UnRiver.                                                      strut. It has 4 churches, a gymnasium, 3 hospitals, an
MUDDY CREEK, of Ohio, flows into Sandusky Bay of  orphan asylum, workhouse, and an institution for the eduLake Erie.                                                  cation of neglected children; manufactures of linen and
MUDDY or BIG MUDDY CREEK, of Illinois, falls into  woollen cloth, leather, and tobacco; and several breweries,
Mississippi River, in Union county.                         distilleries, and oil-mills. Copper and iron are worked in
MUDDY CREEK, of Missouri, flows into Crooked Fork  the neighborhood. Munster, the fanatical Anabaptist, who
of Grand River, in Grundy co., a few miles S. of Trenton.    collected a deluded host of 30,000 men, and induced the
MUDDY CREEK, of Missouri, enters Lamine River, neat  Thuringian peasants to riise in revolt, in 1524, had his headthe W. border of Cooper county.                             quarters here. Pop. 13,723.
~ ~..




MUII                                                       MUL
MUJIILHAUSEN, a town of East Prussia, 49 miles S.W.   MULBERRY GROVE, a post-office of Lincoln co., North
of Kbnigsberg. Pop. 1600.                                Carolina.
MUHL11AUSENP, (ans. MAelidunun?) a town of Bohemia,   MULBERRY GROVE. a post-office of Harris co., Georgia.
15 miles W.N.W. of Tabor. Pop. 2194.                       MULBERRY GROVE, a post-office of Hopkins co., KenMUILLHAUSEN, a market-town of Bavaria, 12 miles S.W. tucky.
of Bamberg. Pop. 770.                                      MULBERRY GROVE, a post-office of Bond co,, Illinois.
MUItILHEIM, (Miihlheim,) miillhlme, a town of Wiirtem-   MULBERRY RIVER, of Alabama, one of the head forks
berg, on the Danube, 4 miles N.E. of Tuttlingen, with 850 of the Tuscaloosa.
inhabitants, 2 castles, and a church.                       MULDE, m66l1dph, a river of Saxony, Prussia, and AnMUILHEIM, a village of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, halt-Dessau, rises in the Erzgebirge, and after a N. course
province of Starkenburg, on the Rodaubach, near its con- of 130 miles, joins the Elbe on the left, at Dessau.
fiuence with the Main. Pop. 1296.                           MULE CREEK, Georgia, a station on the railway from
MUHILIIOUSE, a town of Germany. See MUHLHAUSEN.   Macon to Columbus, 21 miles from Macon.
MUHLINGEN, (Miihlingen,) miilhing-.n, is the name of   MULIGRAVE, a cape and port on the N.W. coast of Rustwo contiguous villages of Anhalt-Bernburg.               sian America and Bhering's Strait. The port, lat. 590 33' N.,
MUHLTRUFF, (Miihltruff,) miilltr00f, a town of Saxony, ion. 1390 43' W., has anchorage for large vessels.
10 miles W.N.W. of Planuen. Pop. 1702.                      MUI/GRAVE ARCHIPELAGO, Pacific Ocean, comprises
MUIR, a river of Austria. See Moe.                      various groups between lat. 30 S. and 120 N., and hon. 1600
MUHRINGEN, milring-pn, a village of Wiirtemberg, 9  and 1770 E., including the Radack, Ralick, Piscadores, Marmiles S.W. of Rotenburg. Pop. 1080.                       shall, and Mulgrave Islands.
MUIDEN, moildpn, a fortified town of the Netherlands,   MULGRAVE ISLANDS, a group in the North Pacific
province of North Holland, 8 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam, at Ocean, above the Archipelago, about lat. 60 14' N., and ion.
the mouth of the Vecht, in the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 1650.     1710 56' E.
MUIDERBERG, moi/der-bhsG', is a village of the Nether-   MULHACEN, a mountain of Spain. See MULCAHACEN.
lands, 2 miles E. of Muiden.                                MULHAUSEN, miil/h~w'zen, (Fr. Aiulhouse, miih'ooz/; anc.
MUILREA or MULREA, mtl'rA/, a mountain range of Ire- Ariabinsms?) a town of France, department of Haut-Rhin,
land, co. of Mayo, screening the N. side of Killery IIarbor. 61 miles SS.W. of Strasbourg, on the railway to B'le, (Basel.)
Elevation of highest summit 2688 feet.                   It is divided into the old and the new town. The former
MUIRAVONSIDE, miir-/von-side, a village and parish of  stands on an island, formed by the Ill, which here divides
Scotland, co. of Stirling, 5 miles E.S.E. of Falkirk. Pop. in  into several branches, and is crossed by four bridges. The
1851,;2647. It has many elegant mansions, an ancient cas- streets are generally winding, but tolerably wide, well paved,
tle, (Almond,) and much romantic scenery. The Edinburgh  and clean, and lined with well-built houses. The principal
and Glasgow Railway is here carried across the Avon on a  buildings are the Reformed and Roman Catholic churches,
superb viaduct.                                          IIotel de Ville, and college. The new town, S.E. of the old, exMUIRLIOUSE, a parish of Scotland. See MURROES.          tends from the right bank of the Ill to the Rhone and Rhine
MUIRKIRK, miir/kirk, a large village and parish of Scot- Canal, which has here a capacious basin. The streets are spaland, co. and 21 miles E.N.E. of Ayr, with which town it clous and regular. Till the middle of the last century, the
communicates by railway. Pop. in 1851, 3423; partly em- only manufacture of any consequence in the town was woolployed in extensive iron smelting works.                 len cloth; but the manufacture of cotton prints and muslins
IMUKALLAH, a town of Arabia. See MAXALiAH.              having been introduced, has made such rapid progress, that
MUKDEN, a city of Mantchooria. See M00KIDEN.            Miilhausen now ranks as one of the most important manuMUIKER, a market-town of England, co. of York, North  facturing towns in France. In addition to the branches
Riding.                                                   already mentioned, others have been introduced, particuMUKER, a post-office of Washington co., Wisconsin.      larly flowered silks, damask and other linen, hosiery, straw
MUKHMAS, miak-mest, (probably  the Michsmeash  of  hats, stained paper, starch, parchment, and chemical proScripture,) a considerable and flourishing village of Pales- ducts. There are also numerous worsted and flax mills;
tine, pashalic of Damascus, 7 miles E.N.E. of Jerusalem,  extensive engine works, and tanneries. The trade is very
surrounded by fig and olive plantations, but without any  important, and, in addition to the articles of manufacture,
vestiges of antiquity.                                   includes corn, wine, brandy, groceries, and raw  cotton.
MUKKUD, mttk-ktidl, a town, capital of the country of Mtiilhausen possesses a court of commerce, consulting chanmthe Sagri Patans, in the N.W. of the Punjab; let. 330 10' N., her of manufactures, conseil de p-rucd'hommes, industrial
Iou. 710 50, E., on the Indus, about 20 miles above Caulabagh. society, and communal college. For many centuries it was
MUKRAN, a province of Beloochistan. See MEXRAN.        the capital of a small republic, belonging to the Swiss ConMUKTUL, mtek-trllf, or MUGIDUL, a town of IHindostan, federation; but, in 1798, it dissolved its connexion with the
Nizam's dominions, 88 miles S.W. of Ilyderabad, and an  Confederation, renounced its independence, and became inimportant British military station.                      corporated with France. The celebrated mathematician,
MUKIWA, a post-village, capital of Waupaca co., Wiscon- Lambert, was born here, and a column has been erected to
sin, on Wolf River, an affluent of the Neenab, or Fox River. him in one of the squares which.bears his name. Pop. in
MUKWANWAGO, a post-township in the S. part of Wauke- 1852, 29,574.
she co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1094.                             MULIAUSEN, (Miilhausen,) miillh6w'zen, a town of
MULA, moo/ll, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles W. Wtirtemberg, circle ofNeckar, situated on the Enz. Pop. 939.
of Murcia. Pop. 6228. It has manufactures of pottery, and    MULHAUSEN, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Neckar,
in its neighborhood are warm mineral baths.              bailiwick of Clannstadt. Pop. 807.
MULAHACEN, moo-lI-A-th~n!, or MULHACEN, mool-1-   MULHEIM or MULLHEIM, (Miilheim,) miillhime, a town
thinl, in Granada, Spain, is the highest mountain summit of Baden, 18 miles S.W. of Freiburg, on the railway to Bale,
in the Spanish peninsula, and, with the exception of the  (Basel.) Pop. 2592.
Alps, the highest in Europe, having an elevation of 11,658   MULIIEIM-AM-RHEIN, (Miilheim-am-Rhesi,) miil/hlme
feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 370 10' N., Ion. 30 28'1 im rhIn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government and 3
W. It is perpetually covered with snow above the height miles N.E. of Cologne, on the Rhine, here crossed by a
of 9500 feet. See SiERRA NEVADA.                          suspension bridge. It has 2 churches and a synagogue,
MULAYNE, moollin/, a large village of Hindostan, king- ship-building docks, and manufactures of silk, cotton, cassidom of-Oude, N.W. of Lucknow.                             mere, leather, vinegar, and brandy; and a trade in corn and
MULBAB/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        timber. Pop. 5643.
MULIBERRY, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina.   MULHEIM-AM-RUHR, (Miilheim-am-Ruhr,) milfhIme
MULBERRY, a post-office of Jackson co., Georgia.        Am roon, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government and 15
MULBERRY RIVER, of Alabama, one of the head forks miles N.N.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Ruhr, which here becomes
of the Tuscaloosa.                                        navigable, and is crossed by a chain bridge. It has 3
MULBERRY, a post-office of Autauga co., Alabama.        churches, a synagogue, and casino; manufactures of woollen
MULBERRY, a township in Franklin co., Arkansas. P. 522. and linen cloth, paper, tobacco, green soap, starch, and
MULBERRY, a township in Johnson co., Arkansas. P. 339. gunpowder; a large factory, at which steam-engines are
MULBERRY, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.      made; an extensive cotton spinning-mill and ship-building
MULBERRY, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.          yards; and an important trade, particularly in coal, which
MULBERRY CORNERS, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio. is worked in the neighborhood. Pop. 10,181.
MULBERRY CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Ca-   MULIOUSE, a town of France. See MULHAUSEN.
tawba from the N., in Burke co., near Morgantown.           MULK, mtlk? a village of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 62 miles
MULBERRY CREEK, of Georgia, flows into Chattahoochee  S.WV. of Angora, with some curious caverns.
River, near the S.W. corner of Harris county. It furnishes   MULKAPOOR, mtil-kk-poorl, a fortified town of India,
fine water-power at Troy. The Indian name is CATAULA.    Nizam's dominions, 84 miles W.S.W. of Ellichpoor.
MULBERRY CREEK, of Alabama, forms the line between    MULL, mtl1, one of the largest of the Hebrides Islands, off
Autauga and Dallas counties, and enters Alabama River 14 the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Argyle, separated from the
Iniles above Selma. LITTLE MULBERas      CREEK, of Autauga mainland by the Sound of Mull. Let. of centre 560 30' N.,
county, enters the river just above,                     hon. 60 W. Length 30 miles, breadth 25 miles. Pop., with
MULBERRY GAP, a post-village of Hancock co., Tennes- surrounding islets, in 1851, 15,189. Surface rugged, and
see, near a pass through Powell's Mountain, about 280 miles'chiefly moorland.  Mount Benmore exceeds 3000 feet in
E. by N. of Nashville.                                   height. Principal town, Tober Mory.
1258




MUL                                                      MUN
MUILL, Soum) oF, off the W. coast of Scotland, 18 miles   MUNCHtENBERNSDORF, (Miinchenbernsdorf,) miinx/en.
in length, average breadth 2 miles, separates this island  blnns'doif, a market-town of Germany, Saxe-Weimar,  8
from the district of Morven, and connects Lochs Linnhe and  miles W.S.W. of Gera. Pop. 1833.
Sunal t.                                                   MUNCHETBUCHSEE,  (Mtinchenbuchsee,)  miinxlenMU LfLACREW', a village of Ireland, co. of Louth, 8 miles b65K-sAl, a village of Switzerland, canton and 5 miles N. of
S.W. of Dundalk. Pop. 600.                               Bern. Pop. 2216.
MULLAGH, mitllag, a parish, Ireland, Ulster, co. Cavan.   MUNCHENGRATZ, (Miinchengratz,) miinxlen-grts, a
MULILAGIIBRACKx, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of town  of Bohemia, 8 miles N.N.E. of Buntzlau, on the Iser.
Arnmagh, containing a part of the town of Markethill.    Pop. 3000. It has a handsome palace, and manufactures
MUL'LAGHMOREI, Ireland, a promontory of Connaught, of woollen cloth, cotton, and linen stuffs. The Emperors of
co. and 13 miles N. of Sligo, projecting N. into Donegal Bay. Austria and Russia and the King of Prussia met here in
Its proprietor, Lord Palmerston, has built a harbor and a 1833.
small fishing village on its E. side.                      MUNCHINGEN, (Milnehingen,) miinuxing-en, a marketMULLANGUR, mnil'lfn-girl, a town of India, in the  townof Wiirtemberg, 7 miles N.W. of Stutt,,art. Pop. 1428.
Dleccan, Nizam's dominions, 88 miles N.E. of Hyderabad.    MUNCHWEILER, miinK/ler, a village of Rhenish BaMULLENBACH, a town, Transylvania. See MUHLENBACc. varia, 18 miles N.E. of Deux-Ponts.
MULILET, a peninsula of the W. coast of Ireland, Con-   MUNCHWEILER, a village of Switzerland, canton of
naught, -co. of Mayo, connected with the mainland by a  Bern, also calledVILLARS-LE-MOINE.
narrow isthmus.                                            MUNICIE or MUNICIETOWN, a thriving post-village,
MULfLETT RIVER, a small stream of Sheboygan co., capital of Delaware co., Indiana, on the White River, and
Wisconsin, flows into Sheboygan River, 7 miles from its  on the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Railroad, 54 miles
mouth.                                                   E.N.E. of Indianapolis. It is pleasantly situated in a ferMULLETT'S CREEK, of Michigan, enters Huron River  tile country, and contains, besides the county buildings, a
3 miles from Ann Arbor.                                  few churches and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, estiMULLHIEIM, a town of Baden. See MULHEIM.               mated at 1200. Here was formerly a town of the Muncie
MULILICA, a township ofAtlantic co., New Jersey. P. 918. Indians. The projected Fort Wayne and Southern Railroad
MULLICA HILL, a village in Greenwich township, Glouce- crosses the above-named railroad at this point.
ster co., New Jersey, 17 miles S. by W. of Camden. It con-   MUNCIE CENTRE, a township in Delaware co., Indiana.
tains 2 or 3 churches, and some 80. or 70 houses.        Pop. 666.
MULLICUS RIVER. See LITLE EGG HArBOR.                    MUNCIE CREEK, of Indiana, enters the White River in
MULLIGAUM, mtl'le-glwml, or MALLIAGAUM, mAlIe- Delaware county.
gawml, (Hindoo Mlaligrama, mAi-le-gr/ml,) a town and strong    MUN/CY, a post-township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania,
fort of British India, presidency and 160 miles N.E. of Bom- on the W. branch of the Susquehanna, 12 miles below Wilbay. Surrendered to the British in 1818.                 liamsport. Pop. 978.
MUL'LINGARI, a market-town and parish of Ireland,   MUNCY, formerly PENNS/BOROUGH, a post-borough of
Leinster, capital of the county of Westmeath, on the Brosna  Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, is situated in a pleasant valley
and the Royal Canal, (by which it is almost surrounded, called Muncy Manor, 1 mile E. of the W. branch of the
and which connects it with both Dublin and the Shannon,) Susquehanna River and Canal, and 14 miles E. of Wil50 miles W.N.W. of Dublin, by the Midland Great Western  liamsport. Muncy Creek affords a fine water-power, which
Railway. Pop. of the town in 1851, 4789. It has a handsome  is employed in mills of various kinds; and the lumber busiparish church, and Roman Catholic Cathedral; a convent, ness is carried on extensively here. Muncy has communi2 large schools, county infirmary, large infantry barracks, cation by canal with the principal markets, and is a place
and market-house.                                         of active business. Incorporated in 1826. It contains 5
MULLLENAIIONEI, a market-town of Ireland, co. and 26 places of worship, 11 stores, 1 seminary for girls, 1 newspa,
miles E. of Tipperary. Pop. 1200.                        per office, and 1 iron foundry. Pop. in 1850, 901.
MUL'LINAVATI, a village of Ireland, co. and 20 miles S.   MUNCY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the W. branch
by E. of Kilkenny. Pop. 500.                             of the Susquehanna in Lycoming co.
MULILINS, a post-office of Shelby co., Alabama.          MUNCY CREEK, a township of Lycoming co., PennsylMULILION, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        vania. Pop. 2151.
MULILOY'S, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee.    MUNDA. See MONDA.
MULLROSE, (Mfillrose,) mtill'rofzeh, a town of Prussia,   MUNDACA, moon-dAIkA, a market-town of Spain, province
province of Brandenburg, 10 miles S.W. of Frankfort, on  of Biscay, 13 miles N. of Bilbao, with a small port. P. 1728.
the Canal of Miilrose, which unites the Oder and Spree.   MUNDATTA, miimn-dAtta, a town of India, province of
Pop. 1830.                                               Malwah, dominions and 50 miles S.E. of Indore, on an island
MULREA MOUNTAINS, of Ireland. See MuLRE.A.             in the Nerbudda. It has a remarkable pagoda.
MUIJROY BAY, a deep, sinuous inlet of the Atlantic, N.   MUNDAWUL, mniin'd-whll, a town of India, province of
coast of Ireland, Ulster, between Sheephaven Bay and Lough  Malwah, 17 miles N.W. of Maheidpoor.
Swilly. Length about 12 miles, average breadth 1 mile.     MUN/DAY'S LANIDING, a post-office of Woodford co.,
MULSEN SANKT JACOB, (Miilsen,) mtillsen slnkt yY- Kentucky.
kob, a village of Saxony, 4 miles E. of Zwickau. Pop. 3149.   MUNDEAH, minlde-A, a town of India, Cutch, on its S.
MULSEN SANKT NIKLAS, mtil/sen sAnkt nik'lls, a vil- coast. 25 miles E. of Mandavee, is a place of some trade.
lage of Saxony, contiguous to the above, 41 miles E. of    MUNDELSHEIM, m5On/dels-hime', a market-town ofWirZwickau. Pop. 2055.                                      temberg, 9 miles S. of Heilbronn, on the Neckar. Pop. 1720.
MULTAN, a city of Punjab. See MOOLTAN.                   MUNDEN, (Minden,) mtinlden, a town of Hanover,
MULTEDO, mool-tAldo, a village of the Sardinian States, principality and 15 miles W.S.W. of Glttingen, at the
division and about 6 miles from Genoa. Pop. 1595.        confluence of the Fulda and Werra Rivers, here forming
MULITIFARNITIAM, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of  the Weser. Pop. 4001. It is enclosed by walls, and has an
Westmeath.                                               old castle. a gymnasium, numerous churches, and manuMULTO/NA SPRINGS, a village and watering-place of factures of tobacco and earthenwares. Miinden used to be
Attala co., Mississippi.                                 one of the greatest linen marts in Germany, the annual
MULWEEYA or MULUIA, m331-weefya, (anc..Mafva,) sales within it amounting to the value of above 100,000/.
written also MOLOIA, the principal river of Miorocco, rises in    MUNIDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Iertford.
the Atlas, near 320 30' N. lat., and about 40 20' W. Ion., and    MUNDEN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co of Hertford.
flows N.E. to the Mediterranean, after a course of 350 miles.   MUNDENHEIM, (Miindenheim,) mtin/den-hime, a village
MUMIBLES HEAD, Wales, co. of Glamorgan, bounds  of Bavaria, Palatinate, district of Mutterstadt. Pop. 1240.
Swansea Bay on the W., and has a lighthouse, 114 feet in    MUNDER, (Miinder,) miinlder, a town of Hanover, princiheight, in lat. 510 34' 3" N., lon. 30 58' 10" W.        pality of Kalenberg, on the Hamel, 22 miles W.N.W. of
MUMIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           Hildesheim. Pop. 1996.
MUM/FORD, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.         MUNDERKINGEN, m66nlder-kinglen, an ancient walled
MUMLISWEIL, (Miimlisweil,) miimtlis- il, a village of town of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles S.W. of Ehingen, on the
Switzerland, canton and 12 miles N.N.E. of Soleure. P.1381. Danube. Pop. 2000.
MUMIMASBURG, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsyl-   MUNDESLEY, mtindzflee, a parish of England, co. of
vaiia, on Little Marsh Creek, 5 miles N.W. of Gettysburg.  Norfolk.
MUNASSA, moo-nas/sa, a town of West Hindostan, 97    MUNDESSOR, mtindies-sort, a walled town of India,
miles E. of Odeypoor; comprises upwards of 1000 dwellings. Gwalior dominions, 75 miles N.W. of Oojein.
MUN/CASTER, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland.   MU NDIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
MUNCHBERG, (Miinchberg,) miinx/b8oR, a walled town    MUND/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of Germany, Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, on the Puls-   MUNDHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
nitz, and witha station on the Neumarkt and 11ofRailway, 19   MUNDI, mtnldee, a town of the Punjab, capital of a
miles N.N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 2260. It is enclosed by walls, rajahship, in the Jullinder Doah, (British territory,) near
and has a hospital, and manufactures of cottons and linens, the head of the Beas, 120 miles E. of Amritseer, with a
MUNCIIEBURG, (Miincheburg,) a town of Prussia, pro- massive palace, and a pretty well-stocked bazaar.
vince of Brandenburg, 21 miles N.W. of Frankfort-on-the-    MUNDLA- I, miLnd/l1, a town and fort of British India,
Odoer, between 2 lakes. Pop. 1580.                       presidency of Bengal, 135 miles N.E. of Nagpoor.
MUNCHEN, (Miinchen,) a city of Germany. See MUNICH.  IUNDLEYSIR, mind'le-seer/, a town of Iindostan, pro
1259




MUN                                                       MUN'ince of Malwah, on the Nerbudda, here crossed by a ferry, greatly resorted to by the admirers and cultivators of the
5 miles E. of Mheysur.  It is enclosed by a mud wall, fine arts.  Many newspapers and magazines are printesi
defended by a well-built stone fort, and carries on a con- here. In a meadow to the W. is the colossal bronze statue
siderable trade, being the great commercial, as well as of Bavarica, by Schwanthaler, 84 feet high. Near it is the
military thoroughfare between Hindostan Proper and the  "Hall of Fame."  MUNICH is said to derive its name from
Deccan.                                                    having been founded (in 962) on a site belonging to a fraMUNDO, moonfdo, a river of Spain, falls into the Segura  ternity of monks, (in German Mdnchen or Aflinchen.) It was
in the district of Lietor; total course about 60 miles.    walled by Otho IV. in 1157, and taken by the Swedes under
MUN!DON, a parish of England, oo. of Essex.              Gustavus Adolphus in 1632.
MUNIDY, a post-township in the S. part of Genesee co.,   MUNIESA, moo-ne-l/sd, a town of Spain, Aragon, 50 miles
Michigan. Pop, 786.                                        from Teruel. Pop. 1148.
MUNEEPOOR, a province of India. See CASSAY.                MUNILLA, moo-neel/yA, a town of Spain, province and 28
MUNERA, moo-nmre, a market-town of Spain, province miles S.S.E. of Logrofo. Pop. 1817.
and 31 miles W.N.W. of Albacete. Pop. 2690..                MUNKACS, moon'katch!, a market-town of East Hungary,
MUNEVILLE-LE-IINGARD, miinvee-leh-b1NQ-ga-R!,   a  on the Latorcza, 80 miles N.E.ofDebreezin. Pop.3223. It
village of France, department of Manche, arrondissement of  has a strong hill fortress, now used as a state prison, Greek,
Coutances.  Pop. 1500.                                     Roman Catholic, Calvinistic, and Lutheran churches, and
MUNIFORDSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Hart co., manufactures of hosiery and alum. In its vicinity are
Kentucky, on the right bank of Green River, 100 miles S.W. mines of crystal, called Hungarian diamonds.  It was
of Frankfort. The river is navigable for small steamboats taken by the Imperialists in 1687, after a siege of 3 years.
during part of the year. Near this village a circular orifice    MUNKZWALM, mlnk/zAlm, a village of Belgium, proextends, in the form of a funnel, towards the centre of the  vince of East Flanders, on the Zwalm, 16 miles S. of Ghent.
earth, to an unknown depth. Pop. about 500. See KEN- Pop. 1241.
TUCKYa, "Objects of Interest to Tourists."                   MUNLOCHY, miin-loalee, a fishing village of Scotland, co.
MUNGASIHT, moon'gAsht!(?) a strong fortress ofPersia, pro- of Ross, on an inlet of Moray Frith, 13 miles S.W. of Cromarty.
vince of Khoozistan, on the Jerahi, 70 miles S.E. of Shooster,    MUNNERSTADT, (Miinnerstadt,) miintner-stdtt', a town
at the foot of the Mungasht Mountains, a continuation of  of Bavaria, on the Lauer, 35 miles N.N.E. of Wiirzbnrg.
the Zagros chain.                                          Pop. 1579.
MUNGERSDORF, (Miingersdorf,) miingIers-doRf', a vii-   MUNNIPOOR, MUNIPOOR, MUNNEEPOOR, mtn'e-poor!,
lage of Belgium, on the railway from  Aix-la-Chapelle to  or MUNIPOORA, minme-poofra, a town of India, capital of
Cologne, 5 miles from Cologne.                             Cassay. Lat. 240 45' N., ion. 940 E.
MUNG'ER'S MILLS, a post-village of Shannon co., Missouri.   MUNNIPOOR, MUNIPOOR or MUNNEEPOOR, a state of
MUNGHUR, mfing'gilrl, a walled town of West Hindostan, Farther India. See CAsSAY.
Odeypoor dominions, with 4000 inhabitants, and a large    MUNNSIVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., New York,
annual fair for cattle.                                    about 100 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. in 1855, 287.
MUNGUIA, moon-gheetg, a village of Spain, province of    MUNN/TOWN, a small post-village of Washington co.,
Biscay, 9 miles N.E. of Bilbso. Pop. 2010.                 Pennsylvania.
MUNGULGHEREE, mtng-g4I-gh. r/ree, a town of British    MUNNVILLE, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.
India, presidency of Madras, 12 miles N.E. of Guntoor.       MUNO, miitno, a village of Belgium, province of LuxemMUN'GULIIAUT!,  a considerable town of British India, bourg, 32 milesW.N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1557.
presidency and province of Bengal, 18 miles N. of Rungpoor.   MUNSINGEN, (Miinsingen,) miinfsing-gn, a town of WiirLat. 250 59' N., Ion. 890 20' E.                           temberg, 23 miles W. of Ulm. Pop. 1600.
MUNGULWARA, mting-gfId-wArr, a walled town of India,   MUNSINGEN, (Miinsingen,) miintsing-en, a village of
Sattarah dominions, 50 miles N.N.W. of Bejapoor.           Switzerland, canton and 7 miles S.E. of Bern, and noted in
MUNICH, mufnik, (Ger. Milnchen, miinlIKen; Sp. AMe- modern Swiss history as the place of a meeting which
nachio, mo-n.-che-o; It. Munica, moo-nee/kA; L. Mlonachi- effected many popular reforms in 1831.
urn,) the capital city of Bavaria, and of the province of    MUNSILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
Upper Bavaria, on the Isar, here crossed by 3 bridges, 225    MUNS!LOW, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
miles W. of Vienna, and 35 miles S.E. of Augsburg. Lat.   MUNTSON, a township of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. 1193.
(of Frauenkirche, 1690 feet above the sea) 480 8' 20" N., ion.   MUN/SONYILLE, a post-office of Cheshire co., New Hamp110 34' 42" E. Pop. 95,531, or, including the suburbs Au, shire, about 35 miles W.S.W. of Concord.
Haidhausen, and Ober Giesing, 120,000. Mean temperature    MUN'STER, (L. ilMomosnia,) the most S. and largest of the
of year 480.4, winter 320.5, summer 630.6 Fahrenheit. It is four provinces of Ireland, having N. Connaught, N.E. Leinfinely situated in a plain, and within the present century, ster, and on other sides St. George's Channel and the Atlantic
its extent has been doubled by the addition of new quarters Ocean. Area 9476 square miles. Pop. in 1841, 2,396,161; in
and suburbs around the walled city: it has a handsome and  1851, 1,857,244. Surface highly diversified. Silurian rocks,
lively general appearance. In the old city numerous streets old red sandstone and limestone, form the basis of the district.
diverge from a central square, the Haupt-Pla tz; in the other  Coal is found in Tipperary, Kerry, and Cork. The N. part
quarters are-MaxJ-osephs-Platz, one of the finest squares is watered by the Shannon River, and the E. by the Suir.
in Europe, a fine broad line of street extending from N.W.  Several parallel mountain ranges separate the basins of the
to S.E. On its W. and N. sides are most of its principal Blackwater, Bandon, Lee, and Lanie, terminating in rocky
structures; these comprise the new Pinacotheca and Glypto- peninsulas on the W. coast, bounding Dingle, Kenmore,
theca, or museums of painting and ancient sculpture, rich in  Bantry, Dunmanus, and other bays. Lough Deirgeart is on
choice works of art, the former containing 300,000 engrav- the N. border, and the Lakes of Killarney are in this part
ings. The new Royal Palace: the Cathedral, built 1468, and  of Ireland. The province is divided into the counties of
having two towers 333 feet in height, and a fine monument Cork, Clare, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford.
of the Emperor Louis of Bavaria; the churches of the  Before the Norman conquest, it was separated into the kingTheatines, Jesuits, St. Louis, All Saints, St. Kajetan, Lud-  doms of North and South Munster.
wig's Kirche, and the Basilica, all richly ornamented with    MUNSTER, (Miinster,) miinlster, (L. Monastelrium,) a
fresco painting and stained glass; Protestant and Greek  town of Prussia, capital of the province of Westphalia
churches, a synagogue, a fine opera-house, and new post- and of a government of its own name, in a wide plain on
office. In one square is an obelisk 100 feet in height, partly  the An, 78 miles N.N.E. of Cologne, with which, and with
formed of cannon taken by the Bavarians, and in another  Hanover, it is connected by railway. It was once fortified,
is an equestrian statue by Thorwaldsen of the elector Maxi- and is still entered by eight gates, though the fortifications
milian I. Adjacent to the palace is the Hofgarten, a space  have been levelled and planted, and now form agreeable
surrounded by arcades, and near this is a public park.     promenades. The principal edifices are the Cathedral, an
Among the public establishments are the Leuchtenberg  ancient Gothic structure; the three other churches of OberGallery, formed by Prince Eugene Beauharnois, an academy  wasser, St. Leger, and St. Lambert, all in the purest Gothic,
of arts, with a triennial exhibition, salaried professors and  particularly the last, on the tower of which still hang the
pensioned students, a magnetical and meteorological ob- iron cages in which John of Leyden and the other two Anaservatory. The University, removed from Landshut in 1826, baptist leaders were suspended previous to their execution
had, in 1847, 76 professors and 1471 students, a library of  in 1535; the Townhouse, also a beautiful specimen of Gothic,
200,000 volumes and 400 manuscripts, and attached to it 2  and a fine hall, called the Frieden Saal, from the peace of
colleges, and philological and theological schools, a poly- Westphalia having been signed in it in 1648; the Exchange,
technic, and numerous other schools of art and science. The  Museum, Theatre, House of Correction, and an old castle,
Royal Library, occupying a stately new building, was said to  formerly the bishop's palace, and now occupied as the gohave, in 1846, 600.000 printed volumes, and 18,600 manu- vernor's residence. It is the seat of several important
scripts. Here is also the Brazilian collection, made by Spix  courts of law, one of which has jurisdiction over the whole
and Von Martins. Munich is the residence of ambassadors  province. It is also the see of a Roman Catholic bishop,
and ministers from all the different courts of Europe; the  and possesses a Roman Catholic high school, with philososeat of the high courts of legislature and of law, and of all phical and theological faculties, a gymnasium, deaf and
the more important offices of the state. Except some bronze  dumb institution, veterinary school, school of design, norand iron works, silk-mills, and sugar refineries, Munich has  mal seminary, and society for the encouragement of domesfew mercantile factories of consequence, but its telescopes and  tic history and antiquities. The manufactures consist
mathematical instruments are deservedly famous, and it is chiefly of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, leather, starch,
1260




MUN                                                      MUR
tobacco, and refined sugar. The trade, which is considera-   MURAT, a town of France, department of Tarn, 30 miles
ble, includes, besides the above articles of manufacture, E. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 2883.
wine, bacon, hams, &c.                                      MU/RAT, a post-office of Paulding co., Ohio.
Mtinster was long governed by independent bishops, in    MURAU, moolrdw, a town of Styria, on the Mur, 23 miles
whom a warlike was often much more conspicuous than a  W. of Judenburg, with extensive iron works. Pop. 1200.
Christian spirit; but the most memorable events in the    MURAVERA, moo-r-va/rA, MURERA, moo-rcArd, or MOhistory of the town occurred in 1535-36, when it fell into  RERA, mo-rrcd, a village on the island of Sardinia, division
the hands of the fanatics, John of Leyden, Bernhard Knip- and 18 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1980.
perdolling, and Bernhard Krechting, who, under the pretext   MURAZZANO, moo-rt-std/no, a market-town of Piedmont,
of Christian freedom, taught the wildest doctrines, and  division of Coni, 11 miles N.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 2257.
practised the grossest abominations. Pop. in 1849, 24,664.  MURQA DE PANOIAS, mooRtsA dA pA-no/yas, a town of
MUNSTER, a government of Prussia, in Westphalia,  Portugal, province of Beira-Alta, 15 miles E.N.E. ofVilla
bounded N. by Hanover. Area 2820 square miles. The prin- Real. Pop. 800.
cipal rivers are the Ems and the Lippe. The chief minerals     MURCHAKOOR or MURCHACUR, moor'chA-koorl, a large
are iron and coal. About six-sevenths of the whole inha- village of Persia, 35 miles N.N.W. of Ispahan.
bitants are Roman Catholics. Pop. in 1849, 421,935.         MURCIA, mar/she-a, (Sp. pron. mooalthe-A; Fr. Murcie,
MUNSTER, (Milnster,) miin/ster, a village of!esse-Darm-  miia'see!; anc. Vergilia,) a city of Spain, capital of an ancient
stadt, province of Starkenbach, near Offenbach. Pop. 1886. kingdom and modern province of its own name, 30 miles
MUNSTER, mtNG'staiat, a town of France, department of  N.N.W. of Cartagena, lat. 380 N., Ion. 1~ 10' W., on the Segura,
Haut-Rhin, 10 miles W.S.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 4646. which divides the town into two unequal portions, connected
MUN/STER, a post-village of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, by a handsome bridge of two arches. The city is surrounded
4 miles E. of Ebensburg.                                  by a brick wall, erected during the late civil wars, and is enMUNSTERBERG, (Miinsterberg,) miin'ster-blRa, a town  tered by three principal gates. The streets are generally
of Prussian Silesia, 35 miles S. of Breslau, on the Ohlau. broad, straight, and well paved; and the houses are mostly
Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by walls, and has breweries, mann- two stories high. Among the principal public buildings
factures of plush, and cotton' stuffs.                    may be mentioned the Cathedral, a fine edifice, begun in
MUNSTEhREIFEL, (Miinstereifel) miinoster-Cl felt a town  1353. The belfry, finished in 1766, rises in compartments
of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles S.S.W. of Cologne, on the Erft. like a drawn-out telescope, and is crowned with a dome. It
Pop. 1570.                                                commands an extensive view of the huerta (plain) of Murcia,
MUNSTERIJAUSEN, (Miinsterhausen,) miin/ster-hiw'- studded with farms and drooping palm trees, as well as that
zQen, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, on the  of the city, with its fat, blueish roofs and cane pigeon-houses.
Mundel, 22 miles W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1270.               The seat of the bishop, who is suffragan to Toledo, was transMUNSTER-MAYFELD, (Miinster-MIayfeld,) minester-mif- forred to Murcia from Cartagena, from which latter he still
flt, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles S.W. of Coblentz. takes his title. In the plaza stands the capacious Episcopal
Pop. 1650.                                                Palace, built in 1752, one of the finest edifices of its class
MUNSTERTHAL, (Miuiinsterthal,) miin/ster-trl', two val- in Spain; and in close proximity to it, the Colleges of
leys of Switzerland, one in the canton of Grisons, the other  St. Fulgentius and St. Isidore. The other public edifices
in the N.E. part of the canton of Bern, where the battle of  and institutions consist of the College of St. Leander, which
St. Jacob was fought between the Swiss and the French in  is an academy of music connected with the Cathedral;
1444, which terminated in the almost entire destruction of  the Hospital of St. John, having in connexion with it a
the former combatants,                                     hospital for convalescents; a House of Refuge, a Foundling
[MUNTE, mitnlteh, a village of Belgium, province of East Hospital, the Town-house, granary, town seminary, an inFlanders, 9 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1095.                  stitute, founded in 1837, with chairs of Latin, Greek, matheMUNTOK, mln-tok?, a fortified seaport-town of the island  matics, mental philosophy, morals, theology, natural hisof Banca, capital of a Dutch residency on the S.W. coast.   tory, physics, geography, and history, which were attended,
MUNNYPOOR, a town of India. See MuneooeR.               in 1847, by 223 students; a Normal School, numerous private
MUNZENBERG, (Miinzenberg,) miint/sen-blaoG, a town of elementary schools, in which are educated about 1050 boys
Germany, Resse-Darmstadt, province of Upper Hessen, 10  and 600 girls; a School of Design, with four professors, and
miles S.E. of Giessen.                                     about 150 pupils; eleven parish churches, with several nunMUNZESHEIM, (Milnzesheim,) miintfsgs-hblme, a village  neries, hermitages, oratories, and numerous suppressed conof Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Kreich. Pop. 1145. vents; a bull-ring, and a good botanical garden. The town
MUNZIFAY, moont/es-fi', (L. 1ons./gi,) a town of Bohe- has manufactures of coarse cloths and baize, of different
mis, circle of Rakonitz, with a town-house and hospital. colors, of silk stuffs, linens, hats, gloves, saltpetre, also dye
Pop. 1346.                                                works, potteries, tanneries, soap works, and 31 flour-mills.
MUNZKIRCHEN, (Milnzkirchen,) miints/k6l6sK-en, an  Considerable commerce is carried on in raw, spun, and dyed
ancient village of Upper Austria, circle of Inn, district and  silks, and in some of the other manufactures above mennear Viechtenstein. Pop. 900.                              tioned, as well as in grain and fruits. The first undoubted
MUONIO, moo-o/ne-o, a river of Russian Lapland, joins mention of Murcia occurs at the division of Spain into prothe TorneA River, after a S. coxurse of 150 miles.        vinces, by ~oosuf, (Yusuf,) in 747; and it soon after figures
MUONIONISKA, moo-os/kd, a village of Russia, Finland, as one of the principal Moorish cities in Spain, under the
212 miles N. of Uledborg on the Muonio, which has here a name of Mursiah. It was wrested from the Moors by St.
cascade 100 feet high.                                    Ferdinand, in 1240. It was sacked by the French during
MUOTTA-THAL, moo-ot/ta-til, a lofty, secluded valley of the Peninsular War, and denuded of its wealth and works
Switzerland, canton of Schwytz, traversed by the river, and  of art. Pop., including the suburbs, 55,000.
having for its chief place the village of Muotta, 4 miles E.S.E.   MURCIA, an old kingdom in the S.E. part of Spain,
of Schwytz. In this valley, a sanguinary struggle took place, bordering on the Mediterranean, now  divided into the
in 1799, between the French, under Lecourbe, Mortier, and  modern provinces of Murcia and Albacete, united area
Massena, and the Russians, under Suwarrow. The latter was 11,688squaremiles, and pop. 595,531.  Surface traversed
nearly hemmed in on all sides, but valiantly cut his way, by several mountains. Soil ill-watered and infertile, but
and made a most masterly retreat. Pop. 1555.              contains iron-mines. Climate hot; the palm and carob grow
MUR or MUHR, moon, a river of the Austrian Empire, freely.  Chief cities, Murcia, Albacete, Cartagena, Elche,
rises in Salzburg, traverses Styria throughout, and joins the  and Lorca. After passing through the hands of the Romans
Drave on the left, in Hungary, 25 miles E. of Warasdin, and Goths, it was conquered by the Moors in 712, and conafter a S.E. course of 230 miles.                         tinned, with a slight interruption, to be subject to the CaMUR, miic, a town of France, department of C~tes-du- liphs of Cordova, till 1239, when it was raised by MohammedNord, 10 s/iles W.N.W. of Loud6ac. Pop. in 1852, 2403.    ben-Alee (called by Castilian writers Hudiel) to the dignity'UR, a town of France, department of Aveyron, arron- of a kingdom; but in the following year it was declared a
dissement of Espalion. Pop. in 1852, 1622.                dependency of Castile, with which it has ever since been
MURAD-CHAI, a river of Turkey. See MooaD-CnA1.    united.-Adj. and inhab. MuaclAN, mtxr/she-an, (Sp. MuRMURAFA, a town of Russian Poland. See MOORAFA.          CIANO, moost-the-dno.)
MURANO, moo-rdno, a town of Austrian Italy, on an    MUM DE BARREZ, miia deh bdnRca/, a town of France,
island 1 mile N. of Venice, of which it is a suburb. It has  department of Aveyron, 34 miles N.N.E. of Rodez. Pop. in
manufactures of mirrors and other glass wares, now de- 1852, 1622.
cayed. In the 15th century it had a population of 30,000,   MURIDER CREEK, Alabama, flows southward through
and its glass works have been celebrated since the 11th  Conecub county into Conecub River.
century.                                                    MURDER ISLAND, Madagascar. See FMis    ISLAND.
MIURANUM, a town of Southern Italy. See MonANo.           MIURIDERKILL, a hundred in Kent co., Delaware. P. 5717.
MURANYALLA, moo'rbn'yOl116h', a village of Hungary,   MURIDOCKSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co.,
co. of GormiJr, 40 miles from Rosenan. Pop. 1213.         Pennsylvania, 230 miles W. of Harrisburg.
MURASCHKINO, a town of Russia. See Moo0AsHmuNu.           MURE, LA, d miih, a village of France, department of
MURASSON, mii'rds'sdes!, a market-town of France, de- Isbre, 19 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 3648, chiefly
partment of Aveyron, 14 miles S.S.W. of St. Affrique. P. 2631. employed in manulsctures of packing-cloth and nails.
MURAT, miSlr/, a town of France, department of Cantal,   MURELLO, moo-rcl/lo, a village of the Sardinian States'ear the Alagnon, 24 miles N.W. of Aurillac, at the foot of  division of Coni, about 7 miles from Saluzzo. Pop. 1662.'Mount Cantal. Pop. in 1852, 2699.                          MURERA, a village of Sardinia. See MURAVERA.
1261




MUR                                                       MUR
MUJRET, moolrAf, (L. MureYtum,) a town of France, de- principally sustained by miners, who are numerous in the
partment of Haute-Garonne, 10 miles S.W. of Toulouse. vicinity.
Pop. in 1852, 4213.                                          MURPHYSVILLE, a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky,
MURtFEE'S DEPOT, a post-office of Southampton co., Vir- 9 miles S. of Maysville.
ginia, with a station on the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad,   MURRAY, a county of Scotland. See MIORAY.
41 miles from Portsmouth.                                    MURIRAY is the principal river hitherto discovered in
MURIFREESBOROUGH, mttrffrhz-bir-rtih, a post-village  Australia, and formed by the junction of numerous streams
in Hertford co., North Carolina, on Meherrin River, 110  W. of the Australian Alps, whence it proceeds very tortumiles N.E. by E. of Raleigh, at the head of sloop naviga- ously westward through 9 degrees of longitude; and after
tion. It has an active trade in cotton, lumber, tar, &c.   passing through Lake Victoria, it enters the ocean (EncounMURFREESBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Pike  ter Bay) in lat. 350 20' 5., Ion. 1390 E. Affluents, the Bayco., Arkansas, about 125 miles W.S.W. of Little Rock. It ungun, Murrumbidgee, with the Lachlan, and probably the
is situated in a mountainous region, which contains iron, Darling. It is navigable in a great part of its extent, and
lead, zinc, silver, stone-coal, &c.                       in its lower part is a noble river, but its mouth is too shalMURFREESBOROUGH, a handsome post-village, capital low to be entered by large ships. The counties of New South
of Rutherford co., Tennessee, on the railroad from Nash- Wales and West Australia have this name.
ville to Charleston, in South Carolina, 30 miles S.E. of    MURIRAY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Georgia, borNashville. It is situated in a beautiful plain, surrounded  dering on Tennessee, has an area of 600 square miles. The
by a healthy and fertile country. The Union University at Coosawattee River forms part of the southern boundary, the
this place is a flourishing institution, founded by the Bap- Connasauga traverses the county from N. to 8., and unites
tists, in 1841. There is also a female institute, under the  with the other on the border, to form the Oostenaula; it is
direction of the Baptists; 1 bank, and 5 churches. Two  also drained by Holly, Sumach, Rocky, and Mill Creeks.
newspapers are published here. Murfreesborough was the  The surface is elevated.,The Cohuttah and Chattoogata
capital of Tennessee from 1811 to 1827, when the State- Mountains are remarkable for their grand and picturesque
house was consumed by fire.                                scenery. The soil is generally fertile. Gold, silver, lead,
MURG, mO6RG, a river of South Germany, Wiirtemberg  zinc, and hydraulic limestone are found in the county. Since
and Baden, to a circle of which latter it formerly gave name, the Western and Atlantic Railroad was opened, the popularises in the Black Forest, and after a N. course of 40 miles tion has increased rapidly. Organized in 1832, and named
joins the Rhine 4 miles N. of Rastadt.                    in honor of Thomas W. Murray, a former member of the
MURG, a river of Switzerland, canton of Thurgan, joins  Georgia legislature, and Speaker of the House. Capital,
the Thur, 11 miles N. of Frauenfeld.                       Spring Place. Pop. 14,433, of whom 12,503 were free, and
MURG, a village of Baden, 33 miles S. of Freiburg, on  1930 slaves.
the Rhine. Pop. 1000.                                        MURRAY, a post-township of Orleans co., New York, inMURGIS. See ALMERIA.                                    tersected by the Erie Canal, and the Rochester Lockport
MURI, mootree, a village of Switzerland, canton and 2  and Niagara Falls Railroad, 5 miles E. of Albion. Pop. 2520.
miles S.E. of Bern. Here Charles X. resided during a part   MURRAY, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.
of the French revolutionary period.                          MURRAY, a post-village, capital of Callaway co., KenMURI, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 18  tucky, is situated near Clark's River, 250 miles W.S.W. of
miles S.E. of Aargau, with a rich Benedictine Abbey, and  Frankfort. Pop. about 300.
some silk manufactures. Pop. 1900.                           MURRAY, a post-village of Wills co., Indiana.
MURIAH], moo-re-A-h,/  a river of Brazil, rises in the    MURRAY ISLANDS, a group in Torres Strait, lat. 90 56'
Serra do Pico, province of Rio de Janeiro, and joins the Pa- S., ion. 1440 51 E.
rahiba on the left.                                          MURRAY'S FERRY, a post-office of Williamsburg district,
MURIALDO, moo-re-Il/do, a town of North Italy, division  South Carolina.
of Genoa, 41 miles S.S.W. of Millesimo. Pop. 2500.           MURRAYSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See MORAY.
MURILLO DE GALLEGO, moo-reellyo dA ggl-yalgo, a town    MURRAY SOUND AND HARBOR are among the Amherst
of Spain, Aragon, 44 miles N. of Saragossa,on the Gallego, Islands, off the S.E. extremity of Cores.
here crossed by a stone bridge of three arches. It is one of    MUR/RAYSVILLE, a post-village of Westmoreland co.,
the oldest towns in Aragon. Pop. 648.                      Pennsylvania, 21 miles E. of Pittsburg.
MURILLO DE RIO DE LEZA, moo-reel/yo dA ree/o dl I1/-   MURRAYSVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Virginia.
the, a town of Spain, Old Castile, 7 miles S.E. of Logrofio, on    MURRAYSVILLE, a village in Hall co., Georgia, 100 miles
the Leza. Pop. 1163.                                       N.N.W. of Milledgeville.
MURILLO EL FRUTO, moo-reellyo 11 frootto, a town of    MURRAYSVILLE, a post-office of Clark co., Mississippi.
Spain, province of Navarre, on a height above the Aragon,    MURIRELL'S SHOP, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia.
21 miles S.E. of'Pamplona. Pop. 554.                        MURRHARDT, m5sR/hant, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle
MURISENGO, moo-re-sln/go, a village of the Sardinian  of Neckar, on the Murr, an affluent of the Neckar, 24 miles
States, 14 miles from  Casale, on the East Stura.  Pop. N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2400. It was almost wholly de2000.                                                      stroyed by fire in 1765.
MURITIBA, moo-re-tee/bh, or PASSi, pls-sI, a village    MUR/RINSVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Peunsylof Brazil, province of Bahia, 4 miles S.W. of Cachoeira, with  vania, about 21 miles N. of Butler.
2 handsome churches, and a primary school.                   MUR/ROES or MUIRIHOUSE, miir/house, a parish of ScotMURITZ, (Miiritz,) mitlrits, LAKE, (Ger. Mtiritzee, mitt- land, co. of Forfar.
rits-sY/,) a lake of North Germany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin,   MURIRUMBID'GEE orMOtRUMBID'GEE, a river of South
immediately S. of Waren. Length, from N. to S., 19 miles. East Australia, rises under the meridian of 1490 E., at a
It communicates on the N. with Lake Flesen.                distance of about 80 miles from the sea. It flows in a S.W.
MURLO DI VESCOVADO, mooa/lo dee vls-ko-vido, a vil- direction, and is joined by the Lachlan, at lat. 340 251 S.,
lage of Tuscany, 13 miles from Sienna, with a castle. Pop. latterly taking a S.W. course, and falling into the Murray
2349.                                                      at lat. 340 451 S. Its whole course is upwards of 400 miles;
MURNAUT, mIGrenlw, a market-town of Upper Bavaria, and it is navigable up nearly to its sources.
88 miles S.S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1500.                        MURRUMBIDGEE  or MORUMBIDGEE, a district of
MUJRO, moo/ro, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, New South Wales, between ion. 14,10 and 1470 10' E., hay19 miles N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 2000.                       ing the river Murray on the N., and the Murrumbidgce on
MURO, a village of Naples, province and 8 miles W.S.W. the S., and containing 12,000,000 acres.
of Otranto. Pop. 1600.                                       MURS, miir!, a village of France, department of MaineMURO, a town of Spain, province of Alicante. Pop. 2786. et-Loire, 5 miles S. of Angers, on the Lubancy. Pop. 1700.
MURO, a town of the island of Majorca, 25 miles N.E. of    MURSA or MURSIA. See ESZEK.
Palma. Pop. 2300.                                            MURS/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
MUROM, a town of Russia. See MooRom.                       MURS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
MUROS, moolroce, a town of Spain, province of Corunna,   MURSUK, a town of North Africa. See Mooezoor.
30 miles W.S.W. of Santiago. Pop. 3912.                      MURTAS, moost's, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 48
MUROS, a town of Spain, Asturias, 20 miles N.N.W. of miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2870.
Oviedo, on the Nalon, near its mouth. Pop. 1076.             MURTEN, a town of Switzerland. See MoiaT.
MURPHREE'S  (mur/freez) VAI'LEY, a post-office of    MUR/TON, a township of England, co. of Northumber
Blount co., Alabama.                                       land.
MURPHY, mflr/fee, a post-village, capital of Cherokee co.,   MURU, moodroof, a small town of Japan, on the island of
North Carolina, at the junction of the Hiawassee and Valley  Niphon, situated on the Strait of Matson-simi-nada, oppoRivers, and on the Western Turnpike, 373 miles W. by. S. site the island of Sikokf. Its harbor is much frequented by
of Raleigh. It.contains a court-house, 1 newspaper office, coasting vessels, being very secure and well sheltered by a
and several stores.                                       lofty mountain.
MUR/PHYSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Jackson    MURUSURA or MURU(URA, moo-roo-soofrd, a river of
co., Illinois, on Big Muddy River, about 15 miles E. of the  East Africa, of which little is known.
Mississippi River, and 178 miles S. of Springfield.         MURUTSI, moo-root/see, or MORUTSI, mo-root/see, an
MURtHIPY'S CAMP, a post-town of Calaveras co., Cali- African tribe, N.W. of Delagoa Bay, near lat. 250 S., and lon.
tfornia, in the western part of the county, about 13 miles 280 E. They have made considerable progress in civilizaN. of the Stanislaus River. It was built up, and is now  tion. They manufacture iron and copper, converting the
1202




MUR                                                      MUS
former into excellent cutlery, and even castings; and the  security and convenient situation. In 1808, Seid Saeed, the
latter into fine wire, out of which they make beautiful present ruler, succeeded to the sovereignty, having removed
elastic chains. They are also ingenious workers in wood, his cousin Bedr, who had a prior title, by assassination.
cultivate tobacco and sugar-cane, in addition to the ordinary  His dominion is somewhat singular in its nature, and almost
crops of beans, corn, millet, &c., and have immense droves  wholly maritime. It commences on the E. coast of Africa,
of cattle. Their capital is Kurreechane.                   at the river Mozimbue, about 60 miles S. of Cape Delgado,
MURUT, moo-ratt(?) a walled town of North-West Iindos- and continues N. as far as the equator. This, however,
tan, princip ality and S.W. of Bhawlpoor. It is a place of  does not imply any territorial possession beyond what is
importance, beinm  both a military station, and the emporium   necessary to secure the trade of the coast. A large portion
of a large trade in grain.                                 of the coast of the Persian Gulf likewise acknowledges his
MUR VALL, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.              sway; so that Om'n and the African islands, Zanzibar,
MURVIEDRO, mooa-ve-&'dro, (aune. Saoudltum,) a fortified  Monfia, and Pemba included, the coasts ruled by him,
town of Spain, province and 14 miles N.N.E. of Valencia, on  (though for the most part only commercially,) cannot have
the Canales, 3 miles from the Mediterranean. Pop. 7476. an extent of less than 3000 miles. (See next article.)
It stands at the foot of a mountain, along which run long    MUSCAT or MUSKAT, IMAMAT OF, the name by which
lines of walls and towers; and is noted for its Roman anti- is commonly known an extensive and powerful state of
quities, comprising the remains of a theatre and a circus. Arabia, comprising the E. portion of that peninsula, its anHere are also a strong Moorish castle, a convent on the site  thority also extending over its S.E. coast nearly as far as
of a temple of Diana, and some Moorish cisterns; &c. Sa- Aden, and over parts of the coast of Persia on the Persian
guntum was founded, i. c. 1384, by the Greeks of Zacynthus,  Gulf, and that of East Africa from the equator S. to Cape
(Zante.) It was then a seaport, but the land has since  Delgado.  Area and population not ascertained.  Besides
gained upon the sea, which is now above 3 miles distant. Muscat, the capital, this dominion comprises the towns of
Being 6he first fiontier town, and allied to Rome, and being  Rostak and Muttra in Arabia, and Juba, Melinda, Mombas,
also extremely rich, it was attacked and destroyed by Han-  Magadoxo, Bravah, Quiloa, and Lindy in Africa, with the
nibal, B. c. 219. It was rebuilt by the Romans, and became  islands of Zanzibar, Socotra, &c. It has an active trade
a municipium. Of its former grandeur, but few and slight with all the adjacent countries, and with British India. The
traces remain, as it has been ever since used as a quarry by  Imam, (or Imaum,) or, more properly speaking, the Sultan,
Goth, Moor, and Spaniard.                                  has a patriarchal and despotic sway. In order to enforce his
MURVIEL, miia've-l1, a town of France, department of  authority over this widely-spread empire, he has provided a
i6rault, 8 miles N.W. of B6zi6res. Pop. in 1852, 1601.    naval force unexampled in the East. He possesses an 84
MURZUK, a town of North Africa. See MooazooK.           gun ship, two 74's, several frigates, and, altogether, 50 or 60
MURZZUSCHLAG, m066at/s6sh-l1GW, a village of Styria,  square-rigged vessels carrying guns, and most of them built
on the Murz, 24 miles N.E. of Brtick, with a station on the  at Bombay, after European models.
railway between Vienna and Cilly. It contains a Franciscan    Although his government is commonly known as the
convent. Pop. 900.                                         Imamat of Muscat, it should be observed that Sultan Seid
MUSANDAM, a headland of Arabia. See MuvSSENDOr.    Saeed has never assumed the religious title of ImimP, which
MUSBACI, moos'bAK, or MUSCHBACH, moosh/bAs, a  is often erroneously bestowed on him, nor does he style himmarket-town of Rhenish Bavaria, 12 miles W.N.W. of Spires. self Sultan of Muscat. Indeed the island of Zanzibar has
MUStBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             now become the seat of his central government, his chief
MUSBURY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.        source of revenue, and principal residence.
MUSCAT, MASKAT, or MASCAT, mis-katt, (Arab. pron.   MUSCAT/ATUC or MUSKAKtITUCK, a river of Indiana,
mls-kftl; Fr. 3Mascate, mns'kAtl; anc. Mostcha,)the chief city  rises in Ripley co., and flowing south-westerly, enters the
of Oman, capital of the States of the Imam or Sultan of  Driftwood Fork of White River, near the S. boundary of
Muscat, and a seaport of great commercial importance, on  Jackson co. The Indian name is Mesh-ca-que-tuck, i. e.
the Indian Ocean, near the E. angle of Arabia. Lat. 230 34' "Pond River."
N., ion. 580 50' E. The Cove of Muscat, as the harbor is   MUSCATINE, m kiska-teen!, a county in the E.S.E. part of
called, is an inlet of the sea, about three-fourths of a mile  Iowa, bordering on Illinois, has an area of 450 square miles.
long, with half that width, opening N.W., and consequently  The Mississippi River, which makes a great bend opposite
completely sheltered from the prevailing winds or monsoons. the county, forms its south-eastern boundary for a distance
Immediately W. of this inlet is a more capacious bay facing  of about 40 miles, and it is intersected by Red Cedar River.
N.E., and therefore exposed to the winter monsoon, but The surface is generally rolling, and diversified with groves
capable of affording shelter to shipping under those circum- of trees and extensive prairies; the soil is exceedingly fertile.
stances of weather which render it difficult to enter the  Extensive beds of stone-coal and quarries of freestone and
cove of Muscat. The city of Muscat stands at the S. side  limestone are found. A railroad is projected through this
of the cove, in a hollow, under cliffs 400 or 500 feet high, county from Rock Island to the Missouri River. Capital,
and debarred even from the view of the sea by the sur- Miuscatine. Pop. 5731.
rounding high rocks. Its appearance by no means corres-   MUSCATINE, formerly BLOOMIINGTON, a flourishing
ponds with its wealth and importance. A few good houses, city and river-port of Iowa, capital of Muscatine co., is
in the Persian style, occupy the narrow space at the water situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, 100 miles above
side; but large and stately buildings are few, and the Sul- Keokuk, and 32 miles S.E. of Iowa City. Commencing at
tan's palace, (a plain edifice,) the governor's house, and a  the head of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, the river
few minarets, alone rise above the humble mass of fiat- may be traced in a direction almost due west for more than
roofed huts or houses. The streets are extremely narrow, 40 miles, until it strikes a series of bold rocky bluffs, by
so that a few palm-leaves laid across between the houses which its course is suddenly turned towards the S. At the
above completely screen them from the sun. Muscat is one  apex of this bend, on the summit of these bluffs, is situated
of the hottest places in the world. The thesrmometer, in  the city of Muscatine. The place was first settled by the
the shade, rarely descends below 900. To Europeans the  whites in 1836, previous to which time it had been an Indian
climate is insupportable. But, on the other hand, the ex- trading post, known by the name of Manatheka. It is now
cellence of the port, and its convenient position near the  one of the most populous and commercialtowns of the state,
entrance of the Persian Gulf, will always make it import- and is the shipping point for an extensive and fertile
ant as a station for shipping. It is also naturally strong, territory. In consequence of the bend in the river, Muscaand, in European hands, could be made impregnable. Of tine is nearer the centre of the state than the other ports
water a sufficient supply is obtained from wells about 40  on the Mississippi, and it naturally commands the trade of
feet deep. At the bottom of the bay, on the W., is the  two great fluvial divisions of Iowa, namely, the valleys of
town of Muttra, distant, by land, about three miles from  the Red Cedar and Iowa Rivers. There are two steam sawMuscat, of which it may be considered as a suburb, and  mills in the city, that turn out about4,000,000 feet of
little, if at all, inferior to it in population. Here are the  lumber annually.  The logs are obtained chiefly from
docks for building and repairing shipping. Muscat is the  Minnesota, above the Falls of St Anthony. About 10,000,000
grand emporium of East Arabia, and. the key to the entrance feet of lumber are sold here yearly, besides large quantities
of the Persian Gulf. Imports have been estimated at about of laths, shingles, and wooden ware. Muscatine is about to
$4,000,000 in value annually, and consist chiefly of almonds, derive benefit from railway communication. The Muscatine
aloes, assafoetida, gum ammoniac, sulphur, nitre, gum copal, and Oskaloosa Railroad is under contract to Fredonia and
frankincense, coffee, pearls, ivory, horns, hides, wax from  located to Oskaloosa, and it is thought that the road will
Persia and Africa, most of which are re-exported to India be extended to the mouth of Platte River. The Muscatine
and the East; the returns thence being made in British and  and Cedar Rapids Branch Railroad, the 3d division of the
Indian cotton goods, shawls, and China manufactures. Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, is already in operation
Large quantities of dates, as also wheat, horses, salt, and  to Moscow, and when completed will open communicadried fish, are among the principal exports. The port is tion with the capital of the state. The projected railioad
usually touched at by vessels going up the Persian Gulf. from  Rock Island, Illinois, to Fort Des Moines, is also
The combined population of Muscat, Mutira, and interven- expected to pass through this city. Muscatine has a good
ing villages, has been variously estimated from 25,000 to landing for steamboats navigating the Mississippi.  The
60,000.                                                   town contains churches of 9 or 10 denominations, several
In the latter half of the last century, Muscat had already  academies, about 30 stores, and numerous factories and
attained, under a ruler who bore the religious title of Imam, mills; 2 newspapers are published here. Incorporated a city
the eminence to which, as a seaport, it is entitled, for its in 1853. Pop. about 6000.
1263




MUS                                                        MUS
MUSCLE (m. slsel) SHOALS, a term applied to an exten-   MUSKEJRY, a mountainous district of Ireland, in the,sive series of rapids in the Tennessee River, between Lauder- centre of the county of Cork. Area about 311.000 acres.
dale and Lawrence counties, Alabama. The river has a  Pop. 90,511. It is divided into the baronies of East and
descent of about 100 feet in the course of 20 miles, and no  West Muskerry.
boats can pass over the shoals except in the highest stages    MUSKIET, a post-office of Navarro co., Texas.
of water. The channel, at this place, varies from 1 to 2    MUSKIHAM, NoRTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
miles in width, but at the lower termination of the shoals    MUSKHAM, SoUTrH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
it is contracted to half a mile. The bluffs on each side are    MUSKILILO, NAMOO, NAMOU, n'moo/, or ODIA, olde-a,
composed of an upper stratum of flint, and a lower stratum   an island group in the North Pacific, belonging to the Mulof fine limestone. About the year 1840, a canal, 12 miles grave Archipelago, about lat. 80 N., and Ion. 1680 E.
long, was constructed around the shoals on the N. side of    MUSKINGUM, mnss-king/gfsm, a river of Ohio, and one
the river; but, unfortunately, the locks were made too  of the largest affluents which the Ohio River receives from
short to admit even the smallest steamboats that navigate  that state. Its main branches, the Tuscarawas and lialthe river. It was soon abandoned, and the channel has bonding Rivers, rise in the N. part of the state and unite
been filling up for the last 10 years. Thousands of wild  at Coshocton. From that point the course of the river is
geese and ducks resort to this locality to feed on the species nearly S.E., and it flows through a beautiful, fertile, and
of shell-fish, from which the name ofMuscle Shoals is derived. populous region, (in many parts of which stone-coal is abunMUSCOIDA, a post-village and township of Grant co., dant,)until itentersthe Ohio, atMarietta. The mainstream
Wisconsin, on the left bank of Wisconsin River, 30 miles is about 110 miles long, and 225 yards wide near its mouth.
N.N.E. of Lancaster. The village has 3 stores, and about 250  Steamboats ascend as high as Dresden, a distance of about
inhabitants.                                               95 miles. The navigation has been improved by the conMUSCOGEE, mits-kolghee, a county in the W. part of struction of dams, and a sidecut has been opened from DresGeorgia, contains about 400 square miles. The Chatta- den to the Ohio Canal.
hoochee River forms its W. boundary, and separates it from   MUSKINGUM, a county in the E. central part of Ohio,
Alabama, and it is also drained by Upatoi, Randall's, and  has an area of 610 square miles. It is traversed from N. to
Nocheefaloochee Creeks. The soil varies from the richest S. by the Muskingum River, and also drained by Licking
mould to the poorest sand. The county contains granite, River, and by Wills, Tomoka, and Jonathan Creeks. The
hornblende, iron, agate, jasper, chalcedony, and other surface is agreeably diversified. The soil contains a large
minerals. This county is the most populous in the state  portion of clay, anl is very productive. Bituminous coal
except Chatham. It is intersected by the Muscogee Rail- and iron ore abound in this division of the state. Salt is
road, which terminates at Columbus, the county seat. procured by boring into strata of sandstone to the depth of
Organized in' 1826, and named from  a tribe of the Creek  several hundred feet. The county is intersected by the Ohio
Indians. P. 18,578; ofwham 10,422 were free, and 8156 slaves. Canal, and by the Central Railroad, and in part by 2 other
MUSCONET/CONG, a river in the N.W. part of New  railroads extending to Cleveland and Cincinnati. Capital,
Jersey, issues from  Hopatcong Pond, between  Morris Zanesville. Pop. 45,049.
and Sussex counties, flows south-westward, forming the    MUSKINGUM, a post-township'in the N. part of Muskinboundary between Warren county on the right, and Morris  gum co., Ohio. Pop. 1498.
and Hunterdon on the left, and empties itself into the    MUSO or MUZO, moo/so, a small town of New Granada,
Delaware about 10 miles below Easton. The length is near  department of Boyaca, 65 miles W.S.W. of Tunja, on an
50 miles. It drains a narrow valley, bounded by parallel affluent of the Magdalena.
ridges, and affords extensive water-power.                   MUSONE, moo-soenA, a small river of Austrian Italy,
MUS/COVY, a name sometimes given to Russia, derived  enters the Venetian lagoon 3 miles W. of Venice, after a
apparently from Moscow, the ancient capital of the empire. S.E. course of 35 miles; one arm of it joining the Brenta
See RUssIA..                                               Canal.
MUSEROS, moo-salroce, a village of Spain, province and 6    MUSONE, a small river of Italy, Pontifical States, enters
miles N. of Valencia, about 1 mile from the sea. Pop. 1000. the Adriatic 12 miles S.E. of Ancona, after an E. course of
MUS/GRAVE, GREAT, a parish of England. co. of West- 35 miles. Under the French, it gave name to a department,
moreland, 2 miles W.S.W. of Brough. It takes its name  having for its capital Macerata.
from the Musgrave family, who came into England with    MUSR. See EGYPT.
William the Conqueror.                                       MUSSALA, m-is-sa/ll, a town of West Africa, Senegambia,
MUSH, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Moosin.              on the Senegal, 8 miles E. of Fort St. Joseph.
MUSHAKIH, miish&k/l, a group of islands in Africa, off the    MUSSBACI, moos/b K, a village of Bavaria, 10 miles S.
E. coast of Abyssinia; lat. 110 43' N., ion. 430 19' E.   of Neustadt, in the midst of vineyards. Pop. 2088.
MUSHAN/NON CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in the   MUSSELBURGH, mnts/sel-bir-rth, formerly ESK/MOUTH,
central part of the state, and enters the West Branch of the  a royal andparliamentary borough and seaport town of ScotSusquehanna River.                                        land, co. and 6 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1851, 7090.
MUSH CREEK, a post-office of Greenville district, South  It stands on the Frith of Forth, at the estuary of the Esk,
Carolina.                                                  and has three bridges, (one supposed to be a Roman strucMUSHED, a city of North-East Persia. See MaSHED.         ture,) connecting with it the suburb of Fisher-Row; a cuMUSHED-I-SIR, mith-shed/ee-seer, a maritime town of  nrious Tolbooth, built in the year 1590, of materials from the
Persia, province of Mazanderan, 10 miles N of Balfroosh, ancient Scottish chapel of Loretto. It has some manufacconsisting of about 200 houses scattered around the Babel tures of sail-cloth, hair-cloth, hats, and leather. Exports
River at its mouth in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 360 45' N., ion. chiefly of coal, wrought in the vicinity. The borough unites
520 50' E.                                                 with Leith and Portobello in sending I member to the
MUSH/KEE RIVER, of Wisconsin. See MAUvaIsE RivER. House of Commons. The battle of Pinkie, in which the
MUSHU/LAVILLE, a post-village of Noxubee co., Missis- English defeated the Scotch, A. D. 1547, was fought in the
sippi.                                                    immediate vicinity; also that of Prestonpans.
MUSJID. mitis/jid, or.MESJID ALI, written also AMUS-   MUSSENDOM, mitis'sn-doml, MUSSELDOM, mits'sel-doml,
JEED, (anc. Alexandria?) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic or MUSANDAM, moo-s8n-dgmf, CAPE, a headland of Arabia,
of Bagdad, 28 miles S. of the ruins of Babylon. It is enclosed  on an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, lat. 260
by walls flanked with towers and a ditch, and is mostly built 24' N., lon. 560 34/ E. It is an abrupt basaltic rock, 200 feet
of brick. Principal edifice, the tomb of All, which continu- above the sea.
ally attracts hither numerous pilgrims of the Sheeah (Shiah)   MUSSIDAN, miis'see'd8NO/, a town of France, department
sect. Under the name of Hira, this town was the capital of  of Dordogne, 19 miles S.W. of Pdrigueux, on the Isle. Pop.
Arab and Christian dynasties, until taken by the Saracens in 1852, 1744.
in 632.                                                      MUSSOMELLI, miis-so-mM/lee, a town of Sicily, province
MUSJID HOSSEIN, m-isljid' hosesAne, or KERBELA, and 19 miles W.N.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 9290.
ker-bA/li, (ane. Vologe/sia,) a town of AsiaticTurkey, 28 miles    MUSSON, mts&sSG/t. a village of Belgium, province of
N.W. of Babylon, in a well-cultivated tract, and containing  Luxemburg, 11 miles S.S.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1455.
the mosque and tomb of Hossein, son of All, greatly vene-   MUSSY-SURSEINE, miis'see/-siiR-sdn, a village of France,
rated by the Sheeahs.                                      department of Aube, 10 miles S.S.E. of Bar-sur-Seine. Pop.
MUSKAKITUCK. See MUscATArUC.                             1795.
MUSKAU, m1O5slkow, a town of Prussian Silesia, 67 miles   MUSSY-SOUS-DUN, miis'see-soo-diNG, a village of France,
W.N.W. of Liegnitz, capital of a principality on the Neisse. department of Salne-et-Loire, 14 miles S. of Charolles. Pop.
Pop. 2037. It has a palace of Prince Pukler Muskau, also  1580.
manufactures of woollen cloths, and mineral springs.        MUS'TANG/, a post-office of Lavacca co., Texas.
MUSKEEIGO, a township of Waukesha co., Wisconsin.   MUSTANG BAYIOU, (bi/oo,) of Brazoria co., Texas, flows
Pop. 1111.                                                through Chocolate Bay into the Gulf of Mexico.
MUSKEEGO CENTRE, a post-village of Waukesha co.,   MUSTANG CREEK, Texas, flows into the Navidad from'Wisconsin, on Muskeego Lake, 15 riiiles S.W. of Milwaukee, the N.E., a few miles above Texana.
with which it is connected by a plank-road. The lake is   MUSTAPHABAD, m-is'tA-fA-b d/, a considerable town of
nearly 4 miles long.                                      N.W. Hindostan, Sikh territory. 25 miles E.S.E. of Umballah.
MUSKEEIGON, a post-office of Ottawa co., Michigan, 133    MUSTAPHA PASHA, mits/tA'fA p/shb, a town of Euromiles W. by N. of Detroit.                                pean Turkey, Room-Elee, on the Maritza, 20 miles N.W. of
MUSKEEGOO, a post-office of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin.  Adrianople. Pop. 2000.
1264




TMMUS                                                    -MYS
MUSTAPIIA PASIIA  (PALAN.KA,) miis't&t'fa pAlsha~ pl- city of Greece, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Argos,
Wn'lt, a town of European Turkey, Room-Elee, on the Nis- situated in the Morea, (Peloponnesus,) government and 5
sava, 20 miles S.E. of Nissa. Pop. 2000.                 miles N.N.E. of Argos, near the village of Krabata. and with
MUS;TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, 5' miles Tiryns, only a few miles distant, presenting some of the
W.N.W. of Grantham. The poet Crabbe died rector of this  most remarkabe Pelasgian remains extant, comprising the
parish in 1833.                                          whole circuit of the ancient citadel, the treasury of Atreus,
MUSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.  and some smaller buildings.-Adj. and inhab. MYCEN AN,
MUSTUNG, mfls'thingf, a town of Thibet, near the sup- mi-se-neefaxp.
posed source of the Gunduck. Lat. 290 52' N., ion. 830 5' E.   MYCONUS, miklo-nbs, MICONI, MYCONI or MYCONE,
MUSTUNG, mitstungf, a town of Beloochistan, province miklo-nee, (Gr. MvKoeo0, JMukdnds,) an island of the Grecian
of Sarawan, 7 miles N.E. of Kelat, on the route to Shawl, Archipelago, government of Syra, among the North Cyclades,
and consisting of about 400 houses.                      5 miles S.E. of Tinos. Area 45 square miles. Pop. 6000; of
MUSZYNA. moo-sheelni, a town of Austrian Galicia, circle  whom about 5000 are in the town of Mycone, on its W. side.
and 18 miles S.S.E. of Sandec, on the Poprad. Pop. 1700.   The island is of granite formation, and produces only a little
MUTAPILLY, a town of India. See MOOTAPILLY.            corn, but has an active export trade in wine, figs, and hides,
MUTEODU, moo-te-o-doof(?) a town of South India, Mysore and abounds with game. It has several good ports, viz.,
dominions, 40 miles W.S.W. of Chitteldroog.              those of the town of Mycone, Ones, Port Palermo on the
MUTIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, with a  N., and St. Anne on its S.E. side.
station on a branch of the Eastern Counties Railway, 4Q    MYDIRIM, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
miles E.S.E. of Beccles.                                   MYDRECIIT, midrdKt, a village of the Netherlands, proMUT/HILL, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, vince and 14 miles N.N.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 2359.
4 miles S. of Crieff, beautifully situated, and remarkably    MYER, mltfr, MYHAR, mI/har', or MYHIIUR, mlhir', a
well built. Pop. of the village about 1000. In its vicinity  town of Hindostan, presidency of Bengal, province and 105
are the fine remains of Drummond Castle.                 miles S.W. of Allahabad. It is enclosed by a mud wall, and
MUTHIVEY, three small rivers of Wales, counties of  defended by a small but strong fort.
Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Merioneth: the two former    MY/ERSBURG, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa.
tributary to the Towy, the last to the Avon.               MYERSCOUGHII, ml/ers-koff, a township of England, co.
MUTIGNANO, moo-teen-yd/no, a town of Naples, province  of Lancaster.
ofAbruzzo Ultra II., 21 miles E.S.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1500.   MYER'S MILL, a village In Potawatomie co., Iowa, 40
MUTINA. See MooDENA.                                   miles N.E. by E. of Council Bluffs.
MUTOVA, moo-tolvd(?) one of the Koorile Islands, in the    MYEIlS MILLS, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois.
North Pacific Ocean, belonging to Russia, nearly intermedi-   MY/ElRSTOWN, a post-village of Lebanon co., Pennsylate between Japan and Kanmtchatka. Length 20 miles. It vania, on the turnpike from  Lebanon to Reading, 31 miles
has an active volcano and fertile valleys.                E. of Isa'risburg. It is surrounded by rich, well cultivated
MUTSCHEN. See MUTZCHEN.                                farms. A newspaper is published here. Pop. about 1000.
MUTSHKOVO, mootsh-kolvo, called also MOSHKOVA, a    MY/ERSVILLE, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.
market-town of Russia, government of Tver, 22 miles N. of    MYGONIUM.I.   See MIARATHONISI.
Staritsa. Pop. 2100.                                        MYL2E. See MILAzzo.
MUTTRA, a town of India. See MA.nouA.                     MYLAU, meellow, or MUJLAU, moolldw, a town of Saxo.
MUTTERSDORF, m55t/ters-doaf', a market-town of Bo- ny, 10 miles N.N.E. of Plauen. Pop. 2611.
hemia, circle and 27 miles W.N.W. of Klattau, on the Gold-   MYLOtI, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
brunnenbach. Pop. 994.                                      MYLOS, meetlos, a village of Greece, Morea, government
MUTTERSHOLZ, m65tlters-hd1ts', (Fr. pron. miit't6a'-  and 41 miles S. of Argos, near the Lernean Marsh, (where
holzt,) a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, on the  Hercules destroyed the Hydra.)  Here, in the late Greek
Ill. Pop. 1980.                                           struggle, Ypsilanti, with 600 men, defeated Egyptian troops
MUTTERSTADT, m6ot/ter-stldtt', a market-town of Rhe- of double that force.
nish Bavaria, 6 miles S.W. of Mannheim. Pop. 2700.          MYMUNSINGHI, ml-mfin-sing/, a district of British India,
MUTTNE, moot/nA', a village of Hungary, co. and about intersected by the Brahmapootra. Area 5000 square miles.
10 miles from Arva. Pop. 1368.                              MYMUNSINGII or NUSSERABAD, niss-ser-A-b dl, the
MUT/TON ISLAND, a fortified islet in Galway Bay, Ire- chief town of the above district, is on the right bank od the
land, Connaught, co. and 1 miles S. of Galway. It has a  Brahmapootra, 84 miles N.N.W. of Dacca.
lighthouse, with a fixed light. Lat. 530 15' 14' N., Ion. 90 3'   MYNYDDIMAEN, mjn/iT-minx, a hamlet of England, co.
26" WV.                                                   of Monmouth.
MUTTRA, mit/trd, MATTRAH, mlt/trA, or MATARAH,   MYNYDDYSLWYN, mjnTii-di.stlwin, a parish of Eng.
m/tI-r, a populous town of East Arabia, dominions and 3  land, co. of Monmouth.
miles S.W. of Muscat.                                       MYO, mI/o, a small island of the Malay Archipelago, beMU/TUAL, a post-office of Champaign co., Ohio.         tween Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 10 10' N., lon. 1260 40' E.
MUTWAL, mftt'wil/, (Hindoo iluhatwdram, moo-hAt-wa-   MYOO, ml'oof, a river of Aracan, British India, enters the
rAmf,) an island of'Hindostan, in the Gulf of Manaar, sepa- Bay of Bengal about 20 miles W. of the mouth of the Ara,
rated from Calpentyn by a narrow strait, about 10 miles can River, after a S. course of 110 miles, navigable for the
long, and from 2 to 3 miles broad.                        last 30 for vessels of between 150 and 200 tons.
MUTZIG, miit'zeeg/, a town of France, department of    MYOS HORMIOS, mil/os hor/mos, a port of Egypt, on the
Bas-Rhin, on the Bruche, 13 miles W.S.W. of Strasbourg. Red Sea, nearly opposite its bifurcation into the Gulfs of
Pop. in 1854, 3868, many of whom are employed in a na-  Suez and Akabah, and anciently famous as an emporium
tional manufactory of fire-arms.                         of the trade -between Egypt and India, but now wholly
MUTZCHEN, mS5tlshen, or MUTSCHEN, m66t/chen, a  uninhabited.
town of Saxony, 22 miles E.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1522.     MYRA, meelrg(?) a decayed town of Asia Minor, on its S.
MUY, LE, leh-mwee, (L. Cas/trum de  eodi/no?) a town of  coast, lat. 365 17' N., lon. 300 3' E.
France, department of Var, 5 miles S.E. of Draguignan. It   MYIRA, a post-office of Shelby co., Alabama.
contains a famous tower, in which seven Provencals, after   MYR/ICK'S, a station of the Fall River New Bedford and
failing in an attempt to assassinate the Emperor Charles V., Taunton Railroad, 12 miles from Fall River.
shut themselves up, and defended themselves against his   MY/ROSS, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork.
army until five of them were mortally wounded. Pop. 1899.   MYRTILIS. See MERtTOLA.
MUYSEN, moi'zen, a village of Belgium, province of Bra-   MYRTLE BAYOU, (bi/oo,) of St. Mary's parish, Louisiana,
bant, on the Dyle, near the railway from Louvain to Mech- flows into the Gulf of Mexico.
lin, 13 miles N. of Brussels. Pop. 1760.                   MYRTLE CREEK, a post-office of Douglass co., Oregon.
MUZAR, moo'zar/(?) a town of Bokhara, on the canal and    MYRTLE SPRINGS, a post-office of Bowie co., Texas.
12 miles E.S.E. of Balkh, consists of about 500 houses.    MYSLENICE. mis-lI-neet/sA, a town of Austrian Poland,
MUZILLAC, mtii'zee'yak/, a market-town of France, de- Galicia, 18 miles S. of Cracow. Pop. 2000.
partment of Morbihan, 14 miles S.E. of Vannes, and about   MYSLOWITZ, miselo4vits', a market-town of Prussian Si3 miles from the mouth of the Vilaine. Pop. 1213.        lesia, government of Oppeln, on the Polish frontier, and
MUZO, a town of New Granada. See Muso.                 with a station on the Breslau  and Cracow Railroad, 116
MUZUFFERNUGGER, moo-ztf-fpr-nng/gher, a populous miles S.E. of Breslau. Pop. 2580. Near it are'mines of coal
town of British India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Pro- and zinc.
vinces, 44 miles S. of Seharunpoor.                        MYSOL, milsol/, an island of the Malay Archipelago, N.
MUZUFFIRABAD. See MAzvFURABAD.                         of Ceram. Lat. 20 S., lon. 1300 E. Length 50 miles, breadth
MUZUFFERPOOR, moo-ztf-fer-poor/, a town of British  15 miles. It has several villages and harbors, and exports
India, province of Bahar, 35 miles N.N.E. of Patna.      birds, pearls, shells, and slaves.
MYACONDA, ml-&-kon/da, a town and fort of India, My-   MYSORE, mIsorf, (Hindoo Maheshasooea), a state of South
sore dominions, 22 miles W.N.W. of Chitteldroog.         India, subsidiary to the British, consisting of a table land
MYAN-AONG, mi-an't-ong/, or MEYAIHIOON, mI/-hoon', between let. 110 35' and 150 N., and Ion. 740 451 and 780 45/ E.
a decayed town of the Burmese dominions, province of Enclosed everywhere by the Madras territories, and bounded
Pegu, on the W. bank of the Irrawaddy, 38 miles S.S.E., of E. and W. by the Ghauts. Surface generally undulating,
Prome.                                                   and at Bangalore 3000 feet above the sea. Area 30,886 square
MYCENE, mi1-seeunee, (Or. MevKcvat, Mslukisai,) a ruined  miles. Pop. 3,000,000. The principal rivers, (the Cavery, and
4E                                                                         1265




MYS                                                     NAD
others,) have all a N.E. or S. E. course. Much of the country    MYSTIC BRIDGE, a handsome and thriving post-village
is overrun with jungle. The soil consists of a vegetable in Groton township, New London county, Connecticut, on
mould, 100 feet thick, an inexhaustible source of fertility. the E. side of Mystic River, opposite Mystic, with which
Rice, sesamum, betel, sugar, tobacco, ginger, fruits, various it communicates by a toll bridge, and on the route of the
drugs, and some European grains, are raised. rIon, granite, projected railroad from New London to Stonington, about I
and pot-stone, are abundant. The inhabitants are mostly miles N. of the latter. The two villages have similar interests,
Hindoos, but in and about the towns are many Mohamme- and are nearly equal in size, -the population being from
dans. Annual revenue estimated at 800,000Z. Subsidiary  1200 to 1500 in each. Both are noted for excellent schools,
to the Anglo-Indian army, 400 cavalry, and 4 regiments of and for the intelligence and enterprise of the inhabitants.
infantry are maintained for home service. Chief cities and  Ship-building is an important business at this point on the
towns, Seringapatam, (the capital,) Bangalore, (the resi- river.
denuce of a British commissioner,) Mysore, Bednoro, and   MYSTIC RIVER, a post-village of New London co., Con.
Chitteldroog.  Hyder All resisted the British power in  necticut, at or near the mouth of the river of its own name.
this part of India from 1780; on the death of his son, Tip- Ship-building is carried on here to a considerable extent.
poo Saib, in 1799, a large extent of territory was ceded; the   MYSTIC VILLAGE, a manufacturing village of New
state became subsidiary to the British, and the young heir London co., Connecticut, on Mystic River, N. of Mystic
of the ancient Rajahs was restored.                      Bridge.
MYSORE, a town of South India, state of Mysore, 9 miles   MYSZYNIEC, me-shintyhts, or MYSZNIEC, mishtne-fts'(?)
S.W. of Seringapatam. Under Hyder Ali and Tippoo, it fell a town of Poland, province of Plock, 25 miles N.N.W. of
into decay, but it has latterly regained importance, and con- Ostrolenka.
sists of a well-built native town, a fort, and a good suburb,   MYTICHY, me-teelcheel, a village of Russia, government
in which is the British.residency.                       and 14 miles N.E. of Moscow, which is hence supplied with
MYSORE ISLAND. See SCHIOUTEN ISLAND.                  water by means of an aqueduct.
MYSTIC, mistik, a river of New London co., Connecti-   MYTILENE, an island of Greece. See MITYLENE.
cut, unites with the sea 5 miles W. of Stonington. It is   MYWOOLtLA, a small island of the Feejee group; lat. 180
navigable for vessels of 400 tons to Mystic Bridge.     50' S., ion. 178~0 10' E.
MYSTIC, a pleasant and thriving post-village in Stoning-   MYZUM, mit/soom, or MYZUN, mit1soon, a village of Auston township, New London co., Connecticut, on the E. side tria, Galicia, circle and about 40 miles from Stry, with ironof Mystic River, across which is a toll-bridge, and on the mines and malleable iron works.
route of a proposed railroad from New London to Stoning-   MSZEZONOW, mshA-zolnov, sometimes written MZCZAton, about 10 miles E. by S. of the former, and 2 miles from  NOW, mez-chfnov, or MZCZONOW, a town of Russian Pothe sea. It contains several churches, fine schools, and a land, 30 miles S.W. of Warsaw, with the old castle of Radziebank. The river is navigable to the villafe for vessels of lowice. Pop. 1050.
400 tons, and the chief industry of the inhabitants is di-   MZCZANOW or MZEZONOW. See MszEzoNcow.
rected to commerce. The whale fishery is carried on to a    MIZENSK or MTZENSK, m'tstnsk, a town of Russia, goconsiderable extent; in 1853, 3 vessels arrived bringing 246 vernment and 30 miles N.E. of Orel, on the Mzena. Pop.
barrels of sperm oil, 4998 of whale oil and 50,900 lbs. of 6000. It has a large trade in corn and hemp, and was
whalebone. See MYSTIC BaI)GE.                           formerly important as a military post.
N
XTAAB, nab, or NAB, nab, (Ger. pron. nap,) a navigable Greek Christians, and 150 Jews, descendants of the an.
_  river of Bavaria, joins the Danube, 3 miles W. of RIatis- cient Samaritans; the latter occupy the S.W. quarter, where
bon, after a S. course of 90 miles.                     they have a synagogue, with a collection of ancient manuNAAF, nAf, or TEK-NAAF, tlk-nlf, a river of British  scripts. Here are several mosques and bazaars, a Greek
India. Aracan, enters the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, at church, manufactures of superior soap, and cotton fabrics.
Mungdoo, after a S. course of 50 miles. It is broad, navi- Damascus, and the Mediterranean ports, receive hence supgable, and has densely wooded banks.                    plies of oil, cotton, and other agricultural products, its viciNAAGHI, nA/ghee, a village of Afghanistan, 17 miles nity being well cultivated. Near it are various Scripture
S.W. of Bajoor. Lat. 340 49' N., ion. 710 15' E. Some au- localities, including Jacob's Well, and a holy place of the
thorities have supposed it to be the Aornus of the histo- Samaritans, on Mount Gerizim, on which also are the ruins
rians of Alexander, the capture of which was one of his of a fortress erected under Justinian.
most extraordinary exploits.                              NABON, na'bon/, a river of Persia, province of Fars, enters
NAALDWYK or NAALDWIJK,. n~ltlwik, a village of the the Persian Gulf, opposite Cape Nabon, 160 miles S.E. of
Netherlands, province of South Holland, 13 miles W.N.W. Bushire, after a S. course of 115 miles. On it, near its
of Rotterdam. Pop. 3365.                                mouth, is the village of Nabon, or Nabend.
NAAMAN'S (nAlmnanz) CREEK, a post-village and rail-   NABULUS, a city of Palestine. See NABLOOS.
road station of New Castle co., Delaware, on the Philadelphia   NACHAR, na'char/, a village of North Western India, state
Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad.                      of Bussaher, 50 miles N.E. of Simla.
NAARDEN. nMARden, a fortified town of the Netherlands,   NACHIES, a post-office of Houston co., Texas.
province of North Holland, capital of a district near the   NACHOD, nAK/od, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.E. of
Zuyder-Zee, 12 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2590.    Ktniggriitz, on the Mettau. Pop. 2186.
NAAS, -nice, a malrket-town and parish of Ireland, Lein-   NACIMENTO, na-the-man/to, a town of Spain, Andalusia,
ster, co. of Kildare, on a branch of the Grand Canal, 9 miles province and about 24 miles from Almeria. Pop. 3000.
S.W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2971. It gives   NACKEL, NAKEL, nak/kel, or NAKLO, nik1/lo, a town
the title of Viscount to the Earl of Mayo.              of Prussian Poland, 18 miles W. of Bromberg, on the Netze.
NAAST, nqst, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, Pop. 2138.
on the Senne, 10 miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 1458.           NACKENHEIM, nlk/ken-hTme', a village of Hesse-DarmNAAU/SAY, a post-township in Kendall co., Illinois. stadt, Rheinhessen, near Oppenheim. Pop. 1123.
Pop. 569.                                                 NACK/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
NAB-LIGHT, a floating beacon in the English Channel,   NACOGDOCHES, nak'o-dolchiz, a county in the E. part
2 miles off the E. end of the Isle of Wight.            of Texas, has an area of about 930 square miles. The AnNABAJOA, n&-vA-to/A, a river of Upper California, joins gelina River forms its boundary on the S.W., and the Atthe Colorado River, lat. 370 N., lon. 1120 W., after a west- toyac on the E. The surface is undulating, the soil is proward course estimated at 250 miles.                     ductive, and well timbered. Capital, Nacogdoches. Pop.
NABAJOA  INDIANS, a tribe of California, dwelling  5193, of whom 3789 were free, and 1404 slaves.
principally on the banks of the above river.              NACOGDOCHES, a post-village, capital of Nacogdoches
NABAL, nuibAl, a maritime town of North Africa, domi- co., Texas, 250 miles N.E. of Austin. It is the seat of a colnion and 43 miles S.E. of Tunis, on the Gulf of Sidra. Near lege founded in 1845, and contains, besides the county buildit are vestiges of the ancient Neapeolis.              in-s, several churches and stores.
NABBURG, n11p/pOORG, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper   NAC0 OCCHEE, a post-village of Habersham co., Georgia,
Palatine, on the Naab, 31 miles N. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1660.  145 miles N. of 3Milledgeville. It is situated in a narrow,
NABLOOS, NABLOUS or NABLUS, n3ibloosl, written fertile, and beautiful valley of its own name. More than
also NABULUS, NAPLOUSE and NAPOLOSE, (anc. She- $1,200,000 worth of gold has been found in this valley.
chem, Sychem  or Syclar, afterwards.Neaplolis,) a city The village has 1 church and 3 stores.
of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, and anciently the capital   NACITON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
of Samaria, 33 miles N. of Jerusalem, lat. 320 12' N.,   NACUNDI, na-klin/dee, a town on the island of Nukulau,
ion. 350 28t E. It is long and narrow, stretching along a one of the Feejee group, on a stream about 20 miles above
small valley on the N.E. base of Mount Gerizim; streets Rewah. Pop. about 600.
close, but houses lofty, and well built of stone, with domed   NADAUN, ni'dawn!, NAUDAUN, naw'dawn/, or NADAN,
roofs. Estimated population 8000, comprising about 500 ne'dan/, a town of Hindostan, Punjab, on the Beas, 84 miles
1266




NAD                                                      NAH
E N.E. of Amritseer. Lat. 310 468' N., ion. 760 18' E. It is    NAGOTAMA, n-go-tdmg, a considerable town of Britisl
celebrated for fine gardens.                              India, presidency of Bombay, district of Concan, 37 miles
NADINAL, nA/de-nltl, a town of Russia, in Finland, about S.S.E. of Bombay, on a river here crossed bya noble stone
12 miles N.W. of Al%, on a lake. Pop. 800.                bridge, 480 feet in length, constructed by a Mohammedan
NADUDVAR, n6h'dood'van!, a market-town of Hungary, prince at a cost of 30,0001.; lat. 180 30' N., ion. 730 16' E;
co. of Szabolcs, 21 miles W.S.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 6171.   NAGOWICIKA LAKE, Wisconsin, in Waukesha county.
NADWORNA, n4d —on/nr, a market-town of Austrian  Length 2 miles and a quarter, breadth three-quarters of a
Galicia, 22 miles S. of Stanislowow.                      mile.
N3EFELS or NAFELS, (N/fels,) nAlfels, a village of Swit-   NAGPOOR, NAGPOUR, nlg'poorl, or NAGPORE, ndg\zerland, canton and 4 miles N. of Wlarus, on the Linth. Pop. port, (H-indoo  Vagapooera, "the town of serpents",) is the
1900. It is famous for an action fought April 8th, 1388, be-  capital of a territory of its own name, situated 100 miles
tween 1300 Swiss and 6000 Austrian troops; the latter were  E. of Ellichpoor. Lat. 210 9'N., lon. 790 11' E. Itisabout8 miles
totally defeated.                                          in circumference, and enclosed by walls, but meanly built.
NAi RIM  or NARIMI, nA/rim,,a maritime parish of Nor- In 1825, it was estimated to have 115,000 inhabitants, and
way, stift of Christiansand, 22 miles S.W. of Stavanger, on  27,000 houses, of which only 1300 were of mason work,
the North Sea. Pop. 1700.                                 the rest being mere mud-huts, collected on a swampy site,
NAFELS, (Niifels,) a village of Switzerland. See N.rEFELS. and interspersed with dense groves. It has, however, a conNAFIFERTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East siderable transit trade, with some manufactures;of silk and
Riding.                                                   cotton goods, arms, and superior native cutlery, besides two
NAGAMANGALUM, n -gA-min-gA-lilm/, or NAGAMAN- palaces, and outside of its walls some gardens of the!ajah,
GALAM, n&-gA-m In-gdoAm1, a fortified town of India, in the  and other wealthy inhabitants.
Deccan, Mysore dominions, 28 miles N. of Seringapatam. Its    NAGPOOR or BEREA1/ DOMINIONS, a territory of India,
citadel contains two temples, and a ruined palace.        in the Deccan, under the British protection, comprising.a
NAGAR, nitgart, a small town or village of Central Asia, part of Berar province, with a large part of the old pro.
capital of a petty state, also called Nagar.              vince of Gundwanah, the whole between lat. 180%and 230
NAGARA, nA-gA/rd, a town on the island of Borneo, in  N., and Ion.'780 and 830 E., having S.W. the Nizam's doBanjermassin. It has considerable trade in deer's flesh and  minions, and on other sides the presidencies of Bengal and
deer's horns.                                             Madras. Area, 76,432 square miles. Pop. 4,650,000. The
NAGARA, a river of Banjermassin, an affluent of the  country appears to be pretty well governed. The Bajah
Banjer, which it joins about 35 miles N.N.E. of the town of  pays an annual subsidy of 80,0001., and is bound to furnish
Banjermassin, after a S.S.W. course of above 100 miles.   to the Bengal army a contingent of 1000 cavalry. Standing
NAGARANU, nl-g-rd-noof, a town of IHindostan, king- army, about 6000 men. Principal towns, Nagpoor, Chandom of Oude. about 70 miles E.S.E. of Lucknow. Pop. 6000. da, Chamoory, Ryepoor, and Ruttunpoor.
NAGASAKI, niAga-s'/ke, improperly written NANGA-   NAGtI-KOTE, a fort of India. See NAOOr.E.
SAKI, the principal seaport and commercial city of Ja-   NAGY, nidj, an Hungarian word, signifying "great,"
pan, situated on the S.W. side of the island of Kioo- prefixed to many places in Hungary and Transylvania. For
Sloe, in lat. 320 44' 85 N., Ion. 1290 51' 53" E. Estimated  those not undermentioned, see additional name.
population from  60,000 to 70,000, including about 6000    NAGY ABONY, n~dj bhlbafl, a town of West Hungary,
priests. It stands on a hill-slope, facing the harbor, is co. and 49 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 7527.
regularly built, and clean. The houses are of one story,    NAGY AG, n6dj Ag, a village of Transylvanla,  co. of
built of clay and wood, coated with cement, furnished with  lunyad, 15 miles N.N.E. of Vajda-Itunyad. The populaverandahs and Venetian blinds, and having oiled paper in  tion are employed in the adjacent mines, which furnish
place of glass. The chief edifices are the palaces of the go- an average of gold and silver to the value of 20,000 gulden
vernors, and other grandees, the Dutch and Chinese facto- (about $9000) annually.
ries, arsenal, several theatres, and upwards of 60 temples,   NAGY ARANYOS, a village, Transylvania. See REULMARE.
enclosed by gardens, which, with numerous tea-houses, form    NAGY BAJOM, n6dj b6h'yomt, a village of Transylvania,
the favorite public resorts of the population. The harbor  co. of Sumegh. Pop. 2054.
is about 7 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, and ships    NAGY BANYA, n~dj  nynhybh, i. e. the "GREAT MINES,"
lie securely sheltered in 5 or 6 fathoms water. Previous to  (Ger. Nreustadt, noil/sttt,) a town of East Iungary, circle
the treaty which has recently been concluded between the  and 32 miles E.S.E. of Szathmar, in a deep valley near the
United States and Japanese, this was the only port of Ja- Transylvanian frontier. Pop. 5500. It has churches of varipan open to foreign traders, and the Dutch and Chinese, ous sects, and a Roman Catholic College, and is the capital
who resorted to it, were confined under strict supervision  of one of the principal mining districts of IIHungary, most
to the strongly-fortified and artificial island of Desima, only  of its inhabitants being employed in mining industry.
600 feet in length by 240 feet across, off the shore. The    NAGY BITTCSA, n6dj bitt/chlh', a town of Hungary, co.
shops are numerous and well supplied, and there are many  of Trentshin. Pop. 2980.
breweries for rice-beer. The Dutch imports into Nagasaki,   NAGY DIZNOD, a village of Austria. See HELTAU.
consisting chiefly of sugar, Netherland broad-cloths, and    NAGY ENYED, nfdj  n'yld', (Ger. Egidstadt, Aghit-sttt)
cotton goods, sandal wood, buffalo hides, ivory, cloves, tin, a market-town of Transylvania, on the Maros, 17 mi!ks
Bengal piece-goods, and other manufactured wares, amount- N.N.E. of Karlsburg, with 5448 inhabitants, a Protestant
ed in value to about $150,000 yearly, forwhich returns were  College, a museum, cavalry barracks, and public library.
made in camphor, cotton fabrics, drugs, toys,,silks. &c., to    NAGY GYOR, (Gyir,) a town of HIungary. See iRAA.
the value of about $200,000.                                 NAGY KALLO. See KALLO, NAoG.
NAGGAR, n g'gar/, (anc. My/sa?) a considerable walled    NAGY KANISA. See KANISA, NAGY.
town of Afghanistan, in the plain of Banoo, 65 miles S.W.   NAGY KAROLY, nidj koh'rAI/, a market-town of Tran
of Peshawer. It has a good bazaar.                        sylvania, co. of Szathmar, 37 miles E.N.E. of Debreczin.
NAGGREE, nlg'greef, or NAGRI-KOTE, nAgree' kot, a  Pop. 12,055.
fort, and important military station of North Hindostan,    NAGY KATA, ncdj k6Ih/tOh, a market-town of Transylstate and 25 miles S.E. of Sikkim, lat. 260 56' N., ion. 880 8' E. vania, co. and 32 miles E.S.E. of Pesth, with 4000 inhabitNAGHERY, nl-ghhrlee, a town of British India, presi- ants, a castle, Protestant church, and large cattle markets.
dency and 58 miles W.N.W. of Madras.                        NAGY MIHALY, n6dj meehAi/, (Ger. Gross-Milichel, groceNA/GLESVILLE, a post-office of Mionroe co., Pennsylvania. meel/Kel,) a market-town of Transylvania, co. and 20 miles
NAGOLD, nA/golt, a town of Wtiirtemberg, circle of Black  E.N.E. of Zemplin. Pop. 1600.-The NAGY, a river of TranForest, on the Nagold, 16 miles W. of Tilbingen. Pop. 2397. sylvania, circle of Marmaros, joins the Theiss near lIuszth.
NAGONE, nAgOn/, or NAGOONA, ni-goo/nA, a large vii-   NAGY SZEBEN, a town, Transylvania. See HERMANNSTADT.
lags of Iindostan, province and 100 miles S.S.W. of Allaha-   NAGY SZOMBATH, a town of Hungary. See TYRNAU.
bad, lat. 240 37' N., ion. 800 35' E.                        NAGY YARAD, a city of IHungary.  See GRo0SSWAA DIN.
NAGORBUSSY, nA-gor-bisfsee, a town of British India,   NAHAN, nA'hlnt, a town of North Hindostan, Gurwhal,
presidency of Bengal, 42 miles N.E. of Patna.             capital of the rajahship of Simore, 46 miles N.W. of SehaNAGORE, na-gor/, a town of British India, presidency  runpoor; lat. 300 33 N., lon. 770 16' E.
and province of Bengal, district of Birbhoom, of which it   NAHANPARA, nA-h n-p/lra, a town of North Hindostan,
was once the capital, 117 miles N.W. of Calcutta, on the Oude dominions, 78 miles N.E. of Lucknow.
route to Patna, and seated in the midst of an area 10 miles    NAHANT!, a post-village, township, and noted watering.
in diameter, enclosed by a mud rampart and trench; lat. 230  place of Essex county, Massachusetts, 10 miles N.E. of Bos56! N, Ion. 870 20' E.                                   ton. It consists of a narrow peninsula, about 3.  miles in
NAGORE, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, length, projecting from the mainland of Lynn into Massadistrict and 48 miles E. of Tanjore, on the Felloor, or Nagore  chunsetts Bay. Near its eastern extremity is an extensive
River, a branch of the Cavery, at its mouth in the Indian  hotel, and in other portions are numerous cottages, chiefly
Ocean, and here crossed by a fine nine-arched bridge; lat. occupied by the citizens of Boston as summer residences.
100 49' N. It is populous, busy, and well built. Chief edi- Nahant is one of the oldest watering-places in New England,
flees, its mosques, and a square tower, 150 feet in height.   and thousands resortto it during the sultry months to enjoy
NAGORE, a town of British India, Rajpootana, capital of  the sea-breeze and ocean scenery. At this season steamboats
a district, dominions and 70 miles N.E. of Joodpoor. It is ply constantly between Boston and the peninsula, and be.
fortified, and noted for its manufactures of brass and iron  tween'this place and Salem, Lynn, &c. The township was
wares. Pop. about 40,000.                                 incorporated from Lynn, in 1854.
1267




NAl                                                       NAM
NAHIE, n&Ieh, (anc. NVava,) a river of West Germany,   NAKEL, a town of Prussia. See NACKEL.
joins the Rhine at Bingen, after a N.E. course of 60 miles   NAKHCHIVAN or NAKHIISHIVAN, nilk'shee-v~nf. (ano.
between the territories of Saxe-Coburg, Rhenish Bavaria, Arx/ata or Naxucana,) " first place of descent," a town of Asia
and llesse-Darmstadt, on the S. and E., and parts of Olden- tic Russia, Transcaucasia, capital of a province near the Aras
burg and Prussia on the N. and W. It is navigable for 20  83 miles S.E. of Erivan. The population in 1830 consisted ol
miles. Affluents, the Glan and Simmer.                     2000 Mohammedan and 800 or 900 Armenian families; but
NAHR-EL-KEBEER or NAIHR-ELKEBIR, n~r-61-ke-beerl, it was mostly ruined during the last Russian and Persian
a river of Asiatic Turkey, Syria, enters the Mediterranean  war, and at the above date was in a deplorable condition. It
20 miles N. of Tripoli, after a westward course of 35 miles.  claims, however, the repute of being "4the oldest city in the
NALHRAWAN, ni-rd-wm n/, was an ancient canal, in As- world;" its Armenian name and tradition implying that tha
syria and Babylonia, which proceeded from the Tigris, near tenants of the ark first resided here after the flood; and its
the confluence of the Zab, for 450 miles towards the Persian  vicinity is so fertile in fruits, especially grapes, as to deserve
Gulf, with a breadth of from 120 to 130 yards, still discerni-  the repute of being the region where'"Noah began to be a
ble.                                                       husbandman, and planted a vineyard." (Gen. ix. 20.) But
NAHUNITA, a post-village of Wayne co., North Carolina, it is, however, noted for insalubrity. The province of Nakhon the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 61 miles from  chivan, separated southward from Persia by the Aras, has
Raleigh.                                                -  on other sides the provinces of Erivan and Karabagh, and
NAIAD, nilad, a group of low coral islands in the North  comprises also the towns of Abbasabad, Mergeri, and Terra
Pacific Ocean; lat. 50 39' N., ion. 1530 32' E. Between this Kali.
group and that of Young William there is a passage 5 miles    NAKIHIITCHEVAN, or NAKHITSCHEWAN,  nA-keet-shewide.                                                      vint, a town of Russia, government of Yekaterinoslav, on
NAILA, nI/l/, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Fran- the Don, 18 miles S.W. of Novo-Tcherkask. Pop. 10,000. It
conia, 27 miles N.N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1610.             was founded by an Armenian colony, in 1780, and is the
NAIL FACTORY, a post-office of Gaston co., North Carolina. residence of the Armenian patriarch in Russia. It is built in
NAILLOUX, nlh'yoo/, a village of France, department the oriental style. Principal edifices, severalhandsome Armeof Haute-Garonne, 18 miles S. of Toulouse. Pop. 1367.      nian churches, convents, and a bazaar. Ithas manufactures
NAILS CREEK, a post-6ffice of Franklin co., Georgia.     of silk and cotton stuffs, soap, and leather, with numerous
NAILISEA, a village and parish of England, co. of Somer- distilleries, and an extensive trade, being, with the contiguset, with a station on the Great Western Railway, 8 miles ous town Rostov, a principal entrepbt of the Don, and of the
W.S.W. of Bristol. Pop. in 1851, 2543, It has large mann- commerce from Tanganrog to the interior of Russia.
factures of crown-glass, and extensive coal works.           NAKHODEH, nI/Ko'd~h, a large village of Persia, province
NAIL!STONE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.       of Azerbaijan, S.S.W. of Ooroomeeyah, formerly the see of a
NAILS/WORTH, a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester, Christian bishop.
2 miles W.S.W. of Minchinhampton. Population employed    NAKILO, nlke-lot, NAKILOO or NACKILOO, nake-loo!
in manufactures of woollens.                               a maritime town of Persia, province of Laristan, on the
NAIMAN, ni'm~n!, a walled town of Central Asia, khanat Persian Gulf, 50 miles W.N.W. of Charrack, with a fort and
and 17 miles S.S.E. of Khiva, on a canal from the Amoo.    a pearl fishery; lat. 260 52' N., ion. 530 30' E.
NAIN, nin, a town of Hindostan, kingdom of Oude, dis-   NAKLO, a town of Prussia. See NACKIEL.
trict of Salon, about 45 miles N.W. of Allahabad. P. 10,000.   NAKO, n/l/ko', a village of Thibet, district of Piti or Spiti,
NAIN, nm/in, (Arab. Nein, nAn,) a hamlet of Palestine, among the West Himalayas, 12,000 feet above the sea-level,
pashalic and 24 miles S.E. of Acre, now insignificant, but and on the shoulder of the great mountain Porgyul, which
memorable as the place of the miracle recorded in St. Luke. has an additional height of 10,000 feet, 103 miles N.E. of
NAIR or NEIR, nir, a town of India, in the Deccan, Ni- Simla.
zam's dominions, 52 miles S.E. of Ellichpoor.                NAKO-NAKO, na'ko-na/ko, a group of small islands off
* NAIRAI, ni/ri, one of the Feejee islands, South Pacific  the WV. coast of Sumatra, W. from the island of Nias, lat. 0C
Ocean, famous for its manufacture of mats, baskets, &c.    50' N.
NAIRN, nArn, or NAIRNSHIRE, nArnfshir, a small   NAKSKOV, a town of Denmark. See NASKOV.
maritime county of Scotland, having N. the Mloray Firth.   NAL, nil, a walled town of Beloochistan, on the W. rouet
Area. including detached districts in Elgin, Inverness, from the Sonmeanee to Kelat. Lat. 270 35' N., ion. 650 59,
and Ross, estimated at 195 square miles, about two-thirds E. It is said to be a town of much antiquity, and has a fort,
of which are cultivated. Pop. in  1851, 9956. Surface  the stronghold of the Bezunja tribe of Beloochistan.
mostly rugged and mountainous, except along the coast.   NALABU, nI-IA-boo!, or ANALABU, 4-n-li-boot, a seaPrincipal rivers, Nairn and Findhorn. It is under one she- port town of Sumatra, on the N.W. coast of the kingdom
riff with Elgin, and unites with that county in sending one  of Acheen; lat. 40 8 30/" N., ion. 960 8' E.
member to the House of Commons. Chief town, Nairn.           NALB, nulb, OBEa, o/ber, and UNTER, 6in/ter, two places
NAIRN, a royal and contributory parliamentary burgh  of Lower Austria, nearly contiguous, about 5 miles from
and seaport town, and parish, of Scotland, capital of the  Jetzelsdorf.
above county, on the small river Nairn, at its influx in the    NALCHA, nallchg, a town of India, Gwalior dominions,
Moray Firth, 15 miles N.E. of Inverness. Pop. in 1851, 3420. near Hindia, with remains of some fine edifices; lat. 22c
It is lighted with gas, has a stone bridge across the Nairn, 25' N., Ion. 750 29' E.
county hall, with court-house and jail; an academy, large    NALDA, nilldA, a town of Spain, Old Castile, province
hotel, baths, 3 branch banks, and a harbor for smallvessels  and 8 miles S.S.W. of Logrolo, on the right bank of the
mostly employed in fisheries. The burgh unites with In- Iregua. Pop. 4732.
verness, Forres, and Fortrose, in sending one member to the    NALDROOG, nkl-droog!, a town of India, in the Deccan,
House of Commons. In the vicinity is Cawdor Castle, which  Nizam's dominions, 80 miles W. of Beeder..
gave title of Thane to Macbeth, and now gives that of Earl   NALGONDA, n/l-gonlda, or NELGOONDA, n~l-goon'da, a
to a branch of the Campbell family.                        town of Hindostan, Nizam's dominions, 58 miles E.S.E. of
NAIRN, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio.                Hyderabad.
NAIRNSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See NAIRN.               NALINNES, nitleen!, a village of Belgium, province of
NAISSUS. See NIssA.                                      Hainaut, 27 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1818.
NAIX, nA, a village of France. department of Meuse,   NALLIERS, n l'yA  or nlh'yi/, a village of France, dearrondissement of Bar-le-Duc, on the site of the ancient partment of ~endde, 24 miles S.E. of Bourbon-Vendle.
Nalcsium. Here numerous fine statues, and other Roman  Pop. 1070.
antiquities have been discovered.                            NALON, nA-lnl, a river of Northern Spain, rises near
NAIZIN, nA'zANr!, a village of France, department of ilor. Tarna in Asturias, and after a N.W. course of 62 miles past
bihan, 8 miles S.E. of Pontivy. Pop. 2003.                 Oviedo, enters the Bay of Biscay near Mures.
NAJAC, nA'zhak', a town of France, department of Avey-   NAMAHIKIN, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin.
ron, 9 miles S.SW. of Villefranche, on the Aveyron. P. 2139.   NAMALjOUK (na-r-m-look) ISLANDS, a group of several
NAJERA, NAGERA or NAXERA, nI-Hm/ri, a town of  islands in the Pacific Ocean; lat. 50 55' N., ion. 1530 16' E.
Spain, province and 16 miles W.S.W. of Logrolo, on the  They are numerously inhabited.
Najerilla. Pop. 2746. It is pleasantly situated at the foot   NAMAQUA (ng-mI'kwA) COUNTRY, the W. and mariof a mountain range, divided into two parts by the river, time portion of the Iottentot country, South Africa, the
and though once the seat of the court of Navarre, is now  Great Namaqua Land being'N., and the Little NamaquaTerIn decay. It is remarkable in history as the scene of an  ritory S. of Orange River.
obstinate battle between the troops of Peter the Cruel and    NAMAQUAS, ni-mnlkwlz. See HOTTENrTOTS.
his brother Henry; on the 2d of April, 1367.                 NAMCOOL, nlm'kool!, or NAMCULD, nam'kooldf (?),  a:
NAJERILLA, NAGERILLA or NAXERILLA, ni-HA-reel- town of British India, presidency of Madras, district of Maya, a river of Spain, rises in the mountains W. of Almarza,  dura, 45 miles N.W. of Trichinopoly.
province of Burgos, and flows N.N.E. into the Ebro, 10    NAMECHE, nimlshf, a village of Belgium, on the Namiles below Najera; course 40 miles.                      mur and Liege Railroad, 7 miles from Namur.
NAKAB-AL-IIAJAR, nI'k~btAl-hi'jarf, a ruined city of    NAMEKA!GON, a small river of La Pointe co., WVisconsin,
South Arabia, Iladramaut, in lat. 140 40' N., ion. 470 35' E., flows into St. Croix River.
in a fertile valley, consisting of remains of towers, enclosed    NAMEN, a city of Belgium.  See NAnUrn.
by a wall, and supposed by Wellsted to date from a very    NAMESZTO, n6hmlessto', a market-town of North Imu         1,emote period                                             gary, co. of Arva, 16 miles N.N.E. ofAlso-Kubin.  Pop. 4688.
1268




NAM                                                       NAN
NAMIESCOHIT, ndfmeesht,. a town of Moravia, 27 miles  see, capital of a department on the Kiang, 180 miles N.N.E
N.N.E. of Znaym, on the Oslava, here crossed by a haud- of Canton.
some stone bridge, ornamented with 20 statues. Pop. 2200.   NANGASAKI, a city of Japan. See NAOASAKI.
It has manufactures of fine woollen cloths and linen.       NANGIS, nS6NGzhee/, a town of France, department of
NAMIESCIIT, a market-town of Moravia, 8 miles W. of  Seine-et-Marne, 13 miles W. of Provins. Pop. in 1852, 2257.
Olmutz. Pop. 800.                                         It has extensive markets for the supply of Paris with meat,
NAMNETES. See NANTES.                                   butter, eggs, cheese, vegetables, and fruit.
NAMONOUITO, ng-mo-noo-ee/to, a coral island group, in    NAN'ISEEI, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa.
the Pacific O0ean; let. 80 331' to 90 N., ion. 1490 47' to 1500    NAN'JEMOY/, a post-village in Charles co., Maryland, 55
31' E.                                                    miles S.W. of Annapolis.
NAMOUKA, Friendly Islands. See ANNAMOOKA.                 NANJINGODE, n~n~jin-g$d/, a village of Itindostan, in
NAMOZINE, na-mo-zeen/ (?), a post-office of Amelia co., the Deccan, province and 15 miles S. of Mysore, on the
Virginia.                                                 Kapini. The village contains a celebrated temple of Seeva.
NAMOZINE CREEK, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows    NANKA (nAn/ki) ISLANDS, three islands in the Malay
N.E. along the boundary between Amelia and Dinwiddie  Archipelago, strait of Gaspar, between the islands of Billicounties until it enters the Appomattox River.            ton and Banca, 4 or 5 miles from Banca shore. Great Nanka,
NAMSLAU, n~mtslw, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, the largest, about 1  miles in extent, is in lat., 20 25' S., ion.
30 miles E. of Breslau, on the Weida. Pop. 4000. It is en-  1050 48' 30" E.
closed by double walls, and has manufactures of linens and    NANKIN/, a post-village of Ashland co., Ohio, 88 miles
woollens; breweries, and considerable cattle fairs.       N.N.E. of Columbus.
NAMUR, nA/mur, (anc. Namurlcune; Fr. pron. n1miisRl;    NANKIN, a post-township in the central part of Wayne
Flem. Namen, nAmen,) a strongly fortified city of Belgium,  co., Michigan. Pop. 1109.
capital of a province, at the confluence of the Sambre and   NANKING, ngn'king/, or NANKIN, nAn'kin! or nanukeenf,
Meuse, 36 miles S.E. of Brussels, with which, and also with  the "Southern Capital,"(called also KIANG-NING,) as disLiege, it is connected by railway. Pop. 24,362. It has a  tinguished from Peking, the "Northern Capital," a celefine cathedral, churches of St. Loup and Notre Dame, a new  brated city of China, capital of the province of Kiang-soo, and
town-hAll, and a public library; its fortress is situated on  anciently of Southern China, is situated near the right bank
a rock which commands the Meuse and the Sambre. It is  of the Yang-tse-kiang, about 90 miles from its mouth, 560
celebrated for its cutlery, and has manufactures of iron, miles S. by E. of Peking; lat. 320 2' N., ion. 1180 49' E. Pop.
steel, and bronze articles, foundries, glass works, and tan- estimated at 400,000. Its ancient walls can be traced over hill
neries. It has sustained numerous sieges, was taken by  and dale for 35 miles, but Nanking has so greatly declined
Louis XIV. in person in 1692, by the English and Dutch  since the transference of the seat of empire to Peking by
under William III. in-1695, and again by French armies in  Kooblai-khan, in the 13th century, that the modern walls
1701 and 1746. Under the French Empire it was the capital are of much lees extent, and the city scarcely occupies oneof the department of Sambre and Meuse.                     eighth part of the surface which they enclosed. The river,
NAMUR, a province of Belgium, bounded on the S. and  opposite Nanking, is 1I miles broad, 25 fathoms deep, with a
S.W. by France, and intersected by the Mouse. Area 1413  rocky bottom, and a current from 3 miles to 5 miles an hour.
square miles. It is rich in mines of iron, lead, copper, and  The city is situated 3 miles S. from the Yang-tse-Kiang, but
coal. Chief towns, Namur and Dinant. P. in 1849, 268,143. a part of its walls approaches within 700 paces of the water.
NANAFAILIA, a post-village of Marengo co., Alabama, The principal streets are of moderate breadth, clean, well
on the Tombigbee River, 100 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. Here  paved, and hlined with handsome shops; but the houses are,
is a steamboat landing.                                    in general, mean, and only one story high. The view of
NANAS, nuh'ndshf, a market-town of Central Hungary,  the city from the porcelain tower is said to be exceedingly
circle of Szabolcs, 24 miles N.N.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 7737. pleasing; the whole interior of the city being visible, and
NANAUI/PY, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.  the houses so closely packed that the streets can scarcely be
NANICES CREEK, a post-office of Fulton co., Georgia.    traced, while the large tent-like roofs of the temples, and
NAN-CHANG or NAN-TCHANG, nan'chlngf, a city of  the curious gable-enids of the pawnbrokers' shops shine out
China, capital of the province of Kiang-see, on the Kan-kiang  in their various gaudy colors, amid the sea of houses which
River, 285 miles S.W. of Nan-king, in lat. 280 35' N., Ion. surrounds them. The part of the city occupied. by the
116~ E.                                                    Mantchoes is separated by a cross wall from  the Chinese
NANCHE, nln'chAl, a town of China, province of Che-ki- town. The great extent of the wall renders the defence of
ang, about 40 miles W. of Yen-chow-fon. It appears to be  the city difficult; besides which it is overlooked from the
about 3 miles in circuit, and to carry on a very extensive  hills on the E. On that side there are three gates; the land
trade, the river being covered with boats which are con- towards the river is marshy, and the gates are approached
stantly plying between it and Yen-chow, Hang-chow, and  on stone causeways. A deep canal or ditch runs up from
many other places both above and below.  Pop. about the river directly under the walls, on the W., serving to
200,000.                                                   strengthen the approaches on that side. The most remarkNANCOWRY, nAn-k6w/ree, one of the Nicobar Islands, able structure now existing in Nanking is the Porcelain
Bay of Bengal; lat. 70 57' N., ion. 930 43' E., about 25 miles  Tower, called, by the Chinese, the Recompensing Favor Moin circumference.                                          nastery, built 1411-32, pre-eminent, above all other simiNANICY, (Fr. pron. nuS'iseel, L. Nancrtefum or Nrancelium,)  lar buildings in China, for its completeness and elegance.
a town of France, capital of the department of Meurthe, It is of an octagonal form, 261 feet high, and consists of
29 miles S. of Metz, on the left bank of the Meurthe, and  nine stories, of equal height, each adorned with a cornice
on the railway from  Paris to Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, and gallery, and covered with a roof of green tiles, which
45,129. This is one of the finest and best built towns of after the Chinese fashion projects some feet over the outside,
France. In the Place Royale is the Town-hall, bishop's and under it is a passage round the tower. At the projectpalace, and a bronze statue of Stanislaus, ex-king of Po- ing corners of each roof are fastened small bells, which
land, who embellished the town. The chief buildings are  sound with the slightest breeze. On the top of the tower
the Cathedral, church of Bon Secours, barracks, and hos- is a pinnacle in the shape of a pine-apple, surmounted by a
pitals.  It is a bishop's see, and has an acadcmie uni- golden ball. A spiral staircase in the inside, of 190 steps,
versitaire for the departments of Meurthe, Meuse, and Vos- carries the visiter to the summit. In the interior are some
ges, a tribunal of commerce, national college, normal apartmentS, richly gilt, and otherwise elaborately adorned.
school, and library of 26,000 volumes; cabinet of natural The material of which the walls are constructed is said to
history, and a botanic garden.  Its embroidery is cele- be a kind of white brick, made of fine clay; the entire cost
brated, and it has manufactures of cloths and candles. of the edifice is stated at from $35.000,000 to $40,000,000.
Nancy was taken by Charles the Bold in 1475, and he was Among the other objects may be mentioned the "tomb of
killed while besieging it in 1477. Louis XIII. took it in  the kings," supposed to be of the Ming Dynasty, A. D. 1328
1634. Its citadel is still preserved, but its fortifications were  to 1621; leading to it is a fine-paved road with an avenue
destroyed by Louis XIV. It was the birth-place of General  of gigantic armed figures; the government palace and an
Druot.                                                    observatory are also worthy of note. Nanking has imporNANDAIR, a town of India. See NANDERE.                  tant manufactures of crape, satin of the finest quality,
NANDAN-SAR, n/n'danl sar, a small lake of Cashmere, paper, artificial flowers, China or Indian ink, and it gives
held in high reverence by the Hindoos; lat. 330 21' N., Ion. its name to the well-known  " Nankeen" cotton cloth,
740 26' E.                                                which is also made throughout the whole province. It is
NANDERE or NANDAIR, nAn'dArl, a town of India, the centre of a very extensive trade, and by the great canal,
* Nizam's dominions, on the Godavery, 148 miles N.N.W. of  which crosses the Yang-tse-kiang, about 50 miles eastward,
Hyderabad; lat. 190 3' N., lon. 770 38' E. It has a Sikh  it communicates directly with Peking, to which city, among
College, which, in 1818, was inhabited by 300 students. It other articles, a good deal of fish is sent. It is also the resiis a place of Sikh pilgrimage,                            deuce of a grand viceroy, with authority over the Kiang
NANDODE, nAn'd~dl, a town of India, in the Deccan, do- provinces, of a great military depot, and the chief seat of
minions and 40 miles S.S.E. of Baroda.                    literature in the empire. The British forces remained before
NANEE, nabneet, a town of Afghanistan, 10 miles S.S.W. it from the 10th to the 29th of August, 1842, on which last
of Ghuznee, on the route to Kandahar; lat. 330 25' N., ion. day the final treaty between China and England was signed
680 12' E. Elevation 7502 feet.                           and ratified.
NAN-GAN, nin'g'n!, a city of China, province of Kiang-   NAN-LING, nAnling', a mountain chain in. China, lat.
1169




lqAiq
N A X,                                                     NAN
2160: N., and between Ion. 1040 and 1180 E., separates the  with Brest, and, more recently, by the railway which con
basins of the Yang-tse-kiang and Kan-kiang Rivers, north- nects Paris with the W. coast: it includes a great variety of
ward from that of the Hong-kiang and its effluents south- articles both for the home consumption and foreign marward, and the Quang provincesefrom those of Koei-Choo and  kets. In the extent of its coast trade, Nantes ranks as the
]Ioo-nan.                                                  fifth port in the empire. Its harbor, however, admits yesNANNERCII, nanfnlrk, a parish of North Wales, counties sels of only 200 tons: large vessels unlade at Paimboeuf.
of Flint and Denbigh.                                        Before the conquest of Gaul by the Romans. CondivinNANINET, a post-office of Rockland co., New York.        cum was the capital of the Namnetes. In 445, it valiantly
NAN-NGANG, n~n'ng~ngt, a city of China, province of  withstood a siege of 60 days by the HIuns. During the ninth
Kiang-see, capital of a department, on Lake Pho-yang, 230  century, it was thrice taken by the Normans, and almost
miles S.S.W. of Nanchang.                                  entirely ruined. During the English wars in France, it sufNAN-NING, n~n'ningl, a city of China, province of Quang- fered much, repeatedly falling into the hands of opposite
see, capital of a department, 70 miles N. of the Gulf of Ton- parties. In 1498, Anne of Brittany (Bretagne) having here
quin.                                                      married Louis XII., it passed, with the rest of her possesNANOOKI or NANOUKI, n&-noolkee, an island in the  sions, to the crown of France. The mostmemorable event
Pacific Ocean, let. 00 11  N., lon. 1730 39' 20" E., 6- miles since connected with its history is the famous edict issued
long, and 5- miles wide' at the E. end, diminishing to 2  at Nantes by Henry IV., April 30, 1598, securing to the
miles at the W. end.                                       Protestants the free exercise of their religion, and making
NANOOTI or NANOUTI, ng-nooftee, or SYDIENHAM   them  eligible to all civil and military employments. Its
ISLAND, in the South Pacific, one of the group of Bishop's: revocation by Louis XIV. involved the kingdom in disas
Islands; lat. 0~ 45' S., ion. 1740 31' E. Length, 19 miles.   ters from which it has never completely recovered. Nantit~
NANPHIO.  See ANAPHI.                                    was the birth-place of Anne of Brittany, Fouch6, and BougNANtSEMOND RIVER, Virginia, in Nansemond co., en- ner the mathematician.  Pop. in 1852, 96,362. —Adj. an.
ters Hampton Roads. It is navigable: for small vessels 20  inhab. NANTAIS, n6NOGtl; feminine NANTAISE, ndNGt'tAz.
miles to Suffolk.                                            NANTEUIL, n8NoGtu7l, a market-town of France, depart.
NANSEMOND, a county in the k.E. part of Virginia, bor- ment of Oise, 10 miles S.E. of Senis. Pop. 1600.
dering on North Carolina and the Dismal Swamp; the area    NANTIGLYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Denbigh.
is 400 square miles. Hampton Roads are situated on the    NANITICOKE, a river of Delaware and Maryland, rises in
N. border of the county, and it is partly traversed by Nan- Sussex county, of the former state, flows S.W. into Marysemond River, from which it derives its name. The surface  land, and, after forming the boundary between Dorchester
is level; the soil is sandy, and partly covered with forests  and Somerset counties, enters Fishing Bay, an arm of the
of cypress, juniper, and pine. The Portsmouth and Roan- Chesapeake. The valley of this river is about 50 miles long.
oke Railroad passes through the county. The county ex-   NANTICOKE, a township of Broome co., New York.
isted as early as 1640, under the name of Upper Norfolk; Pop. 576.
the present name was given in 1645. Capital, Suffolk. Pop.   NANTICOKE, a thriving post-village of Lucerne co.,
12,283; of whom 7568 were free, and 4715 slaves.           Pennsylvania, about 1 mile S. of the Susquehanna River,
NANT, nonl, a town of France, department of Aveyron, 104 miles N.E. of Harrisburg, and 6 miles S.W. of'Wilkes
11 miles E;S.E. of Millau.  Pop. in 1852, 3038,            barre. It is situated in the fertile valley of Wyoming, and
NANTAIS. See NANTES.                                     in the vicinity of rich coal-mines.
NANTAS/KET, a narrow peninsula of Plymouth co., Mas-   NANTICOKE, a hundred in Sussex co., Delaware. Pop.
sachusetts, extending about 5 miles in a N.N.W. direction  1586.
into Massachusetts Bay. At its: N.E. extremity is Point Al-   NANTICOKE MOUNTAIN, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania,
derton, and N.W. the ancient town of Hull, 12 miles S.E. the name of the S.W. portion of a ridge extending for 25 or
of Boston, Nantasket Beach is much resorted to by the  30 miles along the N.W. bank of the Susquehanna. The
citizens of Boston for sea air and bathing.                N.E. part of this ridge is called Shawnee Mountain. The
NANTASKET ROAD, Massachusetts, one of the main' average height is about 800 feet.
entrances to Boston Harbor.                                  NANTICOKE SPRINGS, a post-village and place of resort
NANT-CIIANG, a town of China. See NAN-CHANO.             in Broome co., New York, about 140 miles W.S.W. of Albany.
NANTENLLEW, nan-tenth/lif, a parish of Wales, co. of    NAN'TIIHA/LA, a post-office of Macon co., North Carolina.
Cardigan.                                                    NAN'TINANI  or NAN'TENANT!, a parish of Ireland,
NANTEIRRE, nSNtaiiR!, a market-town of France, de- Munster, co. of Limerick.
partment of Seine, 7 miles S. of St. Denis, on the railway    NANT/IMEAL, a former township in Chester co., Pennfrom Paris to St. Germain. Pop. in 1852, 2770. It has ma- sylvania, now divided into East and West Nautmeal.
nufalctures of glue and chemical products.                   NANT/MEL, a parish of Wales, co. of Radnor.
NANTES, nants, (Fr. pron.. n6Nt; anc. Cbndivin/cum,   NANTUA, nSNcetwA/, a town of France, department of
afterwards  Namnettes,) a populous city of France, capital of Ain, 17 miles E. of Bourg, at the S. side of the Lake of
the department of Loire-Infsrieure, on the river Loire, at Nantue. Pop. in 1852, 3746. Chief industry, cotton and
the confluence of the Erdre and Sbvre-Nantaise, 269 miles  woollen spinning, tanning, and paper making.  It has a
S.W. of Paris, with which it is connected by railway. Let, considerable transit trade between France and Switzerland.
470 30 N., ion. 1~ 32' W.  The city is built partly on    NANTUCK/ET, the most S.E. county of Massachusetts,
several islands in the Loire, with whiclh it communicates by  has an area of about 60 square miles. It consists of Nanmeans of 16 bridges, several of them handsome structures. tucket Island, Tucanuck Island, Muskejet Island, and the
The banks of the rivers are here lined with spacious quays, Gravel Islands, lying in the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 miles
for an extent of nearly two miles. They are finely planted  S. of Barnstable county. Nantucket, the principal island, is
and adorned with elegant mansions, forming a splendid  of a triangular form, about 15 miles long, with an average
romenade, while the shipping which crowds the harbor of breadth of from 3 to 4 miles. Area 50 square miles. The
La Fosse, and the vessels ever in motion on the Loire, give  surface is level in the S. part, and hilly in the N. The soil
great animation to the scene. Nantes is one of the best- is generally sandy, but affords some pasture. The inhabitbuilt cities in France; several of its squares would lose but ants are principally engaged in navigation and the fisheries,
little by a comparison with some of the finest in the capital. especially the whale fishery. Organized in 1659. Capital,
The public edifices most deserving of notice are the Cathe- Nantucket. Pop. 8452.
dral, possessed of a richly sculptured portal; the Castle of    NANTUCKET, a post-town, port of entry, and seat of justhe ancient dukes, an enormous mass of irregular buildings, tice of Nantucket county, Massachusetts, is situated at the
flanked with round towers; the Castle of Bouffay, with a  entrance of a deep bay on the N. side of Nantucket Island,
lofty polygonaletower; the Hotel de la Prefecture, regarded  about 105 miles S.E. by S. of Boston, and 50 miles S.E. of
as the finest edifice of Nantes; the Exchange, with a peri- New Bedford; lat. 410 16' 56"t N., ion. 700 6' 12" W. The
style of 10 Ionic pillars, supporting an entablature adorned  harbor is excellent, being capacious, deep, and nearly landwith 10 statues; the old mint, now occupied by the courts locked by two projecting points of beach, the extremities
of justice, the Town-hall and theatre. Nantes is noted for of which are only about three-fourths of a mile apart. The
its public squares or promenades, the principal of which, village is compactly built, mostly of wood, with narrow
besides the promenade of La Fosse above mentioned, are  streets. It contains 8 or 9 churches, a bank with a capital
those of St. Peter and St. Andrew, opening into each other; of $200,000, an Athenceum, (a handsome building,) and 2
of Henry IV. and of the People. It is the see of a bishop, newspaper offices. Besides a library of about 2500 volumes,
and possesses a court of first resort, a tribunal of commerce, the Athenseum has a valuable collection of curiosities. The
a consei de prucd'hommes, mint, national college, diocesan  inhabitants of Nantucket have been long and successfully
seminary, and secondary ecclesiastical school, secondary  engaged in the whale fishery. The shipping of the port~
school of medicine, hydrographical school of the first class, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 23,779* tons
agricultural, horticultural, and industrial societies; public  registered, and 3451k tons enrolled and licensed.  Of the
library of 30,000 volumes, observatory, botanic garden, and  registered tonnage, 18,0151 tons were employed in the
a magazine of munitions for the marine. Merchant vessels whale fishery; and of the enrolled and licensed, 30481 tons
of 1000 tons are built here, besides which the town has nu- were employed in the coast trade,'4038 tons in the cod and
merous manufactures of cottons, muslins, and woollens; mackerel fisheries, and 479* tons in steam navigation. The
cannon foundries, sugar refineries, potteries, distilleries, &c.; receipts for the year 1849, were 17,887 barrels of sperm oil,
and an extensive maritime commerce. The trade is facili- 6461 barrels of whale oil, and 68,200 pounds of whalebone.
tated both by the Loire and by a canal which communicates In 1853, 19 vessels engaged in the whale fishery arrived as
1270




NAN                                                     NAP
Nantucket, bringing 19,232 barrels of sperm oil, 7598 bar- capital of the kingdom of the two Sicilies, and of the pro.
rels of whale oil, and 43,700 pounds. of whalebone.  The  vince and district of Napoli, on the N. side of the Bay of
whale fishery usually employs about 2000 hands, and from  Naples, at the foot of Vesuvius, 118 miles S.E. of Rome. Lat.
$2,500,000 to $3,000,000 capital in vessels and outfits. There of observatory, 400 51z 8"N., ion. 14015/ 55 E. It is celebrated
are here 6 or 7 oil factories, about a dozen boot and shoe for its excellent climate; mean temperature of year, 590.6;
factories, and several soap factories.  On July 13, 1846, winter, 470.6, summer, 730.1 Fahrenheit. The city is beau.Nantucket was visited by a fearful conflagration, which  tifully situated at the bottom of the vast and picturesque
destroyed not less than 350 buildings, including 2 banks, bay to which it gives its name. It extends partly along the
a church, the Atheneum, and 7 oil and candle manufac- shore, and partly up the acclivity of the adjacent mountories. The loss was estimated at $1,000,000. A steamboat tains, being bounded on the W. by the picturesque height
plies between Nantucket and New Bedford. Pop. of the  of Pausilippo, and on the E. by the lofty tops of Vesuvius,
township, in 1850, 8452; in 1855, 8069.                 while the surrounding country, rich in natural beauty, deNANTUCKET HARBOR LIGHITHOUSE, is on the S. side rives additional attractions from the numerous villas, and
of the harbor, and contains a fixed light 70 feet high.  other objects with which human art has embellished it.
NANTUCKET ISLAND. See NANTUCKET (COUNTY.)             The best distant view of Naples is obtained in approachNANTUCKET SHOALS, situated S.E. of Nantucket Island, ing it from the sea, and on passing the beautiful islands
cover an area of about 45 by 50 miles. Here many vessels which guard the entrance to its bay. Naples ig surrounded
have been wrecked and lives lost.                        with walls, and protected by three forts or castles, St. Elmo,
NANTUXET, a village of New Jersey. See N.wPOnT.       the largest of the three, occupying a hill on the N.W., conNANTWICH, nant/ich, a market-town and parish of Eng- taining excavations, and other works, hewn out of the rock
land, co. and 18' miles E.S.E. of Chester, on the Birming- Castello Nuovo, between the royal palace and the sea, and
ham and Liverpool Canal, and 5 miles S.W. of Crewe. Pop. Castello del Ovo on a rocky islet, connected by a jetty with
in 1851, 5426. The town is irregularly built, houses mostly  the land. Immediately adjoining is a large arsenal, and canold. It has a handsome bridge across the river Weaver, and  non foundry, which has the appearance of a fortification,
manufactures of shoes, silk, cottons, and salt. In the reign  being flanked with bastions. The great mass of the buildof Henry VIII., 300 salt works were in operation here, but ings of which the city consists, forms an irregular oblong;
now only one salt spring is worked.                     its greatest length from N. to S. is 3 miles, the breadth
NAN-YANG, ngn'ylng', a city of China, province and 158 from E. to W. about 1' miles, and the circuit nearly 8
miles N.E. of Canton, capital of a department, with battle- miles. By including the suburbs, which encroach so closely
mented walls.                                           upon the town as hardly to be distinguished from it, the
NAOOR, NAOUR or NAIUR, ng'ooRa, a market-town and  circuit will be nearly doubled. Some of the gates are now
fort of South Russia, government of Caucasus, on the Terek, near the centre of the city; of these, the only one deserving
30 miles E. of Mozdok. In its vicinity are sulphur springs.  of notice is the Gate of Capua, with reliefs by Benedetto da
Pop. 2000.                                               Majano.
NAOS, na/oce, a port of the Canary Islands, on the S.E.   The streets of Naples are tolerably regular, generally clean,
coast of Lanzarote, and a cape on the S. side of the island  and admirably paved with square blocks of lava, so exactly
of Ferro.. fitted that not the least inequality can be discerned, but
NAOUR, a town of Russia. See NAooR.                    they are for the most part inconveniently narrow. The
NAOURS, nD[ooRI, a market-town of France, department houses are large, substantial, and lofty, averaging not less
of Somme, 10 miles N. of Amiens. Pop. 1918.             than five or six stories, with fiat roofs, covered with a comNAPA, nahfpa, a river of Naps co., California, rises in the position of puzzolano, and by the number of plants crowdN. part of Naps Valley, and running in a general southerly  ed upon them converted into a kind of domestic shrubbery,
course, falls into San Pablo Bay. It is navigable for vessels to which the inmates often resort, to enjoy the breeze. They
of 5 feet draft 12 miles from its mouth.                 are generally provided with balconies, and other projections,
NAPA, a county towards the N.W. part of California, has which, like the roofs, are crowded with plants and shrubs.
an area estimated at above 800 square miles. It is drained  The street which forms the principal thoroughfare, is
by Napa River, which flows near the western boundary, called Toledo. Commencing at the extreme N., it traverses
and Las Putas River, which, after flowing in an E. direction  the middle of the city throughout its whole length, terminatthrough the beautiful Berryessa Valley, loses itself in the  ing at the palace, not far from the shore. There are numerous
Tule Marshes. The surface is uneven, and in the N. part squares, which are, however, generally of small dimensions
mountainous. Mount St. Helen, situated at the head of  and irregular in form. The principal are the Largo de Palazzo,
the valley of Napa, serves as a landmark to travellers. The  chiefly occupied by the palace, which gives it its name, and
soil is generally fertile, and, except in the N. part, well a large modern church, in imitation of St. Peter's at Rome,
adapted to cultivation. Gold has been found in this county. the Largo de Castello, planted with trees, and the Piazza
A mine of quicksilver, situated about 14 miles above the di Mercato, or Market-place, already mentioned.'Many foun.
town of Nape, is supposed to be very rich. This county  tains of excellent water are scattered over the different
contains several mineral springs.  The Warm Springs, 25  quarters of the city, and fine promenades are furnished by
miles above Napa, are found to possess high medicinal several of the quays along the shore. The Spiaggia (spequalities, having been tested by invalids. The hot Sul-,dtj., i. e. "strand or shore,") is of great length, extending
phur Springs, (or Geysers,) about 70 miles above Nape City, fi-om the Castello del Ovo to the Tomb of Virgil, and the
are one of the greatest curiosities of the country.  For a Mole. It is adorned with numerous marble statues; in the
description of them, see CALIFORNIA, " Objects of Interest to evenings it is crowded with equipages, often of an elegant
Tourists," page 338. Capital, Napa City. Pop. 2116.      and often also of a very grotesque description, every NeapoNAPA (or NAPPA) CITY, a post-town of Napa co., Call- litan, who can muster any sort of conveyance, disdaining
fornia, on the W. bank of Napa River, 12 miles from its to appear on foot.
mouth, about 20 miles N.W. of Benicia. Pop. 300..          The public edifices, most deserving of notice, are the
NAPAGEDL, nppl-ghld'l/, a market-town of Moravia, 8 Cathedral, a large Gothic building, erected on the site of
miles N.N.E. of Hradisch, on the March. Pop. 2580.       a Temple of Apollo, and held in high veneration in conseNAPA-KIANG, n1Jpl-ke-Ing/, the principal seaport-town  quence of possessing the relics of St. Januarius, or Genaro;
of the Loo-Choo Islands, China Sea, in lat. 260 12/ 20" N., among others the phial of his blood, the annual melting of
ion. 1270 35' 57" E., and having a secure harbor,        which, on the 19th of September, is regarded as a miracle
NAP'ANEEI, a thriving post-village of Canada West, co. by the credulous populace; the church dei Santi Apostoli,
of Lennox, situated on the Napanee River, and on the main  said to have been originally founded by Constantine the
road from Kingston to Toronto, 25 miles from Kingston, Great, on the site of a temple of Mercury, and though
and 25 miles from Belleville. It contains numerous stores, subsequently rebuilt, still very ancient; the church of St.
hotels, and mills. Pop. about 1000.                      Paul, a handsome edifice, internally faced with marble; the
NAPANOCK. See NAPONOcK.                                churches of St. Martin, Del Parto, San Severe, St. Philip de
NAP/ASHA', a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin.      Neri, and other churches, to the number in all of nearly
NAPEIi MEW, n peh m-, a frontier-town of Burmah, 300, several of them of architectural merit, and almost
on the Aeng Road from Ave into Aracan, 32 miles S.S.W. all of them richly decorated.
of Salen.                                                  Among the edifices devoted to secular purposes in Naples,
NA/PIER, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. may be mentioned the Palazzo Reale, (Royal Palace,) an
2051.                                                   immense building of three stories, each of a different order
NAtPIERVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Du  of architecture, only partially completed according to the
Page co., Illinois, on Du Page River, about 30 miles W.S.W. original design, but richly fitted up, and adorned with
of Chicago, 16 miles from the Illinois Canal. It contains a paintings; the Palace of Capo di Monte, forming the usual
court-house and a number of churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper summer residence of the king, situated without the wails
offices, and several mills moved by water-power. Pop. in  of the town, on an eminence of that name, commanding
1853, estimated at 2500.                                magnificent views, and it is adorned with fine sculptures,
NAIPIERVILLE, a post-village of Canada East, co. of  paintings, and articles of virtl, belonging to the celeHuntingdon, 27 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains several brated Farnese Gallery, and surrounded by beautiful garstoresand hotels. Pop.about 900.                        dens; the old palace, where the courts of justice now hold
NAPLES, n~tpelz, (Fr. pron. n~p'l; It. Napoli, n/po-le; their sittings; the Palazzo Degli Studij Publici, (p-tlta
Sp. and Port. Ardptoles, nifpo-18ls; Ger. Neapel, nA-.p9I; ancs  so d6l/yee stoolde-e poob/le-che,) erected in the early part
Partlhslep. andNeaeoolis,) the most populous city of Italy, of the 17th century, originally intended and used for a
1271




NAP                                                         NAP
university, but afterwards, in 1790, converted into a great    NAPLES, BAY OF, (aneuc. Stnus Putcoalfnus; called else
national museum; this, called Museo Borbonico, (moo-silo  C-a/ter Sinus by some authorities,) a celebrated semicircu.
boa-bonle-ko,) is said to be unrivalled in its collection of lar inlet of the Mediterranean, on the S.W. coast of Italy,
various antiquities, consisting of gems, bronzes, vases, &c., adjacent to the city of its own name. It is about 22 miles
chiefly obtained from the excavations of Pompeii and Her- iu length, from Cape Miseno on the N.W., to Cape Campaculaneum. It contains also the Royal Library open to the  nella on the SE., and about 10 miles in breadth; having
public, having 165,000 volumes, and many rare mann- on its shores, besides the capital city, Pozzuolo, Porticl,
scripts. There are seven theatres, of which that of San Carlo  Castel-a-mare, Vico, Sorrento, and Massa; eastward, Vesuis remarkable for its magnificence, and is said to be the largest vius bounds the prospect, and westward is Montenuovo:
in existence, though its claims are disputed by that of Mi- while on its surface are the isles Ischia and Procida at its
lan. Naples is the usual residence of the sovereign, seat of  N., and Capri at its S. side.
an archbishop, and of the central administration of the    NAPLES, KINGDOM OF, (It. Regno di Napoli, rin/yo dee
kingdom, and has a commercial tribunal, ship-building  ni'po-le, or Regno delle duie Sicilie, rinlyo dulllA doolA s-chea'yards, and a royal marine hospital. The city possesses a great le-A; Fr. Royaure des Deux Siciles, roi'6m/ di dvh see'seel!;
number of institutions for education, among which we may  Sp. Reino de Na oles, rAle-no di nA/po-l1s; Ger. ffsnigreic.'
cite the University, founded in 1224; this, since its removal beider Sicilien, kilniG-rik bilder sit-seefle-en,) a kingdom
from the Palazzo Degli Studij, occupies the buildings of an  of the S. portion of the Italian Peninsula, and the island
old convent, and is attended by about 1500 students; the Ly- of Sicily, with its appendant groups, from which circumceum del Salvatore; an establishment for unrolling and de- stance it is frequently called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
ciphering the manuscripts found at Herculaneum and other -Sicilia di qua del Faro, (se-cheelle-i dee kwi dil f/ro; i e.
ancient towns; a medico-chirurgical school; a veterinary  " Sicilia on this side of the Strait,") or Continental Naples;
school; deaf and dumb institution; royal military school; and Sicilia di la del Faro, (se-cheelle- dee 1i dil flfro, " Sicily
schools of design and music, and a " Royal House for the  beyond the Strait,") or Sicily Proper. As Sicily is described
Poor," where nearly 6000 children are taught the different under its own head, the present article will be limited for the
arts and trades, at the expense of the government. There are  most part to the continental part of the kingdom, consisting
also many public schools, but education is of the lowest of the ankle, spur, heel, and foot of the boot, to which Italy,
kind, and not generally diffused.                           as a whole, bears so striking a resemblance. The kingdom
Among the literary and scientific institutions are, a royal of Naples, thus limited, extends from lat. 370 55' to 420 55'
society of arts, sciences, and antiquities, an observatory, a  N., and ion. 130 151' to 180 30' E.; and is bounded, N. by the
botanical garden, one of the richest in Italy, an agricultu- Adriatic and the Papal States; N.W. by the Papal States; W.,
ral society, physical, chemical and mineralogical cabinets, S., and S.E. by the Mediterranean; and N.E. by the Adriatic;
and five public libraries. The benevolent endowments in- greatestlength from N.W. to S.E., 345 miles; average breadth,
elude several large hospitals, among which may be named  about 95 miles; estimated area 32,571 square miles.
the De'Incurabili and Della Annunziata, the latter partly   -Face of the Country.-The coast, whece washed by the
for foundlings; the Reclusoria, or Albergo dei Poveri, an  Adriatic, is generally low and unbroken, exhibiting only
orphan asylum, or house of refuge, on a very extensive  one very marked. projection in the spur, formed by Mlount
scale; a Mont de Pidt. and a deaf and dumb asylum; but Gargano, from which the shore, in proceeding N., has a
notwithstanding its benevolent institutions, the streets of  graceful curve, nearly in the shape of-an arc; towards the
Naples are infested with mendicants of all ages, and of both  S. it first forms the large Gulf of Manfredonia, and then
sexes. That portion of the population called Lazzaroni live  traces a continuous line, almost free from curvature, as far
without domicils, in a state of the most degrading filth, as the town of Otranto. The Mediterranean shore is of a
poverty, and wretchedness.                                  different character, being, for the most part, bold and rocky,
The manufactures of Naples include a great variety of  broken into numerous bays, with projecting headlands; and,
articles. The first in importance are maccaroni and vermi- in the S.E., so deeply indented by the Gulf of Taranto, as to
celli, constituting the principal food of the great body of  form two very remarkable peninsulas-the less, on the E..
the people. Next to it are silk stuffs, and especially Gros de  between that Gulf and the Adriatic, and the other, stretchNaples, which owes its name to the extent and superiority  ing far to the S., between the same gulf and the opposite
of its manufacture in this city. The other leading articles shore of Sicily.  The principal capes are Sorrento, Gaeta,
are fire-arms, porcelain, tobacco, chemical products, lace, Vaticano, Nau, and Leuca; the gulfs besides those above
gloves, soap, carriages, violins and other musical instru- mentioned are Gaeta, Salerno, Policastro, St. Eufemia, Gioja,
ments, hats, woollen, linen, and cotton stuffs. There are  and Squillace. The interior is generally mountainous, being
also royal type-foundries, iron and glass works, and a mint, traversed by the Apennines, which, entering it from the PonNotwithstanding the extent of the Bay of Naples, the ac- tifical States, proceed first in a S.E. and then in a S. direction,
tual harbor is of small dimensions, being formed by a mole, till they reach its extremity near the Strait of Messina, at the
whichprdjects nearly from the centre of the city. The water, same time throwing off numerous branches, Wvhich intersect
though deep at its outer extremity, becomes so shallow near the country in all directions. In the Abruzzi provinces, where
the town as to float only small vessels. It seems, however, it attains its greatest height, the chain separates into three
to suffice for all the trade which is carried on. In 1847, there  lateral branches which reunite near Isernia; at Monte
entered 456 vessels of 74,288 tons, and cleared 456 vessels Caruso it again divides into two branches, the mostelevated
of 73,641 tons. The exports consist chiefly of bones, cream   of which traverses Calabria. Several of the loftiest summits
of tartar, hoops, linseed, hemp, wheat, figs, gloves, liquorice, of the Apennines are situated in Naples; among others
madder, coral, maccaroni, oil, wine, wool, tallow, rags, and of  Monte Corno, the culminating point of the whole range,
raw, dyed and manufactured silk. A railway to Nocera, 21  9519; Monte Amaro, 9131; and Monte Velino, 8174 feet in
miles S.E., with a branch to Castel-a-mare, was opened in  height; the volcano Vesuvius on the Bay of Naples rises 3948
1839; and one to Capua, 19 miles N., in 1840. From  the  feet. Between the highest ridges, valleys, generally narrow,
latter, a branch extends E. 10 miles, to Nola.              but often of great length, intervene.  Among the lower
Naples was founded by the Greeks, who called it Par- ramifications, where the hills assume rounded forms, large
thenope, from  a siren of that name, who was fabled to  undulating tracts, equally distinguished by beauty and
have been cast upon the coast near this place. It after- fertility, are found; and, towards the coast, both on its E.
wards took the name of Neapolis, and is said to have and W. side, the hills in many places altogether disappear,
retained strong traces of its Grecian origin to a late period  and are succeeded by extensive plains. The largestof these,
of the Roman Empire. It was indebted to the Emperors called the plain of Apulia, is on the E. side, in the provinces
Adrian and Constantine the Great for numerous embel- of Capitanata, Barri, and Otranto; but the most celebrated
lishments, and became a luxurious retreat, to which many  is in Terra di Lavoro, (the Campaniae  eli. of the Romans,)
of the wealthier Romans were accustomed to resort.  It which hereforms a deep alluvial fiat, stretching N. from the
was here that Virgil studied.  In 536 it was pillaged by  capital along the shore for 40 miles, with an average breadth
Belisarius, and a few years after, when it had been rebuilt, of nearly 20 miles.
the same disaster again befell it at the hands of Totila. It    Geology.-Granite, gneiss, and mica schist, are the predo.
was afterwards successively under the sway of the Normans, minating rocks towards the S. extremity of Naples, and are
the Emperors of Germany, and the Kings of France and  continued N. with few interruptions, occupying the greater
Spain. Under the latter it became the capital of an inde- part of the toe of the boot.  Patches of Jura limestone
pendent kingdom. It has often suffered from earthquakes, appear in the same quarter; but the prevailing strata are
and from  eruptions of Vesuvius. The French took it in  modern, and consist chiefly of the marls, travertin, and
1799, and again in 1805. Joseph Bonaparte was made King  sandstone, of the tertiary formation. The same formation
of Naples, but was replaced by Murat in 1808, and the latter is largely developed on the shores of the Gulf of Otranto,
was driven from it by the Austrians, in 1814. Naples was from which it proceeds N.N.W., covering a great part of the
the scene of a most disgraceful outrage in May, 1848, when  shore of the Adriatic. It is overlain by cretaceous strata,
it was plundered by the lazzaroni, and 1500 lives were lost. which form  a long, narrow belt on the W. side of it, and
Among the numerous objects of interest in the vicinity are  are succeeded by the Jura limestone. This formation occuVesuvius, Pompeii, and Herculaneum, and the Isle of Capri, pies two very extensive tracts-one extending over a large
In ito bay.-Adj. and inhab. NEAPOLTAN, nee'a-pollc-tan, (It. space in the N.'art of the kingdom, and the other, stretch.
and Sp. NAPOITATNO, ni-po-le-tano; Fr. NAPoLITAIN, ni'pox- ing along the W. coast, between the Gulfs of Policastro and
lee'tIaNc. It is important to observe that Neapolitan refers  Salerno. Another tract covers the greater part of the pro.
properly to the city of Naples, and not to the whole king- vince of Bari. The volcanic formation stretches along the
dom as is asserted by some authorities.                    Gulf of Naples, and part of that of Gaeta, and covers a
1272




NAP                                                            NAP
large part of the province of Terra di Lavoro with the de- 1839, of 3565 vessels, and 55,226 tons. Tn carrying on thls
composed lavas, to which it owes its remarkable fertility,    trade, Naples has the advantage of a great number of excel.
Mllinerals.-The minerals of the kingdom  have not been  lent harbors, but is greatly hampered by the want of suffiiproperly explored; there are few indications of metals, but  cient means of internal communication. The only railways
beds of rock-salt are found chiefly in Calabria, sulphur in  yet completed extend from the capital-one line stretching
the volcanic region, and alum, sulphur, and saltpetre in  from it, in a S.E. direction, close to the coast, and as far as
several districts; the quarries furnish excellent marble  the town of Salerno, and another extending N. to the town
and lava, which are extensively used both forbuilding and  of Capua. There is also a branch line to Nola.
pavement.                                                         Government.-The government of Naples is an hereditary
Rivers.-The rivers of Naples are very numerous, but  monarchy, which, from  the absence or inefficiency of conrising for the most part in the Apennines, at no great dis-  stitutional checks, makes a very near approach to despotism.
tance from  the coast, they are seldom of much magnitude.  A nominal parliament holds its sittings regularly at Naples,
To the Adriatic belong the Vomano, Pescara, Sangro, Trigno,  but its privileges are so restricted that all power, legislative
Biferno, Fortore, Candelaro, Cervaro, Carapella, and the  as well as executive, virtually centres in the crown. PreOfanto; to the Mediterranean, the Garigliano, Volturno, vious to 1837, the two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily had
Sele, Basiento, and Bradano.  The principal lakes are the  each a species of provincial council called Cbnsslta, but
Celano or Fuciuo, in Abruzzo Ultra; and the salt lagoons  these have been since united in the Conssrta genecale comof Lesina and ~arano, in the province of Capitanata, near  mon to both kingdoms. Numerous courts, ascending grathe shores of the Adriatic.                                    dually to a supreme court of cessation, have been erected
Climate.-The climate is divided into three regions accord-  for the administration of justice, which they are said to
ing to elevation; in the lower region the temperature is so  dispense with considerable impartiality, when the questions
mild that vegetation is never interrupted; in the middle  to be decided are strictly private; but when they happen
re-ion snow occasionally falls, but soon disappears; in the  to have a political bearing, the judges become mere tools of
elevated regions of the Abruzzi, cold is sometimes severe  the court; indeed it is beyond a doubt that, in regard to
and long-continued; snow lies on Monte Corno nine mouths  political liberty and political justice, no coduitry of Europe
in the year. Naples is unhealthy in the marshy districts,  stands lower in the scale than Naples.  The total number
and during the prevalence of the sirocco from July to Sep-  of criminal offences in 1850, was 16,626. Of these, 4016
tember, when the heat is excessive, the average. duration of  cases, involving 5805 accused, were brought before the high
human life is reckoned lower here than in any other country  court, when 1792 were liberated, and 4513 condemned. The
of Europe. The flora has, in addition to the plants common  number of accused in 1835, was 5617, being larger in proto Italy, several tropical products, including cotton, the  portion to the population thanuin 1850. The Roman Cathosugar-cane, pistachio-nuts, and dates.                        lic is the established religion, and is nominally professed by
Animals.-The  wild boar, porcupine, and game of all almost all the inhabitants.  Convents and nunneries are
kinds abound in the forests, and the coasts have always  very numerous, and it is estimated that, throughout the
been celebrated for fish.  The domestic animals comprise  country, there is 1 monk for every 250 inhabitants.  Edusheep, goats, and pigs; cattle are not numerous; horses are  cation is entirely in the hands of the priests; the grossest
of a small breed, but active; buffaloes pasture in herds in  ignoranceand bigotry everywhere prevail, and all the thothe marshes; sheep are extensively reared in the plains  roughfares swarm with mendicants. The revenue, obtained
of Capitanata, and hogs and goats are numerous on the  partly by indirect taxes, but chiefly by an enormous land
shores of the-Adriatic. Various reptiles, and other animals,  tax, amounting to a fourth of the rent, was estimated, in
many of them  venomous, infest the more S. parts of the  1848, at $18,536,885.' The army, raised partly by conscripkingdom; and stinging insects exist in great numbers, tion and partly by voluntary enlistment, numbered in 1851
during the warm months.                                        106,519 men. The navy in 1851 comprised 3 ships of the
Agriculture, &c.-A considerable proportion of the moun-  line, 2 of them having 80 guns each; 5 frigates, 2 of 50 guns
tainous regions are occupied by forests, in which magnifi-  each, 1 of 48 and 2 of 46 each; 2 corvettes, one with 22 and
cent timber abounds; the remainder, consisting of ex-  the other with 14 guns; and 6 smaller vessels; besides these
tensive tracts of natural pasture, is devoted chiefly to the  there are 12 steam-frigates and 12 other steam-vessels:
rearing of horned cattle, sheep, and goats. In the central  total 40.
parts of the kingdom, the genial but occasionally oppressive    Divisions. —For administrative purposes, Naples is divided
warmth of the climate secures a large amount of produce, into 15 provinces, of which the names, area, population, &c.,
though, with a few rare exceptions, the system  of agricul-  are exhibited in the following Table:ture pursued is wretched in the extreme. The crops follow
each other without any regular rotation, and the implements are of the most antiquated and inefficient description.        reovincee.      Area in Populatn, Chief Cities. Populat'n
Sq. M~iles/ 1850.                 80
Husbandry occupies the greater portion of the population.
Of the 19,985,522 acres, the total area of Naples according   Abruzzo Citra...    1,248   312,399  Chieti....    17,734
to the governmental returns of 1850, 11,761,392 acres were    Abruzzo Ultra I...   1,242   229,128  Ternamo.     15,609
under culture, and 2,334,676 acres in wood. The chief crops   Abruze Ultra II.        2,535   329,111  Aquila...    11,16
earl (Terra di)...    2,368   497,432  Biar....    27,297
are wheat, maize, cotton, melons, rice, oil, wine, hemp, lint,   Basilicata......     4,162   501,222  Potenza..      12.62
tobacco, and fruits. The olive is extensively cultivated in    Calabria Citra...   2,630.435,811  Cosenza..    131,847
Otranto, Bari, and Calabria. The culture in which the    Calabria Ultra I...    2,203   319,662  Reggi...            18,483
greatest skill is displayed is that of the vine, which, though    Calabria Ultra 11.  2,072   381,147  Catanzaro     14,765
Capitanata.....    2,928   318,415  Feoggia...    24,058
seldom  seen in extensive vineyards, is generally mingled    Laver   er di            2,505    5,01   Caserta..    25,780
in other crops in all parts of the kingdom. The wines of                                                           (in 1851)
Naples are the best in Italy, but are inferior to those of   Naples.......             182   822,142  Naples...   416,475
France and Spain, with the exception of the celebrated La-                                                           (1850)
gita  di 6ste  a red wine grown in vineyards on the flanks   Otranto (Terra di).   2,883   409,000  Lecce...    19,397
gri    di   sto, a red wine grown in viyards on the flanks   Principato Citra.  2,271   558,809  Salerno..    18,892
of Vesuvius, which belong to the crown. Oranges and   Principato Ultra.              1,362   383,414 iAvellino.     22,873
lemons are grown in Capitanata, saffron in Basilicatan, the    Solise or Sannio.    1,785   360,549  Campobasso   10,404
Abruzzi and Calabria Ultra; lint and hemp are raised in               Ttl           -
Total..... 1 —2,-5-1,6 —,[87 —-3 -   --
most of the provinces to a considerable extent.  Manna is 
an important product of Calabria, and is monopolized by
the government.  Silk is an important product, especially    It would seem that the natural advantages of the country
in the Terra di Lavoro, the Principati provinces, and Cala-  are so great as to cause a continued increase of population,
bria. The tunny, anchovy, mullet, and coral fisheries em- in circumstances where it might almost be expected to retroploy many of the inhabitants of the coasts, but the produce  grade. In 1835, the population, N. of the Straits of Messina,
is not exported.                                               was 5,946,000; in 1845, 6,238,618; in 1850, as seen above,
Mioanufactures.-Manufactures in Naples have not made  6,610,873; and in 1851, 6,612,892. Pop. of the whole kinigmuch progress. In some places large factories exist; but, dom, including Sicily, in 1851, 8,704,472.
in general, artisans work at home. The most important    History. —Continental Naples corresponds nearly, in its N.
industrial product is silk, which is not only extensively  part, to the ancient Campalnia and Sandniums, and, in its S.
spun, but woven into excellent fabrics. The other principal part, to Apu/lia, Lucalnia, Messa/pia. and Br-utium. The last
articles are woollens, linens, hosiery, straw hats, sausages, four are often comprehended under the name of MAGNA
and maccaroni. Paper, glass, and cutlery are made to a  GReCIA, given to them  because long occupied, if not originsmall extent.                                                  ally peopled, by colonies from Greece. Shortly after the defeat
Commerce.-The foreign commerce of Naples is not exten- of Pyrrhus, the country was annexedto the IRoman Republic,
sive. The exports consist principally of agricultural pro- and long formed one of its most valuable portions. On the
luce, wine, oil, liquorice, coral, lamb and kid skins, mecca- breaking up of the Roman Empire, it was overrun by hordes
roni, rags, and bones; and the imports, of colonial and  of barbarians, and passed successively under the dominamanufactured goods, iron, and cutlery.  In 1850, there  tion of the Goths, Lombards, Arabs, and Normans. In more
arrived in Neapolitan ports, 22,264 vessels, of which 3271  modern times, also, it has been subjected to numerous viciswere foreign; aggregate tonnage, 300,507; and there cleared  situdes. In the early part of the 16th century, it came into
the same year, 22,156 vessels, of which 3286 were foreign; the possession of Spain, which retained it for nearly two
tonnage, 307,659.  In 1851, the mercantile marine included  centuries, and governed it by viceroys. In 1734, it was
10,568 vessels; tonnage, 221,749; being an increase, over  erected into an independent monarchy, in favor of the In
1273




NAP                                                       NAR
fante Don Carlos, or, as he is sometimes called, Charles of    NARBOLIA, naR-bo-leef, or NURAPOLIA, noo-ra-po-leesA
Bourbon, who, on his accession to the throne of Spain, in  a village of the island of Sardinia, province of Busachi.
1759, bestowed the kingdom  on his third son Ferdinand, Pop. 1069.
then only in. his eighth year, upon the condition that it   NARBO MARTIUS. See NAUBONNE.
should never again be annexed to the Spanish crown. Dur-   NARBONENSIS PRIMA. See LANGUEDOC.
ins the French conquests in the early part of the present   NARBONNE, nan'bonnl, (anc. Nar/bo Marfctius.) a city
century, Napoleon declared the reigning dynasty in Naples of France, department of Aude, 32 miles E. of Carcassonne,
at an end, and placed his brotherJoseph upon the Neapolitan  on the railway from Bordeaux to Cette. Pop. in 1852,13,066.
throne. Upon Napoleon's downfall in 1815, Ferdinand re- It has a fine Gothic cathedral, and numerous remains of anturned to his former possessions, and made many liberal tiquity. The canal of Narbonne traverses the town, and
promises, which were not fulfilled. During the remainder communicates with the Mediterranean, and with the Canal
of his reign, the abuses of the old regime were scarcely  du Midi. it has commerce in honey, for which it is celediminished, and the general impression seems to be, that brated, wine, oil, brandy, and  lt. Narboune is one of the
under that of his successor,. Ferdinand II., who came to  oldest cities of Gaul; it received a Roman colony in 121 B. c.,
the throne in 1830, they have even been greatly increased.  and was made the metropolis of Southern Gaul, which the
NAIPLES, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 55  Romans called Gallica Narbozensis. At that time it had a
miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1025.                          port, which does not now exist.
NAPLES, a post-village and township of Ontario co., New    NARBOROUGH, narfbir-rhh, a parish of England, co. of
York, on the inlet of Canandaigua Lake, about 40 miles S. by  Leicester.
E. of Rochester. The village contains churches of 3or 4 de-   NARBOROUGIH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with
nominations, a bank, and 6 or 8 stores. It has cloth works, a station on the East Anglian Railway, 51 miles W.N.W. of
flouring-mills, tanneries, distilleries, &c. Pop. of the town- Swaff ham.
ship 2376.                                                   NARBOROUGH ISLAND, one of the GALAPAGos  ISLANDS.
NAPLES, a thriving post-village of Scott co., Illinois, on    NARBOROUGH'S ISLANDS, a group in the South Pacific,
the left bank of the Illinois River, 55 miles W. of Spring- off the W. entrance of the Straits of Magellan, about lat.
field. It is the western terminus of the Sangamon and  520 S., and ion. 750E.; consisting of 8 or 10 principal islands
Morgan  Railroad, which  connects it with Springfield.  and apparently hundreds of smaller ones.
Large quantities of grain, pork, &c., are received here, and    NARCISSUS, nar-sissiis, CLERKE ISLAND, or TATAshipped by steamboats. The trade of Naples in 1852 was  COTO, talti-ko/to, South Pacific; lat. 170 20' S., Ion. 1380 23'
estimated at $4,000,000 in the late message of Governor W. It is about 4 miles long by 1 mile broad.
Matteson. A newspaper is published here.                     NARCONDAM, nar-kon-dAm/, a small but conspicuous
NAPLOUSE, a town of Palestine. See NABL0os.             island in the Bay of Bengal, 70 miles E. of the N. point of
NAPO, ni/po, a river of South America, Ecuador, rises on  North Andaman Island, rising conically to 2500 feet above
the N. side of Cotopaxi, flows E.S.E., and joins the Amazon, the sea; lat. 130 26' N., ion. 940 18' E.
lat. 30 40' S., Ion. 730 20' W., after a total course estimated at   NARDA, a town of Majorca. See ARTA.
500 miles. Affluents, the Coca, Aguarico, and Curaray. On    NARDINPETT, nar-din-plttl, a town of India, Nizam's
it, near its source, is the village of NAPOTOA, 140 miles S.E. dominions, 29 miles S.E. of Ilyderabad.
of Quito.                                                    NARDO, narJdo, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 8
NAPO/LEON, a post village, capital of Desha co., Arkan- miles N.N.E. of Gallipoli. Pop, 8000. It has a cathedral, a
sas, on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Arkansas, about hospital, and manufactures of cotton goods from  cotton
125 miles by land. S.E. of Little Rock. The buildings are  raised in the neighborhood.
chiefly of wood. It is a place of active business. Steam-   NARE, nWirM, a river of South America, New Granada,boats run three times a week from this place to Little Rock. after an E. course joins the Magdalena at Nare, 65 miles
The United States government has built here a fine marine  N.N.E. of Honda; affluents, the Samanu  and Nus.
hospital.  Pop. about 1000.                                  NARENTA, ni-run/t', (ane. Naro, or Nar,) a river of EuNAPOLEON, a post-village of Gallatin co., Kentucky, 56  ropean Turkey, in IHerzegovina,.rises in the Dinaric Alps,
miles N. of Frankfort, contains 1 church and a store,      passes Mostar, traverses the S. of Dalmatia, and enters the
NAPOLEON, a post-village and township, capital of Henry  CHANNEL or NARENTA, a gulf formed by the Adriatic between
co., Ohio, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, and on the left the coast of Dalmatia and the peninsula of Sabioncello.
bank of the Maumee River, 40 miles above Toledo, and 154  Length 140 miles.
miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 615.                            NARENTA, (the Narolna of the Romans,) a town of BosNAPOLEON, a post-village and township of Jackson co.. nia, 27 miles W. of Seraievo. It was occupied by the VeMichigan, about 50 miles S.S.E. of Lansing. Pop. 1098.    netians in 987, and taken by the Turks in 1479.
NAPOLEON, a thriving post-village of Ripley co., Indiana,    NTAREW, nirlv, or NAREV, a river of Russia and Poland,
on the plank-road from  Madison to Greensburg, 60 miles  rises in the government of Grodno, traverses the provinces
S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. in 1854, estimated at 600.      of Bialystok, Augustowo, and Plock, and joins the Bug at
NAPOLEON-VENDAE. See BOURBON-VENDAE.                     Sierock, 18 miles N. of Warsaw, after a W. and S.W. course
NAPOLEONVILLE, a town of France. See PONTIVY.            of 200 miles. Chief affluent, the Bober.
NAP@/LEONVILLE, a post-village of Assumption parish,   NAR/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Louisiana, on Bayou la Fourche, 72 miles S. of Baton Rouge,    NARGEN, naR/ghen, two islands of the Russian dominions,
has I newspaper office.                                    one in the Gulf of Finland, 12 miles N.W. of Revel, 5 miles
NAPOLI, a city of Italy. See NAPLES.                    in length, wooded, and having a lighthouse on the N.
NAPO/LI, a post-township in the W. part of Cattaraugus    NARGIIUR, narlgUr/, a town of India, Malwah, 16 miles
co., New York, about 50 miles S. of Buffalo. Pop. 1233.    N.E. of Mundessor.
NAPOLI DI ROMANIA, a town of Greece.  See NAUPLIA.   NARI, nugree, a river of Beloochistan, has its origin in
NAPOLI DI MALVASIA. See MIONEsMVASA.                    Sewistan, about lat. 300 N., ion. 680 E.; and flowing S. for
NAPOLOSE, a city of Palestine. See NABLOOS.             about 50 miles, is joined by the Kauhee or Bolan, 1at.
N'APIONOCIK, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, on  290 26' N., ion. 67~ 58' E. The united stream  continues
Rondout Creek, near the Delaware and Hudson Canal, about to flow S., and is finally lost in the arid plain of Cutch
80 miles S.S.W. of Albany.                                 Gundava.
NAPOTOA, a village of Ecuador. See NAPO.                   NARIM, a town of Asiatic Russia. See NAR M.
NAPrON-ON-TTHE-HILL, a psrish of England, co. of    NARIMI, (Niirim,) a parish of Norway. See NmRsu.
Warwick.                                                     NARLAH, nar/lA, a town of India, province'of Orissa, 37
NAR, Italy. See NEILA.                                   miles E. of Buster.
NAR or NARO, Dalmatia. See NARENTA.                        NARlIMADA, a river of India. See NEnUDDBA.
NARA, n/ri, a town of Japan, island of Niphon, 25 miles    NARMATSO or NARMATZO, naN-mittso, a large village
N.E. of Miako.                                             of Russia, government and 38miles fiom Kazan. Pop. 4500.
NARANJO,   PUERTO, a harbor of Cuba.  See PUERTO  Here is a palace of Prince Kulautschakov, to whom the vilNARANJO..            late partly belongs.
NARANJOS, ng-rng/Hoce, a group of islands in the Bay    NARNI, nan'nee, (anu. Nrar/nia  or Nequsi/num,) a town of
of Panama, South America.                                  Central Italy, Pon tifical States, on a height above the Nera,
NARANJOS, a river of Eucador, falls into the Gulf of  45 miles N.E. of Rome. Pop. 3260. It has a cathedral, 5
GuOyaquil, lat. 20 28' S., ion. 790 45' W.                convents, and an aqueduct supplying several fountains.
NARANJOS, ndring/soce, a cluster of small islands in the    NARNOUL, nar-nool/, a town of Hindostan, dominions
Philippines, near the S. extremity of Luzon; lat. 120 29' N., and 80 miles N.E. of Jeypoor.
Ion. 1230 54' E.                                            NARO. See NAnENTA.
NARAUL, nA-rawll, a town of IHindostan, Oude, 6 miles    NARO, nulro, a town of Sicily, on the Naxo, intondency
S.W. of Rajapoor, and almost surrounded by British territb- and 12 miles E.S.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 10,000. It has a
ries. Pop. 6000.                                         royal college, an asylum, and some trade in oil, wine, and
NARIBERTII, a parliamentary borough, market-town, sulphur.  Here have:been found many medals, tombs, and
and parish of South Wales, county and 11  miles N.N.E. of  other antiquities.
Pembroke. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1851, 1392.   NARO, (ane. Hyp/ca,) a river of Sicily, rises 16 miles S.
~~~~~~~NA0(se yps, arvroSilyrse16mes.W.
The town is neatly built; has ruins. of a castle, and mann- of Caltanisetta, and after a S.W. course of 23 miles, enters
factures of hats. It joins Haverford-west and Fishguard  the Mediterranean 7 miles SS.W. of Girenti.
in sending 1 memerber to the House of Commons.             NItOYn
1274                                               iAROV or NAROW, na-rovy, a market-town of Russia,




NAR                                                       NAS
government of Minsk, on the Pfipets, 21 miles S.S.E. of    NASBINALS, nas'bee'ngYl, a village of France, depart,
Mozyr. Pop. 1800.                                         ment of Lozdre, 16 miles N.W. of Marvejols. Pop. 1022.
NAROVA or NAROWA, na'ro-v&', or ng-rolvA, a river of    NASEBY. nA/&bee, a parish of England,. co, and 12 miles.
Russia, rises in Lake Peipus, flows, between the govern- N.N.W. of Northampton. The troops of Charles I. were
ments of St. Petersburg and Esthonia, and enters the  totally defeated here by the Parliamentary army, in 1645.
Gulf of Finland at the village of Narovskaia, after a N.   NASH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
course of 40 miles past Narva, to which town it is navigable    NASH, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
from the sea.                                               NASH, a county in the N.E. central part of North CaroNAROVTCHAT, NAROWTSCIIAT, ni-rov-chgt' or NO- lina; area estimated at 600 square miles. It is intersected
/OVTCHIAT, no-rov.chdtl, a town of Russia, government by Tar River and Sandy Creek, and bounded on the S.W.
and 78 miles N.W. of Penza. Pop. 2750.                    by Contentny Creek. The surface is uneven, and the soil
NAR1RA, two branches of the Indus River, above its generally poor. Capital, Nashville. Formed in 1777, and
delta. The EAST NAP.rA leaves the main stream at Roree, named in honor of General Francis Nash, who fell at the
flows very tortuously south-eastward past Omerkote, and  battle of Germantown.  Pop. 10,657, of whom 6601 were free,
after crossing the Runn of Cutch and the Ullah-bund, enters and 4056 slaves.
the sea by the Koree Mouth. The: WEST NARR.A leaves the    NASHAWN! or NASHAWAN ISLAND, one of the ElizaIndus 25 miles  N.E. of Sukkur, and flows into Lake Man- beth Islands, Massachusetts, is 8 miles long, and near 2
char, which again communicates with the main stream. It miles wide.
encloses, with the Indus, a highly fertile tract, and during    NASH ISLAND, in Pleasant River Bay, about 20 miles
the rains is preferred to the main channel, for the purpose  W. by S. of Machias Bay, Maine. It contains a fixed light
of navigation.                                            of deep red color, 47 feet above the level of the sea; lat. 440
NARRAGAN/SET BAY, a large body of water, extending  25' N., ion. 670 37' W.
N. from the Atlantic: into Rhode Island, between Point   NASHOIBA, a county in the E. central part of MissisJudith on the W., and Seconnet Rocks on the E. Length  sippi, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is inter28 miles, breadth from 3 to 12 miles. It receives several sected by the Pearl River. A large part of the land is unconsiderable rivers, and contains a number of beautiful cultivated. Capital, Philadelphia. Pop. 4728, of whom. 03393
islands, the principal of which is Rhode Island, 16 miles were free, and 1335 slaves.
loniig, Canonicut and Prudence Islands.                     NASHIIPORT, a post-village of Muskingum  co, Ohio, on
NARRAGANSET, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode  the Ohio Canal and Licking River, 54 miles E. of Columbus..
Island.                                                     NASI'S FORD, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.
NARRAGI1MORE, nar'rah-mSr', a parish of Ireland, co.   NASH'S STREAM, of Coos county, New Hampshire, flows
of Rildare.                                               into the Upper Ammonoosuck.
NARRAGUA;GUS RIVER, a small stream  in the S.E.   NASHtUA, formerly DUNSTABLE, an important mannpart of Maine, rises in Hancock co., and falls into Narra- facturing post-town of Hillsborough county, New Hampguagus Bay, in Washington county.                          shire, 40 miles N.N.E. of Boston, is situated at the confluNARRAGUAGUS, a post-village of Washington co., Maine. ence of the Nashua River with the Merrimack, and at the
NAR/RAH, a town of Central India, Nagpoor dominions, terminus of the Lowell, the Worcester, the Wilton, and the
45 miles S.E. of Ryepoor.                                  Concord Railroads, by which it has communication with the
NARRAH, a town of India, dominions of Berar, 97 miles principal cities and towns of New England. The Nashua
W.S.W. of Sumbhulpoor.                                     River has a fall at this place of 65 feet in about 2 miles,
NARRAINGHUR, nar'rin-gtrl, a town of India, in the  affording a vast hydraulic power, which has been greatly
protected Sikh territory, near Umballah.                   improved for manufacturing purposes. Its volume is 180
NARRAINGUNGE, nar'rin-gtinjf, a considerable trading  cubic feet per second in the dryest season. A canal, contown of British India, presidency and province of Bengal, necting the waters of this stream above the falls with those
10 miles S.E. of Dacca. Estimated population 15,000, who  of the Merrimack, was constructed in 1825, and opened for
carry on an active trade in salt, corn, and tobacco. It has the transportation of goods in the spring of 1826. The locks
numerous indigo factories.                                 are of solid stone, 24 feet high, each lift being 10 feet wide,
NARRIMAN, nar're-minf, NAROOMAK, NAROUMAK or and 82 feet long. Nashua has long been distinguished for
NARUMAK, ngroo-m~k/, a town of Asiatic Turkey, capital its manufactures, which are very extensive, and embrace
of a sanjak of the same name, about 12 miles S.W. of Olti,  articles of almost every description. Among the numerous
near the W. frontiers of Georgia. It is very ancient, and was corporations may be mentioned the Nashua Manufacturing
one a place of great importance, but has fallen into decay.  Company, chartered in 1823, with a capital of $300,000,
NARROHOTE, narero-hat/, a town of Hindostan, domi- which has since been increased to $1,000,000. The canal,
ilons and 36 miles E. of Baroda.                           which supplies water to its factories, is about 3 miles in
NAR/ROWS, of New York, a strait separating Long Island  length, 50 feet wide, and 6 feet deep, and affords a head and
from  Staten Island, and connecting New York Bay with  fall of about 36 feet. This company has at present four exNew York Harbor. It is about 1~ miles wide in the nar- tensive mills, which give employment to about 1000 operarowest part. On either side have been erected strong forti- tives, having charge of 37,450 spindles, 1089 looms, consumficationS for its defence.                                ing annually 10,000 bales of cotton, and producing 13,000,000
NARROWS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.       yards of prints, shirtings, &c. The company also have a
NARROWS, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania.       large machine shop, in which several hundred hands are
NARROWS, a post-office of Nodaway co., Missouri.         employed. The sales of the Nashua Iron Company amount
NARROWSBURG, formerly BIG EDDY, a pleasant post- to $175,000 per annum. The entire quantity of cotton fabvillage of Sullivan co., New York,.on the New York and  rics annually produced is about 18,000,000 yards, and the
Erie Railroad, 123 miles from New York city. It takes its total capital employed $1,480,000. The other manufactures
name from a contraction in the Delaware River, between  of Nashua comprise steam  engines, machinists' tools, milltwo points of rock at this place.                         work, iron castings, iron forgings, edged tools, shuttles, bobNARROW VALLEY, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama. bins, locks, farming implements, &c. The total capital inNARSINGAH, nar-singag.. a town of British India, pre- vested in the various manufactures is upwards of $2,000,000,
sidency of Bengal, 50 miles W.N.W. of Cuttack.            and the number of operatives engaged about 1000 males
NARSIPOOR, inarse-poorl, a maritime town of British  and 1300 females. The receipts of the post-office amount to
India, presidency of Madras, 40 miles E. of Masulipatam, about $3000 a year. There are in Nashua, 7 churches, 3
on the Godavery, at the mouth of its WV. branch.          newspaper offices, a bank, and a savings institution conNARVA, naafv&, a fortified town and river-port of Russia, nested with the Nashua Manufacturing Company. In 1842
government and 81 miles W.S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the  the township was divided, and the part lying chiefly on the
Narova, 9 miles from its mouth, in the Gulf of Finland. N. side of Nashua River, received the name of Nashville.
Pop. 3000. It consists of an old and a new town; the for- Nashville also has I bank. Pop. of the township, 5820.
mer, founded in 1123, has a town-hall, exchange, and the    NASHUA, a post-t6wnship of Ogle co., Illinois.
fortress of Ivangorod. The new townis enclosed by fortifi-   NASHUA RIVER, rises near the centre of Massachusetts,
cations. Narva has a salmon fishery. Near it Charles XII., in Worcester co., and flowing in a north-easterly direction,
at the head of 8000 Swedes, defeated an army of 80,000  falls into the Merrimack at Nashua, New IIhampshire.
Russians, on the 30th November 1700.                        NASHIVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.
NARWAH, a small town of Portuguese India, 4 miles   NASHVILLE, a thriving post-village and township of
from Goa.                                                 Hillsborough co., New Hampshire, is situated at the conNARWAR, narewarl, or NJURWUR, ntr'wttrl, a town of  fluence of the Nashua River with the Merrimack, opposite
Central India, dominions and 45 miles S. of Gwalior, on the  Nashua, with which it is connected by bridges. It is the
Sind River, a tributary of the Ganges.                    seat of the Jackson Company, which has a capital of
NARYM or NARIM, nA-rim/. a town of Asiatic Russia, go- $480,000, employed in the manufacture of cotton sheetings
vernment of Tomsk, on the Olbi, 225 miles N.W. of Tomsk. and shirtings, of which it produces about 5,000,000 yards
Pop. 1600.                                                annually; also, of the Machine Shop of the Nashua and
NARYM, a river of Asiatic Russia, trilutary to the Irtish, Lowell Railroad Company, having conveniences for the
on the Chinese frontier.                                  manufactures of locomotives; besides which are various
NARZOLE, naad/zo-lA, a village of the Sardinian States, other establishments, Nashville contains churches of 3 or 4
division of Coni, province and about 15 miles N. of Mon- denominations, a bank, and a savings institution connected
dovi, onil theleft bankof the Tanaro. Pop. 3659.          with the Jackson Company. Pop. of the township 3125,
1275




NAS                                                       NAS
NiASHVILLE,  a post-office of Chautauque co., New York.  of the same game. Near it, finely situated on the fiord, is
NASHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Nash co., North  the old castle of Aalholm or Christiansholm, once a place
Carolina, on an affluent of the Tar River, 45 miles E.N.E. of great strength, which figures much in the early history
of Raleigh.                                               of Denmark. Pop. in 1851, 2955.
NASHVILLE, a village of Lowndes co., Mississippi, on    NASO, nu~so, (ane. Agathyrnum?) a town of Sicily, intendTombigbee River, 140 miles N.E. of Jackson.               ency and 44 miles W.S.W. of Messina, on the Naso, near its
NASHVILLE, a post-village of Milam  co., Texas, on the  mouth. Pop. 4400. It stands on a hill, is enclosed by walls,
Brazos River, 75 miles N.E. of Austin. It was formerly the  and has 2 churches.
county seat.                                                 NAISONVILLE.     a post-village in Burrillville township,
NASHVILLE, a handsome and flourishing city, capital of  Providence co., Rhlode Island, about 25 miles N.W. of Provithe State of Tennessee, and of Davidson county, is situated  deuce. It contains 1 hoe and axe factory.
on the left bank of Cumberland River, 200 miles from its    NASSABERG, n~stss-bRGa', a market-town of Bohemia,
mouth, 230 miles E.N.E. of Memphis, 206 miles S.W. of  circle and 8 miles S. of Chrudim, with a castle. Pop. 561.
Lexington, in Kentucky, and 684 miles from Washington.   NASSAU, nas/saw, (Ger. pi-on. naslstsw; Fr. pron. ngs's0!; L.
Lat. 360 9' N., ion. 860 491 W.; elevation above the sea, 460  -'assolvia,) a town of Germany, capital of a duchy of its own
feet. It is the most wealthy and populous city of Tennes- name, situated on the right bank of the Lahn, 25 miles
see, and is distinguished for its enterprising spirit, literary  N.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1600. The ruined castle of Nas.
taste, and polished society. Many of the private residences san, on the opposite side of the river, gives title to the reignare built on a scale of palatial magnitude and splendor, and  ing family.
the public buildings exhibit a corresponding character. The    NASSAU, DucnY or, a state in the W. part of Gernew Capitol, which stands on a commanding eminence, 175  many, between lat. 490 56' and 500 52' N., and Ion. 70 30'
feet above the river, is one of the most noble, magnificent, and 80 30, E., bounded E. by Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prus.
and costly structures in America. The material is of a fine  sian district of Wetzlar, Hesse-Homburg, and the territory
limestone, which was quarried on the spot, and nearly re- of Frankfort, S. by the Rhine and Main which separate it
sembles marble. The dimensions are 240 feet by 135, and  from Hesse-Darmstadt, W. and N. by Rhenish Prussia, fromn
the estimated cost $1,000,000. It is built, as it is stated, which it is partly separated by the Rhine. Area 1751 square
entirely of stone and iron, without any woodjabout it, ex- miles. Pop. in 1853, 429,341, mostly Protestants. Surface
cept the plank on which the copper roofing is fastened: the  mountainous, traversed in the N. by the Westerwald, and
floor and inner walls are of dressed stone. The foundation  in the S. by the Taunus Mountains. Soil fertile, with excelof the capitol was laid in 1845. A lunatic asylum, on a large  lent pasturage. The rivers belong entirely to the basin of
scale, has recently been erected in the vicinity. The State  the Rhine; the chief are the Rhine, Lahn, and Sieg. The
Penitentiary at this place is 310 feet by 50, containing 200  duchy produces excellent wine in the district called the
cells. The University of Nashville was founded in 1806. RosEINGAU, and in the vineyards of Steinberg, Rudesheim,
The Medical College connected with the University was  Hockheim, and especially Johannisberg.  Mines of iron,
opened in 1851: it occupies a capacious building, and has copper, and silver are worked, coal is found in the Westerabout 100 students. There are also a number of female  wald, and the mineral waters of Wiesbaden, Nieder-Selters,
seminaries, the largest of which is attended by above 300  and Ems are in high repute, and extensively exported. The
pupils. About 12 newspapers are published here, 5 or 6 of  chief means of transport are the navigable rivers Rhine
which are dailies. Nashville contains 3 banks, with a total and Lahn, and the railway from  Frankfort to Wiesbaden.
capital of $5,181,500, and about 14 churches. The mineral In 1806, the states of Nassau were divided into two branches,
cabinet of the late Dr. Troost contains the largest private  NAssAU USINGEN, (oolsing-en,) and NAssAU WEILBURG (willcollection in the United States. The Cumberland River is  b66nR,) both of which formed portions of the Confederation
crossed by a magnificent wire suspension bridge, recently  of the Rhine. The first became extinct in 1816, and was
built at a cost of $100,000. The city is lighted with gas, incorporated with the second. It now forms a constituand supplied with water raised from the Cumberland River. tional monarchy, hereditary in the male line. As part of
Nashville has expended large sums in the construction of  the German Confederation, it unites with Brunswick and
macadamized turnpikes, 8 of which radiate in different has the 13th vote, but in the plenum its vote is the 14th.
directions. The river is navigated during high water by  Its contingent of men to the Confederation is 3028. The
large steamboats from its mouth to this point, and a num- founder of the reigning family was. O0tho, brother of the
her of splendid packets are owned here. The shipping of  Emperor Conrad I. Capital, Wiesbaden; but Biberich and
the port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 4083  Weilburgare the usual residences of the Duke.
tons, enrolled and licensed, all of which were employed in    NASSAU, (commonly pronounced nas-sawl,) a post-village
steam navigation. During the year, 5 steamboats, with an  and township of Rensselaer co., New York, about 14 miles
aggregate burthen of 479] tons, were admeasured.  This S.E. of Albany. The village contains churches of 3 or 4
city is the centre of an active trade, and the seat of mann- denominations, an academy, and about half a dozen stores.
factures of various kinds. Nashville is the terminus of the  Pop. of the township, 3261.
Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 150 miles long, which    NASSAU, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Florida,
was finished in 1852, at an expense of about $3,000,000. bordering on the Atlantic, has an area of 970 square miles.
The road is built in a very substantial manner, and com- It is bounded on the N. and W. by the St. Mary's River,
pletes the connexion with Charleston and Savannah. The  which separates it from Georgia, and on the S. by the Nasconstruction of this railroad has greatly enhanced the value  san River. The surface is level, the soil sandy. In 1850,'
of property, and has given a vigorous impulse to the pros- this county produced 404,305 pounds of rice, the greatest
perity and improvement of the place. Other railroads have  quantity produced by any county in the state.  Capital,
been commenced, which will connect this city with Louis- Nassau Court House. Pop. 2164; of whom 1087 were free,
ville, Memphis, New Orleans, &c. Pop. in 1845, 12,000; in  and 1077 slaves.
1853, about 20,000.                                          NASSAU, a village in Lee co., Iowa, on the Des Moines
NASHVILLE, a post-village of Holmes co., Ohio, 82 miles  River, 100 miles S. by E. of Iowa City.
N.E. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, and about 400 inha-   NASSAU, the capital of New  Providence, Bahama Ishitants.                                                   lands, on a declivity near the N. coast.  Lat. of lightNASHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Brown co., Indiana, house, 250 51 6" N., lon. 770 21' 2" W. Pop. 7000. It is
40 miles S. of Indianapolis.  Settled in 1837.             regularly and well built, defended by two forts, and has a
NASHVILLE, a village of Hancock co., Indiana, on Sugar handsome governor's residence, some barracks, a prison,
Creek, 33 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.                      hospital, agricultural society, and a harbor sheltered northNASHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Washington co., ward by Hog Island, ani having two entrances passable by
Illinois, 118 miles S. by.. of Springfield. It is situated on  vessels drawing from 13 to 14 feet of water.
a rich prairie.                                              NASSAU, FORT, British Guiana, the former capital of the
NASHVILLE, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, on  colony under the Dutch, is on the Berbice River, 45 miles
the Missouri River, 26 miles above Jefferson City. It has a  from the sea.
landing for steamboats, and a few warehduses.                NASSAU ISLES, Eastern Archipelago. See POGG~ ISLES.
NASHVILLE, a village of Lee co., Iowa, on the Missis-   NASSAU RIVER, North Australia, enters Nassau Bay,
-ippi River, 10 miles above Keokuk.                        Gulf of Carpentaria, on the E. side of the latter, near lat.
NASHIVILLE, a post-office of El Dorado co., California.    150 50, S., ion. 1410 35' E.
NASIELSK, n&se-Alsk,  a town of Poland, province of    NASSAU RIVER, Florida, forms the S. border of Nassau
Plock, 26 miles N. of Warsaw. Pop. 1260, mostly Jews. co., and falls into the Atlantic, near the S. end of Amelia
Here the French defeated the Russians in 1806.            Island.
NAISING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.               NASSERABAD, nas-ser-A-bdl, a village of Beloochistan,
NASIRABAD, nas'ir-l-bad!, or NESSERABAD, nls'ser-A-  25 miles S.W. of Kedje, on the route to G(wetter. Lat. 260
badl, a town of Hindostan, kingdom of Oude, 65 miles S.S.E. 13' N.. Ion. 610 57' E.
of Lucknow. Pop. 3000.                                      NASSEREIT, nAs/sah-rit', a village of Tyrol, near Imst.
NASKA, nhkg, or -CABALLOS, kg-nBlfyoce, a maritime  Pop. 1306.
town of Peru, department of Lima, on the Pacific, at the    NASISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampmouth of the river Naska, 30 miles S.E. of Palpa.        ton.
NASROV or NASKOW, nislkov, written also NAKSKOV,    NASSOGNE, ngsssor/, a village of Belgium, province of
nukgskov1, (L. Nascdia,) a town of Denmark, the largest Luxemburg, 36 miles N. of Arlon. Pop. 1000.
and most important on the island of Laaland, on a fiord    iASSUCK, nassik', a large town and place of pilgrim
1276




NAS                                                        NAU
age, in British India, presidency and 95 miles N.E. of Bom-   NATCHITOCHES, natch-i-totchliz,  (often  pronounced
bay.  Lat. 190 56' N., ion. 730 56' E. Pop. 30,000  Near it nak-e-tflsh/,) a parish in the N.W. part of Louisiana, has an
are some extensive cave temples of purely Boodhic charac- area of 2260 square miles. It is intersected by Ried River,
ter, but the town itself is the centre of Brahminism in the  and contains numerous small lakes connected with that
Deccan.                                                    stream. The land in the vicinity of the river is fertile, proNASTATTEN, (Nastitten,) nastlt'ten, a town of West ducing cotton and Indian-corn. Steamboats navigate lied
Germany, duchy of Nassau, capital of a district, on the  River, through this parish, from New Orleans to Shreveport.
tlilhlbach, 19 miles N.W. of Wiesbaden, with many mineral  Capital, Natchitoches. Pop. 14,228; of whom 6347 were free,
springs. Pop. 1557.                                         pnd 7881 slaves.
NATA, nA/tA, a town of South America, New Grenade,   NATCHITOCIES, a post-village, capital of Natchitoches
and on the WV. side of the Isthmus of Panama, 64 miles S.W. parish, Louisiana, on Red River, about 500 miles by water
of Panama.                                                  W.N.W. of New Orleans. Several steam-packets make reNATAL, ng-t&ll, a colonial possession of Great Britain, on  gular passages between this place and New Orleans in all
the S.E. coast of Africa, between lat. 270 40' and 300 40' S., stages of water. The village is pleasantly situated between
and ion. 280 40' and 310 10' E., having S.E. the Indian Ocean, the shore and the pine-clad bluffs, which approach very
W. the Drakenberg or Kahlamba Mountains, separating it near the river. It is a place of active trade, containing a
from the territory between the Orange and Vtal Rivers, re- United States Land-Office, a newspaper office, and several
cently annexed to the Cape Colony, and N.E. the Buffalo  churches.
and Tugela Rivers, dividing it from  the Zooloo country.   NATE/LY'LEWIS, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
Estimated area 18,000 square miles. The surface is undu-   NATELY, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Iants.
lating, well watered, and mostly covered with tall grass.    NAITHAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Ashe co., North
In the interior, timber grows only in clumps, but the sea- Carolina.
coast is bordered by a belt of mangroves. The climate is   NA/THANSVILLE, a post-village of Conecub co., Alabama.
most healthy, and the soil is reported to be far more fertile    NATHDORA. ngt'dolrd, (Hindoo Natha-devara, ndt'hti-deh.
than in the Cape Colony. Cotton and indigo grow wild, and  vLrA,) " the temple of the Deity,") a town of West H-indostan,
the former, of the finest quality, has been produced for ex- Rajpootana, dominions and about 28 miles N. of Odeypoor,
portation. Sugar, coffee, wheat, oats, beans, and tobacco are  lat. 250 8' N., lat. 740 11' E. It has a Hindoo temple of high
important crops. Superior coal has been found in the inte- sanctity, and an active trade with Guzerat and Sinde.
rior; building stone is found all over its surface, and iron    NATICK, n4'tik, a post-village and township of Middlesex
ore is abundant. Down to September, 1847, the land let by  co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad,
the government had fetched 34,9951., of which 10,3121. were  17 miles W.S.W. of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively
for lands rented within that year. Butter, corn, hides, engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, for which
ivory, tallow, tobacco, and wool, were lately among the  there are here about 20 establishments. Pop. 2744.
chief exports. In 1849, the value of imports was 46,2041.;    NATICK, a post-village of Kent co., Rhode Island, on
and of exports, 10,8661., confined to three articles of produce  Pawtuxet River, 10 miles S.W. of Providence. It has mann-ivory, 29,321 lbs., cotton, 13,931 lbs., and wool, 2927 lbs. factures of prints, muslins, &c.
In 1851. the imports were 38,5441., but the exports fell to    NATIOLUM. See GIOVENAZZO.
36071. The territory, which is a dependency of the Cape of    NA/TION FORD, a post-office of York district, South CaGood Hope, is administered by a lieutenant governor, rolina.
assisted by a board of officers; and it is subdivided into the    NATIVIDAD, ng-te-ve-dAdl, a small island of Lower Calidistricts of D'Urban, Pietermaritzburg, Umvoti, Impafane,  fornia, in the Pacific, immediately opposite the promontory
Upper Tugela, and Umzinyati, exclusive of a tract in the  of Morro Hermoso.
S., hitherto without an established magistracy. Pieterma-    NATIVIDAD, a village of the Mexican Confederation,
ritzburg, the capital, is 50 miles inland from Pert Natal, state of Mexico, near Tezcuco.
which is near the centre of the coast line. Pop. of the    NATIVIDADE, na-te-ve-da/da, a town of Brazil, province
colony about 121,000, of whom  only 6000 are white; and  of Goyaz, on the river Luiz Antes, 75 miles N.N.W. of Arthe remaining 115,000 ZooloG Kaffres, who have renounced  rayas. Pop. 2000.
allegiance to their own chiefs, and have now the privileges    NATOLIA, Asia Minor. See ANATOLIA.
of British subjects.                                          NAITRON-LAKES OF EGYPT, are situated in a valley of
NATAL, n-tltll, (formerly C'idade dos Reis, se-dAlda doce the Libyan Desert called the Natron Valley, about 60 miles
rIles or rAs,) a town of Brazil, capital of the province of Rio  W.N.W. of Cairo, and consist of 8 pools, many of them
Grande do Norte, near the mouth of the Potengi or Rio  rich in natron, the collecting of which occupies about 300
Grande in the Atlantic; lat. of its fort 50 451 S., ion. 350 15' persons.
W. Pop. in 1845, 10,000. It was formerly an important   NATTAM, nlt~taml, NUTTAM, ntit'tam/, or NUTSTOM/,
military post, and it has 3 handsome churches, a governor's  a considerable town of British India, presidency of Madras,
residence, and a harbor, fitted for vessels below 150 tons district and 22 miles N. of MIadura; lat. 100 12' N., ion. 780
burden, with an export trade in superior Brazil wood.       19' E.
NATAL or NATAR, nl-taat, a town of Sumatra, on its    NATTORE, nAt'tor', (IHindoo Nathaver, nt'h-lvir,) a
S.W. coast; lat. 00 33' N., ion. 990 0' E. Near it are some  town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 49 miles N.E. of
gold-mines, and it has an export trade in gold-dust, cam- Moorshedabad; lat. 240 25' N., ion. 880 55' E. It has a pretty
phor, wool, &c.                                             good native school.
NAT'CIIAUG/ RIVER, the largest branch of the Shetucket    NATTRADACOTTA, n~t-trA-da-kot/ta, a town of British
River, falls into it in Windham co., near Willimantic, in the  India, presidency of Madras, 68 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin.
N.E. part of Connecticut.                                     NATUNAS, na-tooluns, several groups of islands off the
NATCHEZ, natchliz, the most populous and commercial N.W. coast of Borneo, in the China Sea. The Great Natuna
city of Mississippi, and capital of Adams county, on the E. Island, lat. 40 N., ion. 1080 E., is 40 miles in length.
bank of the Mississippi River, 279 miles above New Orleans,    NATUNS, naittoons, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of
and 100 miles S.W. of Jackson. Lat. 310 34' N., ion. 910 25' Botzen, in the valley of the Etsch or Adige. Pop. 1450.
W. It is pleasantly situated on a bluff which rises about   NATUNZ, nu'toonzf(?), a town of Persia, province of Irak200 feet above the river, aflording an extensive view of the  Ajemee, 60 miles N.N.E. of Ispahan, about lat. 330 26' N., ion.
immense cypress swamps of Louisiana. The surface of the  510 56' E. Fruits are raised in this vicinity.
ground in the city and in the adjacent country is undu-    NAT/URAL BRIDGE, a post-village of Jefferson co., New
lating, and presents a striking contrast with the flat surface  York, 25 miles E. by N. of Watertown.  Here is a natural
of the opposite side of the river. The streets of Natchez  bridge over Indian River.
are wide and rectangular, and some of the public buildings    NATURAL BRIDGE, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virare handsome.' The private residences are mostly built of  ginia.
wood, and many of them  have flower-gardens and orange-   NATURAL BRIDGE. See VIcGINIA; "Objects of lnterest
groves adjoining.  Among the public buildings are the  to Tourists," page 2047.
Court-house, 5 or 0' churches, a hospital, Orphan Asylum,   NATURAL CANAL, of St. Lawrence co., New York, conand Masonic Hall. Three or four newspapers are published  nects the Oswegatchie with Grass River. Length about 6
here. Within a few years Natchez has increased considera- miles.
bly, in consequence of its numerous flourishing seminaries,   NATURAL DAM, a post-office of Crawford co., Arkansas.
and its public school, which is supported by a general taxa-   NATURAL GROVE, a post-office of Williamsburg district.
tion of the citizens. The latter averages about 500 pupils  South Carolina.
annually. Natchez is the centre of an extensive trade, of    NAUDAUN, a town of the Punjab.  See NADAUN.
which cotton is the principal article. Steamboats are con-    NAUDERS, n6w/ders, and NAUDERSBERG, n6w/dersstantly arriving at and departing from its wharves. The  bIRo', two contiguous villages of the Tyrol, on the Swiss
heavy shipping business is transacted in the lower part of frontier, 15 miles N.W. of Glurns.
the town, called Natchez-under-the-Hill.   Pop. about 6000.    NAUEN, nuw/en, a town of Prussia, province of BrandenNATCIHIEZ, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, on the Ohio  burg, 17 miles WV.N.W. of Potsdam, on the Hamburg and
River, opposite New Martinville, 23 miles below Wheeling. Berlin Railway. Pop. 4300.
It has a good landing for steamboats. Laid out in 1850.      NAUGARD, nSw/gaat, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 29
NATCHEZ, a village of Martin co., Indiana, on the turn- miles N.E. of Stettin, between two lakes. It has 2800 inhes
pike from New Albany to Vincennes, 56 miles W.N.WV. from  bitants, and an old castle.
the former.                                                  NAU'GATUCK/, a fine mill-stream of Connecticut, rises in
1277




NAU                                                       NAY
Litchfield county, and flowing southerly, falls into the Hou. under M. Cabet, have recently established themselves hers
s5tonic, in New  -laven county: length 50 miles.           having purchased the site of the temple and other property
NAUGATUCK, a thriving post-village of New Haven co., Theirnumber is stated to be about 400. Nauvoo has a good
Connecticut, on the above river, and on the Naugatuck rail- steamboat landing. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2000.
road, 27 miles N.N.E. of Bridgeport. It has manufactures    NAVA. See NAmIE.
of buttons, cutlery, forks, castings, machinery, cotton and    NAVACONCEJO or NAVACONCEXO, na-v,-kon-ths/ho,
woollen goods, &c.                                         a town of Spain, Estremadura, province and N.N.E. of
NAUJGITON, nawltpn, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. Caceres, near the Jerte. Pop. 1096.
NAULEIM, nIw/hlhme, a village of Germany, IIesse-Cassel,   NAVA DE LA ASUNCION, n/dvg dl la -soon-the-,nl, o'
province and 13 miles N.N.W, of Itlanau, with important NAVA DE COCA, nA/vl dA ko/il, a town of Spain, New
saline springs aud baths. Pop. 1424. The springs yield  Castile. province and 23 miles N.W. of Segovia.  Pop. 1209.
annually 17,000 cwt. of salt.                                NAVA DEL  tEY, nat/v& dl rA, a town of Spain, province
NAUIMBURG, niwmnb66nG, a town of Germany, Prussian  and 30 miles S.W. of. Valladolid. It has a fine church, an.'
Saxony, 17 miles S.S.W. of Merseburg, on the Saale, and on  4241 inhabitants.
the railroad from  IHalle to Gotha. Pop. 12,700. It has 3    NAVA EL MANZANO, nt/vA 81 mnn-thd/no, a village of
suburbs, a castle, a cathedral, and 4 other churches, an  Spain, New Castile, province and 22 miles N.N.W. of Segovia.
hospital, a gymnasium, and manufactures of leather, linen, Pop. 1207.
and woollen stuffs. The Kindersfest, an annual festival,    NAVA HERMOSA, nA/v' jR-molst, a town of Spain, protakes place here, in memory of the termination of the Huss- vince and 25 miles S.W. of Toledo, with 2066 inhabitants.
ite siege, in 1432.                                          NAVAL, n-vallf, a town of Spain, Aragon, province and
NAUMBURG, a town of Germany, HIesse-Cassel, on the  E. of Huesca. The inaccessible steep, on which the centre
Eder, 16 miles W.S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 1788.                of the town is situated, makes it a kind of natural fortress.
NAUMBURGG,   a town of Germany, Prussian Silesia, 33  In the vicinity are extensive salt works, which are considered
miles W. of Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1750.            the best in Spain. Pop. 1650.
NAUMBURG, a town of Prussia, 59 miles N.W. of Lieg-    NAVALCAN, n.l-vAl-klnf, a town of Spain, New Castile,
nitz, on the right bank of the Bober. Pop. 873.            province and W. of Toledo. Pop. 1299.
NAUMPOOR, nawmipoorl, a town of British India, presi-    NAVALCARNERO, ni-vI-karn-nAlro, a town of Spain, prodency of Bombay, 93 miles S.E. of Surat.                   vince and 19 miles W.S.W. of Madrid. Pop. 3375. It has
NAUTNDOOR, nawnldoorl, a town of British India, presi- an active trade in the supply of the capital with provisions.
dency of Bombay, 42 miles S.W. of Aurungabad.                NAVALMORAL, nA-vll-mo-rlll, a town of Spain, New
NAUNDOORBAR, nawn-door-bar/, a town of British India, Castile. province and about 17 miles from Avila. Pop. 1435.
presidency of Bombay, 87 miles E.N.E. of Surat, lat. 210 22'   NAVALMORAL DE LA MATA, nl-vll-mo-r~l   d 11 mu/tI,
N., Ion. 710 18' E., with the tomb of a Mohammedan saint, a town ofSpain, provincelSrd 52 miles N.E. ofCacercs. P. 3000.
greatly resorted to by pilgrims.                             NAVALMORAL DE PUSA, nI-v&l-mo-rIl/ dl pooes/. a
NAUNDORF, n6wn/doaf, a village of Saxony, 30 miles N. town of Spain, New Castile, province and 38 miles S.W. of
of Dresden. Pop. 1197.                                     Toledo. Pop. 2130.
NAUNHOF, nOwn/hSf, a town of Saxony, 10 miles E.S.E.   NAVALUCILLOS, nl-vl-loo-theel/yoce, a village of Spain,
of Leipsic, on the Paarde. Pop. 1042.                      New Castile, province and about 38 miles S.W. of Toledo.
NAUNTON, nawn/ton, a parish of England, co. of Glou-  Near it are iron works employing 300 men and boys, and
cester.                                                    about as many horses and mules.
NAUNTON BEAUICHAMP, nawn/ton beech/am, a parish    NAVALVILLAR, n&-vll-veel-yatf, or NAVALVILLAR
of England, co. of Worcester.                              DE PELA, ng-v~l-veel-yanR dl p/lA, a town of Spain, proNAUPACTUS. See LEPANTO.                                  vince and 67 miles E.N.E.:of Badajos. Pop. 2390.
NAUPHIO, an island of Greece. See ANAPRI.                  NAY/AN, a market-town and parish of Ireland, co. of
NAUPLIA, naw/ple-a, or NAPOLI DI ROMANIA, nflpo-le  Meath, at the confluence of the Boyne and Blackwater, 26
dee ro-mA-nee/l, (ancn Naulplia, Fr. Naupli, na'plees,) a  miles N.W. of Dublin, to which a railway is projected.  Pop.
fortified seaport town of Greece, in the Morea, capital of  of town, in 1851, 3979. It has a court-house, corn and paper
the government of Argolis, near the head of the Gulf of  mills, manufactures of sacking, and considerable exports of
Nauplia, 5 miles S.S.E. of Argos.  Lat. 370 33' 36" N., Ion. agricultural produce by the Boyne.
22~ 48' E. Pop. estimated at from 12,000 to 15,000. It is    NAVARINO, nA-vl-ree/no, NAVARIN, nu-vl-reen/, or
enclosed by Venetian fortifications, with several batteries,  NEOCASTRO, nl-o-kls/tro, (modern Greek, Ncara-rpov, nland has two fortresses, one of which, on a precipitous rock, is oekls-tron,) a fortified seaport town of Greece, in the Morea, on
almost impregnable. The town, recently laid out in modern  a bay of the Mediterranean, 6 miles N. of Modon. It consists
European style, has a good main street, some squares, and  of about 200 well-built stone houses, and 100 wooden habitathe church where Cape d'Istria was assassinated in 1831S.  It  tions. Near it, on the N., are the ruins of Old Navarino, the
has a good roadstead, and at one time carried on an extensive  ancientPylos. The harbor, sheltered by the islandofSphagia,
traffic in silk, oil, wax,. wines, corn, cotton, and sponge, but  is a noble basin, famous in antiquity for a total defeat of the
its commerce has of late years very much declined.         Spartan by the Athenian navy, and in modern times for the
NAUPLIA or NAPOLI, GULF OF, (ane. Argoeicus Sithus), victory of the English, French, and Russian fleets over those
an inlet of the Egean Sea, Greece, between the two E. arms  of the Turks and Egyptians, October 20, 1827.
of the Morea.  Length 30 miles, breadth 20 miles at its    NAVARISNO, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.
entrance. It contains several small islands, the chief being    NAVARRE, na-var/, (Fr. pron. ngvaRn; Sp. Navarra,
Spezzia, at its mouth. It receives the Xeria River, on which  nl-va/nal,) a province of Spain, bounded N. by the MediArgos is situated.                                         terranean and France. Area 4069 square miles. Pop. in
NAUR, a town of Russia. See NAooR.                       1849, 280,000. It is traversed by the Pyrenees, which here
NAU'SETT/ BEACH, the E. side of Cape Cod, MIassachu- form several fine valleys. The summits of the mountains
setts. On it are three lighthouses, 150 feet apart, lat. 410  are in general rugged and bare; lower down, they are
51' 35" N., lon. 690 57 185" W.                            covered with wood, and afford excellent pasturage. The
NAUTA, now/ltI, a town of Ecuador, on the Amazon, a  grain and wine produced are insufficient for consumption.
little above the confluence of the Ucayale, aboutlat. 4 30l0 S., Chief rivers, the Ebro and Bidassoa. The greater portion
Son. 720 40' W. It was founded in 1830. Pop. about 5000.  of the population speak the Basque language. Navarre,
NAUTIHPOOR, nawt'h'poor/, a town of British India, pre- which was never completely subjugated to the Arabs,
sidency of Bengal, district and 42 miles N.N.W; of Purneah,  formed a distinct kingdom  at the end of the 9th century,
lat. 260 17' N., lon. 870 3' E.                            and was united to Aragon from 1076 to 1134. The kings of
NAUTRILLE, naw-trilll, a post-office of Bremer co., Iowa.'rance held it fora short time at the end of the 13th cenNAU'VO0O, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania.      tury. It was taken by Ferdinand the Catholic, in 1512,
NAUVOO CITY, of Hancock co., Illinois, on the Mlississippi and united to Spain. A small part of the country, called
River, near the head of the lower rapids, 52 miles above  Basse-Navarre, remained to Catharine of Navarre, and was
Quincy, and 220 miles above St. Louis. It was founded by  united to the crown of France in 1589. From that time till
the Mormons in 1840, and once contained from 15,000 to  the revolution of 1830, the kings of France took the title
18,000 inhabitants. The situation is one of the-most beau- of King of Navarre. It retains peculiar privileges, and in
tiful on the river. The ground rises gradually from the  the new division of the country (1833) it retained its ancient
water's edge to an unusual height, presenting a smooth and  boundaries. Capital, Pamplona.-Adj. and inhab. NAVAlregular surface, with a broad plain at the summit. Nauvoo   ESe, nI'var-reez/, (Sp. NAvARRo, un-vEJeno, or NAvnAoErs,
was laid out on an extensive plan. with broad rectangular  nI-van-lis/.)
streets.  The dwellings were mostly log cabins, or small    NAVARRE, BASSE, bhss nu'vaRo, was an ancient division
frame houses. The Mormon Temple, built of compact po- of France, in the old province of B~arn.
lished limestone, was 130 feet long by 88 feet wide, and was   NAVARRE, NEW, is a portion of the Mexican Confeder.
one of the most costly edifices in the West. In the basement acy, now comprised in the department of Sonora.
there was a baptistry, a large stone basin, supported by 12    NAVARRE, na-var/, a post-oflice of Stark co., Ohio.
colossal oxen. In October, 1848, this temple was fired by an    NAVARRE, a village in Des Moines co., Iowa, 55 mileo
incendiary, and reduced to ruins. About that time the  S.E. by S. of Iowa City.
Mormon population were expelled from the state by force of    NAVARPRENX, nmivaa'rSao/,   a fortified town of France,
arms, and emigrated to  ltab, leaving the greater part of  department of Basses-Pyrln6es, 20 miles W. of Pan. Po1l
their houses unoccupied. A company of French Socialists  in 1852, 1533.
1278




NAV                                                        NEA
NAVARRES, na-lAR-ls8,   a toe n of Spain, province and  intelligent, fond of amusements, desirous of pleasing, and
S.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1653.                             very hospitable. Their language is soft and smooth, and is
NAVAItRETE, n[-vrt-Rc/tA, a town of Spain, province the only one of the Polynesian dialects in which the sound
and 5 miles W. of Logroilo. Pop. 2015.                     of S is found. Nearly all the foreigners resident on these
NAVAR'RO, a counity of Texas, situated in the N.E. islands are subjects of Great Britain. The whole of the
central part of the state.  Area about 1400 square miles. population of Manua, and nearly all that of Tutuilla, have
Trinity River washes its N.E. border, and it is drained by  embraced Christianity. A few small vessels trade firom
the Pecan Creek. The county is partly occupied by fertile  Sydney, but the wants of the people are principally supplied
prairies, and is liberally supplied with fine timber. Organ- by American whalers, conveying to them  blue, white, and
ized in 1846, or since that time. Named in honor of Jos6  unbleached cotton, printed calicoes, hardware, muskets,
Antonio Navarro, a distinguished Mexican patriot. Capital, fowling-pieces, powder, shot, axes, &c.  The islands are
Corsicana. Pop. 3843; of whom  3455 were free, and 358  populous, but no estimate can be made of the number of
slaves.                                                    inhabitants. The Dutch and French contest the claim to
NAVARRO, a post-office of Leon co., Texas.               their discovery.
NAVAS-DE-JORQUERA, (or XORQUERA,) nAfv~s-dA-noR-   NAWADA, ng-wA/dA, a town of British India, presidency
klrd, a village of Spain, Murcia, province and 18 miles  of Bengal, district and 20 miles S. of Bahar.
from Albacete. Pop. 870.                                     NAWAURGUNGE, nA-war-gtinj1, a town of India, O0de
NAVAS DEL MADRONO, nJ/v~s d~l md-dr6nlyo, a town  dominions, 38 miles N.E. of Lucknow.
of Spain, province and 19 miles W.N.W. of Caceres. P. 3840.   NAWORTTIH (nawlworth) CASTLE, a township of England,
NAVAS DEL MARQUEZ, ntlv~s d~l mat-klthf, a town. co. of Cumberland. The castle, erected by the Dacre family,
of Spain, province and 24 miles E:S.E. of Avila. Pop. 3000. in the 14th century, on the edge of a precipice inaccessible
NAVAS DE SAN ANTONIO, nailvs dA sin An-tone-o, a  on three sides, is aseat of the Earl of Carlisle,'and one of
village of Spain, New Castile, province and 20 miles from  the finest border fortresses still in repair.
Segovia. Pop. 890.                                           NAXIOS or NAXIA, nx-eelf, (aneuc. Naxos,) an island of
NAVAS DE SAN JUAN, nd/vs dA sAn noo-Anf, (almost the Grecian Archipelago, the largest and most fertile of the
Hwln,) a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 35 miles Cyclades, in let. 370 N., ion. 250 31' E. Length 19 miles,
fromJaen. Pop. 1450.                                       breadth 15 miles.  Pop. 19,912.  Surface mountainous.
NAVAS DE TOLOSO, nA/vAs dA to-ionso, a small village of  Chief products, wine, fruits, olive oil, and cheese. The
Spain, Andalusia, province and 39 miles N. of Jaen. Here, island was formerly consecrated to Bacchus. In the 13th
in 1212, a victory was obtained by the King of Castile, Ara- century, it formed, with the neighboring islands, the
gon; and Navarre, over the Moors, who were commanded by  Venetian duchy of Naxos. It was taken by the Turks in
Mohamet Ibn Abdallah, King of Mprocco. The Spaniards the 15th century. It now forms a government of the king.
claim the whole merit of the victory, although they were  dom of Greece. Chief town, Naxia, (anc. Naxos,) with a port
assisted by 100,000 foreign crusaders, chiefly English and  on the N.W. coast; it is the see of a Greek andof a Roman
French. it is said that 200,000 of the infidels were slain, Catholic bishop. Pop. 2000.
and only 725 Christians.                                     NAXOS or NAXIA, a ruined city of Sicily, on the E. coast,
NAVAS FRIAS, ni/Yvs free/As, a town of Spain, Leon, pro. at the mouth of the Onobala.
vince and S.W. of Salamanca. Pop. 820.                       NAXUANA. See NAxuCHIVAN.
NAVASOITO, a small river of Texas, rises in Limestone    NAY, nA, a town of France, department of Basses-Pyrdcounty, and flowing southward, enters the Brazos at Wash- uses, on the Gave-de-Pan, 10 miles S.S.E. of Pan. Pop. in
ington, after forming the boundary between Robertson and  1852, 3278. It has manufactures of broadcloth, serge, drugBrazos counties on the W., and Leon and Grimes on the E.  gets, blankets, and hosiery, and tanneries.
NAVAZA, nl-v sa, a small island of the Caribbean Sea,   NAYE, ni/A, a village of West Africa, Bondoo, on the left
off the W. coast of Hayti, at the S.W. entrance of the Wind- jank of Fa1dmd; lat. 140 26' N., ion. 130 15' W.
ward Passage; lat. 180 25' N., Ion. 750 2' W.                NAYILAND, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
NAVE, nA/vA, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 5 miles N.E. Suffolk, on the navigable Stour, here crossed by a bridge, 14
of Brescia. Pop. 1500.                                     miles W.S.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1114.
NAVELLI, nA-vlllee, a village of Italy, Naples, province    NAY/LOR'S STORE, a post-village of St. Charles co., Mis.
of Abruzzo Ultra II., 19 miles S.E. of Aqcluila. Pop. 1200.   souri, 38 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis.
NAIVENBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             NAYNTIVOE, an island near Ceylon. See HAARLEFM.
NAVER, LOCHI, loK n/ver, a lake of Scotland, co. of Suth-   NAYOE or NAYOO, nl[oot, a group of four or five islands,
erland, near its centre. Length 6 miles, breadth 1 mile. On  Malay Archipelago, N. coast of Celebes, off the Bay of
a small island in the lake are the remains of a Pictish fort.  Menado.
NAVES, nAv, a village of France, department of Corrlze,   NAZIARETH, (Arab. En-N'sirah, 6n-nA-see/ra,) a small
3 miles N. of Tulle. Pop. 2170.                            town of Palestine, pashalic and 17 miles S.E. of Acre. EstiNAVESTOCK, nitvlstok, a parish of England, co. of Essex. mated population 3000, mostly Christians, but comprising
NAJVIA, n ve-A, a river of North Spain, rises in Galicia, 500 Turks. It stands on a declivity, and is generally well
province of Lugo, flows N.N.E. past a village of its own  built, with flat-roofed stone houses. Its principal edifice is
name, and after a course of 65 miles, enters the Bay of  the Latin Convent, with a richly decorated church, reputed
Biscay. It has an excelleht salmon fishery.               to be on the site rendered memorable as the scene of the
NAVIA, a town of Spain, on the river Navia, about a  Annunciation and the birth-place of Christ. The population
mile from its mouth. It has Roman antiquities. Pop. 1600. is mostly agricultural, but partly employed in weaving.
NAVIA DE SUARNA, nA/ve-A dit swalnA or soo-aafnl, a    NAZARETHI, nAzA'ritf, a market-town of Belgium, prosmall town of North Spain, province and 40 miles N.W. of  vince of East Flanders, 8 miles S.W. of Ghent, on the railOviedo, on the Navia. Pop. 1200.                           way to Brussels. Pop. 5343.
NAVIDADI, a small river of Texas, rises inFayette county,   NAZARETIHI, nA-sA'rtl,, a town of Brazil, province and on
and flows southward, until it falls into the Lavacca, a few  the left bank of the Jaguaripe, 40 miles from its mouth, in
miles S. of Texana.                                       the Atlantic. Pop. 2000.
NAV/IGATOR'S or SAMO/AN ISLANDS, a group in the    NAZ/ARETIH, a pleasant post-village of Northampton co.,
Pacific Ocean, N.E. of the Friendly Islands; lat. 13~ 30' to  Pennsylvania, 59 miles N. of Philadelphia, and about 9
140 30' S., lon. 1680 to 1730 W. They are eight in number-  miles N.W. of Easton. It contains a large church, and a
the principal being Savail, Upolu, Tuituilla, and  Ianua;  flourishing academy for boys, conducted by the Moravians.
area, 2650 square miles. They are of volcanic formation, This village was first begun by the celebrated George
having coral reefs, within which their harbors are usually  Whitefield, in 1739. He commenced a building, yet standsituated.  The climate is variable; during the winter ing, which he intended as a school for African children;
months, long and heavy rains, attended, at times, with high  but before it was finished, he disposed of it to Count Zinwvinds and northerly gales, are frequent. The soil of all the  zendorf, a Moravian, who completed the edifice. Pop. in
islands is rich, and is chiefly formed of decomposed volcanic 1850, 408.
rocks, yielding bread-fruit, of which there are here twenty    NAZE, (nAzeh,) THE, a cape, forming the S. extremity
varieties, bananas, taro, paper-mulberry, tacca, from which  of Norway, on the North Sea, near the entrance of the Skaarrow-root is made; sugar-cane, coffee, sweet potato, pine- ger-rack. Lat. 570 57' N., ion. 70 2' E.
apple, yams, papaya, and tobacco. Tree-ferns, banyan trees,   NAZE, THE, a headland of England, forming the E. expandanus, several species of palms, the cocoa-nut, and the  tremity of the co. of Suffolk, 5 miles S. of Harwich.
wild orange, are also found in greater or less abundance.   NAZE, TuHE, a headland, Senegambia, 36 miles S.E. of
Ratans, 90 feet in length, may be seen running over the  Cape Verd.
trees; bamboos, wild sugar-cane, wild ginger, and wild nut-    NiDIANGUI, n'de-ang/ghee', written also GUIANGUE (?)
meg also abound. There are no native quadrupeds on the  a village of West Africa, WVallo country, on the left bank
islands, but swine, cattle, and horses, have been introduced, of the Senegal. Lat. 160 25' N., lon. 15~ 50' W. This rapidly
and are rapidly increasing. Poultry is plentiful. Fish are rising village was formerly the capital of Wallo.
taken in great abundance. In personal appearance, the men    NE, nt, (L. Nea,) a village of the Sardinian States, division
of the Samoan group are in general superior to the women, of Genoa, province and about 8 miles from Chiavari, on the
there being among the former many specimens of manly  Graveglia. Pop. 3563.
beauty, while the latter are rather ill-formed and stout,   NEABS/CO MILLS, a post-office of Prince William  co.,
though, when very young, they are both lively and pretty. Virginia.
In  disposition, the Samoans are kind,'good-humored,1   NEAFU, nAl-Afoo/, a village on the island of Vavao, one
1279




NEA                                                         NEB
ao the Friendly Islands, about lat. 190 4' S., ion. 1740  be found in the south-east portion of Nebraska. The lime30, W.                                                      stone formation of Missouri and Iowa extends over the first
NEAGH, LOUGIHI, 1r nA, a lake of Ireland, province of  district of Nebraska, described in the passage just quoted.
Ulster, on the S.W. border of the co. of Antrim. Length 17  Beyond that district the formation is sandstone, and rocks
miles, breadth 10 miles.  Area 153 square miles. Mean  of the diluvian period-the former S. and W. of the Missouri,
depth 40 feet. Besides minorstreams, it receives the Upper chiefly, and the latter N. of it. Coal has been seen cropping
Bann and Blackwater from  the S., and discharges its sur- out in various places along the Nebraska River, in the S.W.
plus waters on the N. by the Lower Bann, into the Atlantic  part of the territory, by Fremont, and other travellers.
Ocean.                                                        The first district is the only really good agricultural region
NEAL DOW, neel dbw, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia.   at present. It is a rich loam, finely timbered and watered.
NPANT, nUPrsNG, a village of France, department of Mor- The second is strictly pastoral. The third has soil, but is
bihan, 7 miles N.E. of Plodrmel. Pop. 1647.                 destitute of timber, and very sparsely supplied with springs.
NEAPOLIS, North Africa. See NABAL.                        The fourth also has soil, but has the same drawbacks. The
NEAPOLIS, Syria. See NABLoos.                             fifth, as already stated, is one of the finest regions on the
NEAPOLIS, Italy. See NAPLES.                              globe in the same latitude.
NEAPOLIS, island of Sardinia. See ORISTANO.                 Rivers.-This extensive tract is traversed by the Missouri,
NEAPOLIS, Asia Minor. See ScALA NovA.                     one of the most important rivers on the globe, which takes
NEATESHEAD, neetsfhid, a parish of England, co. of  its rise on the western border of Nebraska, among the decliNorfolk.                                                    vities of the Rocky Mountains, runs N.E. for about 1000
NEATH, neeth, (anc. Nidum?) a parliamentary and muni- miles, to 480 20' N. lat.; receiving a large number of affluents
cipal borough, river-port, market-town, and parish of South  from the N., and the Yellowstone, nearly 1000 miles long,
WVales, co. of Glamorgan, 7 miles N.E. of Swansea, on the  with a multitude of sub-tributaries from  the S.; —then
navigable river Neath, here crossed by a bridge. Pop. of  turning to the S.E., pursues its course for 1800 miles furparliamentary borough, in 1851, 5841. It has a town-hall,  thor, having its flood of waters swelled by the influx of a
a. union workhouse, extensive copper and iron foundries, constant succession of streams, among which the principal
and collieries, the produce of which, as well as the mining  are in the order named-the Little Missouri, the Mankizilah
produce brought from the interior by canal, is largely ex- or Lower WAhite Earth, the Niobrarah and its affluent the
ported. The borough unites with Swansea, &c., in sending  Kehah Paha, and the Nebraska or Platte River, all within
one member to the House of Commons. Near it are the  the territory. The most important of the N. tributaries,
remains of Neath Castle and Abbey, both erected in the  beginning at the W., are the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson
12th century.                                               Rivers (whose confluence forms the main stream), followed
NEATI, ariver of South Wales, rises near Ystradfellte, by the Dearborn, Maria's, Milk, Upper White Earth, and
and after a S.S.W. course of 20 miles, enters the Bristol numerous small streams. The Platte or Nebraska, which
Channel, 2. miles S. of Neath, to which it is navigable from  gives name to the territory, rises in two branches, one in the
the sea for vessels of 300 or 400 tons. Throughout most of WV. of Kanzas, and the other in the S.W. part of Nebraska, and
its length it is accompanied by the Neath Canal.           flows E. for about 1200 miles through the S. part of this region.
NEATSVILLE, neetslvil, a post-village of Adair co., Ken- The Big Horn and Tongue Rivers are theprincipal tributaries
tucky, on Green River. It has 4 stores, a grist-mill, and a  of the Yellowstone. The Missouri is navigable to the Great
carding-machine.                                            Falls, about 3830 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and Col.
NIniAU, a town of Prussia. See EUPEN.                    Stevens is of opinion it might be navigated by small steamNEAVES, neevs, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop 645. boats 200 or 300 miles above the Falls. The Yellowstone
NEIBO, a post-office of Hopkins co., Kentucky.           has been navigated for 80 miles by steamboats, and it may
NEBO, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio.              be ascended 200 or 300 farther by fiat-boats. The El Paso
NEBRA, nAlbrt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 19 miles steamer ascended the Nebraska in the spring of 1853, to the
W.S.W. of'Merseburg, on the Unstrut. Pop. 1746.            distance of400 or 500 miles, but this river can only be naviNEBRASIKA,.a territory of the United States, lying be- gated at the highest water, and even then the navigation is
tween 400 and 490 N. lat., and between 950 and 1130 W. difficult. As its name imports, it is broad and shallow, and
Ion. Length, from S. to N., 625 miles; greatest length, from  during the dry season is, in parts, only a series of pools.
S.E. to N.W., about 1000 miles; greatest breadth, from E. The spring freshets in the Missouri usually occur about the
to W., above 600 miles. It covers an area of about 335,882 1st of June.
square miles, or land enough to form  six such states as   Objects of Interest to Tous-ists.-The Great Falls of the MLisIllinois. This vast tract is bounded on the N. by British souri, and the gorge above, enclosed with perpendicularrocks
America, E. by Minnesota territory and the states of Iowa 1200 feet high, may claim the first place among the striking
and Missouri, (from which it is separated by the Missouri natural objects of this territory., The Falls extend through
and White Earth Rivers,) S. by Kanzas territory, and W. by a space of many miles, and vary in height from 19 to 87 feet,
Utah, Oregon, and Washington territories, from which it is the height of the Great Fall. Near 420 N. lat. and 1030 W.
separated by the Rocky Mountains.                          ion., on the head waters of Lower White Earth River or
Face of the Cobuntry.-The greater part of this territory, Mankizilah, and between Fort Laramie and the Missouri,
as far as is known, seems to consist of a high prairie land. is a remarkable tract or valley, about 30 miles wide, and
A chain of highlands, called the Black Hills, runs from near perhaps SO or 90 long, called  saucvaises  Terres, or "bad
the Platte River, in a N.E. direction, to the Missouri River, lands," from its thin, sterile soil, which is covered with only
which they approach in about 1020 WV. ion., dividing the a very scanty growth of grass. The appearance of this
waters running into the Yellowstone from  those flowing region presents a most striking contrast to that of the adjainto the Missouri, below its great south-eastern bend. On the cent country. "From the uniform, monotonous, and open
WV., the Rocky Mountains rear their lofty summits, in some prairies, the traveller suddenly descends 100 or 200 feet into
instances above the snow-line, and send out spurs into Ne- a valley that looks as if it had sunk away from the surroundbraska. Fremont's Peak, the loftiest known summit in this ing world, leaving standing all over it thousands of abrupt
chain, in the United States, on the WV. border of this territory, irregular prismatic and columnar masses, frequently capped
is 13,570 feet in height, and Long's Peak, at the S.W. extre-!with irregular pyramids, and stretching up to a height of
mity, about 12,000 feet.  A recent authority, writing on from 100 to 200 feet or more. So thickly are these natural
the spot, thus speaks of Nebraska: " The soil, for a space towers studded over the surface of this extraordinary region,
varying from 50 to 100 miles W. of the Missouri River, is that the traveller threads his way through deep, confined,
nearly identical with that of Missouri and Iowa. The high- labyrinthine  passages, not unlike the nanrrow  irregular
lands are open prairie grounds, covered with grasses; the streets and lanes of some quaint old town of the European
river bottom a deep, rich loam, shaded by dense forest trees. continent. One might almost imagine oneself approaching
From this district to about the mouth of the Running Wa- some magnificent city of the dead, where the labor and
ter River is one boundless expanse of rolling prairie, so genius of forgotten nations had left behind them the monulargely intermingled with sand as to be unfit for agricul- ments of their art and skill."  In one sense, this region is
ture, but carpeted with succulent grasses. A third district, truly a great "city of the dead," as it contains, in the most
extending in a belt many miles E. and W. of the Mandan extraordinary profusion, the fossil skeletons of various
Village, on the most N. bend of the Missouri, and south- tribes of animals now extinct, particularly of the Pachydclerward across the S. boundary of the territory, is a formation m ata.  Among others, there was found a nearly entire
of marl and earthy limestone, which cannot be otherwise skeleton of the Palceother'ium, eighteen feet in length   Unthan very productive. A fourth district, lying N. of the happily its substance was too filagile to admit of removal
Missouri River, is a succession of undulating plains, fertile, Fremonts Peak, 13,579 feet high, and Long's Peak, 12,000
but rather dry, and covered with a thick sward of grass, on  feet high, both already referred to, lie in the W. and S.W.
which feed innumerable herds of bison, elk, and deer. A  part of the territory, the former immediately on the boundfifth district is at the base of the Black Hills, extending from  ary of Oregon. The bluffs, which often recede for several
thence to the Rocky Mountains, and including the valleys miles from the rivers, firequently rise from 50 to 500 feet
of the Yellowstone, Maria's, and other smaller rivers. The above the bottom-lands, and present the appearance of castles,
valley of the Yellowstone is spacious, fertile, and salubrious. towers, domes, ramparts, terraces, &c. In the third district
The streams are fringed with trees, from whence the valley  described above, elevations "called buttes by the Canadian
expands many miles to the mountains. This region is one  French and cerros by the Spaniards, are profusely scattered.
of the finest on the globe."  Coal has been found in the  Here and there the traveller finds surfaces varying in dinnosrth-western counties of Missouri, and it is probable may  meter from 100 feet to a mile, elevated from 15 to 50 feet
1280




NEB                                                          NE C
above the surrounding surface. They are not hills or knobs, ITndians. Black Feet, Missonrees, and a colony of flalf
the sides of which are more or less steep and covered with  Breeds —the last between the Great and Little Nemaha
grass. Their sides are nearly perpendicular, their surfaces  tivers, in the S.E. corner of the territory. Of these the
fiat, and often covered with mountain cherries and other  Black Feet, a numerous and warlike tribe, roam over the
shrubs. They have the appearance of having been suddenly  whole eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, N. of the Neelevated above the surrounding surface by some specific  braska River, and even into British America. The Dacotab
~~~~~~~~cause."                             usor Sioux tribes roam  over the northern and western part
Climate.-Tn a region extending through 90 of latitude  of Nebraska, and are divided into the Pruelle, Yaneton.
and 180 of longitude there must necessarily be considerable  Two-Kettle, Black-Feet-Sioux, Ouk-pa-pas, Sans-Arcs, and
variation in temperature and climate. Though the climate  Minnie. The Crow Indians or Ups-arokas, are on the waters
of Nebraska has not been accurately ascertained, enough is  of the Yellowstone. The Puncahs, Omahas, and Ottoesknown, however, for practicl purposes. In Eastern Ne- all speaking a dialect of the Dacotahs or Sioux-are in the
braska vegetation is some weeks later than in Iowa, and in  S.E. part of the territory, near the Missouri River. The
the vicinity of the mountains some weeks later still. From   Missourees have joined with the Ottoes.  West of the
the city of St. Louis, travelling either northward or west- latter tribes, and N. of the Nebraska and W. of the Misward, the climate becomes colder about in the same degree  souri, are the Pawnees, a numerous tribe.  The total
-the difference of elevation travelling wvest being about population of the Missouri Valley, in 1853, was estimated
equivalent in its effects to the difference of latitude travel-  by the Indian Department at 43,430. Settlements are now
ing north. Snow falls at the foot of the mountains about making in Nebraska at Old Fort Kearney, and some other
the Ist of September, and at Council Bluffs about the 1st points S. of the Platte, and at Belleview, Omaha City, and
of November. These may be regarded as the extremes.        Fort Calhoun on the N.; also, at the crossings of Elk Horn,
Soil and Himber.-We will briefly recapitulate the best Loup Fork, and Wood Rivers, on the California Road, N. of
soils as far as ascertained. Near the S.E. extremity the soil the Platte.  Omaha City is the capital.
is often 14 feet deep. The valleys of the Yellowstone and    History.-The valley of the Missouri was first visited l'y
its tributaries are represented as the garden of Nebraska. Father Marquette, in the last half of the 17th century. La
For about 250 miles W. of the Missouri River, says Hale, Salle followed him  in 1681-2. Nebraska formed a part of
the prairie through which the Nebraska passes is very rich  the great grant of the Mississippi Valley to Crozar, in 1712;
and admirably adapted to cultivation; and the whole "di- and was the object of Law's celebrated Mississippi Scheme.
vide" for the distance named, between the Kanzas and  This territory came into possession of the. United States in
Nebraska, is a soil easy to till and yielding heavy crops. 1803, as a part of the Louisiana purchase, and successively
Much of the prairie re-ion, where untillable, is yet covered  formed parts of that and the Missouri and Indian territowith rich pastures. Deficiency of timber is the great want ries. In 1804-5 an expedition, commanded by Lewis and
of Nebraska; yet there are many well-timbered districts. Clark, under the direction of the United States governThere sare dense forests ofcottonwood, on the Missouri bot- ment, ascended the Missouri River, wintered at Fort Mantoms, from the mouth of the Nebraska to Minnesota, and  dan, and the next spring crossed the Rocky Mountains to
on the bluffs and highlands bordering the Missouri River, the present territory of Oregon, and are believed to have
large tracts of timber, besides countless groves of oak, been the first explorers of the interior and western parts of
black walnut, lime, slippery elm, ash, &c. The Nebraska  Nebraska. In May, 1854, the Congress of the United States
Valley is stated to be densely wooded for many miles  erected this region into a separate territory, reserving howon each side, to a distance  of more than 100 miles above  ever the right to subdivide it.
its mouth, and the valleys of the rivers and streams be-   NEBRASIKA, a post-office of Crawford co., Iowa.
tween it and the Lower White Earth as sufficiently well   NEBRASKA, a small village of Potawatamie co., Iowa.
timbered for dense settlement. The space between the    NEBRASKA, a river of North America.  See PLATTE.
Yellowstone and Missouri is also said to be well wooded.   NEBRASKA CENTRE, a post-office of Nebraska territory.
Fir, pine, spruce, and cedar are found in the region of the    NEBRISSA.  See LEBRIJA.
Black Ilills and Rocky Mountains, and may, at a future    NECAiDA RIVER, a small river of Adams co., Wisconsin,
day, furnish lumber to the eastern portion of the tersitory, enters the Yellow River.
by floating it down the great rivers Yellowstone, Missouri,   NECESSIDADES, nA-sls-se-d.11dis, or SANTO ANTONIO,
and Nebraska.                                              sin/to'n-tofne-o, a village of Brazil, province of Santa CaAnimals.-This country is the paradise of the hunter and  tharina, 6 miles N. of Desterro. Pop. 300.
trapper. Vast herds of buffalo roam over its prairies, though    NECHANITZ, nhK/l-nits', or NEU-NECHANITZ, a marnow rapidly diminishing in numbers.  Lewis and Clark  ket-town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 9 miles W.N.W. of
have stated. that at times the Missouri was backed up as Kiiniggrtz. Pop. 1054.
by a dam, by the multitude of these animals crossing. The    NECIHARA, nA-chlrA, a large village of Beloochistan,
grizzly bear, Rocky Mountain goat, sheep, and astelope  province and 16 miles S.E. of IKelat.
infest the slopes of the Rocky Mountains; and the beaver    NECTES, nltchliz, a small river of Texas, rises in Van
in former times existed in great numbers, though the trap- Zandt county, and empties itself into Sabine Lake, near the
pers are now fast thinning them out.. Otters also are found. S.E. extremity of the state. Its general course is S.S.E.
Panthers were met withl by Lewis and Clark and others; During high water boats can ascend it more than 100 miles.
also black bears, deer, elics, and wolves.                   NECIHOW, nth'chbwl, a town of China, province of CheCommerce. -The fur and peltry trade constitutes the com- kiang, on tise main road between  IHoei-choo and Ning-po.
merce of this vast region.  Steamboats ascend the Missouri Pop. fron 20,000 to 30,000.
above the mouth of the Yellowstone, and up the latter    NECKALOFA, nlk-ka-lolff, or NIUKALOFA, ne-oo-ka.
~~river 300 miles.                          Is/flotfl, a town on the island of Tonga, one of the Friendly
iForts and Stations. —The principal forts are Fort Kearney, Islands. The houses are of an oval form, and have large
on the Nebrasica River, in about 400 35' N. lat., and 980 59, pillars supporting, a roof also oval. The most conspicuous
W. ion.; Fort Laramie, on a tributary of the Nebraska, objects are two churches, under the direction of Wesleyan
(bearing its own name,) in about 420 10' N. let., and 1040  missionaries, who have long had a station here.  Pop.
30' W. ion.; Fort St. Vrain, on the South Fork of the Ne- 2000.
braska, in about 400 20' N. let., and 1040 50' W. ion.; Fort   NECKAR,  klkkar or NECKER, n8k/ker, (ans. Niccs,) a
Benton, at or near the junction of the Maria's River with  river of Germany, rises in the mountains of the Schwarzthe Missouri, in about 470 30' N. lat., and 1090 30' W. ion.;  wald, (Wiirtemberg.) on the frontiers of Baden, flows geneFort Union, at the junction of the Yellowstone and Mis- rally N. and W. to Mannheim, where it joins the Rhine on
souri, in about 480 N. lat., and 104 V W. ion.; Forts Mandan  the right. Length 210 miles. It is shallow, and difficult
and Clark, on opposite sides of the Missouri, in about 470  of navigation.  Chief affluent, the Jaxt, on the right.
30' N. lat., and 1010 W. ion.; Fort Pierre, on the Missouri,   NECKARAU, ndkfkA-r6w, a village of Baden, circle of the
in about 440 30' N. lat., and 1000 30' V. ion.; and Forte  Lower Rhine, on an island in the Rhine, near the confluence
Manuel, Berthold, and Alexander, all on the Yellowstone. of the Neckar, 2' miles S. of Mannheim. Pop. 1631.
Lewis and Clark passed the winter of 1805 at Fort Mandan,    NECKAR-GEMUND. (Neckar-Gemiind,) nkllkC.r ghehsince which time it has not been occupied. Amon- the  mint', a town of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, at the
prominent stations are Bellevue, on the Missouri. 9 miles confluence of the Elsenz with the Neckar, 17 miles E.S.E.
above the mouth of the Nebsaska, here is an Indian agency  of Mannheim.  Pop. 2159.
and school among the Ottoes and Omahas; Nebraska DepOt,   NECKARREMS, nikfkac-Ralss, a -illage of Wirtemberg,
a ferry 3 miles below the river of that name; Nebraska  8 miles N.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 813.
Centre Post-office, a little below Fort Kearney, and Table    NECKAR-STEINACIT, nrklkar stt/n'is, a walled town of
Creek Post-office, at old Fort Kearney, 30 miles below the  the grand-duchy of Ilesse-Darmiistadt, province of Starkenmouth of the Nebraska River; Omaha City, the capital. and burg, 6 miles E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1521.
Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, the site of Old Fort Calhoun,   NECKARSULM, n6ktkar-s6Olm', a town of Wilrtemberg.
25 miles above Kanesville, Iowa.                           circle of Neckar, at the confluence of the Sulm  with the
Popldation. —The population is almost wholly composed  Neckar, 30 miles N. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2402. It has a casof the aborigines, though emigration has already begun to  tle, and manufactures of leather and tobacco.
flow in rapidly since the organization of the territory, in    NECKARTENZLINGEN, nlk/kar-tlnt-sling'en, a village
May, 1854. The principal tribes of Indlians are the Man- of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald, on the Erins, near
dans, Minetarees, Crows, Ottoes, Omahas, Puncahs, Paw- Niirtingen.  Pop. 1018.
nees, Ricarees or Arricarees, Gross Ventres, Fall or Rapid    NECKARTHIAILFINGEN, nbkfkaat-hHfflng-.en. a village
4.                                         1281




NEC                                                       NEIH
of Wirtemberg, 4 miles S.W. of Niirtingen, on the left bank  Wisconsin. on the Fox or Neenab River, at the foot of Lake
of the Neckar. Pop. 1060.                                  Winnebago, 36 miles S.W. of Green Bay. The river affords
NECIKER, n~k/ker, an island in the Pacific, lat. 230 34' N., good water-power. The village contains 3 fiouring-mills, and
Ion. 1640 371 W., a mere rock, about 500 yards long, and 360  a sash and blind factory.
feet high. It was discovered by La Pgrouse, Nov. 1, 1786,   NEENAH RIVER, Wisconsin. See Fox RivER.
and was covered with guano.                                  NEEN SAVIAGE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
NECKER, a river of Germany. See NECKAR.                    NEEN SOLILARS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
NECOS!TA, a new county in the W. central part of Michi-   NEEN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
gan, has an area of 840 square miles. It is intersected in the    NEEPATOOR, neepl-toor/, a town of British India, presiN.W. by the Maskego River, by whose tributaries, together dency of Madras, on the Punnair, 86 miles N.W. of Pondiwith the head waters of Chippewa River, it is principally  cherry.
drained.  This county is not included in the census of 1850.   NEER, naiR, a village of the Netherlands, province of LimNECOTI, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.                 burg, on the Mense, 4 miles N. of Roermond. Pop. 1455.
NEC/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              NEER'G00OOND, a strong hill-fort of British India, presiNEDDAMUNGALUM, ncl-dA-mrn-g&-lIsm1, a town  of  dency of Bombay, district and 35 miles E.N.E. of Darwar.
Briti.* India, province of Madras, district and 22 miles S.W.   NEERHEYLISSEM, naiRhilis-sem, a village of Belgium,
of Tanjore, and having several Hindoo temples.             South Brabant, 31 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1314.
NEDDE, nldd, a villa,,e of France, department of Haute-   NEERLINTER, naiatlinR   r, a village of Belgium, province
Vienne, 28 miles E.S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1640.             of South Brabant, 30 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1858.
NEDENAES or NEDENES, nA/deh-nasw, an amt or baili-   NEERMUL, neer'mbl, a town of British India, in the
wick df Norway, having S.E. the Skager-rack. Area, 4650 Deccan, dominions and 120 miles N. of Hyderabad.
square miles. Pop. 53,932. Chief towns, Arendal, Grimstad,   NEEROETEREN, nAroo/teh-r~n, a village of Belgium,
and Lillesand.                                             province of Limburg, on the canal from Maestricht to BoisNEDERBRAKEL, nAlder-br~'kel, a town of Belgium, pro- le-Duc, 60 miles N.E. of Hasselt. Pop' 1275.
vince of East Flanders, 17 miles S.S.E. of Ghent.  Pop.   NEERPELT, nair/lp~lt, a village of Belgium, province of
3807.                                                      Limburg, on the Dommel, 55 miles N. of Hasselt. Pop. 1150.
NEDERHASSELT, nAfder-hOsselt, a village of Belgium,   NEERSVILLE, a post-office of London co., Virginia.
province of East Flanders, on the Molenbeek, 22 miles S.S.E.   NEERWINDEN, naifdrin'den, or NEERWINDE, naiolo
of Ghent. Pop. 1517.                                       win'deh, a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 2 miles N.W.
NEDEIRLANDEN.  See NETIERLANDS.                          of Landen, memorable for the victory of the Marechal de
NEDERWEERT, nlfder-~aiRt', a village of Holland, pro- Luxembourg over the army of William III. of England, 29th
vince of Limburg, 12 miles W.N.W. of Roermond. Pop. 540. July, 1693, and for the defeat of the French under Dumouriez,
NEDGIING, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           by the Austrians, 18th March, 1793.
NEDJED, nld/j d, or NEJD, n~j'd, (i. e. "elevated    NEERYSSCHE, n'rls/Kceh, a village of Belgium, province
country,") the general name applied to the central portion  of Brabant, 6 miles S.W. of Louvain. Pop. 1225.
of the Arabian peninsula. Some Arab writers use the name    NEETUM. See NoTo.
in an abstract sense, and speak of the Nedjed-el-Hejdz or    NEF/ERN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
the Nedjed-el-Yemen, that is to say, the inland and elevated    NEFFS/VILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylregion of Hejez or Yemen; but ordinarily the word Nedjed  vania, 41 miles N. of Lancaster.
is employed without an expletive, to signify the country in    NEFT, nlft, or NEFTA, nlf/ti, a town of North Africa.
the interior, enclosed by Itejdz, Yemen, Iladramaut, Om.in, dominions of Tunis, on the WV. side of the lake Sibkah, (or
Lahsa, and the Syrian Desert. A great part of-its surface  Lowdeab,) 20 miles S.S.W. of Tozer; lat. 340 12' N., lon. 70
is sandy desert, interspersed with fertile spots. The hills  55' E.
are generally wooded, but its characteristics are very little    NEFTENBACH, n~fften-bAKo, a village of Switzerland,
known. It furnishes dromedaries and horses of an excellent canton and N.N.E. of Zurich, on the Tiss. Pop. 1452.
breed. The Wahabees, who had subjugated all the tribes of    NEFYN, a town of Wales. See  EVIN.
the Nedjed, were vanquished by the troops of the Viceroy    NIEGAPATAI, n8g',.-pa-tlm!, a decayed maritime town
of Egypt, but he has not been able to maintain his power in  of India, presidency of Madras, district and 48 miles E.S.E.
the country.                                               of Tanjore, on the Coromandel Coast. - It was formerly the
NEDRIGAILOV or NEDRIGAILOW, nA-dre-ghi-lovf, a  capital of the Dutch possessions in India, but taken by the
town of Russia, government and 100 miles W.N.W. of Khar-  British in 1781.
kov, on the Soola. Pop. 3800.                                NEGOMtBO0, a town of Ceylon, on its W. coast, 18 miles
NED'S POINT, the E. side of Mattapoise Harbor, Buz-  N. of Colombo. Its vicinity produces large quantities of
zard's Bay, Massachusetts. It contains a fixed light, 40 feet rice, with pepper, cocoa-nuts, hetel, and coffee.
itbove the level of the sea.                                 NEG'OWACI, an Indian village of New Brunswick, co. or
NEDOONTIVOE, an island near Ceylon. See DELrT.           Northumberland, at the N. side of the entrance to MiramiNEEDE, nAdeh, a village of the Netherlands, province of  chi Bay.
Gelderland, 18 miles E. of Zutphen. Pop. 2612.               NEGRAIS, neg'ricH, an island and harbor, Burmese doNEEDBIFIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         minions, kingdom of Pegu, at the mouth of the Bassain
NEED/SIAM MAR/KET, a small market-town and chapelry  River, an arm of the Irrawaddy.
of England, co. of Suffolk, with a station on the East Union    NEGRAR, nA-grar/, a town and parish of Austrian Italy,
Railway, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1353.             province and N. of Verona. Pop. 3475.
NEEDIHAM, a post-township in Norfolk co., Massachu-   NEGREPELISSE, nAgreh-peh-leest, a town of France, desetts, 14 miles W.S.W. of Boston, intersected by the Boston  partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Aveyron, 8 miles
and Worcester Railroad. It has manufactures of boots and E.N.E. of Montauban.  Pop. 1224. It has never recovered
shoes, hats, cotton, &c. Pop. 1944.                       its all but entire destruction by Louis XIII., in consequence
NEEDLES, (neefdl'z,) THE, a cluster of three pointed rocks of the firm adherence of its inhabitants to Protestantism.
in the English Channel, W. of the Isle of Wight. The   NEGRIL, ne-gril, NORTH and SOUTLI, two headlands
NEEDLES LinGHT, on the W. extremity of the Isle of Wight, is of Jamaica, 8 miles apart; the latter, in lat. 180 16' N., ion.
in lat. 500 39' 54" N., lon. 10 34 NV. Elevation, 469 feet.    780 22' W., forms the W. extremity of the island.
NEEDIIWOOD, an ancient royal forest of England, co. of   NEGRO, a river of Naples. See CALORE.
Stafford. It presents some fine remains of forest scenery.   NEGRO FOOT, a post-office of Hanover co., Virginia.
NEEILEY'S LANDING, a small village of Cape Girardeau    NEGROPONT.  See EvsB(EA and CnALCIs.
co., Missouri.                                               NEGRO, RIO, a river of South America.  See Rco NEGRO.
NEELGHERRY, mountains of India. See NEILGHERRv.            NEGROS, nAgroce, one of the Philippine Islands, Malay
NEL'S CREEK, a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana.    Archipelago, separated by narrow channels from Panay on
NEELUNG, NILUNG or NILUN, neelItLng or nee'loong!, the N.W. and Zebu on the S.E., and extending from  lat.
a village of Thibet, in lat. 310 6' N., lon. 780 59' E., 11,127 90 3' to 100 58' N., ion. 1220 28' to 1230 29' E.; length 130
feet above the sea.                                        miles, average breadth 25 miles.
NEEILYSVILLE, a post-office of Morgan co.. Ohio.           NEGYED, nld'yid/, a village of Hungary, county and 30
NEEMAHEIRA, nee-mg-hlrA, a town of Hindostan, Raj- miles from Neutra, on the Waag. Pop. 3226.
pootana, 20 miles S. of Chittore; lat. 240 38' N., Ion. 740 50' E.   NEIt, nih, a town of Persia, province and 175 miles E.N.E.
NEEMBUCU, Mi-6m-boo-kool, or PILAR, pe-laro, a port of Yezd.
of entry, military depOt, and the principal port of Paraguay,   NEIlAVEND. n1h h-vindf, or NEHAWUND, nA'h,1-w4indl,
in a marshy tract on the Parana, 170 miles (or about 220 by  a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 50 miles S. of
water) W.S.W. of Asuncion.                                 Hamadan. Here the Arabs obtained a memorable victory
NEEMLA, neem/l1, NIMBA, oimlbm, a town of Afghan- over the Persians, A. D. 638.
istan, 5 miles E. of Gundamuck; lat. 340 18' N., hon. 700 8'   NEHEIM, nA/hime, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 6
E. Here, in 1809, Shah Soojab was defeated and expelled  miles N.W. of Arnsberg, at the confluence of the Wlhne
friom Cabeol by the troops of Futteh Khan.                and Ruhr. Pop. 1970.
NEEIRA, a village of Sinde, 44 miles N. of Larkhana.     N]IIHOU, nAhooe, a village of France, department of
NESIUCUTCH, nee'mtich/, a town of IHindostan, Rajpoo-  Manche, 6 miles S.W. of Valognes. Pop. 2000, chiefly emtana, 36 miles S.E. of Chittoor; lat. 240 27' N., lon. 750 E. ployed in manufacturing coarse earthenwares.
It has a good bazaar, N.W. of which is a British cantonment.   NEHREN, nAlren, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of
NEE!NAH, a flourishing post-village of  Winnebago co., Schwarzwald, near Titbingen. Pop. 400.
1282




NEII                                                      NEN
NEIRUNG, (FmIsCHE  and CURISCHE.) See FRISCHE-HAFF  area estimated at 300 square miles. It is drained by the
and CURISCuE-JJAFr.                                       Rolling Fork and Beech Fork of Salt River, and by PottinN EIBSIIEIM, nibsthime, a village of Baden, circle of Mid- ger's Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil in general
Ile Rhine, bailiwick of Bretten. Pop. 1213.               is excellent. Blue limestone underlies a portion of the surNEIDENBURG, nYden-b66da', a town of East Prussia, 24 face, affording a good material for building. The county is
miles S. of Kbuigsberg. Pop. 2742. It is enclosed by walls, intersected by the Louisville and Nashville Turnpike, and
and has manufactures of woollens and leather.             by the Louisville and Chattanooga Railroad, now in proNEIGHIBORVILLE, n/lbor-vii,  a post-office of Morris co., gress of construction. Formed in 1781. Capital, Bardstown.
New Jersey.                                               Pop. 14,789, of whom 9659 were free, and 5130 slaves.:
NEILGHERRY, or NEELGIIERRY (neel'gh~rfree) MOUN-   NELSON, a post-township in Cheshire co., New Hampshire,
TAINS, called also the NEILGHER/RIES, a mountain  40 miles SW. of Concord. Pop. 750.
range of Southern India, presidency of Madras, at the june-   NELSON, a post-village and township of lMadison co.,
tion of the E. and W. Ghauts, where they occupy an area of New York, about 25 miles S.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 1965.
about 700 square miles, situated in the district and N.W.,of   NELSON, a post-office of Tioga co.. Pennsylvania.
Coimbatoor, having on the S. the remarkable Paulghautch-   NELSON, a post-township forming the N. extremity of
erry Pass. Elevation of highest peak, 8800 feet; several Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 1398.
others rise to between 5000 and 6000 feet. Among these    NELSON, a river-port of New Brunswick, co. of Northumhills are the stations of Ootacamund, Kotagherry, Dimhutty, berland, on the right bank of the Miramichi, about 20 miles
and Coonoor, resorted to by Europeans on account of the emi- from its entrance into Miramichi Bay, and 130 miles N.N.E.
nent salubrity of their climate. See MAHABLESUWUR HILLS.  of St. John's.
NEILL'S (neelz) CREEK, a post-office of Cumberland co.,   NELPSON, an island of Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean,
North Carolina.                                           lat. 50 40' 30" S., lon. 720 22' E.
NEILS'TON, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ren-   NELSON, a port on the N.W. coast of Australia, between
frew, 5 miles S. of Paisley. Pop. of the village in 1851, 2075. Brunswick Bay and Prince RIlegent River; lat. 150 6' S., ion.
NEIRAI or NAIRAI, nI/rI, written also NIRIE, an island  1250 4' E.
of the South Pacific, Feejee group, S. of Goro. At ~ene-   NELSON, a district of West Australia, lat. 340 S., ion.
mote, on the W. side, there is a harbor and anchorage in  1160 E., having N. Wellington district.
15 fathoms, about one-half a mile from the shore.           NELSON, a settlement of New Zealand, on Tasman Bay,
NEIRONE, nA-e-ro/mA, a village of the Sardinian States, Middle Island. Pop. 2915.
province of Chiavari, 4 miles fi-om Cicagna. Pop. 3015.     NELSON CAPE, South Australia, bounds Portland Bay
NEISSE, nitseh, a river of Germany, joins the Oder, 21  westward; lat. 380 25' 54t" S., lon. 1410 28' E.
miles S.S.E. of Vrankfort, after a N. course of 115 miles.  "NELISON CHAN/NEL, between Van Diemen's Land and
NEISSE, a river of Prussian Silesia, also joins the Oder King's Island, 60 miles across, connects Bass's Strait with
15 miles N.W. of Oppeln, after a rapid N.E. course of 98 miles. the Southern Ocean.
NEISSE, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, on the    NELSON ISLAND, of the South Shetland group, South
Neisse, 30 miles S.W. of Oppeln, and connected by railway  Atlantic Ocean, lat. 620 15'., lon. 580 50' W.
with Brieg, 29 miles distant. Pop. in 1849, 17,164. It has    NELSON LAKE, of British America, is an enlargement
a large castle, a palace, a commandant's residence, circle of Churchill River.
hall, 7 Roman Catholic, and 2 Lutheran churches, convents,    NELSONPORT, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
extensive barracks, powder-mills and arsenals, a theatre,   NELSON'S RIVER, of British North America, flows N.E.,
several hospitals, a Roman Catholic college, and an asylum  and enters Hudson's Bay near Fort York.
for poor Roman Catholic clergy, printing establishments,   NELSON'S LANDING, a small village of Chippewa co.,
manufactures of linens and woollens, and several distilleries. Wisconsin.
NEITIHIORP. ntthorp, a hamlet of England, co. of Oxford.   NELISONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Athens co.,
hNEIVA, NEVYA, nAlvA, NITSA or NITZA, nitels, a river of Ohio, on the Hockhocking, 60 miles S.E. of Columbus.
Russia, government of'Perm and Tobolsk, rises in the E.   NEMAUR, a district of India. See NIMAR.
slope of the Ural Mountains, 35 miles N.W. of Yekaterin-   NEMAUSUS. See NIMEs.
boorg, flows E.S.E., and, after a course of about 300 miles,   NEMBRO, nlmtbro, a town of Austrian Italy, 5 miles N.E.
joins the Toora.                                          of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 2000.
NEIVA, a town of South America. See NEYVA.                NEMB-SIIEHR, a town of Turkey. See NEU-SHErR.
NEIVE, nAte-vA, or NEZE, nAdtzA, a town of NorthernItaly,   NEMFEA, a village of Greece, in the Morea. government,
Piedmont, division of Cool, 4 miles N.E. of Alba. Pop. 2400. and 13 miles S.W. of Corinth. with the remains of a temple
NEJD, adistrict of Arabia. See NEDJEo.                  of Jupiter, and other antiquities.-Adj. Neae,,aq, nkmle-an.
NEJIN, a town of Russia. See NEZHEEN.                     NEMETACUM. See ARRAs.
NEKHVOROCHTCHA. See NEKVOROKTCHA.                         NEMETES. See SEYERv.
NEK/IMI or NEKIAMA, a post-township in Winnebago    NEMETHI-SZATHMAR, Hungary. See SZATHMAR.
co., Wisconsin. Pop. 910.                                    NEMETH-UJVAR, a town of Hungary. See GUSSING.
NEKIIMI, a thriving post-village in the above township,   NEMETOCENNA. See ARRAs.
15 miles S.S.W. of Oshkosh. It contains 3 churches, several   NEMEZE, nAm8ttseh, a village of Austria, Slavonia, on
stores, and about 600 inhabitants.                         the Bossut. Pop. 1315.
NEKORZ, unlkoonts, 0BcR, o/ber, and UNTER, 06n'ter, two    NEMI, nuAmee, a lake and village of Central Italy, Ponticontiguous villages of Bohemia, about 4 miles from Geiers- fical States, 17 miles S.E. of Rome, beside the Appian Way,
oerg. Pop. 1460.                                          and between Albano and Velletri. The lake is the crater
NEKVOROKTCHA, nek-vo-rok/cha, written also NEKI-I- of an extinct volcano, 5 miles in circumference, and surVOROCHTCIIA, a market-town of Russia, government and  rounded by thick woods, which were in ancient times
32 miles S. of Poltava, on the Orel. Pop. 1570.           famous for the worship of Diana.' The village on its N.E.
NELGOONDA, a town of India. See NALGONDA.               margin, pop. 1100, is overlooked by a feudal castle.
NELISEER, nA-le-seerl, written also NELISURAM  and    NEMIROV or NEMIROW, nA-me-rovl, a town of Russian
NELLISURAM, a small maritime town of British India, Poland, province of Bialystok, on the Bug, 23 miles S.E. of
presidency of Bombay, district of Malahar, near the coast, Drohitshin. Pop. 3876.
30 miles N.N.W. of Cananore.                                NEMIROV or NEMIROW, a market-town of Russia, goNELLEMBOOR, n~l-lm-boorl, an inland town of British  vernmeut of Podolia, 12 miles N.W. of Bratslav. Pop. 2000.
India, presidency of Bombay, province of Malabar, 31 miles It has a college, opened in 1838, and manufactures of linen
E. of Calicut.                                            cloths and leather.
NELLORE, n~l'1lr/, a town of British India, capital of a    NEMOURS, neh-mooaRt, a town of France, department of
district of its own name, is on the Pennar, 13A miles from the  Seine-et-Iarne, 19 miles SE. of Fontainebleau.  Pop. in
Bay of Bengal, and 98 miles N.N.W. of Madras. Lat. 120 49' 1852, 3935. It is surrounded by the Canal du Loing, enN., Ion. 800 1' E. In the last century it was an important closed by walls, and has a fine old castle; manufactures of
fortress; it is at present a busy and populous town, with  hats, tanneries, bark and corn mills, marble works, brick
extensive suburbs, but no remarkable public building. In  and lime kilns.  Nemours was a seignory given to the
1784, many Roman coins of the second ceneury were dis- House of Orleans by Louis XIV.
covered here, under the ruins of a IHindoo temple.          NEMIPNET, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
NELLORE, a district of British India, on the Bay of Ben-   NEMZA, a town of Moldavia. See NvAMTZ.
gal. Area 12,000 square miles. Pop. 846,572.                NEN, a river of England. See NENE.
NELISON, a county a little S.E. of the centre of Vir-   NENAGH, nA/na, a market-town and parish of Ireland,
ginia, has an area of 340 square miles. James River washes  Munster. co. of Tipperary, near the Nenagh River, an affiuthe S.E. border; it is also drained by Rockfish River. The  ent of the Shannon, 13 miles N.E. of Newport. Pop. 9540. It
Blue Ridge forms the entire boundary on the N.W., and  is situated in a district of great beauty and fertility; is well
the surface is generally occupied by hills and valleys. The built, clean, and thriving; has fine remains of a Norman
soil is fertile. The canal. which extends along James River, castle, and some ruins of a monastery.
connects the county with Richmond. Formed in 1807, and    NENDAZ, nSnldtts, a village and parish of Switzerland,
named in honor of Thomas Nelson, Governor of Virginia, canton of Valais, 3 miles S.W. of Sion. Pop. 1459.
in 1781. County town, Lovingston. Pop. 12,758, of whom      NENE or NEN, nhn, a river of England, rises in the W
6616 were free. and 6142 slaves.                          of the co. of Northampton, flows N.E., and enters the North
NELSON, a county near the middle of Kentucky, has an  Sea at the Wash, after a course of 90 miles by a tidal chan1283




NEN                                                        NER
nel recently formed at a cost of about 200,0001. It is navi-   NEPETE. NEPE or NEPET. See NEPT.
gable for vessels of small draught, and communicates by the   NEPIII CITY, a village of Utah, capital of Yuab co.,
Wisbeach Canal with the Ouse, and in the upper part of its about 65 miles N. of Fillmore City.
course by canals with all the central navigation of England.   NEPIIIN, nif/jn, and NEPHIINBEGf, two mountains of
NENKUR, nin'kisrl, a village of Sinde, 5 miles N. of  Ireland, Connaught, co. of Mayo; the former about 6 miles
Sehwan; lat. 260 24' N., ion. 670 54' E.                    S.S.W. of Crossmolina.  Height above the sea 2646 feet; the
NENNDORF, n nn/doaf, a village of Germany, Iesse- latter 9 miles N.W. of Newport.  Height 2065 feet.
Cassel, province of Nieder-IIessen, 16 miles N.E. of Riuteln.    NEPI, nttpee, (anc..Nepete, Nepe or Nepet,) a town ot
NENOKASK or NENOKAZK, nA-no-kaskl.  a small sea- Central Italy, Pontifical States, 18 miles S.S.E. of Yitcrbo,
port of Russia, government and 40 miles W. of Archangel, on the road to Rome. Pop. 1790. It is enclosed by Gothic
at the mouth of a stream which falls into the bay of the  walls, erected on Etruscan foundations. It has an ancient
same name.                                                  church and town-hall, but most of its public buildings were
NENTERSHAU A SEN, nentters-h6w'zen, a village of Hesse- ruined by the French in 1799.
Cassel, Nieder-IHoessen, 9 miles fromRothenburg. Pop. 1062.   NEPISSING, a lake of Canada West. See NiisIsING.
NENTIHORN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.            NEPOMUCK  or NEPOMUK, nA-po'mook, POMUK, pot.
NENZING, nlnt/sing, a village of Austria, Tyrol, Vorarl- monk, a small town of Bohemia, 55 miles S.W. of Prague,
berg, 2 miles E. by S. of Feldkirch. Pop. 1137.             famous as the birthplace of St. John of Nepomuck, the
NEO-C ESAREA.  See NIKSAR.                                patron saint of Bohemia, about the year 1330. Pop. 1485.
NEO-CASTRO.   See NAvARINo.                                 NEPON/SET RIVER, a fine mill-stream of Norfolk co., in
NEOGRAD, nt/o-grit', (IHun. Nrograd, no'grhd1,) a niar- the E. part of Massachusetts, falls into Boston Harbor.  It
ket-town of Central Ilungary, 27 miles N. of Pesth. P. 1500. is navigable to Milton Mills.
NEOMAGUS. See LIsI:ux.                                      NEPONSET VILLAGE. a post-village of Norfolk co., MasNEOISHO, a riverof the Indian Territory, joins the Ar- sachusetts, pleasantly situated on Dorchester Bay, near the
kansas on the right, just above Fort Gibson.                mouth of Neponset River, and on the Old Colony Railroad,
NEOSHO, a post-village, capital of Newton co., Missouri, 5 miles S. by E. of Boston. It is a place of considerable
200 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. It has a considerable  trade, and a port of delivery for the collection district of
trade with the Indians. Extensive lead-mines have been  Boston.
opened about 6 miles from this place.                         NEP/TUNE, a small village of Auglaize co., Ohio.
NEOSHO, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin, about 40    NEPTUNE, a post-village of Mercer co., Ohio, 115 miles
miles N.W. of Milwaukee.                                    W.N.W. of Columbus.
NEOZELI, ni-od-zA/lee, a village on the island of Sardinio,    NEP/TUNE ISLANDS, a group of islands off the coast of
province of Busachi. Pop. 1028.                             South Australia, near the entrance of Spencer Gulf, 45 miles
NEPAUL, ne-pawl/, written also NEPAL, (tlindoo Ne- N.WV. of Kangaroo Island; lat. 350 22' S., ion. 1360 7' E.
pala, nA-pd/lA,) an independent country of Hindostan, com-    NEQUINUM.  See NARNI.
prising the southern slope of the Himalayas, between lat.   NERA, nA/r, (anc. Nar,) a river of Italy, Pontifical
260 30' and 300 50' N., and Ion. 800 and 880 E., having W. States, passes Terni to Narni, near which it joins the Tiber
and S. British India and Oude, E. Sikkim, and N. Thibet. on the left. Length 60 miles. On its affluent, the Vslino,
Length, from W. to E., 450 miles, breadth 100 miles. Area  is the famous cataract called the CAscATA DEL MAsRMORE.
estimated at 53,000 square miles, and population at 2,000,000. (See VELtsO.)
The S. part of the country is an undulating and densely    NERA, a lake of Russia. See NERo.
wooded tract, called the terriani; further northward, the    N]iRAC, nArklrl, a town of France, capital of an arronsurface consists of a succession of mountains and narrow  dissement, department of Lot-et-Garonne. 15 miles W.S.W.
valleys, in which many affluents of the Goggra, Gunduck,  of Agen, on the Bayse. Pop. in 1852, 7194. It has a tribuKoose, and other tributaries of the Ganges have their  nal of commerce, and a fine chateau, in which HIenry IV.
sources. Rice, maize, wheat, barley, cotton, and sugar-cane, held his court, when he was only IKing of Navarre. Here
are among the chief crops; in the mountain region, agricul- Calvin and several other distinguished reformers found an
tural produce is raised on artificial terraces along the sides asylum from persecution at the court of the celebrated-Marof the declivities. Fruits, drugs, dyeing materials, and tim- garet of Valois, Queen of Navarre. It has manufactures of
ber are abundant. The native animals comprise horses and  starch, corks, cordage, druggets, and linens.
large dogs of superior breeds, shawl goats, and sheep, which    NERBUDDA, NERBUDDAI, NURBUDDAIT, ritir-bftdlare employed as beasts of burden. Many copper and iron  da, or:NARMADA, nar-mA/dA, (anc. Niamatsdus,) a river of
mines are wrought; lead and zinc are amongst the mineral India, and next to the Indus, the principal one having a westproducts. The principal manufactures are of cotton cloths, ward course, rises in Gundwana, near the sources of the Sone,
in which most of the population are clad; metallic goods, flows through the British dominions, and enters the Gulf
salt, and nitre. Among the exports are elephants, ivory, of Cambay, 28 miles W. of Baroach.  Total course upwards
rice, timber, hides, ginger, catechu, turmeric, fruits, and  of 620 miles. It is 600 yards across in its upper part, near
spices, with Thibet horses and sheep, small bullocks. borax, Jubbalpoor, and sometimes 3 miles in width near Bareoach;
salt, sulphur, and mineral preparations brought from Boo- but its navigation is impeded by rocks, islands, shallows,
tan and Thibet, and sent into the Bengal territory, in return  and cataracts. It separates the Deccan from  IIindostan
for Indian and British manufactures, and the native pro- Proper.
ducts of IHlindostan. A portion of the transit trade between    NERCIIAU, n6r/K6W, a town of Saxony, 17 miles E. of
Cashmere and the Chinese Empire passes through Nepaul.  Leipsic, on the Mulde. Pop. 721.
TPhe population consists of several tribes, partly of Mongol    NERCHINSK, a town of Asiatic Russia. See NeavmcaxNSK.
origin and Boodhists, but chiefly of Hindoo faith and de-   NEREKIHTA, NERECIILTA, nA-rAK/tA, or NERECHTAR,
scent. The government. is vested in the tribe of the CGork-  nt-rcs-taRJ, a town of Russia, government and 23 miles
has, who conquered the country about the middle of the  S.S.W. of Kostroma, on an affluent of the Volga. Pop. 2000.
last century. The principal towns are Khatmandoo, (the    NERESIEIM, ntAres-hbme', a town of Wilrtemberg, os an
capital,) Lalita Patah, Bhatgong, and Kirthipoor. After the  affluent of the Danube, 30 miles N.N.E. of Ulm. Pop. 1010.
termination of the war of 1814-16, the Gorkhas ceded to    NERESI, nA-rcAsee, the principal town of the island of
the British all the countries situated between the Sutlej Brazza, Dalmatia, 12 miles S. of Spalato. Pop. 1556.
and the Kali Rivers, and agreed to evacuate the territory of   NERETO, nA-rA/to, a market-town  of Naples, province of
the Rajah of Sikkim. Since that time, peace has been pre- Abruzzo Ultra I., 13 miles N.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1110.
served.-Adj. and inhab. NEP.Ao.ESE, n~p'awl-eez/.             NER1AD, nA-re-Adl, a town of British India, presidency
NEPAWAN, nep-a-wdn/, a post-office of Waupaca co., Wis- of Bombay, 28 miles N.E. of Cambay.
consin.                                                       NERIGON or NERIGONIA. See NoRwAy.
NEPEAN, nep-e-Anl, an island in the South Pacific Ocean.   NERIN'JAPETITAI, a small town of British India. preLat. 290 2' S., Ion. 1670 48' E.                            sidency of Madras, N.E. of Coimbatoor, on the river Cavery.
NEPEAN, an island in Torres Strait; lat. 90 341 S., Ion.   NERIS, nArees/, (anc. A/qtce Ne/rcef) a small town and
1430 42' E.                                                 watering-place of France, department of Allier, 4 miles S.E.
NEPEAN, a bay on the W. coast of British North Ame- of Montluqon. Pop. 1432. It has a curious church, modern
rica, let. 530 32' N., lon. 1270 30' W.                    bath establishment, hotels, and boarding-houses; its warm
NEPEAN, a large steep bluff of Russian America, on the  springs are resorted to from May to October. It was a favorS. coast of Admiralty Island; let. 570 10' N., Ion. 1330 541 W. its place of resort under the Romans, and has remains of
NEPEAN, a river of East Australia, New South Wales, an amphitheatre, and various other antiquities.
flows north-westward between the counties of Camden and    NERIUM PROMONTORIUI.   See CAPE? FsiNsTPrM.
Cumberland, and joins the Warra-gamba to form  the    NERJA or NERXA, nal/sa, a town of Spain, at the month
Itawkesbury.                                               of the small river Nerja, in the Mlediterranean, province and
NEPEAN BAY, South Australia, is on the N.E. side of 27 miles E. of Malaga. Pop. 5000.
Kangaroo Island, 70 miles S.W. of Adelaide.                  NERL, n6RI, (GRAT and LrTLE,) two small rivers of
NEPEAN, POINT, is at the entrance of Port Philip, 40  Russia, both take their rise in the district of Pereslavl,
miles S.S.W. of Melbourne.                                 government of Vladimeer.  The Great Ner1 issues from
NEPENISKI, a post-village and township of Winnebago  Lake, Plestchelevo, flows N.WV., enters the government of
co., Wisconsin, 90 miles N. by E. of Madison. It has 100  Tver, and joins the Volga on the right. The Little Ner!
inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 403.                    flows along the S. frontier of Yaroslav, and joins the Kliasma.
NEPERANI, a post-office of WVestchester co., New York.   below Vladimeer.
1284




NER                                                       NET
NERO, n4ro, NERA, n/ri, or ROSTOV, ros-tovl, a small the S.E. extremity of Puget Sound. The talley of this
lake of Itussia, in the S. of the government of Yaroslav, stream  is very rich, but so heavily timbered as to be an
about 10 miles long from N.E. to S.W., and nearly 5 miles obstacle to settlement.
broad. The town of Rostov stands on its N.W. shore.         NESQUALLY or NISQUALLY, a settlement in Pierce co.,
NE1R0, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee.       Washington Territory, on Puget Sound.
NEROLA, ni-rofll, a village of the Papal States, on a    NESQUEHOINING, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylsmall affluent of the Tiber, 23 miles N.E. of Rome, with an  vania.
old feudal castle of the Barberini family, and supposed to    NESSE, nulsesh, or NESSA, nusls, a river of Germany,
occupy the site of Regi['tusm, the place from which Appius rises a little W. of Erfurt, in Prussian Saxony, and after a
Claudius migrated to Rome. Pop. 360.                      course of about 45 miles, joins the Werra.
NfiRONDE, nA'rd6Nd, a town of France, department of    NESSERABAD, a town of Hindostan.  See NAsIRmABAD.
Loire, 16 miles S.E of Roanue. Pop. 1300.                   NESS, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
NERONDES, ni'rNdl, a market-town of France, depart-    NESSLAU, n~ssllBw, a town and parish of Switzerland,
ment of Cher, with a station on the Bourges and Nevers canton and 16 miles S.S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. 2028.
Railway, 20 miles E.S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 1298.             NESS, LOCHI, loK nlss, a lake of Scotland, co. and 6 miles
NEROOSA, NEROUSA or NERUSA, nA-roolsA, a river of  S.W. of Inverness, forming a portion of the Caledonian Canal.
Russia, rises in the government of Orel, about 9 miles N. of  Length, from N.E. to S.W., about 23 miles; average breadth
Dimitrovsk, fiowsN.W., and after a course of about 80 miles 11 miles. It discharges itself into the Moray Firth, by the
joins the Desna opposite to Troobtchovsk.                 river Ness, 8 miles in length.
NERTCHA or NERTSCRA, n6uRch, a river of Siberia, rises    NESSO, n~slso, a village of Austrian Italy, province of
on the E. frontiers of Irkootsk, flows circuitously S., and after Comorn, on a hill near the E. shore of Lake Como, in a wild
a course of about 14 miles, joins the Shilka at Nertcehinsk.   and romantic ravine, where the Latta, a tributary of the
NERITCHINSK or NERTSCHINSK, n1a-chinskl, a town of Lacco, forms a magnificent waterfall nearly 200 feet high.
Asiatic Russia, government and 540 miles E. of Irkootsk, on  Pop. 1019.
the Shilka, the principal affluent of the Amoor. Pop. 3000.   NESTE or NESTES, nust, a river of France, department
It is the capital of a district rich in mines of lead and silver,  of Hrautes-Pyr6nles, flows first N. and then E., and joins the
in which many exiles are employed. It has a citadel, and  Garonne, near Mazeres, after a course of about 45 miles.
traade in furs.                                             NESTIING, LUNNASTIING, and WHALISAY, a united
N ERUSA, a river of Russia. See NEROOSA.                parish of Scotland, co. of Shetland, comprising  several
NE RVA, nlr/v, or NERVION, nuR-ve-6n1, orIBAIZABAL, islands on the E. coast of the Mainland. Pop. 2294.
e-it-thl-s[ll, a river of Spain, province of Biscay, flows N.W.   NEStTON, GREAT, a market-town and parish of England,
and falls into the Bay of Biscay, near Portugalete; its total co. and 10 miles N.W. of Chester, on the estuary of the Dee.
course is about 50 miles.                                 Pop. of the town in 1851, 1524.
NERVI, nBRavee, a seaport town of North Italy, province    NESTON, LITTLE, a township of England, in the above
and 5 miles S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 4089. It is agreeably situ- parish.
ated on the shore, with a small port on the Gulf of Genoa,   NES/TORYILLE, a post-office of Barbour co., Yirginia.
and has manufactures of silk and woollen fabrics, a brisk    NESTUS. See KARA See.
coasting trade, and productive fisheries.                    NESTVED or NXSTVED, nlstlvld, a town of Denmark,
NERVIA,niatRve-, a small river of North Italy, division  on the island of Seeland, 13 miles N.W. of Prsestoe, and on
of Nice, near Vintimiglia.                                 the Suus-aa, near its mouth. Pop. 2300.
NEIRVIANO, nuR-ve-S/no, a village of Austrian Italy, pro-   NESYIZH, NESVIJ, or NESVISH, nls-vizhl, written also
vince and 11 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Olona. Pop. 2500. NIESWIEZ and NIEZWITSCH, a frontier town of Russian
NERVION, a river of Spain. See NEnvA.                    Poland, government and 58 miles S.W. of Minsk, on an
NERWINDE, a village of Belgium. See NEER WINDEN.N    affluent of the Niemen. Pop. 4000. It has a fine palace of
NERXA, a town of Spain. See NR.JA.                      the Radzivil family. Its fortifications were levelled by the
NES, nus, a village of Holland, province of Friesland, Swedes in 1706.
Island of Ameland. Pop. 570.                                 NhTHE or NEETHE, nSiteh, a river of Belgium, proNES, a village of Holland, province of Friesland, 22 miles vince of Antwerp, formed by thie union of the Great and
N.E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 538.                             Little Nethe, which, after a W. course, unite at Lierre.
NESAQUAKE, nes-.-quaikf, a village in the township of  whence it has a W.S.W. and navigable course of 8 miles,
Smithtown, Suffolk co., New York, on Nesaquake Creek, and joins the Ruppel 3 miles S.W. of Boom. Under the
which flows northward into Long Island Sound.             French the present province of Antwerp was entitled the
NESCHIN, a town of Russia. See NEcMEcEN.                department of Deux-Nbthes. (The " Two Nethes.")
NESCHTIN, ntsh-teen/, a village of Austria, Slavonia, co.   NETLIEN, n'iten, a village of Belgium, province of Braof Syrmia, on the Danube. Pop. 1427.                      bant, 18 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1236.
NESICOPECK, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania,     NETIt/ER-AV/ON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
on the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Nescopeck Creek,   NETII/ERBURY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
about 90 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. A bridge across the river   NETHIERBY, a township of England, co. of Cumberland.
connects it with Berwick.                                   NETIIEREX, a parish of England. co. of Devon.
NESCOPECK, a post-township in the S.W. part of Luzerne    NETIVERLAND, a post-office of Overton co., Tennessee.
co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 920.                                NETHERLANDS, n1rsfer-landz, or THE LOW  COUNNESCOPECK CREEK, of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, flows TRIES, (Dutch Nederla den, n&/der-lin'den; Fr. Pays-Bas,
into the North Branch of the Susquehanna River.            pi-eel bl, or Nierlande, nWRaql6qd N; Ger. Niederlande, neefNESCOPECK or BUCK MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, Lu- der-lUn'deh; Sp. Paises Bajos, peefs~s b~lsoce; Port.'Paizes
zerne co., on -the N. side of the Nescopeck Creek, extends  Baixos, pS-eelsts bilshoce; It. Paesi-Bassi, p5-S/see bastsee;
parallel to the Wyoming Mountain in a regular and almost L. Bellgicee PProvinsciw,) a country in the W. of Europe,
unbroken ridge from the Susquehanna nearly to the Lehigh, formerly comprising the whole of the present kingdom of
a distance of above 20 miles. Height about 1000 feet.     Netherlands, together with that of Belgium. The appellaNESIAMIINY CREEK, of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, enters tion of NETanrtLANs, as well as the name of this country in
the Delaware below Bristol.                               each of the other European languages above cited, signifies
NESHIIANtNOCK CREEK, in the W. part of Pennsylvania, " low countries" or " low lands," the surface of a large poerenters the Shenango River at Newcastle.                   tion being a dead level, and much of it lying actually below
NESIHANNOCK, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsyl- the level of the sea. (See next article "F ace of the GOstryl;s
vania. Pop. 3045.                                         also BELtIUM.)-Adj. NETHERLANDISH (Dutch NEDEnLANSCII,
NESIIKOIRO, a post-village and township of Marquette  nAlder-lUnsh'; Ger. NIEDERLXNDISCH.  nee/der-l1n'dish;   Fr.
co., Wisconsin, about 70 miles N. of Madison. The village  NMERLANDAcS, n'S1'cNGs'd4/.) 
contains 4 stores, 2 mills, and about 200 inhabitants.      NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM  OF TILE, called also the
NESHOBA. See NAsonBA.                                   KINGDOM OF HOLLAND (Dutch Koningryk der nederlanNESHONOC, a post-office of La Crosse co., Wisconsin.    den,. kofning-rtk' dtr nAder-ln'den: Ger..Kniygreich der
NESHO10TO, a post-villaoe of Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin, Niederlande, kilnio-riK dfi neefder-l'n'deh; Sp. IReino de
on the West Twin River, 100 miles N. of Milwaukee. It has  O nda, rA/eno dm o-llnldl; It. Regno di Olanda, rgn'yo dee
several saw-mills moved by water-power.                   o-linldg; Fr..Royaume des Pays Bas, roibmin dm pi-ees' b, or
NESIS. See NisrA.                                       Royaume de Hollnude, roi'Om! deh hol'l1bdl), a country of
NESLE, nail or nuS, a town of France, department of Europe, embracing, at the present day, the N. and smaller
Somme, on the Ingon, 29 miles E.S.E. of Amiens. Pop. in  half of the numerous provinces formerly combined under
1852,1850. NESLE is the name of numerous other communes the same denomination, and lies between lat. 510 10' and
of France.                                                530 30' N., and ion. 30 201 and 70 20' E. On the W. and N. it
NESMY, nls'mee!, a village of France, department of is bounded by the North Sea; on the E. by Hanover and PrusYendte, 6 miles S. of Bourbon-Yendde. Pop. 1072.          sia, and on the S. by Belgium. The river Erms marks the
NESOCIA1QUE RIVER, of New Jersey, a branch of boundary towards lIanover; but between the Netherlands
Little Egg Harbor River, rises in Camden co., flows in an  and the Prussian province W. of the Rhine, the collimitary
E.S.E. course, and unites with the other branches near Plea- line is fixed by conventions, rather than by nature; on the
sant Mills.                                               S. also, the boundary towards Belgium, from the left bank
NESQUAL'LY or NISQUALTLY, a river of Washington  of the Meuse or Maas to the sea, though defined accurately
territory, flows between Pierce and Thurston counties into  by the treaty of November, 1831, to which the chief powers
1285




NET                                                       NET
of Europe were parties, is not marked by any natural fea- about 40 miles S.W., towards the Zuider Zee; the Peel, a
tures. The country thus marked out has an extent, from  marsh of like nature but less extent, lies near the left bank
N. to S., of 150 miles; with a breadth, from W. to E., of120  of the Meuse, on the E. side of North Brabant.
miles throughout; area 13,643 square miles.                  Rivers and Canals.-The chief rivers of the Netherlandp
Face of the country.-The Netherlands (or Low Countries, are the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, Yssel, Yecht, and Hiunse
as the name implies) form the most characteristic portion  The Rhine is above half a mile wide where it enters the
of the great plain of West and North Europe. From the middle  Netherlands; it soon divides, the S. and principal arm takof Belgium, a few miles N. of Brussels, the country N.E. ing the name of Waal, arid uniting with the Meuse, while the
becomes a dead level, extending in monotonous sandy flats, N. arm, communicating with the Yssel, takes the name of
through Hanover, Jutland, Holstein, and, with little inter-  Lcck; a branch fromn it, named the Kromme [Crooked]
ruption, through Prussia into Russia. But the lowest part Rhein, winds by Utrecht to the Zuider Zee, while another
of this immense level, and that which has most recently  very diminished stream, called the Old Rhine, flows from
emerged from the sea, is undoubtedly the country lying be- Utrecht by Leyden to the sea at Katwyk.  The Old Rhine'
tween the mouths of the Scheldt and Ems; within this  was formerly choked with sand a little below Leyden; its
distance, the Rhine, joined by the Meuse, Yssel, and other  present channel to the sea is recent and artificial. The
rivers, enters the sea through a number of arms, and slug-  Meuse, entering the Dutch Netherlands from Belgium, regish, winding channels, which by no means represent the  ceives the Ruhr, (Roer); of the Scheldt, only the months,
magnitude of the main stream as it appears higher up. The the E. and the W., or Old Scheldt, lie within the Dutch
delta of the Rhine may be conceived to have been in early  boundary. The Yssel and Vecht, flowing from Germany,
ages liable to perpetual change of form, as new mud-banks  both enter the Zuider Zee at no great distance asunder; the
were deposited, blocking up the old channels, and leading  former is navigable up to Deventer, the latter to Zwolle.
to the formation of new ones. Besides, it is obvious that The H-unse, rising intheBourtanger Marsh, flows through
the river-floods, in forming a domaiq of alluvial deposits, Groningen to the Lauwer Zee. The canals of the Netherhad to contend with the sea, which washed away the accu- lands are collectively more important than the rivers, on
mulations of mud, or covered them with sand, according to  which indeed they depend, but they are so numerous as to
the vicissitudes of weather and season. The soil of the  defy detailed description-every little village has its canals.
Netherlands shows everywhere the proofs of this struggle  It will be sufficient, therefore, to mention only the chief,
between the ocean and the river, in the alternation of salt namely, the North Holland Canal; a wonderful work, conand fresh-water deposits. It also bears evidence to the fact structed between 1819 and 1823; the largest ships pass
that these changes, effected by the floods of the Rhine, or through it between Amsterdam  and the Ielder, a distance
by eruptions of the sea, occurred frequently, long after the  of 40 miles, thereby avoiding the intricate navigation of the
country had become inhabited. Remains of forests now lie  Zuider Zee. The Winschoten Canal, also for ships, 18 miles
buried under the waves of the German Ocean; paved roads, long, connects the Dollart with Groningen; the Damstertraces of villages and of cultivation, are found beneath the  Diep, of equal magnitude, runs from Groningen to the sea
morasses on the banks of the Ems, and many similar proofs at Delfzyl. Harlingen, on the Zuider Zee, is also connected
can be adduced of great physical changes, respecting which  with Groningen by a great canal which passes by Franeker
history is silent. For the purpose of securing the perma- and Leeuwarden. The Nieuwer Sluis unites Utrecht with
nence of their territorial possessions, the early occupants Amsterdam, while the latter city communicates with Rotterof this country had recourse to embankments, high and  dam by a canal which touches at Haarlem, Leyden, and
strong enough to protect them under ordinary circumstances Delft, passing also near the Hague. The Dutch canals are
from the waves; and, placing wind-mills on the embank- all navigable, and the slowness of the Trekschuyts or boats
ments, exposed to the sea-breeze, they worked the pumps  is compensated in some measure by their punctuality. In
which drained the enclosed lands. At the present day, the  winter their frozen surface offers convenient roads to skaters.
Netherlands present to our view an artificially constructed    Climsate.-The climate of the Netherlands is, from the
country, some portions of which are 16 feet below the sur- maritime exposure and marshy character of the country,
face of the sea, and nearly all too low for natural drainage. extremely humid, changeable, and disagreeable; violent
The whole country is divided by dikes, some of them  60  winds, with varying temperature, frequently blow from
feet high, which protect portions of land from the sea, lakes, S.W. or N.W., and heavy sea-fogs are driven in, which injure
or rivers. These enclosed lands are called Polders. On the  vegetation. The mean temperature is not lower than in
chief dikes are roads and canals; the latter join the rivers, like latitudes in the British Islands, and the quantity of
and are generally large enough to be navigable.           rain (26 inches) is somewhat less; but the winter is much
There are no mountains nor rocks in the Netherlands. more severe, and the sky is almost always overcast and
The only heights are the sand-hills, about 100 feet high, troubled. The bright days hardly exceed 40 in the year.
along the coast of Holland; and a chain of low hills, of Low fevers visit the marshy districts in autumn, but the dry
perhaps similar origin, which extend from the middle of  cold of winter restores the peasant's health; and although
the province of Utrecht into Gelderland. In the absence  the climate of the Netherlands is to strangers cheerless and
of mountains and hills, there are of course no valleys; distressing, yet its noxious qualities are unable to cope with
whatever portion of the surface is not marsh, river, or canal, the countervailing influence of good food and clothing, and
must fall under the denomination of sandy waste, dike, or habitual cleanliness; the Dutch give particular attention to
polder. The work of reclaiming the waste is constantly going  these domestic safeguards, and, notwithstanding the unforward; in the provinces of North and South Holland alone genial climate in which they live, longevity is not rarer
about 90 lakes have been drained. The drainage of the Sea  among them than elsewhere.
of Haarlem, begun in 1839, was completed in 1852; and the    Zoology.-The wild animals are few and unimportant-rabsame year extensive operations were commenced in the pro- bits burrow in the extensive sand-downs, and hares on the.vince of Zealand, island of South Beveland, under the auspi- wastes extending from  Utrecht to the Bourtanger Marsh.
ces of Sir John Rennie, having for their object the reclama- Feathered game-partridges, snipes, &c.-is not abundant.
tion of 35,000 acres, which are covered several feet deep at Migratory water-fowl visit the Dutch rivers and lakes, at
high water; yet still the waste lands are said to exceed a  certain seasons, in great numbers; but the stork, protected
fifth of the whole area. The polders probably form one-half by the popular feeling in its favor, is the only undomesof the whole territory.                                   ticated bird so frequent as to be a characteristic of the
The chief features of the country are-the wide estuaries country. A swan-fair is held annually at Alkmaar, and
W. and E. of the Scheldt, and of the Meuse, which latter attracts buyers from all parts of Europe. Fish of various
bear off also the waters of the Rhine; N. of the Meuse, the  kinds are taken in the rivers, lakes, and on. the coasts of the
Zuider Zee, which was formed by an irruption of the sea in  Netherlands, in sufficient but still declining quantity; the
the beginning of the 13th century, now covers an area of  home fisheries are now of little commercial value.
1200 square miles. Between the mouths of the Meuse and    Vegetation and Agriculture.-The flora of the Netherlands
the entrance to the Zuider Zee, a distance of 75 miles, the  is equally limited. Nature has given nothing in the way of
coast is chiefly formed of sand-hills or downs, frequently  woods, or rank thickets, or flowery fields. But art, on the
180 feet high, dreary and sterile to the last degree; and  other hand, has done wonders. Gardening and agriculture
separating, with their broad band of irreclaimable desert, have attained in this naturally unproductive country a high
the low fertile meadows on the one side, from the waves of degree of perfection. Yet the latter holds a subordinate place
the ocean on the other. In a line with these downs, beyond  in ruralindustry. Wheat, of excellent quality, is grown only
the mouth of the Zuider Zee, runs a chain of islands, namely, in favored portions of the S. provinces. Rye, oats, and buckTexel, Vlieland, Ter-Schelling, Ameland, &c., which seem to wheat, with horse-beans, beet, madder, and flax are more comindicate the original line of the coast before the ocean broke mon crops; and tobacco is cultivated in the provinces of Gelin upon the low lands. The coast of Friesland, opposite to derland, South Holland, and Utrecht. Culinary vegetables
these islands, depends for its security altogether on artifi- are raised on a much larger scale, not merely for supplycial embankments. The Lauwer Zee, a deep bay on the ing, the internal demand, but also for the exportation of the
confines of Friesland and Groningen, also owes its origin to  seeds, which form an important article of commerce. Dutch
an irruption of the ocean; and again the Dollart, a gulf seeds, particularly flax, cauliflower, and cabbage-seeds, are
near the mouth of the Ems, N. of Groningen, was formed everywhere preferred; their superiority being, attributable
about half a century later than the Zuider Zee, and by a probably rather to the habitual attention and neatness of
similar convulsion, which is said to have swept away 70 vii- the Dutch husbandman, than to any advantage to be
lages and 100,000 people. From the left bank of the Ems, derived from the flatness, the shelter, or acquired richness
the Bourtanger Morass, an irreclaimable peat marsh, extends of the polders. The flowers, also, of Holland and adjoining
1286




NET                                                                   NET
prdvin-es, enter into the foreign trade.  But it is in stock             The annexed Table exhibits the principal countries with
and dairy produce, in particular, that the rural industry of  which the Netherlands has commercial relations, and the
the Netherlands shows its strength.  The Dutch horses are  trade with each in 1852.
remarkable for size and strength, and much sought after;
but in the number and excellence of their horned cattle, the
Dutch are quite unrivalled.  The quantity of stock owned                                               Imports.   Exports.    Total.
in the Netherlands in 1851, was as follows: horses, 237,127;                                                --    -        --           I
horned cattle, 1,248,893; sheep, 811,643; and pigs, 269,657.            Austia65,44                                 1,492,-82    2,178,'2
The poultry-yard, and every object of husbandry which    Bgium...           1002,24    9.826,132   20,428,930
Brazil.........                  553,952      68,488     6"2,440
demands care, is to the Dutch farmer a source of wealth.   Bremen........                                  461,380     315,14     776,50
Bee-culture is likewise actively carried on; the quantity of    Canary Islands.....    2,374,764                       6,704    2,461,468
honey produced in the province of North Brabant alone, in    China.......   1,000,292    1,461,176    2,461,468
1851, was 476,854 lbs.  The quantity of cheese and butter    Cuba.3.......                                77,464       87,164      064,628
Denmark.......        884,804     510,436    1,395,240
brought to market is amazing.  The butter sold annually    France.......    5,124,396   4,124,448,8,844
France.            9,124,196   ~~~~4,124,448    9,248,844
in the markets of Leyden and Delft, which have the highest    German Zollverein...                 21,401,057   44,698,227   66,099,284
reputation for that article, amnounted, in  1849, to  above    Great Britain.....                      33,483,416   24,408,976   57,892,392
18,000 cWt.  An enormous and increasing quantity of cheese    Hamburg..      1,205,944    3,032,18    4,318,12
i n y u t r T q t h  Hanover and Oldenburg..   2,040,096        925,916    2,966,012
is annually brought to market. The quantity  brought  to    Java.......,16,640    7,533,436  37,659,.95
Java.            ~~~~~~19,126,940     7,532,436;7,6599,76
the seven  principal markets in 1851, was as follows: to    Naples and Sicily....                      573,588    1,469,444    2,043,032
Alkmaar, 9,750,754 lbs.; Ioorn, 6,574,552 lbs.; Purmerend,   Norway.......   1,817,220      294,888    2,112,108
3,143,364 lbs.; Enkhuizen, 1,510,302 lbs.; Edam, 902,103 lbs.    Russia..7.,347,112    2,032,908    9,420,020
Surinam........ 1,928,940     586,844    2,515,784
Monickendam, 756,195 lbs.; Medemblik, 2,016,487 lbs.; total,    Sweden....    198,9(       128,192     327,172
24.653,757 lbs.                                                         Turkey and Greece...   1,089,244    1,473,685    2,562,929
)IaonuJactures, Commerce, &c.-Living along the estuaries    United States.....    3,734,309    2,157,389    5,891,698
of great rivers, and on the shores of a sea abounding in fish,
the Dutch soon became a sea-faring people; and as produc- Theinternal trade and communication give employment
n                       ~~~~~~The internal trade and communication give employment
tive  industry  developed  in  the more  favorably  situated   to  5600 trokschuyts  or packet boats, and  1590  barnes.
Flemish provinces, the population of the coast gradually   Facilities for the transit of goods, &c., are afforded also by a
engaged in the occupations of commerce.  This reacted as  railway proceedin  from   otterdam  through the  a e and
railway proceeding from Rotterdam through th~e Hague and
a powerful stimulus, directing the efforts, and calling forth  Harlem   to  Amsterdm,  and  continued  thence  trouh
ID                         ~~~~~Haarlem  to Amsterdam, and continued thence through
all the energies of the people.  In the extraordinary de-   Jtrecht to Ahem,  and  ultimately intended to join the
velopment of industry which characterizes the Netherlands,  Prussian lines on the Rhine.
there is nothing more remarkable than  the  harmonious                  The  mercantile marine of the Netherlands numbers about
In                                      ~~~~~~~~~~The mercantile marine of the Netherlands -numbers about
blending of the several interests.  Tillage here cheerfully  2000 ships, averaging 180 tons.  The movement of vessels
took the subordinate place which nature assigned it, and
took the subsordinate  place which nature assigned it, and   in her ports, at different periods, is shown in the following
agriculture felt neither fear nor jealousy in the presence of  Tablers
trade and manufactures.  Indeed, the bold outlay of capital
necessary to make the land, as we may say, was clearly due  NeianR Of VESSoLS, nd heil  TONNAGE, that ENTERD and CEAnE
to the spirit and genius of commerce; for Great Britain, in                   at the PORTS Of the NETHnRLANDS in the years specified.
the 19th century, with its network of costly railroads, is a
less wonderful spectacle than were the Seven United Pro.
vinces in the 17th, with their dikes, canals, and quays well                                                             leared.
lined with shipping.  In  such  a country, manufactures                                                          Ballast.
0~~~~~~~~                                                  ~~~~ Laden. —— Balast.  Ldn
flourished  in  a remarksble  d~egree, though  they  never                               n.       B.Ballast.
affected to be a predominating interest.  The linen and the                    ess.  Tns.    ess. Tons. Vess. Tons. Tess.  Tons.
paper of the Dutch Netherlands have long held the first    1842 5,9                   930,034         2,657  3,941  539,328  2,826.44,081
rank-the  principal bleach-greens  are  at Haarlem, the    1844  5,522   857,219  309   19,972  3,608    6,064  2,279 35e,732
857,219 57 09 1 19,572 ] 3,608 ] 568,0641 2,279!358,732
paper-mills at Zaardam.  The manufacture of woollen cloth    1846  7,552 1,106,243  492   58,195  4,226 642,835 3,829 914,906
centres in Leyden, Gouda, and Utrecht, which last-named    1848 5,835   916,684  485/ 66,442  3,973 632,886 2,751 389,057
place is famous also for its silk velvet. The distilleries of    1850 6,346 1,029,573  615  70,098  4,741 772,633 2,290 364,031
0851 6,449 1,089,889  511   74,256  4,338 754,631 2,839 461,937
Schiedam are well known; Gouda supplies tobacco-pipes, the 
best of their kind; and the same praise may be bestowed on
the leather, the refined sugar of the Dutch, and many other              Political Divisions.-The Kingdom of the Netherlands is,
articles intended for continental use. The absence of coal  at the present day, reduced to nearly the original limits of
and the prevalence of strong winds have led to the adoption   the Seven United Provinces in the 16th century.  The proof the windmill, which is universally employed as a motive  vinces now composing the Netherlands, properly so called,
power in all kinds of work.                                           are the first ten given in the accompanying Table:The commerce with  the Dutch  possessions in the East
Indies, particularly Java, is of great and continually in-  The PVI                     f te NE AS, their AA   nd Po TI
The PROVINOSS of the NETHERLANDS, their ARra and POPULATION
creasing importance.  The manufactured  goods exported    in 1853; showing also tlhe NUsBER Of PUBLIC SCHOOLS in eack, Pso.
annually to the 1., amount in value to about $50,000,000,    VINCE, witlh their AVERAGE ATTENDANCe, in 1851.
while the imports from  the  same quarter  are probably                                     Are  in   Popultion.  Shools. Attendance.
worth $15,000,000.  The following Tables exhibit the pre-                 PnowaoEs.Mo.edac
sent state of the trade of the Netherlands: —                                              sq. miles.     1853.       1851.       81.
North Brabant.         1988       405,521       408       43,634
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS asnd IrIPORTS in 1851.                Gelderland..          2972      387,423        400      39,098
South Holland.         1180       591,493       460      63,911
Iprts.    Exprt.    North Holland.          966       514,755       530       61,782
__   Zealand                 644       265,075       155        6,034
Butter.l........  bs.            314,653   20,182,302    Utrecht..        532       155,324       153       16,771
Drugs............$                  1,348,728    1,019,918    Friesland.,        1272       259,508       355       34,118
Cotton Yarn, and Thread... lbs.   29,011,874   19,054,523    Overyssel..             1312       227,683       238       34,805
Wheat..........bushels    1,987,760    1,724,480    Groningen..                    908       197,101       246       31,700
Rye.....  bushels    2,808,240         892,160    Drenthe...          1032        87,944       140       11,965
Barley...9......bushels    1,087,520                 670,000    Limburg..               850       211,451       210       39,191
Buckwheat........bushels             628,080        2,160
Oats........  bushels          24,960    1,055,360        Total             12,062    3,707,071      3295      301,015
Pig Iron...... $    1,658,96     1,839,065    Grand    Duchy
Iron Manufactures...... $.                  814,107      587,179              D    y                   94,9
Indigos......... l. lbs.    1,645,582    1,987,433            e
Cheese.l.......  Lbs.              913,981   49,390,286     1851
Cotton, unspun.......  lbs.   17,772,107   27,426,955
Coffee............    lbs.  119.573,711  101,417,705        Total             13,643    3,962,290             
Silk, Cotton, &c., Manufactures..       7,272,124    5,619,638
Wool and Cloth....... lbs.    1,210,825              288,664
Oil (Vegetable)......casks      13,180        32,117      Limburg and Luxemburg, though annexed to the crown,
Rice..........                   lbs.   62,026,489   24,142,932    are not incorporated in the kingdo   of the Netherln     but
Cattle..........number                3,234       59,041
Cattl.........numbr  3,34       5,647     are not incorporated in the kingdom of the Netherlands, but
Sheep.........number                5,560      167,304    are held under a separate administration, and are regarded
Raw Sugar.....cwts.    2,366,774          602,320    as fiefs, by virtue of which the king is constituted a member
Refined Sugar....cwts.         25,109    1,163,892    of the German Confederation.
wine in Cask........casks                    90,435       24,238      In addition to her European territories, the Netherlands
possesses a wide extent of colonies and dependencies in Asia,
AvuAGss VaLUE of the TOTAL IMsPORTS and ExroRs frjour ryears end.  Africa, and America, with whiqh she carries on an extening 1849, and the TOTAL VALrE for 1850, 1851, and 1852.        side  commerce, and  which  contribute materially  to her
Imports.        Exports.           Total.     greatness.  They  are enumerated, with  their area  and
Average, 1846-1850.  $107,309,982... $92,767,452... $200,077,43   population, in the following Table; the population of Java,
Total...1810..  97,649,261...  97,9e7,072... 1 95562333pp    
Total....1851..       121,597,289...  97,097,922...   218,695,211
Tetal.....18512.  121,097,828...  97,097,9932      1955         Sumatra, Bones,  and Billiton, hem5g according to the official
Total. 1852. 1.29,087,823... 100,993,854...  238,081,613  returns of December 31, 1852.............. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1287~;'




NET                                                            NET
COLONIES and DEPENDENCIES Of the NETHERLANDS, their AREA and  universities-at Leyden, Utrecht, and Groningen, attended
POPULATION.                           by 1110 students-besides numerous academies of an intermediate character. Tie majority of the population are ProArea in Populat'n.  testants of various sects-Lutheran and Calvinistic-the
fsq. m..   latter predominating; the Mennonites (Anabaptists) also
Asix:-                                                       form  a numerous body; above a third part are Roman
Java andthe adja centislands, 22 provinces   52,152  9,950,000   Catholics, and there are a large number of Jews. All reliSumatra, Government of AV. coast...    46,944  1,015,000   gious sects and persuasions are politically on a perfectly
Benkoelen........   9,716   110,000   equal footing. It is worthy of remark, that the Roman
-  Lamipcog districts......   10,132    54,000
Losnpoeg districts.,132    ss    OCatholic archbishop of Utrecht, and the bishop of Haarlem
Palembang                       54,580   305,000
Kingdom of Indragiri.          14,436    50,000   and Deventer, are both Jansenists, and administer their
Kingdom of Assahan, Batoe,                         sacred offices without the sanction of the Pope. In their
Burs, Sirdan, Dclli, and      7,524   100,000   charitable institutions, also, the Dutch are exemplary; and
Laingkat....
nac, oangkam t..                              in the management of their poor, they have shown equal
Banca. government of.......             7,596    47,000
Riouw,     do.......            3,16S    30,000   wisdom  and liberality.  The relative proportions of the
Borneo, province Sambas.....   5,212    46,819   Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Jews in the Netherlands,..        W. coast......   54,648   304,076   exclusive of Luxemburg, are exhibited in the accompanying,, "    S. and E. coast....    140,112   311,100   TableCelebes, government Miacassar...     45,864  1,569,000
Arbeoina, province.........   10,216l  277,508
Menado,    do.......... 27,032    153,005                    POPULATION of the NETHERLANDS according to RELIGIONS.
Ternate,   do.                          24,100    97,329
Banda,     do.                            8,772   155.765                                                Proportion to
Tiemor,  do... 22,1240  i,057800              Denominations.      1840.       1850.
Timer,       22,24~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00.101,
Bali and Lombok.........            4,0  841 1,105,000                                                         50.
Papua or New Guinea, part of..          6,848   200,000                                                 140       50.
Billiton.............              1,150     5,700
56522 16,974,07  Protestants..   1,704,275    1,832,638    597    600
565216,974,097
AMERIsCA:-                                                    Roman Catholics   1,100,616    1,164,142    385     381
Guiana.........   60,000    64,270           Israelites..        52,245      58,518      18      19
Islands of Curagao, St. Eustatius, &c...   72   l26,311     Unnamed.,.           3,314        1,369
60,372    90,581                         2,860,410    5,056,667 
AFRIcA:Coast of Guinea....          1 10,664   100,000
Language, Literature, &c.-The language of the NetherSUMARn.- -To TAL ARnA and POPULATION Of the KINGDOM Of the  lands or Dutch, as we call it, is derived fromi the Platt
NETHERLANDS, inclutding the GRAND DciHY of LUXEmBUsG, the Deutsch of North Germany, which never received any liteCeLosErs, and DoPISsoaDENCIsAS-                             rary cultivation; for Luther and the Reformation turned the
scales against it; and German or Hoch Deutsch (High) Dutch
Area in Populat'n.  gained the ascendant in Germany just when the popular
sq. m.            ~language began to be employed as the ordinary vehicle, of
Europe.....   13,643  3,962,290   thought. The Platt Deutsch disappearing from the field of
Asia........... 556,522 16,974,097   view, a very wide chasm  remains between the kindred ]anAmerica.............   60,372    90,581   guages of Germany and the Netherlands-the High and Low
Africa.te......                           10,664   105,000   Dutch. From the latter has branched off the Flemish, scarcely
Total....       641,201 21,126,968   differing from  the Dutch, yet cultivated now as if it were
quite distinct fromn the cognate tongue. The IFrisians, also,
have a peculiar dialect, resembling, in soue respects, the
Govbernment, &e.-The kingdom of the Netherlands, as it  Anglo-Saxon.  The Dutch is softer in sound than the High
now exists, is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The  German, and possesses fully the immense resources of that
executive power is vested wholly in the king, who shares  language, in its natural copiousness, flexibility, and the facialso the work of legislation with the States-General.  This  lity of forming new terms from native roots. There is no Euconsists of two chambers-the upper with 23, and the lower  ropean language which borrows so little from Greek or Latin
with 55 members-who assemble for deliberation at the  as the Dutch.  The literature of the Netherlands reaches a
Hague, ('S Gravenhaag,) the capital of the kingdom, or, more  long way back; many chronicles exist in it of the 13th and
correctly, the royal residence. The members of the upper  14th centuries; and as to the value of that literature, it
chamber are named by the king for life; the others are  will be sufficiently warranted by pointing to the names of
elected by the Provincial States, whose principal functions  the great writers which the country has produced, as Erasare of a local nature.  The government is strong, and the  mus, Grotlus, Swammerdam,  Boerhaave, Huygens, &c.
administration, in every department, is simple and econo- Hooft and Van den Vondel, in the 17th century, cultivated
mical. Dutch India is ruled by a Governor-General, residing  the drama with great success. Cats, an amusing and inat Batavia, under whom are the governors and residents at  structive poet of the greatest genius, acquired and mainthe various insular settlements.                              tainus a popularity like that of La Fontaine.  The last
The revenue of the Netherlands, as estimated in the budget  century produced many Dutch authors of great eminence
brought forward in 1854, was $17,958,438, of which $4,715,219  -Feith, Bilderdyck, Helmers, Spandaaw, Van  Kampen,
was derived from  direct taxes, $4,904,824 from  customs, Van Hall, and Van Leunep; and the present age is no less
$1,181,915 from tolls on vessels, $337,500 from the post-office,  prolific. Dutch literature, as it gives expression to the sen$2,450,000 from the extra contributions from the colonies,  timents of an orderly, practical, and well-educated people,
and $1,175,000 from  the colonial administration fund at  has generally a sober and solid character; but it is not defihome. The total expenditures according to the same esti-  cient in the grace, novelty, and vivid coloring which render
mate, amounted to $17,675,928, of which $2,600,000 was for  even the gravest themes attractive.
the army, $1,413,750 for the navy, and $9,052,371 for interest   Ilistory.-The Batavi (or Batavians) were already known
on the state debt, which at this date amounted to $300,247,075.  to the Ronomans, in the time of Julius Caesar, as a warlike naThe revenue of the East Indian colonies in 1852, was esti- tion. Their neighbors, the Belge, seem to have been distinmated at $17,485,698, and expenditures at $17,113,230.  The  guished, even in that early age, for that inclination to conirevenue from the other colonies amounted to $309,682, and  merce which afterwards exerted such an influence on the
the expenditures to $413,031.                                 history of the Netherlands.  It was in the year 9 B. c., that
Army and Navy. —The army in 1852 amounted to 57,959  Drusus joined the Rhine and Yssel by a canal, (now called the
men, including 1669 officers. The artillery numbered 10,994  New Yssel,) and set the example of those great works which
men. The navy in 1854 comprised 5 ships of the line, 2  have changed the face of the whole country. Under Adrian
carrying 84, and 3 carrying 74 guns each, 13 frigates  and Septilumius Severus, the Batavi shared the imperial favor,
with from 38 to 60 guns each, 12 corvettes of from 18 to 28  and probably advanced in civilization by contact with the
guns each, 83 other sail-vessels, including 14 brigs and 49  Romans. About the beginning of the fourth century, they
schooners; 17 steam-ships of from  170 to 300 horse-power  united with the Frisians, a people of kindred origin. The
each, and 9 other steamers, making the total number of  sixth century witnessed their subjugation by the  ranks;
war vessels 140, carrying 2174 guns, and manned by 6760  and, in the middle of the ninth, they were incorporated in
men; besides which, there were two comnpanies of marine  the empire founded by Charlemagne.  Soon after this, the
infantry, comprising 1588 men.                                whole country was parcelled out into small principalities,
Eclucation, Relqiioo, &c.-The Dutch provinces, taken col- in accordance with the feudal spirit of the age. These prinlectively, form the most civilized portion of Europe; for  cipalities were as follows: —The duchies of Gueldres, Brawhat they want in social brilliancy and attraction, is amply  bant, Luxemburg, and Limburg; the marquisate of Anvers,
made up by the general diffusion of intelligence among all (Antwerp;) the counties of Holland, Zealand, Zutphen,
c-lasses; and, among the wealthier classes. there is no want Flanders, Artois, Hainant, and Namur; with the lordships
of solid and extensive learning. There were, in 1851, 3295  of Utrecht, Overyssel, Groningen, Friesland, and Mechlin.
schools for popular instruction, attended by 361,015 pupils, Such was the origin of the Seventeen Provinces, afterwards
beinmg equal to above a half of the total population between  grouped together as the Netherlands, Pays Bas, or Low
the ages of 5 and 15 years, [see Mtble, page 1287;] and 3  Countries.  Among these petty states, Flanders held the
1288




NET                                                       NEU
foromost rank; and when, in the 14th century, the estates    NEUBOURG, nuh'boor, a market-town of France, deof the Count of Flranders passed, by matrimonial alliance, partmient of Eure, 13 miles N.W. of Evreux. Pop. 2341.
to the house of Burgundy, the paramount authority in the    NEU-BRANDENBURG,.noi-brdnfden-bOORGo, a town of
Netherlands passed with them. In like manner, these  Mecklenburg-Strelitz, on the Lake Tollens, 17 miles N.N.E.
estates passed from the house of Burgundy to that of Austria, of Neu-Strelitz.  Pop. 6000. It has a ducal palace, several
and Charles V. inherited the sovereignty of the Seventeen  churches, and manufactures of tobacco, chemical products,
Provinces. But his son and successor, Philip II., having  playing-cards, cottons, and woollens.
deeply offended the people by an attempt to establish the    NEUBRUCK, (Neubrtick,) noi/brtik, (Polish Nowymost,
Inquisition among them, and by various oppressive acts, niolve-most,) a town of Prussian Poland, 35 miles N.W. of
seven of the states, namely, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Posen, on the Warta.
Gelderland, Overyssel, Groningen, and Friesland, united in    NEUBRUCK, a village of Prussia, province of Brandendefence of their liberties, and formed a federal republic, at burg, government of Frankfort, circle of Crossen.
the head of which they placed, with the title of Statthouder,   NEUBRUNN, noi/br60n, a village of Bavaria, Lower Fran(Stadtholder,) William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. At the  conia, district of HIomburg. Pop. 1124.
end of the 16th century, the Dutch gained the possession    NEUIBURG, (Ger. pron. noi'b650G,) a town of Bavaria,
of the Molucca Islands, and secured a monopoly of the spice circle of Swabia, formerly capital of a duchy of its own
trade. At the end of the 17th century, they owned nearly  name, on the Danube, here crossed by two bridges, 29
half of the shipping of Europe, but in consequence of the wars miles N.N.E. of Augsburg.  Pop. 6352. It has remainus of
in which they were engaged, and the increase of the mer- ancient fortifications, a castle, containing a theatre and
cantile navies of other countries, they lost their commercial museum, an arsenal, barracks, a church with a fine painting
pre-eminence. The country was invaded by Louis XIV., but by, Rubens, and a royal institute, (college of nobles,) several
the inhabitants, taking refuge in their shipping, broke down  superior schools, breweries, and distilleries.
the dikes, and he was compelled to retire. It was conquered    NEUBURG, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, near the Rhine,
by the French at the commencement of the revolution, and  15 miles S.E. of Landau. Pop. 1480.
in 1795 it formed the Batavian Riepublic. It was erected    NEUBURG-VOR-DEM-WALDE, noil/b5cG von-dpm-fv&lIinto the Kingdom of Holland in 1806, but in 1810 became  deh, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwarzach, 27 miles N.N.E.
incorporated with the French Empire. In the mean time  of Ratisbon. Pop. 2036. See KLOSTEINEU.URG, KO -nEunuRG.
its commerce was nearly annihilated, and the Dutch colonial   NEUDAMM, noifdumm, a town of Prussia,. province of
possessions were seized by the British. At the establish- Brandenburg, 28 niles N.N.E. of Frankfort.  Pop. 2430.
ment of peace in 1814, the Prince of Orange resumed his   NEUDEK, noildlk, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles N. of
authority, the colonial possessions, with the exception of  Elbogen, on the Robla, with 2 castles. Pop. 2000.
the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, Demerara, Essequibo, and    NEUDENAU, noildeh-nOw', a town of Baden, on the Jaxt,
Berbice, were restored, and a period of commercial prosperity  7 miles N.E. of Wimpfen.  Pop. 1250.
succeeded. By the act of the Allied Powers, the Prince of    NEUDORF, noi/donf, a town of Lower Austria, 9 miles S.
Orange was, in 1816, elevated to the rank of King of the  of Vienna. Pop. 2024.
Netherlands, with increased territories, extending over the    NEUDORF, a village of Austria, Moravia, circle of Hrapresent kingdom of Belgium. In 1830, a revolt took place  disch. Pop. 1560.
in Belgium, the inhabitants of which never willingly sub-   NEUDORF, a town of North IHungary. See IGLO.
mitted to the sway of. their Dutch neighbors, and, after a    NEUDORF, a village of Austria. See KiNIGSFrELD.
short struggle, the latter were compelled to evacuate the    NEUDORF, a village of Bohemia, 42 miles S. by E. of
country. Belgium was then erected into a kingdom; and  Olmutz. Pop. 917.
the present limits of the Kingdom of the Netherlands were    NEUDORF, a village of Germany, Auhalt-Bernburg, near
defined by treaty in 1833.-Adj. NeTn1RLsAJDisohs, and  IIarzgerode. In the vicinity are the Pfaffenberg and WeiseDUTCH; inhab. DUTCHMAN. (See ItIOLLAND.)                   berg, the two most important silver-mines of Lower Ilarz.
NETHI/ER  PROVIDENCE, a township of Delaware co., Pop. 819.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 1494.                                    NEUDORF, a village of Moravia. circle of Briinn.
NETHOU, PIC, peek nehltool, and MALADETTA, m.-l-   NEUDORF or WALTERSDORtF,  fAl/ters-doitf', a village
dYtUt, the highest peak of the Pyrenees, or rather two of Germany, MIoravia, circle of Brtinn. Pop. 1510.
neighboring peaks, on the frontiers of Spain, near lat. 320   NEUDORF, a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, on
40' N., Ion. 00 45' E. Height, 11,168 feet.               the'Popelka, about 9 miles from Gitschin. Pop. 1194.
NETILEY ABIBEY, a fine ruin of England, co., and 3 miles   NEUEN. See Neu.
S.E. of Southampton, on.the E. side of Southampton Water.   NEUENBURG, Switzerland.  See NeurcHATEL.
NETO, n/to, or NIETO, ne-A/to, (ance. Neethu/s,) a small   NEUENBURG, noi'Fen-bh5Ra', a town of Germany, West
river in the S. of Italy, falls into the Gulf of Taranto near  Prussia, 11 miles S.At.  of Marienwerder, on the Vistula.
390 15' N. latitude.                                      Pop. 2960.
NETOLITZ, n/to-lits', a town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.W.    NEUENBURG, a town of Germany, Wiirtemberg, on the
of Budweis. Pop. 2312.                                     Enz, 27 miles W.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1554.
NETRO, nA/tro, a village of the Sardinian States, division,  NEUENBURG, a town of Germany, grand-duchy of Baden,
of Turin, province of Biella. Pop. 2123.                   on the Rhine, 19 miles S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1120.
NETTKOW, nAtt/kov, a town of Prussia, province of Si-   NEUENDOIlF, noifen-doef', a village ofGerrmany, IRhenish
lesia, government of Liegnitz, on the Oder. Pop. 1125.    Prussia, 2 miles N. of Coblentz, on the Rhine.  Pop. 1880.
NETITLEBED, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.           NEUENDORF, a village of Germany, duchy of AnhaltNETTTLECARRIER, a post-office of Overton co., Ten- Kfthen, N.W. of Giisten.
nessee.                                                     NEUENECK or NEUENEGG, noi/eu-hi, a village of SwitNETITLECOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  zerland, canton and 8 miles S.W. of'Bern.  Pop. 1880.
NETITLE CREEK, a township of Randolph co., Indiana.    NEUENHIAUS, noilen-h6ws', a town-of Hanover, 50 miles
Pop. 596.                                                 W.N.W. of Osnaburg. Pop. 1462.
NETITLEILAM,   a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       NEUENIIAUS, a market-town of Germany, Saxe-MeininNETITLE LAKE, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio.      gen, E.N.E. of Coburg. about 1100 feet above the sea. P. 610.
NETITLESTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           NEUENKIRCIIHEN, noilen-k6EreKen a village of Ihanover,
NETTLESTEAD, a parish of. England, co. of Suffolk.      government and 17 miles S.E. of Osiaburg.  Pop. 1144.
NET/TLESWELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          NEUENKIRCIHEN, a market-town of Prussia, WestphaNET/TLETON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        lia, 37 miles S.S.W. of Minden.  top. 1370.
NETTLETON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             NEUENR ADE, noi5eu-ra'doh. a town of Prussia, WestNETTLINGEN, nrttfling-en, a village of Hanover, princi- phalia, 14 miles S.W. of Arnsberg.  Pop. 1360.
pality and 9 miles E. of IIildesheim.  Pop. 1056.           NEUENSTADT or NEUENSTADT-AMh-KOCIEER, noilenNETTSTAL, nutt'st:l, a town and parish of Switzer- stdttAm-kotsrer, a town of WThrtembcrg, on the Kocher, 8
land, canton and 1 mile N. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. miles N.E. of Heilbronu. Pop. 1421.
2028.                                                       NEUENSTEIN, noilen-stine', a town of Wtirteinberg, on
NETTUNO, nht-too/no, a seaport town of Italy, Pontifical the Eppach, 31 miles N.W. of Ellwangen. Pop. 1486.
States, 31 miles S.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 1800. It has the ruins    NEUERBURG, noi!er-b5661, a town of Rhenish Prussia,
of a temple of Neptune, (whence its name,) and is supposed  23 miles N.W. of Treves. Pop. 1730.
to ccupy the site of the ancient Ccelno, the port of Antium.   NEUERN, noi'ern, (OBen, o/ber, and UsNTER, 5in/ter,) two
NETUS{. See Noeo.                                       contiguous small towns of Bohemia, 11 miles S.W. of IKlatNETZE, nlttseh, a river of Prussia, joins the Warta 6  tan. United pop. 1250.
miles E. of Landsberg] Total course about 140 miles.        NEUFAHRWASSER, noi/faR-3As'ser, a village of West
NETZSCI{ilAU, nktshlk~w, a town of Saxony, 13 miles Prussia, at the mouth of the W. arm of the Vistula, 4 miles
S.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 1600.                               N. of'Dantzic, of which it is the port. It has a lighthouse,
NE/, not, or IVNE, UJ V, uoilen, a German word, signifying  and is defended by a fort.
new, prefixed to miny places in Germany, as NEU-MARKT,   NEUF-BRISACIH, a town of France. See BREISACH.
"New Market," N'u-Bune, "New Castle," Ac.                   NEUFCIIATEAU, nuf'sh'tat/, a town of France, depart
NEU-BISTiITZ, noi-bisttrits, a town of Bohemia, 32 miles ment of Vosges, on the Mouzon, close to its junction with
S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 3660.                                 the Meuse, 35 miles N.W. of Epinal. Pop. in 1852, 3735. It
NEUBERG, noi/b3a0 a village and parish of Styria, N.N.E. has a communal college, public library, and manuftctures
of Brack. Pop. 1488.                                      of coarse woollens, doe-skins, and cotton quilts.




NEU                                                       NEU
NEUFCIIATEAU, nuf'sh2ttl, a town of Belgium, province    NEUILLY-LES-EiAL.   nuh'yee! l rA'll, a village oft
of Luxembourg, 19 miles S.W. of Bastogne. Pop. 1648.      France, department of Allier, 18 miles S.S.E. of Moulins.
NEUFCIIATEL or NEUCIIATEL, nushlitell, (Ger. Nreu- Pop. 1222.
enbzrg, noi/fn-bdORG',) a frontier canton in the N.W. part of    NEUILLY-LE-VENDIN, nuh'yeetleh v&NGMdANot, a vill.es
Switzerland, having on the S.E. the Lake of Neufchltel, and  of France, department and 18 miles N.E. of MIayenne. Pot.
on other sides Frarce and the cantons of Bern and Vaud. 1571.
Area 281 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 70,679, mostly Protes-   NEUILLY-L'EVEQUE, (Neuilly-l'Ev6que,) nuh'yee! i'"
tants. The Jura lMIountains intersect it from S. to N., and  vlk/, a village of France, department of Calvados, 4 miles
the river Doubs bounds it on the N.W. Pastures occupy  S.E. of Isigny. Pop. 1213.
most part of the surface.  Except wine, kitchen vege-   NEUILLY-SAINT-FRONT, nuh'yeel SINo frRG, a town of
tables, and hay, the vegetable products are insufficient for France, department of Aisne, 11 miles N.W. of Ch'teau?
home consumption; corn is imported from the cantons of  Thierry. Pop. 1802.
Bern and Basel.  Many cattle are reared, and cheese is   NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE, nuh'yee! siia  sfn, a town  of
an important export.  From  18,000 to 20,000 hands are  France, department and on the right bank of the Seine, here
more or less employed in watchmaking, in both the urban  crossed by a noble stone bridge of 5 arches, 1 miles from
and rural districts. Cotton fabrics, hosiery, cutlery, and  the W. extremity of Paris, and on the road to St. Giermnains
metallic wares generally, are the other chief manufactures. Pop. in 1852,15,897, chiefly employed in manufactures of porUntil 1848 Neufch'tel acknowledged thesovereignty ofPrus-  celain and starch, chemical works, and liqueur distilleries.
sia, but a revolution having then occurred, it is now a demo- It has a handsome church, fine modern villas, and pictucratic member of the Swiss Confederation, in which it holds resque well-wooded suburbs. The royal chhteau of Neuilly,
the 21st place.  The principal towns are Neufch.tel, the  built in the reign of Louis XV., was till lately the favorite
capital, Chaux-de-Fonds, Valengin, and Le Locle.           summer residence of Louis Philippe, but was destroyed
NEUFCHATEL, (Ger. Neuenbsurg,noi/en-b0OnG,) a town of during the Revolution of 1848. The park extends some
Switzerland, capital of the above canton, on the N.W. shore  distance along the right bank of the river, and into the
of the Lake Neufch.tel, 25 miles W. of Bern. Pop. 7727. It wooded islets that divide the stream.
has an ancient castle, the former residence of the Pukes of   NEUKALDEN, noilkAl'den, a walled town of Germany,
Neufchltel, a cathedral of the 12th century, a town-hall, with  Mecklenberg-Schwerin, duchy and 26 miles E. of Gustrow,
a public library, an orphan asylum, founded in 1722, several on Lake Cumerow. Pop. 2150..
hospitals, a college, and a collection of natural history. It is   NEUKIICII, noilk6anK, a town of Prussian Silesia, gothe chief entrepbt of the canton, and has considerable trade  vernment of Oppeln, 9 miles E.S.E. of Leobschtitz.  P. 1040.
in wine, corn, cattle, watches, lace, cotton stuffs, &c.     NEUKIRCH, four small villages and parishes of SwitzerNEUFCIHATEL, LAKE OF, one of the larger lakes of Swit-  land, the largest in the canton of Lucerne. Pop. 2264.
zerland, in the W. part, 18 miles N. of the Lake of Geneva,   NEUKIRCH, (NIEDare, neoeldr, and OncR, o/ber,) a town
enclosed by the cantons of Neufch'tel, Vaud, Freyburg. and  of Prussia, government and S.W. of Liegnitz.
Bern.  Length 24 miles, average breadth 4 miles. Esti-    NEUKIRCIHEN, noilk6KeuKen, a village of Upper Austria,
mated area 90 square miles, height above the sea 143 feet, circle of Traun. Pop. 1003.
and depth 426 feet. It receives several rivers; the Broye    NEUKIRCHEN, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government
brings to it the surplus waters of Lake Morat, and it dis- and 13 miles S. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 972.
charges its own towards the N. by the Thiel through the    NEUKIRCIIEN, a town of Hesse-Cassel, on the Grenft, 6
Lake of Bienne into the Aar. Its scenery is less sublime   miles S.E. of Ziegenhain. Pop. 2057.
than that of the other Swiss lakes, but its banks are pleasant,   NEUKIRCIIEN-BEIM-IIEILIGEN-BLUT,  noi/k6snKeten
and on them are the towns of Neufchltel and Yverdun, be- him hi/lig-en b166t, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, N.W.
tween which a steamer plies daily.                         of Passau. Pop. 1510.
NEUFCIATEL-EN-BRAY, nvsh'ttll/ 8Na brA, a town of    NEUKLOSTER, noilklos'ter, a village of MeeklenbergFrance, department of Seine-Iuflrieure, 25 miles N.E. of  Schwerin, 10 miles E.S.E. of Wismar.  Pop. 717.
Rouen, on the B6thune, and on the railway from Paris to    NEULAND, noilint, a village of Prussian Silesia, goCalais. Pop. in 1852, 3602. It is famed for its cheese, in  vernment of Oppeln, circle of Neisse. Pop. 1046.
which, with butter and flour, it has a considerable trade.  NEULERCIIENFELD. See LEcnCHENFELD.
NEUFFEN, noifffn, a town of Wiirtemberg, 9 miles N.E.   NEULISE, nuhlleezI, a town of France, department of
of Reutlingen. Pop. 2000.                                 Loire, on the railway fromn  Lyons to Roanne, about 7 miles
NEUFRA, noitfrl, a market-town of Iiohenzollern-Sigma- S.E. of Eoanne. Pop. 1033.
ringen, on the Fehl. Pop. 1230.                             NEUIIAGEN, noi/mA-ghen, a village of Rhenish Prussia,
NEUGEDEIN, noilgheh-dine', or KDYNIE, kdintyA, a  14 miles. N.E. of Treves, on the Mloselle. Pop. 1370..
market-town of Bohemia, 14 miles W. of Klattau. Pop.   NEUMARtK, noiYmaek, a walled town of West Prussia,
1813. It has one of the most important woollen manufac- 36 miles S.E. of Marienwerder, on the Drewenz. Pop. 1300
tories in the kingdom.                                      NEUMARK, a town of Austrian Galicia, 34 miles W.S.W.
NEUGUEN or NEUQUE, river in La Plata. See DIAlANTE. of Neu-Sandec.
NEUHAUS, nol/hOws, a town of Germany, Bohemia, 23    NEUMARK, a town of Bohemia, circle and 16 miles
miles S.S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 7604. It has a handsome pa- W.S.W. of Klattau. Pop. 1133.
lace of Count Czernin, a Jesuit college, and manufactures   NEUMARKT, noi/maakt, a town of Prussian Silesia. 19
of woollen cloth, linen, and paper.                        miles W.N.W. of Bresloau, on the railway to Glogau. Pop.
NEUHAUS, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 40 miles S.S.W. 4100. It is enclosed by walls, and has manulactures of
of Minden, on the Lippe. Pop. 1410.                        woollens and linens.
NEUHAUS, a town of Germany, Hanover, 24 miles N.W.   NEUMIARKT, a town of Bavaria, on the Sulz, 21 miles
of Stade, with a port on the Oste. Pop. 1513.              S.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 3085. It is enclosed by walls, and
NEUHAUSEL, noilhoi'sel, (IHIun. E'rsec-fUjvar, 8a'shlk/-  has manufactures of silk and tobacco.
i6'ee-vfnR,) a market-town of North-West IHungary, co. and 22    NEUMARKT, a town of Upper Austria, 13 miles N.E. of
miles S. of Neutra, on the Neutra River, and on the railway  Salzburg. Pop. 700.
from Vienna to Szolnok. Pop. 6780. It has the ruins of a    NEUMARKT, a town of Germany, Illyria, 24 miles N.N.W.
strong fortress, and manufactures of woollens.             of Laybach. Pop. 1440.
NEUHAUSEN, noilh~wlzen, or NEUHAUSEN-AUF-DEN-   NEUMARKT, Transylvania.  See MIAROs-VASARHELY.
FELDERN, norlh0w'zpn 6wf din fMl/dern, a market-town of   NEUMARKT  or NEUMARK'I-AN-DER-OLKZA, noilWtirtemberg, circle of Neckar, 5 miles S.S.WV. of Esslingen. markt An dir olkttsA, a market-town of Austria, Styria,
Pop. 2170.                                                 S.W. of Judenburg. Pop. 1195.
NEUIIAUSEN, a market-town of Wiirtemberg, on the    NEUMARKT, (It. syea, in/ya,) a market-town of Austria,
Erms, N.W. of Urach.  Pop. 1201.                           Tyrol, 12 milesS. by W. of Botzen, on the Adige. Pop. 1548.
NEUHAUSEN or NEUHAUSEN-OB-ECK, noilhlw'zen ob    NEUMUHLEN, (Neumtihlen,) noi/mii'len, a village of
Ak, a market-town of Wtirtemberg, 5 miles E. of Tuttlingen. Denmark, duchy of Holstein, near Kiel. Pop. 900.
Pop. 1015.                                                   NEUMLUNSTER,   (Neamiinster,) noi/mun'ster, a village of
NEUHOF, no!lhif, several market-towns of Central and  Denmark, duchy of HIolstein, 17 miles S.S.E. of Kiel, on the
South Germany, the principal in HIesse-Cassel, province and  Hamburg Railwvay.
7 miles S.S.W. of Fulda. Pop. 1700.                          NEUNBURG-VOR-DEM-WALD, noin/bl5no voR dim'lt,
NEUIIOF, a town of Bohemia, N. of Czaslau, with a mag- a town of Bavaria, 27 miles N.N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 2030.
nificent castle, surrounded with fine gardens, and possessing    NEUNDORF, noinhdoaf, a village of Bohemia, circle of
a library of 25,000 volumes. Pop. 791.                     Buntzlau. Pop. 1003.
NEUIIUTTEN, (Neuhiitten,) noi/htitten, a village of Bo-   NEUNDORF, Geoss, grose noildonf, a village of Prussian
hemia, circle of Rakonitz. Pop. 998.                       Silesia, government of Oppeln, circle of Neisse. Pop. 1025.
NEUILL]-PONT-PIERRE, nuh'ya/   p6NG! pe-aip), a village   NEUNKIRCIH, noin/ki5cK, a town and parish of Switzerof France, department of Indre-et-Loire, 13 miles N.N.W. land, canton and 6 miles W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. 1400.
of Tours. Pop. 1570.                                        NEUNKIRCHEN, noin/k656xKen, a market-town of RheNEUILLY, nuh'yeel, a village of France, department of  nish Prussia, 38 miles S.E. of Treves.  Pop. 2020.
Haute-Marne, 6 miles E. of Langres. Pop. 1240.              NEUNKIRCHEN, a market-town of Lower Austria, 10
NEUILLY-EN-THIELLE, nuh'yee/ N- taill, a village of  miles S.W. of Neustadt, on the railway to Glocknitz. Pop.
France, department of Oise, capital of a canton, 13 miles W. 2200.
of Senlis. Pop. 1300.                                       IEUIAKAU, noilpA'ki w, or PAKAU, pVKSw, a town of
1290




NEU                                                        NEU
nBhemia, 57 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2482, mostly em- abbey with a library of 20,000 volumes, and museums;
-tpoyed in extensive cotton factories.                   military academy, with models and instruments, and a
NEUQUE, a river of La Plata. See DIAMANTE.             library of 8000 volumes. It has extensive sugar refineries,
NEUREUSCIJ, noifroish. written also NOWARZISSE, a  cotton manufactures, breweries, and paper-mills.
market-town of Austria, Moravia, circle of Iglau, 6 miles   NEUSTADT, noi/stitt, or NOWEMIESTO, no-vlm-yksfto, a
from Schelletau. Pop. 1240.                               walled town of Bohemia, 16 miles N.E. of KJnig-riitz. Pop
NIEURItODE, noiro-dgh, a town of Prussian Silesia, 46 miles 1750.
S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 5300. It has an ancient castle, and    NEUSTADT, a town of Prussian Silesia, 28 miles S.S.W.
manufactures of flannels,                                 of Oppeln, on the Branne. Pop. 2648. It is enclosed by
NEUSALZ, noi/sglts, a town of Prussian Silesia, 48 miles  earth ramparts, and has manufactures of woollen, linens,
N.N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Oder.  Pop. 3370.  It was and lace, with some trade in Hungarian wine.
founded by a colony of Moravian brethren, (Herrnhiiters,)    NEUSTADT, a town of Prussian Saxony, 2 miles N. of
and has ship-building docks, and manufactures of linen  Magdeburg. of which it is considered a suburb. Pop. 6700.
and lace.                                                   NEUSTADT, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 32 miles E. of
NEUSATZ, noilsats, (HIun. Ucjvidlc, oo'ee vee'daikl,) a town  Cologne. Pop. 1208.
of Hungary, Hlither Danube, co. of Bacs, on the Danube,   NEUSTADT or WEIHERSFREI, 2S/lrs-frll, a town of West
opposite to Peterwardein, with which it communicates by a  Prussia. 24 miles N.W. of Dantzic, on the Rehde. Pop. 2050.
bridge of boats. Till the late (1849) Itungarian war, when    NEUSTADT, a town of Germany, Hesse-Cassel, province
it was almost completely destroyed, it was a large fortified  of Ober-Hessen, on an island formed by an affluent of the
town of 17,400 inhabitants, and carried on an important Schahn, 17 miles E. of Marburg. Pop. 1792.
trade, being a common entreplt for Germany, Hungary,   NEUSTADT, a town of Germany, Meckleubur g-Shwerin,
and Turkey.                                               on the Elde, 18 miles S.S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 1771.
NEUSCHLOTT, a town of Finland. See NYSLOTT.               NEUSTADT, a town of Germany, Baden, on two small
NEUSE, niss, a river of North Carolina, rises in Person  rivers, 18 miles E.S.E. of Freiburg. Pop. 1710.
county, in the N. part of the state. Next to Cape Fear    NEUSTADT, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Kocher, 8
River, it is the largest stream which rises and terminates miles N.E. of HIeilbronn. Pop. 1400.
in North Carolina. The whole length is about 300 miles,   NEUSTADT, a town of Lower Bavaria, on the Danube, 22
and the general direction is south-eastward. After pass- miles S.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1077. 
ing by Waynesborough, Goldsborough, and Newbern, it   NEUSTADT, a town of Denmark, duchy of Holstein, on
empties itself into the W. extremity of Pamlico Sound, the Baltic, 18 miles N.N.E. of Liibeck, with 2647 inhabitthrough an estuary which is several miles wide, and more  ants, a harbor for small vessels, and some trade in shipthan 25 miles long. It is navigable by steamboats for eight building.
months of the year from its mouth to Waynesborough, over   NEUSTADT, a town of Hungary. See NAGv BANvA.
100 miles; smaller boats have ascended about 200 miles.   NEUSTADT, a town of Transylvania, near Kronstadt.
After it passes the middle part of its course, the river flows Pop. 2846.
through sandy plains, which are occupied by extensive    NEUSTADT, a town of Moravia, 13 miles N.N.W. of
forests of pitch pine.                                    Olmutz, with a station on the railway to Prague. Pop. 4000.
NEU-SIHIEIR, (Nef-Shehr,) nA-oo'shih'rf, written also    NEUSTADT, a market-town of Germany, in Brunswick. at
NEMB-SHEHR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 120 miles N.E. the terminus of the Harzburg Railway, 24 miles S. of Brunsof Konieh, lat. 380 37' N., ion. 340 37' E. It stahds at the  wick. Pop. 900.
height of 3940 feet above the level of the sea, with a bold    NEUSTADT-AM-KULM, noifstgtt Am ki1m, a town of
ravine in front, and a back ground of high cliffs of volcanic Bavaria, 14 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1000.
rock, containing about 3000 houses, two large mosques, a    NEUSTADT AM  RUBENBERGE, noilsttt am roofbenGreek church, and a quadrangular castle with round towers bang0eh, a town of Bavaria, 15 miles N.W. of IHanover, on
at the corners. Pop. 15,000.                              the Leine  Pop. 1500.
NEUSIEDL, (noifseed'l,) LAKE OF, (Hun. FertU Tvac,   NEUSTADT-AN-DER-AISCH, noihstatt An der ish, a town
fhl/tU' tOh/vbh',) a lake of Hungary, near its western fron- of Bavaria, on the Aisch, 20 miles N.N.E. of Anspach. Pop.
tier, between the counties of Oedenburg and Weiselburg, 3061. It is enclosed by walls, has 2 castles, and manufac19 miles S.S.W. of Presburg.  Length 23 miles, average  tures of leather, and cotton and woollen cloths.
breadth 7 miles, depth from 9 to 13 feet. It receives the    NEUSTADT-AN-DER-HARDT, noi'statt An dir haft, a
Vulka River, and the town of Rusth is on its W. side, where  town of Rhenish Bavaria, capital of a county, on a small
its banks are well wooded; on the E. the country is low and  affluent of the Rhine, 12 miles N. of Landau. Pop. 6088,
marshy, andere its waters, during its sudden and irregu- employed in manufactures of muskets, paper, woollen cloth,
lar inundations, are carried to the Rabnitz by a canal cut chemical and vinegar factories, and oil and gunpowder mills.
by a prince of the Esterhazy family, who resides in its    NEUSTADT-AN-DER-HEIDE, noilstatt an dir hSldeh, a
vicinity.                                                 town oY Germany, duchy of Saxe-Coburg, principality'and 9
NEUSIEDL-AM-SEE, noilseed'l Am  sa, (Hun. Nezider, miles NE. of Cobur,. Pop. 2000.
nAzee'dairl,) a market-town of West IIungary, co. of Wie-   NEUSTADT-AN-DER-ORLA, noi'statt An dir o at, a town
selburg, on Lake Neusiedl, 19 miles S.W. of Presburg. P. 2036. of Germany, grand-duchy of Saxe-W1eimar, principality and
NEUSOIIL, noilzbl, (Hun. Besztercze-Banya, biss'ti tesX' 24 miles S.E. of Weimar, on the 0rla, an affluent of the
banlySh',) a town of North Hungary, capital of the county  Saale. Pop. 4250. It has a ducal residence, and manufacof Sohl, on the Gran, at the influx of the Bestritza, 80 miles tures of woollen cloths, linens, and leather.
N. ofPesth. Lat. 480 40 N., ion.190 3E. Pop. 3600,or with    NEUSTADT-AN-DER-SAALE, noilstatt an dir s/lbeh, a
adjoining villages, 12,000, nearly half of whom are Protest- town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 40 miles N.E. of Wiirzburg.
ants. It has an ancient castle, and numerous churches, in  Pop. 1450.
one of which is a bell weighing 5 tons, a hospital, Roman    NEUSTADT-AN-DER-WALDNAB, noi'statt An dir  -lft/Catholic and Lutheran colleges, several superior schools, nab, a town of Bavaria, 31 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop.
manufactures of sword-blades and beet-root sugar, a con- 1560.
siderable trade in linens and beer, and one of the largest   NEUSTADT-BEI-STOLPEN, noi'statt b! stolfpen, a town
smelting houses in Hungary, it being the seat of a mining  of Saxony, 21 miles E. of Dresden, on the Polenz. Pop. 2122.
council and tribunal. The Herrengrund Mines near it yield    NEUSTADT-EBERSWALDE, noi'statt Albers-Wl'deh, a
annually 1500 cwts. of copper.                            town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on the Finnow
NEUSS, noiss, (anc. Novelsium or Noova-Casltrca,) a fortified  Canal, and on the railway to Stettin, 24 miles N.E. of Bertown of Rhenish Prussia, 4 miles S.W. of Dusseldorf, on the  lin. Pop. 5360, employed in manufactures of porcelain,
Erft, and on a canal which joins the Rhine. Pop. 8830. It ivory, brass, iron, and steel wares, and woollen and linen
has numerous manufactories of woollen and cotton cloths, fabrics.
starch, leather, dyes, ribbons, and velvets. In 451 it was   NEUSTADTEL-BEI-SCHNEEBERG, noilstit-tel bS shn.Isacked by Attila; in 1254 it joined the Hanseatic league. biR(c, a town of Saxony, 11 miles S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 1775.
In its vicinity numerous urns and Roman medals have been    NEUSTADTL, (Neustidt],) RUDOLPHISWERTII, roo/dolftfound.                                                    waiRt', or NOVOMESITO, a town of Illyria, 38 miles S.E. of
NEUSTAt5T, nuistat or noirstatt, or PRUDNIK, proidlnik, Laybach. on the Gurk. Pop. 1751.
a walled town of Prussia, government and 29 miles S.S.W.   NEUSTADTL, (Bohemian Nowymiesto, no-vim-ylslto.) a
of Oppeln. It is tolerably well built, has a Protestant and  town of Moravia, 24 miles N.E. of Iglau. Pop. 1814. It has
three Rtoman Catholic churches, a synagogue, two hospitals, a castle and iron-mines.
and a convent of the Brothers of Charity, provincial and    NEUSTADTL, a town of Prussian Silesia, 40 miles N.W.
city courts. Pop. 6797.                                   of Liegnitz. Pop. 1500.
NEUSTADT, noirstatt, or WIENER-NEUSTADT, %eefner-    NEUSTADTL, (Neustidtfi.) noifstltt'l, (-Sun. Kiszueza
noitstitt, a town of Lower Austria, 13 miles S. of Vienna, Ujhel?, kis'soo'Uz&' oolee hil,) a town of North HTungary,
near the Hungarian frontier, on the railway to Griitz, on  co. of Trentschin, 45 miles N. of Kremnitz. Pop. 2500.
the small river Kerbach, and on the canal to Vienna. Lat.   NEUSTADTL-AN-DER-WAAG, (Neustidtl-an-der-W1..-.)
470 48' N., ion. 160 13' E. Pop. 9323, exclusive of military. noilstitt'l An dir Qig, (Hun. Vagh-o/hely, vag-oo'ee'h6i, a
The town is regularly built, surrounded by walls, and  market-town of North-West Hungary. co. and 33 miles
entered by four gates. It was formerly the residence of the  N.N.W. of Neutra, on the Wang. Pop. 5500. It has a mannemperors, and has a cathedral of the 13th century with two  factory of woollen cloth.
tall towers, an old royal castle, a gymnasium, a Cistertian    NEUSTADTL, BOHiMISCII, (Bihmisch,) bbitmish noll
1291




NEU                                                      NEV
sttt'l, is a town of Bohemia, Buntzlau, 12 miles N.N.E. of   NEIVA, (Rus. pron. n.-vy/,) an important river or strait
Reichenberg. Pop. 2496.                                   of Russia, government of St. Petersburg, connecting the
NEUSTETTIN.  noi'stft-teenl, a town of Prussia, Pomera- Lake of Ladoga with the Gulf of Finland. Length 40 miles
nia, 39 miles S.S.E. of Cbislin. Pop. 4060.               from Schliisselberg on the former, to St. Petersburg at the
NEUSTIFT, noi/stift, a market-town of Germany, Tyrol, bead of the latter, which city it separates from  its N.
11 miles S.S.W. of Innspruck. Pop. 1470.                   suburbs; breadth 1500 feet; depth in the channel about 50
NEUSTIFT, a town of Bohemia, 20 miles E. of Tabor.    feet. It is the great medium of communication between
NEUSTIFT, a market-town of Germany, Styria, 16 miles the internal parts ot North Russia and the sea, though
S.W. of Marburg. Pop. 140.                                usually frozen up from October to April; it has been found
NEU-STRELITZ, noi strA/lits, a town of North Germany,  to carry into the gulf 116,000 cubic feet of water in a second.
capital of the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, between   NEVA, a river of East Russia. See NEIVA.
Lakes Zierker and Glombeclk, 60 miles N.N.W. of Berlin.  NEVADA, SIERRA. See SIERaA NEVADA.
Pop. 6484. It is the usual residence of the grand dulke and   NEVADA, nA-v3tdL,  a county towards the N. part of Call.
court, and has a theatre, college, mint, and other govern- fornia, contains about 900 square miles. Drained by the
ment offices, a public library of 50,000 volumes. and a col- Middle and South Yuba, which afford valuable water-power.
lection of antiquities. Its inhabitants are mostly supported The surface in the E. part is mountainous, being traversed
by supplying the government establishments.               by the Sierra Nevada or Snowy Range of California. Gold
NEUSTRIA or NEUSTRIE. See NORMANDY.                     is abundant in this county, both in quartz veins and in
NEUTEICH, noiftiK, (Polish, Nitych, neeftiK,) a town of placers. Capital, Nevada City. Pop. 21,365.
West Prussia, 21 miles S.E. of Dantzic. Pop. 1650.          NEVADA, ne-vahfda, Ohio, a station on the Ohio and
NEUTITSCHEIN. noiltit-shine', or NOWY-GYRIN, nof*e- Indiana Railroad, 20 miles from Crestline.
ghirlin. a town of lioravia, 26 miles E.N.E. of Prerau. Pop.   NEVADA, a post-office of Grundy co., Missouri.
9000, many of whom are employed in woollen weaving, and   NEVADA, a post-village of Green co., Wisconsin, 9 miles
making flannel. Near it is a mineral spring.              E. by N. of Monroe.
NEUTRA, (IHIun. Nyitra, iieeftrdh' or nyeeltrih',) a river   NEVADA CITY. a post-town, capital of Nevada co., Caliof IHungary, rises in the N.E. extremity of the county of fornia, 180 miles N.E. of San Francisco. Pop. about 5000.
Neutra, flows circuitously S.S.W., and, aftera course of above   NEIVADO, nA-vAsDo, NTEVADA, nA-vAtDo, a Spanish word
100 miles, joins the Waag on the left, above its confluence signi-fying 1"snow-clad," and forming a part of the name of
with the Danube.                                          various mountains in Spain and Spanish America; as,
NEUTRA, noiltr/, a town of North-West IHungary, on the SIERRA NEVADA, " snow-clad ridge."
Neutra, 46 miles E.N.E. of Presburg. Pop. 4090. It has a   NEVANS, a township of Vigo co., Indiana. Pop. 826.
strong castle and cathedral.                                NEVEL or NEWEL, nAR-vel, a town of Russian Poland,
NEUTRA, a county of Hungary, bounded N. and N.W. government, and 54 miles N. of Vitebsk. Pop. 4600.
by Moravia. The capital is Neutra. Pop. 383,500.            NEVELE, nA/vA-leh, a market-town of Belgium, province
NEUVE-EGLISE, nuv A'gleezf, a village of France, de- of East Flanders, 8 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 3500.
partment of Cantal, 9 miles S.W. of St. Flour. Pop. 2216.   NEVIENDION, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
NEUVEVILLE, nuv'veelf, (Ger. N2euenstadclt, noilen-sttt',)   NEVERN, a parish of Wales. See NEFERN.
a town of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the N.W. shore    NEVERS, neh-vairl, (anc. Noviodutnumn,) a city of France,
of the Lake of Bienne, 9 miles S.W. of Bienne. Pop. 1200.  capital of the department of Nilvre, on the right bank of
NEUVIC, nuh'veekl, a town of France, department of Dor- the Loire, here crossed by a stone bridge of 20 arches, at the
dogne, on the Isle, 13 miles W.S.W. of P6rigueux. P. 2257. confluence of the Nitvre, and at the head of the Branch
NEUVIC, a town of France, department of Corrlze, 12  Railway du Centre, 35 miles E.S.E. of Bourges; lat. 460 59'
miles S. of Ussel. Pop. in 1852, 3350.                    N., Ion. 30 10' E. Pop. in 1852, 17,045. It is a tribunal of
NEUVIC, a town of France, department of Haute-Vienne, commerce, and has a communal college, with a library of
17 miles S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1770.                      7000 volumes, and a fine cathedral. It has manufactures
NEUVILLE, nuh'veelf, a town of France, department of  of iron and steel goods, porcelain, and jewelry. Previous to
Vienne, 8 miles N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1140.              1789, it was the capital of the province of Nivernois. In its
NEUVILLE or NEUVILLE-AU-BOIS, nuh'veel! 6 bwA, a  vicinity are the forges of Fourchambault, the copper works
town of France, department of Loiret, 13 miles N.E. of Or- of Imphy, and the foundry of La Chaussade, for cables and
leans. Pop. 1228.                                         anchors for the national marine. Near it are the mineral
NEUVILLE, a town of France, department of Nord, ar- waters of Pouges.
rondissement of Cambrai. Pop. 2250.                         NEVYERSINK, a post-township in the N.E. part of SulliNEUVILLES, nuh'veelf, a village of Belgium, province of  van co., New York, on Neversink River, 45 miles S.W. of
Hainaut, 10 miles N. of Mons. Pop. 1941.                  Albany. Pop. 2281.                         -l?
NEU VILLE-SUR-SAONE, (Neuville-sur-Sabne,) nuh'veel    NEVERSINK I-HILLS, New Jersey. See HIGHLANDS
stiR sbn, a town of France, department of Rhdne, on the    NEVERSINK RIVER, New Jersey. See NEvisiNK.
Saene, 8 miles N. of Lyons. Pop. 1600.                      NEVERSINK RIVER rises in Ulster county, in the S.E.
NEUVILLY, nuh'vee'yee!, a town of France, department part of New York, and running through Sullivan county,
of Nord, about 12 miles E.S.E. of Cambrai.  Pop. 2082.     falls into the Delaware, near Port Jervis.
NEUVY, nuh'vee!, a town of France, department of Saene-   NfVEZ, niuva'. a village of France, department of Finiset-Loire, 18 miles W.N.W. of Charolles. Pop. 1200.         terre, 18 miles S.E. of Quimper. Pop. 1920.
NEUVY-LE-ROI, nuh'vee leh Rwit, a town of France, de-   NEVIANO-DEGLI-ARDUINI, nr-ve-A/no d~l/yee an-doopartment of Indre-et-Loire, 15 miles N.W. of Tours. Pop. ee/nee, a village of Italy, duchy and 16 miles S. by E. of
1605.                                                      Parma. Pop. 3602.
NEUVY SAUTOUR, nuh'veef sS'toon/, a town of France,   NEVIANSK, nA-ve-inskI, (NEw and OLD,) two towns of
department of Yonne, 16 miles N.W. of Tonnerre. P. 1600. Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, 35 miles N. of YehkaNEUVY-SAINT-SE  PULCRE, nuh'vee! sNs sA.ptilk'r!, a  terinboorg.
town of France, department of Indre, 8- miles W. of La    NEVIGES, nA/ve-ghes, a village of Prussia, government
Ch'tre. Pop. 2040.                                         and E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1338.
NEUVY-SUR-LOIRE, nuh'veel siiR lw.I, a town of France,   NEVIL BAY, British America, is an inlet on the W. side
department of Nilvre, near the Loire, 8 miles N.N.W. of  of Hudson Bay.
Cosne. Pop. 1350.                                            NIVILLE, ntveel/, a village of France, department of
NEUWALDE, noi/*tl'deh, a village of Prussian Silesia, Seine-Inflrieure, 28 miles N.W. of Rouen. Pop. 1590.
government of Oppeln, circle of Neisse. Pop. 1247.           NEVILLE PonT, an inlet of North America, N. of VanNEUWARP, noi/4anp, a town of Prussia, province of Po- couver's Island; lat. 500 32' N., hon. 1250 W.
merania, 25 miles N.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1800.                NEVIILLE, a post-village of Clermont county, Ohio, on the
NEUWEDEL, noi/W'vdel, a town of Prussia, province of  Ohio River, 33 miles above Cincinnati.
Brandenburg, 78 miles N.E. of Franlkfort. Pop. 3000.         NEVIIN or NEF1YN, a market-town and parish of North
NEUWEIER, noit'vPer, a village of Baden, circle of Middle  Wales, co. and on the Bay of Carnarvon, 5- miles W.N.W.
Rhine, bailiwick of BVihl. Pop. 1013.                      of Pwllheli. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 1854.
NEUWIED, nunweed or noi/deet, called also WIED-NEU- It has a harbor, but no trade. It joins with.Carnarvon,
WIED, Peet notl/eet, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles Bangor, Conway, Criccieth, and Pwllheli in sending 1 memN.N.W, of Coblentz, capital of a principality, on the left her to the House of Commons.
bank of the Rhine.  Pop. 6100.  It was founded early in    NEVIIN. a post-office of Highland co., Ohio.
the 18thi century, and is well built; principal edifices, the    NEVIS, nlvis, a town ofAustria, in Tyrol, on the Avisio.
ancient Castle of the Counts of Wied, with a museum of  Pop. 1953.
natural history, a library, and extensive gardens; Cal-   NEV'IS, a West India Island belonging to Great Britain,
vinist, Roman Catholic, Anabaptist, and various other  leeward group, in lat. 170 10' N., ion. 620 40' W., separated
churches, a synagogue, gymnasium, normal school, several from the S. end of St. Christopher's, by a channel 2 miles
private boarding and educational establishments, a library  across. Area about 20 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 10,200.
of 10,000 volumes, and a prosperous Moravian establish-   NEVISINK (or NEVERSINK) RIVER, of Monmouth co.,
nment. It has also a collection of Roman antiquities.     New Jersey, flows north-eastward, and empties itself into
NEUZELLE, noitsEllleh, Prussia, a station on the railway  the southern part of Sandy Hook Bay, at the base of the:%om Berlin to Breslau, 18 miles from Frankfort.          Neversink Hills. Above tide-water it is called Swimming
~NEUZEN, a town of Holland. See TERNEUSE.               River.
1292




.NEW                                                       NEW
NEW-ABIBEY, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of Kirk- linen manufactory; and a trade in corn, coal, cattle, wool,
~.udbright                                                  malt, and flour; 50,000 quarters of the lest are sent anNEW  ABERDEEN/, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  nually to Manchester, Liverpool, and London. Large and
Waterloo. 8 miles fromnt Gait, and 70 from Goderich.  1. 125. commodious wharves have been constructed on the Trent,
NEWAIGO or NEWAYIGO, a new county in the W. part which afford facilities for navigation. On the N.W. of the
of Michigan, contains about 550 square miles. It is inter- town are the ruins of an ancient castle, rebuilt in the reign
sected by the Maskego River, and also drained by the head- of Stephen, and hence called the Newwork — whence the
waters of Notipeskago and White Rivers, and several smaller  name of the town. The castle was dismantled by the parstreams. The soil is said to be of excellent quality. Pop. liamentary army, and is now a stately ruin; in it King
510.                                                        John died in 1216. Newark sends 2 members to the House
NEWAIGO, a post-office of Newago co., Michigan.           of Commons. Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 11.333.
NEWAHY, n4-wdhee, a town of India, dominions and 35    NEWtARK, a post-township in Caledonia co., Vermont,
miles S.E. of Jeypoor, on an abrupt rock, near the strong  44 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 434.
fort of Narghur. Lat.' 260 33' N., Ion. 750 44' E.            NEWARK, a township of Tioga co., New York. Pop. 1983.
NEWARY, ni-w~free, a town of India, 16 miles S.E. of    NEWARK, a flourishing post-village of Arcadia township,
Dewass.                                                     Wayne co., New York, on the Erie Canal, and on the RoNEW ALIBANY, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsyl- chester and Syracuse Railroad, (direct,) 31 miles E. by S. of
vania.                                                      Rochester. It contains 4 or 5 churches, a bank, a large
NEW  ALBANY, a thriving post-village of Pontotoc co., Union school-house, which cost $9000, and several large
Mississippi, on the Tallahatchie River, near its source, about warehouses.  The new  Presbyterian  church  cost from
21 miles N. by E. of Pontotoc. Cotton is shipped here by  $10,000 to $12,000. Pop. in 1854, estimated at 1500.
means of small boats.                                         NEWARK, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of EsNEW ALBANY, a village of Franklin co., Ohio, has about sex co., New Jersey, is situated on the right bank of the Pas200 inhabitants.                                            saic River, about 4 miles from its entrance into Newark Bay,
NEW ALBANY, a post-Village of Mahoning co., Ohio, 158  and on the railroad connecting New York with Philadelphia,
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                     9 miles W. of the former, and 78 miles N.E. of the latter;
NEW  ALBANY, a post-township of Floyd co., Indiana. lat. 400 45' N., lon. 740 10 W.V This city, the largest in the
Pop. 1714.                                                  state, is built chiefly on a plain, terminated on the WV.
NEW  ALBANY, a flourishing city, capital of Floyd co., by an elevation, or ridge of land, extending from  the
Indiana, on the right bank of the Ohio River, 2 miles below  northern to the southern extremity of the town. It is
the Falls, 3 miles below Louisville. and 136 miles below Cin- regularly laid out, for the most part, with wide, straight
cinnati. Lat. 380 18' N., Ion. 850 5~' W. It is the southern  streets, intersecting each other at right angles.  Broad
terminus of the New Albany and Salem Railroad, which ex- Street, the principal thoroughfare and seat of business, is
tends to Michigan City, 287 miles, having recently been com- one of the finest avenues anywhere to be met with. It is
pleted. Itis remarkable for its rapid growtlh and activetrade; upwards of 80 feet in breadth, and extends throughout the
in fact, it may be considered the most commercial town in  entire length of the city, dividing it into two nearly equal
the state excepting Madison, which contains a nearly equal parts. Near its centre it is intersected by Market Street,
population.  Steamboats arrive and depart daily to all which is also an important thoroughfare, communicating
points on the Ohio and Mississippi. The streets are wide  with the principal railroad dep~t. North of this, and hborand straight, and furnished with pleasant sidewalks. The  dering on Broad Street, are two beautiful public squares,
town contains about 12 churches, a Collegiate Institute, a  called the Upper and Lower Parks, each adorned with maPresbyterian Theological Seminary, 2 banks, and 2 printing  jestic elms. In the vicinity of these parks are some of the
offices. Two newspapers are published here. Steamboat finest residences in Newark. Among the public buildings
building is carried on more extensively here than at any  deserving of notice, may be mentioned the Court-house, a
other place on the Ohio, scarcely excepting Cincinnati; there  large brown stone edifice, in the Egyptian style, at the
are also manufactories of iron, brass, bagging, &c. A plank- intersection of Market with IHigh Street, and the Market.
road, 20 miles long, extends from New Albany to Corydon. street Railroad Dep(t. The latter is an imposing struLaid out in 1813. About 1640 buildings have been erected  ture. adorned with a colonnade on each side. The Library
in the city within the last year. Pop. in 1840, 4226; in 1850, Buildling, in Market Street, is one of the finest edifices in
8181; in the beginning of 1854, about 14,000.               the city, and contains, besides the apartment for the library,
NEW AJJBION, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., New  a large hall for public lectures, concerts, &c., and in the
York, on the Erie Railroad, about 25 miles S.E. of Dunkirk. third story an Art-Union gallery. The literary institutions
Pop. 1633.                                                  of Newark comprise the Library Association, occupying the
NEW ALBION, the name formerly given by Sir F. Drake  library building above referred to; it maintains an annual
to California, and part of the coast of Oregon. Humboldt course of lectures on scientific subjects: the New Jersey
limits the name to that part of the coast extending from lat. Historical Society, founded in 1845; its meetings are held
430 to 480.                                                 alternately at Newark and Trenton; it has a library of 1200
NEW  ALEXANIDER, a post-village of Columbiana co., volumes: the New Jersey Literary Association, founded in
Ohio.                                                       1842, with provision for monthly lectures: and the AssociaNEW ALEXAN/DRIA, a thriving post-borough of WVest- tion of Teachers and Friends of Education, founded in March,
moreland co., Pennsylvania, on the Loyalhanna Creek, and  1853. The Wesleyan Institute has a fine brick building,
on the turnpike from Blairsville to Pittsburg, 36 miles E. situated on the most elevated part of tigh Street. From
of the latter. It is one of the principal places in the county, the grounds is obtained a beautiful view of the city and
and has an active trade,                                    of the Passaic Valley for many miles.  The institute, alNEW  ALEXANDRIA, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio.  though organized but a few years since, now numbers upNEW  ALISACE, a thriving post-village of Dearborn co., wards of 300 pupils, and is in a most prosperous condition.
Indiana, 80 S.E. of Indianapolis, is surrounded by a rich  Many of the churches are splendid edifices. The Catholic
farming district. Pop. in 1853, about 800.                  in Washington Street, the Methodist in Market Street
NEW  AL/STEAD, a post-village of Cheshire co., New  below  Broad, and the new  Presbyterian churches, one
Hampshire.                                                  one near the Lower Park, and the other in High Street. all
NEW AMISTERDAS{, a post-village of Harrison co., In- of which have recently been erected, are scarcely surpassed
diana, on the Ohio River, 125 miles S. of Indianapolis.     by any similar buildings in the colhntry. The first three
NEW  AMSTERDAM, a seaport-town of South America, are especially remarkable for their lofty and graceful spires.
British Guiana, near the mouth of the Berbice where joined  Several large church edifices are now in course of conby the Cange River, 1at. 60 14' 51" N., lon. 570 31' 8" W., struction, among which may be mentioned the Methodist
originally founded by the Dutch. The houses are built of  Episcopal in Broad Street below Market; estimated cost,
wood, and the town intersected by canals. Three strong  when  completed, $80,000.  There are, in  all, about 40
batteries in the vicinity protect the entrance of the river. churches of the various.denominations.  About $17,000
NEW AN/TIOCII, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio.        are annually appropriated by the city for the support of
NEWARDIPOOR  or NEWVARDIPUR, ne-war'de-poorl, popular education. There are 7 fine brick public schoolwritten also NEORDEPOOR, a town of Hindostan, king- houses, one in each ward of the city; each of these condom of Oude, about 70 miles S.S.E. of Lucknow. Pop. 3000. tains 2 schools, one for either sex. Number of pupils atNEWIARK, a parliamentary and municipal' borough, tending public schools, about 2500. A substantial edifice
town, and parish of England, county and 17 miles N.E. of has been erected during the past year, and opened January
Nottingham, on a railway thence to Lincoln, also on the  1855 as a high-school. Four or five newspapers are published
line of the Great Northern Railway, and on the Newark  in. the city, 3 of which are dailies. There are 4 banks, with
River, a navigable branch of the Trent. It is well-built,  a capital of about $1,800,000, and several insurance comhas in its centre a spacious market-place, and is approached  panies. Gas is used to light the streets. The debt of the city
from the N. by a long raised causeway on numerous arches; in 1854 was $176,692.
its streets are paved and lighted with gas. It has a respect-   The rapid growth of Newark is chiefly owing to its mannable Town-hall, a large and elegant cruciform church, with  factures, for which it has long been distinguished. This
a graceful tower and lofty spire; places of worship for the  department of industry is not generally controlled by mamBaptists, Independents, Calvinists, Primitive and Wesleyan  moth corporations, as in some of the towns of New Enigland,
Methodists, and Roman Catholics; a free grammar school, but includes a great number of enterprising persons, who.
several almnshouses, and various other charities; a large  with a moderate capital, enmploy a few hands and do alprc
1293




NEW                                                         NEW
fitable business. There are. however, several very extensive    NEW  BALTIMORE, a small village of Hamilton co,
establishments, among which may be mentioned those for the  Ohio.
production of India-rubber goods, 3 or 4 of carriages, 1 o0    IfEW BALTIMORE, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio.
omnibuses, and several of machinery and castings. In the    NEW BARBADOES, (bar-bAdqz,)  a township of Bergen co.,
manufacture of jewelry this city is perhaps not surpassed  New Jersey. Pop. 2258.
by any other in the United States. Leather, boots, shoes,   NEW BARIGAIN or NEW BARGAINTOWN,               a village of
saddles, harness, and clothing, have always constituted an  Monmouth county, New Jersey, 10 miles S.E. of Freehold.
important part of the Newark manufactures, the various    NEWBATITLE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 1
branches of which comprise nearly every article in use. mile S. of Dalkeith. IHere'is Newbattle Abbey, formerly a
The commerce of the port is limited chiefly to the coast monastery, founded in 1140, now the seat of the Marquis
trade. June 30,1852, its shipping amounted to an aggregate  of Lothian. Its park is celebrated for its fine trees.
of 258 tons registered, and 48489 tons enrolled and licensed.   NEW  BAVAIRIA, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio.
Of the latter, all was employed in the coast trade, and 11883    NEW BEAtCON, otherwise called GRAND SAfCIIEM, the
tons in steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year -highest summit of the Highlands, is situated in Dutchess
were 21, (tons 2304,) and the clearances 13, (tons 1393.)  county, New York, and has an elevation of 1685 feet. It
During the period above specified, 3 schooners and 1 steam-  commands a very extensive view of the adjacent mountains,
er, with an aggregate burthen of 296 tons, were admeasured. and of the Hudson River. The name is due to the circumRailroad cars leave for New York every hour during the  stance that, during the Revolutionary war, beacons were
greater part of the day. Newark also has communication  erected on its top, as well as on those of the neighboring
with the metropolis by steamboats plying on the river, and  hills.
by a plank-road completed in 1852. It is likewise the east-   NEW  BEDIFORD, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital
eru terminus of the Morris and Essex Railroad, and of the  of Bristol county, Massachusetts, is beautifully situated on
Morris Canal. At the entrance of the latter into the west- a small estuary formed by Buzzard's Bay, 55 miles S. of
ern suburb is a very steep inclined plane, over which loaded  Boston. Let. 410 38' 7" N., Ion. 700 551 49" W. The city is
boats are passed and re-passed by the application of water- regularly laid out, on an acclivity commanding a beautiful
power furnished by the canal. Newark was settled in 1666, prospect. It is built largely of wood, though of late a more
by a company from New Shaven and other towns in Connec-  durable material has been much used. The streets are
ticut. Pop. in 183Q, 10,950; in 1840, 17,290; in 1850, 38,983; generally adorned with shade trees, which, with the orn.
and in 1855. about 50,000.                                  mental grounds that enclose many of the dwellings: constiNEWARK, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware. tute a very attractive feature. The upper portion of the
on the Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. city is remarkable for its neatness and elegance. County
of WiImington. It has 3 churches, an academy, and seve- Street is very handsome, being lined with splendid resiral hotels, and is the seat of Delaware College, which was deuces and finely shaded. A new public square has recently
founded in 1833.                                            been laid out in the N. section of the town. Another most
NEWARK, a thriving post-village of Worcester co., Ma- important improvement now nearly or quite completed, is
ryland, about 100 miles S.E. of Annapolis. It has 4 stores  an avenue 80 feet broad, with sidewalks 8 feet wide, extendand 2 hotels.                                               ing from the city 4 miles around Clark's Point, encircling
NEWARK, a post-office of Wirt co., Virginia.              the lighthouse on its extremes. It is planted with shadeNEWARK, a small post-village of White co., Tennessee.  trees, and furnishes a splendid drive. Among the public
NEWARK, a handsome and flourishing town in Newark  edifices of New Bedford, the Town-hall may be mentioned as
township, and capital of Licking co., Ohio, is situated at the  one of the handsomest buildings devoted to civil purposes
confluence of the three forks of Licking River, and on the  in Massachusetts. It is a magnificent granite structure, 100
Ohio Canal, 37 miles E. of Columbus, and 24 miles W. by  feet in length, 60 feet wide, and 3 stories high, costing
N. of Zanesville. A railroad, 117 miles long, connects the  $60,000, including the ground. The Custom-house is a fine
town with Sandusky city. The site of Newark is level, granite edifice, containing the post-office.  There are in the
the streets are wide, and the houses well built. It is sur- city about 18 churches, of which the Methodists have 4;
rounded by a fertile and populous country, and has an  Baptists 2; Orthodox 2; Presbyterian 2; Congregational
active trade. Newark contains 10 churches, 3 newspaper ists 1; Episcopalians 1; Unitarian 1, a large and costly
offices, a flourishing union school, 2 banks, and several fac- edifice; Roman Catholics 1; Seamen 1, supported by shiptories. This place at present is the southern termiinus of  owners, (edifice costing $20,000); and 3 belong to the colored
the Sandusky Mansfield and Newark Railroad, which is to  people. There is here a large and very handsome poorbe extended to Portsmouth, on the Ohio River. The Central house, with about 200 inmates. Liberal means have been
Ohio Railroad connects it with Columbus on one hand, and  provided for the support of education. The appropriations
Wheeling on the other. Quarries of sandstone are found in  by the city for this purpose, in 1853, amounted to between
the vicinity, and there is a large mine of cannel-coal 8 miles $40,000 and $50,000. The Friends' Academy is a flourishing
S.E. of the town. Laid out in 1801. Pop. in 1850, 3654; institution for young ladies, pleasantly situated, and surin 1853, about 5000.                                        rounded with beautiful groves. Formerly it was for Friends'
NEWARK, a township in Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 121. children exclusively, but is not so now. The public schools
NEWARK, a post-village of Warrick co., Indiana, on the  are among the very best in the state. They comprise a
Wabash and Erie Canal, 14 miles N.E. of Evansville.         high school, with about 200 pupils, and about 35 other
NEWARK, a thriving post-village of Kendall co., Illinois, schools. There are also several select schools. Five newson the Chicago and Aurora Railroad, 62 miles W.S.W. of  papers are published in New Bedford, viz., 2 dailies and 3
Chicago, and 2 miles E. of Fox River. It is situated on a  weeklies. The Social Library, owned by a corporation, confertile prairie. It is incorporated. Pop. in 1853, about 400. tains about 5000 volumes. Next to Boston, New Bedford. in
NEWARK, a small village of Andrew co., Missouri.          proportion to its population, is perhaps the wealthiest city
NEWARK, a post-village of Knox co., Missouri, near the  in New England. It has a greater amount of tonnage emSouth Fabius River, about 100 miles N. of Jefferson City. ployed in the whale fishery than any other port of the
It has a church and 2 stores.                               United States. This business was commenced here as early
NEWARK, a village of Linn co., Iowa, on Cedar River, as 1764, and successfully prosecuted till interrupted by the
25 miles N. by W. of Iowa City.                             war of the Revolution. Since that event, with but few
NEWARK, a post-village and township of Rock co., Wis- exceptions, it has been constantly increasing. By the disconsin, 78 miles W.S.W'. of Milwaukee.  Pop. 855.            covery of the California gold-mines, however, several yesNEWARK, a thriving post-village of WestBend township, sels were diverted from the whale fishery, and fitted out for
Washington co., Wisconsin, on Milwaukie River, about 38  the port of San Prancisco. The number of vessels owned
miles N.NW. of Milwaukie City. The river furnishes water-  here employed in the whale fishery, is about 325. The
power near fise village. It has 4 stores, and 40 dwellings. shipping of the district, (New  Bedford,) June 30, 1852,
The post-office is called Barton.                           amounted to an aggregate of 139,062k tons registered, and
NEWARK, a village of Canada West. See NIAGARA.            10,145k tons enrolled and licensed. Of the former, 125,5301
NEWARK VALLEY, a post-village of Newark township,  tons were employed in the whale fishery, and of the latter,
Tioga co., New York, on Owego Creek, about 10 miles N.E. of  90393 tons in the coast trade. The foreign arrivals for the
Oweego. It contains several churches, and a bank. Pop. 500. year were 113, (tons 27,940;) the clearances for foreign ports,
NEW ASHIFORD, a post-township in Berkshire co., Mas- 192, (tons 58,340;) of which 174 (tons 55,347) were by Amerisachusetts, 125 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 186.         can vessels. The whole number of American vessels arrived
NEW ATHIENS, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. at New Bedford during the year ending December 31, 1852,
NEW  ATHENS, a thriving post-village of Harrison co., were 99, of which 59 were employed in the whale fisheries.
Ohio, 115 miles E. of Columnbus. It is the seat of Franklin  The value of sperm oil entered at the custom-house during
College, which was established in 1825. Pop. in 1850, 331.   the year was $1,927,511; of whales oil, $1,040,829, and of
NEWAYGO, a county of.Michigan.  See NEWAGo.               whalebone, $444,318; total, $3,412,658.
INEWIBALD, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.    The average annual receipts for the 10 years ending 1852,
NEW BALTTIMORE, a post-village and township of Green  were, sperm oil, 115,454 bbls.; whale oil, 240,459 bbls.; and
(o, New York, on the W. bank of Hudson River, 16 miles of whalebone, 2,664,700 lbs.  The receipts for 1851. being
below Albany. Pop. 2381.                                   99,591 bbls. of sperm oil; 328,483 bbls. of whale oil; and
NEW  BALTIMORE, a post-village of Fauquier county, 3,916,500 lbs. of whalebone; and in 1852, only 78,872 bbls. of'Vrginia, 105 miles N. by W. of Richmond. It has 1 church  sperm oil; 84,211 bbls. of whale oil; and 1,259,900 lbs. of
and 1 academy.                                             whalebone.
1294




NEW                                                        NEW
There were no exports of whale oil from New Bedford in    NEWBERN, a post-office of Jersey co., Illinois.
1852 and 1853. The exports in gallons for the six previous    NEW BERN, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa.
years, were as follows:                                      NEW/BERRY, a district in the N.W. central part of South
Carolina, has an area of 616 square miles. It is bounded on
1851.    1850.    1849.    1848.    1847.    1846.    the E. by Broad River, on the S. by the Saluda, and drained
813,401  100,491   233,775   538,446   319,486  1,004,661   by Ennoree and Little Rivers. The surface is diversified by
hill and dale; the soil is fertile, and well watered. This disThe amount of duties collected on imported merchandise, trict is intersected by the Greenville and Columbia Railroad.
in 1852, was $24,979.95. The manufactures of New Bedford  Capital, Newberry. Pop. 20,143, of whom 7452 were free,
are extensive and peculiar, being mainly dependent upon  and 12,688 slaves.
the whale fishery. There are in the town about 20 esta-   NEWBERRY, a post-village of Lycoming co., Pennsylblishiments, employing a vast amount of capital, in the  vania, 3 miles W. of Williamsport. It has several stores,
production of oil of the various kinds, and candles, besides and near 300 inhabitants.
several planing-mills, and manufactories of cordage, Prus-    NEWBERRY, a township of York co., Pennsylvania.
sian blue, &c.  There is 1 extensive steam  cotton-mill, Pop. 1936.
employing between 300 and 400 operatives; also, a large    NEWBERRY, a post-village, capital of Newberry district,
fiouring-mill, recently gone into operation. Coopering and  South Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad,
ship-building are also extensively carried on. During the  45 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. Granite, of a beautiful gray
year ending June 30, 1852, there were built 14 ships, 1  color, is abundant in the vicinity. It contains a court-house,
schooner, and 3 brigs, with an aggregate burthen of 5626  a bank, a newspaper office, and a number of stores.
tons, and during the corresponding period of 1853-4, there    NEWBERRY, a post-village of Wayne co., Kentucky, 120
were added 6749 tons of shipping to the whale fishery, and  miles S. of Frankfort.
4492 tons to the merchant service, in all 11,241 tons. The    NEWBERRY, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1690.
financial institutions are 4 banks, with an aggregate capi-   NEWBERRY, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Indital of $1,900,000, a savings institution, with $1,413,958 on  ana, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 10 miles S. of Bloomdeposit in December, 1853, and 4 insurance companies; field.
total valuation of property, in 18514, $24,989,100, of which    NEW/BERRYTOWN, a post-village of York co., Pennsyl$16,476,400 was personal property, and $8,512,700 real estate. vania, 12 miles S.S.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. about 150.
New Bedford is connected by railroad with Fall River, Pro-   NEW BETH/EL, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.
vidence, and Boston. It also has steamboat comnmunications    NEW BETHEL, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, on
with Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard.  Pop. in 1830, the Michigan Road, 9 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.
7592; in 1~40,12,087; in 1850, 16,443; and in 1853, about   NEW BETIILEEIIM, a post-village of Clarion co., Penn17,500.                                                   sylvania, on Red Bank Creek, about 60 miles N.E. of PittsNEW BEDFORD, a post-village of Lawrence co., Pennsyl- burg.
vania, about 240 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.                 NEWBIG/GIN, a township of England, co. of Durham.
NEW BEDFORD, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.   NEWBIGGIN, a chapelry of England, co. of NorthumberNEW BEDFORD, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, 99  land.
miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                                    NEWBIGGIN, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.
NEW/BERG, a post-township in the E. part of Cass co.,   NEW/BLISS, a thriving market-town of Ireland, Ulster,
Michigan. Pop. 175.                                        co. of Monaghan, 4 miles E.S.E. of Clones. Pop. 500.
NEW BEIBLIN, a post-village and township of Chenango    NEW BLOO-M/FIELD, a post-office of Perry co., Pennsylco., New York, on Unadilla River, 95 miles W. by S. of Albany. vania.
The village contains 4 or 5 churches, an academy, and mann-   NEW BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Callaway co., Misfactures of cotton, iron, &c. Pop. of the township, 2562.  souri, 15 miles N.E. by N. of Jefferson City.
NEW BERLIN, a post-borough, capital of Union co., Penn-   NEW/BOLD-ON-A/ViON, a parish of England, co. of Warsylvania, on Penn's Creek, an affluent of the Susquehanna  wick.
River, 60 miles N. of Harrisburg. It is pleasantly situated    NEWBOLD PA/CEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
in a fertile valley.  It contains a brick court-house, 4    NEWBOLD VER'DON, a parish of England, co. of Leichurches, and several stores. Six newspapers are published  cester.
here. Laid out about the year 1800, and formerly called    NEWBOLD AND DUNSTAN, a township of England, co.
Longstown. Pop. in 1850, 741; in 1853, about 1000.         of Derby.
NEW BERLIN, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 124 miles   NEWBOLD AST/BURY, a township of England, co. of
N.E. of Columbus.                                          Chester.
NEW  BERLIN, a post-village of Milwaukee co., Wis-   NEW/BORN, a post-village in Newton co., Georgia, 50 miles
cousin.                                                    N.W. of Milledgeville.
NEW  BERLIN, a township in Waukesha co., Wisconsin.   NEW/BOROUGH, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
Pop. 1293.                                                 Leeds, on the Rlideau Canal.
NEW  BERLIN CENTRE, a post-office of Chenango co.,   NEW/BOROUGH-LLAN-BEDR, (anfbiid'r,) a market-town
New York.                                                  and parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesea, on the Irish Sea,
NEW  BERLIN IRON-WORKS, a small village of Union  4 miles W.N.W. of Carnarvon.
co., Pennsylvania.                                           NEWBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of NorthampNEW/BERN, a post-village, capital of Pulaski co., Virginia, ton.
on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, and the stage-route    NEWBOROUGH, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.
from Baltimore to Nashville, 222 miles W.S.W. of Richmond.   NEW BOS/TON, a post-township in Hillsborough county,
The situation is elevated and pleasant. The town has an  New Hampshire, 20 miles S. by W. of Concord. It contains
active trade, and contains 2 churches. Pop. from 300 to 400. several churches, and an insurance company. Pop. 1477.
New'River, near Newbern, passes along a vertical wall of    NEW BOSTON, a post-village in Berkshire co., Massachurock, about 500 feet high and several miles in length, called  setts. about 125 miles W.S.W. of Boston.
the "Glass Windows."                                         NEW BOSTON, a post-village of Windham co., ConnectiNEW/BERN or NEW  BERNE, a port of entry of North  cut, on the Quinebaug River, 50 miles E.N.E. of Hartford.
Carolina, and capital of Craven co., is situated at the con-    NEW BOSTON, a post-office of Lewis co., New York.
fluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers, about 120 miles   NEW BOSTON, a post-office of Henry co., Tennessee.
S.E. of Raleigh, and 50 miles above Pamlico Sound. Lat.   NEW BOSTON, a village of Highland co., Ohio, 64 miles
350 20' N., ion. 770 5' W.  It was for many years the  E. by N. of Cincinnati.
capital of the state. The Neuse River, which is more than    NEW BOSTON, a thriving post-village of Mercer county,
a mile wide at this place, is navigated by steamboats about Illinois, is situated on the Mississippi River, 156 miles N.W.
8 months of the year. Theaentrance from the sea is through  of Springfield. It is a place of much activity in business,
Ocracoke Inlet. Newbern has a considerable trade. The  at which a large quantity of produce is bought and shipped.
chief articles of export are grain, lumber, turpentine, tar, The adjacent country is fertile, and rapidly improving. Pop
and naval stores. The shipping of the port June 30, 1852, in 1853, about 600.
amounted to 1179- tons, registered, and 4055k tons, enrolled    NEW BOSTON, a post-village in Lee co., Iowa, 90 miles S.
and licensed; of the latter, 3814k tons were employed in  of Iowa City.
the coast trade, and 2303 in steamboat navigation.  The   NEW BOSTON, a town of Kanzas Territory, on the Kanzas
foreign arrivals for the year were 22, tons 2822. The clear- River, between Lawrence and Topekah.
ances for foreign ports were 24, tons 3151; all of which    NEWBOTITLE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
were in American bottoms. During the year 3 vessels, with    NEWBOTTLE, a township of England, co. of Durham.
an aggregate burthen of 252~ tons, were admeasured.   NEW/BOURN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Newborn contains, besides the county buildings, several   NEW BRAIN/TREE, a township of Worcester co., Massachurches, 2 banks, and a theatre. Two or three newspapers chusetts, 60 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 852.
are published here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 4500.        NEW  BRAUNIFELS, a post-village, capital of Comal co.,
NEWBERN, a poest-village in Greene co., Alabama, 80 miles Texas, on Guadalupe River, 32 miles N.E. of San Antonio.
W. by N. of Montgomery.                                     NEW BREIMEN, a post-township of Lewis co., New York,
NEWBERN, a post-office of Dyer co., Tennessee.          10 miles N.E. of Martinsburg. Pop. 1510.
NEWBERN, a post-village of Bartholomew Co., Indiana,   NEW BREMEN, a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio, on the
on,C'fty Creek, 9 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.              Miami Canal, about lC' miles VW.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 500
1295




NEW                                                        NEW
NEW BREM[EN, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.          Geology, &c.-Along the shores of Chaleur Bay ana the
NEW/BRIDGE, a market-town of Ireland, Leinster, co. Gulf of St. Lawrence, gray sandstone and gray clayslate
and 5 miles E.N.E. of Kildare, on the Liffey. Pop. 700. It  predominate, with detached rocks of granite, quartz, and
has large cavalry barracks, and near it the ruins of Great  ironstone; on the S. coast, limestone, graywacke, clayslate,
Connell Abbey.                                             with sandstone, interrupted occasionally by gneiss, trap,
NEWBRIDGE, a village of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on  and granite. Specimens of amethyst, carnelian, jasper, &c.,
both sides of the Taff, here crossed by a celebrated bridge have been picked up in various places. Coal is plentiful,
called Pont-y-Pridd, 12 miles S.S.E. of Me-thyr-Tydvil. It and iron ore abundant; the former is said to extend over
has recently sprung up, and attained some importance ifi  10,000 square miles, or above one-third part of the whole
consequence of the mineral treasures in its vicinity. It has  area of the province. Copper and manganese also abound.
a church, several Dissenting chapels, a school, manufactories  A large deposit of the former has been discovered on the
of chain-cables and similar articles, and of railway plates, banks of the Nipisiguit River, which falls into Bathurst Bay,
and tin mills, said to be the largest in the world.        and another of plumbago, within half a mile of St. John.
NEW BRIDGE, a little village of Bergen co., New Jersey, The supply of the latter is said to be inexhaustible; the
about 14 miles N. by W. of Jersey City.                    surface of the earth being, for 2 miles, coated with it.
NEW BRIDGE, a post-village in Lumpkin co., Georgia.    Gypsum, limestone, freestone, and grindstone abound. Salt
NEW BR1DG/~VILLE, a post-office of York co., Peusyl- springs, strongly saturated, are numerous; and some sfilvania.                                                     phureous springs have also been discovered.
NEW BRIGHTON, brilton, a post-village of Richmond co.,   Rivers, Bays, and Lakes.-New  Brunswick can everyNew York, beautifully situated on the N.W. and N. shore  where be penetrated by its streams. In some parts ofthe
of Staten Island, 6 miles S.W. of New York, with which it interior, by a portage of only 3 or 4 miles, a canoe may be
is connected by a ferry. It contains many fine country  floated.either to the Bay of Chaleur, the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
residences, a seminary, and several hotels. The acclivity  or down the St. John  to the Bay of Fundy. The latter
on which the village is built affords a magnificent view of  river flows 450 miles from its source at the Matjacmette
New York City, with its bay and environs, and of the Jersey  Portage to the ocean. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons
shore.                                                    to Fredericton, the seat of government, 90 miles from the
NEW  BRIGHITON, a thriving post-borough of Beaver  sea. Above this point small steamers aseend 65 miles to
county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Beaver River, Woodstock, and occasionally make trips as far as the Toabout 3 miles from its entrance into the Ohio, 28 miles N.W. bique, 75 miles further. About 225 miles from the sea are the
of Pittsburg. It is connected with Pittsburg by the Ohio  Grand Falls of the St. John, a magnificent cataract of 70 or
and Pennsylvania Railroad, and with Lake Erie by canal, 80 feet perpendicular descent, above which the river has
and is a place of active business. The river furnishes abun- been navigated by a steamer 40 miles, to the mnquth of the
dant water-power. A bridge connects the town with Falls- river MIadawaska; from this point boats and canoes may
ton on the opposite bank. New Brighton contains several ascend almost to its sources. The Madawaska River is also
churches, and mills and factories of various kinds. Pop. in  navigable for small steamers 30 miles, to Lake Temiscouata,
1850, 1443; in 1853, about 2000.                           a sheet of water 27 miles long, from 2 to 6 miles broad, and
NEW  BRIGHTON, a post-office of Fauquier co.z Vir- of great depth throughout.  From the upper part of this
ginia.                                                     lake to the river St. Lawrence, the distance is only about 18
NEW BRIT/AIN, a flourishing post-borough of Hartford  miles, and between the two it is proposed to establish conecounty, Connecticut, on the Hartford Providence and Fish- munication  either by railway  or canal.  The country
kill Railroad, 11 miles S.W. of I-Hartford, and 2 miles W. of  drained by the St. John and its tributaries comprises about
the station on the Hartford and New Haven Railroad. This  9,000,000 acres in New Brunswick, 2,000,000 in Canada, and
beautiful borough, built up within the last few years, owes  6,000,000 in the United States. The valley is remarkable
its prosperity almost entirely to its manufactures, which are  for its fertility and picturesque beauty. The Peticodiac, a
very extensive, comprising various articles of brass, iron, tin, large river flowing into the Bay of Fundy near its N.E. exand plated ware, hooks and eyes, &c. The borough is hand- tremity, is navigable for vessels of the largest size 25 miles
somely laid out, with an ornamental square in the centre, from its mouth, and for schooners of 70 to 80 tons 12 miles
on which front many fine residences, a hotel, and several further. After the St. John, the largest river of New
of the churches. The hotel, called the Humphrey House, Brunswick is the Miramichi. flowing N.E. into an extensive
opened January, 1851, cost, with its furniture, upwards of  bay of its own name. It is 225 miles in length, and 9 miles
$35,000. New Britain is the seat of the State Normal School, wide at its mouth.  The tide flows up it 40 miles, 30 of
organized in 1849. The building, erected at a cost of about which it is navigable for ships of 700 tons. The entrance
$17,000, also contains the Town-hall. Pop. of the township  to the Restigouch6 at the head of the Bay of Chaleur is 3
in 1850, 3029; and of the borough, in 1853, about 3000.    miles in width, with 9 fathoms of water. Above tide the
NEW BRITAIN, a post-office of Columbia co., New York. river separates into 5 principal branches: its Indian name,
NEW BRITAIN, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.  Itestigouchl, is said to signify "the river which divides like
Pop. 1313.                                                 the hand."  The main stream is over 200 miles in length.
NEW  BRIT/AIN, an archipelago, Pacific Ocean, between  From Daihousie to Campbellton, the distance by the river is
latitude 40 and 60 30' S., and ion. 1490 and 1520 E. It con- about 18 miles, through the whole of which the channel
sists mainly of 2 large, mountainous, wooded, and populous  has a depth of from 4 to 8 fathoms. The tide flows 6 miles
islands, discovered by Dampier in 1699.                    further, but large vessels do not ascend above Campbellton.
NEW BRITAIN. See BI IIsre   AMERICA.                    The Restigouch6, with its tributaries, drains over 4000 square
NEWBROUGII, new/brhb, a chapelry of England, co. of  miles of fertile and finely-timbered country. There are also
Northumberland.                                           many other rivers of navigable importance. The tide flows
NEW  BRUiNSIWICK, (Fr. Nouveaut  Br-unswick, noorvar up the Richibucto 25 miles, for 15 of which the depth in
brftNs'veek/,) a British colonial territory of North Ame- channel is from 4 to 6 fathoms. Among the numerous bays
rica; bounded on the N.W. by Canada East, from which  with which the coast is indented, the most important is the
it is separated by the river Restigouch6; N. by Chaleur  Bay of Chaleur, an immense haven, 90 miles in length, and
Bay; B. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumber- from  15 to 30 miles in breadth, forming the N. boundary
land Strait, the latter separating it from Prince Edward's  of the province. Throughout its whole extent there is
Island; S. by the Bay of Fundy, and part of Nova Scotia; neither reef, rock, shoal, or any impediment whateiver to
and on the W. by the state of Maine, from which it is navigation. Within it are Great and Little Shippigan,
partly separated by the St. Croix and St. John  Itivers;  Bathurst, and other fine harbors, each the seat of an exextending from lat. 450 5' to 480 40' N., ion. 630 50' to 680 tensive trade in timber and fish. Besides the Miramichi,
W.; greatest length, from N. to S., 230 miles; breadth 190 already mentioned, the principal bays on its E. coast are
miles; area 27,700 square miles. Its coast-line is about 500  Richibucto, Buctouche, Cocagne, and Shediac; on the S.
miles in length, interrupted only at the point of junction  coast are Passamaquoddy Bay, separating New Brunswick
with Nova Scotia, whlere an isthmus of not more than 10 from Blaine, and on the S.W., St. John's Harbor and Chignecto
miles in breadth connects the two territories, and separates Bay. The lakes are numerous, but generally of small exthe waters of Northumberland Strait from those of the Bay  tent. The principal is Grand Lake, 30 miles long, and from
of Fundy, and which it is proposed to unite by means of a  3 to 9 miles wide, communicating with the river St. John;
canal.                                                     next in order are Lake Temiscouata, before mentioned, and
Face of the Csuntry.-The general surface of the country  Grand Lake, lying on the boundary between New Brunspresents a series of bold undulations, sometimes rising into  wick and Maine.
mountains or continuous ridges of high land. The latter    Cliemate.-The climate of New Brunswick is subject t9
are seldom of any considerable height; but their precipitous great extremes of heat and cold; the thermometer sometinme 
acclivities, sharp outline, and deep ravines, give them  an  rising to 1000 Fahrenheit during the day, and falling in the
alpine and picturesque character, that finely and strikingly  forest, during the night of the same day, to 500. The severcontrasts with the rich valleys and sheltered plains which  est cold of the winter usually continues from December 21
alternate with the more rugged scenery. The shores of the to March 21. The prevailing summer winds are from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Straits abound  W.S.W. and S.; when from the S.W., dense fogs are often
in fine ship harbors, (each at the mouth of a considerable  produced on the shores of the Bay of Fundy, and extend
river,) from which is exported much fine timber. For about fi'om 15 miles to 20 miles inland. In the interior, the cli12 miles inland the country is low and skirted with ex- mate is said to have been greatly ameliorated, in consetensive marshes.                                          quence of the clearing away of the forests, by which the
1296




NEW                                                            NEW
sun's rays are permitted to reach the surface of the earth,
where the heat thus absorbed is again diffused by radiation.                              1849.               1850.
The autumn is a season of exceeding beauty, the air being          Countries.
dry and clear, and the woods glowing with innumerable                              Imprts   Exprts.  Imports.  Exprts.
tints of the richest and most brilliant hues....,
Vegetation, Agr-icultre, &c. —Of the soil and capabilities of  Great britain.    $1,507340  2,319,070 $1,988,195 $2,447,755
New Brunswick, it is scarcely possible to speak too highly.  British Colonies:The mineral matters produced by the decomposition of the        West Indies.        5,560    57,360    11,565    90,350
rocks, contain every ingredient requisite for the formation     Br. N. America       517,300   270,475   674,685   297,860
of good soil. Few countries are more plentifully watered,    Other Colonies                      8,280    20,115      8,105
United States.      1,322,810   257,910  1,310,740   387,000
or better wooded. A large portion of the surface is covered   Foreign States      1  114,825    98,25    67,335    59,020
with dense forests of pine, hackmatac, cedar, &c., which                                   -~ —         -
furnish immense quantities of timber, both for export and          Total,.         3.467,83,  $3,007,110 $4,077,855 183,2.0,090
ship-building. Plants which ripen more slowly in a warmer
region, require to be gradually acclimated before they can
accommodate themselves to the short seasons of New Bruns-    The following comparative statement exhibits the value
wick. The ordinary fruits of the Northern United States,  of fish exported in 1850, 1851, and 1852:
with the exception of the peach, thrive here; and in the
southern part of the province Indian corn is grown. The
smaller cereals, such as oats, rye, barley, and summer wheat,      Couetrles.         1850.         1051.         3852.
ripen perfectly, and are of excellent quality. The potatoes                                                -
raised in New Brunswick are thebest in the world. Turnips  Great Britain             $9,400       $13,000       $30,800
of every variety grow well, and pease, beans, and other  N. A. Colonies.            55,200        82,500         48,700
leguminous plants thrive admirably. The most profitable   United States.            41,500       71,200        114,,
crop, however, is grass, which occupies about four-fifths of   Other Countries       30,100        27,400.3, 100
the land on every large farm. Hay is greatly in demand to 
supply the teams employed in lumbering; and pressed hay            Total.          13,200         14,100        229,00
is also exported to the United States. Agriculture in the
province, however, has hitherto made but slow progress;    The following Table shows the principal ports, and the
and the demand for food in ordinary years is far beyond the  trade of each, in 1851:
supply raised on the soil. The inhabitants generally find it
more profitable to follow  the lumbering business. The
number of acres under culture in 1840 was 426,611, and in             Town3.              Exports.            Imports.
1851, 643,954, or about 1-28th part of the whole surface.
M,1nufactures.-The manufactures of New  Brunswick,
with the exception of ship-building and the sawing of lumber,  St. John....            $2,055,130          $3,749,588
are limited almost exclusively to articles of primary neces-  St. Andrew's..             2710,000            225,000
shiy. In 1851 there were in the province 52 weaving and   Miramichi...                  411,700             347,999
carding  mills, employing  953 persons, 5475 looms; 11   Dalhousis                          152,015             128,170
BIthurst...       115,090              77,51)1
foundries, employing 242 persons; 125 tanneries, employing    ihibuct.             13,1                109,000
Richibucto...             133,155             109,000
255 persons; 8 breweries, employing 96 persons; 261 gvistmills, employing 366 persons; and 584 saw-mills, employing
4302 persons; 218 saw-mills and 147 grist-mills were situated
upon tributaries of the St. John.  The amount of water-    The total number of vessels owned in New Brunswick,
power afforded by these streams is incalculable, and but a  Dec. 31, 1850, was 807, with an aggregate burden of 121,996
small part of it is yet used. The quantities of timber and  tons. See ST. Jorm's.
lumber floated down the St. John in 1852, were as follows:   lot nal Commncicotion.-There are several railways in
white pine timber, 100,000 tons; hackmatac timber, 10,000  New Brunswick either in course of construction or projected.
tons; white pine logs, 50,000,000 cubic feet; spruce logs,  The East and North American Railway is proceeding E. from
20,000,000 cubic feet; pine boards, 5,000,000 superficial feet;  St. Johns to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the frontiers of
cedar and pine shingles, 15,000,000; clapboards, 5,000,000  Nova Scotia, to meet the line now in progress northward fronm
pieces; the whole valued at $1,940,000. Ship-building is  Halifax. A large portion of the rails, and most of the iron
chiefly carried on at St. John Miramichi, and St. Andrew's.  bridges are already received, and it is thought this portion
The total number of vessels built in 1851 was 87, with an  will be completed during the year 1856. From the point of
aggregate burden of 34,350 tons.                               union it is proposed to carry the line N.N.W. to the river
~Fisheries.-The rivers, lakes, and  sea-coasts of New   St. Lawrence, along the S. shore of which it is to proceed to
Brunswick abound with fish of almost every variety. In  Quebec. A railway is projected from St. Andrews northward
the Bay of Chaleur immense shoals are seen, darkening the  to Woodstock, and thence along the valley of the St. John's,
surface of the water.  The Bay of Fundy has long been  whence it is intended ultimately to communicate with Quecelebrated for its fisheries. There were employed at Campo  bec. The European and North American Railway is designBello in 1850, 11 vessels and 50 boats, manned by 152 men, ed to connect the British province of Nova Scotia and New
besides 21 weirs, attended by 100 men; the whole taking  Brunswick with the system of railways in the United States,
5340 quintals of pollock, 1750 of cod, 5100 barrels of herrings,  at Bangor. This is an enterprise that has long been contert480 of mackerel, 150 of pickled haddock and cod, 120  plated, and portions of the road are now under contract.
barrels of oil, and 40,000 boxes of smoked herrings.  At the  Telegraphic wires connect New Brunswick with the United
West Isles there were 27 fishing-vessels, 200 boats, and 7  States on the one hand, and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's
we irs, employing 691 men. The catch was 20,800 quintals  Island on the other. Communication with the latter island
of pollock and hake, 3750 of cod, 3500 barrels of herrings, is effected by means of a submarine cable, extending from
800 barrels of pickled cod and haddock, 450 barrels of oil, and  Cape Tormentina to Cape Travers, a distance of 9 miles.
5000 boxes of smoked herrings. In the harbor of St. John  The wires, by a similar means, are also about being extendthere were about 200 boats with 500 men, taking 40,000  ed to Newfoundland, distant from Prince Edward's Island
salmon, 14,000 barrels of alewives, and 1200 of shad. In  150 miles.
Cumberland Bay 525 men, in 213 boats, took, among other    Divisions, Population, &c.-New Brunswick is divided into
fish, 41,000 barrels of shad. There were 24 vessels and 94  14 counties, the names of which, and population in 1851,
boats with 573 men at Grand Menan, and numerous vessels  with the-ir capitals, are exhibited in the subjoined table:
and boats at smaller stations on the coast. The total value
of the New Brunswick fisheries within the Bay of Fundy
in 1850 was $263,500. This, however, conveys but a very              Counties.           Population.          Caplitals
imperfect idea of the extent of the fisheries in those waters,
as vessels from the United States are much more numerous    Albert                          6313             opewel
Albert             ~~~~6,313       ttopewell.
here than those belonging to New Bi-unswick.                     Carleton 11,1)8                          Weootock.
Carleton...          11,108           Wroodstoek.
Comtmerce.-The great extent of sea-coast, with its nume-    Charlotte.                19,938          St. Andrews.
rous bays and the navigable rivers flowing into them, fur-    Gloucester..               11,704           Bathurst.
nish admirable facilities for commerce. The principal ex-    Kent.                        11,410          Liverpool.
ports are fish, hackmatac knees, spars, and other timber.    Ring's..            18,842          Ringston.
deals, planks, boards. shingles, laths, staves, pickets, &c.,    Northumberland            15,064          Miramichi.
iron, coal, gypsum, sheepskins, potatoes, oats, and hay.    Queen's                        10,61           Ggetown.
Restigouehg..        4,161    ~     Dalhousie.
The chief imports are wheat and wheat flour, corn-meal,           estigouchn               3 4,             Salhousie.
St. John...38,475         St. John.
corn and other grain, salted meats, coffee, sugar, molasses,    Sunbury...            5,301          lagerville.
molsss,         Sunbury...             8,301          Mlagervills.
tobacco, woollen, cotton, and silk manufactures, haber-    Victoria...                 5,408          Perth.
dashery, manufactures of iron, leather, and India rubber,    Westmoreland.               17,814          Dorchester.
stationery, soap and candles, and cordage.  The total value    York....                   17,628          Fredericton.
of the commerce of New Brunswick in 1849 and 1850, and
the countries with which it is carsried on, is exhibited in         Total...            193,800
the following Table: 
4G                                                                               1297




NEW                                                       NEW
The chief part of the inhabitants are emigrants from  with an agreeante capital of $790,000; an academy, a thee.
Great Britain, and their descendants. There are a few in- logical seminary of the Associate Refornmed Church, and
habitants of the French stock settled principally on the Bay  many fine residences. Three or four newspapers are puis
of Chaleur, and in the'valley of the Madawaska. There are lished here. It has large manuihetories of cotton, wool,
also a small number of Miemacs, Melicetes, and other In- machinery, and flour, with plaster-mills, foundries, tan.
dians, in the N. part of the province.                     neries, &c. Large quantities of grain, flour, and dairy proIn each county are several grammar and parish schools, ducts are bought here and shipped in steamboats and
King's College, at Fredericton, receives an annual grant of  sloops. The adj acent country is noted for its extensive dalabout $10,000 from the government. There are also other ries, and the superior quality of the butter produced in
schools for instruction in the higher branches. The Church  them. Newburg was the theatre of many impsrtant events
of England, the established and free churches of Scotland, in the Revolutionary War, and it was here, at the close of
Reformed Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Wesleyan Me- that struggle, that the American army was disbanded, June
thodists, Baptists, and Roman Catholics have in all about 23, 1783. Pop. of the township, 11,415.
450 churches.                                                NEWBURG, a post-village of Cumberland co., Penneyl.
Governsseacnt, &c.-The affairs of the province are adminis- vania, about 20 miles S.W. of Carlisle.
tered by a lieutenant-governor, aided by an Executive Coun-   NEWBURG, a village of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania,
oil, consisting of 8 members; a Legislative Council, of 17  about 90 miles W. of Harrisburg, and near the base of
members; and a House of Assembly, of 39 representatives  Broadtop Mountain.
of the people. The judicial department comprises a supreme    NEWBURG, a post-village of Franklin co., Alabama.
court, with a chief and 3 puisne judges; a court of chancery,   NEWBTURG, a post-village, capital of Lewis cc., Tennessee,
one of marriage and divorce, and one for the trial of offences 72 miles S.S.W. of Nashville. It was laid out in 1850 or
committed at sea; over these three courts, the lieutenant- 1851, at the organization of the county.
governor presides. The revenue for the five months ending    NEWBURG, a post-village and township of Cuyahoga co.,
May 31, 1853, amounted to $328,800, an increase of $6800  Ohio, on the railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Cleveland. Pop. 1342.
over the corresponding period of the previous year. Of the    NEWBURG, a village in Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio
total amount, $196,100 was derived from the customs. The River, 9 or 10 miles above Steubenville.:
provincial legislature meets at Fredericton.                 NEWBURG, a township in Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1302.
History.-New Brunswick was first settled by the French    NEWBURG, a township of Case co., Michigan. Pop. 388.
in 1639. It continued, with Nova Scotia, to form part of Aca-   NEWBUEG, a village of Shiawassee co., Michigan, on the
die or New France, till it fell into the hands of the British, Shiawassee River, 7 miles S.E. of Corunna.
after the conquest of Quebec. The first British settlers in    NEWBURG, a village of Fountain co., Indiana, on Coal
New Brunswick emigrated from Scotland to Miramichi, in  Creek, 8 miles E.S.E. of Covington.
1764; and, in 1784, New Brunswick was separated from    NEWBURG, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. P. 503.
Nova Scotia, and formed into a dietinct province. In 1825,   NEWBURG, a tiriving  post-village of Warwick  cc.,
the standing timber in the district around Miramichi Bay  Indiana, on the Ohio River, 13 miles above Evansville. It
took fire, and enveloped an area of 6000 square miles in  is the largest place in the county. One paper is issued here.
flames, consuming 4 thriving towns, many large vessels    NEWBURG, a village in Boone co., Illinois, near K(ishlying in Miremichi River, and destroying 500 human beings.  waukee  River, 85 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago.
NEW BRUNSXVICK, a city, capital of Middlesex so., New    NE'WBURG, a poet-village in Pike co., Illinois, 70 miles
Jersey, on the right or S.W. bank of the Raritan River, W.S.W. of Spring-field.
and on the New Jersey Railroad, 26 miles N.N.E. of Trenton,    NEWBURG, a small post-village of Macon co., Missouri.
and 30 miles S.W. of New York. Let. 400 30' N., lon. 740    NEWBURG, e poet-village of Washington cc., Wisconsin,
30' W. The ground is low in the immediate vicinity of the  on the Milwaukee River, 30 miles N. of Milwaukee. It has
river, but rises rapidly as it recedes. The upper part of the  2 mills, and about 100 inhabitants.
town is laid out with wide streets, end contains many hand-    NEWBURGH, n-[1bfir-rdh, a parish and seaport town of
some buildings. Rutger's College, of this place, was founded  Scotland, in the north-western pert of the cc. of Fife, on the
in 1770. The building is of dark red freestone, situated on  Tay, 9 miles S.E. of Perth. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2638.
an eminence. The city contains a theological seminary of The town has a good harbor for shipping; and 2 branch
the Butch Reformed Church, about 10 churches, of which  banks.  Coarse linen weaving is largely carried on, and
1 is Romen Catholic, 2 banks, and several seminaries for considerable trade in wood, grain, coals, and lime. Steamers
girls. Three newspapers are published here.  The New  ply daily to Perth and Dundee. The town was founded in
Jersey Railroad crosses the Raritan by a bridge at this place, the 12th century by the abbots of Lindores, the ruins of
connecting it with New York and Philadelphia.  New  which monastery, founded 1178, are in the vicinity. MugBrunswick is at the heed of navigation on the river, and  drum house is in the parish; also 2 ancient crosses, called
the eastern terminus of the Delaware and Earitan Canal, Mugdrum  (St. Meg -eden) and Macduff's Crosses.
extending to Bordentown, 42 miles. This canal is 75 feet   NEWBURGH, nd/burg, a post-villagge of Canada West, co.
wide and 7 deep, end is navigated by steamboats end sloops of Addington, on the Napanee River, 23 miles from Kingston,
of 100 or 150 tons. The trade of this city ie said to be  6- miles from Napanee. It contains several mills and an tron
flourishing. New Brunswick is comprised in the township  foundry. Pop. about 700.
of North Brunswick which contained, in 1850, 10.008 in-    NEW BUR/LINGTON, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio.
habitants.                                                   NEW BURLINGTON, a post-office of Delaware cc., Indiana.
NEW  BRUNSWICK, a village of Boone co., Indiana, on  See BURnaMNGoTON.
the State Road fr-m Lebanon to Danville, 8 miles S. of the    NEW/BURN, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
former.                                                      NEWBURN, a perish of England, co. of Northumberland.
NEW  BRUNSWICK, a village of Clay co., Indiana, on    NEWBURN HALL, a township of England, cc. of NorthEel River, 75 miles S.W. of Indianapolis                   umbe-land.
NEW  BU/DA, a pest-village of Decatur cc., Iowa, was    NEW/BURY, a municipal borough, market-town, and
settled by a company of Hungarians under General Ujhazy. perish of England, co. of Berks, on the Kennet, here crossed
Pop. about 500.                                            by a stone bridge, on the Ken and Avon Canal, and on the
NEW BUF/FALO, a post-village of Perry co., Pennsylva- Hungerford branch of the Greet Western Railway, 16 miles
nia, on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, 19 miles  W.S.W. of Reading. Pop. of the borough in 1851, 6574.
above Harrisburg. Pop. about 280.                          The town is well built, with broad paved streets. It has
NEW BUFFALO, a poet-village and township of Berrien  a church of the reign of Henry VII., and several wellco., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Gallen  endowed poor's hospitals; some manufactures of ribbons,
River, and at the point where the Central Railroad first and numerous corn-mills and malt-kilns. It was formerly
touches the lake, 63 miles E. of Chicago. It is a depot of  noted for its manufactures of woollens. The house and
lumber and fruit for the Chicago market. Pop. 123.         factory of its famous clothier, "CJack of Newbury," who
NEW  BUFFALO, a township of Sank co., Wisconsin. liberally aided Henry VIII., and was a great benefactor of
Pop. 224.                                                  the town, are still standing.  Two severe actions were
NEW/BURG, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, fought in the vicinity, in 1643 and 1644. Donnington Castle,
absut 48 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1399.                 on the N., was the property of the pset Chaucer, who died
NEWBURG, a poet-town, semi-capital of Orange co., New  here A. 0. 1400. The N. pert of the town, Speenhamland,
York, on the W. bank of the Hudson River, 84 miles S. of  was the ancient seines.
Albany, and 61 miles N. of New York. Lat. 410 31' N., ion.   NEWBURY, apoet-township in Merrimack co., New Hemp740 1' W. The ground on which it is built rises, as it re- shire, 25amiles W. by N. of Concord.- Pop. 738.
cedes from the river, to the height of about 300 feet, com-   NEWBURY, a post-village and township in Orange co.,
mending a fine view of the Highlands, and of the river, Vermont, on the W. side of the Connecticut River, 25 miles
Nwhilh is here 1 mile wide. The appearance of the town, as S.E. of Montpelier. It has several churches, an academy,
seen from the water, is highly prepossessing. A steam-ferry  and some manufactures of leather, hoots and shoes, paper,
-onnects it with Fishkill, on the opposite bank, which is starch, and rakes. Pop. 2984.
intended to be the terminus of the Providence Hartford    NEWBURY, a post-township of Essex so., Massachusetts,
end Fishkill Railroad.  A branch railroad extends from  on the S. side of the Merrimack River, 34 miles N. by E. of
Newburg to the New York and Erie Railroad, at Chester. Boston, and intersected by the Eastern Railroad. It is the
Newbsacg is well built, end contains about 12 churches, of  seat, of Bummer Academy, an institution of high character,
which the Presbyterians have the greatest number; 5 banks, aen  the oldest of the kind in the State, having been mccc1295




.NEW                                                      NEW
I,oraM in 1756. Newbury also has the merit of possessing    NEW  CANANDAIGUA, kan-an-dAlgwa, a post-office of
the MSt toll-bridge erected in the state. It also had the  Oakland co., Michigan.
first suspension chain-bridge in the United States, and one    NEW CANITON, a post-village of Buckingham  co., Virgiof the first, if not the very first, incorporated woollen factory  nia, on James River, at the mouth of Slate River, 63 miles
in the state. The area of the township has recently been  W. of Richmond.
very much diminished, reducing the population from 4426,   NEW CANTON, a post-village of Hawkins co., Tennessee,
in 1850, to about 1800, in 1853.                          275 miles E. of Nashville.
NEWBURY, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.          NEW  CARLISLE, kar-ll1, a flourishing post-village of
NEWBURY, a post-township in the S.W. central part of  Bethel township, Clarke co., Ohio, is situated in a beautiful
Geauga co., Ohio. Pop. 1209.                              and fertile country, 55 miles W. of Columbus. The village
NEWBURY, a township in the W. part of La Grange co., has 4 or 5 churches. Pop. in 1850, 634; in 1853, about 1000.
Indiana. Pop. 145.                                           NEW CARLISLE, a post-village in St. Joseph co., Indiana,
NEWBURYPORT, nf/ber-e-part, a city, port of entry, and  145 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis.,ne of the capitals of Essex county, Massachusetts, 34 miles    NEW  CARLISLE, a seaport-town and port of entry of
3. by E. of Boston, is situated on the right bank of the  Canada East, co. of Bonaventura, on the Bay of Chaleurs,
Merrimack River, and at the union of the Newburyport lat. 480 3/ N., ion. 650 19' W. It is the most important fishwith the Eastern Railroad; let. 420 48/ 32" N., lon. 700 52/ ing station on the N. coast of the bay. In 1851, the imports
7" /W. -It stands on a gentle acclivity, commanding a beau- amounted to.53,680.
tiful prospect, and is laid out with great regularity, in the    NEW CARITHAGE, a post-village of Madison parish, Louform of a parallelogram. Near its centre, at an elevation  islana, on Mississippi River, 240 miles above Baton Rouge.
of 60 feet above the surface of the river, is a small pond,   NEW CASTINE, a post-village of Darke co., Ohio, 12 miles
comprising an area of about 6 acres. This has been sur- S. of Greenville.
rounded with a wall and terraced promenade, rendering it   NEWCAS/TLE, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Pemone of the most attractive features of the place. The bar- broke.
bor of Newburyport is spacious and safe, but obstructed at   NEWCASTLE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
its entrance by a shifting sandbar. The town is considered    NEWCAStTLE, a town of Ireland, Mlunster, co. and 25
one of the pleasantest in New England. The principal pub- miles S.W. of Limerick. Pop. in 1851, 2719. It has a neat
lic buildings are the Custom-house, a large granite structure, church, a large Roman Catholic chapel, an infantry barracks,
with an elegant Grecian portico; the Court-house; the new  union workhouse, and a market-house.  Adjacent is the
City Hall, a beautiful edifice, cost $35,000; and the churches, mansion and demesne of Castle Courtenay, originally built
of which there are 16 of the various denominations. Be- by the Knights Templars.
sides 18 primary and 10 grammar schools, there are 2 libe-   NEWCASTLE, a seaport town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
rally-endowed free schools, one for males, and one for females. Down, 11 miles 8.S.W. of Downpatrick. Pop. in 1851, 879.
The Putnam Free School, dedicated April 12th, 1848, has a  It is much frequented as a watering-place.
permanent fund of $50,000, the income of which is appro-    NEWCASTLE, a parish of Ireland, Mlunster, co. of Limprinted to the benefit of pupils, without regard to residence. crick.
The newspaper press consists of 2 daily, a semi-weekly,. and    NEWCASTLE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
a weekly issue. The city contains a Lyceum, provided with    NEWCASTLE, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Waterlectures, and an excellent library, just established. There  ford.
are 3 banks, with an aggregate capital of $650,000, and a    NEWCASTLE, LowrnR, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.
savings institution, with deposits amounting  to about   NEWCASTLE, UPPER, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.
$600,000. Gas light has recently been introduced.            NEWCASTLE or NEWCASTLE-LYONS, a parish of IreNewburyport formerly suffered severe commercial reverses, land, co. of Dublin.
but for many years past its trade, both foreign and coast-   NEWCASTLE, a borough of New South Wales, East Aus
wise, has been steadily increasing. About $1,000,000 is tralia, co. of Northumberland, on Port Hunter, 70 miles
employed in the coast trade, and $200,000 in the fisheries.  N.N.E. of Sydney. It has valuable coal-mines, which anua
The shipping of the district, June 30, 1854, amounted to an  ally yield large quantities of coal.
aggregate of 27,986 tons registered, and 9814 tons enrolled    NEW  CASTLE, nilkas'sel1, the northernmost county of
and licensed. Of the-latter, 4787 tons were employed in  Delaware, bordering on Pennsylvania and Maryland, conthe coast trade, and 7575 tons in the cod and mackerel tains about 520 square miles. The Delaware River and Bay
fisheries. The foreign arrivals for the year were 82, (tons, form its eastern boundary, separating it from New Jersey.
55412,) of which 76 (tons, 4775) were by foreign vessels. The It is drained by Brandywine, Christiana, Redclay, Whiteclearances for foreign ports were 96-tons, 10,261, of which  clay, Appoquinnimink, Blackbird, and Duck Creeks. The
4836 tons were in foreign bottoms. During the year, 14 surface is diversified with hill and dale; the soil is produe
vessels, (10 of them  ships,) with an aggregate burden of tive and well cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay,
8817 tons, were admeasured.                               potatoes, butter, and fruits are the staples. In 1850, this
There are in the city 5 manufacturing corporations, em- county produced 1,066,377 bushels of corn; 319,01.2 of wheat;
ploying an aggregate capital of $1,180,000, and from 1500 to  483,987 of oats; 121,846 of potatoes; 24,417 tons of hay;
1600 hands, who run 63,884 spindles. Steam is used to the  and 766,803 pounds of butter. The quantities of wheat,
extent of about 840 horse-power. The principal articles are  oats, potatoes, hay, and butter were the greatest produced
cotton goods, of which about 12,000,000 yards are annually  by any county in the state. The county is intersected by
produced. There are also manufactures of iron, machinery, the Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, the
leather, boots, shoes, &c. Incorporated as a town in 1764; Frenchtown and New Castle Railroad, and by the Chesaand in 1851 chartered as a city, including in its limits two  peake and Delaware Canal. New Castle is the most populous
adjoining villages. The celebrated George Whitefield died  county in the state. Capital, New Castle. Pop. 42,780; of
in Newburyport, September 30th, 1770. Pop. in 1850, 11,318; whom 42,386 were free, and 394 slaves.
in 1853, about 13,000.                                      NEW CASTLE, a post-township in Lincoln co., Maine, on
NEWBURYPORT LIGHTS, on the N. end of Plumb  the W. side of the Damariscotta River, 25 miles S.E. of AnIsland, Newburyport Harbor, Massachusetts. They arefixed, gusta. Pop. 2012.
two in number, and so constructed as to be easily moved,   NEW CASTLE, a post-township of Rockingham co., New
a circumstance rendered necessary by shiftings of the bar at Hampshire, 44 miles S.E. of Concord. It occupies an island
the mouth of the harbor. Lat. 420 48' N., lon. 700 49' 30" W. comprising 458 acres, situated in Portsmouth Harbor, and
NEW/BY, a township of England, co. of York, West connected with Portsmouth by a bridge. Pop. 891.
Riding.                                                     NEW CASTLE, a post-village and township of Westchester
NEWBY'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Perquimans co., North  co., New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 40 miles N.N.E. of
Carolina.                                                 New York. Pop. of the township, 1800.
NEWBYTHIE, n-f-bhth, aOvillage of Scotland, co. and 31    NEW  CASTLE, a post-borough, capital of Lawrence co.,
miles N.N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 1396.                      Pennsylvania, on the Shenango River, at the mouth of Ne.
NEW  CALEDONIA, kal-e-dolne-a, (Fr. Nouvelle Calgdonie, shannock Creek, and on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 44 miles
unoo'vll k! qdo'neese.) an island in the South Pacific Ocean, N.N.W. of Pittsburg. The Shenango River unites, about 2
belonging to France, between let. 200 and 220 30, S., and lon. miles below, with the Mahoning, and forms the Beaver
1640 and 1670~ E. Length from N.W. to S.E., 220 miles; River. The Pittsburg and Erie Railroad, now in course of
breadth, 30 miles.  Surface mountainous, rising in the  construction, passes through this place, and the Cleveland
centre to nearly 8000 feet in elevation. The population are and Mahoning Railroad, when finished, will connect it with
Papuans. The island was discovered in 1774.      -        Cleveland. It is a place of considerable trade, and contains
NEW  CALEDONIA, a name formerly given to that por- several iron foundries, nail factories, glass works, fiouringtion of North America W. of the Rocky Mountains, between  mills, and 2 extensive rolling-mills. Two newspapers are
lat. 480 and 570 N.                                       published here. Incorporated in 1825. Pop. in 1850, 1614;
NEW CALIFOR/NIA, a post-office of Jackson co., Virginia. in 1853, about 1800.
NEW CALIFORNIA, a post-office of Union co., Ohio.         NEW CASTLE, a post-borough and township of SchuylNEW CALIFORNIA, a post-village of Grant co., Wiscon- kill co., Pennsylvania, 5 miles N.W. of Pottsville, with which
sin, 12 miles E. of Lancaster.                            it is connected by a railroad. Pop. about 300; of the townNEW  CANAAN, (kA/nan,) a post-township of Fairfield  ship, 1930.
co., Connecticut, about 35S miles S.W. by W. of New Haven.   NEW CASTLE, a post-borough and port of entry, capital
Vop. 2600,                                                of New Castle co., Delaware, on Delaware River, 5 miles S.
1299




NEW                                                       NEW
of Wilmington, and 42 miles N. of Dover. It is the eastern  rets; th, Roman Catholic Church of St. Mary, a magnificent
terminus of the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad. It modern 1 uilding, in the early English style; and numercontains a court-house, town-hall, a bank, a public library, ous Dissenting chapels; the Central Exchange and Newsand churches for the Methodists, Presbyterians, Episco- room, forming a spacious semicircular Ionic building; the
palians, and Roman Catholics. Here is a large manufactory  Guildhall or original Exchange, the Merchants' Court, the
of locomotives and other machinery. Shipping owned in  Corn Exchange, the Assembly-rooms, the Court-house, in
1854, 4281 tons. Pop. in 1850, 1202; in 1853, about 1500.    which the assizes for the county of Northumberland are
NEW  CASTLE, a post-village, capital of Craig co., Virgi- held, a handsome range of buildings, situated within the
nia, at the fork of Craig's Creek, 193 miles W. of Richmond. precincts of the ancient castle, and erected at an expense of
It contains 1 or 2 churches, and an academy.               52,0001.; the Castle itself is one of the finest specimens of casNEW CASTLE, a post-village of Wilkes co., North Carolina. tellated Norman architecture in England; the Jail and House
NEW CASTLE, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennessee. of Correction, completed on the most improved principles; an
NEW  CASTLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Henry  elegant theatre, barracks for 1000 men, &c.; Another strucco., Kentucky, is situated near Drennon's Creek, 26 miles ture, for which Newcastle has recently become celebrated,
N.W. of Frankfort, and 4 miles from  the Louisville and  is the magnificent double bridge erected across the Tyne,
Frankfort Railroad. It is surrounded by a rich farming  partly as a common thoroughfare, and partly for the railcommunity. Here is a seminary for young ladies, having  way, at an expense of 234,4501.; and to it may be added the
about 100 pupils; also, a flourishing male academy, and 4 or Central Railway Station, one of the most magnificent build5 churches. Pop. in 1853, about 1000.                      ings of the kind in the kingdom.
NEW CASTLE, a post-village and township of Coshocton    The more important literary and other institutions are
co., Ohio, 71 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1712.         the Free Grammar School, the Royal Jubilee, national,
NEW CASTLE, a small village of Morgan co., Ohio.        infant, and many other schools; the Northern Counties'
NEW CASTLE, a village of Richmond co., Ohio.             Institution for the Deaf and Dumb; the School of Medicine
NEW CASTLE, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. and Surgery, the lectures of which qualify for the diploma
657.                                                      of the London College of Surgeons, and the license of the
NEWCASTLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Henry  Apothecaries' Company; the Literary and Philosophical
co., Indiana, on the Blue River, 42 miles E. by N. of Indian- Society, occupying a handsome Doric building, in which
apolis. It is the terminus of the Newcastle and Richmond  a museum and library are included; the Natural History
Railroad, which is to be extended towards Chicago. The  and Antiquarian Societies, both with valuable collections;
Blue River affords an excellent water-power. One or two  the Botanical and Horticultural Society; the Institution for
newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1850, 666; in 1853, the promotion of the Fine Arts; the Mechanics' Institution;
about 1200.                                               the Infirmary, occupying a large and handsome building,
NEW CASTLE, a post-office of Logan co., Illinois.       which has just been enlarged at a cost of 80001.; the VictoNEW CASTLE, a post-office of Gentry co., Missouri.      rina Blind Asylum, the hospital of St. Mary Magdalene, the
NEWCAS/TLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Dur- Keelman, Jesus', and several other hospitals and charitable
ham, 25 miles W. of Cobourg, 47 miles from Toronto. It con- endowments.
tains several mills, and an iron foundry. Bond Head, 1-   The manufactures are very extensive, and possess unmiles distant, is the port for Newcastle, and may be looked  wonted facilities, both from the means of transport and the
upon as a part of it. Pop. of Newcastle, 650; Bond Head, 200. unlimited supplies of excellent and cheap coal, obtained
NEWCASTLE, a river-port of New Brunswick, co. of from the neighboring collieries. Within the city, or in its
Northumberland, on the left of the Miramichi, about 18  immediate vicinity, are numerous blast-furnaces, and imamiles from its entrance into Miramichi Bay, and 130 miles portant malleable and other iron works. Iron goods, also,
N.N.E. of St. John.                                       including hardware, and large castings, are made at a great
NEWCASTLE BAY, Australia, N.E. coast, at the N. end of number of extensive establishments. The other most imCape York Peninsula, 12 miles in width and about 8 miles  portent staples are locomotive and other machinery, earthenin depth inland. Lat. 100 50' S., lon. 1420 35' E.        ware, glass, chemical products, sheet and pipe lead, cordage
NEWCASITLE-IN-EMILYN, a  market-town  of South  and cables, painter's colors, soap, railway and other carWales, co. of Carmarthen, delightfully situated on the Teify, risges, brassware, patent shot, bricks and tiles, paper, sail9 miles E.S.E. of Cardigan. Pop. 1200. It has a union work- cloth, &c. There are, also, large flax and spinning mills;
house, and ruins of a castle.                             flour, bone, oil, and saw mills; and extensive building-yards,
NEWCASTLE (n-.-kaslsel) UPON-TYNE, (anc. Pens,-ii, at which great numbers of sailing vessels and steamers, both
afterwards Monkchester,) a city and river-port of England, in wood and iron, are constructed.
capital of the county of Northumberland, on the left bank    The coasting and export trade, including both the above
of the Tyne, about 8 miles above its mouth, in the German  articles of manufacture, and grindstones, salt, and more
Ocean; and on the Newcastle and Carlisle, Newcastle and  especially coal and coke, is most important. The following
North Shields, and the York Newcastle and Berwick Rail- are the quantities shipped coastwise and foreign, for the
ways, 53 miles N.E. of:Carlisle, lat. (bridge, N. end) 540 58' last four years ending 5th January, 1853, independent of
42" N., Ion. 10 35' 30" W. It occupies the sides and sum- an immense quantity sent by railway:mits of three acclivities, which rise steeply from the river,
extends about 2 miles along its bank, and communicates by                                          C.
an elegant stone bridge, of nine elliptical arches, with the          C
town of Gateshead, which may be regarded as its suburb.       oaswis.       Frei.         Caswis.        Freig.
It was once surrounded by a wall and a deep fosse, the former 8 feet thick and 12 feet high, and flanked by numerous        Tons.         Tons.           Tons.         Tons,
towers.- The fosse has been completely filled, but fragments  1850. 2,127,551 1850. 790,150  1850.. 15,822 1850.. 52,583
of the walls and towers are still seen. In the older parts  181 2,52,29  181    s       181.. 
1852. 2,049,846 1852.1,008,819  1852..17,266  1852..85,764
of the town the streets are narrow and winding, and the   1853.2,1579,273 1823  1,054,655  1853   18,581  1852.79,233
Sell 2,51,13 111.lesees1811.. 18,58e 11853.. 19,233
houses of an irregular, and in many cases very antique
appearance; extensive improvements however have been
made here in recent years. In the newer parts of the city    Of the coals exported to foreign parts, in 1852, the followmany streets and squares, lined with elegant mansions ing ports received above 4000 tons each:scarcely equalled out of the metropolis, have risen up, while
whole suburbs of villas have spread in all directions, espe-                     Tons.                         Tons.
cially towards the W. Grey Street, both from its width  Aden......    5,048 Hamburg.....107,147
and the style of its architecture, is very imposing, and  Alexandria.            12,307 Harfleur.6,101
would do honor to any capital. The whole town is well Algiers.   6,79   avre.  34,793
y                         ~~~~~~~Amsterdam  ~      ~~6,879 HIavana......  6,547
paved and lighted, but the sewerage continues somewhat Amsterdam                  6,87  Hvana.
Barcelona..      26,901 Jersey....  14,897
imperfect. By an Act, obtained in 1845, the deficiency of Boulogne.9,161 Lisbon... 7,416
good water has been effectually supplied; the water being  Bremen.                9,957 Malta....  4,237
conveyed to the city through a pipe 11 miles in length.   Brest..... 10,581 Marseilles..  16,102
Among the most remarkable public buildings may be men- Boesdeaux               11,447 MIessina.....  4,458
tioned the Church of St. Nicholas, an ancient, spacious, and  Caen.              4,429 Nples17,786
handsome structure, chiefly in the decorated English style, Cadia.9,608 New Yorl.7,42
with a tower, crowned by octagonal turrets, from which four Calcutta.            6,59  NieweDiep....  4,739
0   5                 ~~~~Carthagena....    4,098 Odessa,...4,155
buttresses rise, and terminate in a small crotched spire, the  Crthagen....    4,098  Oessa.         4,15
Ceylon....,490 Philadelphia... 5,787
whole 193 feet high, and almost unequalled for its graceful Constantinople. 23,618 Quebec..     6,172
proportions; the Church of All Saints, a handsome Grecian  Copenhagen...   30,901 Rouen.                  34,740
edifice, with a Doric portico, a circular interior, and a tower, Cronstadt....   46,437 Rotterdam.... 27,384
terminating in an elegant spire, 202 feet high; the Church of Dieppe..... 22,984 Rig"                      8,025
St. Andrew, a very ancient structure, partly Norman, with  Dort.8,248 Schiedam n.,174
a large butlow embattled tower; the Church of St. John, of Einore.       86,052  Stockholm.5,859
rElstingorem.....   86,521 Stettino.m.....58,592
ancient date and large dimensions, with some interesting  Fecamp.6,321 Stettin..    18,922
monuments; the Church of St. Peter, an elegant modern  Galat5617 Swinemunde....  3,096
a Genoa...218095 Triest 8,150
building; the Church of St. Thomas, built in the early Eng- Gothenburg... 15,633 Toulon.....  7,046
lish style, with a lofty embattled tower, and graceful mina- Guernsey.         16,346 Venice                13,492
1300




NEW                                                       NEW
The more important imports are corn, clover, and other   NEW COMERSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Oxford
seeds; flax, hemp, oak-bark, fruit, wine, spirits, colonial township, Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas River,
produce, tallow, hides, tar and pitch, oil, brimstone, bones, and on the Ohio Canal, 85 miles N.E. of Columbus. P. 476.
bristles, rags, timber and cabinet-wood, pig-iron, &c. The    NEW CONICORD, a post-village of Callaway co., Kentucky,
value of exports, which, in 1840, was 686,9251., was, in 1848, about 10 miles SE. of Murray.
764,1911.; in 1849, 786,3901.; and in 1850, 920,0681. The num-   NEW CONCORD, a post-village of Mluskingum co., Ohio,
ber of vessels belonging to the port, in 1851, was 938 (179,536 15 miles E.N.E. of Zanesville. Pop. 334.
tons). In the same year, the number of vessels entered and    NEW COR/NER, a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana.
cleared was 3817 British, and 3389 foreign. The inland trade    NEW  COR/WIN, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio.
is also very important, and has, in recent times, been greatly    NEW  CORPYDON, a post-village of Jay co., Indiana, on
augmented by the different railways. Steamers ply regu- the Wabash River, 105 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis.
larly to Shields, Leith, and other places N. and S. of Tyne-   NEW CREEK, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
mouth. Besides the regular weekly markets for provisions,   NEW  CREEK DEPOT, a post-office of Hampshire co.,
there are large corn and cattle markets, and, among the  Virginia, with a station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railgeneral horse and cattle fairs, one held in October lasts eight road, 5 miles from Piedmont.
days.                                                       NEW-CROSS, a hamlet of England, counties of Kent and
Newcastle appears to have derived its ancient name, Pens  Surrey, 3 miles S.E. of London, and having an important.Jii, from a bridge erected over the Tyne, by the Emperor station on the London and Brighton Railway.
Adrian. The Roman wall, built by Severus, passed through    NEW CUM/BE ELAND, a thriving post-village of Cumber
it, and terminated at Wallsend, about 3 miles E. In after- land co., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River, about 4
times it became so famous for its monastic establishrhents, miles below Harrisburg. It has a nail factory, and several
that it took the name of Monkcchester, and was the resort of  flouring-mills.
numerous pilgrims, who came to visit the holy well-of Jesus   NEW CUMBERLAND, a post-village of Hancock co., VirMount, now Jesmond, about 1 mile N.E. It owes its name  ginia, near the Ohio River. The manufacture of fire-bricks
of Newcastle to a fortress, built by Robert, eldest son of  is carried on extensively in the vicinity.
William the Conqueror. It was first surrounded by walls    NEW  CUMBERLAND, a post-village of Tuscarawas co.,
in the reign of Edward I. During the reign of Charles I., Ohio, 110 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.' Pop. about 250.
it was surprised and taken by the Scottish army, under   NEW CUMBERLAND, a village of Grant co., Indiana, on
Leslie. Among its eminent natives are Duns Scotus, Aken- the Mississinewa River, 16 miles S.E. of Ma-ion. It has
side the poet, Hutton the mathematician, the Earl of Eldon, about 100 inhabitants.
the celebrated English Chancellor, and his scarcely less cele-   NEW DAN/VILLE, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.
brated brother Baron Stowell, judge of the admiralty court,   NEW DER/RY, a post-village of Westmorelaud co., Pa., 45
Admiral Collingwood, and the celebrated wood-engraver  miles E. of Pittsburg.
Bewick. It returns two members to the House of Con-   NEW/DIGATE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
mons. The borough is divided into eight wards; and the    NEW DIG/GINGS, a post-township in Lafayette co., Wismunicipal government is vested in a Mayor, 14 Aldermen, consin. Pop. 1742.
and 42 Councillors. Pop. of borough, in 1851, 87,784.       NEW  DIGGINGS, a thriving post-village in the above
NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LIME or LYNE,* a parliamentary  township, near Fevre River, 8 miles N.N.E. of Galena, in
and municipal borough, town, and parish of England, co. Illinois. It is situated in the lead region, and many miners
and 15 miles N.N.W. of Stafford, and about 4 miles N.E. of  are employed in the vicinity. It contains 3 churches, 7 drythe Whitmore Station of the London and North-Western  goods stores, and 1 smelting furnace. Pop. in 1853, estiRailway. Pop. of borough in 1851, 10,569. The houses are  mated at 800.
mostly ancient, but the streets are paved, It has 2 churches,   NEW DUB/LIN, a post-office of Simpson co., Mississippi.,
a very handsome Roman Catholic chapel, a grammar school,   NEW DUNGENESS, (dmiinje-nuss/,) a settlement of Jefferfounded in the reign of Elizabeth; almshouses, and nume- son co., Washington territory, on the S. side of the Strdits
rous other charities; a guildhall, market-house, theatre, of Juan de Fuca. It is principally inhabited by coopers,
public library, literary institution, publicpromenade, union  and persons engaged in salmon fishing.
workhouse; extensive manufactures of hats, some silk and    NEW  DUR/HAMI, a, post-township in Strafford co., New
cotton factories, and in the vicinity potteries, iron Works, Hampshire, on the Cocheco Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of Conand large collieries. A branch canal connects it with the  cord. Pop. 1049.
Grand Trunk Navigation. It sends 2 members to the House    NEW  DURHAM, a thriving post-village of Hudson co.,
of Commons. It is a polling place for the county, and gives New Jersey, 9 miles N.E. of Newark. It has 2 or 3 churches,
the title of Duke to the Pelham-Clinton family.  Of the  and about 600 inhabitants.
castle built here by the Earl of Chester, in 1180, and whence    NEW  DURHAM, a small village of Mliddlesex co., New
the town takes its name, but slight traces remain. Near it Jersey, 34 miles N.E. of Trenton.
is Trentham, the seat of the Duke of Sutherland.            NEW DURHAM, a post-township of Laporte co., Indiana.
NEW  CEN/TRE, a post-office of York district, South Ca- Pop. 794.
rolina.                                                     NEW DURHAMI, a post-village of Laporte co., Indiana, 12
NEW  CEN/TREVILLE, a post-office of Oswego co., New  miles S. of Michigan City.
York.                                                       NEW ECHOITA, a small village of Gordon co., Georgia, at
NEW  CENTREVILLE, a post-office of Jennings co.,.In- the confluence of Coosawattee and Connasauga Rivers, about
diana.                                                    80 miles N.W. of Atlanta. It was formerly the capital of
NEW  CRAMBERSBURG, (chAmtbers-btLrg,) a post-office  the Cherokee Nation.
of Columbiana co., Ohio.                                    NEW  ED/ENBOROUGII, a seaport town of Nova Scotia,
NEW  CHES/TER, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsyl- co. of Digby, at the entrance of Sisseboo Riiver into St. Mavania, 30 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. about 200.    ry's Bay, about 125 miles W. of Halifax. The inhabitants
NEW/CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.          are mostly fishermen.
NEWCHURCII, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.         NEW E/(YPIT', a post-village of Ocean co., New Jersey, 19
NEWCIIURCH, a parish of England, Isle of Wight.         miles S.E. of Trenton. It has 2 or 3 stores. Pop. about 600.
NEWCI-IURCH, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster,  -NEW/ELL, a post-office of Anderson district, South Caro5 miles W. of Colne, with a station on the East Lancashire  lina.
Railway.                                                   NEW/ENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
NEWCHURCH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.    NEW ENGLAND. See UNITED STATEs.
NEWCHURClI, a parish of South Wales, co. and 3~ miles   NEW ENGLAND, a small village of Cumberland cc., New
N.W. of Carmarthen, with traces of a Roman encampment. Jersey, on Cohansey Creek, 20 miles S.E. of Salem.
NEWCHUiCH-IN-ROS/SENDALE, a chapelry of England,   NEW ENGLAND, a small village of Blount co., Tennessee,
co. of Lancaster.                                         S. of Knoxville. It has a water-power and a woollen factory.
NEWCHURCH-IN-PENDLE, a chapelry of;England, co.   NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE, a post-village in Worcester
of Lancaster.                                            co., Massachusetts, 40 miles W. by S. of Boston.
NEW CIiURCII, a post-office of Accomack co., Virginia.   NEVIENIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
NEW CITIY, a village in Clarkstown township, capital of    NEWtENT, a market-town and parish of England, co. and
Rockland co., New York, 35 miles N. of New York City.    9 miles N.W. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1850, 1547.
NEW  COLUM/BIA, a post-village of Union co., Pennsyl-   NEW EtRIN, a post-village in Stephenson co., Illinois, 135
vania, on the West Branch of Susquehanna River, 16 miles miles W.N.W. from Chicago.
above Sunbury.                                             NEW FAIR/FIELD, a post-township in Fairfield co., ConNEW COLUM/BUS, post-office, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. necticut, 64 miles S.W. from Hartford. Pop. 927.
NEW COLUMBUS, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.   NEW/FANE, a township in Wiudham co., Vermont, 100
NEW/COMB, a township in the W. part of Essex cc., New  miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1304.
York. Pop. 277.                                            NEWFANE, a post-township of Niagara co., New York,
bordering on Lake Ontario. Pop. 3271.
* It appoars from old records that an ancient forest on the    NEWFANE, a post-office of Fond-do-Lac co., Wisconsin.
borders of Cheshire was called Lyme or Lime (probably from    NEW  FARMi/INGTON, a post-of fice of Jackson co., In,imes, a "boundary").; from their proximity to which, a num- diana.
bee of places are supposed to have received the addition to their    NEWFIELD, a post-township in York co., Maine, 77 miles
names of under lyme or lEyne.                            S.W. by W. of Augusta. Pop. 1418.           1
1301




NEW                                                        NEAV
NEWFIELD, a post-township in the S.W. part of Tomp- in no other country is old age attended with greater bodily
kins co., New York. Pop. 3816. It contains a village of  vigor and mental animation. Winter, which consists of 
the same name.                                             series of storms of wind, rain, and snow, lasts from the be
NEW FLORPENCE, a small village of Westmoreland co., ginning ofDecember until the middle of April. January and
Pennsylvania, on the Central Railroad and Pennsylvania  February are the coldest months. Snow does not lie long on
Canal, about 64 miles E. of Pittsburg.                      the ground, and the frost is less intense than in West Canada,
NEW FOR/EST, a royal forest and hundred of England, though the thermometer frequently falls 30 degrees below the
occupying most part of the S.W. portion of the county of  fireezing point. The summer is short and warm. In May, and
Hants, W..of Southampton-water.  Circumference of the  the beginning of June, dense fogs prevail on "The Banks"
forest about 50 miles. It is divided into bailiwicks, under and neighboring shores; but they do not appear to be in the
foresters, wood-wards, and rangers, the whole under a lord- least prejudicial to health. The principal trees are spruce,
warden, whose forest-courts are held at Lyndhurst. It birch. larch, willow, and mountain-ash. In some places, where
abounds in game, red-deer, hogs, semi-wild horses, and ex- they have been undisturbed by the axe, trees of a fair girth
cellent timber, especially valuable from  its proximity to  and height are found, but generally the wood is of small
Portsmouth dockyard.                                        and stunted growth, consisting chiefly of fir trees, of from
NEWFOUNDLAND,* nunfond-land!, (L. TeueNa erolva;  20 to 30 feet in height, and 3 or 4 inches in diameter. These
Fr. Terre-Neuve, taia nuv; Ger. Neu-Foeuzdland, noi! fo5nt- usually grow so close together that their branches interlace
15ntl,) a large island of British North America, in the  from top to bottom. Recumbent and trailing evergreens are
Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, met with in great variety, and the berry-bearing shrubs
and nearer to Britain than any other part of America-   clothe every swamp and open tract. European and Amethe distance from  the port of St. John to the harbor of  rican grasses of various kinds abound, as also red and
Galway, in Ireland, being only about 1665 miles. Its N, white clover, and vetches. Agriculture employs a large
part is separated firom the coast of Labrador by the Strait portion of the inhabitants. The crops generally are abunof Belle Isle, and its S.W. extremity from Cape Breton and  dant, particularly potatoes. Grain crops also thrive well,
Nova Scotia, by the main entrance into the Gulf; lat. 460  wheat having been known to yield 50 bushels per acre; but
37' to 510 40' N., Ion. 520 40' to 590 31' W.; greatest length,  both climate and soil are more favorable to pasturage and
N. to S., 350 miles; average breadth 130 miles; area 57,000  green crops than to grain.
square miles. It is extremely irregular in form, with a    The wild animals are the deer, bear, wolf, hare, beaver,
coast-line, particularly on the S.E. and S., broken in a re- marten, dog, wild-cat, rat, and mouse. The pure breed of Newmarkable manner by broad and deep bays, harbors, coves, foundland dogs, so much celebrated for their size, sagacity,
inlets, and lagoons. The most remarkable of these ilen- and fidelity, is now rarely to be met with, those generally
tations are Hare, White, and Notre Dame Bays, Bay of Ex- seen in the island being crosses of every conceivable variety.
ploits, Bonavista, Trinity, and Conception Bays, on the E. Birds are numerous, both land and aquatic. On the coasts,
coast; St. Mary's Bay, Fortune and Placentia Bay, on the  the morse or sea-horse formerly abounded, but has been
S. coast, and St. George's Bay, and Bay of Islands, on the  nearly annihilated. Seals are numerous on the coasts, as
W. There are, besides these, innumerable smaller bays and  are also whales, grampuses, and porpoises; the famous GRAND
harbors. Many of these are extensive, commodious, and  BANK of Newfoundland swarms with cod and almost every
well sheltered, with numerous rivulets running into them; other variety of fish. These banks form the most extensive
while most of the harbors have complete anchorages, with  submarine elevation on the globe; in their full extent they
clear and good channels. The interior of the island, of  occupy  60 of longitude and nearly 100 of latitude, and are
which little was known previous to 1823, appears to be  between 600 and 700 miles in length, with a depth of water
rocky, with numerous tracts of moss, much intersected by  varying from 10 to 16 Ofathoms, 40 being supposed the mean
rivers and lakes, and but thinly wooded, except on the  depth. In Newfoundland the term  " fish" is understood
banks of the rivers. Great boulders, or loose rocks, scattered  to mean codfish, that being the great staple of the island.
over the country, increase its general roughness. IHills and  Every other description of fish is designated by its particular
valleys continually succeed each other, the former never  name. This fishery is either prosecuted in large open vessels,
rising into mountains, (the highest not exceeding 1500 feet,) on the Great Bank, or else in boats or shallops, near the
and the latter rarely expanding into plains. The "Bar- coast of the island; the two modes of fishing are respectively
rens" of Newfoundland are those districts which occupy the  designated the "bank  fishery" and the "shore fishery.
summits of the hills, and ridges, and other elevated and  The shores of Newfoundland abound with cod no less than
exposed tracts. They are covered with a thin and scrubby  the banks, and are preferred by the English as fishing
vegetation, consisting of berry-bearing plants and dwarf- ground, being more convenient for curing and drying their
bushes, of various kinds. Bare patches of gravel and  fish, and less exposed to fogs, rain, and sleet.  The cod
boulders, and crumbling fragments of rock are frequently  fishery opens at the beginning of June, and lasts till about
met with on the "barrens," which are generally destitute  the middle of October, and may be said to form the staple
of vegetable soil. The sea-cliffs are, for the most part, bold  occupation of the inhabitants of this colony.
and lofty, with deep water close to the shore.                The herring fishery has been almost wholly neglected,
Rivers and lakes are numerous, and some of them of con- though the shores of Newfoundland swarm with that valusiderable size. The largest of the former are Hlumber River able fish; and the salmon fishery is not more energetically
and the River Exploits, both issuing, like all the other  prosecuted. The seal fishery is next in importance to the
streams in the island, from lakes or ponds in the interior, cod fishery. In 1845, 126 vessels, tons 11,863, were fitted out
some of which are of great extent; the largest, called Grand  at the port of St. John alone, for this business. These were
Pond, being from 50 to 60 miles long, and 5 miles broad;  manned by 3895 men, who took 302,363 seals.
while the next in dimensions, Indian Lake, is 30 miles long    The following exhibits the quantity and value of the staple
and from 5 to 6 miles broad. Ponds, or small lakes, are  articles of produce exported from Newfoundland in the years
found everywhere over the whole face of the country, not 1849 and 1850.
only in the valleys but on the higher lands, and even in 
the hollows of the summits of the ridges and the very tops                            1849.               180.
Z%                                  ~~~~~       ~      ~~~~~~~~~1849.  [ 1850.
of the hills. The surface covered with fresh water has            Articles.
been estimated at one-third of the whole island. The preva-                    Quantity.  Value.  Quaneity.  Value.
lent formation of Newfoundland is granite, and in some parts  -
porphyry, quartz, gneiss, mica, and clay slate, with second-   ried Fish, qintals    67 $2,825,894  1,089,182 82,558,251
slat, wih seond-Dried Fish, —quintals [-,7,1~[$ —~84,8,182 $,5
ary formations. The minerals of the island comprise coal,  Oil, gallons..     2,22,,496  1,025,961   2,636,800  1,487,654
gypsum, copper, lead, and it is said iron. Salt springs are  Seal Skins, number   306,072   162,144   440,828   318,480
reported near the W. coast. ThewholSalmon, tierces.                5,911    51,912     4,600    44,160
reported near the W. coast. The whole of the land in and  aerings, barrels.      11,471    27,220    19,556    46,939
about the neighborhood of Conception Bay-very probably
the whole island-is rising out of the ocean at a rate which
threatens, at no very distant day, materially to affect many    The total value of the imports and exports of Newfound.
of the best harbors on the coast. At Ponte-de-Grave, in Con- land, in the years 1849, 1850, and 1851, was as follows:ception Bay, several large fiat rocks, over which schooners
might pass some 30 or 40 years ago with the greatest faci-                     18ss.     1850.      1851.      1812.
lity, are now approaching the surface, the water being                                                     
scarcely navigable for a skiff. 
The climate, though severe, is healthful; the mortality  Imports.  $3700912  $4,163,116  $4,609,291  $31851 468
among the inhabitants being on a lower scale than in any  Exprts..    41207,521   4,683,696   4,276,856   4,306376
portion of the British North American colonies-the deaths,
according to the census returns, being only 1 in 76 —hile    Of the whole population of the island, (101,600,) all but
about 3000 are.fishermen and fishing servants or laborers,
* This name is universally pronounced by the inlabitants  including a limited number dependent upon agricultural
with the accent on the first and last syllables; when, however,  pursuits. In 1845 the number of fishing boats, &c., was at
it is nsed as an adjective, as in the phrase s"a Newfoundland  follows:
dog," euphony requires thlat the accent should be placed on the     ats fm4 5  inals..
Boats from 4 to 15 quintals........ 8092
penultima. The same rule seems to hold with respect to some                 15   30...e.            l
other names: Leghorn and Cashmere, as nouns, are usually                        0        upwards...      12
sccentuated on the last syllable, but as adjectives almost inva-  Number of ced seees..              79
riably on the first.                                                 "   " sealing nets........ 4568
1302




NEW                                                        NEW
The value of the annual produce of the colony of New-   NEW GARDEN, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.
foundland has thus been stated on an average of 4 years,   NEW GARDEN, a post-village of Guilford co., North Ca,
ending in 1849, by the British colonial authorities:-      rolina, 98 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.
NEW GARDEN, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio,
540,160qaiatls  of fish exported........ 610,500    145 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 200.
4010 tierces of salmon..          60,500
14,475 barrels of herrings.......    42,500          NEW GARDEN, a post-township in Wayne co., Indiana.
508,446 seal skins..            2514,000      Pop. 1609.
6200 tons of seal oil.....850,000       NEW GARDEN, a post-village in Wayne co., Indiana..3990 11 L'cod oil........ 1. 25,000             NEW  GAS/CONY, a post-office of Jefferson co., Arkansas.
Fuel and skins.........           6,000
Bait annually soldt the Fren s....   59,0            NEW  GENEIVA, a post-village of Fayette co., PenusylValue of agricultural produce.      1,011,770       vania, on the Monongahela River, 195 miles W. byS. of
Fuel.....100,000                               Harrisburg. It has a manufactory of glass, and several
Ga.se-venison, partridges, ansd wild fo'wl    40,000  stores.
Timber, boards, house-stuff, staves, hoops, &c. 250,000  NEW GERIMANTOWN, a post-village in Tewksbuy townFish, fresh, of all kinds used by the inhabitants 125,000,
Fish, salted...........    175,000                  ship, Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 35 miles N. of Trenton,
Oil consumed by the inhabitants..    42,500        contains 2 churches, several stores, and about 70 houses.
Total.50~,35N2,020              EW  GEORGIA, nis jorfje-, is a name applied to the
Total.....6,352,020 
coast-line of North America, on the Pacific, comprising VanThe average value of property engaged in the fisheries couver Island and the adjacent mainland, with the Oregon
durin  the same poriod is thus  statted                  trritory, as far S. as the river Columbia.
during the same period is thus stated: —
NEW  GERMANTOWN, a post-village of Perry co., Penn3141 vessels engaged in the seal fishery..... $1,023,000  sylvania, about 45 miles WV. of Harrisburg.
80 "         "         coasting and cod fishery   80,000
10089 boatcoasting sdh eedr fi shery.        56           NEW  G ERM ANTOWN, a village of Boone co., Indiana,
10,089 boats         cod fishery.           -756,675
Stages, fish-houses, and flakes.......  125,000       on the railroad from Indianapolis to Lafayette, 19 miles
4568 nets of all descriptions........   68,500   N.WV. of the former.
879 codseines.soac........             110,000      NEW GERMANY, a post-office of Franklin co., Missoull,
Vats for makiag seal oil..........  250,000             NEW GILIEAD, a post-village in Moore co., North Carolina.
Fishing implements and casks for liver....  150,000
ishing implements and cass fr liver  0,00   NEW GLARUS, a post-village and township of Green co.,
Total.....   $2,563,175    Wisconsin, 15 miles N. of Monroe. It has 1I church, and
about 25 dwellings. Pop. 321.
The seal fishery in 1852 employed 367 vessels, of an aggre-: NEW  GLASIGOW, a small post-village of Amherst co.,
gate burden of 35,760 tons, manned by about 13,000 men. Virginia, 119 miles W. of Richmond.
The whole number of seals taken was about 550,000. Dur-   NEW GLAS/GOW, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Two
ing the year, 7333 tons and 220 gallons of seal oil, (valued  Mountains, 30 miles N.N.W. of Mlontreal.  Pop. about 1400.
at $1,188,500,) 387 tons and 237 gallons of blubber and    NEW  GLOUCESTER, gloslter, a post-township in Cumdregs, and 534,378 seal skins were exported, the whole  berland co., Maine, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railvalued at $2,085,100.                                       road, 38 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1848.
The aboriginal inhabitants of Newfoundland, supposed    NEW GOISHEN, a post-ofifice of Vigo co., Indiana.
not to be numerous, are remarkably shy of intercourse,   NEW  GOSIIENHOP/PEN, a village of lIontgomery co.,
confining themselves wholly to the interior of the island, Pennsylvania, on Perkiomen Creek, about 21 miles N.N.W.
with which settlers have little or no communication. A large  of Norristown.
proportion of the settlers are natives of Ireland, and of the    NEW GOT/TINGEN, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio.
islands of Guernsey and Jersey, and their descendants; but   NEW GiL  F/ENBERG, a post-office of Herkimer co., New
many are also from  other parts of the United Kingdom.  York.
The people have retained the habits of their old country    NEWV GRANADA, nu grg-ndid, (Sp. Nueva Granada, nwA/to a greater degree than in other North American settle- v1 grd-nld/d; Fr. Nouvelle Gs-enade, noo'vSll/ grph-n,~d/; Ger.
ments.                                                      Neu-Granada,   noi-grd-n/ldl; L. Castilia Antprea) an independThe government of Newfoundland is administered, under  ent republic of South America, formerly a viceroyalty under
a constitution granted in 1832, by a governor, an executive  the Spanish crown, but subsequently part of the Republic of
council consisting of 9 members, who also compose the le- Colombia, the middle and W. provinces of which it now emgislative council, and a house of assembly consisting of 15  braces. It has the Caribbean Sea, with the Gulfs of Santa
representatives. Justice is dispensed by a chief justice and  Martha and Darien, on the N., and on the W. the Pacific Ocean,
an assistant judge; and the police is under the management with the Bays of Panama and Choco. Between the two seas,
of one chief and two junior magistrates. The most perfect on the N.WV., it is bounded by Costa Rica; Venezuela and Brazil
toleration is here extended towards all religious sects. The  confine it on the E. and S.E., and the Republic of Ecuador on
Roman Catholics are the most numerous, amounting to  the S. It extends from the equator to 120 20' N. lat., and from
46,785 persons; the Church of England next, 34,281; and  690 10, to 820 45' W. ion.; greatest length from N. to S., 845
the Wesleyans, third, 14,239. The educational institutions  miles; greatest breadth measured on a parallel of latitude,
consist of a male orphan asylum, with 470 children; 6 gram- 675 miles; estimated area, 480,000 miles.*
mar schools and academies, under the control of the local   Pace of the Cbountry, Mountains, &c.-This country is the
government; 40 schools established by the "Newfoundland  most equally diversified in soil and climate of all the South
and British North American School Society," on the Madras  American States. Neither plain nor mountain can be said
system, with 2784 male and female pupils in 1848; 8  to predominate; the sea-coasts are ample and commodious,
schools under the Wesleyan Methodists; and a convent and, owing to the wide ramifications of the Andes, there is
school, with 400 female children. Elementary schools have, a great extent of country at an elevation of from 5000 to
besides, been established in every district in the island by  10,000 feet, which, in such a latitude, is most favorable to
the local legislature.                                      industry and the progress of civilization.  Yet the insaNewfoundland is supposed to have been discovered by the  lubrity of the zone surrounding this favored region, the
Norwegians, or Northmen, about the year 1000; it was re- comparative inaccessihility of the temperate valleys, and the
discovered by John Cabot on the 24th June, 1497; a settle- great difficulties which the first efforts of industry have to
ment was subsequently formed here by some Portuguese  encounter in a country where every natural feature is on a
adventurers, who were in turn expelled by Sir Francis  vast scale, have hitherto  counterbalanced  its apparent
Drake, in the reign of Elizabeth. After this period, nume- advantages, and prevented the development of its varied
rous English colonies were established from time to time  and abundant resources.
along the E. coast, and several French along the S., in the    A little N. of the town of Paste, on the borders of Ecuador,
Bay of Placentia. But, in 1713, Newfoundland and its de- (lat. 10 20' N.,) the ridge of the Andes separates into two
pendencies were declared, by the treaty of Utrecht, to belong  branches, the western of which, running parallel to the seawholly to Great Britain; the French reserving a right to fish  shore, is called La Cordillera de la Costa; the other, on the E.,
on certain parts of the coast. The only note-worthy town  contains several paramos or high plains, and the sources of
onthe island is St. John's, the capital. Pop. in 1845, 96,295; the rivers Putumayo and Japura, which join the Maraflon;;
in 1851, 101,600.                                           the further N., from the paramos of Las Papas and Socoboni,
NEWFOUND/LAND, a post office of Morris co., New Jersey. spring the great rivers Cauca and Magdalena, flowing N.
NEW FRANK/EN, a post-office of Brown co., Wisconsin.  Here, in lat. 10 501 N., the East Cordillera again divides, and
NEW FRANK/FORT, a post-village in Scott co., Indiana, forms two chains nearly parallel, between which extends
85 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis.                           the broad valley of the Mlagdalena.  The most E. of these
NEW  FRANK/LIN, a village of Franklin co., Pennsyl- chains, stretching along the right bank of the Mlagdalena
vania, 4 miles S.E. of Chambersburg. P. in 1853, about 200. to the sierra Nevada of Merida, is called the East Cordillera
NEW  FRANKLIN, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 60  of Cundinamarca; the Central Cordillera separates the
miles S.S.E. of Cleveland.                                  valleys of the Magdalena and the Cauca, while the West
NEW FRANKLIN, a post-office of Wayne co., Illinois.    Cordillera divides the valley of the Cauca from the metaliiNEW FREEIDOM, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
NEW FR~EEPORT, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
NEW GLEEPORT, Sa polt-ofice of Greene co., Pennsylvania.w  * This is only an approximate, as the boundary is very indefiNEW GALLOWAYT Scotlland. See GALLOWAY, (Nw). )          nitely settled, especially on the side towards Central America,
NEW GAR/DEN, a post-township in the S. part of Chester the government of New Grenada claiming the whole of the iosco., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1391.                              quite Coast to Cape Graeias-a-Dios.
1303




NEW                                                       NEW
ferous districts of Choco. The first of these mountain chains  Magdalena are lukewarm. At M1ompox. near the head of the
is by some called the Cordillera de la Sumna Paz, from the  delta of the Magdalena, the sea-breeze ceases, and the re
colossal group of this name near Santa'6 de Bogota; the  mainder of the voyage up to Honda, 350 miles, is made under
second is often called the Quindiu Chain, while the third  the most oppressive atmosphere conceivable, and through
takes the name of Choco.  So long as the middle chain rises myriads of mosquitoes, and other stinging insects, the attacks
to the height of perpetual snow, the East Cordillera never  of which allow no respite; the banks, at the sanse  time,
exceeds an elevation of 13,000 feet; but, at the point (lat. being guarded by caymans or alligators, jaguars; venomous
50 5' N.) where the West Nevados cease, it becomes col- snakes, and boas. The water of the Magdalena is said te be
lectively the loftiest of the three chains, except the Peak  productive of goitre, with which the inhabitants of Monipox
of Tolima, (lat. 40 46' N.), which belongs to the Middle  are afflicted. Among the scanty population of the valley,
or Quindiu  Chain, and is the loftiest summit of the Andes  higher up towards Honda, malignant ulceis are frequent.
in New Granada, reaching the absolute height of 18,270  The yellow fever is endemic at Cartagena, and on the W.
feet. The Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, extending along  coasts. But in the elevated country, the air is perfectly sathe coast between the Cordilleras of Cundinamarca and  lubrious, and the temperature (from 560 to 700 Fahrenheit)
Quindin, is not considered as belonging to the Andes. It seems that of perpetual spring. Here the rains in the wet
rises abruptly about 30 miles from the sea-shore, from  the  season darken the sky only for a few hours daily in the afterlevel plains which extend between the Gulf of Darien and  noon. At Mompox, the day is always cloudy, the night clear.
the Sea of Maracaybo, to the height of at least 19,000 feet. The summits of the Cordilleras are often shrouded in mists;
These mountains all present serious obstacles to internal  torrents of rain fall unceasingly in the forests of Darien;
communication. The Choco or maritime chain, though con- the Gulf of Choco is perpetually vexed with violent storms;
paratively low, have but few  and difficult passes.  The  but these excesses of the elements are all unknown in the
roads from Santa F6 de Bogota to Popayan, by the passes of  middle regions or Templadas, and, excepting the earthGuanacas and Quindiu, are dangerous from their height and  quakes, which have left here, as elsewhere in the Andes,
liability to snow-storms. The province of Antioquia, rich in  deep traces of their destructive visitations, there is nothing
mineral treasures, is hardly accessible without the aid of  which detracts from the general benignity of nature. Even
native carriers.                                            up to the limits of perpetual congelation the climate conlialleys.-Alternating with the mountain  chains here  tinues healthy, though it may cease to be agreeable.
described, are plains and valleys, all luxuriant, but varying    Zoology. —To the stranger ascending the Magdalena, the
much in character according to circumstances. The W. alligators seem entitled, by their numbers and formidable
coasts, and the isthmus generally, are covered with im- appearance, to be considered as the true possessors of the
penetrable forests, and are but imperfectly known. The  country, though the flies levy the heaviest tribute on the
continual heavy rains, and noxious climate, discourage  new comer; pumas, jaguars, and several smaller species of
European settlers. Hence no advantage has been taken of  the feline tribe, occasionally show themselves in the forests;
the circumstance that the Atrato, which falls into the Gulf  but they are few in comparison with the plagues of the
of Darien, rises in a swampy plain, often inundated, where  river. These, however, cease to annoy at an elevation of a
its waters mingle with those of the San Juan, which flows  few thousand feet, while the woods are still densely peopled
into the Pacific Ocean. By means of a canal, cut in the  with monkeys, of which the New World has many species,
ravine of Raspadura, between the two rivers, under the  all peculiar to it; in general less strong, fierce, and misdirection of an active-minded monk, the navigation between  chievous than those of Africa and Asia. At the height of
the two seas has been practicable here for boats, at all 3000 feet, where the boa constrictor and crocodile cease, the
seasons, since 1788. On the E. side of New Granada, the  tapir, the largest wild quadruped of the country, makes its
plains or llanos, extending to the Orinoco, are alternately  appearance.  The sloth, armadillo, ant-eater (a bear), and
swamps or hard and sun-burnt deserts. The intervening  cavy, inhabit the lowland forests; deer of different species
valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena have a middle character  are distributed at all heights; bears and marmots approach
between those of the W. coast and the leanos, growing con- the limits of perpetual snow. The condor soars above the
tinually more equable, humid, and insalubrious towards  snowy heights; while countless varieties of the feathered
the VW. and N.                                              tribes animate the woods below. The tropiale, (Orieles,) the
Mdierals.-The mineral tWealth of New Granada is various nightingale of these countries, deserves especial notice.
and abundant, though, as yet, imperfectly explored. Fine    Botany. —The remarkable equability of the climate in this
coal occurs on the plain of Bogota, 8000 feet above the sea. part of the world, where the seasons differ little from each
Platina is found in Choco, but only on the W. side of the  other, seems unfavorable to the multiplication of vegetable
Cordillera; whereas gold is collected both on the E. and W. species. Each kind seizes on some locality or region, wherein
sides, in Antioqula, and the valley of the Cauca.. The annual it predominates, to the almost total exclusion of others. On
produce is worth about half a million sterling. It is said  the plains of Bogota, in the region of perpetual spring,
that rich veins of silver ore exist at Marquetones, and else- though vegetation is most luxuriant, the species are not
where in New Granada; but the mines are not worked. numerous. Yet the woods, imperfectly explored, teem with
There was formerly a pearl fisheryat Rio de la Hacha. The  valuable productions. The wax palm, 200 feet high, clothes
chief emerald-mines are situate in the valley of Tunja, near  the sides of Tolima to an elevation of 8000 feet. The forests
Bogota, in strata of argillaceous schist. Small diamonds are  of Popayan yield china or cinchona (the cascarilla or Jesuit's
found with the gold of Antioqula; and in the same district bark of commerce) in abundance.  Rice, cotton, tobacco,
the sulphate of mercury is abundant. These productions  cocoa, sugar-cane, with all tropical fruits, are among the proare either wholly neglected, or very indolently sought after. ductions of the coast; while the elevated plains yield maze,
The civil waes exhausted all the capital of the country, and  wheat, and all the fruits of Europe. With nature so bountileft the business of mining to the poor and ignorant.       fnl, the wants of the population so few, and the demands of
Rivers  and Lakes. —The chief rivers of New Granada are  commerce very moderate, the cultivation of the soil is
the Magdalena and the Cauca, both of which rise in the  carried on, as might be expected, very remissly, and the
Cordillera, in lat. 20 N., pursue a nearly parallel course till reclaimed land bears but a small proportion to the whole.
they unite in lat. 90, reaching the Caribbean Sea through    Agriculture,  canufactures, &c.-The industry of New
many mouths, in lat. 110. The Magdalena, which has a  Granada amounts to little. In the llanos, towards the
course of about 900 miles, is navigable in flat-bottomed  Orinoco, the people are occupied wholly with the rearing of
boats, up to Honda, in lat. 50 N. The Cauca, though a great cattle and horses. The Llaneros are mostly Creoles. Agririver, descends with the impetuosity of a mouentain torrent, culture is chiefly in the hands of the converted Indians, who
its valley being generally1500 or 2000 feet above that of the  evince a decided predilection for these tranquil labors.
Magdalena. The numerous streams which flow from the  Manufactures can hardly be said to exist in the state.
West Cordillera into the Pacific Ocean, are unimportant.  Straw hats, carpets, and some other articles, are indeed
The East Cordillera sends the Guaviare, Vichada, and Metea  made in Bogota, and the other chief towns; but in no
to the Orinoco, while the Uaupe and Rio Negro flow into the  case does the native industry satisfy the demand of the
Maratlon. The Funza or river of Bogota, which flows by  country, and nearly all the manufactured articles in use are
the capital, is famed for its cataract at Tequendama, where  imported. The principal ports are Santa Marta, Cartagena,
it falls at once from the region of oaksl, willows, and wheat, Rio Hacha, Porto Bello, Chagres, and Aspinwall, on the
to that of palms and sugar-cane. It is supposed that the  Caribbean Sea; and Buenaventura and Panama, on the
plain of Bogota, 8600 feet above the sea, was formerly the  Pacific Ocean.  The only railroad yet constructed is the
bed of a lake, and was drained by the opening of the chasm  Panama Railroad, about 50 miles in length, extending across
-the work perhaps of an earthquake-through which the  the isthmus from Aspinwall to Panama; opened February
river now descends. Small lakes are numerous throughout 17th, 1855.
the Cordilleras. Into one of these, the Lake of Guatavita,    Government,?eligion, &c,-When New Granada became,
not far from Santa F6, the Indians flung all their treasures  on the dissolution of the Colombian Republic, in 1832, an
when about to abandon the country to the conquerors. The  independent state, it retained the form of government which
attempts made to drain it have not, we believe, succeeded; had been devised for the latter, and which was a close copy
but many curious and valuable articles have been, at of the constitution of the United States of North America.
different times, drawn from its depths.                    It has a president, senate, and congress of representatives,
Climate —The climate of New Granada presents the most all elected, and admits no hereditary rank or office. All
remarkablecontrasts. At -Ionda, nearly 1000 feet above sea- races and colors are politically equal, but the influence of
level, so intense is the heat that the hand cannot be held on  the white men still predominates.  Slavery has ceased
a stone exposed to the sun's rays, and even the waters of the  entirely in the state; and care has been taken, so far as It
1304




NEW                                                         NEW
lies within the power of legislation, to secure the equal    NEW  HACKIENSACK, a post-office of Dutchess co., Nerights and liberty of all. The freedom  of the press, the  York.
inviolability of the private dwelling, trial by jury, and    NEW  HAGERSTOWN, Ohio. See HAGERSTOWN.
religious toleration, are all established by law. The religion    NEW/ITIHALL a township of England, co. of Chester.
of the state is the Roman Catholic; but the Pope's supremacy    NEW  HAMBURG, a post-village of Dutchess co., New
is denied, and, in New Granada, the head of the church is York, on the Hudson River Railroad, near the mouth of
the Archbishop of Bogota. The constitution provides for Wappinger's Creek, 66 miles N. of New York.
the support of public schools; the Lancasterian system is    NEW HAMBURG, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
generally adopted. There are two colleges in Bogota and a    NEW HAMPSHIRE, (hamplshir,) one of the New England
public library. Among the ornaments of the churches of  States, and one of the original members of the American
Biogota, not the least remarkable are the paintings by  Confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Canada East, E. by
Basques, a native artist, who studied in Italy, in the begin-  Maine and the Atlantic, S. by Massachusetts, and W. by
ning of the last century, and attained a high degree of  Yermont, from  which it is separated by the Connecticut
excellence. The legislature meets at Santa Fe de Bogota.   River. It lies between 420 40' and 450 25' N. lat., and 700
Divisions, Population, &c.-New Granada is divided into  40' and 720 35' W. ion., being nearly triangular in shape,
7 departments and 2 territories, subdivided into 36 provinces. having its base on the S., where it is about 90 miles in
The names and population of the departments and terri- breadth, from whence it gradually tapers to the N., with an
tories, according to statistical information for 1853, is as  average breadth ofabout 45 miles; its extreme length from
follows:-                                                   N. to S. is near 185 miles, and its area 9280 square miles, or
5,939,200 acres, of which 2,251,488 only were improved in 1850.
Face of the Country.-New Ilampshire, with one exception,
Departments.  Whites.  Indians. Negroes.  Mixede   Total.    contains the most elevated land E. of the Mississippi; Mount
S races.           Washington, the highest peak of the White Mountains, rises
Isthmo..    14,000  14,000   3,500   112,608   144,108   6226 feet above the level of the sea. The White Mountains
Cauca...   49,000  25,000  38,000   164,249   26,249   proper extend only from 14 to.20 miles; but isolated and
Antioquil.   50,000  12,000  15,600   144,437   292,057   detached groups of the chain extend from the N. of New
Cundinamarca 137,790 137,290  5,100   284,775   564,955   Hampshire even into Connecticut. The White Mountains,
Boyaca..  102,210 105,710    740   215,550   424,210   which on account of their sublimity and grandeur, have
Guaneta..   67,000  20,400   3,500    90,900   319,974   given to this region the cognomen of the "Switzerland of
Magdalena.   30,000  19,360  13,500   190,421   253,521   America," lie in Coos county, N.E. from  the centre of the
Goajira, ti. of........... o 20,000-             20,000   state. There are several peaks in this group, viz., Mount
Moeosa    " "      3  67,000      60       937    68,010   Jefferson, 5657 feet; Mount Adams, 5759 feet; and Mount
505,003 421,000  80,000  1,412,051  2,363,054   Madison, 5415 feet, N.E. of Mount Washington; and Mount
Monroe, 5349 feet; Mount Franklin, 4850 feet; and Mount
Pleasant, 4712 feet; besides several neighboring peaks little
Of the Indians, 301,000 were set down as civilized, and  inferior in altitude. In another group, 20 miles S.W. of
120,000 savage; and of the mixed races 30,054 were quad- Mount Washington, is Mount Lafayette, about 5500 feet
roons, 998,997 mestizoes, 283,000 mulattoes, and 100,000  high, the second in point of interest in the White Mountain
zamboes. The total population in 1825 was 1,228,259, in  ranuge. The whole state may be said to be mountainous,
1835, 1,686,038, sand in 1853, as seen above, 2,363,054. At hilly, and broken. with the exception of a small portion in
Cartagena, and other places on the coast of New Granada, the S.E., which extends from 20 to 30 miles from the sea,
the white population generally exhibit the effects of the  and is either level or gently undulating. Of the mountains
pestilent climate, in complexion and in want of energy. outlying from the great central nucleus, there are the Blue
Their teeth decay at an early age.  On the plains of  IHills, in the S.E., 1151 feet above the sea; Chocorua, in CarBogota, on the other hand, the ladies are famed for their  roll county, 3358 feet; Carrs, in Grafton county, 1381 feet;
fine complexion.  In the city of Bogota the better class  Kearsarge, in Hillsborough county, 3067 feet; Monadnock,
dress in the French fashion; the ladies, however, go bare- in  Cheshire county, 3718 feet; Andover, in  Merrimack
foot in the house, and the gentlemen often wear, for morn- county, 2000 feet; Pequaquet, 3367 feet; and Moosehillock,
ing dress, a great cloth cloak, which hides their deshabille. 4636 feet.
But, fromn the capital down to the sea-coast, the dress and    Geology.-The mountainous portions of New Hampshire
domestic habits vasry much, according to local situation and  are mostly composed of granite and mica slate rocks. Graclass of life. The Llanero is full dressed in light drawers nite predominates in the White Mountains proper, and mica
and shirt, wide straw hat, and sandals of bark. He rides  slate in the southern mountains, particularly in the Great
without a saddle, and lives on beef, taking the wild bullocks  Monadnock and the neighboring summits. According to
with the lasso. Red pantaloons, great boots, and spurs, Goodrich, "Porphyritic granite occurs also in boulder, and
with enormous rowels, a broad-brimmed hat, and ample  in rolled masses E. of the southern ridge. A beautiful finemantle, distinguish the high-bred cavallero. At Cartagena  grained granite is found in many places, as at Concord, Bosand Mornpox the day is usually spent in the hammock, the  cawen, and tIopkinton, and affords admirable building-stone.
night in the open air. The inhabitants of the highlands  East of this great ridge, mica slate, gneiss, and greenstone
incline to the imitation of European manners. In one  occur. In passing from Concord easterly to Portsmouth, the
respect all are alike; the love of gaming ig universal, and  following succession of rocks may be observed: granite, 4
cock fighting, in particular, is the favorite sport of all classes. miles; gneiss, 11 miles; mica slate, 14 miles; granite 15
History. —New  Granada was discovered  by Alonzo de  miles; then gneiss, and lastly greenstone. The direction of
Ojeda, who sailed along the N. coast of South America in  the strata is nearly N.E. and S.W. There is a remarkable
1499, and in a subsequent voyage to the Gulf of Darien. alluvion formation through which the Merrimack passes,
This country was at first included by the Spanish con- and which embraces all the sandy plains, which are covered
querors under the general name of Tierra Firime, which  with pine and black timber, in the neighborhood of the
is applied at the present day only to the E. part of the coast river. This formation extends through Chelmsford to Camof Venezuela. King Ferdinand named it Castilla d' Oro, bridge and Boston on the one hand, and on the other it fol(the Golden Castile,) a title which gave place to that of the  lows the course of the river quite to the ocean, embracing
New Kingdom  of Granada; but the viceroyalty included, large tracts of land on either side. Rocks in some places
besides the territories of the present republic, the kingdom   break through this alluvial deposit, but they form no very
of Quitd also, which now forms the Republic of Ecuador. high hills."
The first settlement was made in 1510, at Santa Maria I]a    Miinerals.-Of the metallic ores, iron abounds, especially
Antiqua, on the Gulf of Darien. It was not till near the  at Lisbon; the other ores are copper, lead, zinc, and graphite,
middle of the 16th century, that the interior was conquered  or plumbago. Iron is most abundant at Franconia, at Pierby Benalcazar and Ximenes de Quesueda, who founded the  mont, near Haverhill, and in the town of Bartlett. Deposits
town of Santa F6 de Bogota, in 1545. The country continued  of bog-ore are numerous throughout the state; the localities
subject to Spain till 1811, when it became independent. In  in which lead is found also are various. The ore, however,
1819 New Granada and Venezuela, being united into one  is nowhere of the richest character, or the veins of great
republic, adopted a constitution at the Congress of Rosario  extent, so far as discovered.  Silver has recently been
de Cftcuta, in 1821, and received into the union Quito and  found in two localities near Pittsfield. The non-metallic
Panama, in 1823. This union was dissolved in 1831, and  minerals are a fine building-granite, gneiss, crystallized
the republic of Colombia divided into the three republics of  quartz, talc, steatite, tourmalins, ochres, limestone, diffeirent
Venezuela, New Granada, and Quito or Ecuador.              kinds of spar, terra sienna, sulphur, magnesia, beryls, gar.
NEW  GRANADA, (or NEW  GRENADA,) a post-village  nets, jasper, manganese, asbestus, and amethysts. There are
of Fulton co., Pennsylvania, on Sideling Hill Creek, about mineral springs of some note in several parts of the state.
72 miles W. of Harrisburg. It has a fine water-power.         Rivers ancs Lakes.-The great river of New Hampshire, as
NEW GRANADA, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania. of all New England, is the Connecticut, which rises in the
NEW GRET/NA, apost-office ofBurlington co., New Jersey. extreme N., and forms nearly the whole western boundamy
NEW  GUILFORD. a post-village of Franklin co., Penn- of the state. The Merrimack rises in the White Mountains,
sylvania, 143 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has about 100  and runs S. through the middle of New Hampshire into
inhahbitants.                                              Massachusetts, furnishing an abundant supply of waterNEW GUILLFORD, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio.   power to Manchester aid other manufacturing towns on its
NEW GUINEA, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See PAPUA. banks. The Salmon Falls and the Piscataqua (which is a
1305




NEW                                                         NEW
mere widening of the former river near its moutlh) form part beneath you gleam misty and wide."  Far off to the N.E. is
of the boundary between Maine and New Hampshire, and  Mount Katahdin. In the western horizon are the Green
empty into the Atlantic Ocean. The Androscoggin has a  Mountains of Vermont, and to the S. and S.W. are Mount
small part of its course in the N.E. of this state, and the  Monadnock and Kearsarge or KIiarsage, while the space beSaco also has its source among the White Mountains, and  tween is filled up with every variety of landscape, mountain
runs S.E. into Maine. The passage of the Saco near its head  and hill, plain and valley, lake and river.
waters, through the mountains, forms the celebrated Notch.   Those to whom it is an object to reach Mount Washington
The Upper and Lower Ammonoosuck in the N., and the  with as little stage-riding as possible, may be landed at GorAshuelot in the S., are the principal tributaries of the Con- ham by the Portland and Montreal Railway cars, within 5
necticut from this state. The Margalloway, a feeder of Lake  miles of the base of the mountain. The Franconia Notch
Jmbagog, has part of its course in the N.E. of New Ramp- is deemed by many quite as interesting as the White Mounshire. The Contoocook, Souhegan, and Nashua are tributa- tain Notch. Near it are many agreeable accessories not to be
ries of the Merrimack from the W. The last two have their found in the latter; among which are Echo Lake, just at the
origin in Massachusetts.  The Winnipiseogee (the outlet of northern entrance of the gorge, and the "Old Man of the
the lake of that name) and the Pemigewasset are the chief  Mountain,"  a well-defined profile of a human face, 1000 feet
sources of the Merrimaclk.  The Cocheco is a branch of the  above the level of the pass. The Basin, 4 miles S. of the
Salmon Falls. The Lamprey and Exeter discharge their Notch, is a pool of beautifully transparent water. One mile
waters into the Piscataqua proper. The Merrimack and its below this, again, in the vicinity of the Flume IHouse, is the
branches, and the Salmon Falls, abound in cataracts, that celebrated Flume, a narrow gorge or opening in the rocks,
furnish great water-power, which has been extensively  only a few feet in width, and from 70 to 120 feet in height,
applied to manufacturing purposes at Manchester, Dover, through which flows a small tributary of the Pemigewasset;
Nashua, and other towns on their banks.                     below this is a cascade of 616 feet in length, which in the
Prominent among the lakes of New Hampshire is Lake  spring and fall freshets is an object of great interest. In the
Winnipiseogee, the largest and most picturesque in the  same neighborhood is the Pool, (a basin formed by a small
state. It is very irregular in its shape, being indented with  ifall in the Pemigewasset,) which is about 60 feet in diameter,
numerous bays. It is about 25 miles long, by from 1 to 10  and 40 feet deep, surrounded by mural precipices 150 feet
in width. It lies E. of the middle of the state, is very deep, in height.  The Flume, the Basin, and the Pool, all within
has very pure and clear water, and is thought by some to  an agreeable walking distance of the Flume House, make
rival Loch Lomond in picturesque beauty. Umbagogo Lake, this one of the most agreeable stopping-places among the
about 18 miles long by 10 wide, the source of the Andros- mountains. Mount Lafayette-only 700 feet inferior in alticoggin, on the boundary between New  htampshire and  tude to Mount Washington-is also ascended from the same
Maine; Connecticut, the source of the river of that name, house, which has the further advantage of being within a
in the N.; Squam  Lake, a tributary of the Merrimack, in  five-miles ride of the Franconia Notch. The other detached
the middle; Sunapee, an affluent of the Connecticut, in the  mountains scattered over New Hampshire, would, in any
S.W. of the state, and Ossipee, discharging itself into the  other state, not overshadowed by Mount Washington and
Saco, are the other principal lakes in New IHampshire.      his court, merit conspicuous notice. Dixville Notch, about
The widening of the Piscataqua, and a sheet of water 46 miles N. of Lancaster, is said to be but little inferior to
Connected with it, are the only bays of importance.         the two great passes already described. New Hampshire
IsAands.-A group of small islands in the Atlantic, about  shares with Vermont the beautiful river Connecticut, whose
18 miles from the shore, called the Isles of Shoals, belongs  shores are often grand, and seldom tame. Bellows Falls, in
to New Hampshire.                                           this river, on the S.W. border of the state, are formed by
Objects  of Interest to Tourists. —New Hampshire stands  the contraction of the river bed to about 20 feet on the W.
pre-eminent in this respect among the states E. of the Mis- side at low water, through which the stream  rushes with
sissippi River. The White Mountains, already referred to, great violence. At high water it flows in the eastern as well
attract more tourists than any other natural object in the  as western channel. These beds are separated by a huge
United States, excepting only Niagara Falls. The traveller  rock.  The entire descent in half a mile is 42 feet.  At
may journey for weeks through its wild scenery, with a  Amoskeag, the Merrimack descends 50 feet in three succesconstant succession of grand objects to interest his mind. sive pitches. In the White Mountain Notch is a cascade
The fashionable route is to enter New HIampshire by the  which winds down the face of the mountain, through a fall
Boston and Montreal Railways to Wier's, on Lake Winnipi-  of 800 feet, giving, after copious rains, an additional interseogee; then take the steamboat, and, having made the cir- est to the scene, as it glides or leaps over the different
cult of the lake, enter the stage for Conway, on the E. side  stages of its descent. There are two interesting falls in the
of the White Mountains, and from thence, by another stage, Ammonoosuck, within a pleasant drive from  the Notch
through the celebrated Notch, to the Notch house, which  House.
stands in the very jaws of the pass, The return is by the    Clinzate.-The climate of New Iampshire is severe, and
Franconia Notch, (about 26 miles S.W. of the White Moun- the winters long, but less subject to frequent changes than
tain Notch,) and S. down the valley of the Pemigewassett, in other Northern States of a lower latitude. The snow
to Plymouth, or back to Lake Winnipiseogee, according as lies late among the mountains, and exercises some effect on
the tourist wishes to direct his steps thereafter. The White  the temperature of other parts of the state. In the higher
Mountain Notch is a pass of great celebrity. Coming from  gorges it may be found in patches of half an acre's extent
the N. or W., you enter it by an opening only 23 feet in  in July. The snow begins to fall and the rivers to freeze in
width, between two perpendicular rocks, one 20, and the  November. The snow lies into April in the S., and often
other 12 feet high. The infant Saco trickles its way through  till May in the N. The springs are damp and foggy, but
this narrow opening, gradually expanding as it proceeds  the state enjoys a bracing and healthy air, and is remarkdown the pass, and receiving other tributaries from the  ably free from epidemics.
mountain-sides, which form the walls of the gorge, and    Soil and Productions. —The soil of this state generally is
which tower to the height of about 2000 feet above the bed  not of a highly fertile character, though New England inof the Saco. In this pass occurred, in 1826, the landslide  dustry and economy have wrung from  its stony bosom
which destroyed the Willey family. The more wild and  valuable products.  The best lands are in the valleys of the
abrupt parts of the Notch extend for 2 or 3 miles from its  rivers, which are occasionally overflowed, especially in the
entrance  at the Notch  H-louse. Mount Washington  is valley of the Connecticut. The northern portion is but
ascended on horseback from the Notch House, by a bridle- little cultivated. The hills afford valuable pasturage for
path, first climbing Mount Clinton-in immediate proximity  cattle and sheep. Wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, barley,
to the hotel —for 2k miles, and then coasting the E. side of  buckwheat, Irish potatoes, peas, beans, fruits, butter, cheese,
the peaks of Mvount Pleasant, Mount Franklin, and Mount hay, hops, wool, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey are proMonroe, for 4 miles further, occasionally ascending a rough, duced in considerable quantities, and some tobacco, wine,
steep ridge, and again descending, now riding on the verge  grass-seeds, flax, silk, and molasses. In 1850 there were in
of a vast ravine of several hundred feet in depth, and now  New Hampshire 29,229 farms, containing 2,251,488 acres of
on the crest of a ridge commanding a view of both sides of improved land, (or about 75 acres to each farm,) yielding
the chain-we arrive at the foot of Mount Washington, 1500  185,658 bushels of wheat; 183,117 of rye; 1,573,670 of Indian
feet in perspendicular, and about one mile in isncinted ascent, corn; 973,381 of oats; 70,856 of peas and beans; 4,304,919
above the base of the cone or peak, and 6226 feet above the  of Irish potatoes, (the greatest yield, in proportion to popusea. This is the most difficult, though scarcely dangerous, lation, in the Union, except Vermont:) 70,256 of barley;
part of the ascent, as it is little else than riding on horse- 65,265 of buckwheat; 1,108,476 pounds of wool; 6,977,056
back over a pile of rocks of every variety of size, cast toge- of butter; 3,196,563 of cheese; 257,174 of hops; 1,298,563
ther as if hurled there by the Titans, in war or at play. of maple sugar; 117,140 of beeswax and honey; value of
From the summit, if the day be clear, is afforded a view  market products, $56,810; orchard products, $248,565; live
unequalled, perhaps, on the eastern side of the North Ame- stock, $8,871,901; slaughtered animals, $1,522,873; and
rican continent. Around you, in every direction, are con- poultry, $107,092.
fused masses of mountains, bearing the appearance of a sea    Forest Trees.-There is a dense growth of forest trees on
of molten lava suddenly cooled, whilst its ponderous waves  the lower slopes of the mountains, consisting of oak, white
were yet in commotion. On the S.E. horizon gleams a rim  pine, fir, hemlock, beech, maple, walnut, &c.; while on the
of silver light-it is the Atlantic Ocean, 65 miles distant-  lowlands grow elm, birch, poplar, ash, cherry, locust, hornlaving the shores of Maine. Lakes-of all sizes, from Lake  beam, &c. The rock maple yields abundance of sugar, and
Winnipiseogee  to mere mountain ponds-and "mountains  the pine, of which there are several varieties, furnishes an
1306




NEW                                                       NEW
ample supply of lumber. The latter tree often attains the    Public instituctions. —The New IHampshire Asylum for the
height of 200 feet.                                        Insane, at Concord, has been (1854) in existence about 11
Manufactures.-New  Hampshire is largely engaged in  years, during which it has received 1059 patients, of whom
manufactures, great water-power being furnished by the  143 now remain in the institution. The State Popitentiary at
Merrimack, Cocheco, and other rivers, on whose banks are  Concord had 109 inmates in May, 1854; and a library of 700
the flourishing manufacturing towns of Manchester, Dover, volumes for the use of Ihe prisoners. There were in New
Nashua, Nashville, and others. By the census of 1850, there  Hampshire, in 1850, according -to the census, 47 public
were 3211 establishments engaged in mining, manufacturing, libraries, with 42,077 volumes; 73 school and Sunday-school
and the mechanic arts, each producing $500 and upwards libraries, with 21,317 volumes; 3 college libraries, with
annually, employing $18,242,114 capital, and 14,103 male  19,975 volumes; and 1 church library, with 2450 volumes.
and 12,989 female hands, consuming raw material worth  The state contributed $6772, in 1853, for educating the deaf,
$12,745,466, and yielding products valued at $23,164,503; of dumb, and blind in institutions  of other states. The New
these establishments 44 were engaged in cotton manufac- Hampshire Historical Society was incorporated in 1823, and
tures, employing 2911 male and 9211 female hands, and  has published 8 volumes of collections.
$10,950,000 capital, consuming raw material worth $4,839,429,    Coeunties.-This state is divided into 10 counties, viz.,
and producing 113,106,247 yards of stuffs, and 140,700 pounds Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, Coos, Grafton, Hillsborough,
of yarn, valued at $8,830,619; 61 woollen factories, employ- Merrimack, Rockingham, Strafford, and Sullivan. Capital,
ing 926 male and 1201 female hands, $2,437,700 capital, con- Concord.
suming raw  material worth $1,267,329, and producing    Cities and Towns. —The principal towns are Manchester,
9,712,840 yards of stuffs, and 165,200 pounds of yarn, valued  population in 1850, 13,932, (in 1853,16,000;) Portsmouth,
at $2,127,745;  29 iron foundries, furnaces, &c., employing  9738; Concord, 8576; Dover, 8196; Nashua, 5820; and Exe390 male hands, $238,700 capital, consuming raw material ter, Nashville, Great Falls, Keene, Winchester, and Rochesworth $187,560, and producing 6074 tons of pig, cast, and  ter, each containing about 3000 inhabitants.  (The populawrought iron, valued at $388,100, and 163 tanneries, employ- tion mostly includes that of the entire township in which
ing $441,971 capital, consuming raw materital worth $543,779, each town or village is situated.*)
and producing leather valued at $900,421; homemade mann-    Government, Finances, &c.-The governor is elected by the
factures of the value of $393,455 were also produced.      people annually, and receives a salary of $1000 per annum.
Itsternal Improvements.-New Hampshire is crossed by  The Senate consists of 12, and the House of Representatives
railroads in all directions, by lines uniting Boston with  of 286 members, also chosen annually by the people. The
Montreal and Portland, and Portland again with Montreal.  legislature meets on the 1st Wednesday in June.  The
Some connect with railroads to New York City and Albany,  judiciary consists-1. Of a supreme court, composed of one
giving the citizens of New Hampshire access to all the  chief and three associate judges, which holds its sessions
intermediate towns of importance in Vermont, Massachu- twice a year at Concord.  2. Of courts of common pleas,
setts, and Connecticut, while others interlock with iron  and courts of probate. The chief justice of the supreme
roads leading to most of the important places in New Eng- court receives $1400; and each of the others, and the cirland. In January, 1855, there were in this state 512 miles cuit justices of the common pleas, $1200 per annum. The -
of railroad completed, and 34 in course of construction; be- judges of the common pleas receive $3 per day during the
sides 11 miles of canal.                                    session of the courts, and ten cents per mile for travel. The
Commsocce.-Though New Hampshire has one of the best superior court has chancery powers, and determines quesharbors in the United States, she has but little foreign comn- tions of law, and receives petitions for divorce. Two judges
merce-less indeed than in former years. Nor has she any  of this court, or one superior and one circuit judge, must
river favoring internal navigation in vessels larger than  be present at the trial of capital cases. The assessed vealue
keel-boats for any considerable distance. The Connecticut of property in 1850, was $92,177,959; public debt in 1853,
and Merrimack, by aid of locks, may be ascended, the for- $74,899; ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt and schools,
mer for 270 miles from Long Island Sound, and the latter  $80,000. In January, 1854, New Hampshire had 35 bankfor 40 miles within the state. The foreign exports from  ing institutions, with an aggregate capital of $3,376,000; a
New Hampshire in the fiscal year of 1854 amounted only to  circulation of $3,021,579; and $180,239 in coin. The aggreS1031, and imports to $34,505. Tonnage entered in 1854, gate capital of the savings' institutions, was $2,132,218.
3877; cleared 4167. Of course this only includes the im-   Population-The  original population of New Hampshire
ports and exports of her own ports, but a much larger was almost exclusively of English descent, and the rural
amount doubtless passes through the ports of neighboring  districts still remain without much intermixture; but in
states. This state, however, possesses a considerable amount the large towns foreigners are creeping in to some extent.
of shipping, and builds and sends forth a large number of  This state had 141,899 inhabitants in 1790; 183,762 in
vessels that are owned elsewhere. Tonnage owned in the  1800; 214,360 in 1810; 244,161 in 1820; 269.328 in 1830;
state, 28,838, of which 2843 were engaged in the cod and  284,574 in 1840; and 317,976 in 1850, of whom  155,960
mackerel fisheries. The number of vessels built was 11, were white males; 161,496 females; 260 colored males,
having an aggregate capacity-of 11,980 tons. The principal and 260 females. There were, in 1850, 62,287 families,
articles of export are lumber, live stock, wool, fish, beef, occupying 57,339 dwellings.  Population to square mile
pork, pot and pearl ashes, and granite.                     39.6.  Of the entire population, 258,471 were born in the
Education.-Popular education is under the direction of  state; 45,092 in other states; 1469 in England; 8811 in
county school commissioners, who form a state board of  Ireland; 478 in Scotland and Wales; 2501 in British Ameeducation. According to the census of 1850, New Hemp- rica; 147 in Germany; 69 in France; 96 in other countries,
shire had one college, with 273 students and $11,000 income, and 178 whose places of birth were unknown-giving about
of which $4000 was from endowments; 2381 public schools, 4$ per cent. of foreign birth. In the year ending June 1,
with 75,643 pupils and $166,944 income, of which $141.016  1850, there occurred 4231 deaths, or about 13 in every 1000
was from taxation, $14,990 from public funds, and $2523  persons. In the same period, 3600 paupers received aid. of
from endowments; and 107 academies and other schools, whom 747 were foreigners, at an expense of nearly $44 to
with 5321 pupils and $43,202 income, of which $6136 was the individual. Of deaf and dumb there were 162, all
from endowments. Attending school, as returned by fami- white; of blind, 134, two of whom were colored persons;
lies, 88,221. Adults who could not read and write, 3009, of  378 insane, all white, and 351 idiotic, 1 of whom was colored.
whom 2064 were of foreign birth. In 1854 the American  Of the entire population, 13 were engaged in mining; 77,949
Almanac reports 2294 public schools, with 88,025 scholars; in agriculture; 1379 in commerce; 17,826 in manufactures;
raised for public schools, $212,324; paid for tuition, in acade- 452 in navigating the ocean; 198 in internal navigation;
mies and private schools, $23,494; incorporate academies, and 1640 in the learned professions.
46; children not attending school, from 4 to 14 years of    History.-New Hampshire was first settled near Portesage, 2669; and between 14 and 21, who cannot read and  mouth in 1623, and was several times connected with Maswrite, 428. A building is now being erected at Concord by  sachusetts up to 1679, when it became a royal province, but
the state for a manual labor school, capable of accommodat- renewed its connexion with Massachusetts in 1689, and was
ing 300 boys, intended for the reformation of juvenile offend- for a short time attached to New York; but finally, in 1741,
ers. There was in 1854 one college with 252 students; this became an entirely separate province, and so remained till
institution has received a noble bequest of $50,000 from  the Revolution. New Hampshire was much harassed by
Abiel Chandler of Boston, to found a department of the  the Indians, and in 1689 a party of them  attacked Dover,
useful arts; also 3 theological schools, with an aggregate of  (in revenge for some executions of part of their number 13
99 students; and 1 medical school with 45 students.        years before,) killed many of the whites, and burnt the
teligious Desnomsinations.-Of 626 churches in New Hamp- town. Even as late as 1714 there were but 8 townships in
shire in 1850, the Baptists of different sects owned 193; the colony. No important action took place on the soil ot
Christians, 24; Congregationalists, 176; Episcopalians, 11; this state, either in the war of the Revolution or that of
Friends, 15; Methodists, 103; Presbyterians, 13; Union  1812.
Church, 32; Unitarians, 13; Universalists, 38; Free Church,    NEW  HAMP/TON, a post-township of Belknap co., New
2; Roman Catholic, 2; Second Advent, 4; giving 1 church  Hampshire, on the left side of the Merrimack River, 33 miles
to every 500 persons. Value of church property, $1,405,786.  S. by WV. of Concord. Pop. 1612.
Perioedicals.-In1850, there were published in New Hlamp~
shire 35 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly newspapers   * The estimated population, in 1854, of Manchester, Poresand periodicals, with an aggregate annual circulation of  mouth, Nashua, and Concord, were, respectively. 20.000; 12,000/
5,067,552.                                                10,500; a d 10,000, in the order named.
1307




NEW                                                         NEW
NEW HAMPTON, a post-village of Orange co., New York, -on all sides, except in the direction a- the harbor, by an
on the W. bank of the Walkill River, where it is crossed by  amphitheatre of hills, two of which, presenting rugged and
the New York and Erie Railroad, 74 miles firom New York  perpendicular precipices from 300 to 400 feet in height, are
City.                                                       called East and West Rocks. Three small streams, the QuineNEW  HAMPTON, a post-village of Hunterdon co., New  piack on the E., with Mill River flowing into it about half a
Jersey, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, about 16 miles mile from its mouth, and the West River on the right, inter.
N.N.W. of Flemington.                                       sect this plain, discharging their waters into the bay. Of the
NEW  HAMPTON  TIHEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY.  See  two former, the first forms the eastern limit of the town,
HANOVEa, NeW IaiwPsnIASaE.                                  and the other of the city. Several bridges have been thrown
NEW  HAN/OVER, a county in the S.E. part of North  across these streams, one of which, at the mouth of the
Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic at the mouth of Cape  Quinepiac, is a covered drawbridge, leading from the steamFear River; area estimated at 1000 square miles.  Cape boat landing to East Haven. The chartered limits of the
Fear and South Rivers form the S.W. boundary, and the  city extend 3 miles from E. to W., and 2 miles back from
North Branch of the former flows through the county. The Ihe harbor. This area is regularly laid out with streets,
surface is level; the soil is sandy and rather poor, excepting  usually 4 rods broad, intersecting each other at right angles.
the margins of the rivers. The county is intersected by the  Chapel Street, the fashionable promenade, extends from 3Mill
Weldon and Wilmington Railroad. Capital, Wilmington. River in a W.N.W. direction, throughout the entire'length
Formed in 1728. Pop. 17,668, of whom  9087 were free, and  of the city.
8581 slaves.                                                  New Haven is one of the handsomest cities in the United
NEW  HANOVER, a township of Burlington co., New  States.  In nearly every portion it exhibits a uniform
Jersey. Pop. 2245.                                          neatness and elegance. The private residences are mnostly
NEW  HANOVER, a post-township of Montgomery co., detached, standing in court-yards, beautifully adorned with
Pennsylvania, 64 miles E. of Harrisburg.  Pop. 1635.        fruit-trees, gardens, and shrubbery. In Hill House Avenue,
NEW  IHIARMONY, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio.         a delightful suburb on the N., the dwellings are nearly
NEW HAtRMONY, a thriving post-village of Posey county, concealed from  view  amid the profusion of foliage and
Indiana, on the Wabash River, 15 miles N. of Mount Ver- flowers. Probably in no other city are to be found so
non. It was first settled in 1814 by Frederick Rapp and a  many and such lofty elms. Temple Street and several
colony of Germans from  Pennsylvania. They purchased  others are so thickly shaded as almost entirely to shut out
a large tract of rich land, planted orchards and vineyards, the sun. From the great abundance of these trees, New
erected mills and manufactories, and built about 200  Haven has been familiarly denominated the "City of Elms."
dwellings. In 1825, Robert Owen purchased the town for  Another scarcely less prominent or attractive feature are the
the purpose of making an experiment in Socialism. As public squares, the principal of which, commonly called the
might have been expected, it was entirely unsuccessful. A  "Green," and lying about 14 miles N.W. of the steamboat.
plank-road extends to Mount Vernon. Pop. in 1853, about landing, is, with its ornaments, one of the finest in New
400.                                                        England. It includes an area of about 16 acres, bordered
NEW HARIRISBURG, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, on all sides with majestic elms. Wooster Square is a beau.
6 miles N.W. of Carrollton.                                 tiful enclosure in the eastern part of the city, comprising 5
NEW HARRISON, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.           acres of ground, handsomely laid out and ornamented.
NEW HIART/FORD, a thriving post-village and township  Bcsides these, there are York Square, and others of less proof Litchfield co., Connecticut, on an affluent of the Farming-  minence.  The city burial-ground lies opposite the northern
ton River, about 20 miles N.W. by WV. of Hartford.  It con-  angle of the old town-plot, ahd contains about 18 acres, ditains 2 churches and 8 stores. Pop. of the township, 2643.  vided by avenues and alleys into family lots, 32 feet long
NEW HARTFORD, a post-village and township of Oneida  and 18 feet broad. It is beautifully adorned with various
co., New York, near the Chenango Canal, 4 miles W. by S.  kinds of trees and shrubs, and in the summer season flowof Utica. The village contains several churches and cotton  ers are cultivated along the borders of the walks, and on
factories. Pop. estimated at 1000; of the township, 4847.   many of the graves. The entire grounds are securely
NEW  HARTFORD, a post-village in Pike co., Illinois, enclosed on three sides by a high wall of stone masonry,
about 80 miles W.S.W. of Springfield.                       and in front by a massive iron fence. There are also three
NEW HARTFORD CENTRE, a post-village of Litchfield  or four other cemeteries in different sections of the city.
co., Connecticut, about 20 miles N.W. of Hartford.            Among the principal public edifices may be mentioned the
NEWIHARtT'S, a post-office of Northampton co., Pennsyl- state house, standing in the western section of the Green.
vania.                                                      It is a large stuccoed building, modelled after the Parthenon,
NEWHAIVEN, a small seaport and parish of England, co, and contains, besides the legislative halls, apartments for
of Sussex, on the Ouse, at its mouth in the English Chan- the supreme, superior, and county courts. The new railroad
nel, and on a branch of the South Coast Railway. Pop. in  deplt, recently erected in Chapel Street, near State Street,
1851, 1358. The town is neatly built, has a church, a draw.- is a fine brick structure, with towers.  It is the termibridge across the Ouse, small fort, and pretty good harbor. nus of all the railroads conducting to the city. The state
It exports agricultural produce, and imports coal and  hospital, erected in 1832, is a handsome stone edifice, well
foreign timber,                                             situated on high ground, about half a mile S.W. of the
NEWIIAVEN, a quoad sacra  parish and marine village  central square. Many of the churches, of which the city
of Scotland, 2 miles N. of, and connected with, Edinburgh, contains about 22, are justly admired for their neatness and
by the Northern Railway. Pop. 2100.. There is a good stone  elegance. Trinity Church, and St. Paul's Chapel, beautiful
pier and a chain-pier at Trinity 500 feet long. The village  stone edifices, have their walls and roofs thickly covered with
belongs to the city of Edinburgh; 1 mile W. is Granton, a  creepers. The Central Church, North Church, Court and
village with a splendid pier and harbor, erected by the Duke  College Street Churches (Congregational), and the Methodist
of Buccleuch, and frequented by the London steam packets church, are all fine brick buildings, with lofty spires. The
and steamboats on the passage of the Edinburgh Dundee  three last have been erected within a few years.
and Perth Railway.                                            New Haven has long been celebrated for its literary advauNEW HA/VEN, a county in the S.W. central part of Con- tages, and for the intellectual and moral character of its
necticut, has an area of about 620 square miles. It is  citizens. Atthecollege andthevariousfemale schools, there
bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, and on the S.W.  are probably not less than a thousand pupils from abroad,
by the Housatonic River, and is drained by the Naugatuck  in regular attendance. Yale College, which at the present
and Quinepiack Rivers, and other smaller streams. The sur- time, and for many years past, has imparted instruction to
face is uneven, and in some parts hilly. The soil is various, a greater number of academical students than any other
but generally good. This county has some excellent harbors,  institution of the kind in the United States, was originally
affording great advantages for navigation and the fisheries.  founded at Kiilingworth in the year 1700, and named in
The Housatonic River is navigable for steamboats 12 miles honor of its principal foreign donor, Elihu Yale, governor
to Derby. The county is traversed by the New Ihaven Hart- of the East India Company, It was chartered in 1701;
ford and Springfield, the New Haven and Northampton, and  removed to Saybrook in 1707, and to New Haven in 1716.
the Naugatuck Railroads, and partly intersected by connect- It has always sustained a high reputation, and at present
ing lines of the New York and New Haven and New haven  embraces five departments, viz., an academical, a theological,
and New London Railroads. Capital, New  Haven. Pop. a medical college, a law school, and a school for the cultiva62.126.                                                     tfon of philosophy and the arts, each having its own faculty.
NEW  HAVEN, a post-village and township of Addison  The latter department has 4 professors and 46 students, who
co., Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, and  also receive instruction from members of the other faculties.
on the N. side of Otter Creek, about 32 miles S.W. by W. of  The buildings of the institution occupy almost an entire
lMontpelier. Pop. 1663.                                     square, which lies immediately W. of the public green, and
NEW HAVEN, a city, port of entry, seat of justice of a  is separated from  it by College Street. Fronting E.S.E.
county of its own name, and semi-capital of Connecticut,  stands a row of eight brick edifices, five of them four stories
is situated in a beautiful plain, at the head of New Haven  high, containing study and sleeping rooms for the students.
Bay, 4 miles from its entrance into Long Island Sound. It Of the remaining three, each of which is adorned with a
is 160 miles S.W. of Boston, and 76 miles N.E. of New York, tower or spire, one is the chapel, another the observatory,
being in a direct line between tile two cities. Lat. 410 18' and the third, called the Lyceum, is used for recitations. In
23" N., Ion. 720 56, 30k' W. The plain on which New  laven  the rear of these is a second range, consisting of the chemical
stands inclines gently towards the water, and is environed  laboratory, Trumbull Gallery, one apartment of which is occu
1308




NEW                                                      NEW
pied by the historical and other paintings of Colonel John    NEW HIAYEN, a post-office of M1acomb co., Michigan.
Trumbull, the other chiefly by the portraits of the officers   NEW HAVEN, a township of Shiawassee co., Michigan
and benefactors of the college; and a large building, con- Pop. 150.
taining on the first floor the philosophical apparatus, and on    NEW  HAVEN, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.
the second the cabinet of minerals, one of the largest and    NEW  HAVEN, a post-village and township of Gallatin
choicest collections in America. Still farther in the rear, co., Illinois, on the Little Wabash River, about 5 miles from
near the W. side of the square, stands the library building, its mouth. Pop. 126.
a costly Gothic structure, (fire-proof,) 150 feet in length,   NEW HAVEN, a post-office of Portage co., Wisconsin.
devoted to college and societies' libraries. A little N. of this    NEW HIAVEN MILLS, a post-village of Addison co., Yeris another spacious stone edifice, recently completed, called  mont, about 40 miles S.W. by W. of Montpelier.
Alumni Hall, in which are apartments for the Linonian and    NEW HEBIRIDES, an island group in the Pacific Ocean,
Brothers' Societies, and a large hall for the general purposes  between lat. 140 and 200 S., and lon. 1680 and 1700 E., and
of the institution. The analytical laboratory of the philo- E. of New Caledonia and the Mallicollo Group. The princisophical department is at present in a wooden building near pal islands are Amrbrim, Annatom, Erromango, Tanna, and
the north college. The Medical College, a handsome granite  Aurora. The natives are of the Papua race.
structure, containing the anatomical museum, library, lec-   NEiW HE/BRON, a small post-village of Crawford co., 111iture rooms, &c., is situated at the head of College Street, nois.
about  of a mile N.N.E. of the college proper. There are    NEW HELVETTA. See NUEVA HELVETIA.
also several literary associations formed for the benefit of the    NEW HILL, a post-office of Wake co., North Carolina.
citizens, one of which, called the Young Ien's Institute,   NEW HILLS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
has a valuable library, and maintains an able course of    NEW HIOLLAND. See AUSTRALIA.
lectures. Liberalmeans are likewise provided for the support    NEWV HOL/LAND, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennof popular education. The Webster School, in George street,  sylvania, 49 miles E. by S. of Harrisburg. It contains 2 or
is considered one of the best in the state; and a fine edifice, 3 churches, and several stores.
in which to establish another school on a similar plan, hasjust    NEW HOLLAND, a post-office of Pickaway co., Ohio.
been completed in the eastern section of the city. There are    NEW HOLLAND, a post-office of Wabash co., Indiana.
4 newspaper offices, 3 of which issue daily, semi-weekly, and    NEW HOLISTEIN, a post-office of Calumet co., Wisconsin.
weekly editions. The other publications are the American    NEW HOPE, a pleasant post-borough of Bucks co., PennJrcnal of Science and Arts, (edited by Professors Silliman  sylvania, on the Delaware River, 44 miles above Philadeland Dana;) the New-Englander, a literary and religious quar- phia, and 15 miles above Trenton. It is the E. terminus of
terly of elevated character, and the Yale Literary Magazine, a projected railroad to Norristown, and is situated in a rich
conducted by the students of the college. The American  and populous farming district. A fine bridge connects the
Journal of Science and Arts, issued six times per annum,  town with Lambertville, on the opposite bank of the river,
is a work of high reputation both at home and abroad.      and with the Belvidere and Delaware Railroad. New 1ope
New Haven has extensive railroad communication with  has I academy, a lyceum, and several factories. Pop. in
the interior and cities along the seaboard. A daily line of  1850, 1144.
steamboats also connects it with New York. The facilities    NEW HOPE, a post-office of Caroline co., Maryland.
of the port for marine commerce, however, are somewhat    NEW HOPE, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, 114
limited, its harbor, though sufficiently capacious and well  miles N.W. of Richmond; has 1 church.
protected, being too shallow to admit vessels of a large class.   NEW HOPE, a post-village of Iredell co., North Carolina.
To obviate as far as practicable this difficulty, a wharf-the    NEW HOPE, a post-village of Spartanburg district, South
longest in the United States-has been extended into it 3493  Carolina.
feet; yet, from the filling up that is continually going on,   NEWV hIOPE, a post-village of Madison co., Alabama.
there is said to be less depth of water now at its termination    NEW HOPE, a post-office of Marshall co., Tennessee.
than when its length was only 20 rods. Further to facilitate    NEW HOPE, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky.
the navigation of the harbor, the United States government    NEW HOPE, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, on White
have recently made considerable expenditures in removing  Oak Creek, about 7 miles N. of Georgetown; has about 200
the obstructions at its entrance. A lightnouse. exhibiting  inhabitants.
a fixed light 35 feet above the level of the sea, has also been    NEW IOPE, a post-office of Spencer co., Indiana.
erected on Fivemile Point, about 4 miles S. of the wharf.   NEW HOPE, a post-office of Wabash co., Illinois.
The foreign commerce of New Haven is chiefly carried on    NEW HOPE, a post-village of Lincoln cd.t, Missouri, 55
with the West India Islands, to which were formerly shipped  miles N.W. of St. Louis.
great numbers of cattle, horses, and mules. Of late, how-    NEW HOPE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Waterever, this branch of trade has very much declined, no cattle, loo, 5 miles N.W. of Galt, and 9 miles from Guelph. It
and but few horses, having been sent out for the last 15  contains several Stores and mills. Pop. about 250.
years, though mules still constitute an important part of    NEW HIOPE RIVIER, of North Carolina, rises in Orange
the foreign exports. The shipping of the port, June 3Qth, co., and falls into Cape Fear River, about 10 miles S.E. of
1852, amounted to an aggregate of 6692$ tons registered, and  Pittsborough.
13,4251 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 13,070$    NEW  HOD/TON, a seaport of New Brunswick, co. of Altons were employed in the coast trade, and 1161 tons in  beit, on the Cumberland Basin, about 85 miles N.E. of St.
steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year were  John; lat. 450 40' N., Ion. 640 27' iW.
110, (tons 21,356,) of which 77 (tons 14,395) were by Ame-   NEW  HOUSE, a post-village of York district, South Carican vessels. The clearances forforeign ports were 108, (tons rolina.
20,580,) of which 13,874 were in American bottoms. During    NEW  HUDISON, a post-township on the W. border of
the year 3 ships, 4 schooners, and 2 sloops, with an aggregate  Allegheny co., New York. Pop. 1433.
burthen of 1195$ tons, were admeasured. The manufactures    NEW  HUDSON, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.
of New Haven are extensive, and furnish employment to    NEW  IHUR/LEY, a post-village of Ulster co., New York,
about one-fourth of the entire population. The principal about 10 miles N.W. of Newburg.
articles prodluced are carriages and clocks, India rubber goods,   NEW IBEIRIA, a post-village in St. Martin's parish, Louiiron ware, boots, shoes, &c. There are 5 banks in the city, siana.
with an aggregate capital of upwards of $2,000,000, and a    NEW/ICK, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
savings' institution having $835,112 on deposit. Gas is    NEW/INGTON, a perish of England, co. of Kent, 8 miles
employed to light the streets. It is alsp contemplated to  E.S.E. of Rochester. Many Roman antiquities have been
supply the city with water, to be brought by means of an  found here.
aqueduct, either from MSill River at Whitneyville, or some    NEW/INGTON, a post-township of Rockingham co., New
other available source. New Haven was settled as an inde- Hampshire, on the Piscatacluis River, 40 miles E. by S. of
pendent colony in April, 1638, by a company from London, Concord. Pop. 472.
of whom Theophilus Eaton and the Rev. John Davenport    NEWINGTON, a post-village of Hartford co., Connecticut,
were the leaders. In 1784 it was incorporated as a city. on the New Haven and Hartford Railroad, 10 miles S. of
Pop. of the township in 1830, 10,678; in 1840, 14,390; in 1850, Hartford.
22,529; of whom 20,341 resided in the city. Pop. of the city,   NEWINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
September, 1853, about 23,000.                               NEWINGTON  BAG-PATHI, a parish of England, co. of
NEW HAVEN, a post-village and township of Oswego cc., Gloucester.
New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2015.                       NEWINGTON-NEXT-HYTHE, a parish of England, co.
NEW HAVEN, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, of Kent.
on the left bank of the Youghiogheny River, about 44 miles   NEWINGTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of OxS.E. of Pittsburg. Glass and paper are manufactured here, ford.
NEW HAVEN, a post-village of Nelson co., Kentucky, on    NEW IPSIWICH, a post-village and township of Hillsboh
the Rolling Fork of Salt River, 54 miles S.W. of Frankfort, rough co., New Hampshire, about 40 miles S.W. by S. of
has 2 churches, several stores, and about 300 inhabitants.   Concord. The village contains a bank, an academy, and
NEW HAVEN, a village of Hamilton co., Ohio, about 17  several cotton-mills. Pop. 1877.
miles N.W. of Cincinnati.                                   NEW IN/STITUTE, post-office, Iredell co., North Carolina
NEW HAVEN, a post-village and township of Huron co.,   NEW IREILAND, an island in the South Pacific, forming
Ohio, on the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad, 83 miles N. the N.E. side of St. George's Channel, between lat. 20 35'
by E. of Columbus. Pop. about 600; of the township, 1398. and 50 2' S., ion. 1500 30' and 1520 50' E. It is about 200
1309




NEW                                                        NEW 
miles long from W.N.W. to E.S.E., by about 20 miles average  New Jersey becoming a great entrepat of foreign and crast.
breadth. The hills rise from 1500 feet to 2000 feet, and are ing trade. Besides the rivers mentioned as laying the shores
clothed with the most luxuriant forests. Two of its most of the state, are a number of smaller streams traversing
conspicous peaks are termed the " Mother and Daughter."  the interior; the most important of which are the Passaic
The inhabitants belong to the Australian negro race, and  and Hackensack, emptying into Newark Bay, in the N.E.;
are remarkable for their excessive jealousy, and the scru- Raritan River, draining the northern and central portions,
pulous cleanliness of their villages.                      and pouring its waters into the bay of the same name;
NEW JASIPER, a post-office of Greene co., Ohio.          Maurice River, in the S.W., discharging itself into the DeNEW  JEFIFERSON,  a village of Harrison co., Ohio, 11  laware Bay, and Great Egg Harbor River, emptying directly
miles N.N.E. of Cadizc.                                    into the Atlantic Ocean. These are severally navigable for
NEW JERSEY, (jerlzee,)one of the Middle States of the  coasters, in the order named, 10, 15, 17, and the last two 20
North American Confederacy, and oneof the original thirteen, miles each.  Raritan Bay and Arthurkill Sound cut off
is hounded on the N. by New York; E. by New York (from   Staten Island from  New Jersey. This island, politically,
which it is separated by the Hudson River) and the Atlantic  belongs to New York, but by position, to New Jersey. There
Ocean; S. by Delaware Bay; and W. by the Delaware River, are a number of low sandy islands along the Atlantic, cut
which separates it from the states of Delaware and Penn- off from  the mainland by lagoons.  These are generally
sylvania. It lies between about 380 56' and 410 21' N. lat., unfertile, and of little value.
and between 740 and 750 33N  W. ion.; being about 168 miles    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-The Atlantic shores of New
in extreme length from N. to S., and from 37 to 70 miles in  Jersey are renowned for their sea-bathing resorts.  The
breadth, including an area of 8320 square miles, or 5,324,800  most important of these is Cape May, at its southern extreacres, of which 1,767,991 only were improved in 1850.      mity, which is probably more frequented than any bathingFace of the Country.-The southern and middle portions place in America. Its beach slopes gradually, and being
of New Jersey are mostly flat and sandy, but in the north  covered with a fine, hard, white sand, forms a delightful
it becomes hilly, and even rises into low mountains. Some  promenade and drive when the tide is out. Here are about
ridges of the Alleghany range cross from Pennsylvania, in  10 or 12 hotels, capable of receiving from 200 to 2000 guests
a N.E. direction, into New York, bearing in New Jersey the  each; besides smaller hotels and boarding-houses without
local. names of Schooley's Mountain, Trowbridge, Ramapo, number.  Long Branch, a few miles below Sandy Hook,
and Second MIountains. The Blue Mountains cross the ex- ranks next in the number of its visitors; but Deal, Squan
trerme N.W. portion of the state. Below Raritan Bay is a  Beach, and Tuckerton are also much frequented. A railgroup of hills of from 300 to 400 feet high, called Nevisink  road has recently been completed to Absecom  Beach. (a
Hills, washed by an inlet from  Raritan Bay, commanding  popular bathing resort,) 40 miles N.E. of Cape MIay.
a wide sweep of ocean, and furnishing a beacon to mariners, Schooley's Mountain, in Morris county, 1100 feet high,
to whom they are generally the first and last seen of the  with a mineral spring on its summit, and commanding
shore of New Jersey, on their voyages in and out of the port some very fine prospects, has long been much visited
of New York. A range of trap rock, varying from 200 to  in the summer season.  Brown's Mills, 20 miles E. of
500 feet high, and known as the Palisades, coasts the h-Iudson  Burlington, situated among the pines, is considered parfor 20 miles on the N.E. of the state.  The shores of the  ticularly beneficial to consumptive patients.  Among its
Atlantic S. of Sandy Hook are lined with a series of inlets  natural objects, the Passaic Falls, in the river of the same
and islands, which are constantly changing. The country  name, deserves particular mention. They are situated near
for some distance back is generally marshy or sandy.       the village of Paterson, which owes its importance as a
Geology.-We abstract from Goodrich's Geography a por- manufacturing town entirely to these falls, which are 70
tion of the following brief sketch of the geology of New  feet in perpendicular height, and form (when the river is
Jersey: —The central and southern portions of the state are  full) an imposing scene. In the ordinary season of visiting,
composed of the new secondary or cretaceous group, covered  the water does not run over the falls to any great extent,
with sand and gravel, and containing valuable beds of green  being drained off by the mills. It has, however, at all
sand or marl, so important to the agricultureof this state, times, awild and romantic aspect. New Jersey shares with
and which has worked such wonders in the improvement Pennsylvania another still more interesting object, in the
of the soil in latter years, and so enhanced the value of the  passage of the Delaware through the Blue Mountainsland. In the central and western parts especially, the marl generally called the Delaware Water Gap. (See P.NNSyivAis abundant, and lies near the surface. In the secondary  NIA.) In Warren county, 15 miles N. of Belvidere, there is
region are found occasionally tertiary beds, composed of  a small mountain lake, perhaps 2 miles in circumference, at
clays containing fossil shells. In one of these tertiary beds, an elevation, it is said, of near 1400 feet above the level of
near Long Branch, was found a nearly perfect skeleton of  the Delaware River. It is known to be very deep, and
the mastodon. About the great bend in the Delaware, near abounds with sunfish, perch, and other fish. The lake
Bordentown, commences a hilly and broken region, the  seems to lie almost on the summit of the mountain, and
prevailing rock of which is the red sandstone, containing  from its immediate vicinity is obtained a magnificent view
shales, sandstones, and conglomerates in alternation, and  of the river below, and of the surrounding country for a
covered by a calcareous conglomerate which forms a good  distance of many miles.  The Nevisink  Hills, already
building material, similar to the Potomac breccia. The Pa- noticed, near Sandy Hook, command extensive views both
lisade range is composed of gneiss, traversed by dikes of  seaward and landward, and are crowned with a lightgreenstone, while the valleys of West Jersey consist of alter- house.  Weehawken Heights, near Hoboken, (the com.
nating strata of slate, argillaceous sandstones, and lime- mencement of the celebrated Palisades,) are the termination
stone. The Blue Mountains are composed of red and gray  of such a promenade as is seldom offered in the vicinity of
sandstones, and the valleys west of them  of fossiliferous any great capital. They command a near view of New York
limestones and calcareous sandstones.                      City and Harlem, and a more remote one of Staten Island
Mierals. —The mineral resources of this state consist in the  and the Narrows, through which may be caught a faint
extensive beds of marl referred to above, in valuable iron de- glimpse of the ocean.
posits, (bog in the S., and hematite and magnetic in the N.,)    Climate.-The severity of the climate is somewhat mitizinc and copper in the same region, besides a red sandstone, gated in the southern portion by its proximity to the sea;
(much exported for building,) marble, limestone, slate, a  while in the N. it partakes of the characteristics of the S. of
very fine sand, (exported for making glass,) found in the  New York and the N. of Pennsylvania. According to the
S.W., near Maurice River, extensive beds of peat, copperas, meteorological tables kept at Lambertville, by L. H. Parsons,
and alum  earth.  The zinc-mines of Sussex county are  in the year ending June 30, 1854,ithe mean height of the
among the richest in the United States, and are now exten- mercury at 2 P. M. for: July, was 850.64; August, 840.92;
sively worked. The New Jersey Zinc Company's Works, in  September, 780.53; October, 520.42; November, 530.50; DeSussex county, produced 2,425,506 pounds in 1852, and  cember, 390.31; January, 370.27; February, 400.16; March,
4,04p,415 pounds in 1853. In the same vicinity as the zinc, 470.76; April, 30.44; Say, 730.63; and June, 840, Average
are rich mines of a peculiarly valuable species of iron ore  for the year, 610.72; maximum, (June 27th,) 980; minimum,
called Franklinite.  There were in Morris courmty, in 1853, 10.75, (January 3d.) There were 42 perfectly clear days;
about 50 furnaces,.with 90 fires, each producing 75 tons of  cloudy, 44; and rain or snow on 101 days. Water fell 46.84
blooms and bar iron annually; 5 rolling-mills employed 500  inches. The peach and cherry blossomed on the 6th of May;
hands, and worked up 16,000 tons of iron in 7 months.      the apple on the 9th.
Rivers, Bays, Islands, &c.-W'ashed by the Delaware River    Soil and Prosductions.-The soil of New  Jersey in the
and Bay on the W. and S., and by the Ihudson River and  central and southern portions has much of it been underthe Atlantic Ocean on the E., New Jersey forms a sort of  rated: though naturally light and sandy, and in many
peninsula, so to speak. Were it not that its trade is mono- places poor, it is very easily improved, easily worked, and
polized by New York and Philadelphia, New Jersey has by the aid of the marl which it embowels in large quantities,
great advantages in position for a commercial state. The may be made to produce good crops of wheat, Indian corn,
Delaware is navigable 120 miles from the sea for ocean craft and potatoes. Where the white sand prevails, as it does in
of the smaller kind, and for ships for 96 miles; while on  some parts of the centre and S., and near the sea-coast, the
the Atlantic side, for more than half its extent, there are  soil is worth but little. The shore on Long Branch and
numerous inlets and lagoons admitting smaller vessels; Deal Beaches is said to be the only fertile territory immeand on the N.E., Raritan and Newark Bays, and Hudson  diately on the coast from Maine to Georgia.  The northern
River, accessible to vessels of heavy tonnage; so that there  portion is well adapted both to tillage and pasturage, and
is nothing but the circumstance mentioned above to prevent is of moderate fertility. Some of the productions of this
1310




NEW.NEW
state are of particular importance to the great cities on her  has been opened to Easton, and the Flemington Railroad
borders, as they furnish them with the greater portions of  from Flemington to Lambertville. The number of passentheir musk and water melons, and a great quantity of sweet gers carried on the road has been as follows: In the Campotatoes and marketvegetables. The staple productions are  den and Amboy Railroad trains, between Philadelphia and
wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, Irish potatoes, and butter, New York, 83,447 first class, and 53,748 emigrant passenbesides large quantities of sweet potatoes, peas, beans, wool, gers, exclusive of way-travellers.
buckwheat, orchard and market products, cheese, butter,   In 1853, the New Jersey Railroad (from  Jersey City to
bay, beeswax, honey, grass-seeds, and flax; and  some  Bordentown, via Trenton) carried 2,170,243 passengers, of
tobacco, barley, wine, hops, silk, and maple sugar. In 1850  every grade, way and through passengers, and 48,167 tons
there were in New Jersey 23,905 farms, occupying 1,767,991  of freight. The Camden and Amboy Railroad receipts for
acres of improved land, (about 75 acres to each farm,) and  the same year amounted to $1,744,207.
producing 1,601,190 bushels of wheat; 1,255,578 of rye;    Comoeree.-The direct trade of New Jersey, though sur8,759,704 of Indian corn; 3,378,063 of oats; 14,174 of peas rounded by navigable waters on all sides but one, is very
and beans; 3,207,236 of Irish potatoes; 508,015 of sweet small, being almost wholly carried on through the ports of
potatoes; 878,934 of buckwheat; 91,331 of grass-seeds; New York and Philadelphia, though this state has several
375,396 pounds of wool; 9,487,210 of butter; 365,756 of  ports of entry. Her internal and transit trade, however, is
cheese; 182,965 of flax; 156,694 of beeswax and honey;  very great, being, as before remarked, the highway between
435,950 tons of hay; value of live stock, S10,679,291; orchard  the two greatest cities in the Union. A large amount of
products, $607;268; market products, $475,242, (the last two  coal, too, crosses the state from the mines of Pennsylvathe largest relatively in the Union;) slaughtered animals, nia to the city of New York and other places. The British
$2,638,552.                                                 line of steamers has its entrepOt at Jersey City, in this state.
Forest Trees.-There are extensive forests of pine in the  The tonnage of New Jersey in 1854, was 105,947, and the
southern and central parts of the state, much of which is  number of vessels built, 69, with an aggregate tonnage of
converted into charcoal, and sold in the Philadelphia market. 8554. Value of foreign imports, $3971; exports, $2225; tonIn the S. are some valuable cedar swamps.  The other  nage entered, 3303; and cleared, 2029.
forest trees are those peculiar to the latitude, as various    In 1853, there were transported on the Raritan Canal
species of oak, hickory, sycamore, sassafras, dogwood, &c. (extending across the state from the Delaware River to EaNew Jersey has long been celebrated for its peach, and the  ritan Bay) nearly 1,000,000 tons of coal, 13,500,000 feet of
vicinity of Newark and Elizabethtown for its apple orchards. timber and lumber, 1,150,074 bushels of grain and feed;
Plums, apricots, cherries, &c., are the other fruits.       93,361 barrels of flour, 34,728 tons of iron, and 143,000 tons
Manufacturses.-New  Jersey is extensively engaged in  of general merchandise; and in 1854, 1,283,148 tons of coal,
manufactures, for which it enjoys great facilities in its  and 1,386,860 cubic feet of timber; do. lumber, 12,270,506
abundance of water-power and fuel, and in its nearness to  do.; do. grain and feed, 1,069,700 bushels; do. flour, 206,097
great markets. In 1850 there were in the state 4108 esta- barrels, carried through. Amount of iron, 36,699 tons.
blishments, each producing $500 and upwards annually, Throuighmerchandise, not included above, 176,382 tons.
engaged in mining, manufactures, and mechanic arts, em-   The following Table shows the quantity of way freight
ploying $22,184,730 capital; raw material worth $21,992,186;  carried on the Camden and Amboy Railroad in the years
and 28,549 male and 8762 female hands, and yielding pro- named:
ducts valued at $39,713,586; of these, 2i were cotton facto-            Tons.               Tons.               Tons.
ries, employing $1,483,500 capital, 616 male and 1096 female   1835..  1,451    1847. 16,892     1851.. 21,474
1840      3,356    1848       15,095    1852      21,305
hands, consuming raw material worth $666,645, and pro-   1845            1489    184        11,815    1852      47,4203
a545.    7,489    1849.. oase15   1853.. 47,424
ducing 8,122,580 yards of stuffs, and 2,000,000 pounds of   1846.  13,1095     850. 2.,503       154.. 43,134
yarn, valued at $1,109,524; 41 woollen factories, employing
$494,274 capital, 411 male and 487 female hands, consuming   EEducation.-According to the census of 1850, there were
raw material worth $548,637, and producing 771,100 yards in New Jersey 4 colleges, with 470 students, and $79,700
of stuffs, and 350,000 pounds of yarn, valued at $1,164,446; income, of which $6000 was from  endowments; 1479 public
119 furnaces, forges, &c., employing $2,860,643, and 2335  schools, with 78,205 pupils, and $216,992 income, of which
male hands, consuming raw material worth $1,200,620, and  $65,562 was from public funds, $75,653 from taxation, and
producing 42,452 tons of castings, wrought iron, &c., valued  $2573 from endowments; 219 academies and other schools,
at $2,226,550; 133 tanneries, employing $572,857 capital, with 9569 pupils, and $226,388 income, of which $1800 was
consuming raw  material worth $423,537, and producing  from endowments. Attending school, as returned by famileather valued at $724,466: and $409,655 invested in the  lies, 91,601. Adults who could not read and write, 18,665,
manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, consuming  of whom  5878 were of foreign birth. In 164 townships
103,700 bushels of barley; 254,000 of Indian corn; 58,400  which reported in December, 1854, there were 168,031 chilof rye; 409,700 of apples, and 42 tons of hops, producing  dren, between the ages of 5 and 18, of whom  87,306 (in the
34,750 barrels of ale, &c., and 1,250,530 gallons of whiskey  townships reporting) attended schools. The school fund
and wine. Home-made manufactures were produced, valued  amounted  to $403,205.  Expended for school purposes,
at $112,781. At Paterson are mills for the manufacture of  $396,571, of which about one-sixth was a state appropriasilk, employing 700 hands, and said to be the most exten-  tion. New Jersey College, at Princeton, is one of the oldest
sive in the United States.                                  seats of learning in the United States, and one of the highInternal Improvements.-Lying in the direct line of com- est in reputation, having educated some of the leading men
inunication between the two greatest cities of America, as  in the nation. According to the American Almanac, there
well as in the regular route of travel between the North and  were in New Jersey, in 1854, 3 colleges, with 428 students,
South, New Jersey was among the first of the states to be  and 2 theological schools, with 178 students.
traversed by railway. Four lines of railroad cross the en-    Religious Denominastions.-Of the 814 churches in this
tire state; one of which unites Jersey City, (a suburb of  state in 1850, the Baptists owned 108, the Christians 8, the
New York,) through Trenton, with Philadelphia; a second, Congregationalists 8, Dutch Reformed 66, Episcopalians 52,
Elizabethtown with Easton; a third, South Amboy with  Free Church 7, Friends 52, Lutherans  7, Methodists 312,
Camden, opposite Philadelphia, and a. fourth runs from   Presbyterians 149, Roman Catholics 23, Swedenborgians 2,
Camden to the sea-shore, at Absecom. A branch from Jersey  Union Church 5, Unitarians 2, Universalists 3, and minor
City intersects the New York and Erie Railroad, at Ramapo,  sects 10; giving one church to every 602 persons. Value of
another diverges from the same place to Dover, in Morris  church property, $3,680,936.
county; a branch from  Freehold meets the Camden and    PeriodicaIs.-According to the census of 1850, there were
Amboy Railroad at Jamesburg, and one is in course of con- published in New Jersey, 6 daily, 43 weekly, and 2 semistruction from  Camden to Cape May. Trenton is united  monthly newspapers and magazines, with an aggregate
with Easton, Pennsylvania, and with Belvidere. Besides  annual circulation of 4,098,678 copies.
these there are some short branch roads of a few miles only    Public Institutions.-New Jersey has a fine state prison
in length. In Jan. 1855, there were in this state 437 miles near Trenton, conducted on the solitary system, in which
of railway completed.                                      there were in January, 1855, 206 prisoners. The prison
New Jersey is also traversed bytwo canals, having a total yields a revenue to the state. There is a library of 1029
length of 147 miles; one of which, connecting New Bruns- volumes, for the use of the prisoners. A house of refuge
wick with Bordentown, opens an internal navigation be- was commenced at Kingston, in Middlesex county, but after
tween New York and Philadelphia, and is the track of an  an expenditure of $20,331, the work was discontinued. The
immense transit trade between the two great cities and other noblest institution in New Jersey is her insane asylum,
towns further east and south. Easton and Newark are also  which was opened in May, 1848, and is under excellent
united by a canal which is the channel of a great coal trade. management. January, 1853, there were 182 patients in
The annual report of the State Directors of the Camden  this institution, but during the year there had been under
and Amboy Railroad for 1854, gives the gross receipts of the  treatment 292 persons. The institution was being enlarged
Company at $1,682,436, and the expenditures at $1,132,029, in 1854. There were in New  Jersey, in 1850, 77 public
showing an excess of $552,456. The net earnings of the  libraries, with 43,903 volumes; 45 school and Sunday-school,
Delaware and Raritan Canal for the year were $303,186. with 12,664; 4 college, with 24,000 volumes; and 2 church
The whole revenue accruing to the state for the year 1854  libraries, with 338 volumes. The Historical Society of New
from all sources was $134,071, of which $61,175 accrued from  Jersey, at Newark, has a library of 1811 volumes, and has
transit duty on the railroad; the sum of $44,035 for transit published 7 volumes of transactions.
duty on the canal. During the year the Belvidere Railroad    Population.-New Jersey was originally settled by Dutct
1311




NEW                                                      NEW
in the N.E., English in the central, and Swedes in the south- The first General Assembly was held in New Jersey, in 1681;
western part; but of these the English portion predominated, East and West Jersey were united eleven years after, and
and gave tone to the rest. At present, with the same pre- formed part of New York till 1702, when they were restored
dominancy, it partakes of the usual mixed character of the  to the crown. This colony escaped the inroads of the savages,
population of the Union. In 1790, it numbered 184,139  which so afflicted most of the older settlements. It was,
inhabitants; 211,949 in 1800; 245,555 in 1810; 277,575 in  however, the scene of several engagements in the Revolu.
1820; 320,823 in 1830; 373,306 in 1840; and 489,555 in 1850; tion, the most important of which were the capture of 900
of whom 233,452 were white males; 232,057 white females; Hessians by Washington, at Trenton, December 26, 1776;
11,798 free colored males; 12,012 free colored females; 103 the battle of Princeton, a few days after; and the battle of
male, and 122 female slaves.  This population was dis- Monmouth, in June, 1778, all of which resulted favorably
tributed into 89,080 families, occupying 81,064 dwellings. to the American cause, and in all of which Washington
Pop. to square mile 58.84. Of the entire population 385,429  was present. The American army wintered at Morristown
were born in the state; 45,012 in other states of the Union; in 1776-77.
11,377 in England; 31,092 in Ireland; 2429 in Scotland and    NEW JERUISALEM, post-office, Berks co., Pennsylvania.
Wales; 581 in British America; 10,686 in Germany; 942 in    NEW KENT, a county in the E.S.E. part of Virginia, has
France; 1257 in other countries; and 528 whose places of  an area of 190 square miles. The Pamunkey River forms
birth were unknown. In the twelve months preceding  its boundary on the N.E., and the Chickahominy on the
June 1st, 1850, 2392 paupers received aid, of whom 576 were S.W. The surface is moderately hilly, and the soil of midforeigners, at an expense of near $40 for each person. There  dling quality. The Pamunkey or York River is navigable
occurred in the same period, 6465 deaths, or about 13 in  on the border of the county. Formed in 1654. Capital,
every 1000 persons. Of 189 deaf and dumb, 5 were colored  New Kent Court House. Pop. 60684; of whom 2654 were
persons; of 207 blind, 29 were colored; of 379 insane, 9 were  free, and 3410 slaves.
colored, and of 419 idiotic, 13 were colored. Of the entire    NEW  KENT COURT HOUSE, the capital of New Kent
population, 266 were engaged in mining; 56,701 in agri- co., Virginia, 30 miles E. of Richmond. It contains, besides
culture; 2283 in commerce; 27,004 in manufactures; 1143 in  county buildings, a few stores.
navigating the ocean; 1625 in internal navigation, and 1627    NEW KINGS/TON, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pennin the learned professions.                                sylvania.
Cosunties.-New Jersey is divided into 20 counties, viz.   NEW KINGSTON, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.
Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumber-   NEWT/KIRK'S MILLS, post-office, Fulton co., New York.
land, Essex, Gloucester, Hudson, Hunterdon, Mercer, Mid-   NEW LAN/CASTER, a post-office of Tipton co., Indiana.
diesex, Monmouth, Morris, Ocean, Passaic, Salem, Somerset,   NEW LANCASTER, a post-village of Warren co., Illinois,
Sussex, and Warren. Capital, Trenton.                      on the road from Peoria to Burlington, in Iowa.
Cities and Towns.-Notwithstanding New Jersey has on its    NEW/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
borders, in the neighboring states of New York and Penn-   NEWLANDS, a parish of Scotland, co. and 6 miles N.W.
sylvania, the two greatest cities in America, it is studded  ofPeebles. Here are the remains of Drochil Castle, built by
with populous and thriving towns and villages. The largest Morton, regent of Scotland.
of these is Newark, population, in 1850, 38,893, (45,500 in    NEWLAND SIDE, a township of England, co. of Durham.
1853;) besides which there are Paterson, 11,338, (in 1854,   NEW LEBIANON, a post-township forming the N.E. ex17,615;) New Brunswick, 10,008; Camden, 9479; Jersey City, tremity of Columbia co., New York. Pop. 2300.
6856, (in 1853, 18,456;) Trenton, 6460, and Burlington, 4536.   NEW LEBANON, a Shaker village of Columbia co., New
The other most important places are Hackensack, Hoboken, York, 2 miles S. of New Lebanon Springs. It contains 10
5527 in 18q3; Morristown, Gloucester, Elizabethtown, Rah- or 12 large dwellings, occupied by the society in common;
way, 7000 in 1853; Princeton, Freehold, Mount Iolly, also various smaller dwellings and shops. The Shakers
Bordentown, and Salem, with populations varying from  possess over 2000 acres of land in the vicinity of the village.
2000 to 4000.                                              They manufacture a number of small articles, in which
Government, Finances, Banks, &c.-The Governor of New  they exhibit much ingenuity and skill.
Jersey is elected for three years, by popular vote, and    NEW LEBANON, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
receives $1800 salary and fees. The Senate is composed of    NEW LEBANON, a post-village of Camden co., North Ca20 members, elected for three years, and the House of  rolina, near Pasquotank River, at the S. terminus of Dismal
Representatives of 60, elected annually. The legislature  Swamp Canal, 155 miles N.E. by E. of Raleigh.
meets the first Tuesday in January. The judiciary consists    NEW LEBANON, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio.
-1. Of a court of errors and appeals, composed of a chan-    NEW LEBANON, a post-village of Sullivan co., Indiana,
cellor, the judges of the supreme court, and six other judges 110 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.
appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of    NEW  LEBANON, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois,
the Senate, for 6 years, one judge retiring eachyear. The  60 miles WV.N.W. of Chicago.
pardoning power lies in this court in conjunction with the    NEW LEBANON CENTRE, a post-village of Columbia co.,
governor. 2. A court of chancery, which holds 3 sessions  New York.
annually at Trenton, the chancellor or judge of which is   NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS, a beautiful post-village of
appointed by the governor for 7 years; and, 3. Of a supreme  Columbia co., New York, 25 miles S.E. of Albany. Here
court, composed of one chief and four associate justices, who  are mineral springs and several hotels, much frequented
are nominated by the governor, and appointed by him, with  as a summer resort. The village contains a bank, and a
the advice and consent of the senate. 4. Of circuit courts large manufactory of thermometers, producing about 25,000
and courts of oyer and terminer, held by the justices of the  annually.
supreme court in each county 3 times a year. 5. Of courts    NEW LEINSTER, (linlster,) an island of the New Zealand
of common pleas, composed of 5 judges appointed by the  group, (which see.)
legislature, for 5 years, who receive fees, but no salaries.   NEW LEN/OX, a post-township of Will co., Illinois. Pop.
The other judges receive from $1400 to $1800 per annum. 617.
Any white male citizen, 21 years of age, who has resided in    NEW  LEION, (Sp. Neuevo Leon, nwitvo lA-Sn/,) a state of
the state one year, and in the county five months next pre- the Mexican Confederation, between lat. 240 and 270 30' N.,
ceding an election, is entitled to vote. New Jersey has 5 and ion. 990 and 1000 40/ W., enclosed by Tamaulipas, San
members in the national House of Representatives, and 7  Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and Cohahuila. Area 16,687 square
votes for President of the United States.  The assessed  miles. Pop. 133,361. The surface is generally mountainous;
value of property, in  1850, was $190,000,000, personal principal river, the Tigre. The soil is fertile. The mineral
estate estimated; public debt in 1854 only $65,000; school products comprise lead, gold, silver, and salt. The chief
fund, $403,205; productive property, $279,540; unproduc-  towns are Monterey (the capital,) Florida, Saltillo, and
tive, $764,670; ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt and  Linares.
schools, $90,000; including schools, geographical survey, and    NEW  LEX/INGTON, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennlunatic asylum, $180,464, (for 1854.) In January, 1855, New  sylvania.
Jersey had 20 incorporated banks, with $3,935,850 capital,   NEW  LEXINGTON, a post-village of Tuscaloosa co., Alaa circulation of $2,842,032, and $748,595 in coin. The flee bhama, 130 miles N.W. of Montgomery.
banking law partially prevails in this state, and the free    NEW  LEXINGTON, a village of Highland co., Ohio, 60
banks, at the same date, had $1,378,935 capital, $710,553  miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati.
circulation, and $77,857 in coin.                           NEW  LEXINGTON, a post-village of Perry co., Ohio, 50
_istory.-Settlements were made in New Jersey, soon  miles E.S.E. of Columbus.
after their arrival in New York, by the Dutch, at Bergen,   NEW LEXINGTON, a village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on
between the years 1614 and 1624. A Swedish colony was Des Moines River, 80 miles S. by W. of Iowa City.
founded in the S.W. in 1627, near the shores of the Dela-   NEW  LIBIERTY, a post-village of Owen co., Kentucky,
ware River. In 1664 this state fell with New York into'the  33 miles N. of Frankfort. Pop. 400.
hands of the Duke of York, who assigned it to Lord Berke-   NEW LIBERTY, a small post-village of Pope co., Illinois,
ley and Sir George Carteret. In compliment to the latter, on the Ohio River.
who was an inhabitant of the Isle of Jersey, in the English    NEW LIGHT, a post-village of Wake co., North Carolina.
Channel, it received its name. Penn and Carteret divided    NEW  LIMIERICK, a township of Aroostook co., Maine,
the state into East and West Jersey, (more properly North  125 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 160.
and South,) in 1676, Penn taking West, and Carteret East   NEWtLIN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvanis.
Jersey. The latter sold his share to twelve Friends in 1683. Pop. 738.
1312




TVNEW                                                    NEW
NEW LISIBON, a post-township of Otsego co., New York, gate capital of about $600,000, and a savings institution
15 miles S.W. of Cooperstown. P'op. 1773.                  with $706,144.67 on deposit. The streets are lighted with
NEW LISBON, a post-office of Burlington co., New Jersey. gas. The city has railroad communication with New Haven
NEW  LISBON, a thriving town, capital of Columbiana  and tihe principal towns of the interior. New London was
county, Ohio, on the Little Beaver River, and on the Sandy  settled in 1644, by John Winthrop, son of Governor Winand Beaver Canal, 155 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 56 miles  throp, of Massachusetts. Pop. in 1830, 4335; in 1840, 5519;
N.W. of Pittsburg.  The town is neatly and compactly  in 1850, 8991; in 1853, about 10,000.
built. The surrounding country is fertile, populous, and    NEW LONDON, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
highly improved. The extensive water-power of the river on the Erie Canal, 7 or 8 miles W. of Rome. It has several
is partially employed in mills, &c. The Sandy and Beaver warehouses.
Canal extends from the Ohio Canal at Bolivar to the Ohio    NEW LONDON, a post-township on the S. border of ChesRiver. This town is in the midst of the great wool-growing  ter co., Pennsylvania.'Pop. 2042.
region of Ohio. It contains about 7 churches, 4 newspaper    NEW LONDON or NEW LONDON CROSS ROADS, a postoffices, 1 bank, and several woollen factories, iron foundries,  village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 74 miles S.E. of Harand Souring-mills. Laid out in 1802. Pop. about 2500.      risburg.
NEW  LISBON, a post-village in Henry co., Indiana, 50    NEW  LONDON, a small village of Mercer co., Pennsylmiles E. by N. of Indianapolis.                            vania.
NEW  LISBON, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana,   NEW LONDON, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland.
89 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. It was laid out in 1850.    NEW LONDON, a post-village of Campbell co., Virginia,
NEW  LIV/ERPOOL, a small village of Canada East, co. 110 miles W. by S. of Richmond.
of Dorchester, situated on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence    NEW LONDON, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.
River, 7 miles S. of Quebec.                                 NEW LONDON, a thriving post-village and township in
NEW LON/DON, a county forming the S.E. extremity of  Huron co., Ohio, on the railroad from Cleveland to ColumConnecticut, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is  bus, 47 miles S.W. of Cleveland. It is situated in a beautiful
partly bounded on the E. by the Pawcatuck, and on the W. and fertile country, and is a place of rapid growth. The
by the Connecticut River, and is principally watered by the  village is sometimes called KING'S CORNERS. Pop. 1218.
Thames River (which traverses it nearly N. and S.) and its    NEW  LONDON, a post-village of Howard co., Indiana, 8
branches. It borders on Long Island Sound for about 25 or 9 miles S.W. of Kokomo.
miles, affording great facilities for navigation and the fish-   NEW  LONDON, a post-village, capital of Ralls co., Miseries, the latter of which are carried on to a considerable  souri, about 2 miles S. of Salt River, and 98 miles N.N.E.
extent. The surface is hilly, and in the S.W. part moun- of Jefferson City. It contains a brick court-house, 1 or 2
tainous. The soil is fertile, but more adapted to grazing  churches, and several stores.
than tillage. The Connecticut River is navigable for steam-   NEW LONDON, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio.
boats along part of the western border of this county, and    NEW  LONDON, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, 20
the Thames River is navigable for sloops to Norwich City. miles W.N.W. of Burlington.
The county is traversed by the New London Willimantic    NEW LONDON, a seaport on the N. coast of Prince Edand Palmer Railroad, and partly intersected by the Norwich  ward's Island, Queen's co., at the W. side of the entrance to
and Worcester and New Haven and New London Railroads. Greenville Bay; in lat. 640 331 N., ion. 630 32' W.
Seats of justice, Norwich and New London. Pop. 51,821.       NEW  LONDON LIGHIT/HOUSE, on the W. side of the
NEW  LONDON, a post-township of Merrimack co., New  entrance to the Thames River, Connecticut. It exhibits a
Hampshire, 30 miles W.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 945.           fixed light 80 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 410 18'
NEW LONDON, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of  54" N., lon. 720 5' 48" W.
New London county, Connecticut, is situated on the right   NEW  LYME, a post-village and township'of Ashtabula
bank of the Thames River, 3 miles fiom the ocean, and 50  co., Ohio, 195 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 628.
miles E. of New Haven. Lat. 410 221 N., ion. 720 9' W.  It    NEW'LYN/, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
is built on a declivity facing the S. and E. The site being    NEW  MADIISON, a thriving post-village of Darke co.,
considerably encumbered with granite rocks, it was not laid  Ohio, about 100 miles W. of Columbus.
out with any great regard to regularity, though within a    NEW  MADISON, an improving village of Madison co.,
few years much has been done in the way of grading and  Indiana, on Pipe Creek, 13 niles N. of Anderson.
other improvements to overcome the original inequalities    NEW  MAD/RID, a county near the S.E. extremity of
of the surface. The elevation back of the city affords an  Missouri, bordering on the Mississippi River, which sepaextensive and varied prospect. Among the public buildings rates it from Tennessee and Kentucky, has an area of 880
may be mentioned the custom-house, a fine granite edifice, square miles. The Whitewater, an affluent of the St. Franthe court-house, and the churches, of which the Baptists  cis, flows along the WV. border. The surface is an alluvial
have 3; the Congregationalists 2; the Methodists 2; the  plain, which does not contain a rock of any description.
Episcopalians 1; the Catholics 1; and the Universalists 1; The soil is highly productive. It was severely injured by
in all, 10. The educational institutions are the New London  the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812, by which about half of
Normal Institute of Music, the New London Female Aca- its area was sunk several feet and covered with water. The
demy, the Bartlett High School, and 16 public schools, shocks were attended with loud explosions; and chasms
including the different grades. Increased attention has of  were opened in the ground, from which volumes of water
late been paid to the subject of education, and the schools and steam were discharged. Islands in the Mississippi were
generally are in a flourishing condition. Five newspapers  sunk; the current of the river was driven back for several
are published here, of which 2 are dailies.                hours by the elevation of its bed, and overflowed the adjaThe harbor of New London is one of the best in the  cent land. One of the lakes formed at this time is said to
United States. It is 3 miles long, 5 fathoms deep, and  be nearly 60 miles long, and several miles wide. The legisseldom obstructed with ice. It is environed by hills,' and  lature of Missouri, during the session of 1850 and 1851-,
defended by Fort Trumbull and Fort Griswold, the former made an appropriation for the purpose of reclaiming the
of which is garrisoned. The inhabitants have long been  sunken lands of this and the adjoining counties. Capital,
extensively engaged in the whale fishery, which employs New Madrid. Pop. 5541, of whom 4060 were free, and 1481
about 1500 men and a large amount of capital. The coast slaves.
trade and the other fisheries are also very important. The    NEW  MADRID, capital of New Madrid co., Missouri, on
shipping of the port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggre- the Mississippi River, 280 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. It
gate of 23,281 tons registered, and 18,229~ enrolled and  does a large business in shipping corn, lumber, and cattle
licensed. Of the former, 15,961 tons were employed in the  for Southern markets.  The houses are mostly built of
whale fishery; of the latter, 11,517- were employed in the  wood, on account of the frequency of earthquakes, by which
coast trade, and 6276 in the cod and mackerel fisheries; this town was greatly injured in 1811. A newspaper is
12 steamers are also owned, with an aggregate burthen of  published here. Settled in 1780.
4253 tons. The receipts from the whale fishery for the year    NEW MAHRINING, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylwere $1,349,872. During the year 1853, 21 whalers arrived  vania.
here, bringing 1107 bbls. of sperm oil, 45,990 of whale oil,   NEWMAN'S MILLS. See CANOE PLACE.
and 1,881,200 lbs. of whale-bone; the quantities of the two    NEW/MANSTOWN, a village of Lebanon co., Pennsylvalatter were the greatest received at any port in the United  nia, 37 miles E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 233.
States, except New Bedford. The value of the foreign im-   NEWMANSYILLE, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee.
ports, in 1852, was $28,904, and of the exports, $78,383. The    NEW MAIRION, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana, on
vessels built during the year 1852-3 were 2 ships, 6 schoon- Graham's Creek, and on the Michigan Road, 75 miles S.S.E.
ers, 4 sloops, and 1 steamer. Several extensive manufacturing  of Indianapolis. Pop. in 1851, near 300.
establishments have recently commenced operations. among    NEWMARIKET, a market-town of England, counties of
which may be mentioned the Alberton and Douglass Ma- Suffolk and Cambridge, 13 miles E.N.E. of Cambridge, and
chine Company, with a capital of $60,000; the New London  65& miles N.N.E. of London, with which it communicates
Foundry and Machine Works, organized in 1852, with a  by the Eastern Counties Railway, and a branch from Chescapital of $45,000, and the Nameaug Manufacturing Con- terford. Pop. in 1851, 3356, nearly half of whom are trainpany, organized in 1853, having a capital of $70,000. The ers, jockies, stable Ikeepers, and grooms. The town is very
New London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad Company  well built, having many splendid residences ofnoble and
was organized in 1848, with a capital of $1,500,000, chiefly  wealthy patrons of "The Turf," elegant rooms belonging
owned in New London. There are 4 banks, with an aggre- to the Jockey Club, numerous hotels, and immense ranges
4 11                                                                        1313




NEW                                                       NEW
of stabling. The famous races of Newmarket are held on  tories, E. by Kansas and Indian Territories and Texas S. by
a beautiful heath W. of the town. The course, upwards of  Texas and Mexico, and W. by California.
4 miles in length, belongs to the Jockey Club, and is con-   Face of the Cozuntry, &c. —This extensive tract is for
sidered the best in. England. The training ground, on a  the most part a high table-land, crossed by several ranges
slope S. of the town, is also very fine. Seven race meetings, of mountains, and generally destined to hopeless! sterility.
each lasting 3 days, are held yearly.                      The valleys of the Rio Grands and its tributaries occupy
NEWIMARKET, a small market-town and parish of North  the eastern part of New  Mexico, and lie between and.
Wales, co, of Flint.                                       among different ranges of the Rocky Mountain chain, which
NEWMARKET, a market-town of Ireland, Munster, co. crosses the territory from N. to S. The western limit of
of Cork.                                                   the Rio Grande Valley is the Sierra Madre Mountains, and
NEW MARKET, a post-township of Rockingham co., New  the eastern the Jumanes, the Del Cabello, and other ranges
Hiampshire. on the Boston and Maine, and Portsmouth and  of the Rocky Mountains. Much the larger portion of the
Concord Railroads, 25 miles S.E. of Concord. It is the seat territory lies W. ofithe Sierra Madre Mountains, and parof the New Market Manufacturing Company, who have here  takes of the general character of the Fremont Basin. (See:
three large cotton-mills. Pop. 1937.                       UTaI.)  The mountain ranges in theE. are the Guadalupe,
NEW MARKET or SNY/DERTOWN, a village of Hunter- Sacramento, Organ, (Sierra de los Organos,) Sierra; Blanca,
don co., New Jersey, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, Hueca, and other divisions which diverge from the main
9 miles S. by E. of Flemington.                            chainof the Rocky Mountains, and pass, off into Texas, formNEW  MARKET, a post-village of Middlesex co., New  ing the western boundary of thevalleyof the Pecos,. A broken:
Jersey.                                                    ridge of mountains coasts the Gila River for a, considerable
NEW MARKET, avillage of Baltimore co., Maryland, 30  distance) completely hemming it in for a great part of its:
miles N. of Baltimore.                                     course, and rising, according to Major Emory, to 4347 and
NEW MARKET, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland,  5274 feet, in two places estimated by him. Mount Taylor,
near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 10 miles E. by S. of  in a S.W. direction from Santa Fe, among the Sierra Madre
Frederick.                                                 Mountains, has been computed at 10,000 feet elevation above
NEW  MARKET, a post-village of Nelson co., Virginia, on  the valley of the Rio Grande, itself a high table-land of 6000
James River, at the mouth of Tye River, 108 miles W. of  feet in the N. part, 4800 feet at Albuquerque, and. 3000 feet:
Richmond, contains a tobacco warehouse and 2 mills. The  at El Paso. West of the Sierra Madre are several detached
post-office is named Tye River Warehouse.                  ranges of which we know but little, and -which traverse a
NEW  MARKET, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Vir- country for the most part sterile, except in occasional narginia, 150 milds N.W. of Richmond. It is delightfully situ- row valleys, which border the streams.
ated in the Great Valley, between the Massanutten and North    Minerals.-It is highly probable that NewIMexico abounds
Mountains. There are several forges and factories in the in the precious metals,. but owing to the jealousy of the
vicinity, which abounds in iron ore. It contains 3 or 4  aborigines, and: the unskilfulmess with which, even when
churches.                                                  worked at all, they have been managed, they hiave not, so
NEW  MARKET, a post-village in Randolph co., North  far as we are informed, hitherto produced abundantly; yet
Carolina.                                                 gold and silver are known to exist, and mines of both
NEW MARKET, apost-village in Abbeville district, South  metals have been worked. Gold has been found in several
Carolina,                                                  places between and along the Gila and Colorado Rivers, and
NEW  MARKET, formerly GUL/LETTSVILLE, a post-vil- the indications are, that the precious ore will, at a future
lage of Monroe co., Georgia, 35 miles N.W. of Macon.       day, be largely produced here. Mines of this metal have
NEW MARKET, a post-village in Madison co., Alabama,  been worked in a district among the Placer Mountains, 40
about 200 miles N. of Montgomery.                          miles S.W. of Santa Fe; but it is. said to be found. most
NEW  MAIRKET, a flourishing post-village of Jefferson  abundantly about the San Pedro River, which empties into
county, Tennessee, is pleasantly situated on the East Ten- the Gila from the S. Silver-mines, 80 miles N.E. of El Paso,
nessee and Virginia Rtailroad, 26 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville. and near Dona Ana, are reputed to be the richest in New
It stands in a long and very productive valley, and contains  Mexico. This metal also exists S. of the Gila towards its
I-Holstein College, chartered in 1832; also a female institute, mouth, Iron occurs in abundance, and gypsum  in large
A railroad depot will be established here.                quantities has been found near Algadones; copper is plenNEW IMARKET, a. post-village of Marion co., Kentucky, tiful, and mines of that metal were extensively worked. in
on the Rolling Fork of Salt.River, 66 miles S. by W. of  the vicinity of what is now Fort Webster, previous.to 1818,
Frankfort.                                                 when the forays of the Indians caused their abandonment.
NEW MARKET, a thriving post-village and township of  Gold is found in the same vicinity. Some coal is found, and
highland co., Ohio, 68 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. 300; salt lakes, about 100 miles S.S.E. of Santa Fe, have been
of the township, 1302.                                     resorted to for that necessary culinary article. Recent reNEW MARKET, a village of Harrison co., Indiana, on  ports state that silver-mines have been discovered about 18
the Ohio River, 35 miles below Louisville. Pop. about 300.  miles E. of Fort Filmore. Lead is also found.
NEWV  MARKET, a post-village in Vigo co., Indiana, 80    Rivers.-The Rio Grande. or Rio Bravo del Norte, as it
miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis.                              was formerly called, which crosses the entire territory from
NEW MARKET, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas.  N. to S., is the largest river of New Mexico, and drains the.
NEW MARKET, a post-village of Platte co., Missouri, 210  great valley which lies between the Sierra Madre Mountains
miles W.N.W. of: Jefferson City.                           on the W., and the Jumanes, and the Sierra Hueca or Waco
NEW MARKET, a post-village in Van Buren co., Iowa, Mountains on the E. The Pecos River drains the eastern
near Des Moines River, 70 miles S.W. by S. of Iowa City.    slope of the same mountains, and passes off into Texas.
NEW  MAR/KET, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  The Puerco, a river of 200 miles in length, is the principal
York, 30 miles N.N.W. of Toronto. It contains several tributary of the Rio Grande from the W.; but in the hot
stores, hotels, and a foundry.                            season it is often completely evaporated in the lower part
NEWMARKET-ON-FER/GUS, a market-town of Ireland,# of its course, rendering no tribute whatever to the parent
Munster, co. of Clare. Pop. 1526.                         stream. The Canadian River has its sources in the N.E. of
NEW MARL/BOROUGH, a post-township of Berkshire  co., New Mexico, from which it runs in a S.E. direction, to join
Massachusetts, about 120 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. the Arkansas. The Gila, which rises on the western slope
1847.                                                     of the Sierra Madre, runs almost directly W. to its mouth
NEW  MAR/TINSBURG, a small village of Fayette co., in the Colorado. The Salinas, its principal tributary from
Ohio, on Walnut Creek, about 50 miles S.W. of Columbus. the N., drains the central regions of the territory. The San
Laid out in 1839.                                         Pedro is the most important affluent from the S. The San
NEW MARITINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Wetzel Francisco empties itself into the Salinas. The Colorado
co., Virginia, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of Fishing  is formed by the Green and Grand Rivers, which unite in
Creek. 40 mniles below Wheeling. It contains a court-house, about 360 N. lat., and running S.W. for about 150 miles,
a few stores, and several hundred inhabitants.            receives the Virgen, turns to the S;, and forms the W.
NEW MAS/SILLON, a small village of Wayne co., Illinois, boundary, from 350 N. lat., to 20 miles below the mouth of
onthe Little Wabash River, is situated near the border of  the Gila. These rivers are of very little importance to navia filue prairie.                                          gation, seldom being deep enough for any craft beyond a
NEW MATAMI0/RA, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio. canoe or flat-boat.* Indeed, for a great part of the year,
NEW MAYS/VILLE, a post-village of Putnam  co., Indi- the tributary rivers have either dry channels, or are a sucanea, 14 miles N.E. of Greencastle.                       cession of pools. Major Emory found the Rio Grande itself
NEWV MAYSYILLE, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois.    but 25 yards wide, anud hub-deep at Albuquerque, 300 milci
NEW  MEX/ICO, (Sp. Nsuevo lecico  or Afejico, nwA/vo  firom its source. lIe also states that it seldom rises more
mih.Ia-ko; Fr. 2Nouveau Mexique, noov06!  mlx'eek1; Ger. than two feet. Lieutenant Simpson found it 200 yards wide,
Neu  le-ico, noi-mlx/e-ko,) a territory of the United States and four feet deep, 150 miles further S., in. September, 1849.
of North America, and a portion of the tract acquired firom   ie afterwards mentions crossing in a ferry at Albuquerque.
Mexico  y the treaties of 1848 and 1854, extends from 310    Objects of Interest to bsur/sts.-Crossed as New Mexico is
20' to 350 N. lat., and from 1030 to 1170 W. Ion., being about
700. miles in extreme length from E. to W., and about 470    - A correspondent of the San Francisco IHerald, in the sunmmer
miles in breadth from N. to S.. including an area of 207,007 cf 1854, says of the Colorado: "At no point from Fort Yuma t~
square miles. It is bounded N. by Utah and Kansas terri- the mouth of the Virgen, is the water less than 10 feet deer."
1314




NEW                                                          NEW
by lofty chains of mountains, it cannot fail to possess many    Massufactures.-Twenty: establishments, each: producing
objects of striking interest in its scenery; but they have, $500;andupwards: annually; were teported by: thercensus of
been hitherto imperfectly explored' west of the Rio Grande. 1850 as engaged in manufactures,mining, and the mechanic
Among and  beyond the Sierra Madre Mountains, are  arts, employing $68,000 capital, 81 hands, and raw material
vast callons, (kan-ydnsQ,) i. e. deep channels in the earth, worth $100,000, yielding products valued at $249,010. Do:
mostly forming the beds of streams, often two or three hun- moestie manufactures were-produced to the value of $6033.
dred feet in depth, and almost shut out from  the light-of    Fducalion.-On this head there is little to be said at
day. In the same region are found steep bluffs of'red and  present, but to speak of its absence, and to urge its introwhite sandstone rock, worn by the action of the elements duction. According to the census:report of 1850,there were
into very striking reseimblances of fortresses, castles, &c. in New Mexico one academy, with 40 students, 466 children
Lieutenant Simpson has given some sketches of the most attending schools, and: 25,089' adults who could not read
remarkable, in his recent work on New Mexico. One curl- and write, of whom 660 were ofiforeign birth.
osity of the country is the deserted pueblos, or Indian vii-    Religious DenomiLnations.-In-1850, there were 73 churches,lages, which give evidence of having been the abode of a  all belonging to the Roman Catholics; giving one church to
much more dense population than subsiSgs there at pre- every 835 inhabitants. Value of church property, $94,100.
sent. (See Populaction.)                                      Periodicals.-In 1850 there were published in New Mexico,.
"Cascade Grotto," says Lieutenant Whipple, "is too  one weekly and one tri-weekly newspaper, with an aggrewildly beautiful to pass unnoticed. A series of cascades, gate annual circulation of 38,800 copies,
formedby a mineral spring, which gushes from the moun-. Population.-The population of New Mexico is of avery'
tain, leap from cliff to cliff, until they join the Gila, 1000  mixed character; but composed for the most part of domes-.
feet below. Beneath-thefirst water-fall is a charming cave, ticated nomad Indians, with an intermixture of Mexicans
filled -with petrifactions.  Among' the Organ Mountains, and Americans. According to. the census of 1850,: there:
(themselves an object of great interest, rising as they do  were 61,547 inhabitants, (exclusive of Indians,) of whom
3000 feet above the river,) a little stream whose source is far  31,725 werewhite males; and: 29,800 females; 19 free colorwithin a defile, tumbles over the rocks in a single fall of 50  ed: males, and 3 females; 38 were deaf and dumb; 98 blind;
feet."  The celebrated Captain Walker reports two-extraor-  11 insane, and 44 idiots. In the twelve months preceding
dinary falls in the Rio Virgeu, one 200 miles from its mouth, June 1, 1850, there occurred 1157 deaths, or nearly 19 in
with a' perpendicular descent, in one unbroken sheet, of  every one thousand persons. This population was divided
1000 feet, where the stream  is narrowed to 30 or 40 yards, into 13,502 families, occupying 13,453 dwellings. Population
and-the cafion-rises on each side to a nearly perpendicular  to square mile,.30. Of the whole, 58,415 were born in the.
height of 200 feet; and a second fall of 200 or 300 feet, about territory; 772 in other parts of the United States; 43 in Eng30 miles higher up. The same authority thus speaks of the  land; 292 in Ireland; 30 in Scotland and Wales; 215 in Gergreat cafion of the Colorado: " One of the most extraordi- many; 26 in France; 38 in British America; 1507 inother fonary natural features on the Continent, which extends for reign countries, and 209 whose places of birth were unknown.
300 miles above the mouth of the Virgen River, with lofty  Of the whole population, 9 were engaged in mining, 14,084.
and almost perpendicular sides, suggesting the idea that in ordinary labor and in agriculture, 233' in trade, 803 in
the river had cleft its path entirely through the mountain.  manufacturing, and 126 in the learned professions.  The.
The waters wash up against the walls of the precipice, leay- Indian population' according to the estimate of the Indian
ing not a foot of space between."  From  the same source  bureau at Washington, was 45,000 in 1853.
we learn that " the country is entirely cut up with rocky    According to Mr. Bartlett, "In the district of country
ravines and fissures."  A cafion that Captain Walker tra- bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, the west by
versed-apparently the bed of a spring-torrent —in one in- the Colorado River, the south by the river Gila, and- extend —
stance entirely closed over his head, forming a natural tun- ing northward about 300 miles, there exist many Indiannel 200 feet deep,                                          tribes which have attained a higher rank in civilization than
Climate.-The habitable part of the valley of the Rio  any other aborigines of the North American Continent north
Grande lies in the latitude of the northern and central of the Valley of Mexico.  The tribes of which I am speakportions of the Southern States; but its climate is very much  uing cultivate the soil; raise wheat, corn, and other articles
modified by its great elevation, giving it a temperate but  for their subsistence; cotton, which they spin and weave
constant climate. The mercury sometimes rises to 1000, but into garments to cover their bodies; horses and cattle; and
the evenings are always cool. Some of the higher peaks of  they erect their own dwellings, of greater or less capacity.
the mountains are covered with perpetual snow. Consider-  In their pottery and household implements, too, they: are
able rain falls between July and October, but New Mexico  before all others.
has essentially a dry atmosphere, being most of the year    There is now in ruins, (situated on the- Chaco, a branchparched where there is no irrigation.                       of the San Juan,) the Pueblo Pintado, built of tabular pieces
Soil and Productions.-We have already characterized the  of hard gray limestone, three stories high,- and containing
soil as generally hopelessly sterile, but this generalization is on the ground-floor 54 apartments, some-of them not more
not without considerable exceptions, as many parts of the  than five feet square, and the largest 12 by 0; also the Pueblo
valley of the Rio Grande, and of other streams, are highly  Wegi-gi. with a circuit of 700 feet, and containing 99 apartproductive, and yield fine crops of Indian corn, wheat, and  ments on the first floor; the Pueblo Una-vida with-a circuit
other grains, besides apples; peaches, melons, apricots, and  of 994 feet; the Hungo-Pavie with a circuit of 872- feet,
grapes. Among the valleys of the Sierra Blanca, in the  and 72 rooms upon th6 ground-floor; and the Pueblo ChettroN.KE of New Mexico, the pasturage is excellent; and the  Kettle, with a circuit of 1300 feet, and 124 apartments on the
large valley of San Luis in the same region, is one of the  ground-floor. These several buildings were of three or four
most fertile in the territory. But in'most places irrigation  stories, one receding from the other, and all built of stone.
is necessary to successful agricultural operations. During  Near the latter is a ruined edific, about 1300 feet in circuit,
the dry season,however, in some districts, even this resource  which had been four stories high, with 139 rooms on the
fails, from the total evaporation of the streams.- On the  ground-floor.  Allowing each story to recede as before, and
table-lands. which are utterly useless for agriculture, there  the upper apartments to correspond with those below, this
grows a peculiar grass, which in the dry season cures and  building contained not less than 641 apartments. Two miles
preserves its nutritious qualities. On this, cattle, sheep, beyond this are the ruins of a still larger building, called
horses, and mules feed all the winter, and preserve them- the Peilasca Blanca. having a circuit of 1700 feet.
selves in good condition. The mutton of New Mexico is    The Pueblo of Taos, in New Mexico, is one of the most
excellent; The Indians on the Gila cultivate cotton, wheat, remarkable now existing.  It consists of an edifice about
Indian corn, beans, melons, and other vegetables, by means 400 feet long by 50 wide, and is divided into long ranges of
of irrigation, and a small quantity of buckwheat, wine, apartments one above the other, forming a pyramidal pile
butter, potatoes, and molasses. According to the census of  of 50 or 60 feet, and five or six stories in height. This great
1850, there were in New  Mexico 3750 farms, occupying  building, it is said, affords habitations for five or six hun166,201 acres'of improved land, producing 196,515 bushels  dred people.
of wheat; 365,411 of Indian corn; 15,688 of peas and beans;    The second class, where the tribe or community'live in a
8467 pounds of tobacco; 32,901 of wool, and 5848 of cheese; village, consists of buildings generally of one story, but
live stock valued at $1.494,629; market garden products, sometimes of two. When of the latter, the entrance is by
$6679; orchard, $8231; and slaughtered animals,- $82,125.    ladders from the outside, as before mentioned. The object
~brest Y1ees.-Only a small portion of the surface is of this is to render them perfectly isolated, and to afford
covered with forests. and the country is almost entirely  them protection from an enemy. To render these dwellings
destitute of the hard woods. Some of the streams are  more secure, villages and large edifices are usually built
fringed with cottonwood, and pine of an inferior quality  upon the summit of a rock, or hill, and when this is not
occurs on the mountains. Sycamore, ash, cedar, walnut, convenient on the open plateau, where there is neither tree,
evergreen, oak, and willow, are found in small quantities.   bush, nor rock- to conceal an enemy. These people often
Animacls.-The deer, mountain-sheep, wild-hog, antelope, choose a spot near some eminence which may command a
cougar, ocelot, lynx, brown, black and grizzly bear, coyote, view of the adjacent country, where they may establish a
wolf, marmot, skunk, weasel, hare, rabbit, squirrel, beaver, look-out, and place a sentinel to give warning, if an enemy
and elk, are the principal quadrupeds N. of:the Gila; tur- should approach."
key, geese, braut, swans, ducks, scorpions, and lizards are    Counties.-There are eight counties in New Mexico, viz.:
met with in this territory, thou(gh animal does not appear Bernallillo, Rio Arriba, Santa Anna; Santa F6, San Miguel,
to be more prolific than vegetable life in this region.    Taos, Valencia, and Socorro. Capital, Santa F6.
1315




NEW                                                         NEW
Towns.-The principal settlements (we use this term be-   NEWNHAM, KINGS, a parish of England, co. of War
cause the limits of the towns are not defined with much  wick, 4 miles W.N.W. of Rlugby; it has chalybeate springs.
accuracy) are Santa F6, population 4846; La Cuesta, 2196;   NEWN/HAM MUPRREN, a parish of England, co. Oxford.
St. Miguel, 2008; Las Vegas, 1550; Zufii or Tufii, (an In-   NEW  1O-II/0, a post-office of Broome co., New York.
dian puebla or village,) 1292, and Tuckelata, 1320.          NEW  OIRK/NEY, an island group in the South Atlantic,
Government.-New Mexico, in common with all other ter- forming a part of South Shetland, S.E. of Cape Horn. Chief
ritories of the United States, has a governor appointed by  islands, Pomona and Melville.
the President and Senate of the United States, who is    NEW  OR/LEANS,* (Fr. Nouvelle-Orlgians, noo'v8llf oa1l/.
also superintendent of Indian affairs, and receives a salary  8NsO; Ger. Neu-Orleans, noi o/tlA-.ns,) acity, port of entry, and
of $2500 per annum. It has a council of 13 members elected  seat ofjusticeof Orleans parish, Louisiana, is situated on the
for two years, and a house of representatives of 26 members, left bank of the Mississippi River, about 100 miles from its
elected annually. The judiciary, appointed by the President mouth; 1663 miles S.W. of New York; 1438 miles S.W. of
of the United States, with the advice of the Senate, is com- Washington; 879 miles S.W. by W. of Charleston; 2025 miles
posed of a chief and two associate judges, receiving $2000  S.S.W. of Pittsburg; 1628 miles S. by W. of Chicago; 1200
each per annum. Assessed value of property in 1850, miles S. of St. Louis; and about 2000 miles S. by E. of the
$5,063,474. Banlks, none.                                   Falls of St. Anthony. Lat. 290 58' N., Ion. 900 7' W. New
History.-Lying in the interior, and possessing no very  Orleans is built around a bend in the river, from which
great inducements to tempt emigration thither, New Mexico  circumstance it has been denominated the " Crescent City."
has not been the theatre of many striking events in history. The site inclines gently from the margin of the Mississippi
&s elsewhere stated, traces exist in the deserted and ruined  towards the marshy ground in the rear, and is from 2 to 5
pueblos of a much more dense Indian or Aztec population  feet below the level of the river at the usual spring freshets.
in former times than at present. It formed a Mexican pro- To prevent inundations, an embankment or levee, about 15
vince or department until the conquest of Mexico by the  feet wide and 6 feet high, has been raised, extending 120
Americans, when, in Sept. 1850, it was constituted, with a  miles above the city, and to Port Plaquemine, 43 miles beportion of Upper California and Texas, a territory of the  low it. This forms a delightful promenade. In consequence
United States, under its present title. In 1854, its area was  of the change in the course of the river opposite New Orstill further increased by the purchase of a portion of the  leans, large quantities of alluvion, swept from  the north
N. part of Mexico, thus extending its southern boundary  and held in suspension by the current, are here deposited.
in one instance to 310 20' N. latitude. The inhabitants are  New formations from this cause in front of that portion of
very much harassed by inroads from the Indians, who fre- the quay most used for the purposes of commerce have
quently attack the settlements, murder or carry off the men, been so rapid that it has been necessary within a few years
women, and children, and drive off the flocks.             to build piled wharves jutting out firom 50 to 100 feet into
NEW MICHIGAN, a post-office of Livingston co., Illinois. the Mississippi.  The levee here has also been gradually
NEW  MID/DLETON, a post-office of Randolph co., In- widened, so that an additional tier of warehouses has
diana.                                                      recently been erected between the city and the river. The
NEW  MIDDLETOWN, a post-village of Mahoning co., old city proper, originally laid out bythe French, is in the
Ohio, 12 miles E.S.E. of Canfield.                         form of a parallelogram, 1320 yards long and 700 yards
NEW MILIFORD, a flourishing post-village and township  wide. Above this are what were formerly the faubourgs
of Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the Housatonic River and  of St. Mary, Anunciation, and La Course; below, Mlarigny,
Railroad, near the intersection of the latter with the for- Dounois, and Declouet; and in the rear, Treme and St.
mer, and 15 miles N. by W. of Bridgeport. The village is  John's. Lafayette, till recently under a separate governvery handsome; it has broad streets, bordered with tasteful ment, is immediately above the city. In 1836, New Orleans
residences, several churches, a bank, and manufactories of  was divided into 3 municipalities by act of the Assembly,
carriages, hats, boots and shoes, &c. Pop. of the township,  each with distinct municipal powers. Again in April, 1852,
4508.                                                      these and Lafayette, with the faubourgs and other dependNEW MILFORD, a post-office of Orange co., New York.   encies, extending from  6 to 7 miles along the river, and
NEW MILFORD, a small village of Bergen co., New Jer- about 5 niles back to Lake Pontchartrain, were consolidated
sey, on the Hackensack River, 18 miles N. of Jersey City.   under one charter, the city assuming the debts.
NEW  MILFORD, a post-village and township of Susque-   The streets of New Orleans are of convenient breadth,
hanna co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles E. of Montrose. P. 1433. well paved, and usually intersect each other at right angles.
NEW  MILFORID, a post-village and township in Winne-  Canal Street is the broadest, being 190- feet in width, with
bago co., Illinois, on the Kishwaukee River, about 7 miles  a grassplot in the middle about 25 feet wide, extending
S. of Rockford. It has a flouring-mill, and about 200 inha- throughout its entire length. Most of the buildings are
bitants. Pop. of the township, 569.                        constructed of brick, and are generally low, except in the
NEW  MILL, a village of Scotland, co. of Banff, on the  business portion, where they are usually 5 or 6 stories high.
Isla, 8 miles S.E. of Fochabers. Pop. 450.                 The dwellings in the suburbs, many of them, particularly
NEW/MILLS or TORPRY, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, in Lafayette, are surrounded with spacious yards, beaution the Burn, 1 miles E. of Culross. Pop. 420.             fully decorated with the orange, lemnon, magnolia, and other
NEWMILNS, nu-milzl, a burgh of barony of Scotland, co. ornamental trees. A basement about 6 feet high constitutes
of Ayr, on the Irvine, 24 miles E. of Galston. Pop. in 1851, the only cellar, as none are sunk below the surface on ac2211.                                                       count of the marshy character of the ground. In different
NEW MILLS, a village and township of England, co. of  sections of the city are several public squares, among which
Derby, on the Guyt, 8 miles E.S.E. of Stockport. It consists  may be mentioned Jackson Square, formerly Place d'Armes,
principally of a cluster of houses and factories, which ex- occupying the centre of the river front of the old town plot,
tend along the crags and the turnpike road, and has a hand-  now the First District. It is ornamented with shell walks,
some district church, in the pointed style, Primitive and  shrubbery, statuettes, &c., and is much frequented for recreWesleyan Methodist, Independent and Roman Catholic ation. Lafayette Square, in the Second District, is finely
chapels. Pop. 3595.                                         laid out, and adorned with a profusion of shade-trees.
NEW MIL/TON, a post-office of Doddridge co., Virginia.   Congo Square, in the rear of the city, is also a handsome
NEW MILL/TOWN, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- enclosure.
sylvania.                                                     Public Bufldings.-The United States Custom-house now
NEWIMOAT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.   in process of erection at New Orleans, when completed will
NEW MOStCOW, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.        be the largest building in the United States, with the exNEW  MOUNT PLEAS/ANT, a post-office of Monroe co., ception of the Capitol at Washington, covering an area of
Pennsylvania.                                               87,333 superficial feet. Its dimensions are —Canal Street
NEW MOUNT PLEASANT, a post-village in Jay co., In- firont, 334 feet; Custom-house Street, 252 feet; New Levee
diana, 80 miles N.E. by E. of Indianapolis.                 Street,.310 feet; Old Levee Street, 297 feet; height, 82 feet.
NEW MUNSTER, an island of the New Zealand group. The general business room is 116 feet by 90, and has 50
See NEw ZEALAND.                                            windows. The material is from  the Quincy quarries of
NEW/NAN, a thriving post-village, capital of Coweta co., Massachusetts.  The United States Branch Mint in New
Georgia, on the railroad fl-om Atlanta to La Grange, 40 miles  Orleans is at the corner of Esplanade and New Levee Streets,
S.W. of the former. It contains a brick court-house, 2  near the river. It is a massive structure, 282 feet long, 108
churches, 2 academies, and a newspaper office. The rail- feet deep, and 3 stories high, with 2 wings, each 81 feet by
road, which was opened in 1852, connects at the city of  29. The Municipal IHall, at the corner of St. Charles and
Atlanta with the principal railways of the state.           Hevia Streets, opposite Lafayette  Square, is a beautiful
NEWINANSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Alachua co., marble edifice in the Grecian style of architecture. It is
Florida, 120 miles E.S.E. of Tallahassee.                   principally occupied with public offices, among which are
NEWN/IIAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. several of the city government. The Odd Fellows' Hall,
and 11 miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, on the Severn. Pop. in  erected in 1852, on Camp Street, opposite Lafayette Square,
1851, 1288. The town was anciently of importance. A sword  and the Merchants' Exchange on Royal Street, nearo Canal;
of state, presented to it by King John, is still preserved.    are both extensive buildings, chiefly devoted to public uses.
NEWINHAV I,  a parish of England, co. of Ilerts.         The latter contains the City Post Office and Merchants'
NEWNI-ABl, aparish of England, co. of Kent.              Reading Room.
NEWNIHIAMi, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.
INiEWNtIHA)I COURT/NEY, parish of England, co. Oxford.                 *;See note to ORLEa NS, page 1404.
1316




N'EW                                                      NEW
Many of the churches are large and costly structures, in the city, 9 or 10 of which are dailies. Several are printed
The Church of St. Louis, opposite Jackson. Square, is a  in the French language. De Bow's Review, a work of the
splendid edifice, adorned with a lofty tower on either side highest character, devoted chiefly to the interests of corn.
of the main entrance. The building was erected in 1850, merce, is issued monthly.
on tlie site of the old church, which was pulled down. On    The following statement represents the condition of the
the right and left of this edifice are 2 handsome buildings  eight banks of New Orleans on the 15th of May, 1854. Lia.
in the Tuscan and Doric orders, devoted to various purposes  bilities. - Aggregate  circulation  of $8,127,846; deposits,
of the city government. The Jewish Synagogue, formerly  $12,077,613. Cash assets, specie, $8,195.295; loans on depothe Canal-street Episcopal Church, is ornamented in front sit, $17,409,767; foreign and domestic exchange, $3,857,612.
with a handsome colonnade. The Presbyterian Church, op- The assessed value of real and personal property in New
posite Ltfayette Square, the new Episcopal Church, on  Orleans, for 1852, amounted  to $70,194,930.  Of this,
Canal Street, and St. Patrick's Church, on Camp Street, are  $56,103,475 was real estate, $10,494,755 capital, and $3,596,700
elegant edifices, each adorned with a graceful spire. The  slave property.  The revenue from  the sale of licenses
latter is a conspicuous object to one approaching the city  amounted to $105,181.
from the river. Of the 35 churches in the city in 1853, 12    The deposits at the mint for the year ending December
were Roman Catholic, 7 Episcopal, 6 Presbyterian, 5 Metho-  31, 1852, as given in Hunt's Magazine, were $7,656,909 of
dist, 3 Lutheran, 2 Baptist; besides 3 Jewish synagogues.   United  States gold, and $140,352 of other gold; total,
The hotels of New Orleans are conducted upon a scale of  $7,797,261, against $3,585,032 the previous year. The demagnitude scarcely equalled in any city of the Union. The  posits at the mint for 1854, amounted to $2,450,898, and the
St. Charles IHotel, situated on St. Charles Street, was com- coinage to $4,520,500.
pleted in the autumn of 1852, at an entire cost of upwards    Commerce.-New  Orleans possesses unrivalled  natural
of $590,000. It occupies the site of the former building, advantages for internal trade. The Mississippi River and
destroyed by fire. The house has been leased for a term of  its tributaries afford not less than 15,000 miles of navigable
7 years, at the rate of $30,000 per annum, till 1855, and  waters, communicating with a vast extent of country, iili.
$40,000 for each succeedingyear. The annual rent of the  mitable in its resources, exhaustless in fertility, and embasement is estimated at $16,000. The St. Louis IHotel, on  bracing nearly every variety of climate. Every description
St. Louis Street, and the Verandah Hotel, on Common  of craft is employed in transporting the rich products of
Street, are also costly establishments. The city contains 4  the upper regions of the "Father of Waters," to this great
or 5 theatres, the principal of which are the St. Charles, the  southern emporium. At one portion of its levee may be
Orleans, and the American. The first of these, situated on  seen hundreds of fiat-boats grounded on the "batture," and
St. Charles Street, is 132 feet long by 170 deep, and cost, at filled, some with fat cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheep;
the time of its erection, about $350,000. At the Orleans  others with hay, corn, potatoes, butter, cheese, apples, and
Theatre the dramatic representations are in French. Among  cider. The quay here is piled with lumber, pork; flour, and
the most remarkable bank edifices may be mentioned the  every variety of agricultural produce, as if the Great Valley
City Bank, on Toulouse Street, Canal Bank, on Magazine  had emptied its treasures at the door of New Orleans. FarStreet, and the Bank of Loulsiana. Several of the market- ther on is the steamboat landing, a distinctive feature of
houses are deserving of notice. St. Mary's Market, in the  this metropolis. iHere all is action-the very water is
Second District, is 480 feet long and 42 feet wide.  The  covered with life. Vessels of immense size move upon its
Meat Market, on the Levee, and Washington Market, in  bosom, acknowledging none of the powers of air. One is
the Third District. are also extensive buildings. The cotton  rounding-to in  the stream, seeking a mooring. She is
presses of New Orleans, about 20 in number, are objects of  covered all over, a mountain of cotton —3000 bales, worth
much interest; each of these usually occupies an entire  $180,000. Twenty more, freighted with the same national
block. The centre building of the New Orleans Cotton Press  commodity, are discharging their cargoes at the wharves,
is 3 stories high, and surmounted by a dome, the summit while huge piles, bale upon bale and story above story,
of which commands a fine view of the city. Not less than  cover the levee. New Orleans is the greatest cotton market
150,000 bales of cotton, on an average, are annually pressed  in the world. Immediately above and below the fiat-boat
at this establishment.                                      and steamboat landings is the foreign and coast-wise shipInstitutions.-The benevolent institutions of New Orleans ping, extending two and three tier deep for nearly four
are among the most extensive and best conducted in the  miles.  Here may be seen vessels from  all parts of the
United States. The Charity Hospital, situated on Common  world, each bearing at its masthead the ensign of the reStreet, between St. Mary and Gironde Streets, is a magnifi- spective nation to which it belongs.
cent structure, 290 feet long, and 3 stories high.  It is    Notwithstanding many remarkable evidences of prosper
adorned with a cupola,and enclosed by beautiful grounds. ity, the merchants and business men of the South, for seveThe admissions to the hospital for the year 1852, as reported  ral years past, have seriously complained that in commerby the board of administrators, were 18,476, of which 15,989  cial importance New Orleans was continually falling behind
were discharged. and 1884 died. Sixteen thousand medical her sister cities at the North and West, and that her former
cases were treated; there were also nearly 2500 surgical pa- rank could only be regained by the wisest and most liberal
tients. The United States Naval hiospital is a handsome  management. Upon this subject one of her citizens, in Jaedifice, devoted to the purposes indicated by its title. It nuary, 1852, held the following language:-" What, then,
has a delightful situation on the opposite side of the river, must be done for Neiv Orleans?  She must, by a wise and
a short distance above Algiers. Of the other medical esta- liberal stroke of policy, regain a part, if not the whole of
blishments may be mentioned Stone's Hospital, in the rear the trade she has supinely lost, and open new sources of
of the city, on Canal Street, and the Franklin Infirmary,  opulence and power, which are abundant all around her.
fronting on the Pontchartrain Railroad, each a fine build- She can do this by changing and modifying her laws bearing
ing, affording excellent accommodations for the sick.       unequally and hardly upon  capital and enterprise-by
The literary and educational institutions, many of which  cheapening her system of government-by affording greater
Save been recently established, are for the most part in a  facilities and presenting less restrictions to commerce-by
highly prosperous condition. The University of Louisiana, establishing manufactures, opening steamship lines to Euorganized in 1849, has connected with it a law school and a  rope, and conducting a foreign import trade; and finally,
flourishing medical college. The buildings are situated on  and what is of first importance, she should precede every
Common Street, between Baronne and St. Philippi Streets, effort by munificent appropriations to railroads branching to
and occupy the entire front of the block. The Medical Col- the }Tlst, and the North, and the East, from a terminus at her
lege standing in the centre is 100 feet front and 104 feet centre, orefrom termini on such interior streams and rivers as
deep. More than 1200 matriculants for the ensuing season, are necessar-ily tributary to her. Now is the accepted time
had been enrolled on its lists in September, 1853. This de- for action. To-eorrsow will be too late!"
partment was founded in 1835, and has been fostered by    Much that is here recommended has already been accomthe liberal acts of successive legislatures, among which may  plished.  Her laws have been modified; the public debt,
be mentioned an appropriation of $25,000 for the purchase  which in March, 1852, amounted to $7,702,329, $2,000,000
of apparatus, paintings, drawings, plates, &c., illustrative  of which was past due, had, through the improved credit
of the various branches of medical science. Its museum   of the consolidated city, April 1, 1853, been reduced to
of anatomy is very extensive. The pathological department $3,182,516, while $437,320 still remained in the hands of
is enriched by large collections from England and France, the commissioners. In addition to the several railroads
representing diseases of the eye and skin. The students  communicating with various points in the state, are two
of the college enjoy every facility for practice in the Charity  extensive lines now in process of construction, one called
Hospital, which is the largest institution in America for the  the New Orleans Opelousas and Great Western Railroad,
reception and treatment of patients.                        extending through Louisiana into Central Texas, and the
The number of school-houses in the city (as appears from  other the New Orleans Jackson and Great Northern Rail
the mayor's message in 1853) is 40, attended by 16,885  road, designed to connect with the railway system of Ten
pupils. The increase in the number of pupils for the last nessee and of the North-Western states. A charter has also
twelve months has been 2094, equal to 23.9 per cent. Num- been granted and a company organized for constructing a
her of teachers, 211. Of the 40 school-houses, 17 belong to  road to communicate with Mobile through the Pontcharthe city, and 23 are rented. The amount appropriated for train Railroad. In all these New Orleans has a primary and
school purpose, during the year was $188,020. New Orleans  paramount interest; and although the increased facilities of
is distinguished for the ability displayed in the management communication between the Western and the Northern Atof its public journals. About 20 newspapers are published  lantic cities will doubtless divert a portion of the trade front
1317




*iNEW                                                                NEWI
its natural channel, this will probably be more than  corn-             The falling off in the. toal receipts from  the interior ir
pensated by the growing  wealth of the states west of the   1853-4, as compared with the previous year, is mainly qttri,ississippi, which will be -constantly adding tothe already   butable to the reduced  crops of cotton and tobacco; the
inexhaustitble resources of the vast Mississippi valley.              stock of the former received up to December 23, being only
The foreign and coastwise arrivals at the port of New   187,528 bales, against 457,434 hales during  the same time
Orleansfor the year ending August-31, 1853, were-ships,  the previous year; and of the latter only 7273 hogsheads
782; barques, 447; brigs, 295; schooners, 596; steamships,  against the corresponding period in 1853.  The imports of
244; and steamboats, 3253; total, 5617; being an increase  coffee from July, 1852; to July, 1853, direct from  Rio, were
of 488 vessels over the previous year.  In  addition to the  344,515 bags; from  Rio coastwise, 26,370 baes; and direct
above, -there were  1044 arrivals of flat-boats, laden  with  from  Cuba, 10,628 bags; totl, 31,513 bs —being  an in-:cattle, lumber, and other produce, 175 of which were from   crease of 27,897 bags over the previous year. The first coffee
Pennsylvania.  The.foreign  arrivals for the  year ending  brought from Rio de Janeiro to this port was in 1835.  In
June 30,- 1852, according -to the statistics furnished by the  1852 the quantity of Rio coffee taklen for consumption in
treasury department, were 972, (tons 423,358,) of which 573  the whole United  States was estimated at 845,000 bags,'(tons 253,009) were -by American  vessels. The clqarances  nearly half of which was furnished through the New  Or-'for foreign  ports were 1115, (tons i544,482,) of which 718  leans market.  The aggregate, sales of coffee for the year at
(tons 370j741) were by American vessels.  The shipping of  this depot amounted to upwards of $6,000.000.
the district, at the above-named:date, amounted to an aggre-    The exports of cotton for the year ending August 31,
gate of 81,500$ tons registered, and 184,512$  tons enrolled  1852, were 772,242 bales to Great Britain; 196,254 to France;
and  licensed; total, 266,013  tons.  Of the enrolled.and  75,950 to the N. of Europe;  134,657 to the S. of Europe and:licensed tonnags, 178,766~ tons were employedin-the coast-  China; 128,629 to Boston; 101,938 to New York; 15,594 to
trade, and 162,636$ tons in steam  navigation.                       Philadelphia, and 15,041  to  other places in  the United
The annexed Table exhibits the principal articles, with   States; total, 1,435,815 bales, against'997,458 the previous
their estimated,.averaged, and'total value, received at New   year. The other leading exports were flour, 544711 barrels;
Orleans from the interior, during the.two years (inclusive)  bacon, 50,303 hogsheads; lard, 792;543 kegs; corn, 874,774.ending August 31, 1853:- -                                           sacks; tobacco, 93,715  hogsheads, (an  increase of 39,214
hogsheads from  the previous year,) of which 76,516 hogsheads were for foreign ports;,sugar, 50,793 hogsheads and
Arils      A:mournt Ave- Value. Amount Value.   6534 barrels; molasses, (up the river excepted,) 583 hogs0855. rage. Dollars.  0852. Dollacs.  heads and 94,107 barrels! pork, 172,748 barrels; beef, 38,207
Amut 852.'g~~las.8~.las
* — _.' barrels; lead, 256,939 pigs, of which 149,781 went to New
A.pples, bbls...483281 300  144984   asae'ls York; and  whiskey,'81,156 barrels.  The total value of
l~pplesbbls.    4328 3 0   144984 203561  61068
Bacon, as'd, bds. & cAs.      10347 5 00 3524 9     46134 11505050   American produce exported f-om  New Orleans during the
Bacon,:as'd, be.xs...4009 30 00  120270    3626  126910   year, according to the custom-house records, wacs $76,344,569,
Bacon, hams, hbds.,  &tcs.    428061  00 21064205          2694065   of which amount, $48,076,197 was to foreign countries, and
Bacon in bulk, lbs..         13420     7    9401  281280   225002
Bacggingbl,,pieces'...       64044 1300  839012  28 752502    28,268.327 coastwise.  The value of foreign merchandise
Bagging, pieces...64144 1]3 00| 833872[  60044[ 7-80572..
Baeoe col"                  1151          00]:72424[  90272] 677040
Bale rspe, coils  1..         21550'500  970404   9070  677040  exported during the same period was $44,780, making a sum
Beans,'bbls.:9194 7 00   66458,   6598e  65980  total of $76,389,349.  The following results have been obButter, kgs.and fins.         44444.600   6 664.4477861  358288   tained from  an  official statement of the exports of the
Butter, bbls....2164 25 00[  60152    0778]  10040d                                      an
Beeswax, bbls......           194150 900   9700   211       7695 growvth, produce, and manufactures of the United -States,
13qeswax, bbls.                 194 50 00    9700     171    7695:Beef, bbls...'...  e 4856513 00  631345   41007  494724   and foreign merchandise from  the district of New Orleans,
Beef, tierces.2. 30226 18 50  559181.11528  172845  for the year ending June 30, 1853:-Value  of American
Beef, dried,'ibs... 18900  84    i606e  26100.2088   produce exported to foreign countries in American vessels,
Buffalo robes, pks....       17175 00    2775    1300   97500    47 6
Catten ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~4,6bla... 06640  006190   498  8902 28,019; in foreign vessels, $20,140,607; total, $67,768,620.
Cotton, bales....          1664864141 00 68259~24.1429183148592222
Crneal, bbls.  1788 30       5364    2514    7542  Coastwise, $30.695,466; exports of foreign produce to foreign
Corn in ear, bbls.            17620.15   132125  16008  114105   countries in American vessels, $459,304; in foreign vessels,
Corn, shelled, sacks.     1225031|     251192540 1397132 1676558   $64,630; total, $523,934': sum  total, $98,088,026, against
Cheese,-boxes...            394974.00  157988   72441  254543  $76 389,349 for 1852, and $81,216,925 for 1851.  These reCandles, boxes....         68796   50  447174   53936  323616        1
Cider, bbls.           36 3'05     108~    300J    900   o
Cider, bbls......        36 3 ~00     10      300      900  sults, as compared with the previous year, show an increase
Coal, western, bbls.         700000   50  350000  850000  425000   of $19,692,429 in  the exports to  foreign  countries, and
Dr'd apples, peaches,  2237 4.00    8948             84    4020   $2,427,139 coastwise.
Feathers, bags...        20812 40 00.81685    105   72715      Algiers, a flourishing village, or rather suburb of New
Flaxseed, tierces..         a79l  8 00   10232     51      5190 O
Flour, bbls..'             808672/4 50[36390241 9272.121 8703848                                              iy   ih   hc    ti
Flear, Obblo.ssee6o 4.50 260900L4  907212 8783848   Orleans, is situated opposite to the city, with which it is
Furs, hhds., bds., and'bxs.     730- -...300000    211036 1000    connected by a ferry.  It has several shipyards and manuHemnip, bales......  17648 17 00  300016   17149  257235  facturing establishments.  At New  Orleans  and at these
Hides........ 101460 2 00  202920  1223687  247374   yards were built, during the year ending June 30, 1852, 1
Hay, bales.......   1750001 3 00  525000 53434  160302
Irn, pig, tons....           10140 00    4840        6   1060    brig, 11 schooners, and 4 steamers, with an aggregate burIron, pig,'tons,               121 40 00    48410     62    1860
Lar, bbls. and ins.. o    118243126 001 80743181 15496 3137400  then of 1284$ tons.
Lard, kegs.....    159672 5 50  87810   17689  788445             Gas was first employed to light the city in  1834; and
Leather, bundles.            6309 30:00  189270    7572  189300   during the same year water was introduced from  the MisLime, western, bb1s...        303838 1 25[  420971  42205[  52881               I  srle 
L ad, pister.bls.           338381525 55  41197   42306765    52881   sissippi.  It is raisedfrom  the river by steam to an elevated
Lead, pigs....           210287K  4 00  841148  267564  856204
Lead, bar, kgs. and bxs.'  15725 00    3925    1138   22760  reservoir, whence five or six millions ofgallons are daily
Lead, white. ~.              725 4 600     2000    1368    4104  distrbuted to various parts of the city.
Molasses, crop, gals...  25700000   20 5148000 18300000 4026000        Any description of New  Orleans would  be incomplete
Oats, bb18. annd sks.        446956 100   4 36956  463273  347451   Wit1   i
Oats,  bbl s..andas..s       4469561  I 0    t1 0   495 460313  347454   without some notice of its Cemeteries, many of which are
Onions, bbls.                 17718 2 00   35436   17184   84368
Oil, linseed.bbi....  508600   15040  758  ~1970    unique in  plan  and  method  of interment.  "Each  is
Oil, castor, bbls.....         4749[38 00  180196    4291  120148   enclosed with a brick wall of arched cavities, (or ovens,as
Oil, lard, bbls....     1468532 00  469920   14114  395192  they are here called,) made just large enough to admit a
Plotatses, bbls.....      204327 2 00  408654  22805  455190   single coffin, and raised tier upon tier, to a height of about
Pork, tcs. and bbls.         31..  6592 14 00 4432288  276606 4425696  twelve feet, with a thickness of ten.  The whole enclosure
Pork, boxes.....              2074 30 00   62220     303   10605
Pork, bhds    2...             254770 00   1782901   2478  198240  is divided into plats, with gravelled paths intersecting  each
Pork in bulk, lbs.         12985810  63.] 844077 8300000:616000  other at right angles, and is densely covered with tombs
Porter and ale, bbls..      1140 10 00   11400     406    4060  built wholly above ground, and from  one to three stories
Packing yarn, reels            2 811'7 00   18077    2093   14651   high.  This method of sepulture isadopted faom  necessity,
Skins, deer, packs.            425 0 00   12750       998   24950
Skins, bear, packs...           215 00       435 1      6     230   and burial under ground is never attempted, excepting in
Shot. kegs'.                   2233 30 00:669901   2704   67600  the'Potter's Field,' where the stranger without ftiends,
Sasp, boxes  -l6911 3 00 20733    53008   15924   and the poor without money, find an uncertain rest; the
Staves, B.......6000 45 05/ 240~000    7219  278102 aat.Sager, eat......rephd 03193 48 00  26000 2 722 9   278122  water, with which the soil is always saturated, often forcing
Sugar, est. crop, hhds.      321931]48 00|15452688  236547]11827350
Spanish moss, bales            37021 1000   37020    4372   34976  the coffin and its contents out of its narrow and shallowv
Tallow, bbsls......           4318124 00   31632    1307   26140  cell, to rot with no othler covering  than the arch of heaven."
Tobacco, leaf, hhds..         63260.0100,.6326000   75816 5686200     From its low situation and warm  climate, New Orleans is
Tobeacce, strips, bhds.       10050  130. 1306500   11741 0467625  subject to annual visitations of tloe yellow  fever, which
obacco, steis, 2hds.          1700 20 00   34000    2118   42360atly rrdin                                                roth  and
Do., chewing. kgs. and bs.   10886 25 00  272150    4779   9558   have'had the effect of greatly  retarding  te groth   nd
wine, bdls. and bxs..4544 8 00   36352    2331   18728   prosperity of the place. Statistical tables show that of those
inegar, bbls.                  144 6 00    1452:92          252  who are born and reared in the city, as large a proporttnn
hiskey.138515 8 00 1108120  146352 1097640  live to old age as of the inhabitants of other places that are' Window glass, bxs.          12455 3 08'44024   19251   45827   generally deemed healthy.  But the yellow fever is particuW4eat, btls. aid abs                                 ote i h n1 75   00768   64918  129836t    art
ther variousarticles, eati-                                        larly fatal to the unacclimnted, and especially to those who
mated at....           6000000.... 5500000  have been from  infancy accustomed to a northlern  climate.
This circumstance operates as a formidable check on the
influx of strangers, to which our great commercial cities
Tetal valee an 18e3 4..                8$.115,336,798        owe so large a proportion of their population and activity..Total in l852-a......1423,5
~Teal tin.82-.        0134,223,725          During the winter and spring, New Orleans may be re arded
Total in 1851-2                         108,051,708.
Total in 1850-1..... 106,924,083                 as a healthful residence for all, whether natives or stralngers;
Total in 1849-0........  96,897,873                   and hopes were entertained that, with the improvement:
1318




.NEW..NEW
in the sanitary regulations, there would be algradual and  abundant here. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and 2 news.i
steady advance in the health of the city during the warm   paper offices. Settled in 1804. Pop. in 1850, 1415; in 1853,
months;:but the year 1853 disappointed those hopes, the  about 2000.:epidemic having then appeared in a form more malignant    NEW PHILADELPHIA, a post-village of Washington Co.,
than was ever before known. Its int'oduction, however,  Indiana, 90 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis.
it is said, can:be traced to an infected vessel from South    NEW PHILADELPHIA, a post-office of Pike:co., Illinois.
America, where a fever of an unusually fatal character pre-   NEW PHILIPPINES.  See CAaROLINE ISLANDS.
vailed. It is estimated that not less than 9500 persons fell   NEW  PITTSItURG, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio,
victims to this terrible scourge during the season. For seve- about 90 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, 250,
ral weeks the number of deaths averaged near 200 per day.    NEW PLA/TO, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
History.-New Orleans was settled by the French in 1717.   NEW  PLYM/OUTH, a settlement of New Zealand, N.
In 1723 it contained about 100 cabins. and a population not island, on its W. coast, 150 miles S.S.W. of Auckland. Pop.
exceeding.200 souls. In 1727 the Jesuits-and Ursuline nuns  1155.
arrived; the former remained until the-expulsion of their    NEW  PLYMOUTH, a small post-village of Vinton co.,
order from France, Spain, and Naples, in 1763, compelled  Ohio.
them  to leave Louisiana; their entire.property was con-   NEW POINT, Ohio, a station on the Indianapolis and Cin.
fiscated; their lands, w'-ch were then sold by the court for  cinnati Railroad, 55:miles from Cincinnati.
about $186,000, are';ow probably worth, not less than    NEW  POINT COMIFORT, Chesapeake Bay, the N. side of
$20,000,000.  n 1769 occurred the first visitation of the yellow  the entrance to Mdbjack Bay, about 18 miles N. of Old
fever, which was introduced, itis said, by an English vessel Point Comfort.'On it is a fixed light, 60 -feet above the level
with a cargo of:slaves from Africa. The first regular com- of the sea. 
mercial intercourse between New Orleans and the ports of    NEWPORT, newl/prt, (L. Notvus Burfgus,)a parliamentary
the Uinited States was commenced in 1777, by~Oliver Pollock,. and municipal borough, market-town, and parish ofEngland,
a citizen of Baltimore. March 21, 1778, the city was visited  co. of IHants, in the centreof-the Isle-of Wight, of which it is
by a fierce conflagration, which destroyed 900 houses and a  the capital, on the-navigable Medina River, at the head of its
vast amount-of:other'property. In 1785, New Orleans had  navigation, and here crossed by an: old stone bridge, 17 miles
a population of 4700. The city militia, to the number of  S.S.E. of Southampton. Pop. of:parliamentary borough in
700, were organized for drill in 1792. In 1794, the first 1851, 8047. It isdelightfully situated; and has an ancient
newspaper, called "Le MIoniteur," was published. In 1762, church, in which was buried Elizabeth, daughter of Charles
New Orleans was conveyed to the Spanish, reconveyed to  I., (who died a prisoner in Carisbrooke Castle, after her
the French in 1800, and included in the purchase of Louisi- father's execution,):a grammar school, founded hy James
ana by the United States in 1803. At this:time it contained  I., and within which Charles I. and the parliamentary consa population of 8000. Its commerce extended to all the West, missioners concluded the "Treaty of Newport;" an ancient
to the Eastern States, and to Europe. The exports of 1802  guildhall and market-house, borough and county jail, 2
were 50,000 barrels of flour; 3000 barrels of beef and pork;  assembly rooms, a neat theatre, excellent:public library,
2000 hogsheads of tobacco; 34,000 bales of cotton; 4000 hogs- literary and mechanics' institutions, 2 or 3 banks, anrd a
heads of sugar, and 800 casks of molasses. New Orleans is. manufactory of lace. Newport is famous for its agricultural
famous in history as the-place designated to:become the seat implements. In the vicinity is thegrand'military depOt of
of the monarchy intended to have been established by the  Parkhurst Barracks, now in:a great measure converted into
treason of Aaron Burr. During the month of.January, 1804, a national model-prison, and opposite to it a large house of:the citizens were in a state of continual alarm': volunteer  industry for the whole island. Q.uarter sessions are heldhere,
companies and other troops constantly patrolled the streets, also an ancient governor's court, having extensive power
ready to suppress the first attempt at insurrection. This  over the whole island. Newport sends 2 members to the
year it was made a port of entry, and the next, (1805,):New  House of:Commons.
Orleans was incorporated as a city. In 1810, seven years    NEWPORT, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and
after it was received into the United States, its population  river-port town of England, co. of Monumouth, on the Usk,
had increased to 17,242. January 8, 1815, General Paken- here crossed by an excellent stone bridge, about 4 miles
ham,:commanding the English forces, made an attack on the  from its mouth, and on the line of the Monmouth and Carcity, approaching it through Lakes Borgne and Pontchar-  diff Railway, 24 miles S.S.W. of Monmouth.:Pop. in 1851,
train, and was signally defeated'by the Americans under  19,323. The chief buildings are the ancient parish church,
General Jackson.  The loss of the English in killed and  erected at various epochs, and the ruined castle built by
wounded was nearly 3000; the American loss was only 7  Robert Fitzroy, son of Henry I., remains of a monastery, a
men killed and 6 wounded. It was not till after peace was  union workhouse, several schools and:chapels, magnificent
established by:the Treaty of Ghent, that'New Orleans began  new docks and wharves, with yards for ship-building, iron
to reap the full advantages of a steam navigation on the  foundries, and immense exports of coal,- iron, and'tin,
Mississippi, and to'hold that proud preeminence she now  brought to it by canals, or tram  railways.  The port is acenjoys in'wealth, commerce, and population.  Named in  cessible to very large vessels. Registered shipping, in 1847,
honorof the Duke:of Orleans, regent of France during the  11,042 tons. The borough unites with Mlonmouth and Usk
minority of Louis XV. Pop. in 1820, 27,176; 1830,46,310.; in sending 1 member to the,Iouse of Commons.
1840, 102,193; 1850, 126,375; and by a local census in 1853,   NEWPORT, a market-town, seaport, and parish of South
145,449, of whom 29,174 were slaves and free colored. During  Wales, co. of Pembroke, on the Irish Sea, 6 miles EN.E. of
the business season the population is estimated at 175,000.   Fishguard. Pop. in 1851, 1716.  The town is a nominal'NEW OX/FOR`D, a post-village of Adams co., Pennsylvania. municipal borough. Its bay, of same name, forms an excelNEW PALTESTINE, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.   lent harbor, whence slates and agricultural produce are
NEW  PALTZ, (plts,)'a post-village and township of  exported. The chief imports -are coal and timber.
Ulster co., New York, on Walkill River, 72 miles S. by W. of    NEWPORT, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
Albany. Ithas a bank and an academy. Pop. 2729.             Salop, on the Strine, 17 miles E.N.E. of Shrewsbury.  Pop.
NEW PALTZ  LAND/ING,:a post-village of Ulster co., New  2497. It has a branch bank, considerable malt works, and
York, on the Hudson River opposite Poughkeepsie.            in the vicinity, mines of coal and iron. It is connected by
NEW  PAR/IS, a flourishing post-village of Jefferson town- canals with Shrewsbury, Birmingham, and Liverpool.
ship, Preble co., Ohio, on'the E. fork of Whitewa.ter River,    NEWPORT, a suburb of Launceston, England, co. of
57 miles N.N.W.'of Cincinnati. It possesses fine water-power, Cornwall.
and contains a woollen factory and several flouring-mills.    NEWPORT, a parish of England, co. of Essex, with a
Pop. estimated at 600.                                      station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 5 miles S. of
NEW  PARIS, a post-village of Elkhart co., Indiana, on  Chesterford.
the Indiana Central Railroad, about 7 miles S. of Goshen.   NEWPORT, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Fife,
Pop. 200.                                                   parish of Forgan.
NEW'PAT/ERSON, a village of Sussex co., New Jersey,    NEWPORT, a town of the Netherlands. See NIuseonT.
on Swartwout's Lake, 5 miles W. of Newton.                    NEW/PORT, a county:forming the S.E. extremity of
NEW PEN/NINGTON, a post-office, Decatur co., Indiana. Rhode Island, has an area of about 125 square miles. It'NEW  PEITERSBURG,:a post-village of Higliland co., consists of several small islands in Narraganset Bay, with
Ohio, 70 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop. over 300.       a portion of the mainland on its eastern shore. It enjoys
NEW PIHILADELPHIIA,      a village of Schuylkill co., Penn- great facilities for navigation and the fisheries, and conasisylvania, on the railroad which leads from Pottsville towards  derable attention has recently been paid to manufisctures.
Tamaqua, about 5 miles E.N.E. of the former.                The surface is moderately uneven, and the soil generally
NEW  PHILADELPHIA, Kentucky, a station on  the  fertile. Large quantities of coal, and some blacklead, are
Covington and Lexington Railroad, 13 miles from Covington. found in this county. Capital, New.port. Pop. 20,007.
NEW  PHILADELPHIA, a handsome post-village of Go-   NEWPORT, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 55
shei township,  and capital of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the  miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1210.
left bank of the Tuscarawas River, 100 miles E.N.E. of Colum-    NEWPORT, a post-village and township, capital of Sulbus. It is situated on a beautiful plain, in, the midst of a  livan co., New Hampshire, about 35 miles.N.W. by W. of
fertile, highly-cultivated country. Within a few years past Concord; it has a bank, 5 or 6 rake factories, 1 of:scythes,
it has increased rapidly in population and business. The  and several for hardware, bobbins, sash, blinds, &c. P. 2020.
Ohio Canal passes within a mile or two of the village. It    NEWPORT, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, nea!
has several manufactories a.nd mills. Coal and iron ore are  Memphremagog Lake, 55 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 748.
1319




NEW                                                        NEW
NEWPORT, a post-town, port of entry, seat of justice of  on the French Broad River, 47 miles E. of Knoxville, con
Newport county, Rhode Island, and semi-capital of the  tains 2 or 3 churches and an academy.
state, is situated on the W. shore of Rhode Island, 5 miles   NEWPORT, a flourishing and beautiful city of Campbell
from the ocean by ship-channel, and 28 miles S. by E. of  co., Kentucky, is situated on the Ohio River, opposite CinProvidence; lat. 410 29' N., lon. 710 19' 12" W. The harbor cinnati, 80 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort, and just above the
is one of the best on the United States coast, being capa- mouth of Licking River, which separates it from Covington.
cious, safe, easy of access, and of sufficient depth for the  It owes its rapid growth and importance chiefly to its
largest ships. It is defended by Fort Wolcott, on Goat Island, proximity to Cincinnati, and the beauty of its situation.
and Fort Adams, a fortification of great size and strength, Newport and the villages of Jamestown and Brooklyn,
on Benton's Point, about 13 miles S.W. of the town. New- occupying about 2000 acres, in a few years will be united
port has a beautiful site on an acclivity facing the harbor. as one town, a great part of which will be composed of
Within a few years the town has been greatly improved, elegant mansions and cottages of wealthy citizens and perboth with regard to its streets and buildings. Its fine sea- sons who have retired from  business. It contains several
air and varied scenery have rendered it one of the most extensive rolling-mills, iron-foundries, and steam-mills, and
celebrated watering-places in New England. Several splen- a manufactory of silk goods; also 1 bank, and 1 or 2 newsdid hotels have been built, and wealthy persons from other paper offices. Pop. in 1853, about 8500.
cities have erected many handsome edifices for summer re-   NEWPORT, a village of Shelby co., Ohio, on the Miami
sideice. The principal public buildings are the State-house, and Erie Canal, 112 miles, by canal, N. of Cincinnati.
a commodious brick structure, adorned with an octagonal   NEWPORT, a post-village and township of Washington
cupola, and containing, besides the legislative halls, apart- co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 14 miles above Marietta. The
ments for thd several courts of the county, state, and United  village has an active business, and contains about 600
States, a custom-house, and a market-house. The Masonic- inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 1228.
hall, on School Street, and an armory-hall, on Clark Street,   NEWPORT, a post-village of Monroe co., Michigan, on
are also finue structures. The building of the Redwood Li- Lake Erie, 8 miles N.E. of Monroe City. Oak timber and
brary and Athenaeum  is a very handsome edifice, with a  staves are shipped here.
portico and wings. The apartment devoted to the use of    NEWPORT, a post-village of St. Clair co., Michigan, on
the library contains about 4000 volumes, besides numerous the St. Clair River, at the mouth of Belle River, 45 miles
pictures and busts. There are'about 15 churches in New- N.E. of Detroit. It contains several stores and mills.
port of the various denominations. The Friends' meeting-    NEWPORT, a post-village, capital of Yermilion  co.,
house was erected in the year 1700, at which date, it is said, Indiana, on Little V'ermilion River, 1 mile from the Wabash
that about one-half of the entire population belonged to that River, and 75 miles W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches,
society.  Among the hotels, the Ocean House, at the S. and a flourishing seminary. Pop. 500.
end of Bellevue Street; the Atlantic House, at the head of    NEWPORT, a flourishing  post-village of Wayne co,
Pelham Street, and the Bellevue House, on Catherine Street, Indiana, on the plank-road from Richmond to Winchester,
may be mentioned as the most extensive. It has manu- 10 miles N.N.W. of the former.
factories of carriages, cabinet-ware, clocks, oil, soap and    NEWPORT, a small village of Calhoun co., Illinois.
candles, calicoes, muslins, &c. The town contains 7 banks,    NEWPORT, a village of Greene co., Illinois, on the left
with an aggregate capital of $680,000, a savings institution, bank of the Illinois River, 14 miles W.N.W. of Carrollton.
having $294,813.25 on deposit, an academy, and 5 newspa-   NEWPORT, a post-township in Lake co., Illinois. P. 964.
per offices.                                                  NEWPORT, a small village of Franklin co., Missouri, on
For a long period after the first settlement of the colonies, the Missouri River, 67 miles by land W. of St. Louis, was
Newport, in commercial importance, was the rival of Bos- formerly the county seat.
ton and New York, and, until the Revolution, it ranked    NEWPORT, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa.
among the first commercial cities of New England; but by    NEWPORT, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.
that event its commerce was entirely destroyed, and its    NEWPORT, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of IHants,
population reduced from about 10,000 to 5500. Since then  on an arm of Mines Bay, opposite Falmouth and adjoining
it has never been able to recover its former rank. The ship- Windsor the county seat, about 30 miles N.N.W. (sf Halifax.
pirig of the district, June 30,1852, amounted to an aggre-   NEW  PORT/AGE, a post-village of Summit co, Ohio, on
gate of 6301 tons registered, and 4699~ tons enrolled and  the Ohio Canal, and on the Cleveland and Zanesville Raillicensed. Of the former, 1851 tons were employed in the  road, 119 miles N.E. of Columbus.
whale fishery; and of the latter, 3785~ were employed in    NEW/PORT CEN/TRE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennthe coast trade; 560 tons in the cod and mackerel fishe- sylvania.
ries, and 2551 tons in steam navigation. The foreign arri-   NEWPORT CENTRE, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa.
vals for the year were 28-tons 4833, and the clearances 20,   NEW PORT/LAND, a post-township, Somerset co., Maine,
-tons 4337; of which 4287 were in American bottoms. Dur- on Seven Mile Brook, (which with its tributaries here affords
ing the same period, 1 ship and I schooner, with an aggre-  good water-power,) about 50 miles N. by W. of Augusta. A
gate burthen of 272- tons, were admeasured.' The assessed  bridge has been built across the river here, at a cost of
value of taxable property for the town is about $5,000,000.  $3000. The township contains two villages, one called West
Newport has steamboat communication with Providence, Village, (name of post-office, New Portland,) and the other
Fall River, and New York. It is also proposed to construct North Portland.  West Village has 3 churches and 3 stores.
a railroad, connecting it with Bristol, Fall River, and Provi-  Pop. about 200; of the township, 1460.
dence.-For history, see ROnDE ISLAND. Pop. of the town-   NEW PORTLAND, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee.
ship in 1830, 8010; in 1840, 8333; in 1850, 9563; in 1855,   NEW PORTLAND, a post-village of Ralls co., Missouri, on
about 10,000.                                               Salt River, about 95 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.
NEWPORT, a post-village and township of Herkimer co.,   NEWPORT NEWS, a post-office of Warwick co., Virginia.
New York, on West Canada Creek, about 85 miles W.N.W.   NEW/PORT-PAGINELL, a market-town and parish of
of Albany.  The village contains 4 or 5 churches, and  England, co. of Buckingham, on the Ouse, crossed here by
several stores and factories. Pop. of the township, 2125.    two stone bridges, 4 miles E.N.E. of Wolverton.  Pop. of
NEWPORT or NANTUXET, a post-village of Cumberland  the town in 1851, 3312. It has manufactures of lace, emco., New Jersey, 28 miles S.E. of Salem.                    ploying a large part of the population.
NEWPORT, a township of Luzerne. co., Pennsylvania,   NEW/PORT  PRATT, a. seaport-town of Ireland, ConPop. 868.                                                   naught, co. of Mayo, on the Newport River, 8 miles W.N.W.
NEWPORT, a thriving post-village of Oliver township,  of Castlebar.  Pop. 1091. The harbor is spacious and safe.
Perry-co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Juniata    NEWPORT RIVERS, NORTH and SoUTH, two small streams
River, and on the Central Railroad, 24 miles N.W. of HIarris-  of Liberty co., Georgia, flowing into St. Catharine's Sound.
burg. It is a place of active business, and is a general dep~t   NEWPORT TIP, a market-town of Ireland, co. of Tippefor grain, which is exported by the Pennsylvania Canal. rary, on the Mulkern, 91 miles N.E. of Limerick. Pop. 1000.
Pop. in 1853, about 600.                                      NEW/PORTVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., PennsylNEWPORT, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware,. on  vania. 116 miles E. by S. of hIarrisburg.
the Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, 4 miles W. of    NEW POTO/SI, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.
Wilmington.                                                   NEW  PRES/TON, a post-village of Washington township,
NEWP'ORT, a post-village in Charles co., Maryland, 50  Litchfield co., Connecticut, about 40 miles N.W. by W. of
miles S.W. by S. of Annapolis.                              New Haven.
NEWPORT, a village of Augusta co., Virginia, 18 miles    NEW PRINCE/TON, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.
W. of Staunton, the county seat, has 2 stores.                NEW PROS/PECT, a post-village of Bergen co., New JerNEWPORT, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.            sey, 22 miles N. by W. of Jersey City.
NEWPORT, a post-village of Wakulla co., Florida, on    NEW  PROSPECT, a post-village of Spartanburg district,
Appalachee Bay, at the mouth of St. Mark's River, about 3  South Carolina.
miles above St. Mark's. A plank-road is in progress from     NEW  PROSPECT, a village in Greene co., Alabama, 100
this place to the boundary of Georgia. A newspaper is pub- miles' N.W. by W. of Montgomery.
lished here.                                                 NEW PROSPECT, a post-office of Winston co., Mississippi.
NEWPORT, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.           NEW PROSPECT, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.
NEWPORT, a post-office of Attala co., Mississippi.         NEW  PROSPECT, a village of Orange co., Indiana, on
NEWPORT, a post-office of Greene co.. Arkansas.          the New Albany and Vincennes Turnpike, 8 miles W. of
NEWPORT, a post-village, capital of Cocke co., Tennessee, Paoli.
1320




NEW                                                       NEW
NEW PROVYIDENCE, a post-village and township of Es-   NEWRY, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, on the Mus
sex co., New Jersey, on the right bank of the Passaic River, catatuc River, 15 miles E. of Brownstown.
about 11 miles W. of Newark. Pop. 1216.                      NEWS. a post-office of Calhoun co., Illinois.
NEW PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn-   NEW  SAILEM, a post-township of Franklin co., Massa.
sylvania.                                                  chusetts, 70 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 1253.
NEW PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.       NEW SALEM, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
NEW  PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Montgomery co.,   NEW SALEM, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,
Tennessee, on the Cumberland RItiver, 47 miles by the road  about 50 miles S. of Pittsburg, and 190 miles W. by S. of
N.W. of Nashville. It is a dep~t for tobacco and other pro- Harrisburg, has about 50 houses.
duce, which is forwarded by steamboats down the river.   NEW  SALEM, a post-borough of Salem  township, WestPop. 600.                                                 moreland co., Pennsylvania, on the Northern Turnpike from
NEW PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Clarke co., Indiana, pittsburg to Harrisburg, 28 miles E. of the former. The
on the New Albany and Salem  Railroad, 19 miles N.N.W. post-office is called Salem Cross Roads. Pop. about 300.
of New Albany.                                              NEW SALEM, a post-office of Ilarrison co., Virginia.
NEW PROVIDENCE, the most important of the Bahama    NEW  SALEM, a post-village in Randolph co., North
Islands, between Eleuthera and Andros; lat. 250 5' N.. Carolina.
ion. 770 21' W. It is 17 miles long from E. to W., and 7    NEW SALEM, a post-village of Rusk co., Texas, about 240
miles across in its widest part, which is in the middle. It miles N.E. of Austin.
is mostly fiat, and covered with brushwood and extensive    NEW SALEM, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, 11 miles
lagoons. On the N. side is the harbor and town of Nassau, N.E. of Lancaster.
the seat of government of the Bahamas. The harbor is    NEW  SALEM, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, 47
nearly land-locked, being sheltered on the N. by Hog Island. miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis.
New Providence was colonized by the English in 1629, but   NEW  SALEM, a village of Edwards co., Illinois, 8 miles
they were expelled by the Spaniards in 1641. It subse- N. of Albion, the county seat, is settled by Germans.
quently fell again into the hands of the English, and was    NEW SALEM. a post-office of Pike co., Illinois.
again taken by the Spaniards, but was eventually restored    NEW  SALISBURY, (sawlz/ber-re,) a post-village in Harto the former at the peace of 1783.                       rison co., Indiana, 110 miles S. of Indianapolis.
NEW  QUAY, a small seaport of Wales, co. and on the    NEW SANTA FE, a post-office of Jackson co., Missouri.
Bay of Cardigan, 15 miles N.N.W. of Lampeter. About 70    NEW  SANTANDER, a department and town of Mexico.
vessels of 40 or 50 tons belong to the port.              See TAMAULIPAS AND NUEVO SANTANDER.
NEW  RETREAT/, a post-office of Washington co., In-   NEW SARUMi, a city of England. See SALISBURY.
diana.                                                      NEW  SCOT/LAND, a post-township of Albany co., New
NEW RICH/LAND, a post-office of Logan co., Ohio. ~      York, 9 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 3459.
NEW RICHIIMOND, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsyl-    NEW  SCOTTSIVILLE, a post-office of Beaver co., Pennvania.                                                     sylvania.
NEW RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village of Ohio town-   NEW  SEWIICKLY, a township of Beaver co., Pennship, Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 20 miles above  sylvania. Pop. 2131.
Cincinnati. It is the most populous village in the county,   NEW SHAIRON, a post-village and township of Franklin
and is a place of rapid growth. It has a union school, and  co., Maine, on Sandy River, 6 miles from its mouth, and 26
several steam mills and carding machines. Pop. 2500.      miles N.N.W. of Augusta. The falls of Sandy River here
NEW RICHIMtOND, a village of Montgomery co., Indiana, afford a superior water-power, which is partly improved by
12 miles N.N.W. of Crawfordsville.                         a large starch factory, sash and blind factory, factories for
NEW RIVER, of Virginia. See KANAWHA.                     bedsteads and chairs, machine shops, carding-mill, and saw,
NEW RIV/ER, of North Carolina, a small stream which  grist, and shingle mills. The river is crossed here by the
rises near the N.W. corner of Onslow co., and flowing south- largest stone bridge in the state, costing $7000. The village
ward, enters the Atlantic through New River Inlet.         contains 4 churches, a library, newspaper office, an organ
NEW RIVER, of Beaufort district, South Carolina, flows  factory, 5 boot and shoe factories, a tannery, carriage factory,
southward. and enters the Atlantic at the S.W. extremity  potash factory, and clothing factory employing about 100
of the state.                                             females. Fine granite is obtained from  a quarry in the
NEW lRIVER, of Alabama. See SIPsEY.                     vicinity.  New  Sharon has a larger amount of capital
NEW  ItIVElt, of Louisiana, flows into Lake Mlaurepas  invested in trade and manufactures than any other townfrom the W.                                                ship in the county. Since 1850 its business has increased
NEW RIVER, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.       50 per cent. Pop. 1732.
NEW RIVER, a post-office of Ascension parish, Louisiana.   NEW SHARON, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.
NEW ROAD, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.         NEW SHEF/FIELD, a post-village of Beaver co., PeunsylNEW ROCILELLE, (ro-shll1,) a post-village and township  vania, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Pittsburg.
of Westchester co., New York, on Long Island Sound, and    NEW   SIIOREIRAM, a post-township of Newport co.,
on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of Rhode Island, comprising Block Island, which lies 30 miles
New York. The village is pleasantly situated, and contains  S.S.W. of Newport. Pop. 1262.
6 or 7 churches, about a dozen stores, and several boarding-    NEW  SIBE/RIA, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean,
houses. Pop. estimated at 1800; of the township, 2458.     off the N. coast of Siberia, government of Yakootsk, in which
NEW ROCHVESTER, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio.        they are comprised, between lat. 730 12' and 760 20' N., and
NEW ROCKIFORD, a village of Jackson co., Indiana, on  ion. 1350 20' and 1500 20' E. They consist of Kotelnoi, Fathe E. fork of White River, and on the railroad from Jeffer-  dievskol, New Siberia, Liakhow, and some smaller islands.
sonville to Columbus, 60 miles S. of Indianapolis. Pop. in  New Siberia, the most E. of these islands, is 75 miles in
1853, 200.                                                 length and 30 miles in breadth, and presents some curious
NEW ROE, rn, a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky.       vegetable and animal fossil remains. It was discovered by
NEW ROSS, a post-village in Montgomery co., Indiana,!30  IIedenstroem in 1809.
miles N.W. by W. of Indianapolis.                            NEW SMYR/NA, a post-office of Orange co., Florida.
NEW RUM/LEY, a post-village of IHarrison co., Ohio, 128    NEW  SOM/ERSET, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio,
miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                                  143 miles E. by N. of Columbus.
NEW RUSISIA, a post-office of Essex co., New York.         NEWTSOM'S DEPOT, a post-office of Southampton co.,
NEWRY, nulree, a parliamentary borough, river-port town, Virginia.
and parish of Ireland, Ulster, counties of Down and Armagh,   NEW/SON, a post-office of Bibb co., Louisiana.
on the Newry Water, here crossed by 8 bridges, 6 miles   NEW SOUTI GEORGIA. See SOUTovH SHETLAND.
above its fall in Carlingford Bay, and on the Newry Canal,   NEW SOUTII SIHETLAND. See SovUT  SHETLAND.
which forms a navigation between the bay and Lough    NEW  SOUTIHI WALES, (Fr. Nouvelle-Galles-deu-Sud,  ioo'Neagh, 34 miles S.W. of Belfast. Pop. in 1851, 24,809. It is v8llh gdll dti slid,) a colony of Great Britain, forming the
well built, with the exception of some parts of the old town; whole of the S.E. part of Australia, stretching along the
has 2 handsome churches, 2 large Roman Catholic chapels, a  South Pacific Ocean, from Hervey Bay, in lat. 260, to Calne
convent, a preparatory seminary for Maynooth  College, IHowe, lat. 370 31' S.; and W. from ion. 153~ 45' to 1460 E.;
various minor schools, a town-hall, 2 jails, large infantry  greatest length from N. to S., about 800 miles; greatest
barracks, a union workhouse, assembly rooms, a custom-  breadth, about 450 miles; area, estimated at 350,000 square
house, and a court and market house. The port admits miles. Only a small portion of this immense territory,
large vessels to Warrenpoint, about 4 miles below the town; extending from about lat. 320 to 360 S., and from the ocean
and the canal, vessels of 600 tons burden. The principal to Ion. 1480 30' E., is regularly settled. The coast-line
exports are linen, grain, provisions, cattle, eggs, and butter, presents, in general, hold perpendicular cliffs of sandstone,
chiefly to England, but it trades also with North America, in horizontal strata. Occasionally the cliffs are interrupted
the Baltic, and the Levant. Registered shipping (1847) bylow sandy beaches, some of which stretch to a considerable
11,394 tons. The borough sends 1 member to the IHouse of  distance inland, and appear to have been covered by the sea
Commons.                                                  at no very remote period. The indentations of the coast are
NEWRY, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 50 miles more remarkable for their number, and the excellent harbors
N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 459.                                which they form, than for the space which they occupy.
NEWRlY, a post-village of Blair co., Pennsylvania, 125  Next to Hervey Bay, which is by far the largest, but scarcely
miles W. of Harrisburg.                                   included within the limits of the colony, is MIoreton Bay,
1321




NEW                                                         NEW
lat. 270:30  S., formal between the mainland and Moreton  dry, or form only a successionof deep ponds or water-holes
and Stradbroke Islands, the two largest on the coast. S. of  The most deserving of notice are, the Hunter wvhich:falls
this, the first bay of any:note that occurs is Port Stephens, into the fine port of that name at Newcastle, anidis navigable
in lat. 320 27' S., which is followed by a succession of noble  for 50 miles above its mouth by small craft of 30 or 40 tons;
natural harbors, destined sooner or later to become great the Hawkesbury, falling into Broken Bay, and navigable by
commercial emporiums. The most conspicuous are Port vessels of 100 tons, as far as Windsor, -a distancae:of 140 miles;
Hunter, Port Macquarie, Broken Bay, Port Jackson, Botany  the Paramatta, important only as giving a uavioable comBay, Jervis Bay,:Sussex Haven, and Twofold Bay.            munication into Sydney Cove; George River, which has its
Physical Features.-The surface of the country is much  mouth in Botany Bay, and is navigable by:small vessels to
diversified, and presents, in its general features, a succession  Liverpool, a distance of 24 miles; the Shoalhaven, navigable
of hills and valleys, mountains and plains. A mountain  for 20 miles, for vessels of 70 or 80 tons; the Clyde,
range, varying in height from 3000 feet to 6000 feet, extends  falling'into Bateman's Bay, lat. 350 45 S, described as a
N. and S. nearly parallel to the coast, at the distance of from  fine, clear, capacious river, with 9 feet water on the bar, and
30 miles to 50 miles inland; in the N. it talkes the name of  a depth within of 7 fathoms; in the N., the chief rivers are
Liverpool Range; in the centre, that of the Blue Mountains;  the Hastings, which falls into Port Macquarie, after a course
and in the S., that of the Australian Alps. The intervening  of about 100 miles; and the Clarence, entering Shoal Bay,
space between the mountains and the sea is partly broken  lat. 290 30' S.; the last is remarkable for its great breadth
by spurs and ramsifications, but descends from the WV. with  and large volume of water compared with most Australian
more or less rapidity, and has a generally undulating sur-  streams, and navigable for large steamers bfor a considerable
face, intersected by watercourses; well wooded in some  distance,'and by small craft for nearly 90 miles.
places,:and in others covered with dense brushwood.            Cliqnate.-The seasons of New South Wales are the very
Geology.-As a general rule, the prevailing rock on the E. reverse of those of the United States, the month of January
side of the mountains is sandstone, and on the W. granite. here being midsummer, and that of July the dead of winter.
Above the granite, quartz and sienite are seen forcing their The average annual temperature is 640; that of spring being
way to the surface; greenstone and porphyry often form  650 5'; of summer, 72~; of autumn, 660; and of winter, 55~.
lofty summits. On Mount Kosciusko in the S.W., granite  It thus appears that the annual average range of the
forms a base 2000 feet above sea-level, while sienite and  thermometer does not exceed 170. The air in general is
quartz attain an additional height of 4500 feet, making the  remarkably elastic and salubrious, and instances of great
whole elevation of this mount, which seems to be the  longevity are not uncommon. At Sydney, no fewer than
culminating point of the chain, 6500 feet. On the same  241 days are fine, and only 48 are rainy. Itwould seem,
mount, mica schist, and chlorite, and argillaceous slates,:are  however, that when rain does fall it descends in almost eonthrown into positions almost vertical; while in other places tinuous torrents, and that hence, while the annual fall is
the strata, though evidently upheaved, remain nearly honi-  only about 33 inches in New York, it exceeds 52 inches at
zontal. In the N., where the chain takes the name of the  Port Jackson, and 62 inches at Port Macquarie.  The preLiverpool Range, greenstone is seen raising itself in bare and  vailing winds at Sydney are N.E., S.W., and W.  Of:these,
fantastic peaks to the height of 4700 feet. Further S., at Cul- the most annoying are the siroccos orhote W. winds, which
lenbullen, lat. 330 30' S., the chain becomes granitic, but sends  are supposed to originate in the central deserts, and raise
off towards the E. a very remarkable basaltic spur, which has  the temperature to such an intensity, that the thermometer
thrown the sedimentary rocks into the wildest confusion, in the shade stands at 1170 or 1200. VWhen continuing for
producing firightful rents and gorges. It is remarkable,  any length of time, the green leaves:turn yellow, the:grass
that, notwithstanding  the numerous indications of tre-  becomes dry like hay, the red and blue grape shrivel up and
mendous volcanic agency inalmost every mountain district, lose their color, and the most promisingharvest is fequently
no active volcano is known to exist, except in the single  ruined. It is said, however, that these hot winds, being
instance of Mount.Wingen, situated near the sources of  free from  deleterious gases, have no injurious effect on
Hunter's River. In connexion with the granite, limestone, human health.
both  granular and  foliated, occurs in abundance, and    Vegetation, Agriculture, and Manufactures.-For the pecubesides:being often hollowed out into stalactitic caverns, liarproductions ofthe vegetable and animalkingdomn, see Aussometimes passes into a beautiful close-grained marble, as  eRALIA. Thesoil, where the substratum is sandstone,has more
white as that of Carrara. This limestone is most extensively  or less of a clayish texture; where the substratum  is whindeveloped on the Upper and Lower Hunter Rivers, and be- stone, it is invariably a light black mould. Both soils are
tween Wellington and Mount Canobolas. In some places it possessed of great natural fertility. Many crops have been
becomes of a jet-black colour, traversed by white veins, and  taken in succession without manuring, and without any
at others, is finely variegated.                            apparent diminution of productiveness. The fruits of naMiinerals.-Much of the sandstone E. of the mountains, tive growth are neither numesous nor valuable, but the
belongs to the carboniferous system, and is accompanied  best of those of Europe have long been acclimated, and:are
with workable seams of excellent coal. One field, to which  everywhere seen in abundance. In the more-southern parts
the name of Newcastle has been appropriately given, is said  of the colony, the fruits include apples, pears, peaches, aprito vie in quality with that which has made the English New-  cots, nectarines, cherries, plums, oranges, figs, grapes, mecastle so famous, and contains no fewer than five seams-  lons, mulberries, gooseberries, currants, &c.; and, in the
two of 5 feet and three of 3 feet in thickness, and are worked  more northern parts, the banana is equally abundant. The
to some ex-tent by the Australian Agricultural Company. peach thrives remarkably well, and farmers sometimes feed
Other fields, equally valuable, give indications of containing  their pigs with the windfalls of their orchards. The rearan abundance of iron ore. Copper ore, of the richest quality,  ing of silk-worms on the mulberry has attracted considesahas been found in such quantities, that the veins are  ble attention; and the vine, in 1849, was under culture on 887
believed to extend in every direction over many miles of the  acres, the produce from which was 97;300 gallons of wines
Wellington  districts; and one high hill presents indications  of good quality, and 1163 gallons of brandy. In 1852, 82,110
of being one solid mass of metal. Numerous varieties of  acres were in wheat, producing 1,407,465 bushels; 25,019
finer pebbles are found in many districts, and are so abund- acres in maize, producing  717,053 bushels; 6725 acres in
ant in Hunter's River, that it is said to flow for a consider- barley, producing 133,944 beishels; 2407 acres in oats, proable distance over rocks of jasper, beautiful agates, opal, and  ducing 49,069 bushels; 245 acres in rye, yielding 4891 bushchalcedony. The first discovery of gold in Australia oc- els; 54 acres in millet, yielding 731 bushels; 4079 acres in
curred in Newv South Wales in MIay, 1851, and the great  potatoes, yielding 13,644 tons; 731 acres:in tobacco, yielding
number of places in which it has since been found, indicate  12,530 cwt.; 27.598 acres in wheat, barley, and oats for hay,
its existence, in greater or less quantities, over the whole  yielding 31,894 tons, and 3028 acres in sown grasses, yielding
colony-in the S., the centre, and the N. The actual quan- 4711 tons of hay. Total number of acres in crop,.152,057
tity of gold hitherto obtained within the proper limits of  Cotton is grown to a limited extent. The principal revenue,
the colony cannot be accurately ascertained; butthe amount however, is obtained from  the pastures, chiefly in the form
of gold exported from Sydney, chiefly, it is to be presumed, of wool and tallow. The almost unprecedented increase of
from New South' Wales, though partly also from Victoria, live stock appears from the fact, that the number of horses,
was, up to January 20, 1853, estimated at 3,570,1051.-  horned cattle, and sheep, which, in 1825, were respectively
(See AUSTRALIA,;3~inerads, page 134.)                      6142,134,519, and 337,622, had increased to 113,895, 1,752,852,
Rivers.-The mountain chain above described forms the  and 11,660,819, respectively in 1848. In the same year, the
great water-shed of the colony. The country continues  number of swine was 70,875. The great increase of horses
rugged and mountainous for a considerable distance, and  is partly owing to a demand for cavalry sand horse artillery
at last assumes the form of an elevated plateau, the greater  in the East Indies, where the horses of the colony are found
part of which remains unexplored, W. of the mountain  well suited for the trying climate. - Horned cattle also are
range. Several considerable rivers descend from  its W. largely exported, and considerable attention has recently
slope, but have only the eamly part of their course in New  been paid to the curing of animal food. The only manuSouth Wales. The more important are the Murrumbidgee  facture that has as yet made much progress is that of leather,
andits tributary Laechlan, which both join the Mlurray; the  which, in 1848, employed 33 tanneries; and woollens. of
Began, Macquarie, and Peel, apparently affluents of the  which 175,088 yards were woven in 1847. The whale and
Darling and the Condamine. The comparatively narrow  seal fisheries, though somewhat diminished of late years
space intervening between the mountains and the Pacific, still form one of the great interests of the colony, and iv
leaves little room for the development of large rivers. Many  1848 amounted in value to 68,9691.
of them  are, for a great part of the year, either altogether    Cossamerce.-The total value of goods imported into New
1322




NEW                                                        NEW
South Wales, in 1851, amounted to 1;563,9311., and in 1852,   NEW STORE. a post-office of Buckinghamnco.. Virginia.
to 1,900,4361.; the value of exports rose from 1,796,9121., in    NEW  SWEIDEN, a manufacturing post-village of Clintor
1851, to 4,604,0311., in 1852, being an increase of 2,807,1221. co., New York, on Au Sable River,:130-miles  N. of Albany.
The trade is chiefly with Great Britain. The quantity of    NEWITEE', a maritime town of:British India, presidency
wool exported in 1828, was 834,343 pounds; and in 1848, of Bombay, 38 miles N.N.W. of Goa.
22,969,711 pounds, valued at 1,240,1441. In 1852, the quan-    NEW  TE1XIAS, a village ofLehigh co., Pennsylvania, 5
tity of wool exported reached/only 11,966,241 pounds, valued  miles from Allentown.
at' 688,3171. In 1843, the exports of tallow, obtained chiefly    NEW TIMIBER, a parish of England,.co. of Sussex.
by what is called the boiling down system, was 5680 cwt..    NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
valued at 96391.; in 1848, 98,213 cwt., valued at 140,5791., and    NEWTON, a parish of:England, co. of Lincoln.
in 1852, 139,330 cwt., valued at 174,7311. The number of    NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
vessels that arrived in 1851, was 553, (tons 153,002;) in 1852,   NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
721, (tons 197,366;) the number of clearances in 1851, was   NEWTON;a parish of England, co. Of York, North Riding.
503, (tons 139,020,) and in 1852,701, (tons 175,960.) In 1852,   NEWTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.
direct steam  communication was established between New    NEWTON, a township of England, co. of Chester, on the
South Wales and Great Britain.                              Manchester and Sheffield Railway, 5~ miles N.E. ofStockport.
Governmest, &c.-By an act passed in 1850, Port Phillip,   NEWTON, atownship of England, co. of Lancaster.
which formerly depended on New South Wales, was erected    NEWTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.
Into a separate colony, underthe name of Victoria, and in-   NEWTON; a county in theN. centratl part of Georgia, has
dependent legislatures established'in both. In New South  an area of 360 square miles. It isbounded on the S.W.!by
Wales the Legislative Council consistsof such a number of  South River, intersected by the Yellow and Alcovy Rivers.
members as the governor and council shall determine; of  The county contains an abundance of fine granite and iron
which members one-third shall be nominated by the Crown, ore. Gold is found in smallquantities.  It is intersected by
and two-thirds by the male inhabitants, natural born or the Georgia Railroad.  Named in honor of Sergeant John
naturalized British subjects, 21 years of age, andqualified  Newton, an officer of the Revolution. Capital, Covington.
to vote. The laws-enacted within the colony must not be  Pop. 13,296, of whom 8109 were free, and 5187 slaves.
repugnant to the laws of Great Britain. In each county    NEWTON, a county in the S.E. central part-of Mississippi,
are courts of requests; and circuit and sessions courts are  has an area of about 580 square miles. It is dirained by a
neld at Goulburn, Paramatta, Bathurst, Maitland, and Syd- branch of Chickasawha River. Capital,Decatur. Pop. 4465,
ney, which last town is the seat of the supreme court, and  of whom 3433 were free, and 1032 slaves.
the capital of thecolony. The colony is subdivided into the    NEWTON, alcounty in the E. central part of Texas, bordioceses of Newcastle, Sydney, and Melbourne. The total dering on the Sabine River, which separates it from Louisiordinary revenue, in 1851, amounted to 311,5381., and in  ana, has an areaof about 1200 square miles. It is drained
1852, to 438,3911., of which 156.9391. was duties on spirits  by Caney and Big Cow Creeks. Capital, Burkeville. Pop.
imported,as well as made in the colony, and 217,0211. fromn the  1689, of whom 1263 were free, and 426 slaves.
customs, exclusive of the duties on spirits distilled in the    NEWTON, a county in the:N.N.W. part of Arkansas,'concolony. The crown revenue amounted to 238,5021., and the  tauins 800 square miles. It is drained by the head stlreams
expenditures to 253,9341. The expenditure for military pur- of Buffalo Fork of White River. Capital, Jasper. Pop. 1758,
poses was 79391.                                            of whom 1711 were fiee, and 47 slaves.
Inhabitants,  lsucation, &c.-Since the first establishment    NEWTON, a county in the S.W. part of Missouri, borof the colony, in 1787, the number of convicts sent into it deriug on the Indian Territory. It has an area of 750 squanre
from Great Britain, up to 1840, when the importation ceased, miles. It is drained by Shoal, Oliver, and Centre Creeks.
was 54,383; of these only 2387 were living in New South  Lead-mines have recently been opened 6 miles from Neosho,
Wales on December 31,1852. In 1829, capital punishment was (the capital.) P. 4268, of:whom 4027 werefree, and 241 slaves.
inflicted in 52; and in 1852, only in 5 instances; in 1839,   NEWTON, a township of Rockiugham  co., New Itampthe convicted felonies amounted to 768, and in 1852, to only  shire. intersected by the Portland Saco and Portsmouth
822. Much of the improvement is probably due to mere  Railroad. 40 miles S.E. of Concord.  Pop. 685.
physical causes, the abundant supply of the necessaries of    NEWTON, a flourishing post-township of Middlesex co.,
life extinguishing many of the strongest incentives to crime Massachusetts, intersected by two raileoads forming separate
in older and more densely peopled countries; but much of lines connecting Boston and New York, 8 miles W. of the
it is also due to the enlightened efforts which have been  former. It is bounded on the NW., S.W., and S.by Charl:es
made to:communicate instruction, and awaken or strengthen  River, on which, in this part of its conurse, are two flourishreligious impressions. A University was established at Syd- ing manufacturing villages, about two miles apart, called
ney, October 11, 1852. The number of pupils attending school, respectively NEWTON UsPER FALLs and NrwTON Lowr FArLLms.
in 1852, was 21,065; in 1846, the number of persons between  The former has a nail mill, rolling mill, paper mill, cotton
the ages of 6 and 21 who could not read, was 36,603; and  factory, and machine shop; the latter 7 paper nmills and a
above 21, 21,405; making a total of 38,000, or nearly one- machine shop. The value of paper annually made amounts
fifth of the then existing population. According to the to from $600,000 to $800,000, which is about equal to all the
census of 1852, New South Wales is at present divided into  other manufactures.' Newtown Centreis the seat of a well68 counties, and numerous squatting districts. The num- endowed theological seminary, under the coutrol of the,apher of clergymen, in 1852, was 163, and the ecclesiastical tists; and at West Newton an institution called the'West
revenue, 38,1961. The population, December 31, 1852, was Newton English and Classical School has been established in
estimated at 208,254.                                       the building recently occupied by one of the State Normal
llistory. —Captain Cook, after sailing round the E. coast Schools, (removed, 1853.) There a'e  also 2 other inercrpof Australia, in 1770, landed on a low swampy tract, to  rated academies at Auburndale, and 2 high schools in difwhich, fiom the number of plants found in it, he gave the  ferent parts of the township, which contains 11 churches,
name of Botany Bay; while to the whole coast along which  viz.: 4 Congregational, 3 Baptist, 2 Unitarian, 1 Mlethodist,
he had sailed, he gave the name of New South Wales, from  and 1 Episcopalian; abank, and a savings institution. There
a fancied resemblance in its physical features to that part are 11 stations on the above railroads within this townof South Britain. In 1788, Captain Arthur Philli!b the first ship. The many attractions which Newton possesses as a
governor, arrived and cast anchor in Botany Bay, having  place of residence, and its facilities for communicating with
with him 757 convicts. The principal historical events, since Boston, have induced many of the merchants of that city to
that period, have already been mentioned.                   move here with theirfamilies. Thepopulation conseqleently
NEW  SPRING/FIELD, a post-village of Mahoning co., increases more ra0idly than'the business.  Pop. in 1840,
Ohio, 12 miles S.E. of Canfield.                            3340. in 1850, 5258, and in 1855, estimated at 7000, distriNEW STAND, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa.            buted into seven villages, as follows:-Newtown Corner,
NEW  STAN/TON, a post-village of Westmoreland co., (post-office of Newton.)'1600; Newtonville, 500; West NewvPennsylvania, 173 miles WV. of Iarrisburg.                  ton, 1300; Auburndale, 400; Newton Upper Falls, 1400;
NEW/STEAD, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 1 Newton Lower Falls, 800; and Newton Centre, 1000.
mile E. of Melrose, on the Tweed. Pop. 250. Near it are    NEWTON, township, Camden co., New Jersey.  Pop. 1576.
traces of a Roman camp, and remains of an ecclesiastical   NEWTON, a post-borough and township, capital of Sussex
edifice of early date.                                     co., New Jersey, on the Paulinskill Creekl, 68 miles N. of
NEWSTEAD, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity  Trenton. The borough is pleasantly situated, and contains
of Erie co., New York. Pop. 2899.                          a new court-house, 4 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices,
NEWSTEAD, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky.      a public library, and several schools. Pop. 1200.
NEWSTEAD ABBEY, England, co. and 81 miles N.W. of    NEWTON, township, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. P. 819.
Nottingham, in the vicinity of Sherwood Forest, memorable    NEWTON, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.
as the famnily residence of the celebrated poet Byron, founded    NEWTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Catawba co.,
in 1170, as a priory of Black Canons. It stands on the verge  North Carolina, 175 miles W. of Raleigh, is situated in a:feof a small lake, among grounds of great beauty; and hay- tile and beautiful country, and has an active trade. The Geruing been carefully improved by its present owner, it is per- man Reformed Church are about to establish a college here.
haps the finest of the antique monastic piles remaining in    NEWTON, a post-village, capital of Baker co., Georgia, on
England. Nunmerous relics of the poet are carefully pre- Flint IRiver, 130 nmiles S.S.W. of Milledgeville. Pop. 200.
served here. The Abbey was founded by IHenry II., and    NEWTON, a small -village of Bibb co., Georgia.
granted to Sir John Byron at the Reformation.                NEWTON, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.
1323




NEW                                                     NEW
NEWTON, a post-village, capital of Dale co., Alabama,   NEW/TON POP/PLEFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of
atbout 85 miles S.S.E. of Montgomery.                    Devon, on the Otter, here crossed by a three-arched iron
NEWTON, a township of Licking co., Ohio, intersected  bridge, 3 miles W.N.W. of Sidmouth.
by the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1247.         NEW/TON POT/TER, a township of England, co. of York,
NEWTON, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop. 1242.       West Riding.
NEWTON, a post-township, forming the S.W. extremity    NEW/TON PUR/CELL, a parish of Efngland, co. of Oxford.
of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 2568.                          NEW/TON RIG/NY, a parish, England, co. Cumberland.
NEWTON, a township in Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 326.           NEWTON-SIHAW  or NEWTON-oF-SAUCHIE, (soeKee,) a
NEWTON, a township of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop. 678.  thriving village of Scotland, co. of Clackmanuan, 5 miles
NEWTON, a thriving village of Union co., Ohio, 40 miles N.W. of Kincardine. Pop. 798.
N.W. of Columbus.  It has 1 or 2 churches and several   NEW/TON SOLINEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
stores. Pop. 400.                                           NEWTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
NEWTON, a post-township in the S.W. part of Calhoun    NEWTON ST. CYRES, (seers,) a parish of England, co.
co., Michigan. Pop. 235.                                  of Devon.
NEWTON, a post-township in Jasper co., Indiana. P. 435.   NEW/TON STEW/ART or NEW/TON-DOUGLAS, (dtg/las,)
NEWTON, a post-village and township, capital of Jasper a burgh of barony and town of Scotland, county and 8 miles
co., Illinois, on the Embarras'River, 130 miles E.S.E. of  N. of Wigton, chiefly on thie right bank of the Cree, here
Springfield. The village contains, besides the county build- crossed by a handsome stone bridge. Pop. in 1851, 2599. It
ings, 1 or 2 churches and several stores.                 mostly consists of one street, and has a very elegant Gothic
NEWTON; a small village of Greene co., Illinois.        church, endowed and other schools, a town-house, marketNEWTON, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Iowa, on a  house, subscription library, public reading rooms, a masonic
branch of Skunk River, 90 miles W. of Iowa City.          lodge, weavers', horticultural, and agricnltural societies;
NEWTON, a township in Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin. some manufactures of leather, hand-looms, and a flourishPop. 545.                                                ing trade in wool with Lancashire, and exports of pork for
NEWTTON-AB'BOT WITH NEWTON-BUSHELL, (b50shbel,)  the English markets.
a market-town of England, co. of Devon, on the Teign, with    NEWTON STEWART, a villae of Orange co., Indiana,
a station on the Exeter and Plymouth Railway, 5 miles S.W. 112 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis.
of Teignmouth. Pop. of town in 1851, 3147.                 NEWTON ST. LOE, (sent-lo',) a parish of England, co. of
NEWTON-uP oN-AYR, a burgh of barony of Scotland, co. Somerset, 3 1 miles W. of Bath. Remains of a Roman villa
and opposite Ayr, on the Ayr, and on the Frith of Clyde. have been discovered here.
Pop. of the burgh, in 1851, 4814. It has a parish church, and    NEW/TON ST. PET/ROCK, a parish of England, co. of
a council-hall, with ship-building docks, rope-walks, mann- Devon.
factures of sail cloth and cotton fabrics, and several iron    NEW/TON-NEAR-SUD/BURY, a parish of England, co. of
and brass foundries. The harbor has been improved, and a  Suffolk.
lighthouse erected on its N. side. Considerable quantities    NEW/TONSVILLE, a post-office of Attala co., Mississippi.
of coal are exported. The constitution of the burgh, sup-   NEWTONSVILLE. a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.
posed to have been originally granted by Robert Bruce, mas   NEW/TON-iN-eTH-THIS/TLE S, a parish of England, co.
many curious peculiarities.                               of Warwick.
NEWTON BLOS/SOMVILLE, a parish of England, co. of    NEW/TON TOINEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Bucks.                                                      NEW/TON TRA/CEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
NEWTON BRIDGE and NEW/TON JUNC/TION, England,   NEWTON-oN-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
are stations on the North-Western Railway, between War-   NEWTON UPPER FALLS. a post-village of Middlesex co.,
rington and Liverpool.                                   Massachusetts, on Charles River, 9 miles W. of Boston. It
NEW/TON BROMSIHOLD, a parish of England, co. of  is the terminus of the Charles River Railroad.
Northampton.                                               NEW/TON VALIENCE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
NEWTON BY/TOFT. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    NEW/TONVILLE, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
NEW/TON CEN/TRE, a post-village in Newton township,   NEWTONVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
Middlesex co., Massachusetts, 8 miles W.S.W. of Boston.   NEWTONVILLE, a post-office of Middlesex co., MassaIhIere is the Newton Theological Seminary, founded in 1825.  chusetts.
NEWTON COR/NERS, a village of Middlesex co., Massa-   NEW/TON WA/TER, a parish of England, co. of Hunchusetts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 7 miles tingdon.
W.S.W. of Boston.                                          NEWTON WELSH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
NEWTON CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co., Wis-   NEWTON WEST, a parish of En-land, co. of Norfolk.
consin.                                                    NEWTON-oN-uHE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of
NEW/TON DEPOT, (dee/pS,) a post-office of Rockingham   Lincoln.
co., New Hampshire.                                        NEWTON WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
NEWTON FAC/TORY, a post-office of Newton co., Georgia,   NEW/TOWN, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and
about 50 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                    parish of North Wales, co. and 8 miles S.W. of Montgomery,
NEWTON FALLS, a post-village of Newton township, on the Severn, here crossed by a bridge of three arches, and
Trumbull co., Ohio, on the Mahoning River, and on the  on the Montgomery Canal, which connects it with the intePennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 50 miles S.E. of Cleveland. rior navigation of England. Pop. 3226. It has an ancient
It has several mills, and about 600 inhabitants,          church, town-hall, anda flannel-hall, and extensive manuNEW/TON FERtRERS, a parish of England, co. of Devon. factures of flannel. Newtown unites with Montgomery,
NEWTTON FLOT/MAN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. Llanfyllin, Llanidloes, Machynlleth, and Welshpool, in sendNEWTON GROVE, a post-office of Sampson co., North  ing 1 member to the IHouse of Commons.
Carolina.                                                   NEWTOWN, a decayed borough of the Isle of Wight,
NEW/TON HAIA/ILTON or HAM/ILTONVILLE, a post- parish of Calbourne, 5 miles W.N.W. of Newport. Newtown
borough of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of  was burnt by the French in the reign of Richard II.
the Juniata River, 90 miles by railroad W.N.W. of Harris-   NEWTOWN, a beautiful village of New South Wales, co.
burg. It is connected by canal and railroad with Pittsburg  of Cumberland, 3 miles from Sydney. Pop. 1215.
and Philadelphia. Pop. in 1850, 353.                        NEWTOWN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath.
NEWTO/NIA, a post-office of Wilkinson co., Mississippi.    NEWTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Westmeath, with
NEWTON-IN-THE-ISLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- the town of Tyyrell's Pass, and some villages.
bridge..                          NEWTOWN, a village of Duke's co., Massachusetts, about
NEWTON KYME, a parish of England, co. of York, West 75 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. It contains a flourishing
Riding.                                                   academy.
NEWTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Durham.         NEWTOWN, a post-borough and township of Fairfield co.,
NEW/TON LONG/VILLE, a parish of England, co. Bucks. Connecticut, on the Housatonic Railroad, 24 miles W.N.W.
NEWTON LOWER FALLS, a post-village of Middlesex co., of New Haven. The borough consists of one long street,
Massachusetts,'on the Charles River, 11 miles W. of Boston. and has 4 churches and about 80 dwellings. Pop. of the
It has a church, 7 paper mills, and a machine shop; a bm-anch  township, 3338.
railroad connects it with the Boston and Worcester ItRa;iroad.   NEWTOWN, a post-village and township of Queen's co.,
NEW1TON-iN-MACKtIERFIELD, a market-town of Eng- New York, on the East River, about 150 miles S. of Albany.
land, co. of Lancaster, on the Manchester and Liverpool andl Pop. 7208.
Grand Junction Railways, 15 miles W.S.W. of Manchester.   NEWTOWN, New Jersey, a station on the Camden and
Pop. in 1851, 3719. It has engine factories, with manufac- Amboy Railroad, 7 miles fromn Bordentown.
tures of fustian and glass works.                          NEWTOWN, a township of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania.
NEWTON, NORTH, a parish of England. co. of Wilts.    Pop. 1666.
NEWTON, NORTH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem-   NEWTOWN, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania.
broke.                                                   Pop. 823.
NEW/TON NOT/TAGE, a parish of South Wales, co. of    NEWTOWN, a post-village of Greene co., Pennsylvania,
Glamorgan.                                               on Whitely Creek, about 10 miles S.E. of Waynesburg.
NEWTON, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        NEWTOWN, a pleasant post-borough and township of
NEWTON-oN-OUSE, (ooz,) a parish of England, co. of  Bucks co., Pennsylvania, is setuated near Nesbaminy Creek;
York, North Riding.                                     20 miles N.E. of Philadelphia. Newtown was the county
1324




NEW                                                      NIEW
seat for several years previous to 1812. It has 2 or 3 places   NEW VERNON, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey,
of worship, 1 academy, and several stores. Pop. 580; of the  5 miles-S. of Morristown.
township, 841.                                             NEW VERNON, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
NEWTOWN, a snall village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl-'NEW  VIENINA, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 11
vania.                                                   miles S.E. of Wilmington.
NEWTOWN, a flourishing post-village of Worcester co.,   NEW VILILAGE, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York.
Maryland, on the E. side of the Pocomoke River, 15 miles   NEW VILLAGE, a post-village of Warren co., New JerS.W. of Snow HIill. It is a place of active trade, containing  sey, 52 miles N.N.W. of Trenton.
4 churches, 6 stores, 2 steam-mills, and 2 hotels. Pop. in    NEW/VILLE, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York,
1853, estimated at 800.                                  about 65 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
NEWTOWN or STEIPHENSBURG, a neat and thriving    NEWVVILLE, a post-borough of Cumberland co., Pennsylpost-village of Frederick co., Virginia, on the tuinpike lead- vania, on the Cumberland Valley and Franklin Railroad, 12
ing from Winchester to Staunton, 8 miles S. by E. of the  miles S.W. of Carlisle. It contains 2 churches and several
former. It is especially noted for the manufacture of wa- stores. Pop. in 1850, 715; in 1855, about 1000.   -
gone. The place was settled in 1758. It contains 2 churches,   NEWVILLE, a post-office of Sussex co. Virginia.
a market-house, and over 100 dwellings.                    NEWVILLE, a thriving post-village of Richmond co.,
NEWTOWN, a post-village of King and Queen co., Vir- Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the Clear Fork of Mohiccan
ginia, 38 miles N.E. of Richmond, contains 1 church.     River, 12 miles S.E. of Mansfield.
NEWTOWN, a post-village in Hinds co., Mississippi, on    NEWVILLE,  a post-village and township in De Kalb co.,
Pearl River, 15 miles S. by W. of Jackson.               Indiana. Pop. 396.
NEWTOWN, a post-village of Scott co., Kentucky, 22 miles   NEWVILLE, a village of Wells co., Indiana, on the WaE. of Frankfort, has 2 or 3 churches and about 200 inhabit- bash River, about 100 miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
ants.                                                      NEW VINE, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa.
NEWTOWN, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 10 miles   NEW  VINEI/YARD, a post-township of Franklin co.,
E. of Cincinnati.                                        Maine, about 48 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 635.
NEWTOWN, a pleasant post-village of Fountain co., In-   NEW VIRGIL, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
diana, 14 miles E.N.E. of Covington, stands on the border   NEW  WAKEIFIELD, a post-village of Washington co.
of the large and rich Shawanee Prairie. Pop. about 500.    Alabama, 164 miles S. by W. of Tuscaloosa.
NEW/TOWN ACAD/EMY, a post-office of MIonroe co., Ala-   NEW  WASIVINGTON, a post-village of Clearfield co.
bama.                                                    Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna
NEW/TOWN-ARDES, (arda,) a borough, seaport town, and  River, about 135 miles W.N.W. of lIarrisbilrg.
parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down, at the N. extremity of    NEW  WASHINGTON, a small post-village of Crawford
Lough Strangford, 10 miles E. of Belfast. Pop. of town, in  co., Ohio.
1851, 10,750. It is regularly and well built; it has a very    NEW  WASIIINGTON, a pleasant post-village of Clarke
ancient church, the -Tuins of an old castle, and of various  co., Indiana, 18 miles S.W. of Madison. It has a flourishing
monastic buildings; a large endowed school, a spacious academy, and about300 inhabitants.
town-hall, and infantry barracks.  The weaving and em-   NEW WATERFORD, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.
broidery of damask muslins for Glasgow are carried on to a    NEW WAY, a post-officeof Licking co., Ohio.
considerable extent.                                       NEW WESTIVILLE, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio.
NEWITOWN BAR/RY, a market-town and parish of Ire-   NEW WILtMINGTON, a post-township of Lawrence co.,
land, Leinster, co. of Wexford, at the confluence of the  Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. of New Castle. Pop. 1478.
Clady with the Slaney, 3 miles S. of Clonegal. Pop. of the    NEW WILMINGTON, a village of Pennsylvania, on the
town, 1437.                                              line between Mercer and Lawrence counties, 8 miles S.W.
NEWTOWN-CLONEBURN, (klnsbLrn,) a parish of Ire- of Mercer.
land, Leinster, co. of Meath.                              NEW WIN/CHESTER, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.
NEWTOWN CREEK, of Long Island, flows into the East   NEW  WINCHESTER, a post-village of Hendricks co.,
River, opposite New York.                                 Indiana, 27 miles W. of Indianapolis.
NEWTOWN-CROM/MOLIN, a parish of Ireland, Ulster,   NEW WIND/SOR, a post-village and township of Orange
co. of Antrim, with a village 3 miles N.E. of Clough. Pop. co., New York, on the Newburg Branch Railroad, and on the
of the village, 175.                                     Hudson River, about 85 miles below Albany. It has manuNEWTOWN-FORBES, (forbz,) a parish of Ireland, Lain- factures of cottons, woollens, &c., and is said to be the birthster, co. of.Longford.                                   place of De Witt Clinton. Pop. 2457.
NEW'TOWN-HIAMIILTON, a market-town and parishof    NEW WINDSOR, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland,
Ireland, Ulster, co. of Armagh. Pop. of the town, 1219.    about 30 miles N.W. of Baltimore.
NEWTOWN-LEN/NANT, a parish of Ireland, Munster,   NEW WINDSOR, a small village of Carroll co., Missouri.
co. of Tipperary.                                          NEW WINE, a village in Dubuque co., Iowa, 25 miles W.
NEIW/TOWN-LIM'AVADIDY, a disfranchised borough and  by N. of Dubuque.
market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co. and 15 miles N.E. of Lon-   NEW WOOD/STOCK, a post-village in Cazenovia township,
donderry, on the Roe, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. Madison co., New York, 24 miles S.E. of Syracuse. Pop. 400.
of town, in 1851, 3206. It has'a handsome church, a ses-   NEW YEAR'S ISLAND, two small islands off the S. coast
sions-house, bridewell, union workhouse, distilleries, and a  of Australia; lat. 1390 40' S., ion. 1430 49' E.
market-house, with an increasing trade in wheat and flax.  NEW YEAR'S ISLAND, North Australia, is off the coast
NEW/TOWN LINIFORD, a parish, England, co. Leicester. of Arnhem's Land, 60 miles N.E. of Port Essington; lat.
NEWTOWN, MOUNT KEN/NEDY, a market-town of Ire- 100 55' S., ion. 1330 3' E.
land, Leinster, co. and 8 miles N.N.W. of Wicklow. Pop. 800.   NEW YEARS ISLANDS, South Atlantic, are in lat. 540
NEW/TOWN-N.AR-NEW/BURY, a parish of England, co. 41' S., Ion. 640 28' W., and were so named by Cook.
of Hants.                                                  NEW YEAR'S RANGE, Central Australia, is a mountain
NEWTOWN-SQUARE, apost-village of Delaware co., Penn- tract, lat. 300 21! S., ion. 1460 33. E.
sylvania.                                                  NEW  YORK, one of the Middle States of the United
NEWTOWN-STEW/ART, (formerly LIS/LAS,) a market- States, and the most populous of the confederacy, is bounded
town of Ireland, Ulster co., Londonderry, on the Mourne, on the N. by Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence, and Canada
5 miles W. of Gorton. Pop. 1405. Near it are remains of a  East; on the E. by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticastle of the 5th century, and various other antiquities, and  cut; on the S. by the Atlantic, (if we include Long Island,)
about 1- miles S.W. of the town is Baron's Court, the seat by New Jersey and Pennsylvania; and W. by Pennsylvania,
of the Marquis of Abercorn.                              Lake Erie, and Niagara River. This state is separated on
NEW TRENITON, a small village of Jefferson co., Ohio.   the W. and N.W. from Canada West by Lakes Erie and OnNEW TRENTON, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana, tario, and by the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers; and
30 miles N.W. of Cincinnati.                             partly from Vermont by Lake Chaimplain. It lies between
NEW TRI/ER, a post-office of Cook co.. Illinois.       400 30' and 450 N. lat., and between (if we include Long
NEW  TRIP/OLI, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- Island, a dependency of the state) 720 and 790 55' W. lon. Its
vania, 85 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg.                    extreme length, from E. to W., exclusive of Long Island,
NEW/TYLE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 10 miles is about 335 miles, and its greatest breadth, from N. to S.,
N.W. of Dundee, with which and with Forfar and Perth, it about 308 miles, including an area of 47,000 square miles,
is connected by railway. Pop. 1264, of whom 465 are in the  or 30,800,000 acres, of which 12,408,968 only were improved
village.                                                 in 1850, showing, agreat capacity for increase of population,
NEW ULM, a post-office of Austin co., Texas.           evef in the older and more densely inhabited states of North
NEW UP/TON, a post-office of Gloucester co., Virginia.    America.
NEW 11TRECIT, new C/itrikt, a township of King's co.,   Face of the Country.-New York presents every variety
New York, forms the W. extremity of Long Island. Pop. of surface, from the rich plains of the western part of the
2129.                                                    state to the rugged mountains of the E. and N.E. The
NEW  ULSTER, an island of the New Zealand Group, Appalachian or Alleghanian chain of mountains enters the
(which see.)                                             S.E. of New York (in two separate ridges) from New Jersey
NEW VER/NON, a post-village in Mount Iope township, and Pennsylvania. That from the former state crosses the
Orange co., New York, about 65 miles N.W. of New York  Hudson River at and around West Point, about 50 mihs
City. Pop. about 100.                                    from its mouth, and forms the far-fanmed Highlands of the
1325




NEW                                                         NEW
lludson,.which have given this river a celebrity only second  berg limestone, Medinac sandstone, and gray sandstone
to the Rhine. After passing the HIudson River, this range  Washington, Rensselaer, Columbia, Schenectady, parts of
pursues a northerly course, under the name of the Taconic  Saratoga, Albany, Montgomery, Putnam, Orange, Ulster,
or Tagkhaunuc mountains, to join the Green Mountains in  and Dutchess counties, are occupied by the Hudson River
Connecticut and Massachusetts.  Where the Highlands are  group, (composed mostly of shales and shaly sandstone,
cut through by the Hudson River, they are perhaps 20 miles with~ thin courses of limestone.)  Westchester, most of Put:
in breadth, but seldom  reach an altitude of 1500 feet;  nam, and parts of Dutchess and' Orange counties, a'e prithough in one instance, on the: E. bank of the river, near mitive. Long Island is diluvial on the N., andlaluvial on
Fishkill, they attain an elevation of nearly 1700 feet. N.W. the' S. side.
of the HIighlands, and running nearly parallel, are the Sha-  M-inerals.-New York, though deficient in coal, (the geo-.
wangunk Mountains, which are followed in turn by the  logical formation being too old for its production,) abounds
far-famed Catskill Mountains, which approach the Hudson  in that most useful of all minerals, ironm  Hematite ores
River from the S.W., run nearly parallel with it for perhaps occur in extensive beds in Columbia and Dutchess counties;
20 miles, then trend off to the N.W. toward the Mohawk  and magnetic ores in Putnam, Orange, and Westchester.
River. In the latter part of.their'course they are known as  According to-Whitney tlie larger portion of the N. part of
the H-elderberg  Hills. The highest summit of the chain is  New York, extending from LakeChamplain to Lake OutaRoundtop. in Greene county, 3804 feet in altitude. Delaware  rio, is rich in specular and magnetic ores, particularly in
county is traversed by a ridge called the Oquago Branch. Essex and Clinton counties.  The western counties, too,
But by far the grandest chain of mountains (or rather have valuable-deposits of iron in the strata of the Clinton
assemblage of groups and ranges) lie N. of the Mohawk  group. A  company has been formed with a capital of
River,.and between Lake Ontario on the W., and Lakes  $500,000, for working the iron-mines in Rockland county.
Champlain and George on the E. These traverse, under  Coal was discovered in 1854 in Steuben county. Lead exists
various local names, and  in  different directions, (but in great quantities in St. Lawrence county; and mines have
mostly N. and N.E.,) the counties: of IHerkimer, Fulton, been recently opened in Ulster. It is also found in Sullivan,
Montgomery, Saratoga, Warren, Essex, Clinton, Pranklin, Columbia, Washington, Dutchess, Rensselaer, and WestHamilton, and St. Lawrence. The most important group, chester counties. Zinc, copper, and titanium exist in sevechiefly lying in ESsex county, is the Adirondack, the high- ral counties.  Molybdenum, manganese, arsenic,  cerium.
est peak of which, Mount Marcy or Tahawus, has an eleva-  silver, cobalt, and bismuth are occasionally found. The
tion of 5467 feet, and is the loftiest summit in the state. central and some of the western counties contain abundance
The Catskill or Helderberg Mountains seem to resume their:  of gypsum, which is largely used, as a manure, and extcnicourse beyond the Mohawk River, in HIerkimer county, and  sively exported. Our geological article shows there is no
to extend beyond the St. Lawrence into Canada, under the  scarcity of lime, especially in the central aud.western counname of the Chateaugay Range. There are other ranges of  ties. Marble of fine quality is exported from  Sing-Sing.
highlands in Oneida and Lewis counties. Speaking of the  Sulphuret of iron is found in St. Lawrence, and carburet in
western portion of the state. (i. e. W. of Lake Cayuga,) Pro- Essex, Clinton, and Dutchess counties.. Gneiss, sandstone,
fessor Hall remarks —" This district, bordering Lake Ontario  and limestone, suitable for building, are abundant. New
on the N., is a low plateau, gradually rising to the S., for a  York is especially celebrated for its mineral springs, partidistance varying from 4 to 8 or 9 miles, where we abruptly  cularly its medicinal springs, the most noted of'which are
ascend a terrace, which, at its western extremity, attains a  those of Saratoga, Ballston, New Lebanon, Sharon, and
height of 200 feet, but which slope gently down almost to  Avon Springs. Onondaga yields annually from 4,000,000 to
the general level farther E. From  the top of this terrace, 5,000,000 bushels of table salt: 5,083,369 bushels were prowe pass over a broad plateau of nearly level country, slightly  duced in this county alone in 1849. There are also salt
depressed towards the centre, but rising gently again to the  springs in Erie, Genesee, and Orleans counties. Natural
S., till we come to the base of a second terrace, having a  issues of carbureted hydrogen exist in several counties.
general height of 60 feet or more above the country on the  The village of Fredonia, in Chautauque county, is lighted
N. Beyond the terrace last mentioned, the country is level, from one of these, as is the lighthouse of Barcelona, in the
and generally even for several miles, when we commence a  same county.
gradual ascent to higher ground. Although the country to    Rivers, Lakes, &c.-New York possesses a greater amount
the S. of this is hilly, and in some parts rising to an elevy   of navigable waters than any other state of the Union. On
tion of 2500 feet above the ocean, and from 600 to 1000 feet the E. is the Iudson, traversing the state for about 350
above the deepest valleys, yet it must be remembered that miles, 150 of which are navigable for large steamers and
there are no ranges of mountains. We must fancy this  schooners, and 120 for ships; on the N.E., Lake Champlain,
whole southern border of the state as having once been a  navigable for 120 miles; and on the W. and N.W., Lakes
high and broad plateau, and that from  denudation, the  Erie and Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence, all navigable
breaking up of the strata in some places, together with the  for large steamers, and Ontario and Erie for ships of heavy
action of waves and currents, has resulted this irregular tonnage. In the S.E. of the state rises the Delaware. and
and uneven surface."  The first ridge, near Lake Ontario, in the interior, the Susquehanna, which pass S. into Pennforms the falls of the Genesee at Rochester, and the second  sylvania, and fdoat down, in the high waters of spring and
ridge those in Alleghany county.                            autumn, lumber and other products of New York, to the
Geology.-Though New York has undergone the most markets of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. The
complete geological survey of any state in the Union, by a  W. of the state is crossed by the Genesee, which furnishes,
corps~ of competent geologists and: naturalists, who have  by its numerous cataracts, immense water-power, though it
ably reported their proceedings in a number of ponderous  is only navigable for small steam or keel boats, and for those
volumes, the character of our work does not admit of giving  only by stages between the falls. The Oswego is the outlet
more than a briefoutline of the geology of the state. Con- of the central lakes, and affords valuable water-power. The
mencing in the N.E., the greater portion of the district N. two rivers last mentioned and the Black River flow into
of the Mohawk and E. of Lake Ontario is primary in forma- Lake Ontario.  The Oswegatchee, Grass, Racket, and St.
tion, with, however, a belt of Potsdam sandstone on the N., Regis Rivers, each of about:150 miles in length, join the St.
which is in turn separated from  the St. Lawrence by a  Lawrence; and the Saranac and Au Sable empty themselves
second belt of calciferous (lime-producing) sandrock. Be- into Lake Champlain. All these rivers are in the N.E. of
tween Lake Ontario and the primary tract named above, in  the state. The Mohawk, an affluent of the Hudson, about
the order named, proceeding S. to Oswego, are groups of 160 miles in length, drains the central counties of Eastern
Potsdam  sandstone, calciferous sandrock; Black  River, New York. New York abounds in small and picturesque
Birdseye, and Trenton: limestone; Utica slate, Helderberg  lakes. In the E. is Lake George, so celebrated for the
limestone, (including grits and sandstones,) and gray sand- grandeur of its scenery; in the centre are Lakes Oneida,
stone. S. of Lake Ontario, narrow belts succeed each other Skaneateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, and Cananin the following order:-1. Of the Medina sandstone, (usu-  daigua; in the S.W., Chautauque; and in the N.E., Black,
ally a red sandstone, sometimes variegated, and giving origin  Saranac, and Long Lakes; besides many other small but
to salt springs;) 2. Of the Clinton group, (a variable com- beautiful sheets of water. The larger of these lakes vary
position of sandstones, shales, impure limestones, iron ores, in length from 10 to 38 miles. The principal bays are New
&c.;) 3. Of the Niagara group, (a limestone resting upon  York Bay, opening into the Atlantic, and Sackett's Harbor,
shale, and forming the celebrated cataract of that name;)  at the E. end of Lake Ontario. Long Island Sound, 120
4. Of the Onondaga salt group, (limestone and slate, with  miles long, separates Long Island from Connecticut.
salt springs;) 5. Of Helderberg limestone; and 6. Of the    Islands.-There are several important islands belonging
Hamilton group, (composed of calcareous, sandy, or fossili- to this state, chief among which is Long Island, about 115
ferous shales.) A wide zone of the Portage and Chemung  miles in length, between Long Island Sound and the Atlan.
groups (composed mainly, the former of flagstones and  tic Ocean, and S. of Connecticut; Staten Island, (embracing
shales, and the latter of highly fossiliferous shales and thin  Richmond county,) between New York Bay on the E., and
bedded sandstones) occupy the S.W. portion of the state, Raritan Bay and Arthurkill Sound on the S. and W., and
extending into Pennsylvania, and sending off a narrow arm  Grand Island, in the Niagara River.
to near Catskldl, on the Hudson, where it bends to the SW.,   Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Under this heading New
surrounding on the N. and S.E., a large tract of red sand- York may justly claim a large space. On her western borstone lying between itself and the Susquehanna River. E. der, in a river or strait of 34 miles in length, running from
of the narrow arm just described. and between it and the  Lake Erie to Ontario, and pouring the waters of the Great
Hudson, are narrow belts of the IHamilton group, IIelder- Lakes over a precipice of 165 feet in perpendicular height.
1-326




NEW                                                        NEW.
thunders the far-fiamed and unrivalled cataract of Niagara, upon the Palisades, on the Neww Jersey shore, composed of
in whose presence all stand dumb, with no power to de- perpendicular walls of trap-rock of from 200 to 500 feet in
scribe, but only to wonder and adore. The falls are about height. These lose themselves, about 35 miles up the river,
20 miles below the entrance to the strait, at the N.E. ex- in the Highlands Proper, which have a base of about 20 miles.
tremity of Lake Erie, and 14 miles above its junction with  Here the Hudson has burst its way at some distant period
Lake Ontario. About 3 miles below its commencement, the  through the mountains, leaving on each side:a rampart of
river divides into two arms, which embrace an island, called  almost perpendicular hills, of from 600 to1700 feet in elevaGrand Island, 12 miles: long, and from  2 to 7 miles wide. tion above the level of the river.  About 100 miles above
The banks of the upper portion of Niagara River are low, New York, we come abreast of the Catskill Mountains, which
not usually exceeding 20 or 30 feet, and the current is comn- present a very abrupt front to thes river, and run nearly
paratively moderate. Nearly 3 miles below Grand Island  parallel to it for about 20 miles. These mountains are not.
the rapids (scarcely less interesting than the falls them- of great elevation, but their grandeur consists in the exselves) commence, and after a course of rather more than a  tended and unbroken views afforded from the piazza of the
half-mile, terminate in the great cataract. Goat Island, a  Pine-Orchard Mountain House, (2276 feet above the sea,) up
quarter of a mile wide, and half a mile long from  N. to S.. and down the valley of the Hudson for 70 miles in each
extends to the very brow of the precipice, and divides the  direction, and across to the Green Mountains, in Massachu
falls into two portions, the higher of which is on the Ame- setts. At Kauterskill Falls, three milesS.W. from the hotel,
rican side, but the greater body of water on the Canadian. a small stream is precipitated'lB0 feet into a circular amphiThe American fall is again subdivided, very unequally, by  theatre of great wildness, fromnt whence it takes a second leap
Iris Island, with the greaterof these subdivisions nearest into another chasm. The Adirondack Mountains, the highest
the New York shore. Below the falls, the river runs be- in the state, have been as yet but little visited by fashionable
tween perpendicular-cliffs for 3 or 4 miles, in a channel of  tourists. Mount Tahawus, or Marcy, 5400 feet: high, consfrom 300 to 800 feet wide,. with great force and impetuosity, mands an extensive panorama of mountains, among which,
till it is released from its narrow and rocky bed, below the  repose 30 visible lakes and ponds. The completion of the New
Queenstown Heights, from whence it flows tranquilly into  York and Erie Railway has laid-open some fne scenery, but
Lake Ontario. Between the falls and Queenstown (where  little known to the public heretofore. The passage of the road,
navigation commences) occur two rapids, caused partly by  along the shores of the Delaware River, and through Orange,
the narrowing of the bed of the river, and partly by the  Rockland, and Sullivan counties, offers the boldest views.
rocks at the bottom. At the head of the first rapids, two  In Manlius, Onondago county, are the "Green Lakes," supmiles below the falls, the river is spanned by a suspension  posed to be of volcanic production, one of which is on the
bridge 800 feet in:length, and 230 feet above the water. At top of a hill, with banks 200 feet high, and with beautifully
the southern extremity of the first rapids, an angle in the  green water to the depth of 400 feet. This lake was once
rivercauses a reflex in the current, which forms a number  known to rise suddenly and overflow its banks, but the wa,
of eddies, commonly called "The Whirlpool," more remark- ter soon receded to its ordinary level.
ablefor the heaping up of the waters in the middle of the    Climate. —New York presents considerable diversities of
river, by the impetus of the current, than for any peculiar  climate. In the N. the winters are long and severe, someviolence of the whirlpools themselves. Below this pool is  what mitigated in the western part by the proximity of the
another rapid of about half a mile in extent.               great lakes and the prevalence of S.W. winds, and varied
In any state but New York its other falls would rank  again in the S.E., below the Catskill Mountains, by the.
as prime objects of interest.  The Cohoes Falls, in the  effect of the sea air, which tempers the heats of summer
Mohawk, about 3 miles from its mouth, have a perpendicu- and chills the air of spsring. At Buffalo there is great irrelar descent of 70 feet, and when the river is full, in the  gularity in the time of the ice leaving the harbor. "Some
spring and autumn, form  a grand cataract. Little Falls, 12 or 15 years since," writes a correspondent, "their harbor
about 12 miles below Utica, are formed by the passage of  was completely blocked up by ice till May, no steamboat
the Mohawk through the mountains, where the river de- having left the harbor till the 15th of thatimonth:; but this
scends 42 feet in one mile, frowned on from  above by the  is very unusual." According to observations kept by Leanrugged and: picturesque walls of this mountain gorge.  der Wetherell, Esq., at Rochester, during'10 years the aveFifteen miles N. of Utica, in West Canada: Creek, (a tribu- rage mean temperature was 470.36; the highest point of
tary of the Mohawk,) is a series of cascades and rapids, the mercury, 1020; lowest, 90 below zero; average fall of
known as Trenton Falls, that extend over a space of two  rain and melted snow, 33.30 inches.
miles, in a channel which the river has cut from the solid    Soil and Productlions. —The soil of this great state is very
limestone rock to a depth varying from  100 to 150 feet, various. The western parts, known as the Genesee Flats,
forming a clean limestone trough, the middle of which  and the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk, have excellent
only (in summer) is occupied by a narrow stream of water, soils, while much of the N.E. of the state is. poor and cold.
almost as black as ink. Proceeding: up this narrow gorge, No general description would give a&correct idea of the soils,
with perpendicular sides of solid rock, a series of rapids and  as in the same county may be found parts that are hilly
falls are passed at considerable intervals, presenting a great or mountainous, and comparatively sterile, while the soil
variety of cascades, of from  8 or 10 to 100 feet in height. of the valleys is a rich alluvion.  New York, however, on
The Genesee River has a series of cataracts, surpassing in  the whole, may be safely called a fertile state. The excepaltitude those of the Rhine, the boast of Europe. One, at tions are mostly in the mountainous portions. The descripthe city of Rochester, has a perpendicular descent of 97 feet, tions of the counties in this as well as in other states, will
which gives motion to the machinery of its celebrated flour- best give the qualities of the soil in particular localities.
mills and factories. There are other falls within the vici-  Long Island is easily improved in the western part, though
nity of Rochester, making a total descent of 226 feet. Near  it is not naturally very fertile. It is very important for its
its sources in Alleghany county, the Genesee descends by  market products. The eastern portion is poor and sandy.
3 falls of 60, 90, and 110 feet, within the space of 2 miles, Great attention is paid in this state to scientific agriculture,
through a gorge worn in the solid rock to the depth of 400  and endeavors made to introduce a better mode of culture;
feet. In the neighborhood of Ithaca are a number of cas-  to promote which end, agricultural societies have been
cades, one of which has a perpendicular pitch of 110 feet. formed, and journals established devoted to this subject.
Baker's, Hadley's, Jessup's, and Glen's Falls, all near the  New York is first of the states of the confederacy in the
sources of the Hudson River, are well worthy of a visit. amount of live stock, oats, Irish potatoes, barley, buckwheat,
There are two interesting falls in the strait leading firom   grass-seeds, orchard products, products of market gardens,
Lake George into Lake Champlain, also one near Hudson, butter, cheese, hay, hops, maple sugar, beeswax, honey, and
another near West Point. Lake George stands prominent  slaughtered animals produced; second in the amount of
among the lakes of the United States for the boldness of its  wool and rye, and third in that of wheat raised. Besides
shores, and the transparency of its waters. It is studded  these, large quantities of Indian corn, beans, peas, flax, end
with beautiful islands, and shut in by precipitous high- maple molasses, with some sweet potatoes, tobacco, wine,
lands, reaching in one instance an elevation of 2000 feet.    hemp, and silk were produced. The fruits are apples, pears,
Among the places of fashionable resort, first on the conti- cherries, plums, and peaches, with various kinds of berries.
nent of America, stands Saratoga, visited annually, during  In 1850, there were 170,698 farms, containing 12.408,964
the summer mnonths, by its thousands in pursuit of health, acres of improved land, producing 13,121,498 bushels of
and by its tens of thousands seeking pleasure and excite- wheat; 4,148,182 of rye; 17,858,400 of Indian corn; 26,552,814
ment. Saratoga Springs are in Saratoga county, in the E. of oats; 741,546 of peas and beans; 15,398,368 of Irish potaof the state. Its waters are of great variety, and of very  toes; 3,585,059 of barley;. 3,183,955 of buckwheat; 184,715
active properties. Sharon Sulphus Springs, in Schoharie of grass-seeds; 10,071,301 pounds of wool; 79,766,094 of
county, are much visited by invalids, and have the advan- butter; 49.741,413 of cheese; 2,536,299 of hops; 940,577 of
tare over Saratoga. in the picturesqueness of the surround- flax; 10,357,484 of maple sugar; 1,755.830 of beeswax and
ing scenery. New Lebanon, celebrated for its warm springs, honey, and 3,728,797 tons of hay; live-stock valued at
is situated in Rensselaer county, near the boundary of Mas- $73,570,499; market products, $912.047; orchard fruits,
sachusetts. Avon Springs, 20 miles S. of Rochester, are  $1,761,950; and slaughtered animals, $13,573,883.
much resorted to. Ballston Spa, 7 miles from  Saratoga, is   Forest T-ees.-The forest trees are several varieties of
less celebrated than formerly. (For full descriptions, see  oak, pine, spruce, tamarack, larch, hemlock, fir, walnut,
separate articles.) The scenery on the Hudson River has  sugar-maple, chestnut, ash, elm, beech, butternut, syca.
long constituted one of the great attractions of tourists to  more, alder, cedar, locust, laurel, mulberry, sassafras, birch,
Norv York. Directly after leaving New YorkCity, you come tilia, poplar, cherry, hornbeam, sumach, cucumber tree,
1327




NEW                                                          NEW
crabapple, and thorn. The forests about the Susquehanna  of any considerable importance, either directly or through
and Delaware furnish large quantities of pine for the Phila- branch roads. By union with Canada railroads, andl rail.
delphia and Baltimore markets.                                 roads on the S. shore of Lake Erie, a communication is
Animnals.-The forests of New York were formerly ranged  opened with all the lake states. There are various cross
biy the moose, stag, and reindeer; but these are now seldom   railroads from the Central to the New York and Erie Railif ever met with.  Among the existing  animals are the  way, uniting Buffalo, Lockport, Rochester, Canandaigua,
American deer, black bear, panther, wild-cat, wolf, (gray and  Oswego, Syracuse, Utica, and smaller places, with Hornelsblack) wolverines, otters, minks, beavers, muskrats, ermine  ville, Corning, Elmira, Owego, Binghamton, and Philadelweasels, racoons, skunks, marmots, rabbits, hares, squirrels, phia; the last through the coal region of North-East Pennand a number of the smaller quadrupeds. Among the birds  sylvania.  Ogdensburg, on the St. Lawrence, is connected
are the golden and bald eagle, yvarious species and varieties  with Rouse's Point, at the foot of Lake Champlain, opening a
of hawks, owls, and buzzards, wild turkeys and pigeons, northern'route to Niagara and the W. Utica and Rome are
quail, grouse, woodcock, willet,'snipe, coot, grebes, dipper, connected northwardly with Sackett's Harbor, Watertown,
petrel, cormorant, pelican, gannet, skimmer, tern, gull,  and Cape Vincent; and a projected road will continue this
sheldrake, canvas-back and other wild ducks, teal, widgeon, connexion to Potsdam  and the Northernm lRailroad.  Roads
wild goose, swan, and brant, with an endless variety of the  are also projected from'Albany to Binghamton, from Sodius
order Passeres, or small birds.                                Bay, on Lake Ontario-through Auburn, Ithaca,Wilkesbarre,
eManufhctiures.e-New  York, though extensively engaged  &c.,-to Philadelphia; and from Buffalo and. Attica to Pittsin manufactures, does not maintain the relative pre-emi- burg.  Several branch roads from  New York City connect
nence in this respect that she holds in commerce and agri-  with lines through Long Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts,
culture; falling behind Pennsylvania and Massachusetts in  and Rhode Island to Boston. In short, the great commercial
absolute, and  behind  New  Hampshire, Connecticut, and  metropolis of the state enjoys a connected intercourse, by
Rhode Island in relative amount. In 1850, there were in  railway, with almost every important town in this or in the
the state 23,553 establishments, each producing $500 and  neighboring states. There were in New York, in October,
upwards annually, engaged in manufactures, mining, and  1852,19 plank-roads, with an aggregate of 2106 miles, costing
the mechanic arts, employing $99,904,405 capital, and 147,734  $3,860,298.  As an evidence of the traffic over the railroads
male, and 51,612 female hands, consuming raw material  of New York, the engineer's report gives the passengers at
worth  $134,655,674, and  yielding  products valued  at  about 10,000,000; travelling an average of 48 miles each, and
$237,597,249.  Of these, 86 were engaged in cotton mann- freight moved at 2,250,000 tons.  Receipts of 19 roads
factures, employing $4,176,920 capital, and 2632 male, and  reporting, $18,129,208.38.
~ 3688  female  hands;  consuming  raw  material worth            Conmmerce. —New  York enjoys great facilities for both
$1,985,973, and producing 44,901,475 yards of stuffs, and  foreign and domestic commerce, and surpasses every other
2,180,600 pounds of yarn, valued at $3,591,989; 249 woollen  state in the United States in the absolute amount of tonnage
establishments, employing $4,459,370  capital, and' 4262  owned by her citizens, though that of Massachusetts is
male, and 2412 female hands; consuming raw material relatively greater.  The tonnage of New York in 1854, was
worth $3,838,292, and producing 7,924,252 yards of stuffs, 1,415,031; of which 769,090 was registered, and 158,219
and 261,700 pounds of yarn, valued at $7,030,624; and 422  steam  tonnage, more than one-fourth of that of all the
furnaces, forges, &c., employing $7,099,132 capital, and 8560  United States. The number of vessels built in the same
male hands; consuming raw  material worth $5,020,236, period was 300, 70 of which were steamers; total tonnage,
and producing  pig, cast, and  wrought iron valued  at  117,166.  Great as is the tonnage of New York, it does not
$10,278,447; the manufacture'f malt and spirituous liquors  fairly represent her proportion of commerce, since many
employed $2,585,900 capital; consuming 2,062,250 bushels  vessels built and owned in other states, are employed in the
of barley; 1,647,266 of Indian corn; 909,067 of rye; 6707  carrying trade of her commercial metropolis.  The share of
of oats; 60,940 of apples; 24,500 hogsheads of molasses, and  this state in the trade of the lakes is immense. There was
581 tons of hops; employing 1676 hands, and producing  landed at Buffalo alone from  the lakes in 1853, property
644,700 barrels of ale, &c.; 9,231,700 gallons of whiskey and  valued at $36,881,230, and'at $42,207,409 in 1854; exported
wine, and 2,488,800 gallons of rum; 942 tanneries, employ- in the latter year by lake, $75,000,000; arrived by canal in
ing $5,025,143; consuming raw  material worth $6,065,221, 1853, property valued at $64,612,102, and at $77,035,271 in
and producing manufactured leather valued at $9,804,000. 1854; exported $26,936,707 in the last-named year. Total
Home-made manufactures valued at $1,280,333 were pro-  imports at Buffalo, in 1854, by lake, canal, and railway,
duced.                                                         $149,184,219, and exported $124,204,978. Exports to Canada,
lInternal Imsprovements.-New York, headed by her great $1,071,091; duties collected, $99,633. The canal trade of
statesman, De Witt Clinton, has the honor of taking the  Rochester amounted in 1853, in value to $4,780,430 cleared,
lead in internal improvements, from which enterprise she  and to $5,128,059 left at that city. A very large transit
is now reaping an ample reward in her commercial pre- trade is done over her canals and railroads; the total toneminence and wealth.  In 1817 was commenced the great  nage movement of freight on the former, in 1853, was
work of connecting the waters of the Atlantic with the great  4,247,853 tons —equal to 700,000,000 tons for one mile, and
lakes, by breaking the soil for the Erie and Hudson Canal,  over the railroads 2,831,336 tons.
which is 364 miles long, and (originally) forty feet wide. It    The freight tonnage on the canals for 1854 was 4,165,862
was completed in 1825, at a cost of about $7,000,000.  In  tons, a decrease, on 1853, of 81,991 tons; which, however, is
1853, this and the branch canals delivered at tidewater, pro- more than made up by the increase (316,452) tons on the
perty valued at $73,683,044, and in 1854, $73,797,064, or in  three trunk railways. The river commerce of Albany emweight 2,505,797 tons in the first year, and 2,465,866 in the  ployed 849 vessels, with a tonnage of 88,266 tons, in 1854;
last; while the clearances from Albany-for the Champlain  and in the 15 years preceding 1855, the annual tonnage
Canal alone-amounted, in 1853, to $33,733,154.  Besides  varied from 39,416 to 97,019 tons.
the Champlain Canal, there are various branches connecting
with the Erie and Hudson, viz. one from  Utica to Bing-  ABSTRACT 0f the BuRssess of the NeW   YORE CANALS for the years
hamton; one from Syracuse to Oswego; one from Geneva to                                 853 an15.
Montezuma, and one from Rochester to Danville.  The other
canals are the Delaware and hudson, connecting the Hudson                         Tons of 2000 lbs. each.   Value in Dollars.
River with the coal-mines in the N.E. of Pennsylvania; the           Articles.                 854.      1853..
Chemung, connecting Seneca Lake with Elmira, and the                                J.
Crooked Lake, uniting Penn Yan with Dresden. The Black   Furs and peltry                 42'      203 — 28,833    652,952
River and Genesee Valley Canals are not yet finished. New    Products of wood.   1,821,100  t,768,462  13,0721,673  13,731,833
York owns, therefore, 877 miles of completed canal, with the   AGsiOOLTURs
exception of portions of the Black River and Genesee Valley      Preduct of anioals    70,612    78,681  12,839,144  11,66,509
ex~~~~~~ceptionnals.~  ~Vegetable food.  1,071,300    903,735  43,134,406  3e,331,500
Canals. There are, besides, 119 miles not belonging to the       Other agricultural
state. In connexion with internal improvements it may be           products..         9,012    10,420   1,555,665   1,983,068
proper to state,-that'there are 365 miles of lake coast, 206 miles   Mdanufactures.   230,036    25,01   8,091,100   9,796,420
of interior lake, and 245 miles of river navigation in the   Merchandise              48,327    40,022 118,317,85  123,167,3
Other articles..587 04I    740,2351  9,286,2931 10,954,380
state. The canal debt, September 30, 1854, amounted to   Other articles                87,041    4,23    9,286,293  10,94,0
$18,731,269; the canal revenue for the fiscal year ending the   Total...-       4,247,3  4,165,862 207,179,570 1210,284,312
same date, $2,773,566-a decrease on former years. The   Tolls received..  $3,204,718 $2,778,566
canal tolls varied between $1,056,922 in 1830, and $3,492,541   Totalvalue, preperin 1851 —the highest' amount; biut the latter included about    tleftattideater $3,68     73,797,
$600,000 railroad tolls. The canalling of New York has been
done by the state; but private enterprise has added a much    The foreign imports of the state amounted to $132,329,306
greater amount of railway. In January, 1855, there were in  in 1852, $178,270,999 in 1853, and $195,427,933 in 1854; and
the state, 2724 miles of railway completed. and 801 in course  the exports to $87,484,456 in 1852, $78,206,290 in 1853, and
of construction.  Cost, $128,649,645.  Those finished connect $122,534,646 in 1854. Tonnage entered for the first period,
New York City with Dunkirk, on Lake Erie-through  the  2,900,062, for the second, 3,725,335, and for the last, 3,188,354;
southern tier of counties-with Buffalo, via Albany, Utica, cleared for the first date, 2,477,720, for the second, 3,044,644,
Syracuse, Rochester, and various intermediate points; with  and for the last, 2,953,471. See NEW YORK, (City,) ALBANY,
Montreal, by roads partly in New York and partly in Yer- and BUFFALO.
mont; and, in short, with almost every village in the state    Education. —This great state has taken an active interest
1328




NEW                                                        NEW
in providing an e~ication for all classes in the elementary  for the library, $126. The State Lunatic Asylum, near Utibranches of learning. The HIon. Horace Mann and Hon.  ca, treated 836 patients in 1854, of whom 390 were admitted
Henry Barnard, the two highest authorities in this country  during the year; since the asylum was opened, 4313 patients
respecting any question of education, both gave it as their  have been treated, and 1789 recovered. The capacity of the
opinion, in 1845, that New York was carrying on the work  Utica Asylum being inadequate to the reception of all who
of public education more rapidly than any other state in the  apply for its benefits-159 having been rejected in 1854Union, or any other country in the world. According to  the initiatory steps have been taken towards founding a
the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, second asylum in another part of the state. A building is
transmitted to the Legislature in January, 1855, the number  now being constructed foran Idiotic Asylum, at Syracuse.
of school districts in the state was 11,798, and the number  The temporary institution, near Albany, had 42 pupils in
of children, between the ages of 4 and 21 years, 1,186,709. 1853. The Blind and Deaf and Dumb Asylums, are in New
Of these, 877,201 attended the public schools; 34.279 attended  York City. The former had 141 pupils at the close of 1854,
the unincorporated schools in the state, 4568 the 30 schools  of whom the state supported 116; there are besides in the
for colored children, and 37,406 the academies, giving a total institution 69 graduates, who are furnished with work.
attendance of 953,454. The number of pupils attending the  The Deaf and Dumb Asylum had 280 pupils at the same
public schools, as reported in the census of 1850, was 675,221. date, two-thirds of whom are supported by the state, and a
The whole number of academies in the state, January, 1855, few in both asylums by the state of New Jersey and the
was 210, which are under the supervision of the Regents of  city of New York. The other charitable and public instituthe University. ~                                           tions will be described in their respective localities. New
The Normal School, at Albany, went into operation in  York had 43 public libraries in 1850, with 197,229 volumes;
1844, being, we believe, the first institution of the kind esta- 10,802 school libraries, with 1,388,729 volumes; 137 Sundayblished in the United States. It instructs annually about school libraries, with 33,294 volumes; 25 college libraries,
275 students, from all parts of the state, in the best methods  with 138,870 volumes; and 6 church libraries, with 2 698
of teaching; 780 graduates have completed a full course, volumes.
while 2262 have attended partial courses since the establish-    Population.-Though originally settled by the Dutch, and
ment of the school; number of students in 1855, 64 males having some of its oldest and most respectable families of
and 186 females; total, 250. The faculty consists of 4 pro- that descent, the great infusion of New England populafessors and 3 tutors, besides 3 teachers in the experimental tion, since the Revolution, has given to the inhabitants of
department, who had, at the same date, 105 pupils, 23 of  New York more of the characteristics of New England than
whom were free scholars; expense of the whole for 1854, of HIolland. According to the census of 1790, this state.had
$11,962. The teacheis' departments in the academies trained  340,120 inhabitants; 586,756 in 1800; 959,049 in 1810;
5151 persons during fourmonths of the year 1854. It is in  1,372,812 in 1820; 1,918,608 in 1830; 2,428,921 in 1840;
agitation, with strong probability of success, to establish a  and 3,097,394 in 1850; of whom 1,544,489 were white males;
People's College, in which the course of instruction shall 1,503,836 white females; 23,452 free colored males, and 25,617
look more to the practical parts of education. The Free  females. This population was distributed in 566,869 famiAcademy, or HIigh School, in New York City, is also educating  lies, occupying 473.986 dwellings. Population to square mile,
a large number of youth in the higher branches. Other free  65.9. Of the entire population, 2,129,651 were born in the
academies are being formed in different parts of the state: state, 307,120 in other states of the Union, 47,200 in British
one at Lockport had 400 pupils during the year 1852, and  America, 84,820 in England, 343,111 in Ireland, 23,418 in
another is in process of organization at Utica. Geneva Col- Scotland, 7582 in Wales, 118,398 in Germany, 12,515 in
lege has become a free college, under the name of the Hobart  France, 14,757 in other countries, and 6261 whose places of
Free College. Columbia College receives a certain number  birth were unknown; giving about 21 per cent. of foreign
of pupils from the free schools in New York City every year, birth. In the twelve months preceding June 1, 1850, there
and it is proposed to make other colleges and academies par- occurred 45,584 deaths, or nearly 14 persons in every one
tially free by state appropriations. Among the educational thousand. In the same year, aid was received by 59,855
institutions in New York is the New York Conference Aca- paupsas, of whom 40,580 were foreigners, at an expense of
demy, in Charlotteville, Schoharie county, which gives an  nearly $14 for each individual. The deaf and dumb numacademical education at a very moderate expense, and under bered 1263, of whom 7 were colored persons; the blind 1181,
such regulations as to be highly advantageous to youth of  of whom 44 were colored; the insane 2521, of whom 34 were
moderate means. An act was passed in 1853 for the esta- colored; and the idiotic 1665, of whom 21 were colored. Of
blishment of union free schools.                            the entire population, 1898 were engaged in mining; 455,954
The whole amount apportioned by the Superintendent of  in agriculture; 28,468 in commerce; 173,193 in manufacPublic Schools, in 1854, was $1,055,000, of which $800,000  tures; 5511 in navigating the ocean; 10,167 in internal naviwas raised by a general tax; and $255,000 was the income  gation, and 14,111 iu the learned professions.
of the School Fund, the principal of which amounted, Janu-    Counties-New York is divided into 60 counties, viz.:
ary 1, 1855, to $6,708,351, made up of the Common School  Albany, Alleghany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, ChauFund, $2,425,211, the United States Deposit Fund, $4,014,520,  tauque, Chemung, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland,
and the Literary Fund, $268,620. The whole amount ex-  Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Genesee,
pended in 1854, for public schools, was $2,666,609, of which  Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Kings, Lewis, Liv$1,929,884 was paid to teachers, and $47,657 expended for  ingston Madison, ionroe, Montgomery, New York, Niagara,
school libraries, which contained an aggregate of 1,572,270  Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otvolumes. There were also in the same year 8 colleges with  sego, Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland,
883 students, 7 thetlogical schools with 250 students, 4  Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Seneca, St.
medical schools with 692 students. and 1 law school with  Lawrence, Steuben, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tiogs, Tompkins,
50 students. Of the adult population in 1850, 98,722 could  Ulster Warren, Washinton, Wayne, Westchester, Wyonot read and write; of these 68,052 were of foreign bith.    ming, and Yates. Albany is the capital.
Religious Desnoninations.-Of 4169 churches in New York    Cities afd Fens.-New York is Oilled with populous and
in 3850, the Baptists owned 781, the Christians 65, Congre- thriving towns, and her inland cities and villages exhibit,
gationalists 215, -Dutch Reformed 233, Episcopalians 279, in their  reat warehouses ad elegant private residences,
Free Church 15, Friends 133, Jews 14, Lutherans 81, Metho- such indications of wealth and taste as are only looked for
dists 1231, Presbyterians 700, Roman Catholics 176, Union  in seaport towns or great capitals, in other countries. New
Church 75, Unitarians 22, Universalists 114, and minor sects  York, her metropolis, and the most populous city of the
35; giving 1 church to every 743 persons. Value of church  western continent, is the great centre of commercial operaproperty, $21,219,207.                                     tions, not only of the United States, but of all America,
Periodicals.-There were published in the state, in 1850, Though the population of New York City proper numbered
51 daily, 8 tri-weekly, 13 semi-weekly, and 308 weekly news- I  1850 but 515,547, yet, added to its different suburbsin150 but 515,547, yet, added to its    d     fent suburbs —
papers; 9 monthly, 36 semi-monthly, and 3 quarterly ma- Brooklyn, (population 96,838,) Williamsburg, (30,780,) and
gazines and reviews, with a total annual circulation of  Jersey City and Ioboken (thugh in another state)-it sum115,385,473 copies, of which circulation 6,654,408 belonged  med up a total of 653,000 inhabitants. Probable population
to reviews, magazines, &c.                                 in 1855, 900,000. The other most important towns were
Publhic Institstions.-New  York has 3 penitentiaries con- Albany, population 50,763; Buffalo, 42,261, estimated at
ducted on the silent system, one at Sing-Sing, containing,  70,000 in 1854; Rochester, 36,403, estimated at 45,000 in
September 30, 1854, 1043 convicts; one at Auburn, 747; and  1854- Troy, 28,785, (and in conjunction with West Troy,
a third in Clinton county, with 199 convicts; total, 1989; about 36,000;) Syracuse, 22.271, estimated at 30,000 in 1854;
average for ten years, in the order above named, 843, 669, Utica 17,565; Poughkeepsie, 13,944; Lockport, 12,323; Osand 149. respectively. Aggregate amount of receipts from  wego, 12,205, (14,986 in 1854;) Newburg, 11,415; Kingston,
the three, $180,567, and expenses, $269,648; excess of ex- 10,232- Auburn, 9548; Fishkill, 9240; Schenectady, 8921;
penditure, $89,081; Auburn alone yielding a revenue (this  Elmira 8166; Rome, 7918; Ogdensburg, 7756; Owego, 7159;
year) of $14,000. There is a House of Refuge at New Yjork  Ithaca, 6909; Hudson, 6286; Canandaigua, 6143; Plattsburg,
City, and one at Rochester; the former received 413 child- 5618- Catskill, 5454; Biughampton, nearly 10,000 in 1854;
ren during 1854, and indentured  381; remaining in the  Dunkirk, Waterford, Batavia, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Herinstitution, 343 boys and 75 girls; whole number admitted, kimer, Saratog, Sackett's Habor and various other towns,
6361. In the Refuge at Rochester, were 262 inmates; whole  numbering from 2000 to 5000 inhitants each.
numbering from 2000 to 5000 inhabit.ants each.
number received, 495; during the year 1854, 161; expendi-    Goversnment, Finances, &c.-New York, almost an empire
tures, $26,140; products of the farm, $1018; and donations  in resources and population within itself, is ruled by a go
41                                                                           -1329




NEW                                                      NEW
vernor and lieutenant-governor, each elected by the people  engagements, and gave Jay and Hamilton to the councils of
for two years, and by a Senate of 32, and a House of Repre-  the nation in that period of trial and doubt. The defeat of
sentatives of 128 members, the former elected for two years, Washington on Long Island and at White Plains in the
and the latter annually, by the people. The governor re- autumn of 1776, the surrender of Burgoyne in October, 1777,
ceives a salary of $8000 per annum, and the lieutenant- and the taking of Stony Point by Wayne in July, 1779, are
governor $6 per diem during the sessions of the Senate, of  the most important actions that took place on the soil of this
which he is ex qoicio president. The members of the legis- state during the Revolutionary contest. The sanguinary
lature receive $3 per diem, and $1 for every ten miles travel. naval battle on Lake Champlain, in the war of 1812, in
The judiciary consists —1. Of a court for the trial of impeach- which McDonough defeated the British after a hard-fought
ments, composed of the President of the Senate, (who is also  action, and several other minor engagements, took place
president of the court,) and the whole or a majority of the  within the limits of New York in the last struggle with
Senate, and the whole or a majority of the court of appeals. Great Britain.
If the governor is impeached, the lieutenant-governor can-   NEW YORK, (Fr. New-York, nuh'yoRak; Sp. Nueva York,
not act as a member of the court. Two-thirds of the mem- nwlvA yoak; It. Nuovra IYork, noo-olvA yoRk; L. Noevum Ebohers present must concur for a conviction, and their judg- rocunse,) the metropolis of the above state, the most populous
ment only extends to removal from Office. 2. Of a court of  city and the greatest emporium in the New World, and
appeals, which is composed of eight judges, of whom four  (with its suburbs, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jersey City:
are elected by the people, for 8 years, and four selected each and Hoboken) the third in point of wealtlh and population
year from the judges of the supreme court having the short- of the cities of Christendom, is situated on the southern
est time to serve. Of the judges elected by popular vote, extremity of Manhattan Island, at the junction of the Hudone is chosen in every second year, and the one having the  son and East Rivers, about 18 miles from the Atlantic
shortest time to serve is chief judge. This court has power  Ocean; 87 miles N.E. of Philadelphia; 187 miles N.E. of
to i'everse the decisions of the supreme court, or the old  Baltimore; 226 miles N.E. of Washington; 1428 miles N.E.
supreme court, and court of chancery. 3. Supreme and  of New Orleans; 1046 miles E. of St. Louis; 722 miles E.
circuit courts, composed of 32 judges, for the election of  of Cincinnati; 340 miles S. of Montreal; 145 miles S. of
whom the state is divided into 8 judicial districts, each one  Albany; and 207 miles S.W. of Boston.  The city and
of which elects 4 judges for 8 years; one judge goes out of  county have the same limits, composing the whole of Manoffice every second year. Four terms of the supreme court, hattan Island, 131 miles in length, and about 2 in its greatat least, are held in each district every year, and one spe- est breadth. The densely inhabited parts of the city occupy
cial term and two circuit courts. The supreme court has  about 4 miles of the southern portion of the island.' The
jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review judg- City Hall is in lat. 400 42' 43" N., and 740 0 31" W. lon.
ments of the county courts, but the circuit courts are only  Though the site of New York is nearly level, there is sufitfor the trial of issues of fact. 4. County, or surrogates' cient descent in the ground from Broadway towards each
courts, which have the usual jurisdiction of courts of pro- river to furnish good drainage.
bate. 5. Criminal courts, composed (except in the city and    General Aspect.-In the old or southern quarter of the
county of New York) of one of the judges of the supreme  city, the streets are for the most part narrow and irregular,
court, the county judge, and two justices of the peace, chosen  but crowded with immense hotels, warehouses, stores, and
members of the court of sessions. In New York city and  the public buildings necessary in a great mart of trade.
county, to a judge of the supreme court, this court adds any  Many of these are costly structures of marble, granite, or
two of the following officers, viz., judges of the court of  sandstone, and from 3 to 8 stories in height; or, if public
common pleas, mayor, recorder, and aldermen. Courts of  buildings, displaying various orders of architectural style,
sessions are composed of one county judge and two justices  adorned with columns, porticoes, &c. The horthern or newer
of the peace. 6. Courts of New York city and county, viz., part of the city is regularly laid out with wide and spacious
a superior court, a court of common pleas, and a marine  streets and avenues, which, in the fashionable quarter
court. The judges of the court of appeals and the supreme  west of Broadway, are lined with palatial residences and
court have salaries of $2500 each; of the superior court of  sumptuous churches of brick, sandstone, and marble, givNew York city, $3500; of the common pleas, $3000, and of  ing a display of wealth nowhere to be found but in the
the marine court, $2000. The judges of all these courts are imperial cities of Europe, and unequalled even there, except
elective. Every male citizen of the age of 21 years, who  in the abodes of royalty and nobility. Broadway, the prinshall have been a citizen ten days, (i. e. all foreigners whose  cipal street, and one of the finest to be seen in any city, is
citizenship or probation of five years shall have been ma- 80 feet wide, and about 3 miles long. Commencing at the
tured ten days,) and an inhabitant of the state one year, Battery, (an open space planted with trees at the southern
of the county four months, and of the election district 30  extremity of the island,) it extends N.N.E. for about 2~
days, shall be 2ntitled to a vote. But no man of color may  miles to Grace Church, where it bends slightly to the N.W.,
vote, till he has been three years a citizen, and possessed of and, with a short interruption, (from Union Park,) continues
a freehold estate of the value of $250.                    on in this direction beyond the densely built portions of the
The assessed value of property in New York in 1850, was  city. Broadway may be compared to a great river; the
$715,369,028, which had increased in 1854 to $1,364,154,625, streets which terminate in it, and those which it intersects,
of which $272,638,110 was personal property. The public being tributaries that supply a constantly increasing throng
debt, January, 1855, was $24,288,568, of which $15,501,269  of people and vehicles of every description, as we approach
was canal debt; and $1,500,000 canal revenue certificates. its southern extremity.  Perhaps the most important of
School fund, $6,666,777; productive property, $35,115,237; these affluents is Chatham Street, which forms the outlet
and ordinary expenses, exclusive of schools and debt, of the Bowery, East Broadway, and several other consider$750,000. In December, 1854, there were 324 banks, of  able streets, and terminates at the lower end of the Park.
which 47 were about closing up, with an aggregate capital From the cupola of the City Hall, three-fourths of a mile
of $83,268,866, a circulation of $27,917,839, and $13,470,879  from the Battery, a bird's-eye view may be had of New
in coin. In 1853, 26 savings banks reported to the state  York, its harbor and environs. Looking to the S., we have
government $26,391,713 on deposit; but there were a large beneath us the warehouses, banking establishments, insurnumber of country institutions which did not report; and  ance offices, Custom-house, Exchange, and other buildings,
of those making returns, four were not exclusively savings wherein are transacted the commercial operations of this
banks. A writer in Hunt's Magazine estimates, on what great centre of trade. Terminating this scene on the S. is
he claims to be reliable authority, that $1,000,000 of un- the Battery, and beyond it stretches out New York Bay for
claimed deposits now lie in the different savings institutions  6 miles, till the view is shut in by the picturesque heights
in the state. According to the same authority, 14 of these  of Staten Island on the S.W., while on the S. the Narrows
in New York City alonO had $26,910,402.                    open a vista to the Atlantic Ocean. Turning to the S.E.
History.-Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the employ  and E., we look over a strait of from one-third to threeof the Dutch East India Company, first ascended the Hudson  fourths of a mile in breadth, literally crowded (on the New
River in 1609, but no permanent settlement was made till York shore) with a dense forest of masts, bearing aloft the
1614, when the Dutch founded Fort Orange, now Albany, and  flags of every civilized maritime nation on the earth. BeNew Amsterdam, now New York City. The English claimed  yond this strait (commonly called the East River, and conthe right of prior discovery, which led to fiequent conflicts. necting New York Bay with Long Island Sound,) is BrookIn 1664, the colony surrendered to the Duke of York, lyn, itself a large city, presenting in one part a bold bluff
was re-taken by the Dutch in 1673, but surrendered finally  crowned with stately dwellings, and overlooking the city of
to the English in 1674. The first legislative assembly was New York, its harbor and bay, and Staten Island-taking
convoked in 1683. New York suffered considerably from  in a panorama unrivalled in the world, except at Naples,
Indian depredations in the wars waged between France and  (if indeed we must make that exception,) and, perhaps, Rio
England in 1690, 1702, and 1744. In 1690, Schenectady was Janeiro. Furthei' N., on the same shore with Brooklyn, we
taken and burnt by the savages, and many of the inhabit- have Williamsburg,* a suburb larger than New York at the
ants massacred. The shores of Lake George and Champlain  Revolution,.and between them the United States Navy-yard
have been made classic by the struggles they have witnessed  and the United States Naval Hospital. On the W. is the
metween the French and English previous to the American  noble Hudson, expanding itself to 1  miles in width ere it
Revolution. The massacre of the garrison at Fort William  is lost in the bay, and separating New York from  the
Itenry by the Indians, in 1757, will long be remembered in  flourishing suburbs of Jersey City and Hoboken.  At the
the annals of New York. This state took an active part in
the war of independence; was the theatre of many military      *        Incorporated with Brooklyn in 1854.
1230




NEW                                                         NEW
wharves on this side we may see a scarcely less crowded  The view from the Battery and Garden commands the entire
forest of masts than on the E. shore; and peering up amid  Bay, Narrows, and Staten Island. Bowling Green, in Broad.
this leafless forest, may be observed the black pipes of the  way, near the Battery, is a small circular space, enclosed by
greatest steamers on the globe, whether we regard those  a railing, and having a fountain. About three-fourths of a
that navigate the river and sound, or thbse that traverse  mile from the Battery, is the Park, a triangular piece of
the ocean. Turning to the N., we have a sea of houses, ground, of about 11 acres, containing the City Hall, Ro-,hutches, and public buildings of various kinds, extending  tunda or Hall of Records, and New City HIall, occupied by
for full 3 miles, terminated (1855) by the swelling dome of  courts, city offices, &c. Near the S.W. entrance is a basin
the Crystal Palace, and, on the Jersey shore, by the heights  with several jets, the centre one of which can throw a comof Weehawken. This bird's-eye view, while it shuts out paqt body of water a foot in diameter to the height of 60
many defects, such as filthy and irregular streets, mean  feet. St. John's Pirk is a private square, between Hudson
houses, and squalid poverty and wretchedness, (that alloy  and Varick, and Laight and Beach Streets. Washington
the pleasure in visiting every great capital,) conceals also  Square, a parallelogram of 12 acres, Tompkins Square, Stuymany beauties, such as the individual excellences of par- vesant Square, Union Park, an oval piece of ground with
ticular buildings and particular streets. As hag been be- finejets d'eau, interrupting  Broadway at Fourteenth Street;
fore intimated, the great seat of business is south of the  Gramercy Park, and Madison Square, in the N. part of the
City Hall, and its centre, Broadway and the streets in its  city, are all within the densely peopled portions of New
vicinity crossing it, which are almost wholly occupied by  York. They are not large, but are less needed'in this long
immense stores and warehouses of costly structure and  and comparatively narrow city, surrounded by its harbor,
imposing architecture. Among these cioss-streets, the most and refreshed by sea-breezes, than in most other towns of
noted is a narrow one, named Wall Street; running east its size. Efforts are now being made (1855) to form a Cenfrom Broadway, about one-fourth of a mile above the Bat- tral Park, of 776 acres, to enclose the Upper Croton Resertery. This is the Rialto and Lombard Street of New York  voir, and a proposed new reservoir of 112 acres.
-the grand heart whence pulsate the financial movements    Croton Aquedsuct.-Of all her public works, New York has
of North America. This street:is lined with banking-houses,  most reason to be proud of, and to be satisfied with the
insurance and brokers' offices; and here, too, are the Ex- Croton Aqueduct, whether we regard it as a proof of energy
change and Custom-house-all commanding and some magp  merely, or in its utilitarian aspects. This work is superior
nificeut edifices. Broadway, above the City Hall, is occupied  to anything of the kind in modern times, and is only surfor two miles with vast hotels, (such as are seen nowhere  passed by those of ancient Rome. The water is brought to
but in America,) fashionable retail stores of every variety,  the city from Croton River, 401 miles above the distributing
whose shelves groan with the most costly fabrics, and with  reservoir, and 43, miles from  the City Hall. The dam on
theatres, concert-halls, lecture-rooms, and other places of  Croton River is 40 feet high, and 166 above tide. The water
amusement and instruction. The newer or northern par- is conveyed in a covered canal of brick and stone, through
tion is traversed in a north and south direction by 19 spa- 16 tunnels of an aggregate length of 6841 feet to IHarlem
clous avenues of 100 feet in breadth, 10 of which (commenc- River, which it crosses on a bridge 1450 feet long, elevated
ing at a distance of from  2 to 24 miles from  the Battery)  114 feet above tide. About 5 miles above the City Hall is
extend the whole length of the island. Four of the shorter the receiving reservoir, covering 38 acres, and with a capaavenues, on the East River, are named A, B, C, and D. The  city for 150,000,000 gallons. Between 2 and 3 miles below
rest, except Lexington and Madison Avenues, which ex- this, on Fifth Avenue, is the distributing reservoir, a solid
tend but a short distance, are named numerically, corn- piece 6f masonry, covering 420 feet square, including 4
mencing at the east side, and numbering to 14th Avenue. acres, in two divisions, with massive walls, 44' feet high
These are crossed at right angles by streets from 60 to 100  above the street, and 37 feet deep. Capacity, 20,000,000 ga!feet in width, and at distances of about 200 feet from  each  lons. In 1854, 236l  miles of pipe had been laid on the
other, also nanmed numerically up to 229th Street, though  island. Total original cost of construction, $9,000,000. The
dense population does not (1855) extend much above 40th  aqueduct can supply 60,000,000 gallons daily.
Street. Fifth Avenue, the very centre of fashion, is a street    Cemeteries.-About 3 miles S.E. of Fulton Ferry, Brookof sumptuous and costly dwellings of large size, a great lyn, is Greenwood Cemetery,,occupying an area of 400 acres,
portion of which are constructed of brown stone, and some  forming the most extensive place of sepulture in modern
of white marble; exhibiting architectural varieties sufficient times. It is an hours' ride simply to make the circuit of
to gratify the most diverse tastes. On this street, too, is a  the grounds, without threading its alleys, or examining its
number of costly churches, with towering spires and tur- great variety of monuments, and other testimonials to the
rets, and, with one or two exceptions, constructed of stone. dead. The grounds are as varied as extensive, composed of
There are striking contrasts, however, to this display of  constant alternations of hill and dale, and wood and water;
wealth and magnificence, and the most striking is to be indeed, it would be difficult to conceive of any place, cormfound in the very heart of the city, in sight of its City Hall, bining so many attractions. It is covered with mounds
its courts of justice, and boards of education and benevo- that swell so gracefully as to bear the appearance of being
lence. We allude, of course, to the Five Points, (so calltd  artificial. In some parts the visitor is shut in by thick
from the intersection of several streets,) the abode of misery, woods, hills, and foliage that enclose a contracted glen and
crime, filth, and wretchedness of the most disgusting and  embosom a secluded lake or pond. In others, he is on emidegrading kind; though even here a ray of light has re- nences, such as Ocean Hill, that command extensive views
cently broken in, and steps have been taken to improve  of the sea and Rockaway Beach, while from  Battle Hill he
the dwellings, the morals, and comfort of their inmates. overlooks New York City and Bay, Brooklyn, Staten Island,
The S.E. and- E. portions of New York are inhabited by  Jersey City, and the Hudson River to the heights of Weesubstantial and useful citizens, many of whose residences  hawken. The cemetery is traversed by winding paths and
are large and commodious, though they are generally mo- avenues, amid every variety of memorial, from the simplest
derate in dimensions, plain in appearance, and often abso- tombstone to the gorgeous mausoleum.
lutely mean. But the great defect of New York, out of the    Public Buildings.-New York is fast approaching the capifashionable quarter, is a want of cleanliness in the streets, tals of Europe in the stateliness of its private mansions,
and more particularly in the great thoroughfares of busi- and the solidity and grandeur of its public buildings, though
ness-the portion always seen by strangers, and often the  in many cases they fail in producing their proper effect from
only portion.                                              the badness of their location. Beginning at the Battery,
Defence. —New York is strongly defended both by nature  and proceeding up Broadway, (omitting any mention of the
and art. The entrance to the upper bay is through a strait immense warehouses and stores which line every step of
called the Narrows, about one mile in width, and is com- the way,) we come first to Wall Street, running E. from
manded on the Long Island side by two, forts, one in the  Broadway, turning down which, a white marble building
water, 200 yards from shore. On the Staten Island side are  of the Doric order, after the model of the Parthenon, situalso two other forts, one on the heights. Should these be  ated at the corner of Nassau and Broad Streets, first attracts
passed, there are other defences within less than a mile of  the eye. This is the Custom-house, one of the most solid
the city. These are by Fort Columbus, on Governor's  structures in the United States. It stands on sloping ground,
Island on the east side, and by batteries on Bedloe and Ellis fronting Broad Street, and occupies the site of the old FeIslands, on the west. The public walk, called the Battery, deral Hall, from the balcony in front of which Washington
atthe extremity of the city, has also a fort. The entrance  delivered his first inaugural address. It is ascended from
from Long Island Sound is protected by fortifications on  Wall Street by eighteen marble steps, while the Pine Street
Throg's Neck.                                              front has but four. The length of the building is 200 feet,
Pueblic Squares, 1Fountains, &c.-New York has a number width 90 feet, and height 80 feet, with a portico at each end,
of small parks or enclosed grounds. The Battery, one of  supported by eight massive columns. The great hall for the
the most delightful promenades offered by any city of a hot transaction of business is circular, surmounted by a dome,
summer's evening, occupies an area of about 11 acres, at supported by sixteen Corinthian columns 30 feet high. Enthe extreme S.W. point of the city, which is planted with  tire cost of the building, including the grounds, $1,175,000.
trees, laid out in walks, and furnished with plain seats.   The Merchants' Exchange, also in Wall Street, is one of
The Battery has recently been greatly enlarged. Castle the most imposing buildings in the country. It occupies an
Garden, an old fort, formerly connected with it by a bridge, entire block, 200 feet long by 144 to 177 feet wide, 77 feet
is now continuous with. the mainland.  The interior of  high to the top of the cornice, and 124 to the summit of
Castle Garden:is: used as a place for public exhibitions, fairs, the dome, which is a prominent object in the view coming
concerts, &c., and is capable of containing 10,000 persons. up the bay. This structure is of Quincy granite, no wood
1331




NEW                                                        NEW
being used except in the doors and windows. The front has style, 300 feet on Broadway, and 200 feet on Prince Street,
a recessed portico, with eighteen Ionic columns, twelve in  at a cost, including the ground, of over $1,000,000. The SL
the first row, four in the second, and two in the third; the  Nicholas presents a front on Broadway of 300 feet, (200 of
latter forming the approach to the principal entrance. Each  which are of white marble, and 100 of red sandstone,) in a
column is composed of a solid block of granite 38 feet high, good style of architecture, and 200 feet on Spring Street. AL
43 feet in diameter, and weighing upwards of 40 tons. The  contains 600 rooms, and 150 suites of family rooms, with
great hall" where merchants most do congregate," is a  baths, water-closets, &c. The whole erected at a cost, inrotunda 80 feet in diameter, in the centre of the building, eluding ground, of $1,030,000.  The Astor House, opposite
with four recesses of 10 feet each. This chamber is 80 feet the Park, is a massive structure, of Quincy granite, whose
high, surmounted by a dome, with a skylight 25 feet in  solidity will probably give it a duration beyond several sucdiameter, and supported by eight Corinthian columns of cessions of its more flaring rivals. It is 201 feet on BroadItalian marble, 41 feet high. The rotunda is surrounded  way, 185 and 186 on Vezey and Barclay Streets, is six stories
by offices let out for various purposes. Entire cost of build- high, and has 326 chambers.
ing and grounds about $1,800,000. This building occupies    Stores, and Warehouses. —It has not been usual, in a work
part of the site of the old Exchange, destroyed by the great of this kind, to take any particular notice of such buildings,
fire in 1835. Leaving Wall Street, with its compact mass but in the United States, where the leading object of purof banking-houses, insurance and brokers' offices, mostly of  suit is commerce and trade, money is expended and taste
marble, granite, or sandstone, we will return to Broadway. displayed on stores, warehouses, &c., which in other coun.
As we do so, we have the steeple of Trinity Church, the  tries would be devoted to objects of quite a different cha. ~
highest in the United States, if not in America, immediately  racter. Great injustice would therefore be done to the ap.
in front of us. This church, which is built of light red  pearance of our great cities to omit mention of these templeq
sandstone to the topstone of the steeple, is 189 feet long by  dedicated to trade by the wealthiest portion of our commu84 wide, and 64 feet high, and believed to be the purest spe- nity, who are no longer content to transact their business
cimen of Gothic architecture in the United States. The  in dark and narrow alleys, and in mean warehouses. Protower, (which is furnished with a fine chime of bells and a  minent among the class of buildings referred to is Stewart's
clock,) including the spire, is 264 feet in height. The cost store, a white marble building 83 feet high, occupying an
of the building is stated at $400,000. Proceeding up Broad- entire block, 152 feet on Broadway, and 100 feet deep. There
way, on the right, in the centre of the Park, stands the City  is a great hall, 100 feet by 40, and 80 feet high; 2000 panes
Hall, an edifice of mixed Corinthian and Ionic orders, 216  of plate glass are distributed over the building; those in
feet long by 105 wide, and 65 feet high, including the attic. the windows on each side the principal entrance are 134 by
The S. front and the ends are of white marble, but'the N. 84 inches. The store is lighted up by 400 gas-burners. Putfront is of red sandstone, causing a want of harmony which  nam's Magazine states their sales at about $7,000,000 annuconsiderably impairs the effect of the building. It covers  ally, employing 300 salesmen and clerks. Lord & Taylor's
an area of 22,896 square feet, is two stories high above the  store, in Grand Street, is only second to Stewart's, andi has
basement, with an attic story in the centre of the building  a front of from  80 to 100 feet. The basement is of iron,
surmounted by a cupola, which contains a clock, and is  surmounted by an immense story faced with sandstone.
crowned by a statue of Justice. This cupola is occupied  Broadway is such a mass of commercial palaces that it might
by a person whose business it is to give alarm in case of  seem invidious to particularize; among the most extensive,
fires. There are 28 rooms in the City Hall, the most impor- however, are an immense sandstone building, 50 feet on
taut of which is the governor's room, 52 feet by 20, which, Broadway and 220 on Rector Street, 6 stories high; and
as its name implies, is set apart for the use of the governor  Trinity Buildings, N. of the church of that name, on the
when he visits the city. Its walls are decorated with the  same street, built of Milwaukee yellow brick, 44 feet on
portraits of men of eminence. The other rooms in this  Broadway and 262 on Thames Street, with 365 windows, 350
building are occupied as council chambers, mayor's office, doors, 1} miles of gas-pipe, 2 miles of steam-pipe, and cost
superior and other court rooms, and city and county offices. $460,000 and upwards. Though the largest, these are not
It is proposed to extend the City Hall so as to form a hollow  the most striking for architectural effect, as there are scores
square. Another project is to erect the additional buildings  of stores on Broadway and in the streets adjacent to it,
on Madison Square, that they may be more central.           with fronts of white marble, sandstone, and iron, that, if inOpposite the lower end of the Park is the Astor House, ferior in size, are superior in appearance.
(see Hotels,) the American and Irving Houses, and, at the N.    Churches.-According  to the Metropolitan Almanac of
end, Stewart's store. Continuing up Broadway, we have on  1853, there were in New York 32 Baptist, 6 Congregational,
the left the City Hospital, Prescott House, St. Nicholas  19 Dutch Reformed, 4 Friends', 13 Jews' synagogues, 6
and New York Hotel, on the right the Masonic Hall,.Broad-  Lutheran, 37 Methodist, 2 New Jerusalem, 37 Presbyterian,
way Theatre, Society Library, Carlton House, Collamore  4 Associate do., 2 Associate Reformed do., 4 Reformed do., 4
House, Church of the Divine Unity, the Metropolitan Hotel, Primitive Christians, 44 Protestant Episcopal, 22 Roman
and Church of the Messiah. At the angle made by the de- Catholic, 2 Second Advent,'2 Unitarian, 5 Universalist, and
clination of Broadway to the N.W., and 24  miles from the  9 tniscellaneous, making a total of 254 churches. The most
Battery, stands Grace Church, an imposing structure of  conspicuous of these, for architectural effect, are (besides
white marble, with a tower and spire surmounted by a cross  Trinity and Grace churches, already referred to) the Baptist,
of the same material, and producing a marked effect by its  corner of Elizabeth and Broome; Trinity Chapel, the Church
peculiar position, visible from almost every part of Broad- of the Ascension, Calvary, Holy Communion, Du Saint
way. The Odd Fellows' Hall, a large building of brown-  Esprit, St. George's-all Episcopal; Presbyterian churches
stone, corner of Centre and Grand Streets, is an imposing  on University Place, 5th Avenue and 16th Street, and 5th
structure, and the principal edifice belonging to the order  Avenue and 12th Street; the  Congregational church of the
of that name. The Bible House, occupying the space bounded  Puritans, on Union Square; Dutch Reformed, one on 5th
by Third and Fourth Avenues, and Eighth and Ninth  Avenue and 29th Street, and another on Washington Square;
Streets, is more noted for its vast extent and the purposes the Catholic church of St. Patrick, the Unitarian church of
to which it is devoted, than for any claims it has to archi-  the Messiah, on Broadway, and another on 4th Avenue; and
fectural effect. This immense brick pile extends 232 feet on  the Universalist church of the Divine Unity, on Broadway.
Ninth Street, and 77 on Third Avenue, being 6 stories high, All these churches are of decided architectural pretensions,
and having a street frontage of 700 feet. In the colossal all but two of marble or sandstone, and, with one or two
rooms of this vast structure are conducted all the operations  exceptions, with towers and spires, and often with both.
of printing, stitching, gilding, binding, &c., necessary in    Hospitals, Public Charities, Prisons, &c.-While there is
book-making. The Baptists have recently erected a Bible  much of wretchedness and depravity in New York to depress
House in Nassau Street. Scattered over the city, in various the mind of the philanthropist, its numerous and richly
directions, are different buildings of a public nature, which  endowed charitable institutions restore his equanimity, and
will be alluded to under the head of benevolent societies, present the redeeming side of human nature, First to be
churches, &c. The NewArmory, built of bluestone, in the  enumerated in this list is the New York Hospital, occupying
Gothic style, extending 131 feet on White, and 84 feet on  a lot on Broadway opposite Pearl Street, with an extensive
Elm Street, is intended for a receptacle of the artillery of  yard in front. It is of graystone, 124 feet long, 50 feet wide,
the First Division of New York State Militia. It is con- and 3 stories high, with accommodations for 200 patients,
structed so as to be particularly available as a defence  who receive here the most judicious nursing and the most
against mobs. There is a second Arsenal 3 or 4 miles N. of  skilful medical treatment. On the same grounds is the
the City Hill.                                              Marine Department, rebuilt in 1854, in the most complete
Hotels.-A  peculiar feature of New York is its hotels, manner-with reference to the wants of such an institution
which perhaps surpass in number, extent, and in the ex- -of any.building of the kind perhaps in the world. It is
pensiveness of their equipments, those of any city in the  126 feet long by 88 wide, and 5 stories high.. In 1854 there
world. Among the most important are the Howard House,  were treated in the New York Hospital 3680 patients, of
Astor House, American, Irving House, Carlton House, Tay- whom 2323 were cured, 491 relieved, and 373 died, (156 from
lor's Restaurant, Collamore House, St. Nicholas, Prescott accidents and brawls,)leaving in the institution, January
House,the Metropolitan, Bond-Street Hotel, New York Hotel, 1, 1855, 260 invalids. Of the entire number, in 1852, 1127
Smithsonian House, Astor-Place Hotel, St. Denis, Union- were paupers, and 1285 seamen. Of those treated, 2861 were
Place Hotel, and Gramercy Hotel, all on Broadway, and the  foreigners, of whom 1875 were Irish.  Total admitted in
Clarendon House on Fourth Avenue.  The Metropolitan  24 years, 57,730, of whom 43,187 were healed, bnd 5629 died.
)ccupies a new edifice of red sandstone, built in the Roman  Nearly 41 per cent., in 1854, were seamen, 254 per cent. pay
1332




NEW                                                         NEW
patients, and nearly 34 per cent. paupers. The Blooming-  Sailors is in the same vicinity.  The American Widows'
dale Lunatic Asylum, a branch of the above, is located  Relief Society, the Mariner's.Family Industrial Society,
near the Hudson River, about 7 miles N.W. of the City  the Prison Association of New -York for furnishing places
Hall, on an area of 55 acres, laid out into walks, pleasure- to released convicts; the Home for! Females released
grounds, &c. The building is of hewn stone, composed of a  from  Blackwell's Island Penitentiary; the Magdalene Fecentre and two wings, 211 feet long. There are two detached  male Asylum, the Five Points (the St. Giles of New York)
buildings of brick, one-third the size of the main building. House of Industry, the Association for the Improvement
The situation is healthful, and commanding a fine prospect,  of the Condition of the Poor, which assisted 49,986 persons
calculated to cheer and soothe the mind so far as scenery and  in January, 1855,,besides 42 religious societies with receipts
air are concerned. This asylum treated 248 patients during  of more than $2,000,000 annually, and 25 foreign and other
the year 1854, of whom48 recovered, and 26 died. St. Luke's  beneficial societies, constitute the practical evidences of the
Hospital and St. Vincent's Hospital, in East 18th Street, are  private beneficence of this great metropolis.
under the care of the Sisters of Charity. New York Institu-    Ahishouse, &c.-The board of ten governors of the almstion for the blind occupies the entire block between 8th and  house have under their charge, to some extent, the follow9th Avenues, and 33d and 34th Streets. The building is  ing institutions:-The Almshouse, Bellevue Hospital, City
composed of a centre, 117 feet long by 60 wide, and two  Prison, Colored Home, Colored Orphan Asylum, Nursery
wings, each 130 feet long by 29 wide. The entire length is  Hospital, the City Penitentiary, Penitentiary Hospital, one
175 feet, and height 3 stories. It is constructed of blue lime- branch of the Almshouse, Lunatic Asylum, and Workhouse,
stone, in the castellated Gothic style. A workshop of brick, all on Blackwell's Island; House of Refuge, and Nursery,
88 feet long and 60 feet deep, has recently been erected  on Randall's Island; office of Chief of Police, out-door poor,
on 8th Avenue.  The Deaf and Dumb Asylum is at pre-. prisons of 2d and 3d Districts, Small-pox Hospital, &c. The
sent located on 50th Street, near 4th Avenue, but new  number of persons in all these institutions on February 17,
buildings are in course of erection on the Hudson River, 1855, was 7084. They report expended on all these instiabout 8 miles N.W. of the City Hall.-(See State Institu- tutions, for the year 1854, $552,000. The Almshouse proper
tions, page 1329.)                                          admitted 2198 persons in 1853, of whom only 535 were naNew York abounds in institutions for the relief of suffer- tives; the Bellevue Hospital received 5017, of whom 702
ing poverty, decrepitude, and misfortune of every kind; only were natives; the Hospital on Blackwell's Island
among them may be mentioned the American Female Guoe- treated 3136 patients; the Small-pox Hospital had 108 padian Society and Home for the Friendless, where females tients; the Colored Home, 893; the Colored Orphans' Asyout of employment or a home may find shelter, and have  lumn had 259 under care during the year; the Lunatic
their children taken care of, till suitable places can be found  Asylum on Blackwell's Island had 487 patients, of whom
for them. From its opening in 1847, to 1853, 2936 persons  only 94 were natives; the Nursery Hospital, on Randall's
had been received, of whom 1146 were children. The New  Island, admitted 1763 persons, of whom 772 were foreigners;
York Orphan Asylum, at Bloomingdale, is a fine building, the Nursery proper on the same island received 1224 chil120 feet by 60, with 8 acres of ground. In this institution  dren, of whom 175 were indentured, and an average of 698
were 191 orphans in April, 1854. The Leake and Watts Or- attended school; 5236 were sent to Blackwell's Island Peniphan House has an income sufficient to support 250 children, tentiary, of whom  4189 were police commitments; the
and had 219 inmates in 1854; the Colored Orphan Asylum, Workhouse department, on the same island, received 1458
188; the Protestant Half Orphan, 181; the Roman Catholic  inmates during the year. There were committed to the three
Orphan, 250; the Catholic Half Orphan, 175; and the St. city prisons in 1854, 30,691 persons, of whom 23,725 were
Patrick's Male Orphan Asylum, 400; and 803 received the  foreigners.  The most important of these (the First District
benefits of the Juvenile Asylum  in the same year. The  Prison. Hall of Justice, or Tombs, as it is popularly called)
last-named institution provides a home and temporary em- occupies a low site near the City Hall, but is a building of
ployment and instruction for the street boys, till they can  considerable pretensions, being in the Egyptian style, 253 feet
be placed at regular occupations. The Hudson River In- by 200, and constructed of light-colored granite. This prison
dustrial School educates poor children living on the out- received the greater part of the commitments. A very extenskirts of the city. The Jews' Widows' and Orphans' Asy- sive building has recently been erected on Randall's Island,
luo, the Lying-in Asylum, Montefiore Widows' and Or- as a House of Refuge. The length of the boys' department
phans' Asylum, and the Working  Girls' Home, are the other is 590 feet, composed of a centre and two wings-the centre
principal asylums in New York. Closely allied to these are  86 feet, and the wings 63 feet high; and a girl's department;
the dispensaries, of which there are 6, viz., the Nbw York, 250 feet long, of like breadth and height. There are two
the Northern, the Eastern, the North-Western, the Demilt, centre wings to the boys' department, besides end buildings
corner of Second Avenue and Twenty-third Street, and the  to each wing, 56 by 50 feet, and a number of out-buildings,
Homoeopathic Dispensary. The first administered to 46,338; such as shops and kitchens, &c. For statistics of House of
the second to 14,075; the third to 19,706; the fourth to 4964;  Refuge, see State lstitutions. Out-door relief was furnished
and the Demilt to 9006 patients in 1853; the North-West-  by the Board of Ten Governors to 41,622 persons during the
ern, 9175; and the Eastern, 19,706. The number of persons  year. Total number of persons coming under their supervisited was 26,896. The New York Eye Infirmary adminis- vision in 1853, 92,935.
tered to 3007 patients, of whom  2003 were foreigners; 275    Education.-The free schools of New York, previous to
of the patients were treated for diseases of the ear. The  1853, consistedof two departments, one under the direction
New York Ophthalmic Hospital treated 1234 patients in  of the Public School Society, having 111 schools under their
1854. The People's Bathing and Washing Establishment is  care; and 89 ward schools, under the direction of the Board
furnished with all the materials for washing, drying, and  of Education. But in the year above named, the Public
ironing clothes, which are let out at three cents an hour to  School Society was dissolved; and, in 1854, there were 224
each individual. There bathed in this institution 89,849  public schools, of which 110 were primary and 25 coloreo.
persons, and 624,000 pieces were washed in 1854. There are  schools. There were also 18 male, 7 female, and 2 colored
several institutions for the relief of disabled seamen, for night schools, with an average attendance in the winter of
providing comfortable and suitable boarding for them while  1854-5 of 5097, and a total on register of 12,012. Connected
in port, and for the education of their children; among  with the public school system are 3 normal schools for the
these are the " Sailor's Home," which boarded 3027 mariners  education of teachers, in which were 500 female pupils in
in 1852, and 33,527 since its establishment in 1842. It has  1854. These are kept open during the evenings for males, and
accommodations for 250 boarders.  " The Colored Sailor's on Saturdays for females, in order that the actual teachers
Home" had 247 boarders in 1852. The Seamen's Savings of public schools may attend. Whole number of pupils on
Bank had $6,478,677 on deposit in 1854, all under the care  register, partaking of the public funds, 125,530, of whom
of the American Seamen's Friend Society. The Marine  583 attended the Free Academy.  Whole amount drawn
Society, founded in 1770, gave relief in 1853, to 56 widows, from the City Chamberlain in 1854, for all purposes conat an expense of from $40 to $60 each annually. The Sea, nected with education, $758,813. The schools named below,
man's Retreat, on Staten Island, received, in 1852, 2956  and connected with the following institutions, draw more
patients, of whom 167 died. The trustees may levy $1.50  or less of their support from the public fund: —The New
upon every master, $1 upon every mate, 50 cents upon each  York Orphan Asylum, the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum,
sailor arriving from a foreign port, and 25 cents from each  the Roman Catholic Half-Orphan Asylum, the Protestant
of the crew of coasting vessels. The commissioners of emi- Half-Orphan Asylum, the Mechanics' Society, House of IRe.
gration (appointed by the state) have charge of the Marine  fuge, Leake and Watt's Orphan House, Almshouse; alec,
Hospital at Quarantine, where 47'62 patients were treated  the Hamilton Free-school, Colored Orphans', American Fein 1854, and of the Emigrant Refuge and Hospital on Ward's male Guardian, and colored schools. Crowning the system
Island, where 15,950 emigrants were received in the same  of public school education, is the Free Academy, established
year.  They supplied temporarily with food, money, or in 1848, and combining the characteristics of academy,
clothing, in the city, 17,516 emigrants; forwarded to various high-school, polytechnic school, and college. This instiplaces, 4164; and supplied temporarily with board and  tution is situated on the corner of Lexington Avenue
lodging, 51,569.  Total, aided and relieved in  different and 23d Street. The ground was purchased, the buildways, 110,390.  Expenses, $635,215; of which $633,210  ing erected, furnished with the necessary apparatus, books,
was defrayed by commutation-money levied on alien pas- &c., at a cost of about $90,000. The edifice, though of
sengers.  The Sailor's Snug Harbor, on  Staten Island, brick, is large and imposing, being in the Gothic style,
225 feet in length, with a front of white marble, supported  with turrets, &c.  In the 5 years the Free Academy
250 disabled and aged seamen in 1854.  The Home for has been in operation, the entire expenses have varie"'
1333




NEW                                                       NEW
between $10,782 and $33,669 per annum. On the 1st of  Union," as the establishment is to be called. The Lyceum
January, 1854, there were 11,500 volumes in the library, of Natural HIistory, in a part of the building occupied by
and 583 students in the academy. The full course requires  the medical department of the New York University, has a'
5 years, but it is at the option of the student whether he  library of 2000 volumes, and an extensive cabinet of natura,
will pursue a full or partial course; he may also choose be- history. The American Institute of the City of New York
tween the ancient and modern languages. The faculty  was incorporated in 1829, for the encouragement of comnconsisted in 1854 of 14 professors, aided by 11 tutors. The  merce, agriculture, and manufactures, and holds annual fairs
president, who is also one of the professors, receives $3000  or exhibitions in Castle Garden.  The institute is located at
per annum, the other professors receive from $350 to $2500  351 Broadway, where they have a library of 7000 volumes,
per annum, and the tutors from  $400 to $1000.  There  repository for models, reading-room, &c. The Ilechanics'
are in this city 2 colleges, 2 theological and 3 medical Institute, at-the corner of'Division Street and the Bowery,
schools. Columbia College occupies a pile of buildings, the  has a library of 5000 volumes, a reading-room, a valuable
main one of which is 200 feet by 50, surrounded by exten- collection of philosophical and chemical apparatus, and a
sive open grounds, between Barclay and Church Streets. male and female school attached. Among the other libraThis ancient seat of learning was founded in 1754, and was ries are the Printers' Free Library, with 3000 volumes; the
called King's College till the Revolution. Number of alum- library of the  General Theological Seminary, with 12,000;
ni up to 1852, 1450; students in 1853,157; and 16,000  the Free Academy, with 3000; New York Law Institute,
volumes in its library. The faculty consists of a president with 4700; and the library of the New York Hospital, with
and 12 professors.                                          5800 volumes; besides other libraries, having a total in all
The University of the City of New York occupies a beau- of 300,000 volumes.
tiful white marble structure, on Washington Square. It is    Banks.-In January, 1855, there were in New York City
180 feet long by 100 in width, and in the English-College- 56 banks, with $48,144,900 capital, $6,639,823 circulation —
Gothic style. This college was founded in 1831. The num- much below the usual amount in settled business timesber of alumni in 1853, was 320; of.professors and tutors, 11; and $16,697,260 in coin-much above the usual amount. In
students, 151; and volumes in tihe library, 4000. Connected  September, 1853, the circulation was $9,566,728, and coin
with the University is a Medical School, located in Four- $11,860,235. The most conspicuous banking-houses are the
teenth Street. This department was founded in 1837, had  Mercantile, the Metropolitan, Bank of the Republic, Central
6 professors, and 421 students in 1852, and had sent forth  Bank, and Broadway Bank-all in Broadway; the Bank of
597 graduates. It has a fine library and physiological col- Commerce and Nassau Bank, in Nassau Street; the Bowery
lection, and its graduating class in 1855 numbered 106. Savings Bank, and a number of banks in Wall Street, all
The New York College of Physicians and Surgeons was  with ornamented fronts of either marble, granite, brown
founded in 1807, had 219 students in 1852, and had con- or other stone. One of the most interesting features of
ferred 852 degtres. It has also a good library and anatomi- New York banking is that of the savings banks, of which
cal museum. The New York Medical College, a new and  there were 14 in January, 1854, which had on deposit an
flourishing institution, was founded in 1851. It admits 5  aggregate of $26,910,402-the Chambers Street institution
students from the Free Academy gratuitously. The College  alone had $7,901,808 on deposit from 43,727 depositors; the
of Pharmacy, for the graduation of apothecaries, closes the  Seamen's, $6,478,677; the Bowery, $5,270,519; and the
list of medical schools. The General Theological Seminary  Greenwich, $2,333,071.
of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States    In 1854, there were 65 insurance and joint stock compaoccupies two stone buildings in West Twentieth Street, each  nies, with $13,300,000 cash capital; and 62 mutual colmpa110 feet by 50. It was founded in 1817, had 5 professors, 64  nies, with $11,621,915 capital.
students, and 11,000 volumes in its library, in 1852; and   AMsanufactures.-We have no regular statistics as yet of
had educated a total of 417 students; number in 1853, 57. the particulars of the manufactures of New York; but if
The Union Theological Seminary, No. 9 University Place, is  the census report is to be relied on, this city is not only
under the direction of Presbyterians, though it receives  the commercial, but the manufacturing centre of the United
students from  all evangelical denominations.  It was States. The census of 1850 gives to New York $34,232,822
founded in 1836, and had 5 professors, 106 students, and  capital, and 53,703 male and 29,917 female hands employed
18,000 volumes in 1852, and had educated 211 young men. in manufactures, producing machinery, stuffs, &c., to the
The Rutgers Female Institute occupies a fine building in  value of $105,218,308. Among these, the iron foundries and
Madison Street. This institution was incorporated in 1838, machine shops are conspicuous. From the Novelty, Allaire,
and gives a thorough education to young ladies in history, and othtr works are turned out certainly the finest specigeneral philosophy, astronomy, chemistry, mathematics. mens of steam machinery for steamboats and steamships
and belles-lettres. It has generally about 500 pupils. St. produced in the United States, if not in the world. SugarGeorge's Parish School admits about 100 pupils of a lower  refining is another extensive business. There are refined
grade than usually attend the public schools. The Indus- about 1000 hogsheads of raw sugar a day; and one house
trial School of the fourth ward receives vagrant children, alone consumed 40,000,000 pounds of raw sugar in 1852. In
388 of whom attended in 1854, for many of whom places  the different refineries there are employed 1250 hands, and
were found.                                                 about $3,000,000 capital. Ship-building is carried to a deLibraries.-New York has a number of extensive libraries. gree of perfection unsurpassed in the world, both for beauty
The largest collection of books will be in the Astor Library, of model and speed, particularly in the steamers, acknowa new institution, founded by the late John Jacob Astor, ledged to be the largest and fleetest in the world, though
who left a fund of $400,000 for that purpose. This library  the contest is very close between the American and British
was opened in 1853, in a fine building, 65 feet by 120, erected vessels in this respect.
for the purpose, in the Moorish style, in Lafayette Place.   Commersce and  rade.-It is as the great centre of comThe building cost about $70,000, and opened with about merce for half a continent that New York derives its highest
80,000 volumes, to be increased from time to time from the  claim  to pre-eminence.  Surrounded by one of the most
interest of the fund remaining after the library goes into  capacious harbors in the world, within two hours sail of the
operation.  This library is free to all persons resorting  Atlantic Ocean, communicating with  the New  England
thereto, but books are not to be taken out. The New York  States by Long Island Sound, and with the interior of New
Society Library was founded in 1700, and has about 40,000  York State by the Hudson River, which is in turn convolumes. It is temnporarily located in the Bible iouse. nected with the great lakes by the Erie Canal, it presents
The New York Mercantile Library, founded in 1820, has been  facilities for internal and foreign navigation unrivalled by
recently removed to the late Astor Place Opera House, which  any commercial emporium of this or any former period.
has been appropriately fitted up for the purpose. In Janu- Nor have her merchants been satisfied to repose on her
ary, 1855, there were 5515 members, a large portion of whom  natural advantages, but have connected her, by iron arms,
were merchants' clerks, and 42,795 volumes on the shelves, with every great point, north, south, east, or west, which
besides 44 daily, 55 weekly, 84 monthly. and 50 quarterly  deposit on her docks and in her depots the cotton and rice
publications-10Q of which are foreign-in the, reading-  of the South, the grain, lead, tobacco, and pork of the West,
room. The Apprentices' Library, located at No. 32 Crosby  and the wool, wheat, lumber, and flour of the North and
Street, in Mechanics' Hall, has about 17,000 volumes. The  East.  New York is now only surpassed by London and
New York Historical Society has its rooms at present in the  Liverpool as a seat of trade, and in another century will
buildings of the New York University; but the society are  probably be the commercial centre of the world. Along its
about erecting a building on Second Avenue. This institu- wharves, in every direction, may be seen forests of masts,
tion was founded in 1804, and has a valuable library of  where countless vessels of every description, and from every
26,000 volumes, including some rare  books, pamphlets, quarter of the globe, pour their rich tribute into the lap of
maps, charts, and a collection of antiquities, coins, medals, this queen of commercial cities. Steamers of such size,
&c. Mr. Peter Cooper is establishing an institution for the  splendor, and speed as the world has never before seen,
purpose of public lectures, reading, and exhibition rooms, forming regular lines of packets to Liverpool, Southampton,
&c., which he intends to be free, and for which he appro- Havre, Glasgow, Bremen, San Francisco, (via Panama and
priates about $300,000. The edifice, situated opposite the  San Juan,) New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, Charleston, and
Bible House, is 195 feet on Third Avenue, 155 on Fourth  all other important points along the coast, arrive at, and
Avenue, 143 on Eighth, and 86 on Seventh Street, and 5  depart from  its docks almost daily, freighted with merstories high. The basement and two lower stories are to be  chandise and crowded with passengers. But we will let
rented, the income of which is to support the "People's  figures tell the facts of the case.
1334




NEW                                                                    NEW
According to Hunt's Magazine, (March, 1855,) the leading                               TONNAGEnfrom FoREIGN PoRTs.
articles, with their values, imported from  foreign countries,
In 1853 and 1854, were as follows:-                                              Number of  Tonnageof  Tonnage of
Year.   Vessels.    American           Foreign        Toa
Vessels.       Vessels.
1853.              1854.
1847       5147         005,482y,    333,537          939,019y
Coffee..         $4,4066,47        54,907,835         1848        3060         657,7947      367,321,      1,025,116..
CigaeS.....                      2,015,956          2,048,044        1849        3227         734,008y,    414,096        1,148,1043/
Earthenware....                1,253,532          1,471,614         1850       3343         807,580Y,    441,756/,      1,249,337
Furs.......                    1,546,].90         1,420,174         1851       3840        1,144,485      479,566y/     1,624,051y,
Dressed Skins....                1,185,500          1,313,594         1852       3847        1,231,951      478,037       1,709,988
Undressed....          3,212,937          5,385,434         1853       4079        1,321,67471    491,580Y      1,813,255 
Brandy.ied.... 1,820,751                 1,013,581         1854   4047  1,442,282y  477,034%/  1,919,317Y4 
Copper Sheathing..              1,040,058          1,035,646
Iron.3.9.0.3....                3,993,854          3,280,354
Pig.. 1,280,415                                   793,276         The above shows an increase in the total tonnage of this
Railroad....                5,745,835          3,196,439       port from 1847 t  the close of 15
Cutlery.....               1,523,385          1,477,330847 to the  oe of 18.
Hardware.                      2,181,916          1,900,954        The following is the coastwise commerce at this port, as
Lead.......                    1,599,863          2,439,759      far as can be learned from  the Custom-house records.  YesSteel......         1,3172,597        1,613,909       sels engaged in this trade are not obliged to make official
Tin........                     4,821,167         3,100,885       record of their entrance or clearance unless they have foreign
Sugar....                    9,335,340         6,601,428
Tea........                  7,057,956         6,548,801       goods or distilled spirits on board; and as a majority of vesWatches......                   3,141,146         3,239,119       sels arriving from domestic ports come within this exception,
Wines....         a little more than ]    less than ]    the official entries of this class include only a fraction of the
Woo...2,000,000                        2,000,000      actual trade.  The vessels which clear for domestic ports
wool........                 1,170,776           910,164 
Manufactures of Wool.           25,183,054        17,862,507       oftener carry the description  of property which  obliges,,', Cotton.              14,541,153        13,068,875      them to take official leave, and thus the clearances on re"    ~ "Silk.        31,801,820       14,555,850        cord are far more numerous than the entrances; but even
Flax.          8,064,180          6,368,871      the latter do not embrace a very considerable portion of
liiscellaneous Dry Goods          5,339,496          5,379,037      this branch of trade.
_____ ____ ____ ___      ___ ____ ____   -  _ ____ ____ this  branch   of  trade.
Besides the articles enumerated above, large quantities of                           Entered Coastwise.           Cleared Coastwise.    I
buttons, books, chinaware, drugs, dye  stuffs, lemons,
oranges, figs, and other fruits, fire crackers, glass, hemp,    Year.    umber of                             Number of 
Z,                                                ~~~~~~Number of    Tonas.      Nubr f           Tos
hair, india rubber, indigo, jewelry, leather, gin, rum, and                        Vessels.          ons.         essels.
other liquors, machinery, marble, copper, iron in various                         — 8 ----
forms not enumerated  above, also tin, zinc, nickel, and                  1849       1855         424,976         3094          895,589
cobalt, molasses, linseed, whale, cod, olive, and other oils,    1850                1928         489,3957,       4719        1,020,070
1851  I 1768    [ 455i,542          | 4803    ]1,214,942
paints, perfumery, rags, salt, spices, stationary, tobacco,    18521                 1768         497,8402        4803        1,173,762
toys, mahogany, and rosewood, and innumerable articles in                 1853       1733         507,531         4789        1,310,697
smaller quantities.                                                       1854       1880         543,452         4779         1,499,968
ExPoRTs of DOMESTIC PRODUCE.                          Relative trade with foreign ports, in foreign a)d domestic
1853.            185i4.       shipping at the port of New York for the year 1854:Pot Ash, bbls.                         14,077           9,652                              American         Foreign          Total.
Wheat Flour, bbls.                  2,150.612         888,735                               Vessels.        Vessels.         To.
Wheat, bus.........         7,244,319        1,671,013                                essels.       Vessels.
Corn, bus.                          1,102,397        4,673,371                                          ~
Cotton, hales.                       375,733          308,683        Imports...   $139,907,173    $42,057,213    $181,904,380
Naval stores, bbls.                  476,521          656.473        Exports, domestic
Sperm Oil, gals.                     956.256          680,537          produce..         67,475,385     24,633,350      92,108,735
Pork, bbls....              71,641          116,869        Do., foreign prod.       6,501,412      3,655,980      10,157,392
Beef,"......                52,243           95,513                                  ---
Cut Meats, lbs....              8,534,569       17,333,712                             $213,883,970   $70,346,543    $28230,513
Butter, lbs.......                1,967,375       2,045,432
Cheese,"                           7,184,890        3,817,407
Lard,......   6,915,393   15,785,363
Tobacco manufactured, lbs.         5,617,362        3,700,444         From  a value of imports and exports for the last year,' __________________________                      amounting in the aggregate to $284,210,513, it will be seen
that $213,883,970 was carried in American vessels, and only
aesides   large quantities of corn meal, corn, oats, rye, whale  $70,346,543 in all descriptions of foreign vessels. Cash duties
lard and linseed oil, rice, tallow, and whalebone, and con-  received in 1851, $31,081,263; in 1852, $31,332,737; in 1853,
siderable pearl ashes, beeswax, rye flour, coal, and hay,             $43,088,225; and in 1854, $38,096,888.
In the following Tables, taken from  the New York Jour-    In summer, steamers depart'3 times a fortnight, and in
nal of Commerce, it will be observed the calculations are  winter once a week for Liverpool; monthly or semi-monthly
for calendar, and not for fiscal years.                               to Glasgow, Southampton, Havre, and Bremen; weekly for
ENTE   t New Y, from F    IG   ORTe, ung he YEA    54.  San Francisco and New Orleans; semi-weekly for Charleston
ENTERED at N        __ _or _, from FoRG_ PO_ TS, du'righ  YEA_   1854.  and Savannah; besides other steamers running semi-weekly
and tri-weekly and even daily to different points on tho
Nation.          Number of: T                Number of   coast; with occasional steamers to Bermuda and other of the
Vessels.     Tonnage.        Seamen.    West Indies.  These steamers rate from  1000 to 3000 tons,
Aerica  vesse6,442-,779'         are of beautiful model and of great strength and speed, and
American vessels              36 11 477,034282           23,77296    cost from  $100,000 to over $600.000 each.  Of the steam
Foreig~n vessels            1411          477,034Y,      23,296
oer.0__,9___,07                  tonnage in  the United  States in June, 1853, New  York
Total entered...         4047        1,919,317Y4      67,075      owned more than one-fourth, viz., 88,311 tons.  Of 4047 arDo. 1853....          4079       1,813,255         60,993      rivals from  foreign ports in 1854, 201 were steamers, 1124
D)o. 1852.....           3847       1,709,988         58,867      ships, 853 barques, 1296 brigs, and 754 schooners.  Of the
whole 809 were British vessels.  In  the same year were
launched 111 vessels, tonnage 87,071.
CLEARED at NEW Yorex, for FOREIGN PORTS, durinsg the YEAR 1854.
TONesAGE OWNED in the PORT of N W YORIC.
Number of                    Number of
Nation.            umbe r ofssels.  Tonnage.   Seamen.                                          1852.       1853.        1854.
Vreossls.Semn
American vessels.         1943       1,02,799-        35,179       Registered tonnage..            51,955       667,792      754,490
Foreign vessels..           1333         445,305        18,071       Enrolled & licensed tonnage    444,64         481,340      508,307
-    Steam tonnage....                77,063       88,311     101.,487
Total cleared...          3278       1,529,104-       53,250-,           -
Do. 1853... -           3469        1,521,286S4      54,889             Total.1,01,99    1,149,133    1,26,78
Do. 1852....          3035        1,355,814        50,459
1852.       1853.       1854.
Passengers arrived from
The number of arrivals from foreign ports is always greater    foreign ports......                     310,335     335,257     367,354
than the clearances, as many vessels clear in ballast for  Of these were aliens....                   298,604     284,945     319,223
coastwise ports to obtain an  o{tward cargo.  As, for ex-  Imports amounted to.... $129,846,619 $194,097,652 $181,371,472
C,OExports    ".... $71,523,609 $93,889,998 $81,377086
ample, to Charleston, Mobile, or New Orleans,  for cotton or  Included in the above was
rice; or to Baltimore, Richmond, or other southern ports,    specie imported                            $2,488,225  $2,429,083  $2,107,572
for cargoes of tobacco and flour.                                     Do. exported  ~                  $25,096,255 $26,753,356  537,169,405
1335




NEW                                                             NEW
Miscellaneous Statistics. —In 1850, there were in New York  one called the board of aldermen, and the other the board
37,730 houses, with an average of 13] persons to each dwell-  of assistant aldermen, one member for each board being
ing. Of the 319,223 foreign emigrants who arrived in 1854, elected from  every ward annually. Besides the state and
176,986 were natives of Germany; 82,302 of Ireland; 30,598  United States courts, there are courts of over and terminer,
of England, and 29,357 from  other countries.  The proper-  of general sessions, and special sessions, the two latter held
tion till within a few years has greatly preponderated in  by the recorder, or city judge, and two aldermen. The city
favor of the Irish; but the German emigration now exceeds  is divided into three police districts, each with a police court.
all others. It may readily be seen what life and activity  Eachl ward is a patrol district, with a station-house, a capthe landing of a daily average of nearly 1000 persons must tain and 2 lieutenants, and from about 30 to 60 policemen,
give to New York, and what an amount of money must be  the whole presided over by a cbiefofpolice. New York is also
left by this floating mass of population. The total number  divided into 8 fire districts, and in cases of fire, the number
of deaths for 1854 was 28,458, or in the ratio of 1 to 18.09 of  of strokes of the bell indicates the ward in which the fire
the population-the highest ratio of the 4 great northern  rages. A board of 12 fire wardens receives complaints of al'
cities of the United States-caused partly, no doubt, by the  violations of law relative to fires, powder, construction, &c
large number of emigrants landed at this port in a diseased  The fire department is under the control of a chief engineer
state. The most fatal maladies were, consumption, 2990;; and 10 assistants.  The levies of tax in this city have incholera, 2459; convulsions, 2327; still-born, 1540; cholera  creased from $1,988,818 in 1844, to $5,918,593 in 1855 —the
infantum, 1455; marasmus, 1398; inflammation of the lungs, last an advance appropriation. The tax levied in 1853,'4, and
1152; diarrhoea, 1106, and dysentery, 827. The greatest num-'5 averaged $5,063;328. The city debt was, January 1, 1855,
ber of deaths was in July, and the smallest in November  $13,969,856, for more than $5,000,000 of which the city holds
and December. Deaths in 1853, 22,656.                          securities in stocks, bonds, mortgages, &c., reducing the perThe police force consists of one chief of police, 22 captains, manent debt to a little more than $9,000,000. The assessed
44 lieutenants, 88 sergeants, and 962 policemen.  Total, value of property, in 1854, was $462,825,790. The total income
1116. This force made, in 1854, 49,237 arrests for criminal  of 1853, was $8,823,851, of which $4,704,790 was from taxaoffences, of which 20,085 were for intoxication and dis- tion, and of1854,$9,744,310, independentof the sinking fund,
orderly conduct; 5815 for disorderly conduct alone; 6292  of which $4,845,386 was from taxation. Total expenditures
for assault and battery; 40 for arson; 60 for rape and at- for the latter year $10,184,318, of which $3,936,075 were for
tempt at rape; murder, 88; assault' with intent to kill, 272; the support of the city government. The leading items of
theft, larceny, burglary, and kindred offences, 7368; and  expenditure for 1854, were-for almshouse, $552,000; comfighting in the streets, 1326. The police, also, in 3 months  men schools of the city, $758,813; state schools, $74,752;
accommodated 9125 persons with temporary lodgings at the  lamps and gas, $307,901; police, $824,459; street expenses
station-houses, of whom only 1759 were born in the United  and paving, $249,945; street cleaning, $240,098; Croton
States, and 5117 in Ireland. There are 12 public markets. water extension and construction, $215,540; fire depart-.
Number of beeves slaughtered, 169,364; calves, 68,584; ment, $86,267; salaries, $320,7i07; water pipes and sewers,
sheep and lambs, 555,474; swine, 252,328, making a total $123,000; and new work on docks and slips, $106,411. Of
of 1,008,690 animals, valued at more than $14,000,000. The  the expenditures, $6,248,342 were not strictly for city gonumber of omnibuses in the same year was 682, drawn by  vernment, but for education, opening streets, and on trusts
4546 horses, and ofcity railroad lines 5, employing 1.78 cars and  and special accounts.  The mayor, recorder, controller,
1967 horses, and receiving (the railroads) daily about $3300. county clerk, register, and surrogate, each receive $3000
There are 10 ferries running on the East River; the finest per annum; the street commissioner, chief of police, assistferry-boats in the world, with cabins furnished with cushion- ant district-attorney, and clerk of the superior court, each
ed seats; fare from one to three cents. These boats are crowded  $2500. The clerk of the board of assistants, tax commiswith passengers, a large number of whom live in Brooklyn, sioners, receiver of taxes, the commissioner of repairs, chief
but do business in New York; 7 ferries on the Hudson, cross- of the fire department, assistant commissioner, engineer,
ing to Jersey City-and Hoboken, and boats innumerable run- and assistant engineer of Croton Aqueduct department, and
ning to different points in the vicinity. Besides these, boats  justices of police and ward courts, each $2000; judges of
of immense size and beauty-floating palaces-ply between'the superior and common pleas courts, $4000; marine court,
New York, Albany, Troy, and other river towns, and New- $2000.
port, Providence, New Haven, and the different towns near    History. —The first knowledge we have of New York Bay
or on the Sound. The entire number of periodical publica-  and Manhattan Island, the site of the present city of New
tions issued in New York is between 140 and 150. Of these, York, is from  Henry Hudson, an English navigator in the
about 20 are dailies,.with an aggregate circulation of above  employ of the East India Company of Holland, who visited
200,000, besides a great number of weekly prints-almost  them in 1609, and proceeded up the river which now bears
every sect and clique having its hebdomadal organ. There  his name.  No settlement was however made till three
were in 1854, 6 theatres, besides the Academy of IMusic, an  years afterwards, when a fort was built on the southern
opera house, and the American Museum, and other places  extremity of Manhattan Island by the Dutch, and thus
where dramatic entertainments are offered to the public. commenced the settlement of New Amsterdam, which, in
Castle Garden and several halls are used for concerts and  1648, containd about 1000 inhabitants.  In 1664 it was suroperas. The city is lighted by 13,127 street lamps, of which  rendered to the British, and came into the hands of the
3577 are oil and the rest gas lamps. Spirituous licquors were  Duke of York, taking the name of New York; but was resold in June, 1854, at 6895 places, of which 2978 were with-  taken by the Dutch nine years afterwards, who however
out license. In 1853, 5542 carts, besides 1174 dirt carts, 221  held it but a single year. In 1677 there were 384 houses,
porters, and 61 emigrant boarding-houses, were licensed. In  and in 1096 the city owned 40 ships, 62 sloops, and 60 boats.
the same year there were 105 miles of sewerage, 236 miles  In 1700 the population was 6000.  In 1711 a slave market
of street water-pipe on the island, and 263 miles of street gas- was established in Wall Street. The New York Gazette, a
pipe. The Manhattan Gas Works alone supplied 305,000,000. weekly paper, appeared in 1725. First stage-route to Philanfeet of gas; besides this, is the New York Gas Company sup- delphin established in 1732, and stages departed for Boston
plying 3038 public lamps. In 1852 there were 49 engine, 54  monthly, taking a fortnight on the route. Negro insurhose, (with 68,300 feet of hose,) and 13 hook and ladder  rections occurred in 1712 and 1741-2. In the former the
companies, with 51 ladders and 136 hooks.                      negroes fired the city, and killed a number of people, for
Population.-Perhaps no city in the world  numbers so  which 119 of them were executed. The imports of 1769
great a variety of foreigners among its resident population  amounted to $839,782.  In 1783, after a long possession,
as New York, including among them  active and enterpris- the British troops evacuated New York. In 1807 the first
ing men of all Christian nations, and of every portion of  steamboat was built at this port to navigate the IIhudson.
the United States. The foreign residents fill every station, The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 gave a great impetus
from  the laborer to the merchant  and professional man. to New York, and made it the first city of the Union. In
The population numbered 4302 in 1697; 8628 in'1731; 10,381  1837 the Croton Aqueduct was commenced, and on the 4th
in 1756; 21,876 in 1771; 33,131 in 1790; 60,489 in 1800, of July, 1842, the pure waters of the Croton River were let
96,373 in 1810; 123,706 in 1820, (at which period it became  iato the Distributing IReservoir.
the largest city in the Union;) 202,589 in 1830; 312,710 in    The years 1853-4 will be memorable in the history of the
1840, and 515,547 in 1850. Of this population 133,730 were  city of New  York, for the exhibition denominated the
born in Ireland; 55,476 in Germany; 23,671 in England and  World's Fair, held in a spacious iron and glass building,
Wales; 7660 in Scotland, and 4990 in France. Total of foreign  called the Crystal Palace, erected adjacent to the Distripopulation, 235,733, or nearly  one-half.. If, however, we  buting Reservoir. The edifice was in the form  of a Greek
include the suburbs named above, it will make a grand total cross, the length of each diameter of which was 3651 feet.
of 652,649 inhabitants, showing an increase (unexampled  The dome was 100 feet in diameter and 123 feet high. In
except in our western towns) of nearly 1500 per cent. in the  the construction of the palace 1800 tons of iron, 55,000
last 60 years. The same ratio of increase as that between  square feet of glass, and 750,000 square feet of lumber were
1840 and 1850 would give, in July, 1855, a population of  used. The aggregate flooring covered 5~ acres. The proabout 900,000 to New York and its suburbs. Pop. of the  portions of this building are beautiful, and it is thought by
ity in 1855, 624,179.                                        many to surpass the London Crystal Palace in architectural
Governmemtc,   ic.-New Yorlk is divided into twenty-two  effect. The exhibition was officially opened July 15, 1853,
words, and is governed by a mayor and common council. in the presence of the President of the United States, and
The mayor is elected by popular vote, and holds office for  other dignitaries of our country, and of the commissioners
two years. The common council is composed of two boards, from foreign governments.  The collection comprised spe1336




NEW'   NEW,imens of the industrial and fine arts from almost every  crystalline, and so evidently volcanic, that their sides have
country of Europe, from the British Colonies, West Indies, all the appearance of continuous lava streams; while the
and Mexico.                                                intervening valleys and plains are in many instances liteFires.-New York has several times been visited by very  rally covered with pumice-stones. In the truncated cone of
destructive conflagrations; the most remarkable occurred  Tongariro, situated at the height of 6200 feet, the volcanic
on the night of December 16, 1835, consuming 648 houses force is still active. Since 1846. numerous shocks of earthIn the most valuable part of the city, and destroying pro- quakes have been felt, particularly at Wellington, where,
perty to the amount of $20,000,000; another in July, 1845, in October, 1848, they were so violent as to shatter most of
raged chiefly between Iroadway and Broad Street, involving  the houses and public buildings.
a loss of property to the amount of $7,000,000.               The streams which descend from the mountains are exPestilences.-The yellow fever has several times visited  tremely numerous; several of them  are of considerable
this city, and was particularly fatal in 1798. The cholera  extent, though in general they are mere mountain torrents,
ravaged New York in 1832, carrying off 2521 persons, again  totally unfit for any tavigable purpose, both from  the rain 1849, when its victins numbered more than 5000, and a  pidity of their current, and the rugged nature of their
third time in 1854, when nearly 3000 died of it.            channel, and still more from the immense deposits of shinNEW YORK, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.           gle at their mouths. The largest of the rivers are the
NEW YORK, a post-office of Chickasaw co., Mississippi.   Waikato, augmented by the Waipa; and the Manawatu.
NEW YORK, a post-village of Montgomery co., Tennessee, The former rises in the snows and glaciers of Mount Rucon the Cumberland River, about 55 miles by land W. by N. pehu, (9000 feet high,) one of the loftiest summits of the
of Nashville.                                              central chain; it flows circuitously N.N.W., and, after a
NEW  YORK, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana, course of about 250 miles, discharges itself into Waikato
on the Ohio River, 8 miles E. of Yevay.                     Harbor, on the W. coast. It is navigable for 100 miles by
NEW  YORK, a village of Brown co., Illinois, on Crooked  vessels of 30 tons. The Maniawatu, rising in the same cenRiver, 10 miles N.E. of Mount Stirling.                     tral chain, takes an opposite direction, and falls into Cook's
NEW  YORK, a thriving settlement of Pierce co., Wash- Strait. At its mouth, it has a width of 300 yards at halfington Territory, near Elliott Bay, on the E. side of Admi- tide; but is encumbered by a bar which, at ebb, has not
ralty Inlet.                                                more than 7 feet of water. Within, the channel deepens,
NEW  YORK MILLS, a post-village of Oneida co., New  and is navigable by small vessels for 50 miles. The only
York, on Sadaquada Creek, about 95 miles W.N.W. of Al- other considerable streams are the Wanganui, the Pakurabany. It has several churches, and a cotton factory, said to  tahi or Iutt, the Waiwairoa, the Rangitaiki, and Wakatane,
be one of the largest in the state.                         which fall into the Bay of Plenty; and the Waiho or Thames.
NEW ZEALAND, zee/land, (Fr. Neouvelle ZVlande, noo'vll1 Most of the streams have their sources in lakes, many of
zA'l6Nd/; Ger. Neu-Seelana, noi'-s~A/lnt,) a group of islands  them obviously filling the craters of extinct volcanoes; a-rd
belonging to Great Britain. in the South Pacific Ocean, ex- though generally not of great extent, are so embosomed
tending from 340 22' to 470'30' S. let., and from 1600 to i770  anmong mountains and magnificent forests, as to present
E. ion. It consists chiefly of two principal islands-the one  scenery of.extraordinary grandeur and beauty. The largest
called North Island, New Ulster, or Eaheinomauwe; and the  is Lake Taupo, of an irregular triangular shape, abhout 16
other Middle Island, New Munster, or Tavai-Poenamoo; and  miles long by 25 miles broad, situated near the centre of
of a much smaller island, called New Leinster, Stewart, or the island. About 35 miles N.E. of it, is Lake Roto-Rua,
South Island; length of the whole group from  N. to S. which forms a nearly perfect circle of 8 miles in diameter;
measured on a line curving nearly through their centres, and is remarkable for the number of hot springs which rise
about 1200 miles; area estimated at 105,115 square miles.   close to its banks. Wairarapa, and several other lakes near
NEW ULSTEt or EAcEINesoAuwE, e-&-hirno-m wlwee, Mrit- the S. extremity of the island, cover an area of about 50,000
ten also IKA-NA-MrAUWE, (Fr. Thsmanie-duc-Nord, tds'em/nee/ acres. In the samelocality is oneof the most extensive plains
dii nose,) the most N. of the group, is separated from   of the island, occupying an area of above 600 square miles.
New Munster by Waikua or Cook's Strait, which, where    NEW MUNSTER, MIDDLE ISLAND or TAvAI POENAMI00oo, ti-vt!
narrowest, is about 25 miles wide. This island is remarka- poo'ni-moot, (Fr. hovae-Poeenamouou,   td'vif poo'nam'mool, or
bly irregular in shape, and may be considered as consisting  Tasnmanie-du-Sud, tis'm'mnee/ dii siid,)' is of a much more
of a nucleus or main body, and four great peninsulas. Its  compact shape, and may be considered as forming a paralgreatest length, firom Cape Otou or Cape North to Cape Pal- lelogram, extending about 520 miles from N.N.E. to S.S.W.,
liser or Kawa-Kawa at its S. extremity, is about 575 miles;  with a medium breadth of 120 miles; area about 55,000
and its greatest breadth, from  Cape Egfemont on the W., square miles. In the N., where it is separated f-om New
to Cape Wai-Apoo or East Cape, about 275 miles; esti- Ulster by Cook's Strait, the surface is very rugged, and so
mated area, 48,710 square miles. Of the four peninsulas, much resembles the opposite coast as to lead to the concluby far the most remarkable extends from Port Tanranga in  sion that the two islands were at one time contiguous.
the Bay of Plenty on the E.,'and Port Aotia on the W., in  Except the N. coast, and a remarkable spur on the E. called
a N.N.W. direction for 280 miles. At its base the width is Banks' Peninsula, the coast-line presents but few indentanot more than 55 miles, and near its extremity only about tions deserving of notice. The principal are Queen  Char8 miles. In its S. part, it is nearly cut through by Ilauraki lotte's Sound, Admiralty Bay, and Blind Bay, with its
Gulf or the Frilth of Thames on the E., and Manukao  or  branch Massacre Bay in the N.; MIilford Ilaven, Doubtful
Symonds' Harbor on the W.; the only land which preserves  Sound, Breadsea Sound, Dusky Bay, and Chalky Bay, a
the continuity of the island being the narrow isthmus on  number of narrow sea-arms, penetrating the land for sevewhich, like that of ancient Corinth, the town of Auckland  ral miles, in the S.W.; Tewywys Bay and IHowell Port, on
has been built. Its WV. coast, with the exceptions already  Foveaux Strait, in the S.; and Port Otago or Otako, Akaro
mentioned, and the harbor of Kaipara, is almost a continun- Harbor in Banks' Peninsula; and Pegasus Bay on the E.
onus straight line, whereas the whole of the E. coast is a  Its interior, as far as it has been explored, presents physical
constant succession of bays and promontories, including the  features similar to those of New, Ulster. It is traversed'
Bay of Islands, Wangari Bay, Wangarou IHarbor, Doubtless  from N. to S. by a lofty central chain, which is evidently a
Bay, &c.  The second of the four peninsulas stretches  continuation of that which terminates on the opposite coast
E.N.E., between the Bay of Plenty on the N., and Hawke  of the northern island. This chain has an average height
Bay on the E. It is much more compact than the former, of about 8000 feet; but Mount Cook, near the W. coast, in
having both a shorter length and a greater width; and  lat. 430 30' 8., has two peaks, the one 12,200 feet, and the
besides IHawke Bay itself, has no marked indentation, except other 13,200 feet high. The geological structure of Now
that of Poverty Bay on the E. The third peninsula forms  Munster is nearly identical with that of New  Ulster.
the S. extremity of the island, and stretches for 130 miles, The drainage of the island is effected by numerous streams
between Hawke Bay and the W'. part of Cook's Strait, to its  which flow directly E. or W. to the sea, and seldom lose the
termination at Cape Palliser. The fourth peninsula, which  character of Impetuous mountain torrents.
projects less than any of the other three, is, in some re-   NEW LENSTER, STEWART ISLAND or RAXIURA, ra-ke-oolrg, the
spects, the most conspicuous of all, in sonsequence of con- third island of the group, and far inferior in dimensions to
taining the lofty volcanic mountain of Egmont or Taranaki, the other two, lies 8. of New Munster, from which it is sepaand being partly composed of the streams of lava which at rated by Foveaux Strait, about 15 miles wide. It is of a
some remote period have flowed from its sides,              triangular shape, about 46 miles long from N. to S., with an
The main body of the island, as well as its peninsulas,  extreme breadth of 36 miles, and an area estimated at 1400
has, for the most part, a very rugged and mountainous sur- square miles. Its shores have a very pleasing appearance,
face; besides being traversed from S. to N. by agreat moun- woods extending down to the water's edge, while numerous
tain chain, which takes successively the names of the Ran- bays, separated by rocky headlands, indent the coast..The
gitoto, the Rua Wahine, and the Tararua Mountains, and  largest of these indentations are, Paterson's Inlet, a noble
throws off several transverse branches. It presents a num- harbor on the N.E., and the fine harbor of Pegasus Bay on
her of lofty, isolated peaks, among which the most conspicu- the S.E.  The interior is mountainous, but none of the
ous are Mlount Edgecumbe, towering above the Bay of  summits exceed 3200 feet.
Plenty to the height of 10,000 feet; and Mount Egmont,   A great number of smaller islands belong to the New,vhich has a height of 8340 feet. Sedimentary rocks, chiefly Zealand group, and are, for the most part, situated at a
of gray sandstone, are often seen, both among the ridges of  short distance from  the shores of the North and Middle
the interior and on the coast, where they frequently form  Islands, though many surround the S. Island. The largest
precipitous cliffs; but the far greater part of the rocks are  of these are Otea or Great Barrier Island and Shoutourou,
1:317




NEW                                                        NGA
In the mouth, and Waiheki Reef, in the interior of the Frith  finest specimens of the savage race. The men are tal]
of Tlames; Kapiti or Entry Island, in Cook's Strait; D'Ur- strong, and active; the women often handsome, and both
ville at the N.E. entrance of Bilind Bay, Resolution on the  sexes are almost uniformly well shaped. With the excep.
S.W. coast of the Middle Island, and the Snares on the tion of cannibalism  and infanticide, which, though once
parallel of 480, S.S.W. of New Leinster.                   common, have been almost extirpated, they have either
Geology.-It is not probable, from the geological structure  never been addicted to, or have ceased toapractise, the vices
of New Zealand, that minerals of much value will be disco- common among savage tribes.  Their dress consists of
vered. Rumors have repeatedly been heard of rich auriferous  mats of various kinds, made from the native flax, braided
deposits, but hitherto gold has not been found in sufficient by the hand; some are very coarse, others finer than carpet,
quantity to render its extraction profitable. Copper-mines  ing. They are filthy in their habits, and seldom  bathe
have beenopened in the vicinity of Auckland with satisfac- themselves, or wash their clothes, which are usually worn
tory results; sulphur also is very abundant, and titanifer- till they drop off from age. The New Zealanders practise
ous iron is found in various places. There are also indica- tattooing, and form designs over their bodies of remarkable
tions of tin, lead, silver, bismuth, and nickel.           elegance. They usually live in villages, or "pahs," situated
Cliseate.-The characteristic feature in the climat es of both  in many cases on an eminence, and generally surrounded
the principal islands is humidity. At Auckland the annual by a palisade, sometimes strengthened so as to form  a
quantity of rain is 51.84 inches, whereas in New York it is tolerably strong defence against infantry. Though esteemed
only about 33 inches. Throughout the N. Island, the mean  intelligent, they evince much less skill than other islanders
annual temperature calculated on observations made at the  of the South Pacific, in the construction of their houses,
Bay of Islands, Auckland, and Wellington, is rather more which are small, low, begrimed with soot, and everywhere
than 600, and the range of the thermometer is very limited, abound with filth, The dwellings of the chiefs are generally
At the Bay of Islands it is only 200, varying from 550 in the  larger than those of the people, and are often ornamented
coldest, to 750 in the warmest months, and at Wellington  in front with rude and grotesque carvings. Owing to the
220, ranging between 480 and 700. Several of the mountains  exertions of the missionaries who have long labored among
are covered with perpetual snow. The prevailing winds are  them, the natives have generally exchanged their superstifrom  the N.W. and the S.E., and are accompanied with  tions for Christianity.
frequent hurricanes, particularly in Cook's Strait, which    Bistory.-New Zealand was first discovered by Tasman,
acts as an immense funnel through which the tempest rages  in 1642, (whence this group, with several adjacent islands,
almost without intermission, and at all seasons. The sum- is called by some of the French geographers, Tasmanie.)
mer months of December and January, and the autumn  Little, however, was known of it till the visits of Cook, in
months of February, March, and April, are the driest. T'he  1769 and 1774. The first permanent settlement was made in
climate on the whole-is remarkably healthful.              1815, when a missionary station was established in the Bay
Fegetation.-New Zealand, with the adjoining groups of  of Islands. In 1840 it was erected into a colony, subordinate
Chatham, Auckland, and Macquarie, constitutes a botanic  to the government of New South Wales, from which it was
centre from which a peculiar class of vegetable forms is sup- formally separated ifi 1841, and placed under its own indeposed to have issued. The species at present known are 632, pendent governor. The principal settlements yet made are
nearly equally divided between the monocotyledonous, the  those of Auckland, (the capital,) New Plymouth and Wellcellular, and the dicotyledonous plants. To the cellular be- ington in New Ulster; and of Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago
long numerous varieties of algce, lichens,fungi, and more espe- in New  Munster. The total population is estimated at
cially ferns, which, replacing thegramninece of other countries, 150,000. The white population in 1851, was 26,656, of whom
form  almost the only vegetation over immense districts. 10,962 were in New Ulster, and 15,694 in New Munster. Of
Some of these are more than 30 feet high, and are remark- the whites, 14,991 were males, and 11,660 females. —Inhab.
able for the elegance of their forms. One of the most com- NEW ZEAiLANDEr.
mon is the Pteris esculenta, the root of which is used as food    NEW ZION, a post-office of Sumter co., South Carolina.
by the natives. Another remarkable plant of great econo-   NEXOE, (Nexie,) nSxSl'9h, a seaport town of Denmark,
mical value is the flax-plant, (Phormium  tenax,) which is on the E. coast of the island of Bornholm. Pop. 1400.
found in almost all situations, on the driest hills, in swamps,   NEXON, n6x'6NGl, a market-town of France, department
and on the sea-shore, within reach of the spray. One  of Haute-Vienne, 10 miles S. of Limoges. Pop. 2461.
species of the Phormium, has leaves 12 feet, and flower-stalks    NEY, nA, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio.
20 feet long. The finest flax is obtained from a cultivated    NEY, a small post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois.
variety. Of the dicotyledonous plants the most remarkable    NEYVA or NEIVA, nale-v,  a town of South America,
belong to the Coniferce and Taxidece, and furnish valuable  New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, capital of a
descriptions of timber. Among others is the Kowrie, Kauri, province of its own name, on the Magdalena, at the influx
or Demara Austricus, with a smooth gray columnar trunk, of the Neyva River, 132 miles S.W. of Bogota. It has a confrom 30 to 40 feet in circuit, and nearly of the same girth  siderable trade in cocoa; the Indians also resort to it for
through its whole height of from  60 to 90 feet. It is con- knives, mirrors, and trinkets. It suffered severely from an
fined to a comparatively small part of the North Island, and  earthquake in 1827.
to land which seems specially rugged and unfertile.          NEYVA or NEIVA, a town of Hayti, 70 miles E. of PortAnimals. —The animal kingdom  is extremely limited. an-Prince, in a plain watered by the river Neyva, which
Captain Cook found no trace of any quadrupeds except a  enters Neyva Bay on the S. coast, after a course of 75 miles.
sort of fox dog; and a few rats, and no othershave since been  A small river of Portugal has this name.
discovered. Of the animals which have been introduced,    NEZHEEN or NEJIN, nu-zheenl, written also NESCIIIN,
the hog thrives best and multiplies prodigiously, finding  NIESHIN and NIEJIN, a town of Russia, government and
abundance of food in the fern root, and occasionally varying  36 miles S.S.E. of Tchernigov, on the Oster. Pop. 16,000. It
it with the oysters and immense cockies strewn upon the  is enclosed by ramparts, and has a cathedral, numerous
shore. All the other common European quadrupeds appear other churches, some convents, a hospital, a high school,
to be easily acclimated. Birds are not remarkable either for and a college founded in 1789; also manufactures of soap,
variety, song, or plumage, but exhibit in the Apterix, so called  leather, preserves, and. liquors.
from having no wings, one of the most curious and gigantic    NEZ PERCId, nA pkRsA!, (usually pronounced nay perlcy,)
class of birds in existence. New Zealand, however, appears or SAPTIN INDIANS, a tribe dwelling in the eastern part
to be rich in remarkable fossils of birds. Of these the most of Oregon, between Clark's River, and the N. branch of
extraordinary is the Gigantic Moe, (Dinornis  Giganteus,)  Saptin or Lewis River. The name, nez perci, signifies, in
some species of which must have been flom 10 to 14 feet French, "pierced nose."  There does not, however, appear
high. The natives affirm that it is not extinct, and that to be any peculiarity in their customs to justify this appelliving specimens of it still exist in the almost inaccessible lation.
forests of the interior. Several varieties of whales and seals   NGAMI, nglmee, a lake in the interior of South Africa,
were abundant on the coasts when first visited; but their about lat. 200 30' S., Ion. 230 E. It has been known vaguely
capture has been pursued so ruthlessly, without sparing the  from report ever since the establishment of intercourse bebreeding whale and her young, that the fisheries have been  tween the Cape Colony and the Bechuanas, N. of the river
almost destroyed. The coast still teems with minor fish, Orange. In June, 1849, Mr. Cotton Oswell and the Rev. Daniel
among which one of the best is the HtapukalC, resembling  Livingstone, travelling northward, came upon the Zooga,
the cod, and weighing from 10 to 70 lbs., and occasionally  (Zouga,) a river which flows from the lake about 250 miles,
100 lbs;                                                   irregularly E. and S.E., until it spreads out into a lagoon,
Commerce.-The  commerce of New  Zealand is chiefly  and is wasted in the sands. Following this river upwards,
carried on with Great Britain, the British colonies, and the  they arrived at the village of the Batooani, a branch of the
United States. The total value of imports in 1850 amounted  Bamangwato tribe, who are settled on Lake Ngami, in lat.
to 240,2031., and in 1851, to 349,5391.; exports in 1850, to  200 231 S., Ion. 2'3 30' E. From the shores of the lake, S.W.
115.4141., and in 1851 to 84,1581. Number of arrivals in  of the village, no land could be descried over it to the W.
1850, 188 vessels, tons 49,747; in 1851, 253 vessels, tons  and N.W. Northwards, its width seemed to be 14 miles.
67,856; (38 vessels, tons 11,387, the former, and 57 vessels, The natives. stated that it was a three days' journey,
tons 19,055, the latter year, being from the United States.) (about 75 miles,) along its S. and W. shore, to the point
Number of clearances in 1850, 194, tons 48,549; in 1851, 236, where a river enters it from the N.W. This river (the Tso)
tons 64,734.                                              flows so rapidly, that canoes cannot ascend it by paddling.
Inhabitants.-The natives of New Zealand, who are sup- The Zooga, issuing from the lake, is at first a fine river,
posed to belong to the Mialay family, furnish some of the  from 300 to 500 yards wide; lower down, it becomes narrower,
1338




NGA                                                         NIA
with high banks; again it spreads out, divides into rivulets, British India, district of Agra, lat. 270 511' N., Ion. 770 31' E.
and disappears in the plain.                                It has a manufactory of salt from springs in its vicinity.
The banks of the Zooga are generally of a calcareous tufa,   NIAGARA, ni-ag/a-rah,* (originally ne-A-gtfra, or rather
and are lined with trees of stately growth; some of these nee-&'gArAt,) a river of North America, forming the outlet of
appear to be varieties of the Baobab, (Adansonia;) with  LAke Erie, and a part of the boundary between the United
which are also banyans, like those of India; and Palmyra  States and Canada. It commences at Black Rock, 2 miles N.
palms. Some of the native tribes make cloth of two kinds  of Buffalo, and, flowing northward, enters Lake Ontario after
of cotton, the produce of a tree and bush, and dye it with  a course of about 34 miles. About 3 miles below its souththe indigo that grows wild everywhere.                      ern extremity it divides into two arms, which embrace an
The boatmen of the lake, who chiefly inhabit its banks  island, called Grand Island, 12 miles long, and from 2 to 7
and islands, are of Hottentot race, apparently from the W. miles wide. Two or three miles below Grand Island, the
coasts, and are called Bakhoba, (serfs;) and also Batl6tI6 or  entire waters of the Niagara are precipitated over a ledge
Bac16c16, evidently a Bechuana attempt to utter the Hot- of rocks about 160 feet in perpendicular height, forming the
tentot clucking sound, qiqil, (men.) These Bakhoba are  Niagara Falls, the most stupendous cataract on the globe.
described as superior to the Bechuana in vigor and intel- The rapids above the falls have a descent of 57 feet in about
ligence. The people about the lake and further N. live, to  half a mile. See NEw YoRK, page 1327. The river is navia great extent, on fish, which are brought down in abun- gable 7 miles to Lewistown, and above the falls for small
dance by the floods. The Bakhoba possess well-made nets, boats from the old Fort Schlosser to Lake Erie, near 20 miles.
their cordage being spun of wild flax. The root of a kind  Two miles below the cataract the river is spanned by a magof flag, pounded, yields a farinaceous substance, not much  nificent suspension bridge, 800 feet in length. See Susinferior to wheaten flour. The tuberous root of a water-lily  PENSION BrIDGaE.
is among the articles of food. Besides garden produce, wild    NIAGARA, a county in the W. part of New York, has an
fruits, and fish, the natives have also game in plenty, (chiefly  area of about 490 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by
antelopes, hippopotami, and elephants,) taken in pit-falls Lake Ontario, W. by Niagara River, and S. by Tonnewanda
along the river.                                            Creek, and is drained by Willinks and Tuscarora Creeks.
The natives stated to the company that Ngami was merely  The surface is undulating in some parts. in others nearly
a reservoir for the surplus waters of a periodically inundated  level. The soil is generally fertile. Extensive beds of gypcountry, about 200 miles further on, which country they  sum, or plaster, have been discovered. The county is tradesignate by the name of Linokanoka or "rivers on r4vers."  versed by the Erie Canal, and by the Rochester Lockport
In 1851, therefore, the same enterprising travellers, starting  and Niagara Falls, and the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railfrom Kolobeng, a imissionary station on one of the sources roads, and partly intersected by several shorter lines. Orof the Limpopo, directed their course N., and, crossing  ganized in 1808, having been formed out of part of Geneseec
extensive salt-pans, in which the Zooga seems to terminate, county, and named from Niagara River and Falls, which
arrived at the banks of the Chdbe, in lat. 180 20' S., Ion. 260  are situated on its western borders. Capital, Lockport.
E., above 2000 miles from Cape Town. This river, from 12  Pop. 42,276.
to 15 feet deep, is connected with Lake Ngami by a canal or    NIAGARA, a township of Niagara county, New.York, on
transverse channel, named Tamunakle. About 100 miles the river of its own name, 16 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo. Pop.
N.E. of the Ch6be, is Sesh6ke, situated in lat. 170 28' S., on a  1951.
large river, fiom 300 to 500 yards wide, with a great volume    NIAGARA, formerly NEWfARK, Canada West, the capital
of water. Fifty miles above Sesh6ke, on this river,. stands  of the united counties of Lincoln and Welland, situated in
Barotse, the capital of the chief, who is called Sibatoani.  Lincoln co., on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Niagara River,
Below Sesh6ke, (Sandbanks,) the river is joined by the  36 miles from Toronto, and 50 miles from  Hamilton. It
Chlbe; and at the distance of 80 miles, forcing its way  contains several stores and hotels. Pop. 3000. Niagara is
through hills, it is precipitated over rocks; the falls being  an electoral district, returning one member to the Provinnamed Mosi we thunya, (or Roaring Vapors.) It afterwards  cial Parliament.
receives another river, the Maninchi, from the N., and then    NIAGARA FALLS, a post-village of Niagara county, New
takes the name of Zabeza or Zambeze. All these rivers, York, is situated in the immediate vicinity of the great
namely, the Maninchi, Sesh6ke, Chdbe, with the Teoge and  cataract, to which circumstance it owes its origin and inTso flowing into Lake Ngami, are represented as being con- crease. Distance from Buffalo by railroad, 22 miles; from
nected together by transverse canals, which form one system  Rochester, 76 miles. -It contains 1 Catholic and 4 Protestant
of waters of great extent, the breadth of the region inter- churches, 5 dry goods stores, and 9 hotels, of which 4 are
sected being at least 400 miles. Very little rain falls in the  styled "first class;'" also a paper-mill, iron foundry, a flourcountry near Lake Ngami, and the rivers are never affected  ing-mill, and a large public school-house. Three or four
by it. Here, as in Egypt, the floods descend in the dry  railroads meet at this point. Population in 1855, estimated
season. The waters begin to rise in June, and reach their  at 1500. See SUSPENSION BRIDGE.
greatest height in the beginning of August. The source of    NIAGARA FALLS or FALLS OF NIAGARA. See New
the Sesh6ke, according to the natives, is in Lobale, the same  YORK, page 1327.
country from which the Lulua, the main branch of the    NIAMREI, neam-rsl  or ne-lm-rle, a large village of
Zaire, descends in the opposite direction.                  West Africa, 25 miles E. by S. of the mouth of the Senegal
In 1852, Lake Ngami was again visited by a trading party. Pop. about 3500.
The oxen, 37 in number, wagons, and other baggage, were    NIANGUA, ne-anglgwg, a river of Missouri, rises near the
conveyed in canoes, along the river Zooga, 300 miles, to the  S.E. corner of Dallas co., and, flowing nearly northward,
lake. The party walked round the lake, and found it to be  falls into the Osage at Erie, Camden county. It receives the
60 miles in length, and 14 miles broad. The river Teoge, Little Niangua from the left, a few miles from its mouth.
one of its affluents, was also ascended for about 150 miles,   NIANITIC, Connecticut, a station on the New IHaven and
when the ravages of the Tsetse fly among the cattle corn- New London Railroad, 10 miles from New London.
pelled a return. Everywhere were found traces of Portu-   NIAS, or POOLO-NIAS, pbol-lo-ne'AsI, an island of the
guese traders.                                              Malay Archipelago, and one of the largest skirting the W.
NGANAITI, South Pacific. See BvAM MARTIN'S ISLTAND.   coast of Sumatra; lat. 10 30' N., lon. 970 15' E. Length
NGAN-HOEI, ngdn'ho-A1, or GAN-IHWAY, ggn'hwAI, an  70 miles, average breadth 16 miles. The soil is fertile, and
inland province of China, between lat. 290 and 340 N., and  produces large quantities of rice. On its E. coast is a village
ion. 1130 and 1190 E., enclosed by Kiang-soo, Che-kiang, or town of the same name.
Kiang-see, Hoope, and IIoo-nan. Pop. 34,168,059. Surface    NIAUMELSAKAS, ne-Ow-m~l-s&lk 5, a remarkable watermostly plain, and traversed by'the rivers Yang-tse-kiang,  fall, Sweden, on the Luled, lIen of North Bothnia.  The
and the Hoai-ho, with its affluents. The products com- river, where about 400 yards broad, precipitates itself over a
prise the precious metals, copper, salt, green tea from   height of above 100 yards. During winter an immense arch
the S. districts, to from  6 to 7 million taels annually, of ice is formed over the fall, and adds to its magnificence.
ink, varnish, and other produce.
NGAN-KING, ngin'kingf, the capital of the above pro-   * It is a remarkable confirmation of the position laid down in
vince, is 160 miles S.S.W. of Nanking.                      our Introduction, (section II., Obs.,) that "scarcely an instance
NGOUgA or NGOOSA, ngoo'sQ, a small town of Algerian  can be pointed out wherein any good poet has miseccentuated
Sahara, oasis and 19 miles N.E. of Ouargla, lat. 320 22' N., a name with the sound of which he was familiar;" that Moore,
the only eminent English poet that has been in America, and
Ion. 40 26' E., defended by a wall crowned by 25 or 30 small visited Niagara, is the only one (so p r t s wb   are aware) who
forts and  ntere  by Sgates  Pop.1000.visited Niagara, is the only ens (so far as we are aware) who
square forts, and entered by 5 gates. Pop. 1000.            has pronounced this name with its proper accent, thereby sauNGUNDAVAM, ngin'd&'vtm1, a town on Viti Levu, one  thorizing the conclusion that those who have accentuated it.
of the Feejee Islands, near lat. 180 S., lon. 178 WV. In 1848, differently, have done so through ignorance, and not from careit was visited by Captain WVorth, of the English war vessel lessness, or in virtue of that imaginary prerogative styled a
Calypso, to demand the delivery of the murderers of two  "poet's license."  The name in question occurs several times in
Europeans; which being refused, the town was bombarded   loore's poems, and always with the same accent; but we select
urpansd burnwihenged dteown,          wsbmadthe following passage, as showing his aceentnation in a manner
ndAurnG,3d don.trn      N AT NG   n trg   o   so clear as to leave not the least room for doubt, or equivocatioan:
NItIA-TRANG, nt-trangf, NIIATRANG, ne- trangl, or
YATRANG, y'tr~ngl, a seaport town of Anam, capital of a          "I ol fany, almost, he and I were a pir
Of unhappy  young lovers, who thus side by side
province, with a good harbor at a river's mouth, in lat. 120       Ofr uankhapp  yse  levr, ise t   oaridage i..Were taking, instead of rope, pistol, or dagger, a
191 N., Ion. 1090 201 E.                                           Desperate dash down the fails of Niagara."
N11, no or n'ho/, written also NOUIH, noo, a town of             DFudge Family in Piaris-Letter V.
1319




NIA                                                           NIC
NIAUR, ne-OwR;, or ANGOUR, 3n-goorl, the most W. of  an industrious race of Indians, who raise maize, &c., an&
the Pelew Islands, North Pacific; lat. 60 53' 55"' N., Ion. 1340  possess some cattle. Madera is joined to Ometepe by a low
5' 24" E. Length, from N.E. to S.W., about 4 miles.         neck of land, which is firequently-overflowed; in form, it is
NIAZEPETROVSK, ne-A-z&-pA-trovskf, a market-town of  a huge mound of more than 4000 feet' high, covered with
Russia, government of Permn, on the Gofa, 80 miles E.S.E. of  cedar-wood. The islets are generally conical in shape, and
Krasno-Oofimsk, with extensive iron works.                  seldom exceed 3 or 4 acres in area;.they are covered with
NIBBIANO, nib-be-s;no, a village of North Italy, duchy  verdure, and on many of them  are Cultivated patches of
and 8 miles S. of Piacenza. Pop. 720.                       ground; and on such, geneially crowning their summits,
NIBBIANO, a village of Lombardy, delegation and 10  relieved by a dense green background of plantations, and
miles E.S.E. of Como.                                        surrounded by palms and the papaya with its great, golden
NIBE, neelbh, a town of Denmark, province of Jutland,  fruit, are the picturesque cane huts of the inhabitants. On
12 miles W.S.W. of Aalborg, on the Lymfiord. Pop. 1200.    one of the smaller islands, Pensacola, numerous relics of
NIBILEY, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. antiquity have been recently found, consisting of huge,
NICAtA, North Italy. See NicE.                             elaborately-sculptured stones, massive idols, and figures of
NICaEA, a city of Asia Minor.  See IZNErX.                monstrous animals. The material is, in every case, black
NICARAGUA, (nik-ar-&tgw&,) REPUBLIC OF, formerly a  basalt, and the cutting exhibits great freedom and skill; in
state in, the Central American Confederation, from which it workmanship and style differing materially from those of Yuwithdrew in 1852; extends from the Bay of Conchagua, on  catan. It has long been contemplated to establish through
the Pacific Ocean, to the Mosquito territory, mostly fi-om  it a navigable communication, by means of a ship canal, belat. 110 to 130 45' N., lon. 830 40' to 870 35 WV.; having W. tween the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A contract for this
the North Pacific Ocean, E. the Caribbean Sea and part of  undertaking was entered into on the 27th of August, 1849,
the Mosquito territory, N. the state of Honduras and San  between the Republic of Nicaragua and the Atlantic and PaSalvador, and S. Costa Rica; area about 39,000 square miles. cific Ship Canal Company of New York; but, owing to the inA range of hills run along its W. coast, at the distance of a  terference of the British government, the work has not been
few miles fiom the sea, attaining no great height until they  commenced. The estimated cost of the canal was $20,000,000;
approach the confines of Costa Rica, where they rise to an  and the time necessary for its completion 12 years.
elevation of from 5000 to 11,000 feet. Between this ridge    NICARAGUA, SAN JUAN DE. See GsREY TOWN.
and the lakes of Nicaragua and Leon, the land is moderately    NICARIA  or NIKARIA, ne-k&-ree/l, (anc. dlarus or
level; but along the borders of Honduras and San Salvador, Icarria,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to
lofty ridges again occur, running in various directions. The  Turkey, 12 miles W. of Samos; lat. 370 350 N., lou. 260 10' E.
central part of the state is occupied by a vast plain, known  Area 50 square miles. Pop. 1000. It is famous in mythology
as the plain of.Nicaragua, comprising the lake of the same  for the death near it of Icarus, after his reputed aerial flight,
name. There are several volcanoes in the state, all towards  (whence its name.)
the sea, standing alone, or but slightly connected with the    NICASTRO, ne-klistro, a town of Naples, province of
main ridge; but none of them are of any great elevation, Calabria Ultra, capital of a district, on the W. side of the
the highlbst probably not much exceeding 5000 feet. There  Apennines, 24 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 10,000. It is stragare numerous rivers; but none, except the San Juan, are of  gling and mean; but enclosed by walls, outside of which are
much navigable importance; the principal are the Segovia  many olive grounds and orchards. In its castle, Henry, the
or Escondido, the Lama or Siquia, all flowing E. The lakes  son of the Emperor Frederick II., was confined. It is an
are Nicaragua and Leon or Managua.  Veins of silver and  archbishop's see.  Near it are some mineral baths.  It
copper, however, exist in many parts, but they remain  suffered greatly by the earthquake of 1638.
almost all of them either unexplored, or only superficially    NICAVAIRI, one of the Nicobar Islands. See CAMORTA.
worked. Gold,'also, is said to occur.                         NIC'COTTO01, a post-village of Arkansas co., Arkansas.
The climate is, on the whole, healthy, though various.   NICE, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See IZNEIX.
In the interior and mountainous parts, the temperature is    NICE, neess, (Ital. Xieza, nits;;anc. Nica/a.) an episcomore dry and cool than on the coasts, where it is hot, and  pal city and seaport of Italy, Sardinian States, 98 miles
rather approaching to humid. By far the greater portion  S.W. of Turin, lat. 430 421 N., lon. 70 17' E. It is beautifully
of Nicaragua consists of plains and gentle slopes, formed of  situated near the French frontier, in a small plain, which it
a rich black loam. Agriculture, however, is at a very low  almost covers, at the foot of the Maritime Alps. The waters
ebb, and but a small portion of the land is made available. of the Mediterranean wash its walls on the S.; on the N.
The productions are indigo, of which from  800 to 1000  and the E. the mountains enclose it, in the form of an amseroons are manufactured yearly; sugar, coffee, cocoa, and  phitheatre, (and on the W. it is bounded by the Paglion.)
cotton, the last of superior quality, and formerly raised in  The highest in the rear is crowned by an old castle, enclosed
large quantities, but now almost wholly  neglected. Maize, by bastioned walls. The city is divided into the old and new
rice, beans, and plantains, the staple food of the people, are  town. The streets of the former are narrow and mean-lookraised in abundance, and sold very cheap. Some wheat, ing, compared with those of the latter, in which the houses
also, is grown in the mountainous and cooler parts of the  look handsome, being more modern, and painted externally
country. Fruits of various kinds are plentiful, including  infresco. Nicehas two noble squares, one ofthem surrounded
excellent oranges and lemons. One of the principal sources  with porticoes; and adjacent to the other is a raised terrace,
of wealth consists in cattle, of which there are great num- which serves as a defence for the town against the sea, and
bers in all parts, particularly in the districts on the E. side  affords a delightful promenade. The Cathedral or church is
of the lake, where extensive and excellent pasturage is met in the ordinary Italian style, nor have any of the other
with. The chief exports are indigo, Brazil-wood, and hides. churches any peculiar architectural merit. There are a
The imports of British and North American manufactures  theatre, hospital, public library, baths, &c., and a pretty
are estimated in value at $100,000 annually, the British im- large library, containing manuscripts. Nice possesses some
ports forming two-thirds of the whole. Some silks, gloves, silk, cotton, and paper mills; many oil-mills, and small
and wines, are received from France; linens and glasswares  manufactures of tobacco, leather, soap, and paper. The harfrom Germany; the other imports are chiefly from Peru, bor or port lies three-fourths of a mile E. of the Paglion; it is
Chili, &c. The chief cities are Leon, (the capital,) Granada,  small, and open to the S.E. Between the piers are only 15
and Nicaragua. Principal port, Realejo. Owing to perpe- feet water, and the anchorage before the town is unsafe.
tual revolutions, this has become the most wretched and  The exports consist principally of oil, wine, and silk, with
impoverished state of Central America, and in 1846, its an- essences, perfumes, &c. The number of vessels that entered
nual public revenue was estimated at only $50,000. Pop. in  the port in 1846 was 2609, tonnage 155,764; cleared in the
1850, estimated at 235,000.                                 same year, 2583; tonnage 153,635. Nice is much resorted
NICARAGUA, a town of the Republic of Nicaragua, on  to in winter by foreigners, particularly English, whose numthe W. shore of Lake Nicaragua, 38 miles S.E. of Granada. bers have been estimated at from  5000 to 6000, besides
Pop.. upwards of 8000                                       French, Germans, Russians, and Poles, and for whom ample
NICARAGUA, LAKE, (Sp. Lago  de Nicasragua, lIfgo dA  accommodation is provided. Nice has been often taken by
ne-kA-rA/gwA,) an extensive sheet of water, in the republic  the French, and was, under the empire of Napoleon, capital
of same name, Central America, 90 miles long from N.W. of the department of the Maritime Alps. It is the birthto S.E.; greatest breadth 40 miles; mean breadth 30 miles; place of the painter Vanloo, and the astronomer Cassini.
128 feet above the Pacific, from which it is separated by a  Marshal Massena was born in its vicinity. Pop. 25,000.
line of active volcanoes. The river San Juan de Nicaragua    NICEPIJORIUM.  See RARKA.
flows from its S.E. extremity into the Caribbean Sea, and,   NICER. See NECKaR.
at its N.W. extremity, it is connected with the smaller lake    NICIHOLAS, niklo-lHs, a county in the W. central part of
of Managua or Leon, by the river Penaloya.  About 100  Virginia, has an area of 600 square miles. The Kanawha
yards from the beach, there is generally a depth of about 2  River washes its S.W. border; it is traversed from E. to W.
fathoms; in other parts, all the intermediate soundings by the Gauley River, and also drained by 5Meadow River
between 5 and 15 fathoms are found. Water-fowl and ex- and Buffalo Creek. The surface is hilly and mountainous,
cellent fish are abundant; alligators, also, of great size, are  and covered with extensive forests. A large part of the
numerous. It contains some islands and several groups of  land is unproductive.  A railsoad is projected, which, when
islets, all of volcanic origin?' Of the former, Zapatera, Ome- finished, will connect the county with the Ohio River.
tepe, and Madera, are the largest, being several miles in  Formed in 1818. Capital, Summerville. Pop. 3963, of whom
circuit;. Zapatera is mountainous, rising nearly to 2000 feet 3890 were free, and 73 slaves.
In height, and is uninhabited; but Ometepe is occupied by    NICI-IOLAS, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has
1340




NIO                                                        NIE
an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is intersected by  small lakes. The surface is undulating or level; the soil in
Licking  River proper, and bounded on the S.W. by the  some parts is productive. This county is not included in
South Licking. The surface is diversified; the S. part of the census of 1850. Capital; Traverse des Sioux.
the county is gently undulating, and very productive; the    NICOLLET LAKE, a small lake in the E. part of Yuab
other parts are more broken. The surface rock is limestone  (Juab) county, Utah, about 125 miles S.W. of Salt Lake City.
of good quality. The county is intersected by the railroad  Length 26 miles; greatest breadth 12 miles. It receives
lately commenced between Maysville and Lexington. On  the waters of Nicollet River, but has no outlet.
the bank of Licking River, in this county, is the Blue Lick    NICOLOSI, ne-ko-lolsee, a town of.Sicily, 8 miles N.W. of
Spring, a watering-place of much celebrity. Formed in  Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna. Pop. 3600.
1799, and named in honor of Colonel George Nicholas, an    NICOMEDIA. See IsIEEo.
officer in the war of the Revolution. Capital, Carlisle. Pop.   NICON/ZA, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana.
10,361, of whom 8848 were free, and 1513 slaves.             NICOPOLIS, ne-koplo-lis, NICOPOLI, ne-koplo-le, or NICONICHOLAS, a town of Placer county, California, situated  POL, ne-kolpel, (anc. Nicopfolis ad Is'trusn,) a town of Euroon the left bank of Feather River, below the mouth of Bear  pean Tuikey, Bulgaria, capital of a sanjak, on the Danube,
River, and 35 miles in a straight line nearly N. of Sacra- 56 miles W. of Roostchook. Pop. estimated at 10,000. It was
mento City.                                               founded by Trajan, and occupies a height enclosed by ramNICHOLAS COURT HOUSE. See SUMIBEIsVILLE.                 parts, mounting large cannon, and further defended by a
NICHIOLASTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- castle. It has some large edifices, mosques, baths, &c., but
morgan.                                                    is generally ill-built, and its trade is not thriving. Here
NICHOLASVILLE, niklo-las-vil, a thriving post-village, the Turks defeated the Hungarians under Sigismund, 28th
capital of Jessamine county, Kentucky, on a smusall affluent of  September, 1396.
Kentucky River, and on the railroad and turnpike from Lex-   NICOPOLIS, an ancient city of Epirus; its remains, con
ington to Danville, 12 miles S. of the former. The surround- sisting of a theatre and an amphitheatre, are situated
ing country is fertile and well cultivated. It contains a fine about 3 miles N. of Prevesa.
court-house, 4 churches, 2 academies, and several bagging    NICOPOLIS, a town of European Turkey. See Tias-ovA.
factories. Pop. estimated at 1000.                           NICOPOLIS, a town of Turkey. See PREVESA.
NICHOL-FOREST, nik/ol forlest, a chapelry of England,   NICOPOLIS, a town of Palestine. See EMMAUS.
co. of Cumberland.                                          NICOSIA, ne-ko-seelt, a city of Sicily, 14 miles N.E. of
NICHOLS, nik/lez, a post-village and township of Tioga  Castrogiovanni. Pop. 13,000. It has several churches and
co., New York, on the Susquehanna River, about 8 miles convents, but few manufactures, and trade in the cattle
S.W. of Owego. Pop. 1905.                                 and corn of -the fertile surrounding district.
NICHOLSON, nikfol-son, a township of Fayette co., Penn-   NICOSIA, the capital city of Cyprus. See LEFKOSIA.
sylvania. Pop. 1353.                                         NICOTERA, ne-ko-tA/rt, a town of Naples, province of
NICHOLSON, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity  Calabria Ultra II., near the Gulf of Gioja, 13 miles S.W. of
of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 927.                    Tropea. Pop. 3800. It consists of an upper town, with a
NICHOLSON RIVER, North Australia, flows into the Gulf  castle and an episcopal palace, and a lower town, chiefly
of Carpentaria, W. of Albert River. It was discovered by Dr. inhabited by fishermen. It was partially destroyed by the
Leichhardt.                                                earthquake of 1783.
NICHOLSON'S STORE, a pqst-office of Choctaw co., Ala-   NICOYA, ne-kolyA, a peninsula, bay, river, and two towns
banma.                                                     of Central America, state of Costa Rica. The peninsula, in
NICHOLSONVILLE, nil'ol-son-vil, a post-office of Putnam  lat. 90 401 N., Ion. 85~ W., bounding westward the bay which
co., Indiana.                                              receives the river; and the two towns respectively 76 miles
NICHOLSVILLE, nikf9olz-vil, a post-village of St. Law- W.N.W. and 96 miles W. of Cartago; the latter on the
rence co., New York, on the E. branch of St. Regis River, peninsula, with 3000 inhabitants, engaged in weaving: shipabout 31 miles E. by N. of Canton.                         building, and trading in sugar, &c.
NICHOLSVILLE, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on    NICUMAN, ne-koo-minf, or NIMEN, ne-mln/, a river of
the road from Batavia to the Ohio River, about 24 miles E. China, province of Mantchooria, rises near lat. 520 N., flows
of Cincinnati.                                             S.S.W., and joins the Amoor after a course of about 220
NICKIATON', a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.       miles. Its chief tributary is the Tcholanki, which joins it
NICKMELL'S MILLS, a post-office of Monroe co., Virginia. on the right.
NICKIELSVILLE, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia.       NIDA, neeld/, a river of Russian Poland, flowing S.S.E.,
NICKERIE, niklkeh-reel, a district of Dutch Guiana, joins the Vistula on the left, after a course of 75 miles, partly
forming the W. portion of Surinam, on the banks of the  navigable.
Corentyn and the shores of the Atlantic. It is chiefly in-   NIDAU or NYDAU, nee/dfw, a town of Switzerland, canhabited by English and Scotch settlers.                    ton. and 16 miles N.W. of Bern, at the N. extremity of the
NIOKOLAI, nik/ko-li. a town of Prussian Silesia. 58 miles Lake of Bienne. Pop. 1228.
S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 3320.                                   NIDD, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.
NICIOBAR' ISLANDS, (called by the Malays. Pools Sambil-   NIDDA, nid/dA, a river of Central Germany, after a S.W.
long, poollo sgm-bil-long;, "Nine Islands,") a group of islands  course of 50 miles, joins the Main, at Hochst, 6 miles W.
in the Indian Ocean, S. of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 60  of Frankfort.
40' and 90 30' N., and lon. 920 50, and 940 E. They consti-   NIDDA, a walled town of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of
tute, with the Andramans, the extension of the great volca- Ober-Hessen, on the Nidda, 19 miles S.E. of Giessen. Pop.
nic band of Sumatra and Java. In the S. group, Great 1871.
Nicobar has an area of 1258 square miles, and Little Nico-   NIDDER, nid/der, a river of Germany, rises in Hessebar 86 square miles.  Camorta, Chowry, and the other Darmstadt, flows S.W., and joins the Nidda 7 miles N.E. of
islands of the N. group, are all smaller.  They are all Frankfort. Total course 45 miles.
covered with trees, and very fertile, yielding in abundance    NID/DRY, a village of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, 2 miles
cocoa-nuts, oranges, sugar, tobacco, and bamboos. The ani- W. of Kirkliston, on the Union Canal and the Edinburgh
mals comprise scorpions, crocodiles, serpents, rats, pigs, dogs, and Glasgow Railway.
and cats. Mean annual temperature, 700 Fahrenheit. The    NID-ELV, nid-6lv, a river of Norway, after a S.W. course
islands are exposed to frequent hurricanes; the rainy sea- of about 70 miles falls into the Skager Rack, opposite to the
son lasts for nine months, and the unusual phenomenon of  island of Tromse.
frequent rain in the dry season (from December to February)    NIDGULL, nid'gilll, a town of British India, in the Decrenders them most unhealthy. Repeated attempts at colo- can, dominions of Mysore, 45 miles E. of Chitteldroog.
nization have failed, on occount of the prevalence of yellow    NIDOKI, ne-dolkee, a market-town of Russian Poland,
fever. The group belongs to Denmark.                       government and 49 miles W.N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1600.
NICIOJACK, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee.         NIDRIAS, neeldre-As, a village near the left bank of the rio
NICOJACK CAVE. See GE0RLoA, "Objects of Interest to del Norte, in the interior of the territory of New Mexico.
Touzrists?' page 741.                                        NIEBERT, neelbert, a village of the Netherlands, proNICOLAS-D'ALIERMONT, nee'ko6'l1  dAl'e-Wnm6Nsl, a  vince and 10 miles W.S.W. of Groningen. Pop. 714.
town of France, department of Seine-Inf~rieure, 6 miles    NIEBLA, ne-AlBU, (anc. Tlita?) a decayed own of Spain,
S.E. of Dieppe. Pop. 1956.                                 province and 18 miles N.E. of Huelva, on the Rio Tinto. Pop.
NIC'OLA/US, a post-office of Sutter co., California.     983. It has a very ancient bridge, a ruined castle, and some
NICOLET, neeko'lA,l(?) a central county of Canada East, other fortifications. Near it are extensive copper-mines.
comprises an area of 487 square miles. The Becancour River   NIED, ne-Y, a river of France and Rhenish Prussia,
intersects this county, and the St. Lawrence washes its N. commencing in the department of Moselle, 12 miles E.N.E.
border. Capital, Nicolet. Pop. 19,657.                     of Metz, flows N.N.E., and joins the Sarre.. Length 45 miles.
NICOLET, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Nicolet,   NIEDER, neelder, a German word, signifying "lower,"
84 miles N.N.E. of Montreal.  It contains several stores. prefixed to numerous places in Germany, as NIEDE WrESEL,
hotels, and a mill. It has a college, with about 130 pupils.  NIEDER INGELHEIMn, &C. For those not undermentioned, see
NICOLLET, nik'o-l4/, a county in the S.E. part of Minne- additional name.
pota, has an area of 1240 square miles. It is bounded on the    NIEDERAULE, neetder-6wleh, a market-town of HesseN. by the North Fork of Crow River, on the S. by the Min- Cassel, provinceof Fulda, circle of Heisfeld. Pop. 1311.
nesota River, and intersected by the South Fork of Crow    NIEDERBRECHEN, neelder-brSK'n, a village of Nassau,
River, and by the Wita Kantu. The county contains several bailiwick of Limburg. Pop. 1044.
1341




MtE                                                        NIG
NIEDERBIRONN, ne-4'dbanbronnt, a market-town  of    NIERS, neeRs, or NEERS, nA's, a river of Rhenmsh Pras
France, department of Bas-Rhin, 26 miles N.W. of Stras- sin and the Netherlands, after a N.W. course of 60 mile.
bourg. Pop. in 1852, 3224. It is situated in a valley of the  joins the Meuse, 2 miles W. of Gennep.
Vosges Mountains, and has well-frequented mineral springs,   NIERSTEIN, neen/st1ne, a market-town of Hesse-Darm
the water of which is- collected into two basins covered with  stadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, on the Rhine, 9 miles S.S.E
a stone pyramid. It has also establishments for preparing  of Mentz. Pop. 2201. In the vicinity numerous Roman
steel and bar-iron, heavy articles of machinery, and large  coins have been found.
pieces of artillery.                                         NIESHIN, a town of Russia. See NEzHEEN.
NIEDEItURAND, neelder-grnt', a village of Bohemia,    NIESKY, ne-sl/kee, a village and Moravian colony of
zircle of Leitmeritz, about 61 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 1618. Prussian Silesia, 11 miles N.N.W. of Gorlitz.  Pop. 640.
NIEDE1tIALL, neeldr-hIll',  a town of Wiirtemberg, cir-   NIESOOCHATSCII, ne-A-soo-K't/shee, written also NIEcle of Jaxt, bailiwick of Kiinzelsau, on the Kocher. P. 1663.  SUCHATSCHI and NEISOUKHOIJI, a market-town of
N'IEDEt-ISES SEN, nee'der h s/sen, (" Lower Hesse,") a  Russia, government of Volhynia, 10 miles N.N.E. of Kovel.
province of the electorate of Hesse-Cassel.  Area, (with  Pop. 1500.
Schaumburg,) 2080 square miles. Pop. 366,663.                NIESWIEZ, a town of Russia. See NEsvzEz.
NIEDERHOF, neelder-h~f' a village of Bohemia, circle of    NIETO, a river of Italy.  See NE0O.
Bidschow. Pop. 1117.                                         NIEUKIRK, a village of Rhenish Prussia. See NEUKeCHEN.
NIEDERLANDE. See NETHERLANDS.                              NIEUPORT, a town of Belgium. See NIEUWroo0a.
NIEDERNEUKIRCH  AMi IHORTCHWAIDE, nee'der-noiP-   NIEJW, nyiifv, or _NIEUW~E, nyii/veh, a Dutch word,
k5anK A&m h6KN/i-doh, a village of Saxony, circle ofBautzen. signifying "new," forming the prefix of various names in
Pop. 1959.                                                 the Netherlands, as NIrUWPOORT, (ice. "New Port,") &c.
NIEDEROLM, neefder-olm', a village of Hesse-Darmstadt,    NIEUWE-DIEP, HET, htt nytilveh-deep, a village of I-lolIheinhessen, circle of Mentz. Pop. 1230.                   land, province of North Holland, about 1 mile E. of Helder,
NIEDERRAD, nee/der-rt', a village belonging to the free  with which it is connected by a row of houses. It lies at
town of Frankfort-on-the-Main. Pop. 1604.                  the entrance to the great Amsterdam  Ship Canal, and pos-:
NIEDERSTETTEN, neefder'stft'ten, a town of Wiirtem-  sesses a safe harbor. Pop. 3186.
berg, 9 miles S.E. of Miergentheim. Pop. 1509.               NIEUWENDAM, nyti/*en-dAm', a village of Holland,
NIEDEItSTOTZINGEN, nee/der-stot'sing-on, a village of  province of North Holland, S.S.W. of Hoomn. Pop. 829.
Wtiirtemberg, circle of Danube, between the Danube and    NIEUWENHOORN, nytiften-haRNe, a village of Holland,
Brenz. Pop. 1370.                                          province of S. Holland, 3 miles S. of Briel. Pop. 1019.
NIEDERZWEI{REN, neelder-ts*A'ren, a village ofi Hesse-   NIEUWERKERK-IN-DUIVELAND, nyii0fvr-.K6IR/  in
CaOssel, Niederhessen, circle of Cassel. Pop. 1373.        doi/veh-lint', a village of the Netherlands, province of Zea.
NIEDERZWONITZ, (NiederzwSnitz,) neefder-ts'o'nits, a  land, 3 miles E. of Zierikzee. Pop. 983.
village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, so near the town of    NIEUWERKERK-OP-DEN-YSSEL, nyii/4er-KORx' op din
Zwonitz as to be almost its suburb. Pop. 2045.             is/sel,'a village of the Netherlands, province of South HolNIEDORP, nee/doap, two contiguous villages of the  land, 6 miles N.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1170.
Netherlands, province of North Holland, 9 miles N.E. of   INIEUWERKIRKEN, nyti/der-k6la'Ken, a village of BelAlkmaar. United pop. 1446.                                 glum, province of East EFlanders, 16 miles S.E. of Ghent.
NIEFERN, nee/fern, a town of Germany, Baden, on the  Pop. 2484.
Enz, 19 miles E.S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1279.                NIEUWKERK, a town of Netherlands. See NYKEaIK.
NIEHEIM. neethime, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 18    NIEUWKOOP, nyiir/kop, a village of the Netherlands,
miles E.N.E. of Paderborn. Pop. 1473.                      province of South Holland, 12 miles E. of Leyden. P. 1462.
NIERI-IL, neel, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles W.N.W.    NIEUWKUIK, nytid/koik, a village of the Netherlands,
of Cleves. Pop. 1220.                                      province of North Brabant, 6 miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. P. 978.
NIEJIN or NIESHIN, a town of Russia.  See NEZUEEN.         NIEUWOLDE, nyiidvol'deh, a village of the Netherlands,
NIEL, neel, a village of Belgium, province and 10 miles province and 17 miles E. of Groningen. Pop. 1315.
S. by W. of Antwerp, on the Rupel. Pop. 2867.                NIEUWPOORT, nyiiUtdp~rt, a small fortified town of the
NIELLA-BELBO, ne-al/la b~l/bo, a village of the Sardinian  Netherlands, on the Lech, 16 miles E. of Rotterdam. P. 626.
States, division of Coni, province of Alba, on the Belbo. Pop.    NIEUWPOORT, nyti[/part, sometimes called in English
777.                                                       NEW/PORT, (Fr. Niesuport, ne-uh'poa/; L. Nocvus Por/ltus,) a
NIELLA-TANARO, ne-111/a ta-naro, a village of the Sar- fortified town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the
dinian States, division of Coni, province and 16 miles N.E. Yperlee, near its mouth in the North Sea, 10 miles S.W. of
of Mundovi, on the Tanaro. Pop. 2010.                      Ostend. Pop. 3393, engaged in ship-building, rope-making,
NIEMECZYN, ne-a-mtch/in, written also NIEIIENT- and fishing. A navigable canal connects it with Ostend and
CHIN, a market-town of Russia, government and 15 miles Bruges. It has been often besieged, and repeatedly taken by
N.N.E. of Vilna. Pop. 1800.                                the English and French.
NIEMEGK, nee/mik, a town of Prussia, province of Bran-    NIEUW-RHODE or NIEUWRODE, nyii'-ro/deh, a village
denburg, 27 miles S.S.W. of Potsdam. Pop. 2340.            of Belgium, province of Brabant, 22 miles N.E. of Brussels.
NIEMEN, nee/men, (Pol. pron. nyam/en; Fr. Niedmen, ne- Pop. 1065.
Atm~n/,) or MEMEI, mim/ei, or mt/mal, (anc. Cshronus?) a    NIEUWSTAD, nytifi/stitt, a village of the Netherlands,
river of Russian Poland, rises in the government of Minsk, province of Limburg, 11 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 799
flows N.W. through the government of Grodno, between    NIEUWVELD, nyiir/v8lt, a mountain range of South
Vilna and Augustowe, and through  East Prussia, and  Africa, Cape Colony, between lat. 320 and 330 S., and upunder the name of the Memel, enters the Curische-IHaff by  wards of 10,000 feet in elevation.
the Rass and Gilge mouths. 30 miles W. of Tilsit, after a    NIEVRE, ne-aivr/, a small river of France, department of
total course estimated at 400 miles. Principal affluents, Nilvre, to which it gives its name, joins the Loire on the
the Villa and Szeschuppe. It is always navigable, and is right. at'Nevers. Course southward. Length 25 miles.
the main channel for the trade of Lithuania and Volhynia.    NIEVRE, a dlepartment in the centre of France, formed
Near (Grodno a canal connectiit with the Bober and Vistula;  of the old province of Nivernois, and part of Orliannois.
and near Tilsit, Napoleon and Alexander of Russia held a  Area 2595 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 327,161. Surface
memorable interview on its waters in June, 1807.           mountainous and'infertile in the E., but there are rich
NIEMES, ne-A/mis, a town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, plains in the W. It is watered by the Loire, and its aff/u18 miles N.N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 3336.                    ent the Allier, which separates it from the departments of
NIEMIROW, ne-A-me-rov/, amarket-town of Austrian Po- Cher and Allier. The Yonne rises in the department, and
land, Galicia, 25 miles W. of Zolkiew. Pop. 1900.          the Canal of Nivirnois (Nivernais) connects it with the Loire.
NIEMOKSTZY, ne-A'moksttzee, or NIEMIOKCIITY, ne-A'- It has several mineral springs. Chief industry in iron and
moksh/tee, a market-town of Russia, government of Vilna, steel works. Linen, porcelain, and jewellery, are manufac15 miles W.N.W. of Rossiena. Pop. 1700.                    tured. The department is divided'into the arrondissements
NIEMTSCHITZ, ne-6m/tshits, a market-town of Moravia, of Nevers, Ch&teau-Chinon, Clamecy, the Cosne. -Capital,
11 miles N.E. of Wischau. Pop. 1400.                       Nevers.
NIENBURG, neen/bOORa, a town of Hanover, 30'miles   NIEZWITSCH, a town of Russia. See NESvizu.
N.W. of Hanover, capital of the county of Hoya, on the    NIGDEH, nig/deh, NIKDE, niktd9h, or NIDECII, nee/dech,
Weser, here crossed by a bridge of stone, and joined by the  (anc. Cadyna?) a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Karamania,
Meerbach, on the Hanover and Bremen Railway. Pop. 4100. 47 miles N.E. of Ereglee. Pop. 5000. It is the residence of
It has manufactules of linen and vinegar, some trade in  a pasha, and has 3 fortresses, some mosques, and a Turkish
timber, and a transit trade by the river.                  college, some remarkable excavations, and various autiquiNIENBURG, neenlbO6oe,  or NIENBORG, neentboea, a  ties. The plain of Nigdeh extends S.W. from it bfor about
town of Prussia, Westphalia, 25 miles N.W. of Mtinster. 50 miles.
Pop. 1000.                                                   NIGER, nilfjr, or QUORIRA, written also KWARA, KONIENBURG  MONCIHI, (Mbnch,) neen/bS6a  0 m6nK, or WARA, and KOUARA, (ance. Niygeir, Ni/gir, or Nitgris, Gr.
KLOSTER-NIENBURG, klos/ter-neen/b66ao, a walled town  Ntysp or Ntycip,) called JOLIBA, jolle-ba, in the upper part:)f Germany, duchy of Anhalt-KI then, on the Saale, here  of its course, a great river of Western Africa, or Guinea,
joined by the Boder, 10 miles N.W. of K/then. Pop. 1900. rises in the country of the Mandingoes, and flowing N. and
NIEPPES, ue-6pp/, a market-town of France, department N.E. towards the desert, afterwards turns S.E. and S.,'and
qf Nord, 13 miles E. of itazebrouck. Pop. in 1852, 3582.    enters the sea through many mouths in the Bight of Beiu.
15142




NIG                                                         NIL
Its source, according to Major Laing, is at Mount Loma, in    NIJAR (NIXAR) or NIJAR-Y-IUEBRO. ne-nan! e rFwMabout Ion. 90 45 WV., lat. 90 251 N., 1600 feet above sea-level; bro, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles E.N.E. of Albut there is good reason for believing that the Niger rises meria. Pop. 5820.
much further to S. and E., in the Kong Mountains. At its    NIJEHASKE or NYHEHASKE, nlha-hiiskeh,. a village
source it is called Tembie, that is, "water," in the Kisse  of Holland, province of Friesland, 2 miles W. of Reerenveen.
language, but lower down in Bambarra, it is entitled Babaa, Pop. 1105.
"Great River," or Joliba, that is, the river of the Joli, or Red    NIJKERK, a town of Holland. See NYKERmK.
Men, who are the inhabitants of Joli-nkendu, (Red Man's    lIlJNI1. For places with this prefixed name, see NIZHNEE.
Land,) the Jallonkandoo of Park. It becomes navigable at   NIKARIA, an island of Greece. See NICAnIA.
Bammakoo. 100 miles above Sego in Bambarra, and at the    NIKISHI, neelkishx, or NIKSIKI, nik'seetkee, a village of
latter place it is about 150 yards wide. Lower down it European Turkey, 34 muiles N.E. of Cattfaro, on the boundary
enters a level country, and divides into several arms enclos- line between Montenegro and Herzegovina. Pop. of district,
ing extensive islands, on one of which stands Jenne, or  6000.
Ginne, (properly Ginlwa,) the great emporium of Negroland,   NIKITA, neefke-tf&,(?) a village of Southern Russia, goand from which the whole country has derived its com- vernment of Taurida, 26 miles S. of Simferopol. It has a
inercial name, (Guinea.) The river then enters a territory  fine imperial garden.
in which the Foolah, Filluni, or Fellatah, are the rulers,   NIKITINSKAIA, ne-ke-tin-skl/[, a market-town of Ruswhile the indigenous population are called Songay, and  sia, government and 40 miles E.N.E. of Orenboorg.
speak the Songay or Kissoor (Nkisdr) language, within the    NIKITOYKA or NIKITOWKA, ne-ke-tov/kl, a marketdomain of which the river is called Issa. In its course down  town of Russia, government and 34 miles W.N.W. of Kharto Ginne, the Joliba receives several accessions from the S. kov. Pop. 1600.
Further on, it turns northwards, in a very winding course    NIKITOVKA or NIKITOWKA, a market-town of Russia,
between low banks, crossing Debo, or Blackwater Lake, and  government of Voronezh, 30 miles E.N.E. of Yalooiki (Vareceiving on the right numerous streams from the moun- luiki). Pop. 1400.
tainous country of the Songay.  At. Kabra, the port of    NIKOBAR ISLANDS. See NICOBAR.
lfimbuctoo, it probably reaches its highest latitude, (about    NIKOLAIEV  or NIKOLAIEW.  ne-ko-l'evl, written also
1T7 N.,) it then runs E. along the desert for 6 days, and S.E. NIKOLAIEF, a fortified town of Russia, government and 39
for about 15 days to the frontiers of Houssa. From Ginne  miles N.N.W. of Kherson, at the confluence of the Ingul
to dai, opposite to Ioussa, a distance of from 800 to 1000  and the Bug, 20 miles above the mouth of the latter, in the
miles, the Songay language is spoken on the right bank  estuary of the Dnieper. Pop. 12,000. It was founded in
of the river, and from Sal also it extends on the left bank  1790, is enclosed by walls, well built, and is the station of a
eastwards to Asben, or Agfadez, on the borders of the  Russian admiral and fleet. Principal edifices, the Cathedesert..                                                    dral, town-hall, admiralty house, with museums and libraIn the Houssa country the great river is known as the  ry, schools for pilots, and for the daughters of soldiers, an
Gulbi-nkowdra, that is, the "River Kw'ira," or Kowdra, observatory, hospitals, and docks.
(Quorra,) and further S. in Nyff6, where it is often a league    NIKOLAIKEN. neelko-li'ken, a town of East Prussia, on
wide or more, it is entitled the sea or lake of NyffS, or the Lake Spirdin, 12 miles E.S.E. of Sensburg. Pop. 2040.
Kw'ra, the Lake Kura of Arab geographers.  The very    NIK/OLSBURG, (Ger. pron. neelkols-bidlna,) NIKLASactive commerce which here animates in the heart of Africa  BURG, neelklas-b6aRG, or MIKULOW, mee/koo-lov, a town
the broad waters of the Kwdra, or Quorra, fully justifies the  of Moravia, 28 miles S. of Briiun. Pop. 8000, among whom
celebrity of its name. Through ioussa and Nyff6 flow  are many Jews. It has a splendid castle, and grounds beseveral streams from the heights which divide those coun- longing to Prince Dietrichstein, with a library of 20,000
tries from  Bornoo, while on the western side, through  volumes, many valuable manuscripts, and collections of
Guinea and Bergoo, the Kwdra receives the small rivers  natural history; a philosophical academy, and several other
which descend fiom the mountains of the Songay. At the  public schools, and manufactures of woollen cloth, and other
southern extremity of Nyffi, (lat. 70 46' N.,) the Niger unites  stuffs.
with its chief tributary, the Tchadda, descending with a    NIKOLSK, ne-kcsk/, a town of Russia, government and
navigable stream from Adamawa, where it is called the Bard. 194 miles E. of Vologda, on the Yoog. Pop. 1000.
The united stream then flows S. by W. between Yariba (Yo-   NIKOLSKAIA, NIKOLSKAJA, ne-kol-skiI, STANITZA,
riba) on its right bank, and Attah (Iddah) on the left; and  stl-nit/zi, or NOVAIA-KARGATA, no.vi/, kai-g/ta, a
here with a changed language, it is called, Ujimini Fufu, or town of Russia, government and E.S.E. of Orenboorg, on
White XWater; the Tchadda being styled Ujimini Dudu, or  the Ural. Pop. 2000.
Black Water. The Delta of the Niger commences near Aboh,   NIKOOLEENO, NIKOULINO or NIKULINO, ne-koo-leefabout 80 miles above the sea. It is little known; the only  no, some small places in Russia, government of Tver, E.
channel through it hitherto explored by Europeans, being  of Staritza; and Russian Poland, governmert of Moheelev,
that of the Nun, which, with an estuary 1I miles wide, con- N.E. of Babinovitchi.
tracts, a short distance up, to 120 yards. The bar, on which    NIKOPOL, ne-kolpol, a town of Russia, government and
there is a violent surf, presents a great difficulty to sailing  67 miles S.S.W. of Yekaterinoslav, on the Dnieper.  P. 3470.
vessels. It is supposed that the Kw'gra, (Quorra,) or Niger,   NIKOPOLI, a town of Turkey. See NiecoPOLS.
is connected with the Calabar, by Cross River. and it is cer-   NIKSAR, nik'sarl, (anc. Neoccesarea,) a town of Asia Mitain that on the W. there are navigable channels from it to  nor, pashalic of Seevas, 30 miles N.E. of Tokat, on the route
Warree and Benin. The whole course  of the great river  to Erzroom. It stands on a gentle eminence at the foot
from Mount Loma to the mouth of the Nun, without regard  of a more N. range of mountains, surrounded by orchards;
to sinuosities, is about 2000 miles; if traced from the moun- it comprises about 800 houses, and has a citadel containing'tains further S.E., and through all the details of its wind- the chief bazaars and buildings.
ings, it would fall little short of 3000 miles. It was de-   NIKULINO, a town of Russia.  See NK0ooLEENO.
scended by Mungo Park from Sego to Boossa, a distance, on    NIL, a river of Egypt. See NILE.
the river, probably of from 1500 miles to 1800 miles. On    NILAB, nee'lib/, a small town of the Punjab, on the left
the other hand, it has been ascended from  the sea by Mr. bank of the Indus, a short distance below Attock; lat. 330
Becroft, in a steamer, as far as Lever, 40 miles or 50 miles  46/ N., lou. 720 17' E.
from Boossa; the intervening distance is said to be difficult    NILE, nil, (Fr. Nile, neel; Ger. Nil, neel; Sp., It., and
at all seasons, owing to rocks and rapids. The scenery  Port. N2ilo, nee/lo; Arab. Balhr Nil, biH'r nedel; anc. lNillus,)
near the Delta is of the wildest forest character,         a great river of East Africa, and the most celebrated river
NIGG, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.   of the ancient world, is formed by two head streams-the
NIGG, a maritime parish of Scotland, counties of Ross Bahr-el-Azrek (or Blue River) and the Bahr-el-Abiad (or
and Cromarty, occupying a peninsula between the friths of  White River)-which unite at Khartoom, lat. 150 37' N.
Moray and Cromarty, 2' miles N. of Cromarty. On the  Each of these streams has been claimed as the true source
coast are traces of a fort of the 12th century, and some obe- of the river. It receives its last tributary, the Atbara, (anc.
lisks, with hieroglyphics.                                 Astabtoras,) in lat. 170 42' N., at the N. extremity of the peNIGHT ISLAND, Australia, off the N.E. coast of Cape  ninsular' tract, (sometimes called the Island of Meroe,) and
York, S. of Cape Direction; lat. 130 10, S., lon. 1430 22' E.; thence flows N. in a single stream, without the least acces2 miles long by half a mile broad.                         sion, through 120 degrees of latitude,' or, following its windNIGHT'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Hamilton co., Illinois. ings, at least 1300 miles to the sea. Below its junction with
NIGIR or NIGRTS. See NIGEo.                              the Atbara, the Nile has on the W. or left bank the desert
NIGRITIA, NIGRITIE or NIGRITIEN.  See SooDAN.            of Bahiooda; on the E., Mekheyr, which is commonly called
NIGUA, nee/gwt, a small maritime town of Hayti, on its  Berber; lower down, it forms several islands, one of which
S. coast, 10 miles S.W. of San Domingo, and near the mouth  bears the name of tKandake, (Candace,) and also one or more
of the river Nigua, in the Caribbean Sea.                  cataracts; it then bends WV. by S., and passes by Jebel Bar\RIGUARDA, ne-gwgaedo, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- kal, where stand the remains of a temple, repaired by Tirvince and 3 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 1761.                 haka, (700 B. c.,) but probably 1000 years colder.  lesuming its
NIGUELAS, ne-gtlls, a hamlet of Spain, Andalusia, pro- N. course, it enters the plains of Dongola, and forms saveral
vince and 10 miles from Granada. Pop. 1272.               islands of great extent. Quitting these plains by a cataract,
NIHAU, nee'hOwl, or ONEEOW, o-nee'Ow/, one of the  the river flows through the districts of Mahas, Sukkiot,
Sandwich Islands; lat. 220 N., lon. 1600 35' W.; about 18 Wady Kenooz, and Batn-el-Hajar, (the  "Glen of Rocks,") at
miles long and 8 miles broad. Pop. 1000.                   the head of which is the second or great cataract. and enter
1343




NIL                                                        NIM 
ing Egypt at Phile —the Pi lakhli or limit of the Egyptians,  son, and becomes offensively fetid. In comparison with the
it descends the last (the first in ascending) cataract to Syene  Blue River, which is an immense torrent, the White Rivez
or Asswan, which is in lat. 240 51 N.                       resembles a great standing water. Its floods reach KharFrom Philce, lat. 240 3' N., the Nile flows through Egypt toom, at the junction of the rivers, usually a month or
in. single stream, as far as Batn-el-Bakara, the ancient Cer- three weeks later than those of the Blue Itiver.
casurumn, at the head of the Delta, in lat. 300 15' N., where    It seems quite probable that from -the towns which cover
it divides into two branches, leading respectively to Rosetta, its banks, and many other circumstances, the Nile of the
(Rasheed,) and Damietta, (Damiat,) entering the sea in about ancients, above MeroS, was the Bahr-el-Azrek, (Blue River,)
lat. 310 35' N.  Thus the Nile has a course in Egypt of  which is still the Nile of the natives.
about 7' degrees, or, following the windings of the stream,   Its sources in the country of the Agows were heard of by
of about 700 miles. From the junction of its head streams  Cosirns Indicopleustes early in the 6th century; and they
to its delta, its basin is formed by two parallel chains of  were represented, with many correct particulars, by Fra
mountains, which in some places close upon it and produce  Mauro, in the middle of the 15th. The companions of Althe rapids above mentioned, and in others recede and leave  varez visited them early in the 16th century; and about a
fine plains between them and the river. Its banks are gene- century later they were viewed by Pedro Vaez, whose acrally elevated in Nubia, they are less so in Middle Egypt, count of them is copied by Tellez, with little change. Then
and absolutely flat in the Delta. From Asswan to the sea, came Bruce, who, treading in the steps of the Jesuit father,
the average fall is 2 inches to a mile, and its mean velocity  boasted of having discovered the fountains of the Nile.
is about 3 miles an hour. At the Delta its waters spread  The White River, explored in 1827, by M. Linaut, as far as
out into numerous streams in the form of a triangle, ex- El Ais, was ascended in 1839 by a Turco-Egyptian Expeditending at its base on the Mediterranean, over a space of  tion up to lat. 60 30' N., and, in the following year, to Chan120 miles, between the W. or Rosetta branch, and the E. or lker, in the country of the Berry, whither trading expeditions
Deamietta branch. The two arms of the Nile, which still are now despatched annually. A fort or factory has been
remain navigable to the sea, are supposed to coincide with  there erected by European traders, and Roman Catholic
the two artificial branches of the ancients, namely, the Bol- missionaries are located in the vicinity —Adj. NILOT/IC.
bitine and Phatnitic. The other ancient arms, where not    NILE, a post-office df Alleghany co., New York.
wholly effaced by time, are but partially traceable in the    NILE, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1004.
various canals of irrigation which intersect the Delta. The    NILES, nilz, a post-township in the S.E. part of Cayuga
ordinary width of the Nile in Egypt, above the Delta, is  co., New York, bordering on Owas'co Lake. Pop. 2053.
about 700 yards. The branches through the Delta are much    NILES, a post-village of Trumbull co. Ohio, on the Mahonarrower, and so shallow in the dry season, that vessels ex- ning River, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 5
ceeding 40 tons burden, cannot pass through them. During  miles S.E. of Warren, contains a furnace, a rolling-mill, and
the flood, armed brigs can ascend to Cairo.                 a nail factory. Pop. in 1853, about 600.
The Nile is the only great tropical river which, by its peri-   NILES, a post-village and township in the S.E. part of Berodical inundations, fertilizes a country surrounded throughb- rien co., Michigan, on the right bank of the St. Joseph's River,
out a great part of its course by sandy deserts. As rain scarcely  where it is crossed by the Michigan Central Railroad, 191 miles
ever, falls in the valley of the Nile from the 18th nearly  W. by S. Of Detroit, and 90 miles E. of Chicago. It is the largest
to the 30th parallel, and very scantily even lower down, the  town of the county, and the principal market in Western
river owes its supplies wholly to the copious rains of the  Michigan. The river is navigable for small steamboats, and
countries wherein it rises. It begins to increase in June,  affords abundant water-power. Niles contains a branch of
attains its greatest height about the autumnal equinox, and  the State University, and 4 or 5 churches. Four newspathen subsides as gradually as it rose. The ordinary rise, at pers are published here. Settled in 1831. Pop. in 1853,
Cairo, is about 40 feet. During the flood, a great portion of  about 2500.
the Delta and of the Valley of Egypt, higher up, is inun-   NILES, a post-township of Delaware co., Indiana. P. 924.
dated. In Sennaar, also, and Dongola extensive tracts are    NILES, a post-township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 403.
watered immediately by the river; but, in general, the    NILKANTHA, nil-kin/t'hA, a town of Nepaul, 37 miles
banks of the Nile above Egypt are irrigated by nieans of  N. of Khatmandoo, lat. 280 22' N., Ion. 850 4( E., and greatly
the water-wheel.                                            tesorted to by -Hindoo pilgrims.
The Bahr-el-Azrek or Blue River, unites with the Bahr-    NILO, a river of Egypt. See NILE.
el-Abiad or White River, in lat. 15~ 37' N. Its sources are    NIL-ST.-VINCENT-IT.-MARTIN, neel s.NG vANsQ'slN-. SANQ
in lat. 100 58' N., Ion. 360 50' E; but its spiral course, traced  mae t1Nri, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, on
downwards, through all its windings, will probably exceed  the Nil, 21 miles S.E. of Brussels.  Pop. 1348.
800 miles. In this distance, it descends with immense im-   NILUN, a village of Thibet. See NELLUNG.
petuosity, fromn an elevation of 9000 feet, to one of 1500 feet,   NILUS. See NLE.
collecting the waters of a basin, the elevated margin of    NIMAR, nelmarf, or NEIAUR, nA'mawrl, a district of
which has an extent of at least 1000 miles. The Blie River  India, comprising most part of the Indore dominions, with
is navigable up to Fazogle, under the 12th parallel 1500  portions of other territories. Area 7000 square miles. Pop.
miles at least from Rosetta.                                250,000.
The sources of the Bahr-el-Abiad or White River are not    NIMBURG, nim/bOORG0, or LYMBURG, limfbl5aG, (Bob.
yet ascertained. Report places them in the mountains of  IVeczeeilow, *e-chAdme-loqv,) a town of Bohemia,on an island
Gomberat, under the equator, about 250 or 300 miles S.E. formed by the Elbe, 16 miles S.S.E. of Bufitzlau. Pop. 2700.
of Chanker, a point on the river, in the country of Berry,   NIMIthT UE or NIMEGUEJN. See NYrwEsos.
situated, according to Arnaud's Observations, in lat. 40 42' N.   NIMES (Nimes,) or NISMES, neem, (anc. Nemaufsus,) a
Ion. 310 40' E. From Berry, the river flows through the  town of France, capital of the department of Gard, on the
countries of the Kyks, Nouere, and some other pastoral  railway from Beaucaire to Cette, and at the head of a branch
tribes, in a very winding and divided channel, inclining N.W. line to Alais, 30 miles N.E. of Montpellier. Pop. in 1852,
by N. At the 9th parallel it suddenly bends to the E., and  53,619. The older part is irregularly and poorly built, the
expands to a width of 5 or 6 miles, forming an open basin, modern is well laid out, in straight and spacious streets. It
which  sas been called Lake Noo (Nu). A river or drain, has an imposing Gothic Cathedral, an old citadel, and a fine
entering this lake from the N.W., has been raised into in- promenade. No town in France has so many fine Roman reportance by speculative geographers, and named the Keilak. mains: the most remarkable of these are the Amphitheatre,
Further E., and just as the river resumes its N. course, be- (les A42-nes, 1Az A/irn/,) 437 feet long, 332 feet broad, and 70
tween the Dinka on the E., and the Shillooks on the W., it is feet high; the beautiful Corinthian temple celled the 3faison
joined by the Sobat, a considerable stream, which is said to  carre-, (mAesoNG/ k/itaaui,) which is restored, and the interior
have its sources at no great distance from those of the White  serves for a museum  of antiquities; and the ruins of a
River itself. On the W., also, a river, not navigable, named  superb nymphaum,' or bath, called the [Ieq/le of Diana;
by different tribes the Loori or the Moj, is reported to rise in  10 miles N.E. are the remains of a magnificent aqueduct,
the Gomberat Mountains, and to join the main stream in  called the Pont-du-Gard, (poN-dii-gaR.) Nimes is the seat
lat. 70. Lower down, about the 13th parallel, it increases  of a bishop, and possesses an appeal court for the departmuch in width, often resembling a great lake; and here, ments of Gard, Lozlre, and Vaucluse; courts of first resort
as well as between the 8th and 9th parallels, it has no per- and commerce, chamber of commerce and exchange, conseil
ceptible current, except during the floods.                 deplr-ul'-hommes, athenaeum, acaddmie universitaire, college,
The White River has been navigated at least 1000 miles  diocesan  seminary, and  secondary ecclesiastical school;
above its confluence with the Blue River; and the whole  schools of design and medicine, a medical society, an agridistance flom its rise in the Goinberat Mountains to the sea, cultural sbciety, and a public library of 30,000 volumes.
following the windings of the channel, probably does not   The manufactures consist principally of silk and cotton
fall short of 3000 miles. For some hundreds of miles of its  goods, fancy and mixed, such as taffetas, shawls, cravats,
upper course, it seems to be only the chief drain of inter- scarfs, hosiery, &c. Cotton handkerchiefs, also, are made to
minable marshes, overgrown with tall reeds. The Sobat a great extent. There are likewise numerous tanneries,
and the Loori, the tributaries alseady mentioned, flowing  dye-works, silk, lace-thread, and  other spinning mills,
nearly parallel to the main stream, cut it off from  acces- and a trade in raw silk, for which this town is tile great
sions on both sides. As to the river (the Keilak) supposed  entrepit of the S. of France; wine, vinegar, oleaginous
to enter it in lat. 90, there is, in reality, no evidence of its  seeds, medicinal and dye plants. &c. Nimes is a very anexistence. In this part, as well as lower down, towards its  cient town, having been subjugated by' the Romans 120
junction with the Blue Rivor. it sttagnates in the dry sea- years n. c.; it was successively ravaged by the Franks, Van.
1344




NIM                                                        NIO
dals, and Normans. In the 14th century, it was ruined by  to Kouyunjik, where he has, if possible, been still more
civil and religious wars. It rose from its ashes by the aid  successful. In the course of a month, nine chambers were
of Francis I., but in the 16th century it again suffered on  explored, one of them 130 feet long by 30 feet wide, and
account of its inhabitants having embraced Protestantism, equally rich with those of Nimrood in bas-reliefs and inIn 1815, on the restoration of the Bourbons, it was the  scriptions.
scene o8 a disgraceful persecution of the Protestants. Nimes   In 1847, Mr. Layard returned to England; but, in 1849,
is the birth-place of Nicot, who introduced the use of to- he resumed his labors, both at Kouyunjik and Nimrood,
bacco (tobacurs Nicotiana) into France.                    which have continued to yield up their treasures as if they
NIMETZKI-GRADETZ. See GRATZ.                             were never to be exhausted. Previous to Mr. Layard's
NIMFI, nim/fee, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Ana- labors, the Assyrian antiquities of the British Museum
tolia, about 23 miles E.N.E. of Smyrna.  Near this town  were contained in a case about three feet square; they now
the monument hewn by order of Sesostris, and described  form one of its largest, and are certainly among its nmost
by IHerodotus, has recently been discovered. It consists of important, collections.
a gigantic human figure, sculptured in has-relief on the face    Apart from  the value which attaches to these remains
of a rock.                                                 considered simply as antiquities, they possess a far higher
NIMISISIILILEN, a creek of Stark co., Ohio, flows into the  value on account of the remarkable confirmations which
Tuscarawas River.                                          the inscriptions afford of the truth of Scripture history.
NIMISHILLEN, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 1927. Our limits, however, forbid us to do more than allude to'this
NIMIISILIA, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio.         interesting subject: for further and full information, the
NIMLA, a town of Afghanistan. See NEEMLA.               reader is referred to the different works of Mr. Layard, and
NIMIMON'S CROSS ROADS, post-office, Morrow co., Ohio. other recent publications, treating particularly of these
NIMIPTSCH, nimtsh, a town of Prussian Silesia, 29 miles late discoveries, which are undoubtedly among the most
S.W. of Breslau, on the Lobe. Pop. 2000. It is enclosed by  wonderful that have been made in modern times.
walls, and is one of the most ancient towns of Silesia.     NIN/EVEH, a post-village of Broome co., New York, on
NIMMROD, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi.      the Susquehanna River, 16 miles E.N.E. of Binghamton.
NIMROOD or NIMROUD. See NINevmEH.                         NINEVEH, a post-office of Warren co., Virginia.
NIM3Y-MAISIlRES, neesmee/ mA'ze-aiR/, a village of Bel-   NINEVEH, a township of Bartholomew  co., Indiana.
glum, province of Hainaut; 2 miles N. of Mons, on the Haine. Pop. 720.
Pop. 2205.                                                  NINEVEH, a post-village and township of Johnson co.,
NIMWEGEN, a town of the Netherlands. See Nyv mwGEN. Indiana, 30 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis.  Pop. 1649.
NINE EAGLES, a post-village of Decatur co., Iowa, 145    NINEVEH, a post-office of Adair co., Missouri.
miles S.W. by W. of Iowa City.                               NIN/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
NINE/HEAD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          NING-HEEA or NING-HIA, ning'hee'4, a city of China,
NINE!MILE, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tennessee.     province of Kan-soo, near the Great Wall, 210 miles N.N.E.
NINEMILE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Perry co., Illinois.  of Lan-Choo.
NINE/TYSIX, a post-office and station of Abbeville dis-   NING-KOOE, NING-KOUE, ning'koo'At, or NING-KOOEtrict, South- Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 41  FOO, NING-KOUE-FOU, ning'koo'A'foo/, a city of China,
miles fi-om Augusta.                                       province of Ngan-hoei, on an affluent of the Yang-tse-kiang,
NIN/EVEH, (L. Ni/nus; Gr. Nivog, Ninis,) a celebrated  75 miles S. of Nanking; lat. 310 N., ]on. 1180 38' E.
city of antiquity, capital of the Assyrian Empire, (See Gene-   NINGO, ning/go, a decayed Danish settlement on the
sis x. 11; also Jonah iii. 3, and iv. 11,) the ruins of which are  Guinea coast, 38 miles E.N.E. of Acera, adjacent to which
situated in Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Mosul, on the left bank  latter is the village of Little Ningo. 
of the Tigris, along which, and opposite to the town of Mosul,   NINGOOTA or NINGOUTA, ning-gooltd, a considerable
it appears to have extended for a distance of about 18 miles, town of Mantchooria, on an affluent of the Amoor, 145 miles
with an average breadth of 12 miles, containing an area of  N.E. of Kirin-oola, and stated to have been the original seat
not less than 216 square miles. For ages the position of the  of the reigning dynasty of China.
ancient capital of Assyria was unknown. About the com-   NING-PO, formerly LIAMPO, le-am/p6, a city of China,
mencement of the present century, travellers had their at- province of Che-kiang, and one of the 5 ports recently
tention arrested by a series of vast mounds along the left opened to foreign trade, on the Takia, or Ning-po River, the
bank of the Tigris and to a considerable distance inland, on  mouth of which is directly opposite Chusan, 95 miles E.S.E.
what was usually supposed to be the site of Nineveh. Their of Hang-chow-foe, on a tongue of land at the influx of an
great extent, and other remarkable circumstances, led to the  affluent into the river, here crossed by a bridge of boats;
conclusion that they probably occupied the site of Nineveh, lat. 290 51' N., ion. 1210 32' E. Pop. estimated at between
if they did not actually contain the remains of its ancient 200,000 and 300,000. The city, 6 miles in circumference,
structures; no serious attempt, however, was made to inves- enclosed by walls 25 feet in height, and entered by 6 gates,
tigate the subject till 1841, when M. Botta, shortly after his is surrounded by a fine plain covered with villages and
appointment as French consul at Mosul, commenced ope- watercourses.  It has well supplied shops, a temple of
rations on Kouyunjik,;'immediately opposite to that town. large size, hexagonal tower, 150 feet high; a missionary
He had only obtained a few fragments of brick and alabas- hospital, opened in 1843; an active trade in junk-building,
ter, when, on information which promised a richer harvest, and a large manufacture of silks for export to Japan. It
he removed to Khorsabad, about 12 miles to the N.E., and  has been reported that about 670 junks come to it annually
was soon rewarded by the discovery of probably the first from Shan-toong and Leao-tong, with oil, provisions, fruits,
Assyrian edifice which had been exposed to the view of man  caps, cordage, horns, drugs, rice, and silk; 560 from Fokien
since the fall of the Assyrian Empire. The attention of Mr. and Hai-nan, with sugar, alum, pepper, black tea, indigo,
Layard, who had travelled much in the East, had previously  salt, rice, and dye-woods; from  Canton and the Straits,
been directed to the mounds, and he had resolved to take  some vessels; and from the interior about 4000 small craft'
the first opportunity of exploring them; but his resolution  yearly; the total imports being estimated at $7,650,000 anwas still slumbering when the discoveries of M. Botta were nually. It exports large quantities of wood and charcoal
made known, whereupon, obtaining the necessary requisites,  to Shanghai, the trade of which part it has crippled, from
he proceeded without delay to the lofty mounds of Nimrood, being by several days nearer to the green tea districts. It
(Nimroud,) situated about 18 miles S.S.E. of Mosul, in the  was taken by the British, without resistance, in 1841, when
angle formed by the Tigris and'the confluence of the Great was captured a ponderous bell, now in the British Museum.
Zab, and commenced his first operations. His success was    NINGTHEE, a river of India. See KHYEN-DwEM.
immediate and complete. The excavations of the very first   NINOSE, ne-no/s&, a village of Japan, island of Kioosioo,
day put him in possession of a chamber lined with slabs, in  near which is a camphor tree mentioned by Keempfer in
good preservation, and covered with cuneiform  or arrow- 1691 as celebrated for its size, hollow from age, and supposed
headed inscriptions, and, ever after, his treasures continued  to measure 6 fathoms in circumference. It was visited by
to multiply upon him. Among other things, he has disco- Siebold in 1826, and found to be still healthy and rich in
vered gigantic emblematic figures-winged bulls and lions, foliage. He gives 16,884 metres (about 50 feet) as its cirwith human heads, and winged sphinxes, placed as guar- cumference.
dians over the entrances of magnificent palaces. The fire    NINOVE, ne-nolvA, or NINOVEN, ne-no/vhn, a town of
by which the palaces had been destroyed, had so calcined the  Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Dender, 20 miles
stone and other materials of which they are composed, that S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 4500. It has a fine abbey and church,
in many cases, on the least exposure to the air, they have breweries, and manufactories of linen yarn.
crumbled to pieces, sometimes before even an accurate    NINUS. See NINEveH.
sketch of them could be obtained; and hence many objects    NIO, nee/o, (anc. Jos,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
interesting as works of art, and containing inscriptions in  government and 17 miles S.W. of Naxos. Area 20 square
all probability still more interesting, have been seen only  miles. Pop. 3700. Length 11 miles, breadth 5 miles. The
to be lost for ever. In other parts, and more especially in  surface is mountainous and rugged, but some cotton, corn,
the N.W. palace, where the fire has not so much affected  oil, wine, and honey, are produced. Homer is stated to have
the buildings, 28 rooms, in excellent preservation, have died, and been buried he'e, but of his tomb no vestiges
been opened, and numerous bas-reliefs, figures, and orna- remain. On the W. side of the island is the town Nio, with
ments, rich in information as to the state of art and pro- the best harbor in the Archipelago, and some remains of the
gress of civilization at the period when they were made, ancient Ios.
have been exhumed. From Nimrood Mr. Layard proceeded    NIONS, a town of France. See NEoNs.
4K                                                                        1345




NIO                                                       NIX
NIORT, ne-oR/, a town of France, capital of the depart- rampart and trench, about 2 miles in circuit. It is partly
ment of Deux-Svres, on the SBvre-Niortaise, 34 miles E.N.E. in ruins, but has a special trade in turquoises, obtained
of La Rochelle. Pop. in  1852, 18,727.  It is agreeably  from mines about 40 miles W.N.W. Iron and salt are also
situated on the slopes of two hills, enclosed by well-planted  products of its district.
promenades. It has an ancient castle, a Gothic church    NISHNABATO/NA RIVER, rises in the S.W. central part
built by the English, a market-hall, 2 hospitals, barracks, a  of Iowa; flowing south-westerly, it enters Missouri near its
theatre, large public library, public baths, a communal col- N.W. extremity, and then assuming a S.E. direction, it falls
lege, athenaeum, and botanic garden, with manufactories of into the Missouri River in Atchison county.
woollen stuffs, gloves, shoes, leather, and confectionary; it is   NISH/AIJ, a prefix to the names of several towns of Rusan entrep6t for the wines of the Gironde, timber, wool, hides, sia, for which see NIZHuEE.
and cattle.                                                  NISHOWRA, ne-show/rI, a large village of India, Punjab,
NIPE, (neelpA,) BAY OF, Cuba, N.E. coast, S.E. of Na, 37 miles N.W. of Lahore.
ranjo; lat. 200 45' N., Ion. 75030' W., easy of entrance, and    NISI, nee/see, a river of Sicily, intendency of Messina,
capable of holding all the fleet2 of Europe.               enters the Mediterranean near Ali. Length 10 miles.
NIPHATE5, ne-filtd, a mountain chain of Armenia,   NISI, neelsee:    a village of Greece, Morea, government of
forming an eastward prolongation of the Taurus, and divid- Meseenia, 7 miles W. of Calamata.
ing the basin of the Tigris from that of the Moorad-chai.    NISIB, a village of Syria. See NizEEB.
NIPHION! or NIPION/, (i. e. "fountain or source of light,")   NISfIBINN, NIS/SIBINI, (nis'se-been/l?) or NIZIBINt, (anc.
the principal island of Japan; lat. of S. part, 330 26' N., and  Nislibis,) a town or village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and
ion. 1350 36' E., separated N. by the Strait of Matsmal from  90 miles S.E. of Diarbekir. It has an ancient triumphal
the island of Yesso, S. by narrow straits from the islands of arch, a church of St. James, and some other antiquities.
Kioo-Sioo and Sikokf, and S.W. from Coresa by the Strait of   NISITA, neefse-t, (ane. Nc/sis,) an island of Naples, 3 miles
Cored, 120 miles across. It is of a long, narrow, and curved  S.E. of Pozzuoli, in the Gulf of Naples. Marcus Brutus
form, lying N.E. and S.W., about 900 miles in length, by  had a villa on the island, which is now occupied by a qua280 miles in breadth at the broadest part. The coasts are. rantino establishment.
indented with a great number of bays, especially on the S.   NIS'KAYUfNA, a post-township forming the E. extremity
side; and, from the numerous rocks and islands withwhich  of Schenectady co., New York. Pop. 783.
they are fringed, and the extreme shallowness of the sea,   NISMES, neem, a village of Belgium, province and 36
are very difficult of access. A mountain chain traverses the  miles S.S.W. of Namur, on the Eau Noire. Pop. 1026.
island'lengthways, its principal peak, Foosiyama, rising to    NISMES, a city of Southern France. See Nines.
12,000 feet in height; its elevation, however, is mostly mode-   NISSA, nisfs/, (anc. Naisus, Naissus or Alrcesus,) a fortified
rate, and its slopes are cultivated with care. Niphon contains  city of Servia, on the Nissava, an affluent of the East Mothe principal river of Japan, the sacred lake Fakenea, and  rav, 130 miles S.E. of Belgrade. Pop. 4000.
several volcanoes. The island is superabundantly supplied    NISSAVA, nis-slIvA, a river of Servia, after a W. course
with hot sulphureous springs; and earthquakes are of fre-  of 80 miles, joins the Morava 8 miles W. of Nissa.
quent occurrence. The difference of temperature, in the    NISSIBIN, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See NISIBIN.
extreme of summer and winter, is excessive, and storms of    NISSUM-FIORD, nis/soom-fe-ordl, an inlet of Denmark, on
rain and thunder are both frequent and terrible; still the  the W. coast of Jutland, 15 miles N. of Ringkibbing, 13 miles
island is generally healthy. The soil has been rendered  in length by 4 in breadth, and with the village of South
very productive by the untiring industry of the inhabitants. Nissum on its S. side.
The palm, the banana, the myrtle, &c., are found in Niphon.   NISTELRODE, nisltel-ro'deh, a parish and village of the
In some parts the sugar-canes is brought to considerable per- Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 12 miles E. of Boiesfection, and two crops of rice are gathered annually. Near le-Duc. Pop. 2136.
Sendal, a town lying in lat. 380 16' N., Ion. 1400 50' E., rice    NITCHEGUON, nitch'e-gw6n/, a lake of Labrador, about
is produced in such abundance that the locality is termed  midway between James' Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.
the granary of Yeddo. Wheat and barley also are grown,   NITH, a river of Scotland, rises in the county of Ayr, and
the latter mainly for feeding the cattle; the wheat is chiefly  after a S.E. course of about 60 miles, joins Solway Frith 8
used for cakes and soy. Beans are cultivated with great miles S. of Dumfries, by an estuary 5 miles in width.
care, as is also the mulberry, for feeding the silk-worm.   NITI-GHIIAUT or NETEE GHAUT, nee/tee-gawtf, a pass
The principal object of cultivation, however, is the tea-plant, across the Himalayas, between Thibet and the British diswhich was introduced from China in the beginning of the  trict of Kumaon, and in one part 16,814 feet in elevation.
9th century. Pepper, ginger, and camphor, with.pearls and  The village of Niti, on its S. side, is in latitude 300 47 N.,
ambergris, are also obtained; and there is an excellent breed  lon. 790 56/ E.
of horses. The minerals comprise gold, silver, copper, coal,   NITINAT, nit'e-nat', or BERKELEY (berk/lee) SOUND,
naphtha, and porcelain clays.  The island is subdivided  North America, an extensive inlet filled with islands, on the
into 53 provinces; in it are Yeddo and Miako, the two  W. coast of Vancouver's Island; lat. 480 50' N., ion. 1250 24'
capitals of Japan, and the seaport towns Osaka, Fitats, and  W. It is about 12 miles wide at its entrance between Terron
FPoyama.                                                  Point on the N. and Carrasco Point~on the S.E.
NIP/ISSING', or NEPIISSING', LAKE, Canada West, is    NI/TON, a parish of the Isle of Wight, at its S. extremity.
situated N.E. of Lake Huron, nearly midway between it and    NIT/S11ILL, a village of Scotland, county and 4 miles S.E.
the Ottawa River. The shape is irregular; the shores are  of Renfrew. Pop. 800.
bold. Length 50 miles, greatest breadth 35 miles. It con-   NIT/TANY, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania.
tains many islands, and discharges itself into Georgian Bay    NITTANY MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, a ridge extending
(Lake Huron) by French River. the navigation of which is, through the E. part of Centre co., into Union.
however, impeded by numerous rapids; but eastward it is    NITTENAU, nit/teh-n6w, a market-town of Bavaria, Upseparated by only a short portage from Turtle Lake and  per Palatinate, on the Regen, here crossed by a bridge, 15
Little River, a tributary of the navigable Ottawa.        miles N.N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1020.
NIPIPENOSE, a post-township in the S.W. part of Ly-   NITTRITZ, nit/trits, a village of Prussian Silesia, governcoming co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 351.                       ment of Liegnitz, circle of Griinberg.  Pop. 1006.
NIPPENOSE, the name of a remarkable valley in the    NIUKALOFA. See NECKALOFA.
S.W. part of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. It is of a regular   NIVE, neev, a river of France, rises in the Pyrenees, and,
oval shape, being about 10 miles long and 4 broad, forming  after a N.N.W. course of 45 miles, joins the Adour.
a basin surrounded by a rim of high and steep mountains.   NIVELLE, nee'vilf, a village of Franuce, department of
The only easy access to it is by a deep gap in the Bald Eagle  Nord, 25 miles E.N.E. of Valenciennes.  Pop. 1570.
Mountain, opposite Jersey Shore. The bed of this valley is    NIVELLE, nee\vSll/, or NIVONNE, neeevonn/, a river
composed of limestone, containing fissures and caverns rising within the limits of Spain, flowing N.W., falls into
beneath the soil, into which the streams that descend from  the Bay of Biscay, in France.
the mountain sink and disappear; but, uniting their waters    NIVELLES, nee'vlll1, (Flemish Nyve, nilvel,) a town of
in those subterranean passages, the whole body gushes forth  Belgium, province of South Brabant, 17 miles S. of Brussels.
in one enormous spring near the gap in the mountain, pro- Pop. 7926. It has a fine church, with a colossal statue of
ducing a powerful stream, which passes through the gap, Jean-de-Nivelles; manufactures of woollen stuffs, coarse
and falls into the river above Jersey Shore.              lace, cotton and linen cloths.
NIRGUA, neea/gwO, a town of South America, Venezuela,   NIVERNOIS or NIVERiNAIS, nee'vdu'n/, an old province
province of Carabobo, 50 miles W.S.W. of Valencia.        of France, near its centre, now composing the department
NIRIS, nee/ris,(?) a town of Persia, province of Fars, 85 of Nilvre, and part of Cher. The Canal of Nivernois, (Nlivermiles E. of Sheerez, with manufactures of arms, and iron- ness,) 45 miles in length, connects the Loire with the Yonne
mines.                                                    and the Seine.
NISAO, ne-s!o, a river of the island of Htyti, issues   NIVERNUN.  See NErVES.
from a lake, flows S.S.E., and falls into the sea near a head-   NI/VERVILLE, a post-office of Columbia co, New York.
land of its own name, after a course of about 55 miles.     NIVILLAC, nee'vee'y&k/, a village of France, department
NISARI, ne s~ree, or NICERO, neo-chdro, an island of the  of Morbihan, 27 miles S.E. of Vannes. Pop. 2890.
Grecian Archipelago; lat. 360 35' 30" N., Ion. 970  11' E.  NIVONNE, a river of France and Spain. See NIVELLE.
NISIIAPOOR, nishl.poorl, a city of Persia, province of   NIX/BURG, a post-village of Coosa co., Alabama,  37 miles
Khoracsan, and in one of its finest valleys, 40 miles W.S.W. N. by E. of Montgomery.
of Meshed. Pop. estimanted at 8000. It is enclosed by a    NIXDORF, GueOC, groce nix/doItf, a village of Bohemia,
13146




NIX                                                         NiZ
33 miles N.N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 5090. It has manufac- sculptured caves of Elora are in the N.W. part of the Ni
tures of woollens and linens, and mineral baths.           zam's Domrainions.
NIXDORF, KLEIN, kline nixldoRf, a village of Bohemia,   This region formed one of the great soubahs or viceroyal.
adjacent to the above.                                     ties under the Mogul Empire. During the decline of that
NIZA, nee/z, a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, power, after the irruption of Nadir Shah, the soubabdar,
21 miles N.W. of Portalegre, near the Tagus. Pop. 2250.    Nizam-ul-Mulk, erected it into an independent sovereignty,
NIZA, or NITZA, nit/si, a village of European Turkey, which, at his death, in 1748, extended from the Nerbuddah
Albania, on the Bay of Delvino, opposite Corfu.            to Trichinopoly, and from  Masulipatam  to Bejapoor. In
NIZ'AMPATAM! or NIZ'AMPATNAMI, a maritime town  1766, after a hostile invasion of the Carnatic by the Nizam,
of British India, presidency 6f Madras, 30 miles S.S.E. of. the British obtained from him the cession of the Northern
Guntoor.                                                   Circars; and about 1800 the first subsidiary alliance between
NIZAM'S DOMINIONS or HYDERABAD, the largest the East India Company and any Indian state was connative state in Ilindostan, subsidiary to the British, and  cluded with the Nizam. In 1808, it was stipulated by
occupying the centre of the Deccan; lat. 150 to 210 30/ N., treaty, that, while the Nizam nominated his own vizier or
ion. 750 to 81~ 30' E., including the old provinces of Ilydera- premier, the British resident at IIyderabad should appoint
bad and Beeder, with part of Aurungabad, Candeish, and  the effective minister. In addition to a British force, the
Berar; bounded on the N. by portions of the territories on the  Nizam is bound to support a subsidiary army of 2750 cavalNerbuddah, belonging to the British and to Scindia, tbgether  ry, 5700 infantry, and other troops, in all amounting to
with the British district of Candeish; W. by the presidency  9400 men, officered from  the several British presidencies,
of Bombay, S. and S.E. by that of Madras. On the E. and  and costing annually 30 lacs of rupees, (300,0001.) In furN.E. it is partly separated from Berar or Nagpoor by the  ther addition, he maintains an irregular army of Rohillas,
rivers Wurdah and Godavery. Length, from N. to 8., about Arabs, Patans, &c., comprising from 30,000 to 35,000 men,
380 miles; gveatest breadth, from BE. to W., 320 miles; area  at a cost of about 64 lacs, or 640,0001. annually, and who
95,337 square miles. It is chiefly a table-land, from 1800 feet are frequently turbulent and clamorous for arrears of pay.
to 2009 feet above the sea, with a surface hilly and undulat-  The expense of the soldiery is supposed to absorb nearly
ing, rather than mountainous. Some granitic ranges, rising  two-thirds of the whole revenue, which has been estimated
occasionally to 2500 feet, run N.W. to S.E.; and abrupt at 1,500,0001. annually. The population has been variously
rocky heights, as also dikes and ravines of greenstone, are  estimated; in the Relpo-t on the [rigonometical  Survey  oj'
interspersed throughout this region. The Godavery River  India, it is given at 10,666,080.
flows tortuously through the centre of the country, and    NIZEEB or NISIB, ne-zeebt, a village of Northern Syria,
the Kistnah similarly winds through its S. part; other prin- pashalic and 63 miles N.E. of Aleppo, W. of the Euphrates.
cipal streams are the Payngunga, Manjera, Beemah, and the  Here Ibrahim Pasha defeated a Turkish force.in 1839.
Toombuddra, which forms a part of the S. boundary; all the    NIZHNEDVITZII, NISIINEDEWITZK, or NIJNEDE.
rivers hold an E. direction. The climate is, on the whole, WITZK, nizhfnA-dA-vitzk/, a town of Russia, government
temperate, and in some parts even cool; near Hyderabad,  and 33 miles W.S.W. of Voronezh. Pop. 1900.
in the S., the thermometer often descends as low as 400 or    NIZHNEE-LOMOV or NIJNII-LOMOV, nizhneeWlo-movf,
350 Fahrenheit; at Secunderabad, the annual mean is 810  written also NISCIINII-LOMOW, nishtneelo-movf, a town
5/; at Jaulnah, in the hot season, from March to June, the  of Russia, government and 63 miles N.W. of Penza. Pop.
heat ascends to 900 or 1000 Fahrenheit.                     6990: It has an annual fair in July, for leather, furs, wax,
The soil is, in most parts, very rich and fertile; and ex- and drugs.
cept where the tanks have been allowed to decay, the coun-   NIZHNEE-NOVGOROD or NIJNII-NOYGOROD, nizhlnee'try is very well watered. At least 8 varieties of rice are  nov'go-rodf, written also NISCHNII or NISINEI-NOYGOgrown, and two crops are often raised on the same field in  ROD, a government of Central Russia, mostly between lat.
favorable years. Barley, chenna, oil plants, cucumbers, 540 26' and 570 6, N., and Ion. 410 40' and 460 38' E., having
gourds, hemp, cotton, sugar-cane, betel, tobacco, sweet pota- on the E. the government of Kazan, S. Tambov, Simbeersk,
toes, and other culinary vegetables, fruits, and aromatic  and Penza, W. Vladimeer, and on the N. Kostroma. Area
seeds, are the principal articles of culture, together with  18,636 square miles. Pop. in 1850,1,202,000. Surface mostly
jowary (Indian millet) and bajree or bajury, (Holcus saca-  level; soil very fertile. Principal rivers, the Volga, with its
tes;) which grains form the chief sustenance of the laboring  affluents, the Oka, Vetlooga, and Piana. Forests are extenclasses.  Except along some of the hill ranges, there are no  sive, the produce of corn considerably exceeds the consumpextensivejungles, andlarge forest-trees scarcely exist, except tion, hemp and flax are cultivated in large quantities, and
in the N., though date and other palm groves are common. great numbers of cattle and horses are reared. ManufacThe export of opium, formerly extensive, has ceased since the  tures of coarse linens, canvass, cordage, &c., are consideraBritish have possessed the coast district in the Deccan. The  ble, as are also the iron works, distilleries, tanneries, soap
lands are mostly held by military tenure; and so great has  works, glass works, &c.  Principal exports are corn and
been the oppression of the jaghiredars, or holders of the  flour, cattle, horses, leather, tallow, linen, canvass, cordage,
feudal fiefs, that in no part of the peninsula are the pea- iron, timber, potash, and glass. Principal towns, Nizhneo,
santry so impoverished.                                     Novgorod, Balakhna, and Arsamas.
The best horses in the Deccan were formerly reared in    NIZHNEE (NIJNII- or NISCHNII-) NOVGOROD, a town
this territory; their numbers have now greatly decreased, of Russia, capital of the government of its own name, near
Sheep are pretty numerous. The cattle are generally small; the angle formed by the confluence of the Oka with the
the export of their hides has latterly ceased, a circumstance  Volga, 265 miles E.N.E. of Moscow. Let. 560 19' 431 N.,
held to be a favorable index of the spread of agriculture, as  lon. 440 0' 58"l E. Pop. in 1840, 31,921; but during the conleather is used in the construction of nearly every farm  tinuance of its great fair, from 200,000 to 300,000 persons
implement. The tiger, leopard, panther, bear, antelopes, are here collected from  all parts of Europe and Asia. It 
and wild-hogs are numerous; wild buffaloes are met with  consists of an upper and a lower town; the former, or citain the N. Deer and buffalo horns, and the mylaris cichor'ei, del, on a height S. of the Volga, is imposing in appearance,
an insect with blistering qualities, reported to be superior  and has some good streets, 2 cathedrals, the government
to those of cantharides, are animal products of some mer- offices, several convents, public schools, and churches, with
cantile importance. Iron ore is plentiful, and in the Nirmal an obelisk 76 feet in height. The lower town, extending, on
Bills it is magnetic. Coal is found near the junction of the  flat ground, along the Volga, is chiefly built of wood, and
rivers Godavery and Wurdah. Near the Godavery, also, are  communicates by a bridge of boats across the Oka, where
some mines of garnets; at Purteeal, near Condapilly, are  are some vast hiron and stone bazaars, erected by the Empediamond-mines, from which the treasury of Golconda was ror Alexander, divided into various sections for separate
formerly supplied; they are mere pits, from 10 to 12 feet goods, and surrounded by the rivers and a canal. Here is
deep, and their working is now discontinued. The Nizam  held the largest fair in the world, for 8 weeks from the Ist of
possesses a celebrated diamond weighing 1108 grains. At July, annually, (removed from Macariev in 1817.) It is held
Aurungabad, nearly 1000 looms are employed in the manu- on a triangular space, formed by the junction of the left bank
facture of silks and brocades; at Warrangul about 200  of the Oka with the right bank of the Volga, and so low as to
looms are engaged in carpet-weaving; at Khummun, in the  be often completely inundated. This danger is avoided by
S.E., calico-printing is carried on by means of wooden blocks, holding the fair in July and August, the driest season of the
as at Masulipatam, &c., in the Madras presidency. Imports year. At all other times the space remains unoccupied, and
from the East India Company's territories are copper, textile  is as silent and lifeless as if it were in the heart of a steppe;
fabrics, sugar, spices, sandal-wood, and salt; from Cashmere, but, as the period for the fair approaches, an immense town
shawls; froni Malwah, opium; from  Marwar, camels and  suddenly starts up as if by magic-not mere booths, where
blankets. Chief exports: —steel, cotton, excellent teak tim-  merchandise may be advantageously displayed, but a reguher, and agricultural produce. Although the reigning dy- lar town, with churches, hospitals, barracks, and theatres,
nasty is Mohammedan, not more than one-tenth of the  built of course of wood, but in a substantial manner. S,
people are Mussulmen; except in the capital, where they  important is the business of the fair deemdd to be, that a
predominate, the majority of the population are Mahrattas  handsome building is erected in the centre, in which, durand Telingas, with Bheels in the W'., Gonds in the E., and  ing its continuance, the governor of the town, with a nusome other wild races. After the capital, (Hyderabad,) the  merous train of officials, resides. The scene on the river,
chief towns are Ellichpoor, Aurungabad, Beeder, Warran- as witnessed from  the Oka bridge, is most curious and
gul, Jaulnah, Nandair, Kurnool, Golconda, and Secundera- amusing. So numerous are the vessels of every description,
tad, the place of a British subsidiary force. The famous  engaged in delivering or securing cargoes, that the water
1347




NIZ                                                       NOG
can scarcely be seen; while in other parts regular towns  on the E. side of the Damariscotta River, 24 miles S.E  of
of boats are formed, and occupied by a most heterogeneous  Augusta. Pop. 1408.
aquatic community, to the number of about 40,000 souls.   NOBLE CENTIRE, a post-office of Branch co., Michigan6
The fair is laid out in regular quarters, each allotted to a  105 miles S.W. of Lansing.
particular species of goods. In one quarter, tea; in another,   NOBLE IRON-WORKS, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.
costly shawls, carpets, and silk goods; and in others, skins   NOBLEJAS or NOBLEXAS, no-bl4-Hnsf, a town of Spaiu,
and furs from almost every animal that lives within the  New Castile, province and E.N.E. of Toledo. Pop. 1608.
arctic circle. A large quarter is set apart for the sale of    NOIBLESTOWN, a post-village of Alleghany co., PenusylSiberian iron, and contains long streets piled on either side  vania, 13 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It has about 300 inhawith that metal, in every variety of form, raw and manu- bitants.
factured. The total value of merchandise exposed for sale    NOIBLESVILLE, a township in Hamilton co., Indiana.
at the fair of 1849 was estimated at $51,710,000, of which  Pop. 1644.
$139,580,000 was domestic produce, and $12,130,000 foreign.   NOBLESVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Ha.The sales ofdomesticproduce were,-raw materials $9,585,000, milton co., Indiana, on White River, and on the Peru and
provisions $4,290,000, and manufactures $19,900,000, total Indianapolis Railroad, 20 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. Itf
$33,775,000. Of the foreign merchandise, there were sold  is situated on an extensive and fertile plain, and is a place
$2,468,000 worth of European raw materials; $1,024,000  of actiye business, which has lately been increased by the
worth of European manufactures; and $7,796,000 worth of  opening of the railroad. The village has 3 or 4 churches, a
Asiatic produce; total, $11,288,000. Total sales, $45,063,000; county seminary, a newspaper office, and several hotels.
leaving $6,647,000 unsold. At all seasons, an internal com- Settled in 1824. Pop. in 1850, 664; in 1853, about 1500.
merce of almost unparalleled extent is in active operation,   NOBLEVILLE, a post-office of Noble co., Ohio.
including every article which the different quarters of the    NOIBODY'S TURNOUT, New York, a station on the Erie
world interchange with each other. Nizhnee-Novgorod has  Railroad, 88 miles from Binghamton.
ecclesiastical and military academies, various other public    NOBOSQUE (nolboskl) POINT, at the entrance of Buzinstitutions, and some manufactures of linens and leather. zard's Bay, on the S.E. coast of Massachusetts. It contains
Steamers were established on the Volga to Astrakhan in  a fixed light, 80 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 410
1820, and by the Kama to Perm, 1847.                        1'   " N., lon. 700 19' 51" W.
NIZIINEE-TAGHILSK, NIJNII-TAGHILSK, or NIJNY-   NOBRA, no/bra, or NUBBRA, ntibtbrA, a division of
TAGILSK, nizhfnee ti-ghilskl, a town of Russia, in the  Middle Thibet, elevation mostly above 11,000 feet, but popuUral Mountains, government and 155 miles E. of Perm, is lous, well cultivated, and having a fort and village in lat.
well built, and has hospitals, schools, an observatory, exten- 340 38, N., ion. 770 10' E.
sive forges, and manufactures of machinery. Pop. 22,000.    NOBRESSART, no'br~s'saRa; a village of Belgium, proNIZIBIN, a town of Turkey. See NISIBIN.                  vince of Luxemburg, 6 miles N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1329.
NIZNIOW, niz'ne-ov', a village of Austrian Galicia, 77    NOCEDA DEL VIERZO, no-thAlDl  d6l v6-airatho, a village
miles S.S.E. of Lemberg, on the right bank of the Dniester. of Spain, province and 50 miles from Leon. Pop. 1206.
NIZZA, a city of Italy. See NIEo.                          NOCERA, no-chftrg, (anc. Nucefria Camellalria,) a decayed
NIZZA-MONFERRATO, nit/se mon-fkn-na/to, or NIZZA- town of Central Italy, Pontifical States, 21 miles E. of PeruDELLA-PAGLIA, nit/se dfll/l pillyy, a town of Piedmont, gia. Pop. 1114. In antiquity it was famous for a manufacdivision and 17 miles S.W. of Alessandria,' on the Belbo. tory of wooden vessels. It is the seat of a bishopric, founded
Pop. 4376. It has some industry in silk spinning, and a  A. 0. 402. Near it are some mineral baths.
brisk trade in wine, raised in its neighborhood.             NOCERA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I.,
NJURUNDA, nyoo-roon/dA, a river of Sweden, loen of Iter- 11 miles N.W. of Nicastro. Pop. 2300.
nosand, after an E. course of 170 miles enters the Gulf of    NOCERA, no-chilrl, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
Bothnia, 8 miles S.E. of Sundsvall. At its mouth are the  Ultra II., district and 13 miles N.W. of Nicastro. Pop. 2898.
village and harbor of Njurunda.                              NOCERA DEI PAGANI, no-chl/rA dle pi-gNnee, (anuc.
NO/All, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.            Nuce/ria Alfate/lna,) a town of Naples, province of Principato
NOAILLES, no'iP, a market-town of France, department Citra, on the Sarno, 8 miles N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 7400. It
of Oise, 9 miles S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. 900.               stands at the foot of a hill, overlooked by the citadel and
NOAKOTE or NOACOTE, nolg-k6t/, (Nava cata, "the  walls of the ancient city, has some monasteries, a hospital,
new fort,") a town of North Iindostan, Nepaul, 17 miles cavalry barracks, several public schools, and manufactures
N.W. of Khatmandoo; lat. 270 531' N., lon. 850 50' E.      of linen and woollen fabrics.
NOALE, no-/lIA, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 14 miles    NOCETO, no-chl/to, a town of Italy, duchy and 6 miles
N.E. of Padua. Pop. 3300.                                 W. of Parma, on the Recchio. Pop. 5753.
NOALEJO or NOALEXO, no-I-lAIHo, a town of Spain,   NOCIIWAY, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia.
Andalusia, province and 22 miles from Jaen. Pop. 2385.      NOCI, no/chee, a town of Naples, province and 29 miles
NOANAGUR, no —nd-ghrl, a town of West IHindostan, S.E. of Bari. Pop. 6000. It has a large hospital, and an
Baroda dominions, in the province of Guzerat, 22 miles S.W. active trade in wine, oil, silk, and corn.
of Jooria. Lat. 220 551 N., ion. 700 14' E. It is enclosed by    NOCKIAMIXION, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.
walls, and has manufactures of cloth and dye-works.        Pop. 2445.
NOANK/, a post-village in Groton township, New London    NOCK/IHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
co., Connecticut, at the mouth of Mystic River, 2 miles   NO CREEK, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.
below Mystic Bridge. It has a church, and about 500 inha-   NOCITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
bitants'                                                     NODIAWAY, a small river of Iowa and Missouri. Rising
NOAPOORA, no-i-poo/rA, a town of West Hindostan, Ba- in the S.W. part of Iowa, it flows southward into Missouri,
roda dominions, 60 miles E. of Surat.                     and forms the boundary between Atchison. and Holt counties
NOB/BER, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath.   on the right, and Nodaway and Andrew on the left, until
NOBEND-JAN, no-blnd'jln/, a ruined city of Persia, pro- it enters Missouri River, about 20 miles above St. Joseph.
vince of Khoozistan, N. of Kazeroon.                        NODAWAY, a new county in the N.N.W. part of Missouri,
NO/BLE, a new county in the S.E. part of Ohio, has an  bordering on Iowa, has an area of about 600 square miles.
area of about 440 square miles. It is drained by Wills, Se- It is bounded on the W. by- the Nodaway River, from which
neca, and Duck Creeks. The surface is undulating and well the name is derived, and also drained by the head streams of
timbered; the soil, being of limestone formation, is durable  the Little Platte and the One Iundred and Two River.
and highly productive. The county contains quarries of  Capital, MaryviLle. Pop. 2118, of whom 2048 were free,
building stone, and large beds of stone-coal. The Central and 70 slaves.
Ohio Railroad is in course of construction along the north-   NODAWAY, a post-office of Andrew co., Missouri.
ern border. Noble county was formed in 1851, by a division    NODAWAY, a post-office of Page co., Iowa.
of Monroe, Morgan, and Guernsey counties. Capital, Sa-   NODUWEZ-LINSMEAU, no'dtilv/ lNs'mof, a village of
rahsville.                                                 Belgium, province of South Brabant, 30 miles E.S.E. of
NOBLE, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, contaifis  Brussels. Pop. 1451.
430 square miles. It is drained by the Elkhart River. The    NOEL, no-6l1, or MONI, motnee, an island off the S.W.
surface is diversified with slight inequalities. The soil is a coast of Java.
fertile, sandy loam. Iron ore is found in large quantities.   NOEL, an island in the Pacific Ocean, S. of the Sandwich
Organized in 1836. Capital, Albion. Pop. 7946.             group.
NOBLE, a township in Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 389.         NOELGUNGE, noll-gtinj/, a fortified town of IHindostan,
NOBLE, a township in Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1308.        dominions of Oude, 15 miles W.S.W. of Lucknow; lat. 260 47'
NOBLE, a township in Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 1394.        N., ion. 800 33' E.
NOBLE, a township of Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 451.    NOERDLINGEN. See NUIRDLINtEN.
NOBLE, a township in Cass co., Indiana. Pop. 743.         NOESSA-LAUT, no-sfsl-lawt, a small island of the Malay
NOBLE, a township in Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 745.        Archipelago, one of the Mloluccas, S. of Ceram; lat. 30 40' S.,
NOBLE, a township in Laporte co., Indiana. Pop. 944.   ion. 1280 50' E. The clove culture is actively carried on,
NOBLE, a post-township in Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 595. and the inhabitants all profess Christianity.
NOBLE, a post-township in Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1386.   NOFELS, nolfels, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of VoNOBLE, a township in Wabash co., Indiana. Pop. 3489.  rarlburg, about 2 miles from Feldkirch.
NOBLE, a post-office of Richland co., Illinois.           NOGAISK, no-ghIsk/, OBITOSHNET  or OBITOCHNEJ,
NOIBLEBOROUGH, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine,  o-be-tosh-nA'e, a town of Russia, government of Taurida, on
1348




NOG                                                       NOO
the Sea of Azof, 65 miles S.S.E. of Orikhov.  Pop. 3000,   NOKE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
mostly Nogais Tartars.                                      NOKERE,no'kaiRl, a village of Belgium, province of East
NOGARO, no-girol, a town of France, department of Gers, Flanders, on the Zandbeek, 15 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop.
on the Midou, 32 miles W.N.W. of Auch. Pop. 1390.         1723.
NOGAT, no/glt, the E. arm  of the river Vistula, as its   NOKUNDA, no-ktmn/dg, or NOKIUNDEH, a town of Persia,
delta in West Prussia, leaves the main stream 12 miles N. province and about 30 miles W. of Astrabad, in the bay of
of Marienwerder, and after a N.N.E. course of 33 miles, that name, on the S.E. shores of the Caspian.
enters the Frische-haff by several mouths.                  NOLA, nolld, a city of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro,
NOGENT, noczhdNGI, a town of France, department of  14 miles E.N.E. of Naples, in a wide and fertile plain. Pop.
Haute-M[arne, 11 miles N. of Langres. Pop. in 1852, 3098.   5400. It has 16 churches, several convents, 2 hospitals, a
NOGENT-LE-BERNARD, noczhtNoG/ ieh bitanael, a town  royal college and seminary, large cavalry barraclks, an old
of France, department of Sarthe, 9 miles SE. of Mamers. palace, and a large market-place. Nola was anciently one
Pop. 3020.                                                of the largest cities of Moagna Grccia, besieged by Hannibal,
NOGENT-LE-ROI, no'zh.cN leh rwl, a town of France, after the battle of Caunne, and was the place where Augusdepartment of Eure-et-Loir, 9 miles S.E. of Dreux, on the tus Cecsar and Marcus Agrippa died. But it has few releft bank of the Euro. Pop. 1320.                         mains of antiquity, all its marbles having been used for the,NOGENT-LE-ROTROU, no'zha!? lefh ro'troof, a town of  construction of modern buildings.
France, department of Eure-et-Loir, 31 miles W.S.W. of    NOLACIIUCfKY or NOLICIIUCIKY, a river, rises near
Chartres, on the Huine. Pop. in 1852, 6983. It is built in  the N.W. base of the Blue Ridge, in Yancey co., in the W.
a curious form, having only 4 streets with a meadow in the  part of North Carolina. Flowing into Tennessee, it enters
centre. It has a communal college at the foot of a height the French Broad River at the  W. extremity of Greene
crowned by the ruins of a huge ancient fortress, which was  county. Its general direction is westward, and its whole
inhabited by Sully. Nogent wastaken by the English in 1428. length is estimated at 150 miles. This river affords imNOGlENT-SUR-MARNE, noazh8a!I siia maun, a village of  mense water-power, and flows among mountain ridges which
France, department of Seine, 5 miles E. of Paris, on the  abound in iron ore.
Marne, with manufactures of chemical products, and a    NOILAND'S FERRY, a post-office of London co., Virginia,
steam-engine for supplying the water of the Marne to the  161 miles N. of Richmond.
neighboring cantons. Pop. 2834.                             NOLANID'S FORK, of Indiana, rises in Randolph co., flows
N OGENT-SUR-SEINE, noczh8NGI siiR s&n, a town of France,  through Wayne co., and enters the W. fork of Whitewater
department of Aube, 29 miles W.N.W. of Troyes, on the  River, a few miles above Connersville.
left bank of the Seine, and on the railway to Montereau.    NOLAND'S RIVER, Texas, a small stream  which rises
Pop. in 1852, 3469. It has considerable trade in timber for near the S. line of Tarrant co., and flows southward into
the piovisioning of Paris, and flour-mills. Near it are the  Brazos River.
ruins of Paraclet, a monastery founded by Abelard in the    NOLAY, no'lI, a town of France, department of COte12th century. It was taken by the Allies in 1814.          d'Or, on the Cuzance, 10 miles W.S.W. of Beaune. Pop
NO GROVE, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.       2241.
NOGUEIRA DO CRAVO, no-gile-rA do krl'vo, a town and    NOLAY, a village of France, department of Ni~vre, 11
parish of Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, about 40 miles miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1730.
from Coimbra. Pop. 850.                                      NOLI, no/lee, a town of North Italy, division of Genoa.
NOGUERA PALLARESA, no-gAlrA pal-la-i'uSl, a river of  province and 8 miles S.S.W. of Savona, on the Gulf of GeSpain, rises in the Pyrenees, near the Val d'Aran, in Catalo- noa. Pop. 1975.
nia, flows S.S.W. and joins the Segre 20 miles N.E. of Lerida.    NOLIN CREEK, in the W. central part of Kentucky,
Total course about 80 miles.                               rises in Hardin co., flows S.W., and enters Green River at
NOGUERA-RIVAGORANZO, no-galdr re-v&-go-rgnltho, a  Brownsville, in Edmondson county.
river of Spain, rising in the Pyrenees, near the Val dAran,    NOLINSK, no-leenskl or no-linskl, a town of Russia, goflows S., forms, for a considerable part of its course, the  vernment and 62 miles S. of Viatka. Pop. 1870.
boundary between Aragon and Catalonia, and falls into the    NO/LINSVILLE  or NOILENSVILLE, a post-village of
~Segre, 15 miles S. of Lerida. Total course 80 miles.      Williamson co., Tennessee, 20 miles S.E. of Nashville.
NOHICACAB,(?) nth-klt-kibl, a village of Mexico, Yucatan,   NOILIN, a post-office of Hardin co., Kentucky.
lat. 200 30' N., ion. 890 35 WI., in an extensive plain, with a    NOLfTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
large church, a town-house and a large school-house. Near    NOLYE, no'llf, a town of IHindostan, Gwalior dominions,
it are remains of an ancient city of same name. Pop. about 29 miles W.S.WV. of Oojein. Lat. 230 3' N., lon. 750 27' E.
6000.                                                        NOMBELA.  nom-b All, a town of Spain, New Castile, proNOIIOVALL, nolho-val, or NOUGHILL, ntnfill, a parish  vince of Toledo, near the Alberche, S.E. of Madrid. P.1233.
of Ireland, Leinster, counties of WVestmeath and Longford.    NOMBRE-DE-DIOS, nom/brA dA deefoce, a town of the
NOIIOVALL or NOUGIILL, a parish, Ireland, co. of Clare. Mexican Confederation, department and 60 miles E. of DuNOIIOVALL or NOUGHILL, a parish of Ireland, Munster, rangeo. Pop. 6800. Near it are some rich silver-mines.
co. of Cork.                                                 NOMBRE-DE-DIOS, nomlbrl dl deeloce, a port of America,
NOlHOVALL'-DALIY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, coun- New Granada, department of Istmo, on the Caribbean Sea,
ties of Cork and Kerry.                                    40 miles N.E. of Panama.
NOIHOVALL'-KERIRY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co.   NOMEi\Y, no'meh-neel, a town of France, department of
of Kerry.                                                  Meurthe, capital of a canton, on the Seille, here crossed by
NOIA, two towns of Naples. See NoJA.                     a seven-arched bridge, 14 miles N. of Nancy. Pop. 1324.
NOI HOLITZ, a town of Bohemia. See HOLcTZ.                 NOlMIIINY GROVE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., VirNOIR, nwla, an island of South America, off the S.W. ginia.
coast of Terra del Fuego, lat. 540 30' S., Ion. 730 5' 40V WV.,   NOMO, nolmo, or NOMOSAKI, no-mo-stlkee, a remarkabout 600 feet in height. In the S.W. it terminates in a  able headland, Japan, on the W. of the island of Kioosioo,
lofty rock like a tower or steeple, which bears the name of  forming the S. side of the Bay of Nagasaki; lat. 320 351
Cape Noir. On theE. is an excellent roadstead, with a clean, N., Ion. 1290 43' E. Near this cape is the small island of
sandy bottom, and safe from all winds between N. and S. Kawasima, and to the N.W. the rocks called by the Japanese
by W., but the channel between the island and the main- Mitsu-se, and by the Dutch De IIen met deKuikens, (or The
land is obstructed by numerous rocks, and very dangerous.  Hen and Chickens.)
NOIRE-FONTAINE, nwla fN'tAnul, a village of Belgium,   NONA, nolnh, (anc..snona ) a decayed town of Dalmatia,
province of Luxemburg, 33 miles W.N.W. of Arlon. P. 1159. 9 miles N. of Zara, with a small port, and a bishop's see.
*NOIRMONT,  nwla'mmls,   or   SCHWARZENBERG, Pop. 500.
shw~at/stn-biaR', a village and parish of Switzerland, can-   NONANCOURT, no'nWNo'kooat, a town of France, departton and 10 miles S.S.W. of Bern. Pop. 1121.                ment of Eure, on the Avre, 18 miles S. of Evreux. P. 1410.
NOIRMOUTIERS nwha'moolte-A/, an island of the Atlan-   NONANTOLA, no-nln/to-li, a town of North Italy, duchy
tic, on the coast of France, department of Yend6e, separated  and 9 miles N.E. of Modena, on the Panaro,
from the continent by a narrow channel; length 12 miles,   NONCLO/VA, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio.
greatest breadth 3 miles. It has rich saline marshes; soil   NONCON/NOR, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.
very fertile. It was talken by the Dutch in 1674, and by the    NONE, nolnl, a village of Piedmont, division of Turin,
Vendeans in 1793. Pop. in 1852, 8262. NoIRMOUTIEas, the  province of.Pinerolo, 12 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 2538.
capital, is sitnated on the N.E. coast, with a fortress and    NONIINGTON, a pamish of England, co. of Kent..
harbor. Pop. 2338.                                           NONNENWEIER, nonlnen-gi'er, a village of Baden, cirNOISY-LE-GRAND, nwl'zeel leh grtN%, (L. Noisiacum,) a  cle of Middle Rhine, on the Rhine. Pop. 1080.
town of France, department of Seine, on the right bank of    NONNENWERTH ISLAND. See ROLANDSWaERTH.
the MIarne, about 9 miles from Paris. Pop. 1079.             NONPAREIL, non-pt-r1ll1, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio.
NOISY-LE-SEC, nwl'zee leh slkl, a village of France, de-   NONTRON, n6NG'tro!l, a town of France, department of
partment of Seine, with a station on the Paris and Stras- Dordogne, on the Bandiat, 23 miles N. of P6rigtieux.  Pop..
bourg Railway, 5 miles N.N.E. of Paris. Pop. 1170.        in 1852, 3758. It has a church, college, and hospital, large
NOJA, nolyI, or NOIA, a town of Naples, province and 9  hot-blast furnaces, and manufactures of cutlery.
miles SE. of Bari. Pop. 5400.                               NOOKAHEEVA, NOUKAtIIVA or NUKAIVA, noo-kiNOJA or NOIA, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, heelvl, the largest of the Marqnesas Isles, Pacific Ocean,
sapital of a canton, 13 miles S.S.W. of Tursi. Pop. 1350.    near the centre of the group, slat. of W. point, 80 53i S., ion.
1349




NOO                                                          O
1390~49iW.  Length,  mies.  Thesurface ismountainous,     RDER         no           an island in the North Sea,
and richly wooded. Pop. 18,000.(?)                        20 miles N.W. of Aurich, with an area of 4 square miles. it
NOOKHUR,  noo'ktir, a town of British India, presidency  has sea-bathing establishments, and a fishing pop. of 620.
of Bengal, 17 miles W.S.W. of Seharunpoor.                  NORDER 000, noidder 0G, and SUDER OOG, sootder 6o,
NOON, NOUN  or NUN, noon, or AKASSA,  -kAs-sJ1,  are islands of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, in the North
WADtY NOON, a river of Morocco, forming a part of its S. Sea, W. of Pelworm.
boundary, enters the Atlantic after a W. course of 130 miles.    NORDERWYK,  no./der-*11, a village of Belgium, proNOON, NOUN or NUN, noon, a river of Mautchooria, vines and 20 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1136.
East Asia, after a generally southward course of 500 miles    NORDALBEN  oRthlben, a market-town of Bavaria,
~~~~ODABE, nof~~lbn a0                       makt-on of  B a  varia,
joins the Soongaree about 20 miles N. of Petoone. On its  on the Rodach, 30 s;les N. of Baireuth. Pop. 1354.
banks are the towns of Mergen and Tsitsikar.                NORDHAUSEN, noRt/how'zen, a fortified town of PrusNOONDAY, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia.            sian Saxony, 38 miles N.N.W. of Erfurt, on the Zorge. Pop.
NOONIVAK, NOUNIVAK or NUNIVAK, noo'ne-vlk1, an  12,950. It is enclosed by old walls, flanked by towers, and
island of Russian America, in Behring Sea, off Cape Van- it has numerous Lutheran churches, a Roman Catholic
couver. Lat. 600 N., ion. 1610 to 1670 W. Length, 70 miles; chapel, 3 hospitals, an orphan asylum, and a theatre. The
mean breadth, about 30 miles.                             manufactures comprise woollen and linen cloths, sealingNOOR. See NOR.                                           wax, soap, and leather, and it has numerous distilleries
NOORA, NOURA or NURA, noofrA, a river of Siberia, and oil-nmlls.
rises near the S.W. frontier of the government of Omsk,   NORDHEIM, noat/hlme, or NORTIHEIM, a town of Gerflows N.W. and unites with the Little Noora from  Lake  many, Hanover, 12 miles N. of Gittingen, on the Ruhme.
Kurgaldjira, and with the Kuzakutchin, forming the Ishim. Pop. 4033. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures
NOORABAD, noo'rg-bldt, (" the abode of light,") a village  of tobacco.
of India, dominion and 13 miles N.N.W. of Gwaiior.         NORDHEIM, NORTHEIM  or KALTEN-NORDHEIM,
NOORCONDY, noor-kon/dee, a town of India, in the Dec- kllten-noat/hme, a town of Germany, Saxe-Weimar, on
can, 38 miles 5.S.W. of Bejapoor, with a large stone fort.   the Fulda, N.E. of Eisenach. Pop. 1480.
NOORDBROEK, naRt/br66k, a village of the Netherlands,   NORDHEIMI, a village of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, on
province and 13 miles E. of Groningen.                    the Main. Pop. 1038.
NOORDIIORN, n6t/horn, a village of the Netherlands,   NORDHEIM, a village of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, proprovince and 18 miles W.N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 808.      vince of Starkenburg, near Heppenheim. Pop. 1030.
NOORDWOLDE, nbstttol-deh, a village of the Netherlands,   NORDIEIM, a village of Germany, Wiirtemburg, bailiprovince of Friesland, 12 miles S.E. of Heerenveen. Pop. wick of Brackenheim. Pop. 1242.
1792.                                                        NORDHORN, noat/honn, a town of Hanover, 44 miles
NOORDWYKERHOUT, n1tS6Rv -ker-hlwt', a village of the  W.N.W. of Osnaburg, on the Yechte. Pop. 1411.
Netherlands, province of South Holland, 8 miles N.W. of    NORDKOPING, (Nordklping,) a town of Sweden, See
Leyden. Pop. 832.                                         NOnRRjIKrNG.
NOORDWYK-BINNEN, natluik bintnen, a village of the    NORDKYN, no ttkin', the most N. point of the mainland
Netherlands, province of South Holland, 7 miles N.W. of  of Europe, 45 miles E. of North Cape. Lat. 710 6' N.
Leyden. Pop. 2000. NoROwYK or NoaoWYK-A.m-ZEE, nortl-   NORDLAND, noRd/l9nd, or NORR/LAND, a diocese or
*ik Am zA, is a village near the above. Pop. 700.          great division of Norway, mostly between lat. 650 and 700
NOORDZEE, DE. See NoTH SEA.                             N., and ion. 120 and 22~ E., having W. the Atlantic. Area,
NOORJA, nooRe/ia, a considerable village of Sinde, 14 miles  comprising the Loffoden Islands, 14,337 square miles. Pop.
N. of Sehwan, and 3 miles W. from the Indus; let. 260 32' 65,512. Chief town, Bodbe.
N., Ion. 67~ 53' E.                                          NORDLAND or NORRLAND, the N. division of Iceland.
NOOTIKA-SOUND, an inlet of British America, on the    NORDLINGEN, (Nlrdlingen,) or NOERDLINGEN, nUtetW. coast of Vancouver Island, lat. 490 35' N., ion. 1260 34' ling-efi, almost nfdttling-en, a fortified town of Bavaria, on
WV., forming an excellent harbor 10 miles across, with deep  the Goldbach, 50 miles S.W. of Nuremberg, with a station on
water, and numerous islets.                               the railway between DonauwSrth and Oettingen. Pop. 6464
NOR, nor, or NOOR, noor, a Tartar word, signifying  It is enclosed by ancient bastioned ramparts, and was form
Lake, &c.                                                 erly a free imperial town.  It has a handsome Gothic catheNORA, no/rA, a town of Central Sweden, 1sen and 18  dral, with many curious monuments and paintings, and a
miles N.N.W. of Orebro. Pop. 900.                         tower 345 feet in height, several other churches, a town-hall
NOtRA, Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, ornamented with fresco paintings, an orphan asylunm, and
47 miles from Galena.                                     considerable manufactures of leather, linen, and woollen
NORA, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois.        stuffs, carpets, and an extensive trade in feathers, geese, and
NORBA CIESAREA. See ALCANTARA.                          hogs. In 1634, the Austrians and Bavarians defeated the
NORBERG, noatbitG, a mining town of Sweden, ien and  Swedes and their allies here, and in 1796, the French here
36 miles N.N.W. of Westerds.                               defeated the Austrians.
NOR/BURY, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester.           NORDSTRAND, nott/strAnd, an island of Denmark, off
NORBURY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.              the W. coast of Sleswick, 15 miles N.E. of the mouth of the
NORBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              Eder. Area 20 square miles. Pop. 3000, comprising many
NORBURY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.           descendants of Brabanters who'settled here about 1652. N.
NORCIA, noR/chA, a town of Central Italy, Pontifical of it is the islet NonosTRANDISCc-Ml0OOR, noattstrand-ish mOR,
States, 18 miles E. of Spoleto. Pop. 3530. It is situated in  formerly a part of this island.
a high valley, near the source of the Nera, and has trade in    NORE, THE, a part of the estuary of the English River
wine, oil, and agricultural produce. It is identical with  Thames, E. of Sheerness, is thus named. The Nore light
the ancient  ~ur/sia, noted by Virgil for the coldness of its floats on a sandbank, 4 miles N.E. of Sheerness. Lat. 51~
climate.                                                   29' N., ion..0 48' W.
NORD, noR, a department of France, so named from its    NORENBERG, notr'n-b6R0W, a town of Prussia, Pomerania,
position in the N. of that country, formed of the old pro- 40 miles E. of Stettin, on Lake Enzig. Pop. 1760.
vince of Flanders, on the frontiers of Belgium. Area 2170    NORFOLK, nortfok, a large maritime county of England,
square miles. Pop. in 1852, 1,158,285; being, after the de- having N. and E. the North Sea, and W. the Wash. Area
pbrtment of Seine, the most populous in France. The sur- 2116 square miles, or 1,345,240 acres, of which about 1,200,000
face is generally flat, and watered by numerous streams, are in grass or arable. Pop. in 1851, 442,714. Surface level,
among which axe the Aa, the Scheldt, and its affluents the or gently undulating. Principal rivers, the Great and Little
Scarpe and Lys, the Deule and Sambre, all navigable, and  Ouse, and Yare. Soil in a few parts marshy, but mostly a
generally united by canals. It has rich mines of coal, iron, light sandy loam. Parks, woods, and rabbit warrens are
turf, and bitumen. The soil is very fertile, and the best numerous. Vast quantities ofturkeys and geese are reared
cultivated in France. Fishing is actively pursued on the  for the London market. Marl is the only mineral of consecoasts. The department of Nord is, also, the most indus- quence. The Norfolk Railway, and branches of the East
trious in France; it is covered with manufactures of every  Anglian and East Counties Railway, traverse this county.
kind, of which the most celebrated are thread, cambric, Chief towns, Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn, and Thetford. Its
linen, lace, and beet-root sugar. The department is divided  E. and W. divisions each send 2 members to the House of
into the arrondissements of Avesnes, Cambrai, Douai, Dun- Commons, and 8 members are sent by the above-named
kerque, Hazebrouck, Lille, and Valenciennes. Capital, Lille.  boroughs. Under the Britons, Norfolk formed a part of the
NORD-AMERIKA. See NORTHa AMERICA.                       territory of the Icc/ni, and under the Saxons, of the kingNORDBORG, noRdItboRG, or NORBURG, noatbRUnO, a town  dom of East Anglia. It gives the title of Premier, Duke,
of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, on the island of Alsen, 13 and Peer of England to the Howard family, as descendants
miles E.N.E. of Apenrade, in Sleswick. Pop. 1100.         of the Mowbrays.
NORDEN, noRlden, a town of Hanover, 14 miles N.W. of   NORFOLK, norlfok, a county in the E. part of MassachuAurich, joins the German Ocean by a canal. Pop. 5650.     setts, has an area of about 520 square miles. It is bounded
NORDENBURG, noRlden-bOt13*o, a town of East Prussia, on the N.E. by Massachusetts Bay and Boston Ilarbor,
48 miles S.E. of Klnigsberg, on a small lake. Pop. 2350.    and is watered by the Charles, Neponset, and other smaller
NOIRDER-HAUG, not/dgr-hlwg(?)) a parish of Norway, rivers, which furnish valuable water-power. The surface is
stift, and 20 miles N.W. of Christiania, with a village on the  uneven, and in the N.E. mountainous. The soil is fertile, and
river Beina. Pop. 6400.                                  in the eastern portions in a high state of cultivation, furnish,
1350




NOR                                                       NIOR
ing the principal sources for the supply of fruit and vegeta-   NORFOLK ISLAND,' Pacific Ocean, between Newv Zealand
bles to the Boston markets. The celebrated Quincy granite  and New Caledonia, in lat. 290 S., ion. 1680 10' E., about 1200
is obtained in this county, and from the quarry a railroad  miles E.N.E. of Sydney; length 6 miles, breadth 4 miles. In
(the first laid in the United States) extends to Nepsnset its centre is Mount Pitt. The island iswell watered and
River. Norfolk county is traversed by railroads connecting  fertile. Climate healthy. It was discovered by Captain
Boston and Plymouth, with Providence, and with Wor- Cook, and is appropriated as a penal colony for the most
cester, and partly intersected by two or three other railroads. heavily-sentenced British convicts.
Organized in 1793, (having previously formed a part of    NOlRFOLK, NEW, a district of Van Dieman's Land, having
Suffolk,) and named from  Norfolk, a county in England. N.E. and S. the districtsClyde, Richmond, and Hobart-Town.
Capital, Dedham. Pop. 78,892.                             Area about 1500 square miles. Surface in a great part rocky
NORFOLK, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, border- and barren, but it comprises some fertile tracts along the
ing on North Carolina, has an area of 480 square miles. It Jordan, and the Derwent, which is its chief river, and on
is situated on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay, on the  which are the settlements of Hamilton and Netv Norfolk,
estuary of James River, which is called IHampton Roads. 21 miles W.N.W. of Hobart-Town. A hundred and parish of
The county is drained by Deep Creek and Elizabeth and  the district have the same name.
North Rivers. The surface is level, and the soil generally    NORFOLK, NEW, a name formerly applied to the coast line
sandy or swampy. A large portion of.the Dismal Swamp  of Russian America, from Admiralty Bay to Baranov Island.
is comprised within its limits. The county is intersected    NOR.FOLK PLAINS, a district of Van Dieman's Land,
by the Dismal Swamp Canal, which connects the Chesapeake having N. Bass' Strait. Area 2250 square miles. Principal
with Albemarle Sound, and by the Portsmouth and Roanoke  rivers, the Mersey, Rubicon, West River, and Liffey. PrinRailroad. Capital, Portsmouth. Pop. 33,036; of whom  cipal towns, Latour and Westbury. On its coast are Forts
22,636 were free, and 10,400 slaves.                      Frederick and Sorell.
NORFOLK, a post-township of Litchfield co., Conneoticut,   NORFOLK SOUND, on the coast of Russian America, is
about 35 miles N.W. by W. of Ha'tford. Pop. 3953.         a bay on the W. side of King George III. Archipelago, on
NORFOLK, a post-township in the N. part of St. Lawrence  which is the Russian town of Sitka, or New Archangel.
co., New York. Pop. 1753.                                   NORGE, a country of Europe. See NoRnwAY.
NORFOLK, a city and port of entry of Norfolk co., Vir-   NOIHIIAM or NORHAMSHIRE, norfam-shir, a parish of
ginia, is situated on the right or N. bank of Elizabeth River, England, forming with Islandshire a detached part of the
8 miles from Hampton Roads, 32 miles from the sea, 160  county of Durham, in the N. of the county of Northumbermiles by water or 106 miles by land S.E. of Richmond. land, on the Tweed. It has fine ruins of a castle, famous
Lat. 360 51' N., lon. 760 19' W. The river, which is seven- in the Border wars, and described in Scott's "5IMarmlon."
eighths of a mile wide, separates it from Portsmouth.  Next   NORIIC ALPS, (L. Allpes Nerlic/e,) that portion of the
to Richmond, Norfolk is the most populous city of Virginia. great Alpine chain stretching from the Ithetian Alps, about
It has more foreign commerce than any other place in the  ion. 120 15, E., in an E. direction to Vienna and Presburg,
state, and together with Portsmouth is the most important and covering, with its ramifications, Styria, Salzburg, South
naval station in the Union. See PoRTseoUrT. The harbor Austria, and a part of Carinthia, all which provinces were'is large, safe, and easily accessible, admitting vessels of the  comprised in the ancient 1Voricum.
largest class to come to the wharves. The site of the city is   NORIMBERGA, a town of Germany. See NuREMBERG.
almost a dead level; the plan is somewhat irregular; the    NORINSK, no-rinskf, a market-town of Russian Poland,
streets are wide, mostly well built with brick or stone  government of Volhynia.
houses, and lighted with gas. The most conspicuous public    NORKA, unosek, a large village of Russia, government of
buildings are the City Hall, which has a granite front, a  Saratov. Pop. 4500, mostly Lutherans.
cupola 110 feet high, and a portico of six Tuscan columns;   NOR/LAND, township of England, co. York, West Riding.
its dimensions are 80 feet by 60: the Norfolk Military Aca-   NOR/LEY, a township of England, co. of Chester.
demy, a Doric structure 91 feet by 47, with a portico of six    NOR/MAL COLLEGE, a post-office of Randolph co., North
columns at each end: the Mechanics' Hall, a Gothic building  Carolina.
90 feet by 60: Ashland IHall, and a Baptist church, with a    NORIMAN or NORMAN'S ISLAND, one of the Virgin
steeple 200 feet high. A new custom-house is being erected, Islands of the West Indies, N.E. of St. John, 2 miles long,
at a cost of about $140,000. It contains -14'churches, 9  and under 1 mile broad; lat. 180 19' N., ion. 640 32' W. On
seminaries, an hospital, an orphan asylum, 3 banks, and 2  its W. side is Man-of-War Bay.
reading-rooms. Five newspapers are published here.           NOR/MANBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
The trade of Norfolk is facilitated by the Dismal Swamp    NORMANBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North
Canal, which opens a communication between Chesapeake  Riding.
Bay and Albemarle Sound, and by the Seaboard and    NORMANBY, a maritime county of Australia, Victoria,
Roanoke Railroad, which connects it with the towns of North  100 miles W. of Port Phillip. Area 3125 square miles. Pop.
and South Carolina. The canal, constructed with great 2267. Chief towns, Portland, Belfast, and Warnambool.
labor through the Dismal Swamp, is navigable by schooners,   NORMANBY-ON-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co.
and brings to this place a very extensive trade in corn and  of Lincoln.
lumber. Within a few years past, many substantial ware-   NOR/MANDY, (Fr. Normandie, nol'mImNGdeel; L. Norhouses and handsome dwellings have been erected, giving  man/nice or Neulstrin,) an ancient province of France,'was
evidence of its increased prosperity, consequent on these  divided into Upper and Lower Normandy, and was bounded
internal improvements. Norfolk communicates with New  N. and WV. by the English Channel. Area 10,534 square
York and Philadelphia by regular lines of ocean steamers. miles. On the decline of the Roman Empire, it was seized
A railroad is projected from this city to Petersburg. The  by the Franks, and afterwards, in the 9th century, wrested
entrance of the harbor is defended by Forts Calhoun and  from them by the Normans, from whom it has derived its
Monroe. The capital invested in manufactures is about name. When William the Conqueror mounted the English
$570:000, and the value of the annual productions is esti- throne, in 1066, it was incorporated with, and continued to
mated at $1,140,000. Vast quantities of oysters, vegetables, form, an important part of the English monarchy. The
and poultry are annually shipped here, amounting in value  capital was Rouen till 1204, when it was united to France
to about $300,000. About 1800 barrels of eggs, valued at by Philip Augustus. It was again taken by the English in
$36,000, and 1,000,000 pounds of rags, worth $45,000, were  1419, and retained by them  till 1425, when it was again
shipped at Norfolk in 1852. The assessed value of real estate  joined to France under Charles VII. It is now divided into
is $5,000,000. The shipping of the port, June 30, 1854. the departments of Seine-Infdrieure, Eure, Calvados, Manche,
amounted to an aggregate of 13,254 tons registered, and  and Orne. Normandy occupied the central portion of the
16,186 tons enrolled and licensed.  Of the latter, 14,636 ancient kingdom of NEU/STRIA, (Fr. Neustrie,) nus'tree/,) one
tons were employed in the coast trade, and 1560 tons in  of the parts into which the empire of Charlemagne was
steam  navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year were divided, and which extended from the mouths of the Rhine
126, (tons, 57,883,) of which 93 (tons, 4892) were by American  to the Bay of Biscay. See OSTrrASsE.
vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 129, (tons,   NOR/MANDY, a post-village of Tipton co., Indiana, about
24.447.) of which 94 (tons, 17,886) were by American vessels, 40 miles N. of Indianapolis.
During the year, 2 vessels, with an aggregate burden of   NOR/MAN ISLES comprise the Channel Islands, Jersey,
1096 tons, were admeasured. Norfolk was laid out in 1705, Guernsey, &c.. which see. They are the sole portions of
incorporated as a borough in 1736, and as a city in 1845. Normandy yet remaining to England, to which kingdom
In 1776 it was burnt by the British. Pop. in 1850, 14,326; they have uninterruptedly belonged since the Conquest.
in 1853, about 16,000.                                      NORMAN'S HILL, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
NOR/POLK, a co. of Canada West, bordering upon Lake    NORMAN'S KILL, a small mill stream, enters the HR{dson
Erie, comprises an area of 600 square miles. This county  River, about one and a half miles below Albany, New York.
is watered by several small streams flowing into Lake Erie.   NORIMANTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
Capital, Sircoo. Pop. 21,281.                               NORMANTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
NORFOLK, a township and fort of Canada West, co. of Nor-   NORMANTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
folk, 54 miles E.S.E. of London, on the N. coast of Lake Erie.   NORMANTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West
NOR/FOLK BAY, an inlet on the S.E. coast of Van Die- Riding, 3l miles E.N.E. of Wakefield. and connected with
men's Land, district of Richmond, 20 m. E of Hobart-Town, York, &c., by the North Midland Railway.
and nearly land-locked by Forrestier and Tasman Penin-   NORMANTON-ON-SOAR, a parish of England, co. of Not3ulas. It has deep water, and contains several islets.    tingham.
13E1




NOR                                                       NOR
NORMANTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Derby.   NORTH ACYTON, a post-office of York co., Maine.
NORMANTON-oNe-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of    NORTH AD/AMS, a flourishing post-village of Adams
Notts.                                                    township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the lioosick
NOROY-LE-BOURG, no'rwA leh booR, a market-town of River, at the northern terminus of the Pitsfield and North
France, department of Haute-Sadne, 7 miles E. of Vesoul. Adams Railroad, 20 miles N. by E. of Pitsfield, and by railPop. 1233.                                                 road 171 miles W. by N. of Boston. It is one of the largest
NOItRR, noR, a market-town of Russia, government and  and most prosperous manufacturing villages in the county.
circle of Yaroslav, on the Volga. Pop. 1500.               It contains numerous print works, and cotton and woollen
NORRENT-FONTES, noaaNo! fdNt, a village of France, mills, manufactories of boots and shoes, iron, sash, and
department of Pas-de-Calais, 10 miles W.N.W. of Bethune. blinds, &c.; 4 or 5 churches, a bank, a savings institution,
Pop. 1480.                                                 and 2 printing-offices, each issuing a weekly newspaper.
NORRIDGEWOCK, norlrij-w~k\, a post-village and town- Pop. about 3000.
ship, capital of Somerset co., Maine, on the Kennebec River,   NORTH ADAMS, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York.
here crossed by a toll-bridge, about 28 miles N. of Augusta.   NORTH ADAMS, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.
The village contains 2 churches, a court-house, jail, and the    NORTH AIDItIAN, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan.
Norridgewock Female Academy. The township is crossed    NORTH AL!BANY, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
by the Somerset and Kennebec Railroad, which is nearly or   NORTTIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
quite completed to Skowhegan, about 5 miles from Norridge-   NORTHALL, a hamlet of England, co. of Bucks, 3 miles
wock village. Pop. of the township, 1848.                  N.N.E. of Ivinghoe. Pop. 600.
NORtRIESTOWN, a village of Scotland, co. of Perth, 8    NORTHALILERTON, a parliamentary borough, town, and
miles W.N.W. of Stirling. Pop. 750.                        parish of England, co. and 30 miles N.N.W. of York, West
NORiRIS CREEK, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.  Riding, with a station on the Great North of England RailNORRIS FALLS, a manufacturing village of Cuyahoga  way. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 4995. It
co., Ohio, on a branch of Rocky River.                     stands in the beautiful vale of the Wiske. It sends 1 memNORRIS FORK, a post-office of Henry co., Missouri.       her to the House of Commons. In the vicinity is "Standard
NOR/RISTOWN, a handsome town, capital of Montgomery  Hill," so called from the famous "Battle of the Standard," in
county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Schuylkill which the English defeated the Scotch in 1138.
River, 91 miles E. of Harrisburg, and 17 miles N.W. of    NORTH ALM/OND, a post-office, Alleghany co., New York.
Philadelphia, with which it is connected by railroad. The    NORTITHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
situation is elevated and beautiful; the town is regularly    NORTI AMEINIA, a village of Dutchess co., New York.
planned, and built in a neat and substantial manner. Brick    NORTH AMERICA. See AMERICA, page 70.
and stone are the materials employed almost exclusively.   NORTH AMHERST, (amferst,) a post-village of Amherst
The new Court-House, which was commenced in 1851, will township, Hampshireco., Massachusetts, has several factories.
he one of the most splendid and costly buildings of its class    NORTIIAMPITON  or NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, northin the United States. The material is a native marble, of a  aripftonshir, a centrI countyofEngland. Area, 85square
light gray color, and the cost is estimated at $150,000. It  miles, or 630,400 acres, about half of which is grass land.
contains a handsome county prison, a bank, a public library, Pop. in 1851, 212,380. The surface is finely diversified with
9 ori 10 churches, and 3 or 4 flourishing boarding-schools,  gentle hills and vales, richly wooded, and adorned with an
2 of which have large and elegant buildings situated  unusual number of mansions and parks. Principal rivers,
on high ground ifn the E. part of the town; 4 newspapers  the Nene, Welland, and Ouse. Soil mostly a stiff, productive
are published here. The Schuylkill River is crossed by two  loam. Wheat and beans are the principal crops, but the
substantial covered bridges, about 800 feet in length, one  breeding of heavy black horses, short-horned cattle and
of which leads to the borough of Bridgeport, on the oppo- sheep, and the feeding of cattle, forms, with the dairy, the
site bank. Gaslight was introduced during the year 1853. chief object of husbandry. The Grand Junction and Grand
Norristown is the E. terminus of the Chester Valley Rail- Union Canals, and the London and Birmingham, and Northroad,. 22 miles in length, which intersects the Columbia  ampton and Peterborough Railways, traverse the county.
Railroad at Downingtown. The improved navigation of the Chief towns, Northampton, Peterborough, Higham-Ferrers,
river affords facilities for the trade of this town, which is  Brackley, and Wellingborough. It sends 4 members to the
active and increasing. The Reading Railroad, which passes House of Comhmons for the county, besides 4 for its boroughs.
along the opposite bank of the river, opens a ready commu: Under the Britons, this county was inhabited by the Corinication to the coal-mines of Schuylkill county. The abun- tani;u under the Saxons, it formed a part of Mercia.
dant waterpower of the river is used in two large cotton    NORTHAMPTON, a parliamentary and municipal borough
factories, which employ several hundred operatives, and in  and town of England, capital of the above county, on a slope,
several rolling-mills and nail-factories. Pop. in 1850, 6024.  rising from the left bank of the navigable Nene, here crossed
NORRISTOWN, a postevillage in Pope co., Arkansas, on  by two stone bridges, and on a branch canal, connecting the
Arkansas River, 65 miles N.W. by W. of Little Rock.        Nene with the Grand Junction Canal, and on the PeterNORRISTOWN, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, 130  borough branch of the London and North Western Railway,
miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                                  60 miles N.W. of London. It is built of a reddish stone,
NORRISTOWN, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana.       obtained in the vicinity; and has four principal streets,
NORIRISVILLE, a village in Wilcox co., Alabama, 65  meeting in a large open market-place, one of the finest iu
miles S.W. by W. of Montgomery.                            England.
NORtRITON, a township in Montgomery co., Pennsylva-   The ecclesiastical edifices include 8 churches of the Estania, on the Schuylkill. It contains Norristown. Pop. 7618. blishment, and numerous Dissenting chapels, of which the
NORIRITONVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Baptists have 5, the Independents 3, the Wesleyan MethodPennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. of Norristown.              ists 3, and the Friends, Primitive Methodists, Roman CathoNORRKJOPING, (Norrkjiping,) noR/chiSping, or NORD- lics, and Unitarians, 1 each. Among the churches may be
KOPING, (Nordkbping,) noRdlchb'ping, a town and port of  mentioned All Saints', rebuilt in 1680, after the designs of
Sweden, ln of Linklping, on the Motala, here crossed by  Sir Christopher Wren, and having in the centre a statue of
several bridges, near its mouth in the Baltic 85 miles S.W. Charles II.; St. Katharine's, a neat edifice, in the Gothic
of Stockholm. Pop. 11,440. It has numerous manufactures  style; St. Peter's, admired as one of the most beautiful speof brass and hardwares, linen, cotton, and coarse woollen  cimens of decorated Norman; and St. Sepulchre's, supposed
fabrics, gloves, starch, paper, and leather, sugar refineries, to have been built by the Templars, on the model of the
oil-mills, ship-building docks, and a considerable salmon  Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. Among the
fishery. Its quay is commodious, and admits of vessels Dissenting chapels, that of the Independents on Castle Hill
coming close to it.                                        deserves notice, as having been, for 20 years, the scene of
NORRLAND, of Norway or Iceland. See NORDLAND.            the labors of the celebrated Dr. Doddridge, who also presided
NORRSKA FIELLEN, noas kr, fy~lflen, or NORWEGIAN  over a theological academy in the town. The principal lite(noR-weej.an) RANGE, a name sometimes employed by geo- rary and educational institutions are the free grammar,
graphers to designate the mass of mountains, which, com- blue-coat, green, national, British, infant, and other schools;
mencing near the Dovrefield Mountains, occupies more the Mechanics' Institute, which possesses a library of 10,000
&han three-fourths of the S. part of Norway. It there in- volumes; the Religious and Useful Knowledge Society, with
eludes the ranges known by the names of Langfield, Sogne- a library of 4000 volumes; an atheneurm, an archeological,
field, Fillefield, Byglefield, and Yoklefield. Its loftiest sum- and an architectural society. The benevolent institutions
mits are in the N., where Snee Braen is 7000 feet.        include, in addition to the infirmary, a general and lunatic
NORRTLEJE, noatlla'yA, written also NORTELJE, a sea- asylum, the Royal Victoria Dispensary, St. John's, and
pert town of Sweden, inn and 37 miles N.E. of Stockholm, Thomas-a-Becket Hospitals, &c.
on the Baltic. Pop. 1050.                                   The staple manufacture is boots and shioes, which are made
NORT, noR, a town of France, department of Loire-Inf&-  very extensively for the supply of the army, and of the
rieure, on the Erdre, 16 miles N.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. 1600. London and other markets, and also for export. The numNORTH, a township of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1123.    ber of hands employed is about 9000, nearly one-third of the
NORTH,:a township in Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 97.       whole inhabitants. The currying of leather is also carried
NORTH, a township in Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 589.     on on a large scale. Hosiery and lace, once important
NORTH ABRINGTON, a village of Plymouth co., Massa- branches of industry, have greatly declined. The only other
chusetts, on the Old Colony Railroad, 18 miles S.S.E. of. important industrial establishments are iron and brass
Boston.152                                               foundries, breweries, and paper and corn mills. The town
1352




NOR                                                      NOR
has several banks and newspapers, barracks, corn exchange, of the village is Great Pond, covering about 450 acres. The
vestiges of a castle built at the Conquest, and, about half outlet of this into the Merrimack affords good water-power.
a mile S. of the town, one of the most perfect of the funeral   NORTH AN!NA., a small river in the eastern part of Vircrosses erected by Edward I. in honor of his queen. North- ginia, rises in Louisa and Orange counties, flows south-eastampton is the principal place of election for the county, and  ward, forming the boundary between Louisa and Hanover
sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Several par- on the right, and Spottsylvania and Caroline on the left,
liaments have been held in Northampton, which, for a brief unites with South Anna River a few miles above Hanover
period, was the seat of a university. In 1460, the Earl of Court-House, and forms the Pamunkey. The North Anna
Warwick gained here a great victory over the Lancastrians, affords a copious supply of water-power.
in the meadows on the Nene, immediately S. of the towh.   NORTH AN/SON, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine,
In 1642, the town was fortified by Lord Brooke for the Par- on the W. side of the Kennebec, 40 miles N. by W. of Augusta,
liament. In 1675, it was mostly destroyed by fire. Fletcher It has manufactures of edged tools and starch. Pop. 1168.
the dramatist was born here in 1576. Pop. in 1851, 26,657.    NORTH ANIVILLE, a township of Lebanon co., PennsylNORTHIAMP/TON, a county in the E. part of Pennsylvania, vania. Pop. 1321.
bordering on New Jersey, has an area of 370 square miles.   NORTH AP/PLETON, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
The Delaware River forms the entire E. boundary; the    NORTH ARGYLE, (ar-ghl/,) a post-village of Washington
Lehigh flows through the S. part of the county, which is co., New York, 50 miles N.N.E. of Albany.
drained also by Martin's, Monocacy, Saucon, and Bushkill   NORTH ASh-I/FORD, a post-village in Ashford township,
Creeks. The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain forms its bound- Windham co., Connecticut.
ary on the N.W., and the South Mountain on the S.E. The    NORTH ATTLEBOROUGH, a post-village of Attleborough
greater part of the county consists of the valley between  township, Bristol co., Massachusetts, 30 miles S.W. of Boston.
these mountains. The surface of the valley is nearly level;   NORTH AU/BURN, a post-office ofCumberland co., Maine.
the soil is highly productive, and mostly well cultivated.   NORTH AUGUS/TA, a village of Des Moines co., Iowa,
The valley is occupied by beds of limestone of good quality; near Des Moines River, 70 miles S. by E. of Iowa City.
the county contains valuable quarries of slate, and several   NORTH AUSTRALIA, that part of Australia lying N. of
mines of iron are worked. The Delaware Canal and that of  lat. 260 S., and E. of Ion. 1290 E., having N. the Gulf of Carthe Lehigh meet at Easton, and contribute greatly to the  pentaria, and W. the Gulfs of Van Diemen and Cambridge.
wealth and prosperity of the county. The Central Railroad  This vast region has not a single permanent settlement, the
of New Jersey extends from Easton to New York city, and  hot and unhealthy government station at Port Essington,
another railroad connects Easton with Philadelphia. Or- on Coburg Peninsula. having been abandoned in 1849.
ganized in 1752, and named from  Northampton county,   NORTHAW, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
England. Capital, Easton. Pop. 40,285.                      NORTH BAN/GOR, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine.
NORTHAMPTON, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia,   NORTH BANGOR, a post-office of Franklin co., New York.
is situated on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, and    NORTH BARNISTEAD, a post-office of Belknap co., New
forms the S. extremity of the peninsula which extends be-  Hampshire.
tween that bay and the sea. The length is 36 miles, and    NORTH BARMRINGTON, a post-office of Strafford co., New
the area 320 square miles.  It is indented by numerous  Hampshire.
inlets on each side. The surface is level; the soil light and    NORTH BAR/TON, a post-office of Tioga co., New York.
sandy. Northampton was one of the eight original shires   NORTH BAY, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.
formed in 1634. Capital, Eastville. Pop. 7498; of whom    NORTH BEAVER, (beelver,) a township of Lawrence co.,
3850 were free, and 3648 slaves.                          Pennsylvania, on Beaver River. Pop. 2404.
NORTHAMPTON, a county in the N.N.E. part of North    NORTH BECK/ET, a post-village of Berkshire co., MassaCarolina, bordering on Virginia, has an area estimated at chusetts, on the Western Railroad, 70 miles fi'om Boston.
350 square miles. The Meherrin River washes the N.E.   NORTH BELGRADE/, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.
border, and the Roanoke forms the boundary on the S.W.   NORTH BELILERICA or BILLERICA MILLS, a thriving
for a distance of above 50 miles. The surface is diversified; manufacturing post-village of Middlesex county, Massachuthe soil is generally fertile. Roanoke River is navigated by  setts, on the Concord River, and on the Boston and Lowell
steamboats on the border. The county is intersected by  Railroad, 21 miles N. by W'. of Boston. It contains a woolthe Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad. and by the Greenville len-mill, turning out 430.000 yards of flannel annually, and
and Roanoke Railroad. Capital, Jackson. Formed in 1741. dye-works, consuming monthly about 1800 tons of dyePop. 13,335; of whom 6824 were free, and ff511 slaves.    woods. Pop. about 300.
NORTHAMPTON, a beautiful post-village and township,    NORTHI BELLEVILLE, (bll/vil,) a village of Hendricks
seat of justice of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on  co., Indiana, on the Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad,
the W. side of Connecticut River, and on the Connecticut 19 miles W. by S. of Indianapolis.
River Railroad, at the northern terminus of the New Haven    NORTH BEL/LINGHAM, a post-village of Norfolk co.,
and Northampton Railroad, 17 miles N. of Springfield. The  Massachusetts, about 25 miles S.W. of Boston.
village is delightfully situated on rising ground, about a    NORTH BEL/IMONT, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
mile W. of Connecticut River, and contains, besides the    NORTH BEND, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama.
county buildings, 7 or 8 churches, 2 banks, with an aggre-   NORTH BEND, a post-township of Stark co., Indiana.
gate capital of $400,000'; a savings institution, an insurance  Pop. 141.
company, a gas-light company, incorporated in 1853, 2 news-   NORTII BEND, of Hamilton county, Ohio, on the Ohio
paper offices, and the Northampton Collegiate Institute. River, 16 miles below Cincinnati. It is a beautiful spot,
The schools here are very flourishing. West of the village  which derives its interest from having been the residence
the ground rises into a considerable elevation, called Round  of' General William Henry Harrison, late President of the
Hill, which is the site of several splendid residences, and  United States. The house now occupied by his widow is of
has on its summit an extensive water-cure establishment, wood, and painted white. The tomb of IHarrison is a few
Northampton is celebrated for its healthy atmosphere, and  rods from the bank of the river.
magnificent scenery-Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke being    NORTH BEND, a small village of Champaign co., Illinois.
in full view. For several years past the rearing of the silk-   NORTIH BEND, a township of Washington co., Wisconsin.
worm has been successfully prosecuted, and large quanti- Pop. 672.
ties of sewing silk annuAlly made. A stream of water flows   NORTH BEND MILLS, a post-office of Tyler co., Virginia.
through the township, affording water-power employed for   NORTH  BENININGTON, a post-village of Bennington
mills of various kinds.  The township is thickly settled, township, Bennington co., Vermont, on the Western Verhighly cultivated, and has important manufactures of wool- mont Railroad, and on Paran Creek, a branch of the Wallen, cotton, and silk goods, boots and shoes, leather, iron, lomscoik, about 4 miles N.W. of Bennington Centre. It
paper, cabinet ware, &c. A bridge 1080 feet long here spans contains a church, academy, 6 stores, a number of cottonthe Connecticut, connecting  Northampton with Hadley. mills, and several establishments for the manufacture of
Settled in 1653. Pop. of the township in 1840, 3750; in  carpenters' steel squares. The first manufactory of the kind
1850, 5278.                                                in the United States was established here in 1820. These
NORTHAMPTON, a post-township forming the N.E. ex- squares are said to be superior to any imported, and to sutremity of Fulton co., New York. Pop. 1701.n               persede the foreign article in the market. Pop. about 300.
NORTHAMPTON, a township of Burlington co., New Jer-   NORTH BEN/TON, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.
sey, about 18 miles S.S.E. of Trenton. Pop. 3031.            NORTH BEN/TONSPORT, a village of Van Buren county,
NORTHAMPTON, Pennsylvania. See ALLENTOwN.                Iowa, on Des Moines River, 75 miles S. by W. of Iowa City.
NORTHAMPTON, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,   NORTH BER/GEN, a post-village of Genesee co., New
10 miles S.E. of Doylestown. Pop. 1843.                    York, 240 miles W. by N. of Albany.
NORTHAMPTON, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsylva-   NORTH BERGEN, a township of Hudson co., New Jeruia. Pop. 332.                                             sey, on the Hudson River, and on the Ramapo and Paterson
NORTI-IAMPTON, a township, Summit co., Ohio. P. 1147. Railroad, nearly opposite New York City. Pop. 3576.
NORTIHAMPTON, a post-township in the S. part of Sagi-   NORTH BER/NARDSTON, a post-office of Franklin co.,
naw co., Michigan. Pop. 122.                               Massachusetts.
NORTHAMPTON, a township of Peoria co., Illinois. P. 316.   NORTH BERWICK, Scotland. See BERwcICK, NORaT.
NORTHAMSPTONSIIIRE. See NORTHArPTON, England.              NORTH BER/WICK, a post-township of York co., Maine,
NORTH AN/DOVER, a post-village of Essex county, Mas- on the Portland Saco and Portsmouth Railroad, 90 miles
vachusetts, 23 miles N. of Boston. Near the northern part S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1593.
1353




NOR                                                       NOR
NORTH BETHIEL, a postoffice of Oxford co., Maine.       length, and 180 in its greatest breadth, including an area
NORTH BLACKISTONE, a post-village of Worcester co., of 50,704 square miles, or about 32,450,560 acres, of which
Massachusetts, about 40 miles S.W. of Boston.              only 5,453,977 were improved in 1850.
NORTH BLANI/FORD, a post-village of Hampden co., Mas-   Face of the Cbuntry, and Miountains.-The S.E. and E.
sachusetts, on or near the Western Railroad, about 120 miles portion of North Carolina is level and sandy, and often
W. of Boston.                                              marshy, interspersed with shallow lakes, especially between
NORTH BLENHEIM, (blun/hime,) a post-village of Scho- Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. A chain of low islands, or
harie co., New York, on the Schoharie River, about 40 miles sandbanks, lines the whole coast, cutting off a series of
W.S.W. of Albany.                                          shallow sounds, or lagoons, of difficult navigation.  The
NORTHII BLOOMIFIELD, a post-village of Ontario co., New  Great Dismal Swamp, partly in the N.E. of this state, and
York, on Iloneoye Creek, about 210 miles W. of Albany.     partly in Virginia, is a spongy mass, that is said to be
NORTH BLOOMFIELD, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. higher than the surrounding country, and to hold the
Pop. 1443.                                                 water by capillary attraction. The Little Dismal Swamp
NORTH BLOOMFIELD, a post-officeofTrumbull co., Ohio. lies between the two great sounds. The level region exNORTH BLUE HILL, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. tends about 60 miles from the coast, and is succeeded by
NORTH BOOTH/BAY, a post-village of Lincoln co., Maine, the hill country in the centre, which is followed, in turn,
about 65 miles S.E. of Augusta. It contains 2 churches, a  by the mountainous region of the west, formed by the passfine town-house, and 3 stores.                             age of several ridges of the great Alleghany range in a
NORTHIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of North- S.W. direction through the state. These mountains vary
ampton.                                                   from 800 to above 6000 feet in elevation. Black Mountain is
NORTHIBOROUGH, a township of Worcester co., Massa- in the N.W. part of the state, and contains Clingman's Peak,
chusetts, 35 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 1535.                6941 feet, and Mount Mitchell. 6732 feet, the highest land
NORTH BOSQUE (bosk) CREEK, Texas, enters the Brazos E. of the Mississippi River. The other considerable peaks
River from the N.W., in MicLennan co.                      are Roan MIountain, 6270 feet, Grandfather Mountain, 5788
NORTH BOSTON, a post-office of Erie co., New York.      feet, and Grandmother Mountain, 2500 feet high. That part
NORTI/BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent          of the Alleghany range which separates Tennessee from
NORTH BRANCH, a post-office of Hillsborough co., New  North Carolina goes under various local names, such as
Hampshire.                                                Iron, Stone; Smoky, Bald, and Unaka Mountains. Between
NOtTH  BRANCH, a post-office of Sullivan co., New  these and the Blue Ridge is a table-land elevated from 2000
York.                                                     to 2500 feet above the sea.
NORTH BRANCH or BAILIE'S, (bMslnz,) a small post-vil-   Minerals.-North Carolina is rich in mineral treasures,
lage and railway station of Bridgewater township, Somerset especially in gold, copper, iron, and coal. The McCullock
co., New Jersey, about 5 miles N.W. of Somerville. Pop. 130. gold and copper mine, near Greensborough, has for some
NORTH BRANCIH, a post-office, Baltimore co., Maryland.  time attracted much attention. A recent report of the preNORTH BRANCH, a post-office, Calaveras co., California.  sident of the company working the mines claims for it
NORTH BRANCH, a post-office of Madison co., Iowa.        " that nothing on this continent, in the shape of mining
NORTH BRANIFORD, a post-township of New Haven co., enterprise, can compare with that of the McCullock Copper
Connecticut, 8 miles E. by N. of New I-laven. Pop. 998.    and Gold Company, in position and resources."'  This is, no
NORTHT/BRIDGE, a post-township of Worcester co., Mas- doubt, highly colored, but has, probably, considerable founsachusetts, intersected by the Blackstone River, and by the  dation in fact. The report also states that the gold refuse
Providence and Worcester Railroad. It has manufactures will yield, by aid of crushers, $2.75 per bushel on the averof shirtings and prints. Pop. 2230.                        age, and fresh gold ore $12, and that 3 negroes can take out
NORTIBRIDGE  CENTRE, a post-village of Worcester  10 tons of copper ore in a day. The Union Gold Mine yields
co., Massachusetts, in the above township, 38 miles S.W. by  about $60 of pure metal to a bushel of ore. Professor JackW. of Boston.                                              son (a more impartial authority) considers the copper region
NORTH BRIDGEITON, a post-office of Cumberland co., of North Carolina unparalleled in richness.  There were
Maine.                                                    coined at the Branch Mint, at Charlotte in this state, beNORTH BRIDGEtWATER. a flourishing post-village and  tween the years 1838 and 1853, (both inclusive,) gold of the
township of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Fall River  value of $3,790,033;-the highest coinage in one year being
Railroad, 21 miles S. of Boston. The inhabitants are exten- $396,734 in 1852. Coal, both bituminous and anthracite,
sively engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, for exists in large quantities, the former of the best quality.
which there are here about 15 establishments. It has also  The greatest known coal-fields in North Carolina are the
other manufactures, and contains a savings institution and  Deep River, extending from  Granville county S.W. into
a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 3940.           South Carolina, and the Dan River in Rockingham  and
NORTH BRIDGEWATER, a post-office of Oneida co., New  Stoke counties. This coal, it is said, can be brought to
York.                                                     tidewater at an expense of $1 per ton, whence it can be
NORTH BRIGHTON, briton, a post-office of Livingston  easily and cheaply transhipped to the different ports on the
co., Michigan.                                            Atlantic coast. The coal, however, is most abundant on
NORTH BROADALIBIN, apost-village of Broadalbin town- the Deep River, and extends at least for 30 miles, is near
ship, Fulton co., New York.                                navigable water, and could be carried easily to any market
NORTH BROOK/FIELD, a post-township of Worcester co., on the coast. Professor Emmons says of the Deep River
Massachusetts, 55 miles IW. by S. of Boston. Pop. 1939.   coal, "its qualities are such as to give it the highest place
NORTH BROOKFIELD, a post-office of Madison co., New  in the market, being adapted to all purposes for which the
York.                                                     bituminous coals are specially employed." The same authoNORTH BROWN, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. P. 439. rity remarks, " iron occupies an important place in North
NORTH BROWNS/VILLE, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Carolina, and its advantages for making bar-iron of the best
lMaine.                                                   quality are very great." Marl is also abundant, being found
NORTH BRUNS/WICK, a township of Middlesex co., New  in the coast counties from Virginia to South Carolina, as far
Jersey, on the Raritan River, contains the city of New Bruns- from the coast as Nash county. Large supplies of limestone
wick. Pop. 10,008.                                        (from Danbury, in Stokes county, to King's Mountain, South
NORTH BUCKSIPORT, a post-village of Bucksport town- Carolina) and freestone (soft, and easy to work, but which
ship, Hancock co., Maine.                                 hardens on exposure) are furnished in inexhaustible quanNORTH BUFIFALO, a township of Armstrong co., Penn- titles on the Dan and Deep Rivers; grindstones of the best
sylvania. Pop. 916.                                        quality, and millstones, (as good as the French burr,) on
NORTHI BUTILER, a township of Butler co., Pennsyl- Deep River. Magnetic iron-ore, some silver, lead, mangavania, contains Butler, the county seat. Total pop. 2581.   nese, gypsum, and salt have also been found.
NORTH CAMBRIDGE, (kAm/brij,) a post-office of Lamoille    Rivers, Lakes, and Sounds.-There are two shallow sounds
co., Vermont.                                              -Albemarle in the N.E., and Pamlico in the E. of the stats
NORTH CAMBRIDGE, of Massachusetts. See CAMBRIDc)r. -which are cut off from  the ocean by long and narrow
NORTH CAMBRIDGE, a post-village of Cambridge town- sandbanks or islands, through which there are inlets to the
ship, Washington co., New York.                            sea; but these are constantly changing —the old filling up
NORTH CASIMDEN, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.       with the shifting sands, and new ones being opened by the
NORTH CAMIERON, a post-office, Steuben co., New York. beating of the surges. The principal at the present time
NORTH CAMERON, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.  are Ocracoke and Roanoke Inlets. Albemarle Sound exNORTH  CAN/TON, a post-village of' Canton township, tends about 60 miles westward, with a varying breadth of
Hartford co., Connecticut.                                 from 4 to 15 miles. It has several arms or bays, and comNORTH CAN/YONVILLE, a post-office of Umpqua co., municates with Pamlico Sound, which extends 80 miles in a
Oregon.                                                    S.W. direction, parallel with the coast, having a somewhat
NORTIH  CAROLINA, (k~r'o-li/na,) one of the original greater breadth than Albemarle Sound, and 20 feet depth
states of the American Confederacy, is bounded on the N. of water. The Hatteras Banks, which cut it off from the
by Virginia, E. and S.E. by the Atlantic, S. by South Caro- ocean, extend far out to sea-in the well-known and dangerlina and Georgia, and N.W. by Tennessee, from which it is ous point of Cape Hatteras. Further down the coast are
separated by Iron Mountain and others of the Appalachian  the prominent points of Cape Lookout and Cape Fear. In
chain. It lies between about 330 53' and 360 33' N. lat., and  the low marshy grounds between these sounds are several
between 750 25' and 840 30 WV. hon., being about 450 miles in  small lakes. A chain of low islands, or sandbanks, extencds
1354




NOR                                                        NOR
to the mouth of Cape Fear River, citting off several small  According to the census of 1850, there were in the state
sounds and lagoons. North Carolina is traversed by seve- 56,916 farms, containing 5,453,977 acres of improved land,
rat extensive rivers, all-with the exception of a few small (or about 90 acres to each farm,) producing 2,130,102 bushtributaries of the Tennessee-running in a S.E. direction  els of wheat; 229,563 of rye; 27,941,051 of Indian corn;
through the state, and discharging themselves into the At- 4,052,078 of oats; 1,584,252 of peas and beans; 620,318 of
lantic, after courses of from about 200 to 400 miles. Com- Irish potatoes; 5,095,709 of sweet potatoes; 38,196 of flaxmencing on the N.E., the Chowan and Roanoke rise in  seed; 5,465,868 pounds of rice; 11,984,786 of tobacco;
Virginia, and empty into Albemarle Sound. The Tar and  29,538,000 of cotton; 970,738 of wool; 4,146,290 of butter;
the Neuse rise in the N. of North Carolina, and empty into  95,921 of cheese; 145,653 tons of hay; 593,796 pounds of
Pamlico Sound. The Cape Fear, the largest river that has flax; 27,932 of maple sugar; 512,289 of beeswax and honey.
its whole course in the state, rises in the N., and empties  Live stock valued at $17,717,647; orchard products at
into the Atlantic at the S. extremity of the state. The Yad- $34,348; market products at $39,462; and slaughtered anikin and Catawba rise in the N.W., and pass into South Ca- rmals at $5,767,866.
rolina, where the former takes the name of the Great Pedee,   torest Trees.-In the upland country are oaks of several
and the latter of the Wateree. The Wacamaw, also an  species, hickory, maple, ash, walnut, and lime; in the low
eastern tributary of the Great Pedee, rises in the S. part of  country, pine; and in the swamps also pine, cedar, cypress,
this state. Besides these, there are a number of tributa- with some maple, white oak, poplar, and an undergrowth
ries of the Tennessee, Congaree, and other rivers, already  of vines, briers, &c., so dense as to be impassable. In the
named. The rivers of North Carolina are so obstructed by  drier parts, white and red oaks flourish. Among the fruits
sandbanks at their mouths, and by rapids and falls farther  are apples, pears, peaches, cherries, grapes, and strawberries.
up, as not to be navigable for vessels of a large class. The   0lfanufactures.-Professor Emmons, in his geological reCape Fear is navigable 40 miles to Wilmington for vessels port of 1852, remarks-" The water-power is immense, and
drawing 10 or 12 feet water, and to Fayetteville for steam- the improvements on Cape Fear and Deep Rivers will furboats. Steamboats ascend the Neuse 120 miles to Waynes-  nish water for several Lowells."  North Carolina, however,
borough. The Tar is navigable for steamboats 100 miles to  has not yet applied much of her great and extended supply
Tarborough; the Roanoke for small seacraft 30 miles, and  of water-power to manufacturing purposes. By the census
for steamboats 120 miles to Halifax; and the Chowan for  of 1850, she had 2004 establishments engaged in mining,
steamboats 75 miles.                                        mechanic arts, and manufacturing; each producing $500
Objects of Interest to Tour-ists.-We cannot pretend to do  and upwards annually, and employing a total capital of
any justice to North Carolina in this respect, as the facili- $7,252,225, raw material worth $4,805,463, 10,693 male and
ties for travelling in that state are very poor in the region  1751 female hands, yielding products valued at $9,111,245.
of her finest scenery. Of Black Mountain, or Mitchell's  Twenty-eight of these were cotton factories, employing
Peak, the highest point E. of the Mississippi, we have but  $1,058,800 capital, and 442 male and 1177 female hands;
little to state, except its situation between Yancey and Mc- consuming raw material worth $531,903, and producing
Dowell counties, 20 miles N.E. of Asheville, and its height, 2,470,110 yards of stuffs, and 2,267,000 pounds of yarn,
6476 feet. It commands a magnificent view of Swannanoa  valued at $831,342; one woollen factory, employing $18,000
Gap, a pass in the mountains between Morgantown and  capital, and 15 male and 15 female hands, consuming raw
Ashville. Near it are the picturesque Catawba Falls. Pilot material worth $13,950, and producing 34,000 yards of stuffs,
Mountain, in Surrey county, rises in the midst of a nearly  valued  at $23,750; 37 furnaces, forges, &c., employing
level country, in a cylindrical form. It received its name  $207,109 capital, and 303 male and 23 female hands, confrom having served as a beacon to guide the path of the In- suming raw material worth $86,330, and producing 1422
dians. In Buncombe county, on the French Broad River, tons of wrought, cast, and pig iron, valued at $357,281;
in the midst of wild and romantic mountain scenery, are  $21,930 were invested in the manufacture of malt and spithe Warm Springs. The principal hotel at this place is 280  rituous liquors, consuming 64,650 bushels of corn, and 4700
feet in length. Painted Rock, a lofty precipice, from 200 to  of rye, employing 72 hands, and producing 153,030 gallons
300 feet high, and a rock called the Chimneys, are in the  of wine and whiskey; and 151 tanneries, employing $251,055
same vicinity. The Gingercake Rock, in Burke county, on  capital, consuming raw material worth $191,237, and prothe top of a mountain of the same name, is a curious pile  ducing manufactured leather valued at $352,535. IHomeof stone in the form of an inverted pyramid, 29 feet high, made manufactures to the value of $1,413,242 were produced
which supports a natural slab of stone 32 feet long and 2 in 1850.
feet thick, projecting about half its length beyond the edge    Izternal Iprsovements. —The great Southern  Railroad
of the inverted pyramid, and resting with the most perfect crosses the entire state of North Carolina, having its termistability, though apparentlyjust ready to fall. The view  nus at Wilmington.  There is also a railroad fronm Gaston
from this point is very finue, looking down a ravine of from  to Raleigh, which is desiagned to be extended to Camden, in
800 to 1200 feet in depth, with a river at its bottom, dash-  South Carolina, passing near Fayetteville; and one from
ing over its rocky bed, and a cliff, called the Hawk's Bill, Weldon to Portsmouth, in Virginia.  A railroad connects
projecting over it at an elevation of 1500 feet. About 5  Goldsborough with Raleigh, and is to be continued through
miles from the same point may be seen Table Rock, a conical Hillsborough to Greensborough; another is in progress from
eminence of 2500 feet, rearing itself from the valley of the  the same point to Beaufort, North Carolina. In January,
Catawba River.                                              1855, North Carolina had 381 miles of railroad completed,
Climate.-The climate in the low counties is hot and un- and 243 in course of construction. Railroads are in operahealthy in summer, bilious and intermittent fevers prevail- tion from Wilmington to Manchester, South Carolina, and
ing; but the middle and western sections are temperate  one from  Charlotte, North Carolina, to Columbia, South
and healthy. Wheat is harvested in June, and Indian corn  Carolina. Tile latter is to be continued to Greensborough,
in September. According to meteorological observations  and from thence to IIalifax, Virginia. The Dismal Swamp
made at Chapel Hill, by Professor Phillips, in 1851-2, the  Canal unites the Pasquotank with the Elizabeth River, in
monthly mean for June was 720.82; for July, 790.46; Au- Virginia. Companies have been formed for the improvegust, 700.05; September, 680.07; October, 590.18; Novem- ment of the navigation of the Cape Fear, Roanoke, and
her, 460.92; December, 390.45; January, 360.02; Febrauary, Neuse Rivers, to all of which the state is a subscriber. The
450.58; March, 530.72; April, 560.50; May, 680.84. Mean  Club-fbot and Harlow Creek Canal connects the Neuse with
for the year, 58~.46. First frost, October 24. Frogs singing, Beaufort Harbor.
11th February. Hottest day, July 27-1020 at 3 P. s.; cold-    Cbmmserce.-As has been elsewhere stated, the rivers of
est day, January 20-220 at 3 P. Dr. It rained on 102 days; North Carolina are obstructed at their mouths by shifting
there were some clouds on 326 days; and perfectly clear 40  sand-bars, which prevent the entrance of large vessels; and
days. The apricot bloomed the 29th of February, and the  hence the commerce of the state is limited to the export of
apple the 12th of March.                                    her products to the ports of neighboring states in coasting
Soil and Productions.-The soil possesses every variety, vessels. Her exports consist mainly of lumber, pitch, tar,
from the sands and marshes of the coast to the rich allu- and turpentine, with some rice, cotton, and other products.
vions of the river bottoms. Some of the smaller marshes  The export of naval stores (pitch, tar, resin, and turpenthat have been drained have proved highly productive in  tine) exceeds that of any other, if not all the states, in the
rice, cotton, tobacco, and Indian corn. Much of the low  Union. About 800,000 barrels of turpentine are annually
sandy section, extending 60 miles from the coast, is covered  exported. The product of cotton for the three years 1851-2,
with extensive forests of pitch pine, that furnish large'3, and'4, was respectively 16,242,11,524, and 23,496 bales of
quantities of lumber, tar, turpentine, and resin, which are  400 pounds each. The tonnage of North Carolina at the
exported to the Northern cities. In parts of this region, terminations of the fiscal years 1852,'3, and'4, was 50,621,
cotton, rice, and indigo grow well; but the higher grounds  56,374, and 57,800, of which about three-fifths was engaged
are better adapted to wheat, Indian corn, hemp, tobacco, in the coasting trade; tonnage entered for the same years,
rye, and oats. The staples are Indian corn, tobacco, and  32,295, 21,450, and 17,289 tons; cleared 53,099, 37,903, and
sweet potatoes. In the latter article North Carolina is only  30,832 tons; number of vessels built in the same years 32, tonexceeded by three states; in tobacco, by five; while it ex- nage 2228; 22, tonnage 1746; and 38, with a tonnage of 2531.
ceeds every other other state in peas and beans. Large  Foreign imports for the same periods, $735,858, $271,238, and
quantities of wheat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, cotton, wool, $214,860; and exports $576,399, $314,142, and $391,897.
rice, fruits, butter, cheese, garden vegetables, hay, flax,    Foscucation.-According to the census of 1850, there were
grass-seeds, beeswax, honey, and some barley, buckwheat, in North Carolina 5 colleges, with 513 students, and $40,700
wine, hops, hemp, silk, and maple sugar are produced. income, of which $11,300 was from endowments; 2657 public
1355




NOR                                                       NOR
schools, with 104,095 pupils, and $158,564 income, of which  havior. North Carolina is entitled to 8 members in the
$42,936 was from taxation, and $97,378 from public funds; National House of Representatives, and to 10 electoral votes
272 academies and other schools, with 7822 pupils, and  for President of the United States. This state is undergo4;187,648 income, of which $15,987 was from endowments. ing a geological and botanical survey, by order of the goAttending school, as reported by families, 100.808; free  vernment.
adults who cannot read and write, 80,423; of whom  340    The receipts for 1854 amounted to $1,221,338, and diswereofforeignbirth. According to theAmerican Almanac, bursements to $1,605,409. The public debt, at the conmthis state had in 18554, 3 colleges, with 447, and 1 law school mencement of 1855, was $3,409,633, of which $731,000 consists
with 10 students.                                          of bonds, sold for the benefit of internal improvement comReligious Denontinations.-Of 1795 churches, in 1850, the  panics, viz., $250,000 to the Wilmington and Raleigh RailIBaptists owned 604, the Christians 29, Episcopalians 51, Free  road Company; $111,000 to the Weldon and Gaston Railroad,
Church 54, Friends 31, German Reformed 16, Lutherans 49, and Neuse and TarRiver Railroad, and $370,000 to the North
Methodists 786, Moravians 7, Presbyterians 151, Roman Ca- Carolina Railroad.
tholics 4, Tunkers 1, and Union Church 4, giving one church    Value of property, according to the census of 1850,
for every 484 persons. Value of church property, $905,553.  $212,071,413; estimated or real value, $226,800,472.  The
Periodicals.-According to the census of 1850, there were  state expenses for 1852, amounted to $161,472. Ordinary
published in North Carolina 5 semi and tri-weekly, 40  expenses, exclusive of schools and debt, to $75,000 annually.
weekly, and 6 monthly and semi-monthly newspapers and  The state owns about $600,000 in railroad and other internal
periodicals, with an annual aggregate circulation of 2,020,564  improvements. In November, 1854, there were in North Cacopies.                                                    rolina 10 banks and 16 branches, with an aggregate capital
Public ]nstitutions.-A  state insane asylum  is now in  of $5,205,073, a circulation of $6,667,762, and $1,290,436 in
course of erection near Raleigh. A special tax has been  coin.
levied for this purpose, which is expected to yield in four   HTistory'.-Attempts were made, under the auspices of Sir
years $80,000. The North Carolina Institution for educating  Walter Raleigh, to settle North Carolina as early as between
the Deaf and Dumb, was commenced at the same place in  1585 and 1589; but in one year after no trace of the colony
1848, towards which the state has contributed $30,000. Ac. could be found. The first permanent settlement was made
cording to the census of 1850, there were in North Carolina  on the banks of the Roanoke and Chowan, by some enmi4 public libraries, with 2500 volumes; 20 school and Sun- grants from  Virginia, in 1653. John Culpepper rebelled
day-school, with 3852 volumes; 5 college, with 21,593 vo- against the arbitrary government of Miller, in 1678, and
lumes; and 9 church libraries, with 1647.                  held the government for 2 years. In 1693, North and South
Population.-At the first national census, in 1790, North  Carolina were separated. In 1711 the Tuscaroras, Corees,
Carolina had 393,751 inhabitants; 478,103 in 1800; 555,500  and other savages attacked and massacred 112 settlers, prinin 1810; 638,829 in 1820; 737,987 in 1830; 753,419 in 1840, cipally of the Roanoke and Chowan settlements; but the
and 868,903 in 1850, of whom  273,025 were white males, following year the united forces of the two Carolinas com280,003 white females, 13,308 free colored males, 14,155 free  plotely routed them, killing 300 savages. The same year
colored females, 144,581 male, and 143,967 female slaves, and  the yellow fever raged. In 1729, the proprietors sold their
831 Indians. This population was divided among 105,451  rights to the crown. A party of malcontents, in 1771, rose
families, occupying 104,996 dwellings. Population to square  against the royal governor, but after 2 hours contest, fled
mile, 19.1. Of the free population, 536,301 were born in the  with considerable loss. A severe conflict with the North:
state, 21,392 in other states of. the Union, 394 in England, west Indians occurred in 1774, on the Kanawha River,
567 in Ireland, 1019 in Scotland and Wales, 344 in Germany, which resulted in the abandonment of the ground by the
43 in France, 30 in British America, 137 in other countries, savages. North Carolina took an early and active part in
and 217 whose places of birth were unknown. In the twelve  the events of the Revolution, and within her borders took
months ending June 1, 1850, there occurred 10,357 deaths, place sanguinary conflicts at Guilford Court House, Brier
or nearly 12 in every 1000 persons. In the same period  Creek, Cedar Springs, Fishing Creek, and other places. The
1931 paupers received aid. of whom 18 were foreigners, at Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence was made May
an expense of about $31 for each individual. Of 471 deaf  20, 1775: so North Carolina has the honor to have first proand dumb, 7 were free colored, and 75 slaves; of 561 blind, 27  posed a separation from Great Britain.
were free colored. and 155 slaves; of 510 insane, 10 were free    NORTH CARIVER, a post-office of Plymouth co., Massacolored, and 33 slaves; and of 794 idiotic, 28 were free co- chusetts.
lored, and 151 slaves.                                       NORTH CASTINE, (kas-teenl,) a post-village of Hancock
Counties.-North Carolina is divided into 82 counties, viz., co., Maine, 60 miles E. by N. of Augusta.
Alamance, Alexander, Anson, Ashe, Beaufort, Bertie, Bla-   NORTH CA.StTLE, a post-township of Westchester co., New
den, Brunswick, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarrus, Caldwell, York, 35 miles N.N.E. of New York. Pop. 2190.
Camden, CfTrteret, Caswell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee,   NORTH CENITRE HALL, a thriving village of Centre co.,
Chowan, Cleveland, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Curri- Pennsylvania, on the Bellefonte and Kishicocuillas turnpike,
tuck, Davidson, Davie, Duplin, Edgecombe, Forsythe, Frank- 78 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.
lin, Gaston, Gates, Granville, Greene, Guilford, Halifax, Hay-   NORTH CHAP/EL, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
wood, Henderson, Hertford, Hyde, Iredell, Jackson. Johnston,   NORTH  CHARLES/TON, a post-village in Sullivan co.,
Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln, MlcDowell, Macon, Mladison, Martin, New Hampshire, on the Sullivan Railroad, 50 miles W. by
Mecklenburg, Montgomery, MoOre, Nash, New Hanover,  N. of Concord.
Northampton, Onslow, Orange, Pasquotank, Perquimans;    NORTH  CHAT/HAM, a post-village in Barnstable co.,
Person, Pitt. Randolph, Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham,   Massachusetts, on Pleasant Bay. 80 miles S.E. of Boston.
Rowan, Rut'herford, Sampson, Stanley, Stokes, Surry, Tyr-    NORTH CHATHAM, a post-village of Columbia co., New
rel, Union, Wake, Warren, Washington, Watauga, Wayne, York, 15 miles S.E. of Albany.
VWilkes, Yadkin, Yancey. Capital, Raleigh.                    NORTH CHATHAM, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsyl
Cities and Towns.-Wilmington is the largest and most vania.
commercial town in the state; population in 1850, 7264;   NORTH CIIELMSFORD, chlmz/ford, a post-village of Mid(in 1854, 10,000.) The other principal towns are Newbern, po- diesex co., Massachusetts, 25 miles N.W. of Boston.
pulation 4681; Fayetteville, population 4646; and Raleigh,    NORTH CHERISEA, (chhllsee,) a post-township of Suffolk
population 4518. The other most important places are Wash- co., Massachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of
ington, population 2015; Oxford, population 1978; Beaufort,  Boston. Pop. 935.
Greenville, Edenton, Smithville, Warrentown, Shallotte, and    NORTH CHEMUNG, she-mtingl, a post-office of Chemung
Plymouth.                                                   co., New York.
Government, Finances, &c.-In addition to the usual divi-   NORTH CIES/TER, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont.
sicons of governmental power, there is in North Carolina a    NORTH CHESTER, a post-office of Hampden co., MasseCouncil of State, consisting of 7 persons, receiving $3 per  chusetts.
day while in service, and a like sum  for every 30 miles   NORTH CHESITERVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co.,
travelling. The governor is elected by the people for two  Maine.
years, and receives $2000 per annum, with the use of a fur-   NORTH CHICHESTER, (chitch/es-ter,) a post-village in
nished house. The Senate is composed of 50 members, Merrimack co., New Hampshire, 9 miles E.N.E. of Concord.
elected for two years, by freeholders possessing 50 acres of    NORTH CHI/LI, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.
land each, and the House 6f Representatives of 120 mem-   NORTH/CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of IIerts.
hers. elected also for two years, by popular vote. The ses-   NORTH CLAR/ENCE, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
sions of the Legislature are biennial, and commence on the    NORTH CLAR/ENDON, a post-village of Rutland co., Verthird Monday in November. Every white male citizen, over  mont, with a station on the Rutland and Burlington Rail21 years of age, and who has resided in the state a year, is  road, 50 miles from Billow's Falls.
entitled to a vote. The judiciary consists, first, of a su-   NORTH  CLARK/SON, a post-office of Monroe co., New
preme court, composed of a chief justice, and two associ- York.
ates, receiving each $2500 per annum. This court holds 3    NORTH CLAY/TON, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio.
sessions annually. 2d, Of superior or circuit courts, coin-   NORTH CODO/RUS, a township of York co., Pennsylvania.
posed of 7 circuits of 10 counties each, which hold courts Pop. 2126.
twice a year in every county. The judges of these courts    NORTH COHAS/SETT, a post-village of Norfolk co., Masreceive $1950 salary each. The judges of both courts are  eachusette, 15 miles S. E. of Boston.
chosen by the legislature, and hold office during good be-   NORTH COI{OCITON, a post-office, Steuben co., New York.
1356




NOR                                                      NOR
NORTH COLE/BROOK, a post-office of Litchfield co., Con-   NORTH ENGLISIH, (ing/glish,) post-office, Iowa co., Iowa.
necticut.                                                  NORTH/ERN CIRCARS, (sir-kars/,) a province of British
NORTH CON/CORD, a station on the Boston Concord and  India, extending along the W. side of the Bay of Bengal,
Montreal Railroad, 5 miles from Concord.                 from lat. 150 to 200 N. Area 17,000 square miles. Pop.
NORTH CON/WAY, a post-office of Caroll co., New Hamp- about 2,995,500.  The province was annexed to British
shire.                                                   India in 1765, by Lord Clive.
NORTH COPAKE, (ko-paik/,) a post-office of Columbia co.,   NORTIIERN LIBIERTIES, formerly a district of PhilaNew York.                                                delphia co., now included within the chartered limits of tihe
NORTH CORN/WELL, a post-village in Cornwell township, city of Philadelphia, situated on the Delaware River, imLitchfield co., Connecticut. It contains an academy and a  mediately N. of the city proper. Pop. 47,223. See PHILAlock factory.                                            DELPHIA.
NORTH COVE, a post-village of McDowell co., North Ca-   NORTH EVANS, (ivlanz,) a post-office, Erie co., New York.
rolina.                                                    NORTH FAIR/FAX, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont.
NORTH COVE CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Ca-   NORTH  FAIR/FIELD, a post-village of Somerset co.,
tawba from the N., in Burke county.                      Maine, 18 miles N. of Augusta. In the vicinity is a prosperNORTH COVIENTRY, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- ous society of Friends.
vania. Pop. 985.                                           NORTH FAIRFIELD, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio.
NORTH CRAFTS/BURY, a post-office of Orleans co., Ver-   NORTH FAIRHA/VEN, a post-village in Bristol co., NMas
mont.                                                    sachusetts, about 55 miles S. of Boston.
NORTH CREEK, a post-office of Laurens district, South    NORTH FAL/MOUTH, a post-village in Barnstable co.,
Carolina.                                                Massachusetts, about 62 miles S.S.E. of Boston.
NORTH CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co., North Cars-   NORTH FARM/INGTON, a post-office of Oakland co.,
lina.                                                    Michigan, 21 miles N.W. of Detroit.
NORTH CREEK, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.    NORTH FAYETTE, (fA-yltt/,) a post-office of Kennebec co.,
NORTH CREEK, a township, Grundy co., Illinois. P. 318. Maine.
NORTH CROSS CREEK, a small village of Stewart co.,   NORTH FAYETTE, a township of Alleghany co., PennTennessee.                                               sylvania. Pop. 1430.
NORTH CUT/LER, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.   NORTH  FER/RISBURG, a post-village of Addison co.,
NORTH DANS/VILLE, a township of Livingston co., New  Vermont, with a station on the Rutland and Burlington
York, contains the village of Dansville. Pop. 4377.      Railroad, 15 miles from Burlington. It has manufactures
NORTH DAN/VERS, a post-village in Essex co., Massa- of woollens, leather, cabinetware, sash and blinds, &c.
chusetts, on the Essex Railroad, 18 miles N.E. by E. of Bos-   NORTH/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
ton. It contains a bank, above 20 manufactories of boots   NORTIHFIELD, a township in Merrimack co., New Hampand shoes, and several of carriages and of hats.         shire, on the Merrimack River, and intersected by the
NORTH DAN/VILLE, a post-village of Caledonia co., Ver- Boston Concqrd and Montreal Railroad, 153 miles N. of
mont, contains a church and 3 stores. Pop. 100.          Concord. Pop. 1332.
NORTH DART/MOUTH, a post-village in Bristol co., Mas-   NORTHFIELD, a flourishing post-village and township in
sachusetts, 56 miles S. of Boston.                       Washington co., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad,
NORTH DIGHTON, (dI/tgn,) a post-office of Bristol co., about 10 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. The village conMassachusetts.                                           tains 2 woollen factories, also a number of machine shops
NORTH DIX/MONT, a post-village in Dixmont township, attached to the railroad, giving employment to a large
Penobscot county, Maine, about 44 miles N.E. of Augusta. number of men; 3 churches, 10 stores, and 1 academy. Pop.
It contains 2 stores.                                    of the township, 2922.
NORTH DORBSET, apost-office of Bennington co., Vermont.   NORTHFIELD, a post-village and township in Franklin
NORTH DOrVER, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., Ohio.     co., Massachusetts, on the Connecticut River, and on the
NORTH DUANESBURG, (du-ainz/btbrg,) a post-office of Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, 100 miles W. by N.
Schenectady co., New York.                               of Boston. It contains 3 churches, a high school, public
NORTH DUNBAR/TON, a post-village in Merrimack co., library, and 4 stores. Corn brooms and pails are mannNew Hampshire, 8 miles S.S.W. of Concord.                factured to a considerable extent. There are 3 ferries here
NORTH-EAST, a post-village and township of Dutchess across the Connecticut River, which is also spanned by a
co., New York, about 95 miles N.N.E. of New York City. bridge. Pop. 1772.
The township is intersected by the Harlem Railroad. Pop.   NORTHFIELD or NORFIELD, a village of Fairfield co.,
1555.                                                    Connecticut, 28 miles W.S.W. of New Haven.
NORTH-EAST, a flourishing post-borough and township    NORTHFIELD, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connectiof Erie co., Pennsylvania, on Lake Erie, on the Erie and  cut, 27 miles W. by S. of HIIartford.
North-East Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Erie. The village is   NORTHFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Richmond
surrounded by a rich farming country, and is an important co., New York, on Staten Island. Pop. 4020.
port for the shipment of staves and lumber. It is included    NORTHFIELD, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 8 miles
in the collection district of Presque Isle. Pop. in 1850, 387; W. of Newark; has 1 church.
of the township, 2766.                                     NORTHFIELD, a post-township in the N. part of Summit
NORTH-EAST, a post-village of Cecil co., Maryland, on  co., Ohio. Pop. 1031.
the river of its own name, and on the railroad between    NORTHFIELD, a post-township in the N.E. part of WashPhiladelphia and Baltimore, 46 miles N.E. of the latter.  tenaw co., Michigan.
NORTH-EAST, a township in Orange co., Indiana. P.1206.   NORTIIFIELD, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, on
NORTH-EAST, a township in Adams co., Illinois. P. 499. the Michigan Road, 19 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis.
NORTH-EAST CAPE. See SEVERs VoSTOKHNOI.                  NORTHIIFIELD, a post-village and township of Cook co,,
NORTH-EAST CENITRE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New  Illinois, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 1013.
York.                                                      NORTHFIELD. a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa.
NORTH EAST/HAM, a post-office of Barnstable co., Mas-   NORTHFIELD FARMS, a post-village of Franklin co.,
sachusetts.                                              Massachusetts, on the Brattleborough branch of the VerNORTH EAStTON, a post-office, Bristol co., Massachusetts. mont and Massachusetts Railroad, 82 miles W.N.W. of Boston.
NORTH EASTON, a post-office. Washington co., New York.   NORTH FLAT, a post-office, Wyoming co., Pennsylvania.
NORTh-EAST PASS or BALIZE, ba-leez/, a village of    NORTH/FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the
Plaquemine parish, Louisiana, is situated at the mouth of Thames, 19 miles W. of Gravesend. It has docks for shipthe Mississippi, on the E. side of the pass of its own name. building, and adjoining it is Rosherville, a place of summer
It is chiefly inhabited by pilots and their families.    resort.
NORTH-EAST RIVER, a small stream of Cecil co., Mary;   NORTH FOLDEN, (fol/den,) a fiord of Norway, on the
land, flows into the head of Chesapeake Bay.             N.W. coast of Nordland, opening from the West Fiord. Its
NORTH-EAST STA/TION, a post-office of Dutchess co., mouth is about 12 mileswide, and a little beyond it divides
New York.                                                into two large branches, called respectively the North and
NORTH EATON, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.        South Folden. The former, communicating by some small
NORTH EDGEICOMBE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine. passages with the Holmack Fiord, isolates a large tract of
NORTH EG/REMONT, a post-village in Berkshire co., Nordland.
Massachusetts, about 170 miles W. by S. of Boston.         NORTH/FORD, a post-village of North Branford township,
NORTIHEIM, a town of Hanover. See NoRDHEIs.             New Haven co., Connecticut, 12 miles N.E. of New Haven.
NORTH ELIBA, a township of Essex co.. New York. P. 210.   NORTH FORK, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
NORTH ELLS/WORTIH,   a post-village of Hancock co.,   NORTII FORK, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina,
Maine, about 75 miles E.N.E. of Augusta.                 214 miles W. by N. of Raleigh.
NORTHEN, (Nirthen,) narJten, and PE/TERS-SWIFT, a    NORTH FORK, a post-township of Izard co., Arkansas.
village of Hanover, principality and 7 miles N. of GQittingen, Pop. 313.
near the Leine. Pop. 1000.                                 NORTH FORK, a post-office of Mason co., Kentucky.
NORTH/EN, a parish of England, co. of Chester.           NORTH FORK, a township of Gallatin co., Illinois. P. 504.
NORTH END, a post-office of Matthews co., Virginia.      NORTH FORK, a post-office of Ozark co., Missouri.
NORTH ENIFIELD, a post-office of Grafton co., New    NORTH FORK, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois, 125
Hampshire.                                              miles E. by N. of Springfield.
1357




V                     ~~~~~~~~NOR                                                 NOR
NORTH FRANK/FORT, a post-village of Waldo co., Maine,   NORTH HIILL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
on the Penobscot River, 62 miles E.N.E. of Augusta.           NORTH HILL, a post-office of Wayne co., Kentucky.
NORTH  FRIANK/LIN, a post-office of New London co.,   NORTH IIOIGAN, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.
Connecticut.                                                  NORTH H00/SIC, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New
NORTH FRANKLIN, a post-village of Delaware co., New  York, with a station on the Troy and Boston lRailroad, 27
York, 78 miles W.S.W. of Albany.                            miles from Troy.
NORTH FRYEBURG, (fri/btrg,) a post-office of Oxford    NORTH ROPE, a small post-village of Butler co., Pennco., Maine.                                                 sylvania.
NORTH GAGE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.          NORTH HUDISON, a post-village of Essex co., New York,
NORTH GAL/WAY, a post-office, Saratoga co., New York. 105 miles N. of Albany.  Pop. 560.
NORTH GARIDEN, a post-office, Albemarle co., Virginia.    NORTH HUNT/INGDON, a township of Westmoreland co.,
NORTH GEORGETOWN, Ohio. See GEoncGEOWN.                   Pennsylvania. Pop. 2570.
NORTH GLOUCESTER, (glosfter,) Cumberland co., Maine,   NORTH HYDEPARK, hid'park/, a post-village in tIHydea station on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 22 miles from Port- park township, Lamoille co., Vermont, about 30 miles N. of
land.                                                       Montpelier.
NORTH GOISHEN, a post-village of Litchfield co., Con-   NORTH/AM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
necticut.                                                     NORTH/ILL, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
NORTH GRAN/BY, a post-village of Hartford co., Connec-   NORTH INIDUSTRY, a post-office of Franklin co.. Maine.
ticut, 20 miles N.N.W. of Hartford.                           NORTII INDUSTRY, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, on
NORTH GRANt/VILLE, a post-village of Washington co., the Nimishillen Creek, 4 miles S, of Canton.
New York, about 65 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It contains    NORTHrINGTON, a parish of England, co. of  lants.
2 banks and several factories and mills.                      NORTHINGTON, a post-village of Cumberland co., North
NORTH GRAY, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.    Carolina, 50 miles S. of Raleigh.
NORTH GREECE, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.    NORTH JACK/SON, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.
NORTH GREEN/FIELD, a post-office of Saratoga co., New    NORTH JANESIVILLE, a post-office, Rock co., Wisconsin.
York.                                                         NORTH JAVIA, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.
NORTH GREENWICH, (greenlich,) a post-village of Fair-   NORTIH KENNEBUNK PORT, a post-village of York co.,
field co., Connecticut, 45 miles W.S.W. of New Haven.       Maine, 80 miles S.S.W. of Augusta.
NORTH GREENWICH, a post-office of Washington co.,   NORTH KILILINGLY, a post-village in Windham  co.,
New York.                                                   Connecticut, 48 miles E. by N. of Hartford.
NORTH GROITON, a post-office of Grafton co., New Hamp-   NORTH KINGS/TON, a post-township in Washington co.,
~shire.                                                      Rhode Island, on Narraganset Bay, intersected by the StoNORTH GROVE, a small village of Ogle' co., Illinois.     nington Railroad, 18 miles S. of Providence. It has manuNORTH  GUILFORD, (ghil/fford,) a post-village of New  factures of cotton and woollen goods, sash and blinds,' &c.
Haven co., Connecticut, 12 miles E. by N. of New Haven.   It contains Wickford, and several other villages. Pop. 2971.
NORTH GUILFORD, a post/village of Chenango co., New    NORTH KINGSTON, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.
York.                                                         NORTH KORTRIGHTII, a post-office of Delaware co., New
NORTH HAD/LEY, a post-village of Hampshire co., Mas- York.
sachusetts, about 90 miles XW. of Boston. The inhabitants    NORTH LANISING, a post-village of Tompkins co., New
are extensively engaged in the manufacture of corn brooms. York, about 14 miler N. of Ithaca.
NORTH  HAMIBURG, a post-office of Livingston  co.,   NORTH LAW/RENCE, a thriving post-village of St. LawMichigan.                                                   rence co., New Yorki, on Deer River, where it is crossed, 35
NORTH HAMIDEN, apost-office ofDelaware co., NewYork. miles E. of Ogdensburg. It is a place of active business,
NORTH HAM P/TON, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.  and contains a depot 100 feet by 50, 3 saw-mills, one of which
NORTH HAMPTON, a post-township of Rockingham co., has a gang of 30 saws, and numerous new stores ahd dwellNew Hampshire, 45 miles S.E. by E. of Concord, intersected  ings.
by the Eastern Railroad. Pop. 822.                            NORTH/LEACHI, a market-town and parish of England,
NORTH HAMPTON, a post-village of Clarke co., Ohio, 53  co. and 20 -miles E.S.E. of Gloucester.  Pop. in 1851, 1352.
miles W. of Columbus. Pop. about 200.                       It has a handsome church, a grammar-school, and some
NORTH IHAMPTON, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, manufactures of woollens.
18 miles N. of Peoria.                                        NORTH LEB/ANON, a thriving village of Lebanon co.,
NORTH HAN/COCK, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine.   Pennsylvania, on the Union Canal, 25 miles E. by N. of
NORTH HANISON, a village of Plymouth co., Massachu- Harrisburg, and contiguous to the borough of Lebanon.
setts, on the Old Colony Railroad, 14 miles from Plymouth.  The extensive furnace at this place is capable of producing
NORTH  HARIPERSFIELD, a post-village of Delaware  near 200 tons of pig iron per week. Pop. estimated at 500.
co., New York, about 20 miles N.N.E. of Delhi.                NORTH LEEDS, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine,
NORTH HART/LAND, a post-village of Windsor co., Ver- with a station on the Androscoggin Railroad, 10 miles from
mont, with a station on the Vermont Central Railroad, 9  Leeds.
miles from Windsor.                                           NORTH LEOMINSTER, lm/in-ster, a post-village of WorNORTH HA/VEN, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine,  cester co., Massachusetts, 42 miles W.N.W. of Boston.
comprising the North Fox Island, in Penobscot Bay, about   NORTH LEVIERETT, a post-village in Franklin co., Has75 miles E.S.E. of Augusta. It contains a Baptist church  sachusetts, 82 miles W. by N. of Boston.
and 5 stores. The fisheries employ 200 men and 1000 tons    NORTH LEW/ISBURG, a post-office, Champaign co., Ohio.
of shipping, which is owned in the island. Incorporated in    NORTH LIB/ERTY, a post-office, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania.
1846. Pop. 850.                                               NORTH LIBERTY, a thriving post-village of Adams co.,
NORTH HAVEN, a post-village and township of New  Ohio, on the plank-road from  Ripley to Locust Grove, 84
Haven co., Connecticut, on Quinepiack River, and on the  miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Laid out in 1847.
Hartford and New Haven Railroad, 5 miles N. of New Ha-   NORTI LIBERTY, a post-village in the N. part of Knox
ven. It contains 3 or 4 churches, an academy, and several co., Ohio. It contains 1 church, and 4 stores.
stores. Large quantities of brick are made here. Pop. 1325.   NORTH LIBERTY, a post-office of St. Joseph co., Indiana.
NORTH HAVIERHILL,* a post-village of Grafton co., New   - NORTh LI/MA, a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio.
Hampshire, on the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad,   NORTH LIRTINGTON, a post-village of York co., Maine,
45 miles W. by N. of Concord.                               in the township of Limington, 3 miles N. of Liming/on viiNORTH HAV/ERSTRAW, a post-office of Rockland co., lage. It contains a church, and 2 stores.
New York.                                                     NORTH LINCOLN, link/on, a post-office of Penobscot co.,
NORTH HE/BRON, a post-village of Washington co., New  Maine.
York, 55 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It has an academy.           NORTIF-LINED (northllindt) LAKE or ISLAND LAKE, a
NORTII HEC/TOR, a post-village of Tompkins co., New  lake of British America, on the "line" or limit where the
York, near Seneca Lake, about 22 miles W.N.W. of Ithaca.   woods disappear, in consequence of the high latitude.
NORTH HEIDELBERG, (hI/del-berg,) a township of Berks   NORTH LINKLAEN, (link/lain',) a post-office of Chenango
co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles W.N.W. of Reading. Pop. 844.  co., New York.
NORTH HEMP/STEAD, a post-township, capital of Queen's   NORTH LITITLETON, a post-office of Grafton co., New
co., New York, on Long Island, about 20 miles E. of New  Hampshire.
York City. It is intersected by the Long Island Railroad,   NORTH LIV/ERMORE, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine,
and bounded on the N. by Long Island Sound, which here 25 miles W. by N. of Augusta.
forms several bays. It contains the villages of ROStYN, MAN-   NORTH LONDONDER/RY, a small post-village of Rock.
eASSEt VALL.t, MANHuASSET, and several hamlets. Pop. 4291. land co., New Hampshire, on the Manchester and Lawrence
NORTH HENIDERSON, a post-township of Mercer co., Railroad, 25 miles S. by E. of Concord.
Illinois, 135 miles N.W. of Springfield.                     NORTH LOVWELL, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
NORTH HER/MAN, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.    NORTH LYIMAN, a post-office of Grafton co., New HampNORTH  IEfRO, a post-village and township, capital of shire.
Grand Isle co., Vermont, on an island of its own name in    NORTH LYME, a post-village in New London co., ConLake Champlain, 60 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 730.   necticut, 35 miles E. by N. of New Haven.
-  NORTH  MADIISON, a post-village of New Haven co.,
38   * See HAVERHILL, page 834.               Connecticut, 17 miles E. by N. of New Haven.




NOR                                                     NOR
NO.TI MADISON; a new and thriving post-village of   NORTH POINT. on the N. side of the entrance to the
Jefferson co., Indiana, on the railroad, 2 miles N. of Madison  Patapsco River, Maryland. On it are two lighthouses.
City, and 84 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. The upper depot   NORTH POINT, a post-office of Pulaski co., Arkansas.
of the railroad is at this place. Pop. in 1850, 676; in 1853,   NORTH PORT, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Prince
about 800.                                              Edward, situated on the Bay of Quintd, 12 miles S.E. of
NORTH MAI-HO/NING, a township of Indiana co., Penn- Belleville, and 14 miles from Picton. Pop. about 225.
sylvania. Pop. 840.                                       NORTH'PORT, a post-township in Waldo co., Maine, on
NORTH MANCI-HESTER, a post-village of Wabash co., In- the W. side of Penobscot Bay, 44 miles E. of Augusta
diana, on Eel River, about 105 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. Pop. 1260.
NORTH MANHEIM, manthIme, a township of Schuylkill   NORTHPORT, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, on
co., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles S. of Pottsville. Pop. 3006.  the N. side of Long Island, 40 miles E. by N. of New York.
NORTH MAN/LIUS, a post-office, Oaondaga co., New York.   NORTHPORT, a post-village in Tuscaloosa co., Alabama,
NORTHI MARI/AVILLE, apost-office of Hancock co., Maine. on Blackwarrior River, 105 miles N.W. of Montgomery.
NORTH-I MAR/SHALL, a post-office, Calhoun co., Michigan.   NORTI-IPORT, a post-village of Noble co., Indiana, on the
NORTH MARSHIFIELD, a post-village of Plymouth co., North Fork of the Elkhart River, 9 miles N.E. of Albion.
Massachusetts, on North RiVer, 21 miles S.E. of Boston.   NORTH POR/TER, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
NORITHMA/VEN or NORTIIMA/VINE, a parish of Scot-   NORTH POTTSfDAM, a post-office of St. Lawrence co.,
land, co. of Shetland, comprising the N. part of Mainland, New York. See RAnKETVILLE.
and a number of environing islands. Rona's Iill, in this   NORTH POW/NAL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.
parish, is about 2000 feet in elevation.                  NORTH POWNAL, a post-office of Bennington co., VerNORTH MEN/DON, a village of Monroe co., New York, 10 mont.
miles S. by E. of Rochester.                              NORTH PRAIRIE, prvree, a post-village of Knox co.,
NORTH MID/DLEBOROUGH, a post-village in Plymouth  Illinois, 56 miles N.W. by W. of Peoria.
co., Massachusetts, 35 miles S. by E. of Boston,          NORTH PRAIRIE STATION, a post-office of Waukesha
NORTH MID/DLETON, a township of Cumberland cn., co., Wisconsin.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 2235.                                  NORTH PRES/COTT, a post-village of Hampshire co.,
NORTH  MIDDLETON, a post-village of Bourbon co., Massachusetts, 75 miles W. by N. of Boston.
Kentucky, 10 miles E. of Paris. It contains 1 academy and    NORTH PROS/PECT, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
2 churches.                                               NORTH PROY/IDENCE, a township of Providence co.,
NORTHMON/MOUTH, apost-office of Kennebec co., Maine. Rhode Island, bordering on Massachusetts, 4 miles N. of
NORTH MONROE, (men-rS/,) post-office, Waldo co., Maine. Providence, intersected by the Boston and Providence RailNORTH MONTPE/LII R, a post-office of Washington co., road. It comprises the greater part of the towh of PawVermont, 6 miles N. of Montpelier.                      tucket. Pop. 7680.
NORTH/MOOR, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         NORTH RAISINVILLE, (rA/zin-vil,) a post-office of Mon.
NORTH MORE/LAND, a township of Wyoming co., Penn- roe co., Michigan.
sylvania. Pop. 756.                                       NORTH RAY/MOND, a post-office, Cumberland co., Maine.
NORTH MOUNT/AIN, Pennsylvania, is situated at the N.   NORTH READING, (ridling,) a post-village and township
extremity of Columbia co., being partly in this and partly  of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on Ipswich River, and on
in Lycoming county. North Mountain is also the name the Salem and Lowell Railroad, 17 miles N. of Boston. Insometimes applied to the northernmost ridge of the Allegha- corporated in 1853.
nies, in Pennsylvania, as contradistinguished from  the    NORTH READING, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
South Mountain.                                           NORTH REHO/BOTH, a post-village of Bristol co., MassaNORTH MOUNTAIN, a post-village of Berkeley co., Vir- chusetts, 38 miles S. by W. of Boston.
ginia, with a station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,   NORTH-REPPS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
26 miles from Harper's Ferry.                             NORTH RIDGE, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.
NORTH MOUNT PLEAS/ANT, a thriving post-village of   NORTH RIDGE/VILLE, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.
Marshall co., Mississippi, on the stage-road fromHolly Springs   NORTH RIDGE/WAY, a post-office of Orleans co., New
to Memphis, (in Tennessee,) 15 miles N.W. of the former.   York.
NORTH NASSAU, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New York.   NORTH RIV/ER, a small stream formed by the junction
NORTH NEW/BURG, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. of its E. and W. branches, which rise in Windham co., VerNORTH NEW/BURY, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio.    mont, falls into Deerfield River, in Franklin county, MasNORTH NEW/PORT, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. sachusetts.
NORTH NEW PORT/LAND, a post-village of Somerset co.,   NORTH RIVER, a small stream of Plymouth co., in the
Maine, about 50 miles N.W. of Augusta. It contains 5 stores, E. part of Massachusetts, flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
and several manufactories. Pop. about 200.                NORTH RIVER, New York. See HuDsoN RIVER.
NORTH NEW/RY, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.       NORTH RIVER, in the central part of Virginia, rises in
NORTH NEW  SA/LEM, a post-village of Franklin co., Augusta co., among the Alleghany Mountains, flows southMassachusetts, 75 miles W. by N. of Boston.             ward through Rockbridge county, passes by Lexington, and
NORTH NOR/WAY, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.    enters James River immediately above its passage through
NORTH NOR/WICH, a post-township in the N.E. part of  the Blue Ridge, near the northern extremity of Bedford
Chenango co., New York, has a village of the same name on  county. This stream, in its upper part, is called the Calfthe Chenango Canal, 45 miles S.S.W. of Utica. Pop. 1172.   pasture River. The whole length is about 100 miles.
NORTH NORWICH, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio.        NORTH RIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia. This name
NORTHIOP, a larish of North Wales, co. of Flint.      is frequently applied to the Rappahannock, above the mouth
NORTH OR/ANGE, a post-village of Franklin co., Massa- of the Rapidan. It is formed by Hedgman's and Thornton's
chusetts, 72 miles W. by N. of Boston.                  Rivers, which unite on the boundary between Culpepper
NOR/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, with  and Fauquier counties. See RAPPrAHANNCK.
a station on the Lincolnshire Railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of   NORTH RIVER, of Hampshire co., Virginia, is an affluent
Gainsborough.                                           of the Great Cacapon River.
NORTH OR/WELL, a small post-village of Bradford co.,   NORTH RIVER, of Rockingham co., Virginia, one of the
Pennsylvania.                                           head streams of the Shenandoah proper, flows south-east,
NORTH/OVER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.     ward and unites with the Middle and South Rivers, near
NORTH OX/FORD, a post-village in Worcester co., Massa- Port Republic. in the county just named. It furnishes
chusetts, 50 miles W. by S. of Boston.                  excellent water-power.
NORTH PALER/MO, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.      NORTH RIVER, a small stream of Alabama, flows into
NORTH PAR/IS, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, on  Blackwarrior River, a few miles above Tuscaloosa.
the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 55 miles N. by W.   NORTII RIVER, Iowa, sometimes called UPPER THREE,
of Portland.                                            rises in the W. central part of the state, and enters Des
NORTH PAR/MA, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.  Moines River in Polk county.
NORTH PAR/SONFIELD, a post-village of York co., Maine,   NORTH RIVER, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.
80 miles S.W. of Augusta.                                  NORTH RIVER MEET/ING HOUSE, a post-office of HampNORTH PEM/BROKE, post-office, Genesee co., New York. shire co., Virginia.
NORTH PENN, a township within the chartered limits   NORTI RIVER MILLS, a post-office of Hampshire co.,
of Philadelphia city, Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. of the  Virginia, 178 miles N.W. of Richmond.
State House. Pop. 2687.                                   NORTH ROCH/ESTER, a post-village in Plymouth co.,
NORTH PENOB/SCOT, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. Massachusetts, 46 miles S. by E. of Boston.
NORTtHT PER/RY, a post-office of Lake co., Ohio.        NORTH ROME, a small post-village of Bradford co., PennNORTH PINE GROVE, a post-office of Clarion co., Penn- sylvania.
sylvania.    -NORTH ROYIALTON, a postoffice of Cuyahoga co., Ohio.
NORTH PITCHI/ER, a post-office, (henango co., New York.   NORTHT RUS/SELL, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New
NORTH PITT/SON, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.  York.
NORTH PLAINS, a post-township forming the N.E. extre-   NORTH SAILEM, a post-office of Rockingham  co., New
inity of Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 292.                 Hampshire.
NORTH PLYMP/TON, a post-village of Plymouth co., Mas-   NORTH SALEM, a poht-villaoe and town.hip of Westsachusetts, 32 miles $.S.E. of Boston.                  chester co., New York, about 110 miles S. by E. of Albany.
1359




NOR                                                      NOR
The village has several churches, and an academy.  The    NORTH  SPRINGIFIELD, a post-office of Windsor co.,
Harlem Railroad runs along the. W. border of the township. Vermont.
Pop. 1335.                                                  NORTH SPRINGFIELD, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio.
NORTH SALEM, a post-village of Hendricks co., Indiana,   NORTH STAM/FORD, a post-village in Fairfield co., Con80 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis.                          necticut, 40 miles S.E. by E. of New HIaven.
NORTH  SALUT/DA, a post-office of Greenville district,   NORTH STAR, a post-office, Washington co., Pennsylvania.
South Carolina.                                             NORTH STAR, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.
NORTH SAN/BORNTON, a post-office of Belknap co., New    NORTH STEPHENTOWN, (steetven-t6wn,) a post-office of
I-hampshire.                                              Rensselaer co., New York.
NORTII SAND/WICH, a post-village in Carroll co., New    NORTH STERILING, a post-office, Cayuga co., New York.
Hampshire.                                                  NORTH STOCKIHOLM, a post-office of St. Lawrence co.,
NORTH  SANDWICH, a post-village in Barnstable co., New York, located at Knapp's Station, on the Northern
Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod Railroad, 58 miles S.S.E. of  Railroad, 3 miles from Potsdam.
Boston.                                                     NORTH STO/NINGTON, a post-township of New London
NORTH SCITUATE, (situ-,At,) a post-village in Plymouth  co., Connecticut, 17 miles N.E. of NewLondon. Pop. 1936.
co., Massachusetts, 20 miles S.E. of Boston.                NORTH STRABANE, (str.-bdnt,) a township of WashingNORTH1   SCITUATE, a post-village in Providence co., ton co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1210.
Rhode Island, 10 miles W. of Providence. It contains an    NORTH STRAF/FORD, a post-office of Strafford co., New
academy, and has extensive print-works, and manufactures  Hampshire.
muslin de laines, &c.                                       NORTH STUKELEY, stftklee, a post-village of Canada
NORTH SEA or GERIMAN OCEAN (Ger. Deutsches Meer, East, co. of Shefford, 24 miles W. of Sherbrooke, and 66
doitshles main; Dutch.Arord Zee, noat zA; Fr. Mer-du-Nordl, miles from Montreal, Pop. of the township, about 2100.
main duii non; anc. Germanlicsem  Mi/re or Germanliceus Ocel-   NORTH SUDBURY, (sted/ber-e,) a post-village in Middleanus,) an arm or portion of the Atlantic Ocean, extending  sex co., Massachusetts, 23 miles W. by N. of Boston.
from the Strait of Dover to the Shetland Islands; bounded E.   NORTH SULPHUR, a post-office of Fannin co,, Texas.
by Norway and Denmark, S. by Hanover, the Netherlands,   NORTH SWANSEA, swanfsee, a post-village in Bristol co.,
Belgium, and France, and W. by the British Islands; length  Massachusetts, 46 miles S. by W. of Boston.
700 miles, extreme breadth 420 miles. On the N.E. it forms    NORTH TEWKSIBURY, a post-village of Middlesex co.,
a wide arm called the Skager-rack, 60 miles broad, which  Massachusetts, 25 miles N.N.W. of Boston.
separates Norway from Denmark. This again communicates    NORTH THET1FORD, a post-village of Orange co., Versouthward with the Cattegat or Kattegat, a great arm of the  ment, with a station on the Connecticut and Passumpsio
North Sea, between Sweden on the E., the Danish Islands on  Rivers Railroad, 3 miles from Thetford.
the S., and the peninsula of Jutlan'd on the W. The Cattegat   NORTH TOWAN/DA, a post-office of Bradford co., Penncommunicates with. the Baltic by the 3 straits called the  sylvania.
Sound or Ore Sund, and the Great and Little Belts, and    NORTH TROY, a post-office of Orleans co., Vermont.
contains the islands Lessoe, Anholt, and Samsee, near which    NORTH TRUIRO, a post-village in Barnstable co., Massalatter is the small island of Kyholm, which, since 1831, has  chusetts, 60 miles S.E. of Boston.
been a great quarantine station for all ships entering the    NORTH TURNIBRIDGE, a post-office, Oxford co., Vermont.
Danish seas. The shores of all the countries that surround    NORTH TURTNER, a post-village in Turner township,
the North Sea are deeply indented with bays, fiords, inlets, Oxford co., Maine, on Martin's Stream, which enters Seventy
and large estuaries. The water is deepest on the Norwegian  Mile River, an affluent of the Androscoggin. It contains 1
side, where the soundings give 190 fathoms; but the mean  store, a large shoe factory, saw and grist mill, shingle
depth of the whole basin may be stated at no more than 31  machine, carding-mill, and machinery for carriages and
fathoms. The bed of this sea is traversed by several enor- sleighs. Pop. about 200.
mous banks, one of which, occupying a central position,   NORTH  TURNER BRIDGE, a post-village in Turner
trends from the Frith of Forth, Scotland, in a N.E. direction, township, Oxford co., Maine, on the Androscoggin, which is
to a distance of 110 miles; others run from Denmark and  here crossed by a toll bridge. It contains a store, and 100
Jutland upwards of 105 miles to the N.W.; while the greatest inhabitants.
of all, the Dogger Bank, occupies the centre of the sea, from    NORTIH TWO RIVER, of Missouri, a small stream rising
lat. 540 10' to 570 24' N., and ion. 10 to 60 7' E. The great in the N.E. part of the state, and flowing through Marion
oceanic tidal wave, which originates in the Atlantic, having  co., into the Mississippi, 3 miles above Marion City. The
swept the W. coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, enters  South Two River enters the Mississippi, half a mile farther
the N. extremity of the North Sea, giving high water nearly  down.
simultaneously to the opposite shores of'Scotland and Nor-   NORTHUMBERLAND, nor-thflmlber-land, (L. NsorthunLway. Pursuing its course along the coasts of the former bria,) the most N. county of England, having N.W. Scotland,
and of England, on which it strikes very directly, and with  and E. the North Sea. Area 1952 square miles, or 1,197,440
great force, it rules the tides as far S. as the Thames, making  acres, about 150,000 of which are arable. Pop. in 1851,303,568.
the tour of Great Britain in 18 hours. It determines also  Surface in the W. occupied by the Cheviot Mountains and by
the tides of'Belgium, from Ostend to Dunkirlk: and does wild moorlands, spurs of which stretch eastward through
not cease to affect, though it does not rule, the tides of the  the county, but are separated by. fine valleys, which on the
continent through the channel. On entering the North  E. coast expand into broad leveltracts. Coast line in parts
Sea, on the N. of Scotland, the tidal wave does not exceed  very bold and rugged; in other parts indented by noble
12 feet, but gradually increases to 14, 16, 18, and on the  estuaries.  Chief rivers, the Tyne, Coquet, Alne, Blyth,
Humber, to 20 feet; a difference of height depending on the Wansbreck, and Till. The principal mineral is coal, for the
figure of the shore, the form of the bottom, and the direction  export of which, this county is pre-eminently noted. Lead
of incidence of the wave. The fisheries in this sea are exten- and iron are also wrought. Manufactures chiefly confined
sive, as well on the Dogger Bank, celebrated for its cod  to Newcastle. The Newcastle and Carlisle, Great North of
fishery, as on all the shores that bound it: they are still England, Newcastle and Berwick, and Caledonian Railways
greater at its N. extremity, in the direction of the Orkney  traverse this county, and many small railways connect the
and Shetland Isles.                                       coal-pits with the rivers. Principal towns, Newcastle, TyneNORTH SEARSIMONT, a post-village in Waldo co., Maine. mouth, North Shields, Alnwick, Hexham, and Morpeth.
NORTH SEARS/PORT, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.   The N. and S. divisions of the county each send 2 members
NORTII SEDG/WICK, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine. to the House of Commons, and its boroughs (exclusive of
NORTh SEWtICKLEY, a post-township in the N. part of  Berwiak) send 4 members. Under the Britons NorthumBeaver co., Pennsylvania, on Beaver River. Pop. 1018.     berland formed part of the confederacy of the Brigantes:
NORTH SHAPLEIGH, (shapflee,) a post-office of'York co., under the Heptarchy it formed a part of the kingdom of
Maine.                                                    Northumbria. After the conquest, it was granted to the
NORTH SHEF/FIELD, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio. illustrious family of Percy, to-a descendant of whom, through
NORTI SIELIDON, a post-office, Wyoming co., New York. a female branch, it still gives the title of Duke. —— Adj. and
NORTIH SHENANIGO, a township of Crawford co., Penn- inhab. NORTHUMBRIAN, nor-thfam/bre-an.
sylvania. Pop. 825.                                         NORTHUM/BERLAND, a county in the E. central part
NORTH  SHER/BURNE, a post-office of Rutland co., of Pennsylvania, has an area of 500 square miles. The
Vermont.                                                  West Branch of the Susquehanna River washes its W. borNORTH SHORE, a post-office of Richmond co., New York. der, and the North Branch of that iver flows through the
NORTH SIDNEY, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.    middle; these two, uniting at Northumberland, form the
NORTHi SLIPIPERY ROCK, a township of Lawrence co., Susquehanna proper. It is also drained by Shamokin, Ma.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 2254.                                 hanoy, and Mahantaugo Creeks. The southern part of the
NORTHI SMITIh/FIELD, a small post-village of Bradford  county is traversed by barren mountain ridges, named Shaco., Pennsylvania.                                       mokin Hill, Mahanoy and Line Mountains. Some of the
NORTH S05/IERS, (setm/erz,) a post-office of Tolland co., valleys are highly productive. Extensive beds of anthracite
Connecticut.                                             coal are worked near Shamokin, in the S.E. part. Iron ore
NORTIH SPARTTA, a post-office, Livingston co., New York. and limestone are abundant. The North Branch Canal
NROtI{H SPEN/CER, a post-village in Worcester co., Mas- passes through the county, and connects near Sunbury
sachusetts, 53 miles W. by S. of Boston.                 with the West Branch Canal. A railroad extends fromn
NORTIHI SIRILNG, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.  the coal-mines of Shamokin to the county seat; and a rail
1360




NOR                                                    NOR
road is now in progress of construction from Sunbury toI the river gives motion to mills and factories of various kinds.
Erie on one hand, and to Philadelphia on the other. Or- The village has several churches.
ganized in 1772, and named from Northumberland, a county   NORTHVILLE, post-township, La Salle co., Illinois. P. 951.
of England. Capital, Sunbury. Pop. 23,272.                NORTHVILLE, a post-village of La Salle co.. Illinois, near
NORTHUMBERLAND, a county in the E. part of Virginia, Fox River, 65 miles S.S.W. of Chicago.
bordering on Chesapeake Bay and on the estuary of the Po-   NORTH WAKEFIELD, (wAlk/feeld,) a post-office of Carroll
tomac River, has an area of150 square miles. Its eastern  co., New Hampshire.
outline is indented by several inlets, two of which are called    NORTH WAI/DOBOROUGH, a post-village of Lincoln co.,
the Coan and Wicomico Rivers. The surface is somewhat Maine, 25 miles E.S.E. of Augusta.
undulating, and the soil of medium quality. Formed in    NORTH WALES. See WALES.
1648. Capital, Ileathsville. Pop. 7346; of whom 3591 were   NORTH WARDS/BOROUGH, a post-village of VIndham
free, and 3755 slaves.                                  co., Vermont. It has manufactures of leather, cabinetware,
NORTHUMBERLAND, a post-village and township of  and carriages.
Coos co., New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connecticut   NORTH WASH/INGTON, a post-office, Lincoln co., Maine.
River, and on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, about   NORTH WASHINGTON, a village of Butler co., Pennsyl110 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 429.                      vania, 14 miles N.E. by E. of Butler.
NORTHUMBERLAND, a post-township on the E. border   NORTH WASHINGTON, a post-village of Westmoreland
of Saratoga co., New York, on the Hudson River, intersected  Co., Pennsylvania, 25 miles E. by N. of Pittsburg.
by the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 40 miles N. by    NORTH WATERFORD, (wa/ter-f9rd,) a post-office of Oxford
E. of Albany. Pop. 1775.                                co., Maine.
NORTHTIUMBERLAN~)D,.s post-borough of Point township,   NORTH WAYNE, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.
Northumberland county, Pnnsyivania, is built on the point   NORTH WEARE, wr, a post-village of Hillsborough co.,
of land formed by the confluence of the two branches of the  New Hampshire, on the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers
Susquehanna River, one mile above Sunbury. This town  Railroad, 19 miles from Manchester.
occupies one of the most beautiful situations in the state,   NORTH-WEST, a post-township, forming the N.W. extrecombining the charms of river and mountain scenery in a  mity of Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 343.
high degree. It contains a town-hall, 5 churches, I bank,   NORTH-WEST, a township, Orange co., Indiana. P. 1245.
and an academy. A handsome bridge crosses the river here.   NORTH-WEST BRIDGEfWATER, a post-office of PlyRailroads have been commenced which will connect the mouth co., Massachusetts.
town with the principal markets of the state. Pop. in 1850,   NORTH-WESTIERN, a post-office, Oneida co., New York.
1141; in 1853, 1100.                                      NORTH-WEST MINE, a post-office of Houghton co., MiNORTHUM/BERLAND, a county of Canada West, lying  chigan.
upon the N. shore of Lake Ontario, comprises an area of    NORTH-WEST RIVER BRIDGE, a post-office of Norfolk
730 square miles. Rice Lake is in the N. part of this county, co., Virginia.
and numerous small streams flow thence to Lake Ontario.   NORTH-WEST TERVRITORY, the name originally given
The county is intersected by 2 railroads leading from Peter- to the Territory of Wisconsin.
borough to Lake Ontario, and one leading from Kingston    NORTH-WEST TERRITORY, the name sometimes apto Toronto. Capital, Cobourg. Pop. 31,229.              plied to British America, W. of Canada, the great lakes
NORTHUM/BERLAND, an extensive maritime county of and Moose River.
New Brunswick, bordering on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It   NORTH WETH/ERSFIELD, a post-office of Wyoming Co.,
is drained by the beautiful rivar Miramichi, forming at its New York.'mouth the extensive harbor of the same name. The river   NORTH WEYMOUTH, wA/mgth, a post-village of Norfolk
is 9 miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for vessels of co., Massachusetts, on the South Shore Railroad, 18 miles S.
the largest class 30 miles. Northumberland is one of the by WV. of Boston. It has several boot and shod factories.
best watered and most heavily timbered counties in New    NORTH WHAB/TON, a post-office of Potter co., PennBrunswick, and its commerce, already extensive, is annu- sylvania.
ally increasing. Capital, Miramichi. Pop. in 1851,15,064.    NORTH WHITE CREEK, a post-village of Washington
NORTIIUMBERLAND, a maritime county of New South  co., New York, about 36 miles N.E. of Albany. It contains
Wales, East Australia, having on the N. the Hunter River, churches of 4 or 5 denominations, and several stores and
S. the Hawkesbury River, and on the E. the ocean. Area  factories.' Pop. about 800.
2342 square miles.  Pop. 13,335.  Surface mountainous.   NORTH WHITE/FIELD, a post-office ofLincoln co., Maine.
Coal is a highly import-.it product, and exported from New-   NORTH WHITEII/HALL, a post-township of Lehigh co.,
castle, on the Hunter; besides which town, this county  Pennsylvania, 8 miles N.W. of Allentown. Pop. 2955.
contains Maitland, Singleton, Morpeth, &c. It returns 2    NORTH/WICII, a market-town of England, co. and 171
members to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1 miles E.N.E. of Chester, on the river Weaver and the Grand
for the county, and 1 for its boroughs.                 Trunk Canal. Pop. in 1851, 1377. It has a large ancient
NORTHUMtBEIRLAND IN/LET, British North America, a church, grotesquely decorated, a grammar school, a union
bay W. of Cumberland Island, and N. of Frobisher Strait, workhouse, branch bank, large dock-yards for building flats
its entrance in lat. 650 N., lon. 650 W.                 employed in carrying salt, with very extensive manufacNORTHUM/BERLAND ISLANDS, are off the E. coast of tures and exports of that article obtained from contiguous
Australia; lat. 210 30' S., Ion. 1500 E.                 mines, and very productive brine springs.
NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT, of British North America,   NORTH WIL/NA, a post-village of Wilna township, Jefseparates Prince Edward's Island from New Brunswick and  ferson co., New York, about 20 miles E.N.E. of Watertown.
Nova Scotia.                                              NORTIH WIL'TON, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.
NORTHIUMBRIA. See NORTRUMaBERLAND.                      NORTIH WILTON, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.
NORTH UINION, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.      NORTHI WIND/HAM, a post-office, Cumberland co., Maine.
NORTH UNION, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.      NORTIH WINDHAM, a post-village of Windham co., ConNORTH UNIONTOWN, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio. necticut, 30 miles E. by S. of Hartford.
NORTH URBA/NA, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.   NORTH WIN/FIELD, a post-office of Herkimer co., New
NORTH UJ/BRIDGE, a post-village of Worcester co., Mas- York.
sachusetts.                                               NORTH W0OBURN, a post-office of Middlesex co., MassaNORTH VASt'SALBOROUGH, a post-office of Kennebec chusetts.
co., Maine.                                                NORTHIWOLD, a parishof England, co. of Norfolk.
NORTH VERINON, a post-office, Shiawassee co., Michigan.   NORTH WOLFiBOROUGH, a post-office of Carroll co., New
NORTH VERNON, a village of Vernon township, Jen- Hampshire.
nings co., Indiana, on the Madison and Indianapolis Rail-   NORTH/WOOD, a parish of the Isle of Wight.
road, where it is crossed by the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad,   NORTH/WOOD, a township  of Rockingham  co., New
about 25 miles from Cincinnati.                          Hampshire, 20 miles E. of Concord. Pop. 1308.
NORTH VIL/LAGE, a village of Worcester co., Massachu-   NORTHWOOD, a village of Logan co., Ohio, 64 miles N.W.
setts, on the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 15 miles from  of Columbus, contains a college and female seminary.
Worcester.                                                 NORTH WOOD/BERRY, a township of Blair co., PennNORTH/VILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti- sylvania. Pop. 1836.
cut, on the Housatonic River.                              NORTH WOOD/STOCK, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
NORTHVILLE, a thriving post-village of Cayuga co., New    NORTH WOODSTOCK, a post-village of Windham  co.,
York, 2 miles E. of Cayuga Lake, and 20 miles S. by WV. of  Connecticut, 40 miles E.N.E. of IHartford.
Auburn. The name of the post-office is King's Ferry.       NORThI WRETIL/AM, a post-village of Norfolk co, MasNORTHVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co., New York, on  sachusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad, 23 miles from
the Sacondaga River, 55 miles N.W. of Albany.            Boston.
NORTHVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., Pennsylvania.    NORTH YAR/MOUTH, a post-township of Cumberland
NORTHVILLE, a village of Plymouth co., Massadhusetts, co., Maine, on Casco Bay, 44 miles S. by W. of Augusta,
on a branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 5 miles fiom Bridge- intersected by the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad
water.                                                   Pop. 1121.
NORTHVILLE, a post-village of Plymouth  township,   NOR/TON, a village and parish of England, co. of Derby,
Wayne co., Michigan, on the W. branch of Rouge River, 27 4 miles S. by E. of Sheffield. has a fine old church ef the
miles W.N.W. of Detroit. The extensive water-power of 15th century, Wesleyan and Unitarian chapels. Sir Francis
4L                                                                     1361




NOE                             N0OR
Chantrey, the sculptor, was born and is buried at Norton.   NORIPJVELL, a post-office of Jackson co., Michigin.
Pop. in 1851, 1908.                                          NORWALK, nortw6k, a river of Connecticut, falls into
NORTON, a village and parish of England, co. and 16 Long Island Sound, a few miles below Norwalk.
miles N.E. of York, on the Derwent, opposite to Malton.   NORWALK, a post-borough and township of Fairfield co.,
I'op. 1644.                                                Connecticut, on both sides of Norwalk River, at the junction
NORTON, a township of England, co. of Hereford.         of the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad with the New York
NORTON, a township of England, co. of York, West and New Haven Railroad, 32 miles W.S.W. of New Haven.
Riding.                                                    Vessels drawing 6 feet of water come up to the borough.
NORTON, a parish of England- co. of Gloucester.         It has 3 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a bank, and a Union
NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.               school'numbering some 600 pupils, with one of the finest
NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.              edifices in the state. Manufacturing  of various kinds is carNORTON, a parish of England, co. of Herts.              ried on in the township, which, in 1850, had a population
NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                of 4651.
NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.'            NORWALK, a handsome post-village and township, capiNORTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.         tal of Huron county, Ohio, on the Cleveland Norwalk and
NORTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.             Toledo Railroad, 100 miles N. by E. of Columbus. The vilNORTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.          lage  extends along a sandy ridge, and is built principally
NORTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, on a single street, which is shaded with a double row of
forming a suburb of New M5alton, with which it is connected  maple trees. Much taste is displayed in the construction
by a bridge over the Derwent.                              of churches and private residences. The village is also noted
NORTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.          for its educational advantages; the Norwalk Institute and
NORITON, a township of Essex county, Vermont, on the  the Norwalk  Female Seminary are well-conducted and
Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad.                        flourishing institutions. It contains 2 banks, 2 newspaper
NORTON, a post-village and township of Bristol co., Mas- offices, and the machine-shops of the railroad company.
sachusetts, on the Taunton Branch Railroad, 27 miles S.W. Pop. of the township in 1850,2613; of the village, 1440; in
of Boston. It contains a thriving female seminary, and has 1853, about 1600.
manufactures of cotton goods and other articles. Pop. 1966.    NORWALK LIGHT, at the entrance of Norwalk Harbor,
NORTON, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, on the  Connecticut. Lat. 410 2' 50' N., ion. 730 25' 351/' W.
Whetstone River, 3-1 miles N. of Columbus.                   NORWAY. nor/wA, (Nor., Dan. and Sw. Norge, noR/gA; Ger.
NORTON, a township of Summit co., Ohio. Pop. 1479.   Nwrwegen, norJgAtghen; Dutch, Noorwegen, nuR/wA-ghen;
NORTON, a township in the N.W. part of Ottawa co., Mi- Fr. Norvege or Nsorwjge, noRavaizh!; Sp. NToruega, noa-wiAg&;
chigan.                                                   It. Nrorvegia, nor-vA/je-; L. Norwelgia; anc. Nerigonia?) a
NORtTON-BAVANT!, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   country forming the N.W. extremity of Europe, and occupyNORTON-BISHI/OPS, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.  nlug the N.W. and W. part of the Scandinavian peninsula.
NORTON-BRIZE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        It extends from lat. 510 to 710 11 40" N., and from ion. 30 50,
NORTON-BY-KEM/iSEY, a parish of England, co. of Wor- to 300 50' E.; bounded on the N.E. by Russian Lapland, E.
cester.                                                   by Sweden, and washed on all other sides by the sea-by
NORTON-CANES, norlton-kinz, a parish of England, co. the Arctic Ocean on the N., the Atlantic Ocean and the
of Stafford.                                               North Sea on the N.W. and W., and by the Skager-Rack on
NORTON-CAN/ON, a parish of England, co. of Ilereford.  the S. It is remarkable among all the countries of Europe
NORTON-CENTRE, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio, 120  for its great length in proportion to its breadth; from the
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                    Naze or Cape Lindesnaes on the S., to a point adjoining the -
NORTON-CHIPiPING, a parish, borough, and market- North Cape, the length from  S.S.W. to N.N.E. is about
town of England, co. and 20 miles N.N.W. of Oxford. Pop. 1080 miles; greatest breadth, measured nearly on the parallel
of borough in 1851, 2932. The town consists of one large  of 600, is about 275 miles; but, towards the N., its breadth
street, with a fine Gothic church, free grammar school, and  in some places is contracted to 20 miles; area estimated at
almshouse. Three miles W. are some curious Druidical re- 123.386 square miles.
mains.                                 The coast-line consists, for the most part, of bold precipiNORTON-DIS/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   tons cliffs; and is remarkable, both'for the innumerable
NORTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   islands by which it is lined, and the bays or fiords, which
NORTON-FITZ/tWARREN, a parish of England, co. of  deeply indent it in all directions, but generally from W. to
Somerset.                                                 E., in the direction in which the great ocean-wave is dashed
NORTON HILL, a post-office of Greene co., New York.    upon it. The chief of these are-from S. to N., the BukkeNORTON-HOOK, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        fiord, Hardanger; Trondhjem, Saltens, Ofoden, Porsang, and
NORTON-IN-IIALES, a parish of England, co. of Salop.   Varanger fiords. The most extensive gulf on the S. coast
NORTON-KINGS. See KRNG's NORTON.                        is that of Christiania. Numerous peninsulas separate the
NORITON-LINDVSEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. fiords; among the most rem:rkable of which are Cape NordNORTON-MALIREWARD, a parish of England, co. of So-  Kyn on the N., and Cape Stadt on the W. coast. Some of
merset.                                                   the fiords form excellent harbors; but the immense numNOR/TONT-MANIDEVILLE, a parish of England, co. of  her of mountainous islands and rocky islets which border
Essex.                                                    the coast, render access difficult. The largest of these archiNOR/TON-MIDiSOMER, a village and parish of England, pelagoes are the Loffoden Islands, separated from the contico. of Somerset, 9 miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. 3509.         nent by the Vest-fiord; and, further N., the islands of MaNORTON-ON-THE-MOORS, a parish of England, co. of  gerbe, Sorbe, Ringvalsie, Ilvalbe, and Senjen.  Between
Stafford.                                                 these island groups and the continent, there is a wide passage
NOR/TON-PUDBDING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. for coasting vessels.
NOR/TON SOUND, a large inlet of Behring Sea, Russian   PFace of the Country, Mountains, &c. —The surface of NorAmerica, between lat. 620 and 650 N., and ion. 1610 and  way is very mountainous, particularly in the W. and N.,
1670 W. It is formed by Cape Rodney on the N., and Cape where, in many places, are lofty summits, rising abruptly
Romanoff on the S., between which its width is 200 miles. from the surrounding levels; but mountain chains, properly
It penetrates inland for about 200 miles, gradually narrow- so called, hare no existence, and the true character of the
ing till it terminates almost in a point. It was discovered  surface is that of a series of elevated plateaus, from which
by Captain Cook in 1778.                                   mountain masses rise with the greatest irregularity, and so
NOR/TON'S MILLS, a post-office of Ontario co., New York. isolated from each other, that it is impossible to point out
NORITON ST. PHIILtIP, a small market-town and parish  any central axes of which the other mountains in their
of England. co. of Somerset, 6 miles S.S.E. of Bath.       vicinity can be considered as ramifications. The plateaus
NOR/TON-SUB/COURSE, a parish of England, co. Norfolk. referred to seem to admit of being reduced to six:-I. The
NOR/TONSVILLE,,   a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia. Plateau of Finmark.  2. The Plateau of Nordland and
NOIITON-TALIGATE, an extra parochial district of Eng- Trondhjem, extending to the Trondhjem  fiord and Lake
land, co. of Middlesex, 11 miles N.E. of St. Paul's, London. Storsjln. Its loftiest summits are in the vicinity of the icy
NOR/TON-uNDRa-HAMB/DON, a parish of England, co. mountain of Sulitelma, the top of which is 6342 feet high.
of Somerset.                                               Though not one of the loftiest, yet one of the most reNOR/TONVILLE, a post-office of Ottawa co., Michigan, markable-looking mountains in this plateau, is that of
about 90 miles N.W. of Lansing.                            Kilhorn. shooting up in a pyramidal form, with a bar'.
NORUEGA, a country of Europe. See NORwAv.                jagged, and sharp peak; at about three-fourths of its height
NORUNGA, no-rirng/gA, a town of British India, presidency  occurs a large perforation, producing a very extraordinary
of Bengal, province and district of Bahar, 80 miles S.S.W. effect when the sun is seen streaming through it. 3. The
of Patna.                                                  Dovrefield Plateau, with its lofty peaks of Sneehweten,
NORUNGABAD, no-rln'g-gg-bgd/, a town of British India, (8115 feet,) Skrimkolla. Stenkolla, and Nunsfield, the lowest
Upper Provinces, district and 5 miles S.E. of Mathura.    of which is nearly 7000 feet in elevation. 4. The Plateau of
NOR/IVAL, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Halton, Langfield, containing the Galdhiippigen, stated by Do La
31 miles W. of Toronto, and 34 miles from Hamilton. Pop. Roquette to be about 8785 feet high, making it the loftiest
abshout 300.                                              in the Scandinavian Peninsula, though this distinction has
NORVECGE and NORV'EGIA. See NnawA~.                     hitherto been assigned to Skagtbls-tind, 8390 feet in height.
NORVEGIEN, NORVEGIANO. See NoRwAT.                      The IHornelen is a curious isolated mass, terminating in a
1362
L~c~




NOR                                                         NOR
sharp, jagged peak, 2705 feet high, and nearly overhanging  munication in winter, when they -are covered with strong
the sea, at the E. extremity of the island of Bremanger. ice.
5. The Plateau of Fillefield, situated between the Sogne-Fiord,   The same causes which prevent Norway from having large
the Valley of Valdre, the fiords of Rand Tyri and Christiania,  rivers are favorable to the formation of lakes; the isolated
the Skagter-Rack, and the German Ocean. This plateau is bases of the mountains constituting numerous and extensive
much less elevated than the others already mentioned; the  reservoirs, in which the waters are, in the first instance,
whole country gradually slopes from the N., towards the E. accumulated; accordingly, they are scattered over every
and S.E., and ultimately subsiding so much as in some places part of the country. Among the principal may be mento assume the appearance of moderately elevated plains. Its  tinned the Rys Vand, Snaassen Vaud, and Midisen Vand.
loftiest summits-the Skogshorn, IHogloftsteg, and Gousta  Many of them are situated at great elevations in the table-are all about 6000 feet; and several others exceed 5000  land: among these the Bygdinsee, from 15 to 20 miles long,
feet; but the average height is very much lower. 6. This, is 3490 feet above the sea.
which may be called the East Plateau,' lying still more in    Climate. —Nearly one-third of the whole of Norway is situthe direction of the general slope, is the lowest of all, and  ated within the frozen zone, and the northern extremity is
is continued into Sweden, where its direction may be traced  within the region of perpetual snow. Various causes, howbylthe chain of lakes which stretch across that country, ever, contribute to modify the temperature. One of these is
and by several wide valleys, with so little declivity as to  the great extent of sea-coast, and the large extent of surface
render the streams which water them comparatively sluggish. occupied by water, and more especially by the fiords which
In general, however, the face of the country is rugged; the  are in immediate communication with the ocean; the tentvalleys are short and' abrupt; and the streams, dashing  perature of which, naturally higher than that of the land
down impetuously through rocky gorges, form  numerous  during the season of winter, is further increased by the
cascades; while the fiords, overhung by lofty precipices or  Gulf-stream, the influence of which is sensibly felt on the
towering forests, and the deep and extensive lakes, embo- W. coast. The snow line is much higher here than in corsomed among the mountains, furnish alpine scenes of the  responding latitudes in other countries: in lat. 610 it is
wildest magnificence. Vast glaciers descend from the South  5500 feet; and in lat. 7f0, 3500 feet above the sea. In SibePlateau; the largest of these are the Folgefonden, in Ilar-  rina, the cultivation of grain ceases at let. 600; while in
danger, lat. 600 N., which descends to 5100 feet, and the Snae- Norway it extends to lat. 700 N. The sea never freezes,
breen, N. of Sogne-Fiord. The only plains are those formed  even at North Cape, but the shallow water of the Skagerby the table-lands between the stifts of Aggershuus and  Rack is occasionally frozen in winter. The following Table
Bergen, which extend from  60 to 80 miles in length, and  gives the mean temperature at several places in Norway,
have an elevation of from 3600 to 4620 feet. The isolated  in different latitudes, for the year, for the winter, and for
mountain peaks on these table-lands rise far above the snow  the summer:line. The principal valleys are confined to the E. side of the
peninsula; the longest is the Osterdal, watered by the
Glommen, which, with its continuation, the Sol and Oudal,              North Latitude.   Year.    Winter.   Summer.
is 280 miles in length. The next in extent and the most
fertile, is the Guldbrandsdal, watered by the Lougen. Nar-  Nrt Cape    I                o2          2          440
Trondhjem    630 30'        400         4         59240
row belts between the coasts, and the commencement of the   Ullensvtng   600  450    ]                4          9600
plateaus, are the only low lands in Norway;' the most ex-  Christiania   590 54' 42"     420         410        60e 
tensive of these surrounds the Gulf of Trondhjem.
Geology and Minerals. —The prevailing rocks of Norway
are gnelss and mica-slate, of which all the loftier mountains    The year is nearly divided between winter and summer;
are composed. Granite is of comparatively rare occurrence.  spring is almost unknown, and the autumn is cold and
On some of the plateaus, blocks of conglomerate occupy a  rigorous; snow covers the ground from  the beginning of
large part of the surface. Porphyry, argillaceous schist, November till the end of March. In January and February,
and limestone occur, but in very limited quantities; and  the temperature is usually from 140 to 180, and often as
rocks of volcanic formation are so rare, that their existence  low as 20 Fahrenheit.  Summer lasts from May to Septemwas at one time altogether denied. It would seem, however, her, during which the temperature is often as high as 108c
that trap, apparently formed out of ancient lava, is met Fahrenheit. In the month of March the surface is strewed
with; and some geologists have even thought that they  with ashes, earth, or sand, by which means the snow is
have discovered visible traces of volcanoes. The minerals  melted, and from this process, combined with the great heat
are both numerous and abundant; and where the means  and the length of the day, 8 to 12 weeks are sometimes
of transport exist, can generally be worked to great advan- sufficient for sowing, ripening, and reaping, the crops in the
tage, both from the facilities which the nature of the ground  interior.  The climate of the W. coast, though milder than
affords for draining mines, without expensive engines, and  that of the S. or the interior, is deteriorated by excessive
the inexhaustible supplies of fuel furnished by the forests; humidity; the W. wind, blowing over the Atlantic, carries
the very refuse of which, after the finer timber has been  moisture, which is intercepted by the mountains, and precarried away, thus forms an item of no small value. The  cipitated in the form of rain, to the amount of 80 inches
only mines in operation are those of silver, copper, iron, annually; while the E. wind brings extreme drought.
cobalt, and chrome. The chief product is iron, the mines    Vegetation, Agriculture, &c.-The large portion of the
of which are situated mostly in the Gulf of Christiania; country situated within the limits of perpetual snow, and
the silver-mine of Kongsberg is, at present, one of the richest  the sterile and rugged n'tture of a still larger portion,
in Europe, and, next to the copper-mine of Roraas, the most greatly limits the range of vegetation and of regular culimportant in the kingdom. The other minerals worthy of  ture. Among trees, the pine tribe are the most numerous,
notice are alum and marble,                                 and clothe the mountain slopes with magnificent forests.
Rivers and Lakes.-The short distance at which the W. The fir, which is found in lat. 600 20', at an elevation of 4000
slope of the E. plateau lies from  the W. coast, leaves little  feet; and the pine, (pinus sylvestris,) form vast and valuable
room for the development of large rivers, but gives rise to  forests in Aggershuus, Christiansand, ad Trondhjem. The
an immense number of minor streams, which proceed di- forests of fir extend N. to the polar circle, and those of pine
rectly to the shore, or the numerous fiords which penetrate  beyond it.  The oak forms fine forests in the amts of
it. On the E. slope, again, the streams do little more than  Jarlsberg-Laurvig, and especially in Christiansand. The
commence their course in Norway, and do not properly' birch attains the highest northern latitude.  Fruit trees
assume the character of rivers till they have run a consider- are not indigenous in Norway, although the wild apple is
able part of their course in Sweden. Owing to this, Norway  common in the lower regions, and the cherry is widely
cannot claim any large river as exclusively her own. The  distributed. Flowers are successfully cultivated in the garfew that are of importance have a S. direction, in accordance  dens of the S. and W. Where, from  the combined causes
with the general slope already referred to, and discharge  of a high latitude and great elevation, the ordinarypasture
themselves into the Skater-Rack; of these, the most deserv- grasses become scanty, mosses supply their place, and furnish
lug of notice are the Glommen, and its affluent the Lougan;  a valuable source of subsistence, and even ofwealth,in the
the Beina, Lauven, Skien-Nid, and Torrisdal. Ships enter numerous herds of reindeer which they maintain.
the mouths of some of these rivers for 5 or 10 miles, but   The principal grain of Norway is barley, which is grown in
none of them are navigable on account of numerous water- the highest northern latitude, and at the greatest elevation:
falls, (fos,) which all of them form: of these the more cele- in lat. 590 25', it is cultivated at a height of 2838 feet; the exbrated are the Sarpenfos on the Glommen, near Fredericks-  treme limit of its culture is lat. 700, but there it only ripens
stad, and the Rukaufos, in the district of Tellemarken, which  at an elevation of 65 to 100 feet; its profitable culture is
falls 513 feet perpendicular. V~ringsfos, in the district of  confined to a narrow belt of coast land, and to the agriculiardanger, has a perpendicular'fall of from 870 to 920 feet. tural colonies of Molselv and Barodal, in Nordlind. Rye
The most important rivers in the N. are the Tana, which  is cultivated up to 690 N. latitude; oats to 680; but wheat
forms part of the boundary between Russia and Norway, not beyond 640 N. latitude, and that only in the most favotand falls into the Arctic'Ocean; and the Namsen, flowing  able seasons. Another most valuable crop is potatoes, grown
into the Atlantic. The river systems of Norway are of the  with success even in Finmark. Hemp and flax, particularly
utmost importance in tile economy of the country; the  the latter, are generally cultivated; and in the S. part of the
smaller streams are employed in driving the machinery of  country, some tobacco is grown. The quantity ofland capable
mines, corn and saw mills, and in floating timber to the  of being brought under culture has been roughly estimated
larger rivers; these serve also as the chief means of com- at one-sixth of the whole; yet, in 1845, according to the evi1363




~NOR                                                        NOR
dence of official documents, the actual cultivation did not without interruption, a considerable addition to the,mmbe,
exceed 1-137th of the whole. Most of the land thus culti- must have been made since 1845. Besides the shipping trade.
vated is of a light, sandy texture, which, even under good  an internal trade of great importance is carried on witlh
management, could not yield lheavy crops; and under the  Sweden. The following Table gives the number and tonantiquated routine which the Norwegians generally pursue, nage of vessels which entered and cleared at ports in Noroften fails to return much more than the seed. The grain  way, in each of the following years:raised, accordingly, falls very far short of the consumption;
and the quantity which requires to be regularly imported
has nearly doubled since 1799.                                                 Entered.                Cleared.
One of the most extensive and profitable branches of rural   Years.
economy is the rearing of cattle, for which many parts of                Vessels.     Tens.      Vessels.    Ts.
the country are well adapted. The inhabitants, like the
Swiss, leave the villages, and spend the summer with their      1846       77971      835'8592    973        808 —12
1846       8715      838,923      8593      821,812
flocks and herds in the upper valleys. The breeds, however,     1847        8590      804,382      8590      806,9a
are very inferior. The milk of the cows is said to be very      1848       7754       745,4cc     7727       722.897
rich, and enters largely into the food of the inhabitants;      1849       7969       772,885     8160       806,766
but the produce must be deficient, as both butter and
cheese, as well as beef. form large and increasing articles of
import.  Sheep are less numerous than goats, but yield    Commerce in the interior of the country is greatly impeded
an abundance of coarse wool; swine appear not to be viewed for want of means of communication; none of the rivers:are
with much favor. The horses are vigorous and sure-footed   navinble except near their mouths. Good roads exist only
but of a diminutive size; the ponies, in which large size is  between the towns of the S. coast and the principal valleys
of less consequence, or is rather considered a drawback, are  in Nordland and Finmark: the usual communication is by
amongthe best of their kind, and are often exported to other  sea. Among the numerous islands on the W. coast, there
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sa. mong                                    thenueosilnsothW.cater
countries. Another domestic animal of great value is the  are violent and irregular currents, which render the coast
reindeer, which forms the principal stock of the N. provinces  navgation danrou. Among these is the celebrated   l
The whole number in the country, in 1845, was 90,273; of  Sts,, or MIt-Strim, the danger from which has been greatly
which Finmark possessed 74,480. This, however, must ne-  exaggerated, since it can, except at particular times, be
cessarily be understood only of those domesticated; many  passed over even by open boats. Regular communications
still exist in a wild state, whose numbers, of course, cannot have successively been established'between thc principal
beknown. The most destructive wild animals are the brown  towns on the coast firom  Christiania to Hammnerfest, ang
bear, wolf, and lynx; these, with the fox and others, are  stean  vessels ply in the Gulf of Christiania, and on the
hunted for their skins. The eagle is so destructive to sheep  Lakes of Miisen and Tyrifiord. Norway hasa national disand lambs, that a private company is established for its  x- count bank, established in 1817, which has the exclusive
tirpation. Game of all kinds is abundant, and there are no  right of issuing paper money.
game-laws. The chief objects of the chase are the deer, elk,   Divisions, Population,  v. —Norway is divided into five
reindeer, and hare; the seal, which abounds on all the coasts  provinces or dioceses, subdivided into seventeen bailiwicks.
the fish-otter; and among birds, the grouse and thecaperkail:' These, with their area, population, &c., are exhibited in the
zie. The coast literally swarms with sea-fowl: the wild goose  following Table.
and eider duck are numerous; the swan appears on the S.
coast in winter, and ducks of various kinds abound on the    Previces             hiick    Are, Pop. in
coasts and in the lakes and rivers. In the small uninha-                                     q.s.
bited isles off the N. coast, vast numbers of the eggs of sea-  -. -.        185
fowl are procured.                                                       I Aggershuus   2.    2,027  109,432 Christiania
The fisheries of Norway are of very great value.  Whales                 Saehe                    73,422 redricksha.nalhe!,68  73,422 ~rledrickshal
still occasionally appear; but are too few to be of much   Aggershuus    eedemarken         10,389  87,118
or       Christians-amt.  10,475  102,730
economical importance. A far more valuable source ofre-  Christiala    Buskerd..    5,800  83,9188lDras-en
venue is furnished by the cod and herring fisheries, which               IJarlsberg- Laurvig     896 63,070Laurvig
have been estimated to yield a gross amount of nearly            [         radsberg..   5,418   72,891Skiena
$5,000,000. The cod fishery is carried on chiefly in the N.;              Nedenaes.... 40,50  53,942 Arcadl 
Christlans and   iandal....  2,069  els,91sChristiansand
the herring fishery, from the point of Stadt, lat. 620 10' N.,            Stvanger           3,40   78,210Stavner
Z,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~[ Stayage...] 3,540  78,210]Stavaiiger [
and all along the coast to the S.  The rivers and lakes                   Sendre ergeaheus  5,824  116,98911ergen
abound with salmon and salmon-trout, and make Norway  Bergen.            Nordre Bergenhuus   6,763  77,978i
one of the best angling countries in the world. There are                 Romsdal..        [ 7 058 81,314sristisnsnea
extensive beds of oysters on all the coasts, and the pearl  Trondhjem   sdre Trndjem,2,jT         em....| Nordre Trondhjem   8826,7
oyster is found in many of.the rivers.                            8,3 Nord2land  -          14,377  66,5712
Trmo        (N~ordland.         1,3165,512
leanecfactures.-Manufactures have made very little pro-                 Finmark.          27,412  43,928 Trsnssoe
gress. Cotton, woollen, flax, and silk tissues, are produced
to some extent, but only for home use, and there are several             {                 123_,386[ 1,-328,271
large tobacco-factories and sugar-refineries. Brandy-distil- 
leries and saw-mills are the only extensive branches of    Gbvernment.-Norway is a limited hereditary monarchy,
industry; next to these are forges and metal foundries, the  united with Sweden as a free, independent indivisible king.
produce of which is exported in a raw state, except what is dom, under one commmon niale sovereign, of the Lutheran,
used in the manufacture of arms at Kongsberg, and in the  or, as it is called, Evangelical Lutheran religion. The legismanufactures of iron wire and nails. The manufactures of lative assembly, or, as it is called, Storthing, (fi'rnom stor, great,
cloth, linen, and cotton, as well as the preparation of skins and thing, court,) is elected by the citizens possessing a certain
and leather, are almost entirely domestic. The other mann- qualification, and exists for three years, when a new election
factures comprise those of glass, paper, oil, gunpowder, soap, must take place. It is subdivided into two chambers-one,
tobacco, and sugar refining.  Owing to the difficulty of  consisting of one-fourth of the members, and called the
transport, all the seats of industry, and the only towns, are  Lagthing; and thi other, of the remaining three-fourths,
on the coast, and chiefly on the Gulf of Christiania. Ship- and called the Odlsthling.  These chambers meet separately,
building is actively carried on in the ports.               and each nominates its own president and secretary. Every
Commerce. —In the middle ages, the commerce of Norway  bill must originate in the Odelsthing, but may be proposed
consisted exclusively in the exportation of fish, and this  eitherby themembersorbythegovernment. Thevetoofthe
is still the most important article of trade. Next to this  king, beconmes ineffectual against any measure which has been
is the export of timber, which was commenced by the  adopted without modification by three successive storthings.
Dutch in the 16th century; and, lastly, the products of the    Revenue, Army, cc.-The revenue and expenditures tbr
mines and metal forges.  The timber exported annually  1854 were each estimated at $3,200,000. The customs yield
amounts to 200,000 lasts, value 1,685.000 dollars. Holland  about $2,000,000. The debt amounted to $9,661,000.  The
is now the chief market for Norwegian timber. Fish is ex- army at the above date numbered 23,484 men. The navy
ported from  all the towns on the W. coast, but Bergen is  comprises 4 fi-igates, 4 corvettes, and 7 smaller vessels, besides
the chief entrepht.  The most important branches of this.5 steamers and 136 gunboats.
trade are dried fish, and salted herrings. The export of    Religion  nd Education.-The Lutheran is the religion
mineral products is less than might be expected, from the  of the state, and is professed by the great body of the people.
number of mines: the principal are, iron, copper, and silver. Other religionists are tolerated, although Jews and Jesuits
The chief imports are grain, butter, beef, various tissues of  are excepted. The government offices are open only to
wool, cotton, flax, and silk; raw wool, hemp and flax, salt, members of the Established church.  Education is very
sugar, coffee, tobacco. wine, brandy, and vinegar.  This  generally diffused, and is conducted on a national systenm,
trade is chiefly concentrated in the towns of Bergen, Chris- according to which gratuitous instruction, of an elementary
tiania, and Trondhjem, though Drammen, Christiansand,  kind, is placed within the reach of all capable of receiving it;
and Arendal, likewise have a considerable share; and em- and all children, of seven years complete, in towns, and
ploys, in addition to foreign shipping, about 2730 Norwegian  eight years in the country, are required to be in attendance
vessels of all sizes, carrying about 100,000 tons. This was  at school till confirmation, which usually takes place between
the amount in 1845; but as the number of vessels in 1816  the ages of 14 and 17. The law forbids the marriage of any
was only 1640, and -the increase has ever since continued  one who cannot procure a certificate of'confirmation, and this
1364




M3R                                                     NOR
is only given to tLose who can read. Every individual of the time, united in the person of Magnus V. The next name
age of 20 not confirmed, is liable to be sent to a house of cor- of importance among the sovereigns of Norway is that of
rection to receive the necessary instruction. The schools, Erick of Pomerania. He succeeded, by separate titles, to
designated by the name of almue skoler, or people's schools, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; and in 1397, was formally
are stationed in all towns and parishes. In towns, the in- crowned king of the three kingdoms of the North. Soon
struction is not only elementary, but, in certain degrees, is after Sweden again became a separate kingdom; but the
superior. In the country, the instruction is only elementa- union between Denmark and Norway was drawn closer and
ry; but in the schools themselves, an important distinction  closer, very much to the disadvantage of the latter, which
is made, some being what is calledfhst skoler, or stationary  was robbed of its rights, and ultimately degraded into a mere
schools, and others, omgangd sko7er, or ambulatory schools. dependency of the former. Its subsequent history for a conThe latter, as their name implies, shift about at certain  siderable period, becomes merely a part of that of Denmark.
periods of the year from place to place, in the more thinly-   When the coalition was formed against Napoleon, Sweden
peopled and isolated districts; and thus have the effect of stipulated that, in the event of success attending the arms
bringing education to those who, but for this wise and be- of the Allies, Norway should be united with her under one
nevolent arrangement, would be doomed to live without it. monarchy, a stipulation which was carried into effect in
The towns possess, in addition to these people's schools, what 1814, by the treaty of Kiel. The summary manner in which
are called middle schools, middle and royal schools. burgher  Norway was thus bartered away, could not but be extremely
schools, Latin or learned schools, in all of which superior mortifying to its inhabitants, and a determination to resist
instruction is given. There are also four cathedral schools; was soon manifested. At a diet held at Eidsvold, and atone each in the towns of Christiania, Bergen, Trondhjem, tended by deputies from all the districts, a limited monarchy,
and Christiansand. There is a military school at Christi- with a strong infusion of the democratic principle, was
ania, and a school of marine at Frederikshavn. Six nor- almost unanimously adopted as the form of government;
mal schools are supported by the state. At the head of all and Christian Frederick, who had previously been the rethe educational establishments is the University of Christi- gent, and was presumptive heir to the throne of Denmark,
ania, at which complete courses of lectures are delivered, to  accepted the crown. His obvious want of ability soon brought
qualify for the different learned professions, and the higher matters to a crisis; and the Swedish king, the renowned Bergrades of official employments. There are excellent public nadotte, who had used his military success with great modelibraries, museums, and scientific collections in the different ration, having offered to accept the constitution of Eidsvold,
towns. There are hospitals in all the principal towns and  with some slight modifications, all resistance to him ceased;
in the provinces. Each commune is bound to maintain its and bythe convention of Moss (August, 1814) the two crowns
own poor, and mendicity is punished as a crime. The state  were declared indissolubly united, though each kingdom remaintains magazines of reserve for grain, which is supplied  tained its separate constitution. His foreign origin, and into the inhabitants on payment of a fixed amount of interest. ability to speak the language of Norway, notwithstanding the
Inhabitants, &c.-The population of Norway is divided as ability and justice of his measures, were serious obstacles to
follows:-Norwegians Proper or Normaend, 1,309,582; Finns  his popularity; but these have disappeared in the person of
or Lapons, 14,464; and Qvaens, 4425. The Norwegians Pro- his son, Oscar I., who succeeded to the throne in 1844.per are generally tall and vigorous, and distinguished by  Adj. NoaWEGIAN, nor-weejan, (Norw. NORSK, noRsk; Fr.
the lightness of their hair, particularly in childhood. They  NoRvo IENr or NORWo:GIEN, nOR'vA'zhe-1Na!; Ger. NoaWEsIscp,
show a strong passion for a sea-life, and make excellent sail- noatwA-ghish; Sp. NORUEGO, nor-wA/go; It. NORWEGIAN, norors; in this respect proving themselves the descendants of vA-jo-/no; L. NORwEGIAINUS.) Inhab-In English, French,
those who, utinder their sea-kings, equipped powerful fleets. Spanish, and Latin, the adjective is used also for the name
and spread the terror of their name over all the shores of of the inhabitants, (Norw. NOaMA. ND, nontmind, Ger. Non.
Northern Europe. Their most marked national virtues are, WEGEa, noaR/Il-gher.)
high regard for the laws, love of liberty, and respect for re-   NOR!WAY, a post-village and township in Oxford co.,
ligion, unalloyed by degrading superstition. - The Finns or Maine, 45 miles W. by S. of Augusta. Two papers are issued
Lapons dwell in Nordland, and more especially in Finmark, here. It has also manufactures of iron and other articles.
and bear little resemblance to the Norwegians Proper. Pop. 1963.
Qvaens, though dwelling in the same localities with the    NORWAY, a post-village and township of IHerkimer co.,
Finns, are very easily distinguished from them both by phy- New York, 20 miles N.E. of Utica. Pop. 1052.
sisal features and habits; being generally tall and well-pro-   NORWAY, a village of White co.. Indiana, on Tippecanoe
portioned, and remarkable for their cleanliness. A vice, River, 85 miles N.W. of Indianapolis.
common to all these classes, is an excessive fondness for ar-   NORWAY, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
dent spirits. The Norwegian language, which is sometimes   NORWAY, a post-village and township of Racine co., Wisrepresented as merely a Danish dialect, justly claims for consin, about 80 miles E.S.E. of Madison. The plank-road
itself amore venerable origin, and is radically identical with  from Milwaukee to Rochester passes near the village. P. 751.
the Icelandic, which still bears so much affinity to it, that,   NORWEGIA, NORWEGE, NORWEGEN.  See NoRwAY.
in some districts of Norway, the inhabitants have no diffi-   NORWEGIAN, NORWEGISCII, NORWEGER, &c.  See
culty in reading and understanding Icelandic books. In  NORWAY.
other districts, where Danish or Swedish influence has pro-   NORWEtGIAN, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvailed, the language has become so adulterated as almost to  vania. Pop. 2642.
lose-its original character. No works of very high repute-   NORWICLI, norfrij, (anc. Venfta Icenoasumr,) a city, munition have appeared in it, unless it be allowed to claim the cipal and parliamentary borough, and bishop's see of Engwriters of Iceland, which having been originally settled land, capital of the county of Norfolk, agreeably situated on
from Norway, must also have derived its language from it. the sloping banks of the Wensum, which is here crossed by
The principal literary productions of Norway are periodicals. nine bridges, and immediately below joins the Yare, 98 miles
History.-The early history of the Norwegians is enve- N.N.E. of London,  with which it communicates by the
loped in fable. The historic period commences with thd Eastern Counties and the Eastern Union Railway. It was
reign of Harald, Harfagar, or Haarfagar, who died in 933. formerly surrounded by walls, fragments of which still exist,
His son Erick, surnamed B1ldixe, (Bloody Axe,) because of flanked with numerous towers, and entered by 12 gates.
his cruelties was ultimately driven from the throne, and  Owing to the quantity of ground occupied by gardens and
found an asylum with Athelstan of England. His crown  orchards, Norwich has much more of a rural appearance,
was seized by his brother, Hako I., who was brought up in  and covers a much larger area than is usual in places of the
England with Athelstan, and had embraced Christianity. same magnitude. Numerous improvements have recently
He governed wisely, and, for the most part, peacefully, been effected, and many new streets and handsome rows of
enacting, many valuable laws; and, though he failed in a houses have risen up in different quarters, particularly in
direct attempt to make his subjects renounce paganism, the suburbs beyond the precincts of the ancient walls; but
undoubtedly paved the way for its final overthrow. The  taken as a whole, the city is still very indifferently built.
first distinguished name which occurs amnong his successors, Not a few of its streets are narrow, winding, and are either
is that of Magnus I., surnamed Den Gode, (the Good,) the  unpaved or paved badly; and the houses which line them,
son of St. Olaf and Alfhild, an English lady of distinguished  or rather overhang them, with their rude pointed gables,
birth. He was called to the throne, by election, in 1036; are generally of brick, and far more remarkable for their
and having, in 1042. succeeded also to the throne of Den- antiquity than for the merits of their architecture. An
mark, united both under one monarchy.  ie possessed  exception, however, should be made in favor of the marketgreat talents, military and civil, and studied the-interests of place, which ranks as one of the largest and finest in the
his subjects. On his death the crowns of Norway and Den- kingdom.
mark were again separated.                                Many of the public buildings are well deserving of notice.
In the 12th century, the Norwegians had carried the terror The Cathedral, founded in 1094, and originally Norman,
of their arms to distant lands and islands; and swayed the though now exhibiting a somewhat incongruous minixture of
sceptre not over Norway merely, but over many parts of the styles, is a cruciform structure, with a lofty tower and spire,
coasts of Britain and the adjacent islands, more especially rising from the intersection of the nave and transepts to the
the Orkneys, on the N., and the Hebrides on the N.W. of height of 315 feet. Few cathedrals surpass it in the imposing
Scotland. In the time of Magnus IV., who reigned towards effect produced by its interior, in the grandeur of its roof,
the close of the 13th century, the Hebrides and the Isle of divided by 14 semicircular arches, and rendered aliost unique
Man were ceded to the Scottish King, Alexander III. In  by the 328 figures of scriptural subjects, elaborately sculp1319, the crowns of Norway and Sweden became, for a short tured upon it, and in the embellishments and dimensions of
1365




NOR                                                        NMS
Its cloisters. St. Peter's Church, Mancroft, a large and hand- ultimately surpassed their masters, and made their mans 
some cruciform structure of the 15th century, with a noble  factures famous throughout the world. Norwich has given
tower 98 feet high, containing a peal of 12 bells, is considered  birth to several distinguished individuals-among others,
one of the finest in the kingdom. Besides the Cathedral Dr. Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury; Dr. Kay.
and St. Peter's, Norwich possesses 40 churches, and about and Dr. Samuel Clark, the celebrated divine. It sends 
22 Dissenting chapels. The other principal buildings are, members to Parliament. Pop. in 1851, 68,706.
the Castle, a noble feudal relic, originally founded by Uffa    NORWICHI, norlwich or norfrich, a post-village and town.
in 575, and greatly improved, first in 642 by Anna, and  ship of Windsor co., Vermont, on the W. side of the Connecafterwards in 872 by Alfred the Great, finely situated near ticut River, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers
the centre of the city, on a lofty eminence with precipitous  Ilailroad, 43 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. It is thile seat of
sides, and still surmounted by its massive donjon tower, Norwich University, founded in 1834, and has manufactures
but otherwise altered, to adapt it to its present use as a jail; of boots and shoes, leather, and cabinet-ware. Pop. 1978.
the Shirehall, built on the inner valium of the castle; the    NORWICH, a post-township in Hampshire co., Massabishop's palace, and the deanery, large irregular piles adjoin- chusetts, 103 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 756.
ing the cathedral, and like it, approached through what is   NORWICH, a city and semi-capital of New London co.,
called the Erpingham Gate, a remarkable structure consist- Connecticut, at the head of navigation on the Thames River,
ing of a lofty pointed arch, flanked with semi-octaiigular where it receives the Yantic, 13 miles N. of New London;
buttresses. and enriched with columns, mouldings, and 38  lat. 410 33' N., ion. 720 7' W. This is a beautiful city, built
male and female statues in canopied niches; the Guildhall, a  on a steep acclivity facing the S., the edifices rising in
large building at the N.W. corner of the market, partly fitted  terraces street above street, presenting a delightful appearup as a court-house, where the assizes and quarter sessions  ance as approached by the river. It contains, besides the
are held; St. Andrew's Ihall, a noble fabric, originally the  county buildings, a town-hall, high school, academy, about
nave of the Church of the Black Friars' Convent, but now   15 churches, 6 banks, a savings institution having on de.
fitted up so as to form one of the largest and most splendid  posit $1,115,169, and 3 Insurance companies. Several newshalls for municipal purposes in Great Britain, and adorned  papers are published here. The confluent streems which
witha large and interesting collection of civic portraits. here form the Thames, afford excellent wvater-power, which
Among the institutions may be mentioned the New Jail and  is extensively used in manufacturing. T'he principal articles
House of Correction, presenting a massive front, supported  produced are cotton aud woollen goods, paper, iron, india
bv rusticated Tuscan columns; the Workhouse, originally  rubber, cabinet ware, carriages, railroad cars, musical instrutfe'choir of the Black Friars' Church; the Corn-Exchange,  ments, soap and candles, &c. The city has communication
a large building in the Grecian style; the Cavalry Barracks; with the seaboard and interior by two lines of railway —the
the Theatre and Assembly Rooms, the Training College of  Norwich and Worcester, and the New London Willimantic
schoolmistresses, and the Diocesan Training Institution;  and Palmer Railroads. A  line of steamers also ply daily
the Grammar School, situated within the precincts of the  between Allyn's Point, 7 miles below, and New York. Pop.
cathedral, and occupying what was formerly the charnel- of the township in 1830, 5179; 1840, 7239; 1850, 10,265; in
house; the Government School, for modelling and design; 1855 about 12,500.
the Children's Hospital, Norman's Charity, City Charity,   NORLWICH, a flourishing  post-village and township,
British and Foreign, National, Infant, and various other  capital of Chenango co., New York. is situated on the Cheschools; St. Giles', Doughty's, Cook's, and the Norfolk and  nango River and Canal, 50 miles S.S.W. of Utica. The
Norwich IHospitals, the last occupying a spacious structure  village is the largest in the county, and contains, besides
of red brick, well fitted up for the convenience and comfort  the county buildings, 4 churches, an academy with about
of patients; the Lunatic and Blind Asylums; and the  200 students, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, 32 stores, a noted
Infirmary.  In addition to the benevolent endowments  manufactory of hammers,-employing 50 hands, and a piano
already mentioned, are numerous parochial, voluntary, and  factory, turning out one instrument per day. Pop. of the
other charities. The city is the seat of a triennial musical  township, 3615; of the village, estimated at 2000.
festival. The literary and scientific institutions include a    NORWICH, a post-village and township of McKean co.,
public library of about 18,000 volumes; a literary institu- Pennsylvania, about 190 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. P. 265.
tion, with a well-selected library of about 11,000 volumes,   NORWICH, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 731.
a mechanics' institute, a young man's institute, a people's    NORWICH, a township in Iuron co., Ohio. Pop. 676.
college, and a museum, occupying a handsome modern    NORWICH, a thriving post-village of Union township,
building, and possessed of several valuable collections. Muskingum  co., Ohio, on the Central Ohio Railroad, and
There are also several public gardens, bowling-greens, &c.   National Road, 74 miles E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches
The manufactures of Norwich are very extensive. and  and several stores. Pop. near 400.
employ far the larger part of the population. Worsted goods,   NORWICH  FALLS, Connecticut, a station on the New
of which a coarse description appears to have been made  London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, 1 mile N. of
even before the Norman conquest, were greatly improved  Norwich.
by the arrival of Dutch and Flemish settlers at different    NOR/WICIHTOWN, a pleasant post-village of New London
times; and have ever since continued to form  the most co., Connecticut, on the  New  London Willimantic and
important staple of the town, though they have assumed a  Palmer Railroad, 2 miles N.W. of Norwich. In the centre
vast variety of' forms, and become greatly intermixed with  is a large triangular public green, fronting which is the
cotton, silk, and other materials. The leading articles at principal church. The village contains several mannfactopresent are shawls, crapes, and bombazines; and to these  ries.
may be added mousseline de laine and other imitations of    NORrWICHVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of Oxford,
French fabrics,hlight cotton goods, damask, camlets, gros de  05 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 17 miles from Woodstock.  It
Naples, and Bandana handkerchiefs, and Paramatta cloth, contains several stores, hotels, and an iron foundry. Pop.
by which bombazine has been greatly superseded.  The  about 450.
looms employed in the town and neighborhood are esti-   NOR/WOOD, a parochial chapelry of England, co. of Midmated at upwards of 14,000. The other industrial establish-  dlesex.
ments include extensive worsted factories, silk-mills, dye-   NORWOOD, UppER and LowsR, two large villages of
works, corn-mills, vinegar works, breweries, iron foundries, England, co. of Surrey, 6 miles S. of London, with a station
&c. The trade, in addition to the large export furnished- on the London and Croydon Railway. United population
by the above manufactures, and by agricultural produce, 6046. They have numerous elegant villas, two handsome
consists of considerable imports, chiefly of wine and oil from   district churches, a large school of industry for destitute
the continent, and of yarn from Ireland. In carrying on  children from the metropolis, modern cemetery, and very
this trade, facilities are afforded both by the railways already  beautifully laid out public gardens.
mentioned, by the river, navigated chiefly by wherries of    NORWOOD,  a post-village in Stanley co., North Carolina.
from 15 to 40 tons, and by regular steamers to Yarmouth,   NORWOOD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Peterand by the Norwich and Lowestoft navigation, by means of  borough, 30 miles N.N.E. of Peterborough.
which vessels of small tonnage  have direct access  to the    NOS-BEH, noslbA, NOSSI-BP, nosfsee-bA, or VARIOU-Bl,
town from  the sea. The weekily market for cattle is the  vA-re-oo bA, an island off the N.W. coast of Madagascar, belargest in the kingdom, with the single exception of that of 1dnging to France, forming the N. entrance of the Bay of
London. The town contains a branch of the Bank of Eng- Passandava; lat. 130 20' S., Ion. 480 20' E. It is the largest
land, several private banks, and a large insurance company. island on this part of the coast; has a finely diversified
Norwich appears to have been founded in 446. On the  surface, and is evidently of volcanic formation. The best
departure of the Itomans, it was seized by the Saxons; and  cultivated spots are along the shore, and produce rice, maize,
in 575 had risei to be the capital of the kingdom of East potatoes, bananas, and manioc far beyond the wants of the
Anglia. In 1002, it was attacked by the Danish fleet, com- inhabitants. Pop. 15,178.
manded by Sweyn their king, captured, and laid in ashes.   NOSCHENRODE, (Niischenrode,) nishfen-ro'deh, a village
In 1328, the foundation of its prosperity was laid by Edward  of Prussian Saxony, government of Magdeburg, so near
III., who made it a staple town for the counties of Norfolk  Wernigerode as to be properly its suburb.  Pop. 1069.
and Suffolk, conferred upon it other important privileges,   NOSSA-SENHORA-DO-DESTERRO.  See DESTERRO.
and induced great numbers of Flemings to settle in it. A    NOSSA SENHORA DA PENHA, noses sln-yolrd dA plnya,
still greater number arrived at a later period during the  or TAPAGIPE, td-pz-bheepa, a village of Brazil, near:Bahia
reign of Elizabeth; and the inhabitants, not only profiting    NOSSEN, nodsen, a town of Saxony, 19 miles W. of Dres.
by the lessons thus taught them, but improving upon them, den, on the Mulde, with a royal residence. Pop. 2040.
1366




NOS                                                        NOT
NOSS-HEAD, a bold rocky point on the E. coast of Scot- quarters, huddled together in narrow streets, and often
land, co. of Caithness, 31 miles N.E. of Wick. Under it is placed back to back. New streets and handsome villas have,
a vast cavern. and westward is a ruined stronghold of the  however, recently risen up in all quarters, and are still conformer Earls of Caithness. It has a lighthouse in lat. 580 28' tinuing  to spread with wonderful rapidity. The burgess38" N., lon. 30 3' 5'" W., light revolving, elevation 175 feet.  land of about 1000 acres, which formed a belt round the
NOSSI-BM, an island of Madagascar. See Nos-BEn.          town, has recently been enclosed, under the General EnNOSSI IBRAHIlM, an island near Madagascar. See SAINTE  closure Act, and part of it sold for building-ground; a large
MARIE.                                                     portion has, however, been reserved for pleasure-grounds,
NOSS-ISLAND, one of the Shetland Islands, E. of Bressay, promenades, &c., and tastefully planted; and, in addition,
and separated from  it by a narrow and dangerous sound. 18 acres have been formed into an Arboretum. for the use
Circumference about 6 miles.                               of the inhabitants, to whom it is open three days each week,
NOTARESCO, no-t~-rSstko, a village of Naples, province  free of charge. Considerable progress has already (1853)
of Abruzzo Ultra I., 10 miles E.S.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1680. been made in supplying the Arboretum with plants, which
NOTASUL/GA, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama, on  are arranged alphabetically. The inhabitants have also the
the railroad which leads from Montgomery to West Point, free use of a park of 130 acres, belonging to the Duke of
47 miles E.N.E. of the former.                             Newcastle, which is much resorted to as a promenade by all
NOTIGROVE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       classes of the community. Another open space much freNOT/LEY, BLACK, a parish of England, co. of Essex.       quented as a public resort is the market-place, which, coverNOTLEY, WmHITE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.      uing a triangular area of nearly 6 acres, surrounded by lofty
NOTO, noto,.a city of Sicily, 16 miles S.W. of Syracuse. houses and arcaded shops, strikingly contrasts with the
Pop. 10,770. It is beautifully situated on a hill about 2  confined streets in its vicinity, and almost deserves the
miles from the sea. It has several handsome churches and  description given of it by Leland in the reign of Henry VIII.,
convents, a council-house, hospital, lyceum, and a consider- that "it is the fairest without exception in all England."
able trade in corn, wine, oil, and sulphur, the produce of    Among the public buildings, the most remarkable is the
its neighborhood. About 3 miles W. of the town are ruins of  Castle, which crowns the summit of a precipitous rock rising
an amphitheatre, and of a gymnasium,. almost the only re- 133 feet above the level of the meadows. Its naturally
mains of ancient Netum, destroyed by an earthquake in 1693. strong position appears to have marked it out for a fort in
NOTO, a town and a headland of Japan, island of Niphon. the time of the Danes, but it first assumed the form of a
NOTO, VAL DI, vAl dee notto, an old division of Sicily,  castle in the time of William the Conqueror, who erected it
comprising its S.E. portion.                                as a means of overawing and repressing the bold outlaws
NOTRE DAME, n(t'r dam, a post-offioe of St. Joseph co., frequenting the recesses of the old forest. In the great-civil
Indiana.                                                    war it was selected by Charles I. on which to erect his
NOTRE DAME BAY, on the N.E. coast of Newfoundland,  standard; and not long after, when he had evacuated it, it
is between lat. 490 30' and 500 N., and Ion. 550 and 560 W., stood a memorable siege, and effectually resisted all the
bounded N. by Cape St. John.                                attempts of the Royalists to regain its possession.  It was
NOTRE DAMIE DE BONDEVILLE, not'r dam deh bANd'-  dismantled during the Protectorate, and subsequently beveel/, a village of France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure,  came the property of the Duke of Newcastle, who, in 1674,
arrondissement of Rouen. Pop. 1918.                         covered its site with a large mansion having nothing  of a
NOTRE DAME DE CENILLY, not'r dam deh seh-nee'yee/,  castle but the name. Even this is now a ruin, and of the
a village of Frhnce, department of Manche, arrondissement  ancient castle only a few vestiges now remain. The places
of Coutances. PI'op. 2000.                                  of worship include 8 churches, and about 23 Dissenting
NOTlItE DAME DE MIONT, not'r dam deh m6cN, a village  chapels; of which 7 are Baptist, 6 Methodist, 4 Independent,
of F'rance, department of Vendte,  arrondissement of Les and Friends, Unitarian, Roman Catholic, Irvingite, and
Sables. Pop. 2500.                                          Swedenborgian, 1 each. The Jews also have a synagogue,
NOTRE DAME DE LIESSE, not'r ddm dgh le-6ss/, a town  and the Latter-Day Saints, or Mormons, hold meetings in an
of France, department of Aisne, arrondissement of Laon, old Methodist chapel. The other buildings deserving of
near the left bank of the Souche. Pop. 1224.                notice are a large convent, built in 1846; the Exchange;
NOTItE DAME DES MILLIERS. not'r dam dA meel'yA or  County-hall; Guildhall; House of Correction, built on the site
mee'y0', a village of the Sardinian States, province of Upper of a convent of the Knights of St. John; Union Workhouse;
Savoy, on the left bank of the Istre, 6 miles E. of Evian. Corn Exchange; the Barracks; Assembly-rooms; Mechanics'
Pop. 1030.                                                  Hall; and a very paltry theatre. In the vicinity of the
NOTTAWASAGA, not-ta-wa-saw!ga,     a river of Canada  town, on Sion Hill, a general cemetery, containing 12 acres,
West, district of iHome, after a N. course of more than 60  was formed in 1836.
miles. enters Nottawasaga Bay by an inlet at the S. end of    The principal educational and literary institutions are the
Georgian Bay, Lake Huron.                                   Free Grammar School, well endowed, and occupying a large
NOTITAWA or NOT/LAWAY, a post-township in the N.E.  and handsome building with a Gothic front; the Blue-coat
central part of St. Joseph co., Michigan. Pop. 1226.        School, which clothes and educates 60 boys and 20 girls; the
NOTTAWA or NOTTAWAY CREEK, of St. Joseph co.,  People's College, founded by subscription in 1846, to afford
Michigan, flows into the St. Joseph River.                  superior instruction to the working classes, and occupying
NOTTAWAY. Virginia, See NOTTowAY.                         a large brick building of Gothic architecture; the Unitarian
NOTTEROE, (Notterie,) not/teh-r6'eh, an island of Norway, Free School, the British, national, infant. and ragged schools,
In Christiania-fiord, immediately S. of TB3nsberg. Length 7  the Government School of Design, the M3chanics' Institute,
miles. average breadth 3 miles.                             the Bromley House Subscription, Law, Artisans' and other
NOTTINGIAM, notfting-gnm, or NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,  libraries.  Among the charitable institutions, are  the
notfting-3m-shir, otherwise called the COUNT'Y Or NOTTS, a  General Hospital, the Dispensary, the General Lunatic
central county of England, having N. the county of York.  Asylum, with accommodation for 160 patients, the MIidland
Area, 822 square miles, or 526,080 acres, ofwhichabout 470,000  Institute for the blind, Plumptro's. Collins's and Lambley's
are estimated to be in grass, or arable;  Pop. in 1851, 270,427. Hospitals, and Willoughby's  Haudley's, and various other
Surface, except in the vale of Trent, diversified with gentle  almshouses and benevolent foundations.
hills, amd here and there exhibiting considerable remains    The staple manufactures to which the town owes its prosof its ancient famous royal forest, or Shire-wood. Principal perity and rapid increase, are hosiery and lace. The former
rivers, the Trent, and its affiueants, the Soar and Idle. Soil first began to assume importance about the middle of the
mostly a light sandy, or a rich clayey, loam. Limestone  18th century, and the latter about 30 years after, in 1778,
and coal are abundant. The county is the principal seat when the point-net machine was invented. The bobbin-net
of the cotton hosiery and lace manufactures in England. machine was invented about 1799. but did not come into
It is traversed by branchee of the North Midland, Sheffield  general use till 1823. These manufactures were long carried
and Lincoln, and Great Northern Railways. Chief towns, on exclusively in the homes of the workmen, but large
Nottingham, Newark, East Bedford, and Mansfield. It sends factories, employing steam-power, have recently been erected,
10 meumbers to the House of Commons; viz. 2 for the N. and will soon apparently almost entirely supersede domestic
and 2 for the S. divisions of the county, and 6 for its labor. In addition to the staple mamiufactures, including
boroughs. This county formed apartof the Saxon kingdom   the machine shops, and other industrial est-blishiments
of Mercia.                                                  mnore imumediately dependent on them, a:considersabIe nlumNOTTINGI{AMI, a parliamentary and municipal borough  ber of hands is employed in the cotton and woollen mannuand manufacturing town of England, capital of the above  fietures. in silk, worsted, and cotton spinning mills, and in
county, and a county of itself, on the Leoen, close to its making asrticles of malleable and casit iron, wire, pins, brass
junction with the Treut, which is here crossed by a bridge  fenders, &c. The trade in corn and cattle is very important,
of 19 arches, and also on the Nottinghamn Canal and the the malting business is extensively prosecuted, and the
Midland Railway, 108 miles N.N.W. of London.  It occu- breweries have long been famous fsr their ale.  Of four
pies a picturesque site os the broken declivities and at the  annual fairs, one, called the Goose Fair, is so celebrated. and
foot of a sandstone rock overlooking the green meadows and  fornis such an era, that a large portion of the inhabitants
vale of Trent; and, from whatever quarter it is approached, date all the events of the year from it.
presents a striking and attractive appearmmnce; its castle    Nottingham i was in early times a great resort of the Druids.
always forming a conspicuous object. Tihe town, hiowever, Under the Saxon Heptarchy it belonged to the kingdlom of
is on the whole very indifferently built; the houses. most of  Mercia, and after its dissolution ranked as a Danish borough.
which are brick, being, especially in the central and ancient  Several parliaments have been held in It i and from this
1.367




NOT                                                    NOV
town Richard III. marched with his forces to Bosworth field    NOUVELLE-GUIN]E, (" New Guinea.") See PAPUA.
in 1483. It communicates by a canal with the Codnor iron    NOUY.ELLE-ORLIANS. See NEw ORLEANS.
and coal district. Colonel Hutchinson, the gallant defender   NOUVELLE-ZPLANDE. See NEW ZEALAND.
of the castle in the civil war, and Henry Kirke White, were   NOUVELLE-ZEMBLE.  See NOVA ZEMBLA.
natives of Nottingham.  The borough is governed by a   NOUVION, noo1voeN-/, a town of France, department of
mayor, 14 aldermen, and 42 councillors, and sends 2 mem- Aisne, 24 miles N.E. of St. Quentin. Pop. in 1852, 3295.
bers to Parliament. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851,   NOUZON, noo'z6bNG., a town of France, department of
57,407; population, including suburbs of Radford, Sneinton, Ardennes, on the Meuse, here crossed by a suspension
Hyson Green, &c., upwards of 100,000.                   bridge, 20 miles E.S.E. of Mezi~res. Pop. 2575.
NOT/TINGtIAM, a post-township in Rockingham co., New    NONVA, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio.
Hampshire, 23 miles E.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1268.         NOVA-FRIBURGO, nolvA fre-booRscgo, a town of Brazil,
NOTTINGHAM, a township of Mercer co., New Jersey, on  province and 120 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro.
the Delaware River, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal,   NOVAIA, no-vie, a market-town of Russia, government
about 3 miles S. of Trenton. Pop. 4495.                 and 87 miles W.S.W. of Koorsk. Pop. 1000.
NOTTINGHAM, a township of Washington co., Pennsyl-   NOVALAISE, no-v/-lhzf, a village of the Sardinian States,
vania. Pop. 1008.                                       province of Savoy Proper, 8 miles W. of Chamb.ry. Pop.
NOTTINGHAM, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 1890.
NOTTINGHAM, a post-village of Prince George co., Mary-   NOVALESA, no-v/-l1fs{, a village of the Sardinian States,
land, near the Patuxent, River, 25 miles S.E. of Washington. division of Turin, 3 miles N. of Susa. Pop. 985.
NOTTINGHAM, a post-township in the S.W. central part   NOVARA, no-v.rA, lane. Novatcria,) a city of North Italy,
of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1236.                       Piedmont, on a hill between the Agogna and Terdoppio, 27
NOTTINGHAM, a post-township in Wells co., Indiana. miles W. of Milan; lat. 450 27' N., ion. 80 38' E. Pop. 18,514.
Pop. 523.                                               It is partly enclosed by ramparts and ditches, defended by
NOTTINGHAM, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.         a castle, and has a noble cathedral, with a fine baptistery;
NOTTINGHAM  SQUARE, a village of Mercer co., New  about 10 other churches, 14 convents, a large hospital, 2
Jersey, 6 miles E. of Trenton.                          colleges, a hall of commerce, and theatre, with manufactures
NOTITINGHAM TURNIPIKE, a post-office of Rockland co., of silk and linen fabrics, hats, and leather.
New York.                                                 NOVA SCOTIA, nolva skorshe-a, (Fr. Nouvelle-Ecosse, nooNOTITING-I-HLL. England, co. of Middlesex, is a suburban'vlll A'koss' —originally Acadie, 2'l'dee/; Ger. Neu-Schotlhamlet of London, on the Western Road, 41 miles from St. land, no! shott/ldnt; —these names signify alike "New ScotPaul's, and on the N. side of Holland Park. It comprises land,") a colonial province of British North America, forming
a square on elevated ground, numerous detached villas, and  a long narrow peninsula, lying nearly parallel to the mainsome handsome terraces.                                 land of New Brunswick, with which it is connected by an
NOT/TINGTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Dorset, parish  isthmus only 15 miles wide, separating the Bay of Fundy
of Broadway, 2 miles N.W. of Weymouth. Pop. 120.        from Northumberland Strait. It extends from ]at. 430 260
NOT/TLA, a post-office of Cherokee co., North Carolina.   to 450 55' N., and from ion. 610 to 660 16' W.; bounded N. by
NOT/TOWAY or NOT/TAWAY, a river in the S.E. part of  Northumberland Strait, which separates it from Prince EdVirginia, rises in Nottoway co., and flowing in a winding  ward Island; N.E. by the Gut of Canso flowing between it and
course along the border of Dinwiddie. and through Sussex  the islrnd of Cape Breton, (now included under the governand Southampton counties, unites with the Meherrin, to ment of Nova Scotia,) S. and S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean, W.
form the Chowan River in Gates county, North Carolina, by the Bay of Fundy, and N.W. by New Brunswick. Greatest
after a course of upwards of 110 miles.                 length from S.W. to N.E., 280 miles; greatest breadth, about
NOTTOWAY, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, has 120 miles; area, 15,627 square miles, or, including Cape
an area of 330 square miles. The Nottoway River forms its Breton, 18,746 square niles. Its S.E. coast is remarkable for
boundary on the S. The surface is uneven; the soil is  the number of its capacious harbors; there being no fewer
moderately fertile. The Petersburg and Lynchburg (South  than 12 ports capable of receiving ships of the line, and 14
Side) Railroad connects with the Richmond and Danville  of sufficient depth for merchantmen, between Halifax and
Railroad at Burkville, in this county. Formed in 1788, and  Cape Canso, a distance of not more than 110 miles. There
named from the Nottoway Indians. Capital, Nottoway Court are no mountains of great magnitude or remarkable elevaHouse. Pop. 8437, of whom 2387 were free, and 6050 slaves. tion in the province. A broad belt of high and broken
NOTTOWAY COURT HOUSE, capital of Nottoway co., land extends along the Atlantic shores from Cape Canso to
Virginia, on the Southside Railroad, 9 miles from its junc- Cape Sable. The breadth of this belt or range varies from
tion with the Richmond and Danville Railroad, 60 miles 20 to 60 miles. Its average height is about 500 feet; it is
S.W. of Richmond. Pop. about 200.                       rugged and uneven, and composed chiefly of granite and
NOTTSIVILLE,  a village of Daviess co., Kentucky, 13 miles primary rocks.  Similar formations occupy nearly twoE. of Owensborough.                                     thirds of the entire peninsula. The surface is undulating
NOTTULN, notltt51n, a village of Rhenish Prussia, gov- throughout, and beautifully picturesque. The highest land
ernment of Mfinster. Pop. 1140.                         is Ardoise Hill, which rises only 810 feet above the level of
NOTTWEIL, nott'Wil, a village and parish of Switzerland, the sea. From Briar's Island, at the extremity of Digby
canton and 10 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1123.         Neck to Capes Split and Blomidon, a distance of 130 miles
NOUAILLE, LA, iA noo'AI!, a village of France, depart- along the Bay of Fundy, extends a ridge of mural preciment of Creuse, 9 miles S.W. of Aubusson. Pop. 1440.    pices, in many places presenting overhanging masses of
NOUIC, noo'eekf, a village of France, department of HIaute- trap rocks from 100 to 600 feet high. These frowning crags,
Vienne, 7~ miles S.W. of Bellac. Pop. 1500.             with their crowded forests of fir, are first seen by the
NOUKO, an island of Russia. See NUKO.                 mariner in crossing the Bay of Fundy; their height serves to
NOUN, a river of Mautchooria. See NooN.               protect the interior from the driving fogs of the bay. BeNOUN, a cape and river of Morocco. See NooN.          yond this barrier lies the rich and beautiful valley of the
NOURSE, noors, a river of South-West Africa, falls into the  Annapolis.
Atlantic near lat. 170 20' S. It appears to be the same as the   Lakes, Bays, and livers.-Nova Scotia is beautifully
Bembaroughe.                                            diversified with rivers and lakes, covering an area estimated
NOUSIHERA, noo-shbAr, a village and fort of Hindostan, at 3000 square miles. The latter are generally of small
in the Punjab, 20 miles S.E. of Mazufurabad; lat. 340 7' N., extent, but lie thickly scattered over the surface, in some
Ion. 730 7' E.                                          instances as many as 100 occurring within the space of 20
NOUSHERA, a village of Hindostan, in Sinde, division  square miles. The largest are Lake Rosignol, about 30 miles
of Khyerpoor; lat. 270 48' N., Ion. 680 39' E.          long; Great Lake, discharging its waters northward through
NOUSILERA, several small towns and villages of the Pun- Shubenacadie River to Cobequid Bay; and College Lake, in
jab, Afghanistan, &c., the principal on the Cabool River, 20 the eastern part of the peninsula. The most remarkable
miles N.W. of Attock, lat. 340 3' N., Ion. 720 2' E., and where body of water in Nova Scotia is Mines Bay, the E. arm of the
the Afghans were routed by Runjeet Singh, in 1823.      Bay of Fundy, penetrating 60 miles inland and terminating
NOUVEAU, noolvO!, (feminine NOU7VELLiE, noo'vhll,) a in Cobequid Bay. The tides here rush in with great imrpeFrench word signifying new, and forming, a part of nume- tuosity, and form what is called the bore. At the equinoxes
rous geographical names in different parts of the world, as they have been known to rise from  60 to 70 feet, while in
NOUVELLE-ORLuANS, (New Orleahs,) &c.                    Halifax Harbor, on the opposite coast, the spring-tides rise
NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK. See NEW BruNswIcg.                only from 6 to 9 feet.* The other principal bays are St.
NOUVEAU-MEXIQUE. See NEW MEXICO.                      George Bay and Chedabucto Bay in the E., connected by
NOUVELLE. See NovEau;                                 the Gut of Canso, St. Mary's Bay and Townsend Bay in
NOUVELLE, nooNvll1, a village and fishing station of the extreme W. of the peninsula, and Mahone and St. MarCanada East, co. of Bonaventura, at the entrance of a river garet's Bays on the S. coast. The principal river is the
of the same name into the Bay of Chaleurs, about 10 miles Annapolis, which rises in the Garden of Acadie, and flows
E.N.E. of New Carlisle.                                 S.W. to the Bay of Fundy, length about 100 miles; the
NOUVELLE-BRETAGNE. See NEW BRITAIN.                   Shubenacadie, which, by means of a canal, opens comNOUVELLE-CALEDONIE. See NEw  CALEDONIA.               munication between Cobequid Bay and Halifax Harbor; the
NOUVELLE-]COSSE.   See NovA ScoTIA.                   musket and the Clyde in the extreme S.W. of the peninsula,
NOUVELLE-GALLES-DU-SUD. See NEW SoUTH WALES.
NOUVELLE-GRENADE. See NEw GRANADA.                                      * Blunt's Coast Pilot.
1368




NOV                                                           NOV
the river Mersey falling into Liverpol Harbor, and the  were made 3,613,890 pounds of butter, 652,096 of cheese,
Musquodoboit and St. Mary falling into the Atlantic, E. of  and 110,441 of maple sugar.  According to these returns,
[Ialifax; the latter forms the  outlet of College Lake. Nova Scotia,.in the production of wheat, surpassed 5 of the
Most of these rivers are navigable a short distance from   New England States, and 12 of the more recently settled
their mouths. Large vessels ascend the Annapolis 40 miles  states and territories; in the growth of oats, she surpassed
from the sea.  Mines Bay receives a multitude of small 13; in rye, 16; in buckwheat, 23, and in barley, every state
rivers; the principal of which, called the Avon, is navi-  and territory in the Union, except Ohio and New York.
gable. Pictou Harbor in the N. is also the reservoir of a  Still the quantity of grain raised falls far short of the home
great number of small streams, and the harbors generally, consumption, the deficit being made up by importation
for which the coasts are so remarkable, have one or more  from the United States. The apple orchards of the western
streams falling into them.                                    counties are very productive,and extend along the roadside in
Geology and.Minerals.-Nova Scotia is rich in geological  an unbroken line for 30 miles. Apples and cider are annually
resources, all the rocks from the crystalline granites up to  exported, and the domestic supply is cheap and abundant.
the new sandstone series being here met with.  In the    Great improvements have recently been made in the live
isthmus connecting the peninsula to the mainland, the  stock, both by means of cattle-shows, and by importations
underlying rocks consist of gray, red, and buff-colored  of the best breeds from  England. In 1851, there were in
sandstones of the coal measures, conthining innumerable  the province 28,789 horses, 156,857 neat cattle, 86,856 milch
seams of good bituminous coal, many of which are of suffi-  cows, 282,180 sheep, and 51,531 swine.
cient magnitude to be profitably worked.  Lofty cliffs   iloanufactures.-The   manufactures of Nova Scotia are yet
abutting upon the sea-coast at the South Joggins, present but very limited. Coarse cloths, called "homespuns," are
the most beautiful sectional profiles of the coal-bearing  made by the peasantry, and are generally worn by that
strata, with curious fossils both of vegetable and animal class. Coarse flannels, bed-linen, blankets, and carpets are
origin. Large trunks of trees, such as are at present un-  also manufactured. Tanning is carried on to some extent;
known in a living state, are here seen at various points  and in the towns and villages boots, shoes, saddlery, harstanding at right angles to the sandstone strata. Alternate  nesses, household furniture, and agricultural implements are
beds of excellent bituminous coal are seen cropping out  made in large quantities. Bonnets of bleached grass, and
along the shore, and the British North America Mining  hats of straw, are made in many of the rural districts; and
Company has already opened and is now working extensive  in the neighborhbod of Halifax tobacco, confectionery, printmines (the Cumberland Mines)inone of these coal-beds. The  ing and wrapping paper, hats, and some other articles, are
rocks of this coal formation also furnish an abundance of  manufactured. Iet 1851, there were in Nova Scotia 1153
excellent materials for building and for grindstones. Large  saw-mills, employing 1786 men; 398 grist-mills, employing
quantities of beautiful and compact gray, buff-colored, and  437 men; 10 steam-mills, or factories, 237 tanneries, 9
blue sandstones are annually  exported to the Atlantic  foundries, 81 carding andweaving establishments, 17 brewecities of the United States, and an immense number of  ries and distilleries, and 131 other manufacturing establishgrindstones are sent to all parts of the Union. Coal is else- ments. Ship-building is very extensively carried on, but
where found more abundantly in Pictou, New  Caledonia,  no statistics of the amount of business done have hitherto
Glasgow, on the East River, and in various parts of the  been published up to 1852.
great coal basin which lies on the northern coast of the    Fisheries.-The fisheries on the colonial coasts have been
peninsula. The Albion Mines near Pictou are profitably  prosecuted to a greater extent by the people of Nova Scotia
worked, and contain ten strata of coal; the main coal band  than those of any other colony, except Newfoundland. In
being 33 feet in thickness, with' 24 feet of good coal. The  1851, they employed 812 vessels, (tons 43,333,) manned by
quantity of coal raised in the province, in 1850, is stated  3681 men; 5161 boats, manned by 6713 men, and 30,154 nets
at 114,992 chaldrons.                                          and seines. The produce of the fisheries the same year
In Nova Scotia the coal is very near to her vast beds and  amounted to 196,434 quintals of cod, dried; 1669 barrels of
veins of iron ore, and to her copper-bearing rocks. Iron  salmon; 3536 of shad; 100,047 of mackerel; 53,200 of herores of the very best quality are abundant near Mines Bay  ring; 5343 of alewives, and 15,409 boxes of smoked herring,
and near Annapolis, at Nictau and Clements, on Digby  the whole valued at $869,080. There were also obtained
Neck, and also near the coal-mines of Pictou.  Native  189,250 gallons of fish-oil, worth $71,016, making the total
copper and silver are found in the trap, breccia, and amyg-  value of the produce of the fisheries, in 1851, $939,096.
daloid of the N. mountains of the peninsula, in numerous    Conmmerce.-Possessing above 1200 miles of sea-coast, everyplaces from  Digby Neck to Cape D'Or; and there are also  where penetrated by the finest bays in the world, and open
beds of sandstone which contain rich ores of copper. Ores  to navigation throughout the year, Nova Scotia enjoys faciof lead are found near the Shubenacadie River, and in other  lities for commerce surpassed by no other country on the
limestone rocks of the province. Manganese is as abundant  globe. Availing themselves of these advantages, the people
as shore-pebbles at Quaco and other parts of the Bay of  of the province not only conduct a profitable fishery and an
Fundy, and veins of this ore are also found in the limestone  active coasting and foreign trade, but enter largely into the
rocks of the province. Gypsum is extensively worked near  carrying trade of other countries, competing successfully on
Windsor and other places, and is exported in large quantities  this extended field of rivalry both with the British shipto the United States. The quantity of gypsum quarried in  owners and with the mercantile marine of the United States.
1850 was 79,795 tons; in the same year there were 28,603  The number of vessels actually employed in the fisheries,
casks of limne burned, and nearly 3,000,000 bricks ma/nu- commerce, and the carrying trade, increased from 2583, (tons
factured. The slate-hills furnish good roofing slates, and  141,093,) in 1846, to 2943, (tons 189,083,) in 1852, the tonnage
hones of a superior quality are obtained in some of the slates  being. nearly one-third as much as that of France, and 69.000
of the coal series. Beautiful agates, amethysts, chalcedonies,  more than that of the Austrian Empire. There are in.all
jaspers, cairngorms, and the entire group of zeolite minerals  43 flee ports, for which custom-house officers are appointed.
abound in the amygdaloida! trap along the Bay of Fundy.   The names of these, with the value of imports and exports
Climate.-Tho  climate of Nova Scotia is remarkably tem-  at each, for the year ending pecember 31, 1852, is exhibited
perate, considering its northern latitude; the almost insular  in the subjoined Table:
position of the province, and the proximity of the Gulf Stream
serving to render the temperature more mild than that of          Ports.   Imports. Exports.     ports.    Imports.  Exports.
Canada. The springs are tedious, but the summer heats,O       bugh..,505   $0,
A-m-herst..'-... — 2,3-5  — 1,s'0 Prsb-5roug2    $16,37 $5o,0
being for a brief season excessive, vegetation is singularly  Annapolis....   72,440  101,830  Piceto......  217,985  288,(0.0
rapid, and the autumn is delightful. Dense fogs are preva- Antigconish..      2,175         Port Hood....    4,245   29,85
Artchat 0.....  63,635   09,55 5cttieda        1,.85   00,780
lent along the Atlantic coast.                                 Aocctheatw.....    8,480    90,555  PoteMed    0,75    0,805
Barrington...    18,480   49,885 Pubnico.....  6785    9,395
Agriculture. —The soil of Nova Scotia varies greatly in  Beaver Ri... 6,09  8,5  Pugnash.....    5,555   52,910
quality.  Some of the uplands are sandy and poor, while  CadaCeek..    14,445   19,085 RgcgedIslads.    10,30    40,520
Canse, (Cape)..   36,750   85,230  Shelburne....    2,755   11,000
the tops of the hills are often highly productive. The por- Church Point.   14,380   12,220  Sherbrooke...    1,050   9,860
Z,     -eastern  Clement Port.    8,165    0,37  Sheet Harbor..   NO~O
tion best adapted to agricultural pursuits is its north-eastern  Clements Port    8,165    0,375  Sheet arbor..         30
which rests upon the sandstones, and other ro Cornwallis...   38,320    75,285  Ship Harbor...     9,260   28,0:05
section, which rests upon the sandstones and other rocks    Digby......  74,775   67,190  Sydney,C.B...   5,215   15,
the coal formation. Its most valuable, portion, however, is  Guysboroueh..   5,980   10,870'I'atamagouche   8,40    9,215
upon the upperpart ofthe Bay of Fundy, where there are deep  "ax......  4,6:9ss3   2,041,030  Tusket......    se 13,  s 1s8
Hants' Port...    4,115   14,620  Wallace......   14,780   20,870
and extensive deposits of rich alluvial matter, thrown down  Horton......    19,960    0150  Welton.......    8,400   13,125
19gi,000    1 2,505 Weste Pot..   0,400   12,125
by the action of the extraordinary tides of this extensive bay. Leov..        2    16505  WycstPeh....  20,70   504,075
These deposits have been reclaimed from  the sea by means  Livep    -,5    36, 850  we5e35 th i   43,20  104,27 385
Liverpool..~.i  65,66j0    80,305 Wio.... 3,8
of dikes; and the " diked marshes," as they are termed, are  Londonderry e. 21,2e    8,5  Windsor......              2 48 712
Londonderry..    21,205   23,705  warmout     4,8520   47,700
the richest and most wonderfully productive portions of Bri-  Maetland....    en       8,710  Ya75 uth -    ic       ls
Miaitland....    12,390   19',07C                 a,5,sr
fish North America. Taken as a whole, the agricultural                                         Tot $...... 5,969,095 $4,752,80
resources of the country are very great. The quantity of
land under culture in 1851, was 539,322 acres, of which    Of the total value of imports, $2,137,660 was from Great
40,012 acres was diked land. The quantity of agricultural  Britain, $1.,215,205 from British North America, $109,690 from
products in bushels, the same year, were as follows: wheat, the British West Indies, $1,739,215 from the United States,
297,157; barley, 196,097; rye, 67,438; oats, 1,384,435; buck- $769,095 from other countries; and of the exports, $313,375
wheat, 170,301; Indian corn, 37,475; pease and beaps, 21,638;  was to Great Britain, $1,760,925 to British North Amnerica,
grass-seed, 3686; potatoes, 1,986,789; turnips, 467.127; other  $1,065,170 to British West Indies. $1,289,245 to the United
roots, 32,325, and 287,837 tons of hay, besides which there  States, and $425,175 to other countries. The leading arti
1369




NOV                                                              NOV
ties of import and export, with the value of each, were as  De Monts. a Frenchman, and his followers, and some Jesuits,
follows: Imports.-Cordage, $104,330; cotton manufactures,  attempted for eight years to form settlements in Port Aoyal,
$1,039,675; codfish, $227,000; fishing tackle, $104,130; flour,  St. Croix, &c., but were finally expelled from the country by
$1,058,955; hardware, $146,780; iron and ironmongery, the English governor and colonists of Virginia, who claimed
$127,070; molasses, $291,985; sugar, $308,440; tea, $340,720. the country by right of the discovery of Sebastian Cabot
Exports.-Butter, $150,310; coals, (tons 112,559,) $284,535;  In 1621, Sir William  Alexander applied for, and obtained
codfish, (quintals 316,705,) $815,040; cotton and woollen man- from James I., a grant of the whole country, which he proufnctures, $158,225; herrings, $327,540; horned cattle, (num- posed to colonize on an extensive scale, and in 1623 the at.
her 4247,) $134,575; mackerel, (97,1633  barrels,) $509,415;  tempt was made; but the proposed colonists finding the
molasses, $136,085; oils, $156,150; potatoes and turnips,  various points where they wished to establish themselves,
(404,866 bushels,) $140,905; sugar, $275,805, and wood, thronged by foreign adventurers, did not think it prudent
$122,325.                                                      to attempt a settlement, and therefore returned to England.
During the reign of Charles I. the Nova Scotia baronets were
The following is the return of shipping for 1850:            created, and their patents ratified in parliament; they were
to contribute their aid to the settlement, and to have portions of land allotted to them; their number was not to
Cuntries.      Inward.             Outward.         exceed 150. In 1654, Cromwell sent out an armed force.
Countries.
Vessls. ons    Vesl   -    and took possession of the country, which remained with
Vessels.   Ts.    Vessels.    Tns.    the Eneglish till 1667, when it was ceded to France by the
Great Britain         139      65,064     164      31,589    treaty of Breda. But the English from time to time attacked
British Colonies.    1963    136,992    2184     167,915    the French colonists at various points, and ravaged their
United States..    28596    281,340    2595     245,726    settlements, continuing to harass and annoy them till 1713,
Foreign States        254      25,509     15e 7    15,907    when the country was finally ceded to EDgland.- Inhab..Total..... 525      509,1705    5      -    --      NOVA SCOTIAN, no/va skorshe-an.
I  5255                        601~~~~-',237NOVA  SCOTIA, a village of Inglham  co., Michigan, on
Grand River. about 20 miles S. of Lansing.
Railways.-The work on the North American and Euro-    NOVATE, no-va/tA, a village of Austrian Italy, province
pean Railway was commenced at Halifax on the 8th of June, and 6 miles N.W. of Milan.  Pop. 1943.
1854. A section of 10 miles was under contract, to be opened    NOVAWETZ, nolvA-Vvtts', NOYAWESZ, nolv,4-6ssx, or
during the year, and an additional section of 15 miles in 1855. NEUENDORF, noilen-donf', a town of Prussia, government
The first 25 miles forms a common trunk for lines running  of Potsdam, on the IHavel. Pop. 1712.
to Amherst, to Windsor, and to Pictou. The main trunk, it    NOVA ZEMBLA. no'va zlmfbla, (Russ. Novaia Zemslia, nois thought, will be constructed to the frontiers of New Bruns-  vill zlmnle-A; Fr. Nouvelle-Zemsble noo'vll! zllsb'l,) two large
wick, where it is to form  a junction with the railway now  islands of the Arctic Ocean, belonging to Russia, and forming
proceeding E. from St. John, as soon as that portion of the  a dependency of the government of Archangel; lat. 71~ to 770
line is completed.                                             N., ion. 530 to 770 E. They are separated from each other
inhsabitants, Giovernment, &c.-The population of Nova Sco- by the narrow strait, Matotshkin Shar; and from the isle of
tia is now chiefly composed of a native race, sprung directly  Vaigats on the S. by Kara Strait, and from the mainland on
or indirectly from  the three great families of the United  the B. by the Sea of Kara; greatest length, N.E. to S.W. 635
IKingdom —English, Irish, and Scotch. The Irish are found  miles; breadth, 170 miles.  The far greater part of the
in large numbers only in the capital; the Scotch chiefly in  interior is unexplored; and even the N. and E. coasts, where
the eastern counties. The western and midland counties  ice makes access almost impossible, are very imperfectly
are principally occupied by the descendants of American  known. Thie S.W. and W. coasts which have been examined,
refugees. The county of Lunenburg is inhabited by a race  are in the former direction generally low and flat; and in
sprung from a body of German and Swiss Protestants, who  the latter, bordered by sandstone cliffs, which, though not
emigrated from Rotterdam  in 1753. There are also several  elevated, are very precipitous. The general slope of both
settlements of French Acadians. But the descendants of  islands appears to be towards Mlatotshkin Strait, on which
all form only one race, and are known by but one name. the  the mouths of at least 15 small streams have been counted.
whole living in perfect harmony. The Indians are still a  Lakes also are numerous. The whole territory is wild and
distinct people;. but there are only a few hundreds of them   desolate in the extreme   The coasts swarm  with seals,
left in the province. The religious divisions here are those  various kinds of fish, and vast flights of water-fowl.  The
of the United Kingdom, and of North America generally.  interior, which is partly covered with stunted shrubs, short
The five largest religious bodies are-Episcopalians, Pres-  grass, and moss, is frequented. by reindeer, white bears,
byterians, Roman Catholics, Methodists, and Baptists.  Of  ermines, and Arctic foxes. Nova Zembla has no permanent
these, the most numerous are the Presbyterians, next the  inhabitants, but is visited by IRussian hunters and fishers.
Episcopalians, then the Roman Catholics and Baptists. Edu-    NOVIANT, no'vWdNo!, a village of France, with a station
cation has been pretty widely and equally diffused among the  on the Paris and Strasboutg Railroad, 16 miles from Nancy.
inhabitants. The public affairs of the colony are admninister-    NOVEGRAD, nolvA-gr d,\ or NOVIGRAD, nolve-grAtd', a
ed by a governor, (styled lieutenant-governor,) Council, and  village of Austria, Dalmatia, 30 niiles N.E. of Zara.  P. 800.
House of Assembly; the last, consisting of 40 members, has    NOVELDA, no-v~lldl, a town of Spain, province and 13
entire control over the provincial revenue. The laws are  milesW.of Alicante. Pop. 8095,partly engagedin distilling,
dispensed by a court of king's bench, and district courts, as  and in manufiactures of lace and confectionery.
in Canada. The laws in force are the common and the    NOVELLARA, no-v6l-lI1rA, a town of Italy, duchy and 16
statute law of England, and the statute law of Nova Scotia. miles N.W. of Modena.  Pop. 4070. It is the capital of a
The revenue rose from $270,895 in 1842, to $465,195 in 1852. principality, annexed to Modena in 1737, and has a hosPublic debt, December 31, 1852, $435,446.                     pital, podestdci's palace, some manufactures of silk andleather,
Divisions, Papulation, &c.-Nova Scotia, with Cape Breton,  weekly markets, and a large annual fair.
is divided into 18 counties, the names, population, and capi-    NOVELLO, no-vll1lo, a village of the Sardinian States,
tals of which, according to the census of 1851, were as fol- division of Cono, province of Alba. Pop. 1800.
lows:-                                                           NOVEMIASTO or NOWEMIASTO, no-vem-yAs'to. a town
- ___ _   _of Poland, government and 47 miles S.S.W. of Warsaw.
Pop. 2100. It has a fine palace and grounds, and a CapuCounties.    Porulation.      Capitals.    JPin monastery.
-Annapolis 7          285    Annapolis                         - N1,2 0 - NOVEMIASTO or NOWEMIASTO, a town of Poland, pro*Cape Breton.      11,580    Sydney..          1,000     vince and 40 miles E.N.E. of Plock.  Pop. 500.
Colhester.  15,469    Truro...               1,00        NOVEMIASTO or NOWEMIASTO, no-vim-y~slto. a town
Cumsberland.! 14,339    Amhlerst...         5OO      of Prussian Poland, 32 miles W.N.W. of Posen. Pop. 2400.
Digby....       12,252    Digby...   1,000
DGasbersugl  -  e     Gey253 sbsregt.       090        NOVEMIASTO, a town of Prussian Poland, 32 miles S.E.
Guysborough         10,838    Guysborough          1.000
Halifasx.       39,113    Halifax...      26,(000    of Posen, on the Warta.  Pop. 1000.
Hants..          34,330    Windsor..      1,000       NOVEMIASTO or NOWEMIASTO, no-vam-yas'to, a town
n;ernes.-  106,917    Peort Heeood   S        of Austrian Poland, Gralicia. 31 miles E.N.E. of Sanolk.
Kitgs....       14,138    Keatville -..                  NOVEMIASTO KORCZYN, no-vim-yastto koaRchin, a town
Lunetburg.        16.395    Lutenburg.           500
Pictou....        25,593    Pictou..            2,000     of Poland, 39 miles S. of Kielce, on the Vistula.  Pop. 1100.
Queen's               2. 5. 1,2 6    Liverpool   1,000        NOVEMIES'O or NOWEMIESTO.  See NIEUSTADr.
c:Richmond..     10,381    Arichat.        1,'.00       NOVENTA, no-vlnett, a village and parish of Austrian
Shelurene..       1s,6e2    Shelnoree...2,000 
Shelburne          10,623,6  Shelbutre            I000       Italy, government of Venice, province and 16 miles S.W. of
Sydney...] 13,467    Antigonish.     1,500
~Victoria...     10,000    Bedeque...          300       icena, on the Piovego.  Po. 3890.
Yarsmouth..   13,142    Yarmouth.            800        NOVENTA  DI PIAVE, no-Thvnlt  dee pe-~AvA. a village of
Tstal.. -~        ~ ~~~Austrian Italy, on the Piave, 17 miles N.E. ofVenice. P. 2000.
Total      2'76,117                                      NOVES, no-vkst, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles
N.W. of Toledo.  Pop.2450.
Ilisttry. —Nova Scotia was first visited by the Cabots, in    NOVES, nov, a market-town of France, department of
1497, but was not colonized by Europeans till 1604. when  Bouches-du-Rh6ne, on the D)urance, 19 miles N.E.  of Aries.
— ~                                   ~ Sitate totsisandofapsrsnPop. in 1852, 2162. It is enclosed by high walls, flanked by
150 Situated in the island of Cape Breton.        square towers, and has silk-mills.
1370




NOV                                                    NOW,
NOVGOROD, nov'go-rodt, or NOWOGORODI, a government   NOVIGRAD-VOLYNSK. Russia.  See NOVOGR.AD-VOLNSKI.
of Russia, between lat. 570 and 610 N., and Ion. 30~ and 400   NOVIIXE-LES-B1OS, no'veel! 1l bwA, a village of BIolE., having E. the governments of Vologda and Yaroslav, S. gium, province and 9 miles N.N.E. of Namur. Pop. 1131.
Tver, W. and N. Pskov, St. Petersburg, and Olonets. Area    NOVIODUJNUM. See NxvxRs.
estimated at 47,356 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 934,633.   NOVIODUNUM. See NvoN.
The surface has a gradual descent towards the N.E. Prin-   NOVIOMAGUS, Gaul. See NovoeN.
cipal rivers, the Volkhov, Msta, Sheksna, Mologa, and Lo-   NOVIOMAGUS, Belgic provinces. See NymwEGENc.
vat, and it comprises the lakes Bielo-Ozero, Vozh, (Voj,) and   NOVIOMAGUS, Germany. See Srr YEn.
Ilmen. The chief crops are rye, oats, and barley. A quan-   NOVITA, no-vee/t/, a town of South America, New Gratity of hemp and flax are raised for exportation, but timber nada, department of Caucna, 50 miles E. of the Pacific, an4
constitutes the principal product. Few cattle are reared. 130 miles S.W. of Antioquia. Pop. 2000.
Many of the population are employed in fishing. The    NOVO-ARKHANGELSK, Russian America. See SixTA.
manufactures are unimportant. It has a few copper, glass,   NOVO-BIELITZA, a town of Itussia. See BIELITZA.
tile, leather, and woollen cloth factories. Principal towns,   NOVOCRECHMINSK.  See NOVOSHESHMINSK.
Novgorod, Valdai, and Tikhvin.                            NOVOCHOPERSK, a town of Russia. See NovoxHoPEnssK.
NOVGOROD, or VELIKEE (VELIKI) NOVGOROD, vilfe-   NOVODMITRIEVSKOE, no-vod-me-tre-v/,sko-A', or YEkee nov-go-rode, (" Great Novgorod,") a city of Russia, capital LAN, yA-Itnl, a town of Russia, government and 105 miles
of a government of the same name, on the Volkhov, near W.S.W. of Saratov. Pop. 2100.
the point where it issues from Lake Ilmen, 103 miles S.S.E.   NOVO-DOOBOSARY or NOVOI-DUBOSSARII.  See Doo.
of St. Petersburg. It stands in a plain, and is divided by  nosAaY.
the river into two parts, which communicate by a handsome   NOVOEVANOVKA, no-vo-A.-v/-novtk/, or TCHERNIANwooden bridge of 12 arches, supported by pillars of granite. KA, ch6l-ne-iln/lk, a market-town of Russia, government
The portion on the right bank occupies a large extent of sur- and 82 miles S.E. of Koorsk, on the Oskol. Pop. 1470.
face, indicating at once its former importance, and present   NOVOEDOROVKA or NOWOFEDOROWKA, no-vo-fl-docomparative insignificance.  It dontains a great number of rovyk/, or BEZGIIINA, bhz-gheelnA, a market-town of Rutmean houses or rather huts, and has streets which in many  sia, government and 93 miles S.E. of Koorsk. Pop. 1680.
places are grown over with grass, and almost without excep-   NOVOGOROD. See NovGconD.
tion unpaved. The only buildings here which attract notice   NOVOGRODEK, no-vo-gro-dWk, a town of Russia, govern.
are a kind of palace, forming the Governor's Residence, and a ment and 80 miles E. of Grodno, on a tributary of the Mie.
sail-cloth and a tallow factory. The portion of the town on  men. Pop. 4100. It is enclosed by walls, and above the
the left bank is surrounded by an earthen rampart, and con- town is an ancient castle.
tains in its centre the Kremlin or citadel. Within it is the    NOVOI-OSKOL, no-voil os-koel, a town of Russia, governCathedral of St. Sophia, built after the model of St. Sophia ment and 92 miles S.E. of Koorsk, on the Oskol. Pop. 5000.
at Constantinople; besides which there are sixty-one other   NOVOKHOPERSK or NOVOCIIOPERSK, no-vo-xo-p~nsk/,
churches, the Archbishop's Palace, and numerous nun- a town of Russia, government and 110 miles E.S.E. of Voroneries and monasteries, one of which, the Monastery of the  nezh, on the Vorona. It is enclosed by a fosse and a rampart
Annunciation, is a remarkably elegant structure.  The flanked with four bastions, and in its docks are built vessels
manufactures are of little importance, and consist of sail- to navigate the Black Sea. Pop. 1800.
cloth, leather, tobacco, candles, and vinegar. The trade in    NOVOLI, nolvo-le, a town of Naples, province of Otranto,
corn, flax, and hemp, carried on chiefly with the capital, is district and 7 miles W.N.W. of Leece. Pop. 3100.
considerable; and there are two large annual fairs. Nov-   NOVOMESTO, no-vo-mns/to, or NOVOMIASTO, no-vomgored was in early times the capital of an independent state, yAs'to, a town of Russia, government and 76 miles N.N.E.
During the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries it was a grand  of Tchernigov, on the Ipoot. Pop. 2000.
commercial entrepbt, and so famous throughout a wide   NOVOMIRGOROD, no'vo-mSRa-go-rodl, a fortified town of
extent of country that a Russian proverb ran, "Who can  Russia, government and 155 miles N.N.W. of Kherson.
prevail against the gods and the great Novgorod?"  Its Pop. 3000.
population is said to have once amounted to 400,000, and it   NOVOMOSKOVSK  or NOWOMOSKOWSK, no-vo-moscarried on an extensive trade. So great was its riches, that kovsk/, a fortified town of Russia, government and 18 miles
in 1480, John III., after he had conquered the republic of N.E. of Yekaterinoslav, on the Samara. Pop. 7380.
Novgorod, despatched from the city to Moscow three hun-   NOVOPETROVSKOE, no-vo-pA-trovlsko-/L, a market-town
dred chariots laden with articles of silver and gold. Pop. of Russia, government and 55 miles N.W. of Kherson, on
about 15,000. The CANAL or NovGOROD, which joins the the Bug. Pop. 1730.
Msta and Volkhov Rivers, is 5 miles in length, and obviates   NOVO REDONDO, noevo r/-don/do, a seaport town and fort
the navigation of Lake Ilmen.                           of the Portuguese possessions of South-West Africa, at the
NOVGOROD, NIZIINEE, (or NIJNII.)  See NIZnNEE- mouth of the river Redondo in the Atlantic, in lat. 110 12'
NOVGOROD.                                               S., ion. 130 44' 40" E. The town is situated on the summit
NOVGOROD-SEVERSKOIE, nov'go-rod!  sA-v a-skolyA, or of a rock 150 feet above the sea, in a fertile district. The
NOVOROD-SIEVElRSKOI, no-vo-rod/ se-A-v6a-skoil, a town  population are all free negroes except 8 or 10 Europeans.
of Russia, government and 109 miles E.N.E. of Tchernigov,   NOYOROD-SIEVERSKOI, a town of Russia. See Novaoon the Desna. Pop. 8000. It has an active trade in corn, aoD-SEvERSXoiE.
hemp, and lime. and three large annual fairs.             NOVOROSSISK, no-vo-ros-sistf, a small seaport town of
NOVGRAD-VOLYNSKI, nov'grAdl vo-lintskee, or NOVI- Russia, on the E. coast of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the
GRAD-VOLYNSK, no-ve-grddl vo.linsk!, a town of Russia, Tsemesse, and S. of Anapa. The town is built on a slope
government of Volhynia, on the Slootch, 62 miles W.N.W. terminating in lofty heights, and is defended by two forts.
of Zhitomeer. Pop. 4800.                                  NOVORZHEV or NOVORJEV, no-vox-zh6v/, written also
NOVI, noivee, a town of Italy, Sardinia, division of Genoa, NOWORSCHEW, no-voa-shyvl, a town of Russia, governin the plain of Marengo, at the foot of the Apennines, 14 ment and 68 miles S.E. of Pskov. Pop. 2000.
miles S.E. of Alessandria, with which it is connected by rail-   NOVOSELITZA,(?) no-vo-sA-litis/, a town of South Russia,
road; lat. 430 47' N., ion. 80 48' E. Pop. 10,278. It has province of Bessarabia, 27 miles E.S.E. of Chotyn. P. 3500.
several churches, a college, and hospital, with manufactures    NOVOSHESHMINSK, NOVOCHECHMINSK or NOWOof silk thread, and an active trade, it being an entrepOt for  SCHESCHMINSK, no-vo-shksh-minsk!, a marknet-town of
goods passing between Genoa and Turin. On the adjoining  Russia, government and 95 miles S.E.,of Kazan. Pop. 1800.
plain, the French, under Joubert, were defeated in 1799 by    NOVOSIL or NOWOSIL, no-vo-sil! or no-vo-seel!, a town of
the Austro-Russian army under Suwarrow.                 Russia, government and 86 miles S.W. of Toola. Pop. 2000.
NOVI, a town of Italy, 20 miles N. of Modena. Pop. 2500.   NOVO-TCIHIERKASK, no/vo-ch6a-kAsk/, a town of IRussia.
NOVI, a town of Italy, Naples, province of Principato  capital of the country of the Don Cossacks; on the Don, 246
Citra, 18 miles S.S.W. of Capaccionuovo. Pop. 2000.     miles E.S.E. of Yekaterinoslav. Pop. 17,800. The town,
NOVI, nolvee, a town of Bosnia, 40 miles W.N.W. of founded in 1806, is generally well built, and has a fine
IBanialuka, on the Unna.                                cathedral, with numerous other churches, a large marketNOVI, a maritime town of IHungarian Croatia, 12 miles place, and a college with a library of 1200 volumes.
N.W. of Zengg, and the residence of its bishop. Pop. 2000.    NOVUM FORUM. See FoRNovo.
NO0VI, a post-village and township of Oakland co., Michi-   NOWAGHUR, no-w{-gir!, two small towns of India,
gan, on the W. branch of Rougne River, 25 miles N.W. of Nagpoor dominions, respectively 48 miles S.E., and 47 miles
Detroit. Pop. 1351.                                     S.W. of Ruttunpoor.
NOVI-BAZAR, nolvee bAzan!, a town of Bosnia, on an    NOWAGUR, no-wi-gthr!, a town of Hindostan, province
affluent of the Morava, 130 miles S.E. of Bosna-Serai. Esti- of Gundwana, on the Mahanuddy River, 110 miles S.W1. of
mated pop. 8000. It has a castle in its centre, 17 mosques; Sunitbhulpoor, lat. 200 49' N., Ion. 820 43' E.
and some shops, bqt it is generally wretched and filthy, built   NOW-CHOW, n~w-chiw, an island of China, Gulf of
of little else than mud, and none of the windows being glazed. Tonquin, off the' N.E. part of the peninsula of Looee-Choo,
NOVIDVOR or NOWIDWOR, no-vid/vor, a market-town of lat..200 580 N., about 6 miles long by 5 miles broad. The
Poland, 36 miles N.N.E. of Bialystok, with 1500 inhabitants, harbor, though difficult of entrance, is well sheltered, and
NOVIGRAD, no-ve-grgdt, a small seaport town of the Ioun- has long been a noted resort of Ladrone pirates.:arian Littorale, on the Moriacca Channel, 22 miles S.E. of   NOWEMIASTO, several towns of Poland. See Novs1aAsTo
Plume. Pop. 2500.                                         NOWEMIESTO. See NEUsTADT.
NOVIGRAD, a village of Austria. See NOVEGRao.          NOWIDWOR, no-Widi~or, a town of Poland, govern
171




NOW                                                        NUE
bAent and 16 miles N.W. of Warsaw  at the junction of the 1 rica. Agriculture employs most of the population cn th4
Vistula and the Bug. Pop. 1500.                             banks of the Nile and its tributaries, and artificial irriga,
NO WO, for numerous Russian and Polish names with  tion is resorted to as in Egypt. Chief products, durrah;
this prefix, see Novo and its compounds.                    barley, cotton, indigo, tobacco, senna, coffee, and dates.
NOWOSIL, a town of Russia. See NovoSIL.                   Cattle, sheep, and goats are reared by the Arabs of th6
NOWSHARRA, n6w-shartrd, a town of Sinde, 70 miles neighboring deserts. Manufactures are limited. to objects
S.E. of Roree, on the route thence to Hyderabad.            for domestic use. An extensive transit trade is carried on
NOWSHARRA, a village of the Punjab. See NOUSHERA.  with the interior of Africa and Egypt, in slaves, gold-dust,
NOWY-GYRIN, a town of Moravia. See NEUTITSCHEIN.   senna, and ostrich feathers. Suakin, on the Red Sea, is the
NOW/ZER, a village of Sinde, 7  miles S.E. of Shikarpoor, only port. The Nubians belong to the Arabian and Ethiolat. 270 50' N., lon. 680 40' E.                            plan races. They are a handsome people, of dark-brown
NOXAPATITO, a post-office of Winston co., Mississippi.   complexion, bold, frank, cheerful, and more simple and
NOXIUBEE (RIveR) or RUNAWAY CREEK, of Missis- incorrupt in manners than their neighbors, either up or
sippi and Alabama, rises in Choctaw co., of the former, down the river. In Egypt, where they are called Berfiber,
and passing into Alabama, enters the Tombigbee in Sumter  (Berbers,) they are preferred as porters and domestic sercounty, near Gainesville. It is navigable by small steam- vants. The pastoral tribes on the banks of the Tacazze and
boats about 50 miles.                                       Upper Nile speak the Arabic language. Remains of ancient
NOXUBEE, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, hor- edifices occur throughout the whole extent of the valley, but
dering on Alabama, has an area of about 720 square miles. chiefly below Dongola. The most remarkable are the TenmIt is intersected by Noxubee River, (called also Runaway  pie of Kelabshi, (anciently Talrtis,) the sculptures of which
Creek,) from  which it derives its name. The surface is  represent the expedition of Sesostris; that of Dakkeh; the
nearly level; the soil is a dark-colored, heavy, and adhesive  excavated Temple of Ipsambool, a little below Wadi-Halfah;
loam, possessing great strength and fertility. The Noxubee  and the Temple of Semne. a little above it. In Bongola,
River is navigable by small steamers. The Mobile and Ohio  some colossal figures of granite lie prostrate in the isle of
Railroad, now in progress, will probably pass through the  Argo. Previous to the conquest of Nubia by Ibrahim Pasha,
county. Capital, Macon. Pop. 16,299, of whom 4976 were  in 1821, it was governed by a multitude of independent
free, and 11,323 slaves.                                    chiefs; since then it has been under the dominion of Egypt.
NOYA, no/yA, a seaport town of Spain, province of Co- -Adj. and inhab., NusBAN, nulbe-an.
runna, 21 miles WV. of Santiago, at the bottom of an inlet   NUBLADA, noo-blAfDo, or SAN BENEDICTO, sIn bA-nA.
called the RIA DE NOYA, receiving the river Tambre. Pop. deektto, an island of the North Pacific, Revillagigedo group;
1600. It has a small ship-building yard, fisheries, and a  lat. 190 22' 40" N., lon. 1100 44' W. Length, from N.E. to
trade in pilchards.                                         S.W., 6 miles; breadth about 3 miles.
NOYAL-MUZILLAC, no'y~ll mii'zeeydk!f, (or mii'zeel'y k!)    NUBLE, nootblA, a river of Chili, rises in the W. slope of
a village of France, department of Morbihan, 14 miles E.S.E.  the Cordillera of the Andes, near lat. 36~ N., flows W.S.W.,
of Vannes.  Pop. 2380.                                      and after a course of about 80 miles unites with the Chilan
NOYAL-MUZILLAC-PONTIVY, no'yAl mi1'zeelPyk/ p6Na-  to form the Itata.
tee'veer, a market-town of France, department of Morbihan,    NUCERIA CAMELLARTA. See NocERA.
3 miles E. of Pontivy. Pop. in 1852, 3505.                    NUCKO, an island of Russia.  See NuKo.
NOYAL-MUZILLAC-SUR-VILAINE, no'yaP mi!'zeelty~k!             NUDDEA, ntidfde-a, a district of British India, presidency
siia vee'lAnl, a village of France, department of Ille-et-Vi- of Bengal, in the delta of the Ganges. Area 3105 square
laine, 6 miles E. of Rennes. Pop. 3307.                     miles. Pop. estimated at 1,187,000. Principal town, Nuddea,
NOYELLE, no'11, a village of France, with a station on  the capital, on the Hoogly, 54 miles N.W. of Calcutta.
the railway from Boulogne to Amiens.'                         NUDLINGEN, (Niidlingen,) niidtling-en, a village of BaNOYEN, noi'la5/, a market-town of France, department varia, near Miinnerstadt.  Pop. 1220.
of' Sarthe, 17 miles S.W. of Le Mans. Pop. 1247.              NUECES, nwAftcs, a river of Texas, rises in Bexar county,
NOYERS, noi'aiel, a town of France, department of  in the W. part of the state, and flows into a bay of its own
Yonne, on the Serin, 10 miles S. of Tonnerre.  Pop. 1768. name, near 270 30' N. lat., and 980 W. ion. Its course is very
It is prettily situated in a fertile vine-country, enclosed by  circuitous, and the whole length is estimated at 350 miles.
walls, and has manufactures of serges, coarse flannels, and  It is stated that boats can ascend it 100 miles from its mouth.
worsted hosiery.                                              NUECES, a county in the south part of Texas, bordering
NOYES' TURN, a railroad station in Steuben co., New  on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 6160 square miles.
York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 295 miles from   The Nueces River, from which the name is derived, foirms
New York City.                                              its N. boundary; the Laguna del Madre washes its eastern
NOYESVILLE, noiztvil, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.  border, and is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by a long
NOYON, n6h'y6N!l, (ane. NVoviomfagus,) a town of France,  narrow island. The surface is nearly level; the soil sandy
department of Oise, 42 miles E.N.E. of Beauvais, with a  and poor, excepting in the vicinity of the river. Capital,
station don a branch of the Northern Railway, N.E. of Creil, San Patriclo. Pop. 608, of whom 651 were free, and 47 slaves.
lat. 490 35' N., ion. 30 1' E. Pop. in 1852, 6320. It is well   NUEIL-SOUS-PASSAVANT, niPYl soo pAs`s&'v6NS!, a marbuilt, enclosed with gardens, has a large old cathedral, ket-town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the
bishop's palace, a hospital, seminary, several handsome  Layon, 15 miles S.W. of Saumur. Pop. 1800.
public fountains, manufactures of fine linens, tulle, cotton    NUEVA CARTEYA, nwlVv  kai-ttyl, a village of Spain,
hosiery, leather, and a brisk general trade. Calvin was born  Andalusia, about 24 miles from Cordova. Pop. 1088.
here 18th July, 1509.                                         NUEVA ECIJA, nwAlvA Alse-n, a province of the island
NOZANO, nod-zstno, a market-town of Italy, duchy, and  of Luzon, extending along part of its E. coast. Bougabon is
4 miles W.S.W. of Lucca, on the Serchio. Pop. 2400.         the capital. Pop. 23.308.
NOZAY, no'zAI, a town of France, department of Loire.   NUEVA  HELVETIA, nwA/vg 6l-vltte-A, or NEW  HELR
Infrtieure, 24 miles N. of Nantes.  Pop. in 1852, 3369.     VETIA, (hll-veefshe-a,) a former American settlement or
NOZEROY, n6dzeh-rwAt, a town of France, department of colony in California, near the junction of the Rio Sacramento
Jura, 18 miles E.S.E. of Poligny. Pop. 800.                 with the American River, a little above the site of the present
NUBtBIN RIDGE, a post-office, Hardeman co., Tennessee. Sacramento City, founded in 1838-9 by Captain Sutter of
NUBBRA, a district of Ladak.  See NonaRA.                Missouri. It was one of the most important and prosperous
NUBIA, nutbe-a, (Fr. Nsubie, nibeel; Ger. Niubien, of the early settlements in California. See SACRAMENTO CITY.
noolbe-en,) a country of East Africa, on the Red Sea.   NUEVA PROVINCIA, nw~lvA pro-veen/se-d, a province of
situated between lat. 110 and 240 N., and ion. 280 and  the island of Luzon.
390 E., bounded E. by the Red Sea, S. by Abyssinia, W. of    NUEVA SEGOVIA, nwmfvi sA-gotve-A, or NEW SEGOITIA,
Darfoor and the Great Desert, and N. by Egypt. Area esti- a small town of Central America, state of Nicaragua, on the
mated at 35,000 square miles, and population at 400,000. It Segovia River, 110 miles N.N.E. of Leon.
is divided into Lower Nubia, extending from the frontier   NUEVA SEGOVIA, nw'yvv sA-go've-d, or CACERES, kf.
of Egypt to Dongola, (lat. 18~ N.,) and Upper Nubia from  se-ris, a pretty town on the Tajo, in the N. part of the
Dongola to Abyssinia. Nubia is situated almost entirely in  island of Luzon.
the valley of the Nile, which is here so narrow as to leave    NUEVA SEGOVIA, a name of the Bluefields River, Cenno space for cultivation on its banks, and the productive  tral America.  See BARQUESIMETO.
districts occur in the gorges between the mountains, and    NUEVAS GRANDES, nw/vls grn/ldis, a port on the N.
on the islands. A desert of sand and rocks, with some small coast of the island of Cuba.
fertile oases, extends E. from Lower Nubia to the Red Sea. In    NUEVA TABARCA.  See TABARcA.
Upper Nubia the country is more varied, the Nile here re-   NUEVA VISCAYA, nwA/v  veeth-kiI, a province of the
ceives its affluent, the Atbara, or Tacazze, 165 miles btlow  island of Luzon. Pop. 22,233.
the junction of the White and Blue Rivers; between these    NUEVITAS, LAS, 1Is nw.-veestls, or NUEVITAS DEL
rivers are situated the regions of Shendy, Ilalfay, and Sen- PRINCIPE, nwl-veelts d~l prin/se-pA, (or preenfse.pA,) a
naar, which contain vast fertile plains. The climate of  town on the N.E. coast of Cuba. E. of Puerto Principe, of
Nubia is extremely hot and dry, but on the whole healthy; which it is the port, and with which it is connected by a
the plague is said never to have penetrated S. of the second  railroad 44 miles in length. The harbor is about 15 miles in
cataract (lat. 220 N.) Besides the animals common  to  length by half as much in breadth; its entrance  is threeEgypt, Nubia has the giraffe, and several species of ante- fourths of a mile across. Its shores arelow and sandy. Pop.
lopes and birds which belong to the central plateau of Af- in 1853, 820; of the jurisdiction, 4860, (1742 beingslaves.)
1372




NUE                                                       NUR
NUEVO-LEON, a department of Mexico. See New LEON.  130 22' N., ion. 770 44' E. It was stormed and taken by the
NUEVO-SANTANDER, nw4Yvo sin-tin-daiRs, a town of British in 1791.'he Mexican Confederation, situated in the state of Tam-   NUNEATON, nfinte-tpn, a market-town and parish of
aulipas, on the river Santander, 120 miles N.W. of Tampico. England, co. of Warwick, with a station on the T'rent Val.
It is well built and populous.                            ley Railway, 14 miles N.W. of Rugby. Pop. of town in 1851,
NUF/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          4859. It has a Gothic church, a grammar school, and a free
NU-GARIEP, nu-gi-re-6p, a river of South Africa, be- school. In the vicinity are the ruins of an old abbey, which
tween the territory of the Cape Colony and the Hottentots, was destroyed in the civil wars by Oliver Cromwell.
after a N.W. course joins the Gariep or Orange River, near    NUNEHAM COURTNAY, England. See NEWNHAM.
lat. 290 5' S., lon. 240 23' E.  It drains the divisions of    NUNEN, niilnpn, a village of the Netherlands, province
Graaf Reinet, Colesberg, and Cradock.                     of North Brabant, 19 miles S.E. of Einhoven. Pop. 707.
NUGGEENA, nrg-gheeniA, a town of British India, presi-   NUNEZ, noo'nhzf, or KAKUNDY, k/-kan1dee, a river of
dency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, 47 miles N.N.W. of  West Africa, Senegambia, after a WV. course enters the At.
Moradabad.                                                lantic Ocean in lat. 100 40' N., ion. 140 40' W. Its banks are
NUGGUR, nflgIgtir, a stronglyfortified town of Iindostan, densely wooded, and on them  from 70 to 80 miles from the
province of Rajpootana, 67 miles S. of Jeypoor.           sea are the settlements of Walkeria, Cassasez, and Debucko.
NUGGUR, a town of IHindostan, Bundelcund, 81 miles   NUN'GATUCKI, a post-officJ, New Haven co., Connecticut.
S.S.W. of Chatterpoor.                                      NUNIVACK, an island in Behring's Sea. See NooNrIVAK.
NUGIIEDU, noo-ghA-dool, a village of the island of Sar-   NUN-KEEILING, a parish of England, co. of York, East
dinia, division of Sassari, province and S. of Ozieri. Pop. Riding.
1736.                                                       NUNKUNONO, nun-koo-no'no, or DUKE OF CLARIENCE,
NUITS, nwee, a town of France, department of Cate-d'Or, an island of the South Paci;c Ocean; lat. 90 5' S., ion. 171~
on the Meuzin. and on the Paris and Lyons Railroad, 8  38' W., length, from N. to S., 7 miles, breadth 5 miles.
miles N.E. of Beaune. Pop. in 1852, 3317. It is situated in    NUNINEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
the midst of a fine wine country, and has manufactures    NUNININGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
of woollen-cloth, serges, kirschwasser, hats, leather, and  Riding.
vinegar.                                                    NUN'S ISLAND, Hebrides, close to Ions.
NUJIFGHUR, noo-jif-gtirl, a town of British India, pre-   NUNITON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
sidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district and 20 miles   NUORO, noo-olro, a town of the island of Sardinia, 78
S.E. of Cawnpoor, on the Ganges.                          miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 3671. It has a cathedral and
NUJIHABAD, noo-je-h/-bidt. a town of British India, a Jesuits' college.
presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, in the district of    NUIQUIN, a river of Utah territory, falls into Nicollet
Moradabad, 92 miles N.E. of Delhi.                        River.
NUKAHIVA, one of Marquesas Islands. See NooKAnEEVA.   NUR, nooes, a town of Poland, province of Plock, on the
NUKERKE, nit/kta'kh, a village of Belgium, province  Bug, 63 miles E.N.E. of Warsaw.
of East Flanders, 18 miles S. by W. of Ghent. Pop. 2411.     NURA, nooerY, a river of North Italy, duchy of Parma,
NUKO, NOUKO, noolko, or NUCKO, nook/ko, an island  rises in the Apennines, and after a N.N.E. course of 45 miles
of Russia, S.W. entrance of the Gulf of Finland, between  joins the Po, 7 miles E. of Piacenza.
the mainland of the government of Esthonia and the island    NURA PONTE, noolri. pon!ti, a village of North Italy,
of Worms, about 9 miles long by 3 miles wide. Pop. 450.   on the ZEmilian Way, and the Nulira River, 6 miles from its
NULCIIITTY, nul-chitltee, a village of British India, pre- mouth.
sidency and province of Bengal, 8 miles N.W. of Backer-    NURAGUO, noo-rigwo, a village of the island of Sardinia,
gunge, on an arm of the Ganges. It is the chief trading  province of Isili, in a valley between the Giara-di-Gestunm,
mart of its district, being frequented by numerous Aracan- and the Saradano. Pop. 1000.
ese boats, which bring teak, timber, and iron, and take back    NURAMINIO, noo-ri-meelne-o, a town of the island of
in return rice, betel leaf, and cocoa-nuts. It has also a con- Sardinia, division and N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1525.
traband trade in opium and salt.                             NUREMBERG, nufrem-berg, (Ger. Niisrnbeg, nitan/bRno;
NULDINGAI, ntLl-dinggag, a town of British India, pre- Dutch Neurenburg, niiren-briao/; L. and It. Ieosimberga,
sidency of Bengal, 74 miles N.N.E. of Calcutta.            no-rim-bla/gi; Sp. Nsuremberga, noo-rim-b6rsgA,) a city of
NULES, noolles, a town of Spain, province and 12 miles Bavaria, Middle Franconia, the third city in the kingdom,
S.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2873.                  and once the greatest and most wealthy of all the free
NULHEIGAN RIVER, a small stream of Essex co., Ver- imperial cities of Germany, on the Pegnitz, the Ludwig
mont, falls into the Connecticut.                          Canal, and the Great Bavarian Railway, from Augsburg to
NULL'S MILLS, a post-office of Fayette co., Indiana.     the frontiers of Saxony, 95 miles N. of Munich. Lat. 490
NULVI, noollvee, a village of Sardinia, province and 11  27' N., Ion. 110 4' E. It stands in a somewhat sandy, but
miles E.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2780.                        well-cultivated plain; and from whatever point it may be
NU/MA, a small post-village of Parke co., Indiana, on the  viewed, but more especially from the suirounding heights,
Wabash and Erie Canal, 11 miles N. of Terre Haute.         and the towers of several of its churches, presents a very
NUMANSDORP, a village of Holland. See BUITENSLUIS.  striking appearance. It is surrounded by ancient walls,
NUMIBER ONE, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.           flanked with towers, and enclosed by a ditch 100 feet wide,
NUMBER TWO, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.        and 50 feet deep; is nearly in the form of a square, and,
NUMBER THREE, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.  exclusive of suburbs, has a circuit exceeding 3 miles. The
NUMIDIA, nu-midfe-a, (Fr. Nusmidie, nii'mee'deef; L. Pegnitz, traversing the town from E. to W., divides it into
Nusmidia; Gr. NovIpAra, _Ioumidia or Noyaba. XNoscdia,)  two nearly equal parts-the N. or Sebalderseite, and the
an ancient country of North Africa, corresponding, in  S. or Lorenzerseite, which communicate by numerous stont
the main, with the modern Algeria. The name was given  and wooden bridges. The characteristic feature of the town
on account of the nomadic or wandering habits of the in- is the venerable air of antiquity which invests it. Its arched
habitants.-Adj. and inhab. NUMIDIAN, nu-midle-an.          gates are flanked by four massive, cylindrical watch-towers;
NUMIDIA, nu-midle-a, a village of Montour co., Pennsyl- and the stranger who threads its narrow and irregular
vania, about 17 miles S.E. of Danville.                    streets, lined with solid but quaint gable-faced houses, standNUMIDIE. See NunIDIA.                                   ing entire, as they were originally built, might fancy himself
NUMMUL, ntm'mfoll, a thriving town of the Punjab, on  carried hack several centuries. It is only lately that some
the Indus, 24 miles E. of Kala Bagh; lat. 320 55' N., Ion. of the streets have been widened and renewed, so as to wear
720 E.                                                     a modern appearance.
NUN, a cape and river of Morocco. See NooN.                Of the public squares, which are numerous, the largest is
NUN, a river of Mantchooria. See NooN.                  the Haupt, (or Green Market,) adorned with the Beautiful
NUN, noon, one of the principal branches or outlets of the  Fountain in the form of an open Gothic obelisk or spire;
Niger, passing into the Atlantic from between Capes Nun  and containing on its W. side the house in which Albert
and Formosa, about lat. 40 21' N., ion. 60 5' E. See NIGERa.  D'trer and Wilbald Pirclkheimerwere born. Another square,
NUN-BURNI/HOLME, a parish of England, co. of York, called the Aegidien Platz, (St. Giles' Square,) is adorned with
East Riding.                                               a statue of Melancthon by Burgschmiet. The most remarkNUNDA, commonly pronounced nhn-dit, a beautiful post- able edifice is St. Sebald's Church, which gives its name to
village and township of Livingston co., New York, on the  the N. division of the town, a Gothic structure of great
Buffalo and New York City Railroad, 67 miles E.S.E. of Buf- elegance externally and internally, with a richly-carved
falo. The village contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, portal, a massive crucifix of bronze, one of the earliest spean academy, a newspaper office, and has manufactures of cimens of Nuremberg art, a curious bronze font, numerous
woollens, iron, &c. Pop. of the township, 3128; of the vii- old paintings, fine stained glass, and above all, the tomb or
lage, in 1853, estimated at 2000.                          shrine of St. Sebald, executed in bronze by Peter Vischer,
NUNDEAL, nrin-dA-1lI, a town of British India, presi-  who, with his five sons, labored upon it for 13 years, and
dency of Madras, district and 73 miles N.N.W. of Cuddapah. adorned it with nearly 100 figures, among which those of
NUNDERBAR, fin-dlr-barl, a town of British India, pre- the Apostles are conspicuous for size and beauty. Other
sidency of Bombay, district of Candeish, 87 miles E. of buildings deserving of notice are the Church of St. Lorenz,
Surat; lat. 210 25' N., Ion. 740 15' E.                    with a fine porch flanked bytwo lofty towers, and containing
NUNDYDROOG, ntin-de-droogf, a strong hill-fort of South  a remarkable pix, by Adam Krafft, exquisitely sculptured
India, dominions of Mysore, 31 miles E. of Bangalore; lat,. in white stone, 64 feet in height; the Town-house, an Italiar
1373




NUR-                                                       NYM
building of three stories, with a fine front, and a great hall, I town of British India, Upper Provinces, district and 12
the walls of which are decorated with paintings in oil, many  miles S.E. of Ajmeer.
of them by Diirer; the Reichsschloss, or Imperial Castle, in    NUS'SEERPOORI, a town of Sinde, 18 miles N.E. of Hy.
the N.W. corner of the town, towering above all its other derabad.
houses, and containing within its court a remarkable lime-   NUSSERABAD or NUSSEERABAD. See MYMuvsINesas.
tree said to have been planted by the hands of Queen Kuni-   NUTIBUSH-I, a post-office of Warren co., North Carolina.
gunda, and now above 700 years old; the Aegidien Church,   NUTIFIELD" a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
(Church of St. Giles,) a handsome modern Italian building,   NUT/HALL, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
enclosing a very ancient chapel, originally founded by the    NUT/HURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Emperor Conrad III. for some Scotch Benedictine monks;   NUT/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Ilants.
the parsonage of St. Sebald's, with a beautiful oriel window,   NUTTAM or NUTTOM. See NATTAnM.
and near it the Gothic chapel of St. Maurice, now converted    NUTTOM, a town of India. See NATTAM.
into apicture-gallery. Nuremberg hasa gymnasium, founded    NUYTS, nits(?), a headland of South Australia, in lat. 320
by the reformer Melanecthon, whose statue is placed on its 2' 18" S., ion. 1320 25' E. The Nuyts Archipelago stretches
front; a school of the fine arts, polytechnic school, com- along the coast N. of lat. 330, and mostly between ion. 1330
mercial academy, and many libraries, museum  of natural and 1340 E. Principal island, St. Francis.
history, and numerous associations, religious, literary, and    NUZ, a village of the Sardinian States. See Nus.
artistic.                                                    NY/ACK, a post-village of Rockland county, New York,
Nuremberg has, from the remotest times, been celebrated  on the W. bank of Hudson River, here called the Tappan
for its industry, and for the inventions and zeal of its arti- Sea, 29 miles N. of New York City. It contains 3 or 4
sans.  Almost all the streets derived their names from  churches, several stores, and has a landing for steamboats
the particular branches of industry carried on in them, on the river. Two newspapers are published here. Poe. estiand many important inventions had their first existence mated at 800.
here. Of these inventions may be specified wire-drawing,   NY/ACK TURN/PIKE, a post-office of Rockland co., New
watches, and fire-arms. The first paper-mill in Germany was York.
established here in 1390. Here also the first gun carriages    NYAMTZ, ne-Amtst, NEMZA, nlm/s, or NIATZU, ne-At!were made, and the first railway in Gel-many was opened  soo, a town of Moldavia, 62 miles N.N.W. of Yassy. It has
from Nuremberg to Fiirth in 1836. It is now the great centre  large annual fairs and markets, and a shrine of the Virgin,
of the manufacture of German wooden clocks and toys, which  which attracts numerous pilgrims.
are circulated to all parts of the globe; its other manu-    NYARPET, nt-Ir-p~t', a town of British India, presidency
factures comprise jewellery, trinkets, telescopes, mathe- and 65 miles N.W. of Madras.
matical and musical instruments, sealing wax, black-lead    NYASSI, ne-Is/see, (" the sea," N'YASSA or MARAVI,(?)
pencils, lacquered -lares, articles in ivory and horn, paper, (written also MARABAI,) a considerable lake of South East
and parchments.  In these various manufactures 13,000  Africa, supposed to extend between lon. 300 and 350 E., and
people were employed in 1846. Its commerce, favored by its  its centre' being about lat. 100 S., and apparently identical
position on the Canal of the Rhine and Danube, is still con- with the Lake Maravi of old maps, but our knowledge of
siderable. Nuremberg was founded in 905, and in 938 it was it is yet very deficient.
the seat of the first German diet. It was greatly enlarged    NY/ATT POINT LIGHT, on the W. side of Narraganset
by Conrad ILl., and received several embellishments and  Bay, 9 miles S. of Providence, Rhode Island; lat. 410 431 30"
important privileges from' Frederick Barbarossa. In 1219, N., ion. 710 20' 48" W.
it was raised to the rank of a free city of the empire. Its    NYBORG or NYEBORG. niilbonG, (Dan. pron. niirbose or
inhabitants early embraced the doctrines of the Reformation, nitFih-bonG,) a fortified town of Denmark, on the island of
and in 1532, the assembly was held here at which the treaty  Funen, 18 miles E.S.E. of Odense, on the Great Belt. Pop.
of toleration was signed.  In 1806 it was formally taken  in 1851, 3059. It is defended by a strong citadel, and has
possession of by Bavaria. Many distinguished individuals  ship-building docks. All vessels which pass the Great Belt
have been born here. Among others may be mentioned the  pay their dues here. In 1659, the Danes gained here an
poets Fenzing and Hians Sachs, the mathematician Behaim, important victory over the Swedes, and thereby freed their
the painter Albert Diirer, whose house is still preserved in  country from a foreign yoke.
the principal square, and the sculptors Peter Vischer and    NY/CES, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania.
Adan Krafft. Pop. 45,381.-Inhab. NU/REMzsERGER, (Ger.   NYE'S (niz) CORNER, a post-village of Somerset co., Maine,
Nii-rnberger, niiRnlbn.Goer.)                              on the W. side of Kennuebec River, 8 miles N. of Waterville.
NUBNEY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Carlow.     NYFFE or NIFFI, nif/fee. a kingdom of West Africa, beNURNEY, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. and S.W. of  tween the Quorra and the Tchadda Rivers.
Kildare.                                                     NYHAMM, ntl/hlmm, a port on the E. coast of Sweden,
NURNEY, a parish, Ireland, 3 miles N.N.W. of Carbery.  lIen of Gefieborg, at the mouth of the Ljusne in the Gulf
NURPUR, ntir'ptr/, a town of the Punjab, at the foot of the  of Bothnia.
Himalaya Mountains, 60 miles N.E. of Amritseer; lat. 320 12'   NYINIAH, fin/ee-I, a town of West Africa, district of
N., Ion. 750 40' E. Pop. from 6000 to 8000, comprising many  Koranko, N.E. of Sierra Leone; lat. 80 453'N., Ion. 110 28'
Cashmerians employed in shawl weaving. It has a stone  W., on the route between Rokelle and Falaba.
fort and a good bazaar.                                      NYIR BATIHOR, fieen blh'tont, a market-town of HunNURRI, nioonRaee, a village of the island of Sardinia, pro- gary, co. of Szabolcz, 30 miles N.E. of Debreczin. Pop.
vince and 8 miles E. of Isih. Pop. 2154.                   3250.
NURSINGHUR, nfir'sing-gfer/, a town ofIndia, presidency    NYIREGHYIIAZA. fiee'rdj'h[/zlh', a market-town of
of Bengal, 38 miles N.E. of Saugur,                        East Hungary, co. of Szabolcz, 29 miles N. of Debreczin.
NURSINGHUR, a petty state of India, province of Mal- Pop. 15,740. It has Roman Catholic, Greek, Lutheran, and
wah, 50 miles N.E. of Oojein.                              Calvinistic churches, and some soda and salt works.
NURSINGPOOR, a town of India, presidency of Bombay,   NYITTRA, a town of Hungary. See NzUTRA. 
91 miles E.S.E. of Poonah.                                   NYKERK, nitkIk, a town of the Netherlands, province
NUIRS/ITNG, a parish of England, co. of Hants.           of Gelderland, near the Zuyder Zee, 10 miles S.W. of HIarNUR/STED, a parish of' England, co. of Kent.             derwyk. Pop. 3800.
NURTINGEN, (Ntirtingen,) n't'ting-gn, a town of Wtir-   NYKERK, a village of the Netherlands, province of Friestemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Neckar, 13 miles land, N.E. of Dokkum. Pop. 250.
S.S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3982.                              NYKOPING, (Nyklping,) or NYKJOPING, nii/chl'ping,
NURWUR, a town of India. See NAnWAn.                     (almost neelchiipqing,) a loen or district of Sweden, in the
NUS, noos, or NUZ, nuts? a village of the Sardinian States, E., having S.E. the Gulf of Bothnia, N. the Lakes Meelar
division and 8 miles N.E. of Aosta, on the Dora. Pop. 2059. and Ilielmar. Area 2516 square miles. Pop. in 1850,120,113.
NUSCO, noos'ko, a town of Naples, province of Principato  Chief town, Nykuping.
Ultra, 6 miles S.W. of St. Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 4000.   NYKOPING, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of a
It has a cathedral, and convents.                         lien, on an inlet of the Baltic, 58 miles S.W. of Stockholm.
NUSLAU, n66s/l6w, or NUSILAW, noo/se-liv', a market- Pop. 3486. It is one of the finest towns of the kingdom,
town of Austria, Moravia, 10 miles S.S.E. of Brunn. P. 1198. and has two castles, several churches, and hospitals, With
NUSLOCHI, n6sllo/K, a market-town of Baden, circle of manufactures of brass wares, woollen and cotton stuffs,
Lower Rhine, 6 miles S. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2054.          hosiery, tobacco, paper, and starch, saw-mills, and shipNUSSBACH, n65s'bbK, or ALUN, I/loon, a village of Aus- building docks, and a brisk export trade.
tria, Transylvania, about 24 miles from Kronstadt, near the    NYKJOBING, (Nykjiibing,) nii-kyi/bing, a small seaport
Alt. Pop. 1097.                                            town of Denmark, stift and island of Seeland, on the Ise
NUSSBACH, a village of Transylvania. See MAGYARos.  fiord, 38 miles W.N.W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 900.
NUSSDORF, noostdonf, a village of Austria, below the    NYKJOBING, a small seaport town of Denmark. Jutland,
Ens, so near Vienna as to be almostone of its suburbs. P.2000. 44 miles W.S.W. of Aalborg, on the Lym-fiord. Pop. 1106.
NUSSDORF, (Hun. Also-Dios, 60hsho/ dee'osh/,) a village    NY/MET-ROW/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
of West Hungary, co. and 26 miles N.E. of Presburg. Pop.   NYMPHENBURG, nim/fen-b6OnR', a village of Upper Ba.
1096                                                      varia, 4 miles N.N.W. of Munich, with a female asylum,
NUSSDORF, (Hun. Fels;-Dios, fl/sh5i deesosh/,) adjacent manufactures of porcelain, and a royal summer residence.
to the above. Pop. 1306.                                  Pop. 1119.
NUSSEEItABAD, ngs'see-ri-bld/, or NUTSSERABADI, a    NYMPS/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester
1374
L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




NYM                                                      OAK
NYMPITON BISIItOPS, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   NYNARCOIL, nl-nar-koill, a town of British India, preNY2MPTON KINGS, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   sidency of Madras, 17 miles N.W. of Ramnad.
NYMiWEGEN or NIJMW EGEN, nimtw.i'ghn or nimftw'-   NYON or NION, nee'6nG/, (anc. Novioduclnum,) a town of
ghen, written also NIMEGUEN and NYMEGEN, (Fr. Ni- Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 21 miles S.W. of Lausanne,
nzgue, nee'maigt; Ger. Nintwuegen,  nim-d/~ghen; anc. No- on the N.W. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 2464.
vioeneagus,) a fortified town of the Netherlands, province of    NYONS, nee%\NG!, a town of France, department of Drome,
Guelderland, on the left bank of the Waal, here crossed by  on the Aigues, 33 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852,
a flying bridge, 9- miles S. of Arnhem; lat. 510 51' N., Ion. 3590. It is enclosed by walls, and divided into 3 quarters.
5~0 51' E. Pop. 21,182.. It has a hilly site, and is irregularly    NYSLOTT, nitslott, written also NEISHLOT and SAWObuilt; the public edifices comprise some Roman and Carlo- LINNA, a town of Finland, lhen and 80 miles N. of Viborg.
vingian defensive works, with a fine old town-house, and  Pop. 500.
some handsome churches. It is the seat of a commercial   NYSTED or NYESTED, niifstld, (i. e., "New Town,") a
tribunal, agricultural commission, a branch of the society  small niaritime town of Denmark,' on the S. coast of the
of public good, and has an extensive manufactory of pale  island of Laaland. Pop. 1000.
ale, with others of Prussian blue, glue, andleather. It was   NYSTAD, ntilstid, a seaport town of Finland. laen and 38
formerly a free imperial town, and is celebrated for the  miles N.W. of Abo, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 2000.
treaty of 1678. It was taken by the French in 1794.          NYVEL, a town of Belgium. See NIvELLas.
0
G    a Hungarian word, signifying "old," prefixed to    OAKIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
A  many places in Hungary; as, O'VAR, (i. e., "Old    OAK FOrPEST, a post-office of Cumberland co., Virginia.
Fort,") O'AR.AD, (i. e., "Old Arad,") &c.                   OAK   FOREST, a post-office of Iredell co., North Carolina.
OADBY, od/bee, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.     OAK FOREST, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana.
OAHU, w4hoo, written also WAHOO and WOAHOO, one    OAKFUSKEE (ok-fuslkee) CREEK, of Alabama, flows
of the Sandwich Islands, Pacific Ocean; lat. 21~ 20' N., Ion. into Tallapoosa River, near the S.W. extremity of Tallapoosa
1570 37' W.; 40 miles long, by 20 miles broad. It is of county.
volcanic origin, and though exhibiting few signs of cultiva-    OAKFUSIKEE or OAKFUS/KY, a post-office of Randolph
tion, is in some parts fertile, producing indigo, cotton, sugar, co., Alabama.
&c., and some coffee. In the N. there is much fine scenery.   OAK GROVE, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Virginia.
Pop. in 1853, 19,126; of whom 1311 were foreigners.          OAK GIROVE, a post-office of Union co., North Carolina.
OAHTOOAIH, an island in the South Pacific. See UPOLU.    OAK GROVE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama.
OAJACA or OAXACA, wlv-HlIkl, written also GUAXACA,    OAK GROVE, Mobile co., Alabama, a station on the Moa state of the Mexican Confederation, comprising the S. bile and Ohio Railroad, 14 miles from Mobile.
portion of the isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the table-land    OAK GROVE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.
of Mixtecapan; bounded on the W. by the department of    OAK GROVE, a post-village of Christian co., Kentucky,
La Puebla. N. by Vera Cruz, E. by Tabasco, Chiapa, and the  about 210 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
Central American state of Guatemala, and on the S. by the    OAK GROVE, a post-office of Livingston co., Michigan.
Pacific; lat. 150 40' to 180 20' N., Ion. 94~ 15' to 98~0 15' W.;    OAK GROVE, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, 21
length 270 miles along the shores of the Pacific; breadth, miles g.E. of Independence.
at the widest part, 170 miles; area 31,822 square miles. It    OAK GROVE, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.
is of uneven surface, and, in many parts, mountainous;    OAK GROVE, a post-village and township in the central'
but is one of the most beautiful and best-cultivated districts  part of Dodge co., Wisconsin, about 40 miles N.E. of Madison.
in Mexico. Its principal rivers are the Alvarado, which  Pop. 1143.
rises near the centre of the state, and. after a winding    OAK HALL ACADEMY, a post-office of Yallobusha co.,
course. terminates in a lake in Vera Cruz; the Rio Grande  Mississippi..
and Verde, both of which fall into the Pacific. At the E.   OAKHAM  or OKEHIAM, otkam, a market-town and paend are several smaller streams, most of which fall into the  rish of England, capital of the county of Rutland, with a
Gulf of Tehuantepec. The mines of silver and gold are not station on the East Midland Railway, 11 miles W.N.W. of
important. The climate is agreeable and salubrious, and  Stamford. Pop. of town in 1851, 2800. It is neatly built;
the soil remarkably fertile. Its productions are wheat, has a fine church, a grammar school founded in 1584, and
indigo, cochineal, cotton, sugar, honey, cocoa, plantains,  endowed with numerous exhibitions to the universities.
and other firuits. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians. Pop. It has a branch bank. A canal, connects  it with Meltonin 1850, 525,101.                                          Mowbray.
OAJACA or OAXACA, a city of Mexico, capital of the    OAK/HAM, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachuabove state, near the Rio Verde, 210 miles S.S.E. of Mexico, setts, 55 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 1137.
4800 feet above the sea; lat. 17~0 3' N., ion. 97~ 15' W. It is    OAKHAMPTON, ok-hampft9n, a borough, market-town,
well built, of an oblong form, about 2 miles in length by 14  and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Ocke, 22 miles
miles in breadth, including the suburbs, which are full of  W.N.W. of Exeter. The town is irregularly built, and has
gardens and plantations of cochineal, for which this city is  ruins of a castle of the Earls of Devon.
celebrated. It is one of the handsomest cities in the Con-   OAKHAMPTON, MONK, a parish, England, co. of Devon.
federation. Principal edifices, the Bishop's Palace, Cathe-   OAK HILL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine, with
dral, 2 colleges, numerous convents, and the City-hall. It a station on the Kennebec and Portland Railroad, 23 miles
has manufactures of chocolate, soap, and perfumery, and  from Portland.
an active trade in sugar and cochinsal. Pop. 25,000.        OAK HILL, a station on the Hudson River Railroad, 6
OAK, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio.               miles S.S.W. of HIudson, New York.
OAKACIIICKAMA, o-ka-chika-rmaw, a post-village of Yal-    OAK HILL, a post-village of Greene co., New York, 30
sobusha co., Mississippi.                                 miles S.W. of Albany.
OAK BLUFF, a small post-village of Greene co., Arkansas.   OAK HILL, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
OAK BLUFFS, a post-office of Carroll co., Louisiana.      OAK HILL, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.
OAK BOW/ERY, a post-office of Chambers co., Alabama.      OAK HILL, a post-office of Granville co., North Carolina.
OAK CREEK, a post-village and township in the S.E. part   OAK HILL, a post-village of" Newton co., Georgia, 142
of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin, 90 miles E. of Madison. P. 1259. miles W. of Augusta.
OAK/DALE, a post-village of Worcester co., Massachusetts,    OAK HILL, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.
on the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 10 miles from Wor-   OAK HILL, a post-office of Overton co., Tennessee.
cester.                                                     OAK HILL, a post-office of Hardin co., Kentucky.
OAKDALE, a post-office of Delaware co., Pennsylvania.     OAK HILL, a post-village of Jackson co., Ohio, on the
OAKDALE, a post-village of Shelby co., Missouri, about Scioto and Hocking Railroad, 87 miles 5S.SW. of Columbus,
100 miles N. of Jefferson City.                           has about 100 inhabitants.
OAKIDAM, a post-office of Vandtrburg co., Indiana.        OAK HILL, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, near the
OAKE, ok, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         W. shore of Lake Michigan, 32 miles N.N.W. of Chicago.
OAKtEY STREAK, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama.      OAK HILL, a post-office of Jefferson co., Wisconsin.
OAK/FIELD, a post-village and township of Genesee co.,   OAKINGHAM, England. See WOKSINGHiM.
New York, about 250 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1457.   OAKtINGTON, a parish of England, co. and 41 miles
OAKFIELD, a post-township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 130. N.N.W. of Cambridge, with a station on the railway to WisOAKFIELD, a post-township, Kent co., Michigan. P. 645. beach.
OAKFIELD, a post-village of Franklin co., Missouri, 35    OAK/LAND, a county in the S.E. part of Michigan, conmiles XW. by S. of St. Louis.                             tains about 900 square miles. It is drained by the sources
OAKFIELD, a post-township in the S.W. part of Fond du  of Clinton, Shiawassee, Flint, and Rouge (or Red) Rivers,
Lac eo., Wisconsin. Pop. 769.                             and by Woodruff Creek. The county is sprinkled  over by
OAK FLAT, a post-office of Pendleton co., Virginia.     multitudes of small lakes of pure water, the largest of
1375




OAK                                                       OBA
which are 1 or 2 miles in extent. The number of these is   OAK POINT, a posteoffice of Thurston co., Washingtoa
not less than 500,The surface in the N. is hilly; the S. part Territory.
is rolling, and heavily timbered. The soil is generally fer-   OAK RIDGE, a post-office of Guilford co., North Carolina,
tile, and well cultivated. Oakland is the most populous    OAK RIDGE, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia.
county in the state, excepting Wayne. By the census of    OAK RIDGE, a small village of Newton co., Georgia.
1850, it produced more wheat, corn, oats, hay, and wool   OAK RIDGE, a small post-village of Greene co., Arkansas.
than any other county of Michigan. There were raised in    OAK RIDGE, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky.
that year 586,346 bushels of wheat; 488,813 of corn; 278,382    OAK RIDGE, a post-office of Hancock co., Ohio.
of oats; 53,206 tons of hay; and 293,981 pounds of wool. A    OAK RIDGE, a post-office of Cape Girardeau co., Missouri.
railroad extends fr6m Detroit to Pontiac, the county seat.   OAK RIDGE, Illinois, a station on the Galena and Chicago
Pop. 31,270.                                               Union Railroad, 8 miles from Chicago.
OAKLAND, a village of Providence co., Rhode Island,   OAKS, a small village of Limestone co., Alabama.
about 25 miles N.W. of Providence. It contains 1 woollen-   OAKS, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.
mill, employing 110 hands.                                   OAK'S CORINERS, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.
OAKLAND, a post-village of Livingston co., New York,   OAKSEY, 6k/see, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
about 250 miles W. of Albany.                                OAK SHADE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
OAKLAND, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.    OAK SHADE, a post-office of Culpepper co., Virginia.
OAKLAND, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania.   OAK SPRING, a village in Davis co., Iowa, 85 miles S.W.
Pop. 837.                                                  of Iowa City.
OAKLAND, Chester co., Pennsylvania, a station on the    OAK SPRING, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.
Columbia Railroad, 30 miles W. of Philadelphia.              OAK'S SHOP, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.
OAKLAND, a post-office of Morgan co., Virginia.            OAK'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Tuolumne co., California.
OAKLAND, a post-village of Chatham co., North Carolina.   OAKSVILLE, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.
OAKLAND, post-office, Edgefield district, South Carolina.   OAKTIORPE, ak/thorp, a hamlet of England, counties of
OAKLAND, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Alabama.       Leicester and Derby, 3 miles S.W. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
OAKLAND, a post-village of Yallobusha co., Mississippi,   OAKTIBBEHA. See OKInsBEanA.
139 miles N. of Jackson.                                     OAK/TON, a post-village of Massac co., Illinois, 20 miles
OAKLAND, a post-office of Lavacca co., Texas.'W. by S. of Golconda..
OAKLAND, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.      OAKTUPPA (6k-ttplpa) CREEK, Alabama, flows through
OAKLAND, a post-village in Fayette co., Tennessee.      Washington co., and enters Tombigbee River fiom the right.
OAKLAND, Indiana, a station on the Indianapolis and    OAKVILL, a post-office of New Haven co., Connecticut.
Bellefontaine Railroad, 14 miles from Indianapolis.          OAK/VILLE, a post-village of Otsego co., New York, about
OAKLAND, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio.            70 miles W. of Albany.
OAKLAND, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, 12 miles    OAKVILLE, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania,
S W. of Lancaster.  The post-office is called Clear Creek. with a station on the Cumberland Valley and Franklin
Pop. 200.                                                  Railroad, near Shippinsburg.
OAKLAND, a post-township in the N.E. part of Oakland    OAKVILLE, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland.
co., Michigan. Pop. 978.                                     OAKVILLE, a post-village of Appomattox co., Virginia,
OAKLAND, a post-office of Spencer co.. Indiana.          103 miles WV. of Richmond.
OAKLAND, a post-village of Coles co., Illinois, 95 miles E.   OAKVILLE, a post-village of Union co., North Carolina,
by S. of Springfield.                                      180 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.
OAKLAND, a post-office of La Clede co., Missouri.          OAKVILLE, a post-village in Lexington district, South
OAKLAND, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa.             Carolina.
OAKLAND, a post-village and township in the S.W. part   OAKVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Alabama,
of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Pop. 806.                     about 110 miles N. by E. of Tuscaloosa.
OAKLAND, a thriving city of Marin co., California, on    OAKVILLE, a village of Madison co., Tennessee, 14 miles
the opposite side of the bay from San Francisco. The bay  N.W. of Jackson.
is here about 7 miles wide, and is crossed in half an hour   OAKVILLE, a post-village in Monroe co., Michigan, 35
for fifty cents. The location is very desirable for those who  miles S.W. by W. of Detroit.
are not engaged in active pursuits. One newspaper is pub-   OAKVILLE, a village of St. Louis co., Missouri, near the
lished here. Incorporated a city March 25, 1854. Pop. in  Mississippi River, 15 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis.
1855, about 2500.                                            OAKVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Canada West,
OAKLAND, a township of Contra Costa co., California.    co. of Halton, situated on the shore of Lake Ontario, at the
OAKLAND, a post-office of Umpqua co., Oregon.           outlet of the Sixteen-mile Creek, 25 miles S.S.W. of Toronto,
OAKLAND, a small post-village of Canada West, co. of  and 20 miles from Hamilton. Pop. about 700.
Oxford, 7 miles S. of Brantford, and 14 miles from  Simcoe.   OAKIWOOD, a post-office of Weakly co., Tennessee.
It contains several mills and hotels.                        OAKW0OODS, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky.
OAKILAND COL/LEGE, a post-village of Claiborne co.,   OAKWIOODS, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.
Mississippi, about 70 miles S.W. of Jackson. It is the seat   OANNA, Pacific Ocean. See PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND.
of Oakland College, founded in 1831.                         OARE, Or, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
OAKLAND GROVE, a post-office of Prairie co., Arkansas.    OARE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
OAKLAND MILLS, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsyl-    OASIS, ea-sis or o-A/sis, (Arab. Wah, wA; Gr. OaCLc.) a
vania.                                                    word signifying "a fertile tract surrounded by a desert," but
OAK LAWN, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia.         applied especially to those in the Lybian desert, under the
OAK LAWN, a post-office of Cabarrus co., North Carolina. Egyptian dominion; the Great Oasis being 120 miles W. of
OAK LEVtEL, a post-office of Henry co., Virginia.        Thebes; the Western Oasis 40 miles further WV.; and the
OAK LEVEL, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.         Lesser Oasis 100 miles S.W. of Fayoom. They were used, it
OAKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.           is said, as places of exile under the Romans.
OAKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.                OASIS, a post-village and township of Waushara co.,
OAKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            Wisconsin, 30 miles N.W. of Sacramento.
OAKLEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.          OATAFU, an island, South Pacific. See DUKE OF YORK.
OAKLEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         OATHLAW, 0th/law, (formerly FINftAIVEN,) a parish of
OAKLEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.       Scotland, co. of Forfar. In its vicinity are remains of a
OAKLEY, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Virginia.      large Roman camp.
OAKLEY, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama.          OATLAND, Otland, a post-village of Loudon co., Virginia,
OAKLEY, a post-office of Macon co., Illinois.            on Goose Creek, 150 miles N. of Richmond. It has several
OAKLEY, a post-office of Lewis co., Missouri.            mills.
OAKLEY, a post-office of Franklin co., Louisiana.          OATLANDS, 6t/landz, a district of Van Dieman's Land.
OAKMULGEE, a river of Georgia. See OcOULGEE.             Area 900 square miles. Chief towns, Oatlands, (40 miles N.
OAKMULGEE, Ok-mtl/ghee, a post-office of Bedford co., of Hobart-Town,) and Jericho.
Virginia.                                                    OAT MEAL, a post-office of Burnet co., Texas.
OAKMULGEE CREEK, of Alabama, flows into Cahawba    OAXACA, a state of Mexico. See 0AJACA.
River, about 12 miles N. of Cahawba.                         OB, a river of Russia. See Omc.
OAK'OHAY/, a post-office of Covington co., Mississippi.    OBAIX, o'bPa village of Belgium, province of Hlainaut
OAK OR/CHARD, a post-village of Orleans co., New York, 19 miles E.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 1093.
on the creek of. the same name, about 40 miles W. by N. of    0/BAN, a parliamentary borough and seaport town of
Rochester.                                                 Scotland, co. of Argyle, on Oban-Bay, 20 miles N.W. of In
OAK ORCHARD, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland. verary. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 1742. It
OAK ORCHARD CREEK, in the W. part of New York, is a handsome, thriving town; the harbor is excellent, and
rises in Genesee co., flows through Orleans co., and falls into  the bay has a depth of from 12 to 24 fathoms of water. It
lake Ontario about 10 miles N. of Albion.                 has manufactures of silk, and straw hats, and exports pigOAKOVER, 6k/o-ver, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. iron, whiskey, wool, fish, kelp, and slates. Steamers ply to
OAK PLAINS, a post-office of Livingston co., Michigan.   Glasgow, Greenock, Tobermory, Inverness, Liverpool, and'OAK POINT, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New York.  the Western Islands. The borough unites with Ayr, Irvine,
OAK POINT, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.        Campbellton, and Inverary in sending 1 member to the
1376




OBA                                                        OBI
liouse of Commons; Three miles N. of the town stand the  Schdlestadt. Pop. 4823. It has a communal college, and
ruinsof thi royal palace of Dunstaffnage, and to the N.W. active manufactures of plain and printed calicoes. In its
Is Dunolly Castle.                                        vicinity is an enclosure known as the Pagans' Camp.
OBANOS, o-Bzlnoce, a town of Spain, province of Navarre;   OBERNBERG, o/bern-bERG', a market-town of Upper Aus
S.SW. of Pamplona. Pop. 1294.                             tria, circle of Inn, on the Imn, 12 miles N.W. of Ried. Pop.
OBDORSK, ob-doRskl, or OBDORSKOI, ob-doa-skoit, the  1740.
most N. station in the government of Tobolsk,:Siberia, on    OBERNBURG, orbern-b6fRGe', a town of Bavaria, circle of
the Obi, near its mouth; lat. 660 30' N., ion. 670 20' E.  Lower Franconia, on the Main, 35 miles W.N.W. of WtirzOBDORSK MOUNTAINS. See URAL MeOUTAINS.                  burg. Pop. 1773.
OBE. a river of Siberia. See 01I.                         OBERNDORF, olbern-doRf', a town of Wiirtemburg, on
O-B11CSE, a town of IHungary. See RACZ-BECZE.           the Neckar, 43 miles S.W. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 1654. Its
OBEID, o-b d! or o-bAeed, called also EL-OBEID or AL- ancient Augustine Abbey is now used for a gun factory and
OBEID, the capital town of Kordofan, in Africa, in a plain, cannon foundry.
240 miles S.W. of Sennaar. Lat. 130 11' N., Ion. 300 8' E.   OBERNIK, a town of Prussian Poland. See OBORNIK.
Estimated pop. 30,000, it having doubled since 1828. The    OBERNKIRCHEN, ofbern-ke'RK'en, a town of Germany,
dwellings are mostly built of reeds or straw, and in the  Hesse-Cassel, 9 miles E. of Minden. Pop. 1862.
shape of corn-stacks, and a fewof sun-dried bricks. There    OBERNZELL, a village of Bavaria. See HAFNERZELL.
are 5 mosques in the town, 3 barracks, a hospital, and go-   OBERPAIHLEN, olber-p'len, a market-town of Russia,
vernor's residence, one of the largest buildings in Obeid; government of Livonia, 52 miles E.N.E. of Pernau, with a
and a market-place, which, during the day, presents a scene  strong castle, which formerly belonged to the Duke of Holof great bustle and animation. As soon as night sets in, stein.
there is a furious howling of wild beasts, leopards, and    OBERPERFUSS, otber-platfoos', a, village of Tyrol, circle
hyenas, all round, who are kept off by strong abattis of  of Imst. Pop. 1063.
thorns, with which the houses are surrounded, and behind    OBERRAD, ofbeR-alt', a village belonging to the free town
which the dogs yell them  defiance. Water sometimes is of Frankfort.  It lies on the Main, and on the road to Offenvery scarce, and the wells are nearly 100 feet deep. The  bach. Pop. 1378.
exports comprise gold, silver, hides, ivory, gum-arabic, and    OBERRIED, olbeR-Reet\, a parish of Switzerland, canton
slaves. Seven miles S.E. is the village of Milbess, finely  of St. Gall, in its E. part, 4 miles S. of Altstetten. Pop. 3890.
situated, and the summer residence of the government offi-   OBERRIEDEN, o/bea-Reeden, a village of Switzerland,
cers of the pasha.                                        canton of Zurich, on the W. side of the Lake of Zurich.
OBER, olber, (i. e. "upper,") a prefix to the names of  Pop. 762.
numerous places in Germany, as OsBE-GLOGAU; for those    OBERSITZKO, o'ber-sitsfko, written also OBERSITSKO,
not undermentioned, see additional name.                  OBERSYCKO, and OBERZYKO, a town of Prussian Poland,
OBER-ACIHIERN, ofber A/Kern, a village of Baden, circle  28 miles N.W. of Posen. Pop. 2000.
of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Achern. Pop. 1126.            OBERSTDORF, obgrst-doRf', a market-town of Bavaria,
OBERALP, otber-Alp', a pass and small lake of Switzer- on the Iller, 29 miles ES.E. of Lindau.  Pop. 1910.
land, at the S.W. extremity of the canton of Uri.           OBERSTEIN, ofber-stlne', a town of Germany, duchy of
OBERBURG, oebgr-b66aRQ, a village of Switzerland, canton, Oldenburg, 6 miles E.N.E. of Birkenfeld. Pop. 2261.
and 11 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1907.                        OBERSTENFELD, olber-stln'f6lt, a village of WiirtemOBERDERDINGEN, Wiirtemburg. See DERDINGEN.               berg, circle of Neckar, S.E. of Heilbronn. Pop. 1432.
OBERDORF, ofber-donf', a village of Bavaria, circle of    OBERUZWEIL, o/beh-r66tsi'1, a village and parish of
Swabia, 37 miles N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1001.             Switzerland, canton and 7 miles N.W. of St. Gall. Pop. 2175.
OBER-DRAUBURG, o'ber dr6w/b66Rc, (" Upper Drave-   OBERWEIL or OBERWYL, olbgr-giP, several places of
castle,") a market-town of Illyria, 42 miles W. of Villach, Switzerland, particularly a village and parish, canton and
on the Drave, with the ruins of a fortress. Pop. 3000.     20 miles S. of Bern. Pop. 1423. 
OBERGESTELEN, o'bpr-ghdsltA-len, and  OBERWALD,   OBERWEISSBACH, o/ber-gis'bcr, a village of Schwarzolber-*Alt', the two highest villages in the valley of the burg-Rudolstadt, bailiwick and near Rudolstadt. Pop. 1716.
Rhone, Upper Valais, Switzerland; the former 4360 feet   OBERWESEL, olber-%A'sel,  a town of Rhenish Prussia,
above the sea.                                            19 miles S.S.E. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2300.
OBER-IHASLI, Switzerland. See HAsLI.                      OBERWIESENTHAtL,  ofber-'eelzen-tAI', a town of SaxoOBERHAUSEN, ofber-h6w'zen, a village of Baden, on the ny, 31 miles S.E. of Zwickau, 2800 feet above sea level. Pop.
Rhine, and on the railroad from Dusseldorf to Dortmund, 5 1897.
miles S.W. of Ettenheim. Pop. 1838.                         OBERWINTER, ofber-gin'ter, a village of Rhenish PrusOBERIHAUSEN, a village of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, sia, on the Rhine, 10 miles S.S.E. of Bonn. Pop. 960.
13 miles S. of Mannheim. Pop. 1186.                         OBERWINTERTHIUR, o'ber-gin/ter-tooa', a village and
OBER-HESSEN, o'ber hisfsen, (i. e. "Upper Hesse,") the parish of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles N.E. of Zurich.
north-eastern province of Hesse-Darmstadt.  Pop. 310,141.  Pop. 2089.
OBERHOLFABRUN, ohber-holfdl-brOln, a market-town    OBERWISEL, o&ber-*i'sel,  a town of Nassau, bailiwick
of Lower Austria, 28 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 2688.     of Kdnigstein, on Mount Taunus. Pop. 1952.
OBER-KAUFUNGEN, olber k6wlf66nglen, a market-town    O-BESSENOVA, o-bish'shA'novi6h', a market-town of
of Hesse-Cassel, 7 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 2161.     Hungary, co. of Torontal, on the Aranka, about 9 miles
OBERKIRCH, otber-k66Rx', an old walled town of Baden, from Nagy-Szent Miklos. Pop. 7217.
7 miles N.E. of Offenburg. Pop. 1200.                        OBI, OBY, OBE, ofbee or OB, oh, one of the great rivers
OBERLAIBACH, NEU, not o/ber-lIbxK, a market-town of  of Siberia, governments of Tomsk and Tobolsk. It rises by
Austria, Carniola, 13 miles W.S.W. of Laybach. Pop. 1346.  two principal sources in the Little Altai, near lat. 510 N.,
GIBERLAND, THE, (Ger. pron. o'ber-lAnt; —the "Upper lon. 890 E, flows tortuously N.W. to Samarova, and thence
country,") in Switzerland, comprises all the canton of Bern  generally N., in a double channel, to the Gulf of Obi, which
S. of the Lake of Thun, with adjacent parts of Unterwalden  it enters near lat. 670 N., lon. 720 E., after a total course of
and Unri. In a more restricted sense it is applied to the 2000 miles. Tributaries, the Irtish with the Tobol and
valleys of Hasli, Grindenwald, and Lauterbrunnen.         Ishim, the Tom, and the Tchulim. Its basin, estimated to
OIBERLIN, a flourishing post-village of Lorain co., Ohio, comprise 1,357,000 square miles, is situated between that of
on the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, 36 miles S.W. of the Yenisei and the Ural Mountains.
Cleveland, and 8 miles from Elyria. It is remarkable for   OBI, GuvLF  OF the wide estuary of the above river, formits collegiate institute, named in honor of John Frederick  ing an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, between lat. 670 30' and
Oberlin, pastor of Walbach, Switzerland. This institution, 720 30' N., and Ion. 72~ and 770 E. It receives the Obi at its
founded in 1834, is under the direction of the Evangelical S.E. extremity, and on its E. it has an arm called Tazovsk
Congregationalists. It occupies 7 commodious buildings, Bay.
has 20 instructors, a library of about 5000 volumes, and 147    OBIDOS, o-beeldoce, a fortified town of Portugal, Estregraduates from the Theological department, 253 from the madura, E. of Peniche, and 45 miles N. of Lisbon. Pop.
College department, and 127 from the Young Ladies' depart- 3000. It has a citadel, and extensive remains of a Roman
ment. In 1853-4 it was attended by 1327 students of both  aqueduct. An engagement between the English and French
sexes; and in 1854-5, by 1188. Its object is to afford an  took place under its walls in 1808.
economical education by combining manual labor with study.   OBIDOS, o-bee/dore, a town of Brazil, province of Para,
No person is excluded from this institution on account of on the left bank of the Amazon, at the head of its tidecolor. The village contains a large brick church, capable of water. Here the river is narrowed in the Strait of Pauxis
holding 3000 persons, 3 dry-goods stores, 2 book stores, and  to about 1 mile across. Let. 10 50' S., lon. 550 18' W. It is
several groceries. The Oberlin Evangelist is published here. regularly built, and has some trade in cotton and cocoa.
When Oberlin College was first established, the country was Pop. 6000.
a wilderness, without a single inhabitant. Pop. in 1855,   OBIES (olbeez) RIVER, sometimes written  IBED'S or
above 2000.                                               OIBEY'S, of the N. part of Tennessee, rises inFentress county,
OBERMORLEN, otbgr-monIlen, a village of Hesse-Darm- among the Cumberland Mountains, and flowing north-weststadt, province of Ober-Hessen, 16 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. ward, enters Cumberland River near the N.W. extremity
1728.                                                     of Overton county. It is navigable by steamboats 60 miles
OBERNAI, o'blsnA., or OBEREIINHEIM, ofber-Wnfhime, from its mouth, and its whole length is probablyabove 10C
a town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 14 miles N. of miles. In the upper part of its course it passes through a
41 i1377




OBI                                                       OCH
deep cut in the mountain, and is remarkable for beautiful is enclosed by ruined walls, and in decay. Principal edi.
scenery.                                                  flees, 4 parish churches, a hospital, cavalry barracks, and an
OBILA, a town of Spain. See AvILA.                      aqueduct of Roman construction. IHere, on 19th NovemOBION, oGbe.on, a river in the N.W. part.of Tennessee, is ber, 1809, the Spanish troops under Areizaga were totally
formed by three branches, the'North, South, and Ruther- defeated by the French under Marshal Mortier.
ford Forks, which unite in Obion county, a few miles S.E.   OCANA, a village of Spain, province and 31 miles N. of
of'Troy.  It flows thence south-westward through Dyer Almeria. Pop. 2000.
county into the Mississippi. Its whole length, including    OCANA, a town of South America, New Granada, depart.
one of the branches, is estimated at 150 miles.           ment of Magdalena, 60 miles N.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 5000.
OBION, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Tennes- It exports goods by the river Canaverales. 
see, bordering on Kentucky and Missouri. Area estimated    OCCHIOBELLO, ok-ke-o-b~ltlo, a market-town of Austrian
at 650 square miles. The Mississippi forms its entire W. Italy, 13 miles S.W. of Rovigo, on the Po. Pop. 3200.
boundary, and Obion River, from which the name is derived,   OCCIMANO, ot-che-ml/no, or OCCIMIANO, ot-che-me-&tno,
flows through the county.  The surface is nearly level. a village of Piedmont, 12 miles N.N.W. of Alessandria, near
Capital, Troy. Pop. 7633; of whom 6576 were free, and  the Grana. Pop. 2014.
1057 slaves.                                                 OC'COLD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
OBISPO, o-bees!po, a small river of the Isthmus of Pa-    OCCOQUAN, oklko-kw8n, a river in the N.E. partof Virnama, joins the Chagres near Cruces.                      ginia, is formed by Broad Run and Cedar Run, which unite
OBITOSHNEI or OBITOCHNEJ,a town of Russia. See near Brentsville, in Prince William county. It flows first
NOGAISK.                                                  eastward to the boundary between that county and Fairfax,
OBLIGADO, o-ble-gado, a village of the Argentine Re- then runs south-eastward along the boundary  until it
public, (La Plata,) on the river Parana, near Buenos Ayres. enters the Potomac River, 25 miles below Washington. It
The combined British and French fleets bombarded it and  has a fall of 72 feet in a distance of 1 miles, affording  fine
silenced its batteries, 28th November, 1846.              sites for manufactories.
OBILONG, a post-village of Dutchess co., New York.        OCCOQUAN, a post-village of Prince William co., Virginia,
OBLONG, a post-office of Crawford co., Illinois.        on the Occoquan River, 99 miles N. of Richmond. It hbs
OBNOOB/BY, a township of Fulton co., Indiana. P. 394. extensive water-power, with several mills and a cotton
OBOIAN or OBOJAN. See OBeYAc.                           factory. Pop. from 300 to 400.
OBOL, o-bol/, a river of Russia, in the government of   OCCUPAICIA, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia.
Vitebsk, flows S.W. past Dubovski, and after a course of   OCEAN, onshin, a county in the E. part of New Jersey,
about 75 miles, joins the Dwina 12 miles above Polotzk.   has an area of about 1150 square miles. It is drained by
OBOOKHOV, OBOUKHOV or OBUCHIIOW, o-boo-KovI, a  Metetecunk and Tom's Rivers, and Cedar Creek; its E.
market-town of Russia, government and 25 miles S.S.E. of  border is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, from whence it
Kiev. Pop. 2000.                                          derives its name. The sea-coast consists of a sandbeach of
OBORNE, o/bqrn, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.     from half a mile to a mile wide, through which the tide
OBORNIK;  o/bor-nik', OBERNIK, o/ber-nik', or OBOR- passes by Barnegat Inlet, and forms two lagoons, or saltNIKI, o-bor-nee/kee, a town of Prussian Poland, 18 miles water lakes, called Barnegat Bay and Little Egg Harbor
N.N.W. of Posen, on the Warta. Pop. 1550.                 Bay. The surface is generally level, and a large portion
OBOUKIIOV, a town of Russia. See Onooanov.               covered with pine forests. The soil is of alluvial formation,
OBOYAN, OBOIAN or OBOJAN, o-bo-ynt, a town of and consists of clay mingled with sand and gravel. Marl is
Russia, government and 32 miles S. of Koorsk, capital of a  abundant in various parts of the county, and iron is found
circle, at the confluence of the Oboyanka and Psiol. Pop. in the northern part, where large quantities of the metal
5500. It was founded in 1650, as a bulwark against the  are manufactured. Organized in 1850, having been formed
incursions of the Crim Tartars, and has several churches, from the southern portion of Monmouth county. Capital,
schools, and charitable institutions, with a brisk trade in  Tom's River. Pop. 10,032.
cattle.                                                      OCEAN, a new township of Monmouth co., New Jersey,
OBRA, ob/rd, a river of Prussian Poland, rises near KRos- bordering on the Atlantic.' Itincludes Sandy Hook. P.3767.
uin, and after a W. and N.W. course, joins the Warta, a    OCEAN or CURP, koolr4', an island of the Pacific; lat. 280
little W. of Schwerin. Length 130 miles.                   77' N., Ion. 1780 23' 30" E.
OBRAJILLO  or OBRAXILLO, o-BrA-Heel/yo, a town of    OCEAN, a group of three'islets, sometimes called the
Peru, department and 50 miles N.E. of Lima, in the moun- Kivadelen or Catherine Islands; lat. 90 14' N., lon. 167q 2' E.
rains. It consists of about 100 ground-floor cottages, enclosed    OCEAN or PAANOPA, pifno'pA, an island of the Pacific
by gardens.                                               Ocean; lat. 100 52' 2" S., Ion. 1680 24' 25" W.; 10 to 15 miles
O'BRIEN, o-brilen, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa,' in circuit. Pop. 450:
has an area of about 580 square miles. It is drained by one    OCEANA, o-she-ahlna, a county in the W. part of Michiof the branches and some of the affluents of the Little Sioux  gan, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded
River, and also by Floyd's River, a tributary of the Missouri. on the W. by Lakle Michigan, and intersected by White
This county is not included in the census of 1850. Named  River, and also drained by Maskego River, (which flows
in honor of Smith O'Brien, the Irish patriot.             through the S.E. corner,) with several smaller streams fallO'BRIEN  ISLANDS, South  Shetland, South Atlantic  ing into Lake Michigan. It is said to contain excellent
Ocean, are in lat. 610 32' S., ion. 550 22 WV.             land. Pop. 300.
O'BRIEN'S BRIDGE, a village and parish of Ireland,   OCEANIA, otshe-ah/ne.a, or OCEANICA, o-she-an/e-ka, (Fr.
Munster, co. of Clare, 4 miles S.S.W. of Kilaloe. The vii-  Ocgas.ie, o'sA'1neel,) a name given by modern geographers
lage stands on the Shannon, which is here crossed by a  to a fifth division of the globe, comprising West Oceania, or
bridge of l  arches. Pop. 435. It has a good quay.        Malaisia, (See MALAY ARC.IPELAGO,) Central Oceania, or AusOBRINGA. See AAR.                                       tralia, (See AUSTRALIA,) and E. Oceania, or Polynesia, (See
OBRITZ, otbrits, or OBRECHTS, ofbr~rts, a small town  POLYNESIA.)
or village of Lower Austria, near the Pulkau.  Pop.   0/CEANPORT', a post-office of Monmouth co.. New Jersey.
1030.                                                       O'CEANV1LLE, a village of Galloway township, Atlanitic
OBROWITZ, o/bro-fits, a village of Austria, Moravia, so  co., New Jersey, about 16 miles E. of May's Landing, has 1
near Briuinn as to be properly one of its suburbs. Pop. 913. church.
OBSCHA, ob/shl, or MiEGA, mA/gi, a river of Russia,   OCELLUMI  DURII. See FRocSELn.
rises in the government of Smolensk, flows WV., and joins    OCEOLA, os-e-oila, a post-office of St. Clair co., Missouri.'the Dwina 20 miles above Yelizh. Total course 80 miles,   OCEOLA, a post-office of St. Joseph's co., Indiana.
part of which is navigable.                                 OCEOLA MILLS, a post-office of Polk co., Mississippi.
OBSERVATZII, ob-slr-vt/see, a cape of East Asia, Gulf    OCHA, a river of Siberia. See OsHA.
of Anadeer, let. 640 47' 58"t N., Ion. 1770 391' 55' E.      OCHA, a mountain of Euboea. See MonTr ST. ELIAS.
OBUCIHOW. a town of Russia. See OBOOsEOV.                  OCtIAGAVIA, ochI/-g9/ve-a, a town of Spain, province of
OBVA, OBWA, obfv/, or OBYINSK, ob-vinskf, a town of Navarre, 32 miles E.N.E. of Pamplona. Pop. 1342.
Russia, government and 57 miles N.W. of Perm, on the    OCHANDIANO, o-chbn-de-t/no, a town of Spain, province
Obva, an affluent of the Kama. Pop. 3000.                  of Biscay, S.W. of Bilbao.  Pop. 1164.
OBY, a river of Siberia. See Osm.                          OCIANSK, a town of: Russia. See OKHANSK.
~OBY, onbee, written also UBI, a small island in the Gulf    OCItL (o/aKil) HILLS, a range of mountains of Scotland,
of Siam, 15 miles S. of the point of Cambodia; lat. 80 25' co. of Perth, commencing about 2 miles from the river Forth,
N.,I.lon. 1040 54' E.                                     near Stirling, and extending N.N.E. to the Frith of Tay.
OBY, sometimes called FALSE OBY, an island in the Gulf  Length about 24 miles, average breadth about 12 miles.
of Siam, 48 miles N. of the above;.lat. 8~ 56'. N., Ion. 1040 The highest summit, Bencleugh, 2300 feet in height, is at
18' E., about 18 miles from the mainland.                 the S.W. end. The Ochils are formed of greenstone and
OBY, GREAT, an island of Pitt's Passage, Malay Archi- basalt, and intersect the coal formations on the S., and the
pelago, about 50 miles long, and 10 to 20 miles broad,    old red sandstone on the N.E. They contain silver, copper,
OBY, LITTLE, an island of Pitt's Passage, Malay Archi- and iron ores.
pelago, situated off the W. end of Great Oby; lat. 10 26' S.,   OCHILTREE, o/lil-tree, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.
ion. 1270 17' E.                                            OCIHOTSK. See OuHorsK.
OCANA, o-kln'yA, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles   OCHRIDA. oKtre-dI, (anc. Lychnidus,) a town of European
E. of Toledo. Lat. 390 56' N., ion. 30 31' W. Pop. 4789. It Turkey, Albania, capital of a pashalic, on the N. bank of
1378




OCH                                                        ODE
Lake Ochrida, 100 miles N. of Yanina. Pop. 1000. It is a   OCONTO, a county in the N.E. part of Wisconsin, borderGreek bishop's see.                                       ing on Michig an and Green Bay, contains about 4000 square
OCIHRIDA or OKHRIDA, LAKE OF, (ane. Lychnitis La- miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Menomonee River,
cus,) the principal lake of Albania, European Turkey, in  on the W. by the Wolf River, and  drained by the Ocouto
Lat. 410 N., lon. 200 45' E. Length, from N. to S., 18 miles, and Pishtego Rivers.. The surface is occupied by forests of
extreme breadth 8 miles. It is surrounded by lofty moun- Pine. Oconto was separated from Brown county in 1850,
tains, and is highly picturesque.                          and named from Oconto River. Capital, Jones' Mill.
OCHIISENDORF, okfsen-dofl, or BOITZA, boit/s., a village    OCONTO, a post-office of Oconto co., Wisconsin;
of Austria, Transylvania, on the frontiers of Wallachia.   OCOPA, o-kolpa, a town of Peru, department and 43 miles
Pop. 1955.                                                 N.N.E. of Huancavelica.
OCHSENFURT, okfsen-f56nt', ("Ox ford,")a town of Ba-   OCOPILICO CREEK, of Lowndes co., Georgia,  flows  SE.
varia, on the Main, 11 miles S.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 2250.  into the Withlacoochee River.
OCISENHAUSEN, okfspn-hdw'zen, a village of Wiirtem-   OCOSINGO, o-ko-singlgo, a ruined city of the Mexican Conberg, on the Rottum, 8 miles E.S.E. of Biberach. Pop. 1350. federation, state of Chiapas, 65 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real; with
It has an ancient Benedictine abbey.                       remains described in Stephens's Central America.
OCHSENWARDER, (Ochsenwlirder,) oklsen-*An'der, a    OCRAKOKE, olkra-k6k, a post-villa(ge and port of entry of
free town, territory and S.E. of Hamburg, on a marshy  Hydeco., North Carolina, on an island of the same name,
island of the Elbe. Pop. 2000.                             35 miles W.S.W. of Cape Hatteras. The shipping of the port,
OC1TA, a market-town of Russia. See OKHTA.               June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 1540 tons, enOCHTRUP, ox/trO6p, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 25  rolled and licensed, all of which was employed in the coast
miles N.W. of Mlinster, on the Vechte. Pop. 1000.          trade.
OCILILA, a small river which rises in the S. part of Geor-   OCRACOKE INLET, North Carolina, an entrance into
gia, passes into F'lorida, and forms the boundary between  Pamlico Sound.
Jefferson and Madison counties, until it enters the Gulf of    OCRACOKE LIGHTHOUSE, on the W. end of Ocracoke
Mexico.                                                   Island, with a revolving light 75 feet above the level of the
OCK, a river of England, co. of Berks, after an E. course  sea. Lat. 350 5t 30" N., ion. 750 59' W.
of 20 milesjoins the Thames near Abingdon.                   OCRICULUM. See OTRICoLL.
OCKIBROOK, a village and parish of England, co. and 5    OCTEVILLE, ok'teh-veelf, a village of France, department
miles S. by E. of Derby, on the Midland Railway and the  of Manche, 1 mile S.W. of Cherbourg.
Derby Canal. Adjoining the village is a Moravian settle-   OCTEVILLE, a village of France, department of Seinemernt. Pop. 1765.                                         Inf6rieure, 5 miles N. of Havre.
0CKE or OKE, 6k, a small river of England, co. of Devon,   OCTODURUS. See MAnTIGoY (LA Y~LLE).
flows into the Torridge, near Hatherleigh.                  OCTOGESA. See MEQUINENZA.
OCKER, ok/ker, or OKER, olker, a river of Germany, rises    OCTORARA, ok-to-rahlra a creek rising in the S.E. part
in the Harz, flows N. past Brunswick, and joins the Aller, of Pennsylvania, drains Chester and Lancaster counties,
10 miles W. of Gifhorn. Length 60 miles. The village of  and enters the Susquehanna near Port Deposit
Ocker, on the river, 4 miles N.W. of Harzburg, pop. 424, has   OCTORARA, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Penncopper and bullion refining works.                         sylvania.
OCKIITAMI, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.             OCZAKOW. a town of Russia. See OrcAxoov.
OCKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.               ODAHR, o-d1lh'r, or ODARI-HA, o-dar/hg, a town of India,
OCK'LOCKONINEE or OCK'LOCKO/NY RIVER, of Geor- kingdom of Oude, 80 miles N. of Lucknow. Pop. 3000.
gia and Florida, rises in Irwin county of the former, and    ODALENGO, o-d.l-ln/go, GRANDE, grin/dA, ("Great,")
passing through Florida, flows into Appalachee Bay, between  and PICCOLO, pik/ko-lo, (" Little,") two contiguous villages
Leon and Gadsden counties.                                 of Piedmont, division of Alessandria, province and W. of
OCK'LOCKINEY,  a post-office of Thomas co., Georgia.     Casale. United pop. 1963.
O CLASEER, ok-lI-seerl, a town of British India, presi-   ODAWARA, o-d-w, or WODAWARA, wo-d -wIr, a
dency of Bombay, 5 miles S. of Baroach, on the Nerbudda.  bay of Japan, island of Niphon, forming the entrance by
OCLAU (ok/law) CREEK, of Georgia, enters the 0cmulgee, which the town of Yeddo is reached. It lies in lat. 350 16'
in Pulaski county.                                        N., and ion. 1390 6' E.
OCLE PITCHARD, ofkel pitch/ard, a parish of England,   ODICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
co. of Hereford.                                             OD/DINGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
OCMULGEE, ok-m-tllghee, or OAKMULGIEE, a river of    ODIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Georgia, a branch of the Altamaha, formed by three small   ODDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
streams, the South, Yellow, and Ulcofawhachee branches,   ODD-RODE, a township of E.ngland, co. of Chester.
which rise in the N. central part and unite near the S. extre-   ODD/VILLE, a pest-office of Hiarrison co., Kentucky.
mity of Newton county. Its general direction is S.S.E. It   ODELL/, a parish of England. co. of Bedford.
flows through a hilly, granitic region to the city of Macon,    ODELL, Illinois, a station on the Chicago and Mississippi
where there is a considerable fall, affording extensive water- Railroad, 10 miles from Pontiac.
power.  Below this point it traverses a level and sandy    ODEMES, a town of Asia Minor. See DEDrnse.
country, in which extensive forests of pine are found. The    ODEMIRA, o-dA-meelrA, a town of Portugal, province of
length of this river probably exceeds 300 miles. It is navi- Alemtejo, 58 miles S.W. of Beja, on the Odemira, thence
gable by small steamboats to Macon. The Little Ocmulgee navigable to the sea. Pop. 2000. The Odemira rises in the
enters the main stream from the N.W., about 10 miles above  Serra de Monchique, and after a W. course of 25 miles, falls
its junction with the Oconee.                             into the Atlantic, 5 miles below Villanova.
OCMULIGEEVILLE, a post-villageo of Telfair co., Georgia.   ODEN, a township of Chicot co., Arkansas. Pop. 1173.
OCOIA, a post-office of Pqlk co., Tennessee.              ODENBACH, olden-b/hK, a village of Bavaria, in the PalaOCOILA, a post-village of Mlarion co., Florida, 180 miles  tinate, circle of Lauterecken. Pop. 1113.
8.E. of'lTallahassee, has 2 newspaper offices.             ODENHEIM, olden-hime', a village of Baden, circle of
OCONA, o-kolnA, a town of Peru, department and 90 miles Middle Rhine, 21 miles N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1924.
W. of Arequipa, on the Pacific.                             ODENKIRCHEI-IN, o/den-kMRKuen, a town of Rhenish PrusOCOI0NA LUFITY, a post-office of Haywood co., North Ca- sia, 17 miles W.S.W. of Dusseldorf, on the Niers. Pop. 1100.
rolina.                                                     ODENSE, o/den-seh, (Dan. Odins-'e, i. e. "Odin's Island;"
OCO/NEE, a river of Georgia, rises in the auriferous high- L. Othen/sia,) a town and seaport of Denmark, capital of the
lands of tall' county, in the N.E. part of the state, and  island of Funeon, on the N. bank of the Odense-Aue, near.
flowing in a general S.S.E. direction, passes by Athens and  the fiord of same name. It is one of the most important
Milledgeville, and unites with the Ogeechee to form the Al- provincial towns in the kingdom, the see of a bishop, and
tamaha, at the W. extremity of Tatnall county. Small the residence of the authorities on the island. It is well
steamers once navigated the river to Milledgeville, which is built, has a small royal palace, a large Gothic Cathedral,'about 300 miles from the sea; but the use of these is now  one of the finest in Denmark, founded in 1086, completed
superseded by railways.                                   in 1301, and the burial-place of several of the Danish kings;
OCONEE, a post-village of Washington co., Georgia, on  two other churches, a fine old council-house or state-hall, a
the Central Railroad, 147 miles NW. of Savannah.         large and richlyiendowed hospital, an arsenal, and barracks;
OCO NEE STA/TION, a post-village of Pickens co., South  important manufactures of cloth, an extensive iron-foundry,
Carolina.                                                 and a considerable trade, much facilitated by water commu0CON0iMIEWG OCI, a creek of Wisconsin. rises among the  nication, and several harbors, one near the town, for vessels
smalllakes of Waukesha co., and enters Rock River, in Jef- drawing only 8 to 15 feet.  Odense is said to have been
ferson co., about 8 miles above Watertown.                founded by Odin, B. c. 70. It early received the Reforms..
~ OCONOIEWOC, a post-village and township of Waukesha  tion, and in the 17th century was thrice ravaged by th6
co., Wisconsin, on a creek and small lake of its own name, plague. Pop. in 1851, 11,122.
35 miles IVW. by N. of Milwaukee, witIs which it is connected    ODENSE-FIORD, olden-seh fe-ordf, on the N. coast of the
by a plank-road.  The village has 2 churches, 10 stores, 3  island, of Funen, has a length of about 9 miles, with a
mills. and about 50 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 1216. breadth varying from 1 to nearly 5 miles. Its entrance is
OCONITO, a small river of Oconto co., Wisconsin, rises in  about 1000 yards wide, and 18 feet deep. The small canal
the N.E. part of the state, and flowing first southward and  of Odense connects the town with the Fiord, but only admits
then eastward, enters Green Bay.                         vessels drawing 8 feet.
1379




ODE                                                           ODE
ODENStIOLM, oldens-holmn, an islet at the entrance of  ings of a striking character, although spacious streets, casrethe Gulf of Finland, 28 miles SW. of Revel, with a light- fully paved and planted, traverse the length and breadth of
house in lat. 590 18' 45" N., ion. 230 25' 25" E.             the city. A theatre, a number of fine churches, extensive
ODENWALD, olden-tvllt', a mountain region of West squares, bazaars,/ and a few rich-looking shops, attract the
Germany, HIesse-Darmstadt, extending for 45 miles N. to S., attention in the midst of a number of houses generally of a
between the Neckar and Main Rivers, and rising in the  very humble character. The more crowded portion of the
Katazenbiickel to 2300 feet above the sea. On it are many  city is that adjoining Richelieu Street, the finest and most
remains of Roman forts. The BERGSTRASSE, (i.e. "mountain  populous in Odessa.  In numerous shops along this street
road,") on which are the towns of Langen, Darmstadt, and  are spread out for sale the varied produce of every country
Bensheim, borders it on the W.                                 in Europe, assembled thither under the fostering protection
ODER, older, (anct. Vialdrus,) a large river of Germany,  of the free port of Odessa. Among the edifices most deserving
traversing the centre of the Prussian dominions, rises in the  of notice, may be mentioned the Cathedral or Church of St.
Carpathian Mountains, near Olmutz, flows N., and after- Nicholas, the Admiralty, Custom-house, Exchange, the
wards N.W. through Prussian Silesia, Brandenburg, and  French and Russian theatres, the "le petit Palais Royal,"
Pomerania. traverses the Stettiner Haff, and enters the Baltic  used as a bazaar, and the princely mansion of Count ~oronby 3 branches, the Dievenow on the E., the Swine in the  zow, finely situated at one extremity of the Boulevard. In
middle, and the Peene on the W. Length about 550 miles.  1846, Odessa possessed 22 churches, 16 barracks, and 30
It is of great commercial importance, and is navigable for  bridges, of which 16 were stone and 14 wood.
barges, of from 40 to 50 tons, from  the Baltic to Breslau.    The literary and scientific institutions comprise the ColPrincipal tributaries, the Warta, with the Netze, the Bober, lege of Richelieu, founded in 1817, and having, in 1846, 32
Neisse, and Ibna. It is connected with the Havel and Elbe  instructors and 191 students; an ecclesiastical seminary, a
by the Finow Canal, with the Spree by Frederick William's law school, a school for the study of the Oriental languages,
Canal at Miillrose, and with the Vistula by a canal from   founded expressly for the purpose of educating interpreters;
Nakel on the Netze to Bromberg.                                a school for noble young ladies, the Richelieu Lyceum, or
ODER, a river of Hanover, rises in the Harz, and after an  royal school of commerce; a school of navigation, and a
E. course of 30 miles joins the Leine near Nordheim, the  botanic garden of celebrity. There are also a hospital and
chief town on its banks.                                       several other benevolent institutions. The city contains
ODERAU, oldr-6w', a town of Austrian Silesia, 19 miles  the Imperial Bank of Commerce, a tribunal of commerce,
S.S.W. of Troppau, on the Oder. Pop. 2896.                     chamber of commerce, and an assurance company.
ODERBERG, ofder-bRao', a town of Prussia, province of    In commercial importance, Odessa holds the first rank in
Brandenburg, 54 miles N.E. of Potsdam, on the Oder. the Black Sea. It was declared a free port in 1817, and has
Pop. 2500.                                                    since continued to make almost unexampled progress.  Its
ODERBERG, a town of Austrian Silesia, 20 miles N.W. of  harbor is formed by two moles, one of them in the form of a
Teschen; on the Oder. Pop. 840.                                quadrant, with regular parapets and embrasures for cannon,
ODERNHEIM, o/dern-hime', or GAUJ-ODERNHEIM, g~w  and subdivided by two smaller moles, forming separate docks,
o/dern-hime', a fortified town of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt,  capable of containing 300 vessels. One of these is for the reprovince of Rhein-Hessen, on the Selz, 4 miles N.E. of Alzey. ception of vessels in quarantine; the two others admit the
Pop. 1698.                                                     ships of the imperial navy, and trading vessels not coming
ODERNHEIM, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Glan, from a quarantine port. The harbor affords good anchorage
22 miles N. of Kaiserslautern.  Pop. 1192.                     for ships of a large burthen, but they are much exposed
ODERZO, o-dkatfso, (anc. Opitersiusm,) a town of Austrian  during gales from the E., and especially from the S.E. These
Italy, 15 miles E.N.E. of Treviso. Pop. 4700, who manufac- terrible winds drive impetuous waves into the Bay of Odessa
ture hats and liqueurs, and trade in wine,                     with a fury which nothing can withstand; a succession of
ODESISA, a city and flourishing seaport of Russia, govern- these storms continually sweep across the Black Sea, in the
ment of Kherson, on a fine bay formed on the N.W. shore of  direction of its longest diagonal.  The harbor is defended by
the Black Sea, between the mouths of the Dnieper and  strong, works, and has at one extremity the citadel, and at
Dniester, about 90 miles W.S.W. of Rherson, and 390 miles  the other the lazaretto. A lighthouse has been erected at
N. of Constantinople; lat. 460 28' 54" N., ion. 300 44/ 30" E. the extremity of the longest mole. The trade includes,
The various quarters of this great and constantly increasing  among other articles, corn, linseed, wool, iron, hides, copper,
city cover a portion of a broad plateau, which, at this point wax, caviar, isinglass, potash, furs, cordage, sailcloth, tar,
rising nearly perpendicularly from the sea to the height of  beef, butter, and tallow. The last is the second great staple;
about 80 feet, spreads out into immense steppes and deserts. but the first, and that for which Odessa is celebrated, is grain.
Being thus entirely exposed from all quarters, Odessa is en-  Of this, Great Britain has long been an important, and, since
veloped throughout the summer in whirling clouds of dust. the repeal of the corn laws, has become by far the most proAlthough the latitude under which it is situated is generally  fitable customer. The following Table gives a good idea of
temperate, the winter is more rigorous than is observed else- the progress of the trade of Odessa:where under the same latitude; while, on the contrary, in
summer, the heat may be compared to that of the torrid  The NuMNaR, TONe,'Ass, and VAeLU  of CARGOES Of VESSELS ECNTE-t)
zone.  This results from  the complete nakedness of the                and CLeARn  D a the POsT of ODESSA, in 1840-1849.
country of which Odessa is the capital; and it may be added, 
that these unfavorable conditions are common to all the cities               Entered.                    Cleared.
upon these endless steppes. 
~upon these endless stepp~es.~                 t      ~ IVessels.i Tons. Ial. of Cargoes. Vessels. Tons. Ial. of Cargoes.
Odessa is enclosed by a wall and a fosse, and is otherwise
strongly fortified. It is laid out in squares, with broad,  1840s  641  154,214  $',00,000        711  175,40  s11,900,000
straight streets, well paved, and planted with rows of acacia  1842  568  143,232                558  141,283   5,740,000
trees. The houses are generally two stories in height, and   1843  145  204,006   4,110,000       737  201,325   10,280,000
1844}  919 1255,316}  4,680,ooo    895  2947,6731  16,036,0oo 
are substantially built of a soft calcareous stone. The finest   84  11925,3161  4,60,000        555  297,e83  15,934,000
sub y1841  19  31o,131  6,430,000    1181  2s7,9O  1s,45,ooo
buildings are situated in those quarters nearest thesea. A   1846  1425  369,616   6,194,000    1356  351,738   20,025,000
long and majestic terrace overlooking the bay is lined with  1847  1581  417,338    9,106,000    1646  434,010   31,315,000
public edifices, hotels, and stately mansions, the full effect of  1848  1063  283,475   7,173,000    1041  277,610  17,925,000
which can only be realized by one approaching the city from   189   878 133,11    8,035,000       891  23877   13,855,000
the sea. On the summit of the cliff, throughout its whole
extent, is planted an avenue of young trees with their    Odessa has two steam  navigation companies: one for the
branches arching together; in the centre of this promenade,  Black Sea, the Sea of Azof, and the Dnieper; and the other
and in the midst of a crescent of fine mansions, stands a  for Constantinople and the ports of the Danube.  It is also
bronze statue of the Duc de Richelieu,* a monument of the  proposed to construct a railway to Kharkov, crossing the
gratitude of the city to his creative genius.  From  the  Dnieper at Kreineetchong (?) above the rapids. Odessa has
foot of the statue descends a gigantic flight of steps, already  but comparatively few manufactures. The principal articles
(1853) far advanced towards completion; when finished, it produced are soap and candles, tallow, cordage, spirits, silk
will connect, by steps 100 feet wide, the grand terrace with  and felt hats, cabinetware, and wool-washers.
the lower quay, and beneath these steps, which are to be    The same customs prevail at Odessa as are observed in all
supported by a series of open arches, gradually rising in  the southern countries of Europe-the morning is devoted
height, the various carts and conveyances going to and from   to business, and the middle of the day to repose. This
the port will freely pass. Near the Richelieu Monument is  habit, which the heat of the climate seems to dictate, gives
the governor's house, a large mansion, containing, in addi- a melancholy and deserted appearance to the city during a
tion to public offices, a small hut select library,and a museum, great part of the day. In the evening, however, outward
particularly rich in the antiquities dug up from the sites of  signs of animation again break forth; the theatre is much
the numerous colonies which the ancient Greeks planted in  frequented, and the cafis and clubs are crowded. There the
this part of the country.                                    nobles assemble, further on the merchants-Turks, ArmeIn other portions of Odessa there are but a very few build- nians, Jews even; every class has its place of meeting, and
in each of these resorts, open to quiet conversation, the long
*A French emigrant noble, whose merit ultimatelymade him  pipe of the East spreads its perfumed clouds over the
governor of the city, and whose judicious administration is uni- assembly.
versally acknowledged to have laid the foundation of its com-    The town suffers from  the want of good water. In some
mercial prosperity.                                          instances artesian wells havebeen sunk to the depth of 600
1380




ODE                                                        OFF
feet without success. In the rear of the city are large tanks    OEHRINGEN, dlring-~n, a town of Wlrtemberg. on the
end water-pits.                                            Ohr, 14 miles E.N.E. of Heilbronn, with 3150 inhabitants, a
Odessa was founded by Catherine IL. in 1792. In 1802, palace, the residence of the Prince of Hohenlohe.Oehringen,
its population was only 9000; in 1837, it had increased to  a lyceum, and manufactures of cottons and carpets.
58,803; in 1846, it amounted to 70,877; and in 1850 to    OEIRAS, o-/e-rbs, almost wayfrls, a town of Portugal,
71,392. In 1846 there were built 90 new houses, and 20  province of Estremadura, 9 miles W.S.W. of Lisbon, at the
great magazines.                                           mouth of the Tagus, and of the small river Oeiras. P. 3360
ODESISA, a township of Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 121.      OEIRAS, o-Ale-ras, a city of Brazil, capital of the province
ODEY1POOR, o-de-poorl, or GDEYPORE, o-d-pbrf, a state  of Piauhi, on an affluent of the Parnahiba, near lat. 7O 51 S.,
of West IHindostan, subsidiary to the British, its centre near ion. 420 40' W. Pop. 5000.
lat. 240 N., ion. 740 E. Estimated area 11,780 square miles,   OEIRAS, a village of Brazil, province and about 140 miles
and pop. 300,000.(?) The surface is hilly, and well watered. W.S.W. of Para.
The products comprise sugar, indigo, tobacco, rice, wheat,   OELAND, an island of Sweden. See OLAND.
timber, iron, copper, lead, and sulphur. In prosperity and G ELDE, illdeh, a town -of Prussia, Westphalia, 25 miles
power this state is, however, inferior to Jeypoor and Jood- E.S.E. of Miinster. Pop. 1760.
poor.  Principal cities, Odeypoor and Chittoor. Odeypoor,   OELEGHEM, oofleh-gh~m', a village of Belgium, province
the capital, in a hollow surrounded by rugged hills, 145  and 9 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1158.
miles S.W. of Ajmeer, and N.E. of Ahmedabad, lat. 240 351   OELK, a town of East Prussia. See LICK.
N., lon. 730 44' E., has- externally a noble eppearance, its    OELS, i1s, a town of Prussian Silesia, 16 miles E.N.E. of
marble buildings skirting a lake, from which it is protected  Breslau, capital of a mediatised principality belonging to the
by an embankment, and it has extensive manufactures of  Duke of Brunswick, on the Oels. Pop. 6010. It is enclosed
toys, images, and carvings in stone and marble.            by walls, and has a ducal castle, with a library and museums,
ODEYPOOR or ODEYPORE, a town of British India, pro- Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a theatre,: a gymsidency of Bengal, 86 miles N.W. of Sumbhulpoor.           nasium, and manufactures of woollens, linens, and paper.
ODEYPOOt or ODEYPORE, a town of the Gwalior do-   OELS, a market-town of Moravia, 24 miles N.W. of Briinn.
minions, 27 miles E. of Seronge.                           Pop. 1750.
OIDIHAAM, a markettown and parish of England, co. of    OELS, 51s, or OELSE, 6I1seh, a village of Prussia, province
Hants, near the South Western Railway, 22 miles E.N.E. of  of Silesia, government and S.W. of Breslan. Pop. 1120.
Winchester. Pop. in 1851, 2811. The town has an alms-   OELSNITZ, 51slnits, a town of Saxony, on the right bank
house, and other charities, some remains of a royal palace  of the Elsteor, 6 miles S.E. of Plauen. Pop. 4187. It has
and park, and in the vicinity, the ruins of a castle in which  manufactures of woollens, cottons, and leather.
David I., king of Scotland, was confined for 11 years, after    OENO (o-Alno) ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, 90 miles N. of Pit,
his capture at Neville's Cross. Lilly, the celebrated gram- cairn's Island, is in let. 240 1' S., lon. 1300 41'W.
marian, was born here in 1468.                               (ENUS. See INN.
ODOBERE, o'dolbaia!,(?) a village of considerable size of    tENUSSA. See SPALMADORE.
West Africa, Foota-Damga, on.the left bank of the Senegal;    OERDINGEN. a town of Prussia. See UERDInGCEN.
lat. 150 14' N., lou. 120 42' W.                              OEREBRO. See OREBRno.
ODOIEV or ODOJEV, o-do-y vw, a fortified town of Russia,    OERESUND. See SouND, TuE.
government and 40 miles S.W. of Toola, on the Oopa. P. 3000.   CESCUS. See IsKER.
O'DOR/NEY, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of Kerry.     OESEL, il5sel, (Esthonian, Kcrre-caar, kl0toft h-sh   an
ODOWARA, o-do-wffrl, a maritime town of Japan, island  island of Russia, government of Livonia, in the Baltic. mostly
of Niphon, on the E. coast, 40 miles S.W. of Yeddo, stated  between lat. 570 40' and 580 14' N., and lon. 210 40' and 230 E.
to contain 1000 houses.                                    Area, about 1200 square miles. Pop. 40,000, mostly LutherODRAN, oldrn, a walled town of Austria, Moravia, 27  ans, with some German landed proprietors, and a few Swedes.
miles E.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2230.                         The surface is generally level; the soil tolerably fertile.
ODRINKA, o-drin/kA, a market-town of Russia, govern- Wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, &c. are produced. Rearireg
mert and 18 miles S.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 1800.              cattle, horses, and sheep, and fishing form  the principal
ODRZYPOL, od-zheelpol, or ODRZIWOL, od-zheeIvol,() a  occupations of the inhabitants. Principal town, Arensburg.
town of Poland, palatinate of Saudomier, 16 miles N.E. of    OESSELGEM, 6sIsel-ornim, a village of Belgium, West
Opoczno. Pop. 700.                                         Flanders, on the Lys, 22 miles S.S.E. of Be-uges. Pop. 1183.
ODSAK, a town of hIungary. See HODSAs.                     OESTERREICH, OESTREICHI, OESTERREICHISCH,
ODISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             OESTERRErCHER. See AUSTrIA..  OD' for names comghaencing thus, and not found below, see    OESTORF, iisftoRf', or GESDORF, 8sfdonf', a village of GerO, as OEREBRO. See OREnRO.                                 many, principality of Waldeck, E. of Pyrmont.  Pop. 1163.
(EASO. See OYARzUN.                                        OESTRICH, as/trix, a market-town of Germany, Nassau,
OEBISFELDE, blbis-f31'deh, a town of Prussia, govern- on the Rhine, 11 miles W. of Mentz. Pop. 1751.
ment and 34 miles N.W. of Magdeburg, on the Aller. Pop.   GEST.RINGEN, isltring-en, a village of Baden, circle of
1525.                                                      Middle Rhine, 8 miles N.E. of Bruchsal. Pop. 2267.
OEDELEMI, Uideh-lm', a parish and village of Belgium,    (ETA, celta, a mountain of Greece, government of Phthioprovince of West Flanders, 5- miles E.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. tis, is 9 miles W. of Thermopylee, and consists of a chain,
3500.                                                      the principal elevations of which are Katabothra and AniOEDELSHEIM, bidels-himen, a village of Hesse-Cassel; nos, 7061 feet above the sea, and commanding magnificent
Niederhessen, circle of Hofgeismar. Pop. 1022.             views over Hellas, Euboea, and Thessaly.
OEDENBURG, iiden-b66aG', (Hun. Soprosy, sho'proiif; anc.   OETINGHEN, oo/ting-on, a village of Belgium, Brabant,
Soprolniumo,(?) a town of West Hungary, capital of a county, on the frontier of East Flanders, 16 miles S.W. of Brussels.
near Lake Neusiedl, 37 miles S.S.E. of Vienna, with a station  Pop. 1552.
on the Raab Branch of the Vienna and Cilly Railway. Pop.   OETISHEIM, Uftis-hmeO, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle
4500, chiefly of German descent, Of its ancient fortifica- of Neckar. Pop. 1125.
tions, only a huge watch tower. the loftiest in Hungary,   OETTING, a town of Bavaria. See ALT-QETTING.
remains. It has several fine Roman Catholic churches, a    OETTINGEN, 0tlting-en, a town of Bavaria, on the WerCalvinist church, Dominican and Ursuline convents, Roman  nitz, and on the railway. 25 miles S. of Anspach.  Pop. 3270.
Catholic and Lutheran colleges, hospitals, barracks, a riding  It has 2 palaces of the princes Oettingen-Spielberg.
school, military academy, and theatre, with manufactures    OETTINGEN, NEU, nol bttting-.en, a market-town of Boof cotton and woollen goods, potash, nitre, tobacco, and re- hemia, about 18 miles from Tabor. Pop. 1306.
fined sugar. It is an extensive mart for wine grown in the    OETZ, 5ts, a village and parish of the Tyrol, 8 miles E.S.E.
vicinity, corn, tobacco, wax, honey, and cattle. Numerous  of Imst. Pop. 1292.
Roman antiquities have been discovered in and near the    OEUDEGHIEN, ud'ghe-No/, a village of Belgium, protown.                                                      vince of IHainaut, 20 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2007.
OEDERAN, ij1deh-rAnu, a town of Saxony, 32 miles N.E.   OFANTO, o-fdnlto, (anc. 4Auyfdus,) a river of Naples, rises
of Zwickau. Pop. 4586, chiefly occupied in woollen and cot- in the province of Principato Ultra, 6 miles E. of Monte
ton weaving.                                               Marano, flows E.N.E., separating the provinces of Basilicata
OEDHEIIMI, Wd/hime, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of  and Bari from Capitanata, and enters, the Adriatic 4 miles
Neckar, bailiwick of Neckarsulm. Pop. 1592.                N.W. of Barletta. Length 75 miles.7 On its right bank,
OEDT, 6tt, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government and  near its mouth, was the scene of the famous battle of Can18 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf, on the Niers. Pop. 1195.      see, in which the troops of Hannibal totally defeated the
OEFFELT, 661felt, a village of the Netherlands, province  Romans.
of North Brabant, 27 miles E. of Bois-le-Duc, on the Meuse.   OFEN, Hungary. See BuDA and ALT-OFEN.
Pop. 910.                                                    OFFAGNA, of-ftnfyl, a village of Central Italy, PontifiOEGSTGEEST, oousstfHAst, a village of Holland, province cal States, 7 miles S.W. of Ancona, near the Musone. Pop.
of South Holland, 3 miles N.W. of Leyden. Pop. 631.        1500.
OFFANENGO, of-f~2nkn/go,  a village of Austrian Italy,
It may be observed that in German and most of the Teutonic   OFNEO, o                 a ie     oAutinIay
languages, cc, c, and  e are oespectively equivalent to 5, b, and   rovince of Lodi, on the Serb-Monte. Pop. 2122.
ii. But, as it is inconvenient to place the two dots above a api- FAS DYKE, an ntrenment traceable through the
tal letter; when this diphthong begins a wqrd,..it is gneraly  English and Welsh counties of Hereford, Shropshie, Montaustomary to employ Ae, Oe, Ue, instead of A, 0, and U.    gomery, Denbigh, and Flint, from the Wye to the Des., con
1381




OFF                                                        OGL
structed by Offa, King of Mercia, to separate England from  parts of the Upper Lakes, and of Canada, for transmission
the Welsh principalities.                                  to various marts on the Atlantic seaboard, and large
OFF/CHUCHJH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.        amounts of merchandise from  New York and Boston are
OFFENBACH, of/fen-bfls, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, thence distributed through the different lake ports, both of
province of Starkenbur,, on the left bank of the Main, here  Canada and the United States.
crossed by a bridge of boats, 4 miles S.E. of Frankfort. Pop.   The following statistics show the comparative imports
9684. It has a castle, the residence of the princes Isenburg-  coastwise at Ogdensburg, in a few of the principal articles,
Birstein, several Lutheran churches, schools, and cabinets  for the years. specified.
of natural history. It is the chief manufacturing town of
the duchy. having manufactures of hosiery, cotton fabrics,
carpets, and other woollen fabrics, carriages, pipes, musical       Articles.        1847.    1848.   1850.   1851.
instruments, and jewelry.
OFFENBACH, of/fen-bAKs, a village of Bavaria, in the pala-    Flour, bbls.          5,000    4,500  158,600.375,000,e                              Whiskey, bbls.    ~    ~~~~~~~~ 1,21.7   1,157  452 I1,291 
tinate, 5 miles E. of Landau, on the Spiegel. Pop. 1984.      W    bhiskey,bbls....  13,000    2,500    2,6115 2    1,8891
Pork, bbls.1,000    2,.00    2,612.   2,00
OFFENBURG, offfen-bhirg or offfen-b56RG', a town of Ba-    Beef, bhls......                         2,758J   6,0314
den, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Kinzig, with a station    Iron, (Pig,) tons.     300      350. 300     100
on the Basel (Bale) and Mannheim Railway, 17 miles S.S.W.    Coal, tons.             3,000    3,054     490     371
of Carlsruhe. Pop. 3705. It is enclosed by walls, and: has    Wheat, bus.            15,000   25,000  149,310  3177,725
Corn, bus......       3,000    4,000. 31,933   82,458
a gymnasium, a Franciscan convent, hospital, theatre, and    Salt, bbl...            10,000   15,000   10,369   14,287
a brisk transit trade.                                        Tea, chests...   10,000   15,000          78      44
OFFENBURG, a village of Transylvania, on the Aranyos,
with-adjacent gold, silver, and antimony mines.               Th4 total value of imports coastwise in1851 was $2,424,145;
OFIFENHAM,  a parish of England, co. of Worcester.,
O/ERL ANE,  a parish of Ireland, soueen'    s county.    foreign, $214,520; exports coastwise, $918,587; foreign,
OFERLAMN, a parish of E rland, nco. of  tent.          0$618,648. The value of goods arriving at the port in bond,
OFF'I{AM, a parish of England, so. of Kent.
- P'' ~~~~~~~~in 1852, was $808,732; in 1853, $1,164,036; and in 1854,
OFFIDA, of/fe-dA, a village of Central Italy, Pontifical in 182, was $508,732; in  853,,164,036;  and in 1854,
States, 8 miles N.E. of Ascoli. Pop. 1200.                 $1,922,518. Amount of drawback duty rose from  $69,935
OFFINGEN, of/fing-en, or MARKT-OFFINGEN, maRkt in 1851, to $505,279 in 1854.
offing-,    market-twn of Bavaria, 9 miles N.N.E. of   The following is the report of the inward and outward
oftrdingen., Parkop. 68,9m..               obound vessels for 1850 and 1851.
Nbrdlingen. Pop. 689.
OFFINGEN, a village of Wtirtemberg, circle of Danube,
N.W.'of Iliberach.
OFFILEY, GREaAT, a parish of England, co. of Herts.        Years.Number  T                  Number o   Tons.   en
of Entries.       ~Clearances.
OFFLEY, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.               of Etries.              
OFF/ORD CLU/NY, a parish of England0 co. of Hunting-    1850-    699    242,70  12,464    655    242,93 12218
don.                          El151    1002    351,427 19,538     973                                    359,287 ]19,341
OFFfORD DARICY, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon,...
contiguous to the above.
OFFRANVILLE, of'fr&Ns'veel/, a market-town of France,    In 1854, 5 steamboats and 7 sail-vessels (total tonnage,
department of Seine-Infrieure, 4 miles S. of Dieppe. Pop. 4210) were owned here. In 1831, the Oswegatchie Navigtain 1852, 1684.                                              tion Company, with a capital of $5000, was incorporated for
OFF/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.             the purpose of improving: by means of locks and canals, the
OFFIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              navigation of the Oswegatchie River to Black Lake, and the
OGAHDEN, o-gidenn, a province of.East Africa, in Adel; Natural Canal connecting the Oswegatchie with Grass River.
1at. 70 to 80 30' N., ion. 450 to 490 E.                    Steamboats ply regularly to the various ports on Lake On0GAL'LY, a small post-village of Chippewa co., Wisconsin. tario. About the year 1836, measures were adopted to imOG/BOURN ST. ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of  prove the hydraulic power of the Oswegatchie at Ogdensburg,
Wilts.                                                      by the purchase of water-privilege and the erection of mills.
OGBOURN ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. A canal has been extended clown below the bridge, and with
OG/DEN, a post-township of Monroe co., New York, 12  the exception of a few weeks in summer, affords an ample
miles W. of Rochester, intersected by the Erie Canal. P. 2598. supply for the extensive mills and manufactories upon it.
OGDEN, a township in the S.E. part of Lenawee co., The principal articles are flour, lumber, iron, machinery,
Michigan. Pop. 579.                                         leather, &c. Ogdensburg was founded upon the site of Fort
OGDEN, a post-village in Henry co., Indiana, on the  Oswegatchie. A destructive fire on the nights of April 16
Indiana Central Railroad, 42 miles E. of Indianapolis.      and 17, 1839, laid nearly half of the town in ashes, destroyOGDEN, a small village of Cumberland co., Illinois.      ing property to the value  of nearly $100,000. Another
OGDEN, a post-village of New Madrid co., Missouri, about destructive fire occurred September 1, 1852. Pop. in 1855,
140 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis.                              7057.
OGDEN CITY, a village of Weber co., Utah, 185 miles N.   OGDENSBURG, a village of Sussex co., New Jersey, about
of Fillmore City.                                           22 miles N.N.W. of Morristown.
OG0/DENSBURG, a flourishing post-town and port of    OGEECHEE, o-ghee/chee, a river of Georgia, rises in Taliaentry of Oswegatchie township, St. Lawrence co., New York, ferro or Greene co., flows south-eastward, and enters the
on the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, Atlantic through Ossabaw Sound, about 20 miles S. of Saand opposite Prescott, in Canada. about 200 miles N.N.W. vannallh. The whole length is estimated at 250 miles. It is
of Albany; -at 4t40 41' N., ion. 750 32' W. The Northern  navigable by sloops for 30 or 40 miles.
Railroad, of which this is the Western terminus, extends to    OGEECHEE, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia.
RLouse's Point, on Lake Champlain, and connects it with. OGEMAW, o/ghe-maw, a new county in the E.N.E. part
Bostonand New York. A plank-roadextendsto Canton, and  of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is drained by
another to Gouverneur. The village Is situated on a plain  the Rifle River. The county is not named in the census of
immediately N. of the Oswegatchie River, is regularly laid  1850, and has few, if any, civilized inhabitants,
out, and handsomely built. The Presbyterians, Baptists,   OGGEBIO, od-jdlbe-o, a village of the Sardinian States,
E'piscopalians, Methodists, and Roman Catholics, have each  division of Novara, 5 miles S. of Canobbio, on Lake Maggiore.
one or more churches in the place. It contains 3 banks, Pop. 1030.
an academy, attended by 258 students in 1852, and several   OGGERSHEIM, og,/ghrs-hnme5, a town of Rhenish Bavaria,
thriving schools, one of which, in district No. 1, has the  12 miles N.N.W. of Speyer, with a castle. Pop. 1650.
largest public library in the county.  In 1852 a lyceum    OGGIONO, od-jo/no, a town of Austrian Italy, 13 miles E.
was established and provided with lectures, a library, and  of Como. Pop. 2908.
a reading room supplied with the standard magazines and    OGLASA, (ISLAN.) See MONTECHRISTO0.
numerous papers. Among the hotels, the St. Lawrence    OGLE, 6'g'l, a county in the N. part of Illinois, has an
Hotel has a front of 132 feet on State, and 94 feet on Ford  area of 760 square miles. It is intersected by Rock River,
Street, and contains, besides public halls, parlors, &c., 86 dividing it into nearly equal parts; and is also drained by
sleeping apartments. The Northern Railroad Company have  Leaf River, and Elkhorn and Pine Creeks. The surface is
here a freight and passenger station 305 feet by 84; one undulating, and the soil very fertile. The county contains
freight-house 402 feet by 82; a fire-proof engine-house for 6 extensive rolling praries, with a fair proportion of timber.
locomotives, and numerous other buildings, among which  It is intersected by the Galena Branch of the Central Rstailmay be mentioned the grain-house and elevator. It is built road. Named in honor of some member of the Ogle family,
on piles in 14 feet water, and contains 42 bins, each capable which was distinguished among the earlj settlers of Illinois.
of holding 4000 bushels of grain. The elevators are driven  Capital, Oregon City. Pop. 10,020.
by a steam-engineofl5 horse-power, and are capable of raising    OGLE, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.
from 16,000 to 18,000 bushels. Vessels laden with grain on    OGLE, a post-viliage of Ogle co., Illinois, about 178 miles
the upper lakes are here unladen with great facility. In  N. by E. of Springfield.
z852 the Company owned 4534 feet of wharves, docks, and    OGLE POINT, North America, let. 680 14' N.
Diers. Four weekly newspapers are published here. The    OGLETITORPE, o/g'l-thorp, a county in the N.E. part of'ommerceofOgdensburgis fiLourishingandextensive. Large  Georgia, has an area of 480 square miles.  The Broad River
quantities of freight find their way into this port from all forms part of the northern boundary; the Oconee washes its
1382




OGL                                                        OHI
south-western border, and it is drained by the S. fork of sandy islands, covered with. willows, and incapable of
Broad River, and by Beaverdam, Cloud's, Millstone, and  cultivation. The navigation of the river is usually more
Long Cieeks. The surface is hilly; the soil in some parts is or less obstructed above Louisville during the dry season,
fertile. Iron, jasper, agate, and abundance of fine granite  by the numerous sandbars either extending across the
are found. On the farm of Governor Gilmer there is an im-' stream or projecting into it. Steamboats becoming grounded
mense mass of granite, so nicely balanced on another rock  on these, not unfrequently are obliged to remain until roof the same kind, that a child can move it. Gold has been  lieved by the periodical rise of the waters. Another obstacle
found on Long Creek. (WHITEs'S Statistics.) The creeks above  is the floating ice, which usually continues 5 or 6 weeks
named furnish immense Water-power. It is:intersected by  during the winter season. Like other western rivers, the
the Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad. Organized in  Ohio is subject to great elevations and depressions. The
1793, and named in honor of General James Oglethorpe, who  average range between high and low water is generally
founded the colony of Georgia in 1733. Capital, Lexington. about 50 feet; but in a few instances, as in 1832, the rise
Pop. 12,259, of whom 4385 were free and 7874 slaves.,      has been over 60 feet. When at its lowest stage, it may be
OGLETHORPE, a flourishing city of Macon co., Georgia, forded in several places between Cincinnati and Pittsburg.
on the Flint River, at the terminus of the South-western  The navigable waters of the Ohio and its tributary streams
Railroad, 50 miles S.W. of Macon. The railroad connects are estimated at not less than 5000 miles;, and the extent
at Macon with two of the principal railways of Georgia, and  of area drained, at 200,000 square miles. Descending the
it is proposed to extend it southward to Fort Gaines. Ogle- river from Pittsburg, the scenery is highly picturesque and
thorpe was commenced in 1850, and its growth has been  beautiful. The hills,,two and three hundred feet high, and
very rapid. It is a place of active trade, and an. important covered with the verdure of an almost unbroken forest, apdepot for cotton. Pop. in 1853, about 2500.                preach the stream, and confine it on either side. But these
OGLETHORPE COLLEGE. See MILLEDGEVILLE, Georgia.  fine features imperceptibly fade away, and long before reachOGUN/QUIT, a post-office of York co., Maine.             ing the Mississippi, entirely disappear.
OGLIANICO, ol-yJne-ko, a village of the Sardinian States,   OHIO, one of the Western States of the North American
division and about 20 miles from Turin. Pop. 1200.         Confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Michigan and Lake
OGLIASTRO, 6l-y~s'tro, a village of Sicily, intendancy  Erie, E. by Pennsylvania and Virginia, S. by Virginia and
and 12 miles S.SE. of Palermo. Pop. 1800.                  Kentucky, (from which it is separated by the Ohio River,)
OGLIO, 6l/yo, or OLLIO, 61/le-o, (ance. O~lius,) a river of  and W. by Indiana. It lies between 380 32' and 420 N. let.,
Austrian Italy, rises in the Rhretian Alps, flows through  and between 800 351 and 840 40' WV. ion., being about 200
the Lake Iseo, and after a course of 130 miles, joins the Po miles in its greatest length from N. to S., and about 195 in exat Torre d'Oglio, 10 miles S.W. of Mantua. During winter treme width, covering an area of about 39,964 square miles,
it floods the surrounding country, and the depth of its  or 25,576,960 acres, of which 9,851,493 were improved in
channel exceeds 20 feet.                                   1850.
OG/MORE, a river of South Wales, rising in the centi-e _Face of the Country.-Although Ohio has no mountains, the
of the county of Glamorgan, flows S.S.W. into the Bristol centre of the state is elevated about 1000 feet above the level
Channel. Chief affluent, the Ewenny.                       of the sea, and there are other portions from 600 to 800 feet
OGONINELLOE or O'GO/NILLOE, a parish of Ireland, in elevation. A ridge of highlands, north of the middle of
Munsthr, co. of Clare.                                    the state, separates the rivers flowing N. into Lake Erie from
OGONO, o-ghn/yo, a cape of'Spain, Bay of Biscay, in the  those running S. into the Ohio River. The tributaries of the
E. part of'the province of Biscay, 17 miles N.W. of Bilbao; Ohio have a much longer course and much greater volume of
lat. 430 251' N., lon. 20 351 W.                           water than those flowing into Lake Erie. The Ohio slope
OGULIN, o-goo-leent, a market-town of Austria, Croatia, is interrupted by a second ridge, about the middle of the
23 miles S.S.W. of Carlstadt, on the Dobra. Pop. 2400.     state, south of which the surface is diversified by hills and
OGURAPOORA, o-goo-rd-poo/rd, (Hindoo Agoorapoora,) a. valleys. The summits of the abrupt hills, several hundred
town of British India, presidency of Bengal, province of feet high, which border the Ohio, (and the rivers of the MisOrissa, 75 miles N.N.W. of Cuttack.                        sissippi Valley generally,) are nearly on a level with the
OG'WELL, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        surrounding country, through which the rivers have excaOGWELL, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         vated their channels in the lapse of ages. The middle porOGY, o'zheef, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, tion of the state is generally an elevated plain, with occa25 miles N.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1364.                        sional marshes, which become more frequent and extensive
OIIAIN, o'hint, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, farther north; but it is remarkable that these are on the
11 miles S.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2336.                   high grounds, while the banks of the rivers are comparaOHANEZ, o —nlth/, a market-town of Spain, province and  tively firm land. In the N.W. is an extensive tract of great
19 miles N.W. of Almeria, on the S. slope of the Sierra Ne- fertility, called the Black Swamp, much of which is yet
vada. Pop. 2346.                                          covered with forest. In the centre and NW. are some praiOHASAKA, a town of Japan. See OSAKA.                     ries, though the'state was originally well timbered. The
OHETEROA, o-hA-tA-ro1A, or ROUROUTON, ron-ron-tont, plains of Ohio, as well as those of other Western States,.are
an island of the South Pacific Ocean; lat. 220 34' S., Ion. covered with large stones (almost rocks) called boulders,
1500 13' W.; about 12 miles in circumference. It was dis- which appear to have been carried by the icebergs of an
covered by Cook.                                           early sea, and dropped at random as the ice melted.
0110, o-hI/n, one of the most important rivers in the    Geology. —The great bituminous coalfield of Pennsylvania,
United States, is formed by the confluence of the Alleghany  Virginia, and Kentucky, extends into Ohio from the S.E.,
and Monongahela at Pittsburg, in the western part of Penn- occupying the eastern and S.E. portions of the state, from
sylvania, and flowing in a south-westerly direction, dividing  the N. angle of Trunmbull county to near Portsmouth, on the
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois on the right from Virginia and  Ohio River, and covering an area of 11,900: square miles.
Kentucky on the left, enters the Mississippi 1216 miles from  The N.W. boundary of this great coal deposit runs near the
its mouth. Lat. 370 N., Ion. 890 10' W. The French called  villages of Wooster, Newark, and Lancaster, formiing a slight
this stream La Belle Bivire, "the beautiful river;" which  curve. This is succeeded by a very narrow belt of the undersignification corresponds, it is stated, to the Indian appel- lying coal conglomerate, which forms p rim round the coallation "Ohio."  The entire length of the Ohio is upwards bed. The Great Chemung and Portage Groups (the former
of 950 miles, and of the valley, not following the windings  composed of thin bedded sandstones or flagstones, with inof the stream, about 614 miles. Its principal tributaries  tervening shales, and frequently beds of limestone rendered
are the Muskingum, Great Kanawha, Big Sandy, Scioto, impure by organic remains; and the latter of shale, and
Miami, Green, Kentucky, Wabash, Cumberland, and Ten- flagstones, and towards the upper part some thick bedded
nessee. Of these, the most important are the last three, of  sandstone) enter the state from New York and Pennsylvania,
which the Tennessee is the largest. Immediately below the  and fill up the whole breadth between the coal-bed, and the
junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela, the Ohio is a  rim of conglomerate spoken of above, and Lake Erie to the
placid and beautiful stream, 600 yards wide, which may be  mouth of the Huron River, where they turn almost directly
considered as near its medium  breadth. At Pittsburg its  S., and strike the Ohio River in the S.E. of Adams county.
elevation above the level of the sea is 680 feet; at the en- This is followed by a very narrow belt of the Hamilton
trance of the Muskingum, 541 feet; at the mouth of the  group, (composed of dull olive or bluish-gray calcareous
Scioto, 464 feet; opposite Cincinnati, 414 feet; and at its shales, sometimes changed by the atmosphere to an ashen,
confluence with the Mississippi, 324 feet; making the ave- and at others. to a brown tint,) which passes under Lake
rage descent less than 5 inches to the mile.' The current is Erie from the S. of Buffalo, New York, and re-issues in Ohio,
very gentle, being about 3 miles per hour; at high water W. of Huron River. All the state W. of this is occupied by
its velocity is greater, but during the dry season a floating  the Ielderberg Limestone Group, (which includes some grits
substance would not move more than 2 miles an hour. The  and sandstones,) except in the S.WV., in Warren, Butler, Hamonly falls of much note are those at Louisville, Kentucky. ilton, Clermont, and parts of Brown, Highland, Clinton,
The obstruction to navigation here has been partially over- Greene, Montgomery, and Preble counties, which are covered
come by a canal admitting the passage of small steamboats. with a bed of Black River, Birdseye and Trenton limestone,
The descent is 22d feet in two miles, producing a very rapid  surrounded by a rim of the conglomerate coal formation.
current, which, however, is sometimes ascended by steam-   Minercs. —-Th  variety of minerals in Ohio is not large, but
boats at high water.                                      she possesses in great abundance those most important ones,
The Ohio River contains as many as 100 considerable  coal and iron. The amount of bituminous coal dug in 1854,
Islands, besides a great number of tow-heads, or low, in 17 of the principal coal-producing counties. was estimated
1383




0Ii                                                       OHI
at 23,800,000 bushels; and the amount delivered at06 of the  latitude near the Atlantic. Ohio has sometimet suffered
principal cities at 15.620,000 bushels; but this is very im- from great droughts, but perhaps not to a greater degree on
perfect evidence of the abundance of coal in a state where the whole than the neighboring states.
wood as a fuel is still so cheap. This valuable mineral is   There is very little of this state that is not available for
found in 20 counties, mostly those in the E. and SE. portions  agricultural purposes; so that it stands among the first in
of the state. The coal region commences at the Ohio River, the products of the soil; the very first in wool and Indian
and extends in a belt between the Scioto and Muskingum   corn: only second in wheat, barley, cheese, and live stock;
Rivers, inclining alittle E. of N.nearto Lake Erie. Professor  and third in oats, Irish potatoes, buckwheat, orchard proMather computes the quantity embowelled beneath the soil in  ducts, butter, hay, maple sugar; and grass-seeds. The soil
Tuscarawas  county alone, at 80,000,000,000 bushels.  The  may be generally characterized as fertile, and much of it
iron, which is found running through Lawrence, Gallia, Jack- hilghly so, especially on the river bottoms. Besides the proson, Meigs, Vinton, Athens, and Hocking counties, in a bed  ducts named, tobacco and oats are staple articles; barley,
100 miles long by 12 wide, is said tobe superior to any other  rye, peas, beans, buckwheat, fruits, grass-seeds, hops, miin the United States for the finer castings. In 1850 there  lasses, beeswax, and honey are produced in large quantities,
were shipped by canal 16,179,227 pounds of iron, from dif- and sweet potatoes, wine, hemp, and silk to some extent.
ferent points in the state. The blast-furnaces along the  In 1850 there were in Ohio 143,807 farms, comprising
Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad have increased from 7  9,851,493 acres of cultivated land, (24,811,855 acres were
to 19, since the opening of a portion of that road. In Law- taxed in 1853,) producing 14,487,3511 bushels of wheat;
rence county alone 28,000 tons of pig iron were estimated to  425,918 of rye; 59,078,695 of Indian corn; 13,472,742 of
have been produced in 1853. Salt spriugs are frequent, oats; 5,057,769 of Irish potatoes; 187,991 of sweet potatoes;
(550,350 bushels of salt were manufactured in 1850,) and  638,060 of buclkwheat; 354,358 of barley; 10,454,449 pounds
marble and lime abound.                                     of tobacco; 10,196,371 of wool; 446,932 of flax; 4,588,209
Rivers, Lakes, &c.-As has been already stated, the Ohio  of maple sugar; 804,275 of beeswax and honey; 34,449,379
River coasts the entire southern and S.E. border of the state, of butter; 20,819,542 of cheese; and 1,443,142 tons of hay.
opening to it, by its connexion with the Mississippi River, Value of live stock, $44,121,741, (in 1853, $53,680,2311;)
the commerce of the great Mississippi Valley. The Ohio  orchard products, $695,921; market products, $214,004;
comes abreast of the state to which it gives its name, about slaughtered animals, $7,439,243.  By the assessment of
50 miles below Pittsburg, where the Alleghany and Mo- 1853, Ohio had 3,733,169 sheep, (a small decrease on 1850;)
nongahela Rivers pour together their united tribute to form  2,341,502 hogs; 1,506,563 cattle; and 574,844 horses.  In
that beautiful and majestic stream, to whose volume the  1852 there were in the vicinity of Cincinnati 1200 acres of
state of Ohio adds the waters of the Muskingum, Scioto, and  grapes under cultivation, producing about 500,000 gallons
Miami, besides several smaller streams. These rivers have of wine.
courses varying in length from 110 to 200 miles. The Ohio   Forest Trees.-The forest trees of Ohio are several varieRiver is navigable during half the year by steamboats of  ties of oak, hickory, sugar and other maples, beech, poplar,
the first class, to its head, at Pittsburg, and at all seasons, ash, sycamore, pawpaw, buckeye, (which gives its soubriwith short exceptions, for boats of lighter draught. The  quet to the state,) dogwood, cherry, elm, hornbean, and
M/uskingum River is navigable, by means of dams and locks, some cypress, though evergreens generally do not flourish
to Zanesville, 70 miles from its mouth, and at times of high- in the state. Ginseng, (latterly an article of export to
water, 30 miles further to CQshocton. The Scioto River is China, as a substitute for opium,) valerian, colombo, snake,
navigable for steamboats 50 miles. The Muskingum, Scioto, and blood roots are medicinal plants indigenous to the state.
and Miami enter the Ohio in the order named, (descending   M3anufactures. —Ohio has now attained that degree of adfrom  Pittsburg,) and drain the centre and S.W. of the  vancement that enables a state to cultivate other than its
state. The chief rivers of the northern slope, beginning at  agricultural resources. Though her manufactures are nethe N.W., are the Maumee, the Sandusky, HIuron, and Cuy- cessarily in their infancy, yet in 1850 there were 10,622
ahoga, all emptying into Lake Eric, and all (with the ex- establishments in the state, producing each $500 and upception of the Maumee River, which rises in Indiana) having  wards annually, engaged in manufactures, mining, and
their entire course within the state. The Maumee River is  the mechanic arts, employing an aggregate capital of
navigable 18 miles for lake steamers, and still farther for $29,019,538; 47,054 male and 4435 female hands; consunesmall boats. The other rivers have rapid courses, and are  ing raw material worth $34,677,937; and yielding products
chiefly valuable for imill-sites. Lake Erie coasts the state  valued at $62,647,259: 8 of these were engaged in the menufor about 150 miles on the N.E. and N., affording several facture of cotton, employing a capital of $297,000, and 139
harbors. At the VW. end of the lake are Maumee and San- male and 269 female hands, consuming raw material worth
dusky Bays, the principal on the Ohio shore. Sandusky  $237,060, and producing 280,000 yards of stuffs, and 433,000
Bay extends about 20 miles inland. There are several small pounds of yarn, valued at $394,700; 130 in the manufacture
islands in the W. end of the lake,.belonging to Ohio.       of wool, employing a capital of $870,220, and 903 male and
Objects of Interest to mourists. —Though not lacking in pic- 298 female hands, consuming raw material worth $578,423,
turesque beauty, Ohio has no striking natural phenomena  and producing 1,374,087 yards of stuffs, and 65,000 pounds
within its limits, and is rather interesting for its economical of yarn, valued at $1,111,027; 224 in the manufacture of
resources than for its physical wonders. The shores of the  iron, employing a capital of $3,731,450, and 5449 male hands,
Ohio River have been much admired by travellers for their consuming raw material worth $2,022,885, and producing
gracefully rounded and lofty hills, and the interior streams 104,473 tons of wrought, cast, and pig iron valued at
have some pleasant cascades, which will be noticed in de- $4,453,049. There was at the same time $1,262,974 invested
scribing their respective localities. There are, however, in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, consumsome earth-works in the neighborhood of Circleville, (to  ing 330,950 bushels of barley; 3,588,140 of Indian corn;
which they give name,) which have claimed the attention  281;750 of rye; 19,510 of oats; and 178 tons of hops, em.
of antiquarians for half a century or more. Works of a  ploying 1033 hands, and producing 96,943 barrels of ale, &c.,
similar character, of greater or less extent, are scattered  and 11,865,150 gallonsof whiskey, wines, &c.; there were
over the state. Among the most remarkable is a mound  706 tanneries, employing $1,340,380 capital, consuming raw
near Marietta, 30 feet high, enclosed by an elliptical wall material worth $1,118,080, and producing manufactured
230 by 215 feet; Fort Ancient, in Warren county, has nearly  leather valued at $1,964,591.  Homemade manufactures
4 miles of embankment from 18 to 20 feet high; Clark's  valued at $1,712,196 were produced in the same year.
Works, in Ross county, in form  of a parallelogram, 2800    Juter-nal s lomprovements.-In respect to opening ways of
feet by 1800 feet, enclosing several smaller works and  internal communication, Ohio has shown a spirit of entermounds, which, altogether, make 3,000,000 cubic feet of  prise worthy her New England origin. In January, 1855,
embankment, &c.; and many others, which the nature of  there were in the state 2997 miles of railway completed, and
this work will not allow us to describe. At Bryan, in Wil- 1631 in course of construction, being the greatest amount
liams county, the inhabitants are favored with natural in any state in the Union; built at a cost of $67,798,201.
fountains, supposed to proceed from a subterranean lake, A complete line of canal connects the Ohio River at Portsas water, when bored for, is found in great abundance, for mouth with Cleveland, on Lake Erie, following the Scioto
several miles round. The fluid is reached at a depth of from  river nearly to Columbus, then crossing to the Muskingumn,
40 to 50 feet. The supply is never affected by droughts or which it coasts for perhaps 50 miles, when it crosses to the
rains. Small fish are sometimes thrown up.                  Cuyahoga, which it follows to Cleveland; thus opening. an
Climate, Soil, and Productions.-It is under this heading  inland water communication between the commercial methat Ohio will exhibit the sources to which she owes a rise, tropolis of the Union and the principal city of Ohio. About
(unexampled in the history of the world except in the  100 miles of the canal connecting Toledo with Terre Haute,
United States,) in a little more than half a century, from a  in Indiana, runs near the Maumee in the N.W. of this state.
mere wilderness to rank among the first of the states of the  Another canal connects Cincinnati, through Dayton, with
American Confederacy, and to equal some of the kingdoms the Wabash and Erie Canal; and a third, Cincinnati with
of Europe in wealth and populousness.  She is possessed  Camnbridge City, Indiana. Altogether, with the branches,
of that happy medium  of soil and climate, which, while  there are 921 miles of canal in this youthful state.
not so luxurious as to tempt to indolence and inertness, is   Two lines of railway cross the entire state to Sandusky
yet sufficient to call forth and richly rlward energy and  City, and Cleveland on Lake Erie, and 3 from Wellsville.
industry. The climate in the S. part of the state is mild, Steubenville, and Wheeling, on the Ohio, westward to To
and snow seldom lies long enough to make good sleighing; ledo, Fort Wayne, Terre Haute, and Cincinnati, and through
but in the N. the temperature is as rigorous as in the same connexions with other railroads, with Detroit, Chicago, Ga
13S4




GOHI                                                        oI
lena, Rock Island, Alton, and all important intermediate not read and write 66,020, of whom 9062 were of foreign
places. Eastward there is uninterrupted communication by  birth.
railway —more or less directly-with Boston, New York,   Religious Denominations.-Of the 3939 places of worship
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and towns and villages innumera-  in Ohio in 1850, the Baptists owned 551; the Methodists,
ble on the routes, and on intersecting roads. Railroads, now  1531; Presbyterians, 663; Lutherans, 260; Moravians, 3,
in progress, will soon unite Cincinnati more directly with  (the census gives 160; see Note, page 0  0;) Roman CathoBaltimore, Chicago, St. Louis, Fort Wayne, and Toledo.      lies, 130; Congregationalists, 100; Friends, 94; Christians,
The following towns, in addition to those already named  90; Episcopalians, 79; German Reformed, 71; Universal.
within the state, are connected with the commercial empo- ists, 53; Unionists, 48; Tunkers, 15; Free Church, 13; IMe.
rium of Ohio by railway, viz.: Columbus, Dayton, Zanesville, nonite, 10; Dutch Reformed, 5; Jews, 3; Swedenborgians,
Chilicothe, Springfield, Lancaster, Circleville, Hamilton, Ur- 2; Unitarians, 1; and 60 to minor sects-giving 1 church to
bana, Bellefontaine, Kenton, Tiffin, Norwalk, Mansfield, every 503 inhabitants. Value of church property, $5,793,099.
Wooster, Newark, Massillon, Akron, and in short, nearly    Periodicals.-In 1850, there were published in Ohio 26
every important village in the state,                       daily, 10 tri and semi-weekly, 201 weekly, 23 monthly and
Co6bmmerce. —The lake and river trade of Ohio is immense. semi-monthly newspapers, and one quarterly review, with
According  to  ANmEmws's Report, Ohio exported  of do- an annual aggregate circulation of30,473,407 copies, of which
mestic produce in 1851, wheat and flour equivalent to  24,000 was the circulation of the quarterly publication.
3,000,000 barrels; corn, 5,000,000 bushels; small grains,   Public Institutions.-Ohio has a state lunatic asylum, at
300,000; wool, 7,000,000 pounds; pork, 300,000 barrels; lard  Columbus, which treated 499 patients in 1853, 247 of whom
and lard oil, 130,000 barrels; beef, 50,000 barrels; 10,000,000  were discharged during the year, 133 cured, and 29 impounds of cheese, 8,000,000 of butter, 1,500,000 of candles, proved-actual expenses of the year, $31,200; a deaf and
300,000 of soap; whiskey, 300,000 barrels; to which, if we  dumb asylum, at Columbus, which has received 601 pupils
add smaller articles and manufactures, we make a total in the 24 years of its existence, had 157 pupils on January
amount of about $40,000,000. The aggregate trade of all the  1, 1855; an institution for the blind, also at Columbus,
ports of Ohio he computes at $120,000,000. This is proba- which had 72 pupils in January, 1854, educated at an exbly much too low for 1853, as the trade of the Sandusky dis- pense of $11,202; and a penitentiary, also at the state capitrict alone for that year has been given at $65,099,487, an  tal, which had 531 inmates on November 30, 1853-the
amount nearly treble that of 1851.                          receipts exceeded the expenditures by $18,188. There is a
The foreign exports-a umere fraction of the trade of Ohio  library of 8000 volumes for the use of the convicts. In 1850
-amounted in the fiscal year 1854, to $744,584, and the im- Ohio had 65 public libraries, with 65,703 volumes; 261
ports to $790,082; tonnage entered, 72,612; cleared,:55,288  school and Sunday-school, with 63,573; 22 college, with
tons; vessels built, 92, whose aggrdigate burthen was 17,045  56,573; and 4 church libraries, with 975 volumes.  The
tons; and tonnage owned in the state, 80,859, of which  Ohio Historical Society, originated in 1830, is located at
nearly half was steam-tonnage. The imports (mostly do- Cincinnati, and has a library of 1000 volumes.:Two addimestic) of Cincinnati, amounted in the years terminating  tional lunatic asylums are now in course of constructionAugust 31, 1852-3, 4, respectively, to $41,256,199, $51,230,644,  one in the northern and one in the southern portion of the
and $65,730,029; and the exports to $33,234,869, $36,266,108,  state. A second deaf and dumb asylum  was also recomand $45,432,780; arrivals of steamboats in the first two  mended by a committee of the legislature in 1854.
years were 3675, and 4058; clearances, 3611, and 4113 steam-    Counties.-There are in Ohio 88 counties, viz., Adams,
boats. There also arrived, in:1853, 5880 fiat boats, and 4970  Allen, Ashland, Ashtabula, Athens, Auglaize, Belmont,
in 1854. The leading articles imported at Cincinnati were, Brown, Butler, Carroll, Champaign, Clark, Clermont, Clincoffee, flour, hog's lard, merchandise, molasses, pork, iron, ton, Columbiana, Coshocton, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Darke,
sugar, tobacco, whiskey, and lumber; and exported,, were  Defiance, Delaware, Erie, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Fulbeef, butter, cheese, candles, flour, iron, lard; lard oil, pork, ton, Gallia, Geauga, Greene, Guernsey, HIamilton, Hancock,
starch, sugar, whiskey, and miscellaneous merchandise.  Hardin, Harrison, Henry, Highland, Hocking, Holmes)
Cleveland's imports, in 1853, were domestic, $54,801,174, and  Huron, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lake, Lawrence, Licking,
foreign, $170,608; exports, domestic, $32,320,521, and foreign, Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Madison, Mahoning, Marion, Medina,
$397,209, besides an estimated trade by railways, amounting  Meigs, Mercer, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Morto $15,000,000, making a total trade of $101,969,512; and  row, Muskingum, Noble, Ottawa, Paulding, Perry, Pickain 1854, the total trade of the same port, by lake, canal, and  way, Pike, Portage, Preble, Putnam, Richland, Ross, Sanrailway, was $200,639,066, including transit trade.  The  dusky, Scioto, Seneca, Shelby, Stark, Summit, Trumbull,
flour and grain receipts of Toledo, reduced to bushels of  Tuscarawas, Union, Van Wert, Vinton, Warren, Washingwheat, varied in the 8 years preceding, and including 1853, ton, Wayne, Williams, Wood, and Wyandott.
between 1,297,849 bushels, and 3,259,208 bushels. The arri-   Cities and Towns.-Ohio surpasses all the states of the
vals at the same port, in 1853-54, respectively, were (in tons)  Mississippi valley in the number and populousness of its
231,205, and 426,508, and the clearances 103,278, and 89,057. towns. Cincinnati, called the Queen of the West, is, with the
The lard, both solid.and in oil, exported from Cincinnati, exception of New Orleans, the largest town W. of the AlleToledo, Sandusky, Cleveland, and Portsmouth, in 1854, was ghany Mountains; and if we include its suburbs in Kenestimated at 29,200,000 pounds. The number of hogs packed  tucky, we probably need not make that exception.  Its
in Ohio was 547,373, in 1851-52, and 603,152, in 1852-53.   population in 1850, was 115,436; the local census in 1853,
Education.-In respect to the great cause of popular educa- gave it 160,186. The other most important towns are Clevetion, Ohio is among the foremost states in the Union. An  land, population 17,304, (including Ohio City, with which it
act was passed, March 14, 1853, reorganizing the entire school is now incorporated, 41,196 in 1854;) Columbus, population
system of the state, and providing for the election, once in  17,882; Dayton, 10,977; (16,562 in 1853;) Zanesville, 7929;
three years, of a State Commissioner of Common Schools. Chilicothe, 7100; Steubenville, 6140; Springfield, 5108; SanThe state has a school fund of $1,754,322, made up of certain  dusky City, 5087; and Portsmouth, 4011; Toledo, 11,483 in
trust funds, the interest of the sale of the salt land, the  1854; Mount Vernon, Newark, Mansfield, Xenia, Circieville,
balance of the surplus revenue fund, the interest of the  Piqua, Akron, Tiffin, Wooster, Marieta, Delaware, Lancassame paid to counties, taxes on pedlers' and auction licenses, ter, Youngstown, Urbana, Gallipolis, and Lebanon had each,
taxes on lawyers, physicians, banks, &c.; raised by assess- in 1850, populations varying from 2000 to 4000.
ment for common schools, $1,186,793, and $59,339 for district    Population.-This state, now the third in point of populaschool libraries and the purchase of apparatus. Special and  tion and wealth of the members of the American Confederacy,
trust funds in the treasury, November 15,1853, $1,988,323. had no white settlements till five years after the close of
Total amount appropriated by the state for school purposes  the American Revolution. In 1800, it numbered only 45,365
in 1854, $2,266,457. The number of youths in the state be- inhabitants; 230,760 in 1810; 581,434 in 1820; 937,903 in
tween the ages of 5 and 21 years, as gathered from the returns  1830; 1,519,467 in 1840; and 1,980,329 in 1850, of whom
of the County Auditors, was 816,408, or, according to the  1,004,117 were white males, 950,933 white females, 12,691
State Board of Education, 817,106. There were 1514 Boards  colored males, 12,588 colored females-forming altogether
of Education, 11,365 districts, 13,914 common schools, and  348,514 families, occupying 336,098 dwellings. Population
612,185 pupils. In 1853, there were 52 union schools. The  to the square mile, 49.55. Of the residents of Ohio, 1,215,876
State University had 102 students, August, 1853. According  were born in the state; 541,870 in other states of the conto the American Almanac, there were in 1854, in Ohio, 12  federacy; 25,660 in England; 51,562 in Ireland; 11,081 in
colleges with 674 students, 7 theological schools, and 4  Scotland and Wales; 5880 in British America; 111,257 in
medical schools.                                            Germany; 7375 in France; 5697 in other countries; and
In the census returnsof 1850, the educational statistics  4261 whose places of birth were unknown; making about
of Ohio are given as follows:-26  colleges, (including  11 per cent of foreign, birth. In the year ending June,
medical, law, and  theological schools,) with  3621 stu- 1850, 28,949 deaths occurred, or about 15 in every 1000 perdents, and $125,792 income, of which $25,136 was firom  sons. During the same period, 2513 paupers received aid,
endowments; 11,661 public schools, with 484,153 pupils, of whom 609 were foreigners, at an expense of about 38
and $743,074 income, of which $329,671 was from  public  for each pauper. Of the entire population, 915 were deaf
funds, $285,266 from  taxation, and $20,159 from endow- and dumb, of whom  10 were colored; 642 blind, of whom
ments; and 206 academies and other schools, with 15,052  12 were colored; 1317 insane, of whom 14 were colored; and
pupils, and $149,392 income, of which $16,260 was from  1361 idiotic, of whom 7 were colored. Of the whole populatublic funds, and $5690 from  endowments.  Attending  tion, 704 were engaged in mining; 272,579 in agriculture;
school, as returned by families, 514,800. Adults who could  9201 in commerce; 66.265 in manufactures; 212 in navi1385




OI                                                       OIR
gating the ocean; 3s23 in internal navigation; and 5663 in    OHIO, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. Pop. 292
the learned professions.                                     OHIO, a township of Warwick co., Indiana. Pop. 924.
Government, Finances, Banks, &c.-The'Governor and    OHIO, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois.
Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio are elected by the people for   OHIO CITY, a post-village, formerly a suburb, but now
two years, the former receiving $1800 per annum, and the  included within the limits of CLEVELAND, which see.
latter, who is ex officio the president of the senate, $5 per    OHIO CITY, a thriving post-village of Mississippi co.,
diem during the session of the legislature. The Senate con- Missouri, on the Mississippi River, opposite tho mouth of
sists of 35. and the House of Representatives of 100 mem- the Ohio, about 170 miles below St. Louis.
bers, elected for two years by popular vote. The legislature    OHIO FARM, a post-village of Kendall co., Illinois, 50
meets biennially the first Monday in January. A board of miles S;W. of Chicago.
public works, consisting of 3 members, is elected for three      0HIIO  GROVE, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, 55
years, in such a manner that one new member comes in  miles W. by N. of Chicago.
annually. The state cannot contract any debt for internal   OHITOPYLE FALLS, on the Youghiogheny River, in Fay.
improvement, nor even for deficits in the revenue, or any  ette co., Pennsylvania. These falls form the limit of naviother purposes, beyond $750,000, except to repel invasion, or gation, and are about 60 miles from the mouth of the river.
to redeem  the present outstanding debt.  The judiciary    0111O O UNIVERSITY. See ATIENS, Ohio.
consists-I1. Of a supreme court, composed of 5 judges,   OHIOVILLE, a post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania,
elected by the people for five years, one judge being elected  about 11 miles W.S.W. of Beaver.
each year.  The judges receive $1700 per annum.  2. Of    01110 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. See DELAWARE, Ohio.
courts of common pleas,'divided into nine districts, each of    OHIIIVAOA, o-he-vi-o/, an island in the Pacific. See Do.
which is subdivided into three, presided over by one judge, MINIcA.
elected by the inhabitants of his particular division for five    OHLAU or OLAU, &l/w, or OLAWA, o-la/8i, a town of
years. 3. Of district courts, composed of the judges of the  Prussian Silesia, 17 miles S.E. of Breslau, with a station on
court of Common pleas of the respective districts, and of the  the railway to Vienna, on the Oder. Pop. 4800. It has a
judges of the supreme court, any three of whom may hold  royal palace, and manufactures of woolI'en cloths, paper,
a court in each county at least once a year. 4. Of a probate  vinegar, and tobacco. Its fortifications were demolished in
court in each county held by one judge, chosen by the peo- 1741.
pie for three years. Every white male citizen of the United    OIIL'S TOWN, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio.
States, 21 years of age, resident in the state one year next   OHOO/PEE, a river of Georgia, which rises in Washingpreceding an election, and in the county, town, or ward in  ton co., and flowing S.E., enters the Altamaha about 15 miles
which he lives such time as the law may prescribe, may be  S. of Reidsville. The LJTTLE OHoOPER  falls into it in Emaa voter.0 The assessed value of property in the state in 1850, nuel county.
was $433,872,632, and $759,381,366 in 1853. The public debt   OHOMURA, o-ho-moofrA, a town of Japan, island of Kiooin. 1853 was $17,206,452, of which $14,917,000 was foreign  sloo, province of Fizen, on the E. side of the bay of same
debt; the school fund, $1,754,322; productive property, name; let. 320 55' 27" N., Ion. 1290 56' E. Pop. 20,000.
$18,000,000; ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt and schools,   OHOMURA BAY, is about 20 miles long and 14 miles
$200,000, and gross receipts of state canals for 1854, $605,163. broad, but so shallow as only to be navigable for small craft.
There were also, in November, 1854, 65 banking establish-    OHRDRUFF,  de/drdlff, a fortified town of Germany,
ments, with an aggregate capital of $6,037,970; a circulation  duchy of Saxe-Coburg, 8 miles S. of Gotha. Pop. 4311. It
of $8,074,132, and $1,690,105 in coin. Ohio sends 21 mem- has a palace, a lyceum, and manufactures of linen and
hers to the national House of Representatives, and casts 23  woollen stuffs, and porcelain, and trade in timber and cattle
electoral votes for president.                             In the vicinity are iron and copper forges and mines.
History.-Ohio fully bears out the adage, that prosperous    OHRE, o/roh, a river of Germany, Prussian Saxony and
communities have but few materials of history. The settle- Brunswick, joins the Elbe, 13: miles N.N.E. of Mlagdeburg,
ment of this state commencing subsequently tothe Revolu- after an E. course of 65 miles.
tion, she had little to do but to subdue the forest, and dave-   OHRN, 6Rn, a small stream of Wtirtemberg, an affluent
lop her resources. On April 7, 1788, five years after the  of the Kocher.
close of the Revolution, a company of New Englanders made    OIAT or OJAT, o-yAt', a river of Russia, rises on the fronthe first white settlement in Ohio, at Marietta.  A terri-  tiers of the governments of Novgorod and Olonets, and flows
torial government had been established in 1781 over this  W.N.W., and after a course of about 100 miles, joins the
region, called the territory north-west of the Ohio River; Sveer 9 miles above its mouth, in the E. shore of Lake Lafrom which, in 1802, the present sovereign state of Ohio was  doga.
separated. The inhabitants were much annoyed by incur-    OI/BO or IBO, eelbo, a town of the island of Ibo, (which
sions of the Indians, who had successively defeated General see,) belonging to the Portuguese, S. E. of Africa; lat. 120
Harmar and General St. Clair, (the latter with great slaugh- 20' S., Ion. 400 30' E. It is defended by a large and two
ter of his troops, Ieaving scarcely one-fourth,) in 1791 and  smaller forts, and has a harbor.
1792, but were themselves in turn utterly routed by General   OICH, LOCH], loK olK, a lake of Scotland, co. of Inverness,
Wayne, in August, 1794. Fort Sandusky, inthis state, inthe  forming the summit level of the Caledonian Canal. Length,
war of 1812, was successfully defended by Major Croghan, a  from N.E. to S.W., 6 miles, avierage breadth I mile. It reyouth of twenty-one years, with 160 men, against an attack  ceives the Glengarry River, and empties itself into Loch
by General Proctor, with 500 regulars and as many Indians. Ness by the river Oich. At the mouth of the Glengarry
OHIO, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, bordering  stand the ruins of an old castle, and near it the present
on Pennsylvania, and on the Ohio River, contains about 140  mansion of Invergarry, residence of the late Macdonald of
square miles. The Ohio River separates it from the state  Glengarry.
of Ohio, and it is drained by Wheeling Creek. The surface    OIGNIES, wmn'yee/, a village of Belgium, province and
is hilly; the soil fertile, well watered, and adapted to pas- 32 miles 8S..W. of Namur.  Pop. 1128.
turage. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and wool   OIGNON, wln'y6NG/,  or OGNON, 8n'ylsNCs, a river of
are the staples. The hills contain rich mines of bituminous  France, between  the departments of IHaute-Salne  and
coal, which is extensively used in manufactories. Capital, Doubs, joins the Salne, 9 miles N. of Auxonne, after a
Wheeling. Pop. 18,006; of whom 17,842 were free, and 164  W.S.W. course of 80 miles.
slaves.                                                      OIIKEL or OI/KELL, a river of Scotland, rises in the paO1IO, a county in the W. central part of Kentucky, has  rish of Assynt, co. of Sutherland, and traversing two small
an area estimated at 625 square miles. The Green River lakes, flows mostly eastward into the Frith of Bornoch,
bounds it on the S and W., and Rough Creek flows through  after a circuitous course of 32 miles. Principal affluents,
it.  The surface is undulating, and partly covered with  the Cassley, Shin, and the Carnon. The upper part of its
dense forests. The soil is moderately fertile. Iron ore and  course is interrupted by a, series of wild cataracts, but the
stone-coat are abundant.  Green River is navigable by  lower isnavigable by boats from the Sea toRose HalI.
steamboats along the border. Organized in 1798. Capital,   OIL CREEK rises in the N.W. part of Pennsylvania, and
HIartford. Pop. 9749; of whom  8617 were free, and 1132  enters the Alleghany River in Venango county. A subslaves.                                                    stance called Seneca oil is collected in considerable quantiOHIO, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, bordering on  ties on the surface of this creek.
the Ohio River, is the smallest in the state, containing about   OIL CREEK, of Perry co. Indiana, flows into the Ohio,
90 square miles. It is drained by Laughery Creek. The 10 miles above Rome.
surface is diversified by hills of considerable height, but   OIL CREEK, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity
mostly capable of cultivation, and the soil is good both on  of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 811.
the hills and bottoms. The blue limestone is abundant.   OIL MILLS, a post-office of Clark co., Kentucky.
Organized in 1844. Capital, Rising Sun. Pop. 5308.           OIL MILL VILILAGE, a post-village of Hillsborough co.,
01110, a post-township of Herkimer co., New York, 18  New Hampshire.
miles N.E. of Utica. Pop. 1051.                              OIL TROUGH, a small post-village of Independence co.,
01110, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop. Arkansas.
2320.                                                       0IN, a small town of the Punjab, on the Cashmere fron01110, a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1660. tier, and on the Jhylum, lat. 310 40' N., lon. 730 50' E.
OHIO, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 4479.         OIRA, a town of Southern Italy, Naples. See ORsA.
OHIO, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 504.           OIRSCIIOT, oliascit, a town of the Netherlands, provincs
OHIO, a township of MIonroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1444.      1 of North Brabant, 13 miles S. of Bois-le-Ducn  Pop; 1997,
1386




OIS                                                      OLA.
OISE, wAz, almost wize, (anc. Isara?) a river of France,   OKHIANSK, or OCHIANSK. o-KAnskt, a town of Russia.
tises by two streams, one near Chimay in Belgium, and the  government and 40 miles W.S.W. of Perm, on the Kerma.
3ther near Rocroy in Ardennes, (France.) It flows S.W. Pop. 2000.
past Chauny, (where it becomes navigable,) and joins the    OKHtOLM, ok-holm/, a village of Denmark, duchy of SlesSeine on the right above Confians; length 158 miles. Afflu- wick, with a small harbor on the North Sea, 5 miles N.W.
ents, on the left thle Ain, on the right the Th6rain. It con- of Brested.
municates by canals with the Sambre, Scheldt, and Somme.   OKHIOTA, o-xolt, a river of Siberia, government of Ok.
OISE, a department of France, in the N.E., formed of the  hotsk, after a southward course of about 200 miles from the
old provinces of Ile-de-France and Picardie.  Area 2218  Stanovot Mountains, enters the Gulf'of Okhotsk, at Oksquare miles. Pop. in 1862, 403,857. It belongs almost hotsk. Itis navigable onlyfor boats.
entirely to the basin of the Seine, and is watered by the    OKHIIOTSK or OCIOTSK, o-xotskl, (Rus. pron. o-HotskQ,) a
ise and its affluents, the Ain and Therain; the Epte on the  province of East Siberia, extending along, the W. coast of
W. separates it from the department of Eure, and the Ourcq  the Sea of Okhotsk, between let. 570 and 660 N., and lon.
traverss it in the S. E. Surface generally fat. Agriculture  1330 30' and 166' E., having E. Kamtchatka and the Tehook.
is in a very advanced state, and grain is cultivated more tchee country, and W. and N. the government of Yakootskthan required for consumption. Wine is made of inferior Length from W. to E. 1100 miles, average breadth 150. miles.
quality, and cider and beer are extensively used. The depart- It is traversed throughout by the Stanovol Mountains, and
ment contains several large forests, the largest being that has only some short rivers, the chief being the Okhota. Cliof Compiague. Cattle and sheep are numerous. The prin- mate severe; reindeer and dogs are the only domestic anicipal manufactures are woollen goods, carpets, linens, calico, mals. Principal products are furs and timber.
and lace. The department is divided into the arrondisse-   OKHOTSK, the capital of the above, is a maritime town, on
ments of Beauvais, Clermont, Compilbgne, and Senlis. Capi- a surf-beaten and shingly beach bordering the Sea of Okhotsk,
tal, Beauvaits.                                           lat. 590 20' N., lon. 1430 14' E. Pop. 800, formerly: 2000. It
OISSEAU, wpslsoa, a market-town of France, department is now a wretchedplace, constructed of wood, but has a goand 4 miles N. of Mayenne. Pop. in 1852, 3912.            vernment house, admiralty hospital, and large storehouses,
OISSEL-SUR-SEINE, wms'sll s hR sAn, a village of France, it being the principal station of the Russo-American Comdepartment of Seine-Inforieure, on the Paris and HIavre  pany, and the chief entrepbt for the Russian trade with
Railway, 8 miles S. of Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 3482.          Kamtchatka and North West America.
OISTERWIJK  or OISTERWYK, oisfter-wik',  a market-    OKHIIOTSK, SEA OF, or MORE OKHIOSTSKOE, mofrA' otown of HIolland, province of North Brabant, 10 miles S.W. xotfsko-x, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, between let. 510 and
of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1560.                                 600 N., and Ion. 1370 and 1550 E., having  E. Kamtchatka,
0ISY, wA'zee!, a village of France, department of Pas-de- W. and N. the island of Saghailin, and Eastern Siberia. It
Calais, 17 miles E.S.E. of Arras. Pop. in 1852, 2070.      receives the waters of the Amoor, and many smaller rivers;
GITS MITSOO, (or MITSU,) oits mil.-sool, or BIWAKO, be- and at its N.E. end are the Gulfs of Jijiginsk and Penjinsk.
w /ko, a great lake of Japan, island of Niphon, situated about It contains a few islands, and its navigation is generally
10 miles E. of Miako, said to have been formed in one night, safe, but its N. shores are frozen up from  November to
in 285 B. c., by an enormous depression of the ground, which  April.
occurred simultaneously with the upheaving of the moun-   OKHRIDA, a town of Albania. See 0cnmuIDA.
tain Foosiyama, the loftiest of all the mountains of Japan.   OKHTA or OCILTA, oK/tA, a market-town of Russia, goIt is said to measure about 70 miles firom S. to N., and 21  vernment and 1 mile E. of St. Petersburg, on the Neva.
miles from E. to W.                                        Pop. 3000, mostly employed in the dock-yards of St. PetersOJALAVA, o-y&-lI/vA, or OYOLAVA, o-yo-l/v/, one of the  burg, and in powder-mills, and imperial cannon foundries.
Navigator's Islands in the Pacific Ocean, let. 140 2' 40" S.,   OKI, o/kee, an island of Japan, off the W. coast of Niphon,
ion. 1710 22' W.                                           lat. 360 10' N., lon. 1330 E. Length 10 miles, by 5 miles in
OJAT, a river of Russia. See 01AT.                       breadth.
OJEN or OXEN, o-HuN/, a village of Spain, province and    OKIBEN, o'ke-bln/,(?) an island in the Behring Sea, let.
25 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1800.                      640 55' N., Ion. 1729 20' E.
OJIJARES or OXIXARES, o-He-ntAres, is the name of two    OKLADNIKOYO or OKLADNIKOWO, ok-ld-ne-ko/vo, a
contiguous villages of Spain, S.W. of Granada, on the Genil. lake of Russia, government of Archangel, 40 miles E. of
OJIBBEWAY. See CuIPErWAY.                                Mezen; length, from  E.N.E. to W.S.W., about 30 miles,;
OKA, olkA, an important river of Central Russia, rises in  breadth nearly 9 miles. It receives several small streams,
the government and about 40 miles S.W. of Orel, flows and discharges itself by the Loktura into the Peza, an-affLuent
through the governments of Toola. Kalooga, Moscow, Riazan, of the Mezen.
Vladimeer, and Nizhnee-Novgorod, and joins the Volga at   OKNA, okfn, a small town of European Turkey, MolNizhnee-Novgorod, after a course of 650 miles. Its basin is davia, on the Tatros, 75 miles S.VW. of Yassy.
estimated to comprise 127,000 square miles, of the richest   OKNA, a small town of European Turkey, Great Wallachia,
part of the Russian dominions. It receives the Oopa, Zhiz- N.E. of Kimpina.
dra, (Jizdra,) Moskva, Zna, and Kliazma Rivers. Though    OKNA-MARE, ok/ng mnrA, a small town of European
rapid, it is navigable for almost its whole course; and at Turkey, Little wVallachia, 5 miles S.WV. of Rimnik. P. 2000.
Toola it is connected with the Don by the Ivanovska Canal.   OKOLOINA, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mississippi,
OKA, a river of Siberia, government of Irkootsk, joins the  about 170 miles N.N;.E  of Jackson, is on the route of the
Angara at Bratskoi. Course N. 500 miles.                   Mobile and Ohio Railroad. It. contains a newspaper office.
OKAMUNDEL or OKHAMUNDEL, o-kA-mbtnfd8l, a dis-   OKONOKO, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
trict of West Hlindostan, forming the W. part of Guzerat.    OKONAGAN. See OKANAGON.'KANAGION or OKONAGON, a river of North America,   OKOSEER or OKOSIR, o'ko-seerf, a small uninhabited
rises in the British territory, and flowing almost due south  island of Japan, W. of Yesso; lat. 420 4' N., lon. 1390 24' E.
falls into the Columbia in about 480 N. let.. Length above    OKTIBBEHA, ok-tibhbe-haw, a small river of MI:ississippi,
200 miles.                                                 enters the Chickasawha from the N. in Clarke county.
OKANDA, o-kan/da, a town of Japan, island of Niphon,   OKTIBBEHA,  a river in the N.E. part of Mississippi, rises
50 miles E.N.E. of Yeddo.                                 in Pontotoc co., and flowing south-easterly, enters the TomOKASAKI, o-kA-sA/kee, a town of Japan, on a river near  bigbee in Lowndes co., a few miles above Columbus.
the Gulf of Ovari, 132 miles S.W. of Yeddo, and stated to    OKTIBBEHA, a county In the E. part of Mississippi, has
have a citadel and 1800 houses.                            an area of about 620 square miles. It is watered bythe
OIKAU or OIKAWV, a post-village of Washington co., Illi- Noxubee River, and the Oktibbeha, from  which. it derives
nois, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 14 miles W.N.W. of  its name, flows along its N.E. border. The soil is producNashville.                                                tive. Capital, Starksville. Pop. 9171, of whom 4327 were
OKAUCHEE, o-kaw/chee, a post-village of Waukesha co., free, and 4844 slaves.
Wisconsin, on the outlet of Okauchee Lake.                   OLAMON, a post-village of Penobscot co., Maine, on the
OKEBURN, a parish of England. See OGBOUaRN.             left bank of the Penobscot River, 90 miles N.E. of Augusta.
OKECHOBEE, o'ke-cholbee, a lake in the southern part  OLAND or GELAND, ilint, an island of Sweden, pear
of the peninsula of Florida. Length about 20 miles.        its S.E. extremity, in the Baltic, separated from the main,
OKEE/CHE CREEK, of Alabama, flows eastward through  land byKalmar Sound. Length 85 miles, average breadth
Sumter co. into the Tombigbee.                             7 miles. Area 608 square miles. Pop. 31,000. The W. shore
OKEFINOKEE, o'ke-fin-b/kee, written also OKEFONOCO, is low, the E. hilly; except a small portion of land around
an extensive swamp, or rather series of swamps, in the S.E. the coast, the surface is principally appropriated topasturange.
part of Georgia. The circumferenceq is estimated at 180 Fishing and navigation form the chief occupations of its
miles. See GEorGiA.                                       inhabitants. The forests are rather extensive. About 300
OKEFORD-FITZPAINE, 5k/ford fitsfpAn, a parish of Eng- hands are employed in an alum-mine, the most important
land, co. of Dorset.                                      in Scandinavia, and the produce of which is estimated to
OKENDON, (o/ken-don,) NORTH, a parish of England, be worth  50,000 annually. Principal town, Borgholm, the
co. of Essex.                                             capital, on its E. side.
OKENDON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Essexk.       OLAND, LITTLE, an island of Denmark, duchy of
OKER, a river of Germany. See OcKEa.                    Sleswick, between the mainland and the island Fbhr.
OKEWALtKEE CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Oconee    OLARGUES, o'lang!, a town of France; department of
from the right in Montgomery county.                      H6rault, 11 miles N.E. of St. Pons, on the Saur. Pop. 1298.
1387




OLA                                                        OLD
OLARIO. See OLhRON.                                      menhorst, Yechta, Klippenburg, and Jever. Oldenburg is
OLAU, a town of Prussia. See OHLAU.                      the capital. Pop. in 1852, 252,699. Pop. of Lubeck in 1850,
OLBA, olfba, a town ofSpain, Aragon, province and about 22,146. Pop. of Birkenfeld in 1849, 30,966.
50 miles from Teruel, on the Mijares. Pop. 1445.            OLDENBURG, a town of Germany, capital of the above
OLBEGA, ol-bA/gd, a village of Spain, Old Castile, province grand-duchy, 24 miles W.N.W. of Bremen, on the IHunte,
and 24 miles E. of Soria. Pop. 1366.                       which here receiving theiHaaren, forms a harbor. It has a
OLBERNIIAU. oltbfrn-hiw, a market-town of Saxony, 22 castle of the grand-duke, a palace of the princes, the church
miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2503.                        of St. Lambert, and several other churches, college, library
OLBERSDORF, ol/bgrs-doRf', a walled town of Austrian  of 15,000 volumes, picture-gallery, gymnasium, barracks,
Silesia, 22 miles N.W. of Troppau, on the Oppa. Pop. 700.  normal and military schools, several hospitals; manufacOLBIA. See TERRA NOVA.                                  tures of refined sugar, soap, and musical instruments;
OLCENENGO, ol-chA-nan/go, a village of the Sardinian  numerous breweries and distilleries; and a trade in wood,
States, division of Novara, 3 miles from San Germano. Pop. wool, and cattle. Pop. 7829.
1020.                                                       OLDENBURG, oltden-b56RGa, a town of Denmark, duchy
OLCINIUM. See DULoIGNO.                                 of Holstein, on the Little Brilkaue, 30 miles N.N.E.of LuOLfCOTT, a post-village in Newfane township, Niagara co., beck. Pop. 2400.
New York, on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Eighteen Mile    OLIDENBURG, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana, 12
Creek, about 14 miles N. of Lockport. It is comprised in  miles S.W. of Brookville.
the collection district of Niagara, and has a harbor, several   OLDENDORF, ollden-doaf', a town ofCentral Germany,
warehouses, and considerable trade.                       in a detached part of the Hesse-Cassel territory, on the left
OLD or WOLD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. bank of the Weser, 26 miles S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1363.
OLD ALEXAN/DRIA, a post-office of Lincoln co., Missouri.   OLDENSWORTH, olldens-qvoat', a village of Denmark,
OLDBER/ROW, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.    duchy of Sleswick, 6 miles S.W. of Husum. A convention
OLD BRIDGE, a village of Bergen co., New Jersey, on the  was concluded here between Peter the Great and Frederick
Hackensack River.                                         IV. of Denmark, in 1713.
OLD BRIDGE, a post-village of Middlesex co., New Jersey,   OLDENZAAL, ol/dent-zAlx, a town of the Netherlands,
on South River, 6 miles S.E. of New Brunswick.            province of Overyssel, 10 miles E.N.E. of Delden. Pop. 2882.
OLDBURG, Sldfblrg a town of England, co. of Salop, on    OLDESLOE, (Oldeslie) ol'des-l'feh, or OLDESLO, olides-l15,
the Birmingham Canal, 5 miles N.W. of Birmingham. It atownof Denmark, duchy of Holstein, on the Trave, 24 miles
has several spacious modern streets; Independent, Baptist, N.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 3000. Near it are saline baths, and
and Wesleyan chapels, an endowed school, and a prison. royal salt works, producing annually 7000 tons of salt.
Pop. in 1851, 5114.                                         OLD FARM, a post-office of Lawrenceco., Illinois.
OLDIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              OLDIFIELD FORK OF ELK, a post-office of Pocahontas
OLDBURY-oN-rnE-HILL, a parish, England, co. of Glou- co., Virginia.
cester.                                                     OLDFIELD POINT LIGHTHOUSE, Long Island, opposite
OLDIBURY-AN-SEVIERN, a chapelry of England, co. of  Stratford, Connecticut, shows a fixed light 67 feet above the
Gloucester.                                               level of the sea. Let. 400 58' 30" N., ion. 730 7' 30' W.
OLD-CALABAR, a river of Africa.' See CALABAR.             OLD FORGE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
OLDCASITLE, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.         OLD FORT, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, 77
OLDCASITLE or CLOTYNGE, kloltinj, a market-town and  miles N.W. of Harrisburg.
parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Meath, 12 miles W.N.W.   OLD FORT, a post-village, McDowell co., North Carolina.
of Kells. Pop. of town,in 1851,1072. It has extensivecorn-   OLD FRANKMLIN, a post-office of Howard co., Missouri.
mills in the vicinity, and the largest yarn trade in the    OLD FURRtNACE, a post-office, Gaston co., North Carolina.
county.                                                     OLDHAM, 61d/am, a parliamentary borough and marketOLD CHURCH, a post-office of Hanover co., Virginia.     town of England, Lancashire, on an elevated site near the
OLDICOTT, a township of England, co. of Stafford.       source of the Irk, a little above its junction with the MedOLDEBOORN, ol'dph-blan, a village of the Netherlands, lock, and on the North-Western and Lancashire Railways,
province of Friesland, 12 miles S.E. of Leeuwarden. P. 1630. 6 miles N.E. of Manchester, with which it communicates by
OLDEBROEK, oltdeh-brM k!, a village of'the Netherlands, a canal. It is of comparatively recent origin, and has sprung
province of Gelderland, 3 miles S.E. of Elburg. Pop. 3770.  up with wonderful rapidity, chiefly in consequence of the
OLD EC/RICOK', a town of Guinea, on the Old Calabar valuable coal-mines in its vicinity, and the facilities thereby
River, lat. 60 40' N., 80 10, E.                           afforded for the establishment of numerous and extensive
OLDEHOVE, olfdeh-ho'veh, a village of the Netherlands, cotton-factories. In 1760 it contained only 60 dwellings,
province and 10 miles N.W. of Groningen.                   almost all merely straw-thatched huts; and has since inOLDEMARK, olldph-maRk%, a village of the Netherlands, creased so as to become a large and leading manufacturing
province of Overyssel, N.E. of Kuinre.                   town, irregular in its construction, but containing many
OLDENBURG, olFden-btrg, (Ger. pron. olfden-b6aRGo,) a  well-built and several handsome streets. The more important
grand-duchy in the N. of Germany, forming the 20th state  public buildings are, the churches of St. Mary, (a handsome
of the German Confederation; bounded N. by the North  modern structure, with a square tower, containing 12 fineSea or German Ocean, E. by Hanover and Bremen, S. and WV. toned bells;) St, James, and St. Peter; various chapels belongby Hanover; greatest length, from N to S., 61 miles; greatest ing to the Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, Independents,
breadth 44 miles; area 2149 square miles. This forms Olden- Moravians, Baptists, Friends, Kilhamites, Roman Catholics,
burg proper; but, in addition to it, the duchy possesses and Unitarians; and the Town-hall, which is at once handthree separate patches of territory, distinct both from it and  some and commodious. The chief educational and literary
each other, namely, two in Holstein, forming the princi- establishments are the Blue-Coat School, occupying an elepality of Lubeck, with an area of 180 square miles; and  gent building in the early English style, erected by subscripBirkenfeld, in the S. of Rhenish Prussia, with an area of  tion, and liberally endowed by bequests of Thomas lIenshaw,
143 square miles; thus making the whole area 2472 square  amounting, with accumulations, to more than 100,0001.; the
miles. Oldenburg proper is flat throughout, excepting in  Free Grammar School; the National and Infant Schools, for
the S. extremity, where some low hills appear. The princi- which commodious buildings have recently been erected;
pal rivers are the Weser, the Hunte, its affluent; the Jahde, the Lyceum, Mechanics' Institute. and Subscription Library.
HIaase,\ Soeste, Vehne, and Leda. There are no lakes of    The cotton is by far the most important manufacture of
great extent. Storms often blow from the sea; and frequent the town, and employs the greater part of the mills, which,
fogs produce a cold damp air, which occasionally robs even  including those of the vicinity, amount to about 150, and
summer of its proper warmth. The surface, in respect to  are all moved by steam. They are, for the most part, only
soil, is divided into marshy and sandy land. The former spinning-mills; but there are also numerous weaving-factohas, in many instances, been recovered from the sea, and  ries, producing fustians, velveteens, and cotton and woollen
still is only protected from it by means of dikes similar to  corduroys. Hats, which once formed an important staple,
those erected in Holland and Holstein. It consists gene- are still made to a considerable extent; and there are severaelyqf a heavy alluvium, capable, when properly laid dry, of  ral large machine shops, iron and brass foundries, tanneries,
yielding heavy crops of wheat, beans, and hay. The sandy  roperies, bleach-works, gas-meter works, &c. Oldham  is
land is very light, and of little fertility, and not unfrequently  governed by commissioners, under the Police Act of 1828,
is left in a state of nature, forming extensive tracts of bar- and was first erected into a borough by the Reform  Act,
ren heath. A considerable part of the sandy districts were under which it sends two members to Parliament. Pop. of
once covered with wood. Much of it has disappeared, but the parliamentary borough, including townships of Chadderthere are still several extensive forests. Agriculture, em- ton and Crompton, and chapelry of Royton, in 1851, 72,357.
ployed in raising not only corn, but rape, hemp, and flax,   OLD/HAM, a countyin the N. part of Kentucky, borderand including the rearing of horses and cattle, is the prin- ing on Indiana, has an area estimated at 220 square miles.
cipal source of subsistence. Manufactures and-trade have  The Ohio River forms its N.W. boundary. The surface near
made comparatively little progress. Oldenburg is governed  the river is hilly; the remainder mostly undulating. The
by a grand-duke, whose power, theoretically, is almost abso- soil is based on limestone. The county is inte,-rected by the
iute. The inhabitants are generally a patient and industri- Louisville and Frankfort Railroad. Formed in 1823, and
ous race, but habits of intoxication are very prevalent.  named in honor of Colonel William Oldham, who was killed
For administrative purposes, the duchy proper is divided  at St. Clair's defeat by the Indians. Capital, La Grange
into seven circles —0ldenburg, Neuenburg, Ovelgiinne, Del- Pop. 7629; of whom 5205 were free, and 2424 slaves.
1388




OLD                                                        OLE
OLDHAM, a post-office of CrittendQn co., Arkansas.       of the village of Old Town, Penobscot co., Maine. On it is
OLDII-IAMBURG, a post-office of Oldham co., Kentucky.   an Indian settlement, containing a number of frame houses,
OLDI-IAM'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Westmoreland  a Catholic chapel, and about 400 indians.,
co., Virginia.                                               OLD WASHIINGTON, a post-village, capital of WashingOLDIHAMSTOCKS, a maritime parish of Scotland, counties ton co., Alabama. The county seat was located here recently.
of Haddington and Berwick.                                   OLEAN, o-le-ant, a post-village and township of CattarauOLD HICKIORY, a small post-village of Bradford co., gus co., New York, on the Alleghany River, at the southern
Pennsylvania.                                              terminus of the Genesee Canal, and on the New York and
OLD  ItCKORY, a post-office of Botetourt co., Virginia.    Erie Railroad, 404 miles from New York city. An extensive
OLD HICKORY, a post-office of Simpson co., Mississippi.. trade is carried on at this place with the surrounding counOLD HICKORY, a post-office of Weakly co., Tennessee.   try. Great quantities of lumber are sent annually, both
OLD HICKORY, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.           over the New York and Erie Railroad, and down the AlleOLDISLEBEN, olGdis-lA'ben, a village of Saxe-Weimar, on  ghany to the Ohio River. Two unfinished railroads termithe Unstrut, 24 miles N.N.W. of Weimar. Pop. 1396.         nate here, viz., the Corning and Olean, and the Alleghany
OLD JEFIFERSON, a village in Saline co., Missouri, 75  Valley Railroads. The village has an academy. The earliest
miles N.W. by W. of Jefferson City.                        settlement made in this region was at Olean. Pop. of the
OLDILAND, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester.      township, 899, nearly all of whom are in the village.
OLD MAN'S, a village of Suffolk co., New York, on the    OLEAN, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.
harbor of its own name.                                      OLEANTDER, a small post-village of Marshall co., AlaOLD MAN'S CREEK, of New Jersey, forms the greater bama.
part of the boundary between Gloucester and Salem cosuties.    OLEAROS. See ANTIPAtOS.
OLD MAN'S CREEK, Iowa, flows into Iowa River, in    OLEERA, o-lee/rA, a town of British India, Sinde, 6 miles
Johnson co., about 12 miles below the capital.             N. of Khyerpoor, on the route from Shilkarpoor.
OLD MINES, a post-village in Washington co., Missouri,   OLEGGIO, o-ld/jo, a town of North Italy, Piedmont, 10
about 100 miles S.E. by E. of Jefferson City.              miles N. of Novara. Pop. 7420.
OLD MISSION, mish/On, a post-office of Winneshiek co.,   OLEGGIO CASTELLO, o-lid/jo k~s-tll/lo, a commune in
Iowa.                                                      the same province, has 805 inhabitants.
OLD/NEY ISLAND and BAY, Scotland, co. and off the    OLEIRO, a town and seaport of Spain. See CUDILLERO.
W. coast of Sutherland. The island, 1 mile in length; lies   OLEIROS, o-lAe-roce, a town and parish of Portugal,
about one-fourth of a mile from the coast,                 province of Beira Baixa, near Castello-Branco. Pop. 1690.
OLD POINT COM/FORT, a post-village and watering-place    OLEKMA, o-l~k!ma, a river of Siberia, government of YaV
of Elizabeth City co., Virginia, 12 miles N. of Norfolk, situ- kootsk, after a N. course of nearly 400 miles, joins the Lena,
ated at the entrance ofITHampton Roads, on James River. opposite the village of Olekminsk.
The entrance is defended by fort Monroe. The beach in the    OLEKMINSK, o-llk-minskf, a town of Siberia, government
vicinity affords excellent bathing-ground.  Here is a fixed  and 350 miles W.S.W. of Yakootsk, on the Lena; founded in
light, 50 feet above the sea. Lat. 370 N., lon. 760 22' W.  1783. Pop. 1059.
OLD PROV/IDENCE, an island of the Caribbean Sea, be-   OLEINA, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio.
longing to New Granada, 100 miles E. of the Mosquito coast.   OLENA, a small post-village of Henderson co., Illinois,
Lat. of its centre, 130 21' N., ion. 810 22' W. Length 4~ miles; 120 miles N.W. of Springfield.
breadth 2l miles. Pop. 350. Surface hilly, but fertile; pro-   OLENEK, o-lM-nlk/ or o-len-k/, a river of Siberia, governvisions are plentiful, and about 30,000 pounds of cotton, with ment of Yakootsk, enters the Arctic Ocean, 110 miles Wi. of
tortoise-shell and hides, are exported annually. On its N. the W. mouth of the Lena, after a N. course of 800 miles.
side is the village of Isabel, with the chief anchorage. This  At its mouth is the village of Oost-01ensk, and on it Mikisland was a noted station in the times of the buccaneers.   hailova.
OLD RICH/MOND, a post-office of Forsyth co., Virginia.     OLENII, o-lA'nee,(?) a headland W. of Siberia, government
OLD RIPILEY, a post-office of Bond co., Illinois.        of Tobolsk, on the Arctic Ocean, at the entrance of the Gulf
OLD RIV/ER, atownship in Arkansas co., Arkansas. P. 514. of Obi, lat. 720 40' N., lon. 730 30' E.
OLD RIVER, a township in Chicot co., Arkansas. P. 867.   OLENTANIGY or WHIETSTONE RIVER, of Ohio, rises in
OLD SAY/BROOK, a flourishing and wealthy township of  the N. central part of the state, and flowing southward,
Middlesex co., Connecticut, bounded S. by Long Island  enters the Scioto River at Columbus.
Sound, and E. by Connecticut River, and intersected by the    OLEOINA, a Norwegian colony, recently founded by Ole
New Ilaven and New London Railroad, 31 miles E. of New  Dull, the celebrated violinist. It is situated in the S.E. corHaven. Two ferries, one for the railroad, connect it with  ner of Potter co., Pennsylvania, and comprises a tract of
Lyme on the opposite side of theriver. Saybrook Lighthouse  about 14 miles from north to south, and 12 from east to west,
stands at the entrance of the Connecticut, contignuous to  or 120,000 acres. Oleona and New Bergen are small villages
the harbor. The shad fisheries of Saybrook are much the  belonging to the settlement on Kettle Creek, an affluent of
most extensive in the state. Commerce and shipbuilding  the West Branch of Susquehanna River.
are also leading interests. One of the earliest settlements    OLiRON, o'lA1r6No/, sometimes written OLORON, olo'rdNcG,
in Connecticut was mniade in the southern part of this town-  (anc. Uliarus or Olario) an island off the W. coast of France,
ship, where are the remains of Old Saybrook Fort, the  department of Charente-Infirieure, opposite the mouth of the
tomb and monument of Lady Fenwick; also, the former site  Charente. Lat. 460 11' N., and ion. 10 20' W. Length 20
of Yale College, continued here from 1707 to 1716, when it miles, breadth 5 miles, having at its N.W. extremity the
was removed to New Haven. Old Saybrook was incorporated  lighthouse of Chassiron, which marks the entrance to the
from Saybrook in 1852. Pop. about 3000.                    Strait of Antioche, dividing it from the island of R6. Pop.
OLDTOWN, athrivingpost-village and township of Penob-  16,908.  On its S.E. side is the capital town Chateau
scot co., Maine, on the right bank of the Penobscot River, at d'016ron.
the northern terminus of the Bangor and Piscataquis Rail-   OL1PRON, a town of France. See OLonoRN.
road, 70 miles N.E. of Augusta. It contains 6 churches, an    OL]RON (GAVE D',) glv do'leh-r6sc/, a river of France,
academy, a bank, and from 25 to 30 stores. The inhabitants  formed by the junction of the Gaves of Ossan and Aspe, floware extensively engaged in the lumber business, about half  ing N.W. joins the Pan, on the frontiers of the department
of the vast quantities of lumber received at Bangor being  of Landes. Total course, 45 miles.
manufactured in Old Town. -The Penobscot here has a fall   OLESA, o-lAlsl, or OLESA-DE-MONT-SERRAT, o-lsa dA
of about 20 feet In the distance of 100 feet, affording the  mont-s1r-a/tt, (san. Rubricata?) a town of Spain, province
best water-power on the river. The Penobscot Boom Corpo- and 18 miles N.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. Pop.
ration have works, for the purpose of securing logs floated  2634.
down the stream, that cost above $100,000. This is probably    OLESKO, o-18sfko, a village of Austrian Poland, Galicia,
the most extensive organization of the kind in the United  27 miles E.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 1250. It is the birthStates. Two bridges here span the Penobscot; one a covered  place of King John Sobieski.
toll bridge, and the other (now, March 1855, nearly or quite    OLESNO, a town of Prussia.  See ROSENBERG.
completed) for the Old Town and Lincoln Railroad. Pop. of    OLETTA, o-lft/tI, a village of Corsica, 7 miles S.W. of
the township, 3087.                                        Bastin.
OLD TOWN, a post-village of Alleghany co., Maryland, on    OLETTE, o'lttt, a village of France, department of Pyr6the left bank of the Potomac River, 14 miles S.E. of Cum- nues-0rientales, on the Tet, 9 miles W.S.W. of Prades. Pop.
berland.                                                   1069.
OLD TOWN, a village in Forsyth co., North Carolina.        OLETZKO, o-l~ts/ko, or MARGGRABOWA, maag-gr&-bo/OLD TOWN, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.'vA, a town of East Prussia, 41 miles S.S.E. of Gumbinnen,
OLD TOWN, a post-village of Claiborne co., Tennessee,40  on Lake Oletzko. Pop. 2950.
miles in a direct line N. of Knoxville.                      OLEVANO, o-lt-v/no, a town of Italy, Pontifical States,
OLD TOWN, a post-office of Greenup co., Kentucky.       comatrca and 29 miles E. of Rome. Pop. 3500. it is situated
OLD TOWN, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.      on a rocky hill, amidst fine scenery. Principal edifices, a
OLD TOWVN CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Tombigbee  castle, a church, and the ruins of an imperial villa.
River from the N.W. near Cotton Gin Port, in Monroe co.     OLEVANO, a town of Italy, Naples, province of PrinciOLD TOWN CREEK, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Missis- pato Citra. 15 miles E. of Salerno. Pop. 1900.
sippi.                                                      OLEVANO, a market-town of Italy, Piedmont, 4 miles
OLD TOWN ISLAND, in Penobscot River, about a mile N. S.S.W. of Mortara. Pop. 1165.
1389




OLE                                                       OLM
OLEVSK, o-ivsk1, a market-town of Russian Poland, go- of Portugal, province of Beira, 10 miles S.E. of A.veirc
vernment of Volhynia, 100 miles N.N.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 2000.
Pop. 1500.                                                   OLIVEIRA DO CONDE, o-le-vA[e-rg do kontld, a village
OILEY, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 10  of Portugal, province of Beira, 16 miles S.W. of Viseu, with
miles E. of Reading. Pop. 1799.                            2500 inhabitants, and a Latin school.
OLFEN, olffen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government   OLIVEIRA DO IIOSPITAL, o-le-v3/e-r  do hos-pe-tll, a
and 20 miles S.W. of Miinster. Pop. 1200.                  town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, about
OLGIATE, ol-je-NtA, a village of Austrian Italy, province 30 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 1200.
and 6 miles W.S.W.   of Como. Pop. 1671.                     OLIVENZA or OLIVENqA, o-le-vln/sa, (Sp. pron. o-leOLGIATE-OLONA, ol-je-AVtA.o-lofnd, a village of Austrian  vlntth4,) a fortified town of Spain, province and 16 miles
Italy, province and 18 miles N.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 1423.  S.S.W. of Badajos, on the left bank of the Guadiana, near
OLGINATE, ol-je-nutA, a town of Austrian Italy, province  thePortuguese frontier. Pop. 7587. It stands in a fertile
and 15 miles E. of Como, near the Adda. Pop. 1430.         plain, and has a brisk trade in wines, oil, and corn. From
OLGOON or OLGOUN. See DULCIGNO.                          the treaty of its cession to Spain by Portugal in 1801, Godoy
OLGOPOL, ol-go/pol, a town of Russian Poland, govern- acquired his title of "Prince of Peace."  It was taken by
ment of Podolia, 110 miles E.S.E. of Kamieniec, on the  the French in 1811.
Savranka. Pop. 1700.                                         OLIVENZA or OLIVEN( A, o-le-vln1sA, a town of Brazil,
i OLHAO, (0lhio,) ol-ylwaNlG, a town and parish of Por, province and 130 miles S.S.W. of Bahia, on the Atlantic.
tugal, on the sea-coast, 4 miles E. of Faro. Pop. 5900.    Pop. 1500.
OLIAROS, Grecian Archipelago. See ANTIPAstOS.              OLIVER, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, on the
OLIENA, o-le-InI, a village of the island of Sardinia, di- Juniata River, and on the Central Railroad. Pop. 1668.
vision of Cagliari, 5 mileS S.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 2874.        OLIVER, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, inter,
OLIETE, o-le-A/tA, a town of Spain, province and 44 miles sected by the Juniata River and Central Railroad. Pop. 870.
N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2012.                                   OLIVE/RIAN RIVER, a small stream of Grafton co., near
OLIFANT'S RIVER or ELIEPIIANT'S RIVER, a river the centre of New Hampshire, falls into the Connecticut
of South Africa, Cape Colony, district of Clanwilliam, enters River.
the Atlantic Ocean, in lat. 310 38' 5., ion. 180 12' W. Length    OLIIVER'S, a post-office of Anderson co., Tennessee.
probably 150 miles. Ite~,mouth is greatly clogged by rocks.   OLIVER'S PRAIRIE, a post-village of Newton co., MisChief affluents, the Great Doomrn and Hantam.             souri, 12 miles E. by N. of Neosho.
OLIFANT'S RIVER, a river:of South Africa, Cape Colony,   OLIIVESBURG, a small post-village of Richland co., Ohio,
district of George, tributary to the Gauritz, which it joins  76 miles N.N.E. of Columbus.
after a W. course of 157 miles.                             OLIVET, o'lee'vA1, a market-town of France, department
OLINDA, o-lin/da or o-leenfd&, a city of Brazil, province  of Loiret, 3 miles S. of Orleans, on the Loiret. Pop.. 1179.
of Pernambuco, and formerly its capital, 4 miles N. of Re-   OLIIVET, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.
cife. Pop. 8000. It is beautifully situated on a wooded hill,   OLIVET. a post-office of Russell co., Alabama.
and has many white and massive buildings, with a cathe-   OLIVET. a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan.
dral, and several other fine churches, a bishop's palace, hoe-   OLIVETO, o-le-vAto, a town of Naples, province of Prin.
pital, and botanic garden; a school of law, with a public  cipato Citra, 61 miles E.N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 3700.
library, and a Jesuit college. See RECIPE.                  OLIVETO, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 25
OLINIDA, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.         miles W.S.W. of Matera. Pop. 960.
O0LIO, a post-office of Hamilton co., Indiana.            OLIVIERI, o-lc-e-veAree, A village of Sicily, N. coast, proOLIO, a post-office of Stoddard co., Missouri.          vince and 27 miles W.S.W. of Messina. A little N.W. are
OLISIPO. See LIsBoN.                                    the ruins of Tyndaris.
OLITE, o-lee/tA, a town of Spain, province of Navarra, 27    OLIVIOPOL, a town of Russia. See OLVW essa.
miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 2748. It has vestiges of old    OLKANSKAIA, o-kn's-ki/, a fort of Russia, government
walls, an-old royal palace, and two annual fairs.         of Orenboorg, 9 miles W. of Boozoolook, on the Olkanka.
OLITTA, o-lit'tA, a town of Russian Poland, government   OLKIION, olx/on, the principal island in the Lake laikal,
and 50 miles W.S.W. of Vilna, on the Niemen. Pop. 2000.   Siberia, government and 140 miles N.W. ofIrkootsk. Length,
OLIOOTORSK, OLIOUTORSK, or OLIUTORSK, odle-oo- N. to S., 45 miles, breadth 15 miles.
tossk1, written also OLUTORSIK, OLUTORSRY, and 0OLU-   OLKOVATKA, ol-ko-v t/kA, a market-town of Russia, goTORSKOI, a village of Kamtchatka, on its N.E. coast, at vernment and 59 miles E.N.N. of Kharkov. Pop. 1900.
the mouth of the Oliootorsk River, in Oliootorsk Bay, which    OLKOVKA or OLKOWKA, ol-kov/kA, a market-town of
is-bounded E. by Cape Oliootorsk, in lat. 590 57' N., ion. 1700 Russia, government and 130 miles S.S.W. of Saratov.
1.9' E.                                                     OLKUSZ, ol/koosh, or OLKASZ,(?) ol/kAsh, a town of PoOLIVA, o-leelvg, (ane. Ad Stattuas s?) a town of Spain, pro- land, 23 miles W.N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 1360.
vince and 43 miles N.E. of Alicante, on a hill side, 61 miles    OLLANT. See HOLLAND.
from the Mediterranean. Pop. 5615. It has a hospital, an    OLLAP, ol/lAp, one of the Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean.
ancient palace, and manufactures of hempen and linen  Lat. 70 37' 17" N., ion. 1490 30' E.
cloths.                                                      OLLERIA, ol-yA-ree/A, a town of Spain, province and 45
OLIVA, a town of the island of Lanzarote, one of the Cana- miles S.S.W. of Valencia.  Pop. 3662. It has 2 parish
ries. Pop. 2132.                                           churches; manufactures of linens, and brandy distilleries.
OLIVA, a village of West Prussia, 5 miles N.W. of Dant-   OL/LERTON, a market-town of England, co. of Notts,
zic. Pop. 1765. A peace between the Swedes and Poles was parish of Edwinstowe, 19 miles N.N.E. of Nottingham.
concluded here in 1660.                                   Pop. 777.
OLIVA, a town in the island of Fuerteventura, one of the    OLLIERGUES, ol'le-aiRgf, a town of France, department
Canaries, at the foot of a mountain of the same name. Pop. of Puy-de-1Bme, 10 miles N.W. of Ambert. Pop. 2043.
2132.                                                        OLLIGNIES, ol'leen'yee/, a village of Belgium, province
OLIVA DE JEREZ, o-leelvl dA HA-rfthf, a town of Spain, of Hainaut, on the Dender, 17 miles N.N.W. of Mlons. Pop.
province and 30 miles S. of Badajos. Pop. 4098.            1493.
OLIVARES, o-le-vAr8ss, a town of Spain, New Castile, pro-   OLLIO, a river of Italy. See OGLIO.
vince and 20 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1122.              OLLIOULES, olle-ooll, a market-town of France, departOLIVARES, a town of Spain, province and 10 miles W. of ment of Var, 4 miles W. of Toulon, at the foot of a defile
Seville. Pop. 1946.                                        called the aTex d' Ollioules, (vO dol'le-ool/.) P. in 1852, 3258.
OLIIVE, a post-township of Ulster co., New York, 12 miles   OLLIUS. See OuLs.
W. of Kingston. Pop. 2710.                                   OLLMUTZ. See OLaUrz.
OLIVE, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 924.            OLLON, ollANxG, a village and parish of Switzerland, canOLIVE, a post-township in Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 2013.  ton of Vaud, 2 miles S.E. of Aigle. Pop. 2692.
OLIVE, a small village of Noble co., Ohio, about 6 miles   OLM, olmn, NIEDEa, nee/der, and OBER, o/ber, two contiS. of Sarahsville.                                         guous villages of Germany, Iesse-Darmstadt, province of
OLIVE, a township in Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 337.    Rhenish Hessen, 7 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. United populaOLIVE, a post-office of Marion co., Indiana.             tion 2350.
OLIVE BRANCI, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.   OLMEDO, ol-mA/o,a town of Spain, province and 25miles
OLIVE BRANCIH, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.      S. of Valladolid, enclosed by ruined walls, and in decay.
OLIVE BRANCH, a post-office of Holt co., Missouri.       Pop. 1855.
OLIVE BRIDGE, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.       OLSIEN, ol/men, a village of Belgium, province and 33
OLIVE GROVE, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia.      miles E. by S. of Antwerp, on the Great Nlthe. Pop. 1358.
OLIVE IhIILL, a post-office of Person co., North Carolina.   OLMETO, ol-inAto, or OLOMETO, o-lo-mA/to, a town of the
OLIVE IHILL. a post-office of Carter co., Kentucky.      island of Corsica, 16 miles S.S.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. 2010.
OLIVEIRA, o-le-vA/e-rt, a town of Brazil, province of   OLM/STEAD, a post-township in the W. part of Cuyahoga
MIinas Geraes, traversed by a stream of the same name, 40 co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland Columbus and Cinmiles S. of Tamandua. Pop. 1600.                          cinnati Railroad. Pop. 1215.
OLIVEIRA-D'AZ0EME IS, o-le-vi/e-rA dA-zA-mAs/ or da-zA-   OL/MUTZ, (Ger. Oltfiitz or Olsmiitz, oll/miits; Moravian
mAfees, a town and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, Iloomauc, ho/lo-mnwts'; L. Olomultium  or Eb-urums) a
sn the Antua, 24 miles S. of Oporto. Pop. 2000.           strongly fortified city of Moravia, (and formerly its capital,)
OLIVEIRA DO BAIRRO, o-le-vA/e-ra do bile/no, a village  on the March, and on the railway from Breslau  to Vienna,
1390
LL1_== —-----— ___                                                                                                     I




OLHM                                                        OMA
10 miles N.E. of Briinn. Pop., excluding garrison, 12,560.   OLdPARI, (Hindoo Ulupcara,) a town of British India,
Its fortifications are very extensive, and the city is well built. presidency of Bombay, 7 miles N. of Surat.
The principal edifices are a fine Gothic cathedral, with the    OLPE, ollpeh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 28 miles
tomb of its founder, Wenceslaus III. of Bohemia, and several 5.S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 1950.
other handsome churches, the a;rchbishop's palace, deanery,   OLIRICK or OLIRIG, a maritime parish of Scotland, co.
town-hall, theatre, arsenal, barracks, several hospitals and  of Caithness.
orphtiau asylums, and a large conventual establishment.    OLSA, ol/se, a river of Austria, rises near the N.E. extreIts university, founded in 1581, and restored in 1827, has a  mity of Moravia, flows N.N.W. through Austrian Silesia, and
library:of 50,000 volumes and 700(?) manuscripts, and in  joins the Oder on the right after a course of about 60 miles.
1842 was attended by 559 students. Here are also a college,   OLSENE, olP'sAn or ol-sA/neh, a village of Belgium, prodiocesan school, academy for nobles, military and various  vince of East Flanders, on the Lys, with a station on the
other schools, manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton  railway to Tournay, 14 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2100.
fabrics, earthenware, leather, and vinegar, and a transit     OLSHANA or OLCHANA, ol-sh!niA, a market-town of
trade in cattle. Olmuta was taken by the Swedes in the 30  Russia, government and 15 miles W.N.W. of Kharkov. Pop.
years' war, and besieged by Frederick the Great in 1758. La- 2000.
fayette was confined in it for many years from 1794. It was   OLSHANA or OLCHANA, a market-town of Russia, go.
the place of refuge of the late Emperor of Austria, in his vernment and 89 miles S.S.E. of Kiev.
second flight from Vienna, and here he abdicated on 2d    OLSILANSK, ol'shAnsk!, a market-town of Russia, governDecember, 1848.                                            ment and 68 miles S.S:W. of Voroneszh. Pop. 1700.
OLNE, oltneh, a town of Belgium, province and 8 miles    OLSIHANY or OLSZANY, ol-shtA/nee, a market-town of
E.S.E. of Liege, on the Vesdre. Pop. 3156.                 Russian Poland, government, and 40 miles $.E. of Vilna.
OLINEY or CULtNEY, a market-town and parish of Eng- Pop. 1800.
land, co. of Bucks, on the Ouse, here crossed by a 4 arched    OLSANSK, ol-sinsk/, a village of Siberia, government and
bridge, 10 miles W.N.W. of Bedford, and with a station on  about 180 miles N.N.E. of Irkootsk, on the road to Yakootsk.
a branch of the London and North-Western Railway. Pop.   OLST, elst, a village of Holland, province of Overyssel, 6
in 1851; 2329. The town has a large Gothic church, witha  miles N. of Deventer. Pop. 823.
lofty spire. Silk weaving, with manufactures of hosiery' OLSTYNEB, a town of Prussia. See HonIENSTEsc.
and lace, employ the population. The poet Cowper long    OLSZANY. See OLSHANY.
resided at Weston, in the vicinity.                          OLTEN, ollten, a small but flourishing town of SwitzerOLINEY, a post-village within the chartered limits of  land, 20 miles E.N.E. of Soleure, on the Aar. Pop. 1500.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N.E. of the State    OLTENITZA, ol-tp-nitVsl, a town of European Turkey, on
House.                                                     the Danube, 35 miles S.E. of Bucharest. Here the Turks
OLNEY, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland.        defeated the Russians in November, 1853.
OLNEY, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.              OLTI, ol'tee, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 70
OLNEY, a neat post-village, capital of Richmond co., miles N.E. of Erzroom, on the Olti. It is a very ancient but
Illinois, on the railroad from St. Louis to Vincennes, 130  decayed place, defended by a citadel, and once the residence
miles S.E. of Springfield. It was settled about 1845, by  of the Atabegs, who ruled the country. Pop. about 1500.
people from-the Eastern States. Pop. about 400.              OLTIS. See LoT.
OLNEY FURNACE, a post-office of Armstrong co., Penn-   OLUNSHAN or OLUNCHIAN, o'Lrn'shln!,.a mountain of
sylvania.                                                  China, province of Yunnan, 1at. 230 20' N., lon. 1000 4' E.
OLINEYVILLE or OLNEYSYILLE, a thriving post-village  It is covered with perpetual snow.
of Providence co., Rhode Island, about 1  miles W. of Pro-   OLUSITEE, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.
vidence. It contains 4 cotton-mills.                         OLUSTEE CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.
OLONA, o-lona, a river of Lonmbardy, enters the canal   OLUTORSKOI. See OLIo0roRSrc.
Naviglio Grande, near Milan. Under the French it gave its    OLVA, ol/v, a town of Spain, province and 22 miles S.E.
name to a department of the Kingdom of Italy.              of Teruel, on the Mijares. Pop. 1611.
OLONETS or OLONETZ, o-lo-nitsf, a government of North    OLVENSTADT, ollven-stAtt', a village of Prussian Saxony,
Russia, between lat. 600 and 640 30' N., and laon. 290 and 410 4 miles W.N.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2100.
30' E., having N. Archangel, S. Vologda, and W. Finland.   OLVERA, ol-v/rg, (anc. Ilipca,?) a town of Spain, provinus
Area estimated at 59,567 square miles.  Pop. in 1851. and 67 miles N.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 6116.
263,409. Surface in the N. and W. marshy, and covered    OLiVESTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
with vast forests. Principal rivers, the Onega, Shooya, Soona,   OLVIOPOL, ol-ve-o/pol, sometimes written OLIVIOPOL, a
(Sunas,) and Sveer, (Svir.) It contains numerous lakes, the  town of Russia, government and 137 miles N.W. of Kherson,
principal being Onega and Vigo. Hemp and flax are raised, on the Bug. Pop. 2600.
but not for exportation, and the extensive forests form the    OLYKA, olle-kg, a town of Russia, government of Volbyprincipal sources of wealth derived from the land. Iron, nia, about 100 miles N.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 3600.
copper, silver, marble, and granite, are found, but are little    OLYMItPIA, a thriving town, port of entry, seat of justice
turned to advantage, and except a royal cannon foundry, of Thurston county, and capital of Washington Territory, is
and a few tanneries and forges, no manufacturing establish-  situated on the E. side of Tenalquets or Shute's River, at
ments exist here. Raw produce is exported to St. Petersburg  its entrance into the head of Budd's Inlet, at the S. extreand Archangel, whence corn, salt, spirits, and colonial and  mity of Puget Sound. The surrounding country is regarded
manufacturing goods, are imported. The inhabitants mostly  as one of the best parts of the whole territory. The town
belong to the Greek or Lutheran churches, but some remain  is rapidly rising in importance, and is probably destined, at
Pagans. The government is subdivided into 7 districts. no distant period, to be the commercial centre of an extein
The principal towns are Petrozavodsk, Olonets, and Kargopol. sive region. The tonnage of the district, (Puget Sound,)
OLONETS, the capital of the above government, is situated  June 30,1854, was 1192.
at the confiuence of two rivers, tributaries to Lake Ladoga,    OLYMPIAN SPRINGS, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucly.
110 miles N.E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 3000, exclusive of its    OLYMIPUS, a post-office of Overton co., Tennessee.
suburbs. It has 8 churches, a custom-house, and various   OLYMPUS, (o-lim/pits,) (Gr. OXvpros, Olcumpds; Turk. Spublic magazines. The first building-dock in the Russian  mvat-Evi, sA-mA-vt/! eeyvee, i.e. the "abode of the CelesEmpire was established here by Peter the Great, and some  tialsl,") a mountain range of Thessaly, on the border of Macevessels are still built at it.                             donia. Its summit, famed by Homer and other poets as the
OLONNE, o'lonnt, a market-town of France, department throne of the gods, is 30 miles N. of Larissa, in lat. 40 4' 32"
of Vendie, near the Atlantic, 3 miles N. of Les Sables  N., lon. 220 251 E. Estimated height, 9745 feet.
d'Olonne, with a small port. Pop. 1900.                      OLYMPUS, (MouNr,) of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 8 miles S.W.
OLONZAC, oUlflazAk/, a town of France, department of  of inrusa.
HIrault, on the Canal du Midi, 15 miles W.N.W. of Nar-   OLZAI, ol-zil, a village, island of Sardinia, 33 miles N. of
bonne. Pop. 1347.                                          Cagliari. Pop. 1060.
OLOOSINGA. See OROSENGA.                                   OM, om, a river of Asiatic Russia, government of Tomsk,
OLORON, o'lo'r6NG, or OLfRON, o'lArSNo, (ane. lurs,) a  after a SW. course of 330 miles, joins the Irtish at Omsk.
town of France. department of Basses-Pyrenees, 15 miles   OMAGH, o'm{l, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, capital
S.W. of Pau, at the confluence of the Aspe and Ossau. Pop. of the county of Tyrone, 27 miles S. of Londonderry. - Pop. in
in 1852, 6388. It is a tribunal of commerce, and has trade 1851, 3016. It is on a steep declivity, and mostly well built
in wool, horses, and timber for the marine.                and clean. It has the remains of an old castle, which gave
OLORON, an island of France. See OLfdoR.                 name to the town, an elegant county court-house of Grecian
OLOT, o-lot/, a town of Spain, province and 21 miles N.W. architecture, county jail, barracks, workhouse, fever hospital,
of Gerona, on the Fluvia. Pop. 12,070. It is situated at the  with a flourishing linen, corn, and general trade. The town
foot of a range of volcanic hills, and has several good squares  was destroyed by fire in 1689, and again in 1743.
and streets, 2 parish churches, cavalry barracks, and a    OMAGUAS, o-mngwbs, a tribe of Indians in Ecuador.
hospital, with active manufactures of cotton goods and    OMAHA CITY, the present capital of Nebraska Territory,
woollen caps, tanneries, soap factories, and paper-mills. is situated on the Missouri, below the mouth of the Platte.
Near it are numerous caverns, and extinct volcanic craters,    OMAN, o'miAn, (auc. Omana or Oreartuse,) a country of
14 distinct cones being found close to the town, the largest  Arsabia, in the S.E.; between the Persian Gulf and Arabian
1 mile in circumference and 445 feet in depth. A destructive  Sea, or Sea of Oman, and forming the central part of the
earthquake occurred here in 1421.                          Muscat dominions. It is "a desert thickly studded with
1391




OMA                                                        ONE
oases," having among its mountains many fertile valleys, ment of Kiinigsberg flows SE., enters Poland, and joins the
though only a small proportion of its extent is cultivable. Narew on the Fight; total length about 70 miles.
Towns, Bostak, Muscat, and Minnah (with copper mines.)       OMIN, omooul,(?) a town of Guinea, capital of a territory
OMAN/NEY. (CAPE,) Russian America, is the S. point of  on an island in the Old Calabar or Cross River. Lat. 60 9'
King George III. Archipelago, at the entrance to Chatham   N., Ion. 80 15' E. Estimated pop. 5000.
Sound. Lat. 560 10' N., ion. 1340 34' W.                     OMZIMKOLO. See IJMZIMxULU.
OMANOOAUJ, an island of the Pacific Ocean. See MANUA.   ONA, ofnl', a river of Siberia, rises on the SW. frontiers
OMANIM or OMANA. See OMAN.                               of the government of Irkootsk, flows circuitously N.N.W.,
0/MAR, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York, about  and after a course of about 280 miles unites with the Tchoona
160 miles N.W; of'Albany.                                  in forming the Tasieva, an affluentof the Yenisei.
OMATE, o-mJtA., a volcanic summit of the Andes, in the    ONACUSA, an island in the Pacific. See HIUNTIE'.  SLAND.
S. of Peru, department, and 50 miles S.E. of Arequipa.       ONAIL, o'nill, a town of Hindostan, province of Malwah,
OMBAY, om'bi, an island of the Malay Archipelago, N   Gwalior dominions, 18 miles N. N.W. of Oojeinu.
of Timer. Lat. 8~ 15' S., ion. 1250 E. Length from E. to    ONALAS/KA, a small village of La Crosse co., Wiscunsin.
W., 50 miles; greatest breadth, 30 miles.                    ONALASKA ISLAND. See OONALASKA.
OMBERGSHEDEN, omfbergs-hA'dn, a village of Sweden,   ONALEGO, o-na-ln'go, one of the Marquesas Islands, in
loen of Carlstad, in the Fryksdal, on the W. side of a lake. the Pacific Ocean.
Its annual fair, held for 8 days, is one of the largest in Swe-   ONAN/COCK, a post-village in Accomac co., Virginia, 100
den, and attracts from 12,000 to 13,000 persons.           miles E. by N. of Richmond.
OMIBERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         ONARtGA, Illinois, a village and station on the Illinois
OMBLIE, om'ble-Ax, a parish of Norway, stift of Christian-  Central Railroad, 85 miles from Chicago.
sand, 23 miles N.W. of Arendal.                              ONASEUSE, an island of the Pacific Ocean. See HuNTnER
OMBOE, omlbiS'eh, an island of Norway, in Bukkefiord,  ISLANDS.
20 miles N.E. of Stavanger.                                  ONATE, on-yAlttA, a town of Spain. province of Guipuscoa,
OMBRONE, om.hrolnA, (anc. Ulsbro,) a river of Italy, Tus- 30 miles E.S.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 4236. It has a fine towncany, enters the Mediterranean 10 miles below Grossetto,  hall, 3 parish churches, a hospital, university, and colafter a course of 75 miles.                               lege. Iron is wrought in the neighboring mountains, and
OMEEINA, a new county in the N.W. part of Michigan. within the town are iron foundries, nail factories, and gun
Area estimated at 500 square miles. Its northern border is  manufactories.
washed by Grand Traverse Bay of Lake Michigan.               ONDA, on/di, a town of Spain, province and 10 miles
OMEtGA, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.         W.S.W. of Castellon de Ia Plana. Pop. 4517.
OMEGA, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio.                    ONDARA, on-dA/rA, a town of Spain, Valencia, province
OMEGNA.  o-mdnfyA, a market-town of Piedmont, division  dnd about 60 miles from Alicante. Pop. 1280.
of Novara, at the N. extremity of Lake Orta. Pop. 1459.      ONDAREE, on'di-ree, a small island of Bindostan, outOMEKON, o-m-kon/, a river of Siberia, government of Ya- side the harbor of Bombay, about 1 mile from the mainland.
kootsk,joins the Indighirka, after a course ofnearly 100 miles.   ONDARROA, on-di-aRo/, a mnaritime town of Spain, proOMENAK'S FIORD or JACOB'S BIGHT, a noted seat of  vince of Biscay, 18 miles N.E. of Bilbao, on the Bay of Bisiceberg growth and distribution, on the W. coast of Green- cay. Pop. 1173.
land, in let. 700 40' N. Dr. Kane counted here at one time,   ONEA HIALGAN, o-nUa/ hgl'gAnl, or simply HALGAN, an
from the deck of his vessel, 240 icebergs of primary magni-  island in the South Pacific, forming themost northern of the
tude. The inland termination of the fiord has never been  large Islands of Loyalty Group. Lat. 200 33' 33/ S., lon.
reached; by many it is supposed, in connection with the  1660 26' 14" E.
sounds on the opposite coast, to form a coritinuous water   O'NEAL'S (o-neelz0) MILLS, a post-village of Troup co.,
communication through the heart of the peninsula.          Georgia.
OMERKOTE, a town and fort of Sinde. See AMERKOTEr.         ONE AND A HALF DEGREE CHAN/NEL, a passage
OMERKUNTUC, o-mar-ktn-tik/, (Hiudoo,Amara Cuntaca,  through the Maldive Islands, in the Indian Ocean. It has
atmkA-r  kAn-tA/k,) a famous place of Itindoo pilgrimage, a width of about 50 miles, and, being the safest channel of
in the centre of the Deccan, India, dominions of Berar, 28  the Maldives, is frequently used by vessels proceeding to
miles N.W. of Ruttunpoor.                                  Ceylon, in the W. monsoon.
OMETA, o-mA/t, a town of British India, province of Gu     ONEATA, o-nA-AtA, one of the smaller Feejee Islands.
zerat, 20 miles E. of Cambay.                              Lat. 180 24' S., Ion. 1780 31' W.
OMETEPE, o-mA-tA-p.t, OMETEPET, o-mA-tA-pit', or OMO-   ONECHO, o-nee/cho, a post-office of Montgomery co., TenTEPE, o-mo-tA-pA/, a volcanic island of Central America, in  nessee, 30 miles N.W. of Nashville.
the Lake Nicaragua, towards its S.W.  side. Length, 20 miles;   ONECHIOW or ONEECHOW. See NIUAU.
breadth, from 7 to 8 miles. It consists of two granitic moun-    ONEICO, a post-village and township of Stephenson no.,
tains, one rising to 5252 feet above the Atlantic. On it are  Illinois, 222 miles N. of Springfield. Pop. 882.
the two villages Ometepe and Muyagalpa, with a population    OINECOTE, a chapelry of England, co., of Stafford.
of 1700, and numerous ancient Mexican sepulchres.            ONEIGA, (Russian pron. o-nAgA, ) a river of Russia, goOt1EY or UM/IMA, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway.     vernments of Olonets and Archangel, rises in the Lake
OMMEN, om/men, a town of the Netherlands, province  Latcha, and, after a N. course of 250 miles, enters the Gulf
of Overyssel, on the Vecht, 14 miles E. of Zwolle. P. 2066.  of Onega at its S.E. extremity. Numerous falls render it ilnaOMOA, o-mold, a maritime village of Central America, state  vinable, but in spring many rafts are floated on it to the sea.
of Honduras, on the Bay of Honduras, 15 miles E. of the    ONEGA, LAKE, a lake of Russia, the next in size to that
mouth of the river Motagua; lat. 150 47' N., lon. 880 3' W. of Ladoga, from which it is distant 85 miles N.E., in the
Most of the imports destined for Guatemala and San Salva-  centre of the government of Olonets, mostly between lat.
dor, are received at this port. Population chiefly mulattoes. 600 52' and 620 53' N.. and ion. 340.15' and 360 12' E. Length
OMOE,  ol/m0lh, an islet of Denmark, in the S. part of the  140 miles; breadth from 30 to 45 miles. Area estimated at
Great Belt. Length, 5 miles; biteadth, 1 mile. Pop. 200.    3400 square miles. It is of a very irregular shape, particurOMIOLON, o6mo-lonu, a river of East Sibsria, joins the  larly towards the N., where it is much indented, and forms
Kolyma, 80 miles S.W. of its mouth in the Arctic Ocean.    numerous creeks and  bays.  Its shores are generally
OMIOTEPE, an island of Central America. See OmRETEPE.  rocky, and its waters beautifully clear, well supplied with
OMOULEV  or OMOULEFF, a river of Prussia. See OmruLEW. fish; navigation much impeded by shoals and sandbanks.
OMIPOYIPONOO/SUC or OMPOMPANO0GSUCK RIVER, a  In it are numerous islands near its N; extremity. It refine mill-stream, enters the Connecticut in Windsor co., Vt. ceives 10 streams, the principal of which are the Migra, the
OMRAH, om/rA, a fortified town of Hindostan, dominions Shooya, (Shuia,) the Vodla, and Vytegra. Its only outlet is
of Jaloun, 26 miles E. of Ditteab.                         the Sveer, by which it discharges its waters into Lake Ladoga;
OM/IRI or OMIRO, a post-village of Winnebago county, Wis- but the Murinskoi Canal, by connecting its affluent the
consin, on the Neenah or Fox River, 11 miles W. of Osh- Vytegra with the Kayla, an affluent of Lake Bielo, has
kosh. Pinelumber is manuficttured here in large quantities  hbrought it into communication with the basin of the Volga.
Omri has 5 stores and 3 mills. Pop. in 1853, about 600.      ONEGA, a town of Russia, government and 85 miles S.W
OMSK, omsk, a fortified town of Asiatic Russia, formerly  of Archangel, at the mouth of the Onega River, in the Gulf
capital' of a government, now divided between those of To- of Onega. Pop. 1800.
bolsk and Tomsk, in a sandy treeless plain, on the Irtish, at   ONEGLIA, o-n~ltyA, a town of the Sardinian States, divithe confluence of the Om. Lat. 540 57' N., ion. 730 40' E. sion and 41 miles E.N.E. of Nice, is the capital of a proPop. 11,340, many being European exiles. It has a military  vince, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 5500. It has remains
school, founded by the Emperor Alexander, for 250 pupils, of fortifications, destroyed by the French in 1792, somi dewho are instructed in the Kirgheez and Mongol languages, caying churches and convents, a college, and a small port.
drawing, and geography; a Cossack school, a hospital,'madraing, and georaphy; a Cossack school, a hospital, ma- Andrea Doria, the celebrated Genoese admiral, was born here.
taufactures of military clothing, and some handsome public    ONE HORSE TOWN, a small mining settlement of Shasta
buildings. In civil jurisdiction it is subordinate to Tobolsk, co., California.
but it has latterly superseded that city as the virtual capital   ONEIHOUSE, a parish of England, no. of Suffolk.
of West Siberia, and the seat of government "for the gre-   ONEIDA, o-n/lda, a lake in the N. central part of New
lual subjugation of the Kirgheez."                        York. Its length is about 20 miles; greatest breath 6 or
OMULEW, ofmoo-lvl, (Pol. pron. o-moo1lv,) written also  7 miles. The outlet of this lake, called Oneida River, 16
)MOULEV or OMOULEFF, a river of East Prussia, govern- miles long, flows westerly,'and joins the Seneca, to form the
1392




ONE                                                        ONS
O0svego River. Oneida Lake abounds with fish, such as falls. in the most remarkable of which the water descends
salmon, Oswego bass, trout, salmon-trosit, pike, &c. The about 500 feet in 30 rods. That part of the Northern Railshores of the lake are generally low, and the surrounding  road betweeL the capital and Burlington passes along the
lands level and fertile.                                  banks of this stream for nearly the whole distance.
ONEIDA, a county in the N.E. central part of New York,   ONION RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Sheboygan co., and
-has an area of about 1200 square miles. Oneida Lake lies falls into Sheboygan River, 6 miles from its mouth.
on part of its western border. It is drained by the Mohawk    ONION RIVER, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
and Black Rivers, and Oneida and Oriskany Creeks, with    ONIS, o-neess/, or ONSA, on/sA, an island of Spain, at the
several smaller streams, which furnish abundant water- entrance of the Bay of Pontevedra, lat. 420 20' N., ion.
power. The inhabitants of this county are largely engaged  80 55, W. Length 2 miles, breadth 1 mile. The surface is
in manufactures, and the agricultural interests are also in  uneven; the shores steep, and it has several harbors dea flourishing condition. The Long Level on the Erie Canal fended by batteries.
of 693 miles passes through it. The surface is generally    ONKERZEELE, 6nkler-z&'lfh, a village of Belgium, proundulating, i0 some parts more hilly, and in others almost vince of E. Flanders, on the right bank of the Dender, 27
level. The soil is of various qualities, but everywhere rich. miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1157.
In 1850, this county produced 167,047 tons of hay, 3,963,392    ONNAING, on0n1 rcat, a town of France, department of
pounds of butter, and 5,218,734 of cheese. The quantities Nord, 4 miles N.E. of Valenciennes. Pop. 3420. Chiccory is
of hay and butter were each the greatest produced by any  extensively grown in its vicinity, its cultivation in Fra'nce
county in the United States, and the quantity of cheese the having been first attempted here.
greatest produced by any in the United States, except Iter-    OINO, the largest of one of the groups of the Friendly
kimer county, New York. This county contains iron ore, Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 180 55' S5, Ion. 178i 25' W.
potter's clay, gypsum, water-limestone, and marl. It is tra-    ONO, a village of.Edgar co., Illinois, 120 miles E. of
versed by the Erie Canal and the Central New York Rail- Springfield.
road, and partly intersected by the Black River and Che-   ONO, a post-office of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania.
nango Canals, and by the Watertown and Rome, the Os-   ONOBA. See HUELvA.
wego and Syracuse, and the Oswego and Troy Railroads.   ONOD, o&nod/, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Borsod,
Organized in 1786, having previously formed part of Herki- on the Sajo, an affluent of the Theiss, 46 miles N.W. of
mer county. Seats of justice, Rome and Whitesborough.  Debreczin. Pop. 2840. It is memorable for a sanguinary
Pop. 99,566.                                              battle with the Tartars in 1241, and a gathering of Rakotzi
ONEIDA, a township of Eaton co., Michigan. Pop. 492.  insurgents in 1707.
ONEIDA, a small post-village of Brown co., Wisconsin, on    O'NONI, a river of Mongolia and Asiatic Russia, governDuck Creek.                                               ment of Irkootsk, after a N.W. course of 380 miles joins the
ONEIDA CASTLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, Ingoda, 40 miles W. of Nertchinsk, to form the Shilka, a
on Oneida Creek, 20 miles W. of Utica. It has 2 or 3  tributary of the Amoor.
churches, and several stores.                                ONONDAGA* (on-on-dawfg.) LAKE, called also SALT
ONEIDA CREEK, of Central New York, flows north-west- LAKE, in the N.W. central part of New York, and in the
ward, and forms the boundary between Madison and Oneida  centre of the county to which it givesits name. It is a
counties, until it enters the Oneida Lake. It is navigable a  small collection of impure water, 5 or 6 miles long,' and
few miles.                                                 perhaps 11 miles wide. Near the N.E. border are the celeONEIDA DEPOT, a post-village and station of Madison co., brated Saline Springs. See SALINA.
New York, on the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, and on    ONONDAGA, a county near the centre of New York, has
Oneida Creek, 26 miles E. of Syracuse.                     an area of about 800 square miles. It is partly bounded on
ONEIDA LAKE, a post-office of Madison co., New York.   the N. by the Oneida Lake and River, and is drained by
ONEIDA MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.        Seneca River, Chittenango, Onondaga, and Oneida Creeks,
ONEIDA RIVEIt. See ONEIDnA LAKE.                         and other smaller streams. It contains Cross, Onondaga,
ONEIDA VALLEY, a post-office of Madison co., New York. and Otisco Lakes, and includes a part of Skaneateles Lake.
O'NEILSTON, o-neels/t9n, a small village of Barnwell dis- The Long Level, on the Erie Canal, of 69. miles, has its
trict, South Carolina.                                     western extremity near Syracuse, in this county. The surONEKOTAN, o-na-ko,tgnf, or ONAKUTAN, o'ng-koo-tdnf, face is generally uneven, and in some parts hilly. The soil
one, of the Koorile Islands, off the S. extremity of Karo- is principally a fertile calcareous loam. Gypsum, water
tchatka, between the Pacific Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk; lat. cement, and limestone are fobund; and near Onondaga Lake
490 24' N., ion. 1550 E. Length 30 miles, breadth 15 miles. are numerous salt springs, from which great quantities of
Near it are 3 extinct volcanoes.                           salt are manufactured.-See SYRACUSE. It is intersected by
ONELEY, antlee, a hamlet of England, co. of Northampton, the Erie Canal, and by several railroads, the names-of which
parish of Barley, 7 miles N.N.W. of Daventry. Pop. 600.    may be found under the head of Syracuse, the capital.
ONEMEN, o-na-mdnl, a river of Siberia, flows N.E., and, *Pop. 85,890.
after a course of about 90 miles, falls into the gulf of the    ONONDAGA, a post-village and township in the central
same name, forming the estuary of the Anadeer, (Anadir,) in  part of Onondaga co., New York, 132 miles W. by N. of
Behring's Sea;                                             Albany. The village is pleasantly situated on a hill. It
ONE M[ULE TOWN, a small mining settlement of Shasta  was formerly the county seat. It has churches of 3 or 4
co., California.                                           denominations, a bank, and an  academy.  Pop. of the
O'NEON/TA, a post-village and township of Otsego co., township, 5694.
New York, on'the Susquehanna River, about 75 miles W.S.W.   ONONDAGA, a post-office of uIngham co., Michigan.
of Albany. The village contains 3 or 4 churches, numerous    ONONDAGA, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana.
stores, and several foundries, factories, and mills. Pop. of    ONONDAGA CASTLE, a post-office of Onondaga co., New
the township, 1902.                                        York.
ON/GAR, CHIPIPING, a market-town and parish of Eng-   ONONDAGA CREEK, of Onondaga co., New York, flows
land, co. of Essex, on the Roding, here crossed by a 3 arched  northward and enters the lake of the same name.
bridge, 10- miles W.S.W. of Chelmsford. It has a market-   ONONDAGA VALFLEY, a post-village of Onondaga co.,
house, union workhouse, and some vestiges of a castle.     New York, on Onondaga Creek, 4 or 5 miles S. of Syracuse.
ONGAR, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         It contains an academy, several churches, and mills. Pop.
ONGITIN, ou-gheenf, a river of Mongolia, rises about lat. estimated at 900.
460 N., ion. 1040 E.; flows S.E., and discharges itself into    ONORE, o'nar/, a seaport town of HIindostan, province of
the lake Kooragan-Oolan-Nor, (Kuragan-Ulan-Nor,) on the  Canara, lat. 140 16' N., lon. 750 32' E.
N. of the Desert of Gobi; total course 200 miles.            OtNOVILLE, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.
ONGLAHY, a river of Madagascar. See DAhrTMonUTn.           ONRUST, on/rctst, a small island of the Malay Archipelago,
ONGOLE, onggg5l1, or ANGULA, &n-goofla, a town of Bri- off the N. coast of Java, near Batavia, with the Netherlands
tish India, presidency and 170 miles N. of Madras, irregu- government ship-building yard.
larly and meanly built, but having a stone fort on the mar-   ONSLOW, onzlii, a county in the S.E. part of North Carogin of, a fine lake.                                       lina, bordering on Onslow Bay. Area estimated at 600
ONGOLOGUR, ong-go-lo-ghttrl, a town of Hindostan, pro- square miles. It is intersected by New River. The surface
vince of Orissa, 59 miles W. of Cuttack; lat. 200 32' N., lon. is level, and extensively covered by marshes and pine for850 11' E..                                              ests.  The soil is sandy.  Capital, Onslow  Court House.
OINIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            Formed in 1734, and named in honor of Arthur Onslow,
ONIHOW. See NIHAu.                                       speaker of the British House of Commons. Pop. 8683; of
ONIKSZTI or ONIKSHTI, o-niksh/tee, written  also  whom 5175 were free, and 3508 slaves.
ONIKCHT, a market-town of Russian Poland, government   ONSLOW, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Colchester,
and 65 miles N.N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1650.                  on the estuary of Salmon River, opposite Truro, the county
ONIL, o-neel/, a town of Spain, province and 25 miles  seat, about 55 miles N. of Halifax. The inhabitants are
N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 2690.                              mostly fishermen.
ONION (anlytin) RIVER, or WINOOSKI, win-noos/kee, in    ONSLOW BAY, on the coast of North Carolina, extends
the northern part of Vermont, rises in Caledonia co., and  for 80 miles between Capes Fear and Lookout.
running first in a north-westerly, then in a westerly course,
after passing Montpelier. the capital, falls into Lake Chamn-   e This is a purely Indian word, signifying a "swamp at the
plain, about 5 miles N.W. of Burlington. It has several foot of a hill."
4N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~1393
4 N




ONS                                                       OOK
ONSLOW COURT HOUSE, a post-village, capital of 0nslow    OOANLTN. See WANLIN.,'o., North Carolina, on New River, 145 miles S.E. of Raleigh.   OOBA, OUBA or UBA, oofbI, a river of Siberia, govern.
ONSTWEDDE, 6nst/5vd5deh, a village,of the Netherlands, ment of Tomsk, flows W.S.W., and joins the Irtish. Length,
province and 25 miles S.E. of Groningen. Pop. 893.         above 100 miles.
ONTARIO, on-t-re-o, the smallest and most easterly of   OOBSA (OUBSA or UBs A) NOR, oobts& nor, a lake of the
the five great lakes which communicate with the river St. Chinese Empire, Khalkas Territory. Lat. 490 30' N., ion. 92~
Lawrence, is situated between 430 10' and 440 10' N. lat., E. Length, 75 miles; breadth, 25 miles. It receives many
and 760 and 800 W. ion. It divides the state of New York  small rivers. Large sturgeons and other fish are found in it.
from  Canada on the N., the line of its greatest extent   OOCH, ootch, a fortified town of North-West Hindostan,
running nearly due E. and W. Length about 190 miles; dominions, and 35 miles S.W. of Bhawlpoor, near the juncgreatest breadth 55 miles. The entire area is estimated at tion of the Chenaub and Sutlej. Lat. 290 11' N., Ion. 700 50
5400 square miles. The surface is 334 feet below that of E. Pop. 20,000. It has an active trade.
Erie, and about 230 above the tide-water in the St. Lawrence    OOCHEE, OUCHI or UCHI, oobchee, written also YOUNGand  Hudson.  Its greatest depth is upwavds of 600 feet, and  NING, YuN-PIN  or FOU-HOA, a town of Chinese Toorkisit is navigable in every part for vessels of the largest class. tan, 230 miles N.E. of Kashgar, It has an imperial mint.
It is never entirely clOsed with ice, and rarely freezes even    OODABAD, OUDABAD or UDABAD, oo-d&bldl, a town
in the severest weather, except in shallow places along the  of Asiatic Russia, 38 miles SE. of Nakhchevan.  Pop.
shore. Lake Ontario receives its chief supply from the  6000. ()3
great lakes through Niagara River, though considerable    OOIDA, OUDA or UDA, oold~, a river of Siberia, rises in the
accessions are brought to it by the Genesee, Oswego, and  S.E. slope of the Stanovoi Mountains, flows E.N.E., and falls
Black Rivers, and numerous smaller streams. It discharges into a large bay of the Sea of Okhotsk, opposite the island
its waters by the St. Lawrence. It is connected with Lake  of Feklistoo; total course 200 miles.
Erie by the Welland Canal, 28 miles long, with about 30    OODAI, OUDAI or UDAI, oo-dil, a river of Russia, rises in
cut-stone locks, 150 feet long by 26f wide, capable of passing  the S.W. part of the government of Tchernigov, flows S.E.,
propellers and sail craft of about 500 tons burden. In 1851. and above Loobny joins the Soola on the right; total course
17 steamers were owned at the various American ports on  160 miles.
the lake and employed on its waters; and the value of mer-   OODANA, oo-d&lng, a large village of Beloochistan, 18
chandise entered and cleared at these ports, was estimated  miles E. of Gundava, on the route to Shikarpoor; lat. 280
at $30,000,000. Lake Ontario contains a great variety of  30' N., lon. 670 49' E. Seven miles E. of this place are the
fine fish, among which may be named the salmon and the  ruins of Old Oodana.
Oswego bass.                                                OODAPEE, oo'd-peef, written also UDIPU, a town of BriONTARIO, a county in the W. central part of New York, fish India, presidency of Madras, district of Canara. near
has an area of about 670 square miles. It is partly bounded  the Malabar coast, 32 miles N.N.W. of Mangalore, and
on the E. by Seneca Lake, and is drained by Canandaigua  having some remarkable Hindoo temples and colleges.
Outlet, Mud and Flint Creeks, and other smaller streams,   OODEENUGGUR, oo-dee-nttglgtr, a collection of ruins in
which supply motive power to numerous mills. It contains the Punjab, on the Jhylum, (anc. Hydaspes,) near Julalpoor,
Canandaigua and Honeoye Lakes. The surface is undu- conjectured by Burnes to mark the site of Nicca, founded
lating, and in the S. part somewhat hilly. The soil is gene- by Alexander after his victory over Porus.
rally a rich sandy loam, well adapted to the production of    OODEEPOOR, oo-dee-poorl, a town of British India, presifruit. In 1850, this county produced 1,047,782 pounds of  dency of Bombay, 100 miles N.E. of Surat; lat. 220 12 N.,
butter, and 462,955 of wool, the greatest quantity produced  lon. 740 7' E. It is reported to comprise 1000 houses.
by any county in the state. Water limestone, gypsum, and    OODEEP00R or ODEYPOOR, a town of Hindostan, 150
some iron are found. The Rochester and Syracuse Railroad  miles S. of Gwalior; let. 230 52' N., ion. 780 9' E.
traverses this county; the Canandaigua and Elmira Rail-   OODIPOOR, a town of Hindostan.  See ODEYPOO.
road and the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad meet   OODINSK, OUDINSK or UDINSK, oo'dinsk/ or oo-deenskl,
at the county seat; and the Erie Canal touches its northern  a town of Siberia, government of Irkootsk, on the Ooda, E.
border. The limits of this county originally comprised the  of Lake Baikal, 80 miles N.E. of Selenghinsk. Pop. 3000.
territory of several of the now adjacent counties, and ex-   OOD00-DA-KOTE. oofdoo-d -k~t, a village of India,,in the
tended to Lake Ontario, whence its name. Capital, Canan- Punjab. Lat. 300 30' N., lon. 710 14' E.
daigua. Pop. 43,929.                                        OODSKOI, OUDSKOI or UDSKOI; ood-skoif, a village of
ONTARIO, a county of Canada West, bordering upon:East Siberia, on the Ooda, (Uda,) near the Sea of Okhotsk.
Lake Ontario, has an area of 851 square miles. This county    OOFA, OUFA or UFA, ooffl, a river of European Russia,
is watered by several small streams flowing into Lake On- government of Orenboorg, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows
tario, also into Lake Simcoe, which forms its north-western  SW., and joins the Belaia near Oofa. Length, 400 miles.
boundary. The railroad leading from Kingston to Toronto    OOFA, OUFA or UFA, a town of Russia, capital of the
traverses this county. Capital, Ashawa. Pop. 30,576.       government of Orenboorg, on the Oofa and the Belala, 200
ONTARIO, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity  miles N. of Orenboorg. Pop. 5900. It is enclosed by walls,
of Wayne co., New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2246.        and has a mosque, and manufactures of various descriptions.
ONTARIO, a small post-village of Richland co., Ohio.       OOGLITCII, OUGLITCH or UGLITCH, oog'litch! or oog',
ONTARIO, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.        leetchl, a townof Russia, government and 60 miles W.S.W.
ONTARIO, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, 13 miles N. of Yaroslav, on the right bank of the Volga. Pop. 8000.
of Knoxville.                                              It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and has a ruined citadel,
ONTENIENTE, on-td-ne-WntiA, a town of Spain, province a monastery, 30 churches, and several schools. It is menof Valencia, 11 miles S.W. of San Felipe, on the right bank  tioned in Russian history as early as 1218.
of the Clariano. Pop. 9508. It has several parish churches,   OOGRA, OUGRA or UGRA, oelgr,, a river of Russia, godecayed convents, hospital, and college, and a residence of vernment of Kalooga, joins the Oka about 9 miles above the
the Duke of Almodovar; also active manufactures of linen  town of Kalooga. Total course about 200 miles.
and woollen fabrics.                                         00I, OUI or UI, oolee, a river of West Siberia, between
ONTONAG0ON or TENAN/GON, a river of Michigan, the  the governments of Orenboorg and Tobolsk, rises in the
largest affluent of Lake Superior from the S., rises in Onto- Ural Mountains, and after an E. course of 200 miles, joins
nagon county in the Upper Peninsula, and flowing nearly  the Tobol at Oost-Ooiskaia.
N., enters the lake in lat. 460 52' N.                       OOJAK or OUJAK, oo'jhk/, a bay of the North Pacific
ONTONAGON, an unorganized county of Michigan, forms  Ocean, on the W. shore of the island of ~Kodiak, about 12
the western extremity. of the Upper Peninsula, bordering  miles N. of the Russian Company's establishment of Carluck,
on Lake Superior. Area estimated at 2300 square miles. near lat. 570 14' N., and lon. 1520 W.; extending 27 miles
The Montreal River forms its S.W. boundary, and separates S.S.E. 
it from  Wisconsin; and it is drained by the Ontonagon    OOJEIN, oo'jAnf, written also OOJAIN, OUGEIN, OUJEIN
River, from  which the name is derived. The surface is and UGEIN, (ane. Ozence ) a fortified city of Central IIinhilly or mountainous.  The Porcupine Mountains, in the  dostan, 254 miles S.W. of Gwalior, and the former capital of
N. part, rise about 1200 feet above the lake. The county  its dominions. Lat. 230 11'I N., Ion. 750 51' E. Its walls are
contains an abundance of pure copper. Capital, Onteonagon. about 6 miles in circumference, the town being compactly
ONTONAGON, a post-village, capital of Ontonagon county, built on, though the public ways are stated to be airy, paved,
hlichigan, on Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Onto- and clean. Principal edifices, several mosques and mansenagon.                                                     leums, the palace of Dowlut Row Sindia, and some Hindoo
ONTIWA, a township of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 781.    structures, in one of which is a remarkable sculptured image
ON/WARD, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee.        of the bull-god Nundi. The city has an active trade; imONZAIN, 6NGzANG/, a village of France, on the railroad  ports being fine white cloths, turbans, and dyed goods, with'rom Orleans to Tours, 46 miles from Orleans.             assafoetida from Sinde, and European and Chinese produce
00, 0, a village of France, department of Haute-Garonne, from Surat; exports, cotton, coarse cloths, Malwah opium,
t miles W. of Bagn6res-de-Luchon, singularly situated at and diamonds. in transitfrom Bundelcundto Surat. Around
the foot of the Port, or Col d'Oo, a pass of the Pyrenees, it are various temples and palaces; and 1 mile N. extensive
9848 feet above the sea. Near it is a cascade 853 feet high. remains of a more ancient city have been discovered.
Pop. 430, many of whom are employed as guides.              00-KIANG  or OU-KIANG, oo'ke-Angf, a considerable
OOANEE, ooea-nee', a small village of West Hindostan, river of China, provinces of Koei-choo and Sechuen, joins
province of Guzerat, 50 miles S.E. of Surat.              the Yang-tse-kiang. after a N. course of 500 miles.
1394 




00.K                                                      OOS
OOKESIMA, OJKESIMC    A or UKESIM.A, oo-kli-soe'md, an  siderable commerce in British manufactures, obtained, by
island of Anam, Gulf of Tonquin, lat. 180 50' N., ion. 1060  way of Aleppo, a large trade in corn, raised in its vicinity,
20' E., and 25 miles in circuit.                          and sent to North Syria, and a transit trade between that
O01LA or ULtLA, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of  country and Mesopotamia. OORrA is supposed to beon or
Limerick, with a station on the Limerick and Waterford  near the site of the Ur' of the Chaldees mentioned in ScripRailway, 5 miles N.W. of Tipperary.                       ture, (Genesis xi., 28.)
OOLAN-,( OULAN- or ULAN-)KIHOTON, ooWln!  koetont. a    OORGA, ORGA or URGA, oorl,, a city of Mongolia,
town of Mongolia, near the Chinese frontier, 120 miles capital of the Khalkas country, on the Toola, (Tula.) a tribu.
NN.W. of Peking.                                         tary of the Orkhon, and on the grand route from Kiakhta to
OOLANP-, (OULAN-, or ULAN-)OBO, oo'l n!   obo, a moun- Peking, 165 miles S.S.E. of Kiakhta; lat. 480 N., ion. 1080 E.
tain of Mongolia, Khalkas country. It rises out of a plain  Population many years ago estimated at 7000, of whom a
200 miles S.E. of Oorga.                                  fifth were priests. It has a large open space, surrounded
OOLASH, OULASH  or ULASHI, oo'lsh!, an Armenian  with temples. Merchants' quarters are larger than that at
village of Asia Minor, pashalic and 17 miles S.E. of Seevas. Kiakhta, but its buildings are mostly of wood, andmany of
Near the village are some extensive government salt works. its inhabitants dwell in tents. It is shut in on the S. by the
OOLED-JELLAT or OULED-DJELLAT, oo0ldl jel'lft!, a  lofty mountain Khan-oola, which tends to render its climate
town of Algerian Sahara, 35 miles W. by S. of Biskra. P. 2750. cold anddamp. It has a college of Mongolian priests, and is
OOLIASSOOTAI, OULIASSOUTAI, or ULIASSUTAI, ooW- the seat of the Keootooktoo, or deified Lama of the Mongols.
le-ds-soo-til, a considerable town of Mongolia, on the Oolias-   OORGHENJ, OURGHENDJ, URGENJ or URGHIENDJE,
sootat River, near lat. 470 35' N., Ion. 960 E. It is the residence  oon'ghlnj/, written also ORGUNJ, (NEw,) a village of Central
of a Mantchoo general, and the place of a Tartar garrison.  Asia, Khiva dominions, on a canal near the Oxus, 110 miles
OOLTGENSPLAAT, 61t'sns-plt', a village of the Nether- N.E. of Khiva, with 500 houses, and formerly of commercial
lands, South Holland, on Overfiakkee Island. Pop. 1260.   importance.
OOMAN, OUMAN or UMAN, oo~mmnt, a town of Russia,   OORGHENJ or O0RGHENIDJ, (OLD,) a village of Central
government and 115 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 3500. It is en- Asia, Khiva dominions, 67 miles N.W. of Khiva.
dclosed by earthern ramparts, and has several churches.     00RIOOPINSKAIA, OURIOUPINSKAIA or URIUPINS.
OOMNAK or OUMNAK, oom'nlkt, one of the Fox Islands, KAIA, oo-re-oo-pin-skI/!, a market-town of South Russia,
North Pacific Ocean, S.W. of Oonalaska, 50 miles long, 12  Don-Cossack territory, on the Khoper, 24 miles S.E. of Nomiles broad. It has a volcano which ejects hot water.     vokhopersk. ]Iere, from the 20th of September to the 15th
OON, oon, a town of Western Iindostan, 15 miles N. of  of October, is held the largest annual fair in the governRahdunpoor. Lat. 240 15' N., Ion. 710 45' E.              ment, at which, in 1837, 37,000 persons attended.
OONALASKA, OONALASIKA, UNALASCIKA or UNA-   00RLOOJAIH, OURLOUDJAH or URLUJAII, oo0tloojt4, a
LASHKA, oo-na-l11sht1k, one of thelargest of the Fox Islands, ruined city of Asia Minor, Anatolia, near its S.W. coast, 35
North Pacific Ocean; let. of Port Illuluck, 530 52' N., Ion. miles N.E. of Makree, with remains of temples, an aqueduct,
1660 32' W. Length, 75 miles; greatest breadth, 20 miles. and sarcophagi, mostly ornamented with figures of lions.
Surface mountainous, and rising to the volcano Makon-  OORMA, OURMA or URMA, oocRlm, a river of Siberia,
chinsk, in its centre. The island is thinly peopled, but it issues from a lake in the N.W. of the government of Tocan supply ships with all necessaries except wood.         bolsk, flows E., and falls into the W. shore of the Gulf of
00NERP00R, oo'ner-poorl, a large village of Sinde, 20  Ohi. Total course 90 miles.
miles N. of Hyderabad, on the route thence to Sehwan.        00ROOMEEYAH, OUROUMIYAH,  URUMIYAHI   or
OGNGA or OUNGA, oonga, an island of Russian America,  URUMEA, oo-roo-meely$, written also URMIAH or OURoff the S. extremity of the peninsula of Aliaska. Lat. 550  MIAH, a fortified town of North Persia, province of Azer30' N., Ion. 1600 to 1610 W. Length, 25 miles.             baijan, in a fine plain 12 miles W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah,
OONIARA, oo-ne-9/rA, a walled town of Hindostan, plro- and 64 miles S.W. of Tabreez. Estimated pop. 25,000. It
vince of Rajpootana. Lat. 250 51' N., lon. 750 52' E.      is the see of an Armenian bishop, supposed to be the The00NILA or OUNILA, oo-nil1lA, avillage of Russia, Finland. barma of Strabo, and the reputed birth-place of Zoroaster;
OONIMAK or OUNIMAK, oo-ne-mitk, one of the largest but it is said to have no remains of antiquity.
of the Fox Islands, North Pacific Ocean. Length, 65 miles;    OOR00MEEYAIHI, (LAKE OF,) or SHAHEE, shdfhee', 30
breadth, 25 miles. Surface mountainous and rugged, with 3  miles S.W. of Tabreez, is 35 miles long, and 25 miles broad.
active volcanoes, the principal rising to 8083 feet above the sea. It receives several rivers, contains numerous small islands,
OONZHA, OUNJA, oon'zhil, or UNSCHA, a river of Russia, and has waters so salt as to be unable to support any but
Kostroma, after a S. course of 250 miles, joins the Volga.    the lowest kinds of animal life.
OONZIHA, OUNJA or UNSCHtA, a town of Russia, govern-   00ROOMTSEE, OUROUMTSEE, URUMPTSI, oo-roomtlment of Kostroma, on the above, 12 miles N.E. of Makariev. see', (Chinese Tihoa, te-hol!,) a city of the Chinese Empire,
OOPA, OUPA or UPA, oolpe, a river of Russia, govern- Soongaria, in a volcanic district immediately N. of the Thianment of Toola, flows W. and S., and joins the Oka 38 miles shan Mountains, on the Eelee River, and on the route beS. of Kalooga. Course 130 miles. At Toola it is connected  tween Khamil and Eelee, inlat. 430 45' N., lon. 880 50' E1  It
with the Don by a canal, which thus establishes a water is large and thriving, and has several temples andpublic
communication between the Black and Caspian Seas;         colleges. It is reported to be the seat of a considerable trade,
OORALSK, OURALSK or URALSK, oo-rdlskl, a town of  and a large Chinese garrison. Coal beds exist in its vicinity. 
Russia, government of Orenboorg, on the Ural, 155 miles It is a place of exile for state criminals from the Chinese
W.S.W. of Orenboorg. Pop. 13,000, mostly Cossacks of the  province of Kan-soo.
Ural. It is the residence of their attaman, or chief, and    OOROOP, OUROUP, URUP or OURUP, oo-roopl, one of
has 5 churches, a war office, and various factories.      the Koorile Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, claimed by
OORALSK,YERKHNEE orURALSK, YERKHNII. v8RK!- Russia, and immediately N. of the Japanese island Itooroop.
nee oo-rdlsk/, a town of Russia, government of Orenboorg, Lat. 450 3~ N., ion. 1490 34' E. Length, N.E. to S.W., 50
capital of a circle, on the Ural, 125 miles E.S.E. of Oofa. miles, breadth 12 miles. It is a mass of lofty mountains,
Pop. 3800.                                                and deep glens, clothed with long rank grass and large timOORATEPE, OURATEPE, or URATEPE, oo-r&,-tApA, writ- her trees. The mineral products comprise copper, sulphur,
ten also ORA TUBE, a town of Independent Toorkistan, and quartz. Off its N. side are 4 small islands, producing
Bokhara, near the Khokan Frontier, 90 miles N.E. of Sa- a good supply of vegetables for shipping.
marcand, and stated to be as large as that city. It stands    OORUN, oortinl, a town of British India, province of Alat the foot of a castle-crowned hill, is enclosed by walls, has lahabad, 25 miles S.E. of Banda.
broad streets, earthen houses, and about 10 mosques. Popu-   OORZHOOM, OURJOUM, URJUM, ool'zhoomf, written
lation mostly Oozbeks, and said by I-Telmersen to be more also URSITUM, a town of Russia, government and 85 miles
polished than those of the capital; they are engaged in  S. of Viatka, on the Oorzhoomka, near its confluence with
manufactures of fine shawls, cloaks of goats' hair, and cot- the Viatka. Pop. 1950.
ton goods, and have an active trade with Russia and Kho-   OOSA, OUSA, or USA, ools&, a river of Russia, rises in the
kan, goods coming from which countries here pay toll.     W. slope of the Ural Mountains, flows S.S.E., and joins the
OORCIIA, a rajahship of India. See TIReEE.              Petchora, at the town of Oosa. Total course, 200 miles.
OORCHA, oor/chA, an ancient town of Hindostan, pro-   OOSAKI, oo-sdlkee, a town of Japan, island of Niphon,
vince of Bundelcund, on the Betwah 8 miles S. of Jhansi;  S.E. extremity, near the Kino Channel, 250 miles S.W. of
lat. 250 26' N., lon. 780 38' E.                          Yeddo.
OORDEGHEiI or OORDEGEM, 6ROdeh-ghbm',  a village    OOSBEKS or OOSBECKS. See OoZEKS.
of Relgium, province of East Flanders, 9 miles S.E. of Ghent.   OOSCAT, a town of Asia Minor. See YOOZGAT.
Pop. 2100.                                                  OOSCOTTA, oos-kot/tA, a town of India, Mysore dominions,
- OORFA, OURFA, URFA, ooaR/f&, written also ORFAH, 18 miles N.E. of Bangalore.
ortfi, and R0OHA, (anc. Edeslsa,) a fortified town of Asiatic    OOSII, OUCH, USCH, Gosh, or OUCIII, oolshee, a town of
Turkey, 78 miles S.W. of Diarbekir; lat. 370 8' N., Ion. 380 Chinese Toorkistan, near the Khokan frontier, 75 miles W,
55' E. Estimated population 30,000, a mixture of Turks, of Aksoo. Pop. mostly Oozbeks.
Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, and Jews. It stands on both de-   OOSIIITSA, OUCHITZA or USCHITZA, oo-shit/sA or ooclivities, of a valley, is substantially built, and flourishing, sheet/sm, a town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia,
having numerous handsome mosques, several Greek and  on the Dniester, 23 miles E.S.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 2000.
Armenian churches, and bazaars, brisk manufactures of    OOSHNEI, OUSHNEI or USHNEI, oosh'n', a town of
cotton goods, goldsmiths' wares, and morocco leather, con- North Persia, in the province of Azerbaijan, in a fine plain,
1395




OOS                                                       OPO
40 miles S. of Ooromeeyah. It was formerly important, but   00TRADR00G, oo'tr~-droog?, a town of Iinclostan, iy~
now comprises only about 200 houses.                      sore dominions, 48 miles N.E. of Seringapatam.
OOSIMA, oo-see/mn, a small but populous island of Japan,   00TRIYALOOR, oo'tre-vi-loort, a town of British India,
off the S.E. coast of Niphon.                             presidency and 47 miles S.W. of Madras..
OOSIMA, a town of Japan, Niphon, on its E. coast.         OOTUL, oo'tall, a town of Beloochistan, province of Loos,
OOSMAN, OUSMAN or USMAN, oos-m~n4, a town of 30 miles S.E. of Belah; ]at. 250 44' N., lon. 660 33/ E. P. 2000.
Russia, 85 miles S.W. of Tambov, on the Oosman. P. 4000.   OOVELKA, OUVELKA, or UVELKA, oo-v8llkda, a river
OOS0LA, a posfoffice of Somerset co., Maine.            of Russia, government of Orenboorg, joins the Ooi at Troitsk.
OOS ORI, a town of India, 15 miles S. of Bangalore.   Total course 90 miles.
OOSOOREE, OUSOURI or USURI, oolsoo'reel, a river of   OOZBEKISTAN. See BOKHARA.
Mantchooria, joins the Amoor on the right, Length, 340 miles.   OOZBEKS, OUZBEKS or UZBECKS, ooz'bekst, written
OOST, OUST or UST, oost, (probably from  the Latin  also USBECKS, a people of Independent Tartary, in BokOstius  or Ostica; Gr. SlsrLa, "mouth" or "mouths,") a hara, which is sometimes called OZBEuISTAN, or the "counRussian prefix to the names of various towns situated at the try of the Oozbeks."
mouth of rivers; as, OoseTooG, "Ioog-mouth," (Yoog-mouth;)   OOZEN, OUZEN  or UZEN, oo-zln1, (BOLcuoI, bol-choil,
OOST-SYSOLSK, "Sysola-mouth," &c., situated respectively at and MALOI, mA-loil,) two rivers of European Russia, gothe mouth of the Yoog and Sysola.                         vernments of Saratov and Orenboorg, flow parallel to each
OOSTACKER, 6settk'ker, a village of Belgium, province other, S.E., for about 250 miles, and from 10 to 30 miles
of East Flanders, 2 miles N. by E. of Ghent. Pop. 5260.   apart, and finally lose themselves in salt lakes, 100 miles
OOSTBURG, 6st/buRG, a town of the Netherlands, Zealand, from the Caspian.
island of Cadsand. 5 miles E.N.E. of Sluis. Pop. 1428.      OOZH, OUJ or UJ, oozh, written also USC1   and USI, a
OOSTCAMP, 5st'kdmp', a village of Belgium, province of river of Russia, joins the Pripets, a little above its junction
West Flanders, 3 miles S. of Burges, near the railway and  with the Dnieper, after a course of 125 miles.
canal to Ghent. Pop. 4623.                                  OPALENITZ, o'pl-lOAnits, a town of Prussian Poland, 23
OOSTDUYNKER.KE, 6st1doin-klRKxeh, a village of Bel- miles W.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1345.
glum, province of West Flanders, on the canal from Fumrnes    OPAL!IKA, a post-office of Walker co., Georgia.
to Nieuwport, 24 miles W.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1057.         OPALIN, o-pA-lin! or o-p.-leent, a market-town of Russian
OOST-EECLOO, 6st A-klO/, a village of Belgium, province  Poland, government of Volhynia, on the Bug, 47 miles
of East Blanders, 10 miles N. of Ghent. Pop. 1862.        N.N.W. of Vladimeer. Pop. 1600.
OOSTENAU/LA, a river in the N. part of Georgia, rises in    OPARO, o-pllro, or RAPA, rtpl, an island of the Pacific
Gilmer co., flows nearly south-westward, and unites with  Ocean, Dangerous Archipelago, lat. 270 38' S., lon. 1449 3 WV.
the Etowah at Rome to forn the Coosa.                       OPATAU, op -tbw%, or OPATOW, otpb-tov', a market-town
OOSTERBEEK, aslter-bAk', a village of Holland, province  of Austria, Moravia, 11 miles S.E. of Iglau. Pop. 1201.
of Gelderland, 3 miles W. of Arnhem. Pop. 1524.             OPATOW, o-p'/tov, a town of Poland, palatinate and 20
OOSTERIIOUT, 6sIter-hfwt', a market-town of the Neth- miles N.W. of Sandomier, on the Opatowka, (Opatovka,)
erlands, province of North Brabant, 5 miles N.E. of Breda. an affluent of the Vistula.' Pop. 2360.
Pop. 7799, including 282 military. It has manufactures of    OPBRAKEL, ophbr'k91e, a town of Belgium, province of
tiles and pottery, and a Latin school.                    East F'landers, 8 miles E.S.E. of Audenarde. Pop. 2300.
OOSTERLAND, 6slter-lMnt', a village of the Netherlands,    OPEL/IKA, a post-village of Russell co., Alabama, on the
province of Zealand, island of Duiveland, 6 miles E.N.E. of  railroad between Montgomery and West Point, 67 miles
Zierikzee. Pop. 917.                                      N.E. of the former. Another railroad extends to Columbus.
OOSTERZEELE, 6sfter-zqleh, a market-town of Belgium,   OPELOUSAS, o-pe-loolsas, a post-village, capital of St.
province of East Flanders, 7 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. P. 2850  Landry parish, Louisiana, on the New Orleans Opelousas
OOSTIOOG VELIKEE, OUSTIOUG VELIKI or USTIUG  and Great Western Railroad, 50 miles in a direct line W. of
VELIKI, oos-te-oog! v~lle-kee', (or the' Great Oostioog,") a  Baton Rouge, and 7 miles from the head of navigation on
town of Russia, government of Vologda, at the confluence  the Courtableau. It is situated in one of the most fertile
of the Yoog and Sookhona, affluents of the Dwina, 580 miles and picturesque portions of Louisiana. It is the seat of
E.N.E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 13,000. It is the see of a  Franklin College, founded in 1839, and contains a courtbishop, and has 3 cathedrals, 28 other churches, several mo- house, a United States land-office, and 2 newspaper offices.
nasteries and nunneries, a government bank and post-office,   OPEN POND, a post-office of Alabama. See WooDVILLE.
a large exchange, with manufactures of tallow, soap, candles,   OP/ENSHAW, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
leather, tiles, jewellery, and silver goods, and some saw-   OIPEQUAN CREEK, in the N.E. part of Virginia, rises in
mills. Its inhabitants carry on a trade with Asia, as far as Frederick county, flows north-eastward, forming the boundKiakhta, in corn, lard, linen, ship timber, and sail cloth. It ary of Clarke and Jefferson counties on the right, and Fredehas an important annual fair on the 8th July.             rick and Berkeley on the left, until it falls into the Potomac.
OOSTIOOZIINA, OUSTIOUJNA, oos-te-oozh/nA, written    OPHESSELT. o-feslsilt, a village of Belgium, province of
also USTIUSCHNA, a town of Russia, government and 200  East Planders, 21 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1236.
miles N.E. of Novgorod, on the Mologa. Pop. 2900.            O/PHIIR, an ancient country mentioned in the Scriptures,
OOSTMALLE, 6st/mg'leh, a village of Belgium, province  and renowned from the earliest times for its gold. Some
and 15 miles E.N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1115.                 suppose it to be the same as the modern Sofala; others conOOSTNIEUWKERKE, 6st'nyidklersKeh, a village of Bel- jecture that it was situated in the East Indies; probably
gium, province of West Flanders, 20 miles S. by E. of Bru- in the Malay Peninsula, known to the ancients as the
geS. Pop. 2347.                                            " Golden Chersonesus," (Chersonesus Aurea.)
OOSTROM, OUSTROM or USTROM, oos'troml, a village of    OPHIR, olf r, a gold district of New South Wales, Bathurst
Austrian Silesia, 8 miles E.S.E. of Teschen, on the Vistula. co., 118 miles W.N.W. of Sydney.
Pop. 1800.                                                   O PIIR, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
OOST- (OUST- or UST-) SYSOLSK, oostese-solsk', a town    OPHIR, a post-office of Mariposa co., California.
of Russia, government and 420 miles N.E. of Vologda, at   OPHIR, MOUNT, an isolated mountain of the Malay Pethe confluence of the Sysola and the Vytchegda. Pop. 2400. ninsula, in lat. 20 30' N., lon. 1020 28' E., 45 miles E.N.E. of
OOST- (OUST-orUST-)00ISKAIA, oostoo-e-ski/4, a fort of  Malacca, having a triple peak, and estimated to rise 5693
Asiatic Russia, government Of Orenboorg, at the confluence  feet above the sea. Most of the gold obtained in the peninof the Ooi (Ui) and the Tobol..                        sula is found around its base.
00STVLETEREN,  stl/vl'teh-ren, a village of Belgium,   OPHIR, MOUNT, a mountain of Sumatra, near its W.
province of West Flanders, on the Yser, 28 miles S.W. of  coast, 70 miles N.W. of Padang. Lat. 10, Ion. 1000 E. EstiBruges. Pop. 1638.                                        mated height 13,800 feet.
OOSTWINKEL or OOSTWYNKEL, 6stliin'kel, a village    OIPHIRVILLE, a post-office of Placer co., California.
of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Lieve. P.1086.   OPHIUSA. See FORMENTERA.
OOT, St, two villages of Beloochistan, 28 miles N. of Lyaree,   OPHOVEN, o-folven, a village of Belgium, province of
on the route thence to Belah.                             Limbourg, on the left bank of the Meuse, 24 miles N.E. of
OOTACAMUND, ooltd-k&-mfsndl, a principal sanatory sta- Hasselt. Pop. 1135.
tion of British India, presidency of Madras, in the Neil-   OPI, olpee, a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo
gherry Hills, nearly in the centre of the Mysore table-land, Ultra II., 15 miles S.E. of Lake Fucino. Pop. 1800.
52 miles E.N.E. of Calicut; 1at. 110 20' N., lon. 760 50' E.;   OPINUM. See OpriDo.
elevation 7400 feet, and having a European climate.         OPITERGIUM. See ODERZO.
00-TCH00 or OU-TCHIOU, oo'chool, a city of China, pro-   OPLADEN, opl!A-d9n, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles
vince of Quang-see, capital of a department, 130 miles S.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Wipper. Pop. 1190.
W.N.W. of Canton.                                           OPLAIN, a river of Illinois. See DES PLAINES.
00TEGHEFI, 6?tth-ghlm', a village of Belgium, province    OPOCHNIA, o-potchlne-i,(?) a market-town of Russia,
of West Flanders,'i miles E. of Courtrai. Pop. 2398.     government and 26 miles N. of Poltavan. Pop. 3000.
00-THOO-SHAN or OU-THOU-CHAN, oo t'hoo shan, a    OPOCZNO, o-potch/no, a town of Poland, province of
mountain of China, province of Kan-Soo; lat. 350 7S N., ion. Sandomier, at the confluence of two rivers, 37 miles W. of
1040 5, E. It is covered with perpetual snow.            Radom. Pop. 4110.
OOTMARSUMi, or OOTMARSSUM, 6t+m/esitm, a small   OPOCZNO, o-potch/no, OPOTSCHNA or OPPOTSCINA,
frontier town of the Netherlands. province of Overyssel, 10  op-potch/ni, a village of Bohemia, N.E. of Kbniggritz, with
miles E.N.E. of Almelo. Pop. 1474.                       a castle. Pop. 1500.
1396




OPO                                                        ORA
OPOCZNO or OPOTCI-INO, o-potch/no.   a town of Russian  government was transferred to Lisbon. I. 1805, it was
Poland, 68 miles S.S.W. of Warsaw, on the left bank of the  taken and sacked by the French, who retained possession of
Drzewica. A battle was fought here in 1655, between the  it till 1809, when the British crossed the Douro, and comPoles and Swedes. Pop. 1475.                                pelled them to retire. Having sided with Don Miguel, it was
OPOLE, o-pollA, a town of Poland, province and 28 miles besieged in 1831-2 above a year by the troops of Don Pedro,
W.S.W. of Lublin, on an affluent of the Vistula. Pop. 1910. when much of it was destroyed, and its trade was for the
OPORTO, o-poReto, (i. e. "The polrt,"') or POR/TO, (L. Porl- time annihilated. In 1847, it declared in favor of the
tes Callee or Por/tus Calenhsis), the second city of Portugal in  insurrection against the government of Donna Maria. Pop.
rank and commercial importance, capital of the province of  estimated at 80,000; of which about 25,000 are in the suburbs.
Douro, on the right bank of the river Douro, 2 miles from its    OPOR/TO, a post-office of St. Joseph co.. Michigan.
mouth, and 175 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Lat. 410 91 N., lon. 80    OPOS/SUMi  CREEK, an affluent of Conewago Creek, in
37' W. This is said to be the cleanliest and most. agreeable  Adams co., Pennsylvania.
city in Portugal. It extends above a mile along the N. bank    OPOTCHKA  or OPOTSCIKA, o-potch/ka, a town of
of the river, and up a steep acclivity; the streets rising in  Russia, government and 79 miles S. of Pskov, on an island
terraces one above the other, commanding prospects of great formed by the Velikaia. Pop. 2265.
beauty. On the opposite side of the Douro are the extensive    OPOTCHNO, a town of Russian Poland. See OroczNo.
suburbs of Villa Nova do Porto and Gaya, between which are    OPOTSCIJNA, a town of Bohemia.  See OooczNo.
the immense warehouses for storing wine. Oporto is for the    OPPA, op/pA, a river forming part of the boundary bemost part well built, and is enclosed by walls flanked with  tween Prussian and Austrian Silesia, joins the Oder, 8 miles
towers, and further protected by a fort. From  the strand  S.W. of Oderberg, after an E.S.E. course of 60 miles.
rises abroad well-paved street, with causeways on each side,   OPPELN' oplpeln, a government of Prussia, forming
leading to two equally handsome oblique streets.  On  nearly the whole of Upper Silesia; area estimated at 5184
the side of the hill the streets are narrow, crooked, and  square miles. Pop. in 1849, 965,912.
dirty, but on the summit they are generally spacious and    OPPELN, oplpmln, (Slav. Oppolie, op-pollyA,) a town of
cleanly, and contain many elegant mansions. The houses  Prussian Silesia, on the Oder, 51 miles S.E. of Breslau, with
in some places on the E. side of the town are built on so  which it is connected by railroad. Pop. 7600. It is enclosed
steep an acclivity as to be accessible only by steps cut in the  by walls, and has a stroig castle on an island formed by
rock. There are in all 11 public squares, called canspos, the river, an old Gothic cathedral, several other churches, a
many of which are ornamented with fountains. The most synagogue, royal salt magazine, society of public good, a
conspicuous public buildings are the General iospital, gymnasium, numerous schools, and manufactures of leather,
Town-hall, with some spacious apartments, a large and fine  ribbons, linen, and earthenware.
Cathedral, 80 other churches, 1 of which was founded in    OPPENAU, oplpph-ndw', a walled town of Baden, circle
559, the Episcopal Palace, many handsome belfries, the  of Middle Rhine, 11 miles E.N.E. of Offenburg. P. 2100.
English Factory, (a fine building of white granite,) New    OPPENHEIM,.oplppn-hlmex, a town of the graund-duchy
Exchange, Mint, Barracks, Italian Opera-house, and a hand-  of I-Iesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, capital of a
some new suspension bridge. Many of the-dwellings have  county, on the Rhine, 11 miles S.S.E. of Mentz. Pop. 2360.
gardens attached, and its public fountains, like most of the  It was formerly an imperial free town, of some importance,
older public edifices, are ornamented with arabesque carv-  and it has several very fine churches, (that of St. Sebastian
ings.  One of the most striking architectural objects in  being one of the most ancient in Germany,) a synagogue, a
Oporto is the Torre dos Clerigos, (Tower of the Clergy,)  hospital, and the ancient Castle of Landskcon.
attached to the church of the same name. Near it is the    OPPENHEIM, op/ppn-hime', a post-township forming the
market called Cordoaria, which is well supplied with fish, W. extremity of Fulton co., New York, about 60 miles N.W.
fruit, and vegetables-the venders all women. -The city had  of Albany. Pop. 2315.
formerly numerous convents, but many of these were    OPPIDO, op/pe-do, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
destroyed during its siege by the troops of Don Pedro in  Ultra I., 10 miles E.S.E. of Palmi. It is the seat of a bishop1832, and others have been appropriated tosecular purposes. ric. Pop. 2000. It has a cathedral, 8 other churches, and
Oporto is the seat of a medical college, and other superior  2 large monasteries.
schools, and has a foundling hospital, numerous other    OPPIDO, (auc. Opi/num,) a town of Naples, province of
hospitals, a public'library and gallery of paintings, corm- Basilicata, 13 miles N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3400.
mercial association, several clubs, banks, insurance offices,   OPPIDOLO, op-pee/do-lo, is the capital town of Pantellaria,
and a steam navigation company. Many silk factories are  an island in the Mediteranean.
established in and around the city, which has also manu-   OPPOTSCHNA, a town of Bohemia. See OPoczNo.
factures of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, shawls, leather,   OPPREBAIS, op'preh-bA/, a village of Belgium, province
earthenwares. and soap, ship-building yards, and iron  of Brabant, on the Great Geete, 22 miles S.E. of Brussels.
foundries. Oporto being the chief manufacturing city in  Pop. 1613.
Portugal, upwards of 20 English mercantile firms are esta-   OPSLO, op/slo, an old town of Norway, now forming an
blished here, who have large warehouses along the bank of  E. suburb of Christiania.
the river, and by whom the greater part of the foreign trade    OPUS, o/poos, a petty town of Dalmatia, 67 miles S.E. of
is conducted.                                               Spalatro, on the Narenta.  Pop. 800. 
The harbor is safe when once gained, but its entrance    O/PUS, an ancient town of Greece, the traces of which are
is obstructed partly by rocks and partly by a shifting sand- near the channel of Taltanta, 25 miles S.E. of Thermopylse.
bar.  It is accessible however from the sea for vessels of    OPWYCK or OPWIJK, op/wik, a village of Belgium, profrom  200 to 300 tons, and the Douro is navigable for  vince of Brabant, 10 miles N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 3566.
river-craft to 100 miles above the city.  The quay extends    OQUA!GO RIVER, New York. See COQUAGo.
the whole length of the town, having on one side a street,   OQUAKA, o-kw.]kpa, a flourishing post-village, capital of
and on the other a wall, raised for the purpose of fastening  Ienderson county, Illinois, on the E. bank of the Mlissisships' cables. The Douro is subject to extraordinary and  sippi River, 132 miles N.W. of Springfield.  A railroad has
dangerous freshets by the rains or melting of,4.le mountain  been commenced from Peoria to this place. Oquaka has an
snows. On these occasions booms are placed on the quay to  active business in shipping produce; 3 newspapers are issued
secure the safety of vessels, as no cables will then hold  here. Pop. in 1853, about 1000.
them. The principal trade of Oporto is in wine, white and    OR, on, a river of Asia, rises in Independent Ta-tary, near
red, but chiefly the latter. The lesser articles of export are  lat. 490 30' N., ion. 590 E., flows N., and, after a course of
bullion, oil, sumach, lemons, oranges, wool, refined sugar, about 160 miles, joins the left bank of the Ural. near Orsk.
cream of tartar, salt, leather, cork, and linen. The chief    ORADOUR ST. GENEST, olrkdoon/ sfNe zheeh'nA, a viiimports are corn, beef, sugar, coffee, deals, woollen and  lags of France, department of Haute-Vienne, 8 miles N. of
cotton fabrics, and hardware from England; fish, both from   Bellac. Pop. 1338.
England and Newfoundland; hemp and flax from the Baltic,   ORADOUR-SUR-GLANE, o'r'dooa/ siie glin, a  village of
and rice filom  the United States. The trade in wine is France, 15 miles N.E. of Rochechouart. Pop. 1740.
monopolized by the Douro Wine Company. The shipments    ORADOUR-SUR-VAYRES, orcpdoo!/ stiR vaiR, a village of
of red port wine, in 1848, amounted to 30,624 pipes; of which  France, 6 miles S. of Rochechouart. Pop. in 1852, 3446.
23,354 were for Great Britain; the remainder went chiefly    ORAGAWA, o-rs-g/lwA, a town of Japan, on a bay on the
to Brazil and the United States. In 1849, the shipments  S.E. side of the island of Niphon, about 25 miles S.S.E. of
amounted to 41,588 pipes; of which 25,424 were for Great Yeddo. Pop. about 20,000.
Britain. Near the city are mines of coal, copper, anid. anti-   ORAGEUSE, o'rbzhnzl, (i. e. " stormy,") an island of the
mony, but they are at present little if at all wrought.  Pacific, near New Ireland.
Good roads connect Oporto with Braga and Viana, and it   ORAL, o'rV, a small town of Hindostan, province of Agra,
has been proposed to construct a railway~to Lisbon, and also  14 miles S.E. of Jaloun.
to extend the line northward to Spain.                       ORAISON, o'rAzZNG!/, a market-town of France, departThe climate of Oporto is damp and foggy in winter. The  ment of Basses-Alpes, 20 miles S.W. of Digne. Pop. 1890
unhealthy season is from the beginning of July to the end    ORAISON or ANTHONY KAAN, an island of the South
of August. The heat during the day is quite oppressive, Pacific, off the E. coast of New Ireland, 15 miles in circuit.
although a cold wind prevails on the river, and a chilling    ORAKH, o'rakt. a pretty town of Wallachia, on the Ja.
sea-fog comes up the Douro every evening at the turn of the  lomnitza, 7 miles W. of its junction with the Danube, oppotide.                                                      site IHirschova.
Oporto was capital of Portugal till 1174, when the seat of    ORi/AMELR' a post-office of Alleghany w,., New York.
1397




ORA                                                        ORA
ORAN, o'rgnn, a fortified town of Algeria, capital of its county seat. Formed in 1751, and named in honor of W!.h
W. province, 210 miles W.S.W. of Algiers, on the Mediter- liam, Prince of Orange and King of England. Capital,
ranean; lat. 350 44' N., lon. 00 41' W. Pop. in 1849, 24,845, Hillsborough. Pop. 17,055; of whom 11,811 were free, and
of whom 17,281 were Europeans. It is situated at the foot 5244 slaves.
of a hill called Peak St. Croix, at the mouth of a small   ORANGE, a county in the E. part of Florida, bordering on
stream in a climate extremely hot, but healthy; its harbor the Atlantic, has an area estimated at 3000 square miles.
is very bad, but the port of Mers-el-Kebeer, 3 miles distant, It is intersected by the St. John's River. The surface is level,
is the best in Algeria, and admits large vessels. Oran was and is covered with extensive pine forests, interspersed with
taken by the Spaniards in 1509, ruined by an earthquake  numerous ponds, cypress swamps, and savannas or grassy
in 1790, and abandoned in 1792. Under the Spaniards it plains. Many small eminences called "hummocks" occur,
was greatly embellished, and surrounded by strong fortifi- which produce the live-oak and other trees.  The soil is
cations. Of these only the citadel was left erect after an  generally sandy. The orange and lemon flourish, and the
earthquake. It was taken by the French in 1830, and occu- sugar-cane and Indian corn are cultivated. Capital, Mellonpied by them in 1831.                                      ville. Pop. 466; of whom 240 were free, and 226 slaves.
ORAN, orriln, a province of Algeria, bounded on the W.   ORANGE, a new county in the E.S.E. part of Texas, has
by Morocco. Area 38,899 square miles. Pop. 600,000.        an area of about 300 square miles. The Sabine River forms
OIRAN, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, about its boundary on the E., the Neches on the W. and S.W., and
120 miles W. of Albany.                                    Sabine Lake on the S. The surface is nearly level, and conORAN, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Indiana.           sists mostly of prairie. Orange county was formed since
ORANGE, orlinj, GAREEP or GARIEP, glr-eepf, a river 1850, by a division of Jefferson county, which it resembles
of South Africa, Hottentot country, is supposed to rise in  in soil and productions.
the mountain chain bounding on the W. the settlement of    ORANGE, a county in the S. part of Indiana, has an area
Port Natal, flows W. and enters the Atlantic near lat. 280  of 400 square miles. It is drained by Patoka and Lost
38' S., lon. 160 28 E. Near its mouth it has been found  Rivers, and by Salt Creek. The surface is hilly in the S.,
450 yards across in October. Its banks abound with ebony, and undulating in the N. part. The soil is mostly fertile.
mimosa, and willow trees, and around it rich copper ores The carboniferous limestone underlies the county, in which
are said to exist; but the country between it and the Cape several caverns are found. It is plentifully supplied with
Colony is an irreclaimable desert.:Chief affluent, the Vaal. springs, and the greater part of it is well timbered. The
ORANGE, orfinj, (Fr. pron. o'rNSzh1; anc. Araonsio,) a  New Albany and Salem Railroad passes through the N.E.
town of France, department of Vaucluse, on the Aigues, 12  part. Organized in 1816. Capital, Paoli. Pop. 10,809.
miles N. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 9824. Streets narrow,   ORANGE, a township in Grafton co., New Hampshire, 38
crooked, and ill-paved; but it has some good squares miles N.W. ofConcord, intersected by the Northern Railroad.
adorned with fountains, several parish churches, a Protes- Pop. 451.
taut church, communal college, and hospital, with manufac-    ORANGE, a post-township in Orange co., Vermont, 11
tures of handkerchiefs, colored linens called toiles d'O12ange, miles S.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1007.
serge, and silk twist. Its chief glory, however, is its Roman    ORANGE, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,
antiquities, the principal being a splendid triumphal arch, Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad,
about 64 feet in length, breadth, and height, having three  70 miles N.W. of Boston. Pop. 1701.
arched passages, the central and largest of which is 28' feet   ORANGE, a post-township of New Haven co., Connecticut,
high, the whole flanked by fluted Corinthian columns, and  intersected by the Wopewaug River, 6 miles W. of New
profusely ornamented with sculptured groups, &c. There  Haven. Pop. 1476.
are remains, also, of a theatre, and other Roman buildings.   ORANGE, a post-township on the E. border of Steuben co.,
Orange was long the capital of a principality, which gave  New York, about 200 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2055.
title to the family now on the thrones of Holland and Nas-   ORANGE, a flourishing post-village and township of Essex
san. The King of the Netherlands still retains the title  co., New Jersey, on the Morris and Essex Railroad, 3 miles
of Prince of Orange; but the town and territory were ceded  W.N.W. of Newark. The village contains 5 or 6 churches,
to Louis XIV. at the peace of Utrecht.                     a bank, 2 boarding-schools, 12 or 15 stores, and numerous
ORANGE, a district in the S.E. of France, which originally  shoe manufactories. Pop. of the township, 4385; of the
formed pait of Gallia Narbonensis, but now forms part of village, in 1855, about 3000.
the department of Vaucluse. Its capital was the above town    ORANGE, a township of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
of Orange.                                                 Pop. 1077.
ORANGE, orlinj, a county in the E. part of Vermont, has   ORANGE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
an area of about 640 square miles. It is bounded on the    ORANGE, a post-village in Cherokee co., Georgia, 110 miles
E. by the Connecticut River, and is watered by the First, N.W. by N. of Milledgeville.
Second, and Third Branches of White River, and other    ORANGE, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1472.
smaller streams, which furnish motive power to numerous    ORANGE, a village of Ashland co., Ohio, about 90 miles
mills. The surface is uneven and mountainous in the N. N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 300.
part. The soil is fertile, but more adapted to grazing than    ORANGE, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1577.
tillage. This county abounds in iron ore, slate, and granite,   ORANGE, Ohio, a station on the Cleveland Columbus and
and some lead ore has been found. The Connecticut River  Cincinnati Railroad, 16 miles from Columbus.
(navigable by means of canals round the falls) and the    ORANGE, a township of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Pop. 1063.
onnecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad run along its    ORANGE, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1150.
border. and the Vermont Central Railroad crosses its W'. ex-   ORANGE, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 707.
tremity. Organized in 1781. Capital, Chelsea. Pop. 27,296.   ORANGE, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.
ORANGE, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has an    ORANGE, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 948.
area of about 770 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by    ORANGE, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 922.
the Hudson River, and on the S. by the state of New Jersey,   ORANGE. a township of Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 378.
and is drained by Walkill and Shawangunk Rivers, and    ORANGE, a post-township, Fayette co., Indiana. P. 1129.
other smaller streams, which afford valuable water-power.   ORANGE, a township in Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 607.
The surface in the S.E. parts is mountainous, and the Sha-   ORANGE, a township in Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1672.
wangunk range paSses through the western portion. The    ORANGE, a small village of Benton co., Missouri.
other parts of the county are generally but moderately un-   ORANGE, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa.
even. The soil is for the most part fertile, and well adapted    ORANGE BAY, Terra del Fuego, E. side, Hardy Peninto grazing, and the "Orange county butter" is celebrated in  sula; lat. 550 315 S., Ion. 680 2' 30" W. It is one of the few
the New York markets. Iron ore, marble, limestone, and  excellent harbors on this coast; and, while large enough to
sandstone are abundant. The Delaware and Hudson Canal contain a squadron of line-of-battle ships, is not more comand the New York and Erie Railroad traverse this county, modious than safe. The depth, close to the shore, is three
which is also partly intersected by the Newburg Branch  fathoms, and nowhere exceeds twenty fathoms, with a fins
Railroad. Seats of justice, Goshen and Newburg. P. 57,145. sandy bottom.
ORANGE, a coupty in the E. part of Virginia, has an area    ORANGEBURG, orfinj-btlrg, a district in the S.W. central
of 230 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Rapidan, part of South Carolina, has an area of 1438 square miles. It
and drained by the head streams of North Anna River. The is bounded on the N.E. by the Congaree and Santee Rivers,
surface iS hilly and the soil fertile and well watered. The  on the S.W. by the South Edisto, and intersected by the
county contains limestone, iron ore, and small quantities of North Edisto. The surface is somewhat diversified; the
gold are found. It is intersected by the Orange and Alex-  soil is moderately fertile. Lumber and turpentine are proandria Railroad. The name of the county was derived from  cured from the pine forests of the district. It is intersected
the color of the soil in the highlands, which were included  by the South Carolina Railroad, and in part by the Columnin its original boundaries. Capital, Orange Court House. bia Branch Railroad. Capital, Orangeburg Court House.
Pop. 10,067; of whom 4146 were free, and 5921 slaves.     Pop. 23,582; of whom 8198 were free, and 15,384 slaves.
ORANGE, a county in the N. central part of North Caro-   ORANGEBURG, a post-village of Marion co., Mississippi,
lina, has an area estimated at 650 square miles. The Neuse  80 miles S. by E. of Jackson.
River flows through the N.E. part. It is also drained by the    ORANGEBURG, a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky, 8
Eno and Newhope Rivers. The surface is undulating; the  miles S.E. of Maysville.
soil fertile. Sandstone underlies a part of the surface. The    ORANGEBURG COURT HOUSE, capital of Orangeburg
Central Railroad of North Carolina is to pass through the  district, South Carolina, on the left bank of North Edistc
1398




ORA                                                        ORE
River, 44 miles S. by E. of Columbia. It is connected by  It has the remains of an ancient castle, stormed and taken
railroad with Columbia and Charleston, and has considera- by the Swiss in 1475, and which, in the middle ages, was a
ble business.                                             residence of the Burgundian kings.
ORANGE COURT HOUSE, capital of Orange co., Virginia,   ORBEC, oRablkI, a town of France, department of Calvados,
on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 80 miles N.W. of  on the Orbec, 11 miles S.E. of Lisieux. Pop. in 1852, 3441.
Richmond, and 92 miles from Washington. It contains 2 It has manufactures of mousselines de laine, fine cashmeres,
churches, and about 500 inhabitants. Four miles from this tapes, and cotton umbrellas.
place is Montpelier, the former residence of James Madison.   ORBEY, onRblA. a market-town of France, department of
OR'ANGE FAC/TORY, a post-office of Orange co., North  Haut-Rhin, 14 miles W.N.W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852,5556.
Carolina.                                                  It has active manufactures of printed cotton and muslin
ORANGE IIILL, a post-office of Washington co., Florida.   goods, fine earthenware and glass.
ORANGE LAKE, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.         ORBISOINIA, a post-village of IIuntingdon co., PeunsylORIANGEPORT, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.   vania. 81 miles W. of IHIarrisburg.
ORANGE RIVER, REPUBLIC oF, a recently settled por-   ORBITELLO, o -be-t/nlo, or ORIBETELLO, oR-bA-tl/lo, a
tion of South Africa, beyond the N.E. frontier of Cape Colo- fortified town of Tuscany, on a promontory, and near the
ny, apparently comprised between the Nu Gariep on the S., Lake of Orbitello, 49 miles S.E. of Piombino. Pop. 2500.
and the Ky Gariep or Vaal on the N.; length 375 miles; It has a commodious port for small vessels, defended by
area about 50,000 square miles. It is characterized by im- several batteries.
mense flats, covered with a mixture of sweet and sour grass;   ORBITELLO.  LAKE OF, of Tuscany, about 5 miles in
has numerous streams, supplying sources both of natural length by 3 miles in width, communicates  S.W. by a narrow
and artificial irrigation; and is admirably adapted for the  outlet with the Mediterranean, and abounds with fish.
rearing of cattle and woollecd sheep. The inhabitants de-   OR/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
clared their independence, and established a republic in    ORCA, oR/kA, ariver of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont,
1854, previous to which the executive, government was in flows E.S.E. from the Alps to the Po, which it joins 13 miles
the hands of a British resident, who presided also over a N.E. of Turin. Total course, 50 miles.
legislative council, composed of the resident magistrates and    ORCAIDES, ortka-dtz, ancient name of the ORKNEY ISLANDS.
sundry representatives.                                      ORCE, oRlthA, a town of Spain, province and 80 miles
ORANGE SPRINGS, a post-village of Orange co., Virginia, E.N.E. of Grenada, near the source of the Orce, an affluent
104 miles N.N.W. of Richmond.                              of the Guadalquivir, and having 2310 inhabitants, a garriORANGE SPRINGS, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.   soned fort, and military magazines.
OR/ANGETOWN or OR/ANGE, a township of Rockland    ORCHA, a town of Russia. See ORSnA.
co., New York, on the left bank of the Hudson River, and    OR/CHARD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
on the New York and Erie Railroad, about 28 miles N. of    ORCHARD  PORT/MAN, a parish of England, co. of
New York. It contains the village of Piermont. Pop. 4769. Somerset.
ORIANGEVILLE, a post-township of Wyoming co., New    ORCHARD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
York, 7 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1438.                       OR/CHARDLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ORANGEVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Pennsylva-   OR/CIHESTON ST. GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of
nia, on Fishing Creek, about 80 miles N.N.E. of IlHarrisburg. Wilts.
ORANGEVILLE, a post office of Trumbull co., Ohio.          ORCHIESTON ST. MARY, parish of England,'co. of Wilts;
ORANGEVILLE, township, Barry co., Michigan. P. 364.   ORCIHIIES, oR'sheet, a town of France, department of Nord,
ORANGEVILLE, a post-village of Orange co., Indiana, on  14 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 3508. It is enclosed by
Lost River, 8 miles N.W. of Paoli.                         a wall and fosse, and has manufactures of cottob fabrics,
ORANGEVILLE, a post-office of Stevenson Co., illinois.   coarse earthenware, and soap.
ORANGO, o-ring/go, the largest and southernmost of the    ORCHILLA, oa-cheellyA, or URCHILLA, ooa-cheellyg, a
Bissagos Islands of West Africa, lat. 110 10' N., lon. 160 W. small island of the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela,
Length, from E. to W., 25 miles; breadth 10 miles.        80 miles N.W. of Tortuga. Lat. 110 50' N., Ion. 660 14' W.
ORANI, o-rdAnee, a village of the island of Sardinia, divi- Length, about 8 miles; surface low; soil arid.
sion and 40 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 1840.                ORCHOMENUS, or-komse-nfis, a ruined city of Greece,
ORANIDO, o-rl-neefdo, a valley in the N. of Montenegro, government of Boeotia. Its remains are on the W. shore of
near the frontiers of Herzegovina, and the scene of many the Lake Topolias, 7 miles N.E. of Livadia.
desperate combats between the Montenegrins and Turks.       ORCIANO, os-ch-hno, a village of Tuscany, province of
ORANIENBAUM, o-rA/ne-en-bhwm', ("b-rangetree,") a Pisa, 11 milesS.E. of Leghorn. Pop. 1650.
town of Germany, duchy of Anhalt-)essau, 8 miles E.S.E.   ORCItRES, oa'se-aiR/, a village of France. department of
of Dessau. Pop. 2010. It has a handsome palace, with parks Hautes-Alpes, on the DIrac, 14 miles N.E. of Gap. Pop. 1477.
and orange groves, (whence its name.)                        ORCO, a river of Italy. See ORCA.
ORANIENBAUM, o-rd/ne-en-bowm,     a town of Russia,   ORICOP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
government and 19 miles W. of St. Petersburg, on the Gulf   OR/CUT CREEK, a small post-village of Bradford co.,
of Cronstadt. Pop. 1400. It has a large imperial palace, and  Pennsylvania.
a marine hospital.                                          OR/CUTTVILLE, a village of Stafford township, Tolland
ORANIENBURG, o-rg/ne-en-bWORGa, or RANIENBURG, co., Connecticut, on the New London Willimantie and
r/ne-en-bMRao, a town of Russia, government and 90 miles Palmer Railroad, 53 miles N. by~ W. of New London. It
S.S.E. of Riazan, with 3080 inhabitants, some remains of contains a woollen factory, shingle mill, and saw mill.
fortifications, and a considerable trade in corn.           ORDESALL, ord/sal, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
ORANIENBURG, o-r&ne-n-b6aORG,     a town of Prussia,   ORIDINARY SPRINGS, Shenandoah co., Virginia.
province of Brandenburg, 26 miles N.N.E. of Potsdam, on    ORDIQUHILL, or/dik-hill, parish of Scotland, co. of Banff.
the Havel. Pop. 2990.                                       ORID-OF-CAITH/NESS, a stupendous gi-anitic mountain
ORANMORE, orain-m~r/, a town and parish of Ireland, on the N.E. coast of Scotland, between Caithness and SuthConnaught, county and 5 miles E. of Galway, at the head  erland, 1200 feet in height, and crossed by the high road
of Oranmore Bay. Pop. of town,~800. It has a handsome  into Caithness.
parish church, a large Roman Catholic chapel, a castle of      ORDUNA, on-doon/yg, a town of Spain, province of Alava,
the 15th century, and a considerable traffic in turf, sea  22 miles N.W. of Vitoria, in a fine mountain valley, on the
manure, and fish.                                         Nervion. Pop. 3400. It is enclosed by Moorish walls, flanked
ORANSAY ISLAND, one of the IHebrides. See OaoNSA~. by towers, and has a hospital, a custom-house for dues on
ORATOV or ORATOW, o-r&-tov/, a market-town of Russia, goods entering Castile, and an extensive trade with Bilbao.
government and 93 miles S.S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 1500.          ORE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
ORAVICZA, o-rA-vit/sA, (Hun. Nemet-Oravicza, nA'm8t/   OREBRO or (EREBRO, b/rA-broon, a 1en or province of
o'rdh/veet/s6h',) a town of S.E. of Hungary, co. of Krasso, Sweden, mostly between lat. 590 and 600 N., and ion. 140
53 miles S.S.E. of Temesvar, with silver, iron, and copper and 160 E. Area 3264 square miles. Pop. 137,660. Prin.
mines. Pop. 3793.                                         cipal towns, Orebro, Nora, Linde, and Askersonud.
ORB, orb or aoRp, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Fran-    OREBRO, the capital of the province of the same name,
conia, on the Orb, 42 miles N.W. of Wtirzburg. Pop. 4469. situated at the W. extremity of Lake Hjelmar, 104 miles
It has mineral springs and salt mines, yielding 30,000 cwt. W. of Stockholm. Pop. 4317. It is built of timber, houses
of salt annually,                                         painted deep red, streets wide and paved. Its ancient castle
ORB, oRb, (anc. O/bris?) a river of France, department is surrounded by handsome promenades. In the principal
of HIrault, rises near Roumihres, on the boundary of the  church is a monument to Engelhardt, and here is also the
department of Aveyron, flows S. past Bgziers, where it is small house which was occutoed by Gustavus Vasa, at his
crossed by the Canal du Midi, and 7 miles below enters the  election to the throne, in 1523. Other buildings are thd
Mediterranean after a course of 60 miles.                 Town-hall, Ilouse of Assembly, and a hospital; and it has
OR/BANSAY ISLAND, one of the Hebrides, Scotland, E. manufactures of woollens, wax-cloths, stockings, vitriol, and
of the N. peninsula of Barra. Length three-fourths of a mile, snuff, and an active trade with Stockholm.
ORBASSANO, oR-bAs-s/no, a town of Piedmont, province    ORE CREEK, of Michigan, enters the Shiawassee River
and 8 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 2661.                    in Genesee county.
ORBE, aoRb or oR/beh, (anc. Urbigesnum ) a town of Switzer-   OREREHINA. See LEnnHUA.
land, canton of Vaud, onil the river Orbe, here crossed by two    OREEtNO, a town of IHindostan, Brndelcund, 23 miles
single arched bridges, 5 miles S.W. of Yverdun. Pop. 2000. N.E. of Ditteah.
1399




ORE                                                        ORE
ORE'FIELD, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.    bia is navigable to the Cascade Range, about 130 miles from
OREGON, or/e-gon, a territory forming the most western  the sea, for large vessels, and above the Cascades for boats.
portion of the domain of the United States of North America, The Willamette is navigable to Portland, and sometimes
as restricted by the recent act of Congress creating the Terri-  even to the Falls, for ocean craft. Above the Falls, large
tory of Washington, is bounded on the N. by Washington  steamboats may run for 80 miles during 8 months. The
Territory, (from which it is separated by the Columbia River  Umpqua is navigable 25. miles for steamers, and vessels
and the 46th parallel of N. latitude;) E. by the Rocky Moun-  drawing 12 feet may enter its mouth. The Klamath is also
tains, which divide it from Nebraska; S. by Utah territory  navigable for a short distance. There are few capes or hbarand the state of California, and W. by the Pacific Ocean. It bors on the coast of Oregon, which is remarkably free from
lies between 420 and 460 20' N.lat., and between 1090 30' and great sinuosities. The most important capes are Cape Blanco,
1240 30' W. Ion., being about' 750 miles in extreme length  or Orford, Cape Foulweather, and Point Adams. The harfrom E. to W., and 278 miles in width, including an area  bors are the Columbia River, much obstructed by sandbars
of 185,030 square miles.                                    and shoals, but admitting vessels of 16 feet draught, and
Face of the Country, Mountains, &c.-Oregon is usually di- the Umpqua River, which may be ascended by vessels drawvided into three portions, viz., the Lower Country, or portion  ing 8 feet water for a short distance.
next the ocean; the Middle Country, or that part which    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-What we have already said
lies between the Cascade Range and the Blue Mountains;  of the mountains is perhaps sufficient, without this headand the Upper Country, or that portion which lies be- ing; but Oregon has other objects of interest independent
tween the Blue and Rocky Mountains. On approaching  ot her sublime mountain scenery-first among which are
Oregon from the sea, it presents the same bold, iron-bound  the Dalles of the Columbia River, a narrowing of the chancoast as California, but with this difference, that the coast nel to 100 yards between basaltic rocks, for the distance of
range, instead of running parallel with the Pacific, is com- half a mile, through which the river rushes with great vieposed of a series of highlands, nearly at right angles with  lence, descending 50 feet in two miles. In freshets the wathe shore, through whose valleys the streams of the Calla- ter rises 60 feet, and at such times it is safe to pass in boats,
puya or Callapooya Mountains (the western limit of the  but many serious accidents have occurred from attempts to
Willamette-Valley) descend to the ocean. The first section  pass them at low water. Forty miles below the Dalles, where
is about from 75 to 120 miles in breadth, and includes the  the river breaks through the Cascade Range, the channel
Willamette, Umpqua; and Rogue River Valleys, the first again narrows to 150 yards, where the water descends 40
running parallel with the sea, and the others at right an- feet in two miles. The Falls of the Willamette, on the river
gles to it. The last are S. of the Willamette Valley. The  of the same name, are about 25 miles from its mouth, and
large valleys vary in length from 40 to 150 miles, and from  the same number of feet in height. Here is a favorite sal5 to 85 miles in width. One remarkable feature of the Wil- mon fishery, where that fish is stopped on its course up the
lamette Valley is the Buttes, high, conical, insulated hills, Willamette, in the spawning season. The American Fall,
of about 1000 feet in height. The Middle section covers a  in the Lewis River, near its head waters, is of considerable
breadth of 160 miles, and is mostly an elevated plateau. elevation. From one point in the Willamette Valley, near
The Upper Country occupies the western slope of the Rocky  the Rickreall River, seven peaks of the Cascade Range,
Mountains, and is mostly a sterile and dreary region, co- covered with everlasting snow, can be seen at one view.
vered with lava, through which the rivers cut their chan-    Clinmate.-In common with the western shore of all connels to a great depth; in many places their rocky beds are  tinents, Oregon has a milder climate than the eastern side
inaccessible to man or beast. Oregon may be emphatically  of North America. The coast region is the mildest, and
called a mountainous country. Beginning at the E., we  the upper country the most rigorous in temperature. In
have the lofty summits of the Rocky Mountains-reaching  the first, the winters generally are short, though some snow
(in Fremont's Peak) an elevation of 13,570 feet-separating  falls nearly every winter. S. and S.W. winds prevail at this
the Mississippi Valley from the Pacific region, and sending  season, mitigating the severity of the climate. From April
off spurs in a westerly direction. About half-way between  to November but little rain falls. At Fort Vancouver, from
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific are the Blue Moun- June to September, the mean temperature was 670, maxitains, running nearly N. and S., but still sending off ridges  mum  980, minimum  510. Of 106 days, 76 were fair, 19
in different directions. These mountains sometimes rise to  cloudy, and 11 rainy. The winter of 1852-3 was very severe,
the snow region, but are generally from  3000 to 4000 feet and much snow fell, the stock dying by thousands, as they
in height. The Cascade Range; having the loftiest known  are unhoused, and no fodder is ever prepared. In the midpeaks of any mountains in tlhe United States, extend from   die region, the summers are much drier and the winters
600 N. latitude (nearly parallel with the Pacific) to the south- colder than E. of the Cascade Mountains, the extremes
ern part of Old California, at distances (in Oregon) varying  varying from 180 to 1080. Daily range, 400. No dews fdll
from about 80 to 140 miles. Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, here. The upper country is variable, having often in each
Mount Pitt or McLaughlin are the principal peaks in Ore- day all the changes of the seasons. and is therefore unfitted
gon, of which the first, 14,000 feet in elevation above the  for agricultnral operations. Indian corn is liable to be
sea level, is the highest, and seems to be a dormant volcano,  caught by early frosts. The winter winds are from the S.
Finally comes the coast range, called in Oregon the Calla-, and E., occasionally veering to S.W. The time of the setting
pooya Mountains; these, as has been stated, send off spurs  in of these is very irregular, varying from October 1st to
at right angles with the ocean. The Three Buttes and Three  January Ist. They always bring with them  copious rains,
Tetons, about the bases of the Rocky Mountains, are conical which last two or three, and even four or five months, from
elevations of considerable magnitude. The Salmon Moun- November to April, and constitute the rainy season. These -
tans cross the middle of the eastern portion of Oregon in  storms are more violent on the coast, and more rain falls
an E. and W. direction.                                     than in the Willamette Valley. A period of fine weather
Minerals.-The mineral resources of Oregon have scarcely  often occurs in February, sometimes in March, but is genebegun to be developed; but gold has been found in various  rally followed by three or four weeks of cold, chilly rains
places, from Port Orford to Burnt and Powder Rivers, but from the S.W. During the latter part of winter there are
whether it exists in sufficient abundance to promise profita- light falls of snow. Though the winters are chilly, the
ble returns is not yet fully ascertained. The Secretary of  thermometer seldom sinks to the freezing point. The merthe Treasury's Report for 1854, gives $13,535 as the amount cury has sometimes fallen to 50 below zero in the Willamette
of gold deposited at the Mint, the product of Oregon. Fre- Valley, and to 15~ at the Dalles, beyond the Cascade Monument found in lat. 45P0 N., lon. 1220 W., a stratum  of coal tains. From what has been said it will be seen that there
and forest treesembedded between strata of alternate clay. is great irregularity in the winters of Oregon, but mildness
This mineral is also known to exist in Willamette Valley, is the general characteristic. In the middle region the rains
100 miles above Oregon City.                                are lighter and less constant, and continue for a shorter
Rivers, Bays, and' Lakes.-There is no very considerable  period. The country between the Blue and Rocky Mountains
bay in Oregon. The Columbia, the greatest river on the  is very dry, with a great difference between the temperature
Pacific slope of the Continent, forms half the northern  of day and night.
boundary, from the point where it strikes the 46th parallel    Soil and Productions.-It will be inferred from what has
to its mouth in the Pacific Ocean. Its great branch, the Snake  been said of the face of the country, that much of Oregon
or Lewis River, and its tributaries, the Salmon, Henry, Mal- is unfit for tillage; in the upper country or eastern portion
heur, and Owyhee, drain the great valley between the Rocky  it is almost wholly so, as far as known, both from the aridity
and Blue Mountains. Lewis River rises in the S.E., and pur- of the soil and the irregularity of the climate. The central
suing a N.W. course about 900 miles, passes into Washing-  portion, though not generally cultivable, affords in many
ton Territory, where it joins the Columbia soon after. The  places excellent pasturage; but even the pastoral portion is
Wallawalla, Umatilla, John Day's, and Fall, E. of the Cas- but a small part of the whole. The great resource of the
"ade Mountains, and the Willamette. W., are the other prin- Oregonian farmers is the country W. of the Cascade Range,
cipal affluents of the Columbia from  this territory. The  especially in the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue's River
Umpqua and Rogue's River, (entirely in Oregon,) and the  Valleys. The former is rarely surpassed in fertility. Whoat
Klamath, which passes into California, empty directly into  is here the staple; the cool evenings and the drought in the
the Pacific from the S.W. of this territory. There are seve- latter part of summer being unfavorable to Indian corn.
ral small lakes between the Cascade and Blue Mountains, Besides wheat, oats, barley, turnips, and most of the fruits
and near the base of the Rocky Mountains. The principal and vegetables of the Middle States flourish. The indigenous
of the former are Klamath, Abert, Pitt's, Salt, and Sylan- fruits are the crabapple, a large red plum, sirawberrics, rasp
illes; and of thelatter Godere and Jackson's. The Colum- berries, and other berries. The bottoms of the Columbis
1400




ORE                                                        ORE
fre a very rich alluvion, but incapable of cultivation, from  Germany; 45 in France; 148 in other countries; and 14-3
their liability to be overflowed; they may, however, form  whose places of birth were unknown; 5 were insane, and 4
good pasture-lands for stock. Those portions which are  idiotic.
beyond the reach of overflow (as the district about Fort    Counties. —Tn 1855, Oregon had 20 counties, viz.: Benton,
Vancouver) are exceedingly productive. On the triangle  Clackamas.  Clark, Clatsop, Columbia, Douglas, Jackson,
formed by the Columbia on the N. and the Pacific on the  Lane, Lewis, Linn, Marion, MIultnomah, Pacific, Polk,
W., is a tract of land of great fertility, extending back 25  Thurston, Umpqua, Vancouver,  Washington, Wascopum,
miles to the mountains. This is not suited to wheat, but and Yam-Iill.
very fruitful in potatoes, oats, peas, turnips, and other veeta-    Towns.-The principal towns are Portland, (pop. in 1853,
bles, and is excellent for pasturage. According to the cen- 6000,) Oregon City, Salem, and Milton, having each about
sus of 1850, Oregon had under cultivation 132,857 acres of  1000 inhabitants.
land, producing 211,943 bushels of wheat; 106 of rye; 2918    Govesrnment.-The government is similar to that of all
of Indian corn; 61,214 of oats; 6566 of peas adcl beans; other territories.-See New Msxsco, &c.
91,326 of potatoes; 29,686 pounds of wool; 211,464 ofbutter;    History.-Oregon seems to have been first trodden by
36,980 of cheese; orchard products valued at $1271; market European feet about 1775, when a Spanish navigator visited
do., $90,241; live stock, $1,876,189; and slaughtered ani- Juan de Fuca Straits. Cook coasted along its shores in
mals, $164,530.                                             1778. The Columbia River is believed to have been first
Forest Trees.-Oregon is particularly celebrated for its  made known to the civilized world in 1791, by Captain
forests of gigantic pine. A species of fir, called Lambert's  Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston, United States, who
pine, grows in the lower region to an enormous size, some- saw the mouth of the river, but did not enter it till May
times attaining a height of nearly 300 feet, and a girth of 40  of the next year, when he gave it the name of his ship.
feet, and often from 24 to 36 feet. This is the great timber of  From this time up to 1804, the coast of Oregon was occasionthe country, and is largely exported to the Sandwich Islands  ally visited by British and American fur-traders. In that
and to California. The other timber is the hemlock, cedar,  year, President Jefferson sent out an exploring party under
oak, ash, maple, laurel, pine, willow, balm of Gilead, dog- Lewis and Clarke, who passed the -winter of 1805-6 at the
wood, cottonwood, and alder. The oak, next to the fir, is mouth of the Columbia. After this period, overland expethe most valuable wood, and is found mostly in the Willa- ditions by fur-traders became common, and these, with the
mette and Umpqua Valleys. In the middle region timber  British Hudson Bay Company, held joint possession of the
is scarce, and consists mostly of soft wood; pine and fir grow  country, (but not without jealous rivalries and bloody conon the Blue Mountains.                                     tests,) till the treaty of 1846, which gave all below 490 N.
Animals.-The wild animals are deer, black and grizzly  latitude to the United States. Emigration from the United
bears, elks, foxes, wolves, antelopes, beavers, muskrats, and  States, for the purpose of settlement commenced in 1839.
martens. The beavers are fast diminishing. In spring and  Its growth for the time is probably retarded by the gold- 
fall, geese, ducks, and other waterfowl are abundant. Large  mines of California attracting nearly all travellers and
quantities of salmon are caught in the Columbia River and  settlers, but their ultimate prosperity will most likely be
its tributaries, and are of excellent quality. Among the  mutual, the mining population of the one furnishing a
other fish are sturgeon, cod, carp, sole, flounders, ray, perch, market for the agricultural products of the other. There
herring, and smelt, with crabs, clams, oysters, and mussels  is no doubt that in future times Oregon will play an imporin abundance,                                               taut part in the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, and particufMasnuajctur'es.-In this department of industry it is hardly  larly that of the Polynesian groups. In 1.853 the territory
to be supposed that this new region has made much progress, of Washington was separated firom the N. part of Oregon.
though she has every facility for carrying on manufactures    OR/EGON, a county in the S. part of Missouri, bordering
when the time comes for doing so. In 1850 there were 52  on Arkansas, has an area of 1700 square miles. It is drained
establishments engaged in mining, manufacturing, and the  by the sources of the Eleven Points and Spring Rivers,
mechanic arts, employing $843,600, and 285 male and 32  which flow S.E. into the Big Black River. Capital, Thomasfemale hands, consuming raw material worth $809,560, and  ville. Pop. 1432; of whom 1414 were free, and 18 slaves.
yielding products valued at $2,236,640.                       OREGON, a post-office of Chautauque co., New York.
Internal Improvements are limited, as yet, to common and    OREGON, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl
plank road making. Dr. Evans, geologist to Governor Ste- vania.
vens' exploring expedition, reports a new route S. of the    OREGON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama.
Missouri River, feasible for a railroad through the Black    OREGON, a post-office of Rockingham co., North Carolina.
Feet Pass, down the Bitter Root River, crossing the moun-    OREGON, a small village of Yell co., Arkansas.
tains of the same name to Fort Wallawalla and the Dalles.    OREGON, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tennessee.
Cbmvierce. —We have but few facts on this subject. The    OREGON, a thriving village of Mercer co., Kentucky, on
foreign imports amounted in 1853-4 to $48,932, and the  the Kentucky River, at the head of slack-water navigation,
exports to $42,827; tonnage entered to 231, and cleared to  about 20 miles S.W. of Lexington. Beef and pork are packed
1003 tons. Several steamers ply from Portland to different here and shipped in steamboats.
points on the Columbia, besides a regular line of steamers    OREGON, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 436.
to San Francisco. Oregon exports to California, lumber,   OREGON, a thriving post-village of Seneca co., Ohio, on
stock, hogs, beef, butter, eggs, chickens, pork, flour, &c. the railroad from Cincinnati to Sandusky City, 168 miles
Large quantities of cattle are driven S. to the mines of Call- from the former. Pop. about 400.
fornia. Trade is carried on with Rio Janeiro, Europe, and    OREGON, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.
the Sandwich Islands. In the 10 months preceding August,   OREGON, a township of Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop. 205.
1854, the arrivals at Astoria were 179, clearances 184. The    OREGON, a post-office of Clarke co., Indiana.
export of lumber alone reached 22,567,000 feet.               OREGON, a post-township in Ogle co., Illinois. Pop. 540.
Education. —The census report for 1850 gives to Oregon 3    OREGON, a township in Schuyler co., Illinois. Pop. 747.
public schools with 80 pupils and $3927 income, 29 academies    OREGON, a post-village, capital of IHolt co., Mlissouri, 210
with 842 pupils and $20,888 income, and 1877 pupils attend- miles N.W. by W. of Jefferson City.
uing schools, as returned by families. Adults who could not   OREGON, a small village of Lawrence co., Missouri. 
read and write 162, of whom  63 were of foreign birth.    OREGON, a post-village of Dane co., Wisconsin, 12 miles
Oregon Institute, belonging to the Methodists, 6 miles from   S. of Madison.
Salem, is a flourishing establishment, with about 100 stu-   OREGON CITY, a thriving post-village, capital of Ogle
dents. The Presbyterians have an academy on Tualatin  co., Illinois, on the right bank of Rock River, 176 miles N.
Plains, and there are two female institutes at Oregon City.  by E. of Springfield. It is handsomely situated between
Religious Denominations.-Of the 9 churches in Oregon in  the shore and a bluff, which rises in the form of an amphi1850, 1 each belonged to the Baptists, Congregationalists,  theatre, at the distance of about a mile, and meets the river
MIethodists, and Presbyterians, and 5 to the Roman Catholics, a little below the town. Pop. in 1850, 540.
being one church to every 1477 persons. Value of church    ORtEGON CITY, a post-town, capital of Clackamas county,
property, $76,520.                                          Oregon, on the right bank of the Willamette River, about
Population.-The population of Oregon, including the pre- 50 miles below Salem.  It is situated in a ca, on, (prosent Territory of Washington, was in 1850, 13,294, of whom  nounced kan-y6nl-a narrow river valley shut in by high
8133 were white males, 4949 females; 120 colored males, banks or walls,) and has great manufacturing facilities, a
and 87 females; besides various tribes of Indians not enu- fall in the river at this place affording immense water-power
merated, but estimated by the Commissioner of Indian Af- Oregon City was formerly the capital of the territory. One
fairs, in 1853, at 23,000 for Oregon and Washington United. or two newspapers are published here. Pop. about 1000.
Notwithstanding the formation of Washington Territory    OREGOINIA, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.
from  Oregon, so great has been the influx of emigration,   OREGRUND, olrc-groond, a small, but strongly fortified
that the figures given above very inadequately represent  seaport town of Sweden, len and 70 miles N.E. of Stock.
the population of the territory, which, if recent statements  holm, with a harbor in the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 680.
may be relied on, has more than quadrupled since that    ORE HILL, a post-office of Litchfield co., Connecticut.
time. The increase has been such as to induce the inha-   OREKHOV, OIIRECHOW, o-rA-aovl, or ORKIKHOV, o-rebitants to sue for admission as a state, in 1855. Of the  Kov!, a town of Russia, government of Taurida, on the
population, 3175 were born in the territory; 8847 in other  Konskala, an affluent of the Dnieper, 73 miles S.S.E. of
states of the Union; 207 in England; 196 in Ireland; 115  Yekaterinoslav.  Pop. 1600.
in Scotland and Wales; 293 in British America; 155 in    OREL, o-rlI, or ORLIK, or-lik/ or or-leekl, a sluggish,
1401




ORE                                                        ORI
muddy river of Russia, rises near the S. frontiers of the    ORESTAGNI.  See ORISTAcO.
government of Kharkov, flows S.W. across the government   ORESTE, o-rkstt, a town of the Papal States, 24 miles N,
of Poltava, and joins the Dnieper on the left, 35 miles of Rome, on a mountain of the same name, the anciert
W.N.W. of Yekaterinoslav; total course 130 miles.           Sobacte, about 2000 feet above the level of the sea. Pop. 140U.
OREL, o-rSl/, ORLOV, ORLOW, oa'lov', or ORLOF, a go-   ORESTIAS, (or IIADRANOPOLIS.)  See ADnIANOrLE.
vernment of Russia, mostly between lat. 510 50' and 540 N.,   ORFA or ORFAH, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See OORFA.
and ion. 330 and 390 E. Area 18,393 square miles. Pop. in    ORIFORD, a decayed borough, market-town, and parish of
1851,1,406,571. Surface undulating. The rivers are afflu- England, co. of Suffolk, at the confluence of the Alde and Ore,
ents of the Dnieper, Don, and Volga. Soil very fertile, and  near their mouth in the North Sea, 18 miles E.N.E. of
agriculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Ipswich. Pop. 1109. It has a large ancient church, an
Principal products, after corn and flour, are hemp, flax, lin- old town-hall, assembly room, and fine remains of a Norman
seed, honey, bristles, timber and cattle, with iron, copper, castle, with some fisheries, chiefly of oysters. The port was
millstones, nitre, and large quantities of turf. The govern- formerly' of importance, but the sea has receded.  The
ment is divided into 12 districts. Capital, Orel.           borough is still governed by a mayor, and until disfranOREL, a town of Russia, capital of the government of  chised by the Reform Act, sent 2 members to the House of
same name, is situated on the Oka, here joined by the Orel, Commons. In the vicinity are Sudbourne Hall, and 2 light168 miles N.W. of Voronezh. Pop. 25,630. It is mostly  houses, well known as "Orford-ness Lights," 83 feet above
built of wood, enclosed by a palisade, and defended by an  the sea. Lat. 520 4' 8" N., lon. 10 34' 2"t E.
ancient citadel; and it has numerous churches, several   ORFORD, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hampshire,
convents, an ecclesiastical seminary, college, and various  on the left bank of the Connecticut River, which is here
other schools and institutions. It is in a most favorable  crossed by a bridge, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic
position for commerce, being connected by rivers and canals  Rivers Railroad, 66 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop..1406.
with the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas; and it may be    ORIFORDVILLE, a post-village in the above township, 60
considered the entrepat of the commerce between North  miles N.W. of Concord.
and South Russia. It exports much rural prodluce to Mos-   ORFUI, orafwee!, called also RAS HAFOON, r~s h&'foon/,
cow and to St. Petersburg, and has manufactures of cotton, a cape of East Africa, about 100 miles S. of Cape Guardafui.
woollen cloth, and linen stuffs, with tanneries, distilleries,   ORIGAN CHURCH, post-office, Rowan co., North Carolina.
tallow-houses, rope-walks, &c., and several important annual   ORGAOS, SERRA  DOS, S~RIRe  doce oR-gddNss, (Organ
fairs. It was nearly destroyed by fire, 7th June, 1848.     Mountains,) a mountain cordillera of Brazil, extends from
OIREL, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia.              E. to S.W. in the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, SRo Paulo,
ORELLANA. See AMAZON.                                    and Santa Catharina. One portion of this chain, more
ORELLANA LA SIERRA, o-rll-ydn& 11 se-Wa/ne, a village  particularly called the Organ Mountains, is situated 40
of Spain, province of Badejos, 3 miles S.E. of Orellana la  miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro, so named from their peaks, as
Vieja.                                                     seen from Rio, resembling the pipes of an organ. Highest
ORELLANA LA VIEJA, o-r-l-yllnI 11 ve-,Ras, a market- point 3800 feet.
town of Spain, province and 63 miles E. of Badajos. P. 1990.   OR/GARSWICK, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
OREMARRAIL, a headland of Beloochistan.  See RAs-    ORGAZ, oR-gdth/, (anc. Altlheta,) a town of Spain, province
ARvUAs.                                                     and 15 miles S.S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2670. It has a castle
ORENBOORG, ORENBOURG  or ORENBURG, ofren-  and ahospital.
booRG', a government of Russia, mostly comprised in Europe,   ORGELET, oIezheh-lAl, a town of France, department of
but partly in Asia, between lat. 470 10, and 560 25' N., and  Jura, near the source of the Vl61ouze, 10 miles S.S.E. of
Ion. 480 20' and 650 E., having on the S. and S.E. the Cas- Lons-le-Saulnier.  Pop. in 1852, 2123.
plan Sea, and Kirgheez Territory. Area estimated at 144,924    ORGEVAL, oR'zheh-villf, a village of France, department
square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,712,718, including the Cos- of Seine-et-Oise, 11 miles NW. of Versailles. Pop. 1640.
sacks of the Ural. Surface mostly mountainous, its centre    ORGHEND-AB, a river of Afghanistan. See URGHUNDAUB.
being covered with the S. ranges of the Ural, but both in    ORGHESAN, or'gheh-shnl, or URGHESAN, fir'gheh-slnl, a
the E. and the S. are extensive desert steppes..Principal river of Afghanistan, rises in the mountains of Ghuznee,
rivers, the Ural, Belaia, and Samara in Europe, and in Asia  flows W., and after a course of above 100 miles, joins the
several affluents of the Tobol. Salt lakes are numerous in  Turnuk, an affluent of the Urghundaub.
the steppes. The principal wealth of the population con-    ORGIANO, oR-jtlno, a market-town of Austrian Italy, gosists in cattle, sheep, horses, camels, &c., herds often com- vernment of Venice, 12 miles 5S.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 2000.
prising from 200 to 2000 horses, and from 500 to 4000 head    ORGIVA, a town of Spain. See ORJIBA. 
of horned cattle. Caviare, made from fish taken in the Ural   ORGON, oR'gdNGl, a town of France, department of Bouchesand other rivers, is an important article of trade. The  du-RhOne, near the left bank of the Durance, 21 miles E.N.E.
mineral products consist of gold, copper, iron, salt, and some  of Arles. Pop. in 1852, 3089.
sulphur, vitriol, &c. Trade principally with Asia, by means    ORGOSOLO, oR-go-sollo, a village of the island of Sardiof caravans of camels, of which, in some years, as many as  nia, province and 8 miles S.S.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 2000.
2550 arrive. The government is divided into 12 districts.    ORIA, olre-A, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles N.
Capital, Oofa.                                              of Almeria. Pop. 5670.
ORENBOORG or ORENBURG, a fortified city of European    ORIA, olre-., or URITANA, oo-re-tdtng, (anc. Uria  or
Russia, capital of a district in the government of same name, Hyria,) a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 22 miles
on the Ural, in lat. 510 48' N., ion. 550 12' E. Pop. 6000, ex- W.S.W. of Brindisi, on a hill between 2 small lakes. Pop.
cluding a garrison of 9000 men. It is well built and paved. 4300. It has a cathedral, several convents, and a hospital.
Principal edifices, 2 cathedrals, a Tartar mosque, exchange,   ORIENT, L', a town of France. See LoriENT.
the Custom-house, government offices, barracks, and house    OIRIENT, a post-township of Aroostook co., Maine, 100
of correction. Ithas amuseum, and a Mohammedan school; miles N.N.E. of Banger. Pop. 205.
and on the opposite bank of the Ural is a large bazaar, the    ORIENT, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, on Oysplace of an extensive trade with Central Asia, imports con- ter Pond Harbor, 100 miles E. by N. of New York.
sisting of silk, gold and silver, jewels, Chinese produce, and    ORIGNY, o'reen'yeel, a village of France, department of
colonial goods received overland from India; and exports Aisne, on the Then, 7 miles N.E. of Vervins. Pop. 1457.
comprising woollen cloths,leather, pearls, cutlery, &c. In the    ORIGNY SAINTE BENOITE, o'reen'yeel seNt behnwltl, a
vicinity is an immense smelting-house, in which is melted  village of France, department of Aisne, 8 miles E. of St.
down, in the course of a summer, the tallow of 50,000 sheep. Quentin. Pop. in 1852, 2372.
ORENOQUE. See ORINoco.                                      ORIHUA, one of the Sandwich Islands.
ORENSE, o-rlnsA, (an~. Alqure Calbidce C'i7iolrum  ) a town    ORIIIUELA, o-re-w3Yll, a city of Spain, province and 32
of Spain, capital of the province of Orense, on the Minho, miles S.W. of Alicante, on the Segura. Pop. 17,452. It
46 miles S.S.W. of Lugo.  Pop. 4840. It is gloomy and ill- stands at the foot of a ridge of rocks, in a tract termed,
built, but has a large cathedral, and other churches, an or- from its fertility, "the garden of Spain."  Principal buildphan asylum, hospital, seminary, house of industry, and  ings, a cathedral, and 10 other churches, 2 hospitals, a foundhighly reputed thermal springs, with manufactures of cho- ling asylum, public granary, and cavalry barracks. It hlas
colate, and a trade in hams, both in high repute throughout a University College, with 16 professors, and manufactures
Spain. A cathedral dedicated to St. Martin, was built so  of linens and hats, tanneries, corn, and oil-mills.
early as 550; but the Moors, in 716, levelled Orense to the    ORIKIHOYA, o-re-Ko/vA, or TRAJANOPOLIS, tra-jg-nop/oground, and it remained a heap of ruins till 832, when it lis, a town of European Turkey, Room-Elee, sanjak of Galwas rebuilt by Alonzo el Casto. The present Gothic Cathe- lipoli, 18 miles N.W. of Ipsala. It is the see of a Greek
dral was erected by Bishop Alonzo in 1220. From Orense, archbishop.
Soult invaded Portugal with 26,000 men, and 78 cannons;   ORILLIA, o-ril/le-a, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
and thither he retreated two or three months after, hotly  Simcoe, situated at the northern extremity ofLake Simcoe,
pursued by the Duke of Wellington; his army reduced to  85 miles N. of Toronto. Pop. about 150.
19,500 stragglers, unarmed and almost naked.                 ORINO/CO, o-re-nolko, (i.e. in the Indian language, "coil ed
ORENSE, o-rnfs,.  a province of Spain, Galicia, bounded  serpent,") (Fr. Orinogue, o'rPnok',) one of the principal
S. by Portugal; area 2588 square miles. Capital, Orense. rivers of South America, ranking in size and importance
Pop. about 380,000.                                       immediately after the Amazon and Plate. It rises in tho
ORERO, o-ritro, a village of the Sardinian States, division  Sierra Nevada of Venezuelan Guiana, winds successively W.,
of Genoa, province and 8 miles from Chiavari. Pop. 1900.   N., and E., through the centre of the Venezuelan territory,
1402




ORI                                                         ORL
and enters the Atlantic by numerous mouths, in slat. 80 40' Frasca and San Marco. It is 10 miles in length by 5 milec
N., and Ion. 610 W. Total course estimated at 1000 miles, for in breadth, and receives the river Oristano or Tirsi, which
more than the latter half of which, or to the rapids of Atures, enters it after a S.W. course of 80 miles.
it is uninterruptedly navigable. Area of its basin 252,000    ORIVAL, o~ree'vSlf, a village of France, department of
square miles. The principal affluents, in descending, are, Seine-Inf6rieure, 12 miles S.S.E. of Rouen, on the left bank
from the left, the united stream of the Atabapo and Guaviare, of the Seine. Pop. 1614.
which joins it about lat. 40 N., ion. 680 10' W.; the Meta at   ORIVESI, o-re-vA/see, a lake of Russia, Finland, containat. 60 20' N.; the Aurauca at lat. 70 10' N., and the Apure  ing several large islands.
slat. 70 388 N. Three of the tributaries are larger than the    ORIXA, an island of Seychelle Archipelago.  See DEaIS.'anube. Those from the right are the Ventuari, which joins    ORIXIMINA, a river of Brazil. See TROMBETAS.
he Orinoco about 40 miles E. of the junction of the Atabapo,   ORIZABA, o-re-zah/ba, a post-office, Tippah co., Mississippi.
he Caura, anid the Caroni, which unite with it at lat. 70 45'   ORIZABA, o-re-sA/BA, a town of the Mexican Confederand 80 55 N. respectively. By the Cassiquiare, it has a singular  tion, state and 70 miles W.S.W. of Vera Cruz, and 25 miles
navigable communication with the Rio Negro and Amazon.  S. of the volcanic peak of Orizaba, (elevation 17,380 feet,) in
At 200 leagues from the ocean, its breadth is about 3 miles, a highly fertile and richly wooded valley. It has manufacand at Angostura, about 250 miles from  its mouths, to  tures of coarse cloths, and a large government itobacco facwhich place the tide reaches, it is 4 miles across, and when  tory. Pop. 15,000.
lowest, 65 fathoms deep.                                     ORJIBA, ORXIBA, oa-Hee/B9, or ORJIVA, ORGIVA, onTwo remarkable rapids occur in the upper part of the  Hee/vA, a town of Spain, province and 32 miles S.E. of GraOrinoco, called the Atures and Maypures, or Apures, the one  nada, on the Guadalfeo. Pop. 3220, employed in manufacin lat. 50 85 N., or about 80 miles below the junction of the  tures of earthenware, and in linen weaving.
Atabapo and Guaviare with the Orinoco, the other about 36    ORJITZA, a town of Russia. See ORZsITSA.
miles lower down. These rdpids consist of a countless num-   OIRKIHEI, ouKaI, ORGHIEY or ORGIEV, oR-ghe-8v/, a town
her of little cascades succeeding each other like steps, and  of South Russia, province of Bessarabia, 25 miles N. of Kishwhere numerous islands and rocks so restrict the bed of the  enev.
river, that out of a breadth of 8000 feet, there often only    ORKHON, oretonl, a river of Mongolia, joins the Selenga
remains an open channel of 20 feet in width. Its waters  a few miles S.W. of Kiakhta, in about lat. 500 N., Ion. 1050
rise from April to October, attaining their greatest height in  30' E., after a N.E. course of nearly 380 miles. Chief affituJuly and August, which in the Upper Orinoco is from 30 to  ent, the Khara.
36 feet, and at Angostura from 24 to 25 feet; but in one con-   ORKINEY ISLANDS, (L. Oncades, orl/ka-dkz) an archipefined place they are said to rise 120 feet above the usual lago off the N. coast of Scotland, between lat. 580 47' and 590
level. The vast plains through which the river flows are  20' N., and ion. 20 4' and 30 235 W., separated from the county
at this season to a great extent overflowed. Both banks of  of Caithness by Pentland Frith. Aggregate area 600 square
the stream are densely wooded, and like the river itself full miles, or 384,000 acres, of which about 84,000 are under cul.
of animal life. The numerous channels by which the Ori- ture. Pop. in 1851, 31,455; ofwhom 16,757 are in Mainland,
noco latterly finds its way to the sea, begin to branch off  and 14,698 in the North and South Isles. There are 67 islands
from the main stream upwards of 100 miles from the coast. and islets; the principal are Pomona or Mainland, South RoThe most S. and widest of these branches runs directly E., naldshay, Roy, Flotta, Grsemsay, Eday, Ronsay, Sanda, Shaand reaches the ocean by the mouth called Boca de Navios, pinshay, Stronsay, and Westray. Of the whole, about 27 are
or Cane Navios, between Point Barima on the S., and the  usually inhabited, although the number varies frequently,
islands of Cangrejos on the N., which are more than 20  in consequence of single families taking up their abodes in
miles apart. In front of this mouth is a bar, on which is them for a year or two, and then deserting them. Hoy is the
17 feet water, and which is supposed to be nearly 3000 fath- only island of the group that can be called mountainous,
oms across. In the month of April, when the water is  and here the highest elevation is but 1600 feet. None of
lowest, the tides are perceptible in the river as far up as  the rest have hills of any considerable height. Nearly all
Angostura, a distance of 250 miles from the sea. The other the larger islands are of exceedingly irregular form; being,
branches, which run N., and divide the delta of the Orinoco  in many instances, so worn and penetrated by the sea, as to
into numerous low islands, are imperfectly known.           present rather a series of crooked and shapeless peninsulas,
ORINOCO, (DEPARTMENT OF,) one of the great divisions of  projecting in all directions, thnn a group of compact insular
the republic of Venezuela, consisting mainly of what was  bodies. In some cases, the coasts of these islands are flat
formerly known as Colombian Guiana, and bounded N. by  and sandy; in others, bold and rocky. These precipices are
the river Orinoco. Estimated pop. 185,000. Chief towns, highest on the W. side, reaching, in the island of Ioy, the
Varinas, Angostura, (Bolivar city,) and Sun Fernando de  height of 1000 feet perpendicular. Little snow falls in win
Apure.                                                     ter, but the summers are chill and moist. Mean tempera
ORIO, ofre-o, a market-town of Spain,provinceGuipuzcoa, ture of year, 460.2; summer, 540; winter 390.7 Fahrenheit.
6 miles WV.S.W. of St. Sebastian, at the mouth of the river  Annual rain, 29 inches.  Agriculture is very backward.
Orio, in the Bay of Biscay.                                 Oats, barley, potatoes, and turnips are the chief crops. Most
ORIO, a village of Lombardy, 11 miles S.S.E. of Lodi.     of the land is nominally freehold, but burdened with very
ORIOLO, o-reelo-lo, (anc. Fosrum.-Clauldii?) a village of  heavy payments to the crown, or the Earl of Zetland. A
Italy, Pontifical States, 26 miles N.W. of Rome. Pop. 1168. small breed of cattle is reared, and about 50,000 sheep pasORIOLO, a market-town of Naples, province of Calabria  ture on the hills and common moors. Rabbits and poultry
Citra, 11 miles N.W. of Roseto. Pop. 2900.                  are numerous. H-lunting for wild birds and eggs, and fishing,
ORIION, a small post-village of Pike co., Alabama, near partly employ the population, and about 100,000 lobsters
the Conecub River.                                          are shipped annually for the London market. The mannORION, a post-office of Ashley co., Arkansas.             factures of kelp and linen have declined. Plaiting from rye
ORION, a post-township in Oakland co., Michigan. P. 1119. straw, and some distilling, are the principal manufactures.
ORION, a post-office of Hienry co., Illinois.             Exports of all produce amounted in 1833, to 60,0001. These
ORION, a small post-village in the S. part of Richland co., islands were examined by Agricola A. D. 84. In the middle
Wisconsin.                                                  ages they belonged to Norway, but in 1468 were annexed to
ORISIKANY, a creek in the central part of New York, the Scottish crown, and formed an earldom. Chief town,
rises in Madison co., and joins the Mohawk at Oriskany.    Kirkwall, which was formerly the see of a bishopric.
ORISKANY, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, on the    ORKfNEY and SHETILAND, the most N. county of ScotBrie Canal, and the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, 7 miles land. comprising the islands of the above names. Aresa 1280
i.W. of Utica. It has several extensive woollen factories.  square miles. Pop. in 1851, 62,533. The county is divided
ORISKANY FALLS, a post-village of Augusta township, into 42 parishes. Chief towns, Kirkwall and Lerwick. It
Oneida co., New York, on Oriskany Creek and on the Che- sends 1 member to the House of Commons.
nango Canal, 18 miles S.W. of Utica. It has several facto-    ORKUB, or-koobl,(?) or PREKOP, prA-kopf, a town of
ries moved by water-power.                                  European Turkey, Room-Elee, on the Morava, 19 miles S.W.
ORISSA, o-ris'sA, a province of Hindostan, between lat. of Nissa.
180 and 230 N., and ion. 830 and 870 E., having E. the Bay of    ORLAMUNDE, (Orlamiinde,) orJal-miin'deh, a town of
Bengal, and now wholly included in the British presiden- Germany, duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, on the Saale, here
cies of Bengal and Madras, Orissa Proper forming the dis- joined by the Orla, 43 miles S.W. of Kahla. Pop. 1154.
trict of Cuttack.                                             OR/LAND, a post-village and township of IIHancock co.,
ORISTANO, o-eis-t4no, or ORISTAGNI, o-ris-tnlyee, a  Maine, on the E. side of Penobscot River, 55 miles N.E. by
town of the island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, capital E. of Augusta. It is one of the most thriving places in the
of the province of Busachi, on the Oristano, 3 miles from its  county, the inhabitants being largely engaged in commerce
mouth, and 55 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 10,000. It is and the lumbering business. Pop. 1580.
situated in a marshy plain, enclosed by lofty walls, and has    ORLAND, a thriving post-village of Steuben co., Indiana,
a handsome cathedral, an archbishop's palace, hospital, and  on Crooked Creek, 10 miles N.W. of Angola.
Piarist College. Its port, at the river's mouth, is large and    ORLAND, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
secure, protected by a mole; and near it are 2 corn-ware-    ORLAN/DO, a post-office, Philadelphia co., Pennsylvania.
houses and a large tower. The exports comprise large quan-   ORLEANNOIS or ORLEANNAIS, oa'iAn'mns. an old pro.
titles of corn; also salt, salt fish, and the much-esteemed  vince of France, had for its capital Orleans; it how forms the
wine of Vernaccia.                                         greater part of the departments of Loiret, Eure-st-Loir? and
O0ISTANO, GULF OF, island of Sardinia, between Capes  Loir-et Cher.
1402




ORL                                                        ORN
ORLEANS, orfe-anz,* not or-leenz/, (Fr. pron.  on'lPrat,   ORLEANS, a poet-office of Morgan co., Illinois.
Sp. Orleanes, on-lI-.,-nls/, It. Orleans, or-l1-&'na,) a city of    ORLEANS, a post-village of Polk co., Mlissonri, on the E,
France, capital of the department of Loiret, on the right bank  fork of Sac River, about 120 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
of the Loire, here crossed by a bridge of 9 arches, 58 miles    ORLEANS, ISLE OF, Canada East, situated in the St. ]lawS.S.W. of Paris, with which it is connected by railroad. Pop. rence River, N.W. of Quebec, is 20 miles in length, from S.W.
in 1852, 47.393.  It is very ancient, and has many fine  to N.E., and 6 miles in greatest breadth. Soil fertile, and
squares, but is in general ill built. The chief edifices are  well wooded.
the Cathedral or Church of St. Croix, one of the finest in    ORLEANS FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co.,
France; and the Town-hall, an edifice of the 15th century. New York.
It has an Acadnetie  Univecsitais-e,   for the departments of    ORLESTONE, orlz/ton, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, and Indre-et-Loire, a national college,   ORLETON, ori/ton, a parish of England, co. of Itereford.
a primary normal school, a secondary medical school, a pub-   ORILINGBURY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
lic library of 25,000 volumes, museums of natural history,   ORLOF or ORLOV. See ORaL.
a botanic garden, and a theatre. Its industrial establish-    ORLOF or ORLOV, or-lovy, a town of Russia, government
ments comprise manufactures of hosiery, woollens, cottons, and 28 miles W.S.W. of ~iatka, on the Viatka. Pop. 3600.
pottery-ware, vinegar, and saltpetre, sugar refineries, brew-   ORLOF or ORLOV, a town of Russia, government and 19
eries, and metal foundries, and it has an extensive com- miles E.N.E. of Voronezh, on the Oosman. Pop. 3500. It
merce in the wine, brandy, and vinegar of its district. Or- was founded 4n the 17th century.
leans was built on the ruins of the ancient Genabume, after-   ORLOVKA or ORLOWKA, oR-lovlk9, a market-town of
wvards Aurdeliani. Taken and destroyed by Cresar, it took  Russia, government of Tchernigov, 32 miles S.W. of Novgothe name of Aurelialni or Aureliatnum in honor of the Em- rod-Severskoie. Pop. 1560.
poeror Aurelian, by whom it was embellished. It was capital   ORMEA, os-mA4, a town of Piedmont, division of Cont,
of the first kingdom of Burgundy, and since the time of  18 miles S. of Mondovi, on the Tanaro. Pop. 4750. It is
Philip de Valeis, it gave the title of Duke to a member of the  enclosed by old walls, and has manufactures of linen and
royal family. In 1428, Orleans was besieged for six months hempen cloths. It was nearly depopulated by the plague
by the English, and delivered by the heroism of Joan of Arc, in 1630.
who hence was called the "Maid of Orleans."  In 1567, it   ORME'S-ITEAD, (ormz hid,) GREAT, a peninsular headwas taken and pillaged by the Calvinists. Eleven councils land of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon, projecting into the
have been held here. It was the birth-place of Robert, king  Irish Sea, 5 miles N.N.W. of Conway, and forming the WV.
of France, of Pothier, and of the physician Petit.          side of the inlet called Orme's-Bay, the opposite E. point
ORLEANS, FOREST OF, extending N. and N.E. of the  being Little Orme's-Head. On each of these headlands is a
town, is one of the largest in France.                     lighthouse. Lat. of Great Orme's-IHIead, 530 20' N., ion. 30
ORLEANS, CANAL OF, connects the Loire, by means of  51' 2" W.
the Canal of' Loing, with the Seine. The valley of Orleans    ORME'S (ormz) STORE, a post-office of Bledoe co., Tenwas devastated by an inundation of the Loire in 1846.       nessee, 125 miles E. by S. of Nashville.
OR/LEANS, a county in the N. part of Vermont, has an    OR/MISTON, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Hadarea of about 700 square miles. Itis drained by the head  dington, on the Tyne, 25 miles S. of Tranent. Pop. of vilwaters of the Lamoille and Missisque Rivers, and by the  lage in 1851, 730. It has an old cross, occupying the site
Black, Barton, Clyde, and other smaller streams, which  of an ancient Roman Catholic chapel; in the parish is Orafford valuable water-power. It contains numerous ponds, miston I-Hall, belonging to the Earl of iopetoun.
and a part of Lake Memphremagog lies within its borders.   ORM/SA ISLAND, one of the HIebrides, Scotland, N. of
The surface is somewhat uneven, the soil is fertile and easily  Lunga, from which it is separated by a narrow sound. It is
cultivated, and although almost too cold for Indian corn, 11 miles in circuit. A lighthouse stands on its W. coast.
produces the other grains, grasses, and fruits, in abundance.   ORMSIBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North RIliding
Wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and grass are the staples.   ORMSBY, NOcTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Orleans county abounds in iron ore, chromate of iron, and    ORMSBY, SoUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
other valuable minerals. Capital, Irasburg. Pop. 15,707.      ORMSBY ST. MARGARET, a parish of England, co. of
ORLEANS, a county in the W.N.W. part of New York, Norfolk.
has an area of 379 square miles. It is bounded on the N.   ORMSBY  ST. MICHAEL, a parish of England, co. of
by Lake Ontario, and is principally drained by Oak Orchard, Norfolk.
Johnson's, and Sandy Creeks, which afford valuable water-   ORM/SIDE, GReAT, a parish of England, co. of Westmorepower. The surface in the N. part is gently undulating, land.
more elevated in the S., the Mountain Ridge passing through    ORMSIKIRK, a market-town and parish of England, co.
it. The soil is generally fertile, and adapted to grass and  of Lancaster. with a station on the East Lancashire Rail.
grain. Bog iron ore, and some sulphur and salt springs are  way, 13 miles N.N.E. of Liverpool. Pop. of town in 1851,
found. The Erie Canal and the railroad connecting Rochester  5548. It is well built, has a town-hall, a large church, a
and Niagara Falls traverse this county. Organized in 1824, grammar school, almshouses, and manufactures of cottons,
having previously formed part of Genesee county, and named  silks, and hats, and in the vicinity large collieries.
from Orleans, a town of France. Capital, Albion. Pop. 28,501.   ORIMUS or 0R/MUZ,' (Persian I:ersmooz or Hotrmunz, hocrORLEANS, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, has an  moozl; ano. Oxyris? or Organa?) an island in the Persian
area of about 150 square miles. The Mississippi River forms Gulf, on its N. side, near its entrance, 45 miles due N. of
its boundary on the S., Lake Pontchartrain on the N., and  Cape Mussendom, Arabia, and now belonging to the Sultan
Lake Borgne on the E. The surface is level, the greater  (or Imam) of Muscat, who is stated to rent it of the Shah
part consisting of a morass, covered with coarse grass, and  of Persia. Lat. 270 5' N., lon. 560 29' E. It is a mere barren
overflowed daily by the'tide. The river is bordered with  rock about 12 miles in circumference, but important as
fertile, arable land, which produces sugar-cane, Indian corn, having been formerly one of the richest commercitl empoand fruits for the New Orleans market. Several railtoads  riums in the east. It has an extraordinary appearance from
are in course of construction, a notice of which may be found  the sea, its mountains being of variegated colors from exin the article NEW ORLEANS. Capital, New Orleans. Pop. tensive impregnations of salt, sulphur, iron, and copper,
119,460; of whom 101,392 were free, and 18,068 slaves.'    which first-named mineral yields a considerable revenue to
ORLEANS, a post-township in Barnstable co., Massa- the Sultan. On its N. side is a town with a good harbor,
chusetts, 75 miles in a direct line, or 100 miles following the  and a garrisoned fort, which formerly comprised 4000 houses
windings of the peninsula, S.E. by E. of Boston. It has  and 40,000 inhabitants, but is now in total decay. Ormus
several manufactories of wooden ware; and in 1851, 5 vessels, was captured in 1507, by the Portuguese under Albuquerque,
(tons 336,) manned by 54 persons, were employed in the  but taken from them by the British and Persians in 1622,
mackerel fishery. Pop. 1848.                                when its trade as a depot for the produce of India, China,
ORLEANS, a township of Jefferson co., New York, 14  &c., was transferred to Gombroon.
miles N. of Watertown. Pop. 3265.                             ORMUS, GULF OF, a term  sometimes applied to the S.E.
ORLEANS, a post-village of Ontario co., New York, on  portion of the Persian Gulf.
Flint Creek, 190 miles W. of Albany.                          ORMUS, STRAITS OF, connects the Persian Gulf with
ORLEANS, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.       the Arabian Sea. Length about 150 miles, breadth 30
ORLEANS, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia, 112  miles.
miles N. by W. of Richmond.                                  ORNAIN, oWn Go!, a river of France, rises near Neuville,
ORLEANS, a township in Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 491.  in the department of Haute-Marne, flows N.W., and joins
ORLEANS, post-township in Elkhartco., Indiana. P. 1402. the Saulx on its right bank. Length 65 miles.
ORLEANS, a pleasant post-village of Orange co., Indiana,   ORNANS, oR'nSar., a town of France, department of
on the New Albany and Salem Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of  Doubs, 10 miles S.E. of Besangon, on the Lou6. Pop. in
New Albany.                                                1852, 3483.
ORNAVASSO, on-n,{-vrstso, a market-town of Piedmont,
* All our best spelake-s concur in making this name a trisyl-  division of Novarn, province of allanza, 12 miles S.E. of
wit th acentso he irs. Yis s eidetlythemanerdivision of Novara, province of Pallauza, 12 nfiles S.E. of!,ble, with the accent on the first. This is evidently the mannor  Domod'Ossola.  Pop. 1652.
Ishle,                                     ~~~~~~~~~~~Domo d'0ssola. Pop. 1852.
iu which Shakspeare pronounnced Orleans.
-   "This drcadful lord
Retiring from the siege of ORLEANs."                     * "HIigh on a throne of roycl state, which far
"Was not the duke of ORLEeTS thy foe?"-                     Outshone the wealth of ORntsS or of Ind. —"
WI45l~~               Heflnry FI., Part I.                          MIaLTON'S Paradise Lost, Booak I.
140;




ORN                                                          ORT
ORNE, osn, a department of France, in the N.W., formed  co. of Cork, in its N. part. Pop. 34,134. It gives the title
of part of Normandy. Area 2329 square miles. Pop. in  of Earl to the Boyle family, Earls of Cork.
1852, 439,884. The surface, agreeably:iversified with ranges    OR/tRIN, a river of ScoLland, rises in the S.E. of the co.
of low hills, presents along the river courses rich pasture  of Ross, flows mostly E., and joins the Conan, after a course
land; a considerable part of it is sandy and sterile. Chief  of about 27 miles.
rivers, the Orne, Touques, Rille, Eure, Sarthe, and Mayenne.   OR/RIN GLEN, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.
The principal minerals are iron, black-lead, and granite.   OR/RINGTON, a post-township in Penobscot co., Maine,
Hemp, apples, and pears are abundant. Horses, among the  on the Penobscot River, 5 miles below Bangor, and 66 miles
best in France, are reared in the department, and cattle  E. by N. of Augusta. It contains 1 Congregational and 3
are extensively fattened for the Paris markets. Fowls and  Methodist churches, a high school, and 8 stores.  The
eggs are important objects of commerce. Its manufactures  streams afford motive power for 6 saw-mills, which cut
compriLse pins, needles, linens, cotton, and lace. The de- annually about 2,000,000 feet of lumber, several shinglepartment is divided into the arrondissements of Alengon, mills, lath-mills, and turning-mills, and apaper-mill. There
Argentan, Doimfront, and Mortagne. Capital, Alengon.       is also a steam saw-mill, turning out about 700,000 feet of
ORNE, (anc. Oina?) a small river of France, rises near  lumber annually. About 20 vessels are owned here and
Seez, in the department of Orne, flows past Argentan, employed in the West India and coastwise trade. A ferry
Ecouch6, and Caen, where it becomes navigable, and enters  connects Orrington with Hampden, on the opposite side of
the English Channel. Length 86 miles.                      the Penobscot. Pop. in 1850, 1851.
ORNEVILLE, orn/vil, a post-township of Piscataquis co.,   ORBRINGTON CORINER, a village in the above township,
Maine, 70 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 424.                 contains a church, 2 stores, and the Orrington post-office.
ORNOVASSO, a town of the Sardinian States. See ORNA-   ORROLI, oR/nRo-le, a filthy village of the island of Sardinia,
VAssO.                                                     division and N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1704.
OROATIS. See TAB.                                          ORRS/TOWN, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsylva6nia,
OROMOC/TO, a village of New Brunswick, co. of Sunbury, 10 miles from  Chambersburg. It is handsomely built, and
on the right bank of the St. John, at the entrance of the  contains about 350 inhabitants.
Oromocto River, about 9 miles S.E. of Fredericton. On the    ORRSt ILLE, a post-village, Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.
borders of Grand Lake, on the opposite side of the St. John,   ORERSILLE, a village of Gwinnett co., Georgia, on the
are extensive coal-mines, from which large quantities of  Chattahoochee River, 105 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
coal are annually raised.                                     ORRVILLE, a post-office, Mecklenburg co., North Carolina.
O/RONO, a post-township in Penobscot co., Maine, on the    ORRB ILLE, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama.
W. side of the Penobscot River, 75 miles N.E. of Augusta,   ORRVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.
intersected by the Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad. The    ORSA, orisa, a village and parish of Sweden, Inn and 52
inhabitants are extensively engaged in the lumber business. miles N.W. of Falun, on Lake Orsa.
Pop. 2785.                                                    ORSARA, oR-slrA, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata,
ORONOICO, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.         5 miles NW. of Bovino.  Pop. 4200.
ORONOKO, a township of Berrien co., Michigan.               OIfSCI-IEL, NIEDER, nee/der oRsh/el, a village of Prussia,
O/RONSAY, a small island of the Hebrides, immediately  province of Saxony.  Pop. 1602.
S. of the island of Colonsay, and having on it some fine    OR/SET, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
remains of an ancient priory.                                 ORSHA, or ORCIIA, or/shA, a town of Russia, government
ORONTES, o-ron/tkz, (called by the Arabs, EL AASY, el and 44 miles N. of Moheelev, on the Dnieper, here joined by
Asee, "the rebellious,") a river of North Syria, pashalics  the Orzhitza. Pop. 2000.
of Damascus and Aleppo, rises in Anti-libanus, flows N.   ORSK, onRsk, a fort of Asiatic Russia, government and 155
through Lake Kadez or HIoms, and to near Antakia (Anztioch,) miles E.S.E. of Orenboorg, on the river Ural. Pop. 1260. It
where it suddenly turns W.S.W., and soon enters the Medi- is a custom-house station for caravans entering European
~terranean, 40 miles N. of Latakeea, (Latakieh,) after an inna- Russia. Jasper is abundantly obtained in its vicinity.
vigable course of 240 miles.                                  ORSOVA, (oa'so/vbh',) NEW, or ADUSKELIA, a-doos-k/lOROPESA, a city of South America. See COCHnABsAA.   le-d, a frontier town of Little Wallachia, on an island in the
OROPESA, o-ro-p4sa, a town of Spain, province and 65  Danube, 4 miles above the " Iron-gate," and 36 miles E. of
miles N.E. of Caceres, with a fine old'castle'belonging to the  Moldova, on the borders of Hungary. It is a station for
Duke of Frias.                                              steam packets, and for travellers on the Danube to cross to
OROPESA, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles N.E. or from Servia. and re-embark after a land journey to avoid
of Castellon de la Plana, on the Mediterranean.             the innavigabie part of the river.
OROPO, o-ro/po, (ane. Ore/ us,) a village of Greece, govern-    ORSOVA, (oR'so/v6h1,) OLD, a village of Hungary, 3 miles
ment of Attica, on the Asopo, near its mouth in the Euripus;  S.W. of New Orsova, on the left bank of the Danube. P.: 990.
24 miles E. of Thebes, with remains of ancient fortifications.    ORSOY, OaRsot, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles
OROSEI, o-ro-sA/e, a village of the island of Sardinia, 18  N.N.W. of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 1625.
miles E.N.E. of Nuovo, near the mouth of the river Orosei.   ORS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
Its port is almost useless. Pop. 1703.                        ORT, oRt, a market-town of Lower Austria, 16 miles E.S.E.
OROSENGA, o-ro-slng/gd, or OLOOSINGA, o-loo-sing/go,  of Vienna, on the Danube. Pop. 1400.
one of the Friendly Islands, South Pacific, belonging to    ORTA, oR/t, a town of the Sardinian States, division and
Navigators' Group. Lat. 140 14' S., Ion. 1690 34' W., about 3  25 miles N.N.W. of Novara, above the W. shore of Lake
miles long.                                                 Orta. Pop. 1137.
OROSHAZA, o'rosh'h&zch', a large village of East Hun-    ORTA, a market-town of Naples, province of Capitanata,
gary, county and 27 miles S.W. of Bekes, in a fertile region. 13 miles S.E. of Foggin. Pop. 1500.
Pop. 9581.                                                    OR/TA, LAKE OF, (anc. Lalcus Go/sius?) of Piedmont, diviOROTAVA, o-ro-t/vd, a town of the Canary Islands, on  sion of Novara, is 7 miles W. of the Lago  Maggiore, into
the N. coast of Teneriffe, below the Peak. Pop. 8315. It which it discharges its surplus waters. Length 8 miles,
has several churches and convents, the governor's residence, breadth 11 miles. It is highly picturesque.
mole, and citadel. Its harbor is bad, but it has an active    ORTE, or/tA, a decayed town of Italy, Pontifical States, 15
trade in wine, and extensive fisheries.                     miles E. of Viterbo, on the right bank of the Tiber. P. 2339.
OBOTELLI, o-ro-tl/lee, or ORTELLI, on-tMl/lee, a village    OR/TELSBURG, (Ger. pron. oa/tels-b66Ra',) a town of East
of the island of Sardinia, province of Nuoro, on the left Prussia, 82 miles S.S.E. of Klnigsberg, beside a lake. It has
bank of the Pirso. Pop. 1385.                               a castle and 1520 inhabitants.
O'ROUKE'S, o-rooksl, a post-office of St. Tamany parish,   ORTENBERG, or/ten-b6aRG, a town of Germany, grandLouisiana.                                                  duchy of HIesse-Darmstadt, province of Ober-Hessen, on the
ORPHANO, oR/fd-no, a maritime village of European  Nidder, 24 miles N.E. of Frankfort. P. 1097.
Turkey, Macedonia, on the Gulf of Orphan, 50 miles E. of    ORTENBERG, a village of Germany, grand-duchy of BaSalonica. Lat. 460 49' N.. lon. 230 55' E. It has a fortress, den, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Kinzig. Pop. 981.
and its vicinity is fertile.                                  ORTENBURG, oRlten-b66Ras, a market-town of Lower BaORPHANO, GULF OF, called also GULF OF CONTESISA, varia, 10 miles W. of iPassau, with an old castle. Pop. 1000.
(anc. St-rymon/icus Si/nus,) a gulf of the Grecian Archipelago,   ORTHEZ or ORTHEiS, oRst/, a town of France, departN.W. of Mount Athos; greatest length about 20 miles, breadth  ment of Basses-Pyr~n~es, on the Gave de Pan, crossed here
perhaps 10 miles.                                           by an old bridge, 24 miles N.W. of Pan. Pop.in 1852,9948. It
ORIPHAN'S ISLAND, at the entrance to Penobscot River, has manufactures of woollen stuffs, copper and iron wire,
opposite the town ofBucksport, Penobscot co., Maine. Itis  copper wares, and leather, with a brisk trade in Bayonne
4 miles long, and contains about 5000 acres.               hams, goose-feathers, and cattle. Near this town, on 27th
OIPHIRIII  a maritime parish of ScotlAnd, Orkney Islands, February, 1814, the French under Soult were defeated by
comprising a part of Mainland, and the small island of Cava. the Anglo-Spanish army under Wellington.
ORWPINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              ORTLER, oat/ler, ORTELER, oa/teh-ler, or ORTLERORP-LE-GRAND, oRp leh gram%, a village of Belgium, pro- SPITZE, oa/ler-spit'seh, the loftiest mountain of the Tyrol,
vince of Brabant, 29 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1473.   and of the Austrian Empire, is situated in the Rhsetian Alps,
OR/RELL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, with  about 10 miles S. of GRiirns. Elevation 12.852 feet.
a station on the Lancaster and Yorkshire Railway, 2. miles    ORTNERI, oat-ni/ree, a village of the island of Sardinia,
W. of Wigan. Pop. 2478.,        division of Cagliari, EN.E. of Oristano. Pop. 1690.
O-R/IRPEY AND KILIOREI, a barony of Ireland, Munster,    O.l/TON  or 0IVEIRTON, a market-town and parish of
1405
_ _ _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _ _ _                      _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  Ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




ORT                                                        OSHI
England, co. of Westmoreland, 81 miles S.S.W. of Appleby.   OSAGE, a post-township'in Carroll co., Arkansas.  P. 719.
Pop. in 1851, 1456. It is irregularly built; near it is a cop-   OSAGE, a post-village of Crawford co., Missouri, 91 milel.
per mine.                                                  S.E. of Jefferson City.
OR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.            OSAGE, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa.
ORTON-LONGUEVILLE, orltpn long/vil, a parish of Eng-    OSAGE FORK, of Gasconade River, Missouri, rises in
land, co. of Hunts.                                        Texas co., and unites with the main stream in the N.E. parl
ORTON-ON-TIH.IE-HILL, a parish of England, co. Leicester.  of La Clede county.
ORTON-WATERVILLE, a parish of England, co. of Hunts.   OSAGE FORK of Maramec River. See MARAMEC.
ORTONA, on-tofn,, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo        OSAGE INDIANS, a tribe formerly dwelling in the Indian
Citra, 8 miles N. of Lanciano, on the Adriatic, where it has  Territory, S. of the Osage Rliver.
a small port. Pop. 6900. It has a cathedral, and a consi-   OSAGE MILLS. a post-village in Benton co., Arkansas.
derable trade in wine.                                        OSAKA or OSACCA, o-s'i/kA, written also SAKAIR, SAORTONOVO, on-to-no/vo, a village of the Sardinian States, KAE or OIIOSAIKA, a seaport, and one of the 5 great impedivision of Genoa, 14 miles from Levante. Pop. 2150.        rial towns of Japan, island of Niphon, on its S.W. coast, 33
Ot/TONVILLE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.   miles from Miako, of which it is the port; lat. 340 40' N., Ion.
ORTRAND, o t/rant, a town of Prussian Saxony, 76 miles 1350 25' E. It has a strong citadel, and an extensive trade.
E. of Merseburg.AjPop. 1820.                                  OSANPIP/PA. a post-office of Chambers co., Alabama.
ORUBA, an island of the West Indies. See ARu.BA.            OSBALDIESTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
ORUNE, o-roo/nA, a village of the island of Sardinia, pro-   OSBALD/WICK, a parish of England, co. of York, North
vince and N.N.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 1805.                       Riding.
ORUR0, o-roolro, a town of Bolivia, 100 miles N.W. of    OSBORN, of Ohio, a station on the Sandusky and Dayton
Sucre, with 5000 inhabitants, and many churches and con- Railroad, 10 miles from Dayton.
vents. The department of Oruro, enclosed by those of Po-    OSIBORNE, the marine residence of the Queen of Great
tosi, Paz, and Lamar, is chiefly in pasturage, on which large  Britain, Isle of Wight, 1} miles from West Cowes.
numbers of cattle are reared.                                 OSBORNE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, about 28
ORUST, o/roost, an island of Sweden, -stift and 28 miles miles S.E. of Madison.
N.W. of Gottenburg, in the Cattegat.  Length 14 miles,   OSBORNE ISLANDS, a group in Admiralty Gulf, off the
breadth 10 miles. The surface is level, and the population  N.W. coast of Australia.
are employed in raising hops, rearing cattle, and fishing.    OSBORN MILL, a district in Harris co., Georgia.
OR/VAN, a township of Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 527.       OSBORN'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Fulton co., New York.
ORVIETO, on-ve-A/to, (anc. Ursbs Veltus or Herbalnum,) a    OSBORN'S FORD, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia.
city of Central Italy, Pontifical States, at the junction of the    OSBORN'S HOLLOW, a post-village of Broome co., New
Paglia and Chiana, affluents of the Tiber, 60 miles N.N.W. York, 130 miles W. by S. of Albany.
of Rome. Pop. 6210. It stands on a scarped rock, andhas    OSBOURNBY, oz/bbrn-be, a parish of England, co. of
a fine cathedral, rich in works of art, archbishop's and papal Lincoln.
residences, a remarkable well, and Etruscan remains.          OSCA.  See HoUsc.
ORVIGO, on-vee/go, or ORBIGO, or-see/go, a river of Spain,   OSCACASALE, os-kA-kl-sV/lA, a village of Auntrian Italy,
rises in the N. of Leon, flows S., and joins the right bank of  province and 12 miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 1180.
the Esls; total course 80 miles.                              OSCARSTAD, os/kaR-stAd', or ARVIKA, an-veeklli, a town
OR/VILLE, a village of Ohio, at the junction of the Ohio  of Sweden, lien and 40 miles N.W. of Carlstad.  Founded
and Pennsylvania, and the Cleveland Zanesville and Cin- in 1811, and named in honor of the son of Bernadotte.
cinuati Railroads, 64 miles from Crestline.                   OSCEOLA, os'se-o/la, a new and unorganized county in
OR/WELL, a river of England, co. of Suffolk, rises near  the N.W. central part of Michigan, contains 576 square miles.
Felsham, flows generally south-eastward, and joins the  It is intersected by the Maskegon River.
Stour at Harwich, the harbor of which town is formed by    OSCEOLA, a county in the N.W; part of Iowa, borderiuge
their united estuary. The site of the old town of Orwell, at on Minnesota Territory, has an area of about 535 square
its mouth, is now covered by the sea..                     miles. It is drained by the head waters of the Little Sioix
ORWELL, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.           River which flows into the Missouri. This county is not
ORWELL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kinross.            included in the census of 1850. Named in honor of the
OR/WELL, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, near  celebrated Seminole chief Osceola.
Lake Champlain, 46 miles S.W. of Montpelier. It has seve-   OSCEOLA, a post-townspip forming the S.W. extremity of
ral churches, and a bank. Pop. 1470.                       Lewis co., New York. Pop. 412.
ORWELL, a post-township in the N.E. part of Oswego co.,   OSCEOLA, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania.
New York, about 160 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 1106.    OSCEOLA, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
ORWELL, a post-township in the N.E. part of Bradford    OSCEOLA, a post-village, capital of Mississippi co., Arkanco., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1241.                               sas, on the Mississippi River, 87 miles above Memnphis.
ORWELL, a post-township in the S.W. part of Ashtabula    OSCEOLA,  a post-village of Crawford co., Ohio, 70 miles
co., Ohio. Pop. 825.                                        N. of Columbus.
ORIWIGSBURG, a post-borough of West Brunswick town-   OSCEOLA, a township of Livingston co., Michigan. P. 960.
ship, Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on the railroad leading    OSCEOLA, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois.
from Reading to Pottsville, 9 miles S.E. of the latter. It   OSCEOLA, a post-village of St. Clair co., Missouri, on the
was formerly the county seat. It contains 3 churches, 1  Oeage River, 132 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. It has I
academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. in 1850, 909.         newspaper office.
ORZIITSA or ORJITZA, on-zhit/s, a market-town of Rus-   OSCEOLA, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa.
sia, government and 86 miles W.N.W. of Poltava. Pop. 1450.   OSCEOLA, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.
ORZINOVI, oad-ze-no/vee, or ORCINOVI, on-che-no/vee, a    OSCEOLA  CENTRE, a post-village of Livingston  co.,
village of Austrian Italy, province and 18 miles S.W. of  Michigan, 50 miles N.W. by W. of Detroit.
Brescia, near the Oglio. Pop. 4430.                           OSCEOLA MILLS, a village of St. Croix co., Wisconsin.
ORZI-VECCHI, otd/ze vik/kee, a village of Austrian Italy,    0SCR, oaK, a market-town of the Netherlands, province
province of Brescia, about 3 miles N.E. of Orzi-Novi, has a  of North Brabant, 11 miles N.E. of Bois-le-Duc.
church, sanctuary, and oratory, and the remains of an old    OSCHATZ, orshits, a town of Saxony, on the railway fiom
fortress. Pop. 1322.                                        Leipsic to Dresden, 31 miles E.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 5360.
OSACCA, a town of Japan. See OSAKA.                       It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of woollens.
OSASCO, o-sgs/ko, a village of the Sardinian States, Pied-   OSCIIERSLEBEN, oshlers-lXbeln, a walled town of Prusmont, 2 miles S. of Pinerolo, on the right bank of the Clu- sian Saxony, on the Bode, 19 miles W.S.W. of Magdeburg,
sone. Pop. 1000.                                            with a station on the railway to Brunswick. Pop. 3850. It
OSASIO, o-sd/se-o, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- has a castle, and some manufactures of woollen cloth.
sion and S. of Turin. Pop. 1400.                              OSCHIRI, os-kee/tree, or OSKERI, os-kree, a village of
O'SAGEI, (Fr. pron. 6'z.izh/,) a large river, which rises in  the island of Sardinia, division and 29 miles E.N.E. of Sasthe E. part of the Indian Territory, and entering Missouri, sari. Pop. 1993.
near the' N.W. corner of Bates co., falls into the Missouri   OSCHITZ, osh/its, a municipal town of Bohemia, 8 miles
River 10 miles below Jefferson City. Its general direction is N.W. df Reichenberg. Pop. 950.
nearly eastward, and its whole length is estimated at 500    OSCOIDA, a new and unorganized county in the N.E. part
miles. It is the largest affluent which the Missouri liver of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is intersected by
~eceives in this state. Boats of moderate size can ascend  the Aux Sable River, which flows from W. to E. The cen200 miles or more, when the water is high. The region  sus of 1850 gives no returns for this county.
drained by this river is occupied by fertile prairies inter-   OSER0, (anc. Apsorus,) an island of Illyria. See LossINI.
spersed with woodlands.                                       OSERO, o-sA/ro, a maritime town of Illyria, on the W. side
OSAGE, a county in the E. central part of Missouri, con- of the island of Cherso, in the Adriatic, opposite the island
tains about 850 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by  of Lossini, with which it communicates by a bridge. Pop.
the Missouri  River, on the N.W. by the Osage River, and  1500. It has a fine cathedral.
intersected by the Gasconade and Marais  Rivers. The sur-   OSIGATHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
face is uneven. Capital, Linn. Pop. 6704; of whom  6434    OS/GODBY wIrn KIRK/BY, a parish of England, co. of
were free, and 270 slaves.                                  Lincoln.
OSAGE, a township in Benton co., Arkansas. Pop. 1454.    OSHA, OSCIA or OCHA, o/sha, a river of Siberia, issues
1406
___-          --..zz    ^ —^ —"~-        c~~ —- ^ -- ~-               I —--- — ___




OSIM                                                       OSS
from Lake Tenia, government of Tobolsk, and joins the Ir- fabrics, and cattle, is favored by its position on the high
tish, 30 miles below Tara. Total course, 140 miles.       route between Bremen and the Lower Rhine. Osoaburg
OSHAUKUITA or HILL'S CORNERS, a small post-village  was erected into a see by Charlemagne, in 888; and in 1082
of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 30 miles N. of Madison.       it was surrounded by walls. The negotiations for the peace
OSHAWA, o-shAIwN, a flourishing post-village of Canada  of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were
West, co. of York, 33 miles N.E. of Toronto. It contains carried on here. The bishopric was secularized in 1803, and
several stores, hotels, and mills. Pop. about 1150.       incorporated with Hanover.
OSHIKOSII, a flourishing post-village, capital of Winne-   OSNABURG, an island of the Society group, called also
bago county, Wisconsin, is situated on the Neenah or Fox  MAITEA, (which see.)
River, at its entrance into Lake Winnebago, about 90 miles   OSINABURG, a post-village and township in the S.E. part
N.N.E. of Madison. The lumber trade is carried on here  of Stark co., Ohio, 124 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 2225.
extensively, the river and lake being navigable by steam-   OSINABURGH ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, lat. 210 54' S., ion.
boats. It contains 3 churches, an academy, a land-office, 3  1380 59' 34" W., is 14 miles long, and well wooded.
newspaper offices, 1 manufactory of pumps, 1 of threshing    OSNAIO or OSNAJO, os-nlyo, a village of Austrian Italy,
machines, 1 foundry, 6 mills, 9 dry-goods stores, and about province and 16 miles S.E. of Como. Pop. 1362.
20 other stores. Plank-roads are projected from Oshkosh to    OSOILO, a township in Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 471.
Wanpun and Neenah. Laid out about 1846. Pop. 3000.           OSOPPO, o-sop/po, a town of Austrian Italy, province of
OSHMIOONEYN or ACHMIOUNEYN, osh-moo-nAnl, writ- Friuli, 15 miles N.N.W. of Udine. Pop. 1250.
ten also ESCHMUNEIN  or ESHMOUNEYN, a large vii-   OSORNO, o-soatno, a volcano of Patagonia, W. coast, oplage of Egypt, W. of the Nile, on the site of the ancient posite the island of Chiloe, lat. 410 S., ion. 700 40' W.
Hersoaspolis Magna, lat. 270 50' N., Ion. about 300 50' E. Pop.   OSORNO, o-sonlno, a river, lake, and ruined town of Chili,
estimated at from 4000 to 10,000. In its vicinity are some province of Yaldivia. The river rises in the large lake at
highly interesting ruins,                                  its foot, flows N.W., and enters the Pacific 34 miles S.W. of
OSHITEMO, a township, Kalamazoo co., Michigan. P. 587. Valdivia, having the ruins on its bank.
OSIECZNO, a town of Prussia. See STOnCNESTs.                OSORNO MAYOR, o-soRano mi-os!, a village of Spain,
OSIGLIA, o-seeltyi, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- Leon, province and 32 miles N. of Palencia.
sion of Genoa, about 24 miles from Savona. Pop. 1400.        OSPEDALETTO, os-pA-d-l8t/to, a village of Austrian Italy,
OSILO, o-seello, a village of Sardinia, division of Sassari, province and 9 miles S.E. of Lodi, near the Lambro,  Pop.
6 miles E. of Sassari. Pop. 2000.                          1573.
OSIMA, o-see/m/, a small island of Japan, 40 miles W. of    OSPEDALETTO or OSPITALETTO, a village of Austrian
Matsmat, on the island of Yesso.                           Italy, province and 8 miles W. of Brescia. Pop. 1645.
OSIMA, a bay of Japan. See ODAWARA.                       OS/PRINCE, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 2 miles
OSIMO, osle-mo, (anc. Auximum,) a town of Central Italy, W.S.W. of Feversham. Here are the ruins of a hospital,
Pontifical States, on a hill near the Musone, 9 miles S. of founded by Henry III.
Ancona. Pop. 13,430.                                         OSS or OS, os, (formerly OSCH, oax,) a market-town of
OSIO-DI-SOPRA, o/se-o dee so/prg, and 0SI0-DI-SOTT0, the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, 13 miles N.E.
o/se-o dee sot/to, two adjacent villages of Austrian It ly, of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1113.
province and 7 miles S.S.W. of Bergamo. United pop. 2860.   OS/SA, (Gr. Oaca; modern Kissoeio,) a mountain of ThesOSIOOT, a town of Upper Egypt. See Ssoog.                saly, on the E. side of the river Peneus, immediately N. of
OSKALOOISA, a flourishing post-village, capital of Ma- Mount Pelion, and bounding, with the opposite chain of
haska county, Iowa, 4 miles N. of the Des Moines River, Mount Olympus, the reputed vale of Tempe.
and 70 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. It has an elevated and    OSSA, os/sa, a river of West Prussia, joins the Vistula
healthy situation in the midst of a fertile country. It con- near Graudenz, after a W. course of 45 miles.
tained in 1851 several churches, a state normal school, 10    OSSA, os/sa, a bay of the Malay Archipelago, on the E.
dry-goods stores, and 2 steam-mills. A newspaper is pub- side of Gilolo. with the village of Ossa on its S. coast.
lished here. A plank-road, about 100 miles long, is in pro-   OSSA, ostsd, a town of Russia, government and 58 miles
gress from 0skaloosa to Burlington. Four-horse coaches run  S.W. of Perm, on the Kama. Pop. about 2000.
daily from this place in several directions. Laid out in 1844.   OS/SABAW' ISLAND, of Bryan co., Georgia, at the mouth
Pop. June, 1851, 916; in 1853, about 1500.                 of Ogeechee River, is about 10 miles long. Ossabaw Sound
OSKOL, os-kolt, a river of Russia, rises in the government is situated immediately N. of the island.
of Koorsk, flows generally S., and in the government of   OSSABLIKOVO or OSSABLIKOWO, os-so-ble-ko/vo, a town
Kharkov joins the Donets on the left, about 15 miles below  of Russia, government and S.E. of V1adimeer. Pop. 2860.
Izioom. Total course, partly navigable, 210 miles.           OSSAGO, os-sl/go, a village of Adstrian Italy, province
OSKOL NOVOI, os-kole no-voi/, a town of Russia, govern- and 5 miles S.'of Lodi. Pop. 1296.
ment of Koorsk, capital of a district, on the Oskol, an aftlu-   OSSAIA, os-sI/I, (i. e. "the bones,") a frontier village of
ent of the Donets, 92 miles S.E. of Koorsk.                Tuscany, province of Arezzo, 3 miles S. of Cortona, and N.
OSKOL STAROI, os-kol/ stl-reit, a town of Russia, govern- of the Lake of Perugia, (anc. Thrasymelnus.) From the numment of Koorsk, on a hill, 70 miles E.S.E. of Koorsk.      ber of human remains found here, it it supposed to be the
OSLAUAN, os/16w-In', or OSLAWANY, os-lI-f4/nee, a  site of the famous victory gained by the Carthaginians nnmarket-town of Austrian Moravia, 12 miles W.S.W. of  der Hannibal, over the Romans under Flaminius, B. c. 217.
Briinn, on the right bank of the Oslawa. Pop. 1162.          OSSAU, GAVE DE. See GAVE D'OSSAU.
OSMA, ostmI, (anc. Oxoma?) a town of Spain, province. OSSA/WA, a post-office of Clinton co., Michigan.
and 26 miles S.W. of Soria, on the Ucera. Pop. 617. It has    OSSEG or OSSEK, os/sek, a village of Bohemia, 22 miles
a fine cathedral, and some Roman antiquities.              N.W. of Leitmeritz, with a magnificent abbey, which has a
OSMA, (anc. Os/suss,) a river of European Turkey, Bulga- library of 40,000 volumes.
ria, joins the Danube near Nicopoiis. Length 100 miles.      OS/SEO or OS/CEO, a village of Ilillsdals co., Michigan, on
OSMAkN, os'mlnt, a town of India, Punjab, between the  the Southern Railroad, 5 miles E. of Hillsdale, has about
Indus and Jhylum Rivers; lat. 330 53' N., Ion. 720 52' E.    100 inhabitants.
OSMAN-BAZAR, os-minn b-zarf, a town of European    OSSERO, an island in the Adriatic Sea. See LoSSIue.
Turkey, Bulgaria, 32 miles W. of Shoomla.                   OS/SETT, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding.
OSMANJIK  or O)SMANDJIK, os-mln-jeek/, a town of    OSSI, os/see, a village of Sardinia, division and 4 miles
Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Seevas, 54 miles W.N.W. of Ama- S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2297.
sia, on the Kizil-Irmak, here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches.   OSSIAN, osh'yan, a post-village and township at the N.E.
It has a ruined fortress. It is unhealthy from its low situ- extremity of Alleghany co., New York, about 233/ miles W.
ation and bad water.                                      by S. of Albany. Pop. 1283.
OS/MASTON, two parishes of England, co. of Derby.         OSSIAN, a village of Wells co., Indiana, 11 miles N. of
OS/MINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         Bluffton.
OSMOTH/ERLEY, a parish of Enugland, co. of York, North    OSSIAN, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa.
Riding.                                                     OS/SIN, a small river of Wisconsin, flows into Rock River,
OSMiUS. See OsMA.                                       in Dodge co., near the S. end of Winnebago Marsh.
OSNABRUCK, (Osnabrtick.) See OSNAsURG.                    OSSINGEN, osesing-en, a village and parish of Switzerland,
OSNABRijCK, os/nI-brikN, an extensive district or land- canton and 19 miles N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1177.
drostei of Ilanover, bounded W. by Holland.  Area 2411   OSISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
square miles. Pop. 261,965.                                 OS/SINING, a township of Westchester co., New York, on
OS'NABURG, (Ger. Osmbriiclk, os/nI-briik',) a town of the Hudson River and on the Hudson River Railroad, 32
Hanover, capital of the above district, on the Ilase, an  miles N. of New York. It contains the village of Sing Sing.
affluent of the Ems, 74 miles W.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. Pop. 4939.
11,751. It is enclosed by walls, entered by 5 gates, and con-   OS/SIPEE, a post-village and township, capital of Carroll
sists of an old and a new town. Principal edifices, the old  co., New IIHampshire, on the W. side of Ossipec Lake, 45 milef
palace, Town-hall, in which the treaty of Westphalia was con- N.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 2123.
cluded in1648, Court-house, Cathedral, several Lutheran and    OSSIPEE LAKE, in the E. part of New IIampshire, in
Roman Catholic churches, and 2 gymnasia, a Lutheran or- Carroll co. It is nearly circular, being about 6 miles in its
phan asylum, numerous hospitals, and a workhouse. It greater, and 4 or 5 miles in its smaller diameter.
has manufactures of woollen cloths, tobacco, chiccory, soap,   OSSIPEE MOUNTAIN, of Grafton co., New Hampshire, a
paper, and leather. Its chief trade, the export of linen Irange lying immediately W. of Ossipee Lake.
1407




OSS                                                        OST
OSSIPEE RIVER, forms the outlet of Ossipee Lake, in    OSTIAMMER, ost-hlnsmmer, a small seaport trwn of
Strafford co., New Hampshire, and flowing easterly into  Sweden, len and 65 miles N. of Stockholm. Pop. 1000.
Maine, after forming part of the boundary between York    OSTHEIM, GROSS, groce ost/hInme, a village of Bavaria,
and Oxford counties, falls into the Saco River.            Lower Franconia, 5 miles S.W. of Aschaffenburg. Pop. 2100.
OSSONA, os-soelh, a village and parish of Austrian Italy,   OSTHEIM, KLEIN, kline ost/hIme, a village of Bavaria,
province of Pavia, 8 miles N. of Abbiate Grasso. Pop. 1469. on the Main, 4 miles N.W. of Aschaffenburg.
OSSOREE, os-so/ree, (Hindi o Asoree or Asuri,) a large vii-   OSTIHEIM-YOR-DEIt RHON, (Rhhn,) ostlhime von dir
late of Ilindostan, Mysore, 23 miles W.N.W. of Nundydroog. rhn, a town of Saxe-Weimar, principality and 87 miles S.S.W.
Near it is a noble reservoir, connected with the town by an  of Eisenach. It is enclosed with walls, and has a college
avenue of trees.                                           and hospital. Pop. 2600.
OSISORY, an old principality and a diocese of Ireland,   OSTHOFEN, ost/ho'fen, a market-town  of the grandLeinster, co. of Kilkenny, and Queen's and King's counties. duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, near
Since 1833, the Protestant as well as Roman Catholic see has  the Rhine, 6 miles N.N.W. of Worms. Pop. 2750.
had its seat at Kilkenny.                                     OSTIA, oslte-&, a village of Central Italy, Pontifical States,
OSSORY, UPPER, formerly a barony in Queen's co., Ireland. at the S. mouth of the Tiber, 14 miles W.S.W. of Rome. The
OSSUN, o'stsiNal, a town of France, department of Ilautes-  chief edifice is a castle founded in the 15th century. The
Pyr6unes, 10 miles S.W. of Tarbes.  Pop. 2964.  Near it ancient city, 15 miles distant, was, in former times, the prina. famous battle with the Saracens took place in the 8th  cipal port of Rome, but was wholly destroyed in the middle
century.                                                    ages. From its site many sculptures have been recovered.
OSSUNA, a town of Spain. See OsuoA.                        OSTIAKS, oslte-aks', a people in the S. part of Siberia,
OSTASIIKOV or OSTASCHKOW, os-t~sh-kov/, a town  between the Irtish and Yenisei rivers.
of Russia, government and 104 miles W.N.W. of Tver, on    OSTIANO. os-te-,d/no, or USTIANO, oos-te-l/no, a town of
Lake Salig. Pop. 8990. It is built mostly of wood, but its  Austrian Italy, 8 miles N.W. of Canneto. Pop. 3400.
public edifices are handsome stone structures, and comprise    OSTIGLIA, os-teellyS, (anc. fostilia,) a town of Austrian
several churches and hospitals, and an extensive bazaar. Italy, 17 miles E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 3000.
It has large salt and spirit magazines, malt-houses, tanneries,   OSTR, a river of Russia. See OSTER.
soap works, and ship-building docks.                          OSTRA, os/ttr. OSTRAU, osltr6w, or OSTRAWA, os-trfdA,
OSTE, os/tgh, a river of Hanover, rises in the W. of the  a town of Moravia, 6 miles S.S.W. of Hradisch, on an island
principality of Lineburg, flows N.W. and enters the estuary  formed by the March. Pop. 2430. Here is a castle, the proof the Elbe, 4 miles N.E. of Otterndorf; length 80 miles.    perty of Prince Liechtenstein.
OSTEND, os-tdnd/. (Fr. Ostende, os't6Nd/,) a fortified sea-   OSTRASIA, os-trs/ehe-a, (Fr. Ost-asie, os'tr,'zeel,) or AUSport town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the  TRASIA, aws-trlshe-a, (Fr. AustrPasie, 6s~tr'zee/,) the most
North Sea. 60 miles N. of the North Foreland (in Kent). Lat. eastern of the portions into which the empire of Charle510 14' 1"N., Ion. 20 55' 5' E. Pop. 14,506. It is regularly  magne was divided by his successors. It appears to have
and neatly built, and its houses are painted of different extended from the Meuse on the west to the Bihmerwald
colors. Principal edifices, the citadel, and a good bathing-  Mountains on the east, and to have included the W. part
h6use, it being a watering-place sometimes resorted to by  of the archduchy of Austria. The name is derived from the
the Belgian court. It has a large inner harbor, which is Teutonic ost or oster, "eastern," being from the same root as
however not always accessible; some sugar and salt re- AUSTRIA, (Oesterreich: i. e. "eastern Kingdom.") In like
fineries, sailcloth, soap, and other factories, rope-walks, manner NoUSTnIA is supposed to be derived from west, (Fr.
building-dlocks, active cod and herring fisheries, and a large  Guest,) the initial N being prefixed perhaps for the sake of
trade in agricultural produce. It has regular steam com- euphony, or for more clearly marking the distinction bemunication with London and Dover, and is connected with  tween this name and Austria or Ostrasia.-Adj. and inhab.
Antwerp by the great Belgian Railway, and' with Bruges  OSTRAsIAN, os-trA/she-an, or AUSTRASIAN, aws-trlishe-.an.
by the Ostend and Bruges Canal.  A submarine electric    OSTRAU, osetrhw, a town of Moravia, on the Ostrawitza,
telegraph connects it with England. Ostend was founded in  30 miles N.E. of Weisskirchen. Pop. 1690.
the 9th century, walled in 1445, and regularly fortified in    OSTRAWITZ, os/tri-Mits', a village of Moravia, on the
1585, by the Prince of Orange. It sustained a memorable  Ostrawitza, 20 miles from Freiberg. Pop. 1317.
siege from 1601 to 1604, during which it lost about 50,000,   OSTRINA, os-treenao, a market-town of Russia, governand the Spanish besiegers more than 80,000 men. In 1826, ment and 30 miles E.N.E. of Grodno. Pop. 1700.
a great part of the town was destroyed by the explosion of    OSTRITZ, os/trits, a town of Saxony, on the Neisse, 10
a powder-magazine.                                          miles N.E. of Zittau. Pop. 1476.
OSTEND, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.              OSTROG, os-trog/, (i. e. a "palisaded fort,") a town of RusOSTEND, a post-office of McJ-enry co., Illinois.          sian Poland, government of Volhynia, on the Gorin, 100 miles
OSTENFELD, os/ten-f lit', a village and parish of Denmark, W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 6400, of whom many are Jews. It
duchy and 16 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick.                      consists of an old and a new town, and has an ancient castle.
OSTER, os/ter, or OSTR, os/t'r, a river of Russia, rises in    OSTROGOISK, OSTROGOJSK, os-tro-goisk/, or OSTRAthe government of Tchernigov, flows W. and joins the Desna, GASCI-IHESK, os-trA-gA-shlsk/, a town of Russia, government
at the town of Oster; total course 100 miles.               and 59 miles S. of Yoronezh, on the Sosna. Pop. 4400. It
OSTER, os/ter, a town of Russia, government and 44 miles  has large magazines, and extensive horse and cattle fairs.
S.S.W. of Tchernigov, on the Desna, here joined by the    OSTROGOITHIA, (Ger. Ostergotland, os/ter-got'l1nt,) an
Oster. Pop. 2000.                                           old province of Sweden, now the lien of Linkiping.
OSTERBURG, os/tfr-beoo6',~   a town of Prussian Saxony,   OSTROK, os-trokl, a remarkable convent of Montenegro,
on the railway from Magdeburg to Hamburg, 47 miles N. 22 miles N.E. of Cattaro, near the borders of Herzegovina.
of Magdeburg. Pop. 2285.                                    It is built in a spacious cavern, on the side of a cliff, which
OSTERBY, osttfer-bti, a small town of Sweden, Ien and 29  rises 400 feet above it, and is the great stronghold and chief
miles N.N.E. of Ujpsal. It has forges and smelting houses  powder magazine of the Montenegrins. In 1768 it was defor the iron from the famous adjacent mine of Dannemora.  fended by 30 men against 30,000 Turks.
OSTERFELD, os/ter-fdlt', a town of Germany, Prussian    OSTROLENKA, os-tro-l4n/kA, a town of Poland, province
Saxony, 20 miles S.S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 970.             and 86 miles N.E. of Plock, on the Narew, here crossed by
OSTERHOFEN, os/ter-ho'fen, atown of Germany, Bavaria, a wooden bridge. Pop. 1850. Near it an engagement took
circle of Lower Bavaria, 15 miles E.N.E. of Landau. P. 592. place between the Poles and Russians in 1831.
OSTERODE, oslteh-roldeh, a town of Hanover, on a tribu-   OSTROPOL, os-trolpol, a market-town of Russian Poland,
tary of the Leine, at the foot of the Harz, 51 miles S.S.E. of government of Volhynia, 59 miles S.W. of Zhitomeer. P. 1920.
Itanover. Pop. 5197. It is enclosed by walls, and has several   OSTROV or OSTROW, os-trov!, (i. e. "island,") a town of
churches and hospitals, a gynmasium, and a castle now used Russia, government, and 35 miles S. of Pskov, on an island
as a royal granary for the supply of corn to the miners of the formed by the Velikala, here crossed by a handsome bride.
IHarz. It has active manufactures of woollen and cotton  Pop. 1500. It is enclosed by walls, and mostly built of wood,
goods, with others of table linens and long cloths, tobacco, but has a palace, and a cathedral of the fourteenth century.
soap, white-lead, and metallic and wooden wares, with    OSTROV, a town of Poland. See Osrow.
breweries, distilleries, and tanneries.                       OSTRO~ITZ, a town of Turkey. See OsTRIovzzA.
OSTERODE, a town of East Prussia, 75 miles S.S.W. of    OSTROVIZZA, os-tro-vit/s/, a market-town of Dalmatia,
Klnigsberg, on Lake Drewenz. Pop. 2610.                    25 miles E.S.E. of Zara.
OSTEROE, os/ter-ti or os/ter-6'eh. one of the F/irde Islands.   OSTROVIZZA, os-tro-vit/sS, or OSTROVITZ, os/tro-vits',
OSTER-RISOER, ostter reelsher, a seaport town of Nor- a market-town of European Turkey, Bosnia, on the Unna.
way, stift and 60 miles N.E. of Christiansand, on a penin-   OSTROYNO, os-trov/no, a town of Russia, government and
sula. in the Cattegat. Pop. 1700. It has an export trade  90 miles N.N.W. of Moheelev, on the South Dwina. Pop. 2000.
in timber and iron.                                        Here the Russians were defeated by the French in 1812.
OSTERREICIH, a country of Europe. See AUsTRIA.            OS'TROVO, os-tro/vo. a Small town of European Turkey,
OSTERSUND, oster-soondx, a town of North Sweden, capi- Macedonia, on the shore of a lake of its own name, 31 miles
tal of a lmu, 112 miles W.S.WI. of Hernhsand. Pop. 1500.   E. by S. of Monastir.
OSTERSUND, a ieon of Sweden. Area 19,208 square miles.   OSTROW, os/trov, a town of Poland, province of Siedlec,
l'op. 49,077. See JEMTLAND.                               19 miles S.S.E. of Radzyn. Pop. 1500.
OSTERWICK, oslter-4ik', a frontier town of Prussian    OSTROWIEC, os-trdv/ydts, a town of Poland, province of
iaxony, 42 miles W.S.W. of Magdebvrg. Pop. 3350.          Sandomier, 10 miles N. of Opatow. Pop. 2060.
1408




OST                                                        OSW
OSTROWO, os-trotfo, a town of Prussian Poland, 67 miles  companies of the state and New England, and about 15t
S E. o  Posen. Pop, 4510.  It has Lutheran and Roman  stores. The schools of the city are free, and organized under
Catholic churches. and manufactures of woollen cloth,      a special act of the legislature, with one high school in which
OSTRUMJA, os-troom/jl, a town of European Turkey, the languages and higher branches of education are taught
Macedonia, 53 miles S.S.W. of Ghiustendil.                 Connected with the school department is a public library.
OSTRZESZOW, a town of Prussia. See ScmHILDae..           A donation has also recently been received from the I-Ion.
OSTSEE or OESTSEE, (EAST SEA.) See BALTIC SEA.           Gerrit Smith towards establishing another ptiblic library.
OSTUNT, os-tootnee, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, Two daily and two weekly newspapers are published here.
24 miles W.N.W. of Brindisi. Pop. 6000. It is a bishop's    Oswego possesses unrivalled facilities for manufacturing.
see, and has numerous churches and convents.                The river, swelled by the waters of Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca,
OSUNA, o-soolnl, or OSSUNA, os-soolna, a town of Spain, Onondaga, and several other lakes, besides numerous tribuprovince and 43 miles E. of Seville. Pop. 17,556. It stands  tary streams, has a fall of 34 feet within the city limits, furon the declivity of a hill crowned with a castle; it is sur- nishing an immense hydraulic power.  This has been
rounded by good public walks, and has 4 hospitals, and two  rendered available by cutting a canal on each side of the
setsof barracks; it had formerly a university in considera- river, and is partially employed for numerous flouring-mills
ble repute, and it is important as a military post. Trade  and other establishments, and in elevating grain fromvessels
chiefly in corn, oil, wine, fruit, rush wares, and capers.  in the harbor. In the summer of 1854 there were in Oswego
OSVEIA  or OSVEJA, os-vAlyA, a market-town of Russia, 18 fouring-mills, with an aggregate of 100 run of stones, and
government and 98 miles N.W. of Vitebsk, on the Lake  a capacity for turning out 10,000 barrels of flour every 2Osveja. Pop. 1800.                                         hours. In 1851 there were manufactured here 511,000 barrels
OSWALDKIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, North  of flour, a greater amount than was produced at any other
Riding.                                                     place on the continent, with the exception, perhaps, of
OS'WALTDBWSTLE, township of England, co. Lancaster. Rochester. The mills and warehouses upon the harbor are
OSWAYO, os-wAlo, a creek, which rises in the N. part of capable of elevating from  vessels, 40,000 bushels of grain
Pennsylvania, and joins the Alleghany River in New York.  per hour, and of storing 225,000 bushels. There were also
OSWAY0IO, a post-township in the N.N.W. part of Potter in the city at the above-named date, 4 iron foundries and
co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 244.                               machine shops, 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, and an
OSWEGATCHIIE, (os'we-gatch/e,) a river of New York, rises establishment which annually consumed  about 200,000
in Lewis co., and flowing through St. Lawrence county, bushels of Indian corn, in the production of starch, which
empties itself-into the St. Lawrence River, at Ogdensburg. is noted for its very superior quality.
Its whole length is about 120 miles. The outlet of Black    The commerce of Oswego is very extensive and rapidly
Lake enters it about 4 miles from its mouth.               increasing. This port is the greatest wheat market in the
OSWEGATCIIIE, a township and collection district of St. state, and its Canadian trade is nearly one-half of the entire
Lawrence co., New York, on the St. Lawrence River. Pop. commerce of the United States with Canada. The annexed
of township, including Ogdensburg, 7756.                    Table exhibits a few of the leading imports for three years
OSWE/GO, a river of New York, a stream forming the  ending 1851:outlet of all the small lakes in Western New York. The
Seneca River, after having received the Canandaigua, the
Cayuga, and Owasco outlets, the Oneida River, and many                Articles.          1849.      1850.     1851.
other smaller streams, all discharge their waters into the  -
Oswego, which flows in nearly a straight course N.N.W. to    Flour, bbs..           317,758    30-,577    389,929
Wheat, bus.              3,615,677   3,847,384   4,231,899
Lake Ontario. Length 24 miles; breadth about 200 yards.    Corn, do.......              383,230    426,121   4,251,500
It is a very powerful stream, and falls, during its entire    Barley, do......          65,286    120,652    194,858
course, above 120 feet, of which 34 feet are within the city    Bye,  do.                 31,426    86,439    106,518
limits of Oswego. The Oswego Canal is formed principally by    Oats,  do......           133,597    113,463    175,584
Pease and Beans, bus...   24,012     25,068     63,634
the improvement of the natural course of the Oswego River.   Pork, bbls....              35,098    26,262     27,950
OSWEGO, a county in the N.N.E. part of New York, has    Beef, do......                20375i     6,1789    15,854
an area of about 960  square miles. It is bounded on the    Ashes, do....               10,872    11,435      4,479
N.W. by Lake Ontario, and in part on the S. by Oneida Lake    Lumber, feet             51,201,412  67,586,985  83,023,411
and River, and is drained by the Oswego and Salmon Rivers,
and other smaller streams, which furnish abundant water- Among the importseat Oswego by lake in 1853, were 391,251
power.  The surface is level or undulating; soil generally  barrelsof flour, 7,436,391 bushels of wheat, and 136,113,553
fertile. This county contains iron ore and sandstone, and  feet of lumber. The exports of flour in 1853, by canal, railsome very valuable salt springs are situated in it. It is tra-  road, and lake, exceeded a million of barrels. The total
versed by the Oswego Canal, by the Syracuse and Oswego  value of imports in 1851 amounted to $7,867,448, of which
Railroad, and by the Rome and Watertown Railroad. Or- $6,083,036 were  coastwise, and $1,784,412from Canada. The
ganized in 1816. Seats ofjustice, Oswego andPulaski. Pop. total value of exports the same year, was $i4,678,882, of
62,198.                                                     which $11,471,071 were coastwise, and $3,207,811 to Canada,
OSWEGO, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of Oswego  $2,291,911 being the value of domestic, and $915,900 that of
co., New York, is situated on the S.E. shore of Lake Ontario, foreign goods to thelatter country. The four most important
and on both sides of the Oswego River, 35 miles N.N.W. of  articles exported coastwise, were railroad iron to the value
Syracuse, and 208 miles by canal, 183 miles by the Oswego  of $1,737,160; sugar, $677,270; coffee, $338,080; and salt,
and Central line of railroads, and 170 miles by the surveyed  $328,941.  The Oswego Canal forms one of the principal
route of the Oswego and Troy Railroad, W.N.W. of Albany. outlets to the great salt district of the state. The entire comLat. 430 28' N., ion. 760 35' W. It is the most populous and  merce of Oswego, including imports and exports, amounted
flourishing town (belonging to the United States) on Lake  in 1846, to $9,502,980; in 1851, to $22,546,330; and in 1853,
Ontario, and isvery advantageously situated for trade. The  to above $40,000,000.
harbor formed by the mouth of the river is one of the best   In 1854 there were about 100 lake vessels of all classes
on the lake, and has been improved by the United States  registered and enrolled at the port, having an aggregate
government, with a pier 1259 feet in length on its W. side, burden of about 30,000 tons. The total number of vessels
and 200 feet on its E. side. It is defended by Fort Ontario, which entered and cleared during the year 1853, was 8121,
on the eastern bank of the river. The water within the  with an aggregate of 1,493,093 tons, employing 66,236 men.
pier is from 10 to 20 feet deep. The principal harbor light The number of arrivals from Canada during the year ending
is on the pier-head on the W. side of the entrance. The  June 30th, 1854, were 593, (tons 65,213,) and of clOarances 573,
Oswego Canal, and the Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, of  (tons 61,719.) During the year 14 vessels (tons 3868) were
which this is the northern terminus, connect at Syracuse  built in the district.
with the Erie Canal and the Central Railroad, and also with    Oswego is among the oldest settled places on the continent,
the Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad, which communi- the French having established a trading post, and erected a
cates at Binghamton with the line running S. to Philadel- fort here soon after the settlement of Quebec. In 1724 it
phia.. This line shortens the distance between Oswego and  fell into the hands of the English, who in that year erected
Philadelphia 100 miles, as compared with  the present a fort on the W. sideof the river. In 1755 another fort was
travelled route, and connects the commerce of Lake  Ontario  built upon the E. side of the river, on the high ground at
with that city by the shortest possible route.              the entrance to the harbor, where Fort Ontario now stands.
Oswego is handsomely built with streets about 100 feet The garrison at this date numbers 200 men. The next year,
wide, intersecting each other at right angles. The river 1756, the place was taken by the French under Montcalm,
divides it into two nearly equal parts, which are connected  but was subsequently surrendered again to the English, who
by two bridges above ship navigation. The principal public  retained it till given up to the United States under the Jay
buildings are the Market-house, with the City Itall, Stone  treaty in 1796. Its remarkable commercial prosperity dates
Court House, City Custom-House, Prison, and 10 churches: from the opening of the Welland and Oswego Canals. PoQ)
viz., 2Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 2 Baptist, 2 Methodist, and 2  in 1840, 4665; in 1850, 12,205; in 1855, 15,888.
Roman Catholic. There is alarge building called Doolittle's    OSWEGO, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, at the
Block, which contains one of the most extensive halls in  outlet of Tippecanoe Lake, 113 miles N. of Indianapolis.'
the northern part of the state. The city has several large  Pop. in 1853, about 250.
hotels, 2 banks with an aggregate capital of $500,000, an    OSWEGO, a handsome and flourishing post-vilblge and
insurance company, and agencies of many of the insurance  township, capital of Kendall co., Illinois, is finely situated
~~46)~~~~~~ J0~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~409




OSW;                                                        OTT
an the left bank of Fox River, 45 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. Wharfe. It is well built, has a spacious church, a small
Fox River is a beautiful and rapid stream, affording almost grammar school, and a mechanics' institute.
unlimited hydraulic power. Two plank-roads have been    OT/LfEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
sommenced, which will connect Oswego with Chicago and    OTOMACOS. See Orro0Acs.
Joliet; and the Chicago and Aurora Railroad passes this   OTOQUE, o-tonka, a small island of South America, in the
place. The village contains a handsome'stone court-house, Bay of Panama, Pacific Ocean; lat. 80 30' N., ion. 800 20' W.
2 or 3 churches, a large stone edifice for schools, 8 or 10 stores,   OTRANTO, o-trAnlto, (Fr. Otrante, o'trNtl; anc. Hydrunla mechanics' hall, and several mills. Pop. of the village turn,) a seaport town of Naples, on the Strait of Otranto,
about 1000.                                                 opposite Cape Linguetta, (in Albania,) 23 miles S.E. of Lecce.
OSWEGO, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon.          Lat. 400 9' N., ion. 180 20' E. Pop. 4500. Its castle, the
OSWEGO  FALLS, a posttownship of Oswego co., New  citadel of the town, is rendered famous by the romance of
York, on Lake Ontario, near the mouth of Oswego River. Horace Walpole, and it has an ancient cathedral, an archPop. 2445.                                                  bishop's palace, and some Roman antiquities. In 1480, it
OSWEGO VILLAGE, a small post-village of Dutchess co., was sacked by the Turks. Under Napoleon, it gave the
New York.                                                   title of Duke to Fouch&.
OSWESTRY, ozfes-tre, a municipal borough, market-town,   OTRANTO, CAPE, on the Strait of Otranto, which connects
and parish of England, co. of Salop, with a station on the  the Adriatic with the Mediterranean Sea; lat. 400 8' N., ion.
Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, 20 miles N.W. of Shrews- 180 290 E.
bury. Pop. of borough in 1851, 4817. The town, formerly    OTRANTO, STRAIT OF, connects the Adriatic with the
enclosed by walls, has a venerable and picturesque church,  Mediterranean Sea; length about 80 miles, breadth 40 miles.
an ancient grammar school, a national school, several consi-   OTRANTO, TERRA DI, tlRI/A de o-trin/to, a province of
derable charities, a town-hall, prison, theatre, and some re- Naples, forming the h6el of the boot which Italy so remarkmains of a strong castle erected in the reign of Stephen on the  ably resembles. Area 2883 square miles. Capital, Lecce.
site of an earlier structure. Its name is derived from that of  Pop. in 1850, 409,000.
Oswald, the Christian king of Northumbria, slain here in 642.   OTRAR, ot-rara, a town of Independent Toorkistan, khaOSWICI-IEE, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama.        nat of Khokan, on the Sihon, 93 miles N.W. of Tunkat; lat.
OSWIECIN, Austrian Poland. See AvscwITsz.                 440 N., ion. 670 E.
OSYK, o/sik, written also OSJK and WOSJK, a village of    OTRICOLI, o-treelko-le, a village of Central Italy, PontilBohenia, on -the Desna, 7 miles from Leitomischel. P. 1059. fical States, 25 miles S.S.W. of Spoleto, on a hill beside the
OISYTH ST. CHICK, a parish of England, co. of Essex.    Tiber. Pop. 800. Near it are the remains of the ancient
OTABALO, a town of Ecuador. See OrTAVALo.                 Ocricfnsum, the first Umbrian city which voluntarily subOTAGO, o-tA/go, or OTAKO, o-t&tko, a colonial settlement mitted to Rome. In its vicinity, December 1798, the French
of New Zealand, on Otago Bay, on the S.E. side of Middle  under Macdonald, completely routed a Neapolitan  army
Island or New Munster, 320 miles S.W. of Port Nicholson, under Mack.
established 1848, and composed chiefly of Scotchmen. Lat.    OTSCIIAKOW, a town of Russia. See OTCHAKOV.
420 53' S., ion. 1700 50' E. The soil of the plains is very fer-   OTSDAWA, ots-ddiwa, a post-village of Otsego co., New
tile, the pasturage abundant, and all kinds of European  York, about 85 miles W. by S. of Albany.
crops can be raised. Dunedin, the town, is rapidly on the    OTSEIGO LAKE, a beautiful sheet of water in the E. cenincrease; during the years 1848-9, 32 vessels, aggregate bur-  tral part of New York, and in the N. part of Otsego co., is
den 1739 tons, entered, and 39 vessels, aggregate burden  about 9 miles long. and from 1 to 2 miles broad. It is the
5310 tons, left, Port Chalmers. Pop. in 1851, 1740.         source of the Susquehanna River.
OTAHA, oftt-hbi,, one of the Society Islands, Pacific Ocean,   OTSEGO, a county in the eastern part of New York, has
N. of laiatea.                                              an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the
OTAIIEITE, the largest of the Society Islands. See TAnnIT. W. by the Unadilla River, and drained by the E. branch of
OTAKI, o-tllkee, a market-town of Russia, province of Bes- the Susquehanna, and by Butternut, Shenevas, and Otego
sarabia, on the Duicster, 3 miles S. of Moheelev. Pop. 1570. Creeks, which supply motive power to numerous mills.
OTAVALO, o-tI-vSlo, or OTABALO, o-tA-Bnlo, a town of  Canaderagla and Otsego Lakes are comprised within its
Ecuador, 40 miles N.N.E. of Quito. It is said to be populous.  limits. The surface is broken and hilly. The soil is various.
OTCIIAKOV, OCZAKOW  or OTSCHAKOW, otch-&-kovl, Iron ore, sandstone, limestone, and marble are its principal
written also OTCIIAKOF and OTSIIAKOY, (anc. Axiaca t)  mineral productions. Capital, Cooperstown. Pop. 48,638.
a town of Russia, government of Kherson, on the right bank    OTSEGO, originally called OKKUDDO, an unorganized
of the Dnieper, at its mouth in the Black Sea, 40 miles E.N.E.  county in the N. part of Michigan; area estimated at 576
of Odessa. It was besieged and taken by the Russians from   square miles. It is drained by the Sheboygan River, which
the Turks in 1737, and again in 1788. The town has since  flows northward into Lake Huron. The census of 1850 furgone into complete decay. Pop. 1000.                        nishes no returns for this county.
OTEA, o-tAlI, or GREAT BARRIER ISLAND, in the South    OTSEGO, a township of Otsego co., New York, on the W.
Pacific Ocean, off the N.E. coast of New Zealand, forming  side of Otsego Lake. -Pop. 3901.
the E. entrance of IHauraki Gulf or the Frith df Thames,   OTSEGO, a post-village of Muskingum co., Ohio, 73 miles
about 20 miles long, N. to S., by 8 broad.                  E. of Columbus.
OTEIGO CREEK, of Otsego co., New York, flows south-    OTSEGO, a post-township in the S.E. part of Allegan co.,
ward into the Susquehanna River.                            Michigan, intersected by the Kalamazoo River. Pop. 818.
OTEGO, a post-village and township in the S.W. part of    OTSEGO, a township of Steuben co., Indiana.  Pop. 541.
Otsego co., New York, about 25 miles S.S.W. of Cooperstown.    OTSEGO, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 42 miles
The village has 3 or 4 churches, and about half a dozen  N.N.W. of Chicago.
stdres. Pop. 1792.                                            OTSEGO, a post-office of Ray co., Missouri.
OT/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                  OTSEGO, a post-village and township of Columbia co.,
OTI'iAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                Wisconsin, about 15 miles S.E. of Portage. Pop. 420.
OTHIERY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.              OTSEILIC, a river rises in Madison co., near the centre of
OTIP/RYS, MOUNT, a mountain chain, forming the N. New York, and flowing nearly south-westward, falls into
frontier of Greece, about lat. 390 N., and between Ion. 2110  Tioughnio-a River, in Broome county.
and 230 E., and connected westward with the Pindus chain.   OTSELIC, a post-township of Chenango co., New York,
Height from 4500 to 5700 feet. This range consists mostly  about 85 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1800.
of limestone, with much iron ore intermixed.                  OTSIIAKOV, a town of Russia. See OTCHAKOV.
OITIS, a post-township of lHancock co., Msaine, 70 miles    OTSOD, (Otsad,) ot'sedf, avillage of IIungary, co. of Bekes,
E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 124.                                on the Kriis, 73 miles S.W. of Pesth. Pop. 4311.
OTIS, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, 115    OTSQUAIGO, a postroffice of Montgomery co., New York.
miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 1224.                          OTTAIANO, OTTAJANO, ot-t —yalno, or OTTOJANO, ot-toOTIS/CO, a small,lake in Onondaga co., New York, about yno, (anc. Octaviasnus?) a town of Naples, at the N.E. foot
4 miles E. of Skaneateles Lake. Leng th about 4 miles.      of Mount Vesuvius 12 miles E. of Naples. Pop. 14,000.
OTISCO, a post-township of Ouondaga co., New York, 15    OTTAKRING, ot/tIk-ring', written also OTTOKRIN  or
miles S.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 1804.                          ADERKLING, a village of Lower Austria, 3 miles W. of
OTISCO, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of  Vienna. Popl. 3690.
Ionia co., Michigan. Pop. 1018.                               OTTAWA, ot/ta-w4, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio,
OITISFIELD, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, bordering on Lake Erie, has an area of 250 square miles. It
separated from  Harrison on the TW. by a fine mill-stream, is intersected by Portage River and Toussaint Creek. Sancalled Crooked River. 36 miles N.N.W. of Portland. P. 1171. dusky Bay washes its S.E. border. The surface is nearly
I0TISVILLE, a post-village'of Orange co., New York, on  level; the soil fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle,
the New York and Erie IRailroad, 85 niles from New York  and swine are the staples. It is intersected by the railroad
City. Named in honor of Isaac Otis, its first settler. The  from Cleveland to Toledo. Capital, Port Clinton. Pop. 3308.
milk trains for New York start from this place.              OTTAWA, a county in the W. part of Michigan, bordering
OTIVAR, o-tae-vnt, a village of Spain, Andalusia, province  on Lake Michigan, contains about 800 square miles. It is
and about 30 miles from Granada. Pop. 1313.                intersected by the Grand and Maskego Rivers. and also
OTILEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  drained by Black River and Crockery Creek. The surface
~ork, West Riding, 90 miles N.WT. of Leeds. Pop. in 1851. is mostly undulating or rolling, and is covered with forests
1522. The town is beautifully situated in the vale of the  of pine and other timber. The soil is a rich, sandy loam
1410




OTT1                                                       OTT,
Lumber is one of the chief articles of export. Iron ore is   OT/TER BRIDGE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
found in the county. Steamboats navigate the Grand River.   OTPTERBURN, a township of England, co. of NorthumCapital, Grand Haven. Pop. 5587.                          berland, 20 miles N.N.W. of Hexham. Otterburn Tower is
OTTAWA, a post-office of Ottawa co., Ohio.              an interesting ancient mansion. About half a mile from
OTTAWA, a township of Ottawa co., Michigan. Pop. 430. the village is an obelisk marking the spot where Earl DouOTTAWA, a flourishing town, capital of La Salle co., Illi- glas fell in the battle of Chevy Chase, in 1388.
nois, is situated on both sides of the Illinois River, just be-   OT/TERBURNE, a small village, Lafayette co., Wisconsin.
low the mouth of Fox River, and on the Chicago and Rock    OTTER CREEK rises in Bennington county, in the W.NW.
Island Railroad, 84 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. The Illinois part of Vermont, and flowing in a N.N.W. course through
and Michigan Canal connects it with Chicago. Improve-. Rutland county, falls into Lake Champlain in Addison
ments are being made in the rapids of the Illinois River, a  county. At several of the towns on its banks there are exfew miles below the town, which will render it navigable  cellent mill-seats. Its whole length is about 90 miles, and
for steamboats at all stages of water. The value of the  it is navigable for large vessels from the lake to Vergennes,
grain, &c., shipped at this port in 1852 was estimated at about 8miles from its mouth.
$650,000. The Fox River at this place has a fall of about 29    OTTER CREEK, Texas, flows into Trinity River from the
feet, producing a water-power which is said to be unsur- N. in Anderson county.
passed by any in tile state. Ottawa contains severalchurches,    OTTER CREEK, of Indiana, flows into the Wabash about
1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and a number of large flouring- 10 miles N. of Terre Haute.
mills and factories. Rich beds of coal are found in the vi-   OTTER CREEK, of Monroe co., Missouri, flows eastward
cinity. The supreme court for the north division of the  into the N. fork of Salt River, a few miles above Florida.
state is holden here. Pop. in 1850, 2783; in 1853, estimated    OTTER CREEK, a post-office of Jackson co., Michigan.
at 3500.                                                    OTTER CREEK, a township in Vigo co., Indiana. P. 789.
OTTAWA, a post-village and township of Waukesha co.,   OTTER CREEK, a post-village of Jersey co., Illinois, 38
Wisconsin, 30 miles W. by S. of Milwaukee.                miles N.N.W. of St. Louis.
OTTAWA or GRAND RIVER, a large river of Canada,   OTTER CREEK, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.
rises in lat. 480 30' N., Ion. 80~ W., flows E.S.E., dividing    OT/TERDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Upper and Lower Canada, and enters the Lake of the    OTVTERFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Mountains formed by the St. Lawrence, about 40 miles    OT/TERHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
W. of Montreal, after a total course of at least 800 miles.   OTTERHAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
It traverses Lakes Temiscaming., Grand Lake, and several   OTITERINGTON, NORTH, a parish of'England, co. of York,
other small lakes, and is connected with Lake Ontario by  North Riding.
the Rideau Canal. Its navigation is much impeded by    OTTERINGTON, SouTn, a parish of England, co. of York,
rapids and cataracts.  Among these may be mentioned  North Riding.
Carilon Falls, a series of rapids 12 miles in length, near    OTTERNDORF, otftern-donfl, a town of Hanover, 28 miles
Bignald and Chaudibre Falls, (Indian name Kanejo, " the  N.W. of Stade. Pop. 1864.
Boiling Pot,") about 90 miles from its mouth. The fall   OTTER PEAKS, Virginia. See PEAKS OF OTTER.
hese in no place exceds 40 feet; the rapids extend 6 miles.   OTTER RIVER, a small stream in the S. part of Virginia,
In its course through the table-land, the banks are gene- rises in Bedford county, at the base of the celebrated Peaks
rally high, but below the Chaudisre they are much less ele- of Otter, and flowing south-eastward, falls into Staunton
vated, and often inundated. It.is now navigable from its  River, in Campbell county.
junction with the St. Lawrence to the last falls above named.   OTTER RIVER, of Missouri. See LOUTRE.
This river is of great importance, from the immense quan-   OTTERSBERG, ot/ters-bRco;' a village of llanover, 15
tity of fine timber cut on its banks, and on those of its miles E.N.E. of Bremen. Pop[ 1056.
tributaries. In its lower part it gives name to a district of    OTITERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Canada West, on its S. bank.                                 OT/TER VILILAGE, a post-village of Ripley co., Indiana,
OTTAWA, a county in the N.W. part of Canada East, about 50 miles W. of Cincinnati.
has an area of 31,500 square miles. The Ottawa river forms    OT/TERVILLE, a post-office of Orange co., New York.
its S. and S.W. boundary. This county is watered by the    OTTERVILLE. a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, 50
rivers Petit Nation, Lievres, and many small streams.' Capi- miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City.
tal, Aylmer. Pop. 22,903.                                    OTITERVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of OxOTTAWA CENTRE, a post-office of Ottawa co., Michigan. ford, 100 miles S.E. of Toronto, and 19 miles from WoodOTTAWA CITY, a post-office of Ottawa co., Ohio.         stock. Pop. about 180.
OTTAWA CREEK, Ohio, flows into the Auglaize River,   OTITERY ST. MARY, a market-town, hundred and panear Kalida, in Putnam county.                             rish of England, co. of Devon, on the Otter, 12 miles E.N.E.
OTTAWA LAKE, a post-office of Monroe co., Michigan.   ofExeter. Pop.oftown in 1851,2534. Ithas a fineancient
OTTAWA RIVER, of Ohio, rises near the N. line of Lucas  church, a small grammar school, founded by Ilenry VIII.,
co., and enters Maumee Bay, at the W. end of Lake Erie.    and remains of the mansion of Sir Walter Raleigh. It is
OTTENAU, otfteh-nlw', a village of Baden, circle of M3id- the birth-place of the poet Coleridge.
die Rhine, bailiwick of Gernsbach. Pop. 1151.                OTTIGLIO, ot-teellyo, a village of Piedmont, division of
OTTENBACH, otlten-bIK', a village of Switzerland, canton  Alessandria, province and 9 miles S.W. of Casale. Pop. 1757.
and 9 miles S.W. of Zurich, on the Reuss. It was almost   OTTIGNIES, ot'teen'yeef, a village of Belgium, province
entirely burnt down by three successive fires in 1758, 1789, of Brabant, 19 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1075.
1790, and has since been rebuilt. Pop. 1959.                 OTTMACHAU, ottlminK-lw, a town of Prussian Silesia, 37
OTTENIEIM, otlten-hnmes, a market-town of Germany, miles W.S.W. of Oppeln, on the Neisse. Pop. 2740.
Upper Austria, on the Danube, 6 miles W.N.W. of Lintz.   OTITO, a post-township in the N. part of Cattaraugus co.,
Pop. 1250. It has a fine castle, and some alum-mines.      New York. Pop. 2267.
OTTENIHIEIM, a market-town of Baden, circle of Mid-     OTTO, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, 57 miles S, by
die Rhine, 6 miles N.W. of Lahr, on the Rhine. Pop. 1340. E. of Knoxville.
OTTENSEN, otften-sen, a village of Denmark, duchy of    OTTOBEUREN, otfto-boilren, or OTTERBEUREN, otfterHolstein, 2 miles WV. of Altona. Pop. 1500. It contains boi'ren, a town of Bavaria, 40 miles S.W. of Augsburg. Pop.
many summer residences of Altona and Hamburg mer- 1430.
chants. In its church-yard are the tombs of the poet Klop-   OTTOBIANO, ot-to-be-tno, a village of the Sardinian
stock, and of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, who died here  States, division of Novara, about 6 miles S. of Mortara.
after the battle of Jena.                                  Pop. 2150.
OTTENSTEIN, ot/ttn-stine'. a market-town of Germany,   OTITOBINE, a post-office of'Rockingham co., Virginia.
duchy of Brunswick, on the Weser, 5 miles S.W. of Roden-   OTTOCHACZ, otlto-xlts, a market-town of Austria, Crowerder. Pop. 1200.                                         atia, 48 miles S.S.W. of Carlstadt. Pop. 500.
OTTENSTEIN, amarket-town of Germany, Prussian West-   OTTOJANO. See OTTAIANO.
phalia, 30 miles W.N.W. of ltinster. Pop. 940.               OTTOIKEE, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
OT/TER, a river of England, county of Devon, enters the    OTTOMACS or OTTOMAQUES, ot'to-mlkst, (Sp. Oto0aaEnglish Channel near Otterton. Total length 24 miles.      cos, o-to-milkoce,) a degraded and ferocious race of Indians
OTTER, a river of Germany, Rhenish Bavaria, joins the  in the W. part of Venezuela.
Rhine.                                                       OTTOMAN EMPIRE. See TURKEY.
OTTERBACH, ottier-b'K', (O aER and NIEDEn, neelder,) two    OTTONE, ot-tonuA, a town of the Sardinian States, division
contiguous villages of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Otter, S. of  and 25 miles N.E. of Genoa, near the Trebbia. Pop. 4280.
Landau. Pop. of Ober Otterbach, 1756; of Nieder Otter-   OTTOMAQUES. See OTronACS.
bach, 421.                                                  OTTOSCHIWANDEN, otftosh-tvin'den a villae of Bsden,
OTTERBERG, otlter-blR', a town of Rhenish Bavaria, circle of Upper Rhine, near Emmendingen. Pop. 1190.
capital of a county, 31 miles NW. of Spever. Pop. 2580. It   OT/TRINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East
has Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and Calvinist churches, Ridin-g.
manufactures of woollen cloth anid leather, and trade in    OTTSIVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,
cattle.                                                   112 miles E. of Harrisburg.
OTTERBEUREN, a town of Bavaria. See OTTOBnEUREN.          OTTUMWA, ot/tm-wa',(?) a thriving post-village, capital
OTTERBIElt, a post-office of Wayne co., Mlissouri.      of Wapello county. Iowa. on the left bank of the Des Moines
OTITERBOURNE, a pi{rish of England: co. of Hants.       River, 75 miles N.W. of Keokuk. Improvements have been
1-411




OTT                                                     OUR
commenced on the river, which, when finished, will render some distance along the S. bank of the Goggra, here crossed
it navigable for steamboats. The village is surrounded by  by an English iron bridge, 77 miles E. of Lucknow. It is
a rich farming country. One or two newspapers are pub- large, and greatly venerated by Hindoos, but much of it is
lished here.                                            in ruins, and all its chief edifices are Mohammedan.
OTTWEILER, ottf/i'ler, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 33   OUDENARDE, a town of Belgium. See AUDENARDE.
miles S.E. of Treves. Pop. 2260.                          OUDENBOSCH, oolden-bosK', a mariet-town of the Nether
OTUMBA, o-toomlbi, a village of the Mexican Confedera- lands, North Brabhant, 11 miles W. of Breda. Pop. 2640.
tion, state and 35 miles N.E. of Mexico.                  OUDENBOURG, oo'd6NcebooRx, a village of Belgium, proOTURA, o-toolrA, a town of Spain, Andaiusia, province vince of West Flanders, 11 miles W.S.W. of Bruges. P. 1553.
and S. of Granada. Pop. 1290.                             OUDERKERK, Owlder-kURkx, a village of the Netherlands,
OTWAY, PORT, ot/wAi W. coast of Patagonia, about 15  South Holland, 6 miles E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1440.
miles N.E. of Cape Tresmontes; lat. 460 491 30"t S., ion. 750   OUDERKERK, a village' of the. Netherlands, parish of
18' 15" W.                                              Ouderamstel, North Holland, 3 miles S. of Amsterdam, with
OTWAY WATER is a considerable inland sea of Terra  a Jewish cemetery.
del Fuego.                                                OUDE-SCHILD, HET, hit 6wfdeh-sKilt, a village of HolOUACHITA, a river of Arkansas. See WASHITA.           land, province of North Holland, island of Texel. Pop. 1058.
OUACHITA (pronounced and sometimes written WASH'- 0UDEWATER, 6wIdeh-Wi'ter, a town of the Netherlands,
ITAW/) CITY, a post-village of Union parish, Louisiana, on  province of South Holland, on the Yssel, 18 miles E.N.E.
the Washita River, about 200 miles N.N.W. of Baton Rouge. of Rotterdam.  Pop. 2000. Arminius (Hermensen) was
A newspaper is published here.                          born here in 1560.
OUAD, EL, 61 oo'ldl, or OUED, oo'df, a village of Alge-   OUDEYPOUR. See ODEYPOOR.
rian Sahara, district of Souf, 119 miles S. by E. of Biskra.   OUDGHIR, ood-gheert, (ane. Udayaghiri,) a village and
Pop. 2000.                                              port of India, in the Deccan, dominions of Hyderabad, 43
OUAD-EL-HABID.  See WAD-EL-HABID.                     miles N.N.W. of Beeder; lat. 180 18' N., Ion. 770 16' E.
OUADINOUN or OUADYNOUN. See WADINOON.                   OUDINSK, a town of Siberia. See OODINSK.
OUAD-MEDINA, a town of Egypt. See WAD-MEDINA.           OUDON, ooWd)NGI, a town of France, department of LoireOUAINE, ooAn/, or OUANNE, oo'Annl, a river of France, Inf6rieure, on the right bank of the Loire, 14 miles N.E. of
rises in the department of Yonne, and after a W. course of Nantes. Pop. 1600.
45 miles joins the Loing near Montargis, in the department   OUDON, a river of France,.department of Mayenne, joins
of Loiret.                                              the Mayenne, 10 miles below Segro. Length 40 miles.
OUAINE or OUANNE, a market-town of France, depart-   OUDSHOORN, 6wd/h6Rn, a village of the Netherlands,
ment of Yonne, at the source of the river of same name, 12 province of South Holland, on the Old Rhine, 7 miles E. of
miles S.S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 1233.                     Leyden. Pop. 1691.
OtJALAN, UALAN, oo-A-lun/, or STRONG'S ISLAND, an    OUESSANT ISLAND, France. See UsHANT.
island in the Pacific Ocean, Carolines, Mont Crozet, 2156 feet   OUFA, a river and town of Russia. See OoeA.
in height, is in lat. 50 30' N., ion. 1630 30' E. Length about   OUGHTER, LOUGH, 1n 8H/ter, a lake.of Ireland, Ulster,
10 miles, by 7 in breadth. Estimated pop. under 1000.   co. of Cavan. Length 5 miles, breadth 3 miles. Area 3335
OUANLIN or OOANLIN. See WANLIN.                       acres. It is formed by an expansion of the Erne.
OUARGLA, oo-aaRgli: a town of Algerian Sahara, oasis of   OUGHTERARD, 6aHIer-ardl, a market-town of Ireland,
the same name, 92 miles E. by N. of Gardaia; lat. 320 6' N., Connaught, co. and 16 miles N.N.W. of Galway, on the W.
lon.' 40 20' E. It is surrounded by a ditch and battle- shore of Lough Corrib. Pop. 650. In the vicinity are good
mented wall, crowned by 40 two-storied forts, and entdred  marble quarries of large extent.
by 6 gates. It contains a citadel and about 500 or 600   OUGHTERARD, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kiii
houses.                                                 dare.
OUASDOVEO. See WASSELA.                                 OUGLITCIH, a town of Russia. See OO0LTCH.
OUCII, a town of Toorkestan. See 0osm.                  OUGRA, a river of Russia. See OoGRA.
OUCIHE, oosh, (ance. Os/ca?) a river of France, department   OUGR]eE, oo'grAf, a village of Belgium, province and 3
of C~te-d'Or, flows N.E. and S.E. past Dijon, and joins the miles S.S.W. of Liege, with which it has communication by
Sa~ne near St. Jean-de-Losne. Length 50 miles. The Canal railway, on the Meuse. Pop. 1580.
of Burgundy accompanies it throughout.                    OUI, a river of Siberia. See Oo.
OUCH-E, an ancient district of Upper Normandy, France,   OUJ, a river of Russia. See Oozm.
now included in the departments of Eure and Orne.        OU-KIANG, a river of China. See Oo-KIANG.
OUCHES, LES, liz oosh, a village of the Sardinian States,   OULASH, a village of Asia Minor. See OOLASn.
Savoy, province of Faucigny, about 3 miles from Chamouni,   OULEAI or OULLEAY (oo-le-1)GROUP, in the Pacific
on the left bank of the Arve, about 3000 feet above the sea. Ocean, consisting of 22 islands, the S. point of the most E.
Pop. 1713.                                              of the group, Raour, in lat. 70 20/ N., ion. 1430 53' E.
OUCLIOUGANAT, oo0shoo-gi-nit,(l) or MOUNT ST. AU-   OULEOUT, 6w/le-Swt,(?) a post-office of Delaware co., New
GUSTIN, (siNt ogiis'tiNoa,) an island of the North Pacific York.
Ocean, off Russia America; 1st. 590 22' N., Ion. 1530 W.  OULLINS, ool'.lNG', a village of France, department of
OUCIIY, ooesheel, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, Rhone, with a station on the Lyons and St. Etienne Railon the Lake of Geneva, immediately S. of Lausanne, of way, 3. miles S. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 4566.
which it is the port.                                     OULTON, l1ton, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
OUCKENE, Owklki-neh, a village of Belgium, province   OULTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
of West Flanders, 17 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 2185.       OULTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West Riding,
OUCQUES, ook, a village of France, department of Loir- parish of Rothweil, 5 miles N.N.E. of Wakefield. Its beau.
et-Cher, 16 niles N. of Blois. Pop. 1362.               tiful church is a cathedral in miniature. Dr. Richard Bent.
OUDA, a river of Siberia. See OoDA.                   ley, the celebrated scholar and critic, was born here in 1661.
OUDABAD, a town, Russian Transcaucasia. See OODABAD.   OULTRE, 6wl/t'r or oollt'r, a village of Belgium, province
OUDANULLA, oo-di-ntiIlli, a small town of British India, of East Flanders, on the Molenbeek, 24 miles S.S.E. of Ghent.
presidency of Bengal, on the Ganges, a little S. of Rajimahal; Pop. 1760.
lat. 240 46' N., ion. 870 52' E. Here Cossim Ali Khan erected   OULX, oo, a village of Piedmont, division of Turin, proextensive military works, forced by the British in 1764.  vince and 12 miles S.W. of Susa, on the Dora, near its source
OUDAY, a kingdom of Africa. See WADAY.                in the Alps. Pop. 1392.
OUDE, ood, (native Ayodhya, i-yod/hyh,) a kingdom of   OUMAN, a town of Russia. See OO0AN.
IIindostan, under British protection; lat. 250 20' to 300 N.,   OUMNAK and OUNALASKA, two of the Fox Islands,
ion. 790 40' to 820 30' E.; bounded, N. by Nepaul, and else- North Pacific Ocean. See OoreNAK and OONALASKA.
where surrounded by the N.W. provinces of the presidency    OUND, oond, a town of British India, presidency of Bomof Bengal; length, from N. to S., about 230 miles; greatest bay, 5 miles N.W. of Poonah, has a fine IIindoo temple.
breadth, 180 miles; area, 23,738 square miles. The surface is   OUNDLE, fin/del, a market-town and parish of England,
mostly level, and highly fertile; it is watered by the Goggra, co. of Northampton, on the Nen, here crossed by 2 good
Goomty, Sye, and other tributaries of the Ganges. Wheat, bridges, 13 miles W.S.W. of Peterborough, and with a station
barley, rice, sugar, indigo, and others of the richest products on a branch of the London and North Western Railway.
of India, are raised in large quantities; and, in some districts, Pop. 3037. The town, nearly environed by the Nen, is very
a vast amount of nitre and other salts effioresce on the soil, neatly built; has a fine spacious church, in the early EngAmong the inhabitants are numerous Rajpoots; and many lish style; 2 ancient grammar schools, and poor's hospitals,
of the population are Mussulmen; the ruling dynasty being a union workhouse, branch bank, and good market-house.
Mohammedan. Oude was formerly a Mogul province. It   OUNILA, a village of Russia. See OONILA.
became subordinate to the British after the battle of Kalpee,   OUPA, a river of Russia. See OOPrA.
in 1765. In 1819, the Vizier threw off his nominal de-   OURAL MOUNTAINS and RIVER. See URAL.
pendence on the Mogul sovereign, and assumed the title of   OURALSK, two towns of Russia. See Oo0ALsI.
king. Political relations are conducted through the British   OURATEPE, a town of Independent Toorkistan. See
resident at Lucknow, the capital; after which city the chief I OORATEPE.
towns are Fyzabad, Oude, Baraitche, and Pertaubghur.   OURCE, oo0ss, a river of France, departments of IIautePop. 2,970,000.                                        Marne, Cate-d'Or, and Aube, after a N.W. course of 40 miles
OUDE, formerly the capital of the above state, extends for joins the Seine near Bar-sur-Seine.
1412




OUR                                                       OVE
OURCQ, oonk, a river of France, rises in the department Featlh-. River, about 110 miles N.N.E. of Benicia. Pop.
of Aisne, and after a S.W. course of 30 miles, joins the  390.
Marne near Lizy.                                            OUSMAN, a town of Russia. See OosMAN.
OURCQ, CANAL OF, (Fr. Canal d' Ourcq, kI'n/l! dooak/,)   OUSOURI, a river of Asia. See Oosoo0EE.
which supplies Paris with water, branches from the river   OUSSOUR, a town of British India. See OosooR.
Ourcq at Senlis, and terminates in the Basin de la Villette,   OUST, oost, a river of France, joins the Vilaine nesr Bedon,
N.E. of Paris. Total length 58i miles.                    after a S.E. course of 70 miles. In the most part of its course
OUREM, 6-r1NG/, a town of Portugal, Estremadura, capital it is accompanied by the canal between Nantes and Brest.
of a comarea, on a hill, 15 miles S.E..of Leiria. Pop. 3720.   OUST, a town of France, department of Arige, 8 miles S.E.
It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle.                of St. Girons. Pop. 1650.
OUREM, 5-rNG/,  a small town  of Brazil, province and    OUST, a Russian prefix. See O0sT.
55 miles E. of Para.                                         OUSTIOUG, a town of Russia. See OosTIroo.
OURFA. See OORFA.                                          OUSTIOUJNA, a town of Russia. See 00STIOOZHN A.
OURGA, a city of Mongolia. See OoRaoA.                     OUStTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
OURGHENJ or OURGHIENDJ, two villages of Central   OUST-OUSKAIA, a fort of Russia. See OosT-OoSIKAzA.
Asia. See OORGHENJ.                                          OUSTROM, a village of Austrian Silesia. See OosaoaR.
OURIOUPINSKAIA, a town of South Russia. See OonI-   OUST SYSOLSK, a town of Russia. See Oosr SYSOLSK.
OOPINSKAIA.                                                  OUST VILIOUISK. See VILI00ISK, OOSTr.
OURIQUE, oo-reetfk or 8-ree/kA, a town of Portugal, pro-   OUTAGAMIE, oo'ta-gamee/,(?) county in the N.E. central
vince of Alemtejo, 30'miles S.W. of Beja. Pop. 2300. In  part of Wisconsin, contains 675 square miles. It is interthe plain of Ouriclue, on its N. side, Alphonso I. defeated  sected by Fox (Neenah) and Wolf Rivers. The surface is
the Moors in 1139.                                         nearly level, and mostly covered with forests of pine and
OURJOUM, a town of Russia. See OoR0zooac.                other timber, from which large quantities of lumber are
OURLOUJAH, a city of Asia Minor. See OORL00ooJAH.       procured.  The soil is moderately productive.  The Fox
OURMA, a town of Siberia. See O.0RMA.                    River furnishes abundant water-power. Outagamie was
OURMIA or URMIAL. See OoRooMraE.YA.                      separated from Brown county in 1850. Capital, Appleton.
OUROE, oofrb'eh, an island of Denmark, in the Iise-fiord,   OUTEIRO, 8-t3fe-ro, a market-town of Portugal, province
an inlet ofSeeland, 29 miles W.N.W. of Copenhagen. Length  of Tras-os-Montes, 7 miles S.E. of Braganga, with a strong
4 miles, breadth 3 miles.                                  Moorish castle. Pop. 1600.
OUROIMADOU, ooroi-mg-dool, a village of West Africa,   OUPTERBY, a township of England, co. of Cumberland.
Senegambia, on the left bank of the Fa16m6, about lat. 140    OU THOU CHAN. See Oo THoo SHAN.
30' N., ion. 120 10' W.                                      OUTLAW'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Duplin co., North
OURO PRETO, 8fro prl/to, (formerly VILLA RICA,) a city  Carolina.
of Brazil, capital of the province of Minas-Geraes. It is   OUTILET, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana.
situated on several hills, at an elevation of 4000 feet   OUTRAGH, Ow-trkiH, or OUTRATI, Ow-trtthl, a parish
above the sea, 200 miles N.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. of Ireland, Connaught, co. of Leitrim, including the town
of the district, 8000. It is the residence of the governor of Balinanmore.
of the province, and seat of the provincial assembly, and has   OUTRAGH or OUTRATH, a parish of Ireland, lMunster,
several churches, a governor's palace, mint, and theatre, a  co. of Tipperary.
collegio, or Latin school, with a school of pharmacy and    OUTRAGH or OUTRATH, a parish of Ireland, Leinster,
anatomy, a public library and botanic garden, and an agri- co. of Kilkenny.
cultural normal school, founded in 1840. It is supplied with    OUTREAU, oo'tr0, a town of France, department of Pasexcellent water, and has an active commerce with Rio de  de-Calais, 2 miles S.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 2368.
Janeiro. It was founded in 1699, and called Villa IRica,   OUTREFURENS, ootr'fiiPr6NG/, a village of France, departfrom the rich gold-mines in its vicinity; it was erected into  ment of Loire, half a mile E. of St. Etienne.  Pop. 1339.
a city-in 1822, when its original name, Ouro Preto, was re-   OUT/WELL, a parish of England, counties of Cambridge
stored. Its gold-mines, though nearly exhausted, are still and Norfolk.
worked by English companies; before their decline it had    OUT/WOOD, a hamlet of England, co. of Lancaster, on
30,000 inhabitants.                                        the Irwell and the Manchester and Bolton Canal, 7 miles
OUROUMIYAII. See 00ROOMEEYAH.                            N.W. of Manchester. Pop. 2000.
OURUMPTSI, a city of China. See ORaOOSEE.                  OUVELKA. a river of Russia. See OoveLKA.
OUROUP, one of the Koorile Islands. See Ooioop.            OUYA, oo'y&, or OYAK, o'yk/. a river of French Guiana,
OURTHE or OURTE, ooat, a river of Belgium, provinces  flows N.N.E., and, separating the island of Cayenne from the
of Luxembourg and Liege, joins the Meuse, after a N. course  mainland, enters the Atlantic, after a course of 70 miles.
of 80 miles, for the last 55 of which it is navigable.       OUZIBEKS. See O0zBEKS.
OURVILLE, oon'veelf, a market-town of France, depart-   OUZBIN, ooz'been/, a village of Afghanistan, 35 miles E.
ment of Seine-Infdrieure, 10 miles N.W. of Yvetot. Pop. 1290. of Cabool, in a small elevated valley of the same name.
OTIRY'S, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.              OUZEN, two rivers of Russia. See Ooz.N.
OUSA, a river of Russia. See 0osA.                         OUZOUER LE MARCH', oo'zoo-A! leh ma'shl!, several
OUSBY, ooz/bee, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland. villages of France, of which the principal is in the depart.
OUSIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            ment of Loir-et-Cher, 17 miles W. of Orleans. Pop. 1246.
OUSE, ooz, a river of England, co. of York, is formed by.OVADA, o-v/ld, a market-town  of Piedmont, division
the junction of the Swale and Ure, flows tortuously S.E., and  and 20 miles S. of Alessandria, on the Orbe. Pop. 6177. It
unites with the Trent to form the estuary of the Iumber. was formerly fortified.
Total course about 60 miles, for the last 45 of which, or to    OVAR, o-vaJ, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, on
York, it is navigable for large vessels, and for barges as far the Ovar, at the head of its estuary, 15 miles N. of Aveiro.
as Linton. Principal affluents, the Wharfe, Aire, and Don, Pop. 5000.
from the W., and Derwent from the N.                        OVARI or OWARI (o-v&Iree) BAY OF, called also ISENO
OUSE, a small river of England, co. of Sussex, enters the  UMI, an inlet on the S. side of the island of Niphon, Japan.
English Channel near Seaford.                             Length 25 miles; greatest breadth 20 miles. Nagoya, the
OUJSE, a river of Canada West districts of Gore and Nia- principal town on its shores, is the capital of the province
gara, has a tortuous S.E. course; its basin lying E. of that of Ovanri.
of the Thames, and enters Lake Erie at Sherbrooke.. Total   OVELGONNE, (Ovelg~inne,) ofvel-gbn'neh, a market-town
course at least 130 miles, for the last 30 of which it is navi- of Oldenburg, on the left bank of the Weser, 16 miles N.E.
gable. It is connected with Lake Ontario by the Welland  of Oldenburg. Pop. 973.
Canal, which commences at its mouth.                        OIVENDEN, a township of England, co. York, West Riding.
OUSE, or.AT, a river of England, rises near Brackley,   OVIENS (Lv/enz) RIVER, S.E. 4ustralia, joins the Hlume
and flows very tortuously through the counties of North- to form the Murray, in lat. 340 48' S., ion. 1460 15' E., where
ampton, Bucks, Bedford, lIuntingdon, Cambridge, and Nor- it is of less size than the Ifume River, but of equal velocity.
folk, and enters the Wash at King's Lynn, after a course of O/ VER, a market-town and parish of England, co. and 15
about 160 miles, for the latter two-thirds of which it is navi- miles E. of Chester. Pop. 3224.
gable. Below St. Ives it has been diverted fromnt its old    OVER, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
course past Ely by the New Bedford Canal, a straight cut   OWVERALLS, a pest-office of Warren co., Virginia.
20 miles in length. Chief affluents, the Ivel, Cam, Larke,   OVERBOELAERE, otver-boo-lIrgh, a village of Belgium,
Little Ouse, Stoke, and Nar, all from the E. or S.        province of East Flanders, on the Bender, 15 miles S.E. of
OUSE, LITTLE, or BRANDON RIVER, joins the Great Audenarde. Pop. 1637.
Ouse from Suffolk, at the junction of the Stoke New Bed-   OIVERBURY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
ford Canal and the Wisbeach Canal, which connects the Nen.   O/VERFIELD, a post-office of Barbour co., Virginia.
OUSEIBURN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of York,   OVERFLAiKKEE, ofver-fitk'keh, an island of the NetherWest Riding.                                              lands, province of South Holland, between two arms of the
OUSEBURN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of York, Rhine, (or Maas.) the Haring-vliet, and Flakkee, at their
West Riding.                                              entrance into the North Sea. Length 25 miles, breadth i
OUSHNEI, a town of Persia. See OOSuNEz.                 miles.
OUS/LEY'S BAR, a small town of Yuba co., California,    OVERILL, a post-office of Upshur co., Virginia.
is situated on Yuba River, 14 miles above its junction with    OVERIJSSEL. See OVERYSSEL.
1413




OVE                                                    OWE
OIVERLAND ROUTE, the name commonly given to the are the cathedral, one of the finest in Spain, the ex-college
route from Europe to India, across Egypt, via Alexandria, of San Vicente, now used for government offices, the convent
Cairo, and Suez, and thence by steamers through the Red  of San Pelayo, the university buildings, the castle, and the
Sea and Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. Steamers from the ports general and military hospital. Its educational establishof England and France proceed to Alexandria, stopping on  ments comprise the university, with 400 to 500 students,
the way to Malta. From Alexandria passengers were for- and a library of 10,000 volumes, a normal school, and 4 primerly conveyed in boats by the Mahmnoodeeyah Canal to  mary schools. It has a theatre, a fortress of the 10th cenAtfeh, thence by steamboats on the Nile to Cairo. From  tury, and 11 public fountains, supplied with water by 2
Cairo they are conveyed across the Desert in omnibuses (or aqueducts, one of which has 41 arches. Oviedo has manuon camels or horses, at their option) to Suez. There are factures of arms, hats, and leather. It was the chief place
stations for changing horses every few miles; the central of refuge for the Christian clergy during the early domistation being well provided as a hotel. A railroad has re- nion of the Moors. In its vicinity are hot mineral spiing%
cently been completed from Alexandria to Cairo.         and baths.
OIVERMAN'S FERRY, a post-office, Muscatine co., Iowa.    OVIEDO, a province of Spain, Asturias, bounded N. by
OVERMEIRE, olver-miP'reh, a village of Belgium, province the Bay of Biscay. Area 4216 square miles. Pop. 510,000.
of East Flanders, 10 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 3132.        OVI(LIO, o-veellyo, a village of Sardinia, province and 7
OVERPELT, olver-pElt',~ a village of Belgium, province of miles W.S.W; of Alessandria. Pop. 2200.
Limbourg, on the Dommel, 19 miles N. of IHasselt. Pop. 1400.   O/VING, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
OVERSCHIE, ofver-sKee', a parish and village of the Ne-   OVING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
therlands, province of South Holland, 3 miles N.W. of Rot-   O/VINGDEAN, a parish of Englan'd, co. of Sussex.
terdam. Pop. 2440.                   O~VINGIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
OIVERSHIOLZVILLE, a small village of Lancaster co.,   OIVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Pennsylvania.                                            OVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
OVERSLAUGH, oGver-slaw, New York, in the Hudson    OVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.
River, 3 miles below Albany. The channel of the river here    OVO/CA or AVOICA, a river of Ireland, Leinster, co. of
is obstructed by sandbars, rendering the navigation difficult Wicklow, formed by the "Meeting of the Waters," Avonbeg
at low tide.                                           and Avonmore, after a S.E. course of 6 miles enters the
OIVERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  Irish Sea near Arklow, the chief town on its banks. Its
OIVERSTOWEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   vale is highly celebrated for picturesque beauty.
OIVERSTRAND, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      OVOLAU, o'vo-l1w', one of the FeejeeIslands, in the South
O/VERTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.         Pacific; lat. 170 41' S., Ion. 1780 52' W., about 8 miles long
OVERTON,' a parish of England, co. York, North Riding. and 7 miles broad.
OVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.            OVOS, ILHA DOS, eellyA doce olvoce, an island of Brazil,
OVERTON, a borough and parish of North Wales, co. of N. of the province of Maranh-io, at the entrance of the Bay
Flint, on the Dee, here crossed by an elegant bridge, 15 miles of Cuma; lat. 20 4' S.
S. of Chester. Pop. of borough in 1851, 1479. It has a    OVROOTCH, OVROUTCH, or OVRUTSCI, o-vrootchl, a
venerable church, surrounded by yew trees of great size. town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, on the
The borough unites with Flint, &c., in sending 1 member Marinns, 82 miles N. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 2500.
to Parliament. It is also a polling-place for the county.  OWASCO (o-wds/ko) LAKE, in the S.E. central part of CaOVERTON, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, bor- yuga co., New York, is about 11 miles long, and from onederin, on Kentucky, area estimated at 700 square miles. third to three-quarters of a mile wide. It discharges its
It is intersected by Obie's or Obed's River, an affluent of waters by an outlet into Seneca River. Its shores abound
Cumberland River, which flows along the N.W border. The  with picturesque scenery.
surface is mountainous, especially in the E. part. The soil   OWASCO, a post-village and township of Cayuga co., New
is mostly fertile. Iron ore and stone-coal are abundant. It Yorlk, on the E. shore of Owasco Lake, about 160 miles W.
is well timbered, and is amply supplied with water-power. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1254.
Obie's River is navigable by steamboats 60 miles in this   OWASCO CREEK, of Cayuga co., New York, is the outlet
county. Capital, Livingston. Pop. 11,211; of whom 10,146 of Owasco Lake, flowing into Seneca River.
were free, and 1065 slaves.                               OWASCO LAKE, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York.
OVERTON, a small village of Claiborne parish, Louisiana.   OWASSO, o-wdslso, a post-village and township of ShiaOVERYSSCHE -NOTItE - DAME- AU- BOIS, o'veh-reeshl wassee co., Michigan, on the Shiawassee River, 27 miles N.E.
not'r dim o bwA, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, of Lansing. The village has 3 stores and several mills.
on the Yssche, about 9 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 4587.   Pop. about 300; of the township, 392.
OVERYSSEL or OVERIJSEL, over-i4ssel, a province of   OWEGO, o-weego, a handsome and flourishing post-village
the Netherlands, E. of the Zuyder Zee, and enclosed land- and township; capital of Tioga co., New York, at the junction
ward by the provinces of Gelderland, West' Friesland, of the Owego Creek with the Susquehanna River, where
Drenthe, and HIanover and Rhenish Prussia. Area 1312  the former is crossed by the New York and Erie Railroad,
square miles. Pop.in 1853,227,683. Surface almost wholly  247 miles from  New York City.  The inhabitants are
level, and in great part marshy or heath lands, but along  extensively engaged in the lumber trade. The village conthe Yssel ts some fertile soil, producing rye, buckwheat, tains, besides the county buildings, churches of 6 or 7 dehemp, and fruits. Cattle rearing and digging turf, are the nominations, a bank, an academy, also numerous stores,
principal branches of industry. Manufactures of linen and  2 or 3 printing-offices issuing newspapers, and several flour,
cotton twist and fabrics, wicker wares, mats, and iron goods plaster, and woollen mills, besides other establishments. A
are carried on, but the exports consist mainly in rural wooden bridge unites it with the opposite bank of the river.
produce.                                               Owego is connected with Ithaca, 30 miles distant, by the
OVER YSSEL, a river of the Netherlands. See YSSE,.    Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad. Settled in 1791, and
OVETUM. See OvIEDo.                                  incorporated in 1827. Pop. of the township, 7159; of the
OIVID, a beautiful post-village and township, semi-capital village, about 4000.
of Seneca co., New York, on the dividing ridge between    OWEIGO CREEK, of New York, is formed by the East
Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, about 190 miles W. of Albany. and West Branches, which unite in Tioga county. It flows
The village is delightfully situated on the W. slope of  nearly southward, and enters the E. branch of the Susquethe dividing ridge1 about 31 miles from either lake. It hanna River at Owego.
commands a beautiful view of Seneca Lake and the sur-   OWEN, o0en, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube,
rounding country. It contains a court-house, an incorpo- on the Lauter, 18 miles S.E. of Stuttgart.
rated academy, 3 meeting-houses, a newspaper office, 3    OI/WEN, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area
public-houses, a steanm-mill, and 8 stores. Pop. about 700; estimated at 360 square miles. The Kentucky River bounds
ofthe township, 2248. -                                 it on the W., and the Eagle Creek washes part of its eastern,
OVID, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.            and ali of its north-western border. The surfiace is unduOVID, a post-township in the S.E. part of Branch co., lating, and the soil is fertile. The subjacent rock is the blue
Michigan. Pop. 710.                                    limestone. The navigation of the Kentucky River has been
OVID, a post-village in Madison co., Indiana.        improved by locks and dams on the border. Formed in
OVID, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois.            1819, and named in honor of Colonel Abram Owen, who fell
OVIDIOPOL, o-ve-de-o/pol, (L. Ovidiop/elis,) a fortified sea- at the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, Owenton. Pop. 10,444,
port town of South Russia, government of Kherson, on the of whom 8910 were free, and 1514 slaves.
estaary of the'Dniester, opposite Akerman, and 20 miles   OWEN, a county in the S.W. central part of Indiana,
S.W. of Odessa. Pop. 1400. It has a custom-house and a contains about 400 square miles. It is drained by the West'azaretto, it being a station of the Russian fleet in the Fork of White River. The surface is mostly undulating,
Black Sea.                                             excepting the river bottoms, which are large and fertile.
01VID LANDIING, of New York, on the Cayuga and Sus- The soil of the uplands is also good, and adapted to wheat,
quehanna Railroad, 36 miles N. of Owego.               corn, oats, and grass. The county contains extensive beds
OVIEDO, o-ve-AfDo, (anc. Lu/cus As/turum, afterwards of coal and iron ore, which yields about 40 per cent. of meOveltuan,) a city of Spain, in the N.W., capital of a province, tal. The river is navigated by small steamers through this
near the confluence of the Ovia and Nora Rivers, 61 miles county, during high water. Organized in 1819. Capital,
N.N.W. of Leon, and 57 miles E. of the Portuguese frontier; Spencer. Pop. 12,106.
lat. 430 22' N., lon. 50 57' W. Pop. 9,384. The chief edifices   OWEN, a township of Dallas co,'Arkansas. Pop. 366.
1414
/,




OWE                                                       OXF
OWEN, a township of Clarke co., Indiana. Pop. 680.        OXENDEN, LITTLE, is a locality 2 miles S.W. of MarketOWEN, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 634.    Harbdirough, England.
OWEN, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 1257.      OX/ENIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
OWEN. a township of Vauderburg co., Indiana. Pop. 728.   OX/ENHOPE, a hamlet of England, co. of York, West
OWENBOROUGII, a thriving post-village, capital of Da- Riding.
viess co., Kentucky, is situated on the Ohio River, 155 miles    OX/ENTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
below  Louisville.  The navigation is seldom  obstructed    OX/PORD  or OXFORDSIIIRE, ox/ford-shjr, a central
either by ice or by low water below this place. Owenbo- county of England; having S. the County of Berks, from
rough is the principal shipping port of the county. It con  which it is wholly separated by the Thames. Area 739 square
tains a court-house, 3 churches, an academy, and a branch  miles, or 472,960 acres. of which upwards of 400,000 are under
bank. One newspaper Is published here. P. in 1853, 1600. cultivation. Pop. in 1851,170,439. Surface mostly level, or
OWENSBOROUGH, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana.   undulating, except in the S., where it is traversed by the
OWEN'S LAKE, near the centre of California. is situated  Chiltern Hills.' Soil in the N. a fertile loam, elsewhere grain about 360 35, N. lat., and 1170 50' W. ion. It is about 16 velly, or thin, and on a limestone subsoil. Principal rivers,
miles long by 6 miles wide, and receives Owen's River.    the Thame, Cherwell, Windrush, and Evenlode, affluents of
OWEN'S MILL, a post-office of Buckingham co., Virginia. the Thames. Barley, wheat, and turnips are the main crops.
OWEN SOUND, or SYDIENIHAM, a thriving post-village Dairy produce of excellent quality.  Stock of sheep large,
in the township of Sydenham, Waterloo co., Canada West, especially on the Chiltern Range. The Oxford Canal, 91 miles
on Georgian Bay, 110 miles N.W. of Toronto. Pop. 800.    in length, traverses the county from N. to S.. connecting the
OWEN'S RIVER, a small stream of Mariposa aud.Tulare  Thames with the Coventry Canal, and through it with the
counties, California, flows into Owen's Lake.             Mersey, Severn, and Trent, and a branch of the Great WestOTWENSVILLE, a village of Westchester co., New York, ern Railway extends in the same direction. Principal towns,
on Croton River, about 112 miles S. of Albany.            Oxford, Banbury, Woodstock. and Henley. The county sends
OWENSVILLE, a post-village of Sampson co., North Ca- 3 members to the House of Commons, and 6 are sent by its
rolina, 84 miles S.S.E. of Raleigh.                       boroughs and university. The aboriginal inhabitants of this
OWENSVILLE, a post-village of Saline co., Arkansas.     county, the Dobuni, are said to have welcomed their Roman
OWENSVILLE, a post-office of. Clermont co., Ohio.       conquerors, and always to have lived contentedly under
OWENSVILLE, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, 9  them. Roman remains are numerous in the county.
miles S.W. of Princeton. Pop. in 1853, about 400.           OX/FORD, (L. Oxosnia,) a city, parliamentary borough, and
OWENSVILLE, a small village of Clay co., Missouri.      the seat of one of the principal universities of England,
OWENSVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of Prince  capital of the county of Oxford, between the junction of the
Edward, 10 miles S. of Belleville. Pop. about 100.        Isis and Cherwell, here crossed by numerous bridges, 55
Of WENTON, a tlhriving post-village, capital of Owen co., miles W.N.W. of London, on the Great Western Railway,
Kentucky, 28 miles N. of Frankfort. It is connected by  and branch. Lat. 510 45' 55/ N., Ion. 1015'29/'W. Area of
turnpike with Warsaw, on the Ohio River; it contains 3  parliamentary borough, 2930 acres. Pop. in 1851, 27,843.
churches.  Settled in 1828.                                It stands in an undulating amphitheatre, surrounded by
OIWER-MOIGNE. a parish of England, co. of Dorset.        wooded meadows, and encompassed on the W., S., and E., by
0/WERSBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           hills, but opens towards the N. into a clampaign country,
OWITHYIEE. See HAWAII.                                   and presents a magnificent appearance, with its numerous
O/WING'S LANDING, a village of Warren co., Missouri.  spires and domes; that of the Radcliffe Library being the
OWING'S MILLS, a post-village of Baltimore co., Mary-  most conspicuous. The Iiigh Street, proceeding from E. to W.,
land, on the Westminster Branch Railroad, 17 miles N.W. and entered by a handsome stone bridge over the Cherwell,
of Baltimore.                                             is one of the noblest thoroughfares in Europe, In it are
O/WINGSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bath co., Ken- Magdalen, All Souls, Queen's, and University Colleges, and
tucky, about 45 miles E. by N. of Lexington, has a fine  the University Church.  At right angles with this street,
court-house and two or three churches.                    is another line upwards of 1 mile in length. In this are
OWLA, 0w/ll, or AULA, a decayed town of British In- Christchurch College and the Town Hall, and its N. part is
dia, presidency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 16 miles  very broad, and ornamented with rows of elms. Parallel
N.W. of Bareily, on the S.W. of the Nawaul Nullah. In  to High Street, is Broad Street, in which are Baliol, Trinity,
the environs are various ruins of palaces and mosques.     and Exeter Colleges, the Ashmolean Museum, Clarendon
OWL CREEK, Ohio. See YERNO0 RIVER.                       Rooms, Seldonian Theatre, and near it the Academical
OWL/PEN, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.         Schools, with the Bodleian Library and Picture Gallery.
OWL PRAIIRIE TOWN, a post-village of Daviess co., In- Several of the streets are lined with substantial private
diana, on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 16 miles N. of Wash- residences, and a new and handsome suburb has been built
inston, the county seat.                                   within the last 25 years.
OWL'S HEAD, a headland on the W. side of the entrance    The Cathedral of Oxford, attached to Christchurch College,
of Penobscot Bay, Maine. On it is a fixed light, elevated  and on the site of a priory founded in the 8th century, is
147 feet above the level of the sea. Let. 440 N., Ion. 680 58' W. an edifice of different styles, between the 12th and 16th
OWM/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             centuries, with a spire 146 feet in height. Its see comprises
OWRA, 6w'/r, a town of India, province of Malwah, on  the county of Oxford, and the archdeaconries of Berks and
the Chlumbul, 75 miles S.S.W. of Kotah; lat. 240 12' N., ion. Bucks. Revenue of bishopric in 1847, 25061. St. Mary's
750 261' E.                                                Church, used for academical services, has a spire of 180 feet
OW/RAM, NORTH, a township of England, co. of York, in height, and is a fine structure, though disfigured by a
West Riding.                                               heavy porch. Carfax, or St. Martin's, is the corporation
OWRAM, SOUTH, a township of England, co. of York, church. St. Peter's in the East is the oldest existing church
West Riding.                                              in Oxford, (supposed to have been built about the 9th cenOWS/LEBURY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.           tury;) its older parts are Saxon, and it has a crypt of the
OWS/LEY, a county situated in the E. central part of Ken- same architecture. St. Mary Magdalen is a handsome church
tucky, has an area estimated at 460 square miles. It is in the decorated style. St. John's, All Saints', and St. Giles',
drained by the Kentucky River and its three forks, which  also deserve notice. In the city are also 10 other benefices.
unite near the centre. The surface is hilly or mountainous, Besides the colleges, several of which, as Christchurch, New
and mostly covered with forests; the soil is rather poor,.ex- College, All Souls, Magdalen, and Queen's, are of imposing
cepting near the streams. Coal and lumber are the chief  architecture, and have rich internal ornaments; the other
articles of export. Extensive mines of iron ore and stone- principal buildings are the town and county hall, music hall,
coal have been found. Formed in 1842, and named in honor city bridewell, sessions house, and county jail, a Gothic
of William  Owsley, late governor of the state. Capital, embattled structure on the site of the ancient castle, the
Booneville. Pop. 3774, of whom 3638 were free, and 136 slaves, market-houses, Radcliffe infirmary, house of industry for 11
OWtSTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            parishes. many almshouses, and chapels for Roman Catholics,
OWSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. Methodists, Independents, and Baptists.
OW/TIIORNE, a maritime parish of England, co. of York,   Oxford has large diocesan and national schools, numerous
East Riding, on the North Sea. The sea has made great charitable endowments, several hanks, and it had formerly
inroads here, and covers a submarine forest.               many flourishing hotels, and was a centre of a good deal of
OW/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.   stage coach traffic. It is at present chiefly supported by its
OWYHEE, one of the Sandwich Islands. See HAWAII.    University, though it has some transit trade in coals and
OWY/iHEE  RIVER, in the E. central part of Oregon, rises corn, facilitated by wharves and quays on the Isis. It is
on the W. slope of the Blue Mountains, and falls into the  governed, exclusive of the University, by a mayor, 9 alder-.
South Branch of Lewis River.                               men, and 30 councillors, and is the seat of quarter and petty
OX!BOROUGIt, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        sessions, a mayor's court, and court of husttngs, and of
OXIBOW, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York, on  assizes and monthly courts for the county. It sends 2 men.
Oswegatchie River, about 28 miles N.N.E. of Watertown.    hers to the House of Commons for the town, and 2 members
OXBOW, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania.      for the University.
OXBOW. a post-office of Putnam co., Illinois.             The University of Oxford consists of 19 colleges, and 5 halls.
OX/COMB, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           Their names and date of foundation are as follows:-UniOXIENDEN, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- versity College, reputed to have been founded in 872, revived
ampton.                                                   in 1249; Baliol, founded between 1263 and 1268, and of which
1415




OXF                                                         OXF
Wickliffe was once master; Merton, founded at Malden in  espoused high church and tory principles. The Universit)y
Surrey, in 1264, and removed to Oxford in 1274; Exeter, has sent 2 members to the I-louse of Commons since the
founded 1314; Oriel, a handsome and richly ornamented  time of Edward I.- A student of Oxford is called an Oxo
edifice, dating from  1326; Queen's, founded in 1340, the  NIAN, ox-olne-an.
buildings of which are among the finest in the city; New    OXfFORD, a county in the W. part of Maine, has an area
College, 1386, with the most gorgeous and elegant chapel in  of about 1700 square miles. It is watered by the Androsthe University; the garden of this college is beautifully laid  coggin, Margallaway, Saco, and other smaller rivers. In
out, and interspersed with majestic trees; Lincoln, founded  the N. part are several lakes connected with Umbagog Lake,
1427; All Souls', 1437, with a noble hall, and a library of  one of the principal sources of the Androscoggin River.
40,000 volumes; Magdalen, 1456, at the entrance of the city  Some parts, especially in the N. and N.W., are rough and
from London, with much fine Gothic architecture, and a  mountainous, but a large portion is' fertile, and well adapted
hall that has been the banqueting room of many English  to cultivation, particularly along the banks of its many
sovereigns; it is remarkable for theextent and beauty of lakes and rivers. Indian corn, potatoes, wool, and grass
its meadows, gardens, and walks; but chiefly for its tower, are the staples. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad
an exquisite specimen of rather late perpendicular, and one  passes through this county. Capital, Paris. Pop. 39,763.
of the most gracefully proportioned buildings in the king-   OXFORD, a post-township of.Oxford co., Maine, 35 miles
dom; Brazen Nose, founded in 1509; Corpts Christi, in 1516; S.W. of Augusta, intersectted by the Atlantic and St. LawChristchurch, originallyfounded by Cardinal Wolsey in 1525, rence Railroad. Pop. 1233.
and with by far the most extensive buildings and grounds    OXFORD, a thriving post-village and township of Worbelonging to any of the colleges, a W. front, 382feet in length, cester co., Massachusetts, on the Norwich and Worcester
a tower, containing the " Great Tom," a bell, weighing 17,000  Railroad, 11 miles S. by WV. of Worcester. It contains a
pounds; magnificent hall, picture gallery, library, &c.; bank, 5 or 6 cotton-mills, several woollen-mills, and numeTrinity, founded in 1554; St. John's, in 1557, with handsome  rous boot and shoe factories. Pop. of the township, 2380.
buildings in the N. part of the city; Jesus, founded in 1571;   OXFORD, a post-township of New Haven co., Connecticut,
Wadham, in 1613; Pembroke, in 1620; Worcester College, in  intersected by the Naugatuck Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of
1714; and St. Mary's, New Inn, St. Alban, Magdalen, and St. New Haven. Pop. 1564.
Edmund's Halls, which two last are unendowed academical   OXFORD, a post-village and township of Chenango co.,
houses. Total number of members in the University in  New York, on the Chenango River and Canal, 110 miles by
1848, 6020.                                                 land, or 156 miles by canal W. by S. of Albany. The viiBesides the buildings of each individual college and hall, lago is beautifully situated on both sides of the river, here
are others even of a more magnificent description, belonging  crossed by a bridge, and on the projected and organized
to all in common, or to the University properly so called. railroad from Binghamton to Utica, 33 miles N.N.E. of the
Of these the most remarkable are the Theatre, built by Sir former, and 60 miles S.S.W. of the latter. It contains
Christopher Wren, and used by the University on great churches for the Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists,
public occasions, and, though only 80 feet long by 70 feet Episcopalians, Universalists, and Catholics; a flourishing
broad, so arranged as to accommodate nearly 4000 persons; academy founded in 1795, a printing-office, from  which a
the buildings called the Schools, used for the examination  weekly newspaper is issued, 21 stores, and the Oxford Itoe
of candidates for degrees, and similar purposes, and con- and Edge Tool Company. This company employ about 50
sisting of a handsome quadrangle, of late or debased Gothic, hands, and furnish hoes and edge tools, especially the forthey partly form a picture-gallery, and partly accommodate  mer, to every part of the United States. A new academic
the rich treasures of the Bodleian Library, which occupies  edifice and 2 boarding halls have recently been erected, at
one side of the quadrangle; the Ashmolean Museum, which,. a cost of $20,000. The surrounding county is a rich agrithough neither in extent nor value what might be expected  cultural region, famous for its butter. Pop. of the townin such a locality, is remarkable as being the earliest public  ship, 3227; of the village, In 1854, about 1600.
museum established in the kingdom, and as containing the    OXFORD, a post-village of Orange co., New York, on the
collections of the Tradescants, Elias Ashmole, &c.; the Rad- New York and Erie Railroad, 62 miles from. New York City.
cliffe Library, a splendid' structure, crowned by a dome,   OXFORD, a township of'Warren co., New Jersey, on the
which forms a conspicuous feature in every view of Oxford, Delaware, 48 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. It contains Belviand contrasts somewhat strangely, though not unpleasantly, deore, the county seat, and the small village of Oxford, P. 1718.
with the Gothic edifices around it; the Radcliffe Observatory,    OXFORD, a post-village and township of Adams co., Pennconsisting of wings and a light and elegant centre, sur- sylvania, on the turnpike road from York to Gettysburg, 10
mounted by a tower, in imitation of the Temple of the  miles N.E. of the latter. Pop. 931.
Winds at Athens; the Clarendon, originally built as a    OXFORD, a post-borough of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 69
printing-office for Lord Clarendon's works, but now used as miles S.E. of Harrisburg. It is situated in a wealthy and
a geological museum, lecture-rooms, and public offices; Uni- populous neighborhood, and contains about 60 dwellings.
versity Printing Office, a very extensive building by Blore;    OXFORD, a township included within  the chartered
and the Taylor and Randolph Institution, a magnificent limits of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware
range of buildings by Cockerell, recently completed, partly  River, 6 miles N.E. of the State House. Pop. 1787.
for the custody and exhibition of works of art, and partly    OXFORD, a post-village and port of entry of Talbot co.,
as a foundation for the teaching of modern languages. In  Maryland, at the mouth of Treadhaven Creek, a navigable
connexion with the University may be mentioned the Be- arm of Chesapeake. Bay, 12 miles S.W. of Easton, has a
tonic Garden, probably the oldest, but by no means one of  flourishing military academy. It is one of the oldest ports
the best, in the kingdom; but lately much improved, and  of entry in the state. The shipping of the district, June
enriched with the extensive Fielding Herbarium, in addition  30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 133 tons registered
to the valuable collections before possessed.               and 12,452 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year, 19
The University is governed by its own statutes, adminis- schooners —aggregate burthen of 1320 tons-were built.
tered by a chancellor, a resident vice-chancellor, who is a    OXFORD, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.
magistrate for Oxford, and the counties of Oxford and Berks,   OXFORD, a flourishing post-village, capital of Granville
2 proctors, and some subordinate officers. The corporate  co., North Carolina, 45 miles N. of Raleigh, and 12 miles W.
business is conducted by the House of Congregation, com- of the Gaston and Raleigh Railroad. The situation is beauposed of the resident doctors, heads, and professors of col- tiful and healthy. Oxford is a place of some importance for
leges, and the House of Convocation, comprising all those  its educational establishments, having in successful operawhose names remain on the books of the University, whe- tion an academy for each sex, and a Baptist female college,
ther resident or not. Public professorships are of royal or  which was opened in 1851. It also contains 3 or 4 churches,
private endowment; and in all there are 28 professors and  and 1 newspaper office. Pop. in 1850,1978; in 1853. 2500.
readers, some of whom lecture in the " Schools," the build-   OXFORD, a hanidsome post-village of Newton co., Georgia,
ings of which have been already noticed. The fellowships  2 miles N. of the Georgia Railroad, and 132 miles W. of Auand scholarships are chiefly reserved for parties who, by  gusto. It is the seat of Emory College, founded in 1837, by
birth or interest, rather than learning, acquire a title to  the Methodists. See Table of Colleges APPENDIX.
them; but at Baliol, Oriel, Lincoln, and Wadham Colleges,   OXFORD, a thriving post-village of Benton co., Alabama,
they have been thrown open to competition. Most of the  on the route of the railroad now in progress from Selma to
colleges have exhibitions, with stipends from  public bodies  Gadsden, 110 miles N. by E. of Montgomery. Pop. 300.
elsewvhere, and at Christchurch is a body of servitors, similar    OXFORD, a pleasant and thriving post-village, capital of
to the sizars of Cambridge.  The'Bodleian Library, con- Lafayette co., Mississippi, 180 miles N. of Jackson. It is
netted with the University, comprises 220.000 volumes, and  considered one of the healthiest places in the state. The
20,000 manuscripts, and is entitled to a copy of all new  State University, which is situated one mile from the viiworks published in the United Kingdom. There are besides lags, is well endowed and flourishing, and the buildings are
about 23 other libraries. Total revenues of the University  excellent. It has 4 or 5 churches, 2 seminaries for boys,
estimated at 457,4901.                                     and 2 for girls; 2 newspapers are published here. The ConUniversity College claims to have been founded by Alfred. tral Railroad of Mississippi is to pass through Oxford.
It is certain that Oxford was a seat of learning as early as   OXFORD, a post-village of Scott co., Kentucky, 22 miles
the time of Edward the Confessor. It was a principal resi- E. by N. of Frankfort.
Jence of numerous Saxon, Danish, and Norman monarchs.   OXFORD, a post-village and township of Butler co., Ohio,
In the civil war, the members of its university sided with  on the Junction Railroad, 105 miles W.S.W. of Columbus..he king, and they have generally, to the present day, The village is the seat of Miami University, founded in
1416




OXF                                                       OZO
1809, which has 6 professors, and a library of 8000 volumes.   OYNE, oin, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, Gariocb,
This institution is supported by the income arising from a  6 miles N. of Monymusk. Here are two Druidic temples, one
large grant of land from the government. Oxford contains of them of great extent. 
5 churches, and a theological seminary of the Associate Re-   OYONNAX, o'yon'n&, a market town of France, depart.
formed Church. Pop. about 2200; of the township, 3139.   ment of Ain, 8 miles N.E. of Nantna. Pop: in 1852, 3245.
OXFORD, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio, intersected  It has extensive manufactures of horn and wooden articles.
by the Tuscarawas River and Ohio Canal. Pop. 1112.          OYISTER, an island in the Bay of Bengal, off the Aracan
OXFORD, Delaware co., Ohio. See ASHLEY.                 coast; lat. 200 12' N., lat. 920 32' E.
OXFORD, a township of Delaware co., Ohio, intersected by    OYISTER, an island in the China. Sea, a little N.E. of the
the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. Pop. 828. island of Quemoy, lat. 240 38f N., lon. 1180 39' E.
OXFORD, a township of Erie co., Ohio, intersected by the    OYSTER BAY, of New York, extends from Long Island
Mansfield and Sandusky City Railroad. Pop. 984.           Sound into Queen's county.
OXFORD, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 2209.    OYSTER BAY, a post-village and township of Queen's
OXFORD, a village of IHotlmes co., Ohio, on Killbuck Creek, county, New York, on the bay of that name, about 30 miles
82 miles N.E. of Columbus.                                E. of New York. The township extends from Long Island
OXFORD, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected  Sound to Great South Bay, and is intersected by Long Island
by the Tuscarawas River and Ohio Canal. Pop. 1436.        Railroad. The village is pleasantly situated, contains
OXFORD, a post-township in the N.E. part of Oakland  churches of 4 or 5 denominations, and has steamboat comco., Michigan. Pop. 1019.                                 munication with New York. Pop. 6900.
OXFORD, a thriving post-village, capital of Benton co.,   OYSTER BAY, Tasmania, is on the W. coast of Van DieIndiana, 88 miles N.W. of Indianapolis, is surrounded by  men's Land, in lat. 420 40' S., Ion. 1480 2' E., and gives name
extensive prairies.                                       to a district of that colony.
OXFORD, a post-village of Henry co., Illinois, about 20    OYSTER CREEK, Texas, flows nearly parallel with Brazes
miles S.W. of Cambridge.                                  River, through Fort Bend and Brazos counties, and enters
OXFORD, a county in the S. part of Canada West, has  the Gulf of Mexico.
an area of 710 square miles. The railroad from Dundas, at   OYSTER CREEK, a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas.
the head of Lake Ontario, to Windsor, on the Detroit River,   OYSTER HARBOR, South-West Australia, is an inlet of
traverses this county, passing through Woodstock its capital. King George's Sound, 3 miles N.E. of Albany.
Pop. 32,638.                                                OYSTER ISLAND, British India, province and at the
OXFORD, a town of Canada West, 28 miles E.N.E. of Lon- mouth of the Aracan.
don, on the Thames.                                         OYSTER ISLAND, of Ireland, Connaught, co. and 4 miles
OXFORD DEPOT, a post-office of Orange co., New York, W.N.W. of Sligo, in Sligo Bay, 1' furlongs from the nearest
on the New York and Erie Railroad, 62 miles from New  part of the mainland. It has a beacon, and the two lightYork.                                                     houses of Sligo Port.
OX/FORD FURINACE, a small post-village in Oxford town-   OY/STERMOUTIH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glaship, Warren co., New Jersey, has an iron furnace, and 10  morgan, 5 miles S.S.W. of Swansea, with which it is conor 15 dwellings.                                           nected by railway. Pop. 1482.
OXIFORD VALPLEY, post-office, Bucks co., Pennsylvania.   OYSTER POND, New York. See ORIENT.
OX/HEY, a hamlet of England, co. and 20 miles W.S.W.   OY/STERYILLE, a post-village of Barnstable township,
of Hertford. Pop. 750.                                     Barnstable county, Massachusetts, on the S. side of Cape
OX/KILL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.            Cod, 70 miles S.E. of Boston.
OXIA, ox-eel/, one of the smaller Ionian islands, off Cape    OZAMIA, o-s/mA, a river of Hayti, rises in the central
Skropha, Acarnania. Length 4 miles, breadth 11 miles.    range of the island, flows first S.E., then S.W., and enters
OXIA. See KURZoLArlI.                                   the sea at San Domingo, after a course of above 50 miles.
OXILEY'S TABLE-LAND, Central Australia, an elevated    OZAN, a township in Hempstead co., Arkansas. P. 1547.
and verdant region, lat. 300 S., Ion. 1450 43' E.            OZARA, a market-town of Hungary.  See OzoRA.
OX/NA, one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, parish of    OZARKI, a county in the S. part of Missouri. bordering
Tingwall, 4 miles S.W. of Scalloway, 3 miles in circumfe- on Arkansas, contains about 1600 square miles. It is inrence. Pop. 19.                                            tersected by the North Fork and Bryant's Fork of White
OXINAM, formerly OX/ENIHAM, a parish of Scotland, co. River, which unite in the S. part of the county, and also
of Rcxburgh.                                               drained by the Little North Fork of the same river, and
OX'NEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            Beaver Creek. The surface is hilly, or rather mountainous,
OX/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                and covered by extensive forests of the yellow pine, which
OXOMERIA, ox-o-ml-reel, a maritime town on the W. attains a great size. The soil in the valleys and along the
shore of the island of Tinos, Grecian Archipelago. Pop. 2000. streams is fertile. The streams furnish a copious supply of
OXONIA. See OxFoR.                                       water-power.  Capital, Rockbridge.  Pop. 2294; of whom
OX/TEAD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.             2279 were free, and 15 slaves.
OX/TON, a village of Scotland. See CHANNEL KIRaK.          OZARK, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.
OXTON, a perish of England, co. of Notts.                  OZARK, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Arkansas,
OXTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.            on the Arkansas River, 121 miles W.N.W. of Little Rock.
OX/US, called also AMOO, AMOU or AMU,'mool. JE- It contains a court-house and several stores.
HOON, JIHOON, je-hoont, or GIHON, je-hon/, and AMOO    OZARK, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Missouri, on
DARIA, one of the great rivers of Central Asia, Independent Finley Creek, 14 miles S. by E. of Springfield.
Toorkistan, rises in a lake in the table-land of Pameer, in let.   OZARK, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.
370 27' N., Ion. 730 40' E., and 15,600 feet above the sea, flows    OZARK MOUNTAINS, a chain of the United States, W.
mostly north-westward, through the dominions of Khoo- of the Mississippi, in Arkansas and Missouri, extending
loom, Bokhara, and Khiva, and enters the Sea of Aral on its  N.E. and S.W., between the Arkansas and Missouri'Rivers.
S. side by numerous moliths. Let. 430 N., and ion. 580 to 590 E.   OZAU/KEE, a county in the E.S.E. part of Wisconsin, borTotal course estimated at 1300 miles. It receives some con- dering on Lake Michigan, contains about 225 square miles.
siderable affluents, but for the most part it traverses a sandy  It is intersected by the Milwaukee River, and also drained
and unproductive region. It formed the N. limit of the do- by Cedar Creek. The surface is rolling and heavily timminions of Cyrus and Alexander.                            bered; the soil fertile. Formed out of Washington county
OXIWICII, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.    in 1853. Capital, Ozaukee or Port Washington.
OXIWICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              OZAUKEE, avillage of Wisconsin. See PoRT WASHINGTON.
OYAK, a river of French Guiana. See OUYA.                  OZAWKEE, a post-office of Kanzas Territory.
OYAPOK or OYAPOC, o'y&-pok/, a river of South America,   OZEGNA, od-zln/y', a village of the Sardinian States, divi.
separating French Guiana from Brazil, joins the Atlantic by  sion of Turin, province and about 10 miles from Ivrea.
an estuary 18 miles across, 70 miles S.E. of Cayenne, in lat. 40    OZENE. See OOJEIN.
N., after a N.E. course of 180 miles, for the last 30 of which it   OZERNAIA, o-ziR-ni/, two forts of Russia, government
is navigable. On it, 25 miles from the sea, is the village of  of Orenboorg, on the Ural, the one about 75 miles E.S.E. of
Oyapok or St. Louis.                                       Orenboorg, consists of about 200 houses; the other, distinOYARZUN, o-yar-thoonl, (anc. (Eafso or (Eas/so,) a town of  guished by the name of Nizhneeozernaia, is about 60 miles
Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, 7 miles S.E. of St. Sebastian, S.W. of Orenboorg.
at the foot of a mountain near the river Oyarzun. Pop. 3238.   OZIERI, o-ze-l/ree, or OTHIERI, o-te-Yree, a town of the
OYCKE, o-ik/keh, a village of Belgium, province of East island of Sardinia, division of Sassari, capital of a province
Flanders, 14 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1321.             and district, 29 miles E.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. of commune,
OYE, wt, almost wi, a village of France, department of 7890. It occupies the slopes of several hills and the bottom
Pas-de-Calis, 18 miles N.N.W. of St. Omer. Pop. 1640.      of a narrow valley, and has a church, 3 convents, and a
GYE, a commune of France, department of Sane-et-Loire. Jesuit college and hospital.
Pop. 1140.                                                  OZORA, o'zo/rih', or OZARA,.o'ziih/rlh, a village of Hun0YGIIHEM, o-ifghem, a village of Belgium, province of West gary, co. of Tolna, on the Sic, an affluent of the Danube, 30
Flanders, on the left bank of the Lys, 19 miles S. of Bruges. miles S. of Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. 3406.
Pop. 1221.                                                  OZORKOW  or OZORKOV, o-zorlkov, a town of Poland,
OYLEWORTH, oillworth, a parish of England, co. of Glou- government and 76 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw, on the Bzura.
mester.                                                   Pop. 5060.
1417




PA                                                         PAC
P
PA, pl, a town of China, province of Se-chuen, capital of    PACIFIC, a pot-village of Franklin co., North Carolina.
a district, near lat. 310 50' N., ion. 1060 50' E.         PACIFIC  CITY, a post-town, capital of Pacific co., Wash.
PA or BA-THIANG or BATAN, b t'ngf, a town of East ington Territory, on Biaker's Bay, an expansion on the N.
Thibet, on the Upper Yang-tse-kiang, near lat. 290 N., ion, side of the Columbia River, a mile and a half from  the
990 E.                                                      Pacific Ocean.
PAAL, a village of Belgium.  See PAEL.                      PACIF/IC OICEAN, or the GREAT SOUTH SEA, (L. Ma)re
PAANOPA, pl-no'pa, or OCEAN ISLAND, in the North  Pacuf/cz m; Fr. Ocoan-4ustral, o'sA'8cg! 6s'trll, Mer-du-Sod,
Pacific Ocean, in lat. 0~ 50' N., ion. 1670 40' E., of a circular main-dti-siid, or Grand-Ocean-Pacflqcque, grSNd o'sA'81g1-ptP.
form, about 15 miles in circumference.                      see'feek/; Sp. Mar Pacifco, man pa-seeffe-ko; It. Mare PaciPAAR, p4'e, a river of Bavaria, rises near Friedburg, flows fico. mfrA pA-cheeffe-ko; Ger. Siidsee, si[d-se, Grosser-Ocean,
N.N.E., and joins the Danube on the right, 5 miles below  grS.iser 6t/sA-An, or Stilles-Mfeer, stilfles-mair;) by far the
Ingolstadt.  Total course, 70 miles.                        largest of the great divisions of water on the surface of
PAASDORF, pws'doaf, or PADORF, pgTdonf, a village of  the globe, extends firom the Arctic to the Antarctic Circle,
Lower Austria, 34 miles N.N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1081.        over 133 degrees of latitude; and from  the W. coast
PABIBA or PABIBAY, an islet of the Hiebrides, in Scot- of America to Australia, Papua, Flores, Sumbawa, Java,
land, co. of Inverness, at the N.W. end of the Sound of  Sumatra, and the E. coast of Asia, or through nearly
Harris, 3. miles N. of Bernera. Length, 2. miles; breadth, 160 degrees of longitude. Area, estimated at 70,.000,000
1- miles. Pop. 350. It has a peak 1000 feet in height.      square miles, exceeding that of all the dry land on the
PABIBA, an islet of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of In- globe. In its widest part, at the,equator, it is 10,000 miles
verness, 6S miles S. of Barra, divided from Sandera by Pabba  across; towards the circles its breadth is diminished, espeSound. Length and breadth, about 1 miles. Pop. 25.         cily in the N., where it commusnicates with the Arctic
PABBA, an islet of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of In-  Ocean by Behring Strait. Itis usually divided by geographers
verness, in Broadford Bay, Isle of Skye. - Pop. 21.         into the North and South Pacific, separated from each other
PABILLONIS, p;l-bil-lolnis, or PA~ILLONIS, pA-vil-lonis, by the equator. Another division, marked by great physical
a village of the island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, about features, is into three regions-the first extending from
20 miles S. of Oristano, on the Sairo. Pop. 1309.           Behring's Strait, or the Arctic Circle, to the Tropic of Cancer;
PABLO-DE-LOS-MONTES, palblo-dA-loce-montits, a village  the second, or equatorial, including the whole expanse beof Spain, in New Castile, province, and about 28 miles from  tween the tropics; and the third extending from the Tropic
Toledo. Pop.1512.                                           of Capricorn to the Antarctic Circle. The most distinguishPACAJA, p&-kA-zh&, PACAJAZ, p&-kA-zh~zt, or PACAYA, ing features of the Pacific are the countless number of comp -kA-y1, a river of Brazil, province of Pare, joins the estuary  paratively small islands spread over its surface, more espeS. of the island of Marijo, and W. of Oeiras, after a N. cidally of its equatorial region, and the immense chain of
course of 150 miles.                                        volcanoes which stretch  almost continuously along its
PACAJES or PACAXES, p9-kafous, a town of Bolivia, de- shores, forming one vast volcanic circle. In the S. it is
partment, and 100 miles S.S.E. of La Paz, capital of a pro- separated from  the Antarctic Ocean only by an arbitrary
vince, on an affluent of the Desaguadero.                   line; but in other directions, both its boundaries and its
PACAJES or PACAXES, SIERRA DE, se-PRaRA dA pA-kA- communications with other oceans are well defined. Its
Hnst, not far from the above, connected with the Cordilleras  coast-line on the American side, though generally bold, is
of the Andes, rises to 15,100 feet.                         very little broken by inlets. On the Asiatic side it is very
PACARAIMA, SIERRA. See SIERRA PAORAIMA.                   irregular; the chief inlets are the Celebes, China, and Yellow
PACAYA, a river of Brazil.  See PACAJA.                   Seas, with the Seas of Japan, Okhotsk, and Kamtchatka.
PACAUDIARE, LA, 19 pAlcO'de-aiR/, a market-town of Its principal island groups, proceeding from W. to E., are
France, department of Loire, 13 miles N.W. of Roanne. the Ladrones, Carolines, Solomon, Queen Charlotte's, New
Pop. in 1852, 1858.                                         Hebrides, Feejee, Friendly, Society, Low, Marquesas, SandPAC~, p&'sA,  a village of Ffance, department of Ile-et- wich, and Galapagos Islands, and New Zealand, besides a
Vilaine, 4t miles N.W. of Rennes. Pop. 2600.                vast multitudeof solitary islands, reefs, and sandbanks.
PACECO. p-chAlko, or PACILECO (?) a town of Sicily, 4    The mean level of the Pacific, as ascertained by measuremiles S.E. of Trapani.  Pop. 2000.                          ments taken in the Bay of Panama and the Gulf of Mexico,
PACENTRO. pi-chQn.tro, a market-town of Naples, pro- is supposed to be 3. feet above that of the Atlantic. Its
vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 4 miles E. of Sulmona. P. 2540. depth has not been ascertained, though there seems no reason
PAICES, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.            to doubt it descends much further below than the loftiest
PACIIA, a river of Russia. See PASHA.                     mountain heights ascend above its surface. Owing to the
PACIIACACA, a river of Peru. See PACHUCACA.               vast extent of the Pacific, the operations of nature on its
PACILACAMA, pa-chA-kA-m!, or PACHACAMAC, pl-chg- bosom are carried on on the most extensive scale; and the
kA-mikI, a village of Peru, department, and 18 miles S.E. of  general laws by which tides, winds, and currents are reguLima, with a ruined temple, from which immense treasure  lated suffer fewer modifications than in narrow seas. The
was taken by Pizarro.  Opposite the coast here are the  tidal wave, commencing at the equator, diverges from  it
islands of PACMAAoIA.                                       towards the poles, and, proceeding with vast velocity, and
PACIHECO, pl-chlko, a modern town of Spain, province, without obstruction, is scarcely perceptible among the central
and 18 miles S.E. of Murcia. Pop. 4933.                     islands of the Pacific. Hence, in the Low Archipelago, at
PACHECO, a town of Sicily. See PAcaco.                    Bow Island and Tahiti, the rise is only 1 foot, and at the
PACIIETE, pA-cheett, a town of British India, presidency  Sandwich Islands 2 feet. It is only when, by the proximity
of Bengal, province of Bahar, 9 miles N.E. of Rogonautpoor.  of a mainland diminishing the depth of the water, or by any
PACIHINO, p&-keelno, a village of Sicily, intendancy of  similar cause the natural course of the wave is changed. or
Syracuse, district, and 12 miles S. of Note, 4 miles N.W. of  obstacles to its progress are interposed; that an accumulation
Cape Passaro, (ane. Pachypnums   Promonteorihm,) whence the  takes place, and high tides are formed. In the Pacific, howname of the town. Pop. 2000. It has a fort, and a tunny  ever, these never attain the maximum  heights for which
fishery.                     ~                              some parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans ake remarkable.
PACHITEA, pl-cbe-tA/A, a river of Peru, rises in the E. In the solitary instance of Fort Nicolaefsky, in Cook's Inlet,
slope of the Andes, about lat. 110 S., flows circuitously N., the rise is as high as 28 feet; but on all the WV. coast of
and joins the Ucayale on the left, after a course of 200 miles. America it is usually below 10 feet, and only in the Bay of
PACHIT/LA CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Ichawaynoch-  Panama it varies from 12 to 24 feet.
away River in Baker county.                                   The prevailing winds of the Pacific, like those of other
PACIHITTA, a post-village of Early co., Georgia.          great seas, are divided into regular or trade-winds, and
PA-CJIOO, pA'choo', acity of China, province ofPe-chee-lee, variables; thb former blowing from the S.E. on the S., and
capital of a district, 50 miles S. of Peking.              firom the N.E. on the N. side of the equator, generally within
PACHIUCA, pl-choo/kA, a town of the Mexican Confedera- the tropics, though sometimes extending as far as 30 degrees
tion, state, and 50 miles N.N.E. of Mexico, on the route  on either side of it. In the W. and N.W. parts of the Pacific
to Tampico. It has %fine church. In its vicinity are silver- the influence of the monsoons of the Indian Ocean is strongly
mines, which were formerly of high importance.              felt; and violent typhoons, for which the China Sea is noted,
PACIUCACA. pA-choo-kdA/k&, or PACHIACACA, pg-chA- are not unfrequent. In the E., along the whole of the W.
kA/kA, a river of Peru, department of Cuzco, rises in Lake  coast of America, the winds differ greatly both in direction
Pachucaca, in the Andes, and joins the Apurimac, after a N. and character. Between Behring's Sea and lat. 300 N., the
course estimated at 130 miles.                              winds blow, in all seasons, in every direction, and no kind
PACIIYNUM  PROMONTORIUM. See CAPE PASSARo.                of regularity can be traced. From lat. 300 to 50 N., the prePACIPFIC, a county in the WV. part of Washington Terri- vailing winds strongly resemble monsoons, blowing genetory, has an area estimated at above 800 square miles. It rally, from November to April, from the N.W. and N.E., and
is bounded on the W. by the Pacific, f-omn which it takes its  from  MSay to October. from  the S. or S.W. and S.E. The
name, and on the S. by the Columbia River. Cape Disap- regions within the sphere of these winds are subject to
pointment is situated on its W. border. Formed since 1850. violent storms and tornadoes. From  lat. 50 N. to 300 S.,
Capital, Pacific City.                                     the prevailing winds have the character of trade-winds; and
1418




PAC                                                       PAD
from tat. 300 S. to Cape IIorn, the North and South men- river, which enters the Pacific E. of Panama, and is navi.
soons recommence, often blowing with great violence, par- gable for large ships to Sambaja, and for canoes to the town
ticuiarly from the S. Asthe Cape is approached, the prevail- of Pacora.
nlug winds become S.W. and N.W., and convert the whole tract    PACTOLUS, pak-tollris, an ancient river, (whose modern
within their sphere into a region of storms and tempests.   name is SARABAT, sA-rA-bAt. or BAGOOLEE, BAGOULY,
The currents of the Pacific, being exhibited on a much  btgoo'lee',) in Asia Minor, joins the HIIermus 50 miles E. of
larger scale than those of the Atlantic, are not generally so  Smyrna, and was anciently famous for the gold found in its
strongly marked as the currents of that ocean. The Ant- sands.
arctic drift current, flowing apparently from the icy barriers   PACTOILUS, a post-office of Pitt-co., North Carolina.
of an antarctic continent, enters the Pacific, and, after pro-   PACUHI, p&-koo-eel, a small river of Brazil, province of
ceeding N. to New Zealand, trends E., and retains that Minas-Geraes, flqws W. about 80 miles, and joins the Silo
direction till it impinges on the W. coast of Patagonia. The  Francisco on the right.
obstacle thus encountered divides it into two branches, the    PACUHI, a small river of Brazil, forming part of the
smaller of which takes a S. direction, and enters the Atlantic  bounadary between the province of Minas-Geraes and Bahia,
by doubling Cape Horn. The larger branch; to which the  and joins the Rio-Verde, a tributary of the S2o Francisco.
name of the Peruvian or IHumboldt's Current has been    PACY-SUR-EUIRE, pPsee-siiR-unt, amarket-town ofFrance,
given, proceeds N. along the coast of South America, till it department of Eure, on the Eure, which here becomes navimeets a new obstacle in the Isthmus of Panama. Thence  gable, 10 miles E. of Evreux. Pop. in 1852, 1597.
it turns W., and proceeds, under the name of the South    PADANG, pitdingl, a Dutch settlement of Sumatra, on
equatorial current, across the whole width of the Pacific, its W. coast. in Menancabow  Territory, 1 mile from the sea,
without meeting with any obstacle, till its reaches its W. in lat. 00 48' S., Ion. 1000 20' E. Opposite the coast here are
boundaries, when one part, striking the coast of Australia, the rocky groups named the Padang Islands.
turns S., and forms the Australian current; another part,   PADAONG, p'd'l-ongf, or PAD'ANG! MEW, a town of the
forcing its waybetween the differentislands, enters andislost Burmese dominions, on the W. bank of the Irrawaddy, 10
in the Malay Archipelago; and a third part, reflected by the  miles S.W. of Prome.
coast of China, turns N., and, on reaching the Isles of Japan,   PADIBURY. a parish of England, co. of Buckingham.
contributes to form what is called the Japanese current.   PADIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex,
The configuration of the islands and the E. coast of Siberia, forming a N.W. suburb, of London, 30- miles W.N.W. of St.
as well as a strong current which sets in from the N. through  Paul's. Pop. 46,350. It contains Oxford, Cambridge, and
Behring's Strait, concur in giving it an E. direction, which  Sussex Squares, and Westbourne Terrace; also the basin of
agains carries it across the Pacific to the North American  the Paddington Canal, and the terminus of the Great
coast, to be there again deflected, first S. along the shores of  Western Railway.
the Atlantic, and then E., when it finally becomes merged    PADIDINGTON, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
in what is called the North equatorial current. Between    PADIDLESWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
the North and South equatorial currentsanother, occupying    PADDOCK-wITH-rMARSI, a hamlet of England, co. of
a narrow zone between them, has been traced, and, from  York, near Huddersfield. Pop. 3536.
pursuing an opposite direction, has received the name of the    PADDOCK'S GROVE, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois.
equatorial counter-current. The influence of these currents,   PADIDY MILLS, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Virginia.
particularly that of the Peruvian or Humboldt's current, in    PADDY'S RUN, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.
lowering the temperature of the warmer regions into which    PADPDYTOWN, a village of Hampshire co., Virginia, on
it is carried, is very marked. While the temperature with- the North Branch of Potomac River, about 210 miles N.W.
out the current ranges from 780.8 to 830.3 Fahrenheit, it of Richmond.
ranges within it from 590.9 to 60008 Fahrenheit; and while    PADENGIIE, pA-dn'ga,'a village of Austrian Italy, prothe mean temperature of 120 S. is in air 790.34, and in ocean  vince of Brescia, 5 miles from Lonato, on the W. side of Lake
790.70 Fahrenheit, that of Callao, under the same latitude, Garda. Pop. 1485.
was, during its warmest months, found to have a mean    PADERBORN, pader-bonrif, a town of Prussia, in Westtemperature of only 68'036 in air, and 610.66 Fahrenheit phalia, 41 miles S. of Mlinden, on the railway from Berlin to
in ocean. The differences, amounting respectively to 100.98  the Rhine. Pop. 8720. It is the seat of a bishopric, erected
and 140~4 Fahrenheit, can only be accounted for by the  by Charlemagne, who resided here some time, and has a
modifying influence of the current.                        gymnasium and an ecclesiastical seminary. In the Middle
The Pacific was seen for the first time by Europeans in  Ages it formed part of the Hanseatic League.
1513. Vasco Nuffez de Balboa, the Spanish governor of    PADERNO, pA-dlknno, a village of Austrian Italy, province
Darien, proceeding on native information, set out on an ex- of Milan, 6 miles E. of Monza, on the Seveso, with a church.
ploring expedition across the isthmus, and, having ascended' Pop. 1473.
a hill, saw the boundless ocean spread out before him. As   PADERNO, a village of Austrian Italy, province of Crehis view extended chiefly to the S., he gave it the name of  mona, 10 miles E. of Pizzighettone.  Pop. 1987.
the Mar del Zur, or South Sea. It received its present   PAD'FIELD, a township of England, co. of Derby.
name from the celebrated navigator, Fernando de Magel-   PADIIIHAM, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
lan, who sailed across it in 1521. In the eighteenth cen-   PADILLA, pA-deel/yA, a villa e of the Mexican Confederatury its different parts were explored by Behring, Anson, tion, state of Tamaulipas, 12 miles W.N.W. of New SantanByron, Bougainville, Cook, Vancouver, Broughton, La Ps- der. Iturbide, ex-emperor of Mexico, was shot here, 19th
rouse, &c.; in the present century by D'Entrecasteaux, July, 1824.
Krusenstern, Beechey, Fitzroy, D'Urville, Wilkes, and Sir   PADIT/TAS, a village in the interior of the territory of
James Ross.                                                New Mexich, on the right bank of the Rio del Norte.
PACKANGA, pak-kAing'ga, a town of the Malay Peninsula,   PADORIF, a village of Austria. See PAASnonr.
on a river of its own name, in lat. 30 30' N.                PADOVA and PADOUE, a town of Italy.  See PADUA.
PACK'INGTON, a parish of England, cos. of Leicester and    PADRIA, pgldre-A, a village of Sardinia, division of SasDerby.                                                     sari. 20 miles S.E. of Alghero. Pop. 1850.
PACKINGTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of War-   PADROES (Padrles) p-dro/aNs, or PADROINES/a town
wick.                                                      of Portugal, province of Algarve, 19 miles E. by S. of Ouril.
PACKINGTON, LTTLE, a parish of England, co. Warwick. que, on the Oeiras. Pop. 1170.
PACK'S FERRY, a post-office of Monroe co., Virginia.       PADRON, pS-drbnf, (anc. I/'ia iF1latvia,) a town of Spain,
PACKSIVILLE, a post-office of Sumter district, South  province of Corunna, 19 miles S.S.W. of Santiago, on the Sar.
Carolina.                                                  Pop. 6090. It has a fine collegiate church. Being the place
PACKWAUIKEE, a post-village of Marquette co., Wis- where, according to monkish tradition, the body of St.
consin, on the N. shore of Buffalo Lake, about 55 miles N. James landed itself, it is greatly resorted to in pilgrimage.
of Madison. It contains 3 stores, and 1 mill. Pop.about 400.   PADSIIHAPOOR/, a village of Hindostan, province, and 87
PACK/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.         miles S.W. of Bejapoor, on an affluent of the Kistnah. It is
PACO, p/ko, a large and handsome village, in the island  built of stone, and defended by a fort situated on a height
of Luzon, in the environs of Manila.  Many of tle inhabi- near its centre.
tants are artists, house-painters, and builders. Pop. 6500.  PADiSTOW, (corrupted from  Paucic-Stowe,) a seaport,
PACOBAHIBA, pf-ko-bl-hee'ba, a village and parish of market-town, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, on
Brazil, province of Rio-de-Janeiro, 12 miles W.S.W. of Magi. the Camel, at its mouth in St. George's Channel, 29 miles
Pop. 2000.                                                 N.N.E. of Falmouth. Pop. in 1851, 2224. The town is in a rich
PACIOLET, a rivet' which rises in the Blue Ridge, in the  vale, sheltered by rocky hills, has narrow streets, and many
W. part of North Carolina, and flowing through Spartan- ancient houses, a church of an antique structure, containburg and Union districts of South Carolina, enters Broad  ing monuments of the Prideaux family, a custom-house,
River at Pinckneyville. Its general course is E.S.E., and  with imports of iron and coal, and exports of tin, slates,
its length perhaps 100 miles. The South Pacolet is a small and vast quantities of sand, which accumulates in the harst-ean which enters the former about 12 miles N. of Spartan- ber, and is used for manure. The harbor, which affords the
burg Court-House.                                         only good shelter on the dangerous coast between the Land's
PACOLET MILLS, a post-office of Union district, South  End and Hartland Point, has from 13 to 18 feet at spring
Carolina.                                                 ebbs, but the access is difficult. Registered shipping in
PACORA, pa-ko-rct, a river of the Isthmus of Panama, in  1847, 6829 tons. The learned Dr. Prideaux was born hers
New Granada, unites with the Indio to form a considerable in 1648.
1419




PAD                                                        PAIPADUA, padfu-4, (It. Padova, pifdo-vg; Fr. Padeue, p&-    PAGE'S CORNERS, a post-office ofHerkimer co., New York.
doof, anc. Patalviunt,) a fortified city of Austrian Italy, in the    PA/GESVILLE, a post-village of Newberry district, South
Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, capital of a delegation, 22  Carolina.
miles W. of Venice, on the Bacchiglione, and on the rail-   PAGEIVILLE, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, 26,ay between Vicenza and Venice. Lat. 450 23' 410 N., lon. miles S.W. of Erie.
110 521 43" E. Pop. 60,000. It is of a triangular form, is   PAGEVILLE, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
surrounded by walls and fosses, and has seven gates. Among    PAGWHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 5 miles
the chief objects of interest are the vast and curious place  S.S.E. of Chichester. A marshy inlet of the English Chancalled Prato-della-Valle, where the fair is held, and which  nel here forms a harbor for vessels of 40 tons.
contains an island, encircled by a canal, the banks of which    PAGIIAM-MEW  or PAGAHMIOU, p'gkmiyool, a ruined
are decorated by numerous statues; a cathedral, with a  town of Farther India, in the Burmese dominions, on the
monument to Petrarch, the Church of San Antonio richly  Irrawaddy, 110 miles S.W. of Amarapoora. Its former imdecorated, the Palace del Be or of theUniversity, and many  portance is attested by numerous mouldering temples.
private palaces, a university with a botanic garden, a gym-   PAGLESHAM, pAlghelz-am, a parish of England, co. Essex.
nasium, and an ecclesiastical seminary, an observatory, a    PAGLIA, pAllyA, (anc. Pallia,) a river of Central Italy,
cabinet of natural history, and a library of 100,000 volumes. rises in the province of Sienna, Tuscany, and after a S.E.
The celebrated University of Padua, founded in the thirteenth  course of 30 miles, joins the Tiber at Orvieto.
century, had, in former times, students from every part of   PAGLIETA, pil-yltd, a town of Naples, province of
Europe, and their number fiequently amounted to 18,000. Abruzzo Citra, 20 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3400.
Among these were Tasso and Columbus. Padua has mann-   PAGLIONE, pdl-yofnA, a river of the Sardinian States,
factures of silks and ribbons, and its manufacture of cloth  flows S.S.W., traverses the city of Nice, and, a little to the
was formerly extensive. It was anciently the most import- W., falls into the Mediterranean.
ant town of Venetia, it was sacked by Alaric and by Attila.   PAGNANO, pdn-yd/no, a village of Austrian Italy, proIt came under the power of the Venetians in 1405. Under  vince of Como, about 8 miles from Canzo. Pop. 1200.
the French it was capital of the department of the Brenta.   PAGNY-SUR-MOSELLE, p~n'yeef-siiR-mo'z6lll, a village
Livy the Roman historian, and the traveller Belzoni, were of France, department of Meurthe, on the Paris and Stras.
born here.-Adj. and inhab. PADUAN, padlu-an; (It. PAo- bourg Railroad, 12 miles from Metz. Pop. 1019.
VANO, pl-do-vA/no.)                                         PAGO, pA/go, an island of Dalmatia, circle of Zara, in the
PADUA or PADOVA, a delegation of Italy, in the Lom- Adriatic, separated from the Croatian mainland by the Morbardo-Venetian kingdom. Capital, Padua. Area, 835 square lacca Channel, from 2 to 3 miles across.  Lat. about 440 30'
miles. Pop. 312,765.                                      lon. 150 E. Length, 37 miles; breadth. 6 miles. Area, 106
PAIDUA, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois.          square miles. Pop. 5000. Near its centre is the lake or inlet
PADUICAII, a thriving post-village, capital of MlcCracken  of Zascha. Surface arid, but it exports considerable quanco.. Kentucky, on the Ohio River, just below the mouth  titles of wine and salt.
of the Tennessee River, and 3,40 miles below Louisville.   PAGO, the chief town of the above island, on Lake Zascha,
The navigation of the river is seldom closed by ice or ob- near the E. coast. Pop. 3790.
structed by low water below this point. Paducah is the   PAGO, a town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 12
shipping port for the exports of the county, which consist miles N.W. of Ariano. Pop. 2200.
of tobacco, pork, mules, horses, &c. It has a fine range of   PAGSANJAN, pdg-sdn-jan', a town of the Philippine
warehouses fionting the river, and contains 4 or 5 churches, Islands, in Luzon, capital of the province of Laguna, on the
2 banks, and 2 or 3 newspaper offices. A marine hospital is Pasig, above Manila.  Pop. 4665.
about being erected here. The name of Paducah was derived    PAGUENEMA, pd-gt-nA/md, a group of 5 small, low, coral
from an Indian chief who once residedin this vicinity. Pop. islands in the Pacific Ocean, extent about 5 miles by 3.
in 1850, 2428; in 1853, about 3000.                        Tagaik, the larg6st, is in lat. 70 4'40" N., ion. 167056t 30" E.
PADUL, pd-Dooll, a town of Spain, province, and 10 miles   PAIANG, pd-hlngl, a state of the Malay Peninsula, exS.S.W. of Granada, S. of the Sierra Nevada. Pop. 2700.    tending along its E. coast, mostly between lat. 20 and 40 N.,
PADULA, pA-dooed, a town of Naples, province of Princi- and Ion. 1030 and 1040 E. Estimated pop. 40,000, mostly
pato Citra, 54 miles S.E. of Salerno. In the vicinity is a  Malays and Chinese. The products comprise gold and tin;
magnificent Carthusian convent. Pop. 8000.                the latter is mostly exported to Singapore. The imports
PADULA, a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  thence and from Malacca consist of opium, silk, rice, toUltra I., 11 miles W. of Teramo.                          bacco, salt, cloths, iron-wares, and agricultural implements.
PADULI, pd-doolee', a town of Naples, province of Cala- Principal towns, Pahang, Kuantan, and Undowe.
bria Citra, district of Rossano. Pop. 1800.                 PAIANG, the capital of the above state, is on both sides
PADULI, a town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, kof a broad and shallow riiver, which divides the Malay and
11 miles WV. of Ariano. Pop. 2900.                        Ohinese quarters, about 5 miles from its mouth; lat. 30 34t
PADUS. See Po.                                          N., ion. 1030 24' E.
PAD/WORTII a parish of England, co. of Berks.              PAIIAQUARIRY, a township of Warren co., New Jersey.
PAEJAE NE, PAEJAENE, pA-ytneh, or PAIJENE-JARWI, Pop. 460.
pi-yd/nA yan/vee, a lake of Finland, mostly in the province    PAIARPOOR, pdhar-poor?, a considerable town of Afof Nyland, between lat. 610 and 620 27' N., and ion. 250 and  ghanistan, near the Indus, 22 miles N. of Dera Ismaeel.
250 50' E. Length, 90 miles; greatest breadth, 20 miles.    Khan, and scarcely less in size.
PAEL or PAAL, p~l, a village of Belgium, province of   PAHARPOOR, a village of the Punjab, 24 miles S. of Leia.
Limbourg, 11 miles N.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 2093.              PAH UTAH (pA fidtA,) INDIANS, a tribe dwelling along
PAESANA, pdt —sd/nA, a market-town of Sardinia, 13 miles the S. border of the Great Basin.
W.N.W. of Saluzzo, on the right bank of the Po. Pop. 6118.   PAIJENE-JARWI, a lake of Finland. See PIMENE.
PAESI BASSI. See NETrHnERLANDS.                           PAILFTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, 5 miles
PSTANUS SINUS. See SALERNO, GuLF OF.                   N.N.W. of Rugby. Pop. 602.
PIESTUM. See PESTo.                                      PAIMB(EUF, pdaNbvff. a town of France, department of
PAETE, pdi-/tA, or PAITA, p1tA, a village of the Philip- Loire-Infdrieure, 21 miles W. of Nantes, on the left bank of
pines, on the island of Luzon, province of Laguna, on the  the Loire, near its mouth. Pop. in 1852, 4231. It has a
W. shore of Lake Bay. Pop. 3305.                           communal college, a school of hydrography, and a well-frePAGATIMIOU, a town of Burmah. See PAGHAM-MEw.    quented harbor, at which large ships unload.  It has
PAGANICO, pA-gAne-ko, a town of Italy, in Naples, pro- building-yards for large vessels and steam-packets.
vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 5 miles E. of Aquila. Pop. 2100.   PAIMOGO, pi-mo/go, a market-town of Spain, 42 miles
PAGANICO, a small town of Italy, in Naples, province of  N.N.W. of Huelva, on the route to Seville. Pop. 2310.
Abruzzo Ultra II., 11 miles N.N.W. of Aquila.                PAIMPOL, pdaNGpoll, a maritime town of France, depart.
PAGANICO, a small town of Italy, in Tuscany, province, ment of Cbtes-du-Nord, 22 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc, on the
and 28 miles S. of Sienna, on the Ombrone. Pop. 1600.      English Channel. Pop. in 1852, 2146.
PAGANO, p -gd/no, a village of Austrian Italy, 19 miles   PAIMPONT, pANs'pdNo/, a market-town of France, departW.N.W. of Treviso. Pop; 1200.                              ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 12 miles S.W. of Montfort. P. 3666.
PAGE, a county toward the N.E. part of Virginia, con-   PAIN/COURT, (Fr. pron. p1NsGkooR/,) a post-village, capital
tains about 300 square miles. This county occupies the of Assumption parish, Louisiana, on Bayou La Fourche, 15
entire breadth of the valley between the Massanutten Moun- miles below its egress from the Mississippi River, and 67
tain and the Blue Ridge. The Shenandoah River flows miles S. of Baton Rouge.
through its entire length. The soil is of limestone forma-   PAINE'S (pdnz) HOLLOW, a post-village of IHerkimer co.,
tion, and is highly productive. Iron ore and fine marble New York, about 75 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
are abundant; copper and lead are also found. Formed in    PAINE'S POINT, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois.
1831, and named in honor of John Page, formerly governor   PAINESVILLE, pAnz/vil, a post-village of Chittenden co.,
of the state. Capital, Luray. Pop. 7600, of whom  6643 Vermont.
were firee, and 957 slaves.                                 PAINESVILLE, a post-village of Amelia co., Virginia, 46
PAGE, a new county in the S.W. part of Iowa, bordering  miles W.S.W. of Richmond.
on Missouri, has an area of about 550 square miles. The    PAINESVILLE, a handsome post-village in Painesville
Nodaway River flows through it from  N. to S. The soil township, and capital of Lake co., Ohio, on the railroad from
is good. Named in honor of Colonel Page, who was mnor- Erie to Cleveland, where it crosses Grand River, 170 miles
tally wounded at Palo Alto. Pop. 551.                    N.E. of Columbus, and 3 miles from Lake Erie. It is beau1420




PATI                                                        PAK
tifully situated on the left bank, and at the lower rapids of  grammar school, town, infant, ragged, industrial, and various
the river, which flows in a deep and picturesque valley. other schools, a government school of design, Neilson's educaNear the centre of the village is a handsome public square. tional institution, Iutchison's Charity School, an athenaeum,
Painesville is a place of active trade, and is rapidly in- a mechanics' and a philosophical institute, the latter with a
creasing. The railroad crosses the river*on a bridge 800  valuable library of scientific works, and a museum, a litefeet long, resting on 5 stone piers 75 feet high. A plank- rary association, an artisans' institution, theological, law,
road has been completed from this place to Mercer county, and medical schools, and a subscription library. The Neil.
Pennsylvania, and is to be extended to Pittsburg. It has  son Institution was founded from abequest of about 20,0001.,
5 churches, a union school a bank, a newspaper office, 2  left, in 1839, by John Neilson, Esq., of Netherwood, and
fouring mills, 2 machine shops, 1 iron foundry, and 20  opened in 1852; it supplies gratis an English commercial
stores. It is also the seat of the Geauga Furnace Company's  and classical education to the children of parents resident
iron-works. Pop. of the township, 3128.                     not less than three years in Paisley, and who have died
PAINGITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             without leaving means to provide a suitable education for
PAINSWICK, plunzlwik, a market-town and parish of  their family. The building is a large, massive edifice in the
England, co., and 0 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. 3464. form of a Greek cross, surmounted by a magnificent dome.
The town, on the declivity of a hill, 4rowned by the ancient The principal charitable institutions are the town's hospiRoman camp of Kimsbury, is irregularly built; it has a  tal, with a lunatic asylum attached, a dispensary and house
spacious church, an endowed school. and manufactures of  of recovery, a society for the education of the deaf and
woollen cloths,                                             dumb, a widow and orphans' society, a female, benevolent,
PAINT, a township, Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 610. and various other societies.
PAINT, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. P. 878.    Paisley early distinguished itself by its manufactures,
PAINT, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 1253.        and its staples is still unsurpassed by any town in the
PAINT, a township of Hlighland co., Ohio. Pop. 2678.    kingdom.  As early as 1784, silk gauze alone is said to
PAINT, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1618.        have been produced to the annual value of 350,0001., and to
PAINT, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1123.           have employed 5000 looms in the town and vicinity. The
PAINT, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1627.          shawl trade was first introduced about the beginning of the
PAINT CREEK, of Ohio, rises in the S.W. central part of  present century, and though the prosperity of the other
the state, and flows into the Scioto River, 3 miles below  branches of manufacture prevented it for a time from atChillicothe.  Its principal affluents are the Rocky Fork, tracting much attention, it continued steadily to advance,
Rattlesnake Fork, and the North Fork.                       and now, as much from the excellence of the products as
PAINT CREEK, of Oakland co., Michigan, flows into Clin- from their value, stands at the head of all the other staples.
ton River at Rochester.                                     The shawls, chiefly in imitation of those of India, are made
PAINT CREEK, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.    of silk, soft and spun, cotton and wool, either separately or
PAINT CREEK, a post-office of Washtenaw co., Michigan. in mixtures. Genuine Cashmere shawls are manufactured,
PAINTED POST, a post-village of Erwintownship, Steuben  equal in texture, it is said, to the most celebrated prodnu-e.
co., New York, at the junction of the Conhocton and Tioga  tions of the East, and far superior to them in beauty of deRivers, and on the Erie Railroad, about 2 miles W. of  sign. The other most important articles of manufacture
Corning. It has 2 churches, a bank, 5 stores, and a large  are cotton thread, embroidery, different kinds of tartan
iron foundry, &c. A painted post here marks the site of a  cloth, and carpets; shawl-printing is also carried on. There
revolutionary battle. Pop. about 1500. See CoRNiece.        are also several cotton factories, a large foundry, with
PAINTER CREEK, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.          steam-engine manufactories, with machine shops attached;
PAINTERSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Ohio.        a silk-throwing mill, an extensive tannery, a soap-work,
PAINT LICK, a post-village of Garrard.co., Kentucky, several breweries and distilleries, bleachfields, and buildinghas between 100 and 200 inhabitants.                        yards, chiefly for river steamers. The port of Paisley is proPAINT ROCK, a post-office of Cocke co., Tennessee.        perly at Renfrew Ferry, 3 miles below the town, where the
PAINT ROCK, a post-office of Alloxlykee co., Iowa.        Cartjoins the Clyde; the Cart, however, is navigable to PalsPAINT ROCK RIVER, of Alabama,  enters the Tennessee  ley for vessels of 80 tons. The Glasgow, Paisley, and JohnRiver from the N.E. about 20 miles S. of Huntsville.        stone Canal passes the town. Coal, ironstone, and fire and
PAINTVILLE, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., Ken-  potters'-clay are raised in its vicinity. The burgh sends 1
tucky, on Paint Creek, 140 miles E. by S. of Frankfort. It  member to the House of Commons. The celebrated Prohas a brick court-house, 5 stores, and abaut 200 inhabitants. fessor Wilson, the American ornithologist, Alexander WilCoal is abundant in the vicinity.                           son, and Robert Tannahill, the poet, were born here. The
PAISES BAJOS. See NETHERLANDS.                           town is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman station of
PAISHAWUR. See PesHAwEa.                                  Vanderia.
PAISLEY. pzllee, a parliamentary and municipal burgh,   PAITA, a village of the Philippines. See PARTS.
manufactuing town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew,   PAJARES-DE-LOS-OTEROS, pi-nrrls-dA-loce-o-telroce, a
7 miles W.S.W. of Glasgow, on the White Cart, about 3 miles town of Spain, province, and S.S.E. of Leon. Pop. 1145.
above the confluence of the united White and Black Cart   PAJARITO, peh-Hn-ree'to, a village on the right bank of
with the Clyde, and on the railway from Glasgow to Green- Rio del Norte, in the territory of New Mexico.
ock and Aym. Lat. 550 51' N., lon. 40 26' W. Pop. of the    PAJARO, pahIHl-ro, a river of California, rises on the
parliamentary burgh in 1851, 47,952. It consists of an old  slope of the Coast Range, and flowing westerly, falls into
town and a new town, the former on the W. and the latter Monterey Bay. It forms the boundary between Monterey
on the E. bank of the river, communicating by three bridges. and Santa Cruz counties.
The old town is indifferent in its appearance, with mean    PAKA, p3/kA, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 57
houses, often of a single story, and covered with thatch, miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2300.
standing inte-mingled with others of a more substantial   PAKEFIELD, pek/feeld, a parish of England, co. Suffoljc.
description. The new town is well built; all the streets are    PAKENHAM, pAken-am, a parish of England, co. of
lighted with gas, and tolerably well paved. The former de- Suffolk.
ficiency of water has recently been entirely removed by the   PAKENHAM, pfk-en-am, a village of Canada West, co. of
introductionofan abundant supply from the hills of Gleniffer. Lanark, on the Mississippi River, 36 miles E.S.E. of Bytown,
Among the public edifices of Paisley, the first place is due  and 12 miles frori Fitzroy Harbor. It contains three mills
to the abbey, founded in 1163, by Walter, son of Alan, the  and several stores. Pop. about 250.
first of the house of the Stewarts, for a priory, with a very    PAKLA, pgk1l&, OOSOP or USOP, oo-sop', a river of Northliberal endowment; at the Reformation it was, with the ex-  east Siberia, in the country of the Tchooktchees, after acourse
ception of Kelso, the most opulent monastery in the S. of  of about 200 miles, forms a common estuary with the
Scotland. Its buildings at this time formed a magnificent Tchaoon, in the bay of that name.
pile, with an enclosure of above 1 mile in circuit. Subse-    PAK-NAM, plk'nlmt, a town of Siam, on the Mienam,
quent to the expulsion of the monks, the abbey had been  about 4 miles from its mouth, in the Gulf of Siam, 20 miles
converted into an almost princely residence; but at present S.E. of Bang-kok, and stated to extend for 2 miles along the
forms little else than an interesting ruin. A portion of the  bank of the river.
church, however, consisting of a nave and two aisles, sepa-    PAKOSK, pg-koskt, a small town of Prussian Poland,
rated from it by ten massive clustered columns, still re- province of Posen, 23 miles S. of Bromberg. Pop. 900.
mains, and forms a truly splendid parish church. It con-   PAK-PATTAN, p~k-pit-tin', or PANK-PET'TEMI, a town
tains a remarkable monument, called Queen Bleary's Tomb. of the Punjab, near a greatly-frequented ferry over the ReBesides the abbey, Paisley contains 6 other churches be- vee, and 95 miles S.W. of Lahore; lat. 300 20' N., Ion. 730
longing to the Establishment, 6 to the Free Church, 6 to  13' E.  Ilere, it is conjectured, the colossal altars were
the United Presbyterian, 3 Independent, 2 Baptist churches, erected by Alexander the Great to mark the E. boundary
1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, of his conquests.
1 Roman Catholic, 1 Unitarian, and 1 New  Jerusalem.    PAKRACZ, plk'rtst, a market-town of Slavonia, co., and
After the abbey church, the only edifices particularly de- 23 miles W.N.W. of Posega, on an affluent of the Sava
serving of notice are the county buildings, forming a quad- Pop. 1120. It is the see of a Greek bishop.
rangular pile in the castellated style, containing in its W.   PAKROJANTY, pl-kro-ylnltee, a market-town of Russian
division a court-house, county-hall, town-house, &c., and in  Poland, government, and 119 miles N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1650.
its E. range, a house of correction and common jail. The    PAKS, prksh, a mnarket-town of Hungary, co. of Tolna, 62
scholastic and literary establishments of Paisley include a  miles S. of Buda, on the Danube. Pop. 8700.
1421
j                                                                                             j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1




PAK                                                       PAL
PAKWAN, p[k'wan',  a town of China, province of Che- varia; the remainder is divided among the states of Rho
kiang, on the banks of a river which falls into the bay of  nish Prussia, Baden, and HIesse-Darmstadt.
Hang-chow.                                                  PALATINE, pal/a-tine, a post-township of Montgomery
PAKWAUKEE, Wisconsin. See PACKWAUKEE.                   co., New York, on the Mohawk River, and on the Utica and
PALACHIY, pl-lichee, or PALLANCICHEE, a town of Bri- Schenectady Railroad, about 55 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
fish India, presidency of Madras, 23 miles S.E. of Coimba- Pop. 2856.
toor.  Here, in 1800, were dug up many coins of Augustus    PALATINE, a thriving post-village of Marion co., Virand Tiberius.                                              ginia, on the right bank of M[onongahela River, opposite
PALACIOS, Los, loce p[-ldtthe-oce, a town of Spain, pro- Fairmont. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crosses the
vince. and 12 miles S. of Seville. Pop. 1835.              river at this place on a fine suspension-bridge.
PALACIOS, p-ldlse-oce, a village of Matagorda co., Texas,   PALATINE, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
on a point which projects between Matagorda and Trespa-   PALATINE BRIDGE, a post-village of Montgomery co.,
lacios Bays, about 250 miles S.E. of Austin City.          New York, on the left or N. bank of the Mohawk, and on
PALACIOS DE LA VALDUERNA, pd-i/-the-ore d 1d vdI- the Utica and Schenectady Railroad, about 55 miles W. by
doo-WranA, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles S.W. of  N. of Albany. It has a bridge across the river.
Leon, near the Duerna. Pop. 1746.                            PAL'AURI, a river of South IHindostan, rises in Mysore,
PALACIOS DEL SIL, pD-ld'the-oce ddl seel, a village of flows throughthe distrifs of ArcotandChingleput, (Madras
Spain, province of Leon, on the Sil. Pop. 1327.            presidency,) and enters the Indian Ocean 42 miles S.W. of
PAL2EtA (IIaXata) and PALLE'O   (IaXaLo) are Greek  Madras, after a course of 190 miles. It separates the disterms signifying "'ancient," and applied to numerous sites tricts of North and South Arcot.
and places in the East.                                      PALAWAN, p-l-whnf, or PARAGUA, p&-rlgwA, an
PALZEtA ACIHAIIA is the name of the remains of the an- island of the Malay Archipelago, between Borneo and the
cient Dyme of Greece, in the Morea, government of Achala, Philippine Islands, in lat. 80 37' to 110 30' N., ion. 1170 to
18 miles S.W. of Patras, on the S. side of itsgulf.       1200 E., separating the China and Soolon Seas, and having
PAL  EOCAS'TRO, (i. e. "ancient camp or station,") the  S. the Balabac Passage. Length from N.E. to S.W., about
remains of two ancient towns of Greece, in Acarnania, near 260 miles; average breadth, 30 miles. Surface mountainous
A2tos, and in Phocis.                                      in the interior; its coasts are fiat, but it has been little
PALEOCASTRO, the remains of the ancient Gythisum of explored. Cowries, gold, ebony and other fine woods, are
Maina, N. of Marathonisi, and comprising a theatre and  among its products.
some Roman baths.                                           PALAZZAGO, p&-ldt-ss'go, a village of Austrian Italy,
PALIEOCASTRO, GULF OF, an inlet on the E. coast of province of Bergamo, 2 miles W. by S. of Almeno. Pop. 1557.
Crete.                                                       PALAZZO, pd-lit/so, a town of Naples, province of BasiliPALEOPOLIS, pt-le-opo-lis, (i.e. "ancient city,") (anc. cata, 17 miles E.S.E. of Melfi. Pop. 3700.
Fllis,) a town of Greece,-in the Morea, on the edge of the plain    PALAZZO-ADRIANO, pD-lStfso-A-dre-A'no, a town of Sicily,
where the Pbneus issues from the hills, 8 miles E.S.E. of  intendancy of Palermo, 12 miles S.S.E. of Corleone. P. 5000.
Gastouni.                                                    PALAZZOLO, p&-lt/so-lo, a village of Austrian Italy,
PAL/EOVOUNI, a mountain of Greece. -See HaEIIcoN.        province of Milan, 6 miles S. of Barlassina, en the Seveso.
PAL ESTINA. See PALESTINE.                               Pop. 1049.
PALAESTRO, pd-lA-8sttro, a villageofthe Sardinian States,   PALAZZOLO. a village of Austrian Italy, province of
division of Novara, province of Lomellina, on the Sesia. Friul, with 3 churches and an oratory. Pop. 1300.
Pop. 2103.                                                   PALAZZUOLO, pd-lIt-soo-ollo. a town of Naples, province
PALAFOLLS, pd-ld-folsf, a village of Spain, in Catalonia,  of Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles S. of Sora, on a hill. Pop. 1250.
province, and 40 miles from Barcelona.  Pop. 1130.           PALAZZUOLO  or PALAZZOLO, a town of Sicily, inPALAFURGEL pi-l-fooR-nl/, or PALAFURG(LL (?) a  tendancy of Syracuse, 13 miles N.W. of Note. Pop. 8600.
town of Spain, province, and 20 miles E.S.E. of Gerona, near Near it are extensi;e remains of the ancient Acrcs.
the Mediterranean. Pop. 3700.                                PALAZZUOLO  or PALAZZOLO, a village of Austrian
PALAGONIA. pd-ld-golne-a, a market-town of Sicily, 20  Italy, province of Brescia, on the Oglio, 5 miles N.W. of
miles S.W. of Catanie. Pop. 4000.                          Chiari. Pop. 3000.
PALAIS, LE, leh pd/i!, a seaport town of France, depart-   PALEMBANG, pd/lIm-bdng/, a town in the E. part of
ment of Morbihan, on the N. side of the island of Belleisle.  Sumatra, capital of a province of its own name, extends for
Pop. 1790. It has a small port, defended by a citadel, and  about 3 miles along both sides of the Palembang or MIoosee
an active trade in salt and fish.                          River, here 200 yards across, 50 miles froni its mouth in the
PALAIS, LE, a town of France, department of Basses- Strait of Banca. Lat. 20 47' S., Ion. 1020 26' E. Pop. 25,000,
PyrSnoes, near the Bidouze, 25 miles S.E. of Bayonne. partly inhabiting houses raised on posts, and partly living on
Pop. 1619.                                                rafts moored in the river. It has a sultan's palace, enclosed
PALAISEAU, pa/l.'zOP, a market-town of France, depart- by a brick wall, and some good dwellings of Arab and Chinese
ment of Seine-et-Oise, 11 lmiles S.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 1716.   merchants; its port is one of the best in the Malay ArchiPALAJA, pd-ldtyd, a town of Tuscany, province, and 18  pelago. An active trade is carried on here with Java, Malacca,
miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 1213.                             Penang, and Rhio. Coal was discovered near it in 1848.
PALALAWANG, pd-lIldi-wngf, an important market-   PALE)MBANG, formerly a kingdom, now a Dutch protown in the island of Sumatra, province of Padang.         vince of the island of Sumatra, on the S. coast, bounded E.'
PAL'AMCOTITA, a town of British India, presidency of  by the Strait of Banca.
Madras, district of Tinnevelly, 45 miles N.N.E. of Cape    PALENA.  pd-Idndl, a market-town of Naples, province of
Comorin.                                                   Abruzzo Citra, 21 miles S.S.W. of Lanciano. Pop. 2000.
PALAICOTTA, a town of British India, presidency of    PALENCIA, pd-l6n/the-d, (anc. Pallan/tia,) a city of Spain,
Madras, 47 miles S.S.W. of Pondicherry.                    capital of a province, and 114 miles N.W. of Madrid, on
4ALAMOS, pd'ld-mocef, a fortified maritime town of Spain, the Carrion, an affluent of the Pisuerga. Pop. 11,470. It is
province, and 17 miles S.E. of Gerona. Pop. 2000.          surrounded by an old wall, is a bishop's see, and has a fine
PALAMiOW, paP.-mbwf, a town of British India, pre- Gothic cathedral, and manufactures of woollens and leather.
sidency of Bengal, 88 miles W.N.W. of Ramghur.               PALENCIA, a province, Spain Old Castile. It is fertile,
PALANCIA, p-lnMuthe-d, (anc. Pallanltia,) ariver of Spain, watered by the Carrion, and Plsuerga Rivers. Area, 2786
in Valencia, rises about4 miles W. of Bexis, flows past Jerica, square miles. Pop. about 180.000.
(Xerica) and Segorbe, and after a S.E. course of 45 miles,   PALENQUE, pi-lnfkA, a village of the Mexican Confede
enters the Mediterranean 4 miles E. of Murviedro. Its we- ration, state of Chiapas, 100 miles E.N.E. of Ciudad-Real.
ters serve, by means of canals, to irrigate several thousand  About 7 miles S.W. of it are some of the most extensive
acres of land, otherwise almost incapable of cultivation.  and magnificent ruins in Central America. The principal
PALANKA, plh'ldntkSh, (NEU, no!, DEUeTScH, doich, and  of these, called the "Palace," is 220 feet in length, by 180
ALT, dit,) three contiguous villages of South IIungary, co., feet in breadth, with numerous sculptures, &c.
and 12 miles S.W. of Bacs, on the left bank of the Danube,   PA/LENVILLE, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
with Roman Catholic and Greek churches. United pop. 6697.   PALENZUELA, pd-lSn-thw//ld, a town of Spain, province
PALANPORE, p.l'an-perl, a populous town of Hindostan,  of Palencia, on the Orlanza, 26 miles S.W. of Burgos.
province of Guzerat, 12 miles E. of Deesa. It is the capital Pop. 1562.
of a small Mohammedan principality tributary to the    PALERMO, pd-lrfmo, (Fr. Palerme, pelqlamt; anc. PanorlGuicowar. Chintz counterpanes are manufactured here. mus,) a fortified city, capital of Sicily, with a port on the N.
Pop. 30,000.                                               side of the island, in a rich valley. Lat. of light-house, 385 8'
PAL'ANTONG, a town of Farther India, in Cassay, 50  2' N., lon.13~22 2" E. Pop.in 1850,167,222. It is regarded
miles S.E. of Munipoor.                                    as the second: capital of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, is
PAL'APET'TY, a town of British India, presidency of built in the form of an amphitheatre, facing the sea, and is enMadras, 52 miles W.S.W. of Trichinopoly.                  closed by an old wall. Adjoining thewateris the strong fort
PALAT/INATE, (Ger. JPralz, pfdlts,) an old division of of Castellamare. The city is ornamented by numerous founGermany, consisting, first of the Lower Palatinate, or Palati- talus, and has many handsome edifices, among which may be
nate of the Rhine: chief towns, Maunheim. Heidelberg, mentioned a cathedral of the tenth century, surmounted
Simmern, and Deux Pouts; and secondly of the Upper with a modern cupola, and containing many fine sepulchral
Palatinate, in the N. of Bavaria. The whole of the upper, monuments in porphyry, among which are those of the
end part of the lower portion, is now incorporated with Ba- Emperor Frederick II., and of King Roger the Norman;
1422




PAL                                                       PAL
the magnificent church of St. Peter; a royal palace in the  markable for its depth; the Lake of Tiberias, from which it
Norman and Saracenic style, and possessing, among other issues, being 84 feet, and that of the Dead Sea, into which
objects of interest and attraction, the chapel of King Roger, it falls, being 1337 feet below sea-level. The other principal
rich in mosaics, the picture-gallery, the armory, and the  rivers are the Jarmuth, an affluent of the Jordan, the
observatory, from which Piazzi discovered the planet Ceres; Kishon, which flows into the MIediterranean, and the Nahr
the archiepiscopal palace, the mint, custom-house, public  Naman, or Belus. The climate in the dry season is very
library, and 3 theatres. In 1852, there were 64 convents; fine, with a bright sky and no rain. Gentle rainse with
of which, 23 were for women, and 41 for men. ~ The port W. winds, commence in October, and fall regularly in No.
is enclosed by a mole 1300 feet in length, terminated by  vember and December. Rain continues at intervals more or
a light-house and a battery; a second interior port is re- less till March, after which none falls during all the har.
served for the marine. Palermo is the residence of the mili- vest, which is in May and June, or in the summer which
tary commandant of the island, and has an arsenal and  succeeds. Winter frosts are slight, except in high positions,
ship-building yards. Its university, founded in 1394, had, where snow occasionally falls; the heat of summer in the
some years since, a library of 40,000 volumes, and 735 stu- low valleys is very great, but not oppyeessive in other situa.
dents.  The town has a botanic garden, and numerous  tions.
learned societies. The chief benevolent institutions are a    The name Palestine, derived from the Hebrew Pelescheth,
royal hospital and a foundling hospital. The manufactures  and meaning the land of the Philistines, does not occur in
consist chiefly of silks, cottons, oil-cloth, leather, glass, and  Scripture, and is properly applicable only to the S.W. part
gloves made from a material furnished by thepinna-marina. of the country, stretching along the shores of the MediterThe trade has the advantage of an excellent roadstead and  raneau. It appears to have been first used by Greek auharbor, and has in recent times greatly increased. The  thors, and derived additional currency from its adoption by
principal articles of export are sumac, wine and spirits, Josephus and Philo. Its most ancient name was Canaan,
fruit, sulphur, skins, oil, essences, linseed, cream of tartar, which it evidently owed to the descent of its inhabitants
liquorice, and manna; of import, colonial produce, woollen, from Canaan, the fourth son of IHam, and a grandson of
cotton, linen, and silk tissues, hardware, earthenware, &c. Noah. When thus named, in the time of the patriarchs, it
The fisheries on the coast are very productive, and carried  was parcelled out among a number of independent tribes or
on with great activity, and give employment to nearly 4000  nations: the Kenites, Kenizzites, and Kadmonites, on the
hands. Founded by the Phenicians, Panormus became the  E. of the Jordan; the Hittites, Perizzites, Jebusites, and
capital of the Carthaginian possessions in Sicily. It appears  Amorites, in the hill country of the S.; the Canaanites proto have been a place of considerable consequence in ancient per in the centre, from  the Jordan to the coast; the Girtimes; the name, (Panormus,) signifying " All-port," may be gashites on the E. shore of the Lake of Tiberias; the Hivites
regarded as indicating its early commercial importance. It on the N., among the ramifications of Lebanon; the Philiswas taken by the Romans 250 n.o C.; it was afterwards capital tines on the S., and the Phoenicians  on the N. coast. In the
of the Saracen states in the island. The Normans took the  time of Moses, the country E. of the Jordan was conquered
city in 1072. In 1282it was the scene of the massacre called  and divided among the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and the
the "Sicilian Vespers."  The court of Naples resided here  half-tribe ofManasseh.  Under Joshua, the work of confrom 1806 to 1815. During an insurrection which took place  quest was carried on to. the W. of the Jordan; and the
in January, 1848, the town was bombarded, and partially  whole territory, though not to the extent originally pro.
destroyed by the king's forces. —Adj. and inhab. PALER- naised, allotted to the remaining half-tribe of Manasseh and
MITAN (?), paqlertme-tan?; (It. PALERMm[TANO, pg-lr.'me-tIno.) the other ten tribes; the larger portion of the S. filling to
PALERMO, a province in the N. of Sicily, hounded N. by  the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Under Solomon. the
the Tyrrhene Sea. Area, 1988 square miles. Pop. 478,788.  work of conquest appears to have been completed, and all
PALERIMO, a post-township of Waldo co, Maine, 10  the land which was originally promised was included
miles E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1659.                        within the limits of his kingdom. By the folly of his son
PALERIMO. a post-township of Oswego co., New York, 18  Rehoboam, the kingdom was rent in twain, and subdivided
miles E.S.E. of Oswego. Pop. 2053.                        into the separate kingdoms of Judah in the S., and Israel
PALER/MO, a post-village of Canada West, in the united  in the N. The latter kingdom was often designated by the
counties of Wentworth and Halton, 15 miles N. of Ilamil- name of Samaria, its capital. The division of the country
ton, and 32 miles firom Toronto. It contains 2 saw mills.  into tribes was completely broken up by the captivity,
Pop. about 200.                                           which carried away ten of them  to Babylon, and supplied
PALESTINE, palfes-tine, (L. Pakmstiena   Philisdtia, and Tz?- their place by a new colony. After the destruction of the
daca. sometimes written Judea,) or the HOLY LAND, (L. Babylonian Empire, Palestine fell under the dominion,
Ter-ra Sencta; Fr. Terre,Sainte, taiR s'Nt; Sp. TPierra Santa, first of the Persians. and then of the Macedonians. In the
te-SWRA  sanrtS; It. Terra'Santa, tsR/RA  sinIt&,) a country  time of our Saviour, when the Romans had established
of South-west Asia, comprising the S. part of Syria, and  their ascendancy, it was divided into the four provinces of
forming the modern pashalics of Acre and Gaza, and the  Galilee in the N., Samaria in the centre, Judea in the S.,
S. part of the pashalic of Damascus, extending between let. and Perea, which included all the country E. of the Jordan.
300 40' and 330 32' N., and ion. 330 351 and 350 48' E., Under Constantine, Palestine, now regarded as the Holy
having N. the pashalic of Tripoli, W. the Mediterranean, Land, acquired new interest, and recovered in some degree
and S. and S.E. the Arabian Desert. Length, from  Mount from  the calamities by which it had been laid desolate;
Hermon in the N. to Kadesh-Barnea in the S., 193 miles; and in 39l, on the division of the Roman Empire by Theoaverage breadth, 75 miles. Area,11,000 squaremiles. The sur- dosius, Palestine became a province of the eastern division
face is generally mountainous, being traversed by branches of the empire.
from the chain of Lebanon, one of which stretches S. in a    In the fifth century, the country was divided ecclesiastidirection nearly parallel to the coast of the Mediterranean, cally into the first, second, and third Palestine; the Ist,
forming the water-shed between its basin and that of the  conmprising  Judaea, capital, Casarea; 2d, Samaria, capital,
Dead Sea; while another, turning more to the E., extends  Scythopolis  or IBethsheey, Galilee, &c.; and the 3d the
along the left side of the valley of the Jordan. These moun- countries E. and S. of the Dead Sea, capital, Petra, over
tainus attain their greatest height (about 10,000 feet) in Mount all which sees, Jerusalem was subsequently erected into
Hiermon, where they first become detached from the princi- a patriarchate.  Palestine continued a Roman province
pal chain. None of the others exceed 3000 feet; but many  till the spread of Islamism, to which it soon fell a prey;
of them have acquired great celebrity fiom the frequent men- and Omar, in 636, after taking possession of its capital,
tion made of them  in Holy Writ, or the wonderful events  converted it into one of the provinces of his caliphate.
of which they have been the theatre. The most remarkable  The severities exercised towards the Christians having
are Carmel, forming a promontory in the MIediterranean, on  roused theindignation of Europe, gave rise to the Crusades,
the S.W. side of the Bay of Acre; Tabor, or the modern  and Jerusalem became for a time the capital of a Christian
Jebel Toor, at the N.E. extremity of the plain of Esdraelon; kingdom. Ultimately, however, Mohammedanism prevailed,
Ebal and Gerizim, in the valley of Samaria; Gilead and  and Palestine sunk into a degraded state; from which, as
Nebo or Pisgah, on the E. side of the Jordan; and Zion, Mo- yet, it has not shown any symptoms of recovering. The
riah, and the Mount of Olives. in and near Jerusalem. The  sultans of Egypt ruled it till 1517, when it was taken by
latter has an elevation of 2536 feet. The country generally is the Ottoman prince, Selim I., and incorporated with the
of trap formation, with volcanic rocks in several localities, Turkish Empire. At present, the whole of Palestine W. of
as in the valley of the Dead Sea. An oolitic limestone and  the Jordan is divided into seven districts; El-Kods, includindurated chalk rock prevails, in which are numerous ing Jerusalenm, Jericho, and about 200 villages; Hebron or
caverns W. of the Jotdan, and is common in the locality of El-Khaleel, and the S. part of Judea; Gaza, on the S. coast,
Jerusalem. The mountains are separated by deep valleys with the towns of Gaza and Jaftfa; Lood (or Lud,) or the enor level plains, and the whole country is rich in natural virons of ancient Lydda; Nabloos or ancient Sychar, and Sabeauty. The soil is remarkably fertile in the valleys~ and  maria; Areta, including Mount Carmel, and a part of the
on the sides of the mountains; but as the climate requires plain of Esdraelon; and Safed or Saphet, nearly identical
irrigation, and careful culture is wanting, the land is com- with ancient Galilee.
paratively desolate and barren; yet the fertility which it   PALESTINE, palfes-tine, a post-village in Greenbrier co.,
displays wherever it is under regular culture, fully justifies Virginia.
the early description given of it as a land flowing with milk    PALESTINE, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.
and honey. It is watered by numerous streams, the most   PALESTINE, a post-office of Adams co. IMisississippi..eportant of which is the Jordan, flowing in a valley re-   PALESTINE, a post-office, Washington parish, Louisiana
1423




PAL                                                         PAL
PALESTINE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Ander-    PALL MIALL, a post-office of Fentress co., Tennessee.
son co., Texas, 200 miles N.E. of Austin City, and 10 ailes    PALLO, plllo1b, or RABIBIT ISLAND, a small island of
E6. of the Trinity River. It is pleasantly situated in a fer- Malay Archipelago, S. of Sangir Island. Lat. 30 5' N., lon.
tile and undulating region, and is a place of active trade. 1250 30' E.
The steamboats which navigate the Trinity River have as-   PALMA, phlmA, a village of Portugal, province of Estrecended as high as Magnolia, the landing-place of Palestine. madura, 7 miles N.W. of Alcacer do Sal.
An active emigration has been directed to this vicinity    PALMA, phlmA, a town of Spain, province, and 26 miles
since 1847. It contains 12 stores, 2 large seminaries, and 4  N.E. of Iuelva.  Pop. 3630.
or 5 places of worship.  A newspaper is published here.   PALMA, p lmAt. a town of Sicily, near its S.W. coast, inPalestine was commenced in 1840. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. tendancy, and 13 miles, S.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 8000. It has
PALESTINE, a post-village of IIickman co., Tennessee, 68  an active trade in almonds, dried fruits, soda, wine, and
miles from Nashville.                                       sulphur.
PALESTINE, a village of Clermont co., Ohio, on the Ohio    PALMA, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 4
River, 16 miles above Cincinnati, has a brick-yard and a few  miles S. of Nola. Pop. 6000.
stores. Pop. about 300.                                       PALMA, pillmA, a fortified town of the Balearic Islands,
PALESTINE, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, on the  capital of the island of Majorca, and of the province of lBaOhio and Pennsylvania HRailroad, 165 miles N.E. of Columbus. leares, with a fine harbor in the Bay of Palmas, on its S.W.
PALESTINE, a village of Darke co., Ohio, 100 miles W. coast, 130 miles S. of Barcelona, lat. 390 34' N., Ion. 20 45'
of Colunmbus.                                               E., in the bosom of a bay, 12 miles long, and 16 miles broad.
PALESTINE, a post-village of Pickaway co., Ohio, 20 miles  Pop. 40,514. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre,
S.S.W. of Columbus.                                         and surrounded by a wall, 36 feet thick, with 13 bastions, and
PALESTINE, a post-village of Shelby co., Ohio, 61 miles  8 gates, 3 fronting the sea, and 5 facing the land, on which
W.N.W. of Columbus.                                         side the wall is girt with a dry ditch, while a faussebraye
PALESTINE, a post-village in Kosciusko co., Indiana, 160  protects the seaward portion. The streets are straight, but
miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.                             mostly narrow; many of them are paved, and provided with
PALESTINE, a village of Monroe co., Indiana, 10 miles  footwalks, laid with tiles. The principal public buildings
S.W. of Bloomington.                                        are the cathedral, founded by Jaime the Conqueror, the
PALESTINE, a post-village, capital of Crawford co.. Illi-  exchange, a splendid  structure  in  the Germane-Gothic
neots, 2 or 3 miles W. of the Wabash River, and 155 miles  style, begun in 1426, and finished in 1448; the palace of the
E.S.E. of Springfield.  It is situated on the border of a  governor, and the town-house; the last contains a gallery,
prairie, and contains A United States land-office, several with portraits of eminent natives of the island. There are
churches and stores.    -                                   7 parish churches, a great number of convents, several chaPALESTINE, a township in Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 617.  ritable institutions, a lazaretto, and a general hospital;
PALESTRINA, pA-lis-treelnh, (anc. Prceescste,) an episco- founded in 1456 by Alonzo V. Among the educational inpal city of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, 22 miles  stitutions may be specified the Academy of Medicine and
E.S.E. ofRome. Pop.4630. Its walls presentsuccessively the  Surgery; another called the Chirurgical, a normal school,
architecture of the Pelasgic era, and of the Roman periods, for primary instruction; an institute where the higher
The modern town is built on the site of the Temple of For-  branches of education are taught; a nautical school; the
tune, erected by Sylla. It has some interesting churches, an  Colegie de Sapienza, for poor young men who devote themold palace of the Barberini family, and a castle, once the  selves to the church; a school for orphan girls; the Colegio
chief stronghold of the Colenna, to whom the town belonged.  de Crianza, founded in 1510, for the education of young
PALESTRINA, an island of Italy. See PELESTRINA.          ladies of rank; the Colegio de Pureza, founded in 1809, also
PALIGRAVE,   a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         for females, and about 30 private schools. The town has
PALIIANPOOR, pAllhhn-poorl, a fortified town of IIin- 2 public libraries, and a museum  of — paintings.  At the
dostan, in the Baroda dominions, 84 miles N.N.W. of Ahmed- centre of the port rises the celebrated mole, which extends
abad, lat. 240 11' N., hon. 720 20' E. Pop. 30,000. (?) It is an  from the bastions facing the S. about 500 yards into the sea;
important frontier town.                                    on each side of it are the ship-building yards, which employ
PALIANO, ph-le-itno, a fortified town of Central Italy, in  numerous hands in the construction of the swift lateen
the Pontifical States, 7 miles N.W. of Anagni. Pop. 3688. It vessels, so well known and highly prized in the-Mediterrais enclosed by strong walls, and accessible only on one side. nean. Two light-houses stand at the entrance of Porto Pi,
PALIBOTHIRA.  See PATNA.                                 a narrow  road, where the larger vessels anchor.  On an
PALIGGIANO, ph-lid-jAno, a town of Naples, province of  eminence, about midway between the city and Porto Pi, is
Otranto, 13 miles W.N.W. of Tarante. Pop. 2000.            the Castle of Bellver. The entrance to the bay on the side
PALIGI-IAUT, British India. See PAULGHAUTCHERRY.         of St. Carlos Point is commanded by a fort.
PALINURUM PROMONTORIUM.  See CAPE PAXINUR0.                Palma is the port for the whole island. On an average of
PALINURUS SIIOAL, Arabia. See AnD-EL-Ko0eREE.            the two years, 1844-5, the number of vessels, with their
PALISADES, pal'e-shdz, of Bergen co., New Jersey, a  tonnage, entered, was —vessels, 983; tons, 50,493. Departed
range of basaltic rocks, rising precipitously along the W. -vessels, 917; tons, 46,882. The manufactures comprise
shore of the Hudson River, to the height of 400 or 500 feet. linen, woollen, and silk tissues, soap, glass, brandy, thread,
They extend from Piermont S. about 20 miles.                besides a number of oil and flour mills. Palms is the resiPALISEUL ph'leesulY, a village of Belgium, province of  deuce of the captain-general of Majorca.
Luxembourg 35 milesW.N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1089.                PALMA, pAllmA, one of the Canary Islands in the AtlanPALISSE, LA, IA p'leess/, a town of France, department tic, its W. extremity being in lat. 280 451 N., lon. 17i 50' W.
of Allier, 27 miles S.E. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, 2696.    Estimated area, 333 square miles. Pop. 33,089.  It is rePALK'S (pawks) STRAIT, is that portion of the Indian  markable for its great elevation, several of its peaks being
Ocean separating Ceylon from the mainland of Ilindostan,  upwards of 7000 feet in height.  The valleys are highly ferin lat. 100 N., lon. 80  3 E., and where narrowest 40 miles tile, and the island is well-wooded.  Principal products,
across. It is bounded S. by the island of Ramisseram, and  wine, fruits, honey, wax, silk, and sugar.  Some taffetas
the shoal called Adam's Bridge; in it are some pearl fisheries. and other fabrics are made; but fishing is a much more
PALLE NCE.  See CASSAnDrA.                                general occupation. Principal towns, Santa Cruz on the E.,
PALLANCHI EE, a town of IIindostan. See PALACHY.          and Tazacorte on the W. coast.
PALLANTIA, a city of Spain. See PArENCIA.                   PALMA, pAl/mA, a small town of New Granada; and a
PALLANTIA, a river of Spain. See PALANLiA.                river and cape of Cuba.
PALLANZA, phl-lAn/zA, a town of Piedmont, on a tongue    PALMA DEL RIO, phlmA dal reefo, a town of Spain,
of land in Lago Maggiore, 5 miles E. of Gravellona. Pop. 2044. province, and 30 miles S.W. of Cordova, on the Guadalquivir,
PALrLAS-KENItY, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, atits confluence with the Genil, (Xenil.)  Pop. 5528.
co., and 10 miles E.S.E. df Limerick. Pop. 700.               PALMIA NUOVA, pl/mA noo-o/vA, a fortified town of
PALLEE, phllee, a large commercial town of IHindostan, Austrian Italy, government of Venice, 12 miles S.S.E. of
dominion, and 40 miles S.S.E. of Joodpoor, on an affluent  Udine, on the Roja. Pop. 2800.
of the Loony River. It is a great entrepSt for Malwah opium    PALM-AR, pgl-maR/, or LUGAR DE SAN JUAN, loo-gaRs
in its t'ansit to Bombay, &c., and it has a considerable irm- dA sAn Hwhn or HOo-Ant, a town of Spain, province, and 3
port trade in chintz and European manufactures.             miles S. of Murcia. Pop. 5951.        *
PALLIA, phl/le-a, a town of British India, in Sinde, 84    PALMARIA, p~l-m-ree/A, an islet of North Italy, in the
miles S.E. of Hyderabad.                                    Mediterranean, near the promontory of Porto-Vevere, I mile
PALLIA, a river of Italy.  See PAGLIA.                    long, celebrated for its fine black marble with golden veins.
PALILICE, or PAL/LAS, a hamlet of Ireland, in Leinster, It bounds the Gulf of Spezzia on the S.W.
co. of Longford, 1 miles S.E. of Ballymahon. Oliver Gold-   PALMAS, a small island of South America, New Granada,
smith was born here in 1731.                               15 miles N.W. of Buenaventura, in the Bay of Choco, Pacific.
PALLICOONDA, phi-le-koon/dA, a town of British India, It was discovered by Pizarro in 1527.
presidency of Madras, 28 miles W. of Arcot.                  PALMAS, a river of Zangdlebar, East Africa, and a harPALfLING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           bor of South America, Ecuador, under the equator.
PALILISER, CAPE, the S. extremity of New Zealand,   PALMAS, LAS, a city of Grand Canaria. See LAs PALMAS.
North Island. Lat. 410 38' S., and hon. 1750 21' 3E.         PALMAS, GULF OF, Sardinia, is on its S.W. coast be.
PAI/LISER ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, tween this island and Sant Antioco.
Low Archipelago, lat. 150 S., ion. 1450 W.                   PALMAS POINT, Yucatan, on its W.,coast near Sisal
1424




PAL                                                       PAL
PALME, (palm,) LAGOON OF, France, department ofl Aude, mond. It has a handsome bridge across the rivsi, and
14 miles S. of Narbonne, is separated from the Mediter- contains a brick court-house, 1 church, anrd 2 or 3 mills.
ranean by only a narrow island, and united with it by    PALMYRA, a post-village of Halifax co., North Carolina,
the Straits of Jongrausse and Frauqui. Length, from N. to  about 85 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh.
S., about 2- miles; breadth, about 2 miles.  On the W.    PALMYRA, a post-village in Lee co., Georgia, 125 miles
bank is the village of Palme.                              S.W. by S. of Milledgeville.
PALMEIRAS, pl-mA'lrAs or pA1-mAe-rbs, a town of Brazil,   PALMYRA, a post-office of Warren co., Mississippi.
province of Sao Paulo, near Curitiba. Pop. 2150,             PALMYRA, a post-village of Montgomeny co.. Tennessee,
PALMELLA, pSl-m6ltli, a town of Portugal, province of  on the Cumtbrland River, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Nash.
Estremadura, 18 miles S.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 3700.           ville.
PALIMER, a post-village and township in Hampden co.;   PALMYRA, a post-office of Simpson co., Kentucky.
Massachusetts, 16 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. The.town-    PALMYRA, a small village of Trimble co., Kentucky.
ship is intersected by the Western Railroad, and the New    PALMYRA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Portage
London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad meets the Am- co., Ohio. Pop. 1093.
herst and Belchertown Railroad at Palmer Dep5t. It has    PALMYRA, a post-village of Deerfield township, Warren
several cotton and woollen mills, manufactures of boots and  co., Ohio, on the turnpike from Cincinnati to Columbus, 20
shoes, castings, &c. In 1853, a state alms-house was esta- miles N.E. of the former. It contains 2 or 3 churches.
blished here. Pop. 3974.                                     PALMYRA, a post-village and township of Lenawee co.,
PALMER, a village of Michigan. See ST. CLAIR.           Michigan, on the Raisin River, and on the Michigan SouthPALMER DEPOT, (deelpO,) a flourishing village and sta- ern and Northern Indiana Railroad, 60 miles S.W. of Detion of lampden co., Massachusetts, on the Western Rail- troit. The village contains a few stores and mills. Pop. of
road, at its junction with the New London Willimantic  the township 1093.
and Palmer, and the Amherst and Belchertown Railroads,    PALMYRA, a post-village of Harrison co., Indiana, about
83 miles W. by S. of Boston. A newspaper is publishedhere  10 miles. N. of Corydon.
weekly.                                                     PALMYRA, a village of Rush co., Indiana, 10 miles S. of
PALMER'S LAND, Antarctic Ocean, S. of the South Shet- Rushville.
land Islands. Lat. (E. extremity) 630 25' S., ion. 570 55' W.    PALMYRA, a flourishing post-village, capital of Marion
PALMER'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., co., Missouri, 100 miles N.E. of Jefferson City. The situaVirginia.                                                 tion is high and healthy; the water is excellent. Marion
PALMER'S STORE, a post-office, Weakley co., Tennessee. City, the landing-place of Palmyra on the Mississippi, is 6
PALMERSTON (p&fmers-ton) ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, is  miles distant. The railroad which is in course of construce
in lat. 180 41 S., lon, 1630 10' W.                       tion between Hannibal and St. Joseph, will pass through
PALMERSTON, CAPE, a headland, East Australia, lat. Palmyra.  This village contains 5 large brick churches,
210 30' S., lon.149030' E.                                 several respectable schools, a United States land-office, 1 or
PALMERSTOWN, pafnmers-tiwn, a village and parish of  2 newspaper offices, and I bank. Pop. in 1850, 1284; in
Ireland, in Leinster, co. ofDublin, adjoining Phenix Park. 1853, about 2000.
Pop. of village 200. It gives the title of viscount to the    PALMYRA, a post-office of Polk co., Iowa.
Temple family,                                               PALMYRA. a post-village and township of Jefferson co.,
PALMETtTO, a small river of Georgia, flows through  Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad,
Laurens county into the Oconee from the right.             about 40 miles W.S.W. ofMilwaukee. Pop. 997.
PALMETTO, a post-office of Kershaw co., South Carolina.   PALMYRA, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Territory.
PALMETTO, a post-village in Campbell co., Georgia, on    PALMY1RAS POINT, a headland of British India, prethe Atlanta and La Grange Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of At- sidency, and in the Bay of Bengal, near the mouth of the
lanta. Pop. 200.                                          river Braminy, 57 miles S.E. of Balasore.  All ships for
PALMETTO, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia.          Calcutta endeavor to make this point, off which they are
PALMETTO, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.         met by pilots.
PALMETTO, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.      PALMYRE, a ruined city of West Asia. See PALaMYA.
PALMI, pgltmee, a royal city of Naples, province of Ca-   PALO, EL, 1 p~lo, a scattered village of Spain, province,
labria Ultra I., 21 miles N.N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 6200. It has  and 2 miles from Malaga. Pop. 1846.
a port on the Gulf of Gioja, and an active trade.            PALO, p~lo, a city of Naples, province, and 11 miles S.W.
PALMOLI, pllmo-le, a market-town of Naples, province  of Bari. Pop. 5500.
of Abruzzo Citra, 13 miles S.S.W. of 1I Vasto. Pop. 2500.    PALO, a market-town of Naples, province of Principato
PALMStTOWN, a small village of Cumberland co., Penn- Citra, 9 miles of Campagna. Pop. 2600.
sylvania.                                                    PALO, pahblo, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
PALMYRA, pal-mlra, (the  adinrmot"  of Scripture; Or.   PALO, a post-village in Linn co., Iowa, 35 miles N.N.W.
HaXlsvpa. Palmdra; L. Palmyfra; Fr. Palmyra, pgl'meerJ,)  of Iowa City.
a ruined city in an oasis of the Syrian Desert, pashalic, and    PALO ALTO, p&lo Alto, a noted battle-field, situated
120 miles N.E. of Damascus. Lat. 340 18' N., ion. 380 13' E. near the S. extremity of Texas, between Point Isabel and
Its remains, which cover a surface of about 3 square miles, Matamoras, about 9 miles N.E. of the latter. Here, on the
are situated near the E. declivity of a mountain range, and  8th of May, 1846, the Americans, numbering 2111, under
consists of a great number of columns, portions of a Temple  General Taylor, defeated 6000 Mexicans, commanded by Geof-the Sun, occupying a quadrangular space of 220 square  neral Arista. The loss of the former was 32 killed, (among
yards, and which had 390 columns, 60,:of which still re- whom was the brave Major Ringgold,) and 47 wounded;
main; fragments of some other temples, several gateways, that of the latter, 252 killed.
traces of an aqueduct, and numerous sepulchres on the    PALO ALTO, pahlo allto, a new county in the N.W. part
sides and summits of the adjacent heights, most of which  of Iowa, has an area of 550 square miles. It is intersected
edifices appearto have been constructed during the three  in the E. by the Des Moines River, and in the W. by Lizard
first centuries of the Christian era. This ancient city was River, an affluent of the first-mentioned stream, and also
founded by Solomon, and called in Hebrew, TAsnoR, that is, drained by two small tributaries of the Des Moines, one of
the "city of palm-trees," of which the Greek HaXpvpa, is a  which rises from a lake in the W. part of the county. It is
translation. In the third century, it was the capital of Queen  not included in the census of 1850.
Zenobia. It continued to be inhabited till it was taken and    PALO ALTO, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.
plundered by Timur (Tamerlane) about the year 1400.-        PALO ALTO, a post-office nfOnslow co., North Carolina.
Adj. and inhab. PALYvRENEz, pal-me-reenf.                   PALO ALTO; a-post-village of Jasper co., Georgia, 44 miles
PALMY1RA, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, in- N.W. of Milledgeville.
tersected by the Sebasticook River, about 44 miles N.E. by    PALO ALTO, a thriving post-village of Chickasaw co.,
N. of Augusta. Pop. 1625.                                 Mississippi, 22 miles S.E. of Houston.
PALMYRA, a handsome post-village in Palmyra town-    PALO ALTO, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tennessee.
ship, Wayne co., New York, on the Erie Canal, and on Mud    PALO ALTO, a post-office of Hamilton co., Illinois.
Creek, half a mile from the Rochester and Syracuse Direct    PALO ALTO, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, on the
Railroad, and 22 miles E. by S. of Rochester. It contains 1  Iowa River, 48 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City.
Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist church,   PALOAN (pg-lo-9n') BAY, a bay of the Malay Archipelago,
snd a Friends' meeting-house; a Union school-house, which  on the N.W. coast of the island of Mindoro. It lies S.S.E. of
cost $11,000; a bank, several manufactories, and from 30 to  Point Calivite, is of a semi-circular form, with an entrance
40 stores of different kinds. Two weekly newspapers are  4 miles wide, and extending N. inland 3 miles.
published here. Pop. of the township in 1850, 3893; of the    PALOMARES-DEL-CAMPO, pA-lo-mAfr s-d6l-kimnpo,  a
village in 1854, about 3000.                             town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 5 miles N.E.
PALMYRA, a post-office of Burlington co., New Jersey.   of Cuenca. Pop. 360.
PALMYRA, a post-village and township of Lebanon co.,   PALOMBARA, pg-lom-b rS, a market-town of Central
Pennsylvania, 15 miles E. of Harrisburg. Pop. in 1853, 400. Italy, in the Pontifical States, 8 miles N. of Tivoli. P. 2694.
PALMYRA, a township of Pike co., Pennsylvania. P. 447.   PALOMBAIA, in Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 11
PALMYRA, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. miles S.W. of Lanciano. Pop. 1500.
Pop. 2015.                                                 PALOINA, a post-office of Greenville district, South Ca,
PALMYRA, a post-village, capital of Fluvanna co., Yir- rolina.
Cinia, on the Rivanna River, 60 miles W. by N. of Rich-   PALOO, PALOU or PALU, p'lsoos, a town of Asiatic Tur4P                                                                        1425




PAL                                                      PAN
key, pashalic, and 55 miles N. of Diarbekir, on the Moorad    PAMLICO SOUND, situated on the E. coast of North Ca —
Dhai, the E. arm of the Euphrates. Pop. estimated at 1000 rolina, is a shallow body of water about 80 miles long, and
amilies, of whom 400 are Armenian, and 600 Mohammedan, from 10 to 25 miles wide, separated firom  the ocean by low
the former employed in cotton-weaving, dyeing, tanning, and narrow islands. The general depth is about 20 feet, but
and other manufactures; the latter in agriculture.        numerous shoals occur in it. It communicates with AlbePALOONSIHAI, pA-loonlshli, a town of India, in the  marie Sound on the N., and receives the Neuse and Pamlico
Nizam  dominions, 150 miles E.N.E. of Hyderabad, and  Rivers at its W. extremity. It is slightly affected by the
seated in a fine valley, but now in decay.                tide, which flows through Ocracoke Inlet.
PALOS, p  oce, a town on the W. coast of the island of    PAMPA GRANDIE, pAmfpa granfdA, (the " great plain,")
Celebes. It gives its name to a fine bay in the Strait of  South Peru, is a level sandy desert, between Arequipa and
MIacassar, and to an isthmus which joins the N. peninsula  the ocean, 2000 feet above the sea, and destitute of water or
to the S. part of Celebes.                                vegetation.
PAtLOS, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana.               PAMPANGA, pAm-pan/ga, a province of the Philippines,
PALOS, a post-township of Cook co., Illinois. Pop. 336.   in the island of Liuzon, N.W. of Manila.  Length, from N.
PALOS, PORT OF, Spain. See MoeuEra.                     to S., about 60 miles; breadth, about 45 miles. Capital,
PALOTA, p&'loftthx, a village of Hungary, in Thither Bacolor. Pop. 177,045.
Theiss, co. of Csanad, 26 miles W.N.W. of Arad. Pop. 3667.   PAMPARATO, pam-p9-lrto. a village of North Italy, in
PALOTA, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 13 miles  Piedmont, 10 miles S. of Mondovi. Pop. 2505.
N.E. of Veszprim. Pop. 4994. It was ravaged by the Turks    PAMPAS. pdm/p s, a name given to some of the vast plains
in 1603.                                                   of South America, particularly the plains stretching firom
PALOX1Y CREEK, Texas, enters the Brazos River from  Terra-del-Fuego N. through Patagonia and part of La Plata,
the W., in the N. central part of the state.              over 270 of lat., or 1900 miles, where they meet El Gran
PALPA, p l/pd, a town of North IHindostan, in Nepaul, Chaco, and from the E. slope of the Andes to the shores of
near the Gunduck, 58 miles W. of Gorkha.                  the Plat and Atlantic: area, 1,620,000 square miles, an exPALPA, a maritime village of Peru, department of Lima. tent so great, that while their N. margin is bordered by
province, and 60 miles S.E. of Ica, on the Rio Grande, near palm-trees, their S. extremity is almost continually covered
its mouth in the Pacific.                                 with ice or snow. Immense portions of this great plain,
PALS, pals, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and  particularly N. of the Colorado, and extending for 1000 miles
19 miles E.S.E. of Ge-ona. Pop. 1329.                     from E. to W., are nearly as level as the sea, and without a
PALTE or PALTEH, pAl/tA or pal/tbh, (written also  stone, or any other object. except a solitary tree, (the ombfi,)
TAMBRO) LAKE. a remarkable lake of East Thibet, 30 miles which is seen at vast distances, rising like a great land
S.W. of Lassa. It is nearly circular, 40 miles in diameter, mark.
and contains a large central island, in which is a Thibetan    PAMPAS, a township of De Kalb co., Illinois. Pop. 1038.
temple.                                                     PAMPAS DEL SACRAMENTO, pam/pas d~l sa-kra-manto,
PALUAU, pa'l5'6ii, a village of France, department of In- vast plains in the N.E. of Peru, covering an area of about
dre, 20 miles W.N.W. of Chgteauroux, on the Indre. P. 1980. 60,000 square miles. They are traversed from  S. to N. by
PALUAU, a village of France, department of Vend6e, 12  the Ucayale. and though in parts almost without trees, are
miles N.W. of Bourbon-Vend6e. Pop. 550.                   in others covered with immense and magnificent forests.
PALUD, LA, la pa'iit, a market-town of France, depart- Several parts of them have been brought under cultivation,
ment of Vaucluse, 13 miles N.N.W. of Orange, on the rail- but in general they remain in a state of nature, and are ocway from Lyons to Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 2586.            cupied by various tribes of Indians.
PALUDI, pa-looldee. a town of Naples, province of Calabria    PAMPATAR, pam-pg-tan/, a maritime village of South
Citra, 4 miles S.E. of Rossano. Pop. 1770.                America, in Venezuela, on the S. side of the island of MarPALUS MZOTIS. See AZOF. SEA OF.                         garita, fortified, and having a pretty good harbor.
PALUZZA, pa-lootfsa, a market-town of Austrian Italy,    PAMPELONNE. pbM'peh-lonnl, a town of France, departgovernment of Venice, 33 miles N.W. of Udine. Pop. 1800.  ment of Tarn, on the lViaur, 14 miles N.N.E. of Alby. Pop.
PALYAD, pa-le-ad', an inland town of West Hindostan, 2025.
Baroda dominions, 64 miles W.S.W. of Cambay.                PAMPELUNA, a town of Spain. See PAA{PLONA.
PA/MAH, a village of Jones co., Iowa, 35 miles N. by E.   PAMPER, a town of Cashmere. See PAMPUR.
of Iowa City.                                               PAMPILHOZA, pAm-peel-yolza, a town of Portugal, proPAMAKASSAN, pama-kats-san/. a town of the Dutch East vince of Beira-Baixa, N. of Thoma-. Pop. 2462.
Indies, on the S. coast of the island of Madura. It is the    PAMIPISFORD, a pariah of England, co., of Cambridge.
residence of a native prince.                               PAMPLEMOUSSES, p8mr'ple-moos', a village of the MauriPAMALANG, pat'ma-lang, a town and river of Java, on  tins, near a stream of the same name, about 7 miles from
the N. coast of the province of Tagal, 75 miles WV. of Sa- Port Louis.
marang.                                                     PAMPLONA, pam-plofna, or PAMPELUNA, p m-pA-lootPAMALANG, a cape of Java, 12 miles E.N.E. of the above  n{, (Fr. Pnamphlne or Pampernl e, p3Mp'liin/; anc. Ponpelo/i
town.                                                     or Pompeiop ois,) a fortified town of Spain, capital of the proPAMANOEKAN  or PAMANUKAN, pa'ma-noo-kIant, a  vince of Navarre, on the Agra, an affluent of the Aragon,
town of the Dutch East Indies, on the N. coast of Java, 70  195 miles N.N.E. of Madrid, and 20 miles from the French
miles E. of Batavia.                                      frontier. Pop. 11,000. It has a fine:promenade and public
PAMIBER, a parish of England, co. of Hants.             fountains, supplied by a noble aqueduct, an ancient cathePAMBOOK (or PAMBUK) KALE/{. See HIsErAoLTs.             dral, palaces of theyiceroy and of the bishop, a Latin college,
PAMBU, pam-boo/, a small town of Brazil, province of  and severalother schools. Themanufactures comprisepaper,
Bahia, on the river Sno Francisco, 50 miles E.S.E. of Santa leather, and coarse woollens, and it has an active commerce
Maria. It has an electoral collee, instituted in 1843.   with France in wool and silk, and a celebrated annual fair in
PAMEER, PAMERE or PAMIR, pa-meer/, an extensive June. It was taken from the Arabs by Charlemagne in
table-land of Central Asia. Its highest point, called by the 778. In 860 it was made the capital of Navarre, of which
natives the "roof of the world," in lat. 370 27' N., Ion. 730 Count Garcias took the title of king. The French took it
40' E., is 15,600 feet above the level of the sea. It is bounided in 1808, and held it till 1813, when it surrendered to the
S. by the Hindoo Koosh Mountains. Lake Sir-i-Kol, which Duke of Wellington.
gives origin to the Oxus River, is situated in Pameer. Here   PAMPLONA, p m-plo/na, a town of South America, in
is found the Pameer sheep or rass.                        New Granada, department of Boyaca, capital of the province,
PAMEL, pif/mel, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, on an affluent of the Zulia River. 200 miles N.E. of Bogota.
on the Dender, 12 miles WV. of Brussels. Pop. 2840.       Pop. 3200. It is well built. Principal edifices, its churches
PAME!LIA, a township of Jefferson co., New York, on and convents, one of which latter is very richly decorated.
Black River, opposite Watertown. Pop. 2528.               Near it are mines of gold and silver.
PAMELIA FOUR CORNERS, a post-village of Jefferson    PAMPROUX, p6S-'proo!, a village of France, department
co., New York, about 165 miles N.W. of Albany.            of Deux-Slvres, 14 miles N.N.E. of Melle. Pop. 1350.
PAMIERS, palme-Y, a town of Fiance, department of    PAMPUR, p mfptr, or PAMPER, pAmlper, a town of
Aribge, 10 miles N. of Foix, on the right bank of the Aridge. Cashmere, on the Jhylum, here crossed by a bridge of sevePop. in 1852, 7770. It has a communal college, and was rial arches, 5 miles WV. of Serinagur, and comprising between
formerly the capital of the comt6 of Foix.                300 and 400 houses, a bazaar, and 2 Mohammedan shrines.
PAMIR, a table-land of Central Asia. See PAMEsqR.         PAMUN/KEY or PAMUNKY RIVER, in the S.E. part of
PAMLICO, a river of North Carolina, in the uipper part Virginia, is formed by the union of the North and South
of its course called TAR RIVER. It rises near the W. bor- Anna Rivers. on the border of Caroline and Hanover counder of Granville county, and flowing S.E., passes by Tarbo- ties, and flowing in a general S.E.direction, joins the Mattarough, Greenville. and Washington, and enters the W. ex- pony to form the York River. Its whole length is probably
tremity of Pamlico Sound, through an estuary which is not less than 75 miles. This river separates King William
several miles wide and nearly 40 miles long. It is naviga- county from HIanover and New Kent counties.
ble by small boats to Tarborough.                          PAM1REPAU, a small village of Bergen township, Bergen
PAM/LICO  LIGHT/HOUSE, North Carolina, a point of co., New Jersey.
land on the S. side of the entrance to Pamlico River, about   PANAGUR, pA-ni-gflr/, an ancient town of British India,
35 nmiles S. of Washington. It contains a fixed light 30 feet presidency of Bengal, W. of the ceded districts, 11 miles N,
above the level of the sea.                              of Gurrah, and having several temples.
1426




PAN                                                       PAN
PANAMA, phn-.-mff, a fortified seaport city of South    PANARIA, pi-na-reefg, (ane. Hic/sic,) one of the Lipari
America, in New Granada, capital of the department of  Islands, in the Mediterranean, 5 miles N.E. of Lipari. It is
Istme, on the Gulf and S. coast of the Isthmus of Panama. about 7 miles in circuit, fertile, and well cultivated. and conLat. 80 56' N., ion. 790 31' 2"  W. It stands on a peninsular tains many volcanic products. On its S. side is a good port.
tongue of land, across which its streets extend from sea to  Pop. 200. It has several retnains of antiquity.
sea. Pop., with suburbs, about 6000. It has a beautiful   PANARO, pa-niro, (auc. Scultelna,) a river of North Italy,
cathedral, various convents, a nunnery, Jesuits' college, and  rises in Monte Cimone, and flows N. between the duchy of
a large edifice, also intended for a college, but which has  Modena and the Pontifical States. It becomes navigable at
not been finished.  Its harbor is protected by numerous Bonporto, where the Canal of Modena joins it to the Seeislets, and affords secure anchorage. The country around is chia; and it enters the Po on the right, 12 miles N.W. of
fertile. The city has some trade in South American pro- Ferrara. Length, 75 miles. Under the French it gave the
duce, especially gold-dust, pearls, shells, hides, and coffee, name to a department of the kingdom of Italy, now comwhich are exported to Europe, chiefly by way of Chatres, on  prised in the duchy of Modena.
the opposite coast. It is also on the route to California, and    PANAROEKAN or PANAROOCAN, p -nA-roo-kinl, a town
is now a station for the mails between the Atlantic and Pa- of Java, 85 miles E.S.E.of Soerabaya.
cific coasts of the United States, and between Great Britain,   PANAUR, a river of India. See PuNNAm.
Pe:-r. and Chili. It is the PaCific terminus of the Panama    PANAY or PANY, pa-ni, one of the Philippine Islands, in
Railroad, which connects this place with Aspinwall, on the the Malay Archipelago. 1at. 100 241 N., ]on. 1220 6' E. EstiAtlantic side of the Isthmus.  This road has just been  mated area, 4560 square miles. It is fertile, but is stated
(February, 1855) completed.                               to be unhealthy, and is thinly cultivated. On it are the
PAN'AMA/, a post-office of Chautauque co., New York.    Spanish settlements of Iloilo and Antigua. See PHILIPPINES.
PANAMA, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio.              PANBAN, pAn'bgn/, a village of Ilindostan, in the island
PANAMA, ISTHMUS OF, called formerly the ISTHMUS  of Ramisseram, opposite the mainland.
OF DARIEN, (d3ire-en or dit-re-in!,) the connecting link be-   PANBRIDE, pan'bridl, a maritime village and parish of
tween No:th and South America, separating the Atlantic  Scotland, co. of Forfiar, 6 miles S.W. of Arbroath. Pop. in
from the Pacific Ocean, extends from lat. 70 20' to 90 40' N., 1851, 1372, of whom about 130 are in the village. In the
ion. 770 to 810 W. It also forms a department of New Gra- N.E. of the parish is the mansion of the Earl of Panmure,
nada:. called Istmo. It has the shape of an arc, curving round  and near it are the remains of an ancient feudal castle.
from E. to W. for about 300 miles, with a breadth varying    PANCALIERI, pan-kl-le-Yree, a village of the Sardinian
from 30 to 70 miles, and presenting its convex side to the  States, in Piedmont, 18 miles S. of Turin. Pop. 2838.
Caribbean Sea, while its concavity is occupied by the large    PANCHISIIIR, p~nsh-sheer/ (?) a valley of Cabool, on the S.
Bay of Panama, setting up from the Pacific. This bay, at side of the Hindoo Koosh, about 70 miles long from S.W. to
its mouth, is 135 miles across, and penetrates inland about N.E.; breadth, usually 1~ miles. It is watered by a stream
120 miles. Its shores are, for the most part, low and swampy, of the same name.
and noted for their unhealthiness.  It contains numerous    PANJCOASTBURG, a post-office of Fayette co., Ohio.
islands, particularly on its E. side, where the group called'  PANCOR~O, ptn-konRvo, or PANCORtBO, a town of Spain,
Pearl Islands covers about 400 square miles. It is in- province, and 31 miles N.E. ofBurgos, in a mountain defile,
dented by several harbors,'of which, Panama, in the N., at the entrance of which was a fortress which the French
and San Miguel, in the E., are best known. The bay is held from 1808 to 1813, and demolished in 1823. Pop. 1217.
usually tranquil, and not disturbed by much wind or sea,   PANICRASSWEEK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
but destructive tempests occasionally occur, and during the    PANCSOVA, pWnfcho'v~h', a fortified market-town of South
rainy season W. winds send in a heavy swell. The tide  Hungary, in the Banat, the head-quarters of a German
rises from 2 to 4 fathoms. On the N., or convex coast, the  regiment, with a steam-packet station on the Danube, 62
most remarkable indentation is the Gulf of Darien, near its  miles S.S.W. of Temesvar.  Pop. 11,710.  It has Roman
E. extremity; Port Escoces, and, in its immediate vicinity, Catholic and Greek Churches, mathematical and German
Caledonia Bay; and Limon or Navy Bay, a little E. of  schools, and an active trade.
Chagres. In approaching the N. coast from the Atlantic,   PANDACAN, p~n-d&-k~nt, a village of the Philippines, in
a range of lofty heights is seen, stretching apparently in an  the island of Luzon, province of Tondo. Pop. 4622.
unbroken chain, at a short distance from the shore; and it   PANDATARIA. See Y~NDoTENrE.
was long supposed that the barrier thus presented was    PANDINO, pln-deelno, a town of Austrian Italy, province,
characteristic of the whole isthmus, and precluded the idea  and 8 miles N.N.E. of Lodi. Pop. 1756.
of forming great thoroughfares across it to accommodate the    PANDOR1A. a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee.
traffic of thetwo oceans; but it is now ascertained that a    PAN1EAS or BANIAS, b4Ine-as, (ance. C.sarela Philp~li,)
large part of the isthmus consists of low hills, valleys, and  a village of Palestine, pashalic, and 45 miles W.S.W. of Daflat or undulating plains, watered by considerable streams, mascus, near the sources of the Jordan. It comprises about
generally well covered with excellent timber, and capable  150 houses, and has on its N. side a well-built bridge, the
of yielding all the more valuable tropical productions in  ruins of the ancient town, a cavern, (the Panium of Josetolerable abundance.  The minerals are also important,  phus,) and some traces of a temple erected by Herod in
and include, in addition to gold, which was long worked to  honor of Augustus.
advantage, rich veins of iron and copper. The most unfa-   PANGANSANE, PANGANSENE, panggtn-sin!,  or PANvorable feature is its climate.  A great quantity of rain  JASANG, p n'yA-sangl, an island of the Malay Archipelago,
falls throughout the year, and in the months of July, Au- off the S.E. extremity of Celebes, about lat. 50 S., Ion. 1220
gust, and September it rains almost incessantly. A con- 30' E. Length, from N. to S., 60 miles; average breadth, 16
nection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the  miles.
isthmus has at different times been proposed, and a railway    PANGARAN, png'g~-rdn/, a village in the island of Ceywas completed February 17, 1855, extending from  As- ion, on the Mahavillygunga, 38 miles S.E. of Kandy.
pinwall, on Navy Bay, to Panama. From recent surveys   PANGASINAN, p n-gA-se-n~n', a province of the Philipit has been ascertained that Port Escoces is an excellent pines, in the island of Luzon, N.W. of Manila. Pop. 221,805.
harbor, and Caledonia Bay an ample and commodious road-   PANG/BORNE, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
stead; and to meet the wants, not of any individual state,    PANGONG, plng'gongS, a salt lake in West Thibet, 100
but of the whole mercantile world, it has also been proposed  miles E. of Leh, 14,000 feet above sea-level. Length, 100
to cut a gigantic canal, stretching from ocean to ocean, from   miles; breadth, from 3 to 4 miles.
Port Escoces, in a S.S.W. direction, to the mouth of the Sa-   PANGOOTARAN or PANGOUTARAN, pIng-goo-tA-rAnf,
vanna, in the harbor of Darien, communicating with the  an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the SooloG group.
Gulf of San Miguel. The dimensions proposed are 140 feet Lat. 60 15' N., ion. 1200 40' E. Length, 10 miles; breadth,
wide at the bottom, and 30 feet deep at low tide. The sum- 4 miles. It is of coral formation, and abounds with cocoa,
hit level, between the two points, is said to be only 150  palms. and live-stock.
feet, and the cost of the work is estimated at $60,000,000.   PANIANY, a town of British India. See PONAN~.
The Atlantic coast of the isthmus was discovered by Chris-   PANICOCOLO, pg-ne-kolko-lo, a village of Naples, protopher Columbus in 1502, but the comparatively short dis- vince, and 12 miles N.W. of Naples. Pop. 2250.
tance across it was not ascertained till 1513, when Vasco    PANIPUT, p~n'e-p t], written also PANNIPUT, (Hindoo
Nufiez di Balboa, Governor of Darien, at the head of a party  Panipata, pa-ne-p~ltA,) a town of British India, presidency
of which Francisco Pizarro was one, set out on an exploring  of Bengal, Upper Provinces, 55 miles N.N.W. of Delhi. Lat.
expedition, and, from the top of a hill, obtained the first 290 22' N., ion. 760 51, E. It is 4 miles in circuit, enclosed
view of the Pacific.                                      by a decayed wall, has a remarkable Mohammedan shrine,
PANAMGOODY, p9-n m-goofdee, a town of Hindostan, 21 and had formerly a considerable trade.
miles N.N.E. of Cape Comorin. Lat. 80 21' N., ion. 770 53' E.   PANISSItRE, pAnis'se-aia/, a market-town of France,
PANANICH, a village of Scotland. See PANNANICE.         department of Loire, 18 miles N.E. of Monthrison. Pop.
PANAON, pA-nA-Snf, one of the Philippine Islands in the  1160.
Suigao Passage, between the islands of Leyte and Minda-   PANJAB or PENJAB, a territory of India. See PUNJAB.
nan. Length, 18 miles.                                      PANJANG, pln'jlngl, or POOLO PANJANG, poollo pn'PANARAGA, pA-nA-rfgA, a town in the S. part of the  j ngl, an island off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula.
island of Java, S.E. of Soerakarta.                       Lat. 90 18 N., ion. 1030 36' E. It is 20 miles in length, from
PANARANO, pi-ni-rIno, a town of Naples, province of  N. to S., by 4 miles in avers-e breadth, and similar in most
Principato Ultra, 9 miles N.W. of Aveilino. Pop. 1300.    respects to the island of Junkceylon, from which it is 12
1427




PAN                                                       PAP
miles B. Some islets in South Madura, North Papua, and  Nashvile. Part of the village is in Granger county. It
East Borneo have the same name.                            contains an excellent male and female academy. The East
PANJIM, p n'zheeNG1, or NEW GOA, gof&, a town of Por- Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, now in progress, will pass
tuguese Hindostan, 5 miles W.'of Goa, mostly inhabited by  through the village.
native Christians. It is the residence of the Portuguese    PAN/TIHERS~ILLE, a district of De Kalb co., Georgia, has
viceroy, and many of the principal Europeans in the settle- a post-office of the same name. Pop. 1446.
menip                                                        PANTICO, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York.
PANKER, pinkler, a village of Denmark, duchy of IHol-   PANTICOSA, pin-te-kolst, medicinal baths of Spain, prostein, 17 miles E. of Kiel. Pop. 940.                      vince, and 40 miles N. of IHuesca, 14 miles N.E. of Jaca, near
PANKOTA, p~n'koftbh', (0 and UJ, sorce,) two nearly  the village of Panticosa.  It is one of the highest inhabited
adjacent villages in Hungary, co. of, and about 10 miles from  spots in the Pyrenees, being about 8500 feet above the sea.
Arad. Pop. 7200.                                             PANTIN, p6NG't,.NG/, a market-town of France, departPANKOUR, pin-koor;, a small island in the Strait of Ma- ment of Seine, 2 miles N.E. of Paris, near the Canal de
lacca. Lat. 40 16' N., ion. 1000 58' E.                    l'0urcq. Pop. in 1852, 2341.
PANNAH, p~n'nd, or PUNNAT-I, ptnlnah, (probably the    PAN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Panas/sa of Ptolemy,) a town of British India, in the Bun-   PAN/TON, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, bedelcundtable-land, 110 miles S.W. of Allahabad.  It is large, tween Lake Champlain and Otter Creek, about 38 miles S.W.
has numerous temples, and is known for its diamond-mines,  by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 559.
which, in the time of the Emperor Akbar, (about A. D. 1600,)   PANTURA, p.n-toora, a maritime village of Ceylon, on
yielded an annual revenue estimated at 80,0001.            the W. coast, 12 miles S. of Colombo. Pop. 1109.
PANINALL, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding,   PANUCO, p&-noolko, a town of the Mexican Confederacy,
2~ miles S.E. of Harrogate, with a station on the Leeds and  department of Vera Cruz, on the Montezuma or Panuco
Thirsk Railway.                                            River, 50 miles firom  its mouth, near Tamaulipas. It had
PANNANICH or PANANICHI, panna-nixk,     a village and  formerly a trade in fustic, but this has declined. On the
celebrated mineral spa of Scotland, co., and 39 miles W. of  banks of its river some curious Mexican aitiqulties have
Aberdeen, on the Dee. Its waters strongly resemble the  been discovered.
German Seltzer waters, and are numerously frequented by    PANWELL, p~n'wlll, or PAUNWELLY, p~wn-wmllee, a
invalids, for whose accommodation several houses have been  town of British India, presidency, and 21 miles E. of Bomerected by the proprietor.                                 bay. Lat. 180 59' N., lon. 730 15' E., on a river wvhich flows
PANNIPUT, a town of British India. See PANIPUT.         into its harbor, with an active trade.
PANNONIA. See HuNGAaR.                                     PANY, one'of the Philippines.  See PANAY.
PANO0LA, a county in the N.W. part of Mississippi, has    PAO, p~lo, a river of Venezuela, flows 120 miles S.S.E.,
an area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by Tal- and joins the Conjede.
lahatchie River, and bounded on the W. by Coldwater    PAO (Plo) D'ALHO, p6wNce dAl'yo, a town of Brazil. proCreek. The surface is partly level and partly rolling. The  vince, and 40 miles W.S.W. of Pernambuco, on the right bank
soil is fertile, especially in what are called the swamp-lands. of the Caparibe. Pop. 1400.
This county forms part of the country ceded to the state by    PAO D'ASSUCAR, p6wNG dAs-soolkar, ("Sugar Loaf,") irethe Chickasaw Indians. It was organized in 1836. Capital, zil, an enormous rock of pure granite, devoid of vegetation,
Panola. Pop. 11,444, of whom 5024 were free, and 6420 slaves. rising up abruptly from the sea to the height of 600 feet,
PANOLA, a county in the E.N.E. part of Texas, border- on the W. side of the entrance into the Bay of Rio-de-Janeiro.
ing on Louisiana, has an area of 840 square miles. It is inter- On this rock stands the fort of Sifo-Jo~o.
sected by the Sabine River. The surface consists partly of    PAO-KIIJNG, pAo-kinglf or p6wlkingf, a town of China,
prairies and partly of woodlands. Capital, Carthage. Pop. province of Hoe-nan, capital of a department, in lat. 270 N.,
1983, of whom 1933 were free, and 50 slaves.              Ion. 1110 12' E.
PANOLA, a post-village, capital of Panola co., Mississippi,   PAOLA, p/o-l1, or PAULA, p~w/IA, (anc. Patycos or Paon the Tallahatchie River, 160 miles N. of Jackson. It is tycuts,) a city of Naples, province of Calabria Citra, on a height
situated in a fertile and well-watered region. It has a news- near the sea, 13 miles W.N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 5000. It is
paper office and several churches. Pop. in 1853, about 500. defended seaward by a fortress and 2 towers; has several
PANOLA STATION, a post-village of McLean co., Illinois, churches and convents, 2 hospitals, manufactures of woollen
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles S. of La Salle.  cloths and silks, and earthenware.
PANOPOLIS. See AKnuYs.                                    PAOLI; pA-o/lee, a post-village and railroad station of ChesPANORMOS, p{-nortmos, a maritime town on the N.E. ter co., Pennsylvania, 19 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia.
shore of Tinos, in the Grecian Archipelago, with the best Near this place General Wayne was surprised, September,
harbor in that island. Pop. 2500.                         1777, by a superior British force under General Grey, on
PANORMUS, Sicily. See PALERMO.                          which occasion a number of the Americans were massacred
PANTALARIA, an island of Italy. See PANTELLARIA.        after they had laid down their arms. A monument has
PANTAR, phn't~r/, an island of the Malay Archipelago,  been erected on the spot to the memory of those who fell.
separated on the E. from Ombay by the Strait of Pantar,   PAOLI, a post-village and the capital of Orange co., Indiand on the W. from Lomblem, by the Strait of Alloo. Lat. ann, on the turnpike fronm Vincennes to New Albany, 40
80 10' S., Ion. 124 E. Length, from N. to S., 30 miles; breadth, miles N.W. of the latter. The village was first settled in
15 miles.                                                 1816. It contains good public buildings, 2 or 3 churches. a
PANTEAGUE, pan-teeg/, a parish of England, co. of Mon- county seminary, and 2 newspaper offices.  Pop. of the
mouth.                                                     township, 1562.
PANTE/GO, a post-office ofBeaufort co., North Carolina.   PAO-NING, p/o-ning/, a town of China, province of SePANTELLARIA, pAn-t1l-1i-rees/, written also PANTA-  chuen, capital ofa department. Lat. 31~ 32' N., lon. 106~ E.
LARIA, (anc. Cobssyra,) an island of Naples, in the Mlediter-   PAOO, PAOU, pdloo, PAW, SANDALWOOD, or TACAranean, province of Girgenti, 60 miles from the S.W. coast NOVA, tA-kA-no/vA, one of the principal islands of the Feejee
of Sicily, its chief town being inlat. 360 51 15,' N., Ion. 110 54' Archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 170 S., lon. 1790 E.
29" E. Shape oval; circuit about 30 miles. Pop. 5000. It is. It is stated to be 130 miles in circumference, populous, and
wholly of volcanic formation, presenting vestiges of craters, densely wooded. Sandalwood is one of its chief products.
with lava, pumice, hot springs, &c. It produces fine fruit,   PAO-TING, pdlo-ting/, a town of China, province of Pe-cheeespecially grapes, but not enough corn for its own consump- lee, capital of the department, 95 miles S.W. of Peking. It is
tion, and its principal product is a fine breed of asses. At second in its province after the capital, and is the seat of the
its N.W. point, at the head of a cove, is the town of Oppi- provincial viceroy.
dole, which has a convenient port for small vessels, with    PAPA, patpbh', a market-town of West Hungary, co., and
some export trade in wine, oil, cotton, orchil, and raisins.   26 miles N.W. of Veszprim, on an affluent of the Marczal.
PANT/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           Pop. 16,409. It has a castle and grounds belonging to
PANTHIER, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas.           Prince Esterhazy; Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist
PANTHER CREEK, of Kentucky, rises near the N.E. churches; two synagogues, several convents and hospitals,
border of Ohio county, and flowing in a N.W. course through  a gymnasium, and schools for the poor.
Daviess county, enters Green River about 14 miles W.S.W.   PAPA-ADASSI or PAPA-DONISIA. See PRINKIPos.
of Owenborough.                                              PAPAGAIO, pA-pA-gh/o, or PAPAGAYOS, pa-pg-ghi/oce, a
PANTHER CREEK, a post-village of Surrey co., North  group of islets of Brazil, off the S.E. coast of the province of
Carolina.                                                  Rio-de-Janeiro, between Capes Frio and Busies.
PANTHER CREEK, a post-village of Case co., Illinois,   PAPAGAYO, pA-pA-ghlo, a gulf and volcano of Central
about 2 miles feome Sangamon River.                        America, state, and S.W. of the Lake of Nicaragua; the gulf
PANTHER CREEK, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa.    an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and the volcano on its N.E.
PANTHER FORK, a post-office of Greenville district, shore. It is also thename of the southernmost~point of Lan.
South Carolina.                                           zarote, Canary Islands.
PANTIHER'S CREEK, Ohio, falls into the West Branch    PAPAL STATES, Italy. See PONrIFICAL STATES.
of Miami River, in Miami county.                            PAPA/NA, a village of Whitley co., Indiana, 10 miles
PANTHER'S GAP, a post-office of Rockbridge co.,Virginia. N.W. of Columbia.
PANTHER SPRINGS, a thriving post-village of Jefferson    PAPANDAYANG, pi-pln-di,-y~ng/, a volcano of Java, 87
co., Tennessee, is finely situated in a fertile valley, and on  miles S.E. of Batava. A violent and destructive eruption
the  road from Knoxville to Jonesboroush, 220 miles E. of  occurred in it, August 11th and 12th, 1772.
1428




PAP                                                       PAP
PAPANTLA, p,-phnt/lI, a villawe  of the MIexican Con- montory thus formed, stands the village of Dori, a point
federation, state of Vera Cruz, 125 miles S.S.E. of Tampico. where recent voyagers have gathered much of their informIt has a trade in maize, tobacco, red-pepper. and vanilla.  ation. Cape D'Urville, about 200 miles E. by S. of Dori,
PAPARI, p[-p&-reel, a village and parish of Brazil, pro- forms the E. termination of the great bay, which extends S.
Vince of Rio-Grande-do-Norte. on a lake of the same name, 4  about 200 miles, and is named after Geelvink, who ran along
miles S. of Natal.                                         its E. shores in 1705. At the bottom of this bay, lat. 40 25t
PAPASQUIERO, pl-pds-ke-A'ro, a town of Mexico, state, S., lon. 1350 40' E., New Guinea is reduced to an isthmus not
and 50 miles W.N.W. of Durango, on the Culican. Pop. above 20 miles wide, which may be considered as dividing
about 3800.                                                the island into'two portions; the E., tolerably compact, and
PA/PA-STOUR, one of the Shetland Islands, in Scotland, extending through 100 ofl on., the W., 5o in length, is more
parish of Walls, on the S. side of the entrance of St. Magnus  broken. A great inlet, discovered by M'Cluer, in 1791, peneBay. Length, 23 miles. Pop. about 400, mostly fishermen. trates this portion from W. to E., about 100 miles. reaching
Another small island in Shetland bears the name of PAPA.  to within 40 miles of the WV. shores of Geelvink's Bay on the
PAIPA-STRONISAY, an island of the Orkney group, in  opposite side. The S.W. coast of New Guinea, from its WV.
Scotland. parish, and N.E. of Stronsay, about 3 miles in  extremity to the 141st meridian, was formally taken poscircumference.  Pop. about 30. Here are several remains  session of by Captain Steenboom  for the Butch, in 1828.
of old ecclesiastical edifices.                            The Bourga, a strait about 90 miles long, on this coast,
PAPA-WESTIRAY, an island of the Orkney group, in  insulates the tract called Prince Frederik Hendrik's Island,
Scotland, 11 milesN.E.ofWestray. Length, 33 miles. P.400. which terminates in Cape False; lat. 80 24' S., lon. 1370 38'
PAPICASTLE-ANDO-GOAT, a township of England, co. of  E. E. of Torres Strait, (lon. 1430 E.,) which separates New
Cumberland.                                                Guinea from  Australia, the coast forms a deep bay facing
PAPEITI, pa-pA-eestee, written also PAPIETE, a village  the S.. extending through 7 degrees of longitude. On the E.
of the Society Islands, on the N.W. coast of Tahiti.       side of this bay the shore is lined for about 150 miles with a
PAPENBURG, pIppn-b55M,,     a town of Hanover, 21 miles  barrier of coral reefs from 5 miles to 15 miles distant, with
S.S.E. of Emdeu, and united to the Ems by several canals. many openings, enclosing within them secure and capacious
Pop. 3620. It has ship-building docks, and manufactures  harbors. This coast is in some parts bold, Mount Astrolabe,
of tobacco, chiccory, and linen fabrics.                   the highest summit of a group rising close to the shore,
PAPENDRECHT, ptlppn-drkt', a village of the Nether- 3800 feet; but behind these, at a distance of 250 miles in the
lands, province of South Holland, on the Waal, 1 mile N.E. interior, a much loftier chain of mountains may be disof Dort. Pop. 1856.                                        tinctly traced in favorable weather. These mountains sink
PAtPER MILLS, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland. to the shore at Heath Bay; lat. 100 30' S., lon. 1500 40' E.
PAPEtRMILL VILLAGE, a post-village in Cheshire co., The chief summits are Mount Suckling, lat. 90 451 S., lon.
New Hampshire.                                             1490 E., 11,226 feet high; and Mount Owen Stanley, lat. 8~
PAPERMILL VILLAGE, a village in Bennington town- 54' S., ion. 1470 30' E., 13,205 feet in height.  The W. side
ship, Bennington co., Vermont, about 115 miles S.W. by S. of Great Bay, adjacent to Torres Strait, Captain Blackwood
of Montpelier. It contains 2 large paper mills.            found to be a great marshy flat, covered with dense forests,
PAIPERTOWN, a post-village of Cumberland co., Penn-'and intersected by innumerable fresh-water channels, formsylvania, 7 miles S. of Carlisle.                           ing a network of canals, of all sizes, from that of a mere
PAIPERVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., Tennessee, ditch, to a.width of 5 miles, and depth of 5 fathoms. This
290 miles E. by N. of Nashville.                            coast, for a length of 70 or 80 miles, has all the characteristics
PAPIIOS, an ancient city of Cyprus.  See BAFFA.           of the delta of a great river. The whole coast is formed
PAPIETI, a village of Tahiti.  See PArPEII.               by immense mud-banks, extending 10 or 12 miles out to
PAIPINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bates co., Mlis- sea, and having a general depth of only two fathoms. The
souri, on the Osage River, 130 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson.    rivers flowing through these numerous channels seem to be
PAPLEWICK, paplte-wick, a parish of England, co. of  always full, and influence the sea to a great distance. A
Nottingham.                                                 long tract of coast N. of the Dourga, or Princess Marianne's
PAPOUASIE. See PAPUA.                                     Strait, as it is now called, has a similar character. The mud
PAPOVKA or PAPOWKA, pa-pov/kA, a market-town of  banks extend so far out, that even a small vessel, can
Russia. government, and 47 miles N.W. of Kharkov. P. 1520. hardly approach within 10 miles of land. From the isthPAPOZZA, p&-pot's4, or PAPOZZE, pl-potfsi, a village of  mus  S. of Geelvink's Bay, high mountains are visible to
Austrian Italy, 5 miles S.S.W. of Adria, on the Po. P. 2400. the E., but as the general direction of these chains seems
PAPPENIHEIM, pgplpen-hime', a town of Bavaria, on the  to be from W. to E., they recede from the S. coast, and soon
Altmiihl, 37 miles S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 2160.            disappear. The N. coast of New Guinea is said to be genePAPRA, papilr, a small town of Lower Siam, district of  rally mountainous, as well as the W. peninsular portion.
Saang, 8 miles W. by N. of Phoonga or Ponga. Lat. 80 15'   Clinsate.-liespecting the climate of New Guinea, we posN.; ion. 980 16' E.                                         sess but few and scattered notices. The atmosphere is said
PAPRADNO, pth'pr&dlno', a village of Hungary, co. of  to be as remarkable for its humidity as that of the neighTrentschin, about 24 miles from Szolna. Pop. 2577.          boring continent, Australia, is for its dryness. This differPAPS-oF-JUIRA, three conical heights near the S. ex- once is to be ascribed, not only to its position close to the
tremity of the island of Jura, in the Hebrides. BENANOaR, line, and within the range of the monsoons, and the equathe most lofty, rises to 2420 feet above the sea.           torial stream  of vapor, but also to its lofty mountains.
PAPS-or-MiATANE, m-tAnul, two mountains of Canada  Hence it is, that Torres Strait seems to separate two worlds
East, county of Itimouski, on the S. side of the estuary of of totally different aspects; the one a dry desert, with scanty
the St. Lawrence.- Lat. 480 43' N., ion. 670 30' W.         vegetation, and scarcely a palm-tree; the other, covered
PAPUA, papfoo-a or p/poo-A, PAPIUALAND, or NEW   with dense and varied forests, and spreading out into vast
GUINIEA, (Fr. Papouasie, pApoo`Pzeef, or Nouvelle Guinje, alluvial plains, formed by the continued deposit of great
noo'v 111 gheehnx:,) a great island, immediately'S. of the Equa- rivers.
tor, and N. of Australia, between the Asiatic Season the W.,   Plants. —The forests of New Guinea abound in trees of
and the Pacific Ocean on the E., and connecting the lalay  gigantic size; among them is the Dryobalanops, or camphorArchipelago on the one side, with the Polynesian groups on  tree, (of Sumatra.) On the low S.E. shores, the sago-palm
the other. The general direction of the island is WV.N.W. and  lines the banks of the rivers. The natives cultivate, with
E.S.E. Its northernmost point is Cape of Good Hope, in lat. more or less care, rice, maize, yams, cocoa-nuts, sago, sugar00 191 S.; its westernmost point, Cape Salu, (Salon,) opposite  cane, and at least three species of banana. Wild nutmeg
to Salawatti Island, from which it is separated by the Straits  and other spices are found in the woods; but the only
of Gallowa, about 100 miles S.W. from Cape of Good Hope, is  productions of those forests, sought after at present, are the
in ion. 1316 2' E. The most southern point which is also the  bark of the Pulasarie and Massey, which are carried by the
most eastern point ofthe island is in lat. 100 34' S., lon.151012' Malays to Japan and China, where they are esteemed for
E. The length of Papua, from Cape Salu to its S.E. extremity, their supposed febrifuge and other medicinal properties.
is about 1500 miles. Its breadth varies greatly, deep inlets, at    Animals. —The mammals of New Guinea appear to be few
the W. end of the island, dividing it iiito narrow peninsulas;  in number. Of the species hitherto collected, the greater
but from ion. 1360 to 1460 E., it is compact, and has a breadth  number belong to the marsupial animals, like those of Ausof from 200 to 400 miles; its area may therefore be estimated, tralia. The kangaroos, however, are specifically distinct,
in round numbers, at 250,000 square miles. This vast island  and two species (Dendrolagus) have the peculiar habit of
is as yet known chiefly through the reports of navigators, living in trees. In birds, this island appears to be more
who have sailed along its shores; no Europeans have ex- rich; about 60 species are already known. Brilliant feathers,
plored its interior, or penetrated above a mile or two from   particularly those of the bird-of-paradise, are among the
its sea-shore, and that only at a few points. The country  articles exported by the Malays.  The most numerous tribe
inland has been observed to rise into mountain chains of  is that of the parrots, and New Guinea may without improconsiderable height, and apparently to the snow-line, and  priety be called the Land of Cockatoos.
most part of the surface yet seen appears to be covered with    Inhabitants.-The W. shores of New Guinea have been
timber of large size. In 1528, Alva de Saavedra touched  visited for ages by Malays, chiefly from Ceram, who have in
upon, and gave his name to the N. coasts about the Caps of  some places settled on the coasts, and intermarried with the
Good Hope. Saavedra's Land extends about 100 miles from   natives, whom they call Orang Papua; that is. men with
the Cape of Good Hope, when the coast turns nearly S. at frizzled hair. The Papuans are negroes of small stature,
the commencement of a deep bay. A little S. of the pro- distinguishable from the African negroes by the narrow1429




PAP                                                      PAR
nebs and lateral compression of the head; by the smallness, century, and of which IIeloise was abbess for 32 years.
and almost disappearance cf the chin; by the excessive  The remains of Abelard were deposited in it in 1142. The
thickness of the lips and breadth of the nostrils, the nose  tomb of both, a fine specimen of Gothic architecture, has
being often curved downwards by the weight of the orna- been removed to the cemetery of P~re-la-Chaise, Paris.
ments attached to it. The natives of New Guinea, however,   PAR'ACLIF/TA, a post-village, and the capital of Sevie'
are evidently a mixed people; great variety of features, co., Arkansas, 165 miles SW. of Little Rock.
(Malay, Jewish, and Papuan,) as well as of color, being    PAR/ACOMIBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
often found in the same community. The general opinion    PARADAS, pl-rd/Dds. a town of Spain, province, and 25
that the inhabitants of the island are in the lowest stage  miles E.S.E. of Seville, deriving its name from the ancient
of savage existence seems to be unfounded. Even on the  Castle of Paradas, belonging to the Dukes of Arcos. Pop.
coasts most remote from those habitually visited by the  4396.
Malays, the Malayan arts of boat and house-building are    PARADEIS, p!ri-dice', a village of Austria, in Styria,
well understood. The natives at the E. end of the island  circle, and near Judenburg. Pop. 1180.
have large canoes, with outriggers, and double lateen sails   PARADE, LA, 14 pA'.ddf, a town of France, department of
of matting. Their dwellings, raised above the ground, on  Lot-et-Garonne, 19 miles S.E. of Marmande. Pop. 1121.
four posts, are firmly and neatly constructed; and on the    PAR/ADISE, a post-village and township of Lancaster co.;
low coast visited by Captain Blackwood, where the people  Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike,
seem to be unusually barbarous, there was seen a house 100  10 miles E. of Lancaster. The township is intersected by
feet long, with an arched roof of bamboo, well thatched. the Columbia Railroad. Pop. 1828.
The men are nearly naked, hideously painted and tattooed.   PARADISE, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
The women wear petticoats made of shreds of pandanus- Pop. 428.
leaf.-Adj. PAPUAN, pap/oo-an; inhab. PAPUA, p i0/oo-,, and    PARADISE, a township of York co., Pennsylvania. P. 2354.
PAPUAN.                                                      PARADISE, a post-office of Rockingham co., Virginia.
PAPUDO (pd-poo0do) BAY, an' inlet of the Pacific Ocean,   PARADISE, a small village of Macon co., Tennessee.
in Chili, 45 miles N.E. of Valparaiso.                       PARADISE, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky.
PAP/WORTHI ST. AG/NES, a parish of England, cos. of    PARADISE, a small village of Ohio co., Kentucky.
Cambridge and Huntingdon.                                    PARADISE, Ohio, a station on the Ohio and Pennsylvania
PAPWORTH ST. EV/ERARD, a parish of England, cos. of Railroad, 6 miles from Wooster.
Cambridge and Huntingdon.                                    PARADISE, a post-village in Coles co., Illinois, 80 miles
PAQUETA, pd-kA/tA, an island of Brazil, in the Bay of Rio- E.S.E of Springfield.
de-Janeiro, about 4 miles long, and 4 of a mile broad.       PARADISE FURNACE, a post-office of Huntingdon co.,
PARA, p-i-rl, (" father of waters?'4) the name originally  Pennsylvania.
applied to the river Amazon, South America, but now em-   PARADISE GROVE, a post-office of Columbia co., WVisployed to designate its S. arm or estuary, which receives the  cousin.
Tocantins River. It has a direct length of about 200 miles,   PARADISE VALLEY, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennwith a breadth varying from 12 to 40 miles, where it is the  sylvania.
widest. At its entrance, on its E. side, is the city of Pard. It'  PARADOMIN, pd-rd-do-min/, or p4-rg-do-meen, a markis in this mouth of the Amazon that the bore is chiefly  et-town of Russia, government, and 10 miles S. of Vilna.
manifested, the tide rising to high-water in a few minutes  Pop. 1500.
before the new and full moons, by a vast wave, 15 feet in    PAL/ADOX LAKE, in the S. part of Essex so., New York.
height, followed sometimes by three others, which enter the  Length, 4 miles.
estuary with irresistible violence.                          PAR ETONIUM. See BARETOON.
PAIRA, a vast maritime province of Brazil, in the N.,   PARAGAU, pA-rA-gmw/, a river of South America, rises in
nominally  comprising nearly all the Brazilian territory  Bolivia, and proceeding N., forms part of the boundary bewatered by the Amazon, Rio Negro, and their tributaries, tween that country and Brazil, and joins the Guapore. Lat.
and extending  N. from lat. 90 S., and W. from ion. 450 WV. 130 39/ S.
Area, estimated at 983,898 square miles. Pop. 205,000, of   PARAGUA, an island of Malay Archipelago. See PALAWAN.
whom 10.000 are supposed to be Indians.'The greater part   PARAGUA, a river of Venezuela, and department of
of this region is covered with dense primeval forests. Its  Orinoco, tributary to the Carony, has aN. course of 220 miles.
valuable products are in immense variety; the chief articles On it is the town of Barcelonetta.
of commerce are riice, manioc, millet, cotton, sugar, caout-   PARAGUAQU or PARAGUAZU, p9-r9-gwA-sool, a river of
chouc, cocoa, sarsaparilla, cloves, balsams, gums, medicinal Brazil, province of Bahia, after a tortuous E. course of 260
plants, and Brazil nuts. Para is divided into six comarcas, miles enters the Bay of Todos-os-Santos, 35 miles W.N.W. of
subdivided'into 20 municipal districts, named after the  Sbo Salvador. Chief affluent, the Jacuhype.
principal towns which they contain. It sends three deputies    PARAGUANA, p4-rA-gwL/nA, a peninsula of South Amesito the General Legislative Assembly, and appoints one sena- ca, in Venezuela, department of Zulia, province, and 22 miles
for. The Provincial Assembly consists of 28 members, and  N.W. of Core, extending into the Caribbean Sea,In lat. 120
holds its sittings in Pard, (Belemin.)  In the interior are  N., Ion. 700 W. Length and breadth about 40 miles each.
some scattered villages, mostly on tributaries of the Ama- The surface is mountainous in the centre, whence it slopes
zon; along the main stream, the traveller will scarcely see gradually to the coasts.
50 houses in 300 miles.                                      PARAGUAY, p-i-r4-gw/ or p&-rd-gwl, a large river of
PARA, p4-rh, or BELEM, b4-lzea/, a seaport city of Brazil, South America, and one of the principal streams uniing to
capital of the above province, 70 miles fiom the Atlantic, lat. form the La Plate; rises by numerous heads in the Braof Fort SBo Pedro 10 281 S., ion. 480 30' 5" W. Pop. estimated  zilian province of Matto-Grosso, near the sources of the
at 10,000, mostly of European descent. It stands on elevated  Guapor6, Tapajos, and Xingf. tributaries of the Amazon,
ground, on the S. shore of the Bay of Guajara, on the right in let. 130 S., ion. between 550 and 580 W.  It: thence
bank of the Pard, or Tocantins, and has'a fine appearance flows mostly S., between the territories of Bolivia and the
fromtheriver. Chiefedifices, the governor'spalace, cathedral, Plata  Confederation on the W., and those of Brazil and
several other churches, convents, barracks, arsenal, episcopal Paraguay eastward; and near Corrientes, lat. 270 20' S., it
palace and seminary, formerly a Jesuits' college; a prison,and  unites with the Parand. Length, 1600 miles; throughout
an unfinished theatre. Vessels of large draft can lie near nearly all which, to the influx of the Jaurfi, it is navigable.
the city, and the cocoa, caoutchouc, isinglass, rice, and drugs Itreceives fiom theE. the Porrudos and Tebiquary, from
exported from Brazil are chiefly from Para. It has also a  the W. the Sipotuba, Jaurti, Galdan, Pilcomayo, and Vertrade in cotton, vanilla, annatto,  dye-woods, honey, wax, mejo. Between let. 170 and 190 S., it traverses a wide region
and a great variety of other vegetable and animal products. of swamps, which during the rains form a great inland sea.
The trade is mostly with Liverpool, London, Barbadoes, Cay-    PARAGUAY, a name at one time applied to the whole of
enne, and the North American, and other Brazilian ports.   the immense regions of South America, between let. 160 S.,
PARABIAGO, p4-r-be-i/go, a market-town of Lombardy, and the Straits of Magellan, and between Chili and Peru on
13 miles W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 3000.                       the WV., and Brazil on the E.; but now confined to the rePARABIAGO, a village of Naples, province of Otranto, 9  public of Paraguay, included mostly between lat. 19c and
miles E. of Gallipoli.                                     270 35' S., and Ion. 540 10' and 580 40' W., and nearly enPARABUTI, p~h'rfh'boofteeW, a village of Hungary, co. of closed by the Parand and Paraguay Rivers, which separate
Bacs, 29 miles W. of Peterwardein. Pop. 3409.              it from the Plata Confederation on the W., and from the
PARAQATU, p4-rd-s4-too/, (written also PARAZATU,) a  Brazilian province of Sfio Paulo on the E.; on the N. it has
iver and city of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes. The the Brazilian province of Matto-Grosso. The space thus enriver joins the S'io Francisco near lat. 160 20' S., after an E. closed forms a compact territory nearly in the shape of a
course of 220 miles. On it, near its head, is the city of  parallelogram, averaging about 470 miles in length, and 200
Paragatu, having a Latin school, and mines of gold and  miles in breadth. Area, estimated at 84.000 square miles.
diamonds in its vicinity. It exports sugar and coffee.      Face of the Country, Rivers, &ec.-A mountain range of
PARACELS, p-rg-slls/, a group of islets and reefs of the considerable elevation stretches nearly through the centie
China Sea, mostly between lat. 160 and 170 N., and ion. 1120 of the country fi-om N. to S., between the Paranta end Paraand 1130 30' E., 150 miles E. of Cochin-China.            guay, sending the drainage in opposite directions. From
PARACLET, pl.'rfklA/, a hamlet of France, department the mountain regions the surface first presents a succession
of Aube, 21 miles E.S.E. of Nogent-sur-Seine. Itiere are the  of finely diversified lower heights, and then stretches out
ruins of a convent founded-sby Abelard in the twelfth  into rich alluvial plains.  The distance from  the water,
1430




PAR                                                         PAR
shed to either river scarcely anywhere exceeds 100 miles; power, he preserved the country firom those dissensions and
hence, the tributaries by which the drainage is effected. civil wars from  which the other South American states have
though exceedingly numerous, have comparatively short suffered so deeply. His policy of rigorously excludingfrom
courses. By far the largest is the Tibicuari, which, owing  his dominions all foreigners, without exception, contributed
to a bend in the water-shed, has its course considerably pro- not only to preserve the tranquillity of the country, but
longed. The Paraguay, which forms the boundary of the  also to consolidate the different elements of the population
republic throughout its entire extent of about 500 miles, into one mass, and to form them into a nation. Immediately
rises in Brazil, in about lat. 130 S., traversing the rich pro-  after his death, the government of a junta of five was
vinces of Matto-Grosso and Cuyaba. From the influx of the  established; subsequently the number was reduced to two;
Jaurfi in lat. 160 to the mouth of the La Plata, a distance  Carlos Antonio Lopez, (the present president,) acting as
of 19~ of latitude, measuring in a strait line, there is not a  civil magistrate, and Mariano Roque Alonzo as the military
rapid to impede the navigation. The ParaDu rises at two  commandant. In 1846, Lopez was elected president for
seasons in the year, viz. during the tropical rains, and in  life. The republic is divided into partides or departments,
the summer, fromnt the melting of the snows on the Andes;  each of which, commanded by a comisionado  or commisthe heaviest floods take place during the summer months,  sioner, chosen by the president, to whom alone he is recommencing with iecember. Its average annual rise at this  sponsible. It not unfrequently happens that the comminsseason is about 6 feet. The Paraguay, owing to its lofty  sioner becomes a petty tyrant, and exacts. in the name of
heights and to its narrower channel, rises to a much great- the president, not only the services of the poor, but even
er extent. On the E., near the Jesuit mission of Guarani, the property of the wealthy. The army of the republic was
the Parand breaks through a mountain range called Sierra- lately raised to 40,000 men.
de Maracay or Cordillera-de-Maracaya, forming a remarkable    Education. —r. Francia established schools in every seccataract. The river, which above the rapids is 12,600 feet tion of the country, and required that every white male
wide, suddenly contracts to 180 feet, and plunges its im- child should attend the parochial school of the department
mense flood down a deep rocky gorge; for 100 miles after- until it should acquire the first rudiments of an education.
wards, it presents little else than a succession of falls and  The people of Paraguay, therefore, are generally better edurapids; but below Candelaria, where it trends westward, it cated than their neighbors in the adjacent provinces of the
flows on in a smooth and uninterrupted channel.             Argentine Republic. The first printing-press wasestablished
Climate, PVgetatibn, d-c.-The climate, though for the most by President Lopez in 1843. and is the only one in the
part tropical, has its excessive heat greatly modified by the  country, the government exacting a heavy license on all
inequalities of the surface. In July and August, firosts  such enterprises, and subjecting  them to severe penalties.
occasionally occur. The whole country is remarkable for its  A governmental organ, called the:'E1 Paraguayo," is issued
salubrity. The soil is of great fertility, and the vegetation   weekly.
almost unrivalled in its luxumiance. In the forests are- Religion.-The religion of the country is Roman Catholic,
found about 60 different kinds of trees furnishing timber, although in May, 1846, President Lopez issued adecree that
dye-woods, gums, drugs, perfumes, oils, fruits, &c. A prin- no foreigner should be molested on account of his religion,
cipal product is the yerba rasat, (flex Pr-aguensis,) or Pars- but would not grant them a place of worship; until then it
guay tea, an evergreen, the leaf of which is nearly as much  was not safe for any one to express his opinion on religious
used for infusion in this and the neighboring countries of  subjects.
South America, as the Chinese tea is in the United States.   Population, &c.-The population of Paraguay is variously
The plant grows to the height of about a foot and a half, estimated by different authorities at 300,000. 800,000, and
and has slender branches, with leaves resembling those of  1,200,000; it probably does not fall short of 1,000,000. The
senna.  Formerly 8,000,000 pounds of the Paraguay tea  inhabitants are chiefly the descendants of Europeans from
were annually exported. The objects of agriculture include  the N. of Spain. Caste here is carried to a great extent, and
the greater part of the most valuable products both of the  the feeling of aversion which the white population entertropical and temperate zones. On all. the alluvial tracts tain towards the natives, even the despotic power of Bir.
where cultivation is attempted, sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco  Francia was unable to break down. In 1846 the prejudice
of superior quality, rice, maize, and culinary vegetables  against the natives and negroes gained such an influence
yield a rich return. The large plains feed immense herds  among the dominant party, that a colored person was not
of cattle, which are slaughtered chiefly for their tallow, allowed to enter a church with shoes on. Of the aboriginal
hides, and horns, as articles of export. It is supposed that tribes, the Guaranlis, (gwv-r-nees/,) who inhabit the Chaco,
the country is rich in  minerals; about 11 leagues from the  are the most numerous. The Payaguas, inhabiting the left
capital is a mountain called Acai, near which the inhabitants  bank of Paraguay River. are chiefly porters. A tribe called
aver, there is often found smnall lumps of silver- A watch- the Tobaydsare a common enemy, and the government often
maker once presented some gold ore, which he extracted  has to make vigorous efforts in order to repel theim inroads.
from some pebbles that he found in the interior, to Dr. Fran- Dr. Francia appears to have succeeded in bringing these peocia, the former Bictator, who commanded him not to men- pie into a more perfect state of subordination and civilization
tion it on pain of death.                                   than has ever been done before with any nation of American
Animals, &c.-The wild animals of Paraguay include the  aborigines. The number of Indian villages and missions is
jaguar or tiger, of which there are great numbers; the puma  very considerable. They generally consist of stone or mudor cougar, called also the American lion; the black bear  houses, covered with tiles. and have a large square in the
and ant-eater, the tapir, the capibara or water-pig, river  centre, in which is the priest's house and a church; the
carvies, and various other amphibious animals.  Alligators  number of inhabitants in each being seldom less than 600,
are numerous in the river Paraguay, and have been seen  and often exceeding 2000.
30 feet in length. The wild boar, deer, and other species    History.-Paraguay was discovered by Sebastian Cabot,
Qf animals less known, inhabit the forests. Snakes, both  who sailed up the Parand in 1526. Nuestra Sefora de la
large and small, vipers, scorpions, &c., abound, and it is esti- Asuncion,(Assumption the present capital,) was founded in
mated that there are 20 different kinds of serpents, of which  1536. In subjugating the country, the native inhabitants
the rattlesnake is the most common. The boa-constrictor is  were parcelled out as slaves to the conquerors, who treated
found in the moist places adjoining the rivers. Among the  them with great cruelty. In 1554 the first bishop of Parafeathered tribe are the cassowary or American ostrich, the  guay brought with him laws and regulations for their propeacock, parrots of various species, papagayos, parroquets, tectioni. Two years later, in 1556, Jesuit missionaries made
goldfinches, nightingales, and nine species of the humming- their appearance in Paraguay, and, by exercising gentleness
bird. Wild geese abound in the rivers and lakes, and there  and policy, succeeded in bringing many of the Indians under
is also a bird called the toucan, resembling the crow, but the restraints of civilized life. When this order was expelled
having a very long beak, which is beautifully variegated  from the Spanish dominions in 1767, other priests were apwith streaks of red, yellow, and black.                     pointed to succeed them in Paraguay. The principal towns
Ciommerce.-The trade of Paraguay consists in thle export areAssumption the capital,Villa Rica, and leembucfi or Piof its tea, tobacco, sugar, cotton, hides, tallow, wax, honey, lar. —Inhab. PARAGUAYAN, pA-rl-gwilAn. (Sp. PARaoUAvo,
cattle, horses, mules, wool, leather, &c. Its commerce has  pd-rA-gwm yo.)
been greatly retarded by the selfish policy of the govern-   PARAHIBA, PARAHYBA, or PARAIBA, pi-rg-eefbA, a
ment of Buenos Ayres, which, taking undue advantage of river of Brazil, province of Parahiba, to which it gives name,
its command of the mouth of the La Plata, the outlet to the  joins the Atlantic by an estuary, in let. 7O 8 S., lon. 340 45t
Paraguay and Paran&, rigorously excluded all intercourse  W., after an eastward course of 270 miles. In summer its
between the countries tributary to these streams and other bed is dry beyond 20 leagues from its mouth, near which,
nations. But since the defeat and flight of Rosas. the  on its S. bank, is the city of Parahiba.
Bictator of the Argentine Republic, a more liberal policy    PARAHIBA, a maritime province of Brazil, intersected
has prevailed, and in October, 1852, the navigation of the La  by the 7th parallel of S. latitude, between lat. 60 and 80 S.;
Plata, Parand, and Uruguay was declared free to all foreign  and Ion. 340 40' and 380 40' W., having E. the Atlantic Ocean,
vessels under 120 tons register.                            and inland the provinces of Rio Grarnde do Norte and PerGovernment.-Paraguay declared itself independent of  nambuco. Area, estimated at 40,985 square miles. Pop.
Spain in 1810. From about 1812 to 1840 its affairs were  260,000. The surface is mostly elevated.  The principal
entirely controlled by Dr. Francia, who being first elected  rivers are the Parahiba and Mamanguape. The chief proconsul. became dictator in 1814, and continued to administer  ducts are cotton and sugar, with Brazil-wood, drugs, and timthe government with great ability till his death, at the ad- ber. Cattle of European breeds are numerous. The princivanced age of 84 years. By a judicious exercise of arbitrary  pal exports are cotton, sugar, and rum. Parahiba sends 5
1431




PAR                                                       PAR
deputies to the general legislative assembly, and appoints 2  50 miles of Buenos Ayres, where it unites with the Urnsenators. The provincial assembly, composed of 28 mem- guay River to form the estuary of the Plasa. Its total
bers, holds its sittings in the town of Parahiba. The edu- course is at least 2000 miles. In its upper part it receives
cational establishments include a lyceum or college, and 46  numerous large affluents, as the Parana-Iba,* Tiete, Pardo,
primary schools.                                           Paranapanema, and Curitiba; but, owing to falls, it is naviPARAHIBA, a maritime city of Brazil, capital of a pro- gable only to the island of Apipe, 100 miles above its juncvince, and the centre of its trade, on the right bank of the  tion with the Paraguay.  It contains numerous fertile'arahiba, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 65 miles N.N.W. islands. Below this point it is navigable for vessels of 306,cf Pernambuco. Pop. 15,000. It consists of a lower and  tons, and receives the considerable rivers Salado and Quartc
an upper town. The former is the commercial quarter; from theW. Few towns borderit in its upper part. In the
one of its chief edifices is a fine government warehouse. In  territory of the Plata Confederation, Candelaria, Itf, Itati,
the upper town, the streets are wide and well paved, the  Corrientes, Santa Lucia, and Santa F6, are on its banks.
architecture antiquated.  Here are Franciscan and other    PARANA is also a name of the Rio N.oRo, (Brazil.) which
convents, the principal churches, prison, gdvernor's, palace, see. For PARANA CITY, see BAJADA DE SANTA FA.~
military arsenal and treasury, which last is built in an im-   PARANAGUA, pA-rA-na-gwAI, amaritime town of Brazil,
posing style. The trade is chiefly in sugar, cotton, and Bra- province of Siio Paulo, on a bay of the same name in the
zil-wood. Near the city are some coffee plantations.       Atlantic, 170 miles S.W. of Santos. Pop. 7000. It is mostly
PARAIHIBA-DO-SUL, p&.-ri-ee/b&-do-sool, or. the SOUTH- built of stone; its former Jesuits' college is now converted
ERN PARALIBA, a river of Brazil, provinces of Sio Paulo  into public offices. Its port is fitted for vessels of 400 tons.
and Rio de Janeiro, enters the Atlantic at Sbo Joio de   PARANAHIBA or PARANAIYBA. See PARNAI{IBs.
Praya, in lat. 210 401 S., ion. 400 45' W., after an E. course of    PARANA-IBA, PARANAHIBA or PARANAHYBA, p/500 miles. Its chief affluents are the Pombal, Muriahe, and  rA-nA-eefb,, a river of Brazil, province of Goyaz, joins the
Paraibuno, with which last it forms all the N. boundary of  Curumba to form the Parang, 180 miles S. of Villa-Boa, after
the province of Rio.                                       a westward course of about 500 miles. On it, near its source,
PARAHIBA-DO-SUL, a town of Brazil, province, and 40  is the town of Paranahiba.
miles N. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 2000. It was made head    PARANAPANEME, pA-rA-n&-pA-n&mA, and PARANNAN,
of an electoral college in 1840.                           pA-r~n-nln1, are considerable rivers of Brazil, provinces of
PARAHIBUNA, p&-rA-ee-boo'nA, a town of Brazil, pro- Sio Paulo and Goyag, respectively tributaries to the Parand
vince, and 80 miles N.E. of Shio Paulo. Pop. of district,  and Tocantins.
2000.                                                        PAR!AN CITY, a village in Marion co., Iowa, 100 miles
PARAHITINGA, pg-r&-ee-tin~r,  a town of Brazil, pro- W. by S. of Iowa City.
vince, and 140 miles N.E.."f S~o Paulo, on the left bank of      PARANGLA, p&-rgngtgla, or PARANG, p&r ngf, a meunthe Parahiba. Pop. 4000.'                                 tain pass of Piti, in the West Iimalayas, which at its summit
PARAHYBA, two rivers ofBrazil. See PARAHIBA.             is 18,500 feet above sea-level. Lat. 320 30' N., lon. 750 E.
PARAMARIBO, par'a-marfe-bo, the capital town of Dutch    PARANPEBA, p~-rgn-pA/bA, a river of Brazil, rises in the
Guiana, on the W. bank of the Surinam, 5 miles from its  province of Minas Geraes, and joins the SIno Francisco on
mouth in the Atlantic, in lat. 50 491 N., Ion. 550 22' W. Esti-  the right, about 40 miles below the junction of the Pare.
mated population, 20,000. mostly blacks. It is regularly  Total course, about 250 miles.
and well'built; the streets are unpaved, but ornamented    PARAPITI, pi-rl-pe-teef, a river of Bolivia, which issues
with rows of tamarind and orange trees. It has Lutheran, from the N.E. extremity of Lake Grande, flows E.N.E., and
Calvinistic, Roman Catholic, and English churches, Portu- after a course of about 80 miles falls into Lake Ubai on the S.
guese and German Jewish synagogues, and is the centre of    PARATI, pi-ri-teel, a seaport town of Brazil, province of
the trade of the colony. Fort Zeelandia, N. of the town, is  Rio de Janeiro, 135 miles E.N.E. of SIo Paulo, on the W.
the residence of the governor. In a hospital for lepers, on  coast of the Bay of Angra. Pop. 10,000. It is small, rethe right bank of the Coppename, 450 patients are main- gularly built, and has several churches and a grammar
tained at the expense of the colony. The Kwatta Canal, school. It has an extensive commerce, and numerous disbegun in 1846, is the first public work executed by free  tilleries.
laborers. In 1847, 145 ships entered, and 151 left the port.    PARAY-LE-MONIAL, pA'rA'-leh-mo'nee'l1, a town of
PARAMATTA, par'a-mat/ta,  a town of New South Wales, France, department of Salne-et-Loire, in a rich valley, 7
co. of Cumberland, on the Paramatta River, 13 miles W.N.W. miles W. of Charolles. Pop. in 1852, 3481.
of Sydney, with which it communicates daily by steamboats.   PARAZATU. See PARA9ATU.
Pop. 4454. It consists mostly of a single street, at one end    PARCI, paansAl, a market-town of France, department of
of which is the summer residence of the governor of the  Sarthe, 11 miles N.W. of La Floche, on the Sarthe. Pop. in
colony, with extensive grounds. It is the seat of the factory  1852, 2412.
for female convicts, and it has also several orphan asylums,   PARCHELAGA CREEK, Georgia. See PATSALsaA.
schools, barracks, hospitals, and an observatory. Steamers    PARCIICHER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
and coaches ply daily between it and Sydney.                 PARCHIM, panaK!im, or PARCIHEN, panaKen, a town of
PARAMATTA, a river of New South Wales, enters Port Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Elbe, 21 miles
Jackson after an E. course of 12 miles.                    S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 6489. It is enclosed by walls, subPARAMO D'ASSUAY, p&Ird-mo dds-swif, a pass across  divided into an old and new town, and has manuahctures
the Andes, in Ecuador, between lat. 0~ and 20 S. Elevation, of woollen cloths, leather. chiccory, straw hats, and tobacco.
15,528 feet.                                                 PARCHWITZ, paRatgits, a walled town of Prussian SilePARAMO DEL SIL, pIrA-mo dal seel, a village of Spain, sia, 10 miles N.E. of Liegnite, on the Katzbach.  Pop. 1315.
province, and about 60 miles from Leon. Pop. 1296.           PARCIPfANY, a post-village of Morris co.. New Jersey, on
PARAMO, MOUNTAINS OF. See ANDES.                         the Parcipany River, about 7 miles N. of Morristown, conPARAMOOSIIEER, PARAMOUCHIR, or PARAMU- tains 2 churches, 5 stores, and an academy. Pop. estimated
SCHIR, pl-r&-moo-sheerf, written also PORAMUSHIR and  at 300.
POROMUSCHIR, one of the Koorile Islands, in the Pacific    PARCZOW, paaRtsovl, a town of Poland, province, and 46
Ocean, belonging to Russia, 35 miles S. of Kamtchatka. Lat. miles S.E. of Siedlec. Pop. 2830.
500 50' N., lon. 1550 26/ E. Length, from N. to. S., 60 miles;    PARIDEEVILLE, a post-village of Columbia co., Wisconbreadth, 20 miles. Surface mountainous, and bare of tim- sin, on the Neenab River, about 40 miles N. of Madison.
her. It abounds with wild animals, and exports large quan- Pop. 100.
titles of fox, otter, and wolf skins.                        PARDO, paRado, a river of Brazil, formed by the junction
PARAMU, p-ril-moon, a river of South America, tributary  of the Sanguexuga and the Vermelho, in the S. of the proto the Orinoco. It was partially traced by Sir R. Schom- vince of Matto-Grosso. After a course of about 280 miles,
burgk in 1839.                                             generally S.E., it joins the Parang on the right, in lat. 210
PARIAMUS, a village of Bergen co., New Jersey, about 7  36' S.
miles N.W. of Hackensack, contains a church and a mill.      PARDUBITZ, paRfdoo-bits, a town of Bohemia, circle of
PARAMYTHIA or PARAMITHIA, pA-rA-me-theetl, a town  Chrudim, on the Elbe, 61 miles E. of Prague, and on the
of European Turkey, in Epirus, 30 miles S.W. of Yanina. Northern States Railway. Pop. 2546.
Pop. 5000. It consists of an upper and a lower town, has an    PARECHIA, pg-rA-keefa, or PARO, ptlro, (anc..Partos,) the,ld castle, garrisoned by Turks, and remains of ancient capital town of the island of Paros, Grecian Archipelago, on
walls. It is a Greek bishop's see.                         the W. side of the island. It contains numerous fragments
PARANi, pl-ri-na, a large river of South America, and  of the ancient city, and about 4 miles E. are the quarries of
cne of the principal which contribute to form the Plata, the celebrated Parian marble.
rises by numerous heads in the Brazilian province of Minas   PARECIS, p&-rI-sees!, a cordillera of Brazil, in the N.W.
Geraes, between lat. 220 and 23~ S., and lon. 450 and 460 W., of the province of Matto-CGrosso, in lat. 150 to 190 S.
near the sources of the rivers Doce and SIo Francisco, and    PAREDES DA BEIRA, p1-rI/ds dl bA-eelrg, a town and
less than 120 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It flows in a  parish of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, about 20 miles
S.W. direction, bounding the state of Paraguay on the E. S.E. of Lamego. Pop. 800.
and S., and separating it, with the Brazilian province of
Matto-Grosso, from Sfo Paulo, and the Argentine province      Some geographers call that portion of the river vhich is
of Corrientes. Near Corrientes, in lat. 270 25'., itjoins the  above the junction of the Parauh-Iba, the Rio Grande, conParaguay River, and confers its own name on the united  sidering the Paranoh to be formed by the union of these two
streanm. Thence its course is generally southward to within  branches.
1432




PAR  PAR.
PAREDES DE NAVA, pa-rADos dA ngfvi, a town of Spain,  ated the Cathedral Church of Notre Dame. It is lined with
province, and 15 miles N.W. of Palencia, in a marsh, near  quays, built of solid masonry, forming large terraces, with
the Canal of Campos. Pop. 4662. It has 4 parish churches, a roadway in the centre and a footpath on either side, genea hospital, and manufactures of coarse hempen cloths.      rally planted with treeA. The quays extend about 11 miles
PAREDON, pA-rA-d~n/, or GREAT PAREDON KAY, an  along the river, and, in addition to the splendid walks which
Island of the West Indies, in the old Bahama Channel, N. of  they afford, serve the important purpose of protecting the
Cuba. Lat. 220 25' N., lon. 780 8' W. Length, 10 miles, by  lower parts of the city from  inundations, from which, pre2 miles in breadth. On its N. side is tolerable anchorage.   vious to their erection, it often suffered. The number of
PAREENUGGUR, pA-ree-ng/gtgir, g ruined city of West bridges across the Seine is 27, -f which 16 are of stone, 7 are
Hindostan, the remains of which, near Verawow, a town on  suspension bridges, 3 a combination of stone and iron, and
the peninsula of Parkur, Runn of Cutch, extend over a space  1 is of wood. Those most deserving of notice are the Pont
of 2 miles.                                                 d'Austerlitz, or Pont du Jardin des Plantes, 400 feet long,
PARENZO, pa-r3nfzo, a fortified seaport town of Istria, by 37 feet broad, with stonre piers, and 5 arches of cast iron;
on its W. coast, 10 miles N. of Rovigno. Pop. 2190.         the Pont Neuf, an ancient bridge, the longest of all, being
PARETO, pl-r/to, a village of the Sardinian States, pro- 1020 feet in length, situated near the centre of the city, and
vince, and S. of Acqui. Pop. 2860.                         forming one of the principal thoroughfares } near the middle
PAROA, parg,,A  a fortified maritime town of European  of this bridge is a fine equestrian statue of Henry IV.; the
Turkey, in Epirus, on a steep, rocky height, opposite the  Pont des Arts, a light and elegant iron bridge of 9 arches,
island of Paxo, 33 miles W.N.W. of Arta. Lat. 390 16' 24"t resting on stone piers; the Pont de la Concorde, or Pont
N., ion. 200 23' 30" E. Pop. 4000. Its native inhabitants, de Louis XVI., adorned with 12 colossal statues of white
between 1814 and 1816, vigorously and successfully resisted  marble; and the Pont de Jena, a remarkably handsome
All Pasha of Yanina. then lived for three years under British  structure, consisting of 5 elliptical arches, and decorated
protection, and wholly abandoned the town when restored  with a cornice imitated firom  the temple of Mars at Rome,
to the Sultan in 1819.                                      and garlands of oak and laurel.  The portion of Paris situPAR/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.              ated on the right bank of the Seine is the most extensive,
PARHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.              and contains the finest squares and monuments, and the
PAR/HAM'S LANDING, a post-office of Catahoula parish, greatest number of palaces, public offices, &c. It is also the
Louisiana.                                                  richest and most commercial, its centre being occupied by
PARHAM'S STORE, a post-office of Sussex co., Virginia.   the Bourse, or Exchange of France. The left bank of the
PARIA, GULF OF. See GULF OF PARIA.                        river contains the Faubourg St. Germain, the principal resiPARtIDA, a village on the left bank of the Rio del Norte, dence of the old noblesse, the Pays Latin, the seat of the
in the interior of the Territory of New Mexico.             principal educational establishments, and the greatest numPA'RIDSONGI, or PHARI, f/ree, a village of Bootan, on  ber of hospitals. A great portion of this quarter is built
the firontier of Thibet, 30 miles N.N.W. of Tassisoodon.    from  the quarries extending under the'river. The excaPARIGN], L'EVEQUE,:p&reenuyA/ lAvAk/, a town of  vations made in quarrying formed the celebrated cataFrance, dep. of Sarthe, 9 miles S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 3430. combs used as a place of deposit for the bones taken from
PARIMA, pg-reelmg, a river of Brazil, the principal head  the cemeteries at the time of their suppression. The numstream of the Rio Branco. See Rio BRANCO.                   ber of skeletons deposited here was said to be 3,000,000. The
PARIMA, SIERRA, se-6r/rA pg-reelmd, or PARIME, p9- space included between the city wall and the fortified circle
reelmA (?) an irregular cluster of mountains of:Venezuela, lat. comprises the communes of the banslieue, in which the
40 to 60 30' N., ion. 64" to 670 W., connected on the S.E. population has greatly increased within a few years, though
with the Sierra Pacaraima, and giving rise to the Orinoco  a great part of it is still occupied by fields and gardens.
and other large rivers. MouNT MARAVACA, the highest point,   The houses of Paris are almost all built of white calcais above 10,000 feet high.                                  reous stone. Their general height is from 5 to 6 stories,
PARINACOCHAS, (pA-re-nA-ko/chAs,) LAKE OF. in South  each arranged as a distinct tenement, and reached by a comPeru, department of Ayacucho, S.W. of Pausa, surrounded  mon stair. In many cases, however, the stair is not entered
by high mountains. It is 20 miles in length from N.W. to  immediately from  the street, but is preceded by a portce
S.E., traversed by the river Pausa, and is stated to be 10,000  cocher or carriage entrance leading into a court, round the'
feet above the sea. Its gives name to a province of Peru.    sides of which the houses rise in lofty piles.
PARINACOITA, amountain peak of Bolivia, near the coast,   Streets and Squares. —The streets in several of the newer
in lat. 180 10' S., lon. 690 11' W. Height, 22,030 feet.    parts of the town are straight, wide, airy, and excellently
PARIS, prlfris, (Fr. pron. pA'ree/; Ger. pron. p-rissl; It. paved, both in the centre for carriages, and on the sides for
Parigi, pg-ree/jee; Port. and Sp. Paris, pA-reecel; anc. Lutelttia, foot-passengers; but in the older portions, as a general rule,
or Luteltia Parisio/rum, afterwards Paris/ii; Gr. Aow-7r7a   the streets are irregular in the extreme, cutting each other,
or AoVKw7rsa;) the metropolis of the French Empire, the  not in parallel lines, but at all kinds of angles, and many
great centre of European civilization and learning, and, of them, even in leading thoroughfares, so narrow that carafter London, the most populous city in Christendom, is situ- riages have difficulty in passing. The finest streets, after the
ated on both banks of the river Seine, 111 miles from its  Inner Boulevards, which have been already mentioned, are
mouth, and 212 miles S.E. of London. Lat. of the Observatory,  the Rue de Rivoli, on the N. bank of the Seine, the Rue de
480 50' 12" N., Ion. 20 20' 22k" E.  Mean temperature of the  la Paix, continued across the Place de Vend6me, and thereyear, 510.3; winter, 370.8; summer, 640'5 Fahrenheit. Mlean  after by the Rue de Castiglione, the Rue Royale, the Rue du
annual fall of rain, 25 inches; average number of rainy days, Chauss6 d'Antin, and the Rue des Pyramides. There are
105; days on which snow falls, 12. The city has recently  in Paris about 70 _laces or squares.  By far the finest of
been surrounded by a line of new fortifications, at an ex- these is the Place de Concorde, situated between the garpense of about $100,000,000. They consist of a wall 33 feet dens of the Tuileries on the E., and the still larger, if not
in height, bastioned and terraced, embracing both banks of  finer gardens of the Champs Elysies on the W.; it opens
the Seine with a continuous enclosure 22 miles in circuit. S. on the Pont Louis XVI., which leads directly to the ChamThe wall is lined with a fosse about 20 feet deep, and  ber of Deputies, and N. on the Rue Royale, terminated by
strengthened by outworks comprising 14 detached forts. the beautiful colonnade of the Madelaine; it is adorned
These fortifications take in much of the suburbs, and even  with fountains and various monuments, of which the most
of the surrounding country. The limits of the city proper  conspicuous is an obelisk transported from Luxor, in Egypt.
are traced by an interior wall, erected at a much earlier date  The other squares deserving of notice are the Place Venfor fiscal purposes.  In this wall are 50 gates or barriers, at d6me, an irregular octagon: lined by lofty edifices of uniwhich the octroi, or duties on goods brought into Paris. are  form appearance, the centre occupied by a splendid colevied. Many of these barriers are magnificent structures.  lumn, erected by Napoleon, modelled from that of Trajan,
Among others may bespecified the BarriSre de Neuilly, con- at Rome, and covered with bas-reliefs cast from 1200 pieces
sisting of two pavilions, and having in front the splendid  of cannon taken in war; the Place de la Bastile, occupying
triumphal arch De l'Etoile; the BarriSres de Vincennes, de  the site of the notorious prison of that name; the Place du
St. Martin, de Fontainebleau, de Reuilly, de Chartres, and dQ  Chatelet, with a fountain in its centre, consisting of a cirPassy. Outside the barriers and their connecting wall, is a  cular basin 20 leet in diameter, with columns 58 feet high,
large, finely-planted zone, which nearly makes the circuit divided by bands of bronze gilt, inscribed with Napoleon's
of the town, forming an excellent, though not very much  principal victories; and the Place de Carrousel, between the
frequented promenade, called Outer Boulevards, to distin- Tuileries and the Louvre.
guish them fiom the Inner Boulevards, which form a similar    There are in Paris several splendid triumphal arches, of
internal zone; the latter consist, in their finest parts, of a  which the Arc de l'Etoile, before alluded to, is the most remagnCficent central thoroughfore, bounded on either side markable, being indeed the most stupendous structure of
by a double row of trees, under which a broad and elevated  the kind ever erected, either in ancient or modern times.
pathway has been formed, and lined by elegant shops and  It forms a mass, of which the plan is 147 feet by 73 feet; the
mansions, the whole forming a scene of animated gaiety and  height is 162 feet. The effect of its extraordinary dimensions
splendor which no other capital in Europe can equal.       is greatly enhanced by the simplicity of its form, and by its
The Seine traverses the city in a W.N.W. direction, and  position; for, standing quite separate from any other buildhas a medium breadth of 450 feet, which is about the width  ing, it is seen to the very best advantage. In the Place du
of the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, but nearly one-third less  Carrousel is a splendid triumphal arch. 45 feet high by 60
than that of the Thames at London. It here forms two is- feet long and 20 feet broad, designed after the arch of Seplands-Ile St. Louis and Ile de la Cit6 —on which last is situ- timius Severus, at Rome; it consists of a central, and two
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PAR                                                        PAR
smaller lateral arches, the entablature supported by eight the rest of the garden or park, laid out in alleys and finelycolumns of red marble, over each of which is a statue, while planted groves, with sheets of water, and numerous groups of
a low attic above the entablature is crowned with a triumphal statues, is one of the principal holiday resorts of the citizens.
car occupied by a female figure, ana drawn by four bronze  E. of the Tuileries. and mainly separated from it by the Place
horses; the whole forming one of the finest monuments of and Rue de Carrousel, stands the Louvre, which was origiParis.                                                      nally built for a palace, and is still called one, though it has
Public Buildings.-Paris is perhaps surpassed by no other long ceased to be a state residence. It is occupied as the
city in the number and splendor of its public edifices. Of  great national repository of works of art. It forms  the four
these, however, our limits will permit us to mention only a  sides of a square, and presents four extelrnal fronts.  The
few. Among the churches, the most celebrated is the Cathe-  plrincipal entrance is by the E. front, which, taken as a
dral of Notre Dame, situated on one of the islands of the Seine, whole, ranks as one of the finest pieces of architecture of any
called the Ile de la Cit6.  It is a vast, cruciform  structure,. age. A striking feature in it is its grand colonnade. cornwith a lofty W. front, flanked by'two massive square towers. posed of 28 coupled Corinthian columns, with a wide gallery
Three ample portals, composed of a series of retiring arches, behind. The S. front, facing the Seine, bears a considerable
covered with figures, conduct to the interior, which consists  resemblance to the E., and almost vies with it in splendor.
of a nave with double aisles and transepts, terminating in  The W. and N. fronts are comparatively plain. The-interior,
an'octagon. The total length of the church is 390 feet; with its contents, will be noticed along under the head of
width of transept, 144 feet; height of vaulting, 102 feet; museums. Not far from the Tuileries and Louvre stands
height of towers, 204 feet; width of W. front, 128 feet. The the Palais Royal, which is entered from the Rue St. IHonor6
whole building, with the exception of some comparatively  by a Doric arcade and gateway. It forms a court, the N.
modelrn alterations, is in an early and pure style of pointed  side of which contains the principal building, while the E.
architecture, with ornaments remarkable for their high de- and W. sides consist of two wings projecting towards the
gree of finish and delicacy. The church of La Madelaine is  street; behind which1, again, is the "Galerie d'Orleans," a
a modern structure of singular magnificence. It stands on  wide and lofty arcade. paved with marble and roofed with
an elevated platform fronting the N. end of the Rue Rivoli. glass, and lined on either side with a range of elegant shops.
Its style is purely Grecian. A colonnade of 52 isolated Co- Immediately N. is the garden of the'Palais Royal, forming
rinthian pillars extends completely around it; and on the  a rectangle of 700 feet long from N. to S., by 300 feet broad.
walls opposite to the spaces between the pillars, is a row of  It is partly laid out as a flower garden, and partly planted
niches filled with colossal statues of saints. The pediment with rows of lime-trees. All around the garden are buildat the S. end, said to be the largest sculptured pediment in  ings of uniform  architecture, standing on arcades, which
existence, exhibits an immense alto-rilievo by Lemaire,  form a broad gallery; while the first floor is occupied by
covered with figures, many of them of gigantic dimensions. shops, which are among the most elegant in Paris. The
The interior consists of a vast, unbroken nave, lined with  second floor, to a great extent, was formerly devoted to a less
rich marbles, and lighted from above by four circular aper- reputable use, to gambling and similar infamous establishtures in a richly-gilded ceiling, supported by majestic Co- ments; but the most of them have been rooted out, and their
rinthian columns. The edifice is surpassingly gorgeous, but place supplied by restaurants and coffee-shops. No space of
has none of the solemn majesty which should characterize a  equal dimensions is'so much frequented as the Palais Royal,
church. The church of St. Genevibve, once better known  and nowhere can a stranger get a readier glimpse of all the
by the name of Pantheon, stands on the S. side of the Seine, phases of Parisian life. Much farther to the W., at the cornear the Jardin des Plantes, and makes a conspicuous ap- ner of the Rue du Faubourg St. Honor6, stands the Elys6e
pearance, with its large dome 282 feet in height. It is nearly  Bourbon, which has many intelresting associations connected
in the form of a Greek cross, 288 feet long by 252 feet broad, with it. and has recently been rendered familiar from  its
and is entered by a portico of 22 fluted Corinthian columns  occupation by the President, now Emperor, Louis Napoleon.
60 feet in height, and 6 in diameter, supporting a triangu-  The Luxembourg, on the S. side of the Seine, was built by
lar pediment of vast dimensions. The other churches most Marie de Medicis, on the model of the Pitti Palace at Plodeserving of notice are those of St. Denis du St. Sacrament; rence. It is a fine structure, remarkable alike for its solidity
St. Etieune du Mont, remarkable for its square tower and  and the beauty of its proportions; it was the place of meetcircular turret a little detached fiom it, and interesting as ing of the Chamber of Peers, while that body existed.
the burial-place of Pascal; St. Eustache, after Notre Dame    Government end Municipal Buildings.-The Chamber of
is the largest church in Paris; St. Genrmain l'Auxerrois, re. Deputies or Corps Legislatif, is held in the Palais Bourbon,
markable for its belfry, from which the signal for the mas- so called from having been originally erected by a duchesssacre of St. Bartholomew was first tolled; St. Louis, St. Ger- dowager of Bourbon, and aftelrwards occupied by the house
main des Pr6s, St. Gervais, with a chapel regarded as the  of Cond6, a branch of that family. Its principal filont, lookmost beautiful in Paris; St. Laurent, Ste. Marguerite, St. ing N. towards the Seine, is adorned by a magnificent porMedard, St. Merri, St. Nicholas du Chardonnet, Notre Dame  tico of 12 Corinthian columns, supporting a pediment with
de Lorette, a beautiful modern church of small dimensions;  an allegorical bas-relief, and is approached by a flight of 20
St. Paul and St. Louis, on an elevated platform, approached  steps. Immediately behind is the chamber itself, a semiby a flight of steps, with a magnificent front, fine colonnade, circular hall, ornamented with 24 Ionic columns of white
and a lofty dome; St. Pierre du Gros Caillou; St. Roch, the  marble, and fitted up in crimson cloth and gold. The Palais
burial-place of Corneille, and the church of the court during  de Justice, where the principal courts of justice are held, is
the time of Louis Philippe; St. Severus, with a tower ter- an immense pile of buildings situated on the W. phsrt of the
minating in a singular pyramidal roof; St. Thomas d'Aquin;  Ile de la Cit6. The principal halls are those of the Court of
Dnu Val du Grace, less remarkable for external than for in- Cessation, formerly the High Chamber of the Parliament,
ternal beauty, with a dome, heavy without, but containing  and the Court of Assizes. The HStel de Ville, situated in
within one of the finest frescoes in France; St. Vincent de the Place de Grbve, and notorious for the wholesale murders
Paule, a splendid modern church, finely situated on an emi- committed in it during the revolution, forms an immense
nence; the church of the Sorbonne, so called from having be- quadrangle, with 4 splendid facades. The ornaments of the
longed to the celebrated school of that name, containing the principal front are richly sculptured. Over the central porch
finely-sculptured tomb of the Cardinal de Richelieu.; and St. is a brazen equestrian bas-relief of Henry IV., and in the
Sulpice, a handsome edifice, commenced in the seventeenth, wall a series of niches filled with statues of the most disbut not finished till the middle of the eighteenth century. tinguished Parisian magistrates. The interior court, apThe Protestants have several churches, of which the best are  preached by a flight of steps, is surrounded by an arcade
those of the Oratoire, and Visitation. formerly belonging to  and portico, with Ionic columns; the Grand Salle or Salle
the Roman Catholics, but both ceded by government to the  du Fronde, is a magnificent chamber or hall, occupying the
French Calvinists. There are also two English Episcopal whole length of the central portion of the-building. The
chapels, one of them a modern Gothic edifice, for the use of  Admiralty, (HOtel de la Marine,) forming the N.E. side of the
the embassy; a Greek chapel, which the Russian embassy  Place de la Concorde, is a beautiful structure, which, under
attend, and two synagogues.                                 its original name of Garde Meuble de la Couronne, was the
PTlaces.-The Tuileries, on the right bank of the Seine, place where the crown jewels were kept, and, previous to the
near the centre of the city, so called from thetile-works which  revolution, contained an immense number of valuable and
originally occupied its site, have continued for centuries to  curious objects. The Mint (HOtel des Monnaies) flonts the
be the chief Parisian residence of the sovereigns. This palace  Quai Conti, on the S. side of the Seine, and contains an irnwas commenced by Catherine de Medicis in 1564, was en- mense collection of coins and medals; the ground-plan inlarged by Henry IV., and was brought nearly to its present eludes 8 courts, with ranges of buildings in which all the
form by Louis XIV. The extreme length of its fagade is 1008  operations connected with coining are carried on. The Postfeet, and its breadth 108 feet. Owing to the irregular man- Office, (HOtel des Postes,) to the E. of the Palais Royal, has
ner in which it has been built, it is difficult to class it under a handsome front; but the whole building, though wellany particular style of architecture; but the effect, more from  arranged, does not possess much architectural merit. The
the great length and varied outline than from any excellence Exchange, (La Bourse,) in the Rue Vivienne, is a beautiful
of detail, is very imposing. The principal front looks W. modern structure, in the form of a parallelogram, 212 by 126
through the garden to the Place de la Concorde, and consists feet, completed in 1826; it is surrounded by a range of 60
of a central facade, with columns on the first, second, and  columns, supporting an entablature and masked attic, and
third stories, respectively of Ionic. Corinthian, and Compo- forming a covered gallery, which is approached by a flight
site orders, and of two pavilions. The flower-garden, imme- of steps extending along the whole of the W. frout. The
diately in front, is railed off, and intended to be private; but Salle de la Bourse, where business is transacted, is a large
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PAR                                                         PAR
apartmant, of the Doric order, supported by arcades. The  able articles of verth, belonging chiefly to the Middle Ages.
deeply-coved ceiling is divided into 16 compartments covered  Adjoining is the Salle des Sept Cheminees, containing copies
with fine monochrome drawings, which have the effect of  of some of Raphael's finest frescoes in the Vatican. The
bas-reliefs. The Tribunal de Commerce, and other courts  Greek Museum (Mus6e Grec) is particularly rich in Etrurian
more immediately connected with trade and commerce, are  and Grecian vases, and in articles obtained from  Herculalocated in this building. The Treasury (itel'des Finances) neum and Pompeii. The Egyptian Museum is enriched with
is an immense edifice in the Rue de Rivoli. The Register  the fiuits of the French researches in Egypt, and, in regard
Office (Ittel des Archives du Royaume,) occupies the former  to all that relates to domestic life in its minuter details, is
palace of the Prince de Soubize, and is more interesting  not surpassed by any other collection. The Collection Standfirom the value of its records, extending over a period of 1200  ish-so called from  an Englishman of that name, who beyears, than remarkable for the merits of its architecture. queathed it to Louis Philippe-contains some good original
In connection with the records of the kingdom, may be  paintings, and a library of rare books; among others, the
mentioned its printing establishment, (Imprimerie Royale,)  Bible of Cardinal Ximenes, valued at 10001. From the anteoccupying the buildings of the Palais Cardinal, so called  room of this collection, a small staircase leads to the Naval
from having originally belonged to the Cardinal de Rohan. Museum, (Mus6e de la Marines,) which contains beautiful
It is one of the largest and best-regulated establishments of  models of vessels of all classes, both finished and in every
the kind in Europe, and possesses so complete an assort-  stage of construction; models, also, of the principal naval
muent of types that it has printed the Lord's Prayer in 150  ports of France; and a museum of Indian arms and ornalanguages.                                                  ments from the Pacific and North America. The Mus6e
Educational Institutions.-Considered with reference to  des Dessins contains about 1300 drawings, including nuits scientific, literary, and educational institutions, Paris  merous specimens of the great masters of all schools. The
surpasses all other cities of the world. The University of  Mus6e des Antiques, entered from  the vestibule at the
Paris, said to have been founded by Charlemagne, and long  bottom of the grand staircase, occupies a series of apartone of the most celebrated in Europe, was suppressed at the  ments on the ground floor, and forms a remarkable and
revolution, and an entirely new system of public education  interesting collection of about 1100 articles, consisting of
adopted. At the head of this system is placed the Univer- statues, busts, vases, &c. The Mus6e de la Sculpture Mosity of France, which, properly speaking, is only a board of  derne contains the best specimens of sculpture and statuary
education, consisting of a council of nine members, presided  of the modern French school, but is poor in those of foreign
over by the Minister of Public Instruction, as grand master, artists.
and having under it 22 inspectors-general of studies. The    The Mus6e du Luxembourg, in the palace of that name,
largest school of Paris, and the most frequented in the  consists of the finest works of living French artists, purworld. (attended in 1846 by 7500 students,) is the Acadmsic  chased by government. The Mus6e  d'Histoire Naturelle,
Universitaire, the date of whose origin is unknown. It  together with the Jardin des Plantes or Botanical Garden,
consists of 5 faculties; viz. sciences, with 10 ordinary and  in which it stands, is one of the most attractive and in8 supplementary professorships; Letters, with 12 ordinary  structive places of resort in Paris. The museum, properly
and 7 supplementary; Theology, with 6 ordinary and 5  so called, is rich in the collections of Cuvier and other dissupplementary; Law, with 17 ordinary and 8 supplementary;  tinguished names, and possesses, besides excellent speciand of Medicine, with 26 ordinary professorships. After the  mens in all the branches of natural science, a good nienaAcademy come the Colltge Royal de France, with 27 pro- gerie. The Musis d'Artillerie occupies five galleries; one
fessors; the college attached to the Mus6e d'HIistoire Natu-  containing suits of ancient armor, and the other four, rins,
relle, with 15: the colleges de Louis le Grand, Henri IV., instruments, machines, &c. used by the artillery service.
Bourbon, St. Louis, and Charlemagne, attended each by  The Conservatoire des Artes et M6tiers, occupying the exabout 1000 pupils; the Ecole Polytechnique, established in  tensive buildings which formerly belonged to the Abbey
the buildings of the old Coll6ge de Navarre, a celebrated in- of St. Martin des Champs, contains a most valuable and institution, in which the greatest mathematicians that France  teretesting collection of machiues, models, drawings, &c. rehas produced have been teachers, and not a few of them have  lating to almost all branches of industry.
been formed; the Ecole Centrale des Aits et Manufactures,    Libraries-There are h2 libraries in Paris, of which 9 are
for the education of engineers, directors of manufactories,  public.  Of these, the Bibliothhque Royale, Imp6riale, or
builders, &c.; the Ecole Normale, for training professors of a  Nationale, (for it has borne all these names by turns,) is
higher grade, and several Ecoles Norsmales E16mentaires, for  the noblest institution of the kind ever formed. It comordinary male and female teachers; Ecole des Ponts et  prises 1,400,000 printed books and pamphlets, 125,000 voChauss6es, (School of Bridges and Causeways,) consisting of  lunies of manuscripts, many of them  extremely rare, and
about 100 pupils, taken from the Ecole Polytechnique, to be  of great interest, and 300,000 maps and charts. In addiinstructed in all the branches of civil engineering; Ecole des  tion to these, there is a collection of engravings, contained
Mfines, kept in the magnificent Hotel de VendOme, with a  in 80,000 volumes or portfolios, with 1,400,000 plates; a
full complement of professors in every branch relating to  gallery of ancient sculpture, in which is the Egyptian
mining operations, and a most valuable mineral museum, zodiac of Denderah; and a cabinet of antiquities, consistwhich fills 15 rooms, andcontains the geological collection of  ing of 150,000 coins and medals, and 10,000 gems. The
the Paris Museum, formed by Cuvier and Brogniart; Ecole  other more important libraries are those of the Arsenal,
des Chartes, in which palveography, or the art of deciphering  200,000 volumes, and 6300 manuscripts; St. Genevibve,
and studying ancient manuscripts is taught; Ecole des  250,000 volumes, and 3000 manuscripts; Mazarine, at the
Langues Orientales Vivantes, (School of Living Oriental  Institute, 200,000 volumes, and 3700 manuscripts; Be la
Languages,) with 7 professors; Ecole de Pharmacie, with 10  Ville, 55,000 volumes; De lInstitut, 100,000 volumes; De
professors, and the sole power of licensing apothecaries, who  l'Universit6, 50,000 volumes; Du Conseil de P'Etat, 80,000
are not allowed to practice till examined here; Ecole Ora- volumes; De l'Ecole de Midecine.  30,000 volumes; and
tuite de Dessin, de Math6matique, et de Sculpture d'0rna- Du Mus6e d'Ihistoire  Naturelle, 30,000 volumes.  Librament, (a kind of mechanics' institute;) Ecole Sp6ciale  et ries of greater or less extent, are attached to almost all the
Gratuite de Dessin pour les Jeunes Personnes, in which  public institutions, and the governmental, judicial, and muyoung women, intended for the arts or similar professions, nicipal offices.
have the means of studying figures, landscapes, flowers, &c.;    Benevolent  Isstitutions.-The civil hospitals of Paris are
Palais and Ecole des Beaux Arts, in which gratuitous lec- divided into three classes-general hospitals, special hospitures on all subjects connected with the arts are given, by  tals, and hospices or alms-houses. The general hospitals are
21 professors; Ecole VYtirinaire, a celebrated establishment, the H1tel Dieu, the most ancient of all the Parisian hospinot in Paris, but at Alfort, in its vicinity; Conservatoire de  tals, situated partly on the S. side of the Ile de la Citi,
Musique et de Biclamation, for the instruction of both  and partly on the S. side of the river, here crossed by a
sexes in music, singing, &c., by a numerous body of the first  covered bridge, forming a very extensive and admirably-maprofessors, male and female; and numerous primary schools, haged infirmary, which, on an average, receives annually
superior and infant schools, &c.  In 1846, Paris had 24  about 11,000 patients; HOpital de la Pitid, with 600 beds,
daily journals, 11 advertising papers, 262 periodical sheets  and an average of above 10,000 patients; the Hbpital de la
of journals, reviews, bulletins, and annals of politics, litera-  Charit6, with 530 beds, and 8000 patients; and the Hospitals
ture, science, arts, and fashions.                          Necker, Cochin, and Beaujon.. The chief special hospitals
Auseunis.-At the head of these stands the magnificent  are those of St. Louis for cutaneous diseases; the H1pital du
collection of the Louvre, the buildings of which have already  Midi and HOpital de Lourcine, both for syphilitic combeen described. It forms one of the chief attractions of the  plaints; Hi1pital de la Maternit6, 1Hipital des Enfans Macapital, and consists of various departments, of which the  lades, and Hl1pital des Cliniques.  The hospices are the
Miuseum of Paintings of the Italian, Flemish, and French  Bic~tre or Hospice de la Vieillesse, for old men; and the
Schools (Musie des Tableaux des Ecoles Italiennes, Fla- Salpetriire or Hospice de la Vieillesse, for aged women; two
mandes, et Frangaises) contains above 1400 pictures; and  similar Hospices des Incurables; and the Hospice des Enfans
though justly deprived of many of the masterpieces, which  Trouvis, (foundling  hospital,) a large establishment, in
had been brought to it from all parts of Europe by Napoleon, which the abuses notorious in regard to foundling hospiis still one of the finest galleries in existence; in addition to tals, are attempted to be remedied, though they are said te
it, there are the Galerie Frangaise, appropriated to modern  continue almost unabated. In addition to the above classiFrench pictures, and a large and excellent Spanish gallery. fled hospitele. are numerous establishments of a benevolent
The Salle de Bijoux contains curious and valuable cups, nature, well deserving of notice. The most celebrated of
vases, porcelain, jewelry, cameos, agates, and many remark-  these is the HOtel des Invalides, an immense military hos1435




PAR                                                           PAR
pital, or asylum for old soldiers, capable of receiving 5000  celebrated for its tapestry and carpets, made, however, not
pensioners. Its gilded dome makes it one of the most con- for sale, but the supply of the palaces, and for presents; and
spicuous buildings in Paris, and it is also one of the largest  that of tobacco, which the government holds as a monopoly,
and most magnificent, presenting'a noble front in three  and carries  on in a vast establishment on the S. side of the
projecting masses, 612 feet long, and four stories high. It  Seine, producing about a fifth of all the snuff used in the
has a library of from 17,000 to 18,000 volumes, a collection  empire. and  yielding  an  annual profit estimated  at
of models and fortifications; and within is a church, con-  $14.000,000.  According to the report of the Chamber of
raining the tombs ofNapoleon, Turenne, and Vauban. Among  Commerce on the industry of Paris for 1847, the total mannother benevolent institutions are the Lunatic Asylum,  factures of the city, exclusive of those of the government,
(Maison Royal de Charenton;) two blind asylums, the Deaf  comprised 325 branches, carried on by 64.816 persons, emand Dumb Institute, (Institution Royale des Sourds Muets,)  ploying 342,530 workmen.  The value of goods produced in
and a great variety of societies, both public and private, for  the 325 branches, arranged in 13 groups, and the number
distributing food and clothing, and reclaiming those who  of men employed, are exhibited in the subjoined table:have gone astray.
Prisons and Reformatory Establishments.-The former are
nine in number, of which several have acquired a dreadful                                       Am          ouers.
notoriety from  the deeds perpetrated in them  during the
fury of the great revolution.  The principal are La Force,  Clothing of all kind............ $48,189,458   29,216    0,04
containing 1200 separate cells,. and distinguished by its   Food, butcher's meat, bread, pastry, &e........................    4537 16.,2-673 —10,42
classification of prisoners and excellent sanitary regulations;     n &.,2,66,61    10
~idldig.............29,002,536  4,6081 /41,oe3
St. Pelagie, recently converted partly into a political prison,  Furniture........................7429,049    5,713    3,184
and partly into a kind of hulks for convicts whose punish-  Work in precious metals            26,966,055    2,392    16,819
ment is of short duration; St. Lazare, a general female pri-  Fancy articles (articles de Paris).  25,731,755   6,121    35,679
son, which has usually an average of about 1000, and   Fabrics and threads............   21,163,695   3,799    36,685
Works in metals...........:.......  20,726,320  I 3,104  24,894
receives annually about 10,000 prisoners; Deplt des Con-  Chemical products and pottery...       0,32, 
damn6s for criminals condemned to the hulks or to death,  Carriages, saddlery, &c........  10,471,435   1,253    13,054
and remarkable for being at once light, airy, and healthy,  Printing, paper, &c..............  10,234.375   2,235    16,705 1
and yet one of the strongest places of custody ever erected;    ides nd leather.8,352,93                     426    4,573
and the Maison Centrale d'Education Correctionnelle, with   Carving, baskets, &4,09,41    1,61                       5,45
very much the air of a feudal castle.  The prisons to               Total.......................29,75,67    64,816   3453
which a mournful interest attaches, are the Palais du Tempie, from which Louis XVI. was led forth to the scaffold;    In 1848, during the turmoil of the last revolution, the
the Conciergerie, from which Marie Antoinette was led forth  total value of manufactures in Paris fell to $131,168,678, or
to the same fate; and the Abbaye, the most gloomy of all less than half their value the year previous. Among the
the Parisian dungeons, and, during the Reign of Terror, a  various articles produced in 1847, may be specified boots and
perfect den of horrors.                                       shoes, to the value of $8,656,497; jewelry, $12.177,767;
Places of Resort and Amusement.-Of the former, several  articles in gold, $5,805,220; lace, $5,680,991; articles of
have already been incidentally mentioned, and the only one  linen drapery,  $7,236,769; articles in bronze, $3,698.,796;
which seems to call for a more special notice, is the most cole- locks, $3,720,167; gloves of skins, $2,853,659; refined oil,
brated of all-the Champs Elys6es.  It stretches W. from   $2,452,000;  piano-fortes, $2,297,614;  artificial flowers,
the Place de la Concorde to the Barribre de 1'Etoile for about  $2,211,133; paper-hangings, $2,045,430; shawls, $1,979,896;
1~ miles, gradually widening from  373 yards to 700 yards. military equipments,'1,960,270, and perfumery, $1,948,370.
It consists of a central road, lined with trees, and with    There are in Paris and the ban-lieue, 18 sugar-refineries,
wide walks and open spaces on each side, crowded, par-  which supply Rouen, Amiens, Rheims, Metz, Strasbourg,
ticularly on holidays, with all grades of Parisian society,  Lyons, &c., and also the foreign demand.  The quantity
and presenting one of the gayest and liveliest scenes which  produced in 1847, was valued at $4,700,000.
can well be imagined. The public fttes all take place here;    Paris is celebrated for its mathematical and optical instruand, even on the most  ordinary occasions, all kinds of at- ments, and it is one of the chief centres in Europe for the
tractions are to be found in the shape of shows, musical production of works connected with literature and the fine
bands, panoramas, circuses, &c. The theatres of Paris and  arts. Of the 64,816 manufacturers in Paris, 7117 employed
its immediate suburbs, afford  accommodation for 30,000  more than 10 workmen, 25,116 employed front 2 to 10, and
persons; and the passion for such amusements pervades all  32,583 employed I man, or worked alone.
classes of Parisian society.  The most important are the    Commercea.-A   large proportion of the products of Parisian
Acad6mie Royale de Musique or French Opera, capable of  industry is consumed in the metropolis. Especially is this
containing about 2000 persons; the Italian Opera, the Op6ra  the case with all articles of food, except a portion of the
Comique, the Th6&tre Frangais, the Od6on, the Th6,qtre de  refined sugars, preselrves, and pastry. There are some exla GaietY, for vaudevilles and melodramas; Th&'tre des  ports of clothing and furniture, although the Paris denand
Folies Dramatiques; Theltre du Vaudeville; ThUltre des  is the principal one. Fashionable  articles of female apparel
Variftes; Th6&tre  du Palais Royal; Thlltre Porte St. Mar- (millinery, dresses, &c.,) were exported in 1847, to the value
tin; Th6ttre de l'Ambigu Comique; Th6Ltre du Panth6on, of $529,341; the value manufactured was $2,465,222, and
lemarkable as occupying one of the earliest churches of goods of this description valued at $1,516,402 were imported,
Paris; and the Cirque Olympique. Numerous other places making the total consumption $3,452,383.  The value of
of amusement are always open, many of a more rational, hats exported, amounted to $543,998; of hats manufactured,
but not a few also of a questionable kind. Aplace of resort,  $3,352.536; the export of umbrellas and parasols, amounted
furnishing one of the most interesting and impressive sights  to $512,027; the manufacture, to  $1,481,686.  The total
of the capital, is the celebrated cemetery of P~re-la-Chaise.   value of Parisian manufactures in 1847, as has been seen,
Societies-Literary, Scientific,  tc. —At the head of these  was $292,725,670. The total value of exports, as declared at
stands the Institute de France, which has acquired such  the custom-house, was $33,714,437, of which $18,033,555
celebrity, that the most distinguished European philosophers  was the value of goods not entitled to premium; $15,680,882
covet the honor of being admitted to it as foreign associates. of goods entitled to premium.  A large part of the exports of
It consists of 224 ordinary members, all of whom  receive a  Paris consist of goods not manufactured in the city, but pur
salary of about $300 annually; 42 free academicians, without  chased at the warehouses of the large manufacturers.
salary; 33 associates, and 220 correspondents; it is divided    Paris has a chamber of commerce, with a commercial
into five sections or academies-the Academie Franqais,  library, an exchange, which publishes daily returns; it is
specially devoted to the French language; the Academie des  also the seat of all the principal financial, industrial, and
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, for general literature, learned  commercial societies in the country. Its commerce is ftcililanguages, and antiquities; the Academie des Sciences, sub- tated by the river Seine, navigable to Paris for vessels
divided into 11 sections, embracing the different branches  drawing 6 feet water, and connected by canals with the
of physics, mathematics, natural history, medicine, rural Rhine, the Loire, and the Rhone, by which navigable comeconomy, &c.; the Academie des Beaux Arts, for painting, munication is opened from seato sea. Paris is also the centre
sculpture, architecture, engraving, and music; and the  of a system  of railways which ramify throughout almost
Academie des Sciences, Morales et Politiques, for history, every part of Prance. The traveller entering the countiry
moral science, jurisprudence, political economy, and statis- on the side of the English Channel, has the choice of five diftics. The Institute overshadows most of the other societies, ferent railways in reaching the French metropolis, viz. from
many of which, however, have distinguished themselves, Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne,Dieppe, and Havre. A grand trunk
and are well known under the names of the Antiquarian, railway extends E. from  Paris to Strasbourg, and thence
Philomathic, Natural Hlistory, Geographical, Statisticall S. along the valley of the Rhine to BIle; (Basel.)  Another
Philotechnic, Asiatic, Anatomical, Medical, and Agricultural great trunk proceeds S. by W. to Orleans, where it forks, one
Societies, &c.                                                branch extending S.S.E. to Varennes, the other S.W. tin
Maanufactures.-Almost every branch of manufacturing  Bordeaux; at Tours it communicates with a railway ex.
industry is carried on more or less extensively in Paris. It  tending to Nantes. The only railway in France not conis especially distinguished for articles of taste and fashion, nected with Paris is in the extreme S.E. portion of the
furniture, jewelry, bronzes, porcelains, clocks and watches, country. It commences at Marseilles, and proceeds rircui.
millinery, perfumery, &c. The government has here two  tously N.E. to Avignon, whence it is to be carried almosl
establishments, one known by the name of the Gobelins,  due N. to meet the Paris trunk-line which is now (January
1436




PAR                                                        PAR
1855) nearly or quite completed to Lyons. The estimated  midst of the most varied and picturesque scenery.  The
revenue of Paris for 1852 was $9,005,900, and the expendi- White Mountains, with their summits piercing the clouds,
ture, $9,413,000.                                           appear'in full view. It contains a handsome court-house,
listory.-The origin of Paris is involved in obscurity, but 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and 2 newspaper offices. The
the account to which most credit appears to be given, is, township is intersected by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence
that a wandering tribe having settled upon the banks of the  Railroad. Pop. 2882.
Seine, built huts upon the Ile de la CitI, to which they re-   PARIS, a post-township in the S.E. part of Oneida co.,
tired with their flocks and herds when any of the neighbor- New York, about 10 miles S. of Utica. It has manufactures
Inug tribes made incursions upon them. To this natural of cotton goods, paper, leather, castings, and machinery,
stronghold they gave the name of Lztetia, supposed to be  and numerous saw mills. Pop. 4283.
derived from the Celtic louton-hezi, meaning Dwelling of the    PARIS, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsylvania.
WVaters; while they themselves, for some reason not well   PARIS, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, is pleaexplained, took the name of Parisii. When Julius Coesar  santly situated at the S.E. foot of the Blue Ridge, 131 miles
conquered Gaul, he accordingly here found a tribe of Parisii,  N. by W. of Richmond.
with a capital called Lutetia, connected with the shore by    PARIS, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia.
two bridges. They defended themselves bravely, but were    PARtIS, a postoffice of Lafayette co., Mississippi.
overcome; and Cesar, after rebuilding the town. which had    PARIS, a post-village, capital of Lamar co,, Texas, is
been nearly destroyed, surrounded it with walls, and further  about 20 miles S. of Red.4River, and 300 miles N.N.E. of
strengthened its defences by erecting two forts at the ex- Austini City. A newspaper is published here. The village
tremity of the bridges. The Gallic were exchanged for Ro- is situated in an extensive prairie, the soil of which is exman divinities; civilization made rapid progress, and in the  tremely fertile and durable.
course of the 500 years of the Roman dominion, Lutetin rose    PARIS, a post-village, capital of HIenry co., Tennessee,
to be a place of considerable importance, and became the  110 miles W. of Nashville. It is situated in a rich farming
capital of North Gaul. In the beginning of the fifth century  district, and has an active trade.
it suffered much from the northern hordes, and ultimately    PARIS, a post-village, capital of Bourbon co., Kentucky,
fellinto the hands of the Franks, headed by Clovis, who, hav- on Stoner Creek, and on the Covington. and Lexington
ing embracedChristianity,made it his residence in 508. Under  Railroad, about 40 miles E. of Frankfort. It is one of the
his descendants it became the capital, first of a kingdom of  principal stations on the railroad, and has an active trade.
the same name, and then of the kingdom of Neustria. In  It contains a fine court-house, a branch bank, 6 churches,
987 a new dynasty was established in the person of Hugo  an academy, a printing-office, and several mills.  Two
Capet, from whose reign downwards, Paris has continued to  newspapers are published here, one of which, the "Western
be the residence of the Kings of France. In the latter part Citizen," is among the oldest in the state. Extensive cattle
of the twelfth century, Philip Augustus mounted  the  fairs are held here on "court days," (the first Monday of
throne, and built the castle of the Louvre and several each month,) at which, not unfrequently, firom $200,000 to
churches, paved the streets, and enclosed a large part of the  $300,000 worth of stock are sold. The Mayeville and Lexingbuildings with walls, flanked with towers.  The various  ton Railroad, (not yet completed,) diverges from this point,
schools which had existed separately, became united under  20 miles N.E. of Lexington. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2500.
the common name of University, which now began to occupy    PARIS, a township of Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 1.018.
a prominent place among the literary establishments of   PARIS, a thriving post-village and township of Stark co.,
Europe.  Under Charles V. new walls and ditches were  Ohio, 130 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 or 3 churches.
erected, with the view more especially of guarding against P p. 2740.
the inroads of the English, who made frequent incursions    PARIS, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 982..
into the faubourgs. The fortifications failed to produce the    PARIS, a post-township in the W. central part of Kent
desired effect; for in 1420, during the reign of Charles VI., co., Michigan. Pop. 521.
the English made themselves masters of the city, and were    PARIS, a pleasant post-village of Jennings co., Indiana,
not dislodged from it for sixteen years. In 1437 and 1438, 17 miles N.W. of Madison.
under Charles VII., Paris was ravaged by pestilence and    PARIS, a village of Posey co., Indiana, about 20 miles N.
famine, and such was the desolation, that wolves appeared  of Mount Vernon.
in herds, and prowled about the streets. Under Louis XI.   PARIS, a post-village, capital of Edgar co., Illinois, on
a course of prosperity again commenced. The area of the  the Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, 114 miles E. of Springcity extended over 1414 acres, and its population amounted  field.  A newspaper is published here.  The village is
to 300,000 souls.  In 1470 the first printing-presses were  situated on the border of a prairie, which is extensively
introduced, and the post-office was established. Francis I. cultivated.
demolished the old castle of the Louvre, and commenced a    PARIS, a thriving post-village, capital of Monroe co.,
new palace on its site, rebuilt several churches, opened bet- Missouri, on the Middle Fork of Salt River, 70 miles N. by
ter communications between the different districts, and  E. of Jefferson City. It issituated in a rich farming dismade so many improvements that the whole city assumed  trict, which abounds in stone coal. It contains a courta new aspect.  But the Reformation having commenced, house and a newspaper office.
and counted numerous converts in all parts of the king-   PARIS, a village in Linn co., Iowa, near Wapsipinicon
dom, bigotry and intolerance began to do their work, and  River. 45 miles N. of Iowa City.
the fires of persecution were lighted. Paris, in consequence,   PARIS, a post-village and township, of Kenosha co., Wisbecame the theatre of many bloody deeds, crowned at cousin, 10 miles N.W. of Kenosha. Pop. 947.
length, in 1572, during the reign of Chirles IX., by the    PARIS, a thriving post-village of Canada West, united
horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew. During these trans- cos. of Wentworth and Halton, on Grand River, at the inactions the city could not prosper; and though some new  tersection of the Great Western, and the Buffalo, Brantford,
edifices, among others the palace of the Tuileries, were begun, and Goderich Railways, 72 miles N.N.W. of Niagara Falls,
yet it was not till after the accession of Henry IV., that the  and 26 miles W. of Hamilton. Smith's Creek, which here
work of embellishment in good earnest again commenced. enters Grand River, divides Paris into two parts called the
The HOtel de Ville was begun, the Pont Neuf finished, Upper and Lower Villages. Here are agencies for 1 insugreat additions were made to the Tuileries, and many  rance and 2 assurance companies, a branch bank, churches
new streets and quays built. The works begun were com- of 4'or 5 denominations, a newspaper office, about 20 stores
pleted, and many others undertaken during the reign of  and manufactories of woollen goods, iron-castinugs, machiLouis XIII. and XIV.; the latter of whom, notwithstand- nery, flour, and beet-root sugar. Pop. about 2500.
ing his lavish expenditure at Versailles, was able to rival   PARISBURG, a post-village, capital of Giles co., Virginia,
all that his predecessors had done for the embellishment of  on the left bank of New River, 240 miles W. of Richmond.
Paris:  Louis XV. had contributed his share of improve- It is situated in a beautiful region and surrounded by
ments, and Louis XVI. was proceeding in a better spirit, in  picturesque mountain scenery.
the same cause, when the Revolution commenced, during    PARISCATTY, a town of Ilindostan, in the kingdom of
which some of the finest edifices of the city were converted  Oude, 25 miles E. of Goruckpoor.
into ruins, and many of the most venerable monuments of    PARISH, a post-township near the centre of Oswego co.,
art completely destroyed. A stop was put to this barbarism, New York, about 27 miles N. of Syracuse. Pop. 1799.
first by the Directory, and afterwards by Bonaparte, by    PARISIH, a village of Des Moines co., Iowa, near Skunk
whom, in particular, many works, distinguished alike by  River, 65 miles S. by' E. of Iowa City.
utility and splendor, were undertaken and completed.   PARIS HILL, a post-village of Paris township, Oneida co.,
During the restoration of the Bourbons, the work of em- New York, 8 or 10 miles S. of Utica. It has several churches,
bellishment did not proceedwith much rapidity; but since, stores, and factories.
1830. (except during the turmoil of the recent revolution,)    PARIS HILL, a village of Scriven co., Georgia.
Paris has made wonderful advances, both in magnificence    PARWISHVILLE, a post-village and township of St. Lawand general prosperity.  Pop. in 1792, 550,000; in 1817, rence co., New York, on St. Regis River, about 20 miles E.
715,000; in 1846, 1,034,196; in 1851, 1,053,262.-Adj. and  of Canton. The village is situated at a point on the river
inhab. PARISIAN, par-ish.an; (Fr. Parisien, pt'ree'ze-INao, where it is crossed by the old St. Lawrence Turnpike. The
(masculine,) and Parisienne, p'reeazelnnt, (feminine.)     stream is here pressed into a channel scarcely 10 feet wide,
PAR/IS, a beautiful post-village and township, seat of jus-  and has a descent of about 125 feet in the distance of a
tice of Oxford co., Maine, about 40 miles W. of Augusta. mile, affording valuable water-power. The village contains
The village is situated on a commanding elevation, in the  several churches, stores, and mills. Pop. of township, 213Z
1437




PAR                                                         PAR
PARIISIVILLE, a post-village of Portage co., Ohio.          PARK'S BAR, a mining  settlement of Yuba co., Call
PARISII. See PARIs.                                      fornia, has a post-office of its own name.
PARITA, pd-re'tt. a gulf of Central America. on the W.   PARK'S BRIDGE, a ppst-office of Morgan co., Georgia.
side of the Gulf of Panama, about 30 miles across, and ex-   PARK'S CORINERS, a postroffice of Boone co., Illinois.
tending 20 miles inland.                                      PARK'S MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.
PARITA, pA-ree/tA, a maritime town of South America,   PARK'S STORE, a post-office of Cabarras co., North Caro.
In New Granada, department of Istmo, on the Gulf of Pa- lina.
rita, an inlet of the GulfofPanama, 100 miles S.W. of Panama.    PARK'S STORE, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.
PA! I'I'CII, pi-reet'chee, a market-town of Russia, go-   PARKS'VILLE,  a post-village of Sullivan co., New York,
vernn. it, and 108 miles S.E. of Minsk, on the Beresina. 4 miles N. of Liberty Village, and about 104 miles N.W. of
Pop. 1000.                                                  New York City. It contains 2 stores, a large tannery, and
PARIWARA (pA-re-wltrA) ISLANDS, in the South Pacific  flouring, saw, and turning mills.
Ocean, S.E. coast of New Guinea; lat. 9c 12' S., Ion. 1460 50'   PARKITON, a post-village of Baltimore co.,. Maryland,
E. There are three, the largest being only { of a mile long. with a station on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad,
PARK, a post-township in the N.W. part of St. Joseph  75 miles N. of Baltimore.
co., Michigan. Pop. 825.                                      PARKUR, par-ktirf, a district of West Hiadostan, on the
PARK, a post-office ofBarren co., Kentucky.               N. side of the Runn of Cutch, lat. 240 20' N., Ion. 700 52' E.
PARKANY, pbRak~W, a market-town of Hungary, on the    PARKUTA. par-kooltd  a town of Central Asia, in Little
Danube, co.. and immediately opposite Gran.  Pop. 1374. Thibet Bulti, 22 miles E.S.E. of lokardo; 1st. 350 3' N.,
Here, in 1683, the Turks were defeated by the Imperialists  ion. 750 51' E.
and Poles.                                                    PARK!VILLE, a thriving city of Platte co.. Missouri, pleaPARKE, park, a county in the W.part of Indiana, con- santly situated on the left bank of the Missouri River. 30
am.ns 440 square miles. It is drained by Sugar and Racoon  miles below Weston. It was founded about the year 1548,
Creeks, affluents of the Wabash, which  forms the W. by George S. Park, Esq. It abounds in valuable beds of
boundary. The soil is mostly a black loam, very fertile, limestone, of which material the town is chiefly built. Pop.
and easily cultivated. The county contains extensive beds  in 1855, about 800.
of stone coal. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes along its    PARLA, paaRlI, a village of Spain, in New Castile, proW. border.  A plank-road has been made through the  vince, and 13 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 1097.
county. Organized in 1821. Capital, Rockville. Pop. 14,968.   PARfLEY, WE ST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
PARKE, a township of Scott co., Arkansas. Pop. 277.         PARLING POND, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.
PARKfER, a village and township of Butler co.. Pennsyl-   PARILOW, a town of the Malay Archipelago, on the W.
vania, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg. Pop. 769.        coast of the island of Celebes, on a river which flows into
PARIVERSBURG, a thriving  post-village, capital of  Parlow Bay; lat. 10 S. It consists of about 500 houses, and
Wood co., Virginia, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the  is the residence of a rajah.
Little Kanawha, 100 miles below Wheeling, and about 258    PARMA, parrnia, (L. and It. Parma, parJm; Fr. Par-e,
miles in a direct line W.N.W. of Richmond. It is plea- pastm,) a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of its own name,
sasntly situated, and neatly built.  Turnpike roads lead  is situated on the Parma, an affluent of the Po, 72 miles
from this town to Staunton and Winchester, and the North-  S.E. of Milan. Lat. 440 485 15" N., Ion. 100 20' 8" E. Pop.
western Railroad, a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- in 1844, 40,927. It is ofa circular form, surrounded by walls,
road, terminates here.  Another railroad is in course of  and entered by five gates, and has a glacis forming a public
construction from Parkersburg to Cincinnati. It contains  promenade. The chief public edifices are a cathedral with
a court-house, churches of 4 or 5 denominations, a bank, valuable paintings, the ducal palace with a library of 90,000
a printing-office, and several steam-mills.  Pop. in 1853, volumes, an academy of the fine arts, a museum of antiqui -
about 3500.                                                 ties, a botanic garden, and "a public library of 34,000 voPARKERSBURG, a post-office of Yell co., Arkansas.         lumes. The University of Parma was suppressed in 1831,
PARKERSBURG, a post-village of Montgomery co., In- but it has a school of four faculties, attended (in 1844) by
diana, 12 miles S. of Crawfordsville.                      400 students.  Parma has numerous scientific establishPARKERSBURG, a post-village of Richland co., Illinois, ments, civil and military hospitals, and a school for deaf
135 miles S.E. of Springfield.                             mutes, established in 1837.  The manufactures comprise
PARKERSBURG, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa.          silk goods, cottons, woollens, lace, earthenware, sword cutPARKER'S CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Bedford co., lery, glass, and musical instruments.  The trade consists
Tennessee.                                                  chiefly of corn, silk, pastry, wine, and salted provisions.
PARKER'S HEAD, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.       Parma is the residence of the sovereign, the see of a bishop,
PARKER'S SETtTLEMENT, a post-office of Posey co., In- the seat of government of the supreme court, and all the
diana.                                                      most important offices of the state. It is said to be of
PARKER'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia, Etruscan origin, but is first spoken of as a Roman colony.
125 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville.                          PARIMA, a post-village and township of Monroe co., New
PARKtERSVILLE, a post-office, Chester co., Pennsylvania.  York, on Lake Ontario, on the Ridge Road, about 10 miles
PARKERSVILLE, a post-office of St. Tammany patrish, W.N.W. of Rochester.  Pop. 2947.
Louisiana.                                                    PARMA, a post-township in the central part of Cuyahoga
PARKERSVILLE, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon.        co., Ohio. Pop. 1329.
PARKESBURG, parks/burg, a post-village of Chester co.,   PARMA, a thriving village and township of Jackson co.,
Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, Michigan, on the Detroit and Chicago Railroad, about 86
44 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is a depot for lumber and  miles W. of Detroit. The village contains several flouring
coal, and contains a large hotel and machine-shops belong- mills. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1329.
ing to the State. Pop. in 1853, about 400.                    PARMA CENTRE, a post-village of Monroe co., New York.
PARKEVILLE, park/vill, a post-office of Noxubee co.,   PARMA, DUCHY OF, (Fr. Duchl de Parme, dilsha/ deh
Mississippi.                                                paRm; It. Ducato di Parma, doo-kito dee paR/mA,) a duchy
PARKEVILLE, a village of Parke co., Indiana, 9 or 10  of Italy, comprehending the three duchies of Parma promiles E.N.E. ofRockville.                                   per, Piacenza, and Guastalla, and the small principality
PARKIGATE, a township of England, co., and 12 miles  of Landi. Guastalla forms a minute fraction of the whole,
miles N.W. of Chester, parish of Neston, on the Dee, here  having an area of only 58* square miles, and is comcrossed by a ferry to Flint. It has a quay, whence packets pletely isolated from the rest by the duchy of Modena,
sail to Ireland, and many good residences for the accommo- which encloses it on all sides except the N., where it bordation of sea-bathers.                                      ders on Austrian Italy. The other two duchies, usually
PARK HALIL, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland.    comprehended under the common name of Parma, form a
PARK/IHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             contiguous and compact whole. Lat. from 440 20'- to 450 75
PARK/HEAD, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 21 N., Ion. from 90 20' to 100 30' E.; bounded N. by Austrian
miles S.S.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 1150. The Glasgow water- Italy; W. and S. by the Sardinian States and Tuscany; and
works are in its immediate vicinity.                        E. by Modena. Area of Parma proper, 1656 square miles;-,
PARK/HURST, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, on the  and of Piacenza, 1051 square miles; area of whole duchy,
Mississippi River, 65 miles E. by S. of Iowa City.          including Guastalla, 2766 square miles.
PAR/RIO, a post-office of Holt co. Missouri.                Parma lies wholly between the Apennines and the S. or
PARKrISON, a small village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania. right bank of the Po. In the S. it is covered by the Apennine
PARK/MAN, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Mains, chain, the highest summit of which the Alps di Succiso, at60 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 1243.                    tains the height of 6807 feet; Orsaio, 6180 feet; Penna, 5860
PARKMAN, a thriving  post-village and township of feet and Regola, 5773 feet. Several other summits exceed
Geauga co., Ohio, on a branch of Grand River, 16 miles S.E. 5000 feet. Many of the rivers are mere torrents, and all flow
of Chardon.  It contains several mills moved by water- N.E. to the Po, which is the only stream  available for navipower. Pop. 1383.                                          gation. Alpine lakes are numerous, but small. The climate
PARKMAN  CENTRE, a post-office of Piscataquis co., is, on the whole, temperate and healthy, with the exception
Maine.                                                     of the districts near the Po, where the atmosphere is imPARK-QUAIVTER, a township ofEngland, co. ofDurham. pregnated by noxious vapors. In the town of Piacenza, on
PARK'S, a post-office of Edgefield district, South Carolina. the banks of the Po, the thermometer gives the following.PARK'S. a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas.           results -:Mean annual temperature, from  580 30' to 592
1438




PAR                                                      PAR
Fahrenheit; greatest heat, from  910 to 930 Fahrenheit;    PARNDON LITTLE, a parish of English, co. of Essex.
greatest cold, from 250 to 185  Fahrenheit; clear days, 133;    PARNELLAI, par-nll/[~ (Hindoo, Parnalaya, par-nD-li.rainy, 83; snowy, 14.                                     a,) a town of South India, Sattarah dominions, 32 miles W,
The minerals include iron, copper, salt, (of which about  of Merritch, with the strong fortress Powanghur.
12,300 quintalsare made annually,) lithographic stones, mill-   PARNES, (parfntz,) NOZEA or NOZIA. no-zeela, the loftiest
stones, whetstones, beautiful marble, and fine rock-crystals.   mountain in Attica, Greece, on the boundary between AtThe loftier mountain ridges are generally covered with  tica and Boeotia, 16 miles N. of Athens. Hreight, 4640 feet.
forests, chiefly of hardwood trees. The lower lands are ex-   PARO, a town on the island of Paros. See PARECHIA.
tensively occupied with vineyards and orchards. The mul-   PARO, pJro, a town of Bootan, in India, 12 miles S.W. of
berry yields valuable returns; but the chief source of wealth  Tassisudon. It is partially fortified, and has manufactures
Is agriculture, which employs the greater part of the popu-  of images and arms.
lation. The soil is remarkably fertile, yielding abundant    PAROLA or PAROLAIt, p9-ro/l9, a town of British India,
crops of all the ordinary cereals, together with  maize, presidency of Bombay, 44 miles E.N.E. of Gaulna.
beans, tobacco, and hemp. Irrigation is generally prac-   PAROPAMISAN (pA'ro-p[-me-s/n1) MOUNTAINS, in Aftised. Great numbers of cattle are reared, partly for feed- ghanistan and East Persia, cover an extent of 350 miles in
ing and partly for the dairy; the latter produces the famous  length, from E. to W., by 200 miles, from N. to S., separates
cheeses to which Parma gives its name. The manufactures  the deserts of Yezd and Toorkistan, and are connected E.
include silk, linen, and cotton: goods, paper, gunpowder,  with the Hindoo Koosh, and W. with the Elbrooz Menuhides, tobacco, brass, and earthenware; candles. soap, and  tains, S. of the Caspian Sea. In the E. they are rugged and
refined wax. The trade is very limited, and consists chiefly  broken by narrow valleys; they nowhere reach to the limit
of agricultural produce, cattle, hogs, nut-oil, wine, and  of perpetual snow. Westward the valleys are wider and the
lime.                                                     hills lower. They are inhabited by Eimauks, IHuzarehs,
The government is an absolute monarchy, hereditary in  and other tribes, whose chief resources is in their flocks and
the male line. All power, legislative and executive, resides  herds.
in the sovereign. The laws consist of a code, promulgated in    PAIROS, a fertile island of the Grecian Archipelago, 5
1820, andare nekrly the same as the Code Napoleon. Justice  miles W. of Naxos, with which, and many smaller islands,
is administered by five courts, of which the Tribunale Su- it forms the governments of Naxos and Paros. Lat. of Mount
premo di Revisione sits in Parma, and has supreme juris- St. Elias, 370 N., Ion. 250 11' E. Area, 100 square miles,
diction over all the three duchies. The established religion  Pop. 6000. It produces corn, wine, oil, cotton, and marble;
is the Roman Catholic. professed by almost all the inha- the last of the finest quality, and of which the finest anbitants; other forms of religion are tolerated. Education is  cient statues were made. The quarries are about 4 miles
under strict regulation, and is wholly in the hands of the  E. of the chief town, Parechin. Port Nassau, on the N. side,
magistrates or the priests.  For males there are three  is one of the best harbors in the archipelago.-Adj. PAPrIAN,
classes of schools: 1. The &periore or lhcoltative, intended  plre-an. One and a half miles W. is the islet of ANTIPAsOS.
to furnish a superior professional education; 2. The S-   PARItOVAN, a post-village of Iron co., Utah Territory.
condarie, which give instruction in Italian, Latin, and  about 110 miles S.S.W. of Fillmore City.
belles-lettres; 3. The Primarnie, established in all the com-   PARR, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
munes, to give gratuitous elementary instruction. Public    PARRAINDER, par-rin/der(?) a town of India, in the
instruction is provided for females, and is chiefly committed  Deccan, Nizam's dominions, 210 miles W.N.W. of Hyderabad.
to certain orders of nuns. The whole territory is divided    PARRAS, pSirabs, a well-built town of the Mexican Coninto 2 governments-Parma and Piacenza; and 3 commis- federation, in the state of Durango, 32 miles E. of Mapimi. It
sariats-Guastalla, Borgo-San-Donnino, and Borgotraro. Both  has always  been celebrated for its wines and brandies. A
governments and commissariats are subdivided into cam- sp.cele of indigenous vine is much cultivated, and hence its
munes, of which there are 100. The revenue amounts to  name, (firom parra, a vine trained on sticks or nailed to a
$1,274,400. The army is estimated at 4148 men. The sum   wall.) It has 3 churches, and 2 fine alamedas beautifully
left in the treasury of the state on the death of the Arch- shaded with trees and ornamented with flowers. This town
duchess Maria Louisa, 17th December, 1'847, was equal to  stretches 2 miles along the side of a hill. There are many
the indebtedness of the state. In 1854 the debt amounted  old Spanish families here. The houses are of 2 stories, with
to $2,368,000.                                             inner courts.
Parma anciently formed part of Gallia Cispadana and    PARIRET, a river of West England, rises near Beaminster,
Liguria. During the decline of the Roman Empire, it be-  co. of Dorset, flows N. and N.W. through the county of Socame part of the kingdom  of Lombardy.  Charlemagne  merset, and after a course of about 40 miles, enters Bridgehaving conquered that kingdom, made a present of Parma  water Bay. It is navigable for vessels of 200 tons.
to the Pope. Subsequently, both Parma and Piacenza be-   PARtRISH, a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa.
came independent republics. In 1512. Pope Julius II. re-   PARIROTSVILLE, a post-village of Cocke co., Tennessee,
gained possession; and in 1543, Paul III. erected them into  on French Broad River, 50 miles E. of Knoxville.
a duchy in favor of his son, Luigi Farnese, whose line be-   PARRSBOROUGI, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of
came extinct in 1731. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in  Colchester, on a strait connecting Mines Bay with the Bay
1748, gave possession to Philip, son of Philip V. and Eliza- of Fundy. about 60 miles N. by W. of Halifax.
beth Farnese. At the commencement of the present cen-   PAR/RY, or MAUKI, maw/kee, an island in the South
tary it came into possession of the French, and formed a  Pacific Ocean. Lat. 200 7' S., lon. 1570 11/ W. It is 2 miles
part of the kingdom of Italy. After Napoleon's downfall, it in diameter, and not more than 40 feet above sea-level.
fell to the Archduchess Maria Louisa for life, and thereafter    PARRY'S GROUP, a number of small islands forming
to the Duke of Lucca. Pop. in 1853, 507,881.-Adj. and  the N. cluster of the Bonin or Arzobispo Islands, in the
inhab. PaRMESAN, par'me-zanf. (It.PiAsaTESANo, paR-mA-sdno.)  North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 270 45' N., lon. 1420 7' E. Their
PARNAC, paR'nik!, a village of France, department of  proximity to Japan, and also to the great spermaceti whalingIndre, 22 miles S.E. of Blanc. Pop. 1510.                  ground, renders them important. They were taken possesPARNAIHIIBA, paR-nA-ee/bA, a river of Brazil, rises near  sion of for the British crown, and a small settlement has
lat. 110 S., Ion. 470 W., flows N.N.E., separating the pro- been formed upon them.
vinces of Piaubi and Maranhlo, and enters the Atlantic    PARIRYSVILLE,4s post-village of Carbon co., Pennsylby several mouths, about lat. 20 50t S., Ion. 410 35' W. Total vania, on the Lehigh River, 7 miles below M1auch Chunk.
course estimated at 750 miles. It drains the whole province  Large quantities of coal are shipped here.
of Piauhi, its chief affluents from the S. and E. being the    PAR/SONAGE, a post-office of Williamsburg  district,
Urussuhy, Gurguea, Plauhi, Poty, and Piracuruca; from   South Carolina.
the W. it receives the Balsas. Parnahiba, near its mouth,    PARISONFIELD, a post-township of York co., Maine, inis the chief of the towns on its banks.                   tersected by the Ossipee River, 80 miles W.S.W. of Augusta.
PARNAHIBA, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhy, on  Pop. 2322.
the E. bank of the Parnahiba, near its mouth. It is an en-   PAR!SON GROVE, achapelry of England, co. of Cambridge.
trepat for cotton and leather. Pop. of the district, 10,(00.  PARISONSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
PARNAHIBA, a town of Brazil, province, and 43 miles  Louth.
W. of Sao Paulo, on the River Tiete.                        PARSONSTOWN, a town of Ireland.  See BriR.
PARNASISUS  or LIAKIURA, le-a-Koolrd, a famous    PARTANNA, par-t nlnA, a market-town of Sicily, promountain of Greece, government of Phocis, its culminating  vince, and 19 miles S.E. of Trapani. Pop. 8000.
point in lat. 380 351 57/ N., Ion. 220 27' 36" E., 8068    PARTENHEIM, partten-hime'. a market town of Hessefeet above the sea. Between this and an adjacent peak  Darmstadt, in Rhein-Hessen, circle of Alzey. Pop. 1343
is a renowned rivulet known in antiquity as the Castalian    PARTENICO, paR —tn/e-ko, or PARTINICO, paR-teelne-ko,
Fountain, and on the S. declivity of the mountain is the  a city of Sicily, 14 miles W.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 11,000.
Corycian Cave, a stalactitic grotto, 330 feet in length, by  It exports wine and oil, and has manufactures of woollen
nearly 200 in width. The summit of Parnassus commands  and silk fabrics.
a magnificent view, comprising nearly all Hellas, the Co-   PARTENKIRCHEN, parsten-k6R6R'n, a market-town of
rinthian Gulf. and the N. part of the Morea.              Bavaria, 49 miles S.S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1055.
PARNASISUS, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, on    PARTHENAY, pa'telh-nAl, a town of France, department
the Warm  Spring and Ilarrisonburg Turnpike, 132 miles  of Deux-Sbvres, on the Thou, 24 miles N.N.E. of Niort. Pop.
N.W. of'Richmond.                                         in 1852, 5046. It has an hospital and town-hall; also manuPARNIDON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   factures of cloth and leather.
1439




PAR                                                        PAS
PARTHENOPE. See NAPrLEs.                                 unites two branches of the Andes. Summit, 16,000 feet in
PARITICK, a beautiful village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, elevation.
on the Kelvin, near its confluence with the Clyde, 2 miles   PASCUARO, pas-kwilro, written also PASQUARO and
N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 2747. It is a favorite summer re- PATZQUARO, a townof the Mexican Confederation, departsort for residents of Glasgow, and has extensive flour mills. ment of Michoacan, 28 miles S.W. of Valladolid, on the E.
PARTINICO, a town of Sicily. See PARTENICO.              bank of the Lake of Pascuaro. Pop. 6000, partly employed
PART/LEY, a small village of Union co., Pennsylvania.  in adjacent copper-mines.
PARTLOW'S, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Virginia.    PAS-DE-CALAIS, p'deh.-k.'l1A, a department of France,
PARTNERSHIP, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland.   in the N.E., formed of parts of the old provinces of Artols,
PARTINEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           Picardie, and Flanders, on the English Channel, (Pas-de.
PARITON, a parish of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire.    Calais,) between the departments of Nord and Somme.
PARTON, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, on  Area, 2505 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 692.994. The surface is
the Irish Sea, on which it has a small quay and harbor, 1J  traversed from S.E. to N.W. by a chain of hills which separate
miles N. of Whitehaven.                                    the basin of the North Sea from that of the Channel, and
PAR'TRIDGE ISLAND, post-office, Delaware co., N. York. gives rise to numerous rivers, the chief of which are the
PARTRIDGE ISLAND, New Brunswick, is in St. John  Scarpe and Lye, affluents of the Scheldt, the Aa, which flows
Harbor, an inlet of the Bay of Fundy, S. of St. John.      to the North Sea, and the Canche, flowing to the English
PARTRIDGE ISLAND, a village and headland of Nova  Channel; these are all navigable and connected by canals.
Scotia, in Parrsborough township. The headland is noted  The department has several excellent harbors. the chief of
for the variety of its minerals.                           which are Calais and Boulogne. Commerce is also facilitated
PARTSCHENDORF, pavtlshGn-doif, (Moravian, Bartos- by the Grsat Northern Railway and its branches. The soil,
sowice, bar-tos-so-veet'sA,) a town of Austria, in Moravia, 38  rich in coal and turf, is remarkable for the facility with
miles E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2091.                             which water is found by means of Artesian wells.  It is
PARU, p&-root, a river of Brazil, tributaLry to the Amazon, marshy in some parts, but generally fertile in wheat, hemp,
which it joins in the province, and 280 miles W. of Para, lint, tobacco, and oleaginous plants. Manufacturing indus.
after a S.E. course of 350 miles.                          try is very active in producing beet-root sugar, linen, and
PARURO, pi-roolro, a town of South Peru, capital of a  linen thread, cotton, lace, common woollens, paper, potteryprovince of its own name in the department of Cuzco, 18  ware, and leather. The department is divided into the armiles S.S.W. of Cuzco, on the Apurimac. Pop. of the pro- rondisseminents of Arras,(the capital,)Bethune, Boulogne, St.
vince in 1850, 17,732.                                    Pol, Montreuil, and St. Omer.
PARVICH, pat/vihK, or PARVICHIO, par-veefkee-o, an    PAS-DE-CALAIS, the strait which separates England
island of Dalmatia, in the Gulf of Quarnero, between the  from France. See DOVE, STRAIT OF.
islands of Veglia and Arbe, 7 miles S.W. of Zeng. Length,    PASEWALK, pIzeh-i~lk', or PASSEWALK, pastseh4 miles.                                                  *Alk', a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 25 miles W.N.W.
PARJWICK, a parish of England, co. of Derby.            of Stettin, on the Ucker. Pop. 5620. It is enclosed by walls,
PARYS, pasis, a mountain of Wales, co., and on the N. and has woollen cloth and leather factories.
side of the island of Anglesey, S. of the town of Amlwch,   PASITA, PASCHA, or PACHA, p1sh,. a river of Russia,
which owes all its prosperity to the copper-mines of the  rises in the government of Novgorod, and joins the Sveer
mountain. These were, in modern times, first wrought in  (Svir) in the government of Petersburg, after a course of 130
1762, and from 60.000 to 80,000 tons of ore, yielding 3,000  miles.
tons of metal, were formerly obtained, but the mines are    PASHAWN', a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.
now less productive.                                         PASIG. pA'seesG, a river of the Philippines. in the island
PAS, pg, a village of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, of Luzon, issues by several branches from Lake Bay, flows
on the Quilienne, 16 miles S.W. of Arras. Pop. 888.        W., and falls into the bay immediately below the town of
PASAGES or PASAJES, pg-slnls, a town and port of  Manila, after a course of 18 miles.
Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, 3 miles E. of St. Sebastian, in    PASIG, a town of the Philippines, in the island of Luzon,
a deep and land-locked haven, in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. province of Tondo, on the Pasig, E. of Manila.  Pop. 16,440.
895. It has 2 parish churches, an hospital, and a school of    PASIJAN  or PASIGAN, plB-se-Hinf, two of the smaller
navigation. Its once excellent port has been much injured  Philippine Islands, between the islands of Leyte and Zebu.
by deposits, but it is still one of the best harbors on the rock-   PASITANO, pA-see-tino, a town of Naples, province of
bound coast of North Spain.                               Principato Citra, on the Gulf of Salerno, 6 miles Wi. of Amalfi.
PASARGADA or PASARGADAE.  See MoouGoAni.                 Pop. 4000.
PASARON, pi-sa-rbnl, a town of Spain, in Estremadura,    PASITIGRIS.  See KARooN.
province, and N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1479.                   PAS/KACK, a post-village of Bergen co., New Jersey, on
PASAY, pg-sit, a imaritime town of Sumatra, on its N. the IIackensack River.
coast, about 140 miles E.S.E. of Acheen. It has a good har-   PASIAN, pds-mgnf, an island of Dalmatia, 6 miles S. of
bor, and provisions are to be had in plenty.               Zara, in the Adriatic. Length, 15 miles; breadth, 3I miles.
PASCAGOULA, pas'ka-goolla, a river in the S.E. part of  Surface mountainous.  Principal products, oil and wine,
Mississippi, is formed by the Chickasawhay and Leaf Rivers,  On it are several villages.
which unite in Greene county, and gowing S., falls into Pas-   PASO DEL NORTE. See EL PASO DEL NoRE.
cagoula Bay, near the S.E. extremity of the state. Small   PASO DE OVEJAS, pblso dA o-vrluis, on the road leading
boats can ascend more than 100 miles from its mouth.       from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, about 35 miles N.W.
PASCAGOULA, a post-village of Jackson co., Mississippi, of the former.
on Pascagoula Bay, at the mouth of Pascagoula River, 175    PASO, EL, 51 p/so, a scattered village of the Canaries, in
miles S.E. by S. ofJackson.                                the island of Palma. Pop. 2327.
PASCAGOULA BAY, of the Gulf of Mexico, is situated at   PASPAYA, pis-pil, a river of Bolivia, rises W. of Potoei,
the S.E. extremity of Mississippi, and at the mouth of Pasca- flows S.E., and after a course of nearly 200 miles, joins the
goula River. Low, narrow islands separate it from the Gulf. Pilcomayo.
PASCHA, a river of Russia. See PasH.                       PAS'PEBIACU, a seaport and fishing station of Canada
PASCIIENDAELE, pesKlen-d_/leh, aemarket-town of Bel- East, co. of Bonaventura, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 7 miles W.
gium, province of West Flanders, 61 miles N.E. of Ypres. of New Carlisle.
Pop. 3000.                                                   PASQUARO. See PAscuARo.
PASCO, p[srko, or CERRO DE PASCO, s6ueRo  di plstko, the    PASIQUOTANK, a river of North Carolina, rises in the
principal mining town of North Peru, capital of a province of  Dismal Swamp, near the N. border of the state. Flowing
its own name, in the department of Junin, 130 miles N.E.  S.E., it forms the boundary between Camden and Pasquo.
of Lima. at the head of two ravines, 11,000 feet above the  tank counties, until it enters Albemarle Sound. A canal
sea. The population varies at different periods from 4000 to  extends from this river to Elizabeth River in Virginia, by
perhaps 12,000. It is a miserable place, built of sun-dried  which boats can pass from Albemarle Sound to Chesapeake
bricks. The ground broken up for mining occupies a space  Bay.
mile in length by ) mile in breadth, quite honeycombed    PASQUOTANK, a county in the N.E. part of North Carewith shafts, most of which are now filled with water. From  lina, bordering on the N. side of Albemarle Sound. Area,
1825 to 1836, 2,190,555 marks of silver were reduced at its estimated at 300 square miles.  The Pasquotank River
foundry. All its ores are ferruginous. Though coal exists  forms the entire boundary on the N.E. The surface is
in the vicinity, turf, dung, and timber are mostly employed  nearly level, and in some parts marshy. County seat, Elizain smelting. Pop. of the province in 1850, 70,411.        beth. Pasquotank was originally a part or division, termed
PAStCO, a post-office of Dallas co., Missouri.          the precinct of Albemarle county. Formed in 1729. Pop.
PASICOAG, a flourihing post-village of Burrillville town- 8950, of whom 5845 were free, and 3105 slaves.
ship, Providence co., Rhode Island, about 20 miles N.W. by    PASQUOTANK BRIDGE, a small village of Pasquotank
W. of Providence. It contains 8 woollen mills, employing  co., North Carolina.
500 hands, 6 stores, 5 shingle mills, 1 spindle mill, 1 bank,   PASSA CAVALLO, plsfso kA-v9l1yo, (i.e. "horse pass,") the
7 saw mills, and 5 grist mills. The construction ofa reser- entrance to Matagorda Bay, will admit vessels of 8 or 9 feet
voir is contemplated, which will greatly increase its water- draught.
poerw. Amount of goods manufactumed per annum, and    PASSADUMIKEAG, a post-village and township of Perales of merchandise, $900,600. Pop. about 1500.          nobscot co., Maine, on the E. side of the Penobscot, at the
PASCO, CERRO, a mountain knot of Pasco and Huanuco, mouth of Passadumkeag, and on the Old Town and Lincoln
1440




PAS                                                       PAT
Railroad, (in progress,) about 100 miles N.E. of Augusta.   PASSERIANO, pAs-sA-re-Pno, or PASSAIIANO, pas-sATwo small steamboats, plying on the Penobscot during the  re-Pano, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and 13 miles
spring and summer, touch daily at the village, which con-  S.W. of Udine. Pop. 3000. Near it is a handsome villa, in
tains 3 stores, and 3 taverns. Pop. of the township, 295.    which Bonaparte resided during the preliminaries of the
PAStSAGE, a seaport town of' Ireland, in Munster, co., peace of Campo Formiro.
and 6 miles E.S.E. of Waterford, on the estuary of the Suir.   PASSIGNANO, pAs-seen-yYno, a village of Central Italy,
Pop. 624. It is irregularly built on a rocky height, and has  in the Pontifical States, delegation, and 14 miles N.W. of
a pier and block-house.                                   Perugia, on the N.E. shore of the Lake of Perugia, or
PASSAGE FORT, Jamaica, is on Hunt Bay, 6 miles E. of  Thrasymene.  Near it was fought the famous battle of
Spanish Town.                                             Thrasymene, a. c. 217.
PASSAGE ISLAND, West Indies. See CULEBRA.                 PASSO CABALLO, p~sfso kh-BAlIyo, in Texas, is the enPASSAGE (or KARAKITA) ISLANDS, two groups of the  trance to Matagorda Bay, 80 miles S.W. of the mouth of the
Malay Archipelago, one off the W. coast of Sumatra, near lat. Brazos.
20 30' N., the other between Celebes and Sangir.            PASSO DEL NORTE, in Mexico. See EL PAso  DEL NoRTr.
PASSAGE, LE, 1.h pdslsazht, a village of France, depart-   PASSO-DO-LUMIAR, pdslso-do-loo-me-anl, a town of Brazil,
ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 1] miles from Agen, on the Ga- on the isle, and 20 miles E. of Maranhuo, on the Sao Joao.
ronne. Pop. 1233.                                           PASSOEROEAN, pis'soo-roo-ant, written also PASSAPASSAGE, WEST, a seaport town of Ireland, in Munser, ROEAN, PASSAROEWANG, PASSAROWAN, PASSOOco., and 7, miles E.S.E. of Cork, on the estuary of the Lee, ROOAN, PASSOUROUAN, PASSURUAN, PASURUAN, or
opposite Great Island. Pop. 1721. It has a quay, dock-yard, PASSAROUANG, a province in the E. end of the island of
and many bathing-houses, and is the port of Cork for all Java, about 68 miles long from N. to S., and 40 miles broad.
large shipping. A village and hamlet in the county of Cork  Pop. 310,000.
have the same name.                                         PASSOEROEAN, a town of Java, capital of the above
PASSAAIC, a river of New Jersey, rises in Morris county, province, on the Strait of Madura, about 30 miles S.S.E. of
flows first nearly S. for a few miles, then pursues a general Soerabaya, is intersected by a river here crossed by a large,
N.E. direction on the boundary of Morris and Essex counties, elegant bridge.
and crosses Passaic county. A short distance below Pater-   PASSOW, pAstsov, a village of Prussia, on the railway
son, it changes its course to the S., and forms the boundary  from Berlin to Stettin, 27 miles from the latter.
between Passaic and Essex counties on the right, and Hud-   PASSUMPISIC, a river of Caledonia co., Vermont, falls
son county on the left, until it enters Newark Bay, 3 miles into the Connecticut.
below Newark. The whole length is near 100 miles. Near    PASSUMPSIC, a post-village of Barnet township, CalePaterson it has a perpendicular fall of 50 feet, furnishing an  donia co., Vermont, at the N. terminus of the Connecticut
immense water-power.  Steamers ascend to Newark, and  and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, 30 miles E. of Montpelier.
it is navigable for small sloops about 10 miles farther.    PASSURUAN. See PASSOEROAN.
PASSATC, a county in the N.N.E. part of New Jersey, has   PASSY, pAs'sees, a market-town of France, department of
an area of about 270 square miles. It is partly bounded on  Seine, and one of the WV. suburbs of Paris, is enclosed within
the E. by the Passaic, and on the S.W. by Pequannock River, the new fortifications, 7 miles S.S.W. of St. Denis. Pop. in
and is intersected by the Ringwood, Ramapo, and Passaic  1852, 11,134. It has an earthen-ware manufactory, shot
Rivers, which afford valuable water-power. The surface W. mill, and sugar-refinery.
of the Ramapo is broken and mountainous. The soil in the    PASSY, pAs'sees, a village of the Sardinian States. divimore level portions is fertile, but in the W. part is better sion of Savoy, 3 miles N.W. of St. Gervaise. Pop. 2040.
adapted to grazing than tillage. Magnetic iron ore is found    PAS'SYUJNK, a township within the chartered limits of
in the WV. part of the county, and limestone is abundant. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, joining the city on the S.W.
The Morris Canal and the Ramapo and Paterson Railroad  Pop. 1607.
intersect this county. Organized in 1837, and named from    PASTAZA or PASTAtA, pas-tatsa, a river of South Ame
the Passaic River. Capital, Paterson. Pop. 22,575.         rica, in Ecuador, rises in the Andes, and, after a SE. course
PASSAIC VALLEY, a post-office of Morris co., New Jersey. of 400 miles? joins the Amazon 25 miles W. of the influx of
PASSAMAQUODDY, a collection district of Maine. The the Huallaga.
port of entry is EASTPORT.                                   PASTENA, pAs-tA'na, a town of Naples, province of Terra
PASSAMAQUODIDY BAY, at the S.R. extremity of Maine, di Lavoro district of, and N. from Gaeta.  Pop. 1625.
separates the United States from the British province of    PASTO, pAs'to, a town of South America, in the table-land
New Brunswick. It extends inland about 15 miles, with  of the Andes, department of Cauca, 148 miles N.N.E. of Quito.
an average breadth of perhaps 10 miles, including the  Pop. 7000. It is built at the foot of a volcano, on a site 85177
estuary of the St. Croix, which flows into it. It is exceed- feet above the ocean, and surrounded by woods and bogs, in
Ingly irregular. contains numerous islands, and abounds  the line of the great Pass fi-om Popayan to Quito.
in harbors which afford good anchorage, sheltered from all   PASITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
winds. There are three passages leading to the bay, called    PAStTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
respectively East, West, and Middle Passages, which are in-   PASTOS-BONS, pis!tos-bWG, a town of Brazil, province of
dicated by light-houses. The West Passage has an alarm   Maranhao, 292 miles S.S.W. of St. Luiz, between the Parnabell. Common tides rise here 25 feet.                      hiba and Itapicuru.
PASSARIANO, a town of Italy. See PASSERIANo.               PASTOS, LOS. See ANDES.
PASSAROWAN, PASSAROEAN, PASSAROEWANG, or    PASTRANA, pls-trifnA, a town of Spain, province, and
PASSAROUANG. See PASSOEROEAN.                              14 miles S.E. of Guadalajara. in a valley on the Arlas. Pop.
PASSAROWITZ, plo-sltro;-its', a small town or village of  3021. It has manufactures of silks and paper.
Servia, and a judicial capital of its E. division, 13 miles   IPASURUAN, a town of Java. See PASSOEzIOEAN.
E.S.E. of Semendria. A famous treaty of peace was concluded    PASZTO, pess/to, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Ieves,
here between the Imperialists and the Turks, July 21st, 1718. on the Zagyva, 41 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 4710.
PASSAU, pas/sow, (ance. Batacva Casftra,) a fortified town    PATA, pA1t1, an island of the Eastern Archipelago, imof Bavaria, capital of the circle of Lower Danube, at the con- mediately S. of Sooloo, in lat. 50 48' N., Ion. 1210 11' E.
fluence of the Inn and Danube, 92 miles E.N.E. of Munich.   PATA, a town on the N. coast of the island of Luzon, in
Pop. 10,211. It is situatedin a picturesque defile, and sepa- the Philippines.
rated into three parts by the rivers which traverse it, and is    PATA, plh/t5h', a market-town of Central HIungary, co.
defended by 2 fortresses and 8 forts. The chief edifices are  of lleves, 6 miles W.N.W. of Gyijingys. Pop. 2580.
the cathedral, the Church of St. Paul, and the old Abbey of    PATA. an island and town of Afirica. See PATTA.
St. Nicholas. It has manufactures of tobacco and porcelain,   PATAGONIA, p'-t/-goone-a, (Fr..Patagosie, p1t11go'nee!;
breweries, and tanneries. The treaty of Passau, concluded  Gee. Patotoniec, pI-t/-golne-en,) the extreme S.portion of the
in 1552, cosferred religious liberty on the Protestants of  continent of South America, extending from the Rio Negro,
Germany.                                                   in lat. 390 to the Strait of Magellan, in lat. 530 S.; bounded
PASSCHENDAELE, pstsesxn-dqleh, a village of Belgium, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the Argentine Republic, (La
province of West Flanders, 23 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. Plata,) from  which it is separated by the Rio Negro, -W.
3016.                                                     by the Pacific, and S. by the Strait of Magellan, which
PASS CHRISTIAN, kris-te-an?, a post-village of Harrison  separates the mainland fi;om Terra del Fuego and the ad-.co., Mississippi, on a pass of its own name, near the entrance  jacent islands. The WV. coast, commencing at the Chilian
to St. Louis Bay, 165 miles S.S.E. of Jackson.            Andes, has an extent estimated at 925 miles, or, including
PASSEK, pls'slk, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from   sinuosities, 1700 miles; the Atlantic coast-line is estimated
Hochstadt. Pop. 1302.                                     at 1500 miles. The distance from the mouth of the Rio
PASSEK, a village of Bohemia, in Moravia, 9 miles from  Negro to Cape Virgins, at the E. entrance of the Magellan
Littan. Pop. 1004.                                        Channel, measured in a straight line which passes through
PAS/SENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northampton,  Cape Three Points, is about 850 miles. Greatest length of
8 miles S.E. of Toweester. It has an entrenchment, sup- the country, following the curve, 1015 miles; greatest
posed to have been raised by Edward the Elder, to defend  breadth, 525 miles; breadth at the S. extremity, 140 miles;
the passage of the Ouse against the Danes.                average breadth. 350 miles. Estimated area, (including the
PASSENHEIM, pas/sqn-hime', or PASSYMEK, pe/se- islands on the W. coast,) 350,000 square miles.
mIkl, a town of East Prussia, government of K6nigsberg. 21    The Andes are continued S. from  Chili througahout
miles E.N.E. of HIohenstein. Pop. 1275.                   Patagonia, gradually declining in height asthey app;oach
4Q                                                                      1441




PAT                                                         PAT
the Strait of Magellan, where they are not more than from   as to insure the entanglement'of theirvictim.  The Pata3000 to 4000'feet in elevation, (which is here-the:limit of:per- gonians are-excellent horsemen, and.perform extraordinary
petualsnow.) The culminating point ofthePatagonianAndes  feats of dexterity on horseback.
rises 8030feet.:In these mountains are several known vol-   West Patagonia, in direct contrast to'the East:country, i*
canoes. A chain to the S. of the lRio iNNegro stretches:E. from  wholly a mountain region: the mountains, half sunk in the
the Chilian Andes, and at a distance appears white and' ocean, are barren towards the;sea, and impenetrably wooded
chalky. The country comprises:two distinct regions, differ- inland. The climate is'so disagreeable asto render the country
ing in surface and climate,'the one lying on the W. side of  almost uninhabitable. Clouds, wind, and rain are continual,
the Andes,'the other on the E., and called respectively East and the drenched land is never dried by evaporation before
and West Patagonia.  The latter comprehends a numberof  firesh showers fall. No part of the country is cultivatedlarge islands, extending from the W. extremity of the Strait  the inhabitants living on their horses, and by the chase of
of Magellan to Cape Tres Montes, in lat. 470 S.; the principal  the wvild cattle which are found in the N. districts.
of these are Adelaide, -Hanover, and Wellington, the lasti150    Patagonia was discovered by Magellan in 1592, and more
miles long, and in some places 60 miles broad. All these is-  recently explored by Captains Fitzroy and King. The inlands are rocky and high, rising from  the shores with a' habitants of this countryare called PArAGeoNIAs-a name
steep' acclivity. Their coasts'towards "the ocean are bare; which -they received from Magellan, on account of the supbut those parts which lieopposite the mainland are'wooded, posed magnitude of their feet, (patagon, p,-ti-gOnP, in Span.
and in some places the trees areof vigorous growth. The  ish signifying a "large foot,") which, being wrapped up in
whole of this region is subject to excessive rains. The W. skins, probably appeared to him greatly above:their actual
coast of the mainland is greatly indented, and bordered by  size,-Adj. and inhab. PATAoONIAN, patna-go/ni-an.
the Andes, which'here rise'to between 3000 and 6000 feet    PATAK, p~h't6k, (NAGY, nodj, SAnos, shih'roshl, or: RTTem,
in height.rst'th l,) a market-town of Hungary, on the Bodrog, 20 miles
East Patagonia, though generally:low andlevel, is not one  N.E. of Tokay. _ Pop. 5088.
universal flat. but a succession of horizontal plains, called    PATAN, pAlttn/, a village of Cashmere, 25 miles N.W. of
pampas, which rise to higher and higher:levels, separated  Serinagur, in lat. 340 7'N., ion 740 21' E.
by long lines of cliffs or escarpments. The general ascent is    PATANAGO, p:-t&-ndgo, a town of Burmah,'on the E.
hut slight,'the country being not more:than 3000 feet above  bank of the Irrawaddy, 75f miles'N. of Prome. North of the
sea-level at the:foot of the Andes. The Patagonian plains  town are famous wells, reported to yield annually 80,000,000
are dreary and sterile, and, though here and there inter- pounds of asphaltum.
sected by streams, the latter fail to fertilize the blighted    PATANY or PATANI, pf-ti1nee, the southernmost prosoil. They are strewed throughout their whole extent with  vince of Siam, in Farther India, its principal town, of the
huge boulders. The plains, which extend along the coast  same name, being on the river:'Patany, in lat. 70 N., Ion.
for hundreds of miles, are tertiary strata, in one great de- 1010~351 E.
posit, above which lies a thick stratum of a white pumiceous    PATANY, CAPE. See CAPE PArANI.
substance, extending at least 500 miles, a tenth part of which    PATAPSICO, a river of'Maryland, rises in Carroll co., in
consists of marine infuseria.  Over the whole lies the shingle, the N. part of the state. It flows southward until it passes
(coarse gravel or pebbles,) extending along the coast for 700  the mouth of the Western Branch, then pursues a southmiles, with a mean breadth of 200 miles, and 50 feet thick. eastorly course, fo-ming the boundary betweon Baltimore
These myriads of pebbles, chiefly of porphyry, have been  and Anne Arundel counties, and passing by the city of Baltorn fi-om the rocks of'the Andes, and waterworn at a period  timore, opens into a bay several miles wide. Fourteen miles
subsequent to the deposition of the tertiary strata.        below the city it senters Chesapeake Bay, after an entire
The ports on the E. coast are difficult of access, and afford  course of near 80'miles. This:river passes through a hilly
little security to any but small vessels. The tides here rise  country, and the rapidity of its current renders it of great
from 30 to 50 feet, increasing in height towards the S. The  value for manufactories. The Baltimore and Ohio lRailroad
principal knownuports are Gallegos, lat. 510 38, S.; Port Santa  is constructed along its bank from Elkridge Landing':to the
Cruz, lat. 500 7' S.; Port San Julian, lat. 490 12' S.; Port mouth of the Western, Branch, and then follows the valley
Desire, lat. 470 5' S.; Nuevo Gulf, lat. 430 S.;-and Port St. of the latter to its source. The WesternBranch rises near
Antonio, lat. 410 S. The climate is very cold, especially S. Ridgeville, Carroll county, flows eastward,  and forms the
of 450. Frost frequently occurs as soonas the stfn has passed  boundary between Carroll and Anne Arundel counties until
N. of the equator. In summer the heat is excessive. The  it unites with the main stream. The Patapsco is navigable
transition from the extremes of temperature is rapid; after  for the largest merchant vessels toBaltimore.
hot weather. piercing winds, which even the native shuns,    PAT/ARA or PAT/ERA, a ruined city of Asia Minor, celeoften rush in hurricanes over the deserts. Rain seldom falls, brated in antiquity as a principal seat of the worship of
except on the W. coast, during three-fourths of the year, and  Apollo. Its remains, on the coast, 12 miles S. of the ruins
even during the three winter months very little falls; from   of Xanthus, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Makree, (Makrni.) corntime to time it rains two or'three days in succession. The  prise Greek tombs, parts of small temples, a triple arch, a
prevailing winds are from the W. South of 450 vegetation  theatre, and ruins of churches.
is nearly extinct, a tree or spot of green herbage appearing    PATASKALA, pat-as-kah'la,  a post-office of Licking co.,
here and there only. In some hollow places and ravines a  Ohio.
few dark-looking shrubby bushes grow, but no trees can be    PATAUILA, a creek of Georgia, flows S.W. through Bandiscerned over the wide stony plains; a few withered shrubs, dolph county into the Chattahoochee, several miles above
and a yellow kind of herbage, is all in the way of vegetation  F:Port Gaines.
that can be seen in these dreary regions. In the more N.   PATAULA, a village of Randolph co., Georgia,:42 miles
parts a solitary umbd, the only tree that grows there, is ob- in a direct line S. of Columbus
served at vast distances. It is only along the Rio Negro, on    PATAVIUM.  See PADUA.
its extreme N. border, that some wheat, maize, pulses, &c.   PATAY, p't4l, a market-town of France, department of'are cultivated. Where vegetation exists, guanacos, cavlas, Loiret, 14 miles N.W. of Orleans. Pop. 1200. Here, in 1429,
and armadillos are found.'There are also pumas, wolves,  the French, under Joan of Arc, defeated the English under
dogs, foxes, and great numbers of mice; and along the At- Talbot.
lantic coast seals of various kinds are met with. The condor,   PATAZ, p~t-:So, a town of Peru, department of Libertad,
hawk, a species of ibis, and a few others, are among the scanty  80 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo, capital of a province of its own
number ef birds. Fish abound on the coasts.                 name, near the Marasons. Pop. of the province in 1850, 29,394.
The aboriginal natives of. East Patagonia, though by no    PATCHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
means so large as they have been described, few of them       PATCIH GROVE, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin,
exceeding six feet and some inches, are a tall and extremely  about 25 miles'N. by W. of Potosi.
stout race. Their bodies are bulky, their heads and features    P'ATCH'IN, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
large, but the hands and feet are comparatively small. Their    PATCHIING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
limbs are neither so muscular nor so large-boned as their    PA-TCHING-SAN.  See MADJIcosSsA ISLANDS.
height'and apparent bulk would lead one to suppose. Their    PATCHOGUE, pat-chogt, a post-village of SuffOlk co., New
color is a rich reddish-brown. Nothing is worn upon the  York, near the S.-shore of Long Island, about 60 miles E.
head except their rough, lank, and coarse black hair, which  of New York. It contains several churches and manufacis tied above the temples with a fillet of plaited or twisted  tories of cotton, paper, &c.
sinews.  A large mantle, made of skins sewed together,   PATEILEY-BRIDGE, a market-town of England, co. of,loosely gathered about them, hanging from the shoulders to  York, West Riding. on the Nidd, parish, and 10 miles W.S.W.
their ankles, adds to the bulkiness of their appearance. In  of Ripen. It is pretty well built, and has a subordinate
general, the women's stature, physiognomy, and dress, so  church and a branch bank.
much resemble those of the men, that, except by their hair,   PATIER, or PEMBROKE-DOCK, asuburban town of South
it is difficult for a stranger to distinguish them. The mouth  Wales, co. of Pembroke, on Milford IHaven, 1 mile N.W. of
is large and coarsely formed, with thick lips; but the teeth  Pembrolke.  A government dock-yard, removed to this place
are often excellent. They are generally of good dispositions, from Milford in 1814, covers 60 acres, and in it some of the
but, like other Indians, are utterly reckless in moments of  largest ships of the navy have been constructed. It has an
passion. Their arms are balls, lances, bows, and arrows. arsenal, and is protected by a fort and jetty. The town is
The balls are two or three round stones, lumps of hardened  neatly built, and is lighted with gas, has a large marketearth or metal; they are connected by thongs of hide, and  house, and carries on a thriving trade with Ireland and
are thrown, after a brief rotary motion, with such precision  North America.
1442




;PAT                                                       PAT
PATERNA, pd-tanA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, hind its E. point is POLLUX BAY, which is well sheltered from
province, and 20 miles N.W. of Almeria. Pop. 1294.         the S. wind.
PATERNAa.town of Spain, in Yaleacia, province, and    PATIMOS, PATiMO, pitfmo, or SAN CGIOVANNI DI PAabout 38 miles firom Albacete. Pop. 1165.                  TINO, s[n jo-vl[n/nee  de pi-teelno, an island off the W. coast
PATERNA, a town of Spain, province, and3miles W.N.W. of Asia Minor, 20 miles S. of Samos. Lat. 370 17'N., ion. 260
of Valencia, on the Turina. Pop. 1395.                     35' E. Pop. 4000, all Greeks, and mostly seafaring people. It
PATERNA DE LA RIBIERA, pA-t6rfn& dA Id re-Ee-4/r4, is a bare, irregularly shaped mass of rock, 28 miles in circuma town of Spain, province, and 23 miles E. of Cadia. Pop. ference, and having on its E. side a deep indentation which
2436.                                                      - forms a secure harbor. The princlpal town takes the name
PATERNA DEL CAIMIPO, pD-tiFnni d~l klmtpo, a town of  of Patmos, and is sometimes also called St. John. It stands
Spain, province, and N.E. of IHuelva. Pop. 1670.           on the edge of a mountain, consists of about 200 houses, and
PATERNO, p:-ti-nof, (anc. Hybfla Magor,) a city of Sicily, isreached by a steep and rugged ascent. On a height above
intendancy, and 10 miles N.W. of Catania, at the foot of  tie town stands a large convent,:resembling a fortresS,
Mount Etna. Pop. 10,800. It has hot chalybeat springs,  being surmounted by several irregular towers. In a grotto
and a trade in wine, oil, flax, hemp, and timber.          belonging to the convent is the supposed abode where the
PATERNO, p-tRe/no, atownofNaples, provinceofCalabria  Apostle John, who had been banished by Domitian:to the
Citra, 5 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 2000.                   island, A. D. 94, saw the visions which he has recorded:in the
PATERNO, a town of Naples, province of Principato  book of Revelation.
Ultra, 12 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 2700.                PAT/MOS, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.
PATERNOS/TERS, GREAT and LITTLE, two dangerous    PATINA, a district of British India, presidency of&Bengil,
rocks in the channel between Cape Carteret, on the coast of  province of Bahar, having N. -the Ganges, W. the Sone,
France, and the island of'Jersey.                           separating it from  Shahabad, and on the other' sides the
PATERNOSTERS, THE LITTLE, or BA'LABALAGAN!  district of Bahar. Area. 47,125 square miles. Pop. 7,615,439.
ISLANDS, are a group in the Strait of Macassar, in lat. 2~  Besides Patna, the chief towns are Phatuka, Phoolware, and
S., ion. 1170 281 E.                                       Dinapoor.
PATERNIUM. See CARITr.                                      PATNA, (anc. Palibotblra,) a city of Hindostan, presidency
PATTERSON, a city, the capital of Passaic co., New Jersey, of Bengal, capital of the province of Bahar, and of a district
is situated on the right bank of the Passaic River, immedi- or collectorate, and the seat of one of the seven circuit courts
ately'below the Falls, 13 miles N. of Newark, and 17 miles  of the presidency, on the right bank of the Ganges, about
N.W. of New York. Lat. 490 55' N., I6n. 740 10' W. In the  300 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 25~37' N., Ion. 8 5015E. The
extent of its manufactures it ranks as the second city in the  city proper, surrounded by decayed Ilindoo fortifications, is
state, and is the third in population. By means of the  littlemore than 11 miles in length, by about half that extent
Morris Canal it communicates with the Atlantic ports and  in breadth; but, with its large suburbs, Patna stretches 9
with the Delaware River. The Union Railroad, formerly  miles along the Ganges, and presents externally a striking
the Paterson and IHudson Railroad, connects it with New  appearance from the river, many large and handsome flatYork Cityon one hand, and with the Erie Railroad at Suf- roofed houses, with carved balustrades, being interspersed
ferns on the other. The Passaic hashere a perpendicular  with temples, mosques, Saracenic gateways of red'stone,
fill of 50 feet, and a total descent of 72 feet, affording an  wide ghauts or stairs from  the water, and bastions projectimmense water-power, which has been improved by a dam  ing into the stream; the whole backed by a height. On its
and canals. The scenery in the vicinity of the falls is  E. side is a large suburb in which aremany extensive store.
highly picturesque. Paterson is handsomely laid out. Its  houses, the palaceand extensive gardens of Jaffir Khan; on
streets are generally straight, well paved, and lighted with  the W. is the suburb of Bankipoor, where are the East India
gas. It contains about 15 churches, belonging to the Re- Company's offices, and most of the residences of the European
formed Dutch, the Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Epis- inhabitants. Internally, the city has but one broad street,
copalians, Independents, Primitive Methodists, Catholics,  the other thoroughfares being adapted only for passengers
&c.; also 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, several large hotels, on horseback, or on elephants. The dwellings of the middle
an academy, a philosophical society, with a library, and a  classes hav6 much of a Chinese charcter, each stage being
society for the advancement of the mechanic arts. The  surrounded by a verandah. The adjacent cantonments at
number of cotton factories in operation is over 20. The silk  Dinapoor arehandsome, and well laid out; in addition to a
mills of John Royle,.Esq.,.situated near the falls, are among  native force,a royal reiment is stationed  here. Patna is a
the most extensive in the United States. They employ  stronghold of Mohammedanism  in India; the Mussulmen
about 700 hands, and manufacture weekly 1600 pounds of  are more fanatic here than in Bengal. -They celebrate their
silk. There are besides 2 large manufactories of locomotives, festivals with great magnificence, meeting sometimes around
and several of carriages, guns, machinery, paper, and other  the monument of Shah Arzani, in the centre of the W.
articles. Two bridges connect this town with the village of  suburb, to the number, it is reported, of 100,000. A large
BManchester, on the opposite side of the river. Paterson was  trade is carried on in rice, opium, saltpetre, wheat, indigo,
founded in 1791, by an incorporated company, with a capital  sugar, and provisions generally. Among the manufactures
of one million dollars, the object of which was to manufacture  are table-linens, wax candles, lackered wares, talc goods, and
cotton cloth. The movement, however, was found to be  bird-cages, which last display much delicate workmanship.
premature, and was abandoned in 1796. Pop. in 1840, 7596; At Hajeepoor, on the opposite side of the Ganges, a large
in 1850, 11.338; and in 1854, 17,559.                       fair is annually held, to which shawls, pearls, gems, gold
PATERSON, or YIMIIMANG, a river of Australia, in New  ornaments, and all other kinds of Indian produce are brought,
South Wales, co. of Durham, joins the Hunter River about and where visiters from the city and elsewhere live in camps,
20 miles from the sea. Its chief aftfluent is the Allya River, luxuriously fitted up during its continuance. The town has
below the influx of which the village of Paterson stands.    a small citadel, a British college, and a Portuguese Roman
PATERSON, or MARGARET/TA, a group of islands in the  Catholic church. Pop. of Patna in 1837, 284,132.
Pacific, Mulgrave Archipelago. Lat. 8~ 561 N., Ion. 1670 42' E.   PATNA, a village and quoad sacra parish of Scotland, co.,
PATERSON, CAPE, in Australia, is a headland, about and 9 miles S.E. of Ayr. Pop. of the village, 240.
midway between Port Philip and Wilson Promontory.             PAT/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
PATGONG, pIt-gongf, a town of British India, presidency    PATNIAK, plt'ne-AkI, a town in the khanat, and 50 miles
and province of Bengal, 45 miles N.N.W. of Rungpoor.       E.S.E. of Khiva, near the left bank of the Oxus (Amoo.) It
PATI —IIEAD, a town of Scotland, co. of Fife, parish of  consists of about 100 houses.
Dysart, forming the E. suburb of Kirkcaldy. Pop. of the    PATOIKA, a creek of Indiana, rises in Orange county,
barony in 1851, 3977. It has a handsome church, endowed  and flowing westward about 100 miles, enters the Wabash
and other schools, and thriving manufactures of tykes and  a little below  the mouth of White River, and opposite
checks. On a lofty precipice near it stands the old castle of  Mount Carmel, in Illinois. It is navigable for 60 miles
Ravenscraig. formerly the seat of the family of St. Clair.    during a few months of the year.
PATIHI-HIEAD, a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 41    PATOKA, a township of Dubois co., Indiana. Pop. 1565.
miles S.E. of Dalkeith. Pop. 843, partly colliers.            PATOKA, a post-village of Gibson co., Indiana, on the
PATII-HEAD, a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr. Pop. 325. Evansville and Illinois Railway, 4 miles N. of Princeton.
PATIA, pi/te-I, a river of New Granada, rises near Po-   PATOKA, a township of Pike co., Indiana.
payan, flows S.W. and N.W., and falls into the Pacific by    PATOMIAC. See POTOMAc.
several mouths. Total course, 200 miles.                     PAT/ON, a small post-village of Bollinger co., Missouri.
PATIMTO, an islandof theGrecian Archipelago. SeePATMos.'  PATONES, p[-tofnis, a village of Spain, in a mountain
PATIVILCA, p-te-veellkl, a maritime village of Peru,  defile, province of Soria, 78 miles N.N.E. of Madrid. In the
department of Lime, at the mouth of the Barranca in the  eighth century this was a place of refuge for the Christians.
Pacific Ocean, 30 miles N.N.W. of Iuacho. It has some re-    PATOS, LAKE, or LAGO DE LOS PATOS, Il/go di loce
mains of edifices built by the Incas.                       p4toce, (i. e. "Duck Lake,") in Brazil, province of Rio Grande
PATJITAN, p~t-ye-t n! or p~t-je-tdnu, a province on the S. do Sul, is an enlargement of the Jacuhy, near its mouth in
coast of the island of Java, bounded  S. by the Indian  the Atlantic. Length, about 140 miles; breadth, 40 miles
Ocean, about 55 miles long from E. to W., by 30 miles broad. It receives several small rivers, and the surplus waters
Patjitan was ceded in 1812 by the sultan to the British.   of Lake Mirim. Its shores.are'generally low. At its N,
PATJITAN, a village of Java, in the above province, at  point is Porto Alegre, and at its S. end the city of Rio
the mouth of the river and on the bay of the same name. Grande do Sul.
PATITAN BAY is large and roomy, and open to the S. Be-   PATRAS. pI-trls, PATRASSO, pI-trds/so, or BALIA1443




PAT                                                       PAT
BARDA, b-leo-a-barlda, (anc. Patrce,) a fortified seaport town    PATITERDALE, a chapelry of England, co. Westmoreland.
of Greece, and the principal seat of its foreign trade, in the    PAT/TERSON,  a post-village and township of Putnam co.,
Morea, capital of the government of Achaia, on the Gulf of New York, on the Harlem  Railroad, and on Croton River,
Patras, 13 miles S.W. of Lepanto. Lat. of the castle, on the  63 miles N.N.E. of New York. Pop. 1371.
site of the ancient Acropolis, 38 14' 5" N., lon. 210 44' E. Pop.   PATTERSON, New Jersey. See PATERSON.
8000. The ancient:Patrce stood on the declivity of Mount   PATTERSON, a township,of Beaver co., Pennsylvania.
Voidhia. The modern town occupies a portion of the low and  Pop. 251.
unhealthy plain between that hill and the sea. It is regu-   PATTERSON, a thriving  post-village of Juniata co,
larly built, and improving; the houses are mostly only one  Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River, and on the Central
story in height, on account of the frequency of earthquakes. Railroad, 49 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It was commenced
One of its churches is traditionally connected with the mar- in 1850. It contains a depot and machine shops of the railtyrdom of St. Andrew, and is greatly resorted to by devotees. road company. Pop. in 1853, near 400.
A ruined Roman aqueduct is one of the few relics of anti-   PATTERSON, a thriving post-village of Schuylkill co.,
quity in Patras. The principal trade is in currants of the  Pennsylvania, on the Schuyllkill River, 68 miles N.E. of
best quality, large quantities of which are raised all along  Harrisburg. It is supported chiefly by the operations in
the N. shore of the Morea.  At this town, in 1821, the  coal. Pop. about 500.
standard of revolution was first raised in the Morea.        PATTERSON, a township in Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 319.
PATREE, p'tree', a town of British India, presidency of   PATTERSON, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, on the
Bombay, district, and 48 miles W.N.W. of Ahmedabad, in  Scioto River, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. 
lat. 230 7' N., ion. 710 51' E., near the Runn of Cutch, and    PATTERSON, a post-village of Hardin co., Ohio, on the
formerly of considerable military strength.                Mad River and Erie Railroad, 68 miles S.W. of Sandusky.
PATRIA, pA-treel?, (anc. Litertsa Paflus,) a lake in the    PATTERSON, a village of St. Genevieve co., Mlissouri, 60
province, and 13 miles N.W. of Naples, about 1' miles in  miles S. of St. Louis.
circuit. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Literna, and    PATTERSON, a post-office of Wayne co., Missouri.
the tomb of Scipio Africanus, who spent here the last seven    PATTERSON'S BLUFF, a post-office of Arkansas.
years of his life.                                           PATTERSON'S CREEK, in the N. part of Virginia, rises
PATRICIA. See CoRnovA.                                  in Hardy co., flows north-eastward through tHampshire co.,
PATIRICK, a county in the S. part of Virginia, bordering  and enters the North Branch of the Potomac, about 8 miles
on North Carolina, has an area of 500 square miles. It is S.E. of Cumberland, in Maryland.  It furnishes extensive
drained by Dan, Smith's, North Mayo, and South Mayo  water-power.
Rivers. The surface is mountainous, and remarkable for   PATTERSON'S DEPOT, a post-office of HIampshire co.,
romantic scenery. Several spurs of the Blue Ridge project Virginia.
partly across the county, one of which is called Bull Moun-   PATTERSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co.,
tain. Much of the soil is productive. Iron ore abounds in  Pennsylvania.
the county. Formed out of part of Henry county in 1791,   PATTERSON'S STORE, a post-office of Alamance co.,
and named in honor of the illustrious orator, Patrick Henry. North Carolina.
Capital, Taylorsville. Pop. 9609, of whom 7285 were free,   PATTERSONVILLE, a post-village of St. Mary's parish,
and 2324 slaves.                                          Louisiana, on the river Teche, 15 miles below Franklin, has
IPATRICK COURT-HOUSE, or TAYILORSVILLE, a post- a steamboat landing and several stores. Pop. about 600.
village, capital of Patrick county, Virginia, on the Mayo    PATTESIIULL, patsthll1, a parish of England, co. of
River, 226 miles S.W. of Richmond, and 8 miles from the  Stafford.
Tennessee line.  It contains a few stores and about 50    PATTI, p&t/ee, a maritime city of Sicily, intendancy of
dwellings.                                                Messina, on a height near the Gulf of Patti, on the N. coast
PATIRICK'S-BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent. of the island, capital of a district, 17 miles S.W. of Milazzo.
PATIRICKTOWN, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, Pop. 5000. It is enclosed by dilapidated walls, and has a
13 miles E. of Augusta. Pop. 552.                         Norman castle, now the residence of its bishop, a cathedral,
PAT/RICROFT, a village of England, co. of Lancaster, 5 a manufactory of earthenware, and profitable fishery.
miles W. of Manchester. There is here an extensive mann-   PATTI, (pgttee,) GoLF OF, a semicircular bay of Sicily,
factory of steam engines; also a silk mill, which employs  20 miles across, between the promontory of Milazzo and Cape
about 1000 hands, a quilt manufictory, and a spinning and  Calava. On a headland on its S. side are considerable reweaving factory.                                          mains of the ancient Tysndae'is.
PAT/RINGTON, a market-town and parish of England, co.   PATTIALAH, plt-te-/ll, a large town of North-west Jinof York, in East Riding, on a creek of the Humber, 14 miles  dostan, capital of a Sikh rajahship, 125 miles N.N.W. of
E.S.E. of Hull. Pop. in 1851,1827.                        Delhi, enclosed by a mud wall, and having a citadel with the
PAITRIOT, a post-office of Perry co., Tennessee.        residence of its rajah.
PATRIOT, a small post-village of Gallia co., Ohio.        PAT/TINGHAI, a parish of England, cos. of Salop and
PATRIOT, a post-village of Switzerland co., Indiana, 48  Stafford.
miles below Cincinnati, contains several churches. Pop. 500.   PAT/TISIALL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
PATIRISHOW, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.       PAT/TISWICK, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
PATROCINIO, p&-tro-seefne-o, a town of Brazil, province    PAT/TON, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
of Minas Geraes, 80 miles N. of Araxas. Pop. 1500.        Pop. 881.
PATROCINIO (or BY/ER'S) ISLAND, in the North Pacific   PATTON, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. P. 453.
Ocean. Lat.'280 9' N., ion. 1750 48' E., about 4 miles in circuit.   PAT/TONSBURG, a thriving post-village of Botetourt co.,
PATSALfIGA, also called PARCHEL/AGA, a creek of Virginia, on the James River, 181 miles WV. of Richmond, is
Georgia, flows into the Flint River from the right, about 12  connected by'a handsome bridge with the village of Bumiles N. of Lanier.                                       chanan.
PATSALIGA, a small river of Alabama, rises towards   PATTONSBURG, a post-office of Daviess co., Missouri.
the S.E. part of the state, and enters the Conecub near   PATITONSVILLE, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia.
Montezuma.                                                  PATTONSVILLE, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio.
PATSCHKAU, patch/kow, a town of Prussian Silesia, 44    PATTONSVILLE, a post-office, Bedford co., Pennsylvania.
miles W.S.W. of Oppeln, on the Neisse. Pop. 3500. It is   PATUN or JULRA  PATUN, jii/rA pl-ttin, a modern
enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of woollens.      town of Hindostan, province of Ajmeer, 53 miles S.E. of
PATSUN, a town of Central America. See PArzuDI.          Kotah. Lat. 240 32' N., lon. 7i60 16, E.
PATTA, pat'tA, or PATA, a seaport town of East Africa,   PATUN, a village of India, in Nepaul, 3 miles S. of Khatin the Muscat dominions, on the Zanguebar coast, and on an  mandoo.
island at the mouth of the Patta, lat. 20 9' S., lon. 400 50' E.   PATUN, a village of India, in Rajpootana, dominion, and
It was formerly of much greater importance, and held by  11 miles N.N.E. of Kotah, on the N. bank of the Chumbul.
the Portuguese during most part of the sixteenth and seven- Lat. 250 20' N., ion. 750 57' E.
teenth centuries. At present it is a mere village.           PATURAGES, pa'tiilrgzh/, a market-town of Belgium,
PATTADA, pft-tAdMA, a village on the island of Sardinia, 21 province of Hainaut, 4 miles S.W. of Mons. Pop. 6108. It
miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3362.                          has steam-engine factories, and coal-mines in its vicinity. 
PATTALENE or PATALENE. See SINDo.                          PATUX/ENT, a river of Maryland, rises about 18 miles
PATTAWATOMIES. See POTAWATOaIIES.                        E. of Fredericktown. Pursuing a S.S.E. course, it forms
PAT/TEN, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, about the boundary between Montgomery, Prince George's, and St.
95 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 470.                       Mary's counties on the right, and Anne Arundel and CalPATTENSEN, pAt'tn-s.n', a town, of Germany, 7 miles vert counties on the left, and flows through an estuary
S. of Hanover. Pop. 1653.                                 2 or 3 miles wide into Chesapeake Bay. The valley of this
PATTEN SEN, a village of Germany, in Hanover, 12 miles river is about 90 miles long, and remarkably narrow. Small
N.W. of Liineburg.                                        vessels ascend 40 or 50 miles from its mouth.
PAT/TEN'S HOME, a post-office of'Rutherford co., North    PATUXENT, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., Maryland.
C~rolina.                                                   PATUXENT CITY, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland.
PATTEN'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., New    PATZAU, pt/esiw, or PACZOW, p~tch/ov, a town of BoYork.                                                     hemia, 16 miles E.N.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2621.
PATITENVILLE, a township in Grant co., Wisconsin.   PATZIZIA, pdt-see'se-A, a town of Central America, state
Pop. 2171.                                                of Guatemala, having 8000 inhabitants.
1444




PAT                                                      PAW
PATZUM, pit.sooml, or PATSUN, plt-soonf, a town of    PAULSBORO, a post-office of Gloucester co., New Jersey.
Central America, state, and 40 miles W.N.W. of Guatemala.   PAUI/TON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Pop. 5400.                                                  PAUMBUN, (pawm'btn1,) PAss or CHANNEL OF, a strait
PAU, p5, (anc. Platum) a town of France, capital of the  13 miles across, separating the island of Ramisseram from
department of Basses-Pyr6n6es, 56 miles E.S.E. of Bayonne, the mainland of India, 140 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin.
on the right bank of the Gave de Pan, over which isa bridge  It is passable by cutters, and it is said that comparatively
of 7 arches, remarkable for its great elevation. Pop. in 1852, little expense would render it so for ships of large burden.
16,196. It has an Academic Usniversitaire for the departments    PAUJNGULL, pawng~tll', a town and hill fort of India, in
of Basses-Pyr6n~es, Landes, and Hautes-Pyr6n6es; a tribunal the Deccan, Nizam dominions, 80 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad.
of commerce, and a national college, with a library of 14,000    PAUNTILEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
volumes. It has manufactures of linens, and trade in hams    PAU'PACI, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania.
and Jurangon wine. Pau was the capital of the old province    PAUSA, p~wlsl, a town of Saxony, 24 miles W.S.W.of
of' B6arn. Henry IV. was born in its ancient royal castle. Zwickau. Pop. 2425.
It is also the birthplace of Gaston de Foix, and of General   PAUSA, pSwfsA, a town, Peru, department of Arequipa,
Bernadotte, afterwards King of Sweden.  Pan is pictu- capital of a province of Parinacochas.
resquely and beautifully situated, and has excellent pro-   PAUTE, pSwltA, a river of South America, rises in the
menades. It is a favorite place of residence for English  S.W. of Ecuador, flows S.E., and joins the Amazon, on the
families.                                                 left after a co-urse of about 170 miles.
PAUCARITAMBO, called also YAMBIRI, yAm-be-ree', a    PAUWAIICUN, PAUWAYIGUN, or PEWAUGOINEE, a
river of Peru, after a N.N.W. course of nearly 300 miles, lake of Wisconsin, in the W. part of Winnebago co., is an
joins the right bank of the Apurimac. Its chief affluent is  expansion of Wolf River. Entire length, about 10 miles;
the Vilcabamba.                                           greatest breadth, 4 miles.
PAUCARTAMBO, p5iw-kaRa-tfmbo, a town of Peru, capital   PAVIENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
of a province of its own name, in the department of Cuzco,   PAVIA, pA-vee/A,* (anc. iYcilnunt, afterwards Papia,) a
is situated in a valley enclosed by the Andes, on the river city of Austrian Italy, capital of the delegation of Pavia, goPaucartambo, 60 miles E.N.E. of Cuzco. Pop. of the pro- vernment, and 19 miles S. of Milan, on the left bank of the
vince in 1850, 17,026.                                    Ticino. Lat. 450 11' N., lon. 90 10' E. Pop. with suburbs,
PAU, GAVE DE. See GAv:E DE PAU.                         28,169. It is surrounded with walls, andhas numerous pubPAUGHTOOR, pawcgtoorf, a town of India, in Nizam's  lic edifices, the chief of which are its old castle, the ancient
dominions, 97 miles S.S.W. of IHyderabad.                 resideqce of the Lombard kings, the celebrated university
PAUGHUR, paw'gftrf, a town of India, dominions, and  founded by Charlemagne at the end of the eighth century,
132 miles N.E. of Mysore.                                 and recently restored, and in which Spallanzani and Volta
PAUILLAC, p'seel'ygk', a town of France, department of  were professors; it had in 1842, 57 professors and 1484 stuGiironde, 26 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 3900. dents; a library of 50,000 volumes, and a botanic garden.
It has a good port, and a trade in wine.            -      Pavia has a royal gymnasium, a theatre, numerous charitPAUK-PUTTUN, Punjab. See PAK-PATTAN.                     able institutions, a chamber of commerce, and a trade in
PAUL, pawl, or PAGIHALL, a parish of England, co. of  silk, rice, wine, and Parmesan cheese. From its numerous
York, East Riding.                                         public edifices, it was called "the City of a hIundred
PAUL DE LOANDA, ST. See L6ANDA.                          Towers," but its magnificence and fame belong to another
PAULfDING, a county in the W.N.W. part of Georgia, age, and it has long been in a state of paralysis and decay.
bordering on Alabama, has an area of 540 square miles. In 1525, Francis I., King of France, was conquered and
The Tallapoosa River rises in the county, which is also  made prisoner by the Imperialists near Pavia. It was taken
drained by the sources of the Euharlee, Cedar, Pumpkin- by the Spaniards in 1745, and by the French in 1796. Pavia
vine, and SweetwaterCreeks. The surface is traversed from  has given birth to many distinguished men, among whom
E. to W. by a range of highlands, called the Dug Down  are Pope John XIV., and Lanfranc, a celebrated theologian,
Mountains. The valleys of the creeks are mostly fertile, and  afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.-Adj. and inhab.
are separated by sterile and pine-clad ridges. Limestone is  PAvIAN, pa-veelan.
abundant in the N.W., and freestone in the S.E. part of the    PAVILfION, a post-village and township of Genesee co.,
county; it also contains iron and other valuable minerals. New York, about 53 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 1640.
Organized in 1832, and named in honor of John Paulding,   PAVILION, a post-township in the S. part of Kalamazoo
one of the captors of Major Andre. Capital, Van Wert.  co., Michigan. Pop. 495.
Pop. 7039; of whom 5562 were free, and 1477, slaves.         PAVILION, a post-village of Kendall co., Illinois, about
PAULDING, a county in the W.N.W. part of Ohio, border- 50 miles W.S.W. of Chicago.
ing on Indiana, contains 414 square miles. It is intersected    PAVILION CENTRE, a post-village in Pavilion township,
by the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers, and also drained by  Genesee co., New York.
the branches of Little Auglaize, and, by Blue and Criooked    PAVILLONIS, a village of Sardinia.  See PAozrLoNIS.
Creeks. The surface is level, and mostly covered with dense    PAVILLY, plvee'yeet or pg'veel'yeef, a market-town of
forests. The county forms part of the tract known as the  France, department of Seine Infdrieure, on a railway, 10
Black Swamp, which is more than 100 miles in length. The  miles N.W. of Rouen.  Pop. in 1852, 3162. It has mannsoil is a black -egetable mould, remarkably fertile. It is factures of linens and paper.
intersected by the Wabash and Erie Canal, and by the    PAVLOGRAD, pAv-lo-grAdl, a town of Russia, government,
Miami Extension Canal. Organizedin 1820. Capital, Charloe. and 36 miles E.N.E. of Yekaterinoslav, on an affluent of the
Pop. 1766.                                                 Dnieper. Pop. 4000.
PAULDING, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Missis-    PAVLOVKA, pav-lov'kA, a market-town of Russia, gosippi, about 100 miles E. by S. of Jackson. It contains a  vernment of Koorsk, 8 miles'W.S.W. of Oboyan. Pop. 1680.
court-house and 1 newspaper office.                          PAVLOVO, pAv-lo'vo, a town of Russia, government of
PAULDING, a post-office of Paulding co., Ohio.           Nizhnee-Novgorod, 10 miles S. of Gorbatov, on the Oka. Pop.
PAUILERSPIURY, aparish of England, co. Northampton. 8000. It has factories of cutlery and iron goods.
PAULGILAUTCHERRY, pawl-gawt-chlrfree, a town of Bri-   PAVLOVSK, plv-lovsk/, a town of Russia, government,
tish India, presidency of Madras, district of Malabar, 35  and 20 miles S.S.E. of St. Petersburg, on an affluent of the
miles W.N.W. of Trichoor.                                 Neva. Pop. 2540.  It has a magnificent imperial palace,
PAULGHAUTCHERRY PASS, British India, is a re- with extensive grounds, a citadel, barracks, large almsmarkable opening in the West Ghauts, 20 miles in width, houses, and miliary and civil hospitals.
and forming a communication between the Central and    PAVLOVSIK, a town of Russia, government, and 90 miles
W. districts of Madras.                                   S.S.E. of Voronezh, capital of a district, on the Don. Pop.
PAULHAGUET, pSl'V/gA, a town of France, department 2000. It is defended by a citadel, and has an active trade.
of Haute-Loire, 9 miles S.E. of Brioude. Pop. 1309.         PAVLOVSKAIA  or PAVLOWSKAJA, piv-lov-skiPA, a
PAULI LATINO, plwqlee l-teelno, or PAULELATTE, market-town of Russia. government of Kherson, 35 miles
piw-lA-lt/tAt, a village of Sardinia, province of Busachi. E.N.E of Olviopol. Pop. 1800.
Pop. 2633.                                                  PAVLOVSKAIA, a market-town of Russia, government,
PAULINA, paw-leelna, a village of Delaware co., New  and 17 miles S.S.W. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 1600.
York, on or near the Erie Railroad, about 160 miles N.W.   PAVLOVSKAIA or PAVLOVSKAJA KREPOST, pAv-lovof New York.                                              skY& krl-postI, a fort of Russia, government of Caucasia, on
PAULINA, a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey.       an affluent of the Terek, 18 miles S.E. of Georgievsk.
PAU'LINSKILLf,   a small river in the N.W. part of New    PAVONE, pA-vo'nl, a village of Austrian Italy, province
Jersey, rises in Sussex co., crosses Warren county in a S.W.  of Brescia, 4 miles S. of Leno, on the Mella. Pop. 1471.
direction, and falls into the Delaware at Columbia. It is a    PAVONE, a town of the Sardinian States, division of
valuable mill-stream.                                     Turin, province, and S. of Ivrea. Pop. 2440.
PAULI PIRRI, pSwflee pirfree, a village of Sardinia, divi-   PAWTCATUCK1, a river of Washington co., Rhode Island,
son of Cagliari, N. side of a marsh of the same name. P. 2250. formed by the junction of Wood and Charles Rivers. It
PAULITZA, pSw-lit/sk, (anc. Phigalia, afterwards Phialia,)  falls into Long Island Sound, after constituting part of the
a village of Greece, in the Mores, district of Messenia, on a
stream of the same name, N.E. of Kyparissia.                   s And now appear, as on a phosphor sea,
PAULLO, p~wflo, a town of Austrian Italy, province, and        Numberless barks from Milan, from PAviA."
12 miles N. by W. of Lodi. Pop. 1574.                                                 ROGERS' Italy, Part First. VII.
1445




*1~~~~~~~~~~%
PAW                                                      PEA
boundary between Rhode Island and Connecticut, and is Acarnanla, 5 miles long; from N. to S., and 2 miles broad
navigable about 6 miles from its mouth.                   Pop. 5287. Surface rocky. Principal prbduct. oil of the finest
PAWCATUCK, a: thriving village, situated on the above  quality. It has its own courts of law, civil and military esriver, 15 miles E. by N. of New London. Ship-building and  tablishments, and, in conjunction with Ithaca and Cerigo,
manufactures are carried on here to a considerable extent.  sends 4 members to the legislative assembly. In 1852 there
PAWEEA, pl-weela, a town of Guinea, on the route from  were 571 pupils attending school, of Whom  only 25 were fethe coast to Dahomey. It is a collection of low square huts, males. Onthe E.sideoftheisland is the capital Village, G avo.
enclosed by a thick wall, and -has been estimated to contain    PAXO, ANTI, an Islet, 1. miles S.E. of the above.
16,000 inhabitants.                                         PAXION'S, post-office Northumberland co., Pennsylvania.
PAW/LET, a post-iillage' and township in- Rutland co.,   PAXfTON, a po't-village and township of Worcester co.,
Vermont, on the RUtland and Washington Railroad, 77  Massachusetts, 50 miles W. of Boston    Pop. 820, largely
miles S.W.by S. of Montpelier. It contains 5 churches, an  engaged in the manuibcture of boots and shoes.
academy, 6 stores, and 6 manufactories and mills. Pop. 1843.   PAXTON, a small village of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
PAWLET RIVER, a fine  mill-stream, rises in Bennlington    PAXTON;  a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 930.
co., in the S.W. part of Vermont, and running through    PAX'TON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Hiuntingdon.
Rtutland county, unites With Wood Creek, inNew Yoi-k.       PAXTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
PAWILETT, a parish of England, Co. of Somerset.           PAXUS. See PAxo;
PAW/LINGS, a post-village and township of Dutchess co.,   PAX/VILLE, a village of Sumter district, South Carolina.
New York, on the Harlem  Railroad, 67 miles N.N.E. of New    PAY DOWN,  post-office of Osage o., Missouri
in  ad, 67nille    New ~PAY DOWN, ii post~offiCe of Osage co., 5iissouri.
York. The village contains a bank and several stores. Pop.   PAYENDWEN. a valley of Bunrmah. See HUKONG.
of the township, 1720.                                      PAYERNE, pyaitnf, (Geor. Peterlingen, pA'ttr-ling'en,) i
PAWIPAW, a small river of Michiganl, rises in Van Buren  town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 25 miles N.N.E. of
co., and flowing nearly S.W., enters the St. Joseph's, 1  Lusanne on the Broye.   Pop. 2723.  It is very ancient and
mile from its mouth. It is navigated by small boats for 75 has ruins of an abbey founded by Queen Bertha, A. D. 691.'
miles.                                                     PAYNE'S (ptnz) DEPOT, post-office, Scott co;, Kentucky.
PAWPAW, a po-offiCeof Morgan cb., Virginia.              PAYNE'S POINT, a village of Ogle co., Illinois; 95 miles
PAWPAW, a flourishing post-village, capital of Van Bu- W. by N. of Chicago.
ren co., Michigan, is situated at thejunction of the East and. PAYNESVILLE, psnz/vill, a post-village of Sumter co.,
West Branches of Pawpaw River, on the Michigan and Cen- Alabama.
tral Railroad, 70 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. The surrounding    PAYNESVILLE, a poSt-village of Pike co., Missouri, 92
region possesses great resources for farming and the lumber miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City.
business, and is settling rapidly. Pawpaw has abundant   PAYN-GANGA, pn-gdng/ga, or WAIN-GUNGA, winhydraulic power, and contains 2 flouring mills, 2 iron found- ghn/gA, a river of Hindostan, province of Gundwanah, joins
ries, 1 woollen factory, and 2 distilleries. Two newspapers  the Wurda, after a course of above 200 miles.
are published here. Pop. in 1853, about 1500.              PAYNS, a village of France, on the railway from Troyes
PAWPAW, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana.           to Monterean, 7?. miles from Troyes.
PAWPAW, a village and township in De Kalb co., IllinoiS.   PAYS BAS, (" Low Countries.") See NETHERLANDS.
Pop. 653.                                                   PAYS DES GALLES. See WALES.
PAWPAW GROVE; a post-office of Lee co., Illinois, about   PAYS DES  MANDCHOUX, (or MANTCHIOUS.) See
75 miles W. by S. of Chicago.                             MA.cno0RdA.
PAWTUCKtET, a river of New England, forming part of    PAYS DE VAUD. See VAUD.
the boundary between Massachusetts and Rhode Island,   PAY/SON, a post-village and township of Adams co., liifalls into Narragansett Bay. At Pawtucket it has a fall of nois, 92 miles W. of Springfield. Pop. 1494.
50 feet. See PAWTUCKET. Abovethe falls it is called Black-   PAYSON, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Territory.
stone River; below, it takes the name of Seekonk.          PAYTA, pit, a seaprt town of Per, eprtent  of
P ATpta, a      Spot town of Peru,, department: of
PAWTUCKET, a towunship of Bristol co., Massachusetts,  Trujillo, between Sechura Bay and Cape Blanco. Lat. 50 51
on the E. side of Pawtucket River, opposite Pawtucket, 30" S., ion. 810 8/ 30/ W. It i built on the slope and at the
Rhode Island, and about 40 miles S.W. by S. of Boston. foot of a hill, on the S.E. side of the bay, and is the entrep0t
Pop. 3753. (See next article.)                           of the province of Piura. The port is the best on this coast,
PAWTUCKET, aflourishing post-town, situated 4 miles  and is frequentedby vessels of all nations, Who Call here for
N.N.E. of Providence, partly in North Providence township, cargoes of cotton, bark, hides, and drugs. Pop. 5000.
Providence co;, Rhode Island, and partly in Bristol co.,   PEABODY BAY, a large body of water intervening beMassachusetts, and on both sides of the PawtucketRiver, tween the N. shore of Greenland and the newly-discovered
which hers falls some 50 feet in a short distance, affording  land called Washington. At its western curve (lat. 800 12' W.)
an extensive hydraulic power. The first cloth manufactory  it gives exit to a large channel which expands to the northoperated by water-power ever established in this country  ward into an open polar sea, abounding in animal life, and
~~~~~~was menedaPatein79,ador                      mor hand4
was comlmenced at Pawtucket in 1790, rand for mrore than 40  presenting a surface of 3000 square miles, entirely free from
years it held the first rank among the manufacturing towns  ice, with a northern horizon equally free. A north wind of
of New England. In 1823, the village and vicinity con- 52 hours' duration failed to bring any drift ice into it.
tained, besides numerous other manuifactories, 10 cotton-    PEACEIDALE, a post-village of Washington co., Rhiode
mills, 2 casting furnaces, 2 screw factories, 2 anchor estab-  Island, 30 miles S. by W. of Providence.
lishments, and 6 machine shops. The mianiufactures at the    PEACE RIVER, a large river of British North Ameirica,
present time are very extensive, consisting principally of  rises by two heads near 550 N. lat., and 1200 to 1230 V.
cotton goods, thread, and machinery, though cabinet-ware,  ion., flows at first N., and after receiving Finlay's Branch,
and carriages are produced to Some extent. The prints of  breaks th-ough  the Rocky Mountains.  It has thenceforth
the Dunnell Manufacturing Company are noted for their  a generally N.E. course to near Lake Athabasca, where it
excellence, and here is a fire-engine establishment, produc-  again turns N., and under the name of Slave River enters
lng some of thie best machines in the country. Pawtucket the Great Slave Lake near lat. 610 N,, Ion. 1130 30' YW. Total
also has an impoitant commerce. During the year 1852, course, estimated at 1100 miles;  It receives the surplus
141 vessels arrived at its wharves, laden with coal, lumber,  Waters of Lake Athabasca, Ad gives name to a wide tern&c., to the amount of 12,798 tons. The village contains 9  torybetweenlat. 550 40' and 600N., and Ion. 1120and 1150W.
or 10 churches, 3 banks, 2 saving institutions, a flourishing    PEACII/AM, a post-village and township of Caledonia co.,
female boarding-school, and two newspaper offices, Among  Vermont, 20 miles E. by N. of Montpelier. Pop. 1377.
the public buildings the Masonic Temple and Manchester    PEACH BOTTOM, a post-township of York co., PennsylHall may be mentioned as good specimens of architectural  vania, on the Susquehanna River. Pop. 1409.
beauty. Gas was introduced in 1853. Pawtucket has com-   PEACH BOTTOM, a post-office of Grayson cn., Virginia.
munication with Worcester by the Providence and Wor-   PEACH CREEK, ofTexas, flows into Montgomery county,
tester Railroad, and with Boston by the Boston and Provi-  and enters the San Jacinto River in Harris county.
donee Railroad. Pop. in 1854, about 10,000.                PEACH CREEK, Texas, is an affluent of the river St. BerPAWTUXIET RIVER, rises in the N. part of Rhode  nard, districts of Colorado and Matagorda.
Island, and after forming part of the boundary between    PEACH CREEK, of Gonzales county, Texas, flows S.W.
* Kent and Providence counties, unites its waters with Nar- into Guadalupe River.
raganset. Bay, about 5 miles S. of Providence. It is a fine    PEACH CREEK, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.
mill-stream.                                               PEACHER'S MILLS, a post-office of Montgomery co.,
PAWTUXET, A thriving post-village of Kent co., Rhode  Kentucky.
Island, situated partly in Warwick and partly in Cranston    PEACH GROVE, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
townships, on both sides of Pawtnxet River, near its mouth,   PEACH ISLAND, Canada West, is in the S.W. part of
5 miles S. of Providence. It has a fine harbor, and is the  Lake St. Clair.
seat Of extensive cotton and woollen manufactories. Pop.   PEACH ORCHARD, a post-office of Lawrence 6., Kenti 1854, about 1800.                                    tucky.
PAWTUXET, a post-office of Wakulla co., Florida.        PEACH/TREE, a post-office, Cherokee co., North Carolina.
PAX AUGUSTA. See BADAjos.                               PEACHTREE, a small village of Horry district, South
PAX JULIA. See BJA.                                   Carolina.
PAXYO, (anc. Pax/us,) the smallest of the seven principal   PEACHTREE CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into Tax
lonian Islands, 10 miles S of Corfu, and S.W. of the coast of River, near the S.E. border of Nash county.
1446




PEA                                                       PED
PEACHITREE CREEK, of Georgia, enters the: Chattahoo    PECETTO, p,-chltto, a: village of the Sardinian Statea,
chee in De Kalb county, a few miles N.W. of Atlanta.      division of Alessandria, 3 miles from Valenza. Pop. 1800.
PEACHTREE GROVE,  a post-office of Nash co., North    PECHCHANOE or PECHTCHANOE,, pK-chAt-noA, a marCarolina.                                                 ket-town of Russia, government of Poltava, 24 miles S.E. of
PEACHTREE. VILLAGE, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas. Pereslav. Pop. 1650.
PtAGE, pi'zhl, a market-town of France, department of    PE-CHEE-LEE, pA'chee'leeee, CHEE-LEE, or CHI-LI, chee'.
Isbre, 10 miles S.SW. of Vienne. Pop. in 1852, 1515.     lee/, the northernmostprovince of China, muostly between lat.
PEAK, peek, or IIIGIH PEAK, a wild and, mountainous 350 and 410 30' N., and ion. 1140 and 1200 E., having N. Mondistrict of England, in the NW. angle of the co. of Derby. golia, E. the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee, and on other sides the proIt abounds in lead, and in extraordinary caverns in. the  vince of Shantoong, Shan-see, and Ho-nan'.  Pop. in 1825,
limestone rocks. See CASTLrETON.                          27,990i871. It is well watered, hut is the least productive
PEAK FOREST, an extra-parochial: liberty in the above  province of China Proper. It owes its chief importance to
district, abounding in limestone quarries.                contaDinin1 the capital, Peking, and the great depots of rice
PEAKIRK, peetkirk, a parish of England,. co. of North- and salt for the internal supply of the empire, and of the
ampton, 3k miles S.E. of Market Deeping, with a station  cattle:sent into China from Mongolia. Coal of inferior quality
on the Great Northern and Eastern Lincolnshire Railway.   is raised in considerable quantities. Theprovinceis divided
PEAKS.oF-EAIGLETAIL, in the E. part of Utah Terri-  into 11 departments. Chief cities, Peking and Yung-ping.
tory, near the source of Eagletail River, are in about lat.   PE-CHEE-LEE, (CIIEE-LEE or CHILI.,) GULF OF,. an
380 40' N., Ion. 1060 50' W.                              inlet of the Yellow Sea, between lat. 37~l0 1  and 390 20' N.,
PEAKS-oF-OTfTER, Virginia, are mountain, summits, he- and Ion. 1180 and 1210 E., communicating N. with the Gulf
tween Bedford; and Botetourt counties, 30 miles W. by N. of Leao-Tong, and E. with the Yellow Sea,bounded on other
of Lynchburg.. They rise about4260 feet above the level of  sides by the Chineseprovinces of Pe-chee-lee and Shan-toong.
the sea.                                                  Length and breadth, about 150 miles each. It receives the
PEAKSIVILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.    Pei-ho River on the W., and the Chan-tou on the N.
PEALER'S, a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.    PECHINA, pA-chee/nA, a village of Spain, in Andalusia,
PEAIPACK or PEtPACK, a post-village of Somerset co., 4 miles from Almeria, on the river Almeria. Pop. 1752.
New Jersey, about 11 miles N.N.W. of Somerville. Pop. 100.   PECHLARN, p6Kalasn, GRoss, groce, and KLEIN, kline,
PEARD, pA-aRdl, (?) an island' in the South Pacific, near two contiguous petty towns of Lower Austria, 19 miles W.
the centre of the Gambler group. Lat. 230 7' 58" S., ion. of St. Polten. United pop. 1148.
1340 55' 21" W. It is about 6 miles in length.              PECHOR, pA'chor/, a considerable town ofindia, 24 miles
PEA RIDGE, a post-village of Union district, South Ca- S.E. of Gwalior.
rolina.                                                     PECKATONICA. See PEKATONICA.
PEA RIDGE. a post-office of Benton co., Arkansas.         PECKELSHEIM, pkl/els-hime', or PEKELSEN, p~klelPEA RIDGE, a small village of McNairy co., Tennessee.   sin, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia,. government, and 50
PEA RIDGE, a post-village of Mlontgomery co., Teunes-  miles S.S.E. ofMinden. Pop. 1670.
see, 53 miles N.W. of Nashville.                             PECKIHAM, a village of England, co. of Surrey, forming
PEAfRISBURG, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia..      a suburb of the metropolis, about 3 miles S.S.E. of St. Paul's,
PEA RIVER, a small river of Alabama, rises near the  London. Pop. 19,444. It has numerous handsome residences.
S. line of Macon county, and enters: the Choetawhatchee at   PECKHAM, EAST, aparish of England, co. of Kent.
the boundary between Alabama and Florida.                    PECKHAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
PEA RIVER, a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.             PECK!LETON a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
PEARL CREEK, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.   PECKS/BURG, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana.
PEARI/INGTON, a post-village of Hancock co., Missis-   PECK'S RUN, a post-office of Barbour co., Virginia.
sippi, on Pearl River, about 200 miles S. by E. of Jackson.  PECKSIVILLE, a post-village of Dutchess co., \New York,
PEARL ISLAND, Newfoundland, is in the Bay of Islands, about 86 miles S. of Albany.
on its WV. coast.                                            PECOP/SEN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
PEARL ISLANDS, South America, in New Granada, in  Pop. 592.
the Bay of Panama, 60 miles S.E. of Panama, consist of the    PECORARA, ph-ko-rgr, a village of Parma, duchy, and
Islands del Rey, San JosS, and Pedro Gonzales, with many  25 miles S.W. ofPiacenza. Pop. 2804.
islets, and owe their name to a pearl-fishery carried on there.   PECOS, pA/koce, a large river of New Mexico and Texas,
PEARL LAGOON, Mosquito Territory, 30 miles N. of  rises in the Rocky Mountains, near 360 N. lat., and 1050 30,
Bluefields, is an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, 25 miles in  W. Ion. Flowing at first S., and then S.E., it falls into the
length, by 12 miles in width. Off its entrance are the Pearl Rio Grande, in about 290 40' N. lat., and 102~ W. Ion. The
Keys.                                                     entire length is estimated at 700 miles.
PEARL RIVER, of Missi3sippi, rises in Winston county,   PECQ, LE, leh pEk, a village of France, department Seinein the N.E. central part of the state, and flows S.W. to the  et-0ise, canton of St. Germain, 7 miles N.N.E. of Tersailles,
city of Jackson. It then flows S.S.E. till it strikes the  on the left bank of the Seine, and on railway from Paris to
boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana. From this  St. Germain. The army of the allies crossed the Seine at
point it pursues a S. course, and flows through Lake Borgne  Le Pecq, July 1, 1815.
into the Gulf of Mexico. Its whole length exceeds 250 miles.   PECS, a village of Iungary.  See FUsaFItCHn N.
The navigation is impeded by sandbars and driftwood, but   PECSVAR, paitch'vari. a market-town of South Hungary,
small boats sometimes ascend as high as Jackson.          10 miles N.E. of Ftinfkirchen. Pop. 2694.
PEARL RIVER, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi.    PEDARA, pA-dflr-, a town of Sicily, province, and 7 miles
PEARL RIVER, China. See CANTON RixvE.                   N.N.W. of Catania, on the S. slope of Etna. Pop. 2068.
PEARL RIVER ISLAND, a post-office of St. Tammany    PEDDA BALAPOOR, pid/d  bI'l-poorf, a town of India,
parish, Louisiana.                                        in the Deccan, Mysore dominions, 20 miles N. of Bangalore,
PEARL VALLEY, a post-office of Neshoba co., Mississippi.  with a large fort, and upwards of 2000 houses.
PEASE, peez, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 3515.   PED'DAPOORf, atown of British India, presidency ofMadPEASE/MORE, a parish of England, co. of Berks.          ras, district, and 26 miles E.N.E. of Rajahmundry. It is
PEAS/ENIIALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.      well built, and near it are numerous ruined fortifications.
PEAS/MARSIH, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.        The English totally defeated the French here in 1758.
PEAT/LAW, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Selkirk.         PEDEE, GaRAT, a river of South Carolina, rises in the N.W.
PEATTLING, MAGNA, a parish of England, co. of Lei- part of North Carolina, where it is called the Yadkin, until
cester.                                                   it approaches or crosses the boundary between the two states.
PEATLING, PARVA, aparish of England, co. of Leicester. It enters South Carolina several miles above Cheraw, in the
PEAT/STONE SHOALS, a small village of Newton co., N.E. part of the state, which it traverses in a general S.S.E.
Georgia.                                                  direction, and enters the Atlantic near 330 10' N. lat., through
PEBIMARsI, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           an estuary called Winyaw Bay. It is navigable for sloops
PEBIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      about 130 miles.  The LiTTLE PEDEE rises in Richmond
PEC'AN/ (or PEC'CAN) BAYOU, of Texas, a small stream   county, North Carolina, and flowing S., falls into the
which enters the Colorado from the N.W. in Travis county.  main stream at the S. extremity of Marion district, South
PECAN  CREEK, Texas, is formed by Chambers and  Carolina.
Waxahachi Creeks, which unite in Navarro county. It   PEDEEI, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, 20 miles E. of
flows S.E., and enters Trinity River in Freestone county.    Iowa City.
PECAN GROVE, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana.   PEDERNALES, pA-der-n/ls, a small river of Texas, rises
PECAN POINT, a post-office of Mississippi co., Arkansas. in Gillespie county, and flowing E., enters the Colorado in
PECATONICA. See PEKATONICA.                             Travis county.
PECAZO, pi-ki/tho, a town of Spain, in New Castile, pro-   PEDERNEIRA, p&-di-nA/e-rn, a market-town of Portuvince, and about 35 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1456.         gal, province of Estremadura, 5 miles W.N.WV. of Alcobaza,
PECCAN/, a township of Mississippi co., Arkansas. P. 167. on the Bay of Pederneira, which receives the Alcoa. but is
PECCIOLI, p t/cho-le, a market-town of Central Italy, in  shallow and inaccessible except for fishing boats. Pop. 2000.
Tuscany, province, and 20 milees S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 2553.    Near it is the sanctuary of Nossa Senhora de Nazareth,
PECETTO or PECETTO-TORINESE, pA-chlt/to-to-re-nA'sl,  greatly frequented by pilgrims.
a village of North Italy, in Piedmont, division, and 4 miles    PEDERNOSO, EL, 11 pA-DoR-no/so, a town of Spain, in New.E. of Turin. Pop. 2114.                                  Castile, province, and 51 miles S.S.W. ofCuenca. Pop. 1224.
1447




PED                                                        PEI
PEDIR, pi-deerl, a maritime town of Sumatra, on its N. shore of Lake Ontario. It is watered by the Humber River
coast, 50 miles S.E. of Acheen.                             and is traversed by the railroad from Toronto to Goderich.
PEDILAR'S CREEK, a small village of Iowaco.,Wisconsin.  Capital, Brampton. Area, 458 square miles. Pop. 24,816.
PEDLAR'S HILL, a post-village of Chatham co., North    PEEL, a district of West Australia, having N., W., and
Carolina.                                                   S. the districts of Minto, Wicklow, and Hay.
PEDLAR'S MILLS, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.    PEEL, a maritime settlement of West Australia, district
PEDIORE, a parish ofEnglaud, co. of Worcester.            of Murray, on a point of land, 30 miles S. of the mouth of
PEDRA-BRANCA, pfdr&-brtntkA, (i.e. "white stone,") a  Swan River, and at the entrance of Peel Inlet, a lagoon, 20
town of Brazil, province, and 90 miles W.N.W. of Bahia.     miles in length, from  N. to S., by 6 miles in its greatest
PEDRAZA, pA-dr&is&, a town of South America, in Vene- breadth. It receives the Murray River.
zuela, province, and 38 miles W. of Varinas. Pop. 3100,   PEELED (peeld) OAK, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky.
who trade in cocoa, tobacco, and maize.                       PEEL ISLANDS, the larg6st of the Bonin Islands, in the
PEDRERA, pA-drAdr, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- Pacific Ocean, middle group, with Fitton Bay, a considervince, and 58 miles E.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 1247.           able inlet atits N.E. extremity. Lat.270 2'N.,lon. 1420 10'E.
PEDIRICTON, a post-village of Salem co., New Jersey, on    PEEL PLAINS, East Australia, are large patches perOldman's Creek, contains 2 churches and 2 stores. Pop. fectly clear of trees, N. of the Darling Downs, lat. 280 S.,
about 240.                                                  ion. 1520 E.; they have an average elevation of 1800 feet.
PEDRO-ABAD, pViro-.-nBDf, a town of Spain, in Anda-   PEEL PLAINS, a tract of West Australia, in Peel district.
lusia, province, and 20 miles from Cordova. Pop. 1596.        PEEL RIVER, East Australia, identical with the upper
PEDRO-BERNARDO, pYDro-b8a-naR/do, a town of Spain, course of the Nammoy, rises near lat. 310 40' S., ion. 1510
province, and 30 miles S.S.W. of Avila. Pop. 2120.          15' E.. and flows mostly N.N.W., at first through a rocky
PEDROCIHES, p.-orotches,  (anc. Seln,) a town of Spain, and mountainous region, and afterwards through a plain
province, and 33 miles N.N.E. of Cordova. Pop. 1444. It  country. Its chief affliuents are the Conadilly and Yorke
has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics.              Rivers. After long rains its depth, near lat. 300 S., is from
PEDRO-DE-BERCIANOS, pADro-d R-bla-se- 5noce, a village  12 to 15 feet, after which it is said to lose itself in marshes.
of Spain, province, and 5S.W. of Leon. Pop. 1287.             PEEL RIVER, British North America, rises in lat. 640
PE'DROtIAO-GRANDE, pA-Dro-gSwNo-    grAnldA, a village of  N., Ion. 1290 W., flows mostly N.W. in the E. valleys of the
Portugal, province of Estremadura, comarca, and 27 miles  Rocky Mountains, and joins the Mackenzie at the comN.E. of Thomar, on the Zezere, here crossed by an extra-  mencement of its delta. It has here also a branch connectordinary high bridge. Pop. 2020.                           ing it with Rat River. Gneiss, syenite, limestone, and sandPEDROGAO PEQUENO, pAi'ro-giwNo pA-ksno, a town  stone are the chief formations. In the country through
and parish of Portugal, on the Zezere, almost opposite to the  which it flows, alum  and bovey coal are met with on its
former. Pop. 1244.                                          banks, and many furs are brought by the Indians of the
PEDROLA, pA-Drolli, a town of Spain, province, and 20  region around it, to Fort Good Hope on the Mackenzie.
miles N.W. of Saragossa, near the Canal of Aragon. Pop.   PEELS/VILLE, a small vllage of McDowell co., North Ca1627.                                                       rolina.
PEDROO-MUNOZ, pA/l1ro-moon-yothf, a town of Spain, pro-   PEELITREE, a post-office of Ilarrison co., Virginia.
vince. and 36 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1958.           PEENE, pA'neh, a navigable river of North Germany,
PEDRONERAS, LAs, his pAi-Dronyilr/s, a town of Spain, rises in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and enters the
province, and 53 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3260.         Stettiner Haff in Prussia, after an E.N.E. course of 70 miles,
PEDROSO, pA-Drofso, a market-town of Spain, province,  Affluents, the Tollen and Trebel.
and 18 miles S.W. of Logrofiio. Pop. 1097.                    PEENEMUNDE, (Peenemtinde,) p.fneh-miin'deh, a vii
PEDROSO, EL, 61 pAt-Drolso, a town of Spain, province, lage of Prussia, in Pomerania, near the Baltic, 6 miles N. of
and 32 miles N.E. of Seville, with flourishing iron-works  Wolgast. Pop. 409.
wrotight by Ennglish machinery.                               PEEIPEE, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 1321.
PEEBLES, peelbelz, PEEIBLESSHIRE, peefb9l-shir, or    PEER, pR., a town of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 14
TWEED/DALE, an inland county of Scotland, having N. the  miles N.N.E.. of IHasselt. Pop. 1412.
county ofEdinburgh, E. Selkirk, W. Lanark, and S. Dumfries.    PEER PUNJAB, peer pltn-j~b/, a town of Sinde. 48 miles
Area,319 square miles, or204,160 acres, about one-thirdarable,  N. of Sehiwan, 3 miles W. of the right bank of the Indus.
and two-fifths under grass. Pop. in 1851,10,738. Much of the    PEEMRY'S STORE, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
surface is in mountain, moor, and bog, but well-wooded.    PEGALAJAR or PEGALAXAR, pi-g'-ld-Hae/. a town of
The Broadlaw rises to 2741 feet in height. Principal rivers, Spain, province, and 9 miles S.I. of Jaen. Pop. 2516.
the Tweed, with its tributaries, and Clydesdale and Medwin.    PEGAU, psg6w, a town of Saxony, 14 miles S.S.W. of
Large numbers of Cheviot and Leicester sheep, with cattle, Leipsic, on the White Elster. Pop. 3593.
alre reared for export to England. Coal is raised in the    PEGNITZ, pig/nits, a river of Bavaria, flows S. and W.,
N.W., and a few manufactures of woollens are carried on. and joins theRednitz, to form the Regnitz at Fiirth. Total
Peebles, the capital, is its only town of' importance. The  course, 60 miles.
county sends 1 member to the House of Commons. Tweed-    PEGNITZ, a walled town of Bavaria, on the Pegnitz, near
dale gives the title of marquis to the Hay family.          its source, 13 miles S.S.W. of Baireuth. Pop. 792.
PEEBLES, a royal burgh, town, and parish of Scotland,    PEGO, pA/go, a town of Spain, province. and 38 miles N.E.
capital of the above county, on the Tweed, here crossed by a  of Alicante. Pop. 5565. It has manufactures of woollen
good bridge, and joinedby the Eddleston, 21 miles S. of Edin- cloth and basket-work. The neighborhood is irrigated and
burgh. Pop. in 1851, 2673. The Eddleston divides it into  highly productive.
an old and a new town, the latter having many substantial    PEGU, pe-gool, (Fr. Pigou, pAgool,) a country of India
buildings. Peebles has a handsome parish church, remains  beyond the Ganges, formerly a powerful kingdom, subseof various ecclesiastical and other edifices, a town-house, quently a province of Burmah; in 1853 it was annexed to
jail, a well-attended grammar school, scientific association, the British Indian Empire. It occupies the S. extremity
reading-room, subscription library, and manufactures of  of Burmah, comprising the whole delta of the Irrawaddy.
various kinds. It is a depot for the goods of the surround-  Pop. estimated at about 70,000. —— Adj. and inhab. PRAGUAN,
ing country. Near it are the remains of Neidpath Castle.    pe-too/an.
PEEBLES, peetbelz, a township of Alleghany co., Penn-    PEGU, pe-goof, called BAGOO, bA-gool, by the natives, a desylvania. Pop. 2168.                                        cayed city of India-beyond-the-Ganges. capital of theprovince
PEEBLES, a post-office of Adams co., Indiana.             and kingdom on the Pegoo River, a tributary ofthe Irrawaddy,
PEEDEE, a post-office of Anson co., North Carolina.       at its delta, 58 miles N.E. ofRangoon. Lat. 170 40' N., lon.960
PEEDEE, a post-office of Marion co., South Carolina.      20' E. It is said to have had formerly 150,000 inhabitants,
PEEKS'KILL, a post-village of Cortland township, West- but it has been greatly reduced. Among its buildings may
chester co., New York, on the E. bank of the Hudson River, be mentioned the temple of Shoe-madoo, the most remarkable
and on the Iludson River Railroad, 100 miles S. of Albany. edifice in the empire. This temples raised upon two successive
It is situated a little below the Highlands, and is a place of  terraces, the lower 1390 feet square, consists of an eight-sided
active business. There are churches of the Dutch Reformed, pagoda, each side 162 feet in length, and tapering to 3C0 feet
Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and  in height, surrounded by spires, ornaments, and bells, and
Friends. It contains a bank, a newspaper office, an aca-  surmounted by a golden rod and pennant. Around it are
demy, and several iron foundries. It has a steamboat-  various miniature edifices of the same character. Pegu has
landing, and some trade is carried on by the river.. Pop. several other temples, but now mostly in ruins; and nearly
in 1854, estimated at 2500.                                all the site of the ancient city is under water, owing to nePEEL, a seaport town of the Isle of Man, on an inlet on  glect, though Zangnomang, on the opposite bank of the
its W. coast, 10 miles N.W. of Douglas. Pop. in,1851, 2342, river, is said to be a prosperous town. Pegu, with its promostly employed in fisheries. It has a harbor admitting  vinces, was added to the British dominions in 1853.
small vessels. and on a rocky islet remains of a fine feudal    PEICHAOUER. See P s-nAwNO.
castle, and ruins of a cathedral and an episcopal palace.   PEI-IIO0, pAhO/, (" white river,") called also the NORTH
PEEL, pail, an extensive matrsh in the E. part of the  RIVER, in China, province of Pe-chee-lee, rises near the
Netherlands, provinces of North Brabant and Limburg, oc- Great Wall, flows S.E., passing E. of Peking, 70 miles S. of
cupying about 60 square miles, between the Meuse 4nd  which it receives several tributaries, and enters the Gulf of
the As                                                    Pe-chee-lee, lat; 380 33! N. It is navigable for boats to 20
PEEL, a county cf Canada West, borders upon the N.W. miles from Peking.
1448




PEI                                                         PEL
PEILAU;T. pll6w, a village of Prussian Silesia, 83 miles  towers, projecting 50 feet from the outer side of the walls,
SI.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1335.                              occur at intervals of about 60 yards, and the whole is sur.
PEINE, pilneh, a town of HIanover, and 17 miles N.E. of rounded by a ditch. Much of the enclosed space is occupied
Hildesheim, on the railway to Brunswick. Pop. 2991. It is  by gardens and enclosures, the houses seldom being more
enclosed by walls.                                          than one story in height. The S. or Chinese city, the seat of
PEINGHIIEE, pin-gheel, a town of the Burmese domi- commerce, and residence of the majority of the population, is
nions, on the Irrawaddy, 25 miles S.S.W. of Prome; lat. 180  intersected throughout by four wide and regular thorough31' N., lon. 940 50' E.                                     fares, which abound with. shops of all descriptions, and are
PEIPUS or PEIPOUS, (pAfe-pooce,) LAKE, (Russ. Tchood- continually filled with a motley crowd.  At the points
s$toe, choodlsko-A, or Tchouldskoi-Ozero, choodlsko-A. o-zAJro,)  where these streets meet each other are large arches; but
a large lake of Russia, between lat. 570 52' and 590 N., and  except these, and a temple to the god of agriculture, there
ion. 260 555 and 270 55t E., is surrounded by the govern- would seem to be no edifices in this quarter deserving
ments of Esthonia, Livonia, St. Petersburg, and Pskov. notice. The houses are of brick, with red-tiled roofs, and
Length, 80 miles; greatest breadth, 32 miles. Shores marshy, the city is unpaved and undrained. The Northern, Tartar,
sandy, or covered with forests. It receives the Embach, or imperial city, consists of three separate enclosures. The
Kosa, and other rivers, and on the N. discharges its surplus  outer of these, formerly appropriated to the Tartar garrison,
waters into the Gulf of Finland by the Narova. It is deep, is now mostly occupied by Chinese traders; it, however,
and easy of navigation. In winter its fisheries mostly supply  contains five of the supreme tribunals of the empire. The
the markets of St. Petersburg. Its S. extremity is termed  second enclosure, (HWvANG-CHINo, "the august city,") is 6
the Lake of Pskov, to which city it nearly reaches.         miles in circuit, and entered by foqr larg6 and several
PEIRCEIVILLE, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.       smaller gates. In it are extensive public granaries, a miliPEISERN, pitzorn, or PYZDRY, pizldree, a frontier town  tary arsenal and seminary, the college and buildings of the
of Poland, province, and 34 miles N.N.W. of Kalisz, on the  Russian embassy, an astronomical and a magnetic observaWarta, here crossed by two bridges. Pop. 2100.              tory, the great temples of Ancestors and of Peace, the latter
PEISEY, a village of the Sardinian States. See PESEI.    having attached to it an institution for Boodhist lamas;
PEISHORE. See PEsHAweem.                                 the national college of China, and the residences of the
PEISKRETSCIIAM, pislfkret-shim', or PISCOWICE, pise- great dignitaries of the empire. The inner enclosure, or
ko-0eet'sA, a town of Prussian Silesia, 38 miles S.E. of Op- "' forbidden city," with walls 2 miles in circumference, faced
peln.  Pop. 3400. It has manufactures of woollen and  with yellow tiles, and surrounded by a moat faced with
linen stuffs, and potteries.                                masonry, is appropriated to the public and private palaces
PEITAP00OOR, pi-td-poorf, a town of Iindostan, Baroda do- of the emperor and empress, and has a magnificent temple
minions, 20 miles N. of Ahmedabad.                          of the imperial ancestors, pavilions, gardens, a lake, and an
PEITZ or PEIZ, pits, a town of Prussia, province of  artificial mountain. Outside of both cities are open suburbs,
Brandenburg, 35 miles S. of Frankfort. Pop. 2670.           which present all the evidences of an isidustrious people,
PEIZE, pi'zeh, a village of Holland, province of Drenthe,  intent on the pursuit of gain, mercantile bustle pervading
11 miles N. by W. of Assen. Pop. 1161.                      every quarter. Peking has religious edifices appropriated
PEKALONGAN, pA-kA-lon-g n/, a town'of Java, in a dis- to many forms of religion, the principle of toleration being
trict of its own name, on the N. side of the island; lat. 60  here carried to the utmost extent; among these are a Greek
55' S., Ion. 1090 40' E., on the river of the same name. Pop. church and convent, Roman Catholic chapel, Islam mosques,
of the residency, 224.000.                                  Boodhist temples, besides temples dedicated to Confucius,
PEKATONIICA,  a river of Wisconsin and Illinois, is  (Koong-Foo-Tseu,) andother deified mortals. In thenational
formed by two branches which unite at Wiota, in Wis- college, IHan-lin-yuen. above mentioned, all Chinese learning
consin.  It flows S.E. into Illinois, and afterwards turns  and literature are concentrated, and it has professors of
to the N.E., and enters Rock River at Rockton, in Winne- lMantchoo and Russian. All religions, though some of them
bago county. It passes through a fertile valley which is are proscribed, share the honor of being sanctioned within
bordered by high bluffs, and is navigable for small boats  its precincts. Among the other learned and scientific insti
fron its mouth to Wiota. The E. and W. branches rise in  tutions of note are the medical college and the astronomical
Iowa county, in Wisconsin; the former is sometimes called  board. About 10 miles W.N.W. of the city is an imperial
Wassemon River.                                             park, covering at least 12 square miles, and containing 30
PEKATONICA, PEC'ATONIICA, or PECKATONICA, a  palaces of the emperor and great officers of the state. Peking
post-office of Winnebago co., Illinois, on the Galena and Chi- has a large printing and bookselling trade, and manufaccage  Union Railroad, 14 miles fiom Rockford.              tures of colored glass, idols, and other articles; but its inPEKEL-AA, p~tkel-A, or PEKELA, pA/keh-ll, (NucuwE, habitants chiefly depend for subsistence on employment
nyiifveh, and OuDE, ow/deh,) two contiguous villances of Hol- connected with the court. The Pet-ho is navigable for boats
land, province, and 21 miles S.E. of Groningen, on the Aa. to within 20 miles of Peking, and communicates with the
Pop. of Nieuwe Pekel-aa, 4048; of Oude Pekel-aa. 3908.      Grand Canal, by which most of the provisions for the supply
PEKIN, a city of China. See PEKING.                       of the cityare conveyed. The principal part of the provisions
PEtKIN, a post-village of Niagara co., New York, on the  required comes from  the S. provinces, or from the flocks
Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls Railroad, 10 miles  reared in the N. part of Pe-chee-Iee, the adjacent plain proW. of Lockport.                                             ducing but a small amount of the food demanded. A conPEKIN, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.           siderable portion of the taxes levied upon the productions
PEKIN, a post-office of Jessamine co., Kentucky.          of the whole empire is paid in kind, and is here stored up;
PEKIN, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, on the Sandy  the amount of the rice alone in these granaries, at one time
and Beaver Canal, 138 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.             of the year, is enormous; but they are often empty before
PEKIN, a post-village of Washington co., Indiana, on the  the new crop is gathered. The large establishment of the
New Albany and Salem Railroad, 4 miles from Providence.   emperor, and the numerous persons in the employment of
PEKIN, a thriving post-village of Tazewell co., Illinois, the government, who are paid out of the public revenue,
on the left bank of Illinois River, 12 miles below Peoria, and  absorb a great portion of the grain. Peking is regarded by
about 60 miles N. of Springfield. It is the largest place in  the Chinese as one of their most ancient cities; but it was
the county, and has an active business. Large quantities  not made the capital of the country until its conquest by
of produce are shipped here by steamboats. Pekin contains  the Mongols, about 1282
a number of churches, an academy, 2 newspaper offices, and    PEKINI, pA-keelnee, a town of European Turkey, in Alseveral steam  mills.  The value of the produce received  bania, on the S. bank of the Scombi, near its mouth in tko
here in 1852 was estimated at $1,500,000. Pop. in 1853, Adriatic Sea, 23 miles N.N.W. of Berat.
about 2000.                                                   PELAGO, p/lI-go, a market-town of Central Italy, in
PEKIN, a post-office of Montgomeiry co., South Carolina.   Tuscany, province, and 13 miles E. of Florence. Pop., with
PEKIN, a post-office of Scotland co., Missouri.          vicinity, 5000, who manufacture some woollen fabrics. In
PE'KING! or PE'KINI, (i.e. in Chinese, "the northern  this commune is the sanctuary of Valombrosa, the richest
capital;" Fr..Pking or Pgkin, pAkANos; Port. Pcquim, p- convent in Tuscany.
keeanl; Sp. Pequin, pA-keenl; L. Pechisnum or Pequilsnun,)    PELAGOSA, pA-1-gotsd, a desert island in the Adriatic
the capital city of China, and modern metropolis of the Chi- Sea, about midway between the promontory of Gargano (in
nese Empire, capital of the province of Pe-chee-lee, in a sandy  the kingdom of Naples) and Dalmatia.
plain, between the Pel-ho and its affluent the Ioen-ho, 100    PELASGICUS SINUS. See VOLO, GULF O0.
miles N.W. of the mouth of the former river, in the Yellow    PELIDON, a parish of England. co. of Essex.
Sea, and 50 miles S. of the great wall of China. Lat. of im-   PELESTRINA, pA-Is-treeh, of  or PALESTRINA, po-lfsperial observatory, 390 54'13" N., Ion. 1160 28' 54" E. Mean  treelnA, an island and town of North Italy, government
annual temperature, 540.8; winter, 260.7; summer, 810.1  and delegatioi of Venice, the island extending along the
Fahrenheit. The population has been estimated (probably. shore of the Adriatic, from the Porto-di-Malamocco to the
much too highly) at 2,000,000. It consists of two contiguous  Porto-di-Chioggia, 7A miles In length, and having at its N.
cities, each separately encircled by lofty walls, which together  extremity Fort San. Pietro, and at its S. end the town of
are entered by 16 gates. The entire circuit is reckoned at 25  Pelestrina, with 4000 inhabitants, 10 miles S. of Venice.
nmiles. The wall is 30 feet high, and 25 feet thick at the base,   PELEW/ ISLANDS, a group of the Carolines, in the
diminishing to 12 feet at the top. It is faced nearly through-  North Pacific Ocean; lat. from 70 to 90 N., In. from 1300 tO
out with large bricks, laid in a mortar of lime and clay, 1360 E. They are about 20 in number, extend nearly N.N.E.
which, in time, becomes almost as durable as stone. Square  and S.S.W. 87 miles, and are completely encircled by reefs.
1449




PE L                                                      PEM
PEL/HAH^  a post-village: and township of Iillsborough    PEMfBERTON,, a' chapeiry of England, co. of Lancaster,
o., New Hampshire, 38 miles S.S.E. of Concord. It' has- with a station on the Lancashire and Yorkshire'Railway, 2
manufactures of woollens. Pop. 1071.                      miles W. of Wigan. Pop. 4394.
PELIA-M, a post-township in Hampshire co., Massa-   PEMIBERTON, or NEW  MILLS, a posft-village of Bur.
chuseets, 77 miles NV. ofBostonm  Pop. 983.-              lington co., New Jersey, on the Rancocus Creek. 20 miles
~PELHAM_, a-post-township in. the S. part of Westchester E. by S. of Trenton. It contains 3 churches,. several manuco.,. New' York, on Long: Island Sound; and: on; the New  factories; and stores. Pop. about 700.,
Yorlk and New Haven Railroad. Pop, 577.                      PEMBERTON, a post-village of Shelby co., Ohio; on the
PEIIAM, a post-village of Grundy co., Tennessee.         Bellefontaine and. Indiana Railroad, 16 miles from: BellePELH1AM, BRENT, a parish: of England, co. of Herts.    fontaine.
PELHAM, FURNEAUX, (ffMr.ndf,)a parish of England, co.   PEMBERTON, a post-office of Goochland: co., Virginia.
of Herts.                                                    PEMBINA, pemlbe-na, a lake in the N. part of Minnesota
PELHAMI, STOCK5ING,. a parish of England, co. of Herts.  Territory, about 10 miles long. Its outlet flbws into Red
PELIAGODDE,  pi-le. —god/dh h, a. village' of Ceylon, 5  River.
miles N.E. of Colombo. Pop. 800.                             PEMBINA, a riverof North America, joins the Athabasca;
PELICAN (p5le-kan) ISLAND, an island on the N.E  40 miles N.E. of Fort. Assiniboin.
coast of Australia, in: Princess Charlotte Bay; lat. 130 50' S.,   PEMBINA, a. very large county of Minnesota, comprises
ion. 1430 42' E.                                           nearly half the territory extending, from Itasca Lake to the
PELING, pilingl, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off  Missouri River, and from ]at. 450 251 to lat. 490 N. It is
the E. coast of Celebes, Length. 50: miles;: breadth, 20 miles, drained principally by the Red River of the North, and by
PELING, anisland of the Yellow Sea, off: the W.:coast of  the Rivilre A Jacques. The surface is elevated, and in some
Coreo: lat. 130 5' N., ion. 1250 E.:                      parts hilly. The greater part of the region is possessed by
P1ELISSANNE,. pAleesd:nnl, a market-town of France, de- the Sioux and Chippewa Indians. Pop. in 1850, 1134.
partment of Bouches-du-Rh~ne, 15 miles W.N.W. of Aix.   PEMBINA, a settlement in Pembina co., M.innesota TerPop.'in 1852, 2010. It has a brisk trade in olive-oil.    ritory, on the Red/tiver of the North,.wvhere it crosses the N.
PELLA, plfl/, a ruined town of Macedonia, the birth-  boundary of the United States. It contains about 1000 inplace of Alexander the Great. Its remains are traceable 6  habitants, who subsist chiefly on the produce of the chase.
miles S.E. of Yenidje-Vardar.                                PEMIBRIDGE, a market-town and parish of England, co.
PELILA, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, 88 miles W. of Hereford, on. the Arrow, 4 miles N.N.W. of Weobley.
by Si of Iowa,% City. It: was settled mostly by the Dutch. Pop. in 1851, 1319.
Pop. in 1853,- about 500.                                    PEMBROKE, plmhbr66k', or PEMBROKESHIRE, pamtPELLEGRINO, pll-lA-greefno, a town of Italy, duchy, and  brldk-shir, a maritime county, and the westernmost of South
22 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. 5312.                         Wales. having W. and' N. the Irish Sea; and S. the Bristol
PELLEGRUE, pPl'l9h-grti,  a market-town of France, de- Channel. Area estimated at 628 square miles, or 101,920
partment of Gironde, 32 miles E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in  acres, of which. about 140,000 are arable, and 160,000 in pas1852, 1840.                                                ture. Pop. in 1851, 94,140. Surface. in the N.E. mountainous;
PELLERIN,  LE, lehp lpleh-r1No/,3 amarket-town of France, elsewhere undulating. Coast-line bold and deeply indented.
department of Loire-Infdrieure, with a small port on the  Chief bays, Newport. St. Bride's, and. Milford. Haven. PrinLoire,. 9 miles W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 1750.          cipal rivers, the Teify, and East and West Cleddy. The soil
PELfLEW  ISLAND, (SmIR EDWARD,) a group of Australia, is generally fertile, even on the higher hills. The principal
near the S.W. coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The largest crops are wheat,barley,.and oats. Butter, cheese, and a fine
are named West Island, South-west Island, North Island, breed of black cattle are extensively exported. Anthracite
Centre, and Vanderlin Island; lat. 150 30' S., Ion. 1370 2k E. coal, lime, slate, and marl areplentiful. Lead ore-is also found.
PELL'S LAND/I.NG, a small village of Hardin co., Illinois, The fisheries are valuable. Chief towns. Haverford West, St.
em the Ohio River.                                        David's, Pembroke, and Tenby. The county, exclusive of
PELLWORM,. an island of Denmark. See PELWORs.            borough, sends 1 member to the House of Commons.
PELOPONNESUS. See MOREA.                                   PEMBROKE, a parliamentary and municipal borough
PELORUS. See CAPE FAeo.                                  and seaport town of South Wales, co. of Pembroke, on a
PELOTAS, p&-loltds, or SAO(Sgo)FRANCISCO DE PAULA,  creek of Milford Haven, 210 miles W. of London. Pop., insSWNG fr~in-seestko dA pmwfl/I a town of Brazil, province of Sio  eluding Pater, in 1851, 10,107. The town was formerly enPedro do Rio Grande, 20 miles N.W. of Rio Grande. P. 2419. closed by walls, a part of which still remain; hut it has
PELISALL, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford, with a  now a village-like appearance. On a rocky eminence in the
station on the South Staffordshire Railway, 7 miles S.W. of  vicinity stand the remains of a castle of unusual strength
Lichfield.                                                 and grandeur, founded in the eleventh century, and disPELSO,  See BALATONY LAKE.                               mantled, after a brave Royalist resistance, in 1049. PemnPELTON, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.            broke is accessible by vessels of 200 tons; but the shipping
PELfTONVILLE, a post-village of Steuben co;, New York, trade is mostly carried on 1 mile N.W., at Pater, where is
about 18 miles N. by E. of Bath.                           its dock-yard. It comprises 60 acres, enclosed by a lofty
PELUMSK, a town of Siberia. See PELYmIsK.                stone wall, and has 12 slips for ship-building. The borough
PELUISIAC BRANCH, an ancient arm of the Nile, the  unites with Tenby, Milford, and Wiston in sending 1 memeasterumost of all, at its delta, entered the sea at Pelusium, ber to the House of Commons. It is a polling-place for the
(near the modern village of Tineh,) after a N.E. course of  county, and gives the title of earl to the I-Ierbert family.
120 miles. It is now nearly or quite filled up, the water  Henry VII. was born here in 1457.
having sought other channels.                                PEMIBROKE, a post-township of Washington co., Maine,
PELU/SIUM, a city of ancient Egypt, at the Pelusiac about 155 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1712.
mouth (ance. Ostiusa Pelusiacum) of the Nile. Its remains    PEMBROKE',- a post-village and township of Merrimack
consist of "mounds and a few broken columns," near the  co., New Hampshire, on the Merrimack River, near the
MIediterranean coast, E. of Lake Menzaleh.                 Portsmouth and Concord Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Concord.
PELVEREH, (anc. Pcer?) a village of Asiatic Turkey, It contains an academy. Pop. of the township, 1733.
pashalic of Marash, 45 miles S.W. of Malateeyeh. It is still,   PEMBROKE, a post-village and township of Plymouth
as in antiquity, a point of union of several great roads from  co., Massachusetts, 27 miles S.E. of Boston. The township
Asia Minor, Syria, and the Euphrates,                     is intersected by the Old Colony Railroad. Pop. 1388.
PELVORM. See PzLWOsns.                                     PEMBROKE, a post-township of Genesee co., New York,
PELVOUX, pPl'vool, a mountain of France, between the  about 250 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 2279.
departments of Hautes-Alpes and Islre; lat. 440 531 56" N.,   PEMBROKE, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.
Ion. 60 24' 16" E.; height, 13,442 feet.                     PEMBROKE, a post-village of.Christian co., Kentucky,
PELWORM or PELLWORM, p6lItoRm, an island of Den- 197 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
mark, duchy of Sleswick, in the North Sea, 5 miles N.W. of    PEMIBROKE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of RenNordstrand. Area, 15 square miles. Pop. 2000. It was the  frew, 86 miles N.W. of Bytown. It contains several hotels,
highest portion of the former island of Nordstrand, before  and 2 mills.
the inundation of 1634.                                     PEMBROKE, a county comprising the S.E. part of Van
PELYM' SIS, pA-limsk/, or PELUMSIC, (Peltimsk,) pA- Diemen's Land, E. of Storm Bay and Kangaroo  River.
limskf, a small town' of Siberia, government, and 180 miles  Chief towns, Buckland, Tenby, and Sorell.
N.W. of Tobolek, on the Tavda.                              PEMBROKE, CAPE, on the S. coast of Southampton
PELYNTV, or PLINT, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall., Island, Hudson's Bay.
PEIADUMtCOOK, a lake of very irregular shape, in the    PEMBROKE DOCK, a town of South Wales. See PAtEn.
E. part of Piscataquis co,, Maine, receives the waters of   PEMBURY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Chesuncook Lake. Its outlet joins the Penobscot River.      PEMIGEWASSET, plmne-je-ws/sit, a river near the
PESIBCA, pS Iba, or HIIUTHERA, boo/tA-r, an island off  centre of New Hampshire, is formed by three principal
the E. coast of Africa, in the Muscat dominions, 30 miles N, branches, which rise and unite in Grafton county. It joins
of the iland of Zanzibar. Lat. of E. point, 40 54' S., lon, 390  Winnipiseogee River, on the borders of Merrimack co., to
53' E. Length, 35 miles. It produces excellent timber, and  form the Merrimack River.
plentiful supplies for shipping.                           PEM/ISCOT, a lake near the S.E. extremity of Missouri,
PEMSBA, a country, river, and town of Congo, in West lies in the S. part of Pemiscot county, scarcely 2 miles from
Africa. Lat, of town, 50 S,, Ion, 140 30' E,             the Mississippi River, f40m which it probably receives sup1480




PEM                                                       PEN
plies during high water. It communicates with White- kg.monftA, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles SE. of
Water River by a short outlet.  Length, about 18 miles; Salamanca.  Pop. 4140.  It has manufactures of coarse.
greatest breadth, 5 or 6 miles.                           woollen fabrics, hats; tape, cord, morocco leather, and shoes.
PEMISCOT, a' county forming the S.E. extremity of!Mis-   PENARANDA  DE IDUERO,: pin-yA-rfn/d&f dia doo-/ro, $
souri, bordering on Arkansas and on the Mississippi River, market-town of Spain, province, and 40 miles S;S.E. of Butwhich separates it from Tennessee, has an: area estimated at gos.  Pop. 694.
300 square miles. The surface is level, and mostly occupied    PENAROYA, pln-y,rolyA, a village of Spain, province of
by swamps and shallow lakes, among which the largest is  Aragon, and 48 miles from Teruel, Pop. 1507.
Lake Pemiscot, situated in the S. part. Formed in 1851    PENIARTH, two parishes of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
out of the S. part of New Madrid county; Capital, Gayoso.    PENAS DE SAN PEDRO, pin/yds- d: san pai'nro, a town of
PEMIMAQUID, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.         Spain, province, and 12 mile S.S.W. of Albacete,. Pop. 9876.
PEIMAIQU ID POINT, on the W. side of the entrance to  It has a castle, and is-the residence of a military governor.
Georges River, Lincoln co., Maine. On its extremity is a  Trade chiefly in the timber of its: vicinity.
fixed light, 75 feet above the level' of the sea, serving both    PENATANGORE, a village of Canada West, situated in
for Bristol and Waldoborough Rivers, Lat. 430 48' N., lon. the township of Kincardine, co; of Bruce, on the E shore of
690 29' WV.                                                Lake Huron, 130 miles W. by N. of Toronto;.
PEMPELFORT p~mtpV1:font`, a village of Prussia, almost   PENATAGORE, a village of Canafda
close to thie walls of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2260.                PENATIAQUIT, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.
PEN, pin, or PENO, p'no, a lake of Russia, government   PENIBOYR. a parish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
of Tver,' S.W. of Ostashkov. Length from N. to S., about 15    PENTBREY, a parish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
miles; greatest breadth, 3 miles, forming the source of the    PENIBIRYN, a parish of Wales, co. of Cardigan.
Volga.                                                       PENIBUALT, a: hamlet of Wales, co. of Brecon.
PENACASTILLO, pinty&.kAs.teelfyo, ("rock castle,") a    PENCAIT/LAND, a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington.
village of Spain, province, and 2 miles from Santander. Pop.   PENCAR/REG, a parish of WaIes, co. of Carmarthen.
1041.                                                        PENCHANT, p6nshbi nt/, a bayouof Louislana, commences
PENACOVA, pA-nA-kotv,  a village and parish of Portugal, in Terre Bonne parish, and: flows N.W. into Bayou Chene.
province of Donro, 10 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra, on the right   PENICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
bank of the londego. Pop. 3000.                              PEN/COYD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
PENAFIEL, pln-yA-fe-6l1, a town of Spain, province, and    PENCUN, plntkoon, a walled town of Prussia, govern29 miles.S.E. of Valladolid, near the confluence of the  mert, and 16 miles S.W. of Stettinu. Pop. 1654.
Douro and Duranton. Pop. 3453. It has manufactures of    PENDARIVIS'S STORE, a post-village of Wayne co.,
coarse worsted stuffs and leather.                         Georgia.
PENAFIEL, pA-ni-fe-il1, or ARRIFANA DE SOUSA, AR-    PENDENIEN, a parish of Wales, co. of Brecon.
Re-f'und dl sblsd, a town of Portugal, province of Minho, on    PENDENTNIS CASTLE, England, co. of Cornwall, is on
the Tamega, 19 miles E.N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 2300.          the S. side of the entrance of Falmouth Harbor, on a height
PENAFLOR, pin.-yi-fli5t, a market-town of Spain, pro- 300 feet above the sea. It was founded by Henry ~VII.,
vince, and 42 miles E.N.E. of Seville, on the Guadalquivir.  and has been enlarged and strengthened.
It has some Roman antiquities.                               PENDEULWYN, pin-deel/win, or PENDOYILAN, a: parish
PENAGUILA, or PENAGUILA-Y-ARES, pl-nifghe-iI-e- of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
Vrbs, a village of Spain, province of Valencia, 20 miles N.   PENDJSHEHER, punj'shihqi'r, or PUNISHEER, plin-eof Alicante. Pop. 1280.                                    shairt, a river of Afghanistan, descends fiom the S. side
PENALBA, p1-nAlbA,   a village of Spain, province of  of the Hindoo Koosh, and after a course of about 130 miles,
Huesca, 18 miles N.W. of Mequinenza, near which the joins the Cabool River on the left.
troops of Philip V. were defeated, August 15, 1710.          PENIDLEBURY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster,
PENALBA, a market-town of Spain, province, and 42    PENIDLE-HILL, England, co. of Lancaster, 2 miles firom
miles SE. of Saragossa.                                    Glitheroe. Height above the sea, 1800 feet.
PENALILY, a parish of Wales; co. of Pembroke.              PENIDLETON, a village of England, co. of Lancaster,
PENALSORDO, pln-yAl-sorldo, a town of Spain, in Es- with a station on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railwvay,
tremadura, province of Badajos. Pop. 1723.                 21 miles W.N.W. of Manchester, of which it forms a suburb.
PENIALTH, a parish of England, co. of Monmoutih.         Pop. in 1851,14,221, employed in manufiactures Of cotton and
PENALVA D'ALVA, pA-nil/v& dli/vA, a town and parish  silk, and in colleries.
of Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, about 20 miles ERN.E.   PENDLETON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
of Coimbra. Pop. 1500.                                       PEN'DLETON, a county in the N. central part of VirPENAMACOR, pA-nii-m-koal, a town of Portugal, pro- ginia, has an area of 620 square miles. It is intersected by
Vince of Beira, 28 miles N.E. of Castello Branco. It is the South or principal branch of the Potomac River, and
wa-lled, and dgfended by a strong castle. Pop. 2506.       by two affluents of the same, called the North and South
PE'NANG!, PIN'ANGI, or PRINCE OF WALES' ISLAND, Forks.  The surface is very mountainous, and densely
(native, Pooelo-Piheangf, or "Areca Island," from the abun- covered with timber. The main Allegheny Mountain forms
dance of the areca-tree on it,) a British settlement in the Strait its boundary on the N.W., the North Mountain on the S.E.,
ofMalacca, dependentonthe presidency of Bengal, c'nsisting  and Jackson's Mountain extends across the county. The
of an island Situated between lat. 50 and 50 16' N., lon. 1000  mean height of the land is estimated at 2000 feet above the
90 and 1000 25' E., off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsiila,  sea. Organized in 1788, and named in honor of Edmund
from which it iS separated by a channel from 2 to 5 miles  Pendleton, a distinguished statesman of Virginia. Capital,
across.  Lengthi, 16 miles; breadth, 11 miles. Area, 160  Franklin. Pop. 5795, of whom 5473 were free, and 322 slaves.
square miles. The surface is densely wooded, and highly    PENDLETON, a former district of South Carolina. formpicturesque. It is mountainous in the N.: greatest eleva- ing the N.W. extremity of the state, has been divided into
tion, 2800 feet; elsewhere it is level or undulating. Thei two parts, constituting the present districts of Pickens and
climate is very healthy. Temperature from 760 to 900. The  Anderson.
island is well adapted to raising spices, which are exported    PENDLETON, a county in the N. Part of Kentucky, lhas
annually to the value of $75,000;  Cocoanuts, areca, gem- an area of 300 square miles,  The Ohio River forms its N.E.
bier, rice, indigo, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar, betel, and  boundary, separating it from the state of Ohio; it is interginger are the other principal products, and tin ore is found  sected by the Licking River, and also drained by the South
at the base of the mountains. Before the establishment of  Licking River. The surface iS undulating, -and extensively
Singapore as the chief port of transhipment between Europe, covered with forests; the soil is fertile. The underlying
India, and the Eastern seas, Penang had a very extensive  rock is the blue limestone. The county is intersected  by
transit trade with all the countries of the Malay Archi- the Covington and Lexington Railroad. Formed in 1798.
pelago and Chinese Seas, as well as with the ports of British  Capital, Falmouth. Pop. 6774, of whom 6265 were free, and
India, Europe, and America.  At present, however, its  509 slaves.
trading connections are much more limited, being chiefly    PENDLETON, a post-township of Niagara co., New York,
with the E. coast of Sumatra, Java, and the ports of the  on the Tonawanda Creek, about 17 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo.
Tenasserim provinces, the islands and W. side of the Malay  Pop. 2166.
Peninsula, and with Singapore. The total exports in 1849    PENDLETON, a post-village of Anderson district, South
amounted to 6,245,600 rupees, ($3,022,870,) and the imports  Carolina, on Eighteen Mile Creek, about i20 miles W.N.W.
to 7,219,825 rupees, ($3,494,393.) Penang is also the deplt of Columbia. It contains several churches, academies, and
for the tin wrought at Junkceylon, and places in the Malay  a newspaper office.
Peninsula; of this metal it exported, in 1850, about 20,000    PENDLETON, a village of Hamilton o., Ohio, is a suburb
piculs, (1195 tons.) The capital of the island is George  of Cinciniati.
Town, which has an excellent harbor, with a depth varying    PENDLETON, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio.
from  5 to 8 fathoms, protected by two commodious piers,   PENDLETON, a thiiving post-village of Madison co., In.
and an arsenal, good barracks, and civil and convict hos- diana, on Fall Creek, and on the Bellefontaine and Indiana
pitals.  Pop. of the island, June; 1851, 43,143, of whom  Railroad, 26 miles EN.E. of Indianapolis. The creek affords
347 were English and their descendants; 16,670 Malays, excellent water-power., There are quarries of dine limesstono
and 15,457 Chinese.                                        and marble in the vicinity. Pop. 386;
PENANTIPODE ISLAND, Pacific. See ANTcPODEs.                PENDLETON CENTRE, a post-village of Niagara co,, New
PERARANDA DE BRACAMONTE, pin.yi-rinldi di brl- York, about 17 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo.'14541




PEN                                                     PEN
PENDLETON'S RIVER, ofGeorgia, a small stream which  morgan.
flows S.E., and enters the ahoopee River in TatnaLl county,   PENMACHN0, phn-maKlno,   a pa rish of Wales, co. of Car.
near Reidsville.                                        narvon.
PENtDOCK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         PENMAEN, pln-ma/en, (almost p~n-minf,) a parish of
PENIDOMER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
PENIDYN, a parish of Wales, co. of Carmarthen.           PENMAEN-MAWR, pin-mrten-m6wn, a mountain of
PENEDO, p/p-nA/do, a flourishing city of Brazil, province, Wales, co., of Carnarvon, in the vicinity of Aberconway.
and 55 miles S.W. of Alagoas, on the Si'o Francisco. Pop. Elevation, 1400 feet. Its summit is crowned by ancient
of the district 14,000, mostly Indians.                  fortifications.
PENEDONO, pA-nA-dotno, a town and parish of Portugal,   PEN'MIAIN, a hamlet of England, co. of Monmouth.
province of Beira Alta, 39 miles N. by W. of Guarda.   PENMARCH, pANGc'mashl, a maritime village of West
Pop. 890.                                                France, department of Finist~re, on a headland in the AtPENEtGOS, a parish of Wales, co. of MIontgomery.       lantic,i16 miles S.W. of Quimper. Pop. 1727.
PENELLA, pi-n~ltll, a town of Portugal, province of   PENtMARK, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
Beira, on the Deuca, 15 miles S.E. of Coimbra, Pop. 3460.  PENtMON, a parish of Wales, co. of Anglesey.
PENELLA, a town and parish of Portugal, province of    PENMOREA, pln-mo-r/a1, a parish of Wales, co. of CarBeira Alta, 18 miles N. of Trancdso. Pop. 712.           narvon.
PENETANGUISHENE, PENETANGUESHINE, orPENE-   PENMYNYDD, pln-minnijTn, a parish of Wales, co. of
TANGUSHENE, pen'e-tangfghe-sheenf, a post-village of Ca- Anglesey.
nada West, co. of Simcoe, 36 miles N.N.W. of Barrie. It   PENN, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
contains several stores, and a mill.                       PENN, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
PENEUfACH, a village in Dallas co., Iowa, 145 miles W.   PENN, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1476.
by S. of Iowa City.                                        PENN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 738.
PENtFIELD, a post-village and township in the E. part   PENN, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, on
of Monroe co., New York, on Irondequoit Creek, 7 miles E. the Huntingdon and Broadtop Rlailroad route. Pop. 839.
of Rochester. The village contains churches of 3 or 4 deno-   PENN, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,
minations, an educational institution, and several factories about 12 miles N. by W. of Lancaster. Pop. 1909.
and mills. Pop. about 800; of the township, 3185.          PENN, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. P. 578.
PENFIELD, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, 47 miles    PENN, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1109.
N..of Milledgeville, was first settled in 1836. It is the seat    PENN, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1370.
of the Mercer University, under the direction of the Bap-   PENN, a township of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 698.
tists. Pop. near 400.                                      PENN, a township in Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 810.
PENFIELD, a post-township forming the S.S.E. extre-   PENN, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 1622.
mity of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 672.                        PENNA, pkingn, a mountain of Parma, on the confines
PENFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Calhoun co., of the duchy of Piacenza. It has a height of 5860 feet.
Michigan. Pop. 598.                                        PENNA DI BILLI, p3n/na dee billlee, a small city of Italy,
PENFIELD, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.         in the Pontifical States, 20 miles W.N.W. of Urbino, near
PENGE, phnj, a hamlet of England, co. of Surrey, parish  the right bank of the MIarecchia. Pop. 1370.
of Battersea. Pop. 300. Almshouses, for decayed watermen,   PEN'NAHATCHIEE  CREEK, of Georgia, enters Flint
have been recently erected here.                        RItiver near Drayton, in Dooly county.
PENHA, p~n'yA, a village and parish of Brazil, province    PENINAL, a parish of Wales, co. of Merioneth.
of Minas Geraes, on the Itaguahi, 80 miles S. W. of Minas    PEN/NANT. a parish of Wales, co. of Montgomery.
Novas. Pop. 1000.                                          PENNAR, pIn-narn, a river of India, presidency of Madlas,
PENHA, a village of Brazil on the E. shore of the island  rises in Mysore, and after an E. course through the disof Itaparica, opposite the town of Bahia.                tricts of Bellary, Cuddapah, and Nellore, enters the Bay of
PENIHOW, a parish of England, co. of 3Monmouth.        Bengal, 104 miles N. of Madras. Length, 270 miles.
PEN/hlURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          PENNARD, EAsr, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
PENICHE, pA-nee/shli, a fortified town of Portugal, pro-   PENNARD, WsET, a parish of England, co. of Somerset,
vince of Estremadura, 13 miles W. of Obidos, on the Atlantic  31 miles W.S.W. of Glastonbury. The famous cheese, wveighand the S. side of the peninsula of Peniche. Pop. 2600. It ing 11 hundred weight, and presented some years ago to
is strong both by nature and art. It has a small port, and  Queen Yictoria, was made in this parish.
an active fishery.                                         PENNAUTIER, pln.nS'te-Al, a market-town of France,
PENICUICK or PENNYCUICK, pln'e-kiik, a burgh of  department of Aude, 3 miles N.W. of Carcassonne. P. 1214.
barony, and parish of Scotland, co., and 10 miles S. of Edin-   PENN DISTRICT, formerly PENN  TOWNSHIP, a suburgh, on the North Esk. Pop. in 1851, 3003. It is neatly  burb or district of Philadelphia, now included within its
built, has a fine church of Grecian architecture, a subscrip- chartered limits, forming a N. portion of the city, adjoining
tion library, a gunpowder factory, and extensive paper mills, the district of Spring Garden.
on the North Esk.                                          PENNE, plnn, a town of France, department of Lot-etPENIG, ptolni, a town of Saxony, 33 miles S.S.E. of Leip- Garonne, on a declivity near the Lot, 6 miles E.S.E. of
sic, on the Mulde. Pop. 3956.                            Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. in 1852, 4464.
PENINfSULA, (THE,) an abbreviation for the Iberian Pe-   PENNE, a town of France, department of Tarn, on the
ninsula. See SPAIN.                                      left bank of the Aveyron, 15 miles N.W. of Gaillac. Pop. in
PENINISULA, a post-village of Summit co., Ohio, 136 1852, 2157.
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                    PEN/NELYILLE, a post-office of Oswego co., New.York.
PERISCOLA, pln-yeessko-l4, a fortified town of Spain, pro-   PEN/NEY'S, a post-office of Randolph co., Missouri.
vince, and 38 miles N.E. of Castellon de Ia Plana. Pop. 1391.   PENN/FIELD, a post-office of Clearfield co., PennsylIt is perched on a rock rising 240 feet above the Mediter- vania.
ranean, and connected with the mainland only by a narrow    PENNFIELD, a post-office of Davidson co., North Carolina.
strip of sand.                                             PENNFIELD, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan.
PENJAB, the "five rivers," of India. See PUNJAB.         PENN FOR/EST, a township of Carbon co., Pennsylvania,
PENJINA, pin-jee/nA (?) a river of East Siberia, rises on  about 33 miles N.N.W. of Allentown. Pop. 413.
the S.E. side of the Stanovol Mountains, flows S.E., and    PENN I-HILL. a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
falls into the Bay of Penjinsk after a course of about 160   PEN/NIGENT', a mountain of England, co. of York, West
miles.                                                    Riding, 7 miles N. of Settle. Elevation, 2270 feet.
PENJINSK, pln-jinsk/, a gulf of Siberia, on the N.E. side   PENNINE ALPS. See ALPS, page 62.
of the Sea of Okhotsk, formed on the W. by a peninsula   PEN/NINGHAME', a parish of Scotland, co. of Wigton.
which separates it from the Gulf of Jijiginsk. It is about   PEN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
150 miles long by 30 miles broad.                           PENNINGTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
PENJINSK, a small town of East Siberia, province of   PEN/NINGTON, a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey,
Okhotsk, on the Penjina, near its mouth in the Gulf of  8 miles N. of Trenton, contains 2 churches and 2 seminaPenjinsk, an inlet of the Sea of Okhotsk.                ries. Pop. 500.
PENKAU, pin/k6w, or PENKUM, pin/k66m, a walled town    PENNINGTON, a township  in Bradley co., Arkansas.
of Prussia, in Pomeranla, 17 miles W. of Stettin. Pop. 1500. Pop. 1216.
PENIKETII, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.      PENNINGTON, a township in Licking co., Ohio. Pop.
PENKtHULL, a township of England, co. of Stafford.     1145.
PENIKRIDGE, a town and parish of England, co., and    PENN/ITNGTONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Chester
6 miles S. of Stafford, on the Penk, an affluent of the Trent, co., Pennsylvania, on the railroad between Philadelphia and
and near the Grand Junction Railway.  Pop. 3129. The  Columbia, 48 miles W. of the former. It is a depot for coal
town is supposed to have been the Roman Pennocruciues, and lumber, and contains several large stores.
ind has a large church, formerly collegiate.               PEN/NISTON, a market-town and parish of England, co.
PENKUM, a town of Prussia. See PENrA. IU.              of York, West Riding, on the Don, with a station on the
PENLIMSIOON, a name sometimes applied to a mountain  Manchester and Sheffield'Railway, 64 miles W.S.W. of
range of South Wales.                                    Barnsley. Pop. in 1851, 6302.
1452




PEN                                                       PEN
PENN LINE, a post-village of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, vania, a brief sketch of the geology of the stete. Tat S.B,
on the W. boundary of the state, 24 miles WV. of Meadville.  portion of Pennsylvania, including the so,:tnern parts of
PENNOCRUCIUM. See PENKRIDGE.                            Bucks and Montgomery, the whole of Philadelphia and
PENN RUN, a post-office ofindiana co., Pennsylvania.   Delaware, -with the southern parts of Chester, LancasPENNSIBOROUGH, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.  ter, and York counties, is occupied by rocks belongin, to
PENNSIBOROUGH, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia.     the stratified primary class: regular veins of unstratified
PENNSIBURG, a post-office of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- rocks. as granite, sienite, &c., traverse parts of the primary
vania.                                                    range. North of this trangular belt is the limestone and
PENNISBURY, a township forming the S.E. extremity of marble of Chester and Montgomery counties, and still more
Chester co., Pennsylvania, on Brandywine Creek. Pop. 761. northward a considerable extent of gneiss, with talc and
PENN'S COVE, a thriving village, or settlement, capital mica slate. Proceeding farther N., we come to the red sandof Island co., Washington Territory, situated near the centre  stone, which stretches across the state from the Delaware
of Whidby's Island. It has one of the finest harbors in the  River, above Trenton, to the Maryland line, passing through
world, completely sheltered from all the winds that prevail Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, Berks, Lancaster, Dauphin,
in this quarter.                                          York, and Adams counties. The red sandstone is traversed
PENN'S CREEK, rises in the central part of Pennsyl- by numerous dikes of trap-rock or greenstone. The rock is
vania, and flows into the Susquehanna a few miles below  generally composed of feldspar and hornblende, and is an
Sunbury.                                                  igneous production. Just below Easton commences another
PENN'S CREEK, a post-office of Union co., Pennsylvania. belt of primary rock, which (like nearly all the other forPENNSIGROVE, a thriving post-village of Upper Penn's  mations in the E. and middle of Pennsylvania) stretches
Creek township, Salem co., New Jersey, is situated on the  S.W. to the Maryland line, having Allentown, Reading, and
Delaware River, about 12 miles N. of Salem. It has I church, Gettysburg near its north-western limit. This formation is
3 stores, and a steam saw-mill with a ship-yard attached. generally here called the South Mountain.  Overlying the
There are also 2 hotels, which are much frequented in sum- primary rocks is a belt of white sandstone, and above this
mer by citizens of Philadelphia.                          there is a broad belt of limestone, occasionally appearing in
PENNSGROVE, at post-village of Delaware co., Pennsyl- Northumberland, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Lan:
vania, on Chester Creek, 3 miles S.W. of Media.           caster, York, Adams, Cumberland, and Franklin counties.
PENN'S NECK, a village in New Jersey. See WILmasLAMSnUR. The same limestone appears in the counties of Centre, MifPENN'S NECK, a former township of Salem co., New  flin, ITuntingdon, and Bedford. The rock next in order
Jersey, now divided into Lower Penn's Neck and Upper overlying the limestone is the slate: this belt croises
Penn's Neck. Pop. of the former, 1429; of the latter, 2422.  Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, CumberPENN'S' SQUARE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn- land, and Franklin counties. Next above the slate is a forsylvania.                                                 mation composed of hard white and gray, or sometimes
PENN'S STORE, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia.   reddish or greenish, silicious sandstones, fi-equently conPENNSIVILLE, a village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, taining large pebbles. This rock constitutes the Kittatinny
about 8 miles S. of Westchester.                           or Blue Ridge; is seen in the rugged sandstone ridges of
PENNSVILLE, a small village of Penn Township, Clear- Juniata, Mifflin, Centre, luntingdon, and Bedford counties,
field co., Pennsylvania.                                   in the Tuscarora Mountains, and in Montour's Ridge, from
PENNSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. Bloomsburg to near Northumberland. Upon the sandstone
PENNSVILLE, (formerly IICKSVILLE,) a village of  just described rests, generally near the base of the mounLycoming co.. Pennsylvania, 3 miles N. of Muncy.           tains, a series of red and variegated shales. This formation
PENNSVILLE, a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, 34  contains the fossiliferous iron ore, extensively worked in
miles S. by E. of Zanesville.                              Columbia county, near the Juniata, and in other parts
PENNSYLVANIA, pln-sil-vne-a, (See INT. VIII.; Fr. where this formation exists. This group of rocks extends
Pennsylvanie, plnn'seellvAneet; Ger. Pennsylvanien, punn- from Danville into Union county. Next in position we have
sil-v/tne-pn,) one of the Middle States, and the second in  an argillaceous blue limestone, rather slaty, and of modeinte'
population in the Union, is bounded N. by Lake Erie and  thickness, with thin bands of slaty shale. Some bands
New York; E. by New York and New Jersey, from which it contain abundance of fossil organic remains, and occasionally
is separated by the Delaware River; S. by Delaware, Mary- iron ore. This rock is found as far N.E. as the neighborland, and Virginia; and W. by Virginia and Ohio. It lies hood of Berwick, and in Perry, Juniata, Mifflin, Union,
between 390 43' and 420 15' N. lat., and between 740 42' and  Huntingdon, and Betford counties. It is also found along
800 16' W. ion., being, about 310 miles in length, and 160 in  the West Branch of the Susquehanna, from  Muncy to
width, (except at the angle at Lake Erie, where it is 175,) Bald Eagle Creek. The formation next in the ascending
and containing an area of 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,000  order is a coarse-grained yellowish-white. sandstone, aboundacres, of which only 8,628,619 were improved in 1850.     ing in fossils. It will be generally found accompanying
Face of the Coznstry.-No state in the Union presents a  the limestone in Juniata, Mifflin, Union, IHuntingdon, and
greater variety of surface than Pennsylvania. Though they  Bedford counties-some ilron is found in the range. We now
do not rise to any great elevation, (seldom above 2000 feet,) come to a group of alternating strata of dark-gray, greenits mountains spread over about one-fourth of the Mtate in  ish, and olive-colored slates, interstratified with greenish
parallel ridges, in a direction generally from N.E. to S.W., argillaceous sandstones, sometimes with thin layers of lime
andoccupy the southern, central, and eastern counties. stone. Manyof the strata abound in fossil shells, encrinites,
Though all forming parts of the great Appalachian chain, and trilobites. This rock covers a large portion of Monroe,
they are known by various local appellations. Commencing  Pike, and Wayne counties, extending to the Susquehanna,
below Easton, on the Delaware, we have the South Moun- between Kittatinny and Second Mountain. Above the fortain; then in order, proceeding W. or N.W., the Blu  or mnation last described, we find a series of brown red shales
Kittatinny Mountains, (both entering the state from New  and sandstones, interspersed  tith layers of gray and buff,
Jersey, and passing S.W. into Maryland,) and the Broad  and forming a good building material. This formation exMIountain, which lies S. of the North Branch of the Susque- tends from the Susquehanna, above the Blue Mountain,
hanna. We now cross the river just mentioned, but still through Monroe county, spreading out in Pike, Wayne,
have with us the Broad Mountain, under the name of the  Susquehanna, Luzerne, and Bradford counties; also appearTuscarora; passing which, we come upon another ridge, ing on the Juniata  and in Bedford county. Over the red
lying mostly S. of the Juniata  Rivee, known as Sideling  shales and sandstone rest massive beds of coarse, hard gray
Hill; which is succeeded in turn by the Alleghany Mloun- sandstones, sometimes containing pebbles, with occasional
tains proper, the dividing ridge between the Atlantic slope  bands of dark greenish slates intermixed. We are now apand the Mississippi Valley. Descending the very gradual preaching the coal-bearing rocks, and occasionally find black
Ohio slope, we cross two inferior but well-defined chains, carbonaceous slate, and sometimes even scales of coal itself;
known as Laurel and Chestnut Ridges. As before stated, still we are several hundred feet below the true coal-bearing
these mountains do not rise to a great height: the South  series.  This formation encloses all the anthracite and
Mountain is within 1000, and the Blue Mountain within  bituminous coal region; but having on top and between it
1500 feet. Broad Mountain is said to rise higher above its  and the coal a series of red shales and sandstones-the
immediate base than the Alleghany range, but to be info- strata moro or less calcareous. Immediately underneath
rior to them  in elevation above the sea. These different the coal is a group of massive strata, of coarse silicious conridges are separated by valleys, now  contracted within  glomerates, with light-colored sandstones. All search below
narrow limits, and now spreading out to a width of from  this last formation for coal cust be fridtless. The seams of
15 to 30 miles. The entire belt in Pennsylvania spreads  coal are separated by soft, argillaceous, bluish clay, or lightover a'space of 200 miles-the greatest breadth the Alle- gray sandstone, or by dark-colored slates and shales.
ghany range attains in its whole course ftom Maiane to Ala-    Minerals.-Pennsylvania stands first among  the United
bamn. In the northern part of the state the mountains be- States in the abundance of her coal and iron. Though not
come high and rugged hills; the W. is also hilly, and the S.E. possessing a great variety of rare minerals, and none of the
and N.W. moderately so, but occasionally level. The rivers  precious metals, she has those which halve made England
of the western part of the state, cutting their way through  the wealthiest and most powerful nation on the globe, while
the table-land, present sometimes precipitous shores of  Spain and Portuagal, with their gold, silver, and diamondseveral hundred feet in height, and many valleys bear evi- mines, have become poor in national wealth, and have sunk
-ent marks of their having been formed by running water.  to a low degree of political influence. Owing no doubt to
Geoloqy.-We condense from Trego's work, on Pennsyl- her homely but useful minerals, Pennsylvania hasadvanced,
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PEN                                                        PEN
between 1840 and 1850, in a greater ratio in population than and the water. The mountains on the shores of the Juniata
8ven the Empire State, (New York,) or that vigorous and  rise to about 1500 feet. The banks of the Susquehanna ari
youthful giant of the West, Ohio. The vast anthracite  interesting in almost every part of its course, and often
coalfields!of Pennsylvania lie mostly between the Delaware  grand.  The celebrated Wyoming Valley, on the North
and Susquehanna Rivers, about the head-waters of the  Branch, needs only to be named. The Pennsylvania Canal
Lehigh, Schuylkill, and Lackawana. In 1854 this region  passes through a tunnel of 1000 feet, near Blairsville; the
sent to market 5,919,555 tons of coal; of which the Lehigh  Union Canal through one of.729 feet; the Danville and Pottsmines yielded 1,245,815; the Schuylkill, 2,958,208; the  ville Railroad through one of 700 feet; the Reading Railroad
Lackawana. 1,006,986, and the Susquehanna, and other  through 4, severally of 960, 172, 1934, and 1300 feet long, and
mines in that region about 700,000 tons. At Blossburg, in  the Pennsylvania Railroad through the summit of the AlTioga county, and in Clinton county, are mines of bitumi-  leghany Mountain by a tunnel 3612 feet long, at an elevanous coal, said to be equal, if not superior, to the New- tion of about 2200 feet above the sea. The Portage Railroad
castle coal of England; while the region around Pittsburg,  crosses the mountain by 10 inclined planes. All the railthe commencement of the coalfield of the Mississippi Valley, roads named above pass through successions of wild and
abounds in coal of the same kind, but little inferior in  beautiful country.  Bedford Springs are imbedded in.piepurity. Cannel coal of fine quality is found in Beaver county. turesque scenery which interests the mind, while the pure
The estimated consumption at, and export of bituminous  air of the mountains aid the medicinal waters in their sestocoal from Pittsburg in 1853, was 1,811,033 tons.  The best rative qualities. Falling Spring, in Luzerne county, above
evidence of the quantity and excellence of the iron of Penn- Pittston: Swatara Falls, 9 miles from Pottsville; the SawBill
sylvania, is the fact, accorcding to the census report of 1850, Falls, in Pike county, near Milford; the Youghiogheny
that nearly half of the pig, cast, and wrought iron manu- Rapids, which descend 60 feet in a mile in a wild pass through
factured in the Union was from  her forges and furnaces. the mountains in Fayette county, and the falls of the WalThis state also abounds in lime, marble, slate, and stones  lenpaupack, in Wayne county, are all worthy of a visit from
suitable for building. Marble is particularly abundant in  a lover of the beauties of nature.
Chester and Montgomery counties. The most important    climate.-The climate of Pennsylvania is variable, and
copper-mines in Pennsylvania, are in the same counties. liable to sudden extremes, having sometimes the heat of the
Zinc is mined in the vicinity of Bethlehem, plumbago in  Carolinas, and at others the cold of Canada, but in periods
Bucks county, and lead in Chester and Montgomery coun-  generally of only three days, intermingled in summer with
ties. A bed of thismineral of great-richness is reported to  sharp winds fron  the N.W., and mitigated in winter by
have been discovered recently in Blair county. Chromium   the milder breezes from the S.W. Periods of warm weather
occurs in Chester and Lancaster counties. Scattered over  sometimes occur in January and February, when the buds
the state are some of the followingminerals: titanium, plum-  begin to swell. The mountainous region has a greater debago, magnetic iron ore, iron pyrites, magnesia, talc, asbes- gree of cold, and the snows are deeper and lie longer than
toe, barytes, zircon, tourmalin, marl,, &c. Salt springs-exist in other portions. In the W., the climate is milder and lees
on the Monongahela, Kiskeminitas, and Beaver Rivers, and  variable than in the E. According to observations kept at
in other parts of the state. Nearly 1,000,000 bushels of salt Philadelphia in 1852, the greatest average cold was in Januwere manufactured here in 1850. Nitre or saltpetre has  ary-mean temperature, 3109'; the greatest average heat in
recently been discovered in an extensive deposite and of  July-mean temperature, 770. The hottest day was June.great richness, in the central part of the state.  There are  16, 940; the most intense cold was January 20, 20 below zero.
several medicinal springs, generally chalybeate, the most The mean temperature of the winter months during 26
noted of which are Bedford, in the county of the same  years, was 330; spring months, 510.8; summer, 730.3, and
name; York, in Adams county; Doubling. Gap, in Cumbeor   autumn, 540'5.  The average amount of rain for 15 years,
land; Yellow Springs, in Chester, and Ephrata, in Lancaster  44'6 inches.  The average gives August the greatest, (5813
county.                                                     inches;) February the least, (292 inches.)  The greatest
Rivers, Lakes, tfy.-The only lake of importance in this  amount in any one month was 11'80 inches, in July, 1842;
state is Lake Erie, which forms its N.W. boundary for about *and the least, 5 inches, in September, 1846.
50 miles. The Delaware, which rises in the S.E. part of    Soil and Productions.-Pennsylvania, though destitute of
New York, and flows southerly, separates New York and  the luxuriant prairies of the West, is eminently an agriculNew Jersey from Pennsylvania and Delaware, and empties  tural state, producing more wheat, rye, and grass-seeds than
into Delaware Bay. It is navigable for large ships to Phila- any member of the confederacy, more Indian corn than any
delphia, about 96 miles from  the sea, and for sloops and  Northern or Middle State, and more buckwheat, orchard
steamboats to Trenton, 30 miles farther up. The Susque- fruits, butter, hay, oats, and slaughtered animals, than any
hanna, the largest river in the state, enters Pennsylvania  state except New York. She is the third in the value of her
from New York, and flowing southerly for 400 miles, crosses  live-stock, and in the amount of her wool and Irish potathe entire state, dividing it into two unequal portions, hay- toes. The best soils are in the limestone and river valleys,
ing the larger part on the W. This river is not navigable,  and in the depressions among the mountains, which have a
except at high-water in the spring and autumn, when large  rich alluvion of 2 or 3 feet deep. There are large tracts of
quantities of timber are floated down it in rafts, and pro- excellent land in the bituminous coal region of Western
duce in roughboats called arks. Owing to its rapid descent Pennsylvania; but the N. counties are more bleak and
to within a few miles of the Chesapeake Bay, into which it rugged, and not quite so productive. In many places, even
flows, it is but little affected by the tides. Its principal  the mountains are-valuable for pasture. Perhaps in no part
tributaries are the West Branch and Juniata from the W., of the United States is there more skilful farming than in
and the Swatara and Conestoga from  the E. Between the  some of the older counties of Pennsylvania. The staple artiSusquehanna and the Delaware are the Lehigh and Schuyl- cles are wheat and Indian corn, but large quantities of oats,
kill, affluents of the Delaware, and each about 100 miles in  rye, barley, buckwheat, grass-seeds, live-stock, orchard
length. The Ohio, which is formed by the union of the  fruits, butter, cheese, wool, peas, beans, Irish potatoes, marAlleghanyfrom the N., and the Monongahela from  the S., ket produce, tobacco, hay, flax, beeswax, honey, maple-sugar,
drains the W. part of the state, having about 50 miles of  with some molasses, silk, hops, hemp, wine, and sweet potaits course inPennsylvania. It is navigable for large steam- toes, are produced. According to the census of 1850, there
ers to its head at Pittsburg. The Alleghany is about 300, were in Pennsylvania 127,577 farms, containing 8,628,639
andthe Monongahela 200 miles in length, and both, at high- acres of cultivated land, producing 15.367,691.bushels of
water, are navigable, the former 200, and the latter 60  wheat; 4,805,160 of rye: 19.835,214of'Indian corn; 21,538,156
miles, for small steamers. The Youghiogheny, a branch of  of oats; 55,231 of peas and beans; 5,980,732 of Irish potatoes;
the Monongahela, and the Beaver, a branch of the Ohio, 52,172 of sweet potatoes; 165,584 of barley; 2,193,692 of buckare small rivers. Canals coast most of these rivers, except  wheat; 125,030 of clover-seed; 53,953 of other grass-seeds;
the Monongahela and Youghiogheny, to a greater or less  41,728 of flax-seed; 912,651 pounds of tobacco; 4,481.570 of
extent.                                                     wool; 39,878,418 of buitter; 2,505,034 of cheese; 530,307 of
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Justice has never been done  flax; 2,326,425 of maple-sugar; 839.509 of beeswax and
to the picturesque beauty and grandeur of the scenery of  honey; 1,842,970 tons of hay; value of live-stock, $41,500,053;
Pennsylvania, because it has been hitherto difficult of access  orchard fruits, $723,389; market products,.$688,714; and of
to those who will not travel except in luxurious cars or  slaughtered animals, $8,219,848.
steamboats; but now that railroads are beginning to traverse    Porest Trees.-The forest trees of Pennsylvania consist of
her interior, to make accessible the romantic shores of the  several varieties of oak, walnut, hickory, maple, dogwood,
Juniata, Susquehanna, Schuylkill, and Lehigh Rivers, we  magnolia, cucumber, papaw,. American    poplar, gum, sycamay expect to hear others exclaim, as did an English tour- more, catalpa, crabapple, birch, locust, sassafras, wild cherry,
ist, (Hon. C. A. luri'ay,) "  To my shame he it spoken, I  persimmon, aspen, chestnut, chincapin, beech, hornbeam,
never heard of the Juniata till this day!"  The passages of mulberry, ash, willow, elm. linden, several species of pine,
the Delaware, Lehigh, and: Schuylkill Rivers through the  spruce, hemlock, larch, cedar, &c.
Blue Ridge-the first two called the Delaware and Lehigh    Animals. —Anong, the mammalla are the bear, wildcat,
Water Gaps-are well worthy a visit from the lover of fine  panther, wolf, otter, red and gray fox, racoon, marten, mink,
scenery. The Delaware Water Gap, situated to the N. of weasel. skunk, opossum, beaver, (rare,) muskrat, porcupine,
Easton, is the most renowned of these. The river here  ground-hog; flying, red. and gray squirrel; hare, rabbit,
breaks through the mountains, -in a gorge about 2 miles in  deer, and elk. Among birds are the bald-eagle, fish-hawk,
length, walled in by precipices from  1200 to 1600 feet in  and other varieties of hawk, owl, whippoorwill, night-hawk,
height, scarcely leaving space for a road between their base  swallow, Indian hen, woodcock, wild turkey, partridge,
1454




PEN:PEN
heasant, wildgoose and duck, and a great variety of small $740,076 over the:same months in 1853, and of $1,609.481
irds.                                                      over those of 1852. The Reading tRailroad transported, in
Manufactures.-Pennsylvania ranks among the first of the  1854, 1,989,854 tons of coal, 140,801 tons of merchandise,
states of:the Union in the extent and variety of her mann- 187,591 tons ofmaterials, and.266,631 passengers-equivalent
factures, for the fabrication of which:she has great facilities  to 105,219 through passengers. Total receipts, $3,781,639.
in the cheapness and proximity of her coal and iron, as well These both belong to companies. The Columbia:Railroad
as in the abundance of her water-power. This state manu- (state).passed over:it all the through freight of the Peunfactured nearly:half the iron made in the United States in  sylvania Railroad, besides a large amount of way freight,
1850. According to the censussof that year there were in  amounting in all to 437,238 tons for 1854. The Schuylkill
Pennsylvania 21,605 establishments, producing each $500 and  Canal (private company) transported in 1854, 1,218,498 tons
upwards annually, engaged in manufactures, mining, and  of freight, including 907,154 tons of coal, yielding $762,892
the mechanic arts, employing $94,473,810 capital, and pro- in tolls in the same year. The state owned property, in
ducts, $155,044,910; of these, 208 were engaged in'the mann- December, 1854, to the amount of.$35,060,667 in internal
facture of cotton, employing:$4,528,925 capital, and 1564  improvements, which produced $1,876,078, of which, howmale, and 4099 female hands, consuming raw material worth  ever, only $774,508:was net revenue.
$3,152,530, and:producing 45,746,790 yards of stuffs, and    eommerce. —Though Pennsylvania has lost.her compara5,108,561 pounds of yarn, with a total value of $5,322,262; tive importance in foreign commerce, yet her increase in
380 in wool, employing $1,005,064 capital, and 3490 male, this respect in the last 30 years has been steady; while in
and 2236 female:hands, consuming raw  material worth  her coasting, lake, and Ohio River trade, her advances have
$3,282.7:18, and producing 10,099,234 yards of stuffs, and  been immense. The completion of the Pennsylvania Rail1,941,621 pounds of yarn, with a total value of $5,321,866;  way, the most direct and shortest route from the Eastern
and 662 forges and furnaces, employing $19,822,265 capi- and Middle States to the great Mississippi Valley, has greatly
tal, 20,658 male hands, consuming raw  material worth  increased the transit trade across her territory. In the year
$11,803,457, and producing 285,702 tons of pig, 182,506 of  1854 the gross receipts on this road amounted to $3,512,295,
wrought, and 57;810 of cast iron, with a total value of  the tonnage transported amounted to 250,925:tons, and
$20,650;650. There was also, at the same census, $1,719,066  the travel was equivalent to 157,100 through passengers,
invested in the manufacture ofmalt and spirituous liquors, The article on the commerce of Philadelphia will show
employing 1092 hands, consuming 2,550,840 bushelsof grain, the great increase of her coasting trade. The trade of
and:producing 189,581 barrels of ale, &c., and 6,548,810 gal- the port of Erie amounted, in 1851, to $4,222,997.:In
ions of whiskey, wine, &c. Homemade manufactures valued  1853, Pennsylvania owned 338,734 tons of shipping, of which
at $755,104 were also fabricated. In 10 counties, in 1853, 100,634 was steam  tonnage. The same year 191 vessels
there were 263 iron-works, employing $11,825,000 capital.    were built, with an aggregate tonnage of 31,539. The imInternal Jmprovements.-Pennsylvania early entered with  ports were $18,834,410. The exports, consisting mostly of
spirit upon the work of improving her internal communica- flour, wheat, Indian corn, provisions, tobacco, quercitron
tions. The:first great road made in the United States was  bark, lard, butter, &c., amounted to $6,527,996. Tonnage
the turnpike connecting Philadelphia and Pittsburg, and  entered, 183.944; cleared, 151,685. (See PHILArDELPIrA,:PITTS(till the opening of the Hudson and Erie Canal in 1825) the  oUrnc, and ERiet.) Large quantities of lumber are floated
great connecting link between the East and the WVest, on  down the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers.in the spring
which might be seen at any time long lines of Conestoga  and fall. The amount on the former river alone-for 1852,
wagons, heavily ladeuwith merchandise and produce,:wend- brought down by canal and rafts, has been estimated at
ing their tardy way over hill and valley, and occupying a  250,000,000 feet. It is also computed that 175,000,000:feet
much greater length of time in the transit:thanis now neces- of sawed lumber, 20,000.000 feet of square timber, 200,000000
saryfor a voyage to Eui'ope. Pennsylvania commenced, in  shingles, and 30,000,000 laths, are annually sent dow. the
1825, her extensive system of canals, (but too extensive, un-  Alleghany. In the ten years between:1845 and 1854, both
fortunately, as it led to locating them  in places uncalled  inclusive, the amount of lumber annually shipped by the
for by the demands of the time) which clogged the state  Lehigh Canal varied between 17;944,020 feet nd 52,123,751
with a heavy debt, under which she still labors, while, by  feet-the greatest amount being in 1852. The number of
the unproductiveness of some of them, she is deprived of boats cleared at Bristol, on the Delaware Canal, in 1854, was
the income from whence to liquidate the debt, or even to  10,086. The canal tonnage passed over the Columbia Railpay its interest, unaided by taxation. But part of this un- road was, for the same year, 73,475 tons, and for the Pennproductiveness is no doubt caused by the then unforeseen,  sylvania Railroad Company, 164,475 tons.:Passengers carried
but now general introduction of railways.  Pennsylvania  for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 167,965, and emiis saddled with a debt of $40,000,000, incurred mainly for  grants, 21,793. Total tonnage passed overthe road, way and
purposes of internal improvement. Some of her works that through,:437,238. The Pittsburg Board of Trade.give the
have long lain unfinished, wil soon be completed, when it annual arrivals and departures at that port at 8576, carryis expected they will add to the resources of the state, in- ing 1,638,160 tons of freight, valued at $19,415,000.
stead of, as heretofore, requiring constant outlay. Penneyl-    Fducation.-The first general free-school system in Pennvania has now a line of canal connecting Pittsburg and Har-  sylvania was adopted in 1834, which has since been rerisburg; one,:nearly completed, along the whole course of  modelled and improved; but still much room  is left for
the Susquehanna within the: state, and also on the West amendment before it can fully meet the requirements of the
Branch; one from Beaverto Erie, one along the Delaware  age-though comparatively the-system is probably equal to
from Bristol to Easton, and thence up the Lehigh'to the  any out of New England, and in Philadelphia equal, if not
mines; one up the Schuylkll o Pottsville; one along the  superior, to any in the United States. According to:the
Lackawana to the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and one  census of 1850, Pennsylvania had 21 colleges, wvith 3286
uniting the Schuylkill with the Pennsylvania Canal at Mid- students, and $282,205 income, of which 894,300 was from
dietown-making,:in all, about 1030 miles of canal com- endowments; 9061 public schools, with 413,706 pupils, and
pleted, or nearly so, within the state. On the let of Jaeu- $1,414,530 income, of which $207,960 was from public funds,
ary, 1855, Pennsylvania had 1992 miles of railway in opera- $1,156,027 from  taxation, and $21,425 from  endowments;
tion, and 1406 in progress. Cost of construction, $94,657,675. and 524 academies and other schools, with $467,843 income,
-Only 82 miles of this, however, belong to the state.       of which $73,459 was from  endowments; and 1$13552 from
Her commercial metropolis is connected by railroad with  public funds. Attending school, as returned by families,
New York, Baltimore, Pittsburg, and Western New York, 504,610. The number of public schools reported in 1853
(viae Reading, Tamaqua, Catawissa,. Williamsport, and El. was 9507, (exclusive of Philadelphia city and county,)
mira;) with Hagerstown in Maryland, via Harrisburg, Cat  open on an average 5 months in the year, and attended by
lisle, and Chambersburg; and with Lancaster, Columbia, 474,555 pupils, 11,121 of whom were learning German. In
York,'Norristown, WVestchester, Bristol, and various inter  the same year, a school tax of $1,021,337 was levied, and
mediate towns and villages within the state. Through  $153,082 appropriated by the state. The city and county
connections'with New Jersey railroads, -Easton is united  of Philadelphia having a distinct organization of their own,
to Philadelphia and New York City. Scranton connects  had, in1853, 286 schools in operation, attended by 50,085 stuwith the New York and Erie Railroad at Great Bend; Har-  dents, educated at an expense of $411,303. The medical
risburg directly with Baltimore; Blossburg with Corning, schools of Pennsylvania are first in reputation ofany on
on the New York and:Erie Railroad; and Harrisburg with  the Western Continent, and are attended yearly by about
the Reading Railroad at Auburn. There are numerous  1400 students. This state had, in 1853, 9 colleges,with an
short railroads in the mining districts.  Pittsburg  and  aggregate of 886 students; 7 theological, with 207; 1 law,
Erie connect westward with the great lines through Ohio, with 9; and 5 medical schools, with nearly 1600 pupils.
Indiana, and other states.  Roads are now  being con- Of the adult population in 1850, 76,272 could not read and
structed which will open a nearly direct communication  write, of whom 24,989 were of foreign birth.
between Philadelphia and the towns of'Wheeling, Cleveland,   Reigions.-Pennsylvania seems to have used to the full
Erie, Syracuse, Oswego, Auburn, and various intermediate  extent the privilege so strenuously contended for by her
villages on the different routes; and the towns in the N.E. illustrious founder-that of each one worshipping according
part of Pennsylvania with the city of New York, through  to his inclination:  as there are no less than 47 different
the state of New Jersey. Others are projected, which will sects, occupying 3506 places of worship, of which the Baptists
unite Pittsburg with Steubenville, Counellsville, Erie, and  own 320, Christians, 21, Episcopalians, 136, Free Church, 25,
Buffalo. The earnings of the Pennsylvania Railroad for 11  Friends, 142, German Reformed, 209, Lutherans, 498, Menmonths of 1854 amounted to $3,336,187, an increase of nonites, 92, Methodists, 889, Moravians, 84, Presbyterians,
1455




PEN                                                           PEN
775, ]leman Catholics, 139, Union, 81, and Universalists, 21. Montour, Northumberland, Northampton, Perry, PhiladelThe rest are occupied by Africans, Congregationalists, Cove- phia, Pike, Potter, Schuylkill, Somerset, Sullivan, Susqunanters, Dutch Reformed, Independent, Jewish', Seceders, hanna, Tioga, Union, Venango, Warren, Washington, Wayne,
Tunkers. Unitarians, United Brethren in Christ, and many  Westmoreland, Wyoming, and York. Capital, Harrisburg.
other,smaller sects. There is one church for every 658 in-    Cities and Towns.-The principal city, the metropolis of
habitants.  Value of church property, $11,551,885.            the state, and only second in the Union in importance, is
Pe'iodicals.-In 1850 there were published in Pennsyl- Philadelphia, population in 1850, 408,762; besides which,
vania, 24 daily, 2 tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, 261 weekly  there are Pittsburg, 46,601; (by a local census in 1853, Pittsnewspapers, and 19 semi-monthly and 2 quarterly reviews, burg and its environs numbered 110,000 inhabitants;) Alleand 1I annual, with an aggregate yearly circulation of  ghany City, 21,261; Reading, 15,743; Lancaster, 12,369;
84,898,672 copies, of which 10,100 were quarterlies  and  HIarrisburg, 7834, (12,022 in 1854;~ Pottsville, 7515; Easton,
annuals.                                                       7250, (including South Easton, 8761;) York, 6863; NorrisPublic Institutions.-Pennsylvania has always been noted  town, 6024; Erie, 5858; Birmingham, Carlisle, Columbia,
for her charitable institutions; and even in her penal esta- Chambersburg, Gettysburg, Westchester, Tamaqua, Allenblishments she looks rather to mercy and reformation than  town, Carbondale, and Danville, between 3000 and 5000;
to punishment.  There are two great penitentiaries in the  and Hollidaysburg) Union, Bristol, Mauch Chunk, Phoenixstate, one at Philadelphia, and another at Pittsburg, both  ville, Wilkesbarre, Minersville, St. Clair, Meadville, Brownson the solitary system; but only solitary so far as commu- ville, Marietta, Lebanon, Lewiston, PortCarbon, Washington,
nication with their fellow-prisoners is concerned, as they are Beaver, Woodcock, and Honesdale, between 2000 and 3000.
weekly visited by the members of the Prison Discipline    Government, Finances, c. —The governor of Pennsylvania
Society, who endeavor to cheer, encourage, and instruct  is elected by the people for three years, but cannot be chosen
them, both in morals and religion, as well as in school  more than six out of any nine consecutive years, and relearning. During the year 1853, 117 convicts were received  ceives a salary of $3000 per annum. The senate consists of
in the Eastern Penitentiary, and 143 discharged, leaving in  33 members, elected for three years, and a house of repreconfinement, January Ist, 1854, 267 convicts, of whom 43  sentatives of 100 members, elected annually. One-third of
were colored, 36 foreigners, and 17 entirely illiterate. Total the senate must be chosen each year. The legislature meets
number received since the opening of the prison in 1829, on the first Tuesday in January.  The judiciary consists3089. In the Western Penitentiary, in 1853, there were 201  1. Of a supreme court, composed of five judges, elected by
convicts: total in 29 years of its existence, 1746. The con- the people at large for fifteen years, but so that one judge
victs of the Western  Penitentiary more than supported  shall be elected every third year, and the one having the
themselves by the proceeds of their labor; but the Eastern  shortest term  to serve shall be chief justice. The jurisdicwas deficient $2248. Montgomery county has withdrawn its  tion of this court extends over the state; and the judges,
prisoners. The two houses of refuge for juvenile delinquents, by virtue of their offices, are judges of oyer and terminer
the deaf and dumb asylum, and blind asylum, all in Phila- -*and general jail delivery for the several counties. 2. Of 25
delphia, receive state appropriations. A house of refuge at  courts of common pleas, each presided over by one judge,
Pittsburg has just been completed, at an expense of $120,000, elected for ten years, and one or more associates to each
capable of containing 230 inmates.  An appropriation of  county, elected for five years. The judges of the common
$20,000 has been made by the state for the establishment  pleas of each county are also justices of oyer and ternminer
of an asylum  for idiots, on condition of a like sum  being  and general jail delivery. 3. Of a district court for Philasubscribed  by individuals.  Incited  by the benevolent  delphia city and county, and one for Alleghany county.
exertions of that most noble woman, Dorothea Dix, the  The judges of the supreme court and the county courts
state has erected at Harrisburg a state lunatic asylum,  receive $1600 per annum, except those for Philadelphia and
at a cost of $50,000, embracing in the structure of the build- Pittsburg, who receive from $2000 to $5000 per annum.
ing, and in its discipline, most of the improvements of the  Every white citizen of the age of 21 years, having resided
age in the treatment and accommodation of the unfortunate  in the state one year, and in the election district where he
class of beings for whom  it is intended. During the year  offers to vote ten days immediately preceding such election,
1853,163 patients were received, and 87 discharged; of whom   and within two years paid a state or county tax, and who
27 were restored. Remaining in the institution, January,  shall have been assessed at least ten days before the election,
1854, 182 patients. The contributions for charitable pur- shall enjoy the rights of an elector. The state debt of Pennposes by the state in 1854 amounted to $52,761, of which  sylvania was, in December, 1854, $40,064,516; productive
$25,000 was to the Lunatic Asylum, $12,000 to the Blind,  property, $35,060,667; ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt
and $14,750 to the Deaf and Dumb Asylum.  Pennsylvania  and schools, about $350,000 annually.  Assessed value of
had, in 1850, 90 public libraries, with 184,666 volumes; 256  property for 1854, $531,781,304; but the realvalue is estimated
school and Sunday-school libraries, with 75,232 volumes; 21  in the governor's message, at $860,000,000.  Revenue fiom
college, with 77,050, and 26 church libraries with 26,452  permanent sources for the same year, $5,218,099, of which
volumes. There is a State HIistorical Society at Philadelphia.  $1,918,606 was from  canal and railroad tolls, and $1,649.967
Population.-Pennsylvania was originally settled by Eng- from tax on personal and real estate; expenditures, exelulish and Welsh Friends, or Quakers, but the population  sive of payment on new works and loans, but including
afterwards received large additions of Germans and Irish,  interest on public debt, $4,116,744, or $1,101,490 less than
and some other foreigners.  In some of the middle and  the receipts. Banking institutions, November, 1853, 61, with
eastern counties, the Germans still keep up their own  an  aggregate capital of $19,765,861, a  circulation  of
language and customs, and have papers printed and schools  $17,420,348, and $4,331,656 in coin.
taught in their own tongue. By the census of 1790, there         Listory. —Pennsylvania is the only instance of an Amewere 434,373 inhabitants; 602,365 in  1800; 810,091 in  rican colony founded without bloodshed. The benevolent
1810; 1,049,458 in 1820; 1,348,233 in 1830; 1,724,033 in  Penn, when he settled the state in 1682, with his peaceful
1840; and 2,311,786 in 1850; ofwhom 1,142,738  were white  associates, the Friends, conciliated the natives by the purmales, 1,115,426 females, 25,369 colored males, and 28,257  chase of their territory, and by the kindness and good-will
females. Pop. to square mile, 50'26. This population was  manifested towards them  secured their friendship during
divided into 408,497 families, inhabiting 386,216 dwellings. 70 years. Pennsylvania was granted to William  Penn in
The taxables in 1854 were 558,236 persons, which proper- liquidation of a debt due his father, Admiral Penn, by the
tion would give about 3,000,000 population. Of the popu-  government of Great Britain. In 1699, Delaware, which
lation, 1,844,672 were born in the state; 181,129 in other  had before been united to Pennsylvania, was allowed a disstates of the Union; 38,048 in England; 151,723 in Ire- tinct legislature, but remained subject to the same governor.
land; 16,212 in Scotland and Wales; 2500 in British Ame- Previous to the old French and Indian War in 1755, the
rica; 78.592 in Germany; 4083 in France; 7796 in other  contests waged between the English and French colonists
countries; and 2296 whose places of birth were unknown-   had not reached Pennsylvania; but in that year occurred
giving nearly 13 per cent, of foreign birth. In the twelve  the disastrous defeat of Braddock, near Pittsburg, in which
months preceding June 1,1850, there occurred 28,551 deaths, Washington, then a young man, distinguished'himself. In
or rather more than 12 in every 1000 persons. In the same  1763 occurred the massacre of the Conestoga Indians, in
period, 11,551 paupers  received aid, of whom 5653 were  Lancaster county, by the Paxton Boys. In 1767 was run
foreigners, at an expense of about $20 for each pauper. Of  the famous Mason and Dixon's line, (390 43',) the southern
1145 deaf and dumb, 15 were colored; of 969 blind, 28 were  boundary of Pennsylvania, and which has become proverbial
colored' of 1914 insane, 49 were colored; and of 1467 idiotic, as the dividing line between the North and the South.
35 were colored. Of theentire population,4603were engaged  Pennsylvania took an active part in the Revolutionary
in mining, 207,533 in agriculture, 15,338 in commerce, 105,883  contest, and on her soil occurred the battles of Brandywine
in manufactures, 1815 in navigatipag the ocean, 3951 in in- and Germantown, September. and October, 1777, and the
ternal navigation, and 6706 in the learned professions.      massacres of Wyoming and Paoli, and the suffering winter
Counties.-This state is divided into 64 counties, viz.: encampment at Valley Forge in 1777 and'78.  In her
Adams, Alleghany, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, metropolis, too, met the first-Congresses of the Revolution;
Blair, Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Carbon, Centre,  and here was the seat, for nearly ten years, of the newlyChester, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Crawford, orgaunized government of 1789. Within her limits, in 1794,
Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Forest, occurred the bloodless resistance to the General GovernFranklin, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson,  ment, in Washington's admininistration, called the Whisky
Juniata, Lancaster, Lawrence. Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne,  Insurrection; but notwithstanding  this defection  of a
Lycoming, MlIeKean, Ilercer, tlibin, MIonroe, Montgomery,  small part of her citizens, no state in the confederacy has
1456




PEN                                                       PEN
been m.)re lo al to the constitution of the federal govern-  500. Here are numerous antiquities, including the remaint
ment in all times of trial than Pennisylvania. Pennsylvania  of an ancient Roman fort.
gave Franklin, Rush, Thompson, and Robert MIorris to the    PENIRHOS, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
councils of the nation in the Revolution, and the former two,   PEN/RHOS  LLIGWY, (th/ig/wee,) a parish of North
besides Rittenhouse, Fulton, Say, and Morton, to science. Wales, co. of Anglesey.
Pennsylvania formed a constitution in 1776, suited to her    PENRIIYDD, pin/riTH, a parish of South Wales, co. of
changed character of an independent republican state. A  Pembroke.
new constitution was formed in 1790, and again in 1838;   PENIRHYN ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean. Lat.
several alterations have since been made, as a provision in  90 21 S., ion. 1570 35' W. They are densely wooded, and
the constitution enables amendments to be effected by the  populous.
enactments of two legislatures, with the sanction of the    PENRHYN, PORT, a township of North Wales, co. of
people. Benjamin Franklin was president of the executive  Carnarvon, at the mouth of the Ogwen, in Menai Strait. It
council, i. e. governor, from 1785 to 1788.-Inhab. PENN- has a good quay for vessels of 300 tons, and large exports of
SYLVANIAN. pon'sil-vA/ne-an.                               slate from a quarry employing about 2000 men. Peurhyn
PENNSYLVANIA, a postoffice of Rock Island co., Illi- Castle is a superb marble castellated edifice.
nois.                                                        PENRHYS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
PENNSYLVAINIABURG, a village of Ripley co., Indiana,    PENIRIITHt, (often pronounced peefrith,) a market-town
16 miles N.E. of Versailles, has near 200 inhabitants,    and parish of England, co. of Cumberland, with a station on
PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. See GETTYSBURG.                   the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, 15 miles S.S.E. of CarPENNSYLVANIA  (MEDICAL) COLLEGE. See PHIILA- lisle. Pop. in 1851, 6608. The town, in a beautiful vale of
DELPHIA.                                                  the Eamont and Lowther, is neatly built, and has a large
PENN TOWNSHIP. SEE PENN DISTRICT.                        church, in the cemetery of which is a monument of high
PENNIVILLE, a post-office of Jay co., Indciana.         antiquity, known as "the Giant's Grave;" a grammar school,
PENN VAN, a thriving post-village of Milo township, and  founded by Queen Elizabeth; a county court-house, and
capital of Yates co., New York, on the outlet of Crooked  house of correction, union work-house, an assembly-room,
Lake, and on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad, 192  museum, subscription library, and the remains of a castle
miles W. of Albany, and 43 miles N. by W. of Elmira. The  built during the wars of the Roses, and destroyed by order
Crooked Lake Canal, connecting the Crooked with Seneca  of the commonwealth. It has manufactures of cotton, woolLake, passes through the village, and furnishes abundant len,andlinengoods. The vicinity is rich in striking  scenery
water-power, having 27 locks in the distance of 7 miles. and ancient remains, comprising Brougham and Edin Halls,
Penn Van contains, besides the county buildings, 7 churches, Dacre Castle, and various British antiquities.
2 banks; a union school, several academies, and 2 newspaper    PEN/ROSE a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
offices, 70 stores, 1 iron furnace, 1 plough factory, and seve-   PEN'RYN/, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and
ral flouring and saw mills. Pop. in 1855, 2227.            market-town of England, co. of Cornwall, at the head of
PENINYPACK CREEK, in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, Falmouth Harbor, and almost adjoining Falmouth on the
flows through the N. part of Philadelphia County, and enters  N.W. Pop. of municipal borough in 1851, 3959. It is built
the Delaware River near Holmesburg. It furnishes water- on a declivity, has a custom-house, and considerable exports
power for several large factories which are situated on it.    of granite. The borough joins with Falmouth in sending 2
PENNY'S FERRY, a post-office of Henry co., Illinois.     members to the Ihouse of Commons.
PENOBISCOT, the largest river in Maine, is formed by    PENSA, a town and government of Russia. See PENZA.
two branches, the East and the West, which unite in    PENSACOILA, a port of entry and capital of Escambia co.,
Penobscot county, near the centre of the state; flowing in a  Florida, is situated on the W. shore of Pensacola Bay, about
general S.S.W. course, it meets the tide-water at Bangor, 10 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. 64 miles E. of Mobile, and
about 60 miles from its mouth. It is navigable for large  180 miles in a direct line W. of Tallahassee. The harbor has
vessels to Bangor, where the tide rises 17 feet, which ex- 21 feet of water on the bar, and it is one of the safest in the
traordinary rise is probably produced, in part at least, by  Gulf. The shore, which is low and sandy, rises gently tc
the wedge-shaped form of the bay, and the current from  the height of about 40 feet. The plan of the town is regular,
the GulfStream. Small steamboatsnavigate the riverabove  and the streets are wide. It contains several churches, a
Bangor. At Oldtown, 12 miles N. of the last named place, market-house, custom-house, and 3 newspaper offices. The
are several islands, owned by the Penobscot tribe of In- United States government has a naval station here, with a
dians. This river, particularly in its upper portions, affords  marine hospital. The entrance to the bay is strongly for.
very valuable water-power. Its length from the junction  tified. (See PENSACOLA BAY.) The shipping of the port, June
of its two branches is about 135 miles, or measuring from  30, 1854, was 799 tons registered, and 2054 enrolled and
the source of the West and largest branch, (which is re- licensed, of which 1332 tons were employed in the coast
garded by many geographers as the true Penobscot,) it trade. The foreign arrivals for 1852 were 20, (tons, 3885,) of
amounts to 300 miles. Brasches.-The West Branch rises which 19 were by American vessels. The clea:ances for
near the W. boundary between Maine and Canada, in So- foreign ports were 19 —tons, 3996, of which 3459 were in
merset county, and flowing through Chesuncook and Pema-  American bottoms. Pop. in 1850. 2164.
dumcook Lalkes in Piscataquis county, unites with the East   PENSACOLA, a post-village of Leake co., Mississippi.
Branch in Penobscot county, near the centre of the state.   PENSACOLA BAY, in the N.W. part of Florida, at the
The East Branch, also called the Sebools River, forms the  mouth 6f the Escambia River. Length, 27 miles; greatest
outlet to the Seboois Lakes, in Penobscot county, afid flowing  breadth, 12 miles. It has 21 feet of water on the bar, and
S., joins the West Branch.                                affords an excellent harbor, being completely sheltered by
PENOBSCOT, a county extending from the centre of Maine St. Rosa Island, which extends 14 leagues nearsly E. and W.
to its N. border, has an area of about 3200 square miles. It along the front of the bay. On the W. extremity of the
is bounded on the N. by the St. John's River; the central island is Fort Pickens, and opposite, on a point communiand S. parts are drained by the Penobscot and its tributaries, cating with the mainland, is Fort McCrea. There is also
which afford valuable water-power. It is intersected in the another fortress, called Fort Barrancas, on the mainland N.
N. by the Aroostook River. Much  timber is cut in this of this, near the Naval Hospital.
county, and rafted down the Penobscot. The railroad con-   PENSACOLA LIGHT-hIOUSE, Florida, on an eminence
necting Bangor with Oldtown is included within this county. about 40 feet high, at the E. side of the entrance to PensaAnother railroad extends W. from Bangor, communicating cola Harbor, about 2 miles N. of Fort McCrea. The light is
with that which connects Portland with Augusta and Water- 80 feet above the level of the sea, and revolves once in 70
ville. Organized in 1816. Capital, Bangor. Pop. 63,089.   seconds. Let. 300 19' N., lon. 870 16' 54"/ W.
PENOBSCOT, a post-township and port of entry of Hancock    PENSAUIKEE, a small river of Oconto co., Wisconsin, enso., Maine, on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, 57 miles E. ters Green Bay about 6 miles S. of Oconto River.
by N. of Augusta. The shipping of the district, June 30,   PENSAUIKIN  CREEK, in the S.W. part of New Jersey,
1854, amounted to an aggregate of 4885 tons registered, and  forms part of the boundary between Burlington and
40,107 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 22,850 tons Camden counties, and enters the Delaware 5 miles above
were employed in the coast trade, 1380 in the cod fishery, Camden.
and 3387 in the mackerel fishery. During the year 20 vessels   PEN/SAX, a chapelry of England, co. of Worcester.
(tons, 14,268) were built here.                             PENS/CELLWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
PENOILA, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.            PEN/SHAW, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.
PENOIRA, a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa.              PENSIHURST, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the
PENOMPING, pA-nom-ping/, a town of Siam, province, Medway, with a station on the South-eastern Railway, 41
and 1.0 miles S. of Cambodia, on the Me-kong.             miles W.S.W. of Tunbridge.
PENON DE VELEZ, pbn-yonu df vi/lith, a fortified marl-   PENS/HURST PLACE, England, the seat of Lord De Lisle,
time town belonging to Spain, on an elevated rock, on the  a descendant of the Sydney family, is a fine old quadranguAfrican side of the Strait of Gibraltar, 80 miles S.E. of Ceuta. lar mansion, the birthplace of Sir Philip and Algernon
It was founded by Pedro of Navarre, in 1508, taken by the  Sydney. Penshurst or Penhurst was a residence of the
Moors in 1522, but retaken by the Spaniards in 1664. It is  Saxon kings of Kent. It gives the title of baron to Viscount
strongly defended by heavy batteries, and has a bomb-proof  Strangford.
magazine, ample storehouses, and a state prison.            PENSINETT, a village of England, co. of Stafford, on the
PEN/PONT, a village and parish of Scotland, co., and 15  Stourbridge. Pop. in 1851, 4874.
tnile. N.N.W.ofDumfries, on the Skarr. Pop. of the village,   PENS/THORPE,  a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
4R                                                                       1457




PEN                                                         PEP
PENSITON, a village and barony of Scotland, co., and  logical Society, handsome baths, and good boarding-houres
5 miles W.S.W. of Haddington, with 230 inhabitants, mostly  for the accommodation of the numerous invalids and resicolliers. The barony belongs to descendants of the Baliol dents attracted thither by the climate. The principal ex.
fiamily, in whose possession it has been for about 5' cen- ports are tin and copper ore, the produce of the neighboring
turies.                                                     mines, agricult'ral produce, and pilchards.  The imports
PENISTROWED, a parish of North Wales, co. of Mont- consist of timber, iron, and hemp. Registered shipping in
gomery.                                                     1847, 8722 tons. The harbor, with a pier about 800 feet in
PENITECOST ISLAND, an island of the Pacific Ocean, length, having at its end a light-house, is accessible by yesone of the Cumberland group, off East Australia. Lat. 200  sels of a moderate burden, and extensive improvements are
23' 10" S., ion. 1480 59, 30" E.                            projected. Sir H. Davy was born in the parish in 1778. In
PENTECOST (or WHITSUNDAY) ISLAND, in the Pa- the vicinity are St. Michael's Mount, and several Druidical
cific Ocean, New Hiebrides. Lat. 150 59t S., Ion. 1680 19' E.  remains.
PENTECOST RIVER, of Canada East, is an affluent of    PENZING, pint/sing, a handsome village of Lower Austhe St. Lawrence.                                           tria, 3 miles W. of Vienna, on the Wien. It has numerous
PENTELICUS, pln-t.l/e-ktis, PENTELT, pln-tVtlee, or  villas, and manufactures of silk fabrics. Pop. 4135.
MENDELI, mnn-dAllee, MOTJNT, Greece, in Attica, 10 miles    PENZLIN, ptnts-leenl, a frontier town of Mecklenburg
N.W. of Athens, rises to 3640 feet above the sea. It contains  Schwerin, principality, and 43 miles E.S.E. of Gustrow. oL
quarries of white marble, greatly  renowned in antiquity,  a small lake. Pop. 2093.
and which are still worked.                                   PEOILA MILLS, a post-office of Madison co., Virginia.
PENTENISIA or PENTENESIA, phn-tA-nee/se-a, a group    PEOILI, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.
of islets in the Gulf of ZEgina, Greece, 10 miles N.W. of    PEOILIA, a small village of Washington co., Kentucky.,Eina.                                                       PEOPLESVILLE, pee/p~ls-vil, a post-office of Carter co.,
PENTERItRY, a parish of England, co. ofMonmouth.         Tennessee.
PENTIMA, pin-tee/m.i, a town of Naples, province of    PEOPLETON, peelpl-ton, a parish of England, co. of
Abruzzo-Ultra II. 5 miles N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 1900.      Worcester.
PENTILAND FRITII, a sound dividing continental Scot-    PEO/RIA, a county in the N.W. central part of Illinois,
land from the Orkney Islands, and connecting the Atlantic  has an area of 650.square miles. The Illinois River and
and Gernman Oceans. Length, from  E. to WV., 17 miles; Peoria Lake form  the S.E. boundary.  It is drained by
breadth, from  6 to 8 miles.  Its navigation is the most  Spoon River, and by Kickapoo, Elbow, and Copperas Creeks.
dangerous of the Scottish seas; a current flows from W. to  These streams are bordered with tracts of timber-lands,
E. with a velocity of from 3 to 9 miles an hour, which, at which are separated from  each other by beautiful unduthe change of tides, is met by opposing currents, causing  lating prairies. The soil is highly productive. Thecounty
dangerous eddies and whirlpools.                           is intersected by thePeoria and Oquawka Railroad. OrgaPENTLAND IJILLS, a range in Scotland, cos. of Peebles, nized in 1825, and named firom  the tribe of Indians who
Lanark, and Edinburgh, extending for about 14 miles N.E. possessed the soil. Capital, Peoria. Pop. 17,547.
to within 4 miles S.W. of Edinburgh. Highest Summit,   PEORIA, a post-office of Wyoming co., New York.
East Carnethy Hill, in the centre of the range, 1878 feet    PEORIA, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana.
above the sea.                                               PEORIA, a handsome and flourishing city, capital of PeoPENT/LAND SKERIRIES, Scotland, comprise two islets  ria co., Illinois, on the right or W. bank of the Illinois River,
and some contiguous rocks, the larger about 4. miles N. of at the outlet of Peoria Lake, 70 miles N. of Springfield, and
Duncansby Head, has a light-house with a higher and a  151 miles S.W. of Chicago. It is the most populous town
lower light; the former 170 feet above the sea, in lat. 580  on the river, and one of the most important and conmmer411 N., and Ion. 20 55'W. The latter is 140 feet in height,  cial in the state. The river is navigable by steamboats in
and 100 feet N.N.E. of the former. Upwards of 4000 loaded  all stages of water, and is the channel of an immense trade
vessels, aggregate  tonnage, 664,000 tons, annually pass  in grain, lumbes, pork, &c. A number of steamboats make
through the Frith, exclusive of ships of war and vessels in  regular passages between St. Louis and Peoria, which also
ballast.                                                   communicates with Chicago, by means of the Illinois and
PENTTLOW, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             Michigan Canal. The Peoria and. Oquawka Railroad conPENT/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           nects this place with Burlington, Iowa, and will be extended
PENT/ON-MEW/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.   E. to Middleport. The town is regularly laid out, and well
PENTtREATH, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.  built.  It has, besides the county buildings, about 10
PENTIRESS, a post-office of Monongatia co., Virginia.   churches, several seminaries, a telegraph office, a bankl, and
PENTIRICH, a parish of England, co. of Derby.            5 newspaper offices. We quote the following description
PENT'RIDGE a parish of England, co. of Dorset            from the letter of a recent traveller:-" Peoria is the most
PENTROB/IN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint.       beautiful town on the river. Situated on rising ground, a
PENTYRCH, pen/tjrK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- broad plateau extending back from the bluff, it has escaped
morgan, with a station on the Taff Yale Railway, 6 miles  the almost universal inundation. The river here expands
W.N.W. of Cardiff.                                         into a broad, deep lake. This lake is a most beautiful feaPENVENAN, p8NGC'veh-nSo/,T  a mnaritime village of France, ture in the scenery of the town, and as useful as beautiful,
department of Cdtes-du-Nord, near the English Channel, 3  supplying the inhabitants with ample stores of fish, and in
miles N.W. of Tr6guier. Pop. 2913.                          winter with abundance of the purest ice. It is often frozen
PEN/WORTIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.   to such a thickness that heavy teams can pass securely over
PEN-Y-CLAWDD, p6n-e-klSvWrT, a parish of England, co. of it. A substantial drawbridge connects the town with the
Monmouth.                                                  opposite shore of the river. The city is laid out in rectanPENZA or PENSA, pnlzs, a government of Russia, mostly  gular blocks, the streets being wide and well graded. The
between lat. 530 and 550 N., and Ion. 420 30' and 460 30' E., schools and churches are prosperous, and the society good.
enclosed bythe governments of Nizhnee-Novgorod,Simbeersk,  A public square has been reserved near the centre. Back
Saratov. and Tambov. Area, 14,768 square miles. Pop. in  of the town extends one of the finest rolling prairies in the
1851, 1,058,444. Surface mostly level. Principal rivers, the  state, which already furnishes to Peoria its supplies and
Moksha, Soora, and their affluents. Soil fertile, and corn is much of its business." The number of steamboat arrivals
extensively exported. Cattle, sheep, hogs, and horses are  in 1850 was 1286. La Salle, a Frenchman, established a
reared. Forests very extensive.  The mineral products com- post at this place in 1680. The rise of the present town
prise iron, chalk, sandstone, sulphur, and vitriol. The mann-  dates from April, 1819. It was incorporated as a city in
factures embrace coarse linens and woollen stuffs; and there  1844. Pop. on Jasuary 1, 1851, 6212; in 1853, about 8000.
are, besides, soap, glass, beet-root sugar, and leather factories,   PEORIA JUNCTION, Illinois, a station on the Chicago
and iron foundries. Principal towns, Penza, Nizhnee-Lomov,  and Mississippi Railroad, 100 miles from Chicago.
and Saransk.                                                 PEORIA LAKE, Illinois, an expansion of the Illinois
PENZA, a city of Russia, capital of the above government, River. on the E. border of Peoria county. Length, 22 miles;
is situated 130 miles N.N.W. of Saratov, on the Soora, at greatest breadth, about 3 miles. (See PEORIA CITY.)
its confluence with the Penza. Pop. 10,780. It has a large    PEOIRIAVILLE, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.
cathedral, and 12 other churches, a theological seminary,    PEOVER (peelver) INFEIRIOR, a township of England.
a gymnasium, and extensive government offices, and mann-   PROVER NETHIER, a township of England.
lactures of leather and soap.                                PEOIVER SUPEIRIOR, a township of England, co. of
PEN'ZANCEI, a municipal borough, seaport, and the  Chester.
westernmost town of England, co. of Cornwall, on Mount's    PEPACK, New Jersey. See PEiPAcK.
Bay, 9 miles E.N.E. of Land's End, and 65 miles W.S.W. of    PEPAC/TON, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.
Launceston. Lat. of light-house on the pier, 500 7' N., Ion.   PEPACTON RIVER, New York. See POPACTON.
5o 28' W. Pop. in 1851, 9214. It is situated in a district    PEPENAAD, a town of British India. See PEREPNAAD.
noted for its fertility, fine  scenery, and singularly nmild,   PEPIN, (pip/in,) LAKE, an expansion of the Mississippi
though moist, climate. Mean annual temperature, 510~7'; River, W. of Wisconsin. Length, near 25 miles; greatest
summer, 60o.9g; winter, 440.2!; annual rain, 35 inches. It breadth. about 3 miles.
is pretty well built, has a spacious church, a grammar    PEPINSTER  SPA, pUpin-ster spA, Belgium, a station
sr.hool, national school, and school of industry, a new guild- on the railway from Brussels to Cologne, 84 miles from Bru$
hall and market-house, a jail, union work-house, public  sels.
library, the hall and valuable museum of the Cornwall Ceo-   PEPOKA/TING, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
14158




PEP                                                       PEA
PEPtPERELL, a post-village and township of Middlesex  the boundary between Alabama and West Florida, until
so., Massachusetts, on Nashua River, and on the Worcester  it empties itself into Perdido Bay.
and Nashua Railroad, 37 miles N.W. of Boston. It contains    PERDIDO MIONTE. See MONT PERDU.
an academy, incorporated in 1841. Pop. 1754.                PERDJANSK, p6Rdj-y nsk1, a seaport town of South Rus-'
PEPIPER-HAIRROW, a parish of England co., of Surrey.  sia, on the Sea of Azof, between Taganrogand Mariopol. fop.
PEPPER'S FERRY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Virginia.  a few years since, 2500, partly Greek and Italian merchants.
PEQUANNOCK, a township of Morris co., New Jersey. It is reported to have a better harbor than Taganrog, and
Pop. 4116.             I                                  being near the German colonies on the Moloschna, it has
PEQUANNOCK or POQUANNOCK, a post-village of IHIart- a rapidly increasing trade in wheat and merino wool.
ford co., Connecticut, on the N. side of Farmington River,   PERDU, MONT. See MoNT PeRDU.
about 12 miles N. by E. of Hartford. It contains 2 cotton    PEREIRA, pA-rife-rA, a town and parish of Portugal
mills; also a paper mill, said to be the largest in New  province of Douro, 6 miles W. of Coimbra. Pop. 1590.
England.                                                     PEREIRA  JUZAM, pA-rfe-rd zhoo-zamf, a town and
PEQUANNOCK CREEK, in the N. part of New Jersey, parish of Portugal, province of Douro, 20 miles S.E. of
rises in Sussex county, flows S.E. along the boundary be- Oporto. Pop. 928.
tween Passaic and Morris counties, and unites with the    PEREKOP, pd-rd-kopf, or ORi-KAPI, oR-k3/pee, (anc. TaphlRingwood and Ramapo, near Pompton, to form Pompton  ros 9 or Taephlrce?) a town and fortress of South Russia, goRiver.                                                    vernment of Taurida, on the isthmus, 86 miles N.N.W. of
PEQIUEA or PECtQUEA CREEK, of Lancaster co., Penn- Simferopol. Pop. 3300. The fortress E. of the town consylvania, flows into the Susquehanna.                     tains a palace, barracks, a mosque, and a Greek church,
PEQUENI, pd-kd-nees, a river of South America, New  and is said to be healthy. It was taken from  the Turks
Granada, in the Isthmus of Panama, tributary to the Cha- in 1736.
gres River. On its banks some gold-mines are wrought.       PEREKOP, ISTHMUS OF, an isthmus ofRussia, about 20
PEtQUEST CREEK, in the N.W. part of New Jersey, miles long, by not more than 4 miles wide where narrowest.
rises in Sussex county, flows S.W. through Warren county, It connects the peninsula of the Crimea with the mainland,
and falls into the Delaware at Belvidere. It is a rapid  and separates the Sea of Azof from the Black Sea, having the
stream, draining a limestone valley, and affording abun- Gulf of Sivach, in the former, on the E., and the Gulf of Peredant water-power.                                         kop, in the latter. on the W.
PEQUIMS1 or PEQUIN, a city of China.  See PEKING.         PERELLO, pA-rOl/yo, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, proPEQUONINOCK, POQUANOC or POQUANNOC RIVER, vince, and 30 miles S.W. of Tarragona. Perello is strongly
is a small stream  of Fairfield co., Connecticut, falls into  situated, and in the insurrection of 1640 made a vigorBridgeport Harbor. The Housatonic Railroad follows its  ous resistance to the Castilian army under Vandestraten.
course for nearly its whole length.                       Pop. 1144,
PEIQUOT, a village of New London co., Connecticut, 8    PEREIMYSCHL, pdt-rd-mish'll, a town of Russia, governmiles N.E. by E. of New London.                           ment, and 19 miles S. of Kalooga, on the Oka. Pop. 2300.
PEQUOT, a post-village of Calumet co., Wisconsin, on the    Pi~RENCHIES, p'rWNo'she-d, France, department of Nord,
E. shore of Winnebago  Lake, about' 100 miles N.E. of a station on the railway from Hazebrouck to Lille. Pop. 913.
Madison.                                                     PEREPNAAD, pd-rlp-nDdl, PEPENAAD. pA-pd-nid/, or
PERA, p4rc, a suburb of Constantinople, on the N. side  PARUPANADA, pa-roo-pd7-n4/di, a town of British -India,
of the "Golden Iorn," across which it is connected with  presidency of Madras, 12 miles S.S.E. of Calicut, on the N.
the Fanar (city proper) by a bridge of boats erected in  bank of a river, by which it exports teak timber.
1837. It stands on the summit of the hill above Galata and    PERESLAYL. plr-d-sldvl/, PEREIASLAV, or PEREJASTophan6, is 2 miles in length, chiefly inhabited by Franks, LAV, pA-rd-yas-liv1, a town of Russia, government, and 150
and comprises the residences of the British, Austrian, Prus- miles W.N.W. of Poltava, at the junction of the Alta and
sian, and Russian ambassadors, with a Greek and 4 Roman  Troobezh. Pop. 7000. It was formerly fortified, and has
Catholic churches, a Mohammedan college, and a monastery  numerous churches, and a trade in cattle, horses, corn,
of dervishes.                                             and raisins.
PERAK, pd-rAkl, a state of the Malay Peninsula, extend-   PERESLAVL-ZALESKTI, plr-[-sldvl-zd-le-6s'kee, a town
ing along its W. coast, between lat. 30 40' and 50 N., having  of Russia, government, and 70 miles W.N.W. of Vladimeer,
N. Quedah, S. Salangore, and W. the Strait of Malacca. Es- on Lake Pleshtchesvo. Pop. 3625. It was formerly fortified.
tinmated pop. 35,000. Principal products, about 8500 piculs    PERGAMINO, psc-gd-meelno, a town or village of South
of tin annually, rice, and rattans. Its capital, PERiAK, is a  America, Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) department, and
small town onu river of the same name.                    155 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres
PERAK, pd-rdkI, a river of Malacca, rises in the S. of the    PERGAMUS. See BERcAMe.
territory of its own name, flows W.S.W. and falls into the    PERGE, p6a/gheh, a ruined city of Asia Minor, 50 miles
Strait of Malacca. Total course, 80 miles.                E.S.E. of Smyrna, in a beautiful position between two hills,
PERALADA, pd-rit-liD/, a village of Spain in Catalonia,  and having extensive remains of a theatre, of the stadium,
24 miles N.E. ofGerona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 1295.      and a large palace. About 10 miles distant are the remains.
PERALEDA  DE LA MATA, pi-ri-i4/A   da l1 mDItN, a  as supposed, of Isionda, consisting of Cyclopean walls, a statown of Spain, near the Tagus, 58 miles E.N.E. of Caceres. dium, and many ruined edifices.
Pop. 2800.                                                  PERGINE, p6lRghe-nd, or PERGEN, phntghen, a marketPERALTA, pd-rilfta, a town of Spain, province of Na- town of the Tyrol, 7 miles E. of Trient. Pop. 3056. It has a
varre, on the Arga, 31 miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 2348.    castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth, and in its vicinity
PERALITO, a village of Valencia co., New Mexico, on the  an extensive iron-mine is wrought.
left bank of the Rio del Norte, about 70 miles S.S.W. of    PERGOLA, pkRfgo-ld, a town of Central Italy, Pontifical
Santa F6.                                                 States, 16 miles S.E. of Urbino, on the Cesano. Pop. 2400.
PERANZANES, pa-rgn-th4nls, a village of Spain, pro-   PERIANA, pd-re-dng, a village of Spain, in Andalusia,
vince, and about 70 miles from Leon. Pop. 1337.           province, and 30 miles from Malaga. Pop. 2278.
PERASTO, pA-rdstto, a maritime town of Dalmatia, 6 miles    PERIAPATAM, plr-eed'-pd-tdm', a decayed town of India,
N.N.W. of Cattaro, on the Gulf of Perasto, at the foot of a  in the Deccan. dominions of Mysore, 42 miles W. of Seringapacastle-crowned mountain. Pop. 1800.                       tam, in lat. 120 22' N., ion. 760 11' E.  Inch sandal-wood is
PERAWA, pe-rawtwa, a small town of Hindostan, province produced in its vicinity.
of Malwah. Lat. 240 10' N., Ion. 760 5' E.                  PERIAPATAM, a large village of India, W. of 1Madras,
PERCIE, pkash, an ancient division of France, in the  with a Roman Catholic church, and the place of a great Roold province of Maine, now divided among the departments  man Catholic festival held annually in June.
ofOrne, Eure-et-Loir, and Eure.                             PERIBOUACA, plr're-boo'd-k4, or PERIBUCA, pd-rePERCH RIVER, of Jefferson co., New York, flows S.W., boo'k4, a river of Canada East, flows S.S.W., and falls
and enters Black River near its mouth.                    into Lake St. John.
PERCH RIVER, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York,   PiRIERS, pA're-Ad, a market-towh of France. departabout 175 miles N.W. of Albany.                           ment of Manche, 9 miles N. of Coutances. Pop. in 1852, 2901.
PERCK, phak, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant,   Pil]RIGORD, pd'ree'gorl, (anc. the country of the Petro9 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1069.                      cot-ii or Petrocofrium,) an old division of France, in Guienne,
PERCY, pertsee or penseel, a market-town of France, de- of which the city of Pirigueux was the capital. It now
partment of Manche, 15 miles S.S.W. of St. L6. Pop. in 1852, forms the department of Dordogne, and part of Gironde.
3258.                                                       PARIGUEUX, pd'ree'guh/, (anc. Vesunsna.  afterwards PePERCY, pertsee, a post-village of Canada West, co. of trocor-ii,) a town of France, capital of the department of DcrNorthumberland, 22 miles N.W. ofTrent Port. It contains dogne, on the right bank of the Isle, 41 miles S.E. of Angouseveral stores and mills. Pop. about 350.                 lime. Pop. in 1852, 13,547. It is composed of the old town,
PERICY ISLANDS, a group off the E. coast of Australia, and Le Puy St. Front, which, till 13.240, was a separate town.
Northumberland Islands. Lat, 210 31' S., ion. 1500 18' E. The chief edifices are a cathedral of the fourte century, the
The largest is 12 miles in circumference, and rises to up- church of St. Front, and a modern town-hall. It has a comwards of 1000 feet in elevation.                          munal college, a primary normal school, and a library of
PERICY'S CREEK, a post-office. Wilkinson co., Mississippi. 16,000 volumes. It has manufactures of cutlery and nails,
PERDIDO, per-deeido, a small river of Alabama and  woollen spinning, and tanning, and trade in wood, iron,
Vtiorida, rises near the N.W. extremity of Florida, and forms Ipaper, and liqueurs. Tt was the capira1 of the old district
1459




PER                                                       PER
of P6rigord, and has numerous Roman remains. P6rigueux  line, watered by the Capibaribe, Ipojuca, and Unna Sivers,
was several times taken and retaken by the English and  has S. the province of Alagoas. Estimated area, 80,082 square'rench in thethirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth'cen- miles. It has many rich sugar and cotton plantations. Other
turies.                                                   prloducts are timber, dye-woods, hides. drugs, gold, and gems.
PERIJA or PERIXA, pA-reefnd, a small town of South  The principal cities and towns are Recife, (its capital,) Olinda,
America, in Venezuela, department of Zulia, province, and  Sant Antonio, and Formozo. Pop. 600,000.
82 miles S.W. of Maracaybo, on the Perija River, 25 miles    PERNAMBUCO, a name under which is commonly defrom its mouth in the Lake of Maracaybo.                  signated the two towns of Recife and Olinda, Brazil. See
PEPIM, pA-reeml, or MEKUN, m.A-klnu, an island off the  OLIrNDA and RECIFE.
Arabi'  coast, in the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, at the en-   PERNAUIJ, plarnow, (Russ. Pcernov or Pernow, pkr-nov4,)
trance'- the Red Sea. Lat. of the S. point, 120 35' N., ion. a fortified seaport town of Russia, government of Livonia,
430 23' E. Length, 5 miles. It is a bare, bleak rock, on  at the entrance of the Pernau into the Gulf of Riga, 99 miles
which turtles are taken by the Arabs of the coast, for the  N.N.E. of Riga. Pop. 9000. It is defended by a strong citasake of their shells.                                     del, and comprises an old and new town, and 2 suburbs,
PERIM, an island in the G~ulf of Cambay, Hindostan, 10  with Lutheran, Esthonian, and Russian churches, and
miles S.S.E. of Gogo.                                     grammar and other schools. Owing to a bar at the mouth
PERINALDO, pA-re-nglfdo. (anc. Podiumn  Rainaldi?) a vil- of the river, large vessels require to load and unload in the
lage of the Sardinian States, 26 miles E.N.E. of Nice. P. 1660. roadstead.
PERINEOS, pA-re-nudoce, or PYRENNEOS, pe-rln-nuAoce,    PERNES, paten, (anc. Paternee P?) a town of France, departa mountain range of Brazil, province of Goyaz, extending  ment of Vaucluse, 4 miles S. of Carpentras. Pop. 3613.
from E. to W., nearly in lat. 160 S.                        PERNIS, ptnRnis, a village of Holland, province of South
PERIIN'S MILLS, a post-office of Clermont cc., Ohio.    Holland, on the Merwede, 13 miles W.N.W. of Dordrecht.
PERINTHUS. See EREGT..                                  Pop. 1423.
PERIKINS, a township of Sagadahoc co., Maine. Pop. 84.   P[ERONNE, pronnf, a fortified town of France, departPERKINS, a post-township in the N.W. part of Erie co., ment of Somme, 21 miles S.W. of Cambrai, on the Somme.
Ohio. Pop. 1207.                                          Pop. in 1852, 4887.
PERKINS' GROVE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois,    PEROSA, pA-rolsg, a town of the Sardinian States, dlvi68 miles N.N.E. of Peoria.                                sion, and 25 miles W.S.W. of Turin, on the Chisone. P. 1500.
PER/KINSVILLE, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont,   PEROSA, a village of the Sardinian States, division of
on Black River, has an academy and a number of manufac- Turin, province, and about 5 miles S. of Ivrea. Pop. 750.
tories.                                                     PEROSA, pc-rolsi, a town of Piedmont, division of Turin,
PERKINSVILLE, a post-office of Goochland co., Virginia. 8 miles N.W. of Pinerolo, on the Clusone. Pop. 2000.
PERKINSVILLE, a post-village of Burke co., North Ca-   PEROS BANHOS, pAfroce b[ntyoce, a group of 27 islands
rolina.                                                   in the Chagos Archipelago, Indian'cean, in lat. 50 14' N.,
PERKINSVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Indiana, ion. 770 E.
f." White River, 10 miles W.N.W. of Anderson, has several   PEROTI, a small bayc, in the. l. part of Louisiana, is
mills, and about 200 inhabitants.                         connected on the N. with t.,ke Washa, and on the S. with
PERKIOMEN, per'ke-6fmnn, a creek of Montgomery co., Little Lake.
Pennsylvania, flows into the Schuylkill River, about 7 miles    PEROTE, pk-ro'tA, a market-t:wn of the Mexican Conabove Norristown.                                         federation, state, and 88 milbe  W.N.W. of Vera Cruz, on
PEKKIOMEN, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- the route to Mexico. Pop. 250b. Near it is a lofty mounvania. Pop. 1622.                                         sain of the same name. See PERO0", CORSE DE.
PERKIOMEN BRIDGE, a post-office of lontgomery co.,   PEIROTE, a village of Edgefield district. South Carolina.
Pennsylvania.                                               PEROTE, a post-office of Pike ct,  labama.
PERLAK, p6016k/, (Slavonian Prelok, prAlok,) a market-    PEROTE, a post-office of Ashlan&!o., Ohio.
town of Southwest Hungary, co. of Szalad, on the Drave, 13    PEROTE, COFRE DE, kotfrA dA nA-ro/tA, (i.e. "chest of
miles E.N.E. of Warasdin. Pop. 2570.                      Perote,") a mountain of the Mexioe a Confederation, state
PERLAS, ISLAS DE. See PEARL ISLANDS.                    of Vera Cruz, 1 mile S. of the town of Percte. Its form is said
PERLEBERG, pi'lA-bkox, a town of Prussia, province of  to bear a striking resemblance to a chest, whence its name.
Brandenburg, 69 miles N.W. of Potsdam, on the Stepnitz.   PEROUSE, a city of Italy. See PEsRUCOA.
Pop. 6142. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and chic-   PEROUSE (pe-rooz/) ISLANDS, (Fr. ArchipeZ de la Pgrouse,
cory, breweries and distilleries.                         at'shee'pil deh lA pfc'roozf,) a group of small islands near
PERLEPE, prJclAipA, a town of European Turkey, in Ma- 100 S. lat., between 1650 and 1700 E. ion. The largest is
cedonia, 21 miles N.E. of Monastir, on an affluent of the  SANTA Couz, hence the grouy) is sometimes called SANTA
Vardar. It has 500 houses.                                Cnuz ISLANDs. La Pdrouse, the French navigator, perished
PERM, (Russ. pron. p6am  or pailm,) a government of the  here about the year 1790.
Russian dominions, mostly in Europe, but partly in Asia,   PEROUSE, LAC DE. See PERUGIA, LAKE OF.
being separated by the Ural Mountains into two unequal   PEROUSE for LA PEROUSE) STRAIT OF, is between
portions, between lat. 550 40' and 62~ N., and Ion. 530 10' and  the island of'cesso and Tarakai, (Saghalien.)
650 E., enclosed by the governments of Vologda, Viatka,   PERPIGNAN, pia peen'yiNGF, (L. Persinialnum,) afortified
Orenboorg, and Tobolsk. Estimated area, 129,946 square town of France, department of Pyrinies-Orientales, on the
miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,741,746. Its European or W. portion  right bank of the Tet, 34 miles S. of Narbonne. Pop. in 1852,
is traversed by the Kama, and several of its affluents; its  21,783. It is situated in a fertile region. The chief edifices are
E. division by affluents of'the Tobol. More than three- the citadel, cathedral, and military prison. It has a tribunal
fourths of the surface is covered by dense forests; the cli- of commerce, a communal college, a primary normal school,
mate is very severe; and, beyond lat. 600 N., the soil is school of design, a library of 14,000 volumes, and a botanic
hardly capable of culture. Its mines are stated to employ  garden. The manufactures comprise woollens, paper, hats,
100,000 hands, and produce large quantities of gold, platina,  and it has an extensive commerce in the wines of the counand copper, with about 98,000 tons of iron, and 120,000 tons of try, wool, silk, iron, and corks. Philip the Bold died here
salt annually. The chieftownsare Perm, Koongoor, and Kras- in 1285. It was taken by Louis XI. in 1474, and by Louis
no-0ofimsk inEurope, and Yekaterinboorg, Kamishlov, Ala- XIII. in 1642. The French conquered the Spaniards near
paevsk, and Shadrinsk in Asia. It was formerly the centre  it in 1793.
of an extensive and flourishing empire, ruined by the Mon-   PERQUIM/ANS, a river which rises near the N. border
gols in the thirteenth century.                            of North Carolina, in the vicinity of the Dismal Swanip,
PERM, a town of Russia, capital of the above government, and flows S.E. through the middle of Perquimans county
is situated on the Kama, 240 miles E.S.E. of Viatka. Pop. into Albemarle Sound. Length, about 60 miles. The largest
about 10,000. It is chiefly built of wood, is the see of an  vessels that navigate the Sound can ascend the river about
archbishop, and has several churches and hospitals, with  45 miles from its mouth.
a large market-place, and numerous forges. The inha-   PERQUIMANS, a county in the N.E. part of North Carobitants trade chiefly in metallic produce, and in tea and  lina, bordering on the N. side of Albemarle Sound, has an
other Chinese imports by way of Kiakhta.                   area estimated at 250 square miles. Perquimans River flows
PER'MACOILI, a town and hill-fort of British India, pre- through the middle of the county into the sound. The sursidency of Madras, district of South Arcot, 20 miles N.N.W. face is nearly level; the soil from the sound to the middle is
of Pondicherry.                                            fertile; the other portion is covered with forests of pine.
PERNAGOA, plR-nYgo-A, PERNAGUA, piR-nifgwA, or The Scupernong grape is said to succeed well here. There
PARANANHA, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhi, 260  are profitable shad and herring fisheries on the Perquimans
miles S.W. of Oeiras, on the E. side of Lake Parananha or River. The earliest permanent settlement of the state wa;
Pernagoa.  Pop. 4000.                                      made in this county in 1662. The name was derived from
PERNAMBUCO, p6a-nAm-boo'ko, a province of Brazil, con- a tribe of aborigines who possessed this portion of the prosisting of a long and narrow strip of territory, stretching  vince. Capital, Hertford. Pop. 7332, of whom 4080 were
from the Atlantic inland, mostly between lat. 70 and 140 35' free, and 3252 slaves.
S., and ion. 34~ 50, and 470 20' W., separated by several con-   PERRAINDA, per-rinldg, or PARAINDA, pa-rinldd, a
tinuous mountain chains fiom  the provinces of Goyaz, town of India, in the Deccan, Nizam's dominions, on the E.
Piauhi, Ceara, and Parahiba on the W. and N., and by the Rio  bank of the Seena, 60 miles N.W. of Naldroog, in lat. 184
de S~o Francisco on the S. from Bahia fnd Sergipe. Its coast 18' N., lon. 750 54' E.
1460




PER                                                        PER
PER/RAN AR/WOTHAL, a parish ofEngland, co. of Corn-  principal rock. The streams are said to furnish ample
vall.                                                      water-power. Capital, Perryville. Pop. 7215, of whom 6421
PERIRAN UTHINOE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. were free, and 794 slaves.
PERIRAN ZABIULOE, a parish of England, co. of Corn-   PERRY, a post-township in VWashington co., Maine, 154
wall, near its N. coast, 6 miles N.W. of Truro. Its church, miles E. by N. of Augusta.  Pop. 1324.
an interesting structure, was buried by shifting sands many    PERRY, a post-village and township in the E. part of Wyocenturies ago, and only exhumed in 1835. The parish has ming co., New York, about 50 miles E. by S. of Buffalo. The
large tin and copper mines.                                village is situated at the outlet of a beautiful pond called
PERIRIN, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania. P. 2736. Perry Lake. niar 2 miles in length. It contains 4 churches,
PEIRRINE. a small post-village of Mercer co., Pennsyl- an academy with above 250 students, 1 furnace, 2 flour mills.
vania.                                                     and 1 hotel. A newspapelr is published here. Pop. 2832; of
PER/RINEVILLE, a post-village of Monmouth co., New  the village in 1853, estimated at 1500.
Jersey.                                                      PERRY, township, Armstrong co,, Pennsylvania. P. 799.
PER/RINTON or PERIRINGTON, a post-village and town-   PERRY, a township of Berlss co., Pennsylvania. P. 1320.
ship of Monroe co., New York, on the Erie Canal, 12 miles    PERRY, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. P. 1394.
E.S.E. of Rochester. Pop. 2891.                              PERRY, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. P. 1272.
PER/RIVALE, a parish of England, co. of Middlescx.         PERRY, a township of Greene co., Pennsylvania. P. 1090.
PERROS-GUIREC, pR'Ros/ ghee'r~k/, a village of France,   PERRY, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
clpartment of CUtes-du-Nord, with a large port on the Eng- 1740.
lish Channel, 37 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. P. in 1852, 2622.   PERRY, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. P. 528.
PER.ROTT/ or PERWROTI, an island of Canada East, in    PERRY, a post-village and township of Union co., Pennthe St. Lawrence, S.W. of the island of Montreal, between  sylvania, 40 miles S. of Williamsport.  Pop. 1341.
the Lake of the Two Mountains and the Lake of St. Louis.    PERRY, a post-office of Yenango co., Pennsylvania.
It is about 7 miles long.                                    PERRY, a thriving post-village, capital of Houston co.,
PER/ROTT, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. Georgia, on Indian Creek, an affluent of the Ocmulgee,
PERROTT, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. about 33 miles S. by W. of Macon. It is surrounded by rich
Several Roman relics have been found hei'e.                plantations of cotton, and has an active business. Perry
PER/RY, a county in the S.E. central part of Pennsyl-  contains 3 neat churches, 2 large schools, 5 dry-goods stores,
vania, has an area of 540 square miles. The Susquehanna  5 other stores, and 2 carriage shops. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
River forms its entire E. boundary; the N. part of the    PERRY, a township in Johnson co., Arkansas. Pop. 603.
county is intersected by the Juniata River, and the S. part   PERRY, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 923.
by Sherman's Creek. The surface is mountainous, the Blue    PERRY, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1788.
Mountain extending along'the S. border, and Tuscarora    PERRY-'a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 2464.
Mountain along the N.W. The soil of the arable land is ex-    PERRY, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 1277.
cellout. Limestone and slate are the principal rocks; the    PERRY, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 2731.
hills contain an abundance of iron ore. The county is inter-   PERRY, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1340.
sected by the Pennsylvania Canal and Central Railroad; an-    PERRY, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 955.
other canal extends along the E. border. Organized in 1820,   PERRY, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1169.
and named in honor of Commodore Oliver H. Perry, of the    PERRY, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1208.
United States navy. Capital, Bloomfield. Pop. 20,088.         PERRY, a township of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1066.
PERRY, a county in the W. central part of Alabama, has    PERRY, a post-township in the N.E. part of Lake co.,
an area of 950 square miles. It is intersected by the Ca- Ohio, on the Cleveland and Erie Railroad. Pop. 1131.
hawba River, an affluent of the Alabama. The surface is    PERRY, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 924.
hilly and undulating; the soil is highly productive. Capi-   PERRY, a township of Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1371.
tal, Marion. Pop. 22,285, of whom 8368 were free, and 13,917    PERRY, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 1230.
slaves.                                                       PERRY, a township of Monroe co.,0-Ohio. Pop. 1459.
PERRY, a county in the S.E. part of Mississippi, has an    PERRY, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop. 1906.
area of about 1040 square miles. It is intersected by Leaf    PERRY, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 846.
River, a branch of the Pascagoula. The surftace is uneven;   PERRY, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1016.
the soil is rather light. Capital. Augusta. Pop. 2438, of    PERRY, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1120.
whom 1689 were free, and 749 slaves.                          PERRY, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 519.
PERRY, a county in the VW. central part of Arkansas, has    PERRY, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 262.
an area of 580 square miles. The Arkansas River bounds it   PERRY, a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 924. -
on the N.E., and it is drained by the Fourche La Fave. The    PERRY, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop. 899.
surface is diversified by hills, which contain marble and    PERRY, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 4667.
other valuable materials for building. The soil near the    PERRY, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1396.
streams is fertile. Capital, Perryville. Pop. 978, of whom    PERRY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 888.
963 were free, and 15 slaves.                                 PERRY, a post-township in the S.W. part of Shiawassee
PERRY, a county in the W. cent-al part of Tennessee, has  co., Michigan. Pop. 313.
an area of about 600 square miles. The Tennessee forms its    PERRY, a post-township of Allen co., Indiana.  Pop. 842.
entire W. boundary, and it is intersected by Buffalo River.    PERRY, a township of Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 691.
The surface is moderately uneven, and partly covered by    PERRY, a township of Delaware co., Indiana. Pop. 1091.
forests. Capital, Linden. Pop. 5822, of whom  5508 were    PERRY, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana. Pop. 1457.
free, and 314 slaves.                                         PERRY, a township of Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 1803.
PERRY, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, has an    PERRY, a township of Martin co., Indiana. Pop. 1517.
area estimated at 700 square miles. It is drained by the    PERRY, a township of Miami co.,Indiana. Pop. 1176.
North and Middle Forks of Kentucky River. The surface is    PERRY, a township of Monroe co., Indiana. Pop. 1004.
diversified by valleys and mountains; the land is mostly too    PERRY, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 1104.
rugged for cultivation, but adapted to wool-growing. Capi-   PERRY, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. Pop. 1036.
tal, Hazard. Pop. 3092, of whom 2975 were free, and 117    PERRY, a township of Yanderburg co., Indiana. Pop. 693.
slaves.                                                      PERRY, a township of Wayne co., Indiana. Pop. 710.
PERRY, a county in the S.E. central part of Ohio, con-   PERRY, a neat and thriving post-village of Pike co., Illitains about 400 square miles. It is drained by Rush and  nois, 62 miles W. of Springfield. It is situated in a fertile
Jonathan Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly; the  prairie. Pop. in 1853, about 500.
soil is fertile. The Zanesville, Wilmington, and Cincinnati    PERRY, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. Pop. 121.
Railroad passes through the county.  Capital, Somerset.   PERIRY-BARR, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford,
Pop. 20,775.                                                parish of Handsworth, with a station on the London and
PERRY, a county in the S. part of Indiana, contains  North-western Railway, 3~ miles N.W. of Birmingham.
about 400 square miles. The Ohio River bounds it on the  Pop. 933.
S. and S.E. The surface is very hilly, excepting the river-   PERRY CENITRE, a post-village of Wyoming co., New
bottoms. The hills contain large beds of coal. The county  York, about 50 miles E. by S. of Buffalo.
also has quarries of fine sandstone. Capital, Rome. Pop.   PERRY COURT HOUSE, a post-village of Perry co., Ken7268.                                                      tucky.
PERRY, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area    PERIRYMANSVILLE, a post-village of Harford co., Maryof 420 square miles. It is intersected by Beaucoup Creek, land.
which flows S. into the Big Muddy River. The county con-   PERRY MINE, a post-village of St. Francis co., Missouri.
sists partly of prairies, and partly of timbered land; the soil   PERRYOPIOLIS, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylis fertile. Capital, Pinckneyville.  Pop. 5278.             vania, on the Youghiogheny River, about 35 miles S. of
PERRY, a county in the E.S.E. part of Missouri, has an  Pittsburg. It has a glass factory, and 1i newspaper office.
area of 430 square miles. The Mississippi River, which sepa-   PERRYOPOLIS, a small village of Noble co., Ohio.
rates it from Illinois, forms the boundary on the E. and    PERRY'S BRIDGE, a post-village of Vermilion parish,
N.E.; it is also drained by Apple, Saline, and Cape Cinque  Louisiana.
Ilomme Creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified; the    PER/RYSBTTURG, a post-township, forming the N.W. ex
soil is genersally fertile.  Lead and iron abound in the tremity of Cattaraugus co., New York, on the Erie Railroad
county; marble also ie found in it, and blue limestone is the  Pop. 1861.                               1461
1 ~al




PER                                                        PER
PERRYSi3URG. a small village of Ashland co., Ohio.' arrow-headed characters, and numerous tombs are cut in
PIERIRYSBURG, a flourishing post-village, capital of Wood  the adjacent mountains.
co., Ohio, on the right bank of the Maumee River, opposite   PERSERIN, a town of European Turkey. See PRISRENT).'iaumee City, 140 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. The situa-   PERtSHORE, a market-town of England, co., and 8- miles
tion is elevated and beautiful. During a large part of the  S.E. of Worcester, on the navigable. Avon, here crossed by
year, steamboats ascend the river to this point. It is on  a stone bridge. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2717. The town
the Dayton and Michigan Railroad, and is the terminus of is well built. and has a large cruciform church, originally a
several pltank-roads. A hydraulic canal has recently been  part of an abbey, of which some other remains still exist.
made here, by which a fall of 18 or 20 feet'is obtained in    PERSIA, perishe-a, (Arabic and Persian, Iran, ee'ranl;
the space of 2:iles. The sickness which formerly prevailed  Fr. Perse, pailrs; Ger. Persien, pQrsse-gn; L. Persia; Gr.
in the Maumee Valley has disappeared since the land has  Ilepoit, Persis,) a country of South-western Asia, comprising
been cleared and cultivated. Perrysburg has a bridge across in its widest acceptation the region between the Caspian
the river, and contains several churches, a union school, Sea and the Indian Ocean, from  the Oxus and Indus to
and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1854. about 1600.         the Persian Gulf. Its boundaries have undergone many
PEIRRYSBURG, a post-village of Miami co., Indiana, 78  changes, but it is now politically divided into Western Permiles N. of Indianapolis.                                   sia, or dominions of the Persian Shah, whose capital is
PERRY'S CORNER, a post office of Dutchess co., New  Teheran, and Eastern Persia or Cabool. Persia proper lies
York.                                                      between lat. 260 and 400 N., and Ion. 440 and 610 E., having
PERRY'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Edgefield dis- W. Asiatic Turkey, N. the Russian government of Transcautrict, South Carolina.                                     casia, the Caspian Sea, and the Desert of Kharesm, (Khiva,)
PERRY'S MILLS, a post-village of Clinton co., New York, E. Afghanistan and Beloochistan, and S. the Arabian Sea
about 170 miles N. by E. of Albany.                        and Persian Gulf. Area, loosely estimated at 450,000 squlare
PERRY'S MILLS, a post-office of Tatnall co., Georgia, 85  miles.
miles W. by S. of Savannah..Physical Features.-Persia may be described in general
PERItYSVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Rhode  terms as consisting of an extensive central plateau firom
Island.                                                     2500 to 3500 feet in elevation, occupying at least threePERRYSVILLE, a post-village of Madison co., New York, quarters of the whole surface; a series of mountain chains,
20 miles E. by S. of Syracuse.                             encircling the plateau on all sides except the E.; and an
PERRYSVILLE, New Jersey. See PsnnyviLLE.                 outer border of more or less width, consisting for the most
PERRYSVILLE or PERRYVILLE, a post-village of Alle- part of gentle slopes, low valleys, and level plains. The E.
ghany co., Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. by W. of Pittsburg.    part of the plateau forms the great salt deserts of Khorassan
PERRYSVILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, and Kerman, and is one of the most desolate regions on the
18 miles S. of Brookville. Pop. in 1853, 300.              globe. It is comprised in that sterile zone which extends
PERRYSVILLE, a small village of Venango co., Pennsyl- from the Atlantic throughout the Sahara of Africa, Arabia,
vania.                                                     Central Asia, and Mongolia to the mountains on the N.
PERRYSYILLE, a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl-  frontier of the Chinese Empire. In the W., saline incrustavania, about 30 miles E. by N. of Pittsbur,.               tians are of less frequent occurrence, the surface is more
PERRYSVILLE, a village of Ashland co., Ohio, on the  broken, and the plateau. especially along its edges, contains
Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad, 27 miles E. of Crestline, many irrigated and fertile tracts. The mountains which
about 72 miles N.N.E. of Columbus.                         enclose the plateau generally have their slopes clothed with
PERIRYTON, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 50 miles a rich and varied vegetation. This, however, is not the case
E.N.E. of Columbus.                                        with the S. mountains, which, approaching close to the PerPERRYTON. a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois, about 66  sian Gulf, leave only a narrow tract with a S. exposure, and
miles N.E. of Nauvoo.                                      so extremely hot as not only to wither up the plants, but
PERRYVILLE or PERRYSVILLE, a small post-village  to be scarcely fit for human habitation. It also applies
of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, about 33 miles N.N.W. of only in part to the plains of the W., where moisture is often
Trenton.                                                   in excess, and forms extensive swamps, from  which pestiPERRYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Juniata co., lentialvapors arise. The provinces bordering on the CasPennsylvania, on the right bank of the Juniatar River, and  plan, however, are as beautiful as wood, water, and menunon the Central Railroad, 2 miles below Mifflintown. The  tains can make them, and offer a strong contrast to the
river is crossed here by a handsome bridge.                more southern and eastern districts.
PERRYVILLE or PERRYSYILLE, a thriving village of    Nleountains.-These have already been referred to as formMiflin co., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. of Lewistown.   ing the lofty barriers which encircle the central plateau.
IYRRYVILLE, a post-village of Cecil co., Maryland, on  The W. chain, branching from the Hindoo Koosh, by which
the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. it becomes linked to the IHimalayas, traverses Afghanistan,
of Baltimore.                                              and enters Persia on its N.E. frontier, near ion. 610 E. N.
PERRYVILLE, a post-village of Perry co., Alabama, of the town of Herat, where it forms a mountain region, in
about 10 miles E. of Marion.                               some parts 200 miles wide, though in general much narPERRYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Ar- rower. Under the name of the Mountains of Khorassan. it
kansas, on the Fourche La Fave River, 30 miles from its  proceeds in a W.N.W. direction across the N. part of the proentrance into the Arkansas River, and 40 miles W.N.W. of  vince of that name, where its height nowhere exceeds 4500
Little Rock. -                                             feet; but as the Caspian is approached, it rises to a much
PERRYVILLE, a post-village of Decatur co., Tennessee, greater elevation. The chain here takes the name ofthe Elbrooz
on the W. bank of the Tennessee River, 100 miles W.S.W. Mountains,and on theborders ofthe provinces ofIrak-Ajemee
of Nashville. About 3000 bales of cotton are annually ship- and Mazanderan, attains, in Mount Demavend, the height
ped here. Pop. about 250.                                  of 14,695 feet. From this mount, which is the culminating
PERRYVILLE or PERRYSVILLE, a post-village ofBoyle  point of the range, and exhibits on its declivity unequivocal
co., Kentucky, 42 miles S. of Frankfort. It has 2 churches,  signs of volcanic formation, the Elbrooz stretches W.N.W.
and a woollen factory.                                     in three separate ranges, still maintaining an elevation so
PERRYVILLE or PERRYSVILLE, a thriving post-vil- lofty, that several of its ridges continue covered with snow
lage of Vermilion co., Indiana, on the right bank of the  till the begining of June. The Elbrooz chain, which many
Wabash River, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal,. 89 miles  consider as terminating nearly opposite to the S.W. corner
W.N.W. of Indianapolis. It is favorably situated for busi- of the Caspian, is succeeded by the Massula Mountains, and
hess, and is the largest village in the county. A plank-road  then by Mount Sevellan, which, attaining the height of
is in progress from this place to Georgetown, in Illinois. A  12,000 feet, throws out numerous ramifications, by which it
newspaper is published here. Pop. about 1000.              becomes linked with Mount Ararat. This celebrated mounPERRYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Mis- tain, situated as a common property on the borders of Russouri, about 10 miles W. of the Mississippi River, and 75  sia, Persia, and Turkey, possesses the loftiest summit of West
miles S.S.E. of St. Louis.  It contains a court-house, jail, Asia, and forms the common link by which the N. and W.
and a few stores.                                          ranges of Persia are united. The latter, (W. range,) coinPERSAIM, a town of British India. See BASSEIN.           mencing in the N.W., in the mountains of Koordistan, is
PERSANTE, p1S'stsn-tA, a river of Prussia, Pomerania, continued S. in a broad and elevated belt till it reaches iat.
rises near the village of Persanzig, and after a N.W. course  340 N., then changes its direction to S.E., and under difof 70 mils, enters the Baltic at Colberg. It is navigable for  ferent names spreads out and forms several separate ranges.
the last 18 miles of its course.                           One of these, proceeding E., forms the S. range already rePERSE, a country of Asia. See PERSIsA.                   ferred to, as separating the great plateau firom the shores of
PERSEPOLIS, pla-siplo-lis, (anc. Istakhar and Tall:hti-  the Persian Gulf.
JTemshid,) the ancient capital of Persia, the traces of which    Ceology and Mlinerals. —The whole of the interior of Perexist in a fine plain, province of Fars, on an affluent of the  sia, with very few exceptions, appears to be occupied by
Dund-emeer River, from 25 to 30 miles N.E. of Sheeraz. Its  strata belonging to the tertiary formation. A belt of seruins cover awide surface; and on a terraced platform, 1.430  condary strata stretches from N. to S., near the frontielrs of
feet in length, and from 800 to 900 feet in width, are large  Afghanistan; and on the W. of the great plateau, a similar
gateways, numerous columns, and bas-reliefs, the whole  belt has been traced among the mountains. Granite and
supposed to be the remains of the palace of Darius, destroyed  crystalline schists form a great part of the mountains which
by Alexander. The walls are covered with inscriptions in  extend across the S. of Kerman, but these rocks are more
1462




PER                                                         PER
largely developed in the mountain ranges of the N. In the  canes, available for building, and many other domestic purElbrooz, the effects of remote volcanic agency are strongly  poses. In these low plains, the only grain under extensive
manifested; and the rocks which bound the alluvial plain  and regular culture is rice; and the principal auxiliary
of Lake Ooroomeeyah on the WV., are also volcanic. A cele- crops are cotton, indigo, sugar, madder, and tobacco.
brated mineral peculiar to Persia is the turquoise, the most Another rice district, of large extent, occurs in Azerbaijan,
valuable mines of which, producing gems of surpassing  where large rice-fields, producing rich crops, occupy the
beauty, and in considerable quantities, are in the vicinity of  greater part of the low flats which surround Lake 0oroomeNishapoor, to the W. of Meshed. Among the metals, iron, yah.
argentiferous lead, copper, and antimony, are said to be    In Persia considerable attention is paid to the dairy, but
abundant. Rock-salt may be obtained in unlimited quanti- the stock is generally of an inferior description; though black
ties in almost every quarter, and sulphur is dug almost solid  cattle, of great size and beauty, distinguished by the Indian
from the crumbling cone of Mount Demavend. Naphtha is  hump, are not uncommon in Mazanderan.  Sheep and goats
found in many places; a celebrated gum or bitumen, called  are much more numerous. The former furnish the far
mumea, is collected in Fars; arid not only is marble of the  greater part of the animal food which is used, and no inconfinest quality quarried, but coal is also said to have been dis- siderable portion of the clothing; the wool being not only excovered in Azerbaijan.                                      tensively spun and woven, but often allowed to remain on
Rivers and Lkes. —The absence of sufficient water is one  the skins, which are formed at once into cloaks and jackets.
of the great disadvantages suffered in Persia. Except the  The latter, particularly in the province of Kerman, yield a
Aras,formingthe N.W. frontier, the Sefeed-Rood and Goorgan, wool little inferior to that of Cashmere. The other domestic
which enter the Caspian Sea, the Kerah, Karoon, Jerahi,  animals are asses, generally of a large and superior descrip&c., affluents of the Tigris and Shat-el-Arab, in Khoozistan, tion; mules, remarkably strong and hardy, and used, more
and the Bund-emeer, in Fars, the rivers are quite insignifi-  than any other animal, for transport; horses, much improved
cant, and by far the greater portion of the country is arid and  by crossing with those'of Arabia, and famous for strength,
unproductive. Throughout the central plateau, there is a  speed, and beauty; and camels, which are natives of Persia.
total absence of running water. From the S. slopes of the  The more remarkable wild animals are the lion, occasionally
mountain ranges, which rise from its N. edge, much water, seen in Farsistan, and a few other places; leopards, inpartly the. produce of perpetual snow, necessarily descends  cluding the chetah, used for hunting; tiger-cats, lynxes,
in numerous streams, which soon reach the borders of  bears, wild boars, hyenas, wolves, jackalls, porcupines,
parched and sandy deserts, and are immediately absorbed.  argali or mountain sheep, and booz or mountain goats.
The N. slopes are so near the basin of the Caspian, to which  Among the birds are pheasants, firequenting the plains on
they all belong, that the water which they supply, though  the S.E. corner of the Caspian; pelicans and bustards along
often in such excess as to inundate the plains below, has  the sandy borders, and often far in the interior of the detoo short a course to allow it to accumulate into rivers. The  serts; blackbirds, thrushes, and other well-known songsters,
principal exception is furnished  by the Sefeed-tood or  but more especially the bulbul or eastern nightingale.,
White River, which, rising in the mountains of Koordistan,  Locusts, which often commit fearful ravages, are included
has found or worn for itself a channel, usually several among the destructive insects. Fish abound in the Cashundred, and sometimes 1000 feet below the general level plan and on the shores of the Persian Gulf. At the mouths
of the table-land, till it breaks through the mountains of  of the streams which fall into the former, valuable sturgeon
Massula, into a long valley, interposed between.two of its  fisheries are carried on, chiefly by Russia. The rivers con-.
ranges, and finally reaches the Caspian Sea by the celebrated  tain few fish; and Ooroomeeyah, the largest of the lakes, is
Rudbar Pass in the Elbrooz, after a course of about 350  wholly destitute of them.
miles. In Persia, there are more than 30 salt lakes which    Mfanufactcures.-The manufactures of Persia are more nuhave no outlets. Lake Ooroomeeyah, 70 miles long by 32  merous than important, though in a few articles they conmiles broad, receives 14 rivers; yet its waters are so bitter  tinue to retain some of the celebrity which they acquired
and saline, that no fish can live in them. Near it are some  in early times. Among them  may be mentioned various
remarkable petrifaction ponds. Lake Bakhtegan is 60 miles  kinds of silk goods, as taffetas, velvets, and brocades, made
long, and receives all the waters of the vales of Morgaub  extensively at Ispahan, Kashan, Astrabad, Yezd, and other
or Murgaub, Merdasht, and Korbal.  Fresh water lakes are  places, not only for home consumption, but export, particunumerous, but of limited extent, and are nearly all situated  larly to Turkey and Russia,; carpets and felts in Khorassan
in the province of Mazanderan.                              and many of the central districts of Irak-Ajemee; Arabian
CMimate.-On the central plateau, the climate is intensely  cloaks and woollen stuffs, made in Khoozistan, and in large
cold in winter, and excessively hot in summer. The dry- demand in the country, as well as Arabia; shawls, in imitaness of the atmosphere, however, makes the air generally  tion of those of Cashmere, made of the fine wool of the
pure and the sky cloudless.   The shores of the Persian  goats of Kerman; the fire-arms of Kermaushah; the swords,
Gulf are scorched up in summer by a burning heat, and  daggers, and other cutlery ofIspahan, Sheeraz, and Meshed;
become so unhealthy, that all the inhabitants who have  the copper-ware of Kashan; the gold brocades of Ispahan.
the means retire to the adjacent mountains. Henry Martin  Coarse woollens and cottons, once made to a very great exfound the thermometer here 1250 in the shade. The sur- tent, for the clothing of the poorer classes, have in numerous
face of the Caspian Sea being 332 feet lower than the level instances been entirely supplanted by the cheaper and betof the ocean, its shores in summer experience a tropical ter products of Great Britain and Russia.
heat. On the S. side of the N. mountain ranges, snow falls    Commerce. —The commerce of the country is extensive,
early in November. In such situations, as at Teheran, ice  notwithstanding the absence of any roads except such as
is seen up to the middle of March; cold winds from the N. are traversed by caravans of mules, by which the internal
prevail in April, and even during summer great and sud- trade is wholly carried on. The principal articlqs imported
den changes of temperature are not uncommon. On the N. from  the E. are muslins, leather, lambs'-skins, stuffs of
side of the mountains, in the plains of Ghilan and Mazan- camels'-hair, shawls, nankeen, china, glass, hardware, amderan, the climate is like that of a tropical region, in which  ber, coral, precious stones, saffron, indigo, spices, &c. The
a dry and a rainy season regularly alternate, and vegetation  exports to the E. are velvets, silk and cotton stuffs, &c.
has a luxuriance not often met with in much lower lati- from Ispahan and Yezd; articles in gold and silver, bronze
tudes.                                                     lamps, copperware, &c. from Kashan; mats, lackered ware,
Vegetation, Agriculturec, c.-The long belt of sandy shores  ivory ornaments, dates, lemons, and tobacco from Sheeraz;
which line the Persian Gulf is nearly as barren as the  and shawls and some other articles from  Kerman. The
desert table-land of the interior, except where it is inter- total value of exports is estimated at from $15,000,000 to 
spersed with plantations of date-trees, which here find a  $17,000,000 annually. The Caspian and the Persian Gulf
genial climate, and grow to great perfection. Among the  furnish many important items. The traffic of the former,
mountains of Khoozistan, Bakhtiyari, and Looristan, forests  carried on chiefly at the ports of Enzellee, Balfurosh, and
of oak and other trees are not uncommon, though in gene-  Astrabad, is almost entirely monopolized by Russia; that
ral they are stunted in their growth, and degenerate into a  of the latter, formerly carried on chiefly at the port of Gom.
low jungle. But, on the N. side of the lofty ranges which  broon, but now much more at that of Bassorab, employs
overlook the Caspian Sea, are dense and magnificent forests a considerable number of vessels, owned for the most part
of oak, beech, elm, and walnut, intermingled with box-trees, by Armenian, Arab, and Indian traders. By this latter
cypresses, and cedars.  Along the slopes extensive open  channel, Great Britain sends to Persia broadcloths and other
glades often occur, where the ground becomes covered with  woollens, cotton goods, shawls, jewelry, arms, cutlery,
a rich herbage, on which numerous herds of cattle are reared, watches, earthen and glassware, metals, &c., receiving in
chiefly for the dairy. Lower down, though still at some  return chiefly silk, gall-nuts, madder, and other dyes. A
thousand feet above sea-level, wheat and barley are exten- large proportion of the British cottons imported at Trebisively cultivated. In the level and rich plains below, vege- zond, on the Black Sea, is intended for the Persian markets.
tation of every kind is remarkably luxuriant. The sugar- Though Persia has a considerable extent of sea-coast, both
cane and orange come to perfection, and are common; the  along the Caspian and the Persian Gulf, it possesses very
pomegranate grows wild, the cotton-plant and mulberry are  few vessels of any description, both its coasting trade and its
extensively and successfully cultivated. large tracts are oc- more distant commerce being almost entirely carried on'in
cupied by the vine, and orchards loaded with exquisite  foreign bottoms.
fruits-figs, apricots, peaches, plums, cherries, apples, and    Goveernmnert.-The sovereign of Persia is an absolute and
pears-occur in every quarter. The swampy shores of the  uncontrolled  despot.  Ills  principal ministers a-re the
Caspian are covered with a tall growth of saline plants and  vizier azem or grand vizier, and the ameer, a doulah om
1463




FPER                                                          PER
ord high treasurer. the former commanding the army in  marched into Greece at the head of the most gigantic armathe sovereign's absence, and managing all foreign affairs,  ment which the world has yet beheld; but aftelr a succession
and the latter superintending the collection of the revenue, of disasters and defeats, he narrowly escaped from falling into
and whatever relates to the interior; both ministers, though  the hands of his enemies, by an almost solitary flight across
the mere slaves of their master, are. in regard to all other  the IHellespont.  From this period may be dated the decline
persons, as absolute as himself.  Each province is governed  of the Persian power; its downfall was completed by Alexby a beglerbeg or sardar, generally a prince of the blood or  ander the Great in 333 0.. After undergoing various vicishigh noble, who appoints his lieutenants or hakimns, under  situdes of fortune, the Persian power again rose under the
whom  there is a long series of subordinates.  For the ad- Sassanian dynasty in the early part of the third century of
ministration of justice there are two classes of courts-one,  our era, and attained the highest prosperity under the
called slherrah, which decides according to the Koran; the  celebrated Chosroes, (Khosru Nushernwan,) who in the first
ethelr, called ur?/, deciding according to customary law. The  half of the sixth century ruled over realms scarcely less exrevenue  chiefly derived from  land and poll taxes, import  tensive than those possessed by Xerxes. A century later,
and export duties, tributes from  nomadic tribes, &c., has  and the armies of Mohamm'ed had overrun not only Persia,
been estimated at from $7,000,000 to $10,000,000. The stand-  but the greater part of Central and Western Asia. The Sasint army comprises about 13,000 men, who have received  sanian dynasty was overthrown, and other changes still
[European discipline; but the chief force consists of irregu- more important were effected; among which the most relars, who on emergencies may exceed 200,000 men, a large  markable was the extirpation of the ancient religion of
proportion of them  being cavalry, who perform feudatory  the Persians, and the general adoption of Mahommedanservice.                                                      ism. In the beginning of the eleventh century, the SelInhabitants, &c.-The    population is very  mixed.  The jookian Turks from  Central Asia succeeded in placing the
Parsees, who appear to preserve more fully than the rest a  Sultan Togrul Bey upon the Persian throne. In the early
purity of descent firom the ancient Persians, are now nearly  part of the thirteenth century, the famous Jenghis Khan
confined to the city of Yezd and some towns in Kerman,  made his appearance at the head of 700,000 Moguls, and
where they still retain fire-worship. The inhabitants of the  crushing all Opposition, ruled Persia with a rod of iron. A
towns and settled districts generally are descended firom   century and a half later, Timur or Tamerlane, with his
Persians, Turks, Tartars, Georgians, Armenians, Arabs, and  Tartar  myriads, overran  Persia, spreading  desolation
all the other nations who have at different periods held  wherever they appeared. Timur died in 1404. The Soofee
sway in the country. They are Mohammedans of the Sheeah  dynasty, founded by Ismael Shah in 1502, reached its
(Shiah) sect, rejecting the authority of the three first caliphs, greatest prosperity during the reign of Abbas the Great,
on which and other accounts, there is between them and the  from  1586 to 1627. The sceptre of Persia was held from
Turks, Arabs, Bokharese, and most other Mussulmen, a  1736 to 1747 by Nadir Shah, a general whose prowess and
perpetualfeud. Thenomadic tribes consistofArabsintheS.;  military talents had raised him to the throne. One of his
Toorkomans, Monguls and. Oozbeks in the E. and N.E.; and  most memorable exploits was the invasion of India in 1739,
Koords in the W. They live in tents, subsisting on the pro-  when he took Delhi, and obtained a booty estimated at
duce of their herds and on plunder; and they furnish the  more than $150,000,000. His great qualities were countermost part of the armed force. The Persians are a handsome, balanced by cruelty and avarice, and he was assassinated
active, and generally warlike people.  Their complexion  in 1747. A period of confusion followed. In 1795, Aga Movaries from  fair to dark olive, having straight, jet black  hammed Khan Kajar, the founder of the present Kajar
hair, a quick, lively imagination, and agreeable address. dynasty, ascended the throne. Before he had reigned two
They are versatile and pliable, but insincere and immoral  years, he was murdered by his attendants, in 1797. He was
in their habits. Polygamy is both authorized and encou- succeeded by his nephew, Feth Ali Shah. The most reraged, and all the evils which it engenders are everywhere  markable events of his reign were two disastrous wars with
displayed.  The intellectual qualities of the Persians are  Russia-the one ending in 1813, with the loss of extensive
naturally of a high order, and enabled them at a very early  territories on the Caspian; the other in 1828, with the loss
period to take a lead in civilization. The Persian forms one  of Erivan and all the country N. of the Aras, (Araxes.) In
of the principal branches of the great family of Indo-Eu- 1833 he was succeeded by his grandson, Mahommed Mirza.
ropean languages. It is remarkable for its softness and  Until the close of the last century, Persia had no diplomatic
harmony, which admirably adapt it to the lighter forms of  relations with Western Europe; but since that period, the
poetry. It has the same written character as the Arabic,  sovereigns of Great Britain and Persia have been in firiendly
which in other respects it greatly resembles. The Persians  alliance; the troops of the shah have been disciplined by
possess numerous works both in literature and science:  British officers, and large sums of money have been paid as
those in the former bear a high reputation; those in the  subsidies to the Persian government.-Adj. and inhab.
latter. with the single exception, perhaps, of mathematics,  PeRSmAN, pertshan or perf-she-an; (L. PER/SICUS.)
are of a very unsatisfioctory and puerile description.          PEI/SIA, a post-township in the N.W. part of Cattaraugus
PPopulation.-The population of Pelrsia is variously given.  co., New York, on the Erie Railmoad.  Pop. 1955.
The following estimate is probably not far from  the truth.    PERSIAN GULF, (ane. Perlsicus Sienus, or Per'sicuzm
Modern Persians, comprising a mixture of ancient Persians,  M1aclre,) an arm  of the Indian Ocean, between Arabia and
Tartars, Arabs, and Georgians, 10,000,000; Parsees, 100,000;  Persia.  Lat. from 240 to 300 N., ion. from  480 to 560 30' E.
Afglhans of Cabool, 500,000; Ghelaky, 50,000; Armenians,  Length, 550 miles; greatest breadth, 220 miles. At its N.W.
70,000; Jews, 35,000; Sabians, or disciples of John, 10,000; extremity it receives the Shat-el-Arab (formed by the union
nomadic or wandering tribes, (13 in number,) 239,500; Ara- of the Euphrates and Tigris) and the Karoon. It communibian tribes and Arabian fishermen. 140,000; and Koords,  cates E. with the Arabian Sea by a strait 50 miles across. It
155,000; total, 11,299.500, besides 28 other Turkish tribes.   contains numerous islands, the principal being Kishm, OrDivisions.-The ancient and modern divisions of Persia,.  mus, Busheab, and Karak, off its N. or Persian coast, and the
and their chief towns, are exhibited in the subjoined table:-   East India Company's and Bahrein Islands, on its Arabian
side; around the last named an extensive pearl-fishery exists.
Modern Names.  Ancient Names.             Chief Towns.     The shores are almost everywhere sterile and arid; on them
are the cities of Bassorah and Bushire, and the towns of ConrAze Ajesan.         dia Atropatene.       Tabreez.       goon, Nakilo, Gombroon, Zabarah, El Katif, and Grano.
Irak  ~jeniee.    nMedia Magna.         Teheran.
Ardelhn.          Elymais.              Sennah.             PERSIE, per'see, a chapel district of Scotland, co. of Perth,
Looristan.         Syro-Media.                            comprising the Highland district of Bendochy, and some
Khoozistan,        Susiana.             Shooster.         others.  Pop. about 1000.
Fars.              Persis.              Sheeraz.            PEJSIEN.  SeePERsIA.
Laristan.          Mesambria.           Lar.
Kerman.            Karmania.            Kerman.             PERISIFER, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois.
Ghilan.            County of Gelae.     Reshd.              PERSIM'MON  CREEK, a post-office of Cherokee co.,
Mazanderan.        County of Japyri.     Balfroosh.       North Carolina.
Astrabad.          Hyrcania.             Astrabad.           PERISON, a county in the N. part of North Carolina,
Khorassan.         Aria.                 Nishapoor.'
Yedrassan.         Ariaene.             Nisdoor.          borderin  on Virinia. Area, estimated at 370 square miles.
wood.              Airmacene.            wood.
It is intersected by Hycootee River, and the Neuse rises
History.-Few nations have undergone so many remark-  within its limits. The surface is diversified by hills of moable changes, and none, perhaps, (if we except the Chinese,)  derate size; the soil is generally fertile. Formed in 1791,
have continued so long to perform a prominent part on the  and named from General Thomas Person, of Granville co.,
great stage of the world.  At almost the earliest period of  North Carolina. Capital, Boxborough. Pop. 10,781, of whom
authentic history, we fifid Persia occupying a conspicuous  5888 were free, and 4893 slaves.
place among the surrounding nations.' Our limits, how-   PERTAUBGBUR, plr-tawb-gtirl, a fortified town of Hinever, will permit us only to glance at a few of the most pro- dostan, province of Malwah; lat. 240 2' N., ion. 740 51/ E.
minent dynasties and important events in her long and    PERTAUBGHUR, a town of Hindostan, province of oude,
changeful career. Cyrus the Great, the most renowned and  on the Sye, 90 miles S.E. of Lucknow.  Pop. 10,000.
powerful of all the sovereigns who have swayed the Persian    PER/TENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
sceptre, in 560 B.c. came into possession of the united crowns    PERTH, or PERTHSIHIRE, perthfshir, a large and imof Persia and Media, and soon extended his dominions over  portant county in the centre of Scotland, E. of the Frith of
the whole of Western Asia. He was succeeded, 529. c., by  Tay. Length and breadth about 60 miles each. The area has
his son, Cambyses. who conquered Egypt.  About the year  been estimated at 2588 miles, or 1,656,320 acres, of which up
190 a. c.. Xerxos, fourth king in succession from Cambyses,  wards of 1,000,000 acres are arable or adapted to pasture; but
1461




PER                                                        PER
according to some authorities, the area above given is much    PERTH, a post-town of Canada West, capital of the
below the truth. Pop. in 1851, 138,660. The surface is ex- united cos. of Lanark and Renfrew, is situated on the river
tr!emely diversified. This county comprises both a highland  Tay, which has been rendered navigable to the Rideanl
snd a lowland region. The Grampians extend through it Canal. a distance of 7 miles, by means of 5 locks, capable of,n a N.E. direction, and are composed of granite and primary  admitting barges carrying from 80 to 90 tons. It contains,
slate.' The principal mountains are Benlawers, 3945 feet in  besides the county buildings, churches of 4 or 5 denominaheight; Ben-More, 3819 feet in height. The principal lochs tions, agencies of 4 assurance companies, a branch bank, a
are Lochs Tay, Earn. Rannoch, and Ericht. Perthshire is  newspaper office, about 20 stores, and manufactures of ironwholly drained by the Tay and its affluents, the Earn, &c., ex-  castings, machinery, &c. Pop. about 2000.
cept in its S. part,'which is watered by the Teith, Allan, and    PERTH, a district of West Australia, intersected by lat.
Devon. The Carse of Gowrie, on the Tay, is a deep alluvial  320 S., ion. 1160 E., having Wv. the Indian Ocean, and on the
clay, and among the most productive land in Britain; the soil other sides the districts of Twiss, York. and Murray. It is
in the mountain districts is mostly light, and chiefly adapted  watered by the Swan River, which has, 10 miles from its
for pasturage; sheep and cattle-breeding being extensively  mouth, the town of Perth, the capital of the colony.
followed. Agriculture has, however, greatly improved, and    PERTH, the capital of West Australia, and of the co. of
considerable quantities of wheat, barley, oats, beans, pota- Perth, on the Swan River, 10 miles above its mouth, in the
toes, turnips, and fruits are raised for exportation. A large  Indian Ocean; lat. 310 57' 24" S., Ion. 1150 52' 45" E.
part of the county has within the last century been planted    PERTH, a town of Van Diemen's Land, co. of Cornwall,
with woods. Some coal is raised in the S.E.; limestone, 12 miles from Launceston, on the South Esk.
sandstone, marble, and slate are generally abundant, and    PERTH  AM]BOYI, a post-villagf  and port of entry of
lead is found in some places. Railways traverse the E. Middlesex co., New Jersey, at the head of Raritan Bay, and
part of the county, and communicate with Edinburgh,  at the mouth of Raritan River, 36 miles N.E. of Trenton,
Stirling, Perth, and Dundee, extending N. to Aberdeen. Prin- and 25 miles from New York. It is situated in Perth Amcipal townes, Perth, Crieff, and Dumblane. It sends 1 mem- boy township, on the left or N. bank of the Raritan River,
her to the House of Commons.                               and at the S. end of Staten Island Sound, about 2 miles N.E.
PERTH, (L. Per/thia, or Berltha,) a city, royal, parliament- of South Amboy, where the Camden and Amboy Railroad
ary, and municipal burgh, and capital of the above county,  connects with steamboats running to and firom  New York.
formerly the metropolis of Scotland, in a plain on the right The harbor is good and easily accessible. The village contains
bank of the Tay, here crossed by a noble bridge of 9 arches, 4 churches, an academy, a lock factory, and a stoneware
880 feet in length, 33 miles N.N.W. of Edinburgh.  Lat. 560  pottery. The shipping of the port, June 30, 1852, amounted
23' 50" N., lon. 30 26' 20' W. Pop. of the city, including 4  to an aggregate of 21,651 tons enrolled and licensed, of which
parishes, in 1851, 22,232; of royal burgh, 14,681; of parlin- 20,853 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 4759 tons
mentary burgh, 23,835. It is partially enclosed by richly- in steam navigation.  During the year, 8 vessels, with an
wooded hills, well and substantially built, and has altogether  aggregate burden of 1273 tons, were admeasured. Incorpoa wealthy and elegant appearance. On its N. and S. sides are  rated in 1784. Pop. of the township, 1865.
2 spacious parks, called Inches. The principal public edifices    PERTHES, paiRt, a market-town of France, department
are the church of St. John, supposed to have been originally  of Haute-Marne, 16 miles N.W. of Vassy. Pop. 725.
erected in the fifth century, with a square tower 155 feet in    PERTI-HOIS, paiR'twO, a former district of France, now
height, and divided into three distinct places of worship, nu-  forming parts of the departments of Marne and Haute.
merous other churches and chapels, the public reservoir,  Marne. Vitry-le-Franuais was the capital.
county buildings: central model prison for Scotland, county    PERTHSHIRE, a county of Scotland. See PEnTt.
infirmary, lunatic asylum, large barracks, the Marshall Mo-   PERTUIS, ptatweef, a town of France, department of
nument, appropriated to the public, with a library of 6000  Vaucluse, near the Durance,'38 miles E.S.E. of Avignon.
volumes, the Museum of the Perth Literary and Antiqua-  Pop. in 1852. 4776.
rian Society, the town-hall, and King James VI.'s Hospital.    PERTUIS BR-TON, pe'twee! brAWtSNG, and PERTUIS
Perth has an educational seminary-an elegant structure, a  D'ANTIOCHE, prn'twee! dasNGte-osh/, straits which separate
grammar school, an academy, and several other endowed  the island of R8 from the WV. mainland of France, the departschools, 4 weekly newspapers, 2 local and 4 branch banks, ment of Charente-Inf6rieure, and from the island of 016ron.
and a custom-house. The Tay is navigable to the city for    PERT/WOOD, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
vessels of considerable burden, and extensive works have    PERU, pe-rdo/, (Sp. pron. pA-roo', written also in ancient
been undertaken for forming a new harbor and wet-dock. chronicles Pir-, pe-roe!; Fr. Pdrou, pA'roo!; L. Peru/via,) an
The general terminus of the Edinburgh and Perth, the  extensive country of South America, stretching from near
Central, the Scottish Midland, and the Dundee, Perth and  the equator southward along the WV. side of the continent.
Aberdeen Railways-an elegant building-is situated in  The name, as formerly applied, included an immnense region
the W. suburbs; and the Dundee Railway crosses the Tay  not comprised within the limits of the present Peruvian reby a wooden bridge. The principal mnanuflctures are those  public. An extensive territory in the S., called Upper Peru,
of colored cotton stuffs. ginghamsn   shawls, &c.; and here  was, after the overthrow  of the Spanish power in 1824,
are flax-spinning mills, bleachfields, several distilleries, formed into an independent state, (in 1825,) anud received
breweries, corn mills, iron foundries, rope-walks, tanneries, the appellation of Bolivia, in honor of Simon Bolivar. its
and dye-works. The glove trade has declined. Ship-build-  liberator. No inconsiderable portions of the ancient PIeru
ing is an extensive and increasing interest, and the salmon  are now incorporated with the territories of the Argentine
fisheries in the Tay are very valuable, about 225 tons of fish  Republic and Chili. The province of Quito, (nearly coresbeing sent to London annually. The foreign  exports are  pending to the present Republic of Ecuador,) previously an
trifling, but the coastwise exports include, besides fish, large  independent country, was for a period of more than 200
quantities of potatoes, chiefly to London, corn, timber, and  years united with Peru, from which, however, it was sepaslates. In 1851, the registered shipping of the port corn- rated in 1718, and annexed to New Granada.  (See next
prised 68 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 5515 tons; the  article.)-Adj. and  inhab. P iRviAx, ps-roe/ve-an, (Sp.
vessels entered were, coastwise, 351. (tons, 20,985;) colonial, PEmUANTO, pee-roo-/no; L. PERuvA/NUs; Fr. PrUViEN, pA3, (tons, 681;) and foreign, 54, (tons, 5042;) vessels cleared  rtVve-ANos.)
coastwise, 292, (tons, 17,513;) and foreign, 11, (tons, 1208.)   PERU, REPUnLTC OF, (Sp. PepubZica Peruana, rl-pooblle-kA
About 2 miles N. of the city is Scone, long a royal residence; pA-roo-Alnl; Fr. Rcpublique du Pirou. rApiib'leek/ dii pdh'oo.)
the palace, rebuilt by its owner, Earl Mansfield, is now an  called also simply PERU, a state of South America. formed
elegant modern mansion. Perth appears to have been an im- out of the former Spanish vice-royalty of the same name,
portant station under the Romans, at the meeting of three  bounded on the W. and S.W. by the Pacific Ocean, N. by
great highways, and it has some remains which have been  Ecuador, from  which it is partly separated by the river
attributed to Agricola, with various ruins of ecclesiastical Tumbez, E. by Brazil and Bolivia, and S. by Bolivia, a portion
buildings. It was also frequently resorted to by the Scottish  of the boundary here being formed by the river Lea..It exkings, and was the scene of many historical events, among  tends from lat. 30 35'to 210 48' S., and from lon. 680101 to 80~
which may be mentioned its capture and the carrying off of  41' W. Its shape is very irregular; greatest length from N. to
its records by Edward I. of England, in 1298; the murder of  S., 1266 miles; fronm N.W. to S.E., about 1490 miles; greatest
James I. in 1437; the capture of the town by Montrose in  breadth, measured on a parallel of latitude, about 360 miles.
1644; its capitulation to Cromwell in 1651; and its occupa- Betwveen Lake Titicaca and the S. extremity of Peru, where
tion, first by the Viscount Dundee in 1689, and afterwards by  the country is the narrowest, the boundary of Bolivia
the Highianders in 1715and1745. Itsvicinity is one of the  approaches to within about 50 miles ofthe Pacific. The
most fertile tracts in Scotland. The burgh sends 1 member  coast-line may be estimated at 1950 miles.  Area estito the House of Commons.                                   mated at.370,000 square miles, which, however, can be
PERTH, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity of  only an approximate to'the true area, as the boundary on
Fulton co., New York, 45 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 1140. the E. is not definitely settled. Some geographers state the
PERTIHI, a town in the N. part of New Brunswick, capital greatest breadth of the country at 700 miles, and estimate
of the co. of Victoria.                                    its area variously at from 500,000 to 700,000 square miles.
PERTH. an inland county of Canada West, near Lake  But, according to the " Calendario de la Republica Peruana,"
Huron, comprises an area of 698 square miles. Numerous  published at Limae in 1849; the greatest breadth of Peru is
smalr streams riise in the county, and it is intersected by  only 105, and the least breadth 15 Spanish leagues, from
the Toronto and Goderich Railroad. Capital, Stratford. Pop. which data the area cannot possibly exceed 400,0(0 square
in 1852, 15,545.                                           miles.
1465




PER                                                           PER
Face of the Cozuntry, Mountains, &-c. —Peru exhibits a great  dreds of miles lower down, greatly increased in magnitude;
variety of physical features, and all on the grandest scale, and together with the Ucayale, which rises further S.. and
The double Cordillera of the Andes traverses the country  takes a wider sweep to the E., form the grand but simnple
firom S.E. to N.W., separating it into three distinct regions, river system of Peru. The Marafon flows for 400 miles be.
differing widely from each other in climate, soil, and vegeta- tween the Cordilleras of the Andes.  During  the first 150
tion. Seen from the coast, these mountains have the appear- miles of its course in a narrow, rocky valley, it descends
ance of a vast wall, apparently impassable.'The region be- about 10,000 feet; thence to the Pongo of.entema, 1232 feet
tween the Pacific Ocean and the Andes has a width varying  in height, it flows about 250 miles, with a fall of 1800 feet.
from 50 to 100 miles, and of its surface. onlya very small por- Within this distance it is navigated in canoes mnd b/alsas or
tion is habitable.  It is generally rugged, and covered with  floats.  Below the rapids at Tomependa, close to the Pongo
mountains or hills, from 500 to 10,000 feet in height, consist-  of Ientema, the river flows N.E., and then E.; for 150 miles
ing for the most part of bare rock, wholly divested of life or  till it descends the rapids. 7 miles in length, at the Pongo
vegetation. It is only where streams force their way across  of Manseriche, whence it may be navigated downuwards in
thistract,fromthe Andestowards the sea, thatverdure makes  smallvessels. The HIuallaga, on leaving the highlands, takes
its appearance, and the cultivation of the ground becomes  a tortuous course of 500 miles, collecting numberless small
practicable. Hence this region, in which only the transverse  streams, till it joins the MaraI on, in lat. 50 S., and Ion. 76C
valleys, under favorable circumstances, are fit for the abode of  WV. It flows, for the most part, between hills covered with
man, is generally distinguished as Los Yalles, ("the valleys.")  dense forests, but for the last 100 miles it winds through
But the streams from the mountains, though full and rapid  level, marshy plains. The Ucayale is, after the Maraflon,
above, generally sink into the dry, sandy ground lower down,  the greatest of the Peruvian rivers; at their junction it is inand seldom reach the sea; while most of them are but occa- deed apparently the greater of the two. It is formed by the
sional torrents, flowing during the rainy season, (of the  Urubaniba and Tambs, the latter uniting the Apurimac and
highlands,) and dry nine months of the year. On the most  Mantaro or Rio Jauja. The Ucayale, just below the junction
favored portion of the coast, these valleys are, on an average,  of the Urubamuba and Mantaro, descends a violent rapid
12 miles asunder, but they are more frequently separated  called Vuelta del Diablo, ("Devil's Leap.") It is supposed to
by intervals of 15 or 20 miles. Towards the N. they are  be navigable for 500 miles, but its course through the plains
situated at greater distances firom each other, and between  is little known. Among its chief tributaries from the mounLambayeque and Sechura there intervenes a dry desert of  tains is the Pachitea, which is reported to be navigable. Lake
90 miles. Above the maritime Cordillera, between the ridges  Titicaca, after that of Maracaybo the largest lake in South
of the Andes, nature assumes quite another aspect, and  America, is partly in Peru, and partly in Bolivia.
there Las Sierras, as the elevated region is generally called, is    Climate.-The very peculiar climate of the msaritime renow the chief; as it was anciently almost the exclusive seat  gion of Peru excited the wonder of its European discoverers.
of the population of Peru.  Beyond, or E. of the mountains,  On a portion of the coast no rain has fallen within the me-,
the country spreads out into boundless plains, watered by  mory of man; and on most of it a shower of rain is a renumerous great rivers, (to open these to foreign commerce  markable phenomenon, generally supposed to be concomiattempts have recently been made by a company formed in  taut with an earthquake. For six months, from November
the United States,) and covered to a great extent with im- to April, the sky is cloudless, and the burning rays of an
penetrable forests. For this region there seems to be no  almost vertical sun would convert the country into bare
general name; but it is sometimes called La Tierra de los  rock or dust, if it were not that this is the rainy season in
Indios Bravos, (" Land of the fierce Indians;") it is ins-  the higher regions, whence copious streams pour down to
per-fectly known, and many ages will probably elapse before  fertilize and beautify the valleys. These torrents soon dry
it becomes occupied by men of European race.                  up on the cessation of the rains in the mountains; bat then
The Peruvian Andes and their branches are estimated to  the sky along the coast becomes overcast, the heat of the
occupy 200,000 square miles of surface, and one peak, the  sun is intercepted by a thick mist, called "garua," which
Nevado de Chuquibamba, rises to the height of 21,000 feet. falls like a heavy dew, and freshens the vegetation, while
Omati, the famous hut nearly extinct volcano of Arequipa, it mitigates the heat. The cool oceanic currents, and the
(lat. 160 20' S., ion. 780 12' W.,) is 20,320 feet high; and to  streams of air descending from  the snowy heights of the
the S., between the parallels of Asica and the river Loa, are  Andes, mitigate the heat of the coast, which, on the seaseve-al other volcanic cones of great altitude. The two prin- side, is often excessive. In Lima, 600 feet above the sea, the
cipal chains of the Andes, viz. the Cordillera of the Coast, thermometer varies from  60~ in winter to 820 in summer.
with a medium height of 15,000 feet, and the Andes proper, The perfectly rainless region of Peru terminates at the
rising to an average of 17,000 feet in elevation, here enclose  height of 400 feet above the sea. Thence. to an elevation of
an extensive table-land or sierra, naturally distributed into  2000 feet, succeeds the zone of cultivated tropical plantsregions differing widely in character.  The chief are the  banana, sugar-cane, cotton, and sweet potato; and, above
heights of Pasco, of Cuzco, the valleys of the Rio Jauja,  this again, to the height of 10,000 feet, follows the region
and of the Mara-fon. The first of these lies at one of those  of the European cereals. From the upper limit of this zone
points wvhere the branches of the Andes unite, the ridges  to the height of 14,500 feet, extends the domain of grasses,
sinking into, an elevated plain, which has here a general  with a character wholly Apine, peat-mosses often covering a
height of 14,000 feet. This region is traversed by chains of  great extent. IhIere the oca; (Oxalis toberose,)  a sweetish
hills fromn  500 to 1000 feet high, and has everywhere a  root, is the only plant cultivated. The country in general
rumged and forbidding aspect. Though the climate is the  is available only for sheep pasture. Snow falls in stoi-ms at
most disagreeable and comfortless possible, and the Puna, or  all times of the year; and these heights, though by no means
difficulty of respiration, is severely felt, yet the veins of the  uninhabited, offer, perhaps, the least agreeable home on the
precious metals, with which this region abounds, have  face of the earth.  Still higher up, Alpine plants and lichens
attracted to it a comparatively dense population; and it has  continue to flourish to an elevation in sunny aspects of peibeen more fiequently visited, and more fully described by  haps nearly 17,000 feet; but striking differences of local clistlangers, than the smiling and luxuriant regions lower  mate are nowhere mome  conspicuous than in this upper and
down. The toble-land of Cuzco, extending from the S. fron-  tempestuous zone. On the-W. side of the Andes the prevailing
tier of Peru to lat. 12~ 30' S., has a length of about 150 miles,  wind during nine months of the year is from the S.W. The
and a width of 100 miles. At the city of Cuzco, lat. 130 30' S. wind predominates during the other threemonths. These
S., it has an absolute elevation of 11,380 feet, but sinks  winds are both cool and dry. But E. of the Andes, the regurapidly towards the N., so that at the banles of the Rio Man- lar equatorial winds from  the E. come loaded with hutaro it is not probably more than 8000 feet above the sea. midity, and. checked by the mountains, pour down copious,
On the heights of Pasco there is no cultivation whatever.  and in some places perpetual rains. On the W. slope of the
But here, fronm the S. and most elevated part of Cuzco, wvhere  Andes, the native woods nowhere descend to the foot of the
the quhnoa (Chinopodime  quinoa) is cultivated, to the plants-  mountains.  On the E. side, the tall forests cover the low
tions of sugar-cane at its N. extremity, we find most of the  plain, and ascend, with hardly-diminished magnificence, to
grains and fruits of Europe in the greatest perfection. The  a height of 5500 feet, where the tropical character of the
valley of the Jauja adjoins the table-land of Pasco, descend-  wood ceases. The temperature on the E. side is higher than
ing rapidly S. about 100 miles, and resembles in general cha- on the W., making a difference in the limits of the vegetable
racter the lower portion of Cuzco.  It is perhaps the most  zones of about 2000 feet, (60 or 70 Fahrenheit;) and at the
populous part of Peru, and at the same time the least known. height of 3000 or 4000 feet, la Ceja de la iMiontana, (" the brow
The valley of the Marailon, from lat. 10~ to 50 S., is for the  of the mountain,") as the Peruvians call it, presents one of
first 100 miles little more than a narrow defile descending  the most charming spots on the earth, enjoying a delicious
rapicly; it then becomes, for 200 miles, a wvide and fertile  and equable temperature, matchless fertility, with forest and
valley, having a mean absolute height of about 3000 feet. mountain scenes of incomparable grandeur. This portion of
The Pongo of Rentema, at its N. termination, is but 1250 feet Peru, however, to which the indigenous population of that
above the sea.                                                country seems never to have descended, is still not only for
Lakes and Rivers. —On the table-land of Pasco lie, at no  the most part unoccupied, but even very little known.
great distance asunder, the Lake of Llauricocha, whence    Earthquaes. —The coast of Peru enjoys a perpetual aerial
issues the Marafion; the Lake of Chiquiacoba, 13,200 feet  calm; its atmosphere is never darkened or disturbed by
above the sea, from which the Hliallaga flows S.E.; and the  heavy rains, by thunder-storms, or hurricanes. But, on the
Lake of Quiluacocha, which gives birth to the San Juan,  other hand, it is peculiarly subject to subterranean cbnvul.
tower down called the Mantaro, and one of the chief tribu- sions. Earthquakes have frequently laid Lima  in ruins,
mries of the Apurimac. These rivers all unite some hun- and experience shows that 45 considerable shocks may be
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PER                                                        PER 
expected there in a year.  Desolating earthquakes have  of equatorial Brazil. On the highei parts of the East Andes
hitherto occurred twice in a century. The last took place in  are to be found the representatives of families (as the Gen1806; that of 1746 was the most destructive. On that occa- tians) which are elsewhere rare in South America. On the
sion the sea retired to a great distance; then suddenly rush- W. coast, palms are hardly ever found wild; the cultivated
ing back, overwhelmed the town of Callao, (the port of Lima,)  species are the juboa froln Chili, the date-palm'and the
the site of which appears tohavesunk with theshock. Of its  cocoanut.. On the E. side, each of these kinds has many
inhabitants, about 3000, only 16 survived the catastrophe.   and varying representatives; the tree ferns also are peculiar
Geology.-Accurate geological observations have as yet to the lower slopes and plains E. of the Andes. Among
embraced but a small portion of the wide surface of Peru. the characteristics of the forests on this side may be menRed sandstone, frequent on the coast, is also the prevailing  tioned the prevalence of the Cinchoncae, which occur norock in the plains of the interior, where it is accompanied  where else in such numbers and variety.  From  these
by vast deposits of rock-salt; the latter occupying, in the  forests Peru derives, in general, little advantage. Tho cimvalley of the Huallaga alone, an area of 1000 square miles. chona, yielding the Peruvian or Jesuit's bark, (called in
It occurs also on the coast, and is not wanting even on the  Peru cascarilla, the yellow bark of commerce, from which
heights of the Andes. Granite and porphyry, appearing on  the well-known febrifuge quinine is extracted,) is almost
the coast, extend also to the highlands; but the prevalent the only article drawn firom them for exportation. Another
rocks on thle sierras are trachyte, augite, porphyry, and  production, which thrives in the same zone as the cinchona,
diorite.  The sides of the valleys between Titicaca and  but extends much lower down, and succeeds best in the
Cuzco are formed chiefly of clay-slate. Around Arequipa, plains and swamps in the hottest places, is the'oca, (Eryand thence to Titicaca, the soil is all volcanic. In the S. of  throxylon coca,)-the leaves of which are chewed, as a stimuPeru, chiefly in the maritime province of Tarapaca, and in  lant, by the Indians, and which, being consumed in immense
the neighbourhood of Iquique, an extensive deposit of salt, quantities, is a very important article of the inland trade.
nitre, and nitrate of soda exists; the sandy region over  Tobacco, formerly monopolized by the crown, is now genewhich it extends nearly 30(from lat. 190 to 220 S.) is a barren  rally cultivated, and, being excellent, finds a ready sale in
desert. In many parts, the houses and enclosures for cattle  Chili. The sea-board also produces excellent sugar, which
are built of blocks of salt. Of the nitrate of soda, the sup- not only supplies home wants, but is largely exported.
ply of which may be said to be inexhaustible, 239,860 tons  Cotton also is produced in considerable quantity, and is
were exported from Iquiquefrom 1830 to 1850. The observa- nearly all exported.  Fruits are abundant-the banana,
tions of Mr. Darwin have led him to the conclusion that the  orange, pine-apple, papaya, cherimoyer* or chirimoya, palta,
coast of Peru has risen 85 feet since it was first inhabited. &c., as well as culinary vegetables and grains, from the yam
Sincethe great earthquake of 1746,the coast near Lima, which  and yucatobarleyandthe coca,which latter grow at an elevawas raised on that occasion, has been constantly sinking.    tion of even 13,000 feet. The vine is cultivated on the W. coa st,
lines.-It is said that gold may be found in all the  merely for the production of brandy. Agriculture in Peru is
mountain passes of Peru; and nearly all the rivers from  in the lowest condition; the excessive dryness of the W. coast,
the Andes wash down auriferous sands. The richest gold- the natural barrenness and devotion to mining which chamines or diggings are about Huaylas and Tarma. It is  racterize the sierras, the remoteness of the Montafia, or E.
difficult to estimate the amount of gold annually obtained, side of the Andes, with the deficient means of internal
the business of washing the sands being carried on almost communication, all tend to discourage its progress.
wholly by Indians, without capital or machinery, and with    Zoology, d-c.-Anmong the animals peculiar to West Peru
much secrecy. Little of the gold is coined, and probably  may be mentioned a species of fox, very destructive to flocks
the larger portion of it is smuggled to the coast. It is  of sheep, a mephitic animal or polecat, a kind of otter, some
knowr/, however, that in four years, (1826-1829,) duty was  opossums, and gigantic seals. Extensive tracts may be found
paid on 2698 marks, (about $387,000,) which is supposed to  here in which life seems to be wholly extinct, and not even
be a fourth of the actual produce. In 1846 the gold coined  insects are found in the sand. The birds of West Peru are
in the country amounted to $465,806. Silver, also, which  few, with the exception of the sea-fowl, which inhabit the
is the chief metallic product of Peru. is very widely distri- shores in countless multitudes. A few deer, and wild swine,
buted, and small mines of it are worked secretly in all parts  which attain a great size in the valley of Lima, are the chief
of the country. But the ihiefmines of silver, which, having  mammals; iguanas and lizards are the principal reptiles; the
attracted the attention of capitalists, and become centres of  serpents are small and rare, and, excepting one species,
industrious population, are those of Iualgayoc, near Micui-  harmless. The llama is found only on the highlands, where
pampa, Hualanca, in Huamalies, Cerro de Pasco, Lucanas,  the poor Indians, unable to purchase or support mules, still
and Iuantajaya. The treasures contained in the Cerro de  employ it as a beast of burden. The kindred species —the
San Fernando, at Hualgayoc, were first discovered in 1771. guanaco, the alpaca, and the vicufia-remain wild in the
There are now 1400 bocarninas or pits opened in the hill, mountains. Above their haunts are to be found only marthrough which veins of silver run in all directions, Cerro  mote in the hollows, and the condor nestling in the highest
de Pasco is hardly inferior in mineral wealth to Potosi. The  rocks. Of the animals inhabiting the forest. region, the only
town stands at the height of 13,673 feet above the sea; and  one that braves the cold of the sierras is the puma, or lion,
the hill on which it is built is hollowed out, so that, were  as it is often called. It sometimes attacks the sheep on the
not earthquakes here very rare, the whole would be soon re- highlands, and occasionally extends its excursions even to
duced to a heap of ruins.  Most of the bocaminas or mouths  the coast. The E. face of the Andes is as remarkable for its
of the mines are within the houses of the miners in the town  abundance as the WV. for its want of animal life. About
itself; some of them serve as dwellings. They are generally  twenty species of parrots are found in this region, and here
shallow, and not above 500 out of some thousand openings also, in the forests, the monkeys are innumerable; only one
deserve the name of shafts. There are two very remarkable  species, the black coaiti, ascends as high as the Ceja, (about
veins; one, running fiom N. to S., has an ascertained length  4000 feet.) At this elevation is found also the South Ameof 9600 feet, with a breadth of 412 feet; the other, stretch-  rican bear; the larger animals,. the tapir, sloth, ant-eater,
lug from W.N.W  to E.S.E., is 6400 feet long, and 380 feet armadillo, &c. belong to the low forest.  Here also insects
wide, and is supposed to intersect the preceding vein exactly  become numerous, and on the river banks are insupportunder the market-place in the town. The silver produced  able. Alligators swarm in the rivers; and in the inundated
from 1630 to 1803 has been calculated to amount to 1232  plains the boa-constrictor attains a terrific size.
millions of Spanish dollars. In eight years (1826-1833) the    Pastoral husbandry has made as little progs-ess in Peru
silver coined in Lima amounted to about $20,000,000, and in  as agriculture; and, indeed, it is equally repelled by the natu1846, $4,842,821 were coined in the country. The great ral circumstances of the country. In the maritime region,
height at which the mines are in many instances situated;  the scarcity of water, as well as of fodder, make it impossible
the impossibility of conveying niachinery to them  on the  to keep cattle. All the lucerne which can be grown by irribacks of mules; the want of timber, the high price of all gation barely suffices for the mules, which are indispensable.
the necessaries of life, present great obstacles to carrying on  On the sierras there is no pasture for cattle. The heights
mining operations with profit, even were the needed capital feed sheep, which are here left wholly to poor Indians. who
brought to bear; consequently, mining in Peru is still in a  never think of improvement. Cn the E. side, where nature is
very low state. Quicksilver is abundant, and chiefly found  more bounteous, the insects, and still more the vampire bat,
at Iuancavelica, in the interior; copper, lead, and iron are  alre fatal to cattle. In Huamanga and Cuzco alone are to be
also found in various places. In 1825, English miners dis- found good herdsof cattle, and some attemptat dairy fiarming.
covered good coal at Cerro de Pasco, at an elevation of 14,700    Commersce.-Peru- exports chiefly precious metals, nitrate
feet. Brown coal is also found on the sandy deserts of the  of soda, alpaca and sheep's wool, cinchona bark, sugas-,
coast, N. of Arica; and in the province of Tarapaca lies a  cotton, chinchilla skins, hides, straw hats, and guano: it
buried forest underneath the sand, the wood of which is  imports all kinds of manufactured goods, wines, tCbacco,
neither charred nor petrifled. It affordS excellent fuel, and  and spirits. The want of roads interposes great obstacles to
is much used in the preparation of saltpetre, the chief pro- internal traffic; though, since the independence of Peru, a
duction of that coast.                                     trade has been carried on with the Brazilian provinces on the
Vcgetation.-In botanical species, Peru is incomparably  Amazon, chiefly by way of the Huallaga, down which brandy,
rich, owing to the various natural regions comprehended in  grain, coca, tobacco, and the chief articles above enumerated,
it, each of which has its own flora. West Peru is poolr in
plants, especially in trees, E. of the Andes, the species are    * The eherisoyer is he anona cherimonlia of naturalists, a
exceedingly numerous, and most of them take the arbores- downy-leaved species of aunona, said to bear a great resemblance
uet form. In the plains, the forests closely resemble those  to the custard-apple of the West Indies.
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PER                                                              PER
are exported.  The trade of East Peru by this channel, it is    People, c-c.-The inhabitants of Peru are supposed to be
thought, will be greatly increased by the Amazon having been  about one-half Indians, a fourth white persons or creoles,
opened to the commerce of the world, October 23, 1851.  A   and the irest colored people of mixed breeds. The negroes,
treaty was also concluded the same year between Peru and  being nearly all on the coast, are now reduced to a few
the United States, by which the two governments " mutually  thousands.  The Peruvian Indians, or those descended from
agree that there shall be reciprocal liberty of commerce and  the subjects of the Incas, are to be found chiefly in the
navigation between their respective territories and citizens."  highlands. They seldom  descend to the E. side of the
The total value of imports from  all countries in  1851  Andes.  In  physical character  they scarcely differ front
amounted to about $12,000,000.  By far the most important  the Indians of the E. forests, to whom they are superior in
article of export is specie, of which about $7,500,000 is sent  civilization.  In Puno they have preserved, in some degree,
to Europe annually.  Hitherto, about two-thirds of the  their nationality; most of the small towns on the highlands
entire foreign commerce has been carried on with Great  are inhabited wholly by them. Their language is still the
1Britain, firom  which 18,904,000 yards of plain and printed  Quichua, though, towards, the S., the Aymara becomes precalicoes were imported in 1849, 19,502,897 yards in 1850, and  valent.  Large districts occur in  which few  understand
28,396,194 yards in 1851.  The export of guano to Great  Spanish, the Quichua being adopted even by the creoles.
Britain increased from 14,450 tons in 1845, to 95,083 tons in  Agriculture is the favorite occupation of the Indians; but
1850.  The entire quantity of this article imported into the  in towns they carry on also some trades in.a lazy manner,
United States from all countries, in 1853-54, according to the  merely to provide for their wants, and never with a view
report on Commerce and Navigation published by the Trea-  to mlaking fortunes. Their wants are few, and they have
sury Department,was175,849tons, ofwhich163,662tons were  little inclination to increase them  by adopting the habits
from Peru.  Guano is obtained from apparently inexhaust-  of civilized life.  They are content with poverty and wretchible deposits in the Seal. (LobosIslands,) Chinchas, Icuique,  edness, and cling pertinaciously  to the customs of their
and Other islands along the coast.                                ancestors. Only a few of their noble families still possess
The total value of produce exported to the United States  estates.  In the missions of the E. plains, Quichua is the
in 1852-53 was $173,441; the value of goods imported fi-om   adopted language, the Jesuits having soon perceived the
the same country, amounted to $697,577.  Among the prin-  necessity of discouraging a multiplicity of tonsrues.  The:cipal exports were 3,426,928 lbs. of saltpetre, 499,970 lbs. of  Peruvian army, in the wars of the revolution, was composed
wool, 27,364 chip hats, 8456 hides and skins, 47,145 pigs and  almost entirely of Indians, who fought well, and underwent
bars of copper, and $15,543 worth of tin. The trade between  fatigues which no European would have encountered.  By
the two countries employed 48 vessels, of which 31 were  the laws of the republic, the Indian is on a level in political
British, and 10 American; 2 only were Peruvian.  The prin- rights with the white man; yet the creole, though conscious
cipal commercial ports are Callao, Islay, Payta, Lambayeque,  of his own enervation, still looks down with contempt on
Trujillo (Truxillo,) Pisce, Arica, and Iquique.                  the Indian who fought his battles.  The Peruvian creole is
Internal Cbmmcunicalion.-A  railway 7 miles in length  tall, but slender and feeble; while levity, fickleness., and inconnects Lima with Callao. its port; and the government  capability of mental labor, show his want of moral strength.
has undertaken the construction of a railway extending  Education is in a low conditioh.  Among the lower orders
from  Arica to Tacna, a distance of 40 miles. These, we  it is wholly neglected; and, in the interior, men qualified
believe, are the only works of the kind yet undertaken in  to fill public offices, by being able to read and write, are not
Peru. Communication with the interior is chiefly effected  always to be found.
on the backs of mules through the passes in the Andes.    Political Divisions and Population.-Peru is divided into
Many of these are at great elevations; most of them  are  11 departments, subdivided into 65 provinces, the names
narrow, rugged, steep, and sometimes slippery and danger-  and population of which, according to the census of 1'851, are
ous, passing through gorges, across yawning chasms, and  exhibited in the subjoined table:up almost perpendicular rocks; in many places winding
along the brinks of enormous precipices, where the pathway
is so limited that it frequently becomes necessary to readjust            Name           poi of                         poP. ore
province.          a            m.provlnoe.
the burden on the mule's back, lest the animal should be  Department  AMAZONAS;                           Brought forward 32,648
thrown off his balance and precipitated into the gulf be-            capital, Chachapoy.           Iffancavelica.........  17,318
Chachopoyas...........  27,728  Tayacaja............... 27,151
low. Among the passes may be mentioned two leading                    y.................  15,34
from  Arica to La Paz-one called the Pass of Gualillas, in                                  -           Pop. of department o80,117l
lat. 170 50' S., height, 14,750 feet, and the other the Pass of        Pop. of department 43,074                m; capi
11                                                         D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~epartmentJUI  Cpl
Chullunquiani, 15,160 feet high; the Pass of Alto de Toledo,  Department  ANAcACs;                   tal, Huinc.
r,  ~ ~      ~     ~      DprmntAn~~;                         sH~uco.
in lat. 160 2f S., leading flom Arequipa to Puno, height, 15,590     capital, Huaraz.              Cajatambo............. 24,799
feet; the Pass of Angostura, 10,620 feet high; and the Pass    Conlhucos, (Alto)......  47,500   Humnalies............  32,027
1-1                              ~~~~~~~~~~~Conchucos, (Bajo)...... 54,75i  Iluanuco............... 2,9 
of San Mateo, in lat. 110 48' S., filom  Lima to Tarma and    COcuarih, (ajo)......  54,01   Hnc...............   9,7i9
Hunr...............   48572Jauja........... 93,712
Pasco, 15,760 feet in elevation. A great commercial road ex-    Huaylas................     84,676  Pasco..................   0,411
Passe, 15,760                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hasyio. 8,7    Pc...........0,41
tends longitudinally along the Andes northward from Tru-    Santa..................  6,340
jillo, past Quito, to Popayan: a distance of nearly 1000 Miles.                                        Pop. of department 247,748
Government,     &c. —The  constitution of Peru, adopted in           Pop. o department 241,046 D o           oepartment LsRTAn;
November, 1839, establishes a popular and representative   Department  AREqUIPA;                     capital, Trujillo.
capital, Arequipa.            Cajamarca............. 46.122
government.  The supreme power resides in the legislature,    A          ip   requipa.             Cajorca4............ 4,1
Arcquipa............... 63,816  Coa.......,   26~
hoa......... 62,59?
executive, and judiciary.  The legislative power is vested    Caman................ 14,419  Cicla                o,
Ciayo................    26,1 ~3
in a congress, composed of a senate popularly elected, one-    Caylloma...............     23,443  Huamachuco.........60,854
half every four years, and of a chamber of deputies, one-    Condesuyos............ 21,172  Jaen..................    85f0
third  eleted everytwo yem's  The  chie executiv,  electedUnion.................. 17,659  Lambayeque............ 24.682
third elected evesy two years.  The chief executive, elected         n1-                                                   8
FPataz................ls.  2e,39
for six years: is styled President of the Republic.  IIe is not         Pop. of department 140,509  Pira, litral province)  16,32
Pintal,  DepatmetAACUCO     rujllo...........iteral province)   76,332
lgain eligible to the same office till the expiration of a second  Department  AYacuceo;           Trujillo..........,2
oeriod of six years.  The Council of State, composed of 15           capital, Ayacucho.                                    -
persons appointed by the President, is a body whose duty    Andalusaylas...........    19,184          Pop. of department 342,885
it is to watch over the observance of the constitution and    Cangallo................,0,027:007Depar~tment   LIMX; eapi:.
U                                         H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tuamanga............... 29,617 Dprmn    IA    ai
laws. Not more than 3 persons from  the military, and 3    Htana.ng...0.. 2                          tal, Lima.
Huant -.................  26,358
ecclesiastics, can be members of this body at one time.  The    Lucanas................   17,401   Callo,(litoral province)  8,453
judicial power is exercised by tribunals and judges.  In    Parinacochas...........934   Ciete................. 17,3
Canta.................. 16,384
the capital is a supreme court, in each department a superior                              (        hancay..............  25,600
court, and in each district courts of original jurisdiction             PHap.rfdparment                 ochiri.............    14,400
(de p-rimerac instascia) and justices of the peace. In the  Departent Cuco; capi-                  Ic.................... 41,500)
capital of each department there is also an intendant of             tal, Cuzco.                   Lima, (100000).........  125,000
Abancay................ 21,912  Yauyos................. 15,264
police, with his subalterns.   To decide cases relating to    Antas...................   1,300
commerce, mining, &c., there are separate tribunals.               Avmaraes...............  18,228    Pop. of department 264,254
The army of the republic numbers about 10,000 men; the            lca.........         16,223 Department  oQ
marine force consists of a frigate, 2 corvettes. and 2 galiots    Caso s..       -         7(        rtt. 370.    cApit;l, Tcna.
~-                   caphi         -        346tal00, Taena.
Canchis.................  36.,40.
In 1850 the revenue amounted to $10,594,i760, the expends-   Cloumbiila..........  23,250  Tcna................. 18,
C~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~hlqeu.....bi-~..............8
tures to $8,987,880, and the public debt to $17,985,440.           Cotabambas............ 23,
Religion —-The dominant religion is Roman Catholic, but   Cuzco................... 41.152  Tp.10,40
PC uzco....................73
toleration is granted to other creeds.  The Archbishop of   ParUrofdpr-me 63170 73                    P
Paucartambo............ 171002
Lime is at the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and has    Qoispicch............    20,00of department Po;          61,432CapiQ~uispicanchi..........~ 20.700Department Pu~o; capiunder him 4 suffragan bishops, viz.: of Arequipa, Trujillo,   Urubamba.............  34,99    tl, Puno.
Cuzco, and Huamanga.  Religious instruction among the                                   --        Azangaro.............. 533
Indians of the interior was formerly wholly in the hands              Pop. of department 339,718  Carabaya.............. 22,138
Chusoits.........70,900
of Jesuit missionaries; but since the expulsion of the order   ep                                Chuuitos.............. 75,95H7
Dep. lrUANCxvrmLcx; capi-      [Huancann...........,...,75
from the Spanish dominions, it has been entrusted to the           tal,  5ncavellca.             Lamps........... 76,46
Franciscans of Lima. The only university in Peru is that   Angaraes............         20.300
af San Marcos, at Lime, the oldest of all the American uni-   Castro Vireys1.......    5,48          Pop. f deprtmen 25,661
vrersities, having been founded in 1551. In 1849, it had,               Total population of Peru, in 1851.............,2,8.
besides the rector, chancellor, &c., 26 professors.
1468




PER                                                         PER
lristory, Ancient  snhabitants, dc. —Peru was by far the  royalties of Spanish America. In 1718, the province, or,
greatest and most powerful state of America at the time  as it was called, the kingdom of Quito, was separated
of the discovery of tile New World.  The empire of the Incas, firom  Peru, and annexed to the newly-created vice-royalty
at the period of their greatest power, extended from about  of New  Granada.  In 1778, again, the provinces of La
the second parallel N. of the equator, southward through  Plata, Potosi, Charcas, Chiquitos, and Paraguay were
nearly 40 degrees of latitude, comprising dominions three  withdrawn, in order to form  the vice-royalty of'Buenos
times the extent of those ruled by the Montezunmas.  The  Ayres. Peru was the last of the Spanish American colonies
inhabitants had advanced to a high degree of civilization;  to separate itself from  the mother country. In 1821, a
in the pursuit of agriculture, they practised irrigation  patriot force of Chilians and  Buenos  Ayrians, under
and manured their lands; they understood architecture, General San Martin, entered Peru, and after a succession
sculpture, mining, working  the  precious  metals, and  of engagements, obliged the Spaniards to retire into the
had a regular system  of government, founded not by the  interior, when the independence of the country was propower' of the sword, but by the superiority of wisdom. claimed. The contest, however, was obstinately continued,
The Incas were believed to be descended from  the sun,  until the decisive battle of Ayacucho in 1824, which was
and their will was regarded as that of their ancestor and  soon followed by the final expulsion of the Spaniards. Its
divinity. The Peruvians adored the sun as the supreme  limits remained, for the most part, unchanged by the revodeity, under whose influence they also acknowledged varo-  lution; the provinces dismembered from it in the N. formonus dependent gods; and instead of offering human vic- ing at first part of Colombia, and afterwards the republic
tims on their altars, they presented  to that glorious  of Ecuador, while those in the S. were united in Bolivia.
luminary a part of the productions of the earth which  In 1836, Peru, harassed by contending factions, solicited the
had come to life and maturity through his genial warmth. aid of Santa Cruz, President of Bolivia, who came with an
The great Temple of the Sun, in which Peruvians perform- army, and Succeeded, after a series of sanguinary actions,
ed their adorations, was an edifice of extraordinary magnifi-  in tranquillizing the country; whereupon a confederation
cence. The walls, composed of massive blocks of elegantly  was formed, composed of North Peru, South Peru, and Bewrought marble, greenstone, and greenstone-porphyry, were  livia, Santa Cruz being named "Supreme Protector."  This
encrusted internally with gold; an immense figure of the sun, state of matters continued until 1839, when, after a bloody
covering one side of the building, was also of gold, and on  battle fought at Yungay, Santa Cruz was driven out of the
each side of it were thrones of gold, on which were placed, country, and the confederation brought to a close; and both
in a sitting posture, the bodies of the deceased Incas. The  countries-Peru and Bolivia-returned to their previous
value of the jewels that adorned the edifice were estimated  limits and forms of government. Peru has recently been
at $180,000,000. Cuzco, the capital city of the ancient Peru- the theatre of one of those revolutions to which the states
vians, was estimated to contain 200,000 inhabitants, and the  of Spanish America have been so unhappily subject.  An
suburbs as many more. From the market-place issued four insurrection occurred in the early part of 1854, resulting in
great roads, running towards the extremities of the empire  the defeat of the President Echenique. At the present date,
in the direction of the four cardinal points. The line of roads  February, 1855, General Castilla, the revolutionary leader,
running from  N. to S. was 1500 miles in length.  One  has possession of the Peruvian capital.
road extended along the sea-shore through the plains, and    PERU, pe-rool, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 33
another was carried along the high ridge of the Andes-a  miles W. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1109.
work of immense labor. According to De Los Vega, the Pe-    PERU, a post-township of Bennington co., Yermont, 80
ruvian Empire, at the time of its invasion by the Spaniards,  miles S. by W. of Mlontpelier. Pop. 567.
had existed 400 years, and twelve Incas had completed their    PERU, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massachusetts,
reigns.' Its population has been variously estimated at fiom   112 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 519.
4,000,000 to 8,000,000.                                       PERU, a post-village of Eldridge township. Onondaga  co.,
The Spaniards were unacquainted with Peru till they  New York, on the Erie Canal, 8 or 9 miles W.N.W. of Syrahad become masters of Mexico. The first information of  cuse. It contains a church, a forwarding house, a store, a
the country was obtained firom a young cacique in the  tavern, &c.
neighborhood of the Isthmus of Darien about the year 1511.   PERU, a post-village and township of Clinton co., New
In 1513, Vasco NunAez de Balboa crossed the mountains  York, on the Au Sable River, 4 miles W. of Lalke Chamwhich separated the two oceans, and took possession of the  plain, and about 10 miles S.S.W. of Plattsburg. The village
Pacific'in the name of the King of Castile. Ie extended  contains several churches, about half a dozen stores, and a
his discoveries many leagues southward, but appears not to  number of mills. Pop. about 900; of the township, 8640.
have reached the territory of Peru. In 1525, Francisco Pi-   PERU, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. P. 528.
zarro, a soldier of mean birth but of a daring spirit, who    PERU, a village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, 20 miles
had accompanied Balboa in the previous expedition, em-  S.W. ofMifflintown. It was commenced in 1848. Pop. about
barking  at Panama with about 100 men, landed in Peru  200.
and spent three years in exploring the country. Having    PERU, a post-office of HIaywood co., North Carolina.
returned to Spain with presents of gold and jewels for the    PERU, a post-office of Russell co., Alabama.
king, he was again sent out with orders to effect the con-   PERU, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee.
quest of the newly discovered country. Recrossing the    PERU, a post-village and township in the N.W. part of
ocean, he sain  embarked at Panama, with 3 ships, about  Huron co., Ohio, 94 miles N. by E. of Columbus. The vil180 men and 27 horses; soon after landing in Peru, (1532,) Pi- lage is situated on abranch ofiHuron Riiver, and has a store, hozarro founded, about 30 leagues S. of Tumbez, a town which  tel, and severaln churches and mills. P. 400; of township, 1632.
he garrisoned and called San Miguel. He then marched    PERU, a township of Morrow co.. Ohio. Pop. 870.
boldly into the heart of the country, enjoining on his fol-   PERU, a thriving post-village, capital of Miami co., Inlowers, who now numbered 177, not only to refrain from all diana, is situated on the right bank of the Wabash River,
acts of hostility, but to use every effort to conciliate the  and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 68 miles N. of Indianagood will of the natives. They were everywhere kindly re- polis.  It is the terminus of the Peru and Indianapolis
ceived, and at Zaran were met by an envoy with presents  Railroad, which is expected to be completed in 1854, and is
from the Inca Atahualipa, who invited the Spanish chief to  on thile Lake Erie, Wabash and St. Louts  Railroad, not yet
an interview at Caxamarca. Pizarro, with an inhuman  finished.  Another railroad is projected from  Peru  N.,
perfidy scarcely paralleled in the annals of crime, resolved  to connect with the North Indiana Railroad at Elkhart.
to use the unsuspecting friendship of the Peruvians as an  Miami county formed part of the Miami Reserve, which
instrument of their destruction. The place appointed for passed from aboriginal hands a few years a.o. Since that
the meeting was an immense plaza or square, sunrrounded on  event, the population has increased rapidly by immigraall sides with high walls or buildings; in the latter, Pizarro  tion. Peru contains 1 Catholic and 5 Pi-otestant churches,
and his party were assigned their quarters. When at the  and 1 newspaper office. Laid out in 1825. Pop. in 1850,
time appointed, the inca, accompanied by his nobles and  1266; in 1853, about 1700.
several thousands of his soldiers and other attendants, en-   PERU, a flourishing post-village of La Salle co., Illinois.
tered the plaza, a volley of artillesy and musketry was is situated on the Illinois River, 68 miles above Peoria. and
poured upon them by the Spaniards, who had concealed  on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 99 miles S.W. of
themselves in the buildings and behind the walls. Then Pi- Chicago. This village, which is near the terminus of the
zarro, at the head of his'soldiers, rushed upon their terror- Illinois and Michigan Canal, and at the head of natural
stricken and unresisting victims, massacreing many thou- navigation on the river, has an active trade, and is rapidly
sands of them withoutu mercy; he succeededatlast in making  increasing. The river affords extensive water-power, and is
Atahuallpa his prisoner. Immense sums of gold and silver  navigable by steamboats in all stages of water. Stone coal
wore offered for his ransom; Pizarro accepted the ransom, is abundant in the vicinity. The Chicago and Rock Island
and then, after the mockery ofa trial, cused the inca to be  Railroad intersects the Central Railroad at this point. The
inhumanly put to death. In November, 1533, one year after trade of Peru in 1852 was estimated by Governor Matteson,
his arrival at Caxamarca, Pizarro entered Cuzco, the capital in his late message, at $1,100,000. It contains 2 banks.
of Peru. He met with considerable resistance in his tMirch, Two newspapers are published weekly.  Pop. in 1853,
but aided by fire-arms, weapons tenfold more formidable  about 3000.
fisom being unknown to the natives, the Spaniards were    PERU, a small village of Lawrence co., Illinois.
everywhere victorious.                                       PERU, a post-village of Madison co., Iowa, on the W'
The whole country soon after submitted to the invader, bank of the Mississippi River, 7 miles N. of Dubuque,
nd, became, with  some reduction, one of the four vice-    PERU BLUFF, a small village of Jefferson co.. Arkansas
1469
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PER                                                         PES
PERUGIA. pA-roo/j, (Fr. Pdrotse, pAr'oozt; ane. Perzslsia,)  dral and 3 convents, a large hospital, a citadel, and ni
a city of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, capital of a  portant manufactures of paper, woollen cloth, and silk-twist.
delegation, 10 miles E. of the Lake of Perugia, on the S. de-   PESCINA, p-sheelnu, a town of Naples, province ot
clivity of the Apennines. Pop. 18,300. It is enclosed by  Abruzzo Ultra II., 11 miles E.S.E. of Avezzano, on the E
walls. The public buildings comprise a large cathedral, with side of the Lake of Fucino. Pop. 3000. It has a fine cathedral.
several fine paintings, and a library of rare manuscripts,    PESCO COSTANZO, pls'ko kos-tAnfzo, a town of Naples,
upwards of 100 other churches, and 50 monastic establish- province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 13 miles. S.E. of Sulmona.
ments, all more or less adorned with fine works of art, a  Pop. 2500.
majestic city-hall, an exchange, now disused, but gorgeously    PESCO LA MAZZA, plseko lI mAttsA, a town of Naples,
decorated with frescoes, an academy of fine arts, several province of Principato Ultra, 15 miles W.N.W. of Ariano.
private palaces, a well-endowed university, founded in 1320, Pop. 1900.
with museums of antiquities and minerals, a botanic garden,   PESCO LANCIANO, plsikd l6n-chbno, a town of Naples,
a college, a public library, a hospital, a lunatic asylum, 2  province of Sannio, 9 miles N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 1000.
theatres, a ball-court and bull-ring, a splendidly sculptured    PESCO PAGANO, pisfko pA-g&no, a town of Naples, pro.
fountain, and two celebrated gates of Etruscan architecture. vince of Basilicata, 17 miles S.W. of Melfi. Pop. 4000.
Perugia has little manufactures beyond a few soap-works,    PESCO  PENNATARO, psl/ko p~n-n[-ttro, a town of
distilleries Of brandy and liquors; it has some trade in  Naples, province of Molise, N.N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 1066.
wine, oil, corn, fruits,eand other provisions; but its fairs in    PESCO  SANSONESCO. pslfko sAn-.o-nuslko, a town of
August and November for cattle and merchandise are fre- Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., S. of Civita di Penne.
quented by a concourse of people from all parts of Central Pop. 850.
Italy, and numerous visitors are attracted to the city by    PESCO SOLIDO, pfstko sofle-do, a town of Naples, proits agreeable society and abundant works of art.            vince of Terra di Lavoro, 3 miles N.E. of Sora, at the foot of
PERUGIA, LAKE OF, or LAKE TIIRASPYMENE, (It. the Apennines. Pop. 2500.
Lago di Pertugia, Ilgo dee pA-roo'jA, and Frasimeno, trA-se-    PESEI or PESEY, p4'szA, written also PEISEY, a commA/no; anc. Thrccasyelnus  or Trasimelnus  Lalcus; Fr. Lac mune of the Sardinian dominions, 16 miles E.NE. of Monde Pdrouse, lAk deh pA~rooz1,) a lake of Central Italy, 10 miles tiers. Pop. 1700. IHere are the largest lead-mines in Savoy,
W. of Perugia, is situated in a basin enclosed on every side  which, late in the eighteenth century, yielded annually
by the Apennines. It is a fine sheet of water, about 30 miles  40,000 hundredweight of lead, and 4000 marcs of silver, but
in circumference, surrounded by gentle eminences covered  are now less productive.
with oak, pine, and olive plantations, and it contains three    PESEQUEIRO, pA-sA-kAe-ro, an islet of Portugal, off the
islands. Near this lake Hannibal defeated the Romans  coast of the province of Alemtejo, 40 miles W. of Ourique.
under Flaminius, 217 B. c.                                  It is defended by a strong castle.
PERU MILLS, a post-office-ofJuniata co., Pennsylvania.    PESIAW1, or CLEAR CREEK, of Missouri, flows N.E.
PERUSIA. See PERUOIA.                                     through Bates co., and enters Osage River in St. Clair county.
PERUIVILLE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York,   PESHAWER, PESHTAWUR, PEICIHAOUER, PESCHAUabout 14 miles N.E. of Ithaca.                              ER, plsh'6wler. written also PAISHAWUR and PEIStIORE,
PERUWELS, pisrii-tfls', a town of Belgium, province  (" the advanced post,") a frontier city of Afghanistan, 12
of lainaut, 16 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 7465.             miles E. of the Khyber Pass, and 40 miles W. of Attock.
PERVYSE, paie'vitzgh, or psO'veezl, a village of Belgium, Lat. 330 59' N., ion. 710 40' E. Pop. about 50,000. It was
province of West Flanders, on the Yser, 19 miles S.W. of taken and ruined by Runjeet Singh during the present
Brunges. Pop. 1218.,                  century, and has never yet recovered prosperity, much
PERWEZ, paiWnvI, a village of Belgium, province of Bra- of it still remaining in ruins. Its only remarkable edifices,
bant. 25 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2577.                 besides its desecrated mosques, are a magnificent caravanPERWUTTUM, pr-wtiltfitm (?) a town of India, in the  seral, now the residence of the Sikh governor, and a Sikh
Deccan, Nizam's dominions, 83 miles S.E. of Hyderabad;  fort on the site of its ancient citadel. It is, however, well
let. 160 12' N., Ion. 780 5' E. It has some remarkable  paved, and furnished with water, has a fertile neighborhood,
pagodas.                                                    and is in so good a position for commerce, that under a setPERZAGNO, phad-zlnfyo, a village of Austria, in Dalmatia, tied government it bids fair speedily to recover a large
2 miles from Cattaro, on the shores of the Adriatic. P. 1200. share of its former importance.
PESALE, pl-slAll. a large village on the island of Ceylon,    The province of Peshawer, now forming a part 6f the
8 miles NAW. of Manaar. According to tradition, the Roman  Punjab dominions, 65 miles long, and 50 miles broad,
Catholic missionary, Francis Xavier, first landed here on  watered by the Indus, Cabool, and Bara Rivers, is extremely
his mission to India.                                       fertile, producing, by the aid of irsIgation and a high temPESARO, phsla-ro or p'sA-ro, (anc. Pisascrum,) a fortified  perature, two crops in the year, consisting of wheat, barley,
town of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, 19 miles N.E. pulse, and the finest rice in the world. It was formerly
of Urbino, on the Foglia, at its mouth in the Adriatic. very populous, but has suffered great devastation from the
Pop. about 12,000. It is adorned with a fountain and statue  Sikhs. Annual revenue, 1,000,000 rupees, or $485.000.
of Pope Urban VIII., and has a cathedral and numerous    PESHTEIGO, a river of Wisconsin. rises in Oconto co., and
other churches, a legate's palace, a valuable public library, flowing S.E., enters Green Bay about 6 miles below the
several convents, 2 hospitals, a foundling asylum, and a  mouth of the Menomonee River.
theatre.                                                      PESMES or PEMES, palm, a town of France, department
PESCADORES, pes-kA-doiris, (i.e. "Fisherman's Islands,") of Haute-Saene, 10 miles S. of Gray. Pop. in 1852, 2500.
an island group close upon the coast of Peru, N. from Callao;    PESNITZHOFEN, p~s'nits-ho'fen, a village of Austria, in
lat. 11~ 47' S., ion. 770 20' W.                            Styria, circle of Marburg. Pop. 1218.
PESCADORES, three groups of the North Pacific, in Mar-   PE-SOOEE-SHAN, or PE-SOUI-CHAN, p-soofee-shbi, a
shall's Archipelago; lat. (middle group) 110 19' N., ion. mountain of China; Iftt. 280 26' N., lon. 1080 34! E. It is
1670 35' E.                                                 covered with perpetual snow.
PESCADORES, an island group of China. See Pu No-Ioo.   PESOITUM, Illinois, a station on  the Illinois Central
PESCARA, a river of South Italy. See ATERaNo.             Railroad, 142 miles from Chicago.
PESCARA, pls-k/ra, (anc. Aterini or Aterinum,) a fortified.  PESQUEIRA, pEs-k.Ale-rI, a town of Portugal, province o1
town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, at the mouth of Beira Alta. See So Jobo DA PESQUEIRA.
the Aterno, in the Adriatic, 8 miles N.E. of Chieti. Pop. 2400.   PESQUEIRA GRANDE, pls-kAie-rI grlnIdl, a village of
PESCAROLO, pls-kI-roflo, a town of Austrian Italy, pro- the Mexican Confederation, state of New Leon, 20 miles
vince, and 10 miles E. by N. of Cremona, on the Aspice. N.N.W. of Monterey. It was formerly celebrated for its
Pop. 1509.                                                  silver-mines and salt-works.
PESCHAUER, Afghanistan. See PesAwERa.                       PESSIONE, pis-se-olna, Italy, a station on the Turin and
PESCHE, pAski, or PESCIII, pleskee, a market-town of  Genoa Railway, 14 miles from Turin.
Naples, province of Molise, 4 miles E.N.E. of Isernia. P. 1500.   PESTCHANAIA, pls-chl-nVIA, a river of Siberia, rises in
PESCIICI, pls-keeschee, a market-town of Naples, pro- the S. of the government of Tomsk, flows N.N.W., and joins
vince of Capitanata,  11 miles WV. of Viesti. Pop. 1500.    the Obi on the left, about 30 miles below Biysk. Total
PESCHIERA, pis-ke-Alri, (anc. 4Ardelfica or Piscairia,) a for- course, 100 miles.
tified town of Lombardy, 21 miles N.N.W. of Mantua, on the    PESTHI, pest, (Hun. pron. plsht,) a royal free city of
Mincio, here crossed by a fine bridge at its issue from the  Ilungary, on the left bank of the Danube, immediately
Lago di Garda. Pop. 1500. It has a strong citadel, 2 parish  opposite Buda, with which it is connected by a bridge of
churches, a convent, a hospital, an arsenal, with a trade on  boats and by a noble suspension bridge, opened January
the lake, and an active fishery, especially of eels, for which  5th, 1849, on the railway fromn Vienna to Szolnok, 136 miles
it was anciently famed. It was talken by the Sardinian  E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. in 1854 estimated at 100,000. It is
troops under Charles Albert, 30th May, 1848.               situated on level ground, is about 7 miles in circumference,
PESCI]IO ASSEROLO, plsike-o As-sA-roilo. a town of newly and regularly laid out, and generally handsome,
Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II, S.E. of Civita Ducale. except the old town. The principal edifices are the new?op. 1833.                                                 theatre, the national casino, county hall, the Neugcebslide, a
PESCIA, pAshl or plsh'l, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, vast structure, used as an artillery depat, grenadier barracks,
province of Florence, on the Pescia Lucca and Pisa Rail- Jesuits' and several other convents, Roman Catholic, Greek,
way. Pop. 4686. It is situated among olive-groves and  Lutheran, Calvinist, and other churches, and several synamulberry plantations, is enclosed by walls, and has a cathe- gogues and hospitals. I'he venerable ancient structures of
14-170




PES                                                       PET
the Hungarian capital are all in Buda; and Pesth is the flanked by turrets with spires and pinnacles. The extreme
"new city," boasting most of its modern conveniences, as length of the building is 471 feet. It is surrounded by old
good hotels, coffee-houses, and handsome private residences. and interesting monastic edifices, the whole constituting a
The university, the only one in Hungary, has 49 professors, magnificent pile. The cathedral contains the tomb of Queen
and a library of 60,000 volumes. In 1846, it was attended  Catherine, first wife of Henry VIII. i Mary Queen of Scots
by 1000 students. The observatory is situated on the Blocks- was also interred here; but her remains were afterwards
berg, in Buda. Here are also a botanic garden, a veterinary  removed by James I. to Westminster. The parish church
hospital, a national museum, with a library rich in Hun- has an altar-piece by Sir R. K. Porter, and a beautiful monugarian manuscripts, and valuable collections of coins, mine- ment by Flaxman. The grammar school has five scholarrals, fossils, and antiquities, a RHungarian academy of  ships, and a fellowship to St. John's College, Cambridge.
sciences, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and normal schools, an  The town-hall, market-house, infirmary, union work-house,
English conventual, and various charitable institutions.  jail, house of correction, and a small theatre, are the other
Pesth is the seat of the Kinigliche Tafel (" Royal Board  chief edifices. Corn and malt are exported by the Nene.
or Council,") and Septemviral Tafel, which together consti- The city is under the jurisdiction of the dean and chapter,
tute the supreme appeal court of the kingdom. The town  is a polling-place for the N. division of the county, and sends
has some silk, woollen, leather, oil, and tobacco factories, and  2 members to the House of Commons. The see, founded by
dye-works; but its principal manufacture is that of meer- Henry VIII., extends over the counties of Northampton,
schaum pipe-bowls, brought to it in a rough state from Con- Leicester, and Rutland, and comprised, in 1838, 305 benestantinople.  Immediately around the city is the  ahoes- fices. Average annual revenue of dean and chapter, 5000/,
feld, a wide plain, on which the Hungariai Diet, the great Dr. Paley was born at Peterborough in 1743. In the vicinity
national assembly of Magyars, was held for many centuries. is Milton Park, the seat of Earl Fitzwilliam, to whose family
The deputies, with their vast retinue of vassals, sometimes the city gives the title of viscount.
amounted to 100,000 men, who remained encamped in tents    PETERBOROUGII, a county near the N. central part of
during the continuance ofits sitting. The Rahosfeld is now  Canada West, comprises an area of 1005 square miles. It
famous for its annual horse-races.  Pesth is supposed to  contains numerous lakes which give rise to the Otanabee
occupy the site of the ancient Transacincum. The old town  River, and many smaller streams. Several railroad routes
was enclosed by walls in the thirteenth century. It was held  diverge from Peterborough in this county. Capital, Peterby the Turks for 160years. Budaand Pesth suffered severely  borough. Pop. 15,237.
from an inundation ofthe xiver in March, 1838. Pesth is asta-   PEtTERBOROUGH, a post-town of Canada West, capital
tionforsteam-packets, andis connectedby arailwaywvithSzol- of the countyof Peterborough, on the Otanabee River, at
nok, 56 miles E.S.E., and with Waitzen, 22 miles northward. the N. terminus of a railway connecting it with Cobourg on
PESTH, a count.y of Hungary, intersected by the Danube  Lake Ontario, and also on the route of proposed railways
and Theiss. Area, 4049 square miles. Pop. 511,260. Capi- connecting it with Montreal, Lake Simcoe, and Toronto,
tal, Pesth.                                                about 75 miles N.E. of the latter. It contains, besides the
PESTO, pl8sto, or PESTUM, p~sltlm, (anc. Pccctum, oxi- county buildings, churches of 5 or 6 denominations, agencies
ginally Posidoenia,) a ruined town of Naples, province of  of 4 assurance companies, a branch bank, a newspaper office,
Principato Citra, 19 miles S.S.W. of Campagna, in a plain on  about 30 stores, and manufactories of steam engines, mathe Gulf of Salerno. It was first a Greek colony, and fell chinery, iron castings, shingles, woollens, &c. Pop. about
under the power of the Romans, B. c. 275. After the fall of  2500.
the Empire it continued to flourish, but was ultimately de-   PEITERBOROUGH or PEITERSBOROUGII, a post-villa.ge
stroyed by the Saracens towards the end of the ninth cen- and township of Hillsborough co., New Hampshire, 34 miles
tury. It still retains part of its walls, consisting of large  S.W. of Concord. It contains 4 or 5 cotton mills and several
blocks joined together in the most perfect manner without foundries. Pop. 2222.
cement, and one of its four gates, forming an arch 46 feet in    PETERBOROUGHI, a post-village of Smithfield township,
height. Among the buildings are a temple of Neptune, the  Madison co., New York, about 110 miles W.N.W. of Albany
four sides of which have a range of 36 pillars, surmounted  It has several churches and an academy.
by an architrave and frieze of the Doric order; a large and    PEITER BOTTE (bott) MOUNTAIN, a remarkable preimposing edifice, called the Basilisk, but supposed to have  cipitous rock in the island of Mauritius, in lat. 200 12' S.,
been a temple of Ceres.                                    ion. 570 37' E., and 2600 feet in height.
PETALIDA or PETALIDIJA, pa-.-leecA (?) a small island    PETERBURG. See SAINT PETERSBURoG.
off the W. coast of Crete.                                   PETERBURGI, England. See PETERBOROUGt.
PETALIES, pA'ta-leez', a group of islands in the Channel   PETER-CHURCH, a parish of England. co. of Hereford.
of Euboea, near its S. extremity.                            PEITERCULTER, a parish of Scotland, co., and 7 miles
PETALUMA (plt-a-looem ) CREEK, a small stream in the  S.W. of Aberdeen, on the N. bank of the Dee. Here  -re
N.N.W. part of California, forms part of the boundary be- remains of a Druidical temple and a Roman camp.
tween Marin and Sonoma counties, and falls into San Pablo    PETERITEAD, pe'tefr-hld, a parliamentary and municipal
Bay.                                                       burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, co., and 27
PETALUMIA, a post-office of Sonoma co., California.      miles N.N.E. of Aberdeen, on the point of a fiat rocky proPETAW/LA, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia.        montory projecting into the North Sea, in lat. 570 30' 1" N.,
PETCHEELEE. a province of China. See PE-cHEEi-LEE.    ion. 10 46' 0" W. Pop. of the parliamentary burgh, 7298; of
PETCHENEGUE, or PETSHENEG, phtch'nSgl, pA-chA- the municipal burgh, 4819. It is regularly and well built;
nAgf, a town of Russia, government, and 30 miles E. of  the houses are mostly of red granite. The principal public
Kharkov, on the Severnoi-Donets. Pop. 7000.                edifices are the parish church, the town-house, and a handPETCHORA or PETSCHORA, pltchto-rA, a river of Euro- some granite cross. It has a scientific association, a newspean Russia, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows N.W. through  room, a valuable museum, 2 public libraries, and 4 branch
the governments Vologda and Archangel, and enters the  banks. Its harbor, since the completion of the recent imArctic Ocean by a wide estuary containing numerous islands, provements, has been rendered one of the best on the E.
about lat. 680 N., lon. between 530 and 540 E. Total course, coast of Scotland. A light-house, on the opposite corner of
probably 900 miles. Its principal affluents are the Izhma  the bay, marks the entrance to theport. Some rope-making
from the S., and the Oosa from the E.                      and ship-building are carried on. The products of the exPETEGHEM, pAlteh-gh~m', a village of Belgium, province  tensive and valuable fisheries formn a considerable portion
of East Flanders, 15 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2384.     of the exports, which also comprise large quantities of grain,
PETEN. p-tlnf, a lake and island of Central America, meal, butter, and other domestic produce, fish, oil, and griastate, and 190 miles N. of Guatemala. The lake is about 65  nite; the latter is extensively quarried in the vicinity:
miles in circumference, and 30 fathoms in depth. It con- 55,563 barrels of herring were cured here in 1851, during
tains several islands, the principal of which, called Peten, is which year 27 vessels (tons, 7355) were fitted out for the Green
steep; and lofty. It was formerly the central seat of the It- land whale and sea fishery. In 1851, 30,481 tons of shipping
zax Indians.                                               entered the port, 8599 being employed in foreign trade; and
PETERBOROUGH- or PETERBURGH, peefter-br-r h,   a  27,301 tons of shipping (8175 tons foreign trade) cleared at
city, parliamentary borough, parish, and episcopal see of the custom-house. The imports consist of timber, lime, bone
England, co., and 37 miles N.E.'of Northampton, with which  manure, wool, groceries, flour, salt, and iron. The burgh
it is connected by railway, or the navigable Nene, here  unites with Elgin, Banff, Cullen, Inverary, and Kintore, in
crossed by a wooden bridge. Pop. of the city within parlia- sending one member to the House of Commons. Near the
mentary limits, 8672. The cathedral, originally the church  town are several picturesque ruined fortresses.
of an abbey, was founded by Peada, son of Penda, fourth    PETERHOF, p~ter-h6f', an imperial residence of Russia,
king of Mercia, in 655, and destroyed by the Danes in 870. government, and 16 miles W.S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the
Being rebuilt in 906, the valuable gifts bestowed upon it by  Gulf of Finland, commanding noble views of the capital,
Edgar caused the name of the city to be changed to Gelden- Cronstadt, and the sea.
burgh, "the golden city," which title ultimately gave place    PETERLINGEN, Switzerland. See PAYEEnnE.
to its present name, derived from the saint to whom the    PEITERS, a township of Franldin co., Pennsylvania,
church is dedicated. At the Dissolution it was esteemed  about 48 miles W.S.W. of Carlisle. Pop. 2310.
one of the most splendid religious houses in the kingdom.   PETERS, a village and township of Washington co., PennIts WV. front, which forms a square 150 fdet in height and  sylvania, about 15 miles S.S.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 924.
nreadth, consists of three magnificent pointed arches, 80    PETERSBOROUGH, New Hampshire. See PETERBOROUGH
feet high, surmounted by pediments and pinnacles, and    PEITERSBURG, a post-village and township in the E
1471




PET                                                        PET
part of Rensselaer co., New York, about 25 miles E. by N. co., Illinois, on the Sangamon River, 22 miles N.W. of SprIng
of Albany.   Pop. 1OOS.                                    field. The river is navigable for small boats to this place.
PETERSBURG, a post-office of Cape May co., New Jersey.   PETERSBURG, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, 50
PETERSBURG, a post-village and township of Adams co., miles N. of Jefferson City.
Pennsylvania, on a turnpike, 13 miles S. of Carlisle. The    PETERSBURG, a small post-village of Canada West, co.
village contains a church, academy, and several stores. of Waterloo, 6 miles S. of Berlin.  Pop. about 80.
Pop. of the township, 356.                                    PETERSBURG  FOUR CORNERS, a post-village of RensPETERSBURG, a post-borough of West township, Hunt- selaer co., New York, in Petersburg township.
ingdon co., Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River, and Cen-   PETERSBURG SAINT.  See SAINT PETERSBURSG.
tral Railroad, 97 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. in    PETER'S CREEK, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl1850, 264.                                                  vania.
PETERSBURG, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,   PETERS' CREEK, a pbst-offtice of Stokes co., North Carm4 or 5 miles N.N.W. of Lancaster.                           lina.
PETERSBURG, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania.   PETERS' CREEK, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
Pop. 680.                                                     PETERSDORF, pVters-doRfx, a village of Austria, in MoPETERSBURG, a post-borough of Penn township, and  ravia, circle of Olmutz.   Pop. 1131.
the largest town of Perry co., Pennsylvania, on the W. bank    PETERSDORF, a village of Austrian Silesia, circle of
of the Susquehanna River, 1 mile below the mouth of the  Troppau. Pop. 1376.
Juniata, and 15 miles above Harrisburg. It is a place of    PETERSDORF, a village of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles
active trade, which is facilitated by the Pennsylvania Canal S.W. of Lieguitz, on the Zacken. Pop. 2010.
and Central Railroad. The Duncannon Iron-Works at this    PETERSPIELD, a parliamentary borough, market-town,
place, consisting of a nail factory and rolling mill, are  and parish of England, co. of HIants, 17 miles N.N.E. of
capable of giving employment to 500 men. Pop. in 1853, Portsmouth, on the old London and Portsmouth Road.
about 1000.                                                 Pop. of the parliamentary borough in 1851, 5550. It has a
PETERSBURG, a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsyl- large church, an endowed school, a union work-house, a
vania, on the National Road, 154 miles W. by S. of Harris- brtanch bank, and an equestrian bronze statue of William
burg. The name of the post-office is ADDISON.               III. in its market-place. The town has a titular mayor, and
PETERSBURG, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania.   sends 1 member to the House of Commons.
PETERSBURG, a handsome and flourishing post-town    PETERSHAGEN, p.4tters-hle'hen, a town of Prussia, in
and port of entry of Dinwiddie co., Virginia, on thesright or Westphalia, 7 miles N.N.E. of Minden, on the left bank of the
S. bank of the Appomattox River, at the crossing of the  Weser. Pop. 2110.
Great Southern Railroad, 22 miles S. of Richmond, and 10    PETERSIHAM, pee/tgr-sham, a parish of England, co. of
miles fitom James River, at City Point. Lat. 370 14' N., lon. Surrey.
770 20' W. It is the third town of Virginia in respect of    PETERSHAM, peelters-ham, a post-village and township
population, and possesses extensive facilities for business. of Worcester co., Massachusetts, 67 miles W. by N. of Boston.
Vessels of 100 tons ascend the river to the town, and those  It has manufactures of carriages, boots and shoes, leather, &c.
of larger size to Waltham's Landing, 6 miles below. The  Pop. 1527.
South Side Railroad has its E. terminus at this place, and    PETERS' ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific, in lat.
the Appomattox Railt-ad connects it with City Point, at 680 571 S., ion. 900 46' W.
the mouth of the river. The larger vessels engaged in the    PE/TERS ISLANDS, two small islands on the S. coast of
trade of Petersburg discharge their cargoes at City Point. Australia, in lat. 320 21' S., Ion. 1330 39' E,
Large quantities of flour and tobacco are exported from this    PETTERS MOUNTIAIN, in Virginia, is situated on the
place. The quantity of tobacco exported in 1851 amounted  boundary between MIonroe and Giles county.
to 7222 hogsheads; in 1852, to 10,489 hogsheads; and in    PETERSTHAL, plters-t_1,  a village of Baden, circle of
1853, to 11,405 hogsheads. Petersburg is well built, and  Middle Rhine, 13 miles E. of Offenburg. Pop. 1510.
contains 2 churches of the Presbyterians, 2 of the Method-   PEtTERSTONE, two. parishes of England, co. of Monists, 2 of the Episcopalians, 1 of the Baptists, 1 of the  mouth.
Catholics, besides several places of worship for colored    PETERSTONE SUPER ELY, a parish of South Wales,
people. It has also 3 banks, several cotton factories, 1  co. of Glamorgan.
woollen factory, 2 rope-walks, 1 iron furnace, 6 forges, and    PEITERSTOW, a parish of England, co. of IHereford.
numerous mills of various kinds. Three newspapers are    PEtTERSTOWN, a post-village of Monroe co., Virginia, on
published here. The falls of the river, which arrest the  Rich Creek, 247 miles WV. of Richmond, has a water-power
ascent of the tide immediately above Petersburg, furnish  and several mills.
extensive water-power.  Around these falls a canal has been    PEtTERSVILLEE,  a village of Washington township, Lehigh
constructed, by which means small boats ascend the river co., Pennsylvania, contains about 50 inhabitants.
for the distance of about 100 miles. The limits of the be-   PETERSVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennrough include the decayed village of Blandford, in Prince  sylvania, 15 miles in a direct line W. by N. of Easton.
George county, which was once superior to Petersburg in    PETERSVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland,
some respects. The remains of its church are among the  57 miles N. by W. of Washington.
most interesting and picturesque ruins of Virginia. In    PETERSWALD, p,'ters-49lt', or PETERSWALDE, pAfters1815 a great fire occurred here, by which- near 400 houses  fwl~ldeh, a frontier village of Bohemia, 20 miles N.N.W. of
were consumed. The shipping of this port, June 30, 1852, Leitmeritz, in the Erzgebirge. Pop. 2200.
amounted to an aggregate'of 484 tons registered, and 2110    PETERSWALDAU, p.tlters-*Wld6w, a town of Prussian
tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 2031 tons were  Silesia, 32 miles S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2050.
employed in the coast trade, and 323 tons in steam naviga-   PETERWVARDEIN, peelter-warldine, (Ger. pron. pA'tertion. The foreign arrivals for the year were 16, (tons, 8'ti'dine,) or VARADIN, vitr —din' or vhr/'l-deen', (Hun.
10,147,) of which 5 (tons, 2773) were by American vessels. IPetervar, pA'tl'vHa/r,) the capital town of Slavonia, and the
The clearances for foreign ports were 10,-tons, 5102, of  strongest fortress on the Danube, is situated on a scarped
which 3906 were in foreign bottoms. Pop. in 1850, 14,010; rock, on the right bank of the Danube, opposite Neusatz,
in 1853, about 15,000.                                      with which town it is connected by a bridge of boats, dePETERSBURG, a decayed post-town of Elbert co., Georgia, fended by a strong ttce du pent, 44 miles N.WV. of Belgrade.
on the Savannah River, at the mouth of Broad River, about Pop. with suburbs, (exclusive of a garrison of 3000 men,)
62 miles N.WV. of Augusta, was once an important place. It 4033. It is the residence of the general commandant of the
has now only 3 families.                                    Slavonian military frontier, and of several subordinate
PETERSBURG, a post-village of Lavacca co., Texas, on  military authorities: has several churches and schools, and
the left bank of the Lavacca River, 100 miles S.E. of Austin  barracks capable of accommodating 10,000 men. It derives
City. It was once the county seat.                          its present name from  Peter the Hermit, who here inarPETERSBURG, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tennessee, shalled the soldiers of the first Crusade. Here, in 1716, the
72 miles S. by E; of Nashville.                             Austrians, under Prince Eugene, defeated the Turks, who
PETERSBURG, a thriving post-town of Boone co., Ken- then lost their last footing in Central Europe.
tucky, on the Ohio Rivet, 25 miles below Cincinnati, has a    PETSIAM, a parish of Eng4and, co. of Kent.
good landing, an active trade, and contains 2 churches, and    PETHIERICK, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Corna flouring mill. Incorporated in 1820. Pop. in 1853, about wall.
500.                                                         PETHVERTON, NORTH, a parish and market-town of
PETERSBURG, a small village of Ashland co., Ohio.        England, co. of Somerset, 21 miles S.S.W. of Bridgewater.
PETERSBURG, a post-village of Mlahoning co., Ohio, 16    PETHERTON, SOUTI, a parish and market-town of Engmiles S.E. of Canfield, and close to the E. line of the state.   land, co. of Somerset, 4h miles N.N.W. of Crewkerne.
PETERSBURG, a village or railroad station of Monroe    PETHT'ERWVIN, NORTH, a parish of Englad, co. of Devon.
co.. Michigan, on the Southern Railroad, 20 miles W. of    PETHERWIN, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. Cornwall.
Monroe City.                                                PETIC, a town of Mexico. See PoITIC.
PETERSBURG, a post-village, capital of Pike co., Indiana,   PETINA, pA-tee'nu, a town of Naples, province of Princlts finely situated on an elevated plain, 1 mile S. of White  pate Citra, S.E. of Campagna, at the foot of Mount Alburno.
River, and 110 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. The Wabash  Pop. 1500.
and Erie Canal passes throuigh it. Pop. 500.                PETIONVILLE, pA'te-6NG'veelf,  a town of Hayti, recently
PETERSBURG, a thriving post-village, capital of Menard  founded, 8 miles E. of Port-au-Prince.
1472




PET                                                       PEV
PETIT CAILLOU BAYOU, peh-tee' klh'yooP bloo, a small vieditza. Pop. 7000; It was founded by Peter the Great in
stream of Terre Bonne parish, Louisiana, flows S. into the  1697, and has a citadel, an ancient and ruined fortress, and
Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered by rich plantations of sugar. trade in corn.. PETIT-CANAL, pgh-teelk&n&lf, a town of the island of    PETROYSK  or PETROWSK, a town of Russia, goverGuadeloupe, 12 miles N.W. of Moule, on the E. coast of the  ment, and 52 miles S.S.W. of Yaroslav. Pop. 2000;
government of Cul-de-Sac. Pop. 7600, of whom  6900 are    PETROYSKAIA, pA-trov-skP~, or BUTURLINOVKA, booslaves.                                                   too -le-novfkd, a market-town and fort of Russia. government
PETIT-ENGHIEN, peh-teetf-SNa'ghe- Nol,, a village of Bel- of Yoronezh. 30 miles E.S.E. of Bobrov. Pop. 1700.
glum, province of Hainant, 17 miles N.N.E. of Mons. Pop.   PETROYSKAIA, a market-town and fort of Russia, go2109.                                                     vernment, and 63 miles S.W. of Yoronezh.
PETITE-PIERRE, LA, 1A pph-teet/-pe-ais/, a town and fort   PETROVSKOI is the name of petty places in the governof France, department of Bas-Rhin, in the Yosges Mountains, ments of Yiatka and Moscow.
8 miles N.N.W. of Saverne. Pop. 1249.                       PETROYSKOI-OSTROV, pA-trov!skoi-    os-trovf, an island in
PETIT JEAN (Fr. pron. peh-tee! zhiNG) RIVER, of Arkan- the Neva, near St. Petersburg, where Peter the Great had a
sas, rises in the W. part of the state, and, flowing eastward, residence.
enters the Arkansas near the N. extremity of Perry county.   PETROVSKOI-POGROMETZ, pA-trovfskoi-po-gro-mits1, a
PETIT JEAN, a small post-village of Yell co., Arkansas.  market-town of Russia, government, and 120 miles S.S.W.
PETIT-RECHAIN, pgh-tee'-rfh-shiNG/, a village of Bel- of Voronezh;  Pop. 1500.
glum, province, and 12 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 1651.        PETROZAVODSK, pA-tro-zA-vodsk1, a fortified town of
PETLAUD, pet-lawdl, or PITLAUD, pit-lawdt, a town of  Russia, capital of the government of Olonets, on the Lake
India, presidency of Bombay, 20 miles S.E. of Kaira. Lat.  of Onega, 185 miles N.E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 8000. It
220 32' N., ion. 720 57/ E.                               has two spacious docks for large vessels, a very extensive
PETLAWAD. ptt-ld-wmdf, or PITLAWUD, pit-la-wildf, a  imperial cannon foundry, powder mills, and manufactures
town of India, in the Gwalior dominions, 60 miles W.S.W. of silks.
of Oojein. Lat. 230 2' N., Ion. 740 45' E.                  PETSCHORA, a river of Russia. See PETCHORA
PETOONE, pa-toofnA, or BEDOUNE, bA-doofnn, a town of    PETSIH, pitch, IPEICK or IPEK, ee-pl'k/, a town of RuroMautchooria, on the Soongaree, 130 miles N.N.W. of Kirin  pean Turkey, in Albania, sanjank, and 73 miles E.N.E. of
Cola. It is a place of exile for Chinese offenders, and is gar- Scutari, on one of the branches of the Drin, which divides
risoned by Tartar troops.                                 it into two parts, and turns numerous mills. Pop. upwards
PETORCA, pA-tos/kA, a small town of Chili, department, of 12,000, mostly Turks, who have here 16 mosques. Arms
and 50 miles N.N.W. of Aconcagua.                         are extensively made in the town.
PE/TRA, (the &   or Selah, and JTokthee of Scripture,)   PETSKA, a town of Hungary. See PETZIKA.
a ruined city of Arabia Petriea, in the Wady Moosa. Let.   PETT, a parish of England. co. of Sussex.
about 300 15' N., Ion. 350 35' E. Its edifices hewn in the    PETTAU, pVt'tfw, (anc. Pete/vie or Poetolvio,) a town of
solid rock, and other striking objects, are described by La- Styria, 14 miles S.E. of Marburg, on the Drave. Pop. 1996.
borde, Stephens, and other travellers.                    It has soveral convents. On a height above the town is the
PETRA, p.VtrA, a town of the island of Majorca, 23 miles castle of Ober Pettan.
E. of Palma.  Pop. 2640.                                     PET/TAUGH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
PEITETA, a post-village of Saline co., Missouri, 75 miles   PET/TERELL-CIROOKS, a township of England, co. of
N.W. of Jefferson City.                                    Cumberland.
PETRALIA, pA-trlle-A, (SoTANA, so-t/na, "Lower," and    PETTIGOE, pt'te-goof, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, cos.
SoPRANA, so-pr/nA, "Upper,") two contiguous towns of  of Donegal and Fermanagh, on the Termon, near its mouth
Sicily, province of Palermo, 18 miles S. of Cefalu. Pop. of  in Lough Erne, 13 miles S.E. of Donegal. Pop. 616. It stands
SoTANA PETRALIA, 6500; of SOPRANA PETRALIA, 4700.          amidst wooded hills, and is a station for the numerous pilPETREL, pA-trall, a town of Spain, province of Valencia, grime who resort to Lough Derg.
24 miles N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 2537.                        PET'TINAIN/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.
PETRELLA, pA-trl111, a town of Naples, province of Mlo-   PETTINENGO, pit-te-nnt/go, ait town of North Italy, in
loei, 9 miles N.N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2900.             Piedmont, province, and 4 miles N.E; of Biella. Pop. 2365.
PETRIEVESE, p&-tre-A-vA/sA, a market-town. of Austria, in    PET/TIS, a county in the W. central part of Missouri, has
Slavonia, co. of Vericz, on the Drave, 37 miles S.S.E. of an area of 650 square miles. It is drained by the head
Filufkirchen. Pop. 2046.                                   streams of La Mine River, namely, Flat Creek, Muddy Creek,
PETRIKAU, pO/tre-kOw', or PIOTRKOW, pe-otrrkov, a  and Heath's Fork, which unite near the N.E. border. Black
town of Poland, province, and 76 miles E.S.E. of Kalisz, on  Hiver, an affluent of La Mine, flows through the N.W. part.
the Strada, and on the railway from Warsaw to Granica, 90  The general surface is rolling, and presents extensive pralmiles from Warsaw. Pop. 2300. It has a castle, formerly a  ries, with groves of timber distributed along the large
residence of the Polish kings.                             streams. The soil is fertile. Extensive beds of stone coal
PETRIKOV or PETRIKOW, pA-tre-kov/, a market-town  are found in the county. Named in honor of Spencer Pettis,
of Russia, government of Minsk, on the Pripets, 29 miles Secretary of the State of Missouri, killed in a duel by Major
W.N.W. of Mozyr. Pop. 1700.                                Biddle. Capital, Georgetown. Pop. 5150, of whom 4266 were
PETRIKOVKA, pA-tre-kov'kA, a market-town of Russia, free, and 884 slaves.
government, and 133 miles N.N.E. of Kherson. Pop. 1550.    PETTIS, a township in Platte co., Missouri. Pop. 2954.
PETRINIA, pA-tree/ne-A, a town of Austrian Croatia, on    PETTIS STAND, a small village of Polk co., Tennessee.
the Kulpa, 29 miles S.S.E. of Agrarm. Pop. 4964. It is the    PET/TISTREE, a perish of England, co. of Suffolk.
head-quarters of a detachment of the frontier guard.        PET/TON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
PETRIU, plt're-ool, a town of Siam, on the Bang-pa-Kung,    PETTORANO. pit-to-rIno, a town of Naples, province of
52 miles E. of Bankok. Lat. 130 451 N., ion. 1010 15' E.  Abruzzo Ultra II., 5 miles S.S.E. of Suimona. Pop. 3100.
PETROCKSTOW, a perish of England, co. of Devon.           PETTORANO, a market-town of Naples, province of MoPETROCORII. See PnrssoRD.                               lise, 19 miles WV. of Campobasso. Pop. 1200.
PETRONEL or PETRONELL, pAtro-nll/, (ane. Carnun-   PET/TY  or PET/TIE, a maritime parish of Scotland,
tuos,) a market-town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 24  chiefly in the county of Inverness, along Moray Frith. Here
miles E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1102.                        are remains of several Druid circles, and ruins of a baronial
PETROPAULOVSKI,' p -tro-p~w-lov/skee,  or PETRO- castle of the seventeenth century. In the parish in the vilPAULSHAFEN, pA-tro-pbwls/hA-fln, the capital town of lage of Campbelltown.
Kamtchatka, on its E. coast, on the N. side of the Bay of    PETTY, a post-office of Lawrence co., Illinois.
Avatcha, in lat. 530 0' 27" N., lon. 1580 40' 12" E. Its port   PETITYCUR, a harbor of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the E.
is small, and it has less than 1000 inhabitants, but it is the  shore of the Frith of Forth, 1 mile S. of Kinghorn, and imprincipal Russian military station in this remote province.  mediately opposite Leith.
PETROPAULOVSKI, a fortified town of Siberia, govern-   PETTYSVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Tennessee.
rrment, and 250 miles S.S.E. of Tobolsk, on the Ishim. Pop.   PET/VORTH, a market-town,and parish of England, co.
about 4000. It has an active trade with Bokhara'and Khiva. of Sussex, 13 miles N.N.E. of Chichester. Pop. of the town
PETROPOLIS. See RIo JANEIRO.                            in 1851, 2427. The town, pleasantly situated on an emiPETROVACZ, p&tro'vAts/, a village of Hungary, co., and  nence, has a neat church, containing tombs of the Percy
1'i miles E.S.E. of Bacz. Pop. 5269.                      family, anciently the lords of the manor, several schools,
PETROVITCII or PETROWITSCH, pA/tro-fitchW, a town  and liberally-endowed almnshouses, sessions and marketof European Turkey, in Room-Elee, sanjak, and SO miles house, a county house of correction, and bank. In the
N.W. of Seres, near the Radovitz, an affluent of the Struma. vicinity is the splendid seat of Colonel Wyndham. 
It is enclosed by a brick wall, flanked with towers, and    PETZKA, pitsKA, PETSKA  or PECSKA, pitch/k~Bh, a
comprises 1200 houses, chiefly inhabited by Turks, who  market-town of Hungary, co. of Arad, 51 miles E.S.E. of
carry on an active trade in tobacco, raised in the vicinity.   Szegedin. Pop. 13,441. -It consists of two separate places,
PETROVKA, pA-trovfkl, a market-town of Russia, govern- Ratz and Magyar Petzka.
ment, and 87 miles S.E. of Voronezh. Pop. about 1500.       PEV/ENSEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, with a
PETROVOSZELO, pA'tro'vos's/lo', a village of Hungary, 4  station on the South Coast Railway, 10 miles W.S.W. of Hastmiles from 0-RBese. Pop. 5573.                            ings. Here are the ruins of a castle.
PETRCGSK or PETROWSK, pA-trovsk!, a town of Russia,   PEVERAGNO, pA-vA-r n/yo, a town of North Italv, in Piedgovernment, and 68 miles N.N.W. of Sarator, on the Mied- mont, 5 miles S.E of Cono  Pop 6090.
4S                                                                                        1473




PEW                                                        PItA
PEWAUGONEE RIVER, of Wisconsin. See WOLF RIVER.   PFAFFNAU, pflffln~w, a village and parish of SwitzerPEWAUIKEE, a post-village and township of Wisconsin, land, canton, and 24 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1871.
on the plank-road from Milwaukee to Watertown, 6 miles    PFALZ, an old division of Germany. See PALATINATE.
N.W. of Waukesha. The village has 2 churches, 2 stores,   PFALZDORF, pf ltsfdoaf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 41
and 2 mills, Pop. 120; of the township, 1106.             miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2910.
PEWAUKEE LAKE, Wisconsin, in Waukesha connty, is    PFALZEL, pf&ltfsgel, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 3 miles
43 miles long, and about a mile wide. It is called by the  N. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1050.
Indians Peewaukee-wee-ning, or " lake of shells," from the    PFARRKIRCH, pfaatkiRK, or PFARRKIRCHEN. pfaaSgreat number of small shells found in the sand along its  kMRKc'en, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 26 miles W.S.W.
shores.                                                   ofPassau. Pop. 1572.
PEWTSEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.               PFARRWEISSACI, pfaa0I1sfs~K, a market-town of BavaPE-YAN, pA-y/nl, a mountain of China, province of Se- ria, in Lower Franconia, 19 miles N.W. of Bamberg.
chuen, in lat. 300 5' N., lon. 1020 32' E. It is covered with    PFEDDERSIIEIM, pfMdtders-hime', atown of iesse-Darm.
perpetual snow.                                           stadt, province of Rhein-HIessen, 4 miles W.N.W. of Worms.
PEYRAT, pl'rYt, a village of France, department of Haute- Pop. 2031.
Vienne, 23 miles E. of Limoges. Pop. in 1852, 2755.          PFEFFERS, PFAFFERS, (Pfiiffers,) pf~f'fers, or PVAPEYRAT, avillage of France, departmentof Haute-Vienne,  VERS, (Pviivers,) pv6lvers; a watering-place of Switzerland,
2 miles N.N.W. of Bellac. Pop. 1280.                      canton of St. Gall, in a deep gorge, 5 miles S.E. of Sargans.
PEYRAT, a village of France, department of Creuse, 10  The waters having a temperature of 980 Fahrenheit, are
miles N.E. of Aubusson. Pop. 1640.                        administered in two buildings adapted to receive from 200
PEYREHORADE, pst'o'r[df, a town of France, depart- to 300 persons, and reached by a rude stair formed of trees,
ment of Landes, on the Gave de Pan, 38 miles S.W. of Mont- and of steps cut in the perpendicular rock. On an adjacent
de-Marsan. Pop. in 1852, 2734.                            height is a Benedictine monastery, founded in 1713, and
PEYRELEVADE, paR'leh-v&dl, a village of France, de- suppressed in 1838. A new hotel was built in 1830.
partment of Correze. near the Vienne. Pop. in 1852, 2036.    PFORING, pfotring, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of
PEYREMALE, Ipa'mlll, a village of France, depart- Upper Palatinate, on the left bank of the Danube, 13 miles
ment of Gard, arrondissement of Alais.                    E.N.E. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 790. It has remains of a RoPEYRESTORTES, pla'toat', a village of France, depart- man fort at the commencement of the Teufelsmauer, ("' devil's
ment of Pyr6n6es-Orientales, 4 miles N.W. of Perpignan. wall,") a line of masonry extending hence for 150 miles.
The French here defeated a Spanish force on the 17th of Sep-   PFORTE, pfoR/teh, or SCHULPFORTE, shoollpfoitteh, a
tember, 1793.                                             village of Prussia, province of Saxony, government, and 18
PEYRIAC DE MER, psre-Ak/deh mair, a village of France, miles S.W. of Merseburg, on the Little Saale, with a celedepartment of Aude, 8 miles S.S.W. of Narbonne. Pop. 861. brated school, at which from 180 to 190 scholars are mainPEYRIAC-MINERVOIS, pA're`k k1-mee'n6a'vwA, a market- tained and educated gratuitously.
town of France, department of Aude, 12 miles N.E. of Car-   PFORTEN, pfoatten, a village of Prussia, province of Brancassone. Pop. 1309.                                       denburg, 40 miles S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 325. It has the
PEYRINS, pArANGe.   a village of France, department of  remains of a fine old castle.
Drfme, 12 miles N.N.E. of Valence. Pop. 3015.               PFORZHEIM, pfoatsfhime, (anc. Porlta irer-cinficec ) an anPEYRUIS, psrweef, a market-town of France, department cient city of the grand duchy of Baden, at the confluence
of Basses-Alpes, 16 miles W.S.W. of Digne. Pop. 873.      of the Enz and Nagold, 16 miles S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop.
PEYRUS, pAtrtissf, a village of France, department of  7200. The city proper is enclosed by walls, and has a castle,
Drame. 10 miles E. of Valence. Pop. 975.                  and a fine church, with old grand-ducal vaults. It is the
PEYRUSSE. pAriissl, a town of France, department of principal manufacturing town of the grand duchy, having
Aveyron, 11 miles N.N.E. of Villefranche. Pop. 1000.      manufactures of jewelry employing 900 hands, and of woolPEYSTER, pister, an island of the Pacific Ocean, Mul- len cloth, leather, and chemical products, with copper and
grave Archipelago, in lat. 80 51 S., ion. 1780 E., named after  iron forges, trade in timber, oil) wine, and 12 annual cattle
its American discoverer in 1819.                          fairs.
PEYTONA, p&-tofnu,la post-office of Boone co., Virginia.  PFREIMIT or PFREIMDT, pfrimt, a town of Bavaria, 16
PEYTONA, a small village of Stewart co., Tennessee.'  miles E.N.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1592. It has a Franciscan
PEYTON'S, piAtonz, a small village of Barnwell district, establishment, a high school, and a manufacture of minirrors.
South Carolina.                                             PFULLENDORF, pf06l1len-do f, a town of Baden, on
PEYTONSBURG, piltonz-b-irg, a post-village of Pittsyl-  Lake Ilmen. 20 miles N.E. of Constance. Pop. 1700.
vania co., Virginia, 145 miles S.W. of Richmond.            PFULLINGEN, pf6l51ing-.n, a town of WTirtemberg, cirPEYTON'S CREEK. a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee.  cle of Black Forest, on the Eschatz, 3 miles S.E. of HeutPEYTONSVILLE, lpAtonz-vil, a post-village of Williamson  lingen. Pop. 4017, mostly employed in paper mills and
co.. Tennessee.                                           brush factories, and in the cultivation of fruit and wine.
PEYTUN, plltiin, or PUTTUM, put-titm5, a town of India, Pfaff was born here in 1651.
Nizam's dominions, on the Godavery, 30 miles S. of Aurung-   PFUNDS, pfo5nts, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 22 miles
abad, and formerly noted for its embroidered silk fabrics.    S.S.W. of Imst, on the Inn. Pop. 1319.
PEZA. a river of Russia, rises in the government of Arch-   PFUNGSTADT, pfb6ng!statt, a market-town of Hesseangel, about lat. 650 N., and ion. 500 E., flows E.S.E., and  Darmstadt, province of Starkenberg, 5 miles S. of Darmstadt.
joins the Mezen. Total course. 140 miles.                  Pop. 3050.
PEZA, LA, or LAPEZA, ld-pA/tlh, a town of Spain, in An-   PFYN, pfin, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton
dalusia, province, and 24 miles from Granada. Pop. 2460.   of Thurgau, on the Thur, 10 miles S.W. of Constance.
PEZEEKO RIVER. New York. See Picsco.                     Pop. 1005.
P-'Z]NAS, pI'zA'ni, (anc. Picince?) a town of France, de-   PHA3 IANX, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.
partment of Hirault, 25 miles S.W. of Montpelier, near the    PHALASARNA, fA-lA-sa/na, a ruined city of Crete, near
right bank of the H~rault. Pop. in 1852, 7375. It has a  the W. end of the island, its chief remains being walls and
communal college, and manufactures of chemical products. towers on an acropolis, close to the shore.
PEZO-DA-REGOA, Portugal. See REooA.                        PHIALIA, a small bayou of Tammany parish, Louisiana,
PEZUELA DE LAS TORRES, p/-thw/l4 dA lis tori/as. a  flows into the Chefonte River.
town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 30 miles E. of    PIIALSBOURG, fils'boog', a fortified town of France, deMadrid, near the Tajuna. Pop. 1197.                        partment of Meurthe, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains,
PEZZANA, plt-si'ni, a village of the Sardinian States, 49 miles E. of Nancy. Pop. 2012. It was besieged by the
division of Novara, province, and S. of Vercelli. Pop. 2340. allies in 1814-15.
PEZZASE, pit-si/si, or PEZASO, pld-zi'so, a village of    PHARI, f/ree, or PARISDONG, p-ris-dongl, a fortiess of
Austrian Italy, province of Brescia, 5 miles S.E. of Bove-no. Thibet, towards the Bootan frontier, in lat. 270 48' N., lon.
Pop. 1663.                                                890 14' E.
PFAFFENHAUSEN, pfflfen-how'zen, a market-town of    PHARIISIIANG, a post-village of Union co., Ohio.
Bavaria, circle of Swabia, 27 miles S.W. of Augsburg. P. 790.   PHAROS, fitros, a peninsula, and anciently an island of
PFAFFENHEIM, pfiflen-hime', (Fr. pron. flfIfin'imf,)  Lower Egypt, on which stood a famous light-house. It forms
a market-town of France, department of Ilaut-Rhin, 7 miles  the site of the modern city of Alexandria.
S.W. of Colmanr. Pop. 2012.                                 PHIIAROS or PHARUS. See LESINA.
PFAFFENIOFEN, pfiflfen-hoofen, (Fr.pron. fif'fln'o'-   PIIARR'S MILLS, a post-office of IMoore co., North CafMiGs,) a market-town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, on  rolina.
the Moder, 12 miles N.E. of Saverne. Pop. 1426.             PHARSALIA, a town of Thessaly. See SATALGE.
PFAFFENHOFEN, pfiftfen-ho'fen, a small town of Upper   PIARSAfLIA, a post-township of Chenango co., New
Bavaria, on the Ilm, 28 miles N. of Munich. Pop. 1912.    York, 12 miles W.N.W. of Norwich. Pop. 1184.
PFAF FENHOFEN, a village of Upper Bavaria, on the Lan-   PItARSALIA, a village in Panola co., Mississippi, about
terach, 11 miles S.W. of Amberg. Pop. 580.               150 miles N. of Jackson.
PFAFFERS, Switzerland. See PFEFFERS.                     PHA/SIS, RION, RIIION, ree-6nt, or FAZ, fiz, a river of
PFAFFIKON, (Pflifikon,) pflfffe-kon', PFEFFIKEN, pfafl-  Asiatic Russia, anciently regarded as the boundary between
fe-lkn, PFEFFIKON, or PFAFFIKEN, (Pfiiffiken,) a village  Europe and Asia, rises in a spur of the Caucasus, traverses
of Switzerland, canton, and 11 miles E. of Zurich, on the  Imeritia, and after a W. course enters the Black Sea at its
N. shore of the small lake of Pfiffikon. Pop. 3000.      E. extremity, near Poti, 34 miles N. of Batoom. The Euro1474




PHA'PHI
pan pheasant (gallus p1tasianus) derives its name from   original streets, mostly short, and often narrow. The cross
having been originally imported from the banks of this river, streets number W. from the Delaware to Schuylkill. and are
and it still frequents an island at its mouth.             named Front, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh,
PHATUKA, fiA-toolfk, a town of British India, presidency  Eighth, &c. The plan of the old city is continued into the
of Bengal, 10 miles S.E. of Patna, on the S. side of the Poon- newer portions, both N. and S., but with considerable varia,
poor River. Pop. 12,000, (?) who manufacture cotton cloths, tions, caused in part by the widening of the space between
and carry on an active trade.                              the rivers, and partly by caprice having marked out the
PHAZANIA. See FEzzaN.                                    highways before the city had extended itself beyond its oriPHlEASANT BRANCH, a post-office of Dane co., Wis- ginal limits.  There are, however, in the suburbs, some
consin.                                                    very spacious avenues and streets, particularly in the N.
PHEAS'ANT ISLAND, in the Bidassoa River, between  districts.  The densely-inhabited portion of Philadelphia
France and Spain, is the place where the treaty of the Pyre- extends about 4 miles on the Delaware, from Southwark N.
nees was concluded, September 7th, 1659.                   to Richmond, (formerly Port Richmond,) and 2 miles on the
PHELECIIE, island in the Persian Gulf. See FELUDSH.   Schuylkill, covering an area of about 8 square miles. The
PHELPS, fdlps, a post-township, forming the N.E. extre- great bulk of the business is transacted between Vine and
mity of Ontario co., New York, and intersected by the An- Spruce streets, on the Delaware front, E. of Sixth street; but
burn and Rochester Railroad. Its contains numerous flour- the focus of this business is in Market and Chestnut, E. of
iug mills. The post-office is in the village of VIENNA. Pop. Fifth street, and here, or in their immediate neighborhood,
55]2.                                                      are the Exchange, Custom-House, the most important banks,
PHELPS, a post-township in the S. part of Ashtabula co., insurance offices, warehouses, stores, &c. Third street now
Ohio.                                                       rivals Market street, both in the extent of business done,
PIELPSITOWN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Ing- and in its noble stores, offices, and warehouses. This street,
ham co., Michigan. Pop. 393.                                between Market and Walnut, is the brokers' and moneyPHENG-II0, fbng-hoo, PESCADORES, pls-kA-do/rks, or  dealers' quarter. Here, too, are issued most of the periodiTHE FISHIIER'S ISLANDS, an island group in the channel cals published in Philadelphia. The fashionable quarter,
of Fo-kien, China Sea, between the island of Formosa and  "par excellence," is S. of Market street and W. of Seventh
the mainland. The largest has a tolerable harbor, and is street; but Walnut street is the "ton" street of the quarter.
stated to be garrisoned by Chinese troops.                  This region is thronged with spacious and elegant residences,
PHEINIX, a post-office of Kent co., Rhode Island.         built of sandstone, granite, marble, and fine-pressed or stucPHEREIH, a town of European Turkey. See F-E m.n           coed brick, giving abundant evidence of affluence, taste,
PHIALA, fe-lA, a small lake of Palestine, pashalic of Da- and luxurious ease and comfort. Arch street, N. of Market,
mascus, 10 miles E.N.E. of Banias. It is 1 mile in circum- is one of the widest streets in the city, and is not inferior to
ference, surrounded by wooded hills, and supposed to be the  any in point of architecture and the respectability of its resource of a subterranean affluent of the Jordan.            sidences.
PHIGALEIA  or PHIGALIA, fe-g -leefyl, (called after-    Public Squares.-There is but one park (Independence
wards PHIALIA, fe —leelg, a ruined city of Greece, in Mlorea, Square, in the rear of the State-House) or public square in
governmentofTriphylia. Its remains, onaprecipitous height, the dense part of the city, besides the five enumerated in
10 miles N.E. of Kyparissia, consist of walls, towers, and a  the general plan, of much importance. In the immediate
citadel, presenting one of the most ancient and curious speci- vicinity of Fairmount water-works (themselves forming a
mens of Grecian military architecture. Within its walls is fine promenade, with an extensive view from the basin) is
a part of the village of Paulizza; 4 miles E. are the ruins of Lemon Hill, formerly Pratt's Garden, and once the resia famous temple of Apollo.                                  deuce of Robert Morris, of Revolutionary fame.  These
PHILADELfPI-IIA, Asia Minor. See AsA-SHEHR.               grounds are very extensive, covered with fine old trees, posPHIILADELPHIA, Syria. See AMMAsN.                         sees great variety of surface, and descend on the W. and
PHILADELIPHIA, a county in the extreme S.E. part of  S.W. by steep banks to the Schuylkill River. The squares
Pennsylvania, contains 120 square miles. It is bounded on  within the city cover each an extent of from  5 to 7 acres,
the S.E. by the Delaware River, and intersected by the  are enclosed by tasteful iron railings, beautifully laid out,
Schuylkill, and by the Pennypack, Tacony, and Wissahickon  and planted with a great variety of trees. Peafowls and
Creeks. Darby Creek flows along the W. border. The sur- deer are domesticated in them. Five of these squares are
face is level near the Delaware, and hilly in the other parts. named Washington, Rittenhouse, Penn. Logan, and FrankBy a recent act of the Legislature, the limits of the city of  lin. The latter has a fine fountain and basin, with 40 jets
Philadelphia (which see) have been made co-extensive with  of water.
those of the county.                                          Public and other Buildings remarlcable for their ArchitecPIIL'ADEL/PIIIA, (Fr. Philadelphie, fee'l/'dbl'fee'; Sp. ture. —Philadelphia possesses, in Girard College, situated
and It. Piladelfla, fe-l-dil1fe-s,) a port of entry, the second  about 2 miles N.W. of the State-House,r the finest specimen
city in the United States, and the metropolis of Pennsyl- of Grecian architecture in the United States, if not of movania, is situated between the Delaware and Schuylkill dern times. It is in the Corinthian style, the cella or main
Rivers, about 6 miles above their junction, and (following  body of the building being  169 feet in length, by 111 in
the river and bay) 96 miles from the ocean. It is in 390 57' width, surrounded by a magnificent colonnade of 34 columns
N. lat., and 750 10' W. Ion., being 136 miles N.E. of Washing-  55 feet high and 6 feet in diameter. This colonnade extends
ton City, and 87 miles S.W. of New York.                    the building to a length of 218 feet, and a breadth of 160
General Aspect. —The approach to Philadelphia on the De- feet. The height is 97 feet. This edifice is entirely firelaware side is not apt to inspire much enthusiasm, as the  proof, the outer walls, staircases, floors, and roof being consite of the city is level. The view that is most likely to im- structed of marble, and the inner ofbrick. There are two
press a stranger is that which meets him on approaching  additional buildings on each side of the main structure, all
from the N.W., particularly from the summit of the Inclined  of marble, and each 125 feet long by 52 feet wide, and two
Plane, on the old Columbia Railroad. The ground ascends  stories high. A sixth building has recently been erected
towards the N., and furnishes beautiful drives, and fine  for water purposes, baking, vashing, drying, and as a labosites for villas and cottages, particularly on the banks of the  ratory. The whole is surrounded by an ugly stone wall, 10
Schuylkill and Wissahickon, whose beauties have been sung  feet high, and enclosing 41 acres of land, half of which is
by Tom Moore and Fanny Remble. The suburbs of West laid out in gardens, &c., and the rest in grass-plots, playPhiladelphia, Hamilton, and Mantua villages, W. of the  ground, and gravel-walks. The entire cost of buildings,
Schuylkill; and the vicinity of Germantown, N. of the dense  wall. and embellishments of the grounds, was $1.933,821.78.
portion, are thronged with handsome cottages and villas, sur- Mr. Girard, who made this magnificent bequest, was a native
rounded by beautiful grounds, pleasantly shaded, and inha- of France, who came poor and friendless to Philadelphia in
bited by persons doing business in the city. The compact boyhood, and by industry and good management accumuportion of Philadelphia occupies the narrowest part of the  lated a fortune of several millions, the greater portion of
peninsula (where it is only 2 miles wide) between the Dela- which he left to the city for the erection and endowment of
ware and Schuylkill Rivers, but widening, somewhat in the  the Girard College for Orphans, and for improving the city
form of a druggist's mortar, N. and S. of Market, its central in various ways. The next most prominent public building
street. Theplan of this city, as laid out by Penn, is exceed- is the Custom-IHouse, (formerly the United States Bank,) a
ingly regular, consisting, according to the original plan of  noble Doric structure on Chestnut street, built on a raised
its founder, of 10 streets running from river to river, and  platform 161 feet long by 87 wide, and ornamented on both
crossed by 25 others, at right angles to them. MIarket and  the Chestnut and Library street fironts by a noble colonnade
Broad streets, the former running E. and WV., and the latter of 8 fluted Doric columns 27 feet high and 41 in diameter.
ton the highest ground between the rivers) N. and S., divides This edifice cost about $500,000. The great hall is 81 feet
the plot into four nearly equal portions-the longest and  long by 48 wide, and ornamented by Ionic columns supmost populous, however, E. of Broad street. About the cen- porting a semicircular ceiling.. There are a number of other
tre of each of these divisions, the wisdom of Penn reserved  buildings connected with the collection of the customs,
an open space for parks or public squares, as well as one at warehousing, &c., on Second, Dock, and Granite streets.
the intersection of Broad and Market streets, which is sub- The United States Mint, extending from Chestnut street to
divided by that intersection into 4 smaller squares. Broad  Olive  treet, fronts 120 feet on Chestnut street, the centre
street is 113 feet wide, Market street 100, and the other prin- of which is occupied by a portico 62 feet long. supported by
cipal streets firom 50 to 66 feet in width. A number of now  6 Ionic columns. There is a similar portico on Olive street.
streets have been opened, of various lengths, between the  The entire depth to Olive street is about 220 feet. the whole
1475




PHI                                                            PHI
enclosing a square or oblong court.  The building was  America, (the first established in the United States,) the
erected at a cost of $200,000. There were coined in this  Commercial, the Farmers' and Mechanics', and the Bank of
estatblishment —                                               Commerce, all in Chestnut street, have tasteful fronts of
Silver.            Gold.        marble, granite. or sandstone.
In 1850.........................$ 409,600............ $27,757,000  Stores, Warehouses,  c. —To omit all notice of the struc.
1851........................  446,800............  52,143,000  tures devoted in this commercial country to purposes of
18052........................  846,400............ 51506,000  trade, would be to do great injustice to some of its finest ar1853........................ 7,840,121...........  51,773,157
- 1854........................ 5,473,270............ 37,472,853  chitectural ornaments. Philadelphia and New York abound
in edifices of this character, such as astonish foreigners acThe gold deposited in the same years, was in the following  customed to the gloomy and dingy warehouses of Europe,
oider: —In 1850, $33,240,458; in 1851. $47,929,407; in 1852, often in narrow and dark lanes and alleys. As the stranger
$51,056,243; in 1853, $53,426,205; and in 1854, $37,506,929.  approaches Philadelphia on the Delaware side, one of the
The total coinage of gold, silver, and copper and gold bars,  first objects that strikes his attention is the tower (133 feet
amounted in 1853 to $59,684,783.   The Merchants' Exchange,  high) of Jayne's eight-story Quincy granite building, with a
at the intersection of Walnut, Third, and Dock streets, con-  front of mixed Moorish and Spanish orders, in Chestnut
structed of white marble, is about 114 feet on Walnut, and  street, below Third. Immediately adjoining it are 5 six95 feet on Third street. The Third street front has a recessed  sto,'y stores of the same material. But not to enter into deportico with 4 Corinthian columns. Towards Dock street is  tailed descriptions, there are, in the business parts of
a semicircular colonnade of 8 pillars, in the same style, pre- Market, Chestnut, and Walnut streets, and in the cross
senting a fine appearance to one approaching from  the E. streets in that portion of the city, a large number of insuThe semi-rotunda, with a part of the main building, consti- rance, canal, and railroad companies' offices, besides a multutes the great hall of the Exchange, which is also a read-  titude of stores, with ornamented fronts, a large portion of
uing-room. The remainder of the building is let out for in- which are of granite, marble, sandstone, or iron, in different
surance offices, &c. The State House, a plain brick building  styles of architecture-Tuscan, Byzantine, Grecian, and even
of small architectural pretensions, but of venerable aspect,  Egyptian. Chestnut street is the fashionable promenade, and
situated on the Chestnut street front ofindependence Square,  here are of course the finest shops or stores, with their platebetween Fifth and Sixth streets, is among the first places  glass windows crowded with jewelry, porcelain, and glasssought out by intelligent visitors to Philadelphia.  It was  ware, and every article of fashionable or costly fabric to
erected between the years 1729 and 1734. In the E. room   tempt the fancy of the purchaser, or to lure the thoughtless
of this structure sat the Congress that issued, July 4, 17.76,  into prodigal expenditure. In this street are the Masonic
that great American iMagna Charta, the Declaration of Inde-  Hall, of red sandstone, in a fine style of Gothic; the Girard
pendence, which has made this hall historical-a cherished  Hotel, with its imposing sandstone front of six stories; the
object with Philadelphians, and a national political shrine. Art Union; the Assembly Buildings; Parkinson's Ice-cream
Though plain in its exterior, its heavily wainscoted walls and  Saloons and Gardens; the Academy of Fine Arts; the Sundayquaint carvings give it an interest in our country, where  school CUnion's new building, with its ornamental filont of
every thing is so new, independent of its historical interest. Quincy granite; Simes' tasteful structure of Picton stone;
It is surmounted by a steeple, in which are a clock and a  Concert Hall, and the United States Mint-which brings us
bell, rung on the occurrence of fires and remarkable events,  to Broad street, where the fashionable promenade at present
In the wings are the county offices. On the first floor is In-  terminates.
dependence Hall, and on the second, the chambers now oc-    Hotels.-Philadelphia has always been celebrated for the
cupied for the meeting of the Select and Common Councils. comfort, neatness, and excellence of the fare of her hotels;
In the same square, on Sixth and Chestnut streets, is a  though till recently more attention has been paid to interbrick building, (in which Congress met after the adoption of  nal comforts than to external display. The Girard House.a
the present constitution,) now occupied as court rooms. At  ranks among the first hotels in the Union, and extends
the other extremity of the square, in Fifth and Chestnut  about 200 feet on Chestnut street. The Washington House,
streets, is an exactly similar building, in which are the  Jones's Hotel, the American, the United States, Franklin,
Mayor's and other city offices. The Musical Fund lIall is  and Markoe Houses, all in Chestnut street, the Union and
a capacious building, said to be the best adapted to concerts  Ashland in Arch, La Pierre (a new and tasteful edifice) in
of any room in the country. It will seat about 2500 persons. Broad street, and the Merchants' in Fourth, may all be
Concert Hall, devoted to similar purposes, has a fine front  termed first-class hotels. Besides which, there are a large
of sandstone. Sansom-street Hall, a very large structure  number ofsecond-class hotels.
with a brownstone front, the Assembly Buildings, Spring    Churches and ReligiousInstitutions.-Philadelphiaabounds
Garden Institute, Washington  Hall, (in Spring Garden  in places of worship, and in 1853 contained about 275 edistreet,) and Franklin Hall, all have spacious rooms let out  fices devoted to religious services, of which the Baptists
for concerts, fairs, and public meetings. The late Commis- owned 27; the Covenanters, 2; the Dutch Reformed, 4;
sioners' Hall, Spring Garden, has a fine portico of 6 Corin-  Episcopalians, 38; Friends, 9;.German Reformed, 6; Jews,
thian columns, and is surmounted by a steeple ornamently  5; Lutherans, 12; Methodists, 66; Moravians, 1; Presbycarved, containing a fire-bell and clock. On the Delaware  terians, 62; Roman Catholics, 21; Universalists, 4; UnitaRiver, about 1U miles S.E. of the State I-louse, is the United  rians, 1; and Mariners, 2: besides a number belonging
States Navy Yard, occupying an area of 12 acres. In this  to minor sects. Value of church property, according to the
yard are two large ship-houses, respectively 210 and 270 feet  census of 1850, $4,799,050. Recently a number of costly and
long, (the latter now being enlarged,) in which have been  highly ornamented churches have been, and are now being
built some of the finest vessels in the navy; among others, erected. The largest and most costly of these, the Catholic
the Pennsylvania, the largest man-of-war in the woild. church of St. Peter and St. Paul, on Logan Square, is of the
There is a Sectional Floating Doclk at this yard, which cost  Roman style, in the forml of a cross, and constructed of ried
$813,742. Nearly opposite to the Navy Yard, on the Schuyl- sandstone; the front on Eighteenth street has 4 Corinthian
kill River, is the United States Naval Asylum, a fine struc- columns, 60 feet high and 6 feet in diameter, with a tower at
ture of white marble, composed of a centre and two wings, each angle of 110 feet; the whole to be crowned with a dome,
the whole presenting a front of 380 feet. The centre build-  swelling up to the height of 210 feet fiom the ground, and
ing, which is 175 by 142 feet, is ornamented by an Ionic  surrounded by a colonnade 30 feet high. Next to this, in
colonnade of 8 columns. The whole is surrounded by beau- point of architectural beauty, is perhaps the church of St.
tifully laid out grounds, occupying an area of 25 acres. In  Mark's, (Episcopal,) constructed of a light-red sandstone,
1852 there were in this institution 146 pensioners.           with a tower and steeple of exquisite proportions, and of the
Th/eatres-Philadelphia possesses the largest edifice in the  slame material.  This church is 150 feet long by 91 wide, inUnited States devoted to dramatic representations; this  eluding the tower. Christ church, with a lofty steeple, is
structure-the Opera House-has a firont of 140 feet on  very interesting to Philadelphians, from  its antique and
Broad, and a flank of 238 feet on Locust street. The first  quaint style. The church of Calvary, (Presbyterian,) with
story on Broad street is of brownstone, ornamented with  two towers, and the Baptist's church on Broad and Arch,
heads of Thalia, Terpsichore. Apollo, Euterpe, and Mel-  with a high tower crowned with a steeple, are both built of
poniene; the rest of the building is of pressed brick, with  sandstone. The other most remarkable churches are, St.
brownstone dressings. The auditorium  will seat 3000 per-  Stephen's, (Episcopal,) with a granite front and two towers;
sons. Walnut and Arch Street Theatres. the City Museum   St. Jude's, of sandstone; the (Catholic) Church of the Asin Callowhill street, and the Philadelphlia Circus, are the  sumption, in the Gothic style, with two towers, terminated
other principal places devoted to theatrical entertainments.  by spires, also of sandstone; and the Presbyterian church
Banking Houses.-Philadelphia has long been celebrated  on Arch and Eighteenth streets, with a dome 144 feet high,
for its elegant banking houses, prominent among which is  and two bell towers, each 46 feet above the roof. The Presthe Pennsylvania Bank, a beautiful edifice of white marble,  byterian church, Arch and Tenth streets; St. Peter's; the
in the Grecian style, withan Ionic colonnade of 6 columns  Church of the Nativity, and a Baptist's church on Chestnut,
on each front. Near this, on Third street, at the head of  and one on Fifth street, each have lofty steeples. Christ
Rock street, stands the Girard Bank, with a white marble  church, St. Peter's, and St. Stephen's, have chimes of bells.
front, and a Corinthian portico of 6 columns. This was the  The Presbyterian Board of Publication occupy an elegant
banking house of the first United States Bank, afterwards  store, of light sandstone, at 265 Chestnut street, and the
Stephen Girard's banking house. This building is city pro- American Baptist Publication Society one in Arch street, of
perty. The Philadelphia and Western Banks are in a fine  brown sandstone; the rieceipts of the latter for the year 1851
marble structure in Chestnut street. The Bank of North  were $40,597.71 from the sale of books and periodicals. The
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PHI                                                         PHI
American Sunday-school Union, the Pensylvania Bible So- by a wall 30 feet high. The front is in castellated style,
oiety, the Philadelphia Bible Society, the Female Bible So- built of dressed stone, and contains the apartments of the
ciety, the Friends' Bible Society, and a number of similar officers of the prison. An octagonal building occupies the
societies in the districts, are the principal religious institu- centre of the grounds, from  which radiate wings, with a
tions.                                                      row of cells on each side, and a passage-way which traverses
Cemeeteries.-The environs of Philadelphia abound in places  the whole length of each wing. For statistics of the peniof sepulture, foremost among which, for beauty of position, tentiaries, see Public Institutions of Pennsylvania.  The
are the two cemeteries of North and South Laurel Hill, situ- Philadelphia County Prison is situated in the district of
ated on the Schuylkill River, 4 miles N.W. of the State  Moyamensing, about 11 miles S.W. of the State House, and
House. The shores of the river are here highly picturesque, has a massive front of Quincy granite, in the Tudor style
commanding extensive and beautiful views. The slopes and  of English Gothic. Adjoining is the female dep rtment,
precipices on the Schuylkill are thickly wooded. The oldest with a front of sandstone, in the Egyptian style. The male
of the two, North Laurel Hill, occupies about 25 acres, and  department has 408 separate cells, and the female 100, beis crowded with splendid mausoleums. It is entered by an  sides an infirmary, and apartments for the keepers. This
imposing gateway, in the Doioric style, immediately in front prison is used for the purposes of a penitentiary, as well as
of which, on rising ground, in an alcove, is Them's group, a county jail and work-house. Of 11,632 commitments in
representing Old Mortality, his pony, and Sir Walter Scott. the year 1853-4, 7425 were white males and 2384 females, 924
South Laurel Hill is very similar in the character of its  colored males and 899 females; 971 were for vagrancy, 1662
grounds. and contains about 30 acres. It is separated by  fordrunkenness, and4215 for disorderlyconduct. Thereare
an intervening country seat from North Laurel Hill. Wood- two houses of refuge in Philadelphia for the reformation of
land Cemetery. on the W. side of the Schuylkill, between  juvenile delinquents, one for white, and the other for colMarket street and Gray's Ferry bridges, occupies an area of  lored children. New and separate edifices, embracing most
about 80 acres, adorned most pleasantly with alternate hill of the improvements desirable in such structures, have reand dale, and with a variety of trees of venerable growth and  cently been erected near Girard College; the white refuge,
umbrageous extent. Besides these are the Odd Fellows' with accommodations for 500 youths, and the colored, for
Cemetery,' of 32 acres, with an imposing Egyptian gateway, 250. In 1854, 187 white boys and 45 girls were admitted
2 miles N. of the city; Glenwood, adjoining it, of 21 acres;  into the white department; and 187 boys and 57 girls disthe Monument Cemetery, on Broad street, within a mile of  charged, 142 of whom were indentured. During the same
the city, and a number of smaller cemeteries beyond the  period, 84 boys and 35 girls were admitted into the colored
bounds of the dense population.                             department; and 55 boys and 31 girls discharged, 51 of
Watec-Werks.-Fairmount Water-Works, situated in the  whom were indentured: leaving 364 in both institutions,
district of Spring Garden, on the Schuylkill River, about 2  January 1, 1854. Total number received into the white demiles N.W. of the State House, were, previous to the erec- partment, since its establishment in 1828, 3945; and into
tion of the Croton works, in New York, the envy of the  the colored department, (founded in 1850,) 450.
other cities of the Union-Philadelphia having been for a    Almshouses.-The almshouse for the city and county of
long time the only city in the United States supplied with  Philadelphia is situated S. of Market street Bridge, on the
water in this way-and are still justly the pride and boast W. side of the Schuylkill River.  This immense pile of
of Philadelphia, not more for their utility than for the pic- buildings is of stone, roughcast, constructed in a rectanturesque attractions of the place. It would perhaps be diffi- gular form, with a front of 500 feet on the Schuylkill, and
cult to point out anywhere a spot concentrating in the same  occupying and enclosing about 10 acres of ground. The
space so many elements of the beautiful and picturesque.  Schuylkill front has a centre building, ornamented by a
The ruggedness of the native rock; the view of the adjacent  Tuscan portico of 6 columns, 30 feet high and 5 in diameter.
river and falls; Fairmount with its four reservoirs resem-  The average number of inmates for 1852 was 1961; greatest
bling so many silver lakes; the flowers and rich verdure of  number in any one month, (in February,) 2323; smallest,
the level plat and of the hillsides, added to the sparkling  (in September,) 1805. In January, 1855, there were 2465
play of numerous fountains with which the grounds are  inmates, of whom  1745 were foreigners.  The children's
adorned, all combine to form a landscape of exquisite and  asylum, attached to this institution, had, in 1851, 1860 chilalmost unequalled beauty. The present works were com- dren; the insane department, 390; and the hospital wards,
menced in 1819, by the erection of a dam across the Schuyl- 349 patients.  The Friends' Almshouse is supported by the
kill. 1248 feet in length, and in some places 30 feet deep be- society whose name it bears, for the use of its own poor.
low high water. This water is turned into a forebay 419    Bensevolentand Charitable Institstions'-Amongthe benevofeet long and 90 feet wide, fi-om whence it falls upon and  lent institutions, the Pennsylvania Hospital claims a proturns 8 wheels from 16 to 18 feet in diameter, (and 1 tur- minentplace. Itwas founded in 1752, and occupies a square
biue wheel,) each having its separate pump, with power of ground between Pine and Spruce streets, and between
sufficient to raise 1,500,000 gallons in 24 hours. The water Eighth and Ninth. The buildings are of brick. consisting
is elevated 92 feet, into 4 reservoirs, on the top of a partly  of a centre, connected with two wings by long wards. The
natural elevation (but in some parts raised 40 feet above  entire length of the main building is 282 feet, besides which
the original hill) immediately at the works, and which  there are various out-buildings, and much open space,
gives them their name. These reservoirs contain in the ag- shaded by lofty sycamores and planted with flowers.. In
gregate 20,031,976 gallons, and when full have 12f feet the centre of the grounds, in the S. front, is a bronze statue
depth of water, and have supplied as much as 8,850,000 gal- of William Penn. In 1841, the insane patients were relons in one day. The old city, and districts south of it, (in  moved to a newly-erected hospital, 2 miles W. of the Schuylwhich are laid 125 miles of pipe,) are supplied from  these  kill River, since which time the city hospital has been
works. The total cost, including laying pipes, &c., up to  wholly devoted to those afflicted with bodily ailments. Of
1854, was $3,291,405. Spring Garden and Northern Liber- such, 1997 were treated in 1853-4,1093 ofwhichwere surgical
ties (N. of the old city) are supplied from  steam-works, lo- cases. Of the patients admitted, 1252 were foreigners. Adcated about a mile above Fairmount. The reservoir, which  mitted since the establishment of the hospital, 56,300.
is adjacent to the N.W. angle of the grounds of Girard Col- The hospital is open for the reception of persons who have
lege, is capable of containing 9,800,000 gallons of water, and  been injured by accidents, if brought to the house within
has supplied nearly 5,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. These  24 hours, provided they have occurred within the state of
works were erected in 1845, at a cost of $159,074.65. Ken- Pennsylvania. Ten physicians are in daily attendance, four
sington, another N. suburb, has similar works on the Dela- of whom are surgeons, and three reside in the house. Not
ware River. The estimated water-rents of all the works for among the least of the advantages of this institution are
1855 is $330,509. A large additional reservoir near Girard  the clinical lectures, which are delivered, twice a week, and
College, connected with the Fairmount works, has just been  which are annually attended by more than 300 students,
completed. The total amount supplied by the three works. who have access to it on paying the small fee of $10, which
in 1854, was 4,270,586,902 gallons.                         goes to increase the library of the hospital, already numGas-Works. —The  gas-works are only surpassed by the  bering about 10,000 volumes. The insane department, bewater-works in the increased comfort they bestow on the  fore referred to, is located on a fine farm of 111 acres, 4 miles
city. Besides the old city gas-works at the Market-street W. of the State-house. and near 3 from the Schuylkill, and
Bridge, on the Schuylkill, with 8 gas-holders of 50, 2 of 80, comprises a centre building and two wings, constructed of
and 1 of 140 feet in diameter, and the gas-works on the  stone, roughcast, and presenting a front of 436 feet. BeSchuylkill below Gray's Ferry Bridge, with a gasometer of  sides this, in different parts of the grounds, which are orna160 feet in diameter, and 90 feet high, there are the gas- mented and furnished with arbors, circular railroads, tenworks in the former districts of Spring Garden, Northern  pin alleys, &c., are lodges for the more noisy and violent
Liberties, and Kensington. Theold city works, in 1854. had  patients. Since its separate establishment, this department
120 miles of street main pipes laid, and distributed during  has received 2449 patients, and 6705 since its foundation.
the year 270,000,000 cubic feet of gas, supplying 202,702  Total, in both hospitals of every class since 1752, 58,749 paburners and 2020 public lamps. The Spring Garden works  tients; treated during the year, 406. Wills' Hospital, for
had 52 miles of street pipes, and supplied 66,232,600 feet of diseases of the eye and limbs, has extended relief to 2000 pergas to 700 public lamps, and to more than 7000 private con- sons, since going into operation in 1834, besides out-door
sumers. Of the other works we have not the statistics.      relief. The Preston IRetreat was built from a fund left by
Prisons and Penal Institutions.-The Eastern State Peni- Jonas Preston, Ml.D., in 1836, to found a Lying-in Hospital;
tentiary, situated on Coates' street, about 1$ miles N.W. of but the funds not being at present available, it is occupied
the State House, occupies an area of about 11 acres, enclosed  as a Foster Home, where 120 poor children aiR-e clothed, fe
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PHI                                                         PHI
and instructed. The Lying-in Charity, in 1851, extended  Books loaned during the same year, 431595. The Orthodox
medical aid and nursing to 69 obstetric cases. The Society  Friends have a library of 5500 volumes, and the Hicksite
for tk.e Employment and Instruction of the Poor gives tem-  Friends one with 4000 volumes. There a number of associaporary lodging and boarding to the destitute, furnishes free  tions, institutes, colleges, &c., with considerable libraries,
baths, and dispenses soup and medicines. Connected with  in different parts of the city, making a total of 238,500
the institution is a ragged school, work-rooms, and a store  voluimes. The Academy of Natural Sciences, on Broad street,
for the sale of provisions at cost prices. There are 4 dispen- has the largest museum  of natural history in America.
saries in Philadelphia, viz. the Philadelphia Dispensary,  There are 25,000 specimens in ornithology alone, and 30,000
(which had 9971 patients under care in 1853;)the Northern  in botany. The mineralogical and geological cabinets are
Dispensary, 5680, (with which is connected a lying-in depart-  also full. The institution possesses Dr. Morton's celebrated
ment;) the Moyamensing Dispensary, and the obstetric de- collection of crania. The library (chiefly works of science)
partment of the City Dispensary. The Pennsylvania Insti-  numbers near 20,000 volumes, besides charts, maps, serials,
tution for the Instruction of the Blind, had 96 pupils in  &c. Many of these volumes are full of plates, scarce and
1853, 66 of whom were from the state of Pennsylvania. The  expensive. The Franklin Institute, for the promotion of
Orphan's Asylum instructs and cares for about 100 orphans. manufactures and the useful arts, holds an annual exhibiThe Widows' Asylum  has about 60 inmates. The Home  tion of American manufactures, and has a library of 5000
Missionary Society, in 1850, extended aid to 1567 families. volumes, chiefly on scientific subjects. Lectures are deThe Pennsylvania Deaf and Dumb Asylum had 139 pupils  livered at cheap rates every winter, on chemistry, mechaniin January, 1854, of whom 98 were supported by the state  cal philosophy, &c. A  monthly journal, issued by the
of Pennsylvania. The Temporary Home, since its conm- Institute, is the oldest in the country of a similar character.
mencement in 1850, has boarded, lodged, and found places  The Institute has a valuable cabinet of models and minerals.
for 768 women and children; and its intelligence office  The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts was established
procured employment for 2392 persons. A similar office  in 1807, and holds annual exhibitions in May and June,
attached to the Rosine Asylum found employment for 1687  though it is open at other times. The Art Union has rooms
women. The City Hospital, at Bush Hill, was established  open to the public, where are exhibited annually about
in 1818, as a Pest Hospital, and is always in order to receive  1000 paintings. In medicalscience, Philadelphia stands first
persons afflicted with infectious diseases. The St. Joseph's  of the cities of America, and her medical schools are attendIhospital (Catholic) has capacity for 60 patients. The Hos- ed by students from not only every portion of the Union,
pital of the Protestant Episcopal Church. in Kensington,  but even from Europe, Canada, Mexico, and South America.
receives patients irrespective of sect. The Friends have an  The medical department of the Pennsylvania University is
Asylum  for the Insane, near Frankford. Christ Church  the oldest medical college in the United States, having been
IIospital is for the relief of indigent females of the Episcopal established in 1765, and has numbered among its professors
Church.  The St. John's Orphan Asylum, (Catholic,) 2~  some of the most distinguished names in medical science.
miles N.W. of Market street Bridge, has accommodations for The faculty consists of 7 professors, and the class for the
250 orphans. The St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum, (also  course of 1853-4 numbered 463 students; average, for 10
Catholic.) corner of Spruce and Seventh streets, accommo- years, 452. There is an anatomical museum connected with
dates about 100 orphans. There are three Magdalen Asy- this institution, rich in illustrative aids for the student.
lums, viz. the Magdalen Asylum  in Twenty-first above  Total number of graduates up to 1854, 5879. The collegiate
Race street, founded in 1800, had 51 under care in 1853, and' department of this university was established in 1755. Its
has received 1000 magdalens since its foundation. 2. The  alumni numbered about 5300 in 1854, and the students
House of the Good Shepherd, (Catholic;) and 3. The Rosine  that year, 93. The library has 4000 volumes. Connected
Asylum, at No. 204 North Eighth street, established in  with this university is also a law department, which had
1849. Since its opening, 400 women have been inmates of  49 students in 1854; the academical department, 74 pupils,
the house, of whom  many have been restored to their  and the charity school connected with the foundation of the
friends, others furnished with places, and some married  university, 162 scholars. The Jefferson Medical College of
respectably. The Colored Orphan Asylum, in Thirteenth  this city, which has the largest class of any medical school in
street, maintains and educates about 70 colored orphans, Philadelphia, was established in 1825. In the clinic connected
till places are procured for them. The Union Benevolent with and for the sole benefit of this institution, were treated,
Association dividesitself into committees, which search out in the clinic year terminating April, 1851, 2029 cases, 1103
the abodes of wretchedness, and administer relief. Besides  of which were surgical. The faculty consists of 7 professors,
those mentioned, are the Provident Society, the Northern  and the class of 1853-4 numbered 627 students; the whole
Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women; number of graduates, 2815. The Pennsylvania College has a
the Northern Home for Friendless Children; the Union  faculty composed of 7 professors, and the class of 1853-4numSchool and Children's Home receives about 120 children  bered 175 students. The Philadelphia College of Medicine,
annually; the Soup Societies and City Trusts, various Bene- incorported in 1847, gives two courses a year, one called the
ficial Associations, the Ihumane Society for the Recovery of  winter, and the other the spring course. The faculty conDrowned Persons, the Prison Society, the Colonization So- sists of 5 professors, and the total number of alumni, up to
ciety, various Abolition Societies, Odd Fellows' and Free  1854, was 401. The tIomoeopathic Medical College of PennMasons'Associations, St. George's, St. Andrew's, St. Patrick's, sylvania was instituted in 1846. Its faculty consists of 7
St. David's, and other foreign benevolent associations, St. professors, and the class of 1853-4 had 91 students. Total
Ann's Widow's Asylum, (Catholic,) Roman Catholic Benevo- number of graduates, 401. There is a Homceopathic hoelent Society, (an association of ladies,) and the Grandim In- pital, at which the students attend clinical lectures. The
stitute, for the supply of wood to the poor.                Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded in 1849,
Libraries, Colleges,   heools, and Literary  Institutes.-   had 39 students attending the class of 1854-5. The Eclectic
Philadelphia had long the honor of possessing the largest  Medical College of Pennsylvania was chartered in 1850, and
library in the United States. But now the Philadelphia  had in 1854, 25 students. The Philadelphia College of
Library, is surpassed in this respect by the library of Her- Pharmacy has 3 professors, and was established for the inyard College, and the Astor Library in New York. It occu- struction of druggists and apothecaries, its diploma being
pies a plain brick edifice in Fifth street below Chestnut, considered necessary for a reputable pursuit of the business
and was founded through the influence of Dr. Franklin, of druggist in Philadelphia. Total number of students
(whose statue adorns a niche in front,) in 1731. The Phila- attending the different medical colleges in 1854, nearly
delphia and Loganian Libraries are in the same building, 1400.
and have, united, about 65,000 volumes. Strangers are    Public  heools.-The public schools of Philadelphia city
allowed the use of books while in the building. Opposite to  and county form a separate district, with a distinct organithe Philadelphia Library are the rooms of the American  zation.  Twelve public school directors are elected from
Philosophical Society, which also owed its origin to Dr. each ward, except in some of the rural districts, for 3 years,
Franklin, in 1743. It has enrolled among its members the  but so that four shall go out of office each year. The school
names of some of the most distinguished men in the United  directors of each ward elect in turn one of their number
States, and has had Franklin and Jefferson for presidents. annually as a member of the board of control of public
It has a library of 20,000 volumes, and an extensive cabinet education. On the 30th of June, 1853, there were 55 gramof medals, coins, &c., and a large collection of maps, charts, mar, 42 unclassified, 35 secondary, 152 primary, 1 high, and
and engravings. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania  1 normal school. Total in the first district, 286 schools,
holds its meetings in the Athenaeum building. It has a  attended by 50,085 pupils, and taught by 80 male, and 760
library of near 2000 volumes, and a collection of coins, &c. female teachers. There were on register 3615 children, who
The Athenaeum, with a fine front of sandstone, in the Italian  could not be admitted for want of accommodations. In
style, opposite the Washington Square, has about 12,000  1849, night schools, for minors over 14 years of age and for
volumes on its shelves, and is extensively supplied with  adults, were first opened, and were attended in the winmaps, charts, and periodicals. The Mercantile Library, in  ter of 1852-3 by 7772 pupils, (3085 of whom were of forFifth street opposite Independence Square, established in  eign birth, and 176 married persons.) These schools were
1821 for the benefit of merchants' clerks and other young  open for about 41 months. The total expenditure for all
men, in 1854 had about 14,000 volumes, and is furnished  purposes in the first school district, for 1852-3, was $411,303,
with numerous periodicals, both European and American, of which sum $223.305 was paid to teachers, who received
and with maps, engravings,  &c. In 1852 nearly 36,000  salaries varying from $150 to $1000, the latter sum being
volumes were loaned. The Apprentices' Library has 14,980  generally the salary of the principal male teachers of the
volumes; loaned in 1853-4 to 930 boys and 890 girls. grammar schools, while thefemale principal received $500 to
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PHI                                                               PHI
$600.  Expenses of night schools, $16,907.  The normal  another 300 a day. Carts, wheelbarrows, and other vehicles,
school, in Sergeant street, is under the direction of a male  and cabinet furniture are made and exported extensively tc
principal, who receives $1200 salary, and 5 assistant female  the South, to the West Indies, and California. The manuteachers, with salaries of from  $225 to 300, besides a male  Ikcture of jewelry employs a very large capital.  Ship-buildmusic teacher. In the same building is a grammar school  ing, to a large extent for other ports, is carried on here,
of practice, with 224 girls, and a secondary boys' school,  especially in  steam  propellers.  In 1852, 20 vessels were
with 150 pupils.  The High School, the crown of the system,  launched, tonnage 5246; 31 in 1853, tonnage 11,514, and 35
has been in operation since 1838, and has sent forth to the  in 1854, tonnage 8359. An immense number of hands are
world nearly 3000 young men, some with high qualifications  employed in book-binding, printing, &c., and the upper
for contributing   to the advancement of society. This insti-  stories of warehouses, and buildings back from the street, are
tution is in fact a college, but giving a more practical train-  thronged with industrious artisans.
ing than colleges usually do. The average number of stu-    Commerce.-Though Philadelphia ranks at present but
dents for the last 10 years has exceeded 500. The building,  fourth among the commercial cities of the United States in
which is in Broad street near Green, has an observatory,  foreign trade, she is steadily on the increase even in this
furnished with apowerfultelescope, transit instrument, &c.;  respect, while her coasting trade is extending beyond all
it has also 10 professors and 3 assistants.  The professors  parallel. The smallest number of foreign arrivals in the
receive from $1200 to $1500 salary, and the principal $2000. last 23 years, was 372, in 1843, and the greatest, 679, in 1852.
The class of 1852-3 had 516 students.                             In the coasting trade the arrivals have increased fiom 2573
Philadelphia abounds in private schools of a high charac-' in 1843, to 30,175 in 1852, and, if we include the coal trade
ter, of which we have no statistics.  There are a few edu-  of Port Richmond, (a suburb,) to 38,505.  The arrivals for
cational institutions of a semi-public  character, among  1853 were 30,002, of which 566 were from foreign ports; and
which we may mention, the Academy of the Protestant  29,910 for 1854, of which 550 were from  foreign ports.  The
Episcopal Church, established in 1785; the Theological Semi-  foreign imports for the fiscal year terminating June 30,
nary of St. Charles Borromeo, a Catholic institution; the  1852-3, amounted to $14,785,917 and $18,834,410, and for
Philadelphia Academy of the Visitation, also a Catholic  the current years 1853-4, to $21,963,021 and $17,800,210
institution, for the education of girls; each division of  respectively; and the exports for the fiscal years 1852-3, to
Friends a central school in Cherry street; the Presbyterians  85,828,571 and $6,527,996, and to $7,627,723 for the current
a union school in Market street. We place last the Girard  year 1854. The cash duties received for the same years
College, as peculiar in its nature, partaking of the character  amounted to $4,033,909, 85,278,083, and 84,358,641.  Tonof an asylum for orphans, and partly of a school and college. nage entered from foreign ports, 178,364, 183,944, and 168,092
Orphans are admitted between the ages of 6 and 10, and  in the fiscal years 1852-3 and 4, respectively; and cleared
remain (according to merit) in college until between the  in the same.years, 139,932, 151,685, and 142,350 tons. Tonages of 14 and 18, when they are to be bound out to some  nage entered coastwise in 1854, 285,442, and cleared 364,656.
useful occupation.  In the principal department the pupils  The tonnage of the port in the fiscal year 1853, was 252,451,
are taught the useful branches of an English education, the  of which 72,712 was enrolled, and 179,739 licensed.
French and Spanish languages, and, as they are prepared    The following are some of the principal articles imported
for them, higher branches are introduced. In January, 1855, at the port of Philadelphia during the year 1854, in comthe number of orphans in the college was 306. Of these,  parison with previous years246 were born in the city of Philadelphia, and 55 in other
parts of the state.  Total expenses for the year 1852,                                            1851.   1852.   1853.   1854.
$60,512.37; of which $11,140.38 was for instruction. The   -                                              -              
college officers are a president, 5 male, and 6 female instruc-   Brandy.................pkgs..   7,4    4,3   11,3    1,964
Brimstone.o........     ts..     950   2,889   3,194   2,371
tore, and a matron. The affairs of the college are managed   Coffee....................bags..  131,052  346,571  177,044  172,085
by a board of directors appointed by the city councils.  A   Cotton...................bales.   48,306  61,292  62,000  52,320
School of Design for Women has been in successful opera-   Hides................... No....  151,377  41,501 1,49,404  397,328
tion 2 or 3 years.                                                Honey..................pkgs..   1.006     550   1,3758     944
Bioas,2 i~or sur3nyears,  c c r r   P       - Indigo...................pkgs..    685   1,626     754     472
Banks, Inrsurance  OQffces, $c. —There  were in Philadel- an   Ir.o.....t.........tons..       10,966  13,322  24,644  18,950
phia city and county, November, 1854, 16 banks, with a    Iron.....................bars..  297,007  233,081  375,077  323,540
aggregate capital of $10,700,000, a circulation of $4,692,146,  Iron..................bdls...  158,859 120,028  194,338  353,129
and $3,940,139 in specie; but in 1853, the circulation wasLead.pis...   53,624   4,2  4,6                                 218
Lemons................ boxes.  11,845  21,651  161712  15,470
$5,079,631, and.5,294,050 in specie; 21 insurance companies,  Logwood................tons...   1,249   2,336   1,528   4,928
besides 24 agencies from other cities in this country and Eng-  Molasses................hhds..  25,851  22,877  18,026  12.229
land; 5 life assurance and annuities, besides 6 agencies for  hMolasses................bbls...   8,936   9,864   6,932  28,147
foreign institutions elsewhere, and one mutual deposit and   Fish.........bbis...  66,774  63,280  28,451  29,453
Naval stores............. bbls...  82,522  81,658  99,711  83,440
loan company. There are 5 (one a dime and another a six-    ani   es.                    bl....  82,112  82,658   99,111   82,440 
owhce Orasges.................boxes.  34,651  24,5e3  39,702  39,679
penny) savings' banks, one of which is an old and long-tried   Riice................tiercees    1,014  10,035  13,318   8,557
institution, which has done a vast amount of good in the   Salt.....................sacks.  121.568  112,871  251,363  169.569
encouragement it has given to thrift among the poor; be-  Salt.bsh..  235   100   5,621  225,0
Saltpetre................bags..  11,622  22,251  12,656  13,639
sides thesethere are several insurance companies that receive   Sapere.n..,622  22,251   2,656   1,69
Sugar...................hhds..  33,166  42,910  42,587  48,310
savings' deposits.                                                Sugar...................boxes.  28,971  33,683  24,331  23,855
Manzssfactures.-According to the report of the marshal of   Sugar.....bb...........bbls...   7,048   8,321   3,006   2,910
thedistrict, at the taking of the census in 1850, Philadelphia   Sar.................    bags..  67,64  55,443  8180   33,618
had $33,737,911 capital, and 43,296 male, and 15,803 female   Wine...................pkgs..   6,649   6,018   3,885         910
hands employed in manufactures, yielding products valued
at $64,114,112 —but no particular statistics are given. Phila-    Of these articles, the following arrived coastwise in 1854
delphia is celebrated for the speed and excellence of her  lead, 16,991 pigs; coffee, 39,489 bags; hides, 24.364; sugar,
locomotives, and two establishments turned out 134 in 1852. 22,109 hogsheads, and 1421 barrels; molasses, 564 hogsheads,
They have sent 260 to Europe since 1833; one house alone  and 28,029 barrels.
has built 825 locomotives in the same period. In 1853 these    Of the foreign exports in 1853, there wereestablishments built 162 locomotives, and in 1854-notwithstanding  the monetary  derangement-about 140.  The                                              Greatest in 23    Least in 23
Messrs. Horstmann employ 300 hands in the manufacture of                                             years.          years.
military and ladies' dress trimmings, and Cornelius, Baker
& Co. nearly 1000 in the fabrication of chandeliers and gas-  Wheat flour, barrels... 452,480   452,480 ia 1853    33,680 in 1837
fixtures. Boththese establishments, we believe, are unequal-  Rye lonr.                   3,279    36,471   1849    3,29' 1853
Indian meal...........  67,139   300,531 " 1847    42,798 " 1836
led, in their several branches of manufacture, in the United    idi                       13   1011      24 
led,                     Wheat, bushels........ 686,106   686,106 " 1853  2,258 "1834
States, and occupy immense buildings in Cherry street, in a   Indian corn............ 216,233  1,102,210 "1847    17,087 "1838
good style of ornamental brickwork. Another manufactory
in Race street, employs a large number of hands in the same    The other leading articles exported in this year, were
business as the last.  Forges, foundries, and almost every  ship-bread. 25,739 barrels; pork, 8498 barrels; beef, 7788 barspecies of iron manufacture abound in the suburbs of  rels; naval stores, 8346 barrels;  domestic goods. 2636
Philadelphia, producing immensenumbers of steam-engines, packages; cotton, 3528 bales; candles, 639,603 pounds; t41water and gas-pipes, &c. The Southwark Foundry in 1853  low, 387,699 pounds; hams, 4,983,558 pounds; lard, 1,560,878
consumed 3000 tons of iron in castings alone, and the Penn  pounds; butter, 301,876 pounds; cheese, 39,496 pounds;
Works manufactured 51 steam-engines, 2 iron-boats, and a  soap, 773,847 pounds; manufactured tobacco, 289,560 pounds;
great amount of promiscuous machinery.  Sugar-refining  nails, 320,150 pounds; bark, 2497 hogsheads; tobacco, 1198
is a very extensive business in Philadelphia.  The district  hogsheads; rice, 4525 tierces; sperm  and whale oil, 35,077
of Manayunk is almost wholly engaged in manufactures,  gallons; and specie to the amount of $324,584; besides fish,
principally of cotton and woollen goods, and carpets. In  potatoes, beer, ale, cider, vinegar, gunpowder, lard-oil, turevery part of the suburbs is heard the sound of the loom;  pentine, apples, peas, onions, and grass-seeds in considerable
and in the same quarters, in private families, are mann-  quantities.  There arrived at Richmond, a suburb of Philafactured more shoes for the S. and W. than in any other  delphia, at which is the deplt of the Reading Railroad,
town or city in the United States. Great quantities of  9993, 7203, and 8152 vessels, to load with coal, in the yells
chemicals, medicines, paints, &c., and umbrellas and parasols,  1852, 1853, and 1854 respectively; and, in the last-named
are made, one house alone claiming to turn out 1000, and  year, 1,411,731 tons of coal were shipped from  that point,
1479




PHI                                                               PHI
and 571,081 tons from  the Schuylkill wharves, making an  dysentery, and 572 by fevers.  Of the whole number, 6354
aggregate of nearly 2,000,000 tons, while about 470,000 tons  were children under 10 years of age.  The ratio of deaths to
remained in Philadelphia for home consumption.  The ex-  the population, was less than in either of the four great
ports to California in the years 1852, 1853, and 1854 respec- northern cities of the United States, being but little more
tively, amounted to $1,297,344.45,  $2,214,919.68, and  up- than half that of New York.  There are 47 lines of omni.
wards of $1,500,000, or a total of more than $5,012,264 in 3  buses, running 428 coaches.  Ferry-boats run every five
years. In 1853 there were sent West from Philadelphia by  minutes to Camden, every half hour to Gloucester and Red
irailroad, 148,418,500 pounds.  Among the leading articles  Bank, every hour to Tacony and Bridesburg, several times
transported were groceries, dry goods, coals, hardwares, tar,  a day to Wilmington, Burlington, Bristol, and Bordentown,
rosin, iron of all kinds, coffee, cotton, fish, hides, agricultural  while daily or tri-weekly lines run to various points on the
products, &c.                                                      river and bay.  There are 10 daily and 33 weekly newsShissantc by the Coloumbia Railroad fer the yeas ending    papers, and  23  scientific and  other periodicals, mostly
November, 1854:-'                            monthly publications.  The assessed value of real estate _n,_ _ _ _ _. __     1854 was $155,260,000, but the estimated value is consider.
ably over $200,000,000. State tax levied, $474,391.96; city
Flour, barrels...........-107,082   Corn meal, pounds.....503,400    tax   202699430
tax, $2,026,994.36.
Wheat, bushels.........,30,900   Glue, pieces............214,200
Corn....................82,791   Oysters.................147,500  Population.-If we except Paris, Philadelphia  nearly
Oats.....................440,679  Lard..........89,100    equals the largest capitals on the continent of Europe in
Dried fruit, pounds......45,400   Pig iron.............1,3204  population, and, at its present rate of increase, will soon
Peork...43,900   Castings..    252   surpass them. In 1684 it had 2500 inhabitants; 21,767 (exIron, tons.................1,3214 Scrap iron.............-.....84
sc  elusive of the army and strangers) at a census taken by
Blooms................... 1,6371/  Nails........................ 26
Rye, bushels..............1,072   Straw, pounds...........52,700    order of Lord Cornwallis in 1.777 or 1778; 42,520 in 1790;
Seed......................1,218   Lumber.................593,600    70,287 in 1800; 96,287 in 1810; 119,325 in 1820, (up to which
Potatoes-..1,165   Leatobacce.3100    period it was the largest city in the United States;) 167i325
Grain, pounds........ 2,531,500   Poultry.................. 15,700                                                          "
in 1830; 258,037 in 1840, and 408,762 in 1850, showing an
Butter..................536,400   Apples..................33,100
Eggs....................913,00   Lead ore................34,700    increase of 589  per cent. in the 10 years preceding the census
Muslin............1,698,900   Hardware...............49,200    of 1850, and 953k per cent. in the 60 years since, the first
Cotton waste............337,600   Bone.....................91,600    national census. Of the population of 1850, 17,500 were
Whisky, hogsheds. 2,9   Ware.9,200    born in England, 72,312 in Ireland, 22,750 in Germany,
Leather, pounds........698,800   Manufactured tobacco....5,500
Live stock............ 10,747,400  Bark.................... 81,100:
3291 in Scotland, and 1981 in France. Total foreign, 121,699.
Straw paper..........1120,100   Marble..................28,200    In the same ratio of increase, its population in July, 1854,
Paper....................87,800   Bricks...................149,100    would be about 500,000. The peculiar divisions of PhilaMachinery............271,400   Millstones...............22,600      hia wese fo      l  such that its suburbs had a gseater
delphia were formlerly such that its suburbs had a gr~eat~er
Furniture..............197,200   Coal, tons................1,267 d
Rags....................391,900   Bagging, pounds........314,300    population than the city proper, (i. e. the portion between
Empty barrels..........191,200   Sand...................41,400    Vine and South streets, and extending from  the Delaware
Express...............1,512,100   Steel............  7,400    River to the Schuylkill,) which had, in 1850, only 121,376
ill-reed........  010    Sundries.33.200   inhabitants, while the districts of Northern Liberties, Spring
Garden, Kensington, Southwark, Mloyamensing, and West
Philadelphia, had more than 224,000.  The different dlviTonnage eastward, pounds...........................71,976,300    sions having been consolidated in 1854, the city now ins westward...2,420.400   ecludes the whole county.  Opposite Philadelphia, in New
Cars cleared eastward...........,.......13,002
wredastward..132013   Jersey, are Camden and Gloucester, which bear about the
same relation to it that Jersey City and Hoboken do to New
Regular lines of steamships have been established to  York.
Liverpool, Savannah, Charleston, Richmond, New  York,    Governmenot.-The city of Philadelphia is divided into 24
Boston, and Wilmington, North Carolina.  A  brisk trade  wards, and is governed by a mayor and select and common
with California has sprung up, and fine clipper ships, which  councils.  The mayor is elected for two years, the select
Philadelphia capitalists had formerly run from New York,  council (consisting of 1 member for each ward) for the same
now trade directly from  their own port. The opening of  period, and the common council (composed of at least 3 memthe Pennsylvania Railroad  to  Pittsburg  has also given  hers fiom  each ward) annually, and all by popular vote.
Philadelphia the most direct communication with the Mis-  The mayor is aided by a marshal of police, elected by the
sissippi Valley, and greatly increased her trade with the  people for-2 years, whose duty it is to execute all orders and
West. The number of passengers  arriving  from  foreign  warrants of the mayor, and to command all policemen and
ports in  1852, amounted to 18,081, 19,211 in 1853, and  watchmen.  Among the officers are a receiver of taxes; a
15,032 in 1854; all of whom, with the exception of a very  controller, whose duty is to scrutinize, audit, and publish
small fraction, were foreigners, and more than half from   the public accounts, and to countersign all warrants on the
Ireland.  Philadelphia is either directly or indirctly con-  city treasurer; and a city solicitor: all elected by popular
nected by railway with the most important places in the  vote for 2 years.  There are 3 city commissioners, elected
United States, N. and E. of Mobile.  Immediately termi-  also by popular vote, but for 3 years, and so that one shall
nating at this city are railways connecting her with New   go out of office annually.  Each ward elects 2 assessors anYork City, Wilmington, Baltimore, Lancaster, Ifarrisburg,  nually, except the 23d, which chooses 4.  One guardian of
York, Carlisle, Pottsville, Easton, Pittsbursg, Cincinnati, and,  the poor is also elected yearly f-om each ward that has not
through the interior of Pennsylvania, with the central and  an independent support for its poor. The policemen and
western towns of New York.  Others are in course of con-  watchmen are appointed by the mayor.  The police force
struction to unite her with Erie and other interior towns.  consists of a mayor, marshal, 8 high constables, 4 special
In 1854, $65,268 were paid in for auction duties.                  officers, 24 lieutenants, 48 sergeants, 806 policemen, and 26
Miscellaneous Statistics.-Philadelphia  has  13 markets,  police magistrates.  The total debt of thb recently-consolimostly located in the middle of the wide streets, and extend-  dated city, according to the controller's report at the close
ing from  one-fourth to three-fifths of a mile. An act has  of 1854, was about $15,697,455.73; but about one-half of
passed, however, for removing  the market-houses fi-om   this consists of subscriptions to railroad stocks, of which the
Miarket street, with the purpose of erecting  larger and more  Pennsylvania Railroad already yields a handsome return.
commodious enclosed buildings on lots. Two, one on Broad,  The city of Philadelphia; in January, 1855, owned property
and the other on Race street, near it, have'already been  valued at $16,681,234, which produced, or was capable of
erected. The Philadelphia market has long been celebrated  producing  $1,088,313 revenue.  Of the above property,
for the excellence and abundance of its supplies, particu-  $9,494,550 was liable for debts.  In addition to these, it has
larly its butter, vegetables, and fruits.  The number of  an income of $207,500 from the Girard estate, which virtually
beeves sold  in the Philadelphia  market increased from   reduces the debt to $3,500,000, for which interest is to be
37,420 in 1843 to 76,300 in 1854; of cows, from  15,121 to  provided by taxation.  The appropriations for the expenses
16,175; of hogs, fs-om  22,490 to 72,150, and of sheep, vary-  of the consolidated city for 1855, amounted to $4,350,324;
ing in different years, from 51,056 to 83,000; most of these  of which $505,540 was for the police department, $456,863
were killed here, and consumed by the citizens, but do not,  for public streets, $743,150 for highways, bridges, sewers,
of course, include the beeves, &c. brought to market by  and cleansing streets; $205,882 for poor, $200,000 for lighting
farmers, and sedd from their stands. The total amount con-  the city, and for gas works; $229,000 for supply of water,
sumed in 1854, in this city, was, perhaps, about 500,000 ani-  $1,330,228 for'loans and interest on bonds.  The city demals. The fire department, as at present organized, is com-  rives a large revenue from  rents of city property, water,
prised of 27 volunteer engine, and the same number of hose, wharves, markets, &c.
and 4 hook and ladder companies.  But it is proposed to re-    Histo-y.-Phlladelphia was planned and settled by William
vise the system entirely, and to establish a paid fise depart- Penn accompanied bya colony of English Friends or Quakers,
ment. The city to be divided into 7 fire districts, the whole  in 1682, after a regular purchase from the Indians, ratified by
to be directed by a chief engineer, and by an assistant in  treaty in due form. The name of Philadelphia (brotherly
each fire district. During the year 1854, there occurred  love) was given by Penn, both in reference to the ancient
11,811 deaths, the greatest number, 1786, were in July, and  city of that name in Asia Minor, and from  its embodying
the smallest, 643, in December. Of the deaths, 601 were by  principles he had so much at heart. Though there was conAsiatic cholera, 633 by cholera infantum, 1389 by consump-  siderable contention between Penn and his colony, no very
tion of the lungs, 456 by inflammation of the lungs, 443 by  striking events occurred even down to the Revolution. The
1480




PHI                                                        PHI
first Congress preparatory to that event met in Carpenter's  And important group in the N. part of the Malay ArchipelaHall, (a building still standing,) in a court back of Chestnut go, and, after Cuba, constituting   the most valuable colostreet, between Third and Fourth streets, September 4,1774. nial possession of Spain, situated chiefly between lat. 50
In thisCitymetmostoftheCongresses of the Revolution, and  32' and 190 38' N., and ion. 1170 and 1270 E., having N.
from hence went forth, in doubt and forebodings on the part and E. the Pacific Ocean, W. the China Sea, and S. the
of many, and confident reliance on the part of others, that  Seas of Soolos and Celebes. The group comprises at least
world-renowned instrument, the Declaration of Independ- 1200 islands, great and small; the principal being Luzon,
ence, which was read from a stand in the State IIouse Yard,  Mindanao, and Palawan, with  Mindoro, Panay, MIarinby Captain John Hopkins, July 4, 1776. The convention  dique, Negros, Zebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Masbate, and
that formed the presentConstitution of theUnited States met many of less size. Total area estimated at 120,000 sciuare
in Philadelphia, M!ay, 1787. Here resided the first Presi- miles.  The Spanish dominion is stated to extend over
dent of the United States, (in a building in Market street,  only 52,148 square miles. The shore lines and internal
one door E. of Sixth street, S. side;) and here Congress as- surface of the larger islands are extremely rugged and
sembled for nearly 10 years after the adoption of the present  irregular. Their magnificent mountain ranges are clothed
constitution. In consequence of the disastrous battles of  with a gigantic and ever-teeming vegetation, and between
Brandywine and Ge-mantown, the British, army had pos- these lie extensive slopes and plains of the richest tropical
session of this city from September, 1777, to June, 1778. In  fertility, watere.l by numerous lakes and rivers, which
the autumn of 1793, the yellow-fever visited Philadelphia, afford abundant means of irrigation and transport. The
and carried off more than 4000 persons out of a population  group is within the range of the monsoons, and violent
of a little over 40,000, of whom halt; it was thought, had fled  hurricanes are common. From  May to September the W.
the city.  This pestilence again visited Philadelphia in  coasts are deluged with rain, while the October monsoon
1798, but was not so fatal as in 1793'. The Asiatic cholera  brings rain to the E. coasts, at other seasons dry. The
ravaged the city in the summer of 1832, and swept off 771  tropical heats are tempered by perpetual moisture, and by
victims. In 1849 and 1854, it renewed its ravages, but was  the alternation of the land and sea breeze. The climate on
less fatal than on its first occurrence. In 1838, the Penn- the whole is healthy. Earthquakes are frequent, and often
sylvania Hall, belonging to the abolitionists, was attacked  very destru ctive. Metalliferous mountains everywhere ocby a mob and burned, the Shelter for Colored Orphans  cur. Gold is procured in the sands of the rivers. Ironstone
fired, and ihe negro quarters attacked. In 1844 the city  occurs, yielding 80 per cent, of iron, anc rich specimens ofwas disquieted by riots in the northern and southern  copper have been found. Among the numerous volcanoes,
suburbs, caused by jealousies between  the Protestants  extinct or active, abundance of sulphur is found. Coal
and Catholics. in which several Catholic churches were  exists in some spots, but is not worked to any extent; there
burned. On both occasions the military were called out, are vast deposits of limestone and marble, and the island of
%nd several lives were lost.- Inhab. PIILADELPHIAN, fil-a- Negros produces magnesia and alum. The mountains are
ill]fe-an.                                                 covered with gigantic timber. Among plants cultivated for
PIIILADELPHIA, a post-village of Philadelphia town- use, are the abaca, (Musa textilis,) the pine-apple, (Bsoneli
ship,. Jefferson co., New York, on Indian River, and the  annsas,) the cabonegro-palm, (Borassus gomutus,) for their
Potsdam and Watertown Railroad, about 20 miles N.E. of filaments, the cocoa and other palms, the cotton, coffee-tree,
Watertown. Pop. of the township, 1915.                     the sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco, and the tamarind; cassia,
PIIILADELPHIA, a station of S3uth Carolina, on the  cloves, the wild nutmeg, and the red and black pepperKing's Mountain Railroad, 4 miles S. of Yorkville.          vines are found in Mindanao. Rice is raised in large quautiPHILADELPIIIA, a post-office of Darlington district, ties, both for home consumption and export. To these may
South Carolina.                                             be added maize, wheat, yams, the sweet potatoe, and a variety
PItILADELPHIA, a post-village, capital of Neshoba co., of delicious fruits, oranges, lemons, &c.
Mlississippi, about 80 miles E.N.E. of Jackson.               The buffalo is employed in tillage and as a beast of burPIILADELPIIA. a post-village of Monroe co., Tennessee,  den. Both it and the ox are found in a wild as well as
with a station on the East Tennesse and Georgia Railroad,  domesticated state. The Philippines produce -small but
160 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.                              spirited horses, deer, hogs, goats, and sheep; diminutive
PHILADELPHIA. a post-village in Hancock co., Indiana, foxes and gazelles, several varieties of monkeys, wild cats,
with a station on the railroad from Dayton to Indianapolis.  the tagua, a kind of flying-cat, &c. The woods are full of
PIIILADELPIIA, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri,  game-cocks, pigeons, eagles, pelicans, herons, wild ducks,
about 95 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.                    quails, and the smallest sized falcon known. The jungles
PHILADELPIHIA, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, swarm  with humming-birds, parrots, and the rhinoceroson the Des Moines River, about 8 miles N. of Keosauque.    bird, (Bucero calou.)  On the shores are found sea-swallows,
PHILADELIPHUS, a post-village in Robeson co., North  whose nests are so much prized by the Chinese as food. The
Carolina.                                                   lakes and rivers teem  with crocodiles and fish. Fish also,
P-IIILRE, an island of Upper Egypt, in the Nile, above  including crustaceans, are- found in great variety in the seas;
the first cataract, close to the Nubian fi-ontier, 6 miles S.S.W.  and there is no lack of serpents, leeches, insects, and repofAsswan. Length only 400 yards, but it contains some  tiles.
of the finest Egyptian remains extant, comprising 4 temples,    The textile productions of the Philippines range from the
a long colonnade, several obelisks, &c., with a Roman tri-  delicate and costly piena muslin, made from  the pine-apple
umphal arch, and other antiquities.                         fibre, and sinamays made from  it mixed with the  hbaca
PHILANITHROPY, a post-office in Butler co., Ohio.         filament, to coarse cottons, sacking_, and the beautiful mats,
PHILATES, fe-lttks, a town of European Turkey, in  made of the abaca and gomuti-palm fibres. Hats and cordEpirus, sanjak, and 25 miles S.E. of Delvino. Pop. 4000. (?) age are manufactured to a considerable extent; and as a
PHIIL'IP ISLAND, a British penal settlement in the  government monopoly, cigars, which employ several thouSouth Pacific, S. of Norfolk Island. Lat. 290 5' S., ion. 1670  sand persons at the royal tictory at Manila. European art
47' E.                                                      is successfully imitated by the natives in ship-building and
PHILIP ISLAND, a small island, about 1  miles long, coach-building, in the dressing and varnishing of leather,
and ] mile broad, 31 miles from the landing place, Sydney  and in the manufacture of cordage.
Bay.                                                          The wretched colonial policy of Old Spain excluded all
PHILIP ISLANDS, two small islands of the Carolines, 5  foreign ships and Chinese settlers from the Philippine Ismiles apart. Lat. 80 6' N., ion. 1400 52' E.               lands, and the trade with the Spanish dominions in America
PHILIPPEVILLE, fee'leep'veelf, a fortified town of Bel-  was also confined to that conducted annually by a single
gium, province, and 25 miles S.W. of Namur, on a height in  ship. But such restrictions have vanished since the dishe forest of Ardennes. Pop. 1311. Near it are iron-works  solution of the Company of Philippines in 1834, and the
and stone quarries.                                         colony is now making rapid progress towards prosperity.
PHILIPPEVILLE, feeleep~veelP, a fortified town of Alge-  An extensive trade is carried on, chiefly with China, Engria, priovince of Constantine, on the Gulf of Stern, 35 miles land, the United States, British India, and Australia, in
W. of Bona, recently founded by the French. It was nearly  exporting sugar, tobacco, manilla hemp, indigo, coffee, birds'destroyed by fire in October, 1849. Pop. 3740.              nests, trepang, dye-woods, hides, ratans, mother-of-pearl,
PHILIPIPPI, a ruined town of European  Turkey, in  gold-dust, &c., and in importing manufatctured cotton goods,
Macedonia. 10 miles S.E. of Drama. In the plain W. of  marine stores, wines and liquors, porcelain, cutlery, metals,
it, B.c. 42, the memorable actions took place in which the  drugs, &c. The trade with the United States in 1853 comtroops of Octavius and Antony defeated those of Brutus and  prised exports valued at $2,465,083, and goods imported to
Cassius, and put an end to the republican government of  the value of $651365. Manila, the seat of the government,
Rome.                                                      is the principal centre of trade.
PIIILIPIPI, a post-village, capital of Barbour co., Vir-   The supreme civil and military government is in the
ginia, on Tygart's Valley River, about 210 miles N.W. of  hands of a governor-general, appointed by the crown. BeRichmond. The surrounding country contains coal and  sides being commander-in-chief of the land and sea forces,
iron.                                                      he is President of the Supreme Court of Justice, vice-patron,
PHILIPPINE, feelip-peenl, a fortified village of the Ne- (that is, viceroy,) and sub-delegate judge of couriers, posts,
therlands, province ofZeeland, 6' miles W. of Axel. P. 433. and expresses.  In the discharge of these functions he
PIILItPINE  (fillip-pin,) ISLANDS, (Sp. Islas Filipinas,  is assisted by the ministers and juntas, with whom he may
eesllAs fe-le-peefnls; Fm-. si.es Flilipie,   eel feeleeppeen;  advise, or to whom he may delegate his powers. An alcalde -
Ger. Pihilippinischce.Iaeln, fe-lip-peelnish-eh infseln,) a large  mayor or corregidor is appointed directly by the crown for
1481




PHI                                                         P.!(E
each of the provinces, as administrative, judicial, and fiscal    PHILIP'S RIVER, of Coos co., in the N. part of New
officer. Each pueblo is under a native gobernadorcillo, or  Hampshire, a small branch of Upper Amonoosuck River.
mayor, popularly elected, and these again are assisted by    PHILIPSTAD or FILIPSTAD, feeslip-stad', a small town
inferior officers, chosen also from lists presented by the in-  of Sweden, capital of an iron-mining district, 35 miles N.E.
habitants.                                                   of Carlstad. Pop. 800.
Public revenue is derived chiefly from  duties on exports    PHIILIIPSTOWN, a market-town, (formerly  a parlia.
and imports; the tobacco monopoly and a capitation tax,  mentary boronugh,) and assize town of Ireland, in Leinster,
which in 1837 was paid by 1.305,142 adults, of whom 901,924  King's co., on the Grand Canal, 9 miles E.N.E. of Tullamore.
belonged to the island of Luzon. The armed force amounts Pop. 1400. Principal public edifices, an old castle, once the
to about 7000 men, of whom 700 are Spaniards, and the rest  residence of King Philip of Spain, now used as barracks;
Malays.                                                      two schools, a sessions-house, and a jail.
The natives are of a diverse origin. Wild tribes, some of    PHIILIPSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Louth.
which are extremely ferocious, still haunt the mountains.    PHILIPSTOWN, (formerly NU/GENT,) a parish of IreThe chief mountain tribes are the Negritos, (" diminitive ne-  land, co. of Louth.
groes,") who have given their name to the island of Negros,    PHIIIIPSVILLE,'a post-village of Amity township, Allethough not confined to it; and 2Etas or Itas, a dusky or  ghany co., New York. on the Genesee River, where it is
copper-colored race which, like the Dyaks of Borneo, slay  crossed by the New York and Erie Railroad, 375 miles from
men for the sake of procuring their heads; but the great  New York City. The inhabitants are extensively engaged
mass of the subjects of Spain are divided into the Tagals,  in the lumber trade. Philipsville derives its name from the
inhabiting Luzon, and the Bisayans, who inhabit the other  Hon. Philip Church. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
islands. These speak, respectively, the Taga and Bisayan      PHILIPSVILLE, a small village of Yenango co., Pennsyltongue, each of which has a variety of dialects. The Tagals  vania.
are more devoted to agriculture than the Bissyans, who,    PIIILISBURG, feeflis-bhRGl', or GRANDE BATE, grcNd
like the Malays, are attached to sea life and fishery. Both  bA, a village of the West Indies, capital of the Dutch potion
Tagals and Bisayans unite the indolence and the artistic  of the island of St. Martin. Pop. 2000.
ingenuity of the Hindoos, with the vindictiveness of the    PHILILACK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. It
Malays, and their passion for cock-fighting. The Chinese  has a smelting-house, and large exports of copper, some of
play an important part in the Philippines. Restricted to  the richest copper-mines in England being in its vicinity.
tillage  by the law, their activity and address make them     PHILILEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
indispensable as mechanics, shop-keepers, and traders.    PHILLIP ISLAND, Australia, is opposite the mouth of
They have civil regulations, and a police of their own; con-  Western Port, 40 miles S.E. of Port Phillip. Length, 16
form to the Romish Church, celebrate with great magnifi-  miles.
cence the bfestival of their patron, St. Nicholas; and being    PHII1LIP, PORT, Australia. See PoRT PnILIP.
envied and hated by the Indians, aid the government in    PHILILIPS, a post-township in Franklin co., Maine, on
maintaining that balance of opposing interests on which  the N. side of Sandy River, about 55 miles N.W. of Augusta.
it mainly relies for the support of its own institutions.  Pop. 1673.
IIalf-castes, Indo-European and Indo-Chinese engross much    PIIILILIPSBURG, a post-village of Orange co., New York,
of the business and wealth of the island. The independent  110 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
tribes are partly Mohammedans and partly heathen. The    PHILLIPSBURG, a post-borough of Beaver co., Pennsyl
subjects of Spain are professedly Roman Catholics, and un-  vania, on the left bank of the Ohio River, opposite the month
der a hierarchy, with an Archbishop of Manila at its head,  of Beaver River, 28 miles below Pittsburg. Steamboat-build
History.-The Philippines were discovered by Magellan  Ing is carried on here. Pop. in 1850, 473.
in 1520, and, after repeated expeditions, several of which    PIIIVLIPSBURGH, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
proved disastrous, were finally annexed to the Spanish do-  Missisquoi, on the shore of the Missisqiuoi Bay; 22 miles
minions, and named after Philip II. They were designed  from  St. John's, and 8 miles from  Highgate, in Vermont.
rather as a field of missionary than of commercial enterprise,  It is a port of entry.
to atone, if possible, for the unheard-of cruelties practised by    PHILLIP'S CREEK, a post-office of Alleghany co., New
the Spaniards in America. Hence the religious orders have,  York.
from the first, had great influence in the establishment and    PHILLIPS' ISLANDS. See PHILIP ISLANDS.
institutions of the colony, and to them the land chiefly be-    PHILILIPSPORT, a post-village of Sullivan co., New
longs. In 1762 Manilawas taken, and for a short time held  York, on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, about 90 miles
by a British fleet.. Since the loss of her continental Ameri-  S.S.WV. of Albany.
can possessions, the Philippines are now of great importance    PHILtLIPSTON, a post-township in WVorcester co., Massato Spain, and their productions and trade are in a state of  chusetts, intersected by Miller's River, 60 miles NW. by W
rapid development.                                          of Boston. Pop. 809.
The total population is estimated at 5,000,000, of whom     PHILfLIPSTOWN, a township of Putnam co., New York,
1,000,000 belong to the Papuan negro race and independent  on the IHudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad,
tribes; 3,700,000 are Malay Indians; 55,000 half-castes and  90 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 5063.
Chinese, and the remaining 245,000, European and native    PHILLIPSTOWVN, a post-village in White co., Illinois,
whites.                                                     165 miles S.E. of Springfield.
PIIILIPIPOLIS, a village of South Africa, in the Griqua     PIIILLIP'S VILLAGE, a village in Phillip's township,
country. It consists of a single street of mud-cottages, a  Franklin co., Maine, about 55 miles N.W. of Augusta. It
Dutch missionary chapel, built of stone, and a number of  contains several tanneries.
mat-huts.                                                     PHILILIPSVILLE, a village in the S.W. part of Oswego
PIIILIPPOPIOLIS, (Turk. _Pilibi, feefle-bee',) a town of  co., New York, on Oswego River, which here affords valuable
European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 86 miles W.N.W. of Adria-  water-power.
nople, on a precipitous island in the Maritza, which here    PHILLIPSVILLE, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.
becomes navigable, and is crossed by several bridges. Before    PHILO, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
1818, when it was almost destroyed by an earthquake, it had    PIII/OMATIH, a post-office of Oglethorpe co., Georgia.
30,000 inhabitants, 20 mosques, and numerous Greek and        PItILOMATH, a post-office of Union co., Indiana.
Armenian churches, with flourishing manufactures of wool-    PHILOMONT, a post-village of London, co.,Virginia, 12
len, silk, and cotton fabrics, leather, soap, tobacco, &c., and a  miles S. of Leesburg, is situated in a rich farming district.
considerable transit trade. It still has some manufacturing    PHILOPIOLIS, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
industry and commerce.                                        PHING, a prefixed name of cities in China. See PING.
PIILtIPS, a county in the E. part of Arkansas, border-    PHING-Y-SHAN  or PHING-Y-CIIHAN, fing-ee-shn, a
lug on the Mississippi River, Which separates it from Missis-  mountain of China, province of Quang-See. Lat. 240 53' N.,
sippi; area, 725 square miles. It is drained by St. Francis  ion. 1080 24' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.
River. The surface is level, and the soil fertile. The south-    PIHIPPSIBURG, a post-village and township of Sangadahos
ern part is liable to inundation, and is partly occupied by  co., Maine, at the mouth of the Kennebec River, on the W.
swamps. Capital, Helena. Pop. 6935; of whom 4344 were  side, 40 miles S. of Augusta.  Pop. 1805.
free, and 2591 slaves.                                        PIIOCE A, fo-seea, FOUGES, foolghls (?)or FOKIA,fo-keeta,
PIIILIPPSBURG, fee11ips-bh6RGo, a town of Baden, circle  written also PI-IOCIIIA, FOGLIARA, a seaport town or
of the Lower Rhine, 16 miles N. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1800.    village of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, at the entrance of the
PHIL'IPSBURG, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, on  Gulf of Fouges, 30 miles N.W. of Smyrnma  It is stated to
the left bank of the Delaware River, opposite Easton in  have a citadel and 4000 inhabitants.
Pennsylvania. The Morris Canal terminates here, and a    PHOCEA, OLD, a village of Asia Minor, 4- miles to the
substantial stone bridge crosses the Delaware.             S.W. of the above.
PHILIPSBURG,  a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania,    PH(ENICIA, fe-nishfe-a, a post-office of Ulster co., New
on the Erie Turnpike, 28 miles W. of Bellefonte. Pop. about  York.
300.                                                         PH(ENIX, feetnix, a post-village of Oswego co., New York,
PHILIPSBURG, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, on  on the Oswego River and Canal, 150 miles W.N.W. of
the Ohio River, 75 miles N.E. by N. of Marietta.           Albany.
PIILIPSBURG, a small village of Montgomery co., Ohio.    PIIENIX, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.
PHILIP'S ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean, in Low Archipelago;    PH(ENIX,  a post-office of Edgefield district, South Care
lat. 160 20' S., olen. 1440 8' W.                          lina.
1482




PH(E                                                         PIC
PH(ENIX, a group of small islands in the South Pacific    PIANO DI SORRENTO, Naples.  See SORRENTO.
Ocean, lat. 30 81 to 40 30' S., Ion. 1710 8 30" to 1740 40' W.  PIANOSA, pe-1-nolsii, (anc. Planosia,) an islet of the MediPHIEIINIXVILLE, a post-office of Windham  co., Con- terrainean, 10 miles S. of the W. cape of Elba. The surface
necticut.                                                  is considerably elevated, and productive. Length, 31 miles;
PHCENIXVILLE. a flourishing post-borough of Schuyl- breadth, 2. miles. The island was left in the power of Nakill township, Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank  poleon, after his first abdication, as an annexation to Elba.
of the Schuylkill River, at the mouth of French Creek, and  An agricultural colony was established on it in 1835.
on the railroad between Philadelphia and Reading, 27 miles    PIANOSA, an islet in the Adriatic Sea, belonging to
from the former, and 31 miles from the latter. The canal Naples, province of Capitanata, 14 miles N.E. of the Tremiti
of the Schuylkill Navigation Co. passes through  the  Islands.
1. lace. It is one of the most populous towns in the county,   PIANURA, pe-9-nootri, a town of Naples, province, and
and is the seat of extensive manufactures of iron and cotton. 4 miles W. of Naples. Pop. 1100.
The rolling-mill of Reeves, Buck & Co., is supposed to be the    PIAISA, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.
largest in the Union. A large quantity of nails and rail-   PIASCO, pe-Aseko, a village of the Sardinian States, about
road-iron is made here annually, the material for which is  6 miles from Saluzzo. Pop. 1670.
obtained in  the vicinity, and is of superior quality.   PIASINA or PIACINA, pe-&-seeln/, a lake and river of
Valuable mines of copper and lead have also been opened in  Siberia, government of Yeniseisk; the lake, lat. 700 N., Ion.
the township. Near this town the railroad passes through  920 30' E., is 80 miles in length from N. to S., 35 miles in
a tunnel of solid rock, near 2000 feet in length. Phoenix- breadth, and 90 miles E. of the Gulf of Yenisei; the river,
ville contains several handsome churches, a lyceum, and a  flowing from it, enters the Arctic Ocean, near lat. 730 45' N.,
printing-office. Pop. in 1850, 2670; in 1853, above 3000.  ion. 900 E., after a N. course of 250 miles.
PHOOKOK, PHOUKOK or PHUKOK, foo-kokf, written    PIASKI, pe-Aslkee, a town of Poland, government, and 14
also FUIKOK  and FOKWAK; (native name, Kohdud,) miles S.E. of Lublin. on an affluent of the Wieprz. Pop. 950.
an island in the Gulfof Siam, near its E. coast, let. 100 N.,   PIATKI, pe-Atlkee, a market-town of Poland, government
ion. 1040 E. Length, 34 miles; greatest breadth, 16 miles. of Volhynia, 21 miles S.W.'of Zhitomeer.
Surface elevated and wooded.                                 PIATT, piat, a county in the E. central part of Illinois,
PH00L'ERA, a town of North-west Hindostan, 83 miles has an area of 270 square miles. It is intersected by the
E.S.E. of Bhawlpoor, with a decayed fort and a good bazaar. North Fork of Sangamon River, which flows in a S.W. diPHOONGA, foonglgg, or PONGA, pong'ga, a town of Lower rection. The county consists partly of prairie and partly of
Siam. Lat. 80 13' N., Ion. 980~25 E.                       timbered land; the soil fertile. Named probably in honor
PHOOPIIIN, foo'finf, a town of Siam, on the W. shore of of Colonel Piatt, a Western pioneer. Capital, Monticello.
the Gulf of Siam, at the mouth of'the Thakham. Pop. 1200. Pop. 1606.
PH0-YANG, a lake of China. See P0-YANG.                     PIAUIII, pe-6w-eel, a river of Brazil, rises in the E. of the
PHRAAT. - See EUPnr.&TES.                                 province of Minas Geraes, proceeds N.E., and joins the
PHUL'WARIEE, town of British India, presidency of Jequitinhonha below Salto Grande.
Bengal, stated to comprise 1700 houses, many occupied by    PIAUHI or PIAUHY, a river of Brazil, province of Pilauhi,
Mohammedans of rank and education.                          after a N. course of 300 miles, joins the Caninde on the
PHUXUAN, a city of Anam. See Huo.                         right, 70 miles N.W. of Oeiras.
PHIU-YEN,  PHU-YEN-TRAN, foo-ykn-trAnl, or PIIOU-   PIAUHI or PIAUHY, a province of Brazil, between lat.
YAN, foo'yiini, a town of Anam, in Cochin-China, capital of 20 42' and 110 20' S., and ion. 400 30' and 470 W., having N.
a province, on the Phu-yen River, 60 miles S. of Quinhon. the Atlantic, and N.W. the province of Marafiao, from which
Lat. 130 23' N., ion. 1090 E.                               it is separated by the river Parnahiba, to which all its
PHYLfE, fitlee, a fortress of Greece, famous in its ancient rivers are tributary.  Area, estimated at 82,595 square
history, and the remains of which occupy a strong position  miles. Pop. 80,000.. The surface is mostly a plain, with a
in a pass of Mount Parnes, 13 miles N.N.W. of Athens.       slope N.W., and consists chiefly of rich pasturages, on which
PIACENZA, pe-A-chentzA, (anc. Placentia; Fr. Plaisance, large herds of cattle are reared. Timber is scarce. The proplatseNlss/,) a fortified city of-North Italy, capital of the duchy  vince contains some silver, iron, and lead-mines.  Chief
of Piacenza, 36 miles W.N.W. of Parma, near the right bank  towns, Oeiras and Parnahiba.
of the Po, a little below the influx of the Trebbia. Lat. 450 2'   PIAVE, pe-i/vA, a river of Austrian Italy, rises in the
44"  N., Ion. 90 411 48"1 E. Pop. 29,837. It is enclosed by ram- Alps, near Lientz, flows southerly and enters the Adriatic at
parts, used for public walks, environed by a wide fosse, de- Porto-di-Cortellazzo, 22 miles E.N.E. of Venice. Length, 125
fended by a citadel, and entered by 5 gates. It presents, miles. Under the French it gave name to a department, of
however, "a forlorn and deserted aspect," with its narrow, which Belluno was the capital.
irregular streets, and dark, half-decaying brick houses. It   PIAVOZERO, pe-A'vo-zl/ro, a lake of Russia, in the W. of
has one fine square, in which are the magnificent town-hall, the government of Archangel, about 50 miles long by about
and two equestrian statues of two dukes of Parma; an old  15 miles broad. It receives the waters of Lake Toppo at its
ducal palace, now much dilapidated; a Gothic cathedral,  S.E. extremity, and discharges itself at the N.E. into Lake
with some fine frescoes and pictures; several other churches, Kovdo.
a large hospital, orphan asylums, and numerous other chari-   PIAZZA, pe-Atfsi, a city of Sicily, province, and 17 miles
table institutions; a college, with 3 faculties, and a library  E.S.E. of Caltanisetts. Pop. 16,200. It has a cathedral, seof 30,000 volumes; an episcopal seminary, government pawn  veral other churches, 4 convents, a college and hospital,
bank, a small theatre, and public library. It has manufac-  with some manufactures of woollen cloth and caps, and a
tures of woollen stuffs and serges, fustians, stockings, and  brisk trade in corn, oil, fruits, and other agricultural produce.
hats, and a large fair in April. Pope Gregory X., Cardinal   PIAZZOLA, pe-At'so-lA, a market-town of Austrian Italy,
Alberoni, Pallavicini, and Laurentius Valla, were natives of 11 miles N.N.WV. of Padua, near the Brenta, noted for the
Piacenza. In its vicinity Hannibal defeated the Romans, vast palace of the Contarini family.
B. c. 219.                                                    PICA, peelkA, or TICA, tee/kA, a village and small river of
PIACENZA, DUCHY OF. See PANmA, DiucHY or.                South Peru, department of Arequipa, near the Pavilion do
PIACINA, a lake and river of Siberia. See PIASINA.       Pica, a headland on the Pacific Ocean, 50 miles S. of Iquique.
PIADENA, pe-a-dAInA, a market-town of Lombardy, 17    PICIARDYorPIIJIARDIE, (Fr. LaPicardie,l pee'kascdee/;
miles E. of Cremona. Pop. 1200.                            L. Picarldia,) an old province in the N. of France, having
PIAGGINE, pe-Adlje-nA, a town of Naples, province of  N.W. and WI. the English Channel. It is now subdivided
Principato Citra, 10 miles N.E. of I1 Vallo. Pop. 1400.    among the departments of Aisne, Somme, Oise, Pas-de-CaPIANA or PIANA DEI GRECI, pe-t/nO dlee gr/chee, a  lais, and Yonne.
town of Sicily, 10 miles S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 5000.         PICASENT, pe-kI-shntl, a village of Spain, province, and
PIANA, pe-&/nA, a river of Russia, rises near the N.W. 9 miles from Valencia. Pop. 2121.
frontiers, government of Simbeersk, and, after a total course    PIC'AYUNEf, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois, 45 miles
of 150 miles, joins the Soora on the left.                 N.E. of Nauvoo.
PIAN CASTAGNAJO DEL MONT' AMSIATA, pe-An! kls-    PICCOLA  PIODA, a village of Austrian Italy.  See
ttn-yfo dal mont A-me-ItO, a town of Tuscany, 11 miles PIOLTELLO.
from Arcidosso. Pop. 2883.                                   PICENTIA  See AcrRNo.
PIAN DI SCO, pe-gns dee sko, a village of Tuscany, pro-   PICERNO, pe-chlalno, a town of Naples, province of Bavince ofArezzo, 5 miles E. of Figline. Pop. 2683.          silicata, district, and 8 miles W. of Potenza. Pop. 4000. It
PIANELLA, pe-d-nlltlt, a town of Naples, province of has manufactures of silk and woollen goods.
Abruzzo Ultra I., 6 miles W.N.W. of Chieti. Pop. 4300.       PICHINCHA, pe-chinlchg or pe-cheen/chA, a volcano of
PIANFELLO  CITERIORE, pe-&-n1llo che-tA-re-ofrA, (ane. South America, in Ecuador, in the WVest Cordillera of the
Planellce?) a village of Parma, 15 miles S.W. of Piacenza. Andes, 11 miles W.N.W. of Quito, lat. 00 11' 32'" S., ion. 780
Pop. 3328.                                                 55' W., 15,924 feet in elevation, its upper 200 feet being al.
PIANEZZA, pe-A-nlt/sA, a village of the Sardinian States, ways covered with snow.
T miles W.N.WV. of Turin, on the Dora-Baltea. Pop. 2141.     PICHU-PICHU, pe-choo-pe-choo,! a volcano of South Peru,
PIANFEI, pe-An-fifee, a village of the Sardinian States, immediately N. of Arequipa, rises to near the limit of perabout 6 miles from MIondovi. Pop. 1710.                    petual snow.
PIANO, pe-Ino, a village of Austrian Italy, province of    PICINISCO, pe-che-nisfko, a town of Naples, province
Bergamo, in the S. part of'Al Camonica, on the Oglio. Pop. of Terra di Lavoro, 15 miles E.S.E. of Sora. Pop. 2 00.
4374.                                                         PICKIAWAY, a county in the S. central part of Ohio, has
1483




PIC                                                         PIE.n area of 510 square miles.  It is traversed from N. to S. Wales, co. of Camden, 46 miles S.W. of Sydney, on the Stoneby Scioto River, and also drained by Darby, Deer, and Wal- quarry Rivulet.
nut Creeks. The surface is level, diversified by forests and    PICTOU, pik-toot, a county of Nova Scotia, bordering on
prairies. The celebrated Pickaway Plains, 3- miles S. of  Northumberland Strait. Except an elevation called Mount
frcleville. are said to be the richest in Ohio. This county  Tom, the surfice is nearly level, and intersected with numeis intersected by the Ohio Canal, and by the Zanesville, rous streams, flowing chiefly into Merigomish, Pictou, and
Wilming ton and Cincinnati Railroad. Pickaway is a cor- Carriboo Harbors, on its coast. The soil is remarkably fertile.
ruption or mis-spelling of Piqua, the name of an Indian  The rock that underlies the surface is the Devonian limetribe. Capital, Circleville. Pop. 21,008.                   stone. The county contains rich mines of coal and iron ore.
PICKAWAY, a irwnship of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1425. The coal deposites comprise ten strata; the main coal band
PICKAWAY PLATI-NS, a post-office of IMonroe co., Vir-  is 33 feet in thickness, with 24 feet of good coal. Next to"
ginia.                                                      Halifax, Pictou is the most populous county in Nova Scotia.
PICKIENITAM, Nonsrn, a parish of England, co. Norfolk.  It is settled mostly by Scotch Highlanders. Capital, Pictou.
PICKENHIIAM, Souvr, a parish of England, co. Norfolk.   Pop. in 1851, 25,593.
PICKtENS, a district forming the N.W. extremity of    PICTOU, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of Picton
South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina and Georgia, county, situated at the head of a harbor of its own name,
has an area of 1060 square miles.  The Chattoota River opening into Northumberland Strait, about 85 miles N.N.E.
forms its boundary on the N.W., the Tugaloe, on the S.W., of Halifax. Lat. 450 41' N., ion. 620 40' W. It is situated in
and the Saluda on the N.E.; it is drained by the sources of  a fertile and well-cultivated district, containing extensive
the Kiowee River, and by numerous creeks. The surface  coal-mines and quari-es of building stone. In 1850, 58,368
in some parts is mountainous, the district occupying the  tons of coal were exported from  these mines to the United
S.E. declivity of the Blue Ridge. Table-Rock Mountain, in  States. The harbor is said to be the finest on the S. shore
the N. part of the district, rises 4000 feet above the sea, and  of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. At the S. side of its entrance
is a place of great resort. A large portion of the soil is fer- is a light-house, with a fixed light 65 feet above the sea:
tile. Named in honor of General-Andrew Pickens, an officer The town is well built, and has an academy, library, and
in the war ofthe Revolution. Capital, Piekens Court-House. a grammar school. The total value of exports in 1853,
Pop. 17,004, of whom 13,325 were free, and 3679 slaves.     amounted to 199,0961., of which 176,1101. was to Great Britain,
PICKENS, a county in the W. part of Alabama, bordering  and 19,6021. to the United States.
on Mississippi, has an area of 1020 square miles.  It is    PIDAVYRO, a maritime village of Greece. See EsPIDAURUS.
intersected by the Tombigbee  and Sipsey Rivers, which    PIDIDINGHOE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
unite on the S. border. It is also drained by Lubbub Cieek.   PIDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
The surface is hilly or undulating; the soil generally fer-   PIDDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
tile. Capital, Pickens Court-House. Pop. 21,512, of whom      PIDIDLE HINtTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
10,978 were free, and 10,534 slaves.                          PIDDLE, NORTIHI, a parish of England. co. of Worcester.
PICKENS COURT-HOUSE, capital of Pickens district,    PIDIDLETOWN, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
South Carolina, 144 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. It is situ-    PID'DLETRENTIHIDE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
ated near Kiowee  River, a branch Of the Savannah, in a    PIDfLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hluntingdon.
hilly district, which abounds in valuable minerals. The    PIEDAD, pe-i-disdl, a village of Mexico, on the Acapulco
village contains a court-house, jail, an academy, and a news-  Road, about 1 miles S.W. of the capital. It was occupied
paper office.                                               as the advanced post of the Americans previous to the atPICKIENSVILLE, a post-village of Pickens district, South  tack upon Chapultepec.
Carolina, 120 miles W.N.W. of Columbia.                       PIl  DI CAYALLO, pe-Al dee kg-vAlflo, a village of the
PICKENSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Pickens co., Sardinian States, division of Turin, about 10 miles N. of
Alabama, on the Tombigbee River, about 180 miles W.N.W. Biella, on the Cervo. Pop. 2186.
of Montgomery. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats. The    PIEDIMONTE, pe-&-de-monft,h a town of Naples, province
village contains 2 flourishing seminaries, named the Pick- of Terra di Lavoro, 20 miles N.N.E. of Caserta. Pop. 5600.
ensville Female Institute, and Pickensville High School. It stands in a fertile plain, at the foot of the Apennines,
Pop. in 1850, 276.                                          and has a royal palace, and manufactures of coarse woollen
PICKERELTOWN, a post-office of Logan co., Ohio.           cloths, caps, and paper.
PICKIERING, a market-town and parish of England, co.   PIEDIMONTE DI SAN GERMANO, pe-A-de-monltA dee
of York, North Riding, with a station on the York and s' n jlsr-m&no, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro,
North Midland Railway, 18 miles S.S.W. of Whitby. Pop. 16 miles S.S.E. of Sora, with 1500 inhabitants, several
of town, in 1851, 2511. The town, picturesquely situated, is  churches, and a large annual fair.
antiquely built, and has a fine old church, an endowed    PIEDMONT, (peefidmont,) PRINCIPALITY OF, (It. Piemosste,
school, a union work-house, and the ruins of a castle in  pe-A-mon/tA, i.e. Pi8 di  lonte, or the "foot of the mounwhich Richard II. was confined prior to his removal to  tain,") a country of Europe, in North Italy, forming the
Pontefract. The honor of Pickering comprises several ma- metropolitan and central portion of the Sardinian States,
nors under the duchy of Lancaster.                          of which it now forms the divisions of Turin, Coni, AlesPICKERING, a parish of Upper Canada, district of Home, sandria, Aosta, and Novara.  Lat. 440 10' to 460 25' N., ion.
on the N. shore of Lake Ontario.                            60 25' to 90 10' E. It is bounded N. by Switzerland, E.
PICKERING, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.    by Switzerland, Austrian Italy, and the duchy of Parma,
PICKERING   CREEK, of Chester co., Pennsylvania, S. by the divisions of Genoa and Nice, WV. by France, and
flows into the Schuylkill River about 1 mile below Phoenix- N.W. by Savoy.  Greatest length, from  N.N.E. to S.S.W.,
ville.                                                      168 miles; greatest breadth, 130 miles. Area, 11,913 square
PICKIERINGTON,    a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, miles. The loftiest ranges of the Alps, the Lepontine and
about 15 miles S.E. ofColumbus. Pop. near 200.              Pennine, encircle it on the N. and N.W., the Grecian and
PICKET'S CORNERS, a post-office of Cass co., Michigan. Cottian Alps on the W., and the Maritime Alps and the
PICKIIIILL, a parish of England, co. of York, North  Apennines on the S., by Lago Maggiore and the Lake TiRiding.                                                     cinoe. The space enclosed within these barrier forms one of
PICKTWELL, a parish of England, co.'of Leicester.         the most beautiful and fertile portions in Europe, comPICK/WORTh, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.          mencing on the N., the S., and the W., in majestic mounPICKWORTtI, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          tains, and thence descending by magnificent terraces and
PICO, pee/ko, one of the Azores Islands, in the Atlantic, finely undulating slopes to the rich plains of the Po, by
its volcanic peak 7613 feet in height, in lat. 380 28' N., ion. which river and its affluents, the Tanaro, Bormida, Clu280 25' W. Area, 254 square miles. Pop. 36,000. Surface  sone, Dora, Sesia, &c., it is wholly drained. Its E. part
covered with lava; the culture of the vine and fishing are  forms a portion of the great plain of Lonmbardy, is carefully
the chief branches of industry, and provisions are mostly  irrigated, and of high fertility; much of it is in pasturage,
imported fl-om Fayal. Principal towns Lagos, Magdalena, and large herds of cattle are reared, as in the adjacent Milaand San Rocco.                                              nese territory. A surplus of corn over home consumption
PICOLA/TA, a post-office of St. John's co., Florida.      is produced, and supplies the territory bordering on the
PICO TURQUINO, a mountain of Cuba. Se TuRQm UNo.   Mediterranean as far as Toulon.  Wheat, maize, barley,
PICQUIGNY, peek'keen'yee/, a village of France, depart- rice, hemp, and fruits are the principal crops; wines ane of
ment of Somme, on the left bank of the Somme, and on the  inferior quality, and oil is produced only in small quantities;
Amiens Railway, 8 miles N.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1540.          the silk is among the best in Italy. The mineral products
PICTAVI. See PoICTIERS.                                   comprise iron, lead, copper, marble, sulphur, manganese,
PICtTON, the capital of the county of Prince Edward, in  cobalt, and small quantities of the precious metals. The
Canada West, situated on the Bay of Quint6, 40 miles principal manufactures are silk fabrics and organzine, hoS.S.E. of Kingston, and 22 miles from Belleville. It contains, siery, woollen and linen goods, brandy and liqueurs, glass,
besides the county buildings, churches of 5 denominations,  and iron wares. The inhabitants are n.early all Roman
agencies of 3 life assurance companies, 2 branch banks, about Catholics, except about 20,000 Yaudois Protestants in the
15 stores, and manufactories for steam engines, machinery,  Alpinevalleys. The chief towns of Ohe Sardinian dominions,
iron castings, &c. The value of exportsin 1851, was $17,808, are Turin, (the capital,) Alessandria, Asti, Coni, Novara,
of imports, $44,280, all fi-om the United States. Pop. about Vercelli, Pinerolo, Susa, and Aosta. The great routes or
1600                                                        the Sinmplon, Mount Cenis, St. Bernard, and the Col de
PICTOU, pik'tool, a town of Australia, in New South  Tenda cross the Alps into Piedmont. Pop. in 1848, 2,134,152.
1484




PIE                                                        PIE
--— Adj. and inhab. PIEDMONTESE, peed'mon-teez!; (It. PmE-   PIERRE, LA, i, pe-airY, an islet of the English Channel,!rONTESE., pe-A-mion-tA'sA.)                              off the coast of the French department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 13
PIEDIMONT, a village of Hampshire co., Virginia, on the  miles N.E. of St. Malo. It is defended by a fort.
North Branch of the Potomac River, and on the Baltimore    PIERRE BAYOU, ps-air bitoo, a small stream  of Missisand Ohio Railroad, 215 miles N.W. of Richmond. It con- sippi, rises in Copiah county, and flows into the Mississippi
tains machine shops of the railroad company.               near the S.W. extremity of Clairborne county.
PIEDIONT, a post-village of Harris co., Georgia, 115 miles    PIERRE BUFFIERE, pe-alai biiffe-airY, a town of France,
W.S.W. of Milledgeville.                                   department of Haute-Vienne, on the Briance, 10 miles S.S.E.
PIEDMIONT STATION, a post-village of Fauquier co., Vir- of Limoges. Pop. 1012. The celebrated surgeon, Dupuytren,
ginia, on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 61 miles W. of Alex-  was born here.
andria.                                                      PIERREFITTE, pe-aiR'feet/, several villages of France, the
PIEDRABUENA, pe-1ADrA-bwm An, a village of Spain, in  principal in the department of Meuse on the Aire, 16 miles
New Castile, 15 miles W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2600.        N.W. of Commercy. Pop. 646.
PIEDRAIIITA, pe-bA'Dri-eettl, a town of Spain, province,    PIERREFOND, pe-air.f6NoG, a market-town of France, deand 32 miles W.N.W. of Avila. Pop. 847. It has remains partment of Oise, 8 miles S.E. of Compilgne, with 1510 inof ancient walls and fortifications.                       habitants, and a ruined feudal fortress.
PIEDRAS, p Aldris, (i. e. " rocks,") a headland of the Gulf    PIERREFORT, pe-aiR'forY, a town of France, department
of Mexico, department, and 65 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz.     of Cantal, 19 miles E.S.E. of Aurillac.  Pop. 1275.
PIEDRAS, pe-sAdrAs, a headland in the Plata Confedera-    PIERRELATTE, pe-aiaqlittl, a village of France, depart
tion, and estuary, department, and 90 miles S.E. of Buenos  ment of DrOme, 13 miles S. of Mont6limart, near the left
Ayres.                                                     bank of the Rhone, on the railway from Lyons to Avignon.
PIEDRAS, pe-A/drAs, a town of South America, in Vene- Pop. in 1852, 3483.
zuela, department of Orinoco, on the river Orinoco, 65 mile    PIERRE PERTUIS, ps-aia p8a'tweet, a naturally excaW.S.W. of Angostura.                                       vated passage in the Jura Mountains, in Switzerland, 19
PIEDRAVALES, pe-A-Dr-A-vAlIs,   a town of Spain, pro- miles N.W. of Bern, on the road between Bienne and Povince, and 23 miles S. of Avila. Pop. 732.                 rentruy, 40 feet in height, and from 10 to 12 feet in breadth,
PIEDS-NOIRS, a tribe of Indians. See BLACKFEET.          and in which is a Roman inscription.
PIELIS, pe-11lis, PIELISIARVI, PIELISJARWI, pe-A'-   PIERREPONT (peer/pont) MANOR, a post-village of Jeflis-yan/vee, written also PIELISJOEROI, a lake of Finland, ferson co., New York, on the Watertown and Rome Railroad,
loon, and 60 miles E.N.E. of Kuopio, between lat. 620 55' and  at the S. terminus of the Sackett's IIharbor and Ellisburg Rail630 35 N., and ion. 290 and 30~ 20' E. Length, 56 miles; great- road, 18 miles from Watertown, and the same distance from
est breadth, 16 miles. The river Pielis carries its surplus  Sackett's Iarbor.
waters S. into Lake Ornovesi. On its E. side is the village    PIERSON, peerlsgn, a township of Vigo co., Indiana.
of Pielis.                                                  Pop. 642.
PIEMONTE. See PIEDMONT.                                     PIETERLEN, peelter-len, or PERLES, paial, a town and
PIEMIONTI, pe-A-mon/tee, a town of Naples, province, and  parish of Switzerland, canton, and 17 miles N.N.W. of Beren.
S.E. of Naples. Pop. 1200.                                  Pop. 1332.
PIENZA. pe-6n/zA, a town of Tuscany, province of Sienna,    PIETERMARITZBURG, pee/ter-mArlits-blaRG, the capital
5 miles S.W. of Montepulciano. Pop. 3000. It has a college  of the Briitish colonial territory of Natal, in South Africa,
and a diocesan seminary, and was erected into a munici-  50 miles N.W. of Port Natal. Pop. about 2000.
pality and a bishop's see by Pope Pins II., a native of the    PIETOLE, pe-A/to-IA, a village and fort of Lombardy, 2
town.                                                       miles S.E. of Mantua, on the Mincio. Pop. 1000. It occuPIERCE, a new county in the W. part of Wisconsin, con- pies the site of ancient Andes, the birthplace of Virgil.
tains about 570 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by    PIETRA, pe-jtr-A, a small town of the Sardinian States,
the St. Croix River, on the E. by Red Cedar River, and on  division, and on the Gulf of Genoa, province, and 8 miles
the S.W. by the Mississippi River, and drained by the Rush  N.N.E. of Albenga. Pop. 2056.
and Menomonee Rivers. The surface is diversified by prai-   PIETRA ABBONDANTE, pe-A/trA Abtbon-dbn/tA, a town
ries and forests. It was formed in 1851, by a division of  of Naples province of Molise, 13 miles N.E. of Isernia. Pop.
St. Croix county. Capital, Prescott.                        2000.
PIERCE, a county in the S.E. central part of Minnesota,    PIETRA CAMELA, ppe-Atrg kS-mA/lA, a town of Naples,
contains about 2900 square miles. The Minnesota or St. Ps- province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 12 miles S.W. of Teranmo.
ter's River forms its boundary on the S.W., and the North  Pop. 1000.
Fork of Crow River on the N.E., and it is ddrained by the    PIETRA CATELLA, pe-A/trAl kA-tilIA, a town of Naples,
Minni-Wakan, and the South Fork of Crow River. The  province of Molise, 14 miles E.N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 3000.
surface is elevated and riolling; the soil is generally fer-   PIETRA DE FUSI, pe-A/trA foolsee, a town of Naples, protile. A range of wooded highlands, called Coteau Grand du  vince of Principato Ultra, 1I  miles N.E. of Montefusco.
Rois, extends across the county. This county was formed  Pop. 4300.
since 1851.                                                   PIETRA DI MONTE CORVINO, pe-AftrA de.mon/tA koaPIERCE, a new county in the N.W. part of Washington  veesno, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 4 miles
Territory, on the E. side of Puget Sound. Named in honor  S.S.E. of Castelnuovo.  Pop. 2200.
of the present chief magistrate of the United States. Formed    PIETRA FERRANZA. pe-A'trA fla-itn/zA, a town of Nasince 1850.  Capital Steilacoom.                            pies, province of Abruzzo Citra, S. of Lanciano. Pop. 500.
PIERCE, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.       PIETRA FESA, pe-sAtrA falsA, a market-town of Naples,
PIERCE, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.          province of Basilicata, 12 miles S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 2400.
PIERCE, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa.                   PIETRA GALLA, pe-AtrA gAl/l, a market-town of NaPIERCE, a post-office of Will co., Illinois.             ples, province of Basilicata, 8 miles N.N.E. of Potenza.
PIERCETON, peersfton, a post-office of Kosciusko co., In-  Pop. 4000.
diana.                                                        PIETRAIN, pe-.AtrANG, a village of Belgium, province of
PIERCETOWN, a post-office of Anderson district, South  Brabant, S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1311.
Carolina.                                                    PIETRALCINA, pe-AtrAl-chee/nA, a market-town of NaPIERCEVILLE, persrvil, a post-office of Wyoming co., ples, province of Principato Ultra, 13 miles W.N.W. of
Pennsylvania.                                               Ariano. Pop. 2400.
PIERCEVILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.       PIETRAMALA, pe-AtrA-mA/IA, a village of Tuscany, proPIERCEVILLE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama.      vince, and 23 miles N.N.E. of Florence, at the foot of Monte
PIERCEVILLE, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.       di Fo, in the Apennines. Near it are two remarkable disPIERCEVILLE, a small village of Washtenaw co., Mii- engagements of gas, one of which is perpetually burning.
chigan.                                                      PIETRAMALA, a marmket-town of Naples, province of
PIERCEVILLE, a post-village of Dane co., Wisconsin, 13  Calabria Citra, near the coast S. of Ajello.
miles E.N.E. of Madison.                                     PIETRA MELLARA, pe-/trm mrl-lI/rA, a market-town of
PIERIMONT, a post-township of Grafton co., New Hamp- Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, at the foot of a mounshire, 60 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 948.               tain, 11 miles N. of Capua. - Pop. 1600.
PIERMONT, a post-village of Orangetown township, Rock-   PIETRA PERTOSA, pe- trA pln-tolsA, a town of Naples,
land co., New Yorlc on the Hudson River, at the terminus  province of Basilicata, 16 miles E.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3000.
of the Erie Railroad, 24 miles above New York. It is plea-   PIETRAPERZIA, pe-A'trA-piad/zee-A, a town of Sicily, 5
santly situated at the N. extremity of thIe Palisades, with  miles S.E. of Caltanisetta.  Pop. 8500, who trade in corn,
high hills in the rear, and has a pier 1 mile long, extending  almonds, and pistachios.  Near it are some sulphur-mines.
into the river. lere is an extensive dep6t and machine    PIETRA ROJA, pe-A/trg ro/yA, a mnim-ket-town of Naples,
shopsofthe railroad company. Theadjacenthills aredotted  province of Terra di Lavoro, 7 miles E.S.E. of Piedimonte,
with cottages or country seats. Pop. estimated at 1200.    derives its name from the red marble quarried in its vicinity.
PIERPONT, a post-township in the central part of St.   PIETRASANTA, pe-A'trA-sAn/tA, a town of Tuscany, proLawrence co., New York. The village of East Pierpont is 4  vince, and 17 miles N.N.W. of Pisa. Pop. 4470.
miles from Potsdam. Pop. 1459.                               PIETRA STORNINA, pe-A4/trm  stoat-necna, a market-town
PIERPONT, a post-village and township in the E. part of  of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 7 miles N.W. of
Ashtabula co., Ohio, 218 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 999. Avellino. Pop. 2600.
PIERPONT PLACE, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas.      PIETREBAIS,  pe-Atrgh-b, (COAEP i,E shA'pll/, or ST
1485.1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ ___                             __   ___




PIE                                                         PIK
LAURENT, SANG ]t'r8NG1,) a town of Belgium, province of    PIJAN  or PIDJAN, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 50
Brabant, 18 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop, 1169.            miles W. of Aksoo (Aksou.) The ruins of Old Pijan (or PidPIETRO-AD-SIPIIMI,  pe-Altro-ad-seelfim, a village of Na-  jan) are 140 miles E.N.E. of Kashgar.
pies, province of Principato Citra, N.W. of Salerno. Pop.   PIKE, pik, a county in the E.N.E. part of Pennsylvania
2000.                                                       bordering on New Jersey, has an area of 600 square miles.
PIETRO-A-PATIERNO, pe-,ltro-.-p&-te-6rJno, (anc. Paterr- The Delaware River forms its entire boundary on the N.E.
aum?) a village of Naples, province of Naples. Pop. 2450.   and on the S.E.; it is drained also by the Lackawaxen and
PIETRO-AVELLANA, pe-Ytro-a-v6!-latnA, a town of Na-  Shohola Creeks. Bushkill Creek forms part of the S. bound.
ples, province of Molise, 15 miles N. of Isernia. Pop. 1200.  ary. The surface is uneven and hilly; the soil is generally
PIETRO-IN-CALATINA, pe-Aitro-in-ka-la-tee/n&, a town of  thin and stony. A large part of the county is a wilderness
Naples, province of Otranto, 14 miles S. of Lecce. George  of scrubby oaks.  Sandstone and slate are the principal
Castriotto, surnamed Scanderbeg, with an army of 15,000, rocks. The Delaware and Hudson Canal traverses the N.
here defeated a tenfold larger army of Turks. Pop. 7750.    part of the county, and the New York and Erie Railroad
PIETRO-DI-MARDA, pe-Altro-dee-maatdi, a town of Na- passes along the N.E. border. Organized in 1814, and named
ples, province of Calabria Ultra II., S. of Nicastro, almost en- (as well as those which follow) in honor of General Zebulon
tirely destroyed by an earthquake in 1783.                  Pike. Capital, Milford. Pop. 5881.
PIETRO-ix-FINE, pe-lttro-in-feefni, a town of Naples, pro-   PIKE, a county in the W. central part of Georgia, has an
vince of Lavoro, 27 miles S.E. of Sora. It has 2 churches  area of 390 square miles.  Itis traversed in the N.W. part
and a hospital. Pop. 1000.                                  by Flint River, which afterwards forms its W. boundary;
PIETRO-IN-LAMA, pe-A/tro-in-lWinom, a town of Naples pro- and also drained by the Big Potato, Elkin's, Flat, Rose, and
vince of Otranto, S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 1250.                 South Towaliga Creeks. The S. part of the county is hilly;
PIETRO MONCORVINO, pe-Y/tro mon-koR-veefno, a mar-  the soil is moderately fertile. The rocks which underlie
ket-town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 17 miles S.W. of  the surface are primary, containing iron ore. It is interSevero. Pop. 3000.                                          sected by the Macon and Western Railroad. Organized in.PIETRO-VAIRANO, pe-Altro-vi-rglno, a market-town of  1822. Capital, Zebulon.  Pop. 14,306, of whom 8748 were
Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 16 miles N. of Capua. free, and 5558, slaves.
Pop. 2500.                                                    PIKE, a county in the S.E. part of Alabama, has an area
PIETRO-VERNOTICO, pe-sAtro-v6a-notle-ko,   a town of  of 1330 square miles. Conecuh River rises in the county,
Naples, province of Otranto, 10 miles N.W. of Lecce. Pop. and Pea River flows through it. The surface is extensively
1500.                                                       covered by forests of pine. The soil is moderately fertile.
PIEUX, Las, lA pe-uhl, a market-town of France, depart- Capital, Troy. Pop. 15,920, of whom 12,126 were free, and
ment of Manche, 12 miles S.W. of Cherbourg. Pop. 1621.   3794, slaves.
PIEVE, pe-A/vA, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and    PIKE, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, bordering on
8 miles S. of Milan, on the Lambro. Pop. 1091..             Louisiana,.has an area of about 780 square miles. 13Bayou
PIEVE or PIEVE DEL TECCO, pe-v/vA d6l t~ktko, a town  Chitto flows nearly through the middle of the county. The
of Italy, in the Sardinian dominions, 13 miles N.W. of Onet- soil is sandy, and not very rich. Capital, Holmesville. Pop.
lia. Pop. 3098.                                             7360, of whom 4258 were free, and 3102, slaves.
PIEVE DEL CAIRO, pe-AvA d[l kIFro, a town of Italy, di-   PIKE, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas; area, about
vision, of Novara, province of Lomellina, near the Po, 14  660 square miles.  It is drained by the Little Missouri
miles S.S.E. of Mortara.  Pop. 2855.                        River. The surface is partly occupied by mountains and
PIEVE DI CADORE, a town of Italy.  See CADonE.            hills, in which silver, iron, lead, zinc, cobalt, stone coal, and
PIEVE D'OLMI, pe-,vvA doYfmee, a town of Italy, in Lom- alabaster are found. The highlands are well adapted to the
hardy, 6 miles S.E. of Cremona. Pop. 2600.                  pasturage of sheep, and the lowlands to the growth of grain.
PIEVE PORTO MORONE, pe-A/vA poreto mo-rotnA, a town  Capital, Murfreesborough.  Pop. 1861, of whom 1751 were
of Austrian Italy, province and E.S.E. of Pavia, on the  free, and 110, slaves.
left bank of the Po. Pop. 3015.                               PIKE, a county forming the E. extremity of Kentucky,
PIEVE SAN GIACO1MO, pe-AfvAt san jalko-mo, a village of  bordering on Virginia, contains an area estimated at 400
Austrian Italy, province of Cremona. Pop. 1015.             square miles. It is drained by the forks of the Big Sandy
PIEVE SAN GIOVANNI, pe-A/vA san jo-vln/nee, a village  River. The surface is hilly and broken, having the Cumof Austrian Italy, province, and S.E. of Mantua, near the  berland Mountain near the E. border. Extensive beds of
right bank of the Po. Pop. 1015.                            bituminous coal, firom 5 to 8 feet thick, have been opened,
PIEVE SANTO-STEFANO, pe-YvA sAn/to-stA-fAno, a mar- and some iron is found. Formed in 1821. Capital, Pikeket-town of Tuscany, province of Florence, 16 miles N.E. of  ville. Pop. 5365, of whom 5267 were free, and 98, slaves.
Arezzo, on the Tiber, near its source. Pop. 3000.             PIKE, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area of
PIFIFARD, a post-office of Livingston co., New York.     about 445 square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto
PIGEON, pij/tLn, a township of Vanderburg co., Indiana. River and by the Ohio Canal, and also drained by Beaver
Pop. 201.                                                   and Sunfish Creeks. The surface is generally hilly, and
PIGEON, a township of Warrick co., Indiana. Pop. 715. the soil fertile. The Cincinnati and Parkersburg Railroad
PIGEON CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Gibson co., and  is in course of construction through this county. Capital,
enters the Ohio at Evansville.                              Piketon. Pop. 10,953.
PIGEON.  CREEK, a post-village of Rails co., Missouri, 80    PIKE, a county in the S.W. part of. Indiana, contains
miles N.E. by N. of Jefferson City.                         about 300 square miles. It is intersected by Patoka Creek,
PIGEON FORGE, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee.    and bounded on the N. by White River.  The surfice is
PIGEON GROVE, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin. nearly level, and the greater part of the soil is fertile. Coal
PIGEON ISLANDS, in the Grecian Archipelago, are 4  of good quality is abundant. The county is intersected by
miles S.E. of Milo.                                         the Wabash and Erie Canal. Organized in 1817. Capital,
PIGEON RIVER, of Alabama, rises in Butler co., and en- Petersburg.  Pop. 7720.
ters Sepulga River near Brooklyn.                             PIKE, a county in the WV. part of Illinois, bordering on
PIGEON RIVER, of Indiana and Michigan, rises in Steu- Missouri, has an area of about 750 square miles. It extends
ben county of the former state, and enters the St. Joseph's  from the Illinois River on the E. to the Mississippi, which
River in the S.E. corner of Case county, Michigan. Its di- forms its S.W. boundary. It is traversed by a side-channel
rection is W.N.W. It furnishes valuable water-power.        of the Mississippi, called Snycartee Slough, and also drained
PIGEON RIVER, a post-office of Haywood co., North Ca- by McKee's, Bay, and Little Muddy Creeks. The surface is
rolina.                                                     rolling, and consists of prairies and forests. The soil is exPIGEON ROOST, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi. tremely fertile, and extensively cultivated.  Stone coal is
PIGEON RUN; a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia.      abundant.  Pike county is among the most populous in the
PIG ISLAND, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, in  state. Capital, Pittsfield. Pop. 18,819.
Louisiade Archipelago. Let. 110 20' N., lon. 1530 15' E. The    PIKE, a county in the E. part of Missouri, bordering on
natives are dark copper-colored. They are a dangerous race, the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illinois, conand not to be trusted.                                      tauins about 600 square miles. It is intersected by Salt River,
PIGILESTHORNE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.         and also drained by Cuivre River, and by Spencer's, RarcPIGNA, peenlyA, a market-town of Sardinia, province of  sey's, and Buffalo Creeks. The county consists partly of
San Remo, 27 miles N. of Nice. Pop. 2770.                  prairies. The soil is generally good. Limestone and sandPIGNAN, peen'ylNGs, a town of France, department of  stone underlie the surfice. Capital, Bowling Green. Pop.
Herault, 6 miles W. of Montpelier. Pop. in 1852, 1925.     13,609, of whom 10,334 were free, and 3275, slaves.
PIGNANS, peen'y8Nt. a market-town of France, depart-    PIKE, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.
ment of Var, 10 miles S.E. of Brignolles. Pop. in 1852, 2296.   PIKE, a post-village and township of Wyoming co., New
It has coppes-works and paper mills.                       York, about 45 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. The village contains
PIGNATARO, peen-yA-tJfro, a village of Naples, province  4 or 5 churches, several mills, a water-cure establishment,
of Lavoro, N.W. of Caserta. Pop. 1980.                     and 3 taverns. Pop. of the township, 2003.
PIGNEROL, a town of Northern Italy.  See PINEROLe.         PIKE, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 883.
PIGNONE, peen-yofnA, a village of the Sardinian States,   PIKE, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania,:ivision of Genoa, not far from Levanto. Pop. 1895.       about 20 miles W. of Montrose. Pop. 1747.
PIJAN or PIDJAN, pee'jknt, a town of Chinese Toorkistan,   PIKE, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvanis. Pop
tO miles E. of Turfau.,1249.
1486




PIK                                                        PIL
PIKE, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 200. a marshy island, 180 miles in length. The N. (or main)
PIKE, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1022.         branch, is called Pilcomayo or Araguai Guazu, the S. AraPIKE, a township of Clark co., Ohio. Pop. 1315.         guai Mino. Total course estimated at 1000 miles. Its chief
PIKE, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1081.     affluents are the Pilaya and Paspaya. It is navigable for
PIKE, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 485.         boats from the Paraguay to Chuquisaca, the only city on its
PIKE, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1720.          banks, but shallow for the remainder.
PIKE, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 423.          PILESGROVE, pilz/grive, a township of Salem co., New
PIKE, a post-township in the central part of Perry co., Jersey. Pop. 2962.
Ohio. Pop. 2147.                                            PILGRAM, pil/gr m, a town of Bohemia, 25 miles E.N.E.
PIKE, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 1447.         of Tabor. Pop. 3200, who manufacture woollens.
PIKE, a township of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 786.           PILGRAMSDORF, piltgr~ms-doRf, (OBnER, olber, and NIEiIKE, a township of Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 1928.     DEa.R, neefder,) a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, governPIKE, a township of Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 555.      ment of Liegnitz. Pop. 1269.
PIKE, a township of Stoddard co., Missouri. Pop. 1053.    PILGRIM'S REST, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
PIKE, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa.               PILIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
PIKE, a township of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Pop 680.    PILICA, pe-leet/sA, or PILIT/ZA, a town of Poland, proPIKE CREEK, a post-office of Ripley co., Missouri.      vince of Kielce, on the Pilica, an affluent of the Vistula, 33
PIKE MILLS, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania, miles N.N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 3000.
about 25 miles E. of Coudersport.                           PILKALLEN. pillkdl-len, a town of East Prussia, 18 miles
PIKE POND, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.     N.E. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 1686.
PIKE RUN, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsylvania.    PILLAR, (pil/lar,) CAPE, the south-easternmost headland
PIKE'S PEAK, one of the highest summits of the Rocky  of Tasman's Peninsula, Van Diemen's Land. Lat. 430 12'
Mountains, near 380 25' N. lat., and 1050 W. ion. Height,  S., Ion. 1480 7' E.
11,497 feet.                                                PILILAR POINT, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.
PIKESVILLE, Maryland. See PIEvLLE.                       PIL'LATON, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
PIKETON, Kentucky. See PIKEVILLE.                         PILLAU. pil16w, a maritime town of East Prussia, at the
PIKE/TON, a post-village, capital of Pike co., Ohio, on the  entrance of the Frische-HIaff, 25 miles W. of Kiinigsberg, of
E. bank of Scioto River, 25 miles from its mouth, 65 miles which, and of Elbing and Braunsberg, it is the port. Let.
S. of Columbus, and 2 miles E. of the Ohio Canal. The Cin- of the light-house, 540 38' 4" N., Ion. 190 54' E. Pop. 2720,
cinnati and Parkersburg Railroad, now in progress, is de- exclusive of suburbs. The inlet to the Haff not having
signed to pass through Piketon. The village contains 3  more than 12 feet water, vessels of large burden here unchurches, 1 academy, 1 newspaper office, and a number of load or lighten cargo, and it has consequently a thriving
stores. Laid out in 1814. Pop. in 1850, 690.              trade.
PIKETON, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, 10 miles    PILILERTON HER/SEY, a parish of England, co. of WarN.W. offlndianapolis.                                     wick.
PIKETON, a post-office of Stoddard co., Missouri.         PILLERTON PRI/ORS, a parish of England, co. of WarPIKE TOWNSIHIIP, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsyl- wick.
vania.                                                      PILLIBHEET, PILIBHIT or PILLIBEET, pil-le-beetf, a
PIKE VALLEY, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. town of British India, presidency of Bengal, Upper ProPIKEVILLE or PIKESVILLE, a post-village of Baltimore  vinces, district, and 30 miles N.E. of Bareily, capital of a colco., Maryland, 10 miles N.W. of Baltimore.                lectorate, on an affluent of the Ganges, with a fine mosque,
PIKEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Ala- and trade in rice.
bama, 3 miles E. from the Buttahatchee River, 68 miles   PILILING, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
N.N.W. o5l'uscaloosa.                                       PIL/LITH, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
PIKEVILLE, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mississippi,   PILLNITZ, a village of Saxony. See PILNITZ.
on the road from Houston to Aberdeen, 14 miles from each.   PILMLOW, a post-office of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania.
PIKEVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bledsoe co., Ten-   PILILOWVILLE, a post-office of Weakley co., Tennessee.
nessee, 112 miles E.S.E. ofNashville. It is situated on high    PILLSIBOROUGH, a small village of Pitt co., North Ca.
ground, and has abundance of stone coal in the vicinity. rolina.
Pop. about 400.                                             PILL/TOWN, a market-town of Ireland, in Leinster, co.
PIKEVILLE or PIKETON, a post-village, capital of Pike  of Kilkenny, 4 miles E. of Carrick-on-Suir. Pop. 700. It is
co., Kentucky, on the West Fork of Big Sandy River, 160  clean and neat. Adjoining is the seat of the Earl of Besmiles E.S.E, of Frankfort. The river is navigable for boats  borough, lord of the manor.
f.om this point downward. The village contains numerous    PILNIKAU, pil/ne-k6w', a town of Bohemia, 25 miles N.E.
stores. Pop. estimated at 500.                            of Bidschow. Pop. 966.
PILAHATCII/IE, a post-office of Rankin co., Mississippi.   PILNITZ or PILLNITZ, pil/nits, a village of Saxony, on
PILAO ARCADO, pe-16wNG! aR-k,/do, a town of Brazil, pro- the left bank of the Elbe, 6 miles S.E. of Dresden. It has
vince of Bahia, on the river Sbo Francisco. Lat. 110 30' S., a royal park and chqteau, where, on the 25th of August,
ion. 420 40' WV. Pop. 5000.                               1791, was concluded the convention of European powers to
PILAR, pe-larn, a town of Brazil, province of Parahiba, on  maintain the rights of the Bourbons to the throne of
the left bank of the Parahiba, and 50 miles W. of the city of  France.
Parahiba. Pop. 3400.                                        PIILOT, a post-village of Vermilion co., Illinois, about 42
PILAR, a town of Paraguay. See NEEMBUCU.                miles N. by W. of Paris.
PILAR, pe-lan/, a town of Brazil. province, and 170 miles    PILOT GROVE, a post-office of Grayson co., Texas.
N. of Goyaz, almost encircled by the Uruhu and Vermelho,   PILOT GROVE, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois.
tributaries to the Almas. Pop. 1500.                        PILOT GROVE, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri,
PILAR, a parish and village of Brazil, province of Rio  about 52 miles N.W. by W. of Jefferson City.
de Janeiro, district of Icuagu, on the Pilar. Pop. 3000.    PILOT GROVE, a post-office of Lee Co., Iowa.
PILARES, CAPO DE LOS, kd'po da loce pe-l1'rs, the    PILOT HILL, a post-office of Fulton co., Arkansas.
N.W. extremity of Terra del Fuego.                          PILOT HILL, a post-office of Mason co., Illinois.
PILAS, peellis, a town of Spain, province, and 18 miles    PILOT ISLAND, or FISHERMAN'S ROCK, at the enW.S.W. of Seville. Pop. 2411.                             trance of the Red Sea, between the Arabian coast and the
PILAS, one of the Sooloo Islands, in the Malay Archi- island of Perim.
pelago.                                                     PILOT KNOB. See Missounm. "Objects of interest to
PILATE or PILAT, (peeqltf) MOUNT, a branch of the  Tourists."
Alps, between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Unterwal-   PILOT KNOB, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky.
den, its principal peak, the Tomlishorn, is 5 miles S.W.   PILOT KNOB, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana.
of Lucerne, having an elevation of 6998 feet.               PILOT MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Stokes co., North CaPILATE, pee'ltf, a mountain of France, in the C~vennes  rolina.:l0ain, between the departments of Rhone and Loire, 3517    PILOT MIOUNTAIN, called also ARARAT, a mountain of
f4et in height.                                           Surry co., North Carolina, between the Ararat and Dan
PILAT/KA, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., Florida, Rivers. It is of a pyramidal form, and one-third of a mile in
on the left bank of St. John's River, about 200 miles E.S.E. height.
of Tallahassee. Cotton and sugar are shipped here in steam-   PILS/DON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
beats which run to Savannah and Charleston.                 PILSEN, pillsen, PILZEN, pilt/sen, or PILSNA, pils/na,
PILAYA, pe-li/A, or TUPIZA, too-peelsA, a river of South  (N u, noi,)i. e. NEW PILSEN, a town of Bohemia, on the Beraun,
America, rises near the S.W. frontiers of Bolivia, flows a tributary of the Elbe, 52 miles W.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 9798.
E.N.E. under tha name of San Juan, and then under that It is one of the best built and most important commercial
of Pilaya, and after a course of nearly 300 miles joins the  towns in the kingdom, and has a fine Gothic church, townright branch of the Pilcomayo, about 200 30' S.          hall, a gymnasium, theatre, military and other schools,
PILICHER, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.          flourishling manufactures of woollen goods, morocco leather,
PILCOMAYO, pil-ko-mllo, or ARAGUAI, &-rA-gwIl, a river iron and horn wares, and alum, a large annual fair, and a
of South America, in Bolivia and Paraguay, rises near Chu- considerable transit trade with Bavaria.
quisaca, flows S.E. through the LNonos, and joins the Para-   PILSEN, PILZEN, or PILSNA, (ALT, Alt, or "OLD,") a mai
guay nearly opposite Asuncion, by two branches, enclosing  ket-town of Bohemia, 5 miles S.E. of the above town. P. 931
1487




PIL                                                        PIN
PILSNO, pilsfno, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 12  Big Piney Fork of Gasconade River, 53 miles S. by E. of Jeit
miles E. of Tarno, on the Wisloka. Pop. 1560.              ferson City.
PILTEN, pillten, a town of Russia, government of Cour-   PINE BLUFF, a post-office of Pane co., Wisconsi
land, on the Windan, 92 miles W.N.W. of Mitau, with a    PINEBOROUGH, pin'bir-r~th, a post-office of MiIarion co.,
fortress built in 1220 by Waldemar II. of Denmark. Pop. 600. Florida.
PILTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                 PINE'BR00   K/, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey.
PILTON, a parish of England, co. of Northamptpion.         PINE CREEK, rises in the N. part of Pennsylvania, and
PILITON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.            enters the West Branch of the Susquehanna near Jersey
PILTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            Shore.
PIMILICO, a suburb of the British metropolis, co. of Mid-    PINE CREEK, of Crawford co., Arkansas, enters Arkansas
dlesex, and comprised in the liberty of Westminster, imme- River from the N.
diately W. of St. James's Park, 23 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's,    PINE CREEK, a post-office of De Kalb co., Tennessee.
London. It comprises many elegant streets and squares,   PINE CREEK, of Berrien co., Michigan, enters St. Jowith Buckingham Palace and gardens, and occupies all the  seph's River, 2 miles from its mouth.
suburban districts between Westminster and Chelsea.          PINE CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Benton co., and flows
PIMIIPERNE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.          into the Wabash, opposite Attica. Stone coal and pine timPINA, pee'nA, a town of Spain, province, and 23 miles S.E. her are abundant on its banks.
of Saragossa. Pop. 1790.                                     PINE CREEK, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania,
PINA DE CAMPAS, peelng dA kimfpAs, a town of Spain, on the left side of the Susquehanna River, about 22 miles
province, and 14 miles N.N.E. of Palencia. Pop. 950.       W. of Williamsport. Pop. 774.
PINAREJO, pee-nD —rX/Ho, a town of Spain, in New Castile,   PINE CREEK, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania,
province, and S. of Cuenca. Pop. 1468.                     22 miles S. by E. of Clarion.
PINASCA, pe-nusfkA, a village of North Italy, in Pied-   PINE CREEK, a post-office of Tioga co., Pennsylvania.
mont, division of Turin, province, and 7 miles N.W. of Pine-   PINE CREEK, a post-office of Gilmer co., Yirginia.
rolo, on the Clusone. Pop. 2737.                             PINE CREEK, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan.
PINCHIMBECK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          PINE CREEK, a post-township in the S.W. part of Ogle
PINCKINEY, a post-township forming the WV. extremity  co., Illinois. Pop. 924.
of Lewis co., New York. Pop. 1208.                           PINE FLAT, a post-office of Bossier parish, Louisiana.
PINCKNEY, a village of Rutherford co., North Carolina,    PINEGA, pe-ntgA, a river of Russia, governments of Voabout 200 miles W. by S. of Raleigh.                       logda and Archangel, joins the Dwina 12 miles E.S.E. of
PINCKNEY, a post-village in Williamson co., Tennessee.  Kholmogory, after a tortuous N.W. course of 290 miles.
PINCKNEY, a post-village of Putnam township, Livings-   PINEGA, a town of Russia, government, and 93 miles
ton co., Michigan, on a branch of IHuron River, 45 miles S.E. E.S.E. of Archangel, capital of a district, on the Pinega.
of Lansing. It has some water-power, a flouring mill,-and  Pop. 1500.
a few stores. Pop. in 1853, about 500.                       PINE GROVE, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
PINCKNEY, a post-village in Warren co., Missouri, on    PINE GROVE, avillage of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania,
Missouri River, 55 miles E. by N. of Jefferson City.      about 15 miles S.W. of Carlisle.
PINCKINEYVILLE, a post-village in Union district, South    PINE GROVE, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, 10
Carolina, on Broad River, 70 miles N.N.W. of Columbia.    miles E.S.E. of Mercer.
PINCKNEYVILLE, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Geor-   PINE GROVE, a post-borough and township of Schuylkill
gia, near the Chattahoochee, 90 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. co., Pennsylvania, on Svwatara Creek, at the head of navigaPINCKNEYVILLE, a small post-village of Tallapoosa co., tion of the Union Canal, and on the Dauphin and SusqueAlabama.                                                  hanna Itailroad, 40 miles N.E. of IHarrisburg. It is tihe prinPINCKNEYVILLE, a post-village in Wilkinson co., Mbis- cipal shipping point for the coal which is obtained from the
sissippi, 135 miles S.W. of Jackson.                      extensive mines of the Swatara coalfield. The stralta vary
PINCKNEYVILLE, apost-village, capital of Perry co., Illi- in depth from 5 to 30 feet. Pop. of the borough, in 1850,
nois, on Big Beaucoup Creek, 1.34 miles S. of Springfield. It 646; (in 1853, about 700;) total population, 2611.
contains, besides the county buildings, several stores.     PINE GROVE, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
PINQON, a bay of Brazil. See PINZON.                    Pop. 690.
PINCZOW, pinulchov, a town of Poland, province, and 24-1   PINE GROVE, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania.
miles S.S.W. of Kielce, on the 1Nidda. Pop. 4300, compris-  Pop. 1531.
ing many Jews. Here, in 1702, the Poles were defeated by    PINE GROVE, a post-office of Wetzel co., Virginia.
the Swedes.                                                 PINE GROVE, a post-office of Franklin co., Mississippi.
PINDAMONHANGABA, pin-d9-mon-An-gAbA, a town of    PINE GROVE, a post-office of St. Tammany parish, LouiBrazil, province, and 190 miles N.E. of Sio Paulo, on the  siana.
right bank of the Parahiba. Pop. of the district, 6000.      PINE GROVE, a post-office of Clarke co., Kentucky.
PIND-DADUN-KHlAN, pind d'dftn! idn, a town of the    PINE GROVE, a post-office of Washington co., Tennessee.
Punjab, near the Jhylum, 110 miles N.W. of Lahore, in lat.   PINE GROVE, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
320 36'N., Ion. 720 52' E. Pop. 6000. The houses are mostly    PINE GROVE, a town of Sierra co., California. Pop. 504.
built of earth, in cedar f-amework. It is a depOt for salt,   PINE GROVE, a village of Canada West, co. of York, 17
about 40,000 tons of which are annually raised from adja- miles from Toronto. Pop. about 150.
cent mines, yielding to the government a revenue of 160,0006.   PINE GROVE MILLS, a post-village of Centre co., Penna year.                                                    sylvania, 90 miles N.W. of IiHarrisburg. It contains 3 stores.
PINMDERTOWN, a village of Lee co., Georgia, on Flint   PINE HALL, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.
River, 110 miles S.W. by S. of Milledgeville.                PINE HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode Island.
PINDUS, pinfd-ts, (Gr. YIlv~os,) a mountain chain ofEuro-   PINE HILL, a village of Elba township, Genesee co., New
pean Turkey, between Albania and Thessaly, connected on  York. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several stores.
the N. with the Dinaric Alps, and on the S. with Mount   PINE HILL, a post-office of Ulster co., N.ew York.
Othrys, on the frontier of Greece. MoUN  MEzzovo, the    PINE IHILL, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
highest point, has an estimated height of 8950 feet.         PINE IIILL, a village of Jefferson co., Georgia, 4 miles
PINE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.            from Louisville.
PINE, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop.   PINE HILL, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, about
2109.                                                      25 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
PINE, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. Pop.   PINE IIILL, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama.
2288.                                                        PINE IIILL, a post-office of Washita parish, Louisiana.
PINE, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. P. 702.   PINE HILL, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.
PINE, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. P. 1367.   PINE ISLAND, a post-office of Jefferson co., Texas.
PINE, a township of Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 942.         PINE ISLAND, Caribbean Sea. See ISLrE Or PINES.
PINE, a post-office of Buchanan co., Iowa.                 PINE LAKE, Wisconsin, in Waukesha county. Length,
PINE APPLE, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama.        2~ miles; breadth, J of a mile.
PINE BAR'REN CREEK, Alabama, flows N.W., and en-   PINE LAKE, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan, 28
ters Alabama River on the boundary of Wilcox and Dallas miles N.W. of Detroit.
counties.                                                   PINE LAND, a post-office of Meigs co., Tennessee.
PINE BLUFF, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi.     PINE LEV!EL, a post-office of MIontgomery co., Alabama.
PINE BLUFF, a post-village of Red River co., Texas, on    PINE LOG, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia.
Bed River, about 360 miles N.E. of Austin City. It has 2 or   PINE MEADtOW. a thriving post-village of New Hartford
3 stores, and a steamboat landing.                        township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, about 23 miles WV. by
PINE BLUFF, a thriving post-village, capital of Jefferson  N. of Hartford.
co., Arkansas, on the right banik of Arkansas River, 48 miles    PINE PLAIN, a post-township of Allegan co., Michigan.
S.E. of Little Rock. It is situated in a rich cotton-planting  Pop. 34.
region, and contains a newspapee office and several stores.   PINE PLAINS, a post-village and township in the N. part
About 20,000 bales of cotton are shipped here annually in  of Dutchess co., New York, about 50 miles S. by E. of Albany.
steanmboats. Pop. about 500.                             The village contains 1 bank, and has several hundred inha,
PINE BLUFF, a post-village of Callaway co., Kentucky.    bitants. Pop. of the township, 1416.
PINE BLUFF, a post-village of Pulaski co., Ilissouri, on    PINE PLAINS, a post-ofice of Ocean co., New Jersey.
1488




PIN                                                         PIO
PINE RIDGE, a post-office of Early co., Georgia.         market-town of Portugal, province of Beira, 40 miles N.W.
PINE RIDGE, a post-office of Winn co., Louisiana.'"      of Coimbra. Pop. 1200.
PINE RIDGE, a post-office of Copiah co., Mississippi.      PINHEIRO DE MACAO, pin-yile-ro dA mn-kh/o, a town
PINE RIVER, a small stream of Carroll co., in the E. part and parish of Brazil, province of Beira Alta, near Lamego.
of New Hampshire, falls into Ossipee Lake.                 Pop. 1300.
PINE RIVER, of Michigan, rises near the border of Gra-   PINIEL, peen-ylf, a town of Portugal, province of Beira,
tiot co., and flowing N.E., enters the Tittibawassee in Mid-  8 miles N.W. of Almeida. Pop. 2300. It is enclosed by
land county.                                               walls, and has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, and a new town
PINE RIVER, a small stream of Richland co., Wisconsin, hall.
flows into Wisconsin River.                                  PINIHOE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
PINE RIVER, a post-township of Waushara co., Wis-   PINIHOOK, a small village of Wayne co., Tennessee.
consin.                                                      PINHOOK, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky.
PINEROLO, pe-nA-rollo, (Fr. Pignelol, peen'yer-oll; Sp.   PINHOOK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Indiana.
Pijerol, peen-yA-rr1!; L. Pinarorlium,) a town of the Sardi-   PINILLA,  pe-neelfy&, a village of Spail, inLeon, province,
nian States, capital of a province, situated at the foot of the  and N.E. of Zamora. Pop. 1011.
Alps, 21 miles S.W. of Turin, on the Clusone. Pop. 13,401.   PINILLOS, a village of Spain. See PINAS D)EL RaY.
It is enclosed by walls, and mostly ill built, but has a noble    PINIISHOOK, a post-office of Wiston co., Mississippi.
square, a fine cathedral, and 3 other churches, 8 convents, a    PIN ISLAND BAYOU, (blloo,) Texas, flows into the Neches
large hospital, barracks, and manufactures of woollen cloths, River from the W., a few miles N. of Beaumont.
paper, and leather.                                          PINKAFELD, pinkA-fllt', or PINKAFY, peen'klhlfee, a
PINER'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Kenton co., Ken- market-town ofWest Hungary, co. of Eisenberg, on the Pinka,
tucky.                                                    20 miles W. of Giins. Pop. 4000, who manufacture some coarse
PINE RUN, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan.       woollens. Here is a noble residence, with zoological gardens.
PINERY, a post-office of'St. Clair co., Missouri.         PINK HILL, a post-village of Lenoir co., North Carolina.
PINE'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Westchester co., New    PINK HILL, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi.
York.                                                       PINKNEY. See PINCKNEY.
PINES, ISLE OF, West Indies. See ISLE OF PINES.           PINNE, pinlneh, or PINEWY, pe-ntAvee (?) a town of PrusPINE STREET, a post-office of Elk co., Pennsylvania.    sian Poland, 29 miles W.N.W. of Posen. Pop. 2000.
PINE SWAMP, a post-office of Centre co., Georgia.         PINNEBERG, pinfneh-bneo, a small town of Denmark,
PINE/TOWN, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas.        duchy of Holstein, capital of a county, 11 miles N.W. of
PINE/tUrEE, a post-office of Upshur co., Texas.         Hamburg, on a small affluent of the Elbe. Pop. 1100.
PINE VALILEY, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.   PIN/NELLVILLE, a post-office of Jones co., Mississippi.
PINE VALLEY, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania.   PININER, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, with a
PINE VALLEY, a post-office of Yallabusha co., Mississippi. station on the North-western Railway, 21 miles N.W. of HIarPINE VALLEY, a township of La Crosse co., Wisconsin.  row-on-the-Hill.
PINE VIEW, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.        PIN/NEY'S GROVE, a post-office of Ray co., Missouri.
PINE VILILAGE, a post-office of Warren co., Indiana.       PINOAK, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 80 miles
PINEVILLE, pintvil, a post-office of Gloucester co., New  N.E. by N. of Iowa City.
Jersey.                                                      PINO DE CIHIIERI, peelno dee ke-A'ree, a village of the
PINEVILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.   Sardinian States, division, and 3 miles E.S.E. of Turin.
PINEVILLE, a post-office of Mecklenberg co., North Ca- Pop. 1755.
rolina.                                                      PINO DE VALENCIA, peelno dA va-l1nrthe-A, a village of
PINEVILLE, a post-village of Charleston district, South  Spain, in Estremadura, about 45 miles from Caceres. Pop.
Carolina, 75 miles S.E. of Columbia.                       1860.
PINEVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Georgia, about   PINO  FRANQUENDO, peetno fran-hknfdo, a village of
30 miles S.E. of Columbus.                                 Spain, in Estremadura, province of Caceres, E. of Ciudad
PINEVILLE, a post-village of Marengo co., Alabama.       Rodrigo, with oil and flour mills. Pop. 876.
PINEVILLE, a post-office ol:Bossier parish, Louisiana.     PINOS, peelnoce, an island in Ithe Caribbean Sea, Gulf of
PINEVILLE, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio.           Darien. Lat. of the N.E. point, 90 1' 30" N., Ion. 770 48' W.
PINEVILLE, a post-village of McDonald co., Missouri, on    PINOS DE GENIL, peelnoce dA EnAneell, or PINILLOS,
Elk River, which is navigable for small boats.            pe-neellyoce, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and
PINE WOODS, a post-office of Madison co., New York.     6 miles E. of Granada. Pop. 896.
PINEWY, a town of Poland. See PINNE.                      PINOS DEL REY, peefnos d~l rA, a village of Spain, in
PINEY, pee'n, a market-town of France, department of  Andalusia, province, and about 20 miles S. of Granada.
Aube, 11 miles N.E. of Troyes. Pop. 1550.                 Pop. 2203.
PI/NEY, a post-township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.   PINOS, ISLA DE. See IsLE OF PINES.
Pop. 910.                                                    PINOSO, pe-nolso, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, proPINEY, a post-township of Johnson co., Arkansas. P. 290. vince, and 29 miles W. of Alicante. Pop. 2304.
PINEY CREEK, of Arkansas, riises near the N. extremity    PINOS PUENTE, pee'noce pwin/tA, a market-town of
of Pope county, and flows into the Arkansas River from the  Spain, province, and 11 miles N.W. of Granada. Pop. 2605.
left, on the W. border of the same county. LITTLE PONEY    PINSK, pinsk, a town of Russia, government, and 143
CRsEK unites with it about 10 miles S.E. of Clarksville.   miles S.S.W. of Minsk, on the Pripets, here joined by the
PINEY CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.    Pina. Pop. 5300. It has manufactures of leather, and a
PINEY FORK, a township of Lawrence co., Arkansas. transit trade.
Pop. 438.                                                   PINTIA. See VALLADOLD.
PINEY GREEN, a small post-village of Onslow co., North    PINTLAILA or PINTELAILA, a creek of Alabama, flows
Carolina.                                                 into Alabama River from  the S.E., 16 miles below MontPINEY GROVE, a post-office of Sampson co., North Ca- gomery.
rolina.                                                     PINTLALA. a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama.
PINEY GROVE, a post-office of Hardeman co., Tennessee.   PINTILEER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Ottawa co., MiPINEY HEAD, a post-office of Appling co., Georgia.      chigan.
PINEY POINT, at the E. side of the Potomac River, about   PINTO, pinlto, a village of Spain, in New Castile, province,
14 miles from its mouth. On it is a fixed light, 25 feet high. and 14 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 2504.
PINEY RIVER. a small stream in the W. central part of    PINTUARIA. See TEN.EIFFE.
Tennessee, flows into Duck River from the right, in Hick-   PINTUCIKY, a post-office of Hancock co., Mississippi.
man county.                                                 PINX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
PINEY RIVER, or BIG PINEY, Missouri. See GASCoNADE.   PINY. See PNEY.
PING, a prefix of the names of numerous Chinese cities.    PINYAREE or PINYARREE, pin-yl/reex, a branch of the
PING-HOI, ping'hoil, a city of China, province of Quang- river Indus, at its delta, enters the ocean by the Sir mouth,
tong, on Harlem Day, 85 miles E.N.E. of -Macao.           15 miles N.W. of the mouth Koree.
PING-LIANG, ping'le-Angf, a city of China, province of    PINZGAU, pintsglwv, a district of Upper Austria, circle
Kan-soo, capital of a department, in lat. 350 34' N., lon. 1060  of Salzburg, consisting chiefly of the upper valleys of the
30' E.                                                    Saula and Salza.
PING-LO, ping'lo/, a city of China, province of Quang-see,   PINZON or PINgON, pin-sfnf, a small bay of Brazil, near
capital of a department, on an affluent of the Canton River, the island of Maraca; lat. 20 N.
180 miles W.N.W. of Canton.                                 PIOBESI, pe-o-bAlsee, a village of the Sardinian States,
PIN/GREE GROVE, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.    division of Turin, not far from Carignano. Pop. 2214.
PIN.G-YANG, pingygngf, a city of China, province of Shan-   PIOLENC, pe-o0.18NG,l a market-town of France, department
see, capital of a department, on the Puen-ho, 135 miles S.W. of Vaucluse, 4 miles N.W. of Orange. Pop. 1900.
of Tai-Yuen, the capital of the province, to which it is re-   PIOLTELLO, pe-ol-t~l/lo, or PICCOLA PIODA, pik/ko-l1
ported to be equal in extent and prosperity.              pe-otdA, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and 7 miles
PING-YUEN, ping'yoo-lnt, a city of China, province of E.N.E. of Milan.  Pop. 1745.
Koei-choo. capital of a department. Lat. 260 37' N., Ion. 1050    PIOMBINO, pe-om-beelno, a market-town of Tuscany,
40' E. Fine tea is raised in its vicinity.                province of Pisa, capital of a principality, on the MediterPINIIEIRO DE BEMPOSTA, pin-yA/e-ro dA bzGe-pestA, a  ranean, opposite the island of Elba, and 12 miles W. of Fol.
4T                                                                                          1489




PIO                                                          PIS
lonica. Pop. 1300. It has a castle, a palace, and a small built since 1834, is on an isthmus connecting with the mainharbor, and near it are salt-works, and supposed traces of  land a hilly peninsula, on which are the remains of the tonmb
the ancient P   opulofnia. From 1805 to 1815 its principality, of Themistocles. It contained in 1845 about 1000 houses.
which formerly comprised the islands of Elba, &c., belonged  with a custom-house, lazaretto, and a new quay. On its
to Bacciocchi, on whom it had been bestowed by his brother- N.W. side is its principal port, (the ancient Aphrodisium.)
in-law, Napoleon.                                           and on the S.E. side of the peninsula are twvo other harbors.
PIOMBINO, CHANNEL OF, between the town of Piom-   PIRAHI, pe-r~-heef, a river, rises in Brazil, in Serra dos
bino and island of Elba, is 6 miles across.                 Org'los, flows N.E., arid joins the Parahiba; total course 80
PIONEERt, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio.            miles.
PIONEER, a post-office of Greene co., Illinois.             PIRAHI, a town of Brazil, province, and 52 miles W.N.W.
PIONEER GROVE, a post-village in Cedar co., Iowa, 25  of Rio de Janeiro, on the right bank of the river iirahi, an
miles N.E. of Iowa City.                                    affluent of the Parahiba. Pop. 3000.
PIONEER MILLS, a post-office of Cabarras co., North    PIRAINO, pe-rino, (anc. Pyracmium,) a town of Sicily.
Carolina, 155 miles from Raleigh.                           intendency of Messina, on the N. coast, 40 miles W.S.W. of
PIONN.AT, pee'on'nA/, a town of France, department of  Messina.  Pop. 3900, who export oil, wine, and corn.
Creuze, 23 miles N.W. of Riom. Pop. in 1852, 2423.            PIRANGA, pe-rln'gA, a town of Brazil, province of Minas
PIONSAT, peeo6NGIsAI, a village of France, department of  Geraes, on the Piranga, 20 miles S.E. of Mariana.  Pop. of
Puy-de-Ddme, 29 miles N.W. of Clermont. Pop. 2322.          district, 15,000.
PIOSSASCO, pe-os-sAsfko, a village of the Sardinian States,   PIRANHAS, pe-ran-yAsf, a river of Brazil, rises in the
division, and 13 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 3421.            Serra dos Cairiris, province of Parahiba, flows N.E. and N.,
PIOVE or PIOVE-DI-SACCO, pe-oyvA-dee sik/ko, a village  and enters the ocean by three mouths, the Amaragosa on
of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, delegation of  the E., the Conchas on the WV., and between these two the
Padua, on the Brenta Canal, 17 miles S.W. of Venice, with  Cavallos. Total course, 200 miles; chief affluents, Peixe,
many country residences of Venetians. Pop., with district. Pianco, and Serido.
6400.                                                         PIRANO, pe-r/t/no, a seaport town of Istria, on the gulf,
PIOVENO, pe-o-vAlno, a village and parish of Austrian  and 13 miles S.W. of Triest. Pop. in 1845, 6250. It has a
Italy, province, and 17 miles N.N.W. of Vicenza, on the  convenient harbor, citadel, Gothic cathedral, and an export
Schio. Pop. 1300.                                           trade in salt, wine, oil, and olives.
PIPAIX. pee'pAf, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut,    PIRARA, pe-rrA/r, a: village of British Guiana, at the E.
9 miles E. of Tournay. Pop. 1820.                           end of Lake Amucu, and on the watershed between the
PIPE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.               basins of the Amazon and Essequibo. Lat. 30 40' N., ion.
PIPE CREEK, in the N. part of Maryland, rises in Car- 590~12' W.
roll county, flows westward and south-westward, and enters    PIRARY, a river of Bolivia.  See Pra
the Monocacy River, in the N. central part of Frederick    PItRATE ISLANDS,'a group in the Gulf of Tonquin, in
county. Little PipeCreek enters the stream just described, the Chinese Sea; lat. 210 N., lon.1080 10, E.
a few miles from its mouth.                                   PIRATINIM, pe-r-tee-neeNGf, a town of Brazil, province
PIPE CREEK, of Erie co., Ohio, flows into Sandusky Bay, SIo Pedro do Rio Grande, on the left bank of the river
near Sandusky.                                              Piratinim, 75 miles W.N.W. of Bio Grande.  Pop. 3673.
PIPE CREEK, of Indiana, a good stream for mills, flows    PIRATINY, pe-rd-tee-neel, a river of Brazil, province of Sgo
from the S. into the Wabash River, 7 miles above Logans- Pedro do Rio Grande, flows N.W. and falls into the Uruguay,
port.                                                       about lat. 280 10' S., after a course of nearly 140 miles.
PIPE CREEK, of Indiana, an affluent of White River, in    PIRAY, pe-ril, or PIRARY, pe-ii-reel, a river of Bolivia,
Madison county.                                             flows N.W. and aftera course of 140 miles joins the Guapai.
PIPE CREEK, a post-township in Madison co., Indiana. In the lower part of its course it sometimes takes the name
Pop. 1502.                                                  of Flores.
PIPE CREEK, a township in Miami co., Indiana. Pop.   PIRIBRIGHT, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
504.                                                          PIRIE.  See PRAEUS.
PIIPER ISLETS, off the N.E. coast of Australia, in Temple    PIRETIBBI or PIRETIBBE, peere-tiblbee, a small lake
Bay; let. 120 12' S., lon. 14310 5 E.                       of British America, near let. 510 30' N., Ion. 690 W.
PIPERNO. pe-pnlno, a town of South Italy, in the Pon-    PIRF'ORD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
tifical States, on the Amaseno, 15 miles S.W. of Frosinone.   PIRIATEEN or PIRIATIN, pe-re-A-teent, a town of RusPop. 3700.                                                  sia, government of Poltava, on the Oodai, 20 miles N.W. of
PIfPER'S GAP, a post-office of Carroll co., Virginia.    Loobny. Pop. 2790.
PIIPERSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.    PIRITU, pe-re-tool, a maritime town of South America, in
PIPESTONE, piplst~n, a post-office, Berrien co., Michigan. Venezuela, department of Caraccas, province, and 22 miles
PIPLY or PIPLEY, pipflee, a town of British India, presi- S.W. of Barcelona. Nearly opposite to it are the Piritu
dency of Bengal, 27 miles S. of Cuttack.                   Islands, in the Caribbean Sea.
PIPLY or PIPLEY, a town of British India, district of    PIR-JELALPOOR, peer'j6l111-poorl(?) a town ofthe Punjab,
Midnapoor, 93 miles S.W. of Calcutta, and formerly a thriv- near the confluence of the Ghara (Sutlej) and Chenaub, 40
ing mart of European commerce.                             miles S. of Mooltan. It has a good bazaar, and a fine MoPIPRIAC, pee'pre-Akl a village of France, department of  hammedan tomb; extensive ruins exist in its vicinity.
Ille-et-Vilaine, 13 miles N.E. oftedon. Pop. in 1852, 3209.   PIRMASENS or PIRMASENZ, patlml-shnts, a town of
PIQUA, piklwa, commonly pronounced piklway, a flour- Rhenish Bavaria, in the Vosges, 13 miles E.S.E. of I)euxishing post-town of Washington township, Miami co., Ohio, Pouts. Pop. 5596. It is enclosed by walls, well built, and
beautifully situated on the right (W.) bank of the Great  has Roman Catholic and Calvinist churches, a synagogue,
Miami, 76 miles W. of Columbus, and 78 miles N. of Cin- high school, and manufactures of tobacco, straw hats, musicinnati. It is regularly laid out with broad streets. The  cal instruments, and glasswares.
Miami River here makes a curve, leaving a level plateau be-   PIRNA, pMian.A, a fortified town of Saxony, on the left
tween its margin and the town, while the opposite bank  bank of the Elbe, and on the railway from  Dresden to
presents a somewhat abrupt acclivity. The town contains  Prague, 11 miles S.E. of the former. Pop. 5901. Its citadel is
about 10 churches, a bank, and a town-hall. Three news- now used as an hospital. It has manufactures of earthenpapers are published here. The Miami Canal connects it ware, tobacco, cotton, linen, and woollen stuffs. Above the
with Cincinnati and Toledo; and the river affords abundant town is the old castle of Sonnenstein, now a lunatic asylum.
water-power. A large amount of produce is shipped at this  Here Frederick the Great obtained a signal triumph over
place. There are numerous mills and factories of various  the Saxons in 1756.
kinds in operation here, in some of which steam-power is    PIRNITZ, pS6anoits, a town of Moravia, 7 miles S.E. of
nused. The Dayton and Michigan Railroad intersects the  Iglau. Pop. 3470. It has an ancient castle, and manufacColumbus, Piqua and Indiana Railroad, at this place. Two  tures of linen and woollen stuffs.
bridges across the river connect Piqua with Rossville and    PIRON. pe-rcul, an island of the Louisiade  Archipelago;
uiuutersville. Pop. in 1850, 3277; in 1853, about 4000.     laIt. 110 20' S., ion. 1530 25' E., and5 miles long, and I- miles
PIQUEA, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.     broad.
PIQUIIRI, pe-ke-reel, a river of Brazil, rises in the S.E.   PIR-PANJAL, peer'p'n-j lf(?) a lofty range of mountains,
part of the province of Matto-Grosso, flows W., and after a  forming part of the S.W. boundary of Cashmere, and sepacourse of 120 miles joins the Sbo Lourengo or Porrudos.     rating it from the Punjab. Entire length about 40 miles.
PIR.ACRUCA, pe-rA-kroolkA, a small town of Brazil, pro- Its highest point is supposed to be about lat. 330 40' N.,
vince of Piauhi, 85 miles S. of Parnahiba. Pop. 2000, who  and is estimated to be 15,000 feet above sea-level. At the
trade in cotton and manioc.                                 S.W. extremity is the pass generally called the Pir-Panjal
PIRACUNAN, pe-rc-koonAnl, a river of Brazil, rises in  Pass, about 12,000 feet high.
lake  Tarira, province of Maranhao, and flowing N.E. for    PIR-PUTTA, peer-pfitltA, a celebrated place of pilgrimage 
Pbout 100 miles, falls into the Bay of Cuma.               in Sinde, on the delta, and one of the arms of the Indus, S.W.
PiREUS or PIREEUS. pI-reelfs, (Gr. Hipatcvg, Piroaieus;  of Tattah. Lat. 240 34' N., Ion. 680 10' E.
It. Porto Leone, poRlto I-ollna, or Porto  Dracone, poe/to drY-   PIRITON, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
kosnA; Fr. Pirge, pee'r/,) of Greece, in Attica, is the port of    PIRTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Athlens, and 5 miles S.W. of that city, with which it corn-   PIRTON. a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
muuicates by a macadamized road. The modern town wholly    PISA, pealzd or peelsi, (anc.P'Isce andAlphm, Fr. Pise. peez,?
1490




PIS                                                         PIT
a wraled city of Tusany, capital of a province of its own    PISCIOTTA, pe-shot'tl, a town of Naples, province of
name, in a Marshy but fertile plain, on the Arno, 7 miles Principato Citra, 9 miles S. of I Vallo, on the Mediterranean,
from its mouth, and 12 miles N.N.E. of Leghorn, with which  with 2300 inhabitants. It has trade in fruit, wine, and oil,
and with Lucca it is connected by railways; another railway  and an active fishery.
also extends from Plisa to Florence. Lat. 430 43 11" N., Ion.    PISCO, peeslko, a maritime town of North Peru, depart10~ 23' 58" E. Pop. 22,000. It is about 5 miles in circum- ment, and 130 miles S.S.E. of Lima; lat. 130 43' S., Ion. 760
ference, irregularly laid out, but its streets are wide, and it 17' W., near the mouth of the Pisco River, in the Pacific
has many noble edifices. The Arno, within the city, is Ocean.
bordered by fine quays, lined on either side by a majestic    PISCOILA, a post-office of Lowndes co., Georgia.
thoroughfare (Lunge t'Arso,) and crossed by 4 bridges, one    PISCOPI, pis'ko-pe, an island off the W. coast of Asia
of which, built of marble, is among the finest in Europe. Minor, in Anatolia, 21 miles N.W. of Rhodes.
In one of its squares is the famous Campanile (kdm-pt-neel-   PISCOPI, a maratime village of Cyprus, on its S. coast, 24
1I,) or leaning tower, built of white marble, and fronted with  miles E. of Baffa.
207 columns; it is 178 feet in height, and 50 feet in diameter.   PISE/CO or PIZEICO, a village of Hamilton co., New York,
the topmost story overhanging the base about 13 feet; but at the N.E. end of the lake of its own name, 73 miles N.N.W.
whether this deviation from a perpendicular line is the result  of Albany.
of design or accident, is still doubted; there are also in the    PISECO, (PIZECO or PEZEECO) LAKE, New York, in
same square, the celebrated cemetery of Campo Sbnto, adorn- the S. part of Hamilton county, is 6 miles long, and flom
ed by sepulchral monuments, and containinga huge mound  14 to 2 miles wide: it is the source of Sacondaga River.
of earth brought from the Holy Land in the twelfth cen-   PISEK, peefsik, or PISECA, pee-zA/kA, a town of Bohemia,
tury, and formerly used for a mausoleum; the baptistry, a  capital of the circle of Prachin, on the Watawa, 24 miles
polygonal building, 160 feet in diameter; and the cathe- W.S.W. of Tabor. Pop. 5446. It is well built, and has a
dral-all of which are striking marble edifices. The cathe- gymnasium, a high school, several churches, a military
dral is one of the noblest ecclesiastical structures in Italy, academy, some woollen cloth and nitre factories, and a brisk
built in the form of a Latin cross, richly adorned without  transit trade.
and within, and surmounted by a lofty elliptical dome.   PISIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Among its interior ornaments are some magnificent bronze    PIS/GAH, an ancient mountain of Palestine, situated, as
doors, numerous fine columns, brought from Greece, and a  is supposed, N.E. of the N. extremity of the Dead Sea.
remarkable pulpit, the work of Nicolo Pisano, the founder    PISGAH, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.
of the Pisan school of sculpture. There are also numerous    PISGAHI, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.
churches, most of which are richly adorned with works of    PISGAH, a village of Union co., Iowa, 150 miles S.W. by
art.. The other principal edifices are the town-hall, a grand- W. of Iowa City.
ducal palace, the palace of the academy of fine arts, exten-    PIS1ILL, parish of England, co. of Oxford.
sivre buildings of the university, the city-hall, custom-house,   PISHION'S FERRY, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.
prisons, hospitals, the theatre, and an aqueduct, 4 miles in    PISIHTAKA, Wisconsin.  See Fox RIVEat.
length, which brings water from  Asciano. Its old citadel,   PISINO, pe-seelno, (Ger. Mitterburg, mitlter-bb5Rao,) a
the Galera, is now  used as a house of correction. The  town of Illyria, capital of the circle of Istria, in its centre, 34
ancient university of Pisa is still the great centre of educa- miles S.E. of Triest. Pop. 1615. It has a trade in corn, fruit,
tion in Tuscany, and has an extensive library, museums of  and wine.
natural history, an astronomical observatory1 and a botanic    PISOGNE, pee-sbnfyA, a village of Austrian Italy, province,
garden. Pisa has a college of nobles, episcopal seminary, and 23 miles E.N.E. of Bergamo, at the N.E. extremity of
and many other public schools, and some manufactures of  Lake Iseo. Pop. 3157.
soap, glass, and vitrol. Three miles S. of Pisa are the dairy    PISOU, pe-zoof, written also PISSOIT, a river of West
farms of the grand duke, where 1500 cows and 200 camels  Africa, Liberia, falling into the Atlantic near lat. 60 40' N.,
are kept. Three and a half miles N. are the Bagni di Pisa,  ion. 110 30, W.
medicinal baths, frequented in summer by many visitors.   PISSA, pis/se, a river of East Prussia, issues from  Lake
Pisa was one of the 12 principal cities of Etruria, and from   Wysztyten, near the town of that name, on the frontier of
+the tenth to the fourteenth century it was the capital of an  Poland, flows N.W, unites with the Angerap in forming
enterprising republic. It was taken by the French in 1799. the Pregel, after a course of about 70 miles.
Pisa was the birthplace of Galileo.-Adj. and inhab. PISAN,   PISSEVACHE, peess'v shl, a famous waterfall of Switzerpeetzan.                                                   land, canton of Valais, on the Sallenche River, near its conPISANG, pee'sing?, an island of the Malay Archipelago, fluence with the Rhone, 4 miles N.W. of Martigny. Total
in the Gilolo Passage.                                     height 280 feet, and its final leap is 120 feet.
PISANG, an island of the Malay Archipelago, belonging    PISSOU, a river of Liberia. See PIsou.
to the Banda Islands.                                         PISTICCI, pis-tee/chee, or PISTICCIO, pis-teefcho, a town
PISANIA, pe-zanfe-a, a village and British factory of  of Naples, province of Basilicata, 19 miles S. of Matera, with
West Africa, on the Gamnbia, 200 miles from its mouth.     6200 inhabitants, 3 churches, a large convent, 2 hospitals,
PISAURUMI. See PEsaRO.                                   and some manufactures of woollen cloths.
PISAURUS. See FoCLIA.                                       PISTILL, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
PISCASISICK RIVER, a small stream of Rockingham and    PISTOJA, pis-tolya, (Fr. Pistoie, peesstwI/; anc. Pistoria
Strafford cos., in the S.E. part of New IHampshire, falls into  or Pisto/rium,) a town of Tuscany, province of Florence, on
Lamprey River.                                             the left bank of the Ombrone, 21 miles N.W.'of Florence,
PISCAT/AQUA RIVER, is formed by the waters of the  with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 12,387. It is
Salmon Falls, the Cocheco, and several other streams in  enclosed by ramparts and bastions, defended by a strong
Strafford co., New Hampshire, and running a S.S.E. course, citadel, and well-built, having wide streets, lined by anfalls into the Atlantic Ocean, about 3 miles below Ports- tique houses. Principal public buildings, a cathedral, and
mouth. Through its whole length it forms the boundary  several other interesting churches, an episcopal palace,
between Maine and New Hampshire.                           several convents, and a fine old town-hall. It has an acaPISCAT/AQUIS, a river of Maine, rises in  Somerset demy, a museum  of natural history, two public libraries,
county, and flowing easterly through Piscataquis county, and a theatre, with manufactures of woollen cloth, silk twist,
falls into the PenobscotRiver., in Penobscot county, near the  leather, iron wire, and bars, some trade in cattle, raw silk,
centre of the state. It is a good mill-stream. Length, and straw hats. Pistols are said to have derived their name
about 65 miles.                                            from Pistoja, which claims the invention of this weapon;
PISCATAQUIS, a county forming the N. extremity of  it has still considerable manufactures of fire-arms, fine
Maine, has an area of about 5500 square miles. It contains cutlery, and surgical instruments.
numerous lakes, the principal of which are Moosehead Lake,    PISUERGA, pe-swkr/gl, a river of Spain, in Old Castile,
the source of the Kennebec River, and Chesuncook Lake. rises in the Cantabrian Mountains, flows mostly S.S.W., and
It is drained by the head-waters of the St. John's and  joins the Douro, 10 miles below Valladolid, besides which
Piscataquis Rivers, and traversed by the Penobscot. Most city, Herrera and Torquemada are on its banks. Length,
of the northern part of the county is still a densely wooded  140 miles, in a part of which the Canal of Castile accompanies
wilderness.  The surface is generally undulating, with  it on the W. Affluents, the Arlanzon andEsquerafromthe'
some mountains, of which the principal is Mount Katahdin. E., and Carrion from the N.W.
The soil is fertile, especially along the Piscataquis River.   PIT, pit, a river of Siberia, rises in the government of
Organized in 1838. Capital, Dover. Pop. 14,735.            Yeniseisk, near lat. 600 N., and Ion. 970E., flows W.S.W., and
PISCAT/AQUOG, a river of Hillsborough co., in the S. joins the Yenisei on the right, 70 miles below the town of
part of New Hlampshire, falls into the Merrimack River.    Yeniseisk, after a course of 240 miles.
PISCATIAWAY, a village and township of Middlesex co.,   PITANGUI, pe-t ng-gheel, a town of Brazil, province of
New Jersey, about 5 miles from New Brunswick. The vil- Minas Geraes, 110 miles N.W. of Ouro Preto, nearly 2000 feet
lage, formerly the county seat for Somerset and Middlesex  above sea-level. Pop. of district, 5000.
counties, contains 12 or 15 dwellings. Pop. of township, 2875.   PIT'CAIRNf, a village of Scotland, co. of Perth, parish,
PISCATAWAY, a post-village of Prince George's co., and 1 mile S. of Dunning, with 310 inhabitants.
Maryland, on the Piscataway River, 16 miles S. of Wash-   PITCAIRN. a village of Scotland, co. of Perth, parish of
ington.                                                    Redgorton, 4 miles W.N.W. of Perth, on the Almond, with
PISCIANO, pe-shbno, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical 260 inhabitants. It has flour and spinning mills, and a
States, 26 miles E. of Rome. Pop. 1230.                   large bleachfield.
1491




PIT                                                          PIT
PITCATIRN, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New    PITRE, peet'rl, an islet in the Little Cul-de-Sac, a bay ot
York, 31 miles S.S.W. of Canton. It contains a valuable de- Guadeloupe, in the French West Indies, S. of Point-h-Pitre.
posit of magnetic iron ore. Pop. 503.                         PITRES, a village of France, department of Eure, 7 miles
PIT'CAIRNI ISLAND, a solitary island in the Pacific  N.N.E. of Louviers. Pop. 1026.
Ocean, lat. 250 3' 6" S., Ion. 1300 8' W. It is 2~ miles in length,   PITSCHEN, pitchuen, a town of Prussian Silesia, 33 miles
and 1 mile in breadth. It isofvolcanicorigin; greatest height,  N.N.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1950. It has Lutheran and Roman
1040 feet. The shores rise almost perpendicular; in the whole  Catholic churches.
island there is said to be only one accessible landing-place,    PITISEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
at Bounty Bay. Its summit is clothed with a luxuriant   PITSLI/GO, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Aberverdure, and the bases of its lofty cliffs are skirted with  deen.
thickly-branching evergreens.  The cocoa-nut, plantain,   PITSLIGO, NEW, a village of Scotland, parish of Tyrie, 10
banana, banyan, orange, and bread-fruit trees flourish; and  miles S.W. of Fraserburgh. Pop. in 1851, 1601.
maize, sweet potatoes, yams, sugar-cane, and other tropi-   PITT, a county in the E. central part of North Carolina.
cal plants, are cultivated: The climate is healthful, with  Area estimated at 650 square miles. It is intersected by Tar
the thermometer ranging from 590 to 890 Fahrenheit. Pit- River and Contentny Creek. The surface is nearly level;
cairn's Island is chiefly interesting from its connection with  the soil is generally sandy. The county was formed from
the history of a remarkable colony founded here in 1790, by  Beaufort as early as 1760, and named in honor of the celethe mutineers of the English ship Bounty, and consisting  brated William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham. Capital,
originally of 9 British sailors, 6 native Tahitian men, and  Greenville. Pop, 13,397, of whom 6764 were free, and 6633,
12 women. In 1825, 35 years from the first settlement, Cap- slaves.
tain Beechey found here a most interesting and intelligent    PITT, or MIAKIN, mg-keen?, an island of the North Pacific
colony of 66 persons. Under the patriarchal superinten-  Ocean, one of the Gilbert Islands, in lat. 30 20' 43/" N., ion.
dence of one of the original mutineers, an Englishman  1720 57' E.
named Adams, the children had been educated and trained    PIT'TENWEEMI, a royal, parliamentary, and municipal
up to habits of industry and morality. In July, 1851, the  burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on
pop. had increased to 160. They live chiefly on yams, pota-  the N. shore of the Frith of Forth, 24 miles N.N.E. of Edintoes, wad other vegetables, which they raise by their own  burgh. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 1450. Its
labor. Annually a chief magistrate and assistant are elected  harbor is small; and fishing and fish-curing are nearly the
bythe votesof the community. They have a church, school, only occupations carried on. The burgh unites with St.
and comfortable cottages, forming a village. The average  Andrew's, the two Austruthers, Crail, Cupar, and Kilrennumber of ships which annually visit the- island has been  ny, in sending 1 member to the House of Commons.
for some years about 10, chiefly American whalers, to whom    PITTIHEM, pitt/em, a town of Belgium, province of West
provisions are supplied in exchange for clothing, &c. The  Flanders, 15 miles S.E. of Bruges.  Pop. 5400.
islanders speak and read the English language, are of an    PITITINGTON, a parish of England, co., and 3, miles
active, robust firame of body, dark complexion, with pleas-  E.N.E. of I)urham, with a station on the Durham and Suning countenances, and hospitable and engaging dispositions. derland Railway.
From  the remains of burial-grounds, the island would    PITT/MANSVILLE, a small village of Taylor co., Kenappear to have been occupied by inhabitants at a period  tucky.
antecedent to the visit of the mutineers of the Bounty.   PITTOMACHA, pit-to-m1xKA, a village of Austria, in
It was seen by Carteret in 1767, and named by him after  Croatia, 12 miles fiom Bettovar. Pop. 1919.
one of his officers.                                          PITT RIVER rises in Shasta co., in the N. part of CaliPITCH/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.   fornia, near the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and running in a
PITCIICOTT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.           general S.W. course, falls into Sacramento River about 10
PITCHIER, a post-village and township on the W. border  miles N. of Shasta City.
of Chenango co., New York, and on Otselic River, 16 miles    PITT'S ARCIIPEL/AGO, in the Pacific Ocean, off the,W.N.W. of Norwich. Pop. 1403.                              coast of British North America, is mostly between lat. 530
PITCHER SPRINGS, a post-village of Chenango co., New  and 540 N., Ion. 1300 W. PITT'S ISLAND, the largest of the
York, about 125 miles W. of Albany.                         group, is about 75 miles in length from  N.W. to S.E.
PITCH/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.           Several other islands in the Pacific have this name.
PITCH LANDING, a post-village of IHertford co., North    PITTS/BOROUGI-H, a post-village, capital of Chatham co.,
Carolina, 110 miles N.E. by E. of Raleigh.                 North Carolina, 34 miles W. of Raleigh, and a few miles W.
PITCHILEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    of Haw River. It contains a court-house recently built, 2
PIT/COMBE, a parish of England. co. of Somerset.         or 3 churches, an academy, and several stores.
PITEA, (Pited.) pitle-6, a river,of North Sweden, heens of    PITTSIBOROUGH, a post-office, Calhoun co., Mississippi.
Umed and PitFe, enters the Gulf of Bothnia near Pite,   PITTSBOROUGH, a post-village of Hendricks co., Indiana,
after a S(E. course of 180 miles.                           on Whitelick Creek, 19 miles N.W. of Indianapolis.
PITEA, (Pitee,) the northernmost and largest lI n or pro-    PITTSfBURG, a post-township of Coos co., New IRIampvince of Sweden, between lat. 650 and 670 8' N., and ion. 150  shire, 135 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 425.
15' and 200 10' E., having W. and N. the Norwegian provinces    PITTSBURG, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of
of Nordland and Finmark, and on the E. Russian Lapland  Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, is situated at the confluence
and the Gulf of Bothnia. Area, 32,950 square miles. Pop. of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, which here form
46,767. The'Lainio and Torne Rivers formits boundary~on  the Ohio, 357 miles W. of Philadelphia, 477 N.E. by E. of
the side of Russia; the-other rivers are the Luleii and Pited, Cincinnati, 1174 E.N.E. of St. Louis, and 223 N.W. of
and it contains numerous lakes. After Pited, its principal  Washington. Lat. 400 32' N., ion. 800 2' W. The site comvillages are Luled, Nid-Kalix, Jockmock, Quickjock, and  prises the triangular plain enclosed by the Alleghany and
Gellimara. Its N. part is called Pited-Lappmark.            Monongahela Rivers, Grant's Hill, and several other elevaPITEA, (Pited,) a seaport town of North Sweden, capital tions, which terminate the plain on the E. The general
of a lien, on the Pited, near its mouth in the Gulf of Bothnia,  outline and many other features of this city bear a striking
110 miles N.N.E. of Umed. Pop. 1400. It has a convenient  resemblance to the lower part of New York. Along the
harbor and several ship-building docks.                     Monongahela the streets were laid out at right angles to
PITECCIO, pe-tet/cho, (anc. Piticciumse ) a village of Tus- each other, and extend either parallel or perpendicular to
cany, above the Ombrone, 5 miles N. of Pistoja.  Pop. 1600.  the river. The same plan was also adopted on the Alleghany
PETEGLIO, pe-tdl/yo, a village of Tuscany, 20 miles N.W. side, by which arrangement the cross streets meet obliquely
of Pistoja. Pop. 3195.                                      a few squares S. of the latter stream.  The space included
PITHECUSA. See IscHrA.                                    within these limits was found insufficient to meet the rePITHIVIERS, peesteesve-d/, a town of France, department quirements of the rapidly increasing population, which soon
of Loiret, 23 miles N.E. of Orleans. Pop. 3803. It has  extended itself to the opposite shores. Here have sprung
manufactures of almond-cakes and other confectionary, and  up several large and flourishing towns, the most important
a trade in saffron, silk, and honey.                        of which are Alleghany City and Manchester, situated diPITI, pee/tee, a district of Thibet, among the West Hima- rectly opposite the junction of the Alleghany River with the
layas, belonging to Great Britain, and bounded E. by the  Ohio, and Birmingham, on the left bank of the Monongahela.
Chinese territories, from  which it is separated by the  In commercial and social interests, all these are identical
Parang.                                                     with the city proper; and we should do Pittsburg injustice
PITIC, pee-tik/, written also PETIC, a town of the Mexi- not to consider them  as a part of the same community.
can Confederation, state of, and on the Sonora, 95 miles S.W. The site of the city is a natural amphitheatre, being enof Arispe, and  an entrepi6t for goods imported through  vwroned on all sides by beautiful hills, rising from 400 to 500
Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. Pop. 5000.             feet above the level of the Ohio, and filled with coal, iron,
PITIGLIANO, pe-teel-yltno, a town of Tuscany, province  and limestone, the working  of which into articles of utility
of Sienna, 29 miles E.S.E. of Grosetto.  Pop. 2000.        constitutes the chief occupation of the inhabitants. These
PITLESISIE, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, parish of hills are not, except in a few instances, precipitous, and
Cults, 4 miles S.S.W. of Cupar, on the road to Kinghorn. fiom their slopes and peaks afford a series of rich and varied
Pop. 470.                                                  landscapes.  The scenery is in a most interesting manner
PIT/MAN, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.    strengthened in color by the fertility of the soil, which conPIT/MINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       tinues to the very summits. There is nothing of barrenPITINEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           ness visible; vegetation in the forests, meadows, fields,
1492




PIT                                                            PIT
orchards, and gaidone. exhibits one panorama of abundance  utmost profusion, and may be obtained with scarcely any
and beauty.                                                   expenditure of labour or of capital. In England it requires an
Pittsburg is handsomely built, principally of brick, and in  immense outlay of capital to mine-coal, which there lies from
the eastern section contains many beautiful residences. In- 500 to 2000 feet below the surface; but in Western Pennsyldeed, no more delightful place of residence could be found  vania enough coal to turn all the machinery ever conthan this, were it not for the disagreeable inconveniences  structed may be found in rich beds underlying the hills at
arising from the use of bituminous coal. From innumer- an elevation above the ordinary level of the country. It is
able chimneys are belched forth dense volumes of smoke,  reached, after a few dollars' outlay, by horizontal' drifts, not
which fill the air for miles around, soiling the garments of  perpendicular shafts; and the mines thus opeined are selfpersons in the streets, and discoloring the buildings, giving  draining and self-ventilating. Directly across from Pittsburg,
them a dark and sooty appearance.                             the coal lies 200 feet high in the hills, and is sent down in
Many of the public edifices of this city are splendid speci- cars to the mills and foundries located along their base at
mens of architecture.  Of these, however, our limits will the least possible cost. The very best coal used for generapermit us to mention only a few. The court-house, occupy- ting steam is delivered here at the place of consumption at
ing the summit of Grant's Hill, is a massive stone structure  from fifty cents to a dollar and a quarter per ton of 2240
of the Grecian Doric order, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep, pounds.
adorned in front with a portico. The dome, which is 37 feet    The manufactures of Pittsburg and its vicinity employ,
in diameter at the base, and 148 feet from the ground, affords  besides other motive-power, above 400 steam-engines. At
a view in the highest degree varied and picturesque.  The  the commencement. of 1854, there were here in  operaentire cost of the building was about $200,000. The new  tion 20 rolling mills, with 176 puddling furnaces, 121 heat.
custom-house, at the corner of Smithfield and Fifth streets, ing furnaces, and 253 nail machines, consuming annually
is a large building of fireestone, in the Grecian style, just  82.500 tons of pig metal, 16,350 tons of blooms and scraps,
completed at a cost of $115.000. It contains an apartment  and 6,275,000 bushels of coal, in the manufacture of bar, rod,
for the city post-office, in addition to those appropriated to  hoop, boiler, and sheet iron, sheet steel, bar steel, nails,
the business of the United States customs. Pittsburg has  spikes, rods, shafts, anchors, axles, &c.  The nails and
one of the finest hotels-the Monongahela House-in the  spikes produced in 1.853 amounted to 395,000 kegs. Total
United States, or perhaps in the world. It is a costly brick  capital invested, $4,775,000; hands employed, 2720. It was
edifice, square, six stories high, and extends from  Smith-  estimated that from 20 to 30 puddling furnaces and a numfield street to Water street, fronting the Monongahela River.  her of nail machines would be added to the above in the
Two fine market-houses have recently been erected, one of course of the ensuing summer. A mammoth rail mill, supwhich contains a hall for public use, fiom  200 to 250 feet  posed to be the largest in the world, with 8 coke furnaces
long and about 100 feet wide. There are numerous other  capable of producing 720 tons of pig iron per week, 60
buildings deserving of nolice, among which is the Pittsburg  puddling furnaces, 5 scrap furnaces, and 12 rail pile furTheatre, a large edifice, with a very handsome front.  The  naces-the whole with a capacity to turn out 120 tons of
Western Penitentiary of Pennsylvania is located in Aile- rails every 24 hours, was to go into operation near the city
ghany City, fronting on Ohio street.  It is an immense  about the 1st of May, 1854; chartered capital, $1,000,000.
stone building, in the ancient Norman style, and'cost, at    There were in Pittsburg, at the date above mentioned, 38
the time of its erection in 1827, $183,000. In front is a  iron foundries with machine shops, of which 9 make, on an
fine lawn. The United States Arsenal at Lawrenceville, on  average, among other machinery, about 120 steam-engines
the left bank of the Alleghany River, about 21 miles above  annually. Five of these steam-engine shops had boiler
Pittsburg, is] a very handsome stone edifice, enclosed by  yards attached, besides which there were 5 other boiler
spacious and beautifully ornamented grounds.                  yards in the city, the whole turning out annually 490
Pittsburg and its suburbs contain over 100 churches, of  boilers, each weighing about 5000 pounds. The other 29
which upwards of 50 are in the city proper. Many of these  foundries, with an aggregate' capital of $775,000, consumed
are choice specimens of architectural beauty. The Catholic  19,275 tons of pig iron annually in the production of millcathedral, at the corner of Grant and Fifth Streets, near the  gearing, cotton and sugar mills and presses, copper-mining
courthouse, is a magnificent brick edifice, adorned with a  machinery, railroad castings, chilled wheels, shafts, metallic
lofty spire. St. Peter's Church, (Episcopal,) also situated on  burial-cases, machines for punching, drilling, and planing
Grant street, opposite the courthouse, is a fine Gothic  iron, &c. &c.; also locks, coffee mills, scales, &c. One of the
structure, similar to  St.'Mark's Church, Locust Street,  largest establishments is the Fort Pitt Works, which in 1853
Philadelphia. Occupying the summit of Grant's Hill, these  consumed 3225 tons of pig and wrought iron, producing,
churches and the court-house are imposing objects to one  among other things, 10 blast cylinders, 10 first-class steamapproaching the city from the Ohio. Three costly Gothic  engines, and 150 freight cars. Several iron steamert have
churches have been completed during the past year; 1 for  been built at these works; and from 1842 to 1847 there were
the Presbyterians, 1 for the Methodists, and I for the Ro- cast, bored, and mounted here 633 cannon, weighing, in
man Catholics, the last. capable of containing 8000 persons. all, 1787 tons, and 22,189 shot and shell. In 1854 there
The principal benevolent institutions are the Mercy I-Ios- were being manufactured here 21 guns of the heaviest calipital, on Locust street; the Western Pennsylvania IHospital,  bre, called "Columbiads," throwing 124-pound shot. The
a fine brick edifice, between Fisk and Ferguson streets, near  total amount of pig iron, blooms, and scraps consumed in
Smith street, in the E. part of Alleghany City; a United  Pittsburg in 1853 is estimated as follows:-For steam-engine
States Marine Hospital, completed within 2 years; and 3  foundries, 9250 tons; other foundries, 19.275 tons; and rollother hospitals recently erected, and sustained by private  inginills, 98,850 tois; total, 127,375 tons.
charity. A very handsome HIouse of Refuge, with a capacity    The people of Pittsburg are largely interested in the copperfor 450 inmates, has just been completed. Near the city are  mines of Lake Superior. Of 16 copper-mining companies,
situated the Alleghany and Pittsburg Poor I-louses, and a  whose aggregate capital was divided into 162,000 shares,
third, for the county, is now nearly or quite completed.      102,000 shares, valued at $1,313,750, were owned in this
Among the literary and educational institutions may be  city-the greatest number owned in any one company being
mentioned the Theological Seminary of the Associate Re- 15,000 shares, and the least number, 2000. One copperformed Church, founded at Pittsburg in 1828, and the West- smelting establishment, consuming 1000 tons of Lake Supeern Theological Seminary, in Alleghany City, both of which  rior ore annually, is in operation in Pittsburg, and has in
are in a highly prosperous condition. The latter, also esta- connection with it a large copper-rolling mill and an extenblished in 1828. under the direction of the Presbyterians, is  sive brass foundry. There were also 8 other factories for
situated on a prominent elevation commanding a view of  working copper, and 5 separate brass foundries. There is
the river and surrounding scenery. The edifice is 40 feet  here an establishment called the " Eagle Steel-Works," with
long, 50 feet wide, and 4 stories high, with wings 3 stories  3 converting furnaces, 5 heating furnaces, and 18 smelting
high. There are also in Pittsburg a Mercantile Library  furnaces, for the manufacture of cast steel of all varieties.
Association, and several other literary associations, most of    There were 13 heavy blacksmithing forges, with a capital
which have libraries. The Western University of Pennsyl-  of $400,000, producing railroad axles, steamboat shafts, sugar
vania, formerly located here, was destroyed by the great fire  mills, bridge-work, &c.; 4 large factories, making annually
of 1845, since which it has ceased to exist. Within a few  1600 fire-proof safes, besides iron shutters, vault doors, &c.;
years past, an increased interest has been manifested in the  6 establishments using steam in the manufacture of axes,
subject of popular education. There are now upwards of 50  cross-cut saws, forks and other agricultural implements; 3
schools in the city, and nearly an equal number in the  factories making vices, cotton and tobacco screws, planing
suburbs, annually attended by about 12,000 pupils. The  machines, &c.; 1 establishment turning out from 5 to 7 tons
periodical press of Pittsburg is remarkable, especially for a  of spikes daily; 2 extensive establishments manufacturing
city of such recent origin. There are now about 25 offices  railroad scales, coffee and paint mills, locks, &c.; 2 rifle-barrel
issuing newspapers and other publications, 10 or 11 of which  factories; 4 large white-lead factories; 3 soda factories, proare dailies. Two or three newspapers are also published in  ducing 1500 tons of soda yearly; 3 linseed-oil mills, yield.
Allegrhany City. A Chamber of Commerce has been organised  ing annually 1500 barrels of oil;. 2 chemical-works for the
in Pittsburgh since 1850. In 1852, there were here 8 banks  manufacture of nitric and sulphuric acid; 3 floueing mills,
and 18 broker's offices.                                     with 19 run of stone, turning out yearly 360,000 barrels of
The manufactures of Pittsburg are inmfiense, and capable of flour; and 5 large establishments for making crackers and
being extended almost indefinitely. Indeed, there are no  pilot-bread.
knownlimitstotheelementsnecessarytotheiraugmentation.    On the Alleghany River and its tributaries are numerous
Wood, coal, ores, and agricultural resources all abound in the  salt-works; and in the vicinity of Pittsburg are now ia
1493




PIT                                                               PIT
operation about 40 wells, each producing from 6000 to 30,000  to an aggregate of 64,157 tons, of which 57,783 were em.
bushels of salt annually.  There are also about 70 other salt- ployed in steam  navigation.  In steamtonnage, therefore,
wells not worked.                                                Pittsburg is the third city in the Union, being surpassed
There were in Pittsburg and the vicinity in June, 1854, 10  only by New Orleans and New York. January 1, 1854, the
flint or crystal-glass factories, with 15 furnaces, all in opera-  steam tonnasge of the pod is stated at 75,505 tons.
tion day and night; 14 window and plate-glass furnaces,    The following comparative statement exhibits a few of
annually producing 145,000 boxes of glass, worth  about  the leading articles imported into Pittsburg by canal during
$580,000; and 17 factories turning out 176,000 boxes of glass  the three years named, each ending December 31:bottles, flasks, phials, &c., worth $385,000;  besides 8 window-glass and 1 bottle factory, out of blast. There were 5                 AsTICLES.              1852.      1847.      1846.
cotton factories, employing 1350 operatives, who work 671                                                              -......
looms and 29,500 spindles. producing from 6,110,000 pounds   Produce not specified.... lbs.    358,231   1,257,620      871,500
producing from 6,350,000    Oats..................... bush.    43,087  21,360      19,080
of cotton, cloth, yarn, carpet chains, &c., to the value of  Leather................. lbs...   237,616    312,239        386,225
81,231,000 annually. About 200 looms were to be added the   Coffee.................. lbs...  17,102,061   9,927,005   10,230,993
ensuing  season.                                                  Dry goods................ lbs... 36,117,244  23,201,074   12,651,818
There were also in Pittsburg and its vicinity in 1854, 44   Groceries................ lbs... 17,885,102   1,833,925    6,923,856
breweries, (17 employing steam,) which consumed annually   Hardware............... lbs... 171,457,753  14,501,693   10,522,463
Iron, pig................. lbs... 20,225,558  21,979,353 10
350,000 bushels of barley and 200,000 pounds of hops; 21 recti-        castings............ lbs...   04,200   124,  5,410,660
fying distilleries, which prepare for maiket over 40,000 barrels       blooms.....l....... lbs... 14,232,693  14,942,390   13,890,707
of whisky perannum; 7 large steam tanneries, andanumber                bars and sheets....lbs... 15,292,015   4,397    2,833,879
of smaller ones; 13 steam  planing mills, with a capital of  Nails and spikes......... lbs...   156,500  15,886,611     575,402
$260,000; 13 steam  saw mills, producing 20,000,000 feet of   Fish......................  s  32,644  19,926  19,600 
lumber yearly; 7 large carriage factories, annually turning        A comparative statement exhibiting a few of the leading
out 1200 omnibuses, coaches, &c.; 2 very extensive wagon fac-  articles exported from  Pittsburg by canal during the three
tories; several largeand 15 smaller establishments for making  years named:cabinet ware; 6 paper mills, 6 rope walks, and 3 extensive esta-  years named:
blishments for sawing and dressing stone. There were also a....
great number of establishments, not included in the above,                 ARTiCLeS               852..       1846.
for making nuts, bolts, iron and copper rivets, spikes, brads,  Cotton.................... lbs..   1,60,922   1,056,138   1,000,971
tacks, cards used in cotton and woollen machinery, oil,  Hemp...lbs..      1,165,057   3,311,618   1,287,886
candles, window shades, oil cloths, woollen goods, sickles,  Tobacco, unmanufactured.lbs.. 20,490,918  14,777,059  24,696,742
surgical and surveying instruments, chandeliers, lamps,  Grceries.................lbs..  1,724,070            7,2,,89
n                             ~~~~~~~~~~~Hardware, cutlery,........ lbs..   433,669    246,897  239,353
Venetian blinds, earthen and stone ware, &c. &c.                 Hardonare, cutlery....... lbs..  41,69    246,          29,353
Iron, plc ~     lbs. - 16,557,572   65,5273
According to the census of 1850, the-e were 819 maniufac-            castings............. lbs..   607,995    250,910   2,675,341
tories in Pittsburg, and 120 in Alleghany City, employing              blooms.............. lbs..   411,620  13,836     338,702
10,253hands, and producing goods to the value of $11,803.427.   Cast steel................. lbs..  7,364,436    549,416  319,736
~  Lead..................... lbs..  5,000    188,078    325,085
According to the report of the Chamber of Commerce, the   Nails and spikes........... lbs.    5,000     18,078     325,05
AccordingNails  ad spikes.. lbs..  3,033,036  51,260   82,732
manufactures of Pittsburg in 1854 amounted in value to   Bacon.................... lbs.  39,586,694  12,113,427  23,661,236
$20,970,338. Owing to the almost unexampled low stage of   Beef and pork............. bbls.    10,367         41,225      19,620
water in the Ohio, rendering it unnavigable for five months,  Butter.................... lbs..    434,495   7147,645    800,265
11                ~~~~~~Flour..................... bbls.'...  297,940   156,412
the prevalence of the cholera, pressure in the money mar-  Lard and lard-o.      l........b. bls..297,940               156,42
L. rd und lard-eli. l.....,.Ibs..  5,995,693   5,319,378    2,929,280
ket, and other causes, business of all kinds was much less  Tallow....................M.    865,509  62,946  291,313
active than in previous years.  In 1840 there were in opera- 
tion in Pittsburg and Alleghany City 32 furnaces and forges,    On the average, these figures indicate a very gratifying
with a capital of $1,437.000.  The total capital then em-  increase in the canal commerce of the city, but especially
ployed in manufactures was stated at $2,784.594.                 in the iron trade for 1852:
The consumption of coal in Pittsburg for 1854, is estimated    The estimated amount of merchandise arriving and deas follows: —                                                    parting from  Pittsburg annually, in steam and keel boats
13ushels.                        aushels.   by the Ohio River, is 740,460 tons, in addition to 50.00'0 tons
Domestic uses......;...12,000,000  Brought forward........20,215,000  of lumber, and 847,700 tons of coal in barges and flat-boats,
Rolling mills.......... 6,375,000  Gas works (two)........  200,000  making a total tonnage of 1,638,160. The manufactured
Foundries..............  540,0090 Public buildings........  150,000  goods fabricated at Pittsburg, and exported by way of the
Glass houses...........  600,000  Miscellaneous engines..  900,000  river, during the year 1854, were as folows:-Iron  and
Engine  and  machine           Steamboats............  840,000  river, during the year 1854, were as followsIron  and
shops..............  600,000                                  nails. $7,500.000; glass and glassware, $2,050,000; castings,
Cotton factories........  100,000 Total consumption..... 22,305,000  $700,000; stoves, $300,000; springs and axles, vices and
Exported from Pittsburg to other places.....14,403,000   spring  steel, $566,000; shovels, forks, picks, axes, &c.,
Total amount in bushels.....36,708,100   $390,000; locks, latches, scales, &c., $350,000; iron  safes,
Total amount in tons..... 4,311,033  $60,000; steam  engines, (exclusive of those placed in boats
there,) sugar and cotton mills, &c., $.500,000; white and red
The principal harbor of Pittsburg is furnished by the  litharge, $640,000; cotton yarns, sheetings, &c., $949,000;
Monongahela River, which has a greater depth of water than  wagons, carts,  wheel-barrows,  carriages,  &c., $350,000;
the Alleghany.  The Ohio is navigable to the confluence of  ploughs   and  farming  implements, $75,000;  furniture,
these streams for boats of light draught, except at short  $100,000; salt in barrels, $80,000; soda ash, $130,000; ale,
periods of very dry seasons, and a few days of the severest  porter, beer, &c., $450,000: making a total of $15,184,000 as
winters.  It is not navigable, however, for boats of the  the value of manufactures shipped by the Ohio River.  The
largest class during any considerable portion of the year.  value of lumber sent down the river on rafts during the
The steamboats, therefore, constructed at Pittsburg, are  year, was $1,225,000; and the amount of coal shipped by the
adapted to the lowest possible draught of water, in order  same channel, 23,738,906 bushels, or about 791,296 tons.
that they may transact business even during the dry sea-  Owing to the long continuance of low water, the trade by
son. The commerce of the port is very extensive. Commu- the Ohio was much less than in former years. The number
nicating with the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys by means of  of arrivals and departures at the port annually are, of first
the navigable waters of the Ohio River, and connected by  class steamers 1712; of second class steamers 3634; and of
railways and canals with the great lakes on the one hand,  keel, balrges, and flatboats, 3230; making  an aggregate   of
and with Philadelphia and the Atlantic on the other, Pitts-  8576. During the year 1852 there were constructed at the
bumrg is not only the great entrep~t for the entire trade of  various yards of Pittsburg no less than 69 steamers, with an
Pennsylvania with the West, but merchandise to a large  aggregate burden of 15,000 tons. In 1853, 59 steamers were
amount from  New York, destined for the cities along the  built here, and during the year 1854 there were built and
Ohio and Mississippi, annually passes through this empo- registered at Pittsburg, 51 passenger steamers, of 11,004
rium.  Besides its other great advantages, Pittsburg  is  tons, and 19 foeight and towboats, of 2793 tons, making a
about to derive important benefits from numerous railways  total of 13,797 tons, with a carrying capacity of 25.000 tons.
which will soon go into operation in various portions of  This is exclusive of 8 boats, with an aggregate of3500 tons,
Western Pennsylvania.  Oneofthemost importantofthese  built, but not registered.  The cost of all these boats was
is the Pittsburg and Olean Railroad, which will communi-  $1,555,338. For many years past, statistics show that there
cate with some of the best agricultural counties in the state. has been completed at the Pittsburg yards, on an average, 
To connect with this route, another road is about to be con- as many as one boat a week, or 52 annually, all of which
structed from  Buffalo to Olean, thereby connecting the  have found sufficient and lucrative employment on the river.
western termini of the Pennsylvania canals with the west-  Owing to the increased facilities of communication, the,irn termlini of the New York canals, and the head of Ohio  trade of Pittsburg with the lakes is said to have doubled
navigation with the great port at the eastern terminus of  itself every year from 1844 to 1853. The increase of trade
navigation on Lake Erie.  When the various railroads now   within the last year or two, in consequence of the opening
In progress are completed, Pittsburg will be the terminus of  of the Pennsylvania Railroad, has been equally, if not more
nine distinct and independent routes, of which five will be  remarkable.
trunk lines.                                                      Pittsburg communicates with Alleghany City by means
The enrolled and licensed tonnage of the district, June  of three substantial bridges on piers and one wire suspen.
40, 1852, according to the custom-house returns, amounted  sion-bridge, and by a suspension-bridge and steam-ferry
1494




PIT                                                            PI~
with Birmingham. Water of the purest quality is intro-   PITTSFIELD, a post-township in the S.W. part of Lorain
duced firom the Alleghany River. The reservoir, occupying  co., Ohio, intersected by the West Branch of Black River.
an eminence N.E. of the court-house, has a greater elevation  Pop. 1088.
probably than that of any similar reservoir in America,   PITTSFIELD, a post-township of Washtenaw co., Michi.
being 396 feet above the level of the Ohio. It is of great gan. Pop. 1232.
capacity, and supplied by steam-power. Gas, manufactured    PITTSFIELD, a post-village of Washtenaw co., Michigan,
from bituminous coal, is furnished at a comparatively trifling  about 40 miles W. by S. of Detroit.
cost, for lighting the city. The Alleghany Cemetery, on the    PITTSFIELD, a neat and thriving post-village, capital of
Alleghany River 2 miles above Pittsburg, is one of the most Pike co., Illinois, is situated on a prairie, 70 miles W. by S.
beautiful places of the kind in the world.  It comprises  of Springfield. It is surrounded by a rich farming country,
110 acres, tastefully adorned, and enclosed by a wall of stone  diversified by prairies and timbered lands. It contains a
masonry.                                                    court-house, several churches, and 2 newspaper offices.
Pittsburg is divided into 9 wards, and Alleghany City  Pop. in 1853, about 800.
into 4, each town being governed by a mayor and common    PITTSFIELD, a township of Brown co., Wisconsin. P. 198.
council.                                                      PITTS'FORD, a post-village and township of Rutland co.,
History.-Fort Du Quesne, a French trading post, erected  Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 45 miles
in 1754, formerly occupied the site where Pittsburg now  S.W. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of boots and
stands. In 1758, an English  expedition marched against  shoes, woollen goods, carriages, &c. Pop. of the township,
this post, which was then regarded by the youthful Wash- 2026.
ington as the key of the West. An advanced detachment    PITTSFORD, a post-village and township of Monroe co.,
under Captain Grant having encamped on what is still New York, on the Erie Canal and the Rochester and Syracalled Grant's Hill, was attacked and defeated by a party of  cuse Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Rochester. The village conFrench and Indians from Fort Du Quesne. But on the ap- tains 3 or 4 churches, and several warehouses. Pop. of the
proach of General Forbes, with a force of 6200 men, the dis- township, 2061.
heartened garrison set fire to the fort and descended the    PITTSFORD, a township of Iillsdale co., Michigan, on
Ohio. The victorious troops, on entering, November 25th, the Michigan Southern and Indiana Northern Railroads, 10
by general acclamation called the place Pittsburg, in honor miles from HIillsdale.  Pop. 1223.
of William Pitt, then prime minister of England.  The town    PITTSIGROVE, a post-township of Salem co., New Jersey,
of Pittsburg began to be settled in 1765. It became a county  about 55 miles S.W. by W. of Trenton.  Pop. 1151.
town in 1791, was incorporated a borough in 1804, and    PITT'S ISLAND. See PITT'S ARCHIPELAGO.
chartered as a city in 1816. April 10, 1845, a great fire con-    PITT'S LAKE, in the S. part of Orecon, near 1180 W. ]on.,
sumed a large part of Pittsburg, causing a destruction of  and 420 10' N. lat. Length. about 40 miles; breadth, 10 miles.
property to the amount of $9,000,000. Notwithstanding    PITT'S POINT, a post-office of Bullitt co., Kentucky.
this terrible calamity, the city has continued to increase in    PITT'S STRAIT, in the Malay Archipelago, is between
wealth and population almost beyond parallel. Pop. in  the islands of Salawatty and Battanta, off the N.W. end of
1810, 4768; in 1820, 7248; in 1830, 12,542; in 1840, 21,115-  Papua.
(Alleghany City at the same date, had 10,089, and Birming-    PITTSITON, a post-village and township of Kennebec co.,
ham, 1554 inhabitants;) pop. of the city proper, in 1850, Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec River, opposite Gardiner,
46,601-Alleghany City, 21,261-Birmingh am, 3742. By a  with which it is connected by a fine bridge recently conlocal census, in January, 1853, Pittsburg and its suburbs  structed, and about 7 miles S. by E. of Augusta. It is
contained a population of 110,241.                          noted for its shipbuilding.  Pop. 2823.
PITTSBURG, a post-village of Johnson co., Arkansas.         PITTSTON, a flourishing post-village and township of
PITTSBURG, a flourishing village of Carrol co., Indiana,  Luzernerco., Pennsylvania, on the North Branch of the Suson the Wabash River, opposite Delphi. It has great water- quehanna, just below the mouth of the Lackawanna River,
power, produced by a dam across the river, and contains a  9 or 10 miles above Wilkesbarre. The village is situated in
foundry, woollen factory, and several mills. Pop. 336.      the Valley of Wyoming, and in the vicinity of rich mines
PITTSBURG, a post-village of IIickory co., Missouri, of anthracite coal. It owes its rapid growth chiefly to the
about 85 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.                      mining operations of the Pennsylvania Coal Company.
PITTSBURG, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on the  Many of the inhabitants are employed in the iron business.
right bank of Des Moines River, 78 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. Coal and produce are shipped at this place on the West
PITTSIFIELD, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on  Branch Canal. A newspaper is published here. A new
the Sebasticook River, which here affords a fine water-power,  plank-road connects Pittston with Wilkesbasre, Scranton,
and on the railroad in course of construction from Bangor  &c. Pop. of the township, 4049; of the village, in 1854, about
to Waterville, about 40 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1166.   2000.
PITTSFIELD, a post-village and township of Merrimack    PITTSTON FERRY, a post-office. of Luzerne co., Pennsylco., New Hampshire, 12 miles.N.E. of Concord. It has  vania.
several churches and a bank. Pop. of the township, 1828.      PITTSITOWN, a post-village and township of Renssalaer
PITTSFIELD, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, co., New York, on the Albany Northern Railroad, 22 miles
40 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 512.                    N.E. of Albany. Pop. 3732.
PITTSFIELD, a flourishing post-town of Berkshire co.,   PITTSTOWN, a post-village of Ilunterdon co., New JelrMassachusetts, on the Western Railroad, at the N. terminus  sey, about 8 miles N.W. of Flemington.
of the iousatonic Railroad, and the S. terminus of the    PITTSTOWN, a village of Bullitt co., Kentucky, at the
Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad, 151 miles W. of Boston,  junction of Salt River with its Roiling Fork, 60 miles
and 49 miles E.S.E. of Albany. Lat. 420 26' 55" N., lon. 730  W.S.W. of Frankfort.
15' 36" W. It is delightfully situated at an elevation of up-    PITTSYLVAINIA, a county in the S. part of Virginia,
wards of a thousand feet above the level of the sea. and is  bordering on North Carolina, has an area of about 1000
handsomely laid out with streets intersecting each other at  square miles. The Staunton River forms its N. boundary;
right angles. In the centre is a fine public square, on which  the Banister River flows through the middle, and the S.
front the principal hotels, the Berkshire Medical School, a  border is crossed several times by the meanderings of the
flourishing institution founded in 1823, and the First Con- Dan. The surface is diversified by valleys and hills, and
gregational Church, completed in 1853. The latter is an  the soil is excellent. It has several manufactories of cabinetelegant stone edifice, in the Gothic style. The South Street  ware. A mine of iron ore has lately been opened here, and
Congregational Church is also a fine building. Pittsfield  is said to be very rich. Limestone is abundant. A railroad
contains 8 churches, viz.: 3 Congregational, 2 Methodist, 1  has been partly constructed from Richmond to Danville, the
Baptist, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Roman Catholic; 2 banks, a  chief townof the county. Organized in 1767. Capital, Coinsavings institution, 3 insurance companies, a gaslight com- petition. Pop. 28,796, of whom 15,998 were free, and 12,798
pany, 4 newspaper offices, 3 railroad depSts, and about 60  slaves.
stores. The Young Ladies' Institute, a very flourishing    PITTSYLVANIA  COURT-H1OUSE. See CozPETITION.
institution, occupies 3 handsome edifices, situate in the    PITYUSIE.  See FOrMENTrERA.
midst of spacious and beautifully ornamented grounds.   PITZTIIAL, pits'til. a village of Tyrol, near Imst, in a
The manufactures of Pittsfield are extensive, employing a  long and bleak valley of the same name. Pop. 1148.
large amount of capital. The leading articles are woollen    PIUGPUNENT, pe-oog-poo-nsntV, a town of Spain, in the
and cotton goods, machinery, railroad cars,,filrearms, &c. island of Majorca, 6 miles W. of Palma.  Pop. 1164.
Incorporated in 1761, and named in honor of William Pitt,   PIUNHRI, pe-oon-yees, or LTVRAMENTO. le-vri-mln'to. a
Earl of Chatham. Pop. of the township in 1840, 3747; in  town of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, 58 miles W.S.W.
1850, 5872; and in 1853, about 6500.                        of Formiga.
PITTSFIELD, a post-township of Otsego co., New York, on    PIURA, pe-oofrr, a river of Peru, enters the Pccific after a
the left bank of the Unadilla River, 86 miles WV. of Albany. W. course of about 120 miles.
Pop. 1591.                                                    PIURA, a town of Peru, capital of the littoral province
PITTSFIELD, a thriving post-village of Warren co., Penn- of its own name, in the department of Libertad, is situated
sylvania, in a township of its own name, on the Big Broken-  on the Piura, 120 miles N.N.W. of Lambayeque. Pop. of the
straw Creek, 220 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It has been  province in 1850, 76,332.
built since 1840. Pop. of the township, 756.                  PIVERONE, pe-vA-rolns, a village of the Sardinian States,
PITTSFIELD.  a village of Henry co., Georgia, 75 miles  division of Turin, pro.iuce of Ivrea. Pop. 1668.
W.N.W. of Milledgeville.                                     IPIVNICZNA or PIVYNICZNA, pyiv-neetslni, a village of
1495




PIX                                                         PLA
Austrian Poland, in Galicia, circle of Sandec, on the Poprad, York Air-line Railroad, the Providence, IHartford, and Fish.
13 miles S. of Neu-Sandec.  Pop. 2156.                      kill Railroad, and the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 45
PIX5LEY. a parish of Eng-land, co. of Hereford.           miles E. of Hartford. It has an academy, and manufactures
PIZARRA, LA, la pe-thnIota. a village of Spain, in Anda-  of muslins, cotton goods, &c. Pop. of the township, 2732.
Lusia, province, and about 15 miles from Malaga. Pop. 1496.   PLAINFIELD, a post-township of Otsego co., New York,
PIZECO or PIZEECO.  See Prseco.                           15 miles N.W. of Cooperstown.  Pop. 1450.
PIZZGIIETTONE, pit-se-ghft-tofmn,, a fortified town of    PLAINFIELD, a post-village of Westfield township, Essex
Austrian Italy, in Lombardy, 12 miles W.N.W. of Cremona, co., New Jersey, on Green Brook, and on the Central Railon the navigable river Adda. Pop., including the suburb  road, 20 miles W.S.W. of Newark, and 11 miles N. of New
of Gerra, on the right bank of the river, 4000. It is enclosed  Brunswick. It is pleasantly situated, and surrounded by a
by an old wvall, with bSastions and a deep fosse, and entered. rich farmniing country. It contains 7 or 8 churches, belongby two gates.                                              ing to the Baptists, MIethodists, Presbyterians, Friends, and
PIZZO, pit/so, a city of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra  Seventh-day Baptists; 2 boarding schools, a mutual inII., distrie.t, and 5 miles N.E. of Monteleone, on the Gulf of  surance company, and several hat factories. Two newsSanut Eufemia, with 5700 inhabitants. Murat, the ex-king  papers are published here. Laid out in 1735. Pop. in 1853
of Naples. was taken prisoner and shot here in October, 1815. estimated at 2000.
PIZZOPERRATO, pit-so-firn-r1ito. a town of Naples, pro-   PLAINFIELD,  a post-office, Cumberland co., Pennsylvania.
vince of Abruzzo Citra, 23 miles S.S.W. of Lanciano. P. 1030.    PLAINFIELD, a township of Northampton co., PennsylPIZZOLI, pit-so/lee, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  vania. Pop. 1753.
Ultra II., district, and 6 miles N.N.W. of Aquila, on a moun-   PLAINFIELD, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
tain in the East Apennines, and having 3 churches, a large    PLAINFIELD, a post-'village of Coshocton co., Ohio, on
nmonastery, and 3200 inhabitants.                           Wills Creek, 80 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
PLABE'NN   EC, phtb~n'n~k/, a market-town of France, de-    PLAINFIELD, a township of Allegan  co., Michigan.
par/ment of Finist~re, 9 miles N.N.E. of Brest.  Pop. in  Pop. 659.
1852, 3752.                                                   PLAINFIELD, a township of Kent co., Michigan. P. 660.
PLACANICA, pl-ki/ne-ka, a town of Naples, province    PLAINFIELD, a post-office of Livingston co., Michigan.
of Calabria Ultra I., 16 miles N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 2000.     PLAINFIELD, a post-village of HIendricks co., Indiana,
P1LACENCIA, a town of Spain. See PL.sENCIA.               on the Terre IHaute and Indianapolis Railroad, where it
PLACENTIA, a city of North Italy. See PIACENZA.          crosses White Lick Creek, 14 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.
PLACEN/TIA, a seaport town of Newfoundland, on the  Pop. 251.
W. coast of~the peninsula extending from  the S.E. side of    PLAINFIELD, a post-village and township of Will co.,
the island, in about lat. 470 11 30" N., ion. 530 55' W. The  Illinois, 155 miles N.E. by N. of Springfield. Pop. 1093.
harbor has 35 fathoms of water; and on either side of its    PLAIN GROVE, a post-office, Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.
entrance, which is not more than 60 fathoms across, stands    PLAINS, Virginia, a station on the Manassas Gap Raila fort.                                                    road, 48 miles from Alexandria.
PLACENTIA  BAY, a deep inlet on the S. coast of New-   PLAINS-oF-AlBRAIAM, a table-land immediately S.W.
foundland 75 miles inlength, and nearly 60 miles in breadth  of the city of Quebec, in Canada East. Here Generals
at its entrance between Capes St. Marie and Chapeau Rouge.  Wolfe and'Montcalm, the respective commanders of the BriPLA C'ER, pl-saipl, or PL.ACEL, pl&-sBl/, a Spanish word  tish and French forces, were killed in the action, 18th Sepsignifying literally, a "layer of sand, pebbles, &c. in the  tember, 1759.
bottom of the sea or river."  More frequently, however, it    PLAINSIBOROUGI, a village of Middlesex co., New Jeris used to denote the layers of sand, earth, &c. formed by  sey, 14 miles N.E. of Trenton, contains a grist mill and 10
the washings of a river, and containing deposits Of gold or or 12 dwellings.
other metal.                                                  PLAINS-oF-DUBRA,   a post-office of Sumter co., Georgia,
PLACER, pl-sairl, a county towards the N. part of Cali-  110 miles S.W. of Milledgeville.
fornia, bordering on Utah, has an area of about 1200 square    PLAIN'S STORE, a post-office of East Baton Rouge pamiles. It is bounded on the S. by the Middle Fork of Ame- rish, Louisiana.
rican River, and on the N. by Bear River. The surface in    PLAINS/VILLE, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pennsylthe E. part is uneven, being traversed by the Sierra Nevada, vania, on the Susquehanna River, about 6 miles above
or Snowy Range. The nuniber of acres under cultivation  Wilkesbarre.
in 1852 was 679. Gold is abundant, and capital amounting    PLAIN  IEW, a post-office of King and Queen co., Virginia.
to upward of $1,400,000 is invested in mining, principally    PLAINVIEW, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.
for this precious metal. Named from  the "placers" which    PLAINVILLE, a village of Providence Co., Rhode Island,
it contains. Capital, Vernon. Pop. 10,784.                 20 miles N.W. of Providence. It contains 1 cotton mill,
PLACERES, pla-sA rns, a village in the interior of New  with 2232 spindles and 52 looms. Pop. about 100.
Mexico, on the left bank of the RLio del Norte.              PLAINVILLE, a thriving post-village of Ilartford co.,
PLACER MOUNTAIN, in the interior of the Terrnitory of  Connecticut, on Farmington River, at the intersection of
New Mexico, about 20 miles S.W. of Santa F4. Lat. about the Providence Hartford and Fishkill Railroad with the
350 25' N., ion. 1060 20t W.                                New Haven and Northampton Railroad. about 15 miles
PLA/CERVILLE, a post-village of Eldorado co., California,  S.W. of Hartford.
about 90 miles E.N.E. of Vallejo.  It is chiefly a mining    PLAINVILLE, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York,
settlement. Pop. of the village and vicinity in 1850, 5623.   about 18 miles W.N.W. of Syracuse.
PLADBDA or PLADA, a low rocky island of Scotland, in    PLAINVILLE, a village of Somerset co., New Jersey, 20
the Frith of Clyde, off the S. end of the island of Arran, miles N.E. of'Trenton.
with a light-house, in lat. 550 25' 33" N., ion. 50 7/ W.,   PLAINVILLE, a post-village and railway station of hIahaving two fixed lights, 77 and 130 feet above the sea.     milton co., Ohio, on the Little Miami Railroad, 10 miles E.
PLAIN, plAn, a post-office of Greenville district, South  by N. of Cincinnati.
Carolina.                                                     PLAINWELL, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan.
PLAIN, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 1392.         PLAISANCE, plA'soNss', a town of France, department of
PLAIN, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 2211.          Gers, 26 miles W. of Auch.  Pop. 1791.
PLAIN, a post-township in the S.W. part of Wayne co.,   PLAISANCE, a village of France, department of Aveyron,
Ohio. Pop. 2375.                                            ari-ondissement of St. Affrique. Pop. in 1852. 1791.
PLAIN, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 492.              PLAISITOW, a post-village and township of Rockingham
PLAIN, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pop. 868. co., New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine tRailroad, 35
PLAINE, plAn or plun, a river of France, department of  miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. of the township, 748.
Vosges, joins the Meurthe. Length, 15 miles.                  PLAIT/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
PLAINE, a village of France, department of Vosges, 13    PLIAN, plan, a town of Bohemia, 31 miles WV.N.W. of Pilmiles N.E. of St. Did. Pop. 1935.                           sen. Pop., including suburb, 3939, mostly employed in
PLAINE-HAUTE, plan hot. a village of France, department woollen-cloth weaving, and in alum and vitriol works.
of Cdtes-du-Nord, arrondissement of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2052.    PLANASIA.  See PsANOSA.
PLAINFAING, p1lccs'fAN/c, a village of France, department    PLANCHER BAS, pl1NGs'hais! ba, a village of France, deof Vosges, on the!Mleurthe, arrondissement of St. Did. partment ofIHaute-SaSne, 10 miles E.N.E. of Lure. Pop. 1288.
Pop. in 1852, 4110.                                           PLANCIIER LES MIINES, pl18Nr'shaih' 1l meen, a village
PLAIN/FIELD, a poet-township of Sullivan' co., New  of France, department of Haute-SaSne, arrondissement of
Hampshire, 50 miles N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1392.             Lure. Pop. 1480.
PLAINFIELD, a post-village and township of WVashing-   PLANCOET, (Plancoet,) plMNalkoWY, a market-town  of
ton co., Vermont, on Onion River, about 8 miles E. of Mont-  France, department of Ctes-du-Nord, on the Arguenon, 9
pelier. It has some manufactures of carriages, furniture, miles N.W. of Dinan. Pop. 767.
and starch. Pop. 808.                                         PLANCY, pl8Nqa'seef, a market-town of France, department
PLAINFIELD, a post-township of Hampshire co., Maessa-  of Aube, 8 miles W. of Arcis, on the Aube. Pop. 1192.
chusetts, 110 miles W. by N. of Boston. It contains a town-    PLANES, plAnds, a town of Spain, in Valencia, province,
house, 2 churches, and 2 stores, and has some manufactures  and about 50 miles from Alicante. Pop. 1146.
of boxes, broom-handles, palmu-leaf hats, &c. Pop. 814.      PLANIER, plA'ne-A4!, a small island of France, in the Gulf
PLAINFIELD, a post-village and township of Windham   of Lyons, 9 miles S.W. of Marseilles.
co., Connecticut, at the intersection of the Boston and New    PLANINA, pl1-neefnd, or ALBEN,  Al/ben, a market-town
1496




PLA                                                        PLA
of Austria, in Illyria, government, and 19 miles S.S.W. of    PLATA, LA, i pVJtF, REPUBLTO OF, now more frequently
Laybach. Pop. 1374.                                        called the ARGENTINE (ar/jen-tine) REPUBLIC, (Sp. Re.
PLANITZ, plinits, a market-town of Bohemia, 8 miles E. publica Arqentina, rA-pooblle-kd aR-Hsn-tee/nA; Fr. Ripubof Klattau.  Pop. 1600.                                    lique Argentine,  r`'piibleek/ aa'zh8NGeteenul; Ger. ArgcentiPLANITZ. a village of Saxony, 3 miles S.S.W. of Zwickau. nische Conf deration, aR-Ghbn-teelne-sheh kon-fu-dA-rlt-sePLANK  RIDGE, a small village of Camden co., North  6nl,) formerly the CONFEDERATION  OF LA PLATA, a
Carolina.                                                  republic in South America. extending over an immense
PLANK-ROAD, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.   region bounded on the S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean; S. by
PLANK-ROAD, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan.        the Rio Negro, which separates it from Patagonia; W. by
PLANK-ROAD, a post-office of-Belmont co., Ohio.          the Cordilleras of Chili and Bolivia; N. by Bolivia; and on
PLANKSTADT, pllnk'st/tt, a village of Baden, circle of  the E. it is separated from the Republic of Uruguay, and
Lower Rhine, near Schwetzingen. Pop. 1355.                 mostly from  Brazil, (a distance of near 700 miles,) by the
PLAtNO, a post-office of Collin co., Texas.              river Uruguay, and farther N. from Paraguay by the river
PLANITERS, a post-village of Attala co., Mississippi.    Paran&; lat. 220 to 410 S., Ion. 540 to 710 35' W. Greatest
PLANTERS, a township of Chicot co., Arkansas. Pop. 497. length from  N. to S., 1320 miles; average length, about
PLANTERS;  a post-township of Philips co., Arkansas. 1200 miles; greatest breadth, measured on a parallel of latiPop. 687.                                                  tude, 1000 miles; least breadth, 500 miles; medium breadth,
PLANTER'S HALL, a post-office of Breckenridge co., about 690 miles. Estimated area, 820,000 square miles.
Kentucky.                                                    Ibce of the Country.-This vast territory forms an oblong
PLANTER'S HILL, a post-office of Jennings co., Indiana.  quadrilateral, the W. side of which, for a distance of 1300
PLANTER'S STAND, a post-office of Madison co., Georgia. miles, is bounded by the Andes. This boundary has never
PLANITEIRSYILLE,, a post-village of Perry co., Alabama, been thoroughly examined. Snowy heights and volcanic
on the Alabama and Tennesee Rivers Railroad, 77 miles S. peaks have been recognised at a distance; but the wellof Tuscaloosa.                                             watered hilly regions and habitable low tracts at the foot of
PLANTERSVILLE, a post-office of Morehouse parish, these mountains are still for the most part. unknown. In
Louisiana.                                                 some places lateral branches from the high Andes run into
PLANITERVILLE, a village of Georgetown district, South  the plain to a distance of 150 or 200 miles, and these high
Carolina, near Great Pedee River, about 20 miles N. by E. grounds have been generally selected for settlements. The
of Georgetown. It is a place of summer resort.             E. portion of the state, round the river Paraguay, is a hilly.
PLANTSVILLE, a post-office of Hartford co., Connecticut.  country. The plains S. and S.W. of Buenos Ayres, at a disPLANTSVILLE, a railroad station of Branford township,  tance of 150 miles, become hilly; and chains of hills, (the
New Haven co., Connecticut, on the New Haven and New  Sierra Tinta, Sierra Tapalquen, &c.,) never rising 300 feet
London Railroad, 7 miles E. by S. of New Haven.             above the plain, extend from  S.E. to N.W.; and farther
PLAQUES'lINE, plak'meent, a parish forming the S.E. ex-  S.W., the Ventana Mountain, about lat. 380 S., and Ion. 640
tremity of Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, at  W.. stretches parallel to the last-named hills, andjoins the
the mouth of the Mississippi, by which it is intersected. Guamini range in the N.W. The.highest point of the YenArea, about 900 square miles. The surface is elevated only  tana is about 2500 feet above the plain, which rises from 800
a few feet above the gulf. A large part of the parish, near  feet to 900 feet above the level of the ocean. But the mounthe Balize, is occupied by extensive marshes, which produce  tainous tracts form only a small portion of the whole terrinothing but tall reeds. The soil of the higher portions is  tory, which generally spreads out into immense and uniform
fertile. In 1850 this parish produced 1,536,740 pounds of  plains. These are generally understood to comprise two rorice-the greatest quantity raised in any parish of the state. gions: the northern, watered by the Salado, Vermejo, PilPop. 7390, of whom 2611 were free, and 4779 slaves.         comayo, &c., forming a part of the Gran Chaco, which extends
PLAQUEMIIINE, a post-village and former capital of Iber- into the E. half of Bolivia; and the southern, or Pampas, a
ville parish, Louisiana, on the right bank of Mississippi plain covered alternately with pasturage and gigantic thisRiver, at the egress of Plaquemine Bayou, 112 miles above  ties, and interspersed with a multitude of salt lakres, some
New Orleans. It has a steamboat landing, and an active  of large size. Towards the N.W. part of this republic there
business in shipping cotton.                                is said to be an extensive and elevated region, called DEsPLAQUEMINE BAYOU, plak'meen! bIoo, Louisiana, an  PorBLADo,' uninhabited country," a large portion of the suroutlet of Mississippi River, commences at Plaquemine, on  face of which is covered witih salt. The hot wind from these
the right bank, and flowing S.W., unites with Atchafalaya  plains sometimes blisters the, faces and hands of people in
Bayou. The Mississippi flews into this bayou only in the  the shade. On one occasion. (December, 1825,) the keys and
highest stages. Its whole length is perhaps 10 or 12 miles.  bolts of the doors in the houses at Santiago del Estero
PLAQUEMINE BRU'LEEt, a bayou of Louisiana, com- became so hot that they could not be held in the hands.
mences near Opelousas, and flowing S.W., unites with the    Rivers. —Prom  the Andes and from  the mountains of
Mermenteau.                                                 Brazil, rivers of great magnitude descend. and meeting toPLAQUEMINE BRULEE, a post-office of St. Landry pa- gether, pour their united waters into the ocean through a
rish, Louisiana.                                            common outlet. This outlet is the Rio de la Plata, which
PLASENCIA, pl-sen'the-/, or PLACENCIA, plF-thhnf-  is in reality not a river so much as an estuary receiving
the-F, (ane. Deobtrige or Anbratcia?) a city of Spain, province  great rivers. At its mouth, between Cape St. Antonio and
of Caceres, on the Gerte, here crossed by 3 bridges, 44 miles  Cape St. Mary, it has a width of 170 miles. About 50 miles
N.W. of Almaraz. Pop. 6800. It is enclosed by old walls  higher up, near Montevideo v where it is reduced to a width
and semicircular towers, with a ruined citadel on the N. of 53 miles, its waters are already quite fresh. At Buenos
It has many substantial edifices, a fine Gothic cathedral, Ayres, 150 miles farther up, the land being low, is not
with rich works of art; numerous other churches, convents,  visible from the middle of the stream. The current of this
and an episcopal palace; manufactures of hats, leather,  great river is perceptible in the Atlantic at a distance of 100
woollen, linen, and hempen stuffs, and an aqueduct on 80  miles, or even 200 miles; yet the depth of the stream  is by
arches, by which it is supplied with water.                 no means propo'tional to its breadth. Above Montevideo,
PLASENCIA or PLACENCIA, a town of Spain, province  its navigable channels are narrowed by sandbanks, and so
of Guipuzcoa, on the Deva, 23 miles W. of San Sebastian. shallow are its S. shores, that at Buenos Ayres vessels of
Pop. 1665, who manufacture firearms, swords, cutlery, and  moderate size are obliged to anchor from 6 to 9 miles from
bronze work.                                               land. Even boats cannot run fairly on shore, but are obPLASENCIA (or PLACENCIA) DE JALON, a town of liged to transfer their passengers to rudely-constructed,
Spain, province, and 21 miles W. of Saragossa, on the Jalon  large-wheeled carts, which convey them over some hundred
~Xalon.) It has a large fair for horses and mules in Septem- yards of shallow  water. The great rivers which unite to
~er.                                                       form the La Plata, are the Pam-an  and Uruguay. The forPLASK, a town of Poland. See PLONSRC.                     mer issues from the N.W. by several mouths; the latter dePLASKI, pliishfkee, or PLASCIIKI, a village of Austsian  scends from the N., in a single channel 6 miles wide at its
Croatia, in the military frontier, 30miles S.S.W. of Karnlstadt. entrance.  Between them  they embrace a tract of delta
Pop. 1164. It is the see of a Greek bishop.                 about 30 miles in extent, the middle point of it being in
PLASSEY, pls/see, a village of British India, presidency  about lat. 340 15' S., and 45 miles nearly due N. from
and province of Bengal, district of Nuddea, 83 miles N. of  Buenos Ayres, (lon. 590 40' W.) The Uruguay, which is
Calcutta, and memorable for the great victory obtained  said to take its name from its numerous falls, has a course
there, June 23, 1757, by the troops under Clive, over the 6f 800 miles. It may be ascended in small vessels about
army of the Bengal viceroy.                                 200 miles, to the Salto Grande, which is a rapid practicable
PLASSIA, plis'se-a, a village of North-west Hindostan, on  for boats during the floods.
the Sutlej, 43 miles E:.N.E. of Loodianah.                    The Parandu, considered with reference to the magnitude
PLAT, a village of Bohemia.  See PLATTE-.                 and number of its tributaries, is one of the greatest rivers
PLATA, an island of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of  on the American continent. Within the limits of the ArEcuador, 20 miles S.W. of Cape San Lorenzo.                 gentine Republic, it receives from the W. the Salado, which
PLATA, LA, 1F pl'td, a town of South America, in New  has a course of 1000 miles; the Rio Vermejo, 750 miles; and
Granada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and 02  the Pilcomayo, 1000 miles in length; and from the E. the
miles S.S.W. of Neyva. on an affluent of the Magdalena. It  Pamaguay joins it s'fter a course of 1600 miles, in lat. 270
L tands in a highly fertile valley, and is stated to be well 20' S. The length of the Parand from its sources to its jesun
built.                                                      tion with the Paraguay, is above 1500 miles, and thlene to
1497




PLA                                                        PLA
the sea, 600 miles more. In breadth and volume of water, it of the rivers. The intermediate tract, between the eastern.
has five times the magnitude of the Paraguay, which is itself  most offshoots of the Andes and the Paran', is more or less
superior to the greatest European rivers. In the lower part arid and barren, and even the W. states are in some cases
of its course, below itsjunction with the Paraguay, it is every- separated from  each other, as Cordova and Santiago del
where deep, broad, and unobstructed, except in the delta, Estero.
where the deepest channel has often but 21 fathoms. In    Geology.-The rocks which show themselves above the
general, the rivers which join the Paraguay and Parang  general plain of La Plata, in the provinces of Entre Rios
from the E., descend with great rapidity, and offer little fa- and Cordova, in the Ventana Mountain, S. of Buenos Ayres,
aility to navigation. Those from the Andes, on the other  and in the islands of the Paranfi, are chiefly granitic. In
hand,' wind slowly through an immense extent of level the Ventana, the granite is covered to some extent by
plain, and are available, to a great extent, as means of in- rocks of pure white quartz. The Patagonian plains, the
ternal communication. The Salado is said to be navigable  Pampas, and Gran Chaco are all characterized by a great didown from the neighborhood of Salta. The Pilcomayo has  luvial formation, which consists of a calcareo-argillaceous
been found to be too shallow at its mouths, even for boats. conglomerate, in horizontal strata; and in the Patagonian
The Vermejo, on the other hand, has been descended from  plains exhibits a succession of terraces rising towards the
Oran to the Parani. a distance estimated, with the wind- interior, the E. declivity of each terrace presenting the apings of the stream, at 1200 miles. The floods conveyed tothe  pearance of an ancient sea-shore. The inner terraces are
La Plata by its chief tributaries arrive at different seasons, capped with lava, the blackness of which is strikingly conand tend to equalize its waters throughout the year. The  trasted with the glaring brightness of the cliffs and plains
Uruguay is flooded from  June to November; the Paranit  below. Extensive tracts in the interior are covered with
pours down its greatest torrents in December; while the Pa- volcanic ashes or with pumice, and the latter is even found
raguay, swelled by the overflowing of the lake of the Xara- stratified on the sea-shore hundreds of miles from the mounyes, rises regularly from February to June.                 tains. In the lower diluvial strata are found marine reThe rivers of the plains which do not belong to the basin  mains, partly of extinct, partly of existing species. These
of the Paran[[ have little relative importance, and are for occur on the Patagonian coast, and for some distance inland;
the most part wasted by evaporation, and terminate in oc- in the cliffs at Bahia Blanca; in those of the Paran[i, at
casional lakes, marshes, or salt-pans. From the hills of Cor-  the E. foot of the Cordillera, and even in some instances on
dova, in the middle of the plains, several streams wind in a  the mountains themselves, at the height of nearly 14.000
general S.E. direction, and one or two reach at times the  feet. In the strata above the preceding, are imbedded the
Paran[; the rest are dissipated on the level plains. The  fossil remains of extinct mammalia, generally of colossal
rivers of San Juan and Mendoza, and the country farther S., size, and bearing striking analogies to the existing fauna
adjoining the Andes, seem to be all lost in lakes; such as  of Africa. These fossils also have been discovered throughthe Guanacache, Sentero, Bevedero, and Urre Lanquen or out the plains and Pampas, from Patagonia to the hills of
Bitter Lake, which, as well as their tributary rivers, the  the Chiquitos. From the lower part of the Rio Colorado N.,
Mendoza, Tunuyan, Desaguadero, Diamante, and Chadi the stones disappear, not even a pebble being found in the
Leubu, though represented in maps, are in reality but little  soil for some hundred miles S. and W. of Buenos Ayres.
known. The level plains immediately S.W. and S. of Buenos  In this extensive tract, a fine alluvium has been deposited
Ayres, are drained by another Rio Salado, which is dry the  in the old estuary of the Paranu,, on the diluvial formation
greater part of the year. Farther S., the hills connected  of the Pampas. The deposition of fine sediment still goes
with the Sierra del Vulcan. and the Sierra Ventann, send  on rapidly in the Plata, and in a few centuries, perhaps,
numerous streams to the coast (lat. 390 S.) on the one hand,  that wide but generally shallow estuary will be converted
and on the other to the interior, where they end in salt into a delta of low islands, resembling in soil the plains on
lakes. Nearly in lat. 390 500 S., is the mouth of the Rio Colo- its S. shores.
rado, (Red River,) called by the natives Cobu Leubu, which   JMineralogy.-The Aconquija Cordillera, which separates
has a S.E. course of 500 or 600 miles. It is a constant stream,  Tucuman from  Catamarca, and reaches the limit of perbut rederstood not to be navigable above 120 miles from its  petual snow, (about 15,000 feet,) abounds in mineral treamouth.                                                      sures, in gold, in silver, and copper ores. The Famatina
Lakes and Marshes.-In this country of vast and level range also, in the province of Rioja, has the reputation of
plains, the lakes. lagoons, and marshes, all more or less tem- containing silver ores equalling in richness those of Potosi.
porary and periodical, are relatively numerous and extensive. A large mass of iron, weighing 1400 pounds, which now
As a general rule, the lakes and marshes E. of the Paraguay  figures in the British Museum as meteoric iron, was taken
and Parasu  are fresh; on the W. they are, with few excep- from the plains of Gran Chaco, near the Rio Salado, about
tions, salt. Of the former description, the most remarkable  200 miles E. of Santiago. When it first arrived at Buenos
is the Lake of Yber&, in the province of Corrientes, extend- Ayres, it weighed, perhaps, a ton, and yet it was but a fraging from the S. bank of the Paran[i, where it flows W., to  ment of a much larger mass imbedded in the ground.
the E. bank of the same river farther S. It is said to be  Chemists, guided by analysis, pronounce it to be of meteoric
filled by infiltration from the great river without any visible  origin; but those who saw the original mass never doubted
connection with it, and at times covers an area of perhaps  that it was a ferruginous rock projecting from the ground.
1000 square miles, but has depth of water only for light Coal is said to be abundant in the S.W. provinces, and sulcanoes, and is covered with aquatic plants. The lakes of  phur, alum, mineral-pitch, &c. in the vicinity of the Andes;
the W. and S. plains are all salt; but, besides those which  but few, if any, of these mines are wrought.
have some degree of permanence, there are countless others    Clismate.-In so extensive a region as that embraced by
which disappear soon after the irainy  season has closed, the Argentine Republic, there must necessarily be a conleaving the ground encrusted with salt to the depth of some  siderable variety of climate; yet there is one feature which,
inches. The saline deposites thus resulting from the eva- with some slight modification. seems recognisable throughporation of the waters which have washed the surface of the  out-namely, dryness. The rains carried from high latiplains, vary in different localities. S. of Buenos Ayres, and  tudes by S.W. winds, are arrmested by the Andes, S. of
also at a distance in the W., near San Luis, culinary salt  Chili. Those of the equatorial regions from the E. reach
(chloride of sodium) is found in great abundance, and is used  but a short way beyond the S. tropic, or are exhausted
in curing provisions. In other places are collected sulphate  long before they arrive at the plains of the interior. Thus,
of soda, (Glauber salts,) and sulphate of magnesia, (Epsom   while the country S. of Chili and W. of the Andes is
or English salts.) From the last, which covers the plain  deluged, and that E. of the ParanA abundantly refreshed
round the fort of Melincue, W.N.W. of Buenos Ayres, is pre- with rain, the plain between this river and the Andes suffers
pared the magnesia of commerce.                            firom a deficiency of moisture. The drought is greatest in
Pampas. —If we consider the whole extent of the territory  the Patagonian plains. At Carmen. the Spanish settlement
claimed by the Argentine Republic, from  the Strait of Ma- on the Ito Negro: in lat. 410 S., and not fir from the sea,
gellan to the frontier of Brazil, we shall find it broadly dis- the rains are still very precarious, and sometimes two years
tinguishable into three regions: the Patagoninn plain, ex- pass over with scarcely a shower. As we advance N. over
tending from the Strait of M[gellan to the Rlio Negro; thence  the plain in the interior, towards the tropic, the humidity
the Pampas N. to the Rio Salado; N. of which, and W. of  of the air increases; but owing to the increased evaporation,
the Paraguay, the desert named the Gran Chaco runs ms far and the prevailing  levelness of the ground, there is still a
as the country of the Chiquitos, within the Brazilian limits. deficiency of fiesh water. Buenos Ayres, with the country
The Patagonian plain is everywhere covered with coarse  immediately around and some way S. of it, is exposed to
shingle, lava, or volcanic ashes, and may be appropriately  frequent and warm  N. winds. which, blowing  fiom  the
called a stony desert. At thie mouth of the Rio Negro begins  tropic down the valley of the Parann, over the extensive
a fine des-o-'t of sand and clay, which covers the plains marshes of Entre Rios, and across the river Plata, are loaded
round Be nos Ayres, and some way up the Paran[, and  to excess with vapor.  The mean annual temperature at
clearly marks the extent of the ancient estuary. This is an  Buenos Ayres is about 640 Fahrenheit; the means of sumimnmesrR region of pasture land, but not luxuriant.  As we  mer and winter heat being respectively 720 and 520. In
advant, N. to the Pampas and Gran Chaco, the increasing  ascending the Paranf,  a rapid increase of temperature is
frequency of thorny mimosas and the cactus indicate the  experienced; and in the W. provinces, near the Cordilleras,
change   of climate. In general, the cultivable land of the  the local climate varies continually, according to height
Confederated provinces is confined to the banks of the rivers, and exposure. The elevated plains of Mendoza are celeor ra'ther to their mouths, (for the banks of the Paranti  alone  brated for their agreeableness and salubrity.  Though
are habitable throughout,) and to the country at the source  Buenos Ayres stands in low, level plains, close to a shallow
1498




PLA                                                           PLA
estuary, and surrounded by marshes, it is exempt from the  agricultural processes are in the most backward condition.
fevers incidental to such situations.  The temperature is  N. of Corrientes, cotton, tobacco, rie, and sugar-cane are
equable, but the skies are not always calm. The pmpern        raised; maize, wheat, and other grains are the principal
or S.W. wind sometimes blows with tremendous violence, articles of culture in the S.; wheat has latterly to some exdriving back the waters of the Plata for miles from  the  tent become an article of export. In the province of La
shores, and bearing clouds of dust that completely inter- Rioja, from 8000 to 10,000 small barrels of strong wine aire
cept the light of day. Should rain then fall, as is often the  made annually, and sent into Oordova and the neighboring
case, the dust descends in a shower of mud.  The mouth of  provinces, and a good deal of wine and brandy is furnished
the Plata appears to be one of the points on the earth's  to Buenos Ayres from the province of Mendoza.  The other
surface most frequently visited by violent thunder-storms;  products are qnati or Paraguay tea, cochineal, cocoa, madder,
near its shores, hailstones and lightning are particularly  cinchona bark, and the various fruits. The Indians of the
destructive.                                                  Chaco manufacture yarn, ropes, fishing-nets, and  other
Zoology.-The colossal animals of the Patagonian plains  articles from fibres of the aloe, with saddle-cloths, blankets,
and the Pampas-the giant armadilloes. (7eegatheriuc? and  and other fabrics, which they dye with great skill, and sell
glyptodon,) the llama,  as large as a camel, the American  to their more civilized  neighbors.  Similar goods, with
horse, the elephant, toxodon, and chlamyphorus-are now  morocco leather and turned wares, are made in Cordova;
extinct; yet, with a few exceptions, animals of the same  but in general manufactured articles are imported from
type, but of diminished size, still remain. The guanaco or  abroad in return for raw produce.
wild llama is the characteristic animal of the plains. To-    Commerce.-The agricultural produce of the Argentine
wvards the N. it has been displaced by colonization and the in- Republic hitherto available for exportation has been of but
troduction of cattle, though it is still met with, as well as two  little importance. The herds of the Pampas furnish anspecies of deer. The vicufa, a kindred species, is hunted in  nually for export above 3,000,000 hides of horned cattle, bethe mountains of the W. provinces. The largest of the ro- sides about 250,000 horse-hides. The preserved or jerked
dentia —the giant of its tribe-is the capybara, (hlydrochcswss, beef (charqui, i.e. " dried in the sun") annually exported,
or water-pig.) The tapir is met with fiequently in the N. amount to about 500,000 hundredweight. The bones, horns,
part of the state. The cougar or puma, (American lion,) the  and hair of cattle are also exported in large quantities, with
jaguar or tiger, and the ounce, are more widely distributed. goat and sheep-skins, fine furs, feathers, &c. The value of
Two species of ostrich roam over the open plains; the larger  tallow annually exported is estimated at $3,500,000, and that
kind, which is still inferior in size to the ostrich of the Old  of wool at $4,000,000. The wool has been improved of late
World, is rarely found S. of the Rio Negro.  The bizcacha  years, and much of it is now of a very fine quality. The
and tuco-tuco, both allied to the marmot, burrow  in the  total number of hides exported to Great Britain in 1851
plains; they live in numerous communities, and completely  amounted to 503,400, and the average number for each of
undermine the ground, which thus becomes dangerous to  the seven preceding years, 403,284. The total value of all
horsemen. The armadillo, of several species, and the agouti,  the exports amounts to about $20,000,000 annually. Among
are often eaten. Of the birds, the most numerous and re- the exports to the United States, in 1852, were 1,247,763
markable are of the predacious kinds. The condor, gallina-  raw, and 246 tanned hides; 3920 pounds of tallow; 7,084,742
zo. and caracaravulture attaclrk wounded animals.  The tur- pounds of wool; 6717 undressed fur-skins, (e'wt-ia, Chinkey-buzzard feeds on seals and shell-fish.  Three species of  chilsa, dec.;) 6875 pounds of cocoa; and 205,103 pounds of
partridge inhabitthePampas.  Farther N.in Saltsa, the Gran  saltpetre.  The total value of exports to the United States
Chaco, and along the banks of the Paran& and Paraguay,  amounted to $2,091,097; and in 1853, to $2,186,641. Value
parrots become numerous, and the endlessly-varied plumage  of imports from the United States, in 1852, $799,117; and in
of the tropical region begins to make its appearance. But  1853, $881,466. The following table shows the quantity of
the animals indigenous to these vast plains have been ex- British cottons, silk, linen, and woollen manufactures impelled, and superseded to a great extent by introduced spe- ported into the Argentine Republic during the four years
cies, chiefly the horse and horned cattle of the Spaniards. ending 1851:It is supposed that the province of Buenos Ayres alone possesses 4,000,000 head of cattle. Millions of oxen wander at             COTTON lANUOACTURES.       Silk,  Ln           len 
large across the plains, or are reared on breeding estates of                                     nd Silk cds
11                                  an~~~~~~~~~~~~d Silk  1"eelu
vast extent.  The horses are not quite so numerous; of                                            mix    exclu-  Woollen
I [- Calicoes,                sive of Mixture,
these, the greater number roam in the wild state, in droves  year. Caliooes,  Clices,        -     anu   Yr  exls,
thecePlain.Prineedand  Twist.         e   Yan.  excbsise
of from 6000 to 8000. The horse of the Pampas is small and            Plain.     Dyed.           factures.        of Yarn
coarsely formed, but is active, and possesses great power of  -     -                        - 
endurance. The multiplication of this animal has com-                Yards.      Yards.   lbs...
1848  13,999,296   7,845,469 ]11,474  29,1.90  146,482   762,087
pletely changed the manners of the aboriginal tribes, who   1849  23,730,485  1,761,223  19,323   195,50  137,596  1,595,718
11,735,405 ]17,761,223  19,123  95-5,560 [137,516  1,505,715
are now wholly equestrian.  Mules are bred for sale to Ps-  s85o  11,995,173  9,043,949...      2,900   74,385  11,740,388
ruvian and other traders.  Sheep are numerous in the W.   1851  6,592,057  6,523,386  13,610  24,267  121,377   938,195
provinces, where the country is elevated; and wool has become an important article of export. The hogs are of an in- The number of vessels employed in the trade of the Argenferior breed.                                                 tine Republic, in 1849 and 1850, averaged 483; of these 91
Botany.-The plains of La Plata collectively present a  belonged to Great Britain, the next greatest number to the
scanty vegetation, consistingofbutfew species. N. oftheRio  United States; then follow Havana, Germany, (Hamburg'
Negro, where the coarse shingle of the S. plains gives way  chiefly,) Brazil, and France, in the order of their shipping.
to the soil of the Pampas, herbage is more abundant than  In 1853, the South American and General Navigation Coinin Patagonia; and even thickets, or as they are there called, pany, established a line of steamers between Birkenhead,
woods, composed chiefly of a kind of willow, occur in some  (opposite Liverpool, England,) and South America, touching
places. The deficiency of trees is still apparent in Entre  at Buenos Ayres Montevideo, Rtio Janeiro, &c.
Rios; but the banks of the Paraunf are clothed with fine    Goverznment, efc.-The government is nominally a repubtimber; and on approaching the tropics, as well as the Cor- lie, (but the president or director possesses in reality the
dilleras, the vegetation becomes varied  and luxuriant. powers of a dictator.) The office is at'present filled by GeeStill, the most conspicuous plants of Gran Chaco are thorny  ral J. J. Urquiza. The legislature meets at Buenos Ayres.
mimosas, and varieties of cactus.  It is at the foot of the  The religion is Roman Catholic. Education throughout the
Cordillera, in Salta and MIendoza, that palm-trees and the  provinces is in a low state. In Buenos Ayres, however, the
usual ornaments of tropical forests are first met with. The  educational institutions are of a very respectable character.
indigenous plants, as well as animals of this region, have  The revenue of the Argentine Republic in 1850 amounted
been to a great extent dispossessed by introduced species. to $6,093,107, and the expenses to $6,063,645.  The public
The apple-tree, which now forms great forests S. of Chili,  debt at the same date, amounted to the enormous sum  of
from Valdivia, across the Andes, to the sources of the fio  $106,456,403.
Negro, has been planted by the Indians farther N. also, at    People and Manners.-The indigenous tribes of the Argenthe E. base of the Cordillera.  The peach-tree, found more  tine Republic belong to three races-the Araucanian, which
rarely in the same situations, covers the islands towards the  includes the Patagonians, the Pequenches, and others, who
nmouth of the Paranf, and supplies Buenos Ayres with fuel. now roam over the plains as far N. as the Rio Salado; the
It is planted for this purpose, in preference to every other  Peruvian, speaking the Quichua language,* which now
tree, on account bf its rapid growth.  But the most domi- reaches E. from the Cordillera as far as Santiago and the
neering plants are the cardoon, (a wild artichoke,) and the  Guaranis, which extends from the Salado of the Paranl, a
thistle, which occupy thousands of square miles W. and N.W.  long way N. through Brazil. The Spaniards, though comof Buenos Ayres. The thistles, it is stated, grow to such a  paratively few, are now the dominant race. From  their
height as to conceala man on horseback, and so rapidly, that  mixture with the native women have sprung up cololred
travellers, surprised in the interior of the thistle region when  races, differing  according to the descent of their mothers,
the plant first shoots up, have little chance of extricating  and forming, in the remoter districts,'the majority of the
themselves from the miniature folrest which in a few days  population. In Buenos Ayres, and about the shores of La
surrounds them. The cactus thickets farther N. are almost  Plata, negro slaves were formerly numerous; but at present
equally formidable.  In Mendoza and the province of La  only a few negroes remain, the slave trade having ceased at
Rioja the vine finds a congenial soil and climate.
AgriczltZ' re, Manufactures. &c.-The chief wealth of the  To this language belongs the wor fPamnpa, which signifies a
Argentine Republic consists in its herds and flocks.  All treeless plain.
1499




PLA                                                           PLA
the revolution, and slavery being abolished; but their pro- large majority in favor of union, in preference to fedeiation.
geny are still distinguishable  among the colored popu- The vote, however, was practically annulled by the violent
lation. To the three races here mentioned, and the various  opposition of Buenos Ayres. She was unwilling to renounce
colored offspring of their intermixture, are to be added the  her control over the navigation of the Parans, or to cease to
Europeans of various nations, (chiefly English, French, Ger- be the sole port of entry, and thus "Death to the savage
man, and Italian,) who, as merchants. or emigrant settlers,  unionists" became the popular watchword of the state. In
reside in the confederate provinces, especially in Buenos  1835, Don Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose successes, achieved
Ayres.  Here the better class of people are rapidly adopting  against the Indians in the Pampas, had made him the idol
European dress and manners. The lower orders, who are  of the Gaucho population, was elected dictator of Buenos
mostly of mulatto, and still more of Mestizo descent, unite  Ayres, with  unlimited powers.  He possessed the stern
the dissipation and love of gaming  of'the superior class, energy requisite for the management of his half-civilized
with the simple and rude mode of life of the Gaucho or  countrymen, but he was as incapable as they of comprerustic, who is the true type of the Spanish-American in and  bending the prospective benefits of a liberal and enlights
around the Pampas. The Gaucho wears a jacket of coarse  ened policy. Hence, though secure filom  within, he procloth or sheep-skin, and breeches of the same material, open  voked numerous enemies fiom  without.  Iis obstinate
at the knee. His poncho or mantle is a square woollen  contest with Montevideo gave rise to the blockade of the
cloth, with a slit in the middle to admit the head. His  Buenos Ayrean waters by the British and French, and to
boots are without a seam,, being drawn without ripping  the alliance of Brazil with his enemies in Uruguay, and
from, the hind-legs of a horse, the angle at the hock-joints,  finally to the invasion of Buenos Ayres by Urquiza, the goforming   the heel of the boot. His ornaments are his spurs  vernor of Entre Rios, when Rosas, being defeated, (February,
with immense rowels of silver, and silver buckles on his  1852,) fled to England. The navigation of the Parans   was
breast and at his knees; the handle of the large knife stuck  thereupon immediately declared open to the commerce of
in his waist-belt is also sometimes studded with silver. The  the world.-Adj. ARGENTINE, ar/jgn-tin; (Sp. AnaGENr NO,
women dress like the men in most respects, but their arms  aR-nHn-teefno.)
and neck are bare, and they are delighted when they can    PLATEA, pli-teef, (Gr. MIarata, Plataie,) a ruined city
wrap themselves in shawls'of the brightest color.  The  of Greece, in Boeotia, on the W. slope of Mount Cithwron, 7
rancho or hut of the Gaucho is constructed of sticks inter-  miles S.W. of Thebes. Its remains consist of walls and parts
woven with osiers, and plastered with mud, the roof covered  of a citadel. Near it a. c. 479, the Greeks, under Pausanias,.with straw, rushes, or cow-hide; a hide or horse-skin covers  totally defeated and nearly annihilated the grand Persian
the doorway.  Within, the only vessels or utensils are  army under Mardonius, who was killed in the action.
cows'-horns; a small space paved with sheeps'-trotters serves    PLATAMONA, pl-t~[-mo'nd, (anc. Iseracla?) a maritime
for a hea-th, the skulls of horses for stools. The Gaucho  town of European Turkey, in Thessaly, on the W. coast of
subsists almost wholly on beef and water; pumpkins, and  the Gulf of Salonica, 5 miles N. of the mouth of the Satihe flesh of game, if within his reach, are luxuries little  ]ympria.  Pop. 1500. It has some  remains of antiquity, a
valued. He may be said to live on horseback, galloping  citadel on a rock, and a Turkish cemetery.
perpetually over the plains, collecting his herds and droves,    PLATANA, plItd-nA, a maritime town of Asia Minor,
taming wild horses, or catching and slaughtering cattle. In  pashalic, and 7 miles W. of Trebizond, with a roadstead which
such avocations he acquires a marvellous dexterity in  is the winter anchorage of large ships trading to that port.
throwing the lasso or noose, and the bolas or balls. This  It has a fine old Byzantine church, and about 160 houses,
wild man, sleeping in the open air, and spending his time  mostly enclosed within gardens.
in smoking, galloping, or gaming, is one of the most inde-    PLATANI, pl-t~dnee, (anc. Camicus,) a river of Sicily, inpendent and proudest of mortals, and covers with some  tendancies of Palermo and Girgenti, enters the Mediterratraditional courtesy and dignity of demeanor the sentiments  nean 18 miles W.N.W. of Girgenti, after a S.W. course, of 60
of a savage. His unrestrained mode of life, with abundant  miles, mostly through a cultivated plain.
excitement. and few wants, has its charms; and there are    PLATANOS, pla-tdtnoce, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on
not a few rich proprietors who live in houses little better  the S. coast of Samos. It consists of about 300 houses, and
than ranchos, and adopt all the rude, uncivilized habits  has 2 churches.
of the Gaucho.                                                  PLATA, RIO DE LA. See RIO DE LA PLATA.
Divisions. —Th e united provinces of La Plata are 13 in    PLATE or PLATIHE, platteh, a town of Prussia in Pomenumber, and form three groups, namely, the E., or Littoral,  mania, 37 miles N.E. of Stettin. on the Riga.  Pop. 1770.  It
the N., or Central, and the W., which formerly constituted  has 2 castles, some manufactures of woollen cloth, and a
the intendancy of Cuyo. There are no accurate authentic  trade in timber.
accounts of the population of the confederate provinces.    PLATE, a village, grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
Approximate estimates, in which the independent native  6 miles S.S.E. of Schwerin.
tribes are not included, represent it as follows:-              PLATEA, a village of Pennsylvania.  See LOCiRooT.
PLATEL, plA-tdl', a market-town of Russian Poland, goProvinces.           Population.  Chief Cities.   vernment of Vilna, 15 miles W.N.W. of Telsh.  Pop. 1500.
* —."....          PLAITO,  a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New  York,
fBuenos Ayres......   320,008    Buenos Ayres.  about 40 miles S. by E. of Buffalo.
E. or LITTORAL Santa F..........    20,000   Santa F.         PLATO, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio
P~ovzmcts... Entre Rios.........    30,000   Parana.
Feaa C.orrientes..........  40,000    Corrientes.     PLATO, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on the
Cordova...........   90,000    Cordova.       Iroquois River, about 75 miles S. by W. of Chicago.
La Rloja...........    25,000   La Riija,      PLATO, a township in Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 813.
N. PRovINcEs..  Santiago del Esters    5,000    Santiago.      PLATO, pl'to, a village of South America, in New Gra1Tcuman..........    45,000   Tueuman,
Catamanrca..         3000......  -500nada0 department of Magdalena, 12 miles S.S.E.of Tenerife.
Catsm~rcn........ 30,000   Catamarca.Z:
I Salta and Jujuy...  80,000    Salta.         Pop. 2000.
rSan Luis..........   20,000    San Luis.        PLATTE. a river of Michigan, rises in the N.W. part of
W. PROVIacEs.. IMendoza...........    45,000    Mendoza.     the peninsula, and flows into Lake Michigan in lat. 450 N.
kSan Juan:::::::::    25,000 SaJunI
PLATTE, platt. or NEBRASIKA, the longest of the afTotal of the Confederation....   820,000                flueuts of the Missouri, rises in the Rocky Mountains by.__________________ _  -two branches, termed the North and SouthForks, which unite
Other and recent estimates reduce this total to 596,000; about 800 miles from the source of the former, or principal
while the Gothaische Almanacht for 1853 gives a total of about  branch.  It flows in a general E. course, and empties itself
2,000,000, of whom  1,200,000 are Creoles, Spaniards, and  into the Missouri, in about 400 50' N. lat., and 960 W. ion.
half-castes; 200,000 subjected Indians; and 25,000 negroes.  The whole length, including that of the North Fotrk, is
History. —In 1535, Don Pedro de Mendoza, on his way to  about 1200 miles. As its name Platte (i. e. in French, "shalParaguay, built a fort on the present site of Buenos Ayres,  low") signifies, it has little depth of water, and except in
but that was soon destroyed by the Indians; and it was not  floods, can be forded in almost every part. During the dry
till 1580 that Don Juan de Garay took formal possession of  season, the channel of this river is said to exhibit nothing
the country, and founded the city of Buenos Ayres. At that but a succession of shallow pools. in high water it has been
time, and for nearly two centuries afterwards, the whole ascended by steamboats several hundred miles. It is full
country, fl-om the mouth of the Plata to the Pacific Ocean, of islands, some of which are many miles jn length, and in
Paraguay included, was comprised in the viceroyalty of Peru. some places it is 3 miles wide.
In 1776 La Plata, comprehending all the Spanish dependen-    PLATTE, a river which rises in theS. part of Iowa, flows
dies E. of the Cordilleras, was erected into an independent southerly, entering Missouri near the N.W. corner of Gentry
government. In 1809, the conquest of Spain by the French  county, and falls into the Missouri River in Platte county,
released the Spanish-American governments from theitr ties  12 miles above the mouth of Kansas River. It is sometimes
to the mother-country, and the revolutions which then  called Little Platte. Branches.-Smith's Fork enters the
ensued, narrowed the limits of La Plata, Tarija, and some  Platte from the left, in Platte county, several miles N.E. of
other districts on the Cordilleras, being annexed to Bolivia,  Platte City. Third Fork enters the main stream on its loft
while Paraguay became independent. Buenos Ayres failed  bank, in Buchanan county.
signally in the attempt to establish fleedom  on a basis of    PLATTE, a small river of Wisconsin, flows through
good order and stability. Between 1810 and 1835 she had  Grant co., and enters the Mississippi about 9 miles above
no fewer than thirty-six changes of government. In 1824, a  Dubuque.  Rich mines of lead are opened along its banks.
general congress of the confederated states decided by a    PLATTE, a county in the W.N.W. part of Missouri,,has
1500




PLA                                                       PLE
an aree of 416 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by    PLAUZAT, plSzf, a village of France, department of
the Missburi River, and traversed from N. to S. by Little  Puy-de-DSme, 11 miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1296.
Platte River, firom which it derives its name. The surface   PLAVIS. See PIAVE.
is diversified by forests and undulating prairies; tile soil is    PLAY/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
very productive, and extensively cultivated. According to    PLAYIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
the census of 1850, Platte county produced more hemp than    PLAZA ARRIBA. pld/sA an-neecBe, a village on the left
any other county in the Union, more wheat and butter than  bank of the Rio del Norte, in the interior of the Territory
any other in Missouri, and more corn than any other in the  of New Mexico.
state, excepting Buchanan. The produce of that year was   PLAZAC, plzk, a village of France, department of Dor1,814,287 bushels of corn; 129,067 of wheat; 4355 tons of dogne, 6 miles W.S.W. of Montignac. Pop. 1690.
hemp, and 959,811 pounds of butter. Platte county is the    PLEAN, plan, a village of Scotland, co., and 5 miles S.S.E.
most populous in the state, excepting St. Louis.  The inha- of Stirling. The English encamped here the night before
bitants carry on a profitable trade with the Indian tribes. their signal defeat at Bannockburn.
Capital, Platte City. Pop. 14,845, of whom 14,047 were free,   PLEAS/ANT, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania
and 2798 slaves.                                          Pop. 240.
PLATTE, a township in Andrew co., Missouri. Pop. 2290.   PLEASANT, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tennessee.
PLATTE, a township in Buchanan co., Missouri. Pop.   PLEASANT, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 1456.
881.                                                        PLEASANT, a township of Clark co., Ohio. Pop. 1349.
PLATTE CITY, a post-village, capital of Platte co., Mis-   PLEASANT, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 2011.
souri, is situated on the river of the same name, 200 miles   PLEASANT, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 962.
W.N.W. of Jefferson City, and 7 miles E. of the Missouri   PLEASANT, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 522.
River. Pop. in 1853, about 600.                             PLEASANT, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 1059.
PLATTE/KILL, a post-village and township of Ulster co.,   PLEASANT, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 338.
New York, about 80 miles S. by W. of Albany. Pop. 1998.    PLEASANT, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 909.
PLATTEN, pl[t/ten, PLAT, or BLATNA, a town of Bohe-   PLEASANT, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 806.
mia, 14 miles N. of Elbogen, in the Erzgebirge, with iron-   PLEASANT, a township ofMaclison co., Ohio. Pop. 1184.
mines in operation. Pop. 1800.                              PLEASANT, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 1198.
PLATTEN SEE, Hungary.  See BALATONY LAKE.                 PLEASANT, a post-township in the S.E. part of Putnam
PLATTE RIVER, a post-office of Buchanan co., Mis-  co., Ohio. Pop. 714.
souri.                                                      PLEASANT, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1592.
PLATTE/VILLE, a thriving post-village of Grant co.,   PLEASANT, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 619.
Wisconsin, on a small affluent of Platte River, about 22    PLEASANT, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.
miles N. of Galena, and 78 miles W.S.W. of Madison. It is   PLEASANT, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 658.
surrounded by extensive lead-mines, and is one of the    PLEASANT, a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 1082.
principal places in the county. The land in the vicinity is    PLEASANT, a township of Johnson co., Indiana. P. 1270.
excellent, and much improved. Platteville was incorporated    PLEASANT. a township of La Porte co., Indiana. P. 632.
in 1841. It has an academy, several churches, and 2 smelt-   PLEASANT, a township of Porter Co., Indiana. Pop. 311.
ing-furnaces. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.                      PLEASANT, a post-township of Switzerland co., Indiana.
PLATTLING, plltt'ling, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, Pop. 2211.
on the Isar, here crossed by a bridge 900 feet in length, 16    PLEASANT, a township of Wabash co., Indiana. P. 1312.
miles S.E. of Straubing. Pop. 2019.                          PLEASANT BROOK, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.
PLATTSBUIRG, a post-village and township, port of entry,    PLEASANT CREEK, a post-office of Taylor co, Virginia.
and capital of Clinton co., New York, is situated on both    PLEASANT DALE, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virsides of the Saranac River, at its entrance into Cumberland  ginia.
Bay of Lake Champlain, about 160 miles N. by E. of Albany.   PLEASANT EXCHANGE, a post-village of Henderson co.,
Lat. 440 42' N., lon. 730 26'W. The Plattsburg and Montreal Tennessee, 110 miles W.S.W. of Nashville.
Railroad connects it with Mlontreal, and steamboats ply to    PLEASANT FLAT, a post-office of Mason co., Virginia.
the several ports on Lake Champlain. It has a fine har]or,    PLEASANT GAP. a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania..
and the Saranac opens communication with the mineral   PLEASANT GAP, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virand lumber regions of the interior. The village is well ginia.
laid out, and contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, 2    PLEASANT GAP, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
banks, an academy, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, the United    PLEASANT GAP, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, 65
States barracks, and several prosperous manufactories of miles S.S.W. of Independence.
cotton, wool, machinery, &c., for which the river affords ex-   PLEASANT GARDEN, a small village of McDowell co.,
tensive water-power. The trade of the district, which is North Carolina.
divided between Plattsburg and Whitehall, amounted in    PLEASANT GREEN, a small village of Daviess co., Ken1851 to $749,002 exports, and $294,284 imports. Of the ex- tucky.
ports, $375,594 was domestic produce, and $373,453 foreign    PLEASANT GREEN, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri,
merchandise. The shipping of the district, June 30, 1852, about 90 miles E. by S. of Independence.
amounted to an aggregate of 6259 tons enrolled and licensed,   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-village of Morris co., New
of which 1701 tons were employed in steam  navigation. Jersey, 21 miles W. of Morristown, contains a church.
A famous naval battle was fought on the bay in Septem-   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennher, 1814, which resulted in the capture of the British  sylvania.
fleet, and at the same time the Americans, under General   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Lunenburg co., VirMacomb, gained a decisive victory over the English in the  ginia.
town. Commodore Macdonough commanded on the lake.   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Alamarice co., North
Pop. of the township, 5618.                               Carolina.
PLATTS/BURG, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Mis-   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Greenville district,
souri, on Smith's Fork of Platte River, about 175 miles  South Carolina.
W.N.W. of Jefferson City.                                   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Pickens co., Alab-ima.
PLATTSVILLE, a village in Meriden township, New Ha-   PLEASANT GROVE, a small village of Macon co., illsyen co., Connecticut, on the Quinepiack,. about 19 miles  sissippi.
N.N.E. of New Haven. It contains a large manufactory of    PLEASANT GROVE, a post-village of Madison co, Misivory combs.                                              sissippi.
PLATTSVILLE, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.           PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of De Soto parish, LouiPLATT/VILLE, a post-office of Kendall co., Illinois.    siana.
PLATZ, pl~ts, or STRAZ, strAts, a market-town of Bohe-   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.
mia, 22 miles E.N.E. of Budweis. Pop. 1323.                 PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office' of Ohio co., Kentucky.
PLAU, pliw, a walled town of North Germany, in Meek-   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Clermont co.. Ohio.
lenberg-Schwerin, principality of Gitstrow, on Lake Plan, 37    PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Jasper co., Indiana.
miles E.S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 2625.                        PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Macoupin cc., Illinois.
PLAU, pliw, or PLAUE, pl0w/eh, a lake of Germany, in    PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa.
Mecklenberg-Schwerin, 9 miles long from N. to S., by 3 miles   PLEASANT GROVE, a village of Keokuk co., Iowa, near
broad. It receives the waters of Lake Elsen on the E., and  Skunk River, 40 miles S.W. of Iowa City.
discharges itself on the W. into the Elbe.                  PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Kenosha co., WlisPLAU, a lake of Prussia, province of Brandenburg. It is consin.
an expansion of the Havel, and is a main feeder of the Canal   PLEASANT GROVE, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Terof Plane, connecting the Havel with Elbe.                 ritory.
PLAUEN, plw/gn, a town of Saxony, circle of Zwickau,   PLEASANT GROVE MILLS, a post-office of Fleming co.,
on the left bank of the White Elster, 61 miles S.W. of Leip-  Kentucky.
sic, with a station on the Saxon-Bavarian Railway. Pop.   PLEASANT HALL, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylva10,628. It is enclosed by walls, and has several churches nia, 45 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg.  It has about 100 in,
and hospitals, a royal castle, and a gymnasium, manufac- habitants.
tures of linen and cotton goods, and a small pearl-fishery in    PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of New Castle co., Dela
the river.                                                ware.                                       1501
15 L




PLE                                                          PLE
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Fayette co., Virginia.   fance, and on Nash's Island, at its entrance, is a light-house
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office and station of Northamp- Lat. 440 25' N., ]on. 670 37/ W.
ton co., North Carolina, on the Petersburg Railroad, 12 miles    PLEASANT RUN, a creek of Texas, flows into the Trinity
N. of Weldon.                                               River from the W., in Dallas county.
PLEASANT HILL, a post-village of Lancaster district,   PLEASANT RUN, a post.office of Dallas co., Teyas.
South Carolina.                                               PLEASANT RUN, a small village of Montgomery co..
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Talbot co., Georgia.      Kentucky.
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama.        PLEASANT RUN, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of De Soto co., Mississippi.   PLEASANT RUN, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of De Soto parish, Loui-  Pop. 1342.
siana.                                                        PLEASANTS, a new county in the N.W. part of Virginia,
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Hopkins co., Texas.    bordering on the Ohio River, which separates it from the
PLEASANT HILL, a small post-village of Franklin co., state of Ohio. The surface is hilly; the soil generally ferArkansas.                                                   tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and cattle are the staPLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Mercer co., Kentucky. ples. Formed since 1850, out of parts of Wood, Tyler, and
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio.          Ritchie counties. Capital, St. Mary's.
PLEASANT HILL, a finely-situated post-village of Mont-   PLEASANT SHADE, a post-office of Smith co., Tennessee.
gomery co., Indiana, 58 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis.         PLEASANT SHADE, a post-office of Perry co., Illinois.
PLEASANT HILL, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois,   PLEASANT SITE, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.
about 80 miles W.S.W. of Springfield.                         PLEASANT SPRING,.a post-office of Kemper co., MisPLEASANT HILL, a post-village of Case co., Missouri, sissippi.
about 36 miles S.W. of Lexington.                             PLEASANT SPRING, a post-office of ioward co., Indiana.
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.    PLEASANT SPRING, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin.
PLEASANT HILL, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon.         Pop. 732.
PLEASANT HOPE, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri.         PLEASANT SPRINGS, a post-office of Lexington district,
PLEASANT ISLAND, a circular island in the South Pa- South Carolina.
cific Ocean, in lat. 00 25' S., lIo. 1670 5' E., about 15 miles in    PLEASANT UINITY, a post-village of Westmoreland co.,
circumference.                                              Pennsylvania, 38 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg.
PLEASANT LAKE, New York. See LAKE PLEASANT.                 PLEASANT VALE, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
PLEASANT LAKE. a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana.   PLEASANT VALE, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, 90
PLEASANT LANE, a post-office of Edgefield dist'ict,  miles W. by S. of Springfield.
South Carolina.                                               PLEASANT VAL/LEY, a post-office of Chittenden co.,
PLEASANT LEVEL, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia.        Vermont.
PLEASANT MILLS, a village of Atlantic co., New Jersey,   PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-village of Litchfield co., Conon the Little Egg Harbor River, 15 miles nearly N. of May's  necticut.
Landing, has a small Roman Catholic church.                   PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-village and township of
PLEASANT MILLS, a post-township of Adams co., In-  Dutchess co., New York, on Wappinger's Creek, 7 miles N.E.
diana. Pop. 71.                                             of Poulghkeepsie. The village contains churches of 4 or 5
PLEASANT MOUND, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ten- denominations, about half a dozen stores, and several mills.
nessee.                                                     Pop. of the township, 2226.
PLEASANT  MOUND, a post-office of Laurens district,    PLEASANT VAL/LEY,   a post-office of Sussex co., New
South Carolina.                                             Jersey.
PLEASANT MOUNT, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsyl-   PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennvania.                                                      sylvania.
PLEASANT MOUNT, a post-office of Pitt co., North Ca-   PLEASANT VALLEY, a township of Potter co., Pennrolina.                                                     sylvania. Pop. 73.
PLEASANT MOUNT, a post-office of Panola co., Missis-   PLEASANT VALLEY, apost-office of Failifax co., ii-ginia.
sippi.                                                        PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-village of Lancaster district,
PLEASANT MOUNT, a post-office of Miller co., Missouri.  South Carolina.
PLEASANT OAKS, a post-office of Brunswick co., Vir-    PLEASANT VALLEY. a post-office of Murray co., Georgia.
ginia.                                                        PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Washington co.,
PLEASONTON, a post-village of Itawamba co., Mississippi. Alabama.
PLEASONTON, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.              PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Yell co., Arkansas.
PLEASANT PARK, a small post-village of Carroll co..   PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Wayne co., TenMissouri.                                                   nessee.
PLEASANT PLAIN, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.        PLEASANT VALLEY, a village of Madison co., Ohio, has
PLEASANT PLAIN, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, 200 inhabitants.
45 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City.                                 PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office and station of Morgan
PLEASANT PLAINS. a post-village'of Dutchess co., New  co., Ohio, on the Central Ohio Railroad, 50 miles S. of CoYork, 66 miles S. of Albany.                                lumbus.
PLEASANT PLAINS, a post-office of Cumberland co.,   PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Martin co., Indiana.
North Carolina.                                               PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., IiPLEASANT PLAINS, a post-village of Independence co., linois.
Arkansas, about 15 miles S. of Batesville.                    PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-office of Wright co., Missouri.
PLEASANT PLAINS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Ten-   PLEASANT VALLEY, a small post-village of Scott co.,
nessee.                                                    Iowa.
PLEASANT PLAINS, a post-office.of Sangamon co., I1-   PLEASANT VALLEY, a post-township of Marquette co.,
linlis.                                                     Wisconsin. Pop. 766.
PLEASANT PLAINS, a post-village of Scott co., Missouri,   PLEASANT VALLEY MILLS, a post-office of Nicholas co.,
about 30 miles W. of the mouth of the Ohio River.           Kentucky.
PLEASANT POINT, a post-office of Daviess co., Kentucky.   PLEASANT VIEW, a post-office of Juniata co., PennsylPLEASANT PRAIRIE, a post-village of Greene co., Mis- vania.
souri. 22 miles E.N.E. of Springfield.                        PLEASANT VIEW, a post-office ofJackson co., Virginia.
PLEASANT PRAIRIE, a post-village and township of Re-   PLEASANT VIEW, a post-office of Darlington district,
nosha co., Wisconsin, 7 miles W. of Kenosha. Pop.959.       South Carolina.
PLEASANT PRAIRIE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.   PLEASANT VIEW, a thriving post-village of Shelby co.,
PLEASANT RETREAT, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Indiana, on the Lawrenceburg and Mississippi Railroad, 15
Georgia.                                                    miles S.E. of Indianapolis.
PLEASANT RETREAT, a post-office of Davidson co., Ten-   PLEASANT VIEW, a post-village of Schuyler co., Illin'.".,
nessee.                                                    on the road between Rushville and the Illinois River.
PLEASANT RETREAT, a post-office of Scotland co., Mis-   PLEASIANTVILLE, a post-village of Westchester co., New
souri.                                                     York, on the Harlem Railroad, 34 miles N. of New York
PLEASANT RIDGE, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama. City.
PLEASANT RIDGE, a post-office of Tippah co., Mississippi.    PLEASANTVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., PennsylPLEASANT RIDGE, a post-office of Bracken co., Ken- vania.
tucky.                                                       PLEASANTVILLE, a small village of Venango co., Penn
PLEASANT RIDGE, a post-office of Ilamilton co., Ohio.   sylvania.
PLEASANT RIDGE, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana.    PLEASANTVILLE, a post-office of Ilarford co., Maryland.
PLEASANT RIDGE, a small post-village of Rock Island    PLEASANTVILLE, a post-village of Rockingham  co.,
co., Illinois.                                            North Carolina.
PLEASANT RIDGE, a village of Lee co., Iowa, about 28    PLEASANTVILLE, a village of Hickman co., Tennessee.
miles N. of Keokuk.                                         PLEASANTVILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, 30
PLEASANT RIVER, of Washington co., Maine, falls into  miles S.E. of Columbus.
the head of Pleasant River Bay, a deep inlet of the Atlantic.   PLEASANTVILLE, a small village of Cumberland co,
The river affords fine water-power, is navigable for some dis- Illinois.
1502




PLE                                                         PLO
PLEASANTVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois,    PLEUMARTIN, pluhlmaa'tINO, a village of France, de.
near Spoon River, about 50 miles N.W. of Springfield.      partment of Vienne, 12 miles S.E. of Ch'tellerault. P. 1272.
PLEASANTVILLE, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, 100    PLEUMEUR, pluh'murl, a village of France, department
iniles W.S.W. of Iowa City.                                of Cbtes-du-Nord, arrondissement of Lannion.  Pop. 2650.
PLEASANT WOODS, a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana.   PLEUMEUR, a village of France, department of CbtesPLEASELEY, pleezllee, a parish of England, co. of Derby. du-Nord, arrondissement of Lannion.  Pop. in 1852, 2556.
PLEASINGTON, pleez'ing-ton, a township of England, co.   PLEURTUIT, pluRatweet, a village of France, department
of Lancaster, 3 miles W.S.W. of Blackburn, with a station  of Ille-et-~ilaine, 5 miles S.W. of St. Malo.  Pop. in 1852,
on the East Lancashire Railway.                            4912.
PLEASURESVILLE, plkzh/lrs-vil, a post-village of Henry    PLEYBEN, plIb3NoP, a market-town of France, departco., Kentucky, on the railroad from Louisville to Frankfort, ment of Finistbre, 16 miles N.N.E. of Quimper.  Pop. in
45 miles E. of the former.                                 1852, 4901.
PLEAUX, plda01, a town of France, department of Cantal,   PLEYBERCIIRIST, plAbWa'kreestf, a village of France,
18 miles N.W. of Aurillac. Pop. in 1852, 2801.             department of Finistdre, 5 miles S.S.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in
PL]CCHATEL, plAshfttllf, a town of France, department  1852, 3430.
of Ille-et-Vilaine, 23 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. in 1852, 2209.   PLEYSTEIN, pllstIne, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper
PL]DELIAC, plAdee'yiikt, a village of France, department Palatinate, 8 miles N.E. of Leuchtenberg. Pop. 1068.
of COtes-du-Nord, 14 miles W. of Dinan. Pop. in 1852, 2128.   PLIEGO, ple-A/go, a town of Spain; province, and 22 miles
PL]4DRAN, plA'dr8Nmc, a village of France, department of  W. of Murcia. Pop. 3004.
CMtes-du-Nord. 4 miles S. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 3703.    PLIENINGEN, pleelning-gn, a village of Wiirtemberg,
PLEIDESHEIM, plides-hime&, or PLEIDELSHEIM, plY- circle of Neckar, 5 miles S.S.E. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 2267.
dels-hime', a market-town of Wtirtemberg, circle of Neckar,   PLINLIM/MON, one of the loftiest mountains of Wales,
3 miles W.N.W. ofl Marbach. Pop. 1464.                     cos. of Montgomery and Cardigan, 12 miles from West CarPLEINE-FOUGERES, plkn-foo'zhaiRl, a town of France, digan Bay, and 11 miles W.N.W. of Llanidloes. Elevation,
department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 22 miles E.S.E. of St. Mal: 2463 feet. The rivers Severn and Wye have their sources in
Pop. in 1852, 3293.                                        this mountain.
PLEISNITZ, plissfnits, a market-town of North H-Iungary,    PLINfY, a poet-office of Putnam co., Virginia.
co., and 6 miles N.N.E. of Gimbr,'on the Sajo. Pop. 2102,   PLINY. a post-office of Greenville district, South Carolina.
partly employed in iron-works.                               PLIUSA, ple-oolsg, a river of Russia, issues from a small
PLEISSE, plistseh, a river of Saxony, joins the White  lake in the S. of the government St. Petersburg, flows cirElster at Leipsic, after a N. course of 50 miles.          cuitously N.N.W., and after a course of about 120 miles joins
PLEISTEIN, plesltine, or BLEISTEIN, blistIfne, a town  the Narova on the confines of St. Petersburg and Revel.
of Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, about 12 miles from Weiden.   PLOAGJIE, plo-AfgA, a village of the island of Sardinia,
Pop. 1068.                                                  province, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3079.
PL1LAN, plAlao/, a village of France, department of Ille-    PLOCHINGEN, plSK/ing-gn, a village of Wiirtemberg, cinet-Vilaine, 20 miles W.S.W. of Rennes. Pop. in 1852, 3555.  cle of Neckar, 6 miles E.S.E. of Esslingen. Pop. 1759.
PLELAN, a village of France, department of Cbtes-du-    PLOCITZE  or PLOCIZZE, plo-chitlsA, a village of Austria,
Nord, 7 miles W. of Dinan. Pop. 1022.                       in Dalmatia, 20 miles from  Ragusa, on Mont St. Elias.
PLfiLO, ph'lof, a village of France, department of COtes-  Pop. 3155.
du-Nord, arrondissement of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 4358.   PLOCA, plotskl, a city of Poland, capital of a province, on
PLI2IET, plmI'mA, a village of France, department of  the Vistula, 58 miles W.N.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 6000. It is
COtes-du-Nord, 7 miles E. of Louddac. Pop. in 1852, 3019.   enclosed by walls, and consists of an old and a new town.
PLEM/ION'S MILL, a small village of Carroll co., Mis- The principal buildings are a cathedral of the sixteenth censouri.                                                     tury, a bishop's palace, theatre, and various government
PLE0MONSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Chester.    offices. It has also Piarist and other colleges, a seminary,
PLhMY, pliPmeet, avillage of France, department of COtes- manufactures of leather and skins, and an active transit trade.
du-Nord, 12 miles N.N.E. of Loudgac. Pop. in 1852, 3202.      PLOCIUTON, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of Ross, on
PLENCIA, plknfthe-A, a small seaport town of Spain, pro- the WV. coast, parish of Lochalsh. Pop. about 450.
vince of Biscay, 14 miles N.W. of Bilbao, at the mouth of    PLOEMEUR, plo.eh-murf, a market-town of France, dethe river Placentia. It has a school of navigation, and some  partment of Morbihan, 3 miles W. of Lorient. Pop. in
docks for building small vessels. Pop. 1193.               1852, 8413.
PLEN/ITUDE, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.          PLOEN or PLON, (Pln,) plan, a town of Denmark, duchy
PLEN/TY, B.AY OF, on the N.E. coast of North Island, New  of Holstein, on a narrow isthmus below the Great and Little
Zealand, between Cape Runaway and Point Mercury, a dis- Ploen lakes, 17 miles S.E. of Kiel. Pop. with suburbs, 2700.
tante of 140 miles, with a central width of about 60 miles.   It has a fine Gothic castle.
PLES, pls, or PLESSA, pl~s/se, sometimes written PLI-    PLOEN, LAKE OF, Denmark, the largest in Holstein, is
OSS and PLIOSO, a town of Russia, 30 miles S.E. of Kostro- about 7 miles in length, and 4 miles in breadth. The Little
ma, on the Volga, with manufacture s of woollens. P. 1750. Ploen Lake is the N. portion separated by the narrow isthPLESCOtEN, pltsh/en, or PLESZEW, pllsh/ev, a town of  mus on which Ploen is situated.
Prussia, 54 miles S.E. of Posen, capital of a circle, with    PLOERDUT, (Plo~rdut,) plo'aiaRdiil, a village of France,
manufactures of woollens and tobacco. Pop. 5086.            department of Morbihan, 15 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop.
PLESIIEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              2908.
PLE/SIS, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York, about    PLOERMEL, (Plobrmel,) plola'm51, a town of France, de38 miles S.W. by S. of Ogdensburg.                          partment of Morbihan, 25 miles N.E. of Vannes. Pop. in
PLESKOV or PLESKOW. See PSKOv.                            1852, 8413, principally employed in weaving linen and mixed
PLESS, a town of Illyria. See FIrscn.                   fabrics. It has a communal college.
PLESSALA, pl~s'salA/, a market-town of France, depart-   PLOEUC, plonukt, a village of France, department of
ment of C0tes-du-Nord, arrohdissement, Loudeac. P. 3324.  CMtes-du-Nord, 12 miles S. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 5928.
PLESS, pl~s'sY/, a market-town of France, department   PLOEZAL, (Ploozal,) plo'eh-zAl, a village of France, deof Loire-Inf6rieure, 13 miles N. of Savenay. Pop. 4435.    partment of CUtes-duf-Nord, 11 miles N.N.W. of Guingamp.
PLESSE, pl~s/seh, or PLESS, plss, a town of Prussian  Pop. 3107.
Silesia. 68 miles S.E. of Oppelu, capital of a circle, and of a    PLOGOFF, plo'gofff, a village of France, department of
principality belonging to the Prince of Anhalt-Kbthen.  Finist~re, 23 miles W.N.W. of Quimper.  Pop. 1500.
Pop. 3414. It has a castle, and manufactures woollen cloth,   PLOMB DE CANTAL, a mountain of France. See CANTAL.
oilcloth, and leather.                                       PLOMBIERES, plIam'be-aia/, a town and watering-place
PLESTCHEIEVO or PLESTSCIHEJEWO, pls'chA-y/vo,  of France, department of Vosges, on the Angronne, 14 miles
or KLESTCHtINO-OZERO, kltst-cheetno-o-z&'ro, called also  S. of Epinal. Pop. 1330.  Its warm  saline baths are well
SALESKI, sl-lIs-kee,a small lake of Russia, government, and  frequented. The town has manufactures of cutlery.
70 miles N.W. of Vladimeer, near the head of an affluent of    PLOMBIhRES, a market-town of France, department of
the Volga, and interesting as the place where Peter the  COte-d'Or, on the railway to Lyons, 3 miles W.N.W. of Dijon.
Great, in 1691, made his first essays to form the Russian  Pop. 1273.
navy. Length, 5 miles; breadth, 4 miles.                     PLON, (Pln,) a town and lake of Holstein. See PLorN.
PLESTIN,. pl~s'tdNGo, a village of France, department of    PLONE, plolneh, a river of Prussia, provinces of BrandenCOtes-du-Nord, 9 miles S.W. of Lannion. Pop. 1066.         burg and Pomerania, joins the Haff at Damm, 4 miles E. of
PLESZEW, a town of Prussian Poland. See PLESCHEN.   Stettin, after a N. course of 40 miles.
PLETTENBERG, pllt/ten-b6G'c, a town of Prussian West-   PLONSK or PLASK, plNssk, a town of Poland, province,
phalia, 16 miles S.S.W. of Arnsberg, on the Else. Pop. and 30 miles E.N.E. of Plock, on the Plonna. Pop. 3700,
1675.                                                      mostly Jews. It has a fine C:rmelite church.
PLETITENBERG BAY, of Cape Colony, South Afttica. dis-   PLOUARET, ploo\'rA, a village of France, department of
trict of George Town, in lat. 340 S., lon. 230 20' E.  It is COtes-du-Nord, 8 miles S. of Lannion. Pop. in 1852, 5380.
bounded on the S.W. by Seal Cape, and has undulating    PLOUASNE, ploo'anf, a village of France, department of
shores.                                                    CMtes-du-Nord, 10 miles S. of Dinan. Pop. in 1852, 3000.
PLEUBIAN or PLEUBIIAN, pluh'bee'NSr., a maritime    PLOUAY, ploo'/, a village of France, department of Morvillage of France, department of Cbtes-du-Nord, 15 miles bihan, 11 miles N. of Lomient. Pop. in 1852, 4362.
N.E. of Lannion, on the English Channel.  Pop. 1000.         PLOUBAZLANEC, ploo'bAz'l&'nlk/, a village of Francq
1503.




PLO                                                        PLY
dlpartment of COtes-du-Nord, 1 mile N.N.E. of Paimpol.    PLUMB ISLAND, belonging to New York. situated in
Pop. in 1852, 3000.                                         Long Island Sound, near its E. entrance, is about 3 miles
PLOUBEZRE, ploo'blz'rf, a village of France, department  long, and 1 mile broad. It contains a revolving light 63
of COtes-du-Nord, 2 miles S. of Lannion.   Pop. in 1852, 3393. feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 410 10' 18" 1., lon. 72a
PLOUDALMI1ZEAU, ploo'd.imt'nIz61, a village of France, 13' 12" W.
department of Finistlre. 13 miles N.N.W. of Brest. Pop. in    PLUMBILAND, a parish of England, co. of Cumbei-land.
1852, 3219.                                                   PLUM CREEK. of Texas, flows into San Marcos River
PLOUDANIEL, ploo'dAlne-Vll, a village of France, depart- from the N., at the S. extremity of Caldwell county.
ment of Finisthre, 14 miles N.E. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 3500.   PLUM CREEK, a township of Armstrong co., PennsylPLOUfJNAN, ploo'n6Naol, a village of France, department vania. Pop. 2220.
of Finist6re, 7 miles N.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 3000.    PLUM CREEK, a post-office of Clinton ce., Missouri.
PLOUER, ploo'aint, a village of France, department of    PLUME, LA, 1A pliium, a town' of France, department of
Cdtes-du-Nord, 6 miles N.E. of Dinan. Pop. in 1152, 4023.   Lot-et-Garonne, 8 miles S.W. of Agen. Pop. 1707.
PLOUESCAT, ploo'6s'kI, a village of France, department    PLUMELEC, pliim'lkl, a village of France, department
of Finistbre, 10 miles W.N.W. of Morlaix. Pop. 3180.        of Morbihan, 13 miles S.W. of Ploermel. Pop. in 1852, 3070.
PLOUGASTEL-DAOULAS, ploo'gAs'tSllt-d9'oo'lA1, a village    PLUMELIAU, pltim'le-6i, a market-town of France, deof France, department of FinistBre, 6 miles E. of Brest, near  partment of Morbihan, 7 miles S. of Pontivy. Pop. 4200.
its harbor. Pop. in 1852. 0065.                               PLUMENAU, ploolmeh-nbw', (Moravian, Plumelou, plb6mnPLOUGAZNOU, ploo'giztnool. a village of France, depart- 1lw,) a town of Moravia, 15 miles S.W. of Olmutz. P. 1118.
ment of Finist6re, near the English  Channel, 8 miles    PLUIMER, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
N.N.E. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 3735.                        PLUM GROVE, a post-office of Fayette co., Texas.
PLOUGONVELIN, ploo'g6NoGveh-lANaf a village of France,   PLUM  GROVE, a post-office of Cass co., Missouri.
department of Finistlre, arrondissement of Brest, near the    PLUM  IIILL, a post-office of Washington co., Illinois.
coast. Pop. in 1852, 1300.                                    PLUMIMER'S MILL, a post-office of Fleming co., KenPLOUGOUVEN, ploo'goov8NOl, a village of France, depart- tuchy.
ment of Finistlre, 7 miles S.E.of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 4419.   PLUMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
PLOUGOUVET, ploo'goo'vA., a village of France, depart-    PLUMPTON, a parish of England, Co. of Sussex.
ment of Cltes-du-Nord, arrondissement of Guingamp.  Pop.   PLUMPTON, a township of England, co. of York, West
in 1852, 3500.                                              Riding.
PLOUGUENAST, ploogeh-n, a village of France, depart-   PLUMPTON, WOOD, a township of England, co. of Lanment of C~tes-du-Nord, 16 miles S. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 3727. caster, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle Railway,
PLOUGUERNEAU, ploo'gaianfb!, a village, of France, de- 13 miles S.S.E. of Carlisle.
partment of Finistbre, arrondissement of Brest. Pop. 5300.   PLUM  RIVER, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illinois,
PLOUGUERNI]YVEL, ploo'gaiR'n.A'[v8l, a village of France, 145 miles W.N.W. of Chicago.
department of COtes-du-Nord, arrondissement of Guingamp.   PLUMISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Pop. in 1852, 3500.                                           PLUMSTEAD, a parish of England. co. of Kent.
PLOUIA, ploo /,a village of France, department of Cotes-   PLUMSTEAD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
du-Nord, 13 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 5052.     PLUMSTEAD, LeTTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
PLOUIDER, ploo-ee'dair/, a village of France, department    PLUM/STEAD, a village of South Afi-ica, in Cape Colony
of FinistLre, arrondissement of Brest.  Pop. in 1852 3000.   and district, S. of Cape Town, and the salubrity of which
PLOUIGNEAU, ploo-een'yb/, a village of France, depart, renders it a favorite residence of the colonists. It has sement of Finistfre, (S miles E. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 5017.' veral schools, chapels, &c.
PLOUMOGUER, ploo'mo'gaiel, a village of France, depart-   PLUMISTEAD, a township of Ocean co., New Jersey. Pop.
ment of Finistlre, 9 miles W.N.W. of B,'est. P. in 1852,1800. 1613.
PLOURIN, ploo's.-No/, a village of France, department of    PLUMSTEAD, a post-township of Bucks co., PennsylFinistlre, 4 miles S.S.E. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 3000.   vania, on the right side of the Delaware River, 10 miles N.
PLOUVORN, ploo'voRnf, a village of France, department  of Doylestovin.  Pop. 2298.
ofFinistbre, 9 miles W. of Morlaix.  Pop. in 1852, 3500, who    PLUM/STEADVILLE, a post-office of Bucks ce., Pennsyltrade in farm-horses, reputed the best in the department.    vania.
PLOUZAN],  ploo'z&'nti, a village of France, department    PLUM/TREE, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
of Finistbre, 5 miles W. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 2500.        PLUMIVILLE, a post-village of Indiana co., PennsylPLOUZI~C, plooszlkf, a village of France, department of  vania, 170 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.  It has 2 stores.
Cbtes-du-Nord, arrondissement of St. Brieuc.  Pop. 4447.      PLUNERET, plitneh-rit/, a market-town of France, de
PLOVER, pltivlyr, a post-village and township, capital of  partment of Morbihan, 19 miles E.S.E. of Lorient.  P. 2150.
Portage co., Wisconsin, is situated on the Wisconsin River,    PLUNGAN, ploong-ln/, a market-town of Russian Poland,
at the mouth of Plover River, 125 miles N. of Madison. government of Tilna, 13 miles W. of Telsh. Pop. about 1550.
The Wisconsin River is bordered by large forests of pine,   PLUNIGAR, a parish of England, co. of Leice;ter.
and the lumber business is carried  on here. Settled about    PLUNIKETT'S CREEK, a township of Lycoming co.,
1836. The village contains 2 hotels and 2 stores. Pop. in  Pennsylvania. Pop. 189.
1853, 300; of the township, in 1850, 451.                     PLUNKETT'S CREEK, a township of Sullivan co., PennPLOYER-ANDHIE I/ALD ISLANDS, a group in the Arctic  sylvania. Pop. 199.
Ocean, about lat. 710 12' N., and Son. 1700 W.                PLUSCAR/DINE PRIiORY, an ancient ruin of a CisterPLOVEST, plo'v8stf, a town of Wallachia, 32 miles N. of  clan priory, Scotland, in a beautiful valley of the same
Bucharest. Pop. 3000. It has a great wool fair.             name, parish, and 5 miles S.W. of Elgin.
PLOW/DEN'S MILLS, a post-village of Sumter district,    PLUVIGNER, pli'veen'aial, a town of France, department
South Carolina.                                             of Morbihan, 13 miles N.W. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852, 4793.
PLUCK/EMIN,  a post-village of Somerset co., New Jersey,   PLYM, plum, a river in England, rises in Dartmoor Forest,
about 6 miles N.N.W7. of Somerville.   Pop. 200.           co. of Devon, flows S.S.W., and after a course of 18 miles
PLUCK/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent, with a  falls into Plymouth Sound at Plymouth.
station on the South Eastern Iailway, 5 miles W.N.W. of    PLYMOUTH, plimtfith, (L. Tamar-i Ostia, or Plymustha,) a
Ashford.                                                    parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town. and
PLUDENZ, atownof theTyrol.  See BLUoE.oM                  naval station in England, co. ofDevon, on the E. side of a pe
PLUDERHAUSEN, (Pliiderhausen,) pl'il/der-hw'zen, a  ninsula, between the rivers Plym and Tamar, at the hlead of
market-town of Wtirtember-g, circle of Jaxt, on the Remo, 4  Plymouth Sound, 37 miles S.W. ofExeter, with which it commiles W. of Lorch, with 1495 inhabitants, and an ancient municates by railway.  Lat. of Mount Wise, 500 22' N., Ion.
castle.                                                     40 10' 2'" W. Pop. of borough, which conprises the suburb
PLUM, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. Pop. of Stone-house on the W., and the parish of Stoke Damerel,
1241.                                                       in 1851, 52,221. The town of Plymouth stands on uneven
PLUM, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of  ground, and is irregularly laid out, but the bnildings.have
Venaungo co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 835.                       a substantial appearance. Between it and the sound is the
PLUM, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.                Hoe, a fine open space, surmounting a cliff; on it is the citaPLUiMAS, a small town of Sutter co., California, is situated  del, a bastioned fortress, containing a governor's residence,
on the right bank of Feather River, nearly opposite the  and extensive barracks; in this direction some new and
mouth of Bear River, about 40 miles N. of Sacramento City. handsome streets have been laid out, and many handsome
PLUM  BAYOU, (bi/oo) a post-village and township of  terraces, ranges of buildings, and detached villas have been
Jefferson co., Arkansas. Pop. 756.                          erected. The principal edifices in the town are the royal
PLUMB BROOK, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan.    hotel, and theatre, atheneum. public library, royal union
PLUMB CREEK, in Pennsylvania, flows'into Crooked  baths, Freemasons' H-all, exchange, new  market-place,
Creek, in Armstrong county.                                guildhall, with the jail, several hospitals, and barracks. St.
PLUMB CREEK, a post-office of Caldwell co., Texas.       Audrew's Church is large, and has a square embattiled
PLUMB ISLAND, a long, narrow island of Essex co., tower; there are also 3 other parish churches, and numeMassachusetts, situated between the mouth of Merrimack  rous dissenting chapels, of which the Independents have 5,
River on the N., and Ipswich Bay on the S., and separated  the Wesleyan Methodists 3, the Baptists 2, the Plymouth
from thv mainland by a narrow sound. Length, 8' miles. Brethren 2, the Unitarians, Friends, and several other deSee NweUsYroRT LnHTS.                                      nominations, 1 each. Its institutions comprise a grammar
1504




PLY                                                        PLY
school, the Natural History Society of Devon and Cornwall, Hedges' wharf. The rock is now only about 64 feet across
public, medical, law, and theological libraries, and a me- its broadest part, with a thickness of 4 feet, so much of it
chanics' institute, and charities amounting to about 23001. a  having been removed; it is almost entirely buried in the
year. It ha a branch of the Bank of England, and several ground, its surface only being visible. The town contains,
other banks. The structures connected with the naval es- besides the county buildings, 8 or 9 churches, 2 banks, a
tablishments are outside of the town. The dockyard is at savings institution, an insurance company, a gas-light romDevonport, (which see,) and is in most respects similar to  pany, 2 newspaper offices, and several good hotels. Among
that of Portsmouth, with the advantage of its various the churches deserving of notice may be mentioned the
buildings being more substantially constructed of stone, Gothic edifice of the First Society, and the Church of the
and its docks and roofings of the most solid character; it Pilgrimage, erected in 1840, near the site occupied by the
has, however, a less extent than that ofPortsmouth. In it church first built by the pilgrims. Plymouth is the seat
is an observatory, commanding a noble view. The naval of various manufactures, principally cotton and iron, and
and royal military hospitals at Stonehouse, the victualling-  it is also extensively engaged in the fisheries. The shipping
office at Devil's (or Duval's) Point, the gun-wharf, and the  of the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of
military prison, are all fine stone edifices. Plymouth Harbor 3368 tons registered, and 9365 tons enrolled and licensed.
is double, consisting of the Hamoaze, or mouth of the Tamar  Of the latter, 2538 tons were employed in the coast trade,
opposite Devonport, adapted for the largest ships of war;  5169 tons in the cod fishery, and 1495 tons in the mankerel
and the Catwater, or estuary of the Plyn, immediately E. fisheries. The foreign arrivals for the. year were 5 vessels ~
of Plymouth, and on which are the villages of Oreston, Ioo, clearances the same. During the period above specified, I
and Turnchapel. The parts of the port chiefly appropriated  ships and 4 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 1444
to mercantile shipping, are Sutton Pool and Mill Bay, par-  tons, were admeasured. Pop. of thetownship in 1830, 4758;
ticularly the latter, where extensive wet-docks are being  in 1840, 5281; in 1850, 6,024; and in 1855, 6,496.
formed, and the largest vessels lie in safety along its fine    PLYMOUTH, a post-township of Litchfield co., Connectipier and pontoon even at low water. The port, however, cut, intersected by the Shepaug River and Naugatuck Railowes its chief celebrity to its importance as a great naval road, 29 miles N. by W. of New Haven.  It contains a
station. See PLiOUTovH SOUND. Plymouth has a large trade  flourishing village of its own name, and two others, in
with London, Bristol, Newcastle, and Newport; it imports which are extensive manufactories of brass clocks, cotton
a good deal of West India colonial produce, and timber from  and woollen goods, pocket cutlery, musical instruments,
the Baltic and North America, and it has manufactures of  carriages, and various articles of hardware. Pop. 2568.
sail-cloth, refined-sugar, glass, soap, and starch, a large dis-   PLYMOUTH, a post-village and township of Luzerne co.,
tillery, and extensive pilchard and other fisheries. RegiStered  Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Susquehanna River,
shipping of the port, 394 vessels; aggregate burden, 34,808  3 or 4 miles below Wilkesbarre.  It is a good farming distons. The duties collected at the port in 1847 amounted  trict, and has rich coal mines. Pop. 1473.
to 108,0551.                                                  PLYMOUTH, a township of Montgomery co., PennsylPlymouth, originally a fishing village, bore under the  vania, about 15 miles N.W. of Philadelphia.  Pop. 1453.
Saxons the name of Tamarworth, which, after the Conquest,   PLYMOUTH, a post-village, port of entry, and capital of
was changed to that of Sutton, or South-Town.  On the  Washington co., North Carolina, 150 miles E. of Raleigh,
threatened invasion of the Armada, it equipped, as its quota  and about 8 miles S. of Roanoke River, where it enters
to the British fleet, which had here its rendezvous, seven  Albemarle Sound. It is connected with the sound by a
ships and a fly-boat, a greater number than was furnished  small inlet, called Nag's IIead. It has an active trade, and
by any port except London. Bonaparte arrived here in the  is rapidly increasing. The shipping of the port, June 30th,
Bellerophon  in 1815, after he had surrendered himself to the  1852, amounted to an aggregate of 2727 tons registered, and
English. Plymouth is governed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, 1346 tons enrolled and licensed. All of the latter was emand 36 councillors, and sends 2 members to the House of  ployed in the coast trade, and 87 tons in steam navigation.
Commons. It is the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake, and  During the year, 4 schooners, with an aggregate burden of
among its other more eminent natives are Sir Thomas Ed- 285 tons, were admeasured. A newspaper is published here.
monds, a distinguished statesman during the reign of  Pop. in 1850, 951.
James I.; Sir John Hawkins, one of the admirals of the fleet    PLYMOUJTI-I, a post-village of Lowndes co., Mississippi,
which defeated the Armada; Jacob Bryant the antiquary;  about 140 miles N.E. of Jackson.
and the painters, James Northcote, Prout, and B. Haydon.    PLYMOUTH, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. P. 752.
PLYMOUTH, plimfifth. a county in the E. part of Mas-   PLYMOUTH, a village Of Fayette co., Ohio, on a branch
sachusetts, has an area of about 720 square miles. It is. of Paint Creek, 46 miles S.W. of Columbus. Laid out in
bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean and Cape Cod Bay, 1845.
and is drained by the Taunton and North Rivers and other    PLYMOUTH, a thriving post-village and township of
smaller streams, which furnish abundant water-power. It  Richland co., Ohio, on the railroad from  Sandusky to Newhas a seacoast of upwards of 30 miles, indented with nume- ark, 36 miles S. of the former. It has a union school. Pop.
rous bays, which afford excellent harbors. The soil is ge- of the township, 1663; of the village, in 1853, estimated at 700.
nerally poorer than in the other counties of the state. Ply-    PLYMOUTH-, a thriving post-village and township of
mouth county abounds in iron ore of excellent quality. It  Wayne co., Michigan, on the W. branch of the Rouge River,
is intersected by different railroads centering in Boston. 25 miles W. by N. of Detroit. Pop. 2431.
Named from  Plymouth, a town  of England.  Capital,   PLYMOUTH, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., InPlymouth. Pop. 55,697.                                      diana, on Yellow River, and on the Michigan road, 112
PLYMOUTHI, a county in the W.N.W. part of Iowa, has miles N. of Indianapolis. It is situated in a fine farming
an area of about 930 square miles. It is bounded on the W. district, and has an active business. A plank-road connects
by the Sioux River, and drained by Floyd's River, (an  it with Michigan City. It has several churches, and a bank.
affluent of the Missouri,) with its tributaries. Plymouth  Settled in 1834. Pop. estimated at 700.
county is not included in the census of 1850.                 PLYMOUTH, a post-village in I-Iancock co., Illinois, 85
PLYMOUTIH, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 45  miles N.W. by W. of Springfield.
miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 925.                              PLYMOUTH, a township in Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop. 581.
PLYMOUTH, a post-village and township, semi-capital of    PLYMOUTHI, a post-village and township of Sheboygan
Grafton co., New Hampshire, near the confluence of Pemi- co., Wisconsin, on the plank-road from Fond du Lac to Lake
gewasset and Baker's Rivers, and on the Boston, Concord, Michigan, 16 miles W. of Sheboygan. It has several mills.
and Montreal Railroad, 51 miles N. by W. of Concord. Pop. Pop. 580.
of the township, 1290.                                        PLYMIOUTH HOILOW, a post-village of Litchfield co.,
PLYMOUTH, a post-township of Windsor co., Vermont, Connecticut, on the Naugatuck Railroad, about 25 miles
55 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1226.                      S.W. by W. of Hartford, contains several factories.
PLYMIOUTH, a post-town, port of entry, and seat of jus-   PLYMfOUTH MEET/ING, a 1ost-office of Montgomery co.,
tice of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, is situated on Plymouth  Pennsylvania.
Bay, at the S. terminus of the E. branch of the Old Colony    PLYMOUTH, NEW, or TARANAKI, td-r-nskee, a town
Railroad, 37 miles S. by E. of Boston. Lat. 410 57' 26" N., and settlement of New Zealand, on the W. coast of North
ion. 700 40' 19" W. It is well laid out, and for the most part Island or New Ulster, on a slope between the hua-Toki and
compactly built, principally of wood. It is the oldest town  the Henui, 25 miles N.E. of Cape Egmont.
in New England, being the first settled by the Pilgrims, yet   PLYMOUTH SOUND, an inlet of the English Channel,
it is entilrely modern in the style of its buildings; not a  between the cos. of Devon and Cornwall. Length, 3 miles;
single antique dwelling now remains. The most remarkable  breadth, 4 miles.  At its N.E. and N.W. extremities the
public edifice is Pilgrim's Hall, erected by the Pilgrim So- Plym and Tamar Rivers enter it, forming respectively the
ciety in 1824-5, and situated on Court street, a little N. of  harbors opposite Plymouth and Devonport.  On its E. side
Court Square. It is constructed of granite, 70 feet by 40, is Bovisand Bay, and on its W. are Cawsand Bay and Mount
with a Doric portico in front. In the interior is a large hall, Edgecumbe. It contains several islands, the principal-being
containing the society's cabinet of curiosities, and numerous  Mount Batten, with a fortification immediately opposite the
historical paintings. The Pilgrim  Society, the object of  Hoe of Plymouth.  The sound is chiefly important as a
which was to commemorate the landing of the Pilgrim Fa- naval station.  With the view of protecting the anchorage
thers, was organized in 1820. The "Forefathers' Rock," or  from  the heavy swell brought into the harbor by S.W.
that on which the 101 persons, disembarking from the May-  winds, the stupendous national work, known as the Plysower, December 22, 1620, first set foot, lies at the head of  mouth Breakwater, was undertaken, and has been nearly
4U                                                                         1505




PLY   P':                                                    OG
completed, at an expense of about 1,700,0001. It is a granite    POICOMOKE, a river which rises near the N. border of
and marble structure, built across the entrance, the central  Worcester county, Maryland, and after traversing that
portion being 1000 feet in length, and an arm or kant at  county, flows into Pocomoke Bay, an arm of the Chesapeake.
each extremity 350 yards, making the whole length only 60  General course, S.S.W.; length, about 60 miles. Sloops asyards short of a mile. The height is from 56 feet to 80 feet,  cend with the tide about 2 miles above Snow IIill.
the top 45 feet broad, and from  2 feet to 3 feet above the    POCON]~, po-ko-n/, a small town of Brazil, province of
high water of spring tides. On the W. end of the break-  Matte Grosso, on a height, 60 miles S.W. of Cuyaba.
water is a light-house, 68 feet above the platform. and visible    POCOTAL1ICO, a river of Kanawha co., Virginia, falls
at the distance of 8 miles. The entrance into the sound is  into the Great Kanawha. It is navigable for boats at high
guided by the still more celebrated Eddystone light-house,  water.
which stands on a large cluster of rocks in the channel op-   POCOTALICO, a post-office of Kanawha co,, Virginia.
nosite to it, at the distance of 14 miles.                    POCOTALICO, a post-village of Beaufort district, South
PLYMPITON, a post-village and township of Plymouth  Carolina, 100 miles S. by E. of Columbia.
co., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony Railroad, 30 miles S.E.   POCZINKA, a town of Russia.  See POTCHINKI.
of Boston. Pop, 927.                                          PODEBIRAD, a town of Bohemia. See PODIErRAD.
PLYMPITON MAUIRICE or EARL'S, a decayed borough,.   PODENSAC, po'daNG'sAk/,  a village of France, department
market-town, and parish of England, co. of Devon, 5 miles  of Gironde, on the left bank of the Garonne, and on the railE. of Plymouth. Pop. 833. It has a very ancient guild-hall, way to Cette, 16 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1617.
containing a portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds, a native of    PODENZANO, po-dln-z&no, a town of North Italy, duchy
Plympton, painted by himself, an endowed school, and the  of Parma, near the Nura, 7 miles S. of Piacenza, with 2
ruins of a castle. It is a stannary town, and a municipal churches, a monastery, and a hospital. Pop. 2400.
borough by prescription.                                      PODGORA, pod-golr/, a village of Austria, in Dalmatia,
PLYMISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           circle of Spalato. Pop. 1259.
PLYMITREE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              PODGORITZA, pod-go-rit'sA, a town of European TurPO, po, (anc. Pa/dus and'id/anus,) the largest river of  key, in Albania, sanjak, and 38 miles N. of Scutari, on the
Italy. in its N. portion, irrigating, with its affluents, the en- Montenegrin firontier. Pop. 6000, nearly all Mohammedans.
tire plain of Piedmont and Lombardy, rises in Monte Vise,  A few miles N. are the remains of the ancient Diodlea, conin lat. 440 38 N., lon. 70 10e E. It flows at first N.E. to Turin,  sisting of ruined temples, columns, and the bed of an aquewhere it makes a curve E.S.E. for about 45 miles, then  duct about 12 miles in length.
turns N. to receive the waters of the Oglio, and thence flows    PODGORZE, pod-gonIzl, or JOSEPHSTADT, yo/zef-stdtt',
mostly E. with a very tortuous course to the Adriatic, which  a small town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, separated by
it enters by several months between lat. 440 418' and 450 1' the Vistula from Cracow, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 1997.
N., the principal surnamed the Po della Maestra, della Toll,   PODHIARD, pod/haat, a market-town of Bohemia, 5 miles
di Gore, and di Volano. Total estimated length, 340 miles, N.N.W. of Budweis, on the Moldau. Pop. 1817.
of which about 280 are navigable for large barges and river    PODHARD, a town of Bohemia, 3 miles S.W. of Gitshin.
steamers, Principal affluents on the left, the Clusone, Sesia, Pop. 394.
Ticino, Olona, Adda, Oglio, and Mincio; and on the right,   PODIEBRAD, poldee-brldx, written also PODEBRAD, a
the Maira, Tanaro, Trebbia, Tare, Piarma, Seechia, and Pa- town of Bohemia, on the right bank of the Elbe, 4 miles
naro. The Po is, in many parts of Lombardy, above the  S.E. of Nimburg, on.the railway to Prague. Pop. 3050.
ntAghboring plains; below Piacenza it is enclosed by em-   PO DI PRIMARO, po dee pre-mli-'o, a river of Italy, Pontibankments formed by its own deposits, and carefully kept'fical States, being a continuation of the Reno, which rises
up to prevent inundations from floods. Its ordinary width  near Pistoja, thence runs N.N.E. 65 miles, and afterwards
averages 1900 feet; its depth varies, according to the season. E.S.E. for 24 miles, as far as Traghetto, where it assumes this
from 13 to 36 feet. Its current in the dry season is slug-  name. Its lower course is nearly E.S.E., past Argenta, and
gish, but in spring and summer rapid and turbulent. Its  after an entire course of 120 miles, it enters' the Adriatic at
rapid stream, numerous islands, and the many sand-banks  Porto di Primaro, 13 miles N.E. of Ravenna.
in its lower part greatly impede navigation; but it is highly    POI)DKAMIEN, pod-kllm"yn, or pod/kA-meen', a town of
useful in fertilizing the country, and it abounds with stur- Austrian Galicia, E.by N. of Lembera.  Pop. 2300.
geons, salmon, and other fish.                                PODLACIIIA, pod-l/ke-A, or PODOLA/CIlIA, a former
P0, a group ofIslands intheMalay Archipelago. See Be. palatinate of Poland, bounded on the N. and E. by the
POAST TOWN, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.           Bug, and on the W. by the Vistula. It appears, at one time,
POBLA DE CLARAMANT, po/elA dl kl&-rl-mlnt/, a vil- to have corresponded nearly to the present province of
lage of Spain, in Catalonia, N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 1186.   Siedlee, but anciently its limits were more extensive.
POBLA DE LILLET, po/Bil dl leel-ylt, or LA POBLA, 11    PODOLIA, po-d/ole-a, or PODOLSK, po-d6lsklf, a governpo/Bll, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 64 miles  ment of Russian Poland, mostly between lat. 470 30, and
NN.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 1287.                             490 45' N., and Ion. 260 25' and 300 48' E., having W.,
POBOLEDA, po-so-li/ro, a town of Spain, province, and  Galicia. Area, 16,558 square miles. Pop. 1,577,956, mostly
25 miles W.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1758.                    Poles. The principal rivers are the' Iniester, forming its
PO'CAI-IONTAS, a county in the N.W. central part of Vir-  S.W. boundary, and  the Bug. Surface generally level.
ginia, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is drained  Soil fertile, and a surplus of corn is raised over home
by the head streams of the Elk, Gauley, and Greenbrier  cdnsumption; hemp, flax, hops, tobacco, and various fruits
Rivers. The Greenbrier Mountain extends across the county, are grown; and vineyards and mulberry plantations are
while the main Alleghany forms its S.E. boundary. A large  increasing. Cattle-rearing is important, and many cattle
portion of the land is rocky and sterile, and covered with  of fine breeds are sent into Galicia and Germany. The
forests; but the S. part is more productive. A cave has  mineral products comprise  nitre, lime, and alabaster.
lately been discovered in Elk Mountain, which, in the num- Manufactures of woollen cloth, leather, and potash are
her and magnitude of its apartments, is said to be scarcely  carried on, and there are many distilleries.  The governinferior to the celebrated Weir's Cave. It is called Skeen's ment is divided into 12 districts. Principal towns, KamieCave. Organized in 1821, and named in honor of the Indian  niec, Moheelev, and Szarogrod.
princess, Pocahontas. Capital, Huntersville. Pop. 3598, of    PODOLSK, po-dolskl/, or PODOL, po-dol/, a town of Russia,
whoma 3331 were free, and 267 slaves.                      government, and 20 miles S.S.W. of Mioscow.  Pop, 1300.
POCAHONTAS, a new county towards the N.W. part of    PODOR, po'dorl, a village and fort of West Africa, in SeneIowa, contains about 550 square miles. It is intersected by  ganibia, built by the French in 1743, on the Senegal. Lat.
Lizard's River, and also drained by two other smaller afflui-  160 35' N., lon. 150 W. The fort is abandoned.
uents of the Des Moines. This county is not included in the    PODOROSKI, po-do-rosk/, a market-town of Russia, governcensus of 1850.                                             ment of Grodno, 12 miles S.S.E. of Volkovisk.  Pop. 1600.
POCAHONTAS, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsyl-    POE, a post-office of Beaver co., Pennsylvania.
vania.                                                        POEL or POL, (P01,) p01, an island of North Germany, in
POCAHONTAS, a post-village, capital of Randolph co., Ar- Mlecklenburg-Schwerin, in the Gulf of Lubeck, Baltic, 4 miles
kansas, on the right bank of Black River, about 145 miles  N. of Wismar. Length and breadth, about 5 miles each.
N.E. of Little Rock. The river is navigable by steamers    POESTENKIILL, poos/ten-kill', a small river of Rensselaer
from this point to its junction with White River, a distance  co., New York, falls into the Hudson at Troy.
of about 100 miles;                                           POESTENKILL, a post-village and township of RenssePOCAHIIONTAS, a post-village of Bond co., Illinois, near laer co., New York, 11 miles E. of Albany.  Pop. 2092.
Shoal Creek, 10 miles S.W. of Greenville. It has an aca-   POGAR, po-gaRl, a marklet-town, of Russia, government,
demy, a few shops, and saw mills in the vicinity.          and 119 miles N.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 3000.
POCAS/SET, a post-village of Barnstable co., lassachu-    POGGETTO  TIIENIERS, pod-j~Ulto tlne-aiR/, a town of
vetts, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Boston.                    the Sardinian States, and 27 miles N.W. of Nice. Pop. 1168.
POCHISHATCHEE CREEK, Alabama. See SOCHAPATOY.   POGGIBONSI, pod-je-bon/see, a town of Tuscany, near
POCKIET, a post-bffice of Moore co., North Carolina.     the Elsa, 19 miles S. of Florence. Pop. 6003.
POCKILINGTON, a market-town and parish of England,   POGGIO, pod/jo, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and
co., and 13 miles E..E.of York, East Riding. Pop. in 1851, 18 miles S.E. of Mantua.  Pop. 3548.
2546.  The town has 2 borough banks and a grammar    POGGIO REALE, pod/jo rl-/l.  a town of Sicily, 32 miles
tchool. It has a station on the York and North MfIidland  S.E. of Trapani.  Pop. 3200.
Railway, 6 miles N.W. of Market Weighton.                    POGIGY ISLES, NoeRn and SoUrTH, two contiguous islandll
1506




POG                                                          POT
of the Malay Archipelago, 60 miles S.W. of Sumatra. Lat. 20    POINTITNGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
32' S., ion. 990 37' E.                                      POINT ISABEL, (iz'a-bl,) a post-village and port of en.
POGI-IEER, POGIR  or POGIHIR, po-gheent, a market- try of Cameron co., Texas, on a point of land projecting into
town of Russian Poland, government of Vilna, 18 miles N.W. the Laguna del Madre, opposite an inlet called the Barra. or
of Vilkomeer. Pop. 1500.                                   Brazos Santiago, and about 30 miles E.N.E. of Brownsville.
POGITEL, a singularly picturesque and strongly fortified  It has a custom-house and a light-house. The shipping of
village of Ierzegovina, on the Narenta, 16 miles S.S.W. of  the port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 1066
Mostar.                                                    tons enrolled and licensed, all of which was employed in
POGILAND, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.      steam navigation.  See MATAMOrsAs.
POGOST, po-gostl, a market-town of Russia, government   POINT ISABEL, a village of Pulaski co., Kentucky, on
of Minsk, 28 miles E.N.E. of Igumen.                       Cumberland River, at the mouth of the South Fork, 97
POGOST, a market-town of Russia, government of Minsk, miles S. of Frankfort.
18 miles N.E. of Pinsk.                                      POINT ISABEL, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio.
POGOST, a market-town of Russia, government of Minsk,    POINT IS'ABELLE, a post-office of Wapello co., Iowa.
13 miles S.S.E. of Slootsk.                                  POINT JEFIFERSON, a post-office of Morehouse parish,
POHAT/CONG or POIHAT/CITUNK CREEK, of Warren  Louisiana.
co., New Jersey, flows S.W., and enters the Delaware River 8    POINT JUIDITII, the W. side of the entrance to Narramiles below Easton.                                        gansett Bay, Rhode Island. It contains a revolving light,
POICTIERS, a town of France. See PoITIERS.               60 feet above the level of the sea, Lat. 410 21' 35" N., ion.
POICTOU, a province of France. See PosTeU.               710 29' 18" W.
POIN/DEXTER, a post-village of Marion co., Georgia, about   POINT LOOK'OUT;, on the N. side of the entrance to Po45 miles E. of Columbus.                                   tomac River, Chesapeake Bay. On it is a fixed light.
POINIDEXTER'S STORE, a post-village of Louisa co., Vir-   POINT MAGRE, (mgg'r?) a post-office of Avoyelles parish,
ginia, 08 miles N.W. of Richmond.                          Louisiana.
POIN/SETT, a county in the N.E. part of Arkansas, con-   POINT MALTCOLM, a headland on the S. coast of Austains about 1300 square miles. The St. Francis River, navi- tralia, near lat. 330 48' S., Ion. 1230 40' E.
gable by steamboats, Washes the entire E. border. A large    POINT MEERtS, a post-office of Johnson co., Arkansas.
part of the county is occupied by swamps and forests. Capi-   POINT MONTEREY, (mon-te-rA/,) a post-office of Cass co.,
tal, Bolivar. Pop. 2308, of whom  2029 were free, and 279  Texas.
slaves.                                                      POINT PALHMYRA, (pal-ml'ra,) a headland and small
POINT, a township of Northumberland clco., Pennsylvania. town of British India, in the Bay of Bengal, 99 miles S.W.
Pop. 876.                                                  of the mouth of the IIoogly River. Lat. 200 411 N., Ion. 870
POINT, a township of Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 479.       9' E.
POINT, a township of Calhoun co., Illinois. Pop. 812.      POINT PEtDRO, the N. extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 90 46'
POINT ADASIS, Oregon. See ADAMS' POINT.                  N., Ion. 800 20' E.
POINT A LA HACHEI-I, (ah lab hash,) a post-office of Pla-   POINT PENIN/SULA, a post-village and shipping place
quemine parish, Louisiana.                                 in Sackett's IHarbor district, Jefferson co., oew York, on
POINT-A-PITRE, LA, 1 pwAiit-&-peet'r, a town of the  Lake Ontario.
French West India island of Guadeloupe, capital of the as-   POINT PETTER, a post-office of Oglethorpe co., Georgia.
rondissement of Grande Terre, on the Little Cul-de-sac, 18    POINT PETER, a post-office of SeArcy co., Arkansas.
miles N.E. of Basseterre. Pop. 12,103. It was nearly de-   POINT PLEAStANT, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.
stroyed by an earthquake in 1843.                             POINT PLEASANT, a post-village of Bucks co., PennsylPOINT AU FER, (Fr. pron. pwatNt 0 faiR,) on the E. side  vania, about 120 miles E. of Hlarrisburg.
of the entrance to Achafilaya Bay, Louisiana. On it is a    POINT PLEASANT, a post-village, capital of Mason co.,
fixed light, about 70 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 290  Virginia, on the Ohio River, just above the mouth of the
19' N., ion. 910 22' W.: A floating light is also moored at the  Kanawha Rivelr, 358 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. It conentrance to the bay, about 12 miles E. by S. of Point au Fer. tainus a court-house, and several stores and mills.
POINT BAUSSE, (bess,) a small village of Portage co.,   POINT PLEASANT, a post-office of Upshur co., Texas.
Wisconsin.                                                    POINT PLEASANT, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio,
POINT CEIDAR, a post-office of Ilot Spring co., Arkansas. on the Ohio River, 25 miles above Cincinnati.
POINT COMIMERCE, a thriving post-village of Green co.,   POINT PLEASANT, a post-office of Champaign co., Illinois.
Indiana, at the junction of Eel River with the West Fork    POINT PLEASANT, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.
ofWhite River, about 80 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. The    POINT PLEASANT, a thriving post-village of New Madrid
Wabash and Brie Canal passes near it.                      co., Missouri, situated on the Mississippi River, 8 miles S.
POINT CRAW/FORD, a small village of Barnwell district, of New Madrid.
South Carolina.                                              POINT PLEASANT, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa,
POINT DE GALLE, pw4At. deh gol, or PUNTO GALLO,  65 miles S.W. of Iowa City.
poon/to gI/lo, a fortified seaport town of Ceylon, capital of    POINT PRAIRIE, a small post-village of Franklin co.,
its S. province, on a peninsula of its S. coast, 70 miles S.E. of  Arkansas.
Colombo. Lat. 6O 1 N., ion. 800 14' E. It has a good harbor.   POINT RAZ, a promontory of France. See BEoDn-RAZ.
POINT DOUGLAS, (dlg'las,) a post-village of Washington    POINT REMIOVE, a township of Conway co., Arkansas.
co., Minnesota, on the point formed by the confluence of the  Pop. 294.
St. Croix with the Mississippi, 26 miles below St. Paul. It   POINT REMOVE CREEK. of Arkansas, flows into Arhas 1 hotel, a steam mill, several stores, and a good landing  kansas River from the N., in Conway county.
for steamboats.                                              POINT-oe-ROCKS, a post-village of Frederick co., MaryPOINTE AUX  TREMIBLES EN BAS, pwTNt 0 tr&b'li land, on the Potomac, and on the iBaltimore and Ohio Rail8:3G bA, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Portneul on the  road, 65 miles N.W. by W. of Annapolis.
river St. Lawrence, 21 miles S. of Quebec.'                  POINT ROMANIA, (ro-mA-nee/A,) the S.E. extremity of
POINTE AUX TREMBLES EN HAUT, pwtt[5t 0 tr8lsb'l  the Malay Peninsula.  Lat. 10 22 N., Ion. 1040 16, E.
NGo hs, a post-village of Canada East, situated on the island    POINT  WORTHIINGTON, a post-office of Washington
of Montreal, 9 miles below the city. Pop. about 1150.      co., Mississippi.
POINTE CLAIRE, pwA[t klIA; a post-village of Canada    POIR], pwAAr1t, a market-town of West France, departEast, on the island of Mlontreal, 16 miles from  the city. menut of Vendfe, 7 miles N.W. of Bourbon VendGe. Pop. in
Pop. about 150.                                            1852, 3685.
POINTE COUPE~E, point koo-pee', a parish of Louisiana,   POIRINO, poi-reelno, a market-town of Italy, in Piedmont,
situated on the VW. bank of the Mississippi River, in the  province. and 14 miles S.E. of Turin.  Pop. 5668.
S.E. central part of the state, contains about 600 square    POISCItIWITZ, poish/rits, Osen, otber, and NIoDER, nee/der,
miles. The Atchafalaya Bayou, an outlet of Red River, two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, provincb of Sile.
commences near the N. extremity of the parish, and forms  sia, government, and 12 miles S. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1975.
the entire WV. boundary. The surface is low, and subject to    POISDORF, pois/doanf, a market-town of Lower Austria,
be overflowed by the river. The soil is fertile. Capital, 40 miles N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 2500.
Pointe CoupGe. Pop. 11,339, of whom 3528 were free, and    POISSY, pwAs'see/, a town of France, department of Seine7811 slaves.                                               et-Loire, on the left bank of the Seine, and on the railway
POINTE COUPEE, a post-village, capital of Pointe Con- to Rouen, 10 miles N.N.W. of Versailles. Pop. in 1852, 4300.
pe parish. Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, 25 miles  It has a house of correction, and the principal cattle-market
N.W. of Baton Rouge. It contains 2 newspaper offices.   for the supply of Paris.
POINTE DU LAC, (Fr. pron. pw'cst dii lk,) a village of    POITIERS or POICTIERS, poi-teerz, (Fr. pron. pwA'te-A;
Canada East, co. of St. Maurice, at the E. end of Lake St. almost pwilte-A'; anc. Limolez/ne  or Lemonumz, afterwards
Peter, 81 miles N.N.E. of Montreal. Pop. about 1100.      _Pic/tavi,) a town of France, capital of the department of
POINTE LEVI, (Fr. pron. pwANt ].~veel,) a post-village of Vienne, on the Clain, and on the railway to Bordeaux, 58
Canada East, onthe St. Lawrence. Pop. about 1200.          miles S.S.V. of Tours. Pop. ih 1852, 29,277. It is enclosed
POINT GALLINAS, ggl-yee'nls, tbhe northernmost point by old walls, and has several old churches, a castle, an
of South America. Lat. 120 30' N.. lou. about 710 40' W.    acadgmie  uciversitaire, a royal college, several schools, hosPOINT IN/DUSTRY, a small village of Washington co., pitals, a public library of 25,000 volumes, theatre, botanic
Pennsylvania.                                             garden, manufactures of woollen goods, hosiery, lace, hats,
1507




POI                                                        POL
&c., some trade in corn, wool, and wine, and 3 annual fairs. Poi- feet to 500 feet above sea-level, forming part of the great
tiers, anciently the capital of the Pictones, came by marriage  European water-shed, the waters on the one side of its flowinto the possession of the dukes of Normandy, and was for ing N. to the Baltic, while those on the other side flow S. to
three centuries attached to the crown of England. It was the Black Sea. Its principal streams are the Vistula, with
the scene of a signal an'd most unexpected victory, gained  its tributaries, Wieprz, Bug, and Narew, the Warta and
September 9, 1356, over the French by the English under Prosua, tributaries of the Oder, the Nieinen, and the Dwina,
Edward the Black Prince, who captured and brought to  all belonging to the basin of the Baltic; and the Dniester,
England John, King of France.                               South Bug, and Dnieper, with its tributary Pripets, belongPOITOU or POICTOU, poi-toot, (Fs-. pron. pwA'toof,) a for- ing to the basin of the Black Sea.
mer province of France, now divided among the departments   The physical configuration of the country is admirably
of Vienne, Deux-Sbvres, Vend6e, Indre-et-Loire, and Cha- adapted to the operations of agriculture, and the fertility
rente. Capital, Fontenay.                                   of its alluvial tracts is so great, that it has sometimes been
POIX, pwA, a town of France, department of Nord, 14  termed the granary of Europe. Its productive powers have
miles W.N.W. of Avesues. Pop. 2057.                         never been fairly tested, and its exports of grain, though
POIX, a town of France, department of Somme, 15 miles  large, are probably not a tithe of what they might be under
S.E. of Amiens. Pop. 1194.                                  more favorable circumstances. Next to grain and cattle its
POKAGION, a township in the N.W. part of Cass co., most important product is timber, derived from large and
Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Central Railroad. noble forests, which occur in several quarters. The minePop. 994.                                                   rals include the precious metals in limited quantity, iron
POKE BAYOU, (biloo,) a post-village of Independence co., in abundance, but of indifferent quality; and salt, chiefly in
Arkansas, about 16 miles N. of Batesville.                  Galicia, where its mines have long been worked on a very
POKEEPSIE. See POUGHKEEPSIE.                              extensive scale, and are, to all appearance, inexhaustible;
POKE RUN, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- copper, lead, zinc, and coal are also found. Little progress
vania.                                                      has been made either in manufactures or trade, the former
POKONO, polko-n&, a township of Monroe co., Pennsyl- being chiefly confined to articles of primary necessity, parvania. Pop. 925.                                            ticularly coarse woollen and linen cloth, for the weaving of
POIKONO CREEK, of Monroe co., Pennsylvania, falls into  which almost every family is provided with its domestic loom;
Brodhead's Creek.                                           and the latter, which is mostly in the hands of the Jews, who
POKONO MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, situated chiefly in  are more numerous in Poland than in any other part of
the N.E. part of Carbon and the N.W. central part of MIonroe  Europe, being seldom on an extensive scale, though includcounty. The Pokono ridge may, however, be traced across  ing the retailof an almost endlessvariety ofobjects. Owing
Monroe into Pike county, where it rises into an elevation  to the inland position of the country, and more especially to
called IIIGH KNOB.                                         the cold winds which blow from Russia on the E., and from
POKROV  or POKROW, pok-rovl, a town of Russia, go- the Carpathians on the S., the winter of Poland is almost as
vernment, and 52 miles W.S.W. of Vladimeer, near the Kli- severe as that of Sweden.  The summer is abundantly
asmat. Pop. 1500.                                          warm, but the general humidity of the atmosphere, and the
POKROVSKAIA  or POKROWSKAJA, pok-rov-slkt$,  a  miasma of the marshes, make disease sometimes, under
market-town of Russia, government, and 4 miles S.E. of  peculiar forms, very prevalent.
Saratov, on the Volga, with 1500 inhabitants, and large ma-   The Poles are the descendants of various Slavonic tribes,
gazines. each containing fiom 100,000 to 110,000 poods of  who, in the sixth century, having proceeded up the Dnieper,
salt. stored here fisom the works on Lake Elton.            entered the basin of the Vistula, drove out the Finns-the
POL, (Pi1,) an island in the Baltic. See POEL.            original inhabitants-and made themselves masters of the
POLA, poilA, (anc. ePola or Pitetas Jullia,) a decayed mart- whole country, from the Warta eastward, and around the
time town of Illyria, near the S. extremity of the peninsula  shores of the Baltic. As a race they possess fine physical
of Istsia, 19 miles S.S.E. of Rovigno. Pop. 924. It is en- forms, and are strong, active, ardent, and daring.  Unclosed by Venetian walls of the fifteenth century, and has a  fortunately, however, these original qualities of the race
cathedral on the site of an ancient temple, 3 Greek churches, have greatly degenerated in the mass of the people, who,
some convents, and one of the best harbors on the Adriatic. having been degraded by the privileged classes into mere
Under the Emperor Septimius Severus, it had a pop. of  serfs, have sunk to the level of their condition. In this it
30,000, and contained numerous splendid edifices, while its  is easy to trace a primary cause of the disasters which have
port was one of the great naval stations of Rome. Its former befallen Poland, and enabled her enemies to succeed, by a
magnificence is still attested by a fine amphitheatre, several series of unprincipled  aggressions, in blotting her out
temples, and other remains.                                 from the map of Europe. A minority of her people held
POLA, pollA, a river of Russia, rises in the government of  the vast majority in bondage, and the latter, as if conscious
Pskov, flows N., and after a very circuitous course of 120  that they had nothing to lose by a change of masters, left
miles joins the Lovat, 9 miles S. of Lake Ilmen.            the battle of freedom to be fought by those who, instead of
POLA DE LENA, polll dci l/nA, a town of Spain, in Astu- allowing it to be enjoyed by all as a common boon, had
rias, province, and 16 miles S.E. of Oviedo, at the conflu- selfishly and unjustly monopolized it. The prevailing reence of the Lens and Naredo. Pop. 1325.                     ligion of the Poles is the Itoman Catholic; but since the
POLA DE SIERO, poll dc se-A/ro, a town of Spain, in Astu-  Russians became masters of the country, they have labored
rise, province, and 13 miles E.N.E. of Oviedo. Pop. 2500.    incessantly and systematically to introduce their own rePOLAN, po-lbnl, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province, ligious system. With similar zeal and perseverance they
and about 10 miles fsom Toledo, near the Tagus. Pop. 1326. are also aiming at the extirpation of the Polish tongue by
P0/LAND, KINGDoMe OF, (Polish, Pocskca, pol'skA, meaning  discouraging its cultivation; and not only is Russian intro-'" Flat Land;" L. PoZonia; Ger. Polen, po/lln; Fr..Pologne, duced into the public schools, but the knowledge of it is
po'loTil; anc. Sarcmaaia?) an extensive country of Central made an essential requisite for office. Among the numerous
Europe, which existed for mnany centuries as an inde- degradations to which foreign domination subjects the Poles,
pendent and powerful state; but having fallen a prey to  there is none to which they appear more sensible than this
internal dissensions, was violently seized by Austria, Prus- attempt to complete their national destruction by the extirsia, and Russia as a common spoil, partitioned among these- pation of their native tongue, which is said to be one of the
three powers, and incorporated with their dominions. In  richest and sweetest of the Slavoanian dialects.
its greatest prosperity it had a population variously es-   Poland was first raised to the rank of a kingdom by Otho
timated at fi'om 11,000,000 to 15,000,000; and an area of  III., emperor of Germany, in 1025, when Boleslaus Chrobry,
284,000 square miles, greater than that of F'rance, stretch-  who, as early as 840, had been acknowledged chief of all the
ing fsom  the flontiers of Hungary and Turkey to the  Poles dwelling betweenthe Vistulaa-ndtheWarta, became its
Baltic, and from Germany far E. into Russia, lat. 470 to 560  sole monarch. His reign was long and flourishing, aid the
N., Ion. 150 to 320 E.- The territory thus marked out Piast dynasty which he founded continued for nearly four
formed one vast and remarkably compact kingdom, divided  centuries. Upon the death of Casimir, in 1370, in whom
into Great and Little Poland on the W., Masovia and Pod- the male line of the Piasts became extinct, his nephew,
lachia in the centre, Volhynia. Podolia, and the Ukraine in  Louis of Hungary, in order to secure the succession to his
the E., and Lithuania in the N.E.: the principal subdivision  youngest daughter, IHIedwig, which he could not do without
was into 31 palatinates and starostys.                     innovating on the constitution, bestowed upon the nobility
The most characteristic feature of the surface is its uni- privileges with so lavish a hand, as virtually to make them
formity. With the exception of the Carpathians, forming  masters of the crown itself. By the marriage of Hedwig
its S.W. boundary, and a ridge of moderate elevation pene- with Jagellon, Duke of Lithuania, that duthy became united
trating into it from  Silesia, it scarcely possesses a single  to Poland, and the kingdom continued to flourish for censummit deserving the name of hill, but is truly, as its name  turies after; yet to this first infringement of the constituimplies,'flat land," presenting.the appearance of an almost tion is to be traced the remote cause of the ruin which
unbroken plain, composed partly of gently-waving slopes, finally overwhelmed the country. The first actual partition
partly of rich alluvial flats, partly of sandy tracts, so barren took place in 1772, and stripped Poland at once of about a
as to deserve the name of deserts, and partly of extensive  third of her whole territory, the respective shares of the
morasses. The last, contrary to the general rule, occupy the  spoil being-to Prussia, 13,337; Austria. 27,000; and Russia,
most elevated part of the interior, and consist of a broad  42,000 square miles. A second partition in 1793 gave Prusbelt curving irregularly in a N.E. direction from the IHun- sia 22,500, and Russia 96,500 square miles. The Poles noly
garian frontiers into Lithuania, and though only from 400  awoke from their stupor, and, headed by the heroic Kosci
1508




POL                                                         POL
asko, made noble efforts to regain their independence. But Warwick, with a station on the Trent Valley Railway, 4
it was too late; another partition took place in 1795, and the  miles N.N.W. of Atherstone.
last King of Poland, degraded into a pensionary of the Rus-    POLIA, polle-A, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
sian court, died at St. Petersburg in 1798. A dawn of hope  Ultra II., S. of Nicastro. Pop. 1560.
appeared in 1807, when Bonaparte, in accordance with the    POLIANI, po-le- nee, a market-town of Russia, governterms of the treaty of Tilsit, formed the duchy of Warsaw, ment, and 19 miles S.E. of Min.sk.  Pop. 1500.
which, being increased in 1809 by the addition of West Galicia,   POLICANDRO0, pol-e-krnfdro, an island of the Grecian
extended over an area of 60,000 square miles, and contained  Archipelago, government of Naxos, 16 miles E. of Milo.
3,780,000 inhabitants. In 1815, the congress of Vienna, by  Area, 20 square miles. Pop. 200. The surface is rugged,
an arraungement which in the circumstances looks more like  but it yields sufficient corn. &c. for home consumption. On
insult than generosity, erected the city of Cracow, with a  it is a village of the same name.
territory of 466 square miles and a pop. of 96,000, into a    POLICASTRO, po-le-kdsltro, (anc. Pyxeus, afterwards Bux.
firee and independent republic. The successive partitions  entum,) a maritime town of Naples, province of Principato
lad given Austria 45,000 square miles, with 5,000,000 in- Citra, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Policastra, 22 miles S.
habitants; Prussia, 57,000 square miles, with 2,550,000 in- of Diano. Pop. 7000. It is a bishop's see, and has a Gothic
habitants; and Russia, 180,000. square miles, with 4,600,000  cathedral, and an active fishery.
inhabitants. About two-thirds of the Russian share was   POLICASTRO or POLEOCASTRO, po-lA-o-kas'tro. a town
completely incorporated with the general government, and  of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., 18 miles W.N.W.
ceased to retain any,distinctive appellation; but the re- of Cotrone. Pop. 4200.
mainder, containing about 49,000 square miles, was erected    POLICZKA, po-leech/kA, a town of Bohemia, 28 miles S.E.
into what was called the Kingdom of Poland, and received a  of Chrudim. Pop. with suburbs, 3626.
separate constitution from the Emperor Alexander, drawn    POLIGNAC, poleenlyAk', a village of France, department
up in a more liberal spirit than might have been anticipated. of Haute-Loire, near the Loire, 2 miles N.W. of Le Puy.
It appears, however, to have been more liberally devised  Pop. 2134. Near it are the ruins of a celebrated castle.
than faithfully executed; and the Poles, taking occasion    POLIGNANO, po-leen-y!no, a town of Naples, province,
of the French Revolution of 1830, rashly engaged in an  and 26 miles E.S.E. of Bari, near the Adriatic. Pop. 4500.
insurrection, which has only furnished Russia with a pre-   POLIGNY, po'leen'yeef, a town of France, department of
text for riveting their chains more closely. The name, Jura, 14 miles N.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. in 1852, 5718.
Kingdom of Poland, is still given to that portion of the  It has a communal college, manufactures of hosiery, earthenRussian territories, but tjhe country is now treated, in all ware, glue, saltpetre, and leather.
respects, as an integral part of the Russian Empire. It is    POLILLO, po-lil/lo, or po-leel'yo, one of the Philippine
bounded, N. and W. by the territories of Prussia, E. by the  Islands, in Malay Archipelago, E. of Luzon;. lat. 150 5, N.,
Russian governments of Bialystok, Grodno, and Volhynia, Ion. 1220 6' E. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 20 miles. Soil
and S. by Austrian Galicia. It is divided into the govern- fertile. In its centre is Mount Malolo. The village of Polillo
ment of Warsaw, the capital, (anc. Mafsovia and Kalisz,)  is on its W. side.
Radom, (anc. Kielce and Sandersier,) Lublin, (anc. Podlachia    POILING or POOLIING, a parish of England, co.: of Susand Lubin,) Plock, and Augustowo; has an area of 37,120  sex, 2 miles N.N.E. of Little Hampton. Near it are traces of
geographical square miles, and in 1850 had a population of  a Roman bath.
5,008,000. The Republic of Cracow, also, after maintaining    POLISTINA, po-lis-teetnh, a town of Naples, province of
a feverish existence till 1846, was seized by Austria, and in-  Calabria Ultra I., district, and 13 miles E.N.E. of Palmi.
corporated with her Kingdom  of Galicia.-Adj. Po/LisH; Pop. 4000.
inhab. PoLE and POsfTmi, (now obsolete.)                      POLITZ, pollits, a town of Germany, in Prussia, provinm-e
PO'LAND, a post-township of Androscoggin co., Maine, on  of Pomerania, 9 miles N. of Stettin, on the Oder. P. 2'32.
the WV. side of the Androscoggin River, 36 miles S.W. of    POLITZ or POLICE, po-leet/sA, a town of Bohemia, 28
Augusta. Pop. 2660.                                         miles N.E. of Klniggritz.. Pop. 1399.
POLAND, a township in the S.E. part of Chautauque co.,   POLIZZI, po-lit/see, a town of Sicily, intendency of PalerNew York. Pop. 1174.                                       imo, 17 miles S.W. of Cefalu. Pop. 4000.
POLAND, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York, on    POLK, plk, a new county in the N.W. part of Georgia,
West Canada Creek, 15 miles N.E. of Utica. Cotton goods  formed since 1851.
and edge-tools are manufactured here.'                        POLK, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of
POLAND, a neat post-village and township of Mahoning  about 1200 square miles. It is intersected by the Trinity
co., Ohio, on Yellow Creek, 174 miles N.E. of Columbus.  River, navigable for steamboats. The surface is nearly level.
The country is rich and populous, and is amply supplied  Much of the soil is fertile, especially in the valley of Trinity
with iron and coal. Poland contains 2 churches, 1 academy, River. Capital, Livingston.  Pop. 2349, of whom 1544 were
1 iron foundry, and mills of various kinds. The township is  fiee, and 805 slaves.
intersected by the Mahoning River and Pennsylvania and    POLK, a county of Arkansas, situated in the W. part of
Ohio Canal. Pop. 2126.                                     the state, bordering on the Indian Territory, contains about
POLAND a post-office of Clay co., Indiana.                1150 square miles. It is drained by the sources of the
POLAND CENTRE, a post-village of Chautauque co., New  Washita River. The surface is mountainous, and traversed
York, about 20 miles S.E. of Mayville.                      by numerous streams which furnish water-power. The
POLAND CENTRE, a post-office of Mahoninug co., Ohio.    soil and climate are adapted to the growth of wheat, maize.
POLANGEN, pollang-en, a frontier market-town of Russia, &c. It is stated that the highlands are rich in minerals,
government of Courland, on the Baltic, 42 miles W. of Telsh. among which are iron, lead, silver, &c. Capital, Dallas.
Pop. 1500. In 1831, the Poles were here defeated by the  Pop. 1263, of whom 1196 were tfree, and 67 slaves.
Russians.                                                     POLK, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Tennessee,
POLANIEC, po-l~nfyits, or POLANCEC, po-nut/sfts, a  bordering on North Carolina and Georgia; area estimated at
town of Poland, province, and 28 miles S.WY. of Sandomier. 300 square miles. It is intersected by the Hiawassee and
Pop. 1818.                                                  Amoce Rivers. The surface is mountainous, and mostly
POILAR REIGIONS, the zones included within the Arctic  covered with forests. Extensive deposits of copper ore have
and Antarctic Circles. The North Polar Regions have ob- been found in this county. Capital, Benton.  Pop. 6338, of
tained an interest from the several attempts to find a pas- whom 5938 were fi;ee, and 400 slaves.
sage through, either from the N.E. or the NW. The nearest    POLK, a county in the S.W. central part of Missouri, has
approach to the North Pole was by Captain Parry, who  an area of 625 square miles. It is traversed from  S. to N.
reached lat. 820 45' N., ion. 190 25' E. Captain Franklin, in  by Pomme de Terre River, intersected in the S.W. part by
his first expedition, penetrated a considerable way westward, the East Fork of Sac River, and also drained by Lindley's
and set out on a second exploration, May 23, 1845. Captain  Crtek. The general surface is undulating or level, and is
Cook penetrated to the South Pole as 6ar as lat. 670 30' S., diversified by prairies and forests. The soil is fertile, and
lon. 390 E., and to lat. 710 10' S., in lon. 1100W. Sir James  abounds with springs of limestone water. Iron and lead
Ross penetrated to lat. 780 10' S., in ion. 1700 E., and dis- are abundant. Capital, Bolivar. Pop. 6186, of whom 5817
covered Victoria Land.                                     were free, and 369, slaves.
POLAR SEA, NORTH. See AncTre OcE.ke.                       POLK, a county in the central part of Iowa, has an area
POLAR SEA, SOUTH. See ANTARCTC OCEANx.                   of 720 square miles. The Des Moines River flows through
POLAUN, pofllwn, (OBR., olber, and NIEnet, neefder,) the middle in a S.E. direction; Skunk River traverses the
two villages of Bohemia, 60 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2500. N.E. part; and the S. part is drained by Racoon, North,
POLCH, polK, or POLLICH, pol/lie, a market-town of South, and Middle Rivers. The soil is highlyproductive.
Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles W.S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 1700.  Stone coal is found in several parts of the county. Capital,
POLEIBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  Fort Des Moines. Pop. 4515.
POLEN, and POLE. See POLAND.                               POLK, a new county in the N.W. part of Wisconsin. conPOLESELLA, po-l4-sWlll, amarket-town of Austrian Italy, tains about 2500 square miles. The St. Croix River forms
province of Polesine, on the left bank of ths Po, 7 miles its entire boundary on the W., separating it from Minnesota
S.S.WV. of Rovigo. Pop. 1132.                              Territory; it is also drained by Shell River. The surface is
POLESINE, po-lA-seefnA, (L. Polexilnum Santiviti,) a vii- uneven, and extensively covered with forests in which the
lage of Parma, duchy of Piacenza, on the right bank of the  pine is found. Formed in 1853, out of the N. part of St.
Po, 24 miles N.W. of Parma. Pop. 2525.                     Croix county. Capital, St. Croix Falls.
POLESWORTH, p5ll1worth, a parish of England, co. of    POLK, a county in the WV. part of Oregon, has an area
1509




POL                                                      POL
estimated at above 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the    POLLUTRO, pol-looltro. a town of Naples, province of
W. by the Pacific Ocean, and on the E. by the Willamette  Abruzzo Cit'a, 5 miles W.N.W. of I Vasto. Pop. 1300.
River. Yaquima Bay is situated on the W. coast. The soil   POLIMONT, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling,
in the E. part is fertile. There were 134 pupils attending  with a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, 4
academies and other schools. Pop. 1051.                   miles E. of Falkirk. It gives the title of baron to the Duke
POLK, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. P. 712.  of Hamilton.
POLK, a small post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania.   POLNA, pol/nd, a town of Bohemia, 33 miles S.S.E. of
POLK, a post-office of Union co., Georgia.              Czaslau. Pop. 4916, employed in woollen weaving and in
POLK, a township in Arkansas co., Arkansas. Pop. 322.  large iron-mines.
POLK, a township in Dallas co., Arkansas. Pop. 429.       POLNO, a town of- Prussia.  See PoLL0ow.
POLK, a township in Montgomery co., Arkansas. Pop.   POLO, polo, an island of the Philippines, in the Malay
208.                                                      Archipelago, off the W. coast of Luzon. Lat. 150 N., ion.
POLK, a township in Newton co., Arkansas. Pop. 137.   1220 20' E.
POLK, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio.                 POLOCHIC, po-lo-cheekl, a river of Central America, state
POLK, a township in Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 1318.      of Guatemala, department of Vera Paz, rises in the district
POLK, a township in Monroe co., Indiana. Pop. 431.      of Coban, flows mostly E.S.E., and after a course of about
POLK, a township in Green co., Missouri. Pop. 732.      120 miles, enters the Golfo Dulce, whence it is navigable to
POLK, a village in Lucas co., Iowa, near Chariton River, the village of Pelawan. In one place it is crossed by a
110 miles S.W. by W. of Iowa City.                        curious suspension bridge.
POLK, a village in Mahaska co., Iowa, near Des Moines   POLOCK, a town of Russian Poland. See POLOTZr.
River, 85 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City.                        POLOGNE, a country of Europe. See PoLAND.
POLK, a post-village and township of Washington co.,   POLONGHERA, po-lon-gdrA, a village of the Sardinian
Wisconsin. 36 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1344.         States, about 11 miles N.N.E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 1728.
POLK CITY, a village of Polk co., Iowa, 17 miles N. of    POLONIA. See PoLAND.
Fort Des Moines.                                            POLONKA, po-lonk/k, a market-town of Russian Poland,
POLK PATCH, a post-office of Warrick co., Indiana.      government of Grodno, 18 miles E.N.E. of Slonim. P. 1580.
POLK PRAIRIE, a small village of Columbia co., Wis-   POLONOE, po-lo'no-A, a market-town of Russian Poland, goconsin.                                                   vernment of Volhynia, 51 miles WV. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 1730.
POLK RUN, a post-office of Clark co., Indiana.            POLOP, po-lop', a town of Spain, in Valencia, province,
POLKSIVILLE. a post-office of Hall co., Georgia.        and N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1902.
POLKTON, a post-township in the N. part of Ottawa co.,   POLOPOS, po-lolpoce, a village'of Spain, Andalusia, about
Michigan. Pop. 268.                                        4 miles from Granada, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 1680.
POLKVILLE, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.       POLOTZK, po-lotsk', written also POLOCK, a town of
POLKYILLE, a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey.     Russian Poland, government, and 60 miles W.N.W. of ViPOLKVILLE, a small post-village of Columbia co., Penn- tebsk, at the confluence of the Dwina and the Polota. Pop.
sylvania.                                                 9000. It has a kremlin, or citadel, numerous ancient
POLKVILLE, a post-office, Cleveland co., North Carolina. churches and monasteries, a Jesuits' college, and a district
POLKVILLE, a post-office of Warren co., Kentucky.       school for nobles. It was taken by the Russians from the
POLKVILLE, a small village of Whitefield co., Georgia.   Poles in 1579, and again in 1655.
POLKVILLE, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama, 5 miles    POLPENAZZE, pol-pA-nut/sA, a village of Austrian Italy,
E. of Coosa River, 15 miles S.W. of Jacksonville. Here is an  government of Milan, 6 miles S. of Salo. Pop. 1229.
iron furnace and forge.                                      POLPER/RO, a market-town of England, co. of Cornwall,
POLKVILLE, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi.     95 miles S.S.W. of Liskeard. Pop. 699.
POLKVILLE, a small village of Bath co., Kentucky.         POLISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
POLKVILLE, a small village of Macon co., Missouri.        POLTAVA, pol-t/lva, also written PULTOWA and PULPOLKWITZ, polktdits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 20  TAWA, a government of South Russia, between lat. 480 25'
miles N. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1800.                          and 510 6' N., and ion. 300 45' and 360 40' E., enclosed by the
POLLA, pollA, (anc. eFoerum  Popil/ii,) a town of Naples, governments Tchernigov, Koorsk, Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav,
province of Pnincipato Citra, in the Val di Diane, on the  Kherson, and Kiev, from which last two the Dnieper sepaTanagro, 10 miles N.N.W. of Sala. Pop. 5000. It has some  rates it on the W. Area, 19,040 squar e miles. Pop. 1,663,694.
industry in sewing silk, and weaving coarse woollen cloths The surface is a level plain, with only a few hills on the
and caps.                                                 banks of the Dnieper, of which river the Soola, Psiol, and
POL'LACASITY CREEK, of North Carolina, flows into  Vorskla are the affluents. The soil is excellent. Corn is
Meherrin River a few miles above Winton, in Hertford  cultivated for exportation. Hemp, flax, red pepper, tobacco,
county.                                                   and fruits are also raised. Live stock mase reared in large
POLILARD'S MILLS, a post-office of Greenup co., Ken- numbers, and honey andsilk are important products. Mannutucky.                                                    factures have latterly made some progress, and linen, woolPOLLARD'S TAN-YARD, a post-office of Caldwell co., len and cotton fabrics, leather, and candles are made.
Kentucky.                                                   POLTAVA, the capital of the above government, is situPOLLE, pol/leh, a village of Hanover, on the left bank of  ated on the Vorskla, 70 miles W.S.W. of Kharkov. Pop.
the Weser, 38 miles S.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1231.         20,071. It stands on an eminence, aid is regularly built,
POLLENZA, poll-nlzA, (ance. Polleeftia,) a town of the is- though chiefly of wood; it is enclosed by planted wallrs on
land of Majorca, on its N. side, 28 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. the site of its former ramparts. It has a cathedral, a col6402. It stands about 2 miles W. of the Bay of Pollenza, lege. a convent, and three large annual fairs. In its prinand has a handsome church, a Jesuits' college, and active  cipal square is a monument to Peter the Great, who here,
manufactures of fine black woollen cloth. The bay, large  on tihe 27th of June, 1709, gained a decisive victory over
and secure, is formed by two narrow peninsulas, the points  Charles XII., then obliged to escape into Turkey.
of which are called the Capes Formenton and del Pinar.      POLITIMORE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
POLLERSKIRCHEN, polllers-k6URkaen, a market-town of   P0O/TON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Bohemia, circle of Czaslau. Pop. 959.                        POLVADERA, pol-vl-dAlfr, a'village in the interior of
POLLEUR, po'luR/e, a village of Belgium, province, and  New Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio del No-te.
16 miles E.S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1557.                         POLIWORTH, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, 4 miles
POLLINA, pol-lee'nt, a town and river of Sicily.         S.W. of Dunse. In it is Marchmont House, the seat of Sir
POLLINCHOVE, polflin-xo'veh, or POLLINCKHOVE,  Hunh II. Campbell, Bart., proprietor of the parish.
polllink-ko'veh, a village of Belgium, province of West   PO;IYNESIA, pol'e-neefshe-a, (i.e. "many islands,") inFlanders, on the Yser, 27 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1740. eludes the multitude of islands scattered over the Pacific
POI/LINGTON, a township of England, co. of York, WVest Ocean, and comprehends a belt chiefly within 30 degrees on
Riding.                                                    each side of the equator, and from ion. 1350 E. to 1350 W.
POLLNOW, poll/nov, sometimes written POLLNO and POL- Including New Zealand, the boundary extends S. of the
NO, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 20 miles E.S.E. of equator to lat. 470 S. The islands are distributed into
C'slin. Pop. 1390.                                         numerous groups; and these groups, of an elongated form,
POLLOCK'S, a small post-village of Randolph co., Illinois. have a general direction from N.WV. to S.E., and are composed,POL'LOCKSHAWS/, a burgh of barony, and town of Scot- of one or more larger islands, and numerous smaller ones.
land, co. of Renfrew, on the White Cart, here crossed by a The principal groups to the N. of the equator are the Pelew,
stone bridge of 2 arches, 25 miles S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. in  Ladrone or Mariana, Caroline, Radack, Marshall, Gilbert,'
1851, 6086. It comprises several streets, and has a neat and Sandwich Islands. S. of the equator are New Ireland,
church, a town-hall, and a branch bank. Weaving silk and  New Hebrides, New Britain, Feejee, Friendly, Navigatoi's,
cottons by hand and power looms, cotton spinning and  Solomon's, Society, Mendafia or Marquesas, Low Archipelago,
bleaching, calico printing, and fancy dyeing, are carried on  Cook's, Austral, and other minor groups, besides numerous
to a considerable extent. The Pollock and Govan Railway  detached islands,'as Easter and Pitcairn Islands. With the
connects the coal-fields, 3 miles S. of Glasgow, with that city, exception of Hawaii, the largest island of Polynesia, the
POL/LOCKSVILLE, a post-village of Jones co., North  most considerable of the others range from 20 to 60 and 100
Carolina.                                                 miles in circumference, while many do not exceed a mile or
POLLONE, pol-lolnA, a village of the Sardinian States, two in length. These islands are all, more or less, of coral
livision of Turin, province, and near Biella. Pop. 1653.    formation, the Low Archipelago, Society Islands, Marshall,
1510




POL                                                        POM
and Carolines presenting the regular atoll form, with cir- in Bolivia. Lat. 180 8' S., lon. 600 3' NV. IHeight, 21,700
cular reefs and lagoons. The Friendly, New Iebrides, Solo- feet.
men's, and Sandwich Islands present fringed reefs, and have    POMAIRIA, a small village of Lexington district, South
active volcanoes-the summits of the mountains.varying   Carolina.
from 2000 to 13,000 feet. In the lower coral islands, the    POMIARIA, apost-office, Newberry district, South Carolina.
elevations do not exceed 500 feet. In the atoll coral islands,   POMARICO, po-mdtre-lko, a town of Naples, province of
Darwin has supposed that a depression of surface is taking  Basilicata, 11 miles S.S.E. of Matera.  Pop. 4900.
place, and that the volcanic islands are either stationary or    POMIARO, po-mi/ro, a town of Parma, duchy, and 18 miles
rising.                                                     S.W. of Piadenuza.  Pop. 2119.
The temperature of Polynesia, owing to the counteracting    POMATA, po-m&5/tA, a village of Bolivia, department, and
influence of the ocean, is comparatively moderate, and the  97 miles W.N.W. of La Paz, on the S.W. shore of Lake Titiclimate is delightful and salubrious. Mean annual tempe- cacar, 13,040 feet above sea-level.
rature of the Sandwich Islands, 770; temperature of the    POMAZ, polmaz', a village of Iungary, co., and 12 miles
Society Islands, from 700 to 800, and rarely 900 Fahrenheit.  N. of Pesth. Pop. 2739.
The S.E. tropical wind generally prevails, but N.W. and S.W.    POMBA (pomlbi) BAY, one of the finest harbors on the
winds are not uncommon.  Thunder-storms and water- E. coast of Africa, 150 miles N. of Mozambique, in lat. 120
spouts are common. Iurricanes are rare, and earthquakes  27' S., ion. 400 25' E., 9 miles in length by 6 miles across,
slight and not of frequent occurrence. The refreshing cool- with sufficient depth for the largest ships.
ness of the trade-winds, and a regular but not excessive    POMBAL, pom-bAlf, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
supply of moisture, are favorable to a luxuriant vegetation. on a hill near the Sora, 20 miles N.E. of Leiria.  Pop. 5000.
The soil in the valleys and in the river-courses is a rich vol-  It has 3 churches, a provincial asylum, manufactures of
canic mould; on the mountains it is less fertile. Both vege- hats, and large weekly markets.
table and animal productions are limited as to number of    POMIBAL, pom-b)ll, a town of Brazil, province, and 140
species. In the islands of the middle and eastern divisions  miles N.N.W. of Bahia.
not more than 500 species of plants are found. This num-    POMBAL, a town of Brazil, on the Pianco, province, and
her increases towards the W. and N.W. The bread-fruit, 250 miles W. of Parahiba. Pop. 4000.
peculiar to this region, the cocoa, banana, plantain, banyan,   POMBA, VILLA DA, veellid d/ pomlbA, a town of Brazil,
sugar-cane, yam, and cotton-plant, paper mulberry, and a iprovince of Minas Geraes, on the left bank of the Pomba, 60
species of chestnut, are indigenous. Other trees and plants  miles E.S.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. of the district, 12,000,
of tropical climates have been introduced, and flourish; and  chiefly employed in the cultivation of the sugar-cane.
arrow-root, sweet potatoes, the common potato, and maize, are    POMBEIRO, pom-bAfe-ro, a town and parish of Portugal,
now reared abundantly. There are several species of timber- province of Minho, near Guimarlens. Pop. 786.
trees, especially sandal-wood; a few spices, and ornamental    POMBEIRO, a town and parish of Portugal, province of
flowers, which, however, have little odor or decided color. The  Beira Baixa, near Cea. Pop. 1130.
islands were all remarkably deficient in animals, thus indi-    POMBIA, pomfbeA-, a village of the Sardinian States, in
eating their isolated and comparatively recent origin.  Iogs, Piedmont, division of Novara, near Borgoticino. Pop. 1109.
dogs, and rats were the only quadrupeds; snakes and other    POMERANCE, po-mA-rtnfchA, POMARANCE, po-mA-rdnfreptiles are confined to Navigators' group; vampire bats are  chA, or RIPOMlORANCE, re.po-mo-ritnlchi, a village of Tusfound in some of the islands. Land birds are not numerous,  cany, province of Pisa, in the Maremma, 7 miles S. of Volowls, parroquets, pigeons, and some passe-ince forming the  terra, and near the famous borax lagoons. Pop. 2000.
most remarikable; wild ducks and other water-fowls are more    POMERANIA, pom-e-nrne-a, (i. e. "upon the sea;" Ger.
plentiful. Turtles resort in great numbers to many locali-  Pommern, pom'mern,) a maritime province of Prussia,
ties, and fish are plentiful on the coasts. Several species of  mostly N. of lat. 530 N., and stretching along the Baltic flom
whales, the cachalot or sperm whale, Cape whale, hump-  lon. 120 30' to 18O E., having landward the provinces of West
back, and black-fish are peculiar to the seas of the Pacific,   Prussia and Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg.  Area, 12,304
and their capture has been the chief inducement for ships  square miles. Pop. 1,197,701, chiefly Protestants. The surto visit these regions. Oxen have.been introduced from  face is level, and in many parts marshy. The principal
New South Wales, and thrive well; and horses from South  rivers are the Oder, Pesante, and Stolpe. The coasts are
America.                                                    low, sandy, defended by dikes, and bordered by numerous
The natives of Polynesia are in general a well-formed, tall, inlets. The island of Riigen is comprised in the province.
active, and intelligent people. They consist of two distinct  The soil is not very fertile. The principal crops are wheat,
races, one apparently of IMalay origin, by far the most nu- barley, rye, oats, potatoes, flax, hemp, and tobacco. Agrimerous and intellectual. They are spread over all the central culture and the rearing of cattle and poultry, ship-building,
and E. portion of Polynesia, and speak one common language, manufactures of linen and woollen stuffs, iron and glass
though varying in dialects. The other, a negro or Papuan  wares, tanning, brewing, and distilling, are the principal
race, with negro features and color, and crisped, mop-like  branches of industry. The salmon and sturgeon fisheries
hair, growing in separate tufts, are confined to the W. part  are very productive, and smoked geese are important articles
of Polynesia, and inhabit partly or wholly New Guinea, of trade. The province consists of the governments of
New Britain, New Ireland, the Solomon Islands, New Cale-  Stettin, Stralsund, and CSslin.-Adj. and inhab. Posmdonia, New  IHebrides, and part of the Ladrone Islands. aANIAN, pom-er —ine-.an.
They speak a distinct language, and exhibit an intellect of    POMERIE, an island in the S.E. part of Africa.
an inferior grade. These were probably the first settlers of    POM'EROONI, the northernmost river of British Guiana,
the islands. In some of the Polynesian islands there is a  enters the Atlantic 40 miles N.W. of the estuary of the Essepartial intermixture of the two races, and in others an  quibo. The tract on the coast around its mouth is of the
apparent Caucasian intermixture, indicated by the ample  highest fertility; and an acre has been known to yield 6000
beard and prominence of the features.                       pounds of sugar, or 20,000 pounds of farinaceous food in a
Some of the western islands, as the Ladrones, were dis-  year.
covered by Magellan in 1521, the Marquesas by Mendaria in    POMIEROY, a village and parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co.
1595, but it was not till 1707 that Wallis, and subsequently  of Tyrone, 9 miles N.W. of Dungannon. Pop. of the village,
Cook, explored and described the leading islands of this  about 450.
region. Soon after this, missionaries began to settle here,   POMIEROY, a post-office of Greenville district, South Caand, after many discouragements, have at last succeeded in  rolina.
promoting Christianity and civilization in some of the prin-    POMEROY, a post-village of Salisbury township, and
cipal islands, though cannibalism and savage ferocity still capital of Meigs co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, 100 miles S.E.
prevail in the majority. In 1844 there were 45 British and  of Columbus. It is built on a narrow strip of land, which
American missiontary stations in Polynesia, the principal is enclosed between the river and a range of rugged and
being in the Sandwich Islands, Tahiti, and Society Islands, precipitous hills. Including the adjoining villages of CoalFriendly Islands, Feejee Islands, New Hebrides, and IHervey  port, Minersville, Carltonville, and Middleport, which may
Islands. The population of these islands varies continually  be regarded as portions of the same town, it extends nearly
from  wars, migrations, and occasional pestilence. Tahiti three miles along the river. Pomeroy owes its rapid growth
andsome others, when first discovered, were conjectured to  and prosperity chiefly to the abundance and superior quality
be greatly more populous than at present; but no proper  of the stone coal found in the immediate vicinity. In 1851,
data exist for affording even an approximation to the real above five million bushels were mined azd exported from
numbers. Probably the population of the whole of Poly-  this place, and the trade is increasing. Duringthe summer
nesia does not exceed a million or a million and a half. (For  of 1851, a company was formed here for manufacturing salt,
further information, see the individual groups and islands.)  with a capital of $25,000.  Two wells were sunk to the
--— Adj. and inhab, POLYNESIAN, pol-e-neetshe-an.           depth of 1000 feet, each of which discharges 50 gallons of
POLZIN, pelt-seent, a town of Prussia, in 1omerania, 31  water per minute, containing 9.5 per cent. of salt. The
miles S.W. of CSslin. Pop. 3030. It has a castle, mineral quality of the article produced is said to be very superior.
baths, and manufactures of woollen cloth, leather, and to- Since the success of this attempt, five or six other companies
cacco.                                                      have been formed, with a like capital; and it is confidently
POMABAMBA, po-mA-bhmlbb, a town of Bolivia, depart- expected that in a short time the manufacture of salt will
ment, and 70 miles S.E. of Chuquisaca.                      be carried on here more extensively than at any other place
POMARANCE, a village ofTuscany. See POMERANICE.           in the Western States. Pomeroy contains several churches,
POMARAPE, po-mA-rtpA, a mountain peak of the Andes,  1 or 2 newspaper offices, a telegraph office, and 2 foundries.
1511




POM                                                        PON
Laid out in 1841. In 1850 it contained 1638 inhabitants, ex- province of Mantuna, 3 miles E. of Viadana, on the left biunk
elusive of the adjoining villages. Total pop. in 1853, esti- of the Po. Pop. 2100.
mated at 4000.                                                POMiPTINIE PALUDES.  See PONTINE MARSHES.
POMIFRET, a town of England. See PONTEFRACT.                POMTPITON,  a small river in the N.E. part of New Jersey,
POM/FRET, a post-township of Windsor co., Vermont, formed by the Pequannock Creek and Ringwood River, flows
intersected by the Vermont Central Railroad, 45 miles S. by  southward on the boundary of Passaic and Morris counties,
E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1546.                                and enters the Passaic River.
POMFRET, a post-village and township of Windham co.,   POMPTON, a post-village and township of Passaic co., New
Connecticut, with a station on the Norwich ond Worcester  Jersey, about 70 miles N.E. of Trenton.  The village conRailroad, and on Quinebaun  River, 33 miles N. by E. of  tains a church and 15 or 18 dwellings. Pop. of the townNorwich. It has some manufactures of prints, &c. The  ship, 1720.
township is celebrated as containing the cave in which    POMPTON PLAINS, a post-office of Morris co., New Jersey.
Putnam killed the wolf. Pop. 1848.                            PONANY, po-nutnee, a commercial town and seaport of
POMFRET, a township of Chautauque co., New York, on  British India, at the mouth of the Ponany River, 38 miles
Lake Erie, contains Dulnkirk, and is intersected by the Lake  S.E. of Calicut. Its population is mostly of Arab descent,
Shore Railroad. Total pop. 4483.                            and it has numerous mosques. It was formerly the seat of
POiIFRET LANDING, a post-village of Pomfiret township,  an extensive trade, and it still exports teak, cocoanuts, iron,
Windham co., Connecticut, on Quinebaug River.               and rice.
POMIGLIANO D'ARCO, po-meel-yano daR/ko, a town of    PONANY  RIVER, of India, traverses the PaulghautNaples, province, and 8 miles N.E. of'Naples, with 2 hand- cherry Pass, to within 15 miles of which it is navigable in
some churches, a large monastery, and an hospital. Pop. the rainy season. Total course from E. to W., 100 miles.
5900.                                                         PONCE, pon/sA, a town on the S. coast of the island of
POMME DE TERRE (pomm deh tair) RIVER, of Mis- Porto Rico.
sonri, rises in Green co., and falls into the Osage, in Benton    PONCE DE LEON, ponss deh leefon, (Sp. pron. pon/sA dA
co., a few miles S.W. of Warsaw. Its general course is N. lA-,n/,) a post-office of Holmes co., Filorida.
by W.                                                         POND CREEK, a post-office of Greene co., Missouri.
POMMER(EIUL, pomnmeh-rul, a village of Belgium, pro-   POND CREEK MILLS, a post-office of Knox co., Indiana.
vince of IHainaut, on the Haine, 11 miles W. of Mons. Pop.   POND ED/DY, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, on
1734.                                                       the Delaware River, about 109 miles from New York City.
POMOINA, or MAINILAND, the largest of the Orkney  The river at this place makes a sudden bend, forming one
Islands, and nearly in their centre. Its shape is very irre-  of those basins called by the people here " ponds."  Its depth
gular, and it is divided by bays into two principal portions  is sufficient to float a man-of-war; yet a few hundred yards
-the W. and largest 16 miles in length, the E. part 9 miles  above or below, the river may readily be crossed by wading.
in length, breadth varying to 71 miles. Total area, 150    PONDERANO, pon-dA-rA/no, a village of the Sardinian
square miles. Pop. 16,141. Its W. coasts are precipitous, States, division of Turin, province, and near Biella. P. 1513.
but it has several good harbors; and that of Stromness is    PONDER'S END, a hamlet of England, co. ofEssex, with
the best in North Scotland. The land is mostly in heath  a station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 3 miles S. of
and moors, but interspersed with several tracts of fertile  Waltham.
soil, with some fresh-water lakes, as those of Stannis, Orphir,   POND FORK, a post-office of Jackson co., Georgia.
and Birsay. The towns of Kirkwall and Stromness, are re-    POND HILL, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.
spectively on its E. and S.W. coasts.                         PONDICHERRY, pon'de-shrs-ree, (Fr. Posdic/lsry, pSNaG.
POM1OINA, a post-office of St. Charles co., Missouri.     dee'shA'ree/,) a maritime town, and the capital of the French
POMON/KEY, a post-office of Charles co., Maryland.        settlements in India, on the Coromandel coast, 83 miles
POMORZANY, po-mose-zlfneef, a small town of Austrian S.S.W. of Madras. Lat. 110 55' N., ion. 790 49' E. It stands
Poland, in Galicia, 49 miles E.S.E. of Lemberg.             on a sandy plain, and is divided by a canal into a European
POMPADOUR, pbiupidoos!, a village of France, depart- and a native town, the former of which is regularly laid out
ment of Correze, 20 miles N.W. of Tulle, with a national  and well built, the houses being fiat-roofed and stuccoed.
stud, and a chateau and park, given by Louis XV. to MIadame  It is enclosed by planted boulevards, and in its centre is a
de l'Etoile, and whence she took the title of Marquise de  handsome square, in which alre the government house, &c.
Pompadour.                                                  It has new bazaars, a European college, an Indian school, a
POMPAN00SUC. a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont.   botanic garden. and the high court for the French possessions
POMPEII, pom-pA'yee, an ancient city of Italy, situated  in Asia. It has no port, but only an open roadstead, with
near the sea, 15 miles S.E. of Naples. In the year 79 A. D., a light-house erected in 1836. Its district comprises 69.000
it was overwhelmed, together with HIerculaneum  and some  acres, of which, a few years ago, 28,200 were under cultivaother towns, by an eruption of Vesuvius, from the crater of  tion. The territory around the town, 5 miles in length
which it is distant about five miles. For more than sixteen  fi'om  N. to S., by 4 miles in breadth, is partly watered by
centuries its existence appeared to be unknown, and its  the Giugee River, but is not very fertile; some rice, indigo,
name almost forgotten. But in 1748, some peasants em- tobacco, betel, cotton, and cocoanuts are raised; which, with
ployed in cutting a ditch met with the ruins of Pompeii,  guinees, or fine cotton cloths dyed blue, India handkerwhich soon became an objectofinterest and attention. Ex-  chiefs, and cotton yarn, form the chief exports, the total
cavations were commenced in 1755, and have been continued  value of which, a few years since, amounted to $569,257, and
to the present time. About two-fifths of the town have been  that of the imports to $604,317. The settlement was puruncovered, whence it appears that it was enclosed by walls, chased by the French from  the Bejapoor rajah in 1672, and
entered by several gates, six of which are already exposed, taken by the British in 1761, 1778, 1793, and 1803. Pop. of
and had numerous streets paved with lava, low, terraced  the territory in 1849, 81,154; of the town, about 40,000.
houses of one story, with shops, and shop-signs still plainly    POND  ISLAND, at the entrance of Kennebec River,
visible, several mansions of a superior order, a chalcidicum,  Maine. On it is a fixed light. 52 feet above the level of the
or market-place, two theatres, temples, baths, &c. Every- sea. Lat. 430 42' N., Ion. 690 44' W.
thing seems to be in a state of extraordinary preservation.   POND RIVER, a small stream in the W. part of Kentucky,
Not only statues, medals, jewels, and nearly every kind of  flows northward, and forms the boundary between Hopkins
household furniture have been found almost unaltered, but  and Muhlenburg counties, until it enters Green River. It
even books and paintings may be seen, fai- less injured than  is navigable for fiat-boats. Length, about 50 miles.
might have been supposed, when we take into consideration    POND RIVER MILLS, a post-office of Miller co., Kentucky.
the violent catastrophe which destroyed the town, and the    POND SETITLEMENT, a post-office of Steuben co., New
subsequent lapse of so many ages. Pompeii not having been  York.
buried by lava, but with tufa, ashes, and scorie, the excava-    POND SPRINGi a post-office of Walker co., Georgia.
tions are much more easily effected here than at H-Iercula-   POND SPRING, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas.
neum. Many of the smaller objects, statues, urns. utensils,    POND TOWN, a post-village of Sumter co., Georgia, 48
and manuscripts, have been deposited in the Museo Borbo- miles S.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 200.
nice of Naples, and the palace at Portici. A French hotel   PONEDELY, po-nA-dAtiee, amarket-town ofRussian Poland,
was established at Pompeii in 1849.                         government of Vilna, 53 miles N.N.E. ofVilkomeer. P. 1620.
POM'PERUING/ RIVER, in the W. part of Connecticut,   PONEVIEZH  or PONEVIEJ. po-nAL-ve-zh/, written also
rises in Litchfield co., and falls into the Housatonic River in  PONEVIESCII, a town of Russian Poland, government, and
New Haven county.                                           84 miles N.N.W. of Vilna, on an affluent of the Niemen.
POMIPEY, a post-township of Onondaga co., New York, Pop. 3580. It has a Piarist college.
15 miles S.E. of Syracuse, has an academy. Pop. 4006.         PONFERRADA, pon-fZe-ssl/A, a town of Spain, province,
POMtPEY CEN/TIRE, a post-village of Pompey township,  and 47 miles W. of Leon. Pop. 2520. It has a ruined castle,
Onondaga co., New York, 146 miles W. of Albany.  It is and some hospitals.
finely situated, and contains several churches.              PONG or BONG, the northernmost province of the Bur-, POMIPEY HILL, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, mese  dominions, between lat. 260 and 270 N., and ion. 960
about 15 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse.                         and 990 E., having E. China, N. Thibet, and W. Upper Assam.
POMPIANY or POMPIANI, pom-pe-Nnee, a market-town  Chief town, Moonkhom.
ol Russian Poland, in Vilna, 13 miles N. of Poneviezh.    PONGA, pongfgA, a maritime town of Lower Siam, on the
Pl'op. 1500.                                               W. coast of the Malay peninsula, N. of the island of JunkPOMPONESCO, pom-po-n$s'ko, avillage of Austrian Italy, ceylon. Lat. 80 8/ N., ion. 980 17' E.  Though recently
1512




PON                                                       PON
founded, it has many thousand inhabitants, mostly Malays  Mexico on the E., (through the ligolets,) and with the Misand Chinese.                                              sissippi on the S. by St. John's Bayou. The length is 40
PONGAS, pong/gds, or PONGO, pongfgo, a river of West miles, the greatest width 24 miles, and the greatest depth
Africa, in Senegambia, enters the Atlantic near lat. 100 S., Ion. from 16 to 20 feet. It is navigated by small steamboats, and
140 W. Between its mouths are the Pongas Islands.         is accessible from New Orleans by means of a canal.
PONG-IOU, or PESCADORES. See Pa NG-HOO.                   PONT-CHATEAU, p6NG sh&0t0, a market-town of France,
PONIKLA, po-nik/li, a village of Bohemia, 27 miles N.E. department of Loire-Infdrleure, 8 miles N.W. of Savenay.
of Bidschow, on the left bank of the Iser. Pop. 1600.     Pop. in 1852, 3667.
PONKAS, a tribe of Indians. See PueAHs.                   PONTCIIY, pdNa'sheel, a village of the Sardinian States,
PONOLA. See PANOLA, Mississippi.                        department of Savoy, province of Faucigny. Pop. 1099.
PONORGO, p0-nonlgo, a town of Java, province of Madion,   PONT-CROIX, p6NG ktw&I, a market-town of France, de92 miles S.E. of Samarang.                                partment of Finistlre, 18 miles W.N.W. of Quimper, on the
PONOVKA or PONOWKA, po-novfka, a market-town of  Goyen. Pop. 1416.
Russia, government of Poltava, 10 miles N. of Mirgorod.   PONT-D'AIN, p6Sa dAa, atrown of France, department of
Pop. 1510.                                                Ain, 11 miles S.E. of Bourg, on the Ain, with a fortress forPONS, p6Na, a town of France, department of Charente- merly the residence of the princes of Savoy. Pop. 1284.
Infdrieure, on the Seugne, 12 miles S.S.E. of Sanlutes. Pop.   PONT D'ARMENTERA, pont daa-mSn-tt/r/, a village of
in 1852, 4765. It consists of an old and a new town, and  Spain, province. and N.N.E. of Tarragona. Pop. 1400.
has an old castle, 2 churches, and an active trade in wines    PONT-DE-BEAJUVOISIN, p6NG deh b6'vwiVsANC, a town
and brandy.                                               of France, department of Is~re, 11 miles E.S.E. of La Tour du
PONS, pens, a town of Spain, province, and 42 miles N.E. Pin, on the Guiers, which divides the town into two porof Lerida, on the Segre. Pop. 740.                        tions. Pop. about 3800, of which 2394 belong to France.
PONSACCO, pon-s/ktko, formerly PONTE DI SACCO, pont-   PONT-DE-CAMARES.  See CAnIAR:ts.
tA dee sAkl'ko, a town of Tuscany, 16 miles S.S.E. of Pisa.   PONT-DE-L'ARCIHIE. p6N  deh lash, a town of France,
Pop. 2558.                                                department of Eure, 7 miles N. of Louviers, on the left bank
PONISONBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.      of the Seine, here crossed by an old bridge of 22 arches, and
PONT, (i. e. "bridge,") a prefix to the names of numerous on the railway to Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 1815.
towns and villages of France. See PONTEr and PUENTE.        PONT-DE-VAUX, pNG dfeh v6, a town of France, departPONTAC, pdNa tBkI, a town ofFrance, department of Basses- partment of Ain, 20 miles N.W. of Bourg, on the IReyssouse.
Pyrdnues, 15 miles S.E. of Pau. Pop. in 1852, 3212.       Pop. in 1852, 3136. It is the birthplace of General Joubert,
PONT-A-CELLES, p6No-l-s11, a village of Belgium, pro- and has manufactures of earthenware.
vince of Namur, with a station on the Brussels and Namur    PONT-DE-VEYLE, piNG deh vail, a town of France, deRailway, N.W. of Charleroi.                               partment of Ain, 17 miles W. of Bourg, on the Yeyle.
PONTA DELGADA, ponltg d~l-g,{dA, improperly written  Pop. 1321.
PONTE DELGADO, the largest town, though not the capi-   PONT-DU-CIIATEAU, pNa daii shlt5f, a town of France,
tal, of the Azores Islands. Lat. 370 40' N., lon. 250 36' W.  department of Puy-de-DSme, 9 miles E.N.E. of Clermont, on
Pop. 22,000. It is defended on the seaside, W., by the castle  the Allier. Pop. in 1852, 3621.
of St. Braz, which can mount 90 pieces of cannon, and about   PONT-DU-GARD.  See GARo, PONT DU.
3 miles to the E. by the forts of Sio Pedro and Rosto de    PONTE, pon/tA, (from the Latin Pens,) a word in Italian
Cao. The principal buildings are 6 churches, 8 monasteries, and Portuguese signifying a bridge, forming the part of
and 4 convents, now suppressed, and a neat English chapel. numerous names in the S. of Europe.
The anchorage in the roadstead has both a bad bottom, and    PONTE, pon/tA, a market-town of North Italy, in Piedis much exposed; and the harbor is so shallow, that vessels  mont, division, and 25 miles N. of Turin, at the confluence
require to be loaded by means of small craft; but still the  of the Orca and Saona. Pop. 4138.
trade is considerable. It is chiefly in the hands of the    PONTE, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and 6 miles
British, of whom a considerable number are here resident, N.E. of Sondrio, on the right bank of the Adda. Pop. 2738.
including a consul. The chief exports are wheat, maize,   PONTE AL LAMBRO, ponftA-l-lAmlbro, a village of Ausand oranges; and the imports cotton and silk tissues, hard-  trian Italy, province of Como, 3 miles N. of L'Erba, on the
wares, &c.                                                 Lambro. Pop. 871.
PONTA  DE  PEDRAS, ponftg di patdrgs, ("point of    PONTE A RIGNANO, ponft. A reen-yglno, a village ot
rocks,") in Brazil, province of Para, is a projecting point on  Tuscany, province. and 11 miles E.S.E. of lorence.
the Rio Negro, where the rocks form curious corridors and    PONTEBA, pon tYbd, or PONTEBBA, pon-tiblbi, a viichambers. Near it is the village of Airlo, with 500 in- lage of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, 31 miles N. of
habitants.                                                Udine. Pop. 1700.
PONTA DO CAJU, pon/tA do kI-zhoo/, a sandy promontory    PONTECORVO, pon-ti-koravo, (anc. Fregelce.) a town of
of Brazil, which projects into the Bay of Nitherohi, about 4  South Italy, in the Pontifical States, 20 miles S.E. of Frosimiles N.W. of Rio Janeiro.                                 none, in a detached territory surrounded by Naples, on the
PONTAFEL, pon/ta'-f51, a village of Austria, in Illyria, left bank of the Garigliano. Pop. 5200. It has a castle and
circle of Villach, in a narrow pass. Pop. 1430.            a cathedral. Bernadotte received from Napoleon the title
PONTAIPRET, a town of Siam. See CAMsBODIA.               of Prince of Pontecorvo.
PONTAILLIER, pING'tlh'yA! or pNsG'ttl'yA/, a market-   PONTE  CURONE, pontA koo-ro/nu, a village of North
town of France, department of Cbte-d'Or, on an island in the  Italy, in Piedmont, division of Alessandria, province, and 5
Sa~ne, 17 miles E. of Dijon. Pop. 1200. In the Middle Ages  miles N.E. of Tortona, on the Curone. Pop. 2180.
it was a residence of the Carlovingian kings.               PONTE DELGADO, a town of the Azores. See PoNTA
PONTAL, pon-ttlf, a small town of Brazil, province of  BDELADA.
Goyaz, near the WV. bank of the Tocantins River.            PONTE DE LIMA, ponltA dl leefmg, a town of Portugal,
PONT —MOUSSON, plnt { moos'sINGl, a village of France, province of Minho, on the Lima, here crossed by a bridge
department of Meurthe, 15 miles N.N.W. of Nancy, on the  of 24 arches, 13 miles N.W. of Braga. Pop. 2000.
Moselle. Pop. in 1852, 7843. It has a communal college and    PONTE DELL' OLLIO, pon/tA dll oYle-o, a town of
manufactures of earthenware.                              Parma, duchy, and 15 miles S. of Piacenza, on the Nure.
PONTARLIER, p6Nata'loe-.I, atown of France, department Pop. 3578.
of Doubs, 27 miles S.E. ofBesangon, at the entrance of a moun-   PONTE DE PINHEIRO, pon/tA dA peen-hbAe-ro, a village
tain pass into Switzerland. Pop. in 1852, 4953. It has a com- of Brazil. province, and 26 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro, on
munal college, and manufactures of leather and paper.     the Macacu.
PONTASSIEVE, pon-tls-se-WAvA, or PONTE-A-SIEVE, pont-   PONTEDERA, pon-tA-dAri, PONTEDRA, pon-tA/dri, or
tA —se-,/vA, a town of Tuscany, 12 miles E. of Florence, on  PONTADERA, pon-t/-dA/rg, a town of Tuscany, province,
the Sieve. Pop. 1780.                                     and 13 miles E.S.E. of Pisa, on the Era, at its confluence
PONT-AUDEMIER, pNo 6'delh-mair!, a town of France, de- with the Arno. Pop 3400, who manufacture cotton fabrics.
partment of Eure, capital of an arrondissement, 37 miles    PONTE DI LEGNO, pon/ltt dee lIn/yo, a village of AusN.W. of Evreux, on the Rille, which here becomes navigable. trian Italy, province, and 30 miles N.E. of Bergamo.
Ithas celebrated manufactures of leather. Pop. in 1852, 6310.   PONTE DO RIO VERDE, pon/Ut do reelo viR/dat, a village
PONT-AVEN, plNt AvlNGI, a market-town of France, de- and parish of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, 15 miles
partment of Finistbre, with a port on the small river Aven, N.E. of Campanha, on the Rio Verde.
9 miles W. of QuimperiS. Pop. in 1852, 1030.                PONTE DO SORO, ponltl do solro, a market-town of PorPONTA VERDE, plnltl veatdl, (i. e. "Green Point,") or tugal, province of Estremadura, on the Sore, 16 miles S.E.
PONTA DE JARAGUA, pon/tI dA zhA —rl/gwA, a promontory  of Abrantes. Pop. 1500.
of Brazil, province of Alagoas, having the port of Pajussara    PONTE DE BARCA, pon/tA di battkA, a town of Portu
on its N. and that of Jaragua on its S. side,             gal, province of Minho, on the Lima, near Ponte de Lima
PONTCHARRA, pINo'shIa'Rtl, a village of France, depart- Pop. 800.
menit of IsBre, arrondissement of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852,   PONTEFRACT, pomffret, (L. Pons  sr-actes, i. e. "broken
2562. Near it is a ruined castle, the birth-place of Chevalier bridge,") a parliamentary and municipal borough, town,
Bayard.                                                   and parish of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the
PONTCHARTRAINT LAKE, Louisiana, situated about 5  Aire, and with a station on the Yorkshire and Lancashire
miles N. of New Orleans.  It communicates with Lake  Railway, 21 miles S.S.W. of York. Pop. in 1851, 11,515. It
Maurepas on the W., with Lake Borgne and the Gulf of  has spacious streets, and is well built.  The principal
1513




PON                                                        PON
edifices are the town-hall, with a jail and court-house, Its shape from N. to S. is very irregular; from the mouths
the market-cross, the parish church, dating from the time  of the Po to Cape Circello, its length is about 280 miles;
of Henry I., a Roman Catholic and other dissenting chapels, greatest breadth, from  Ancona, on the Adriatic, to Civita
a grammar school, which has the right to send candidates  Vecchia, on the Mediterranean, 140 miles; least breadth,
for Lady E. Hastings' exhibition  at Queen's College, from  the N.E. corner of Tuscany to the Adriatic coast,
Oxford, several other schools, and almshouses. The famous  nearly on the parallel of Forli, not more than 18 miles.
castle of Pomfret, in which Richard II. died, and where  Area, including the isolated territories of Benevento and
Rivers, Grey, and Vaughan were put to death by order of  Pontecorvo, enclosed by Naples, and excluding the small
Richard III., is now in ruins, and its precincts are partly  territory of San Marino, which forms an independent re.
converted into garden-ground. The town has several public  public, 17,210 square miles.
libraries and news-rooms.  The trade consists chiefly in    Physical Features. —The coast-line measures about 370
corn, malt, filtering-stones, and garden produce; the last is miles, of which 210 miles are on the Adriatic, and 160 miles
sent to York and many large towns of the county. Ponte- on the Mediterranean; on both seas it is generally flat
fract sends 2 members to the House of Commons.              and marshy, unbroken by a single bay of any magnitude,
PONTE LAGOSCURO, pon'tA la-gos-koolro, a town of  and not possessed of any tolerable harbors except those of
Italy, in the Pontifical States, 4 miles N. of Ferrara, with a  Ancona and Civita Vecchia. The interior is traversed in a
free port, and extensive transport trade on the Po. Pop. 2140. S.S.E. direction by the central chain of the Apennines,
PONTEILAND, a parish of England, co. Northumberland.  which enters it from the N.E. of Tuscany, and sends several
PONTE LANDOLFO, ponltA lMn-dollfo, a town of Naples,  low ramifications both to the E. and W. The loftiest summits
province of Molise, 19 miles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 4000.   of the chain within the Pontifical States are in the S., where
PONTELUNGO, pon-t.A-loonfgo, a market-town of Lon- Monte Vetora, near Castellucio, rises to the height of 8133
hardy, 6 miles N.N.E. of Pavia.                             feet; Monte Sibilla, 7210 feet; and Monte Pennino, 5250
PONTELUNGO, CANAL OF, in Lombardy, connects Bo- feet. In the N. the territory comprises a part of the- great
volenta with the Brenta.                                    plain of the Po, and in the S.W. the undulating plain called
PONT-EN-ROYANS, p6Nt 8NIa ro'-ySca, a market-town  the Campagna di Roma, terminating inthe Pontine Marshes.
of France, department of Is~re, 5 miles S. of St. Marcellin.    Geology.-The whole of the N.E. part of the Pontifical
Pop. 1266.                                                  States, extending along the shores of the Adriatic, from the
PONTE SAN PIETRO, ponltA sln pe'Utro, a village of  the mouths of the Po, S. to Rimini, and inward as far as
Austrian Italy, province, and 5 miles E. by S. of iBergamo, Bologna and Ferrara, consists of low flats, forming a conon the Brembo. Pop. 1095.                                   tinuation of the diluvial gravels and alluvials which cover
PONTESBURY, ponts!ber-e, a parish of England, co. Salop. the plains of Lombardy. These are succeeded by a belt of
PONTE STURA, ponftm stoolrd, a village of North Italy, tertiary strata, chiefly travertine, sandstones, and snarls,
in Piedmont, division of Alessandria, province, and 5 miles which line the whole of the Adriatic shore from Rimini,
W.N.W. of Casale, on the Po, at the influx of the Stura.  past Ancona, to the mouth of the Tronto. W. of this is a
Pop. 1841.                                                  narrower belt belonging to the upper extremity of the sePONTEVEDRA, pon-tA-vl/dr't, (anc. Pens Feltus?) a town  condary formation. Farther W., and lower in the series, is
of Spain, capital of the province of Pontevedra, on the Lerey, a large tract almost entirely occupied by the Jura limenear its mouth, in the Bay of Pontevedra, and 13 miles  stone, extending W. from near Ascoli to the Tiber, and then
N.N.E. of Vigo. Pop. 4549. It is surrounded by walls, and  N. to the vicinity of Borgo San Sepolcro, in Tuscany. To
has manufactures of woollen cloth, cotton velvet, muslins, the W. of this, asmall zone ofthe tertiary formation, already
hats, and leather. The port is commodious for small yes- mentioned, again intervenes, but soon gives place to a very
sels, and it has a brisk coasting trade, with an extensive  large development of volcanic rocks. These, composed prinpilchard fishery. Pop. of the province in 1849, 420,000.    cipally of trachyte. basalt, and tufa, stretch from AquapenPONTEVICO, pon-ti-veelko, a market-town of Lombardy,  dente, in the N., to the S. of Velletri, extending without in19 miles S.S.W. of Brescia, on the Oglio. Pop. 5000.       terruption between the Lakes of Bolsena and Braccino. and
PONT!FAEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.   W. from  the capital to the shore. At other parts of the
PONT-FAVERGER, psNG f&v~R'zhA/, a market-town of  shore, the sedimentary rocks and deposites, already menFrance; department of Marne, 12 miles E.N.E. of Reims.  tinned, again appear:-the Jura limestone at the S. exPop. 1519.                                                 tremity, where it forms the promontory of Circeo or CiirPONT-GIBAUD, p6na zhee'b~f, a town of France, depart- cello; the cretaceous rocks at Civita Vecchia; the travertine
ment of Puy-de-Dhme, 13 miles S.W. of Riom. Pop. 937.      and tertiary marls both at Nettuno and the mouth of the
PONTIA and PONTIE   INSUL2E.   See PONZA.                Marta N.; and the diluvial and alluvial deposites on
PONTIAC, ponlte-ak', a post-office of Erie co., New York.  both sides of the mouth of the Tiber, and to a still larger exPONTIAC, a post-office of Huron Co., Ohio.               tent in the Pontine Marshes, and along the coast from NetPONTIAC, a flourishing post-village in Pontiac township, tuno to Paola.
and capital of Oakland co., Michigan, is'situated on Clinton    Rivers and Lakes.-The Apennines, forming the great waRiver, 25 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, at the terminus of the  ter-shed of the country, divide its waters nearly in equal
Detroit and Pontiac Railroad. It is a place of active busi- portions between the two seas. The Po, which forms nearly
ness, and one of the principal wool markets in the state. the whole of the N. boundary, the Velano, the Po di Primaco,
The water-power of the river gives motion to a number of  Lamone, Montone and Ronco united, Marecchia, Foglia,
mills. Pontiac contains 6 churches, a large public school, Metauro, Musone, Chienti, Tronto, and other smaller streams,
3 hotels, 14 dry-goods stores, 20 other stores, and 2 newspaper  flow into the Adriatic; and the Tiber, the Marta, and tributeoffices. It is the E. terminus of the Oakland and Ottawa  ries of the Garigliano, into the Mediterranean. None of
Railroad.  Pop. in 1853, about 2500; of the township, in  these rivers, except the Po and the Tiber, are of much navi1850, 2820.                                                 gable importance. All the lakes of any consequence are on
PONTIAC, a post-village, capital of Livingston co., Illi- the Mediterranean side of the water-shed. The largest are
nois, on Vermilion River, and on the Chicago and Missis- the Perugia or Trasimeno, the Bolsena, and the Bracciano.
sippi Railroad, 110 miles N.E. of Springfield.              After these come the Vice, Pi6 de Luco, Albano, and a numPONTIANAK,, pou-te-A-n~kl, the principal of the Dutch  her of lagoons along the coast. The principal marshes are
settlements on the W. coast of Borneo, capital of a kingdom   the Comacchio and the Pontine Marshes.
of its own name, is situated in a marshy tract on the left    Climate.-The climate varies greatly in different quarters.
bank of the river Capuas, near its mouth; lat. 00 31 S., ion. In the tgazioni (legations,) situated on the N. of the Apan1090 20' E. Pop. 19,115. It has a fort, and exports die- nines, opposite the snow-clad Alps, the winter is severe;
mends, pepper, gold-dust, and edible birds'-nests. It was while in the S. the climate is very mild, except in the mounsettled by the Dutch in 1823.                               tain districts; and the region of the Campagna of Rome
PONTICELLI, pon-te-ch~l/lee, a village of Naples, pro- would be a blooming garden, but for the fatal effects of the
vince, and 4 miles E. of Naples, with 4700 inhabitants, miasma, which forces the cultivators of the soil to seek refuge
chiefly employed in cultivating vegetables for the supply of  at night in the few scattered towns near its borders. The
the capital.                                                influence of the sirocco is often severely felt on the S. coasts,
PONTIICO, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York.          and would be almost insupportable were it not tempered
PONTIDA, a village of Austrian Italy. See PONTITA.        by breezes from the sea and mountains. The mean temPONTIFICAL STATES, PAPAL STATES, or STATES OF  perature of the year at Rome is 600.4; warmest month, 760;
TIHE CIURCI, (It. Stati Pontiftci,* stY/tee pon-tee/fe-che, coldest month, 450 Fahrenheit.
Stati della Chiesa,t stdttee d1l/ll ke-i/siA, or Stati Reomani.,    Agriculture, &c. —The soil is in generr] possessed of great
st/tee ro-minee;  Fr. L~tats  1~ A'yiset AtO  deh b'gleezf;i natural fertility, and when properly cultivated, yields heavy
stats du Pape,l Pt&/ dii pip, Ltats Pontificaux,*'?'At/ p6Nal- crops of all the ordinary grains; but it is calculated that
tee'fee`kO/, Xtats Romains,j PtA/ ro'mlcNW; Ger. Kistchen- only one-third of the surface is under cultivation. Much of
staat,f klrlaKen-stt'.) a country of Europe, comprising the  the country affords excellent pasturage, which is occupied
central part of the Italian Peninsula, bounded N. by Aus-  by great herds of buffaloes.  Considerable flocks of sheep
trian Italy; E. by the Adriatic; S.E. by Naples; S.W. by the  and many horses are reared; great numbers of hogs roam
Mediterranean; W. by Tuscany; and NW. by Mlodena. It ex- in the forests of the Apennines. Agriculture is conducted
tends from lat. 410 15' to 450 N., ion. from 100 50' to 140 E. in a very slovenly manner, and the implements are of the
rudest kind. The chief crops are wheat, maize, pulse, hemp,
~ "Pontifical States."        f "States of the Church."   wine, oil, and tobacco; oats. barley, and rye are grown in
"hRoman States."              "States of the Pope."     the N. legazioni (legations;) in the extreme S., sugar, indigo,
1514




PON                                                            PON
and cotton are cultivated to a small extent, and cork-trees  tretti,) headed by governors; who act as judges, without upare numerous. The vine is much cultivated, but the wines  peal, in all civil cases under 300 scudi, and subject to appeal
are of inferior quality. Both the olive and mulberry thrive  in minor criminal cases. The appeal is, in the first instance,
well, particularly the latter, from  which are made large  to the Collegiate Court, which is composed of the delegate,
quantities of silk, some of it of a quality not surpassed in  two assessors, an ordinary judge, and a member of the
Europe. Besides the ordinary fruits, the orange., citron, and  Communal Council, and has primary jurisdiction over the
pomegranate are common, and the date is occasionally met whole delegation.
with. Chestnuts form a considerable article of food. There    Above the Collegiate Courts are three superior courts of
are in the Pontifical States, mines of iron, lead, sulphur,  appeal.  One is the Segnatura, at Rome; another sits at
alum, vitriol, and other,volcanic products; but they are  Bologna; and the third at Macerata.  A still bigher court
nearly all unproductive, except the mines of iron and sul- of appeal is the Sacra Ruota, the limit of whose jurisdiction
phur, the last near Rimini. There are also quarries of mar-  is not very easily defined, as it once extended over the
ble and alabaster.  Salt is made in the lagoons of Ostia, Co- whole Christian world, and is still very extensive in all
macchio, and Cervia, to the amount of more than 84,000,000  countries where the pope's authority  is generally recogpounds annually.  The fisheries are mostly conducted by  nised. It is composed of 12 prelates, 6 of whom  are apthe inhabitants of the kingdom  of Naples.                    pointed by the pope, 2 by Spain, and 1 each by France,
M anufactures.-Manufactures have made very little pro-  Germany, Tuscany, and Milan. The system  of law is ex.
gress, and are chiefly confined to a few domestic articles of  tremely defective, since it scouts all the modern improveprimary necessity. Among them  may be mentioned the  ments in jurisprudence, and refuses to recognise any codes
sausages, crape veils, hempen and linen tissues of Bologna;  but the canon law and cospusjuris.
the silks of Bologna, Rome, and Perugia; woollens and    The exact amount of the papal revenue cannot be ascerhosiery of the last two towns; artificial flowers, perfumes,  tained. A great part of it is ecclesiastical, of which no acleather, paper, cream of tartar, confectionery, straw  and  count is exhibited. The secular revenue in 1854 amounted
other hats, wax-tapers, beads, crucifixes, false pearls,  to $12,542,500, of which $5,897,500 was derived  from  the
jewelry, mosaics, &c.                                         customs; the expenditures reached $14,395,000, of which
Commerce. —The trade is very much impeded by the want  $4,995,500 was for interest on public debt; $1,904,500 for the
of navigable streams, canals, and good roads; the latter  army; and $1,581,500 for the interior; excess of expenditures
often being infested with banditti. The Apennines forming  over revenue, $1,852,500. The army in 1854 amounted to
a separation between the N. and S., and the transport of  17,365 men, and 1417 horses; about 4500 men belonged to
goods across them  being practicable  only in  particular  two regiments of Swiss. A few gnu-brigs and smaller craft,
places, and on the backs of mules, prevent the free inter-  and 2 steamers, comprise the papal navy.
change of commodities; and hence it not unfrequently    Religion and _Education.-In   the Pontifical States there
happens that the same article which forms an export in the  were, in 1845, 9 archbishoprics, 52 bishoprics, 13 abbacies,
N. figures as an import in the S. In addition to some of  1824 monasteries, and 612 convents.  The secular clergy
the above manufactures, the exports are timber, charcoal, were estimated at 35,000; monks, 10,000; nuns, 8000. The
potash, oil, silk, alum, sulphur, gall-nuts, tartar, cork, tal-  Roman Catholic religion is here completely dominant; no
low, bones, rags, anise, almonds, poazzuolana, antiquities,  other is allowed to be professed by any subject of the pope
and works of art; the imports are colonial produce, cattle,  that has been baptized. The non-performance of this rite
provisions, including salt fish; metals, chiefly iron from   by the Jews is probably one of the reasons why an excepElba, and lead from  Great Britain; woollen and cotton tie- tion is made in their faivor, permitting them  to have 8
sues, drugs, &c.  The total value of exports in  1852  synagogues.  Education is conducted by universities, colamounted to $11,475,000, and of the imports to $11,294,000.  leges, seminaries, and elementary schools. The seats of the
The total number of arrivals coastwise in 1852 was 1080, 7 universities, are Bologna, (the most ancient and celebrated
(tons, 67,096; men, 7439;) and from foreign countries, 1231, in Italy,) Rome, Perugia, Ferrara, Camerino, Urbino, and
(tons, 187,728; men, 20,117;) clearances coastwise, 1082 yes-  Macerata, the last 4 founded in 1824; in 1841 these were atsels, (tons, 66,679; men, 7393;) for foreign countries, 1210, tended in all by 2400 students. No general provision is
(tons, 185,313; men, 27,122.) The merchant marine, in 1851, made for the education of the lower classes, and the incomprised 863 large vessels, with an aggregate burden of  struction imparted is of a very inferior order.
28,204 tons; and 567 smaller vessels, whose tonnage is not    Political Divisions,.Population, &c.-For administrative
given.                                                         purposes, the Pontifical States are divided into 1 comarca,
Governmenti —The government is of a very peculiar kind,  7 legazioni. (legations,) and 12 delegazioni, (delegations,)
not easily reducible to any of the generally recognised  the names of which, with their area and population, are exforms; though, in its leading feature, it is an elective mo-  hibited in the following table:narchy. The sovereign, who bears the name of papa or
pope, must be, at the time of his election, a cardinal-priest,                                   Area in  Popula-  Populaand is chosen for life by his fellow-cardinals, who constitute     LEGATIosN AND DELEGATIONS.    square.  tion in tion in
what is called the Sacred College, and must be all priests.                _miles.:  1843.
The hierarchical principle thus displayed is not confined    1. Romat Car................   1,857   310,233   304,266
to the higher offices. but is continued throughout the whole
11                el                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LEGATIONS.[
series-the priesthood being an indispensable qualification                LATON.
for the tenure of any civil office; though, in regard to some,   2. Bologna........................   1,404   348,652    61,40
3. Ferrara, [Ciacchi)...............  1,144   218,786   229!862
the priestly character seems to be more nominal than real,  4. Forli.......................        745   202,315   2081,007
as individuals regarded as priests while in office, are some-. Ravenna........................   732   1685,413   175,38
times not truly in orders, and again become laymen when. rblnoe Pesar................. 1,477    31,96    24,612
the office expires. The number of cardinals, in imitation    7. Velletri..........................    687    57,517    59,356
of the evangelists sent out by our Saviour, is limited to                DELEGATIONS.
70, and all vacancies may be filled up by the pope absolutely,. Ancna..........................  461   116,114   172,393
without control; though, in practice, the number is seldom    9. Macrat.......................      936.  225,65    2,42
complete. When the pope dies, the cardinal-chamberlain  10. Camerino.......................        338    38,415     8,1(It
occupies his place till the ninth day, when the funeral takes  11. Fermo........................   34    104,116   li.
12. Ascoli..........................    500    84,211    81,619
place. On the tenth day, the cardinals meet in secret con-  13. Perugisa..........................   1.573   210,316   122,9A
clave, and so continue till a majority of two-thirds are  14. Spoleto...........................  1;228   121,453   123,i65
agreed as to a successor. Even then the election is not de-  15. ieti.....5.........................    556   67,018    77,212
termined, as Austria, France, and Spain have each a veto on   16. Viterbo.........................   1,176   120,616   129,04
17. Orvieto..........................    328    26,141    26,450
one candidate. In the event of their exercising it, the   18. Frosnone..................rvo...1 78   2141,930   148,378
whole process must again be gone over, and full scope is  19. Civita Vecchia...................    405   24,312    20,38a
given for all kinds of intrigue.                               20. Benevento 2...........,910    2,04
The government is administered by boards or congrega-                                          16,2     88,115        a
M                                16~~~~~~~~~~',721]'8-8,1'-15 300-77
zioni, presided over by a cardinal-secretary of state as prime       Area of water and rads......    464,minister.  The principal congregazioni are the Camera                Urban area..................  25
Apostolica, or Treasury, presided over by the cardinalchamberlain, the only minister who holds office for life;                 Ttal area..............  17,2101
the Caucelleria or Chancery-president, the cardinal-chancellor; the Dataria, for ecclesiastical benefices; the Buon    History.-The Pontifical States, as containing the nucleus
Governo, for municipal police; the Congregazione de Monti,  of the last and greatest of the ancient empires which swayed
for public debt; the Sacra Consulta, for the political and  the world, have a history full of interest; but their existcivil administration of the provinces; the Segnatura, or  enco under the very anomalous form which they now preCourt of Seals; and the Sacra Ruota, or Supreme Court of  sent, dates only from  the middle of the eighth century.
Justice. The comarca of Rome is presided over by a go- Long before this period, the Bishop of Rome nad acquired
vernor, who has very extensive powers, and can inflict vast ecclesiastical influence, and, under the name of pope,
capital punishment; the provinces, or legazioni and delega-  claimed to be the supreme visible head and spiritual guido
zioni, by legates and delegates, each assisted by a council,  of Christendom; but his temporal.possessions lay within a
consisting of the gonfaloniere of the chief town, and from   very narrow compass, and he often suffered fi-om the visits
two to four councillors, nominated by the pope for five  of foreign aggressors, who treated him with very little cereyears. The delegations are subdivided into districts, (dis- mony. The basis of the pope's temporal power was laid by
1415




IPON                                                      POO
the successive donations of Pepin, Charlemagne, and the  once a part of the Chiclkasaw territory, and was serttlred'
Emperor Henry III.; but it was not consolidated till the  white people about 1836. Capital, Pontotoc. Pop. 17,112,
reign of Julius II., who died in 1513. During this (six- of whom 12,144 were free, and 4968 slaves.
teenth) century, the Reformation commenced, and ulti-   PONTOTOC, a post-village, capital of Pontotoc co., Missismately delivered the better half of Europe firom spiritual sippi, 175 miles N. by E. of Jackson. It has a United States
thraldom. The pope thus not only lost some of the richest land-office, and several stores. Two newspapers are pubsources of his revenue, but was compelled silently to with- lished here.
draw several of his most arrogant pretensions; and in re-   PONTOTOC, a post-office of Fulton co., Kentucky.
gard to temporal authority, to descend from his lofty emi-   PONTREMOLI, pon-tr~mloole, a town of Tuscany, province
nence as king of kings, to the comparatively humble sta- of Florence, at the S. declivity of the Apennines, 23 miles
tion of sovereign  of the Pontifical States. At the French  N.W. of Carrara. Pop. 4000. It is divided into an upper
Revolution of 1790, the popes lost their possession of Avig- and lower town; the former is enclosed by massive fortificanon and Venaissin; and in 1797 their domain was further  tions, and defended by an old castle; the latter is modern,
diminished by the legations ceded to the Cisalpine Republic. and adorned with many handsome mansions. It has a
In 1808. Napoleon divided the other states between the  cathedral, and considerable industry in weaving silks and
kingdom of Italy and the French Empire; but in 1814, all linens.
these territories were restored to the pope,:except Avignon.   PONT-SAINT-ESPRIT, p6Na sINt ls'preel, a town of France,
In 1847, Pope Pius IX. established a constitutional parlia- department of Glard, 20 miles N.N.E. of Uzes, on the right
ment, consisting of 99 deputies popularly elected; but by  bank of the Rhone, here crossed by a bridge of 24 arches,
the revolution of 1848, these arrangements were over- built in the thirteenth century. Pop. in 1852, 5538. It has
turned, and the pope compelled (November 24) to flee from  a citadel, built by Louis XIII., and an active commerce.
Rome. The revolutionary party having been put down, the    PONT-SAINT-MAXENCE, p6aG sAet mlx'eNsst, a town of
pope returned to his capital, where he has since been  France, department of Oise, 7 miles N. of Senlis, on the Oise,
maintained in authority chiefly by the aid of French  Pop. in 1852, 2444.
bayonets.                                                    PONT-SAINT-VINCENT, p6as sINt VsNG's8NG, a marketPONTINE (ponutin) MARSHlIES, (It. Palydi.Pontine, p~- town of France, department of M1eurthe, 7 miles S.W. of
looldee pon-teefng; Fr. Marais.Pontins, m1'Al p6ecrt-Ies; Nancy, on the Meuse. Pop. 862.
anc. Pomptilnsm Palucdes,) a marshy tract of Italy, in the S.   PONT-SCROFF, p6NG skroff, a market-town of France, deportion of the Campagna di Roma, extending along the  partment of Morbihan, 6 miles N.N.W. of Lorient, on the
coasts of the Mediterranean, from  Cisterna on the N., to  right bank of the Scroff. Pop. 1590.
Terracina on the S., a distance of 25 miles. These marshes    PONTS-DE-C]. p6NG deh se, a small town of France, deexisted during the time of the Romans, who, by the con- partment of Maine-et-Loire, 3 miles S.S.E. of Angers. Pop.
struction of the Appian Way, and cutting numerous canals  in 1852, 3839.
through them, had laid a considerable portion dry; but the    PONT-SUR-YONNE, p6iNa siit yonnf, a town of France,
general neglect of the work during the latter years of the  department of Yonne, 6 miles N.N.W. of Sens, on the left
empire, and the subsequent confusion, allowed them  to  bank of the Yonne, and on the Paris and Lyons Railway.
return  almost to their original condition. Several of the  Pop. in 1852, 2076.
popes, and particularly Pius VI., firom 1777 to 1781, made    PONTUS EUXINUS. See BLACK SEA.
many efforts to drain them, and partially succeeded; but   PONT-VALAIN, p6is vAIlAc;Gl, a market-town of France,
large tracts still remain almost uninhabited. The region is  department of Sarthe, 12 miles E.N.E. of La Flkche. Pop.
highly ifertile, but extremely pestilential. The Appian Way in 1852, 2030. Under its walls the English were defeated by
(L. Appia Vilta,) made by the ancient Romans, still forms the  Duguesclin, in 1369.
road frolm Rome to Naples.                                  PON/TYPOOL, a market-town of England, co. of MonPONTIROLO, pon-te-rollo, (anc. Pens Asueoli?) a village of mouth, 8 miles N.N.W. of Newport, with which it is conAustrian Italy, province, and 3 miles S.E. of Bergamo, on  nected by railway. Pop. in 1851, 3708, employed in large
the Adda. Pop. 1361.                                      coal and iron works. It is picturesquely situated, but irrePONT/tSBRIGIIHT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.     gularly built.
PONTITA, pon-teefte, or PONTIDA, pon-teefda, a village    PONZA, pon'zA, (anc. Poeniia,) the chief of a group of
of Austrian Italy, province of Bergamo, 1 mile W. of Ca- small islands (anc. Intserlsm Ponttice) in the Mediterranean Sea,
prino. Pop. 1936.                                         in Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 29 miles S.W. of TerraPONTIVY, p6cswGtee'vee1, a town of France, department of cina. Lat. 400 53' N., ion. 120 571 5" E. Length, from N. to
Morbihaun, on the left bank of the Blavet, 30 miles N.N.W. S., 4 miles, by about three-fourths of a mile in breadth. It
of Vannes. Pop. 5000, chiefly employed in manufacturing  has a commodious and well-defended harbor, and governor's
Brittany cloths, leather, and iron tools, and in agricultural house. Under the Romans, it was used as a place of banishproduce. It was capital of the ancient duchy of Rohan, and  ment for state criminals. Pop. 1500. The other islands are
for some time boye the name of Napoleonville.             uninhabited.
PONT-L'ABBEI, piNc lib'blf, a market-town of France, de-   PONZAFLORES, pon-sa-flofrls, a town and parish of Porpartment of Finist~re, 10 miles S.S.W. of Quimper. Pop. in  tugal, province of Beira-Baixa, near Thomar. Pop. 1238.
1852, 3810.                                                 PONZONE, pon-zetna, a town of the Sardinian States, 9
PONT-LE-ROI, pis leh RwA, or PONT-SUR-SEINE, pica   miles S. by E. of Acqui. Pop, 3177.
si!l sin, a town of France, department of Aube, 4 miles    POOCIIING-IIEN  or POUCHING-IIIEN, poo'ching1-heE.N.E. of Nogent-sur-Seine, on the railway to Troyes.  nl, a town of China, province of Fo-kien, on a tributary of
Pop. 890.                                                  the Min. It is surrounded by walls and ramparts appaPONT-L'EVEQUE, pica lAvkl, a town of France, depart- rently of a very ancient date, and by extensive suburbs.
ment of Calvados, 25 miles E.N.E. of Caen. Pop. in 1852, Pop. above 10,000.
2005.                                                        POO-CH00, POU-TCHOU, or PU-CHU, poo-cheeoo, a city
PONTLEVOY, p6Nicleh-vwA1, a town of France, depart- of China, province of Shan-see, capital of a department, on
ment of Loir-et-Cher, 13 miles S.S.W.  of Blois. Pop. 1170.    an affluent of the Holang-ho. Lat. 340 54' N., ion. 1100 5' E.
~ PONTLIEUE, p6ie'le-uht, a village of France, department   POODOSH, POUDOSH, PUDOSH, poo-doshl, POODOGA,
of Sarthe, 2 miles S. of Mans, on the Huisne. Pop. in 1852, POUDOGA, or PUDOGA, poo-dolgg, a town of Russia, govern3443.                                                      ernment of Olonets, 65 miles E. of Petrozavodsk. Pop. 1500.
PONTOGLIO, pon-t6llyo, or PONTE ALL' OGLIO, ponltA    POOLAJEE], a town of Beloochistan, province of Cutch11 1llyo, a village of Austrian Italy, province of Brescia, and  Gundava, on the route between the Indus and the Bolan
4 miles N.W. of Chiari, on the Oglio. Pop. 1468.           Pass. Lat. 290 3' N., ion. 680 30' E.
PONTOISE, picatwiz1, a town of France, capital of an    POOLE, pool, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaarroudissement, department of Seine-et-Oise, and 19 miles  port town, and parish of England, and a county of itself, in the
N.W. of Paris, on the right bank of the Oise, near the North- county ofDorset, on a peninsula at the N. side ofPoole Harbor,
ern Railway. Pop. in 1852, 5637. It has manufactures of  61 miles S. of Wimborne, and with a station on the London
chemical products. Many of the kings of France resided  and South-west Railway, 18 miles E. of Dorchester. Pop. of
here. It was taken by the English in 1419 and in 1437.    the town and county in 1851, 6718. Pop. of the parliamentary
PONITON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.     borough, 9255. The principal buildings are the church, a
PONTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.     modern structure, a chapel of ease, and some dissenting
PONTOOISUCK, a thriving manufacturing village of Berk- chapels, the guild-hall with the jail, the exchange, customshire co., Massachusetts, on the West Branch of the Housa- house, public library, and union work-house. The towntonic River, about 115 miles W. by S. of Boston. The ma- peninsula is mostly bordered by spacious quays, close to
nufactures are principally woollen cloths.                 which vessels drawing 14 feet water can anchor. The port
PONTOOSUCK, a thriving post-village of tHancock co., Illi- has an extensive and increasing commerce with the British
nots, on the Mississippi River, 215 miles above St. Louis. American colonies, a coasting trade, and exports of corn to
The adjacent country is very productive, and improving  London, and of about 120,000 tons of Purbeck-clay to the
rapidly. Pontoosuck has grown up since 1846. P. about 500. Staffordshire potteries. In 1851, the coasters which entered
PON'TOTOCI. a county in the N.E. part of Mississippi, has  were 687, of 46,938 tons; and cleared, 1772, of 82,898 tons.
an area of about 950 square miles. It is watered by the Tal- In the colonial and foreign trade, the vessels entered were
lahatchee and Loosascoona Rivers, and by Old Town Creek, 104, of 10,930 tons; and cleared, 102, of 11,947 tons. Regiswhich rise near the borders of the county. The surface is tered shipping of the port in 1847, 13 715 tons. Peele regently undulating; the soil is fertile. This county was turns 2 members to the House of Commono,
1516




POO                                                        POP
POOLE-EWE, pool-il, a quoad sacra parish of Scotland, in    POOR, POUR, or PUR, poor, a river of Siberia, rises in the
Ross-shire.                                                N. of the government of Yakootsk, flows E.N.E., and after
POOLE HARBOR, an inlet in the English Channel, 6  a course of about 130 miles joins the Olenek at the town of
miles in length, 4 miles in its greatest breadth, and having  Maksimova.
S. the Isle of Purbeck. At its entrance, one-fourth of a mile    POOR, POUR, or PUR, a river of Siberia, rises in the goacross, is a shifting sandbar, with only 15 feet water at high- vernment of Tobolsk, about let. 640 N., flows N. by E., and
tide; near this are some extensive beds of oysters. The tide  after a course of above 200 miles, falls into the S.W. extrehere ebbs and flows twice in the 12 hours, owing to geogra- mity of the Bay of Tazovsk.
phical peculiarities in the position of the harbor.          POORA, pooerY, a town of West Beloochistan, in the desert,
POOLE ISLAND, Chesapeake Bay, 17. miles E. by N. of 110 miles EN.E. of Bunpoor. Pop. 2000.
Baltimore. On it is a light-house, exhibiting a fixed light.    POORALLY, poo-rAltlee, (anc. Arlabis,) a river of BelooPOOLE-KEYNES, pool-kAnz, a parish of England, co. of  chistan, province of Loos, enters Sonmeanee Bay, Indian
Wilts.                                                     Ocean, 50 miles N.E. of Kurrachee, after a S. course of about
POOLESVILLE, poolztvil, a post-village of Montgomery  100 miles. The towns Bela and Lyaree are on its banks.
co., Maryland, 65 miles W.N.W. of Annapolis.                 POORATEEN, POURATIN, or PURATIN, poo-rd-teenl, a
POOLKE, poollkA. a ruined town of Afghanistan, province  town of Russia, government, and 103 miles N.W. of Poltava,
of Seistan, on the Helmund, in lat. 300 45' N., ion. 620 20' capital of a district,  ith 1600 inhabitants.
IE. Its remains cover an area of 16 square miles.            POORBUNDER, poor-bmnlder, a maritime town of IinPOOLO, POULO, or POLO, poollo, a word signifying  dostan, Baroda dominions, on the S.W. coast of the Guzerat
"island," prefixed to the names of many Malay islands; as, Peninsula. Lat. 210 39' N., ion. 690 48' E. It is large and
PooLo LONTAR, &C. For those not undermentioned, sed  populous, and is the commercial emporium of the Guzerat
additional name.                                           Peninsula.
POOLO AY or POOLO WAY, one of the Banda Islands.           POOREE, a town of British India. See JUGGEo NAUTJ.
POOLO BANIAK, pooelo b-ne-Akl, an island off the S.W.   POOR FORK, a post-office of Harlan co., Kentucky.
coast of Sumatra, in lat. 20 30' N., Ion. 960 50' E.         POOR HILL, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.
POOLO BRASSE, poo/lo brass, an island off the N.W. ex-   POORSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
tremity of Sumatra, 22 miles W.N.W. of Acheen.              POORITON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
POOLO CAMBING. See GoAT IsLAND.                            POORTVLIET, pLRt'fleetV, a village of Holland, province
POOLO CANTON, poollo kgn'tonl, an island in the China  of Zealand, 4 miles W.IN.W. of Tholen. Pop. 1113.
Sea, off the coast of Anam, in lat. 150 20' N., Ion. 1090 E.  POORUNDER, poor-tnmder, a town of British India, presiPOOLO CIECER DE MER, poollo se-a'sais/ deh main, an  dency of Bombay, 20 miles S.S.E. of Poonah.
island in the China Sea, 60 miles S. of Cape Padaran, Cochin    POOR'UNP00R I, a town of British India, presidency of
China.                                                     Bengal, Upper Provinces, 48 miles E.N.E. of Bareily.
POOLO CONDOR, poollo kon'doel, a cluster of islands in    POOSIIKUR, poosh'k-trr, a town of British India, presithe China Sea, 120 miles E. of Point Cambodia, the prin- dency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district, and 4 miles W.
cipal island, 12 miles in length, having a village and good  of Ajmeer. It is a celebrated place of Hinddo pilgrimage.
anchorage.                                                   POOST-(POUST-or PUST-)OZERSK, poost-o-zaieskt, (SaPOOLO DAMMER, poo'lo dnmlmer, an island off the S. ex- moyede, Yongorie, yon-golree,) the northernmost town of the
tremity of Gilolo. Circumference, about 30 miles.          Samoled country, in  European Russia, government of
POOLO DATTOO, poo'lo d~t'tool, an island off the W. coast Archangel, on the Petchora, near its mouth in the Northern
of Borneo, in lat. 00 71' N., lon. 1080 37/ E.             Ocean. Pop. 600, who live chiefly by hunting and fishing.
POOLO LABUAN, poollo l-boo-An/, an island off the N.W.   POOTE, LA, 1A pat!, a market-town of France, department,
coast of Borneo, 50 miles N. of Borneo, and lately taken pos- and 24 miles E.N.E. of Mayenne. Pop. 3352.
session of by the English.                                   POOTIYL, POUTIYL, or PUTIVL, poo-teev'l/, written
POOLO LANCAVI, poollo 14n-k&vee, an island off the W. also PUTYYL and PUTIWL, a town of Russia, government,
coast of the Malay Peninsula, at the mouth of the river  and 100 miles W.S.W. of Koorslk, capital of a district, on the
Queda. Pop. 3000.                                          Sem. Pop. 9000. It is well built, and though mostly of
POOLO LAUT, poo'qo lawt, an island off the S.E. extremity  wood, it has some good public edifices, nearly 20 churches, 2
of the island of Borneo. Length, 50 miles; greatest breadth, extensive charitable institutions, vitriol factories, brick35 miles.                                                  kilns, and a brisk trade in the rural produce of the vicinity.
POOLO LAUT, LITTLE, a group, 55 miles S.W. of the    POOTO, POUTO, PUTO, pooto, or POO-TEON-SHAN, -a
above island.                                             small, rocky island off the E. extremity of Chusan, coast of
POOLO LONTAR, pooflo lon-tast, an island of the Indian  China.  Lat. 300 25' N., ion. 1220 40' E.  It has numerous
Ocean, off the S.W. coast of Lower Siam, in lat. 70 451 N., ion. temples, and monasteries of Boodhist priests, many very
990 E.                                                    richly ornamented, and good causeways are carried over all
POOLO NAN/CY, an island off the W. coast of Sumatra, parts of its surface.
W. of Acheen.                                                POPA, polpi, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 100
POOLO OBY, olbee, (or  UBT, oolbee,) an island in the  miles S.E. of Gilolo, 50 miles in circumference. Lat. 1~ 12'
China Sea, 20 miles S. of Point Cambodia.                  S., Ion. 1290 52' E.
POOLO PINANG. See PENANG.                                  POPACITON or PEPAC'TON RIVER, a branch of the DePOOLOROONI, and POOLOWAYI, two of the Banda  laware, rises among the Cattskill Mountains, in Delaware
Islands, Malay Archipelago, W. of Banda.                   county, New York, and flowing in a W.S.W. direction for
POOL'S MILLS, a post-office of Jones co., Mississippi.  about 60 miles, unites with the Coquago, the larger branch,
POOL, SOUTH, a parish df England, co. of Devon.         at the village of Hancock or Chehocton, on the boundary bePOOLSVYILLE, a post-village of Spartanburg district, tween New York and Pennsylvania. It is a beautiful and
South Carolina.                                           rapid stream, and furnishes valuable motive-power. The
POOLSVILLE, a small village of Lincoln co., Georgia.    New York and Erie Railroad crosses this river near its juncPOOLSYILLE, a post-village of Warren co., Indiana.      tion with the Coquago.
POOLVASH BAY, Isle of Man. See BALvAsI.                   POPAYAN, po-p,-ydnl, a city of South America, in New
POOLIVILLE, a post-village of MIadison co., New York, Granada, capital of the department of Cauca, in a fertile
about 95 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It has several factories.  plain, near the Cauca River, and 6000 feet above the ocean.
POONAHI, a district of British India, presidency of  Lat. 20 28' 38/ N., lon. 760 36' W. Pop. 20,000. It is reguBombay. Area, 8281 square miles. Pop. 558,313.            larly laid out and well built, has a cathedral, numerous
POONAH, a city of British India, capital of the above dis- public edifices, (formerly conventual.) a mint, and two bridges
trict, on a tributary of the Beemah, 75 miles S.E. of Bombay. across an affluent of the Cauca.  Its inhabitants are mostly
Pop. from 80,000 to 90,000, but its garrison comprises about mulattoes and negroes. It had formerly a large trade in
15,000 more. It stands about 2,000 feet above the sea, is an  the precious metals, but its commerce is now principally in
agreeable place, and rising in importance; the streets are  rural produce. A great commercial road, nearly 1003 miles
clean and uniform, and the roads in its vicinity much in- in length, extends S. from Popayan past Quito to Trujillo. in
proved. The Peishwa's palace, environed by a large unfi- Peru. Popayan was founded in 1537, being the first city built
nished fort, was mostly destroyed by fire in 1827; but a part by Europeans in this region of America. In 1834 it was
remains, and now serves for a prison. Here are also other  nearly destroyed by an earthquake.
native palaces, a IHindoo college, the church, a good library,   POPE, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area of
military bazaar, civil hospital, barracks, arsenal, and the  370 square miles. The Ohio River, which separates it from
various government offices. The cantonments, where 127  Kentucky, forms the S.E. boundary. The county is also
infantry regiments are generally quartered, are on an ele- drained by Lusk and Big Bay Creeks. The surface is rollvated site to the W. E. of the city is a cave-temple of Seeva. ing; the soil in some parts is fertile. The county contains
POONUKKA, POUNUKKA, PUNUKKA, poo-nilklkA, a number of mineral springs, and abundance of iron andi
written also POONAKA, a town, and the second capital of lead. Valuable quarries of sandstone are found near the
Bootan, North }Iindostan, in the great chain of the Hima- Ohio River. Named in honor of Nathaniel Pope, a tielegate
layas,17 miles N.E. of Tassisudon. It is a miserable place;  to the United States Congress when Illinois was admitted as
the winter residence of the Deb-Rajah is its only building  a sovereign state. Capital, Golconda. Pop. 3975.
of consequence. Lat. 270 58' N.. Ion. 890 54' E.            POPE CREEK, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois.
POOPO, po-olpo or POPO, a vilage of Bolivia, department,    POPEDOM, Italy. See PONTIFICAL STATES.
and 106 miles S. by E. of La Paz. Pop. 1000.                POPERINGIIE, po'pnA'g/Cg', or POPERINGEN, pop'gr1517




POP                                                        POR
ring{.esn, a town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on  circle of Lower Franconia, 6 miles N.W. of Schweinfurt.
a canal, near the French friontier, 6 miles W.S.W. of Ypres. Pop. 1179.
Pop. 10,461. The principal edifice is a handsome town-hall.   POPPENLAUER, pop'pen-l6w'er, a village of Bavarlia, on
It has maufactures of lace, linens, and woollen cloths.    an affluent of the Saale, 4 miles E.S.E. of Miinnerstadt.
POPE'S CORNERS, a post-office of Saratoga co., New  Pop. 1219.
York.                                                        POPPI, poplpee, a town of Tuscany, province, and 26 miles
POPE'S MILLS, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New  E. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 5654. It has a handYork.                                                      some palace, formerly of the Guidi family, a celebrated
POPIITAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants.             abbey, Augustine convent, 3 churches, a hospital, public
POPILII FORUM. See FORLIsmOPOL.                         library, and theatre, with many handsome private houses.
POPILAR, a suburban parish of the metropolis of Eng-   POP/PLETON, NETII        ER, a parish of England, co., and 4
land, co. of Middlesex, with a station on the London and  miles N.N.W. of York, with a station on the East and West
Blackwall Railway, 4 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London. York Railway.
Pop. in 1852, 28,384. It comprises the East and West India    POPRAD, po'pr.dl, a river of North Hungary, co. of Zips,
docks, has numerous places of worship, schools and charities, an affluent of the Dunajec. Length, 35 miles.,
almshouses for the widows of servants of the East India    POPRAD, a town of Hungary. See DEUTSCHEoNDOaF.
Company, and yards for ship-building.                        POQUAN/OC (or POQUON/NOC) BRIDGE, a post-office of
POPILAR, a post-village of Orangeburg district, South  New London co., Connecticut.
Carolina.                                                    POQUETANIOC, a post-village of New London co., ConPOPLAR, a post-office of Crawford co.; Ohio.             necticut, on Long Island Sound, at the mouth of the Thames
POPLAR BLUFF, a small post-village of Butler co., Mis- River.
souri.                                                       POQUONNOC, a village of Connecticut. See PEQUANNOCK.
POPLAR BRANCH, a post-office of Currituck co., North    PORA, potra, two islands of the Malay Archipelago, off the
Carolina.                                                  W. coast of Sumatra, between lat. 10 and 20 30' S., and ion.
POPLAR CORNER, a post-office of Madison co., Tennessee. 980 30, and 1000 E. The southernmost, or Se Pora, is 40
POPLAR CREEK, of Tennessee, rises in Anderson county, miles in length, by 15 miles in greatest breadth; and North
and enters Clinch River in Roane county.                   Pora or Se Beroo, 60 miles in length, by 30 miles across.
POPLAR CRE EK, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.   PORAMUSCHIR, Koorile Islands. See PARA0oosHEEnR.
POPLAR FLAT, a small post-village of Lewis co., Ken-    PORCA, poelkA a maritime town of South India. on the
tucky.                                                    Malabar coast, 70 miles N.W. of Trivandrum.  Lat. 80 16'
POPLAR GROVE, a postvillage of Iredell co., North Ca- N., Iou. 760 24' E.  It is populous, and inhabited by many
rolina.                         iMohammedan, Hindoo, and Christian merchants. Here the
POPLAR GROVE, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee, Dutch had formerly a factory.
14-4 miles W. of Nashville.                                 PORCARI, poa-lirree, a village and parish of Tuscany,
POPLAR GROVE, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.      duchy of Lucca, near the Lago di Sesto, on an isolated hill,
POPLAR GROVE, a post-office of Boone co.. Illinois.     above the Leccio. Pop. 2051.
POPLAR IHILL, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.       PORCE, pon's4, a river of New Granada, rises in the AnPOPLAR IIILL, a post-office of Casey co., Kentucky.     des, flows N.N.W., and joins the Nechi 30 miles E.S.E. of
POPLAR HILL, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana.         Caceres. Total course, about 130 miles.
POPLAR MARISHES, England. Ste DOGS, ISLE OF.              PORCIIESTER, a village of England.  See PorTcHESTER.
POPLAR MOUNT, a post-office of Greenville Co., Virginia    PORCIIOV, a town of Russia.  See Poenisov.
POPLAR NECK, a post-office of Nelson co., KIentucky.       PORCO, a mountain knot of the Bolivian Andes, in lat.
POPLAR PLAINS, a post-village of Pleming  co., Ken- 190 45' S., ion. 650 10' W. Height, 10,000 feet.  From this
tucky, 80 miles E. of Franlkfort. Pop. about 300.         mountain the Incas  derived a large amount of silver, and
POPLAR POINT, on the W. side of Narragansett Bay, here was the first mine wrought by the Spaniards after the
about 71 miles N.W. of Newport, Rhode Island.             conquest of Peru.  Near it is the town of Porco, capital
POPLAR RIDGE, or SMIITHWS CORNERS, a post-village  of a province of its own name, department of Potosi. 20 miles
of Cayuga co., New York. 15 miles S. by W. of Auburn.     S.W. of Potosi.
POPLAR RIDGE, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.      PORCOS, ILIIA  DOS, eel/yi doce poe'koce, a group of
POPLAR RIDGE, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.         islets of Brazil.  off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, in the Bay
POPLAR SPRING, a post-village of Fairfield district, South  of Flamengos, 16 miles N.E. of the island of Sgo Sebastilo.
Carolina.                                                   PORCUNA, pos-kooDnl, (anc. Obuico,) a town of Spain,
POPLAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Henderson co., Ten- province, and 21 miles W.N.W. of Jacn. Pop. 5272. It has
nessee.                                                   a palace belonging to the Order of Calatrava, and manufaitcPOPLAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Itoward co., Maryland. tures of woollen cloth, serges, and soap.
POPLAR SPRINGS, a post-oflice of Slall co., Georgia.      PORICUPINE RIVER,of Nebs-aska Territory, falls into the
POPLAR SPRINGS, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mis-  Miseouri River near 480 N. lat., and 1040 50' W. Son.
sissippi.                                                    PORDENONE, poe-dl-nolnA, a town of Austrian Italy, 28
POPtLARTOWN, a thriving village of Worcester co., Mary- miles W.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 5000. It has an active trade
land, about 12 miles N.E. of Snow I-Hill.                 in wine and corn.
POPILIN, a post-township of Rockingham co., New Ilamp-    PORDIC, portcdeekf, a market-town of France, departshire, 33 miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 609.              ment of Cltes-du-Nord, 5 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in
POPO, a village of Bolivia. See Poopo.                  1552, 4980.
POPO, polpo, a district of Guinea, nominally included in    PORE, pofrA, a town of South America, in New Granada,
the territory of Dahomey, with twocoast towns or villages, department of Boyaca, on an affluent of the Meta, 114 miles
Great and Little Pope.                                    N.E. of Bogota.
POPOCATEPETL, po-po-kPA-t,-phtll, (Mexican " smoking    PORENTRUY, poWSh-INtrweef, or PORRENTRUI, (Ger.
mountain,") an active volcano of the Mexican Confederation,  Br'untrut, broon/troot,) a town of Switzerland, canton, and
state, and 35 miles S.W. of La Puebla. It is a truncated cone, 358 miles N.WV. of Bern, near the French frontier. Pop. 2500.
rising to 17,720 feet above the sea, with a crater 3 miles in  In 1793-4 it was capital of the French department of Mont
circumference, and 1000 feet deep. The principal constitu-  Terrible, and was afterwards comprised in the department
ent is porphyritic obsidian. Forests cover its base, but at of Haut-Rhin.
12,693 feet in height vegetation ceases, and beyond this its    PORETCHIE, po-rltchlyA, written also PORIETCHfi and
slope is a desert of volcanic sand and pumice, moostly covered  PORETSCI{IIE, a town of Russia, government, and 40 miles
with snow.                                                N.N.W. of Smolenski. Pop. 2000.
POPO. GREAT, a town of Guinea, situated between the    PORETTA, near Civita Vecchia. See BAGNI DELLA PORETTA.
sea and a backwater or inlet, 15 miles W. of Whydah. Lat.   PORETTA, po-rbt'ta, a village of North Italy, Pontifical
60 161 N., Ion. 10 51'E. Pop. 5000,including many Spaniards   States, 30 miles S.W. of Bologna. Pop. 2500. It has well.
and Portuguese.  It has some manufactures of cotton  frequented sulphur baths.
goods and earthenwares, but is chiefly noted for its traffic in    PORETZK, po-ritskf, a market-town of Russian Poland,
slaves.                                                   government of Volhynia, 15 miles S.E. of Vladimeer. Pop.
POPO ISLES, Malay Archipelago, are between Gilolo and  1550.
Papua, lat. 10 15' S., ion. 1290 45' E. The lasgest island, Pope,   POIRINGLAND, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Noris 50 miles in circumference, and produces sago, cocoanuts, folk.
and salt.                                                  PORINGLAND, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of NorPOPOLI, poplo-le, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  folk.
Ultra II., district, and 8 miles N.N.W. of Sulmona, on the    PORKA, porzka, an island of Russia, in Lake Peipus,
Pescara, with two handsome churches. Pop. 3200.          well-wooded, and having several villages.
POPPELAU, poptpeh-lOw', a village of Prussian Silesia, 14    PORKIIOV, PORCHOV or PORKHIOW, potKsovf, a town
miles NW. of Oppeln, on the Prinitza. Pop. 2265.         of Russia, government, and 43 miles E.S.E. of Pskov, on the
POPPELSDORF, poptpels-dosf', a village of Rhenish Prus- Shelon, a tributary of Lake Ilmen.  P. 3040. It has a castle.
sia, 1 mile S.W. of Bonn, and having the botanic garden,   PORLEZZA, poi-ltlsA, a market-town of Austrian Italy,
museum, and laboratory of its university, with porcelain  16 miles N. of Como, at the N. extremity of Lake Lugano.
and carpet factories. Pop. 1180.                         Pop. 1000.
POPPENISAUSEN, pop'pen-hwi'zen, a village of Bavaria,   POR'LOCIK, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
1518'




POR                                                       POR
Somerset, on the British Channel, 54 miles W. of Minehead.   PORTAGE, a post-township in the central part of RalaPop. 854. The town has a harbor, and some imports of coal mazoo co., Michigan, intersected by the Portage River,
and lime.                                                  Pop.426.
PORNASSIO, poa-n~stse-o, a village of the Sardinian    PORTAGE, a township in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 266.
States, division of Nice, province, and about 12 miles N.N.W.   PORTAGE, a village and township in St. Joseph co., Inof Oneglia. Pop. 1152.                                     diana, on St. Joseph's River, 150 miles N. of Indianapolis.
PORNIC, ponaneekt, a small maritime town of France, de- Pop. 2073.
partment of Loire-Inf6rieure, on the Bay of Bourgneuf, 26    PORTAGE CITY, capital of Columbia co., Wisconsin, on
miles W.S.W. of Nantes. Pop. 1324. It is frequented for  the La Crosse Railroad, (unfinished,) and on the ship-canal
its chalybeate springs and for sea-bathing.                connecting the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, at the noted
POIRO or P00LO SEPORA, sA-poel'i, ("island of good for- Winnebago Portage, 40 miles N. of Madison. It is at the
tune,") an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the S.W. coast head of navigation on the Wisconsin River, and is a depot
of Sumatra, N.W. of the Peggy Islands. It is about 40 miles  for large quantities of pine lumber. Two steamboats ply
in length from N.W. to S.E., by 15 miles in average breadth, constantly during the summer between this place and Gaand densely wooded.                                        lena  The improvement of Fox River, when finished, will
POROMIUSCIIR, one of the Koorile Islands. See PARA- open steamboat navigation from the lakes to the Gulf of
M00SHEER.                                                  Mexico. Portage City contained in 1853, 15 stores, 7 hotels,
POROS, potros, (ane. Sphcfria,) a small island of Greece, at 2 churches, 2 select schools, 1 iron foundry, 1 sash factory,
the W. entrance of the gulf, and 7 miles S. of the island of  and 1 chair factory. Pop. 2000. Hiere is the site of the old
2Egina. Its chief town, Poros, is celebrated as the scene of  Foer WINNEBACo.
conferences which settled the new Greek monarchy in    PORTAGE CREEK, of Jackson co., Michigan, enters
1828.                                                      Grand River, 4 miles below Jackson Court-House.
POR/POISE CAPE, Maine. See CAPE POEPOISE.                 PORTAGE  IDES SIOUX, dl se-ool (or soo,) a village in St.
PORQUEROLLES, poRakeh-rollf, one of the Hylres Islands Charles co., Missouri, on Mississippi River, 115 miles E.N.E
in France, department of Var, in the Mediterranean. Length, of Jefferson City.
6 miles.                                                    PORTAGE DU FORT, (Fr. pron. poRat~zh/ dii fon,) a postPORRENTRUJI, a town of Switzerland. See PoIrcarRvuY.  village of Canada East, co. of Ottawa, situated on the Ottawa
PORRERA, poR-Rmi/c, a maket-town of Spain, province, River, 61 miles N. of Bytown. Pop. about 250.
and 23 miles W.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1321.                PORTAGE FALLS, New York. See GENESEE RIyEn and
PORRERAS, a town of Majorca, 21 miles E.S.E. of Palmas. GENESEE FALLs.
PORRUDOS, poR-Roofdoce, or RIO DE SAO LOUREN0,    PORTAGE LAKE, of Keweenaw Point, Michigan, is very
ree/o dA stwNG 10-r~n/so, a river of Brazil, rises in the E. part irregular in its form, and extends from  Keweenaw Bay
of the province of Matto Grosso, flows S.W., and joins the  across the point to within 2 or 3 miles of the shore of Lake
Paraguay on the left, in lat. 170 20' S.; largest tributary, the  Superior. The route of this lake has long been used by the
Cuyaba. Previous to this junction, its channel is much oh- traders and Indians as a portage; hence the name.
structed by cataracts; but below to its mouth, including a    PORTAGE LAIKE, a post-office of Jackson co., Michig:an.
length of 150 miles, it is free from falls or violent rapids,   PORTAGE PRAIRIE, a township in Columbia co., Wisand is navigable by country boats, which employ eight days cousin. Pop. 603.
in the ascent.                                               PORTAGE RIVER, a small stream of Ohio, rises in IHanPORSGRUND, pons/groont, a town of Norway, stift, and  cock county, and flows into Lake Erie at Port Clinton.
91 miles N.E. of Christiansand, on an inlet of the Skager-   PORTAGE RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream which
rack. Pop. 1750.                                          flows through Livingston county into Portage Lake and
PORTACIIUELO IDE TUCTO, poa-td-choo-Aflo dA took/to, Huron River.
one of the loftiest passes over the Andes, North Peru, be-   PORTAGE RIVER. of Michigan, a small stream  which
tweenF Tarma and Lima. and 15,760 feet in elevation.       enters St. Joseph's River at the village of Three Rivers.
PORTACOMARO, pon-tg-ko-mgtro, a village of the Sardi-   PORTAGEVILLE, New York. See GENESaE FALLS.
nian States, division of Alessandria, province, and 4 miles    PORTALBERA, por.-t l-b4rA. a village of the Sardinian
N.E. of Asti. Pop. 1464.                                   States, division of Alessandria, province of Voghera, near
PORT ADELAIDE, (ad/e-lAd,) a town of South Australia, the Po. Pop. 1516.
5 or 6 miles from Adelaide, with which it is connected by    PORTALEGRE, poR-ta-lI./grA, a town of Portugal, province
an. excellent macademized road. Lat. 340 48' S., ion. 1380 28' of Alemtejo, 49 miles N.N.E. of Evora. Pop. 5800. It has
E. It is situated on the E. bank of a large creek, which  an episcopal palace, 2 hospitals, a seminary, college, and
affords only a bad harbor, and is not considered safe to load  manufactures of druggets.
vessels deeper than 15 or 16 feet. The imports for 1848    PORT ALEXAN/DER, a harbor of South-western Africa,
amounted to 346,1371., and the exports to 465,8781. Laid  in Benguela, on the Atlantic, 40 miles N. of Great Fish
out in 1837. Pop. between 8000 and 10,000.                 Bay.
PORT'ADOWNI, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co.,   PORT ALLEGISAINY, a post-village of McKean co., Pennand 10 miles E.N.E. of Armagh, on the Bann, and on the  sylvania, on the Alleghany River, about 200 miles N.W. of
Ulster Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3091. In its vicinity are  IHarrisburg.
many handsome villas and substantiiA farm-houses. It has    PORT AL/LEN, or POW-or-ERIROL, a harbor of Scotmanufactures of linen and cotton goods, a large distillery, land. co. of Perth, on the N. bank of the Frith of Tay, 1A
and a brisk trade in corn.                                miles S. of Errol.
PORTAFER/RY, a seaport and market-town of Ireland,    PORT AL/LEN, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, 28 miles
in Ulster, co. of Down, near the entrance of Lough Strang- S. by E. of Iowa City.
ford, 7A miles E.N.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. in 1851, 2074.   PORT ANTOtNIO, a seaport village of Jamaica, co. of
PORT/AGE, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, contains  Surrey, on the N. coast, 25 miles N.W. of Point Morant.
48( square miles. It is drained by Cuyahoga and Mahoning    PORTA  OMBRIANO, po!/tA om-bre-Vio,. village of
Rivers. The surface is nearly level. The soil is fertile and  Austrian Italy, province of Lodi, and so near to Crema, as
well cultivated. The county is intersected by the Cleveland  to be almost its suburb. Pop. 1124.
and Pittsburg Railroad, and by the Pennsylvania and Ohio    PORTARtL.INGTON, a parliamentary, municipal borough,
Canal. Settled by natives of Massachusetts and Connecti- and town of Ireland, in Leinster, King's and Queen's councut about the year 1799. Capital, Ravenna. Pop. 24,419.   ties, on the Barrow, here crossed by two bridges, on the
PORTAGE, a county in the N. central part of Wisconsin, Great Southern and Western Railway, 40 miles W.S.W. of
contains 1600 square miles. It is intersected by Wisconsin  Dublin. Pop of town in 1851, 2728. It is one of the best
River, and also drained by Plover River. These streams built and cleanest country towns in Ireland, with 2 handare bordered by extensive pine forests, forming part of the  some churches, 2 Roman Catholic chapels, excellent schools,
"Great Pinery" of North Wisconsin, from which many mil- and a handsome market-house, and small manufactures of
lion feet of lumber are procured annually, and floated down  leather, tobacco, soap, and candles. It sends 1 member to
the river to Galena and St. Louis. A strip of land 6 miles the House of Commons, and gives the title of earl to the
wide, along the Wisconsin, was surveyed and settled in  Dawson family, proprietors of the borough.
1836; and the remainder of the county passed from abori-   PORT AU PRINCE, port-o-prinss, (Fr. pron. poR-6-prdANss,)
ginal hands in 1848, since which the land has been oc- or PORT REPUBLICAN, (Fr. Port Republicain, pone r'pCtib'cupied by great numbers of " squatters."  Capital, Plover. leek$AN/,) the capital city and principal seaport of Hayti. on
Pop. 1250.                                                its WV. coast, at the head of the Bay of Gonalves. Lat. 180
PORTAGE, a township of Livingston co., New York, on  35' N., Ion. 720 18' W. Pop. 20,000. (?) It is partially forthe Genesee River. Pop. 2478.                             tified, irregularly built, and chiefly of wood. The principal
PORTAGE, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.    edifices are the palace of the state, which has some archiPORTAGE, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania. P. 34. tectural excellence, the church, arsenal, mint, lyceum, miliPORTAGE, a township of IHancock co., Ohio. Pop. 614.   tary hospital, and courts of law. The vicinity is marshy,
PORTAGE, a township in Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 377.      and the climate unhealthy. The harbor is safe, except the
PORTAGE, a township of Summit co., Ohio. The Penn- hurricane months, from  August to November. It is the
sylvania and Ohio Canal joins the Ohio Canal at Akron, a  seat of all the superior courts in IHayti. and of the most part
village in this township. Pop. 1160.                      of its foreign trade. The annual value of the imports is
PORTAGE, a thriving post-village and township of Wood  about $1,200,000..o., Ohio, 20 miles S. of Perrysburg. Pop. 403.             PORT BAIL, poI  b'tb, a market-town of France, depart1[19




POR                                                        FOR
ment of Manche, with a small port on the English Channel, Ontario, at the mouth of the river Credit, 15 miles N.E. of
15 miles S.W. of Valognes. Pop. in 1852, 2057.             Toronto. The value of exports in 1851, amounted to $201,825,
PORT I3ANINATYNE, a beautiful maritime village of  of which $181,268 went to the United States., The value of
Scotland, co., and on the island of Bute, at the head of Kames  imports was only $8556, all of which was from the United
Bay, 1f miles N.N.W. of Rothesay. Pop. 300. It is neatly  States. Pop. about 300.
built, and is much frequented in summer for sea-bathing.    PORTCROS, poR'krosf, one of the Hy~res Islands of France,
About 1 mile W. stands the old baronial mansion of Kames  department of Var, 5 miles E. of Porquerolles. Length, 2Castle.                                                    miles; breadth, 1 mile. It is defended by several forts.
PORT BAR/NETT, a village of Jefferson co., Pennsyl-   PORT CURfTIS, a harbor on the E. coast of Australia.
vania, on a branch of the Redhank Creek, 168 miles W.N.W. lat. 240 S., ion. 1510 30' E., named from its discoverer, Sti
of Harrisburg.                                             R. Curtis, in 1802.
PORT BEAUFORT. (bS'fovt!,) a harbor of South Africa,   PORT DALHOUSIE, dal-hoolzee, a post-village and port
in Cape Colony, district, and 50 miles S.E. of Zwellendam, of entry of Canada West, co. of Lincoln, situated on the S.
at the mouth of the Breede River in St. Sebastian's Bay.   shore of Lake Ontario, near its W. end, at the entrance of
PORT BLANICHARD, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penn- the Welland Canal, 5 miles N. of St. Catharines, and 36
sylvania.                                                  miles E. by S. of Hamilton. The total value of exports in
PORT BOWEN, b6'en, British North America, is on  1851, amounted to $356,072, of which $317,296 went to the
Prince Regent Inlet, in lat. 730 131 N., lon. 880 54' W. Here  United States; the imports amounted in value to $98,100.
the HIecla and Fury remained from  September to July    PORT DAVEY, Van Diemen's Land. See DAVEY, PoeRT.
1824-5. during which period the mean temperature was   PORT-DE-BOUC. See Bouc, PoRT-DE.
40.33 Fahrenheit, the lowest temperature on the 26th of   PORT-I)E-LA-MONTAGNE. ("Mountain port,") a former
January, being minus 380, and the highest, 13th of July, name of PORT Louis, in the island of Mauritius.
450.42.                                                      PORT DE PAIX, LE, 1eh POR deh pA, a maritime town of
PORT BOWEN, a natural harbor on the N.E. coast of Hayti, on its N. coast, 35 niles W. of Cape Iaytien.
Australia, lat. 220 30' S., Ion. 1510 E.                     PORT DEPOSIT, a thriving post-village of Cecil co.,
PORT BURIWELL, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Maryland, on the left or E. bank of the Susquehanna, at
Middlesex, situated at the mouth of Otter Creek, in Lake the lowest falls, 5 miles from the head of the Chesapeake
EErie, 137 miles S.W. of Toronto, and 45 miles from London. Bay, and 37 miles N.E. of Baltimore. It is one of the
Pop. about 300.                                            principal depSts of the pine lumber which is rafted down
PORTIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         the river. It is situated at the head of tide-water, and has
PORT BYIRON, a post-village of Menta township, Caynga facilities for shipping to the Southern markets. The quanco., New York. on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester and tity of lumber received at this place annually is estimated
Syracuse Railsoad, 28 miles W. of Syracuse. It contains 3 at 50,000,000 feet. Large quarries of granite are worked in
or 4 churches, and several ware-houses and mills. Pop. in  the immediate vicinity. It contains a bank, and several
1853, estimated at 1400.                                   churches. Laid out in 1800.
PORT BYRON, a post-village of Rock Island co., Illinois,   PORT DESIRE, a river of Patagonia, rises near lat. 490 S.,:n the Mississippi River, 18 miles above Rock Island City.  Ion. 750 W., flows N.E., and falls into a bay of its own name,
PORT CAIBDO, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.       in the South Atlantic, S. of Cape Blanco; total course, above
PORT CARIBON, a thriving post-borough of East Norwe- 200 miles. It was examined by Captain King for 16 miles,
gian township, Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on the Schuyl- but is believed to be navigable to a much greater distance.
kill River, at the mouth of Mill Creek, 65 miles N.E. of   PORT DESIRE, a bay or harbor of Patagonia, on the E.
Harrisburg, and 3 miles N.E. of Pottsville. It is surrounded  coast, in lat. 470 451 S., Ion. 650 55' 30" W., formed by a river
by rich coal-mines, and carries on an active trade by moans of its own name.
of the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, which extends to the    PORT DISCOVERY, capital of Clallam  co., Washington
mines, and the Schuylkill Navigation, which terminates Territory, on a bay of the same name at the head of the
here. In 1829 there was only 1 house in the place. Pop. in Gulf of Georgia.
1850, 2142; in 1853. about 3000.                             PORT DOWVER, a post-village and port of entry of Canada
PORT CASTRIES, West Indies. See CASTRIES.'               West, co. of Norfolk, situated on the N. shore of Lake Erie,
PORT CAVALILO, a post-village of Calhoun co., Texas, is at the mouth of Patterson Creek, 37 miles S.W. of Hamilton.
situated on a point of land at the entrance of Matagorda The total value of exports in 1851 amounted to $151,404;
Bay, about 30 miles S.W. of Matagorda.                     and of the imports, to $81,760. Pop. about 600.
PORT CHARLOTTE, (sharflot,) a maritime village of Scot-   PORT DUN'DASt, a village and suburb of Glasgow, in
land, co. of Argyle, in the island of Islay, on the W. coast Scotland. about 1 mile W. of that city, at the end of the
of Lochindaal, opposite Laggan Point. Pop. about 400.      Forth and Clyde Canal. It has large warehouses.
PORTCHESITER or PORtCHESTER, a parish and village    PORT D'URBAN, port door'bgnt, on the N. shore of the
of England, co. of Haunts, on the N. side of Portsmouth IIar-  inlet of Port Natal, is the port of the British colony of Natal,
bor, with a station on a branch of the London and South-  50 miles S.E. of Pietermaritzburg.  In 1844, its exports,
western Railway, 31 miles N.N.W. of Portsmouth. Pop. 729. chiefly in butter, hides, ivory, tallow, wool, and natural
It was the ancient Caer Teris, one of the principal cities of  curiosities, amounted in value to 11,0941., and 20 British
Britain before the Roman conquest. and has a conspicuous  vessels, aggregate burden 1643 tons, cleared from the port.
castle, with a large square keep, which has been used as a  Value of imports from Cape Town, 40,8641.; of total imports,
place of detention for French prisoners.                    41,1411. Total custom and port duties, 43191. 15s.
PORT CHES/TER, a post-village in Rye township, West-   PORT EAISY, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Banff,
chester co., New York, on Byram  River, and on the New  E. of Port Gordon. Pop. about 400.
York and New IHaven Railroad, 29 miles N.E. of New York.   PORT EDGAR, a small harbor on the Frith of Forth, co.
it contains 2 or 3 churches, several seminaries and factories, of Linlithgow, parish of Dalmeny, three-quarters of a mile
PORT CLAR/ENCE, a maritime village of England, co. of  W. of Queensferry.
Durham, near Stockton, and with a station on the Stockton    PORTEL, poo-tRll, a market-town of Portugal, province of
and Hartlepool Railway.                                     Alemtejo, 20 miles E.S.E. of Evora. Pop. 2000.
PORT CLAT/SOP, a post-office of Clatsop co., Oregon.        PORT ELGIN, 0llghin, a village of Canada West, on the
PORT CLINITON, a post-borough of Schuylkill co., Penn- Callops Canal, in the township of Edwardsburgh, 9 miles
sylvania, on the Schuylkill River, at the mouth of the  from Prescott. and 41 miles from Cornwall. Pop. about 120.
Tamaqua, 12 miles by land S.E. of Pottsville. The Reading    PORT ELIZ/ABETIT, a seaport town of South Africa, in
Railsoad passes through it, and the Little Schuylkill Rail- Cape Colony, with an excellent harbor, 18 miles S.E. of Uitenroad terminates here. Pop. in 1850, 374.                    hage, (of which it is the port,) on the W. side of Algoa Bay.
PORT CLINTON, a post-village, capital of Ottawa co., Pop. 4000, nearly all of English descent. It has a pier proOhio, is situated on a bay of Lake Erie, at the mouth of  jecting 350 feet into the sea, an arsenal, constructed at a
Portage River. 120 miles N. of Columbus. It has a good  cost of 12,0001., and a fine monument to Lady Donkin. It
harbor and light-house.                                    is a free port, and the most frequented along the S. coast
PORT CLINTON, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.       of the colony. In 1851, its exports amounted to 241,5451.
PORT COLBORNE, k6lbqrn, a post-village of Canada    PORT ELIZIABETH, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
West, co. of Welland, situated on the shore of Lake Erie, at New Jersey, about 36 miles E.S.E. of Salem, has an extenthe outlet of the Welland Canal, 108 miles S. of Toronto, sive glass manufactory, 2 or 3 churches, and about 1000 inand from Buffalo, in the United States, 20 miles.          habitants.
PORT CON/WAY, a post-village of King George co., Vir-   PORT EL/LEN, or PORT EL/LINOR, a fishing village of
ginia, on the left bank of the Rappahannock, 60 miles N. Scotland, co. of Argyle, on the S.E. coast of the island of
by E. of Richmond.                                         Islay, 8 miles S.S.E. of Bowmore, with 200 houses, a distilPORT COOPIER or TOKO-LABO, tofro-lJbo, a harbor of lery, a quay, and a light-house.
New Zealand, on the E. coast of Bank's Peninsula, lat. 430    PORTENDIC or PORTENDIKI, poa'tRaNsdeekt, a French
36, S., Ion. 1720 5S' E.  A considerable village of wooden  trading station, on the W. coast of Africa, in Sahara, 160
houses has recently arisen here, and an excellent road  miles N. of Fort Louis. Lat. 18~ 19' N., lon. 160 2' W. In
formed, conducting to the interior.                       1834, its trade in gum, &c., conducted by other than French
PORT CRANE, a post-office of Broome co., New York.      merchants, became completely ruined by the maintenance
PORT CRED/IT, a post-village and port of entry of Canada  of a strict blockade by the French, and the loss to British
West, co. of York, South Riding, on the N.W. shore of Lake  subjects settled there has been estimated at 70,0001.
1520




POR                                                       FOR
PORITER, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, border- was long in the hands of Glasgow merchants, but the In
Ing on Lake Michigan, contains about 400 square miles. habitants have of late carried on commerce on their own
The Kankakee River bounds it on the S., and it is drained  account, and they now own a large portion of the shipping.
by the Calumick River. The surface is undulating, and di- It is the chief port on the Clyde for imports of North Ameriversified with prairies and forests: the soil mostly fertile. can timber. The duties collected here in 1848, amounted to
It is traversed by the Michigan- Central Railroad, the  135,8481. Registered'shipping, 12,973tons. The burgh unites
Northern Indiana Railroad, and the Fort Wayne and Chicago  with Renfrew, Rutherglen, Dunmbarton, and Kilmarnock, in
Railroad. Organized in 1836. ~ Capital, Valparaiso. Pop. sending 1 member to the House of Commons.
5234.                                                       PORT GLAS1GOW, a post-office of Wayne co., New York.
PORTER, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 90 miles    PORT GLENONE, gln~'Snl, a market-town of Ireland, in
S.W. Of Augusta. Pop. 1208.                               Ulster, chiefly in the co. of Antrim. on the Bann, here
PORTER, a township of Niagara co., New York, border- crossed by an elegant bridge, 7 miles S.S.E. of Kilrea. Pop.
ing on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Niagara River. 900.
Pop. 2455.                                                  PORT GORIDON, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of
PORTER, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Pop. Banff, 4 miles E.S.E. of the mouth of the Spey. Pop.
1907.                                                     about 470.
PORTER, a  township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.   PORT GOWIER, a fishing village of Scotland, on the E.
Pop. 968.                                                 coast of the co. of Sutherland, 3 miles W.S.W. of HIelmsdale.
PORTER, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, Pop. about 200.
intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 1050.        PORT (or HARBOR) GRACE, a small maritime town of
PORTER, a township of Jefferson  co., Pennsylvania. Newfoundland, on the W. side of Conception Bay, 25 miles
Pop. 728.                                                 N.W. of St. John.
PORTER, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.   PORT0 I CERI, a town of South Wales. See Po0Tr KERRY.
Pop. 768.                                                   PORTH EINION, (ifne-gn,) a parish of South Wales, co. of
PORTER, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, in- Glamorgan.
tersected by the Bear Mountain Railroad route. Pop. 305.    PORT HENIRY, a post-village of Essex co., New York, on
PORTER, a post-township in the E. central part of Dela- the W. shore of Iake Champlain, about 110 miles N. by E.
ware co., Ohio. Pop. 1037.                                of Albany. It has a steamboat landing.
PORTER, a village of Gallia co., Ohio, 10 miles N.W. of    PORT HENRY, a port on the:,W. coast of Patagonia, near
Gallipolis.                                               Cape Tres Puntas: lat. 500 S., Ion. 750 15' W. The harbor is
PORTER, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1671.      spacioris, and capable of containing a numerous squadron of
PORTER, a township of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 1259.   the largest ships perfectly secure.
PORTER, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity of   PORT HER/MAN, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.
Van Buren co., Michigan. Pop 443.                           PORTH KERRY or PORTII CERI, porth kUrfree, a little
PORTER, a townshlip in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 768.   seaport-town of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, l0 miles
PORTER, a township in Green co., Missouri. Pop. 497.   S.W. of Cardiff.
PORTER, a township in Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop. 882.    PORT HOMER, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio.
PORfTERFIELD, a small post-village of Venango co.,   PORT HOOD or JES/TICO, a seaport town of Nova Scotia,
Pennsylvania.                                              capital of the co. of Inverness, on a bay at the W. extremity
PORTER RIDGE, a post-office of Susluehanna co., Penn- of Cape Breton. Its harbor is safe for fiigates with any wind,
sylvania.                                                  and has anchorage in from 4 to 5 fathoms of water,
PORTER'S, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.          PORT HOPE, a post-village and township of Columbia co.,
PORITER'S CORINER, a post-office of Saratoga co., New  Wisconsin, at the head of steamboat navigation on the
York.                                                      Neenah or Fox River, which affords good water-power. It
PORTER'S CROSS ROADS, post-office, Porter co., Indiana. has'a hotel and 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 416.
PORTER'S FALLS, a post-office of Wetzel co., Virginia.     PORT HOPE, a town of Upper Canada, on the N. shore of
PORTER'S SEIDLING, (seed/ling,) a post-office of York  Lake Ontario, 55 miles E. by N. of Toronto. It is built
co., Pennsylvania.                                         chiefly on the sides of a hill, commanding fine views of the
POR/TERSVILLE, a village of New London co., Connecti-  lake, and has churches of 5 or 6 denominations, 3 branch
cut. about 8 miles N. by W. of New London. It has some  banks, agencies of 10 assurance, and 3 insurance commanufactures of brass and iron.                           panies, 2 newspaper offices, 2 female seminaries, about 30
POR'TERSVILLE, a post-borough of Butler co., Pennsyl- stores, several flouring mills, and manufactures of steamvania, 220 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.  Pop. 240.        engines, machinery, castings, &c.. -The total value of exports
PORTERSVILLE, a post-village of Tipton co.,Tennessee,  in 1851, amounted to $100,408, and of imports to $79,016. 
25 miles N.E. of Memphis.                                 Pop. about 2500.
PORTERSVILLE, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio.           PORT HOWE, (haw,) a landing-place on the E. coast of
PORTERSVILLE, a village of Dubois co., Indiana, on the  San Salvador, Bahama Islands, supposed to be that where
East Fork of White River, 8 miles N. by W. of Jasper.      Columbus firstt set foot in the New World, October 12, 1492.
PORTERSVILLE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama.       PORT.HUD/SON, a post-village of East Feliciana parish,
PORT ESISINGTON, a bay of North Australia, on the E. Louisiana, on the left bank of the Mississippi River, at the
side of Coburg Peninsula. On its W. side, 17 miles from its  terminus of the Clinton and Port Hudson Railroad, 25 miles
entrance, in lat. 110 22' 3" S., lon. 1320 10, 7" E., is the Bri- above Baton Rouge. It is a place of active business, about
tiEh settlement of Victoria, founded in 1839, but now aban- 30,000 bales of cotton, and 2000 hogsheads of sugar being
doned. Shores of the bay low and destitute of vegetation,  shipped here annually. Pop. 300.
Climate unhealthy.                                           PORT HUN/TER, an inlet of New South Wales, between
PORT ETCH/ES, of Russian America, in Prince William's  the cos. of Gloucester and Northumberland, 75 miles N.N.E.
Sound. Lat. 600 21' 12"1 N., lon. 1460 32' W. It has an  of Sydney. Lat. 320 55, S., Ion. 1510 48' E. It extends 5
establishment of the Imperial Russia Fur Company.         miles inland, receives the Hunter River at its W. exPORT GALLANT, a cove of South America. in the Strait tremity, and has the town of Newcastle on the S. side of its
of Magellan. Lat. 530 41' 45" S., lon. 720 0' 51i W.      entrance.
PORT GENESEE, New York. See CHARLOTTE.                    PORT HUfl/RON, formerly DES'MONDf, a thriving postPORT GIBISON, a post-village of Ontario co., New York, on  village and township in St. Clair co., Michigan, on the St.
the Erie Canal, 54 miles W. of Syracuse, has 1 or 2 churches, Clair at the mouth of Black River, 2 miles from the S. end of
and several stores.                                       Lake Huron. and 57 miles N.E. of Detroit. Port Huron is
PORT GIBSON, a flourishing post-village, capital of Clai- the terminus of the proposed Northern railroad to Lake
borne co., Mississippi, on Bayou Pierre, 28 miles from its  Michigan. It has an active trade in pine lumber, and conmouth, and about 65 miles S.W. of Jackson. It is sur- tains 8 churches, 6 warehouses, 5 hotels, 2 tanneries,'2
rounded by a rich planting district, and has considerable  livery stables, 2 newspaper offices, several steam mills, and
business. A newspaper is published here. The cotton raised  near 50 stores. Pop. in 1853, about 3000.
in the vicinity is shipped here in keel-boats. Pop. in 1850,    PORTICI, poitte-che, a town of Naples, 4 miles S.E. of the
1036.                                                      capital, of which it is a suburb, on the Bay of Naples,. at the
PORT GIBSON, a post-office of Gibson co., Indiana.      N. foot of Vesuvius. Pop. 4900.. It is beautifully situated,
PORT GLAStIGOW, a parliamentaryand municipal burgh, and has a large royal palace, adorned with pictures and
river-port, town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on  frescoes from  the walls of Pompeii, a museum of antique
the -left bank of the Clyde, and on a branch of the Glasgow  statues, bronzes, arms, and furniture taken from the buried
and Paisley Railway, 3 miles E. of Greenock, and 16 miles cities, and a magnificent park and garden. It has also
W.N.W. of GYasgow. Pop. in 1851, 7017. The town isneat, several other fine residences, a large church, a monastery,
ahd'substantially built. It has endowed and other schools, and riband manufactures. A fine square fronts the harbor,
public libraries, several branch banks, two large harbors, which is defended by a mole; it has an active fishery, and
with good quays, and the largest graving dock in Scotland. brisk coasting trade.
Ship-building is extensively carried on, and here are impor-   PORTICO, poRfte-ko, a village of Tuscany, 36 miles N.E.
tant manufactures of sail cloth, coarse linens, and ropes, of Florence, on the Montone. Pop. 2054.
with some sugar-refineries and flax mills. The town was   PORTILLO, poR-teellyo, a town of Spain, 13 miles S.E. of
founded (before the deepening of the Clyde) by the Glasgow  Valladolid, on a height commanded by a ruined castle. Pop.
magistrates in 1668, to be the seaport of Glasgow, anditstrade 1467.
4V                                                                           1521




POR                                                       POR
POItTILLO, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province,    Among the public buildings of Portland, may be men
and 19 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1500.                    tioned the City Hall, and the Court-House, both large and
PORTILLO, poa-teellyo, a mountain'pass of the Andes, in  imposing structures. The latter is very pleasantly situated,
Chili; lat. 330 40' S. Height, 14,365 feet.                and was formerly occupied as the State-House. The CustomPORTIMAO, Portugal. See VILLA NOVA DE PORTIMAO.          House. one of the finest buildings in the city, was destroyed
PORTVISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           by fire during the winter of 1853-4; appropriations have rePQRT1ISHEAD, a village and parish of England, co. of  cently been made for its re-erection. The churches at the
Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 71- miles W.N.W. of Bris- commencement of 1853, were as follows, viz. 5 Trinitarian
tol. The village is sheltered by a headland on the W., and  Congregationalists, 2 Unitarian Congregationalists, 4 Blethois frequented as a watering-place. It has a large floating  dist Episcopal, 3 Calvinist, 2 Protestant Episcopal, 1 Chrispier, or breakwater, for the shelter ofocean steamers.      tian Society, 1 Freewill Baptist, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 SwePORT JACK/SON, a post-village of Montgomery co., New  denborgian, and several others-in all 26.
York, on the Mohawk River and Erie Canal, about 15 miles    Portland contains several flourishing scientific and literary
W.N.W. of Schenectady.                                      institutions, among which may be mentioned the Portland
PORT JACKISON. an inlet of New South Wales, co. of  Society of Natural History, having for its object to create
Cumberland, its entrance being between two lofty cliffs, the  an interest and diffuse information in regard to the natural
N. and S. heads, on the latter of which is a light-house, 345  sciences. It has a valuable cabinet of natural history, confeet above the sea, in lat. 330 51' 32" S., Ion. 1510 18' E. It ex- sisting of specimens of the ornithology of the state; shells
tends 15 miles inland, has numerous creeks and bays, and  of more than 4000 different species; mineralogical and geoforms one of the finest harbors known, with a dry dock and  logical specimens, fishes, reptiles, &c. It numbers about 275
naval station. The city of Sydney is on its S. side.        members. Organized in 1843. The Portland Athenncum,
PORT JEFIFERSON, a post-village of Suffolk co., New  incorporated in 1826, has about 140 proprietors, and a library
York, on the N. side of Long Island, about 200 miles S.S.E. of 8000 volumes. Besides the above, may be named the
of Albany.                                                  Mercantile Association, with a rapidly increasing library,
PORT JEFFERSON, a thriving village of Shelby co., Ohio, and the Portland Sacred Music Society. The number of
on the Miami River, 70 miles W. by N. of Columbus. A  public schools in the city and its environs is 25; teachers,
feeder of the Mliami and Erie Canal terminates here. Pop. 57; average number of pupils in attendance, 3000; amount
about 400.                                                  of money appropriated for school purposes for the year
PORT JERIVIS, a thriving post-village of Orange co., 1852-3, $20,510.72. The school houses are generally subNew York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 97 miles  stantial brick edifices, constructed upon the most approved
from New York City. Named in honor of John B. Jervis, plan. A commodious building has recently been erected for
engineer of the Hudson and Delaware Canal, which passes  the state reform school. In the spring of 1854, plans were
through this place. It has churches of 3 or 4 denomina- prepared for a marine hospital; and it was expected that the
tions, and a bank. The railroad station, (1 miles S. of Port  edifice would shortly be commenced. There are 11 newsJervis,) with the engine-house and other buildings in the  papers published in Portland, 2 of them daily, and 9 weekly.
vicinity,, is called DELAWARE.                                Portland enjoys excellent facilities both for ocean comPORT KENtDALL, a post-village of Essex co., New York, merce and inland trade. In addition to its superior harbor
on the W. shore of Lake Champlain.                          advantages, it has railway communication with the seaboard
PORT KENINEDY, a post-village of Upper Marion town- for many hundred miles, and with the various important
ship, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill sections of the interior. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence
River, and on the Reading Railroad, 4 miles above Norris- Railroad connects Portland with Montreal in Canada, theretown. It contains extensive lime-kilns, and large furnaces  by forming a direct channel for the introduction of the rich
for smelting iron ore, which is obtained in the vicinity.  commerce of the river St. Lawrence, and of the great lakes
Pop. in 1850, 449.                                         to this Atlantic city. There are also several other railroads
PORT KENT, a post-village of Essex co., New York, on  radiating firom  this point now in process of construction.
Lake Champlain, about 150 miles N. of Albany.               The shipping of the port, June 30, 1854, amounted to
PORT KNOCKIIE, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of  an aggregate of 77,575 tons registered, and 28,403 tons elBanff, 2 miles W.N.W. of Cullen. Pop. about 750.           rolled and licensed. Of the latter, 19,683 tons were employPORT/LAND, ISLE or, a peninsula and parish of Eng-  ed in the coast trade, 8157 tons in the cod and mackerel
land, co. of Dorset,. it is an island only at certain times of the  fisheries, and 1290 tons in steam navigation. The foreign
tide, extending into the English Channel, 41 miles from N. arrivals for the year were 384, (tons, 57,610,) of which 186
to S., by 2 miles in breadth, connected with the mainland  (tons, 38,512,) were by American vessels. The clearances
by the Chesil bank, a narrow ridge of shingle, 101 miles  for foreign ports were 443, (tons, 69,893,) of which 50,742
in length, and terminating on the S. by Portland-bill, a rocky  tons were in American bottoms. Oneofthe chief articles of
promontory, with two lighthouses 198 feet above the sea, in  import is molasses, of which there were landed upon the
lat. 500 31' N., ion. 20 26' W. Pop. in 1852, 5195. It has ex- wharves in 1852 upwards of 7,000,000 gallons. The receipts
cellent stone-quarries, and several ancient remains, with a  of this article for 1850 were 104 cargoes, consisting of 35,788
castle built by Henry VIII. It forms the W. side of Weymouth  hogsheads, 1660 tierces, and 771 barrels; and for the first
hIarbor, and gives the title of duke to the BentincJc family. four months of 1853 the receipts 6f molasses was greater
Off its S. extremity, is Portland-race, a dangerous part of  than for the whole year 1850. The imports of sugar for 1851
the channel, in which the tides set E. with great velocity.   amounted to 2,057,633 pounds; of salt, 150,000 bushels; of
PORTILAND, the commercial metropolis of Maine, port of  railroad iron, 9,856,496 pounds; of flour, about 161,000 barentry, and seat of justice of Cumberland co., on Casco Bay, rels, and of corn, 200,000 bushels. The total value of the
at the southern terminus of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence  imports for 1852, amounted to about $1,000,000; and of the
Railroad, which here connects with railways communicating  exports, $800,000.
on the one hand with Bath, Augusta, Waterville, Bangor,    The manufactures of Portland are peculiar to a commer&c., and on the other, with all the principal cities of the  cial city. Ship-building has been long and successfully
Union, 60 miles S.S.W. of Augusta, and 105 miles N.E. of  carried on. During the year ending June 30, 1852, 44 yesBoston, and 292 miles S.E. of Montreal. Let. 430 39' 52"  sels, (30 of them ships,) with an aggregate burden of 16,293
N., lon. 700 13' 34" W. It is pleasantly situated on a narrow  tons, were admeasured. The shipping built during the year
peninsula or tongue of land projecting from the W. shore of  1853, amounted to 17,550 tons. The most important estabCasco Bay. This peninsula is about 3 miles in length from  lishments are the Portland Company, for making locomoE. to W., and rises at each extremity into considerable ele- fives, railroad cars, &c., chartered in 1846, with a capital of
vations, giving the city a beautiful appearance as it is ap- $250,000, and the Portland Sugar House. The latter is
proached from the sea. Its breadth averages about three- owned by a single individual, Mr. J. B. Brown, and concuiarters of a mile, though it is much wider than this at its  ducted upon an extensive scale. The first building was
eastern termination, and also at its junction with the main- erected in 1845; since then, additions have been made, so
land. The harbor is one of the best on the Atlantic coast, that the whole now cover nearlyll acres of ground. Sugar
the anchorage being protected on every side by land, the  of every quality is manufactured, employing about 200
communication with the ocean easy and direct, and the  hands, and consuming from 150 to 180 hogsheads of molasses
depth sufficient for the largest ships. Although in a north- daily. The financial institutions are six banks, with an
ern latitude, it is never closed by ice except in the most aggregate capital of *1,500,000, and an insurance office. The
extreme cold weather, and then only for a few days. The  city is lighted with gas, and abundantly supplied with pure
principal entrance lies between the mainland on the S.W., water. The 6ity is considered as remarkably healthy, never
and House Island on the N.E.; it is defended by Fort Preble having been visited by the cholera, even when that disease
on the former, and Fort Scammel on the latter. The city, raged fearfully in other neighboring cities.
with but few exceptions, is regularly laid out, and hand-   Portland was settled by an English colony in 1632. Ils
somely built, chiefly of brick. Several of the streets are re  Indian name was Machigonne. During the wars in which
markable for theirelegance. Congress street istheprincipal the colonies were involved with the Indians, the French,
thoroughfare, and extends from Munjoy's Hill on the E. to  and the mother country, this town suffered the severest
Bramhall's Hill on the W., following the ridgeof the penin- disasters: three times it was entirely destroyed. Since the
sula throughout its entire length. In scarcely any other Revolution, it has steadily increased in wealth and populacity are to be found so many beautiful shade-trees. It is tion. The city charter was granted in 1832. Pop. in 1830,
estimated that there are not less than 3000 of these scattered  12,601; in 1840, 15,218; in 1850, 20,815; in 1853, about
throughout the various parts of the town.                 22,500.
1522




POR                                                       POR
PORTLAND, a thriving post-village and township of Mid-   PORT LETHEN, leefTnen, a small maritime village of
dlesex co., Connecticut. on the left bank of Connecticut Scotland, co. of Kincardine, 61 miles N.N.E. of Stone.
River, nearly opposite Middletown, about 15 miles S.E. by S. haven.
of Hartford. Near by, and bordering on the river, are the    PORT LEYDEN, (li'den,) a post-village of Lewis co., New
famous Portland quarries, from which building material is  York, about 110 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
annually exported to the value of half a million of dollars.   PORT LINCOLN, (link/9n,) a settlement of South AusAbout 2000 men are here employed within an area not ex- tralia, on the W. side of Spencer Gulf, lat. 340 451 S., ion.
ceeding 100 acres. The stone is of a beautiful reddish color, 1350 50' E. It has a good roadstead and harbor, but the
and of a very superior quality; being soft, it is easily work- country around it being barren, it was in 1845, inhabited by
ed, and yet is remarkable for its durability. as it increases in  only about 30 families.
hardness with time. Named from the celebrated English    PORT LO/GAN, a maritime village of Scotland, co. of
quarries. Pop. of the township, 2836.                     Wigton, at the head of Portnessock Bay, 11 miles S.S.E. of
PORTLAND, a post-township of, Chautauqus co., New  Stranraer. Pop. 230.
York, on Lake Erie, intersected by the Lake Shore Railroad.   PORT LOUIS, port lootis, (Fr. pron. poR loo'eef,) a fortified
Pop. 1905.                                                seaport town of France, department of Morbihan, 21 miles:
PORTLAND, a post-village in Dallas co., Alabama. on Ala- S. of Lorient, on a peninsula at the entrance of its bay. Pop.
bama River, 60 miles W.S.W. of Montgomery.                in 1852, 2974. It is defended by a citadel on a neighboring
PORTLAND, a post-village of Jefferson co., Kentucky, on  rock, and has an arsenal. The port is of a size and depth
the Ohio River 3 miles below Louisville, and at the foot of  sufficient for frigates, and is frequented by a considerable
the rapids. It is at the lower termination of the canal made  number of merchant ships. The fishery and trade in pilaround the rapids, and has considerable bsiness. Pop. 800. chards form the chief occupation of the poorer classes. It
PORTLAND, a townshipof Erie co., Ohio, intersected by  was founded by Louis XIII., in 1635.
the Lake Shore, Mansfield and Sandusky, and the Mad    PORT LOUIIS, or PORT NORTHWEST, the capital town
River and Lake Erie Railroads. Pop. in 1850, including  of the island of Mauritius, at the head of a bay, on its NW.
Sandusky City, 5088.                                      side. Lat. 200 9' 6" 5., lon. 570 28' 41" E. Pop. 35,000. It.
PORTLAND, a small village of Jefferson co., Ohio.-      has a citadel, completed in 1843, good barracks, a bazaar, a
PORTLAND, a post-village and township of Ioia co., theatre, a public library, and botanic garden; three-quarters
Michigan, on Grand River, 21 miles W.N.W. of Lansing, of a mile distant is an hospital on a projecting rock. The
Pop. 763.                                                 town and harbor are strongly fortified, but the entrance to
PORTLAND, a post-village of Fountain co., Indiana, on the  the latter is difficult.
Wabash River and canal, 7 miles above Covington.            PORT LOUIS, a maritime town of Guadeloupe, West InPORTLAND, a post-village, capital of Jay co., Indiana, on  dies, on the Grsat Cul-de-Sac, 12 miles N. of Point-h-Pitre.
the Salamonie River, and on the plank-road from Winchester  Pop., with vicinity, 4688. It is well built, and has a small
to Fort Wayne, 90 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. Laid b'out harbor, defended by forts.
in 1837. Pop. estimated at 300.                             PORT LOUISA, (loo-eefza,) a post-village of Louisa co.,
PORTLAND, a thriving village of Putnam  co., Indiana, Iowa, 40 miles S.E. of Iowa City.
on Raccoon Creek, 15 miles N.W. of Greencastle. Pop. 300.    PORT MACQUARIE, Australia. See MAcQUARIE PORT.
PORTLAND, a post-village in Whitesides co., Illinois, on    PORTMAIIOLMACK, pbrt-nm-h0/mak, a village and small
Rock River, 140 miles N. by W. of Springfield.            seaport of Scotland, cos. of Ross and Cromarty, on a peninPORTLAND, a post-village of Callaway co., Missouri, on  sula on the S. side of the Dornoch Frith, 14 miles N.N.E. of
the Missouri River, 30 miles below Jefferson City. It has a  Cromarty. Pop. 500.
good landing, and several stores.                           PORT MAHON, (mg-hlni,) (Sp. Puerto Mahon, pwla/to
PORTLAND, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on  mi-honi; anc. Por/tus Magoqnis,) a fortified town of Spai,
the river Des Moines, about 72 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City.    capital of Mlinorca, one of the Balearic Islands, on its S. side,
PORTLAND, a post-office of Dodge co., Wisconsin.        in lat. 390 52' 32" N., lon. 40 20 59"' E. Pop. 13,102. It is the
PORTLAND, a post-town of Oregon Territory, on the Wil- residence of the military governor and of the bishop of Milamette River, at the head of ship navigation, 15 miles from  norca. Its port is one of the best and most commodious
its mouth. It is the largest and most commercial town  lin the Mediterranean. Mahon was taken by the English is
in Oregon. It contains the territorial penitentiary, and 1' 4708, and by the Spaniards and French in 1756. Restored
or 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1855, estimated at 6500.  to England in 1763; it was again taken by the French and
PORTLAND, a post-village of Canada West, situated On  Spaniards in 1782. It was captured once more by the Engthe Rideau Lake, in the township of Bastard, 31 miles from  lish in 1798, but ceded at the peace of 1802.
Brockville, 50 miles from Kingston. Pop. about 150.         PORT MAITILAND, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
PORT'LAND, a neat township of Australia; in Victoria, on  Haldimand, on Grand River, 6 miles S. of Dunnville. Pop.
Portland Bay, about 170 miles W.S.W. of MI.bourne. It is about 130.
a place of active and increasing trade.                     PORT MARIIA, a seaport village of Jamaica, co. of MidPORTLAND BAY, a wide inlet of Australia, its centre in  diesex, on its N. coast, 25 miles E. of St. Ann's.
lat. 380 251' S., ion. 1420 E., bounded W. by Cape Nelson, and    PORTMARINOCK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, with
containing Lady Julia Percy Island.                       a station on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway, 81 miles
PORTLAND CHANNEL, off theW. coast ofNorth America,  N.N.E. of Dublin.
stretches inland, in lat. 550 N., lon. 1300 WV., and separates    PORT MARY BAY, a creek of Scotland, stewartry of
Russian and British America.                              Kirkcudbright, 6 miles E.S.E. of the entrance to KirkcudPORTLAND HEAD, a small point of land on the W. side  bright Bay, where Mary, Queen of Scots, embarked in her
of the entrance to Portland Harbor. A light-house, 85 feet flight to England.
high, containing a fixed light, stands near its extremity.   PORT MER/CER, a post-office of Mercer co., New Jersey.
Lat. 430 36' N., lon. 700 12' W.                            PORT METIWAY or MILL VILLAGE, a seaport-town of
PORTLAND ISLANDS, a small group in the Pacific, W. Nova Scotia, in Queen's co., at the head of a capacious harbor
of New Hanover, and so named by Carteret in 1767. Lat. setting up from the Atlantic, about 65 miles S.W. of Halifax.
20 38' S., Ion. 1490 290 E.                               It is a place of considerable and rising importance in consePORTLAND MILLS, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.   quence of its facilities for navigation and the fisheries.
PORTLAND POINT, the S. extremity of Jamaica, and    PORT MITCHIELL, a village of Noble co., Indiana, on
termination of Portland Ridge and peninsula. Lat. 170  the South Fork of the Elkhart River, 123 miles N.N.E. of
43' N., lon. 770 10' W. Off the E. coast are the Portland  Indianapolis, was formerly the seat ofjustice.
Keys.                                                       PORTMOAK, port'mok/, a parish of Scotland, co. Kinross,
PORT/LANDVILLE, a post-village of Otsego co., New York, between Loch Leven and Fifeshire.
on the Susquehanna, 68 miles S. of Albany.                  PORT MUL/GRAVE, a harbor on the E side of Admiralty
PORT LAVACICA, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., Bay, in Russian America.  Lat. 590 33' N., ion. 1490 43' WV.
Texas, on the W. side of Lavacca Bay, about 160 miles S.S.E.   PORTNAIHAVEN, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Arof Austin.                                                gyle, at the S.W. extremity of the island of Islay. Pop. 1271.
PORT'LAWf, a small manufacturing town of Ireland, Opposite the village is a small island, with a light-house 150
in Munster co., and 9 miles W.N.W. of Waterford, on'an. feet above high water, in lat. 550 41' N., and lon. 60 29' W.
affluent of the Suir. Pop. 3647, mostly employed in exten-   PORT NARANJO. See PuenRTo NARANJO.
sive and flourishing cotton factories. W. of the town is the    PORT NATAL, (n&-tdl/,)  an inlet of Natal, in East Africa.
Marquis of Waterford's splendid demesne of Curraghmore.   Lat. of the cape at the entrance, 29~ 53' S., lon. 310 2' E. On
PORT LAWIRENCE, a township of Lucas co., Ohio, on  the coast, between it and the Cape Colony, are the lst, 2d,
the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. exclusive of Toledo, 134. and 3d Points of Natal. about 80 miles apart.
PORTLEMOUTH, (porltpl-mLth,) EAST, a parish of Eng-   PORT NELISON, a village of Canada West. co. of Halton,
land, co. of Devon.                                       situated on Lalke Ontario, 32 miles S.S.W. of Toronto, and
PORT LEION, a port of entry of Wakulla co., Florida, on  15 miles from Hamilton. Pop. about 250.
the E. side of the Wakulla River, about 20 miles S.S.E. of    PORTNEUF, (Fr. pron. plrt'nul poa'nvf/,) a county of
Tallahassee. The shipping, June 30, 1852, amounted to an  Canada East, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, having
aggregate of 118 tons enrolled and licensed, all of which was the county of Quebec on the N.E. It contains Lake Wayaemployed in the coast trade.                              gamack and Lake Edward, and is watered by Batiscan
PORT LESCIENAULT,West Australia. See LmscHENzNU,   T  River, and numerous smaller streams. Capital, Portneuf
PoRT.                                                    Area, 10,440 square miles. Pop. 19,366.
1523




POR                                                       POR
PORTNEUF, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Port-  the Carony River, Fort St. David being in lat. 100 38' 7'" N.,
neuf, situated at the junction of Portneuf River with the  ion. 610 32' W. Pop. 11,693. It is one of the handsomest
river St. Lawrence.                                        towns in the West Indies, being built wholly of stone or
PORT NICHOLSON, (nikfol-son.) a harbor of New Zealand,  brick, and having wide thoroughfares, Protestant and Ro.
in Cook's Strait, at the S. extremity of North Island, with  man Catholic churches, Presbyterian and Methodist chapels,
Wellington on its W. side.                                 a good harbor, and an active trade, especially with Colombia.
PORT NOR'RIS, a village of Cumberland co., New Jersey, Near it are St. James's Barracks, built in one of the most
on the right side of Maurice River, about 80 miles S. by W. pestilential spots in the island.
of Trenton.                                                  PORTO GRANDE, poe/to grdntdA, a seaport town of the
PORT NORTHWEST, Mauritius.  See PonT Louis.              Cape Verd Islands, on the N.W. side of the island of St. YinPORTO, a city of Portugal. See OPORTO.                   cent, consisting of 60 dirty and uncomfortable mud huts.
PORTO, poerto, a village of Spain, province, and about 65    PORTOGRUARO, poR'to-groo-/ro, a town of Austrian
miles from Zamora. Pop. 1069.                              Italy, 27 miles S.W. of Udine. Pop. 3000.
PORTO, poR/to, (anc. Porltus TrajanussP) a ruined city and    PORTO IMPERIAL, poneto eem-pA-re-41l, or PORTO REAL,
port of Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca, and 14 miles poe/to r-4ll, a town of Brazil, province, and 40 miles N.N.E.
S.W. of Rome, on the Tiber. Here are the basins formed  of Goyaz, on the Tocantins.
by Claudius and Trajan, with remains of moles, magazines,    PORTO LAGO, poe/to l1/go, a small town of West Africa,
and building-docks, and traces of the ancient city. It was  in a detached portion of British terrritory, on the Sierra
finally abandoned in the ninth century.                    Leone River, 50 miles E.N.E. of Freetown.
PORTO ALEGRE, pbR/to  -14-lgrA, a city of Brazil, capital   PORTOLE, poRtto-I, an inland town of Istria, governof the province, of Silo Pedro do RioGrande, 160 miles N.N.E. meut, and 20 miles S.S.E. of Triest. Pop. 2300.
of Rio Grande, at the N. end of the Lake of Patos. Pop.,   PORT OILIVER, a small village of Simpson co., Kentucky.
with suburbs, 12,000. It was founded in 1743, by a colony    PORTO LONGONE, poR/to lon-go'nA, (ane. PoretusLon/gus,)
from the Azores. It has an hospital and several schools. a small bay on the E. side of the island of Elba.
Its trade was flourishing till 1835, when it was interrupted    PORTO LONGONE, ponyto lon-goenA, a port and small
by the disturbed state of the country.                    town of the Ionian island of Paxo, on its N.W. side.
PORTO ALEGRE, a small maritime town of Brazil, pro-    PORTO LONGONE, a town of the island of Elba, in the
vince of Bahia, 120 miles S.S.W. of Porto Seguro. Pop. 1000. Mediterranean, on its E. side, 5 miles S.E. of Porto-Ferrajo.
PORTO ALEGRE, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande  Pop. 1700.
do Norte, 190 miles W. of Natal. Pop. 4000.                 PORTO MAGGIORE, poi/to m~d-jorcA, a maritime village
PORTO ATACAMES, poReto A-tA-k/mis, (Sp. Puerto Ata-  of North Italy, in the Pontifical States, on the Adriatic, 4
cames, pw8R/tO.-ti-k&/mls,) a harbor of South America, in  miles E. of Comacchio.  Pop. 2800.
Ecuador, on the Pacific, 100 miles N.W. of Quito.           PORTO MAURIZIO, poR/to miw-ridlze-o, a town of North
PORETO BELILO, a quoad sacra parish, parliamentary and  Italy, in the Sardinian States, on the Mediterranean, promuncipal burgh, seaport town, and fashionable summer re-  vince, and 2 miles W.S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 6481, who trade
sort of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, in a plain on the S. bank  in oil.
of the Frith of Forth, with a station on the North British    PORTONE, poe-t0nnA, a village of Tuscany, 1 mile from
Railway, 3 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of parliamentary  Pisa, of which it may almost be called a suburb. Pop. 2950.
burgh in 1851, 3497. It has an excellent suite of hot and    PORTO NOVO, poR/to noyvo, a maritime town of India, becold salt-water baths, assembly rooms, a branch bank, and  longing to the French, on the Carnatic coast, 30 miles S. of
brick-works, potteries, and glass, soap, lead, and mustard  Pondicherry, and N. of Tranquebar. Lat. 110 30' N., Ion.
factories. The burgh unites with Leith and Musselburgh  790 50' E. It was formerly of considerable importance, but
in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. The burgh  ruined in 1782 by Hyder All, whose army was in the same
was founded in 1762, and is governed by a provost and two  year defeated near it, by the troops under Sir Eyre Coote.
bailies.                                                    PORT ONTA/RIO, a post-village of Oswego co., New York,
PORTO BELLO,town of New Granada. See PUERTO BELLO. on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Salmon River, 170 miles
PORTO BELLO, pore/to bel/lo, or GAROUPAS, gA-rO/pls, W.N.W. of Albany. It has an improved harbor.
a town of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, on a bay of    PORTO PRAYA, poR/to prilA, a town of the Cape Yerdl Isthe same name, 25 miles S. of Desterro. Lat. 270 8' S., lon. lands on the S.E. coast of the island of Santiago. It stands
530 24' E.                                                on a height, and has some good public buildings, but it
PORTO BUFFOLE, poR/to boof/fo-lA, a village of Austrian  is filthy, and its markets are ill supplied. Trade chiefly in
Italy, government of Venice, 20 miles N.E. of Treviso, on the  salt, orchil, and slaves, the traffic in which last is carried on
W. bank of the Livenza.                                   to a great extent, and here the fraudulent Portuguese ship
PORTO CABELLO, a town of Yenezuela. See PnUERTo  papers are prepared for the American and Spanish slavers.
CABELLO.                                                    PORTO PRI.CIPE. See PUERTO PRINCIPE.
PORTO CALVO, poRato kAl/vo, formerly BOM-SUCCESSO,   PORTO RE, 1'r6eto rA, a town of Croatia, on the Gulf of
bWNG-sook-slseso, a town of Brazil, province, and 50 miles  Quarnero, 8 miles S.E. of Flume. Pop. 1109.
N.E. of Alagoas. Pop. of district, 8000, engaged in agricul-    PORTO REAL, a town of Brazil. See PORTO IaPERItAL.
ture and the manufaicture of sugar.                         PORTO RECANATI, a town of Italy. See RECANATi.
PORTO D'ANZO, a town of Italy. See A'zo.                   PORT ORIFORD CITY, a village of Umpqua co., Oregon,
PORTO-DAS-CAIXAS, pOReto dAs k/sh's, a town of Bra- about 200 miles S.5W. of Salem.
zil, province of Rio de Janeiro, with a port on the Rio Aldeia,   PORTO RICO, p6n/to reelko, (Sp. Pimerto Rico, pwa/[to reelan affluent of the Macaqu, 37 miles S. of Macaqu. It is an  ko, i. e. " rich port.") one of the Spanish West India Islands,
entreplt for the sugar and coffee of the district.        the fourth in size of the Antilles, E. of Hayti, and VW. of the
PORTO-DAS-PEDRAS, pon/to dAs pA/dr s, a town of Bra- Virgin Islands; let. (S.W. point) 170 56' N., ion. 670 10' W.;
zil, province, and 47 miles N.E. of Alagoas, on the left bank  90 miles long from E. to W., and 36 miles broad. A range
of the Manguape. Pop. 3000.                                of lofty mountains covered with wood runs through the
PORTO-DE-MOZ, poRt/to dA' mozm, a maritime town of island from E. to W., averaging about 1500 feet in height;
Brazil, province of Para, on the right bank of the Xingu, at its loftiest peak is 3678 feet high. In the interior are exits confluence with the Amazon, 40 miles S.W. of Gurupa. tensive savannahs, on which numerous herds are pastured;
Pop. of the district, 4000.                                and along the coasts, tracts of level, fertile land, varying in
PORTO DI BRONDOLO. See BRo.NoLo.                        some places from 5 to 10 miles wide; but in others the
PORTO ERCOLE, poR/to 6nyko-lA, (anc. ler/culis Poertess,) mountains approach much nearer to the sea. Nearly the
a petty town of Tuscany, province, and 26 miles S. of Gros- whole of the N. coast is lined with navigable lagoons, some
setto, on the E. side of the peninsula of Mount Argentaro.    of them 10 miles long; and many of the rivers can be naviPORTO FELIZ, poR/to f4-lees/, a town of Brazil, province, gated to the foot of the mountains, a distance of 5 or 6
and 50 miles W.N.W. of S3o Paulo, on the left bank of the  miles. There are numerous bays and creeks, deep enough
Tiete. Pop. of the district, 10,000.                       for vessels of considerable burden; but the N. coast is subPORTO FERRAJO, poR/to fhn-at/yo, the capital towi of ject to tremendous ground seas, which beat against the
Elba, in Tuscany, province of Pisa, on the N. side of the  cliffs with great violence. Only three harbors are safe all
island of Elba. Pop. 4500. It stands at thie extremity of a  the year round, namely, Guanica and Hovas on the S.
tongue of land, enclosing a fine harbor, 210 feet above the  coast, and San Juan on the N. There are no serpents or
sea, enclosed within fortifications, and defended by several other reptiles on the island; but numerous large rats often
batteries. It is well built, and has a government house, 2  do great injury to the sugar-cane. The climate is generally
large churches, a seminary, town-hall, barracks, and mill- more salubrious than the other islands of the Antilles.
tary hospital, with a few unimportant manufactures, and a  Gold is found in small lumps and in dust in the streams
large export trade in iron from mines in the vicinity. It flowing from the heights. Copper, iron, lead, and coal have
was the residence of Napoleon from May, 1814, till Febru- also been found; and there are two salines or salt-ponds,
ary, 1815.                                                worked by the government, which yield annually about 160
PORTO FINO, (PROMONTORY.) See FINo.                     tons of salt. Porto Rico is wholly an agricultural island;
PORTO FINO, poR/to fee/no, a seaport town of North Italy, its products aresugar, rum, molasses, coffee, cotton, excelin the Sardinian States, 15 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on a pro- lent tobacco, hides, live stock, dye-woods, lignum-vitoe, and
Inontory in the Mediterranean. Pop. 1338.                 timber, ground provisions, rice, salt, &c. The work on the
PORT-OF-SPAIN, a town of the West Indies, capital of farms is effected both by free and slave labor; the slaves are
the island of Trinidad, on its W. coast, near the mouth of  treated much better here than in most other colonies. The
1524.




POR                                                        POR
annexed table exhibits the quantity of the principal articles    PORT PENN, a post-village of Newcastle co., Delaware, on
exported in 1851:-                                          Delaware Bay, opposite Reedy Island, about 30 miles N. of
Sugar............lbs... 118,416,300 Cocoa-nuts................40,363  Dover. It has 1I hotel and 4 or 5 stores.
Coffee............ "... 112,111900 Cocoa...............lbs... 9,000    PORT PEtIIRY, a post-office of Alleghany co., PennsylTobacco. 00......,6,478,100 Ox-horns................. 6,995
Molasses.........hhds.   45,976 Oranges............... 1,669 vania.
Hides. l..... bs...  632,300   lnai;........ Plan isPORT PERRY, a small post-village of Perry co., Missouri,
Hids........lbs  632,700 ]Plantains.............675                             1
Cotton..........I...  366,600 Cigars.................. 34,800 on the Mississippi River, about 60 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis.
Rum.............hhds.    3473 Lignumn-vitae.....;   tons..    4    PORT PHILILIP, a bay on the S. coast of Australia; lat.
Oxen...................    5,881 Logwood...........   "..  178 of Point Nepean, at its entrance, 38~  181 S4 Ion. 144~ 421 7~t
Horses and mules......   172 Pimnento............ lbs... 6,800  E    Length   and  readth, tbout 35 miles  each; entrance
Bay Water.......galls.    6,161 Anotta............      E. Length and breadth, about,862   miles each; entrance
Cor..............bushs.   1,429 Caster Oil..........qts...  600 nearly 2 miles across, and it is capable of receiving all the
navies of civilized nations. A light-house has been elrected
T~he total value of produce exported from Porto Rico. in  2 miles within its entrance.  At its W. side is an inlet,
1839, was $5,516,611; in 1846, $5,797,200; and in 1851, near the head of which is the town of Geelong: and on its
$5,761.974. The total value imported in 1839 was $5.462,206;  N. side it receives the Yarra-yarra River, on the banks of
in 1846, $6,356,500; and in 1851, $6,073,870. Of the total which is the town of Melbourne, capital of the colony of
commerce of Porto Rico, in 1851, 43%  per cent. of the ex- Victoria, to which Port Phillip, until lately, gave name. A
ports, and 192 per cent. of the imports was firom the United  railway, the first ever constructed in Australia, was opened
States; 51/ per cent. of the exports, and 3214 per cent. of  between Port Phillip and Melbourne in 1854. See VICTonRIA.
the imports with the West India Islands not belonging    PORT PLATE, (plAItA,) a seaport town of IIayti, capital
to Spain; 9/ per cent. of the exports, and 2114 per cent. of an arrondissement, on the N. coast, 12 miles N.W. of
of the imports with Spain; 21% per cent. of the exports, Santiago.
and 4% per cent. of the imports with Great Britain; 6V/ per    PORT PRAYA, Cape Verde Isles.  See PoRTo  PRAYA.
cent. of the exports, and 4ys per cent. of the imports with    PORT PROVIIDENCE, a post-office of Montgomery co.,
British North America; 7%s per cent. of the exports, and  Pennsylvania.
1-4 per cent. of the imports with Germany; 2  per cent. of    PORTQUEROLLES, an island of France in the Mediterthe exports, and 4 per cent. of the imports with Cuba; and  ranean. See PoRqUEROLLES.
smaller proportions with France, Sardinia, and Austria.   PORT RAFFLES, Australia. See RAFFLES BAY.
The customs revenue in 1851 was $1,069,418, against    PORTIREATHI, a small seaport town of England, co. of
$1,189,000 in 1850. The total number of vessels that ar- Cornwall, on the Atlantic, 4 miles N. of Redruth. It has a
rived in 1851 was 1324, (tons, 160,568,) of which 42 per cent. pier and basin which can accommodate 25 vessels of 100
was American; 22% per cent. Spanish; and 214 per cent.  tons, and at which about 25,000 tons of copper ore are anBritish. The value of exports to the United States, in 1852, nually exported to Swansea. The inlet to the harbor is deamounted to $3,001,223, and in 1853 to $2,800,936; the im- fended by two batteries.
ports from the same country, in 1852, was $1,055,075, and    PORTtREE, a maritime village and parish of Scotland,
in 1853, $864,544. Porto Rico is governed by a captain- co. of Inverness, comprising the E. part of the island of
general, who is president of the royal audiencia, and is as- Skye, and the islands of Rasay, Rona, and Fladda. Pop. of
sisted by a junta of military officers. It is divided into 7  the village, 500. It stands at the head of Loch Portree, and
departments. Principal towns, San Juan de Porto Rico, is capital of the Skye group of the Hebridean islands. It
Mayagues, Ponea, and Gunyama. Porto Rico was discovered  has a neat church, a jail, a branch bank, and a good
by Columbus in 1493. In 1509 it was invadedby the Spaniards  harbor.
from Hayti, who in a few years exterminated the natives,   PORT REPUBILIC, formerly GRAYfELLY LANDIING. a
numbering about 700,000. Estimated pop., according to a  post-village of Atlantic co., New Jersey, on Nacote Creek,
late official report, 500,000; of whom about 50,000 are slaves. about 15 miles E.N.E. of May's Landing.
-— Inhab. PORTORIQUENO. poR-to-re-knlyo; plural, PORaoRI-   PORT REPUBLIC, a post-village of Calvert co., Maryland.
QUENos, pon-to-re-k~ntyoc.                                   PORT REPUBLIC, a post-village of Rockingham  co., VirPORTO SAL REY, por/to s&l rA, a town of Boavista, in  ginia, on the Shenandoah, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Richthe Cape Verd Islands, on its W. coast.                     mend.
PORTO SAN STEFANO, poR/to s~n stWffg-no, (anc. Portus    PORT REPUBLICAN, Hayti. See PORT-AU-PRINCB.
Domitianus,) a seaport town of Tuscany, on the N.W. coast   PORT RICHIMOND, a post-village of Richmond co., New
of the peninsula formed by Mount Argentaro, about 6  York, on the N. side of Staten Island.
miles W.S.W. of Orbitello. Pop. 2578.                         PORT RICHMOND, Pennsylvania.  See RICHMOND.
PORTO SANTO, poRn/to s~n.to, one of the Madeira Islands,    PORT ROB/INSON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
in the Atlantic Ocean, 26 miles N.E. of Madeira. Lat. 330  Welland, situated on the Welland Canal, 12 miles S.E. of St.
5' N., Ion. 160 19' W. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 3 miles. Catharine's. It contains several stores, hotels, and mills.
Pop. in 1842, 6000. Surface mountainous; soil of volcanic  Pop. about 400.
origin, parched, and destitute of timber; principal products,   PORT ROW/AN, a pbst-village of Canada West, co. of Norwine of inferior quality, maize, barley, and fruits.        folk, situated on Lake Erie, 120 miles from Toronto, and 62
PORTO SEGURO, por/to sA-goo'ro, a maritime town of  miles fiom London. It contains a steam  mill. Pop. about
Brazil, province of Espirito Santo, capital of the comarca, 250.
lat. 150 26' 9" S., ion. 380 58' W., on the left bank of the    PORT ROY/AL, a fortified town of Jamaica, co. of Surrey,
Buranhen, at its mouth in the Atlantic. It has several at the extremity of a long sandy tongue of land which
hospitals and schools. Its town-house was formerly a Je- bounds Kingston Harbor on the S., 3 miles S.W. of Kingsuits' college, and its church is one of the oldest in Brazil. ston. Lat. of Fort Charles, 170 56' N., ion. 76c 51' W. It
Its port, comprising the villages of Pontinha, Marcos, and  has a royal naval dockyard, naval hospital, and barracks.
Pacata, is defended by a fort. Its trade is chiefly with    PORT ROY/AL, a post-village of Juniata co., PennsylBahia and Rio.                                              vania, on Tuscarora Creek, 3 miles S. of Mifflintown.
PORTO VECCHIO, poe/to vak/ke-o, a fortified town of the    PORT ROYAL, a post-village of Caroline co., Virginia, on
island of Corsica, on an inlet of its E. coast, 15 miles N.N.E. the right bank of Rappahannoclk River, 22 miles below
of Bonifacio. Pop. 2015. It has the best port in the island, Fredericksburg.  Grain and tobacco are shipped here in
but it is so unhealthy, owing to adjacent salt-marshes,  steamboats, for which there is a good landing. Pop. 600.
that its inhabitants mostly leave it during the summer    PORT ROYAL, a post-village of Montgomery co., Tenmonths.                                                     nessee, on Red River, about 40 miles N.W. of Nashville.
PORTO VENERE, pontto van/A-ro, (anc. Vente-is Porltus,)    PORT ROYAL, a post-village of Henry co., Kentucky,
a town and port of North Italy, in the Sardinian States, about 50 miles E.N.E. of Louisville, has 2 stores.
division, and 44 miles S.E. of Genoa, on a marble rock,    PORT ROYAL, a small village of Morgan co., Indiana, on
at the S. extremity of the promontory forming the W. White River, 16 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.
boundary of the Gulf of Spezzia, and separated only by a    PORT'RUSH/, a small seaport town of Ireland. in Ulster,
narrow channel from the island of Palmaria. Pop. 2294. co. of Antrim, at the extremity of a narrow peninsula, near
It has a small port defended by a battery, and an active  the Skerry Islands, 5 miles N. of Coleraine. Pop. 600. It
anchovy-fishery.                                           is resorted to for sea-bathing, has a well-protected harbor,
PORT PAT/RICK, a seaport town, burgh of barony, and  and is frequented by the steamers plying between the N.
parish of Scotland, co. of Wigtown, on the Irish Channel, coast of Ireland and the Clyde and Mersey. 
6$ miles S.S.W. of Stranraer. Pop. of town, in 1851, 1038.   PORT-SAINTE-MARIE, poR sAt m&'ree/, a town of
It derives its present importance from being the nearest France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne. 11
port to Ireland. Its harbor is protected by two piers, and  miles W.N.W. of Agen.  Pop. in 1852, 3022.  It has a
has a light-house, in lat. 540 50' 18" N., Ion. 50 6, 45" W. small port.
Two government steam-packets ply between it and Donagha-    PORT-SAINT-PARE, pon sIaN paiR, a market-town of
dee. On May 23, 1853, a line of electric telegraph was laid  France, department of Loire-Infirieure, 17 miles S.E. of
across the channel from Port Patrick to Donaghadee. Port Paimbceuf. Pop. in 1852, 1826.
Patrick was long.famous as the "Gretna Green"  of Ireland.    PORT SANTA BARBARA, (sdnltg bRl/b6-rA,) a natural
PORT PENN, a village of Lycoming co., Penqsylvania,  harbor on the..W. coast of Patagonia, at the N. end of Camon the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, 13 miles E. paoa Island; lat, 480 5., ion. 750 30.
of Williamsport. The West Branch Canal passes through    PORT SAR/NIA, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
it, and boat-building is carried on.                       Lambton, situated on the St. Clair River, near Lake Huron,
1525




POE                                                       POR'
62 miles from London, and 70 miles from Detroit. It con- the mouth of the harbor; and by steam-packets with Hyde,
tains several stores and hotels. Pop. about 800.            Cowes, Southampton, Plymouth, Ilavre, and Dublin. Its
PORTSIDOWN HILL, in England, co. of Hauts, extends  trade, both coastwise and foreign, is of considerable extent;
along the coast for 7 miles from  E. to W., opposite the  the former consisting chiefly of coals from the Welsh and
islands of Portsea and HIayling, and the harbors of Langston  Newcastle coal-fields, cattle and sheep from the Isle of Wight
rnd Portsmouth.  Height, 600 feet.                          and the W. of England, and large quantities of corn and
PORTSEA, p~rt/see, a parish and town of England, co. of  provisions from Ireland; and the latter of wine from difHants, the parish comprising most part of the island of  ferent parts of the Continent, eggs from France, and timber
Portsea. Pop. in 1851, 61,767. The town, facing Portsmouth  from the Baltic. In 1851 the registered shipping of the
Harbor, on the W. side of the island, immediately N. of  port amounted to 13,063 tons; the vessels entered in the
Portsmouth, is regularly fortified on the E., entered by two  coast trade were 1274, (108,698 tons,) and cleared,'940,
noble gates, and comprises some good thoroughfares. 3  (38,395 tons;) and in  the colonial and foreign  trade,
chapels of ease, numerous dissenting places of worship, the  entered, 254, (24,923 tons,) and cleared, 163, (14,723 tons.)
engineering depOt for the S.W. of England, and Portsmouth  Portsmouth is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle as exist.
Dockyard, which occupies more than one-third of the space  ing in 501. During the reign of Alfred, a fleet of nine ships,
within the walls.                                           fitted at the port, signally defeated the Danes, who had long
PORTSEA ISLAND, in England, lies between Portsmouth  infested the coast; and immediately before the Conquest, a
and Langston Harbors. separated at its N. extremity from  large fleet was fitted out here to intercept the Norman armathe mainland by a narrow channel crossed by a bridge, and  ment. About 1256, Henry III. assembled a large army
by the South Coast and South-western Railways. Length  at Portsmouth, with a views to the invasion of France; and
and breadth, 4 miles each. Pop. 72,126. All, its S.W. half  in 1377 a counter-attempt was made by the French, who,
is occupied by the towns of Portsmouth and Portsea, with  though ultimately defeated with great loss. succeeded in
their suburbs; besides which, it contains the hamlets of  burning a large part of the town. This disaster appears
Fratton, Milton, Kopnor, Kingston, and Hilsea.              to have shown the necessity of fortifying the place; and
PORT SEATON, (seelton,) a thriving village of Scotland,  the works, originally commenced by Edward IV., have conco. of HIaddington, on the Frith of Forth, 2 miles E. of Pres- tinned to be improved and extended during a series of suctonpans. Pop. 270.                                          cessive reigns, till they have become all but impregnable.
PORT SHEL/DON, a village of Ottawa co., Michigan, on  The municipal and parliamentary borough, including the
Lake Michigan, about 200 miles W.N.W. of Detroit.          whole of the island of Portsea, except a small portion bePORT SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. See Sa FRANceS I)RAKE'S  longing tothe parish of Wymering and the Salterns, is
BAY.                                                       governed by a mayor, 14 aldermen, and 42 councillors, and
PORTSKEWIETT, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.  sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
PORTS/LADIE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            PORTsMOUTH BIAsBOR, an inlet of the English Channel,
PORTSMOUTH, pbrts'mitth, (L. Perltus  a/agonus,) a par- W. of Portsea Island, about 4 miles in length, by 5 or 6
liamentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and the  miles in greatest breadth.  At its entrance it is only 220
principal naval station of England, co. of Hants, at the S.W.  yards across; but within it the whole British navy might
extremity of Portsca Island, and at the entrance to its  ride in perfect security. A new basin for steamboats was
famous harbor, 22 miles S.E. of Southampton, and 95 miles  completed in 1848. It contains several small ishmnds, and
S.W. of London, on the Brighton and South Coast Railway;  on its shores, besides the town and establishments of
besides which it is reached by a branch of the London and  Portsmouth and Portsea, are Gosport, Fareham, and PortSouth-western Railway.  Lat. of observatory, 500 48' N.,  chester.
Ion. 10 161 W. Area of borough, including also the town    PORTS/MOUTH, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of
and parish of Portsea, 5090 acres. Pop. in 1841, 53,027; in  Rockingham  co., New Hampshire, 54 miles N. by E. of Bos1851, 72,096. The town; which is the most perfect fortress  ton, is situated on the right bank of the Piscataqua River,
in Great Britain, is enclosed by bastioned ramparts, faced  about 3 miles fronm the ocean, and at the terminus of the
with masonry, planted with elmns, surrounded by trenches  Eastern, the Concord, and the Portland and Saco Railroads,
and outworks, and entered by four carriage-ways.  It has a  by which it has communication with nearly every section
good main street, and much of it is well built and im- of New England. Lat. 4304/ 35" N., lon. 70 45' 50" W. This
proving, though many of its by-streets are of a very in- city, the commercial metropolis and only seaport of the state,
ferior character, and its houses and public'buildings are  is built on a beautiful peninsula, formed by the Piscataqua,
nearly all of brick. On its W. side is an insular quarter  and connected by bridges with Kittery in Maine, and with
termed the "'Point," bounding its commercial port, and a  Newcastle on Grand Island. The harbor, which lies between
seat of very active traffic in time of war: in this quarter,  the town and the mouth of the river, is capacious; deep,
facing the mouth of the harbor, some very extensive addi- easy of access, and much frequented by vessels in bad
tions have recently been made to the fortifications between  weather: 480 have been counted here at one time; and it is
the "Platform" and the "Round Tower."                       estimated that 2000 could easily find convenient anchorage.
The principal buildings within the walls are the parish  The formation of sandbars or ice is rendered impossible by
church, with a cupola and vane 120 feet in height, garrison,  the rapid tides, which, centuries since, have carried every
Wesleyan, Independent, and Unitarian chapels; governors' earthy substance out to sea, leaving a smooth rock bottom,
house, town-hall and jail, new market-house, marine and  with a depth of water varying firom 35 to 75 feet. The prinother extensive barracks, the buildings of the Philosophical cipal entrance is between the mainland and the E. side of
Society, new almshouses, Green-row Ball-rooms. the theatre, Great Island, and is defended by Fort McClary on the
work-house, and some large breweries. The town of Portsea  former, and Fort Constitution on the N.W. point of the
forms its N. suburb, and is separated fronm it by a mill-dam  latter. The city stands on a gentle acclivity overlooking the
creek, but enclosed' within an additional line of fortifica- harbor, and is remarkable for its healthy atmosphere and
tiens connected with those of Portsmouth. Within this  fine gardens.  Many of the streets are adorned with a pro,
town is the naval dockyard, containing basins, wet and  fusion of shade-trees.  The principal public buildings are
dry docks, large warehouses, anchor forges, iron and cop- the State Arsenal, the Athenaeum, and two market-houses.
per mills, rope-houses, add'every department necessary in  Besides these, there are 11 churches, some of which are
the construction and outfit ofships of war. In the dock- elegant structures. The chief object of interest, however,
yard are also the royal naval college, a chapel, and the resi- is the United States navy-yard at Kittery, on an island
dence of the port-admiral; upwards of 2000 workmen are  near the E. side of the river. Among other things, it
employed in this yard; the area added to it on the N.E. is contains 3 immense ship-houses, and a floating balanceintended partly for the formation of building-docks for war dock, constructed at a cost of about $800,000. It is 350
steamers. Between the dockyard and the town of Ports- feet by 105, and has 24 pumps, worked by 2 steam-engines.
mouth is the gun-wharf or arsenal, containing an armory  The North America, the first ship-of-the-line launched in
with 25,000 stand of small arms, extensive artillery and  the Western Hemisphere, was built on Badger's Island,
ammunition depOts, and good quays bordering on the har- in this harbor, durinn  the Revolution. The literary adhor. E. of the town ramparts and outworks, are Southsea vantaes of Portsmouth are highly respectable. Besides
Common and the suburb of Southsea, now frequented in  the Atheneum, which has a well-selected librry of about
summer as a watering-place; on the shore facing Spithead  10,000 volumes, and a cabinet of curiosities, there are several
and the Isle of Wight are Southsea Castle, and farther E., libraries belonging to church societies.  The schools are
Cumberland and some other forts, which, with Blockhouse  numerous, and conducted upon the most approved system.
and Monckton Forts, on the mainland towards the S.W., The building erected in 1849 for the Haven School, cost
protect Spithead and the approach to the harbor. Besides  $12,000.  Five newspapers are published, one of which is
Portsea and Southsea, the large suburb of Landport, which  issued daily.
extends almost to the centre of Portsea Island, is included    Portsmouth has less commerce now than formerly, though
in the borough, on the extreme limits of which are the bar- it is still the centre of an important trade, both foreign and
racks of Tipner and Hilsea.  Haslar Hospital, and the vic- coastwise. The shipping of the port, June 30, 1854, amounted
tualling department at Gosport, are dependencies of Ports- to an aggregate ot 19,918 tons registered, and 8920 tons enmouth. The public institutions comprise a free grammar rolled and licensed. Of the latter, 5724 tons were employed
school, St. Paul's Academy, a mechanics' j}nstitution, a in the coast trade, and the remainder in the cod and mackesavings' bank, a general'hospital, and a female penitentiary. rel fisheries. The foreign arrivals for the year were 39,
Portsmouth communicates with Chichester and London  tons, 3877, of which 1327 were in American bottoms. The
by a large canal; with Gosport, by a floating, bridge across clearances for foreign ports were 33, (tons, 4167.) The im1526




POR                                                        POR
ports amounted to $99,605; the exports to 066:927; and the    PORT TOBACTCO, a post-village, capital of Charles co., Maduties collected to about $30,000. During the same year, 11  ryland, is situated at the head of a bay which sets up from
vessels, (9 of them  ihips,) with an aggregate burden of the Potomac River, about 30 miles S. of Washington.  It
11 912tons, were admeasured. Some of the finest-built ships, contains a court-house, jail, and a newspaper office.
both for the mercantile and naval service, have been sup-   PORT TOWN/SEND, a thriving settlement, capital of Jefplied from the dock-yards of Portsmouth.                   ferson co., Washington Territory, on Puget's Sound. It has
Manufacturing is extensively carried on.  Among the  a post-office of its own name.
most important corporations may be mentioned the Ports-   PORTUDAL, poratoo-dAlf, a maritime village of West
mouth Steam  Factory, giving employment to about 400  Africa, in Senegambia, on the Atlantic, 35 miles S.E. of Cape
hands, who produce 3,000,000 yards of the finest quality of  Yerd. It exports hides, ivory, and gold-dust.
lawns annually, and the Sagamore Manufacturing Con-   PORTUGAL, pir/tu-gal, (Port. and Sp. pron. poe-too-gl;pany. The leading articles of manufacture are ropes, spool- Ger. pron. poe/too-gl';'Fr. pron. poRattii'gl/; anc. Lusitalcotton, hosiery, iron castings, shoes, &c. The city is supplied  nia,) a kingdom  in the S.W. of Europe, forming -the W.
by means of pipes with excellent water, from a fountain in  part of the Spanish peninsula. It is bounded on the E. and
the suburb. It contains 3 banks, with an aggregate capital N. by Spain, and on the W. and S. by the Atlantic, between
of $491,000. Portsmouth has a large amount of capital in- lat. 360 55' and 420 7' N., and Ion. 60 15' and 90 309 W.
vested in railroads, navigation, manufactures, &c. in other  Its shape is nearly a parallelogram. Greatest length, from
places; and though it has suffered in former years from dis- N. to S., 345 miles; greatest breadth, 140 miles. The coastastrous fires, and has been compelled to relinquish to the  line has an extent of about 500 miles; it is but little broken,
larger cities some of its former extensive trade, still it has and does not present a single bay of great magnitude. At
steadily increased in wealth and population. Pop. in 1850, Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point of the peninsula, it
9739; in 1853, about 11,000.                               becomes somewhat irregular, and forms two bays by the inPORTSMOUTH, a post-township in Newport co., Rhode  terijection of the remarkable promontory which terminates
Island, 6 miles N.N.E. of Newport. Pop. 1833.              in Cape Espichel. It is occasionally bold, and rises to a great
PORTSMOUTH, a post-township of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- height, particularly at Cabo da Roca, where it presents a
vania. Pop. 882.                                           range of giddy cliffs; but for the far greater part it is low and
PORTSMOUTH, a seaport and important naval depot of  marshy, and in many places lined by sands and reefs, which
the United States, and capital of Norfolk co., Virginia, on  make the navigation dangerous. The number of harbors,
the left' bank of Elizabeth  River, opposite the city of  large and small, exceeds 20, but the only ones of importance,
Norfolk, 8 miles from Hampton Roads, and 160 miles by  are those of Lisbon, Oporto, Setubal, Faro, Figueira, Aveiro,
water S.E. of Richmond.  Lat. 360 50, N., lon. 7fi60 19' W.  tand Viana.
The river, which is about half a mile wide, forms a safe and    Physical Features.-The physical geography of Portugal
excellent harbor, accessible to vessels of the largest size, in  resembles that of Spain. The interior is generally mounwhich several ships of war are usually lying at anchor. The  tainous, a number of ranges stretching across the country,
General Government has at Gosport, a suburb of Ports- either in W., S.W., or S.S.W. directions, forming a succesmouth, a large and costly dry-dock, which is capable of ad- sion of independent river basins, while their ramifications,
mitting the largest ships. - More than 1000 hands are some- penetrating in all directions, form the water-sheds of numertimes employed in the construction of vessels at the navy-  ous subsidiary streams, and enclose many wild and beautiyard.  Besides the United States naval hospital in the  ful valleys. The loftiest range is the Serra d'Estrella, a
vicinity, a large and showy building of stuccoed brick,  continuation of the central chain which stretches across
Portsmouth contains a court-house, 6 churches, a branch  Spain between Old and New Castile, and between Leonand
of the Bank of Virginia, and the Virginia Literary, Scientific,  Estremadura.  Near the town of Guarda it forks, one branch
and Military Academy.  The town is situated on level proceeding N. and another S.E., while the main chain attains
ground immediately below the junction of the South and  its culminating point of 7524 feet, about 5 miles WV. of the
East Branches of the river. The streets are straight and  town of Covilhlo, and is there continued in a S.S.W. direcrectangular.  Portsniouth is the terminus of the Seaboard  tion to its termination in the lofty cliffs of Cabo da Roca.
and Roanoke Railroad, which, with connecting lines, opens  Nearly parallel to this chain, and at no great distance from it
a communication with Charleston, South Carolina. Since  on the N., is the Serra de Alcoba, and on the S. the Serra 5othe reconstruction of this railroad the town has increased  radal. In the N.W., a branch of the Spanish Sierra Mamed,
considerably in population and business. Ferry-boats ply  taking the name of Penagache, enters Portugal, and attains
constantly from Portsmouth to Norfolk, and a daily line of  one of the loftiest heights of the kingdom in Mouut Gavieira.
steamboats communicates with Richmond. Five newspapers  At the opposite extremity, the Serra Monchique, stretching
are published here. Founded in 1752. Pop. 8626.            across the country at a short distance from the S. shore,
PORTSMOUTH, a post-village of Carteret co., North Caro- attains, at its W. extremity in Mount Foia, the height of
line, on the S. side of Ocracoke Lulet, about 65 miles E. of  4050 feet. Owing to the rugged nature of the surfce, the
Newbern.                                                    plains are few in number, and of limited extent, but there
PORTSMOUTH, a flourishing post-village, capital of Scioto  are many valleys, equally remarkable for their beauty and
co., Ohio, is beautifully situated on the Ohio River, just fertility. The principal plains are those of Almeida and the
albove the mouth of the Scioto, and at the terminus of the  Terra de Braganza; the former in the province of Beira
Ohio and Erie Canal, 115 miles above Cincinnati, and 90  Alta, and the latter in that of T ras os Montes. The chief
miles S. of Columbus. It stands on a plain of moderate -valleys are those of Chaves, Villarica, and Besteiros.
extent, partly enclosed by hills. Steamboats ply regularly    Geology.-Granite generally forms the nucleus of the
between this town and Cincinnati and other river ports. mountains, overlaid in the N. by micaceous schist, and
Portsmouth is a place of considerable activity in business,  other primitive rocks. In the S., particularly in the Serra
and is steadily increasing in population and importance.  Monchique, primitive limestone is very abundant.  VolThe Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad terminates here. canic formations are very apparent in the Serra de CaldeiThe village contains a court-house, 1 bank, 6 or 8 churches, rito, formerly a continuation of that of Monchique.  The
2 large and commodious school-houses, with 16 teachers and  mineralbgical treasures seem  more remarkable for their
about 700 pupils, 2 iron foundries, 1 nail factory, and 1 forge: variety than for their value, though some are worked to ad4 newspapers are published here. Iron ore, stone coal, and  vantage. They include argentiferous lead, iron, copper, cofine building stone are abundant in the vicinity. Pop. in  balt, bismuth, antimony, fine marble, slate, salt, saltpetre,
1850, 4011; in 1853, about 5000.                           lithographic stones, millstones, and porcelain-earth. Some
PORTSMOUTH, a thriving village of Saginaw co., Michi- gold also is washed from the sands of the Douro, Mondego,
gan, on the right bank of Saginaw River, 6 miles firom its  and other streams, and in several serras, particularly those
mouth, and 110 miles N.N.W. of Detroit. Large quantities  of Estrella and Gerez; and many valuable pebbles and rockof pine lumber are sawn here and exported.                 crystals are found in different places.
PORTSMOUTH, a village of Carroll co., Illinois, on the    livers.-No rivers of importance take their rise in PortvMississippi River, about 180 miles N. by W. of Springfield.   gal, and yet few countries, in proportion to their extent, are
PORT/SOY, a burgh of barony, and seaport town of Scot- better supplied with large and navigable streams, the Minho
land, co. of Banff, on the W. side of the estuary afthe Burn, in the N. forming, in the lower part of its course, the bound5 miles E. of Cullen. Pop. in 1851, 2062. It h s a small har-  ary between Portugal and Spain; the Douro, first skirting
bor and a brisk trade.                                     the E. frontier in a S.W. direction, and then pur'suing its
PORT STAN/ILRY, apost-village ofCanada West, co. of Mid- course W. to the ocean at Oporto; the Tagus, flowing in a
diesex, on Lake Erie, 26 miles from London, and 157 miles  general S.W. direction, and Guadiana, all enter the country
from Toronto. It contains stores, hotels, factories, and mills. from Spain. The latter river, in the lower part of its course,
POR! STEPHENS, (steelvens.) a harbor of New South  flows nearly S., and for some distance from its mouth forms
Wales, co. of Gloucester, 18 miles N.E. of Port Hunter. Lat. the boundary between Portugal and Spain. The Vouga,
of Barecoee Point, 320 40' 7f S., ion. 1520 4 2" E. It extends  Mondego, and Sado have their course wholly in Portugal..15 miles inland; breadth, 5 miles. It receives the Karuah  Numerous small lakes ace scattered over the surface and
River, and on its N. bank is Carrington.                   embosomed in the mountains.
PORT STEW/ART, a maritime town of Ireland, in Ulster,    Climat. —The climate is greatly modified by the proximity
co. of Londonderry, 4 miles N.N.W. of Coleraine. Pop. 600. of the sea and the height of the mountains, the former temPORT-SUR-SAONE, poe seia s~n, a town of France, de- pering the excessive heat of summer by refreshing breezes,
partment of Haute-Sabne, on the SaOne, 7 miles N.W. of Ve- and the latter making the winter more rigorous than is
soul. Pop. in 1852, 2977.                                  usual in countries under the same latitude. In general,
1527




POR                                                                     POR
however, the winter is short and mild, and in some places Portugal has commercial relations, the value of the trade
never completely interrupts the course of vegetation. Here   with each in' 1851, and value of imports from  each re-exthe inhabitants enjoy the benefit of a double spring. Early   ported:in F'ebruary, the vegetation is in full vigor; the plants shoot
forth, rapidly attain maturity; and if not harvested, wither                  Countries.             Imported.  Exported.  Re-exp'd.
away. During the month of July the heat is often extreme,   Africa.....................              $6,592    $13,58          5,57
re~e    Afrca................... $160,592    $213,578    $5,557
and rain, seldom  falling, the whole country, particularly   Asia.......................               352,290      12,222        26
aloug the coast, assumes a very parched appearance.  The   Brazil........................   2,046,249    1,877,273   563,198
drought generally continues throughout August, and far.  France.......................                 667,000     344,500   100,000
Great Britain and her Colonies   9,755,084    4,422.698   704,193
into September; but at last the sky, which had been pre-   Hamburg.....................                174,145     216,298    50,92
Hamburg.              ~~~~~174,745  216,256    50,9.q
viously serene, becomes overcast, and copious showers de-   Netherlands..................               144,958     111,993     26,072
scend.  Thesecond spring now begins, and the fields again   Russia........................             461,066     255,649    12,017
become covered with flowers and verdure.  Winter usually   Spain........................               306,754     908,511   239,462
ly Sweden and Norway..........     340,823      107,364        350
sets in about the end of November.  In the mountainous   Unitede  and Norw.y.....6....                  40,823        7,3042     5
United States.................   404,637     662,292   157,716
districts the loftier summits obtain a covering of snow, and
retain it for a greater or less period, according to their alti-       The principal commercial ports are Lisbon, (the capital,)
tude; but in all the country S. of the Douro, and at a mode-  Oporto, Setubal, Fare, Figueira, and Viana.  The exports to
rate elevation, snow generally melts within a month.  The  the United States in 1854, amounted in value to $250,203,
climate, in general healthy, is especially so in the elevated  and the imports from  the same country to $411,155.  No
coast regions, and on the plateaus of the interior; the ex-  railways have as yet been constructed in Portugal; several
ceptions are the vicinity of the salt marshes, and parts of  have been proposed, one to extend from  Lisbon to a point
the banks of the Tagus and Mondego. Metan temperature  between Campo Grande and Benifica, thence by the coast as
of the year at Coimbra, 620; Lisbon, 610.3 Fahrenheit. From   far as Cascfes, taking in the small sea-bathing towns. AnOctober to April deluges of rain continue to fall, and violent  other proposal is to continue this line N. by Coimbra to
hurricanes and thunderstorms are not unfrequent. At this  Oporto, and thence by Braganza to Spain.  It is also proseason, too, shocks of earthquakes are sometimes felt, par-  posed to construct a railway from Lisbon through Alemtejo
ticularly in the vicinity of the metropolis, where the dis-  by Evora to Elvas and Badajos.
asters occasioned in 1751, were fearful almost beyond de-    Divisions, Colonies, Population, dec.-Portugal is divided
scription.                                                          into 8 provinces, subdivided into 17 districts, the names,
Vegetation, Agriculture,  dfc.-There are few countries pos-  area, and population of which, together with the names,
sessing a more varied Flora than Portugal.  The number  area, and population of the Portuguese colonies, are exhiof species is estimated to exceed 4000. SMany of the moun-  bited in the subjoined table:tains are covered with finue forests, among which both the
ordinary species, the oak, or Quercus robur, and the cork-  Area and Population of Portugal, including  its Foreiyn   Postree, or Quercus  suber, is conspicuous.  In the central pro-                                 sessions, 1850.
vinces, at a moderate elevation, magnificent chestnut trees                                               
abound; and in the S., both the date and the American aloe  Areain
thrive well. Fruits of excellent quality are common in every            Provinces.         Districts.            Are in  Population
-  a   A sq. mites.  iii t85O.
quarter, though it is only in the warmer and better-shel-                                                Nil
tered districts that the orange, lemon, and olive are culti-                                                 -
vated with success on an extensive scale. The mulberry is                         EUP.OPE.
admirably adapted to the climate, and yields a considerable                         5  Evora..........      4      2,612       83,5286
quantity of excellent silk. But the fiost important branch   Alemtejo......             ortalegre.......    4     2,398       80,212
-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~            Beja.............  5        5,014     121.333
of industry is the cultivation of the vine.  The well-known   Agarve..........  Faro............            5      2,151      11,3
of industry                                                 Fare.        ~~     ~~~~~~     ~~~~~~~~~~~~5 2,151  141,027
port wines, the produce of the vineyards watered by the up-   Beira-Alta....... Viseu..........    10             1,291      298,917
per Douro, forms the staple export.  The olive thrives, Ibut   Beira-Baixa....5  Castetlo Branco                    2,474      1.,867
the oil is of an inferior quality.  But agriculture, properly                           Guaerda.........     8      2,128      193,632
I  Aveiro..........  8     1,458      242,991
so called, is at a very low ebb, and Portugal fails, in ordinary   Douro.. Coimbra........                        1,458      2,9
years, to raise cereals in sufficient quantity to m'eet its own                         Oporto.........    10      1      088  368,913
Oporto.....    a0,eos                 368,013
consumption.  Wheat, barley, oats, flax, and hemnp are cul-                            Leiria...........     5      1,315      138,418
tivated, in the elevated ti-acts, and rice in the lowlands.  Estremadura...   Lisbon..........              17      3,622      455,217
the mule,              ~~~~Santarem          6... 2,219        354,830
Among domestic animals, the first place is due to the mule,                            Santarem.......             2,319      15,830
Minh.......   Braa......... 8     1,088     299,640
of which very superior breeds have long been possessed, and    linho.                    i Braga...........  5        956      287,70......~iana..........  5    9568          187,791
are carefully preserved.  Sheep, goats, and hogs are very   Tras-os-Montos.  Braganza........                6      2,3       125,437
numerous, but little attention is paid to their improvement.                           Villa Real......     7      1,644      183,094
HIorned cattle are few, and of a very inferior description.               Total.......................     121    35,268,471,2
Game is not abundant, and the fisheries on the coast, though
naturally productive, and at one time carried on to a great                        Colonies.
extent, have fallen off so much that the greater quantity of               IMADERA and Azoass.
the fish used is obtained by importation.                           lMadeira and Por-   Punchal              2
Manufactures.-The manufactures of Portugal employ only    to Santo                           a.......      2        36   1 8,464
a few large establishments; but almost every family supplies                         r East District of
itself with the articles of primary necessity.  Among the                                 Ponta Delgada               408       97,330
Central Azores,
manufactures produced to some extent for sale may be men-   Azores.........               Angra do Hetioned armor at Lisbon, woollen clothand otherwoollen stuffs                              roismo........   3        408       69,387
at Portalegre, Covilhlo, and Fundlo; porcelain at Vista Ale-                            Western District
gre; delft and ordinary earthenware at Lisbon, Oporto, Co-                                of  orta......    3         36      68,391
imbra, Beja, Estremoz, &c.; prints and lace at Lisbon and                                                   11      1,488     343,572
Oporto; cotton twist at Thomar; silks at BIraganza, Chacim,                        AFRICA.
Oporto, &c.; copper and tin ware at Lisbon and other places;   Cape Verd Islands................. 2                1,656      86,640
corks, ribands, embroidery, hats, confectionary, fine soap,   Guinea, Bissao, &e.................                 36,000       6,783
jewelry, and the cutting of precious stones, glass, paper,  Islands of St. Thomas, Principe, &c.             1       456       14,580
wicker-work, and tobacco. Ship-building also is well under-   Angola Benguela, and dependencies              2   204,000       589,127
Mozambique, and dependencies.....      1   288,000       300,000
stood, and a large number of vessels are constructed at Lis-            zambiqe, and dependencies              
bon, Figueira, Oporto, and Villa do Conde.                                                                   6   530,112      997,130
Commnerce.-The length  of sea-coast; with  the harbors                           AsrIA.
found upon it, and the navigable rivers, furnish great facili-  India-Goa, Bardez, and Salsette...           3      1,452      248,217
ties for commerce; but all the other means of internal con-                  New Acquisitions.............                   115,571
munication are very defective. The trade has suffered much                   Damao............... a.....             84       3,950
by the loss of Brazil, but it still continues to be of consider-             Diu.........................    1        12       10,858
able importance.  The principal exports are wine, brandy,                                                    5      1,548     408,546
vinegar, salt, oil, pork, fruit, particularly chestnuts, wal-               OCEANsCA AND CHImNA.
nuts, almonds, olives, oranges, and lemons; silk, wool, cork,    laeao...........................  1        12       29,587
sumach, kermes, leeches, bones, glass, and porcelain.  The   Timor, Solor, Iidora, &c..........,04                           918,
principal imports are wheat, rye, barley, and, maize, foreign                                                I    27,516      947,999
timber, salt provisions, particularly cod; colonial produce,
woollen, cotton, linen, and silk tissues, iron, steel, and vari-                               Summary.
ous other metals; coal, tar, and pitch, dyes and drugs.                                             A        i
The annexed table exhibits the total value of imports and                                        sqmin  Pop. in1841. Pop. in 1850.
exports for the years 1843, 1848, and 1851: —                             -8,'2 s.ml.
Years.              Imports.         Exports.           Total.       European Continent.......      35,268    3,412...,471,20
1843............. $13,682,778........ $9,811,839........ $22,794,617    Azores.......1,488                     330,500      343,572
1848............... 12,006,408........ 12,582,249......    24,588,657    Africa.................      12      786,610      99,130
1851............... 14,276,923........ 11,879,592........ 26,156,515    Asia and Oceanica..29,6                605,00 1,356,545
The following exhibits the principal countries with which                Total..................   95,,932    5,134,640    6,168,450
1528




POIl                                                      Pos
Governsment, Refigion, cdc.-The government is an heredi- 1833, the throne was usurped by D n Miguel; in 1836 several
tary constitutional monarchy.  The legislative power is  changes were introduced, and the existing constitution was
vested jointly in the sovereign, and an upper and a lower established.  The erection of Brazil into an independent
chamber; both chambers are elective; they meet and dis- empire, in 1826, robbed Portugal of the richest jewel of her
solve at regular periods without the intervention of the  crown, leaving her scarcely a show of her former colonial
crown; and when both are agreed as to any particular mea- greatness.-Adj. and inhab. PORTUGUESE; (Port. PoRTusure or enactment, are not subject to its veto. Judgment is  GUE, Z' POR-too'gASI; Sp. PonRUGUES, poR-too-ghsl; Fr. Ponadministered by a great number of inferior judges, whose  TrUGAIS, poctitt'gA1; Ger. PORTUGIESISCo, poR-too-gheelzish.)
decisions are subject to revision in 17 district courts. A    PORTUGALETE, poR-too-g, —IltA, a town and river-port
court of appeal, with extensive jurisdiction, sits at Oporto; of Spain, province of Biscay, 7 miles N.N.W. of Bilbao, on
and a supreme court, with jurisdiction over the whole king- the  Nerva, near its entrance into the Mediterranean.
dom, at Lisbon. The established religion is the Roman Ca- Pop. 1200. It has several batteries for the defence of the
tholic, which is completely in the ascendant, Protestantism   port, which belongs to Bilbao, sea-borne vessels not being
being almost unknown.'Ecclesiastical affairs are adminis- able to go higher up the river.
tered by a patriarch at Lisbon, 2 archbishops at Braga and    PORTUGUESA, porp-too-g tsA, a river of South America.
Evora, and 14 bishops. The inquisition was abolished in  in Venezuela, after a S.S.E. course of at least 200 miles,
1821, and its enormous revenues applied to the state.     joins the Apure at San Fernando. Its principal affluents
Education in Portugal is in a very low state. There are are the Cojeda, Guanarito, and'Guanaparo.
about 1200 elementary schools, a normal seminary, 350   PORTUMINA, a market-town of Ireland, in Connaught,
classical schools, 27 lyceums, I university at Coimbra, with  co. of Galway, 17 miles E.S.E. of Loughrea. Pop. 1643. Imfaculties of theology, law, medicine, mathematics, and phi- mediately S. of the town is the noble demense of Portumna
losophy, several schools of medicine, polytechnic and naval Castle, the property of the Marquis of Clanricarde.
academies, military schools, schools of mines, of architec-   PORT UINION, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.
ture, painting, design, &c.                                 PORTUS AUGUSTI. See FiurazciNo.
The language of the Portuguese may be regarded as a dia-   PORTUS BRUNDULUS. See BRONDOLO, PORTO nI.
lect of Latin, and is closely allied to the Spanish. Its powers   PORTUS DOMITIANUS. See PoRTo SAN STEFANO.
have not been much tested, but in the Lusiad of Camoens it   PORTUS ET FANUM VENERIS. See Pont VI3IocES.
has proved itself not unequal to epic poetry of a high order.   PORTUS LIBURNI, or PORTUS TERCULIS LIBURNI.
Arnsy, Navy, and Revenue. —The peace establishment in  See LEGfORN.
1853 amounted to 25,642 men, and 2926 horses, which in time   PORTUS LONGUS. See PonRo LoNooNE.
of war might be increased to 49,954 men. The colonial army' PORTUS MONIECI or PORTUS HERCULIS MON(ECI.
comprised 8522 men, with a reserve of 20,977. By act of See MoNAco.
April 15, 1854, the standing army of Portugal, exclusive of   PORT VALAIS, pop vA'UI (anc. Portus Vallesic?) a viiofficers, was fixed at 24,000 men, with a reserve of 13,767 lage of Switzerland, canton of Valais, on a flat formed by demen. The navy consists of one ship-of-the-line, carrying 80 posits of the Rhone, 11 miles firom  the Lake of Geneva,
guns, 1 frigate with 50 guns, 6 corvettes with 18 guns each, though in the time of the Romans it stood on the margin
and 38 other vessels, carrying in all 190 guns. Total number of the lake. Near it the Ilelvetians, under Divico, defeated
of vessels, 46; guns, 428. In the budget for 1855, the re- the Roman forces under Lucius Cassius, B. c. 107.
venue was estimated at $14,186,829, $2,982,944 being from    PORT VENDRES, pon v8sd'r, (anc. FPorttus et~ Falnumo evniedirect, and $6,951,842 from indirect taxes, and $836,037 from  ris,) a seaport town of France, department of Pyrin6esthe colonies; and the expenditures at 14,286,928. Of the Orientales, on the Mediterranean, with a harbor formed by
latter $3,016,795 was for interest on the public debt, a projecting tongue of land, 17 miles S.E. of Perpignan.
$3,185,526 for the war department, $917,645 for the navy, Pop. in 1852, 2025. Its port, protected by several forts and
and $1,277,594 for public works. The public debt, July 30, redoubts on adjacent heights, is deep enough for frigates,
1853, amounted to $88,071,047, of which $40,217,401 was due and the only place between Marseilles and Spain adapted for
to subjects of Portugal, and $47.850,646 to foreigners.    a harbor of refuge.
Hlistory.-Portugal forms the far larger part of the ancient    PORTIVILLE, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity
province of Lusitania, said to have been so called from the  of Cattaraugus co., New York. Pop. 747.
Luzi, an indigenous tribe who dwelt between the Tagus    PORT WASHIINGTON, a small village of Washington co.,
and the Douro. Phoenician and Grecian colonies appear to  Mississippi.
have been planted on its coasts at a very early period, and    PORT WASHINGTON, a thriving post-village of Tuscathe Carthagenians subsequently formed several establish- rawas co., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas River, and on the Ohio
ments. About 200 a. c. the Romans became sole masters, Canal, 90 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, about 400.
and continued in possession for nearly six centuries, during. PORT WASHlINGTON or OZAU/KEE, capital of Ozaukee
which they completely changed the habits of the natives,  co., Wisconsin, on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 31 miles
introduced their own language, and executed numerous  N. of Milwaukee, and 90 miles E.N.E. of Madison. The
works, the ruins of many of which still remain. In the  name of the post-office is Ozaukee. The produce of the
fifth century the Suevi, Vandals, and Visigoths became poe- county is mostly shipped here in steamboats. The village
sessors. In the beginning of the eighth century Portugal  contains 1 or 2 newspaper offices, several churches, 3 mills,
shared the fate of Spain, and was overrun by the Moors. 4 wheelwright shops, 1 iron foundry, 2 breweries. and about
The former inhabitants, descendants of the northern in- 10 stores. Pop. in 1846, 50; in 1850, 756; in 1853, about
vaders, retired to the more inaccessible districts, and suc- 2500.
ceeded in maintaining their independence. After a long    PORT WILILIAM, a thriving village and seaport of Scotstruggle, during which many battles were fought, and many  land, co., and 9 miles S.W. of Wigtown, on the E. coast of
illustrious deeds achieved, they regained the ascendant, and  Luce Bay. Pop. 634.
the Portuguese monarchy was formally established by the    PORT WILILIAM, a' post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 9
Cortes at Lamego in 1143. In 1385 a new dynasty was  miles N. of Wilmington.
founded under John I. With him  commenced the long    PORT WILLIAM, a post-office of Franklin co., Missouri,
series of maritime discoveries, which ultimately placed Por- 45 miles W. by S. of St. Louis.
tugal at the head of ta great colonial empire. He personally    POSADAS, po-sDdis, a town of Spain, province, and 19
undertook an expedition to the coast of Africa, and made a  miles W.S.W. of Cordova, on the Guadalquiver. Pop. 3736.
conquest of Ceuta and part of the adjoining country. The    POSCANTE, pos-kAnftA, a village of Austrian Italy, prospirit of enterprise thus excited became a kind of national  vince of Bergamo, 3 miles E. of Zogno. Pop. 1300.
passion, and the expeditions fitted out were crowned with    POSCIIEGA or POSCEGA. See PosEaA.
brilliant success. In 1418, Madeira was discovered; in 1432,   POSCHEGON, po-sheh-goni, written also POSCIItEIE ON
the Azores; and in 1486, after a suCcession of adventurers  and POSCHECHONJE, a town of Russia, government, and
had explored the greater part of the WV. coast of Africa, the  69 miles N.W. of Yaroslav. Pop. 3030. It has extensive salt
Cape of Good Hope was beheld by Bartholomew Diaz. Vasco  magazines.
de Gama, following in the same track, was still more suc-   POSCHIAVO, pos-ke-tlvo, (Ger. Pusclhlav, pooshtll-v,) a
cessful. In 1497 he doubled the cape, and continuing his  small town of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, on the Italian
course E., reached the shores of Malabar. A still more'for-  side of the Alps, 16 miles S.W. of Bormlo, in the Valtellina.
tuofate discovery was made in 1500 by Pedro Alvarez Cabral,   POSCHIAVO, LAKE OF, Switzerland, immediately S.E. of
or Cabreira, who, while bent on a different course, was the above town, is 3 miles long, and 1- miles broad.
driven by a storm to the coast of Brazil, and thus led to the    POSEGA or POSCHEGA, po-shAfgl,   written also POXEGA,
formation of a settlement, which has since grown up to be  a town of Austria, Slavonia, capital of a county, on the
an independent empire. After these discoveries, and the  right bank of the Orlyava, 16 miles E.N.E. of Neu-Gradiska.
treasures obtained from them, had raised Portugal to the  It was t/sken from the Turks in 1787. Pop. 6850.
highest pitch of prosperity, a disputed succession brought    POSEN, polzen, or POZNAN, poz'nmn, (L. Pos'rsc,) a forit to the verge of ruin, and subjected it to the thraldom of  tifled city of Prussia, capital of the grand duchy of Posen,
a hated foreign yoke under Philip II., King of Spain. This on the Warta, at termination of the railway from Stettin,
usurpation, after lasting for 60 years, was termined in 1640, 100 miles E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 32,000, exclusive
by a general rising, headed by the Duke of Braganza, who, of 4496 military. It is walled and entered by 4 gates, and
on the expulsion ofthe Spaniards, ascended the throne un- has a citadel on an adjacent height. It has a cathedral, 23
der the name of John IV. On the invasion of the French  Roman Catholil, and 2 Protestant churches, and mauufacin 1807, the royal family went to Brazil. From  1827 to  tures of tobacco and leather. Posen was the capital of al
1529




POS                                                        POT
cient Poland. In 1807 it was the capital of a department in  from  the territory about the year 1845. Capital, Council
the grand duchy of Warsaw.                                  3lnffs. Pop. 7828.
POSEN, GRAND DUCny OF, (L. Posnalnia,) a province of    POT'AWATTAMIES or POT'TAWATITOMIES, a tribe of
Prussia, included in what is termed Prussian Poland, and  Indians formerly dwelling about Lake Huron and in Inlying mostly between lat. 510 30' and 530 30' N., and Ion. 150  diana. They have been removed to the W. of the Mississip)i.
30' and 190 E., having E. Russian Poland, and N. Prussia.   POTCHAEV or POTSCI-IAEW, NOVOI, no-voiy po-cht-6vt,
A.1ea, 12,248 square miles. Pop. (mostly Poles) 1,352,014, of a town of Russian Poland, go-ernmeut of Volhynia, 9 miles
whom two-thirds are Roman Catholics, and the rest Protest- S.W. of Kremenets. Pop. 1800.
ants and Jews. It comprises the two governments of Posen    POTCHINKI or POTSCHINKI, po-chinfkee, written also
and Bromberg.                                               POCZINKA, po-chinlkA, a town of Russia, government, and
POSEY, polzee, a county in the S.W. extremity of Indiana, 120 miles S.S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgoiiod, on an affluent of the
contains 390 square miles. The Ohio River bounds it on  Alateer, (Alatyr.) Pop. 4000. It hasa large depot for military
the S., and the Wabash on the W. The surface is mostly  horses.
undulating, excepting the broad and extensive bottom-lands,    POTEAU (po't0S) RIVER, Arkansas, rises in Scott county
which are subject to annual inundation, and are extremely  and falls into the Arkansas River at Fort Smith.
fertile. Coal is abundant. The timber lands occupy about    POTECAISI, a post-office of Northampton co., North Carthree-fifths of the surface, A plank-road, 16 miles long, ex- lina.
tends from New I-Harmony to Mount Vernon, the county    POTENGI, po-thn-zheef, or POTINGI, po-teen-zheer, often
seat. Organized in 1814, and named in honor of General improperly called RIO GRANDE, reelo grin/da, a river of
Thomas Posey, Governor of Indiana Territory. Pop. 12,549. Brazil, rises in the Serra dos Cairiris Novos. flows in a N.E. diPOSEY, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.           rection, and falls into the sea about 22 miles S. of Cape St.
POSEY, a township of Clay co., Indiana. Pop. 1218.        Roque. Its channel has considerable depth in the rainy'POSEY, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 893.    season, but in the highlands is obstructed by rocks, and in
POSEY, a township of Fayette co., Indiana. Pop. 1185.   the lowlands encumbered by sand-banks. Coasting vessels
POSEY, a township of Franklin co., Indiana. Pop. 940.   get up to near Natal, and canoes to the source.
POSEY, a township of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 870.           POTENZA, po-t~nfzi, (anc. Potenztia,) a fortified town of
POSEY, a township of Switzerland co., Indiana. Pop. 2395. Naples, capital of the province of Basilicata, on the E. dePOSE~Y, a township of Washington co., Indiana. Pop. 1817. clivity of the Apennines, 57 miles E.S.E. of Salerno. Pop.
POSEYVILLE, a thriving post-village of Posey co., In- in 1850, 12,362. It has a fine cathedral of Doric architecdiana., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Mount Vernon. It has  ture, 6 convents, a royal college, episcopal seminary, 2 hosseveral stores.                                             pitals, manufactures of serge, woollen cloth, coarse cotton*
POSIDONIA. See PesTo.                                     goods, leather, and earthenware.
POSILIPPO, po-se-lipfpo, (anc. Pausilypum,) a hill of South    POTENZA, a small river of the Pontifical Stakes, rises in
Italy, immediately adjoining the city of Naples, on the W., Monte Pennino, flows E.N.E. about 50 miles, and enters the
and through which a tunnel, the "Grotto of Posilippo," 2316  Adriatic at Porto Recanati, 21 miles E.S.E. of Loreto.
feet in length, 22 feet in breadth, and 89 feet it height, and    POTH/RIE, porlt'reef, a village of France, department of
of very remote antiquity, forms a part of the road from   Maine-et-Loire, 5 miles N. of CondO. Pop. 1754.
NapIes to Pozzuoli.                                           POTI or POTHI, pottee, a fort of Asiatic Russia, governPOS/LINGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        ment of Transcaucasia, district of Imeretia, on the S. bank
POSONIUM or POSONY. See PRESBUoo.                         of the Phasis, near its mouth in the Black Sea. Itis a miliPOSSAGNO, pos-sin/yo, a village of Austrian Italy, 23  tary post of importance,. and has an export trade in wine,
miles N.W. ofTreviso. Pop. 2500. It was the birthplace of honey, wax, wool, silk, and skins. It was-finally ceded to
Canova, and has a temple in imitation of the Parthenon,  Russia in 1829.
containing models of his works.                               POTI, po-teel, or CARATUEZ, kH-i —too-8s0, a river of
POSSESSIION, a bold, cliffy headland of South A-erica,  Brazil, province of Piauhi, flows S.W. and N.W., and joins
on the W. shore of the Strait of lMagellan, about  60 feet the right bank of the Parnahiba. Total course, 200 miles.
above the sea. Lat 520 17' S.. Ion. 680 58' 30" W.          It is navigable in the latter part.
POSSESSION, a bay of South America, near the above,    POTI, POTY, po-teel, or PUTI, poe-tee/, a mercantile town
with good anchorage, curves into the N., round the cape, of Brazil, province of Piauhi, 120 miles N. of Oeiras, on the
and extends as far as the entrance of the First Narrow.     left bank of the Parnahiba, at the junction of the river Poti.
POSSNECK, (Pbssneck,) pdsfnlk, a walled town of Central    POTiNGI,. a river of Brazil. See POTENGI.
Germany, in Saxe-Meiningen, principality, and 11 miles    POTO/MAC, a large river of Virginia and Maryland, is
E.N.E. of Saalfeld, on an affluent of the Orla. Pop. 3668.    formed by the North and South Branches, which unite on
POST-oF-ARKANSAS. See ARKANSAS POST.                      the N. border of Virginia. about 20 miles S.E. of CumberPOST CREEK, a post-office ofChemung co., New York.   land. It flows first N.E. to Hancock, passing through several
POSTELBERG, pisftel-bRo', a town of Bohemia, 8 miles  ridges of mountains, then pursues a S.E. direction, and reN.N.E. of Saatz, on the left bank of the Eger. Pop. 988.    ceives from the right its largest affluent, the Shenandoah,
POSTIGLIONE, pos-teel-yofnA. a town of Naples, province  just before its passage through the Bl3ue Ridge at Harper's
ofPrincipato Citra, 27 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 3700. It  Ferry. The volume of the Shenandoah at their confluence
has an old castle.                                          is but little inferior to that of the main stream. Flowing
POSTILING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              thence S.E. nearly 100 miles to Geor-getown, it falls over the
POST MILL VILILAGE, a post-village, Orange co.,Vermont.  edge of the primitive formation, and changes its course to
POST OAK, a post-office of Iredell co., North Carolina.    the S. and S.W. for a distance of about 50 miles. Again rePOST OAK, a post-office of Yallobusha co., Mississippi.    suming its general direction, it expands into an estuary of
POST OAK, a post-township of Johnson co., Missouri. 6 or 8 miles in width, and flows into Chesapeake ]gay,about
Pop. 908.                                                   380 N. 1at., and 760 10' Wi. ion. The length, exclusive of the
POST OAK, a small post-village of Johnson co., Missouri, branches, is estimated at 350 miles. The tide ascends to
about 55 miles S.E. of Independence.                        Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, 120 miles fi-om its
POST OAK, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas.              mouth. The principal towns on its banks are Cumberland,
POST OAK SPRINGS, a post-office, Roane co., Tennessee.  Georgetown, Washington, and Alexandria. It is navigable
POSTOINA, pos-toiln&, a market-town of Austria, in I1- for the largest vessels to Washington City. The Cheesapeake
lyria, near Adelsberg, on the Polk. Pop. 1356.              and Ohio Canal extends along this river from Cumberland
POST/VILLE, a post-village of Herkimer co., New York, to Georgetown. The Potomac, through its whole course,
20 miles N.N.E. of Utica.                                   forms the boundary between Maryland and Virginia. For
POSTVILLE, a small post-village of Logan co., Illinois, a description of the PoTOMAO FALLs, see MAv.LAND,  "Objects
about 30 miles N.E. of Springfield.                         of Interest to Tourists."
POSTVILLE, a post-village of Allomakee co., Iowa, 105    POTOMAC CREEK, in the E. part of Virginia, flows
miles N. of Iowa City.                                      through Stafford county into the Potomac River. It is naPOSTIWICI(, a parish ofEngland. co. of Norfolk.           vigable by schooners for several miles.
POSZNECK, possunlk, a town of Saxe-Meiningen, district   POTOSI, po-to-see! or po-toesee, a department of Bolivia,
of Saalfeld. Pop. 3668.                                     having WV. South Peru, and on other sides the departments
POTAITO CREEK, of Upson co., Georgia, flows S.W. into  of Oruro, Chuquisaca, and Tarija. Estimated area, 31,800
Flint River.                                                square miles. Pop. 250,000, of whom one-half are Indianr.
POTATO CREEK, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina. The surface is mountainous, frequently rising above the
POTAWATAMIE or POTTAWATTOMIE, pot'ta-wltto-  limit of vegetation. It contains the richest silver-mines in
me, a county in the W.S.W. part of Iowa, bordering on Ne- South America. It is divided into the provinces of Chabraska Territory, has an area of 700 square miles. The Mis- yanta, Chichas, Potosi, Lipes, and Porco. Chief city, Potosi.
souri River, navigable by steamboats, forms the boundary    POTOSI, a city of Bolivia, situated on the N. declivity of
on the W.; the West Branch of Nishnabatona River flows  the Cerro de Potosi, 70 miles S.W. of Chuquisaca. Elevathrough the E. part, and Boyer River through the N.W. part. tion, 13,330 feet. Pop. 1~,711. Early in the seventeenth
The surface is diversified with fine scenery, and presents a  century it is believed to have had from 100.000 to 150,000
fair proportion of prairie and timber. The soil is fertile, inhabitants. It stands on uneven ground, and has in its
adapted to grain and grass. This county is the most popu- centre a spacious square, in which are the governusent-house,
lous in the W. part of the state, and is settling rapidly. town-house..nil, treasury, and other public offices, with some
Named from the Pottawattomie Indians, who were removed  religious edifices, and an obelisk erected in 1825, in honor
1530




POT                                                       POT
of Bolivar. The houses are generally of stone or brick. The    POT/TEll, a county in the N. part of Pennsylvania, bor.
vicinity is barren and cheerless, and all articles of merchan- dering on New York, has an area of 1100 square miles.
dise are dear. In the conical summit of the Cerro are more This county is one of the most elevated in the state, forming
than 5000 Boca-minas or openings, made in search of silver- part of the dividing ridge between the waters which fiow
ore. The top of the mountain is completely honey-combed  into the Ohio on the S., and the St. Lawrence on the N.
and exhausted; lower down springs become numerous, and  The Genesee River rises in it and flows N.; the Alleghany
the richest mines are now filled with water. At the mint of  rises near the middle and flows W. It is also drained by
Potosi, in 1840, gold to the value of $222,970, and silver to  Pine, Oswayo, and Kettle Creeks. The surface is uneven,
$252,168 were coined. From 1545 to 1789, the mines of Po- and mostly covered by thick forests.  The soil is well
tosi aresupposed to have yielded gold and silver to the  adapted to grazing. Stone coal and iron ore are found.
value of $96,800,000. The CERRO DE POTOSI is 18 miles in  Formed in 1804, and named in honor of General James Potcircumference, with an elevation of 16,152 feet.          ter, an officer in the war of the Revolution. Capital, CoudersPOTO/SI, a post-village, capital of Washington co., Mis- port. Pop. 6048.
souri, about 70 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. It contains, be-   POTTER, a post-township in the N. part of Yates co., New
sides the county buildings, several churches, and an aca- York. Pop. 2194.
demy. Rich mines of lead (in the form of sulphuret) and    POTTER, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania, about
of iron are worked in the vicinity. The lead ore yields 70  12 miles S.S.E. of Bellefonte. Pop. 2216.
or 80 per cent. of metal.                                   POT/TER HAN/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of LinPOTOSI, a small village of Crawford co., Wisconsin.     coin.
POTOSI, a flourishing town of Potosi township, Grant co.,   POT/TERIES, THE, several towns and villages of England,
Wisconsin, on Grant River, near its entrance into the Mis- co. of Stafford, where china and stoneware manufactures
sissippi, 15 miles above Dubuque. It is situated in a nar- are carried on, comprising Stoke-upon-Trent, IHanley, Shelrow, deep, and picturesque valley or ravine, about 3 miles ton, Etruria, and Fenton Cobridge, included in the borough
in length, through which a stream of good water flows. The  of Stoke.
town is divided into three portions or villages, namely, Dub-   POT/TERNE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
lin, Lafayette, and Van Buren. It is the largest and most   POTNTERNEW/TON, a township of England, co. of York,
commercial place in the county, and is likely to become more  WVest Riding.
important as the principal depat of the mineral region of    POTTER'S CREEK, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.
Wisconsin. Large quantities of lead are mined in the county,   POTTER'S HILL, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode
and shipped at Potosi in steamboats. The principal part of Island.
the town is about 2 miles from the steamboat landing, which    POT\TER'S HOL/LOW, a post-village in the S.W. part of
is at the mouth of Grant River. A weekly newspaper is Albany co., New York, about 32 miles W. by S. of Albany.
published here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2500.           It has 2 stores, and about 150 inhabitants.
POTSCHAEW, NOVOI. See PorcHAEv, NovoI.                     POTTER'S MILLS, a post-village of Centre co., PennsylPOTSCHINKI, a town of Russia. See POTCHINe.              vania, 73 miles N.W. of Harrisburg, contains a woollen facPOTSDAM, pots/dm, a city of Prussia, capital of a govern- tory and grist mill.
ment of its own name, and the second royal residence of the    POT/TERSPURY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
kingdom, at the confluence of the Ruthe with the IHavel,   POT/TERSVILLE, a post-office of Cheshire co., New Hampand on the Berlin and Magdeburg Railway, 17 miles S.W. shire.
of Berlin.  Pop. 38,000. It is one of the finest and most   POTTERSVILLE, a post-village of Warren co., New York,
regularly built cities in Germany. It consists of an old and  on Schroon River, about 25 miles N. by W. of Caldwell.
a new town, (separated by the Havel Canal,) and several   POTTERSVILLE, a post-village of IHIunterdon co., New
suburbs; partly walled, and entered by 5 land and 4 water Jersey, about 33 miles N. of Trenton.
gates. It has many fine buildings, ornamented with statuary,   POTTERSVILLE, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri.
and many elegant squares, in one of which is a marble    POTITERVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Rhode Island.
obelisk 76 feet hi h, with the names of the rulers of Prus-    POTTERVILLE, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsyl
sia. The chief buildings are the royal castle and council- vania.
house, the garrison, church, and theatre. It has a gymna-   POTTERVILLE, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio.
slum, a seminary, a school for military cadets, a geographical   POTTES, pott or potts, a village of Belgium, province of 
school, and an institution for the education of orphans of  BI'ainaut, 10 miles N. of Tournay, on the right bank of the
the military. In 1846, its garrison had 9424 men. It has  Scheldt. Pop. 2106.
a large manufactory of fire-arms, sugar refinery, and cotton    POTTMES, (PUittmes,) pbtt'mts, a town of Upper Bavaria,
and silk manufactures. It is the birthplace of Alexander  N.N.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 1200.
von Humboldt. In its immediate vicinity is the palace of    POT/TON, a parish and small market-town of England,
Sans-sowci, (i. e. "free from care,") the favorite residence of co., and 11 miles E. of Bedford. Pop. in 1851, 1922.
Frederick the Great, the new palace, a splendid building in    POTTS' CREEK, in the S.W. central part of Virginia,
a fine park, and the Pfauceninsel, (" Peacock Island,") an  rises in Monroe county, flows N.E., and enters Jacksons
island in the Havel, with a summer-house, a menagerie, River near Covington, in Alleghany county.
palm-house, and flower gardens.                              POTTSGROVE, Pennsylvania. See PoTTsTowN.
POTSDAM, a government of Prussia, province of Bran-   POTTSIGROVE, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyldenburg. Area, 6120 square miles. Pop. 1,226,866.          vania, on the left bank of the Schuylkill River, and interPOTSDAM, a thriving post-village and township of St. Law- sected by the Reading Railroad. Pop. 3353.
rence co., New Yorik, on Racket River, which is here crossed    POTTSGROVE, a small post-village of Northumberland
by a bridge, and on the Potsdam and Watertown Railroad, co., Pennsylvania, 66 miles N. of Harrisburg.
11 miles E.N.E. of Canton. The village is handsomely laid    POTTS' MILLS, a post-village of Jessamine co. Kentucky.
out with a square in the centre, on which stands the town    POTTS/TOWN or POTTS/GROVE, a thriving post-borough
house. It contains 5 or 6 churches, a bank, 2 large stone  of Pottsgrove township, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on
academic buildings, 12 dry goods stores, besides many others, the left bank of Schuylkill River, at the mouth of Mann3 hotels, and a printing office, issuing a weekly newspaper. tawney Creek, 37 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia. The Phila-'The St. Lawrence Academy here, is a flourishing institution,  delphia and Reading Railroad passes through it, and the
under the control of the regents of the New York University. Schyulkill Canal runs on the other side of the siver, whilch
The inhabitants are mostly engaged in trade and manufac- is crossed here by a bridge. Pottstown contains several
tures, the river affording an abundant water-power. There  churches, an academy, a newspaper office, and many neat
are in the village and vicinity, 5 large gang saw mills, em- dwellings of brick and stone. There are several manufacploying about 600 hands in the production of lumber for tories in the vicinity. Incorporated in 1815. Pop. in 1850,
New York and Boston markets. The logs are floated down  1664; in 1853, about 2000.
the river, in some cases, a distance of 100 miles. The vil-   POTTSIVILLE, a handsome town of Norwegian township,
late also contains a large flouring mill, 4 cabinet factories, 2  capital of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, at the terminus
finishing machine shops, a foundry and furnace, 1 trip-ham- of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 93 miles N.W. of
mer, 2 coopering establishments, 2 wheelwright shops, a  Philadelphia, and 35 miles from Reading. It is situated on
woollen factory, 1 cloth dressing and carding factory, and 2  the Schuylkill River, just above its passage through Sharp
tanneries, besides factories for pearl-ashes, plaster, carriages, Mountain, and at the mouth of Norwegian Creek. It is rechairs, fanning mills, hoes, &c. A plank road connects the  markable on account of the rapidity of its growth, the picvillage with Massena. The township is traversed by the  turesque beauty of its situation and the immense trade in
Noorthern Railroad, with which the Watertdwn and Potsdam  coal of which it is the centre. The ground is uneven, and
Railroad forms a connection above the flourishing village of  rises so abruptly in some places that sites for building could
Racketville or North Potsdam. Pop. 5349; of the village in  only be obtained by levelling the mountain or walling the
1855, 2131.                                               bank of the river. Above the junction of the streams, the
POTS/GROVE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.   ta'lley widens, and affords space for several streets, some of
POTTAWATTOMIE. See POTAWATAsIE.                         which are nearly level. The principal business is transPOTTENDORF, potten-doRf, a market-town of Lower acted on Centre street, which extends along the right bank
Austria, 20 miles S. of Vienna. Pop. 2846.                of Norwegian Creek. The town is generally well built, and
POTTENSTEIN, potlten-stine', or BODENSTEIN, bolden- contains a large proportion of brick houses. The principal
stine', a market-town of Lower Austria, 22 miles S.W. of public buildings are the court-house, town-hall, the jail, a
Vienna. Pop. 700.                                         bank, and about 15 churches. The jail is a new and costly
1531




POT                                                      POW7
edifice, faced with sandstone. Pottsville has a large and re-   POULTNEY, piltnee., a village in Rutland co., Vermont,
spectable academy, besides many private seminaries. Gas is on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 65 miles S.W. o!
used to light the streets. Among the manufactories are 5  Montpelier. It contains 2 or 3 churches and an academy.
machine-shops, 1 rolling mill, 1 woollen factory, and 1 car- Pop. of the township, 2329.
pet factory. Five or six newspapers are published here.   POULTNEY, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.
The coal is conveyed to this place from numerous mines in    POULTNEY RIVER, a fine mill-stream of Rutland co.,
the vicinity by branch railroads. The greater part of it is Vermont, falls into an arm of Lake. Champlain.
sent to market by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad,   POULTON, p5l1ton, a market-town and parish of Engand the other part by the Schuylkill Navigation. The coal land, co., and S.S.W. of Lancaster, on the Wyre and Preston
trade increases rapidly from year to year. The produce of  Railway. Pop. 7273.
the Schuylkill coalfield in 1851,_was 2,184,240 tons; in 1852    POULTON, a parish of England, co. ofWilts.
it amounted to near 3,000,000 tons. The mountain ridges   POULTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.
which surround Pottsville are too rugged and sterile for cul-   POULTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
tivation, but this region has become by means of its mineral   POULTON-LE-SAND, a chapelry of England, co. of Lanresources one of the most populous parts of the state, and caster, with a station on the Morecambe Branch of the North
already presents a large number of thriving towns and vii- Western Railway. Pop. 700.
lages. Pottsville was commenced in 1825. The seat of jus-   PO'JMARON, poo'mA-rln', a river of British Guiana, flows
tice was established here in 1847. Pop. in 1840, 4345; and  N.N-Z., then N.N.W., and after a course of about 100 miles,
in 1850, 7515; in 1853, about 10,000.                      fall.lInto the Atlantic near Cape;Nassau.
POTTSVILLE, a small post-village of Washington co.,   POUND, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.
Iowa.                                                        POUNDIRIDGE, a post-village and township in the E.
POUANC], poo-oNG'syf or pwgNaVsst,  a town of France, de- part of Westchester co., New York, about 120 miles S. of
partment of Maine-et-Loire, 33 miles N.W. of Angers. Pop. Albany. Pop. 1486.
in 1852, 2895.                                               POUNDISTOCK, aparish of England, co. of Cornwall.
POUCH CREEK, a post-office of Campbell co., Tennessee.   POUNUKKA, a town of Hindostan. See P00oNUKKA.
POUCHING-HIEN, a town of China. See POOCHING-HIEN.   POUR, a river of Siberia. See Poon.
POUCQUES, pook, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders,   POURATIN, a townof Russia. See PoorATIN.
on a stream  of the same name, 12 miles W. of Ghent.   POURRIAjRES, pooaere-aiRI, a town of France, department
Pop. 1222.                                                of Var, 7 miles W.N.W. of St. Maximin. Pop. 1820.
POUDOGA, a town of Russia. See Poonosr.                   POUSOALEGRE, paiso P-l4gra, a town of Brazil, province
POUDOSI, a town of Russia. See PooDosH.                 of Minas Geraes, on a height, 230 miles S.S.W. of Ouro Preto.
POUGHILL, pofil, a parish of England, co. of Devon.     Pop. of the district, 4000.
POUGI-IILL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.         POUSSAN, poos's6cNG, a town of France, department of
POUGIIKEEPSIE, po-kiptsee, sometimes written  P0- H6raul!t, 13 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 1931.
KEEPSIE, a handsome 6ity, capital of Dutchess co., New    POUST-OZERSK, a town of Russia. See Poosr-OzeRnsaK.
York, on the E. bank of the Hudson River, and on the rail-   POU-TCHOU, a city of China. See Poo-Cnoo.
road of that name; 75 miles N. of New York. and 70 miles S.   POUTIVL. a town of Russia.. See POOTIVL.
of Albany. Lat. 400 41' N., ion. 730 551 W. It is situated    POUTO, an island of China. See Pooro.
on a plain, and regularly laid out, the principal street extend-    POUTROYE, poo'tawA, a market-town of France, departing eastward from the river. It is the largest town between  ment of IHaut-Rhin, 13 miles W.N.W. of Colmar. Pop. 2631.
New York and Albany. It contains about 16 churches, be-   POUZAUGES, poo'zczhf, a town of France, department of
longing to the Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, Baptists, Vendde, 20 miles N. of Fontenay. Pop. 1131.
Presbyterians, Methodists, Friends, Universalists, and Catho-   POUZIN, LE, leh poolz.Neo a village of France, departlies; the State and National Law  School, the Dutchess ment of Ardlche, on the Rhone, 7 miles E. of Privas. Pop.
County Academy, and the Poughkeepsie Female Academy. in 1852, 2062.
Three or four newspapers are published here. The city    POVENETZ, po-vAunlts', or POVIENETZ, pov-y[-nlts1,
contains 4 banks. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural a town of Russia, government of Olonetz,-on the N. bank of
country, and is the centre of an active trade. A number Lake Onega, 70 miles N. of Petrozavodsk. Pop. 1530.
of steamboats and sailing vessels are owned here. Pough-   POVIERTY HIILL, a post-office of Edgefield district, South
keepsie has a variety of manufactories, the most- important Carolina.
productions of which are cotton goods, machinery, farming   POVERTY HILL, a post-office of Jones co., Georgia.
implements, carriages, iron-ware, guns, carpets, earthenware,   POVIGLIO, po-veellyo, (L. Pytpelliura,) a town of Italy,
flour, andleather. A valuable quairy of marble has recently  duchy, and 13 miles E.N.E. of Parma. Pop. 6334.
been discovered in the vicinity. Incorporated in 1801. Pop.   POVOA DE MEADAS, po-voTA dA m[-A-d[s, a town and
of township in 1850, 13,944; of the city, in 1855, estimated  parish of Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, N. of Portalegre.
at 15,000.                                                Pop. 7700.
POUGHKEEPSIE, a post-village in Allen co., Indiana.       POVOA DE RIO DE MINHOS, po-vo!' dl ree'o dA meenfPOUGHQUAG, po-kwvgl, apost-office of Dutchess co., New  yoce, a town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira
York.                                                      Baixa, near Castello Branco. Pop. 600.
POUGUES. pooG, a market-tewn of France, department    POVOA DE SANTA CARISTINA, po-vofg di sgn/t/ kiof Ni~vr,  7 miles N.N.W. of Nevers, with mineral baths. ris-teelng, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 9 miles
Pop. in 1852, 1178.                                        N.W. of Coimbra, near the Frio. Pop. 510.
POUILLON, poo'y6No! or pooPy6NGo, a market-town of    POVOA DE VARZIM, po-vo/l d  vaaR-zeeNcG, a town of
France, department of Landes, 30 miles S.W. of Mont-de- Portugal, province of Douro, near the sea-coast, about 18
Marsan. Pop. in 1852, 3460. Near it is a thermal spring.   miles from Braga. Pop. 6200.
POUILLY-EN-MONTAGNE, pou'yee'(or pool'yeel) 8oN    POVOLIDE, po-vo-lee/dA, a town and parish of Portugal,
m6NG'tari/, a town of France, department of Clte-d'-Or, 21  province of Beira Alta, 8 miles S.W. of Viseu. Pop. 1305.
miles N.W. of Beaune. Pop. 1177.                             POW, numerous sluggish streams in Scotland, the princiPOUILLY-SUR-CIIARLIEU, poo'yee (or poolPyeef) silia  pal being the Pow of Cummertrees, ed. of Dumfries, traverssha'le-uhb, a town of France, department of Loire, 7 miles  uing the W. side of the Howe of Annandale, to the Solway
N. of Roanne, on the Loire. Pop. 1534.                     Frith, 3 miles W. of the Annan estuary.
POUILLY-SUR-LOIRE, poo'yee (or pool'yeel) si lo waR,   POWAGURHI, a town of India. See CHUMPANEER.
a town of France, department of Nilvre, on the Loire, 22    POWAICIKUN, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wisconsin.
miles N.N.W. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852, 3169.                  POWTDERHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
POUINIPETE, pweeone-pkt, an island of the Pacific Ocean,   POWIDER RIVER. in the E. central part of Missouri
in the Carolines. Lat. 6O 52' N., Ion. 1580 24' E. It is about Territory, rises among the Black Hills, and flowing in a gene50 miles in circumference, and in its centre is about 2860 feet ral northerly direction, falls into the Yellowstone River.
high. Surface fertile. Pop. about 2000, of the Papuan race.   POWDER RIVER, a small stream of Oregon Territory,
POULAINES, poo'linf or pooll~n!, a village of France, de- falls into the South Branch of Snake River.
partment of Indre, 21 miles N.N.W. of Issoudun. Pop. 2028.   POW'ERSCOURT or STAG'ONIL!, a parish of Ireland, in
POULDERGAT, pool'd0ozg&/, a village of France, depart- Leinster, co. of Wicklow. It gikes the title of viscount to
ment of Finistlre, 10 miles W.N.W. of Quimper. Pop. 2267. the Wingfield family, whose superb seat adjoins the village.
POULIGNY, poo'leen'yeel, a village of France, department   POWDER SPRING GAP, a post-office of Grainger co.,
of Indre, on the Suir, 4 miles N. of Le Blanc. Pop. 2048.    Tennessee.
POULLAN, pool'l18/N, a village of France, department of   POWDER SPRINGS, a post-village of Cobb co., Georgia,
Finistlre, 15 miles W.N.W. of Quimper. Pop. 2723.         12 miles S.W. of Marietta, has 2 churches, and 300 inhabiPOULLAOUEN. pooq0'lA'w6a/. a town of France, department tants.
of Finistlre. 5 miles N.W. of Carhaix. Pop. in 1852, 3723,   POWIELL, a township in Green co., Arkansas. Pop. 552.
chiefly employed in lead-mines and refineries. Two mines   POWELL'S CREEK, of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, flows
yield annually 450 tois of lead, and 1540 pounds of silver.  into the Susquehanna River from the left.
POULO  or PULO, pooeo. (from the Greek 7ravXo jennios. )    POWELL'S CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Auglaize River
a modern Greek term. signifying " little," forming a prefix to  near its mouth, about 2 miles f-rom Defiance.
the names of many islets in the Grecian Archipelago; as,   POWIELL'S GROUP, or SOUTH ORKINEY, a group of is.
SKYvO POULO,' Little Skyro;" THASO POULO. "' Little Thaso."  lands in the Antarctic Ocean; lat. 600 371 S., lon. 440 32' W.
POULSHOT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.            and E. of New Shetland.
i     1532




FPOW                                                       PRA
POWELL'S MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia. 6748. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and dyePOWELL'S POINT, a post-office of Currituck co., North  works.
Carolina.                                                    POZO-ESTRECHIO, po'the ls-trAlchee-o, a village of Spain,
POWELL'S RIVER, rises among the Cumberland or Alle- in Murcia, province, and about 8 miles from  Cartagena.
ghany Mountains, in Lee co., in the S.W. part of Virginia, Pop. about 1200.
and flowing S.W. into Tennessee, unites with Clinch River,   POZOHONDO, po'tho-honfdo, a market-town of Spain, pro.
in Anderson county.                                        vince, and 20 miles S. of Albacete.  Pop. 2820.
POWELL'S TAVERN, a post-office of Goochland co., Vir-   POZO RUBIO, po-tho rootbe-o, a town of Spain, in New
ginia, 15 miles W. of Richmond.                            Castile, province, and S.W. of Cuenca.. Pop. 1086.
POW/ELLTON, a post-office of Brunswick co., Virginia.      POZUELO, po-thw4/lo, or po-thoo-A/lo, a village of Spain,
POWELLTON, a post-village in Richmond co., North  Murcia, province, and 15 miles S.W. ofAlbacete. Pop. 2746.
Csrolina.                                                    POZUELO, a village of Spain, in Estremadura, province,
POWELLTON, a post-office of Harrison co., Texas.         and 45 miles from Caceres. Pop. 1424.
POWELLTON, a small post-village of IHancock co., Georgia,   POZUELO DE CALATRAVA, po-thwtAllo dA kA-la-t-'/vi, a
38 miles N.E. of Milledgeville.                            village of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 6 miles S.E.
POWIERSVILLE, a post-office of IIouston co., Georgia.   of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2240.
POWERSVILLE, a post-village of Bracken co., Kentucky.   POZUELO DEL REY, po-thwAllo dl rA, a town of Spain,
POWIERVILLE, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey, in New Castile, province, and E. of Madrid. Pop. 1223.
12 miles N.E. by N. of Morristown.                           POZZALLO, pot-zA/l/,a small, butthriving seaportof Sicily,
POWESHIEK, pbwe-sheek', a new county in the S.E. province of Syracuse, district, and 9 miles S.E. of Modica.
central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is   POZZO DI GOTO, pot/so dee go/to, a town of Sicily, 7 miles
drained by the head-streams of English River, and by Beaver S. of Milazzo. Pop. 3500. Near it are the ruins of ancient
and Prairie Creeks, affluents of Iowa River, which touches  Tynsdaris.
its N.E. extremity. The North Fork of Skunk River flows   POZZOLENGO, pot-so-lln'go, a village of Austrian Italy,
through the S.W. part. The soil is fertile. Named in honor province of Brescia, 8 miles S.E. of Lonato. Pop. 2041.
of Poweshiek, an Indian chief. Capital, Montezuma. Pop.   POZZOLO FORMIGARO, pot'so-lo fop-me-gi/ro, a town of
615.                                                      the Sardinian States, 28 miles N.W. of Genoa. Pop. 3721.
POW'HATANI, a county, situated in the S.E. central part   POZZO MAGGIORE, potlsa mnd-jotrl, a village of the isof Virginia, contains 280 square miles. It is bounded on  land of Sardinia, 21 miles E.S.E. of Alghero. Pop. 2566.
the N. by the James River, and on the S. by the Appomattox.   POZZUOLI, pot-soo-olee, or PUZZUOLI, poot-soo-o/lee,
The surface is generally level. Some portions of the soil (ance. Puteoli,) an episcopal town of Naples, on a gulf ofits own
have been exhausted by long cultivation. Other parts are  name, 7 miles S.W. of Naples. Pop. 8400. In ancient times
fertile, especially near the streams.  The James River it was an important city; its environs were crowded with
Canal passesalongthe border. Organizedin1777, andnamed  villas of the wealthy Romans. Near it are Lake Averno,
in honor of Powhatan, an Indian chief,'the father of the  the Solfatara, from which sulphur is extensively obtained,
celebrated Pocahontas. Capital, Scottsville. Pop. 8178, of  and the celebrated Grotto del Cane. Its vicinity is interestwhom 2896 were free, and 5282 slaves.                     ing to geologists.
POWHATAN, a post-office of Union co., North Carolina.      POZZUOLO, pot-soo-ollo, a village of Austrian Italy, pro.
POWHATAN, a post-village of Lawrence co., Arkansas, vince of Milan, and 4 miles S.E. of Gorgonuzola. Pop. 1257.
about 9 miles N. by E. of Smithville.                        PRA, prA, a village of the Sardinian States, division of
POWHATAN COURT-HOUSE. See ScoTTsvILE.                    Genoa, near Voltri. Pop. 3898.
POWHATAN POINT, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.        PRACHELITZ, priKaeh-litsW, or PRACHATITZ, priK/4PO/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         tits', a town of Bohemia, on an affluent of the Banitz, 22
POWIS, p~wlis, the ancient British name of an eastern  miles S.S.W. of Pisek. Pop. 2470. It has a castle.
portion of Wales. It gives the title of earl to the Clive    PRACHIN, priKsin, a circle in the S.W  part of Bohemia,
family, whose seat, Pewis Castle, is 1 mile from Welshpool.  named after the pretty town and ruined castle of Prachno
POWL'S VALLEY, a post-office of Dauphin co., Penn- adjacent to Horazdiowitz. Chief town, Pisek.
sylvania.                                                   PRADALUNGA, pri-di-loonlgi, a village of Austrian Italy,
POW/NAL, a post-township in Cumberland co., Maine, on  province, and 6 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop.
the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 34 miles S.W. of  1201.
Augusta. Pop. 1074.                                         PRADANOS DE OJEDA, (or OXEDA,) pri-D'inoce d.
POWNAL, a post-township in Bennington co., Vermont, o-n)i,,    a village of Spain, in Leon, province, and about 45
130 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1742.                  miles fi-om Palencia. Pop. 1086.
POWNAL-FEE, a township of England, co. of Chester.        PRADELLES, prA'dWll/, a town of France, department of
POW/NEE, a fortified town of India, Berar dominions, 36  Haute-Loire, 19 miles S. of Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 1582.
miles S.E. of Nagpoor. It was taken by the British in 1818.   PRADES, prid, a town of France, department of Pyrin~esPOW/OW  RIVER, a fine mill-stream rising in Rocking- Orientales, on the Tet, 24 miles W.S.W. of Perpignan. Pop..
ham co., New Hampshire, and falling into the Merrimack a  in 1852, 3367. It has a very handsome church, an asylum,
few miles above Newburyport.                              seminary, and manufactures of coarse cloth, woollen hosiery,
POXIM, po-sheeNG/, a town of Brazil, province, and 25  and paper.
miles S.S.W. of Alagoas, on the right bank of the Poxim.   PRADO, pr/do, Imarket-town of Portugal, province of
Pop. 3000.                                                Minho, on the Cavqto, 3 miles N.W. of Braga. Pop. 7000. (1)
POX/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           It has a thriving salmon and trout fishery, a manufactory
POYAIS, pw'y'i  (?) a river and district of Central Ameri- of earthenwares, and monthly fairs.
ca, in Mosquito Territory, with a settlement on the river.   PRADO, pri/do, a town of Brazil, province of Espirito
Lat. 150 10' N., lon. 850 10' W.                          Santo, 70 miles S. of Porto Seguro, at the mouth of the
POYALES  DEL  HOYO, po-y&ls d~l otyo, a town of  river Jucurucu.
Spain, in New Castile, province, and W.N.W. of Toledo.   PRADO, a small town and seaport of Brazil, province of
Pop. 1032.                                                Bahia, 120 miles S. of Porto Seguro.
PO-YANG, po'-yangt, or PHO-YANG, p'ho'ying/, a large    PRADO. a town of Brazil, province of Para, 55 miles W.
lake of China, province of Kianig-see, in its N. part. Lat. of Montalegre.
280 50' to 300 N., lob. 1160 to 1160 40' E. Length, 80 -miles;   PRADO, EL, I pr&Do. a market-town of Spain, province,
greatest breadth, 40 miles. It discharges itsesurplus waters and 28 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 3000.
northward into the Yang-tse-kiang.                          PRADO DEL REV, prieDo dil r, a market-town of Spain,
POYNETTE, poi-nitt/, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis- province of Cadiz. Pop. 2000.
cousin, 21 miles N. of Madison. It has good water-power,   PRADOLUENGO, prit-do-lwn/go, or priDo-loo-ing/go, a
and about 150 inhabitants.                                town of Spain, in Old Castile, province, and 2 miles S.E. of
POYN/INGS, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          Bur-gos. Pop. 1390.
POYN/TON, a chapelry of England, co. ofChester, with a    PRADOS, pr/doce.  or SAN JUAN SANTULLANO, sin
station on the Manchester and Macclesfield Railway, 6 miles  aoo-in! sln-tool-yi/no, a village and parish of Spain, in the
N. of Manchester.                                         Asturias, province, and scarcely 1 mile N. of Oviedo. Pop.
POYSDORP, pois/doap, POYSDORF, or POISDORF, pois/- 1400.
doaf, a market-town of Lower Austria, 26 miles N.N.E. of   PRJENESTE. See PALESTcINA.
Korneuburg. Pop. 2500.                                      PRIESIDIUM  JULIUM. See SANTAREM.
POY SIP/PI, a post-office of Waupacca co., Wisconsin.     PRqESTOE, (Prnestle,) prlsttSfet;- a small maritime town
POZA DE LA SAL, po/thi di 1I sci, a town of Spain, pro- of Denmark, island of Seeland, oak Preestle Bay, in the
vinse, and 20 miles N.N.E. of Burgos. Pop. 2670.          Baltic, 13 miles E.S.E. of Ny:tad. Chief exports, corn and
POZA DE LA SAL, a town of Spain, province of Valladolid, lime.
5 miles N.E. of Medina del Campo.                           PRAGA, pr/gi, a town of Poland, government, and opPOZALDEZ, po-thil-dlth/, a town of Spain, in Leon, pro- posite Warsaw, from which it is parted by the Vistula, here
vince, and S. of Valladolid. Pop. 1726.                   crossed by a bridge. Pop. 4000. In 1656, the Poles were
POZO ALCON, po/tho il-kSn/, a village of Spain, in Anda- defeated here by Gustavus of Sweden; and on the 29th of
lusia, province, and 34 miles E.of Jaen. Pop. 1726.       November, 1830, the Grand Duke Constantine was forced to
POZOBLANCO, po-tho-blin/ko, a town of Spain, province, retreat hence with his forces, at the commencement of the
and 32 miles N.E. of Cordova, in the Sierra Iorena. Pop. unsuccessful resistance of the Poles to the Russians.
-                                                                                          1533




PRA                                                       PRA
PRAGUE, prail, (Ger. Prag, pr A; IL. Pr&a/a,) a city of   PRAIRIE CREEK, a small village of Yell co., Arkansam
Europe, capital of the kingdom of Bohemia, near its centre,    PRAIRIE CREEK, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana.
on the Moldau, 160 miles N.N.W. of Vienna, and 75 miles    PRAIRIE CRE1,K, a post-office of Logan co., Illinois.
S.S.E. of Dresden. Lat. of observatory 490 5' 19" N., Ion. 140    PRAIRIE CREEK, a post-office of Iowa co., Iowa.
25' 22" E. Pop. 68,695, exclusive of a garrison of 5320 men.   PRAIRIE DEPOT, a post-office of Wood co., Ohio.
Mean temperature of the year 50o; winter, 310.9; summer,    PRAIRIE DU CIIEN, pr:tJree duf sheen, (Fr. pron. pr~~670 Fahrenheit. It stands in a basin-shaped valley, sur- reel dii she-LNoe,) a beautiful post-village, capital of Craw.
rounded by five hills, on the slopes of which the houses rise  ford co., Wisconsin, is finely situated on the Mississippi, 4
in successive tiers from  the water's edge; it is about 12  miles above the mouth of Wisconsin River, and about 100
miles in circumference, and is enclosed by fortifications.  miles W. of Madison. It is one of the oldest towns of the
The Moldau, which flows N. through the city, is crossed  state. It is the W. terminus of the Milwaukee and Missisnear the middle by the celebrated stone bridge 1855 feet sippi Railroad route. The site is a level plain or prairie, 6
long, ornamented with groups of statuary, and having a  or 8 miles long, and 1 or 2 miles wide, enclosed on the E. by
lofty tower at each end, built in the fifteenth century; and  rocky bluffs. The village contains a newspaper office, and
at the S. end of the Kleinseite crossed by a modern chain  several churches, 1 of which is Catholic.
bridge which rests on the small island called "Little Ye-   PRAIRIE DU LONG, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois.
nice."  On the right bank of the river is the Altstadt, (old    PRAIRIE DU ROCHIER, pr/ree du rotsher, a post-village
town,) with the Judenstadt, (Jews' quarter,) and the Neu- of Randolph co., Illinois, 14 miles N.W. of Kaskaskia.  The
stadt, (new town;) and on the left bank, the Hradschin and  name is derived from a rocky bluff which rises behind the
the Kleinseite; the village of Wissehrad, on the right, and  village.
that of Smichow, on the left bank, are included in its    PRAIRIE DU SAC, pr&ree du sak, a post-village of Saulk
bounds. Prague, peculiar in its architecture, and from its  co., Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River, 25 miles N.W. of
numerous domes, spires, and turrets, has quite an oriental Madison. It is situated on the border of the prairie.
aspect. The finest quarters are the Neustadt, the Klein-    PRAIRIE F'IELD, a post-office of Rock Island co., Illinois.
seite,and the Hradschin; the Altstadt is gloomy, and the    PRAIRIE FORK, a post-office of Montgomery co., MisJudenstadt filthy. Principal buildings: —1. In the Alstadt, souri.
the Theinkirche, with the tomb of Tycho Brahe, the town-   PRAIRIE GROVE, a post-office of Clark co., Iowa.
house with a remarkable clock, the royal library, observa-    PRAIRIE LEA, a post-office of Caldwell co., Texas.
tory, and many scientific establishments, the buildings of    PRAIRIE MER ROUGE, prolree main roozh, a post-office
the old university, the church of St. Gallas, in which Huss of Morehouse parish, Louisiana.
preached.-2. In the Judenstadt, the Jewish synagogue.-    PRAIRIE MOUND, a post-office of Pike co., Missouri.
3. In the Neustadt, the new town-house, the military hos-   PRAIRIE MOUNT, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mispital, and several churches with fine paintings.-4. In the  sissippi, 18 miles N.E. of Houston. It is, situated in a highly
Ktleinseite, the church of St. Nicholas, church of St. Thomas,  productive country.
and the-artillery barracks.-5. In the Hradschin, the former    PRAIRIE PLAINS, a post-office of Grimes co., Texas.
palace of the Bohemian kings, a massive and imposing    PRAIRIE POINT, a post-office of Noxubee co., Mississtructure. The cathedral church of St. Vitus, a richly de- sippi.
corated Gothic building, containing the tomb of St. John of    PRAIRIE  RONDE, (r1nd,) a post-township fbrming the
Nepomuk, with a silver shrine weighing 37 hundred weight, S.W. extremity of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Pop. 690.
and those of many Bohemian kings. —6. In Wissehrad, the    PRAIRIETON, pr3/re-ton, a post-village of Vigo co., Indi-'
church of St. Peter and St. Paul, and the royal armoury. ana, on the border of I-Ioney Creek Prairie, 7 miles S.S.W.
In the village of Smichow, is the noble botanic garden. of Terre Haute.
Prague has many learned and scientific societies; the uni-    PRAIRIETON, a small village of Lawrence co., Illinois.
versity founded by Charles IV. in 1348, is remarkable as    PRAIRIEVILLE, prctre-vil, a post-village of Barry co.,
the first school of learning  established in Germany; in  Michigan, about 58 miles W.S.W. of Lansing.
1842, it had 71 professors, and 274t students. Prague has    PRAIRIEVILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., Indiana,
3 gymnasia, a normal school, a school for the blind, cabi- on the railroad from Lafayette to Indianapolis, 12 miles S.W.
nets of natural history, several large public libraries, and  of Frankfort.
many public hospitals. Its manufactures  comprise printed    PRAIRIEVILLE, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri,
cottons, linens, silks, and woollens. It is the centre of the  about 66 miles N.W. of St. Louis.
commerce of Bohemia, its transit trade being facilitated by    PRAIRIEVILLE, a township  in Milwaukee co., Wisthe navigation of the Moldau and by railways, which con- cousin.
nect it with Olmittz and Vienna on the E. and S.. and with    PRALBOINO, pril-bo-ee'no, (written   also  PRATO-ALPilsen on the S.W. Prague was taken by the French in  BOINO,) a town of Austrian Italy, province of Brescia, 7
1741, and by the Prussians in 1744; it was bombarded, and  miles S. of Leno, on the Mella. Pop. 2467.
was the scene of atrocious cruelties, on the 16th'of June,    PRALLSIVILLE, a post-village of Hunterdon co., New
1848. It is the birthplace of Jerome of Prague.             Jersey, on the Delaware River, about 5 miles above LamPRAH-USTA, pr&-hoosltA, a town of European Turkey, in  bertville, has 2 or 3 stores. There is a fine bridge across the
Room-Elee, 75 miles E.N.E. of Salonica, with about 500  river at this place.
houses, enclosed by a wall 15 feet high.                      PRALOGNAN-PALAY, pra'lon'ya8Na-pA'l?,4 a village of
PRAIRIE, prlree, a county in the E. central part of Ar- the Sardinian States, province of Tarantaise, 12 miles S.E.
kansas, contains about 1060 square miles. It is bounded  of Moutiors.  Pop.1043.
on the E. by White River, navigable by steamboats at all   PRALORMO, prA-loatmo, a village of the Sardinian States,.seasons, and on the N. by Cypress and Des Arc Bayou. The  division, and 18 miles S.S.E. of Turin.  Pop. 1115.
surface is nearly level, and diversified by extensive prairies,    PRAMOLLO, prg-moltlo, a village of the Sardinian States,
and by forests which contain the oak, ash, walnut, cypress, province of Pinerolo,'near San Seconda. Pop. 1414.
and cedar. The soil is generally fertile. Capital, Browns-    PRAROSTINO, prA-ros-teefno, a village of the Sardinian
ville. Pop. 2097, of whom 1824 were flee, and 273 slaves.    States, division of Turin, province of Pinerolo, 1 mile from
PRAIRIE, a township in Arkansas co., Arkansas. P. 338. San Secondo. Pop. 1575.
PRAIRIE, a township in Carroll co., Arkansas. Pop. 1214.   PRASCORSANO, prAs-kon-sa/no, a village of the Sardinian
PRAIRIE, a township in Franklin co., Arkansas. P. 497. States, division of Turin, province, and  about 16 miles
PRAIRIE, a township in Madison co., Arkansas. P. 836. W.S.W. of Ivrea.  Pop. 1494.
PRAIRIE, a township in Marion co., Arkansas. Pop. 397.   PRASLIN, prAs'leenf, an island of the Indian Ocean, one
PRAIRIE, a township in Newton co., Arkansas. Pop. 176. of the Seychelles, lat. 40 17' 16" S., lon. 550 44' 15'" E. The
PRAIRIE, a township in Prairie co., Arkansas. Pop. 696. French took formal possession of the island in 1768, but did
PRAIRIE, a township in Washington co., Arkansas. Pop. not form any settlement on it.
1830.                                                         PRASTOE, (PristSe,) a town of Denmark.  See Pa cEScl
PRAIRIE, a township in Franklin co., Ohio, intersected    PRASZKA, prash/kl, or PRAUSKA, pr6ws/kA, a town of
by the Columbus and Xenia Railroad. Pop. 1043.              Poland, province, and 50 miles S.S.E. of Kalisz, on the
PRAIRIE, a township in Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1451.    Prosna. Pop. 2000.
PRAIRIE, a township in Hepry co., Indiana. Pop. 1340.   PRATA, prlft[, a village of Naples, province of Princi.
PRAIRIE, a post-office of Henry co., Illinois.           pate-Ultra, 5 miles S. of Montefusco. Pop. 1790.
PRAIRIE, a post-office of Lewis co., Missouri.             PRATA. a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro,
PRAIRIE, a township in Randolph co., Missouri. P. 1764. W.N.W. of Piedimonte.  Pop. 1350. 
PRAIRIE BIRD, a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois.       PRATAS, prAitls, a cluster of islands, shoals, and rocks
PRAIRIE BLUFF, a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama.   of considerable extent in the China Sea. Lat. 230 50" N.,
PR AIRIE COTTAGE, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas.  ion. 1160 45' E., stretching about 18 miles from N. to S., and
PRAIRIE CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Tombigbee on  from 9 miles to 12 miles from E. to W.
the N. border of Marengo county.                             PRAT DE LLOBREGAT, EL, 11 prat da To-brA-gt',, a
PRAIRIE CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Daviess town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and about 4 miles
tounty into the West Fork of White River, about 6 miles  from Barcelona, near the Llobregat. Pop. 161.5.
itom Washington.                                             PRATDIP, prlt-deept, a village of Spain, in Catalonia,
PRAIRIE CREEK, Iowa, rises in Benton county, and  province, and 14 miles from Tarragona.  Pop. 1500.
flo-s into leed Cedar River, in Linn county.                 PRIATO, prsIto, a town of Central Italy, in Tuscany, pro.
PRAIRIE CREEK, a post-office of Dallas co., Texas.         vince, and 10 miles N.W. of Florence, on an affluent of the
1 Z 8




PRA                                                        PRE
Arno. Pop. 1207. It is enclosed by walls and ditches,    PREBLE, a post-village and township of Cortland co.,
has a noble square, a cathedral of marble, with a six-storied  New York, on the Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad,
tower, hospitals, and asylums, the Cicognini College, an an-  about 130 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1312.
cient prsetorian palace, now a prison, 2 workhouses, a thea-    PREBLE, a small village of Choctaw co., Alabama.
tre, manufactures of straw plait, woollen cloth, silk thread,    PREBLE,'a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 914.
hats, and soap, with tanneries and extensive copper-works    PREBLE, a township in Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 547.
for smelting and manufacturing metal.                        PRBCHEUR, LE. leh pr'shuRI, a market-town and parish
PRATOLA, prA-toflI, a village of Naples, province of  of the island of Martinique, on its W. coast, 41 miles N.W.
Abruzzo Ultra II., 21 miles N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 3700.    of St. Pierre. Pop. 3403.
PRATO VECCIJIO, prato vlk/ke-o, a village of Central    PR]CIGNE, prA'seeilt, a market-town of France, depart.
Italy, 24 miles E. of Florence, on the Arno, enclosed by  ment of Sarthe, 12 miles W.N.W. of La F1che.  Pop. in
walls. Pop. 3500. It is conncted with Florence by railway.  1852. 3053.
PRATS DE LLUSANES, profs dA loo-s/nks, a town of    PREICINCT, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, on the railSpain, in Catalonia, province, and 40 miles N.N.W. of Bar-  road from Beloit to Chicago, 80 miles W.N.W. of the latter.
celona. Pop. 1327.                                           PRE-EIP/TION, a post-office of Mlercer co., Illinois, 155
PRATS DE MOLLO, pri deh mol0lol, a fortified town of  miles N.N.W. of Springfield.
France, department of Pyr6n6es-Orientales, on the Tech, 14    PREEN-CIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
miles S.W. of C6ret. Pop. in 1852, 3270. It is enclosed by    PREES, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
a wall flanked with towers, and has manufactures of coarse    PREE!SALL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
woollen fabrics, hosiery, and blankets. In its neighborhood,    PREEZ, pri/ets, or PORETZ, potrfts, a market-town of
at La Preste, are hot sulphur baths, hotels, and lodging-  Denmark, duchy of Holstein, on a small lake, 8 miles S.S.E.
houses.                                                     of Kiel. Pop. 4750. It has a seminary for noble ladies, a
PRATT, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.                 female orphan asylum, and a library.
PRATTELN, pr~t/teln, a village and parish of Switzer-    PREGEL, prA'ghel, a river of East Prussia, formed by the
land, canton of Landschaft, 6 miles E.S.E. of B~le, (Basel.)  union of the Angerap and Pissa, flows W., and enters the
Pop. 1124.                                                  Frische-Hiaff at its N.E. extremity, after a course of 120
PRATTSIBURG, a post-village and townshipof Steuben co., miles, for the last 45 of which it is navigable. Principal
New York, about 50 miles S.S.E. of Rochester. It contains  affluents, the Dista from the N., and Alle from the S.
the Franklin Academy, with about 150 students.  Pop. 2786.   PREIGNAC, prln'ygkl, a town of France, department of
PRATTSBURG, a post-village of Orange co., North Carolina.  Gironde, 21 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1314.
PRATTSBURG, a post-village of Talbot co., Georgia, 45    PREJANO or PREXANO, prA-niino, a town of Spain, in
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                     Old Castile, province, and 30 miles S.E. of Logrofo. Pop.
PRATTSBURG, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.         1008.
PRATT'S HOLLOW, a post-office of Madison co., New           PRELAUTSCIH, prA16wtch, or PRELAUCY, prA-lmwlYork.                                                       tsee, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles W.N.W. of Chrudim, on
PRATT'S LANDING. a village of Perry co., Missouri, on  the Elbe. Pop. 1590.
the Mississippi, 60 miles S. by E. of St. Louis.              PREMEIRA, prAt-mAle-ri, a group of rocks on the Mlalabar
PRATTS!VILLE, a thriving post-village in Prattsville  coast, lat. 13~ 11' N., ion. 740 38' E.
township, Greene co., New York, on Schoharie Creek, about    PREMEIRA  ISLANDS, the southernmost of the long
50 miles W.S.W. of Albany.  It contains 3 churches, an  chain of islands extending along Angosta, East Africa, and
academy, a newspaper office, and manufacturing establish-  Mozambique Channel. about lat. 170 S., ion. 390 50, E.
ments of various kinds, including several glove factories. It    PR]NIERY, prAmea-reef, a town of France, department
was formerly the seat of the most extensive tannery in the  of Niwvre, 15 miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. in 1852, 2325.
United States, belonging to Zadock Pratt, Esq. Pop. of the    PREMIA DE MAR, prhme-i deh man, or PREMIA DE
township, 1989; of the village, about 1800.                 ABAJO, pritme-9 dA A-bifruo, a village of Spain, in CataPRATTSVILLE, a village of Alleghany co, Maryland, 13  lonia, province, and about 8 miles from Barcelona. Pop.
miles E. of Cumberland.                                     1115.
PRATTSVILLE, a village of Monroe co., Georgia, on the    PREMITI, prlmfe-tee', a town of European Turkey, in
Central Railroad, 16 miles N.W. of Macon.                   Epirus, 55 miles E.S.E. of Avlona, on the Voyussa.  Each
PRATTSVILLE, a handsome and thriving post-village of  house is separately enclosed by a high defensive wall, and
Autauga co., Alabama, on a small affluent of the Alabama  here is also a Turkish citadel.
River, 14 miles N.W. ofM'ontgomery.  The village contains    PREMINAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
3 churches, 4 stores, 2 schools, 1 cotton-mill, and 1 mann-    PRENIDERGAST, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemfaictory of cotton-gins. The cotton-mill is 150 feet long, and broke.
4 stories high. The other factory produces annually 600    PREN/TISS VALE,a  post-office of ItlcKean co., Pennsylcotton-gins, which are regarded as superior articles. Pop.  vania.
in 1853, estimated at 6000.                                   PRENY, prAtnee, or PRENN, prsnn, a town of Poland,
PRATTSVILLE, a post-office of Vinton co., Ohio.           province of Augustow, on the Memel, 27 miles E.N.E. of
PRAULE (prawl) POINT, a headland of England, pro-  Mlariampol.  Pop. 2500.
jecting on the English Channel, 4 miles W.N.W. of Start    PRENZLOW, prtntsllov, or PRENZLAU, prQntsl1w. a
Point, and E. of Bolt Head.                                 town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 71 miles N.N.E.
PRAUSNITZ, pr6ws/nits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 18  of Potsdam, on the Ucker. Pop. 12,751. It has a Calvinist
miles W.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2450.                         and 6 Lutheran churches, schools, hospitals, a valuable pubPRAUSNITZ, BnasmisC, bb/mish pr6wsfnits, a village of  lic library, manufactures of linens, woollens, and tobacco,
Bohemia, 8 miles from Arnau. Pop. 2050.                     breweries, tanneries, and trade in corn and cattle. In 1806,
PRAUSNITZ, DEuScH, doitch priwstnits, a village of  20,000 Prussian troops having escaped from the battle of
Bohemia, circle of Kbniggriitz, near extensive forests. It has  Jena, surrendered here to the French.
a church. and a mill. Pop. 1220.                              PREPIARIS' ISLES, a group in the Bay of Bengal, about
PRAUST, prmwst, a village of East Prussia, government,  midway between the Andaman Islands and Cape Negrais.
and 6 miles S. of Dantzic. Pop. 1131.                       Lat. 140 50' N., ion. 930 25' E. Two are named the Cow
PRAVADI, prtvA-dee', a town of European Turkey, in  and Calf.
Bulgaria, 28 miles S.E. of Shoomla, on the river Pravadi,    PRERAU, pr/rlw, or PRZEROW, pzhsarov, a town of
which enters the Black Sea at Varna. The Russians here  Mloravia, on an affluent of the March.-on the Betschwa, 15
defeated the Turks in 1829.                                 miles S.E. of Olmiitz, with which it is connected by railway.
PRAVIA, prA've-A, a market-town ofSpain, province, and  Pop. 3400.
14 miles N.W. of Oviedo, on the Nalon, which is navigable    PRti-SAINT-DIDIER, prA s.Na dee'de-3l, a village of the
to it from the sea. Pop. 1153.                              Sardinian States, division, and 18 miles W.N.W. of Aosta,
PRAYA, PORTO. Se PonRo  PRAYA.                           at the foot of Mont Blanc. Pop. 1009.
PRAYSSAC, prls'slk1, a market-town of France, depart-    PRESBA, prlstb,,  a small town of European Turkey, in
ilent of Lot, 13 miles W.N.W. of Cahors. Pop. in 1852, 2048. Room-Elee, 16 miles S.E. of Ochrida, on the W. side of the
PRAYSSAS, prls'sd, a town of France, department of  Lake of Presba, which is 7 miles in length, and 3 miles in
Lot-et-Garonne, 8 miles N.W. of Agen. Pop. in 1852, 1718.   breadth.
PRAZZO, prait/so, a village of the Sardinian States, 24    PRES/BURG or PRESS/BURG, (Ger. pron. prls/bonot;
miles W. of Coni, on the MIacra.                            Hun. Posony, po'shofi; auc. Posolniuoss,) a town and thelegisPREANGER, prACng/her, a Dutch residency of Java, in  lative capital of IIungary, capital of a county of its own name,
the S.W. part of the island. Pop. 700,000.                 on the Danube, here crossed by a bridge of boats, 34 miles
PREBLE, prlblel, a county in the W.S.W. part of Ohio,  E.S.E. of Vienna, with which city and with Tyrnau it combordering on Indiana, has an area of 430 square miles. It  municates by railway. Pop. 38,000, exclnding garrison and
is drained by Franklin, St. Clair's, and Fourmile Creeks,  strangers. The principal structures are, a ruined castle, on
affluents of the Great Miami. The surface is level or uudu-  a height above the town, burnt by the French in 1811, but
lating; the soil is of limestone formation, and very produc-  memorable as the scene of the appeal made, in 1741, by
tive. The county has large quarries of good limestone, and  Maria Theresa to the Hungarian states; the hall of the diet,
is liberally supplied with water-power. It is intersected by  a Gothic cathedral, in which the kings of Hungary were
ihe Dayton and Richmond, and the IIHamilton. Eaton and  crowned; the county hall, a German theatre, barracks, and
Richmond Railroads. Capital, Eaton. Pop. 21,736.          I archbishop's palace. It has a Roman Catholic acade y, and
1535




PRIE                                                      PRE
a Calvinist college, both with good libraries, a Roman Catho-  meeting. The other more important buildingsare the townlic high college and seminary, a college for poorl students, and  hall, a handsome brick edifice in the centre of the town; the
several hospitals, one supported by the Jews, who are nu- court-house, in the Doric style; the house of correction, the
morons here, and have many charitable institutions. The  custom-house, corn exchange, extensive barracks, workprincipal manufactures are silk and woollen goods, nitre, house, theatre, assembly-rooms, two bridges, one of them a
rosoglio, tobacco, and leather. It has a large transit trade  handsome structure of five arches, and a magnficent railway
in corn, linen, and Hungarian wines. The treaty, giving  viaduct, spanning the river.
Venice to the French, and Tyrol to Bavaria, was concluded    The scholastic and literary establishments include a free
here in 1805.                                               grammar-school, occupying a spacious stone structure, in
PRES6O0T, a market-town and parish of England, co. of the collegiate style; the blue-coat, commercial or middle,
Lancaster, 8'miles E.N.E. of Liverpool. Pop. of the town in  and various national and infant schools; the Literary and
1851, 7393, employed in watch-making, cotton and flax mills, Philosophical Institution, occupying an elegant building in
potteries, and collieries.                                  the Tudor style, and provided with a library and museum;
PRES'COTT, a post-township of Hampshire co., Massa- the Mechanics' Institute, or Institution for the Diffusion
ehusetts, 74 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 737.                  of Knowledge, accommodated in a handsome Grecian ediPRESCOTT, a post-village, capital of Pierce co., Wisconsin, frice, and justly regarded as one of the greatest ornaments
at the confluence of the St. Croix with the Mississippi River, of the place; and various public libraries. The benevolent
about 260 miles above Dubuque. It contains several taverns  institutions include several benefit and provident instituand stores.                                                 tions, a dispensary, ladies' charity, visiting and Saniaritan
PRES/COTT, a county of Canada West, situated at its E. societies, &c.
extremity, is bounded by the Ottawa River on the N., and    The original staple manufacture of the town was linen,
comprises an area of 475 square miles. Capital, L'Original.  which is still woven to some extent, but has been completely
Pop. 10,487.                                                eclipsed by that of cotton, which, first introduced in 1777,
PRESCOTT, a post-town of Canada West, situated in the  now employs 54 mills for spinning and weaving, and annuunited counties of Leeds and Grenville, on the St. Lawrence  ally consumes above 150,000 bales of cotton. The other
River, 130 miles S.W. of Montreal, and 12 miles from Brock- principal mills are-six for worsted, two for flax, and a
ville. It has agencies of 6 assurance companies, 4 churches, large steam saw-mill. There are also several machine-shops
about 20 stores, and 1 iron foundry and machine shop. A  on an extensive scale, iron and brass foundries, breweries
newspaper is published here. Pop. about 2400.               and malting establishments, roperies, tanneries, &c. The
PRESEGLIE, pr4-sAl'yA, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- trade is greatly facilitated by the river, which, by means of
vince, and 12 miles N.E. of Bi-escia.,,op. 1254.           dredging and many expensive improvements, has been renPRESERVA/TION HAR/BOR, a fine bay of New Zealand, dered navigable, at ordinary springs, for vessels of 300 tons,
near the S.W. extremity of the Middle Island. Lat. 460 S., to Preston Quays, where extensive bonding warehouses
ion. 1660 30' E.                                            have. been erected; and also by extensive railway communiPRESHI/UTE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts,            cation, by which the-town has been brought into immediate
PRESVIDENT FUR/NACE, a post-office of Venango co., connection with the most important inland localities. The
Pennsylvania.                                               principal imports are corn from Ireland, iron firom Scotland,
PRESIDIO  DE SAO JOAO (Sio Jobo) BAPTISTA, pr&- and timber from  the Baltic and America. In 1851, the
seefde-o dA SewNG zho-wcNG bdp-tisftA, a town of Brazil, pro- vessels registered at the port were, under 50 tons, 73 sailing
vince of Minas Gerses, 110 miles E.S.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. vessels, carrying 2695 tons, and 3 steamers, carrying 85 tons;
of the district, 4000.                                      and above 50 tons, 43 sailing vessels, carrying 4117 tons, and
PRESLES, prail, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut,  3 steamers, carrying 456 tons. In the coasting trade, 572
36 miles E. of Mons. It is supposed to be the locality where  vessels (29,314 tons) entered, and 791 (37,037 tons) cleared;
Julius Cesar (B. c. 57) defeated the Nervii, of whom 60,000  in the foreign trade the vessels entered were 30, (3001 tons,)
perished. Pop. 949.                                         and cleared also 30, (3004 tons.)
PRESNOGORVSK,  pr3s-no-goavsk1, or PRESNOGOR-    Preston is said to have risen on the decay of Ribchester,
KOVSKAIA, prs8-no-goa-kov-skVA, a fort of Asiatic Russia, the Roman Rigodunuem, situated about 11 miles farther up
government of Omsk, on the Upper Tobol, 145 miles W. of  the river. Its name, originally Priests' Town, it owed to
Petropaulovski, forming a post of the military line of Ishim. the number of religious houses which it contained. In
PRESNOVSKATA, prl[s-nov-skil, another fort of the same 1323 it was taken and burnt down by Robert Bruce. Every
line, 80 miles W. of Petropaulovski.                       twentieth year, a jubilee, called "Preston Guild," is held
PRESQUE ISLE, presk'eel/, (i. e. "peninsula,") an unor- here for a month from the last week in August. It returns
ganized county in the N.E. part of Michigan, bordering on  two members to Parliament, and is governed by a mayor, 11
Lake Huron. Area, estimated at 700 square miles. The sur- other aldermen, and 36 councillors. The only native of the
face has but little elevation above the lake. It includes a  town deserving of special mention is Sir Richard Arkwright,
peninsula extending into Lake Huron, whence its name.    the inventor of the " spinning-jenny."
PRESQUE ISLE, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.        PRESTON, a parish of England. co. of Dorset.
PRESQUE ISLE, Pennsylvania. See ERIe.                       PRESTON, two parishes of England, co. of Gloucester.
PRESSATH, prlsfsst, a walled market-town of Bavaria,   PRESTON, two parishes of England, co. of Kent.
20 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1756.                         PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
PRESSBURG, a town of Hungary. See PREs   0G.                PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
PRESTBURY, prestfber-ree, a parish of England, co., and    PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
34 miles E.N.E. of Chester, and with a station on the Man-    PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
chester and Macclesfield Railway, 2 miles N. of Macclesfield.    PRESTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Biding.
PRESTBURY, a parish of E-rnglaud, co. of Gloucester.        PRESTON, a decayed village of Scotland, co. of HaddingPRESTEIGNE, prls't~nt,aparliamentary borough, market-  ton, 8 miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 57.
town, and parish of England and Wales, cos. of Hereford    PRESTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh, 5 miles
and Radnor, on the Lugg, 12 miles W.N.W. of Leominster. E.S.E. of Dalkeith.
Pop. of borough in 1851, 1617. The town, pleasantly situ-   PRES/TON, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, borderated and neatly built, has an endowed school, a county  ing on Pennsylvania and Maryland, contains nearly 800
sessions-house, a jail and house of correction, and at its N. square miles. It is drained by the Cheat River. The surend a circular mound laid out in public walks, and sur- face is mostly occupied by a valley which is enclosed by
mounted by a pavilion. It unites with Radnor in sending  Chestnut Ridge on the W., and the Alleghany Ridge on the
1 member to the House of Commons.                           E. The soil produces excellent pasture, and in some parts
PRESITON, a parliamentary borough and market-town  grain succeeds well. Limestone. sandstone, and slate, alterof England, co. of Lancaster, 28 miles N.E. of Liverpool,  nate with beds of coal4 iron ore is abundant. The streams
agreeably situated on a height above the right bank of the  afford a vast amount of water-power-. The Baltimore and
Ribble, near the head of its estuary, and on the North Union  Ohio Railroad, which has recently bedn opened through this
and several other branch railways. Pop. of the borough in  section, has given an impulse to the improvement of the
1851, 69,550.  The principal streets, though irregularly  county. Formed in 1818, and named in honor of James B"
formed, are spacious, and provided with side parapets. The  Preston, at that time governor of Virginia. Capital, Kinghouses are almost all substantially built of brick, and the  wood. Pop. 11,708, of whom 11,621 were free, and 87 slaves.
whole town is well lighted with gas. The environs exhibit   PRESTON, a post-village and township of New London
much pleasing scenery, are adorned with numerous hand- co., Connecticut, 44 miles E.S.E. of Hartford. Pop. 1842.
some villas, and furnish several fine public walks. The ec-    PRESTON, a post-township near the centre of Chenango
clesiastical edifices include 10 churches and 20 Dissenting  co., New York, on Chenango River. Pop. 1082.
chapels. Among the former, Christ Church is admired for   PRESTON, a post-village and township of Wayne co.,
the purity of its Norman style; and the parish church is Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. by W. of Honesdale. Pop. 875.
now (1853) being rebuilt in the Decorated style of the four-   PRESTON, a post-office of Yallobusha co., Mississippi.
teenth century, with a spire 196 feet high. Among the    PRESTON, a thriving post-village of Grayson co., Texas,
Dissenting chapels are 5 Roman Catholic, 3 Baptist, 2 Inde- on Red River, about 18 miles N. of Sherman, the county
pendent, 2 Wesleyan Methodist, and one each of the Hun- seat. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, and is the
tingdon Methodists, Primitive Methodists, Associate Method- principal shipping point for the county.
ists, Primitive Episcopalians, Swedenbo-gian, and Unitarian.   PRESTON, a village of Wharton co, Texas, 41 miles N. of
The Mormons or Latter-Day Saints have also a place of  Matafgorda.
153e




PRE                                                      PRI
PRESTON, a post-office of Pulaski co., Arkansas.'         PRTAMAN, pre- -manf, a maritime town of Sumatra, on
PRESTON, a village of Carroll co., Kentucky, on' the Ohio  its W. coast, 20 miles N. of Padang.
River, just below the mouth of the Kentucky River, which    PRIBYLOV, PRIBYLOW, pre-be-lovl, or PRIIBYLOFFf IS.
separates it from Carrollton.                             LANDS, a group in Behring Sea, lat. 570 N., ion,. 1700 W.,
PRESTON, a post-office of Hamilton Co., Ohio.           and consisting of the islands of St. Paul and St. George,
PRESTON, a township of Platte co., Missouri. Pop. 1270. with several islets. They were discovered hy the Russian
PRESTON, a township of Washington co., Wisconsin. navigator Pribylov in 1786, since which time three millions
Pop. 504.                                                 of sea-bear skins are reported to have been taken on them,
PRESTON, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon.             besides otter and seal skins.
PRESMTON, a town of Canada East, co. of Waterloo, with    PRICE, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. P. 428.
a Lutheran and a Roman Catholic church, a flour mill, die-   PRICE, a post-office of Huntingdon Co., Indiana.
tillery, pottery, tannery, and three breweries. A newspaper   PRICEIBURG, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
is published here. The inhabitants are chiefly Germans.   PRICE'S CHURCH, A post-office of Amelia co., Virginia.
Pop. in 1852, 1180.                                         PRICEFTOWN, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania,
PRESITON-BAGIOTT, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. 10 miles N.E. of Reading.
PRESITON-BISfSETT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.    PRICETOWN, a poet-office of Highland co., Ohio.
PRESITONBURG, a poet-village, capital of Floyd co., Ken-    PRICEIVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.
tucky, on the West Fork of Big Sandy River, about 120    PRIDIDY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
miles E.S.E. of Lexington. Pop. about 200.                  PRIDDY'S HARD, an islet in Portsmouth harbor, off the
PRESTON CAPE, a headland of Northwest Australia.    N. side of Gosport. On it is a powder-magazine.
PRESTON CAPES, parish of England, co. of Northampton.   PRIDROISK, pre-drolskf, a market-town of Russian PoPRESTON DEAN/ERY, a parish of England, co. of North- land, government of Yitebsk, 19 miles W.N.W. of Drissa.
ampton.                                                  Pop. 1500.
PRESTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.       PRIEBUS, preelboos, a town of Prussian Silesia, 57 miles
PRESTON GUBIBALS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.  W.N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Neisse. Pop. 1002.
PRESTON-oN-TO-re-HILL, aparishof England, co. of Chester.   PRIEGO, pre-Aigo, a town of Spain, province, and 36 miles
PRESTON HOLLOW, a poet-village of Albany co., New  S.E. of Cordova, in the Sierra do Algarrinejo. Pop. 13,454.
York, on Catskill Creek, about 30 miles.W.S.W. of Albany. It has 14 public fountains, an old castle, and Roman and
It has 2 churches, 4 stores, a flouring mill and tannery. Moorish remains.
Pop. about 150.                                            PRIEGO, a town of Spain, province, and 24 miles N.N.W.
PRESITONKTRK, a pa-ish of Scotland, co. of Iladdington. of Cnenca. Pop. 1200.
It has an old castle, formerly the property of the Earl of   PRIEILAMAN'S, a poet-office of Franklin co., Virginia.
Bothwell.                                                  PRIEPOL, pre-Ypol, or PREPOL, prAlpol, a town of EuroPRESTON LONG, a parish of England, co. of York, West pean Turkey, in Bosnia, 50 miles W.N.W. of Novi-Bazar.
Riding.                                                   Pop. 2000.
PRES'TONPANSP, a burgh of barony, seaport town, and    PRIEST'HOLM,  or PFIFOIN, an islet of North Wales, co.,
Parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington, on the Frith of Forth, and off the N.E. coast of Anglesey, about one mile from the
8  miles E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of the town in 1851, 1640. shore. It is frequented by numerous sea-birds, and has
Its port, Morrison's Haven, is half a mile W. of the town, some rabbit-warrens.
Near it was fought the battle between the Royalist army    PRIESTWICK, a burgh of Scotland. See PRESTWIcK.
and the Pretender's, in 1745.                              PRILOOKA, PRILOUKA or PRILUKA, pre-loofk&, a marPRESITON  QUARITER, a township of England, co. of  ket-town of Russia, government of Kiev, 20 miles S. of
Cumberland.                                              Makhnovka. Pop. 1150.
PRESTON QUARTER, a parish of England, co. of North-   PRILOOKI, PRILOUKI or PRILUKI, pre-lootkee, a town
umberland.                                               of Russia, government, and 121 miles N.W. of Poltava. Pop.
PRESITON RIVIER, of West Australia, district of Welling-  5250.
ton, after a N.W. course enter' Leschenault Bay, S.W. of   PRIMALUNA, pre-m.-loofnd, a village and parish of
Australind.                                              Austrian Italy, province of Como, 3 miles N.W. of Introbbio,
PRESTON-ox-STOUR, a parish of Englaud, co. Gloucester. on the Pioverna. Pop. 1460.
PRESITONVILLE. a post-office of Carroll co., Kentucky.   PRIMERO, premAlro, a river of South America, in Buenos
PRESTON-oN-THE-WILD-MOORS, a parish,of England, co. Ayres, rises in the province and N.W. of Cordova, and, after
of Salop.                                                a course of about 130 miles, is lost in a marshy lake.
PRESTON-os-WYE, a parish of England, Co. of Hereford.   PRIMISLAU, primis-l1w, or PRZIBISLAW, pzhe-be-sl~vf,
PREST/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.     a town of Bohemia, 28 miles S.E. of Czaslan. Pop. 2000.
PREST/WICK or PRIESTIWICK, a burgh of barony of   PRIMKENAU, primlkeh-n~w', a town of Prussia, in SiScotland, co. of Ayr, 1 miles S.S.W. of Monktown. P. 1200. lesia, government, and N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1519.
PRESTWOLD or PRESTWOULD, prest/wmld, a parish of   PRIM/ROSE, a poet-village of Lee co., Iowa, 80 miles S.
England, co. of Leicester.                               by W. of Iowa City.
PRETO, prA/to, a river of Brazil, in the province of Mines   PRIMROSE, a post-village and township of Dane co., WisGeraes, flows B., and unites with the Pa-rahiba-do-Sul. Total consin, about 24 miles S.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches,
course, 150 miles.                                       and about 250 inhabitants. Pop. of the township, 334.
PRETO, a river of Brazil, rises in the S.E. part-of the pro-   PRINCE AL/BERT, a village of Canada West, co. of York,
vince of Goyaz, flows W.N.W. and joins the Maranh-io. 46 miles N. of Toronto. It contains 2 or 3 hotels, and seveTotal course, 150 miles.                                 ral stores and saw mills. Pop. about 200.
PRETO, a river of Brazil, joins the Rio Grands on the left,   PRINCE CHARLES' ISLAND, off the W. coast of Spitz100miles aboveitsjunction with the S'ao Francisco. Length, bergen, is in lat. 780 30' N., ion. 110 E.
100 miles.                                                 PRINCE ED/WARD, a county in the S.S.E. part of VirPRETSCH, pritch, or PRETZSCH, pritsh, a town of Prus- ginia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded
sian Saxony, 43 miles N.E. of Merseburg, on the Elbe. Pop. on the N. by Appomattox River, and drained by Harris,
1850.                                                    Briery, Bush, and Sandy Creeks. The surface is somewhat
PRTITTIN, prkt-teenl, a town of Prussian Saxony, 45 miles diversified; the soil is naturally good, but impoverished in
E.N.E. of Mereeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 10130.            some decree by a bad system of cultivation. Copper, stone
PRETSCOH, a town of Prussian Saxony. See PanEcec.   coal, and marl, are found. This county is intersected by
PREUILLY, pruh'ee'yeef or pruh'eel'yee', a town of France, two lines of railway leading to Richmond, Danvills, and
department of Indreet-Loire, 10 miles SW. of Loches.   Pop. Lynchburg. Capital, Prince Edward Court-House. Pop.
In 1852, 2374.                                           11,857, of whom 4665 were free, and 7192 slaves.
PREUSSEN, a kingdom of Europe. See PRUsSIA.              PRINCE EDWARD, a poet-office of Gilmer co., Georgia,
PRE'USSISCI-HOLLAND, proistsish-holflant, a town of 160 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
East Prussia, 56 niles S.W. of KMniiisberg. Pop. 3465.     PRINCE EDWARD, a county of Canada West, situated
PREVESA,e prAvNA-si, or PREVISA, a fortified town of on the N. of Lake Ontario, comprising an area of 314 square
European Turkey, in Epirus, on the N. side of the entrance  miles. It is mostly composed of a peninsula nearly surto the Gulf of Arta, 18 miles S.W. of Arta. Lat. 380 56' N., rounded by Lake Ontario and several small bays. Capital,
ion. 200 44' E. Pop. about 4000. It is defended by a few  Picton. Pop. 18,887.
forte, meanly built, partly out of the ruins of Nicopolis, 3   PRINCE EDWARD COURT-HOUSE, a small post-village,
miles northward,                                         capital of Prince Edward co., Virginia, 75 miles W.S.W. of
PREVESA, BAY OF, between the sea and the Gulf of Richmond. It contains, besides the county building, 1 or 2
Arta, is about 4 miles in length,                        churches, and 2 academies.
PREVWITT'S KNOB, a poet-office of Barren co., Kentucky.   PRINCE EDWA  D ISLAND, formerly called the ISLAND
PREZ-EN-PAIL, prAz 8N3 pal, a market-town of France, OF ST. JOHN, (Fr. Isle de Msint Jean, eel dfh sANo zh8NG,)
department, and 21 miles N.E. of Mayenne. Pop. in 1852, a large island of British America, in the S. part of Gulf of St.
37136. It has a large market for cattle.                 Lawrence, H. of Cape Breton; let. 450 50, to 470 20' N., Ion. 620
to 640 20' V.; washed by the gulf on the N., and sepa-ated by
* "Remember the moment when PRRvEsA fell,             Northumberland Strait from NeowBrunswvick on the E., and
The shrieks of the conquered and eonqueror's yell.,'  Nova Scotia on the S.; greatest length, measured on a line
Childe Harold, cents ii.    curving through its centre, about 130 miles. Its greatest
4 W                                                                                       1537




PRI                                                            PRI
breadth is 34 miles; in its narrowest part near the centre it is  62,348. An academy endowed with 2001. annually, and a
only 4 miles wide. The coast-line presents a remarkable suc- national school, are established at Charlotte Town; 13771. were
cessionof large bays and projectingheadlands.  Of the latter  expended upon the latter in 1851.  There has recently been
the most prominent are NorthCape on the N.W., West Cape  established throughout the island a system of free schools,
on the S.W., and East Cape on the N.E.; the largest bays are  the number of which amount to about 160; for their support
those of Richmond on the N.W., Egmont on the S.W., Hills- 60001. were appropriated in 1853, The revenue of the island
borough on the S., and Cardigan on the E. These bays, by  in 1852, amounted toq 15,2641., and in 1853, to 20,855, while
penetrating into the land from  opposite directions, form  the expenditures reached only 14,8561.
narrow isthumses, which make a natural division of the    In the latter end of the year 1852, telegraphic communicaisland into three distinctpeninsulas. Thisnaturaldivision  tion was established between Prince Edward Island, the
has been adopted as the basis of a nearly corresponding  neighboring province, and the United States, by means of a
civil division  into Prince's county in the W., Queen's  submarine cable, extending from Cape Travers to Cape Toscounty in the centre, and King's county in the E. The  mentina, in New Brunswick, a distance of only 9 miles.
surface undulates gently, nowhere rising so high as to be-  The distance from  Charlotte Town to Cape Travers is 27
come mountainous, or sinking so low as to form  a mono- miles and important communications have been regularly
tonous flat. At one time the whole island was covered with  passing by this route to and from the farthest extremity of
a dense forest of beech, birch, maple, popular, spruce, fir,  the American continent. Wires are also extended from
hemlock, larch, and cedar; and though destructive fires,  Charlotte Town to the E. point of the island, upwards of 50
lumbering, and cultivation have made large gaps in it, a  miles, and from thence a submarine cable is soon to commaconsiderable part of the original forest still remains. The  nicate with Newfoundland-a distance of 150 miles.
whole island is eminently agricultural and pastoral. The    Who discovered Prince Edward Island is not accurately
soil consists generally of a light reddish loam, sometimes  known; but Cabot is supposed to have seen it immediately
approaching to a strong clay, but more frequently of a light  after he had discovered Newfoundland.  Champlain gives it
and sandy texture. The prevailing rock is a reddish sand-  the name of ST. JoHN, by which it continued long to be
stone, but a large part of the surface is alluvial, and entirely  designated, and accurately describes both its situation and
free from stone. No minerals of the least consequence have  extent. It was afterwards included by the French in their
yet been discovered, and even limestone and gypsum appear  vast and undefined territory of New France, and in 1663
to be wanting.                                                was granted as a feudal tenure to a Sieur Doublet, a French
The climate is much milder than that of the adjoining  naval officer. Little progress was made in settlingthe island
continent, and the air, generally free from  the fogs which  till after the peace of Utrecht in 1715, when its fertility alspread along the shores of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, is  lured great numbers of Acadians from Cape Breton. It was
remarkably salubrious. The winter is long and cold; but  taken by the British in 1745, restored by the peace of Aixthe summer, without being oppressively hot, is eminently  la-Chapelle, retaken, and finally annexed to Britain in 1758.
fitted to promote the growth and maturity of all the ordinary  Pop. in 1841, 47,034; in 1848, 62,678, and in 1854, the Lieu.
cereals. Throughout the greater part of July, August, and  tenant-Governor of the island estimates it at 90,000.
September, the thermometer during the hotter hours of the    PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, an island of Upper Canada,
day seldom  varies more than from 750 to 800 Fahrenheit,  Midland district, on the W. side of Lake Ontario, separated
while the night air is soft, wholesome, and agreeable. The  from the mainland by the bay of QuintS. Length, 36 miles;
principal crops are wheat, barley, and oats, all of these  breadth very irregular, and varies to 20 miles.
abundant and of excellent quality; pease and beans are    PRINCE FREDERICK HARBOR, an inlet on the N.W.
equally good, and potatoes and turnips are nowhere sur- coast of Australia; lat.15o S., Ion. 1250 E. Coasts steep, and
passed.  According to the census of 1848, the quantity  full of islets.
of arable land then under cultivation was 215,389 acres.    PRINCE FREDERICK SOUND, in Russian America, is in
The produce raised was as follows:-wheat, 219,787 bushels; lat. 570 6' N., Ion. 1330 48' W.
barley, 75,521 bushels; oats, 746,383 bushels; potatoes,   PRINCE FREDIERICKTOWN, a post-village, capital of
731,575 bushels; turnips, 153,933 bushels; clover-seed, 14,900  Calvert co., Maryland, 35 miles S. by W. of Annapolis.
pounds; and hay, 45,128 tons. The stock of the island    PRINCE GEORGE, a county in the S. part of Maryland,
comprised, 12,845 horses, 49,310 neat cattle, 92,875 sheep, bordering on the District of Columbia, and on the Potomac
and 19,683 hogs. The fisheries of PrinceEdward Island are  River, which separates it from Virginia, contains about 600
veryproductive. In1852, upwards of 200 American schooners  square miles. The Potomac washes its western border, the
were in one of the harbors of the island. The textile  Patuxent forms its boundary on the E. and N.E.; it is also
manufactures are chiefly confined to linen and flannels for  drained by the West Branch of Patuxent River, and by,domestic use. In 1848, there were 27 carding mills, 13 brew-  Anacosta and Piscataway Creeks. The surface is moderately
eries and distilleries, 116 grist mills, 139 saw mills, and 246  hilly; the soil is generally productive. In 1850, this county
threshing machines. Ship-building has within a few years,  produced more tobacco than any other in the Union, and
become a very important branch of industry.  In 1849, there  more Indian corn than any other in the state. The quantiwere built in the island 88 vessels-tons, 15,902; in 1850, 93  ties raised were 1,590,045 bushels of corn; 8.380,851 pounds
vessels-tons, 14,367; and in 1851, 89 vessels-tons, 15,677. of tobacco.  The underlying strata are shell, marl, and
A large proportion of the vessels built here are sold in New-  cemented.. and resembling sandstone; large quantities of
foundland, for seal and other fisheries. December 31, 1851, iron are found. The county is intersected by the Baltimore
323 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 31,410 tons arrived  and Washington Railroad.  Organized in 1695. Capital,
in the island.                                                Upper Marlborough. Pop. 21,549, of whom 10,039 were free,
The annexed table exhibits the extent of the commerce of  and 11,510 slaves.
Prince Edward Island, and the countries with which it is    PRINCE GEORGE, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia,
carried on:-                                                  has an area of about 300 square miles. James River forms
its northern boundary; the Appomattox flows along its N.W.
1849.               1850.        border until it enters the former stream, aqd it is also
Countries.      ].                                   drained by the sources of Blackwater River. The surfhce
]Imports. Expro~ts. Imports_[E xports.
prta.  Exprts. Iports.   xports.  is moderately hilly; the soil of middling quality.  The
Unitsd Kingdom........ 2.$192,030   $852,s5  8219 29,808  $04,996  Appomattox Railroad passes along the border of the county,
B. N. American Colonies... 300,280  174,940  308,409  181,343  and James River is navigable by steamboats in this part of
British West Indies........   1,140    2,53   565    4,165  its course. Capital, Prince George Court-House.  Pop. 7596,
United States.s....."........   82,580   32,410   40,600   55,085  of whom 3188 were free, and 4408 slaves.
Total.............  $576,0-40 592,115 $600,475 $325,989   PRINCE GEORGE COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Prince George co., Virginia, 24 miles S.S.E. of RichThe total value of exports in 1851 was $360,465. The prin-  mend.
cipal articles sent to the United States this year, were 222,109    PRINCE HENRY ISLAND.  ee PrINacE WnLAtAI H.ENRY
bushels of oats, 17,929 of barley, 45,942 of potatoes, 3090 of  ISLAND.
turnips, 1700 pounds of wool, 1786 barrels of pickled fish,    PRINCE LE/OPOLD ISLAND, in British North America,
650 quintals of dried fish, 60 cwt. of iron, and 2215 hackmatace  is at the W. end of Barrow Strait. Lat. 740 5t N., Ion. 900 W.
knees. The total value of exports to the United States in    PRINCE  OF  WALES  ARCHIPELVAGO, in  Russian
1851, amounted to $119,236.                                    America, is mostly between lat. 540 25' and 560 30' N., and
Prince Edward Island is considered as a dependency of  Ion. 1320 and 1340 W., 40 miles N. of Queen Charlotte Is.
Canada, but in the civil administration of its affairs acts as  land.
an independent government.  It is administered by an    PRINCE  OF WALES ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean,
executive, usually composed of nine members, wholly nomi- Low Archipelago, is in 1at. 150 16' 30" S., Ion. 1470 22' W.,
aated by the Crown. The legislature, composed of six  and called also DEAN, or OANNA ISLAND.
members, is also nominated by the Crown; but the Assem-    PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, an island of Malay Archibly, consisting of 24 members, is chosen by the people. pelago, in the Strait of Sunda, between Java and Sumatra,
Justice is administered according to the law of Eingland.  lat. 6~ 30' S., ion. 105~ 12' E. On it is a town named SamaThe total number of churches in 1848, was 109; attended  dang.
by the various religious denominations, as follows: Roman    PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, a group in the Torres
Catholics, 27,147; Church of England, 6530; Church of  Strait, off Cape York, at the N.E. extremity of the Gulf of
Scotland, 9895; Dissenters, 10,507: Wesleyan Methodists, Carpentaria.  Lat. 100 20' S.
8659, Baptists, 2900; other denominations,  1710; total,    PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, British India. See PENAN,
1538




PRI                                                        PRI
PRINCE REfGENT BAY, on the W. coast of Greenland, tucky, about 230 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort.  It is sur.
Is in lat. 760 N., Ion. 660 W.                            rounded by a fertile region, and has considerable trade.
PRINCE REGENT INLET, in British North America, It is the seat of Cumberland College, founded in 1825, and
between lat. 720 and 740 N., lou. 880 and 950 W., leads from  contains 4 churches, an academy, and a bank. Two newsBarrow Strait into Boothia Gulf, and was discovered in 1819. papers are published here. Pop. in 1853, about 1500.
PRINCE REGENT RIVER, in Northwestern Australia,   PRINCETON, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 21 miles
enters the Indian Ocean in lat. 150 171 S., ion. 1240 50' E.    N. by E. of Cincinnati.
PRINCE RUIPERT BAY, in British West Indies, is on    PRINCETON, a small village of Mahoning co., Ohio.
the N.W. coast of the island of Dominica, bounded north-   PRINCETON, a thriving post-village, capital of Gibson
ward by Prince Rupert's Head, and has the town of Ports- co., Indiana, on the Evansville and Vincennes Railroad, 28
mouth on its E. coast.                                    miles S. of Vincennes. The situation is fine, and the surPRINICES, a county occupying the N.W. part of Prince  rounding country is highly productive.  Princeton has 5
Edward Island. Capital, Princetown. Pop. in 1848, 15,142. churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 seminaries. Pop. in
PRINCE'S ISLAND, an island of Malay Archipelago, at 1850, 806; in 1853, about 1000.,
the S. entrance to the Strait of Sunda.                     PRINCETON, a post-village, capital of Bureau co. IlliPRINCE'S ISLAND, (Port. leha do Psqscipe, eelyA do nois, in a fertile prairie, on the Military Tract Railroad, 65
preentse-pi,) an island belongingto Portugal, in the bight of miles N. of Peoria. Two newspapers are issued here.
Biafra, Gulf of Guinea, 140 miles S.S.W. of Fernando Po.   PRINCETON, a village of Cass co., Illinois, 30 miles W.
Lat. 10 39' N., lon. 70 26' E. Length, from N. to S., 10 miles; by N. of Springfield.
breadth, 5 miles. Surface mountainous, and in the centre    PRINCETON, a post-village, capital of Mercer co., Missouri,
it rises to 3000 feet in height. Good crops of coffee and pro- about 160 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.
visions are raised; but not many years ago the principal   PRINCETON, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, on the
trade of the inhabitants was said to be in slaves. Chief Mississippi River, about 21 miles above Davenport.
fort and harbor, St. Antonio, on its E. coast.              PRINCETON, a post-village of Marquette co., Wisconsin,
PRINCES' ISLANDS, (Gr. Aqpovipocs, D&lsnjsoi,) Sea of 38 miles W. by N. of Fond du Lac.
Marmora, 13 miles S. of Constantinople, near the coast of   PRINCEITOWN, a post-township of Schenectady co., New
Asia Minor, consisting of 9 islands, the largest being PeiN- York, 20 miles N.W. of Albany. It has an academy with
Iros and CHALKL. Surface mountainous, with fertile val- 250 students. Pop. 1031.
leys, in which corn, fruits, and wine are raised, and cattle    PRINCEITOWN, a seaport town of Prince Edward Island,
are reared for consumption in the Turkish capital. Nu- capital of Prince co., on the S. side of the entrance to Richmerous visitors resort to them, attracted by the beauty of  mend Bay, 35 miles N.W. of Charlotte Town.
their scenery and agreeable climate.                        PRINCEIVILLE, a thriving post-village of Peoria co.,
PRINICESS ANNE, a county forming the S.E. extremity  Illinois, 20 miles N.W. of Peoria. Pop. In 1853, about 500.
of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina and the Atlantic.   PRINCE WILILIAM, a county in the N.E. part of VirThe area is about 420 square miles. The Chesapeake Bay  ginia, contains about 325 square miles.  The Potomac
washes its N. border; Cape Henry forms the N.E. extremity. River forms its boundary on the S.E., and the Occoqouan on
The surface is level; the soil sandy. Large quantities of  the N.E.; it is also drained by Cedar Run, Broad Run, and
firewood and lumber (pine and cypress) are procured from  Quaiitico Creek. The surface is hilly, especially near the
the forests for the Norfolk market. Formed from Norfolk in  Potomac; the soil is sandy. The county is intersected by
1691. Capital, Princess Anne Court-House. Pop. 7669, of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and in part by the
whom 4539 were flee, and 3130 slaves.                     Maqassa's Gap Railroad. Formed in 1730. Capital, BrentsPRINCESS ANNE, a post-village, capital of Somerset co., ville. Pop. 8129, of whom 5631 were free, and 2498 slaves.
Maryland, on Manokin River, near the head of tide-water   PRINCE WILLIAM, a post-office of Carroll co., Indiana.
and navigation, 18 miles from its mouth, and about 100    PRINCE WILLIAM  HEN/RY, or LOSTANGE! ISLAND,
miles S.E. of Annapolis. It contains a brick court-house, a  an island of the South Pacific Ocean, in the Low Archijail, bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several churches.    pelago; lat. (N.E. point) 180 431 S., lon. 1410 42' WV.
PRINCESS ANNE COURT-IHOUSE, a post-village, capital   PRINCE WILLIAM HENRY, or MATTHIAS, ma-thifgs,
of Princess Anne co., Virginia, 137 miles S.E. of Richmond. an island of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. of New ilanover; lat.
It contains 2 churches.                                    1~ 28' S., lon. 1490 E., 60 miles in circumference.
PRINCESS CHARLOTTE (sharflpt) BAY, on the N.E.   PRINCE WILLIAM  ISLAND, an island of the Feejee
coast of Australia, is in lat. 140 29' S., Ion. 1440 E., and has group, in the Pacific Ocean.
a breadth of 30 miles. Over its head is a level-topped hill,   PRINCE WILLIAMl SOUND, in Russian America, on its
named by Captain Cook, Jones' Table Laud.                 S. coast, between lat. 600 and 610 20' N., and Ion. 1460 and
PRINCESS ROYVAL IIARMBOR, in West Australia, die- 148~ W.  It contains Montague Island, and numerous
trict of Plantagenet, a bay of King George's Sound, capable  smaller islands, but is without a good harbor.
of receivin,  the largest ships. On its N. side is the town    PRINCIPATO CITItA, prin-che-p/to cheeftrY, a maritime
of Albany.                                                province of the kingdom  of Naples, extending along the
PRINCESS ROYAL ISLANDS, are situated in British  Mediterranean, comprises an area of 2271 square miles. The
North America, in the Pacific Ocean, N. of Vancouver Island. Sele River, a considerable stream, passes through this proPRINCETON, prinssftgn, a post-township of Washington  vince, and with its aeffluents waters many fertile valleys,
co., Maine, 140 miles N.E. by E. of Aiugusta. Pop. 280.   covered with luxuriant vegetation. Chief city, Salerno.
PRINCETON, a post-township of Worcester co., Massa- -Pop. in 1850, 558,809.
chusetts, 45 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 1318.           PRINCIPATO ULTRA, prin-che-pdto oolitrY, an inland
PRINCETON, a post-township of Schenectady co., New  province of the Kingdom of Naples, contiguous to the above,
York. See PRINCETOWN.                                     comprises an area of 1362 square miles. The surface is mounPRINCETON, a pleasant post-borough of Princeton town- tainous, and is well watered by the Calore, Biferno, and
ship, Mercer co., New Jersey, 40 miles N.E. of Philadelphia, Tamnaro Rivers. Chief town, Avellino. Pop. in 1850, 383,414.
and 10 miles N.E. of Trenton. It is situated on an elevated    PRINCIPE IMPERIAL, preenfse-pA eem-pA-re-ill, a small
ridge which rises by long and gradual acclivity, and com- town of Brazil, province of Piaulii, 105 miles N.E. of Oeiras.
mands an extensive prospect towards the E. The New Jer-    PRINCIP'IO, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.
sey Railroad and the Delaware and Raritan Canal pass    PRINCIPIO (prin-siple-o) FURNACE, a post-office of Cecil
about 1 mile S.E. of the town. It is the seat of the Prince- co., Maryland.
ton College, which ranks among the first literary institu-   PRINGLE'S CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Laudertions of the country, and was founded by the Presbyterians  dale co., Mississippi.
at Elizabethtown in 1746, and removed to Princeton in    PRINKIPOS, prinlke-pos, PAPA-ADASSI, pap&-A-dastsee,
1757. The college edifice, called Nassau I-all, is 176 feet or PAPA DONISIA, p4pd do-neelse-A, a town of Turkey, on
long, 50 feet wide, and 4 stories high. Princeton contains  an island of the same name of the group of Prince's Islands
several churches, a bank, and a theological seminary of the  in the Sea of lMarmora, 12 miles S.E. of Constantinople. Pop.
Presbyterian Church, founded about the year 1813.  A  3000.
weekly newspaper. and the Princeton Review, a literary    PRIOCCA, pre-oktkl, a village of North Italy, in Piedand religious periodical of high character, are published  mont, division of Cono, 23 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 1933.
here. A battle was fought here, January 3, 1777, between    PRIOLA, pre-oll, a village of North Italy, province, and
Washington ann Colonel Mawhood. Pop. of the township, 14 miles S.S.E. of Mondovi, on the Tanaro. Pop. 1515.
3021; of the borough, 2500.                                 PRIIOR, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry.
PRINCETON, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.   PRIOR'S LEE, a chapelry of England, co. of Salop.
PRINCETON, a post-village, capital of Mercer co., Vir-   PRIPETS or PRIPET, (Polish, Prypec, prip/6ts,) a river
ginia, 270 miles W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches.       of Russian Poland, chiefly in the government of Minsk,
PRINCETON, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.       after a N. and E. course of 350 miles, joins the Dnieper, on
PRINCETON, a post-borough, capital of Washington co., the W., 43 miles N. of Kiev. It is navigable from its mouth
Mississippi, on Mississippi River, 90 miles N.W. of Jackson. to Pinsk.
PRINCETON, a township of Dallas co., Arkansas. Pop.   PRIPRI, preetpree, a town of Siam, on a small river, 80
1163.                                                     miles S.WV. of Bangkok.
PRINCETON, a post-village, capital of Dallas co., Arkan-    PRISREND, pris-r'ndl, or PERISERIN', a town of Eurosas. about 75 miles S. by XW. of Little Rock.             pean Turkey, in Albania, capital of a sanjak, on the Rieka,
PRINCETON, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co., Ken- 4 miles from  its confluence with the Drin, and 80 miles 
1539




PRI                                                        PRO
of Scutari. Pop. from 15,000 to 20,000. It is the see of    PRONSK, pronsk, a town of Russia, government, and 31
Greek and Roman Catholic bishops, and has a citadel, the  miles S. of Riazan, capital of a district, on the Pronia. Pop.
residence of a Turkish governor, large manufactures of fire- (including suburbs,).6700, chiefly agricultural. The town
arms, and an active trade with adjacent towns.             proper, founded in the twelfth century, and mostly built
PRISTEN, pristftn, a market-town of Russia, government of wood, has 8 churches.
of Kharkhov, 9 miles S. of Koopiansk, on the Oskol. P. 1500.   PROPHIETSTOWN, a post-village of Whitesides co., Ilii.
PRISTINA, pris-teetnd, or PIRISTINA, pe-ris-tee/nd,  a  nois, on Rock River, 15 miles from  its mouth. It has a
town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 42 miles N.N.W. fine water-power.
of Uskup. Pop. from 10,000 to 12,000. It is enclosed by earth    PROPIHA, pro-peer, or URUBU DE BAIXA, co-roo-booe
ramparts, towers, and palisades, and is said to contain hand- ds bishA, a market-town of Brazil, province, and 85 miles
some mosques, large bazaars, and some baths. Near it is N.N.E, of Sergipe, on the river Sao Francisco.
the tomb of Sultan Amurath I.                               PROPOISK, pro-poiskf, a market-town of Russia, governPRISITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         ment, and 42 miles S.E. of Moheelev. Pop. 1800.
PRITITLEWELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          PROPONTIS. See MAnRmORA.
PRITZERBE. prit/skr-beh, a town of Prussia, province,   PROSKOOROV, PROSKOUROV or PROSKUROV, prosand 8 miles N.W. of Brandenburg, on the IHavel. Pop. 1005. koo-rov/, a town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia,
PRITZWALK, pritsbit~lk, a walled town of Prussia, pro- on the Bug, 53 miles N. of Kamieniec.
vince of Brandenburg, 65 miles N.W. of Potsdam, on the    PROSNA, prostni, or PROSZNA, proshina, a river of
Domnitz. Pop. 3900.                                       Europe, after a N. course of 100 miles between Silesia and
PRIVAS, pre'vdssf, a town of France, capital of the de- Poland, joins the Warta, 38 miles S.E. of Posen.
partment of Ard~che, 26 miles S.W. of Valence. Pop. in    PROSIPECT, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, on
1852, 5258. It has manufactures of blankets and coarse Penobscot River, 52 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 2427.
woollen goods.                                              PROSPECT, a post-township of New Haven co., ConnectiPRI'VATEERI, a post-village of Sumter district, South  cut, 15 miles N. of New Haven. Matches are made here on
Carolina.                                                 an extensive scale. Pop. 666.
PRIVIETT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.              PROSPECT, a post-village of Oneida co., New York. on
PRIVITZ, pree/vits, or PRIVIDIA, pree'vee'deeOh, ih town  West Canada Creek, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Albany.: It
of North Hungary, co., and 40 miles N.E. of Neutra, with a  has an academy with about 100 students.
Piarist college, and a trade in corn. Pop. 4730.            PROSPECT, a post-borough of Butler co., Pennsylvania,
PRIZE IIILL, a small village of Johnson co., Missouri.   220 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg. Pop. 254.
PRIZIAC, pree'ze-dk/, a market-town of France, depart-   PROSPECT, a post-office of Prince Edward co., Virginia,
ment of Morbihan, 20 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 2060.      80 miles S.W. of Richmond.
PRIZZI, prit/see, a town of Sicily, province, and 28 miles    PROSPECT, a post-office of Burleson co., Texas.
S.S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 7500.                               PROSPECT, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.
PROBOLINGO, pro-bo-lin/go, or POERBOLINGO, poor-   PROSPECT, a post-township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 697.
bo-lin/go, a town and district of Java, province of Bezoeki,   PROSPECT FERRY, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
48 miles S.E. of Soerabaya.                                 PROSPECT GROVE, a post-office of Scotland co., Missouri.
PROIBY ISLAND, an island in the Pacific Ocean, belong-   PROSPECT HALL, a post-office of Bladen co., North
ing to the Friendly Isles.                                Carolina.
PROCIDA, prolche-ds, (ane. Prodchyta,) an island at the    PROSPECT HARBOR, a post-office of IHancock co., Maine.
N.W. extremity of the Bay of Naples, in South Italy, N.E.   PROSPECT HILL, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.
of Ischia, and separated from the mainland by a channel 1I    PROSPECT HILL, a post-office of Caswell co., North
miles across.  Lat. 400 45' 50" N., ion. 140 E.  Length, Carolina.
3 miles; breadth, 1i miles. It has on its S.E. side a bay,   PROSPECT HILL, a small post-village of Ray co., Mison which is the chief town of the same name, having a  souri, 26 miles N.N.E. of Independence.
royal palace, occasionally resorted to by the court, 8    PROSPECT HILL, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wischurches, a convent, and an orphan asylum, with an active  cousin, on the Milwaukee and Janesville Plank-road, 70
fishery, and a brisk coasting trade. Pop. 13,000.         miles S.E. of Madison.
PROC/TOR, a post-office of Wetzel co., Virginia.          PROSPECT LAKE, a post-office of Van Buren co., Michigan.
PROCTOR, a thriving post-village of Owsley co., Ken-    PROSIPECTVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penntucky, on the Kentucky River, at the mouth of the South  sylvania.
Fork, about 100 miles S.E. of Frankford. Bituminous coal   PROSPERrITY, a small post-village of Washington co.,
found in the adjoining hills is exported by the river. The Pennsylvania.
village has also an active trade in lumber.                 PROSPERITY, a post-office of Moore co., North Carolina.
PROCTOR, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan.          PROSPERITY, a post-village of Newberry district, South
PROCTOR'S CREEK, apost-office, Chesterfield co.Virginia. Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 7 miles
PROCTOR'S STORE, a post-office of Monroe co;, Georgia.  from Newberry. See FRoG LEVEL.
PROC/TORSVILLE, a post-village of Windsor co., Ven-   PROSPERITY, a post-office of Fallseco., Texas.
mont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 75 miles E.   PROSPERITY, a post-office of Madison co., Iowa.
of Montpelier. It contains several churches, and 1 bank.    PROSSNITZ, pross/nits, a town of Moravia, 13 miles S.W.
PROCTORSVILLE, a village of St. Bernard parish, Louisi- of Olmutz. Pop. 8000. It is enclosed by walls, has mannana, on Lake Borgne, at the E. terminus of the Mexican  factures of woollen cloth, cashmeres, linen and cotton stuffs,
Gulf Railroad.                                            and extensive distilleries and breweries.
PROCTORSVILLE, a village of Crawford co., Indiana, on    PROTA or PROTE. See PRoDANO.
Great Blue River, 110 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis.       PROTIWANOW, pro-te-Wit-novf, a village of Austria, in
PRODANO, pro-df/no, (anc. Prota or Prote,) one of the Moravia, 22 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 1136.
smaller Ionian Islands, off the WV. coast of the Morea, in    PROTOPOPOVKA or PROTOPOPOWKA, pro-to-po-pov/kg,
Greece, 12 miles N.W. ofNav.arin. Length, 2 miles; breadth, a town of Russia, government of Kharkov, on the Donetz,
1 mile.                                                   17 miles W.N.W. of Izloom. Pop. 1700.
PROENQA  NOVA, pro-Snfsl nolva, a town of Portugal,   PROTVA or PROTWA, prot/vA, a river of Russia, rises in
province of Beira Baixa, 25 miles W. of Castello Branco. the government of Smolensk, flows S.E., and joins the Oka,
Pop. 2504.                                                9 miles above Serpookhov, after a course of about 100 miles.
PROENNA  VELHTA, pro-WnosA vqllyR, a town of Portu-   PROVAGLIO, pro-vgl/yo, a village of Aushtrian Italy, progal, province of Beira Baixa, 21 miles N.E. of Castello  vince of Brescia, about 2 miles S. of Iseo. Pop. 1217.
Branco. Pop. 700.                                            PROVEN, pro/vgn, a village of Belgium, province of West
PROGIRESS, a new post-town of Camden co., New Jersey, Flanders, 33 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1584.
on the Delaware, at the mouth of Rancocas Creek, 11 miles    PR0/VEN, a small village and port on the W. coast of
above Camden. Pop. in 1854, about 500.                     Greenland, 50 miles S. of Upernavik. It is the residence
PROLOG, pro'log/, a mountain range. on the frontiers of  of a Danish royal inspector.
Dalmatia and Herzegovina, belonging to the Dinaric Alps.   PROVEN(AL, pro'v6SN'sAl/, an island in the MediterraThe loftiest peaks-Orien, 6332 feet; Dinara, 6040 feet; and  nean, off the S. coast of Asia Minor; lat. 360 10' N., lon. 330
Pastovo, 5929 feet-are covered with snow during great part 47' E.
of the year.                                                 PROVENCE, pro'v8Nsss, an old province in the S.E. part
PROME, prom, or PRI, pree, (1) a town of the Burmese do- of France, now forming the departments of Bouches-duminions, on the E. bank of the Irrawaddy, here 1 mile across, RhOne, Var, Basses-Alpes, and the E. part of Vaucluse. The
240 miles N.N.W. of Rangoon. Lat. 180 50' N., ion. 950 5' E. country which the Romans called _S-ovincia composed the
It is 15 miles in circumference, and enclosed by a brick  whole of the countries or districts beyond the limits of
wall, stockade, and ditch, outside of which are some exten- Italy, which they had brought under their dominion. In the
sive suburbs, and immediately S. several steep hills crowned  ninth century it gave name to the kingdom  of Burgundy,
with pagodas.  In 1835, the British lost here, in seven  or Provence, afterwards called Aries. Its capital was Aix.
months, by disease, 405 men, out of a force of 3021. Around  See BURGUNDY. —Adj. and inhab. PROVEN9.A, pro'v&Nbssll/.
it are many gardens and rice-grounds.                       PROVENCIO, pro-v~n/the-o, a town of Spain, in New
PROMP/TON, a post-borough of Wayne co., Pennsylvania,  Castile, province, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1332.
nn Lackawaxen Creek, 4 miles above Honesdale. Incorpo-   PROVENSALS, a village of Spain.  See SA   MARTS I
rated in 1844. Pop. in 1850, 306.                         P0ovEsNALS.
1540




PRO                                                         PRO
PROVEZENDE, pro-vA-zpn/di, a town and parish of Por- building was first opened for the reception of patients Do
tugal, province of Tras-os-Montes, 10 miles from Villa Real. comber 1, 1847. Annual expenses, from $20:000 to $25,000,
Pop. 900.                                                 The Dexter Asylum, for the accommodation of the poor, -i
PROVIDENCE, provie-denss, a county forming the N.W. located on an elevated range of land E. of the river. It is a
extremity of Rhode Island, has an area of about 380 square  substantial brick building, 170 feet long, including the
miles. It is bounded in part on the E. by Blackstone  wings, and 3 stories high. The grounds, comprising some
Riyer, and on the S. by Pawtuxet River, and is principally  40 acres, are enclosed by a stone wall, 10 feet high, and 3
drained by these streams and their branches, which afford  feet thick at the base, costing upwards of $20,000. The
extensive water-power.  The commercial facilities of this  Reform  School, established in 1850, for the discipline of
county are great, and the inhabitants are largely engaged juvenile offenders between the ages of 8 and 18, occupies
in manufactures. The surface is rough and uneven. The the building formerly known as the Tockwotton House,
soil is generally fertile and well-cultivated.  In 1850 this situated in the S.E. section of the city. It is under the
county produced 157,070 bushels of corn; 308,379 of pota- direction of a board of trustees, elected annually by the city
toes; 32,205 tons of hay; and 476,343 pounds of butter-  council, and provides accommodation for about 190 inmates.
the quantity of each being greater than that produced by  Admissions the first year, 52, of whom 49 were boys. Proany other county in the state. The county is intersected  vidence is also the seat of the state prison, which, in Octo.
by the Stonington, and the Providence and Worcester  her, 1850, contained about 40 convicts.
Railroads, the latter road running on the tract of the for-   Providence is distinguished for its literary and educamer Blackstone Canal. Capital, Providence. Pop. 87,526.   tional institutions. Brown University, (under the direcPROVIDENCE, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice  tion of the Baptists,) originally founded at Warren, in 1764,
of Providence co., Rhode Island, and semi-capital of the  and removed to Providence in 1770, is situated on the
state, is situated at the head of navigation on the N.W. arm  highest ground E. of the river, commanding an extensive,
of Narraganset Bay, or Providence River, as it is called, 35  varied, and beautiful prospect. It comprises 4 principal
miles firom the ocean, 43 miles S.S.W. of Boston, and about buildings, namely, Manning Hall, appropriated to the use
175 miles N.E. of New York. Lat. 410 49' 22" N., Ion. 710  of the library, Rhode Island Hall, containing the cabinet,
24' 48" W. The river divides the city into two nearly equal chemical' and philosophical apparatus, and lecture-rooms,
parts, which are connected by several substantial bridges, and University Hall and Hope  College, two large edifices
one of which is 90 feet wide. The site is very irregular,  occupied by the students.  Connected with the univerportions of it rising  into prominent elevations, the highest sity is a scientific school, established for the benefit of
of which, on the W., is 78 feet, and on the E. 204 feet above  such as do not choose to pursue a classical course. This
the level of the harbor. On account of the inequalities of  department is arranged for a residence either of one or two
the surface, but little regard was paid to regularity in lay- years. The Athenaeum, incorporated in 1836, has a readinging out the streets, though from time to time many of them   room, and a valuable library of about 12,000 volumes. The
have been variously improved. Near the centre of the busi-  building, an elegant stone structure, was erected in 1837, at
ness portion of the city is a delightful sheet of water, of an  the corner of College and Benefit streets. The Yearly Meeting
elliptic form, about a mile in circumference, constituting  Boarding School (belonging to the Friends) occupies a lot
the head-waters of Naranganset Bay. Around this basin, of 43 acres, lying in the E. part of the city, a short distance
which is enclosed by a wall of stone masonry, the city au- N. of the Dexter Asylum. Belonging to it are two buildthorities have recently laid out a fine public park or prome- ings, one consisting of a centre, 54 feet square, and 3 stories
nade, 80 feet in width, and adorned it with a variety of  high, with two wings, each 84 feet by 42, and another 50
shade-trees, gravelled walks, &c. The private edifices are  feet by 40, and 2 stories high. The institution is liberally
built mostly of wood, though in the construction of a few, endowed, and in a prosperous condition.  A  legacy of
brick, granite, and other material have been used. The  $100,000 was bequeathed it by the late Obadiah Brown,
latter are for the most part spacious and elegant dwellings, Esq. The public schools of Providence are a credit to the
finely situated.                                            city.  They number about 50, comprising four grades,
Many of the public buildings are extensive and costly  namely, the high school, grammar, intermediate, and pristructures. The Arcade, a beautiful granite edifice, situated  mary schools. Number of pupils in attendance, from 6000
on the W. side of the river, cost at the time of its erection,  to 6500.  Amount annually appropriated for school purin 1828, $130,000. It is 226 feet long, 80 feet deep, and 3  poses, about $45,000, of which nearly one-fourth is received
stories high, extending from Broad street to Westminster. from the state. Eight or nine newspapers are published in
Each front is adorned with a Doric portico, consisting of  the city, 3 of which are dailies. The inflammable material
six massive granite pillars, each a single block. The build-  of which most of the buildings are constructed renders neing is divided into 3 stories, containing upwards of 80  cessary a very strong and efficient fire department. This
shops, the whole lighted by a glass roof. "What Cheer"  organization is maintained at an annual expense of about
building, recently erected at the corner of North and South  $20,000, and is probably not inferior to that of any city in
Mine streets, is a fine freestone edifice, chiefly occupied  the Union. Numerous railroads also communicate with
with public offices. The title (" What Cheer") is derived  the interior, besides which are several others either in profrom the first salutation which the natives made to Roger  cess of construction or projected.
Williams and his party of settlers on landing at Slate Rock,   Providence is advantageously situated for commerce. Its
Among the other public buildings may be mentioned the  harbor is safe, and admits vessels of 900 tons. Formerly the
State-house, a brick structure, and the Mlarket-house, on  port carried on an extensive trade with Canton and the East
Market Square, containing, in the second story, various  Indies; but since theintroduction of manufactures, its foreign
offices of the city government, and in the third, a hall owned  commerce has considerably declined. The foreign arrivals
and occupied by the Freemasons. The Savings' Bank, a  for the year ending June 30, 1852, were 57, (tons, 7944,) of
granite structure, and a red sandstone block on Market  which 30 (tons, 5150) were by American vessels. The clearSquare, are deserving of notice.  The railroad depiots in  ances for foreign ports during the same period were 60, (tons,
Providence, both for passengers and merchandise, are ex- 9876,) of which 34 (tons, 7263) were by American vessels.
tensive and commodious buildings, situated in the business  The coastwise arrivals for the year 1852 were 4861 vessels.
portion of the city, near each other, and so arranged that The principal articles of foreign merchandise now importedpassengers or freight can pass from one to the other without  are molasses, sugar, coal, salt, and iron, with an occasional
changing cars. A new custom-house is about being erected, cargo fiom Africa, consisting of ivory, gum, tortoise-shell,
at an estimated cost of $275,000.  The most remarkable  cloves, dates, &c. The principal articles received coastwise
church edifices are the First Congregational Church, built during the year 1852 were cotton, 100,378 bales, an increase
of granite, Grace Church; a Gothic structure, St. John's, a  of 30,498 bales over any former year; flour, 144,930 barrels,
stone building, the Beneficent Congregational, the Westmin- against 116,045 barrels the previous year; grain, 835,988
ster Congregational, and St. Peter's and St. Patrick's bushels; hay, 587 tons, and coal, 134,191 tons, being an inChurches. The First Baptist Society is the oldest religious crease of 26,677 tons over any former year. The total value
organization in Providence. The whole number of churches of foreign imports for the year 1852 amounted to $175,220,
of the various denominations in the city is about 35.      and of domestic produce exported to foreign countries,
The benevolent and disciplinary institutions of Provi- $41,576. Amount of duties collected, $38,489. During the
deuce are numerous, and conducted upon the most ap- year 1853, two whale-ships arrived here, with 1963 barrels
proved systems. The Butler Hospital for the Insane, in- of sperm oil, 4527 of whale-oil, and 54,000 pounds of whalecorporated in 1844, under the title of the Rhode Island  bone. The shipping of the port, June 30, 1852, amounted
Hospital for the Insane, is situated on the W. bank of See- to an aggregate of 9095 tons registered, and 7327 tons enkonk River, which here expands to near a mile in breadth, rolled and licensed. Of the former, 865 tons were employed
affording a delightful prospect. Attached to the institution  in the whale fishery; and of the latter, 1009 tons in the
are extensive grounds, comprising about 60 acres under  coast trade, and 396 tons in steam navigation. During the
cultivation, and 55 of native woodland. The number of year, 8 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 1700 tons, were
patients in the hospital at the commencement of 1853 was  admeasured.
127. Admitted during the year, 68; discharged, 38; died,   The manufactures of Providence and its vicinity are very
16. The entire sum contributed towards the erection and  extensive, and employ a capital of about $6,000,000. One
support of the hospital up to 1851, amounted to near  of the most important articles is jewelry, for which there
$150,000, of which $30,000 was bequeathed by the late  are about 75 establishments; several of these produce goods
Nicholas Brown, of Providence, and $40,000 by Cyrus But- to the value of a million of dollars annually. ~ There are
ler, Esq., from whom the institution derives its name. The  numerous foundries, several very extensive, 8 large machine
1541




PRO                                                        PRU
shops, and a number of smaller ones; 2 large screw factories,   PROVIINCETOWN, a post-township of Barnstable co., -
and 2 or 3 for the manufacture of India rubber, one of which  Massachusetts, on the extreme point of Cape Cod, 5t iih,.
is very extensive. Cotton and woollen goods, locomotives, E.S.E: of Boston. In the extent of the mackerel fisherr
steam-engines, machinery of all kinds, stoves, butts and  carried on here, this port ranks as the fourth in the state
hinges; pickaxes, and other articles of iron, numerous arti- being surpassed only by Gloucester, Wellfieet, and New.
ticles made of brass, copper, tin, and wire; clocks, bonnets  buryport. In 1851, 60 vessels, (tons, 4332,) owned here,
and straw goods, edged tools, cabinet-ware, carriages, boots  were engaged in the mackerel fishery, employing 688 men
and shoes, &c., are produced in large quantities. The Pro- and boys. During the year 1852, 17,640 barrels of mackerel
vidence Forge and Nut Company, and the Providence Tool were inspected at this port. Pop. 3157.
Company, are very extensive, and produce articles of a    PROVINCE WELLESLEY, wmlztlee, a British settlement
superior quality. There are also several large establish- on theW. coast of the Malay Peninsula, immediately opposite
ments for grinding grain, sawing and planing lumber, and  Penang, (Prince of Wales' Island.) It consists of a strip of
working in marble. In addition to the water-power, which  country 35 miles in length by 4 miles in breadth. Area,
is extensively employed, between 60 and 70 steam-engines 140 square miles. Pop. 41,5451 mostly Malays. It is under
are kept in constant operation.                            the Bengal presidency, and governed by an assistant to the
According to the returns made to the General Assembly  British resident in Penang.
of Rhode Island, at the October session, 1852, the city of    PROVINS, pro'vdNif, a town of France, department of
Providence at that date contained 26 banks, with a capital Seine-et-Marne, 29 miles E. of Melun. Pop. in 1852, 6961.
stock actually paid in amounting to $10,362,610; bills in  It is enclosed by high walls, and has a communal college, a
circulation, $1,880,697; specie actually in bank, $271,576.94. tribunal of commerce, and a trade in grain and wool. In ite
The average semi-annual dividend was about 34 per cent. vicinity roses are extensively cultivated for medicine and
The amount of deposits in the Providence Savings Institu- perfumery. In the Middle Ages, Provins was rich from its
tion, as reported to the same session of the General Assemby, commerce and manufactures.
was $1,127,007.67.  Thompson's Bank-Note Detector for   PROVIISO, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
December, 1854, gives 33 banks in Providence. —The annual   PROVO CITY, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, about 60
expenses of the government amount to about $170,000.       miles S.S.E. of Salt Lake City.
The city is divided into six wards, and governed by a    PRUDIHOE, a township of England, co. of Northumber
mayor, board of aldermen, and common council composed of land, with a station on the Newcastle and Casrlisle Railway,
24 persons, 4 from each ward, elected annually.            7 miles E.S.E. of Corbridge.
Providence was settled by Roger Williams in 1635. A    PRUM, (Priim,) priim, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 33
local government was organized in 1640, and in 1649 the  miles N.N.W. of Treves. Pop. 2250. It had formerly a,
settlement was incorporated as a town. The first houses  Benedictine abbey, founded by Pepin, and in which the
were erected near St. John's Church, on what is now  emperor Lothaire died in A.D). 853.
North Main street. A spring in that vicinity still bears    PRUNA, prooena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province,
the name of the founder; and it is supposed that his re- and 40 miles S.E. of Seville. Pop. 3276.
mains were interred near by, though no stone marks their    PRUNNERSDORF, prd5nl/ners-doRaf    or BRUNNERSlast resting-place.  Providence suffered severely during  DORF, br50nlners-donf, a village of Bohemia, 12 miles
King Philip's War. At one time it was nearly destroyed  W.N.W. of Sacatz. Pop. 1076.
by fire, and almost entirely deserted by its inhabitants.   PRUNITY'S, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia.
Since the Revolution, its prosperity, with very slight ex-   PRUNTYTOWN, Virginia. See WILLIAMSPORT.
ceptions, has been uninterrupted. In wealth and popula-   PRUSA, a city of Asia Minor. SeeBRUsA.
tion it has long been the second city in New England.   PRUSSIA, prishtya or proolshe-a, (Ger. Preussen, proisfFor the last ten years its growth has been remarkably  sen; Dutch, Prui.sssn, proistsen; Fr. Prusse, pruiss; L. Prasfrapid. Pop. in 1830, 15,941; in 1840, 23,170; in 1850, 41,512; sain,) a kingdom of central Europe, consisting of two territories
and in 1853, about 47,500.                                 completely isolated from each other, and of several small
PROVIDENCE, a post-township on the W. border of Sara- territories, also isolated. The eastern and far more extensive
toga co., New York. Pop. 1458.                             of the two large divisions is situated between lat. 490 50/
PROVIDENCE, a post-borough and township of Luzerne' and 550 50' N., and Ion. 90 50' and 220 50' E.; bounded, N.
co., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre. The  by the Baltic Sea; N.E., EF., and S.E. by Russia; S. by Auis
borough is situated on the right bank of Lackawanna River, tria, Saxony, and the Saxon duchies; and W. by Hessein the vicinity of rich coal-mines. The manufacture of axes  Cassel, Anhalt, Brunswick, Hanover, and Mecklenhurg.
is carried on here extensively. It is connected by a plank- This territory is divided into the six provinces of Prussia
road with Wilkesbarre and Carbondale.                     Proper, including East and West Prussia, Posen, BrandenPROVIDENCE, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.     burg, Pomerania, Silesia, and Saxony; and has an area of
PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., North  86,849 square miles. The western large division is situated
Carolina.                                                  between lat. 490 10' and 520 30' N., and lon. 50 50, and 90 25'
PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Sumter district, South  E.; bounded, N. by IIanover and Holland; W. by Holland,
Carolina.                                                  Belgium, and Luxemburg; S. by France, isolated portions
PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Sumter co., Georgia.        of Oldenburg and Homburg, and Rhenish Bavaria; and E.
PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Pickens co., Alabama.    by Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, Hesse-Cassel, Waldeck, BrunsPROVIDENCE, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.   wick, and Lippe-Detmold. It is divided into the two provinces
PROVIDENCE, a post-village, capital of Carroll parish, of Westphalia and the Rhenish Province, and has an area of
Louisiana, on the Mississippi, and on a small lake of its own  22,465 square miles. Of the smaller isolated territories, three
name, 430 miles above New Orleans.                         are enclosed by the Saxon duchies, a fourth by Bavaria, and
PROVIDENCE, a post-office of Searcy co., Arkansas.      a fifth by Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau. To
PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Hopkins co., Kentucky, Prussia also belongs the principality of Neufchltel, now
about 216 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort.                      forming one of the Swiss cantons.
PROVIDENCE, a post-village and township of Lucas co.,   As the two great divisions above referred to are not
Ohio, on the Maumee River, and on the Wabash and Erie  naturally, but only politically connected, it will be necesCanal, 25 miles S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 467.                  sary to treat of them separately in describing their physical
PROVIDENCE, Indiana, a station on the New Albany  features.
and Salem Railroad, 19 miles N. of New Albany.               EASTERN DavisIoN.-The eastern  division  may be dePROVIDENCE, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, 42  scribed, for the most part, as a vast plain, considerably
miles N. of Peoria.                                        elevated in the S. and S.W., and thence descending at first
PROVIDENCE, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, on  rapidly, and afterwards very gradually, towards the Baltic
the Missouri River, 27 miles above Jefferson City. It is the  and the German Ocean. The most elevated portion is on
landing-place for Columbia,                                the S. frontiers of Silesia, where the Riesengebirge and the
PROVIDENCE. a small lalke of British America, near 650  Sudetes (Sudeten) form the boundary between it and BoN. lat., and 1130 W. Ion.                                  hemia and Moravia, and send northward several ramifircaPROVIDENCE, a fort of British North America, situated  tions, which average about 2220 feet in height, forming wild
on the N. side of Great Slave Lake. Lat. about 620 30' N., and romantic scenery. In the S.W., ramifications of the
Ion. 1140 W.                                               Thuringian forest, and of the Harz, cover a considerable porPROVIDENCE, an island in the Indian Ocean, 240 miles tion of the S. part of the province of Saxony, but here the
N.N.E. of Madagascar, in lat. 90 10' S., ion. 510 5' E., about 2 average height does not exceed 1000 feet, and soon dimimiles long from N. to S.                                   nishes to less than 500 feet. The large space extending bePROYlIDENCE or OLD PROVIDENCE, an island in the  tween the N. foot of these mountain districts, and the shores
Caribbean Sea, 100 miles E. of the Mosquito coast. Lat. 130 of the Baltic, though generally low, is, in many places,
21' N., lon. 810 22' W. Length, 10 miles; breadth, 4 miles. finely diversified, and rich in scenes of rural beauty. UltiIt is fertile, but uninhabited.                           mately, however, in approaching the shores of the Baltic,
PROYIIDENCE CHIANNELS separate several of the Ba. the general level becomes so low, that large tracts are saved
hama Islands. See Naw PaovsiDcE.                          from inundation only by low sand-hills, or banks of gravel,
PROVIDENCE HILL, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas.    which the waves have thrown up. Behind these bills exPROVSIDENCE LAKE, of Carroll parish, Louisiana, lies tensive lagoons or Haffs have been formed, communicating
about 1 mile W. of Mississippi River, which perhaps once  with the sea by narrow outlets, and giving to the shore one
flowed through the bed of the lake. Length, about 6 miles. of its characteristic features. The whole coast, extending
15"2




PRU                                                        PRU1
for about 500 miles, is flat and uninteresting. Very few      (imate.. —The E. part of Prussia, extending over 60 of.at.,
undulations occur to break its monotony; no bold cliffs and nearly 130 of ion., and consisting in one direction of
appear, and good harbors are extremely rare.  The only  lofty mountains, and in another of low flats stretching
har{ge gulf is that of Dantzic, within which the town of the  along an inland sea, and enclosing between them  large
same name possesses by far the most frequented port. To- tracts of undulating land, must necessarily present conwards the N.W. the monotony of the coast is broken by the  siderable diversities of climate. At Erfurt, in lat. 500 59' N.,
island of Riigen, which becomes elevated towards the N., and about 900 feet above the sea, the mean temperature
where it terminates in the hill of Arkona, about 300 feet in  of the year is 520 1'; of winter 340, and of summer 710 20'
height, overhanging the sea.                                Fahrenheit, At Berlin, in lat. 520 30' N., but at a much
Rivers and Lakes. —The whole of the eastern part of Prus- lower level, only 130 feet above the sea, the annual tenmsia belongs to the basins of the Baltic Sea and the German  perature is about 40 lower; here both the extremes of
Ocean. The share received by the latter is comparatively  winter, cold, and summer heat are somewhat greater. At
small. Its principal river is the Elbe, which, entering from   Stralsund, in lat. 540 19' N., but at a level rather under 50
the N. of Saxony, traverses it in a N.N.W. direction, form- feet, the mean of the year is 510 48'; of winter 320 30', and of
ing, in this part of its course, a number of remarkable  summer 680 30' Fahrenheit. The average of a number of
bends. It receives here the Elster, Havel, Mulde, and Saale. places situated between the highest and lowest latitudes,
Minute portions in the W. of the province of Saxony belong  gives a mean annual temperature of 520 Fahrenheit. At
to the river systems of the Weser and the Werra. The  Berlin, about 160 days of the year are rainy, 34 obscured with
share of drainage received by the Baltic constitutes about mist, and 17 stormy. On the coast of the Baltic the stormy
five-sixths of the whole, and is conveyed to it by a number  days amount on an average to 30, the greater part of them
of large and independent streams. Of these, commencing  in summer; and the quantity of rain is also much inwith the E. boundary of the basin of the Elbe, the most im- creased. The least rain falls in Silesia and the eastern
portant is the Oder, the only large river which can be con- provinces.  The prevailing winds are W. and S.W.
sidered wholly Prussian. It flows circuitously N.N.W., re-   WESTERN DIvIsIoN.-The western division, consisting of
ceiving the Malapane, Bartsch, and, above all, the Warta, Westphalia and the Rhenish Province, differs so much from
augmented by the Netze; and the Neisse of Silesia, the Bober, the eastern division as, in many respects, to present a
and the Neisse of Gdrlitz. Next in importance to the Oder, striking contrast to it. Its mountains, though much less
and communicating with it by a canal between the Braa and  elevated than those on the frontiers of Silesia, are not conthe Netze, is the Vistula or Weichsel, of which only the  fined to a particular locality, but stretch across the country
lower part belongs to Prussia. Entering the country from  in all directions, and form numerous valleys, one of which,
Russian Poland, it flows in a N. direction without receiving  that of the Rhine, here occupies no inconsiderable portion
any large affluent, and throws off two large branches which  of the whole surface, and, in point of fertility and beauty, is
enter the Frische-Ilaff, while the main stream continues its  not surpassed by any other valley in Europe. In the N. a
course past Dantzic, entering the Gulf of that name at Weich- mountain range of moderate elevation, forming a continuaselminde. To the E. of the Vistula the first river of im- tion of the Wesergebirge, traverses the governments of
peortance is the Passarge, and after it, still farther E., the  Minden and Minster. To the S. of it, the TeutoburgerPregel, with its tributary Alle. The last river on the E. is  Wald extends in a N.W. direction, and near Bielefield attains
the Niemen, or Memel, which has only a small part of its  its greatest elevation, not exceeding 1030 feet. This is suclower course in Prussia, but penetrating far into Russia, ceeded, to the S., by a low range, known by the name of the
forms one of its important navigable outlets.               Haar or Haarstrang, the highest point of which is scarcely
Lakes abound in almost every province, but more especi- 700 feet.  This range, commences between Brilon and
ally in those of Prussia proper, including East and West Stadtberg. It stretches W. along the banks of the Muhne
Prussia, and of Pomeraunia and Brandenburg. The large  and Ruhr, presenting to both rivers a number of bold and
lagoons of Stettiner-Ilaff, Frische-Haff, and Curische-Haff, romantic precipices. Still farther S. are the Sauerland or
with many others of a similar description, line the coast. Sliderland Mountains.  They attain the highest elevation,
The inland lakes are far too numerous to admit of specifica- 2625 feet in the Astenberg, and several other summits extion. In East Prussia alone 115 lakes have been counted, ceeds 2000 feet. The last range, on the E. or right bank of
though their extent individually is so small, that the whole  the Rhine, is the Westerwald, which reaches the height of
area occupied by them is not more than 317 square miles. 2000 feet. A part of this range, forming its W. termination,
West Prussia counts 58 inland lakes, each only averaging  presents the remarkable summits known by the name of
about 14 square miles, Pomerania, 66, Posen 27, Brandenburg  the Siebengebirge. On the left bank of the Rhine, the
131, Saxony 6, and Silesia none deserving of the name. principal mountains are the Eifelgebirge, which extend
Many of these lakes are well supplied with fish, but generally  from the river WV. for about 45 miles, and, though generally
possess few attractions, either in themselves, or in the  low, attain the height of 1590 feet; and the HundsrUick,
scenery around them.                                        occupying a large space between the Moselle and the Nahe,
Geology.-In the mountainous districts of the E. part of and attaining, in the loftiest summits of the Iderwald and
Prussia, the loftier summits are composed of granite, gneiss, Hochwald, the respective heights of 2260 feet and 1560 feet.
mica schist, porphyry, duiorite, &c. These are most largely    Rivers.-The principal river of West Prussia is the Rhine,
developed in the mountains of Silesia; they are also seen in  which, entering it on the S.E., first forms the boundary on
the circle of Schleusingen, in the Saxon government of  the side of Nassau, and then traverses it in a N.N.W. direcErfurt, in the Brocken, forming part of the Harz, and in  tion, quitting the country on the frontiers of Holland. It
isolated spots in the vicinity of the town of Halle. Tran- is augmented in this part of its course by the Lahn, the
sition rocks, graywacke, clay-slate.  and limestone extend  Sieg, the Wipper or Wupper, the Ruhr, the Emsche, and the
along the frontiers of Austrian  Silesia, into the Upper Lippe; and on the left by the Nahe, the Moselle, with its triSilesia of Prussia, as far as the Oder, and also N. of the  butary Saar, and the Erft. In the N.W. a considerable space
Riesengebirge, in the districts of Schweidnitz and Wal- is drained by the Meuse, and its tributaries the Ruhr and
denburg, and W. to the Queiss. Rocks of the same for- Niers. The rest of the drainage, forming a minute portion
mation occupy a considerable part of the flatter districts  from the N. and E., is shared by the Ems and the Weser.
of Prussian Saxony, more especially in  the vicinity of  The most remarkable lake is Laachersee, about 6 miles from
Magdeburg, and along the banks of the Ohre. Secondary  Andernach, occupying, apparently, the crater of an extinct
formations, composed of mountain limestone and the various  volcano, and, though of small extent, above 214 feet deep.
strata of the carboniferous system, occur in Silesia, chiefly    Geology.-The prevailing rocks, particularly in the S., are
in two localities in Upper Silesia along the frontiers of volcanic, and consist chiefly of basalt, augite. porphyry, and
Kracow and Russian Poland, and among the mountains in  similar volcanic products of the tertiary period. Graywacke,
the county of Glatz, and towards the Riesengebirge. Rocks  transition limestone, and clay-slate are also of common ocstill higher in the series, and including the new red sand- currence.  The secondary formation, and more especially
stone, and otheirs, enter Prussian Silesia from Poland on the  mountain limestone, and the overlying strata of the carE., and extend W. to the Oder, near Krappitz, and to a con- boniferous system, are largely developed in the N. The
siderable distance inland. They also occupy an extensive  new red sandstone, with its accompanying rocks and fossils,
tract in the province of Saxony, covering part of the ter- occupies a considerable part of the higher districts in the
races of the Thuringian forest, and stretching along the N. government of Minden, and also occurs on parts of the
and E. foot of the Harz, to the banks of the Scale, Elster, Eifel, and along the Moselle and Saar, in the government
and Elbe. Chalk and its accompanying beds occur in many  of Treves. Lias and oolite are found in the N. among the
different localities, more especially on the N. side of the  hills which lie between the Weser and the frontiers of HaHars, and in Silesia, both in its higher districts, and on the  never. The chalk formation has its largest development in
frontiers of Poland. Chalk also appears near Inowraclaw, in  Westphalia.
the province of Posen, near Templin, and Prenzlow, in the    Climate.-Within the same ranges of latitude, and at
government of Potsdam, near Gutzkow, in the government  nearly equal heights above the sea-level, the climate of the
of Stralsund, and lastly in the island of Rtigen, where it W. is superior to that of the E. division of Prussia. The
forms the romantic cliffs of Stubbenkammer and Arkona. mean annual temperature is about 10 higher; the winter
Tertiary formations, overlying the chalk, and including  is milder, and the summer cooler, and the range of the
seams of lignite, appear at the foot of the Harz, and in other  thermometer is accordingly confined  within  narrower
places. Volcanic rocks, belonging to the tertiary period, are  limits. The fall of rain, however, is greater, averaging 20
of rare occurrence, and are almost confined to the govern- inches in the W., and only 15 inches in Silesia and the F.
meat of Liegnitz.                                          provinces.                                   154
~ ~,,




PRU                                                           PRU
Agr tculure.-The whole of Prussia is situated between  Comparative State of the Product of the P-ussian Mines in
bhe  parallels of latitude under which all the ordinary co-                       1831, 1843, and 1852.
reals are easily matured, and there is nothing in the elevation of the surface, except in a few  particular localities,.      1843.     1852.
to unfit it for general cultivation. The portion of surface.
absolutely waste does not exceed 1-50th  of the whole.  Iron................ tons..             62,870     99,349    132,858
Silver:.'.:.'.'i.'.'.:.........ls vir..    9,812   11,2S  I  17,m4
The woodland, chiefly occupying the loftier districts, has  Lead.....    i......i                       16,4
ha~~~~~~~~os La.t...s            105      3,355    4,048
been estimated at rather more than 1-4th; the arable land  Litharge'"..1,64                                644.8
at 5-12ths; artificial meadows, 1-11th; natural pastures,  Zinc....................... 5,62  13,981    28,667
2-15ths; and gardens and vineyards, 1-42d. The soil in-  Coals.................qrs....... 1,981,673  11,265,879  15,701,118
cludes all varieties, from light sands to the most obdurate   Br    Cals                       15,45   3,35,554,683,2
Salt.................. tons......  80,207  91,799  101,581
clays, but has been subdivided into the three classes of wheat-  Alum.....................  1,561    2,401      2556
land, light loams of middling quality, and sandy or stony   Vitriol......................    1.986              1,1721
land. The wheat-land, which is in most eases remarkably
productive, is found chiefly in the Prussian provinces near    2lManufactures.-These, of late years, have made great prothe frontiers of Poland.  The loams of middling quality  gross, and are very important. They are not confined to
prevail in the government of Bromberg, the N. part of Sile-  any particular districts, but are generally diffused over all
sia, generally throughout the province of Brandenburg, in  the provinces. At the head of the ordinary tissues stands
the E. half of the governmentof Mlerseburg, the N. of Magde-  linen, which  employs above 310,000 looms.  The numburg, the E. part of Minden, the whole of the government  her of looms in factories is only about 34,000.  Of these,
of Miinster, and lastly in thegovernment of Coblentz.  The  Silesia alone has more than one-third, and Brandenburg
sandy and stony land of barren quality is found in large  and Westphalia, which rank next to it, each about one,continuous fiats in the governments of Gumbinnen and  seventh. All the rest of the  looms, to the number of
Kiinigsberg.  It prevails generally along the shores of the  about 276,000, are domestic, and are chiefly employed in
Baltic and the frontiers of Silesia. In the interior of the  the manufacture of goods of a coarser description.  The
province of Brandenburg, too, though the very heart of  tissue next in importance is cotton, which employs about
Prussia, and in the environs of the capital, the soil be- 70,000 looms: its chief seat is on the Rhine.  The woollen
longs decidedly to this class, consisting of immense tracts  manufacture employs 26,000 looms, of which scarcely oneof sand which spread out like a sea, while occasional patches  third are domestic: it has its chief seats in Brandenburg
of middling, or even fertile wheat-land, rise up and appear  and the Rhenish Province. Silk and mixed silk goods
like islands in the midst of it.                              employ about 24,000 looms, of which four-fifths belong
On the first soil described, wheat, the prevailing crop, to the government of Dusseldorf; the greater part of the
alternates chiefly with hay and beans. The yearly produce  remainder are at Berlin. Hosiery employs about 2200 looms,
of wheat is estimated at 2,000,000 quarters; and, after satis-  and ribbons about 5000. Vast quantities of yarn, worsted,
fying the home consumption, leaves, on an average, a sur- and cotton-twist are spun.  The first is chiefly spun by
plus of about 500,000 quarters for export. The produce of  hand, the flax mills throughout the kingdom  numbering
rye, barley, and oats is estimated at above 6,000,000 quar-  only 17, with about 29,000 spindles. almost all in Silesia.
ters; hut the consumption of these kinds of grain being far  The worsted is chiefly, and the cotton entirely, spun by
greater'than that of wheat, leaves only about the same  machinery.  The former, carried on in 2061 establishments,
quantity of 500,000 quarters for export. Another very im- with 457,102 spindles, has its principal seat in the province
portant crop, the culture of which is more or less exten-  of Brandenburg.
sive in every district, is that of potatoes. Of these, above    The manufactures in metal rank next in importance, and
13,000,000 bushels are consumed by the distilleries alone. are supposed to furnish the subsistence of 330,000 persons.
Hemp and flax are also very important crops, more esps-  In iron and steel ware, the first place belongs to the Rhencially the former, which furnishes large supplies for the  ish Province, and the Westphalian government of Arnsberg.
home manufactures, though a great quantity still requires  Solingsn is noted for its fine saws and tools; Aix-la-Chato be imported.  Tobacco, also, to the extent of above  pelle, Burtscheid, Altena, and Iserlohn for needles and
20,000,000 pounds, is annually raised.  Anise and cummin  pins; and Remscheid and Hagen for locks and various struiare cultivated on a large scale, particularly in Saxony and  lar kinds of hardware.  In the same localities, also, brassBrandenburg. Oil-plants are also important:objects of eul- ware, including wire and thimbles, are made on a very exture, both for their oil and for their seed. Linseed forms  tensive scale. Berlin has long been famed for its fine casta prominent article of export from  East Prussia; while  ings, many of which, whether as articles of ornament or
almost equally large exports of clover, and other hay-seeds,  utility, are unsurpassed.  Among these may be mentioned
take place from  Brandenburg and the Rhenish provinces. type-founding, which, as well as printing, forms  an imTo the latter province, also, the culture of the vine is chiefly  portant branch of industry. The leather manufacture is
confined. The largest space occupied by vineyards is in the  also important, and includes, in addition to ordinary leather,
governments of Coblentz and Treves. Beet-root is cultivated  the finer varieties of red and white cordovan, and parchto a great extent, and has risen from  1265 tons, in 1832, to  ment. Pottery, in all its varieties, is extensively mann1,012,678 tons, in 1852, a large proportion of which is used  factured.  For porcelain and the finer kinds of ware, Berlin
in the manufacture of sugar. The system  of agriculture  and St. Martin, near Treves, are the most celebrated localities.
pursued in  Prussia, though much  improved in  recent  Common pottery is made in all the provinces, more espetimes, falls far short of that common in the best-culti-  cially in those of the E. and centre. Glass is manutitctured
vated districts of England, and is surpassed by many of  in the governments of Treves, Minden, and Oppeln. The
those on the Continent.  Much has been done by the  most important paper mills are in Silesia, Saxony, and
government to improve the breeds of domestic animals,  Westphalia.  The other manufactures carried on to such an
more especially horses, by the establishment of breeding- extent as to be of national importance, are refined sugar,
studs in different localities, on a general system. The total  chocolate, chiccory, chemical products, and tobacco.  Of
number of horses in the whole kingdom, in 1849, was  these, tobacco is the most important, for which are exten1,575,407; cattle, 5,361,655; sheep, 16,286,928; and swine,  sive factories in the Rhenish  Province, in Brandenburg, and
2,466,316. The Prussian fisheries are an important source  Saxony. About 9,500,000 quintals of beet-root are used in
of revenue. The whole produce is estimated at about  the production of 650,000 hundredweight of sugar. The
$5,000,000, of which little more than a fourth is obtained  last manufactures deserving of notice are beer and spirits,
from the sea.                                                  the consumption of which is immense, and might with
Minerals.-These include among metals, silver, iron, lead,  great advantage be very much diminished. The number
copper, zinc, cobalt, grsenic, antimony. and manganese;  of breweries exceeds 9000. that of distilleries 8000.  The
and among other minerals, salt, alum, copperas, coal, hg-  RIhenish Province has about one-third of the distilleries, and
nite, roofing-slate, gypsum, millstone, limestone, and seve-  Silesia rather more than one-fourth. The whole produce is
ral varieties of excellent building-stone.  The silver, found  about 45,000,000 gallons, and the value above $12,500,000.
only in connection with copper, is worked chiefly in the  Of the breweries, the Rhenish Provincehas above one-fourth,
province of Saxony, in Westphalia, and at Tarnowitz, in  Westphalia and Silesia each one-sixth, and Saxony onEt
Upper Silesia. The yield has for a long time been gra-  eighth.  The produce is about 244,000,000 quarts, nearly
dually diminishing, but still amounts to about one-six-  60,000.000 imperial gallons, and is valued at about $9,000,000.
teenth of the whole produce of Europe. Iron is very gene- According to a report published by the Prussian governrally diffused; copper is found in the three localities above  ment about the close of 1852, there were in operation in the
mentioned for silver, and yields about 30,000 tons of ore;  country 2207 spinning mills, 5188 manufactories, dyelead occurs in Silesia, the Rhenish Province, Westphalia, and  works, and cotton printing establishments, 39,253 mills of
Saxony; zinc in the same localities, except Saxony; cobalt  different kinds, 12,690 large metal-works, 17,165 breweries
in Westphalia and Saxony; arsenic in Silesia; the annual  and distilleries, and 4535 other manunfctories of different
produce of antimony is about 90, and manganese about  kinds; making a total of 81.308 establishments.
120 tons. Salt is found in all the provinces except Prussia    Commerce, Internal Commaunication, dc.-The principal exProper, Posen, Brandenburg, and Silesia; but the quantity  ports of Prussia are grain, flax, linseed, rape, turnip, and
obtained falls far short of the consumption.  Coal is worked  clover-seed, timber, lime, gypsum, brandy, coal, earthenin Silesia, Westphalia, and the Rhenish Province, by nearly  ware, linen, wool, woollen cloth, hosiery, and zinc; the
400pits. Amber is found in considerable quantities along  principal imports are  cotton  and  cotton-twist, colonial
the shores of the Baltic.                                    produce, particularly raw sugar for refining, potash, iron,
1544




PRU                                                           PRU.aw hides, wine, herrings, salt, &c.' The establishment of  of which are 366 superintendents.  The Roman Catholics
the Zollverein, by giving a free interchange of communica-  are governed by two archbishops and six bishops.
tion between the different states belonging to it, has greatly   -Education.-Prussia has taken the lead of Europe in the
increased the commercial importance of each. Since the  establishment of a complete system of national education.
commencement of the present war, Prussia has been the en- The mass of ignorance to be found in almost every other
trep6t of the entire foreign trade of Russia; and, conse-  country on the continent has no existence here. With rare
quently, her ports have exhibited an unexampled degree of  exceptions, every individual in Prussia can both read and
activity., During the month of May, 1854, 500 cartloads of  write.  This happy result has been obtained first by estahemp and flax frequently arrived at Memel in a day; and on  blishing an adequate number of schools in all parts of the
the 4th of that month 186 vessels were lying in the harbor  monarchy, and then enforcing attendance by a law, which
of the town, and in the river Dange, unable to discharge  provides that every child, from the age of five years, unless
their cargoes, the landing places all being occupied. The  certified to be receiving a suitable education at home, or in
shipping which arrived at the ports of Prussia in 1851  a private seminary, must be in attendance at a national
reached the number of 1497 sailing and 30 steam vessels, the  school, until such time as the course of instruction therein
former having an aggregate of 158,324 tons burden. Among  provided has been completed. This course occupies about
the foreign vessels which trade to Prussian ports, the tonnage  eight years, so that it may be regarded as a general rule
of Great Britain is about one-third more than that of any  that all Prussian children between the ages of six and fourother nation. The second place is occupied by the Dutch, teen are at school. The different classes of schools are:and the third by the Danes. In some of the ports of Prussia  1. The elementary school, at which the great majority of the
ship-building is carried on with activity. Stettin builds  people receive their education: 2. The city school, which is
about one-third of the whole, and also possesses a much  always attached to a gymnasium; 3. The gymnasium, in
larger tonnage than any other Prussian port.                  which Latin and Greek are taught. In most of the small
Possessing a coast-line of 350 miles on the Baltic, and  towns are normal schools for the training of teachers.
numerous navigable streams, Prussia enjoys superior natural Prussia also possesses the celebrated universities of Berlin,
facilities for commercial intercourse, and these have been  Halle, and Bonn, besides those of Breslau, Greifewalde,. and
very greatly extended by excellent roads, canals, and rail — Kinigsberg, and numerous literary and learned societies.
ways. The last mode of communication has already made  The universities are all under the control of the governgreat progress, 1650 miles of railway having been completed  ment.
int1850, and 1812 in 1853. In the E. part of Prussia, and from  The following table shows the number of schools of various
Berlin as a centre, lines extend N.W. to IHamburg, N.E. to  kinds, of teachers and pupils, in 1849.Stettin, E. to Posen, S.E. to Breslau and thence to Vienna, S.
to Leipsic and Dresden, and W. through Magdeburg and                                      Number.   Teachers.   Pupils.
Hanover, and thence to Cologne, the last town forming a    lementary Schols......... 24,21            30,86      245,062
E leentry Shoos........24,201  30,865     2,453,062
centre foi the railways of the W. part of Prussia, though here   Middle and higher School....    505   2,269        69,302
the system is less developed, partly because the natural con-  Upper female School.........     385   1,918        53,570
formation of the country makes it more difficult, while the   Gymnasia...................    117       1,664       29,474
admirable means of communication afforded by the Rhine                                                           20,408
renders it less necessary. The chief line of railways here is                                                    2,605,408
W. of Cologne, through Aix-la-Chapelle to Brussels. In 1851   Normal Seminaries..........    46                    2,4
the length of electric telegraph lines exceeded that of the rail-   Universities....................        406
ways in operation. The external communications of Prussia    In 1849, the number of children between six and fourteen
are more defective than its internal, the shores of the Baltic  years of age, was 3,223,362, of whom, as seen in the above
being shallow, and deficient in good harbors.                  table, 2,605,408 were at school, leaving a bablace of 617,954
Government.-Prussia is a monarchy, hereditary in the  to be accounted for partly by private teaching, partly by the
male line, and from the absence of recognised constitutional  fact that many do not enter school till they are above six
checks, was in theory absolute. A more constitutional form   years old, and many leavt.ug before they are fourteen; and
of government had long been earnestly desired, and had also  many, doubtless, received no education during the year in
been distinctly promised, but various pretexts were from   question.
time to time assigned for its delay. At length, in May, 1848,    Asrmy and Navy. —The regular army, during peace, cona National Assembly was summoned, and a constitution  sists of 129,117 men, or, with the reserve, 226.925, and
adopted, which vested the legislative power jointly in the  30.545 horses, and is kept up partly by voluntary enlistking and two houses. It, however, had a very short and  ment, and partly by a conscription which obliges every
stormy existence, and the old constitution, nearly in its  citizen, after attaining his twentieth year, to serve in the
original form, has been maintained. The new electoral law,  regular army for three years, and for two years thereafter
officially published on 31st May, 1849, makes the second  in the war reserve; when, in the event of war breaking out,
chamber to consist of 350 deputies, chosen by a suffrage  or other emergencies, he may again be compelled to join the
which gives one elector for every 250 souls of the popula- regular army. After the lapse of these five years he enters
tion. As a member of the Germanic Confederation, Prussia  the Landwehr, or provincial army, which is composed of two
holds the second place, and has four votes in the Plenum. bans, a first and a second, in the former of which he conThe only part of its territories not included in the Con- tinues till he has completed his thirty-second year, and in
federation are Prussia Proper, or the united provinces of  the latter till he has completed his thirty-ninth year, thus
East and WestPrussia, and the province of Posen.  The con  making the whole period during which he is liable to be
tingent of troops which Prussia furnishes is 79,484 men.      called upon for the defence of his country amount to 20
Justice.-This is administered in most of the provinces  years. The total force of the Landwehr is 349,812. The
according to a general code or Landrecht established in 1794, Landstursa includes all the males in the monarchy, from the
but in the greater part of the Rhine province according to. ages of 17 to 50, not belonging either to the regular army or
the French code-subject, however, to certain modifications. Landwehr. It is called out only in cases of the most urgent
For each code, a supreme court sits at Berlin, the onc called  necessity, when the national existence may be threatened
the Geheime Ober Tribunal, which judges in the last resort  by invasion.  The navy, in 1854, comprised 1 war frigate
wherever the landrecht is in force, and the other called the  with 48 guns, 2 screw frigates with 40 guns each, 1 screw
Rheinische Revisions and Kassations Hot, which has similar  corvette with 20 guns, 2 other corvettes, each with 12 guns,
jurisdiction in all cases decided according to the French  and 48 smaller vessels, making in all 54 vessels carrying 288
code. Over each province is a superior court of appeal, guns.
called Ober-Landesgericht,  with the power of reviewing all    Revenue. —The total revenue of Prussia, according to the
cases decided within the province; and in each government budget of 1854, is $75,593,048, of which $16,209,965 was deis an Obergericht, possessing the right of reviewing the  rived from direct taxes, $19,623,829 from indirect taxes, and
cases decided within the government in the courts of pri- $5,790,152 from  the post-office and telegraph departments.
mary resort. These last courts consist ofa vast number of  The total expenditures, according to the same estimate, is
local jurisdictions, within which justice is said to be for the  $72,147,895, of which $19,623,829 is for the army, $371,700
most part administered cheaply, expeditiously, and fairly, for the navy, $13,019,386 for commerce and public workis,
by judges chiefly  appointed, by the crown, but partly  $3,791,034 for education,and 7,517,265 fobrinterest on the pubalso by private parties in possession of certain patrimonial  lic debt, which at this date, (1854,) amounted to $152,569,815.
rights.                                                         Peope. —The far greater part of the people are Germans,
Religion. —There is, properly speaking, no state religion  but in several quarters the Lithuanian  and  Slavonian
In Prussia. That of the royal family and of the majority  stocks preponderate. Thus, in the N.E. corner of the kingof the people is Calvinism; but all public employments are  dom, Lithuanian is spoken, read, written, and taught. The
equally accessible to Christians of every denomination.  The  Slaves occupy the S. parts of Gumbinnen, KJnigsberg, and
year 1817, which was the three hundredth anniversary of  Marienwerder, the greater part of Posen, and no inconthe Reformation, was remarkable for the union of the Cal- siderable part of Silesia. Their number within Prussia has
vinists and Lutherans,  in Prussia and in some other parts  been estimated at at least 2,500,000. The number of French,
of Germany, into one religious body, under the name of  found chiefly in the W. part of Prussia, but partly also in
Evangelical Christians. These amounted in 1849 to 9,987,277, the province of Brandenburg, (where they are descendants
the Roman Catholics to 6,063.186, the Jews to 218,773, the  of the French Protestants, who found an asylum here ftrom
Baptists to 14,508, and Greeks and Mlohammedans to 1269. the tyranny of Louis XIV.,) amounts to about 74,000. The
The Protestants are governed by eonsistories, at the head  Jews are 218,773. 
1545




PRU                                                            PTi
Disisions, Population, cc.-The names, areas, and popula- governments of Dantzic and Marienwerder.  It formeriy
lion of the principal divisions of Prussia, are exhibited in  belonged to Poland, at which time Dantzic was its capital.
the following table:-                                           PRUSSIAN  POLAND, an extensive region in the E. part
of Prussia.  The phrase appears to be somewhat loosely emProvinces.  Governments.   Area in  Pop. in  Protest-  ployed by geographical writers. In its most extensive apovsq. m.    1849.   eants.   plication, it properly comprises all the Prussian territory
that formerly belonged to Poland, including the duchy of
Knigsbirg......   8,708     47,33 1 670,7092   Posen, and the greater part, if not all, of West and East
Prussia..    Gumbinnen......   6,360    614,047   601,016  Prussia.
Dantsie...........   3,242    404,667   208,686
Barienwerder....   6,816    621,046   301,003    PRUSSIA  PROPER, a province of Prussia, formed by the
Pose       Peosen...........   7,664    897,339   244,117  union of East and WVest Prussia. Capital, Kiinigsberg. It....Pomseng........            4,8       5465I  7,0
romberg.. 4,1   414,675   17,03  is divided into the governments of Kinigsberg, Gumbinneu,
Potsdam, with?   8,292   1,268,935 1,233,838  Dantzic, and Miarienwerder.
BrnebriPotsdamu, ~vith    
Brandenburg     Berlin........,
Frankfort........   7,500    860,087   843,788    PRUSSIA, RHENISH, a province in the W. part of PrusStettin........... 5,092    562,127   553,554  sia. Capital, Cologne.  It was formed by the union of the
Pomerana..   Coslin............ e,5121   448,516   437,042  two provinces of Cleve-Berg and Lower Rhine.
Stresnd. 1,780    187,058   36,2    PRUSZANY, proo-sh  nee, or PRUSCHANZ, proolshunts,
Breslau...........   5,292   1,174,679   698,436
Oppeln...........  5,184    965,912    96,372  a town of Russian Poland, government, and 79 miles S.S.E.
Liegnitz..........  5,344    921,002   774,440  of Grodno. Pop. 2120.
Magdeburg......   4,484    691,377   676,331    PRUTH-I, prtth, (Ger. pron. proot,) a river of East Europe,
Saxony.     ersebrg........   4,028    742,644   737.950  rises in the Carpathian Mountains, flows at first E., through
Erfurt...........   1,316    347,279   247,332
Munster..........   2,820    421,935    39,558  Galicia and the Bukowina, and afterwards S.S.E. between
Westphalia    linden...........   2,040    463,229   270,463  Moldavia and Besserabia, and at Reni, 75 miles from  the
Arnsberg.........   2,988    579,757   322,576  Black Sea, joins the Danube, of which it is the last great
Col,ogn4e.       3,1,44    497,330    71,010  affluent on the left. Total course, 360 miles.
Dusseldorr.      3...,096  [907,111  |a 3,619
Rhi  ne.ledorf....C...        2,096    907,151   352, 19    PRYOR'S VALE, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.
Rhine..,......  Coblentz..........   2,300    502,984   159,716
Treves, or Trier..   2,796    492,182    69,139    PRYPEC or PRYPETZ. See PaIParTs.
Aix-la-Chapelle..   1,612    411,525    13,424    PRZASZNIC  or PRZASZNITZ, pzh'ishfnits, a town of
1    15251 _            Poland, capital of a county, 59 miles N.E. of Plock. Pop. 3500.
Total...... 09,314 116,285,016  9,887,277    PRZELAUTSCII, pzhflflwtch, a town of Bohemia, 11
miles N.W. of Chrudim, on the Elbe. Pop. 1700.
Pop. of Prussia in 1740, 3,000,000; 1790, 6,000,000; 1815    PRZEMYSL, pzhtmlisl, or PREMISLIA, prl-mis'le-A, a
10,250,000; 1846,16,112,948; 1849,16,285,016, (as seen above;) town of Austrian Galicia, on the right bank of the San, 51
and in 1852, 16l935,420. Pop. to square mile, (in 1852,) 155  miles VW. of Lemberg. Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by walls, and
nearly.                                                       has ruins of a castle, Roman Catholic and Greek United
History. —In the end of the tenth century, the shores of  churches, a Benedictine monastery, an hospital, a gymrnathe Baltic were inhabited by a number of tribes chiefly of  slum, and manufactures of linens and leather.
Alan extraction,  from  one of which, called Borussi, who    PRZESTITZ, pzh~sftits, or BRZESTITZ, bzh8sltits, a town
occupied the more E. parts, the name of Prussia is supposed  of Bohemia, 12 miles N. of Klattau,   Pop. 1623.
to be derived. These tribes were living in heathenism            PRZEWORSK, pzhAI*oRsk, a town of Austrian Poland, in
when Adalbert, Bishop of Prague, made strenuous efforts  Galicia, 22 miles E. of Rzeszow.  Pop. 2950.
for their conversion. Christianity, however, did not gain a    PRZIBRAM, pzheetbram, a town of Bohemia, 21 miles
decided ascendant till 1164. This ascendancy was again  S.S.W. of Beraun. Pop. 4100. Ithas a castle, manufactures of
lost; but in the middle of the thirteenth century the  woollen cloth, potash-works, and.rich silver and lead-nmines.
Teutonic knights subjugated East Prussia, and converted    PRZISCHOWITZ, pzhishlo-gits, a village of Bohemia,
the people to Christianity.  Albert of Brandenburg, grand-  28 miles N.E. of Buntzlau.  Pop. 1910.
master of the order, appropriated the country in 1525. His    PRZYSUCIIA, pzhe-sooKAI, a town of Poland, province of
family augmented these possessions; and Frederick, one of  Sandomier, 24 miles W.S.W. of Radom.  Pop. 3000.
his descendants, obtained the title of king in 1701. He    PSARA, an island of Greece.  See IPsARA.
acquired the principality of NeufchAttel in Switzerland.  By    PSIL*RATI, pse-lo-r',/tee, MOUNT, (anc. Mount I/da,) the
the treaty of Utrecht, William I. obtained a portion of the  most lofty mountain of Crete, near its centre, has an elevaduchy of Gelders. He acquired the duchy of Limburg, and  tion of 7674 feet. Mount Ida was anciently closely contook from  Sweden the greater part of Pomerania.  This  nected with the worship of Zeus (Jupiter,) who is said tb
prince encouraged foreigners, who introduced many valu- have been brought up in a cave in this mountain.
able manufactures, carefully husbanded the resources of the    PSIOL, pse-ol', PSIOUL, pse-oolI, or PSLA, pslA, a river of
country, and greatly improved its agriculture; but is better  Russia, governments of Koorsk, Kharkov, and Poltava, after
known for the capricious and tyrannical conduct which he  a S.S.W. course of 300 miles, joins the Dnieper, 10 miles E.S.E.
pursued towards his family, and more especially towards his  of Krementchoog.
son and successor, Frederick, surnamed the Great, who came    PSKOV or PSKOW, pskov, written also PSKOF, a governto the throne in the year 1740. Under him Prussia became  ment of Russia, between lat. 560 and 580 N., and lon. 270 151
one of the leading powers of Europe.  He added greatly to  and 320 E., enclosed by the governments of St. Petersburg,
its extent by the conquest of Silesia, and a proceeding of even  Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Vitebsk, and Livonia.  Area,
a loss justifiable nature, the partition of Poland. luring  17,318 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 657,283. The surface is
his reign, the territory of the monarchy was nearly doubled  mostly flat. The rivers are numerous, but none large. At
and the population, which at his accession did not exceed  its N.W. extremity is the Lake of Pskov, connected with
2,500,000, rose to more than 6,000,000. He died in 1786, and  that of Peipus. Marshes are numerous. The soil is inferwas succeeded by Frederick William  II., who gave good  tile; the forests extensive. The government is subdivided
hopes at the commencement of his reign, but ultimately  into 8,districts.  The principal towns are Pskov, the capital,
betrayed a despotic tendency, and deprived Prussia of much  Toropetz, and Velikee-Looki.
of the European influence which she had ad6uired under    PSKOV, or PLEiSKOV, plks-kovi, the capital of the above
his predecessor.  A great accession of territory, however, government, on the Velikaia, near its mouth in Lake Pskov,
was obtained, pa-ticularly by the dismemberment of Poland, is 162 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 9000; but it is said to
which, only partially carried into effect under Frederick the  have been formerly 60,000. It is partly built of stone, and
Great, was now completed. But while thus employed in  comprises the kremlin or citadel, the middle town, and the
perfidiously dismembering an independent kingdom, his  great town, all enclosed by earthen ramparts. The princiown territories became suddenly exposed to a similar fate  pal buildings are the archbishop's residence and the consisby the breaking out of the French Revolution and its sub- tory, a cathedral, 1 Lutheran and numerous Greek churches,
sequent progress. By the treaty of Tilsit in 1807, Prussia was  several convents, and schools. It has manufactures of leadeprived of all her possessions between the Rhine and the  ther, a considerable export trade, and an annual fair, at
Elbe, and the greater part of Prussian Poland; but in 1815, which large quantities of woollen, silk, and cotton fabrics,
after the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna restored  leather, books, jewelry, &c. are sold. This town is men
all these estates, except a part of Poland, and at the same  tioned in Russian history as early as A.D. 903.
time granted to Prussia a part of Saxony, and the duchy of    PSKOV, LAKE OF, in Russia, between the governments
the Lower Rhine.-Adj. and inhab. PRUSSIAN, prrtshfyan  of Pskov and St. Petersburg. is a S. arm of Lake Peipus, 22
or proolshan; Ger. PRxussaISCo, proistsish; F'r. PtUSSiEN, miles in length; greatest breadth, 12 miles. It *eveives the
prtis'sedNao'.                                                 Velikaia River on the S.E.
PRUSSIA, EAST, or DUCAL PRUSSIA, a province of    PTCHALSKO, p'ch'sko, or PTCHAMSKOE, p'chlm'Prussia, now comprised in Prussia Proper. It long belonged  sko-A', a river and lake of Siberia, in the N.W. part of the
to the knights of the Teutonic order. Albert of Branden-  government of Yeniseisk. The lake, situated E. of the
burg, grand-master of the order, was created duke, under  Bay of Tavosk, is about 35 miles long by 15 miles broad,
the sovereignty of Poland, in 1525; afterwards it gave its  and contains several islands. The river issues from  the
name to the kingdom of Prussia, in which it now forms the  lake, flows N., and after a course of about 150 miles, falls
regencies of Kunigsberg and Gumbiunen.                        into the Bay of Tidarski, in the Arctic Ocean, between the
PRUSSIA, WEsv, or ROYAL PRUSSIA, a province of  mouths of the Obi and Yenisei.
Prussia, now comprised in Prussia Proper, forming the two    PTITCH or PTISCH, p'titehl, or pteech, a river of Russia,
1546
-J




PTI                                                     PUE
rises in the government of Minsk, flows S.E. and S., and joins   PUEBLA DE GUZMAN, LA, 1 pwmb/l  dA gooth-mnnt, a
the Pripets 20 miles above Mozyr. Total course, 200 miles.  town of Spain, 30 miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 3855.
PTITCH or PTITSCH, p'titchf, a market-town of Russian    PUEBLA DE HIJAR, LA, a town of Spain. See HIjAR.
Poland, government of Volhyni, 8 miles S.S.W. of Dubno.   PUEBLA DE LA CALZADA, LA, lI pw~blA di l kalPop. 1500.                                              thA/DA, a town of Spain, 16 miles E. of Badajos. Pop. 2160.
PTOLEMAIS, in North Africa. See TOLooETA.              PUEBLA DE LA REYNA, LA, 1A pwdblA dA 1 rAlnA, a
PTOLEMAIS, in Egypt. See MHNsoHF, EEL.                 town of Spain, 40 miles S.E. of Bladajos. Pop. 2200.
PTOLEMAIS, in Syria. See AcRE.                           PUEBLA DEL DEAN, LA, IA pwdb/la dBl dA-Anf, a town
PUBILIC SQUARE, a post-office of Greene co., Georgia, 50 of Spain, province of Corunna, 29 miles S.W. of Santiago.
miles N.E. of Milledgeville.                             Pop. 1840.
PUBILOW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          PUEBLA DEL DUQUE, LA, 1 pwlbl1A dal doollk/, or LA
PUIBOTINE, a small village of Clarke co., Illinois.    PUEBLA DE,RUGAT, 1A pwdblIA dA roo-gtt, a town of
PUCCULOE, pikkiifL-6t, a town of British India, presi- Spain, province, and 36 miles from Yalencia. Pop. 1603.
dency of Bengal, 37 miles N.W. of Dacca.                   PUEBLA DEL MAESTRE, LA, I pwdb'li d~l mA-6s'trA, a
PU-CHING-IIIEN, a town of China. See POO-CHING-HIEN. town of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 70 miles S.
PUCHO, (Puch6,) poo'Kot, a market-town of North RIun- of Badajos. Pop. 1154.
gary, co., and 19 miles N.E. of Trentschin, on the Waag.   PUEBLA DE LOS INFANTES, LA, 1 pw8bhlA di loce eenPop. 1948.                                               flnltls, a town of Spain, province of Seville, 19 miles N.W.
PUCH-PURI, pooch-poolree, a town of Siam, on the W. of Ecija. It has some Roman antiquities.
coast of the Gulf of Siam. Lat. 120 45' N., ion. 1000 E.   PUEBLA DE MONTALVYAN, LA, IA pwmbfl di mon-tll.
PUCKAWA (prtkta-wA') LAKE, in Wisconsin, an expan- vln/, a town of Spain, province, and 17 miles W. of Toledo,
sion of Neenah River, in the S. central part of Marquette  on the Tagus. Pop. 4333. It has a picturesque castle, and
county, is about 7 miles long and 2 miles wide.          a palace of the dukes of Uceda.
PUCKIETAS, a post-office of Westmoreland co.. Pennsyl-   PUEBLA DE SANABRIA, LA, IA pw~bfl dl sA-nfnre-,
vania.                                                   a town of Spain, 53 miles N.W. of Zamora. Pop. 849.
PUCKI/NGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       PUEBLA DE SANCHO PEREZ, LA, 1I pwlb/ll di sdn/cho
PUCKILE-CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. pA/rith, a town of Spain, province, and 36 miles S.E. of
PUD/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.      Badajos. Pop. 1892.
PUDDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon, 6~    PUEBLA  DE SILLO, LA, I1 pwb/IAl dl seel'yo, a town
miles N. of Crediton, with a station on the Great Western  of Spain, province, and about 30 miles from Leon. P. 1138.
Railway.                                                   PUEBLA DE VALLBONA, LA, 1A pwlb/lA da vAl-bolnu, a
PUDIDLESTONE-wirn-WtHITE, a parish of England, co. village of Spain, province, and 10 miles N.W. of Valencia,
of Hereford.                                             on the Turina. Pop. 2102.
PUDEWITZ, poo/deh-flits', or PUBIEDZISKA, poo-be-6d-    PUEBLA DE   ALVEIRDE, LA, lA pwlb/lA dl vhl-vYaldl,
zisklA, a town of Prussia, province, and 15 miles E.N.E. of  a town of Spain, in Aragon, 13 miles S.E. of Teruel. Pop.
Posen, between two small lakes. Pop. 1519.                1380.
PUDLEIN, pood/line, or PODOLIN, a market-town of   PUEBLA JUNTO A CORIA, LA, IA pw~blld Hoonlto A kolNorth Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Poprad, 9 miles N.N.E. re-A, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 10 miles S.S.W. of Seof Kesmark. Pop. 2300. It has an ancient castle, Roman  ville, on the right bank of the Guadalquivir. Pop. 1303.
Catholic and Piarist colleges, and near it is a chapel often    PUEBLA NUEVA, LA, IA pwb/llA nwA/vA, a village of
resorted to in pilgrimage.                                Spain, in New Castile, 46 miles W. of Toledo. Pop. 2354.
PUDOSH, a town of Russia. See PooDo8e.                    PUEBLA NUEVA DEL MAR, LA, IA pwlb/lA nw,/vA dcl
PUDfSEY, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding. mAi, ("the new village of the sea,") a village of Spain, proPUDUCOTTA, poo-doo-kot/tA, a town of British India, vince, and 2 miles E. of Yalencia, on the sea-coast, and on
presidency of Madras, 57 miles N.E. of Madura. It is the left bank of the Tarca. At no very distant date, the site
regularly and well built, and has a Hindoo palace, having  of this village was covered by the sea; and more recently it
been the capital of an independent rajahship.             was occupied by only a few cabins of fishermen. Pop. 4S57.
PUEBLA, pwib/lA or poo-lbIA, or PUEBLO, Spanish    PUEBLA PEAKS, in the N. interior of the Territory oi
words denoting a'ccollection of people," also, a "town or vii- New Mexico, are in lat. about 360 25' N., Ion. 1050 40 W..
lage," forming a part of numerous names in Spain and    PUEBLO. See PUEBLO NUEVO. See TAmisco.
Spanish America.                                           PUEBLO VIEJO, pwib/lo ve-i/uo, (" old town,") a marl.
PUEBLA, pwlb1l, or LA PUEBLA, 11 pwlb/lA, a state of time town of the Mexican Confederation, department of Vera
the Mexican Confederation, between lat. 160 20' and 200 15' Cruz, 6 miles S.E. of Tampico, on Lake Tampico. Pop. 1500,
N., and ion. 970 and 990 15, W., enclosed by the states of  who export large quantities of salted prawns to the interior.
Mexico, Vera Cruz, and Oajaca. Area, 12,042 square miles. The town is meanly built; its harbor is shallow, and it has
Pop. in 1853, 580,000.  Its central part belongs to the  now little foreign trade.
Anahuac table-land, and within it is the volcano of Pope-   PUELCHES, pw l'chls, a tribe of Indians in Patagonia.
catepeti, the highest mountain in Mexico. The Nasca River   PUENTA GORDA, pwunttA gor/dtA, a settlement of Caribs,
traverses it nearly throughout. It contains the towns of in the British Honduras, 150 miles S. of Balize.
La Puebla, Cholula, and Tehuacan.                          -PUENTE, pwln't& or poo-Wntl, a Spanish word signifying
PUEBLA, LA, or LA PUEBLA DE LOS ANGELES, IA  "a bridge," a prefix to the names of numerous towns of
pwlb/ll di loce Aung/n-les, (the "city ofthe angels," so named  Spain. See PONTE.
from its beautiful situation,) the capital of the above state, is   PUENTE DE EUMDIE, pw nltI dl l/oo-mA, a town of Spain,
situated on a declivity, 76miles EE.S.E. of Mexico. Pop. 50,000. province, and 13 miles E. of Corunna, on the Eume, here
It is regularly built and well paved; the houses are of stone, crossed by a long, ancient bridge. Pop. 2170.
and many with iron balconies and painted fronts. It has a    PUENTE DE GENIL, pwlnttl dl nl-neel/, a town of
vast number of richly decorated religious edifices, an epis- Spain, province, and 27 miles S. of Cordova, on the Genil.
copal and two other colleges, and manufactures of glass, Pop. 6408, engaged in woollen weaving, and in oil and
earthenwares, and soap.                                 -earthenware factories.
PUEBLA, LA, or POBLAT, pob-lAt/, a small town of Ma-   PUENTE DEL ARZOBISPO, pwln/tl dl AR-tho-bees/po, a
jorca, 27 miles N.E. of Palma.  Pop. 3012.               town of Spain, province of Toledo, near the Tagus, 18 miles
PUEBfLA, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, S.W. of Talavera. Pop. 979.
on the Pennsylvania Canal, 28 miles N. of Greensburg.      PUENTE DEL CONGOSTO, pw-ntl dl kon.gos/to, a town
PUEBLA, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio.              of Spain, 43 miles W. of Avila, on the Tormes. Pop. 2000.
PUEBLA D'ALCOCER, LA, IA pwlb/lA dAl-ko-thaiR, a small   PUENTE LA REINA, pwln/tl 11 rInA, a town of Spain,
town of Spain, at the foot of the Sierra d'Alcocer, province, in Navarre, province, and 13 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona, on
and 87 miles E. of Badajos. Pop. 2612.                   the Arga, here crossed by four bridges. Pop. 3700.
PUEBLA DE ALMURADIEL. LA, 1A pwlb/lA dl Al-moo-   PUENTE NACIONAL, pwlnttl nA-se-o-nAl, a village of
r&-De-l11, a town of Spain, 50 miles S.E. of Toledo. P. 1985.  Mexico, on the road leading from Vera Cruz to the capital,
PUEBLA DE ARENOSO, LA, II pwlb'l  di A-rI-no/so, a  about 45 miles N.W. of the former. It is situated on a
town of Spain, province, and 31 miles N.W. of Castellon  small stream, here crossed by a bridge, and contains an old
de la Plana. Pop. 2158.                                  fort. A skirmish took place here, August 11, 1847, between
PUEBLA DE ARGANZON, LA, 19 pwlb/lA dl Ag-gAn-. a detachment of the American army and a party of Mexican
thnul, a small town of Spain, province of Alava, 9 miles guerrilleros, in which the former had l men killed and 40
N.E. of Miranda. Near this the battle of Vitoria commenced  wounded.
in 1813.                                                   PUENTES DE GARCIA RODRIGUEZ, pwln/tis dl ga-/
PUEBLA DE CAZABA, LA, IA pwlb/lA dl kA-thA/nA, a  thee/A ro-oreesghbth, a town of Spain, province, and 24 miles
town of Spain, 35 miles S.E. of Seville. Pop. 2882.      E.N.E. of Corunna. Pop. 1496.
PUEBLA DE DON FADRIQUE, LA, I& pwlb/lA dl don    PUERCO, pwar/ko, a river of New Mexico, rising near 360
fA-oree/k&, a town of Spain, province, and 77 miles N.E. of 20' N. lat. and 1070 15' W. lon. It flows southerly, and
Granada, at the foot of Mount Calar. Pop. 6555. It has 4  joins the Rio Grande in about 340 22' N. lat. Length, about
parish churches, manufactures of woven fabrics, and an a0- 200 miles.
tive trade in timber.                                      PUERS, piitaira, a market-town of Belgium, province, and
PUEBLA DE DON FADRIQUE, a village of Spain, in  12 miles S.S.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 4000.
New Castile, province of Toledo. Pop. 2243.                PUERTO, pwlr/to or poo-lato, a Spanish word signifying
1547




PUE                                                        PUL'"port," forming the prefix to many names in Spain and    PUISEAUX, pwee zat, a town of France, department of
South America, &c.                                         Loiret, 12 miles E. of Pithiviers. Pop. 1876.
PUERTO BELLO, pwkrnto b~llyo, (i. e. "fine harbor,") a    PUISSERGUIER, pwees's8a'ghee-airs, a village of France,
seaport town of South America, in New Granada, depart- department of H1rault, 9 miles N.N.W. of B6zliers. Pop. 1745.
ment, and 40 miles N.N.W. of Panama, on the N. side of its   PUJOLS, pil'zhol?, a market-town of France, department
isthmus. It is surrounded by mountains, and unhealthy, of Lot-et-Garonne, 13 miles N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1570.
but the excellence of the harbor (whence its name) rendered    PULA, pooel&, a maritime town of Sardinia, division, and
it formerly of high commercial importance; it was taken  15 miles S.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1235.
by Admiral Vernon in 1739, at which time it was strongly    PULASKI, pu-las'kee, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virfortified. It has now greatly declined.                    ginia, contains about 250 square miles. It is intersected by
PUERTO CABELLO, pwlRato k-Bsllyo, (or k-v~llyo.) a sea- New River, which also flows along the E. border. Little
port town of South America, in Venezuela, province of Cara- River, an affluent of the former, forms part of its E. boundeas, in the Gulf of Triste, 20 miles N.W. of Valencia, of which  ary. The county occupies a part of the great valley beit is the port. The town stands on an island connected with  tween Walker's Mountain on the N.W., and the Blue Ridge
the mainland by a bridge. It is unhealthy, but has a good  on the S.E. The soil is generally good, adapted to grain
harbor, and was formerly the seat of a considerable trade. and grass. The county contains abundance of iron and
A railroad is projected from Puerto Cabello to San Felipe.   stone coal. It is intersected by the Virginia and Tennessee
PUERTO DE LA CIRUZ DE ORATAVA, pwrsIto dA 1l  Railroad. Organized in 1839, and named in honor of the
kroos dA o-ro-t&v&, a seaport town of the Canary Islands, Polish count, Pulaski. Capital, Newbern.  Pop. 5118, of
on the S. coast of the island of Teneriffe. It has paved and  whom 3647 were free, and 1471 slaves.
clean streets, 5 squares, in one of which is a pretty alameda.    PULASKI, a county in the S. central part of Georgia, has
It was declared a free port in 1852. The anchorage is bad, an area of 540 square miles. It is intersected by the OcWine, brandy, almonds, cochineal, silk, and barilla are ex- mulgee River, and also drained by Cedar, Cypress, and
ported; and sugar, coffee, indigo, cocoa, hides, staves, oil, Reedy Creeks. The surface of the upper part is rolling, and
rice, &c., are imported. Pop. 3459.                        of the lower pa't level. The soil is generally inferior. Soft
PUERTO DE LA MAR or PORT LA MAR. See CoesJA.   limestone underlies the surface. Pine timber is abundant.
PUERTO DEL PADRE, pwmr/to dSl pA/drA, a harbor on  Organized in 1808. Capital, Hawkinsville. Pop. 6627, of
the N.E. coast of the island of Cuba. Lat. 210 17' N., Ion. whom 3823 were free, and 2804 slaves.
760 42' W. It has a long and narrow entrance, but after-   PULASKI, a county in the central part of Arkansas, con-'
wards widens, being 9 miles long from E. to W. It affords  talins about 1200 square miles. It is intersected by the Ar.
excellent anchorage, fit fbr any class or number of vessels.   kansas River, navigable by steamboats, and also drained by
PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA, pwaS6to dA sanutt  m  reelA, Big Mammelle Creek, and by Fourche and Mete Bayous.
a city of Spain, province, and 7 miles N.E. of Cadiz, on the  The surface is level in the S., and hilly in the N. and W.
right bank of the Guadalete, near its mouth in the Bay of  part. The soil is moderately fertile. A rich mine of lead
Cadiz. Pop. 17,930. It is the principal place for the export and silver has been opened 10 miles N. of Little Rock.
of the wines of Jerez, (Xeres.) 7 miles N.E. Many extensive  In the vicinity of this town are valuable quarries of slate,
English and French wine-merchants are established here.   and of granite very like the Quincy granite, but not
PUERTO LLANO, pwla.to ]1tno, a town of Spain, pro- so hard. A company has been formed by a number of gen.
vince, and 21 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2812.     tlemen from Cincinnati to work the slate quarry. Little
PUERTO  MARIN, pwER/to mi-reenl, a town of Spain, Rock is the county seat and capital of Arkansas. Pop. 5658,
province, and 12 miles S.W. of Lugo, on the Minho, here of whom 4539 were free, and 1119 slaves.
crossed by a magnificent bridge. Pop. 553.                   PULASKI, a county in the S. central part of Kentucky,
PUERTO  NARANJO, pwiefto  nA-rlnghno, (i. e. "Port contains an area estimated at 650 square miles. The CumOrange,") on the N.E. coast of Cuba, about 50 miles E. of berland River bounds it on the S., and Rock Castle River
Puerto del Padre. It has a good harbor.                   on the E. The surface is hilly or mountainous, excepting
PUERTO PRINCIPE, pwea/to preenfse-pA, PORTO PRIN-  the N. part, which is gently undulating. Pulaski abounds
CIPE, prJ/to preenlse-p', or SANTA MARIA DE PUERTO  in minerals, the most valuable of which are iron, lead, and
PRINCIPE, ssnltA mreeda dA pwlr/to preen/se-pA, an inland  stone coal. About 400,000 bushels of coal are annually excity of Cuba, capital of its central department, 36miles S.S.W. ported by the Cumberland River, which is navigable for
ofits port, Las Nuevitas, on the N. coast, between the rivulets small steamboats.  Formed in 1798.  Capital, Somerset.
of Tinirma and Jatibonico. The climate is hot and humid. Pop. 14,195, whom 12,388 were free, and 1307 slaves.
Pop. of jurisdiction in 1853, 32,996 whites, 6165 free blacks,   PULASKI, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, conand 9851 slaves. A railway, 44 miles in length, connects tains about 430 square miles. It is intersected by TippePuerto Principe with Nuevitas.                             canoe River, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is
PUERTO REAL, pwaR/to rA-9l1, a seaport town of Spain, mostly level, with a few low sandy ridges. About one-half
province of Cadiz, on the bay, and 6 miles E. of Cadiz. Pop. of the county is prairie, and the other portion produces a
3871. It has manufactures of leather.                      scattered growth of oak and hickory, usually termed " oak
PUERTO RICO. See Poeao  Rico.                            openings." The soil is productive. A railroad is projected
PUERTO SERRANO, pwla'to sal-nalno, a town of Spain, through the county from Chicago to Logansport. Organized
in Andalusia, province, and 50 miles from  Cadiz, on the  in 1839. Capital, Winnamac. Pop. 2595.
Guadalete. Pop. 1559.                                        PULASKI, a county in the S. part of Illinois, contains
PUERTO VIEJO, pwhlato ve-lgo, (" old port,") a town of  about 180 square miles. The Ohio River, which separates
South America, in Ecuador, department, and 85 miles N.N.W. it from Kentucky, forms its boundary on the S.E., and Cash
of Guayaquil, on a small river flowing into the Pacific  River on the N.W. The surface is partly covered with
Ocean.                                                    forests. The soil of the river-bottoms is fertile. It is interPUFIFIN ISLAND, a rocky islet of Ireland, in Munster,  sected by the Illinois Central Railroad. Capital, Caledonia.
co. of Kerry, in St. Finnan's Bay, 3 miles S.E. of Breahead, Pop. 2265.
in Valentia Island.                                         PULASKI, a county in the S. central part of Missouri, has
PU/GET SOUND is the name of a bay of very irregular  an area of about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by the
shape, at the N.W. extremity of Washington Territory, com- Gasconade River, flowing in a N.E. direction, and also drained
municating through Admiralty Inlet with the Straits of  in the S. part by the Robidoux and Big Piney Fork, and
Juan de Fuca.                                             Little Piney Creek, which flow into the Gasconade. The
PUGIIMAN poog-minl, PEMGIIAN, plm-ggnl, or PAM- surface is hilly; the soil generally fertile. Limestone unGIAN, pim-gAn?, a mountain range of Afghanistan, subor- derlies a part of the land. The county is copiously supplied
dinate to that of Iindoo Koosh, stretching along its S. base  with water-power.  Capital, Waynesville.  Pop. 3998, of
for about 100 miles. Lat. 340 40' N., ion. 680 40' E. Its  whom 3885 were free, and 113 slaves.
highest summit is supposed to be from 10,000 feet to 13,000    PULASKI, a post-village, semi-capital of Oswego co., New
feet.                                                     York, situated in Richland township, on Salmon River,.4
PUGH'S, a post-office of Madison co., Louisiana.        miles from Lake Ontario, and 150 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
PUGHI'S HILL, a post-office of Franklin co., North Ca- It contains a court-house, several churches, 2 newspaperroline.                                                   offices, and manufactories of iron, wool, and other materials.
PUGIITOWN, a small post-village of Chester co., Penn- Pop. estimated at 1000,
sylvania, 68 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.                    PULASKI, a post-village and township of Lawrence os.,
PUGLIA, poollyd, a small river of Italy, joins the Tiber Pennsylvania, on the Shenango River, and on the Beaver
at Orvieto.                                               and Erie Canal, 56 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg. Pop.1721.
PUGLIA, LA, a region of South Italy. See ApULA.          PULASKI, a post-office of Scott co., Mississippi.
PUGSILEY'S DEPOT, Tompkins co., New York, a station on    PULASKI, a post-village of Panola co., Texas, on the Sa.
the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad, 13 miles from Ithaca. bine River, a few miles E. of Carthage.
PUICELEY, pwee'seh-l/, a town of France, department    PULASKI, a thriving post-village, capital of Giles co.,
)f Tarn, 11 miles N.W. of Gaillac. Pop. in 1852, 2145.   Tennessee, is situated on a branch of Elk River, 75 miles S.
PUIG, poolig, a town of Spain. province, and 12 miles N.E. of Nashville. It is a place of active business, and containl
of Valencia, on a hill closeto the lMediterranean. Pop. 2050. a cotton factory moved by steam, a bank, and several flou.
PUIGCERDA, poo-ig-thlrJdl, a fortified frontier town of  rishing schools. A newspaper is published here. Pop. esti.
Spain, province, and 52 miles N.W. of Gerona, at the foot of mated at 1400.
the Pyrenees. Pop. 1876.                                   PULASKI, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio.
1548




PUL                                                      PUN
PULASKI, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity  ants, considered to be of Persian descent, are expert in the
of Jackson co., Michigan. Pop. 760.                       use of firearms, and make good soldiers; and it has been
PULASKI, a post-office of Pulaski co., Indiana.         estimated that they could muster 10,000 fighting men.
PULASKI, a post-village of Hancock Co., Illinois, 85 miles   PUNCKINOLL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
N.W. of Springfield.                                        PUN'DERPOORI, a town of India, dominions. and 89 miles
PULASKI, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.              E. of Sattarah, on the Beemah. Lat. 170 42' N., lon. 750 26' E.
PULASKI, a post-village and township of Iowa co., Wis- It is regularly and well built, and has several palaces. Pop.
cousin, on Wisconsin River, about 28 miles N.N.W. of Mine- 25,000. (?)
ral Point. Pop. 181.                                        PUNGANOOR, pmin-ga-noorf, a fortified town of British
PULASKI CREEK, of Pulaski co., Georgia, flows into the  India, presidency of Madras, 60 miles N.W. of Arcot.
Ocmulgee from the right.                                    PUNtGO CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co., North Ca.
PULASIKIVILLE, a post-village of Morrow co., Ohio.      rolina.
PULAWY, poo-li&/ee, a town of Poland, government, and    PUNGOTEAGUE, pfing'go-teegf, a post-village of Accomack
80 miles N.W. of Lublin, on the right bank of the Vistula. co., Virginia, 12 miles S.W. of Accomack Court-House. It
Pop. 3000.                                                has 2 churches and a mill.
PULIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          PUNGUDUTIVE, pfing-goo-doo-teevf, a small island S.W.
PULIFORD, a parish of England, co., and 6 miles S.S.W. of Jaffnapatam, on the N. end of Ceylon, about 10 miles in
of Chester, with a station on the Shrewsbury and Chester  circumference. Pop. 2415.
Railway.                                                    PUNHETE, poon-ydtA, a market-town and military post
PULIHAM, a town of England, co. of Norfolk, 3  miles  of Portugal, province of Estremadura, on the Tagus, at the
N.W. of Hlarleston. Pop. in 1851, 1414.                   head of its navigation, 9 miles W.N.W. of Abrantes. Pop.
PULUAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.       1100. It exports raisins and other fruits.
PULICAT, ptl'e-kAt/, (Hindoo, Paliacutq, va-le —kootA,)    PUNISHEER, a river of Afghanistan.  See PENDJSnEHEu.
a maritime town of India, formerly belonging to the Dutch,   PUNITZ, poolnits, (Polish, Pocwiec, p6vfylts,) a town of
20 miles N. of Madras. Lat. 130 25' N., Ion. 800 24' E., at the Prussian Poland, government, and 44 miles S. of Posen.
S. entrance of Pulicat Lake, an inlet of the sea, 35 miles  Pop. 1620, partly employed in linen-weaving and in brewing.
in length, and 12 miles in breadth, bounded seaward by    PUNJAB, pfin-jatb, or PUNJAUB, an extensiveterritory
a long, narrow island.                                    of North-west Hindostan, embracing the country watered by
PULKAU, pb51?klw, or BULKA, b551/ka, a market-town  the "five great waters," of which the Indus is the most westof Lower Austria, at the foot of the Mannhartsberg. P. 1856. erly, and the Sutlej the most easterly. The outline of the dis.
PULLtAWAY, a post-office of Franklin parish, Lousiana.  trict is angular, the apex being at the point where the Indus
PULILOXHILL, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.       and the Punjnud meet, in let. 280 55' N., Ion. 700 28' E. The
PULLY, ptilPleel, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, N. is an elevated region, formed by the Bolor, Thibet, and
1 mile E. of Lausanne. Pop. 1000.                         West I-Iimalaya Mountains, and from whence issue six rivers,
PULO, a prefix to names of many islands in the Indian  which flow S. through a level and low-lying region. The
Ocean. See PooLe.                                         rivers are the Indus, Jhylum, Chenaub, Ravee, Bess, with
PULO ANAPHI, pooleo a-na/fee, an islet in the Grecian  the Sutlej. Length, from N.E. to S.W., from Nobra in Ladakh
Archipelago, 15 miles S.E. of Santorini.                  to the confluence of the Indus and Punjnud, about 600
PULO PENANG, Strait of Malacca. See PENANG.             miles. Breadth, fromRampoor to Derbend, 350 miles. Pop.
PULO WAY or PULO AY. See PooLe WAY.                      estimated at 4.740,000, consisting of Sikhs, Cashmerians, and
PULSANO, pool-sd/no, or PULZANO, pool-zA/no, a village  Afghans. The N. part of the state is a range of mountains,
of Naples, province of Otranto, 10 miles S.E. of Taranto. with an elevation of from  20,000 to 27,000 feet. The WV
Pop. 1100.                                                range, enclosing the valley of the Indus, is of granite and
PULSNITZ or PULSSNITZ, p6l1stnits, a town of Saxony, primary reeks. The Rupshu Spiti and adjacent part of'
16 miles N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 2000. The Emperor Alex- Ladakh, are of secondary strata, with organic remains; the
ander of Russia and the King of Prussia had a conference  East Cashmerian are volcanic and basaltic, with limestones.
here in 1813.                                             South of lat. 340, the country rapidly slopes to the alluvial
PULTNEY, ptlit/nee, a post-township of Steuben co., New  plain of the Punjab, which extends for several hundred
York, on the W. side of Crooked Lake. Pop. 1815.          miles without any considerable eminence except the salt
PULTNEY, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1816.  ranges at the base of the Himalayas, which contain imPULT/NEYVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, mense beds of rock-salt, as also alum, sulphur, nitre, coal,
on Lake Ontario, 28 miles E.N.E. of Rochester. It has a  and gypsum. The great plain is divided by the interseclanding and warehouses.                                   tion of its rivers into 5 doabs. The soil in general is sandy
PULTOWA, a town and government, Poland. See POLTAvA. and barren, but with many fertile spots intermixed, and
PULTUSK, poolltoosk, written also PULTOWSK, a town  there are abundant means of irrigation. The summer temof Poland, province, and 60 miles E.N.E. of Plock, capital of perature of the plains is excessively hot and dry; winter
a county, on an island formed by the Narew. Pop. 4500. cool, and not unfrequently frost. Temperature at Lahore,
It is well built, and has a bishop's palace, a collegiate church, in June, about 1120 Fahrenheit.
a nunnery, and a synagogue, with a brisk trade in corn.   The vegetation of the Punjab resembles that of East India.
Here, in 1703, Charles XII. conquered the Saxons, and on  The sugar-cane, palm, orange, and other fruit-trees flourish,
the 26th December, 1806, the French gained a victory over and all kinds of grain crops are raised, as also opium, indigo,
the Russians.                                             and tobacco. Camels, buffaloes, and horses are reared in
PULTVERBATCH CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of  the extensive pasture-lands, but rural industry is by no
Salop.                                                    means generally practised. Silk and cotton fabrics are maPUL/VER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Dutchess co., New  nufactured in the towns, as also carpets, shawls, and warlike
York.                                                     arms. A considerable transit trade is carried on in goods im
PUMP/KIN, a post-office of Southampton co., Virginia.    ported from East India and carried W.; bullion, silk, drugs,
PUMIPKINPILE, a postoffice of Paulding co., Georgia.    and dyes being received in return. The population is of a
PUMPKIN PINE, a post-office of Polk co., Georgia.       mixed kind. In the N. are Thibetan Mongolians, and tho
PUMPIKINTOWN, a post-village of Pickens district, South  remains of former Afghan conquerors are scattered over the
Carolina, 125 miles W.N.W. of Columbia.                   whole country; the great majority of the people are Punjab
PUMPKINTOWN, a post-office of Randolph co., Georgia.   Jets, descendants of Hindoo Rajpoot Jats; the Khalsa Sikh
PUMP/KINVINE, a post-office of Paulding co., Georgia..   population may amount to 500,000. Their religion, origiPUMPKINVINE CREEK, of Georgia, flows into the Eto- nally supposed to have been a pure deism, is now a modifiwah, a few miles S. of Cartersville, in Case county.      cation of Hindooism. They have no castes, and the military
PUNA, poo-nd/, improperly written PUNO, an island off  profession is open to all. Their morals are depraved and
the W. coast of South America, in Ecuador, department, and  sensual. In person the Sikhs resemble the Hindoos, but
40 miles S.W. of Guayaquil, in the Gulf of Guayaquil. are of more robust and active habits than the natives of
Length, from N. to S., 30 miles; breadth, 10 miles. The  Middle India, and they excel in warlike enterprise. The
surface is wellwooded. On its N. side is the village of Puna,  Sikh government, a military despotism, extended over the
with a tolerable harbor.                                  whole ofthe Punjab, Cashmere, Ladakh, and Balkh, Peshawer
PUNCH, pfnch, a small town of the Punjab, in lat. 330  W. of the Indus, and the Derajat as far S. as the frontier of
51' N., ion. 730 53' E., near the frontier of Cashmere, where  Sinde.  The revenue was formerly estimated at about
crossed by the Punch Pass, 8500 feet in elevation.        2,500,0001. annually. Runjeet Singh had an army of 75,000
PUNCHIEON, a post-office of Alien co., Kentucky.        men. The principal towns are Lahore, the capital, Amritseer,
PUNCHSHIR, pLnch'sheerf, or PUNJSHIR, pfinj'sheerf,  Serinagur, Mooltan, Peshawer, Jullinder, and Jelalpoor.
a valley of Afghanistan, stretching S.W. along the S. side    The Punjab was the scene of Alexander the Great's oriof Hindoo Koosh, for about 60 miles, from the Khawak Pass. ental conquests. At the beginning of the tenth century
Lat. 350 42' N., lon. 690 531 E. A river of the same name, it was overrun by Miohammed of Ghuznee, "the destroyer."
flowing through the centre of the valley, is fed by numerous  Subsequently it was conquered by the Afghans, and in
streams from its sides. The soil is naturally so sterile that 1526 by Baber the Mogul Conqueror. Under tlhe late Runthere is scarcely a single tree of spontaneous growth; but  jeet Singh, the power and boundaries of the kingdom were
tareful culture has covered fhe surface with groves and or- greatly extended; and on his death, in 1839, and the subsechards of mulberry and other fruit-trees, and every spot quent massjcres of his nearest heirs, the country became
capable of yielding grain is turned to account. The inhabit- the scene of anarchy. An unprovoked invasion of the Britisb
1549




PUN                                                        PUT
territories E. of the Sutlej by a powerful army of the Sikhs   PIURDY ISLAND. off the S. coast of Australia, belongs to
in 1845, led to a series of British victories at Moodkee, Fero- the Nuyts Archipelago.
zeshah, Aliwal, and Sabraon, and their submission by treaty    PURDY ISLANDS, a group of islands in the South Paciin 1846. This treaty was again broken by Shere Singh in  fic, S. of the Admiralty Islands, about lat. 20 51' S., ion. 146a
1848, and the Sikh force was finally defeated and dispersed  15' E.
at Guzerat, February 21, 1849. The Punjab was then form-   PURIDY'S STA/TION, a post-village of Westchester co.,
ally annexed to the British possessions in India.          New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 50 miles N.N.E. of New
PUNJ DEEN, pinj deen, written also PTUNJ-DEH and  York.
PENJDEH, a Turcoman stationary camp, in IKhorassan, on    PURIFLEET, a township of England, co. of Essex, situthe route from Hierat to Merv, 130 miles N. of Hierat. Lat. ated on an eminence beside the Thames, 15 miles E. of Lou360 4' N., ion. 620 41' E. Punj Deen is a frontier post of the  don. Pop. 704. It has a small pier for steamers, and a large
Khan of Khova.                                            government bomb-proof powder magazine.
PUNJGOOR, pnunj'goort, a town of Beloochistan, province    PURIGITSVILLE, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
of Mekicran, on the Doostee, 74 miles NN.E. of Kedje.       PURIFICACION, poo-re-fe-kA-se-Rn/, a town  of South
PUNJNUD, piHnj'nttd, a name applied to the conjoined  America, in New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, on
stream of the Ghara and Chenaub Rivers, which unites with  the Magdalena, 72 miles S.W. of Bogota.
the Indus after a S.W. course of about 60 miles. At 0och it   PURIFICACION, poo-re-fe-kA-se-Ruo, a town of the Miexican
is half a mile wide at low water, and 15 or 20 feet deep..  Confederation, 95 miles W.N.W. of Colima.
PUNKAHS or PONKAS, ptink/as, a tribe of Indians for-   PUIRITON, a parish of England. co. of Somerset.
merly dwelling in the S.E. part of the present Nebraska    PUIRKASSA, pAr-kastse, a town of British India, presiTerritory.                                                dency of Bombay, district of Candeish, on the Taptee, 84
PUNINAt or PANINAI, a rajahship of Iindostan, pro- miles E.N.E. of Surat, in lat. 210 29' N., lon. 740 22' E.  It
vince of Allahabad, subsidiary to the British, and having  is now in decay, but numerous ruined temples attest its
an area of 688 square miles. Pop. 67,500. It pays to the  former importance.
Bengal government a tribute of 11,000 rupees annually, and    PUR'LEIGHI, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
maintains a force of 200 cavalry and 700 infantry. It con-   PUR/LEY. a parish of England, co. of Berks.
tains the famous diamond-mines of PANNAH.                   PURMEREEND, pfImeh-rlnt', a town of the Netherlands,
PUNNAIR, pin-nAr~, or PANAUR, pa-nawr/, a river of  province of North Holland, on the North Holland Canal, 10
South India, rises in Mysore, traverses the British districts  miles N. of Amsterdam. Pop. 3372. It has large markets
of Salem and South Arcot, and enters the sea at Cuddalore, for cattle and cheese.
93 miles S.S.W. of Madras, after an E. course of 220 miles.   PURNEAl, purlne-a, a town of British India, capital of
The towns of Iyacotta and Kistnaghur are on its banks.    a district of its own name, 230 miles N.W. of Calcutta, in
PUNO, poolno, a department of Peru, mostly between lat. lat. 250 45' N., Ion. 880 23' E. Pop. estimated at 40,000. It
140 and 180 S., and ion. 690 and 72~ W., having E. Bolivia, is said to occupy 9 square miles, being rather an assemblage
and on other sides the departments of Cuzco and Arequipa. of villages than a compact town.  A good deal of indigo
Estimated area, 21,540 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 285,661. is raised in its vicinity.
It is nearly enclosed by cordilleras of the Andes, comprises    PURNEAH, a district of British India, presidency of Benthe greater part of the Lake Titicaca, and was formerly fa- gal. Area, 7460 square miles. Pop. 1,362,165.
mous for the number and wealth of its silver mines. The    PURRUAI, ptrfroo'ah, a town of British India, presi
chief towns are Puno, Chucuito, Asangaro. and Lampa.      dency of Bengal, district, and 45 miles S.S.W. of Dinagepoor
PUNO, a city of South Peru, capital of a department and  in lat. 250 20' N., Ion. 880 14' E. It has extensive ruins of
province, on the Bay of Puno, on the W. shore of Lake Titi- mosques and other buildings.
caca, 130 miles E.N.E. of Arequipa, and 12,870 feet above the    PURRUAII, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
sea. Pop. 9000.                                           district of Burdwan, 32 miles N.N.W. of Calcutta.
PUNTA DE LOS REYES, poon/tA di loce rlyls, a post-   PURSILEY, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
office of Marion co., California.                           PURfTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, with a staPUNTA DE PIEDRA, poon'tl dA pe-Wdrl, (i. e. " Stony  tion on the Great Western Railway, 41 miles W.N.W. of
Point,") a maritime town of South America, in Venezuela, Swindon.
department, and 70 miles E. of Cumana, at the head of the    PURUS, poolrooce, or PURU, poo-root, CUCIIVARA, koo.
Gulf of Paria. It stands on a fine elevated plain, and has  che-vi/r, a river of South America, rises in Peru, flows N.E.,
risen into importance wholly within the present century.    and after a course of 400 miles, joins the Amazon in lat. 40
PUNTA DI STILO, poon/tt dee steello, (anc. Cocilbnthum or  S., lon. 610 W. It traverses the least-known part of the
Cocinuhttee,) a point or cape of Italy, in Calabria Ultra, on the  American continent. At its junction with the Amazon it is
S.E. coast, in lat. 380 280 N., lon. 160 36' E.           scarcely inferior in size to that river. Length, estimated at
PUNTA ESPADA, poon'tt 6s-pl'D, a promontory at the  from 400 to 500 miles.
E. end of the island of Hayti, in lat. 12~ 4' N., lon. 710 10' W.   PUJRUVESI, poo-roo-v~lsee, a lake of Rnussia, in Finland,
PUNTA LLANA, poon/t, Il/nI, a town of the Canary  in the S. of the circle of Kuopio. It is about 24 miles long,
Islands, on a rugged site, on the E. side of the island of  by 15 miles broad.
Palma. Pop. 1938.                                            PUR/VIS, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.
PUNTA LORNA, poon/lt loRsnI, the W. promontory form-   PURWAN, ptir-wln/, a village of Afghanistan, in a valley
inug the entrance to the port of San Diego, on the Pacific  of the same name, on the S. side of Hindoo Koosh, in lat.
coast of the United States, in lat. 320 39' 30" N., Ion. 117~  350 9' N., lon. 690 16' E. It acquired some celebrity during
15' 17" W.                                                 the military operations in Afghanistan in 1840, as the scene
PUNTAS ARENAS, poon/tls I-r/nles, the principal port of a severe check sustained by the British.
of Costa Rica, Central America, on the Gulf of Nicoya. It   PUSAMBIO, a village of South America. See PURACE.
has a good harbor,and a rapidly-increasing trade, as it com-   PUTSEY, a parish of England, co.,of Berks.
municates by an excellent road with a great part of the in-   PU/SEYVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylterior. In 1845 it exported 50,000 quintals of coffee.     vania.
PUNUKKA, a town of Hindostan. See PeOONUKKA.              PUSHMATAHA, phshm.t.a-haw,. a post-office of Choctaw
PUNXUTAW/INEY, a post-village of Jefferson co., Penn- co., Alabama.
sylvania, 130 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg.                    PUSIANO, poo-se-t/no, a village of Austrian Italy, 10 miles
PUR, two rivers of Siberia. See Poon.                    E. of Come, on the Lake of Pusiano, which is about 3 miles
PURACE, poo-rd-sl, a mountain peak of the Andes, in  long by 1 mile in breadth, 160 feet deep, and 840 feet above
New Granada; lat. 20 20' N. Height, 17,034 feet.           the Adriatic.
PURACI,. or PUSAMBIO, poo-sem/be-o, a village of South    PUSOPK, LADANY, lh1'dfif piishopk!, a village of IHunAmerica, New Granada, 12 miles E.S.E. of Polayan, on the  gary, Thither Theiss, co. of Sizabolcs, 7 miles S.W. of Navolcano of Purac6, by an eruption of which, in 1827, it was  dudvar. Pop. 3463.
temporarily destroyed.                                       PUSPOKY, (Piispoky,) piis'p3ikee, (Ger. Biischdorf, btishfPURATIN, a town of Russia. See POORATEEN.                deaf,) a market-town of West HuI-Ingary, co., and 6 miles S.E,
PUR/BECK, ISLE OF, a peninsular district of England, of Presburg. Pop. 1218.
co. of Dorset, between the river Frome and the English    PUSTERTIHIAL, poos/ter-til', a district in the E. part of the
Channel, terminating in St. Alban's IHead.  Length, 10  Tyrol, watered by the head streams of the Drave and Adige.
miles; breadth, about 7 miles.  Corfe Castle is in this  Chief town, Bruneck.
district.                                                   PUST-OZERSK, a town of Russia. See PoosT-OZERSK.
PURCELL, ptlr-sll1, an island off the W. coast of Pata-   PUTA, poo/tr, a small town of Yolo co., California.
genia, from which it is separated by a deep channel about   PUTA RIVER, California, rises in Napa county, runs in
2 miles wide, in lat. 460 55' 20"' S., lon. 740 39' 551 W'.  an E. direction through the beautiful Berryessa Valley,
PUR/CELLSVILLE, a post-office of London co., Virginia.  and at last wastes its waters in the Tule marshes.
PURCHIENA, pooR-chlnu, a town of Spain, province, and    PUTAYL, a town of Russia. See PooegyL.
30 miles N.N.E. of Almeria, on the right bank of the Alman-   PUTBUS, plft/b5is, a market-town of Prussia, in the
zor. Pop. 1596.                                           island of Riigen, 5 miles S.E. of Bergen. Pop. 1340.
PURIDY, a post-village, capital of McNairy co., Tennessee,   PU-TCIIU, a city of China. See Poe-ceoo.
138 miles W.S.W. of Nashville.                              PUTEAUX, pii/tO, a village of France, department of Seine,
PURDY CREEK, a post-village of Steuben co., New York, 11 miles W. of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine, and on
about 22 miles W.S.W. of Bath.                            the Paris and Versailles Railway. Pop. in 1852, 4346.
1550




PUT                                                       PUY
PUTEOLANUS SINUS. See NAPLES, BAY OF.                   Washington co., New York, bordering on Lakes George and
PUTEOLI. See PozzuoLi.                                  Champlain. Pop. 753.
PUTIFORD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        PUTNAM, a village of Ohio. See ZANESVILLE.
PUTFORD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         PUTNAM, a township in the S.W. part of Livingston co.,
PUTIGNANO, poo-teen-y&no, a town of Naples, province, Michigan. Pop. 977.
and 23 miles S.E. of Bari. Pop. 9000.                       PUTNAM VALLEY, a post-township of Putnam co., New
PUTtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.          York, 50 miles N. by E. of New York. Pop. 1626.
PUTLITZ, p6itflits, a town of Prussia, province of Bran-    PUT/NAMVILLE, a post-village of Putnam  co., Indiana,
denburg, 9 miles N.W. of Pritzwalk. Pop. 1520.            is pleasantly situated on the National Road, 40 miles W.S.W.
PUTtNAM, a county in the S.E. part of New York, basin  of Indianapolis. The extension of the Albany and Salem
area of about 230 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by  Railroad passes through this village. Pop. in 1850, 251.
the State of Connecticut, and on the W. by the Hudson, and    PUTNAMVILLE, a post-village, capital of Putnam  co.,
is principally drained by Croton River and Peekskill Creek, Missouri, about 150 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.
which afford some water-power. The surface is uneven and    PUTINEY, a village and parish of England, co. of Surrey,
hilly, and in the W. part mountainous, the elevated ridge  on the Thames, opposite Fulham, with which it is connected
called the Highlands passing through it. The soil is gene- by a wooden bridge, and on the London and Richmond Rail.
rally fertile. Iron ore of excellent quality is abundant, and  way, 6S miles W.S.W. of St. Pauls, London. Pop. in 1851,
large quantities are manufactured. The West Point foun- 5280. The village has many good residences, a conspicuous
dry is one of the most extensive in the United States. Plum- church, and various inns facing the river. Rowing and
bago, sulphur, and iron pyrites are also found. The Ilud- sailing matches are here often held.  Steamers ply conson River is navigable for ships along the entire W. border. stantly between it and London. Cromwell, Earl of Essex,
The Harlem Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad tra- and principal agent of Henry VIII. in the spoliation of the
verse the county from N. to S. Organized in 1812, and  monasteries, and Gibbon, the historian, were natives of
named in honor of General Israel Putnam, an officer in the  Putney.
Rlevolution. Capital, Carmel. Pop. 14,138.                  PUTNEY. a post-township in Windham co., Vermont, on
PUTNAM, a county in the W. part of Virginia, touching  the N. side of the Connecticut River, and on the Vermont
the Ohio River, contains 350 square miles. It is intersected  Valley Railroad, 105 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1425.
by the Great Kanawha River, navigable by steamboats. The    PUTINEYVILLE, a small post-village of Armstrong co.,
surface is occupied by valleys and hills; the soil is generally  Pennsylvania.
fertile. The hills contain immense beds of iron ore and-  PUTRID SEA, Russia. See SIVASs.
bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Covington and    PUTTE, piitlth, a village of Belgium, province, and 16
Ohio Railroad, not yet finished. It was organized in 1848, miles S.E. by E. ofAntwerp. Pop. 2762.
including parts of Mason and Kanawha counties. Capital,   PUTTEE, pit'teet, a town of the Punjab, 12 miles W. of
Winfield. Pop. 5335, of whom  4703 were free, and 632  the Beas, and 38 mills S.E. of Lahore. Pop. about 5000. It
slaves.                                                   is well built, and has a government stud.
PUTNAM, a county in the central part of Georgia, has an    PUTTELANGE, piit'teh-15Nzh/, or PUTTLINGEN, piittlarea of about 360 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by  ling-en, a town of France, department of Moselle, 9 miles
the Oconee River, intersected by Little River, and also  S.W. of Sarreguemines. Pop. 2642.
drained by Crooked, Indian, and other creeks. The surface    PUTTEN, pfittten, an island of the Netherlands, province
is somewhat diversified, and partly covered with forests of' of South Holland, iformed by the Meuse, 8 miles S.W. of Rot.
oak, pine, and other trees. The soil is of the description  terdam.
called "mulatto," well adapted to cotton, but impoverished    PUTTEN, a village of the Netherlands, province of Gelder.
by a bad system of cultivation. Copper and iron have been  land, 6 miles S. of Harderwick. Pop. 3233.
found, and granite is abundant. A railroad has been opened    PUTITENHAIIM, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
from Eatonton to the Central Railroad at Gordon. Organ-   PUTTENHAMI.    a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
ized in 1807. Capital, Eatonton.  Pop. 10,794, of whom       PUTTERSHOEK, phtft.ers-hook', or PIETERSIHOEK,
3326 were free, and 7468 slaves.                           peelters-hook', a village of Holland, province of South HolPUTNAM, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, bordering  land, 4 miles W. by S. of Dort. Pop. 1585.
on the Atlantic, has an area of 840 square miles. It is in-   PUTTOOLA-KILLA. See FUTTOOLA-KILL.A.
tersected by St. John's River, and also drained by the Ock-   PUTTSIVILLE, a post-office of Essex co., New York.
lawha. The surface is but little higher than the sea, and    PUTT'UGUNIPUS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
consists mostly of marshes, grassy plains, and pine forests.   PUTTUN SOMNAUTH, Hindostan. See SoMrNAUvT.
The soil is sandy. Capital, Pilatka. Pop. 687, of whom 483    PUTUMIAYO, poo-too-milo, or IqA, eefsd, a river of South
were free, and 204 slaves.                                 America, in Ecuador, rises by many heads near Paste, flows
PUTNAM, a county in the N.E. central part of Tennessee, E., and joins the Amazon at Iga. Total course, 700 miles.
has an area estimated at 500 square miles. It is drained by    PUTZALO, poot-zwilo, a small island of Finland, in the
small affluents of Cumberland River. The surface is un- N. part of Lake Ladoga.
even and partly covered with forests.  The county was    PUTZIG, (pO&t'siG) BaY or, the W. arm of the Gulf of
formed since 1850, out of parts of Jackson and White coun- Dantzic, separated from the Baltic by a long and narrow
ties. Capital, Monticello.                                 tongue of land. Length, from S.E. to N.W., 20 miles.
PUTNAM, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, has an area    PUTZIG, a town of West Prussia, 26 miles N.N.W. of
of about 480 square miles. It is intersected by the Auglaize Dantzic, on the Gulf of Dantzic. Pop. 2180.
River, and also drained by Blanchard's Fork and the Ottawa    PUXPTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
River, affluents of the former. The surface is level, and ex-   PUY, LE, leh pwee, a town of France, capital of the departtensively covered with good timber. A large part of the  ment of Haute-Loire, 68 miles S.W. of Lyons, near the left
county is occupied by the Black Swamp; the soil, when  bank of the Loire. Pop. in 1852, 15,723. It is built in the
drained, is very productive. It is intersected by the Miami form of an amphitheatre, on the S. slope of Mount Anis.
Extension Canal, and by the route of the Dayton and Michi- Crowning the mount, and overtopping the houses, is a vergan Railroad. Capital, Kalida. Pop. 7221.                 tical rock with a tabular summit called Rocher de Corneille,
PUTNAM, a county in the W. central part of Indiana, containing the ruins of a castle. Of still more remarkable
contains 486 square miles. It is drained by the Eel River, appearance, though much less lofty, is the Rocher-de-St.
an affluent of White River. The surface is partlylevel, and  Michel, an isolated conical rock of basaltic tufa, rising
partly undulating. The soil is mostly a black loam, and in  abruptly from the stream of the Borne to the height of 265
some parts calcareous, and is well adapted to grain or grass. feet, with a thickness at the base of 500 feet, and at the top
In 1850 this county yielded 85,837 pounds of wool, being the  of only 45 or 50 feet. This rock is surmounted by a small
greatest quantity produced by any county in the state. chapel in the Romanesque style, approached by a winding
Quarries of valuable limestone have been opened. It is in- stair, partly cut in the rock. The chief part of the town,
tersected by the Indiana and Illinois Canal, the Indiana- consisting of white houses, rising in a succession of terraces,
polls and Terre Haute,and the New Albany and Salem Rail- clusters round the larger rock, and in like manner the
roads. Capital, Greencastle. Pop. 18,615.                 suburb, called Aiguille, is built around the other. The prinPUTNAIMI, a county in the N. central part of Illinois, has cipal edifices are the cathedral, a heavy, ungainly building
an area of 200 square miles. It is intersected by the Illinois in the Romanesque style, occupying the highest part of the
River, navigable by steamboats. The surface is nearly level town; the church of St. Laurent, a large edifice, containing
or undulating; the soil is highly productive, and easily cul- the ashes of the celebrated Constable Du Guesclin; the the.
tivated. The county contains extensive prairies, and is atre, occupying an octagonal building, fabled to have once
liberally supplied with timber. Stone coal is found in this been a temple of Diana; the prefecture, a new edifice; and
county. It is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad. the museum, containing a considerable number of Roman
Organized in 1831. Capital, Hennepin. Pop. 3924.          remains, and other local curiosities. Le Puy has a national
PUTNAM, a new county in the N. part of Missouri, bor- college, a normal school, and a library of 8000 volumes. It
dering on Iowa, has an area of about 290 square miles. It is the see of a bishop, possesses a court of first resort and
is bounded on the E. by Chariton River, flowing from N. to  commerce, a consulting chamber of manufactures, a di.
S.. and intersected by Shoal Creek. The surface is diversi- cesan seminary, and an agricultural society. The town has
fled with prairies and woodlands.  Capital, Putnamlille. manufactures of lace, woollens, and a bell foundry. It was
Pop. 1636, of whom 1617 were free, and 19 slaves.          the capital of the old district of Velay, and was the birth
PUTNAM, a post-township forming the N. extremity of place of Cardinal Polignac.                     1




PUY                                                       PYR
PUYCERDA, a town of Spain. See PUcocEDA.                 feet. On the top is a platform rather more than 32 feet
PUY DE DOME, pwee deh dom, a mountain of France, square. Were the pyramid continued to an apex, the height
near the centre of the department to which it gives name. would be about 479 feet. Many of the stones of which it is
Height above the sea, 4806 feet. It is the chief peak of a  built, are nearly 4 feet thick, 8 or 9 feet long, and above 6
volcanic group of mountains, covering about 80 square  feet wide. The Great Pyramid contains near its centre sevemiles, and attached on the S. by a series of basaltic peaks or ral considerable chambers, though small compared with the
gouys to the great mass of Mont-Dor. It is almost bare of size of the entire structure. In one of these is a sarcophatrees, but has good pasturage on its sides, and corn land at gus, once enclosing, it is supposed, the body of the king
its' base.                                                Cheops, who lived about 900 years B.c. The Pyramid of
PUY DE DOME, a department in the S.E. of France, Cephren, the second in size, has a base 684 feet square, with
formed of part of Auvergne;area 3039 square m. Pop. in  a vertical height of 456 feet. The Pyramids of Gheezeh
1852. 596,897. The surface is mountainous, and contains a  stand on a terrace or plateau of limestone rock, and the
great number of puys or peakls, the chief of which are the  greater part of the stones, being of the same material, are
Mont-Dor and the Puy-de-DlOme. These mountains are of  supposed to have been obtained from quarries in the inmmevolcanic origin, and contain numerous extinct craters, the  diate vicinity. All the pyramids are situated on the W. side
lava, formerly emitted from which, is used for building and  of the Nile. Many of those not included in the group above
paving. Between the mountains extend rich valleys, and  described, are inconspicuous; some of the smaller ones
that of Limagne is celebrated for its fine vegetation. The  have in the lapse of ages become partially or entirely covered
principal rivers are the Allier, and its aitffluent, the Dore. with the sands from the desert. A number of them, built
The chief mineral products are coal, antimony, silver, alum, of sun-dried brick, have crumbled into a mass of unsightly
lead, iron, and marble. There are numerous mineral springs  ruins.
in the department, the most celebrated of which is that of   PYRABMUS, a river of Asia Minor. See JYHoor.
Mont-Dor.  The principal manufactures are linens, wool-   PYRENEES, pirfen-eez, (Fr. Pyrgncs, pee'rAnAf; Sp. Pisilens, and paper. Many of the population of the sterile dis- aeos, pe-re-nafoce; Ger. Pyrenden, pe-re-n~len; L. Pyrenccdi
tricts emigrate every year. The department is divided into  leonftes, or Pyrene; Gr. fIvpnvq, Purng,)' a lofty mounthe arrondissements of Ambert, Clermont, Issoire, Riom, tain chain forming the boundary between France and Spain,
and Thiers. Capital, Clermont-Ferrand.                    and stretching across the whole of the isthmus which conPUY GUILLAIUME, pwee ghee'yaml or gheel'ySm, a mar- nects the Spanish peninsula with the rest of the European
ket-town of France, department of Puy-de-DOme, 8 miles continent, and abuts with one extremity at the MediterraN.N.W. of Thiers. Pop. 1673.                              niean, and the other at the Atlantic. Its length, from Cape
PUY-LA-ROQUE, pwee-A1-rok, a market-town of France, Creux, N. of the Gulf of Roses, to the point or promontory
department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 19 miles N.E. of Montauban. near Fontarabia, is nearly 270 miles; and its breadth near
Pop. in 1852, 2354.                                       the centre, where it is greatest, scarcely exceeds a third of the
PUYLAURIENS, pwee'6l'riNe, a town of France, depart- length, or 90 miles. On the W., the chain is continued,
ment of Tarn, 13 miles S.E. of Lavaur. Pop. in 1852, 6178. under the name of the Cantabrian Mountains, across the N.
It was formerly fortified by the Protestants, but dismantled  of Spain, nearly to Cape Finisterre, though the direction of
by Louis XIII.                                            the Pyrenees is E.S.E. and W.N.W. They do not lie in the
PUY L'IVEQUE, pwee lA1v8kk, a town of France, depart- same straight line, but rather consist of two lines, which
ment of Lot, 15 miles N.W. of Cahors, on the right bank of  form parallel ridges about 20 miles distant from each other,
the Lot. Pop. 1125.                                       except near the centre, where they become united by means
PUYMIROL, pwee'mee'rolf, a town of France, department of a remarkable rectangular elbow, in which some of the
of Lot-et-Garonne, 8 miles E. of Agen. Pop. 1636. It has  loftiest summits are found. Both on the N. and S. sides,
ruins of a fortress. formerly an important stronghold.    numerous branches are thrown off, generally at right angles
PUZOL, poo-tholl, a village of Spain, province, and 13  to the principal axis, and subside rapidly as they recede
miles N.N.E. of Valencia. Pop. 2493.                      from it, forming various transverse, but very few longitudiPUZZU MAJOR, poot/soo m8-orf, a village of the island of nal valleys. The chain rises both from the E. and W. toSardinia, province, and 22 miles E.S.E. of Alghero. P. 1925. wards the centre. The descent on the S. side is much more
PUZZUOLI, a town of Naples. See PoZZUOLI.                abrupt than on the N.,'has much fewer lakes, but far
PWLLHELI, poothl-hllee, a parliamentary and municipal surpasses it in the boldness and grandeur of its scenery.
borough, and small seaport town of North Wales, on Cardi- Next to the Alps, the Pyrenees are in general the highest
gan Bay, co., and 19 miles S.S;.W. of Carnarvon. Pop. of mountains of Europe; the summit of the chain forms a
borough in 1851, 2709. It has a union work-house, abranch  curved line, with a mean altitude of 7990 feet. As already
bank, a good harbor for vessels of 60 tons, and is frequented  observed, the loftiest summits of the chain are near its
by sea-bathers. Theport is subordinate to Beaumarie. The  centre. Its culminatingpoint, Pie Nethou, or Maladetta, situborough was incorporated by Edward the Black Prince. It ated there, has the height of 11,168 feet, and a great number
unites with Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway, Criccieth, and  of peaks in the same locality exceed 8500 feet. To the E. of
Nevin, in seniding I member to the House of Commons.       the centre, the chain lowers so rapidly that its average height
PWLL-Y-CROCIIHAN, pooth-e-kroaKan, a parish of South  soon becomes little more than 2000 feet. To the W., the
Wales, co. of Pembroke.                                    height diminishes much more gradually, and many peaks
PYECOMBE, Plkom, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.  have heights varying from 5000 to 7000 feet, and even 8000
PYKED-STANE, p/kfd-stain, or HELL'S CLEUGH, (kldI) feet. The principal passes in the Pyrenees, formed by the
a mountain of Scotland, co. of Peebles, parish of Kirkurd. meeting of valleys from opposite sides of the axis, take, in
Elevation, 2100 feet.                                     the E. part of the chain the name of Cols, and towards the
PYLE-AND-KENIFIG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- centre that of Ports. In all, there are said to be 75 passes,
morgan.                                                   of which 28 may be crossed on horseback, and 7 in wheeled
PYLE-ROOD-BAR or PYLE-RUDBAR, pIl rood' bari, a  carriages. The most frequented are those of Pertus and La
town of Persia. province of Ghilan, in a pass of the Elbrooz  Perche in the E., and St. Jean Pied de Port in the W. The
Mountains, 85 miles S.W. of Reshd.                        primary formation is less extensive than in the Alps; it conPYLES~ILLE, pilzlvil, a post-office, Harford co., Maryland. sists of granite, micaceous schist, and primitive limestone,
PYLLE, pill, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      which form  a continuous band stretching three-fourths
PYLSTAART, pillstArt, or SOLA, so/lA, an island of the  across the isthmus. The bulk of the system is composed
Pacific Ocean, S.S.W. of the Friendly Isles, in lat. 220 0' S., of secondary rocks which are arranged in vertical bands
Ion. 1760 4' W.                                            flanking the older rocks, and consist of clay-slate, grayPY'MATUININGt or PAYMATOONIING, a post-township  wacke, and blue limestone. The oolite and chalk formaof Mercer co., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N.W. of Mercer. tions occur on the lower part of the chain. The Pyrenees
Pop. 2161.                                                 contain iron ores; copper and argentiferous lead ore were
PYNACKER, pin/Akk9er, a village of the Netherlands, pro- formerly worked, but are now abandoned. Several of the
vince of South Holland, 3 miles E. of Delft. Pop. 1298.    streams are auriferous, but no gold or silver mines are
PYIAS'ID LAKE, is situated near the W. border of Utah  worked. The Valley of Cardona contains a remarkable deTerritory, partly in Yuab, (or Juab,) and partly in Tooele posit of rock-salt, one of the beds measuring 890 by 750 feet.
counties.  Length, 35 miles; greatest breadth, about 15    Snow lies deep in the Pyrenees during a great part of the
miles. It derives its name from a remarkable rock in the  year, and is perpetual on the higher points. The elevation
shape of a pyramid about 600 feet high, which forms an  of the snow-line is 8000 feet. From the Marbore to Male
island near its E. shore.  The waters of this lake are  detta, the summits are covered with broad bands of ice, yet
brackish.                                                 no true glaciers have been discovered. Corn grows in some
PYRAMIDS, prlrt-midz, Tir, (Fr. Les Pyramides, lA pee'- of the upper valleys, maize is cultivated at the village of
r'meedQ,) the name given to a number of remarkable sepul- Lescar, (Lower Pyrenees,) at an elevation of 3280 feet, and
chral monuments (amounting in all to above 60,) erected  the pine-tree grows at 10,870 feet above the sea. The bear
by the ancient Egyptians. The most deserving of notice are  is found in the high desert regions near the snow-line, and
called the Pyramids of Gheezeh, (Gizeh or Jizeh;) these are the lynx ascends to 8300 feet. The principal summits are
situated about 12 miles in a direct line S.W. of Cairo, and 5  Pie Nethou, (Maladetta,) 11,168 feet; Mont Perdu, 10,950
or 6 miles from Gheezeh, and consist of two large, and seve- feet; the Vignemale, 10,820 feet; Pic du Midi, 9540 feet; and
ral smaller pyramids. The Great Pyramid, otherwise called  Le Canigou, 9137 feet.
the Pyramid of Cheeps, (keefops,) has a square base, each    The principal passes of the Pyrenees are, from E. to W.,
side of which measemes 673 feet; the vertical height is 456  Port d'Oo, 9843 feet; the Breche de Roland, 9500 feet; Es
1552




PYR                                                     QUA
taube, 8402 feet; Tourmalet, 7143 feet; and Gavarnie, 7654  St. Nazaire. and the ports Collioure, Port Vendres, Bagnols,
feet above the level of the sea. There are about 50 in all, and Nouvelle. The soil contains iron, antimony, fine marof which the following are fit for carriages: —1. The Col de ble, and mineral springs. The orange grows here on espaPertus, between Perpignan and Jonquera, passable at all liers. The wines of Roussillon are esteemed. The manuseasons; 2. The Pass of Puymoriens, between the valley of  facturee are unimportant. The department is divided into
Segre and that of the Aridge; 3. The Port de Confiranc, be- the arrondissements of C6ret, Perpignan, and Prades.
tween Saragossa and Pan; 4. The Port of Roncevaux, be- Capital,
tween Pamplona and St. Jean; 5. The Pass of the Bidassao,   PYRGO, pirfgo or p66rlgo, a village of Greece, in Morea,
between Vittoria and Bayonne. The chief rivers rising in  government of Elis, 17 miles S.S.E. of Gastouni, near the
the Pyrenees are the Adour, Garonne, and Aude, flowing  coast. It has a good bazaar, and some export trade in
N., and the Llobregat, and numerous affluents of the Ebro, rural produce, and imports of European manufactured
flowing S. The Pyrenees give their name to 3 departments  goods.
of France.                                                  PYRITZ, peelrits, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 24nmiles
PYRENEES, AUSTRALIAN. See AUSTRALIAN PYRENEEoS. S.E. of Stettin. Pop. 4650. It has manufactures of woolien
PYR1NiNErS-ORIENTALES, peeh',.nuz-o're-8NG'tJ-lI, a de- cloth and leather. Near it is the Ottobrun Spring, so called
partment in the S. of France, is bounded E. by the Mediter- from Otto, Bishop of Bamberg, who here christened the
ranean, and comprised in the old province of Roussillon and  first Pomeranian converts in 1124.
Languedoc. - Area, 1571 square miles. Pop. in 1852,181,955.   PYiRMONT, pS6Rlmont, a town of Central Germany, in
The Pyrenees on the S. separate the department from Spain, Waldeck Pyrmont, capital of the detached principality of
and connect it with their contreforts; the highest point in  Pyrmont, in a valley, 32 miles S.W. of Hanover.  Pop. 1205.
the department is Canigou, 9137 feet high. The chief rivers    PYRIMONT, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio.
are the Tet, Gly, and Aude, flowing E. to the Mediterranean,   PYIWORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
the Ari6ge, affluent of the Garonne, and the Segre; affluent   PYXUS. See POLICASTRO.
of the Ebro. On the coast are the marshes of Leucate and    PYZDRY, a town of Poland. See PEISERN..
Q
(AHERAIH, a city of Egypt. See CAmo.                     1050 and 1120 30' E., having S.W. Tonquin, and on other
W   QENE, a town of Egypt. See KENEH.                  sides the provinces of Quang-tong, Hoo-nan, &c.  Pop.
QOCEYR, a town of Egypt. See Kossreit.                  7,313,895. Surface mostly mountainous. It is one of the least
QUA, kwit, a mountain of Guinea, E. of the Cameroons  peopled of the Chinese provinces. Nearly all its rivers join
estuary, 64 miles N.W. of the peak of Cameroon. Let. 50 12/ the Choo-kiang, which has an E. course, and ultimately beN., Ion. 80 50' E. Height 5000 feet.                      comes the Canton River. Principal products, cassia, grain,
QUACO, kwdlko, a maritime village and headland of  metals, and gems. Chief city, Khing-yuan.
British  North America, on the S. coast of New Brunswick,    QUANG-SEE,  QUANG-SI or KWANG-SI, kwmng-see, a
25 miles E.N.E. of St. John.                              city of China, province of Yun-nan, capital of the departQUACO, a light-house containing a revolving light, is on  ment, 75 miles S.E. of Yun-nan.
a small rock off Quaco Head, on the Bay of Fundy, on the    QUANG-SIN-FOO or KOUANG-SIN-FOU, kwangsin'foot,
coast of New Brunswick, in lat. 450 180 N., Ion. 650 32' 30,' W. a town of China, province of Kiang-see. Lat. 280 30' N., ion.
QUADE, a seaport of Arabia. See GRANE.                  1180 10' E.; it is walled and communicates by a fine bridge
QUADRA and VANCOUVER ISLAND. See VANcoUVER.  of boats, with the other side of the river.
QUADRATA. See CaEscENrTNo.                                QUANG-TONG, kwAhg'tongf, KOUANG-TOUNG, or
QUADRELLE, kwA-dr8llI, a village of Naples, province  KWANG-TUNG, kwang'toong', (i. e. "the eastern extent or 
of Terra di Lavoro, 6 miles E.N.E. of Nola. Pop. 1500.    eastern province,") a province of China, between lat. 200
QUADIRING, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         and 250 30' N.. and ion. 108~ and 1170 E., having W. and N.
QUAEDMECHELEN  or QUAADMECHELEN, kwId-  Quang-see, Ho-nan, Kiang-see, and Fo-kien, and E. and S.
mintkh-ln, a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 16  the China Sea and Gulf of Tonquin, which are separated by
miles N.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 1125.                         its peninsula of Hooee-tchoo, (Houi-tchou,) stretching toQU ENANGER or QUANANGER (Quahinanger) FIORD, wards Hai-nan. Pop. 19,147,030. The surface is varied; soil
kwmtn~ng9gr fe-omd?, a lake of Norway, in Finmark, 30 miles  fertile; and it has excellent water communication. Next to
S.W. of Altengaard.                                      rice, its principal products are sugar, inferior green tea, casQUAIN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.          sia,betel nut, iron,chbeap silks,cottons, and grass-cloths, glass,
QUAKAKE (kwA-kaikl) CREEK, of Carbon co., Pennsyl-  stone, and lacquered wares, with a great variety of other
vania, flows into the Lehigh River.                       goods made in Canton, the capital, and chief seat of the trade.
QUAKENBRUCK, (Quakenbrtick,) kwFk19n-britik, a town    QUANO, kw'l/no, a maritime town of Japan, on the E.
of Htanover, 29 miles N. of Osnaburg.  Pop. 2191.         coast of the island of Niphon. 56 miles E. of Miako.
QUAMKER BOT/TOM), a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.    QUANtTICO, a post-village in Somerset co., Maryland, 93
QUAKER ItILL, a post-village of Dutchess co., New York, miles S.E. of Annapolis.
about 90 miles S. of Albany.                                QUANTO, kwmn/to, one of the 5 divisions of Niphon.
QUAKER SPRINGS, a post-office, Saratoga co., New York.   QUANITOCK HILLS, a range in England, co. of SomerQUAKER SPRINGS, a village in Columbia co., Georgia,  set, extending S.E. from the Bristol Channel, near Watchet,
80 miles N.E. by E. of Milledgeville.                    to between Bridgewater and Taunton.  Greatest height
QUAKER STREET, a pest-office of Schenectady, New York. 1428 feet.
QUA/KERTOWN, or FAIR'YIEWI, a post-village of HIun-    QUANITOOKSHEAD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of
terdon co., New Jersey, is situated about 7 miles W. by N. Somerset.
of Flemington. It has 2 churches, 7 stores, 1 iron-foundry,   QUANITOCKSHEAD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of
and a~machine shop for making stoves, ploughs, &c. P. 850. Somerset.
QUAKERTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl-    QUARANTE, k'rbatf, a market-town of France, departvania, 100 miles E. of Ilarrisburg. Pop. 242.            ment of H1rault, 13 miles W. of Blziers. Pop. 1266.
QUAKERTOWN, a post-office of Butler co., Kentucky.       QUAREGNON, k'r~n'y6Ny1, a village of Belgium, proQUALISCRT, kwvlisht, (writen also KWALLISCIL?) a  vince of Hainaut, 4 miles W.S.W. of Mons, with coal-mines.
village of Bohemia, 16 miles N.N.E. of KIniggritz.       Pop. 2300.
QUALILATOWN, a post-village in Ilaywood co., North    QUAREMONT, kgsTMm6Nat, a village of Belgium, province
Carolina, 300 miles W. of Raleigh.                       of East Flanders, 20 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2050.
QUALOEN, an island of Norway. See HvALoE.                 QUARFF, kwarf, a quoad sacra parish of Scotland, in
QUALQUI, kwl/kee, a small town of Chili, in South  Shetland, comprising part of Mainland, with several small
America, department, and 20 miles E.S.E. of Concepcion, on  islands off its W. coast.
the BiobiG.                                                QUARGNENTO, kwaRn-ylnfto, a village of the Sardinian
QUAMPANISSA, kwam-p9-nis/se, a large market-town of  States, division of Alessandrianear Felizzano. Pop. 2410.
Dahomey, 207 miles N. by E. of Abomey, lat. 100 40' N., lon.    QUARITZ, kwi/rits, a market-town of Prussian Silesia,
20305 E. Pop. 12,000.                                    31 miles N.N.W. of Lieguitz. Pop. 1790.
QUANG-BINII kwang'bin'h, QUANG-AI, kwng'p~, and    QUARLES, kwarlz, a post-village of Racine co., Wisconsin,
QUANG-NAN, kwvng n ~nf, are provinces of Eastern Asia, about 90 miles S.E. of Madison.
of the empire Anam. in Cochin-China.                       QUARILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
QUANG-PING or IKOUANG-PING. kwgnug'pingl, a city of    QUARN/DON, a perish of England, co. of Derby.
China, province of Pe-chee-lee, capital of the department, 240    QUARNERO, (kwMA-nlrro,) GULF  OF, in the Adriatic Sea,
miles S.S.W. of Peking. It has numerous temples.         between Istria and the Iungarian Littorale, is 15 miles in
QUANG-PING, a city of China, third rank, province of  length and breadth. It is nearly enclosed seaward by the
Koei-choo, 80 miles E.N.E. of Koei-yan'.                 islands of Cherso and Veglia, and communicates with the
QUANG-SEE, QUANG-SI, KWANG-SI or KOUANG-SI, Adriatic by 3 channels.
kwmng'seel, (i.e. "the western extent, or western province,")    QUARNIFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.
a province of China, between lat. 220 and 260 N., and lon.   QUAROUBLE, k'roob'll, a town of France, department
1553
4 X




QUA                                                        QUI
of Nord, 5 miles E.N.E. of Valenciennes, on the Belgian fron- 1 of which. called the Palace Gate, leads to Ashley Barracks,
tier. Pop. 2286.                                            capable of accommodating 2000 soldiers. St. Louis Gate on
QUARRFtLES-TOM1BES, kwiRWaRffl-t6Mbf, a village of  the S.W., conducts to the Plains of Abraham, famous as the
France, department of Yonne, 9 miles S.S.E. of Avallon.  scene of Wolfe's victory and death in 1759, and of the death
Pop. 2340.                                                  of Montgomery in December, 1775. Above the spot where
QUAR/RELTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 1  the latter fell, is now the Inclined Plain, 500 feet in length,
mile S. of Johnstone. Pop. 300.                             used by the government in conveying stores and other
QUARIRENDON, a parish of England, co of Bucks.            articles of great weight to the fortress. N.E. of the Plains
QUARRII or KOUARRI, kwar/ree, a town of Central of Abraham, adjoining the walls on the S.W., is the large
Africa, in ioussa, 96 miles E. of Saccatoo. Pop. 6000. (?) It suburb of St. John, and farther N., bordering the river St.
is enclosed by an earth rampart.                            Charles, that of St. Roche. The only entrance on the side
QUARIRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        of the St. Lawrence, is by the Prescott Gate, through which
QUARRINGTON, a township of England, co. of Durham.  the commercial transactions are carried on. The ascent
QUAR/RYVILLE, a post-office of Tblland co., Connecticut. is either by a steep and narrow-winding street, or by a flieht
QUARRYVILLE, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. of steps.
QUART, (? 1) a village of the Sardinian States, division,   The Lower Town, which is the seat of commerce, is built
and 3 miles E. of Aosta, on the Dora. Pop. 2078.            around the base of Cape Diamond, where, in many places,
QUARTEN, kwgnlten. a village of Switzerland, canton, the rock has been cut away to make room for the houses.
and 23 miles S.S.W. of St. Gall, on a mountain spur above  On the side of the St. Charles, the waters at flood-tide
the Lake of Wallenstadt. In 1465, the Swiss here defeated  formerly washed the very foot of the rock, but from time to
the Austrians. Pop. 1535.                                   time wharf after wharf has been projected towards low-water
QUARTO, kwhto, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La  mark, and foundations made sufficiently solid on which to
Plata,) South America, department of Cordova, flows S.E., build whole streets, where boats, and even vessels of conand loses itself in a marsh, after a course of about 280 miles. siderable burden once rode at anchor. The banks of both
QUARTO, kw nfto, or QUARTU, kwAistoo, a town of the  rivers are now lined with warehouses and wharfs, the latter
island of Sardinia, 4 miles E.N.E. of Cagliari, in an un-  jutting about 200 feet into the stream, and along which the
healthy salt-marsh of its own name. Pop. 5748.              water is of sufficient depth to admit vessels of the largest
QUARTUCCIO, kwsA-toot'cho, a village of the island of  size. The streets are generally irregular and narrow, but
Sardinia, 1 mile N. of Quarto. Pop. 1801.                  are for the most part well paved and lighted.  The houses
QUARTZ1BURG, a post-office of Mariposa co., California.   are principally of stone and brick, 2 or 3 stories high, the
QUASQUETON, kwas/ke-ton' (?) a post-village ofBuchanan  older ones with steep and quaint-looking roofs. A great imco., Iowa, on Wapsipinicon River, 55 miles N. by-W. of Iowa  provement has been effected in the general appearance of the
City.                                                      city since the great fire of 1845, which destroyed nearly 2000
QUAT/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            houses. During the year 1854. a plentiful supply of water
QUATHILAMBA, kwmt-l~m/b/, KATIHLAMBA, kat-1M9m-  was introduced from the St. Charles. In the Upper Town
b, or DRAKENBERG, dralken-boRG', a mountain range of  are several squares and public walks, commanding  views
South Africa, which stretches from N. to S. along the W. unrivalled for their varied and picturesque beauty,  In
frontiers of Natal. In  the S., where loftiest, they attain to  one stands an elegant monument, erected to the joint methe height of at least 8000. feet, and are covered with snow  mory of Generals Wolfe and Mobntcalm, the English and
for at least four months.                                  F'rench commanders who fell at the taking of Quebec in
QUATRE BRAS, kat'r brd, (i. e. "four arms," that is, four  1759. It consists of an obelisk resting on a granite pedestal,
haccds pointing the way,) a village of Belgium, province of  the whole 65 feet high. A monument. 40 feet in height,
South Brabant, 3 miles S.S]E. of Genappe, and 10 miles from  marks the spot where General Wolfe fell on the Plains of
the village of Waterloo, at the intersection of routes from   Abraham; and the rock on which he expired  is also
Brussels to Charleroi, and Namur to Nivelles, (whence its  pointed out.
name.) On the 16th of June, 1815, it was the theatre of an    Among the public buildings of Quebec, may be mentioned
indecisive action between the French and the English, with  the New Parliament IHouse. now in course of erection, on the
their allies, in which the Duke of Brunswick fell,         site of the former building destroyed by fire in February, 1854;
QUATRE-FRtRES, k&t'r frain, (i.e.  "Four Bro{hers,") a  the Roman Catholic Cathedral, an irregular building, capable
group of islets belonging to the Koorile Islands, between  of containing 4000 persons, and covering, with the nunnery
Simooseer (Simusir) and 0oroop; they are mere barrenlofty  attached, an area of 8 acres; the Episcopal Cathedral, surrocks, and though originally supposed to be four, they are  mounted by a lofty spire; and the Scotch Free Church, in
only three in number. The southernmost, called Tscherpoy  the Grecian style, also adorned with a spire, occupying eleor Torpoy, is an extinct volcano.                          vated positions in the Upper Town: these buildings form
QUATRETONDA, kw'-tr&-ton/d,,    a market-town of Spain, very conspicuous objects, and are seen from a great distance.
province of Yalencia, 8 miles E.N.E. of San Felipe.         There are, in all, about 29 churches in Quebec. The resiQUATT, kw&t, a parish of England, co. of Salop.          dent clergy in 1852, numbered 75, of whom 58 were Roman
QUATTRO VILLE, kwattfro veellal, ("four villages,") four Catholic. These were mostly connected with the various
separate villages of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, colleges and other similar institutions of the city.' Of the
near-Mantua. Pop. 2505.                                    Protestant clergy, 11 belonged to the Church of England.
QUAY, a post-office of Claiborne co., Louisiana.            The educational institutions comprise 3 Roman Catholic
QUAZZOLO, kwlt'so-lo, a village of the Sardinian States, colleges, viz.: the Quebec Seminary, with chairs of theology,
division, and 21 miles N.W. of Turin. Pop. 3852.           moral and natural philosophy, rhetoric, mathemathics, &c.,
QUEBEC, a post-office of Sumter co., Georgia.             in which there were 12 instructors; St. Anne's College, with
QUEBEC, a post-office of Madison parish. Louisiana.'9 instructors; and the Seminary of Nicolet, with 5; the
QUEBEC, kwe-bhkl; (Fr. Qugbec, kaib6k/; L. Quebecucc,) Ursuline Convent, an extensive establishment, founded in
the capital of the two Canadas, and after Montreal, the  1641; several nunneries; the Quebec School of Miedicine,
most populous city in British North America, on the left with a president and 9 professors; the Quebec High School,
bank of the river St. Lawrence, which here receives the St. and 22 academies and private schools. There are also the
Charles, about 340 miles from the ocean, and 97 miles N.E. Canadian and the Mechanics' Institute, each provided with
by N. of the Grand Trunk Railway at Richmond, -with  a library and reading-room; the Literary and IHistorical
which it communicates by a railway opened in 1854. It is  Society, the oldest chartered institution of the kinc  ina
323 miles N.N.W. of Portland, Maine, and 180 miles N.E. of Canada, having been founded in 1824, and possessing valuMontreal. Let. (ofN.E. bastion) 460 49' 6 N., Ioln. 710 13' 45" able "Rliecords of the Realm" in 80 or 90 folios, and a large
W.; mean temperature390,winter 10%, summer 680 Fahr. The  collection of historical manuscripts; but nearly the whole
city has a remarkably picturesque situation between the  of its museum, and a great part of its library were destroyed
two rivers, at the N.E. extremity of a narrow but elevated  by fire with the Parliament Buildings in February, 1854;
hable-land, which, for about 8 miles, forms the left bank of  the Quebec Library Association; the' Advocates' Library;
the St. Lawrence. Cape Diamond. the extremity of the  the Quebec Board of Trade, and the Merchants' Exchange,
table-land, is 333 feet above the level of the river, to which  the latter a readingg-room, well supplied with newspapers and
it presents a~nearly precipitous face; the descent of the St. periodicals. Eight newspapers are published in the city, 3
Charles is more gradual. The distance from one river to  of which are in the French language.  The principal beneposite Cape Diamondss the ridge, is rather morence is contracted Oa I volent institut ions are the Marine Hospital, the in 18uebec52,
posits Cape Diamond, the St. Lawrence is contracted to- aIlIatel'Dien, and the L~unavtic Reospital; the latter, in 18Q52,
breadth of only 1314 yards; but immediately below, at the  had 175 patients.  The Quebec Bank was established in
confluence of the St. Charles, it spreads out into a broad and  1818, besides which, there are 3 branch banks, 2 savings
beautiful basin more than 2500 yards wide, forming a capa- banks. and agencies of 15 assurance companies.
cious and excellent harbor. The spring tides rise to 18 feet.'   The manufactures of Quebec, with the exception of shim
Quebec is divided into two parts called the Upper and  building, are not extensive. The principal articles proLower Towns. The Upper Town occupies the highest part duced are castings,machinery, nails, leather, musical instruof the promontory; it is surrounded with walls, and other- ments, paper, and candles. There are here about 25 ship.
wise strongly fortified. The citadel which crowns the sum- building yards, and 9 or 10 floating docks, capable of receivmit of Cape Diamond, covers, with its nunmerous works. an  ing vessels of'the largest class. In 1854, there were built at
area of 40 acres, and from its position, is probably the strong-  these yards 43 square-rigged vessels, with an aggregate of
aest fortress in America. The walls are entered by 5 gates, 4-4,15 tons, 25 schooners of 2625 tons, and $ steamers of
1554
U   _   _   _   _ _       _    _   _ _    _      _    _   _ _   _    _   _                                      _     _ _ _




QUE                                                           QUE
518 tons: total, 76 vessels, with an aggregate burden of    These vessels were employed in the transport of flour and
47,308 tons. The tonnage built at Quebec in 1851, was  provisions to the above provinces; and, in return, brought
40,567, and in 1848, 19,909.                                   back coal, fish, and West India produce. The falling off in
Quebec is the most ancient and important port of Canada. the exports of 1854, is partially accounted for from the high
To facilitate the piloting of vessels navigating the St. Lag- price of flour, and the circumstance that the trade between
rence to this point, an institution called Trinity House, was  Montreal and those provinces greatly increased.
incorporated in the reign of George III., and in 1852, num-    The inhabitants of Quebec are mostly of French descent;
bered 293 pilots. A pilot is first taken on board about 150  the French language is chiefly used, and a large majority of
miles below the city. The great staple of export is timber.  the people profess the Roman Catholic religion. An Indian
Montreal being the port where the agricultural exports are  village was established at Quebec in 1534, by Jacques Cartier,
chiefly exchanged for supplies of foreign goods. The timber  but it was not till 1608, that Samuel de Champlain founded
is furnished principally by the Ottawa River, which, with  the town. It was taken by the English in 1029; restored to
itsetributaries, drains an area of over 10.000 square miles, the French in 1632, and again captured by the English ini
covered for the most part with fields of the finest pine, 1759, to whom it was formally ceded at the treaty of Paris in
spruce, oak, and elm. As the rafts come down the river  1763. An unsuccessful attempt was made by the Americans
they are collected into what are called coves, and secured  to carry the city by assault on the night of December 31,
by booms moored along the banks, the timber bein, partly  1775, when General Montgomery was slain. Quebec is an
afloat, partly aground, according to the rise or fall of the tides. electoral district, returning two members to the Provincial
These coves extend almost continuously along the left bank  Parliament. Pop. in 1832, 27,562; in 1844, 34,500; and in
of the St. Lawrence, for a distance of six miles above the  1852, 42,052.
town, throughout the whole of which, at certaik  seasons,   QUEBROBO, ka-brobo, or CABROBO, ka-bro'bo, a village
may be seen a mass of legs, with a breadth varying from 150  of Brazil, province of Pernambuco, on the Sao Franciscoi
to 200 yards. There are also extensive timber and deal-  275 miles W.N.W. of Porto Seguro. Pop. 2000.
sawing establishments near the town, on the right bank of    QUEICHEE, OT/TA QUEfCHEE, or WALTER QUEICHEE,
the St. Lawrence. The sums expended in the timber and  a river of Windsor co., Vermont, falls into the Connectisaw-mills here have been estimated at $6,000,000; in 1846, cut River.
the arrivals f-rom the interior were, white pine, 24,705,287    QUECHEE VILLAGE, a manufacturing post-village in
feet; red pine, 5,270,600 feet; pine deals, 1,316,401 pieces;  Windsor co., Vermont, 50 miles S. by E. of Montpelier.
spruce deals, 916,933 pieces; oak, 2,756,754 feet; elm, 2,472,303    QUEDA, QUEDAH, kI/d&, KEDIDA or KEDIAH, a state
feet; ash, 250,432 feet; birch, 241,683 feet; and tamarack,  of the Malay Peninsula, chiefly between lat. 50 40' and 70 N.,
593,584 feet. These and the other kinds received, reduced  and lon. 990 40' to 1010 E., having W. the Strait of Malacca,
to board-measure, with the 60,000,000 feet of sawed-deals  and on other sides the States Ligor, Patany, Perak, &c. Area,
rafted down the river, give a total of above 500,000,000 feet. about 4500 square miles; estimated pop. 21,000, its inhabiThe ether insportant exports are fish and fish-oil, ashes,  tants having greatly diminished since it was conquesed by
grain, &c. The total value of the exports in 1848, amounted  the Siamese in 1821. It comprises numerous grassy plains,
to $5,399,595, and in 1851, to $5,623,988. The imports con-  and is well-wooded. The products comprise tin, gold, rice,
sisting chiefly of cotton, woollen, silk, and linen manufac- rattans, dammar, tortoise-shells, hides, and skins; and forfures, iron, steel, and other hardware, fishing-tackle, paint- merly large quantities of cattle and poultry were exported
ers' colors, &c., rose in value from  $871,668 in 1841, to  to Penang, which island, with the province of Wellesley,
*2,296,832 in 1848; to $3,335,616 in 1851; to $5,795,770 in  was ceded to the British by the chief of Quedah. The capi1853; and to $9,222.774 in 1854. For many years past an  tal town, Quedah, is on the mouth of the river in lat. 60 6'
immense tide of immigration has been directed to Canada.  S., Ion. 1000 20' E.; and about 15 miles farther southward is
the greater portion of which centres in Quebec. The following  Quedah Peak, 5000 feet in height.
table shows the number and tonuage of vessels, with their pas-    QUEDGILEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
sengers, that arrived at the port front 1846 to 1854, inclusive  QUEDLINBURG, kwldfiin-biRGo', a town of Prusian
Pussen-  e          I~~ussen' Saxony, 31 miles S.W. of Mlagdeburg, capital of the circle of
Years. Vessels. Tonnage. ges. Years. Vessels. Tonnage. gsen-s.  Aschersleben, on the Bode, a tributary of the Saale. Pop.
cers.      -                   oe~.   14,222. It is enclosed by turreted walls, and its ancient
1-5,. -1,438  573,14   32,753  1a850..  1,079  434,294  32 294  castle was formerly the residence of the Abbesses of Quedlin1847..  1,179  474,545  97,582  1051..  1,185  505,034  41,8s99  burg. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs, distilleries,
1848..  1,04   426,968  28,261  i852..  1,055  464,102  39,176  and sugar refineries, and a briskl trade in cattle. Klopstock.
1851..  1,064  431,953  38,494  1853..  1,108  531,64  36,692  was born here, July 2,1724, and Karl Bitter, August 7,1779.
58j4.   5,503.s 118      QUEEN ADELAIDE ISLANDS.  See ADELAIDE ISLANDS.
Of the passengers in 1854, 18,175 were from  England;    QUEEN ANNE, (ann,) a county in the E. part of Maryland,
16,168 from Ireland; 6446 from Scotland; 11,337 from  Con- bordering on Delaware, has an area of about 400 square
tinental Europe, and 857 from lower ports. All but 300 or  miles. It lies on the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay, bounded
400 were steerage passengers, and 3421 were paupers, who  on the N.W. by Chester River, and on the S.E. by Tuckahoe
received in the aggregate on landing $13,835.  Of the 1563  River, no part being more than 12 miles from  navigable
vessels that arrived at Quebec in 1854, 178 passed up to MIon-  water. The surface is gently rolling, and free fromi rocks;
treal. where the number of arrivals for the year was 254  the soil is fertile. The bay and inlets abound in fish and
vessels (tons, 80,892.) Of these, 98 returned in ballast to  oysters.  Marl is abundant. and is used to fertilize the land.
Quebec to load, and 27 partly laden to complete their cargo. Formed in 1706. Capital, Centreville. Pop. 14,484, of whom
The following is a statement of the number of foreign  10,214 were flee, and 4270 slaves.
ships engaged in the Quebec trade:                              QUEEN ANNE, a post-village of Prince George co., Maryland, on the Patuxent River, 14 miles W.S.W. of Annapolis.
1851.        1852.          1853.       QUEEN/BOROUGH,        a decayed borough of England, co.
Ships. Tns. Ships. Tons. Ships. Tons.  of Kent, on the Medway, near its mouth, 2 miles S. of..... — -- -  -- -isn. Ss — TSheerness. Pop. in 1851, 772.
Norway.............  47  17,660    58  21,557    93  33,459   QUEEN CHARLOTTE (shar/l0t) ISLAND, an island in
United States.......   35  20,062    51  34,172    55  18,174  the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 19 17' S., Ion. 1380 42' W.
Prussia.............   21   6,677..    26   9,146    UEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, an island and              erous
Sweden............  3    989      3     979     7   1,016     QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, an island and numerous
Mlecklenburg.......    2    478   2     467                 islets of British North America, in the Pacific Ocean, mostly
Portugal.............     4     732     7   1,03   between lat. 520 and 540 N., and lon. 1310 and 1330 W., 50
Bremen...........                 1     131
emen.........-...           I   131                         miles from  the mainland. Length of principal island, 165
Hlamburs........1                        588     4   5 196
Russia..............     3,68    32  10,314     1    41   miles; breadth, 60 miles. The coasts are low; the surface
Holland..............                   217  inland is mnountanous and wooded.
Spain..............       1...            145     QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, a group in the South
Lanover........        22....      Pacific Ocean, between the Mallicollo and Solomon Islands.
Tote7l.....       5..... 8,136   152  68,774. 192  06,190  QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND, on the W. coast of North
177_   50,726   152_~   -192_8_ 190 America, is the N. portion of the strait which separates
The number of. vessels of all classes that cleared from   Vancouver Island from the mainland. Lat. of entrance 510
Quebec in 1854, was 1504 —tons, 664,345.                      55' N., ion. 1310 2/ W.
Number of vessels that have cleared at Quebec for each    QUEEN'S, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has an
of the British North American Provinces:                      area of about 420 square miles. It is situated in the western
part of Long Island, and is bounded on the N. by Long
shor.es are indented with numerous bays and inlets, which
[Vessels. Tons. Vessels, Tons.  afford some excellent harbors, and great facilities for naviNew Brunswick.................   104   5,617   76   4,179  gation and for fisheries. The surface is slightly uneven:
Novn Scotia.....................   46   2,778  27   1,989   Harbor Hill, in North Hempstead, is the greatest elevation.
Newfoundland         -..................   34   3,575  24   2,336   The soil, when well cultivated, is very productive, and supU. p0Teses           - 1...........    304      20     683
p Zbrador          -7n....................s. 5 304  1 683   plies large quantities of fruit and vegetables to the New
1,abrador........................ / 7  244     9      535
Prince Edward Island...........    4  176      2      110  York markets. The Long Island Railroad traverses this
county from  E. to W. Organized in 1683. Capital, North
Total....-..............i.   200  12,694    148   98,32  Ilempstead. Pop. 36,833.
----  --------------- --  ~ -                               7~~                  lg




QUE                                                       QUE
UEEN'S, a county occupying the middle part of Prince  is subordinate to the Corean government, and is used as 4
Edward Island. Capital, Charlotte Town. Pop. in 1848, penal settlement.
32,111.                                                      QUELPAERT, k1:pA-ai t', (?) a royal palace of Portugal
QUEEN'S, a county in the S.W. part of Nova Scotia, province of Estremadura, 7 miles N.W. of Lisbon.
bounded on the S. by the Atlantic. The coast is deeply in-   QUELUZ, kA-loost, a town of Brazil, province of Mines
dented and bordered by a rugged  ridge, extending many  Gbraes, 20 miles S.S.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. of district, 6000.
miles inland. The interior of the county is beautifully    QUEMADA, kA-ma/di, a ruined city of the Mexican Condiversified with valleys, rivers, and lakes. Capital, Liver- federation, state of Zacatecas, with some massive remains,
pool. Pop. in 1851, 7256.                                  covering about 6 acres.
QUEENS, a county in the S. central partof New Brunswick,   QUEM'AHOINING, a township in the N. central part of
intersected by the river St. John. Around Grand Lake in this  Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
county, are several seams of bituminous coal, from which    QUEM'AHOINING CREEK, of Somerset co.,Pennsylvania,
coals are raised for home consumption and export. Steam- flows into Stony Creek.
boats and vessels of 100 tons burden navigate the St. John    QU]iM]~NEVEN, kAm4neh-vv NG/, a village of France, 8
through the county to Fredericton, 90 miles from its mouth. miles N. of Quimper. Pop. 1266.
Capital, Gagetown. Pop. in 1851, 10,634.                     QU15IINES, k&ineent, an islet off the N.W. coast of
QUEENSIBERRY, a mountain of Scotland, co., and 14  France, department of Finistlre, 17 miles W. of Brest.
miles N. of Dumfries, 2140 feet above the sea. It formerly    QUEND, k6N%, a village of France, department of Somme,
gave the title of earl, marquis, and duke to the Douglas 17 miles N.N.W. of Abbeville. Pop. 1750.
family.                                                      QUEN/DON, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 2 miles
QUEENSIBOROUGI, a post-village of Anderson district, from Elsenjham  Station, on the Eastern Counties Railway.
South Carolina, 110 miles W.N.W. of Columbus.               QUENIBOROUGH, kwtnfe-bthr-rlh, a parish of England,
QUEENSBURY, kweenz/ber-e, a post-township of Warren  co. of Leicester.
co., New York, on the Hudson River, 48 miles N. of Albany.   QUENININGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Pop. 2597.                                                  QUENSTADT, kwln/stitt, a village of Prussia, 3 miles
QUEEN'S COUNITY, an inland county ofIreland, in Lein- N.N.E. of Halberstadt. Pop. 1195.
ster. Area, 664 square miles, or 424.854 acres, of which    QUENU, kU-noof, an island on the S. coast of Chili, and
342,422 are arable, 69,289 uncultivated, and 11,630 in plan- N.E. of the island of Chiloe. Lat. 410 46' S., lon. 73 10' W.
tations. Pop. in 1841, 153,930; in 1851, 111,623. The sur-   QUEQUAY, kA-kwl/, a river of Uruguay, in South America,
face is mostly flat, rising in the N.W. into the Sliebhloom  after a W. course of 100 miles joins the Uruguay River, 26
Mountains. The principal rivers are the Barrow and Nore. miles N. of Concepcion de la China. Principal affluent, the
The soil is fertile, interspersed with large tracts of bog. Quebracho.
Coal, iron, copper, manganese, marl, and fuller's-earth are    QUERASCO, a town of Piedmont. See CHERAsco.
met with. IHere are some manufactures of woollen, linen,   QUERBACIH, kwr/bAgK, a village of Prussian Silesia, goand cotton stuffs, but the principal exports are farm pro- vernment, and 35 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1000.
duce, and cattle to Dublin and England. The Grand Canal   QUERCETA, kwla-chA/tA, a village of Tuscany, province
and Great South and Western Railway pass through the  of Pisa, about 2 miles from the sea-coast. Pop. 2455.
county. The principal towns are Maryborough, Mountmel-   QUERCY, kaia'seet, an old district of France, comprised
lick, and Mountrath. It sends 2 members to the House of  in Guienne. Its capital was Cahors. Itnow forms most part
Commons.                                                  of the department of Lot, and a portion of Tarn-et-Garonne.
QUEENS/DALE, a post-village of Robeson co., North Ca-   QUERETARO, kA-rA/tA-ro, a state of the Mexican Conrolina, 110 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh.                      federation, enclosed by the states of Mexico, Michoacan,
QUEENS/FERRY, SovTH, a parliamentary and munici- Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, and Vera Cruz. Area, 2444
pal burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, co. of-Lin- square miles. Pop. in 1854, 132,124. It is wholly on the
lithgow, on the S. shore of the Frith of Forth, 9 miles W.N.W. Anahuac table-land, and the mountain of Calpulalpan rises
ofEdinburgh. Pop. in 1851, 1195. It is chiefly dependent to upwards of 8000 feet in height. The products are maize
on the ferry established here across the Forth. The harbor and cotton, with most European grains and fruits; and it
is formed by two piers, enclosing a pentagonal basin. The has mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron, with manufaicburgh unites with Duufermline, Inverkeithing, Culross, tures of woollen cloth, soap, pottery, and iron-wares. Chief
and Stirling in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. towns, Queretaro and Cadereita.
On its W. side stands Hopetoun IHouse, the mansion of the    QUERETARO, the capital of the above state, is in a fine
Earl of IHopetoun.                                        valley, 110 miles N.W. of Mexico. Lat. 200 36' 39" N., ion.
QUEENSFERRY, NoRTH, a seaport town of Scotland, on  1000 10' 15" W. It is well built, and supplied with water
the Frith of Forth, here 2 miles across, opposite the above, by a fine aqueduct, 10 miles in length. The principal buildinthe co. ofFife. Pop. 500.                               ings are mostly of a religious character, and comprise a large
QUEEN'S FORELAND, (forlland,) an island of British  convent, and a Franciscan monastery, with extensive gardens.
North America. Lat. 620 30' N., lon. 650 W.                Queretaro has the appearance of a busy manufacturing city;
QUEEN'S RIVER, a small stream  of Washington co., it possesses numerous factories of coarse woollens, for army
Rhode Island, falls into Charles River.                   clothing, &c. Its trade, after suffering much from the unQUEEN'S RUN, a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, on  settled state of the government, has begun to revive. The
the West Branch of the Susquehanna Rivet, 3 miles above peace between Mexico and the United States was ratified
Lock- Haven. Coal is mined here, and exported by canal.   here by the MIexican Congress, in 1848. Pop. 29,702.
QUEENSTOWN, a town of Ireland. See CovE.                  QUE/REUS GROVE, a post-office of Switzerland co., InQUEENS/TOWN, a post-village and river port of Canada  diana.
West, on the WV. bank of the Niagara River, about 5 miles    QUERFURT, kwhefOOat, or QUERNFURT, kwlenf66nt,
N. of its falls. The total value of imports in 1851 amounted  a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 18 miles W. of Merseburg,
to $70,176, asd the exports to $28,444. Pop. about 400.   on the Quern, an affluent of the Saale. Pop. 3650.
QUEENSTOWN, a small post-village of Queen Anne co.,   QUERIMBA (kB-reem/bg) ISLANDS, a chain of islands
Maryland, about 30 miles E. of Annapolis.                 extending along the E. coast of Afiica, between lat. 100 30'
QUEENS/VILLE, a village of Jennings co., Indiana, on  and 110 30' S., near Ion. 400 30/ E., comprised in the Portuthe Mladison and Indianapolis Railroad, 28 miles N.W. of  guese territory of Mozambique. They are all low, and
Madison.                                                  formed of coral, with long flat reefs extending E. The prinQUEICA, kweetka, two rivers of Scotland, co. of Kinross.  cipal are Aswatada, Ibo, Matemmo, Fayno, and Querimba,
QUEICII, kwiK, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, after an E. (the southernmost of the group,) with some scattered houses
course of 30 miles, joins the Rhine near Germersheim.     and a church.
QUEICHIOO or QUEITCIOU. See KOEI-CHOO.                   QUERO, kYro,, a market-town of Spain, province, and 47
QUEI-LING or QUEILIN, a city of China. See KWEo-LrN. miles E.S.E. of Toledo.
QUEIMADA (kA-e-md/d&) ISLANDS, two islets of Brazil,   QUERO, kA/ro, a small river of Central America, State of
province of Slo Paulo, off the coast, 40 miles S.W. of Santos. Honduras.
Lat. 240 28' S., ion. 460 40' W.                            QUERO, kw3/ro, a village of North Italy, on the Piave, 7
QUEINTON, kwin/tgn, a parish of England, co. of Glou- miles S. of Feltre.
cester.                                                     QUERPIEN, keY pe-8Nat,  a village of France, department
QUEISS, kwice, a river of Prussian Silesia, government of Finistlre, 6 miles N.N.E. of Quimperl6. Pop. in 1852, 3282.
of Liegnitz, after a N. course of 65 miles joins the Bober 6    QUERQUEVILLE, kRk'veel/, avillage and fort of Francec
miles W. of Sprottau. It passes Greifenberg and Lauban.   department of Mlanche, on its N. coast, 4 miles N.W. of CherQUEL, k~l, a town of Spain, province, and 28 miles S.E. bourg.  Pop. 918.
ofLogroelo. Pop.1792.                                      QUERZOLA, kwRat/so-l4, a village of North Italy, duchy,
QUELAINES, ka'le'tn, a village of France, department of and 15 miles W.S.W. of Modena. Pop. 2400. Near it are some
Mayenne, 8 miles N.W. of Chateau-Gontier.  Pop. 2048.    petroleum springs.
QUELPAERT, kwellpart', (?) an island at the entrance of    QUESADA, kl-sDA/, a town of Spain, on the Sierra de Ca.
the Yellow Sea, 60 miles S. of Corea. Lat. 330 29' N., lon. zorla, province, and 40 miles E. of Jaen. Pop. 4503.
1260 53' E. Length, 45 miles; breadth, 12 miles. Elevation    QUESALTENANGO, America. See QUEZSLTENANGO.
of highest peak, 6544 feet. It is well wooded, but the soil is   QUESALTEPEQUE, ke-sel-tA-ptA/kA, a town of Central
light, of volcanic formation, and the necessaries of life are  America, state, and 83 miles E.N.E. of Guatemala, departscantily raised.. A good many cattlearereared. Theisland  ment of Vera Paz. Pop. about 4000.
1556




QUE                                                        Q2vI
UESNOY, LE, l~h k;Q     aE fortified town of France, of Mons, at the junction of the Belgian and French Rail
department of Nord, between the Ecaillon and the Ronelle, 9 ways. Pop. 2000.
miles S.E. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 3531. It has an    QUIEIVY, ke-'veel, a village of France, department of
arsenal, large barracks, military and civil hospitals, and ma- Nord, 11 miles E. of Cambrai, with several breweries, and
nifactures of iron-wares, cotton thread, and leather.     extensive manufactures of linen and cotton goods. Pop. in
QUESNOY-SUR-DEULE, k8esnwf! stia dul, a market-town  1852, 2785.
of France, department of Nord, 6 miles N.W. of Lille, on the    QUI-FOO, a town of Anam. See PHU-YvN.
Deule. Pop. in 1852, 4238.                                  QUILIANO, kwe-le-Ytno, or QUIGLIANO, kweel-y~fno, a
QUESSOY, klsswit, a viIlage of France, department of village of the Sardinian States, divisiosiof Genoa, province,
C0tes-du-Nord, 8 miles S.E. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2810.     and near Savona. Two sanguinary battles were fought here
QUESTEMBERT, kIs'tSm'baia], a town of France, depart- in the beginning of the present century between the Ausment of Morbihan, 13 miles E.S.E. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852, trians and French. Pop. 3025.
3803.                                                       QUILIMSANE, ke-le-millns, or QUILLIMANE,  a maritinme
QUETIIrIOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.      town of East Africa, capital of a government of the PortuQUETTA, a town of Beloochistan. See SHAWL.              guese colony of Mozambique, on the left bank of the QuiliQUETTEHOU, k8tt'hoo! or kst'teh-hool, a market-town of  mane River, the North Branch of the Zambezi. 15 miles
France, department of Manche, near the English Channel, from its mouth, and 12 miles from the sea. Lat. 170 51'.8"
9 miles N.E. of Valognes. Pop. 1734.                      S., ion. 370 1' E. In 1842, besides a company of soldiers, its
QUEVAUCAMPS, k~v'lklNso, a village of Belgium, pro- free population amounted to 130, 12 of whom were Eurovince of HIainaut, 12 miles W: by N. of Mons. Pop. 2237.    peans. It is stated to be most unhealthy. The pirincipal
QUEVEN, kgeh'v6Na, a village of France, department of  edifices are the fort, a church, and some brick houses. It
Morbihan, 4 miles N.W. of Lorient. Pop. 1700.             has a trade in gold and ivory, but its principal traffic is in
QUEVILLY, Gn*ND, gr8QN kgh-vee~yeeo, a village of France, slaves; and it is said that a few years ago no less than 5000
department of Seine-Infdrieure, arrondissement of Rouen. slaves were annually exported to Rio Janeiro from this
Pop. 1585.                                                mart. Coal of good quality is reported to be plentiful at
QUEVILLY, LE PETIT, leh peh-teet! keh-vee'yeef, a village  Quilimane, but it is at present unwrought.
of France, department of Seine-Infdrieure. Pop. in 1852,    QUI-LIN, a city of China. See KWEILIN.
3105.                                                       QUILLAN, kee'y8dN! or keel'y8aO, a town of France, deQUEYRAC, k~Irtkt, a village of France, department of partment of Aude, 13 miles S. of Limoux. P. in 1852, 2152.
Gironde, 4 miles N. of Lesparre. Pop. 1990.                 QUILLEB(EUFi keel'buff, a town and river-port of France,
QUEZALTENANGO  or QUESALTENANGO, kl-s&l-tA- department of Eure, on the left bank of the Seine, at the
n~nlgo, a city of Central America, state, and 115 milesW.N.W.  commencement of its estuary, with a light-house, 7 miles N.
of Guatemala, and capital of a department of the same name. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. 1600. Opposite Quilleboeuf the naPop. 14,000, who manufacture cotton and woollen fabrics, and  vigation of the Seine is impeded, and there is a pilot station
carry on an active trade. It is handsomely built, well paved, and a salvage depot here, with a staff of about 110 pilots.
and has a richly decorated cathedral, several other churches,   QUILLIMANE, a town of Africa. See QuInMANE.
and a noble city-hall. In its vicinity are numerous interest-    QUIIYLINSVILLE, a post-village of Scott co., Virginia,
ing antiquities, and remarkable volcanic appearances.      320 miles W. by N. of Richmondi -
QUIABON, ke-&-bWnf, commonly called CIABON, ch&-b~nf,   QUILLOTA, keel-yo'tA, a town of Chili, province, and 50
a village pf the Dominican Republic, at the E. end of the  miles N.W. of Santiago, on the Aconcagua, 20 miles from
island of Hayti, about 90 miles E. by N. of the city of San  the Pacific, in a plain bounded S.W. by a peak, which is a
Domingo. It is a small place at the mouth of a stream of  conspicuous sea-mark for the harbor of Valparaiso. Estithe same name, which is partially navigable. Off it is an  mated pop. 10,000. It is reported to be 3 leagues in circuit,
open roadstead, with good anchorage ground in 8 or 9 fa- and has a main street upwards of a league in length. The
thoms., ihouses are of sun-dried brick, only one story in height.
QUIA (keell?) COUNTRY, a territory of West Africa, im-   QUILOA, keello-A, or KEELIWA, written also KILWAI.
mediately E. of the peninsula of Sierra Leone, between the  a town of East Africa, in Zanguebar, on an island off the
RokelleandCasamanza Rivers, and comprising about 1300  coast, 6 miles in length, and between which and the mainsquare miles of rich alluvial land, which yields large crops  land is a secure harbor. Lat. of fort, 80 57' S., ion. 390 34t
of rice, maize, and yams.                                  21t E. The fort, which is strong, and enclosed by a moat, is
QUIAIOS, ke-Iloce, a town and parish of Portugal, about the residence-of a governor under the Imam of Muscat. It
25 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 4500.                         was held by the Portuguese for a short period early in the
QUIBIBY CREEK, of Sumter co., Alabama, flows into the  sixteenth century, previous to which it was an important
Tombigbee River from the right.                           town. It is now a mere village, but its former extent is inQUIBDO, a town of South America. See CIrARA.             dicated by numerous ruins.
QUIBERON, kee'beh-r6NGl or keelbr6Nol, a peninsula of    QUILON, kwee'lonf, or COULAN, koo'lan!. a seaport town
France, in Brittany, department of Morbihau, S.S.E. of Lo- of South India, in the Travancore dominions, on the Malarient and N.N.E. of Belleisle. Lat. 470 26' 30" N., ion. 20 4' bar coast, 37 miles W.N.W. of Trivandrum, with an active
15"t W. It is 7 miles in length, from N. to S., by 2 miles in  export trade in pepper, cotton, cardamoms, &c. It has sevewidth, and united to the continent by a low isthmus, de- ral Roman Catholic churches, and an ancient temple of
fended by Fort Penthibvre. The surface is sandy and bare, Seeva.
and it is remarkable chiefly as having been the last resort,   QUIMPER, kamlpaist, or QUIMPER CORENTIN, kWiein the revolutionary period of 1795, of about 7000 royalists, painl ko'roNaetANGI, a town of France, capital of the departwho were surrounded, and after an obstinate resistance  ment of Finistbre, on the Odet, 10 miles from the Atlantic,
obliged to surrender to the republican troops under General and 32 miles S.S.E. of Brest. Pop. in 1852, 10,904. It is
Hoehe. The town of Quiberon, at its extreme S. end, has a  divided into an old and new town, the former, on the river
small port. Pop. 3013.                                    side, is fortified, and has quays flanked by ancient houses;
QUIBO, keelbo, improperly written QUIBDO, an island  the latter extends over some gentle eminences, the whole
of South America, New Granada, department of Istmo, pro- being overlooked by precipitous and wooded heights. The
vince of Veragua, in the Pacific, at the entrance of Montijo  public buildings are a town-hall, hospital, and barracks. It
Bay. Lat. 70 25' N., ion. 810 54' W. Length and breadth, has a communal college, a seminary, public library of 7000
20 miles each,                                            volumes, theatre, and baths. Chief industry, manufactures
QUIQAMAO, kee-sl-mmwNG!, a market-town of Brazil, pro- of hats and porcelains, ship-building, and a trade in wheat,
vince of Rio de Janeiro, 21 miles S. of Campos. Pop. 2500.  wax, linen, and hempen fabrics, butter, horses, and pilQUICARA, ke-k/trA, or HICARON, ee-ki-ronl, a group of chards, of which last it has an extensive fishery. Its port
small islands of New Granada, in the North Pacific, S. of  is small, and not accessible to vessels of more than 150 tons
Quibo, and near the W. entrance of Montijo Bay. Lat. 70  burden.
10' 50" N., ion. 810 46' 18" W.                              QUIMPERL]r, kbM!piRlAq, a town of France, department
QUICATLAN, ke-kit-lint, a town of the Mexican Confede- of Finistbre, at the confluence of the E11d and Isole, which
ration, state, and 44 miles N. of Oajaca.                 here form a small port for vessels of 50 tons, 27 miles E.S.E.
QUICHE, keeltchA, a market-town of Central America, of Quimper. Pop. in 1852, 6114.
state, and 25 miles N.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 2500.           QUIN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.
QUICK'S RUN, a small village of Lewis co., Kentucky.       QUINCE or SQUINCE, a small island off the S.W. coast
QUIIDDENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, about 5 furlongs S.W.
QUIEPPE, ke-6plpA, an island and fort of Brazil, province, of the entrance to Glandore Harbor.
and 70 miles S.S.W. of Bahia, at the entrance of the Bay of    QUINCETTO, kwin-chetlto, or QUINCINETTO, kwin-cheCamamu.                                                    nitfto, avillage of Piedmont, 8 miles N.W. of Ivrea. P.1460.
QUIERZY, ke-ais~zeeP, a village of France, department of    QUINCY, klNc.seet, a market-town of France, department
Aisne, on the left bank of the Oise, 20 miles W. of Laon. - It of Seine-et-Marne, 4 miles S. of Meaux. Pop. 2040.
was formerly an important city, and had a palace of the    QUINICY, a post-village and township of Norfolk co.,
Carlovingian kings, where Charles Martel died, and where  Massachusetts, bordering on Quincy Bay, in Boston Harbor,
Charlemagne and his successors held numerous councils,    and intersected by the Old Colony Railroad, 8 miles S. by
QUIIET DELL, a post-office of Itarrison co., Virginia.  E. of Boston. It is celebrated for its quarries of granite,
QUIAVRAIN, ke-d\vrAtN1, a market-town of Belgium, pro- commonly known as Quincy granite, which is exported in
vince of Iainaut, on the French frontier, 12 miles W.S.W. great quantities to all parts of the Union.' About 1000 per1557




iiQUI                                                       QUx
sons are constantly employed in working it. Blocks have  at New Haven. after a course of about 30 miles. The rdail
often been quarried weighing as high as 300 tons.' The  road between New HIaven and Hartford follows its cours
first railroad cohstructed in America was here put in opera- for about 12 miles.
tion in 1826, for the purpose of transporting the granite    QUINGENTOLE, kwin-jln/to-ll, a village of Austrian
from its bed to tide-water, in Neponset River, a distance  Italy. 6 miles W. of Revere. Pop. 2086.
of 3 miles. The village, which is considered remarkably       QUINGEY, k&rNG'zhl], a town of France, department of
beautiful, is situated on an elevated plain near the centre  Doubs, on the Lone, 11 miles S.W. of Besangon. Pop. 1000.
of the township. In a stone church, completed in 1828, at   QUINHON, keen'hinf (?) a town and fine harbor of Anam;
a cost of $40,000, is a beautiful marble monument, erected  the town, capital of a province, on a river entering the harto the memory of John Adams and his wife. The town- bor, about 10 miles farther E. Lat. 1.30 44 N., lon. 1090 11.E.
house, a fine granite edifice, 85 feet by 55, is deserving of    QUiINILUBATN (kee-ne-loo-banl) ISLANDS, a group of
notice. One newspaper is published in the village, which  the Philippines, in the Malay  Archipelago, between Panay
also contains 2 banks, a savings institution, and an insu- and Palawan. Let. 110 30, N., lon. 1200 47'. E.
rance company. Quincy is celebrated as the birthplace of    QUINTANA, keen-tldnd, a town of Spain, province, and
several of the most eminent men who have borne a part in  45 miles E.S.E. of B3adajos. Pop. 3290.
the affairs of the nation. Among these may be mentioned    QUINTANA, a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas.
John Hancock, Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the two Adamses.   QUINTANAR DE LA ORDEN, keen-tg-narJ dA la oRld~n,
The estate of the Quincy family in this town.is one of the  a town of Spain, province of Toledo, 17 miles W.,of Belmonte.
finest in New England. Incorporatedin 1792. Pop. in 1830, Pop. 5974, who manufacture blankets and other woollen
2201; in 1840, 3486; in 1850, 5017.                         goods, and trade in merino sheep at large weekly markets.
QUINCY, New York, a station on the Buffalo and Erie    QUINTANAR DEL REY, keen-tA-nars d6l rA, a marketRailroad, 25 miles S.W. of Buffalo.                         town of Spain, province, and 50 miles S.S.E. of Cuenca.
QUINCY, a post-village and township of Franklin co., Pop. 1440.
Pennsylvania, 12 miles S.E. Chambersburg. pop, 2836; of    QUINTANILLA DE LA SOMOZA, keen-tt-neellyy  dl I
the village, 400.                                           so-mo'thi, a town of Spain, province, and 13 miles W. of
QUINCY, a post-village, capital of Gadsden co., Florida, is  Leon. Pop. 1269.
on the main road from Pensacola to Tallahassee, 22 miles    QUINTIN, kANq't&.wG,  a town of France, department of
N.N.W. of the latter. It has an active trade in tobacco. Its  C~tes-du-Nord, 9 miles S.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 3947.
flourishing condition is caused partly by the excellence of  It has a large castle, mineral springs, and manufactures of
its schools, by its healthy situation, and the mildness of the  fine linens and cambrics.
climate, which attracts invalids from the more northern    QUINTIN  DE MEDIONA. SAN, stn keen-teen' dl mlstate. Within the last three years the number of such   e-ofnit, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 35
visitors has greatly increased. The distance from the Gulf  miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1813.
(30 miles) is such that the sea-breeze is tempered and agree-   QUINTO, keentto, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles
ably modified. It contains 3 churches, 1 academy, 1 select S.E. of Saragossa, on the Ebro. Pop. 1373.
school, 2 hotels, 2 cabinet-shops, 1 gin shop, (to supply cot-   QUINTO, kwin/to, a village of Austrian Italy, province;
ton-gins.) Pop. in 1853, near 1000.                        and 4 miles N.E. of Verona, with 1800 inhabitants, and the
QUINCY, a post-village of Monroe co., Mississippi, about  sanctuary of Santa Maria della Stella,
12 miles N.E. of Aberdeen.                                    QUINTO, kwin/to, a village of Switzerland, canton of
QUINCY, a post-village of Gibson co., Tennessee, 145 miles  Ticino, in Val Laventina, 22 miles N.N.W. of Bellinzona
W.S.W. of Nashville.                                       Pop. 1863.
QUINCY, a flourishing post-village of Logan co., Ohio, on    QUINTO, keen;to, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La
the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad, 68 miles W.N.W. Plata,) in South America, departments of San Luis and Corof Columbus. The Miami River here furnishes fine water- dova, after a S.E. course of 250 miles loses itself in a marsh
power. Pop. 500.                                           near lat. 340 S., Ion. 630 W.
QUINCY, a post-township in the N.E. part of Branch co.,   QUINTO-AL-MARE, kwintto-.l-m/r,-,  a village of the SarMichigan, intersected by the Michigan Southern and North- dinian States, about 6 miles E.S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 1564.
ern Indiana Railroad. Pop. 1111.                             QUINtTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
QUINCY, Indiana, a station on the New Albany and    QUINZANO, kwin-zIno, a town of Austrian Italy, 19
Salem Railroad, 175 miles from New Albany,                 miles S.S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 3200.
QUINCY, a handsome'town, capital of Adams.co., Ili-    QUINZYVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Pennnois, on the Mississippi River, 170 miles above St. Louis, sylvania.
and 104 miles W. of Springfield. It is finely situated on a    QUIOTEPEC, ke-o-tl-pWk1, or-CERRO DE LAS JUNTAS,
limestone bluff, 125 feet above the river, of which it com- sRRono  dl lMs  Hoonrths, a village of the Mexican Confedemands an extensive view. It has a large public square, a  ration, state, and about 90 miles N. of Oajaca, near the
good court-house, 18 churches, a United States land-office,  junction of Quiotepec and Salado.
and 3 banks. Seven newspapers and periodicals are pub-    QUI-PARLE, a lake of Minnesota. See LAo QuI PARLE.
lished here, two of which are dailies. Quincy carries on an    QUI-PHU or QUI-FOO, Anam. See PuU-YEN.
active trade by steamboats on the Mississippi. It is the    QUIRIGUA, ke-ree'gwl, a ruined city of Central America,
terminus of the Military Tract Railroad, now in course of  State of Guatemala, on the Montagua River. It has sculpconstruction, which leads to Chicago. The country in the  tured idols and monumental remains similar to those of
vicinity is a rich and rolling prairie, and one of the most Copan. Near it is a small hamlet of the same name.
highly cultivated parts of the state. Quincy contained (in    QUIRIQUINA, ke-re-keefno, an islandofChili, department,
1853) 5 lumber-yards, 2 large distilleries, 4 large foundries,  and 10 miles N. of Concepcion, at the entrance of its bay.
6 machine-shops, 5 or 6 steam mills for grain, 2 steam saw    QUIROS ISLANDS. See N w IEBRIDES.
mills, 2 planing-machines, 3 door sash and blind, 3 carriage,   QUIRPON, kMRapoms (?) an island off the N. extremity of
and 3 wholesale furniture manufactories, 1 cotton mill, be- Newfoundland, British North America, at the entrance of
sides numerous other establishments. Coopering is carried  Belleisle Strait, in lat. 510 40' N., lon, 550 16' W.
on very extensively. Pop. in 1840, about 2000; in 1850,   QUISAM]A, a country of Africa. See QUIZAMA.
6901; and by a local census in 1854, 10,957.                  QUISSAC, kees'slkI, a town of France, department of Gard,
QUINCY, a small post-village of hickory co., Missouri.    on the Vidourle, 19 miles W.N,W. of Nimes. Pop. 1560.
QUINCY POINT, a beautiful post-village of Norfolk co.,   QUISTELLO, kwis-tlltlo, a village of Lombardy, 14 miles
Massachusetts, at the confluence of Town and Weymouth  S.E. of Mantua. The Austrians defeated the French here
Rivers, 2 miles E. of Quincy, and about 9 miles S. by E. of  in 1734.
Boston. It has an excellent harbor, and is engaged in the    QUITEVE, ke-tIvI, a town of East Africa, on the Sofala,
fisheries and ship-building.                                a few miles. above the town of that name, in lat. 200 S., Ion.
QUINDICI, kwin/de-che, a town of Naples, province of  320 30' E.
Terra diLavoro, 7 miles E. of Nola, in a valley. Pop. 2410.   QUIT/MAN, a post-village, capital of Clarks co., MissisQUINDIU, keen-de-o-e, a portion of the East Cordillera  sippi, 140 miles E. by S, of Jackson,
of the Andes, South America, in New Granada, separating    QUITMAN, apost-village, capital of Wood co., Texas, about'he basins of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. In it is a  275 miles N.E. of Austin.
volcano about 100 miles W.S.W. of Bogota, near which is    QUITMRAN, a small village of Van Buren co., Arkansas,
the dangerous Pass of Qulndiu, between Cartago and Ibagua. about 75 miles N. of Little Rock.
Elevation of its summit, 11,500 feet.                        QUITO, keefto, the capital city of the republic of Ecuador,
QUIN'EBAUGI or QUIIN'NEBAUGI, ariver of Connecticut, South America, in a ravine, E. of the volcano of Pichincha,
rises in Tolland county, and flows N. into Massachusetts,  150 miles N.N.E. of Guayaquil; elevation, 9543 feet. Lat. Oc
it reenters Connecticut, and unites with the Shetucket 13' 27" S., Ion. 780 50' W. Pop. variously estimated at from
River in New London county.                                50,000 to 70,000. It is well built, and has several handsome
QUINEBAUG, a manufacturing post-village of Pomfret squares, in one of which are the cathedral, town-hall, palaces
and Thompson townships, Windham  co., Connecticut, on  of the archbishop and President of the republic, and a fine
the Quinebaug River, and' on the Norwich and Worcester  bronze fountain. The ex-Jesuits' College contains a public.Railroad, about 45 miles N.E. by E. of hiartford. It con- library and halls, now appropriated to the university. The
tains 2 churches and 12 stores. Pop. 1500..               other principal structures are the churches and convents, a
0IUIN'EPIACKI or QUTN'NIPIACt, a river of Connecticut, work-house, orphan asylum, and large hospital. Quito hab
rises in Hartford county, and falls into Long Island Sound  manufactures of coarse cotton and woollen goods, lace,
1558




QUI                                                     RAC
hosiery, jewelry, and confectionery, and a large trade in corn    QUITTA, kwithti, or PRINCE'S TOWN. formerly a Danish,
and other agricultural produce, which are sent by way of  now a British fort and town in North Guinea, lat. 50 55, 6V
Guayaquil into Central America, in return for indigo, iron, N., lon. 0 59' 45" E. Pop. 5000.
and steel, and to Peru in return for brandy, wine, oil, and the    QUIVIER, a post-office of Mason co., Illinois.
precious metals. The imports comprise all kinds of European    QUIZAMA or QUISAMA, ke-z/md, alikstrict of Lowe,
manufactured goods, and those of the finest quality find a  Guinea, South-west Africa, between the fryers Coanza and
ready sale, many inhabitants of this city being wealthy. Longa. The surface is mountainous. Its products are wax,
The markets are well supplied with provisions, and large  honey, and salt.
quantities of cheese are made in the vicinity. Eleven snow-   QUOGUE, kwog, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York,
capped mountains are in view from Quito, and about 10 on Shinnecok Bay, on the S. shore of Long Island, near its
miles N.E. is a plain chosen in 1736 by the French and  E. end, about 75 miles E. of New York.
Spanish astronomers for measuring a degree of the meridian.   QUOIN, (kwoin,) GREAT and LITTLE, two rocky islets in
Quito was taken by the Spaniards in 1534, and incorporated  the entrance of the Persian Gulf, 12 miles N.E. of Cape
as a city by Charles V. in 1541. It has repeatedly suffered  Mussendom.
from earthquakes.                                          QUOIN, the name of islands off the N.E. coast of AustraQUItTO, a post-office of Talbot co., Georgia.         lia, and the E. coast of Van Diemen's Land.
QUITO, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas.             QUONOCHONTAUGI, a post-office of Washington co., Rhode
QUITIQUIOC', a village of Plymouth township, Sheboygan  Island.
co., Wisconsin, on the Mullet River, 85 miles N.E. of Madi-   QUORNIDON, a township of England, co. of Leicester
son. It contains a fine hotel,s saw mill, and several stores.   QUORRA, a river of Africa. See NIGER.
RAAB,' rb or rap, (Hun. Gyir, dy'dR; anc. Aabo.?) a na-   RABENSTEIN, ritben-stine', a town of Bohemia, circle
vigable river of Hungary, rises in Styria, and enters  of Pilsen. Pop. 513.
the Danube near Raab. Length, 180 miles.                   RABIL, rl-beelt, a town of the island of Boavista, Cape
RAAB, or NAGY-GYOR, (Gyir,)nddj-dyiia, (anc. Arabona?) Verd Islands, on its W. side, 4 miles E. of Porto Sal Rey.
a town of Hungary, capital of a county, 67 miles W.N.W. of Pop. 1043. It stands on a terrace, 45 feet above the sea, on
Buda, on the Raab, at its confluence with an arm of the  a height above which are the hamlets of Moradinha and
Danube. Lat. 470 41' N., lon. 170 40' E. Pop. 18,000. It was Estacia de Baixo.
formerly fortified, and has a cathedral and several other   RABINAL, ra-be-n&l, a town of Central America, State of
shurches, a royal academy, and gymnasium; also manufac- Guatemala, province, and 50 miles S.W. of Vera Paz. Pop.
tures of tobacco, and an extensive trade. It is a steam- about 6500.
packet station. In June, 1809, the French defeated the    RABISCHAU, raJbish-6w', a town of Prussia, government,
Austrians under its walls.                               and S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1363.
RAALTE, rllteh, a town of the Netherlands, province of   RABNABAD, r&b-nA-bAd!, a low, sandy island of HindosOveryssel, 11 miles S.S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 5005.         tan, Bay of Bengal, off the Sunderbunds, at the W. entrance
RAAMSDONK, ramstdonk, a village of Holland, province  of the E. mouth of the Ganges, separated from the mainland
of North Brabant, 10 miles N.N.E. of Breda. Pop. 1009. It by a narrow channel or river of the same' name. It is about
was one of 27 villages which were totally swept away by a  16 miles long by 6 miles broad.
flood, November 18, 1421.                                  RA/BUN, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Georgia,
RAASAY, one of the Itebrides, Scotland. See RAsAY.     bordering on North Carolina, and separated from South CaRAASZE, rdshA, a village of Austria, in Moravia, 11 miles rolina by the Chattooga River, which forms the S.E. boundS.W. of Troppau, on the Mora. Pop. 1820.                 ary, has an area of about 330 square miles. It is drained
RABAGII, EL, 61 rA'bkgl, a town of Arabia, in IIejaz, 110 by the sources of the Little Tennessee and Tallulah Rivers.
miles N.N.W. of Mecca, on the route to Medina, near the The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests.
Red Sea.                                                 The principal peaks of the Blue Ridge in this county are
RABASTENS, rA'bs'tSNQ?, a town of South-west France, named the Pinnacle, Tallulah, and Bald Mountains. Iron
department of Hautes-Pyrln6es, 12 miles N.E. of Tarbes. is abundant, and gold has been found. The Rabun Gap
Pop. 1600. It suffered greatly during the religious wars, Railroad is projected through the county.  Named in
particularly from the atrocity of Mouluc, who, in revenge  honor of William  Rabun, formerly governor of Georgia.
for a wound in the face, which obliged him ever afterwards  Capital, Clayton. Pop. 2448, of whom 2338 were free, and
to wear a mask, massacred its inhabitants without distinc- 110 slaves.
tion of agre or sex, threw 60 Protestant deputies headlong    RAtBY, a township of England, co. of Durham, 5 miles
from a tower, and laid the town in ashes.                N.N.E. of Barnard-Castle. The magnificent baronial Castle
RABASTENS, a town of France, department of Tarn, 23 of Ruby covers an acre of ground; it was one of the earliest
miles W.S.W. of Alby, on the Tarn. Pop. in 1852, 5551.   seats of the Neville family, and in its great hall, 90 feet in
RABATT or RABAT, r'bAt/t, a fortified maritime town of length, 700 knights, all retainers of that powerful family, are
Morocco, kingdom of Fez, on the S. side of the Bu-Regreb, at said to have been feasted at one time. It has belonged to
its mouth, immediately opposite Sale, 20 miles S.S.W. of the family of Vane since the reign of Charles I., and is now
Mehediah.  Pop. 27,000, of whom 7000 are Jews.  It has the seat of the Duke of Cleveland.
pretty strong walls and batteries, a citadel, numerous    RACA/VAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim.
mosques and minarets, stone mausoleums, and well-sup-   RACCA, a town on the Euphrates. See RAKKA.
plied markets. The water near it is deep enough for a fri-   RACCANO, rik-k ino, or RACCANO-EX-FERRARESE,
gate to come almost close to its walls. It has manufactures rA-klno Ex fha-Rn-rA/sA, a village of Austrian Italy, delegaof superior carpets, an export trade in wool and corn, and  tion, and 75 miles S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 1600.
considerable traffic. It was formerly the centre of the Eu-   RACCONIGI, rAk-ko-neetjee, or RACONIGI, a town of
ropean trade with Morocco. Outside of the city are numer- North Italy, in Piedmont, on the Maira, 21 miles S. of Turin.
onus walled orchards and gardens, beyond which, on the S.E., Pop. 10,102. It has a royal park and chateau. and manuare the conspicuous tower of Sma-Hassan, and the remains factures of silk fabrics and twist, and woollen cloths.
of Sala or Sheila, a frontier Roman station. In November,   RACE OF ALDERNEY, (awltder-ne,) is chiefly in the
1851, it was bombarded by a French squadron under Rear- strait between the island of Alderney and Cape La Hogue,
Admiral Dubourdieu.                                      France, but the tide often sets up the Channel furiously on
RABBA, rAtb/b&, a large and populous town of Central both the N. and S. side of Alderney.
Africa, in Nigritia, on the Niger, in lat. 90 15' N., Ion. 50 26'   RACE OF PORTILAND, on the English coast, nearly oppoE. It has a large trade in slaves, ivory, and goods of both  site, lies off the peninsula of Portland bill.
native and foreign manufacture.                            RACE POINT, a headland at the S.E. extremity of NewRABBA, a collection of ruins in Syria, pashalic of Damas- foundland.     r            
cus, E. of the Dead Sea, and 9 miles N. of Kerek. Here are'RACHECOURT, rdsh'koorY, a village of Belgium, province
the remains of a temple, several Corinthian columns, &c., of Luxembourg, on a stream  of the same name, 5 miles
considered to mark the site of Rabbath Moab, the Areopois   S.S.W. of Arlon.  Pop. 1185.
of the Greeks, and the Ar of Moab mentioned in Scripture.   RACHE-TCHURIN, rA-shA-choo-reent(?) a lama city of
RABBAH, or RABBATH-AMMON. See AiMAN.                   Mongolia, 360 miles W. of Peking. It consists of several
RABBIT ISLAND, Malay Archipelago. See PALLO.           large edifices, surrounded by a great number of small
RABtBIT ISLANDS, a small group in the ZEgean Sea, at houses. Three elegant and majestic Boodhist temples rise
the mouth of the Dardanelles.                            in the centre of the establishment. On the avenue of the
RABtBIT RIVER, of Alleganu co., Michigan, flows into the  principal temple is a square tower of colossal proportions,
Kalamazoo River, 7 miles from its mouth.                 and on the four angles are four monstrous dragons sculpRABIBITSVILLE, a post-village of Logan co., Kentucky.  tured in granite.
RABBIT TOWN, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.       RACHKOV or RATSOHKOW, rch-kov1, a town of Russia,
RABENAU, rubeh-nw', a town of Saxony, 7 miles S.W. government of Podolia, between lofty hills, 118 miles E.S.E
Dresden. Pop. 701.                                      of Kanaieniec. Pop; 1600.
" 1559




RAO                                                      RAD
RACHOVA, rg-KolvI, or ARACIOVA, &-rA-xofvA, a large    RACOON RIVER, Iowa, rises near the N. border of Dallas
village of Greece, government of Boeotia, 10 miles E.S.E. of county, and empties itself into Des Moines River at Fort Des
Salona, on the slope of Parnassus, celebrated for the excel- Moines.
lence of its wine, and the longevity of its inhabitants. Near   RACOON VALLEY, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee.
it is the Corycign cave.                                    RACITON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
RACINE, AtSeent, a county in the S.E. part of Wiscon-   RACZ, rts, BECSE, or O-BECSE, o bA/chAl. a market-town
sin, bordering/on Lake Michigan, contains about 350 square  of Hungary, co., and 43 miles E.N.E. of Bacs, with Roman
miles. It is intersected by the Root and Pishtaka Rivers. Catholic and Greek churches, on the right bank of the Theiss.
The surface is nearly level, and is mostly occupied by prai- Pop. 11,132.
ries, which are interspersed with oak-openings, or plains pro-   RACZ-KEVE, rAts-k4IvA', an island in the Danube, 25
ducing a scattered growth of oak and hickory. The soil is miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles broad. Its N. -point is
calcareous and fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass immediately S.of Pesth.
are the staples. Limestone is the principal rock. Organized    RACZ-KEVE, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 22
in 1836. The name is derived from RooT River, the French  miles S.S.W. of Pesth, on the above island. Pop. 4200.
word Racine signifying " root." It is intersected by the Chi-   RACZKI, rachlkee, a town of Poland, government, and 12
cago andMilwaukee Railroad. Capital, Racine. P.14,973.  miles N.N.W. of Augustowo.
RACINE, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.                 RADACK, rAIdfk, and RALICK, rhlik, two parallel chains
RACINE, a township of Racine co., Wisconsin, on the W. of islands of Marshall's Archipelago, in the North Pacific,
side of Lake Michigan. Pop. 777.                          stretching from S.S.E. to N.N.W., between lat. 40 39' and 110
RACINE, a city of Wisconsin, and capital of Racine co., 48' N., and Ion. 1660 and 172.0 E.
is beautifuily situated on the WV. shorerof Lake Michigan, at   RADAMA, r~tdg-ml', mountains of Madagascar, in the N.
the mouth of Root River, 25 miles S. by E. of Milwaukee, part.
and 70 miles N. of Chicago. It is the second city of the state    RADA-NEL-CHIANTI, r&td,-nll-ke-[nftee, or CASTEJ-DIin population and commerce, and has one of the best bar- RADA, kis-t~lfdee-rAId/, a village of Tuscany, 16 miles N. of
bors on the lake, formed by the mouth of the river, which  Sienna. Pop. 2876.
admits vessels drawing 12 feet of water. The city is built   RADAUNE, r/d6wwneh, a river of West Prussia, flows
on a plain elevated about 40 feet above the surface of the  very circuitously E.N.E., and joins the Motlau a'little above
lake. It is laid out in regular blocks, with wide streets, and  Dantzic, after a course of 30 miles.
contains a number of fine public buildings; among which    RADAUTZ, r/dlwts, a market-town of Austrian Poland,
is the Racine College, founded by the Episcopal Church. in Bukowina, 10 miles S.W. of Sereth. Pop. 1900.
Racine contains 12 Protestant and 2 Catholic churches, a    RADIBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
central high school, and a bank in successful operation.   RADICLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
Several newspapers are published here.  The commercial   RADCLIFFE BRIDGE, a station on the East Lancashire
advantages of this port have attracted considerable capital, Railway, between Manchester and'Bury.
and there are 10 warehouses and 126 mercantile houses in    RADIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
various branches of business. Over $60,000 have been ex-   RADE, rIdeh, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 25 miles E. of
pended by the citizens of Racine in the construction of a  Dusseldorf. Pop. 1092.
harbor. From 30 to 40 vessels are owned here, with an    RADEBURG, rAldeh-bno6R', or RADEBERG, r&'d&h-bRGc',
aggregate burden of over 4000 tons. The exports in 1851  a town of Saxony, 9 miles N.E. of Dresden, on the Roder.
amountedinvalueto $1,034,590, andthe importsto$1,473,125. Pop. 2311. It has important manufactures of ribbons and
There are 3 ship-yards, and several furnaces, machine-shops,  gloves.
and fiouring mills. Three plank-roads extend firom Racine    RADENIN, rg'deh-neenf, a village of Bohemia, 9 miles
into the interior, and railroads are in course of construction  S.S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 1013.
to Chicago, Milwaukee, and Janesville.  First settled in    RADIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. It
1835; incorporated as a city in 1848. Pop. in 1840, 337; in  has a station on the Peterborough and Leicester Railway,
1850, 5111; in 1853, about 7500.                          2- miles W. of Nottingham.
RACKIENFORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           RADIFORD-SEMIELE, a parish of England, co. of WarRACKIET RIVER forms the outlet of Long Lake, in Ha- wick.
milton county, New York, and pursuing a winding course    RADIFORDSVILLE, a post-office of Perry co., Alabama.
through Franklin and St. Lawrence counties, falls into the    RADI, rsdee. a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, 4
St. Lawrence River about 30 miles N.N.E. of'Potsdam, after miles from Liebenau.  Pop. 1580.
a course of 120 miles. It affords extensive water-power.    RADICENA, rd-de-chAlng, a market-town of Naples, proRACKET RIVER, post-office, St. Lawrence co., New York. vince of Calabria Ultra I., 11 miles E. of Palmi. Pop. 2700.
RACKIETVILLE, a flourishing village of St. Lawrence co.,   RADICOFANI, rt-de-ko-f'lnee, a market-town of Tuscany,
New York, on Racket River, where it is crossed by the North- province, and 36 miles S.S.E. of Sienna, on the slope of a volern Railroad, a few miles N. by E. of Potsdam. A dam and  canic mountain of the same name. Pop. 2300.
a bridge were constructed across the river here in 1852,   RADICONDOLI, rA-de-konfdo-le, or RIDICONDALI. reduring which year the village was laid out. Since then, an  de-konfdA-lee, a village of Central Italy, in Tuscany, proextensive forwarding and mercantile interest has sprung  vince of Sienna, 13 miles S.E. of Voltera.  Pop. 2000.
up, and the returns of the railroad, it is said, show an    RADUIPOLE, a parish of Englaud, co. of Dorset.
amount of business done not surpassed by any town on the    RADKERSBURG, rbd1kers-b66ao', a town of Styria, 37
route, except Ogdensburg. A hotel 3 stories high has been  miles S.E. of Gritz, on an island in the Mlur. Pop. 2400.
built here, also a large gang-saw mill on each side of the    RADILEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
river; and other establishments on an extensive scale have    RADMIANSDORF, rbdlmbns-doaf', written also RODOLZA
been erected. The village is situated in a rich and growing  and RADOULZA, a town of Illyria, 26 miles N.W. of Laycountry, with which it communicates, both N. and S., by a  bach, on the Save. Pop. 600.
plank-road. It has also telegraphic communication with the    RADMAR, rbd/mRc, a village of Austria, in Styria, 30
principal cities of the United States. The post-office is called  miles W.N.W. of Brtick. Pop. 1066.
NoRTH PerSDAo.                                               RADNA, ridlnSh', written also RODNA, a village of TranRACK/HEATHI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        sylvania, 23 miles N.N.E. of Bistritz, on the Samosch. It
RACOONI, a small village, Washington co., Pennsylvania. was in early times a place of considerable importance, but
RACOON, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.          was destroyed on an incursion of the Tartars in 1242.
RACOON, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1473.       Pop. 1000.
RACOON; a post-office of Marion co., Illinois.             RAD/NAGE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
RACOON CREEK, of Gloucester co., New Jersey, enters   RADNAU, a village of Austria. See RADNOTH.
the Delaware River about 18 miles below Camden. Sloops   RADNITZ, rbdtnits, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.E.
ascend 8 miles to Swedesborough.                           of Pilsen. Pop. 2218.
RACOON CREEK, rises in the S.W. part of Pennsylvania,   RADINOR or RADNORSHIRE, rad/nor-shjr, a county of
and joins the Ohio River a little below Beaver.            South Wales, having N. the cos. of Montgomery and Salop.
RACOONCREEK, of Ohio, rises in Hocking co., and falls  Area, 425 square miles, of which more than one-half is said
into the Ohio River about 8 miles below GCsllipolis.      to be moorland and bog. Pop. in 1852, 24,716. The surface,
RACOON CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Boone co., and falls  except in the S.E., is bleak and mountainous. Princiinto the Wabash about 7 miles W. of Rockville, in Parke  pal rivers, the Wye, Arrow, and Lugg. Sheep and cattle
county, after a course of nearly 70 miles. It flows through  are the staple product of the county. Chief towns, Presa rich and beautiful farming region, and furnishes extensive teign, New Radnor, and Knighton. The county sends 1
water-power. The Little Racoon enters it from the N.E., 15 member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of
miles from its mouth.                                     earl to the Bouverie family.
RACOON CREEK, of La Crosse co., Wisconsin, flows into    RADNOR, NEw, a parliamentary borough, marketrtown,
the Mississippi.                                          and parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor, 13 miles N.N.E.
RACOON FORD, a post-village of Culpepper co., Virginia, of Brecknock. Pop. of parliamentary borough, in 1851,
on the Rapidan River, 90 miles N.N.W. of Richmond, con- 2345. The town consists chiefly of one irregularly-built
tains several mills.                                      street. The borough, with Presteign, Knighton, Cefn-Llys,
RACOON FORK of Licking River, Ohio, joins the main  Knucklas, and Rhayader, sends 1 member to the House of
Wtream at Newark.                                         Commons.
RACOON ISLAND, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.         RADNOR, OLD, a parish of Wales, co. of Radnor.
1560




RAD                                                      RAH
RAD/NOR, a post-township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, the gorge through which the Tamina rushes in its course
intersected by the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, 8  to join the Rhine. Pop. 1337.
miles S. of Norristown. Pop. 1334.                          RAG/DALE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
RADNOR, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity      RAGENDORF, rA/ghen-donf', or RAJKA, rIk~h', a market.
of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1204.                         town of West Hungary, co., and 11 miles N.N.W. of Wiesel.
RADNOTH, r~d/not, RADNAU, rldfniw, or JERNOT, burg, on the Danube. Pop. 3300.
yin/not, a village of Austria, in Transylvania, co. of Kokel-   RAG/GED MOUNTAINS, an elevated range on the border
burg, on the Mares, 44 miles N. of Hermannstadt. Pop. 1706. between Grafton and Merrimack counties, New Hampshire.
RADOBOJ, r~/do-boy', a village of Austria, in Croatia, co., Height, about 2000 feet.
and about 30 miles from Warasdin. Pop. 1169.                RAGHIB, r'gheeb/, a village of Arabia, on its S.E. coast,
RADOCHIKOYITCHI.  See RADosa KOVITCcH.                  12 miles N.E. of Ras MIakallah. It has an ancient mosque.
RADOKALA. rn-do-k&ll, or RIMSKI-KORSAKOFF, riml-   RAGHLEY, rdhllee or raw/lee, or AUGHLEY, awh/lee, a
skee-kor-sA-koff/, a group of islands of the North Pacific, in peninsula and fishing village of Ireland, in Connaught, on
Marshall's Archipelago, extending about 54 miles from  its N.W. coast, co., and 9 miles N.W. of Sligo. Pop. of the
EN.E. to W.S.W.; lat. 110 8' 20" and 110 26' 45" N., Ion. village, 170. Here are the ruins of Artarmon Castle.
1660 26' 30" and 1670 14' 20" E. The islands are principally    RAGHOOGHUR or RAHGOOGURH. See RAGOOGUR.
two-a larger, about 26 miles long, trending N.E. and S.W.,    RAGLAN, rn-ghe-Anl, or RHUGIAN, rig'e-an/, a townwith an entrance to its lagoon on the S.; and a less, situ- ship of Persia, province of Fars, 3 miles W. of Behbehan.
ated to the S. of it, and 14 miles long by 3 miles wide.    RAG/LAND, a village and parish of England,. co., and'
RADOLFSZELL, r&'dolf-tsll, a walled town of Baden, miles W.S.W. of Monmouth. Pop. 766. About 1 mile firom
circle of the Lake, on the Unter-see, 17 miles N.W. of Con- the village are the ruins of Ragland Castle, the ancient seat
stance. Pop. 1220.                                        of the Somerset family.
RADOLIN, r&-do-leent, a town of Prussian Poland, go-   RAGLESVILLE, rag/tpl-vil, a post-office of Daviess co.,
vernment of Bromberg, 3 miles S.E. of Schinlanke. P. 627. Indiana.
RADOM, r tdom, a town of Poland, capital of a waywode,   RAGNIT, rig/nit, a town of East Prussia, 30 miles N. of
on the Radomks, 57 miles from Warsaw. Pop. 5700. It is Gumbinnen, on the Niemen. Pop. 2850.
the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has Roman Ca-   RAGOL, rt-goll, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province,
tholic churches, and Piarist and Lutheran colleges,       and 18 miles from Almeria. Pop. 1217.
RADOMIR, ri-do-meer/, a town of European Turkey, in    RAGOOGHUR, RAGHOOGHUR, rA-goo-glr/, or RAIRoom-Elee, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ghiustendil.                GOOGURIH, a town of Central Iindostan, province of MlalRADOMISK, r-domsk/, or RADOMSKO, rd-domlsko, a  wah, capital of a large district, 133 miles S.S.W. of Gwalior.
town of Poland, province, and 18 miles S.E. of Kalisz, on    RAGOV or RAGOW, ri-govf, a market-town of Russian
the railway to Warsaw. Pop. 1816.                         Poland, government of Vilna, 25 miles N.N.W. of Vilkomeer.
RADOMYSL. rido-misol, a town of Russia, government, Pop. 1520.
and 59 miles W.N.W. of Kiev, on the Teterev. Pop. 3300.     RAGUIIN, ri/goon, a town of Germany, in Anhalt-Dessau,
RADOMYSL, a town of Rnussian Poland, government of  on the Mulde, 8 miles S. of Dessau. Pop. 1589.
Volhynia. 20 miles N.W. of Dubno. Pop. 2000.                 RAGUSA, ri-goolsi, a river of Sicily, after a S. course of
RADOMiYSL, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 18  25 miles, enters the Mediterranean 12 miles S.S.W. of Modica.
miles N.E. of Tarnow. Pop. 1500.                             RAGUSA, a town of Sicily, intendency of Syracuse, co.,
RADOSH  KOVITCHI, RADOCH  KOVITCIHI, or RA- and 3 miles WV. of Modica, on the W. bank of the river
DOSCH KOVITSCII, rA-dosh! ko-vit/chee, a market-town of  Ragusa. Pop. 21,446. Its inhabitants are industrious, and
Russia, government, and 24 miles N.W. of Minsk. Pop. 1550. have manufactures of woollens and silks, with a trade in
RADOULZA, a town of Illyria. See RADoAnSDoaF.            corn, oil, wine, and cheese. Near it stood the ancient Hybla
RADOVITZ, ri/do-vits', a town of European Turkey, in  lHereda.
Macedonia, 50 miles S.W. of Ghiustendil, on the Radovitz    RAGUSA, rA-goofsi, or RAUGIA, rn-oo/ja or rlw/ji, (Slav.
River, an affluent of the Kara-soo, (inc. St-trymon,) and on  Dubrovnik, doo-brov/nik; Turk. Paprovnilc, pi-prov-nik/ or
the great route from  Room-Elee into Albania. It has a  pi-prov-neek/,) a seaport city of Dalmatia, capital of a cirtrade in corn and wine.                                    cle, on a peninsula of the Adriatic, 38 miles W.N.W. of
RADSTADT, r d/st tt, (Ger. pron. rit'stitt,) a town of  Cattaro. Lat. of the mole fort, 420 38' 90 N., Ion. 180 7' E.
Upper Austria, 35 miles S.E. of Salzburg, on the Ems. Pop. 6000. It is partly enclosed by old walls, flanked by
Pop. 2000.                                                massive round-towers, and has a most imposing appearRADISTOKE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. A.ance. The houses arY chiefly in the Italian style. It has a
railway connects it with Mitford.                         cathedral, with fine works of art, a large Gothic customRAD/STON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.      house, a palace of the former rectors of the Republic, a
RADWAN, ridltAn, (IHun.?advany, rfd'vAif,) a market- guard-house, with a conspicuous belfrey, barracks for 1200
town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, on the Gran, 2 miles S.W. of  troops, a lyceum, and various other public schools, a lazaretto,
NeusohI. Pop. 2000.                                       a theatre, and in its vicinity numerous elegant villas. The
RAD/WAY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           port, immediately S. of the city, is fitted only for small vesRAD/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Hierts.           sels; but the harbor of Gravosa, N. of the peninsula, wvill
RAD/WINTER, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          receive ships of the line: both are defended by forts.  Its
RADZIVILOV, rid-ze-ve-lov/, or RADZIVOLOV, rgd-ze- trade, once important, has greatly declined. It is visited
vo-lov/, a frontier town of Russian Poland, government of  every year by earthquakes, and suffered severely from that
Volhynia, 115 miles W.N.W. of Kamieniec.                  of 1667, by which a fifth part of the population lost their
RADZYN, ridlzin, a town of Poland, province, and 30  lives. It has manufactures of silks, leather, and rosoglio,
miles S.S.E. of Siedlec, capital of a county. Pop. 2000.  which, with oil, anchovies, and the products of HerzegoRAE, ri/i, or ROY BARELI, (bh-ri/lee,) a town of Iin- vina, constitute the chief exports. Rag-Lusa, founded about
dostan, in Oude, 48 miles S.S.E. of Lucknow. It has an  the middle of the seventh century, continued to be a reextensive fort, which, with the town, is altogether in a de- public under the successive protection of the Greeks, Venecayed condition. Pop. 8000.                               tians, and Turks, until 1806, when it was erected by NapeRAEFFSKOY, r&-effs'koil, a group of islands in the Low  leon into a duchy for Marshal Marmont.-Adj. and inhab.
Archipelago; lat. 160 43' S., Ion. 1440 11' W.  They are  RAous-AN, ri-gooesan.
three in number, and are very small; only one of them con-   RAGUSA VECCHIA, ri-goofsi vik/ke-i, (" Old Ragusa,")
tains a few inhabitants.  They appear to be the same as  a village on the Adriatic, 7 miles S.E. of the above town, was
the Sea-gull group of Wilkes' United States Exploring Ex- the ancient Epidaurcs, destroyed by the Croats in 656. It
pedition.                                                 has many vestiges of antiquity.
RAFA, rifi, (anc. Ra/phis,) a town of Palestine, near the    RAHABEIH, r-hi/bbh, a castle of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic
frontier of Egypt, 4 or 5 miles from the Mediterranean.   of Bagdad, on the WV. bank of the Euphrates, between RakRAF/FLES BAY, an inlet on the N. coast of the Coburg  kah and Anah, near the site of an ancient city conjectured
Peninsula, in North Australia, 13 miles E. of Port Essing-  to have been the Rehoboth of Scripture.
ton; lat. 110 10' S., lon. 1320 20' E. A British settlement,    RAITAD, rl-hdl, a river of Abyssinia and Nubia, joins
named Port Raffiles, established here in 1847, was aban- the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, 67 miles N. of Sennaar,
doned in 1849.                                            after a N.W. course of 260 miles.
RAF/FORD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin, 2 miles    RAHAN or RAGHAN a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
S.E. of Forres. Here are the superb mansion of Altyre; the    RAIIAN/ or RAGHAN, ra-nau/, a parish of Ireland, King's
residence of Sir W. C. Gordon, and Burgie Castle, a struc-  county.
ture of the seventeenth century.                            RAHDEN, r-fden, a market-town of Prussia, in WestRAFSUND, (Rlfsund,) rflfsoond, a lake of Sweden, laen, phalia, 16 miles N.W. of Minden. Pop. 1200.
and 26 miles S.E. of Ostersund. Greatest length from N.W.   RAI{DUNPOOR, rl-dfn-poor/, a town of West Hindostan,
to S.E., 24 miles; breadth, about 9 miles. It has a large  dominions, and 136 miles N.W. of Baroda, capital of a rajahisland and a village of the same name on its E. shore, and  ship, in a wide plain close to the Runn of Cutch. Lat. 230
discharges itself at the S.E. into the Njurunda.          52' N., Ion. 710 38' E. It is enclosed by a brick wall with
RAFZ, rifts, a parish of Switzerland, canton of Zurich, towers, and in 1820 comprised 4000 houses.
22 miles N. of Eglisau. Pop. 1150.                          RAHEIA, ri-haI/, a town of Hindostan, in Bundelcundt
RAGATZ, r-/gits, a town and parish of Switzerland, 14 miles S.E. of Jaloun.
manton, and 30 miles S. by E. of St. Gall, at the mouth of    RAHT'ENY or RATHENY, rath/e-ne, a village and parish
1561




RAIH                                                       RAJ
of Ireland, co., and 4 miles N.E. of Dublin, on the N. side    RAINSBJURG, a post-village of Bedford co., Pennsylvania,
of its bay, and with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda  on Cove Creek, about 8 miles S. of Bedford.
Railway. Pop. of its village, 250.                           RAINSICLIFF, a township of England, co. of Stafford.
RAILMANEEAII or RAilMANIEI I, rg-mm-neelph, a    RAINSIVILLE,  a post-village of Warren co., Indiana, on
town of Lower Egypt, province of Bahari, 25 miles S.S.E. of  Pine Creek, 87 miles N.W. of Indianapolis.
Rosetta, on the Rosetta branch of the Nile. It was taken by    RAINITON, EAST, a township of England, co. of Durham.
the English from the French in 1801.                         RAINTON, WEST, a township of England, co. of Durham.
RAHO, rA/ho, a village of Hungary, 18 miles N.E. of Sal-   RAIINY LAKE, (Fr. Lac de la Fluie, lAk d' lI plii'ee!,) in
geth. Pop. 2407.                                           North America, 160 miles W. of Lake Superior, forms part
RAHOONI, a village and parish of Ireland, co. of Galway. of the boundary between the British and United States'
The parish contains a part of the town of Galway.          territories, and has on its S. side a fort of the American Fur
RAHOON, rA-hoont, or RHAN, r'han, a town of the Pun- Company. It discharges its surplus waters W. into the
jab, in British India, between the Sutlej and Beas, 13 miles Lake of the Woods, by RAINr  RIVEs, 100 miles in length.
NE. of Loodianah. It has manufactures of cotton goods.   Its banks are covered with pine forests.
RAIHOURY, rd-hoolree, a town of British India, presidency    RAIISEN MARKET, a parish and market-town of Engof Bombay, 18 miles N. of Ahmednuggur.                    land, co., and 14 miles N.N.E. of Lincoln. Pop. 2022.
RAHOVA, r&.holvA, or ORAVA, o-rANvA, a town ofEuropean    RAISEN, MIDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Turkey, in Bulgaria, sanjak, and 55 miles E.S.E. of Widdin,    RAISEN, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
on the Danube, here crossed by a ferry. Pop. 2000.           RAIISIN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Lenawee co.,
RAHWAY, raw'wA, a small river in the N.E. part of New  Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Southern Railroad.
Jersey, rises in Essex co., flows nearly S. to Rahway, and  Pop. 1267.
then forms the boundary between Essex and Middlesex    RAISIN RIVER, of Michigan, rises in IIilsdale county.
counties until it enters Staten Island Sound. Vessels of 80  Its general direction is nearly E., and its whole length is
tons ascend it to Rahway.                                  probably 140 miles. The water-power on this river is very
RAIIWAY, a post-villageofEssex and Middlesex counties, extensive. The current is rapid, the banks are high, and
New Jersey, is situated on the Rahway River, and on the  the valley through which it flows is noted for fertility.
New Jersey Railroad, 10 miles S.S.W. of Newark, and 38  After passing by Adrian and Monroe, it enters Lake Erie 2
miles N.E. of Trenton. It is divided by the river into Upper miles from the latter place.
and Lower Rahway, the former of which is in Rahway    RAIISINVILLE, a township in the E. part of Monroe co.,:ownship, and the latter (formerly called Bridgeton) in  Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Southern Railroad.
Woodbridge township, Middlesex county. It contains 9  Pop. 967.
churches, belonging to' the Presbyterians, Methodists, Bap-   RAISMES, rAm or rim, a town of France, department of
tists, Friends, and colored people; also a bank, an insurance  Nord, with a station on the Northern Railway, 3 miles
office, and 2 newspaper offices. There is a flourishing board- N.W. of Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, 3678. It has coaling-school for girls, named the Rahway Female Institute, a  mines and iron-works. 
classical boarding school for boys, and a fine Union school,   RAISSEEN, ris'seenl, a decayed town and hill-fort of Inerected in 1852. Rahway is noted chiefly for the manufac- dia, in the Gwalior dominions, 22 miles N.E. of Bhopaul.
ture of carriages, hats, stoves, stoneware, &c.: 3000 carriages   RAITH/BY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln.
are made here annually for the Southern market. It has a    RAIVA, rivA, a town of Poland, on the Radka, governlarge muslin-printing establishment, an iron foundry, and  ment, and 46 miles S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1800. It was
a manufactory of felt cloth. Schooners ascend the river to  formerly a strong fortress, and has an ancient castle.
this place. Settled about the year 1720. Pop. in 1853,   RAJAGRIHA, rit-jA-greela, a town of British India, preabout 6000.                                                sidency of Bengal, 16 miles S. of Bahar, on the lofty site of
RAIATEA. ri-&-t9/4, or LAIATEA, II-A-tAild, (the U1litec of  an old fortress. It is a place of pilgrimage, where 50,000
Cook,) one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific, 130 miles  Hindoos sometimes assemble.
N.W. of Tahiti; lat. 160 50' S., ion. 1510 24/ W. Circuit, about   RAJAHMUNDRY, rd-jA-m-in/dree, a town of British In40 miles. It has many good anchorages, sheltered by a coral dia, capital of a district of its own name, on the Godavery,
reef, that encloses this and the neighboring island of Fula. about 43 miles from its mouth. and 73 miles N.E. of MaPrincipal products, arrow-root and cocoa-nuts. Here is a  sulipatam; lat. 160 25' N., Ion. 810 54' E. It stands on a
missionary station.                                        height, and has a fort and a terraced bazaar, with numerous
RAICIIOR, ri'chorl, RAICHOOR, ri'choorl, or RACHOOR, mosques, and other indications of Mohammedan ascendancy.
ra-choorl, a town of India, in Nizam's dominions, between    RAJAHMUNDRY, a maritime district of British India,
the Kistnah  and Toombuddra Rivers, 110 miles S.W. of  presidency of Madras. Area, 6050 square miles. Pop.1,012,036.
Hyderabad; lat. 160 12'N., Ion. 770 25' E. It is large, irre-   RAJAKERA, rA-jd-kA/ri, a town of Central Hindostan,
gularly built, with the strongest fort in this part of India.  in the Bhurtpoor dominions, 24 miles S. of Agra.
RAIDAH, ri/dd, a seaport town of Arabia, on its S.E.   RAJAMAHAL, rA'jA-mA-hiI, written also RAJEMAIIAL
coast; lat. 150 N., lon. 500 30' E. Pop. 700. Principal ex- and RAJMUHAL, ("the royal residence,"') a city of British
ports, frankincense, aloes, ambergris, and shark-fins.     India, presidency and province of Bengal, district of BogliRAIDROOG, a town of Hindostan.  See RYDaooo.             poor, on the Ganges, 65 miles N.W. of Moorshedabad.  EstiRAI-KOKE, ri-kolkt, written also RAU-KOKO and RACH- mated pop. 30,000. It consists of a long street of stone and
KOKE, one of the Koorile Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, be- mud houses, with about a dozen market-places.
longing to Russia, and near the centre of the group; lat.   RAJANAGUR, rA-jA-nA-gt rl, (Hindoo Rajanagra, rA-j&-nV480 16' N., Ion. 1530 15' E. Length and breadth, about 15  grA,) a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, on the
miles each. The surface is rocky and mountainous, and it Ganges, 23 miles W.S.W. of Dacca.
contains an active volcano.                                  RAJANAGUR, a village of British India, presidency of
RAILROADS. A general account of these will be found  Madras, 11 miles N.N.W. of Rajahmundry.
under the head of the different states and countries in    RAJANO, rd-yIno, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo
which they are situated.                                   Ultra II., 6 miles N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 1550.
RAIN or RIIAIN, sin, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the    RAJAPULPETTA, rajd-p-Ul-p6ttA, a town of Hindostan,
Lech, 23 miles N. of Augsburg. Pop. 1050. Before it the  province, and 60 miles S. of Hyderabad; lat. 160 27' N., ion.
Austrian general Tilly was mortally wounded in 1632.       780 37' E.
RAINfBOW, a post-office of Hartford co., Connecticut.      RAJAWUR, ra'ja-wftrl, written also RAJAURI, or RARAINE, rAn, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           JOUR, a town of the Punjab, in British India, on the CheRAINE (rAn) ISLET, an islet in the Great Barrier Reef; naub, 120 miles N. of Lahore.
lat. 110 36' S., ion. 1440 2 15" E., 1000 yards long, by 500 yards    RAJDEER, rdj'deerl, a town of Hindostan, province of
wide. A beacon, the summit of which is 75 feet above sea- Candeish, strongly situated on a precipitous'mountain, only
level, has been erected upon it, marking the best entrance  accessible by a narrow foot-path cut through the rock, and
through the outer reef towards Torres Strait.              secured by gates. Though plentifully supplied with water
RAINE'S (rAnz) TAVERN, a post-office of Cumberland  and provisions Sufficient for a year, when besieged by the
co., Virginia.                                             British in 1818, it was evacuated by the garrison as soon as
RAINIFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 56  the mortar batteries opened, and gained without the loss of
miles N.N.E. of Prescot, with a station on the Lancashire  a single man.
and Yorkshire Railway.                                       RAJECZ, r'yhtsl, a market-town of Hungary, co. of TrentRiAINIIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            schin, on an affluent of the WVaag,, 34 miles N.W. of Neusohl.
RAIINHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    Pop. 3000.
RAINHAM, SOUTHI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    RAJESHAHYE, rAeh-sha-hi, or RAJSIIAIIYE,, rAj'shARAINiLAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   hil, a district of British India, presidency, and in the centre
RAINIHILL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, of the province of Bengal, between lat. 24~ and 250 N., Ion.
with a station on the Manchester Railway, 9 miles N.E. of  880 30' and 900 E., having S. the main stream of the Ganges.
Liverpool.                                                Area, 2812 square miles. Pop. 950,000. The chief towns are
RAINIER, rAtneer, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon. Baulesh, and Hurrial.
RAINIER. MOUNT. See MOUNT RAINIRa.                        RAJGHUR, rj'gfirl, or RAJ'GURKI, a fortified town of
RAINOW, rsno, a township of England, co. of Chester.   India, 175 miles S.W. of Gwalior.
RAINSIBOROUGII, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio,   RAJGIUR, a town of India, in Bundelcund, on the
09 miles E. of Cincinnati.                                Cane, 100 miles S.E. of Jhansi.
1562




RAJ                                                      RAM
RAJOHUR, a town of India, in Gurhwal, 45 miles N.E. growing district, on the railroad route from Memphis to
of Umballah.                                              Nashville. Pop. about 300.
RAJODE, r4-jidt. a town of Hindostan, province ofMalwah,    RALEIGH, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky, on the
46 miles W. by S. of Oojein. Lat. 230 3' N., ion. 750 9' E.  Ohio River, 215 miles W. by S. of Frankfort.
RAJOO, r joof, a town of Central India, in the Berar do-    RALEIGH, a post-village of Rush co., Indiana, 10 miles
minions, on the Mahanuddy, 27 miles S. of Ryepoor. It has  N.N.E. of Rushville.
numerous pagodas, and a large annual festival.              RALEIGH-I, a post-village and township, capital of Saline
RAJOORA, rl-joolrA, a town of Ilindostan, presidency of  co., Illinois, on the Middle Fork of Saline Creek, 175 miles
Bombay, Guzerat peninsula, 53 miles N.E. of the promon-  S.S.E. of Springfield. Pop. 1092.
tory of Diu Iead. Lat. 210 2' N., Ion. 710 40' E.           RALEIGH COURT-HOUSE, Virginia. See BECKLEY.
RAJPEPLA, r~j-plpld, a decayed town of West Hindostan,    RALICK ISLANDS, North Pacific. See RADACK.
dominions, and 55 miles S.S.E. of Baroda.                   RALLS, rawlz, a county in the E.N.E. part of Missouri,
RAJP00R, rAj-poort, a town of Hindostan,'province of  contains about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E.
Bejapoor, district of Concan, 96 miles N.N.W of Goa.      by the Mississippi, which separates it from Illinois, traversed
RAJPOOR, a town of Hindostan, province of Malwab, 18  from W. to E. by Salt River, and also drained by Spencels
miles from Kooksee.                                       and Lick Creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified, and
RAJPOOTANA, a city or province of India. See AJinEEa. the soil generally good. Limestone underlies the greater
RAJSHAHIIYE. See RAJESAHA-E.                            part of the county. Stone coal and iron ore are found in it.
RAKAS-TAL, a lake of Thibet. See RAvANA-HRADA.          Capital, New London. Pop. 6151; of whom 4783 were free,
RAKIIAING, a province of India. See ARAcaI.             and 1368 slaves.
RAKITUA, (1) r-ke-tood, a market-toWn of Russia, go-    RALILY HILL, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.
vernment, and 59 miles S.S.W. of Koorsk, on an affluent of    RALPHITON, a post-office of Fulton co., Kentucky.
the Psiol. Pop. 1500.                                       RALSTON, rawlsfton, a post-village of Lycoming co., PennRAKITUA, (?) a market-town of Russia, government of  sylvania, on Lycoming Creek, and on the railroad between
Pskov, 19 miles N.E. of Ostrov.                           Williamsport and Elmira, 25 miles N. of the former.
RAKKA, RAKKAII, or RACCA, rbkk&, (anc. Nicephol-    RAMA, rdm4, or RAMALA, rl-mAIl&, a town of Palestine,
rium,) a small town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of same  26 miles N.N.W. of Jerusalem. It is supposed to be the
name, on the Euphrates, 92 miles S.E. of Bir. It hag some  ancient Arimathen. Pop. 2000.
remains of antiquity.                                       RAMAH, rnmA, or ER-RAM, rrAmm/. a village of Palestine,
RAKNEE, rdk/nee, a village of Afghanistan, 40 miles W.  5 miles N. of Jerusalem.
of Dera Ghazee Khan, on the road to Candahar, where the    RAMALES, r'-mAtlls, a village of Spain, province, and 26
Sangad Pass intersects the Sakhee Sarwar Pass. It is a small  miles S.E. of Santander. Along with the neighboring fort
placeof about 40 huts, lying on a stream. A road, practicable  of Guardamino, it was obstinately held by Maroto, the
for wheel carriages, leads from Raknee to Candahar.        Carlist general, in 1837, but he was at length forced to surRAKONITZ, rdiko-nits', written also ROKOWNJK, a town  render to Espartero, who was created Duke of Vittoria,
of Bohemia, on two small rivers, 30 miles W. of Prague.  for his services on this occasion. On evacuating, the Carlists
Pop. 2646.                                                 set fire to the town, which still remain a heap of ruins.
RAKOV or RAKOW, ra'kov, a town of Poland, province,  Pop. 805.
and 34 miles W. of Sandomier. Pop. 1520.    -                RAM'APO/, a small river rising in Orange co., New York,
RAKOV or RAKOW, a market-town of Russia, govern-  flows southward through Bergen and Passaic counties of
ment, and 20 miles W.N.W. of Minsk.                        New Jersey, and enters Pompton River, about 8 miles N.W.
RAKWITZ, rdk/*its, or RAKONIEWICE, rg-kon-yA-   of Paterson. It is a good mill-stream.
*eetlsA, a town of Prussian Poland, 34 miles S.W. of Posen.   RAMAPO, a township of Rockland co., New York. Pop.
Pop. 1700.                                                 3197.
RALDING, rFl/ding, a mountain of North IHindostan, in    RAMIAPO WORKS, a post-village in the above township,
the Himalayas, on the Sutlej. Lat. 310 29' N., lof. 780 2,2'.  on Ramapo River, and on the Erie Railroad, 44 miles N. by
Height, 21,411 feet.                                       W. of New York. It has a rolling mill and a manufactory
RALDONE, rAl-dofn&, a village of Austrian Italy, 8 miles  of files and other articles.
S.E. of Verona. Pop. 2000,                                   RAMBAE, a town of Ecuador. See CuNCA.
RALEIGH, rawflee, a new county in the W.S.W. part of    RARMBe, rmin-b, or GIL/LET, one of the Feejee Islands;
Virginia, contains about 380 square miles. It is traversed  lat. 160 24' S., Ion. 1790 53' 40" W. It is lofty and well.
in the E. part by New River, and also drained by the head  wooded, with many deep bights, one of which, on the S.E.
streams of Coal River. The slope of the county is toward  side affords good anchorage. There is a large settlement on
the N.W. The surface is mountainous, and mostly over-  its N.W. side.
spread with forests. The route of the Covington and Ohio    RAMBERVILLERS, rac'be ve'yA', a town of France, deRailroad passes along the N.E. border, Formed out of part  partminent of Vosges, on the Mortagne, 16 miles N.E. of
of Fayette county, and named in honor of the celebrated  Epinal. Pop. in 1852, 4841. It has manufactures of linen
Sir Waiter Raleigh, who planted a colony on the Roanoke  and cotton-thread, woollen hosiery, earthenwares, ironabout 1585. Capital, Beckley. Pop. 1765; of whom 1742  works, and paper mills, in its vicinity.
were free, and 23 slaves.                                    RAMBLA, LA, 14 rAm'blA, a market-town of Spain, proRALEIGH, raw/lee, a city, capital of North Carolina, and  vince, and 14 miles S. of Cordova. Pop. 9040. It has several
seat of justice of Wake co., a few miles WV. of Neuse River,  convents, and some woollen manufactures.
148 miles N.by W. of Wilmington, 60 miles N.N.E. of Fayette.    RAMBLA, LA, a town of the island of Teneriffe, on the
ville, and 286 miles from Washington. Lat. 350 47' N., Ion.  W. coast. Pop. 1413.
780 48' W. The situation is elevated and healthy. An open    RAMBODDE, rgm-bodfdA, a sanitarium  in the central
area of ten acres, named Union Square, occupies the centre  province of Ceylon, 34 miles from Kandy, at an elevation of
of the city, from which four principal streets, 99 feet wide, 3320 feet.
extend in different directions. The State-house, situated in    RAMBOUILLET, rSmlboo-eePy~v   or raSb'wee'ycl, a town
Union Square, is among the largest and most splendid capi-  of France, department of Seine-et-0ise, capital of the departtols in the United States. It is built of granite, and sur-  ment, 17 miles S.W. of Versailles, on the railway from Paris
rounded with massive columns of-the same material, after  to Chartres. Pop. in 1852, 4130. It has a fine chateau,
the model of the Parthenon, and surmounted by a handsome  formerly a royal residence, in which Francis I. died in 1547.
dome. The dimensions are 166 feet long by 90 wide, and  It was occupied by Charles X. on his way to Cherbourg, in
the cost above;500,000. The former State-house, which con-  July, 1830. The first merinos imported into France were
tained a marble statue of Washington, by Canova, was  at its model farm, established by Louis XVI.
destroyed by fire in 1831. The North Carolina Institution    RAMDROOG, r',m-droogl, a town of Hindostan, presifor the Deaf and Dumb has recently been established at this  dency of Madras, 43 miles S.E. of Bellary. Lat. 140 44' N.,
place. The foundation of the State Lunatic Asylum has also  Ion. 770 31' E.
been laid on Dix's Hill, in the W. part of the town. Raleigh    RAME, calm, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. The
also contains a court-house, a market-house, two banks, and  Rame head is a promontary bounding the entrance to
churches of the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists,  Plymouth Sound on the W.; lat. 500 19' N., Ion. 40 13' W.
Methodists, and Roman Catholics; about 12 newspapers are    RAMIELTON, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
published here. Raleigh is the terminus of the Raleigh and  Donegal, on the W. side of Lough Swilly, 6 miles S.W. of
/ Gaston Railroad, which, with other lines, forms a direct  Rathmullen. Pop. 1428.
communication with Richmond and Norfolk, Virginia. The    RA/MER, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama.
North Carolina Railroad, now in progress, passes through    RAMERUPT, r&meh-rtiptt, a market-town of France, dethis city, connecting it with those of South Carolina, on one  partment of Aube, 7 miles E. of Arcis-sur-Aube. Pop. 588.
hand, and with the seaports of North Carolina on the other.   RAM/ESES, a post-office of Darlington district, South
Pop. in 1850, 4518.                                       Carolina.
RALEIGH, a post-village, capital of Smith co., Missis-    RAMET, rl'mA, a village of Belgium, province, and 7
sippi, about 50 miles E. by S. of Jackson. It is surrounded  miles S.W. of Liege, on the Meuse. Pop. 1472.
by pine barrens.                                            RAMETTA, rcA-mlta, a walled town of Sicily, 8 miles W.
RALEIGH, a post-village, capital of Shelby co., Tennessee, of Messina. Pop. 263.
on Wolf River, 200 miles W.S.WV. of Nashville, and 9 or 10    RAMGAON, rdm-gg-bn/, a village of Hindostan, presidenes
miles N.E. of Memphis. It is situated in a fertile cotton-  of Bengal, district of Kumaon, 17 miles S. of Almora.
"1563




RAM                                                      RAN
RAMGERRY, r~m-ghlr/ree, a town of Iindostan, pro-   RAMPOOR, a town of India, dominion, and 112 miles i
since of Mysore, 48 miles N.E. of Seringapatam.           of Odeypoor.
RAMGHAUT, rgm'gawt], a town of Hindostan, province,   RAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
and N. by E. of Agra, on the right bank of the Ganges.      RAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
RAMGHAUT, a pass of Hindostan, leading from  the    RAM'REE/, an island of British India, in Aracan, N.E. of
province of Bejapoor over the West Ghauts, to the Portu- Cheduba. Length, 50 miles; greatest breadth, 16 miles. It
guese territories on the Malabar coast, of which Goa is the gives name to a province, and on it is the town of Yembia.
capital. The ascent from the E. to the summit of the pass,   RAMSAY or RAMSEY, ramfzee, a seaport and market.
which has a height of about 2200 feet, is very gradual, but town of the Isle of Man, on its N.E. coast, at the mouth of
the descent on the W. side is very steep.                 the Ramsay River, in a bay of the same name, 13 miles
RAMGHUR, ram'gtrl, a town of British India, capital of N.N.E. of Douglas. Pop. in 1851,'2701. It has wide, wellthe district of its own name, on the Dummodah, 200 miles paved streets, a stone*bridge of 3 arches, a chapel, courtN.W. of Calcutta, and S. of the route to Benares.         house, several good hotels, and a pier, with a large herringRAMGHUR, a large district of British India, presidency  fishery. The vicinity is fertile, picturesque, and adorned
of Bengal, comprising all the S. part of the province of Ba- with handsome residences.
bar, between lat. 220 and 250 N., and ion. 830 and 870 E.   RAMSAY, a village and township of Canada West, co. of
Area estimated at 22,500 square miles.                    Lanark, on the Canadian Mississippi, an affluent of the
RAMGIIUR, a town of British India, in the Upper Pro- Ottawa, 66 miles N.N.W. of Kingston. It has Presbyterian,
vinces, S. of Almora.                                     Methodist, and Roman Catholic churches, and is the most
RAMGUNGA, rAm-gfngfga, written also RAMAGUNGA, thickly settled township in the district, having a woollen
a river of British India, presidency of Bengal, after a W. factory and manufactures of articles in wood, a saw and a
and S. course of 250 miles joins the Ganges 5 miles N.E. flour mill, and a large trade in agricultural produce. Pop.
of Kanoje.                                                in 1852, 3256.
RAMGUR, rim'gtir, a town of Hindostan, province of    RAMISAYBURG, a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey,
Orissa, on the Mahanuddy, 106 miles W. of Cuttack. Lat. 5 miles N. of Belvidere.
200 26' N., ion. 840 26' E.                                 RAMSIBURY, a village and ecclesiastical parish of Eng.
RAM HEAD, a promontory of New South Wales, 30 miles land, co. of Lancaster, 5 miles N. of Bury, on the Irwell and
S.W. of Cape Howe. Lat. 370 40' S., ion. 1490 30' E.      East Lancashire Railway.
RAM H-ORMOOZ, RAM HORMOUZ or RAM  HORMUZ,   RAMSIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
ram  hor-moozt, a town of Persia, province of Khoozistan,   RAMSIDON-(or RAMSDEN-) BELtHOUSE, a parish of
82 miles S.E. of Shooster, on the route thence to Sheeras, England, co. of Essex.
and on an affluent of the Jerahi.                           RAMSDON-CRAYS, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
RAMILLIES, ramfe-leez, (Fr. pron. RA'meel'yee! or namee'-   RAMSDORF, rtmsfdoRf, a village of Prussia, in West.
yeef,) a village of Belgium, province of South Brabant, 19  phalia, government, and 33 miles W.S.W. of Miinster, on the
miles S.S.E. of Louvain. Here the Duke of Marlborough  Aa. Pop. 1060.
defeated the French, May 23, 1706.                          RAM/SEY, a market-town and parish of England, co.,
RAMIREZ, ra-meeres, a wooded island in the lake of  and 10 miles N.N.E. of Iluntingdon. Pop. in 1851, 2641.
Tamiagua, Mexico, State of Vera Cruz, S.W. of Tampico.    The town stands at the base of a hill on the margin of the
RAMIRIEZ, DIEGO ISLANDS. See DIEG0 R.AaMEz.             fens, and has an ancient church, two endowed schools, and
RAMISSERAM, rA-misfseh-r m, or RAMIS/ERUM., an  some remains of an abbey founded in 969. The Lake of
Island in the Gulf of Manaar, off the S. extremity of Hin- Ramseymere, is in the vicinity.
dostan; lat. 90 18' N., ion. 790 22' E. Estimated length, 11    RAMSEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
miles; average breadth, 6 miles. The surface is low, sandy,   RAMSEY, Isle of Man. See RAMSAY.
and jungly. It has a remarkable temple much resorted to    RAMSEY, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, has an
in pilgrimage, and is the scene of many Hindoo fables, and  area estimated at 2800 square miles. The Mississippi River
a noted point in Hindoo astronomy. The chief port, Paum- forms its boundary on the N. and on the S.W., and it is
bum, is on its W. side. Until 1480, it was connected with  drained by the sources of Rum  and Snake Rivers. Spirit
the mainland by a neck of land, the vestiges of which render  Lake is situated in the N. part. The surface is elevated,
the channel innavigable except for small vessels.         and consists of prairies and forests. Steamboats navigate
RAMLEAH, mountains of Arabia. See SuAMMAR.              the Mississippi on the border of the county.' Capital, St.
RAMILEH, a town of Palestine, pashalic of Gaze, 22 miles Paul's. Pop. 2227.
W.N.W. of Jerusalem, on the route to Jaffa. Pop. about   RAMSEY ISLE, an islet off the coast of South Wales, co.
3000. It stands on a slope facing the E., and has many well- of Pemhrolke, at the N. point of St. Bride's Bay, 3 miles W.
built stone houses, several mosques, some vaulted cisterns, of St. David's; length, 2 miles.
one of the largest Latin convents in Palestine, and a Sara-    RAMS&GATE, a seaport-town, watering-place, and parish
cenic tower commanding a fine view. Its vicinity is covered  of England, co. of Kent, on the E. coast of the Isle of
with gardens and olive plantations.                       Thanet, 67 miles E.S.E. of London, and 15 miles E.N.E. of
RAMNAD, rAm-nad', a town of British India, presidency  Canterbury. Pop. in 1851,11,838. The town is situated on
of Madras, on the Vayah River, 125 miles N.E. of Cape  the declivity and summits of two hills, and on the interval,
Comorin. Lat. 90 13' N., ion. 780 56' E. It has a fort, a  orgate,between them. It isforthemost part showily built,
palace, anid a Protestant church.                         and well-paved and lighted. It has a modern Gothic church,
RAMNAGUR or RAMNAGHUR, rAm-nA-girl, a town of  market and custom-house, a bank, barracks, assembly rooms,
Hindostan, presidency of Bengal, 5 miles S.E. of Benares.   baths, bazaars, and other adjuncts of aplace of summer resort.
RAMNAGUR or RAMNAGHUR, a town of the Punjab, Its harbor, the largest artificial haven in England, begun
on an affluent of the Chenaub, 90 miles N.E. of Lahore. It by Smeaton in 1750, and completed by Rennie, is formed by
has lately been much enlarged and improved, and has two  two stone piers projecting from 1500 to 2000 feet into the
castles.                                                  sea, encloses an inner basin, and is bordered by wet and dry
RAMNE, ramunee, a snowy mountain of the Himalayas, docks; vessels of 300 tons burden enter it at ordinary tides;
in the N. of the province of Kumaon, 50 miles N. of Almora. a light-house stands at its entrance, and it is guarded by
Lat. 300 20' N., lon. 790 38' E. Estimated height, 22,768 feet batteries.  Ramsgate is a member of the cinque port of
above sea-level.                                          Sandwich, and has some coasting trade, fisheries, and imRAMNUGGUR, rAm-ntitggtr, a walled town of the Punjab, ports of eggs, fruit, and other provisions from France and
on the Chenaub, 62 miles N.W. of Lahore; lat. 32020' N., the Netherlands. Registered shipping in 1848, 7144 tons.
Ion. 730 38' E. Here the Sikh army was defeated by the  Its cliffs command a fine view over the Downs Roadstead.
British, October, 1848.                                     RAMfSHEG, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Cum.
RA/MOAN or RATHIMOAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, berland, on a small estuary at the head of Wallace Bay,
co. of Antrim. It comprises the town of Ballycastle, with  opposite Fredericktown, and about 83 miles N. of Halifax.
Kenbane headland, and the mountain of Knocklayd.            RAMSIHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
RAMOO, rl-mool, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, district'RAM'S ISLAND, a small island of Ireland, co. of Antrim,
of Chittagong, on a large river of the same name, 250 miles  the largest in Lough Neagh, about 1~ miles from the shore,
E.S.E. of Calcutta.                                       and 8I miles S. by W. of Antrim.
RAMIPISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.           RAMSTADT, rim/statt, (UPPEr. and Lowee,) two contigu.
RAMPOOR, rgm'poor', a town of India, presidency of ous villages of the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, pro.
Bengal, 40 miles N.W. of Bareily, and 105 miles E. of Delhi. vince of Starkenburg, on the Modau, 5 miles S.E. of
Lat. 280 50' N., ion. 780 54' E. It is large and populous, en- Darmstadt. United pop. 2600.
closed by a bamboo hedge, and has two palaces, and a fine    RAMSTEIN, rtmlstine, a village of Bavaria, in the Palati
mosque and mausoleum.                                     nate, near Landstuhl. Pop. 1080.
RAIPOOR, a town of India, in Gurhwal, capital of the    RAM'SYDE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 8
district of Bussaher, on the S. bank of the Sutlej, 50 miles  miles S.S.W. of Ulverston, with a station on the Whitehaven
E.N.E. of Belaspoor. Lat. 310 27' N., Ion. 770 38' E. It is a  and Furness Railway. Pop. 561.
favorite place of Hindoo pilgrimage, and has some com-   RANAI, raniP, written also LANAI, lini, one of the
mercial importance. The houses are built in squares around  Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, W. of Mowee; let. 20~
court-yards, and roofed with slate, but being built in the  44' N., ion. 1560 53 WV. Length, 20 miles; breadth, 10 miles.
cavity of a glittering rock, it is one of the hottest places in    RANALEBURG, rantAl-bftrg, apost-village of Mecklenburg
North India.                                             co., North Carolina, 174 miles S.W. of Raleigh.
1564




RAN.                                                     RAN
RANtBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            year, to Pocahontas, the county seat. Pop. 3275, of whom
RANCAGUA, r'n-kA/gwA, an old province of Chili, in  3032 were fir', and 243 slaves.
South America, now subdivided between the provinces of   RANDOLPH, a county in the E. part of Indiana, borderAconcagua and Colchagua, and having for its capital Ran- ing on Ohio, contains 440 square miles. It is drained by
cagua or Triana.                                          the Whitewater, Mississinewa, and White Rivers, of which
RANCE, r&rss, a river of France, departments of Ille-et- the first and second rise within it. The surface is nearly
Vilaine, and COtes-du-Nord, after a N. course of 50 miles, level; the soil is fertile. There are a few wet prairies in the
enters the English Channel at St. Mal. It is navigable for county. It is intersected by the Bellefontaine and Indianasmall vessels from the sea to Dinan, near which begins the  polls, the Cincinnati, Union and Fort Wayne, and other
canal of Ille and Rance, connecting it with the river Vilaine. railroads. Capital, Winchester. Pop. 14,725.
RANCE, a river of France, department of Aveyron, tribu-   RANDOLPH, a county in the S.W. part of Illinois, bortary to the Tarn. Length, 25 miles.               -       dering on Missouri, has an area of 600 square miles. It is
RANCE, r&Sss, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, bounded on the S.W. by the Mississippi, and intersected by
on the Eppe, 30 miles S.S.E. of Mons. Pop. 1148.          the Kaskaskia, which enters the first-named stream on the
RANCHER, a post-office of Iall co.; Georgia.            S. border of the county. The surface is undulating and
RANCOICUS or RANCOICAS, a creek of New Jersey, is  hilly; the soil is fertile and well timbered. Fine marble is
formed by the North and South Branches, which unite found in it. Randolph is among the oldest counties of the
about 3 miles W. of Mount Holly. Flowing westward, and  state. La Salle established a post at Kaskaskia, in this
north-westward, it enters the Delaware, 7 miles below Bur- county, in 1673. Capital, Chester. Pop. 11,079.
lington. Small vessels ascend from its mouth to Mount    RANDOLPH, a county in the N. central part of Missouri,
IHolly on the North Branch, and to Lumberton on the other. has an area of 430 square miles. It is intersected by the
RANCOCUS, a post-office and railroad station of Burling- East Fork of Chariton River, and also drained by the Elk
ton cd., New Jersey, 12 miles from Camden.                Fork of Salt River, by the sources of Bonne Femme River,
RANQON, rSNO'sdN9o,  a town of France, department of  and by Silver Creek. The surface is undulating, and diverHaute-Vienne, on the Gartempe, 6 miles E. of BeIlac. Pop. sified by prairies and forests; the soil is remarkably fertile.
2091.                                                     Limestone is abundant, and coal is found. A plank-road exRAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              tends from the Missouri to Huntsville, the capital. Pop.
RANIDALLSTOWN, a village of Baltimore co., Maryland, 9439, of whom 7283 were free, and 2156 slaves.
15 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore.                               RANDOLPH, a post-township in Coos co., New Hampshire,
RAN/DALLSVILLE, a post-village of Robeson co., North  89 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 113.
Carolina, 85 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh.                       RANDOLPH, a post-village and township of Orange co.,
RAN/DALSTOWN, a market-town and formerly a parli- Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 25 miles S. of
mentary borough of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and 5 miles  Montpelier. It contains several churches and an academy.
W.N.W. of Antrim, on the Main, near its mouth in Lough  The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the manufatcNeagh. Pop. 500. It has barracks, and some calico weaving. ture of carriages. Pop. 2666.
Adjoining it is the fine domain of Shane's Castle, the seat   RANDOLPH, a post-township of Norfolk co., Massachuof Earl O'Neill. It is connected by a branch railway with  setts, on the Fall River Railroad, 15 miles S. of Boston. The
Belfast and Ballimena.                                    inhabitants are extensively engaged in the manufacture of
RANDANS, rNc'd6bNGl, a market-town of France, depart- boots and shoes, for which there are about 25 establishments,
ment of Puy-de-DOme, on a wooded height, 21 miles N.N.E. employing 2500 hands, who produce goods to the value of
of Clermont. Pop. 1497.                                    about $180,000 annually. There is here a large steam mill
RANDAZZO, r n-dtffso, a town of Sicily, intendency of for the manufacture of shoe-boxes. In the township are 4
Catania, at the N.W. foot of Mount Etna. Pop. 3300.        churches-2 Congregational, 1 Baptist and 1Roman Catholic;
RANIDERATH, r-Andeh-r~tx, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 14 stores, and an elegant town-house, called Stetson hall, in
18 miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 700.              honor of the Hon. Amasa Stetson, by whom it was presented
RANDERS, r~ntders, a town of Denmark, Jutland, 22  to the town. It is 90 feet by 60,' and contains a bank, a:miles N.N.W. of Aarhuus, with a port at the mouth of the  savings' institution, and the Stetson High School, a flourGuden-Aa in the Cattegat. Pop. in 1851, 7738. It has ship- ishing institution for boys, magnificently endowed by the
building docks and manufactures of gloves,                honorable gentleman above named. There are two villages
RANDERSACKER, rn'ulder-sk'iker, a market-town of  in the township, called East Randolph and West Randolph,
Bavaria, on the Main, 3 miles S.E. of Wdirburg. Pop. 1320. about a mile and a half apart, having the railroad midway
RANIDOLP/IH, a county in the N. part of Virginia, border- between the two. Pop. of the former in 1854, about 1700;
ing on Maryland, is about 80 miles in length, and 35 miles of the latter, in which is situated the town-house, about
wide: area, about 2800 square miles. It is drained by the  3000; and of the township in 1850, 4741.
head-streams of the Buchanan, Cheat, and Tygai't's Valley    RANDOLPH, a thriving post-village and township of CatRivers, branches of the Monongahela; it is traversed in  taraugus co., New York, on the New York City Railroad,
the S.W. part by Elk River. The surface is hilly and moun- now in course of construction, 12 miles W. of its junction
tainous, the county occupying the north-western declivity  with the New York and Erie Railroad at Little Valley, about
of the Alleghany Range.'The soil is generally fertile. Stone  50 miles S. by W. of Buffalo, and 58 miles E. of Erie. The
coal, iron, limestone, sandstone, and slate are abundant, village contains 4 churches, viz. Congregationalist, MethodSalt is procured from some of its springs. Named in honor ist, Baptist, arid Roman Catholic; a flourishing academy, a
of Peyton Randolph, President of the Continental Congress. newspaper office, 3 good hotels, 14 stores of different kinds,
Capital, Beverly. Pop. 5243; of whom 5042 were free, and  a steam. saw mill, and a soap factory. About a mile E. is
201 slaves.                                               the village of East Randolph, on a neatly terraced-hill
RANDOLPH, a county in the central part of North Caro- midwaybetween the two, stands the academy. This institulina; area estimated at 880 square miles. It is intersected  tion ranks among the best in. Western New York, and nsuby Deep and Uharie Rivers. The surface is diversified by  ally numbers from 150 to 200 students. Pop. of the townhills and valleys; the soil is generally fertile.  Wheat, ship in 1850, 1606.
Indian corn, tobacco, and cattle are the staples. Extensive    RANDOLPIH, a township of Morris co., New Jersey, about
beds of slate underlie a part of the surface. The county is 7 miles N.W. of Morristown. Pop. 2632.
intersected by the Fayetteville and Salem  Plank-road.   RANDOLPH, a post-township of Crawford co., PennsylvaFormed in 1779. Capital, Ashborough. Pop. 15,832; of whom  nia, 12 miles E. of Meadville. Pop. 1260.
14,192 were free, and 1640 slaves.'RANDOLPH, a post-office of Bibb co., Alabama.
RANDOLPH, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia,   RANDOLPH, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.'
bordering on the Chattahoochee, which separates it from    RANDOLPH, a decayed post-village of Tipton co., Tenne&
Alabama, contains about 800 square miles. It is intersected  see, on the Mississippi River, 33 miles N. of Memphis.
by Patawla Creek, and also drained by the Hodchodkee and    RANDOLPH, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
Pachitla Creeks. The surface is nearly level, and partly    RANDOLPH, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop
covered with pine timber; the soil is fertile. The county  1883.
contains several extensive caves. Organized in 1828. Capi-   RANDOLPH, a post-township in the S.W. part of Portage
tal. Cuthbert. Pop. 12,868; of whom 7860 were free, and  co., Ohio. Pop. 1732.
5008 slaves.                                                RANDOLPH, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, 85 miles
RANDOLPH, a county in the E. part of Alabama, border- E.N.E. of Indianapolis.
Ing on Georgia, has an area of 970 square miles. The Talla-   RANDOLPH, a township  of Tippecanoe  co., Indiana
poosa River, flowing through the county is joined by the  Pop. 1105.
Little Tallapoosa, near the centre. The surface is uneven;   RANDOLPH, a post-village and township of Columbia co.,
the soil is generally fertile. A gold mine is worked in the  Wisconsin, 44 miles N.W. of Madison. Pop. 615.
county. Capital, McDonald. Pop. 11,681, of whom 10,645    RANDOLPIHI CENITRE, post-office, Broome co., New York
were free, arid 936 slaves.                                 RANDOLPH CENTRE, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis
RANDOLPH, a county in the N.E. part of Arkansas, boher- cousin.
dering on Missouri, contains about 880 square miles. It is    RAN/DOLPH MAtCON COL/LEGE, a post-office of Mecklen
intersected by Black River, and drained by the Eleven  burg co., Virginia. The COLLEGE at this place was founde4
Points and Current Rivers, affluents of the former. The in 1832, and had, in 1852, 80 students, and a library of 800C
surface is undulating; the soil on the river-bottoms is very  volumes.
fertile. Steamboats can ascend, during more than half the    RANDOLPH'S GROVE, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois
1565




RAN                                                        RAP
RAN/DON CREEK, of Monroe co., Alabama, flows into  battle fought here in 1143, for the territory of Godfrey IIT;T
the Alabama.'                                              Duke of Brabant. when the lords of Diest, Bierbeck, Weser
RANDOYW, randov, ariver ofPrussia, flowscircuitoly N., mael, and Wemmel defeated  those of Gimberghen and
andjoins the Ucker in the provinceof Pomerania. Length, MIechlin, (Malines.)
about 70 miles, a considerable part of which has been con-   RAN/SO0, a post-township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
verted into a canal, and made available for navigation.    Pop. 797.
RAND/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.         RANSOM, a post-township of IHillsdale co., Michigan.
RAND/WORTH, a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.          Pop. 549.
RANEA, (Raned,) rAlnA —, a river of Sweden, rises in Lu-    RANSOM'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Nash co., North Ca.
led Lappmark, in North Bothnia, flows S.S.E., and after a  rolina, 56 miles from Raleigh.
course of about 130 miles, falls into the Gulf of Bothnia, 18    RAN/SOMVILLE, a post-village of Porter township, Nia.
miles N. of LuleA.                                         gara co., New York, about 25 miles N.N.W. of Buffalo. It
RANEAH, rat/nP&, a town of iindostan, province of Aj- contains 2 stores and 2 churches. Pop. about 200.
meer, 14 miles,W. of Sirsah. Near it is an immense jheel   RANST, rinst, a market-town of Belgium, province, and
or shallow lake.                                            7 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp.
RANELAGI:, ranle-lah, a suburb of the Irish metropolis,   RANTAMPOOR, rgn-tgm-pbor/, a town of Rindostan, do11 miles S.S.E. of Dublin Castle. It is well built, and gives  minions, and 70 miles S.E. of Jeypoor, with one of the
the title of viscount to the Jones family.                  strongest hill-forts in India.
RANEPOOR, rg-nee-poor/, a manufacturing town of Sinde,    RAN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
45 miles S.W. of IHyderabad. Pop. 5000, mostly engaged in    RAN'TOROLESI, a post-village of Colleton district, South
cotton weaving. It is irregularly built, but clean, healthy, Carolina.
and agreeable-qualities unusual in the towns of Sinde.        RANTOUL, ran-tool', Illinois, a station on the Chicago
RANES, r n, a village of France, department of Orne, 11  Branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, 10 miles fromi Urmiles S.W. of Argentan. Pop. in 1852, 2581.                 banna.
RAINEYSBURG, a small post-village of Washington co.,   RANTZAU, rint/smw, a village and lordship of Denmark,
Illinois.                                                   duchy of Holstein, on three little islands formed by the
RAN'GAMATITY, a decayed town of British India, presi- Barmstedter or Langeleraue, about 23 miles E.N.E. of Gliickdency and province of Bengal, near the Brahmapootra, 53  stadt. Pop. of village, 100.
miles E.N.E. of Rungpoor.                                     RANZO, r/n/zo, a village of the Sardinian States, division,
RANGATIRA, r n-g -teer'd, or SOUTHI-EAST ISLAND, of Nice, province of Oneglin, near Pieve. Pop. 1223.
one of the three which form the group of Chatham Islands,   RAON L'ETAPE, rAeNo! leh-tap/, a town of France, departin the South Pacific, in lat. 440 20' S., ion. 1760 29' E.  ment of Vosges, on the Meurthe, 10 miles N.N.W. of St. Did.
RANGE, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 988.         Pop. in 1852, 3692.
RANGENDINGEN, rdnglen-ding'n, a village of South    RAPALLO, rg-pdl/lo, a seaport town of the Sardinian do.
Germany, in IHohenzollern-Rechingen, on the Starzel, 4  minions, division, and 15 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, finely situmiles N.W. of Hechingen. Pop. 1700.                         ated ona bay ofthe Mediterranean.  Pop.10,000. It is renRANGI-1AUTE, r~g'zhe-hit/(?) or PITT, anisland of the  dered extremely picturesque by its churches and a lofty
South Pacific, Chatham group, in lat. 440 15' S., ion. 1760 50  belfiry; the houses are mostly built on arcades. In its colleE. Greatest length from N. to S., 7 miles; breadth, about 3  giate church are some good paintings and curious inscripmiles. It is thickly wooded, and inhabited by a party of  tions. The increase of the town has, in the present century,
aborigines from Chatham Island.                             been very rapid. It has a thriving trade in olive oil, and a
RANCGI-TOTO, r ng-ghe-to/to, the westernmost of the  manufacture of lace.
group of islands forming the N.W. entrance to the Road of    RAPHIA, a town of Palestine. See RAFrA.
Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. Lat. 360 451 S., lon.    RAPIIOE, rahffo, an episcopal market-town, parish, and
1740 50' E. It is of volcanic origin.  Highest peak, 920 feet barony of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, 5~ miles W.N.W.
above the sea. In its centre is a very perfect crater, about  of Lifford. Pop. of town, 1362. The town is wellbuilt, and
150 feet deep.                                              has a market-place, with a plain cathedral, episcopal palace,
RANGOON or RANGOUN, rdng'goon/, the principal com- deanery, free-school, and a public library. A monastery' is
mercial town of the Burmese dominions, on the East Branch  said to have, been founded here by St. Columb of Iona.
of the Irrawaddy, at its delta, about 25 miles from the sea,   RAPHOE, rah/fo, a township of Lancaster co., Pennsyl.
and 58 miles SS.W. of Pegu. Lat. 160 47' N., ion. 960 10' E. vania.  Pop. 3160.
Pop. 20,000. It extends on a dead fiat along the river, con-   RAPHTI, r1f/tee, a harbor of Greece, on the E. coast of
sisting of several parallel streets lined with reed huts, a few  Attica, 16 miles E.S.E. of Athens. Length and breadth, about
European houses being the only substantial buildings. 2 miles. It is believed to have been the ancient Paornrans,
Ships of 1200 tons burden can reach the town, which has a  and on its N.W. shore are the supposed ruins of Pr1asice.
considerable trade with Rindostan and Penang, exporting    RAP'IDANI or RAP/IDANN, a post-village of Madison co.,
teak, catechu, lac, wax, ivory, raw cotton, bullion, gems, and  Virginia, 102 miles N.W. of Richmond.  It contains 3
ponies; and importing Indian and British cotton piece- churches, and several stores.
goods, British woollens, and other manufactures.  The ex-   RAP'IDAN! RIVER, of Virginia, rises on the S.E. base of
ports and imports are estimated each to amount to $1,500,000  the Blue Ridge. Flowing S., and then E., it forms the
annually. About 2 miles N. is an abrupt hill, surmounted  boundary between. Green and Orange counties on the right,
by the celebrated Shoe-Dagon temple, 338 feet in height, and  and Madison and Culpepper on the left, and unites with the
one of the principal religious edifices in the empire.      Rappahannock about 10 miles above Fredericksburg.  Its
RANI-GAT, r/nee-gat/, or RANI-GARK, Afghanistan, an  length is estimated at 80 miles.
isolated height W. of the Indus, above Attock, rising about   RAPIDAN STATION, a post-office of Culpepper co., Vir1000 feet above the surrounding plain. It is crowned by a  ginia.
ruined fortress, and supposed to be the celebrated Aornus    RAPIDES, rdpeed/, a parish in the W. part of Louisiana,
captured by Alexander the Great.                            bordering on Texas, has an area of about 2100 square miles.
RAN/KIN, a county in the S.W. central part of Missis- It is bounded on the N.E. by Little River, and intersected by
sippi, has an area of about 640 square. miles. The Pearl Calcasieu and Red Rivers. The surface is nearly level; the
River washes its N.W. border for a distance of more than 50  soil near the streams is very productive. A large part of the
miles. The surface is mostly covered with pine forests; the  parish is covered with forests of pine. Capital, Alexandria.
soil is generally fertile. A railroad extends from the county  Pop. 16,561, of whom 5221 were free, and 11,340 slaves.
seat to Vicksburg, and is to be continued eastward. Named    RAP/IDS, a post-office of Niagara co., New York.
in honor of Christopher Rankin, member of Congress from       RAPIDS, a post-office of Portage co., Ohio.
Mississippi.  Capital, Brandon.  Pop. 7227, of whom  3951    RAPIDS, a post-office of Boone co., Iowa.
were free, and 3276 slaves.                                   RAPINO, rd-pee/no, or RAPINI, r-pee/nee, a town of NaRANKWEIL, rdnk/wil, a market-town Of the Tyrol, in  pies, province of Abruzzo-Citra, S. of Chieti. Pop, 1800.
Vorarlberg, 3 miles N.E. of Feldkirch. Pop. 2029.             RAP/LOCII, rapflox, a village of Scotland, co., and parish
RANN, rdnn, a town of Austria, in Styria, on a height of Stirling, three-fourths of a mile from Stirling Bridge, and
above the left bank of the Save, 17 miles W.N.W. of Agram. immediately S.W. of Stirling Castle. Pop. 317.
It has an old castle with numerous towers, and a Franciscan    RAPOLANO, rd-po-l/no, a village of Tuscany, 18 miles
monastery. It is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman  from Sienna. Pop. 3335.
Novideunsce. Pop. 1060.                                       RAPOLLA, r/[-polll/, a town of Naples, province of BasiliRANNOCH, LOCHI, loK ran/nox, a lake of Scotland, co. of  cata, ld miles S.E. of Melfi. Pop. 3200.
Perth, E. of Rannoch Moor, 16 miles W.S.W. of Blair Athol.   RAPONE, rd-po/nd, a market-town of Naples, 10 miles S.W.
Length, 9 miles; breadth, 2 miles. It is enclosed by high  of Melfi. Pop. 1900.
enountains, and contains two islands.  Its superfluous   RAPOZOS, rd-po/zoce, a village and parish of Brazil, prowaters are carried E. into an affluent of the Tay. The vii- vince of Minas Geraes, 50 miles N.N.W. of' Ouro-Preto.
lages of George's Town and Kinloch-Rannoch, are at either Pop. 500.
extremity.                                                   RAPPARAN/NOCK, a river in the E. part of Virginia, is
RANSART, rdnfsgdtt, a village of Belgium, province of formed at the E. extremity of Culpepper county, by the conRainaut, 3 miles N.N.E. of Charleroi.                      fluence of the North and Rapidan Rivers. Flowing in a S.E.
RANSBEEK, rdnsebrk, a village of Belgium, province of  course. it falls over the primitive ledge, and meets the ocean.
Brabant: 6 miles N. of Brussels. It is famous for a. great tides at, Fredericksburg, where it affords extensive water
1566




RAP                                                      RAT
power. It now becomes a navigable stream, and after form-   RAS BAGASHGO or RAS BAGASHU, ras bh-ga-shoof, a
ing the boundary between several counties on each hand, rocky cape of Southeast Arabia, 100 feet in height. Lat. 14a
enters Chesapeake\ Bay between Windmill and Stingray  49' 10" N., lon. 500 9! 30" E.
Points. Its general direction is S.E., and its whole length    RAS BERNASS, rds b~r-nissf, or CAPE NOSE, a headabout 125 miles. A canal, 45 miles long, has within a few  land on the W. side of the Red Sea, 20 miles N.E. of the
years been opened along the river, above the falls, to the  ruins of Berenice.
month of Carter's Creek.                                    RASCHAUJ, rA/shlw, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau,
RAPPAHANNOCK, a county in the N.E. central part of 18 miles S.E. of Grilnhain. Pop. 2278.
Virginia, is situated on the S.E. declivity of the Blue Ridge.   RASCHISCIITSCH, a town of Russia. See RozEsccs.
The area is about 240 square miles. It is bounded on the    RAS-EL-ABIAD, r/s 81 t/be-d\, (" White Cape,") a proN.E. by a branch of the Rappahannock, (sometimes called  montory of Palestine, 7 miles S.S.W. of Tyre. The rock
North River,) froni which it derives its name; and IHazel is a soft limestone, almost as white as chalk.
River flows along the S. border. The soil is generally fertile.   RAS-EL-RKHYMA, (or KITIMA,) rAs 51 kee'mQ(?) a fortiThe county is traversed by several turnpike-roads. Formed  fled town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf, S.E. of El Katif.
from Culpepper in 1831. Capital, Washington. Pop. 9782, of  Lat. 250 48' N., Ion. 560 4' E. Formerly a resort for pirates.
whom 5938 were free, and 3844 slaves.                       RASGRAD, rbs'grrdf, town of European Turkey, in BulgaRAPPAHANNOCK, Virginia, a station on the Orange and  ria, 33 miles 9.E. of Roostchook, on the route from Shoomla.
Alexandria.Railroad, 37 miles from Gordonsville.            RASIIAR/KIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.
RAPPAIANNOCK ACADEMY, a post-office of Caroline    RASINES, r,-seelnds, a village of Spain, province of Sanco., Virginia.                                            tander, on the road from Castile to Laredo. Pop. 1558.
RAPPENAU, rApfpeh-niw', a town of Baden, circle of Un-   RASfKELF, a chapelry and railway station of England,
ter-Rhein, bailiwick of Neckar-Bischofsheim. Pop. 1038.   co. of York. North Riding, 4 miles N.N.W. of York.
RAPPERSCIIWYL, r/plppr-shwil, or RAPPERSWEIL,    RAS MOHAMMED, rhs mo-himmid, the southernmost
rapfpers-~il', a town of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, on  point of the peninsula of Sinai, in the Red Sea, between
the Lake of Zurich, here crossed by a rude wooden bridge the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah. Lat. 270 50' N., Ion..340 15' E.
thi'ee-fourths of a mile in length. Pop. 1500.              RAS IMUSSENDOM. See MussENDaos, CAPE.
RAPPERSWEIL, r:pppers-gil', a village and parish of    RASPENAU, rlslpeh-n~wx, a village of Bohemia, 39 miles
Switzerland, canton, and 9 miles N. by W. of Bern. P.1719. N. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1415.
RAPP'S BARREN, a post-office of Fulton co., Arkansas.     RASS, EL, 61 r~ss, a town of Arabia, in Nedjed, 230 miles
RAPRI, rdpree, a Iarge town of Siam, on the Meklong, 40  W.N.W. of El-Derayeh, and E.N.E. of Medina.
miles W. of Bang-kok.                                       RASSEGOO, RASSEGU, rPs-se-goon, or RASHAU, rlshtw,
RAPTEE or RAPTY. r p/tee, a river of British India, pre- one of the Koorile Islands, belonging to Russia, near the
sideicy of Bengal, joins the Ganges after a S.E. course of  centre of the group. Lat. 470 50' N., Ion. 1530 30' E. Length
270 miles.                                                and breadth, about 20 miles each. The surface is mounRARAKA, r[-rdkS, an island of the Pacific Ocean, Low  tainous. The shores are rocky, and interspersed with sandy
Archipelago, lat. 160 6, 25" S., Ion. 1440 57' 40"t W. Length,  bays. Products, good timber, and large quantities of beaver,
15 miles.                                                 seal, and other skins.
RARAPIRA. See FEiasrmA.                                   RASSEIN, rbs-sinf, a lake of European Turkey, in North
RARATONGA, ri'r&-tongfga, and ROROTONGA, ro'ro- Bulgaria, between the Danube and the Black Sea, with
tougogi, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, belonging to  which latter it is connected by two mouths. Length, from
the group of Cook's Islands, in lat. 210 131' S., lon. 1600 6' 33"~ E. to W., 27 miles; breadth, from 5 to 20 miles.
W. It is about 30 miles in circuit. The inhabitants, about   RASSELWITZ, DEUTSCH, doitch ris'sel-gbits&, a village
4000, have been converted to Christianity, and made great of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Oppeln, on the
progress in civilization. They live chiefly in the three vil-  Hotzenplotz. Pop. 1777.
lages of Avarna in the N., Atania in the S.E., and Arognaui   RASSOVA, r/s-sorve, a town of European Turkey, in Bulin the S.W. Raratonga was devastated by the great hurri- ganria; on the Danube, at its great N. bend, 40 miles WV. of
cane of March, 1846.                                      Kustendji, on the Black Sea. Between it and Kustendji
RA.RDEN, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio.             extend the remains of a fortified barrier constructed by the
RARITAN or RARITON, rfxrit-on, a river of New Jersey, Emperor Trajan.
is formed by the North and South Branches, which unite in    RASSYPNAIA, ras-sip-n/ya, or RASSUPNAJA, ris-stipSomerset county, about 5 miles W. of Somerville. It flows  n,/yi?  a fort of Russia, government, and 66 miles W.S.W.
in a general E. direction, passes by New Brunswick, crosses of Orenboorg.
Middlesex county, and empties itself into Raritan Bay at   RASTADT, resrttt, a strongly fortified town of Baden, 14
Amboy. The main stream is about 33 mileslong, andis navi- miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe, near the right bank of the Rhine,
gable by steamboats 15imiles to New Brunswick. Branches.-  and on the railway from Mannheim to Basee. Pop. 6300.
The North Branch rises in Morris county, and flows S. The  In 1714, a treaty of peace was concluded here between
South Branch also rises in Morris county, and flows in a cir- France and Austria; and 1798-99, a conference was held
cuitous course through IIunterdon county. It is irather here between the two same powers, at the conclusion of
longer than the main stream.                              which two plenipotentiaries of France were assassinated.
RARITAN, a township of Hunterdon co., New Jersey. Its fortifications were commenced in 1841.
Pop. 3066.                                                  RASTEDE, r~srt4'deh, a village of North-west Germany,
RARITAN, a township of Monmouth co., New Jersey. grand duchy, 8 miles N. of Oldenburg. Pop. 909.
Pop. 4165.                                                  RASTENBERG, r/slten-bWRo, a town of Germany, in SaxeRARITAN, a manufacturing post-village of Somerset co., Weimar, 14 miles N.N.E. of Weimar. Pop. 1012.
New Jersey, is situated on the Raritan River, and on the    RASTENBURG, rastten-bsmco', a town of East Prussia, 54
New Jersey Central Railroad, about 1 mile WV. of Somerville. miles S.E. of Ktnigsberg. Pop. 4340.
This village has sprung up within the la. ten years, and    RASTOWICA, rds-to-veets, a river of Pofand, an affluent
had, in 1853, 2 churches, 3 stores, 1 hame factory, 1 gutta- of the Dnieper.
percha factory, and 2 grist mills. Pop. 900.                RASITRICK, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
RARITAN BAY, at the mouth of Raritan River, is situ- Riding.
ated between Staten Island, New York, and Monmouth co.,   RASZKOV, rash-kovf, a town of Prussian Poland, 60 miles
New Jersey. Length, near 15 mniles; greatest breadth, about S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1540.
10 miles.                                                   RAT or KRYCI (krit/see?) ISLANDS, in the Aleutian
RARITAN LANDING, a village of Middlesex co., New  Archipelago, comprising five islands of considerable size,
Jersey, on the Raritan River, 27 niles N.E. of Trenton. The  namely, Semisopochnoi, Amtchitka, Kryci or Rat Island,
Raritan is crossed at this place by a wooden bridge. Pop. Kiska, and Booldyr. Kryci Island is in lat. 510 45' N., ion.
about 200.                                                1800 40' W.
RAS, ras, (i. e. "a head" or "headland,") the prefix to the    RATAI.  See LEIcESTER.
names of numerous capes of Africa and West Asia.            RATASS! or RATHASSI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.
RAS-AL-IHIAD, ris'5l-hid1, a cape at the E. extremity of    RAT/BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
Arabia, in lat. 220 381 N., ion. 590 5ii E.                 RATICLIFFE, a chapelry of England, Co. of Middlesex.
RAS-ARUBAH, rbs-a-rootbS, or OREMAR/RAH, a re-   RATCLIFFE-oki-SOAR, a perish of England, co. of Notmarkable headland on the coast of Beloochistan, in the  tingham.
Arabian Sea, in lat. 250 8' N., Ion. 640 35' E.             RATCLIFFE-oT-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Not
RASASNA, ra-saslna, a market-town of Russia, govern- tingham.
ment, and 51 miles N.N.E. of!Moheelev, on the Dnieper.   RATCLIFFE-oNc-THE-WREAK, a parish of England, co. of
Pop. 1600.                                                Leicester.
RASAY or RAASAY (rNsA) ISLAND, an island of the    RATICLIFFSBURIG, a post-office of Vinton co., Ohio.
inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, between Skye    RATIT, rAt, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government, and
and the mainland, 1 mile N.E. of Skye. Length, 12 miles; near Dusseldorf. Pop. 1480.
breadth, 2 miles. Area, 28 square miles. Pop. 540. Here    RATH, rath, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare.
are the ruins of the old castle of Brochel.                 RATHI, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, King's co., 5 miles
RASAY or BLACK WVATER, a river of Scotland, co. of  S.W. of Frankford.
Ross, rises on the E. side of Dirry-more, and flows S.E. and    RATI-IANGAN, rath-ang/gan, a market-town and parish
joins the Conan.                                         of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 5 miles N.N.W. of Kildare,
1567




RAT                                                      RAT
on the Blackwood River, and a branch of the Grand Canal.   RATI-IBiELTON, a town of Ireland. See RAmELurO.
Pop. 1083.                                                  RATIIXMINESI, a suburb'of Dublin, on its S. side, 1 miles
RATIIA5PECK or RATHAS/BUCK, a parish of Ireland, S. of Dublin Castle. Pop. about 2500. It has a modern rein Leinster, chiefly in Queen's county.                    sidence on the site of a battle-field, where the republicans
RATIASPECK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of  totally defeated the forces of the Marquis of Ormonde in 1649.
Westmeath.                                                   RATHIIMOLIYON, a parish of Ireland, co. sf Meath.
RATHASPECK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of    RATHI5MORE1, a parish of Ireland, co. of Carlow.
Wexford.                                                     RATIIMORE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare.
RATHIBONEYILLE, a post-village of Addison township,   RATHIMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath.
Steuben co., New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad,   RATIIHMORE, a bog of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry,
317 miles from New York City. It is the depot for the dis- with an area of 1371 acres.
trict lying S., and takes its name from the principal pro-   RATH'MUL'LEN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.
prietor. Pop. about 500.                                     RATH'NEWI, a maritime parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.
RATI]BOUJRNEY, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of    RATI1Oe, a parish of Scotland; co., and 8 miles S.W. of
lare.                                                     Edinburgh, on the Union Canal, and with a station on the
RATIPBRANI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.         Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway.
RATHIIBUN, a post-village of Mitchell township, Sheboy-    RATHIOIWEN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
gan co., Wisconsin, 86 miles N.E. of Madison.              Westmeath, on the route from Dublin to Sligo, 12 miles
RATH'CAVWAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.         N.N.W. of Mullingar. Pop. 500.
RATII'CLA/RIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.           RATIIREAGII, rAth'rAt, a parish of Ireland, co. of Longford.
RATHCLINE, rath'klin/, a parish and barony of Ireland,   RATHREAGH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.
in Leinster, co. of Longford.                                RATHROINAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.
RATHCON/NEL, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of    RATIRONAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
Westmeath.                                                   RATHSALILAH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wicklow.
RATHCON/NEL BOG, Ireland, on the N. side of the Grand    RATHSAIRAN, a parish of Ireland, Queen's co.
Canal, has an area of 2505 acres.                            RATH/VEN, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Banff,
RATIIPCONIRATH, a village, parish, and barony of Ire- on Moray Frith.
land, in Leinster, co. of Westmeath. The village is 8' miles    RATHVILTLY, a village, parish, and barony of Ireland,
W. of Mullingar. Here are numerous antiquities, and the  in Leinster co, and 10 miles E.N.E. of Carlow. Pop. of the
residence of the D'Alton family.                          village, 400.
RATIICOOLE, rath'kooll, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,    RATIBOR, rNte-bon, written also RACIBORZ, rft/seco. of Kilkenny.                                          boaz', a walled town of Prussian Silesia, government, and
RATIHCOOLE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin.         44 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln, capital of a circle, on the left
RATHCOOLE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.       bank of the Oder, and on the Railway from Breslau to
RATIICO0O/NAY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.        Vienna. Pop. 7810. It has a castle, and manufactures of
RATICORE, rath'k6r/, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,  woollen and linen stuffs, porcelain, tobacco, hosiery, and
co. of Meath, en the Royal Canal, and comprising the town  leather. It gives its name to a principality, of which it is
of ENFIELD.                                               the capital.
RATIICOR/MACK, a market-town and parish of Ireland,   RATIEBORITZ, r/ty-A-bo'rits, a market-town of Bohemia,
and formerly a parliamentary borough, in Munster, co., and  6 miles N.E. of Tabor. Pop. 1024.
15 miles N.N.E. of Cork, on the N. bank of the river Bride.   RATINGEN, ra/ting-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 6
Pop. of the town, about 1300.                              miles N.E. of Dusseldorf, with 4068 inhabitants, mostly emRATHCORMACK or RATIGORIMUCK, a parish of Ire-  ployed in cotton spinning.
land, in Munster, co. of Waterford.                          RATPISBON, (Ger. 1?Regensburg, rAfghens-b03ao'; Fr. RaRATHIDOWN/ CASTLE, a ruin on the E. coast of Ire- tisbonne, rAtees'bonnf; anc. Reg/i/num, or Casotra Regilna,)
land, in Leinster, co. of Wicklow, 2 miles S. of Brayhead.  a town of Bavaria, capital of the circle of Regen, 67 miles
RATHDOWN is the name of two contiguous baronies.           N.N.E. of Munich, on the right bank of the Danube, opposite
RATHDOWINEY, a market-town and parish of Ireland, the mouth of the Regen, and at the head of a railway to Nuin Leinster, Queen's co. Pop. of the town, 1414.           reniberg. Pop. 23,000, including 2671 military. Mean temRATt1DRUM/, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in  perature of the year, 470.5; winter, 310.7; summer, 640'3
Leinster, co., and 8 miles W.S.W. of Wicklow, on the Avon- Fahrenhei.. It is walled, and entered by 6 gates.  The
more. Pop. of the town in 1851, 947.                      chief edifices are a cathedral, built in 1375, a fine townRATHIEN, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Aber- house, in which the diet of the empire was held from 1662
deen, on the North Sea, S.S.E. of Fraserburghrb.  Here are  to 1806, the old episcopal palace, in which is a monuremains of two old baronial castles, and two fishing villages. ment to Kepler, and a fine stone bridge over the Danube,
RATIHIENOW, rAteh-nov', or RATHENAU, r eth-n6w',  1100 feet long.  It has a steam-packet station, a cona town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 34 miles  siderable commerce on the Danube, and manufactures
W.N.W. of Potsdam, on the I-lard. Pop. 5350. It comprises  of porcelain, tobacco; leather, and steel goods.  Ratisbon
an old and a new town, the latter enclosed by walls. It has  was long the capital of Bavaria, and afterwards a free impemanufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, gloves, leather, rial city till 1806. The Roman Catholics here formed a league
and optical instruments; and a statue erected to commemo- against the Protestants in 1524. Near it, in 1809, Napoleon
rate the victory of Frederick William over the Swedes in  was wounded in a battle in which he forced the Austilans
1675.                                                     to retreat. A Roman wall extended from Reginum to ColoRATIIFARNIHAM, a large village and parish of Ireland, nia A.qgrppina, (Cologne.)
in Leinster, co., and 3 miles S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 5555.   RAT'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
It comprises numerous handsome residences and demesnes,   RATILINGIIO2E, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
a neat church, and Rathfarnham Castle, the property of the    RAT'MANOVI  ISLAND, one of the Diomede Islands, in
Marquis of Ely, now converted into a dairy.               the Behring Sea. Lat. 650 51' N., lon. 1690 63' W.
RAT1FRI/LAND, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster,    RATNAPOORA, rit-nA-poo'rA, (" the city of gems,") a
co. of Down, 9 miles E.N.E. of Newry. Pop. in 1851, 2053.  town of Ceylon, on a river navigable for boats, 45 miles S.E.
RATHItGARt, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 2  of Colombo. It has a barraclks, and has been found more
miles S. of Dublin, and having numerous villas, muslin, healthy for British troops than any other station in Ceylon,
calico, and print-works, and limestone quarries.          except Point de Galle.
RATI'GRAFF! or RATII'GARVE/, a parish of Ireland, in    RATN 0, rAt/no, a market-town of Russian Poland, governLeinster, co. of Westmeath.                                ment of Volhynia, 30 miles N.N.W. of Kovel.  Pop. 1800.
RATHKEALE, rath'kaill, a market-town and parish of    RATiOATIVI, a village, parish, and formerly parliamentary
Ireland, in Munster, co., and 17 miles W.S.W. of Limerick,  borough of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath, 14miles N.N.W.
on the E. bank of the Deel, a tributary of the Shannon. of Dublin. Pop. of village, 500.
The parish includes many descendants of German Pro-   RATOMAGUS or ROTOMAGUS. See RouEN.
testants, termed " Palatines," established here by the South-   RATONEAU, r'to6n0/, a fortified island off the S. coast of
well family, whose seat, Castle Matress, is immediately S. of France, department of Bouches-du-lhSne, N. of the island
Rathkeale. Pop. of the town, 4201.                        of Pom.gue, and 2 miles W.S.W. of Marseilles, the roadRATLIKEN/NAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.    stead of which city it defends. Length, 3 miles; breadth 
RATHKIIEN/NY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath.        mile.
RATH'LIN/, RACHLIN, raK/lin, or RAGIIERY, rahl-    RA/TON (rg-tfnl) MOUNTAINS, in the E. interior of the
gher-ree, an island off the N. coast of Ireland,. in Ulster, territory of New Mexico, in lat; about 370 N., Ion. 1040 30' W.
forming a parish of the county of Antrim, in the North    RATSCHIIKOW, a town of Russia.  SeeO RAcHKv.
Channel, 3 miles N.W. of Fairhead. Lat. of church, 550 17'   RATTENBERG, r.tlten-bkGno, a walled town of the Tyrol,
6" N., Ion. 60 11' W. Pop. 1010. Like the Giant's Causeway, circle of Lower Innthal, on the right bank of the Inn, 28
on the opposite coast, it is of basaltic formation. Among  miles E.N.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 1050.
its antiquities is a ruined castle, which, in 1306, afforded a    RATITERY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
refuge to Robert Bruce.                                    RATITLESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
RATHLIN 0'BIRNE, rAth'in!  6 birnt, a group of islets    RATTLESNAKE, Ohio, a station on the Cincinnati and
in Ireland, off Teelenhead, in Ulster, on the N. side of the  Zanesville Railroad, 71 miles from Cincinnati.
entrance to Donegal Bay.                                   RAT/TLESNAKE, a post-office of White co., Illinois.
1568




RAT                                                        RAY
RATTLESNAKE CREEK, of Owen co., Indiana, flows    RAtVEN CREEK, a post-office of IHarrison co., Kentucky.
into White River.                                           RAIVENDALE, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
RATTLESNAKE FORK, of Paint Creek, Ohio, joins the    RAVENDALE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
main stream on the S.W. border of Ross county.              RAIVENGLASS', a small market-town and seaport of Eng.
RAT'T001, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry.  land, co. of Cumberland, 42 miles S.S.W. of Carlisle, with a
RAT/TRAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.           station on the Whitehaven and Furness Railway. It is
RATTRAY HEAD, a dangerous promontory of Scotland, well built, and has a good harbor and valuable oysterco. of Aberdeen, 7 miles E. of Kinnaird's Head.          fisheries.
RATZ ALMAS, r/ts-Allimsh' a village of Hungary, co. of   RAWENINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Stuhlweissenburg, near Adony. Pop. 2190.                    RAVENNA, rg-venfnu, (Fr. Ravenne, rAlvlnn'; anc. RaRATZ BOSZORMENY, (Blszbrmeny,) r/ts bbis'sf'mlfif, a  venna,) a city of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, capital
town of South-east Hungary, co. of Bihar, capital of the Hal- of a legation of its own name, and of the Bomagna. in a
ducken district, 11 miles W.N.W. of Grosswardein. Pop. marshy plain, on the Montone, 5 miles from its port on the
17,000.                                                   Adriatic, and 16 miles N.E. of Forli. Lat. 440 251 N., ion.
RATZEBUHR, rAtIseh-b6iRs, written also RATZEBUHE. 120 11' E. Pop. 12,000. It is enclosed by walls about 3
a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 51 miles S.S.E. of Cjslin, miles in circuit, and entered by 5 handsome gates. It is
Pop. 1590.                                                richer in antiquities of the early Middle Ages than any
RATZEBURG, (rAt'seh-b66RG~,) LAKE OF, a lake of Den- other Italian city, having been the residence of the empemark and Mecklenburg, 6 miles long, and 1~ miles broad. rors of the West from the time of Honorius. and the capital
Its surplus waters are carried by the Wackenitz, a navigable  of Italy under Odoacer, Theodoric, and the succeeding Gothic
river, to the Trave.                                      kings, the Byzantine monarchs, and the Lombards. Its anRATZEBURG, written also RACISBURG, a town of Den- cient monuments are nearly all Christian. The cathedral,
mark, duchy of Lauenburg, 12 miles S.E. of Lubeck, on a  founded in the fourth century, has fine paintings by Guido,
small island of the Lake of Ratzeburg. Pop. 3088. Although  and remarkable antiquities. The other churches. the bapthe seat of administration of the Danish duchy of Lauen- tistery, the mausoleum of Placidia, containing the tombs of
burg, the N. quarter belongs to the principality of Ratze- that empress, of Honorius, and Valentinian III., are all richly
burg, a dependency of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, which possesses  ornamented with mosaics. The other objects of interest are
the cathedral.                                            the archbishop's palace, communal hall, a rich library with
RATZEBURG, PRINCIPAITaY OF, a principality of Mecklen- 40,000 volumes, the museum, academy of fine arts, hospital,
burg, has an area of 130 square miles, and a population of theatre, the leaning tower fortress, remains of the palace of
14,896.                                                   Theodoric, and the tomb of Dante. About 1 mile'. of the
RAUCEBY, (rawss/by,) NORTH. a parish of England, co. city is the tomb of Theodoric, now the church of Santa Maof Lincoln.                                               ria Rotondo. A pillar, also outside the city, commemorates
RAUCEBY, SouTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    the death of Gaston de Foix, and the victory of Louis XII.
RAUCOURT, r6'koolY, a village of France, department of  of France, and the Duke of Ferrara, over Pope Julius II.
Ardennes, 15 miles, S.E. of Mdzires. Pop. 1505.            and the Spaniards, in 1512. It is said that the tomb of
RAUDEN, rfwldpn, a village of Prussia, government, and  Odoacer, King of the Heruli, has recently been discovered
S.E. of Oppeln, on the Rudka. Pop. 1060.                   at Ravenna by some workmen, who found the body encased
RAUDKANI, r6wd-kd'nee, a market-town of Russian Po- in a suit of armor of gold. A monumental inscription conland, government, and 138 miles N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1500. firms the fact of its being the tomb of Odoacer. Ravenna
RAUDNITZ, rfwdfnits, a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, has some manufactures of silks, and a trade in wine and
16 miles S.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 3200. It has a fine castle. agricultural produce, facilitated by a large canal connecting
RIAUDTEN, riwdltun,. or RAUDEN, rlw/den, a town of  it with the Adriatic. Along the coast of that sea extends
Prussia, in Silesia, 43 miles N.W. of Breslau, on the Schwarz- for 21 miles a fine forest, which supplied a great deal of timwasser. Pop. 1225.                                         her for ship-building, in the time of the ancient Romans,
RAIUENSTEIN, r~wlen-stIne', a village of Central Ger- under whom Ravenna was the chief port of the empire on
many, duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, 3 miles N.E. of Schalkau, the Adriatic.-Adj. and inhab. RAVENNES,   rav'ln-neez1;
with an ancient castle and a porcelain factory.            (It. RAVENNESE, rA-vln-nAsA or RAVENNATE, rA-vln-nltA.)
RAUENSTEIN, a village of Central Germany, in Saxony,   RAVENNA, a legation of the Pontifical States, bounded
circle of Leipsic, in the Erzgebirge.                     by the Adriatic. Area, 732 square miles. Capital, Ravenna.
RAUGIA. See RAGusA.                                     Pop. in 1850, 175,338.
RAUMO, rlw'mo, a seaport town of Finland, on a bay of   RAVEN/NA, a handsome post-village and township, capithe Gulf of Bothnia, len, and 55 miles N.W. of Abo. P. 1700. tal of Portage co., Ohio, on the railroad between Cleveland
RAUNDES, rawndz, a parish of England, co. of North- and Pittsburg, 38 miles S.E. of the former. The completion
ampton.                                                   of the railroad has recently contributed much to the prosRAURANUM. See Rom.                                      perity of the village, and business is very active. Large
RAUIRIS, r6w/ris, a market-town of Upper Austria, 40  quantities of butter, cheese, wool, and grain are shipped
miles S. of Salzburg, on an affluent of the Salza. Pop. 1060, here. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal connects Ravenna
partly employed in gold and silver-mines,                 with Pittsburg and Cleveland, and affords water-power at
RAUSCHA, riwlsh/, a village of Prussian Silesia, with a  this place. The village contains a handsome stone courtstation on the Berlin and Glogau Railway, 16 miles N.W. house, a bank, an academy, and 3 newspaper offices. The
of Buntzlau. Pop. 1054.                                   manufacture of carriages is carried on extensively. Settled
RAUSCHENBERG, r6w/shen-b6eRG, a town of Hesse-Cassel, in 1799. Pop. of the township in 1850, 2240; of the village
province of Ober-Hessen, on the Wohra, 9 miles E.N.E. of  in 1853, about 3500.
Marburg. Pop. 1528.                                         RAVENNA, a post-township of Ottawa co., Michigan.
RAUSCH (rawsh) GAP, Pennsylvania, a station on the  Pop. 77.
Dauphin and Susquehanna Railroad, 30 miles from Auburn.   RAVENNE, a city of Italy. See RAVENNA.
RAUSIUM or RAUSIA. See RAusA.                             RAVEN ROCK. a post-office of Hunterdon co., New Jersey.
RAUSNITZ, NEU, no! riwstnits, a market-town of Austria,   RAVENSBURG, r/vens-b6Rco, a town of Wiirtemberg,
12 miles E. of Brilun. Pop. 2070.                         circle of Danube, on the Schussen, and on the Wtirtemberg
RAUTSCHKA, rdwtshtka, or HRUSKA, hroos/kA, a vil- Railway, 22 miles E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 4439. It has
lage of Austria, in Moravia, about 30 miles from Weiss- manufictures of cotton and woollen stuffs, paper, and seal-. kirchen. Pop. 1431.                                      int-wax, and a considerable transit trade.
RAVANA-HRADA, r&-vA'nA-h'raidA, or RAKAS-TAL, rn/-   RA/VENSDEN, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
khs-tll, one of the sacred lakes of Thibet, in the tract of    RAIVENSFIELD, a parish of. England, co. of York, West
Kailas, at the source of the Sutlej River. Lat. 300 40' N., Riding.
lon. 810 10' E., 15,200 feet above the sea, at the S. foot of    RA/VEN'S NEST, a post-office of Washington co., Virginia.
Gangdisri, a peak 22,000 feet in height, and a few miles W.   RAVENSTEIN, r vpn-stine1, or RAVESTEIN, rIvvehof the other sacred lake, Manasarowar, the surplus waters, stine', a town of the Netherlands, province of North Braof which it receives. It is about 20 miles in length, from   bent, on the Meuse, 5 miles N.W. of Grave, with 812 inhaN. to S., by an average breadth of 5 miles.               bitants, an old fort, and a Latin school.
RAVANUSA, rA-vA-nootsA, a market-town of Sicily, 21    RA/VENSTHORPE, parish of England, co. Northampton.
miles E.S.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 6400. It has a trade in oil,   RAIVENSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
almonds, and iistachio nuts.                                RAVENSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
RAVEE, rVvee', (anc. Hydraoetes.) one of the " five rivers"    RAVENSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
of the Punjab, rises near Chumba. Lat. 320 30' N., lon. 760    RAIVENSTONEDALE, a parish of England, co. of WestE. It flows S.W. and joins the Chenaub, 35 miles N. of moreland.
Mooltan. Estimated length, 370 miles. Course tortuous,   RAIVENSWOOD, a post-village of Queen's co., New York,
and banks steep. The city of Lahore, and the towns of on East River, opposite Blackwell's Island. It has steamChumba, Meanee, and Chowchuck, are on its banks.          boat communication with New York.
RAVELEY, ravllee, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of    RAVENSWOOD, a thriving post-village of Jackson co.,
Huntingdon.                                               Virginia, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of Sand Creek,
RAVELLO, rg-vfllo, a town of Naples, province of Princi- 15 miles N.W. of Ripley. Pop. 200.
pato Citra, 11 miles E.N.E. of Salerno. Pop. 1400.          RAIVENSWORTH, a township of England, co. of York,
RAVELY, LIaLE, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. North Riding, 41 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. Pop. 332  It
4 Y                                                                        1569




RAV                                                       REA
gives the title of baron to the Liddel family, whose seat is  Hampshire, contains a village situated on the Concord and
in the vicinity.                                          Portsmouth Railroad, 23 miles S.E. of Concord.  Pop. 1256.
RAVI]RES, rg've-aiR/, a market-town of France, depart-   RAYMOND, a post-village, capital of Hinds co., Missis.
ment of Yonne, 13 miles S.E. of Tonnerre.  Pop. 1226.     sippi, 16 miles S.W. of Jackson. and 8 miles S. of the FicksRAVNAGORA, rtv-n&-go/rA, a market-town of Austria, in  burg and Jackson Railroad, with which it is connected by
Croatia county, and S.W. of Agram. Pop. 1057.             a branch railroad. One or two newspapers are issued here.
RAWA, sd/1*, a town of Poland, government, and 45    RAYMOND, a post-office of Union co., Ohio.
miles S.W. of Warsaw, on the Rawka. Pop. 2000.               RAYMOND, a thriving post-village and township of HaRAWA, a market-town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 32  cine co., Wisconsin, about 90 miles S.E. of Madison, and 10
miles N.N.W. of Lemberg.                                   miles W. of Lake Michigan.  It contains 2 churches, and
RAWAK, rt-w'kt, an island of the Eastern Archipelago, about 150 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 820.
off the N. side of the island of Waigeoo.  Lat. 00 1' 14" S.,   RAYMONDS, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
Ion. 1310 E.                                                 RAY/MOND TER/RACE, a town of New South Wales, co.
RAWCLIFFE, rawlkliff, a chapelry of England, co. of  of Gloucester, on the E. bank of the Hunter River, 20 miles
York, West Riding, 31 miles E.N.E. of Snaith, with a station  from Newcastle. Pop. 263.
on the Lancaster and Yorkshire Railway, W. of Goole.         RAY/MONDVILLE, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New
RAW/CLIFiFE, NETHIER, a township of England, co. of  York.
Lancaster.                                                   RAYMUN'TUDOINY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
RAW/CLIFFE, UP/PER,  a township of England, co. of  Donegal.
Lancaster.                                                   RAYNE, rAn, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on
RAW/DEN, a township of England, co. of York, West the Uric, 8 miles N.W. of Inverury. In the vicinity of the
Riding.                                                    village are a supposed Roman road, and Druidic antiquities.
RAW/DON, a thriving village and township of Canada    RAYNE, rAn, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania,
West, co. of Hastings, on a small stream, a tributary of the  about 42 miles N.W. by N. of Greensburg. Pop. 1184.
Trent. about 58 miles W.N.W. of Kingston. It has a dis-   RAYN/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
tillery, 2 tanneries, a saw and flour mill. Pop. of the vii-   RAYNHAM, a township in Bristol co., Massachusetts, on
lags, 400; of the township, in 1852, 3097.                the Taunton Railroad, 33 miles S. of Boston. Pop. 1541.
RAW/DON, a village and township of Canada East, co of ~ RAYINORTOWN, a village of Queen's co., New York, near
Leinster, 42 miles N. of Montreal.                        Hempstead Bay.
RAWIL-PINDE, r&'wil-pind/, a large fortified town of the    RAY'S FORK, a post-office of Scott co., Kentucky.
Punjab. 47 miles E.S.E. of Attock. Lat. 330 35' N., lon. 730    RAY'S HILL, a small mountain ridge extending across
15' E. It consists of fiat-roofed earthen houses, with a palace  the Maryland line into the S. part of Bedford co., Pennsylbuilt by Shah Soojah, a bazaar, and a brisk transit trade.   vania.
RAWITSCH  or RAWICZ, r&-(vitch, a walled town of    RAY'S HILL, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.
Prussian Poland, 55 miles S. of Posen. Pop. 10,049. It has    RAYS/TOWN BRANCH. See JUNIATi RIVEr.
manufactures of woollen cloth, linens, leather, tobacco, and    RAYSIVILLE, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia.
salt.                                                       RAYSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Henry co., InRAWTLINGSBURG, a post-village in Rockingham  co., diana, on the Blue River, where it is crossed by the Central
North Carolina, 103 miles N.W. of Raleigh.                Railroad, 36 miles E. of Indianapolis.  It has a fine and imRAW/LINGSYILLE,     a post-village of De Kalb co., Ala- proved water-power.
bama, 180 miles N. by E. of Montgomery.                      RAY/TOWN, a post-village of Taliaferro co., Georgia, 52
RAWLINSVILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl-  miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville.
vania.                                                      RAYIVILLE, a posteoffice of Lawrence co., Mississippi.
RAW/MARSH, a parish of England, co. of York, West   RAYIWICK, a post-village of Marion co., Kentucky, on
Riding.                                                   the Rolling Fork of Salt River, 72 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
RAW/RETH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              RAZ, LE, leh r1z, or BEC DU RAZ, bek dii rcz, a headRAWTSON, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.         land of France, in Brittany, department of Finist~re, on the
RAWSON, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New York.     Atlantic, opposite the island of Sein, 25 miles S.S.W. of
RAW/SONVILLE, a village in the E. part of Fulton co., Brest. Lat. of light-house, 259 feet above the sea, 480 2' N.,
New York, in Btroadalbin township. It contains several lon. 4044N W.
churches and factories.                                     RAZA, r-Az/, or GATO, gAto, an island of Brazil, in front
RAWSONVILLE, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.         of the entrance of the Bay of Nitherohi or Rio de Janeiro.
RAWSONVILLE, a post-village in Wayne co., Michigan, Vessels pass on either side, the depth of water being on the
36 miles W. of Detroit.                                   N. side from 13 to 20 fathoms; and that on the S. side not
RAW/TONSTALL-BOOTH, a chapelry of England, co. of  much less. The width of the channel on the former side is
Lancaster, near Hastingdon, with a' station on the Rosen-  6 miles, and on the latter, 4 miles.
dale branch of the East Lancashire Railway.                 RAZ3]S, r-zA'A/, a district of France which was a dependency
RAY, a county in the W.N.W. part of Missouri, contains  of the former province of Languedoc, and had Limoux for
about 560 square miles.  The Missouri River forms  the  its capital. It consisted of Raz6s proper, and Sault, now
entire S. boundary, and it is traversed by Fishing and  included in the department of Aude; and of Fenouillbdes,
Crooked Creeks. The surface is undulating, and consists now forming the arrondissements of Prades and Perpignan,
partly of prairies, and partly of forests. The soil is fertile  in the department of Pyr6n6es-Orientales.
both on the river-bottoms and on the uplands. Limestone    RAZO, rAlzo, or RAZA, rA.zc, one of the Cape Verd
and bituminous coal are abundant. Named in honor of Islands, in the Atlantic, S.E. of Branco. Lat. 160 38' N., lon.
Ray, a member of the Convention to form the State  240 37' W. It is barren and uninhabited.
Constitution.  Capital, Richmond. Pop. 10,373, of whom      RI, or RH]E, rA, an island off the W. coast of France, de8859 were free, and 1514 slaves.                          partment of Charente-Inf:rieure, in the Gulf of Gascony,
RAY, a post-township in the N. part of Macomb co.. Mi- separated on the N. from the department of Yendee by the
chigan, intersected by the N. branch of Clinton River. Pop. strait called Pertuis  Breton,(plR'twee/ breh-t6Sg/,)and on the
1232.                                                     S. from the Ile d'016ron by that of Pertssis d'_Aatioc/e.(pSR-'
RAY, a township in Franklin co., Indiana. Pop. 1231.   twoe! dlNg'te-osh/.) Length, 18 miles; breadth, 4 miles. It
RAY CENTRE, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan.    has valuable salines.
RAY.GERN, rI/ghern, a market-town of Moravia, 8 miles   REAIBURN'S CREEK, of Laurens district, South CaroS. of Brinn, on the Schwarza. Pop. 786.                   lins. flows into Reedy River from the left, a few miles from
RAYGROD, rIgrod, a town of Poland, government, and  its entrance into Salnda River.
14 miles S.W. of Augustowo, on Lake Raygrod. Pop. 1950.   READ/FIELD, a post-village and township of Kennebec
An engagement between the Poles and Russians took place co., Maine, on the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad,
here on the 28th of May, 1831.                             about 10 umiles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1895.
RAYGUNGE, ri-giLnj/, or RAYAGANI, a town of British. READFI'ELD or RED/FIELD, a township in the N.E.
India, presidency, and province of Bengal, districtof Dinage- part of Oswego co., New York. Pop. 752.
poor.  It is said to comprise 1000 dwellings.                READFIELD DEPOT, a post-office, Kennebec co., Mlaine.
RAYLEIGH, rAlee, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        READING, rpd/ing, a parliamentary, municipal borough,
RAY/MERTVOWN, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New  and market-town of Englanid, capital of the county of Berks,
York.                                                      on the Rennet, near its junction with the Thames, and on
RAYMOCHY, rA-monee, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, the Great Western Railway, 38 miles W.S.W. of London.
co. of Donegal.                                           Pop. in 1851, 21,456. It has spacious main streets, well paved
RAYNIMOND, a post-village and township in Cumberland  and lighted, and many handsome residences, several bridges
co., Maine, 22 miles N.WV. of Portland. The township is across different branches of the Kennet, 3 ancient parish
bounded on the S.W. by Sebago Lake. It contains 3 churches, churches, and places of worship for the Baptists, Independa high school, and 6 stores. The inhabitants are largely  ents, Wesleyans, Society of Friends, and Roman Catholics;
engaged in the lumber business. The principal timber is a grammar school, founded in the reign of Henry VII., of
white-oak, celebrated for its excellent qualities. There are  which Dr. Valpy was formerly master, a blue-coat school,
three good water-powers partially occupied by lumber-mills. founded in 1646, a national school, almshouses, a county
Pop. 1142.                                                hospital, and spacious county jail and house of correction,
RA.YMOND, a post-township in Rockingham  co., New  a town-hall, small borough jail, originally a priory, ex'el.
1570




REA                                                        REO
lent library and news-room, a museum, mechanics' insti-   READVIVLLE, Massachusetts, a station on the Boston
tute, several learned societies, a small theatre, baths, and  and Providence Railroad, 8 miles from Boston.
some remains of a magnificent abbey, founded by Henry I.,   READIYVILLE, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennesa part of the close of which contains the Forbery, a beauti- see, 42 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.
ful public walk. Reading has some manufactures of silk    REAGANSVILLE, reefganz-vil, a village of Westmoreland
and velvets, large flour-mills and breweries, iron-foundries,  co., Pennsylvhnia, 16 miles S. of Greensburg.
and very extensive exports of corn, malt, timber, wool,   REAL, rA-dll, a river of Brazil, forming the boundary becheese, &c., by the Thames, and by the Kenuet and Avon  tween the provinces of Bahia and Sergipe. It flows genaeCanal, which connects it with Bristol. It is also connected  rally from W. to E., and its channel is constantly obstructed
with Guildford, Dorking, and Reigate, by a branch of the  by cataracts; but for the last 35 miles it is free from falls,
South-eastern Railway. It sends 2 members to the House  and has a wide and deep tidal channel. Length, 160 miles.
of Commons. Parliaments were held here in the thirteenth  Its mouth, about 25 miles N.E. of the Itapicuru, is in lat.
and fifteenth centuries. Archbishop Laud was born here  11~ 28 4' S.
in 1573.                                                     REAL DEL MONTE, rA-[l1 d~l monltS, a town of Mexico,
READlING, ridling, a post-township in Windsor co., Ver- department, and 56 miles N.N.E. of Mexico, 9000 feet above
mont, 54 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1171.                sea-level. A few miles N.E., is the celebrated cascade of
READING, a post-township in Middlesex co., Massachu-  Regla.
setts, 13 miles N. of Boston, intersected by the Boston and    REALEJO or REALEXO, rd-I-lImro, a seaport town of
Maine  Railroad. It contains 2 thriving villages, 1 in the N. Central America, State of Nicaragua, on a bay of the Pacific
and the other in the S. part. The inhabitants are exten- Ocean, 20 miles N.W. of Leon, with which city it commusively engaged in the manufacture of cabinet ware, boots nicates by a good road. Lat. 120 27'/ N., ion. 870 9 W. Pop.
and shoes. Pop. 3108.                                      3000. The harbor is capacious and safe, and vessels can come
READING, a village and township in Fairfield co., Con- to within I mile of the town, which is mean, straggling, and
necticut, on the Saugatuck River, 25 miles W. of New Haven. backed by a forest. Exports mahogany, cedar, and other
It has manufactures of carriages, castings, and saws. P. 1754. timber, raw sugar, cotton to Costa Rica. about 1000 tons of
READING, a post-township in the N.E. part of Steuben  Brazil-wood to Great Britain and the United States, and
co., New York, on Seneca Lake. Pop. 1434.                  1000 bales of indigo annually; but its trade is ireported to be
READING, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania, about declining.
13 miles N.E. of Gettysburg. Pop. 1252.                      REALEJO  DE ABAJO, rA-/-lirHo d' I-b&no, (" Lower
READING, rAdling,a handsome city of Pennsylvania, capi- Realejo,") a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe, in
tal of Berks co., on the left, or E. bank of Schuylkill River, the delicious valley of Orotara, about 2 miles from the sea.
and on the Philadelphia, Reading and Pottsville Railroad, It has a town-house, prison, an elementary school, a granary,
52 miles E. of HIarrisburg, and 52 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. church, several suppressed convents, also 2 flour-mills, and
T'his flourishing town, the third of the state in respect to  a brandy distillery. Pop. 2237.
population and manufactures, is beautifully situated on a    REALEJO DE ARRIBA, rA-i-l]nAo dA an-neefBl, (" Upper
plain, which rises gradually fi-om the river, and is enclosed  Realejo,") a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe, at
on the F. by an eminence named Penn's Mount. The city  the foot of a high chain of hills. It has a church, several
is compactly built, and intersected by straight and rectan- primary schools, and 2 flour-mills.  Pop. 3365.
gular streets, which are remarkably clean and smooth. The    RKALMONT, rIpinmaNol', a town of France, department
most frequented of these are covered with a hard, white  of Tern, 10 miles S. of Albi.  Pop. in 1852, 2741.
gravel. derived friom  the sandstone of the adjacent hill,   R]IALVILLE, rali'veelt, a town of France, department of
forming a compact and durable road. Among the conspi- Tarn-et-Garonne, 8 miles N.N.E. of Montauban, on the
cuous public buildings, are the Court-house, which occupies  Aveyron. Pop. 2678.
a commanding situation, and has a handsome portico of    REAMSITOWN, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylsandstone; the German Lutheran Church capable of con- vania, 42 miles E. by S. of IHarrisburg.
taining about 1500 persons, and remarkable for its steeple,   REARSIBY, a parish of England, co., and 71 miles N.N.E.
about 200 feet in height, and the German Reformed Church, of Leicester, with a station on the Peterborough and Leia brick building, which has a steeple 150 feet in height. In  cester Railway.
addition to these, Reading has about 20 churches, 1 academy,   REATE. See RIEI.
2 market-houses, 2 banks, and several public libraries. Nine    REAUVILLE, rt'veell, a village of France, department of
or 10 weekly papers are published here, of which 3 are in  Drdme, arrondissement of Montdlimart. Pop. 1114.
the German language. The streets and many of the build-   REAIVILLE, a post-office of Hiunterdon co., New Jersey.
inugs are lighted with gas, and supplied with spring-water,    REAY, rA, a maritime parish of Scotland. cos. of Caithness
conveyed through iron pipes. The river is crossed here by  and Sutherland, 9 miles W.S.W. of Thurso. "LORD REAV'S
2 bridges, one of which is about 600 feet in length. Reading  CoUNrav," comprising the parishes of Durness, Tongue,
is a place of active trade, and is the market for a rich and  Edderachyllis, in the N.W. of Sutherland, is a wild tract of
populous agricultural district. The Schuylkill Canal and  800 square miles.
the railroad above named open a ready communication with    REBAIS, reh-bil, a town of France, department of SeinePhiladelphia on the one hand, and with the coal region of  et-Marne, 6 miles E.N.E. of Coulommiers. Pop. 1124. It
Schuylkill county on the other, and the Union Canal ex- was formerly fortified, and had a military school suppressed
tends W. to the Susquehanna River. A railroad is also in  in 1793.
progress from Reading to Harrisburg. This town is largely    REBAIX, reh-bSt, a village of Belgium, province of Halengaged in the manufacture of iron, steam  engines, hats, naut, on the Dendre, 18 miles E.N.E. of Tournay. Pop.
shoes, and various other articles. The machine shops of  1083.
the railroad company employ several hundred men. It has    REBECQ-ROGNON, reh-blkf-ron'y6ydal, a village of Belalso 2 large rolling-usills, 4 foundries, 1 anthracite furnace, gium, province of Brabant, on the Senne, 16 miles S.S.W. of
a nail factory, a first-class cotton-mill, and 2 flouring-mills,  Brussels. Pop. 2840.
in all of which steam-power is used. Reading was laid out   RE5BERSBURG, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania,
by Thomas and Richard Penn, in 1748, and named from the  about 18 miles E. of Bellefonte.
town of Reading, in England. It was incorporated as a    REBRISORA, ri-bre-sofrI, or KIS-REBRA, kish-rlbrth',
borough in 1783, and as a city in 1847. Pop. in 1840, 8410; a village of Austria, in Transylvania, 16 miles from Bistritz.
in 1850, 15,743; in 1853, about 17,000.                    Pop. 1500.
READING, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 10 miles    REBSTEIN, ripfstine, a village and parish of Switzerland,
N.E. of Cincinnati.                                        canton, and S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1611.
READING, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 2744.         RECANATI, ri-ka-n/tee, a town of Central Italy, in the
READING, a post-township in the WV. part of Hillsdale  Pontifical States, delegation of Macerata, on the Musone, 4
co., Michigan. Pop. 956.                                    miles S.W. of Loreto. Pop. 4500. It has a cathedral, a townREADING, a village of Lawrence co., Indiana, 82 miles hall rich in works of art, and an aqueduct by which water
S. by W. of Indianapolis.                                  is supplied to Loreto. In the Middle Ages it was an imREADING, a post-office of Livingston co., Illinois.      portant military post.
READING  CENTRE, a post-village of Reading township,    RECCA, rik/kIt, or REKA, rkid, a river of Austria, in
Steuben co., New York.                                     Illyria, rises in the government of Laybach, flows S.W. then
READINGTON, a post-township of Hunterdon co., New  N.W., and at the village of Canziano, 18 miles E.N.E. of
Jersey, intersected by the South Branch of the Raritan  Triest, plunges into a chasm, and entirely disappears. Total
River, 8 miles N.E. of Flemington. Pop. 2836.               course, about 30 miles.
READINGVILLE, a small village of Washtenaw co., Mi-   RECCO, rlklko, a market-town of Northern Italy, in the
chigan.                                                     Sardinian dominions, 11 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on the MediREADSBOROUGIH, a post-township in Bennington co., terranean. Pop. 4557, who export oil and fruits, and build
Vermont, 120 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 857.       small vessels.
READ'S CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Neuse    RECEY-SUR-OURCE, reh-se! sifa ooRss, a village of
River at the N. extremity of Wake county.                  France, department of Cbte-d'Or, on the Ource, 14 miles
READ'S CREEK, a township in Lawrence co., Arkansas. E.S.E. of Chltillon-sur-Seine.  Pop. 1067.
Pop. 567.                                                    RECHE, riKfeh or rKeleh, a village of Prussia, in WestR EADSIVILLE, a village of Albany co., New York, 16  phalia, government of Mtinster, circle of Tecklenburg
miles S.W. of Albany.                                      Pop. 1540.                                  1571
15 1




REC                                                       PRED
RECHERCHE (rehshairshl) ARCHIPELAGO, off the S.W.   RED BANK  CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Coldwater
coast of Australia, is mostly between lat. 340 and 35~ S., ion. River in De Soto county.
122~ E.                                                      RED BANK FURNACE, a post-office of Armstrong co.,
RECHERCHE BAY. near the S. extremity of Van Die-  Pennsylvania.
man's Land, lat. 430 35' S., ion. 1470 5' E.                 RED BANKS, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi.
RECHERCHE ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 110 40'   RED BARN, a small village of Cumberland co., Pennsyl.
3" S., Ion. 1660 45' E.                                    vania.
RECHICOURT LE CHATEAU, reh-shee'kooRI leh-sh4't0, a    RED BEACIH, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.
village of France, department of Meurthe, 11 miles S.W.   RED/BERT, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
of Sarrebourg, on the railway from Paris to Strasbourg.   RED BLUFF, a post-office of Wythe co., Virginia.
Pop. 1070.                                                   RED BLUFF, a post-office of Marion district, South Camo
RECHITZA, a town of Russian Poland. See REZmTsA.   lina.
RECHNITZ, r~Kfnits, or 1OH-IONCZ, ro'honts., a market-   RED BLUFF, a post-office of De Soto co., Louisiana.
town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, 8 miles S.W. of   RED BLUFF, a post-office of Shasta co., California.
Giins. Pop. 5000. It has a noble residence, with a library    RED BOILtiNG SPRING, a small post-village of Macon
and picture gallery.                                       co., Tennessee.
RECHTENBACH, rlkxten-bAKa, a village of Bavaria, pala-  RIEEDIBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Hertford,
tinate, and near Bergzabern. Pop. 1097.                      REDBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
RECIFE, rA-see/f., or ARRECIFE, AR-RA-seeffA, (i. e. " reef;"    REDBRIDGE, a village of England, co., and 3 miles N.W.
or Cidade do Recife, se-dfdA do-rdsee1A, i. e. "'City of the  of Southampton, on the Anton, with a station on the DorReef;" called also PERNAMIBUCO, pRa-n1m-boolko,) a city  chester line of the South-western Railway.
of Brazil, capital of the province of Pernambuco, on the    RED BRIDGE, a post-office of Ulster co.,. New York.
Atlantic. Lat. 80 3' 6" N., Ion. 340 51' 7" W. It consists of    RED BRIDGE, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee.
three distinct quarters: —1. The town of San Pedro Gongalves,    RED BUD, a post-office of Gordon co., Georgia.
on a sandy peninsula; 2. The village of Sbo Sacramento,   RED BUD, a post-office of Randolph co., Illinois.
on the island of Santo Antonio, between the rivers Biberibe    RED BUD, a post-office of Ozark co., Missouri.
and Capibaribe, and connected with the continent by two    RED/CAR, a watering-place of England, co. of York, North
bridges; 3. The village of Sacramento or Boa Vista. Pop. Riding, 6 miles N. of Guisborough, with a station on the
12,000 free, and 6000 slaves. In 1810 it was only 5391. The  Stockton and Darlington Railway. Pop. 700.
port is defended by four forts, and the harbor is protected    RED CEtDAR, a village of Cedar co., Iowa, 20 miles E. of
by an extensive reef of rocks. It is only fit for vessels Iowa City.
drawing less than 12 feet of water. The chief buildings are    RED CEDAR MILLS, a post-office of Marion co., Iowa.
the Governor's Palace, the Episcopal Palace, and the New    RED CEDAR RIVER, of Michigan, rises in Livingston
Hospital; it has two Latin and several other schools. It is  county, and falls into the Grand River at Lansing, where it
unprovided with potable water; but in 1842 the first stone is about 35 yards wide. Small boats can ascend 25 miles.
of an aqueduct was laid to convey water from the Rio Prata,   RED CEDAR RIVER, of Minnesota and Iowa, rises in
a distance of five miles. It has a considerable trade with  the S. part of the former, and flows south-eastward into
European ports. The chief exports are cotton, sugar, and  Mitchell co., Iowa. From this point its general direction is
dye-wood. Pop. of the district of Recife, 38,000. Olinda, 4  S.S.E., nearly parallel with the Wapsipinicon River' which
miles N. of Recife, was formerly the capital of the province in several places is about 12 miles distant. It passes almost
of Pernambuco.                                             entirely across the state, and approaches within 10 miles of
RECIGLIANO, rA-cheel-y!no, a market-town of Naples, the Mississippi, when it turns to the S.W., and falls into the
province of Principato Citra, 20 miles E. of Campagna.     Iowa River, about 15 miles above Wapello. Its whole length
RECKEM, rlk/kem, or RECKIIEIM, rlk/hlme, a town of  is probably above 300 miles. It furnishes considerable waterBelgian Limbourg, 5 miles N.N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1100. power.
RECKEM, a frontier village of Belgium, province of West    RED CEDAR RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises near the N.W.
Flanders, on the Lys, 5 miles S.W. of Courtrai.            extremity of the state, and flowing southward, forms the
RECKENDORF, rlk/ken-donf, a village of Bavaria, 8  boundary between Chippewa and St. Croix counties, and
miles N.N.W. of Bamberg. Pop. 1154.                        enters the Chippewa River, (of which it is the largest
RECKILESSTOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New  affluent,) 36 miles from its mouth. The channel is said to
Jersey, 5 miles S.E. of Bordentown, contains 1 or 2 stores, be deep from the mouth to the lower rapids, about 50 miles.
and about 80 inhabitants.                                   RED CLAY, a post-village of Whitefield co., Georgia, 245
RECKLINGHAUSEN, rlk/hing-how'zen, a town of Prussia, miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
in Westphalia, 31 miles S.W. of Miinster. Pop. 3010.         REDCLAY CREEK rises in Chester co., Pennsylvania,
RECLUS, rAkliif, and VERSOIE, v~csw&/, a yillage of  flows south-eastward, and unites with Whiteclay Creek, in
the Sardinian States, in Savoy, at the foot of Little St. Ber- New Castle co., Delaware, to form the Christiana.
nard, near the left bank of the Isbre. It is poorly built,   RED CREEK, of Mississippi, flows into Black Creek, in
with side pavements raised from two to three feet, to pre- Jackson county.
vent the water, in descending from the mountain torrents,   RED CREEK, in the N. part of California, after separating
from penetrating into the houses. Pop. 1850.               Shasta and Colusi counties through its whole length, falls
RECOARO, rA-ko-Alro, a village of North Italy, govern- into the Sacramento River, about 40 miles below Shasta City.
ment of Venice, 19 miles N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 4000. It   RED CREEK, a flourishing post-village of Wolcott townhas chalybeate springs, the waters of which are bottled and  ship, Wayne co., New York. on a creek of its own name,
exported in large quantities.                              about 160 miles N.W. by W. of Albany. It contains 3
RECOVIERY, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 596.   churches, 1 incorporated academy, with 150 pupils, 3 stores,
RECRUIT, re-krnit, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.  and several factories. Pop. about 500.
RECTOR, a post-office of Hamilton co., Illinois.           RED DEER, a river of British America, rises on the E.
RECTOR COLLEGE, of Taylor co., Virginia, was founded  side of the Rocky Mountains, expands into a lake of same
in 1839, and in 1852 had 50 students, and 2500 volumes in  name, flows S.E., and after a course of 80 miles joins the
its library.                                               Saskatchawan in lat. 500 40' N., Ion. 1100 5' W.
REC/TORTOWN STATION, a post-village of Fauquier co.,   RED/DIES RIVER, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Caro.
Virginia, on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 130 miles N. by W. lina.
of Richmond.                                                 REDIDING, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 2~ miles
RECULET, reh-kitlAI, the loftiest point of the Jura Moun- E.S.E. of Falkirk. Pop. 700, mostly colliers.
tains, in France, department of Ain, 10 miles WV.N.WV. of    REDDING, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.
Geneva.                                                      REDDING, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. P. 1325.
RECULIVER. a maritime parish of England, co. of Kent.   REDDING  RIDGE, a post-office of Fairfield co., ConREDANG, r4:ding, an island in the Gulf of Siam, E. of  necticut.
the Malay Peninsula. Lat. 50 501 N., Ion. 1030 E.            RED/DINGTON, a neat post-village of Jackson Co., Indiana,
RED BANK, a village and steamboat landing of Gloucester  near the East Fork of White River, and 16 miles N.E. of
co., New Jersey, on the E. bank of the Delaware River, 5  Brownstown, contains 1 church and 3 stores. P. about 300.
miles below Philadelphia.                                   RED/DISH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
RED BANK, a post-village of Monmouth co., New Jersey,   RED/DITCH, a large village of England, co. of Worcester,
45 miles E. of Trenton, contains about 10 stores, several 12 miles S.S.W. of Birmingham.  Pop. in 1851, 4802, mostly
factories, 1 or 2 churches, and about 100 dwellings. There  employed in the manufacture of needles and fish-hoolks, for
is a great deal of coasting trade done at this place.     which this is the chief seat in England. The village is situRED BANK, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.  ated in a fine district, and is remarkably well built. It has
Pop. 1980.                                                Episcopal and Roman Catholic chapels, and 2 branch banks.
RED BANK, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. In the vicinity is Hewell, a beautiful seat of the Clive family.
Pop. 1225.                                                 R]~DENI, r'deh1-nA/, a village of France, department of
RED BANK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Arkansas.     Finistlre, 34 miles E.S.E. of Quimperl. Pop. 1289.
RED BANK CREEK, in the W. central part of Pennsyl-   RE/DENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
vania, flows nearly westward, along the boundary between    RED FALLS, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
Clarion and Armstrong counties, until it enters the Alle-   RED/FIELD, a post-township of Oswego co., New York,;hany River.                                             about 40 miles N.W. of Syracuse.
1572




RED                                                        RED
REDIFORD, a post-village of Clinton co., New York, on  entrance of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, W. of the island of
the Saranac River, about 180 miles N. of Albany. It has a  Raza.
glass factory and several stores.                            REDONDELA, r-Don-dAtlleh, a town of Spain, province of
REDIFORD, a post-village and township of Wayne co., Pontevedra, at the mouth of the Redondela, in the Bay of
Michigan, on the North Branch of Rouge River, 13 miles  Vigo, on which it has a port, 7 miles N.E. of Vigo. P. 2790.
N.W. of Detroit. It has several mills and stores. Pop. 1645.    REDONDESCO, rA-don-dtsfko, or RODONDESCO, ro-donRED FORK, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas.          dls!ko, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and 14 miles
REDGORITON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.          W. of Mantua.  Pop. 1803.
REDIGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            REDONDO, rA-don/do, a town of Portugal, province of
REDGIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            Alemtejo, 22 miles E. of Evora, with 3000 inhabitants.
RED HILL, a post-office of Taney co., North Carolina.      REDONDO, NOVO, a Portuguese fort in Lower Guinea, on
RED HILL, a post-office, Kershaw district, South Carolina. the Atlantic, 65 miles N.N.E. of Bengulela.
RED HILL, a post-office of Murray co., Georgia, 240 miles    RED00T KALE or REDOUT KAL], rA-dootl kg-l1, a fort
N.W. of Milledgeville.                                     of the Russian dominions, in Transcaucasia, in a marshy
RED HILL, a small village of Clarke co., Alabama.        position, at the mouth of the Kal1 or Kalla, in the Black
RED HILL, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama.        Sea, 20 miles N. of Poti.
RED HILL, a post-office of Wayne co., Mississippi.         RED PLAINS, a post-office of Yadkin co., North Carolina.
RED HILL, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.         RED RIVER. (Fr. Rivilre esouge, ree've-airJ roozh; Sp. Rio
RED HILL, a post-office of Hardin co., Kentucky.        bColordo, reeo'ko-lo-rNdo,) the southernmost of the great
RED HOOK, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity  tributaries of the Mississippi, rises, according to Captain
of Dutchess co., New York, on the Hudson River, about 50  Marcy, (whose report on his exploration of that river we
miles S. of Albany. It contains the villages of Lower and  mostly follow,) in two branches, called the North and South
Upper Red Hook. Pop. of the township, 3264.                Forks, which unite near lat. 340 30, N., and 1000 W. ion.; the
RED HOUSE. a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia, 112  principal or Southern branch having its source in let. 340
miles S.W. of Richmond.                                    42' N., 103" 7' 10" Wv., in New Mexico, (just beyond the W.
REDINHA, rA-deenlyA, a town and parish of Portugal, 17  boundary of Texas;) and the North Fork in lat. 350 351 3
miles S. of Coimbra. Pop. 1586.                            N., lon. 1010 55' W., within a degree of the N. boundary of
REDINHA, a village of Portugal, province of Estremadura,  Texas. After the junction of the two forks the stream
8 miles N.N.E. of Pombal. Pop. 2000.                        varies but little from a due E. course, till it reaches Fulton
REIDISHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. in Arkansas, where it turns to the S., and pursues that diREDITZ, rA/dits, a village of Bohemia, 6 miles from Par- rectiou, with a slight inclination to the E., till near Natchidubitz. Pop. 1369..                                        toches, from whence it runs a little S. of E. till it disemRED JACIKET, a post-office of Erie co., New York.         bogues in the Mississippi River, in about lat. 310 N., and ion.
RED LAKE, in the N. part of Minnesota Territory, is  910 50' W.
about 37 miles in length, and 16 miles in its greatest    The main or southern branch has its sources in deep and
breadth. The 48th parallel of N. latitude grazes its S. edge; narrow fissures, in the N.E. part of the Llano  Estacado, (an
and it is intersected by the 96th meridian of W. longitude.  elevated and barren plain,) at an altitude of 2450 feet above
It resembles two lakes joined together by a narrow strait the sea. For the first 60 miles the escarpments rise from 500 to
of water.                                                   800 feet, so directly from the water's edge that in many inRED LAKE, a post-office of Pembina co., Minnesota Terri-  stances Captain Marcy's party were obliged to take he chantory.                                                       nel of the stream in their exploration. After leaving the Llano
REDILAND, a post-office of Pontotoc co.,Mississippi.      Estacado, the river, (says Captain Marcy,) " flows through
REDLAND, a township of Hempstead  co., Arkansas. an arid prairie country, almost entirely destitute of trees,
Pop. 516.                                                   over a broad bed of light shifting sands, for a distance of
IREDILINCIH, a chapelry of England, co. of Somerset.     some 500 miles, following its sinuosities. It then enters a
REDILINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    country covered with gigantic forest trees. growing upon a
RED LION, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, 9  soil of the most pre-eminent fertility; here the borders conmiles S.W. of Mount Holly.                                  tract, and the water for a great portion of the year washes
RED LION, a hundred and post-village of New Castle co., both banks, carrying the loose alluvium from one side, and
Delaware, on the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, 12  depositing it on the other, in such a manner as to produce
miles S.W. of Wilmington. Pop. of the hundred, 1105.        constant changes in the channel, and to render navigation
RED LION, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.              difficult. This character continues throughout the remainREDIMAN, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.           der of its course to the delta of the Mississippi; and in this
RED-MARISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Durham.   section it is subject to heavy inundations, which often flood
REDIMILE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          the bottoms to such a degree as to destroy the crops, and ocRED MILLS, a post-office of Putnam co., New York.         casionally, on subsiding, leaving a deposit of white sand, renRED MOUND, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee, dering the soil barren and worthless." The entire length of
114 miles from Nashville.                                   the river including the South Fork, is estimated by Captain
RED MOUNTLAIN, a post-office of Orange co., North Cda-  Marcy at 2100 miles. The length of the main stream is estirolina.                                                     mated at above 1200 miles.  During eight months of the
REDIMOUTH, a post-office of Washitaw co., Louisiana.    year, steam-packets regularly navigate it fiom its mouth to
REDINERSVILLE, a village of Canada West, Prince Ed- Shreveport, a distance of about 500 miles, and the navigaward co., in the township of Ameliasburg, situated on the  tion is good in all stages of water to Alexandria. The porBay of Quint6, 22 miles N.W. of Picton. Pop. 175.           tion of this river above the Raft is also navigable by snmall
REDINESS, a township of England, co. of York, West boats for about 300 miles, except in low water. Captain
Riding.                                                     Marcy Temarks: —" From what I have seen of the upper Red
REDNITZ, rkd/nits, a river of Bavaria, after a N. course River, I am confident that at a medium stage it might be
of 50 miles, joins the Pegnitz at Fiirth, to form the Regnitz. ascended to the confluence of the main branches by small
It communicates with the Altmtthl by the canal of the Main  steamers, such as ply on some of the tributaries of the Missisand Danube. See ALUvUsL.                                    sippi."
RED OAK, a post-office of Fayette co., Georgia.             Shortly after leaving its sources, the South Fork passes for
RED OAK, a post-office of Ellis co., Texas.               100 miles over a vast bed of gypsum, which gives the water
RED OAK, a post-office of Prairie co., Arkansas.          of the river a very bitter and disagreeable taste, increasing
RED OAK, a post-office of Cedar co., Iowa.                rather than diminishing thirst. The exploring expedition
RED OAK CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Flint River in  suffered much from this cause while in this region. W. of
Merriwether county.                                         the 101st degree of W. longitude there is little arable land,
RED OAK CREEK, of Ellis co., Texas, flows eastward into  except on the North Fork. The principal atffluents of the
Trinity River. It is also called Bois d'Arc Creek.          Red River are the Little Washita and the Big Washita,
RED OAK GROVE, a.post-office of Burlington co., New  both from the N. The Red River "Cut-off," at its mouth,
Jersey.                                                     is a new  channel, formed by cutting a short trench
RED OAK GROVE, a post-office of Charlotte co., Virginia. through a neck of land caused by a bend in the MisRED  OAK  GROVE, a post-office of Barnwell district, sissippi. Red River forms the N. boundary of Texas from
South Carolina.                                             940 to 1000 W. ion.  The Great Raft, which is the most
REDON, reh-dONCs, a town of France. department of Ille-et- serious drawback to the prosperity of the upper part of the
Vilaine, on the right bank of the Vilaine, on which it has a  Red River Valley, consists of an immense mass of drift-wood
port for vessels of 200 tons, 38 miles N.W. of Nantes. Pop. and trees, which have been brought down several hundred
in 1852, 5582. It has manufactures of serge, docks for build- miles by the current and lodged here, obstructing the chaning small vessels, and an active trade in timber and iron by. nel for a distance of 70 miles, and inundating the adjacent
the canal between Nantes and Brest.                         country. In 1834-5, it was removed by the General GovernREDONDA, r&-don/d, an islet of the British West Indies, ment at an expense of $300,000, but another has since been
betwen Nevis and Montserrat. Lat. 160 55' N., lon. 620  formed. The lower part of the Raft is now about 30 miles
19' W.                                                     above Shreveport.  During high-water, small boats pass
REDONDA, an islet of the British West Indies, off the N. round the Raft by means of the lateral channels or lakes
extremity of Grenada.                                      which are then formed.
REDONDA, rA-don/dA, an island of Brazil, in front of the    RED RIVER, in the N. part of Middle Tennessee, rises
1573




RED                                                      REE
near the E. border of Robertson co., and flowing W., enters into three different channels, and have also studded its
the Cumberland River at Clarksville.                       shores with numerous small islands. It is supposed by
RED RIVER, of Kentucky, a small stream which rises some to have derived its name from the large quantities of
in Morgan co., and flowing W., forms the boundary be- red coral and pink-colored fuci which it yields; but it is
tween Clark and Estill counties, until it enters the Ken- with more probability derived from the ancient Idumecea,
tucky River.                                               "sea of Edom" —Edom signifying "red."
RED RIVER, of Michigan, rises in Oakland co., and flows    In the main channel the depth sometimes exceeds 230
into Clinton River, 6 miles above Mount Clemens.           fathoms, and is supposed to average at least 100 fathoms,
RED RIVER, of the North, rises in Elbow Lake, of but diminishes towards the extremities, where the depth
Minnesota Territory, in about 470 7rN. lat., and 9510 25' W. in general is from 40 to 50 fathoms. In the Gulf of Suez
Ion., and flowing in a general S., then in a S.W., and after- this depth gradually decreases to 30 fathoms, and at the
wards in a N.W. direction, at last runs nearly N., and cross- harbor of Suez is only 3 fathoms; in the Gulf of Akaba, on
lug the N. boundary of the United States, falls into Lake  the contrary, the depth is about the same as in the main
Winnipeg, in Canada. Entire length, about 700 miles. In  channel. The currents of the Red Sea are entirely the rethe first 100 miles of its course, it forms the line of connec- suit of its prevailing winds. From October to May, when
tion between a multitude of small lakes, which seem to be  the wind blows generally with great constancy from the S.,
disposed along this stream like beads upon a thread.       a strong current sets in from the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb,
RED RIVER, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, border-  and produces a general rise in the water of about 2 feet;
uing on the Indian Territory, contains 1100 square miles. from May to October the N. wind continues to blow, not
The Red River bounds it on the N., and the Sulphur Fork  without interruption, but with such force and constancy
washes its S. border. The valley of the Red River is occu- as both to give the current a S. direction, and carry off the
pied by extensive prairies, among which tracts of fine tim- 2 feet of level which had been previously accumulated.
her are distributed: the soil is scarcely surpassed in fer- These winds, however, proceeding either directly N. or S.,
tility and durability. Cotton, Indian corn, and grass are  affect only the main body of the sea, and leave a considerthe staples. Many cattle and horses are reared here for ex- able belt along the coast, subject to alternations of land
portation. Red River is navigable for steamboats along the. and sea breezes, and not unfi-equently to sudden squalls.
N. border. Capital, Clarksville. Pop. 3906, of whom 2500  The chief dangers to navigation, however, arise not so
were free, and 1406 slaves.                                much from these, as from the number of shallow reefs, the
RED RIVER, a township of Lafayette co., Arkansas.  presence of which no previous intimation is given, as the
Pop. 623.                                                  sea never breaks upon them.  This absence of breakers is
RED RIVER, a township of Van Buren co., Arkansas.  attempted to be accounted for by the porous nature of the
Pop. 294.                                                 coral, which offers so little resistance to. the sea that it difRED RIVER, a township ofWhite co., Arkansas. Pop. 190. fuses itself through it without commotion, as if it were
RED RIVER, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee.    passing through a sieve. The principal harbors of the Red
RED RIVER IRON-WORKS, a post-village of Estill co., Sea are, on the Af-ican coast, Suez, Kosseir, Suakin, and
Kentucky, about 40 miles S.E. of Lexington. A large quan- Massowa; and on the Arabian coast, Jidda, Yembo, and IIotity of bar-iron and nails is manufactured here.           deida. The Red Sea has lately become importantas a chanRED RIVER LANDING, a post-office of Pointe Coup6e  nel of commerce in connection with what is termed the
parish, Louisiana.                                         "Overland Route" from Europe to India. See SUEz.
RED ROCK, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.      The Jews and Phoenilcians appear to have carried on an
RED ROCK, a post-office of Upshur co., Texas.            extensive trade upon this sea; and after the destruction of
RED ROCK, a thriving post-village of Marion co., Iowa, the Persian Empire, it resumed its importance as the prinon the Des Moines River. 94 miles W.S.W. of Iowa City. cipal route of traffic between Europe and the East, which
Pop. 350.                                                  distinction it retained until the discovery of the passage
RED ROCK, a post-village of Ramsey co., Minnesota, on  round the Cape of Good Hlope. The trade from shore to
the left bank of the Mississippi River, 6 miles below St. shore at present is not of much importance, consisting
Paul. It derives its name from a granite boulder, which  chiefly of the transport of pilgrims, considerable numbers
the Indians have painted red. The place was settled in 1837. of slaves, and some grain from Egypt; but a much more
REDRUTH, rldrfTth, a market-town and parish of Eng- important trade has recently risen up in consequence of the
land, co. of Cornwall, 9 miles W.N.W. of Falmouth. Pop. opening up of the old route from Europe to India across the
of town, in 1851, 7095, extensively employed in the rich cop- Isthmus of Suez, and along the Red Sea. It was that part
per and tin mines of the city, the ore of which is trans-  of the Red Sea, called the Gulf of Suez, that the Israelites
ported by railways connecting with the Fal and with St. crossed in their flight from Egypt.
Ives' Bay. The town has 2 churches, a modern grammar    RED SHOALS, a post-office of Stokes co., North Carolina.
school, a union work-house, an elegant clock-tower, a read-   RED SPRINGS, a post-office of Robeson co., North Caroing-room, a branch bank, and a small theatre. It is con- lina.
nected with Ilayle by the West Cornwall Railway.             REDSTONE, a post-township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,
RED SEA, or ARA/BIAN GULF, (Fr. ille- Rouge, malR  about 10 miles N.W. of Uniontown. Pop. 1287.
roozh, or Gtolfe Arabique, golf i'r'beekl; Ger. Rethes Meer,'REDSTONE CREEK, of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, falls
rottes maiR, or Arcabischen Meerbusen, A-rElbish-en mainR/boo- into the Monongahela River near Brownsville.
zen; It. lar Rosso, mal ros'so; Sp. Mar Rojo, mae ro'Ho;    RED SUL/PHUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Monroe co.,
anc. Erythracum Ma/re, or Malre  Rulbruim; Gr. EpveOpa  Virginia, on Indian Creek, 240 miles W. of Richmond, and
OaXaaca, Eruthira Thalassa,) an extensive inland sea com- 38 miles S.W. of White Sulphur Springs. It is situated in
municating with the Indian Ocean by the Strait of Bab- a small valley among the Alleghany Mountains, and is a
el-Mandeb, and stretching in a N.N.W. direction between  place of fashionable resort, having been improved by the
Arabia on the E., and Abyssinia, Nubia, and Egypt on the  erection of expensive buildings. The temperature of the
WV., and only separated from the Mediterranean on the N. water is 540.
by the Isthmus of Suez, which, where. narrowest, does not      RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of IHardin co.,
exceed 80 miles across; it forms a very long and compara-  Tennessee.
tively narrow expanse, about 1450 miles in length. The    RED SWEET SPRINGS, a post-office of Alleghany co.,
breadth, where widest, as on the tropic of Cancer, does not Virginia.
exceed 200 miles, and in general it averages about 180    RED WING, a post-village, capital of Goodhue co., Minnemiles, but diminishes gradually both at its S. and N. ex- sota, on the right bank of the Mississippi, at the upper extremities, having at the former, across the strait, a width  tremity of Lake Pepin, about 50 miles below St. Paul.'of only 14-l miles, which is further subdivided by the island    REDWITZ, rdftgits, a market-town of Bavaria, 23 miles
of Perim into two channels, a larger, on the E., of 11 miles, E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1580.
and a less, on the W., of 11 miles. At the N. extremity, the    RED/WOOD, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York,
Red Sea divides into two branches, one of which, forming  about 24 miles N.N.E. of Watertown.
the Gulf of Akaba, penetrates N. by E. into Arabia for    REE BLUFF, a post-office of De Soto parish, Louisiana.
about 100 miles, with an average breadth of about 15 miles;   REED, a parish of England, co. f HIerts.
while the other, forming the Gulf of Suez, follows the gene-   REED, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
ral direction of the sea, and penetrates between Arabia and    REED, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. P. 408.
Egypt about 200 miles, with an average breadth of 20 miles.   REED, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1494.
In the fork between these two branches is the celebrated    REED, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 183.
Mount Sinai, or Jebel Moosa, ("Mount of Moses.") The    REED CREEK, a post-office, Randolph co., North Carolina.
shores both on the E. and W. consist generally of a low tract,   REED/1HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with a
for the most part sandy, though sometimes swampy, varying  station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 11* miles E.S.E.
in width from 10 to 30 miles, and suddenly terminated by  of Norwich.
the abutments of a lofty table-land of from 3000 to 6000    REED ISLAND, a post-office of Pulaski co., Virginia.
feet high. The Red Sea may thus be considered as occupy-   REEDS/BURG, a post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, on the
ing the bottom of an immense longitudinal valley, which  State Road from Wooster to Mansfield, 10 miles from the
probably at one time extended between the table-lands  former. Pop. near 200.
without interruption but has since been partially filled up    REEDSBURG, a post-village and township of Sank co.,
by coral-workings, which, extending in parallel lines at a  Wisconsin, 50 miles N.W. of Madison. The village ihas 4
ahort distance from either coast, have subdivided the sea  stores, 4 mills, and about 60 dwellings.
1574




REE                                                        REG
REED'S CORNERS, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.   REFUGIO, a post-village, capital of Refugio co., Texas, on
REED'S CREEK, a post-village of Lawrence co., Arkansas, Mission River, about 40 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, con-,everal miles S.W. of Smithfield.                          tains but few houses.
REED'S FERRY, a post-office of IHilisborough co., New    REGA, rAgA, a river of Prussia, province of Pomerania,
Hampshire, with a station on the Concord Railroad, 9 miles formed by the Old and the New Rega, about 6 miles S.W.
from Nashua.                                               of Schievelbein. The united stream flows N.N.W., but very
REED'S GROVE, a small post-village of Will co., Illinois. circuitously, and falls into the Baltic, after a course of about
REED'S LANDING, a post-office of Wabashaw co., Minne  70 miles.
sota Territory.                                              REGALBUTO, rA-gil-boolto, a town of Sicily, 25 miles
RIED'S MILLS, a post-office of Vinton co., Ohio.         W.N.W. of Catania. Pop. 6200. It has a royal college.
REED'S SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.   REGALMUTO, rA-gAl-moo'to, a town of Sicily, intendency,
REEDSIVILLE, a thriving post-village of Mififin co., and 10 miles N.E. of Girgenti.
Pennsylvania, on the turnpike between Lewistown and    REGAN, rltgtnt, a small fortified town of Persia, proBellefonte, about 8 miles N. of the former.                vince of Kirman, near the Beloochee frontier; lat. 280 50' N.,
REEDITOWN, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.            ion. 590 8' E.
REEfDY BRANCH, a post-office, Moore co.. North Carolina.. REGELLO, rA-jPlqo, a village of Tuscany, 18 miles E.S.E.
REEDY CREEK, a post-office of Marion district, South  of Florence, in the Upper Val dArnAmo, on the S. side of Mount
Carolina.                                                  YVallombrosa, near the torrent Beta. Pop. 9952.
REEDY CREEK, a post-village of Jefferson co., Georgia,   REGEN, rfghen, a river of Bavaria, rises in the Bbhmer50 miles in a direct line N.E. of IMilledgeville.           Wald, flows generally W. and S., and enters the Danube on
REEDY CREEK, a small village of Sullivan co., Tennessee. the right, at Stadt-am-Hiof, opposite Regensburg, (Ratisbon.)
REEDY FORK, of Cape Fear River, North Carolina, flows  Length, 68 miles.
through Guilford co., and unites with the main stream in    REGEN, a market-town of Bavaria, on the Regen, 32
Alamance county.                                            miles N.N.WV. of Passau.  Pop. 1220.
REEDY ISLAND, at the head of Delaware Bay. At its    REGENSBURG, a town of Bavaria. See RATIsnoc.
extreme S. point is a fixed light, 55 feet above the sea.     REGENSPERG, rA/ghens-p6nso, and REGENSTORF, rAlREEDY ISLAND RIVER, in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, ghgnz-tonf', two contiguous villages of Switzerlanld, canton,
rises in the Blue Ridge, flows N.W. through Carroll co., and  and 10 miles N.W. of Zutrich.
enters New River. Length, about 70 miles; greatest width,   REGENSTAUF, rAghgns-t6wf', a market-town of Bavaria,
25 yards. It furnishes immense water-power.                 on the Regen, 8 miles NN.E. of Ratisbon.  Pop. 1570.
REEDY RIPPLE, a post-office of Wirt co., Virginia.          REGENT'S, reefjents, an inlet of British America.
REEDY RIVER, a small stream of South Carolina, rising    REGENT'S SWORD, a remarkable promontory of China,
a few miles from Greenville, near the N.W. border of the  province of Leao-toug, which divides the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee
state, flows nearly S. by E., and enters the Saluda on the  from the Yellow Sea; lat. 390 N.
line between Laurens and Abbeville districts.                 REGENWALDE, rnlghen-ttvtl'deh, a town of Prussia,'in
REE/DYVILLE, a post-office of Wirt co., Virginia.         Pomerania, 42 miles N.E. of Stettin, on the Rega. Pop. 2130.
REEDYVILLE, a post-village of Hidalgo co., Texas, on    REGGIO, r~d/jo, (anc. Rhelgiuno or Rhelgium Juliuno,) the
the Rio Grande, above Brownsville, contained in 1853, about southernmost city and seaport of Italy, in Naples, capital of
400 inhabitants,                                            the province of Calabria Ultra II., 8 miles S.E. of Messina, on
REEK; rlk, a village of I-olland, province of North Bra- the E. side of its strait. Lat. 380 6' N.. ion. 150,401 E. Pop.
bant, 17 miles E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 798.                 in 1850,18,483. Itis surrounded by a fine country, fortified,
REEL FOOT, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee.         and well supplied with water. It is the see of an arch.
REE, LOUGH, 1lsH ree, a lake of Ireland, near its centre, bishop, and has a cathedral, several convents, a royal college,
between Leinster and Connaught, formed by an expansion of  an hospital, a foundling asylum, a theatre, a civil and crimithe Shannon at Lanesborough. It is 15 miles in length from   nal court, manufactures of silks, gloves, hosiery, and articles
N. to S., by 8 miles in greatest breadth. The outline is very  from the thread of the shell-fish piinna mariftima, an annual
irregular. Estimated area, 42 square miles; greatest depth, fair, lasting firom the 1st to the 15th of September, and an
75 feet. It contains many islets, and receives the river Inny. export trade in wine oil, citron, and olives, the produce of
REELS/VILLE, a post-office of Putnam co., Indiana.       its vicinity. In ancient times this was one of the most reREERM'S CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North  nowned cities of Magna Grecia, and was celebrated for its
Carolina.                                                   wines. It is the birthplace of Agathocles, the philosophers
REEP/HAM, a parish of England, co., and 5 miles E.N.E. Hippias and Hipparchus, and of several poets and sculpof Lincoln, with a station on the Manchester, Sheffield and  tors. It was ruined by the earthquake of 1783.
Lincoln Railway.                                              REGGIO, (anc. Re1gium Lepfidi.) a fortified city of North
REEPIAM, a parish and market-town of England, co. of Italy, duchy, and 14 miles W.N.Wv. of Modena, on the YEmiNorfolk, 13 miles N.N.W. of Norwich. Pop. 400.             lian Way, and connected with the Pc by the river Crostolo
REES, sAs. a town of Rhenish Prussia, 41 miles N.N.W. and the navigable canal of Tassone. Pop. 17,000. It is
of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 3342. It was taken by  well built and handsome; the streets are bordered with
the Dutch in 1614, and by the French in 1678.               arcades. It has a cathedral, with numerous convents, a
REES' CORNER, a post-office of Kent co., Maryland.        citadel, a city-hall, a theatre, a college, a public library
REESE'S MILL, a post-office of Boone co., Indiana.        with 30,000 volumes, a museum ofantiquities, manufactures
REES' STATION, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsyl-  of silks, hempen fabrics, horn, wooden, and ivory articles,
vania.                                                      a trade in cattle and agricultural produce, and a fair during
REETH, rAt, a village of Belgium, province, and 10 miles the entire month of May. It is the birth-place of Ariosto
S. of Antwerp, on the road to Boom. Pop. 1262.              and Correggio. Under Napoleon it gave the title of duke to
REETH, reeth, a market-town of England, co. of York, Marshal Oudinot.
North Riding, 8 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. Pop. of town,    REGGIOLO, r~d-jo/lo, a village of North Italy, duchy, and
in 1851, 1344. It has 2 endowed schools.                    6 miles E. of Guastalla.
REETZ, rAts, a town of Prussia, province of Branden-   REGIIE. See TLEsicrEN.
burg, on the Ihna, 42 miles E.S.E. of Stettin. Pop. 2400.     REGIL, rA-Heel!, a village of Spain, in Biscay, province of
REETZ, a village of Prussia, 9 miles W.S.W. of Belzig.    Guipuzcoa, at the foot of Mount Hernio, about 10 miles from
REEVE, a township of Daviess co., Indiana. Pop. 1000.   Tolosa. Pop. 1545.
REEVESBY  (reevz/bee) ISLAND, South Australia, in    REGINUM or REGINA. See RATISBON.
Spencer's Gulf, 20 miles N.E. of Port Lincoln, is 4 miles long.   REGIS, rAghis, a small town of Saxony, 18 miles S.S.E.
REEVETON, reev/toun, a post-office, Ulster co., New York. of Leipsic, on the Pleisse.  Pop. 623.
REEZAIT, RIZAH, ree/ez, or RIZEH, reetzeh, a maritime    REGIUM or REGIUMI LEPIDI, North Italy. See REGGIo.
village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 35 miles E. of Trebi-   REGLA, rkIflit, a fortified suburb of Havana, in Cuba, on
zond, with a bazaar, and a manufacture of fine hempen  the opposite side of its bay. It is well built, has large gofabrics.                                                    vernmeut warehouses, and a spacious hospital. It is tho
REFORM/, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.           principal seat of the Havana slave trade.
REFORM, a post-office 6f Calaway co., Missouri.             REG/NIER'S MILLS, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.
REFOYOS DE BASTO, rA-foyoce dA bhs/to, a town and    REGNITZ, rlg/nits, a river of Bavaria, formed by the
parish of Portugal, province of Minho, near the Tamega, union of the Rednitz and Peg   tz at Fiirth, flows N. past
about 25 miles from Braga.                                 Forchheim, Erlangen, and Balmberg, and joins the Main 3
REFOYOS DE RIBA D'AVE, re-folyoce dA-reelbg d'/vA, miles N.W. of Bamberg, after a navigable course of 35 miles.
a town of Portugal, province of Minho, 15 miles from Oporto. Chief affluent, the Aisch, from the W.
Pop. 580.                                                    REGNUMI.  See CHICESEERa.
REFULTGIO, (Sp. pron. rA-foo/ue-o.) a county in the S.S.E.   REGNY, rln'yeet, a village of France, department of
part of Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area  Loire, 6 miles E.S.E. of Roanne.,Pop. 1392.
of about 1485 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by    BEGOA, rA-golA, a villige of Portugal, province of Beira,
the Guadalupe River, on the S.W. by the Arkansas, and in- on the Douro, 3 miles N. of Lamego. It is increasing in im.
tersected by the San Antonio and Mission Rivers. The  portance, and has Iarge wine stores, it being the place of an
county contains a large proportion of prairie. The name is  annual fair bfor the purchase of port wines.
dei-ived from a Mexican missionary establishment. Capital,   REGUINY, rA'ghee'nee/, a village of Frasice, department
Refugio. Pop. 288, of whom 269 were free, and 19 slaves.    of Morbihan, 15 miles W.N.W. of Ploermel. Pop. 1135.
1575




REG                                                          REI
Rl(GUTSIEIT, r3.gheeshhlm',   a village of France, depart- several churches, a royal and a normal school, a new theb
ment of Haut-Rhin, on the Ille. Pop. 2200.                 tre, and a large brewery, with important manufactures of
REHA, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See 00oFA.              woollen, cotton, and linen stuffs, and yarn, and numerous
REHAIU, ri/hOw, or RECHIAU, r6K16w, a market-town of  dyeing houses in its vicinity.
Bavaria, on the Griinebach, 17 miles N.W. of Eger. Pop.   REICIHIENIHALL, rlKen-hill', a town of Upper Bavaria,
1600.                                                      on the Saal, 8 miles S.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 2660. In its
RElHBURG, rAbiaG, a town of IHanover, 22 miles W.N.W. vicinity are salt works, which furnish annually 12,000 tons
of Hanover. Pop. 1325.                                      of salt.  It was nearly destroyed by fire in 1834.
REIDEN, rAldeu, a town of West Prussia, 24 miles S. of    REICIIENSACHSEN, rIt/Kn-sklseun, a village of IIesso
Marienwerder. Pop. 1300.                                    Cassel, province of Nieder-Hessen, on the Sunter, 4 miles
RELIETOBEL, rAeh-to'bel, a town and parish of Switzer- S.W. of Eschwege. Pop. 1689.
land, canton, and N.E. of Appenzell. Pop. 1958.               REICHENSTEIN, rWKen-stlne, a town of Prussian SileRETIIE, rAYmeh, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 6  sla. 48 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2000.
miles S.W. of Minden, on the Weser, with a station on the    REICHENSTEIN, UNTER,  66inter rH/Ken-stfne', RAGBerlin and Cologne Railway. Pop. 1590.                      STEIN, rigfstine, or RECKSTEIN, r.klstine, a town of BoREIHIUTPOOR, rA'mit-poor/, a town of Hindostan, pre-  hemia, on the Wotawa, 21 miles S.S.E. of Klattau.
sidency of Bombay, province of Bejapoor, on an affluent of    REICHSHIOFEN  or  REICIISIIOFFEN,  rIks'hof'fln/,
the Kistnah, about 14 miles from Sattarah. It contains seve- (Ger. pron. r1ks/hofen,) a town of France, department of Basral Hindoo temples.                                         Rhin, 14 miles S.W. of Wissembourg.  Pop. 2626.
REINA, r/ng, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 17    REICHSTADT, rim'stltt, or ZAKOPY, zi-ko/pee, a town
miles E.S.E. of Lubeck. Pop. 2579.                          of Bohemia. circle of Buntzlau, 45 miles N.N.E. of Prague.
REIHOBOTH, a post-village and township of Bristol co., Pop. 1900. It has a fine castle, and aCapuchin convent. In
Massachusetts, on Warren River, 41 miles S. by W. of Bos- 1818 it was erected into a duchy for the son of Napoleon.
ton. Pop. 2104.                                               REICIISTADT, riK/st tt, (OBER, otber, and NIEDEa, neefREHOBOTIT, a hundred of Delaware.  See LEWES.             der,) two contiguous villages of Saxony, circle of Dresden,
REIOBOTH, a post-village of Lunenburg co., Virginia,  bailiwick, and near Dippoldiswalde.  Pop. 1056.
85 miles S.W. of Richmond.                                    REICIITHAL, riK/til, a town of Prussia, government,
REIHOBOTH. a post-village of Edgefield district, South  and 35 miles E. of Breslau. on the Studnitza. Pop. 1123.
Carolina, 80 miles W. of Columbia.                            REID, LA, ] rit, a village of Belgium, province, and 16
REIOBOTH, a post-village of Wilkes co., Georgia, 75  miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1898.
miiles N.E. of Milledgeville.                                 REID, reed, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1494.
REHOBOTH. a post-office of Wilcox co., Alabama.            REIDEN  or REYDEN, ri'den, a village of Switzerland,
REHOBOTH, a post-village of Perry co., Ohio.             canton of Lucerne, 7 miles N.W. of Sursee. Pop. 1490.
REHOBOTH BAY, in the S.E. part of Delaware, extends    REID'S, reedz, a river of Oregon.
from the Atlantic into Sussex county.                         REIDSBURG, reedz/b'rg, a post-village of Clarion co.,
REHO/BOTHVILLE. a village of Morgan co., Georgia, 57  Pennsylvania, on Piney Creek, 4 or 5 miles S. of Clarion.
miles N. by W. of Milledgeville.                              REIDS/VILLE, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
REIIRERSBURGI, rIrers-btrg, a small village of Berks    REIDSVILLE, a post-village of Rockingham  co., North
co.. Pennsylvania, about 25 miles N.W. of Roading.          Carolina.
REIBERSDORF, ribers-doRf, a town of Saxony, 4 miles    REIDSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Tatnall co., GenrE. of Zittau. Pop. 1012.                                    gin, is situated on a sandy hill, 65 miles W. of Savannah.
REICIIELSHEIM, ri/eKls-hime s, a market-town of Ger-   REIGATE, riilgate, a parliamentary borough, market-town,
many, in the grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of  and parish of England, co. of Surrey, on a branch of the
Starkenburg, 14 miles S.E. of Darmstadt, at the left of a  Mole, 6 miles E. of Dorking, 21 miles S.S.W. of London, and
height. surmounted by the castle of Reichenberg. P. 1210. about 11 miles fi-om the Redhill Station, on the London and
REICHELSHEIM. a market-town of Germany, in the  Brighton, and South-east Railways. Pop. of parliamentary
duchy of Nassau, 19 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 751.   borough in 1851, 4927. It is situated on a rock of white
REICIENAU, ril/Keh-nlw, or MITTELZELL, mitttel- sand, in the beautiful district of Holmesdale, and is remarlkts111, an island of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Baden, ably neat and clean, having an unusual number of handcircle of Lake, in the Untersee, 31 miles N.W. of Constance. some residences, a church containing a library and many
Length, 3 miles; breadth, I mile. Pop. 1400. The surface  costly monuments, a small grammar school, alarge national
is fertile, and on it is a Benedictine abbey, in the church of  school, a town-hall, market-house, and some groundworks
which the Emperor Charles the Fat was buried, in 888.      of a castle, including a cave in which the barons are said to
REICHENAU, (Bohemian,,'SauIceniczskcy, slw/ke-nitch'-  have met and arranged the articles of Magna Chartna. At
skee,) a town of Germany, in Bohemia, 19 miles E.S.E. of  the S. end of the town, on the site of an old priory, is the
Ktniggriitz, on an affluent of the Wilde-Adler. Pop. 3900. elegant mansion of Earl Somers.  Fullers'-earth, and fine
It has a fine castle, and manufactures of linen and woollen  sand used in the manufacture of glass, are articles of cormfabrics.                                                    merce. It sends 1 member to the House of Commons.
REICHENAU, a town of Germany, in Saxony, circle of    REIGIITON, ree/ton, a parish of England, co. of York,
Bautzen, 7 miles E. of Zittau. Pop. 3663, mostly employed  East Riding.
in manufactures of linen and ribbons.                         REIGLE'S MILLS, New Jersey. See RsnoLESVILLE.
RL'ICHENAU, a hamlet of Switzerland, canton of Grisons,    REI/GLES~ILLE, a village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,
at the junction of the two heads of the Rhine, (Vorder and  on the Delaware River, 8 miles below Easton. It has a
Hinter Rhein.) 6 miles W.S.W. of Clur, having a chateau, bridge over the river.
formerly used for a school, in which Louis-Philippe, then    REIGNAC, rln'ylk/, a village of France, department of
Duke de Chartres, found an asylum  as an usher in 1793.    Charente, 3 miles S.S.W. of Barbezieux.  Pop. 1272.
REICIIENAU, or REICHEN, rI/Ken, a village of Bohe-   REIGNAC, a village of France, department of Gironde,
mia, 25 miles N.E. of Buntzlau, on both sides of the Mo- arrondissement of Blaye. Pop. in 1852, 2216.
hilka.  Pop. 2292.                                            REIGNAC, a village of France, department of Indre-etREICI[ENAU, or REICIHEN, a village of Bohemia, circle  Loire, near the Indre, 15 miles S.E. of Tours.
of Leitmeritz, 56 miles N.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1016.          REIGNIER, rain'yI/, avillage of the Sardinian dominions,
REICHIENAU, or RICHINOW, riKlnov (?) a village of Aus- in Savoy. near the Arve, 7 miles S.E. of Geneva. Pop. 1709.
tria, in Moravia.  Pop. 1659.                                 REIGOLDSWEIL, ri/golts —(l', a village and parish of
HEICHENAU, ALT, lit.. riVKe-ndw', a village of Prussia, in  Switzerland, canton of Basel Landschaft, 12 miles S.S.E. of
Silesia, government, and 22 miles S. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1812. Basel, in a valley, 1650 feet above the sea. Pop. 1108.
REICIHENBACH, rjiKen-blKe, a river of Switzerland,    REIKIAVIK, rilke-a-vikx, or REYKJAVIK, rik/yA-vik',
canton of Bern, joins the Aar opposite Meiringen.  It de- written also REIKIAVIG, the capital town of Iceland, neai
scends nearly 2000 feet in a succession of falls, near the last its S.W. coast, in lat. 640 8' 40" N., ion. 210 50' W. Pop. 900.
of which are baths and a large hotel.                       It is a bishop's see, the seat of the Icelandic society, and has
REICIIENBACH, a town of Prussia, government, and W. an observatory and library.
of Liegnitz. Pop. 1133.                                       REIL, ril, a village of Prussia,'government of Treves, on
REICHENBACIT, a town of Saxony, with a station on  the Moselle. Pop. 1488.
the Saxon Bavarian Railroad, 11 miles N.N.E. of Plauen.    REILANE, rPl'ln/, a small town of France, department
Pop. 6699. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, cashmeres, of Basses-Alpes, 8 miles S.W. of Forcalquier.  Pop. 1379.
cotton and linen stuffs.                                     REILINGEN, r/ling-en. a village of Baden, circle of Lower
REICIHENBACH, a town of Prussian Silesia, 31 miles S.W. Rhine, bailiwick of Schwetzingen.  Pop. 1371.
of Breslau, on the Peilau. Pop. 5310. It is enclosed by    REILLO, rllyo or rI/eel-yo, a market-town of Spain, prostrong walls, and has several Roman Catholic and Lutheran  vince, and 18 miles S.E. of Cuenca, with a ruined castle and
churches, a synagogue, and manufactures of woollen cloth, a noble residence.
muslins, cotton stuffs, canvas, and gloves.                  REILY, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.
REICHENBACII, a town of Bavaria, on the Regen, 7 miles    REIMS or RHEIMS, reemz, (Fr. pron. rANz; anc. Duro.
W. of Roding. Pop. 1358.                                   corte/rsm, afterwai-ds Relmi,) a city of France, department of
REICHENBERG, rI/Ken-beRo', or LIBERK, lee/bh~k, a  Marne, 25 miles N.W. of Ch.lons, on the Vesle, and in the
town of Bohemia, on the Neisse, 58 miles N.E. of Prague, in  Canal of the Aisne and Marne. Lat. 490 15' N., ion. 40 3, E.
]at. 500 46' N., lon. 150 5, E. Pop. 13,500. It has 2 castles, Pop. in 1852, 45,754. It is situated in an extensive basin,
1576




REI                                                        REN
surrounded by slopes covered with vineyards. It is enclosed  small town of Cuba, a fort and cape of Central America, and
with walls flanked with towers, and generally well built. a church near Mexico; and adjacent to the last are the reThe streets are spacious and tolerably regular, and several puted remains of the palace of Montezuma.
of the squares are large and handsome. The ramparts,  RIEMENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
which have a circuit of nearly 3 miles, are planted, and form  REMI. See REIMs.
an excellent promenade. The principal edifices are the Ca-   REMICH, rAlmiK, a town of the Netherlands, province,
thedral, one of the finest Gothic structures of the thirteenth  and 11 miles S.E. of Luxembourg, on the Moselle. Pop. 2300.
century now existing in Europe, 466 feet long, and 121 feet   REMIGOLY, rA-me-goflee, a market-town of Russian Pohigh, surmounted by two massive towers, and adorned with  land, government, and 75 miles N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 1500.
a richly-sculptured portal and fagade; the Church of St.   REMIINGTON, a post-office ofAlleghanyco., Pennsylvania.
Remy, originally belonging to a Benedictine monastery, the    REMIRE, riAmeerl, an island group of French Guiana, 4
oldest, and still, with the exception of the cathedral, the  miles E. of Cayenne. A village of the same name is on the
finest church in Reims; and the Porte de Mars, one of the  opposite mainland.
gates originally built by the Romans as a triumphal arch in    REMIREMONT, rehNmeea'mb6N1, a town of France, dehonor of Coesar and Augustus, and recently repaired, ren- partment of Vosges, on the left bank of the Moselle, 13 miles
dering it a truly splendid structure. The town is orna- S.E. of Epinal. Pop. in 1852, 5349. It has a fine abbey orimented with numerous fountains, and has many ancient ginally founded about A. D. 620, a communal college, public
mansions, among which is the hotel of the counts of Chain- library, and manufactures of cotton goods, velvet, and iron
pagne. It has numerous manufactories of cloth, cassimeres, wares.
flannels, merinoes, and confections, and a trade in the excel-    REMLINGEN, r~mfling-gn, a town of Bavaria, circle of
lent wine of its vicinity. It was the birthplace of Colbert, Lower Franconia, 11 miles W. of Wiirzburg, with two noble
Gobelin, and Linguet.  Clovis was baptized at Reims, A.. residences. Pop. 1088.
496, after the battle of Tolbiac. Philip Augustus was conse-   REMOUCHAMPS, reh-moo'shNad, a village of Belgium,
crated here in 1179, and all his successors have been also  province, and 12 miles S.S.E. of Liege. It has a very reconsecrated at Reims till the revolution of 1830, with the  markable double grotto, nearly 1 mile long, containing a
exception of Henry IV., Napoleon, and Louis XVIII. It is great variety of beautiful stalactites. In its mouth, at what
renowned in the history of the Middle Ages for the main- is called the Lac d'Entr6, numerous fossils, bones of lions,
tenance of its liberties against the bishops. Before the revo-  hyenas, bears, and other animals, were found in 1828.
lution of 1793, it had a celebrated university, and many    REMOULINS, reh-moo'laNG1, a market-town of France, decouncils have been held here.                              partment of Gard, on the river Gard. here crossed by a susREINACH, rlnoK, or RYNACHI, reefn~K, a village of  pension bridge, 12 miles N.E. of Nimes. Pop. 1370. IHere
Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 12 miles S.S.E. of Aargau. commences the Roman aqueduct, anciently carried across
Pop. 2600. It has corn warehouses, and cotton-printing  the river by the famous Pont-de-Gard, 1 mile W.N.WV. of the
works.                                                     town.
REINACH, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 5 miles    REMPSITON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
S. of Basel.                                                  REMPTENDORF, rlmpften-doaf', a village of Germany, in
REINDEER, ran.deer, a post-office of Nodaway co., Mis- Reuss-Greitz, bailiwick of Burgk. Pop. 1356.
souri.                                                       TREMS, rmins, a river of Wiirtemburg, rising in a hilly disREINERZ, rifnhnts, DUSSNICK (?) d66slnik, or DUR- trict, not far from its E. frontiers, flows W.N.W. past the
NIK (?) dooR/nik, a town of Prussian Silesia, 58 miles S.S.W. towns of Essingen, Gmitind, and Schorndorf, and joins the
of Breslau, on the Weistritz. Pop. 2360. It has manufactures  Neckar at Ludwigsburg, after a course of 50 miles.
of woollens and linens. In its vicinity are several springs,   REMSCHEID, rlsmshit, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 18
which attract many visitors.                                miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 11,902. It has extensive
REINET, Cape Colony. See GRAAF-REINET.                    manufactures of all kinds of iron wares, which are sent to
REINFELD, rin.f lt, a village of Denmark, duchy of Hol- Russia and America.
stein, 11 miles W.S.W. of Lubeck. Pop. 900.                   REMSSEN, a post-village of Remsen township, Oneida co.,
REINIIEIM, rin/hime, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, pro- New York, 18 miles N. by E. of Utica. It contains several
vince of Starkenburg, near Dieburg. Pop. 1196.              churches and mills. Pop. of the township, 2407.
REINIIHOLDSVILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn-    REMUSAT, rA'mitPsVt, a market-town of France, departsylvania, 41 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.                    ment of DrOme. 11 miles E.N.E. of Lyons. Pop. 681.
REINSDORF, rinsldoaf, a village of Saxony, circle of    RENAC, reh-nDk, a village of France, department of IlleZwickau, bailiwick of Wilderfels. Pop. 1003.                et-Vilaine, 7 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 1358.
REINSES (rlnzlez) CREEK, of Tennessee, rises in Wayne    RENAGE, reh-ndzhS, a village of France, department of
county, and flows through Hardin county into the Tennes- Is~re, 14 miles N.N.E. of St. Marcellin.  Pop. 1494.
see River.                                                    RENAISON, reh-nAWzNcf, a markJet-town of France, deREINSTEDT, rInfstltt, a village of Saxe-Altenburg, near  partrent of Loire, 7 miles WV. of Roanne. Pop. 1973.
Kahla. on the Selka. Pop 1154.                                RENAIX, reh-nA/, (Flemish Ronse, rontseh,) a town of BelREINSWALDE, rIns/'Cdl'deh, a village of Prussia, pro- glum, province of East Flanders, 21 miles'SS.W. of Ghent.
vince  of Brandenburg, government of Frankfort, circle of  Pop. 12,590. It has a ruined castle, 3 public squares, each
Sorau. Pop. 1152.                                           adorned with a fountain; 3 churches and 2 chapels, a townREISCIIH or NEU REISCI, not rish, a market-town of  house, hospital, orphan asylum, conselil de prud'hommes, a
Austria, in Moravia, circle of Iglau. Pop. 1040.            superior primary government, and several communal and
REISCHDORF, rtshldoaf, or REICHISDORF, r!Kssdotf, a  private schools, a musical society, and different benevolent
village of Bohemia, 12 miles from Saatz. Pop. 1918.        institutions, particularly one which bears the name of Fr~res
REISEN, ri'zen, (Polish Rydzyna, rid-zinld,) a town of  des Bonnes (uwies.    There are also breweries, distilleries,
Prussian Poland, 44 miles S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1340.       tanneries, salt-refineries, dye-works, bleachfields, thread
REISfTERSTOWN, a post-village of Baltimore co., Mary- mills, brick and tile-works, manufactures of linen, cotton,
land, 17 miles N.W. of Baltimore.                           and woollen fabrics, yarn, tobacco, and chiccory, and a large
REITENDORF, rlften-doaf', a village of Austria, in Mora- trade in linens. Renaix dates from the eighth century. In
via. circle of Olmutz. Pop. 1640.                           1478, and again in 1519, it was almost destroyed by fire.
RlEITH, rnt, a village of the Tyrol, circle of Schwartz.   RENAULTS, re-nS! (?) a post-village of Monroe co., Illinois,
Pop. 1123.                                                 128 miles S. by WV. of Springfield.
RELAYS HOUSE, Maryland, a station on the Baltimore    RENCHEN, rSnKten, a town of Baden, on the Rench, 9
and Susquehanna Railroad, 7 miles from Baltimore.           miles N.N.E. of Offenburg, with a station on the Basel and
RELFE, relf, a post-office of Pulaski co., Missouri.      Mannheim Railway. Pop..2573. On the 28th of June, 1796,
RELF'S BLUFF,.a post-office of Drew co., Arkansas.        Moreau here defeated the Austrians, and entered Swabia.
RELLEU, r6l-yA-oon, a town of Spain, province, and 20    RENCUM, a village of Holland. See RENKICUM.
miles N.E. of Alicante, with a ruined castle. Pop: 2435.      RENDICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
REMAGEN, Rhenish Prussia. See RUREINM.GEN.                  RENDE, rantdeh, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
REMALARD, reh-minqlain, a market-town of France, de- Citra, 6 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 3800.
partinent of Orne, on the Huine, 13 miles S.E. of Mortagne.    RENDEUX, rbNs'duhS, a village of Belgium, province of
Pop. in 1852, 1845.                                         Luxembourg, on the Ourthe, 36 miles N. of Arlon. Pop.
REMBANG, r.mb'hngS, a Dutch residency of the island  1011.
of Java. Pop. 460,000.                                        RENDEZVOUS (ren/deh-vooz') ISLAND, off the S.W. coast
REMIBANG, a town of Java, capital of a province, on a deep  of Borneo, N.W. of Point Sambar, in lat. 20 40' S., ion.
bay, on the N. coast, W. of the Reinbang River, and 60 miles  1100 9, E.
W.N.W. of Samarang, in lat. 60 40' 30" S., lon. 111017/ E. Its    RENDIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk
harbor, one of the best in the island, is protected by a point    RENDINARA, rln-de-nrd,.  a village of Naples, province
named Oedjong-Boender, which stretches  far into the sea, of Abruzzo Ultra II., 14 miles S. of Avezzano.
and by some islands, among which are the Two Brothers.        RENDLESHAM, rdntdelz-ham,  a parish of England, co. of
REMDA, rsmndd, a small town of Germany, duchy, and 16  Suffolk.
miles S.S.W. of Weimar, on the Rinne.  Pop. 935.              RENDSBURG, rindsdb6ORo, (Dan. Rendsborg, rdnds'booa,)
REMEDIOS, r.-mside-oce, a town of South America, New  a strongly-fortified town of Denmark, province of Holstein,
Granada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and 83  on an island in the Eyder, at the commencement of the
miles N.E. of Antioquia. REEDIozos is also the name of a  Kiel Canal, and with a station on the Kiel and Altona Rail
1577




REN                                                       REEP
way, 18 miles W. of Kiel. Lat. 540 19' N., lon. 90 40' E. Guesclin, Sainte Foix, Ginguen6, Lanj uinais were born here
Pop. 10,400. It has extensive fortifications, and is divided  The Duke of Lancaster besieged it unsuccessfully in 1357
into an old and a new town, well and regularly built. The  Henry II. of France held a parliament here in 1555. Pop.
principal public edifices are the Church of St. Mary, arsenal, in 1852, 39,505.
military provision depOt, and large barracks; it has garrison    RENNINGEN, rlnfning-en, a village of Wiirtemberg, 13
and numerous other schools, several houses of charity, a  miles WV. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1743.
house of correction, work-house, manufalctures of stockings,    IENO, rIlno, (anc. Rhe/nus,) a river of Italy, in the N. part
earthenware, and tobacco, and a brisk trade in timber. It of the Pontifical States, legations of Bologna and Ferrara,
was taken by the Imperialists in 1627, by the Swedes in  rises in the Apennines of Tuscany, and after a N. course of
1643, and by the Prussian and Confederate troops in 1848.   about 75 miles, past Poretta, Vergato, and Cento, joins the
RIENFREW, or RENFREWSHIRE, rln/fr'u-shir, formerly  Po-di-Primaro 14 miles S. of Ferrara. It is navigable only
STRATHGRYFE, strAth/grif, a small maritime county of  for about 25 miles in winter. A canal from it traverses the
Scotland, having N. and W. the river and Frith of Clyde. city of Bologna.
Area: 225 square miles, or 144,000 acres, of which about   RLENO. See RHINE.
100,000 are arable, and 20,000 in grass. Pop. in 1851,161,091.   REN/ROCK.  a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.
The surface is mostly fiat, except in the W., where there is    RENSSELAER, rln/sel-er, a county in the E. part of New
a large extent of hill and moor. The principal rivers are the  York; has an area of about 630 square miles. It is bounded
White-Cart, Black-Cart, and Gryfe. Coal, limestone, and  on the W. by the Hudson, and is drained by the HIoosick
freestone abound. The manufactures are important, chiefly  and Kinderhook Rivers, with several smaller streams. The
of cotton stuffs and shawls, at Paisley, Pollockshaws, Neil- surface is generally hilly and broken, and in the E. part
ston, &c. The principal towns are Renfrew, (the capital,) mountainous. often thickly covered with pine and other
Paisley, Greenock, and Port Glasgow. The county sends 1  timber. In its numerous valleys, which are sometimes very
member to the House of Commons. In the twelfth century, extensive, the soil is generally of excellent quality. In 1850
this county was the seat of the Stewart or Stuart family, so  this county produced 602,595 bushels of potatoes, the greatest
called from their office of Stewards of Scotland, and after-  quantity raised in any county in the state. Iron ore, roof
wards possessors of the crown.                              slate, and Epsom  salts are found, but they are not very
REN/FREW, a royal, parliamentary, and municipal burgh,  abundant. The public works are the Hudson River Railand parish of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the  roads, Albany Northern, Troy and Boston, Troy and Greenleft bank of the Clyde, 5 miles W.N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. bush, and Western Railroads. Organized  in 1791, and
ofparliamentary burgh in 1851, 2977; of the town, 2722. It named in honor of the Van Rensselaer family. Capital, Troy.
is well lighted and paved. The principal edifices are the  Pop. 73,363.
parish church, town-hall, and jail. It was connected with    RENSSELAER, a village of Sand Lake township, Renssethe Clyde by a canal in 1786, and in 1835 a commodious leer co., New York, 12 miles E. by S. of Albany. It has 3
quay was built on the river, opposite the town. The inha- churches, and several stores.
bitants are chiefly employed in weaving silks and muslins    RENSSELAER, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Infor Glasgow manufacturers, in a bleachfield. distillery, and  diana, at the rapids of Iroquois River, 100 miles N.N.W. of
in the extensive foundry and ship-building yards on the  Indianapolis. It is situated in the Seven-Mile Prairie. The
Clyde. The burgh unites with Port Glasgow, Dumbarton,  river affords good water-power.
Rutherglen, and Kilmarnock in sending 1 member to the    RENSSELAER FiALLS, a post-office of St. Lawrence co.,
House of Commons.                                           New York.
REN/FREW, a county of Canada West, bordering on the    RENS/SELAERYILLE, a post-village and township at the
Ottawa River, has an area of 1133 square miles. Pop. in  S.W. extremity of Albany co., New York, 23 miles W. by S.
1851, 9415.                                                 of Albany. The village is situated on Fox's Creek, which
RENFREW, a village of Canada West, on the Bonne Chere, here affords an excellent water-power.  It has 4 churches. an
which here forms a magnificent fsll, about 70 miles N. of  academy, 4 stores, and a flouring mill, tannery, and about
Kingston. It has 2 churches, a grammar school, a foundry,  300 inhabitants.  The township also contains the villages of
tannery, carding, saw, and flour mills, and exports large  Preston Hollow, Patter's Hollow, and Medusa. Pop. 3629.
quanties of potash.                                           RENTERIA,'rn-ta-reel/, a town of Spain, in Biscay, proRENGERSDORF, rlnguers-doRf', a village of Prussia, pro-  vince of Guipuzcoa, on the Oyarzun, near its mouth in tihe
vince of Silesia, government of Breslau, circle of Glatz. Bay of Passages. It is walled, has 5 gates, an ancient and
Pop. 1086.                                                 spacious church, an Augustine nunnery, a handsome townREN/HOLD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.           hall, and coart-house. Pop. 1057.
RENI or RLENY, r/unee, a market-town of Russia, province    REN/TON, a village of Scotland, co., and 2 miles N. of
of Bessarabia, at the confluence of the Pruth and Danube,  Dumbarton, on the Leven.  Pop. in 1851, 2398.  It was
106 miles S.S.W. of Kishenev.  Pop. 6000.                  founded in 1782, has various schools, and a large subscripREN/ICK MILLS. a post-office of Lafayette co., Mississippi. tion library.
RENINGELST, rI/ning-Hslst', a market-town of Belgium,    RENTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Berwick, parish of
province of West Flanders, 33 miles S.W. of Bruges. P. 2145. Coldingham, on the Eye.
RENINGHE, rining-Heh, a market-town of Belgium,   RENTSCI, rlutch, or IIOCHRENTSCH, hbSii/rntch, a
province of West Felanders, 8 miles N.W. of Ypres.          village of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz.  Pop. 1056.
RENKUM] or RENCUM, rlnk/k-m, a village of IHolland,   REINTY, rNaG'tee/, a market-town of France, department
province of Gelderland, 8 miles W. of Arnhem, near the  of Pas-de-Calais, 12 miles S.S.W. of St. Omer, where Henry II.
Rhine. Pop. 919.                                            defeated the Spaniards in 1554.
REN/NEL ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, S. of the Solomon    RENWEZ, rlNiiv/, a market-town of France, departmenit
Islands, in lat. 110 30, S., ion. 1600 30' E.               of Ardennes, 7 miles N.W. of Mzi6res. Pop. 650.
RENNEROD, rin/neh-rot, a village of Nassau, about 40    REN/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
miles N. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1419.                             RENY, a town of Russia. See RENI.
RENNES, rInn, (anc. Conda/te,) a city of France, capital   REOLE, LA, 1] ri'oll, a town of France, department of
of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, agreeably situated on  Gironde, on the left bank of the Garonne, and on the railthe acclivity and at the foot of a hill, on the Canal of Ille  way to Cette, 30 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 4080.
and Rance, at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine, 60  It has a communal college, and manufactures of hats, leamiles N. of Nantes. Lat. 480 7' N., ion. 10 41' W. It is tra- thelr, and cutlery. 
versed from E. to W. by the Vilaine, which divides it into    REPENTIGNY, reh-plN'teen'yee/, a village of Canada
the high and the low town, and is crossed by three bridges. East, in the co. of Leinstel, situated on the St. Lawrence, 17
The latter, the smaller of the two, on the left bank, is on a  miles N.E. of Montreal.  Pop. about 900.
fiat so low as often to suffer from inundation. It is very    REPKI, rlp/kee, a market-town of Russia, government,
poorly built. The houses in it, as well as those in the adjoin- and 26 miles N.N.W. of Tchernigov. Pop. about 2000.
ing suburbs, are mostly of wood, and the streets are narrow    REPPEN, r~plp/pn, a town df Prussia, province of Branand winding. The high town lies between the right bank  denburg, 12 miles E. of Frankfort.  Pop. 3200.
of the Vilaine and the left bank of the Ille, and strikingly    REPPS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
contrasts with the low town by the elegance of its build-   REPPS, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
ings, and its spacious, regular streets. It owes its present    REPS, rlpsh, or KOHALOM, (10halom,) kS'hlilom/, a narimproved condition to a dreadful conflagration, which took  ket-town of Transylvania, on the Rossbach, 19 miles S.S.W.
place in 1720, and in the course of the seven days during  of Udvarhely. Pop. 2200. It has saline springs.
which it raged, laid the greater part of the high town in    REP/TON, or REPIINGTON, a village and parish of Engashes. The same event, however, which has thus given it land, co., and 7 miles S.S.W. of Derby. Pop. in 1851, 2232.
the appearance of a handsome modern town, has deprived it It has a handsome church, and an endowed grammar school,
of much of its historical interest, by destroying almost all originally a priory founded soon after the Conquest. Repits ancient edifices. It has a cathedral, academieuniversitaie  ton is supposed to be the Roman ~Repandnsunus.
for the departments of Ille-et-Vilaine, CMtes-du-Nord, Finis-   REPUBILIC, a post-office of Surry co., North Carolina.
tbre, tlorbihan, and Loire-Inf6rieure; a school of artillery,   REPUBLIC, a thriving post-village of Scipio township,
an arsenal, a seminary, schools of law and medicine, a na- Seneca co., Ohio, on the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad,
tional college, and a provincial normal school with a library  29 miles S.W. of Sandusky. IHas a union school, a machine
of 30,000 volumes. It has a tribunal of commerce, and an  shop, and is an important depOt for produce. Pop. in 1853,
extensive trade in butter, honey, wax, and linen goods. Du  about 1200.
1578




REP                                                        REU
B LPUB/LTCAN, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia.    about 4000 square miles of fertile and well-timbered country.
REPUBLICAN, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.            The entrance to the river frome the Bay of Chaleur is 3 miles
REPUBLICAN, a township  of Jefferson co., Indiana. wide, and 9 fathoms deep. The tide flows up it 24 miles, of
LPop. 1405.                                                which 18 are navigable for the largest ships. The principal
REPUBLICAN, a post-office of Coles co., Illinois.        towns on its banks are Dalhousie at its mouth, and CampREPUBLICAN GROVE, a post-office, H-alifax co., Virginia. belltown at the head of navigation
REPUBLICAN MILLS, a post-office, Fairfax co., Virginia.   RESTIGOUCIH], an extensive county in the N. of New
REPULSE/ BAY, British North America, is on the S. side Brunswick, bordering on the Bay of Chaleur. The surface
of Mellville Peninsula, in lat. 660 N., lon. 860 to 870 W.  is extremely diversified with mountains and valleys, and is
REPULSE BAY, East Australia, in lat. 200 361 S., Ion. intersected by numerous rivers.  The soil is fertile and
1480 40' E. At its mouth are Repulse Islands.              heavily timbered. Large quantities of timber are exported
REQUEiA, rA-kln/yA, (anc. Loreteun?) a town of Spain, annually from Dalhousie, the capital. Pop. in 1854, 4161.
on the Oliana, province, and 43 miles W.N.W. of Cuenca.   RESTON, a station on the North British Railway, in ScotPop. 11,000.  It is pleasantly situated, and has 2 Gothic  land, 11~ miles N.W. of Berwick.
churches, a college, convents, and manufactures of silks.    REST/ON, NORTTI, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
REQUISTA, r'kees't, a town of France, department of    RESTION, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Aveyron, 21 miles S. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852, 4380.           RESTORA'TION ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, off the
RERIZ, rA-reesf, a town and parish of Portugal, province  E. coast of Australia; slat. 120 37/ 30" S., Ion. 1430 27' E., is
of Beira Alta, about 6 miles N. of Viseu. Pop. 750.        a granitic rock, first visited by Captain Bligh in the Bounty,
RERIRICK or RERIWICK, a maritime parish of Scotland, in 1789.
stewartry of Kirkcudbright, on Solway Frith. In it are the    RESTORMEL CASTLE, England. See LoSTWIHIEL..
villages of Auchencairn, Dundrennan, and Port Mary.          RESULTANA, rt-sool-tA'nA, a market-town of Sicily, 14
RERYMOIRE, r8ree-morl, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, miles N. of Caltanisetta.  Pop. 2500.
Queen's co., 6 miles W.N.W. of Mountmellick. Its S. part   RETCHITSA or RETSCHITZA, rA-chitsA, (Pol. Rzeczyca,
comprises a part of the Slievebloom  Mountains.            zhA-chit/sA,) a town of Russia, government, and 158 miles
RESACA, re-sahlka, a village of Monroe co., Pennsylvania,  S.E. of 1insk, on the Dnieper. Pop. 2500.
on Bushkill Creek, 132 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.             RETCHNOI, r6ch-noil, a cape of Siberia, E. coast, at the
RESACA, a post-office of Duplin co., North Carolina.     mouth of the Anadeer, (Anadyr.) Lat. 680 48' 44/ N., ion.
RESACA, a post-office of Murray co., Georgia. -1760 45 59" E.
R.ESACA, Georgia, a station on the Western and Atlantic    RETEMO, a town of Crete.  See RE TMo.
Railroad, 84 miles from Atlanta.                             BET/FORD, EAST, a parliamentary and municipal boRESACA DE LA PALMA, rA-s if   dA 1I pllmi, a noted  rough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of Notts, on
battle-field on the route from  Point Isabel to Matamoras, the Idle, here crossed by a bridge of 5 arches, connecting it
about 4 miles N. of MSlatamoras. Here, on the 9th of May, with the suburb of West Retford, 18 miles N.N.W. of Newark,
1846, the Mexicans, numbering upwards of 6000, under and with a station on the Hull, Sheffield, and Manchester
General Arista, were totally defeated by about 2000 Ameri- Hailway. Pop. in 1851, 46,054. It is well-built, and has a
cans, commanded by General Taylor. The loss of the latter handsome Gothic church; a free grampmar school, founded
was 39 killed and 82 wounded; that of the former included  by Edward VI.; a poor's hospital, union work-house, townabout 500 in killed and wounded, with the loss of all their hall, news-rooms, two branch banks, and a small theatre.
artillery and furniture.                                    The borough sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
RESCOBIE, rls-ko/bee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.   RETFORD, WsE,  a parish of England, co. of Notts.
Rescobie Loch is an expansion of Lunan Water.                 RE'JTHEL, reh't81', a town of France, department of
RESERVE, re-zervl, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsyl-  Ardennes, on the right bank of the Aisne, 23 miles S.W. of
vania. on the Ohio River, contains Alleghany City.          MIczihres. Pop. in 1852, 8360. It was formerly fortified,
RESERVE, a post-office of St. Joseph co., Michigan.       and has a communal college, and extensive manufactures of
RESERYE, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana.             merinos and cashmeres. Its trade is facilitated by the canal
RESHD or RESHT, r6sht, a town of Persia, capital of a  of Ardennes.
province of Ghilan, between two small rivers, 16 miles S.E.   RETIIHELOIS, reh-tAI'A/, or RETHELAIS, an ancient disof its port Enzellee, on the Caspian Sea. Though in a very  trict of France, belonged to the province of Champagne, and
unhealthy situation, it is stated to be well-built, flourish- now forms the S.W. part of the department of Ardennes;
ing, and peopled by at least 50,000 persons. It imports  Rethel was its capital.
large quantities of Russian manufactured goods for con-   RETHEM, rn/tem, a village of Hanover, government of
sumption in Ghilan, and exports silks, fruits, and gall nuts. Luneburg, 33 miles N.W. of Hanover, on the Aller. Pop.
RESIITZA or REJITZA, Russian Poland. See IREznsTsA. 1340.
RESHTABAD, r6sh-ti-bldl, a village of Persia, on the Se-  RtETHY, rn-tI/ or ra'tee/, or RETHY-WARBEECK, ra-ti
feed-rood, 15 miles E. of Reshd.                            wha/baik', a village of Belgium, province of Antwerp, 7 miles
RESINA, rI-see/nI, a market-town of Naples, province, S.E. of Turnhout. Pop. of parish, 2300.
and 6 miles S.E. of Naples. Pop. 8900. It is situated at the'   RETIMO or IRETEMO, reltee/mo, (ane. Rithpymna,) a seaWV. foot of Mount Vesuvius, and built over the ruins of port town of Crete, on its N. coast, 38 miles W. of Candlia.
Herculaneum. It has 2 churches, an Augustine convent, Pop. 3000, mostly Turks.  Its bazaars, streets, and fort
many villas, and some remains of antiquity.                 have wholly a Turkish appearance. Its harbor is now very
RESINAR, ri-zee-naul, or ROSINAR, ro-se-naR/, written  shallow, and in 1841 only 34 vessels, with an aggregate
also ROSSINAR, (Ger. Stidterdosf, stltftr-doRf',) a village  burden of 1199 tons. entered the port.
of Transylvania, in Saxon land, on the Stebes. co., and 8    RETINA, rI-tee/nI, a post-office of Hopkins co., Texas.
miles S.W. of Hermannstadt. Pop. 6056. It is the see of a    RETOURNAC, reh-tooa'nikl, a market-town of France,
Greek-WVallachian bishop.                                   department of Haute-Loire, on the left bank of the Loire.
RESITZA, a town of Russia. See REZHITSA.                 Pop. in 1852, 3433.
RESOLIS, a parish of Scotland. See KIRKMICnAEL.             RETREAT/, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.
RESOLUITION BAY, is on the W. side of Santa Christina,   RETREAT, a post-office of Grimes co., Texas.
one of the Marquesas Islands.                                 RETSCHITZA, a town of Russia. See ReTCnsTSA.
RESOLU/TION ISLAND, in British North America, is at    RET/TENDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
the entrance of Hudson's Strait; lat. 610 30' N., Ion. 650 WV.   RETZ, r~ts, an old district of France, in Brittany, now
Length and breadth nearly 40 miles each. On its E. side is  comprised in the department of Loire-Inflrieure.
Cape Resolution.                                              RETZ, rSts, or ROTZ, (Rtsz,) rSts, a walled town of Lower
RESOLUTION ISLAND, an island of the Pacific Ocean, Austria, 43 miles N.E. of Vienna, near the borders of Morain Dangerous Archipelago. Lat. 170 22' S., ion. 1410 35' W. via. Pop. 2777. It was formerly fortified; excellent wine
RESOLUTION ISLAND, a lagoon island in Low Archipe- is produced in its vicinity.
lago. Lat. 170 25' S., ion. 1430 24' W.                       RETZBACIHI, r1tsebhK, a market-town of Bavaria, on a
RESOLUTION, PORT, in Tanna Island, one of the New  height above the Main, over which there is a ferry, 9 miles
Hebrides.                                                   N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1080.
RESSANT, rls'sgnt/, a village of Morocco, E. of Mount   REUBEN. runben, a tribe of Israelites, took their portion
Atlas, and in the vicinity of the town of Tafllet.          of the promised land E. of Jordan, between Amen on the
RESSONS-SUR-MATS, rls's6NG stiiR mia, a village ofFranoce, S.. and Jazer on the N., and having Gilead on the E.
department of Oise, 9 miles N.N.W. of Compiegne. P. 1014.   REUGNY, run'yeel, a village of France, department of
RESTALRIG, rls-tAl-reeg/, a village of Scotland, co., and  Indre-et-Loire, 10 miles N.E. of Tours. Pop. 1217.
11 miles E.N.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 92.                        REUILY, ruh'yee! or rul1yeel, a town of France, departRESTIGNY, rislteen'yee/, a village of France, department ment of Indre, 10 miles N.E. of Issoudun, on the railway to
of Indre-et-Loire, 7 miles N. of Chinon. Pop. 1979.        Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 2586.
RESTIGOUCH]A, rls'tee'goo'sh/, a river of British North    REUI;MARE, roil/mI-rI, (Hun. Nagy-Aranyos, nldj Oh'America, forms the N. boundary of New Brunswick, on the  ron'yosh/,) a village of Transylvania, co. of Lower Weissen.
N.W. separating it from Canada East. It falls into the Bay  burg, on a small river, 12 miles N.N.W. of Abrudbanya.
of Chaleur after a N.E. course of about 200 miles. Its Indian  Pop. about 3000.
name, Restigouch4, is said to signify the "river which divides    REUNION, ILE DE LA, eel d'll rAii'ne-6Nro, a name
like the hand," in allusion to its separating above tide into  given to the island of Bourbon in 1793, and resumed since
five principal streams or branches. These drain an area of  the French-Revolution of 1848.
i'~a




REU                                                     REZ
RE US, rlAooce, a manufacturing town of Spain, province,   REWVELSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
and 9 miles W. of Tarragona. Pop. 25,043. It consists of   REVERE, rA-vA/rA, a market-town of Lombardy, 17 miles
an older portion founded in the twelfth century, and a new  E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po.
and regularly built quarter which rose up about the end of   REVES, rAvlvs, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut,
the last century, on the settlement there of some enter- on the Rampe, 25 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1418.
prising English merchants. It has good inns and coffee-   REVESBY, reevzlbee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
houses, numerous churches, hospitals, barracks, a theatre,   REVIGNY, reh-veen'yeet, a market-town of France, de.
manufactures of silk, cotton, and linen fabrics and twist, partment of Meuse, 9 miles W.N.W. of Bar-le-Duc. P. 1140.
soap, leather, glass, spirits, &c. A canal connects it with its   REV'ILEEI, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas.
port, Salon, 5 miles distant.                             REVILLA-GIGEDO, ra-veel/yd-He-t /Do, an island of RusREUSCH, roish, (ALT, lIt, and NEu, noi,) two contiguous sian America, between lat. 550 and 560 N., Ion. 1310 TW.
market-towns of Moravia, circle, and about 17 miles S. of Length, 50 miles; breadth, 25 miles.
Iglau. United pop. 1510. The former has an abbey.         REVILLA-GIGEDO, rA-veel/yA-ne-HuDo, a rocky islandREUSS, roice, a river of Switzerland, canton of Uri, nearly  group in the Pacific Ocean, 260 miles S. of California; lat.
the whole of which it drains, rises on the S. side of Mount 190 N., lon. 1100 W., and consisting of the island of Socorro,
St. Gothard, and enters the S. extremity of the Lake of Lu- with some islets.
cerne after a N. course of 30 miles, during which it de-   REVILLE, reh-veelt, a town of France, department of
scends 4500 feet.                                       Manche, 13 miles N.E. of Valognes. Pop. 1900.
REUSS, ruce, (Ger. pron. roice or roiss,) three principali-   REVIN, reh-vANG1, a town of France, department of Arties of Central Germany, somewhat intermingled with other dennes, on the Reuse, 6 miles E. of Rocroy. Pop. 2497.
Territories, but lying between Saxony, Bavaria, and the    REWAH, ridwi, a state of Hindostan, comprising a part
>Saxon duchies, and belonging to an older and a younger line, of Bogilcund, mostly between lat. 240 and 420 30' N., and
the former of which holds the 30th, and the latter the 31st ion. 810 and 820 E., enclosed by the territory of the Bengal
place in the Germanic Condederation; area of the whole  presidency, to which it is subsidiary. Area, 10,310 square
principalities, 640 square miles. The territory of the older miles. The surface is a table land, much of which is culti
line, usually called the principality of Reuss-Greitz, consists vated. The principal towns are Rewah and Bandoogur.
of the lordships of Greitz and Burgk, and has an area of 149   REWAH, capital of the above state, 70 miles S.W. ot
square miles. These lordships are separated from  each  Allahahbad, with a large stone fort, and extensive suburbs.
other, the one being traversed by the Elster, while the other Lat. 240 34' N., Ion. 81~ 19' E.
lies along both banks of the Saale. The territories of the    REWARY, rai-w&ree, a town of British India, presidency
younger line form the two principalities of Reuss-Schleitz, of Bengal, and 47 miles S.W. of Delhi.
and Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf. the former having an area    REWE, r-u, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
of 128 square miles, and the latter an area of 203 square    REWERSDORF, rDYers-doRf', a village of Austria, in
miles, and in addition to these principalities, include the  Moravia, circle of Prerau, near Hotzenplotz. Pop. 2644.
lordship of Gera and the domain of Saalburg, which, to-   REX/FORD FLATS, a post-office of Saratoga co., New
gether, have an area of 160 square miles. These territories  York.
are, on the whole, fertile, and well-wooded, raise sufficient   REYDEN, a village of Switzerland. See REIDEN.
grain to supply the consumption. The most important   REYTDON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
crops are potatoes and flax; hops also are partially grown;   REYES, rAlyes, or CHINCHACOCHA, cheen-cha-kotcha, a
great numbers of horned cattle and sheep are reared. They  lake of Peru, forming one of the principal sources of the
possess, among their minerals, iron, which is partially  Amazon, is situated in lat. 10~ 25' S., lon. 750 40' W.
worked; and roofing slates, which are extensively quarried.   REYES, Los, loce ra/ys,. a town of South America, in New
The two prlincipalities of the younger line, though belonging  Granada, department of Magdalena, 100 miles S.E. of Santa
to two different branches, rank only as one state, having only  Marta. Near it are silver, lead, and copper mines.
a single vote in the plenum of the Confederation. In the   REYKJAVIK, a town of Iceland. See REIKIAVIE.
Representative Assembly, the whole principalities only share   REY/MERSTON, a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.
one vote along with those of Hohenzollern, Lichtenstein,   REYNAGIIH, rA/nah, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
Waldeck, and Lippe. The representatives of the elder line  King's co. Here are the ruins of several old baronical
were raised to the rank of princes in 1778-those of the  castles and ecclesiastical edifices.
younger line ranked only as counts till 1790 and 1806.   REY/NALL'S BASIN, a post-office of Niagara co., New
Both lines, as well as the great majority of their subjects, York.
are Protestants. Pop. 114,983.                            REYNET, a division of South Africa. See GRAAF-REIMNT.
REUSSENDORF, roistsen-doRf', a village of Prussia, go-   REYNOLDS, rin/olz, a new county in the S.E. part of
vernment, and S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1321.               Missouri, has an area of 660 square miles. It is drained by
REUSS-GREITZ, and REUSS-SCHLEITZ. See REuss.    the head-streams of Big Black River. The surface is uneven,
REUTIGEN, roiltig-en, a village of Switzerland, canton of and partly covered with forests of pine. Named in honor
Bern, 4 miles S. of Thun. Pop. 1200.                    of Thomas Reynolds, a former Governor of Missouri. CapiREUTLINGEN, roit/ling-en, a fortified town of Wiirtem- tal, Lesterville. Pop. 1849; of whom 1824 were free, and 25
berg, on the Eschatz, 20 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 11,131. slaves.
It is enclosed by old walls, has several churches, one with a   REYNOLDS, it post-office of Taylor co., Georgia.
tower 320 feet high, a town-hall, a well-endowed hospital, an    REYNOLDS, a post-office of White co., Indiana.
orphan asylum, manufactures of leather, lace, paper, clocks,   REYNOLDS, Iowa, a station on the New Albany and
and watches.                                            Salem Railroad, 9 miles from Bradford.
REVEL, revtel, or REVAL, rlv/1l, (Rus. ilyovaz, ko-le-   REYNOLDSBURG, rnt/olz-bUtrg, a village of I-Iumphreys
vinf; Esthonian, Talline, tIltle-nD,) a strongly fortified sea- co., Tennessee, on the E. bank of the Tennessee River, 75
port town of Russia, government of Esthonia, on a small bay  miles W. of Nashville. It was formerly the county seat.
on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland, 200 miles W.S.W. of   REYNOLDSBURG, a thriving post-village of Franklin co.,
St. Petersburg. Lat. of cathedral, 590 26' 6" N., ion. 24~0 45' Ohio, on the National Road, 10 miles E. of Columbus. The
2" E. Pop. 24,650. The city-proper, enclosed by ancient bas- Central Ohio Railroad passes through or very near it. Pop.
tioned walls, and defended by a strong castle on a height, in 1853, about 600.
is irregularly built and small; but the suburbs extend for   REYNOLDSTON, rn/polz-ton, a parish of South Wales,
some distance along the shore. The principal edifices are a  co. of Glamorgan, 12 miles W.S.W. of Swansea. Here is a
small imperial palace. the admiralty, a town-hall. Lutheran, large cavern, and the Druidical relic called Arthur's Stone.
Roman Catholic, and Greek churches, a theatre, club-houses,   REYNOLDSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemcollegiate episcopal seminary, &c. It has numerous schools, broke.
and 3 or 4 public libraries; and it is much resorted to as a   REYNOLDSVILLE, ren/olz-vil, a village of Norfolk townwatering-place. The harbor has been materially improved, ship, St. Lawrence co., Newv York, near Racket River.
and its roadstead is well sheltered by islands. Large quan-   REYNOLDSVILLE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New
titles of corn, spirits, hemp, flax, timber, and other Baltic  York, about 16 miles WV. by N. of Ithaca.
goods, are exported, in exchange for colonial produce, salt,   REYNOLDSVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Penncheese, wine, tobacco, fruits, dye-stuffs, cotton-yarn, and  sylvania.
other manufactured goods, with herrings, from Holland and   REYNOLDSVILLE, a post-office of Harrison co., Virginia.
Norway. The town and castle were founded by Valdemar   REYNOLDSVILLE, a post-office of Houston co., Georgia.
II., King of Denmark, in 1218, and afterwards sold to the   REYNOLDSVILLE, a village of Pike co., Ohio, 8 miles E.
Teutonic knights. The Russians took it from the Swedes in  of Piketon.
1710. It was formerly the great emporium of the Hanseatic   REYNOSA or REINOSA, rI-e-notsI, a mountain range of
League for the trade with Novgorod.                    Spain, extends from  the Cantabrian Mountains to near
REVEL, reh-v6lt, a town of France, department of Haute- Burgos.
Garonne, 29 miles E.S.E. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 5960.   REYNOSA, a town of Spain, province, and 36 miles S.S.W.
It has manufactures of linen, leather, cotton-thread, and  of Santander. Pop. 1541.
hosiery, and dye-works.                                  REYNOSA. r.i-notsa, a post-office of Laurens district, South
REVEL, GOVERNMENT OF. See ESTHONIA.                  Carolina.
REVELLO, rA-vil/lo, a town of North Italy, in Piedmont,   REZAT, rat/sit, two small streams of Bavaria, affluents of
division, and 20 miles N.N.W. of Coni, on a hill near the  the Rednits, which give name to the circle of lRezat, of
head of the Po. Pop. 5210.                             Middle Franconia.
1580




REZ                                                        RH1I
REZ g, reh-zAf a market-town of France, department of. royal castle, with a vast park. Here Frederick the Great
Loire-Inf6rieure, near the left bankof the Loire, 1 mile S.W1.  spent his youth.
of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 6644.                               RHEINTHI-IAL, rinltjtl, (i.e. "the valley of the Rhine,") a
REZENDE, rA-ztnfdA, a village and parish of Portugal, district of Switzerland.
province of Beira Alta, 11 miles W.S.W. of Lamego. Pop.   RHEINZABERN, riunts9ibern, a market-town of Rhenish
2290.                                                      Bavaria, on the Erlbach, 9 miles S.E. of Landau. P. 1985.
REZENDE, ra-zhnldi, a town of Brazil, capital of a co-   RHEME, rAmeh, a town of Prussia, province of Westmarca, province, and 92 miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro, with  phalia, government, and 8 miles S.W. of Minden, on the
an electoral college. Pop. 5000.                           Weser. Pop. 1912.
REZIITSA, REJITZA, rA-zhitlsg, or rA-zheet/sA, written    RHENEN or RHEENEN, rslnen, a town of the Netheralso RESIITZA and RESITZA, a town of Russian Poland, lands, province of Utrecht, on the left bank of the Rhine, 9
government, and 145 miles N.W. of Vitebsk.                 miles E. of Wyk-by-Duurstede.  Pop. 3044. It has a Gothic
REZZATO, rHt-s/to, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- church, and an active trade in tobacco.
ment of Milan, 5 miles E.S.E. of Brescia. Pop. 1828.         RHIENISH BAVARIA, or PALATINATE. See BAVARIA.
REZZO, rlttso, a village of the Sardinian States, division    RI-IENISH HESSE, Hesse-Darmstadt. See RUEIN-II ESSEN.
of Nice, province of Oneglia, on the Chiusa. Pop. 1162.      RI-IENISH PRUSSIA, in Germany. See PRUSSIA.
RHAIGES, a ruined city of Persia, the remains of which    RHENS, rlns, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government,
are a little S. of Teheran.                                and 5 miles S. of Coblentz, on the Rhine, over which there
RHAYADAR. written also RHAYADER and RIIAYDR, is here a ferry. It is an old place, built almost entirely of
hrila-dar, a parlimentary borough and market-town of  wood, and has a Roman Catholic church. Near it stood
South Wales, co. of Radnor, on the Wye, here crossed by a  formerly the KRnigsstuhl, (king's seat,) where the electors
bridge, 14 miles W.N.W. of New Radnor. Pop. in 1851,1007. used to meet and deliberate on the affairs of the empire.
It has a handsome town-hall, chapel, and small grammar  Many treaties of peace were concluded, and emperors elected
school. Itjoins with Radnor, Cefn-Llys, Knighton, Knuck-  and dethroned here. It was pulled down in 1807, but was
las, and Presteign, in sending one member to the House of  rebuilt partly from the old materials in 1843. Pop. 1400.
Commons.                                                     RIIENUS, in Italy. See RENo.
RHAYADAR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.    RHENUS, a celebrated river of Europe. See RHINE.
RHEA, rA, a county in the S.E. central part of Tennessee;   RHIETT LAKE is situated in the N. part of California, in
area estimated at 500 square miles. The Tennessee River,  about 410 50' N. lat., and 1210 30' W. Ion. It is perhaps 12
navigable by steamboats, forms the S.E. boundary. The  miles long by 8 miles wide. Its outlet unites with the
county is traversed by a ridge of the Cumberland Moun-  Klamath River.
tains. Extensive beds of stone coal are found. Capital,   RIHEYT or RIIEYD, a town of Germany.  See RoEIDm.
Washington. Pop. 4415; of whom 3979 were free, and 436    RIIN, RHYN, an, or RHEIN, rin, a river of Prussia, proslaves.                                                     vince of Brandenburg, joins the Havel 26 miles N.N.W. of
RHEATOWN, rAtiwn, a post-village of Green co., Ten- Brandenburg, after a S.W. course of 60 miles, through
nessee, 240 miles E. of Nashville.        -                 numerous small lakes. See RnINE.
RHEDA, rA/dA, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 40 miles    RIINAU, ree'n05, a village of France, department of BasS.W. of Minden, on the Ems. Pop. 2320.                      Rhin, 13 miles N.E. of Sch~lestadt. Pop. 1438.
RHEEDE, rA/deh, RI-IEDEN or REEDEN, rIden, a vil-   RHINE, rin, (Ger. Rhein; Dutch, Rhyn: both pronounced
lage of the N6therlands, province of Gelderland, 6 miles  as the English RHINE; Fr. Rhin, rA-.x; Sp. Rin, reen; It.
E.N.E. of Arnhem.                                           Reno, rlno; anc. Rhenus,) a celebrated river of Europe,
RHEENEN, a village of the Netherlands. See Roz.ceN.   formed in Switzerland by the union of two small streams,
RHEGIUM. See RocGIo.                                 the IHIiuter and Vorder Rhein. The first springs fi'om the
RHEIDT, RHEID, RHEYDT or RI-IEYD, ritt, a town of  glacier of Rheinwald, and the second rises on the N. side of
Rhenish Prussia, government, and N.W. of Cologne, on the  Mount St. Gothard, at a height of 7650 feet; these meet at
Niers. Pop.3576.                                            Reichenau. in the canton of Grisons.  The united stream
RHEIMS, a city of France. See REIMS.                     flows generally N. past Mayenfeld, and enters the Lake of
RHEIN, a river of Europe. See RHINE or RuIN.              Constance on the S.E., near Rheineck; at Stein it quits the
RHEIN, uine, a town of East Prussia, 51 miles 6S.WV. of  lake at its W. extremity, flows W. past Schaffhausen and
Gumbinnen, on Lake Rhein. Pop. 1370.                        Laufenburg, separating Switzerland from Bavaria. AtBasel,
RHEINAU, ri/n6w, a village of Switzerland, canton of  where the Upper Rhine terminates, with an elevation of 755
Zurich, on a peninsula formed by the Rhine, 4 miles S. of  feet and a breadth of 550 feet,- it turns to the N., and flows
Schaffhausen, on an island, on which there is a rich Bene- past Breisach and Strasbourg, Speyer, and Mannheim, where
dictine abbey, with a library, and a fine church.          its bed is 300 feet above the sea, between the territories of
RHEINBACH, rin/bAK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 21  Baden on the E., and France and Rhenish Bavaria on the
miles S. of Cologne. Pop. 1700.                             W. From Worms to Mentz it traverses the Hessian territoRHEINBEK, rin/btk, a village of Denmark, duchy of  ries. At Mentz it receives the Main, and flows W. to Bingen,
Holstein, capital of a bailwick of its own name, 9 miles S.E. where it turns to the N.W., passing Coblentz, Bonn, Cologne,
of Hamburg.                                                and Dusseldorf, Wesel and Emlmerich, below which it divides
RHEINBERG, rtn/baRG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 24  into two principal arms the larger of which, called the WAAL
miles N.N.W. of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 2400. It or WAInAL, (1nc. Vhalhalis,) joins the Meuse, (or Mass.) The
was strongly fortified until 1703, and has sustained nume- other, which still retains the name of Rhine. falls into the
rous sieges.                                                North Sea in 520 13' N. lat. The principal affluents of the
RHEINBOLLEN. (Rheinbbllen,) rTnfb6l'len,. a village of ILhine are, on the right, the Kinzig, Neckar, Main, Lahn,
Rhenish Prussia, 25 miles S. of Coblentz. Pop. 1061.       Ruhr,. and Lippe; and on the left, the Thur, Aar, Ill, and
RHIEINBREITBACH, rin'brtlblK, a village of Rhenish  Moselle.  The total length of the Rhine, following  its
Prussia, government, and 25 miles N.W. of Coblentz. Pop. windings, is about 960 miles, and its basin comprises an
1095.                                                      area of 65,280 square miles. The breadth of the Rhine, and
RHEINE, riuneh, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 23  the character of its channel, differ much at different parts
miles N.N.W. of Muiinster, capital of a principality of Rheine- of its long course. Its breadth at Basel is 750 feet; between
Wolbeck, on the Ems. Pop. 2400.                            Strasbourg and Speyer, from  1000 to 1200 feet; at Mentz,
RIHIEINECK  or RHEINEGG, rilnek, a small town of from 1500 to 1700 feet; and at Schenkenschanz, where it
Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, on the Rhine, near its en- enters the Netherlands, 2150 feet. Its depth varies from 5
trance into the Lake of Constance. Pop. 1400.              to 28 feet, and at Dusseldorf amounts even to 50 feet. The
RHEINFELDEN, rIntfhld'en, a town of Switzerland, can- elevation of the Rhine above sea-level is, at the Col d'Ober
ton of Aargau, 10 miles E. of Basel, on the Rhine, here  Alp, 9967 feet; at Reichenau, 2021 feet; at Constance, 1335
forming several rapids. Pop. 1400. Near it is the ruined  feet; at Basel, 771 feet; at Kehl, 463 feet; and at Cologne,
castle of'Stein, on an island in the river.                121 feet. From the Lake of Constance to Basel it has a ver3
RHEINFELS, Hlnuf ls, (i.c. "Rhine Rock,") a ruined for- rocky bed, but, lower down, contains numerous islands,
tress of Rhenish Prussia, on an island in the Rhine, near partly composed of sand and clay. From Breisach several
St. Gear, founded in 1245, and dismantled in 1795.         of the islands are clothed with herbage, and even admit of
RHEINGAU, rin/giw, (i. e. "Rhine country,") a valley in  cultivation; between Strasbourg and Germersheim  they
the S. of Nassau, between the Rhine and Mount Taunus. form thickets of brushwood. The Rhine abounds with fish,
The chief town is Elfeld. The district is celebrated for its  including salmon and salmon-trout, but more especially
rich vineyards,                                            sturgeon, lampreys, pike, and carp. Wild fowl also abound
RIIEIN-HESSEN, rln'nhssgen,. or RHENISHI —HESSE, on its banks and countless islands. Some gold is contained
(hiss,) the westernmost province of Hesse-Darmstadt,  among the sands brought down into it from the mountains
bounded E. by the Rhine. Area, 530 square miles. Pop. of Switzerland and of the Black Forest.
225,445. The surface is mostly fertile, this being one of the    The Rhine first becomes navigable at Chur, (Coire,) in the
most productive parts of Germany.                          Grisons; but the navigation is not continuous till below
RHEINMAGEN, rin/mAghen, or REMAGEN, rAlmtmghen, Schaffhausen; and the traffic in loaded vessels is not ima town of Rhenish Prussia, 23 miles N.W. of Coblentz, on the  portant above Speyer. From Strasbourg to Mentz, the burRhine. Pop. 1500.                                          den of the vessels in which it is carried on is from 100 to 125
RHIEINSBERG, rcnslbeaR, a town of'Prussia, province of  tons; from Mentz to Cologne, 125 to 200 tons; and from
Brandenburg, 48 miles N. of Potsdam. Pop. 2168. It has a  Cologne to Holland, from  300 to 450 tons. In the Nether1581




RHI                                                        RHO
lands, it is conniected by canals with its several branches and  in it, during October and November, may be seen fi-om 80
with thesea. The great NorthCanalunites itwith the Meuse  to 100 large and small vessels. It was declared a free port
and the Nlthe, affluents of the Scheldt; and the Canal of the  in 1824.
Rhone and Rhine in France connects it with the Rhone by    RHIW, h'reeloo, a parish of North Wales, co. of Carnarvon.
the SaSne. A canal also connects it with the Seine. In Ba-   RHIWABON, h'rew-ahlbon, or RUABON, a parish of
varia it communicates with the Danube by means of the  North Wales. co. of Denbigh.
Main, and the Altmtihl and Ludwigs Canal. The naviga-   RHO  or 1RO0, a market-town of Austrian Italy, 8 miles
tion is rendered dangerous by waterfalls, more especially  W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2000.
those of Schaffhausen of Zurzach, (near the mouth of the    RIHOADS POINT, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.
Wutach,) of Laufenburg, and of Rheinfelden; it is also ren-   RHODDA, rodtdd, or RODDA, an island of Egypt, in the
dered dangerous by the Bingerloch, near Bingen, where the  Nile, immediately opposite Cairo, 2 miles in length. It constream  becomes suddenly narrowed and confined between  tains the Pasha's gardens, in which the teak and other timberlofty precipices, and by similar causes, though in a less degree, trees are acclimated, pleasure-grounds open to the public, a
at Bacharach, St. Gear, and at Unkel.                       powder magazine, and the famous ancient Nilometer.
The Rhine is distinguished alike by the beauty of its    RHODE ISLAND, rd IVl.nd, the smallest of the states
scenery, and the rich fields and vineyards which clothe its  of the American Confederacy, is bounded on the N. and
banks.  No river in Germany, more especially since the in- E. by Massachusetts, on the S. by the Atlantic, and W. by
troduction of steam-vessels, attracts so many tourists. From  the State of Connecticut. It lies between 410 18' and 420
Basel to Mentz it flows through a wide valley, bounded on  N. lat., and between 710 8' and 710 52' W. ion., being about
the left by the Vosges, and on the right by the Black Forest 47 miles in extreme length from N. to S., and 37 in greatest
and the mountains along the Bergstrasse. From Montz the  breadth firom E. to WV., including an area of 1306 miles, or
mountain ridges approach the stream at first only on the  835,840 acres, 356,487 of which were improved in 1850. One-,right bank, where they form the Rheingau; but at Bingen  tenth of the state is occupied by Narraganset Bay.
they begin to hem in the left bank. also, and continue from   Ibce of the Country.-Rhode Island is generally hilly and
thence to Kbnigswinter to present a succession of lofty  rough, but has no elevations approaching to what is genemountain summits, bold precipices, and wild, romantic  rally understood by mountains. Mount Hope, in the E.
views. Pleasant towns and villages lie nestled at the foot part of the state, Woonsocket Hills, in the N., and lIopkins'
of lofty hills; above them, on all sides, rise rocky steeps and  Hill, near the middle of the state, are the most considerable
slopes, clothed with vines; and every now and then the  elevations, but even they are of no great height. Near the
castles and fastuesses of feudal times are seen frowning  Atlantic, and on the borders of Narraganset Bay, is confrom precipices apparently inaccessible. At times the chain  siderable level land.
of ridges on either side opens out, and allows the eye to    Aiinzerals.-Anthracite coal, to some extent. has been found,
wander into romantic valleys, along which tributaries of but, either because inferior in quality or quantity, has not
greater or less magnitude dash down, or wind gradually to  been extensively mined. A vein of this valuable mineral
the parent stream. On the river itself much additional was encountered in 1854, in sinking wells in Pawtucket,
variety and beauty are given to the scenery by the constant which.was apparently as good as Pennsylvania coal. Iron,
recurrence of picturesque and verdant islands.              too, is found, and limestone, marble, and serpentine, but this
The Rhine gives name to three circles of Baden, to a pro-  state is not remarkable for mineral productions.
vince of Hesse-Darmstadt, a province of Bavaria, two de-   Bivers, Bays, and Islands.-There are no large rivers in
partments of France, and a province of Prussia.-Adj. Rhode Island; the principal streams are the Pawtucket and
RHEoIISf.                                                   Pautuxent, the first entering the N.E. part of the state from
RHINE, a township in the N.W. part of Sheboygan co., Massachusetts, and both emptying into Narraganset Bay.
Wisconsin.                                                  The Pawcatuck and its branches, flowing into the Atlantic,
RHIINEBECK, rinublk, a post-village of Rhinebeck town-  drain the S.W. part of the state. Narraganset Bay, a noble
ship, Dutchess co., New York, on the Hudson River Railroad. sheet of water, crowded with picturesque islands, projects
55 milesS. of Albany, and 2 miles E. of Hudson River. It  into the state for 30 miles in a northerly direction. Its
contains 3 or 4 churches, an academy, a newspaper office;  width is about 12 miles, including the islands. It has
several factories, and 1 bank. Pop. in 1853 estimated at  several arms, mostly on the E. side, bearing different names,
1300. Pop. of the township, 2816.                           as Bristol Bay, Providence Bay, &c. It is navigable to.ProRHINEBECK LANDING, a village of Dutchess co., New  vidence for large vessels; and the harbor of Newport is one
York, on the E. bank of the Hudson River, 91 miles N. of  of the deepest and best in the United States. Though the
New Yorlk.                                                  rivers of this state are small, their rapid descents furnish
RHINE CONFEDERATION.  See GooaisAvY.                      great water-power, which has built up several manufitcRIJINELAND, riulland; a post-office of Montgomery co., turingc towns, such as Pawtucket, Slatersville, &c., on their
Missouri.                                                   banlks.
RHINE, LOWER, an old ciscle of Germany, on the left   Islands.-Rhode Island has several islands, the principal
bank of the Bhine, now comprised mostly in ttesse-Darm-  of which has an area of about 37 square miles, and gives its
stadt, Rhenish Bavaria, and Rhenish Prussia.                name to the state. Block Island, in the Atlantic, about 10
RHINE, UPPER, an old circle of Germany, on the right miles firom the coast, and Canonicut and Prudence Islands,
bank of the Rhine, enclosed by the circles of Lower Rhine,  both in Narraganse  t Bay, are the other most important
Westphalia, Lower and Upper Saxony, and Franconia, now  islands.
mostly included in the dominions of Hesse-Darmstadt and    Obljects of Interest to Tourists.-On the S.W. shore of the
Electoral Hesse. The Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine is island of Rhode Island stands Newport, the most fashionable
a name sometimes applied to the provinces of Prussia W. of  bathing-place  on the Atlantic coast, though the number of
the Weser, forming the provinces of Westphalia and Rhenish  visitants is not so great as at Cape May. The island affords
Prussia.                                                    fine rides and fine views, and the bay excellent fishing.  It
RHINNS, (rslns,) RHYNS or RINNS OF GAL'LOWAY, is said that 60 varieties of fin and shell-fish are caught here.
(auc. Chersonelsums Novanltum,) a peninsula of the S.W. coast On Canonicut Island are the ruins of a circular fort, occupyof Scotland, co. of Wigtown, mostly separated from the test ing an eminence at the entrance of the bay.
of the county by Loch Ryan and Luce Bay, but connected in    Climate, Soil, and PProductions.-The proximity of Rhode
its centre by a low isthmus 7 miles across. Length, from  Island to the sea has the effect to temper the severity of
N.N.W. to S.S.E., 28 miles; its breadth varies fironm 2 to 5  winter, as well as to mitigate the heats of summer. Its
miles. Area, 116 square miles. It terminates on the S. climate is very similar to Massachusetts and Connecticut.
in the Mull of Galloway, and comprises 5 parishes, a part of  The soil is moderately fertile, but rough and difficult of
Inch, and the towns or villages of Portpatrick, Kirkmaiden, cultivation in many parts. The soil upon the islands is
Stoneykirk, Kirkcolm, and Stranraer.                        better than on the mainland. The island of Rhode Island
RHINOW, reefnov, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- is particularly noted for its cattle, sheep, butter, and cheese.
denburg, 39 miles N.W. of Potsdam, on the Rhin, near its  The farmer in all parts of the state devotes his attention
junction with the Havel. Pep. 525.                          more to grazing and the dairy than to tillage. According
RHIO, RIO, reetlo, or RIOUW, re-Swaf, a province of the  to the census of 1850, there were in the state 356,487 acres
Dutch possessions in the Malay Archipelago, comprises the  of improved land, divided into 5385 farms, and producing 49
Rio Archipelago and the Linga Islands. It is bounded on  bushels of wheat, 26,409 of rye, 539,201 of Indian corn,
the N. by the Straits of Singapore and Malacca, and on the  215,232 of oats, 651,029 of Irish potatoes, 18,875 of barley,
E. by the China Sea.                                        1245 of buckwheat, 6846 peas and beans, 5036 of grass seeds,
RHI0, RIO or RIOUW, an island group of the Malay  129,692 pounds of wool, 995,670 of butter, 316,508 of cheese,
Archipelago, in the Dutch possessions, lying chiefly S. and  and 74,818 tons of hay, besides considerable quantities cf
E. of Singapore. The chief island is Bintang, sometimes beeswax and honey, wine, hops, and flax. Value of orchard
also called Rhio. besides which the group includes Galang, fruits, $63,994, (Rhode Island is celebrated for its apples;)
Gampang, and Battam, and numerous smaller islands.          market products, $98,298; live stock, $1,532,637; slaughtered
RHIO, RIO or RIOUW, a seaport town of Malay Archi- animals, $667,486; and poultry, $61,702. There are no expelago, 50 miles S.E. of Singapore, on the small islet of tensive forests in Rhode Island. The principal forest-trees
Poolo Pinaug, which lies in an indentation on the S. side' of  are oak, chestnut, and walnut, with some pine and cedarBintang. It is defended by a fort, and has many good  the latter rare.
luildings, among which are the governor's house, a stone    Mnrufactst-oS.-Rhode Island, from its abundant supply
Protestant church, and a school. Its haven is spacious: and  of water-power, has become extensively engaged in manu
15t2




RIIO                                Rt1O
facturing;  and the first cotton mill in the United States  white males, 73,535 m hite females, 1738 colored males. and
was erected within her limits. There were, in 1850, 853  1931 colored females.  There were in the same year 28,216
establishments in the state, producing   $500 a year and up-  families, occupying 22,379 dwellings. Of the entire populawards, engaged in mining, manufactures, and the mechanic  tion, 102,611  were born in the state, 21,642 in other states,
arts, employing $12,923,176 capital, 12,837 male and 8044  4490 in England, 15,944 in Ireland, 1000 in Scotland and
female hands, consuming raw  material worth $13.183,889,  Wales, 230 in.Germany, 80 in France, 1024 in British Anme
and yielding prodncts valued at $22,093,258. In proportion to  rica, 343 in other countries, and 135 whose places of birth
her population, this state ranks first in the product of her  were unknown-nearly 15 per cent. of foreign birth. Pop.
cotton, and second in that of her woollen manufactures.  to square mile, 112.97. There were 65 deaf and dumb, of
According to the census of 1850, she had 158 cotton factories. whom 3 were colored; 67 blind, of whom 6 were colored; 217
employing $6,675,000 of capital, and 4958 male and 5916  insane, of whom 7 were colored; and 114 idiots, of whom 2
female hands, consuming $3,484,579 worth of raw material,  were colored. There occurred in the twelve months preand producing 96,725,612 yards of stuffs, and 1,902,980  ceding June 1, 1850, 2241 deaths, or about 15 in every thoupounds of thread and yarn, valued at $6;447,120; 45 woollen  sand persons; in the same time, 2560 paupers received aid,
factories, employing $1,013,000 of capital, and 987 male and  of whom 1445 were foreigners, at an expense of nearly $18
771 female hands, consuming $1,463,900 worth of raw mnate- for each pauper. Of the entire population, 35 were engaged
rial, and producing 8,612,400 yards of cloth, and a6,000  in mining, 16,617 in agriculture, 1348 in commerce, 21.271 in
pounds of yarn, valued at $2,381,825; 22 forges, fuirnaces,  manufactures, 1717 in navigating the ocean, 228 in internal
&c., employing $638,200 of capital, and 1022 male hands, navigation, and 457 in the learned professions.
consuming $370,390 worth of raw material, and producing          Cousnties. —Rhode Island is divided into 5 counties, vie.:
11,208 tons of castings and wrought iron, &c., valued at  Bristol, Kent, Niwport, Providence, and Washington. Block
$952,355; $17,000 invested in the manufacture of malt and  Island, in the Atlantic, and several small, islands in Narraspirituous liquors, consuming 12,500 bushels of barley, and  ganset Bay, are included in Newport county..Capitals,
6 tons of hops, employing 10 hands, and producing 3900  Providence and Newport alternately.
barrels of ale, &c.; and 10 tanneries, employing $42,900    Cities asd Towns.-Providence, with a population of 41,513,
capital. consuming raw material worth $40,615, and pro- is the largest town in the state, besides which there are
ducing manufactured leather valued at $75,040.  Home-  Smithfield, 11,500, Newport, 9563, North Providence, 7680,
made manufactures valued at $26,495 were also produced.    Warwick, 7740, Bristol, 4616, Tiverton, 4699, East Greenwich,
Cbmmerce. —Rhode Island is actively engaged in the coast- Warren, South Kingston, and several smaller places, whose
ing trade, and has besides someforeign commerce. The foreign  populations are so blended with the towns (townships) in
imports of this state in 1854 amounted to $437,972, and the  which they are situated, as to make it difficult to separate
exports to $439,981; tonnage entered, 28,540; cleared 25,751. them.
Tonnage owned in the state, 45,911, of which 30,359 was    Government, Finances, cfc.-The executive power is lodged
registered, and 15,551 licensed, including 1995 steam  ton- in a governor and lieutenant-governor, elected annually by
nage. Vessels built, 11, with an aggregate burden of 5726  the people, and receiving, the former $1000, and the latter
tons. Of this tonnage, 6853 were employed in the whale, $200 per annum.  The legislative power consists of a senate
and 286 in the cod and mackerel fisheries.  tier exports are  of 31, and a house of representatives of 72 members, both
principally manufactured cottons and woollens, some butter,  elected annually by the people. The legislature meets on
cheese, and apples.                                           the first Tuesday in May and the last Monday in October.
Internal Improvements.-In January, 1855, there were in  The secretary of state, treasurer, and attorney-general are
Rhode Island 50 miles of railway completed. Providence is  all elected annually by popular vote. The governor and
connected with Boston, Worcester, Hartford, and Stoning-  lieutenant-governor are ex-officio members of the senate.
ton, by direct lines of railway.                               The judiciary consists of a supreme court, composed of 1
Education.-Great attention has been paid to education in  chief and 3 associate judges, one of whom  holds a court of
this state. Brown University, at Providence, is a flourish-  common pleas in each county.  The judges hold office until
ing institution, and has made some important changes in  removed by a joint resolution of both houses. The chief
the system of instruction and mode of conferring degrees,  justice receives $900 per annum, and the associates $550
with the intent of allowing young men to select their studies  each. Rhode Island has no state debt, except the portion
with reference to future plans or tastes, without going  of her loan of the United States surplus fund, which amounts
through a full course.  It had 252 students in 1854. The  to $352.335.23.  Ordinary expenses. $50,000, exclusive of
school fund of the state, invested in bank stock, amounted  debt and schools. School fund, $56,017.37. Assessed value
in 1854 to $61,386.  About $50,000 isannually paid from the  of property in 1850, $77,758,974. Number of banks in Nostate treasury for public instruction.  In 1853, the average  vember, 1854, in the entire state, 87, with an aggregate
attendance of scholars was 18,698, and number registered,  capital of $17,712,162, a circulation of $5,060,000, and $312,000
25,905. According to the census of 1850, there were in Rhode Is- in coin. In October, 1852, there were 10 savings-banks,
land 1 college, with 283 students, and $23,000 income, of which  with 13,396 depositors, and $2,474,109 deposits.
$9700 was from public funds, and $13,300 from endowments; _H[istory.-Rhode Island was first settled at Providence, in
416 public schools, with 23,130 pupils, and $100,481 income, 1636, by the enlightened Roger Williams, who had been
of which $31,434 was from public funds, and $62,296 from   banished from the Massachusetts colony for alleged religious
taxation; 46 academies and other schools, with 1601 pupils,  and political heresies.  To Lord Baltimore, Penn, and Wiland $32,748 income, of which $6500 was from endowments. liams is generally accorded the honor of being the first to
Attending school, as returned by families, 28,910. Of the  establish governments admitting the principles of religious
adult population, 3607, (of whom 2359wereof foreign birth,)  toleration.  In 1638, William  Coddington and seventeen
could not read or write.                                      others, being persecuted in Massachusetts on account of their
_Relieious Denoainsations.-Of the 231 churches in Rhode  religious tenets, followed Roger Williams5 and settled at NewIsland, 106 belong to the Baptists, 8 to the Christian Church, port. A third settlement was formed at Warwick in 1642,
21 to the Congregationalists, 26 to the Episcopalians, 2 to  by a party under Samuel Qro on.  Each of these companies
the Free Church, 18 to the Friends, 1 to the Jews, 23 to the  purchased their lands of the Narragansets, and continued
Methodists, 7 to the Roman Catholics, 2 to the Swedenborg-  an independent association until united by a civil charter
ians, 4 to the Union Church, 4 to the Unitarians, 4 to the  in 1643, under the title of "Providence Plantations.'"  In
Universalists, and 5 to minor sects.                          1663, Charles II. granted a new charter, which, with a few
Public Institutions.-The State Prison at Providence had,  changes, formed the basis of the government until the adopin January, 1854, 49 inmates, all males. The convicts are  tion of the present constitution in May, 1843. In the early
principally employed in cabinet-work. The income for 1853  part of 1842, the "suffrage party," as it was termed, proceed.
nearly equalled the expenses. The Butler Hospital for the  ing illegally, framed a new constitution, and adopted it as the
Insane treated 234 patients in 1853, of whom 44 recovered.  basis of legislation. I-Iaving elected a senate, house of repreThe state appropriates $1000 annually to this institution,  sentatives, and Thomas W. Dorr a governor, they attempted
and also $2500 annually to the education of the deaf, dumb, to maintain their authority by force of arms, but were disblind, and idiotic in the institutions of other states. A re- persed by the military of the state. A convention, legally
form school was established at Providence in 1850, and there  called, assembled in the September following, and after conhad been received up to November, 1853, 208 inmates. The  sultation agreed upon the present constitution, which, being
children labor 7~ hours, and attend school 5 hours out of  submitted to,he people, was adopted almost unanimously.
severy 24. In 1850, Rhode Island had 26 public libraries,    Rhode Islantd early took an active part in the cause of
with 42,007 volumes; 62 school and Sunday-school, with  American independence. The Stamp Act was resisted byher
29,579; I college, with 31,000; and 7 church libraries, with  with great firmness; and when the importation of military
1756 volumes.  Rhode Island has an HIistorical Society at  stores was prohibited by the English government, the inProvidence, incorporated in 1822, which has a library of  habitants seized the cannon in the public batteries, and the
nearly 3000 volumes, and has published 5 volumes of collec- General Assembly passed resolutions for arming the people.
tions.                                                        In December, 1776, Rhode Island was invaded by the British,
Perciodicals.-There were in 1850 in this state 5 daily, 2  under General Clinton, who occupied it till near the close of
semi-weekly, and 1 weekly newspaper, with an aggregate  the war. General Sullivan, aided by the French war-ships,
annual circulation of 2,756,950 copies.                       made several unsuccessfiuli attempts to dislodge the enemy,
Popmlation. —In  1790, there were  69,110 inhabitants;  ind in the autumn of 1778 laid siege to Newport, but was
69,122 in 1800; 77,031 in 1810; 83.059 in 1820; 97,199 in  finally obliged to abandon the project
1830; 108,830 in 1840; 147,545 in 1850; of wvhom 70,340 were    Towards the close of1779 the British troops were withdrawr
1583




RIIO                                                        RIA
firom Rhode Island, and in 1780 lochambeau arrived with a  nearly due S. past St. Genis, where its bed is 640 feet above
force of 6000 French auxiliaries. The Providence Plantations the sea, Vienne, Tournon, Valence, Avignon, BIeaucaire, to
joined with the other colonies in holding the old Continental Arles, where it separates into several branches, forming a
Congress, and was among the first to direct her delegates to  delta called the IEe de la Camargue, and enters the Gulf of
sign the Articles of Confederation, to which she adhered with  Lyons, in the Mediterranean. Principal affluents on the right,
great pertinacity. But at length, after all her associates had  the Ain, Sadne, Ardbche, and Gard; on the left, the Is~re,
adopted the Constitution of the United States. she yielded, Drdme, and Durance. Its fall is much greater than that of
and was admitted as the'thirteenth state, May 29, 1790.     the Rhine, and consequently its navigation is difficult and
RHODEN, rofden, a town of Central Germany, principality  dangerous. It is connected with the Loire by means of the
of Waldeck, 24 miles W.N.W. of Cassel.  Pop. 1839.          Sadne and the Canal du Centre. The Canal of Burgundy
RHODE RIVER, a post-office,Anne Arundel co., Maryland. unites it to the Yonne and Seine, and that of the Rhone
RIIODES, rbdz, (Fr. Rhodes, rod; Ger. Rhodes, rordos; It. and Rhine connects it with the Rhine. Distance, from
Rodi, rotdee; Sp. Rodas, roldds; L. Rhofdus; Gr.'Pouog, Rhd- source to mouth, 285 miles; following windings, 534 miles;
dds,) an island ofAsiatic Turkey, in the Mediterranean, off the  extent of basin, 30,000 square miles. About 225 miles of its
S.W. coast of Asia Minor, between lat. 350 53' and 360 28' N., course is in Switzerland, and 420 miles in France. It is naand ion. 270 40' and 280 12' E. Length, 46 miles; greatest  vigable about 360 miles. The Rhone formerly disappeared
breadth, 18 miles. Area, 420 square miles. Pop. estimated at at a place called the Perte de Rhdne, on the frontier of
30,000, of whom about 8000 are Turks, 3000 Jews, and the re- France, but the rock which covered it has been removed.
mainder Greeks, with a fewFranks. It is traversed bya moun-    RHONE, (Rhhne,) a department of France, in the S.E.,
tain chain, covered with forests, which have long supplied  formed of the old province of Lyonnois, bounded E. by the
good timber for ship-building. Its valleys are well watered, Rhone and Sabne. Area, 1066 square miles. Pop. in 1852,
and highly fertile. The principal exports are wax, honey, figs, 574,745. It is partly covered by the mountains uniting
oranges, lemons, pomegranates, wine, valonia bark, onions, the Vosges and C6vennes, and contains the summits of
and manufactured silk; in addition to which, sponge, tim- Mront d'Or and Pilat. The soil is rich in mines of copper, iron,
her, shoes, and red-leather are among its products.  The  and coal. It produces excellent wine, the most esteemed
principal imports are colonial produce, American cotton, of which is that of COte-Rotie, Condrieux, and Beaujolais.
Get-man woollens, iron, nails, shot, tin, paper, soap, salt- The goat-milk cheese of Mont d'Or is in high repute. This
fish, cordage, glass, and earthenwares, hardware and cutlery,  is one of the most industrious departments of France. The,
and French fancy articles, principally by way of Smyrna  silks of Lyons are sent to all parts of the world, and an imand Syria, and coals direct from England, for the supply of  mense quantity of muslins are manufactured at Tarare.
the Mediterranean steam-packets, and horses, mules, cattle, The other branches of industry comprise cotton and linen
sheep, poultry, hides, skins, wool, carpets, and corn, from   spinning and weaving, hat making, glass and paper making.
the opposite coast of Asia Minor. In the year, from July  The railway from Lyons to St. Etienne was one of the first
1840 to July 1841, 1360 vessels arrived in the island for com-  constructed in France. The department is divided into the
mercial purposes. Rhodes is governed by a pasha, imme-  arrondissements of Lyons (the capital) and Villefranche.
diately subordinate to the capidan pasha, and whose juris-    RHI-ONE, BOUCIHES DU. See Bouc-IES-DU-RnX0NE.
diction extends over the Turklish Sporades, and the naval    RHONI, rolnee, a town of Transcaucasian Russia, Imeritia,
station of Marmorice.-Adj. and inhab. RHODIAN, rotde-an. on the Koocha, (Kucha.)
RHODES, a strongly fortified city and seaport of Asiatic    RHIOON, rin, written also RHON, a village of Holland, proTurkey, capital of the island of Rhodes, at its N.E. extre- vince of South Holland, 15 miles W.N.W. of Dort. Pop. 1253.
mity, 13 miles S.E. of the nearest promontory of Asia Minor.   RItIOSCILLY, h'ros-kitlhlle, a parish of South Wales, co.
Lat. ofmole, 360 26' 9" N., ion. 280 13'E. Pop. about 15,000, of Glamorgan.
of whom 8000 are Turks, and 3000 Jews. It is enclosed by    RHIIOS-COL/YN, a parish of North W-ales co. of Anglesey.
walls, built by the Knights of St. John, and on the land    RIIOS-DU, h'ros dee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carside it is strengthened by ravelins and a moat. On the N.E.  digan.
side two piers project to enclose a harbor, having in its centre    ItHOS-GLYDDWR, h'ros gljiTnloor, a parish  of South
from 16 to 18 feet water, and on its N. side is another port Wales, co. of Pembroke.
of nearly equal depth. The city has 9 large and 24 small   RIHOS-MARKET, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
mosques, a Jews' quarter, and several synagogues, the an-    RHOSPEIRIO or RHOSPEIRIO, h'ros-plre-o, a parish of
cient hospital of the knights, now used as a barrack. an ar- North Wales, co. of Anglesey.
mory, and upwards of 10,000 houses, many of which are    RHOTAS, roltds, or ROTAS-GHUR, roltds-gfir, written also
untenanted. Outside of the walls, on the N., are the pasha's ROHATAS or ROTAS-GUR, a town and fort of British Inpalace, the dock-yard, and a Roman Catholic quarter, with  dia, presidency of Bengal, 110 miles S.E. of Patna, with
a chapel and school. South of the city are the Greek sububs,, some IHindoo temples, and many Mohammedan remains.
with about 3000 inhabitants, and 9 or 10 churches. On the    RHIUDDLAN, h'rivnllan, or RHYDDLAN, h'riTHllan, a conadjacent heights are many scattered villas. Rhodes has 3 Mo- tributing parliamentary borough and parish of'North Wales,
hammedan colleges, a Turkish library of 1000 volumes, va- co. of Flint, in the beautiful vale of Clwyd, 3 miles N.N.W.
rious Turkish and Greek schools, and some brisk manufac- of St. Asaph. Pop. of borough in 1851, 1472. It has few
tures of red leather, and shoes for exportation. It is the  remains of its ancient importance, except the ruins of a
residence of a Greek consul, and French vice-consul, and  noble castle built by Edward I., who made the town a
several vice-consular agents. In antiquity it was one of the  borough, and held in it the parliament of 1283. It; unites
most celebrated of Greek cities, and it boasted of the famous  with Flint, St. Asaph, IIolywell, Mold, &c., in sending 1
brazen Colossus-one of the seven wonders of the world-   member to the House of Commons.
which stood at the entrance of its harbor. After the de-   IHIIULEN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
struction of its republic, it belonged successively to the    RHIIUN, rtn, or POOLO RH-UN, one of the Molucca Islands,
Romans, the Greek emperors, the Genoese, and the Knights in the Banda group. It lies 11 miles W. of Great Banda,
of St. John of Jerusalem, which last held it from  1308 to  and is about 3 miles long.
1522, when, after a heroic resistance, it capitulated to the    RHUTHYN, a town of Wales. See RuTmIN.
Turks under Solyman the Magnificent. -                        RHYD-Y-BOITHIAN, a hamlet of South Wales, co. of GlaRHODES, INNEa and OUTER, Switzerland.  See APPeNZaELt.  morgan, parish of Eglwys-Llan, WV. of Caerphilly.
RIIODEZ, a town of France. See lionEz.                      RHIIYD —BREW, h'rjd-e-brew, a parish of South Wales, co
RHODOPE MOUNTAIN. See DESPOTo-DAGH.                       of Brecon.
RHODT, a village of Bavaria, palatinate, and near Eden-   RIIIYL, ril, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint, at the
koben. Pop. 1492.                                           mouth of the Clwyd. It has a station on the Chester and
RHOE or ROOE, roe (?) MeCetaE, one of the Shetland Islands, Holyhead Railway, 13 miles E.N.E. of Conway, and steamers
Scotland, near the head of St. Magnus Bay. Length, about from Liverpool to Holyhead usually touch here.
22 miles, by 2 miles broad.  Pop. 214.                        RHYN, a river of Europe. See RHuiE or RHnN.
RHIOE, LITTLE, an islet in the vicinity of the above, with 11    It HYND, rind, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth.
inhabitants.                                                  iHYNDACUS or EDRENOS, 6ddrA-nos', a river of Asia
RHON, (Rhin,) ron, or RION-GEBIRGE, (Rhin-Gebirge,)  Minor, in Anatolia, rises about 40 miles S.W. of Kutaieh,
rjn-ga-b56a5s,  a mountain chain of Central Germany, in  flows mostly N.W., and after having traversed the Lake
North-west Bavaria and Hesse-Cassel, separates the basins  Abullionte, on its W. side, enters the Sea of Marmora, 20
of the rivers Fulda and Werra fi-om those of the Kinzig and  miles W. of Moodania. Total course, about 150 miles.
Main. In it are the traces of many extinct volcanoes.         IHIYPNIE and ES'SIE, a united parish of Scotland, co.
RHONE, ran, (Fr. Rh6ne, r~n; Ger. Rhone, ro/neh; It. and  of Aberdeen.
Sp. Rodano, ro'dd-no; anc. Rihotdanus,) a lare riverof Europe,   RIAILL]t, re-dh'yAy, or re- PyAi, a village of France, derises in Switzerland, in the Rhone Glacier, on the W. of partment of Loire-Inf6rieure,  24 miles N.E. of Nantes. Pop.
Mount St. Gothard, between the mountains of Furka and  1800.
Grimsel, at an elevation of 5500 feet, flows S.W. past Brieg    RIAJSK, a town of Russia. See RIAZcSu.
and Sion to Martigny, where it turns sharply to the N.W.,   RIANO Y LA PUERTA, re-dlno e li pw6altd, a town of
and enters the Lak6ef Geneva near its S.E. extremity. At Spain, province, and 39 miles N.E. of Leon. Pop. 1215.
Geneva it leaves the S.W. part of the lake. It enters France    IlIANS, re-6NGa, a market-town of France, department of
through the Jura Mountains, and flows S. past Seyssel,  Va-, 20 miles N.W. of Brignolle.  Pop. in 1852, 2078.
where it becomes navigable. Its course is now tortuously    RIARDO, re-aRtdo, a market-town of Naples, province of
VW. to Lyons, where it receives the Sahne, and it then flows  Terra di Lavoro, 11 miles N.N.W. of Capua. Pop. 1800.
1584




IUA                                                        RIO
IR [ASAN, Russia. See RIAZAN.                           ferous stream of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes. It rises
RIIATOVO  or RIATOWO, re-9-tolvo, a market-town of Rus- near the town of Mariana, flows W.. and joins the Gullasian Poland, government of Vilna, 50 miles W.N.W. of Ros-  cho after a course of 110 miles.
siena. Pop. 1530.                                           RIBEMONT, ree'beh-m6NGl, a town of France, department
RIAUJO, re-6w/no, a market-town of Spain, province of  of Aisne, near the Oise, 17 miles N.N.W. of Laon. Pop. in
Corunna, on the sea, 27 miles S.W. of Santiago. Pop. 1790. 1852, 3098. It has manufactures of linen and cotton fabrics.
RIAZA, re-t/th,, a river of Spain, province of Segovia, in  Condorcet was born here in 1743.
Old Castile, flows N.N.W., and joins the Douro. Length,   RIB ERA, re-bArl, a town of Sicily, intendancy, and 22
about 45 miles.                                           miles W.N.W. of Girgenti, on the Calatabellota. Pop. 4800.
RIAZA, a town of Spain, province, and 33 miles E.N.E.    RIBERA ALTA, re-ni/rA AlltA, a village of Spain, in Old
of Segovia, on the small river Riaza. Pop. 3736.          Castile, provinceof Alava, a little S.E. of Vitori-a. Pop. 1150.
RIAZAN or RIASAN, re-A-zdnt, (Ger. Rjasan, ry9-zan/,)    RIBIRAC, ree'bA'-rdk/, a town of France, department of
a government of Russia, between lat. 530 and 550 35' N., Dordogne, near the left bank of the Dronne, 18 miles W.N.W.
and ion. 380 and 410 20' E., enclosed by the governments of P6rigueux. Pop. 1416.
of Moscow, Vladimeer, Tambov, and Toola. Area, 16,400    RIBERA  DE ABAJO, re-sA-r  dA A-b/nio, a village of
square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,308,472. The surface is Spain, in Old Castile, province, and about 4 miles from
generally level. The principal river, the Oka, divides it Oviedo, on the Nalon. Pop. 1321.
into two unequal and widely differing portions, the S.,   RIBERA DEL FRESNO, re-A/dr d~l frks/no, a village of
and larger, fertile and healthy; the N. low, marshy, and  Spain, p-ovince of Badajos, on the Fresno. Pop. 2420.
mostly uncultivated. The chief products are hops, tobacco,   RIBIhRES, ree'be-aira, a market-town of France, departgarden produce, rye, and fruits. The pasture lands are ex- ment of Rautes-Alpes, 26 miles S.S.W. of Gap. Pop. 1397.
tensive, and the graziers of the Ukraine bring hither large    RIBLEH, rib/I6h, (the Ribllah of Scripture,) a village of
herds to feed. The government has a superior breed of  Syria, pashalic of Damascus, on the Orontes, S.S.W. of Hems.
horses.  The manufactures are of glass and hardware,   RIBILET'S, a post-office of Richland co., Ohio;
woollen, cotton, and linen stuffs, and cordage. It has nu-   RIBNITZ, rib/nits, a town of North Germany, in Meckmerous distilleries. Principal towns, Riazan, Zaraisk, and  lenburg-Schwerin, duchy, and 34 miles N.N.E. of Gustrow, at
Kasimov.                                                  the mouth of the Recknitz, in a bay of the Baltic. Pop. 2684.
RIAZAN or RIASAN, atown of Russia, capitalof the above    RIBORDONE, re-boa-dolnm, a village of the Sardinian
government, is situated on the Trubesh, a tributary of the  States, division of Turin, province of Ivrea. Pop. 1427.
Oka, 110 miles S.E. of MIoscow. Pop. 9000. It has greatly in-   RIBISTONE, a township of England, co. of York, West
creased in size and importance within the last 50 years, and  Riding.
consists of two distinct portions; first, a fortress, enclosed    RI/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
by an earthen rampart, and having the cathedrals, episcopal   RICAN, rit-s n/ (?) or RICANY, rit-sl/nee (l) a town of
palace, formerly the residence of the princes of Riazan, Bohemia, circle of Kaurzim. Pop. 1009.
and the consistory; and the town-proper, with numerous    RICICALL, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
churches, government offices, convents, a seminary, with a    RICICARTON, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr,
public library, hospital, college, to which a society of arts  on the Irvine, which separates it from Kilmarnock, of which
was attached in 1820, school of drawing and architecture, the village is a suburb. Pop. in 1851, 4583.
founded in 1824, and some other schools and charities. OLD    RICCIA, rit/chA, a town of Naples, province of Molise,
RIAZAN, destroyed by the Tartars in 1568, is a village about 13 miles S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 5800. It has a collegiate
30 miles S.E.                                             and many other churches.
RIAZHSK or RIAJSK, re-lzhk/, a town of Russia, go-   RICCO, rik/ko, a village of the Sardinian States, division
vernment, and 52 miles S.S.E. of Riazan, on the Risa. Pop. of Genoa, 5 miles N.N.W. of Spezia. Pop. 2375.
3000.                                                       RICE, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, bordering
RIBADAVIA, re-ca-Dolve-A, or RIVADABIA, re-va-Dof- on Iowa, contains about 3120 square miles. It is drained
ae-A, a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles S.W. of Orense, by the sources of Root, Red Cedar, and Upper Iowa Rivers.
on the right bank of the Avia, an affluent of the Minho. The surface is undulating or level; the soil in some parts
Pop. 2211.                                                is fertile. This county was formed in 1852 or'53, by a diviRIBADEO, re-rd-DnAo, a town of Spain, province, and 19  sion of Wabashaw county. Pop. 906.
miles N.N.E. ofLugo, on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 2789.       RICE, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., New York.
RIBAFLECHA, re-B&-fAi/chl, or RIBAFRECHA, re-nA-frf-   RICE, a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 483.
cha, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, province, and 7 miles    RICEBOROUGH, a post-village of Liberty co., Georgia, on
S.S.E. of Logroilo, on the Leza. Pop. 1435.               North Newport River, 32 miles S.S.W. of Savannah. It is
RIBARROJA or RIBARROXA, re-san-nol/n, a town of the principal shipping port of the county, and contains 3 or
Spain, in Catalonia, 50 miles WV. of Tarragona, on the Ebro. 4 stores.
Pop. 1388.                                                  RICE CITY, a post-village of Kent co., Rhode Island, 19
RIBARROJA, a town of Spain, province, and 12 miles  miles WV. by S. of Providence.
N.W. of Valencia, on the Turia. Pop. 1803.                  RICE CREEK, of South Carolina, flows E. into the WaRIBAS, ree/b/s, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, terse, a little above Camden.
and about 50 miles from Gerona. Pop. 798.                   RICE CREEK, of Michigan, flows into the Kalamazoo at
RIBBESFORD, ribs/ford, a parish of England, co. of Wor- Marshall, in Calhoun county.
cester.                                                     RICE CREEK, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan.
RIBIBLE, a river of England, rises in the district of Cra-   RICE DEPOT, (dee/po,) a post-office of Prince Edward co.,
yen, in the WV. part of the county of York, flows S. and W. Virginia.
through the central part of the county of Lancaster, and    RICE LAKE, Canada West, district of New Castle, is 20
enters the Irish Sea 15 miles W. of Preston, by an estuary 7  miles in length, by 3 miles in average breadth. It receives
miles across. Principal affluent, the Calder, in Lancashire, from the N. the surplus waters of several lakes, and pours
from the S.E.                                             its own by the Trent into Quint6 Bay, Lake Ontario.
RIB/CHESTER, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.       RICE'S LAND/ING, post-office, Greene co., Pennsylvania.
RIBE, ree/beh, or RIPEN, reelpen, a town of Denmark,   RICE'S STORE, a post-office, Westmoreland co., Virginia.
in North Jutland, near the North Sea, 29 miles W.N.W. of    RICEIVILLE, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.
Iladersleben. Pop. 2600. It is the residence of a bishop,   RICEVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Pennsylvania,
and has a cathedral, built at the beginning of the twelfth  on Oil Creek, 20 miles N.E. of Meadville. It is well supplied
century.                                                  with water-power. Pop. near 150.
RIBEAUVILLA, reesbo'veellyY, or RABSCHWER, rAb%-   RICEVILLE, a thriving post-village of Pittsylvania co.,
shvaia (?) (Ger. RappelsweiZer, rAp/polts-ei'ler,) a town of Virginia, on Banister River, about 150 miles S.W. of RichFrance, department of Haut-Rhin, on the Strasbourg Rail- mend. It has 2 stores.
way, 54 miles S.S.W. of Sch~lestadt. Pop. in 1852, 7338.    RICEVILLE, a small village of Hancock co., Mississippi.
RIBECOURT, reeb'kool/, a village of France, department   RICEVILLE, a post-village of McMinn co., Tennessee,
of Oise, 8 miles N.E. of Compilgne, on the railway to Creil. with a station on the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad,
Pop. 582.                                                 20 miles from Cleveland.
RIBEIRA GRANDE, re-b~le-rA grAn/dA, a town on the N.   RICEYS, Ls, Il ree'sA, three contiguous villages ofFrance,
coast of the island of St. Michael, in the Azores, 15 miles forming together a town, in the department of Aube, on the
N.E. of Ponta Delgada. Pop. 3000.                         Laignes, surrounded by vine-clad hills, 7' miles S. of BarRIBEIRA GRANDE, a town of Cape Verde Islands. See sur-Seine. Pop. 1852, 3558.
SANrvAGO.                                                   RICH, a post-office of Cook co., Illfnois.
RIBEIRAO, (Ribeiroe,) re-bA/-r~wNG, or re-b&-e-rrwaa/,   RICHIARD'S CASTLE, a parish of England, cos. of Here.
SAPA  DO  RIBEIRAO, st-pa do re-bA-r6wNGa, a town of ford and Salop.
Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, 8 miles S. of Desterro.   RICHIARDSON, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois
Pop. 2000.                                                  RICHARDSON, apost-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.
RIBEIRAO, or SAO JOSP, DO RIBEIRAO, s8waWa zho zWA-   RICHARDSON'SCREEK,of North Carolina, flows through
do re-bA-r6wNQ/, a village and parish of Brazil, province of Anison county into Rocky River, from the S.W.
Matto Grosso, 24 miles below the junction of the Guapore   RICHARDSON'S CREEK, a post-office of Union co, North
and Mamore.                                               Carolina, 167 miles from Raleigh.
RIBEIRAO DO CARMO, re-bA-r6w!aG do kaR/mo, an auri-   RICIHARDSON'S RIVER, British North America, enters
4Z                                                                          1585




RIc                                                        RIC
Back's Inlet, in the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 670 54' N., ion. namely, the Columbia Branch, the Greenville and Colombia
1150 56/ W.                                               and the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroads. Capital,
RICHIARDSONVILLE, a post-village of Edgefield district, Columbia. Pop. 20,343, of whom 7265 were free, and 12,978
South Carolina, 55 miles W. of Columbia.                  slaves.
RICHARDSONVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Penn-   RICIILAND, a county in the N. or N. central part of Ohio,
syvania.                                                  contains about 450 square miles. It is drained by the Black
RICHARDSONVILLE, a post-village of Culpepper co., Vir- and Clear Forks of the Walhonding River, which rise within
ginia, 95 miles N.N.W. of Richmond.                        its limits. The surface is partly level and partly undnRICH/BOROUGH, a decayed village of England, co. of  lating. The soil is generally excellent and well timbered.
Kent, on the Stour, 2 miles N.N.W. of Sandwich, with yes- The county is intersected by 3 railroads, viz, the. Cleveland
tiges of a castle on the site of the Roman station of lhnutu- and Cincinnati, the Sandusky and Newark, and the PennPinum. It was ruined by the Dasnes in 1010.                sylvania and Ohio. Organized in 1813. Capital, Mansfield.
RICHtBOROUGH, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- Pop. 30,879.
vania, 114 miles E. of Harrisburg.                           RICHLAND, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, has
RICHBURG, a post-village of Alleghany co., New York, an area of about 310 square miles. The Little Wabash River
about 300 miles W.S.W. of Albany, has an academy.          touches the S.W. extremity, and Fox Creek flows through
RICH CREEK, a post-office of Logan co., Virginia.       the county from N. to S.; it is also drained by Bonpas Creek.
RICHE, reesh, an island in the Pacific Ocean, off the E. The surface is undulating; the soil is productive. The
end of Papua. Lat. 80 2' S., Ion. 1470 57' E.             county contains a large proportion of prairie. Capital, 01RICHE, reesh, a village of France, department of Indre- ney. Pop. 4012.
et-Loire, adjacent to Tours, and having the remains of the    RICHLAND, a post-village and township of Oswego co.,
Castle of Plessis-le-Tours, where the gloomy Louis XI. spent New York, on Lake Ontario, and on the Rome and Waterthe latter part of his life.                              town Railroad, 42 miles N.W. of Rome. The township also
RICHELIEU, reesh'eh-lu! or reesh'le-uhf, a town of  contains Pulaski, the county seat. Pop. 4079.
France, department of Indre-et-Loire, 11 miles S.S.E. of Chi-   RICHLAND, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
non. Pop. in 1852, 2649. It was the birthplace of Cardinal 1734.
de Richelieu.                                               RICHLAND, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.
RICHELIEU, ree'she-lut, a post-office of Logan co., Ken- Pop. 1278.
tucky.                                                      RICHLAND, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.
RICHELIEU, ree'she-lu, a county ofCanada East, bounded  Pop. 1360.
N. by the river St. Lawrence, W. by the Richelieu or Sorel   RICHLAND, a village and township at the S.E. extremity
River, and intersected by the Grand Trunk Railway. Area, of Venango co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1008.
373 square miles. Capital. Sorel. Pop. in 1851, 25,686.     RICHLAND, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
RICHELIEU, SORELI, ST. JOHN, or CIHAMBLY, shSk'-   RICILAND, a post-village of Stewart co., Georgia, 150
bleh, a river of Canada East, district of Montreal, leaves miles S.W. of Milledgeville.
Lake Champlain at its N. extremity, and after a N. course    RICHLAND, a post-village of Holmes co., Mississippi.
of about 80 miles, enters the river St. Lawrence at Lake    RICHLAND, a post-township in Jefferson co., Arkansas.
St. Peter. It is broader and more rapid in the former than  Pop. 1134.
in the latter part of its course. Near its centre it expands    RICHLAND, a township in Madison co., Arkansas. P. 736.
into the basin of Chambly.                                  RICHLAND, a township in Newton co., Arkansas. P. 96.
RICHELIEU  ISLANDS, are situated in Lake St. Peter,   RICHLAND, a township in Phillips co., Arkansas. P. 851
(St. Pierre,) at the mouth of the above, in the St. Lawrence.   RICHLAND, a township in Searcy co., Arkansas. P. 128.
RICHIFIELD, a post-township forming the N. extremity    RICHLAND, a township of Washington co., Arkansas.
of Otsego co., New York. Pop. 1502.                       Pop. 489.
RICHFIELD, a post-office of Juni ta co., Pennsylvania.    RICHILAND, a post-village in Giles co., Tennessee.
RICHFIELD, a township in the S.E. part of Henry co.,   RICHLAND, a village in hIenderson co., Kentucky, near
Ohio. Pop. 136.                                           Green River, 165 miles WV. by S. of Frankfort.
RICHFIELD, a township forming the N.W. extremity of   RICHLAND, a township in Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 989.
Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 399.                                  RICHILAND, Ohio, a station on the Ohio and PennsylRICHFIELD, a post-village and township of Summit co., vania Railroad, 4 miles from Crestline.
Ohio, 134 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1268.                RICHLAND, a township in Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 3351.
RICHFIELD, a post-township of Genesee co., Michigan.   RICHLAND, a township in Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1975.
Pop. 482.                                                   RICHLAND, a township in Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 798.
RICHFIELD, a township of Lapeer co., Michigan.            RICHLAND, a township in Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 702
RICHFIELD, post-township, Adams co., Illinois. P. 820.   RICIILAND, a township in Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 1776.
RICHFIELD, a small village of Clay co., Missouri.         RICHLAND, a township in Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1438.
RICHFIELD, a township of Washington co., Wisconsin.   RICHLAND, a township in Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1439.
Pop. 869.                                                   RICHLAND, a flourishing village and township, in Logan
RICHFIELD SPRINGS, a post-village of Otsego co., New  co., Ohio, on the railroad from Cincinnati to Sandusky, also
York, about 75 miles W. of Albany. It has a sulphur spring, on the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, 126 miles from
and contains 2 churches.                                  the former. Pop. of the township, 1169; of the village, in
RICH/FORD, a post-township of Franklin co., Vermont, 1853, 200.
on the E. side of Missisque River, 50 miles N. by W. of    RICHLAND, a post-office of Richland co., Ohio.
Montpelier. Pop. 1074.                                      RICHLAND, a township in Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1193.
RICHFORD, a post-village and township of Tioga co., New    RICLILAND, a township in Wyandott co., Ohio. Pop. 615.
York, on East Owego Creek, about 140 miles Wv. by S. of   RICHLAND, a post-township in the N.E. part of KalaAlbany. Pop. of the village, about 300; of the township, mazoo co., Michigan. Pop. 795.
1208.                                                       RICHLAND, a township in Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 190.
RICH FORK, a post-office of Davidson co., North Carolina.   RICHLAND, a township in De Kalb co., Indiana. P. 653.
RICH HILL, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and    RICHLAND, a township in Fountain co., Indiana. Pop.
4 miles E.N.E. of Armagh, on the road to Belfast. Pop. 800. 1725.
It has a station on the Belfast and Armagh Railway.         RICHLAND, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. 597.
RICH HILL, a township forming the N.W. extremity of    RICHLAND, a township in Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 878.
Greene co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2135.                        RICHLAND, a township in Greene co., Indiana.  Pop.
RICH HILL, a post-township in the S.E. part of Mus- 1483.
kingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1495.                                RICHLAND, a township in Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 339.
RICHIBUCTO, rish'e-bsk/to, a port of entry of Kent co.,   RICHLAND, a township in Madison co., Indiana. P. 805.
New Brunswick, at the mouth of the river of the same    RICIILAND, a township in Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 1176.
name, about 120 miles N.E. of St. John. The Richibucto    RICHLAND, a township in Monroe co., Indiana. Pop. 966.
River is navigable for vessels of the largest size above 15    RICHLAND, a post-village and township of Rush co., Inmiles from its entrance into the gulf, where it forms a safe diana, 9 or 10 miles S.S.E. of Rnshville. Pop. 1214.
and commodious harbor. The shipment of timber and deals   RICHLAND, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. P. 393.
at this port is annually becoming more and more im-   RICHLAND, a post-village in Sangamoii co., Illinois, 12
portant. The number of foreign arrivals in 1851, was 106, miles N.W. by W. of Springfield.
(tons, 16,786.) and of clearances 105, (tons, 18,305.) Value   RICHLAND, a township in Gasconade co., Missouri.
of imports, $109,000; exports, $133,155.                 Pop. 238.
RICHLAND, rich/land, a district in the central part of   RICHLAND, a post-village of Greene co., Missouri, about
SouthCarolina,has an area of 465 squaremiles. Itis bounded  10 miles N. by W. of Springfield.
on the E. by the Wateree, and on the S.W. by Broad and    RICHLAND, a thriving post-village of Keokuk co., Iowa,
Congaree Rivers. The first and last of these unite at the  50 miles S.S.WV. of Iowa City. It is situated in a fertile
S.E. extremity of the district. The surface is moderately  farming district, which is improving rapidly, and it has
hilly, and partly covered with pine forests. The soil is several stores. Pop. about 600.
mostly excellent. The Congaree and Wateree Rivers are    RICHLAND, a post-village, capital of Richland co., Wisnavigable by steamboats on the borders of the district. cousin, 128 miles W.N.WV. of Milwaukee. It is situated on
Three railway lines terminate at Columbia, in this district, Pine Creek, and on a prairie surrounded by beautiful shade1586




RIO                                                        RIC!rees. It has abundant water-power, and several mills are  can liberty. Capital,.Augusta. Pop. 16,246, of whom 8434
being erected.                                            were free, and 7812 slaves.
RICHLAND CENTRE, a post-office, De Kalb co., Indiana.    RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village and township of
RICHLAND CITY, a post-village in Richland co., Wis-  Sagadahoc co., Maine, on the Kennebec and Portland Railconsin, at the mouth of Pine Creek.                       road, 17 miles S. of Augusta.  The village contains S
RICHLAND CREEK, of Navarro co., Texas, rising in the  churches, a bank, an  iron-foundry, machine-shop, sash
W. part of the county, enters Pecan Creek, near the E. and blind factory, and other establishments. Ship-building
border.                                                   is very extensively carried on; 15 ships and I brig were conRICHLAND CREEK, in the S. part of Tennessee, flows structed here in 1853. Pop. of the township in 1850, 2056;
S. and enters Elk River, in Giles county, at Elkton.      it has since more than doubled, and is chiefly in the village.
RICHLAND CROSStINGS, post-office, Navarro co., Texas.   RICHMOND, a post-township in Cheshire co., New HampRICHLAND GROVE, a post-village of Mercer co., Illinois, shire, 53 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 1128.
13 miles S.S.E. of Rock Island.                             RICHMOND, a post-village and township of Chittenden
RICHtILANDS, a post-office of Onslow co., North Carolina. co., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad and Onion
RICHILANDTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl-  River, 23 miles N.W. of Montpelier. It has manufactures
vania, 105 miles E. of Harrisburg.                        of machinery, carriages, furniture, woollen goods, leather,
RICHIMOND, a parliamentary and municipal borough, &c. Pop. of the township, 1453.
town, and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, on    RICHMOND, a post-village and township of Berkshire co.,
the Swale, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, 42  Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, and the Housatonic
miles, N.W. of York, with which it is connected by the  River, 159 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 907.
Great North of England Railway, and a short branch. Pop.   RICHMOND, a township in Washington co., Rhode Island,
of parliamentary borough in 1851, 4969. It is picturesquely  on the Stonington and Providence Railroad, 28 miles S.S.W.
situated on a bold eminence, half-encircled by the Swale, of Providence. Ithas manufactures of cotton goods, muslins,
irregularly, but well built. The chief buildings are the  delaines, thread, &c. Pop. 1784.
fine old church, a large Roman Catholic chapel, an excellent   RICHMOND, New York, a station on the Western Railfree grammar school, a large hotel, and imposing ruins of a  road, 41 miles from Albany.
castle, built, together with the town, at the Conquest, by    RICHMOND, a township, Ontario co., New York. P. 1852.
Alan, Earl of Bretagne. It covers 6 acres, and has a keep    RICHMOND, a beautiful post-village, capital of Richmond
about 100 feet in height. It now belongs to the Duke of co., New York, is situated on Staten Island, about 160 miles
Richmond, on whose ancestors itwas conferred by Charles II. S. by W. of Albany. It consists principally of villas, enNear it are also fine remains of a monastery. Richmond has  closed by beautifully ornamented grounds, occupying the
a scientific society, mechanics' institute, and banking corn- N. and N.W. slope of the island, in full view of New York
pany. An ecclesiastical and civil court, for the extensive  City and the shipping in the harbor.
district of Richmondshire, are held here.  The borough    RICHMOND, township, Berks co., Pennsylvania. P. 2056.
sends 2 members to the House of Commons.                    RICHMOND, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.
RICHMOND, a town and parish of England, co. of Surrey, Pop. 1139.
on the right bank of the Thames, here crossed by a hand-   RICHMOND, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennsylsome stone bridge of 4 arches, 10 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, vania, 2 miles W. of the Delaware River, and 12 miles N. of
London, with which city it is connected by a branch of the  Easton. It contains several stores.
South-western Railway.  Pop. of the town, in 1851,' 9065.   RICHMOND, or PORT RICHMOND, a suburb of PhilaOn the sides and summit of a ridge facing the river are  delphia, on the Delaware River, 2 miles above the city promany handsome villas, and several superior hotels, resorted  per. It is a depot for the coal brought down the Reading
to in summer by numerous visitors from the metropolis; Railroad. In 1852, the number of vessels loaded with coal
and here also Richmond commands one of the finest pros- at this port amounted to 9047, viz.: 8 ships, 94 barks, 571
pects in the vicinity of London, and has beauties which  brigs, 5482 schooners, 334 sloops, and 2759 barges. Pop. in
earned for it the designation of the ENGLISn TIVOLI.  In its 1850, 5750.
church are the tombs of the poet Thomson and the tragedian    RICHMOND, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, about
Kean. It has a national school, several amply-endowed sets 43 miles N. by W. of Williamsport. Pop. 1231.
of almshouses, a very handsome Wesleyan college, and some    RICHMOND, a small village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania.
remains of a royal palace, rebuilt by Henry VII., who named    RICHMOND, a city, port of entry, capital of Virginia, and
the place after his paternal earldom in Yorkshire, and who, seat of justice of Ilenrico county, is situated on the left or
as well as Queen Elizabeth, died here. Richmond Park, N.E. bank of James River, at the lower falls, and at the
adjoining the town on the S., is 8 miles in circuit, well head of tide-water, about 100 miles in a straight line S. by
wooded, stocked with deer, and open to the public.        W. of Washington. The distance by railroad is 130 miles
RICHIMOND, the southernmost county of New York, has from Washington; 168 from Baltimore, and 22 N. of Petersan area of about 60 square miles. It comprises the whole  burg. Lat. of the Capitol, 370 32'17' N., Ion. 770 271 28' W.
of Staten Island, and is divided into four townships. It is It is the largest town in Virginia, and one of the most
bounded N. by Newark Bay and the Kills, W. by Staten  beautiful in the Union. The situation of the city and the
Island Sound, S. by Raritan Bay, and E. by the Hudson  scenery of the environs are much admired, combining, in a
River, all of which afford great facilities for navigation and  high degree, the elements of grandeur, beauty, and variety.
the fisheries. The surface is uneven and hilly; Richmond  The river, winding among verdant hills which rise with
Hill is the greatest elevation. The soil is generally good, graceful swells and undulations. is interrupted by numeand has a great advantage in being so near the New York  rous islands and granite rocks, among which it tumbles and
market. Iron-ore and some other minerals have been found. foams for a distance of several miles. The city is built on
This county was named from Richmond, a town of Eng- several hills, the most considerable of which are Shockoe
land. Capital, Richmond. Pop. 15,061.                     and Richmond Hills, separated from each other by Shockoe
RICHMOND, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an  Creek. It is laid out with general regularity in rectangular
area of 140 square miles, and a length of 30 miles. The  blocks. About 12 parallel streets, nearly 3 miles in length,
Rappahannock River forms its entire boundary on the S.W. extend N.W. and S.E., and were originally distinguished
The surface is nearly level. The soil has lately been im- by the letters of the alphabet, A street being next the river;
proved by the use of guano. Firewood is one of the chief other names, however, are now generally used. The princiarticles of export, and large numbers of the inhabitants find  pal thoroughfare of business and fashion is Main or E street.
lucrative employment in the oyster business. Organized in  Those which Intersect it are named from the ordinal num1692. Capital, Warsaw. Pop. 6448, of whom 4171 were free, bers, First, Second, Third, &c.  The Capitol and other
and 2277 slaves.                                          public buildings are situated on Shockoe Hill; the top of
RICHMOND, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, which is an elevated plain in the W. part of the city. This
bordering on South Carolina; area estimated at 900 square is the fashionable quarter, and is considered the most demiles. Lumber River forms its boundary on the E., and  sirable for private residences.  The Capitol, from its size
the Yadkin on the W., and Little River flows through a  and elevated position, is the most conspicuous object in
part of the county. The surface is undulating. It is tra- Richmond. It stands in the centre of a public square, of
versed by a number of small streams which furnish fine  about 8 acres, is adorned with a portico of Ionic columns
motive-power.  Formed in 1779.  Capital, Rockingham. and contains a marble statue of Washington, by Houdon,
Pop. 9818, of whom 5114 were free, and 4704 slaves.       taken from life, and considered a perfect likeness. The City
RICHMOND, a county in the E. part of Georgia, border- Hall is an elegant and costly building in the Doric style, at
ing on the Savannah River, which separates it from South  an angle of Capitol Square. The Penitentiary, which stands
Carolina, contains about 340 square miles. It is drained by near the river, in the W. suburbs of the city, has a front 300
Brier, Butler's, MacBean's, and Spirit Creeks. The surface feet in length, and is 110 feet deep. The number of prisoners
is uneven; excepting in the vicinity of the river, the soil is in September, 1853, was 270. The city contains also a courtgenerally poor. Granite, sienite, novaculite, and burrstone house, a jail, an armory 320 feet long by 280 wide, 2 marketare found. The Savannah River affords extensive water- houses, a theatre, an orphan asylum, and a masonic hall.
power at Augusta, and is navigable by steamboats from  A new custom-house is being erected at a cost of about
that point to its mouth. The county is intersected by the  $400,000.
Georgia Railroad. This division of the state was formerly    There are 3 banks, with an aggregate capital of $2,114.000,
called Augusta District; the present name was given in 1777, and several insurance offices. The public press consists of
in honor of the Duke of Richmond, a warm friend of Ameri- 16 or 17 papers and periodicals, 6 or 7 of which are issued
1587




RIO                                                          RIO
daily. There are about 30 churches, belonging to the Bap-   RICIHMOND, a post-village, capital of Fort Bend co.,
tists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, Friends, Texas, on the right bank of the Brazos River, 170 miles
Lutherans, Campbellites, Universalists, and Catholics; also  S.E. of Austin City. The river is navigable up to this point
2 Hebrew synagogues. The Monumental Church (Episco- in high water.
pal) occupies the site of the theatre which was burned in    RICHMOND, a township in Desha co., Arkansas. P. 216.
1811, on which occasion the Governor of Virginia and more    RICHMOND, a township in Prairie co., Arkansas. P. 165.
than 60 others perished. Among the institutions of this    RICHMOND, a post-village of Bedford co., Tennessee, 70
city may be mentioned the Virginia Historical and Philoso- miles S.S.E. of Nashville.
phical Society, Richmond College, founded by the Baptists   RICHMOND, a handsome post-village, capital of Madison
in 1.832; St. Vincent's College, under the direction of the  co., Kentucky, 50 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort.  It is surCatholics, and the Medical Department of Hampden and  rounded by a beautiful and fertile country, and contains a
Sydney College, established here in 1838; the edifice of the  court-house, 4 churches, an academy, a public library, 1
latter is a fine specimen of the Egyptian style of archi- newspaper office, and a branch bank. Settled in 1785. Pop.
tecture. The water of the river is raised by forcing pumps in 1853, estimated at 1500.
into 3 reservoirs, containing 1,000,000 gallons each, and    RICHMOND, a township in Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 706.
thence distributed over the city. Three bridges across the    RICHMOND, a township in Huron co., Ohio. Pop. 609.
river connect the city with Manchester and Spring Hill.       RICHMOND, a post-village of Salem township, Jefferson
For some years past Richmond has rapidly increased in  co., Ohio, 11 miles N.W. of Steubenville.  It contains 3
population and business. The James River and Kanawha  churches, 1 classical academy, and a newspaper office.
Canal, of which this is the E. terminus, is completed to Bu-   RICIIMOND, a village of Lake co., Ohio, on Grand River,
chanan, about 200 miles, and is progressing to Covington, 1 mile from Lake Erie. A large village sprang up here sudon Jackson's River. It was commenced in 1834, and had  denly, about 1836, but soon after rapidly declined. Many
cost, in 1852, $10,714,306. The Richmond and Petersburg  of the buildings have since been taken down or removed to
Railroad connects here with the Richmond and Fredericks-  Painesville, 2 miles above.
burg Railroad, forming part of the great southern mail' RICHMOND, a post-township forming the N.E. part of
route. The Central Railroad, after leaving Richmond, makes Macomb co., Michigan. Pop. 1000.
an extensive detour to the N., and then turning westward,   RICHMOND, a village of Decatur co., Indiana, 55 miles
penetrates the central part of the state. It is completed to  S.E. of Indianapolis.
Staunton, about 125 miles, and is to be extended to the    RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village of Wayne townOhio River, at Guyandotte; and the Richmond and Dan- ship, Wayne co., Indiana, is pleasantly situated on the East
ville Railroad, of which 73 miles were completed in 1853, Fork of Whitewater River, where it is crossed by the Naextends S.W., connecting with the railroad systems of Ten- tional Road and Central Railroad, 68 miles E. of Indiananessee and Georgia. The river is navigable to this port for polls, and 64 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati. It is the centre
vessels drawing 10 feet of water, and those drawing 15 feet of an active trade, and remarkable for its flourishing manncome within 3 miles of the town. Semi-weekly lines of factures of cotton, wool, paper, flour, and iron, for which
ocean steamers communicate with New York and Philadel- the river affords abundant motive-power.  It is believed
phia, and steamboats ply daily to Baltimore and Norfolk.   that no town in the state employs more labor in this branch
The following table exhibits the amount of tonnage, esti- of industry. The Central Railroad extends to Indianapolis
mated value thereof, and freight paid on the same, imported  on one hand, and connects on the other with the railroads
into Richmond, by canal and railroad, during the year of Ohio.  Here also commences the Richmond and New1852:-                                                      castle Railroad, extending towards Chicago.  Richmond;______________________          _   ~contains 1 bank, 1 public library, 10 churches, 2 printingTns.  Estimated  Freight  offices, 2 fire companies and engines, and 60 stores.  The
value.  and toll.  Indiana yearly meeting of the Society of Friends is held
J eCanal..   I113,3177  $7,143,837 ~      here. There are 2 large boarding-schools in the vicinity.
Richmend  and  Fredericksburg                             The township containedin 1851, 3 cotton factories, 4 woollen
Railroad...............  4,807    285,000   19,252  factories, 1 paper mill, 13 flouting mills, 3 oil mills, 11 saw
RichmondandPetersburg Railroad  27,932   1,262,248   24,752  mills, and 2 iron foundries. The manufacture of carriages,
Richmond and Danville Railroad..  53.411    067,326   37,919  threshing machines, and farming implements is carried on
Virginia Central Railroad.........  1740 1,000,000   55,989
Virginia Central Railread                  here extensively.  The surrounding country is the most
2i56,987 $10,660,422 $35,861   populous and highly cultivated part of the state. Pop. in
1853, by a local census, 3800.
The chief articles of export are tobacco, wheat, and flour.   RICHMOND, a post-village of Brown co., Illinois, about 3
The quantity of tobacco inspected here in 1851, was 15,678  miles W. of Illinois River, and 70 miles W. by N. of Springhogsheads, and in 1852 it amounted to 24,119 hogsheads. field.
The exports of that year were 13,771 hogsheads, viz.: to    RICHMOND, a small village of Coles co., Illinois.
Great Britain, 5416 hogsheads; France, 3558; Italy, 1910;   RICHMOND, a thriving post-village of McHenry co., ThiBremen, 1432' Holland, 1025; Belgium, 430. The shipping  nots, on the Nippersink Creek, about 60 miles N.W. of Chiof the district, June 30, 1854, amounted to an aggregate of cage. It contains several mills. Pop. about 400.
5172 tons registered, and 6709 tons enrolled and licensed.   RICHMOND, a flourishing post-village, capital of Ray co.,
Of the latter all were employed in the coast trade, and 1421 Missouri, 150 miles N.W. of Jefferson City, and 7 miles N.
tons in steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year of Missouri River. It is surrounded by a very fertile rewere 241, (tons, 3759,) of which 11 (tons, 2012) were by Ame- gion. Pop. estimated at 1000.
rican vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 74,   RICHMOND, a small post-village of Washington co., Iowa.
(tons, 24,464,) of which 51 (tons, 17.059) were by American    RICHMOND, a township in Richland co., Wisconsin.
vessels. During the year 4 vessels, with an agg-egate burden    RICHMOND, a post-village and township of Walworth
of 833 tons, were admeasured.                              co., Wisconsin, 49 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 756.
Richmond possesses an immense water-power derived    RICHIMOND, a village of Canada West, in the township
from the falls of James River, which, from the commence- of Goulburn, co. of Carleton, on the Goodwood River, 73
ment of the rapids, a few miles above the city, descends miles N.N.E. of Kingston. It is a thriving place, with seabout 100 feet to the tide-level. Few places in the state, or veral churches of different sects, a grammar school, a disin the whole country, possess greater natural advantages  tillery, 2 tanneries, and a saw, fulling, and flour mills. Pop.
for productive industry, which has recently attracted much  in 1852, 1135.
attention. The principal articles produced here are flour,    RICHMOND, a post-village of Canada West, in the towntobacco, cotton and woollen goods, paper, machinery, and  ship of Bayham, co. of Middlesex, 37 miles from  London.
iron ware. The brand of the City Flour Mills has acquired, Pop. about 250.
perhaps, more celebrity than any other in the country. The    RICHMOND, a thriving post-village of Canada East, in
Gallego and Haxall Mills are 5 or 6 stories high, 94 feet the township of Shipton, co. of Sherbrooke, on a branch of
long, and about 80 feet wide. Richmond contains about 40  the St. Francis River, and at the junction of the Quebec and
tobacco factories, some of which are very extensive, and  Richmond Railway with the Grand Trunk Railway, 90
several rolling-mills and cotton-factories.  This city was miles E. of Montreal,aud 100 S.S.W. of Quebec. A bridge
founded by an act of Assembly in May, 1742, and became  across the St. Francis connects it with Melbourne.
the capital of the state in 1779-80, at which period it was an    RICHMOND, a county of Nova Scotia, occupying the S.
insignificant place, having scarcely any thing to interest portion of the island of Cape Breton, Madame, and other
except the grandeur of its scenery. In 1787 it contained  smaller islands adjoining. Capital, Arichat. Pop. in 1851,
about 300 houses. Pop. in 1800, 5737; in 1810, 9785; in  10,381.
1820, 12,067; in 1830, 16,060; in 1840, 20,153; in 1850,   RICHMOND, a village of New Brunswick, co. of York,
27,510, and in 1854, 32,389, of whom 19,282 were white per- about 52 miles W. by N. of Fredericton.
sons, 10,889 slaves, and 2223 persons of color.             RICHMOND, a town of New South Wales, co. of CumberRICHMOND, a post-village of Dallas co., Alabama, about land, 39 miles N.W. of Sydney. Pop. 800.
100 miles S. by E. of Tuscaloosa.                           RICHMOND, a town of Australia, in Victoria, on the
RICHMOND, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.    Yarra, near Melbourne.
RICHMOND, a post-village, capital of Madison parish,    RICHMOND, a district of Van Diemen's Land, separated
Louisiana, on Roundaway Bayou, 300 miles by water N. of  W. from the districts of New Norfolk and Hobart-Town by
Baton Rouge, has a court-house, and a newspaper office.   Derwent River and estuary, and having E. and $. Storm
1588




RIC                                                       RID
Bay and the ocean. Area, 1050 square miles. The shores   RIDEAU (ree'd50 RIVER and CANAL, in Canada Earl
are very irregular. It comprises Forestier's  and Tasman's  connects Kingston on Lake Ontario with the Ottawa Rives,
Peninsulas, and Marion Island, with Ralph, Frederick- immediately below Chaudilre Falls,  The canal is partle
Henry, Norfolk, and Marion Bays, and Pittwater. Surface formed by the Cataraqui River, which flows to Kingsta,,
mostly mountainous.                                      from Lake Rideau, in lat. 440 40' N., ion. 760 15' W.
RICHMOND, a town of the above district, is on the Coal   RIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
River, 11 miles N.E. of Hiobart-Town. It has a court-house,   RIDGE, a post-office of Livingston co, New York.
jail, and some inns. Other settlements are Sorell, Brighton,   RIDGE, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Maryland.
and Bagdad.                                                RIDGE, a post-office of Edgefield district, South Carolina
RICHMOND CENTRE, apost-officeof Ashtabula co., Ohio.   RIDGE, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.
RICHIiMOND CORINER, a post-office of Sagadahock co.,   RIDGE, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 400.
Maine.                                                      RIDGE, a township of Wyandott co., Ohio. Pop. 501.
RICHMOND DALE, a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, 13    RIDGEBURY, rAjlbpr-e, a post-village of Fairfield co., Con
miles S.E. of Chillicothe. Pop. 350.                      necticut, 35 miles W. by N. of New Haven.
RICHMOND FACTORY, a post-office of Richmond co.,   RIDGEBURY, a post-village of Orange co., New York
Georgia, 10 miles S. of Augusta.                          about 110 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
RICHMOND HILL, a post-office of Surry co., North Caro-   RIDGEBURY, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyllina.                                                     vania, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Towanda. Pop, 1616.
RICHMOND HILL, a village of Canada West, co. of York,   RIDGE FARM, a post-village of Vermilion co., Illinois,
16 miles N. of Toronto. It has several mills driven by steam. 16 miles S. of Danville.
RICHMOND MILLS, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.   RIDGEFIELD, r~jffeeld, a post-village and township of
RICHMOND RIVER, in East Australia, enters the Pacific  Fairfield co., Connecticut, on the Danbury and Norwalk
Ocean about 60 miles S. of Moreton Bay, and is navigable  Railroad, 12 miles from Norwalk, and about 35 miles W. of
for small vessels for 70 miles from its mouth. Its valley is  New IHaven, contains several churches, an academy, and
said to be well suited for the culture of wheat.          manufhctories of carriages, furniture, castings, leather, &c.
RICHMOND  VALLEY, a post-office of Richmond co., Pop. of the township, 2237.
New York.                                                   RIDGEFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Huron co.,
RICHIMONDVILLE, a post-village and township of Scho- Ohio, intersected by the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad,
harie co., New York, about 48 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1666. and the Cleveland, Norwalk and-Toledo Railroad. Pop. 1944.
RICH PATCH, a post-office of Alleghany co., Virginia.     RIDGE GROVE, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.
RICH SQUARE, a post-office of Northafmpton co., North    RIDGE IhALL, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.
Carolina.                                                   RIDGELAND, rij'land, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio.
RICHTENBERG, rixKten-baRGx, a town of Prussia, 12    RIDGELEY, rij'lee, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.
miles S.W.'of Stralsund, on a small lake. Pop. 1379.        RIDGELY, rljflee, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois,
RICHTENSWEIL, ridltens-vil,  or RICHTERSWEIL,  64 miles S. by W. of Springfield.
rix/ters-9iP, a village of Swiftzerland, 13 miles S.E. of Zurich,   RIDGEMONT, rlj'mont, a parish of England, co. of Bedon the S. shore of its lake. Pop. 3080.                   ford, 23 miles N.E. of Woburn, with a station on a branch
RICHITON, Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central Rail- of the London and North-western Railway.
road, 28 miles from Chicago.                                RIDGE POST, a post-office of Davidson co., Tennessee.
RICH VALILEY, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsyl-   RIDGE PRAIRIE, (prA/ree,) a post-office of Saline co.,
vania.                                                    Missouri.
RICH VALLEY, a post-office of Bedford co., Tennessee.     RIDGE SPRING. a post-village of Pitt co., North Carolina.
RICH VIEW, a post-village of Washington co., Illinois,   RIDGEVILLE, rlj!vil, a post-village of Carroll co., Marywith a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, 8 miles N.E. land, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
of Nashville.                                               RIDGEVILLE, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
RICH1VILLE, a post-village of St; Lawrence co., New    RIDGEVILLE, a post-village of Colleton district, South
York, near the Potsdam and Watertown Railroad, 18 miles Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of
S.W. of Canton. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores, a tannery, Charleston.
a grist mill, and 3 sawmills.                               RIDGEVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Alabama, 50
RICHIVILLE, New York, a station on the Elmira, Ca- miles S.W. of Montgomery.
nandaigua, and Niagara Falls Railroad, 11 miles from    RIDGEVILLE, a township of IIenry co., Ohio. Pop. 148.
Batavia.                                                    RIDGEVILLE, a township of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 1212.
RICI-IVILLE. a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.         RIDGEVILLE, a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, about
RICHIWOOD, a post-township of Izard co., Arkansas. 38 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati.
Pop. 332.                                                   RIDGEVILLE, a post-office of Randolph co., Indiana.
RICIW0OOD, a township of Lawrence co., Arkansas. P. 343.   RIDGEVILLE, a post-township of Cook co., Illinois.
RICHWOOD. a post-village of Union co., Ohio, 44 miles Pop. 441.
N.W. of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, about 250.                  RIDGEVILLE CORNERS, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio.
RICTHWOOD, a township of Richland co., Wisconsin.         RIDGEWAY, rijfw&, a post-township of Orleans co., New
RICHWOODS, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.      York, on the Erie Canal, 260 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Pop.
RICHWOODS, a post-village of Izard co., Arkansas, 120  4591.
miles N. of Little Rock.                                *   RIDGEWAY, a smnall village ofBradford co., Pennsylvania.
RICIHWOODS, a post-office ofDelaware co., Indiana.        RIDGEWAY, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania.
RICIVINGHALL, INFEIRIOR, a parish of England, coe   RIDGEWAY, a post-village, capital of Elk co., Pennsylof Suffolk.                                               vania, on the Clarion River, and on the Sunbury and Erie
RICKINGHALL, SUPEWRIOR, a parish of England, co. Railroad, 160 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It was laid out in
of Suffolk.                                               1843, and is rapidly improving. The chief business of the
RICKILING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           place is the manufacture and transportation of lumber. It
RICKIMANSWORTI or RICKIMERSWORTH, a market- contains 1 newspaper office. Pop. in 1853, 500.
town and parish of England, co. of Herts, on the Colne and    RIDGEWAY, a post-office of Henry co., Virginia.
the Grand Junction Canal, 10 miles S.W. of St. Alban's.   RIDGEWAY, a post-village of Fairfield district, South
]'op. in 1851, 4851, mostly employed in manufactures of silk  Carolina.
and straw-plait, paper and flour mills.                     RIDGEWAY, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
RICKfOE'S BLUFF, a post-office of Gadsden co., Florida.   RIDGEWAY, a township of Iowa co., Wisconsin. Pop. 704.
RICKIREAL, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.             RIDGEWAY, a post-township in the N E. part of Lenawee
RICLA, rik'lA, (anc. Nertobriga?) a town of Spain, pro- co., Michigan. Pop. 633.
vince of Saragossa, 15 miles N.E. of Calatayud. Pop. 1303.  RIDGEWAY, a post-village of Warren co., North CaroRICOCERNO, re-ko-sehano, or RICOVERNOVICK, re-ko- lina, on the Gaston and Raleigh Railroad, 58 miles N.N.E.
vhrlno-vik, a river of Turkey in Europe, rises in the moun- of Raleigh. The Roanoke Valley Railroad terminates here.
tain range between Montenegro and Dalmatia, flows S.E.   RIDGEWAY, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan,
past Cettigne, after a course of nearly 60 miles, and falls about 50 miles S.W. of Detroit. Pop. about 300.
into the lake of Scutari.                                   RIDGEWAY, a post-village of Iowa co., Wisconsin, 32
RICOTE, re-koltA, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles miles W. by S. of Madison, has 2 churches.
N.W. of Murcia. Pop. 1500.                                  RIDGEWOOD, rnjwi6d, a post-office of Fairfield district,
RIDDERKERK, ridlder-klank, a village of the Nether- South Carolina.
lands, province of South Holland, in the island of Yssel-   RIDGEWORTH, rijtworth, a small village of Colleton dismonde,6 miles S.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 4277.               trict, South Carolina.
RIDIDINGS, a village and township of England, co. of    RIDGLEY, rlj/lee, a post-village of Platte co, Missouri, r 32
Derby, 3 miles S. of Alfreton, on the Cromford Canal. It has  miles N.N.W. of Independence.
a handsome church with a tower and spire, extensive col-   RIDILEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
leries, blast furnaces, and other important iron works. Pop.   RID/LEY, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania.
4500.                                                     Pop. 1389.
RIDDLE'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Butler co.,   RIDtLEYSVILLE, a post-office of Gadsden co., Florida.
Pennsylvania.                                               RIDILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
IRIDDLESWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       RIDLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
1589




RID                                                            RIG
RIDiMAWLEY-D'ABlITOT, a parish of England, co. of  struction from St. Petersburg to Warsaw. The city is situate4
Worcester.                                                   on a sandy flat, surrounded by hills, on which numerous fine
RIIDOTT'S, a post-village of Stephenson co., Illinois, 110  villas make a cheerful and showy appearance. It consists of
miles N.W. by W. of Chicago.                                  the town proper, and suburbs more extensive than the town
RIDIWARE, MAVESYN, (mAvisin,) a parish of England, itself. The communication across the river is kept up by a
co. of Stafford.                                               bridge of boats. about 500 yards long. Riga is surrounded
RIDWARE, PIPE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.    both by walls and bastions, and is defended by a citadel.
RIED, rest, a market-town of Upper Austria, capital The older part of the town, still confined within earthen walls,,ircle of Inn, 25 miles S. of Passau. Pop. 2600.  It has  consists of narrow, winding streets, huddled together withmanufactures of linens and woollens, and a brisk transit  out any regularity. The more modern parts of the town are
trade.                                                         much better built, and contain three good squares. Along
RIED, a village of Tyrol, circle of Imst, with a church  the river, on both sides, are spacious quays, which afford
and Capuchin monastery. The inhabitants distinguished  excellent promenades; and the esplanade and gardens, both
themselves in the Tyrolese war in 1799. Pop. 720.              within and near the town, are well laid out. The principal
RIEDLINGEN, reetfling-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, on  structures are the cathedral, rebuilt in 1547; the church of
the Danube, 28 miles S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 1779.                   St. Peter, with a tower 440 feet in height; the castle, with a
RIEGEL, reefghel, a market-town of Baden, circle of  chancery and residence of the general and civil governors,
Upper Rhine, on the Eltz, and on the Mannheim and Basel hall of the provincial states, town-house, exchange, arsenal,
Railway, 11 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg.  Pop. 1841.              and a magnificent column with a colossal bronze statue of
RIEGELSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.  Victory, erected in 1817. It has several colleges, a school
See REIGLEsvILLE.                                             of navigation, and various other schools, a public library,
RIEGERSBURG, reelghers-bO&rB0,  a small market-town of  with 15,000 volumes and numerous rare manuscripts, a
Austria, in Styria, 24 miles E.S.E. of Griitz, containing a re- cabinet of natural history, an observatory, and a society
markable feudal fortress of the same name, which crowns a  of Lithuanian literature. In 1835 it had 25 manufactories
mass of volcanic rocks 400 feet above the level of the Raab.   of cotton cloth and rugs, sugar refineries, tobacco factories,
RIEGERSCIILAG, reelghers-shl/G', a village of Bohemia, and breweries. Quays stretch for 1 mile along the river;
about 24 miles S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2056.                       but the inner harbor does not admit vessels drawing more
RIEGLESVILLE, reelgl'z-vil, or RIEGLE'S MILLS, a  than from  12 to 15 feet water; ships of larger burden
flourishing village of Warren co., New Jersey, on the Bel- load and unload'at Bolder-aa, a small port outside of the
videre and Delaware Railroad, nearly 40 miles N.N.W. of  bar, at the mouth of the Dtina, where is the custom-house.
Trenton.                                                      Its principal merchants are of German descent. Corn used
RIEGO DE LA VEGA, re-Algo dA 1 vA/gA, a village of  to be the principal article of export, but it is now superSpain, province, and 36 miles S.W. of Leon, on the side of a  seded by flax and flax-seed; besides which, hemp, linseed,
hill. Pop. 1620.                                              wool, hides, tallow, timber, tobacco, spars, and feathers are
RIEHEN, reefen, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 3  the chief exports. The following table of the vessels that
miles N.E. of Basel. Pop. 1100.                               entered the port of Riga in 1847-49, shows at the same
RIEKA, re-A'k, a town of European Turkey, in Montene-  time the countries chiefly interested in its trade:gro, capital of a district of the same name, on a small stream
which falls into the N.W. extremity of Lake Scutari, 11 miles                      1847.          1848.          1849.
S.E. of Cattaro
RIELLO, re-B/yo, a village of Spain, province, and about                    Vessels.  Tone.  vessels.  To.  Vesels.  To.
50 miles W.S.W. of Leon. Pop. 1314.                                                                                    370
Belgia     n      4....                  60     3        7
RIENECK, a town of Bavaria.  See RINEcCK.                    British........  676  101,450   560i  94,760   645   101,630
RIEN/ZI, a post-village of Tishemingo co., Mississippi, 240  Danish.........  307   19,790   35    3,400    56    5,376
miles N.N.E. of Jackson. It has 3 or 4 stores.                 Dutch..........  281   31,162   174   21,000   246   25,520
RIERA, re-AlrA, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province.  French......   37    4e116           1,17    s      8,8
RIERA, re-A/i-A,                 provsnce,~Frenc...... 370   55,4,15    40    OT1,1as    aese~.8~
Hanoverian....  271   19,468    41    1,792    38    3,;10
and 9 miles N.E. of Tarragona, in a plain between the Gaya   Hase Towns...   49    5,702    20    2,400   16    2,6:39
and La Non. Pop. 1240.                                         Mecklenburg...  224   31,288    14    1,680    55    8,580
RIESA, ree'zl, a town of Saxony, circle of Dresden, at  Norwegian.....   146   12,434  with Swedish.  with Swedish.
its junction with the Elbe, and on the Dresden Ratilway, 12   Oldenburg.......         4,40                           1,404
Portuguese....   3      708.
miles N.W. of Meissen. Pop. 2267.                              Prussi.......  10    21,144 
Prussian.....180   3 1,044I "9   a{ S',501{" 8    0',748
RIESENBURG, reefzpn-bWOaoG, (Polish Prabutha, prA-bool-  Spanish........    5          768    4               1      118
tA,) a walled town of West Prussia, 11 miles E. of Marien-  Swedish.........  102   10,70            13,500          17,376
werder. Pop. 3100.                                             United Staes..                           750     2       50
RIESENGEBIRGE, reelzen-ga-bRGle/ph, ("giant moun-  Russian.                   002   30,320   244   09,000   390   47,520
tains,") a mountain range separating Bohemia from  Prus-           Total......2455    28,352  01232  163,10   1734  228.03
sian Silesia, continuous E. with the Sudeten-gebirge, and
W. with the Erz-gebirge. Length from  N.W. to S.E., 50 1Riga is the residence of a governor, and the seat of a supemiles. Principal height, the Riesenkoppe, 5400 feet in ele- rior court of appeal, and of several other courts and public
vation. The Elbe rises on its S. side.                         offices. It was founded A.D. 1200, and was one of the chief
RIESI, re-Asee, a market-town of Sicily, 14 miles S. of  Hanseatic towns. Pop., including the garrison, 71,228.
Caltanisetta. Pop. 6000. Near it are some sulphur-mines., RI/GA, a post-township of Monroe co., New York, interRIETBERG, reettbARa, or RITTBERG, ritt/bsRG, a town  sected by the Rochester and Buffalo Railroad, 18 miles
of Prussia, in Westphalia, 40 miles S.S.W. of Minden, on  V.S.W. of Rochester.  Pop. 2159.
the Ems;  Pop. 2060.                                             RIGA, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio.
RIETCHKI, re-Itchlkee, a market-town of Russia, go-   RIGA, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity i'
vernment of Minsk, 10 miles N.N.E. of Vileika. Pop. 1800.  Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop. 208.
RIETI, re-Alte, (anc. Reatte,) a town of Central Italy, in    RIGA GULF. See GULF OF RIGA.
the Pontifical States, on the Velino, 42 miles N.N.E. of    RIGAUD, ree'g5/, a village and seigniory of Canada East
Rome. Pop. 10,920. It was erected into a bishopric in the  co. of Vaudreuil, on the Rivire d la Graisse, 45 miles W.S.W
fifth century, and its principal edifices are ecclesiastical.  sf Milontreal.  It is the seat of Rigaud College and of the
RIEUMES, re-uml, a market-town of France, department Rigaud Female School. Pop. 450.
of Haute-Garonne, 10 miles W.S.W. of Muret. Pop. 2068.          RIGG'S CROSS ROADS. post-office, Williamson co., Tenn.
RIEUPEYROUX, re-uh'pAroo/, a market-town of France,    RIGHI CULM, ree/ghee koolm, or RIGI, reelghee, a moundepartment of Aveyron, 15 miles W.S.W. of Rodez. Pop. in  tain of Switzerland, canton, and 8 miles W. of Schwytz, be1852, 3170.                                                   tween the Lakes of Zug and Lucerne, 5905 feet above the sea.
RIEUX, re-uh/, a town of France, department of Haute- It commands magnificent views; on its summitis an inn, and
Garonne, 26 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852. 2305.  on its E. side a chapel, resorted to by numerous pilgrims.
RIEUX, a market-town of France, department of Morbi-    RIGLIONE, reel-yofnA, a parish and village of Tuscany, 3
han, on the Vilaine, 30 miles E. of Vamnnes. Pop. 2800.       miles E. of Pisa, near the left bank of the Arno.
RIEUX, a village of France, department of Nord, arron-    RIGNAC, reen'yAk/, a town of France, department of
dissement of Cambrai. Pop. 1900.                              Aveyron, 14 miles W.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852, 2005.
RIEZ, re-A/, (anue. Reii,) a town of France, department    RIGNANO, reen-yA/no, a village of Italy, in Naples, proof Basses-Alpes, 20 miles S.S.W. of Dighe. Pop. in 1852, vince of Capitanata.  Pop. 2000.
2661. Under the Romans it had the rank of a colony; it    RIGNANO, a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 22
has some remains of antiquity, and was the seat of councils  miles N. of Rome.
in A.k. 439 and 1285.                                           RIGNANO, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, province, and
RIGA, reelgA, an important fortified city, and the second  11 miles E.S.E. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 3500.
commercial port of European Russia, capital of Livonia, on    RIGNY  LE FERON, reen'yeet l1b feh-r6cN/, a village of
the D'ina, here crossed in summer by a temporary bridge  France, department of Aube, 21 miles W.S.W. of Troyes.
of boats, 2400 feet in length, about 5 miles above its mouth, Pop. 1250.
in the Gulf of Riga,  and 312 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg.    RIGOLATO, re-go-l to, a market-town of Austrian Italy,
Lat. 56~ 57' N., Ion. 24~ 6, 30/ E. A railway, 138 miles in  38 miles N.N.W. of Udine.
length, has been projected from Riga to Dunaburg, where it    RIGIOLETS BAYOU, (bi/oo,) of Jefferson parish, Louisiana,
will connect with the great line of railway in course of con- flows between Lake Washa and Little Lake.
1590




RIG                                                         IN
RIGOLETS BAYOU, of Rapides parish, Louisiana, unites    RIMONT, ree'm6NOt, a town of France, department of
with Red River a little above Alexandria.                  Aridge, on a height, 16 miles W. of Foix. Pop. 2250.
RIG/OLETS DE BON DIEU, (deh bWN du,) of Louisiana,   RIMOUSKI, re-moos/kee, a county of Canada East, corn
is a lateral channel of Red River, which leaves the river prises an area of 8200 square miles. The St. Lawrence forms
about 3 miles N. of Natchitoches, and aftelr a south-eastward  its N. boundary. Pop. 26,882. Capital, Rimouski.
course of perhaps 50 miles, rejoins the main-stream on the    RIMOUSKI, re-mooslkee, a village and seigniory of Cai.E. border of Natchitoches parish.                        nada East, capital of the above county, on the S. shore of the
RIGS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            St. Lawrence, 180 miles below Quebec. Pop. about 4000.
RIG/TON, a township of England, co. of York, in West   RIMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Riding, 6 miles E.N.E. of Otley. RIGTON-CaAG is a lofty    RINCON-DE-SOTO, rin-kdn/-dA-so/to, a town of Spain, in
rocky eminence commanding a fine view of Wharfdale.        Old Castile, 17 miles S. of Logroino, on the Ebro. Pop. 1087.
RIGUTINO, re-goo-tee/no, a village of Tuscany, S.E. of    RINCUR/RAN or RINCO/RAN, a parish of Ireland, in
Arezzo.                                                    Munster, co. of Cork.
RIGYICZA, rid'yeet/slh', or HARI LEYGEN, h/ree li/-   RINDE, rind, a river of Hindostan, rises in the province
ghen, a village of HIungary, co. of Bacs, 43 miles N.W. of of Agra, 45 miles N.E. of the town of that name, flows S.S.E.
Kara. Pop. 3131.                                         past Korah, and after a course of 166 miles joins the Jumna,
RIHURSI, re-hfsr/see, a town of the Punjab, on the Che- 12 miles W. of Futtehpoor.
naub, 90 miles N.N.E. of Lahore.                             RINDGE, a post-township of Cheshire co., New HampRIJANOVKA, re-yA-nov/kA, a market-town of Russia, shire, 45 miles S.W. of Concord. It is noted for the manngovernment, and 91 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 1600.           facture of wooden ware. Pop. 1274.
RIJN, a river of Europe. See RHINE.                       RINECK, ree/nik, or REINECK, ri/nik, a town of BaRIJP, a village of Holland. See Ryp.                    varia, on the right bank of the Sinn, 25 miles N.N.W. of
RIJSSEN, a town of Holland. See RYSSEN.                 Wiirzburg. Pop. 1542.
RIJSWIJK, a village of Holland. See RyswICK.              RINGAGONACI, rin'ga5-golnax, a parish of Ireland, in
RIKA, a town of Austria. See FIunME.                    Munster, co. of Waterford.
RI/LEY, a township of Oxford co., Maine, 66 miles W. by    RINGARS/GA, or IDUNNEGALI, a small island of Ireland,
N. of Augusta.                                            co. of Cork, 4 miles S.W. of Skibbereen, 2 miles long, by 1
RILEY, a township of Yell co., Arkansas. Pop. 199.      mile broad.
RILEY, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 849.          RINGEBO, ringleh-bo, a parish of Norway, stift of ChrisRILEY, a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 483.    tiania, on the Longen.
RILEY, a post-township in the S.W. part of Clinton co.,   RINGELSDORF, ringlels-doRf', a village of Lower Austria,
Michigan. Pop. 191.                                       near Rabsbelsburg, at the confluence of the Zaya and March.
RILEY, a township of St. Clair co., Michigan. Pop. 311.  Pop. 1400.
RILEY, a post-township of Vigo co., Indiana. Pop. 1004.   RINGELSIHIAIN, ring/els-hbin, a village of Bohemia, circle
RILEY, a post-village and township of McHenry co., Illi- of Buntzlau, 5 miles from Gabel. Pop. 1287.
nois. 65 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago. Pop. 445.             RING/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
RILEY CENTRE, a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio.        RIINGGENBE RG, rink-en-bhRc, a village and parish of
RI/LEYVILLE, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, Switzerland, canton, and 27 miles S.E. of Bern, on the S.W.
191 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.                             shore of Lake Brienz; at one extremity of the village are
RILLAER, ril1lr, a village of Belgium, province of Bra- the remains of an old castle of the Lords of Ringgenberg,
bant, 25 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1505.               destroyed in 1352, in a feud with the inhabitants of the
RILLE, reel, a river of France, departments of Orne and  village. Pop. 1134.
Eure, joins the estuary of the Seine on the left, after a N.   RING/GOLD, a new county in the S.S.W. part of Iowa,
course of 75 miles. It is navigable for barges, in the last 8 bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 540 square miles.
miles, from Pont Audemer.                                 It is traversed from N. to S. by the West Fork of Grand
RILILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, in East River. The soil is stated to be fertile, but deficient in timRiding, 41 miles E.N.E. of New Malton, on the Whitby and  bher. Pop. in 1850, 96.
Scarborough branch of North Midland Railway.                RINGGOLD, a post-township of Jefferson co., PennsylRI/LOUGHS, a district of Lumpkin co., Georgia. Pop. 288. vania.  Pop. 665.
RILSK, a town of Russia. See RYLSK.                       RINGGOLD, a village of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on
RILU, relloo, a small fortified town of the East Punjab, the Little Schuylkill Railroad.
108 miles N.E. of Lahore.                                   RINGGOLD, a post-office of Washington co., Maryland.
RIMAC, re-mfkl, a river of North Peru, enters the Pacific    RINGGOLD, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.
at Callao, 4 miles W. of Lima. Total course about 75 miles.   RINGGOLD, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
RIMA SZOMBATH, reeltm  som/bWt', or GROSS STEF-    RINGGOLD, a post-office of Blenville parish, Louisiana.
FELSDORF, groce stlf/fels-doaf', a market-town of HIun-   RINGGOLD, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.
gary, co. of Gimitr, 72 miles N.E. of Pesth, on the Rima. P.   RINGGOLD, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.
8027.                                                       RINGGOLD, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.
RIMBACH, rim/biK, a market-town of Hesse-Damstadt,    RINGGOLD, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois, 33 miles
province of Starkenburg, near Lindenfels. Pop. 1229.      W.N.W. of Chicago.
RIMICHANY (?) rim-chl/nee, a market-town of Russian Po-   RINGGOLD, a post-office of Platte co., Missouri.
land, government, and 72 miles N.N.E. of Vilna. Pop. 1600.   RINGGOLD, a post-village of Walker co., Georgia, on the
RI/MERSBURG, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. Western and Atlantic Railroad, 287 miles from Augusta.
RIMGAR, rim/gaB, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Fran-    RINGKIOBING,  (Ringkibbing,)  or  RINGKJOBING,
conia, near Wiirzburg. Pop. 1620.                         (Ringlkjbing,) ring/kyb'bing, a seaport-town on the W. coast
RIM/INGTON, a township of England, co. of York, in  of Jutland, and on the E. side of lingkitbing-fiord, 56 miles
West Riding.                                               N.W. of Ribe. Pop. 1200.
RIMINI, reelme-ne, or RIMINO, ree/me-no, (ans. Arimi-   RINGKIOBING-FIORD, riug/kyiibbing-fe-oad1, a lagoon of
anun,) a city of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, 28 Denmark, 28 miles in length from N. to S.; greatest breadth,
miles E.S.E. of Forli, at the junction of the Flaminian and  9 miles. It is separated'from  the North Sea by a strip of
Emilian Ways. Lat. 440 41' N.,lon. 120 33' E. Pop.17,500. land 1 mile across.
It is enclosed by walls, and well built; its principal edifices   RING/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
are a cathedral and other churches, with good paintings;   RING/MER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
town-hall, government palace in the principal square, in    RING/MORE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
which is a statute of Pope Paul V.; theatre, Gambalunga    RINGOES, ring/gdz, a post-village of Hunterdon co., New
Palace, with a library of 30,000 volumns open to the public;  Jersey, 6 miles S. of Flemington, has several stores.
a decaying castle of the Malatesta, and several remains of   RING/ROVE, a maritime parish of Ireland, in Munster,
antiquity, including a triumphal arch, and a bridge over co. of Cork, 2 miles S. of Kinsale. Here are the ruins of
the Marecchia, both built under Augustus, and portion of Ringrove Castle, which gives the title of baron to Lord
an:.nphitheatre. Its port, though shallow, is frequented  Kinsale.
by numerous fishing vessels, and it has an active trade in    RING/SEND, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, 11 miles E. of
fish, manufactures of silk, glass, and earthenwares.  It Dublin Castle. It adjoins Irishtown, and forms one of the
was the seat of a great ecclesiastical council in A. D. 359.  lowest quarters of the Irish metropolis, but it has a good
RIMITARA, re-me-tird, or RIMITERA, re-me-tI/rI, an  bridge across the Dodder, and various wet and other docks.
Island in the Pacific Ocean, S. of the Society Islands. Lat.   RINGS/HALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
220 37' S., lon. 1150 30' W.                                RINGSHEIM, rings/hIme, a village of Baden, circle of
RIMiMION or RUMIMON, a village of Palestine, pashalic Middle Rhein, bailiwick of Ettenheim. Pop. 1343.
of Gaza, 13 miles N.N.E. of Jerusalem.                      RING'S MILLS, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio.
RIMMON OF ZEeULON, or RUM/MANE.I, a village of Pa-   RING/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton,
lestine, pashalic of Acre, 6 miles N. of Nazareth.        on the London and North-west Railway, 41 miles N.N.E. of
RIMNIK, rim/nik, a town of Wallachia, on the Rimnik, Hi-ham Ferrers.
65 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Here the Austrians and Rus-   RINGSTEAD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
sians, under Suwarrow, defeated the Turks in 1789.          RINGSTEAD, ITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
RIMNIK, a town of Wallachia, on the Aloota, 100 miles   RINGSTED, ring/stld, a town of Denmark, on the island
N.W. of Bucharest, and 48 miles N. of Slatine.            of Seeland, 30 miles W.S.W. of Copenhagen. Pop). 1200. It
1591




RIN                                                         RIO
is very ancient, and was of considerable importance in the  cocoa, cotton, maize, rice, indigo, and fine woods. For altwelfth and thirteenth centuries.                           ministrative purposes, Rio de Janeiro is divided into eight
RINGIVILLE, a post-office of Hampshire co.,Massachusetts.  cornarcas-Angra dos Reis, Cabo Frio, Campos dos GoitaRINGWWOLD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              coazes, Cantagallo, Itaboratri, Nitherohi, Rezende, and VasRINGW0OOD, a market-town and parish of England, co., souras. It sends 10 deputiestothe generallegislative assemand 18 miles W.S.W. of Southampton, on the Avon, and  bly, and appoints 5 senators. The provincial assembly, of 36
on the Dorchester Branch of the Southi-Western Railway. members. meets in Nitherohi. After the capital. Rio Janeiro,
Pop. in 1851, 3928.                                         (or IRio de Janeiro,) the principal towns are Villa do Cabo,
RINGIWOOD, a small river which rises in Orange co., New  Cantagallo, Sio Joao da Praya. and Lorena. Pop. 850,000.
York, flows S. through Passaic county, New Jersey, and    RIO DE JANEIRO, a city of Brazil. See RIo JANEIRO.
unites with Pequannock Creek near Pompton.                    RIO DE LA HACHA. See RIo HIAcHA.
RINGWOOD, a village of Passaic co., New Jersey, on the    RIO DE LA PASION, reelo dA lA pg-se-onf, a river of Con.
Ringwood River, 24 miles from IHackensack, contains a store  tral America, rises in the Lake Lacandon, in British I-ohand several forges.                                         duras, flows W., and 72 miles N.W. of Coban, (Guatemala,)
RINGWOOD, a post-office of Halifax co., North Carolina.   having been joined by the rivers St. Isabel, Mantaquece,
RINGWOOD, a post-office of McHlenry co., Illinois.        and Sacapules. acquires the name of Usumasinta, (which
RINKENIS, rintkeh-nis, a village of Denmark, duchy of  see.) During the rains it is often half a league across.
Sleswick, on the N. side of Flensburg Fiord, 9 miles N.E. of    RIO DE LA PLATA, reelo di 1 plAti, or the PLATE
Flensburg. Pop. of parish, 1200.                            RIVER, one of the great rivers, or rather a great estuary
RINKJOBING, a town of Denmark. See RcacINGKI BING.    of South America, in the Argentine Republic, formed by
RINO!SA, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illinois, on the  the junction of the Paran& and Uruguay Rivers, in lat. 34.0
Iroquois River, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Chicago.           S., lon. 58~ 30' W., its basin lying S. of those of the Amazon,
BINTELN, rintrin, a fortifled town of Hesse-Cassel, pro- Tocantins, and Sa6 Francisco, and its numerous tributaries
vince of Nieder-Hessen, on the Weser, here joined by the  draining most part of the La Plata, Paraguay, and Uruguay
Exeter, and crossed by a bridge of boats, 10 miles S.E. of  territories, with considerable portions of Bolivia and Brazil.
Minden.                                                     The estuary resulting from their union is 200 miles in
RIO. reeso, a Spanish and Portuguese word signifying  length from N.W. to S.E., and where it joins the Atlantic
"lriver," forming the prefix to numerous names. For names  Ocean, is 170 miles across, (between Maldonado and Cape San
with this prefix, not found below, see the additional name.  Antonio;) its centre being about lot 350 30' S., ion. 560 W.
RIO, a city of Brazil. See Rio JANEIRO.                  Its muddy waters can be traced in the ocean 200 miles from
RIO, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia, 126 miles W. by  its mouth. The total length of the La Plata, Paranu, and
N. of Milledgeville.                                       the Paraguay has been estimated at nearly 2500 miles; and
RIO, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois.           from the ocean to the Island of Apipi, in the Paranu, at
RIO, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.           least 1250 miles, there is a continuous and safe navigation
RIO ALTO E BASSO, reelo Al/to A bAs/so, a commune ofTus- for vessels of 300 tons. The Aguapehi, an affluent of the
cany, island of Elba, 6 miles N. of Porto Longone. Pop. 3802. Paraguay, near lat. 150 40' S., ion. 590 20' W., is separated
RIO ARRIBA, reelo ar-ree/cB, a large county in the N. and  only by a portage of 3 miles from the Alegre, a tributary of
N.W. parts of New Mexico, bordering on Utah and Call- Guapor6, and were a canal to be made to connect the two
fornia. It is drained by the Rio Colorado and the Rio del streams, a complete system of internal navigation throughNorte, with their numerous tributaries. The Sierra Madre  out nearly all South America would exist.
range of mountains traverses the E. part of the county. The    RIO DE LA PLATA, CONFEDEaRATiON OF. See PLATA, LA.
W. and central portion is inhabited only by savage tribes of    RIO DE LAS CASAS GRANDAS, reelo dA lAs kA/sAs grAnlIndians. In 1850 this county produced 15,070 pounds of  dgs, a river of the Mlexican Confederation, state of Chihuahua,
wool, the greatest quantity produced by any county of the  enters the Lake Guzman after a N. course of 100 miles. On
territory. Capital. Cuchillo. Pop. 10,668.                 it, towards its source, is the ruined Azteck town, called Las
RIOBAMBA, NUEVO, nwivo re-o-b~mnbA, a town of  Casas Grandas, (" The great houses.")
South America, in Ecuador, 84 miles N.E. of Guayaquil,    RIO DEL NORTE, Texas. See RIo GRANDE.
and 9 miles from the ruins of Riobambo Vieja, (Old Rio-   RIO DE LOS AMERICANOS. See AicERICAN RIVER.
bamba,) which is at the foot of Chimborazo, and was de-   RIO DE LOS MARTIRES, reelo dA loce maatte-rds, or
stroyed by an earthquake in 1797.                          RIVER OF MARTYRS, a river of California, rises in the
RIO, BAY OF, South America. See Rio JANEIa0.             S.E. part of the state, near the border of New Mexico, and
RIO BONITO, reelo bo-neelto, a town of Brazil, province, flowing in a general S.W. course, falls into the Pacific Ocean
and 23 miles E.N.E. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. of the dis- near the N. boundary of San Diego county, in about 330 20'
trict, 8000.                                               N. latitude.
RIO BRANCO, reelo brdn/ko, (i.e. "White River,") or PARI-   RIO DEL REY, reefo d~l rA, a large, shallow bay, in the
MA, pA-ree/mA. a river of Brazil, province of ParS, rises near Bight of Biafra, in Guinea, E. of the Old Calabar River, and
the source of the Orinoco, in lat. 30 N., Ion. 640 W., runs at opposite the island of Fernando Po.
first E., to its junction with the Takutu, and thence flows    RIO DE MINHOS, reelo di meen/yoce, a town of Portugal,
mostly S.S.W. to the Rio Negro, which it joins as its princi- province of Beira Alta, 10 miles from Viseu. Pop. 850.
pal affluent by several mouths, 70 miles S.E. of Barcellos.   RIO DE SAN JUAN reeto di sAn Hoo-An/, (or iwAn,) a
Total course, 700 miles. The principal tributaries are the  river of New Mexico, rises near 370 N. lat. and 1070 30' W.
Itacucu or Takutu, Macajahi, and Catrimani. In lat. 10 45' ion. Flowing W. itjoins Grand River, the principal branch
N., its navigation is impeded by a series of falls and rapids, of the Colorado. Entire length, about 350 miles.
formed by ledges of granite rock. The aggregate perpen-   RIO DE SAO LOURENQO, Brazil. See PosauDos.
dicular descent of these, throughout 7 miles, is estimated at    RIO DE SEGOVIA. Sde CAPE RIVEa.
60 feet; and at the largest-the Caruwanna-canoes must   RIO DOCE, a river of Brazil. See DocE.
be unloaded. Its waters are opaque and whitish, whence its    RIO DULCE, river of the Argentine Republic. See DULCE.
name. On it are forts St. Joaquirn, and the towns of Carmo    RIO DULCE, ree/o doolsA, (i. e. "sweet river,") the outlet
and Santa Maria Nova. The upper part of the river San  of the Golfo Dulce, in Central America, State of Honduras,
Miguel, in Brazil, has the same name.                       enters the Caribbean Sea in lat. 150 50' N., ion. 880 46' 20"
RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE. See Rio GANDE.                       Wv., after a winding course of 23 miles, during which it exRIO COLORADO. See CoLoaDo  RivaER.                        pands into El Golfete, or the Little Gulf, 9 miles in length, by
RIO COLORADO CHIQUITO, reelo ko-lo-rAdo che-kee/to, 2 miles across. At its mouth is a bar with less than 6 feet
(i. e. the " Little Colorado,") a river of New Mexico, rises in  water. Its banks are skirted by abrupt wooded heights,
about 350 N. lat., and 1080 W. lou. Flowing W., it falls into  rising about 300 feet. The Upper Rio Dulce enters the gulf
the Colorado in about 350 151' N. lat., and 1130 20' W. ion. from the W.
Entire length, near 500 miles.                                RIO FRIO, ree/o freelo, (i.e. "cold river,") a river of Texas,
RIO DAS NTIORTES, reelo dls mon/tos, a river of Brazil, which flows S.E. through a part of Bexar county, and enprovince of Motto Grosso, joins the Araguay. Course, N. ters Rio Nueces at the N. extremity of Nueces county.
and E., 500 miles.                                           RIO GORDO, ree/o gontdo, a village of Spain, in AndaluRIO DE CONTAS, reelo dA4 kon/tAs, a small town of Brazil, sin, province, and 4 miles N.E. of Malaga. Pop. 2466.
trovince, and 230 miles S.S.W. of Bahia, near the head of the    RIO GRANDE, reelo gr~n/dA, a river of West Africa, in
river Contas or Jussiape, which flows E. 220 miles to the At- Senegambia, rises in Foota Jallon, near Labee. Lat. 110 20'
lantic Ocean. Near its mouth is the village of Contas.     N., Ion. 110 W. It flows W., and enters the Atlantic by an esRIO DE JANEIRO, ree/o dA zhA-nA/e-ro, the metropolitan  tuary 10 miles across, between the Nufiez and Casamanza
province of Brazil, bounded on the N. by the province of Rivers. It communicates by an arm with the Jeba River,
Espirito Santo, the Parahiba, and the Serra da Manti- 20 or 30 miles farther N. On it are the towns of Kade and
queira, which separates it from Mlinas Geraes; on the W. Bissagos; and opposite its mouth are the Bissagos Islands.
and S.W. by the province of Sao Paulo; and S. and E. by  The whole country between it and the Nufiez is supposed to'
the Atlantic. Area, 70,630 square miles. Lat. 210 151 to  be a collection of islands, divided by its branches, many of
22 23' S., Ion. 41c to 44i 50r  W. The surface is low along  which remain unexplored. Its banks are densely wooded,
the coast; the  interior is mostly mountainous, consisting  and  studded with immense ant hills; the country watered
of the Serra do Mar, Organ Mountains, and their ramifica- by it is populous, and produces gold, ivory, wax, hides, and
tions. The principal river is the Porahiba. The soil is horses.
extremely fertile.  The products comprise sugar, coffee,   RIO GRANDE, a river of Africa. See Jma.
1592




RIO                                                            RIO
RIO GRANDE, rylo grind,* (Sp. pron. reevo grn/dA,) RIO  of Lakle Pato. w, with a light-house in ]at. 320 7' S., Ion. 52' 8'
DEL NORTE, rI~todllnort,oor reelodil noritA, RIO GRIANDE  W. Pop. 3590. From its- low situation it is subjected t(
DEL NORTE, (Sp. pron. reeto grnbldA dil norJlt, "Great  inundation. It has a considerabsle trade on the lake, in
River of the North,") or RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE, (Sp. which 300 or 400 small vessels are engaged. In 1851 it
pron. reeto brlvo dil nonitA, i.e.  rapid river of the  exported 256.500 salted hides to Great Britain.
North,") an important river of North America, rises in the    RIO GRANDE DO SUL.  See SXo PEnno D00 StUL.
Rocky Mountains near lat. 380 N., and lou. 1060 30' W. Its    RIO HACHA, reelo Vch&, (or hltchA,) or RIO DE LA
general course is at first S.E., then E. and S.S.E., and lastly  IHACHA, reelo dt 11 igchg, a river of South America, in New
nearly E. It falls into the Gulf of Mexico near 250 N lat. Granada, department of Magdalena, enters the Caribbean Sea
and 970 WV. ion.  The length is estimated at 1800 miles. 90 miles E.N.E. of Santa Marta, after a N. course of 120 miles.The Rio Grande is for the most part very shallow, and navi.-   RIO  HACIIHA, a town of South America, in Niw Granada,
gation is impeded by rapids and sand-bars. Small steamers  200 miles E.N.E. of Cartagena, in lat. 11.0 33' N., ion. 720 5.2'
have ascended to Kingsbury's Rapids, about 450 miles from   30" W.. with a small port at the mouth of the Rio Hacha in
the sea. Near 900 miles from its mouth is the  "Grand In-  th6 Caribbean Sea.
dian Crossing," where the Apaches and Comanches ford the    RIO HONDO, reelo honldo, (i.e. " deep river,") a small
river (here only 3 or 4 feet deep) in their predatory incur- river of America, forming the N. limit of British Honduras.
sions into Mexico. It forms the boundary between'lexas    RIOJA or RIOXA, re-oldi, a village of Spain, in Andaluand Mexico.                                                   sia, province, and about 8 miles from Almeria.  Pop. 1069.
RIO GRANDE, a post-oflice of Gallia co., Ohio.                RIOJA, LA, 1 reonHA, Spain, is a region comprising most
RIO GRANDE, Central America. See HoDno.                     of the province of Logroflo and part of Sonia. It is not a poRIO GRANDE, reefo grinldi, a river of Brazil, rises in the  litical division, and is named from  the Oja, an affluent of
Serra de Mantiqueira, in the S. of the province of Minas  the Ebro.
Geraes, near the frontiers of the province of Rio de Janeiro,    RIOJA, re-olni, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La
and flowing first N. then W.N.W. through Minas Geraes to  Plata,) capital of a province of its own name, is situated in
the frontiers of Sbo Paulo, when it receives its first import- a wide plain, 118 miles S.S.W. of Catamarca. Lat. 290 S.,
ant tributary, the Sapucahi, thence pursues a W. course, ion. 670 50' W. Pop. from 3000 to 4000.
receiving the Pars, joins the Paranaiba to form the Parand',    RIOJA, LA, 11 re-otHI, a province of the Argentine Reafter a direct course of about 600 miles. Its channel is ob- public, in South America, between lat. 270 50' and 31' S.,
structed by numerous cataracts.                               and extending from ion. 660 20 WV. to the Andes, and on
RIO GRANDE, a river of Brazil, joins the left bank of the  other sides having the provinces of Catamarca, Cordova,
S8o Francisco. at the town of Barra-do-Rio-Grande. Its whole  and San Juan. Estimated pop. 19,000. Wheat is raised,
course is about 250 miles, of which no less than 130 miles  and wine and brandy exported, but its remote inland situamay be navigated uninterruptedly.                             tion places many obstacles in the way of its trade. The prinRIO GRANDE, a river of South America. in Bolivia. rises  cipal towns are Rioja, Chilecito, and Guandacol.
by several heads near Cochabamba, flows E. and N., separat-    RIO  JANEIRO, rio  ja-neefro, or RIO  DE  JANEIRO,
ing the departments of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz from   (Port. pron. reefo di zht-nile-ro,) often called simply RIO,
those of Oruro and Sucr6, &c., and near lat. 150 10' S. re- rito, the capital of Brazil, and the largest and most im.
ceives the Chapari, after which it is called the Mamore. Its  portant city of South America, is most beautifully, as
affluents are the Chaolani, Piray, and Yapacani.              well as most advantageously situated on the W. side of
RIO GRANDE, a river of New Granada, department of  a bay of its own  name.  Lat. of Fort Villaganhio, 220
Istmo, rises N.W. of Panama, about 2 miles from  which  54' 42" N., Ion. 450 9' Wv.  The beauty of this bay is
city it enters the Pacific Ocean. It receives several streams, scarcely rivalled by that of Naples.  The first object which
is navigable for the last 5 miles of its course, and admits  presents itself on nearing the coast is the Plo d'Assucar,
the entrance of large vessels at high water. Its head is  ("' Sugar Loaf,") which is so called from  its resemblance to
near the Obispo, an affluent of the Cruces.                   a sugar-loaf, rising 1000 feet from the sea. Though this is
RIO GRANDE, a river of the Mexican Confederation, the first, it is not the principal or only object on this peerless
states of Queretaro, Guanajuato, Michoacan, and Jalisco, en- sheet of water, which is surrounded by high hills and mounters the Pacific at San Bias, after a N.W. course of 400 miles  tains of every variety of form.
across the Anahuac table-land. It is greatly interrupted by    Approached through an entrance of about 1 mile in
cataracts, and is very rapid. Its affluents are the Lerma, width, the bay expands as it extends N., in one instance to
&c. It traverses a part of the Lake of Chapala.               11 miles, studded with beautiful islands, the largest of
RIO GRANDE, a river of the Mosquito Territory, in Cen- which, Ilha do Governador, (eel/yA do go-vRa-ni-d6n', "Go
tral America, enters the Caribbean Sea, 30 miles N. of Pearl vernor's Island,") is 6 miles long. From the summit of CorKey Lagoon. It is said to be navigable for boats 200 miles. covado, 3000 feet high, and 3} miles S. by W. of the city,
RIO GRANDE CITY, a post-village, port of entry, and  a most extensive view  may be enjoyed, including every
capital of Starr co., Texas, on the left bank of the Rio Grande,  variety of scene, mountain, city, plain, lake, bay, and ocean.
about 550 miles S. by W. of Austin City. Steamboats run  According to Hatfield's recent work on Birazil, to which
regularly between this place and the mouth of the river. we are largely indebted, this mountain is a gigantic monoIt has considerable trade, and contains a custom-house. Pop. lith, comparable to the gnomon of a sun-dial; and though
in 1853, about 1000.                                          its sides are generally clothed with forests, and matta or
RIO GRANDE DE LA PLATA, a river of Bolivia. See  jungle, it may be ascended on horseback. From the springs
GUAPEY.                                                       which arise on and around this mountain, come the waters
RIO GRANDE DO BELMONTE. See JEZUITINHONnA.                  that feed the splendid aqueduct which supplies the capital.
RIO  GRANDE:DO NORTE, reelo grintdi do nor/ti,  Still farther to the S.W., and perhaps 10 miles from  the
(i.e. "Rio Grande of the North,") a maritime province of  town, is the Gavia, a yet more remarkable mountain, with
Brazil, situated between lat. 40 32' and 70 18' S., and lon. 350  a flat summit, called by the English Table Mountain, and
and 380 40' W., having N. and E. the Atlantic. Area, 22,781 by the Portuguese Square Topsail, which article of rigging
square miles. Its name is derived from a river which, after  it greatly resembles; this has not yet been ascended.  Far
an E. course, enters the Atlantic at Natal. The other rivers  to the N., the view is terminated by the Organ Mountains,
are the Serido and Appody. The surface is level near the  so called from their peculiar structure. Opening into the
coast, but uneven inland. The products comprise the best outer harbor is Botafogo Bay, adorned with buildings of a
Brazil wood, cotton, sugar, rice, drugs, salt, and large num-  superior description, with beautiful gardens planted with
bers of cattle. For administrative purposes, this province is bananas, oranges, lemons, palm-trees, &c. Here foreign merdivided into two comarcas-Natal and Assu. Its provincial  chants reside, to enjoy the cool sea-breezes. On a small
assembly, composed of 20 members, holds its sittings at  bay, 3 miles N.W. of the city, is Sio Christovao, a rural
Natal. Besides Natal, the capital, it contains the towns of  palace of the emperor; but the sovereign and court lAave
Villa Flor, Arez, Anancu, Porto Alegre, Villa Nova daPrinceza, also residences at Petropolis, which is reached by a short
and Villa Nova do Principe. During 5 years the number of  sail to Mana, across the bay, and thence by a railway of 10
slaves has risen in this province from 5000 to 15,000. Pop. miles-the only one in the empire. It is probably no exag110,000.                                                      geration to say that no city in the world unites in so great
RIO GRANDE DO SUL, ree/o grinldi do sool, (ie. "Rio  a degree the advantages of commercial position-the harbor
Griande of the South,") a town of Brazil, province of Sio  being one of the best in the world, and large enough for all
Pedro do Rio Grande, on a low peninsula at the S. extremity  its navies-with such a combination of mountain, lake, bay,
and ocean to give it picturesque beauty.  The climate,
The prnnnitinfthss  names,  hich mabe  said tbelong  though hot, is tempered by its proximity to the sea, and its
* The pronuinciation of these names, whichi  mybe saidt~ blng
now to the United States, ought to be anglicized for the same  ner appoach to the temperate   ne. The mean temperreason that the names of Detroit, Wisconsin, and Texas are  ture, as observed during 30 years, was 730; the maximum,
anglicized, that is because the great majority of persons who  (in December, the hottest month,) was 89PO; minimum, 700;
have occasion to use them, speak the Englishlanguage. Those, mean, 790: in July, (the coldest month,) maximum, 790;
however, who prefer the foreign pronunciation, should be care-  minimum, 660; mean, 7310.
fol to be consistent, and not pronounce one half of the name    The immediate locality of the town itself is just within
after the Spanish mode and then anglieize the remainder.  Ve  th   nrow  opening of the harbor, on an elevated tongue of
should eitlher say rVlo del sort or reelo dcl sorlftay, and not reelo   t   u. 
del snot, as we too frequently hear. In like masner Rio Grande  land, of an oblon  shape. Next the shore the        is fat,
should be pronounced either rile grand or reelo graeliday, and net  hut includes within its scope five hills, with their inte-venreelo grans.                                                  ing valleys. The more ancient part, to the N.E., is traversed
1593




RIO                                                               RIO
by 8 streets, straight and narrow, but parallel, and crossed  ipecacuanha, tapioca, &c.; and her imports of silk, linen,
by a multitude of others at right angles; here'the houses are  woollen, and cotton goods, chiefly from England and France;
high. In the new town, erected mostly since the removal iron, wrought or in bars, from England~and Sweden; cables,
of the royal family hither in 1808, they are more handsome, cordage, and sailcloth, chiefly from  Russia; and flour from
being built generally of granite. The two towns are sepa- the United States. The total number of bags and barrels
rated by the Campo de Santa Anna, a public square. Though  of coffee exported in the year 1847, was 1,650,300; in 1848,
the houses on the hills are conspicuous at a distance, and  1,706,544; in 1849, 1,451,715; in 1850, 1,392.361; in 1851,
make a fine display, yet so large a portion are in the valleys  1,993,255; in 1852, 1,899,861; in 1853, 1,657,520. The total
as to give the appearance of less extent than the city actu-  number of cases of sugar exported in 1847, was 3136; in
ally occupies.                                                1848, 2371; in 1849, 3212; in 1850, 6465; in 1851, 4752; in
The old town is on the flat portion first named, while the  1852, 9012; in 1853, 2667.  The total number of hides exnew part is on and between the hills. The streets in both  ported in 1847, was 268,492; in 1848, 348,947; in 1849, 299,262;
portions, where the inequality of the ground will admit of  in 1850, 195,706; in 1851, 173,746; in 1852, 210.223; in 1853,
it, cross each other generally at right angles; and thosfgh  75,852. In addition to the above, there were exported, in
mostly so narrow as not to allow of the passage of two vehi- 1853, 21,808 boxes and barrels of coffee; 17,556 bags of sugar;
cles at once, this is not without advantages in so hot a cli- 5049 half-tanned hides; 222,577 horns; 1050 pipes of rum;
mate, by the shelter it affords from the intense rays of the  25,825 rolls of tobacco; 9935 bags of rice; 32,610 planks of
sun. On the N. the hills approach so closely to the water as  jacarandi'; 7085 barrels of tapioca; and 71,680 pounds of
to leave room for only a single street. The pavements are  ipecacuanha. The shipments of coffee to the United States
generally not good, and in the level parts of the town are  between 1833 and 1853, inclusive, varied from 236,708 at the
without drainage, and very imperfectly cleaned. In parts,  first date, to 853,023 bags at the last date; but the lowest
however, there are granite pavements in the centre of the  amount was 127,032 bags in 1837, and the highest 960,850 in
streets, and raised sidewalks for foot passengers.  Though  1852. The total export varied from  97,500-amount exthe harbor is so excellent that even pilots are not needed, ported in 1820-to 1,657,520 in 1853; but the greatest amount
little has been done by art to facilitate the loading and un- exported was 1,993,255 bags in 1851. The total imports firom
loading, of vessels, which is performed mostly by means  Great Britain amounted, in 1849, to 2,444,7151.; in 1850,
of lighters; government, however, has at last awakened to  2,544,8371.; in 1851, 3,518,6841.; and in 1852, to 3,464,3941.
the importance of the matter, and is erecting a quay or  The largest importations, by far, were of cotton goods, then
wharf between the Military and Naval Arsenals, at which  next in order, woollen and linen goods, iron and steel, hard16 vessels will be enabled to unload at once. The harbor is  ware and cutlery, butter, earthenware, apparel, silk goods,
well defended by Fort St. Juan, on a wooded peninsular emi- &c. The exports to Great Britain of cotton varied, in the
nence, on the W. side of the entrance, and by Fort Santa  4 years ending with 1852, between 19,339,104 and 30,738,133
Cruz on the opposite side, while almost in front of the town  pounds; of coffee, between 1,779,799 and 7,888,638 pounds;
is FortVillaganhto, onasmall island.                          of sugar, between 289,999 and 720,424 hundredweights; of
Public Buziildings and Institutions.-The Bank Exchange, cocoa, between 1,204,572 and 2,244,713 pounds; of hides,
Custom-House, and Naval Arsenal-greatly extended re- between 94,733 and 207,199 hundredweights; and of rosecently-are in the Rua Direita, (straight street,) the widest  wood, between 3022 and 3676 tons. Of hides and tallow, the
street. The Imperial Palace, a plain brick building; the  ratio was rapidly decreasing, the smallest number being at
Old Palace, now used for public offices, on the shore; the  the latest date. The total value of imports from the United
Senate-House, a plain  but large structure, (Palacio  do  States amounted, in 1852, to $2,782,179, and in 1853, to
Senado Imperial;) the Town-House, (Palacio Municipal,)  $3,734,190, of which last two-thirds was in wheat flour; the
also a plain but commanding edifice; the Public Hospital, other principal items weretobacco,wax,turpentine,furniture,
erected in 1841, on a most magnificent scale, on a small  soap, gunpowder. nails, castings, cotton manufactures, gold
bay near the entrance of the port; the National Library, and silver coin, ($302,333,)'and miscellaneous manufactures.
with 80,000 printed volumes, and many valuable mann- Vessels arrived in 1852, (exclusive of vessels merely touchimg,)
scripts; a well-supported opera-house; a theatre; a mu-  793, (burden, 198,053 tons;) in 1853, 750 vessels, (burden,
seum, rich in cabinets of mineralogy, entomology, and orni-  186,984 tons.) Cleared in 1852, 1173 vessels, (burden, 448,851
thology; and about 50 churches, of no great external archi- tons;) in 1853,1004 vessels, (burden, 387,470 tons;) of which
tectural merit, but sumptuously decorated within, are  last,782vessels had a foreign destination. Coasting trade for
among the more prominent public buildings of this city.  1853, entered, exclusive of 341 steamboats, 2094 vessels, (bur.
Of the structures devoted to religious worship, the most con-  den, 207,872 tons;) and cleared, exclusive of 330 steamboats,
spicuous are the octagonal church of Nossa Seuhora da Gloria,  2036 vessels, (burden, 202,994 tons.)  In the same year, 84
finely situated on a rounded promontory of the same name; vessels (burden, 25,502 tons) were engaged in the Liverpool
the church of Sao Francisco, with two round towers, and a  trade. The commerce of the port for the month of Novemhospice attached; the Church of the Cross, and the Church  her, 1854, shows that 146 vessels arrived, of which 33 were
of Candellaria, one of the largest in the city, with a fine  English, 31 American, 14 Portuguese, 11 Swedish,' 10 French,
fimade and two of the loftiest towers in Brazil; the convent  9 Danish, 7 Spanish, 5 Belgian, 5 Bremen, 5 Hamburg, 4
of Sio Bento, a massive structure, with grated windows, Norwegian, 4 Sardinian, 2 Chilian, 2 I-anoverian, 2 Oriental,
hut richly decorated in the interior; the convent of St. An- I Argentine, and 1 Dutch.  Customs revenue for 1853,
thony, a gorgeous edifice, with two immense chapels, and a  12,479,437 reis, or about $7,000,000, ($1,200,000 less than 1852.)
vast cloister; and the nunnery of St. Theresa, on a hill The consulado revenue for 1853 was about,$1,200,000. Capiopposite to it, are the principal religious houses. Among  tal of joint stock companies paid in, about $11,000,000. The
the benevolent establishments are the Casa da Miserecordia, slave-trade is rapidly diminishing, being discountenanced
founded in 1582, and richly endowed; the Hospital of Inva- by the government, and especially by the emperor. The
lids, and the hospitals of Lazarus and Doudos. The educa- import of slaves sank, in the entire empire, from  60,000 in
tional establishments are the Imperial College of Don Pedro  1848 to but 700 in 1852. A line of steamers has recently
II., the College of Sao Jos6e, schools of medicine and surgery, been established between Rio Janeiro and Liverpool, which
the Military and Naval Academy, many public schools, and  connects with another line to the Rio de la Plata. There is
a fine botanic garden. The principal criminal establishment  also a monthly line to Southampton.
is the House of Correction, but there are besides two large    Manufactures are few and unimportant, except those of
prisons, and a number of smaller ones. The national mint  leather and glass, and their fabrication is directed by foreign
and post-office are situated in this city. The Rio market is a  skill; yet the governmerit has done all it could to favor
finue, large building, and is well supplied with fish, oranges, home-made manufactures.
bananas, pine-apples, &c., and with some game. There are    Population.-Rio Janeiro presents every variety of race
several public squares, the principal ofwhichhas been already  and shade of color in her population, f-om the jet-black slave
named. The best street is the Rua d'Ouvidor, which is  to the fair Englishman or German. At the commencement
mostly French, with well-supplied shops, in which nearly  of the present century, the blacks and colored persons far
every thing that can be bought in Paris and London may  surpassed the whites in number, whereas the latter now
be had. A gas company has been formed, and in 1853 pipes  predominate.  This result has been brought about by the
were laid and lamps erected over nearly one-half of the city. influx of emigrants from England, France, the Netherlands,
But one of the noblest works, both for its architectural effect Germany, Italy, and Portugal and its dependencies, who have
and for its utility, is the aqueduct supplying the city with  contributed largely to its wealth and importance by their
water from the region on and around Mount Corcovado.          industry and skill; some as merchants, and others as meCommerce.-Although possessing one of the best harbors  chanics. There has never been an exact census taken of
in the world, Rio Janeiro does not communicate with the in- the population of Rio, and, of course, all the indefiniteness
terior by any great river, nor has she any canal or railroad  that usually attaches to mere estimates, will be applicable
to supply its place; still her extensive commerce is yearly  to any statement of its population. On the arrival of the
increasing; and when railways shall have been made-and  royal family from Portugal, in 1808, the number was given
companies have already been formed for that purpose-her  at 50,000, and in 1815 at 100,000. In 1853, Hatfield estimates
trade must increase in a rapid ratio. Situated on the bor- it at from 300,000 to 400,000, while the Imperial Gazetteer
ders of two zones, with the products of both within her  states it at only 170,000 in 1850. Elwes, in his Tour Round
reach, she needs nothing but a spirit of enterprise in her  the World, speaks of "the population as about equalling
citizens to rank her among the first commercial centres in  that of Liverpool,"' i.e. nearly 400,000.
the world. Her exports at present consist mainly of coffee,    History.-Rio Janeiro, (January  River,) or its vicinity,
hides, sugar, rice, cotton, rosewood, rum, tobacco, horns, was first settled in 1555, by the Fiench (chiefly Protestant)
1594




RIO                                                        RIP
sfaguees. Their leader, Yillegagnon, having proved a reno-   RIOPAR, re-o-paRl, a town of Spain, province, and 45 miles
gade to his faith, had almost ruined the settlement by in- S.W. of Albacete. Pop. 964.
ternal dissension, when a Portuguese force appeared and    RIO PARDO, reelo pan/do, a town of Brazil, province of
2ompleted the destruction, in 1567. The conquerors laid the  Sio Pedro do Rio Grande, on a river of the same name, near
foundation of a new city, which they called Sbo Sebastilo. its confluence with the Jacuhy, 80 miles W. of Porto Alegre.
On the arrival of the Portuguese court at Rio in 1808, the    RIO PRETO, the name of several rivers of Brazil. See PRETO.
seat of government was removed hither from Bahia, since    RI0 PRETO, reelo pr/to, a town of Brazil, province, and
which period the city has advanced by rapid strides. Of 380 miles W.N.W. of Bahia, at the confluence of the Preto
later years this city, with other ports of Brazil, has suffered with the Rio Grande, an affluent of the Sao Francisco.
severely from yellow fever, heightened, doubtless, by the    RIO PRETO, a village and parish of Brazil, province of
filthy condition of the streets, and the densely-populated  Minas Geraes, on the Preto, one of the earliest affluents of
houses.                                                    the Araquahi, 35 miles N.E. of Diamantina. Pop. 2000.
RIO JANEIRO, a province of Brazil. See Rio DE JANEIRO.   RIO SALADA, Argentine Republic. See SALAIO.
RIO JAQUESILA. See YAQUESILA.                              RIO SALADILLO, Argentine Republic. See SALADILLO.
RIO LEONA, reelo l-olng, a small stream of Texas, flows   RIO SAN PEDRO, reelo sln pA/dro, a small river of Texas,
S.E. and enters Rio Frio in the S. part of Bexar county.   flows S. into the Rio Grande at the N.W. extremity of
RIO LLANO, reefo IA/no, a small river of Texas, rises in  McKinley county.
Bexar county, and flows E. into the Colorado.                RIO SECO, MesIrNA DE, mA-seefnA dA reelo sAlko, a town
RIO LOBOS, reeve lotboce, (Wolf River,) a village of Spain, of Spain, in Leon, province, and 26 miles N.W. of Valladolid,
in Estremadura, about 40 miles from Caceres, near the Ala- beside the river of same name. It was formerly of much
gon. Pop. 1095.                                           importance, having been a kind of emporium in the fourRIOLS, re-osi, a village of France, department of H6rault, teenth century, but its industry and. commerce have greatly
arrondissement of St. Pens. Pop. in 1852, 2560.           declined. The Spaniards, 50,000 strong, under Blake and
RIOM, re-dcG/, a town of France, department of Puy-de- Cuesta, were defeated here in 1808 by Bessibres, with 12,000
Dime, on a hill, 8 miles N.N.E. of Clermont. Pop. in 1852, French, and lost 6000 killed and wounded, the loss of the
12,386. It is well built, and paved mostly with basalt and  French being under 500. Rio Seco was mercilessly sacked
lava, from the quarries of Volvic. It has a communal col- by the conquerors. Pop. 3777.
lege, a library of 10,000 volumes, and manufactures of linen    RIO TINTO, reefo teenfto, (i. e. "Colored River,") a river
and cotton fabrics, brandy, and leather. It is the birthplace  of Spain, province of Hiuelva, rises near Aracena, and flows
of Gregory of Tours, and of Anne Dubourg.                 to the Mediterranean. which it enters in the Bay of Huelva.
RIO MAGGIORE, reelo m d-jofrA, a village of the Sardi- Length, 60 miles. Near its mouth is the port of Pales,
nian States, 5 miles W. of Spezia, on the Gulf of Genoa. whence Columbus sailed on his voyage of discovery.
Pop. 2704.                                                  RIO TINTO, reelo teenfto, a river of Central America, in
RIO MAYOR, reefo mi-on&, a market-town of Portugal, in  the Mosquito Territory, after a N. course of 120 miles, enters
Estremadura, 43 miles E.N.E. of Lisbon.                   the sea E. of Cape Cameron. Lat. 150 54' N., ion. 840 55i W.
RIOM-ES-MONTAGNE, re-o0Gs —.-m6NsGtaf1, a market-   RIO TINTO, LAS MINAS DE, lIS meefsaS dA ree/o teen/to,
town of France, department of Cantal, 16 miles E.N.E. of  (i. e. "the mines of the Rio Tinto,") a town of Spain, in AnMauriac. Pop. in 1852, 2717.                              dalusia, province, and 36 miles N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 937.
RION, re-SNGI, a village of France, department of Landes, It has in its vicinity mines of iron, lead, and copper, which
18 miles N.W. of St. Sever. Pop. 1587.                    have been worked from a very early period, to which cirRION or RIONI RIVER. See PHAsIs.                        cumstance it owes its name.
RIO NEGRO, reelo nA/gro, (" Black River,") a river of    RIO TINTO, reelo teenlto, a town and parish of Portugal,
South America, in New Granada, flows S.W., and falls into  province of Douro, 4 miles from Oporto. Pop. 3300.
the upper part of the Magdalena, in lat. 20 38' N., ion. 750    RIOU, re-ool, an islet off the S. coast of France, depart25' W.                                                    ment of Bouches-du-Rhdne, 7 miles S. of Marseilles.
RIO NEGRO, a river of South America, in New Granada,   RIOUW, Malay Archipelago. See RnIO.
an affluent of the Meta, which it joins a little below its   RIO VERMEJO, a river of the Argentine Republic. See
sources at Porto Marayal. Lat. 40 8' N., Ion. 740 W.      VERrMEjo RIVER.
RIO NEGRO, a river of South America, in Paraguay,   RIO VERMELItO, reeso vAR-mel/yo,  a village and parish
joins the Tebicuary at lat. 260 25 S.                     of Brazil, province, and island of Santa Catharina, near 270
RIO NEGRO, PARANA, pa-rA-nA/, or GUAINIA, gwi/ne-A, 30' S. lat. Pop. 1200.
a river of New Granada and Brazil, is the principal tributary    RIO VERMELIHIO, a market-town of Brazil, province of
of the Amazon, on the N. side, and under the name of Minas Geraes, 80 miles E.N.E. of Serro, on the Barreiro, an
Guainia, rises in New Granada, near let. 20 N., Ion. 72 Wl. affluent of the Vermelho. Pop. 4000.
It flows generally E.S.E., enters the province of Para, and    RIO VERMELO, a river of Brazil. See VERMELHO.
joins the Amazon in lat. 30 10' S., Ion. 590 W. Its total   RIO VIRGEN, reeto veer/nIn, of Utah and New Mexico,
course has been estimated at 1000 miles. The principal rises at the S. base of the Wahsatch Mountains, flows S.,
affluents are the Ubaupes, Cababuri, Padaviri, and Rio  and falls into the Colorado near lat. 350 30' N.
Branco. At its mouth it is scarcely 1I  miles in breadth,   RIOXA. See RzoJA.
but a little higher up it is nearly 9 miles, and opposite    RIOZ, ree-o/, a market-town of France,' department of
Barcellos, 15 miles across. It contains numerous islands,  Iaute-Sadne, 14 miles S.S.W. of Yesoul. Pop. 1027.
and has a remarkable communication with the Orinoco by    RIPA BOTTONI, reelpi bot-tolnee, a market-town of Italy,
the navigable Cassiquiare. See CAssqgUIARE.               in Naples, province of Molise, 12 miles N.N.E. of Campobasso.
RIO NEGRO or SAUCES, slwlsis, a river of South Ame- Pop. 3200.
rica, forming the whole boundary between the territory of   RIPA  CANDIDA, reefpi kien/de-di, a market-town of
the Plata Confederation and Patagonia. It appears to rise  Naples, province of Basilicata, 6 miles S.S.E. of Melfi. Pop.
in a lake at the foot of the Chilian Andes, and after an E. 3000.
course of 600 or 700 miles, enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat.   RIPA DI CHIETI, reelpi dee ke-A/tee. a market-town of
410 4' S., Ion. 620 50' W., 90 miles S.W. of the mouth of the  Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 3 miles E. of Chieti.
river Colorado. At its mouth it is 2 miles across, but at    RIPA  FRATTA, ree/pi  fret/ti, a village of Tuscany,
Carmen, 16 miles inland, its breadth is less than 300 yards, province, and 6 miles N. of Pisa, with a fine feudal fortress.
and 4 miles higher it becomes wholly unfit to be navigated    RIPAGLIA, re-pilylA, or RIPAILLE, ree'p'il, a village
by the smallest merchant vessels. Its bed abounds with  of Savoy, province of Chablais, 20 miles E.N.E. of Geneva,
shoals and islands. Its course is rapid, and 4 milesfromits on the S. shore of its lake, with a farm-house, formerly a
mouth is a dangerous bar. The soil of its banks, in the lower convent, to which Amadeus VIII., Duke of Savoy, subsopart of its course, is fertile, and around Carmen wheat and  quently Pope Felix V., retired after his renunciation of both
barley are raised, and many sheep and excellent horses are the dignities he had held.
reared. The names sauces (" willows") was given onaccount of    RIPALIMOSANA, re-pi-le-mo-sAno, a town of Naples,
the number of these trees found on the banks of this river. province of Molise, 2 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 3890.
RIO NEGRO, a river of Uruguay, the central part of   RIPARBELLA, re-pan-b~liI', or RIPALBELLA, re-pAl-b~llwhich it drains, enters the Uruguay River 80 miles N. of 1, a village of Tuscany, 38 miles from Pisa. Pop. 1293.
Buenos Ayres, after a W. course of 250 miles.               RIPATRANSONE, re-pi-tr'in-solnA, a walled town of Italy,
RIO NEGRO, a river of the Plata Confederation, depart- in the Pontifical States, 12 miles S.S.E. of Fermo. Pop. 5120.
ment of Salta, tributary to the Vermejo.                    RIPE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
RIO NEGRO, a town of Colombia, in -New Granada, de-   RIPEN, a town of Denmark. See RIBE.
partment of Magdalena, province of Antioquia, 20 miles    RIPLEY, ripllee, a market-town and parish of England,
E.S.E. of Medellin.                                       co. of York, West Riding, on the Nidd, here crossed by a
RIONERO, re-o-nA/ro, (i. e. "Black Rivulet,") a town of bridge, 5 miles W.N.W. of Knaresborough, with a station
Naples, province of Basilicata, 5 miles S. of Melfi. Pop. 9600, on the Leeds and Thirsk Railway. Pop. in 1851,1286.
who manufacture wooden tobacco boxes, and trade in oil   RIPLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey, 6 miles
and wine. It has a collegiate and several other churches.   N.E. of Guildford, with a village on the old Portsmouth road.
RIONERO, a market-town of Naples, province of Molise,   RIPLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.
9 miles N.W. of Isernia. Pop. 1400.                         RIP/LEY, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, contains
RIONS, re-rNo), a town of France, department of Gironde, about 450 square miles. It is drained by Laughery Creek,
z5 miles S.S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1169.                   and Graham's Fork of White River. The surface is nearly
1595




RIP                                                          RIU:evel, except some steep hills near the water-courses.  A    RIPPOLDSAU, ripfpolt-s~w', a village of Baden, circle of
portion of the land is of limestone formation, and is well Middle Rhine, in the Schapbachthal, 31 miles E.S.E. of
adapted to grain. Named in honor of General Ripley, an  Strasbourg.  Pop. 818.
officer in the war of 1812. Capital, Versailles. Pop. 14,820.   RIP/PON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Virginia.
RIPLEY, a county in the S.S.E. part of Missouri, border-   RIPIPONDEN, chapelry, England, co. York, West Riding.
ing on Arkansas, has an area of 990 square miles. It is    RIPITON, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont, about
traversed from N. to S. by Current River, and also drained  28 miles S.W. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 567.
by Little Black River, Fourche, Dumas, and Davis's Creek.   RIP/TON, ABBOT'S, a parish, England, co. IHuntingdon.
The surface is uneven and hilly; the soil near the streams    RIPTON, KING'S, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
is moderately fertile. The highlands produce yellow-pine    RIQUEWIHRII, ree'keh-veeRt, a markettown of France,
timber. Capital, Doniphan. Pop. 2830, of whom 2744 were  department of Haut-Rhin, 6 miles N.N.W. ofColmar. P. 1836.
free, and 86 slaves.                                          RIQUIER-ES-PLAINS, ree'ke-Al A plINN/, a village  of
RIPLEY, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, about France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, 3 miles S.S.W. of
55 miles N.E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 641.                   St. Valery.
RIPLEY, a post-village and township in the W. part of    RIS, ree, a small town of France, department of Puy-deChautauque  co., New York, about 65 miles S.W. of Buffalo. Dnme, 10 miles N. of Thiers. Pop. 1512.
The township is bounded on the N.W. by Lake Erie, on the    RIS, a village of France, with a station on the Paris and
W. by Pennsylvania, and is intersected by the Buffalo and  Corbeil Railway, 15 miles from Paris.
State Line Railroad. Pop. 1732.                               RISANO, re-sOYno, a village of Dalmatia, 7 miles N.N.W.
RIPLEY, a village, capital of Jackson co., Virginia, on  of Cattaro, on the Gulf ofCattaro. Pop. 1100.
Mill Creek, 350 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. Pop. about 200.   RISIBOROUGH, MONKS, aparish of England, co. of Bucks.
RIPLEY, a thriving post-village, capital of Tippah co.,   RISBOROUGH, PRINCES, a market-town and parish of
Mississippi, 210 miles N. by E. of Jackson. It is situated  England, co. of Bucks, 7 miles S.S.W. of Aylesbury.  Pop. in
in a rich farming district, near the Mobile and Ohio Rail- 1851, 2317.
road, not yet finished. It contains several churches and    RIS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
seminaries, and a newspaper office.                           RIS/CA, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth. Here
RIPLEY, a post-village, capital of Lauderdale co., Ten- are large iron-works.
nessee, 195 miles W. of Nashville. It contains a court-house,   RISCLE, reek'l, a town of France, department of Gers, 26
jail, academy, and a few stores.                           miles W.N.W. of Mirande. Pop. in 1852, 1761.
RIPLEY, formerly STAUN/TON, a flourishing post-village    RIS/DON, a thriving post-village of Washington township,
of Union township, Brown co., Ohio, is beautifully situated  Hancock co., Ohio, 93 miles N. by W. of Columbus. It is
on the Ohio River, 56 miles above Cincinnati. It is the  situated partly in the counties of Seneca and Wood. P. 500.
largest town in the county, and is the centre of an aetive    RISDON, a post-village of St. Clair co., Illinois, near Rastrade. It is built on a narrow strip of land which is con-  kaskia, 115 miles S. by W. of Springfield.
fined between the river and a steep declivity. A plank-road    RISE, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
has been laid from this town to Locust Grove; Ripley con-    RISEIIOLME, riztholm, a parish ofEngland, co. Lincoln.
tains 6 churches, 1 printing office, 1 female seminary, and    RISELEY, riz'lee, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
a high school for both sexes, styled Ripley College; also, 1    RISHANGLES, re-shanglelz, a parish of England, co. of
foundry, a few mills, and 1 bank. Settled in 1812. Pop. in  Suffolk.
1850, 1780.                                                   RISIITON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
RIPLEY, a township of Iolmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1330.          RISIIITWORTI-H, township, England, co. York, West Riding.
RIPLEY, a township of IHuron co., Ohio, intersected by    RIISING FAWN, a post-village, Dade co., Georgia, 352 miles
the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. P. 1230. N.W. of Milledgeville.
RIPLEY, a post-township of Montgomery co., Indiana.   RISING SUN, a post-village included within the limits of
Pop. 1250.                                                  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 5 miles N. of the State-house.
RIPLEY, a township of Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1908.         RISING SUN, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.
RIPLEY, a post-village of Brown co., Illinois, about 8    RISING  SUN, a handsome post-village, capital of Ohio
miles N.E. of Mount Sterling.                               co., Indiana, is finely situated on a high bank of the Ohio
RIPLEY'S, a post-office of Tyler co., Virginia.           River, 36 miles below Cincinnati.  It contains good public
RIP/LEYVILLE, a post-village of Huron co., Ohio.          buildings, several churches, an academy, and 2 newspaper
RIPOLL, re-poll, a town of Spain, province, and 32 miles  offices. It carries on an active trade, and has 1 iron foundry,
W.N.W. of Gerona, on the Ter. Pop. 3000. Its Benedictine  1 woollen factory, and 1 cotton factory which employs about
convent contains many curious tombs.                        100 operatives. Pop. in 1850, 1672; in 1853, about 2000.
RIPOLLET, re-pol-yhtl, a village of Spain, in Catalonia,    RISING SUN, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.
province, and 8 miles from Barcelona, on a river of the same    RISING SUN, a post-office of Polk co.. Iowa.
name. Pop. 1231.                                              RISINGYVILLE, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
RIPOMORANCE, a village of Tuscany.  See POMsERANCE.         RISLEY COUNTY, Iowa.  See WEnsTER.
RIP/ON or RIP/PON, a city, parliamentary and municipal    RISISINGTON, GaerAT, a parish of England, co. Gloucester.
borough, and parish of England, co. of York, West Riding,    RISSINGTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Gloucester.
on the Ure, here crossed by a bridge of seventeen arches, 23    RISSINGTON-WICK, a parish of England, co. Gloucester.
miles W.N.W. of York, and with a station on the Leeds and    RISTOGOUCIHE.  See RESTIoGOUCH.
Thirsk Branch of the North British Railway, 10 miles S.W.   RIS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of Thirsk. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 6080.   RISTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. York, East Riding.
The town is pleasantly situated, and handsomely, though    RITCHIE, ritchlee, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia,
irregularly built. Its spacious market-place has in its centre  has an area of 480 square miles. It is traversed by Hughes
a lofty obelisk. The cathedral, built in the fourteenth and  River and its North Fork. The surface is hilly and broken,
fifteenth centuries, is esteemed one of the best-proportioned  and mostly covered with forests. The county is intersected
churches in England; length, 266 feet; length of transepts,  by the North-western Turnpike, and by the Parkersburg
132 feet.'Ripon has an episcopal palace, an elegant modern  Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Formed in
Gothic parish church, a free grammar school, large national 1843, and named in honor of Thomas Ritchie, editor of the
endowed blue-coat schools, several ancient poor's hospitals  Richmond Enquirer.  Capital, Harrisville.  Pop. 3902, of
and money charities, a very handsome town-hall, with  whom 3886 were free, and 16 slaves.
assembly rooms, a council-house,jail and house of correc-   RITCIIIE. COURT-HOUSE, Virginia. See HIATRRISVILLE.
tion, public rooms with a library, a mechanics' institute,   RITCHIIEVILLE, a post-village ofDinwiddie co., Virginia,
and several branch banks, with some manufactures of flax, 41 miles S. of Richmond.
a manufactory of saddle-trees, and large markets for wool,   RITTANA, rit-tlnA, a village of the Sardinian States,
corn, and butter. Ripen sends 2 members to the House of province of Coni, near Borgo-San-Dalmazzo.  Pop. 1020.
Commons. The minster, now a cathedral, was founded be-   RIT/TENIIOUSE, a village of Montgomery co., Pennsylfore 661, when the celebrated St. Wilfred was abbot. In  vania, about 4 miles N.W. of Norristown.
1405, Henry IV. held his court at Ripen. Bishop Porteus    RIT/TENHOUSETOWN, a village or suburb of Philadelwas born here in 1731. In the vicinity is Fountaines Abbey  phia, Pennsylvania, included within the chartered limits
and Newby Hall.                                             of the city, about 2 miles W. of Germantown, has a valuable
RIP/ON, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin, on  stone quarry. The celebrated astronomer, David Rittenthe inlet of Green Lake, 77 miles N.W. by W. of Milwaukee. house, was born here in 1732.
Brockway College, a Presbyterian institution, is located at   RIT/TERSVILLE, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.
this place. It contains sash, chair, cabinet, and woollen    RITZEBUTTEL, (Ritzebiittel,) rit'zeh-biit'tel, a free town
factories.                                                 of North-west Germany, territory of Hamburg, at the mouth
RIPONUNY or RIPUNUNY. See RUPUNUNY.                      of the Elbe, in the North Sea, 2 miles S. of Cuxhaven.
RIPOSTO, re-postto, a modern town of Sicily, on its E   Pop. 1745.
coast, 10 miles S.W. of Taormina. Pop. 3000. It has risen    RIUDECARAS, re-oo-DA-kgnlyds, a town of Spain, in Cata.
wholly within the present century, and has a harbor pro- lonia, province, and 16 miles from Tarragona.  Pop. 1190.
tected by a fort.                                           RIUDECOLS, re-oo-DA-kolst, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
RIPIPINGALE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       province, and 18 miles N.W. of Tarragona. Pop; 1289.
RIPIPLE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.           RIUDEVITTLES (?) re-oo-da-veet-tl~sl, a town of Spain, in
RIPPLE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.               Catalonia, about 24 miles fisom Barcelona. Pop. 1311.
1596




RIU                                                        ROA
RIUDOMS, re-oo-dfmsf, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 10    RIV/ERTOWN, a post-village of Campbell co., Georgi,a. on
miles W.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 3247.                      Chattahoochee River, 105 miles N.W. by W. of Milledgeville.
RIVA, reefvA, or REIF, rife, a town of the Tyrol, 10 miles    RIVER  TRENT  or PORT  TRENT, Canada West, a
W.S.W. of Roveredo, pleasantly situated at the N. extremity  thriving village in the township of Murray, co. of Northumof Lake Garda. Pop. 2000. It has a castle, a fine church, berland, situated on the river Trent, 12 miles V. of Belleresorted to in pilgrimage, and some monasteries. Its port ville. Pop. about 1000. A steamer leaves daily, in summer,
is the largest on the lake, and is frequented by a considerable  for Belleville and Kingston.
number of vessels. Its fisheries are productive, and its    RIVES, reeo, a market-town of France, department of
vicinity furnishes in abundance olives, oranges, and lemons. Isbre, 16 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852. 2339.
RIVA, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 8 miles    RIVES, reevz, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio, 79 miles
S. of Lugano, and on the S. extremity of its lake. P. 1000.  N.N.E. of Columbus.
RIVA, reelvt, a village of the Sardinian States, in Pied-   RILVES, a township of Jackson co., Michigan. Pop. 518.
mont, on the Sesia, 16 miles W.N.W. of Varallo.              RIVES, a former county of Missouri.  See HETnay.
RIVA, a village of Italy, at the N. extremity of the Lake    RIVESALTES, reev'sglt/, a market-town of France, departof Como.                                                   ment of PyrGn6es-Orieutales, 5 miles N. of Perpignan. Pop.
RIVADABIA, a town of Spain. See RIBADAVIA.               in 1852, 3839.
RIVADEO, re-v&-DYo, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia, pro-    RIVESVILLE, rivztvill, a post-village of Marion co., Virvince, and 37 miles N.E. of Lugo, at the mouth of the Eo, ginia, 282 miles N.W. of Richmond.
on the E. boundary of Galicia. Lat. 430 34' N., Ion. 70 WV.   RIVIERA, re-ve-Alrl:  a district of Switzerland, canton of,
Rivadeo was taken and sacked in 1835 by the English under  Ticino. Chief town, Biasca.
Sir Thomas Percy. Pop. 2638.                                 RIVIERA-DI-GENOA, re-ve-AlrA-dee-jkno-A, a name given
RIVA-DE-SELLA, ree/vA-d.-sallyA, a maritime town of  to two portions of the coast of the Mediterranean, in the
Spain, province, and 35 miles E.N.E. of 0viedo, on the Sella, midst of which Genoa is situated. The E. part is called
near its mouth in the Bay of Biscay.                       Riviera di Levante, and the W. part Rieviera di Ponente.
RIVA-DI-CHIERI, reefvA dee ke-lAree, a village of North    RIVIRIRE-A-JACQUES, ree've-airJ A zhlk, a river of MinItaly, Sardinian States, 10 miles E.S.E. of Turin. Pop. 2697. nesota, rises in Pembina county, and flowing S., falls into
RIVA-DI-MAZZANO, ree/vA dee m~t-s&no, a village of  the Missouri. Entire length, about 600 miles.
North Italy, 20 miles E. of Alessandria, on an affluent of the    RIVIERE-AU-B(EUF, ree've-aiai 5 bvf, a small stream in
Po. Pop. 2062.                                             the E. part of Missouri, flows through Franklin county,
RIVAFRECHA, re-v9-frAtchA, a town of Spain, province, and enters the Missouri River from  the right hand, near
and 7 miles S.S.E. of Logrolo, on the Leza. Pop. 1485.     Newport.
RIVALTA, re-vYl'tA, a village of North Italy, in Loin-    RIVIERE-AU-CUIVRE, ree've-aiel 5 kweev'rf, or COPPER
hardy, 5 miles W.N.W. of Mantuna, near the Mincio.         RIVER. of Missouri, rises in Audrain county, and flowing
RIVALTA-DI-ACQUI, re-villdt dee Ak/kwee, a village of  in an.S.E. direction, enters the Mississippi between LinPiedmont, 4 miles N.E. of Acqui, on the Bormida. P. 1885. coln and St. Charles county. It is a good stream  for mills.
RIVALTA-DI-TORINO, re-vdl/tA dee to-reelno, a village of  The Eagle Fork enters it from the right, on the boundary
North Italy, 8 miles W.S.WV. of Turin. Pop. 1774.          between the counties above named.
RIVANAZZANO, re-vI-nit-sdno, a village of the Sardinian    RIVIEIJRE DESACADIENS, ree've-aiR] dAz A'kAde-tNgI, of
States, province, and near Voghera. Pop. 2062.             Louisiana, flows E. through Ascension parish, into Lake
RIVANfNA, a small river in the E. central part of Vir- Maurepas.
ginia, rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge, in Albemarle    RIVIARE DU LOUP EN BAS, ree've-aiR/ dii loo aNG bA, a
county, flows S.E. through Fluvanna county, and enters  village and seigniory of Canada East, situated on the S.
the James River at Columbia. By means of dams and locks, shore of the St. Lawrence, 114 miles below Quebec. Pop.
it is navigable to the South-west Mountain, in Albemarle  of seigoiory, about 2500.
county, a distance of above 30 miles.                         RIVIERE DU LOUP EN HAUT, ree've-aiRl dii loo 8No hS,
RIVARA, re-vA/rA, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- a village and seigniory of Canada East, co. of St. Maurice,
sion, and 22 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 1624.              situated on the N. shore of Lake St. Peter, 58 miles N.E. of
RIVAROLO, re-vi-rollo, a town of North Italy, in Pied- Montreal.
mont, 19 miles N. of Turin, on an affluent of the Po. Pop.   RIVI]~RE  OUELLE, reeve-ai!f oo'111, a village  and
6032.                                                       seigniory of Canada East, co. of L'Islet, situated on the S.
RIVAROLO, re-v,-rotlo, a town of the Sardinian States, shore of the St. Lawrence, 80 miles below  Quebec. Pop.
division, and 3 miles N.N.WV. of Genoa. Pop. 5684.          of seigniory, about 3500.
RIVAROLO-DEL-RE, re-vA-rotlo-d6l-rA, or RIVAROLO-   RIVIRE  PILOTE, ree've-airf peesl6tt, a market-town on
DENTRO, re-vA-rollo-dnl/tro, a village and parish of Austrian  the S. coast of Martinique.  Pop. 3841.
Italy, province, and about 5 miles from Cremona. P. 2500.    RIVIPRE  SALlE, ree've-airl sA'iV, the strait which
RIVAROLO-FUORI, re-vA-rollo-foo-o're, a village of Aus- separates Guadeloupe into two islands.
trian Italy, 18 miles W.S.W. of vMantun. Pop. 3474.          RIVIERE SALLE, a market-town on the S.W. coast of
RIVE-DE-GIER, reev-deh-zhe- 4,:a town of France, depart- Martinique.  Pop. 2371.
ment of Loire, on the Gier, an affluent of the Rhone, at the    RIVIINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
head of the Canal of Givors, and on the St. Etienne and Lyons    RIVISONDOLI, re-ve-sonldo-le, a town of Naples, proRailway, 121 miles N.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852,13,186. vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., S.E. of Sulmona, on a hill.
It has extensive manufactures of glass-wares, steel, hard- Pop. 1300.
wares, and steam-engine factories. Near it are silk mills,    RIVOLI, reelvo-le, a town of North Italy, in Piedmont,
distilleries, and extensive coalfields.                    S. of the Dora-Ripaira, 8 miles W. of Turin, with which it
RIVEIRA, revve-rA, a small seaport of Spain, in Gali-  communicates by a continuous avenue. Pop. 5195. It has
cia, province, and 67 miles S.S.W. of Corunna, surrounded  a palace, numerous villas, and a fine botanic garden, with
by the Bay of Arosa and the sea. Pop. 2292.                manufactures of silks and woollen fabrics.
RIVELLO, re-v5llo, a town of Naples, province of Basili-   RIVOLI, a village of Austrian Italy, 12 miles N.W. of Vecata, 4 miles S. of Lagonegro, on a hill on the Trecchina.  rona, on the Adige.  Here the French defeated the AustriPop. 5140.                                                 ans, on the 14th January, 1797, on which occasion Massena
RIVIENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           received the title of Duke of Rivoli.
RIVIER, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                  RIVOLTA, re-vol/tI, a village of Lombardy, near the
RIVER, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.       Adda, 15 miles E. of Milan. Pop. 3582.
RIVER, a post-office of Stark co., Indiana.                RIVOLTELLA, re-vol-tVlqil, a village of Austrian Italy,
RIVERDALE, a new village on the E. side of the Hudson, 19 miles E. of Brescia, on the S. shore of Lake Garda. P. 1467.
14 miles N. of New York, and 3 miles below Yonkers.          RIX, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.
RIV/ERIIEAD, a liberty of England, co. of Kent.            RIXENSART, rixlen-saat', a village of Belgium, province
RIVERHEAD, a post-village and township, capital of Suf- of Brabant, on the Lasne, 15 miles S.E. of Brussels. P. 1346.
folk co., New York, at the head of Peconic Bay, and on the    RIXIEYVILLE, a post-village of Culpepper co., Virginia,
Long Island Railroad, 74 miles E. by N. of New York. The  100 miles N.N.W. of Richmond.
village contains, besides the county buildings, several   RIXHEIM, rix/hime, (Fr. pron. reex5m/,) written also
churches, and an academy. Pop. of the township, 2540. The  REXEN, a village of France, department of IHaut-Rhin,
post-office is called SUFFOLTK COUaRT-House.               with a station on the Strasbourg and Basel (Bale) Railway,
RIV/ER HILL, a small village of White co., Tennessee.    31 miles E. of Miilhausen. Pop. in 1852, 2970.
RIVIERROAD FORKS, a post-office of Livingston co., New    RIX'S MILLS, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
York.                                                        RIXITON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
RIVIERSIDE, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.         RIZAH or RIZEII, Asiatic Turkey. See REEzAH.
RIVERSIDE, a post-office of Cumberland co., North Ca-   RJASAN, a town and government of Russia. See REAzAN.
rolinn.                                                      RJEV, a town of Russia.  See RzuHEv.
RIVER STYX, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio.             ROA, role, a town of Spain, province, and 49 miles S.S.W.
RIVIERTON, a thriving village of Burlington co., New  of Burgos, on the Douro. Pop. 2000. It has remains of a
Jersey, pleasantly situated on the Delaware, 8 miles above palace, in which Ximenes died, in 1517.
Philadelphia. It has grown up within 3 or 4 years, and    ROADE, r~d, a parish of England, co. of Northampton,
consists of neat cottages, chiefly occupied by persons doing  witha station on the North-western Railway.
business in Philadelphia.                                    ROADE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
1597




ROA                                                      ROB
ROAD HALL, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.   POOBB. a township in Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 1376.
ROADS'TOWN, a post-villa e of Cumberland co., New Jer-   ROBIBEN ISLAND, an islet off the Cape of Good Hope, at
sey, about 6 miles W. of Bridgeton, contains 2 stores, a  the entrance of False Bay, lat. 330 48' S., ion. 180 22' E. It is
church, and about 40 dwellings.                           used as a penal station.
ROADJVILLE, a post-village of Charleston district, South    ROBBIATE, rob-be-VtA, or ROBIATO, ro-be-Alto, a village
Carolina, 110 miles S.E. of Columbia.                     of Austrian Italy, province of Como, at the foot of Mount
ROADVILLE, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas.        Orobie. Pop. 1012.
RO!AG LOCH, lox, rg,, a large and intricate inlet of the    ROBIBIN'S REEF, New York Bay, off the upper end of
sea, on the W. coast of Lewis Island, Hebrides, Scotland, Staten Island, contains a light-house.
about 12 miles in length, and 8 miles in breadth.           ROBfBINSTON, a post-township in Washington co., Maine,
ROANE. r1n, a county in the E. central part of Tennes- 140 miles N.E. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 1028.
see, has an area estimated at 600 square miles. It is inter-   ROBBIO, rob/be-o, a market-town of North Italy, in Piedsected bythe Tennessee River, and its two branches, the mont, 11 miles S.W. of Novara. Pop. 3350.
Clinch and Holston, which unite at Kingston. The Cum-   ROBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Gibson co., Indiana.
berland Mountain extends along or near the W. border. The   ROBE, rib, a river of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Mayo,
soil is fertile. Extensive beds of stone coal and i-on ore are rises near Clare, and after a W. course of 26 miles, enters
found. The rivers above named are navigable by steam- Lough Mask, 2 miles W. of Ballinrobe.
boats. Capital, Kingston. Pop. 12,185, of whom 10,641 were   ROBECCO, ro-blkfko, a market-town of Lombardy, on the
free, and 1544 slaves.                                    Oglio, 7 miles N. of Cremona.
ROANE, a township of Lafayette co., Arkansas. Pop. 989.   ROBECQ, ro'bkt, a village of France, department of PasROAN MOUNTAIN, of North Carolina, lies N. of Black  de-Calais, 5 miles N.W. of Bethune. Pop. 1434.
Mountain. About nine miles of its extent has nearly a   ROBEENI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Mayo.
uniform height, the most elevated point being 6270 feet   ROBEL, (Rbbel,) rbilb, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
above the sea.                                            duchy, and 34 miles S.E. of Giistrow, on the Lake Miiritz.
ROAN MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Carter co., Tennessee. Pop. 3210.
ROANNE, ro'$nn/, (ane. Rodumsna,) a town of France, de-   ROBELLA, ro-b1lld, a village of the Sardinian States, dipartment of Loire, 40 miles N.W. of Lyons, on the left bank vision of Alessandria, province of Asti. Pop. 1262.
of the Loire, which here becomes navigable. Pop. in 1852,   ROBIERSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Bledsoe
13,397. It has a chamber of arts and manufactures, and a co., Tennessee.
communal college. Situated at the terminus of the railway    ROBERT, LE, leh-ro.baiR, a town on the E. coast of the
from St. Etienne and Lyons, and at the head of the Canal island of Martinique. Pop. 4444.
of the Loire, Roanne is the entrep~t of an extensive comn-   ROBIERT BAYOU, (biloo.) of Louisiana, is connected with
mserce, and has manufactures of cottons, muslins, paper, and  Red River, near Alexandria.
jewelry. It was nearly destroyed by an inundation in 1846.   ROBERT ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean. See MARqUEsAs.
ROANOKE, ro'an-Ski, a river of Virginia and North Caro-   ROBWERTON, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Selkirk and
linDa, is formed by two principal branches, the Staunton and  Roxburgh, 6 miles W. of Hawick.  Here are remains of
Dan, which rise in the S. part of Virginia, and unite at Clarks- several Roman camps.
ville, in Mecklenburg county, constituting the lower Roan-   ROBERTS' CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New
oke. Flowing in an EE.S.E. direction, it enters North Carolina, York.
and meets the tide-water at Weldon, after passing over a    ROBIERTSON, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, borseries of rapids. Below this point, its general course is S.E., dering on Kentucky; area estimated at 500 square miles.
and it enters the W. extremity of Albemarle Sound at the  It is intersected by Red River, and also drained by Sycanouth of Chowan River. It is a remarkably rapid stream, more Creek. The surface is uneven; the soil produces grain
the fertile bottoms of which are subject to frequent inunda- and tobacco. Capital, Springfield.  Pop. 16,145, of whom
tions. The length of the main stream is estimated at 250 11.529 were free, and 4616 slaves.
miles; but if we include the Staunton, which by some geo-   ROBERTSON, a county in the E. central part of Texas,
graphers is regarded as the Roanoke proper, it will probably  contains about 840 square miles. The Brazos River forms
exceed 450 miles. The lower falls of this river at Weldon, its boundary on the S.W., and the Navasoto on the E. The
which form the limit of steamboat navigation, are about 150 surface is undulating.  Named in honor of Sterling- C.
miles firom its mouth. By means of a canal around these Robertson, an empresario of Texas. Capital, Franklin. Pop.
falls, bateaux can ascend to Danville, on the Dan River.    934, of whom 670 were free, and 264 slaves.
ROANOKE, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, has    ROBERTSON, a district in Lumpkin co., Georgia. P. 532.
an area of 180 square miles. It is intersected by the Staun-   ROBERTSON'S STORE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co.,
ton River. The county forms part of the great Valley of  Virginia.
Virginia, situated between the Blue Ridge on the S.E., and    ROB'ERTSTOWN, or CAS/TLE ROBIERT, a parish of Ireanother ridge of the Alleghanies on the N.W. The soil is  land, in Munster, co. of Limerick.
highly productive. The rock which underlies the surface is    ROBERTSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Meath.
a fine limestone. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad passes   ROBIERTSVILLE, a village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania,
through the county. Formed in 1838. Capital; Salem. Pop. about 70 miles N.E. of Pittsburg.
8477, of whom 5967 were free, and 2510 slaves.               ROBERTSVILLE, a post-village in Beaufort district,
ROANOKE, a post-village of Genesee co., New York, on  South Carolina.
Allen's Creek, about 30 miles W.S.W. of Rochester.          ROBERTSVILLE, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.
ROANOKE, Virginia, a station on the Richmond and Dan-   ROBERTSVILLE, a post-village of Anderson co., Tenners.
ville Railroad, 90 miles from Richmond.                   see, 166 miles E. of Nashville.
ROANOKE, a post-village of Randolph co., Alabama.         ROBERTSVILLE, a village of Stark co., Ohio, 68 miles
ROANOKE, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Indiana.      S.S.E. of Cleveland.
ROANOKE, a post-village of Randolph co., Missouri, 75    ROBiESON, a county in the S. part of North Carolina,
miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.                           bordering on South Carolina; area estimated at 900 square
ROANOKE BRIDGE, a post-village of Charlotte co., Vir- miles. It is intersected by Lumber River and its affluents.
ginia, 89 miles S.W. of Richmond.                         The surface is nearly level; the soil is generally sandy.
ROAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee.    Indian corn and cotton are cultivated. Lumber, turpentine,
ROAPOA, ro —pol', TREVENINEN, HOUAPOOU, hoo'A-  and other products of the pine are exported in large quantipo-oos, or ADAMS ISLAND, one of the Marquesas or Men- ties. A plank-road has lately been laid through the county,
dafla Islands in the Pacific, 58 miles W. of Santa Christina. by which produce is exported to Fayetteville. Formed in
Lat. 90 20' S., lou. 140 6' W. Length, 10 miles. The surface 1786, and named in honor of Colonel Robeson, of North Carises to upwards of 2500 feet, and in it are many fertile  rolina. Capital, Lumberton. Pop. 12,806, of whom  8461
valleys. On its W. side is the excellent anchorage of Port were ftee, and 4365 slaves.
Jarvis.                                                      ROBESON, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylvania,
ROARIING CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the North  about 10 miles S. of Reading. Pop. 2404.
Branch of the Susquehanna a few miles above Danville.       ROBESON, a post-office of Brunswick co., North Carolina.
ROARING CREEK, a postoffice of Columbia co., Penn-   ROBIAC, ro-be-Akf, a village of France, department of
sylvania.                                                 Gard, 12 miles N. of Alais. Pop. 1515.
ROARING CREEK, of North Carolina, enters the Yaidkin    ROBIATO, a town of Italy. See ROBsIATE.
from the N., in Wilkes county.                              ROBIDEAUX. ro'bee'd6t, (ROBIDOUX?) a small village
ROARING CREEK, a post-township of Mlontour co., Penn- of Texas co., Missouri.
sylvania, about 10 miles S. by W. of Pottsville. Pop. 1991.    ROBIDOUX (ro-bee'doo) FORK, Missouri, an affluent of
ROARING CREEK, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia. the Gasconade, flows N., and enters that river in Pulaski
ROARING SPRING, a post-office of Trigg co., Kentucky.  co., near Waynesville.
ROARING WATER BAY, of Ireland, in Munster, co. of    ROBILANTE, ro-be-lAn/tA, a market-town of North Italy,
Cork, extends inland for 9 miles behind Cape Clear.       in Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2278.
RO'ARKI, a township of Gasconade co., Missouri. P. 1007.   ROBISNA, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.
ROASIO, re-Pse-o, a market-town of North Italy, in Pied-   ROBIIN HOOD'S BAY, a fine inlet of the North Sea, on
mont, 18 miles NN.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 2547.             the E. coast of England. co. of York, North Riding, 6 miles
ROATAN, a British West India island. See RUBTAN.       S.S.E. of Whitby, with a fishing village.
ROATH. r6th, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.    ROllIN'S NEST, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.
1598




ROB                                                        ROC
ROB7INSON, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.   ROCCA DI NETO, roklk9 dee nAfto, a town of Naples, in
Pop 1917.                                                  Calabria Ultra I., 13 miles N.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 3000.
ROBINSON, a village and township of'Washington co.,   ROCCA DI PAPA, rok/kA dee p p/, a village of the Pen.
Pennsylvania, about 20 miles S.S.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 843. tlfical States, 15 miles S.E. of Rome, on the site of the anROBINSON, a township in Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 1619. cient Fabia. Pop. 2100. It belongs to the Colonna family.
ROBINSON, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, about   ROCCA FORTE, roklk9 foe/tA, (i. e. Strong F'ortress,") a
140 miles S.E. of Springfield.                             village of the Sardinian States, province, and near Novi.
ROBINSON, a township in Greene co., Missouri. P. 1157. It owes its name to a strong castle, extensive ruins of which
ROBINSON CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Kentucky.  still remain. Pop. 1296.
ROBINSON'S, Kentucky, a station on the Covington and    ROCCA FORTE, a village of the Sardinian States, in PiedLexington Railroad, 11 miles from Cynthiana.               mont, 7 miles S. W. of Mondovi, with a castle. Pop. 2984.
ROBINSON'S, Ohio, a station on the Columbus, Piqua    ROCCA GLORIOSA, roklkA glo-re-otst, a town of Naples,
and Indiana Railroad, 25 miles from Columbus.              in Principato Citra, S.E. of I Vallo, on Mount Bulgaria.
ROBINSON'S, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.              ROCCA GRIMALDA, roklkA gre-m~lfdd, a town of the
ROBINSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Benton co., Sardinian States, 18 miles S. of Alessandria. Pop. 2140.
Arkansas.                                                    ROCCA  GUGLIELMA, rok/kA gool-yBlfmA, a town of
ROBINSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Menard co., Illinois. Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 13 miles E.N.E. of Fondi.
ROBINSON'S RIVER, a small stream in the N.E. central    ROCCA  IMPERIALE, rokfkA im-pA-re-/lA, a town of
part of Virginia, rises in Madison co., flows S.E., and enters  Naples, province of Calabria Citra, beside the Gulf of TaRapidan River on the boundary between that county and  ranto, 7 miles N. of Roseto. Pop. 20Q0.
Orange.                                                      ROCCA  MANDOLFI, rok/kI msn-dolIfee, a town  of
ROBINSON'S SPRING, post-office, Autauga co., Alabama. Naples, province of Mlolise, 6 miles W. of Bojano. Pop. 3400.
ROBINSON'S STORE, post-office, Lincoln co., Tennessee.   ROCCA MONFINI, rok'kAi mon-feelnee, a town of Naples,
ROtBIOS, a station on the Richmond and Danville Rail- in Terra di Lavoro, 23 miles N.W. of Caserta. Pop. 3000.
road, 10 miles from Richmond.                                ROCCA MONTEPIANO, roklkA mon-tA-pe-ilno, a town of
ROBIISONVILLE, a post-office, Bedford co., Pennsylvania.  Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, S.S.W. of Chieti. P. 1500.
ROBLA, LA, ild rotBlI. a village of Spain, province, and 13    ROCCA NOVA, rok/kl nolvA, a town of Naples, province
miles N.W. of Leon. Pop. 1395.                             of Basilicata, E.N.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 1780.
ROBLEDA, rO-BIAnDi, a village of Spain, in Leon, province    ROCCA PALOMBA, rok/ki pd-lomlb,, a town of Naples,
Salamanca, 16 miles S. of Ciudad-Rodrigo. Pop. 1388.       in Sicily, 27 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 1400.
ROBLEDO, ro-Bld/Do, a town of Spain, in Valencia, pro-    ROCCA PIEMONTE, roktkA pe-A-mon/ti, a town of Naples,
vince, and 35 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1025.              province of Principato Citra, 7 miles N.N.W. of Salerno.
ROBLEDO  DE CHAVELA, ro-olVtdo dA chg-villg, a town    ROCCA RASA, rok/ki r/so, a town of Naples, Abruzzo
of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 21 miles WV. of  Ultra II., S.E. of Salmona.  Pop. 1200.
Madrid. Pop. 1075.                                           ROCCA ROMANA, rok/kA ro-m/ni, a town of Naples, in
ROBIOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           Terra di Lavoro, N.N.W. of Caserta. Pop. 1000.
ROB ROY, a post-office of Jefferson co., Arkansas.          ROCCA SAN CASCIANO, roklkl sin k&-sht/no, a village
ROB ROY, a post-village of Fountain co., Indiana, on  of Tuscany, 37 miles N.E. of Florence, at the confluence of
Shawnee Creek, 12 miles N.E. of Covington.                 the Ridazzo with the Montone. Pop. 2852.
ROBURENTO, ro-boo-rlnlto, a village of the Sardinian    ROCCA SAN FELICE, rok/ki sAn fA-leelchA, a town of
States, division of Cono, province of MIondovi. It was once  the kingdom of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 2 miles
defended by a strong castle, now in ruins, and has a fine  N. Sant' Angelo-de-Lombardi. Near it is the Lake Amsancpalace, and 2 churches. Pop. 1667.                         tus of Virgil.
RO0BY'S CORNER, New Hampshire, a station on the Mer-   ROCCA SAN GIOVANNI, rokfklt sin jo-vinlnee, a town
rimaclk and Connecticut Rivers Railroad, 22 miles from   of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, E. of Lanciano, on a
Concord.                                                   hill near the Adriatic. Pop. 1400.
ROCALBENGA, ro-kl-bln/gi, a town of Tuscany, 18    ROCCA SECCA, rok/ka s~k/kl, a town of Naples, province
miles E.N.E. ofGrossetto,onthe Albenga. Pop. 3500.         of Terra di Lavoro, 12 miles S. of Sora. Pop. 2300.
ROCAMADOUR, ro'kglmgtdoor/, a market-town of France,   ROCCA SPARVERA, rok/ki spaR-vA/rl, a village of the
department of Lot, 13 miles E.N.E. of Gourdon. Pop. 1482.  Sardinian States, division of Cono, near the Stura. It was
ROCA PARTIDA, ro/kA paa-tee'di, (" Divided Rock,") the  once surrounded by walls, of which portions still remain,
westernmost of the Revilla-gigedo Islands in the N. Pacific.  and has an old castle in ruins. Pop. 1059.
ROCAS, rolkis, (i. e. "Rocks,") an island of the Atlantic,   ROCCA STRADA. rok/ki strn/di, a walled town of Tus125 miles N.E. of Cape St. Roque. Let. 30 55 S., Ion. 330 43' W. cany, 17 miles N.N.E. of Grossetto. Pop. 1686.
ROCCA, rok/kl, an Italian word signifying "rock" or    ROCCA VERANO, rokfk& vA-ra/no, a town of the Sardi" fortress," forming the name or a part of the name of nu- nian States, 29 miles S.S.W. of Alessandria.  Pop. 1790.
merous small towns and villages of Italy and Sicily.         ROCCA VIONE, rok/kA ve-ofnA, a town of the Sardinian
ROCCA, rok/ki, a town of Sicily, intendancy, and 10 miles  States, 6 miles S.W. of Coln. Pop. 2674.
W. of Messina.                                               ROCCELLA, rot-chil/li, a market-town  of Sicily, 37
ROCCA AMORICA, rok/ki i-moi/e-ki, a town of Naples, miles S.W. of Messina, at the foot of Mount Etna.
province of Abruzzo Citra, S.S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 1000.      ROCCELLA, a market-town of Sicily, 8 miles W.S.W. of
ROCCA BIANCA, rok/ki be-in/k, (" White Rock," or  Cefalu, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2000.
"White Fortress,") a town of Naples, duchy of Parma, and    ROCCELLA, LA, 1I rot-chellit, a town of Naples, province
16 miles N.N.W. of Parma. Pop. 1800.                       of Calabria Ultra I., on the Mediterranean, 9 miles N.E. of
ROCCA BIGLIERAi, rokfki beel-yd/ri, a town of Naples, Gerace. Pop. 4000.
in the Sardinian dominion, division, province, and 23 miles    ROCCIHETTA, rok-kht/tl, (" Little Rock," or " Little ForN. of Nice. Pop. 1862.                                     tress,") a town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 18
ROCCA BRUNA, rok/ki brooenA, (j. e. "Brown Rock,") a  miles N.E. of Sant' Angelo-dei-Lombardi.  Pop. 4500.
town of Naples, in Piedmont, 13 miles W.N.W. of Coni. Pop.   ROCCHETTA DEL TANARO. See ROCOETTA DEL TANARO.
2615.                                                        ROCCIETTA LIGURE, rok-kit/tilee/goo-rA, a town of
ROCCA CASALE, rok/ki  ki-si/ll,  a town of Naples, pro- the Sardinian States, division, and 22 miles N.N.E. of Gevince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 5 miles N.N.W. of Sulmona.     noa. It is entered by two gates, has a court of justice, and
ROCCA CONTRADA, rok/ki kon-tridd, a town of Naples, an old castle. Pop. 1215.
in the Pontifical States, 28 miles W.S.W. of Ancona. P. 2600.   ROCESTER, ros/ter, a parish of England, co. of Stafford,
ROCCA D'AMFISA, rok/ki dim-fee/si, a town of Naples, 4 miles N.N.E. of Uttoxeter, on the banks of the Dove, over
province of Calabria Ultra I., 4 miles N.W. of Monteleone.  which an elegant stone bridge is built, and with a station
Pop. 4000.                                                 on the Churnet Valley Branch of the North Stafford RailROCCA D'ARAZZO, rok/ki di-rit/so, a town of the Sar- way, 4 miles N. of Uttoxeter.
dinian States, Piedmont, 20 miles W. of Alessandria, near    ROCIIDALE, rotch/del, a parlimentary boroughb, manuthe Tanaro. Pop. 1703.                                     facturing town, and parish of England, in Lancashire, 10j
ROCCA D'ASPIDE, rok/ki dislpe-dA, a town of Naples, miles N.N.E. of Manchester, on both sides of the Roch, here
province of Principato Citra, 16 miles S. of Campagna. Pop. crossed by five bridges; on the Rochdale Canal, the Calder
4000.                                                      and Hebble Navigation, and the Manchester and Leeds
ROCCA DE BALDI, rok/ki di bll/dee, a town of the Sar- Railway. It is irregularly built, and consists for the most
dinian States, in Piedmont, division of Coni, province, and  part of narrow and inconvenient streets; but great improve4 miles N.W. of Mondovi. Pop. 2290.                         ments have recently been made. Nearly all the streets are
ROCCA DELL'ASPRO, rok/kA dill ds/pro, a town of Naples, well paved and lighted with gas, and an abundant supply
in Principato Citra, district S. of Campagna. Pop. 3200.   of water is obtained from  four reservoirs in the vicinity.
ROCCA D'EVANDRO, rok/ki dA-vin/dro, a town of Naples, Most of the houses are built of brick. but a few of the best
province of Terra di Lavoro, 26 miles S.S.E. of Sosa, on the  are built of stone obtained from quarries in the vicinity.
Garigliano. It is defended by a castle. Pop. 1320.         The places of worship in connection with the EstablishROCCA DI CORIO, rok/ki dee ko/re-o, a town of the Sar- ment, within the parish, are about 16; but of these, only 4
dinian States, 18 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 2692.        are within the borough. The most deserving of notice is
ROCA DI MEZZO, roklki dee md/ezo, a town of Naples, the original parish church, a venerable structure of the
in Abruzzo Ultra II., 13 miles S.E. of Acquila. Pop. 1100.    twelfth century, finely situated on a lofty height, and ap1599




ROe                                                        ROC
preached from the lower part of the town by a flight of 122  semimary, schools of navigation and drawing, a public
steps. Of the numerous dissenting chapels, the Wesleyan  library of 20,000 volumes, a botanic garden, a cabinet of naMethodists, Association Methodists, Primitive Methodists, tural history, mannfactures of glass, earthenware, and cotHuntingdon Methodists, Presbyterians, Friends, Roman  ton-twist, sugar refineries, building-docks, and an extensive
Catholics, and Unitarians, have 1 each; Baptists and Inde- trade in wines, brandies, and colonial produce. In the relipendents, 2 each.                                          gious wars it was long a stronghold of the Protestants; but
The staple manufactures are woollen goods, chiefly baize, it was finally taken by Louis XIII. in 1628. It is the birthflannels, blankets, and kerseys; and cotton goods, chiefly  place of Reaumur, born here in 1683.
calicoes; the whole employing about 10,000 persons. There    ROCHEMATUTE, rosh'mnis, a market-town of France. de.
are also various cotton mills, at which warps and yarn are  partment of Ardbche, near the right bank of the Rhone, 12
spun. The only other manufactures of importance are hats, miles S.E. of Privas. Pop. 1473.
which employ a large number of persons of both sexes;    ROCHE PERCIlE, rosh pResA, or rfsh perlsee, a small
iron,'for which there are several foundries; machine-shops,  river of.Boone co,, Missouri, flows into Missouri River from
&c. In the vicinity are freestone quarries, for building and  the left near Providence. It is a valuable stream for mills.
pavement, iron-mines, and extensive collieries. Rochdale  The name signifies "pierced rock."
is a place of considerable antiquity, and had a Roman sta-   ROCITEPORT, rachlport (1) a post-village of Boone co., Mis.
tion in its vicinity; but its history presents no event of in- souri, on the Missouri River, at the mouth of Maniton
terest. Its woollen manufactures appear to have been in- Creek, 40 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. It has a steamboat
troduced by the Flemings in the reign of Edward III., and  landing. Stone coal is found in the bank of the river.
having continued to flourish, is mentioned as famous in the    ROCHE-POSAY, LA, 1I rosh po'zAl, a town of France, dereign of Elizabeth. It'was first constituted a borough by  partment of Vienne, at the confluence of the Gartempe with
the Reform Act, and sends a member to the House of Con- the Creuse, 13 miles E.S.E. of Chatellerault.  Pop. 1416.
mons. Rochdale gives the title of baron to the Byron fa-   ROCHE-SAMSON, rosh s{es6Nof, a market-town of France,
mily, who, long held the manor. Pop. of the parliamentary  department of Drgme, arrondissement of Valence. P. 1073.
borough, in 1851, 29,195.                                     ROCHIESTER, a city, parliamentary and municipal boROCHE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.             rough, and river-port of England, co. of Kent, 28 miles
ROCHE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.         E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London, and 7 miles S.E. of Gravesend,
ROCHE, roshl, a French word (like the Italian Rocca,)  with which it is connected by railway.  Pop. of parliasignifying "rock" or "fortress," forming a prefix to nume-  mentary borough, in 1851, 14,938. It is finely situated on
rous names of communes, towns, and villages of France:-  a bend of the Medway, here crossed by a noble bridge of 11
ROCHE, LA, lt rosh, a town of the Sardinian States, in  arches, erected in the reign of King John; and with
Savoy, 5 miles W.S.W. of Bonneville, on the Arve. Pop. 3140. Chatham on the E., and Stroud on the W., it picturesquely
ROCHE-BEAUCOURT, LA, 1I rosh!  b6OkooPJ, a town of  surrounds Chatham  Harbor. Its long, narrow, and windFrance, department of Dordogne, 13 miles W.S.W. of Non- ing main street contains many antique houses. The cathetron. Pop. 1088.                                           dral., mostly constructed by Gundulph, the first bishop
ROCHE-CIHIALAIS, LA, 1I roshtshA'lAI, a town of France, after the Conquest, presents in its recently-repaired interior
department of Dordogne, 17 miles W.S.W. of Riberac, on the  one of the finest specimens of Norman and. early English
railway from Tours to Bordeaux. Pop. 1030.                  architecture; length, 383 feet.  The grammar  school,
ROCHECHOUART, rosh'shoo'asr, a town of France, de- founded in 1542, is supported by the dean and chapter, and
partment of Haute-Vienne, on an affluent of the Vienne, 20  has six exhibitions to the universities. The principal chamiles W. of Limoges. Pop. in 1852, 4198.                   rities are St. Catherine's Hospital for Poor Women, founded
ROCHECORBON, rosh'koR'b6NcG, a village of France, de- in 1315; Watt's IHospital for the nightly entertainment of
partment of Indre-et-Loire, 3 miles E. of Tours. Pop. in  six poor travellers; and Hayward's House of Industry.
1852,1722.                                                 The town-hall is a handsome brick edifice, built in 1687.
ROCIHE-DE-GLUN, rosh der glfNso, a town of France, de- Here are also a custom-house, theatre, assembly-room,
partment of Drgme, arrondissement of Valence. Pop. 2103.  baths, two modern forts, several remains of ancient walls,
ROCHE EN BRENIL, rosh 6NG brAneelf, a town-of France, gateways, and monastic structures, and on a rock rising
department of CUte-d'Or, arrondissement of Semur. Pop. from the river, majestic ruins of a Norman castle, built by
2499.                                                      Bishop Gundulph.  Coal is extensively imported for the
ROCIEFORT, rosh'for/, or rotchtfort, a maritime town of  supply of the interior of the county, and hops are exFrance, near its W. coast, department ofCharente-Inf6rieure,  ported. Vessels of heavy burden come up to the bridge.
18 miles S.S.E. of La Rochelle, on the Charente, 7 miles from  Registered shipping in 1848, 17,625 tons. It has a producits mouth. Lat. of the hospital, 450 56' 61 N., lon. 00 57 7/ WV. tive oyster-fishery belonging to the corporation, and shipPop. in 1852, 24,330. Rochefort is fortified, and forms the  building is carried on to some extent. It sends 2 members
third military port of France. It is surrounded by ram- to the I-louse of Commons. The bishopric is, next to Canparts planted with trees, and has a tribunal of commerce, a  terbury, the most ancient in England, having been founded
school of hydrography, a national college, one library of  by St. Augustine in 604.
14,000 volumes and another of 10,000 volumes, a botanic    ROCIIESTER, a post-village and township, semi-capital
gardeA, and a maritime museum. In the military port the  of Strafford co., New IHampshire, about 30 miles E. by N. of
largest vessels float at all times. Attached to it are a prison  Concord. The village contains a bank, and is the seat of
for 1000 convicts, and a naval hospital. The commercial various woollen and other manufactories, among  which
port admits vessel of 800 tons close to the quays. The  may be mentioned an extensive establishment for making
arsenal, one of the largest in France, has immense maga- blankets. The Cocheco Railroad, and the Great Falls and
zines, cannon foundries, and ship-building docks. Roche- Conway Railroad, through which it communicates with vafort was only a small town when Louis XIV. commenced  rious sections of the state, add much to its importance.
its extension in 1666.                                      Pop. of the township, in 1840, 2431; in 1850, 3006.
ROCHEFORT, roeh'foRtf, a village of Switzerland, canton,    ROCH-IESTERl, a township of Windsor co., Vermont, 32
and 6 miles S.W. of Neufchdtel.                             miles S.S.W. of Slontpelier. Pop. 1493.
ROCHEFORT, rosh'foa, a town of Belgium, province, and    ROCHESTER,  a post-township of Plymouth co., Masse27 miles S.E. of Namur. Pop. 1300.                          chusetts, at the head of Rochester Harbor, in Buzzard's
ROCHEFORT, a village of France, department of Jura, on  Bay, and on the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, 50 miles S. by
the railway from Millhausen to Bijon, 4 miles N.E. of B1le.  E. of Boston. It has considerable ship-building, and seveROCHEFOUCAULD, LA, 11 rosh'foo'kfi, a town of France, ral vessels engaged in the whale fisheries. In 1853, there
department of Charente, on the Tardoulre, 13 miles N.E. were 7 arrivals, bringing 1816 barrels of sperm-oil, 42 of
of Angoullme, and at the foot of a height, crowned by the  whale-oil, and 4900 pounds of whalebone. Pop. 3808.
chlteau in which La Rochefoucauld was born in 1613, Pop.   ROCHESTER, a city, capital of Mlonroe co., New York, is
in 1852, 2845.                                              situated on both sides of Genesee River, 7 miles from its
ROCHE-GUYON, rosh' ghe-6toG, a town of France, depart- entrance into Lake Ontario, 230 miles by railroad W. by N.
ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, 8 miles N.N.W. of  of Albany, and 68 miles E.N.E. of Buffalo. Lat. 430 8' N.,
Nantes.  Pop. 867. It has an old castle.                    lon. 770 51 WV. Rochester is the largest town on the great
ROCHE-L'ABEILLE, rosh libi, a town of France, de- thoroughfare above alluded to, excepting Albany and Bufpartment of Iaute-Vienne, 6 miles N.N.E. of St. Yrieix.  falo, and is a place of rapid growth, and remarkable for its
Pop. 1367.                                                 extensive manufactories of flour and other articles. The
ROCHELLE, LA, 1 ro'shlllf, a fortified seaport town of  site of this city is nearly level. The streets vary from 60 to
France, capital of the department of Charente-Infdrieure, on  80 feet in width, and are generally straight and well paved.
the Atlantic, nearly midway between Nantes and Bordeaux. The principal street, extending E. and W. through the
Lat. of tower, 460 9' 24" N., lon. 10 9' 16" W. Pop. in 1852, centre of the town, and crossing the river by a bridge, is
16,507. It is entered by seven gates; the streets are mostly  called Main Street on the E., and Buffalo Street on the W.
bordered by arcades. The principal edifices are the cathedral, side of the river. The greater number of public buildings,
town-hall, exchange, courts of justice, hospital, arsenal, and many of the residences, are handsomely built of brick
docks, and a good bathing establishment. A new  inner  or of limestone, quarried in the immediate vicinity. The
harbor opens from an outer port, capable of receiving vessels  streets are generally bordered with shade-trees, and lighted
of from 400 to 500 tons; the roadstead is protected by the  with gas, and many of the dwellings have gardens and
islands of R6 and Ol6ron. La Rochelle is a bishop's see, ornamental grounds attached. The city has several public
and the capital of a military division. It has a diocesan  squares, and the two divisions are connected by 4 or 5
160M




ROC                                                        ROO
priduy   Thye orporate limits occupy an area of 7 square  1834. Pop. in 1820, 1502; in 1830, 9269; in 1840, 20,191; in
miles, but it is not vei-y compactly built.                1850, 36.403; and in 1855, 44,403.
The new court-house and city-hall, on Buffalo Street, ie a    ROCAESTER, a township of Ulster co., New York, 16
large! anabeautiful structure, with a granite front-cost  miles S.W. of Kingston. Pop. 3174.
$80,000.   The Arcade is a handsome building, occupied    ROCHESTER, a post-village and township of Beaver co.,
partly by the'post-office department. The Western House  Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Beaver River, at its
of Refuge for Juvenile Offenders is a fine large brick build- entrance into the Ohio, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania
ing, finished in 1851, at a cost of $65,000; it is 382 feet long, Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of Pittsburg.  A good bridge acrooss
3 stories high, and contains about 190 delinquents. Themain  Beaver River connects the village with Bridgewater. Pop.
edifice of the Rochester University is 100 feet by 60, and 4  in 1853, about 1200; of the township, in 1850, 1421.
stories high, with a wing 75 feet by 50.  Many of the    ROCHESTER, a post-office of Butler co., Kentucky.
churches and hotels are largs and handsome buildings.   ROCHESTER, a thriving village of Columbiana co., Ohio,
The University was organized in November, 1850, with an  on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, and on the Cleveland and
endowment of $150,000, and is under the direction of the  Pittsburg Railroad, 140 miles N.E. of Columbus.
Baptists. The Baptist Theological Seminary of this place    ROCHESTER, a post-village and township of Lorain co.,
was founded in 1850, with an endowment of $75,000. The  Ohio, on the railroad between Cleveland and Columbus, 94
Rochester Athenaeum has 3000 members, with a library of  miles N.N.E. of the latter. Pop..896.
7100 volumes, and an annual course of lectures.  The    ROCHESTER, a small village of Noble co;, Ohio.
Rochester Sunday-School Union is composed of 335 schools,    ROCHESTER, a thriving village of Stark co., Ohio, on the
with 4347 pupils, and 8000 volumes in the libraries.'There  Tuscarawas River and the Ohio Canal, about 110 miles N.E.
are 2 orphan asylums. The public press consists of 4 daily  of Columbus. The adjoining village of Navarre has a postand tri-weekly, and 7 weekly newspapers, 1 monthly agri- office of its own name.
cultural, and 1 monthly horticultural journal. Rochester    ROCHESTER, a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, on the
contains 44 churches, among which there are 9 Presby-  railroad between Cincinnati and Wilmington, about 30
terian, 9 Methodist Episcopal, 4 Baptist, 3 Episcopal, 6 Ca- miles N.E. of the former. Pop. in 1853, about 400.
tholic, and 13 others of various denominations.  Among    ROCHESTER, a thriving post-village of Avon township,
the principal hotels are the American, the Eagle, the Wa- Oakland co., Michigan, on Paint Creek, at its entrance into
verly, the Clinton, Blossom's Hotel; the Mansion House, Clinton River, 28 miles N. of Detroit. It contains 2 churches,
the Rochester, and Congress Hall.  The city contains 6  4 stores, 2 flour mills, 1 foundry, and a large public schoolbanks. The Rochester Gas Light Company, with a capital house.
of $125,000, have 10 miles of "mains," 140 city lamps, and    ROCIIESTER, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, on the
1100 private consumers. The Erie Canal, passing through  Whitewater Canal, 76 miles ES.E. of Indianapolis.
the central part of the city, crosses the river by a beautiful   ROCHESTER, a post-village and township, capital of Fulstone aqueduct about 800 feet long. The trade of Rochester  ton co., Indiana, on the Michigan Road, and on Mill Creek,
is facilitated by the following improvements, besides the  92 miles N. of Indianapolis.  The village has 2 churches
canal above named -The Genesee Valley Canal, extending S. and several stores. Pop. of the township, 1401.
to the Alleghany River; four different sections or branches    ROCHESTER, a thriving post-village of Noble co., Indiana,
of the Central Railroad passing E. and W. meet here, and  on the Elkhart River, about 130 miles N.N.E. of Indianathe Rochester and Lake Ontario Railroad joins them at this  polls. It has an excellent water-power, and a forge in which
point. Steamboats ascend the river to Carthage, about 2  bar-iron is made.
miles below the city, and smaller boats navigate the same    ROCHESTER, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, on
above the falls. The shipping of the district, June 30, 1852, the Sangamon River, 6 miles S.E. of Springfield.  The river
amounted to an aggregate of 686 tons enrolled and licensed, affords water-power for mills.
all of which was employed in the coast trade, and 429 tons    ROCHESTER, a post-village and township of Andrew co.,
in steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year were  Missouri, on the Platte River, 62 miles N. by W. of Inde264, (tons, 38,903,) of which 200 (tons, 33,027) were by fo- pendence. Pop. 1603.
reign vessels, and clearances for foreign ports for the year    ROCHESTER, a thriving village of Cedar co., Iowa, on
were the same. The above does not include the canal ton- the Cedar River, 20 miles E. of Iowa City. It contains 5
nage, which is doubtless much greater. The total number  stores and 200 inhabitants.
of cargoes weighed at Rochester during the period of navi-    ROCHESTER, a thriving post-village and township of Ragation, from  May to December, 1854, was 7355; their re- cine co., Wisconsin, is situated on the Pishtaka or Fox River,
puted weight was 1,242,633,326 pounds; number of cargoes  at the mouth of the Muskego, and on the plank-road beto which additions were made at this lock, 3542, with a  tween RacineCity and Elkhorn, 24 miles W.oftheformer. It
total weight of 23,162,768 pounds.  Total of the whole, has a fine water-power, which is employed in flouring mills.
1,265,686,054 pounds; average weight, 1,205,933 pounds.     It contains also 2 manufactories of ploughs, 2 of harness, 1
The unlimited water-power derived from  the Genesee  of carriages, 5 stores, 3 hotels, an iron foundry, and a fanRiver has been a principal cause of the prosperity of Roches- ning-mill factory. Pop. of the township, 1672; of the vilter, the fiouring mills of which are probably the most ex- lagte in 1853, about 500.
tensive in the United States. The river within a course of    ROCIIHESTER COLtONY, a thriving village of Clinton co.,
3 miles has a total descent of 226 feet, with three perpen- Michigan, on the the MIaple River, about 28 miles N. by E.
dicular falls of 95, 20, and 75 feet. The first of these is  of Lansing. It has 1 flouring mill and 1 saw mill, and 2 or
within the limits of the city, a little N. of the centre, and is  3 stores.
considered one of the most beautiful cataracts in the state.   ROCHESTER DEPOT, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.
Below the upper falls the broad river flows through a ravine    ROCHESTER MILLS, a post-office of Wabash co., Illinois.
more than 100 feet deep. The total amount of flour manu-   ROCIIESTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
factured here annually is estimated at 600,000 barrels, Tipperary.
which, computing 5 bushels to each barrel, would require    ROCHESTOWN, or BALILEY WILILIAM, a parish of Ire3,000,000 bushels of wheat.  The quantity received by  land, in Munster, co. of Limerick.
canals and railroads, in 1852, was 1,640,454 bushels, leaving    ROCHESTOWN, a hamlet of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
1,359,546 to be made up from receipts by wagons. The fol- Dublin, 4$ miles E.S.E. of Dundrum.
lowing table exhibits the quantity of flour shipped for a    ROCIIE-SUR-LOIRE, rosh-staR-lwia, a town of France, deseries of 6 years:-                                        partment of Maine-et-oir, 6 miles S.W. of Angers. P. 1039.
ROCHETTA DEL TANARO, ro-kltlt  d~l ti-niro, a mararrel.   arrel~. I         Barrels. ~ket-town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 9 miles E.S.E. of Asti.
1847...........631,574 1849...........570,757 1851...........500,330
1848...........584,426 1850..........552,129 1852...........538,680  Pop. 3028.
ROCHIETTE, LA, I ro'shftl, a town of the Sardinian States,
Yarious other manufactures are carried on, the" chief pro- province of Savoy Proper, about 16 miles S.E. of Chambery,
ductions of which are machinery, farming implements, on the Gelon. Pop. 1253.
stoves and other iron castings, cotton and woollen goods,   ROCHIFORD, a market-town and parish of'England, co.
paper, lumber, leather, cabinet ware, and edge tools.      of Essex, 15~ miles S.E. of Chelmsford. Pop. in 1851, 1704.
Rochester is remarkable for the extent and character of The town, indifferently built, has a large ancient church,
its fruit nurseries. According to the estimate of a gentle- and a union work-house.
man residing in the vicinity, and thoroughly acquainted    ROCIHFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
with the subject, there are within 10 miles of the city not   ROCIILITZ, rosslits, a town of Germany, in Saxony, on
less than 1000 acres devoted to this branch of business, the Mulde, 16 miles N.N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 4104. It
One firm alone, that of Elwanger & Barry, have 200 acres has a royal castle on a height above the town.
closely and richly cultivated, employing from  80 to 150    ROCHLITZ, a town of Germany, in Bohemia, 34 miles
hands.                                                     N. of Bidschow. Pop. 2067.
Mount Hope Cemetery, near the E. bank of the river, and    ROCK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
2 miles S. of the railroad dep6t, is remarkable for the na-   ROCK, a chapelry and township of England, co. of North.
tural adaptation of the grounds to the object for which  umberland.
they have been selected, and for the picturesque beauty of    ROCK, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering
its situation.                                             on Illinois, contains about 770 square miles. It is traversed
Rochester was settled in 1812 by Nathaniel Rochester from N. to S. by Rock River, into which flow several large
and others, incorporated in 1817, and chartered as a city in  streams. The surface is undulating   and the soil highly
5 A                                                                        1601




RO O'                                                     RCO
productive. Rock Prairie, the largest in the state, occupies    ROCK CREEK, a small village of Murray co., Georgia.
nearly half of the county, extending from the river east-   ROCK CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Alabama.
ward. The most abundant rock of the county is the blue    ROCK CREEK, a post-office of Yell co., Arkansas.
limestone. Rock River is a fine stream, flowing through    ROCK CREEK, a small village of Bedford co., Tennessee
a valley remarkable for beauty and fertility, and affording    ROCK CREEK, a post-village of Lewis co., Kentucky, 125
abundant water-power. The public improvements are the  miles E.N.E. of Frankfort.
Fond du Lac and Rock River Railroad, the Beloit and Madi-   ROCK CREEK, a thriving village of Ashtabula co., Ohio,
son Railroad, the Racine and Janesville Railroad, and the  on Rock Creek, about 200 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has
Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad. Organized in 1839, 2 or 3 churches, and several mills.
and named from its principal stream. The settlement be-   ROCK CREEK, a post-township of Bartholomew co., In.
gan in 1836, and has progressed with great rapidity. Ca- diana. Pop. 819.
pital, Janesville. Pop. 20,750.                             ROCK CREEK, a township of Wells co., Indiana. P. 599.
ROCK, a post-office of Plymouth co., Massachusetts.       ROCK CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Illinois.
ROCK, a small post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.   ROCK CREEK, a post-office of Cedar co., Indiana.
ROCK, a post-office of Pope co., Illinois.                ROCKIDALE, a post-office of Chenango co., New York.
ROCK, a township in the central part of Rock co., Wis-   ROCKDALE, a post-township of Crawford co., Pennsylvaconsin. Pop. 553.                                         nia, about 15 miles N.W. by N. of Meadville. Pop. 1086.
ROCKAWAY, a post-village of Queen's co., New York, on    ROCKDALE, a small village of Newton co., Georgia.
Rockaway Bay, which sets up into the S. side of Long Island,   ROCKDALE, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
about 24 miles E.S.E. of New York.                           ROCKDALE, Ohio, a station on the Central Ohio Railroad,
ROCKAWAY, an important post-town of Rockaway town- 41 miles from Columbus.
ship, near the centre of Morris co., New Jersey, is situated    ROCKENHAUSEN, roktken-hbw'zen, a town of Rhenish
on the Rockaway River, and on the Morris Canal, about 7  Bavaria, 13 miles N. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1783.
miles N. of Morristown. This town is situated in the richest   ROCK/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
iron region of the state, and has extensive manufactories of    ROCKF'ISHI, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia.
that useful metal. There are several forges, rolling mills,   ROCKFISII, a village of Cumberland co., North Carolina,
foundries, and steel furnaces.  The Mount Hope mining  on Rockfish Creek, 7 miles S. of Fayetteville. It contains a
property, near this place, was sold a short time- since for cotton factory.
$80,000. The Morris and Essex Railroad passes through    ROCKFISHI CREEK, of Cumberland co., North Carolina,
this town.                                                enters Cape Fear River from the W., about 10 miles below
ROCKAWAY, a post-office of Hot Springs co., Arkansas.   Fayetteville.
ROCKAWAY BEACH, of Queen's co., New York, is a pe-   ROCKIFORD, a post-village, capital of Surry co., North
ninsula extending between Jamaica Bay and the ocean. Carolina, on the Yadkin River, 145 miles W. by N. of Ra.
iHere is a fashionable watering-place, with hotels and board- leigh. Pop. 639.
ing houses, about 20 miles S.E. of New York.                ROCKFORD, a post-village, capital of Coosa co., Alabama,
ROCKAWAY RIVER, of New Jersey, rises in Morris 40 miles N. by E. of Montgomery. The surrounding councounty, flows S. and E., and enters the Passaic on the bound- try is hilly, and amply supplied with water-power, and conary between Essex and Morris counties, about 5 miles S.S.E. tainls valuable quarries of granite, marble, &c.
of Boonton.                                                 ROCKFORD, a flourishing post-village of Jackson co., InROCKBEARE, rok/bAr, a parish of England, co. of Devon. diana, on the Driftwood or East Fork of White River, and
ROCK BOTITOM, post-office, Middlesex co., Massachusetts. on the Jeffersonville and Columbus Railroad, 60 miles S. of
ROCKBOURNE, roktfbirn, a parish of England, co. Hants. Indianapolis.  The river affords valuable water-power at
ROCKfBRIDGE, a county in the central part of Virginia, this place.
has an area of about 780 square miles. It is intersected by    ROCKFORD, a village of Wells co., Indiana, 100 miles
North River, which flows into James River, near the S. ex- N.E. of Indianapolis.
tremity of the county, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. The    ROCKFORD, a flourishing city, capital of Winnebago co.,
county forms part of the great valley of Virginia, which is Illinois, is finely situated on both sides of Rock River, and
bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge. The soil has a on the Chicago and Galena Railhoad, 97 miles W.N.W. of
basis of fine limestone. and is highly productive. The James Chicago. Rockford is the centre of an active business, and
RiverCanalpasses throughtheS. part ofthecounty. Formed  has abundant water-power. It has nearly all been built
in 1778, and named from the natural bridge of rock, a de- since 1836. Its growth was constant and moderate until
scription of which will be found under VIRGINIA, pp. 2047-8. 1850, when it began to increase with great rapidity. This
Pop. 16,045, of whom 11,848 were free, and 4197 slaves.   was mainly caused by a prospect of the early completion of
ROCKBRIDGE, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Georgia, 15 the railroad from Chicago to this point. Rockford contains,
miles S. of Lawreuceville.                                besides the county buildings, 10 churches, 5 banks, and
ROCKBRIDGE, a post-office of Greene co., Illinois.      several printing-offices, from which are issued 4 newspapers.
ROCKBRIDGE, a post-village, capital of Ozark co., Mis- Pop. in 1850, 2093; in 1855, about 7000.
souri, on Bryant's Fork of White River, 150 miles S. of Jef-   ROCK GROVE, postoffice, Richmond co., North Carolina.
ferson City. It is situated in a hilly region, in which pine   ROCK GROVE, a post-village and township of Stephentimber is abundant.                                       son co., Illinois, about 55 miles E. by N. of Galena. Pop. 727.
ROCKBRIDGE, a township of Richland, co., Wisconsin.       ROCK HALL, a post-village of Kent co., Maryland, on
ROCK CAMP, a post-office of Braxton co., Virginia.      the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay, 25 miles N.E. of Annapolis.
ROCK CASTLE, rok kasts9l, a county in the S.E. central   ROCKIIAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
part of Kentucky, contains an area of about 300 square    ROCK HA/VEN, a post-village of Meade co., Kentucky,
miles. It is drained by Dick's and Rockcastle Rivers, from  is situated at the Narrows on the Ohio River.
the latter of which the name is derived. The surface is   ROCKIHILL, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
hilly, and the soil mostly poor. Coal is found in several 2448.
parts of the county, but not used to much extent. Orga-   ROCKHILL, a small village of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
nized in 1810. Capital, Mount Vernon. Pop. 4697, of whom    ROCKIIILL, a post-office of York district, South Carolina.
4322 were free, and 375 slaves.                             ROCKHILL, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri, 10
ROCK CASTLE, a post-village of Patrick co., Virginia, 190  miles W. by S. of St. Louis.
miles S.W. by W. of Richmond.                               ROCKHILL, a post-village of Marquette co., Wisconsin,
ROCK CASTLE, a post-village of Trigg co., Kentucky, on  38 miles W.S.W. of Fond du Lac.
Cumberland River, about 240 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort.      ROCK/IIOLDS, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.
ROCKCASTLE, a small river in the S.E. part of Ken-   ROCKHOLDS, a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky.
tucky, forms the boundary between Laurel county on the    ROCKI1OUSE, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee.
one hand, and Rockcastle and Pulaski counties on the    ROCKHOUSE, a post-office of HIocking co., Ohio.
other, and enters the Cumberland River. Its general course    ROCKIIHOUSE PRAIRIE, (prdree,) a post-village of Buis S.S.W.                                                 chanan co., Missouri, 44 miles N.N.W. of Independence.
ROCK CITY, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.       ROCKINGHAM, rbkfing-.m, a market-town and parish
ROCK CITY MILLS, post-office, Saratoga co., New York. of England, co., and 22 miles N.N.E. of Northampton, in
ROCKCLIFFE, roklkliff, a parish of England, co. of Cum- Rockingham Forest. Pop. about 300. hiere are the remains
berland, with a station on the Caledonian Railway, 41 miles  of a castle, within the court of which is the mansion of
N.W. of Carlisle.                                         Lord Sondes. The forest, formerly of great extent, is now
ROCK CREEK, of Pennsylvania, rises in Adams county, enclosed.
and flows into the Monocacy River.                          ROCKIINGIAM, a county forming the S.E. extremity of
ROCK CREEK, rises in Montgomery co., Maryland, flows New Hampshire, has an area of about 750 square miles. It
S., and falls into the Potomac at Georgetown, in the District is bounded on the E. by the ocean, being the only county
of Columbia.                                             of New Hampshire which has any extent of sea-coast. It is
ROCK CREEK, of Texas, flows through the Upper Cross watered by the Lamprey, Beaver, and Exeter Rivers. Great
Timbers into the Brazes River.                           Bay, connectin g with Piscataqua River and MassabesicLake,
ROCK CKEEK, of Indiana, enters the Wabash on the  are the principal collections of water; besides which, howIeft bank, 10 miles above Delphi.                        ever, there are numerous small lakes or ponds. The surface
ROCK CREEK, a post-office of Somerset co., Maryland.    is uneven, and somewhat hilly in the N. part. The soil is
ROCK CREEK, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina. productive, and under good cultivation. This county is in,
1602
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ROO                                                        RO.O
tersected by railroads connecting Boston with Manchester,  is principally watered by the IIackensack and Passaic Rivers,
Portland. and Portsmouth, and by that connecting Ports-  which afford some water-power. It contains several small
mouth and Concord. County towns, Portsmouth and Exe-  ponds well stocked with fish, and from which large quantiter. Pop. 49.194.                                         ties of ice are obtained for the New York market. The surROCKINGIIAM, a county in the N.E. central part of Vir-  face is uneven, and in some parts mountainous, on account
ginia, has an area of 900 square miles. It is intersected in  of the elevated range called the Highlands passing through
the S.E. part by the Shenandoah River proper, and also  the county. The soil of the valleys is rich and productive,
drained by the North Fork of that River, and by Dry and  and on the uplands often fertile and well adapted to grazing.
North Rivers, which rise within its limits. The county oc- Iron ore and sandstone are abundant. The New York and
cupies part of the Great Valley which is bounded on the  Erie Railroad passes through the W. partof the county.
S.E. by the Blue Ridge, and on the N.W. by the North  Organized in 1798, having previously formed part of Orange
Mountain. The soil is generally very fertile. According to  county. Capital, Clarkstown. Pop, 16,962.
the census of 1850, this county produced more wheat and    ROCKLAND, (formerly EAST THOM/ASTON,) a flourishmore hay than any other county in the state. There were uing city of Lincoln co., Maine, on the S.W. side of Penobscot
raised that year 608,350 bushels of wheat, and 16,067 tons  Bay, about 40 miles S.E. of Augusta. It has 7 churches, 4
of hay.  A quarry of marble has been opened near the  banks, 2 insurance offices, 2 newspaper offices, a fine public
county seat, and limestone is abundant. The North River  library, and 80 stores. What is termed the graded system of
furnishes extensive water-power. Organized in 1788. Capi- schools has just been established. Water is brought into the
tal, Ilarrisonburg. Pop. 20,294, of whom 17,963 were free, city by the Jackson Water-Works, 3 miles in length, costing
and 2331 slaves.                                          $35,000. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in ship-buildROCKINGHAM, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, ing, and the manufacture of lime from the immense limebordering on Virginia; area estimated at 350 square miles. stone quarries in the vicinity. About 800,000 casks of lime
It is intersected by the Dan River, and also drained by the  of a superior quality are exported annually. Twenty-three
sources of Haw River, a branch of the Cape Fear. The sur-  vessels, of which 8 or 9 were large ships, were constructed
face is elevated and hilly; the soil is generally productive. here in 1853. The Red Jacket-the largest merchant ship
Iron ore is found in the county. Formed in 1785. Capital, afloat, (tons, 2434,) with the exception of the Republic-was
Wentworth. Pop. 14,495, of whom 9166 were free, and 5329  built at this port. There is also here a large iron foundry
slaves.                                                    and machine shop. Rockland has a telegraph station, and
ROCKINGIIAIM, a post-village and township of Windham   steamboats plying between Boston and Bangor touch at its
co., Vermont, on Williams' River, and on the Rutland and  wharves. Incorporated in 1848, and chartered as a city in
Burlington Railroad, 82 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. It 1854. Pop. in 1850, 5052; in 1855, about 10,000.
contains a newspaper office, a bank, 3 or 4 woollen mills, 6    ROCKLAND, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode Island.
boot and shoe factories, an iron foundry, &c. Pop. of the    ROCKLAND, a post-township forming the N. extremity
township, 2857.                                            of Sullivan co., New York. Pop. 1175.
ROCKINGHAM, a post-village, capital of Richmond co.,   ROCKLAND, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
North Carolina, 5 miles E. of the Yadkin River, and 105  Pop. 1369.
miles S.W. of Raleigh. It has good water-power in the    ROCKLAND, a post-township of Venango co., Pennsylvicinity, employed in a cotton factory and several mills.  vania, on the left side of the Alleghany River, 12 miles S.E.
ROCKINGHAM, a village of Scott co., Iowa, on the W. of Franklin. Pop. 1409.
bank of the Mississippi River, 55 miles E.S.E. of Iowa City.   ROCKLAND, a post-office of Ontonagon co., Michigan.
ROCKINGHIAMI BAY, a spacious and beautiful harbor on    ROCKLAND ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co, of
the N.E. coast of Australia, in lat. 180 10' S.            Norfolk.
ROCK ISLAND, an island in the Mississippi River, nearly    ROCKLAND LAKE, of Rockland co., New York, about 30
opposite the city of Rock Island in Illinois. It is about 3  miles N. of New York. It is 4 or 5 miles in circumference.
miles in length. Fort Armstrong is situated on the S. ex- Its waters are very pure, and it furnishes large supplies of
tremity.                                                   the finest ice to New York City.
ROCK ISLAND, a county in the W.N.W. part of Illinois,   ROCKLAND LAKE, postoffice, Rockland co., New York.
bordering on the Mississippi, which separates it from Iowa,   ROCKLAND MILLS, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.
has an area of about 350 square miles. It is situated on    ROCKLAND MILLS, a post-office, Barren co., Kentucky.
both sides of Rock River, which forms part of the S.E.   ROCKILAND ST. ANtDREW, a parish of England, co. of
boundary.  Itderives its name from  an island in the  Norfolk.
channel of the Mississippi. The greatest length is about 70    ROCKILAND ST. PETTER, a parish of England, co. of
miles, following the course of the river; the breadth varies  Norfolk.
from 3 to 15 miles. The surface is diversified; the soil is    ROCK LICK, a post-office of Hancock co., Georgia.
good. The county contains abundance of stone coal and    ROCK MILLS, a post-office of Rappahannock co., Virginia.
limestone. Rock River affords immense water-power near    ROCK MILLS, a post-village of Anderson district, South
its mouth. The Chicago and Rock Island Railroad has its  Carolina.
W. terminus in this county. Capital, Rock Island City.   ROCK MILLS, a post-office of IHIancock co., Georgia.
Pop. 6937.                                                   ROCK MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
ROCIK ISLAND, a post-office of Austin co., Texas.          ROCK MIOUNTAIN. See STONE MOUNTAIN.
ROCK ISLAND, a post-office of Warren co., Tennessee.       ROCKIPOINT, a post-office of Independence co., Arkansas.
ROCK ISLAND CITY, capital of Rock Island co., Illinois,    ROCKIPORT, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
on the Mississippi River, 2 miles above the mouth of Rock    ROCKPORT, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
River, and 182 miles W. by S. of Chicago. It is situated at Massachusetts, 32 miles N.E. of Boston. It contains several
the foot of the Upper Rapids, which extend nearly 15 miles, churches, a bank with a capital of $100,000, and a savings
and in low stages of water obstruct the passage of loaded  institution. The fisheries are carried on to some extent;
vessels. The place derives its name from an island 3 miles  boots and shoes and furniture are also manufactured. The
in length, the S. extremity of which is nearly opposite the  township abounds with quarries of fine granite, contiguous
town. The main and navigable channel is on the W. side  to the sea. In 1851, 43 vessels, owned here, were employed
of the island, while that on the E. has been dammed so as in the mackerel fishery; and during 1852, 5345 barrels of
to produce an immense water-power above, and a good  mackerel were inspected. Until 1839, Rockport was a part
harbor below. The island presents a perpendicular front of Gloucester. Pop. of the township, 3274.
of limestone 20 or 30 feet high, and is partly covered with    ROCKPORT, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylvania.
woods, which afford an agreeable retreat in the heat of    ROCKPORT, a small village of Attala co., Mississippi.
sunimer. Rock Island is remarkable for its flourishing    ROCKPORT, a post-village, capital of  lot. Spring co.,
manufactures, and seems destined to become one of the  Arkansas, on the Washita River, about 50 miles W.S.W. of
most considerable towns of Illinois in this respect. It con- Little Rock, and at the head of navigation. A well-built
tains a bank, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and is the W. terminus lattice bridge, 300 feet long, has been thrown across the
of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. Pop. estimated  river here, at a cost of $20,000.
at 4000.                                                    ROCKPORT, a village of Allen co., Ohio, 10 miles N.N.E.
ROCK ISLAND RAPIDS, of Illinois, extend up the Mis- of Lima.
sissippi River, from the city of Rock Island, about 15 miles.   ROCKPORT, a post-village and township of Cuyahoga co.,
See RocK ISLAND CITY.                                     Ohio, on Lake Erie, and on the Cleveland and Columbus
ROCK LAKE, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.    Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 1441.
ROCK LAKE, Wisconsin, a small lake in the township    ROCKPORT, a post-village, capital of Spencer co., Indiana,
of Lake Mills, in Jefferson county.  Length, 2$ miles; is situated on a high bluff of the Ohio River, 50 miles above
breadth, 1 miles. It derives its name from a great number Evansville. The name is derived from  a hanging rock,
of rocks along the shore, thrown up by the expansion of the  known as Lady Washington's Rock. Rockport has 1 or 2
ice in winter into a ridge, which is in many places several churches, a county seminary, and a newspaper office. Pop.
feet high.                                                in 1853, estimated at 800.
ROCKLAND, rock0land, a parish of England, co. of Nor-    ROCKPORT, a post-village of Pike co., Illinois, on Snyfolk.                                                     cartee Slough, a side-channel of the Mississippi River, 80
ROCKTLAND, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has  miles W. by S. of Springfield;
an area of about 470 square miles. It is bounded on the E.   ROCK PRAIRIE, (pr~ree,) a post-office of Dade co.,,lis.
by the Hudson River, and on the S.W. by New Jersey, and  souri.                                       1603




RO0                                                        RO0
ROCK PRAIRIE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin,   ROCKWELL, a post-village of Bond co., Illinois, on the
about 8 miles E. of Janesville.                           West Branch of Shoal Creek, 70 miles S. of Springfield, has
ROCK QUARIRY, a post-office of Pope co., Illinois.      2 newspaper offices.
ROCK RIVER, a post-office of Warren co., Tennessee.       ROCKIWOOD, a post-office of Fulton co., New York.
ROCK RIVIER, of Wisconsin and Illinois, rises in Fond    ROCKIY BAYOU, (bloo,) a post-village and township of
du Lac county, of the former state, S or 10 miles S. of Lake  Izard co., Arkansas, about 10 miles E. of Mount Olive. P. 587.
Winnebago, and flowing first southward and afterwards    ROCK/Y COMIFORT, a post-office of Sevier co., Arkansas.
south-westward, it enters the state of Illinois at Beloit, and    ROCKY COMFORT CREEK, of Georgia, flows into the
falls into the Mississippi a little below the town of Rock  Ogeechee River near Louisville.
Island. Its wvhole length is estimated at about 330 miles.   ROCKY CREEK, of Chester district, South Carolina,
The current is obstructed by rapids in several places; but enters the Wateree River on the right, near Rocky Mount.
it might be made navigable at a moderate expense. Small   ROCKY CREEK, of Tatnall co., Georgia, flows into Ohoopee
steamboats have ascended as far as Jefferson, Wisconsin, 225  River.
miles. The river passes by the towns of Janesville, Beloit,   ROCKY CREEK, a post-office of Iredell co., North Carolina.
Rockford, and Dixon, and flows through a valley, or, to    ROCKY CREEK, a post-office of Pike co., Mississippi.
speak more properly, an extensive plain, which is noted for    ROCKY FORD, a post-office of Pontotoc co.. Mississippi.
its fertility and beautiful scenery. The whole descent of    ROCKY FORK, of Paint Creek, Ohio, joins that stream on
the current is ascertained to be about 379 feet.           the line between Highland and Ross counties.
ROCK RIVER, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.    ROCKY GAP, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
ROCK/ROE, a township of Monroe co., Arkansas. P. 312.   ROCKY HILL, a post-village and township of Hartford
ROCK RUN, a post-office of Ilarford co., Maryland.       co., Connecticut, on the W. side of the Connecticut River, 7
ROCK RUN, a post-township of Stephenson co., Illinois. miles S. of Hartford. Pop. 1042.
Pop. 1037.                                                   ROCKY HILL, a post-village of Somerset co., New Jersey,
ROCK RUN, a small village of Will co., Illinois.         on the Millstone River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal,
ROCKSIBURG, a post-office of Warren co., New Jersey.    4 miles N. of Princeton, contains 2 stores, 3 mills, and about
ROCKS/FORD, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.       25 dwellings.
ROCK SPRING, a post-office of Patrick co., Georgia.        ROCKY HILL, a post-office of Fayette co., Virginia.
ROCK SPRING, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.    ROCKY HILL, a post-office of Lavacca co., Texas.
ROCK SPRING, a post-office of Walker co., Georgia.         ROCKY HILL, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
ROCK SPRING, a post-office of St. Clair co., Illinois.     ROCKY HILL, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio.
ROCK SPRINGS, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.        ROCK/Y ISLAND or LOT/TIN, an island of the South
ROCK STA/TION, Massachusetts; on the Cape Cod Rail- Pacific, off the N. coast of Papua, in lat. 50 20' S., ion. 1470
road, 40 miles from Boston.                                36' E. It presents an immense cone of from 3000 to 4000 feet
ROCK STREAM, a post-village of Yates co., New York, in height, with a large hollow on its N.E. side, indicating the
on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad, 27 miles N. of  situation of an ancient crater.
Elmira.                                                      ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village, capital of Franklin co.,
ROCKTON, Herkimer co., New York. See LITTLE FALLS.   Virginia, about 180 miles W. by S. of Richmond. It has
ROCK/TON, a flourishing post-village and township of  several stores, and an extensive iron furnace in the vicinity.
Winnebago co., Illinois, on Rock River, 16 miles N. of Rock- Pop. about 300.
ford. The water-power of Rock River gives motion to a    ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village of Edgecombe co., North
large flouring mill, 1 paper mill, and other machinery. Carolina, on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 56 miles
Pop. about 600; of the township, 1010.                     E. of Raleigh.
ROCK/TOWN, a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey,   ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village of Fairfield district, South
about 7 miles S. of Flemington.                            Carolina.
ROCK VAL/LEY, post-office, Hampden co., Massachusetts.   ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village in Meriwether co., Georgia,
ROCK VALLEY, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.    95 miles W. of Milledgeville.
ROCKIVILLE, a post-village of Norfolk co.. Massachusetts,   ROCKY MOUNT, a post-office of Kemper co., Mississippi.
on a branch of the Norfolk County Railroad, 26 miles S. of    ROCKY MOUNT, a post-office of Bossier parish, Louisiana
Boston.                                                      ROCKY MOUNT, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.
ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Rhode    ROCKY MOUNT, a post-village of Miller co., Missouri, 30
Island, has several carriage factories.                    miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
ROCKVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Vernon town-    ROCKY MOUNTAINS, (Fr. iontagnes Rocheuses, men'ship, Tolland co., Connecticut, on Hockanum  River, which  tafiR ro'shuz/; Ger. Felsengebirge, fl/sen-ga-b6Er/ga,) called
here furnishes excellent water-power, about 14 miles N.E. also the CHIPPEWAYAN (chip-pe-wa/n)'MOUNTAINS, a
of Hartford. It contains 4 churches, viz.: 2 Congregational,  chain in the central and N. part of North America; cola1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist. About $400,000 capital is in- mencing in New Mexico, in about 320 30' N. lat., near Fort
vested in woollen, and perhaps $50,000 in cotton manufac-  Webster; it extends nearly N.N.W. throughout the N.
tures. Rockville is one of the most enterprising and pros- portion of the continent to the Polar Ocean, terminating
perous places in Northern Connecticut.                     WV. of the mouth of Mackenzie's River,in lat. 690 N., ion. 1350
ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co., New York, W. This range, in connection with the Andes, of which it
about 55 miles S.E. of Buffalo.                            may be said to be a continuation, forms the longest, and,
ROCKVILLE, a post-village, of Chester co., Pennsylvania,  according to Humboldt, the most uniform chain of mountains
58 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.                             on the globe. Somewhat more than half of the entire chain
ROCKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co.. belongs to North America; the name, Rocky Mountains.
Maryland, 16 miles N.N.W. of Washington City. It contains  being usually applied to that portion only which is coma court-house, a jail, and several stores. A newspaper is prised within the United States and British   America,
published here.                                            although the exact limit of this mountain range towards
ROCKVILLE, a post-office of Hanover co., Virginia.       the S. can scarcely be said to be determined. The entire
ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Rowan co.. North Carolina. length, however, of the chain, following the windings, may
ROCKVILLE, a post-office of Lexington district, South  be stated in round numbers at 3000 miles. The E. boundary
Carolina.                                                  of the Rocky Mountains in lat. 350 N., is in 1070 20' W. Ion.;
ROCKVILLE. a post-village of Putnam  co., Georgia, 11  in lat. 400 N., 1080 30' W. Ion.; lat. 630 N., 1240 40' V. Ion.;
miles E. of Eatonton. It has 1 church and 2 stores.        lat. 680 N., 1300 30' W. lon. Notwithstanding this general
ROCKVILLE, a post-village'of Monroe co., Tennessee, 164  trending to the WY., the continent widens so much more in
miles E.S.E. of Nashville.                                 the same direction, that this chain, which, in South and
ROCKVILLE, a post-village of Adams co., Ohio, on the  Central America, and Mexico, is comparatively a coast range,
Ohio River, about 90 miles above Cincinnati.  It has mills  is several hundred leagues inland in the United States and
for sawing stone, which is quarried in the vicinity.       British America. The highest known peaks within the United
ROCKVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Parke co., States are Fremont's, 13,570 feet; and Pike's Peak, 11,497 feet
Indiana, is pleasantly situated on the plank-road from   high; and Mount Brown and Mount Hooker, in British
Indianapolis to Springfield, Illinois, 60 miles W. of the  America, near 530 N. lat., the former about 16,000, and the
former, and on the Indiana and Illinois Central Railroad. latter 15,690 feet above the sea-level. Ve are very imperfectly
It is surrounded by a rich farming district, which contains acquainted with this system of mountains; the general altiextensive beds of coal. It has several churches, 2 semi- tude of the range, however, is supposed to vary from 10,000
naries, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, 1500.       to 14,000 feet; the Rev. Mr. Parker states that peaks have
ROCKYILLE, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, on the  been measured of 18,000 feet in elevation.  The E. slope of
Kankakee. 162 miles N.E. of Springfield.                   the Rocky Mountains is remarkable for its gradual declinaROCKVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, 60 miles  tion. The ascent from Fort Leavenworth, in lat. 390 21' N.,
N.N.E. of Iowa City.                                      and Ion. 940 44' W., to the South Pass, (the greathighway firom
ROCII/VILLE, a village of Canada East, co. of Beauhar- Missouri to Utah and Oregon,) in let. about 420 30' N., and
nois, 40 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. about 300.          ion. 1090 30' WV., is a little more than 6000 feet in a distance
ROCKI~ILLE CEN/TRE, post-office, Queens co., New York. of 932 miles by the usual route. The elevation of the South
1tOCKVILLE SWITCH, Pennsylvania, a station on the  Pass, which is a remarkable depression in the principal
Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles from Harrisburg.           chain from  about 15 to 20 miles wide, is about 7500 feet
IROCK/WELL, post-office, Pickens district, South Carolina. above the sea. This rise, as might be inferred fi-om what
1604




ROO                                                       ROD
has been said above, is exceedingly gentle; so much so, Mountains proper, at an elevation, probably, nowhere greater
indeed, that the ascent is almost imperceptible by any  than 5000 feet."  (See Bulletin of the New York Geograexcept a scientific observer.                             phical Society, art. V. 1854.)
Branches.-The following notice of the ramifications of    Amid the valleys and gorges of this stupendous system
the Rocky Mountains is condensed from Humboldt's "As- of mountains, some of the largest rivers of the globe have
pects of Nature:" —' From  about lat. 220 N. the Cordillera  their birth. Of these, the Athabasca, Peace, and Mackenzies
of Anahuac divides into three chains. 1. The E. chain, that find their outlet in the Polar Sea; the Saskatchawan in the
of Potosi and Texas, is continued northward into Arkansas  Atlantic, through Hudson's Bay; the Missouri and its
and Missouri, under the name of Ozark Mountains; thence  many tributaries, the Platte, Arkansas, and Red Rivers;
by a succession of hills through Wisconsin to Lake Superior. gliding gently down its long E. slopes, find an exit in the
2. The central chain of Durango and New Mexico, taking  Mississippi, and thence into the Gulf of Mexico; while the
the name of Rocky Mountains. From this chain, an im-  Rio Del Norte, the Colorado, and the Columbia, (with Lewis
portant branch (called the Black Hills) detaches itself in  River, its principal tributary, forming in itself a mighty
about 400 N. lat., and extends at first nearly E., and then  stream,) take opposite directions; the first through the valley
N., forming the dividing ridge between the tributaries of the  of New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico; the second through
Yellowstone and those of the Missouri on the E., and the  the deserts of Utah and the western part of New Mexico to
tributaries of the Platte on the S., spreading  out in the  the Gulf of California; while the last, from the N., buisting
highlands of Nebraska and Minnesota, where they constitute  through the Cascade and coast ranges, rushes to join the
the watershed between the streams which flow to the Gulf  mighty Pacific, bearing the only waters that reach that ocean
of Mexico, and those flowing to the Polar Sea. The highest directly from this range. Erman observes, "that it is reknown summit of this branch is about 8000 feet above the  markable, that if an arch of a great circle were prolonged
sea. 3. The W. range passes through Cinaloa and Sonora, from the Aldan Mountains in Siberia, it would pass through
being linked by spurs with the mountains of California."  the principal peaks of the Rocky Mountains, between 400
On each side of the Rio Grande, in New Mexico, there are  and 550 N. lat.
several parallel ridges, with the same general course as the    Geology.-Of the geological structure of the Rocky Monuncentral ridge, taking the local names of Sierra Blanca,  tains as yet very little is known. The highest parts visited
Sacramento Mountains, Organ Mountains, &c. on the E. by Fremont were composed of rocks of granite and gneiss,
side of the river, and San Juan, Jemez Mountains, Zufl  shooting up into sharp. and jagged peaks. Volcanic rocks
Mountains, &c. on the W. This plan of local naming  are known to exist in many places on the slopes or sides of
continues throughout the chain, which is in fact a system  these mountains. According to the most recent reports
rather than a range of mountains.                         there is, between the head of Madison River and the upper
Plateaus, &c.-Between the highest ridge of the Rocky  waters of the Yellowstone, a volcanic region of perhaps 100
Mountains on the E., and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade  square miles in extent, in which some of the volcanoes are
Range on the W., is a vast region of table land, which in its  said to have lately been in a state of eruption. Hot springs
widest part extends through 14 degrees of longitude; that is, are found, not only in this region, but in various other places
about 700 miles from E. to W. Humboldt, in his "Aspects on the E. and W. declivities of the Rocky Mountain Range.
of Nature," (edition of 1849,) already alluded to, observes Near 420 37/ N. let., and 1110 45' W. ion., there are a number
that the Rocky Mountains betweeni 370 and 430 present lofty  of fountains, the waters of which effervesce with the carbonic
plains, of an extent hardly met with in any other part of acid that they contain. From this circumstance they have
the globe; having a breadth from  E. to W. twice as great received the name of "Beer, or Soda Springs."  The most
as the plateaus of Mexico. In the W. part of the great cen- remarkable of these throws up a jet d'eau of about three
tral plateaus above described, lies the Great Basin, otherwise  feet high, accompanied with a subterraneous noise, which.
called Fremont's Basin, from its having been first explored  together with the rushing of the water, resembles the sound
by Colonel Fremont. It is situated between the Sierra Ne- of a steamboat in motion, whence it has been termed the
vada and Wahsatch Mountains, and is bounded on every  "Steamboat Spring."  (Fremont.)
side with high hills or mountains. It is about 500 miles in    ROCKY NARROWS, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.
extent, from E. to W., and 350 from N. to S. Only a part of   ROCKY PLAINS, a post-office of Newton co., Georgia.
it has been thoroughly explored; it is, however, known to    ROCKY POINT. a thriving village of Monroe co., Virginia,
contain a number of lakes and rivers, none of whose waters  240 miles W. of Richmond.
ever reach the ocean, being probably taken up by evaporation    ROCKY POINT, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia.
or lost in the sand of the more arid districts. As far as   ROCKY POINT, a post-office of Attala co., Mississippi.
known, the lakes of this basin are salt; except Utah Lake.   ROCKY POINT, a post-village of Independence Co., ArThe largest of these, the Great Salt Lake, is filled with a sata- kansas, about 8 miles S.E. of Batesville.
rated solution, of common salt; it has an elevation of 4200    ROCKY POINT MILLS, a post-office of Botetourt co.,
feet above the sea.                                       Virginia.
Passes.-Probably no mountains of the same altitude can    ROCKY POND, a post-office of Edgefield district, South
be so readily traversed as the Rocky Mountain chain, owing  Carolina.
to the great breadth of its base, and its gentle acclivity.   ROCKY RIDGE, a post-office of Anderson district, South
Among the most remarkable of the numerous passes may  Carolina.
be mentioned that leading from  the head-waters of the    ROCKY RIVER, of North Carolina, a small stream, flows
Athabasca to those of the Columbia, between Mount Brown  through Cabarras co., and then turning, forms the boundary
and Mount HIooker, and called the Athabasca Portage; it has between Stanley and Anson, until it enters the Yadkin.
a height of 7300 feet, and has only been used by the traders    ROCKY RIVER, of Chatham co., North Carolina, enters
of the IIudson Bay Company, as the principal pass into the  Deep River from the N.W.
basin of Columbia; Cadot's Pass, near the N. boundary of the    ROCKY RIVER, of South Carolina, a small stream, rises
United States; the well-known South Pass, already alluded  in Anderson district, and flowing S., enters the Savannah.
to; the old Santa F6 trail from Independence to the town    ROCKY RIVER, a small stream in the E. central part of
of Santa F6, and the El Paso route in the S. of New Mexico. Tennessee, forms the boundary between Warren and Van
Governor Stevens of Washington Territory, says of that por- Buren co's., and enters the Caney Fork of Cumberland River.
tion about the sources of the Missouri, "that it is broken    ROCKY RIVER, Ohio, a small stream, rises in Medina
into spurs, and filled with valleys, furnishing several good  co., and enters Lake Erie about 10 miles W. of Cleveland.
passes much lower than the celebrated South Pass, one by    ROCKY RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream, falls into
barometric measurement, 1500 feet lower." Fremont, in the  the St. Joseph's, in St. Joseph county.
winter of 1853-4, explored a route from the mouth of the    ROCKY IRUN, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois.
Kanzas to the pass of the Huerfano River, through the    ROCKY RUN, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.
Sierra Blanca, in New Mexico, thence across the valley of    ROCKY SPRING, a post-village of Jackson co., Alabama,
San Luis, up that of Sah-Watch, through the Central Chain  188 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa.
of the Rocky Mountains by the Coocha-too-pe Pass.           ROCKY SPRING, a post-village, Claiborne co., Mississippi.
Much attention has recently been directed towards ascer-   ROCKY SPRING, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.
taining the most suitable passes across the Rocky Moun-   ROCKY WELL, a post-office of Lexington district, South
tains, with a view to the location of the contemplated Pacific  Carolina.
Railroad. For the following importantitems of information,    ROCOUR, ro'koonf, a village of Belgium, province, and 2
we are indebted to the courtesy of Henry V. Poor, Esq., the  miles N.N.W. of Liege. It is famous for the battle fought in
able editor of the American Railroad Journal:-" The pro- its plains in 1746, when the French, under Marshal Saxe,
posed Northern route for the Pacific Railroad would cross defeated the allies under Duke Charles of Lorraine. Pop. 520.
the Rocky Mountains near the sources of the Missouri and    ROC'ROY! or ROC0ROI, (Fr. pron. ro'krwA,) a frontier forColumbia, at an elevation of about 6000 feet above'the sea; tifded town of France, department of Ardennes, in the forest
the elevation of the summit of the South Pass is 7490 feet; of Ardennes, 15 miles N.W. of Mdzilrqs. Pop. 1164. It has
the Bear Mountain Summit, 1000 feet higher; the Central a military hospital and a custom-house. The Duke of
route would cross by the Coocha-too-pe Pass, in lat. 380, at Enghien, afterwards the "Grand Cond6," here defeated the
an elevation of 11,082 feet, or by the Saugre de Christo Pass, Spaniards in 1643.
at 8,800 feet; the Southern route, proposed to cross near the    RODA, rofDA, a town of Spain, province, and 38 miles N.H.
32d parallel of N. lat., would traverse the great plateau  of Barcelona, on the Ter.
where an interval seems to occur between the termination    RODA, a town of Spain, province, and 16 miles S. od
of the Sierra Madre and the commencement of the Rocky  Cuenca. Pop. 2400.
1605




ROD                                                       ROG
RODA, rolda, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Alten- the Mississippi River, 40 miles above Natchez. It has seve
ourg, 8 miles E.S.E. of Jena. Pop. 2357.                  ral stores and warehouses, and a newspaper office.
REDA, a town of Arabia. See RoDA.                         ROD AEY, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
RODA, an island in the Nile. See RHODDA.                  RODOLZA, a town ofIllyria. See RADMANSD0rF.
RODACH, ro/dAK, a town of Saxe-Coburg, 10 miles W.N.W.   RODOMUM. See RouEN.
ofCoburg, on a river of its own name. Pop. 1572.            RODOSTO, RHODOSTO, ro-dos/to, written also RODOSJIG,
ROIDAH, RODA, ro/dd, or RODDA, rodldA, a town of  (Turk. Tekeer-Dagh, anc. Bisanithe, afterward Rhcdesltum or
Arabia, in Yemen, 8 miles N.N.W. of Sana, and a residence  Rhcedestus,) a fortified maritime town of European Turkey,
of many of its merchants. It has fine gardens and vine- in Room-Elee, sanjak, and 60 miles N.E. of Gallipoli, on the
yards, and is governed by an ameer, who occupies its citadel. Sea of Marmora, and the great route W. of Constantinople.
RODALBEN, ro-d~l/b8n, or ROTHALBEN, ro-tlfbln, a  It has large caravanserais, khans, and public baths, with 5
village of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, near Pirmasens. Pop. Greek and 2 Armenian churches; but it has latterly declined
1509.                                                     in importance.
RODANO, a river of Europe. See RmnE.                       RODRIGUES or RODRIGUE, ro/dreeg/, (Port. Rodriguez,
RODAS, an island of Turkey. See RHODES.                  ro'dree'ghs,) an island of the Indian Ocean, 330 miles
RODAUK, ro'dawkl, a town of Central Asia, in Little  E.N.E. of the Mauritius, of which it is a dependency. Lat.
Thibet, about 120 miles S.E. of Leh, and having an active  190 4 S., ion. 630 25' E. Length, 12 miles; breadth, from 3
trade in shawl wool, and salt from adjacent lakes.        to 6 miles. Surface mostly mountainous, but it has about
ROD/BORNE-CHEINEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts. 9000 acres of cultivable land.
ROD/BOROUGH, a chapelry and tything of England, co.   RODUMNA. See ROANNE.
of Gloucester.                                               ROIDUSTER, a small village of Butler co., Kentucky.
RODBYE or RODBY, rod/biS, a maritime town of Den-   RCED(EE or RODOE, (Riidie,) r3ddb.eh, an island off the
mark, on the S. coast of the island of Laaland, 7 miles  coast of Norway, in lat. 660 40' N., ion. 130 10' E.
S.S.W. of Maribo. Pop. 1200.                                 ROEDSKIOER, rid/ske-iier, a small island in the Gulf
RODDA, a town of Arabia. See RODAH.                      of Finland.
RODDA, an island in the Nile. See RHODDA.                  ROER, a river of Germany. See Ruim.
ROD/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.             ROERMOND, rooa-mfntl, or ROERMONDE. roon-mn/dueh,
RODDENAU, (Riddenau,) rod/ddeh-nmw'. a village of Hesse- (Fr. Rumemonde, riRamSNdtd) a town of the Netherlands, proCassel, in Ober-Hessen, near Franlkenburg, on the Eder. Pop. vince of Limburg, on the Mleuse, at the influx of the Roer,
1003.                                                     (Ruhr,) 27 miles N.E. of Maestritcht. Pop. in 1850, 7172.
RODDINO, rod-dee/no, a village of the Sardinian States, Its fortifications were dismantled under Joseph II., but it
division of Con!, province of Alba. Pop. 1106.             is still the residence of a military commandant. It has
RODELHEIM, ro/del-himeO, a market-town of Germany, manufactures of woollen stuffs, soap, leather, beer, vinegar,
in Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Ober-Hessen, on the Nidda, and a considerable general and transit trade.
4 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1588.                      ROESFIELD, riz/feeld, a post-office of Catahoula parish,
RODELSEN, (Ridelsen,) r3idel-sen, a village of Bavaria, Louisiana.
in Loweir Franconia. Pop. 802.                              ROESKILDE or ROSKILDE, ris/kil'deh, a town of DenRODEMACK, ro'dgh-makf, a marke-town of France, de- mark, island and stift of Seeland, with a port, 19 miles
partment of Moselle, 8 miles N.N.E. of Thionville. Pop. W.S.W. of Copenhagen, with which it is connected by rail1087.                                                     way, at the head of an inlet of the Ise-fiord. Pop. in 1850,
RODEN, RHODEN, ro/den, or ROON, ran, a village of  3805. It was the residence of the Danish kings in the
Holland, province of Drenthe, 12 miles NW. ofAssen. P.863. Middle Ages, and has a royal castle, a cathedral, the oldest,
RODEN, ro/dpn, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 30 miles S. finest, and most celebrated in Denmark, with tombs of
of Treves, near the right bank of the Saar. Pop. 1609.    many of its kings.
RODENBERG, ro/dpn-bliG%, a town of Hesse-Cassel, in    RCEULX, ruh, a town of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 8
Nieder-Hessen, 17 miles W.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1129.    miles E.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 2701.
RODENGO, ro-din/go, a village of Austrian Italy, go-   ROFRANO, ro-frsno, a market-town of Naples, province
vernment of Milan, 3 miles N.E.of Ospedaletto. Pop. 1129. of Principato Citra, 13 miles S.S.W. of Diano. Pop. 2100.
RODE, NORTH, a township of England, co. of Chester,   ROIGART, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sutherland.
with a station on the North Stafford Railway, 41 miles S.W.   ROGASEN. ro/gA-zen, ROGAZNO, ro-gAz/no, or ROGOZNO,
of Macclesfield.                                          a town of Prussian Poland, 24 miles N. of Posen, on a large
RODENSLEBEN, roldons-l&bn, (Geess, groce, and KLEIN, lake, and on the Wetna. Pop. 4430.
klfn,) a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, government   ROGATCHEV or ROGATSCHEW, ro-gA-chlv/, a marketof Magdeburg. Pop. 1007.                                  town of Russia, government, and 60 miles SWS.W. of MoheeRODEWALD, roldeh-*,it', a village of Hanover, 11 miles lev, at the confluence of the Droots and the Dnieper. Pop.
N. of Neustadt-am-Riibenberge. Pop. 1600.                 2500.
RODEZ or RHODEZ, roda/, (anc. Segoduenum,) a town of    R0OGATE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
France, capital of the department of Aveyron, 85 miles N.W.   ROGATSCHEW, a town of Russia. See RoGATncHv.
of Montpellier, on the right bank of the Aveyron. Pop. in    ROGER'S (rij/ers) BRIDGE, a post-village of Spartanburg
1852, 10,280. It has a national college, with a library of  district, South Carolina.
16,000 volumes, a Gothic cathedral, and trade in wool and    ROGER'S FARM, a post-village of McLane co., Illinois, 66
cheese.                                                   miles N.E. of Springfield.
RODHEIM-AN-DER-BIEBER, rod/hime An d6a bee/bgr,   ROGER'S LAND/INGi a village ofPerry co., Missouri.
a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, near Giessen. Pop. 827.        ROGER'S RUN, a post-office of Stark co., Indiana.
RODHEIM-YOR-DER-HOHE, (HiShe,) rodlhime voR den    ROGER'S STORE, a post-office, Wake co., North Carolina.
h't3h, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, circle of Friedberg.   ROG/ERSTON, a hamnilet of England, co. of Monmouth.
Pop. 1380.                                                  RO.G/ERSVILLE, a village of Steuben co., New York, conRODI, an island of Turkey. See RHDEs.                   tains the Rogersville Union Seminary.
RODI, ro/dee, a maritime town of Naples, province of    ROGERSVILLE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
Capitanata, on the N. coast of the Garganian Promontory,   ROGERSVILLE, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia.
in the Adriatic Sea. Pop. 3200.                             ROGERSVILLE, a post-village of Anderson district, South
RODIEZMO, ro-de-Ithlmo, a village of Spain, province, Carolina, 131 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. The name of the
and N.W. of Leon. Pop. 1845.                               post-office was recently changed to EVERGREEN.
RODIGO, ro-deetgo, a village of Austrian Italy, province,   ROGERSVILLE, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Alaand 9 miles N.W. of Mantuna. Pop. 1500.                    bama, 24 miles E. of Florence. Pop. about 300.
RODIGO, a village of Lombardy, 7 miles N.W. of Mantuna.   ROGERSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of HawROIDING, a river of England, co. of Essex, rises near kine co., Tennessee, is situated near the Holston River. 255
Dunmow, flows mostly 5.5.W. past Chipping Ongar, and be- miles E. of Nashville. Steamboat navigation has lately been
tween Epping and Hainaut Forests, and near Barking joins opened on the Holston from Knoxville to Kingsport, which
the Thames, whence it is navigable to Ilford.              is above Rogersville. The village contains a bank, and a
RODING, ronding, a village of Bavaria, circle of Upper collegiate institute under the control of the Odd Fellows,
Palatinate, on the Regen, 23 miles N.E. of Ratisbon. P. 1190. having about 200 pupils. A newspaper is published here.
RODINGEN, (Ridingen,) ri/ding-en, a village of Rhenish    ROGERSVILLE, a small village in the S.E. part of MadiiPrussia, 18 miles N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle.                son co., Kentucky.
RODVINGTON, a parish of England co. of Salop.              ROGERSVILLE, a small village of Ohio co., Kentucky.
ROD/MAN, a post-village and township of Jefferson co.,   ROGERSVILLE, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio,
New York, on Sandy Creek, about 10 miles S. of Watertown.  about 90 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
Pop. 1784.                                                   ROGERSVILLE, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.
ROD/MARTON, a parish of England, co., of Gloucester.      ROGGWEIL, rokidil, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
ROD/MELL, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           27 miles N.E. of Bern.
RODIMERSHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            ROGIET, roj/yet (?) a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
RODNA, rodtnSh, or RADNA, r~d/nih, (Ger. Roden, ro/-   ROGLIANO, r6l-ySno, a town of Naples, province of Caden,) a village of Transylvania, 26 miles N.E. of Bistritz. labria Citra, 9 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 1900.
Pop. 2000, mostly employed in gold, silver, and iron mines.    ROGLIANO, a town at the N. extremity of Corsica, 17
RO0D/NEY, a post-village of Jefferson co., Mississippi, on  miles N. of Bastia. Pop. 1525.
1606




ROG                                                       ROM
ROGNAC, ron'ygkl, France, a station on the railway from  the long residence of Roland, the famous nephew of CharleMarseilles to Avignon, 17 miles from Marseilles.         magne, who could look down from it on the nunnery in
ROGNONAS, ron'yo'na/, France, a station on the railroad  which his unfortunate bride was immured. Their story is
from Marseilles to Avignon, 3~ miles from Avignon.       the subject of one of Schiller's most beautiful ballads-The
ROGONAUTP0OORI, a town of British India, presidency, Knight of Toggenberg.
and province of Bengal, 130 miles N.W. of Calcutta, on the    ROLESVILLE, rOlzlvil, a post-village of Wake co., North
route to Benares. Lat. 230 32' N., ion. 860 44' E.        Carolina, 16 miles N.E. of Raleigh.
ROGUES RIVER, East Africa. See JUsA.                      ROLLE, rollleh, a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud,
- ROHAN, ro'8Nal, a town of France, department of Mor- on the Lake of Geneva, 16 miles S.W. of Lausanne. P. 600.
bihan, on the Ouse, 28 miles N. of Vannes. Pop. 501.        ROLLEBOISE, rol'leh-bwdzf, a village of France, departROHAN, an old division of France, in Bretagne, with the  ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the left bank of the Seine, with a
title of duchy, now comprised in the department of Mor- tunnel under the Rouen Railway.
bihan.                                                      ROLLEGHEM, rollleh-gh&m', a village of Belgium, proROHAN-ROIIAN, ro'8NG! ro'SNoI or FRONTENAY, font'na, vince of West Flanders, 5 miles S. of Courtrai. Pop. 1500.
or fr6Na'teh-nA/, a village of France, department of Deux-   ROLILERSVILLE, a post-village of Sandusky co.. Ohio, 42
Slvres, 6 miles S.W. of Niort. Pop. 2000.                 miles N. of Columbus.
ROHATYN, ro-h/tin, a town of Austrian Poland, in Ga-   ROLLESBY, rdlzlbee, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
licia, 15 miles W.S.W. of Brzezany. Pop. 2726.              ROLLESTON, rOlzftpn, a parish of England, co. of Notta.
ROHILCUND, ro-hil-kLndl, a region of British India, pre-   ROLLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
sidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, between lat. 280 and    ROLLESTONE, r511zlton, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
290 N., and lon. 780 and 800 E.; watered by the Ganges,    ROL'LIN, a post-township in the N.W. part of Lenawee co.,
Ramgunga, &c. It is named from the Rohillas, an Afghan  Michigan. Pop. 1080.
tribe, who emigrated to it in the eighteenth century.       ROLLING  (rOlling) FORK, a small village of Casey co.,
ROHITSCH, rothitsh, or ROGATCZ, ro-ghtsl, a market- Kentucky.
town of Austria, in Styria, 30 miles N.N.W. of Agrarn. It   ROLLING FORK, a post-office of Nelson co., Kentucky.
has chalybeate springs, the waters of which are extensively    ROLLING PRAIRIE, a post-office of Marion co., Arkansas.
exported.                                                   ROLLqINGSFORD, a new county of Strafford co., New
ROI0IONCZ, a town of Hungary.  See RECHNITZ.            Hampshire, on the Salmon Falls River, and on the Boston
ROHOZNA, ro-hozlnA, or ROSEN, rolzen, a village of Bo- and Maine Railroad, 71 miles N.. of Boston. The Great
hemia, circle of Chrudim, 10 miles from Briisau. Pop. 1306. Falls Branch Railroad partly intersects it. Pop. 1862.
ROHRBACIL, rORlbRK, a village and parish of Switzerland,    ROLILINS STORE, a post-village of Moore co., North
canton, and 22 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 4831.             Carolina.
ROHRERSVILLE, rbrlerslvill, a post-village in Washing-    ROLILINSVILLE, a post-office of Darlington district,
ton co., Maryland, 80 miles W.N.W. of Annapolis.          South Carolina.
ROHRSBURG, rbrslbtlrg, a post-village of Columbia co.,   ROLLO, rolfyo, a mountain of Spain, in Andalusia, proPennsylvania, 88 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg.              vince of Alicante, between Novelda and Aspe. It is comROHRSDORF, rlRsldoaf, a village of Germany, in Prussian  posed entirely of variegated marble, the color of which is
Silesia, 27 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 1500.  different in different places. On the S.E. it is blood-color,
ROHRSDORF, a village of Germany, in Saxony, 13 miles  with dull white veins; in the N.W. yellow, with generally
N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 2908.                               dark veins, beautifully intertwined, and in other places it
ROHRSDORF, a village of Germany, circle of Zwickau, has cords of livid hue, and very beautiful black spots.
district of Chemnitz. Pop. 1175.                            ROLLO, rolllo, or ROLO, rolo, a town of Austrian Italy,
ROHRSDORF, (Rdhrsdorf,) raRsfdoRf, a village of Bohe- government of Milan, province, and 18 miles E.S.E. of
mia, circle of Buntzlau, 6 miles from Heide. Pop. 1033.   Mantun. Pop. 2065.
ROINICZ, roilnitch, or ROGNITZ, roglnits, (ALT, Alt, and    ROLLOUG, rolfloog (?) a village of Norway, stift of AggersNEU, nol,) two nearly contiguous villages of Bohemia, in  huus, on the Louven, 54 miles W. of Christiania.
KMniggriitz, 2 miles firom Trutenau. Pop. 1100.             ROLL/RIGHT, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford,
ROISDORF, roisdoRf, Prussia, a station on the railroad    ROLLRIGHT, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
from Cologne to Bonn, 12 miles from Cologne.                ROLIVENDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
ROISEL, rwa'z2ll, a village of France, department of    ROM, a village of Austria. See KLADEK.
Somme, 7 miles E. of Pronne. Pop. 1591.                     ROM, rwa, (auc. Rauralnum,) a village of France, deROISIN, rw&IzNGl, a village and commune of Belgium, partment of Deux-Sbvres, 13 miles E.N.E. of Melle. Pop.
province of Hainaut, on the Honelle, 16 miles S.S.W. of  1738.
Mons. Pop. 1491.                                            ROM or ROMA, a city of Italy. See ROeE.
ROISlSY, (Fr. pron. rwAs'seel,) an island of the South Pa-   ROMA, rolmA, an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the
cific, belonging to Schouten group, off the N. coast of Papua, Banda Sea, 50 miles N.E. of Timer, 40 miles in circuit. Leat.
lat. 80 12' S., Ion. 1440 3' E.                           70 42k S., lon. 1270 26' E.
ROISSY, rwds'seel, a village of France, department of   ROIMA, a post-village and port of entry of Starr co., Texas,
Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement of Pontoise. Pop. 965.       on the left bank of the Rio Grande, about 550 miles S. by
ROITZSCH, roitsh, a village of Prussian Saxony, 19 miles  W. of Austin City. It is the head of regular steam navigaN.E. of Merseburg. Pop. 1300.                              tion, and contains a custom-house. Pop. about 300.
ROJALES or ROXALES, ro-u&/lls, a market-town of Spain,   ROMAGNA, ro-m~nlyA, a province of Central Italy, and
province, and 23 miles S.W. of Alicante, on the Seguro.   one of the earliest possessions of the Roman bishops, on the
ROJANKA, ro-y&nlk&, a market-town of Russian Poland, Adriatic, between the North Legations and the March of
government, and 37 miles E.S.E. of Grodno. Pop. 1500.     Ancona, and now  forming the Pontifical delegations of
ROJANO, ro-y no, a market-town of Naples, province of Ravenna and Forli.
Abruzzo Ultra II., 6 miles N.W. of Sulmonax. Pop. 1600.     ROMAGNANO, ro-mAn-yI/no, a market-town of Piedmont,
ROJESTVENKA, a town of Russia. See RozuESTVErNK.  18 miles N.W. of Novara, on the Sesia. Pop. 2519.
ROJESTVENKOE, a town of Russia. See Ro0ZHuSvvNKOo.    ROMAGNANO, a village of Naples, province of Principato
ROJESTVENO, a town of Russia. See RozansTvENo.      Citra, 20 miles E. of Campagna.
ROJEV, a town of Russia. See RoznEv.                      ROMAGNAT, roem~n'yl, a village of France, department
ROJO, rolyo, a village of Naples, province of Abruazo  of Pny-de-BOme. Pop. 1900.
Ultra II., S.W. of Aquila. Pop. 1050.                       ROMAGNESE, ro-min-yAfsA, a village of the Sardinian
ROJO, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, dis- States, province, and 6 miles N.N.W. of Bobbie. Pop. 1822.
trict, and 23 miles S. of Lanciano. Pop. 800.               ROMAGNIEU, ro'm'n'yuhl, a village of France, departROKEBY, rlk/bee, a parish of England, co. of York, North  ment of Islre, arrondissement of La-Tour-du-Pin. Pop. 1931.
Riding, on the Tees, 2 miles S.S.E. of Barnard Castle. Here    ROIMALD-KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, in
are the picturesque ruins of Eggleston Abbey, founded in  North Riding.
the reign of Henry II. The romantic scenery of Rokeby    ROMAN, rofmAn, a town of Moldavia, at the confluence of
has been described by Sir Walter Scott.                   the Moldava and Sereth, 36 miles S.W. of Yassy. It is a
ROKEIBY, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.             Greek bishop's see, and has some Roman antiquities.
ROKELLE, ro'k1lll, a river of West Africa, in Senegambia,   ROMAN. See RoME.
after a W. course, estimated at 250 miles, joins the Atlantic    ROMANCE, a post-office of Bad Axe co., Wisconsin.
by a wide estuary at Sierra Leone.                          ROMANCHE, ro'mnc6sht, a small riverof France, departROKITZAN, rolkit-sdn', (Bohemian, Rockiczany, ro-ke-ch&- ment of Hautes-Alpes,joins the Drac, near Vezille, after a W.
nee,) a town of Bohemia, 10 miles E. of Pilsen, on the Klada- course of 40 miles.
we. Pop. 2800.                                              ROMANENGO, ro-mt-nlnlgo, a village of Austrian Italy,
ROILAND, a post-office of White co., Illinois.          21 miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 1550. 
ROLANDSWERTH, ro1lAnds-ovnt', or NONNENWERTH,    ROMANIA. See Room-ELEE.
nonlnen-.latt. Prussia, an island in the Rhine, government   ROMANO, ro-m/no, a fortified town of Lombardy, 13
of Coblentz, near Konigswinter, containing the old Benedic- miles S.S,E, of Bergamo. Pop. 4000. It has an old castle, a
tine nunnery of Nonnenwerth.  Opposite to it is the Roder- college, and several churches.
berg, one of the most interesting volcanoes on the Rhine.   ROMANO, a village of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont.
On a ridge connected with it, stands the remains of the castle  near the Serio. Pop. 2304.
of Rolandseck, so called, according to tradition, because of    ROMANO. See RomE.
1607




ROM                                                           ROM
ROMANO KEY, an island off the coast of Cuba. See CAvo  head of these stands the celebrated Cathedral of St. Peter,
ROTKANo.                                                    which is not only the largest and most beautiful church
ROMANOV or ROMANOW, ro-mn-novf, a walled town  that has ever been erected, but is, without exception, ths
of Russia, governmfent, and 24 miles N.W. of Yaroslav, on  noblest work of architecture ever produced by man.*  It
the Volga. Pop. 2000.                                       stands on the right bank of the Tiber, near the W. extremity
ROMANOVYKA or ROMANOWKA, ro-m&-nov/kA, a mar- of the Borgo, between the Janiculum and the Vatican. Its
ket-town of Russia, government, and 90 miles S. of Kiev. approach is through a magnificent piazza, the buildings
Pop. 1570.                                                  along which are concealed by a superb colonnade, forming
ROMANS, ro'm6NcO, a town of France, department of  two semicircular porticoes, consisting of 284 columns, with
Drfme, on the right bank of the Isbre, across which it com- an entablature On which stand 192 statues of saints, each 11
municates with Bourg-du-P6age, 10 miles N.E. of Valence. feet in height. The main body of the building consists of a
Pop. in 1852, 10,869. It is enclosed by old walls, and entered  Greek cross, with a dome of gigantic dimensions, rising
by 5 gates. It has a communal college, silk and woollen  from its centre, and borne up by four colossal piers. This
manufactures, tanneries, and an active trade.               dome,f projected by Michael Angelo, may be regarded as the
ROMANSHORN, rolmnns-hoan, a village and parish of  boldest and most astonishing effort of human architecture.
Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on a tongue of land on the  On entering the interior, a scene solemn, grand, and harS.W. side of the lake, and 11 miles S.E. of the town of Con- monious almost beyond conception, bursts upon the view.
stance. Pop. 1281.                                          The extreme lengths within the walls are 607 feet in the
ROMANSLEIGIH, rofmanz-le, a parish of England, co. of  central body, and 445 feet in the transepts; the height from
Devon..                    the pavement to the cross is 458 feet. Owing to these imRO/MANSVILLE, a village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, mense proportions, objects within the area lose somewhat
about 10 miles W. of West Chester.                          of their effect by contrast, and appear comparatively diminuROMANZOV, ro-m/n-zov/, or RO'MANZOFFt, several is- tive. Thus, the Baldacchino, a splendid bronze canopy over
lands of the Pacific, in the Low and Mulgrave Archipelagos. the high altar, and immediately under the dome, though
ROMANZOV or ROMANZOW, ro-min-zov/, a headland of  120 feet high, appears not more than 30 feet; and the Chair
Russian America.                                            of St. Peter, behind the altar, seems scarcely to rise firom
IIROMANZOV/, a bay of Yesso, in Japan.                    the pavement, though 70 feet above it. The same effect is'ROMAO, a town of Brazil. See SXo RoMxo.                 perhaps still more strikingly manifested in regard to the
ROMIBLON, rom-blan', one of the smaller Philippine  magnificent mosaic paintings on the interior of the great
Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, E. of Tablas.                dome, which, seen from below, are so much diminished, that
ROME, ram, (L., It., Sp., and Port. Roma, rotml; Fr. Rome,  the pen in the hand of the prophet in one of the lower corm.
rom; Ger. Reom, ram; Dutch Rome, rolmeh, Turk. Room;  partments, seems to be less than 18 inches in length, though
Gr. Psyss, Romj,) the most celebrated city of the world, either  in reality 6 feet. The floor of St. Paul's at London, the
in ancient or modern times, the capital of the Pontifical  largest church in Great Britain, covers an area of 2 acres;
States, and the ecclesiastical metropolis of Catholic Christen- that of St. Peter's, 5 acres. The cost of erection is still more
dom, is situated on the Tiber, 17 miles N.E. of its mouth in  disproportioned.  That of St. Paul's was not more than
the Mediterranean. Lat. of St. Peter's, 410 54' 6" N., Ion. $3,750,000; that of St. Peter's, including its monuments
120 27' 14" E.; elevation of the site of St. Peter's above the  and embellishments, is estimated at from 60 to 80 millions.
sea, 95 feet; of the Roman College, 193 feet. The city is built The edifice was begun under Pope Julius II. in 1506, on the
on marshy ground, at the foot of a range of low hills, and  site of an old church of the same name. It was planned
is separated by the Tiber into two unequal portions, which  and commenced by Bramante, but altered and carried on by
are divided into 14 rioni, (regions or districts.) Of these, 12  Raphael and Michael Angelo Buonarotti. St. Peter's was
are in Rome Proper, or the space on the E. or left bank of  dedicated on the 18th of November, 1626. St. John Lateran,
the river, and only 2 on the W. or right bank, called the Leo- (San Giovanni Laterano,) an ancient edifice in which the
nine City, or Trastavere,* containing the Vatican and the  Popes were crowned, is regarded as the mother-church of
Castle of St. Angelo (or Sant' Angelo.)  It is enclosed by  the "Eternal City."  It is situated near the S. wall, on an
walls, which are generally understood to occupy the site of  isolated spot, remarkable as the place where five councils
those constructed by Aurelian. They are 15 miles in cir-  which bear the name of the church have been held. Its
rcumference, and are pierced for 18 gates, 6 of which are  faQade. composed of four large columns and six pilasters, susclosed up. The finest are the Porta del Popolo on the N., tainin, a massive entablature and balustrade, on which are
and the Porto San Giovanni on the S. of the city. Little  colossal statues of our Savious and ten saints, is considered
more than one-third of the area within the walls is ilha-  a fine specimen of the architecture of the last century; while
bited, most of the space S. of the capitol being used for  itseCorsini Chapel, on which elaborate ornament and gilding,
gardens and vineyards. The most populous part of the  columns of the finest marbles, bas-reliefs, and even gemnes,
modern city occupies the site of the ancient Campuss Martius,  have been lavished with the greatest profusion, is without
a plain extending between the Capitoline, Quirinal, and Pin-  a parallel. From one of its balconies the Pope's benediction
cian Hills. The Tiber, within the walls, has a winding  to the people is pronounced on Ascension-day.  Santa Maria
course of 3 miles. It is navigable only for small provision-  Maggiore, which ranks third among the basilicas, is supposed
boats. After heavy rains it frequently rises 20 or 30 feet, to occupy the site of a temple of Juno Lucina, and to have
and inundates a great part of the city. Near the middleof  derived from  it the 36 Ionic pillars of white marble which
its course it forms an island, called San Bartolomeo. 900 feet support its central nave; its interior, adorned with these
long and 300 feet broad, connected with the mainland by  pillars, and enriched with tasteful and costly decorations, is
two bridges; besides which, the only others are the Ponte  one of the finest of its class in existence. In front of it is a
Sisto and the Ponte Sant' Angelo, the latter connecting the  beautiful Corinthian column of white marble, 47 feet high,
city with the Castle of St. Angelo, the citadel of Romne, exclusive of the base and capital. This formed a part of the
which serves for a state prison and a house of correction. splendid basilica of Constantine, but is believed to belong
The three principal thoroughfares of Rbme diverge from the  to a much earlier period. A bronze statue of the Virgin on
Piazza del Popolo, a large square at its N. extremity; the  its top has given it the name of the Colonna della Vergine.
central of these, the Corso, extends in a direct line S.S.E. Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, the fourth of the Roman bafor about a mile. There are in all 506 streets, 275 lanes, and  silicas, takes its name from its supposed possession of a por148 squares, of all dimensions; most of these are ornamented  tion of the true cross, and a quantity of earth which was
with richly sculptured fountains, of which there are in Rome  brought from Jerusalem, and mixed with its foundation.
150. These are supplied with excellent water by three aque- It is richer in relics than in architectural merit, but possesses
ducts. The finest is called Acqua Vergine, (Aklkw, t v6Ra- some fine columns of Egyptian granite, and is not without
je-n&;) the others are Acqua Felice (fi leelchl,) and Acqua  historical interest as the church in which the popes used
Pole. Notwithstanding its architectural and artistical riches, annually to consecrate the celebrated Golden Rose.
modern Rome has a sad and desolate aspect. Most of the    Among the other churches may be specified Santa Agnese,
streets are narrow, dirty, and unpaved; in these the finest (senftA dn-y'VsA,) presenting one of the purest and most elepalaces and the most wretched hovels are often seen side by  gant specimens of the Greek cross, said to stand on the spot
side. Near the Capitoline Mount is the Ghetto, the Jews' where St. Agnes was publicly exposed, after being put to
quarter, a crowded, filthy space, enclosed by walls, the two the torture; St. Agostino, with an elegant but simple front
gates of which are under charge of the police. The situa- of travertine, taken from the Coliseum, the earliest cupola
tion of Rome is unhealthy, especially in summer, from the  that was constructed in Rome, and a celebrated fresco by
effects of malaria; but, from  the mildness of its winter  Raphael, representing Isaiah and two angels; Sant' Andrea
climate, it is a favorite resort for invalids. The mean tern- della Fratta, rendered conspicuous by its fantastic cupola and
perature of the year is 60~'4; of winter, 460'7; of summer, steeple, and remarkable for its ceremonies on Good Friday,
730'2 Fahrenheit. Frost seldom  lasts over the night, and  called the Tre Ore; St. Antonio Abate and Ara Coeli, the
snow falls on an average 1~ days in the year; but in the  former supposed to occupy the site of a temple of Diana, and
severe season of 1812, the ponds were frozen over for several..-.
days.                                                          B lyron, apostrophizing this unrivalled structure, saysRome has 364 churches, most of which are remarkable              "But thou, of temples old or altars new,
for their architecture and splendid decorations.  At the             Standest alone, with nothing like to thee.'"
__This name is also,   and perhaps mos    _ fre __uen _ly, applied to a  - th "The vast and wondrous dome,
This name i als, and perhaps mt freqently, applied to a  T  which Diana's marvel was a cell."
subdivision of Transtiberine Rome.                                                           Chlilde Harold, canto iv.
1608




ROM                                                        ROM
the latter, which is of great antiquity, that of a temple of  of its manuscripts. This famous library is estimated to corn3 upiter,but claiming notice on the somewhat singularground  prise 100,000 printed books and 25,000 manuscripts, of which
of being internally and externally the ugliest of all the Re- 2300 are oriental. The superb palace of the Quirinal, or
man churches; San Bartolomeo, built on the island of that palace of Monte Cavallo, long the usual summer residence of
name in the Tiber,-on the site of the celebrated temple of  the Pope, is surrounded by extensive gardens; attached to,Esculapius, and containing 24 granite columns supposed to  it is the palace called the Dataria Apostolica, (dA-tA-ree]/
have belonged to it; San Bernardo, a remarkable circular  A-pos-tolfe-kA,) whence the pontifical bulls were issued. In
building, originally one of the halls or temples which fronted  the square of the Quirinal stands the palace of the Consulta,
the outer wall of Diocletian's baths; San Bonosa, in the  the seat of the supreme tribunal. The palace of Salviati
Trastevere, said to be the burial-place of Rienzi; Santa Maria  contains the archives of Rome.
deli Angeli, (s~nltA mg-ree]d dAllyee An/ji-le,) originally the    Another palace, or rather series of palaces, crowns the
Pinacotheca, or great hall of Diocletian's baths, converted  summit of the Capitol, and bears the name of the Piazza del
into a church by Michael Angelo, and one of the most im- Campidoglio. It is approached from the Corso by a flight
posing which Rome possesses; Santa Maria a Cosmedin, said  of steps, at the foot of which two Egyptian lionesses, and at
to have been built originally in the third century, on the  the summit two colossal statues of Castor and Pollux, standsite of the temple of Ceres and Proserpine; Santa Maria di ing beside their horses, are conspicuous. In the centre of
Loreto, crowned by aJdouble dome, and enriched with a  the piazza is a bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius,
statue by Fiammingo considered one of the greatest produc- the horse of which is so full of life, that Michael Angelo, on
tions of modern art, and an altar-piece by Perugino; Santa  seeing it, is said to have bid it camina, "go."  Occupying
Maria sopra Minerva, so called from occupying the site of a  sides of the same square are the senatorial palace, in which
temple of that goddess, remarkable as the only Gothic church  the senator of Rome holds his court; the palace of the Conin Rome, and celebrated for its full-length statue of our Sa- servatori, containing the Promoteca or collection of busts;
viour by Michael Angelo; Santa Maria della Pace, celebrated  the Capitoline Museum, with many interesting objects, but
for its paintings, particularly the FDur Sibyls, considered  few master-pieces of sculpture, except those in the Hall of
among the most perfect works of Raphael; Santa Maria in  the Dying Gladiator, and a picture-gallery, more extensive
Trastevere, said to be the first church in Rome publicly set than that of the Vatican, though the paintings  individually
apart for worship; Santa Maria in Valicella, sometimes called  are of far less intrinsic merit. 
Chiesa Nuova. one of the largest and most imposing of the    There are upwards of 60 splendid private palaces in Rome.
Roman churches.;Sant' Onofrio, interesting as the burial, The finest of these are the Barberini Palace, the Doria Palace,
place of Tasso; San Paolo alle tre Fontane, (san pi/o-lo lll&  remarkable for its extent and its gallery of paintings, the
trA fon-tUnA,) outside the walls, on a spot alleged to be that  Colonna Palace for its gardens, the Rospigliosi and Farnese
where St. Paul was beheaded; San Pietro in Montorio, finely  Palaces, the latter celebrated for its architectul;e. the Palace
situated on a platform, from which, perhaps, the best view  of Prince Canine for its Etruscan museum. The palaces
of modern Rome is obtained, and near where St. Peter is called villas, though mostly within the limits of the city, are
said to havq been beheaded; San Pietro in Vincoli, (scn pe- situated amidst orange and citron groves, and ornameuted
Altro in vinlko-le,) a majestic edifice, celebrated for its statue  with fountains and statues. The nost magnificent of these
of Moses, one of the greatest creations of Michael Angelo; San  are the Villa Borghese, on the Pinclan Hill, outside of the
Prassede, numbering among its relics a column of oriental Porta del Popolo; the Villa Medici, formerly celebrated for its
jasper brought from Jerusalem, and alleged to be the very  Venus, now a school of design for young French artists;
column at which our Saviour was scourged, and a portrait and that of Prince Ludovici.
of Him, once in the possession of St. Peter; Santa Sabina    Educcational Institutions, Libraries, efc.-Of the many
on the Aventine, occupying the supposed site of the temple  scientific and literary establishments, the University of
of Juno Regina; San Tommaso degli Inglesi, (sAn tom-mAso  Rome holds the first rank as one of the principal in Italy,
dAllyee in-gltsee,) in the Trastevere, said to have been  and one of the oldest in Europe. It occupies a building
founded in 775 by Offa, King of the East Saxons, now dedi- begun by Leo X., from designs of Michael Angelo; has 42
cated to Thomas A Becket, one of whose arms is exhibited as  professors, and is attended by about 1000 students. The
a relic, and containing curious portraits of Roman Catholics  professors are paid by fixed salaries, and their lectures are
who were put to death during the reigns of Henry VIII. gratuitous.  The ground floor of the building is occupied
and Elizabeth.                                              by the Scuole delle Belle Arti, (skoo-olA dMlJA bWll'A as/tee,)
Palaces, cc.-The Vatican, situated on the hill of the same  in which 11 professors of the Academy of St. Lulke lecture on
name, in the N.W. part of the city, and at one point con- sculpture, and other branches connected with the fine arts;
nected with St. Peter's, is the largest palace in Europe. It and on the third floor is the school of engineers. Attached
was probably commenced as early as the time of Con- to the University are a library and museum; and dependent
stantine, and in the eighth century had become of con- upon it, though at a considerable distance, is a botanic garsiderable consequence, being occupied by Charlemagne at den, adjoining the Salviati Palace in the Trastevere. The
his coronation. The popes first began to reside in it after  chief of the others are the Roman College, founded by the
their return from Avignon, in 1377, one inducement being  Jesuits, with a rich library and museums of natural history
the vicinity of the Castle of St. Angelo, with which it com- and antiquities, and the College of the Propaganda, in which
municates by a covered gallery. From  this time they vied  natives of India, Abyssinia, Armenia, and Greece, are inwith each other in extending and embellishing it, till the  structed. The printing-office attached to the establishment
Pontificate of Alexander VI., to whom  was reserved the  is rich in Oriental types, and has furnished fine specimens
task of completing the old palace, nearly in its present form. of typography in many languages. Besides the above, there
The Sistine chapel, the Loggie, (lodljA,) the museum, the  are English, Irish, Scotch, and 17 other colleges. In the inlibrary, and the new palace, which now constitutes the most stitution of the Ripa Grande, 1000 children are instructed in
conspicuous portion of the whole pile, are all of later origin. arts and trades; and there are numerous schools of paintThe whole covers an immense space, and is rather a collec- ing, sculpture, and architecture. The principal academies
tion of separate buildings than a single structure. Owing  are that called D'Arcadia, one of the oldest and most celeto this, its exact dimensions are not easily ascertained; but brated in Europe, the Academy of Natural History, with an
the length is estimated at 1151 feet, and the breadth at 767  observatory, and the academies of theology, archaeology, the
feet. This vast building is said to contain 8 grand stair- Tiberinn, and others. Next to the library of the Vatican,
cases, 200'smaller staircases, 20 courts, and 4422 apartments. the chief public libraries are the Casanatense, in the Convent
The most celebrated portions are the Scala Regia, (skA/lA rYf- of Minerva, with 120,000 volumes, and the Angelica library,
je-A,) leading to the Sala Regia, or hall of audience, a splen-  with 84,820 printed volumes, and 2945 manuscripts. Besides
did apartment, covered with frescoes illustrating various the museums of the Vatican and the Capitol, the public
events in Papal history, a conspicuous place being appro- collections comprise museums of anatomy, natural history,
priated to the Massacre of St. Bartholomew; the Capella  mineralogy, antiquities, and mosaics; and there are nuSistine, or Sistine Chapel, a lofty, oblong apartment, about merous and valuable private collections.
150 feet long and 50 feet broad, covered with frescoes by Mi-   Hospitals and C/tarities.-Among the numerous hospitals
chael Angelo, among which the Last Judgment, 60 by 30  in Rome may be mentioned the 8pirito Santo, a richlyfeet, is most conspicuous, and celebrated as the place where endowed institution, situated on the right bank of the
the cardinals meet in conclave to elect a pope, and where  Tiber. It combines a foundling hospital, a lunatic asylum,
many of the most gorgeous ceremonies of the Romish church  and an ordinary infirmary. The foundling hospital receives
are performed; the Loggie, a splendid portico of three stories, about 800 infants annually, and is in such repute, that incompleted from the designs of Bramante by Raphael, whose  mates reach it from all parts of the Pontifical States, and
magnificent frescoes constitute its greatest ornament; the  even, it is said, from  the kingdom of Naples. The La ConStanze ofRaphael, or four chambers adjoining the Loggie, and  solazione, or surgical hospital, receives all the cases of
equally adorned by the same master-hand; the picture- stabbing. There are also the hospitals of San Giovanni,
gallery, containing a collection which, though small in ex- chiefly for cases of fever, and reputed the best conducted in
tent, there being not more than 50 pictures, is unsurpassed  Rome; San Gallicano, occupying a fine building in the Trasin real value; the museum, consisting of a series of galleries, tevere, for cutaneous diseases; Benfratelli, chiefly for acute;
in which the noblest treasures of art which the world pos- and San Giacomo, (sAn jAtko-mo,) near the Corso, for in.
sesses have been amassed, including, among others, the  curable diseases. Another immense establishment is the
Laocoon and Apollo Belvidere; the library, surpassed by  hospital of San Michele, combining a house of correction for
many collections in the number of its volumes, but by none  juvenile culprits and women, a house of industry for chilin the known value of some, and the presumed value of more  dren, an asylum for the aged, and a gratuitous school of arft
1609




ROM                                                        ROM
in which the children of the poor are taught dra wing, paint- arranged in round and square slabs. The most intesesting
ing, architecture, music, statuary, &c. Among  other insti- object within is Raphael's tomb.
tutions called charitable, are numerous societies, partly    The other antiquities most deserving of notice are arches,
supported by government, for bestowing marriage dowries, pillars, baths, aqueducts, and amphitheatres. One specimen
and making presents to girls taking the veil. Nearly three- of each will suffice. The first is the arch of Constantine,
fourths of the women married receive these dowries, which, built on what is called the Via Triumphalis, and one of the
on an average, amount to about $40,000 per annum.           most elaborate and imposing monuments of the city, though
Manufactures, Trade, dc.-The chief industry of the in- in several parts indicative of the decline of art. The noblest
habitants of Rome is connected with the production of  pillar is the column of Trajan, already referred to, 126 feet
articles of virtft, and the supply of the numerous artists, high, composed of 34 pieces of white marble, covered over
invalids, and other visitors. Its few manufactures are con- with matchless sculptures, giving the history of Trajan's
fined to woollen and silk fabrics, hats, gloves, parchment, achievements, and containing, among others, no fewer than
strings for musical instruments, artificial feathers, false 2500 human figures. The most perfect of the baths are those
pearls, mosaics, jewelry, and trinkets. The trade is princi- of Caracalla, situated under the E. slopes of the Aventine,
pally in these articles, and in alum, vitriol, puzzolana, olive- and occupying an area of at least 1 mile in circuit. Their
oil, pictures, and antiques. Many of the population are  ornaments have all disappeared; yet few sights are more
occupied in attendance on the ecclesiastical courts.  In  impressive than their mountainous ruins and dizzy arches
1846, there were in Rome 32 cardinals, 29 bishops, 124 pre- encircled by flowery glades and thickets of odoriferous bioslates, 1738 secular clergy, 2488 regular clergy, and 1743  soming trees. The aqueducts are justly regarded as the
nuns.                                                       most stupendous of the Roman works; but most of them,
Amusements, dc.-The public amusements consist of thea- though originally brought within the walls, have their most
trical representations, concerts, religious processions, &c. magnificent remains considerably beyond them. Thatof the
There are at present 8 theatres, the finest of which is the  Aqua Julia, which pursued a course of 46 miles, has a line
Apollo, on the Tiber, near the Bridge of St. Angelo. The  of arches 6 miles long, which stretches across the Campagna,
season of Lent at Rome is regularly preceded by a Carnival, and is still used for bringing water into the city. The ama scene of grotesque display, exhibited chiefly in the Corso. phitheatres furnish, in the Coliseum, the grandest of all the
The horse-races of the Corso form  another amusement, Roman ruins. This structure, called also the Flavian Amduring which the whole city seems to be congregated within  phitheatre, which was the wonder of ancient Rome, and is
it, to see horses without riders, urged on to their utmost now the most august and imposing ruin in the world, conspeed by means of balls and plates of metal bristling with  sists of a vast ellipse, 620 feet in length, and 513 feet in its
sharp spikes suspended from their backs. Next to the Car- greatest breadth. In the centre is an open elliptical space
nitval, in point of gayety, is what is called the October festival, or arena, about 290 feet in length, and 180 feet in breadth.
continued during all the Thursdays and Sundays of the  Around this arena are the seats of the spectators, which
month, when the people crowd to Monte Testaccio and the  rise, tier above tier, the higher ones still receding, till they
Borghese Gardens, to divert themselveswith dancing and  almost reach the top of the outer wall, which is about 160
games. To walk in the streets of Rome is quite unfashion- feet in height. This immense amphitheatre is'said to have
able; a carriage and a box at the opera are indispensable,  had seats for above 80,000 spectators, and standing-room for
even to those of the  eoblesse whose limited income denies  20,000 more. It gives a dreadful idea of the times, when we
them  a comfortable meal. The evening parties in private  call to mind that the main part of the amusement consisted
houses are often very numerously attended, filling a suite of  in the mutual butchery of trained gladiators, and in the
spacious apartments. Here is no luxury of the table, but exposure of heathen criminals and Christian martyrs to be
music, conversation, dancing, and, for the more elderly part  torn to pieces by wild beasts.
of the company, cards.                                        History.-The history of Rome is, properly speaking, idenAntiquities-Our limits will scarcely permit us to mention  tified with that of the Roman empire, which could not even
even the principal among the multitude of magnificent be exhibited in a dry register of events within moderate
ruins, which, to the traveller, constitute the great attrac- limits. In a more restricted sense, however, the city itself
tion of Rome. The ancient Forum  was situated in the  may be considered as having an individual history, consistinterval between the Capitoline and the Palatine, in a small ing chiefly of an account of its first foundation, and of the
irregular space now called Campo Vaccino, (kimfpo vt- various.augmentations and embellishments which it rechee/no,) from its appropriation as a cattle-market. Its exact ceived during the successive stages by which it rose to be
position is still disputed, though fragments of temples and  not only the mistress of the world, considered as the capital
other edifices, which formed its principal ornaments, remain. of a kind of universal empire, but to be also for centuries
Another forum, iknown as that of Trajan, is conspicuously  the grandest, the richest, and the most populous of Europointed out by the magnificent pillar which bears his name, pean cities. Though much that historians have gravely
and stands in the midst of its ruins. The Palace of the  related in regard to the origin of the city is mere fable, it
Csesars, which stood on the Palatine, is now a mere mass of  cannot be questioned that it was founded by Romulus, 753
ruins, so shapeless and undefined, that no idea of the form   years B. c. Its site was the Palatine Hill, and its houses,
and limits of the celebrated structure can be obtained from   consisting of humble huts, were enclosed by a rude wall, of a
them. The most celebrated temples arethose of ZEsculapius,  quadrangular form, pierced by three or four gates. Like all
on the island of the Tiber, of which only a few remains are  ancient Italian cities, Rome appears to have had a clear unvisible among the buildings of the Convent of San Bartolo- occupied space both within and without the walls, known
meG; of Antoninus and Faustina, situated in the Forum, by the name ofpemcs-iur.  New walls, enclosing the whole
and now incorporated with the church of San Lorenzo in  city, were begun by Tarquinius Priscus, and completed by
Mliranda; of Antoninus Pius, now represented chiefly by  Servius Tullius, about 570 a. c. These walls embraced a
eleven marble columns of its portico, forming part of the  circuit of about 5 miles, and continued for 800 years to form
present Dograna di Terra, or custom-house; of Ceres and  the recognised limits of the city, though it cannot be doubted
Proserpine, already mentioned as the site and part of the  that extensive and populous suburbs were formed in various
church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin; of Concord, only re- parts of the vicinity. The number of gates in the Servian
cently brought to light, on the side of the Capitoline; of  walls, according to Pliny, amounted during Vespasian's
Fortuna Virilis, near the Ponte Rotto, now occupied as the  reign to 37. The Emperor Aurelian, having resolved, A. D.
Armenian church, and presenting one of the purest speci- 271, to make the walls commensurate with the area actually
mens of the Ionic in Rome; of Jupiter Capitolinus, once the  or virtually occupied, removed those of Servius, and erected
most magnificent of all, the pride and wonder of ancient others, which, though afterwards destroyed, are understood
Rome, as it looked proudly down from the summit of the  to have been nearly in the line of those now existing, built
Capitol, but now only dubiously traced in part of its foun- by the Emperor ilonorius, A. D. 402. The most important
dsations; of Minerva Medics, still forming a picturesque  change since made was the enclosure of the Borgo by Leo
ruin on the Esquiline, near the Porta Maggiore; of Pallas  IV., A. D. 850.
Minerva, still a beautiful ruin, consisting chiefly of two    The city was taken by Alaric in 410, and by Genseric in
Corinthian columns, supporting a magnificent entablature,  455. It passed successively under the domination of the
and a continued frieze with an attic above, containing a full- Ostrogoths and the Emperors of the East; it was given to
length figure of the goddess; of Saturn, on the side of the  the popes by Pepin and Charlemagne in the eighth cenCapitoline above the Forum, and forming one of its pictu- tury, and then became the capital of the States of the
resque ruins; and above all, of the Pantheon, situated in a  Church. From 1809 till 1814, it was the capital of the desmall, dirty piazza, between the Corso and the Piazza Na- partment of Rome in the French Empire. In 1848, an invona, but at once one of the most magnificent and best-pre-  surrection broke out after the assassin.ition of Count Rossi,
served monuments of ancient Roman architecture. Its ex- the Pope's prime  minister, on the 15th of November; the
cellent preservation is undoubtedly owing to its early con- Pope fled in disguise on the 24th. A republican form of goversion into a Christian church, under the name of Sta  vernment was attempted in 1849, when, on the 8th of
Maria Rotunda. It is entered by a noble portico, 110 feet February, the National Assembly declared the Pope di.
long by 40 feet deep, composed of 16 Corinthian columns of  vested of all temporal power; but this was overturned by
Oriental granite, with capitals and bases of Greek marble, the intervention of a French force, which has since had
and consists in its interior of a rotunda 143 feet in diameter, possession of Rome.
crowned by a dome, the height of whichl is also 143 feet.   The population of Rome at different periods is an inThe doors are of bronze, hung on bronze pilasters, and the  teresting question, but from want of data cannot be satispavement is of porphyry, pavonazetto, and giallo antico, factorily answered.  Some have estimated the population
1610




ROM                                                      ROM
of ancient Rome, when the Empire was in the height of ment, and 90 miles N.N.W. of Poltava, on the Soola, here
its prosperity and power, as high as three millions. Pop. in joined by the Romen. Pop. 2300. A fair is held here yearly,
1833. 170,701; in 1846, 180,000, including 18,650 strangers; from  the 15th to the 31st of May, at which goods to the
and in 1852, 175,838. —-Adj. R0MAN; (It. Sp. and Port. Ro- amount of nearly 2 millions of rubles are sometimes sold,
lANO, ro-m/Yno, feminine ROMANA, ro-mfnl;i Fr. ROMsAIN, and 8000 persons attend as buyers, for whose accommodation
romaN0/, feminine, RoMAINE, ro'mAn! or ronmln/; Ger. R11- there is not a single hotel nor respectable lodgings.
anscn, ril/mish; Dutch Ro00scHRE, rOmfseh;) Inhab.-In Eng-   ROMENAY, ro'mgh-nAI, a small town of France, departlish, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese the adjective  ment of SaSne-et-Loire, 10 miles E.S.E. of Tournus. Pop. in
is also used for the inhabitant; (Ger. RiE.Ra, rblmer; Dutch  1852, 3516.
RoeIrcIN, ro-mint.)                                         ROMENTINO, ro-min-teelno, a village of the Sardinian
ROME, ram, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, 18  States, division of Novara, near talicate. Pop. 1716.
miles N. by W. of Augusta. Pop. 830.                        RO/MEO, a thriving post-village of Macomb co., Michigan,
ROME, a post-village and township, semi-capital of Oneida  1 mile from the North Branch of Clinton River, and 20 miles
co., New York, situated on the Mohawk River and the Erie N.W. of Mount Clemens, with which it is connected by a
Canal, at a point where the Watertown and Rome, and the  plank-road. It has an academy, a newspaper office, an iron
Ogdensburg, Clayton and Rome Bailroads unite with the  foundry, and several stores. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
New York Central Railroad, 109 miles W.N.W. of Albany,   ROMEO, a post-office of McHenry co., Illinois.
and 14 miles N.W. of Utica. The Black River Canal also    ROMER, (Rnse-.)  See ROME.
here forms a junction with the Erie Canal, and plank-roads    ROMERAL, ro-mA-ril/, a town of Spain, in New Castile,
extend to Oswego, Taberg, Utica, and other towns. The  province, and 24 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 1320.
village is on the summit-level between the Hudson and    ROMERSTADT, rofmer-stdtt', (Moravian,  Rzimarzow,
Lake Ontario; the Mohawk flowing through its E. part, zhee-mar/zov,) a town of Moravia, 24 miles N. of Olmtitz,
enters the former; while Wood Creek running through the  Pop; 1800.
W. part, about three-fourths of a mile from the Mohawk,   ROMIFORD, rsm'fford, a market-town and parish of En,mingles its waters with the latter. It is a place of active  land, co. of Essex, on the Eastern Counties Railway, 14 miles
trade, and contains a large and handsome court-house, a jail, E.N.E. of St. Paul's, London. Pop. of the town in 1851, 3791.
11 churches, 4 large hotels, 4 banks, above 100 stores, a  The town has an ancient church, a national school, alms-'
flourishing academy, whose principal edifice is one of the  houses, a union work-house, town-hall, jail, market-house,
finest ornaments of the place, several printing offices, from  and large cavalry barracks.
which 1 daily and 3 weekly newspapers are issued, 2 grist   ROMHILD, (Rimhild,) rimfhilt, a walled town of Germills, 2 large plaining mills, 1 car factory, 1 large iron  many, in Saxe-Meiningen, 13 miles S.S.E. of Meiningen.
foundry, 2 breweries, an extensive boat-building establish- Pop. 1583.
ment and dry dock, and several large lumber-yards, this    ROMILLY SUR ANDELLE, ro'mee'yee! (or ro'meel'yeel)
being one of the finest lumber markets in Central New  siiR 5NG'dl/, a town of France, department of Eure, 9 miles
York. Supplies of lumber are obtained largely for Canada. N.W. of Les Andelys. Pop. 1118.
There are also here two large forwarding houses, and seve-   ROMILLY SUR SEINE, roemeeoyee] (or roemeel yee!) sill
ral extensive buildings connected with the railroads, giving  san, a town of France, department of Aube, on the left
the place a lively and business-like appearance possessed by  bank of the Seine, and on the railway from  Montereau
few inland towns. The streams furnish a valuable water- to Troyes, 10 miles E. of Nogent-sur-Seine. Pop. in 1852,
power, at present but little improved. Rome occupies the  3738. It has a fine chftteau, with some manufactures of
site of old Fort Stanwix, which, with Fort Bull, also within  cotton hosiery and cordage. Near it is the abbey of Sellibres,
its limits, is celebrated in the early history of the state as in which Voltaire was first buried, till removed to Paris in
among the strongest and most successfully defended fortifi- 1791.
cations on the then northern frontier. Pop. in 1850, 7918;   ROM1ILY, a township of England, co. of Chester.
in 1855, 10,675.                                            ROWMINES' MILLS, a post-office of Harrison co., Virginia.
ROME, a post-village and township of Bradford co., Penn.   R0OMISCH, (Rbmisich.) See RosEs.
sylvania, about 9 miles NN.E. of Towanda. Pop. 1308.       ROMMEDAL, rom/mh.-dlP, a parish and village of NorROME, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. P. 940. way, stift of Aggershuus, amt of HIedemark.
ROME, a flourishing city, capital of Floyd co., Georgia, on    ROMINEY, Nsw, a cinque port, decayed borough, marketthe confluence of the Etowah and Oostenaula, which forms town, and parish of England, co. of Kent, on the English
the Coosa River, 170 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It is Channel, 22 miles S.S.W. of Canterbury. Pop. in 1851, 1053.
situated on several hills, which command an extensive view  Its harbor was long ago destroyed by an irruption of the
of mountain scenery. Steamboats of moderate size navigate  sea. It is a prescriptive municipal borough, and a pollingthe Coosa River, and can ascend as far as this place. A  place for the E. division of the county.
branch railroad, about 20miles long, was opened from Rome    ROMNEY, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Rent.
to the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at Kingston, in 1847,   ROMINEY, a post-village, capital of Hampshire co., Virsince which event the town has rapidly increased. About ginia, on the South Branch of the Potomac, 190 miles N.W.
20,000 bales of cotton are shipped here annually. Rome  of Richmond, contains I bank.
was chosen as the county seat in 1834, and incorporated as    ROMNEY, a post-village of Tippecanoe co., Indiana, on
a city in 1847. It contains 2 newspaper offices. Pop, in 1853, the New Albany and Salem Railroad, 12 miles S. of Lafaabout 3000.                                               yette.
ROME, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas.               ROMTNEY-MARSH, a level tract of about 24,000 acres of
ROME, a post-village of Smith co., Tennessee, on the  rich sheep pasture in England, co. of Kent, secured against
CUmberland River, 45 miles E. of Nashville.               the sea by an immense embankment, under the manageROME, apost-village of Adams co., Ohio, on the Ohio River, ment of a corporation. Romney gives the title of earl to
84 miles above Cincinnati, has an active trade in lumber, the Marsham family.
Mines of iron ore have been opened in the vicinity.         ROMNU, a town of Russia. See ROMErN.
ROME, a post-village and township of Ashtabula co., Ohio,   ROMOE, (Romije,) roemS, or rolmlth'ygh, an island of Denon Grand River, 190 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 744.     mark, off the W. coast of the duchy of Sleswick, 4 miles N.E.
ROME, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1309.        of the island of Sylt. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 2 miles.
ROME, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1134.      Pop. 1500.
ROME, a village of Richland co., Ohio, 12 miles N. of    ROMONT, romS6No/, a town of Switzerland, canton, and
Mansfield.                                                12 miles S.W. of Freyburg, on the Glan. Pop. 1300.
ROME, a flourishing village of London township, Seneca    ROMOOS, ro-mast, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
co., Ohio, 110 miles N. of Columbus. A plank-road connects 13 miles S.S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1610.
it with the mouth of Sandusky River. Pop. about 550.        ROMORANTIN, ro'nmo'rSoNt'Aot, a town of France, deROME, a post-township, Lenawee co., Michigan. P. 1525. partment of Loire-et-Cher, on the Saudre, at the confluence
ROME, a pleasant post-village, capital of Perry co., Indi- of the Morantin, 25' miles S.E. of Blois. Pop. in 1852, 7962.
ana, on the Ohio River, 100 miles below Louisville, and 100  It has a tribunal of commerce, a communal college, and mamiles above Evansville, has 1 bank. First settled in 1811. nufactures of woollen stuffs, cards, tape, and leather, and
Pop. in 1853, about 600.                                  trade in printed cottons and wood. It was formerly the capiROME, a post-villageof Jefferson co., Illinois, a few miles  tal of Sologne, and has an old castle, and a spacious prison.
N. of Mount Vernon.                                       It was taken by the Black Prince in 1356; and here, in 1650,
ROME, a village of Peoria co., Illinois, on the W. bank of the Chancellor l'HF pital issued the famous edict of RomoranPeoria Lake, 85 miles N. by E. of Springfield.            tin, preventing the Inquisition in France.
ROME, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, on Skunk River,   ROMROD, ronlrod, or rom/rot, a town of Germany, in
36 miles W.N.W. of Burlington.                            Hesse-Darmstadt, 27 miles E.N.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1689.
ROME, a post-village of Jefferson co., Wisconsin, on Duck    ROMSDAL, romsfdAl, a district and village of Norway,
Creek, about 10 miles E. of Jefferson. It has 2 mills, 2  stift of Trondhjem, extending from the Sneehseten W. and
stores, and about 30 dwellings.                           N.W. to the Atlantic. Area, 5948 square miles. Pop. 81,314.
ROMEIN. See RosiE.                                      It comprises the Romsdal Fiord, an inlet of the sea, 60 miles
ROMEN, ro-mlnt, a river of Russia, rises in the S. of the  in length, and on an arm of which is the village of Romsgovernment of Tchernigov, and flowing S.E., joins the Soola  dal. The chief town is Molde,
after a course of 90 miles.                                 RONMS]iE, r6c'sA/, a village of Belgium, province, and 4
ROMEN or ROMNU (?) rom'noo, a town of Russia, govern- miles E.S.E. of Liege. Pop. 1438.
1611




ROM                                                       ROO
ROM!SEY or RUMISEY, a municipal borough, town, and  Ulster co., New York, on Rondout Creek, 1 mile from its en
parish of England, co., and 8 miles N.N.W. of Southampton,  trance into the Hudson River, 90 miles N.of New York. Large
with which it is connected by the Andover Canal, and by a  quantities of coal are received here by the Delaware and
branch of the South-western Railway. Pop. of the borough, Hudson Canal, which terminates about a mile below. The
In 1851, 2080. The town has a venerable cruciform church, village contains churches ofseveraldenominations, a bank,.riginally part of a nunnery, founded by Edward the Elder, and a newspaper office. Boat-building is carried on here.
but the present structure is a Norman edifice; a charity  Pop. estimated at 2500. See KINGSroN.
school, almshouses, and a branch bank.                       RONDOUT CREEK, in the S.E. part of New York, rises
ROMSOE. (RomsJe,) romsii'Ph, an islet of Denmark, in  in Sullivan co., and enters the Hudson River at Eddyville.
the Great Belt, 3 miles N.E. of Funen.                     The Delaware and Hudson Canal follows the valley of this
ROMIULUS, a post-township in the central part of Seneca  stream.
co., New York, extending from  Cayuga to Seneca Lake.   RONGY, r6NGazheef, a village of Belgium, province of
Pop. 2050.                                                 Hainaut, on the Elnon, in a marshy district, 7 miles S. of
ROMULUS, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.       Tournay. Pop. 1100.
ROMULUS, a post-township in the S. part of Wayne co.,   RONKONKOMIA, a beautiful pond of Suffolk co., Long
Michigan. Pop. 621.                                        Island, New York, near the Long Island Railroad. It is
ROMULUS CENTRE, a post-office of Seneca co., New York. nearly circular, and 1~ miles in diameter.
ROMIULUSYILLE, a post-village of Seneca co., New York,   RONNE, (Rinne,) rhnfneh, a seaport town of Denmark,
10 miles S. of Waterloo. It has 2 meeting-houses, 2 stores, stift of Seeland, on the W. coast of the island of Bornholm,
and about 150 inhabitants.                                 in the Baltic, of which it is the capital. Pop. 4300. Its port
ROINA, an island of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. of In-  is defended by batteries, and it has a town-hall, grammar
verness, 1 mile N. of Rasay. Pop. 160. Length, 5 miles; school, and hospital, ship-building docks, manufactures of
breadth, 1 mile,                                           woollen cloth, and tobacco.
RONA, an island of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, 1 mile    RONNEBURG, rontngh-b66RaG, a walled town of Germany,
S. of North Uist. Pop. 9. Length, 2 miles.                in Saxe-Altenburg, 4 miles E.S.E. of Gera. Pop. 5001. It is
RONA, an island of the Hebrides, in the Atlantic, 40 miles well built, and has a ducal palace. It has manufactures of
N. of Lewis, in lat. 590 10' N., ion. 50 51' W. ~          woollen cloth, porcelain, earthenware, and leather. In the
RONALD, a post-township in the* N.E. part of Ionia co., vicinity are mineral baths.
Michigan. Pop; 452.                                         RONNEBY, ronlnoh-bi1', a market-town of Sweden, leon,
RONALD CENTRE, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.    and 12 miles N.W. of Carlskrona, on the Ronneby-Aa, near
RONfALDSHAY, NoRTH, the northernmost island of the  its mouth in the Baltic. Pop. 1600.
Orkneys, Scotland, 21 miles N.N.W. of Taftness. Area, about   RONNOW, ron/nov, or HRONOW, h'rolnov, a market4 square miles. Pop. 481. A beacon on its S. promontory is  town of Bohemia, 16 miles E. by S. of Czaslar. Pop. 1475.
in lat. 590 29' N., and ion. 20 26' W.                      RONQUIERES, r6xaake-ain/, a village of Belgium, province
RONALDSHAY, SouTn, an island of the Orkneys, Scot- of Hainaut, on the Somme, 16 miles N.E. of Mons. P. 1310.
land, is, excepting Pentland Skerries, the southernmost   RONISAY-AND-EG/LISHAY, a parish of Scotland, co. of
island of the group, 6 miles N.N.E. of Duncansby Head. Orkney, comprising the islands of Ronsay, Eglishay, Weir,
Length, 8 miles. Area, about 18 square miles. Pop. (in- and Enhallow, and two holms in small pasture islands.
eluding Burray Island,) 3194. St. Margaret's I-ope, on the    RONSBERG, ronslbeRG, or RONSSPERG, ronstppaG, a marN. coast, has a safe and convenient harbor.               ket-town of Bohemia, 23 miles W.N.W. of Klattau. P. 1928.
RONCAL, ron-ktll, a valley of Spain, in Navarre, watered    RONSDORF, rons'doRf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 3 miles
Dy the Esca, and having a village 37 miles E. of Pamplona.  S.E. of Elberfeld. Pop. 3690.
RONCESVALLES, ron'se-vAlis, (Sp. Roncesvalles, ron-thhs-   RONSE. a town of Belgium. See RrENAIX.
vtllyts; Fr. Roncevaux, n6Ns'v0! or r6NGaceh-v61,) a frontier    RONSECO, ron-se/ko, a village of the Sardinian States, 34
village of Spain, in Navarre, province, and 22 miles N.E. of miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 1310.
Pamplona, in a gorge of the Pyrenees. Here, it is tradi-   ROOBLEVKA, ROUBLEVKA or RUBLEWKA, roob-l1vltionally said, the rear-guard of Charlemagne's army, under  kg, a market-town of Russia, government, and 56 miles
Roland, was defeated and destroyed in 778; and the subject W.S.W. of Kharkov, onan affluent of the Vorskla. P. 1500.
is celebrated in many Spanish romances.                    R00OBTSERA, ROUBTSERA or RUBTSERA, roob-tslrd,
RONCHAMIP, r6NG'sh6N%, a town of France, department a market-town of Russia, government of Kharkov, on the
of Haute-Sa~ne, 8 miles E. of Lure. Pop. 1069.            Oskol, 10 miles E. of Izioom. Pop. 1500.
RONCIGLIONE, ron-cheel.yolnA, a town of Central Italy,   ROODBAR, ROUDBAR or RUDBAR, rood'bart, a town
Pontifical States, 11 miles S.S.E. of Viterbo, on the Lake of of Persia, province of Ghilan, near a strong defile of the
Vico. Pop. 4600, engaged in paper mills, and thriving iron- same name, 35 miles S. of Reshd, on the Sefeed-Rood, by
works, where Elba iron is wrought.                        which it exports a good deal of oil, olives, and soap to Asiatic
RONCO, ronlko, or BIDENTE, be-d~nttA, (anc. Redesis,) a  Russia.
river of Central Italy, in Tuscany, Pontifical States, after a    ROODBAR, ROUDBAR or RUDBAR, a village and disN.N.E. course of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic, 5 miles E. of  trict of Russian Transcaucasia, province of Shirvan.
Ravenna.                                                    ROODNIA, ROUDNIA or RUDNIA, roodtne-A, a marketRONCO, rontko, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, town of Russia, government, and 76 miles N.N.E. of Mo.
near the source of the Ticino River.                      heelev, on the Beresina. Pop. 1600.
RONCO, ronuko, a village of North Italy, government of    ROODNIKI, ROUDNIKI or RUDNIKI, rood-neefkee, a
Venice, 14 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop. 2000.   market-town of Russia, government, and 15 miles S. of Vilna,
RONCO-BIELLESE, ronuko be-Al-lAtsA, a village of the Sar- on the Meretchanka, an affluent of the Niemen. Pop. 1550.
dinian States, province, and 7 miles E. of Biella. Pop. 1345.   ROODOMEEN, ROUDOMIN or RUDOMIN, roo-do-meent,
RONCO-IN-CANAVESE, ron/ko in kt-nA-VesA, a village of  a market-town of Russian Poland, government, and 7 miles
the Sardinian States, 17 miles W. of Ivrea. Pop. 1954.    S.E. of Vilna. Pop. 1550.
RONCQ, r6Nk, a village of France, department of Nord, 7    ROOKONI, ROUKONI or RUKONI, roo-kolnee, a marketmiles N. of Lille. Pop. 1140. The French here defeated the  town of Russian Poland, government, and 8 miles E.S.E. of
Austrians in 1794.                                        Vilna. Pop. 1800.
RONDA, rontd3, a city of Spain, province of Malaga, at the    ROOK'S CREEK, a small post-village of Livingston co.,
foot of the Sierra Ronda, a prolongation of the Sierra'Nevada, Illinois, on the Chicago and MIississippi Railroad, 130 miles
42 miles N. of Gibraltar. Pop. 15,943. It occupies precipitous from Chicago.
heights, on the Guadiaro, across the bed of which, from 200    ROOK'S ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, is between Papua and
to 300 feet above the river, are three bridges, one having a  New Britain, in lat. 50 29' S., ion. 1470 46' E.
single arch 110 feet in span.  The old city, encircled by    ROOM-ELEE, ROUM-ILI, RUMILI, roome-e-leeo, ROOMEMoorish fortifications, has a ruined Moorish palace. The  LIA, ROUMELIA or RUMELIA, roo-meefle-a, the metropoli.
new town, also on a contracted space, enclosed by cliffs, is tan province of the Turkish Empire, at the S.E. extremity
regularly laid out, and has one of the finest bull-rings in  of Europe, between lat. 400 and 43' N., and lon. 200 40' and
Spain, a celebrated breeding stud, and a theatre. The  290 E., divided from Asia Minor on the S.E. by the Sea of
churches arenumerous, and highly decorated. It has manu- Marmora and the Straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles,
factures of woollen cloths, flannel, leather, silk stuffs, nu- having W. Macedonia, N. the Balkan, separating it filom Bulmerous water mills, an active trade, and a fair on the 20th  garia, S. the 2Egean, and E. the Black Sea. Estimated area,
of May, which is frequented by a large concourse of people, 28,000 square miles. Pop. 2,200,000. Two mountain chains,
often including English merchants from Gibraltar. It is re- offsets from the Balkan, traverse its surface feom N.W. to
nowned for its salubrity, and the longevity of its inha- S.E., bounding the basin of the Maritza, which river drains
bitants. In the fourteenth century it was the capital of the the most part of its centre; these chains terminate in the
Moorish chief Aboo-Melik. Ronda was taken by surprise  peninsulas ofGallipoliand Constantinople. It is subdivided
by Ferdinand, in 1485. In 1810 and 1812 it was occupied  into the sanjaks of Viza, Kirk-kilisseh, Tchirmen, Gallipoli;
by the French, who on retiring blew up the castle,       and besides the towns of those names, it comprises ConstanRONDISSONE, ron-dis-sofnA, or RONDIZZONE, ron-dit-  tiuople,Adrianople, Philippopolis, Tatar-Bazardjik, Kasanlik,
soen&, a market-town of Piedmont, 18 miles N.E. of Turin, Selimnia, Eskee-sara, Demotica, and Enos. Room-Elee in.
near the Dora-Baltea. Pop. 1933.                         eludes the territory of ancient Thracia and Macedonia.
RONIDO, a post-office of Lafayette co., Arkansas.        ROOM-ELEE (or RUMILI) IIISSAR, roomfe-lee'his-sarl,
RONDOUTI, ron-d6wt, apost-villageofKingstontownship, ("Castle of Emurope,"') a fortress of European Turkey, on
1612




ROO                                                       IOS
the Bospornus, 6 miles N.E. of Constantinople, immediately    ROQUEFORIT, rok'for/, a town of France, department of
opposite Anatolia-Hissar, (" Castle of Asia,") and founded by  Landes, on the Douze, 13 miles N.E. of Mont-de-lIMarsan.
Mohammed II., in 1451.                                    Pop. in 1852, 1721. It has manufactures of earthenwares.
ROOM-ELEE-KAWAK, a fort of European Turkey, 5 miles    ROQUEFORT, a markettown of France, department of
N. of Room-Elee-IIissar.                                  Aude, 22 miles S. of Limoux. Pop. 796.
ROOM-KALAH, ROUM-KALAH or RUM-KALAII, room-   ROQUELAURE, rok'16ra, a town of France, department of
k&igh, (i. e. "Castle of Rome,") a town of Asiatic Turkey, Gers, 3 miles from Auch.
on the Euphrates, 50 miles S.S.E. of Samosat. It was at one    ROQUEMAURE, ro'keh-m6iV or roklm6R/, a town of
time, it is said, the capital of Lesser Armenia. The name  France, department of Gard, near the Rhone, 25 miles N.E.
Room, "Rome," is often loosely applied by the Turks, to  of Nimes. Pop. in 1852, 3265.
places containing a Roman or Byzantine colony. See Rooni-   ROQUEPIZ, ro-keh-peezf, erroneously Written ROPEQUIZ,
ELEE.                                                     an island in the Indian Ocean, lat. 90 56' N., ion. 650 14' E.
ROOM'tSCH. See RoM.                                       ROQUES, Los, loce rolk~s, a group of islands in the CaROON, a village of Holland. See RODEN.                  ribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela.  Lat. 110 57' 40" N.,
ROONYAHI, ROUNYAH, R00OMAIIIEII or ROUMA- Ion. 670 40' W.
HIIEH, roo-ma-heelyeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic,   ROQUETAS, ro-kAtts, a maritime village of Spain, proand about 120 miles S. of Bagdad, on an affluent of the  vince, and 11 miles S.W. of Almeria, on the Bay of Almneria,
Euphrates. It consists of about 400 houses,               with salt-works. Pop. 2072.
ROOSA, ROUSA or RUSA, roofsd, a town of Russia, go-   ROQUE-TIMBAUT, rok-tANcab5,   a village of France. devernment, and 56 miles W. of Moscow, on an affluent of the  partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 8 miles N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1293.
Moskwa. Pop. 2500. It is defended by a strong citadel, and    ROQUEVAIRE, rok'vAy/. a market-town of France. dehas a large salt magazine, and two annual fairs.          partment of Bouches-du-Rh~ne, 11 miles E.N.E. of MarROOSEBEKE, OosT, 5st r0'seh-bAkph, a village of Bel- seilles. Pop. 1534.
glum, province of West Flanders, on the Lys, 8 miles N.N.E.   RORAAS, (RLraas,) r3Fros, a mining town of Norway, stift,
of Courtrai.                                              and 67 miles S.E of Trondhjem, on an affluent of the GlomROOSEBEKE, WEST, *8st r0'seh-bikeh, or ROSBECQ, men, near its source. Pop. 3000. It yields annually a great
ros'blkf, a village of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 14  amount of copper ore.. From its position, on a table-land
miles N.W. of Courtrai, and where the French defeated the  from 6000 to 7000 feet in height, its climate is all but perFlemings in 1382.                                         petual winter.
ROOSENDAAL, r61zgn-d1lP, a town of the Netherlands,   RORAIMA, ro-rilm~, a mountain of British Guiana. Lat.
province of North Brabant, 14 miles W.S.W. of Breda. Pop. 50 30' N., ion. 610 10' W., and estimated to be 7500 feet above
2861.                                                     the sea. It gives origin to rivers tributary to the basins of
ROOSS, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.    the Orinoco, Amazon, and Essequibo, and which forms on
ROOSTCHOOK, ROUSTCIOUK or RUSTSCHUK, roes'- its sides magnificent falls, for 1400 to 1500 feet in height.
chookf, written also ROUTCHOUK, RUSCZUK, and RUST-   RORBACH, rotb%,k/, a market-town of France, departSCHUK, a fortified city of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on  ment of Moselle, 9 miles S.E. of Sarreguemines. Pop. 1208.
a steep bank of the Danube, 55 miles E. of Nicopolis. Pop.   ROREE, rotree, or LOHUREE, lothoo-reeW, a town of Sinde,
30,000. It is the residence of a bey, has a citadel, numerous on the left bank of the Indus, 20 miles S.S.E. of Shikarpoor.
small mosques, and some trade; but it is a wretched place, Lat. 270 42' N., ion. 680 53' E. Pop. about 8000. It occuand has not "a single good bazaar or cafU, or a single respect- pies a declivity, and is outwardly good looking. The houses
able edifice of any description."                          are lofty and fiat roofed; and here are mosques, a large
ROOT, a post-township of MIontgomery co., New York, on  seral or inn, and some bazaars; but the streets are narrow,
the Erie Canal, 40 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 2736.    and the town is filthy. The inhabitants manufacture coarse
ROOT, a township of Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 1099.       paper, leather, silks, and cotton fabrics, and work in gold,
ROOT, a post-village of Allen co., Indiana, on St. Mary's  silver, and jewelry.
River, 110 miles N.E. by N. of Indianapolis.                 ROROTONGA, an island of the Pacific. See RAnATONGA.
ROOT CREEK, a post-office of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin,   RORSCHACII, rorlshdx, a town of Switzerland, canton,
about 11 miles S.W. of Milwaukee.                          and 7 miles N.E. of St. Gall, with a harbor on the Lake of
R00THIING, ABfBOTS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. Constance.
ROOTHING, AYITHORP, a parish of England, co. of Essex.  RLOS, roes, or ROSSA, rosist, a river of Russia, rises in the
ROOTHING, BEAUCHAMP, (beetcham,) a parish of Eng-  government of Kiev, and joins the right bank of the Dneiper
land, co. of Essex.                                       a little above Tcherkasi. Total course, about 160 miles.
ROOTHING, BERN'ERS, a parish of England, co. of   ROSA MORADA, rolsa mo-rif'D/, a town of the Mexican
Essex.                                                    Confederation, state of Cinaloa, S.E. of Culiacan. Pop. 4000.
ROOTIING, HIGH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.      Around it coffee, citron, and indigo grow wild.
ROOTHING, LEADIEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   ROSARIO, ro-s~/re-o, a small island of the Arzobispo
ROOTHING, MARIGARET, a parish of England, co. of group, in the Pacific Ocean, in let. 140 5' S., ion. 1410 W.
Essex.                                                       ROSARIO, ro-sifre-o, a river of the Mexican Confederation,
ROOTHING, WHITE, a parish of England, co. of Essex   state of Cinaloa. A village of Texas has the same name.
ROOT RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises a few miles W. of Mil-   ROSARIO, ro-slfre-o, a town of the Argentine Republic,
waukee, in Waukesha county, and after a S.E. course of  (La Plata,) in South America, department, and 190 miles
about 35 miles, enters Lake Michigan at Racine City. The  N.W. of Buenos Ayres, on the W. bank of the Paran&.
rapids near this place afford a valuable water-power.       ROSARIO, ro-safre-o, or SANAMARO, sen-A-mtro, a vilROOTS1TOWN, a post-township in the S.W. part of Portage  lake in the island of Teneriffe, on a beautiful plain, not far
co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Rail-. fromn Laguna. Pop. 1609.
road. Pop. 1308.                                            ROSARIO DE CUCUTA, ro-s re-o dt koo-lkoolti. a town of
ROOZHANA, ROUJANA or RUSCHANA, roo-zhvna, a  South America, in New Granada, department of Boyaca, on
market-town of Russian Poland, government, and 68 miles the river Zulia. Pop. 5000. It is the depot for the produce
S.E. of Grodno. Pop. 1500.                                of the surrounding country.
ROPCZYCE or ROBCZYCE, rop-chitrs,{, a town of Austria,   ROSARNO, ro-sasRno, a market-town of Naples, province
in Galicia, 27 miles E. of Tarnow, on an affluent of the Wis- of Calabria Ultra I., 6 miles N.E. of Gioja. Pop. 1500.
loka. Pop. 1200.                                            ROSAS, rolsAs, (ane. Rhoda or Rhodope?) a seaport-town
ROPESLEY, repsflee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. of Spain, province, and 27 miles N.E. of Gerona, on the N.
ROPEQUIZ. See RoquEPIz.                                 shore of the Gulf of Rosas. Pop. 2580. Its fortifications
ROPRLEY, a perish of England, co. of HIants.            were mostly destroyed by the French in 1808.
ROPPOLO, ropfpo-lo, a village of the Sardinian States,   ROSASCO, ro-sistko, a village of the Sardinian States, didivision of Turin, province, and 11 miles S. of Biella, a little  vision of Novara, province of Lomellina. Pop. 1665.
E. of the Lake of Viverone. Pop. 1249.                      ROSATE, ro-saltA, a market-town of North Italy, in LomROPSHA or ROPSCHA, roptshg, a village of Russia, go- hardy, 13 miles N.W. of Pavia.
vernment, and 25 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg, with an im-   ROISA TURNtOUT, a railroad station in Pike co., Pennperial palace in which Peter the Great died, in 1725.     sylvania, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 108 miles
ROQUE, LA, 1 rok, a headland of France, department of  from New York City.
Seine-Inftrieure, on the Seine estuary, 7 miles N.N.W. of    ROSBERICON or ROSEBERICON, a village and parish of
Pont-Audemer.                                             Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kilkenny, on the W. side of the
ROQUEBROU, La, Id rok'broo/, a town of France, depart- Barrow oppo'site New Ross, of which it is a suburb. Pop.
ment of Cantal, on the CEre, 12 miles W. of Aurillac. P. 1375. 1000. It has extensive stores and quays, Glocomb distillery,
ROQUEBRUNE, rok'briinf, a market-town of France, de- and picturesque remains of a monastery.
partment of Var, 5 miles W. of Fr~jus. Pop. 2000.           ROS1BOROUGI, a village of Lawrence co., Tennessee, 83
ROQUEBRUSSANE, LA, lA rok'briis'snl, a market-town  miles S.S.W. of Nashville. is the seat of a cotton factory.
of France, department of Var, 15 miles N. of Toulon. Pop.   ROSCARBERY, a town of Ireland. See Ross.
1411.                                                       ROSCHITZ, (RLschitz,) r3Pshits, or RESPITZ, rlsfpits, a
ROQUECOR, rok'kos!, a town of France, department of market-town of Lower Austria, 30 miles N.W. of KorneuTarn-et-Garonne, 15 miles N.N.W. of Moissac. Pop. 1275.   burg. Pop. 1267.
ROQUECOURBE, rok'kooRbl, a market-town of France,   ROSCTITIN, rosh-teent, a village of Moravia, circle of Hra
department of Tarn, 19 miles S.S.E. of Alby. Pop. 2053.   disch, near Strilek.  Pop. 1185.
1613




ROS                                                        ROS
ROSCIANO, ros-chi/no. a town of Naples, province of   ROSE ISILAND, an island of the Bahamas, E. of New Pro
Abruzzo Ultra I., S.E. of Civita di Penne, on the Pescara. vidence.
Pop. 1160.                                                    ROSE ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, one of the Navi.
tROSCIANUIM or ROSCIA NAVALIS.  See RoSSANo.              gators' Islands. Lat. 140 32' 47" S., ion. 1690 W.
ROSCIGNO, ro-sheenlyo, a town of Naples, province of    ROSELAND, r6z/land, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia,
Principato Ultra, S.E. of Campagna. Pop. 1025.                ROSELAND, a post-office of Collin co., Texas.
ROSCOBIE, a parish of Scotland. See RescoBIE.               ROSELL, ro-self, a market-town of Spain, province, and
ROSCOE, ros1ko, a post-office of Todd co., Kentucky.      43 miles N.N.E. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2425.
ROSCOE, a flourishing post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio,   ROSELL0, ro-slllo, a market-town of Naples, province of
on the MuSkingum  River, 75 miles N.E. of Columbus. It Abruzo Citra, 24 miles S. of Lanciano.  Pop. 1000.
contains a union school.  Grain  and other articles are   ROSEMARKIE, rbz'mar/kee, a parish, Scotland, co. Ross.
shipped on the Ohio Canal at this place.                      ROSEMARY (rOzfnam-re) ISLAND, Dampier Archipelago,
ROSCOE, a thriving post-village and township of Winne- West Australia. Lat. 200 28" 15" S., Ion. 1160 30' E.
bago co., Illinois, on Rock River, 12 miles above Rockford.   ROSE MILLS, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.
The village has water-power, and contains a large woollen    ROSIENAL'L S, a parish, Ireland, in Leinster. Queens co.
factory and several stores. Pop. about 500; of the town-    ROSENAU, roWzeh-ndw', or ROZNAWA, r~ztni-9o, (Run.
ship, 1050.                                                 Rosnyobanya, roesnyo'bin/ylh',) a town of North Ilungary,
ROSCOE, a small post-village of IHenry co., Missouri, 130  co., and 15 miles N.E. of Gimir, on the Sajo. Pop. 6908. It
miles W. by S. of Jefferson City.                           is the see of a bishop, and has Roman Catholic and Lutheran
ROSCOFF, ros'koffl, a maritime village of France, depart-  churches, an episcopal seminary, a Franciscan convent, Roment of Finistlre, on a tongue of land extending into the  man Catholic and Lutheran  colleges, high-schools, and
English Channel, 13 miles N.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, manufactures of woollen cloth and linen, stoneware, leather,
3651. Here Mary Queen of Scots embarked to espouse the  and paper.
French dauphin in 1558.                                       ROSENAU, (ILun. Rosnyo, rosfnyon,) a town of TranROSCOM5IMON, an inland county of Ireland, in Con- sylvania, in Saxon land, on an affluent of the Aloota, (Aluta.)
naught, bounded on the E. by the river Shannon, and by  7 miles S. of Kronstadt. Pop. 4010. It has a strong castle,
its affluent, the Suck, on the W. Area, 950 square miles. and Roman Catholic and Greek churches.
The surface is mostly undulating; mountainous in the N.,   ROSENAU, a village of Lower Austria, 5 miles W. of
and flat in the E. The soil is generally very fertile. Pop. Zwettel, with a noble residence and fine grounds.
1851, 174,492. The principal towns are Roscommon, Boyle,   ROSENAU, a village of Austria. duchy of Saxe-Coburg, 5
Castlereagh, Stokestown, and a part of Athlone. It sends  miles N.E. of Coburg, with a summer residence of the duke.
2 members to the IHouse of Commons.                           ROSENBERG, rofen-bWRo, a town of Pruesian Silesia, 25
ROSGOMIMON, a market-town, parish, and formerly par- miles E.N.E. of Oppein, at the source of the Stober. Pop
liamentary borough of Ireland, capital of the above county, 2300. It has manufactures of leather, linens, woollens, &c.
with a station on the Dublin and Mullingar Railway, 17    ROSENBERG, (Polish. Susz, soosh,) a town of West Prus
miles N.N.W. of Athlone. Pop. of town, 3439. The princi- sia, 17 miles E. of M3arienwerder.  Pop. 2389.
pal edifices are the parish church, Roman Catholic chapel,   ROSENBERG, (IIun. Rozemberk, rozm'b6akf,) a maiket
new court-house, jail, and county infirmary, with remains  town of North HItungary, co. of Liptau, at the confluence of
of a castle and a fine abbey of the thirteenth century. Its  the Waag and Revucza, 23 miles N.N.E. of Neusohl.  Pop
manufactures comprise coarse woollens, flannel, shoes, and  2532. It has Piarist and Roman Catholic colleges.
eartheunwares; and the town has an increasing corn trade.   ROSENBERG, a town of Bohemia, 22 miles S.S.W. of Bud.
It gives the title of earl to the Dillon family.            weis. Pop. 1223.
ROSCOMI'MON, an unorganized county in the N. central   ROSENBURG,roezen-bl60R0,GROess, groce, and KLEN, klihe,
part of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is drained  two nearly contiguous tillages ofPrussia, province of Saxony.
by the sources of Maskegon and Au Sable Rivers. This government, and 16 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the Sanle.
county is not named in the census of 1850.                  Pop. 1656.
ROSCREA, ros-krA/, a market-town and parish of Ireland,    ROISENDALE, a post-village and township of Ulster co.,
in MIunster, co. of Tipperary, near its N.W. extremity, 7  New York, on Rondout Creek, about 60 miles S. by W. of
miles W. ofBorris-in-0ssory. Pop. of town in 1841, 5275; in  Albany. It contains a mill for prepsring hydraulic cement,
1851, 3389. It is finely situated, being enclosed by moun- which is found in the vicinity. Pop. of the township, 2418.
tains, has a church, which formed part of an abbey founded    ROSENDALE, a post-village and township of Fond du
in the seventh century, several chapels, barracks, court and  Lac co., Wisconsin, 77 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It con
market-house, bridewell, fever hospital, and work-house, a  tains 3 stores, 2 hotels, and 5 manufactories. Pop. of the
curious ancient pillar, and other antiquities.             township, 714; of the village in 1853, about 200.
ROSE, LE, 14 ro/sA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria    ROSENDORF, rofzen-donf', a village of Bohemia, circle of
Citra, 7 miles N. of Cosenza. Pop. 1650.                    Leitmeritz, about 20 miles from Aussegg, at the foot of the
ROSE, a post-village and township of Wayne co., New  Rosenberg, above the Elbe.  Pop. 1386.
York, S miles N.E. of Lyons. The village contains 3 churches,   ROSEINEATIJ, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton.
2 stores, 1 steam saw mill, 2 hotels, 1 tannery, and 2 stave    ROSE/NEATI. a post-office of Halifax co., North Carolina,
factories. Pop. of the township, 2264.                      112 miles N.E. of Raleigh.
ROSE, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, contains    ROSENFELD, ro'zen-flt', a town of Wtirtemberg, circle
Brookville, the county seat. Pop. 559.                      of Black Forest, 19 miles N.E. of Rottwell. Pop. 1302.
ROSE, a post-township in the WV. central part of Carroll   ROSENIHEIM, rofzen-hime', a town of Upper Bavaria, on
co., Ohio. Pop. 1537.                                       the Inn, 32 miles S.E. of Munich. Pop. 2240.
ROSE, a post-township in the N.W. part of Oakland co.,   ROSENTHAL, rolzen-t41l, or ROZMIITTAL, r~zlmit-tll, a
Michigan. Pop. 886.                                         town of Bohemia, on the Lomnitz, 23 miles N.N.W. of Pisek.
ROSE ASH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.                ROSENTHAL, a town of Germany, in Iesse-Cassel, proROSEAU, ro'zi0, the principal town of the island of Do- vince of Ober Hessen, 12 miles N.N.E. of Marbursg.  P. 1597.
minica, in the British West Indies, on its W. coast. Lat.   ROSENTHIIAL, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles S. of Budweis.
150 18' 4" N., lon. 610 24' 7" W. Pop. 5000. It has an asse-s  Pop. 572.
nal and an excellent harbor.                                  ROSE POINT, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.
ROSEB00IOM, rzlboom, a post-office of Otsego co., New    ROSETO, ro-salto, a market-town of Naples, province of
York.                                                       Capitanata, 11 miles WV. of Troja. Pop. 4000.
ROSEBURG, rbztbfbrg, a post-village of Perry co., Pennsyl-   ROSETO, a market-town of Naples, province of Calabria
vania, 38 miles W. of Harrisburg.                           Citra, on the Gulf of Taranto, 21 miles N.E. of Cassano.
ROSEBURG, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.             Pop. 800.
ROSE CREEK, a post-office of McNairy co., Tennessee.        ROSEtTREE, a post-office of Delaware co., Pennsylvania.
ROSEDALE, (rcz/dul,) WEST, a chapelry and township of   ROSETTA, ro-zltiti, (Arab. Rashced or Es-Rasheed, rsEngland, co. of Yorlk, North Riding.                        sheed; F'r. Rosette, ro'eztt/; It. Rosetta, roesalt/t,) a seaport
ROSEDALE, rfzhda1, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine. town of Lower Egypt, capital of a province, on the WV. arm
ROSEDALE, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.         of the Nile, at its delta, 40 miles N.E. of Alexandria. Lat.
ROSEDALE, of Ohio. See LivearooL.                         310 25' N., Ion. 300 28' E. Previous to the opening of the
ROSEHEARTY, roz'harltee, a fishing village and burgh  Mahmoodeeyeh Canal, which connects Alexandria with the
of barony of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on the Moray Frith, Nile, it had 25,000 inhabitants; pop. now only about 4000.
4 miles W. of Fraserburgh.  Pop. in 1851, 844.              It has still a thriving general trade, and some manufoctures
ROSE (r~z) HILL, a post-office of Seneca co., New York.   of sail-cloth, leather, and iron goods for the dockyards of
ROSE HILL, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia.            Alexandria. The town is pleasantly situated, and neatly
ROSE HILL, a post-office of Amite co., Mississippi.      built; it is in repute for salubrity, and attracts many sumn
ROSE HILL, a post-office of Harris co., Texas.           mer visitors. It was founded in 870, near the site of the
ROSE HILL, a post-office of Laurel co., Kentucky.        ancient BolbitinUoa; and here, in 1799, was discovered the
ROSE HILL, a post-village of Jasper co., Illinois, on the  famous "Rosetta stone," which furnished the key to the
Embarras River, 7 miles N. by W. of Newton.                Egyptian hieroglyphics; it is now in the British Museum.
ROSE HILL, a small village of Johnson co., Missouri.     Rosetta was taken by the French in 1798, and besieged by
ROSE HILL, a thriving post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, the English in 1807.
10 miles E.N.E. of Oskaloosa.                                ROSEWYILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Arkansas.
1614:




iRos                                                        ios
ROSEVILLE, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.        differently built, has a cathedral, Roman Catholie chapel,
ROSEVILLE, a post-village of Muskingum  co., Ohio, 65  bridewell, market and court-houses, corn stores, and the
ailes E. of Columbus.                                      ruins of a monastery on an adjacent rocky height. The see,
ROSEVILLE, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan.        comprising 32 parishes in the same county, is united to the
BOSEVIILE, a post-village of Parke co., Indiana, on Rac- diocese of Cork and Cloyne.
coon Creek, 70 miles W. of Indianapolis, has a fiouring mill.   ROSS, New, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
ROSEVILLE, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois.        river-port, town, and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
ROSGIATO, ros-jAttto, written also ROSGIAT, a village of  Wexford, on the Barrow, across which it corm  unicates
Austria, in Dalmatia, about 1 mile from Ragusa. Pop. 1166. with its suburb Rosbe-con, by a wooden bridge 510 feet in
ROSHEIIM, rozt/m/, a walled town of France, department length, 13 miles N.N.E. of Waterford, and 17 miles W   W
of Bas-Rhin, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains, 14 miles  of Enniscorthy.  Pop. of the parliamentary borough,
S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 3971.                    1851, 9098. It is mostly well built, and enclosed by
ROSICLARE, roeze-klairl, a post-village of Hardin co., Illi-  walls, and has a quay 650 yards in length, which vessels
nois, about 1 mile from the Ohio River, and 22 miles S.W. of 600 tons can reach at high tides. Principal edifices, the
of Shawneetown.                                            churches and  chapels, monastto establishments, an inROSIENNA, a town of Russia. See RossIENA.                firmary, and  various hospitals; several market-houses,
ROSInRES, ro'ze-aire, a town of France, department of  the Sessions-house, barracks, jail, custom-house, and some
Haute-Loire, 8 miles N.N.E. of Le Puy.  Pop. in 1852, traces of an ancient abbey. The exports comprise corn,
2851                                                       flour, wool, butter, cattle, and bacon. The chief imports
ROSIbiRES, a town of France, department of Somme, 18  are fish from Newfoundland, and timber fr-om the Baltic.
miles E.S.E. of Amieus. Pop. in 1852. 2502.                 The custims revenue increased from  14,291/. in 1846, to
ROSInRES AUX SALINES, ro'ze-air 50 seqleenl, a town  31,2821. in 1848. It sends 1 member to the House of Conof France, department of Meurthe, 9 miles S.E. of Nancy, on  mons. It gives the title of earl to the Parsons family.
the left bank of the Meurthe, and'on the railway to Stras-    ROSS, a county in the S. central part of Ohio, contains
bourg. Pop. in 1852, 2359. It had lately one of the best 730 square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto River,
studs in France.                                           and also drained by Paint Creek.  The surface is finely
ROSIERS, LES, 1 ro'ze-Af, a market-town of France, de- diversified by hills and valleys; the soil is rich and well
partment of Maine-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Loire, cultivated. The valley of the Scioto in particular is noted
and on the Nantes and Tours Railway, 18 miles S.E. of  for its fertility and beauty. In 1850 this county produced
Angers. Pop. 1080.                                          2,840,443 bushels of corn —the greatest quantity produced
ROSIGNANO, ro-seen-y&/no, a market-townof North Italy, by any county in the United States, excepting Sangamon
in Piedmont, division, and 16 miles N.W. of Alessandria.  co., Illinois. The Scioto and its effluents afford abundant
Pop. 2310.                                                  motive-power. It is intersected by the Marietta and CinROSIGNANO, a village of Tuscany, on the top of a hill of  cinnati Railroad, and by the Ohio Canal.  Ross co. was
the same name, within a view of the sea, about 17 miles  settled in 1796, by emigrants firom Virginia and Kentucky.
from Leghorn. Pop. 4401.                                    Capital, Chillicothe. Pop. 32,074.
ROSINAR, a village of Transylvania. See RESINAR.            ROSS, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. P. 1442.
ROSINGYN, an island, Malay Archipelago. See BANDA.          ROSS, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 709.
ROSIKILIDE, a town of Denmark. See R(ESKILDI.               ROSS, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1373.
ROSLAU, roselOw, a town of Germany, in the duchy of    ROSS, a post-office of Anderson co., Tennessee.
Anhalt-KI then, on the Elbe, at the influx of the Roslau, 4    ROSS, a post-township in the S.W. part of Butler co., Ohio.
miles N. of Dessau. Pop. 1600.                              Pop. 1648.
ROSLAYL, rosov'llv, or ROSLOYL, ros-lov'll., a town of    ROSS, a township of Greene co., Ohio, intersected by the
Russia, government, and 69 miles S.S.E. of Smolensk. Columbus and Xenia Railroad. Pop. 1367.
Pop. 3965.                                                   RLOSS, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop. 1144.
ROSLEA, roelA, or ROYSLEA, roisllA, a village of Ire-   ROSS, a township of Clinton co., Indiana.  Pop. 1075.
land, in Ulster, co. of Fermanagh, on the Finn, 4 miles    ROSS, a township of Lake co., Indiana. Pop. 747.
N.N.E. of Clones. Pop. 414.                                   ROSSA, roslsd, a market-town of Russia, government, and
ROSfLESTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.            35 miles S.E. of Grodno. Pop. about 1500.
ROS!LIN.  a quoad sacra parish and village of Scotland,    ROSSANA, ros-s/nn, a village of Piedmont, province, and
co., and 7 miles S.E. of Edinburgh. It has ruins of the  8 miles S.S.W. of Saluzo. Pop. 2079.
celebrated Roslin Chapel, containing the tombs of many of    ROSSANO, ros-shino, (anc. Rosciasnum or Ros1cia Navaclis
the Earls of Orkney and Roslin.                             Thuriorum,) a city of Naples, province of Calabria Citra,
ROSILIN, a post-village of Marquette co,, Wisconsin, 97  near the Gulf of Taranto, 17 miles W.N.W. of Cariati. It
miles N.W. of Milwaukee.                                    has a cathedral, and is the see of an archbishop. It is reROSILYN,formerly HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, a post-village  markable as the birthplace of three popes, viz., St. Zosimus
situated on Long Island. in North Hempstead township, Amarelli, John VII. and XVII. It is a very ancient place,
Queens co., New York, at the head of a deep inlet setting up  and is said to have been founded by the (Enotrii, and after
from Long Island Sound, about 23 miles EN.E. of Brooklyn. it had fallen into decay, to have been restored and colonized
ROSLYN, a post-office of Montgomery co., Maryland.       by the Romans. It was takcen by assault and pillaged by
ROSMIANINHAL, ros-mul-neen-yAl'. a small fortified town  Totila, King of the Huns. This city has long been noted as
of Portngal, province of Beira, 65 miles S.S.E. of Guarda.    an abode of learning, and especially as the seat of the famous
ROSNAU, roslniw, or ROZNOW, roz-nov!, a market-town  academy of Spoensirati.  Among the many distinguished
of Moravia, 20 miles E.S.E. of Weisskirchen. Pop. 2275.     men to whom Rossano has given birth, besides those named
ROSNY, ros'neel, a village of France, department of Seine, above, maybe mentioned Alexander de Amarelli, a renowned
with one of the detached forts near Paris.                  knight templar of the 12th century, who died bravely in deIOSNY-SUR-SEINE, ros'nee! sUe s.n, a village of France, fence of the holy sepulchre, and Count Leonardo de Ama,
department of Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles W. of Mantes, on the  relli, one of the most eminent jurisconsults in the 17th cen.
left bank of the Seine, and on the railway from Paris to  tury. Pop. variously estimated from 10,000 to 18,000.
Rouen. Pop. 700. Near it is the fine ch'teau in which   RLOSSBACH, ross/bh, or RASBACH, rhsfbic, a village of
Sully, minister of HIenry IV., was born.                   Bohemia, 27 miles W.N.W. of Elbogen. Pop. 2954.
ROSOUX, ro'zoo', Belgium, a station on the railway from    ROSSBACH, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt,
Brussels to Liege, 52 miles from Brussels.                 province of Ober-Hessen, on the Rossbach, at the foot of the
ROSS, in Ireland, the largest island in the lower Lake of  Taunus Mountain, 13 miles N. of Frankfort.  Pop. 230.
Killarney, in Munster, 2 miles S. of Killarney. On it are    ROSSBACH, a village of Germany, in Prussian Saxony,
the remains of a strong castle.                             government of Merseburg, 17 miles S. of Helle.  Here, on
ROSS, a bog of Ireland, in Leinster, Queen's co., 3 miles  the 5th November, 1757, Frederick the Great defeated the
W.N.W. of Maryborough.                                     French and Imperialists.
ROSS, a harbor of Ireland, co. of Mayo, on the E. side of    ROSSBERG, a mountain of Switzerland.  See GOLDAv.
Broadhaven.                                                  ROSS/BURG, a small post-village of Decatur co., Indiana,
ROSS, a lake and village of Ireland, co. of Clare.        55 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.
ROSS, a market-town and parish of England, co., and 12    ROSS-AND-CROMiARTY, a county extending across the N.
miles S.S.E. of IIereford. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 2674. part of Scotland, from sea to sea, between the Minsh on the
The town, situated on a rocky eminence above the Wye, WV., and the Moray Frith on the E., and including, in dehas many good houses, and a church, in which was builed  tached portions, Cromarty, and the islands of Skye, Lewis,
the benevolent Kyrle, Pope's celebrated "Man of Ross,"  &c. in the Hebrides, its mainland portion having N. Sutherwho died in 1724, and whose portrait is still preserved in  land, and S. Inverness-shire. Area estimated at 2885 square
his house, now an inn. The town contains a union work-  miles, of which 560 square miles are in the Hebrides, 344
house, market-house, branch bank,'Mechanics' institute, &c. belong to Cromarty, and 90 to Nairn. Pop. in 1851,82,707.
ROSS, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway.    Cromarty, Beauly, and Dornoch Friths indent it on the E.,
ROSS, a barony of Ireland, co. of Galway.                and Lochs Broom, Greinord, Ewe, Gairloch, Torridon, and
ROSS, or ROSS-CAR/BERY, a market-town, parish, and  Alsh on the W. Granite and primary schists form the N.
episcopal see of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, the town  and middle parts of the county. The sea-coasts, and a con.
on an eminence. near its shallow harbor, 7 miles W.S.W. of  siderable way inland, are composed of old red sandstone.
Clonakilty. Pop. of town in 1851, about 1000. It is in- It is in the centre of a wild region of mountains, moors
1615




ROS                                                        ROT
and lakes, traversed by the Conon, Orin, Beauly, and other    ROS&TOCK, a commercial city and seaport of West Gert
small rivers, along which are extensive tracts of fertile soil. many, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow, 9 miles
In some parts much good wheat is raised, and many planta- from its mouth in the Baltic, and at the termination of a
tions oftrees have been made; but the greater part of the  branch of the Hamburg and Berlin Railway, 44 miles N.E.
county is appropriated to sheep and cattle farming. Prin- of Schwerin. Lat. 540 5' N., ion. 100 14' E. Pop. 20,266. It
cipal towns, Dingwall, Tain, and Cromarty. It sends 1. is enclosed by ancient walls, and consists of an old, a midmember to the House of Commons. See CROMARTY.               dle, and a new town, with several suburbs. The principal
ROSSIDROITI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.         edifices are a palace, frequently the residence of the grand
ROSS'DUFFI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford.        dukes, numerous churches, several hospitals, a town-hall,
RO.SEAU, rosts6/, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.      and theatre. In one of the principal squares is a statue of
ROSSEL, roslsel, a town of East Prussia, 52 miles S.E. Blucher, a native of Rostock. It has a university, founded
of Kbnigsberg. Pop. 900.                                    in 1419, with a library of 85,000 volumes, theological and
ROSISEL, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, in Louisiade  other schools, an anatomical theatre, laboratory, botanic
Archipelago; lat. 110 22' S., lon. 1540 26' E.; 22 miles long  garden, and various scientific collections. -Here are also a
from E. to WV., and 10' miles greatest breadth.             society of natural history, and other associations, and a
ROSS' GROVE, a post-village of De Kalb co., Illinois, 70  commercial institute. It has numerous manufactures of
miles W. by S. of Chicago.                                  woollen cloth, soap, chiccory, with extensive breweries, disROSS HILL, a small village of Walker co., Georgia.        tilleries, vinegar, color, and chemical factories, and sugarROSSIE, rostsee, a post-village and township of St. Law-  refineries.  The trade is extensive; the exports consist
rence co., New York, on Indian River, 25 miles S.S.W. of Og- principally of superior red wheat, barley, pease, rape-seed,
densburg. It contains establishments for smelting and  oats, wool, rags, oil-cake, rape-oil, bones, flax, horses, cattle,
forging iron, and a machine shop. Mines of iron and lead  and provisions.  The imports comprise colonial produce,
are worked here. Pop. 1471.                                 wines, and manufictured goods. In 1845, 231 vessels and
ROSSIENA, ros-se-,t'nA, or ROSIENNA, ro-se-6n/ng, (Po-  32 lighters belonged to the port. The number of arrivals in
lish, Rossicnie, ross-ytpnyA,) a town of Russia, government, 1847, was 747, and clearances, 762; in 1850, the number of
and 100 miles W.N.W. of Vilna, on the Bubissa. Pop. 5770. arrivals was only 489, and clearances 503. The depth of the
It is the see of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Samogitia, and  water in the river is from 8 to 9 feet, and vessels above that
has several churches and a Plaeist college.                 draught load and unload at Warnemiinde, its outport.
ROSSIGLIONE, ros-seel-yofnA, a village of the Sardinian  Rostock is mentioned in history as early as 1161, and was
States, division, and 18 miles N.W. of Genoa, on the Stura  annexed to Mecklenburg in 1323. It was long one of the
Rossiglione. Pop. 2567.                                     Hanse Towns, and retained, until lately, some exclusive priROSSIGNOL (ros'seen'yoll) LAKE, in Nova Scotia, Queen's  vileges.
co., 30 miles S.S.E. of Annapolis, about 11 miles in length.   ROSITOK, a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, 4 miles
From it flows the Mersey River, at the mouth of which is  from Starkenbach.  Pop. 1017.
the village of Rossignol, or Liverpool.                       ROSTOK, a village of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz, on the
ROSISINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West  Moldau, 8 miles from Prague. Pop. 642.
Riding.                                                       ROSTOV, ROSTOW, ros-tovl, written also ROSTOFF', or
ROSSINIVER, a parish of Ireland, cos. Sligo and Leitrim. DMITRIA-ROSTOFSKAGO, dme-tre-A ros-tofs-kA/go, a town
ROSSKEENI, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, of Russia, government, and 225 miles E.S.E. of Yekaterinoon Cromarty Frith.                                          slav, on the right bank of the Bon, 22 miles above its mouth
ROSSLA, roasl&, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 miles W. in the Sea of Azof. Pop. 8000. It is well built, and deof Sangerhansen.  Pop. 1660.                                fended by a strong fortress, the residence of the commandROSSILAND, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.    ant. It has numerous deplts of provisions for the army,
ROSSLAU, ross/1lw, a town of Anhalt-Kdthen, on the  the fortresses of the Caucasus, and the E. coast of the Black
Elbe, at the confluence of the Rosslau, and on the Berlin  Sea, and is a principal entreplt for the trade of the vast
and Anhalt Railway, 28 miles S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1526. countries traversed by the Don. It has a large annual fair.
ROSSLEBEN, rossell'ben, a market-town of Prussian    ROSTOV, ROSTOW  or ROSTOFF, a town of Russia, goSaxony, 25 miles W. of Merseburo, on the Unstrut. P.1815. vernment, and 37 miles S.S.W. of Yaroslav, capital of a
ROSSMERE or ROSSMIRE, rosstmeer, a parish of Ireland, circle, on Lake Nero. Pop. 6000. It is enclosed by earthen
in Munster, co. of Waterford.                               ramparts, and is the see of a Greek archbishop. The princiROSSO, rostso, a village of the Sardinian States, division  pal edifices are an ancient cathedral, with numerous tombs
of Genoa, on the Bisagno. Pop. 2349.                        of its archbishops, several convents, episcopal palaces, and
ROS/SORY. a parish of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh.          a seminary. It has various manufactures of linens, vitriol,
ROSS'S CORNER, a post-office of York co., MSaine.         and colors, and an active commerce.  Its annual fair is
ROSS'S FER/RY. a post-office of Livingston co., Kentucky.  often frequented by about 45,000 persons; and at it goods
ROSSITOWN, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.        to the amount of 8,500,000 rubles are sometimes sold. This
ROSSTREVOR, a seaport of Ireland. See RosTREvoR.         town is mentioned in history as early as A. D. 991.
ROSSUM, rostsLm, a village of Holland, province of    ROSTRAIVER, a post-township forming the S.WV. extreGelderland, on the Waal, 10 miles S.S.W. of Tiel. Pop. 845. mity of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1689.
ROSS/VILLE, a post-village of Richmond co., New York,   ROSTRENEN, ros'treh —nrdo/, a village of France, departpleasantly situated on Staten Island Sound, about 20 miles  ment of Cltes-du-Nord, 25 miles S.S.W. of Guingamp. Pop.
S.W. of New York.                                           1168.
ROSSVILLE, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, 14    ROSTREVOR  or ROSSTREVOR, ros-treelvor, a small
miles N.W. of York.                                         maritime town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, on the N.
ROSSVILLE, a post-village in Baltimore co., Maryland.   side of Carlingford Bay, 8 miles E.S.E. of Newry, with which
ROSSVILLE, a post-office of Chester district, South Ca- it is connected by railway. Pop. 650. Its position is highly
rolinn.                                                     beautiful; it is resorted to by many visiters in summer.
ROSSVILLE, a post-village in Walker co., Georgia, about   ROSIWELL, a post-village of Cobb co., Georgia, on
200 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                           Vickery's Creek, 13 miles N.E. of Marietta. HeI-re is a cotton
ROSSVILLE, a post-office of Sumpter co., Alabama.         factory which employs 150 operatives.
ROSSVILLE. a thriving post-village of Butler co., Ohio,   ROTA, ro/tl, an island of the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 140 9/
on the W. bank of Miami River, and on the Cincinnati, N., ion. 1450 185 E., 12 miles long, and 5i miles broad.
Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad, 20 miles N. of Cincinnati.   ROTA, rolt., a maritime town of Spain, province, and 6
A bridge across the river connects it with Hamilton, the  miles N.N.W. of Cadiz. Pop. 7987. It has a castle, and a
capital of the county. It is situated in a rich farming dis- small harbor for coasting vessels. Chief industry, agricultrict, and has abundant water-power, which is employed in  ture and fishing.
machinery for various purposes. A railroad has recently    ROTAS, ro/tas, a fort of the Punjab, near the Jhylum, 104
been opened from this place to Eaton, and is to be extended  miles N.N.W. of Lahore, but lately stated to be in an into Richmond, in Indiana.  It contains a union school. A  efficient state of defence.
newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1853, about 2500.        ROTASGUR, ro-tgs-gtirfi, a town and fort of British India,
ROSSVILLE, a village in Miami co., Ohio, on the Miami presidency of Bengal, on the Sone, 110 miles S.W. of Patna.
River, opposite Piqua.                                        ROTELLO, ro-tSl/lo, a town of Naples, province of Molise,
ROSSVILLE, a thriving, post-village and township of Clin- 7 miles S.E. of Larino. Pop. 1800.
ton co., Indiana, on the Middle Fork of Wildcat River, 53    ROTENBURG, a town of Germany. See RoTHENsanc.
miles N.W. of Indianapolis.                                   ROTENBURG, ro/ten-bWRao', a town of Hanover, governROSSVILLE, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.          ment of Stade, 62 miles N.N.W. of'Hlanover. Pop. 1556.
ROSSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co.. Tennessee.         ROTGEN, rotlghun, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles
ROSSWEIN, rosstsln, a town of Saxony, on the Mulde, 5  S.S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Vesdre. Pop. 1560.
miles W.N.W. of Nossen. Pop. 4972.                           ROTH, r~t, a river of Wiirtemburg, joins the Danube on
ROSTAK, ros'tikl. an inland town of South Arabia, do- the right, 7 miles S.S.W. of Ulm. Length, 38 miles.
minion, and 68 miles W.;S.W.of iMuscat, and stated to belarge    ROTIhI, a walled town of Bavaria, on the Rednitz, and
and well built.                                            on the railroad from Nirdlingen to Nuremberg, 15 miles S.
ROSTARZEW0, ros-tan-zA/,o, a town of Prussian Poland, of Nuremberg- Pop. 2436. It has a castle, a high school,
35 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 674.                          and manufactures of cutlery, gold and silver lace, and
ROS/THERN, a parish of England, co. of Chester.          glass.
1616




ROT                                                       ROT
ROTHA, roltt, a town of Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of    ROTIHIES, roths, a parish of Scotland, co., and 9 miles
Leipsic, on the Pleisse. Pop. 1195.                       S.S.E. of Elgin. In the vicinity is Rothes Castle, the anROT1IAU, rott~w, (OnER, otber, and UNTER, 33ntter,) a  cient seat of the Leslie family.
village ofBohemia, 10 miles N.W. ofElbogen. Pop. 1738.      ROTHESAY, rothtsA, a royal burgh, seaport town, and
ROTHIBURY, rothhber-e, a market-town and parish of parish of Scotland, capital of the co. of Bute, at the head of a
England, co. of Northumberland, on the Coquet, 11 miles  beautiful bay on the E. side of the island, 30 miles W. of
W.S.W. of Alnwick.  Pop. of the township, 895. Itis pic- Glasgow. Pop. of hurgh in 1851, 7104. It is modernly
turesquely situated in a deep glen.                       built, and is much resorted to by sea-bathers and invalids.
ROTI DOBRAWITZ, a town of Bohemia. See DOBRAWITZ. The principal public edifices, are 2 churches and numerous
ROTHENBUCH, roften-b65ik, a village of Bavaria, Lower  chapels, a ruined castle of the 11th century, excellent schools,
Franconia, 27 miles W.N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1038.       county and town-halls, and custom and excise offices. It
ROTHENBURG, roften-b35rg', a town ofPrussian Silesia, has public libraries, reading-rooms, banks, and insurance
54 miles W. of Liegnitz, on the Neisse. Pop. 1068.        companies, large cotton mills, some ship-building docks, ad
ROTHENBURG,. rotten-burg or roften-b35aoR. or ROTEN- important herring, salmon, haddock, whiting, and sole
BURG, ro'ten-b6RGo, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, fisheries. John Earl of Bute, the favorite of George III.,
province of Nieder-Hessen, on the Fulda, 24 miles S.S.E. of and Matthew Stewart, the mathematician, were born here.
Cassel. Pop. 3650. It consists of an old and a new town,   ROTHHAAR GEBIRGE, rht/hir gheh-b6aR/ghe h, a mounconnected by a bridge, and has the castle of the Landgrave  tain range in the E. part of Prussia, Rhenish Province,
of Hesse, and several educational establishments.         stretches nearly 45 miles, from S.W. to N.E.
ROTHENBURG, a town of Germany, in Hanover, 15 miles    ROTHIEMiAY, rothte-mP, a parish of Scotland, co. of Banff,
N.E. of Verden, on the Wtiimme. Pop. 1500.                6 miles N.N.E. of Huntly. It has a Druid temple, and
ROTHENBURG, a town of Germany, in Prussian Saxony, Rothienmay House, a seat of the Earl of Fife.
23 miles N.N.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1130.                    ROTHILEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
ROTHENBURG, roften-bb5RG', a village of Switzerland,   ROTHMUHLE, (Rothmiihle,) rht/miim eh, a village partly
canton, and 3 miles N.W. of Lucerne.                     in Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, and partly in Moravia, circle
ROTHENBURG-AN-DER-TAUBER,   roften-bORao'-tn-d-r-  of Briiun, near Policzka. Pop. 1476.
t6w/ber, a walled town of Bavaria, on the Tauber, 31 miles    ROTHSIVILLE, a small post-village of Lancaster co., PennS.S.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 5231. It has a high school, and  sylvania.
manufactures of woollen cloth. It was formerly a free city    ROTIIWASSER, rhtt/*As'ser, a village of Moravia, 35 miles
of the empire.                                            N.W. of 01mutz. Pop. 2433.
ROTHENFELS, roten-f8ls', a market-town of Baden,   ROTIIWASSER, a village of Bohemia, 10 miles N.N.E. of
circle of Middle Rhine, on the Murg, 6 miles E.S.E. of Ra- Landskron. Pop. 2964.
stadt. Pop. 1357.                                           ROTHIWELL, a village and parish of England, co. of
ROTHENFELS, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Northampton, 4milesW.N.W. ofKettering. Ithas a church
Franconia, 17 miles W.N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 908.        under which is an immense charnel-house, full of bones
ROTIHIENKIRCHEN, rolten-kCIRx'ean, or RODENKIR- of unknown antiquity, an old market-house, now disused,
CHEN, rolden-keeRksen, a village of North-western Ger- and a poor's hospital.
many, in Oldenburg, 5 miles N.E. of Ovelghnne, on the    ROTHWELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Weser. Pop. 2100.                                           ROTIIWELL, a parish of England, co. of York, West
ROTHENMANN, a town of Austria. See ROTTENMANN.   Riding.
ROTHENTHURiMI, rolten-toonem, (i. e. "Red Tower,") a    ROTHIWICK'S MILLS, a small village ofMifflin co., Pennpass of Europe, between Transylvania and Wallachia, 17  sylvania.
miles S.S.E. of Hermannstadt, and deriving its name from    ROTOMAGUS. See RouN..
a conspicuous red tower, among "whitewashed modern    ROTONDA, ro-tonald, a town of Naples, province of Basifortifications."                                          licata, 19 miles S.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 3400.
ROTHENTHURM, rolten-t65hm', a village of Switzerland,   ROTONDELLA, ro-ton-dlltl&, a town of Naples, province
canton, and 6 miles N. of Schwytz. Near it is Morgarton, of Basilicata, adjacent to the above.
the scene of a total defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss, on    ROTSCIIENSALM, rot'shfen-sAlm/, a fort of Russia, N.
the 15th of November, 1315.                               side of the Gulf of Finland, 12 miles S.S.W. of FredericksROTHER, roTlter, a small river of England, co. of Sussex, hamm. It is erected on one of the small islands which stud
enters the English Channel at Rye, the harbor of which  the mouth of the Kymmene, and forms a strong defence of
town it forms.                                            the harbor, which is an important station of the Russian
ROTHER, a rivulet of England, co. of Surrey, enters the  navy. Pop. 800.
Thames at Rotherhithe.                                      ROTSELAER, rot'seh-lr/, a village of Belgium, province
ROTHIERBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.       of Brabant, on the Dyle, 17 miles N.E. of Brussels. P. 1916.
ROTHItERFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.        ROTTEE, rot/tee, ROTTI, ROTTE or ROTTO, an island
ROTHIERFIELD-GREYS, a parish of England, co. Oxford. of the Malay Archipelago, off the S.W. extremity ofTimor.
ROTHIERFIELD-PEP/PARD, a parish of England, co. of  Lat. 100 40' S., Ion. 1230 E. Length, 50 miles; breadth, 20
Oxford.                                                   miles. The products are rice, maize, millet, sweet potatoes,
ROTHERIAM, roTHuer-am, a manufacturingtown, parish, cotton, and ebony. The Dutch have an establishment on
and township of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the  the island, at the N.E. extremity of which is the village of
right bank of the Don, across which it communicates by a  Rangong, with a harbor perfectly secure.
five-arched bridge with its suburb Masborough, and on the    ROTTENBURG, rt/ten-b66aoR, a town of Wiirtemberg, on
North Midland Railway, 6 miles N.E. of Sheffield. Pop. of the Neckar, 12 miles W. of Reutlingen. Pop. 6000. It is
the township in 1851, 6325. It has a fine church with a  the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has manufactures
lofty spire, erected and made collegiate by Archbishop Ro- of leather and paper.
therham in the reign ofEdward IV., various other churches,   ROT/TENMANNx or ROTHENMANN, r6ften-m~nn', a
many chapels of Dissenters, a court-house, market-house, town of Styria, on an affluent of the Enns, 20 miles N.W.
and public library, a college of the Independants, a literary  of Judenburg. Pop. 757.
institution, opened in 1853, a grammar school, with exhibi-    ROTTERDAM, rotlttr-dlm', (Dutch pron. rot'ter-dAm/;l; L.
tions to the universities, other endowed schools, almshouses, Roterodalmum,) an important commercial city of the Nethera workhouse, and on its old bridge is an ancient chapel now  lands, province of South Holland, at the confluence of the
used for a prison.  Rotherham  has manufactures of all Rotte with the Maas or Meuse, 40 miles S.S.W. ofAmsterdam.
kinds of iron goods, including cannons, machinery, and  Lat. 510 55' 3" N., Ion. 40 29' 5,' E. Pop. in 1850, 88,812.
bridge works. It has also manufactures of starch, rope, Mean temperature of the year, 510: winter, 360.9; summer,
twine, glass, and soap, large breweries, and flax mills; its  650 Fahrenheit. It is built in the form of an isosceles triindustry and trade being facilitated by abundant supplies  angle, the base and longest side of which is next the river,
of coal in the vicinity, and the navigation of the Don. It  the land sides being surrounded by the old fortifications,
is governed by a body of the inhabitants, and has weekly  beyond which are situated the populous suburbs. The city
and midsummer sessions. Near it is Wentworth Castle, has as many canals as streets, across which communication
the seat of Earl Fitzwilliam.                             is maintained by innumerable drawbridges; it is also traROTHERHITHE, roTH/er-hirn,often pronounced and writ- versed by the Rotte, a small stream, at the junction of which
ten RED/RIFF, a parish of England, formerly a S.E. suburb  with the Meuse there is a large dyke or dam, whence the
of the metropolis, co. of Surrey, on the Thames, 2~ miles S.E. name Rotterdam. Many of the canals are planted with trees,
of St. Paul's, London. It consists mostly of inferior streets, imparting to them a pleasing aspect; several are so deep as
and of dock-yards for shipbuilding, &c., in which, and in  to form excellent harbors, and admit the largest ships to lie
ship chandlery, its population is chiefly employed. Here alongside the warehouses in the middle of the town. The
is the S. entrance to the Thames Tunnel.                  water in them is kept fresh and clean by the action of the
ROTI/ERSTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of North- tide, which rises here from 10 to 12 feet. The river, opposite
ampton.                                                   the town, is from 30 to 40 feet deep, and bordering it is a fine
ROTHIERWICK, a parish of England, co. of Hants.         quay, 1I miles long, called the Boompjes, (little trees,) from a
ROTHIERW00    D, a post-office of Wautauga co., North  line of elms, planted in 1615, now grown to a large size.
Carolina.                                                 Many of the houses are quaint-looking and gabled edifices,
ROTHERWOOD, a post-office of Carroll co., Georgia, about overhanging their foundations. The principal buildings
130 miles W. by N. of Milledgeville.                      being along the chief.canals or havens, the other streets,
5 B                                                                         1617




ROT                                                         ROU
though all are well lighted with gas, have a less seemly    ROTUIMA, ROTUITMAH, ro-toofmah, JIOTUAM, ro-tootam,
appearance.                                                 or GREN/VILLE ISLAND, an island of the Pacific Ocean,
There are several market-places, among which may be  N.W. of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 120 30' S., Ion. 1770 30'
mentioned the Groote-market, (Great market,) having in the  E. Circumference, 18 miles. The surface is mountainous;
centre a metal statue in honor of Erasmus, who was a na- the soil volcanic, and in many parts carefully cultivated, the
tive of the city; the flax, the sea-fish and the river-fish, the  inhabitants appearing to be more advanced in social arts
pig, poultry, vegetable, butter and cheese markets. Theprin- than those of most other parts of Polynesia.
cipal buildings are the town-hall, court-house, house ofcorrec-   ROTZ, (Rtitz,) r6ts, RETZ, rats, or RETZA, rft/z,; a town
tion, the exchange, the old East India house, the government of Lower Austria, on the Thaya, 43 miles N.N.W. of Vienna.
dock-yards, arsenal, rope-walks, a mont-de-pidtd, &c. There are  Pop. 1900. It has a castle and a Dominican convent.
four Calvinisticchurches-the Grootekerk,(" Great Church,")   ROTZ, (Ritz,) a town of Bavaria, on the Schwarzach, 30
or Church of St. Laurens, founded in 1414, and finished in  miles N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1253.
1472. It contains monuments to De Witt, Kortenaar, and    ROUANS, roo'SGt, a village of France, departmentofLoire
De Brakei, and has (since it was improved in 1844) one-of  Infdrieure, 10 miles S.E. of Paimboeuf.  Pop. 4499.
the finest organs in the world, having 90 stops and 6500    ROUBAIX, roo'ba, a flourishing manufacturing town of
pipes, and esteemed by some superior even to that of Hear- France, department of Nord, on the canal of Roubaix, and
lem.  The other Calvinistic  churches are Prinsekerk, on the Northern Railway, 6 miles N. of Lille. Pop. in 1852,
(Prince's Church,) Zuiderkerk, (South Church,) and Ooster 34,698. It has a chamber of manufactures, and is one of
or Nieuwkerk, (East or New Church.) Besides these, there  the most industrious and thriving  towns in France. It is
are French, English Presbyterian, Scotch Reformed, English  abundantly supplied with water by Artesian wells. Its
Episcopalian, Christian Dissenter, Remonstrant, Baptist, and  manufactures comprise woollen and cotton fabrics, furniseveral Roman Catholic churches. The benevqlent, literary, ture cloth, carpets, and twist. Roubaix has also many dyeand scientific institutions include a hospital for aged women  works and tanneries. Its work-people are in better circumand another for old men, two orphan hospitals, a general stances than those of most other manufacturing towns in
hospital, a poor's-house, and. many friendly and benevolent the country.
societies. It is the seat of the central prison of the Nether-   ROUBION, roo'be-6Nol, a river of France, department of
lands; has an exchange, with a library and a collection of  Drame, joins the Rhone at Mont6limart, after a W. course
philosophical instruments; a Latin school, called the Eras- of 30 miles.
mus Gymnasium; schools of medicine and navigation, five    ROUBLEVKA, a town of Russia. See RoenLsVKA.
town schools, and numerous others; societies of the fine    ROUBTSERA, a town of Russia. See RooBnTSA.
arts, and of science, of literature, and of music.           ROUCOURT, roo'kooa/, a village of Belgium, province of
Rotterdam is more favorably situated for trade than Am- Hainaut, 18 miles WV. of Mens. Pop. 1390.
sterdam; its canals admit the largest East and West Indian    ROUDBAR, a town of Persia. See Roo00DAR.
vessels; a ship canal has been cut across the isle of Voorn;   ROUDBAR, a village of Russia. See ROODBR.
and it communicates by canals with Delft and the Hague,   ROUDNIA, a town of Russia. See RooDNIA.
by railway with the Hague and Amsterdam, and with Ger-   ROUDNIKI, a town of Russia. See RooDNIaI
many by steamers on the Rhine. Since 1830 its commerce    ROUDOMIN, a town of Russia. See ROODOMIN.; has increased niore rapidly than that of any other town in    ROUEN, roefen, (Fr. pron. rwdrN; anc. Ratomt agts or Re.
the Netherlands. It sends to the Dutch Eastern posses- tomsfagud,) a city of France, capital of the department of Seine
stone, and to the West Indies, provisions of all kinds, spirits, Inf6rieure, on the right bank of the Seine, here crossed by
wines, mineral waters, and manufaictured goods, in return  a stone bridge, connecting it with its suburb, St. Sever, and
for coffee, sugar, spices, cotton, dye-woods, &c. To England  by a new iron bridge, 68 miles N.W. of Paris, and 56 miles
and Scotland, with which it carries on an extensive and lu- E.S.E. of Havre, with which it is connected by railway. Lat.
cr-tive trade, it sends cheese, butter, flax, madder, garden  490 26' N., ion. 10 6' E. Pop. in 1852, 100,265. It stands in
and other seeds, fruits, ducks, and large numbers of sheep  a valley, on a gentle acclivity facing the S., and is built in the
and' cattle; With America and with France, Spain, Portu- shape of an irregular oval, the contour of which is marked out
gal, and the North states of Europe; it has also a consider- by the site of the old ramparts, which have been levelled down
able trade. The number of vessels engaged in the foreign  and converted into finely-planted boulevards. In addition
trade, increased from 1833 (tons 365,641) inwards, and 1913  to the town propelr, on the right bank of the river, there are
(tons 374,162) outwards, in 1846, to 2127 (tons 449,196) in- several suburbs, of which that of St. Sever, on the left bank,
wards, and 2095 (tons 466,952)" outwards. in 1851. Along  is the most extensive. When viewed from the adjoining
the Rhine it sends to Germany and Switzerland sugar; col  heights, particularly from the hill of St. Catherine on the
fee, cotton, dye-woods, indigo, spices, Dutch tobacco, rape- S.E., no provincial town in France presents a more magnifiseed, madder, butter, cheese, fish, &c., in return for wheat, cent and venerable aspect. A closer inspection, however,
rye, Mloselle and Rhine wine, pipe-clay, pottery-ware, Berlin- does not tend to heighten the impression. The streets, in
blue, chemical stuffs, &c.                                 the older portion, though long and toleriably straight, are
Besides its extensive commerce, Rotterdam  has 42 distil-  narrow, dark, and dirty; and the houses, for the most part
leries, several breweries, and vinegar-works, 5 tan-works, of wood, and often faiced with slate, are poorly built, and so
10 candle-works, 7 dye-works, 5 sugar-refineries, numerous  lofty and crowded as to exclude a free circulation of air.
blcachfields; and corn, oil, trass, snuff, and saw mills; a  Many of these houses, however, are interesting from their
shot-factory, and 8 ship-building yards.  It has likewise' antiquity; and in the W. part of the town, which is of more
steam communication with London, Leith, I-lull, Yarmouth, modern construction, there are several handsome streets,
Dunkirk, Havre, Antwerp, &c., and 11 steam-towing com- with elegant mansions of stone. To these must be added
panics. There are more English residents here than in any  the rows of houses along the magnificent quays by which
other town in the Netherlands.                              the banks of the river are lined.
Rotterdam is the birthplace of the celebrated Erasmus, of    Among the public edifices the first place is due to the
the naval heroes Egbert Kotenaar, Jan van Brakel, and  cathedral, a vast and imposing structure erected during a
Cornelius Tromp, and of Jan Hendrik van der Palm, a dis- succession of centuries. Its W. front, forming one side of
tinguished Oriental scholar, an eminent orator, and one of the fruit and flower-market, is flanked by two lofty towers,
the best prose writers Holland has produced.               in different styles of architecture, and is almost covered
ROT'TERDAM, a post-township of Schenectady co., New  with images and sculptures. The interior is 435 feet long,
York, onthe Mohawk River, 20 miles N.W. of Albany. P. 2446. 104 feet broad, and 891 feet high. It is in the early pointed'
ROTTI, an island, Malay Archipelago. See RoTTEE.         style, and has three remarkably fine rose-windows in the
ROTITINGDEAN, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.        nave and transepts. the choir has on its pavement small
ROTTINEST (RAT-NEST) ISLAND, West Australia, co. lozenge-shaped tablets of marble, marking the spots where
of Perth, is opposite the mouth of Swan River. Lat. 310 57' the heart of Richard Coeur de Lion, and the bodies of his broS., ion. 1150 25' E. Length, 10 miles; breadth, 4 miles.   ttier tenry.:his uncle Geoffreoy Plantagenet, and John Duke
ROTTO. an island, Malay Archipelago. See RoTTEE.         of BIedford, Regent of Normandy, were interred. The other
ROTTOFRENO, rot-to-fi'lno, a village of Parma, duchy, edifices most deserving of notice are the archbishop's palace,
and 6 miles VW. of Piacenza, on the Loggia. The united  immediately adjoining the cathedral; the abbey of St. Ouen,
French and Spaniards were here defeated by the Austrians with a church, regarded as one of the most perfect Gothic
in 1746. Pop. 3163.                                        edifices in the world; the church of St. Maclou, a fine speciROTTUM  rot/tfm, or ROTTUMIEROOG, rot/tfim-eh-rtg,, men of florid Gothic; the Hiotel de Yille, originally part of
an island of the Netherlands, province of Groningen, in the  the abbey of St. Ouen, and containing, in addition to the
North Sea, 4 miles S.W. of Borkum. Pop. 1726.              municipal buildings, a public library of 33,000 volumes, and
ROTTUM, a siver of Wtirtemberg, joins the Danube on the  a picture-gallery; the Palais-de-Justice; the Museum, pas.
right, about 7 miles above Ulm. Length, 32 miles.          ticularly rich in works of art, and other antiquities of the.
ROT/TUM, a village of the Netherlands, province of Fries- Middle Ages; and the Halles, a vast edifice, forming three
land, near Heerenveen. Pop. 209.                           sides of a parallelogram, and containing a se ries of halls, in
ROTTUAI, a village of the Netherlands, province of Gro- which the principal manufactures of the town are weekly
ningen, 14 miles N.W. of Appingedam. Pop. 250.            exposed for sale. In the Place de la Pucelle is a monumnent
TiOTTWEIL, rotl/il a town of Wiirtemberg, on a height erected to the Maid of Orleans, on the spot where the hebeside the Necar, 14 miles S. of Sulz. Pop. 3710. It is  roine was so infamously committed to the flames.
enclosed by walls, and has a gymnasium, an hospital, an    The staple manufactures are cottons, in a great variety
exchange, schools, and a considerable trade.              of forms, produced to such an extent as to make Rouen the
1618




ROU                                                       RiOUManchester of France. It is also famous for its confectionery. France, department of Charente, 13 miles N.N.W. of Angom.
The other principal articles are broad-cloth, combs, fine  lime;  Pop. in 1852. 2088.
liqueurs, chemical products, &c. There are also tanneries,    ROUILLE, rooy"A or rool'yA, a village of France; depart.
sugar-refineries, copper and iron foundries. The situation  ment of Vienne, 17 miles S.W. of Poitiers. P. in 1852, 2604.
of the town on the railway from Paris to Havre, and on an    ROUJAN, roo1zh6NaG, a market-town of France, departimportant navigable river; accessible by large vessels, is  ment of H Irault, 13 miles N.N.E. of BWziers. Pop. 1740.
very favorable for trade. The principal articles are corn,    ROUJANA, a town of Russia. See Res00ZHNA.
flour, wine, brandy, salt provisions, train-oil, colonial pro-   ROUKONI, a town of Russia. See RooKoNz,
duce, and the various articles of its manufacture, particu-    ROULERS, roo'l/, (Flemish Rousselcte, rows sA.l-J,) a
larly a species of striped and checked cotton goods called  town of Belgiun, province of West Flanders. on-an affluent
roeenneries.                                              of the Lys, and on the railway from Bruges to Courtrai, 13Rouen is the see of an archbishop, the seat of courts of miles N.W. of Courtral. Pop. 10,277. It has a-gymnasium,
primary jurisdiction and commerce, and of a court of appeal and manufactures of linens;
for the departments of Seine Inf6rieure and Eure, and pos-    ROULETTE, roo'llttl, a post-township of Potter co., Penn.
sesses a chamber of commerce and exchange, conseil deprud'- sylvania, about 8 miles W. of Coudersport. Pop. 222.
hoemes, mint, agricultural society, college, acadiie  uni-   ROULSTONE, ralston.  a parish of England, co. Hereford.
versita'ire, diocesan seminary, third-class school of hydro-gra-   ROUM, a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey. See SiEVAS.
phy, academy of science and art, and school of painting,   ROUMELIA or ROUM-ILI. See Roo0-ELEE.
sculpture,and architecture. It is a place of greatantiquity,   ROUMI-KALAH, Asiatic Turkey. See ROOM-KALAH.
and existed befbre the conquest of Gaul by the Romans,    ROUNCTON, (rankfton?) WEST, a parish of England, co.
under whom it took the name of Rotomagus;, which it retained  of York, North Riding.
for several centuries. In the ninth century it Was pillaged    ROUNDIAWAY BAYOU, (biho,) of Louisiana, traverses
by the Normans, who made it their capita.l  After the Nor- Madison parish a few miles W. of the Mississippi, with which
man conquest it long continued in the possession of the Eng- it communicates in high water. It is connected towards
lish, who finally lost it in 1449; eighteen years after they had  the S. with Bayou Vidal.
disgraced themselves by their inhuman sacrifice of Joan of    ROUND BOT/TOM, a post-office of Wayne co., Virginia.
Arc. Many eminent men have been born here, among    ROUND GROVE, a small post-village of Carroll co., Mis.
others, Corneille, the father of French tragedy, and Fon-:souri.
tenelle.                                                    ROUND GROVE, a township of Marion co., Missouri.
ROUERGUE, roo-aiRg!  or rw8Rg, an ancient district of  Pop. 1107.
France, in the E. part of the province of Guienne. It was    ROUND!HAY, a township of England, co. of York, West
divided into Haute-Marche, Basse-Marche, and Comt6. Ro- Riding,' 3 miles N.E. of Leeds. It has a picturesque church
dez was its capital. It is now included in the department and almshouses, and consists almost entirely of handsome
of Aveyron.                                               mansions with gardens and spacious grounds.
ROUEZ, wlz (?) a village of France, department of Sarthe,   ROUNDIIIEAD, a post-village and township of Hardin co.,
17 miles N.W. of Lemans. Pop. 2000.                        Ohio,. 14 miles S.W. of Kenton. Pop. of the township, 655;
ROUFFACIH, roof'fgkf, a walled town of France, depart- of the village about 200.
ment of Haut-Rhin, on the Strasbourg and Basel (B1le)   ROUND HILL, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut,
Railway, 9 miles S. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852. 3630. It  50 miles S.W. by W. of New Haven.
stands around a height, on which is'the Castle of Isenbourg,   ROUND HILL, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania.
a residence of several of the Merovingian kings. It has    ROUND HILL, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.
manufactures of cotton goods.                               ROUND HILL, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia.
ROUG1~, roo'zhY], a market-town of France, department    ROUND HILL, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.
of Loire-Inf6rieure, 6 miles N.W. of Ch&teaubriant. Pop. in    ROUND HILL, a post-office of Cooper co., Missouri.
1852, 2710.                                                 ROUND LAKE, a small lake of Hamilton co., New York,
ROUGE BAYOU, roozh bifoo, of Louisiana, traverses parts  has its outlet into Lake Pleasant.
of Avoyelles and St. Landry parishes, and communicates    ROUND POND, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.
with Achafalaya Bayou.                                      ROUND POND, a post-village of Wayne co., Mississippi.
ROUGEMIONT,  roozh'm6Naf, or RETCHMUND, rltch-   ROUND POND, a township of Independence co., Arkansas.
mtrtst, a market-town of France, department of Doubs, 22  Pop. 346.
miles N.E. of Besangon.  Pop. 1372.                         ROUND PRAIRIE, (prdree,) a small village of Shelby co.,
ROUGEMONT, roosh m6NO/, a village of Switzerland, can- Illinois.
ton of Vaud, on the Saane, 28 miles E. of Lausanne. Pop.   ROUND PRAIRIE, a small village of Andrew co., Mis1100.                                                     souri.
ROUGE  (roozh) RIVER, of Michigan, is formed by three    ROUND PRAIRIE, a post-village of Dallas co., Missouri,
branches, the North, West, and South, which rise in Oak- 82 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
land and Waslbenaw counties, and unite about 10 miles W.   ROUND PRAIRIE, a village of Bad Axe co., Wisconsin.
of Detroit. The river then flows into the Detroit River, 5    ROUND PRAIRIE,   a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon.
miles below the city just named. It is navigable for small   ROUND TENT, a post-office of Yuba co., California.
vessels to Dearbornville, about 10 miles.                   ROUND TOP, a post-office of Fayette co., Texas.
ROUGLIAM, r-f.am (?) a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.    ROUNYAH, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See R0oo0NYA.
ROUGHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            ROUPHIA, roo-fela, (ane. Alphels,) a river of Greece, in the
ROUGH CREEK, in the W. part of Kentucky, rises near  Morea, is formed by the junction of the Carbonaro, Ladon,
the boundary between IHardin and Grayson counties,.and  and Doganna Rivers, drains the whole table-land of Arcadia,
flowing in a direction WV. by S., enters Green River on the  and enters the Mediterranean on the W. coast of the Morea,
boundary between Ohio and Daviess counties. Length, near Cape Katacolo. Total course from the head of the Carabout 100 miles.                                          bonaro, upwards of 100 miles.
ROUGH CREEK, a post-village of Charlotte co., Virginia,    ROURE, roor, a village of the Sardinian States, division
105 miles S.WV. of Richmond.                              of Turin, 18 miles N.W. of Pinerolo. on the Clusone. P. 2942.
ROUGH CREEK, a post-office of Grayson co., Kentucky.    ROUROUTOU, an island, South Pacific. See OHETEROA.
ROUGH LEE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.       ROUSA, a town of Russia. See RoosA.
ROUGtH-AND-READY, rftff.nd rAd/dee, a post-office of    ROUISAY, roofs&, one of the Orkney Islands, in Scotland, 51
Steuben co., New York.                                    miles S. of the headland of Skea, in Westray. Length from
ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Penn- E. to W., 4 miles; breadth, 3 miles. The shores on the W.
sylvania.                                                 are rocky and precipitous; elsewhere low and sloping; and
ROUGH-AND-READY, apost-village of Fayette co., Georgia, on its S. side is a tolerable inn. With Eglishay, Weir, and
on the Macon and Western Railroad, 11 miles S. of Atlanta. Enhallow Islands, it forms a parish. Pop. 1294.
ROUGLI-AND-READY, a post-office of Chambers co., Ala-   ROUSE'S (riwsslpz) POINT, a flourishing post-village of
bama, with a station on the Montgomery and West Point Clinton co., New York, at the head of Lake Champlain, at
Railroad, 20 miles from West Point.                       the extreme N.E. cornerof the state. The Vermont Central,
ROUGII-AsN-READY, a post-office of Warren co., Ten-: the Northern, and the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railnessee.                                                   roads all meet at this point. The cars of the former road
ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-village of Anderson co., Ken- here-cross the lake by a bridge upwards of 5000 feet long,
tucky, on the turnpike from Louisville to Crab Orchard.    the centre ofwhich, about 300 feet in length, consists of a
ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-village of Hancock co., Illi- species of boat or floating bridge, so arranged that the passnois, 33 miles N.N.E. of Quincy.                         uing of the cars is not affected by any rise or fall in the
ROUGH-AND-READY, a post-town of Nevada co., Califor- water. Except while the cars are crossing, it is kept open
nia. Pop. in 1853, about 800.                             or swung round, so as not to interrupt navigatiofi on the
ROUGH-AND-READY MILLS, a post-office of Henry co., lake. The cost of the bridge, independent of the floating
Virginia.                                                 portion, was about $300,000. The depot in which all these
ROUGHTON, rlifltpn, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. roads terminate is an immense building, the upper part of
ROUGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          which is occupied as a hotel. It stands mostly over the lake.
ROUGNAT, rooniy/, a village of France, department of    ROUStHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Creuse, 7 miles E.N.E. of Aubusson. Pop. 2200.              ROUSSEAU, roo'sOt, a post-village of Morgan co., Ohio, 35
ROUILLAC, roo'ydk! or rool'yEk!, a market-town  of  miles S. of Zanesville.
1619




ROU                                                         ROX
ROUSSELAER, a town of Belgium.  See ROULERS.              of its hey. The Rowandiz River flows through a deep lime.
ROUSSES, LEs, 1A rooss, a frontier village of France, de- stone ravine to the Zab, 10 miles distant. The peak of'
partment of Jura, 20 miles N. of Geneva, with a custom- Rowandiz, Kendilan chain, is 30 miles E.N.E.
house, and manufactures of watches. Pop. in 1852, 2395.       ROWBERtROW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
ROUSSILLON, roo'seel'y6is! or roo'see'y6NOf, an old pro-   ROWDE, rfd, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
vince of South France, separated from  Spain by the Pyre-   ROWDIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
nees. Perpignan was its capital, as it is of the modern de-   ROWE, rS, a post-village and township of Franklin co.,
partment of Pyr6n6es-Orientales, with which Roussillon is  Massachusetts, 108 miles N.W. of Boston. It has manufac.
nearly identical.                                           tures of woollen goods. Pop. 659.
ROUSSILLON, a market-town of France, department of    ROWEN, rolgen, (OBER, ober, and UNTER, 66nfttr,) two
Isbre, 11 miles S. of Vienne. Pop. 1600.                    contiguous villages of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim.  PopROUTCHOUK. See RoosTCHdoO.                                ulation 1567.
ROUTH, rooth, a parish of England, co. of York, East    ROWEINA, a post-office of Russell co., Kentucky.
Riding.                                                       ROWENSKO, ro-.v3nfsko, a market-town of Bohemia, 18
ROUTOT, roo'to5, a market-town of France, department miles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1564.
of Eure, 10 miles E. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. 1101.              RO0WER, a village and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co.
ROUVILLE. roo'veell, a county of Canada East, bordering  of Kilkenny, 4 miles N. of New Ross. Pop. 3776.
on Lake Champlain, comprises an area of 429 square miles.    ROWE'S (r6z) CORNER, New Hampshire, a station on the
Pop. 27,031. This county is intersected by the Boston, Con- Portsmouth and Concord Railroad, 13 miles from Concord.
cord.-and Montreal Railroad, and the Sorell River washes    ROWESVILLE,, rozlvil, a post-village of Bedford co., Tenits western border. Capital, Clarenceville.                 nessee, 68 miles S. by E. of Nashville.
ROUVRAY, roo'vrAi, a village of France, department of    ROWIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Cbte-d'Or, 12 miles W.S.W. of Semur. Pop. 1165.               ROWLAND'S (r'lands) SPRINGS, a fashionable waterROUX, roo. a village of Belgium, provifice of Iainaut, on  ing-place of Cass co., Georgia, situated 56 miles N.W. of Atthe railroad from Brussels to Charleroi, 2 miles N.N.W. of  lanta, and 6 miles from theWestern and Atlantic Railroad.
Charleroi.  Pop. 2610.                                        ROWLANDSVILLE, rbflands-vil, a post-village of Cecil
ROUY, roo'eel, a market-town of France, department of  co., Maryland, 73 miles N.E. of Annapolis.
Nivre. 17 miles E. of Nevers. Pop. 1447.                     ROWLANDSVILLE, a post-office of Stanley co., North
ROVATO, ro-v4'to, a market-town of Lombardy, 11 miles  Carolina.
W.N.W. of Brescia.                                            ROWLESBURG, rlzlburg (?) a village and station of PresROVEGNO, ro-vln'yo, a town of the Sardinian States, ton co., Virginia, is finely situated on the Cheat River,
division of Genoa, province, and 15 miles S.S.E. of Bobbio, where it is crossed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 126
on the Trebbia. Pop. 2386.                                 miles from Wheeling. The river is navigable 40 miles above
ROVELLASCA, ro-v1-l-s kA, a village of Austrian Italy,  this village, and it also affords abundant water-power.
province, and about 9 miles S. of Como. Pop. 1600.            ROWLEY, r'lee, a parish of England, co. of York, East
ROWVER, a post-office of Bedford co., Tennessee.          Riding.
ROVERBELLA, ro-v6.-bl/lI, a market-town of Austrian    ROWILEY, a post-village and township of Essex co., MasItaly, in Lombardy, 8 miles N. of Mantuna.                  sachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 29 miles N.N.E. of BosROVERCHIARA, ro-vk-ke-1r4l, a market-town of Aus- ton. Pop. 1075.
trian Italy, 16 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige.           ROWLEY, REGIS, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
ROVERE, ro-vPrA, a market-town of Naples, province of    ROWINER, a parish and hamlet of England, co. of Haunts,
Abruzzo Ultra II., 15 miles S.E. of Aquila.                 3 miles S. of Fareham.
ROVEREDO, ro-vl-rA/do, (Ger. Rovereith, rovfeh-rIt',) a    ROWNO, rovlno, a town of Russian Poland, government
town of the Tyrol, on the frontiers of Austrian Italy, on the  of Volhynia. near several lakes, 115 miles W.N.W. of ZhitoLens, near its junction with the Adige, 13 miles S.W. of  meer, (Jitomir.)  Pop. 9240.
Trent. Pop. 8000. It is well built, and commanded by a    ROW'S, or ROWSIBURG, a post-village of Ashland co.,
strong castle. It has a gymnasium, an English conventual  Ohio, 94 miles N.N.E. of Columbus, contains about 50
establishment, and a seminary, with a public library, silk  houses.
mills, and manufactures of leather and tobacco.               ROWSLEY, (razlIee,) GREAT, a chapelry and township of
ROVEREDO, ro-vA-r-Ado, a village of Switzerland, canton  England, co. of Derby, 3A miles S.E. of Bakewell. It has a
of Grisons, S. of the Alps, 5 miles E.N.E. of Bellinzona.   station on the Midland Junction Railway.
ROVESCALA, ro-v~s-kAl', a village of the Sardinian    ROWSITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
States, division of Alessaudria, province of Voghera. P. 1858.   ROWZAH, r6w/lz, a town of India, in the Deccan, in
ROVEZZANO, ro-vet-sl/no, (L. Rovetianum,) a commune  Nizam's dominions, N.W. of Aurungabad, near the caves
of Tuscany, about 3 miles E. of Florence. Pop. 4600.        of Elora, and having fine remains of Mohammedan and
ROVIGNO, ro-veenlyo, or TREVIGNO, tr'-veenlyo, a sea- other edifices, including the tomb of Aurungzebe.
port town of Illyria, on the W. coast of Istria, 39 miles    ROXALANA, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.
S.S.W. of Triest. It is situated on a rocky promontory, on    ROXANIA. a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan.
the Adriatic, and has two harbors, ship-building yards for    ROX/BOROUGH, formerly a township of Philadelphia co.,
vessels of 300 tons, manufactures of sail-cloth, an extensive  Pennsylvania, now included within the limits of the contunny-fishery, and trade in wine and olives. It has a cathe- solidated city of Philadelphia, about 7 miles N. by W. of the
dral, a normal school, and 2 hospitals. In 1845, 168 ships  State-house. Pop. in 1850, 2660.
and 60 fishing-boats belonged to the port. Pop. 10,688.       ROXBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Person co., North
ROVIGO, ro-veelgo, a town of Austrian Italy, government  Carolina, near the source of Neuse River, 60 miles N.N.W. of
of Venice, on the Adigetto, here crossed by 4 stone bridges, Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, few stores, and
38 miles S.W. of Venice. Pop. 9600. Its walls, in part de- about 350 inhabitants.
stroyed, are pierced by 6 gateways, and it has a castle, nu-   ROXBURGH, roxtbflr-rh, or ROXBURGHSI-IIRE, roxmerous churches, convents, and charitable institutions, 2  b-r-reh-shjr, an inland and frontier county of Scotland,
theatres, an academy of arts, and a commission of works for having E. and S. the English counties of Northumberland
the Polesine district, of which it is the capital. It is the  and Cumberland.  Area, 715 square miles. Pop. in 1851,
residence of the Bishop of Adria. Under Napoleon it gave  51,642. Surface hilly in the S. and W., elsewhere mostly a
the title of duke to General Savary.                       tolerably fertile plain. Principal rivers, the Teviot, which
ROVILLE, roo'veel, a village of France, department of  intersects it throughout, and the Tweed in the N. Coal,
Meurthe, near the Moselle, 15 miles S.S.E. of Nancy.        lime, marl, and freestone are the chief mineral products.
ROVNO. See Rowio.                                         The principal manufactures are of woollens.  Its N. part is
ROW, rS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on Loch  intersected by the North British Railway and branches.
Gare. Here are remains of several old baronial castles.    Principal towns, Jedburgh, the capital, Kelso, Hawick, and
ROWAN, ra-.nf, a county in the W. central part of North  Melrose. The county sends 1 member to the House of ComCarolina. Area estimated at 600 square miles. The Yadkin  mons. Under the Romans it formed a part of Valentia,
River forms the boundary on the E., and South Yadkin on  and afterwards it was a part of the Saxon kingdom of Norththe N. The surface is hilly; the soil is generally fertile. umbria.
The Yadkin furnishes extensive motive-power on the boe-    ROXIBURGH, a county of New South Wales, enclosed by
der of the county. It is intersected by the Western Turn-  the cos. of Wellington, Philip, Hunter, Cook, Westmore.
pike, extending from Salisbury W. to Georgia, and by the  land, and Bathurst. Area, 1520 square miles. Pop. 2353.
route of the Central Railroad of North Carolina. The S. Chief towns, Kelso and Rydal. With the co. of Wellington
part of the county is comprised in the gold region. Formed  it sends 1 member to the Legislative Assembly.
in 1753. Capital, Salisbury. Pop. 13,870, of whom 10,016    ROXBURY, rox'ber-e, a post-township  of Oxford co.,
were free; and 3854 slaves.                                Maine, 44 miles N.W. by WV. of Augusta.  Pop. 246.
ROWANDIZ, ROWANDUZ, row-Anldiz, or RAVANDIZ,    ROXBURY, a post-township of Cheshire co., New Hampa fortified town of Turkish Koordistan, pashalic, and 75  shire, 37 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 260.
miles N.E. of Mosul, on an affluent of the Greater Zab; lat.   ROXBURY, a post-village and township of Washington
360 47' N.' Ion. 440 30' E. It comprises from 1000 to 1300  co., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 17 miles
houses, with a crowded population, and is encircled every- S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 967.
where, except on the river side, with a wall flanked by    ROXBURY, a beautiful city of Norfolk co., Massachusetts,
round-towers; besides which, it has a castle, the residence  on the Boston and Providence Railroad, 3 miles S. of Bos.
1620




ROX                                                       RUB
ton, with which it is connected by what is termed "Boston  defended by a fort, pilchard and other fisheries, and bathing
Neck."  Leading over this neck are three avenues, which  establishments.
are traversed by numerous lines of stages plying between    ROYAUMONT, roi'5'm6NG1, a village of France, depart.
the two cities. Much of the site now occupied by Roxbury  ment of Seine-et-Oise, with a cotton factory established in
was originally rocky and very irregular, but of late has  an abbey founded by Louis IX.
been greatly improved. Portions of it are quite elevated.   ROYBON, rw&'bdNiG, a market-town of France, department
affording fine views of Boston and the surrounding scenery. of lsre, 22 miles W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1853, 2294, partly
It would perhaps be difficult to find concentrated in any  engaged in steel-works.
city of equal extent such a diversity of surface, or so many    ROYMDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex, with a staelements of the picturesque.  The private edifices, all of  tion on the Eastern Counties Railway, 3 miles E. of Broxwhich are neat, and some very elegant, are, for the most bourne.
part, enclosed by spacious grounds adorned with flower-   ROYDON, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk.
gardens and a profusion of shrubbery; indeed, few places   ROYDON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
have been more improved by the horticulturist. For seve-   ROYE, rwM, a town of France, department of Somme, on
ral years past the city has been flourishing, owing in part the Arve, 23 miles E.S.E. of Amiens. Pop. in 1852, 3775. It
to its having become a favorite place of residence to persons has manufactures of beet-root sugar, and woollen hosiery.
doing business in Boston.  Its wealth and interests are  It was formerly fortified, and has sustained 11 sieges.
closely connected with that city, and it might with pro-   ROYIRE, roPi'aiR, a village of France, department of
priety, perhaps, be regarded as a suburb of the metropolis. Creuse, 23 miles S. of Gu6ret. Pop. in 1852, 2503.
It has, however, considerable trade of its own, and is also    ROYIERS FORD, a post-office of Montgomery co., Pennextensively engaged in manufacturing.  The most im- sylvania.
portant articles produced are steam-engines, steam-boilers,    ROYSfTON, a market-town and parish of England. cos. of
fire-engines, iron castings, chemical preparations, carpet- Cambridge and Herts, 13 miles S.S.W. of Cambridge. Pop.
ings, various kinds of fringe, tassels, cordage, leather, &c. in 1851, 2061. The town, situated among chalk downs, has
It has 2 banks, with a circulation of $160,000, and $20,000  a venerable church, originally part of a priory; a union
of specie; a savings' institution, an insurance company, and  work-house, and market-house, under which a curious ana gas-light company, incorporated in 1852, with a capital of  cient cave has been discovered.
$300,000. Two newspapers are published here. A beautiful   ROYSTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding,
burial-place, called the Forest IHills Cemetery, has recently  with a station on a branch of the North Midland Railway,
been laid out on the Dedham Turnpike, a short distance  16k miles N.N.W. of Rotherham.
back of the city. It comprises an area of about 70 acres,   ROYS/TON, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, on the
diversified with nearly every variety of surface, and va- railroad from Bellefontaine to Indianapolis, 70 miles N.E. of
riously adorned with winding pathways, plants, shrubbery, the latter. Laid out in 1850.
&c. The entrance to the grounds is by a fine Egyptian    ROYITON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
gateway. Boston and Roxbury were both incorporated the    ROYITON, a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana.
same year, 1630. The latter was chartered as a city in 1846.   ROZA or ROWZAH, rolzA, (" a tomb,") a town of HindosPop. in 1790, 2226; in 1810, 3669; in 1830, 5247; in 1840, tan, in the Nizam's dominions, province of Aumungabad,
9089; in 1850, 18,273; and in 1855, about 25.000.         and on the road from tlhat city to the caves of Ellora, 61
ROXBURY, a post-village and township of Litchfield co., miles W.N.W. of Dowletabad, with which town it is conConnecticut, about 35 miles S.W. by W. of Hartford. Hats nected by a good road, lined with Mohammedan tombs.
are manufactured here to a considerable extent. Pop. 1114.   ROZDIALOWITZ, roz-de-A-]offits, a town of Bohemia, cirROXBURY, a post-township forming the E. extremity of  cle of Buntzlau, and 36 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1177.
Delaware Co., New York. Pop. 2853.                           ROZELLf, a village of Indiana, on the New Albany and
ROXBURY, a post-township of Morris co., New Jersey, Salem Railroad, 21 miles S. of Michigan City.
47 miles N. of Trenton. Pop. 2269.                          ROZENBURG, rolzen-bURmGo, a fertile island of the NeROXBURY, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, 4 miles therlands, province of South Holland, in the Meuse, 8 miles
S. of Belvidere, contains 3 mills and a foundry.          S.W. of Rotterdam. Length, 6 miles; breadth, 1 miles.
ROXBURY, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania,    ROZIIESTVENKA or ROJESTVENKA, ro-zhkst-vkn/kA, a
14 miles N. of Chambersburg. Pop. near 200.               market-town of Russia, government of Koorsk, 12 miles W.
ROXBURY, a township of Washington co., Ohio. Pop. of Staroi-Oskol.  Pop. about 1500.
1093.                                                        ROZIIESTVENKOE or ROJESTVENKOE, ro-zhlst-vlnfROXBURY, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity  ko-A, a market-town of IRussia, government of Simbeersk, 32
of Dane co., Wisconsin..Pop. 274.u                       miles E.S.E. of Stavropol. Pop. about 1500.
ROXIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              ROZHESTVENO  or ROJESTVENO, ro-zhbst-vA/no, a
ROX'IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          market-town of Russia, government, and 49  iiles S.S.W.
ROX/O, a post-village of Marquette co., Wisconsin, 79  of St. Petersburgh. Pop. 1500.
miles N.W. of Milwaukee.                                    ROZHEV or ROJEV, ro-zh.v/, a market-town of Russia,
ROX/OBEL, a post-office of Bertie co., North Carolina.  government, and 38 miles W. of Kiev. Pop. 1500.
ROX/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.             ROZHITCH, ro-zhitchf, or ro-zheetchl, written also RAROXTON, a village and township of Canada East, co. of  SCHISCHTSCII or ROJICHE, a market-town of Russian
Shefford, 16 miles from Granby. Pop. of township, 650.    Poland, government of Volhynia, on the Styr, 13 miles
ROX/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            N.N.W. of Lootek. Pop. about 1500.
ROY, a small river of Scotland, rises 5 miles E. of the S.   ROZNAU, rotsfn~w, a market-town of Austria, in Mbraend of Loch Oich, flows S.W., and joins the Spean after a  via, 19 miles E.S.E. ot Weisskirchen. Pop. 2944.
course of 16 miles. It traverses the famous vale of Glenroy.   ROZOY or (ROSAY, roezA) EN BRIE, roezwA' 8o-bref, a
ROY, a small island of Ireland, co. of Donegal, in Mulroy  small town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, 17 miles
Lough, about 23 miles N.W. of Londonderry, half a mile in  N.E. of Melun. Pop. 1513.
length.                                                     ROZOY or ROSAY SUR SERRE, rozs siie saila, a small
ROY/AL, a township of White co., Arkansas. Pop. 224.   town of France, department of Aisne, 25 miles N.E. of Laon.
ROYAL CENTRE. a post-village of Case co., Indiana.      Pop. 1725.
ROYAL OAK, a post-office of Talbot co., Maryland.         ROZZO, rot/so, a village of Austria, in Istria, about 24
ROYAL OAK, a thriving post-village and township of  miles from Pisino. Pop. 1100.
Oakland co., Michigan, on the railroad from Detroit to Pon-   RSHEV, a town of Russia. See RZnEV.
tiac, 12 miles N.W. of Detroit. The village has a steam saw    RTINA, a village of Bohemia. See HERetiN.
mill, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 1092.       RUABON, a town of North Wales. See RHIWABONo.
ROYAL OAKS, a post-office of Cumberland co., Virginia.    RUAD, roo'&dr, (ans. Aradus and _rvad,) a small fortified
ROY/ALSTON, a post-village and township of Worcester  island off the coast of Syria, S.W. of Tortosa.
co., Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Mlassachusetts Rail-   RUAN, (roo-an.,) LANGIHORNE, a parish of England,
road, 65 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 1546.               co. of Cornwall.
ROYIALTON, a post-village and township of Windsor co.,   RUAN, MATJOR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Vermont, on White River, and on the Vermont Central Rail-    RUAN, MI/NOR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
road, 34 miles S. of Montpelier. The village contains several   RU/ARDINE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
churches, and an academy. Pop. of the township, 1850.       RU/ARK, a small post-village of Lawrence co., Illinois.
ROYALTON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Niagara    RUATAN, roo —t nt, or ROATAN, ro-a-tint, an island in
co., New York, intersected by the Erie Canal. It contains the'Bay of Honduras, at presentbelonging to the English,
springs of inflammable gas. Pop. 4024.                    off the N. coast of Central America, in let. 160 24' N., Ion.
ROYALTON, a township of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. P. 1253.  860 19' W. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 8 miles. Pop. 4000. (?)
ROYALTON, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, about 24  The surface is moderately elevated, and well wooded, but in
mWles S.E. of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, about 400.          the W. consisting of grassy plains; the shores abound with
ROYALTON, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop. 570.   turtles and fish. Near its S. extremity is a good harbor,
ROYALTON, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana, 14 miles with batterieslerected by the English before abandoning the
N.W. of Indianapolis.                                     island, after their first occupation.
ROYAN, ro'ySaNs, a maritime town of France, department    RUBELAND,  (Riibeland,) ritbeh-l~ nt',  a village of Ger
of Charente-Inf6rieure, at the mouth of the Gironde, 20 miles  many, in Brunswick, 7 miles S.W. of Blankenburg, on the
S.W. of Saluntes. Pop. in 1852, 3329. It has a small harbor  Bode. Pop. 578. In its vicinity are important iron works.
1621




RUB                                                         RUG
ARUBENACII, (Rilbenach,) riitbeh-nAk', a village of Rhen.   RUDE'S MILLS, a post-office of Lewis co.. Virginia.
ish Prussia, government, and W.N.W. of Coblentz. Pop.   RUDIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
108.3.                                                       RUDGELEY, rhjtlee, a market-town and parish of Eng
RUBI, roo-bee/,:a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, land, co., and 8 miles E.S.E. of Stafford, on the S.W. bani
and about 10 miles from' Barcelona. Pop. 1816.             of the Trent, here crossedhbyan aqueduct of the Trunk Canal,
RUBIANA, roo-be- nA, a market-town of Piedmont, divi- and on the Trent Valley Branch of the London and Northsion of Turin, province, and 18 miles E. of Susa. Pop. 3179. western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3054. The town has an
RUIBICON, (It. Il Rubicone, ii roo-be-kofnA,) a river of ancient church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a grammar school,
Central Italy, rises on the:borders of Tuscany, between  alms-houses, and other charities, manufactures of felt and
Mounts Tiffi and Sarsina, and flows E. to the Adriatic, which  hats, chemical-works, iron-forges, and near it some extensive
it enters 9 miles N.W. of Rimini. Length, 20 miles. It  collieries.'
was anciently regarded as the boundary between Italy Proper    RUDGIWICK, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
and Cisalpine Gaul. It is celebrated in history on account   RUDIIAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of Caesar's passage across it at the head of his army, by which    RUDIIAM, WsT,  a psrish of England, co. of Norfolk.
act he declared war against the republic.                    RUDIANO, roo-de!N.no, a village of Austrian Italy, governRUIBICON, a small river of Wisconsin, rises in Washing- ment of Milan, 5 miles S.W. of Chiari.  Pop. 1470.
ton co., and enters Rock River in Dodge county.              RUDIG, rooldiG. or WRUTEK, vroolttk, a town of BoRUBICON, a post-township in the S.E. part of Dodge co., hemia, S.S.W. of Saatz. Pop. 1060.
Wisconsin. Pop.827.                                          RUDKIOBING, (Rudkiidbing,) RUDKJOBING, (RudkjiiRUBIELOS, roo-be-Ailoce, a market-town of Spain, pro- bing,) rood/kyd'biny,, or LAFVINDSKJOBING, (Lafvindsvince, and 19 miles S.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2476.             kjibing,) llf/vinds:kySfbing, a seaport-town of Denmark, on
RUBIELOS BAJOS, roo-be-Mloce bA/noce, a town of Spain, the W. coast of the island of Zangeland, 9 miles S.E. of
in New Castile, 32 miles from Cuenca, on aheight above the  Svendborg. Pop. 2200. It is enclosed by walls, and has
Jucar. Pop. 1867.                                          some ship-building docks.
RIUBIERA, roo-be-hA', a town,of North Italy, duchy, and    RUDNIA, a town of Russia. See RooDNIA.
7 miles W.N.W. of Modena, on the Secchia, here crossed by    RUDNIKI, a town of Russia. See Roo0sIac.
a Roman bridge.                                              RUDOLFSTADT, rooollf-stitt', a village of Bohemia, 4
RUBIESZOW, a town, Russian Poland. See IIRUsIESZOW. miles from Budweis. Pop. 870.
RUBIO, EL, 1 roofbe-o, or PUEBLA DEL RUBIO, pw -bk    RUDOLSTADT. roodol-stltt', a town of Germany, on the
1h dBl rootbe-o, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province, Saale, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, 18 miles S.
and about 55 miles from Seville. Pop. 1500.                of Weimar. Pop. 5743. It is enclosed by walls, and has a
RUBITE, roo-bee!ti, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, pro- castle, the usual residence of the prince; a library of 40,000
vince, and about 35 miles from Granada. Pop. 982.          volumes, a gymnasium, a cathedral, and picture gallery. It
RUBLEVKA or RUBLEWKA, Russia. See Roo0LEvsA.   has manufactures of woollen cloth and porcelain.
RUBRUM MARE. See RED SEA.                                  RUIDOMIN, a town of Russia. See RooDOiIN.
RUBTSERA, a town of Russia. See RooBTs.aA.                 RUDISTON, a parish of England, co. of York, in East
RUCKERSDORF, (Rtiickersdorf,) rtik/kers-doRf, a village  Riding.
of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, on the Rasnitzbach. Pop.   RUE, ri, a river of France, department of Cantal, joins
1096.                                                      the Dordogne, near Bort, after a N.W. course of 25 miles.
RUCKERSDORF, (Riickersdorf,) a village of Prussian    RUE, a town of France, department of Somme, with a
Silesia, 43 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. station on the Paris and Boulogne Railway, 14 miles NW.
1053.                                                      of Abbeville. Pop. in 1852, 2262.
RUCFKER'S PRAIRIE, (prl/ree,) a post-office of Franklin    RUE, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 20 miles S.W.
co., Missouri.                                             of Freyburg.
RUCKIER'S REPOSE, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.    RUECAS, roo-AIkts or rwa/kls, a river of Spain, in EstreIRUCKIERSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Virginia,   madura, joins the Guadiana, near Medellin, after a S.W.
RUCKERSVILLE, a post-village of Elbert co., Georgia, 97  course of 40 miles.
miles N. by E. of Milledgeville.                            RUEDA DEL ALMIRANTE. roo-.A/A dl Al-me-rAn/tA, a
ItUCKERSVILLE, a post-village of Tippah co., Mississippi, small town of Spain, province, and 15 miles E.S.E. of Leon,
230 miles N. of Jackson, contains 2 or 3 stores.           on the Esla.
RUCKIERVILLE, a post-office of Clark co., Kentucky.       RUEDA DE MEDINA, rwl/Dl dA mA-deesnA, a small town
RUCKINGE, rbktinj, a parish of England, co. of Kent.    of Spain, 25 miles S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 2501.
RUCK/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           RUEGLIO, roo-Alyo, a village of the Sardinian States,
RUCKIMANVILLE, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia. division of Turin, province, and 7 miles W. of Ivrea. Pop.
RUCKS/TVILLE, a post-officeof Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.  1963.
RUDBAR, a village of Russia. See RoodnARn.                RUEIL, rwAi, or RIJEL, a village of France, department
RUDBAR, a town of Persia. See RooDBnA.                   of Seine-et-Oise, at the foot of the vine-clad Mont Valrilen,
RUD/BAXTON,  a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.  near the Seine, 5 miles W. of Paris, on the riailway to St.
RUD/BY-Iu-CLEVE/LAND, a parish of England, co. of  Germains. Pop. in 1852, 4581. Here is the chateau of
York, North Riding.                                        Malmaison, the residence of the Empress Josephine.
RUDWDELL, a township of Independence co., Arkansas.   RUELLE, rwMI, a village of France, department of ChaPop. 1174.                                                 rente, 5 miles N.E. of Angoulime, with a large cannon founRUD/DELL'S MILLS, a post-village of Bourbon co., Ken- dry. Pop. 1508.
tucky, on Hinkston Creek, 42 miles E. of Frankfort. It    RUESGAU, riilsglw, a village and parish of Switzerland,
contains 2 churches, and several stores.                  canton, and E. of Bern, on the Emmen. Pop. 2028.
RUDDERV00RDE, rtd/dgr-v8a'deh, a village of Belgium,    RUFFANO, roof-f Ano, a town of Naples, province of
province of West Flanders, 7 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 4320. Otranto, 16 miles E.S.E. of.Gallipoli. Pop. 1690.
RUDIDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.      RUFFEC, riif'flk/, a town of France, department of ChaRUDE, roo'deh, a village and parish of Austria, in Croa- rente, on the railway from Tours to Bordeaux, 26 miles N. of
tia, co. of Agram. Pop. 1344.                             Angouldme. Pop. in 1852, 3654. It has an active trade in
RUDELSDORF, roo/dels-doRf', a village of Bohemia, circle  cheese, truffles, corn, and chestnuts, and 12 annual fairs.
of Chrudim, about 13 miles from Leitomischel. Pop. 1450.  Several councils have been held here.
RUDELSTADT, rooedel-stlttt, a town of Prussian Silesia.   RUFFELSHEIM, (Riiffelsheim,) riif/fels-hime', a market24 miles S. ofLiegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 1200. There are  town of Hesse-Darmstadt, in Starkenburg, circle of Grosscopper and arsenic mines in its vicinity.                  gerau. Pop. 1522.
RUDELZAU, rooldelt-sew', or RUDELCZAU, roode.l-   RUFFEY, rtif'fV, a village of France, department of Jura,
ch~w', a village of Austria, in Moravia, on the Oder, 12 miles  arrondissement of Lons-le-Saulnier.  Pop. 1452.
from Weisskirchen. Pop.964.                                  RUFFIAC, rtif'fe Akt, a village of France, department of
RUDEN, rooeden, a small island f Prussia, in the Baltic. Morbihan, 7 miles S.S.E. of Ploerusel. Pop. 1721.
government, and 36 miles E.S.E. of Stralsund. It was at   RUFFIGNP, riiffeen'yy, a village of France, department
one time separated from R.igen by a small stream; but in  of Loire-Infrieure, 5 miles N.W.  of Ch'teaubriant.
1309 a violent storm broke through, and formed a channel   RUF/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, 5- miles
of considerable width between them. It is about 2 miles  N.N.E. of Ormskirk, with a station on the East Lancashire
long.                                                     Railway.
RUDENIIAUSEN, (Rildenhausen,) rilden-htw'zen, a mar-   RUF/FORTII, a parish of England, co. of York.
ket-town of Bavaria, 17 miles E. of Wtlrzburg.:Po)p. 954.  RUFISQUE, ri'feesk/, a maritime town of West Africa, a
RUDERSBERG, roodgrs-blao, a village of Wiirtemberg,  little E. of Cape Verd, and stated to have an active trade
circle of Jaxt, above the Wieslauf. Pop. 1268.            with the adjacent fort of Goree.
RUDERSWYL, roolders-fdl1, or RUDERSWEIL, roorders-   RUFO, roe/fo, a town of Naples, province of Principato
~ilP, a parish and' village of Switzerland, canton, and 13  Citra, W.N.W. of Sala. Pop. 2320.
miles E.N.E. of Bern, on the Emmen. Pop. 2256.              RUG/BY, a market-town and parish in the centre of Eng.
RUDESHEIM, (Riidesheim,) rii/des-hime', a town of Ger- land, co. of Warwick, on the London and North-western
many,in Nassau, on the right bank of the Rhine, in the  Railway, at the divergence of the Trent Valley Branch, and
Rheingau, opposite Bingen, 15 miles S.W. of Wiesbaden. S. terminus of the Midland Railway, and terminus of a
Pop. 2500. There are 4 ancient feudal castles in the vicinity.  branch of the Great Western Railway, 80 miles N.N.W. of
1622




RUG                                                      RUN
lrondon. Pop. of the town in 1851, 6313. The town is situ-    RUJM, rrim, a mountainous islandof the Inner Hebrides,
ated on an eminence S. of the Avon, has some vestiges of a  in Scotland, co. of Argyle, parish of Small Islands, 16 miles
castle built in the reign of Stephen, an ancient church, and  N.N.W. of Ardnamurchan Point. Length, 8 miles; breadth,
a celebrated public school, founded in the time of Queen  7 miles. Area, 22,000 acres. Pop. 124. Elevation of BenElizabeth. This was rebuilt in 1808 in the Tudor style, and  More, 2300 feet. The soil is moorland. and unprofitable.
consists mostly of a fine quadrangle with cloisters, an ele-   RUM, room, a town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburg,
gant detached chapel; it has about 300 scholars, 50 of  on the left bank of the Raab, 10 miles S.S.W. of Sarvar.
whom are on the foundation, an endowment now producing   ARUMA, roolmA, a market-town of Austria, in Slavonia,
about 50001. per annum, 14 valuable exhibitions to the uni- 35 miles N.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 6370.
versities, and a dependent alms-house. It is distinguished    RUIMA, a post-village of Randolph co., Illinois, 14 miles
as the scene of the educational and literary labors of the  N. of Kaiskaskia.
late Dr. Arnold. The town has little trade beyond that   RUMBEIKE, rdm'bAkhb, a village of Belgium, province of
caused by railway traffic and supply of the school.       West Flanders, 160 miles S. of Bruges, on the Mandel-Beke.
RUGELEY, England. See RuGnELEY.                         Pop. 6724.
RU(JEN, (Riigen,) riitghen, an island in the Baltic, belong-   RUMBOLDSWYKE, rflmlb9lds-wl'k, a parish of England,
ing to Prussia, government of Pomerania, separated from  co. of Sussex.
the mainland only by a strait from a half a mile to 2 miles    RUMBOWE, rtim-b6wte, an inland state of the Malay
broad. Lat. of lighthouse at its N. extremity 530 41' 12" N., Peninsula, lat. 20 49t N., Ion. 1020 30' E., enclosed by Naning,
lon. 130 31' 27" E. Area, 361 square miles. Pop. 37,000. It is Johole and Sangalore. Area 400 square miles. Estimated
very irregular in shape, and indented by a series of bays and  pop. 9000.
creeks, but possesses no good harbor. The surface exhibits    RUMTBURG, r6mfb66Rio, or RAUNEBURG, r1wtneha beautiful variety of hill and dale, and has many well- b5so't, a town of Bohemia, 42 miles N.N.W. of Buntzlau,
wooded slopes and wild, romantic ravines. The Stubbenitz capital of a principality belonging to the Princes of Liechtenis situated at the N.E. extremity of the island, and has a  stein. Pop. 4900. It has a castle, manufactures of woollen,
height of about 550 feet, forming a bold and precipitous  linen, damask, and cotton fabrics, and pipe-sticks.
chalky cliff, from the top of which a flight of steps, hewn in    RUMIBURGH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
the rock, leads down to the sea-shore. The soil is of remark-   RUME or RUMES, riim, a village of Belgium, province of
able fertility, equally adapted to agriculture and to grass. Hainaut, 5 miles S.W. of Tourney, on the French frontieir.
Grain and cattle are exported to a considerable amount. Pop. 2000.
The fisheries, also, are very valuable. In early times Riigen    RUMEGIES, rtimgh-zheel, a village of France, departwas held sacred to the goddess Hertha, and a small lake, ment of Nord, arrondissement of Yalenciennes. Pop. 1700.
surrounded by trees, is still pointed out as having been her   RUMES, a village of Belgium. See Ru=.
plrincipal abode. During the Thirty Years' War, the Swedes   RUMIFORD, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 35
gained possession of the island, and retained it till 1815, miles W.N.W. of Augusta, intersected by Androscoggin
when it was ceded to Prussia. Capital, Bergen. Among its  River. Pop. 1375.
antiquities are mounds termed the Hunnergritber, or" Tombs    RUMFORD ACADEMY, a post-office of King William's
of the Huns."                                              co., Virginia.
RUGENWALDE, (Rigenwalde,) riilghen-4Al'deh, a town    RUMFORD CENTRE, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
of Prussia, province of Pomerania, 19 miles N.N.E. of Cislin,   RUMFORD POINT, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
on the Wipper, near its mouth in the Baltic. Pop. 4250. It   RUMIIANCA, roo-me-An/kA, a village of the Sardinian
has a castle, two hospitals, and sea-bathing establishments, States, division of Novara, province of Pallanza, near Ornawith manufactures of linen, woollen, and sail cloths, dis- vasso, on the Tosa. Pop. 1377.
tilleries, and dockls for building coasting vessels.         RUMIGNY, ridmeenlyeet, a market-town of France, deRUGGISBERG, (Riiggisburg,) riiglghis-b6aoG, a village partment of Ardennes, on the Aube, 14 miles S.W. of Roand parish of Switzerland, canton, and 9 miles S. of Bern. croy. Pop. 766. The astronomer La Caille was born here in
Pop. 2978.                                                 1713.
RUGGLES, rtig/g'lIz, a post-township forming the N.W.   RUM-ILT or RUMELIA. See Roost-EcEr.
extremity of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 1168.                   RUMILLY, rii'meelyee, or rii'meel'yee, a town of Savoy,
RUGLES, rig'l, a town of France, department of Eure, on  on an affluent of the Rhone, 9 miles W.S.W. of Annecy.
the Rille, 24 miles S.W. of Evreux. Pop. in 1852,1972. It Pop. 4118.
has manufactures of pins and needles.                        RUMILLY, a village of France, department of Nord, 3
RUHLA, rool/, a village of Germany, in Saxe-Weimar,  miles S. of Cambray. Pop. in 1852, 2955.
7 miles S.S.E. of Eisenach.. Pop. 3500, on the R.uhe, which   PRUMINGIHEM, rii'mJNGaghlm/, a village of France, deseparates it into 2 parts, the E. of which belongs to Saxe- partment of Pas-de-Calais, arrondissement of St. Omer. Pop.
Coburg, and has 2120 of the above population.              1110.
RUILAND, rooel/ut, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the    RUM-KALAITH, Asiatic Turkey. See ROOT-KALAH.
Elster, 18 miles W.N.W. of HIoyerswerda. Pop. 1430.          RUM LAKE, of British North America. See CoNTwov-To.
RUHILE, roofmeh, a river of Germany, rises in Prussian    RUMItLEY, a township in Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1088.
Saxony, flows N.N.W., and joins the Leine a little N.W. of    RUMMELSBURG, rltnom91s-bO5aO, a town of Prussia,
Nordheim. Total course about 30 miles.                     in Pomerania, 35 miles E.S.E. of Clislin. Pop. 3120.
RUHR, rood, a river of Prussia, in Westphalia, after a    RUMSIMERFIELD CREEK, a post-office of Bradford co.,
very tortuous W. course of nearly 130 miles past Arnsberg, Pennsylvania.
Neheim, and IHattingen, joins the Rhine at Ruhrort, 15    RUMS~MON, a village of Palestine. See RIMMON.
miles S. of Wesel.                                           RUM/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
RUHR or ROER, rdoo, a river of West Germany and    RUMINEY, a post-village and township in Grafton co.,
the Netherlands, joins the Meuse on the right at Roermond. New Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal
Total course, 90 miles. It is subject to extensive inunda- Railroad, 59 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. of the towntions. Under the French, it gave name to a department, ship, 1109.
capital of Aix-la-Chapelle.                                 RUMPST, rnmpst, a village of Belgium, province, and 12
RUIRORT, rooRloet, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles miles S. of Antwerp, at the confluence of the Dyle with the
N. of Dusseldorf, on the railway to Minden, and at the con- Rupel. Pop. 2233.
fluence of the Ruhr with the Rhine. Pop. 3352. It has    RUMSEY, a town of England.  See Rose.y.
manufactures of cotton fabrics, steamship building docks,   RUM/SEY, a post-village of Muhlenbur, co., Kentucky,
and a transit trade.                                      on Green River, about 160 miles in a direct line S.W. ot
RUILLt SUR LOIR, rwee'y/ (or rweel'yA/) siit lw~a, a  Frankfort. It has 1 church, several stores, 2 saw mills, and
village of France, department of Sarthe, 13 miles S.S.W. of 2 grist mills. Pop. about 500.
St. Calais. Pop. 1455.                                      RUMSZISZKI, room-shish/kee, a market-town of Russian
RUINEN, roilngn, or RUNEN, rii/ngn, a village of the  Poland, government of Vilna, on the Niemen, 14 miles
Netherlands, provinceof Drenthe, 17 miles S.S.W. of Assen. E.S.E. of Kovno. Pop. 1600.
Pop. 1059.                                                  RUM/WORTH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
RUINERWOLD, roitnpr-Wolt', a village of the Nether-   RUNAWAY CREEK. See NoxusBEr RivE. n.
province of Drenthe, 24 miles S.S.W. of Assen, on the Wold    RUNICORN, a town and parish of England, co., and 13
Aa. Pop. 1245.                                            miles N.E. of Chester, near the head of the Mersey estuary,
RUINES, ri-eent, or rween, a market-town of France, de- and with a station on a branch of the London and Northpartment of Cantal, 6 miles E.S.E. of St. Flour. Pop. 944.  western Railway. Pop. of the town in 1851, 8049. The
RUISHTON, rishtton, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. town has docks, valuable stone quarries in the vicinity, and
RUISLIP, r~s'lip, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.   considerable trade arising from  its position at the termini
RUIVAES, roo-e-vtN/s, a village and parish of Portugal, of the Bridgewater, Trent and Mersey, and Mersey and
province of Tras-os-Montes, 24 miles from Chaves. Pop. IrwellCanals.  It is also frequented forsea-bathing.
1280.                                                       RUNC/TON, No,TH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
RUJANA, a town of Russia. See RoozHANAi.                  RUNCTON, SoUTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
RUKONI, a town of Russia. See RooKorN.                    RUN/DELL'S, a post-office of Crawford co., PennsylRULLES, rUll, a village of Belgium, province of Luxem- vania.
bourg, on a stream of its own name, 12 miles W. of Arlon.   RUNGHEN, (Riingen,) riingen, or RINGHfEN, a village
Pop. 1304.                                                of Russia, government of Livonia, near Lake Virtserv, 29!623




RUN                                                       RUS
miles S.W. of Dorpat. Birthplace of Catherine I., wife of    RURAL VIL/LAGE, a post-village of Armstrong co., Penn
Peter the Great.                                          sylvania, 12 or 13 miles E. of Kittaming.
RUNGPOOR, rtingpoorf, a town of British India, capital   RUREE, roolree, a town of Sinde, on the route between
of a district of its own name, 125 miles N.E. of Moorsheda- Luckput and Hyderabad, with a magnificent mosque. Pop.
bad.  Lat. 250 43' N., Ion. 890 22' E. Many years ago it about 1000. Lat. 240 22' N., ion. 680 30'E.
was composed of several distinct villages, with about 3000    RUREMIOND, a town of the Netherlands. See ROERMOND.
houses.                                                      RURIC or RURICK (roo/rik) ISLES, a group in the PaRUNGPOOR, a district of British India, presidency, and  cific Ocean, Palliser Islands, between lat. 150 10' and 150 30'
province of Bengal, having N. Sikkim and Bootan, E. Assam. S., ion. about 151~ E. They were discovered by Kotzebue,
Area, 4112 square miles. Pop. 1,214,800.                  in 1816.
RUNGPOOR, a town of British India, capital of Upper    RUS, roos, a town of Spain, province, and 25 miles N.E.
Assam, in lat. 260 55' N., ion. 940 30 E., on the Dikho River, of Jaen, with remains of a Moorish castle. Pop. 1917.
enclosed by walls, and having a palace and several mosques.   RUSA, a town of Russia. See RoosA.
RUNiiHALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            RUSCOMBE, rislkkim, a parish of England, co. of Berk9.
RUNTHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              RUS/COTMB MAN/OR, a township of Berks co., PennsylRUNKEL, rin/kel, a town of Nassau, on the Lahn, here  vania. Pop. 1235.
crossed by a bridge, 21 miles N. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1052.    RUSEHIANA, a town of Russia. See ROOZHANA.
RUNN, a remarkable tract of India. See CUTCH.              RUSIH, a seaport and market-town of Ireland, in Leinster,
RUNNIE-KA-KOTE, rfn/nee-kl~-kt, a large fort of Sinde, co. of Dublin, on a headland projecting into the Irish Sea,
near the Indus, 45 miles N.N.W. of Hyderabad.              and with a station on the Dublin and Drogheda Railway,
RUNININGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       14 miles N.E. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 1496. It has a small
RUNINING WATER RIVER, of Missouri Territory, rises  harbor, with a pier and coast-guard station.
in the Black Hills, and flowing at first S.E. and then E.,    RUSIHI, a county in the S.E. central part of Indiana. confalls into the Missouri River in about lat. 420 40' N., and  tains 410 square miles. It is drained by Blue River, and
lon. 980 30' W.                                            Flat Rock Creek. The surface is level, or gently undulating,
RUN/NYMEDE, a beautiful meadow on the S. bank of  and the soil is uniformly fertile. In a state of nature the
the Thames, England, co. of Surrey, W. of the town of Eg- county was occupied by dense forests. In 1850, this county
ham, and memorable as the place where the barons, in  produced 1,685,994 bushels of corn, the greatest quantity
1215, compelled King John to grant M{agna Charta.         produced by any county in the state, except Tippecanoe.
RUNOVICII, rioo/no-viKc, village of Austria, in Dalmatia,  Three railroads meet at Rushville in this county. Organizced
circle of Spalatro, about30 miles from Macarsca. Pop. 1202. in 1822, and named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, of
RUNS/WICK, a hamlet of England, co. of York, North  Pennsylvania. Capital, Rushville. Pop. 16,445.
Riding, 6S miles N.W. of Whitby, on the margin of the    RUSHI, a post-village and township of Monroe co., New
North Sea, which here forms an inlet called Runswick Bay. York, on Genesee River, 12 miles S. by W. of Rochester.
RUN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           Pop. 2015.
RUN/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.              RUSH, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 371.
RUOTI, roo-octee, a market-town of Naples, province of    RUSH, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 325.
Basilicata, 11 miles N.N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 3000.          RUSH, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylvania.
RUPEL, rii/pel, a river of Belgium, province of Antwerp,  Pop. 1178.
formed by the union of the Nethe and Dyle at Rumpst, has    RUSHI, a township  of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.
a N.E. course of 6 miles, and joins the Scheldt, 8 miles S.W.  Pop. 670.
of Antwerp..RUSH, a post-township of Susquehanna co., PennsylRUPELMONDE, r-i'pl1'mn6Nd/ or ri-pel,-mdn/deh, a town  vania, about 11 miles S. by W. of Montrose. Pop. 1160.
of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, oppo-   RUSH, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 893.
site the influx of the Rupel, 9 miles S.W. of Antwerp. Pop.   RUSH, a post-township in the S.E. part of Tuscarawas co.,
2600.                                                     Ohio. Pop. 1373.
RU/PERT, a post-village and township of Bennington co.,   RUSH, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Michigan.
Vermont; on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 86    RUSH, a post-village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 150 miles
miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1101.                      W.N.W. of Chicago.
RU/PERT RIVER, a river of British North America,   RUSII, a township in Buchanan co., Missouri. Pop. 557.
issues from the W. extremity of Lake Mistissinny.  Lat.    RUSHI/ALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
500 45' N., Ion. 72c 30' W.; and after a W. course of about    RUSSIALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, with a
300 miles, falls into James's Bay.                         station on the North Stafford Railway, 1~ miles N.E. of
RUPPERSDORF, r66p/pers-doRf', or RUPRECHTSDORF, Walslsall.
roo/prlats-doaf' or roo/prSKts-dosi', a village of Bohemia,    RUSHALL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
circle of KSniggritz, on the Steine, 6 miles from Brunau.   RUSHIAWAY, a post-office of Menard co, Illinois.
Pop. 1039.                                                   RUSHITBOTTOM, a post-office of IHolt co., Missouri.
RUPPERSDORF or RUPRECHITSDORF. a village of Bo-    RUSHIBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
hemia, circle of Buntzlau, 24 miles fi-om Gitschin. Pop. 1708.   RUSH/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
RUPPERSDORF, HOIHIEN, holen r50p/pgrs-donf', a market-   RUSS! CREEK, of Fairfield co., Ohio, flows into the
town of Lower Austria, near Gaunersdorf.  Pop. 1489.       Hockhocking River, below Lancaster.
RUPPIN, NEU noi rSop-peeul, (i. e." New Ruppin,") a town    RUSIh CREEK, Ohio, an affluent of Scioto River, which
of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, government of Puts-  it enters in Marion county.
dam, capital of circle, on the W. side of Lake Ruppin, 39    RUSH CREEK, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop.
miles N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 9941. It has a castle, a large  1218.
and fine church, a council-hall, a gymnasium, hospital,   RUSH CREEK, a post-township in the N.E. part of Logan
prison, barracks, and manulhctures of woollen stuffs, gloves,  co., Ohio. Pop. 1458.
leather, tobacco, and chiccory. Its trade is greatly facilitated    RUSH CREEK, a post-office of Union co., Ohio
by the Ruppin Canal between the Havel and the Rhine.         RUSH/DEN, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
RUPPIN. ALT Alt, (i. e. "old,") a town of Prussia, 2 miles    RUSHIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
N.E. of Neu Ruppin. Pop. 1753.                               RUSIH/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
RUPUNUNY, rip-oo-noo/nee, written also RUPONUNY,   RUSIIFORD, a post-village and township of Alleghany
RIPONUNY or RIPUNUNY, a river of British Guiana, and  co., New York, about 50 miles S.E. of Buffalo.  The village
the principal tributary of the Essequibo, which it joins  contains churches of 3 or 4 denominations, and several
about 200 miles from the coast, in lat. 30 N., Ion. 580 12' W., stores and mills. Pop. of the township, 1816.
after a N. course of 250 miles. It forms several falls over    RUSHFORD, a township of Winnebago co., Wisconsin.
granite ledges; its waters are turbid, and the vegetation on  Pop. 514.
its banks is far less luxuriant than that on the Essequibo.   R1USH LAKE, Wisconsin, near the S.W. extremity of WinRURA. See RUHa.                                         nebago county, in Rushford township, is about 5 miles long,
RU/RAL,  a small post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, on  and 2 wide.
the Ohio River.                                             RUSIH LAKE, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin.
RURAL, a post-office of Jasper co., Missouri.             RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. See CHIcAGo, Illinois.
R.URAL HALL, a post-office of Forsyth co., North Ca-   RUSHIMERE, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk.
rolina.                                                     RUSHIOCK, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
RURAL HILL, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.     RUSII RIVER, of Wisconsin, a small stream which rises
RURAL HILL, a post-office of Conecub co., Alabama.      in St. Croix county, and flows S. into Lake Pepin.
RURAL HILL, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.       RUSH RIVER, a post-township in the S. part of St. Croix
RUIRAL RETREAT/, a post-office of Wythe co., Virginia.  co., Wisconsin.
RURAL RETREAT, a post-office of Cole co., Illinois.       RUSHSYLVAINIA or RUSHYLVA/NIA: (see INT., VIII.)
RURAL RIDGE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- a post-village of Rush Creek township, Logan co., Ohio, on
ranta.                                                   the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad, 125 miles N.N.E. of
RUTRALVALE, a post-office of Whitefield co., Georgia.    Cincinnati.
RIUIALVALE, a post-office of Lapeer co., Michigan.        RUSHItTON, a parish of England, co. of Northlampton.
RU:RAL VAL/LEY, a post-office of Armstrong co., Penn-   RUSHTIION  TARIRANT, a parish of England, co. of
sylvania.                                                Dorset.
1624




RUS                                                         RUS
RUSH TOWIER, a village of Jefferson co., Missouri, on the  railroad has been surveyed through the county from  the
Mississippi River, 36 miles S. by W. of St. Louis.          river to Mobile. Formed from part of the Creek Indian terRUSH/TOWN, a post-village of Northumberland co., Penn- ritory, and organized in 1833. Capital, Crawford. Pop. 19,548,
sylvania, 65 miles N. of iHarrisburg.                       of whom 8437 were free, and 11,111 slaves.
RUSHULIIE, riitshlim, a township of England, co. of Lan-    RUSSELL, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, has an
easter.                                                     area estimated at 240 square miles. It is intersected by
RUSHVILLE, a post-village of Yates co., New York, on  Cumberland River, navigable by keel-boats. The surface is
West River, 205 miles W. of Albany. It is situated on the  hilly, and the land mostly too rough for culti-ation, exceptborder between Yates and Ontario counties, and contains 2  ing the river-bottoms, which are very fertile. Organized in
churches, 1 academy, 15 stores, and several steam  mills. 1825, and named in honor of Colonel Wiliasm Russell, a
Pop. in 1853, about 1000.                                   member of the Kentucky legislature. Capital, Jamestown.
RUSHVILLE, a post-village offSusquehanna co., Pennsyl-  Pop. 5349, of whom 4914 were free, and 435 slaves.
vania, 159 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg.                        RUSSELL, a county in the E. part of Canada West, comRUSHVILLE, a post-office of Appling co., Georgia.        prises an area of 379 square miles. The Ottawa River washes
RUSHVILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, 150  its N. border, and the Petit Nation waters the S. part. Pop.
miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. The Zanesville and Cincinnati 2870.
Railroad passes very near it.                                 RUSSELL, a post-village and township of Hampden co.,
RUSHVILLE, a thriving post-town, capital of Rush co., Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 116 miles W. by S.
Indiana, on Flatrock Creek, at the terminus of the Shelby- of Boston. Pop.e521.
ville and Rushville Railroad, 40 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis.   RUSSELL, a post-village and township of St. Lawrence co.,
It has an active trade, and is rapidly improving since the  New York, on Grass River, about 14 miles S. of Canton.  A
completion of the above-named railroad. Another railroad is  stone building erected here about the year 1810 was sold in
in progress, which, when finished, will connect this town with  1850, and it has since been proposed to convert it into a high
Cincinnati, 70 miles distant. Rushville is noted for its fine  school. Pop. 1818.
public buildings, among which are a court-house, and 3 or 4    RUSSELL, a post-township in the W. part of Geauga co.,
churches. Two newspapers are published here. Pop. 1598. Ohio. Pop. 1083.
RUSHVILLE, a thriving post-village and township, capi-   RUSSELL, a township of Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1386.
tal of Schuyler co., Illinois, is pleasantly situated on the    RUSISELLBURG, a post-village of Warren co., Pennsylborder of a prairie, 60 miles W.N.W. of Springfield, and 10  vania, on the Conewango Creek, 7 or 8 miles N. of Warren.
miles N.W. of the Illinois River. It is the centre of an active    RUSSELL HILL, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsyltrade. It contains 4 or 5 churches, and 1 newspaper office. vania.
Pop. of township, 2609.                                       RUSSELL PLACE, a post-office of Kershaw district, South
RUSHYLVANIA.  See RUSnSYLVANIA.                           Carolina.
RUSIA, a country of Europe.  See RussIA.                    RUSSELL'S, a district of Muscogee co., Georgia. Pop. 1424.
RUSK, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of    RUSSELL'S MILLS, a post-office of Tyler co., Virginia.
about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the    RUSSELL'S MILLS, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.
Sabine River, and drained by the Angelina River. The sur-   RUSSELL'S PLACE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.
face is diversified with prairies and woodlands; the soil is    RUSSELL'S STATION, a post-office of Highland co., Pennproductive. In 1850 this county produced 270,353 bushels  sylvania.
of corn-a greater quantity than was raised in any other    RUSISELLTOWN, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
county in the state, except Harrison. It is also the most Beauharnois, 50 miles S.W. of Mlontreal.
populous county in the state, except iHarrison.  It was    RUS/SELLVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylnamed in honor of General Thomas J. Rusk, United States  vania, 65 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.
senator from  Texas.  Capital, Henderson. Pop. 8148, of    RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Georgia, 24
whom 6012 were free, and 2136 slaves.                       miles WV. of MIacon.
RUSK, a post-office of Montgomery co., Texas.               RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village, capital of Franklin co.,
RUSK, a post-office of Surry co., North Carolina.         Alabama, on Cedar Creek, about 220 miles N.N.W. of MontRUSK, a thriving post-village, capital of Cherokee co., gomery.  It contains a court-house, a jail, and several
Texas, 233 miles N.E. of Austin. It is situated in a fertile  stores.
farming region, and is a place of active business, containing    RUSSELLVILLE, a village of Claiborne parish, Louisiana,
a court-house, several churches, and 1 newspaper.office.    210 miles N.W. by N. of Baton Rouge.
RUSK, a post-office of IIaywood co., Tennessee.             RUSSELLVILLE, a post-office of Pope co., Arkansas.
RUSKA POYANA, rooslk6h  po'yAtn6h', the highest sum-    RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Tennesmit of the Carpathians. is situated near the S.E. extremity  see, is situated in the New Market Valley, on the route of
of Hungaiy, lat. 450 40' N., ion. 220 30' E.; height, 9909  the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, 230 miles E. of
feet.                                                       Nashville.
RUSKIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village, capital of Logan co., KenRUSKOI, a town of European Turkey. See KESHAN.            tucky, on the State Road firom Louisville to Nashville, 180
RUStPER, a parish of England. co. of Sussex.              miles S.W. of Frankfort. It is surrounded by a beautiful
RUSS, r65ss, a market-town of East Prussia, near the  and fertile country, and contains 3 churches, 1 academy,
mouth of the Niemen, in the Curische-Haff, 26 miles N.W.  above 25 stores, 1 newspaper office, 1 oil mill, and 1 bank.
of Tilsit. Pop. 2159.                                       Laid out in 1810. Pop. in 1853, about 1600.
RUSSA, STAROI, a town of Russia. See STARAA. RoOSSA.   RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, 100
RUSStDALE STAND, a small village of Lauderdale co., miles S. by W. of Columbus, and 10 miles from the Ohio
Mississippi.                                                River.
RUSSDORF, r53ss/donf, a village of Saxe-Altenburg, near    RUSSELLVILLE, a township of Clinton co., Indiana.
Altenburg. Pop. 1931.                                       Pop. 77.
RUSSEIGNIES, riissain'yAf, a village of Belgium, pro-   RUSSELLVILLLE, a post-village of Putnam co., Indiana,
vince of East Flanders, on the Rogue, near the frontiers of  17 miles N.W. of Greencastle.
IHainaut, 21 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1024.                RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Illinois,
RUSSELHEIM, r3'stsel-hime', or RUSSELSIHEIM, ridsf- on the Wabash River.
sels-hime', a market-town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt,    RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Cole co., Missouri, 15
on the Main, 13 miles W.S.W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1422.       miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City.
RUSISELL, a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, border-    RUS'SELSBURG, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania
ing on Kentucky, has an area of 1225 square miles. It is    RUSSEY, riis'sAf, a village of France, department of Doubs,
intersected by Clinch River, and also drained by the sources 38 miles from Montb6liard.  Pop. in 1852, 1060.
of the West Fork of Sandy River. Guest's River forms part   RUSSIA, rrishle-a or roo/she-,(Russ. Poccia, Rossiya, rosof the S.W. boundary. The Cumberland Mountain forms seelye or Russiya(?)Fi-r.Russie, riis'seel;Ger.Russland,rsiiOsltnt;
Its boundary on the N.W., and Clinch Mountain extends  Sp. ucsia, rootse-A; It. Russia, roosse-[,) formerly called MiUSalong the S.E. border. A large portion of the county is COVY, mnistko-ve, probably the most extensive empire that
mountainous and sterile, but the valleys contain some good  has ever existed, either in ancient or modern times, extends,
land. Iron ore, stone coal, and marble are found. Large  in Europe, Asia, and America, from lat. 380 to 780 20' N.,
quantities of maple-sugar are made in the county. Named  and from  ion. 180 E. eastward to 1320 W. It is bounded on
in honor of General William Russell, one of its principal the N. by the Arctic Ocean; W. by Sweden, the Baltic Sea,
citizens.  Capital, Lebanon.  Pop. 11,919, of whom 10,937  Prussia, Austria, and Moldavia; S. by European Tur-key, the
were free, and 982 slaves.                                 Black Sea, Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Independent Tartary.
RUSSELL, a county in the E. part of Alabama, bordering  the Chinese Empire, and the Pacific; and E. by British
on Georgia, has an area of about 900 square miles. The  America. Commencing not far from the W. shores of EuChattahoochee River forms the entire E. boundary. The  rope, it stretches continuously, first across the whole ofthat
county is also drained by the Uchee, Wacoochee, and Cowe- continent, next over the whole continent of Asia, and lastly,
kee Creeks. The surface is uneven, and presents almost  crossing Behring's Strait, finds no limit till it comes in conevery variety of soil. In 1850 this county produced 119,150  tact with British America, after having passed over 30 depounds of rice-the greatest quantity of that article pro- grees more than half the circuit of the globe. or. in all. aba t
duced in any county of the state. The Montgomery and  210 degrees of longitude. Owing, however, to the high latiWest Point Railroad traverses the N.W. part, and another tude on which this course must be traced, the whole length
1625




RUS                                                        RUS
from E. to W. is less than the number of degrees might lead  plains, are those districts of Perm  and Orenboorg which ar.
us to suppose, and is estimated at not more than 7000 miles. situated on the E. side of the Ural Mountains, and slope
The greatest breadthis in Europe, near the Asiatic boundary, towards the vast steppes of Asia.
where the distance, from the southernmost point in the Can-   Geology.-Till recently, the geological formations of Russia
casus Mountains to the northernmost in the White Sea, is had been very imperfectly explored, and the most erroneous
about 4000 miles; the average breadth falls far short of this, ideas were entertained in regard to them. The more accuand probably does not exceed 1500 miles. "Its surface is esti- rate information now possessed is mainly due to Sir Rodemated to comprise one-thirtieth of the whole superfices of  rick Murchison and his coadjutors.  Their united work on
the globe, one-seventh of its land, and more than double  Russia, and the map and illustrative sections which accomthe whole area of Europe; the total area being given, accord- pany it, furnish all the geological information -that can be
ing to the nesarest apprdximations which can be made, at required.  A vast tract of gneiss and other crystalline
7,821,125 square miles. Of these, the proportions belonging  schists; penetrated by granite, extends W. from the Gulf of
to Europe, Asia, and America, and their respective popula- Bothnia, and N. from the Gulf of Finland, over the whole
tion, are exhibited in the following table:-                principality of the latter name, the W. part of the governArea and Population of the Russian Emopire.          ment of Olonets, and the greater part of the government of
Archangel. The only otherregion in which a similar developArea, in    Population   ment occurs is in the S., where a large granite steppe, conmsquare miles.   in 1851.    mencing near Ovrootch, in the N.E. part of thegovernment
E _________________  _____-.  aof Volhynia, stretches in a 8.E. direction, covering the fatr
Asiatic Russia —                                eai    greater portion of the government of Kiev, as much of the go-.Siberia, (including a portion of the                    vernment of Podolsk as lies N. of the B3ug, the N. half of
Kirgheez,)......................  4,812,389  2.887,184   the government of Kherson, the W. and S. of Yekaterinoslav,
Transcaucasian Provinces........  81,232    2,173,354    and a part of Taurida, terminating just before reaching the
Russian America....................  S9a,000    61,000
____    shores of the Sea of Azof, from which it is excluded by a
Total...........................  7,430,125    65,220,5850    narrow belt of tertiary marls and limestone.'  In the B.,,h ~~~~~~                       however, and along the whole crest of the Ural Mountains,
The continuity of the empire, at least of the Asiatic and  from  their commencement on the shores of the Arctic
European portions of it, might seem to suggest the propriety  Ocean, and almost continuously S. to their last ramificaof viewing it as one great whole, and of proceeding accord- tions, granite of more recent origin than that already meningly to give a detailed description of it in a. sin-le article; tioned occurs, in connection with other eruptive rocks of
but, on the other hand, its immense magnitude, and the  greenstone, porphyry, sienite, serpentine, &c. These rocks
distinct names commonly used to designate these portions, are overlaid on both sides of the chain by metamorphic
make it more convenient to consider them'rseparately under  schists, forming long and narrow belts nearly parallel with
the four heads of European Russia, Siberia, Transcaucasian  its principal axis. Immediately to the W. appears a simiRussia, and Russian America.:lar belt of silurian strata, which, where lowest in the series,
EuarOPEA RussIA has the same boundaries on the N. and W. is in the state of chloritic and talcose schists. The only other
as those given above for the empire. Its S. boundaries   also  locality in which the silurian system  receives:a marked
are the same as far E. as the eastern shores of the Black Sea, development, is on the S. shores of the Gulf of Finland,
beyond which they are formed by the Caucasus MIountains. where it stretches from its W. extremity, E. along the goThe E. boundary is not so well defined. In its upper part, vernments of Esthonia and St. Petersburg, and is then conthe Ural Mlountains form  such a conspicuous natural bar- tinned across the isthmus between the E. extremity of the
nier, that their title to fix the frontiers of Europe and Asia,  gulf and Lake Ladoga, and along the S. and S.E. shores of
so far, at least, as the governments of Archangel and Vologda  that lake.
extend, has been almost universally recognized. To the S.   In immediate contact with this silurian formation on the
of this, the boundary may be said to be almost arbitrary. S., but on a much more extensive scale of development, apSome continue to follow the Ural chain southward till it pears the Devonian system, or old red sandstone, as it is
reaches the sources of the river Ural, and then the course of  sometimes called. The main body of this formation comthis river to its mouth in the Caspian; this boundary has  mences near the S.E. shores of the Baltic, and gradually
the advantage of being at once simple and definite. Others,  widens out with its N.E. and S.E. sides, so as to assume the
in forming the boundary, quit the Ural chain much earlier, shape of a wedge; then forking, sends one of its branches
and, commencing at the sources of the Vishera, follow it N.E. across Lake Onega, and along Archangel Bay, to the
downwardsto its junction with the Karnma, then the Ka ma  N.W. extremity of Mezen Bay, and the other S.E. to the
to its junction with the Volga, and finally follow the Volga  N.W. frontiers of Voronezh. Itthus covers continuously the
to its mouth. This boundary, though less simple than the  whole of the governments of Courland, Livonia, Yitebsk,
former, has like it the merit of being well defined, and per- and Pskov, and parts of Yilna, Minsk, Moheelev, and Smohaps surpasses it by the prominence which it gives to the  lensk on the one side, and of Petersburg and Novgorod on
Volga, whose mighty flood would seem almost to entitle it to  the other; while its N.E. branch traverses Olonets, and
be the boundary of a continent. The Russian government, penetrates into Archangel; and its S.E. branch stretches
however, has entirely discarded both of these boundaries, and  over considerable parts of Kalooga, Osel, and Toola. The
produced confusion by forming two of its largest govern- same formation occurs in a belt stretching S.S.E. from the
ments, Perm and Orenboorg, out of territories which do not E. shore of the Gulf of Tcheskala, in the Arctic Ocean, and
bslong exclusively to either Europe or Asia, but partly to  in a longer but narrower belt on the W. side of the Ural
both. In these circumstances, it seems preferable to con- chain, where it immediately overlies the silurian formation
sider these governments as belonging to Europe, within  already mentioned.
whose limits their capitals are situated. European Russia,    The formation next in order is the carboniferous. The
as thus defined, is bounded on the E. by the governments  main body of it lies within the above fork of the old red sandof Tobolsk and Omsk, and the Ural Mountains, and on the  stone, and in immediate contact with it, and then keeping
S.E. by Independent Tartary, the Caspian Sea, and Asiatic  parallel with the N.E. branch of the fork, is continued in
Turkey.                                                     the same direction to its termination in Mezen Bay. It
Face of the Counltry.-The surface of Russia may be con- occupies the whole of the government of Tver, the capital
sidered as one vast plain, enclosed by the Ural Mountains  of which is situated near its centre; and large parts of Smoon the E., the Caucasus on the S., and partly by the:Carpa- lensk, Kalooea, Toola, and Riazan on the one side, and of
thians on the W.; it opens to the Caspian Sea on the S.E., Novgorod and Olonets on the other. The government of
and the level countries of North Germany on the W. Moscow is situated in the very heart of it, and that of
Throughout this vast extent it does not contain a single  V1adimeer on its E. side. The carboniferous system  occurs
mountain; the highest point, between the Baltic and the  in two other distant and isolated localities; the one in the
Black Sea, near Kiremenets, is 1325 feet in height; the Baltic  S., a little N. of the Sea of Azof, where it occupies the E.
provinces have a mean elevation of 1000 feet above the  part of the, government of Yekasterinoslav, and the W. exBaltic. The centre:of the country is occupied by a dome- tremity of that of Don Cossacks, and where, too, the coal
shaped elevation traversed by the Valdai Hills the average  forming  the characteristic mineral of the system, is parheight of which is from 800 to 900 feet, and the summit 1100  tially worked by pits; the other locality is on the W. side
feet above the sea; these sink rapidly to the SE., where they  of the Ural chain, where, in the ascending series, it succeeds
are lost in marshes. This elevation, extendse across Russia  the silurian and Devonian systems, and has a larger dein an irregular waving line, mainly in a N.E. direction, corn- velopment than either of them.
mencing on the frontiers of Poland, and terminating on the    This development of the carboniferous system on the side
W. side of the Ural Mountains, near lat. 620 N. It forms  of the Ural chain, and the still larger developmerit above
the E. continuation of the great watershed which divides described as existing in the governments of Smolensk, Kathe whole continent of Europe into a N. and a S. basin. In  looga, &c., form the opposite boundaries of a system which
the E,, the Ural chain, though nowhere exceeding 7000 feet, in European Russia is magnificently developed; and to
seems much more elevated from its high latitude, and con- which, from  the large space that it covers in Perm and
sequent covering of perpetual snow; in the S., the moun- the contiguous governments, Sir R. Murchison has protales of Taurid, lining the S. shores of the Crimea, have a  posed to give the name of the Permian system. Its rocks
height of about 4000 feet. With these exceptions, the only  belong to the upper part of the coal measures, and consist
other parts of European Russia, whichj according to the  chiefly of magnesian limestone and new red sandstone.
limits above assigned to it, do not belong to its two immense  The latter name is still often applied to the whole system. In
1626




RUS                                                         RUS
Russia, the main body of it, though somewhat irregular in  velopments of the carboniferous system are chiefly confined
shape, may be considered as an immense triangle, the three  to its lower strata, and is much more remarkable for its imaangles of which have their respective vertices at Oostioozhna,  mense masses  of mountain-limestone than its productive
in the government of Novgorod; MIezen, near the bay of the  seams of coal. The upper portion of the system, which alone
same name, in the government of Archangel; and Orsk, on  contains the coal-measures for which West Europe, and
the Ural, in the government of Orenboorg. Vast as this  more especially Great Britain, is distinguished, has' no despace appears, it must still be increased bysupposing that  cided representative in Rtsseia. The chief fields of coal yet
the line which joins Mezen and Orsk, and forms the longest  ascertained to exist:are among the Yaldai Hills, where the
side of the triangle, is not perfectly straight, but curves E.,  coal is generally so thin and poor as hardly to merit the
so as to include the districts around the towns of Tcherdeen,  name; in the government of Moscow, where seams from 3
(Tscherdin,) Solikansk, Perm, and eofa. A glance at the  to 6 feet thick are seen cropping out in many ravines, but
map will show that the Permian system, as traced by these  is of an inferior quality; and in an extensive tract between
limits, must extend over the whole of the goverunments of  theDnieper and the Don, chiefly in that part of it watered
Kostroma, Yiatka, and Kazan, and large parts of Arch-  by the Donetz. This last coal-district is said by Murchison
angel,Vologda,Yaroslav, Nizhnee-Novgorod,Simbeersk,Oren-  to be by far the richest in the Russian Empire, and extends
boorg, and Perm. Its continuity over the whole of the space  over an area of not less than 11,000 square miles. It has
is undoubted; but in the N. of the governments of Kostroma  been very imperfectly explored, but does not seem entitled
and Viatka, and more especially in the part of Vologda be-  to raise very high expectations. It is worked in several
tween the towns of Nikolsk and Oost-Sisolsk, it disappears  localities, and more especially at Alexandrovsk, in a seam
for a time beneath strata belonging to the Jurassic or oolitic  about 7 feet thick, composed of a soft bituminous coal, consystem. This system is developed partially in several other  taining a great deal of sulphur, both in lumps of pyrites,
localities, and very largely in the N.E. of the government  and in the much more injurious form of frequent. thin filaof Archangel. Immediately above it, in the geological series,  ments, wrought, as it were, into its very texture. In some
is the cretaceous system, of which the principal localities  other localities, the quality of the coal seems to improve; but
are Tchernigov, Orel, Koorsk, Kharkov, and Voronezh, near  except in those governments where wood is scarce, it is evithe centre; Volhynia and a small part of Poland in the W.;  dent that the known coal-fields of Russia cannot be turned
and a long tract along the N. base of the Caucasus.         to much account. It is probable, however, that besides the
The rocks next in succession belong to the tertiary forma-  known coal-fields, others of greater value, though, from
tion, which in both its eocene and melocene periods is very  their greater depth requiring more expensive fittings, exist
largely developed. Strata of the eocene period, commencing  in other quarters, more especially in those governments
in the E. in the government of Simbeersk, stretch W. over  where the Permian system is most largely developed. For
the greater part of the governments of Penza and Tamboy,  the smelting of metals, the boundless forests furnish a more
then, after a considerable interruption, reappear on the  valuable material; and ages must elapse before these can
frontiers of Koorsk and Kharkov, cover the far greater  be so much thinned as to make either the search for coal,
part of the governments of Tchernigov and Polteva, and are  or the working of it, objects of much importance. The
thence continued without interruption into the govern-  only other mineral products deserving of notice are quarments of Moheelev, Minsk, Grodno, and finally into Poland.  ries of granite and marble, both of which, of excellent
The meiocene period has its chief developments in Volhynia,  quality, are found near the shores, and to the N.E. of Lake
Podolsk, and Bessarabia. Beds of still more recent forant-   Ladoga.
tion may be traced in the limestones, marls, and clays on    Rivers, Lalces, drc.-The broad central ridge above referred
the N.W. shores of the Black Sea, on the far greater part of  to, forming the great watershed of the country, sends the
the peninsula of the Crimea, on the E. and N. shores of the  waters on the N. side of it either to the Arctic Ocean or to
Sea of Azof. on the low fiats along the W. and N. shores of  the Baltic, and those on the S. side to the Black Sea or to
the Caspian, and the low sandy steppes of Astrakhan. Mere  the Caspian. These, therefore, form the four great basins
alluvial deposits, of comparatively recent date, are to be  to which all the rivers of European Russiabelong. These
found in a greater or less degree at the mouths of all the  rivers are remarkable both for their number and their
rivers, and are particularly discernible in the great estuary  magnitude. Beginning with the basin of the Arctic Ocean,
of the Petchora. As a curious and interesting fact con-  and proceeding from E. to W., we find first the Petchora,
nected with geology, may be mentioned the vast numbers  which, after receiving its waters chiefly from the W. slopes
of erratic blocks and simnilar drift spread over the greater  of the Ural Mountains, by a number of important affluents,
part of North Russia, and evidently transported into it from   accumulates them  into one great flood, which then flows
Finland, Lapland, and Sweden.                               almost due N., and empties itself into the Arctic by a wide
_finerals.-These are both numerous and very valuable.  estuary, remarkable for the number of islands which the
Gold is obtained in large quantities, both by mining and  alluvial deposits of the river have formed within it. The
washing, on the slopes of the Ural Mountains, and the  Petchora is the only large river of European Russia which
streams which descend from them. All of these, however,  thus sends its waters directly to the Arctic Ocean; all the
with a very few exceptions, are found on the E. side of the  others are received by it indirectly through the medium
chain. and, therefore, belong more propesly to Asiatic than   of the White Sea.  Their names are the Mezen, North
to European Russia. The produce of the gold mines of  Dwina, and Onega. By far the most important of the three
Russia, in 1847, was estimated at $20,000,000; in 1849, it  is the Dwina, which, receiving its supplies in nearly equal
reached only $17,400,000. Copper is found both in the  quantities from the E. by the Yitchegda, and from the W.
Yaldai and the Ural Mountains. To the WV. of the latter, in  by the Soochona, flows N.W. in a very circuitous course,
all the low country of Perm, arevast cupriferous deposits,  continually augmented by large affluents, and falls into the
from  which large quantities of copper are annually ob-  Gulf of Archangel, a little below the well-known port of
tained, under the most favorable circumstances, the work-  that name. The surface drained by the rivers of this basin
ings themselves being not only comparatively easy, but all  is almost entirely confined to the two extensive governthe materials necessary for smelting, and more especially  ments of Archangel and Vologda.
unlimited supplies of fuel, existing in their immediate vici-    The basin next in order is that of the Baltic. Its prinnity.  The governments of Olonets, Viatka, Kazan, Vo-  cipal rivers are the Kemi and the TorneS, (the latter comlogda, and Orenboorg have also their copper-mines. Iron,  mon to both Russia and Sweden,) which fall into the Gulf
the most widely diffused of all the Russian metals, and  of Bothnia; the Kymmene, the Neva, and the Narva or
the most extensively and profitably worked, is found not  Narowa, which fall into the Gulf of Finland; the Aa and
only among the mountains, but extensive beds of bog-iron  the South Dwina, which flow into the Gulf of Riga; the
ore exist in the lowest marshy grounds. The principal seat  Niemen or Memel, which enters Prussia before terminating
of the iron manufacture is in the government of Perm; but  its course; and the West Bug, an affluent of the Vistula.
important workings are carried on, and great numbers of  To the basin of the Black Sea belong the Dniester, the South
blast-furnaces have been erected, in many other quarters.  Bug, and the Dnieper, all which have their mouths at a
Lead is more sparingly diffused, and is worked chiefly in  short distance from each other, in the neighborhood of the
the Ural chain, and some parts of Poland, particularly in  rising seaport of Odessa; the Don, falling into the N.E. exthe vicinity of Cracow and Sandomier. It sometimes con-  tremity of the Sea of Azof; and the Kooban, which, deriving
tains such a per-centage of silver as to make it worth ex-  its chief supplies from Circassia, and forming a great part of
tracting. Platina has long been worked in the Ural chain,  its boundary, must continue to be a Russian river more in
-in the most productive mines of that metal which are known  name than in reality, so long as the Circassians maintain
to exist in the world. Salt is found in such abundance,  their noble struggle for independence. The last basin, that
both in brine-pits and mines, that it may be considered  of the Caspian, is in some respects the most remarkable of
altogether inexhaustible.  In almost every part of.the vast  all; though Europe sends it at most only two large rivers,
extent of surface already described as belonging geologically  the Ural and the Volga, both supplied in part from Asiatic
to the Permian, system, it is found, and in numerous locali-  sources; the latter not only surpasses all other Russian
ties is extensively and profitably worked. Saltpetre is ob-  rivers, but is one of the greatest rivors of Europe. The E.
talned chiefly:in the government of Astrakhan.             parts of the governments of Perm and Orenboorg belong to
From the vast extent of country which has been shown to  the basin of the Obi, which receives several large affluents
be occupied by the carboniferous system, itmay be reasonably  from their slopes on the E. side of the Ural chain.
concluded that there must be many extensive coal-fields. It    The lakes of Russia are on a scale of magnitude fully
would seem, however, that Russia, in this respect, bears a  comuensurate  with that of its rivers. To say nothing of
considerable resemblance to Ireland, where the large de-  the Caspian itself-which, being wholly surrounded by!Ind,
1627




RIUS                                                        RUS
and even incapable, from the lowness of its level, of dis-  regions are not unfavorable to health, and except in parti
charging itself into any other sea, is truly a lake-Russia  cular districts, where the insalubrity can easily be traced to
can boast of others of vast extent, which, from lying wholly  local causes, disease is by no means prevalent, and human
within its limits, are peculiarly its own. To the basin of life often attains its longest allotted term.
the Baltic belong the Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe,    Vegetation, Agriculture, c. —Russia possesses a vast num.
the Onega, the Peipus, and the Ilmen. Finland, too, which  ber of phanerogamous plants; but as the examination which
towards its S. extremity is a mere network of lakes, sends  botanists have made is acknowledged to be very imperfect,
all its waters to the Baltic. Almost all the other lakes of  it is probable that many yet remain to be discovered. A
any consequence belong to the basin of the Volga. Their  considerable proportion of the surface still continues almost
dimensions are much inferior to those already mentioned;  In a state of nature; and, where it is well wooded, there is
but in any other country less amply provided, such lakes  room to question whether any other mode of occupation
as the Bielo-Ozero, in the government of Novgorod, and the  could be made to prove equally productive. Forests, howKoobinskbe, in the government of Vologda, would not pass  ever, are found chiefly in the more N. governments, partiunnoticed. In the S. are several large salt-lakes, among  cularly Archangel, Vologda, and Perm.  In many of the
which may be mentioned the Elton, in the government of central and S. governments, a deficiency of timber is seSaratov, and the Baskootchask, (Baskutchask,) in that of  riously felt, and many extraordinary expedients are re.
Astrakhan. Canals connect the Baltic with the Caspian and  sorted to in order to obtain adequate supplies of fuel. The
with the Black Sea; also the White Sea with the Caspian. An  governments most imperfectly provided with wood are Esextensive inland communication is opened in various direc- thonia, Bessarabia, Khlrson, Yekaterinoslav,and Astrakhan.
tions, and a traveller may pass firom  St. Petersburg to  The prevailing trees of the N. forests are fir, larch, alder, and
Selmginsk, in Siberia, with only a few miles of portage. birch. The oak is seldom found beyond lat. 610; few fruitAmong the numerous islands belonging to the empire, the  trees are found beyond lat. 560; and their regular culture
chief are the group of Nova Zembla (Novaia Zemlia, "new  cannot be profitably carried on N. of the 53d parallel. In this
land,") in the Arctic Ocean, the archipelago of Spitzbergen  latitude apples, pears, and plums become tolerably abundant;
Kalguev, (Kalgouef,) and Vaigats Islands.                   and still farther S., peaches, apricots, quinces, almonds, and
Climate.-A country extending over at least 35 degrees  pomegranates are common fruits. The vine and mulberry,
of latitude, from the warmer regions of the temperate, far  also, are extensively cultivated, and considerable quantities
into the regions of the frozen zone, must exhibit very  both of wine and silk are obtained. In the Crimea, eatenmarked diversities of climate. It is usual, accordingly, to  sive vineyards have been formed from plants selected with
consider it in four distinct divisions: a polar region, in- the utmost care, and several of the wines have already accluding all the country N. of lat. 670; a cold region, ex- quired a high name. Other governments have imitated the
tending from lat. 670 to 570 N.; a temperate region, from   example, and the export of wine promises to become an oblat. 570 to 500 N.; and a warm region, from lat. 500 to 370  ject of great national importance. Among the principal disN.  Another division, founded on the vegetation of the  tricts in which the culture of the vine is regarded as an
different regions, has been proposed: 1. The region of ice, object of primary interest may be mentioned Bessarabia,
where vegetation is all but extinct; 2. The region of tun- Kherson, Kiev, Astrakhan, and the Don Cossacks. In the
dras, or moorland steppes; 3. The region of forests and pas- last are made large quantities of a wine resembling chamtures; 4. The region where barley ripens; 5. The region of  pagne, which finds a ready sale in St. Petersburg, Moscow,
rye and flax; 6. The region of wheat and orchards; 7. The  and many of the larger towns.
region of maize and vines; and 8. The region of the olive    But notwithstanding the profitable returns of the above
and the sugar-cane. The plains of the N., exposed to the  objects of culture, it is to agriculture, properly so called,
winds of the Arctic Ocean, are much colder than the other  that Russia must long continue to look for the richest
countries of Europe in corresponding latitudes; and in  source of national prosperity. After deducting all the regeneral it may be observed in regard to the climate, that  gions where the rigors of the climate, without making the
its characteristic features are a greater coldness and va- growth and ripening of grain absolutely impossible, are inriabloness than is common under the same latitudes in the  compatible with its culture as a regular branch of industry,
more westerly portions of Europe. The mean annual tem-  vast tracts of land remain, where the soil is almost of inexperature of the upper part of the Norwegian coast, to its  haustible fertility, and all the cereals are produced in such
extremity at the North Cape, is above the freezing point;  abundance as not only to meet the home consumption, but
whereas a considerable portion of Russia, within the same,  leave a large surplus for export. The most important crops
and even in a lower latitude, is below it. This is true of the  raised for food are rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat,
whole of Russian Lapland as far S. as 660; and to the E. of  maize, and potatoes; and for other purposes, hemp, flax,
the White Sea, the thermal line, indicating a mean annual  hops, tobacco, and beet-root for sugar. The principal wheat
temperature offi-eezing, descends so rapidly, that on reach- districts are parts of Poland, particularly the governments
ing the Ural Mountains, it is found to be as low as 600.    of Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin; the fertile, alluvial tracts
The region to which the name of cold has been given, has  along the banks of the N. rivers; and the governments of
a mean annual temperature varying between 320 and 400, Volhynia, Podolsk, Kiev, and Poltava. Rye, from its nabut very unequally divided throughout the year, the cold  tural adaptation to the soil, and its almost universal use as
in winter often sinking the thermometer to 300 below zero, an article of food, is cultivated in every quarter up to lat.
or 62c below freezing; while the summer heat often raises it 650. The value of riye annually produced is estimated at
above 800. At St. Petersburg, considerably below the centre  $117,000,000. Barley ripens in lat. 670, but is in far less
of this region, the mean annual temperature is rather above  general repute than rye. Oats are extensively grown in
400; on the other hand, that of Kazan, situated at the very  several governments, and more especially in the rich alluvial
S. extremity of the region, but much farther inland, is tracts of Archangel, where the peasants, after satisfying
rather below 360. The temperate region, lying between  their own wants, grind the surplus into meal, and export it
lat. 570 and 500 N., has a mean annual temperature vary- in considerable quantities to the coast of Norway. Maize
ing from 400 to 530, and includes within it the far finest forms one of the most important crops of Bessarabia, where
part of the Russian territory, though even here the ther- a return of sixty-fold is said not to be uncommon. Potatoes
mometer has a very wide range, the summer heat which  are largely grown in Saratov, in Poland, and in the districts
suffices to grow melons and similar fruits in the open field  which border the Baltic: in the last partly for food, but
being often succeeded by very rigorous winters. The warm   much more for the supply of numerous distilleries.
region, extending from 500 S., well merits the name, from     Both hemp and flax are staple products, and are exported
its extreme summer heats, the thermometer in June and  in great quantities. The former is grown to an immense
July standing commonly about 1000, and often consider- extent in all the governments which border on the Ural
ably higher. It is not, however, free from the remarkable  chain, and on both sides of the upper course of the Volga,
contrasts which a Russian summer and a Russian winter  particularly in the governments of Tver, Yaroslav, and Kosexhibit; for the Sea of Azof, situated almost in the heart  troma.  Flax is also cultivated to a great extent in the
of this region, usually freezes about the beginning of No- same districts, but more especially in the governments of
vember, and is seldom open again before the beginning of  Olonets. Vologda, Livonia, and the S. parts of Finland. Both
April.                                                      their fibre and their seed form most important articles of
In the interior, S.S.E. and S. winds prevail; while W. and  export from  the ports of Riga, St. Petersburg, and ArchN.W. winds are most common on the coasts. In all the  angel. Kitchen-gardens, in many parts, attract considercountries bordering on the shores of the Baltic Sea and the  able attention, and cabbages, turnips, carrots, and onions
Arctic Ocean, and bounded on the W. and N. by the basin  are occasionally cultivated on an extensive scale; in some
of the Volga, the air is charged with a superabundance of  of the districts bordering on the S. steppes, the water-mnelon
moisture, which descends in mists, and frequent falls of  thrives amazingly, attaining immense size with little culrain or snow. Towards the centre, and still farther E., the  ture, and, while in season, forms a principal food of the
excess of moisture disappears, though  enough  still re- lower classes. In Astrakhan, on the banks of the Volga,
mains to keep vegetation in full vigor even at the hottest liquorice grows with a luxuriance unknown elsewhere, and
seasone. Still farther S. the want of rain is often felt, and  furnishes juice sufficient to form an important article of exlong-continued droughts do frequent mischief.  In the  port. Before leaving this part of the subject, it is proper to
Baltic provinces, the average annual fall of rain is from  observe, that though Russia is decidedly an agricultural
15 to 20 inches. Snow falls early in winter; the average  country, its progress in the science of agriculture has
number of days in the year on which snow falls at St. Pe- hitherto been slow, and the amount of produce obtained is
tersburg, is 70. In general, however, the climates of all the  owing much more to the natural fertility of the soil than t!
1628




RUS                                                            RUS
any abiiity displayedin extracting it. There is, perhaps, no  amounted  to  4,000,000 pounds;  in 1842, to 18,477,144
country in E urope in which  so much of grain is obtained at pounds; and, in 1852, had risen to 73,398,440 pounds. In
so small an expense of skill and labor. In Livonia, however, 1842, Russia importec21,760,380  pounds of cotton twist from
and the Baltic provinces generally, and in some of the more  Britain; but, in 1850, the quantity had fallen off to 4,370,576
celebrated,vheat districts of the Ukraine, an improved hus- pounds.
bandry has been introduced, and government, by the ap-    Internal Communication, Commerce, dfc.-Considering the
pointment of agriculitural chairs in the universities, and  vast extent of country, the foreign commerce of Russia is not
the formation of model farms, is laudably endeavoring to  extensive; the seaports are very few, being almost confined
extend it to other quarters.                                  to Archangel, in the Arctic Ocean; St. Petersburg and Riga,
Zoology.-Animals in Russia, both domestic and wild,  in the Baltic; Odessa, and a few others of less importance,
are extremely numerous. Among the former are horses  in the Black Sea; Taganrog, in the Sea of Azof; and Asof various breeds, of which those in the N. are generally  trakhan, Bakoo, and Kizliar, in the Caspian. The great dissmall, but hardy; those of the central and S. provinces  tances at which the seas containing these ports are situated:
large and well-adapted for draught; and those of the Cos- from each other, and from the interior of the country, must
sacks remarkable for their spirit and endurance of fatigue,  have confined the foreign trade within very narrow limits,
and their admirable adaptation for light cavalry. In seve- had not a remarkable number of internal feeders been proral of the steppes, horses still run wild. Cattle are much  vided, partly by nature and partly by art-by nature,in the
used, particularly in the S., for agricultural operations, and  magnificent streams which wind across the country in all
exist in such numbers, that tallow and hides form very im- directions, and owing to the general fictness of the surfice,
portant articles of export. The best breeds are those of the  are eminently adapted for navigation —and by art, in the
Ukraine, Archangel, Bessarabia, and Grodno. In Livonia  great system  of canals by which the different basins to
a great number of excellent cows are kept for the dairy, and  which these rivers belong have been made to communicate
much good cheese is made. The sheep are chiefly of three  with each other, so as to give a continuous navigation from
breeds: the original Russian, which is found in vast num-  the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and from the Baltic to the
bers in every part of the country, and though generally in-  Caspian; together with a net-work ofbranch canals, by which
ferior, producing very indifferent wool, it has been of late  all the great towns of the interior have ready access to theio
greatly improved by crossing with the merino and Saxon;  outports and to each other. The valuable commnunications
the Khirgheez breed, remarkable for large size, a darkish red  thus provided are about to receive a vast accession from the
color, long but coarse wool, and more especially for their  railway system, for which the configuration of the country
ponderous tails, from which 30 or 40 pounds of tallow are  affords unwonted facilities. One important trunk line, conobtained; these exist in vast numbers on the steppes of  necting St. Petersburg with Moscow, has already been conmthe Volga; and the Circassian breed, not confined to the  pleted; and the German lines connect eastward with Warsaw.
Caucasian provinces, but widely diffused in the Crimea, A railway 668 miles in length is also in course of construeand among the Cossacks of the Black Sea and of the Don. tion from  St. Petersburg to Warsaw, and a company has:
The improved breeds of sheep are found especially in the  been formed at Riga for building a branch road which is to
Baltic governments of Livonia, Esthonia, and Courland,  unite this seaport with  Dinaburg, and  thus  connect
but are rapidly spreading into other quarters.  Goats are  Riga with the capitals of Russia and Poland. The track has
numerous in the S., where they are valued chiefly for their  been surveyed, and is stated to be 138 miles in length.
skins, which are used in making morocco leather. In Po-  Another line in contemplation is to unite Dtinaburg by
dolsk and Yekaterinoslav some Angora goats are kept for  Smolensk with Moscow, by which the ancient Russian capitheir fleeces, which are remarkably fine, and manufactured  tal will become connected with Warsaw. In the S. of the
into shawls. In the N. regions, bordering on the Arctic  empire, it is contemplated to construct a road from Kharoff
Ocean, large herds of reindeer are kept; and in the S., at  to Odessa, crossing the Dnuieper at Rreinectchong; and it
the opposite extremity, among the Tartars of the Crimea  has also been proposed to construct two additional lines of
and the inhabitants of the Caucasus, the camel is numerous. railway in Poland-one from Warsaw to Bromberg, and the
The bison is found near the sources of the Narew. Among  other from  Warsaw to Posen. The line from Warsaw to
wild animals may be mentioned the bear, the wolf, the wild  Myolvitz, a little more than 200 miles in length, puts the
hog, and various animals which are hunted for their furs.  capital of Poland in communication by railway with Vienna
The bristles of the wild boar form  an important article of  and Berlin, and consequently with Paris. When the line
export. Wild fowl abound, particularly near the mouths  from Warsaw to St. Petersburg is opened for travel, which
of rivers; among other may be mentioned the pelican, it is expected will be, unless interrupted by the present
which frequents the shores of the Black Sea. Both on the  war, in about three years, the immense distance which
coasts and in the rivers a great number of productive  separates France from  Russia, may be travelled over in 4
fisheries are carried on. In the Arctic Ocean whales are oc- or 5 days. The first railway was completed in Russia in
casionally seen, and vast numbers of seals are taken. The  1836, and extends from  St. Petersburg to Tsarskozela and
rivers of the Caspian, particularly the Ural and Volga, and  Pavlovski, two imperial residences, distant from the capital
the Sea of Azof, are celebrated for their sturgeons. In the  17 miles.
same quarters are also important salmon-fisheries.               The outer foreign trade of Russia is carried on chiefly with
lleansfactures.-In a country where so much land remains  Great Britain, and partially, but to a far less extent, with
to be taken intq cultivation, and the population is very  Sweden, Holland, Italy, Austria, Turkey, Greece, Denmark,
much scattered, manufactures cannot be expected to be car-  and Prussia; the inland foreign trade is carried on princined on upon an extensive scale, except in a few leading  pally with Persia and China, from  the latter of which she
towns. Considering the unfavorable circumstances, the pro-  imports, through the frontier mart of Kiachta, 4.700,000
gress of Russia in manufactures is much greater than could  pounds of tea annually; also silks, nankeens, porcelain, &c.;
have been anticipated, and certainly much greater than it  and exports in return, furs, leather, woollen and linen
could have been, had not a succession of monarchs, com-  fabrics, cattle and reindeer-horns.  Au inland trade, strictly
nkencing with Peter the Great, done the utmost to promote  so called, and carried on principally by means of fairs, and
it, both by the establishment of large model manufactories  to a much greater extent than any other, has its most imand various other modes of encouragement. The branches  portant entreplts at St. Petersburg, Moscow, Morshansk,
in which most progress has been made are leather, both  Kalooga, Toola, Koorsk, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Kazan, Pern.,
ordinary and morocco, the latter particularly at Astrakhan,  Orenboorg, and Astrakhan.
Torzhok in the government of Tver, Kazan, and Taurida, in    The following tables furnish a means of estimating the
all of which the article produced is unsurpassed in any other  extent of the foreign trade of Russia, and of the movement
country in Europe; cotton-twist and cotton goods at St. of shipping in her commercial ports.  The great excess,
Petersburg, Moscow, and in the governments of Vladimeer,  both in exports and shipping, in 1847, is accounted for by
Kostroma, and Astrakhan; woollen and linen goods in  the quantity of grain supplied to West Europe in consemany parts of Poland, governments of Kiev, Yekaterinoslav,  quence of the potato-rot:Moscow, Kalooga, and most of the provincial towns; silks,  Total TaZue f the In s  and E          ts of te R sian 
Z,~~~~~~~~~~~~oa Vau  fte ports and Exports of the _Russian E~.pira
particularly at St. Petersburg and Moscow; sailcloth, at         oa d t    ein    untries, olad, and Finlad, 
these two capitals, and also in the governments of Arch-   f                to    o
1760 to 1851.
angel, Riazan, and Novgorod; fine Cashmere shawls, in the    16    15
governments of Penza and Yekaterinoslav; fine carpets, at  Years.  Imports.  Exprts.  Years.  Imports.    Experts.
Kamenskoi, Smolensk, and Koorsk; cordage, at Archangel,                           p.. I Y_ _        -.. m p s
and in the government of Orel; metals, more especially iron   176..- $-3,05,o000 $3,720,oo    1842..  $00,96000,   67,575,000
and copper, in the government of Perm, and many other   1768..  5,140,000  5,650,00   1843..   63,965,000   70,265,000
1775..  4,985,000  6,430,000  1844..   62,125,000   74,160,000
localities; fire-arms, swords, and other cutlery, in the go-  1796..  9,400,000 10,300,000  1845..   65,835,000   73,280,000
vernment of Toola; plate-glass and crystal, at St. Peters-   1007..  10,300,000 12.00.000  1846..   68,870,000   81,315,000
burg, Toola, and Tver; tapestry, at Issa and St. Petersburg;  1515..  21,140,000 34,010,000  1047..   70,605,050  117,070,000
paper, at Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yaroslav, Kalooga, and in   1822..  31,500,000 38,250000  1848..   71,865,000   69,930,000
paper, at Moscow, St. Petersburg,              os1831..  46,700,000 51,450,000  1849..   73,025,000   65,300,000
Livonia; carriages, jewelry, and porcelain, also at St. Peters-  1834..  46,950,000 45,180,000  1850..   77,100,000   76,115,000
burg and Moscow; hosiery, at Sarepta, and various other                                     1851..   77,975,QOO I73,40,000
places; and oil, wax, candles, soap, glue, tobacco, windowglass, glass bottles, &c., in almost every important town.    The exports, it will be seen, have exceeded the imports,
The rapid increase of the cotton manufactures is shown by  with the exception of 1831, up to 1848, since which, the im
the quantity of raw  cotton consumed, which, in 1831, ports have been considerably in excess.               1629
1629




RUS                                                                      RUS
The following table shows the quantities of the principal  sugar, and 480,000 pounds of coffee.  Among the exports hi
articles imported and exported in 1842, 1847, and 1848:-                  1852, were 25,021 hundredsweight of hemp, 8208 of flax,
2,856,459 pounds of cordage, 0541 pieces of sail-duck, 283,632
IMPORTS.               1042.         207.          1848.      pounds of bristles, and 5,185,225 pounds of sheet-iron.
- -     In 1848, Russia imported from  Turkey in Asia, goods: to
Sheeps wool......... lbs...    1,000,368       2,022,696    2,094,264   the value of $682,000, two-thirds of which consisted of cotDye stuffs.............. lbs...    889,016       906,757      879,215
Raw sugar............. cwt...      618,062       259,855O     439209   ton fabrics.  The imports from  Persia amounted in value to
Refined sugar.......... cwt...                   217,888:     112.810   $3,132,000, two-thirds of which  was for cotton, silk, and
Machinery and tools.........       409;000     1,492,800    1164,850   woollen fabrics; from  the Kirgheez Steppes  the imports
Wine and liquors...........   4,628,000        5,125,000    5,712,000   amounted to $1,145.000, about half of which was for cattle.
Silk,,ianufacotured..........    3,175,000      3,215,000    2643,000   The imports from  Tashkend' amounted  to $380,000; friom
Linen, manufactured........        274,000       400,000      319,000
Linen  manufa..ur... 274,000  400 Khokan, $33,500; from+ China, $4,440,000;.fi-om  other Asia
ExPORTs,                                                       tic countries, $332,000,'making a total: of $10,144,500.
The exports to these countries in 1848, were as follows:Hemp................. tons..         38,771        43,903       18,743   To Turkey, in Asia; $380,000; to Persia, $515,000; to Kirgheea:
Flax................... tons.       48,849        37,777       60,807
Tallow................. cwt..    1,088,017      1,270,240    1,271,599   Steppes, $1,190;000; Rhiva, $30,000;  Bokhara, $195,000;
Wool................... lbs...  20,378,772    15,657,480    8,503,056   Tashkend, $192,000; Khokan,$3680;  China) $4,329,000.
Linseed and hempseed..qrs...        772,290       990,775     885,514   Total exports to Asiatic countries, $6,834,680.
Timber, deals, &c..........    1,675,000        2,975,000    1,975,000     We have no means of ascertaining  the amount of busiGrain...............qrs...   1,609,366        7,553,847   2,843,397
Flour........................     512,000      4,620,000      93,000     ess annually transacted at the Russian fairs, which are
— ________            attended by a multitude of persons from  all parts of Asia,
The cotton used in Russian manufactures is chiefly grown   and from  most parts of South-eastern Europe.  The total
in the United States, and has hitherto been principally re-  value of goods collected at the great fair of Nizhinee Novgorod
ceived through  British ports.  The following tabular state-  in 1849, was estimated at $51,710,000, of which  $39,580,000
ment shows the rapid increase in the importations of cotton   was the value. of domestic, and  $12,130,000 foreign  merfor a period of 38 years: —                                               chandise.  The total sales amounted to $45,063,000.. It: is
estimated that in 1851, goods to the value of $1,945,000
Years.           Pounds.            Years.           Pounds.:were exposed for sale at the fsirs in the Crimea.
182~-26.......I,2,70I1824 [....  -0,-0,      The total foreign commerce of the Crimea and ports in the
182426.....i        2,270,720     1842-44.             20....,980,440
1827-29.........    3,927,200     1845-47.........    312058 960    Sea of Azof for 1841 and 1851, is shown in the subjoined
1830-32.........!4,639,840     1848-50.........    6316 1240    table:1833-35.........    6,847,60      1851..........    58,428,480                                               1841,        1851.
1836-38......... ]11,311,960  ]1852............!73,398,440                Ports in the Crimea.........  $'617,600.........   $349,500:1839-41.........   14,230,960                                              Ports in the Sea of Azof.....   5,459,200......... 6,816,800
The value of furs annually imported1 amounted' to about                   The coast trade is estimated at three times this amount.
$820,000, not including those received from  Asia.                          In the following table is shown the relative proportioh of
The annexed table exhibits the trade of Russia with Great  the foreign commerce of Russia in 1852, shared by each sea
Britain for the years specified, during a period of 88 years:-    bordering on her European territories:______~~~~~  ____________________~~~~~                                                          ~ ~Arrivals.  Clearances.
Ports in the BalticSea................... 3627....... 3507
Year.  Imports.    Exports.    Yer    Imports,  ports.     "       White Sea.....................  827....... 845
B la-ck Sea and Sea of Azof..... 39~9........ 3889
11760...$ 400,000   $2.75e,0e0   1837..  $8,420,000   $19,332,000'       Nac   e   n  Sao   cr.            99           38
Caspian Sea....................  272.......,  266
1780..    1,450,000    8,925,000   1840..   8,012,000    26,755,000.             Cuspia Sea.272.                                266
]1802..   6,400,000   I0,910,000e  1847..]  9,220,000    36,815,000                                                   --.....  850
1822.. - 11,6t0,000   11,295,000,} 1848..    5 9,625,000,  31,620,000                                                 8655.         8507
The quantities of the  principal articles exported  to the' The following table shows the various flags under which
United  Kingdom  in 1852 and 1853, are shown in the sub-  the commerce of nussia, in 1852, wascarried on:joined table:-                                                                                No. of vessels.                    No. of vessels.
jxoortsfrom Russia inedto~ t niEnglish flag.............  2030                              Anotrian flag..........  383
xvorfsfooo   fussic info fto- Cofed Kisgdoo iso1852andi 1853.   Russian................  1125                  Prussian............... 380
Turkish...............   1072        Danish................ 361
Northern  Ports in                             Greek...................   660      Mecklenburg...........   291
Pens.'s  Oluc'SoaAggregate Exports.    Dutch.................   513               Hanoverian..........   258
Swedish................   470       Frankfort.............  186
1853.      1853.      1852.  I  1853.        Sardinian..............   453       All others............    483
Wheat and flour..qrs.       251,971    818,930    731,571  1,070,901       taZ Nmbe  ad   onage ofessel   E                      and Card  at
Oats..............         270,059      -         305,738    379,059   Total                        eo of         l  Eterd and Clerd a
Other grain...........       12,100    251,553    262,348        23,655   the Northern cand Southe2n Ports of the Russian   Emnpire'in
Tallow........... cwt...   826,219      21,048    609,197    847,267       1842-1848:Linseed...........qrs...    378,316    386,699    518,667    765,015
Bristles.......... Ibs.... 2,477,789    -        1,459,203  2,477,789                              E NTRED..  CLEARED.
Flax.............cwt.  1,287,978          10    918,523  1,287,988          YEARS.
oemp.........0.......     838,331          42    543,965    836,473                         Vesoels. 1   Tens.         Veotels.      Tess.
Wool..............lbs... 3,093,924  5,360,517  5,302,772  9,054,443                                     I     - -                  _ —- _
Iron, unwrought..tons..      5,079     -           1,792       5,079     1842..........       4,927      893,86          4,78-4     866,054
Copper...........tons..       1,630     -           1,278       1,630     1843.........         4,971      943,866         4,939      918,490
Timber, hewn.. loads.    45,427             4     28,289      45,421     1844..........        5,843    1,107,784         5,741    1,090,00eo
Timber, sawn.,....loads.   245,586          46    189,779    245,582      1845..........       5,926    1,135,404         5.940    1,145,822
1846.......          7,125    1,308,472        7,213    1,345,728
The principal imports firom Great Britain, are raw cotton,    1847.......                    11,366    1,936,068        11,424    1,998,668
woollen and cotton fabrics, cotton-twist, woollen yarn, hard-    1848.........                   6.401    1,323,080         6,197' 1,177.994
ware, and colonial produce. The average quantity of cotton
received for the years ending 1852, was 43,051,680 pounds.                  Government, and  Laws-At the  head  of the  nation  is
The importations of woollen and cotton fabrics, and cotton-  the emperor or czar, with the title ofSamoderzhetz orAutotwist from Great Britain, owing to the protective policy crat, indicating that he is absolutely supreme, indebted to
adopted by Russia, has, of late years, greatly fallen off, the   none for his power, and accountable to none in the exercise
latter having decreased from  21,760,380 pounds in 1842, to   of it.  All such forms of despotism, however, are controlled,
13,901,142 in 1848.  The total value of woollen  goods im-  to some extent, by custom- and public opinion; though, in
ported in 1844, was $3,095,000; in  1848, only $1,665,000.  every individual rei gn, the personal character of the soveThe importations of cotton manufdctures have diminished   reign must, in a great measure, determine that of the admiat the rate of nearly $1,000,000 a year.  The value of cotton'  nistration.  IHence, under such a monarch as Paul I., the
manufactures imported in 1848, amounted to $3,025,000, of  most extravagant decrees, the dictates of a mind bordering
which $2,079,000 was for Great Britain.                                   on  insanity, had all the force of law, and  exposed every
The commerce of Russia with France, at different periods, subject, who ventured to disregard them, to the penalties
has been as follows:-                                                   of rebellion; while, on  the contrary, under the late Alex,
Te.    ander, the whole administration assumed almost a constituYears.           Imports.            Exports.            Total.        tional form, and the  emperor himself publicly disclaimed
1792........... $ 268,400.........$ 644,200........ $ 912,600
183 34...........  2,000,000......... 2,600,000........  4,600,000    despotism, by declaring that he was bound to rule according
1850........... 3,600,000......... 4,000,000........ 7,600,000     to law, and that, in the event of his issuing any decree not
About half of the imports from  France, consist of wines.             in accordance with it, the Senate was entitled to remonstrate.
In administering the government, the principal authority
The imports from the United States have been as follows:  is the Imperial Council, for the most part presided over by
In 1842, $386.000; in 1845, $632,000; in 1851, $1,611,000; in   the emperor in person. or a delegate of his sole appointment
1852, $1,200,000; and in 1853, $2,456,000.  The exports to  it  is divided  into  five departments-legis lative, military,
the United States in 1851, amnounted in value to $1,392,000;  civil, ecclesiastical, and financial, and one for Poland.  Each
in 1852, to $1,581,000; in 1853, to $1,278,000.  The imports   department consists of five members.  All matters cooing
in  1851, comprised, among  other articles, cotton  to  the   under deliberation are decided by a majority of votes, either
value of $1,297,000; tobacco to the value of $130,000: rice. by the departments separately, or by the whole acting as
valued at $21:000;'and in 1852, 2,560,000 pounds of raw   one body.
1630




RUS:                                                                  RUS 
The body next in importance to the Council is the Senate,    Recenue, c:c.-The revenue of Russia in 1850, amounted
which is also presided over by the emperor in person.  It is  to $87,209,270; of which $57,883,392 was derived from  the
the supreme judicial tribunal, and  issues decrees which   crown lands, and $21,880,080 from  the excise duties and.have the force of law, unless the emperor interpose to pre-  monopolies on  manufacture  of spirituous liquors.   The
vent their execution.  It is divided into eight departments,  public debt in 1853, amounted to $567,772,640.
~each of which is an appeal: court of last resort for certain           Eblitical Divisions, Popusation, &c.-The names, areas, and
provinces and governments.  The decision of each depart-  population of the principal administrative divisions of Rusment must be supported by a majority of two-thirds of the  sla are exhibited in the following table:members present; and, when this majority cannot be obtained, a general meeting of all the departments is called to  Gopernmeonts   of Lure ean    Russia —their Area and PPosuladecide.  The procedure is not public, and the whole plead-                                      tioh, in 1851.
ings are in writing, each case being decided on a statement
drawn up by the secretary, and certified by the party as ecor-                     Goveronments.                   Area in Psislaiso
mitres, in 5555.n
rect.  The third great body in the administration of govern-                                                      s. -iles.    in 1851.
ment is the Synod, or supreme ecclesiastical court.  The                           GREAT RUSSIA.
executive power is intrusted to what is called the College or.  oscow............................          12,609    1,8,041
Committee of Ministers, who are 11 in number, and distri-    2. Smolensk.....2......................                21,814    1,069,650
buted, as usual in other governments, into different offices,    3. Pskov................................          1 7,318     657,283
4. Tver................................     26,176,39,920
for home and foreign affairs, war, finance, &c.  The civil    5. Novord............................                 47,356      934,633
affairs of each government are presided over by a civil go-    6. Olonets..............................            59,567      203,409
vernor;  the military affairs of two or more governments    7. Archangel and Nova Zembla, and the
grouped together, by a military governor.  To guide and                     Sl4nds of Vaigats andKlguev......      3d9,389       234,064
8. Vologda..............................    148,674     864.268 [
give uniformity to decisions in legal cases, a voluminous                    oa.d 14,10                                         986,426
9.Yarceesla..'...........y                 04,2 ]9342
code, called the Svod Zakonov, or Corpus Jueis, has been    I0. Kostroma............................               31,625    1,020,628
drawn up, and declared to contain the law of Russia, in so   11. Vladimeer..........................               18,445    1,168,303
far as not modified by the laws and privileges of particular    2. Nihec-Nvorod...................                  18,765    1,126,493
n               ~~~~~13. Tambov..............................!   25,725  [1.666,505[
provinces.    It contains an abstract of all the laws and ordi-   1. Tomboy..                        25,725    1,666,585
14. 3 o4ronezh...........................    25,878    1,629,741
nances issued by the different emperors firom  1649 down-    5 Ksk7,510    1,665,215
ward, and forms 15 large volumes. The laws and ordinances   16. Orel...........18............                      18,393!   1,406,571
in  full, but reaching only to 1832, are containmed in  56   17. Kalooga............1...........                    12,274  941,402
1 ss.01.....,875 /1,0 2,472 
volumes; of this immense collection, 8 volumes belong to   19: T....................      11,8      1,092,472
19. R~isz.........,........................  16,400E   1,308,472
the first seven years of the reign of the Emperor Nicholas.                        L.,
Z,                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~LITTLE RussiA.
Armoy and NVavy. —The army consists of 776 battalions of  2 Kiev.9,56  1,636,89
20. Kiev..........,.,....................  19,556    1.636,839]
infantry, 583 squadrons of cavalry, and  290 batteries of   21. Tchernigov.......................                   21,396    1,374,746
artillery, of above 2000 guns, mustering in all a nominal   22. Poltava...........................                  19,185.1,663,6.4
effective force of about 800,000 men; though there is reason    23. Kharkov...........................               21,076    1,36,188
to believe that, as this estimate is made on the assumption                         SOUTH RUISSIA.
that the complement is in every case complete, the actual   24. Tarida......................                        25,56       608,83
25. Chero.............................      28,502      88 5
force falls considerably short of this, and does not exceed    269 Yehkatrinolav, with Taganrog, town
26. Yekraterino.~lav, w~ith Tagam'og, town!
700,000.  The Gotha Almanac for 1855, states it at 699,000                   and district....................        25,810      902,363
men.  It is raised almost entirely'by  conscription  from              27. Tchernomorski Cossacks............      14,829      166,121
the classes of peasants and artisans, every male of proper   28. Bessarabia.........................                18,358      874,044
age being held liable to service.  The levies during peace    29. Don Cossacks........................              62,974       793,755
service,  The le  Wes during peEce              ~      rV.sT RUSSIA.
seldom  exceed the proportion of 1 to 500 males; but during   30. Podolsk..............................              16,558    1,577,966
war this proportion  has been doubled, and even trebled.   31. Volhynia..........................                  27,742    1,469,442
nra.27,742~ ~~~~~~ 1,460,443 
The exemptions from  service are very numerous, including    32. inskl.............................                  34,716      935,345
nobles, clergy, magistrates, students, and merchants belong-   33. Moheelev............................             18,93 1      837,537
uing to different guilds; but the privileges attached to service   34. Vitebsk..............................        17,336       742,811
35. Vilna................................   16,434       787,609
are so numerous that, notwithstanding the notorious severity  3.10,414
36. Grodno3........................  14,8107   795 604
Df discipline, many voluntarily seek is as an honorable, and,   37. Kovno.......................                   16,26...................  6,2w    875;196 
at least prospectively, as a profitable employment.  In the                       BALTIC PovmINCES.
case of serfs, in particular, as it confers freedom, it can only   38. Courland............................         10,68        39,70
be looked upon as a valuable boon.  The army is divided    39. Livonia, with the islands of Orel and
Moon...............................   2602!    821,457  [
into regular and irregular troops.  In the more select regi-                 Io.18,260                                           81,457
F40. osthonla.........8,85.............     8,0.4       289;800
ments, men and horses are classified in the most minute   41. St. Petersburg......................                  20,887      566,409
manner as to resemblance.  In one cavalry regiment the                        Goons nsn   o P        o.
GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND.
horses are all black, in another all bay, &c.  The men are. Nyland..................       4,456      160,252
arranged according to the color of their hair and beard, or    2. Abo-Biornburg, with the island of
of their eyes, and the general shape of their features; so                   Aland.............................     10,288        02,098that in one regiment all have aquiline noses, and black eyes    3. Tvastehuus..........7...5                                     1 2.....  7
4. Viborg...............................    16,464      273,011
and beards, and in another all have cock-noses, blue eyes,:  uopio.........0,.........              17,39          11
5. Kaspis.7,9...08,155..........
and red beards.  The Circassians in the Russian  service    6. St. Michel.........................                   9,188       148,039
belong to subdued tribes, inhabiting the plains at the foot    7 Vasa, with islands of Valgrund, &c...               16,51        257,824
of the Caucasus Mountains.. Uleborg..........................        655          157,010
The navy is much more formidable than might be ex-                             RKINGDOes     O KAZoAN.
pected, when the disadvantages under which Russia labors,    I. Perm.........................                       129,946     1,74,746
2. Viatka...............................   53,493     1,818,752
in regard to maritime affairs, are considered.  The Arctic    3. Kazan........................                      24,136     1,347,352
Ocean is the only open sea to which she has uncontrolled                4. Simbeersk.........................        28,137    1,0214,286
access.  In the Baltic, her vessels must lie nearly half the    5. Penza..........................                  14,768     1,858,44
year frozen up in dock, and cannot reach the ocean without                     KesosO  o ASTRAKHAN.
passing  the sound, which  Sweden  and Denmark  united                  1. sratov...........................        75,415     1,444,46
2. Astrakhan...........................    65',197! 386,763 |
could shut up, or a hostile fleet outside effectually blockade.    3. Orenboorg, with the Ural Cossacksn....         6,97         8,72
3. O~enoor,   wth he Ual ossclr... 1441.924!1,178|
In like manner, the Straits of Constantinople and the Dar-    4. S                      itamara... he..... es. oh...........2  1,320,108
In  like mannor,                         4 Sansara..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/1,320,088[
danelles, in possession of an enemy, completely bar the out-    5. Caucasus, since 1847, named the govlet. into the Mediterranean.  The Caspian, the only other                    ernment' of Stavropol.............     41,874      525,407
sea, is merely an inland lake, lying below the level of the                      KINGDOM OF POLAND.
generalocean, and hence necessarily excluded from all direct    1. Radom...............................              9,695 1     939,344
communication with it.  According to the latest returns,    2 Lbli..............................                     1,74       1,8,816
3. Wacrsa........................  14,257  1,514,780
the navy in the Baltic and Black Seas consists of 60 ships                   ar4. Plsack...............................  6,789   548,4060
of the line, of from  70 to 120 guns each; 37 frigates, of from         5. Augustowo...........................      7,289       626,594
40 to 60 guns; 70 corvettes, brigs, and brigantines; and                   City of Warsaw.........................       164,115
40 steam  vessels; the whole armed with 9000 guns, manned                                               ARY.
by 42,000 seamen, and carrying 200,000 marines, including               1 Great  sa                                 893,913    20,700497
artillerymen.  Besides these, there is a large number of gun-    3 Let ussia...........0,1                                     69,90,467
iests, galleys, &s, In tld~e  Caspi~tn Eea, and in the    2. Little Russia.......................  81,213  6,016,467
boats, galleys, &c. in te Caspian Sea, and in the Sea of Ok-    3. South Russia...........     176,329     4,234,329
hotsk.  Nothing can exceed the hardiness, and the cool,   4. WestRusss.......                162,757     8,021,510
almost stoical, courage of the sailors; but the length of time    5. Baltic Peovinces.....................           57,809     2,216,936
during which they are compelled to remain idle in their    6. inland.............................                   146,849    1,636,15
7. Kazan...............................   250!480    6,990,580
narrow  limits and smooth-    7. Itosso.~~~258,488     6,990,580
frozen  ports, the comparatively narrow limits and smooth-    8. Astrakhan...........................    323,420    5,3990,532
ness of the waters within which all their training must be    9. Poiand..............................               49,734    4,8521,055
conducted, and various other untoward circumstances, necessarily make them  deficient in that dexterity of manage-                      Totl..........................   2,142,504    60,098,8
ment which contributes so much to success in naval war-                   S:~:: By a ukase, December 18,1850, parts of the governments of Ooen
fare, and can only be acquired by long experience on the  boorg, Saratoy, and Simbeersk were formed into the government o
wide ocean.                                                           Samara. Area, 53,010 square miles.
1631




RUS                                                        RUS.Peolp.-Politically considered, the people are divided into  S. and the latter N. of lat. 650. To the S. of the gulf, the
the four classes of clergy, nobility, merchants and burghers,  Finns occupy the far greater part of Esthonia, and a small
and peasants. The clergy are regular and secular. The re- part of Livonia. Widely separated from  the West Finns,
gular clergy belong to some monastic order, and are bound  though the mode of separation is not known, a great number
to some particular rule of life. They take the lead in the  of Tchudik or Finnish tribes are found occupying the W.
church, and monopolize all its higher preferments. The  slopes of the Ural Mountains and the banks of the Mliddle
secular are the proper parish clergy, and not only may marry, Volga, under the names of Syrianes, Permians, Voguls,
but must be married before they can hold a parochial cure. Votiaks, Tchuvasses, Tcheremisses, Mordwins, and Teptiares.
The nobility are so either by. birth, or by personal service in  The most numerous are the Tchuvasses and Tcheremisses,
a civil or military capacity. To furnish accurate means of  who live together on both sides of the Volga, in the neighdetermining what persons are entitled to rank in the latter  borhood of Kazan, and are estimated at 500,000. All the'
division, all the officers of army, navy, and state have been  others do not exceed the same number.
divided into 14 grades. Every one of these grades, even the    The third great branch of Caucasians inhabiting Russia
lowest, which is that of ensign in the army, or a college re- are the Tartars, who here form  four distinct tribes:-the
gistrar in the civil service, is a noble; but, so long as he  Tartars of Kazan, in some respects the most civilized nation
rises no higher than the seventh grade, he is a noble only  in Russia, though the great majority of them still cling to
for life, and cannot transmit his nobility to descendants; Mohammedanism, the whole numbering about 230,000; the
but the moment he attains the eighth grade, that of major  Bashkeers, (Bashkirs,) inhabiting both sides of the Ural Mounin the army, or navy captain, or college assessor, his nobility  tains from lat. 560 to 540 N., still given to wandering life, and
becomes hereditary. In this way the class of nobility is amounting to about 130,000; the Nogais, occupying a large
continually receiving large accessions, and absorbing a great part of the Crimea and the steppe to the N. of it, and disshare of all the talent in the country.                    persed over the country E. of the Sea of Azof and the N.
The third class consists of merchants and burghers. The  base of the Caucasus, amount in all to about 600,000; the
merchants are arranged in three guilds, according to the  Metcheriaks, forming afew small tribes, not exceeding 20,000
annual tax which the individuals belonging to each pay to the  persons, live amongthe Bashkeers. The German or Teutonic
state, as a trading license. Merchants of the first guild pay  race inhabiting Russia consist chiefly ofGermans and Swedes,
$500, and are under no limitation, either as to the kind of  intermixed with a few- Danes. The Germans are dispersed
manufacturing and commercial enterprises in which they en- over the Baltic provinces S. of the Gulf of Finland, among
gage, or to the amount of capital which they may employ in  the Letts and Esthonians, where they constitute the greater
them; those of the second guild pay $200, but are subject to a  part of the nobility. They are also numerous both in Petersnumber of limitations; among others, they cannot enter into  burg and Moscow; and a considerable number of German
any contract for more than $10,000, nor keep either a banking  colonists are settled in the government of Saratov, and other
or an insurance office; those of the third guild pay only $50,  parts of the Middle Volga. The Swedes are numerous both
and may carry on any retail trade, or any manufacture, pro-  along the E. shores of the Gulf of Bothuia and the N. shores
vided that, in the latter case, they do not employ above 32  of the Gulf of Finland. Their number in these localities,
workmen. The burghers pay from $5 to $15, according to the  and more partially in  Esthonia, -is supposed to exceed
class of town they inhabit, and the number of workmen, not 100,000. The Greeks, dispersed over all the S. provinces
exceeding 16, whom they may employ. Burghers paying no  as merchants, and in the Crimea, where they are the sole
license may, within specified limitations, engage in ordinary  occupants of several villages, are estimated at about 500,000.
manufactures or retail trades. -All burghers pay capitation- The Jews are seldom found in the central and N. provinces,
tax, are liable to military conscription, and may suffer cor- hut are very numerous in ancient Poland,. particularly in
poreal punishment. The fourth class, consisting of peasants  the governments of Vilna, Grodno, Volhynia, and Podolsk,
or serfs, is the lowest of all, and by far the most numerous. where they form the far greater part of the urban populaThey belong, in nearly equal proportions, to the crown and  tion. Their number is supposed to exceed 1,000,000.
to individual proprietors; and, though their different con-   Language.-From  the number of tribes and races just
ditions admit ofconsiderable diversity, the great body of them   mentioned; it is evident that many different languages, and
are, to all intents and purposes, little better than slaves. It a vast variety of dialects, must be spoken. The Russian,
ought to be observed, however, that the humanity and en-  however, as the proper language of the country, is the verlightened liberality of the late emperor, Alexander, formed  nacular of at least four-fifths of the inhabitants. It is based
a new division, to consist of free cultivators. His successor,  on the ancient Slavonic, but has been much modified by the
Nicholas, followed laudably in his steps; and operations are  introduction of Greek, Tartar, and Mongolian terms. It has
now in progress, by means of which, though at some very  an alphabet of thirty-seven letters, a written and printed
distant-date, there is reason to hope that the complete eman- character of a peculiar form, and a pronunciation which it is
cipation of the serfs will be effected.                     hardly possible for any but natives to master. Its flexions
Another classification of the people may be called the eth- are both numerous and irregular, making the attainment of
nographical, or that which arranges them according to their it by a foreigner extremely difficult; but it is soft, rich, and
original stocks or races. These, taken in their most general sonorous, and, though long greatly neglected, and hitherto
acceptation, are only two, the Caucasian and the Mongolian;  much richer in translations than in original works, it has
but under each a considerable number of varieties are traced. shown itself fit to be the vehicle of almost every kind of
The Caucasian stock includes Slavonians, Germans, Finns, literature, and, from the attention now paid to it, will proTartars, Greeks, and Jews. The Mongolian stock is repre- bably ere long free itself from one very marked stigma by
sented almost exclusively by the Calmucks, who occupy  becoming the court language, which honor has been long
some of the S.E. steppes, but have lost many of their dis- usurped by the French.
tiuctive features by intermarrying with Caucasian varieties.   Religion.-A considerable proportion of the less civilized
Of the Caucasian stock, the Slavonians, under the names of  tribes continue more or less addicted to their heathen superRussians, Poles, Lithuanians and Lettes, Wallachians and  stitions; the Jews in all parts of the country, except the
Servians, form about nine-tenths.  Of these, again, the Rus-.  centre; firom which they are specially excluded, have their
sians proper form the great body of the population, and are  synagogues, and freely perform their religious rites; Lutherestimated at about 40,000,000. They occupy, without inter- anism is professed by the great body of Gelrmans and Swedes;
mixture, the central provinces between the Dnieper and Volga,  and the Roman Catholics form a preponderating majority in
form a vast majority in the N., between the Ural Mountains  Poland. These, however, are the only important deductions
and the White Sea, and in the S., between the Don and the  to be made from the almost universal ascendency of the Greek
Dniestelr, and are found, more or less intermingled with  church, which possesses numerous important privileges as
other varieties, in all other parts of the country. The Poles the religion of the state, and is strong in the affections of
are met with in the greatest number in their own unfortu- the great body of the people, who give a very implicit assent
nate country. In that part of it which, in the dismember-  to all its dogmas. In the general toleration of all other sects
ment, fell to the share of Russia, they amount to about it contrasts favorably with Popery, though it lays itself open
7,000,000. The Lithuanians are found chiefly in North Po- to the charge of intolerance towards its own members by
land, and in the governments of Vilna and Minsk. They  refusing to allow them, under any circumstances, to quit its
are estimated at about 1,500,000. Still farther N. are the  communion.  The Greek church strongly resembles the
Lettes, or, as they are often called, Koors, from living chiefly  Roman in doctrine, but differs essentially from it in governin Courland. They are also the chief occupants of Livonia, ment and discipline; by rejecting the claims of the Pope,
are wholly devoted to agricultural pursuits, and may amount acknowledging the emperor as its temporal head, and subto 500,000. The Wallachians, and among them  a few Ser- mitting to be governed by a supreme synod, composed partly
vians, are found only in Bessarabia, between the IDniester of lay members; in permitting, or rather requiring, the
and Pruth. Their language is a curious mixture of Latin, marriage of the secular clergy; forbidding the use of images
Greek. Italian, and Turkish. They,- too, do not exceed  or corporeal representations of any kind, except pictures,
500,000.                                                   which it uses lavishly; and, more important than all, in
The Tschudes, or Finns, forming a second family of the  permitting the free circulation of the Scriptures in the vulgar
Caucasian stock, from the flatness of their features bear a  tongue. In form it is an episcopacy, composed of forty dioconsiderable resemblance to the Mongolian, but have been  ceses, of which four are governed by metropolitans, sixteen
recognised as Caucasian chiefly from  their light hair and  by archbishops, and twenty by bishops.
blue eyes. They are settled on both sides of the Gulf of    EdA-cation. -Though Russia still ranks among the more
Finland, but on the N. of the Gulf form the two marked  imperfectly educated countries of Europe, the government
divisions of Finns Proper and Laplanders, the former living  has long taken a distinguished lead in the cause of educa1632




RUS                                                        RUS
tion, and promulgated a complete national system, which,  and overthrown many dynasties of Asia, appeared under
though not yet carried into full effect, has made great pro- his son Tooshi, (Toushi,) on the S.E. frontiers of Russia, to
gress. The basis of this system was laid by Peter the Great, the number of 500,000, and shortly after, on the river Kalka
and promoted by Catherine II., but is indebted for its fuller near the Sea of Azof, gained a signal victory over the comdevelopments to Alexander and Nicholas. Since 1848, how- bined Russian princes. The sudden death of Tooshi preever, the Russian youth have been considerably restricted  vented the Tartars from completing their conquest till 1236,
in their range of studies by the measures taken by the  when they returned headed by Batoo, (Batou,) Tooshi's son,
gcovernment to prevent its subjects coming in contact with  wasted the country with fire and sword, and brought it enthe opinions that have extended over other countries of tirely under their yoke. For two centuries and a halfthe
Europe. In many institutions theology has taken the place  Tartars of Kapchak, whose khans now fixed their Golden
of philosophy; and the official report of 1851 assumes as Horde or imperial residence on the banks of the Volga. held
its basis the emperor's own idea, that " religious teaching  Russia in bondage, and though allowing the native princes
constitutes the only solid foundation of all useful instruc- to rule as their vassals, subjected them to the most humilition."                                                     ating treatment. On the annual visit of the khans' repreThe whole country is divided into 8 university districts, sentatives to receive tribute, the Russian rulers were required
viz.: St. Petersburg. Moscow, Kharkov, Kiev, Kazan. Dorpat, to lead their horses by the bridle, and feed them with corn
Odessa, Vilna, and W1arsaw, in each of which is a university, out of their cup of state. During this disastrous period the
except in Vilna and Warsaw, where they were suppressed  only part of the country which remained free was Novgorod,
in 1832. Each district extends over several governments, which, having at an earlier period become an independent
all the public schools of which are under the superintendence  republic, had acquired great commercial importance, joined
of the university. There are, besides the 6 universities, 1 the IHanse league, and increased in population to nearly
head normal school at St. Petersburg, 3 lyceums, 77 gym- 500,000. In 1361, when the direct line of Batou became
nasiat, 433 district schools, 1068 town, and 592 pension or extinct, and the Tartar throne was claimed by rival comboarding schools, besides 1560 schools of the above grades petitors, the Russians were encouraged to resist, and in 1380
in Poland, the whole attended by about 200,000 pupils.     Temnik-Mami. one of the competitors, was encountered and
Military Schools receive the special' attentior,. of the signally defeated by Demetrius IV. The Tartar power,
Emperor.  They comprise three classes:-1. Schools of however, still remained unshaken, and Demetrius, notwithCadets, or Military Colleges, with about 9000 students; 2. standing his victory, was obliged to sue for peace. At length
Naval Schools, attended by 4000 students; and, 3. Schools the Tartars of Kapchak met the celebrated Timer, who, in
for the children of soldiers in the service, or of those who die two invasions of the Russian territory, one in 1389 and
in war, with abou 170,000,pupils.' Numerous important im- another in 1395, inflicted on them  blows from which they
provements have recently been introduced into the military  never recovered.  The Russians were now able to war with
instruction of the empire both in scientific and practical the Tartars on more equal terms. By the victories of Ivan or
study and in morals. The guiding principle in their ad- John III., who began to rule in 1462, their vassalage was
ministration is respect for the throne and the altar.       thrown off, and in 1480 the Golden Horde itself ceased to
Ecclesiastical schools'are of two grades. The higher semi- exist.
naries are strictly theological schools. They comprise 21   The reign of Ivan commences a new epoch in Russian
belonging to the Greek Church, 13 to the Catholic, 14 to the history. He not only subdued the Tartars, but defeated the
Armenian,,8 to the Lutheran, 11 to the Mohammedan, and  Poles and Lithuanians, reunited the minor principalities,
2 to the Jews —the whole attended by over 4000 students. and captured Novgorod. His name and deeds became well
There are also 682 schools for the sons oftthe clergy, attended  known in the West, and ambassadors from European powers
by above 70,000 pupils.                                     were seen for the first time in his capital of Moscow. In
In the schools under the Minister of Finance about 8000 internal administration he proved himself a relentless despupils are instructed in the art of mining, commerce, &c.; pot, but the vastness and splendor of his achievements
besides which, about 2500 are taught mining in private  entitle him  to be regarded as the founder of the Russian
schools.                                                    Empire. He died in 1533, his son and successor. Ivan IV.,
Under the Minister of the Interior are schools of medicine, who was then on'ly four years old, assumed the reins in
surgery, and pharmacy, independent of the Universities; 1543, and substituted the title of Czar for that of Veliki
also, schools for agriculture, for subalterns in the civil ser- Kniaz. He is knowninhistory by the surname of the Terrible,
vice, for orphans, &c., with above 15,000 pupils. The other and yet by his energetic measures, both at home and abroad,
schools underministers of the government are —3 lawschools, he raised the country to an unexampled height of proswith 600 students, independent of the University; several perity. He died in 1584, having added Siberia to the empire.
agricultural colleges, and 2696 village schools, giving instruc- On the death of his son Feodor, in 1598, the male line of
tion to 18,900 pupils; schools of civil engineering, attended  the freebooter, Rurik, whose dynasty had furnished 56
by 665 students; of modern languages, with 800 students; sovereigns, and endured above seven centuries, became
academiesof Fine Arts, music, &c., with over 1000 students; exinct. For many years the country was ruled by the tyrant
and schools under the reigning empress, which include, Boris, and afterwards became the prey of anarchy, till 1613,
besides schools for young ladies, schools for the deaf, dumb, when the national spirit took fire, and Michael Romanof,
and blind, foundling hospitals, and several houses of in- (Romanow,) a descendent in the female line from the house
dustry, the whole containing above 90,000 pupils. There are of Rurik, was, after a severe struggle, placed on the throne.
also schools aided by the government in the German colonies, From him the present ruling dynasty is directly descended.
in Tartary, &c., attended by over 50,000 pupils. The total At his death in 1645, he was succeeded by his son, Alexis.
number of pupils instructed in the above classes of schools  This sovereign was twice married, and left sons by both
is about 600,000, besides whom it is estimated that about wives-Feodor and Ivan by the first, and Peter by the second.
as many more receive a home edtlcation, making an aggre- Feodor reigned from 1676 to 1682, and dying without issue,
gate of 1,200,000 under instruction. To give unity and vigor was succeeded by Ivan and Peter, as joint sovereigns, under
to the school system, a special ministry of public instruc- the guardianship of Sophia, Ivan's full, and of course Peter's
tion has been appointed, and now forms one of the great half-sister. Ivan was weak both in mind and body, and
departments of the state.                                   Sophia endeavored, by excluding Peter from  all rule, to
History.-The earliest annals of Russia only furnish occa- monopolize the whole powers of government. The attempt
sional glimpses of Scythian and other barbarous hordes  proved a failure; Sophia was confined in a monastery, Ivan
roaming over its surface, and do not begin to bear marks of  abdicated, and Peter, in 1689, became sole czar. Neither
authenticity till the middle of the ninth century. About his private nor his public life is free from blemishes; but
that time a Baltic freebooter, named Rurik, probably aDane,  when the state in which he found Russia is contrasted with
having been called in to aid the people of Novgorod, pursued  that in which he left it, it must be admitted that no sovethe course then common with his class, and made himself  reign ever acquired by a juster title the surnames of Great
master of a great part of the country. He was slain A. D. and Father of his country.
883, by Oleg, who treacherously seized Kiev, and made it the    Peter, by his last command, conferred the succession on
seat of government. About 904, he fitted out a fleet of 2000  his widow, originally a Livonian peasant, who ascended the
canoes, embarked 80,000 men, and sailed from  the mouth  throne in 1.725, under the name of Catherine I., and after
of the Dnieper to attack Constantinople, but was prevented  reigning scarcely two years, was succeeded by Peter II.,
by a tempest. A second expedition in 941, under Igor, the  grandson of Peter the Great, who, after three years, was
son of Rurik, was defeated. In 980, a new era commenced  succeeded by Anne, half-sister to Peter the Great. Anne
by the accession of Vladimeer, known in history by the name  died in 1740, after having bequeathed the succession to her
of St. Vladimeer the Great. He married Anna, sister of the  grand-nephew, Ivan, a mere infant; but in consequence of a
Greek Emperor, Basil II., and in 988 embraced Christianity. revolt the bequest was disregarded, and Elizabeth, Peter
His example was quickly followed by almost all his sub- the Great's daughter, was called to the throne. During her
jects. He is the first- Russian sovereign who assumed the  reign Russia for the first time took a direct share in Eurotitle of Veliki-Kniaz or Grand Duke. At his death, in 1015, pean politics, and sent an ar-my westward beyond her own
he left numerous sons, who quarrelled in dividing his do- frontiers. She died in 1762, and was succeeded by her
minions, and commenced a series of internal feuds, which  nephew, Peter III., whose reign and life were terminated six
continued, with little interruption, to distract the country  months after by a conspiracy, to which his wife is believed
for about two centuries. The first appearance of unanimity  to have been privy. She, by the' acclamation of the army
was produced by a great common danger. The Tartars, and people, mounted the throne, under the title of Catherine
ihp, under Jenghis-Khan, had overrun many countries  LI., and pursued a course of policy remarkable alike for its
5                                                                           1633




RUS                                                           RUS
unscruplousness and its success. The most important events  and has nowhere a greater width than about 33 miles. The
of her reign are the wars with the Turks, in which the  interior of the country is very little known; but from
Russian arms were most triumphant, and the dismember-  several expeditions, it appears that throughout its W. part
ment of Polavd.  Catherine was succeeded in 1796 by her  it is elevated and uneven, while the part extending along
son, Paul, whose fickle policy and extravagant freaks had  the Arctic Ocean is invariably flat, with the exception of a
raised strong doubts as to his sanity, when a band of con-  small portion lying between 1410 and 1520 W. ion. The
spirators deprived him of his life in 1801. ie was succeeded  coasts of the mainland and the islands have almost all been
by his son, Alexander. His personal virtues, the wisdom   carefully explored. The N. coast was first discovered in the
of his internal administration, and the glorious defeat of a  course of the present century. Captain Cook, in 1778. during
moetformidable and unprincipled aggression on the national  his last voyage, reached Icy Cape, lat. 700 20. N., and 161~
independence, make his reign one of the most illustrious in  46' W.; and it was supposed, from  the large masses of ice
the annals of the empire, and keep his memory in grateful there met with, even in summer, that farther progress was
remembrance. Hie died in 1825, without issue, and, in con- impossible. In 1826, however, Captain Beechy proceeded E.
sequence of an arrangement by which his second brother  as far as North Cape, or Point Barrow, lat. 710 231 31" N.,
Constantine renounced the succession, was succeeded by  Ion. 1560 21' 32" WV.; while at the same time the lamented
his third brother, Nicholas, the late reigning monarch,  Sir John Franklin, then Captain Franklin, traced the coast
under whom  Russia has acquired a more commanding in- W. from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Return Reef, lat.
fiuence in European politics than she ever possessed before;  700 26' N., ion. 1480 52' W. The intervening space between
and under whom, the hereditary policy of aggrandizement  Point Barrow and Return Reef was first explored in 1837, by
of territory has been sedulously continued. The following  Dease and Simpson, officers of the Hudson's Bay Company.
table of the area of the empire at various epochs, will show-   The whole of the N. coast of Russian America, from  Dothe success of Russia in this department of her policy:-       marcation Point W. to Point Barrow, its northernmost extremity, stretches with tolerable regularity in a W.N.W.
Y.ears.     Area in sq. m.     Y.ears.  Area in sq. m.  direction, and is, with the exception of a small part in the
1462...........    1394,000   17251.......1..   6,841,000    E., a dead fiat, often nearly on a level with the sea, and
1505..........    792,000  1 1763...........    6,816,000    never more than from 10 to 20 feet above it. Froin Point
1584..........    2,676,000.   1825...........  7,050,000    Basrrow the coast takes a uniform  direction, from  N.E. to
0645..1......    5,421,000   1837............    7,500,000    Si.W, rising gradually towards Cape Lisburn, which is 850
]689.......... 5,630,000  ][1855.. ~,..        7,821,546
1... 15,630,000  181..         1,821,146    feet high. It here turns S., forming- between the two large
In 1853. in consequence of the occupation of a considerable  inlets. of Kotzebue Sound and Norton Sound, the remarkable
part of the territory of European Turkey by the Russian  peninsula of Prince of Wales, which projects into Behring's
troops, France  and England formed an alliance with Turkey  Strait, and terminates in an elevated promontory, forming
for the purpose, as they allege. of resisting the aggressions of  the most-western point of North America. From  Norton
Russia. Active hostilities commenced early in 1854, since  Sound it turns first S.W., then S.S.E., becoming indented
which time the war has been carried on with various suc- by several large bays, including those of Bristol Bay and
cess. March 2d, 1855, the emperor Nicholas died, after a  Cook's Inlet, on the opposite side of the long and narrow
short and severe illness. His eldest son, Alexander II.. suc-  peninsula of Aliaska; and is lined almost throughout by
ceeded to the throne.-Adj. RusuIA., roole/shn or rtishftn;  several groups of large islands, of which the most important
Russ. RuSKov, rooslkoi, feminine, RUSKAYA, roos-kil; Fr. belong to the Aleutian, Kodiak, and King George III. ArchiRuSSE, russ; Ger. Rvssisc, ro6stsisch;) inha}b. RUssIAN and  pelagos. The greater part of the coast last described is very
Russ, (poetical,) (Russ. ROSSIvANIN, ros-see/y'neen, roes- bold. presenting a succession of lofty volcanic peaks, two of
see'lneen; Fr. Russo; Ger. RUssE, roos'seh.)                   which, on the W. coast of Cook's Inlet, have the respective
BU SSIA, BLACK, a former division of Lithuania, now forms  heights of 11,270 feet and 12,066 feet. The climate of Rusa considerable part of the Russian government of Minsk.    sian America is not so cold as either the E. parts of the same
RUSSIA, GREAT,* is the N. and middle portion of the Rus-  continent, or the E. part of the continent of Asia, under
sian Empire, extending from the Frozen Ocean, to about the  the same latitudes.  It is, however, far too rigorous to admit
middle of the course of the Don.                              of agricultural operations; and the whole value of the terRUSSIA, LrrITTLE.* the name of that part of Russia lying  ritory is derived from the' products of its fisheries or of the
S. of Great Russia.                                            chase. The latter have been placed under the rigid meRUSSIA, NoW, a region in the S. of the Russian Empire, nopoly by the Russian government, which has conferred the
comprising the territories of the Cossacks.                    sole privilege of trafficking in them on the Russian AmeriRUSSIA, RED, formerly an independent duchy belonging  can Company. This has led to remonstrances on the part
to Poland, now forms a part of Austrian and Russian Poland. both of the United States and Great Britain, which have
RUSSIA, WaITE, was a portion of Lithuania, now forming  been so far successful that a lease has been granted to the
several Russiaft governments,                                   Hudson's Bay Company, giving them  the exclusive possesRUSISIA, a post-village and township of Herkimer co., sion of the mainland of Russian America, from 500 40' N.,
New York, about 14 miles N.E. of Utica. Pop. 2349.             to Cape Spencer, in lat. 580 13' N., and the exclusive priviRUSSIA, a township Lorain co., Ohio. Pop. 2061.              lege of supplying the Russians with agricultural produce
RUSSIA-IN-ASIA, embraces Siberia, or the whole of the  and provisions.
North Asia, E. of the principal crest of the Ural Mountains,    The principal settlement is Now ARCaANGEL, a small town
(see SIBERIa;) and the region of the Caucasus, comprising  with 1000 inhabitants, on the island of Sitka, the largest of
all the countries situated between the Black and the Caspian  the group of George III., which is called Baranov by the
Seas, forming a great general government, the capital of  Russians, and was named George III. by Vancouver. It is
which is Tiffis. It is subdivided into 12 provinces, and in-  the seat of the governor of all the establishments of Russian
eludes several regions which are only nominally subject to  America, and has fortifications, magazines, and a governor's
Russia, besides many countries which do not recognise the  residence, all built of wood. The ordinary squadron stationauthority of, and are constantly at war with, that power. ed on its coasts consists of 2 frigates and 2 corvettes.  The
See CASPIAN, CAUCASUS, DAGHESTAc, GEORaIA.                     Russian American Company, incorporated 1799, for fishing
RUSSIAN  AMERICA, rooeshan a-m~r'e-ka, according to  and hunting fur-bearing animals, whose chief establishments
the treaties with the United States and Great Britain, in  are here, have 50 ships of all sizes engaged in the collection
1824-5, comprehends all the American coast of the Pacific  and conveyance of peltry. Besides these possessions. Russia
and the adjacent islands N. of the parallel of 540 40' N. had formerly a small colony called Bodega, in California, N.
lat.; and the whole of the mainland W. of the meridian of  of San Francisco. It now belongs to the United States. Its port
1410 W. Ion., which passes through Mount St. Elias. It is  is small, but was once important for the Russian fur trade.
bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by British America, S.    The population of Russian America is estimated at 61,000,
by the Pacific, and W. by the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, and  of whom perhaps 6000 are Russians, Creoles, Kodiaks, and
Behring's Strait, which separate it from the Russian posses-  Aleoots. The remainder, above 50,000 in number. enjoy a
sions in Asia, the distance across from Cape Prince of Wales  greater or less degree of independence, and consist almost
to East Cape being only 36 miles. With the exception of the  entirely of Esquimaux.
narrow strip extending in a S.E. direction along the coast    RUISSIAN POILAND, comprises, besides the kingdom  of
nearly 400 miles, and the remarkable peninsula of Aliaska, it  Poland, as established in 1815, the governments of Vilna,
forms a tolerably compact mass, with an average length and  Courland, Vitebsk, Moheelev, Minsk, Grodno, Volhynia,
breadth of about 600 miles each. Its greatest length N. and  Kiev, Podolia, and the province of Bialystok, formerly comS. from the southern extreihity of Aliaska to Point Barrow  posing Lithuania, Samogitia, and the Ukraine. See PoLAND
is about 1100 miles; greatest breadth, measured on the    RUISSIAN RIVER, rises on the border between Mendo
Arctic Circle, which passes through Cape Prince of Wales, is  clne and Sonoma counties, California, and flowing in a
about 800 miles; the longest line that can be drawn across  general S. course, after forming the boundary between the
the country is firom Cape Prince of Wales to its southern  above-mentioned counties for its whole length, falls into the
extremity, lat. 540 40', a distance of about 1600 miles, Pacific in about 380 38' N. lat.
Estimated area, 394,000 square miles. The part of the main-    RUSSIAN TARITARY, comprises the E. part of Europe,
land S. of Mount St. Elias consists of a narrow belt, which  and the WV. of Asiatic Russia, and forms the governments
Is continued along a mountain ridge parallel to the coast  of Perm, Viatka, Kazan, Simbeersk, Penza, Saratov, Orenboorg, and Astrakhan.
* For the area and population of these several divisions of    RUSSIAVILLE, rfsshfa-vil, a post-village of Clinton co.,
Rassia, see table, page 1631.                                 Indiana, on Honey Creek, 18 miles N.E. of Frankfort.  it
1634




RUS                                                      RUV'
iontains 3 stores, I steam saw mill, and one fouring mill.   RUTTIVEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar. ~
~Pop. in 1853, 400                                          RUTIHWELL,   a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of DumRUSSIE, a country of Europe. See RUssIA.               fries, with a village and station.on the Glasgow and Carlisle
RUISSIKON, roostse-kon, a village and parish of Switzer- Railway, 91 miles E.S.E. of Dumfries.
land, canton, and 5 miles S. of Zurich. Pop. 1933.         RUTI (Riiti) or RUTIHY, (Riithy,) riltee, a village and
RUSSISCf.  See RussIA.                                  parish of Switzerland, canton, and 12 miles SE. of St. Gall.
RUSSLAND, a country of Europe. See RussiA.              Pop. 1438.
RUSSWEIL, roos1*il; a village and parish of Switzerland,   RUTI or RUTHY, a village and parish of Switzerland,
anton, and 9 miles W.N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 4156.          canton, and 17 miles S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1112.
RUST, r66st, a market-village of Baden, circle of Upper    RUTIGLIANO, roo-teel-y no, a market-town of Naples,
Rhine, near the right bank of the Rhine, 18 miles W.S.W. province of Bari, 7 miles W.N.W. of Conversano; It is enof Offenburg. Pop. 1830.                                  closed by walls andditches, and has a collegiate church.
RUST or RUSTI, roosht, a town of West IHungary, co., Pop. 5000.
and 10 miles N.N.E. of Oedenburg, on Lake Neusiedl. P. 1199.   RUTILAM, a town of India, in the Gwalior dominions, 48
RUSTCHUK or RUSCZUK. See RoosrcH0oK.                    miles W.N.W. of Oojein. Lat. 230 19' N., lon. 750 5' E.
RUSTIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          RUT/LAND or RUTLANDSHIRE, rdt/land-shjr, the smallRUStTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.     est county of England, bounded on the S.E. by the river WelRUSTON, SourH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.     land. Area, 150 square miles. Pop. in 1851,22,983. The surface
RUS/TON PARIVA, a parish of England, co. bf York, East is undulating, and finely diversified with parks. The chief
Riding.                                                   towns are Oakham and Uppingham. It sends 2 members
RUS/WARP, a township of England, co. of York, North  to the House of Commons. It gives the title of duke to the
Riding, 1  miles S.W. of Whitby, with a station on the  Manners family.
Whitby Branch of the York and North Midland Railway.        RUT/LAND, a county in the S.W. central part of VerRUTE, roo'tA, (anc..Arialdunum?) a town of Spain, pro- mont, has an area of about 960 square miles. It is in part
vince of Cordova, in a fine valley, 7 miles S.S.E. of Lucena. bounded on the W. by Lake Champlain, and is drained
Pop. 7840. At a short distance are observed traces of an an- principally by Otter Creek and its branches, which supply
cient town, supposed to have been of the Gothic period; and  water-power for numerous mills. It contains several small
on the summit of the hill, which commands the town, is a  lakes and ponds, among which may be mentioned Lake Ausfortress with the inscription: "Clodobeas IV., King of the  tin and Bombazine Lake. The surface is elevated, and in
Goths, caused this fort to be built, and spent on it 30,000  the E. part mountainous. The soilis fertile, especially along
pieces of gold."  Agriculture, manufactures of linens, coarse  the valley of Otter Creek. In 1850 this county produced
cloths, and Sack-cloths, are carried on, and there are 15 flour  623,199 pounds of wool, the greatest quantity produced by
mills, 27 oil mills, a fuller's mill, and 18 stills for brandy. any county in the United States, except Washington county,
RUTENI. See RoDEZ.                                      Pennsylvania. This county abounds in iron ore and excelRU/TERSVILLE, a post-villageof Fayette co., Texas, about lent marble. The raihlroad connecting Bellow's Falls and
6 miles N.E. of the Colorado River at La Grange.          Burlington, traverses this county, which is also partly inRUTGER'S COLLEGE. See Naw BRUNSwicxK, New Jersey. tersected by those connecting Rutland with Troy, Saratoga,
RUTHEN, (Riithen,) rnilten, or RUDEN, roo/den, a town  and Bennington.  Organized in 1781. Capital, Rutland.
of Prussia, Westphalia, 18 miles E.N.E. of Arnsberg. P. 1950. Pop. 33,059.
RUTHERFORD, rftTHner-ford, a county in the S.W. part   RUTLAND, a handsome post-village, seat of justice of Rutof North Carolina, bordeling on South Carolina. Area, esti- land co., Vermont, pleasantly situated on Otter Creek, and
mated at 870 square miles. It is drained by Broad River, a  on the line of three important railroads, viz. the Rutland
branch of the Congaree. The surface is hilly or mountain- and Burlington, the Rutland and Washington, and the
ous, especially near the W. border, which extends along the  Western Vermont Railroad, 67 miles S.S.E. of Burlington,
Blue Ridge; a part of the soil is fertile. Formed in 1779, and about 55 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier.  It contains, beand named in honor of General Griffith Rutherford, of North  sides the county buildings, several churches, a bank, 2
Carolina. Capital, Rutherfordton.  Pop. 13,550, of whom  newspaper offices, a flourishing academy, a splendid railroad
10,645 were free, and 2905 slaves.                        depot, and the machine-shops and engine-houses of the
RUTHIERFORD, a county in the central part of Tennessee, Western Vermont Railroafi  It is also the centre of trade
has an area estimated at 600 square miles. It is intersected  for a large section of country. There are in the township 5
by Stone's River, an affluent of the Cumberland. The sur- churches, 23 stores, and 16 manufactories and mills, one of
face is agreeably diversified; the soil is highly productive, which, for the sawing of marble, is very extensive, and prowell watered, and extensively cultivated. It is intersected  pelled by steam. Three new villages have sprung up in
by the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Capital, Mlur- the township since 1846. Pop. in 1840, 2708; 1850, 3715.
freesborough. Pop. 29,122, of whom 17,144 were free, and    RUTLAND, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachu.
11,978 slaves.                                            setts, 50 miles WV. by N. of Boston. Pop. 1223.
RUTHERFORD, a township of Martin co., Indiana. P. 603.   RUTLAND, a post-township of Jefferson co., New York, 8
RUTHIERFORD, a post-office of Switzerland co., Indiana.  miles S.E. of Watertown. Pop. 2265.
RUTII/ERFORDTON, a post-village, capital of Rutherford    RUTLAND, a post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania,
co., North Carolina, 216 miles W. of Raleigh. It contains a  20 miles E.N.E. of Wellsborough. Pop. 1006.
court-house, an academy, and newspaper office. Pop. 650.    RUTLAND, a post-office of Hiarrison co., Kentucky.
RUTIIERGLEN, rihglen, a parliamentary and municipal   RUTLAND, a post-village and township of Meigs co., Ohio,
burgh and parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, on the Clyde, 3  on Leading Creek, about 95 miles S.E. of Columbus. P. 1748.
miles S.E. of Glasgow,'and on a railway. Pop. of parlia-    RUTLAND, a township in the N.W. part of Barry co.,
mentary burgh in 1851, 6514. It is very ancient, and was  Michigan.' Pop. 177.
formerly ofimportance, Glasgowhaving been included within    RUTLAND, a township of Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 2359.
its municipal boundaries in the twelfth century; at present   RUTLAND, a post-township in the S.E. part of Dane co.,
it consists chiefly of one well-paved street, but, except the  Wisconsin. Pop. 759.
parish church and town-hall, it has no public edifices. Its    RUTLAND ISLAND, Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, is
former considerable trade on the river has been absorbed by  immediately E. of North Arran.
Glasgow, and the inhabitants are chiefly employed in weav-   RUTLAND ISLAND, East Indies, an island in the Bay
ing muslins for Glasgow manufacturers, and in print and  of Bengal, S. of Great Andaman Island.
dye-works. The burgh unites with Kilmarnock, Dumbar-   RUT/LEDGE, a village in the W. part of Cattaraugus co.,
ton, Port Glasgow, and Renfrew, in sending 1 member to  New York.
the House of Commons.                                       RUTLEDGE, a post-village, capital of Grariger co., TenRUTHIER GLENN, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.  nessee, in Richland Valley, near the foot of Clinch MounRUTH/ERVILLE, a village of St. Lawrence co., New York, tain, 216 miles E. of Nashville. It hasan academy. The
15 miles N. of Canton.                                    valley is fertile, and the mountain contains abundance of
RUTHIN; RHUTITYN, or RHUDDIN, rootTHin, (Welsh  iron and other ores.
pron. h'riTH/in, the "red fortress,") a parliamentary and mu-   RUTLEDGE. a post-village, capital of McDonald co., Misnicipal borough, market-town, and parish of North Wales. on  souri, on Elk River, 225 miles S.W. of Jefferson City.
the Clwyd, co., and 7 miles S.E. of Denbigh. Pop. of parlia-   RUTNAGIJERRY, ritt'na-gh~r/ree, a town of India, prementary borough, in 1851, 3373. It has an ancient church, sidency, and 140 miles S. of Bombay, on the Malabar coast.
formerly collegiate, and an excellent grammar school, with    RUTNAGHERRY, a town of India, presidency of Mysore,
six exhibitions to the university, a hospital for decayed  58 miles S.E. of Chitteldroog.
house-keepers, a handsome county hall and jail, town-hall,   RUTTUNGUR, rfttttin-gIr/, a town of North-west Hinrace-course, and beautiful remains of a castle, presented by  dostan, 25 miles E.S.E. of Odeypoor.
Edward I. to the family of its present owners. It unites with    RUTTUNPOOR, rit'tiln-poorl, a town- of Hindostan, in
Denbigh, Holt, and Wrexham in sending 1 member to the  the Berar dominions, 210 miles E.N.E. of Nagpoor. Lat. 220
House of Commons. It gives the title of baroness to Lady  21' N., Ion. 820 25' E.
Grey de Ruthin.                                             RUTTUNPOOR, a town of Ilindostan, dominions, and 40
RUTIISBURG, rfths/birg, a village of Queen Anne co., miles S. of Baroda. Lat. 210 24' N., Ion. 730 20' E.
Maryland, 42 miles E. of Annapolis. It has 1 iron foundry.   RUVO, roolvo, a walled town of Naples, province, and 21
RUTIISVILLE, rithstvil, a post-office of Montgomery co., miles W. of Banri. Pop. 8000. It has a cathedral, some conIllinois.                                                 vents, and a diocesan seminary.
1635




RUV                                                        RZT
RUVO, a village of Naples, province of Basilicata, 10 miles   RYE, a post-village and township of Westchester co., New.S.W. of Melfi. Pop. 2330.                                 York, on the New York and New IHaven Railroad, 27 miles
RUYEN, roilen, a village of Belgium, province of East N.E. of New York. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several
Flanders, 20 miles S.S.W. of Ghent, on the Scheldt. P. 2618. stores. Pop. of the township, 2584.
RUYSBROECK, roislbrb6k, a village of Belgium, province   RYE, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, intersected
of Antwerp, with a station on the Paris and Brussels Rail- by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 696.
way, 3* miles S.S.W. of Brussels.                            RYEBAUGH, ri-bawg/, (Hindoo, Rai Bagh, ri bdg, the
RUYSSELEDE, rois/sl-ldeh, a market-town of Belgium, "Rajah's garden,") a town of South India, capital of a disprovince of West Flanders, 14 miles S.S.E. of Biruges.     trict, dominions, and 85 miles S.S.E. of Sattarah, near the
RUYITON-orF-cE-ELEV/EN TOWNS, a parish of England, Kistnah.
co. of Salop.                                                RYE COVE, a post-office of Scott co., Virginia.
RUZAFA, roo-th fg, a village of Spain, so near Valencia    RYEGATE, a town of England. See REIGATE.
that it may be considered its suburb, on a plain near the    RYEIGATE, a post-village and township of Caledonia co.,
Turia. Pop. about 1700.                                    Vermont, on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers RailRYACOTTA, ri-&-kotftt, a town and hill fortress of British  road, 23 miles E. by S. of Montpelier. Pop. 1606.
India, presidency of Madras, 60 miles N. by W. of Salem,   RYEGHUR, rI-gttr/, a towni of British India, presidency,
on the Punnair, near the Mysore frontier. Lat. 120 28' N., and 65 miles S.E. of Bombay, in lat. 180 12' N., Ion. 730
Ion. 780 6' E.                                             28' E.
RYAN, LOCH, 15K rlfan, a bay of Scotland, in its S.W.   RYEGHUR, a town of British India, presidency of Benpart, commences at the entrance of the Frith of Clyde, gal, province of Gundwanah, 50 miles N.W. of Sumbhulpoor.
nearly opposite the Mull of Kintyre, and projects 10 miles    RYEPOOR, ri'poorf, a town of Central India, in the Berar
S.S.E. Average breadth, about 2 miles. It forms a safe and  dominions, 150 miles E. of Nagpoor, in lat. 210 15' N., ion.
commodious harbor for the largest fleet.                   820 131' E.
RY/AN'S STORE, apost-office, Montgomery co., Tennessee.   RY/EIRSON'S, a village of Passaic co., New Jersey, on the
RY/ANSVILLE.   a small village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. Pequannock River, about 9 miles N.W. of Patterson, conRYAN'S WELL, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi. tains 2 stores, a furnace, 3 mills, a church, and an academy.
RYIARSH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 RYIERSON'S STATION, a small village of Greene.co.,
RYBINSK,rib-inskt, written also RUBINSK, a large town  Pennsylvania.
of Russia, government, and 52 miles N.W. of Yaroslav, on    RY/ERSS, a village of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 4 miles
the right bank of the Volga. Pop. 10,000. It is a great S.S.E. of Blossburg, is the S. terminus of the Tioga (or Blosscentre of the internal commerce of the empire. The prin- burg and Corning) Railroad.
cipal edifices are a fine exchange, two cathedrals, numerous   RYE VALLEY, a post-office of Smyth co., Virginia.
other churches and chapels, a large conventual building, a    RY/HALL, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
covered exercising ground, an arsenal, the courts ofjustice,   RYILAND'S IDEPOT, a post-village of Greenville co., Virseveral extensive bazaars, and noble residences, a theatre, ginia, on the Petersburg Railroad, 54 miles from Petersburg.
orphan and other asylums, hospitals, almshouses, and a    RYLSK or RILSK, rilsk, written also RULSK, (Riilsk,)
house of correction. It has breweries, distilleries, salt-works, a town of Russia, government, and 62 miles W.S.W. of
oil and other mills, soap and candle factories, potteries, &c. Koorsk, on the Sem. Pop. 7000. It has numerous churches,
The chief article of commerce is corn, sent to St. Petersburg, and two large annual fairs.
Riga, Dantzic, Kinigsberg, &c. Two large annual fairs are    RYMANOV or RYMANOW, rl-mg-novf, a town of Austrian
held here. Twenty thousand barges arrive annually with  Poland, in Galicia, 15 miles W. of Sanok.
goods to the value 250,000,000 rubles. It was destroyed by    RYIMIE-INTRINISICA, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
fire in 1806.                                               RYMENHAM, rI/men-hmin, or RYMENAMI (?) a village of
RYBNIK, ribfnik, a town of Prussian Silesia, 50 miles  Belgium, province of Antwerp, 5 miles E.S.E. of Mechlin.
S.S.E. of Oppeln, on the Rudka. Pop. 2730.                  RYMPS, rimps, a village of Belgium, province of LimRY/BURGH, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   bourg, 6 miles N.E. of Tongres.
RYBURGH, LIzTLc, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk,   RYP or RIJP, rip, a village of the Netherlands, in North
31 miles E.S.E. of Fakenham, has a station on the Dereham   Holland, 13 miles N. of Amsterdam.
and Fakenham Branch of the Eastern Counties Railway.        RYPIN, rip/in, a town of Poland, province, and 39 miles
RYCKEVORSEL, rnk/keh-voa'sel, a village of Belgium, N.N.WV. of Plock, on an affluent of the Drewenz. Pop. 2080.
province of Antwerp, 9 miles W. of Turnhout. Pop. 1277.   It was formerly strongly fortified, and has comb, leather,
RYIDAL, a chapelry of England, co. of Westmoreland, on  and woollen cloth factories.
the Leven, 2 miles N.W. of Ambleside. It is celebrated for    RYSBERGEN or RIJSBERGEN, ris/bRGe'pn, a village of
its small but beautiful lake, and was the residence of the  the Netherhlands, province of North Brabant, 6 miles S.W. of
late poet Wordsworth, whose picturesque dwelling com- Breda.
mands a prospect of great splendor. Rydal Hall, the seat of    RYSSEL, a city of France. See LILLE.
Lady de Fleming, is in a park presenting fine forest scenery.   RYSSEN or RIJSSEN, rIs/sen, a town of the Netherlands,
RYDE, rid, a maritime town and watering-place of Eng- province of Overyssel, 23 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 2700.
land, on the N. coast of the Isle of Wight, parish of New-   RYSWICK, RYSWYK  or RIJSWIJK, riz/wik, (Dutch
church, 5 miles S.W. of Portsmouth, from which its white  pron. rice/6ik:) a village of the Netherlands, province of
villas, interspersed with foliage, give it a beautiful appear-  South Holland, 2 miles S.E. of the Hague. Pop. 2324. The
ance. Pop. in 1851, 7147. It is built on an acclivity rising  famous peace concluded here in 1697, between France on the
from the sea. It has a handsome main street, several fine  one part, and Germany, England, Spain, and Holland on the
modern terraces, and numerous elegant detached residences, other, is commemorated by a pyramidal monument.
a highly ornamented modern Gothic church, I theatre,   RYTCIHIA, ritch/d, one of the E. branches which the Volga
assembly rooms, and a wooden pier extending 750 yards  throws off in the lower part of its course before reaching
into the sea, at which the numerous steamers between  the Caspian. It commences about 24 miles N. of Astrakhan,
Southampton and Portsmouth land passengers at all states  and has a length of about 40 miles.
of the tide. The environs abound in delightful scenery.     RY/THER-wITwH-O/ZENDIKE, a parish of England, co. of
RYDROOG or RAIDROOG, ri'droog, a town of British  York, West Riding.
India, presidency of Madras, 26 miles S. of Bellary. Lat. 140    RY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Durham, S. of the
49' N., Ion. 760 56' E. Its port, on an abrupt rock, 1200 feet Tyne, on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 6 miles E. of
in height, contains a ruined palace, and some Hindoo tem- Newcastle.
pies; other temples, especially one of Krishna, exist in the    RYTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
town, which is of considerable extent.                      RY/TON-o N-DUNS/MOOR, a parish of England, co. of WarRYE, ri, a parliamentary and municipal borough, cinque  wick.
port, town, and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the    RYITON WOODISIDE, a township of England, co. of
Rother, about 2 miles from its mouth in the English Chan- Durham.
nel, and on the line of the Hastings and Dover Railway, 10    RZEDITZ, zhiJdits, OBnER, o/ber and UNTER, oonlter, a viimiles W.N.W. of Hastings, and 625 miles E.S.E. of London. lage of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, 4 miles W. of Holitz.
Pop. of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 8541. It is built Pop. 1430.
on a rock, on the edge of an extensive, marsh. The chief    RZEPIN, zhdlpin, or RIPPIN, rip/pin, a village of Bohestructures are the remains of its ancient walls and gates, a  mia, circle of Buntzlau, 16 miles from Brandeis. Pop. 1850.
large cruciform church of Norman and early English archi-   RZESZOW, zhlshlov, or RESZOW, r~s/sov, a town of
tecture, grammar school, town-hall and market-house, a cas- Austrian Galicia, on the Wislok, 43 miles E. of Tarnov. Pop.
tie built by William de Ipres in the twelfth century, and  4494. It is well built, and has a gymnasium, a castle, and
now faced with a battery, and used as a jail; a public manufactures of woollen cloth and linens.
library, and small theatre. The town stood anciently on    RZHEV, RJEV, a'zhiv, or RSHEV, a town of Russian
the sea. The present harbor is formed by a new canal ad- government, and 74 miles S.W. of Tver, on the Volga, which
mitting vessels of 200 tons. The exports are wool, corn, divides it into two parts. Pop. 9000. It has numerous
timber, bark, and hops. Imports, coal, and manufactured  churches, salt and corn magazines, large exports of corn, and
goods. The borough, including Winchelsea, sends 1 mem- two great annual fairs. It was formerly governed by its
her to the House of Commons.                             own princes.
RYE, a post-township in Rockingham co., New Hampshire,   RZICZAU, zheelchbw, a town of Bohemia, circle of Kaur
on the Atlantic coast, 47 mile E.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1295. zim. Pop. 1026.
1636




SAA                                                         SAB
S
AADE    a town of Arabia. See SADA.                 E. side is the lake, an oval basin, about 6 miles in length,
SAAL, sl. a market-town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 6  and 3 or 4 miles in breadth.
miles E.S.E, of Neustadt. Pop. 1068.                          SABARA, si-b frd, a ci~ty of Brazil, province of Minas
SAALBURG, silbOORG, a town of Germany, principality  Geraes, on the right bank ofthe Rio-das-Velhas, an affluent of
of Reuss, 30 miles S.W. of Gera, on the Saale. Pop. 1207.-  the Sio Francisco, 2300 feet above the sea, 40 miles N.N.WV.
SAALE, FsANKISCnE. frtnfkish-eh  s'leh, (anc. Salcc,) a  of Ouro Preto. Pop. 5000. The town of Sabara received the
river of Germany, in Bavaria, joins the Main at Gemtin- title of" most faithful" in 1832, and was elevated to the rank
den, after a S.W. course of 70 miles.                       of a city in 1843.
SAALE, SACHSIScuE, sfk/sish-eh slleh,  or THURING-    SABASIA VADA. See SAvoNA.
ISCHE, too'ring-ish'eh, (ane. SaO/a,) a river of Germany, rises    SABAT. a town of Arabia.  See ZEBI.
in Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, in the Fichtelgebirge,    SABATIIOO, sg-bd-thoof, a small town of North-west India,
14 miles S.W. of Iof, flows very tortuously N. through the  30 miles S.S.E. of Belaspoor, on the Sutlej, and formerly a
Saxon duchies, Prussian Saxony, Anhalt, &c., and joins the  station for a Gorkha battalion.
Elbe 18 miles S.E. of Magdeburg. Total course, 212 miles,    SABAfTUS, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.
It is navigable for large vessels from the Elbe to Halle.     SABIBATII REST, a post-office of Blair co., Pennsylvania.
SAALE, s lih, or SAALA, s0l1, SALZBURGER, sfltsf-   SABBIO DI SOPRA, s~b/be-o dee solprA, and SABBIO DI
b0rGoe'r, a river of Germany, in Upper Austria and Bavaria, SOTTO, sfbIbe-o dee sotto, two contiguous villages of Ausflows N.W. past Lofer and Reichenhall, and joins the Salza  trian Italy, government of Milan, province,>and 13 miles
4 miles N.W. of Salzburg. Total course, 70 miles.           N.E. of Brescia, on the opposite sides of the Chiese. P. 1129.
SAALFELD, sellf lt, a town of Central Germany, in Saxe-    SABBIONETTA, slb-be-o-nlttd, a town of Lombardy, 18
Meiningen, on the Saale, 41 miles E. of Meiningen. Lat. 500  miles S.W. of Mantuna. Pop. 7000. It has a castle, and was
37' N., lon. 110 24' E. Pop. 4369. It has an old castle, with  the capital of a principality given by Napoleon to his sister
manufactures of woollen cloth, linen, tobacco, chiccory, Pauline, in 1806.
potash, vinegar, gunpowder, and leather, and a considerable    SAB/DEN, a village of England, in Lancashire, on a tricattle trade. Near it are some iron-mines. HIere Prince  butary of the Calder, 4 miles N.W. of Burnley.  Pop. 1160.
Louis Frederick of Prussia was defeated and killed by the    SABIL/LISVILLE, a post-village of Frederick co., MaryFrench in 1806.                                             land. 95 miles N.W. of Annapolis..
SAALFELD, ALT, Slt sdllfflt, a village of Germany, on    SABINA, sA-bee/nA, an old province of the Pontifical
the Saale, immediately opposite Saalfeld.                   States, in Central Italy, now comprised in the Comarca di
SAALFELD, sill/f lt, a town of East Prussia, 71 miles  Roma, and delegations of Rieti and Spoleto.
S.W. of Knigsberg, on the Maringsee. Pop. 2000.              SABItNA, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, on the CinSAALFELDEN, slf llfPden, a market-town of Upper Aus- cinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesville Railroad, 62 miles S.W.
tria, on the Saale, 28 miles S.S.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 1222.   of Columbus.
SAANE, sdneh, (Fr. Sarine, sd'reen/,) a river of Switzer-    SABINA, a village of New Mexico, near the right bank of
land, cantons of Bern and Freyburg, after a N. course of 65  the Rio del Norte.
miles joins the Aar, 10 miles W.N.W. of Bern. It is navi-   SABINAS, sA-nee/nos, a river of the Mexican Confedera,
gable from the Aar to Freyburg for boats.                   tion, states of Cohahuila and New  Leon, joins the Rio
SAANEN, sf/nen, (Fr. Gessenay, zh~s'ssh.n-d,) a market- Grande. On it is the village of SABINAS.
town of Switzerland, canton, and 32 miles S.W. of Bern, on    SABINE, a parish in the W. part of Louisiana, bordering
the Upper Saane. Pop. of parish, 3300.                      on Texas, has an area of about 1300 square miles. The
SAAR, a river of France and Prussia. See SARRE.           Sabine River forms the entire W. boundary. The surface is
SAAR, sn, (BohemianuZdiar, zdeean,) a town of Moravia, nearly level, and is mostly occupied by prairies. Seat of
on the Bohemian frontier, 18 miles N.E. of Iglau. P. 2962.  justice, Manny.  Pop. 4515, of whom 3347 were free, and
SAARBRUCK, (Saarbrtiick,) sn/briik, a town of Rhenish  1168 slaves.
Prussia, 40 miles S.S.E. of Troves, on the Saar, here crossed    SABINE, a county in the E. part of Texas, bordering on
by a stone bridge connecting it with its suburb, St. Johann. the Sabine River, which separates it from Louisiana. Area,
Lat. 490 14/ N., lon. 70 E. Pop. 8624. It has a gymnasium, about 600 square miles. It is drained by Patroon ain'd Palo
and manufactures of woollen cloths. Mines of iron and  Gucho Bayous. The soil is mostly very fertile, producing
coal are extensively worked in the vicinity. It was founded  cotton and Indian corn, which are exported by steamboats
in the tenth century, was given to the church of Metz by  on the Sabine River during high water. Capital, Milan.
the Emperor Henry III.. and subsequently governed by its  Pop. 2499, of whom 1556 were free, and 943 slaves.
own counts till 1380, when it came by marriage into the    SABINE, a township of Washtenaw co., Michigan. Pop.
family of Nassau. It was afterwards fortified, and suffered  1631.
much by war. In 1676 it was almost entirely burnt down,   SABINE CITY, a post-village of Jefferson co., Texas, at
and its fortifications dismantled.                          the outlet of Sabine Lake, 75 miles E.N.E. of Galveston.
SAARBURG, sirlbnoRG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 11    SABINE LAKE is an expansion of Sabine River, about 5
miles S.S.W. of Treves, on the Saar. Pop. 2060.             miles from its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, at the S.W.
SAARDAMI, a town of Holland. See ZAANDAM.                 extremity of Louisiana. Length, about 18 miles; greatest
SAAR-LOUIS, sla-loolis, (Fr. pron. saR-loo'ee,) or SARRE- breadth, about 9 miles.
LOUIS, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the frontier of France,    SABINE (sa-beent) RIVER, rises in Hunt co., Texas, and
30 miles S.S.E. of Treves, on the Sarre. Pop. 4380. It was  flows in an E.S.E. direction, until it strikes the E. boundary
founded by Louis XIV., and was strongly fortified by Vauban. of the state. From this point it pursues a general S. course,
It belonged to France till 1815, and forms an important bor- forming the boundary between Texas and Louisiana, and
der fortress. It has manufactures of arms, with lead and  passes through Sabine Lake into the Gulf of Mexico. The
iron mines in its vicinity. Saar-Louis was the birthplace of  whole length is estimated at 500 miles. It is said to be very
Marshal Ney.                                                shallow at its mouth, but is navigable by small boats in
SAARN, slan, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 14 miles N.N.E. high water in some parts of its course.
of Dusseldorf, on the Ruhr. Pop. 2320.                        SABINETOWN, sa-been/ttwn, a post-village of Sabine co.,
SAAR-UNION, SAAR-UNION  BONQUENOM, sin-tine-  Texas, on the Sabine River, 10 miles E. of Milan. It is the
8ce/b6cN'keh —n6cs/, or SAARE-WERDEN, s/reh-dlnR/den, a  principal shipping-point for the cotton raised in the county.
town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 18 miles N.W. of    SABINO, a town of Austrian Italy. See Iseo.
Saverne, on the Sarre. Pop. 1852, 3694.                       SABINO, sd-bee/no. a village on the left bank of the Rio
SAARWELLINGEN,   slniel'ling-en, a market-town of  del Norte, in the interior of New Mexico.
Rhenish Prussia. 29 miles S.S.E. of Treves. Pop. 1467.        SAI/INSVILLE, a post-office of Tioga co.. Pennsylvania.
SAATZ, sIts, (Bohemian Zatecz, zdtltch,) LUCZKO, lootch/-    SABIONCELLO, si-be-on-chFlllo, (anc. Hil/lis,) a mountainko, or BOROTINKO, bo-ro-tinkle, a town of Bohemia, on the  ous peninsula of Dalmatia, 25 miles N.W. of Ragusa, extendEger, here crossed by a handsome iron chain suspension  ing into the Adriatic between the islands of Curzola and
bridge, 43 miles W.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 4990. It is enclosed  Lesina. Length, 43 miles; average breadth, 4.
by walls, and has a collegiate church, a Capuchin monastery,    SABIOTE, sd-be-ontI, a town of Spain, province, and 35
and a gymnasium, with a trade in wines and hops.            miles N.E. of Jaenz Pop. 2652.
SABA, sd/bl, one of the Dutch West India Islands, 18    SABIS.  See SAMBsE.
miles N.W. of St. Eustatius, of which it is a dependency, in    SABLe, sd'bl%', a town of France, department of Sarthe,
lat. 170 39' N., lon. 630 19' W. Area, 15 square miles. Pop. on the Sarthe, at its confluence with the Erve, and here
1617. It is inaccessible, except on its S. side.            crossed by a bridge of black marble, 27 miles W.S.W. of Le
SABADELL, sd-Bd-dSit, a town of Spain, province, and 10  Mans. Pop. in 1852, 5282, who manufacture gloves, and
miles N. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 4720. It has  trade in marble, quarried in the vicinity.
manufactures of woollen cloth, muslins, and paper.            SABLE ISLAND, a small island of the Atlantic Ocean,
SABANJAI, sd-bin!j%, a town and small lake of Asia  lying, directly in the track of vessels sailing between the
hinor, in Anatolia. The town, (ane. Sophen,) 20 miles E. of  northern ports of America and Europe, 90 miles S.E. of Nova
Ismeed, is "a mere travelling station, full of coffee-houses  Scotia. Lat. 430 59' N., lon. 590 47' W. It is low and sandy,
and stables, with about 500 houses, and 2 mosques." On its  about 25 miles in length, and 1 in breadth, and has been
1637




SAB                                                        SAC
the scene of numorous and melancholy shipwrecks. A com- capital, Saccondee, it contains several villages. Pop. esti
pany of men, furnished with provisions and other necessaries mated at 3000 fighting men.
for the purpose of relieving shipwrecked mariners, are sup-    SACCONEX, saklkolnWx,  (GROAT and LITTLE,) two villages
ported at an annual expense of $4000. The island is covered  forming two parishes of Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles
with grass and wild pease, sustaining by its spontaneous pro- N;W. of Geneva. Pop. 2504.
duction about 500 wild horses and many cattle. The fisheries.   SACEDON, sA-thA-dinf, (anc. Thermida?) a town of Spain,
in its vicinity have recently been prosecuted with success. province, and 27 miles S.E. of Guadalajara, near the Tagus
CAPE SABLE IsLAND is off the S.W. extremity of Nova Scotia.  Pop. 2875. It has a royal palace, barracks, and Saline bath'
ISABLE RIVER, of Michigan, rises in the N. part of the  frequented from June to September.
peninsula, and, flowing in a direction E.S.E., enters the    SACERAM, a town of Toorkistan.  See SAaLIe.
lower part of Saginaw Bay.                                   SAC-ANn)-FOX AGENCY, a post-office of Kanzas Territory.
SAjLE RIVER, of Michigan. See SANDY Rrvxa.                SAICHEM'S HEAD, a noted watering-place of New Haven
SABLES, or SABLES-D'OLONNE, LES, 14 s8b'l do'lonnf, a  co., Connecticut, 3 miles W.S.W. of Guilford, and 13 miles
town and seaport of France, on the Bay of Biscay, 21 miles  E. by S. of New Haven. In early times an Indian chief was
S.W. of Bourbon-Veunde. Pop. in 1852, 5983. It stands  captured here, from which circumstance the place derived
partly on a sandy peninsula, and partly on an elevated  its name. The New Haven and New London Railroad passes
rock, with a port for vessels under 150 tons, and an active  about half a mile N. of the hotel.
pilchard fishery.                                            SACUSA, saklds, (see INT. XVII., 19, Gs.,) a town of PrusSABLONVILLE, shb'l&N5\veelf, a village of France, form- sian Saxony, 48 miles N.N.W. of Erfurt, at the foot of the
ing a N.W. suburb of Paris, adjoining the new fortifications. Harz. Pop. 1708.
SABOR, sl-iSRJ, a river of Spain, rising in Leon, joins the    SACHSEN, in Germany. See SAXE —SAXONY.
Douro on the right, in Portugal, after a course of 75 miles.    SACHSEN-ALTENBURG.  See SAXE-ALTE1NBURG.
SABOUGLY; sa-boog lee, a small post-village of Yallobusha    SACHSENBERG, skfksen-blaox, a town of Germany, princo., Mississippi.                                          cipality of Waldeck, 11 miles 5S.W. of Corbach. Pop. 1000.
SABRAO, an island of the MalayArchipelago. See ADENARA.   SACHSENBURG, sdklsen-bM6Go, (see INT. XVII., 19 OnBs.,)
SABRES, sab'r, a market-town of France, department of  a market-town of the Austrian Empire, in Illyria, 27 miles
Landes, 19 miles N.N.W. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 2524.    N.W. of Villach, on the Brave, defended by three castles.
SAIBRIDGEWORTII, a parish of England, co., and 101 In the vicinity are numerous Roman antiquities.
miles E.N.E. of Hertford, with a station on the Northern    SACIISEN-COBURG. See SAXE-COBURG.
and Eastern Counties Railway, 281 miles N.E. of London.      SACHSENHIIAGEN, sdk/sen-hilghe n, a town of Germany,
SABRINA, sA-bree'nd, a volcanic island of the Azores, in Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-Ilessen, 15 miles N.E. of
thrown up in 1810 to the height of 400 feet above the sea, Rinteln. Pop. 1680.
near St. Michael. It has since been wholly submerged.        SACHSENHAUSEN, s4k/sen-h~w'zen, a town of Germany,
SABRINA or SABRIANA. See SEVERN.                        principality, and 3 miles N.W. of Waldeck. Pop. 946.
SABRINA _STUARIUM.  See BaRsrOL CHANNEL.                   SACIISEN-WEIMAR. See SAX.-WsEIMAR.
SABRIINA LAND, in the Antarctic Ocean, is an undefined    SACHISLEN, saks!len, a village of Switzerland, canton of
tract of land seen by Balleny in 1839, in lat. 750 S., ion. Unterwalden, on the E. bank of the Lake of Sarnen, 2 miles
1170 E.                                                    S.E. of Sarnen. In its parish church is buried the canonized
SABUGAL, sA-boo-gll, a town of Portugal, province of  Swiss hero, Nicholas von der Flue.
Behia Baixa, 23 miles S.E. of Braga. Pop. 830.               SACILE, sd-chee/lA, a walled town of Austrian Italy, 38
SABUILA, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, on the Mis- miles N.N.E. of Venice, on the Livenza. Pop. 4600.
sissippi, 32 miles below Galena.                             SACKATOO or SACKATOU. See SACCATOO.
SABY, (Stby,) sl/bii, S.EBYE or SABYE, (Shibye,) satl-   SACKER, s k/ker, a town of British India, presidency of
biieh, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, at the mouth of a  Bengal, in the Saugur and Nerbuddah territory, 34 miles
small river of its own name, in the Cattegat. Pop. 800.    W.S.W. of Jabbalpoor.
SABYNINA, si-be-nee/ni, a market-townofRussia, govern-    SACKIET'S, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan.
ment of Koorsk, 16 miles N.N.E. of Bielgorod. Pop. 1000.     SACKIETT'S HARBOR, a post-village and port of entry
SABZAWAR, sab-zd-wdr, or SUBZAWAR, sub-zi-wart, a  of Jefferson co., New York, is situated in Houndsfield townfortified town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 65 miles W. ship, on the S. shore of Black River Bay, about 8 miles E. of
ofNishapoor. Itis 24 miles in circumference, populous, and  Lake Ontario, and 170 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Lat. 430
has a citadel and a good bazaar. Its vicinity consists of open  55' N., lou. 750 57' W. It has by far the best harbor on the
downs, bare of wood, but said to produce quantities of corn, lake for ship-building, and as a naval station and commercial
SAC, sawk, a new county in theW.N.W. part of Iowa, has an  dep~t. A tongue of land, extending from the lower part of
area of about 576 square miles. It is drained by the sources the village, in the shape of a crescent, divides it into an
of Soldier and Boyer Rivers, affluents of the Missouri. This  outer harbor and an inner harbor. The latter has a depth
county is not included in the census of 1850. The name is of water sufficient for the largest ships within two fathoms
derived from  one of the aboriginal tribes which possessed  of the shore. The same depth of water extends to Black
the soil.                                                  River, where there is another excellent position for shipSACAPULAS, s&-k-poollas, a marlket-town of Central building. The adjacent country is a fine agricultural region,
America, state, and 110 miles N.W. of Guatemala.           while its abundant water-power renders it well adapted to
SACARAPIPA or SACCARAPIPA, a post-village of Cum- the growth ofmanufactures; yet the trade of Sackett's Harbor
berland co., Maine, on the Presumpscot River, and on the  seems to be on the decline. The declared value of exports
York and Cumberland Railroad, about 50 miles S.W. by W. and imports in 1846 was $2,735,091, in 1847, $2,141,445, and
of Augusta, contains saw-mills and manufiactories.         in 1851, $879,165; of the latter, $553,927 was the value of
SACATAPEQUES, Central America. See SACATEPEO             imports, and $325,238 of exports. The enrolled and licensed
SACATECOLUCA, sa[-ka-tA-ko-loolkA, a town of Central tonnage of the district in 1852 amounted to 7083 tons, all of
America, state, and 28 miles S.E. of San Salvador, on the  which was employed in the coasting trade. The number of
low coast of the Pacific, at the foot of a volcano of its own  arrivals from foreign ports during that year was 206, (143,107
name, remarkable for its grottoes and hot springs. Pop. 5000. tons.) The village contains 1 bank, a newspaper office, and
SACATEPEC, si-kA-t4-plk/, sometimes written SACATA- several machine shops and mills. The Sackett's Harbor and
PEQUES and ZACATAPEQUES, a town of Central America, Ellisburg Railroad, of which it is the N. terminus, connects
state of Guatemala, capital of a district of its own name, it with the Central Railroad. Here is a military post of the
stretching along the Pacific Ocean, VW. of Guatemala. Pop. United States, named Madison Barracks, not garrisoned at
3000.                                                      present. Sackett's Harbor was first settled in 1801. At the
SACAVEM, sA-kA-vNlqx, a village and parish of Portugal, commencement of the war of 1812 it became a considerable
province of Estremadura, on the W. side of the estuary of  naval station and military dep't. Pop. near 2000.
the Tagus, at the mouth of the Friellas, 7 miles N. of Lis-    SACKINGEN, stk/king-en, a town of Baden, circle of
bon. Pop. 2400.                                            Upper Rhine, on the right bank of the Rhine, here crossed
SACCATOO, SACKATOO, SACKATOU or SAKATU, slk-  by a bridge, 51 miles S.S.E. of Freiburg.  Pop. 1500.
kS-toos, a large and populous town of Central Africa, in    SACO, sawlko, an important river of New England, rises
IHoussa, on an affluent of the Quorra, in lat. 130 N., Ion. 60  among the White Mountains, in Coos county, New HampE. It is enclosed by lofty walls, and entered by twelve  shire, and flowing through Oxford county, Maine, falls into
gates. In its centre is a large square, with a royal residence; the Atlantic Ocean in York  county.  There are seve
and it has several mosques, manufactures of blue cloth, and  ral falls on this river, the principal of which are the Great
trade with the countries from Ashantee to Tripoli, from  Falls, of 72 feet, and Saco Falls, at the town of Saco, about
which latter it receives raw silk, glass wares, and perfumery. 4 miles from the ocean, where the water descends 42 feet,
Here the traveller Clapperton died on the 13th of April, 1827; affording a valuable water-power. This river is subject to
he was buried at the village of Jungari, distant 5 miles S.E. freshets, the ordinary rise in the spring being from 10 to 15
SACCO, slkfko, a river of Italy, in the Pontifical States, feet; and it has been known to rise much higher, occasionafter a S.W. course of 40 miles, joins the Garigliano 4 miles ing great loss of life and property.
S. of Frosinone.                                            SACO, a thriving post-town and port of entry of York co.,
SACCO, a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra, Maine, on the E. or left bank of the Saco River,. about 6
6 miles W. ofl) Diane. Pop. 1800.                         miles from its mouth, and on the Eastern Bailroad, 13 miles
SACCONDEE, sbk-konldee, a small maritime province of  S.W. of Portland. The industry of this place and of BiddeUpper Guinea, on the Gold Coast, W. of Ahanta. Besides its ford, a flourishing village on the opposite side of the river,
1638




SAC                                                       SAD
is chiefly directed to commerce and to cotton manufactures, tember, 1854, was estimated at 530 tons, of which 150 tons
each of which employs a large amount of capital. A fall of  were shipped by the up-country steamers. The regular
42 feet in the Saco River here furnishes excellent water- weekly sales of produce and merchandise were stated to be
power, which is extensively used for sawing and driving  $1,500,000, and the monthly receipts of gold-dust $2,750,000.
machinery. There were in 1853, 10 cotton mills in opera- The number of stage passengers from Sacramento City to
tion at these falls —5 on the Saco, and 5 on the Biddeford  the mines was estimated at 97,000; of wagon passengers,
side-containing about 55,000 spindles and 2800 looms. 214,000; travellers on foot and horseback, 97,000; drivers
The York Manufacturing Company, incorporated in 1831, and packmen, 187,000: total, 595,000. The estimated value
have a capital of $1,550,000, and employ 1300 hands, who  of real and personal property in the city is about $19,000,000.
work 24,986 spindles and 780 looms, producing annually  Five or six newspapers are issued here. A raillrad is in
6,200,000 yards of colored cottons. The most extensive cor- course of construction from Sacramento City, up the S. bank
poration, however, is the Saco Water-Power Company, organ- of the American River 21 miles, to Negro Bar, where it
ized in 1839, with a capital of $1,500,000, since increased to  crosses the river, and is projected in the direction of the
$2,000,000. The operations of this company, till 1848, were  great mining district of the state. It is to be completed to
confined to the erection of factories. That year they com- Negro Bar in the present year, (1855.) A branch railroad
menced the first of four mills, to be erected with all possible  has also been projected for 15 or 20 miles S. from Negro Bar.
despatch, for their own use, each to be 240 feet long, 75 feet Pop. estimated at 20,000. The vote polled in Sacramento in
wide, and 5 stories high-the largest, probably, in the state. 1853 was 5536. Sacramento City was founded in the spring
Their machine shop is 271 feet long, 46 wide. and 5 stories  of 1849, the central part of the town being about 1 mile below
high. The Laconia Company have $1,500,000 capital, and  Sutter's Fort, near the left bank of the American River, beemploy near 2000 hands. There are also various manufac- longing to the settlement formerly known as Nueva ielvetia.
tories of woollen goods, hardware, &c. One of the largest    SACRIFICIOS, s/-kre-feefse-oce, a small island in the
foundries in the state is that of Jarvis Williams, Esq., in  Gulf of Mexico, 3 miles S. of Vera Cruz, celebrated as the
which upwards of 1000 tons of pig-iron are annually con- place of sacrifice under the ancient Aztec religion, hence
sumed. About 5,000,000 feet of boards, shingles, laths, its name. It has some remains of temples, &c.
heading, and other kinds of lumber are annually turned out   SACRIFICIOS, a small green island, in the Pacific, on
at the various saw mills here in operation. The shipping  the W. coast of Mexico, about   mile long. Lat. 150 40' N.,
of the district, June 30, 1854, amounted to an aggregate of  ion. 980 6' W.
2532 tons registered, and 2462 tons enrolled and licensed. Of    SAC (sawk) RIVER, of Missouri, rises in Lawrence co., and
the latter, 2277 tons were employed in the coast trade, and  flowing northward, falls into the Osage, near the middle of
188 in the mackerel fishery. The foreign arrivals for the  St. Clair county, a little above Osceola. The East Fork rises
year was 1 vessel; clearances, 4 vessels. During the pe- in Green county, and enters the river from  the right in
oid above specified, 1 ship and 1 schooner, with an aggre- Cedar county.
gate burden of 1293 tons, were admeasured. During the    SACRUM FLUMEN. See TAVIGNANO.
year 1853, 6591 tons of shipping were built here; and in    SACRUM PROMONTORIUM. See CAPE ST. VINCENT.
April, 1854, the enrolled and licensed tonnage was 5160.   SACS (pronounced, and often written  SAUKS) and
There are here 3 banks-2 in Saco and 1 in Biddeford-a  FOXES, kindred and associated tribes of Indians, formerly
savings institution, an insurance company, a gas company, dwelling in the S. part of Iowa, now occupying lands in the
10 churches-7 in Saco and 3 in Biddeford-3 literary asso- Indian Territory.
ciations, viz., the Mechanics' Institute, (Saco,) organized    SACITON, a post-office of Clarke co., Illinois.
December 9, 1841, volumes in the library, 3500; the Saco    SACUI, SACUHI, sl-koo-eet, or SUSSUHI, soos-soo-eel, a
Athenoeum, with a library of 2000 volumes, and the York  river of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, after a S.E. course
Library, containing about 1000 volumes; a liberally endowed of about 250 miles joins the Doce. It is navigable for about
academy, and 2 newspaper offices —i in Saco and 1 in Bidde- 200 miles.
ford. About $5500 are expended annually on the sdhools    SADA, sO/d[, or SAADEH, sOldeh, a walled town of Arabia,
of this place. Since 1844, a new cemetery, called the "Laurel in Yemen, 145 miles N. of Sana.
Hill Cemetery," has been laid out upon the Mount Auburn    SADA, s4Jd, or SANTA MARIA DE SADA, s[n/tt  m[plan near the town. Saco is a place of summer resort, and  ree/A dtA sldf, a town of Spain, province, and 8 miles E. of
has 2 hotels near the sea and 1 in the centre. Pop. of Saco  Corunna, on the Bay of Betanzos. Pop. 1912,
township in 1840, 4408; in 1850, 5794; of Biddeford in 1840,   SADABA, sI-Dn/tB, or SADAVA, s[-uDv[, a town of Spain,
2574; in 1850, 6095: of both villages in 1855, about 15,000.  in Aragon, province, and 42 miles N.W. of Saragossa, on an
SACOMAN/GO RIVER rises in Warren co., New York, affluent of the Arvo.
and winding through Hamilton and Fulton counties, dells   SADAO, a river of Portugal. See SALDAO.
into the Hudson River about 15 miles S.W. of Lake George.    SADAQUADA, sad'a-kwilda, or SAUWQUOIT, a creek of
SACOMB, satkpm, a parish of England, co. of Herts.      Oneida co., New York, enters the Mohawk River at WhitesSACO RIVER, Maine, a station on the York and Cumber- borough.
land Railroad, 18 miles from Portland.                       SADPDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
SACRAMENtTO, a county in the N. central part of Call-   SADMDLE, an island of South America, off the coast of
fornia, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded  Terra del Fuego. Lat. 550 230 50" S., lon. 680 4' 30" W.
on the W. by the Sacramento River, on the S. by the San    SADtDLE. a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.
Joaquin and Moquelumne Rivers and Dry Creek, and inter-   SADIDLEBACK, a mountain in Cumberland, England,
sected by the American River. The soil of this county is 4A miles N.E. of Keswick. Elevation, 2787 feet.
generally fertile, and, in proportion to its size, perhaps more    SADDLEBACK, an island in Hudson Strait, in British
extensively cultivated than that of any other county in the  North America.
state. Gold is found, but not in great abundance. Capital,   SADIDLEBACK  MOUNITAIN, in Franklin co., Maine.
Sacramento City. Pop. in 1852, 12,589.                   ISeight, about 4000 feet.
SACRAMENTO, a post-office of Wright co, Missouri. ~       SADIDLEHEAD, is the N. extremity of Achil Island, W.
SACRAMENTO, a post-village, capital of Waushara co., of Ireland.
Wisconsin. on Fox River, about 80 miles N. by E. of Madison.   SADIDLE ISLAND, several islets of the China Sea.
It is the principal shipping-point in the county. Laid out in    SAD/DLE MOUNITAIN, Massachusetts, in Berkshire co.,
1851. It contains 3 stores, and 3 hotels. Pop. about 250.   the highest in the state, has an elevation of about 3500 feet.
SACRAMENTO CITY, a port of entry and important con-   SADDLE PEAK, a mountain of Great Andaman Island,
mercial town, and the present capital of California, is situated  in the Bay of Bengal.
on the left bank of Sacramento River, a little below the mouth    SADDLE RIVER, of New Jersey, falls into the Passaic
of the American River, in the midst of a level and extremely  in Hudson county.
fertile country, 140 miles by water N.E. of San Francisco.   SADDLE RIVER, a post-township of Bergen co., New
It is regularly laid out, the street nearest the river being  Jersey, on the left side of the Passaic River, about 70 miles
called Front street, the next Second, and so on; these are  N.E. by N. of Trenton. Pop. 816.
crossed by others at right angles, distinguished by the letters    SADDLE'S CREEK, a post-office of Anderson co., South 
of the alphabet. J and K streets are the principal business  Carolina.
streets of the city. Till within a year or two nearly all the    SAD/DLEWORTH, an extensive chapelry of England, co.
houses were of wood; but recently a more substantial mode  of York, West Riding, 11 miles W.S.W. of Huddersfield.
of building is coming into use. Since the inundations of    SADDUKEEN, s/d-doo-kint, an island of the Sea of Bab1849 and 1850, a good strong levee has been constructed  el-Mandeb, in West Asia, N. of Zeyla.
around the town. In Sacramento and its vicinity are per-   SAD/LERSVILLE, avillage of Queen Anne co., Maryland.
haps the finest gardens in California. As a centre of con-   SADLERSVILLE, a post-office, Robertson co., Tennessee.
minerce, Sacramento City possesses great advantages. It is    SADO, sl'do, an island in the Sea of Japan, W. of Niaccessible for steamers and sailing vessels of a large size, at phon. Lat. 380 20' N., ion. 1380 30' E. Estimated area. 720
all seasons of the year; while not only the Sacramento River square miles. It is fertile, populous, and produces gold.
itself, but its important affluent, the Feather River, is navi-   SADRAS, st-drbs, a maritime town of India, near the
gable for small steamboats far above, into the interior of the  mouth of the Palaur, 40 miles S.S.W. of Madras. Lat. 120
country. These advantages have rendered this town the  31' N., lon. 800 14' E. It formerly belonged to the Dutch,
principal entrepOt for supplying with provisions the great and was of commercial importance, but has decayed.
mining region of the north. The amount of merchandise    SADREE, sldrees, a town of West Hindostan, dominions
daily landed on the wharves of Sacramento City in Sep. and 50 miles S.E. of Odeypoor.
1639




SAD                -                                       SAG
SADSBURY, sadzfber-e, a post-township of Chester co., leens, TARAKATI, or TARRAKAT, ta-ra-ki, written also
Pennsylvania, about 19 miles W. of West Chester.  P. 2767.  SAKHALIFN, a long and narrow island off the E. coast of
SADSBURY, a,township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, Asia, between lat. 460 and 540 30' N., and Ion. 1410 50' and
intersected by the Beaver and Erie Canal. Pop. 982.        1440 E., separated firom the mainland by the Gulfs of Tartary
SADSBURY, a township of Lancaster co., Peunsylania, and Saghalin, and S. from Yesso by the Strait of La P6roagse;
intersected by the Columbia Railroad. Pop. 1529.           its N. part belongs to the Chinese, and the S. to the Japanese.
SADSBURYVILLE, sadzcber-e-vil', a post-village of Chester  Estimated area, 47,500 square miles. The surface in the S.
co., Pennsylvania, 39 miles W. of Philadelphia.            is mountainous, in the N. level and sandy, but its interior is
SADSKA, a town of Bohemia. See SAZKA.,                   little known. Its inhabitants subsist mostly by fishing.
SAEBYE, a town of Denmark. See SABY.                       SAGIHIALIEN-OOLA, s/-g&-leelen oolla, or SAGHALINSAEED or SAID, sa-eedf, the name of Upper Egypt, and in  OOLA, s/l-gA-leen/ 6o/1o, a town of Mantchooria, generally
the time of the historian, Albulfeda, was applied to Egypt considered its capital, on the Amoor; lat. 500 N., ion. 1270
S. of Old Cairo, but the W. half of the region is now called  E. It is stated to be rich and populous, and to have a large
Yostani.                                                   trade in furs, but has not been visited by Europeans.
SAFVAR-AN, sAf/vap An, a riverof Sweden, len of UmeA,    SAGHALIEN (or SAGHALIN) RIVER. See AMooR.
after a S.E. course of 100 miles, enters the Gulf of Bothnia,   SAG HARBOR, a post-village and port of entry of Suffolk
10 miles E. of UmeA.                                       co., New York, is situated in Southampton township, and
SAEGERSTOWN, sAfghqrs-town, a post-borough of Craw- on a small bay which communicates with Gardiner's and
ford co., Pennsylvania, on French Creek, and on the Pitts- Great Peconic Bays, about 100 miles E. by N. of New York.
burg and Erie Railroad, 5 miles N. of Meadville. It is ra- It contains 4 or 5 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and
pidly improving, by means of the water-power and naviga- an academy. MIany of the inhabitants are engaged in trade
tion of French Creek. Pop. in 1853, about 500.             and in the whale fishery. The shipping of this port, June,
SAEGERSVILLE, s:tghers-vil, a post-village of Lehigh co., 1852, amounted to 9292 tons registered, and 3459 enrolled
Pefinsylvania, on Jordan Creek, 69 miles N.N.W. of Phila- and licensed-total, 13,042; of which 6042 were employed
delphia.                                                   in the whale fishery, and 3432 in the coasting trade. During
SAELICES, sA —lA-ethls, a town of Spain, province, and  the year 2 ships were built, carrying 918 tons. Estimated
31 miles W.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2010.                      pop. 3600.
SAETABIS or SETABIS. See SAN FELIPE DE JATIVA.             SAGIHIIPOLY, a town of Iungary.  See IPOL~SAOG.
SAETER, SATER, (Sitter,) SJETIIER or SATIHER, (SE-   SAGHUNY, a river of Canada East. See SAGUENAY.
ther,) seAter. a town of North Sweden, Ihn, and 18 miles    SAGHUR, sA-gtir/, a town of Hindostan, in Bundelcund,
S.S.E. of Falun. Pop. 572.                                 33 miles S.E. of Teary.
SAFAKES. a seaport town of Tunis. See SFAx.                SAGINAW, a river of Michigan, is formed in the county
SAFED, sA-fldl, SAFET, sl-fht!. or SAFAD, (anc.Ja'pha,)  of the same name, in the E. central part of the state, by the
a town of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 12 miles N.N.W. of  confluence of the Flint and Shiawassee. It flows nearly N.,
Tabareeyah. Itwvas lately a thriving town of 8000 or 9000  and empties itself into the head of Saginaw  Bay.  Its
inhabitants, on the declivity of a steep hill, crowned by a  branches and tributaries, flowing from  all the cardinal
Gothic castle, but it was wholly ruined by an earthquake, points, drain a large portion of the peninsula. The main
January 1, 1837, which destroyed 5000 of its population.   stream is about 30 miles long, and its depth varies firom 25
SAFE HARIBOR, a post-village of Lancaster co., Penn:  to 30 feet. Large  steamers ascend this river from the lake
sylvania, on the Susquehanna, 10 miles S.W. of Lancaster. to Saginaw City, 24 miles from its mouth.
Ihere are extensive iron furnaces and rolling mills, produc-    SAGINAW, a county in the E. part of Michigan, bordering railroad iron.                                         ing on the bay of its own name, contains abont 1030 square
SAFET, a town of Palestine. See SAFED.                   miles. It is traversed by the Saginaw and its branches, the
SAFFEE, SAFFI, sAftfee'. AZAFFI, A'zlffeef, orASFI.,jst- Flint and Shiawassee Rivers. It is also drained by the
fee\, (anc. Sofia?) a fortified seaport town of North Africa,  Cass, Tittibawassee, and iMIishtegayoc Rivers, and by Beaverprovince, and 107 miles N.W. of Morocco. Lat. 320 20' N., dam amfd other creeks. The surfaceis level and undulating;
Ion. 90 12' W. Pop. 12,000, including about 3000 Jews. It the soil is a dark sandy loam, nearly 2 feet deep. Pine
is situated in a sterile ravine, enclosed by massive walls, lumber and fish are the principal exports.  Water-power is
and it has a palace, and near it a small fort. Its roadstead abundant, and the Saginaw River is navigable for large
is safe only in summer. It belonged to the Portuguese from  steamboats. Capital, Saginaw City. Pop. 2609.
1508 till 1641, and was formerly an emporium for the trade    SAGINAW, a post-township in the N. part of Saginaw co.,
with Europe, but it declined with the rise of Mogadore.    Michigan. Pop. 917.
SAFFELAERE, slf'f.-lAmeh, a village of Belgium, pro-   SAGINAW BAY, of Lake Huron, the largest body of watcr
vince of East Flanders, 8 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. of the  which indents the peninsula of Michigan, is situated in the
parish, 2650.                                              E. part of the state. It is about 60 miles in length and 30
SAFFfRON-WALIDEN, a municipal borough, market- in its greatest breadth, and affords good navigation and
town, and parish of England, co. of Essex, 24 miles N.N.W. safe harbors for large vessels.
of Chelmsford, and 2 miles from the Newport station of the    SAGINAW  CITY, of Michigan, capital of the county of
Northern and Eastern Counties Railway.  Pop. of the  this name, is on the left bank of Saginaw River, 22 miles
borough in 1851, 5911. It is built around the foot of a  from its mouth, and 95 by the usual route N.N.W. of Detongue. of land, on which is the church, a conspicuous and  troit. It is elevated about 30 feet above the water, and comhandsome edifice, containing a fine altar-piece. The town  mands a beautiful prospect of the river. It possesses advanis neat, and has a spacious market-place, a good town-hall,  tages for commerce, as the river is large, and navigable for
a grammar school, with an exhibition to Queen's College, vessels drawing 10 feet of water. The four branches of this
Cambridge, numerous charities, some commerce in malt, river, which unite 4 miles above Saginaw, converge towards
barley, and cattle, and an extensive retail trade.  Saffron  this place from  all the cardinal points, and afford interwas formerly raised in large quantities near it, whence its  course by boats with a large portion of the state. A newsname. Near it are the remains of a castle.                  paper is published here. Founded about 1830. Pop. near
SAGA. sAfgA, a town of Japan, in the island of Kioo-Sioo, 1200.
capital of the province of Fizen. and the most important    SAGLIANO, sil-y'no, a village of the Sardinian States,
town in the island. Lat. 330 15' N., ion. 1300 18' E. The  division of Turin, province of Biella. Pop. 1801.
town is traversed by many brooks, and a considerable    SAtGO, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia.
number of channels; the principal of the latter, that of    SAGOAREMA, s-go-At-rA/mn, a village of Brazil, province,
Sentonofutsi, is nearly 50 miles long, and uniting the Gulf  and 45 miles E. of Rio de Janeiro, at the E. extremity of the
of Simabara with the Northern Sea, is of great importance  lagoon of Sagoarema.
to the inland commerce of Kioo-Sioo, of which Saga is the    SAGONE, sah-gant, a post-office of Dupage co., Illinois.
centre.                                                       SAGOONOOI, SAGOUNOUI, sA:goo-noofee, written also
SAGALIN, an island of Asia. See SAGHALIEN.                SAGUNY, s&-goofnee, a market-town of Russia, government
SAGAN, s/igAn, or ZEGAN, tse/gdn, a town of Prussian  of Voronezh, 20 miles W.N.W. of Pavlovsk.  Pop. 1000.
Silesia, 48 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, on the right bank of the    SAGOR. an island in the Bay of Bengal.  See SAUGUR.
Bober, and on the railway from  Berlin to Glogau. Pop.   SAGRES, sAgrs, a small fortified seaport town of Por6696. It is enclosed by double walls, and has a castle, a  tugal, province of Algarves, on a peninsula of the S. coast,
gymnasium, Roman Catholic and Lutheran schools, three 4 miles S.E. of Cape St. Vincent. It was founded in 1416 by
hospitals, and manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics,  the celebrated Prince Henriquez of Portugal, who here
printed cottons, sealing-wax, and glass wares; trade in corn  established a school of navigation, and fitted out discovery
and cattle. The Prussians were defeated here by the Rus- expeditions.
sians in 1759.                                                SAGRUS. See SANRoo.
SAGARD, s'tgmt, a village of Prussia, in Pomerania, on    SAGUA LA GRANDE, sAgwg (almost sA'wl) IA gr n'dA. a
the island of Riigen, 23 miles N.E. of Stralsund.  Pop. 653.  river of Cuba, emptying itself into the sea on the N. coast
SAGE HILL, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky.       of the island. It is navigable for schooners near 20 miles.
SAGEIVILLE, a post-office of Hamilton co., New York.       SAGUA LA GRANDE, s gwA or s wA lA griandA, a thrivSAGEVILLE, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Mississippi. uing town of Cuba, situated at the head of navigation on
SAGG VILLIAGE, a village of Suffolk co., New York, near  the above river. Pop. about 2000.
the sea, about 100 miles E. by N. of New York City.          SAGUENAY, sg'ganY, written sometimes SAGHUNY, a
SAGHALIEN, se-g-lee'en, SAGHALIN, SAGALIN, sg-gA- large river of Canada East, and one ofthe principal tributaries
1640




SAG                                                          SAI
of the St. Lawrence, the estuary of which it enters 120 miles  is incrusted with salt.  Granite seems to be the rock
N.E. of Quebec, in lat. 480 6' N., Ion. 690 38' W., and into  which most frequently breaks through the sandstone coverwhich it brings the surplus waters of Lake St. John. Total ing of the waste.  Towards Egypt, limestone comes into
course, 100 m'iles. The Saguenay is remarkable even among  view. The Tripolitan HamAda is divided from E. to W. by
American rivers for its wild and picturesque scenery.? (See  a volcanic line,.marked by at least one well-preserved crater,
CANADA, page 350.) It flows between precipitous heights, Tooggoort (Tuggurt.)  Connected with this system, are the
and in its upper part forms numerous cataracts, and is fre- numerous hot springs, which issue forth copiously in many
quently from 2 to 3 miles across. In its lower part it is less  places towards the interior, particularly at Ghat, (lon. 100
wide, but very deep; and larg6 ships ascend it more than 60  30' E..) and spread luxuriance around them. Ferruginous
miles, to load with deals and timber from the few settlements  sandstone is common, and many rocky spots, chiefly in the
along its banks.                                            W. desert, S. of Wady Noon, are said to contain iron. Cop
SAGUENAY, a county near the S.E. extremity of Canada  per was once obtained in abundance from the hills N. of
East. Area, 75,000 square miles. The St. Lawrence forms its  Agadez; but at present the only mineral which increases
S.E. boundary.  Capital, Eboulemens. Pop. in 1852, 20,783.  the resources of the Sahara, is salt, excavated at Taudeny,
SAGUNTUM. See MURVIEDRO.                                  on the route from Timbuctoo to Wady Noon, and at Bilna, in
SAGUNY, a market-town of Russia. See SAooNoos.           the country of the Tibboos, E. of the route from Bornoo to
SAGUR. a town of British India. See SAUnoUR.              Tripoli.
SAG~, sbzheel, a market-town of France, department of    The barrenness of Sahara is obviously owing to the almost
Seine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Louhans. Pop. 2649.       total absence of rain; for undoubtedly if rain fell abundantly
SAIIHAGUN, sa —goon, a town of Spain, province, and 31  even on those parts that consist wholly of sand, without
miles E.S.E. of Leon, with 2312 inhabitants, the remains of  any fertilizing ingredient, some species of plants would
a castle, and other foitifications, and a famous Benedictine  spring up, and by their decay, would in the course of years
abbey, in which are the tombs of Alphouso VI. and his five  cover the surface with.a vegetable mould.
wives. It has many mills, and manufactures of woollens    Zoology andcl Vgetation.-In the desert, properly so called,
and linens.                                                 there is little of animal or of vegetable life. The large aniSAHAMA, NEVADO DE, nA-v&/do dA  sg-hJmg, a moun- mals which characterize South Africa are here wholly wanttain of the Andes, in Peru; lat. 180 7t S., ion. 680 52' W. ing. A few species of antelopes are met with in favored
Height, 22,350 feet.                                       spots. The lion avoids the parched country. Lizards, jerSAHAM1-TO/NY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       boas, and senpents of many kinds, retain undisturbed posSAHARA, s/-hlrd or s&lha-r-, or ZAIIARA, zl-hAr',  session of the burning sands. The land-tortoise, of great
(more correctly SAHRA or SA-IHRA, sAhth'r.,) called aleb  size, is said to be common towards the S., where bushes
the GREAT DESERT, (Fr. Grand Dfsert, grbNao dA'zaiRl;  grow; there the arak, or Salvedlera Pesica, generally preGer. Die Wiiste, dee *tisfteh, i, e. " the desert;" L. Deserftusn   vails.  Prickly sainfoin, with other tough and humble
Magalnum,) a vast region of North-east Africa. extending from   plants, are comprehended under the Arab name of hashish,
the Atlantic coast on the W. to the valley of the Nile on the  or herbage. As the country improves, the Acacia JferruE., between 150 and 350 N. lat., and 150 W. and 350 E. Ion. ginea appears; then the talha, (Acacia Arabica,) and other
Length from E. to W., about 3000 miles; average breadth,  trees, till the doum and date-palms mark the limits of the
about 900 miles. Area, 2,700,000 square miles. The limits  desert. Yet the date-palm  itself usually thrives best beof the Great Desert towards the N. and S. do not admit of  yopd the limit of the rains. In Fezzan and other tracts,
being fixed with precision. On the E. it commences at the  where the date-groves constitute the wealth of the inhaLibyan Hills, which, in Egypt, confine the valley of the Nile  bitants, heavy rains often prove fatal to the trees, by dison the W. On the S., its natural boundary depends on the  solving and carrying to their roots the salt formed on the
extension northward of the rains, the line of which, taken col- surface of the ground.
lectively, may be said to lie in lat. 170 N. But there are    SAHARUNPOOR, DBaSTRIC  OF, India.  See SanAuNenRooo  a.
many circumstances of local configuration, which affect both    SAI, si, a large town of Senegambia, state of Bambarra,
the extension of the rains, and their influence on the cha- on the Joliba, between Sego and Yamina.
racter of the adjacent country. In general, the Sahara has    SAIANSK, si-Inskl, or SAYANSKIE, si-An/ske-.A, a fortion the S. a broad seam of country, too dry for cultivation, yet fled post of Siberia, government of Yeniseisk, on the Yeniabounding in excellent pasturage for several months in the see, 70 miles S. of Abakansk. About 90 miles farther S. are
year, with sufficiency of water in wells, and occasionally  the Saiansk Mountains, forming a part of the frontier betrees, chiefly mimosas and the doum-palm, (Cucifera'The- tween the Russian and Chinese Empires.
baica.) The desert of Bahiyuda, adjoining the Nile, W. of    SAID, the name of Upper Egypt.' See SAIED.
Meroe, is of this description, resembling a rich park at one    SAIDA or SAYDA, sFd$, a town of Saxony, circle of
season of the year, (about midsummer,) while at another it  Leipsic, 17 miles S.S.E. of Freiberg. Pop. 1165.
is little better than an arid and desolate waste. Such, also,   SAIDA, stldA, (Fr. Setde, sid; anc. S'ildon,) a maritime
seem to be the N. districts of Darfoor and Waday. On the  town of Syria, pashalic of Acre, on the N. side of a steep
frontiers of Borneo. also, and of Houssa, the valley of Kaw- promontory, extending into the Mediterranean, lat. 330 345
war, and the country named Ashen, of which Agadez is the  N., Ion. 350 21' E., 18 miles 5. of Beyroot. Pop. 6000, princapital, partake at once of the characters of desert and of  cipally Mohammedans and Greeks. It is badly laid out;
oasis, or interspersed fertile land. Farther W., the desert but it contains many good houses, several large inns, and
seems to reach S. to the banks of the Isa, or river of Timbuc-  well-supplied bazaars, and its vicinity abounds with orchards
too. The town of Timbuctoo, about 8 miles from the river, and plantations. It is defended by a castle, built in the
is surrounded by desert. But at a distance of a few days' time of the Crusades, and its peninsular side is shut off from
journey to the N.E. and N. are the oases of Mabrook and  the mainland by walls kept in repair. Its harbor was, in the
Arawan, which seem, however, to be of the poorest descrip-  sixteenth century, rendered unfit for any but small vessels,
tion. Farther W. lies Taudeny,whence rock-salt is obtained. and its commerce has declined commensurately with the
Teghaza, formerly celebrated for its salt-mines, is situated  rise of Beyroot; yet it has still some trade in silk, fruit,
farther N., on the road to Tafilelt. Not far from Taudeny, oil, and gall-nuts. The original city of Sidon, some traces
probably to the S.W., is Wal&ta or (in the plural) IwalAten,  of which are supposed to exist about 2 miles inland, was a
one of the chief oases of the W. desert. S.W. of Wal&ta are  city of the highest antiquity, and is called the " great Zidon"
Tisheet and Taghaut, the latter but seven days from Kaarta; in Joshua, and is mentioned by Homer. It was subsequently
thence the gum-tree forests extend W. along the right bank  eclipsed in importance by Tyre; but it remained a place of
of the Senegal; but towards the seaside sterility predomi- consequence long after the Christian era.
nates, and the bare sandy desert spreads S. of the Senegal.   SAIF, a village of Arabia. See FARrcASi.
even beyond Cape Verd. The N. limit of the Sahara is still   SAIGHTON, silton, or SAUGHITON-oN —HE-HILL, a townmore irregular than the S. Wady Noon may be assumed to  ship of England, co. of Chester.
be its commencement on the W., whence its general direc-   SAI-GON, si-gonl, or SAI-GUN, sI-giLn5, called by the nation is nearly on the same parallel. approaching the Medi- tives LOOKN00OOEE or LOUKNOUI, look'noosee, &c., a city
teranean as it extends E., till on the Gulf of Sidra it reaches  and river-port of Anam, in Farther India, capital and chief
the margin of the sea. The oases of the Tooat, Fezzan, and  commercial emporium of its S. province of Tsiampa, on the
Seewah, (Siwah,) are near or on the N. limit.               river of Sai-gon, 35 miles from the China Sea. Lat. 100 47' N.,
The Sahara is traversed in many directions by caravan  Ion. 1060 45' E. Pop. estimated at 180,000, including many
routes; travellers on which undergo the most intense suf- Chinese. It consists of two towns, connected by a straggling
ferings from thirst, and from  exposure to the Simoon, or  suburb; Pingeh, with the citadel, is on the W. side of the
hot dry wind from the S. and E., which usually lasts from   Sal-gon; the commercial town is on a tributary stream, navi10 to 12 hours; during its continuance the air is impreg- gable for large boats. It is regularly built, and intersected
nated with fine sand, and the sun is barely perceptible. by canals, some of which are lined with quays of stone and
Rain appears to fall in torrents at intervals of 5, 10, or 20  brickwork. The houses are mostly of earth, of one story,
years. In summer, the heat during theday is excessive, hut  and thatched with palm-leaves. The citadel, fortified in a
the nights are frequently cold; in winter the temperature is  European fashion, contains barracks, officers' quarters, and
sometimes considerably below the freezing point. Ice has  the governor's residence. Sal-gon has a naval yard and
been found in Fezzan, and also on the Nile, in Upper Egypt. arsenal, where some good junks have been built, a royal
Geology. —The Great Desert may be generally described as  palace, and large rice magazines. It communicates with the
an elevated table-land covered with large blocks of stone,  Me-kong (Cambodia) by a canal 23 miles ir length, and has
hard baked earth, gravel, or loose sand; in many places it  a foreign trade, chiefly with Siam and China. The markets
1641




SAI                                                        SAT
are well supplied with provisions, especially fish, and the The village contains several chuiches, stores, ant mills
environs are fertile and carefully cultivated.            Pop. of the parish, 3500.
SAIHUR, si-hUrc, a town and strong fortress of Hindostan,    SAINT-ALBAN, s&Nt Al'b68NO, a town of France, departdominions, and about 68 miles from Jeypoor.               ment of Tarn, E.S.E. of Alby. Pop. 700.
SAILAUF, (sl16wf.) (MITTEL, mitftel, OBER, otber, and    SAINT-ALBAN, a town of France, department of COtesUNTER, oon/ter,) three contiguous villages of Bavaria, in  du-Nord. Pop. 1370.
Lower Franconia, near Aschaffenburg. Pop. 1008.              SAINT-ALBAN, a town of France, department of Isbre.
SAIL CREEK, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee.    Pop. 1050.
SAILIM,  si'leeml, or SACERAM, sA-sA-rdm!, a town of    SAINT-ALBAN, a town of France, department of Loz~re.
Chinese Toorkistan, province of Khoten. Pop. 2000.         Pop. in 1852, 2249.
SAILLANS, sA'y6luo, a market-town of France, depart-   SAINT ALBAN'S, sent awltbanz, a borough and town of
ment of DrOme, 21 miles S.E. of Valence, on the DrOme. England, co. of Hertford, 10 miles N.W. of London, 61 miles
Pop. 1943.                                                 N.E. of the Watford station of the London and Birmingham
SAILOOR, si-loorl, a town of India, in the Deccan, Nizam's  Railway. Pop. of the borough, in 1851, 7000. The borough
dominions, 35 miles N.N.E. of Aurungabad.                  comprises the site of the ancient town of Verulamiumn,
SAILIOR'S REST, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ten-  (Ourolanion of Ptolemy,) supposed to have been founded by
nessee.                                                    the Britons before London. In the vicinity was an ancient
SAIIMA (sirmu) LAKE, the largest lake of Finland, lchn, abbey of Benedictines.
and 30 miles N.W. of Viborg, its centre being about lat.   SAINT ALIBAN'S, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine,
610 20' N., ion. 280 E. Its shape is very irregular. Length  about 50 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1792.
from N. to S., 45 miles; greatest breadth, 30 miles. It con-   SAINT ALBAN'S, a flourishing post-village and towntains many islands, is connected N. with numerous other ship, seat of justice of Franklin co., Vermont, on the Verlakes, and discharges its surplus waters on the S.E. by the mont Central Railroad, about 3 miles E. of Lake Champlain,
Woxen, into Lake Ladega.                                   and 24 miles N. by E. of Burlington. The village has an
SAINGHIN-EN-MELANTOIS, sNaNogGNOe  8NG meh-lNs'-  elevated and pleasant situation, with a handsome public
tw/, a village of France, department of Nord, arrondisse-  square in the centre.  It contains, besides the county
ment of Lille. Pop. 1646.                                 buildings, 3 or 4 churches, a bank, an academy, and 2
SAINGHIN-EN-WEPPES, sINQsgANG! 8NG vlpp, a village  newspaper offices.
of France, department of Nord, arrondissement of Lille.    SAINT ALBAN'S, a township in the W. central part of
Pop. 2000.                                                Licking co., Ohio. Pop. 1429.
SAIN-KALEI, sin-klelh, written also SIENKULLAH,   SAINT ALBAN'S, a post-village of Hancock co., Illinois,
a village of North Persia, province of Azerbaijan, near the  100 miles N.W. by W. of Springfield.
junction of two branches of the Jaghatoo, 92 miles S.S.E. of    SAINT ALBAN'S BAY, a post-village of Franklin co.,
Tabreez, at the foot of an artificial mound of high antiquity, Vermont, on Lake Champlain, about 24 miles N. of Burcrowned by a strong modern fort.                          lington. It has a good wharf, and is a place of considerSAINS, s'tv, a village of France, department of Aisne, 19  able trade.
miles N. of Laon. Pop. in 1852, 2505.                        SAINT ALBAN'S HEAD, a conspicuous promontory of
SAINS, a village of France, department of Somme, 5 miles England, on the coast of Dorsetshire, parish of Worth-MaS.E. of Amiens. Pop. 850.                                 travers. Summit, 441 feet above sea-level, with ruins of a
SAINSK or ZAINSK, zinsk, a fortified town of Russia, chapel of the twelfth century on the top. Sometimes called
government of Orenboorg, 50 miles S.W. of Menzelinsk, on  ST. AnDHEL'S HEAn. Lat. 500 N., Ion. 20 10' W.
the Sai or Zai. Pop. 1500.                                  SAINT ALPLEN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
At  It is important to observe, that in accordance with    SAINT-ALPHONSE, sANt Al'f5Nz1, a village of Canada East,
the general plan adopted in this work, all European names —  co. of Leinster, 46 miles N.W. of Montreal.
except those of a comparatively few well-known places that  tAINT-AMAND, sent Amsnd, (Fr.pron. S&Nt A'm6NG',) a
town of France, department of Cher, 20 miles S.S.E. of
have acquired an established English spelling and pronun- Boosgee, on the Cher, at the mouth of the Marmande.  Pop.
rlu'Bourges, on the Cher, at the mouth of the Marmande. Pop.
ciation-are given as they are written in the language of the  in 1852, 8232. It has a communal college, tanneries, and
respective countries to which they belong, those of Russia  extensive commerce in wood, iron, and wool.
and Turkey only being excepted for reasons elsewhere given.   SAINT-AMIAND, a village of France, department of Haute(See INTRODUOTION, XI; page 14; also, the remarks under  Vienne, arrondissement of Bellac. Pop.1300.
SAINT-AMAND, a village of France, department of Lot.
"Russia," page 21.) Accordingly, names with the prefix of  eGarone, arrondissement of Agen. Pop. 1500.
et- Garonne, asrrondissement of Agen. Pop. 1500.
Saint before a feminine name in France or the French    SAINT-AMAND, a town of France, department of Ni5vre,
colonies, should be written SAINTE, the final a of this prefix  arrondissement of Cosne. Pop. 1200.
being taken into account in the alphabetical arrangement    SAINT-AMAND, a town of  ance, depatment of Puyprecisely asifitwerea partof the name itself. Thus SAINTE- de-me, arrondissement of Amert.  Pop. 15.
SAINT-AMAND, a town of France, department of DeuxANNE and SAINTE-CROIX, &c., as well as SAINT-ETENNE,; (St.  Sbvres, arrondissement of Bressuire. Pop. 1500.
Stephen,) would come between SAINT DUNSTAN and SAINT    SAINT-AMAND, a town of France, department of Puy-deFLORENT. Names with this prefix in Germany, should be  Dbme, arrondissement of Clermont. Pop. 1500.
given under SANOT; those of Spanish and Italian, if mascu-   SAINT-AMAND or SAINT-AMAND-LES-EAUX, sANt
nmSNo! lJtz St, (anc. Amandopois?) a tow n of F rance, departline, for the most part under SAN, if feminine under SANTA;   m(lisl) a town of France, depart
~~~~~~~~~~~~line, f  t  ms   r  ne  Ament of Nord, 6 miles N.N.W. of Valenciennes, on the Scarpe.
Portuguese, SAo (SANTO before a name beginning with a  Pop. in 1852,9527. It has a communal college, and is much
vowel, as SANTO ANTONIO;) feminine, SANTA.  Masculine  frequented for its thermal baths. It is the centre of the
names, however, in Italian beginning with a vowel, have  cultivation of flax for the manufacture of cambrics, with an
SANT', as SANT' ANDREA, SANT' ONOo. In a few instances  active industry, manufactures of woollens, cottons, linseed.
I   oil, soap, leather, and porcelain, and fine ruins of an ancient
SANTO is employed as a prefix to Spanish masculine names, Benedictine abbey.
as SANTO DOMINGO, SANTO ToAsS; the former, however, will   SAINT-AMAND, a village of France, department of
be found under its usual English spelling, SAN DoMINco. Manche, arrondissement of St. LO. Pop. 1400.
SAINT-AMAND, a village of France, department of Marne,
Dutch names have either SANCT or SANT, but more usually  arrondisement of Vitry-le-Franais. Pop. 1250.
the latter. Hungarian names have SZENT.                     SAINT-AMAND BRUILLE, sANGt-'mONG! br'eel, a village
SAINT-AFFRIQUE, sANt Affifeekt, a town of France, de- of France, department of Nord, arrondissement of Valenpartment of Aveyron, on the Sorgue, 29 miles S.S.E. of Ro-  ciennes. Pop. 2000.
dea. Pop. in 1852, 6618.                                    SAINT-AMANDIN, sANt Xtm8NGdANsf, a village of France,
SAINT AGNES. sent aglniz, the southernmost of the  department of Cantal, arrondissement of Murat. Pop. 1350.
Scilly Islands, on the coast, and included in the co. of Corn-    SAINT-AMANS, sANt I'm6NG!, a village of France, dewall; lat. 49053/ 6" N., ion. 60 20' 7" W. On one of the loftiest partment of Aveyron, arrondissement of Espalion. Pop.
hills a light-house was erected in 1680.                  1000.
SAINT AGINES, a parish and town of England, co. of Corn-   SAINT-AMANS, a village of France, department of Lozbre,
wall, on the Bristol Channel, 9 miles N.W. of Truro. The arrondissement of Mende. Pop. 300.
harbor can only be entered at high water. Opie, the painter,   SAINT-AMIANS, a village of France, department of Tarn,
was born here in 1761. St. Agnes' Beacon, in the vicinity, arrondissement of Castres, on the Thor6. Pop. in 1852, 2749.
rises to the height of 664 feet.                           SAINT-AMANS, a village of France, department of ChaSAINT-AIGNAN, SANt An'yaNGJ, a town of France, depart- rente, arrondissement of Angoul~me. Pop. 1500.
ment of Loir-et-Cher, 22 miles S. of Blois, on the Cher, with    SAINT-AMANS, a village of France, department of Chamanufactures of cloth. Pop. in 1852, 2434.               rente, arrondissement of Montmoreau. Pop. 1200.
SAINT-AIGNAN-SUR-ROE, sANt An'yNSI stia ro/, a    SAINT-AMARIN, slNt lmard'Nar, (Ger. Sanct.mary,
town of France, department, and 38 miles S.S.WV. of Mayenne. sgnkt i/mA-ree',) a village of France, department of IHautPop. 574.                                                Rhin, 18 miles N.E. of Belfort. Pop. in 1852, 2166. It is the
SAINT-AIMSl, sixt A'mA, a post-village and parish of  centre of extensive cotton factories.
Canada East, co. of Richelieu, 50 miles N.E. of Montreal.   SAINT-AMBROISE-DE-KILDARE, saNt;,iibrwiz] deh
1642




SAI                                                        SAI
keel'dar/, a village of Canada East, co. of Leinster, 55 miles employ a large portion of the inhabitants. The harbor is
N.W. of Montreal. It has a church and several stores.      entered by two passes leading from the mouth of the river
SAINT-AMBROIX, s&Nt 8NG'brwl, a town of France, de- Scoodic, and has a depth sufficient for vessels of any size.
partment of Card, 11 miles N.E. of Alais. Pop. in 1852, 3724. A harbor-master and branch pilots are always in attendSAINT AMBROSE, sent amlbr6z, an island of the Pacific  ance, to assist vessels in entering. In 1850, 465 vessels,
Ocean, in lat. 260 21' S., ion. 800 10' W.                 (tons, 42,676,) arrived at this port, bringing cargoes valued
SAINT-AMOUR, sA.Nt,mooaf, a town of France, depart- at $225,000, and 360 vessels, (tons, 34,419,) with cargoes
ment of Jura, 19 miles S.S.W. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. valued at $270,000, cleared for foreign ports. December 31,
1939. It has extensive iron foundries and tanneries, and is  1851, 807 vessels, (tons, 121,996,) were owned and regiscelebrated for the number of sieges it has sustained.      tered at this port. During the year, 6 vessels were built. The
SAINT-AMOUR, a village of France, department of Sabne- lumber trade is also carried on here to some extent. A railet-Loire, 7 miles from Macon. Pop. 800.                    road is in course of construction, connecting St. Andrew's
SAINT-ANCIENT, sNt 8s5Gse-aNG/, a post-village of Canada  with Woodstock, a distance of about 80 miles. Pop. about 8000.
East, co. of Beauharnois, on the right bank of the St. Law-   SAINT ANIDREWS, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
rence, 68 miles S.W. of Montreal.  Pop. about 400.         Two Mountains, on the North River, or Rivil6re du Nord, 3
SAINT-AND]ROL-DE-BOURLENG, sANt 8NLOdAdol! deh  miles from its junction with the Ottawa, and 45 miles W. of
booRu'lbcs, a village of France, department of Ardlche. Pop. Montreal. It contains 4 churches, assurance and insurance
1600.                                                      agencies, 6 stores, and numerous boot and shoe shops, mills,
SAINT-ANDI]OL-DE-FOUTJRCHADES, sINt 8NaGdAol deh  and factories. Pop. in 1850, 1103.
fooa~sh/dt, a village of France, department of Arddche.    SAINT ANDREW'S BAY, a bay of very irregular shape,
Pop. 1100.                                                 situated in Washington county, on the S. coast of Florida.
SAINT-ANDRE, sANt NNa`drA1, a post-village and parish of  Length, near 25 miles.
Canada East, co. of Kamouraska, on the St. Lawrence, 100    SAINT ANDREW'S CHANNEL-AND-SOUND, near the
miles below Quebec. The village contains a church and  Strait of Conception, W. of Patagonia.
several stores. Pop. of the parish. 2900.                   SAINT ANDREW'S ISLANDS, in the Pacific Ocean, be
SAINT-ANDRt-DE-CUBZAC, sANt 8rNe'drA!  deh kiib'zlk/, tween Papua and the Pellew Islands, are in lat. 50 32' N.,
a town of France, department of Gironde, 12 miles N.E. of  ion. 1280 W.
Bordeaux, near the Dordogne. Pop. 1600.                     SAINT-ANGEL, sANt Naezh~lf, a village of France, proSAINT-ANDRi~-DE-SANGONIS, sANt 8NG'drA/ deh slNa'- vince of Corrlze, 4 miles S.W. of Ussel. Pop. 1500.
go'nee'. a town of France, department of H6rault. Pop. 2679.   SAINT ANN, a lake of Canada.  See SAINT ANNt.
ST. ANDnA is also the name of many villages in France.      SAINT ANN, a port of British America, on the E. coast
SAINT AN/DREW, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.   of Cape Breton.
SAINT AN/DREW, British America, a seaport town of    SAINT ANN, the former name of Fredericton, New BrunsPrince Edward Island, Kings co., on Cardigan Bay, which sets wick. See FREDERICTON.
up into the S.E. part of the island. Lat. 460 10' N., lon. 620 35'   SAINT ANN, a maritime village and parish of Jamaica,
W. The inhabitants of this and the neighboring settlements, co. of Middlesex. The village is on the N. coast, 20 miles
chiefly emigrants from the W. of Scotland and the Hebrides, W. of Port Maria.
are principally employed in ship-building and the exporta-   SAINT-ANNE, numerous places in France and the French
tion of timber.                                           colonies. See SAINTE-ANNE.
SAINT AN/DREW BLUNS/DON, a parish of England, co.   SAINT-ANNE, sANt dnn, a town of the French Antilles,
of Wilts.                                                 on the E. coast of the island of Marie Galante.
SAINT AN/DREW ILI/ETSHALL, a parish of England,   SAINT ANNE, Central America.  See SANTA ANNA.
co. of Suffolk.                                             SAINT ANNE, a town, bay, and island of Nookaheeva,
SAINT ANDREW, MI/NOR, a parish of Wales, co. of Gla- one of the Marquesas. Lat. 80 56' S., ion. 1400 6' E.
morgan. ST. ANDnREw is the name of other parishes in the    SAINT ANNE, (Fr. Sainte-Anne, sfNt Ann,) a river of
island of Guernsey; the cities of London, Canterbury, Chi- Canada East, after a S.W. course, estimated at 120 miles,
chester, Norwich, Wells, and York; the towns of Cam- joins the St. Lawrence on its N. bank, about 50 miles W.S.W.
bridge, Droitwich, HIertford, Plymouth, &c.                of Quebec. At its mouth it is 1200 feet across. Shallows
SAINT ANDREWS, an inlet on the coast of Guinea.         and numerous rapids impede its navigation.
SAINT AN/DREW'S, a parish and seaport city of Scot-   SAINT ANNE, a lake of British North America, 50 miles
land, on the E. coast of Fifeshire, 39 miles N.N.E. of Edin- N. of Lakte Superior, into which it discharges itself by a
burgh. Pop. of the parish, in 1851, 5107. The population  small river. Length and breadth. about 20 miles.
consists chiefly of families attracted to its educational insti-   SAINT ANNE, sent anuln, (Fr. Sainte Anne, sANt unn,) a
tutionsA  It was created a royal burgh in 1140, and a city  town of Canada East, situated on the S. bank of the St.
and archbishop's see in 1471. The university is the oldest Lawrence. Lat. 490 N., Ion. 660 25' W. There are several
in Scotland, founded in 1411. St. Leonard's College was rivers of the same name in this terrritory.
founded in 1512, St. Mary's in 1537, and St. Salvator's in    SAINT ANNE, Brazil. See S.ANTA ANNA.
1455. St. Leonard and St. Salvator, now united, has 8 pro-   SAINT-ANNE-DE-LA-PERADE. See SANTE-ANNE-DE-LAfessors. St. Mary'sis thedivinitycollege. This city wasthe  PERADE.
scene of many of the most remarkable political and religious- SAINT-ANNE-DU-NORD. See SAINTE-ANNE-c-U-Noan.
events in the history of Scotland. It was also a place of    SAINT-ANNE MOUNTAINS, Canada East, are in lat.
considerable trade, but fell into decay. The Rev. Andrew  480 N., Ion. 660 W., 3973 feet high.
Bell, a native of this city, founded the Madras College,   SAINT ANNE'S, sent anz, a post-village of Canada East,
which was built after his death in 1832: it is a school of  in the parish of St. Anne's, Bout de lIsle, 24 miles from Mongeneral instruction, including classes on the Madras system  treal. Pop. 300.
of education, and has about 800 pupils. The castle of St.   SAINT ANNE'S, a village of Canada West, co. of Halton,
Andrew's was built in the twelfth century, and stood upon  township of Nelson. Pop. about 200..
a point of land projecting into the sea. Here James III.    SAINT ANN'S HEAD, a promontory of South Wales, co.
was born. St. Andrew's unites with Cupar, Crail, the An- of Pembroke, at the W. side of the entrance of Milford HIastruthers, Kilrenny, and Pittenweem in sending a member  yen. See DALE.
to Parliament.                                               SAINT ANN'S PORT, Ireland. See KirLouo.
SAINT AN/DREW'S, a post-office, Orange co., New York.    SAINT-ANSELME, seNt b8Nc's6lmr, a post-village of Canada
SAINT ANDREW'S, a pleasant post-village of Washing- East, co. of Bellechasse, 18 miles E. of Quebec. It contains
ton co., Florida, on the bay of the same name, about 10  a church, an iron foundry, a cotton and woollen factory, and
miles from the Gulf of Mexico, into which the bay opens. engineering and mill-wright works.
The situation is very healthy and pleasant. The bay, which    SAINT-ANTHJME,   sANt A8crstaiml, a town of France, deis almost entirely landlocked, forms a fine harbor, with 12  partment of Puy-de-Dame, on the Ance, 9 miles E. of Amfeet of water over the bar. The place is frequented in sum- bert. Pop. 1000.
mer by planters, on account of its salubrity and the beauty    SAINT ANTHONY, sent An/to-ne, a parish of England,
of the bay. The post-office is called St. Andrew's Bay.    co. of Cornwall.
SAINT AN/DREW'S, a seaport town of New Brunswick,    SAINT ANTHONY, sent auln/to-ne, a thriving post-town
capital of Charlotte co., at the N.E. extremity of Passama- of Ramsey co., Minnesota, is finely situated on the left bank
quoddy Bay, on a narrow slip of low land fronting the sea, of the Mississippi River, at the Falls of St. Anthony, 8 miles
60 miles W. by S. of St. John, and 3 miles from the shores  byland above St. Paul's. Lat. 440 48' 40" N., lon. 930 10' W.
of the United States. Lat. (S. point, light) 450 41 3" N., The Mississippi herehas aperpendicular fall ofabout 18 feet,
lon. 670 3' W. It consists of twoprincipal streets, which run  the first which occurs in ascending the river. The site of
parallel to each other, and of several smaller ones crossing  the village is an elevated plain, rising by a gradual acclivity,
them at right angles. The houses are all of a substantial and commanding a fine view of the falls. Situated at the
and respectable appearance. There are several churches, a  head of navigation on the Mississippi, and in the immediate
court-house, a jail, a grammar school, a chamber of com- vicinity of an unlimited water-power, St. Anthony can
merce, an agricultural and emigrant society, a savings' scarcely fail to become an important commercial and mannbank, a Bible society, barracks, and many handsome pri-  facturing city. The University of Minnesota is established
vate buildings. It is conveniently situated for commerce, here. The town contains 5 or 6 churches, about 20 stores,
and especially for the fishing trade, which is carried on here  2 newspaper offices, and numerous saw mills, besides other
to a large extent. The lumber trade and ship-building also  mills and manufacturing establishments.  The post-office is
1613




SAI                                                        SAI
called St. Anthony's Falls. PoP. in 1850, 750; in 1854, about between this place and Savannah. It was settled by the
2000.'Spaniards about 1565. Pop. nearly 2000.
SAINT ANT-IONY CITY, a village of Ramsey co., Min-   SAINT AUGUSTINE, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois,
nesota, on the Mississippi, immediately below and adjoining  49 miles W. of Peoria.
St. Anthony.  It has a steamboat landing, a warehouse,   SAINT AUGUSTINE LIGIT-IOUSE, on the N. end of
and an observatory on a bluff about 200 feet above the level St. Anastasia Island, E. of St. John's county, Florida. It is.
of the river.  Laid out in 1850. Pop. in 1854, about 500.    70 feet high,- exclusive of the lantern, which is 7 feet, and
SAINT ANTHONY-IN-ROSELAND, a parish of England, shows a fixed light. Lat. 290 52' 10" N., Ion. 81~ 25' W.
co. of Cornwall.                                            SAINT-AULAY, saNt O'lA, a town of France, department
SAINT-ANTOINE, sANt 8NGotw nf, a town of France, de- of I)ordogne, on the Dronne, 10 miles S.W. of Riberac. P. 1300.
partment of Isere, 5~ miles N.W. of St. Marcellin. Pop.   SAINT AUSITELL, a town and parish of England, co. of
2000. It takes its name from a celebrated abbey, the church  Cornwall, 13 miles N.N.E. of Truro. Pop. in 1851, 3565 The
of which is still preserved. There are several villages in  town is situated on theE. side ofa hill. The streetsarenarrow
France of the same name.                                  and unpaved. There are some manufactories of woollens,
SAINT ANTOINE, a village of Canada East, co. of Ver- but the chief trade is the exportation of tin and copper from
chBres, 35 miles filom  Montreal.                          the mines in the vicinity. The pilchard fishery is alsb exSAINT ANTOINE DE LA BAIE. See LA BAIE DI FEBORoE. tensively carried on in the Bay of Austell.
SAINT-ANTOINE-DE-TILLY, (Fr. pron. sANt iNG'twWn u    SAINT-AVOLD, S'ANt'vof, a town of France, department
deh tee'yeet,) a village and parish of Canada East, co. of Lotbi- of Moselle, on the Rossel, 18 miles W. of Sarreguemines.
nilre, on the S. bank of the St. Lawsrence, 24 miles S.W. of  Pop. in 1852,4021. It has manufactures of Prussian blue,
Quebec. The village contains a church, and several stores  tanneries, and dye-works.
and mills. Pop. of the parish, about 3000.                  SAINT-BALIZE, sING b'leez, a village and parish of
SAINT ANTONIEN. See SANCT ANTONIEN.                     Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, 9,miles from Cap Sant6. Pop.
SAINT ANTONI-IN-c)oa-IIEIDE. See SANcT ANTONI-IN-Dxra  about 500.
EIaDE.                                                      SAINT-BARBANT, saNQ bacabhNaf, a village of France, deSAINT-ANTONIN. sA-Nt 8NaGto'nIN1, a town of France, de- partment of Haute-Vienne, 9 miles W.N.W. of Bellac P. 1300.
partment of Tarn-et:Garonne, 21 miles N.E. of Montauban,   SAINT-BARNABi', sANG baa'nbixby,avillage of France, deon the right bank of the Aveyron, with tanneries, linen  partment of COtes-du-Nord, arrondissement of Loudlac.
manufactures, and dye-works. Pop. in 1852, 5407.          Pop. 1047.
SAINT ANTONY, in Spain and the Spanish colonies. See   SAINT-BARNABY, a village of France, department of
SAN ANTONIO.                                              Bouches-du-Rh'ne, arrondissement of Marseilles. Pop. 1026.
SAINT ANTONY. in Portugal. See SANTO ANTONIO.             SAINT-BARNAB, saNG baa'n'bi, a village of Canada
SAINT AR/MAND, a post-township forming the N.W. ex- East, co. of St. Maurice, about 6 miles from St. Anne d'Ya- 
tremity ofEssex co., New York. Pop. 210.                  machiche. Pop. of the seignory. about 1000.
SAINT-ARMiEL, saNt aa'm~lf, a village of France, depart-   SAINT-BARTIIDLEMI, saNG bJaa't,1h-mee', a post-village
ment of Morbihan, with a small port on the coast. It ex- of Canada East, co. of Berthier, 56 miles N.N.E. of Montreal.
ports salt.                                               Pop. of the parish. about 2000.
SAINT-ARNOULT-EN-IVELINE, sAxt Runsoo 8n ee'veh-   SAINT-BARTI-1]LEMY, SANG bant'lpeh-meel, a town of
leent, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 8 miles  France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, anrrondissement of
S.E. ofRambouillet. Pop. 1420.                            Marmande. Pop. 1422.
SAINT ARYIANS, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.    SAINT-BARTHILEAMY, a village of France, department
SAINT ASAPII, (az'af,) a parish and episcopal city ofNorth  of Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Angers. Pop. 1074.
Wales, co. of Flint, 208 miles distant from London. The only    SAINT-BARTHifLEEMY, a village of France, department
building of note is the cathedral. Pop. in 1852, 2041.    of Manche, arrondissement of Mortain. Pop. 664.
SAINT-ASTIER, saNt As'te-Af, a town of France, 91 miles    SAINT-BAlRTH-IliLEMY-DIE-GROAIN, sa.-x  baa'tklehS.W. of P&'igueux. Pop. in 1852, 2826.                    meeo  deh gro'ANG1, a village of France, department of IsSre,
SAINT ATLIIAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Gla- arrondissement of Grenoble, with a remarkable Fontaine
morgan.                                                   Ardente, (" Burning Fountain,") from which a great quanSAINT AUIBERT. a post-office of Callaway co., Missouri.  tity of gas escapes and burns spontaneously.
SAINT-AUBIN, saat 6'baNG!, is the name of many vil-   SAINT-BARTI-IHLEMY-DE-Si ~CIIILIE NNE, saNG banalages in France.                                          ta'leh-meel deh sa'sheele-6nnf, a village of France, departSAINT AUBIN, a small maritime town and fortress in  ment of Isrre, arrondissement of Grenoble. Pop. 998.
the island of Jersey, on the W. side of St. Helen's Bay, 3    SAINT-BARTIhLEEMY-DE-YALS, sAN5 baaet[~leh-meef
miles W. ofSt. Holier. Pop. 2131.                         deh vAl,a village of France, department of Drame, arrondisSAINT AUBIN. sONt 6'bANof, a village of Switzerland,  sement of Valence. Pop. 1050.
canton, and 10 miles S.W. of Neufchbtel.  Pop. 1000.        SAINT-BARTIIILEMY-LE-PIN, sAsN baaRtA'leh-meeo le     h
SAINT-AUBIN-DU-CORMIER, saNt sbaNGL di't kollme-Al, pANGS, a village of France, department of Ardfche, arrondisa town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 11 miles S.W. sement of Tournon. Pop. 1214.
of Fouglres. Pop. 1896.                                      SAINT-BARTHEILEM'Y-LESTRA,  sANG barotAtlh-mee]
SAINT AUGUS'TIN, a river and bay of Labrador, in Bri- lls'trA/, a village of France, department of Loire, arrondissetish North America, near the S. entrance of the Strait of ment of Montbrison. Pop. 842.
Belleisle. Lat. 510 15' N., Ion. 590 W.                      SAINT BARTHOLIOMEW, (Sw. Bartolomficus, bar-to-loSAINT-AUGUSTIN-DE-MONTRfAL, saNt 6'gtiis'taNG deh  nm'As,) an island of the West Indies, and the only colony
m1NG'trAllf, a village of Canada East, co. of Two MIountains, of Sweden in America, 30 miles W. of St. Christopher. Lat.
27 miles W. of Montreal.                                   of E. point, 17 531 N., Ion. 620 52' W. Area, 35 square miles.
SAINT-AUGUSTIN-DE-QU]~BEC, saNt ggiis     tIsNtA/deh k1-  Pop. 18,000. Its shape is very irregular. The soil is fertile,
bWk, a village and parish of Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, though the island is remarkably destitute of fresh water.
14 miles from Quebec.                                     The products are sugar, tobacco, cotton, and cocoa. Being
SAINT AUGUSTINE, Brazil. See SANTo AGOSTINHo.           surrounded by rocks and shoals it is difficult of access, but
SAINT AUGUSTINE, a bay on the S.W. coast of Mada- the Careenage, (Le Carsnage,) on its W. side, is a good hargascar. Lat. 230 35' S., Ion. 430 451' E.                 bor, and near it is Gustavia, the capital of the island. It
SAINT AUGUSTINE, Texas. See SAN AUoUSTINE.              was ceded by France to Sweden in 1784.
SAINT AUGUSTINE, (aw/gfgs-teen',) a city, port of entry,   SAINT BARTHOLOMEW, France. See SAINT-BARTnALEMrY.
and capital of St. John's co., Florida, 200 miles E. by S. of   SAINT BARTIHOLOMEW, Italy. See SAN BAnTOLOnMnO.
Tallahassee, and 160 miles S. of Savannah. Lat. 290 48' 30"   SAINT BARTITOLOMEW, Spain. See SAN BARToLoGAt.
N., lon. 810 35' W. It is one of thelargest places in the state,   SAINT BARTIOL/OMEW HYDE, a parish of England,
and has the distinction of being the oldest town in the United co. of Southampton.
States. It is situated on the N. shore of Matanzas Sound, 2   SAINT BATITHAN'S ABIBEY, parish, Scotland. co. Berwick.
miles from the sea, from which it is separated by the island    SAINT-BAUZILLE-DE-PUTOIS, s'2L  bS'zeei/ deh pi'twi',
of Anastasia. The site is a plain only a few feet higher than  a town of France, department of H1rault, 32 miles N.N.W.
the level of the ocean. The streets vary from 10 to 18 feet of Montpellier. Pop. in 1852, 2022.
in width; the houses have mostly two stories, the upper    SAINT-BEAT, SANG bA/AlT, a town of France, department of
projecting over the street. It contains, besides the county  Haute-Garonne, on the Garonne, nearits source, here crossed
buildings, 1 Roman Catholic and 3 Protestant churches, 1  by a stone bridge, 17 miles S. of Saint Gaudens. Pop. 1874.
newspaper office, 1 United States land-office, and about 500    SAINTBEATENBERG. See SANCTBEATENnERo.
dwellings, some of which are in a dilapidated state. The    SAINT BEES, a village and parish of England, co. of Cumharbor is safe and commodious, but the bar at the entrance berland, 3 miles W.N.W. of Egremont, on the coast.  A
prevents the approach of large ships, having only 9 or 10 monastery, founded here by St. Bega about 650, was destroyfeet of water at low tide. The mildness of the climate, and  edby the Danes, and rebuilt in the thirteenth century. The
the refreshing breezes from the sea, render this a favorite  E. part of this building was fitted up as a theological college
winter residence for invalids. The orange, lemon, olive, and  in 1817. This institution is under the management of a
date-palm flourish in this vicinity, and fish and game are corporation of 7 governors, has several exhibitions and
abundant. The toivn is defended by Fort Marion, erected  fellowships in Oxford University, and has long been a disb3 the Spaniards more than 100 years ago, and formerly  tinguished seminary. The village is very ancient, and standl
oalled the Castle of St. Mark. Steamboats ply frequently  on the side of the bay formed by the South Headland.
1644




SAI                                                       SAT
SAINT BEES HEAD, or the CLIFF OF BAPJATH, Eng-   SAINT BRIDE'S MAIJOR, a parish of Wales, co. of Gla.
land, is a sea-mark for vessels, in the N.E. part of the Irish  morgan.
Sea. Lat. of the lighthouse, 540 30' 50"f N., ion. 30 385 7" W.   SAINT BRIDE'S MI/NOR, a parish of Wales, co. of GlaSAINT BENEDICTO, island of the Pacific. See NUBLADA.   morgan.
SAINT-BENOIT, ANshnbh-nwA/, a town of the island of    SAINT BRIDE'S NETIIVERWENT, a parish ofEnglani,
Bourbon, on its N.E. side, 23 miles S.E. of St. Denis. Pop. co. of Monmouth..11,376, of whom 7416 are slaves.                           SAINT BRIDE'S WENTTILOOG, a parish of England, co.
SAINT-BENOIT, sING beh-nw&/, a post-village of Canada  of Monmouth.
East, co. of Two Mountains, 36 miles W. of Montreal. It   SAINT BRIDGET, brijlet, a village and parish of Canada
contains a church, and several stores and mills.          East, co. of Rouville, 40 miles from Montreal. Pop. about
SAINT-BENOIT-DE-LEYSSIEU, sAwa beh-nwA! deh 13s'se- 1500.
uh', a village of France, department of Ain, 7 miles S.E.    SAINT-BRIEUC or BRIEUX, sING bre-vhl, (ane. Briocue s?)
of Belley. Pop. 1200                                      a town of France, department of Cates-du-Nord, 238 miles
SAINT-BENOIT-DU-SAULT, sANa bhh-nw&i dii s5, a town  W.S.W. of Paris, on the Gouet, 21 miles from its mouth in
of France, department of Indre, arrondissement of Le Blanc. the Bay of St. Brieuc. Lat. 480 31' 1" N., Ion. 20 45' 60 W.
Pop. 1250.                                                Pop. in 1852, 14,053. The most remarkable objects are a
SAINT-BENOIT-SUR-LOIRE, sANG beh-nw! silR lwAa, a  cathedral of the thirteenth century, a granite bridge of 3
town of France, department of Loiret, arrondissement of  arches over the Gouet, and a statue of Du Guesclin. It has
Glen. Pop. 1600.                                          a communal college, public library, a chamber ofcommerce,
SAINT-BERNARD, sent ber-nard!, (Fr. pron.. SANG bhiR- and a considerable export trade in butter and cider. Its
nasr; anc. Mans Jolvisi) a remarkable mountain pass in the  port is at the village of Legu6, 1 mile lower on the Gouet,
chain of the Alps, between Piedmont and the Valais. It where there is a custom-house, building yards for ships of
owes its modern name to the great celebrity of the Hospice, from 300 to 400 tons, and an extensive export and import
said to have been founded by Bernard de Menthon in 862, trade. St. Brieuc owes its modern name to an abbey founded
for the succor of travellers, who have been assisted to the  in the fifth or sixth century, by St. Brieuc, the Apostle
number of 600 in one day. The hospice, a stiong stone  of the Bretagne.
building, is situated on the summit of the pass, 11 miles    SAINT BUtDOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
N.N.W. of Aosta, and 17 miles S.S.E. of Martigny, at an    SAINTtBURY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
elevation of 8150 feet above the level of the sea. It is the    SAINT BURIYAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
highest habitation in the Alps, and the cold is so intense    SAINT-CALAIS, sAwaG-kAlA, a town of France,.departthat a small lake in its vicinity is frozen over nine months  ment of Sarthe, 26 miles E.S.E. of Le Maus, on the Anille.
in the year. During the whole year, the philanthropic in- Pop. in 1852, 3846. It has a commerce, and manufactures
mates, monks of the Order of St. Augustine, with their of woollen and cotton.
valuable dogs, hold themselves in readiness to assist tra-   SAINT-CASIMIRE, sANs k'see'meeRf, a village and parisT
vellers arrested by the snow, which in winter accumulates  of Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, on the river Ste. Anne, 9
to a depth of from 10 to 40 feet. In the chapel is a menu- miles from Sainte Anne de la Pdrade. Pop. about 700.
ment to General Desaix, erected by Napoleon in 1805. This    SAINT  CATHARINE, kathler-in, (Fr. Sainte-Cathelrine,
gorge, which was traversed by Roman armies, by Charle- sANt kdt'reenl,) a village and parish of Canada East, co. of
mague, and by Frederick Barbarossa, is chiefly celebrated  Port Neuf, 16 miles from Quebec. Pop. about 650.
for the passage of Bonaparte at the head of the French army    SAINT-CATHARINE LOMBEEK, ka'ta'reeln lomfbaik,
of 30,000 men, with cavalry and artillery, from the 15th to  a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 11 miles W. of
the 21st of May, 1800. The road has been recently much  Brussels. Pop. 1236.
improved, and rendered passable for cars.                    SAINT CATIIARINES, a flourishing post-town of Canada
SAINT BERNARD/, a parish of Louisiana, situated in the  West, co. of Lincoln, on the Welland Canal, and on the
S.E. part of the state, on the Gulf of Mexico. The area is Great Western Railway, 35 miles E. by S. of Hamilton, and
620 square miles. Lake Borgne washes the N.W. border. 12 miles N.W. of Niagara. From its favorable situation it
The surface is level; the soil of thehigher portions is fertile, has become the centre of a large and rapidly increasing
producing sugar and molasses. Pop. 3802, of whom 1479  trade. It contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations,' 3
were free, and 2323 slaves.                               branch banks, agencies of 6 assurance and 6 insurance comSAINT BERNARD, a post-office of Clay co., Missouri.. panies, the Grantham  Academy, a reading-room, with a
SAINT BERNARD, LITTLE, a mountain of the Gralan  library, 3 printing-offices, from which weekly newspapers are
Alps, S. of Mont Blanc. Elevation of the convent. 7076 feet. issued, and about 4 stores. There are in the town 5 or 6
SAINT BERNARDIN, and SAINT BERNARDINO. See large flouring mills, several saw and planing mills, foundries,
SAN BERNARDINO.                                           and machine shops, producing, among other things, steamSAINT-BERTRAND-DE-COMMINGES,s sAN bIRatrNawodeh  engines. There are also soap and candle factories, tanneries,
kom'mANzh, a town of France, department of Haute-Ga- and breweries. Pop. about 5000.
ronne, 9 miles S.W. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 909. It was    SAINT CATHARINE'S, Canada West, a station on the
founded in 1100, on the site of Lugdunun  Ceonvenarum, de- Great Western Railroad, 11 miles from Niagara Falls.
stroyed by the Burgundians in the sixth century. In it are    SAINT CATH/ARINE'S ISLAND, off the coast of Liberty
quarries of fine marble.                                  co., Georgia, separated from the mainland by St. Catharine's
SAINT BLAISE, sANs blAz/or blz, a village of Switzerland,  Sound. Length, near 11 miles; greatest breadth, about 5
canton, and 3 miles N.E. of Neufchltel, on the N. bank of  miles.
the lake, produces esteemed wine. Pop. 1000. Near it is   SAINT-CER]t, sANGe-seh-rAl, a town of France, department
MONTaIRsAIL, a community of Moravian brothers.            of Lot, arrondissement of Figeac, 35 miles N.E. of Cahors.
SAINT BLASIEN, a village of Baden. See SANCT BLAsE N.  Pop. in 1852, 4406. On its N. side is a curiously-fortified
SAINT BLA/ZEY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.   isolated rock.              I
SAINT-BONNET-LE-CIIATEAU, ses bon'n.' leh shilt6t,   SAINT-CERGUES, SANG saleg, a village of Switzerland,
a town of France, department of Loire, 13 miles S. of Mont- canton of Vaud, 7~ miles N. of Nyon, at the foot of Mount
brison. Pop. in 1852, 2108.                               DOle, where guides and mules are furnished for its ascent.
SAINT BOS/WELL'S, a parish of Scotland, co. of Rox-    SAINT-CERNIN, sANG sanftNw!, a village of France, deburgh. St. Boswell's fair, July 18th, is the largest in South  partment of Cantal, 8 miles N. of Aurillac. Pop. in 1852, 2848.
Scotland for sheep.                                         SAINT-C]SAIRE, SeNG s'r-Ass, a post-village and parish
SAINT BRANCIHIER, sANs br8N'she-Al, a town of Swit- of Canada East, co. of St. Hyacinthe, 33 miles E. of Montreal.
zerland, 40 miles S.E. of Martigny, on the left bank of the  The village contains a church, and several stores, factories,
Dranse, on the route of the Great St. Bernard, with ruins of and mills. Pop. about 2000.
the ancient fortresses of St. John and Etiez.               SAINT-CHAMAS, sANG sh&'mn/s, a town of South France,
SAINT BREADE, (breed,) a parish, England, co. Cornwall. department of Bouches-du-Rhdne, on the N. bank of the
SAINT BRELADE, (Fr. pron. SANs breh-l~dl,) a village of lagoon of Berre, and on the railway of Avignon, 24 miles
Jersey, on St. Brelade's Bay, on the S.W. coast of the island, N.W. of Marseilles. Pop. in 1852, 2825. It is divided into
and 1~ miles S.W. of St. Aubin. Pop. 2170.                two parts by a hill, through which runs a tunnel 200 feet
SAINT BRE/OCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.   in length. Both portions.re well built, and the E. is en..
SAINT BREWlARD, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. closed by ramparts. It has a handsome church, a large
SAINT BRI/AVEL'S, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester. powder magazine, whence Toulon is supplied, and a trade
SAINT-BRICE, s Na breece, a village of France, depart- in oil and olives, which are shipped from this port. Near
ment of Haute-Vienne, arrondissement of Rochechouart. it is the Pont Flavien, a Roman bridge of a single arch, 65
Pop. 1127.                                                feet in length, at each end of which is a triumphal arch.
SAINT BRIDE, a parish of England, city of London,   SAINT-CHAMOND, sANG shhimas1N, a town of France, dechiefly between Fleet street and Blackfriar's bridge.     partment of Loire, at the confluence of the Gier and the
SAINT BRIDE, a parish of England, co. of Pembroke.      Ban Rivers, and on the railway from Lyons to St. Etienne,
SAINT BRIDE, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.       7 miles N.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 8897. It is well
SAINT BRIDE'S BAY, Wales, an inlet of the Irish Sea, at built, and thriving; it has a handsome parish church, good
the W. extremity of the county of Pembroke. Length and  public baths, a chamber of manufactures, numerous looms
breadth, about 8 miles each. At its entrance are Ramsey  for cotton and silk fabrics, ribands, laces, &c. It has con
and Skomer Islands. St. David's and St. Bride's are the  siderable cast-iron and nail-works, and in its vicinity many
principal places on its shores.                           coal-mines.                                 1




SAI                                                         SAI
SAINT-CHAPTES, SANG shdpt, a town of France, depart- composed of loam, clay, and volcanic ashes, in some placesi
ment of Gard, 12 miles S.E. of Uz~s. Pop. 732.             has a depth of 75 feet, resting on gravel. Brimstone Hill
SAINT CHARLES, (charlz,) a parish in the S.E. part of  consists of granite, limestone, and primary schists. SulLouisiana, about 10 miles W. of New Orleans, contains 340  phur is found in the central range, and some indications of
square miles. It is intersected by the Mississippi, and  silver ore. The climate is dry and healthy. Mean annual
bounded on several sides by Lakes Pontchartrain, Des Alle- temperature of the coast, 800; but the mornings and evenmands, and Washa. The surface is flat; the soil of the  inogs aie cooled by sea-breezes. The coldest month is Februhigherparts isproductive. Seatofjustice, St.Charles Court. ary, the warmest, August. The prevailing winds are N.E.
House. Pop. 5120, of whom 988 were free, and 4132 slaves.  and S.E.; rains are frequent, but not in excess; hurricanes
SAINT CHARLES, a county in the E. part of Missouri,  occur occasionally, and a terrific and fatal one nearly deoccupies a neck of land formed by the confluence of the Mis-  stroyed the island in 1722. The scenery, especially the vale
souri with the Mississippi River; area, about 480 square  of Basseterre, is rich and beautiful. The soil is particumiles. The Mississippi River forms the boundary on the  larly adapted for sugar plantations. In 1846, 91,022 cwts.
N.E., and separates it from Illinois. It is also drained by  of sugar, with 21,714 cwts. of molasses were exported to
Cuivre River, and by Dardenne, and Femme Osage Creeks. Great Britain. In 1851, thebotal exports amounted in value
The surface is alternately hilly, rolling, and level. A range  to 126,6101., and the imports to 112,7481. The chief towns are
of highlands terminates about 3 miles below St. Charles, in  Basseterre, the capital, and Sandy Point. Besides the parish
a beautiful and romantic pile of naked bluffs, called the  churches, there are 3 Methodist congregations, and several
"Mammelles."  The soil is generally fertile.  Limestone  schools. Public revenue in 1851, 17,9021.; expenditures,
generally underlies the county. Extensive mines of stone  14,6721. This island was discovered by Columbus in 1493,
coal are worked in several places. Capital, St. Charles. Pop. and was then densely peopled by Caribs. In 1625, it was
11,454, of whom 9505 were free, and 1949 slaves.            simultaneously taken possession of by colonies of English
SAINT CHARLES, a post-village of Johnson co., North  and French, and divided into upper and lower portions.
Carolina.                                                   From that period it became the scene of frequent and bloody
SAINT CHARLES, a small post-village of Arkansas co., contests between the two nations, till at last it was finally
Arkansas.                                                   ceded to tlih  British in 1783.
SAINT CHARLES, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.           SAINT-CIERS, sANG se-Al, several villages of France, the
SAINT CHARLES, a handsome and flourishing post-vil- principal of which is St. Ciers-la-Lande, department of Gilage and township of Kane co., Illinois, on Fox River, 42  rondo, 13 miles N.N.E. of Blaye.
miles W. of Chicago. The village is pleasantly situated on    SAINT-CLAIR, s5No klAR, a town of France, department
the inclined planes which gently rise from each side of the  of Seine-et-Oise, on the left bank of the Epte, 34 miles N.W.
river, which is a beautiful and rapid stream, with a prairie  of Versailles. It has a hermitage, resorted to by numerous
on the W. side, and woodlands on the other. St. Charles is  devotees, and the remains of a castle, in which, in A. 0. 912,
the largest village in the county, and is a place of rapid  the treaty was concluded between Charles the Simple and
growth. A branch railroad connects it with the Chicago  the Norman chief Rollo, by which the latter acquired that
and Galena Railroad. Since the completion of this road, it part of Neustria since termed Normandy.
commands the trade of the country between the Fox and    S4INT-CLAIR, a market-town of France, department of
Rock Rivers. The route of the Air-line Railroad from Chi- Manche, 6 miles N.E. of St. LB. Pop. 800.
cago to the Mississippi River passes through St. Charles.    SAINT-CLAIR or SAINT-CLAR, amarket-town of France,
The extensive water-power of the river gives motion to nu- department of Gers, 8 miles E.S.E. of Lectoure.  Pop. 1700.
merous paper mills, flouring mills, and other manufactories,   SAINT CLAIR, a county towards the N.E. part of Alawhich line the banks for the space of about half a mile. One  bama, has an area of 725 square miles. The Coosa River
or two newspapers are published here. Laid out in 1836. forms its entire S.E. boundary for a distance of about 50
Pop. in 1853, estimated at 3500.                            miles. The county is also traversed by Canoe Creek. The
SAINT CHARLES or SAINT CHARLES COURT-H-OUSE,  surfitce is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests of
a thriving post-town, capital of St. Charles co., Missouri, oaks and other timber. The soil is adapted to grain and
on the left bank of Missouri River, 22 miles from its mouth, grass. Extensive beds of bituminous coal are found, but
144 miles below Jefferson City, and 6 miles by land S. of the  they have not yet been worked to much extent. Small,
Mississippi River. The situation is elevated and beautiful. steamboats navigate the Coosa from this county upwards to
The rocky bluffs in this vicinity present delightful views of  Rome, in Georgia. Capital, Asheville. Pop. 6829, of whom
the adjacent rivers. Quarries of limestone and sandstone, 5508 were firee, and 1321 slaves.
and mines of stone coal have been opened near the town.   SAINT CLAIR, a county in the E. part of Michigan, borIt contains several churches, 1 newspaper office. Pop. in  dering on Lake Huron and St. Clair Rivers, which separate
1853, estimated at 3000.                                    it from Canada West.  Area, about 900 square miles. It is
SAINT CHARLES, a post-village and parish of Canada  intersected by Belle and Black Rivers, washed on the S. by
East, co. of St. IHyacinthe, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 36  Lake St. Clair, and also drained by Mill Creek. The surface
miles E. by N. of Montreal. Pop. about 1500.               is undulating, and in part heavily timbered with pine and
SAINT CHARLES COLLEGE, Grand Coteau, Louisiana. other trees. The soil is fertile in the S., and sandy in the N.
See Table of Colleges, APPENDIX.                            and W. Organized in 1821. Capital, St. Clair. Pop. 10,420.
SAINT CHARLES COURT-IIOUSE.  See SAINT CHAnLES.    SAINT CLAIR, a county in the S.W. part of Illinois, borSAINT CHARLES LAKE, Canada East, 12 miles N.N.W. deriug on Missouri, has an area of 630 square miles. It is
of Quebec, is 5 miles in length, and gives rise to a river of  situated on the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, and inthe same name, which joins the St. Lawrence at Quebec, tersected in the S.E. part by Kaskaskia River, and in the N.W.
after, a S.E. course of 15 miles.                           part by Cahokia Creek. It is also drained by Silver and
SAINT-CHEF, SANG shlf, a town of France, department  Richland Creeks. The surface is undulating, and in some
of Isre, 34 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1700.              places level, consisting partly of prairie and partly of timSAINT-CHELY, sANG sheh-leef, a town of France, depart-  bered land. The soil is excellent. Large quantities of proment of Lozbre, 22 miles W.N.W. of Mende. Pop. 1500.        visions are raised for the markets of St. Louis. The route
SAINT-CHIELY-D'AUBRAC, sANG sheh-lee! dahbrk/l, a  of the Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad passes through the
town of France, department of Aveyron, 25 miles N.E. of  county. Coal-mines are numerous, and are rich and extenRodez.                                                      sively worked, particularly along the Mississippi River. A
SAINT-CHINIAN, sANa shee'ne-Nlf, a town of France, large portion of the population consists of Germans. Named
department of IIrault, 48 miles W.S.W. of Montpellier.  in honor of General Arthur St. Clair, governor of Ohio when
Pop. in 1852, 4059. It has extensive manufactories of cloth  it was a territory. Capital, Belleville. Pop. 20,181.
for the Levant, and tanneries.                                SAINT CLAIR, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri,
SAINT-CHRISTOPIHE, SANG krees'tof, numerous villages has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by
of France, the prihcipal in the department of Indre-et-Loire, the Osage River, and also drained by Sac River, and by War18 miles N.N.W. of Tours. Pop. 1550.                        blow, Peshaw, and Monaghan Creeks. The surface is someSAINT CHRISTOPHER (krisfto-fer) or SAINT KITT'S,  what diversified, and consists partly of prairies and partly
one of the British West India Islands, in the Leeward group. of timbered land. Capital, Osceola. Pop. 3556, of whom 3108
Lat. of Fort Smith, 170 17' 7" N., ion. 600 42' 2 W., 46 miles  were free, and 448 slaves.
W.N.W. of Antigua. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 20 miles;   SAINT CLAIR, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.
breadth. 5 miles, except at its S.E. extremity, where a nur- Pop. 1612.
row tongue of land extends towards the island of Nevis.    SAINT CLAIR, a flourishing post-borough of Schuylkill
Pop., whites, 1612; colored, 21,521, being 342 persons to each  co., Pennsylvania, 62 miles N.E. of Harrisburg, 98 miles N.W.
square mile. The island is an irregular oblong, traversed  of Philadelphia, and 4 miles N. of Pottsville. It owes its
in the centre from N. to S. by a mountain ridge of volcanic  existence and prosperity to the rich mines of anthracite
origin, in the middle of which rises the perpendicular craggy  coal which surround it. The origin of the town is quite resummit of Mount Misery, elevation 3711 feet, and overhang- cent, and its growth has been very rapid. The population
in,, the rrater of an extinct volcano. From this central in 1845 was 605; in 1850 it amounted to 2016, and in 1853
ridge the land gradually and uniformly slopes to the sea. about 3000.
It has a rich, fertile, and highly cultivated soil; pasture    SAINT CLAIR, a village of Burke co., Georgia, 65 miles
aod woodlands ascend almost to the mountain summits.:E. by N. of Milledgeville.
Fourn rivers water this island, and in the N.E. there are    SAINT CLAIR, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee.
several salt ponds, producing abundance  of salt. The soil,   SAINT CLAIR, a post-township in the central part of
1646




SAI                                                       SAI
Butler co., Ohio, intersected by the Cincinnati, Hamilton,   SAINT COLUM.B MAJOR, kollfim mIVjr, a market-town
and Dayton Railroad. Pop. 1150.                          and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 32 miles S.W. of
SAINT CLAIR, a post-township in the S.E. part of Co- Launceston. It is the head of a poor-law union, and the seat
lumbiana co., Ohio, intersected by the Sandy and Beaver of petty sessions and a branch bank.
Canal. Pop. 1153.                                          SAINT COL/UMB MIINOR, a parish of England, co. of
SAINT CLAIR, formerly PALMER, a post-village and  Cornwall.
township, capital of St. Clair co., Michigan, on the river of    SAINT-COME, sNe keom, a town of France, department
the same name, at the mouth of Pine River, 50 miles N.E. of Aveyron, 19 miles N.E. of Rodez. Pop. 1100.
of Detroit. The village contains a court-house, a newspaper    SAINT-COSME, s5tG kdm, a town of France, department
office, a number of stores, and several flouring and saw  of Sarthe, 7 miles S.E. of Mamers. 
mills. Pop. of the township, 1729.                          SAINT CRISTOVAL DE LA LAGUNA, kris-to-vll dA 1'
SAINT CLAIR CITY, a village of Westmoreland co., ld-goolng, an island of Teneriffe, on its N. side, in a high and
Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 44 miles E. of  healthy plain, with 6532 inhabitants.
Pittsburg, and 12 miles from Greensburg, the county seat.    SAINT CROIX, slnt kroi, also calledPAS'SAMAQUODtDY
SAINT CLAIR, LAKE, between Canada West and the  and SCHIOODIC RIVER, rises from Grand Lake, on the boherstate of Michigan. Lat. 420 30' N., Ion. 820 30' W. It is 30  der between Maine and New Brunswick, and flowing in a
miles in length, and 24 miles in its greatest, and 12 miles in  general S.S.E. direction, although in a very winding course,
its mean breadth. Area, 360 square miles. Depth, 20 feet. falls into Passamaquoddy Bay. It forms the boundary for
IHeight above the sea, 571 feet, or 6 feet higher than Lake  its whole course between the United States and New BrunsErie. It contains many islands, receives the Thames, Clin- wick. The whole length is about 75 miles.
ton, Great Bear Creek, and other rivers, and communicates    SAINT CROIX, a river of Wisconsin, rises in La Pointo
on the S.W. by Detroit River with Lake Erie. On the N. it co., near the W. end of Lake Superior, and flows S.W. until
is entered by St. Clair River, which brings to it the surplus  it reaches the E. line of Minnesota. From this point it
waters of the great lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron.   pursues a general S. course, forming the boundary between
SAINT CLAIR RIVER, of Michigan, is the outlet of Lake that territory and the state of Wisconsin, Ind falls into the
Iuron, which gradually contracts towards its S. extremity, Mississippi River 38 miles below St. Pauil's. The whole
until it assumes the form of a river, with an average width  length is about 200 miles, and it is 100 yards wide at its
of half a mile. After a S. course of about 40 miles, forming  mouth. St. Croix Lake, an expansion of this river, is 36
part of the boundary between Canada West and the United  miles long, and 3 or 4 miles wide; it is not more than 1
States, it enters Lake St. Clair. It is navigable by large  mile from the mouth of the river. Several falls occur in the
vessels.                                                  St. Croix, about the middle of its course.
SAINT CLAIRSVILLE, a post-office of Bedford co., Penn-   SAINT CROIX, a county in the N.W. part of Wisconsin,
sylvania.                                                 bordering on Minnesota, contains an area of about 750
SAINT CLAIRSVILLE, a handsome post-village, capital square miles. It is bounded on the W. by St. Croix River
of Belmont co., Ohio, on the National Road, 11 miles W. of  and Lake, which separate it from  MIinnesota Territory,
Wheeling, and 116 miles E. of Columbus. It is situated on  and drained by Willow and Rush Rivers. The surface is
hilly ground, in themidst of a rich farming country. The  mostly overspread with forests of pine. Capital, Hudson.
Central Railroad, now in course of construction, passes near  Pop. 624.
or through the place. It contains 6 places of worship, 3    SAINT CROIX FALLS, a post-village, capital of Polk co.,
newspaper offices, and 1 seminary for girls. Pop. in 1853, Wisconsin, on St. Croix River, at the head of steamboat
about 1500.                                               navigation, about 240 miles in a direct lihe N.W. of Madison.
SAINT-CLAUD, sANc  klO, a market-town of France, de- It is estimated that 4,000,000 feet of pine lumber are made
partment of Charente, 12 miles W.S.W. of Confolens, on the  here annually.
Son. Pop. 200.                                              SAINT CROSS, SOUTII-ELMIHAM, or SAND/CROFT, a
SAINT-CLAUDE, sING kld, a town of France, department parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
of Jura, 25 miles S.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier, at the confluence    SAINT CROSS, a famous hospital and church of England,
of the Bienne and Tacon. Pop. in 1852, 5897. It is well 1 mile S. of Winchester, and included in that city. The
built, and ornamented with fountains, and is the seat of a  hospital, founded in 1132, maintains a master, steward, chapchamber of manufactures and arts. The manufactures com- lain, and 13 poor brethren, and provides refreshments for
prise articles in horn, ivory, and wood, buttons, musical- every wayfarer who calls for it at the gate.
boxes and instruments, toys, jewelry, watches, hardwares,   SAINT CYPRIAN (sipfre-an) BAY, an inlet of the Atlancrape, and cotton fabrics.                                tic Ocean, on the W. coast of Africa, immediately N. of Cape'
SAINT CLEAR'S or SAINT CLARI'S, a borough and  Barbas. Lat. 220 35' N., Ion. 170 W. It receives the river
parish of South Wales, 9 miles S.W. of Carmarthen. P. 1167. St. Cyprian, 50 miles in length.
SAINT CLEER, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.         SAINT-CYPRIEN, s-NG see'pre-ANG!, a village of France,
SAINT-CLEMENT, sasG klA'm8Nru, a village of France, department of Dordogne, arrondissement, and 9 miles W. of
department of Corrbze, 6 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1600.  Sarlat. Pop. in 1852, 2426.
SAINT-CLEMENT, a village of France, department of    SAINT-CYPRIEN, a village of France, department of
Manche, 21 miles N.E. of Mortain. Pop. 1400.               Aveyron, 16 miles N.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. 2300.
SAINT CLEM/ENT DANES, a parish of the English me-   SAINT-CYR, sANG seeR, a village of France, department
tropolis, with a church in the Strand, a little W. of Tem- ofSeine-et-0ise, arrondissement, and 2 miles W. ofVersailles.
pie-bar.                                                  Its famous militia schools established in 1803, occupies part
SAINT-CL]MENT-DE-MONTAGNE, sae kl4'm8NaO!  deh  of the royal abbey founded by Louis XIV. in 1686.
mSao'tafl, a village of France, department of Allier, 13 miles    SAINT-CYR, a village of France, department of Seine-etS.S.E. of La Palisse.                                     Marne, arrondissement of Coulommiers. Pop. 1400.
SAINT-CL]MENT-DES-LEVPES, s.No  klt'mSN!o de leh-   SAINT-CYR, a village of France, department of Var,
vA, a village of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the  arrondissement of Toulon. Pop. 1700.
Loire, 7 miles N.W. of Saumur.                              SAINT-CYR-AU-MONT-D'OR,  as.a seerp   m.     a  don, a
SAINT CLEM/ENTS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. village of France, department of RhOne, near the right bank
SAINT CLEMENTS, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.   of the Saene, 3 miles N. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 1887.
SAINT CLEMENT'S BAY, a post-office of St. Mary's co.,   SAINT-CYR-DU-BAILLEUL, sANs  sees deh bAhyuhyh, a
Maryland-;                                                village of France, department of Blanche, arrondissement of
SAINT CLETH/ER, a parish of England. co. of Cornwall. Mortain. Pop. in 1852, 2133.
SAINT-CLOUD, sent klwd, (Fr. pron. saENG kloo,) a town    SAINT-CYR-EN-PAIL, sIN' seest Ia pal, a village of
of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 51 miles W. of Paris, France, department of Mayenne, canton of Prez-en-Pail.
on the slope of a hill near the left bank of the Seine, and  Pop. 1400.
on the railway from Paris to Versailles. Pop. in 1852, 3828.   SAINT CY/RUS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.
The fine chteau of St. Cloud, originally the property of the  Most part of the parish is well cultivated, and in the North
duke of Orleans, was long the favorite residence of the kings Esk is a good salmon fishery.
of France. It has an extensive park and elegant fountains.   SAINT-D'AUBIGNl, saNa diSbeen'yA/, a village of France,
The fair or f~te of St. Cloud is one of the most frequented in  department of Ille-et-Vilaine, arrondissement of Rennes.
the environs of Paris. Henry IV. was assassinated at St. Pop. 1300.
Cloud by Jacques C16ment in 1589. Bonaparte here broke    SAINT DAIVID, a seaport on the S.W. coast of Prince
up the assembly of 500, and caused himself to be proclaimed  Edward Island, Queen's co., on Halifax Bay, in lat. 460 23'
first consul on the 9th of November, 1799; and her'e, in  N., Ion. 630 42' W.
July, 1830, Charles X. signed the ordonnances which cost   SAINT DAVID, one of the Bermuda Islands. Lat. 320
him his throne.                                           10' N., Ion. 640 20' W.; also parishes in Hayti and Jamaica.
SAINT CLOUD, a post-office of Heard co., Georgia.         SAINT DAIVIDS, a decayed episcopal city of South Wales,
SAINT COLOMBAN DE VILLARS, sas ko'ldbSa! G'deh  co. of Pembroke, near its W. extremity, on the Allan, 1 mile
vee'yaaJ, a village of Savoy, province of Maurienne, 6A miles  from its mouth, on N. side of St. Bride's Bay, 15 miles
N.W. of St. Jean de Maurienne, on the Glandon. Pop. 1883. W.N.W. of H-averford-West. Pop. in 1851, 2460. Its catheSAINT-COLOMBE. eseG ko'llcbf. a town of France, depart- drial, 307 feet in length internaily, has a lofty tower, a fine
ment of RhOne, 16 milpes S. of Lyons, on the Rhane, opposite  Gothic chapel, the monuments of St. David, Bishop Anselm,
Vienns. Pop. 800. Numerous communes and villages of  Giraldus Cambrensis, Tudor Earl of Richmond, the father
France have the same name.                                of Henry VII., with the ruined college of St. Mary, founded
1647




SAI                                                         SAI
by John of Gaunt, the bishop's palace, which stands in an ]6NGI, a village of France, department of Haute-Loire, 8 miles
area enclosed by walls 1200 yards in circufit.              E. of Brioude. Pop. 2000.
SAINT DAVID'S, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brccon.   SAINT-DIDIER-SUR-RSOCIIEFORT, saNa  dee'de-    siUR
SAINT DAVID'S, a village of Scotland, co. of Fifo, on the rosh'font, a village of France, department of Loire, 16 miles
N. sideof the Frith of Forth. Pop. 160.                     N.W. of Montbrison. Pop. 1500.
SAINT DAVID'S IIEAD, the westernmost point of Wales,   SAINT-DIg, slsa de-A, (anc. Sanctum Deedoatum?) a town
in lat. 510 50' N. Ion. 50 15' W.                           of France, department of Vosges, capital of an arrondisseSAINT DAY, a town of England, co. of Cornwall, on an  ment. and 24 miles E.N.E. of Epinal, on the Meurthe.  Pop.
eminence, 7 miles W. of Truro. The people are chiefly em- in 1852, 8959. It has a commercial college, cotton spinning,
ployed in mining. Pop. about 2000.                          iron-forges, and wire-works. In its vicinity are iron and
SAINT DECIUMAN, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. copper mines. and marble quarries.
SAINT-DEN/IS, (Fr. pr'on. sAN deh-nees,) a town of France,   SAINT-DIP, a town of France, department of Loir-etdepartment of Seine, with a station on the Raiway du  Cher, on the left bank of the Loire, 8 miles N.E. of Blois.
Nord, 5~ miles N. of the centre of Paris. Pop. in 1852, 15,702. Pop. 1261.
It is well built, and has a theatre, public library, numerous    SAINT-DIEY, a town of France. See SAINT Did.
manufactures, and several annual fairs; but it is chiefly    SAINT-DIZIER, sANG dee'ze-A', a town of France, departcelebrated for its church, which, firom the seventh century, ment of Haute-Marne, on the right bank of the Iarne,
was the principal burial-place of the kings of France. This where it becomes navigable 10 miles N. of Vassy. Pop. in
is a noble Gothic edifice, 415A feet in length, 1065  feet 1852, 7429. It is handsome, and was formerly fortified; it
in breadth, with two towers, and a spire 85 feet in height;  has a communal college, a fine new town-hall, an hospital,
in the vaults are some of its ancient tombs, which escaped  and a ruined castle; docks for building vessels, cotton and
destruction in the first Revolution. Its ancient abbey is iron factories, and an active export trade in iron and timber.
now used as a house of instruction, founded by Napoleon, In 1544, it sustained a memorable siege by the Emperor
for the daughters of members of the legion of honor. The  Charles V.; and in 1814, the French troops here twice deCanal of St. Denis is a short branch of the Canal of d'0urcq. feated a part of the allied army.
SAINT-DENIS, a village of France, department of Cha-   SAINT-DIZIEI, a village of France, department of Creuse,
rente Inf6rieure, in the island of 1O6ron, with a small port.  5 miles N. of Bourganeuf.
SAINT-DENIS, saNG dph-neel, a village of Belgium, pro-   SAINT DOG/MEL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemvince of IIainaut, 4A miles N.E. of Mons, with cotton-spin- broke. Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing. The
ning works in the ancient abbey.                           village has the ruins 6f a fine abbey.
SAINT-DENIS, sANG deh-nee/, capital town of the French    SAINT DOGSIWELL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemcolony of the island of Bourbon, in the Indian Ocean, on the  broke, with a medical spring.
N. coast of the island, at the mouth of the river St. Denis. Lat.   SAINT DOMINGO. See SAN DOMINGO.
200 52' S., lon. 550 30 24" E. Pop. with the district, 19.140, of    SAINT DO'IIINICK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
whom 10,096 are slaves. It is the residence of the governor    SAINT-DONAT-LE-ROMAN, SANG dolndi leh ro'mSNo/, a
of the island, the seat of a high court, and has a college, town of France, department of Drbme, 13 miles N. of Valence.
hospital, botanic garden; a bank established in 1826 with a  Pop. in 1852, 2350.
capital of 1,000,000 firancs, and an active general trade. It    SAINT DOINATTS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamis situated on an exposed roadstead. the best in the island.  organ, on the Bristol Channel, 5 miles S.W. of Cowbridge.
SAINT-DENIS-D'ANJOU, s.aN deh-nee! d6_NG'zhoo/, a vii- The church, in a beautiful secluded dell, contains several
lage of France, department of Miyenne, 12 miles E. of  monuments of the Stradlings, who for 7 centuries occupied
Chiteau-Gontier. Pop. in 1852, 2830.                       the fine ancient castle, part of which is still inhabited.
SAINT-DENIS-DE-GASTINES, sANG dfeh-nee  deh  gls'-   SAINT DOINATTS, WELSH, a parish of Wales, co. of
teent, a village of France, department, and 11 miles W.N.W. Glamorgan.
of Mayenne. Pop. in 1852, 3500.                              SAINT DUNS/TAN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SAINT-DENIS-DE-JOUIIET, sANG deh-nee! deh zhooYA, a    SAINTE-ADELE, sANt A'dAl/, or AB!ERCROMBIE, a vilvillage of France, department of Indre, 7 miles S.W. of La  lage and township of Canada East, co. of Two Mountains, 40
ChfAtre. PoP. 1800.                                        miles W. of Montreal. Pop. about 600.
SAINT-DENIS-DE-PILLIP, sANG deh-nee/ deh pee'yA/, a    SAINTE-ANNE, sANt Ann, a mountain of France, departvillage of France, department of Gironde, 5I  miles N. of  ment of Orne, 8 miles from Alengon, with a chapel frieLibourne. Pop. in 1852, 2652.                              quented by a vast number of pilgrims.
SAINT-DENIS-DE-QUtBEC, sANG deh'nee deh kAVbkl, a    SAINTE-ANNE, a maritime village of Guadeloupe, on the
post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Kamouraska,  S. coast of Grande Terre, 12 miles IB.S.E. of Point-a-Pitre.
on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 84 miles N.E. of Quebec.   SAINTE ANNE, a village of MIartinique, near the S. exPop. about 1700.                                           tremityoftheisland. Someother parishes ofthe WestIndies,
SAINT-DENIS D'ORQUES, sANG deh-nee! doak, a village  and one in the island,of Alderney, have the same name.
of France, department of Sarthe, 21 miles W. of Le Mans..SAINTE ANNE, the names of several towns of Canada.
Pop. in 1852, 2316.                                        See SAINT ANNE.
SAINT-DENIS-EN-VAL, sANG deh-nee' 5NG vAl, a village    SAINTE-ANNE-DE-LA-P1~RADE, SANt Ann deh 1A pi'of France, department of Loiret, 10 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. rAdl, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, on the
Pop. 1000.                                                 river St. Anne, 57 miles W. by N. of Quebec.
SAINT-DENIS-LE-CIEVASSE, sANG deh-nee leh sheh-    SAINTE-ANNE-DE-LA-POCATIEPRE, sANt Ann deh IA po'vAss/, a village of France, department of Vend6e, arrondisse-  kiAte-aial, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of
ment of Bourbon-Vend6e, canton of Poir6-sur-Bourbon. Pop. Kamouraska, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 75 miles
1256.                                                      below Quebec. The village is beautifully situated, and conSAINT-DENIS-LE-GAST, SANG dih-nees leh gAsa, a village  tains, besides a church and several stores, a college, one of
of France, department of Manche, 10 miles S.S.E. ofCoutances. the most extensive in Canada East, usually attended by
Pop. 1859.                                                 about 150 students. Pop. of the parish, 2800.
SAINT-DENIS-LE-Y]~TU, SANG deh-nee leh vA'0t1, a vii-   SAINTE-ANNE-DES-PLAINES, sNt Ann dA. plAn, a village of France, department of Manche, 4 miles S. of Con- lage and parish of Canada East, co. of Terrebonne, 26 miles
tances. Pop. 500.                                          N.W. of Montreal.  Pop. about 1600.
SAINT-DENIS-SUR-LOIRE, sANG deh-nee! siiat Iwa, a    SAINTE-ANNE-DU-MACIIICHE, sANt Ann dii'm'sheeshl,
village of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, arrondisse-  a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of St. Maurice,
ment, and 4 miles N.E. of Blois, with mineral springs.     on the river Machiche, 75 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop.
SAINT-DENIS-SUR-SARTHON, sANG deh-neel sUia  san'- about 2000.
tsarI, a village of France, department of Orne, 6 miles N.W.    SAINTE-ANNE-DU-NORD, sANt ann di! nos, a village and
of Alengon. Pop. 1400.                                      parish of Canada East, co. of Montmorenci, on the N. shore
SAINT DENINIS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.   of the St. Lawrence, 18 miles below Quebec. Pop. about 900.
SAINT DENNIS, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.    SAINTE-BAUME, sANt b~m, a mountain in the S.E. of
SAINT DENNIS BAYOU, (bI/oo,) of Louisiana, traverses  France, department of Var, canton of St. Maximin. Height,
the parish of Jefferson, and flows into Barataria Bay.      2850 feet.
SAINT DEVIEREUX, a parish of Eng'land, co; ofIereford.   SAINTE-CROIX, sANt krwA, a village of France, departSAINT-DIDIERt-AU-MONT-D' OR, SANG deede-s-A  6 m1Ns ment of Gironde, 22 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1126.
do}, a village of France, department of Rhlne, 5 miles N.   SAINTE-CROIX, a village of France, department of Hautof Lyons. Pop. 1800.                                        Rhin, 4 miles S. of Colmar. Pop. 1600.
SAINT-DIDIER-DE-CHALARONNE, sANa  deede-d            deh    SAINTE CROIX, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud,
shAl'ronnt, a village of France, department of Ain, 16 miles  on the French frontier, 7 miles W. of Granson. Pop. 2900,
N. of Trevoux. Pop. 2000.                                  many of whom are engaged in watch and lace-making.
SAINT-DIDIER-DE-LA-TOUR, SANG dee'de-A/ deh li toon,   SAINTE CROIX, a village of Canada East, on the S.
a village of France, department of Isbre, arrondissement of  bank of the river St. Lawrence, 25 miles S.W. of Quebec.
La Tour-idu-Pin. Pop. 1318.                                  SAINTE CROIX, or SANTA CRUZ, sAnftA kroos, the
SAINT-DIDIER-LA-SEAUVE, sNG deede-A'lIA sv, a town  southernmost and largest of the Virgin Islands, and the
of Prance, department of Haute-Loire, -14 miles N.E. of  most important of the Danish possessions in the West InYssengeaux. Pop. 2000.                                     dies. Area, 100 square miles. Pop. 25,600, of whono 18,400
SAINT-DIDIER-SUR-DOULON, sAe deesde-I stit  doo'- were slaves. Capital, Christianstad. It was possessed sue.
1648




SAI                                                       SAI
cessively by the Dutch, English, Spanish, and French, and  partment of Indre-et-Loire, on the Manse, S18 miles E.S.E.
was sold to Denmark in 1733.                              of Chinon, on the railroad from Bordeaux to Paris. Pop. in
SAINTE-CROIX-AUX-MINES, sANt krwa 0 meen, a vil- 1852, 2744.
lage of France, department of Vosges, 15 miles N.W. of    SAINTE-MAURE, a town of France, department of IlleColmar. Pop. in 1852, 3657.                               et-Vilaine, 17 miles N. of Redon.  Pop. in 1852;, 4271.
SAINTE-CROIX-DE-VOLVESTRE, saNt krwa deh vol'-   SAINTE-MENEHOULD, sANt m~n'hoot a town of France,
vhst'rl, a village of Fran.e, department of Ari6ge, 9 miles N. department of Marne, on the Aisne, at the influx of the
of St. Girons. Pop. 1761.                                 Auve, 26 miles E.N.E. of'Chflons. Pop. in 1852, 4347. It
SAINT EDfWARD, a post-village of Canada East, co. of was destroyed by fire in 1719, and since regularly built. It
Huntingdon, 24 miles S.E. of Montreal. Pop. 200.          has a forest board, an agricultural council, a seminary, and
SAINTE-FAMILLE-D'ORLEiANS, sant fa'meei doalA'lceN, manufactures of glass, earthenwares, and leather. It was
a village and parish of Canada East, co. df Montmorenci, 18  formerly fortified, and was taken by Louis XIV. in 1653.
miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. about 900.                       SAINTE-LMIRE-]~GLISE, sINt mAR Agleezs, a marketSAINTE-FOY, sAnt fwA, a town of France, department of  town of France, department of Manche, 9 miles S.E. of
Gironde, on the left bank of the Dordogne, 38 miles E. of  Volognes. Pop. 1740.
Bordeaux. Pop. in 1852, 3139.                               SAINT-EMILION, sANt Ameele.-NOa, a town of France,
SAINTE-FOY, sAna fwA, a town of France, department of department of Gironde, 3 miles S.E. of Libourne. Pop. in
Rhdne, 2 miles S.S.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 3410.       1852, 2828. It is celebrated for its wines, and has a ruined
SAINTE-GEMME  (or GEMI~MES) D'ANDIGNE, sAINt  castle.
zhemm! dSiadeefi, a village of France, department of Maine-   SAINT ERME, a river of England, rising in Dartmoor, co.
et-Loire, 20 miles N.W. of Angers. Pop. 1180.             of Devon, and flowing S. into the English Channel, 41 miles
SAINTE-GEMIEi  (or GEMSMES) LE-ROBERT, sANt SS.W. of Modbury.
zh~mm! leh ro'bain, a village of France, department of    SAINT ERME, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Mayenne, 20 miles N.E. of Laval. Pop. in 1852, 2379.        SAINTE ROSE, sA~t roz, a maritime town of Guadeloupe,
SAINTE-GEMME   (or GE IMES) SUR-LOIIRE, saiNt on its N. coast, 10 miles SW. of Port Louis.  Pop. 4156,
zh~mmn, siia lwac, a village of France, department of Maine- of whom 3339 are slaves.
et-Loirei arrondissement of Angers. Pop. 1115.              SAINTE ROSE, a town of the island of Bourbon, on the
SAINTE-GENESE-RIIODE, s&aa zheh-nlz! rod, a village  E. coast, 31 miles S.E. of St. Denis. Pop. 1878.
of Belgium, province of Brabant, 7 miles S. of Brussels.    SAINT ERTH, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
Pop. 2300.                                                   SAINT ERIVAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
SAINTE-GENEVIEVE, sANt zheh-neh-ve-.av, a village of    SAINTES, sANt, (auc. Acediolalnum,) a town of France,
France, department of Aveyron, 19 miles N. of Espalion. capital of an arrondissement, department of Charente-InPop. 1839.,                     f6rieure, 38 miles S.E. of La Rochelle, on the left bank of the
SAINTE-GENEVIEVE, a village of France, department  Charente. Lat. 450 45' N., Ion. 00 38'W. Pop. in 1852, 11,566.
of Oise, 11 miles S.S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. 1124.           Its streets are narrow and crooked, and it is ill-built, but
SAINTE-GENEVIPEVE-DE-BATISCAN,  sINt zheh-neh- has a fine cathedral, and a communal college, with a library
ve-aiv! deh b&'tees'kNit,  a post-village and parish of Canada  of 25,000 volumes. It has a tribunal of commerce, and an
East, co. of Champlain, on the river Batiscan. P. about 1200. extensive trade in Cognac brandy, made in its vicinity. It
SAINTE-HllLf NE, sANt A'1n1! or klain, several villages  has several Roman remains, comprising a triumphal arch,
of France, departments of Morbihan, LozSre, Seine-InfI-  and the ruins of an amphitheatre and a circus. It was the
rieure, Vosges, Gironde, &o., and one in Savoy, 6 miles  capital of the old province of Saintogne. St. Louis defeated
S.S.W. of Confians.                                        the English here in 1242.
SAINTE-HlLINE, saNt Atlnl, a village and parish of    SAINTES, LEs, IA sANt, some small islands of the French
Canada East, co. of Rimouski, on the S. shore of the St. West Indies, off the S. extremity of Guadeloupe, of which
Lawrence, 103 miles below Quebec.                          they are dependencies.  Aggregate area, 5 square miles.
SAINTE-HONORINE-LA-CIIARDONNE, sANt ho'no'reenl Pop. 1100. The products comprise manioc, sweet potatoes,
1i shaa'donnl, a village of France, department of 0rne, 17  cotton, tobacco, and poultry. Among them is one of the best
miles N.N.E. of Domfront. Pop. 1541.                       roadsteads in the West Indies. They were discovered by
SAINT ELENA, (Sp. Santa Elena, sanlta At-lAn&,) a point Columbus, November 4, 1495.
and maritime village of South America, in Ecuador, depart-   SAINTES-MARIES, Las, la sA'Nt mgfree!.    a town of France,
ment of Guayaquil. province of Manabi; the point. in lat. department of Bouches-du-Rh~ne, in a sandy plain, near
20 12' S., lon. 810 W., and the village on the Bay of St. the mouth of the Little Rhone, 18 miles S.S.W. of Aries.
Elena, 30 miles S.E.                                       Pop. 910.
SAINT ELIZABETIH, a post-village and parish of Canada    SAINT-ESPAIN, sANt 5s'pANo!, a village of France, departEast, co. of Berthier, 45 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. 3000.  ment of Indre-et-Loire, 18 miles S.S.W. of Tours. Pop. in
SAINT-]3LOY, sAint A'lw3, a village of France, depart- 1852, 2010.
ment of Puy-de-DOme, is in an extensive coal basin, the    SAINT-ESPRIT, sANt 8slprees, a seaport town of France,
mines of which furnish annually 40,000 quintals.           department of Landes, on the right bank of the Adour,
SAINTE-LUCE, sAnt liis, a small town on the S. coast of  opposite Bayonne, of which it is a suburb. Pop. in 1852,
the French West India island of Martinique, 13 miles S.E.  6891. It has a citadel, commanding the town and port of
of Fort Royal. Pop. 1226.                                  Bayonne.
SAINT ELPVIS, a parish of'South Wales, co. of Pembroke.   SAINT-ESPRIT, sAiNt Wspreet, a post-village and parish of
SAINTE MARGUERITE, sANt matgheh-reetl a river of  Canada East, co. of Leinster, 42 miles N.W. of Montreal.
Canada East, joins the Saguenay, 14 miles from its mouth  Pop. about 2200.
in the St. Lawrence estuary.                                 SAINT-ESTEPIiE, sANt MstIf', a village of France, departSAINTE MARGUERITE, the largest of the Isles LUrins, ment of Gironde, 30 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 872.
on the coastof France. See LIERINS.                          SAINTE-TERRE. sANt t~i, a village of France, departSAINTE-MARIE, sint mi'reer, an island on the E. coast of  ment of Gironde, arrondissement of Libourne..Pop. 2055.
Madagascar, (called by the natives, Nossee-Ibraheem or NMossi-   SAINTE-TERRE, ("Holy Land.")  See PArLESTINE.
lbrahim, nossee' ibbra-heem.f) Lat. 160 48' S., ion. 500 E.   SAINTE-THERESE-DE-BLAINVILLE, sAint tA'raiz! deh
Length from N. to S., 30 mliles; breadth, 5 miles. Pop. 5000. blANGIveell, a post-village and seigniory of Canada East, co.
The French here have an establishment.                    of Terrebonne, 18 miles N.N.W. of Montreal.
SAINTE-MARIE, sAtnt mlrees, a town of France, depart-   SAINT-ETIENNE, sANt-A'te-WnP, (i. e. "'St. Stephen,") a
ment of Basses-Pyr6n6es, near Ol6ron. Pop. in 1852, 3939.  town of France, department of Loire, on the Furens, a small
SAINTE-MIARIE. a commune in the French colony of the  affluent of the Loire, in the centre of one of the most valuable
island of Bourbon, on its N. coast. Pop. 5527.            coal-fields of France, 32 miles SW. of Lyons, with which it is
SAINTE-MARIE, a town of the French colony of the  connected by railway. Pop. in 1852, 56,003. It has sprung
island of Martinique, on its N.E. side. Pop. 4854.        up in recent times with almost unexampled rapidity, and,
SAINTE-MARIE, a village of the island of Guadeloupe, though not regularly built, contains several spacious streets,
division, and 3 miles N. of Capesterre.                   formed of lofty and substantial houses of freestone, originally
SAINTE-MARIE-AUDENHOVE, sANt mireel /d8nnovf, a  white, but rendered dingy and black by the clouds of smoke
village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 8 miles E. of  which numerous iron-works are continually pouring forth.
Audenarde. Pop. 2000.                                     The finest street, which is in the line of the great public
SAINTE-MARIE-AUX-MINES, sANt mArees   meen, (Ger. road from Paris to Marseilles, passes almost through the.ariakirch, mA-reelA-k106m,) a town of France, department middle of the town, and is lined with rows of trees. The
of HIaut.Rhin, on the Liepvrette, 14 miles N.W. of Colmar. town is lighted with gas. The principal edifices are the
Pop. in 1852, 11,613. Ithas an active manufacture of cotton  H1tel de Ville, comprising the town-hall, exchange,.and a
hosiery, calicoes, and printed goods.                     museum of the local manufactures; a court-house, a theatre,
SAINTE-MARIE-DE-LA-BEAUCE, sIN  nd mrees  deh-lA  a public library, ahandsome obelisk fountain,and thetermini
b6ss, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Dor- of the two railways to Lyons and Roanne. The town has a
chester, 30 miles from Quebec. Pop. 3200.                 court of first resort and commerce, a consulting chamber of
SAINTE-MIARIE-DE-MONNOIR, sanG m'reeldgh mon5-  manufacturers, a conseil de prud'hommes, a national college,
nw1m0, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Rou- a school of mines, a chemical laboratory, and a public-library.
ville, 26 miles S.W. of lontreal. Pop. 5000.              St. Etienne has been called the French Birmingham. It has
SAINTE-MAURE, sINt mim, a small town of France, do- rapidly acquired prosperity in the two very dissimilar ma~~~~51)~~~~~~~~~~~ D1649




SAT                                                         SAI
nufactures of iron wares and silk ribbons. The manufac- partment of Cher, on the Cher, 9 miles S.W. of Bourget.
ture of hardware, including fire-arms and all kinds of cutlery, Pop. 1689.
with files, nails, cast-iron, and steel, employs about 7000 work-    SAINT-FLORENT, s,.NG'c fio'r18NG, (It. &cn Fiorenzo, sEn
men, who, in addition to other articles, produce annually, in  fe-o-rlnfzo,) a fortified seapo't town of Corsica, on its N. side,
time of peace,40,000 stand of arms, but in a case of necessity  on the Gulf of St. Florent, 7 miles W. of Bastia.  It was
might be able to produce nearly 300,000. The manufacture  taken by the English after a lengthened siege in 1793.
of ribbons is the more important staple, and employs, with    SAINT-FLORENTIN, sANG flior&'t&No5, a town of France,
the town and in the adjoining districts, about 40,000 per- department of Yonue, at the confluence of the A,-mance and
sons. The number of looms is estimated at 20,000, and the  Armangon, and on the Paris and Lyons Railway, 15 miles
value of the annual produce at $10,000,000.  It has also  N.N.E. of Auxerre.  Pop. in 1852. 2636.
manufactures of other silk goods, lace, embroidery, muslins,    SAINT-FLORENT-LE-VIEIL, SANo fo'r3N! leNh ve-t,  a
cotton yarn, glass, leather, paper, and lampblack. The coal, town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire,
to which St. Etienne is indebted for the main source of its  21 miles W.S.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 2318. The Ven.
prosperity, besides meeting the consumption within the  dean war commenced here in 1793.
town, forms a very important branch of trade, both furnish-   SAINT FLOIRIAN, flolre-An', a village of Upper Austria,
ing the supplies of several blast furnaces and other extensive  circle of Traun, 12 miles N.N.W. of Steyer, near the Danube,
iron - works, and a general export of about 500,000 tons.   with a rich Augustine abbey.
SAINT-]TIENNE-DE-BAIGORRY, stNt A'te-lnnu  deh    SAINT-FLOUR, SANG flooR, (rhyming with poor,) a town
bAgoRa'eef, a town of France, department of Basses-Pyr&-  of France, department of Cantal, 33 miles E.N.E. of Aurilac.
n6es, on the Spanish frontier, 23 miles S.S.E. of Bayonne. Pop. in 1852, 5786. It stands on a scarped basaltic rock near
Pop. in 1852, 3256. It has iron mines and marble quarries.  the right bank of the Auzon, and has a communal college,
SAINT-]TIENNE-DE-LUGDARAS, sANt A'te-6nn! deh  a public library, and trade in corn.
liig'dgrAsI, a town of France, department of Ardbche, 31 miles    SAINT-FORGEUX, sANG fobazhvhl, a village of France, deW. of Privas. Pop. 2000.                                    partment of Rh~ne, 14 miles S.W. of Villefianche. Pop. 2000.
SAINT-ATIENNE-DE-MONTLUC,  sANt  A'te-Ann/ deh    SAINT-FORTUNADE, SANG fonRtii'ndt, a market-town of
m6NS'iik!, a town of France. department of Loire-Inf6rieure,  France, department of Corrbze, 4 miles S. of Tulle.  P. 2200.
10 miles N.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 4778.                  SAINT-FORTIUNAT, SANs foaet[itnd, a town of France, doSAINt-iATIENNE-DE-ROU VRAY,  sANt  A'te-Ann!  deh  partment of Ard6che, 7 miles N.N.E. of Privas. Pop. 1500.
roov'rAI, a town of France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure,    SAINT FOY, a town of France.  See SAINrE-Foy.
near the Spirie, 4 miles S. of Rouen. Pop. 1500.              SAINT FRANCIS, France. See SAINT-FRAN-q0eS.
SAINT-ETIENNE-DE-SAINT-G;EOIRS, OANt A'te-8nn  deh    SAINT FRANICIS, a headland of South Africa, in Cape
sIsa zhwAR, a town of France, department of IsBre, 20 miles  Colony, W. of St. Francis Bay. Lat. 340 10' S., ion. 240 53' E,
N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 2051.                         SAINT FRIANICIS, a county in the E. part of Arkansas,
SAINT EUFEMIA. See SANTA EurEaMA.                        between the White and Saint Francis Rivers, contains about
SAINTE URSANNE, SA.'t tin'sAnnf, or URSIT, one/sits, a  900 square miles. It is drained by theCache River. The surtown of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the Doubs, 5 miles  face is nearly level, the soil fertile. The White and St. Francis
S.E. ofPorentruy. Pop.1300. Near it areanold castle,and  Rivers are navigable along the borders.  Capital,'Mount
the grotto of St. Ursitz.                                   Vernon. Pop. 4479, of whom 3772 were free, and 707 slaves.
SAINTE-URSULE, s~Nt iitlsiil, a village of Canada East,   SAINT FRANCIS, Missouri. See SAINT FRAN9OsS.
co. of St. Maurice, on the Rivibre-du-Loup, 63 miles N.E. of    SAINT FRANCIS, a township of Green co., Arkansas.
Montreal.                                                   Pop. 453.
SAINT-EUSTACHE, sINt vh'st[shf, apost-village ofCanada    SAINT FRANCIS, a township of Phillips co., Arkansas.
East, co. of Two Mountains, 21 miles S.W. of Montreal       Pop. 1376.
SAINT EUSTATIUS, -d-stA'she-Ls, one of the BritishWest    SAINT FRANCIS, a post-village of St. Francis co., ArkanIndia Islands, in the Leeward group, 12 miles N.W. of St. sas, on the river of its own name, 115 miles E.N.E. of Little
Christopher. Area, 190 square miles.  Pop. 1903.  It is  Rock.
mountainous, and has two extinct volcanoes. The climate    SAINT  FRANCIS, a lake of Canada East and West,
is healthy, but earthquakes and hurricanes are frequent.   formed by the St. Lawrence, 35 miles S.W. of Montreal.
SAINT EIVAL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        Length, 28 miles; breadth, 2 miles.
SAINT EWE, f, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.         SAINT FRANCISCO, California.  See SAN FRANCISCO.
SAINT FAIGAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glan-   SAINT FRANCISCO. river of Brazil. See SXo FRANCISCO.
morgan, in the vale of the Elwy, 5 miles WV. of Cardiff. It    SAINT FRANCIS ISLANDS, a group of islands.off the S.
has a modern castle. In 1648, the royalists were here de- coast of Australia, in Moyt's Archipelago. Lat. (N. extrefeated by the parliamentary troops.                         mity) 320 32' S., ion. 1330 17' E.
SAINT FAITH, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.    SAINT FRANCIS RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas,
SAINT-FARGEAU, sANs farezhOl, a town of France, de- rises in the county of its own name, in Missouri, and flows
partment of Yonne, 26 miles E.S.E. of Auxerre, agreeably  S. to the N.E. corner of Arkansas. Entering this state, it
situated on the Loing. Here is a fine old dilapidated castle  falls into the Mississippi River t~out 10 miles above Helena.
with a spacious park, once the residence of Mademoiselle  In the lower part of its course it passes through extensive
MIontpensier, cousin of Louis XIV., built in the fifteenth  tracts, which are subject to inundation, and partly occupied
century, but now only partly habitable, having been much  by cypress swamps. The whole length is estimated at more
damaged by fire in 1752. Pop. 1800.                         than 450 miles, for 150 of which it is navigable in some
SAINT-FfLICIEN, sINa fIlee'se-ANGI, a town of France, seasons of the year. Trout and other fish are abundant in
department of Ardche, 10 miles WV. ofTournon. Pop. 2025. this river.
SAINT-F]LIX, sINs ftleex!, a town of France, depart-   SAINT FRANICISVILLE, capital of West Felicianna parish,
ment of Haute-Garonne, 23 miles S.E. of Toulouse. Pop. Louisiana, 30 miles N. of Baton Rouge, and 1 mile E. of the
2911.                                                       Mississippi River, with which it is connected by Bayou
SAINT FElLIX, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, W. Sara. It has a newspaper office. A railroad 26 miles long
ofCoplapo, in Chili. Lat. 260 21' S., Ion. 790 35' W.       extends N. to Woodville, in Mississippi.
SAINT FEILIX, a cape on the S. coast of Madagascar.         SAINT FRANCISVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co.,
SAINT-FELIX-DE-SORGUE, asNs fAleex!  deh  sosg, a  Illinois, on the Wabash River, about 170 miles S.E. of Springtown of France, department of Aveyron, 7 miles S.E. of St. field.
Affrique. Pop. 1890.                                          SAINT FRANCISVILLE, a thriving post-village of Clark
SAINT-FELIX-DE-VALOIS, sANo Gfehleex! deh vA'lw, a  co., Missouri, on the Des Moines River, about 10 miles
post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Berthier, 51  W.N.W. of Keokuk.
miles N.N.E. of Montreal. Pop. about 3500.                    SAINT-FRANCOIS, sANs frNcssw1t, a town of the French
SAINT FERIGUS, a maritime parish of Scotland, compre- West Indies, on -the island of Guadeloupe, on the S.E. coast
hended in the county of Banff, but situated in the county  of Grande-Terre, 18 miles E. of Point-h-Pitre. Pop. 6598, of
of Aberdeen, with a village 4 miles N.W. of Peterhead. It whom 5603 are slaves.
contains the ruined castle and village of Inverugie.          SAINT-FRANQTOIS, a commune of the French island of
SAINT-FERROL, SANG f9Raoll, a village and parish of  Martinique, with a good port on the E. coast. Pop. 5966, of
Canada East, co. of Montmorenci, 31 miles N.N.E. of Quebec. whom 4272 are slaves.
SAINT FIDEN. See TABAT.                                    SAINT FRANqOIS, sent frantsis, (Fr. pron. slNs frcs'SAINT!FIELD, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in  swAt,) a county in the E.S.E. part of Missouri, has an area
Ulster, co. of Down, 9 miles S.S.E. of Belfast. Pop. of the  of about 350 square miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by
town, 900. It has a thriving trade in linens, calicoes, cordu- Bi- River, an affluent of the Maramec River, and also drained
roys, and other fabrics.                                   by the sources of the St. Francis, flowing S. The surface is
SAINTIFIELD, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.       hilly and broken, and partly covered by forests of pine antd
SAINT-FLAVIE, sANs fiAvee], a post-village and parish of other timber. The soil is moderately fertile. The celebrated
Canada East, co. of Kamouraska, on the S. shore of the St. Iron Mountain is partly included within it. Extensive
Lawrence, 110 miles below Quebec. Pop. 2800.               iron-works are in operation near the mines, and a plank-road
SAINT FLAtVIEN, (Fr. pron. sAsN flAive-ANGt,) Canada  extends from them to the Mississippi River. Capital, FarEast, a station on the Richmond and Quebec Railroad, 28  mington. Pop. 4964, of whom  4284 were free, and  680
oailes from Quebec.                                        slaves.
SAINT-FLORENT, sANGs fioWrSNG!, a village of France, de-    SAINT-FRANqOIS-D'ORLItANS, sINs frSNa'sw&/ doe/IA-\
1650




SAI                                                        SAI
8NG1, a village and parish of Canada East, co. of Montmorenci,  pa-nlll, a village of France, department of Puy-de-DNme, aron the Island of Orleans, in the St. Lawrence, 24 miles below  rondissement of Clermont. Pop. 2000.
Quebec. Pop. 500.                                            SAINT-GENEST-LERPT, sANG zheh-nAi l pt, a village of
SAINT-FRANQOIS-DU-LAC, SANG fr8aNGswal dii lik, a vil- France, department of Loire, arrondissement of St. Etienne.
lage and seignidry of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, on Lake  Pop. 1308.
St. Peter. Pop..about 7000, of whom 300 are Indians.         SAINT-GENEST-MALIFAUX, SNaNG zbeh-nf ma'ee'fot, a
SAINT FRAN(OIS RIYER rises in Canada, and flows S. village of France, department of Loire, 6 miles S.S.E. of St.
until it meets the N.W. boundary of Maine, when it turns  Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 3301.
and runs E., and it unites with the Walloostook River to    SAINT GENEVIEVE, jen'e-veev/, a county in the E.S.E.
form the St. John's. It constitutes the N. boundary of the  part of Missouri, has an area estimated at 400 square miles.
state for most of its length.                              It is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi River, which
SAINT-FRANQOIS-RIVIEhRE-DU-SUD, SANa  fr8No'SwA!  separates it from Illinois, and drained by Rivi6re aux Vases,
ree've-a1i/  dii siid, a village and parish of Canada East, co. Isle an Bois, Saline. and Establishment Creeks. The surface
of Bellechasse, 29 miles N.N.E. of Quebec. The village con- is hilly and broken; the soil of the river-bottoms and valleys
tains a church, a convent, and several stores. Pop. 1600.    is fertile. Extensive mines of lead and copper, and quarries
SAINT-FRONT, SING fr6i'N, a village of FrAnce, department of marble are worked. A plank-road about 42 miles long
of Haute-Loire, 12 miles E.S.E. of Le Puy. Pop. 2600.     extends from the county seat to the Iron Mountain. CapiSAINT-FRONT, a village of France, department of Lot-et-  tal, St. Genevieve. Pop. 5313, of whom 4697 were free, and
Garonne, 2A miles N.E. of Villeneuve-sur-Lot.  Pop. 1124.    616 slaves.
SAINT-FRONT, a village of France, department of Orne,    SAINT GENEVIEVE, a post-village, capital of St. Gene1 mile S.E. of Domfront.                                  vieve county, Missouri, on the Mississippi River, 61 miles
SAINT-FULGENT. SANG fiil'zh8N!, a town ofFrance, de- below St. Louis.  Some improvement has taken place repariment of Vend6e, 12 miles N.E. of Bourbon-Vend6e. Pop. cently since It became the shipping-point for the products
1345.                                                     of the iron-works at Iron Mountain. A plank-road 42 miles
SAINT GALL, s5nt gal, (Fr. pron. sAN( gA11; Ger. &Snct long has been commenced between these works and the
Gallen, sankt  gjlilen,)  a canton in the N.E. of Switzer-  town. St. Genevieve exports large quantities of copper,
land, bounded on the N. by the canton of Thurgau and  lead, limestone, and white sand, the last of which is used
the Lake of Constance, E. by the Rhine, between lat. 460  in the glass-works of Boston and Pittsburg, and is a very
53' and 470 30' N., and ion. 80 47' and 90 37/ E. Area, 749  superior article. Two newspapers are published here. Setsquare miles. In the S. it forms part of one of the loftiest tied about 1755. Pop. about 1500.
Alpine districts of Switzerland.  The whole surface be-   SAINT GENEVIEVE. Canada. See SAINTE-GENEVIWVE.
longs to the basin of the Rhine, but is divided into three    SAINT-GENGOUX, sANG zhWNG'gool, a town of France, dedistinct minor basins, the greater part of which is included  partment of Saine-et-Loire, 22 miles N.N.W. of Micon. Pop.
in the canton. The only lake of importance, besides Lake  1600.
Constance, is Lake Zurich; but there are many small   SAINT-GENIEZ (or GENI S,) sANG-zhph-ne-Af, a village of
lakes, remarkable for their elevation and the magnifi- France, department of Dordogne, 7 miles N.N.E. of Sarlat.
cent scenery around them.  The climate is generally  Pop. 1457.
of Alpine severity. Among the strata of sandstone, beds    SAINT-GENIEZ, a town of France, department of Aveyof lignite are often found; but there are no minerals ron. on the Lot, 22 miles E.N.E. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852,
of any consequence.  The more mountainous districts, 3713.
within the limits of vegetation, Are generally covered with    SAINT-GENIEZ-DE-MALGOIRES, sANG zheh-ne-AI dehwood or good pasture; on the lower slopes vineyards and  mAl'gw re, a town of France, department of Gard, 11 miles
orchards are seen in every quarter. The principal products SW. of Uzas. Pop. 1308.
are wine, fruit, corn, maize, hemp, and flax. Cotton and    SAINT-GENIS, sANG zheh-nees, a town of France, departlinen goods, particularly fine muslins, are extensively made  ment of Charente-Inf6rieure, 6 miles W.N.W. of Jonzac.
in several districts. This canton was admitted to the Con- Pop. 963.
federation in 1803, and is the fourteenth in rank. The con-   SAINT-GENIS-D'HIERSAC, sANG zheh-nee! de-W'sAkI,  a
stitution is democratical; but though every citizen of 21 village of France, department of Charente, 9 miles N.W. of
years, not under legal incapacity, has a vote for members of Angoulme. Pop. 1410.
theGreatCouncil,composedof150representatives,nonecansit   SAINT-GENIS-LAVAL, sINs zheh-nee! l'vAlt, a town of
in it without paying about $15 annually of direct taxes. France, department of Rhine, 5 miles S. of Lyons, on the
For administrative purposes, the canton is divided into 15  railway thence to St. Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 2518. It has
districts, of which St. Gall is the capital. Pop. in 1850, manufactures of fine carpets, paper hangings, colors, ink,
169,508.                                                  buttons, and other articles, for which Lyons is the chief
SAINT GALL, (Ger. Sanct Gallen,) a town of Switzerland, mart.
capital of the above canton, in an elevated valley, on the    SAINT-GENIS-TERRE-NOIRE, sANG zheh-nee! tia nwaR,
left bank of the Steinach, 18 miles S.E. of Constance, 2152  a village of France, department of Loire, 12 miles N.E. of St.
feet above sea-level. It is still surrounded by antique walls, Etienne. Pop. 1452.
flanked with towers; but the ditches have been filled up,   SAINT-GENIX, sANG zheh-neet, a village of Savoy, on the
and converted into gardens. It is tolerably well built and  French frontier, 14 miles W. of Chamb6ry, on the Guiers.
paved, is well supplied with fountains, contains a cathedral, Pop. 1786.
once an old abbey church, but completely modernized; an    SAINT GENINYS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
old monastery, three town churches, a large town-house, a    SAINT-GENOIX, sANG zheh-nwf, a village of Belgium,
library, casino, house of correction, and orphan hospital. It province of West Flanders, 6A miles SE. of Courtrai. Pop.
has extensive manufactures of woollen, linen,'and cotton  3648.
goods, fine muslins, and prints, and an important trade,   SAINT-GEOIRE, sANG-zhwmn/, a village of France, departpartly furnished by the canton itself, and by the cantons of ment of Isbre, 19 miles N.N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852,
Appenzell and Thurgau, of which it is the entrepit. The. 4350.
environs are very beautiful, and contain many fine walks,   SAINT GEORGE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
commanding fine views. St. Gall is said to owe its existence    SAINT GEORGE, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine,
to a Scotch monk, who, in the early part of the seventh  on the Atlantic, 45 miles S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 2217..
century, left his convent in Iona, and, after travelling over    SAINT GEORGE, a post-township of Chittenden co., Vera great part of Europe, finally settled on the banks of the  mont, 35 miles W.N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 127.
Steinach, then covered with forests, in which bears and    SAINT GEORGE, a village of Belgium, province of Liege,
wolves had their haunts, founded an abbey, and made it the  10 miles N.E. of Huy, with coal and alum mines, 4 brewenucleus of civilization to the surrounding districts. Pop. ries, and 3 flour mills. Pop. 3831.
in 1850, 11,234.                                            SAINT GEORGE, a bay and harbor of Newfoundland, on
SAINT-GALMIER, sANa gAl'me-AY, a town of France, de- the W. coast. The bay extends inward E.N.E. about 54
partment of Loire, on the railway between Andrezieux and  miles, and receives the river St. George, which falls into the
Roanne, 12 miles E. of Montbrison. Pop. in 1852, 2952. It head of the harbor of the same name, in which the bay terhas manufactures of lace and chamois leather, and the  minates on the E.
mineral spring of Fontfort, (anc. Aquce Segestce?)          SAINT GEORGE, a bay of Nova Scotia, on the N.E. coast,
SAINT-GAUDENS, sAN g'dSNGI, a town ofFrance, depart- about 20 miles wide at the entrance, and where it penetrates
ment of Iaute-Garonne, on a hill near the left bank of the  farthest into the land, about 18 miles in length from Cape
Garonne, in the Pyr6n6es, 55 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. St. George.
in 1852, 5059. It has one of the most ancient churches in    SAINT GEORGE, a town of the West Indies, on the
France, a communal college, and manufactures of serge and  island of Grenada, on the S.S.W. coast. It is divided into
tape, sawing, fulling, and paper mills, and an active trade in  two parts, one being called BAY Towv, and the other the
agricultural produce.                                     CARrNAOE. The harbor is one of the best in the West Indies.
SAINT-GAULTIER, sANG gil'te.Af, a village of France, de- The fort is in lat. 120 2' 54'" N., ion. 610 48' W.
partment of Indre, on the Creuse, 17 miles S.W. of ChAteau-    SAINT GEORGE, Brazil. See Sfo JoTRGE Dos TLR0S.
roux. Pop. 1622.                                            SAINT GEORGE, one of the principal of the Bermuda
SAINT-GENEST, SANG zhph-nA?, a village of France, de- Islands, N.E. of Bermuda, is strongly fortified, and forms
partment ofVienne, 8 miles W. of Ch tellerault. Pop. 1385. the chief military dep6t in the Bermudas.
SAINT-GENEST-CHAMPANELLE, sINe zheh-nt1V sh8NG'-   SAINT GEORGE, a town on the E. side Of the above
1651
L ~ ~ ~ ~   ~       ~       ~       ~       ~       ~       ~       ~      ~      ~      -




SAI                                                         SAI
Island, one of the Bermudas, on a gentle declivity, which    SAINT- \   EORGES-DE-REINTEMBAULT, s.NG zhoRzp
fronts the harbor, containing about 500 houses built of free- deh rNG't8MWb6/, a market-town  of France, department
stone. Pop. 2800.                                           of Ille-et-Vilaine, 10 miles N. of Fougres. Pop. in 1852,
SAINT GEORGE, the strait or channel which separates  3408.
New Ireland from New Britain.                                 SAINT GEORGE'S ISLAND, off the coast of Florida, in the
SAINT GEORGE, a channel between the Great and Little Gulf of Mexico, opposite the mouth of the river AppalachiNicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, about 15 or 18 miles cola. Length, from E. to W., 22 miles; breadth 5 miles. St.
long, and from  3 to 6 miles wide, extending E.N.E. and  George's Strait, separating it from  the mainland, is from 5
W.S.W.                                                      to 7 or 8 miles across.
SAINT GEORGE, an island of British Honduras, in the    SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-CHER, sANo zhoazh siR shain, a vilBay of Honduras, opposite the mouth of the river Balize.   lage of France, department of Loir-et-Cher, arrondissement
SAINT GEORGE, one of the Pribylov Islands, Behring  of Blois. Pop. 1970.
Sea. It is granitic, and rises to 300 feet in height.         SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-ERVE, sING zhoazh sllt 8gv, a vilSAINT GEORGE, is the name of a parish in Jamaica, co. late of France, department of Mayenne, 22 miles E.N.E. of
of Surrey, N. of Kingston, and of several other parishes in  Laval. Pop. 1301.
the British West India Islands.                               SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-LOIRE, saIs zhoszh  siiR lwAsc, a
SAINT GEORGE, a post-village of Canada West, cos. of market-town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 10
Halton and Wentworth, 22 miles W.S.W. of Hamilton. miles W.S.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852,2725.
Pop. 250.                                                     SAINT-GERAND-LE-PUY,  saNG zheh-r8a5 1.eh pwee, a
SAINT GEORGE, a town of Upper Guinea. See FRnEEToWN. market-town of France, department of Allier, 5 miles W. of
SAINT GEORGE, in Italy. See SAN GIORGIO.                 La Palisse. Pop. 1300.
SAINT GEORGE, in Portuguese colonies. See Sao JORGE.   SAINT-GERMAIN, sent jertman, or SAINT-GERMAINSAINT GEORGE-AM-LEE, Bavaria.  See SANcT Geono-  EN-LAYE. (Fr. pron. saN zhhRmINol 5Na h6,) a townof
Am-LEE.                                                    France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the border of the
SAINT-GEORGE(or GEORGES)-BUTAVENT, sANa zhoRzh  forest of St. Germain, 7 miles N. of Versailles, and 10 miles
bii'tlv'ssN, a village of France, department, and 3 miles W. W.N.W. of Paris, with which it is connected by railway.
of Mayenne..  Pop. in 1852, 2441.                          Pop. in 1852,12,027. It is well built, and has a house of
SAINT GEORGE, CAPE, the name of headlands in Thes- education of the Legion of Honor, a public library, cornsaly, Rhodes, Kerguelen's Land, and New Ireland.           hall, manufactures of horse-hair goods. numerous. tanneries,
SAINT-GEORGE-D'AULNAY, sINa zhoazh d6'nAJ, a vil- some woollen factories, and an active retail trade. Its maglage of France, department of Calvados, 16 miles N.E. of Vire. nificent chateau, founded by Charles V., and embellished by
Pop. 1625.                                                 Francis I., Charles IX., HIenry IV., Louis XII., and Louis
SAINT-GEORGE (or GEORGES)- DE-LUSENqON, sANa  XIV., who afterwards abandoned it, is now used as a barzhoaRzh dph lii'z8NGseNaf, a village of France, department rack and military prison. James II. of England died there,
of Aveyron, arrondissement and cantonofMilhau. Pop.1700. September 16, 1701. The FoREsT os ST. GERMaAIN comprises
SAINT-GEORGE-DE-MONS, sANG zhoazh deh m6Na, a vil- nearly 8900 acres.
lage of France, department of Puy-de-DIme, 11 miles W.N.W.    SAINT-GERMAIN, sANa  zhm'mANoG, a town of France,
of Riom. Pop. 1409.                                        department of Loiret, 6 miles S.E. of Montargis. Pop. 1095.
SAINT-GEORGE-DE-M3ONTAIGU, sANa zhoazh deh m6aa-.   SAINT-GERMAIN, a town of France, department of Lot,
tWgtit, a village of France, department of Vend6e, 18 miles  arrondissement of Gourdon. Pop. 1100.
N. o1Bourbon-Vend6e. Pop. in 1852, 2265.                     SAINT-GERMAIN, a tUvn  of France. department of
SAINT-GEORGE-DE-NOINE, sANa zhoazh deh nwan, a  Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Beaupr6au.  Pop. 1499.
village of France, department of Deux-Sbvres, 12 miles S. of    SAINT-GERMAIN-DE-CALBERTE,           sG, zh8amA!G/ deh
Parthenay. Pop. 1526.                                      ktmlbaiatf, a town of France, department of Lozlre, 13 miles
SAINT-GEORGE-DE-RENEINS, sNsa zhoazh  deh rgh-  S.E. of Florac. Pop. in 1852,1900.
ANGf!, a village of France, department of RhOne, 4 miles N.   SAINT-GERMAIN-DE-JOUX, sANG zhhRamANGf deh zhoo, a
of Villefianche. Pop. in 1852, 3029,                       town of France, department of Ain, arrondissement of NanSAINT-GEORGE-DE-ROUELLEY, s.~a zhoRizh deh roo-e-s  tue. Pop. 1193.
11!, a village of France, department of Manche, 12' miles    SAINT-GERMAIN-DE-LA-COUDRE, sANG zhaR'mto!N deh
E.S.E. of Mortain. Pop. 1660.                             1& kood'r, a town of France, department of Orne, 17 miles S;
SAINT-GEORGE-D'ESPERANCHE, sANa zho zh dis'pA-  of Montagne. Pop. 2000.
rsash', a market-town of France, department of Isre, 9 miles    SAINT-GERMAIN-DES-CHAMPS, sANG zha1m[ANG1 dA
E.N.E. of Vienne. Pop. in 1852, 2290.                      zh6Na, a town of France, department of Yonne, 5 miles S.
SAINT-GEORGE-D'OL]RON, sIsGa zhoRzh do'lAWdNG/,  a  of Avallon. Pop. 1196.
village of France, department of Charente-Infdrieure, 15    SAINT-GERMAIN-DES-PRES, sArNa zhl'mANm! dA pra, a
miles N.W. of Marennes. Pop. in 1852, 4078.                town of France. department of Dordogne, arrondissement
SAINT-GEORGE-EN-COUZAN, srANG zhoazh 8Ns koo'z'8o/, of P6rigueux. Pop. 1040.
a village of France, department of Loire, 10 miles N.W. of    SAINT-GERMAIN-DU-BOIS, sANs zhla'm4Na! dii bwA, a
Montbrison. Pop. 1047.                                     town of France, department of SaOne-et-Loire, 8 miles N.'of
SAINT GEORGE, GULF OF, an inlet of the Atlantic  Louhans.  Pop. in 1852, 2568.
Ocean, on the E. coast of Patagonia, between lat. 450 and    SAINT-GERMAIN-DU-PLAIN, sANG zhb8mANam    dii pl'Ia,
470 S., and ion. 650 and 670 W.                            a town of France, department of SaSne-et-Loire, 17 miles
SAINT GEORGE ISLAND, an island in the Mozambique  E.S.E. of Chalons-sur-Salne. Pop. 1323.
Channel, 2 miles N. of St. Jago, in lat. 150 2' 12" S., ion. 400    SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-COGLES, sANG zhti'm!NaQ 8Na keo,'l,
48/ 30" E.                                                 a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 4 miles
SAINT GEORGE ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific  N.N.W. of Fouglres.  Pop. 2000.
Ocean, Solomon group, in lat. 80 32' S., ion. 1590 40' E.    SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-LAYE.  See SAINT-GERMAIN.
SAINT GEORGE ISLAND, one of the Azores. See So    SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-MONTAGNE, sArn zhi'mA'Nc!  aNI
JORgE.                                                     mHnaGt4lS, a town of France, department of Jura, arrondisseSAINT GEORGE  ISLANDS, India, a group of small ment of Poligny. Pop. 3500.
islands off the coast of Malabar, in lat. 150 21' N., ion. 730    SAINT-GERMAIN-LA-PRADE, s$Na zham.~NG! leh prild,
45' E.                                                     a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, arrondisseSAINT-GEORGE-LE-GAULTIER, Sia zhoazhlehgSltste-a!,  ment of Le Puy. Pop. 2000.
a village of France, department of Sarthe, 22 miles W. of    SAINT-GERMAIN-LAVAL, sfce zh81RnmAN,! lvb lf, a town
Mamers. Pop. 1439.                                         of France, department of Loire, arrondissement, and 15
SAINT-GEORGE-LE-POUGE, sANa zhoazh leh poozh, a vii- miles S. of Roanne, with manufactures of porcelain. P. 1769.
lage of France, department of Creuse, 10 miles E.N.E. of    SAINT-GERMAIN-L'EMBRON, sANG zhla'mArN! l15NoBourganeuf. Pop. 1400.                                     br6NaG, a town of France, department of Puy-de-Dgme, 5
SAINT-GEORGE-LES-BAILLARGEAUX, sANa zhogzh l1  miles S. of Issoire. Pop. 2000.
b&thbyat'zh6/, a village of France, department of Vienne, 8    SAINT-GERMAIN-LES-BELLES, sAN( zhlRamANo! 14 bill,
miles N.N.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1028.                       a town of France, department of Haute-Vienne, 16 miles
SAINT GEORGEN. See SANCT GEORGoEN.                       E.N.E. of St. Yrieix. Pop. 2200.
SAINT GEORGE'S, a post-village of Newcastle co., Dela-   SAINT-GERMAINT-L'HERM, sANa zha'mAsO! l8ram, atown
ware, on the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, 16 miles S.S.W. of France, department of Puy-de-DOme, 12 miles S.W. of
of Wilmington. It has 3 churches, and 2 hotels. Pop. in  Ambert. Pop. 1009.
1853, estimated at 300.                                      SAINT-GERMAIN-SUR-AY, sANa czha1mANa! seiR A. a town
SAINT GEORGE'S, a postoffice of Colleton district, South  of France, department of Manche,'15 miles N.NW. of CnuCarolina.                                                 tances, on the bay of the same name, at the mouth of the
SAINT GEORGE'S BANK, is in the Atlantis, off the E. Ay. Pop. 1091. It has a small port, and exports agriculcoast of the United States.                               tural produce to England.
SAINTG GEORGE'S CHANNEL, (ens. 1'ergisnlium Ma/s-?)    SAINT GERtMAN, a disfranchised borough and town of
that part of the Atlantic which separates the S.W. of Eng- England, co. of Cornwall, in a deli, on a creek of the river
land from Ireland, extending from the island of Holyhead  Lynher, 9 miles W. of Plymouth. It has a fine parish
to St. David's, and from Dublin to Wexford. Its breadth  church, formerly a part of a cathedral, which in Saxon times
aries from 40 to 70 miles,                               was the seat of a Cornish bishopric. Pop. in 1851, 2967.
1552




SAI                                                         SAI
SAINT-GERITRUDE, (Fr. Sainte-Gertrulde, suNt zhWRc-    SAINT  HELENA. hel-eena*, (Fr. Sainte Riedne, sANt
triidl,) a village of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 90 miles S.W. A'lbn!;  Sp. Santa Elena, sntt a —lAfnA,) an island of the South
of Quebec. Pop. 250.                                        Atlantic Ocean, belonging to the British; lat. (Diana's Peak)
SAINT-GERUDIS, sINa zheh-rti'deet, a post-village and  150 57' S., ion. 50 42' W., about 700 miles S.E. of the island
parish of Canada East, co. of Bellechasse, 24 miles N.E. of  of Ascension, 1400 miles W. of the WP. coast of South Africa,
Quebec. Pop. 2000.                                          and 2000 miles from the E. coast of Brazil. Greatest length,
SAINT-GERVAIS,. sANG zhnivAl, a village of France, de- from  Barn Point, in the N.E., to West Point, 101 miles;
partment of H1rault, 22 miles N.N.E. of Bdziers. Pop. 1600. greatest breadth, from Sugar Loaf Point, in the N., to the
SAINT-GERVAIS. a village of France, department of Puy- Barn, in the S., 7 miles. Area, about 47 square miles. Its
de-DOme, 11 miles N.W. of Ambert. Pop. 1284.                position, in the direct line of the great ocean thoroughfare
SAINT-GERVAIS, a village of France, department of  from  Europe to the East, has made it a most important
Vendde, 28 miles N.N.W. of Les Sables.  Pop. 1249.          halting station for vessels performing  that lengthened
SAINT-GERVAIS, a village of France, department of  voyage, while it has acquired great celebrity from being
Vienne, arrondissement of Chatellerault. Pop. 1254.         the place of Napoleon's banishment, and where he resided
SAINT-GERVAIS, a town of France, department of Puy- from 1816 till his death, May 5, 1821. When seen from a
de-D1me, 17 miles N.W. of Rionf. Pop. in 1852, 2604.        distance, it has the appearance of a lofty pyramidal mass,
SAINT-GERVAIS, sING zh6R'v4t, a market-town of Savoy,  of a dark-gray color, rising abruptlyfrom  the surface of the
province of Faucigny, on the Arve, 22 miles N.W. of Bonne- ocean, and presenting no signs of vegetation; but when
ville. Pop. 2400.                                          more nearly approached, though its precipitous and almost
SAINT-GHISLAIN, sING ghees'lANa0, a fortified town of  inaccessible coasts become still more striking, and on all
Belgium, province of Hainaut, on the Haine, and the Canal sides, but particularly on the N., enormous beetling cliffs
of Mons, 6 miles W. of Mons, of which it was formerly re- are seen almost perpendicular, varying in height from 600
garded as the bulwark. Pop. 1956.                          to 1200 feet, a number of openings are discovered, forming
SAINT-GILDAS-DE-RUIS, sBAN  zIheel'dll deh rd-esS (or the mouths of narrow valleys or ravines, leading gradually
rwee,) a village of France, department of Morbihan, near the  up to a central plateau. On the shore, at all of these opensea, 11 miles S.S.W. of Vannes, with 1182 inhabitants, and  ings where a landing might be effected, small forts and
the remains of an abbey, which was the retreat of Abelard  other military works have been erected, for the purpose of
in 1125.                                                   making it a secure prison-house.
SAINT-GILDAS-DES-BOIS, sINGs zheel'ddf dA bwl. a vil-   The island is of volcanic origin, and consists of rugged
lage of France, department of Loire-Infdrieure, 12 miles  mountains5 interspersed with numerous ravines, in one
N.N.W. of Savenay. Pop. 1474.,of which, on its N.W. shore, is James Town, the residence
SAINT GILES, (jIlz,) a district of England, co. of Middle- of the principal authorities. Its harbor affords excellent
sex, in the centre of the metropolis. Pop. in 1851, 55,214.   anchorage in 12 fathoms water, and is defended by strong
SAINT GILES, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          -batteries. The central plateau is traversed from  E. to W.
SAINT GILES, a post-village and parish of Canada East, by a limestone ridge, dividing the island into two unequal
co. of Dorchester, 15 miles from St. Nicholas. Pop. 1200.    portions, and attaining in Diana's Peak, near its centre, the
SAINT GILES-o0-THE —-MEATII, a parish of England, co. height of 2700 feet-the highest summit in the island. The
of*Devon.                                                   portion on the S. of this ridge is the more abrupt and
SAINT GILES, WIMIBORNE, a parish of England,. 2  rugged of the two, and consists of an almost continuous
miles W.S.W. of Cranborne.                                  succession of rugged hills and peaks, several of which asSAINT-GILLES, sING zheel, a town of Belgium, province  sume curious and fantastic forms.  Of these, two of the
of East Flanders, near the Dutch frontier, 21 miles N.E. most remarkable are situated near the S. coast, and, from
of Ghent. Pop.3500.                                         some imaginary resemblances, have received the names of
SAINT-GILLES, a village of Belgium, province of South  Lot and Lot's Wife. They are both formed of strangelyBrabant, 2 miles S. o1 Brussels.                            contorted columnar basalt, with their summits respectively
SAINT-GILLES-LES-BOUCHERIES, sAnG zheel 1I boo'- 1444 and 1423 feet above sea-level; the former rising. 197
sheh-reet, a town of France, department of Card, on the  feet, and the latter 160 feet above its base. Along the coast,
Canal of Beaucaire, 11 miles S.S.E. of Nfmes. Pop. in 1852,  at this part of the island, W. of Sandy Bay, there stretches,
5985. It has a fine abbey church of the eleventh century, for a considerable distance, a stratum of horizontal columnar
and an active tradein wine, brandy, &c.                     basalt, forming a stupendous wall from 50 to 180 feet high.
SAINT-GILLES-LEZ-TERM ONDE, sANs.zheeltl6011m1NdN,  An isolated portion of this stratum forms what is called
a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 1 mile E. the Chimney; a remarkable column of horizontal hexaof Termonde.  Pop. 2824.                                    gonal basalt, 64 feet high. The portion of the island N. of
SAINT-GILLES-SUR-VIi, sInG zheel siR ve-Al, a town of  the ridge is also rugged, but contains several tolerably level
France. department of Vend6e, on the Vid, 16 miles N.N.W. tracts, which, during the season when moisture is abundant,
of Les Sables. Pop. 1061.                                   are covered with rich verdure. The largest of these tracts
SAINT GINGOLPH, sANs ZhArc'g1lfl or zhANo'gof, a vii- is that of Longwood, where Napoleon had his residence.
lage of Switzerland, on the S. bank of the Lake of Geneva, 12    The island is watered by numerous brooks, and about
miles S.E. of Lausanne, and divided by the Morge into two  one-fifth part of its surface is fertile; but the vegetation,
parts, the smaller of which is in the canton of Valais or  instead of being tropical, is decidedly European. Many of
Wallis, and the larger in Savoy.  Pop. 598.                 the hills are crowned with irregular plantations of Scotch
SAINT-GIRONS, sAnG zhee'rN./; a town of France, de- firs, while their sloping banks are often covered with the
partment of Ari6sge, on the right bank of the Salat, 23 miles  common gorse or whin. Of the 756 species of plants now
W. of Foix. Pop. in 1852, 3981.                             found on the island, only 52 are native. Goats are plentiful
SAINT GLUIVIAS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
SAINT-GOBAIN, sANG go'bAngf. a village of France, de-   * Some persons, aiming to be more accurate than ordinary
partment of Aisne, 10 miles W.N.W. of Laon. Pop. 1419. It  speakers, place the accent on the first syllable of this namehas a manufactory of looking-glasses.                       HELENA. This is unquestionably the correct accentuation of
SAINT GORIRAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.   the name of St. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great;
SAINT-GRIGOIRE, SANG gr4'gw{a5, a village of France,  and though it is probable that the island derived its appellation
department of llo-et-Viliins, 2 miles N. of Rennes. Pop.  orrgsnally from her, not only is the present pronunciation of its
dprmnofIl                  e21mlsN1237..oRensPpname so thoroughly established that it would be idle to attempt
1287.  2_aes
SAINT-GRflGOIRrE-RDE-MONNOIR, sAns grl-gwentle deb  to change it, but this very pronunciation (as will be seen below)
is supported by the analogy of the original Greek itself. It is
mon'nwhR2, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of  perhaps scarcely necessary to corroborate, by other authority,
Rouville, 34 rqiles E.S.E. of Mlontreal. Pop. about 2000.   what is so universally sanctioned by the practice of our best
SAINT-GREGOIRE-LEE-GRAND, sAN grAgwAR/aleh grlNG!, speakers; we may, however, be permitted to cite two passages
a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 90  from two distinguished English poets.
miles SW. of Quebec. Pop. 3000.                                    "Arran! a single-crested Teneriffe,
SAINT GREGORY, in Italy. See SAN GRaouo.                          A ST. HELENA neat inshape and hne,
Varying her crowded peaks and ridges blue."
SAINT GREGORY, in France. See SAINT-GaGOIRE.                                                        WORDSWORTH
SAINT GUILLAUME D'UPTON, sANG ghee'ytm! diip'-                        "ST. HELENA'S dungeon keep
tdNat, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Drum-             Scowls defiance o'er the deep;
mend, about 40 miles from Montreal. Pop. about 2000.                      There a hers's relics sleep."-MONTCOMERY.
SAINT-HAON-LE-CIIXTEL, SANG hb'ONG leh sht~ll1, a   It is not difficult to explain why ST. HELENA departs from the
town of France, department of Loire, 8 miles W.N.W. of  general rule of classical pronunciation. Not only the modern
hloanne. Pop. 707.                                          Greeks, but the Italians and Spaniards, generally follow the
SAINT  HAR/MON, a parish of South Wales, co. of  accent and not the quantity of names of Greek derivation. Now
Badnor.                                                     as the Greeks placed the accent on the penultima.of BELENA,
SAINT-HEAND, sANt hASN5!, a town of France, depart- ('EXivv,) the Spanish name in accordance with the rule just
ment of Loirs,-6 miles N. of St. Etinnen. Pop. 1200.        mentioned takes the same accent, (Elena,) and the English, conAINT  TSEN, a smlpost-vige of Cedar., issouri,  forming to their general practice of adopting the foreign accentuSAINT IHELfE N, a small post-village of Cedar co., Missouri, aino  nAgiie  ae  rnuc  tHLIA    h  ae
ation of an Angliciced name, pronounce it HELEuNA. The name,
117 miles SW. of Jefferson City.                            SOPHIuA, (0oEbsa.) the penultima of which is' short, although it
SAINT HELEN, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon.  takes the accent in Greek, is an example of precisely the same
SAINT-HELEN (?) sANt AlUNot, a village of France, depart- kind; it is universally accentuated, not only in English, but
aent of CMtes-du-Nord, 3 miles E.N.E. of Dinan. Pop. 1445. in every other European tongue, on: the penultima. See TARANTO
1653




SAI                                                       SAI
in the uplands.  The climate is temperate, and invalids  North Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Russian America, N.E.
from the hot regions of the East recover rapidly under its  of Kodiak; lat. 580 10' N., lon. 1520 3f W. It was disgenial influence. Mean temperature of the year, 610.3;  covered by Behring, and visited by Cook and Krusenstern,
winter, 580'4; summer, 630'8. Earthquakes have frequently    SAINT-IIERNIN, s8xo h'nANNGI, a village of France, debeen felt; and even in the absence of stprm, both at sea and  partment of FinistBre. 21 miles E. of Chateaulin. Pop. 1250.
on the island, strange heavings are not uncommon in the    SAINT-HERV], sANa hAR'vAl, a village of France, departsurrounding waters. the result, evidently, of subterranean  meit of Cbtes-du-Nord, 7 miles N.N.W. of Loud6ac. Pop.
commotion.  One of the most remarkable of these took  1301.
place, February 17, 1849, when the sea suddenly became    SAINT-HILAIRE, sANt ee'lAR, a town of France, depart
agitated, as if by a heavy storm, and several vessels were  ment of Charente-Inf6rieure, 6 miles S. of St. Jean d'Ang6ly.
torn from their moorings, and dashed upon the beach. The  Pop. 1321.
island is far from being able to supply its own wants, and    SAINT-HILAIRE, a town of France, department of Aude,
the only traffic consists in furnishing commodities to the  3 miles E.N.E. of Limoux. Pop. 983.
calling vessels. The number of vessels that made the island    SAINT-IIILAIRE, a town of France, department of Indre,
in 1840 was 860; in 1852, 896.  The revenue of 1848  canton of Le Blanc. Pop. 1010.
amounted to 16,5351.; of 1849,'to 15,9211. Of the latter sum,    SAINT-HILAIRE, a town of France, department of Nord,
89401. was derived from customs, and 20141. from licenses. 8 miles E. of Cambrai. Pop. 2000.
The total expenditure of 1849 was 23,8671. The island has    SAINT HILAIRE, sent hil-airf, a station on the Grand
been made over to the British government by the East  Trunk Railway, 17 miles from Montreal.
India Company. Pop. 4977, of whom nearly one-half are    SAINT-HILAIRE, sANt heelilr/, a post-village of Canada
whites.                                                    East, co. of Rouville, 24 miles S.E. of Montreal, with which
SAINT HIELENA, a parish of Louisiana, bordering on  it is connected by railway. Pop. 1200.
Mississippi, contains about 540 square miles. It is drained    SAINT-HILAIRE-DE-LA-COTE, sANt ee'llI Adeh IA kot,
by Tickfah River, and bounded on the W. by the Amite.  a town of France, department of Is~re, 22 miles E.S.E. of
The surface presents no great elevations; the soil along the  Vienne. Pop. 1259.
streams is fertile. The parish is traversed by the New Or-    SAINT-HILAIRE-DE-RIOZ, saNt ee'l.s/ deh re-of, atown
leans and Northern Railroad. Capital, Greensburg. P]op. of France, department of Vendde, 17 miles N.N.W. of Les
4561, of whom 2365 were free, and 2196 slaves.             Sajles. Pop. 2300.
SAINT HELENA, a post-village of St. Helena parish,    SAINT-HILAIRE-DES-LANDES, sANt ee'lA/ dA 18Nd, a
Louisiana, 35 miles N.E. by E. of Baton Rouge.             town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 7 miles W. of
SAINT HELENA PORT, (Sp. Puerto Santa Elena, pw8Ra-   Fougbres. Pop. 1700.
to snltd A-Ila/na,) E. coast of Patagonia, an inlet intermediate    SAINT-HILAIRE-DES-LOGES, s'Nt ee'lArI dA lozh, a
between the Gulfs of St. George and St. Mathias (San Ma-  town of France, department of Vendde, 7 miles E. of Fontetias.)                                                     nay. Pop. in 1852, 2778.
SAINT HELIEN'S, a town and chapelry of England, co.    SAINT-HILAIRE-DE-TALMONT, sNt ee'lWMr   deh tWl'of Lancaster, on a branch of the Mersey, parish, and 3~  mn16N, a town of France, department of Yend6e, b miles
miles E.N.E. of Prescot, with which it communicates by  E.S.E. of Les Sables. Pop. 2420.
railway. Pop. in 1851, 4866, engaged in raising coal, and in    SAINT-HILAIRE-DU-HARCOUET, sANt ee'lAJ di hba'extensive plate-glass, bottle, and other factories, and in cop-  koo-Al, a town of France, department of Manche, 9 miles
per-works. It has a new church, various handsome chapels,  S.W. of Mortain. Pop. in 1852, 4132.
a new town-hall, a market-house, and a branch bank.          SAINT-HILAIRE-LOULAY, sAct ee'lAar loo'IA, a town
SAINT HELEN'S, a parish of England, at the E. ex-  of France. department of Vendde, 22 miles.N.E. of Bourtremity of the Isle of Wight, 8 miles E.N.E. of Newport.  bon-Vendde. Pop. 1845.
Its old church was demolished by encroachments of the sea,    SAINT-HILAIRE-SAINT-MESMIN,  sANt ee'lAr/  sANa
and a new church was erected in 1719. The roadstead of  m6z'mANG1, a town of France, department of Loiret, 4 miles
St. Helen's is the E. entrance to Spithead.                S.W. of Orleans, on the left bank of the Loire. Pop. 1280.
SAINT HELEN'S, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of    SAINT HILIARY, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
Wexford.                                                     SAINT-HIPPOLYTE, sANt eeppoleet/, a town of France,
SAINT HELEN'S MOUNTAIN, Oregon, a peak of the  department of Card, 13 miles E.S.E. of Le Vigan. Pop. in
Cascade Range, N. by E. of Fort Vancouver. Height, about  1852, 5726. It is partly fortified, and has an old castle, and
13,000 feet. It is a volcano, and has recently been in a state  manufactures of woollen cloths for the army, silks, and cotof eruption.                                               ton hosiery.
SAiNT HE]IER'S, (Fr. Saint-Hflier, ssArNt Ae-A',) the    SAINT-HIPPOLYTE, a town of France, department of
capital town of the island of Jersey, on its S. coast, at the E. Haut-Rhin, on the Strasbourg and Basel (BAle) Railway, 4
side of St. Aubin's Bay. Lat. 490 11' 3" N., Ion. 20 6' W. Pop.  miles S.S.W. of Schdlestadt.  Pop. in 1852. 2382.
of the town, 21,040. It stands between two rocky heights,    SAINT-HIPPOLYTE, a town of France, department of
on the E. of which is the citadel, Fort Regent, overlooking  Doubs, on the Doubs, at the influx of the Dessoubre, 13
the inner harbor, and constructed about 1806, at a cost of  miles S. of Montbdliard.  Pop. 826.
about $4,000,000. The town is pretty well built, especially    SAINT-HONORtl, sANt o'no'rA/, a village of France, deits newer portions on the N. and N.E.; it has a central  partment of Nibvre, 11 miles S.S.W. of ChAteau-Chinon.
paved square, in which are the parish church, court-house,  Pop. 1051. It has sulphur baths, and some antiquities.
reading-rooms, hotels, a good and well-supplied market-    SAINT-HONORINE-LA-CHARDONNE-LA-GUILLAUME,
house, the theatre, jail, and several chapels. On a rocky  sANt ho'no'reen! lit shaa'donn 1I ghee'y~mf, a village of
island, off the shore, is Elizabeth Castle, a fortress of ina-  France, department of Orne, 16 miles W.N.W. of Argentan.
posing appearance. The town is the residence of many re-  Pop. 1274.
tired officers of the British army and navy, foreigners, and    SAINT-HOSTIEN, sAN( hosete-nn/, a village of France, defamilies of limited income from Great Britain. It has an  partment of Haute-Loire, arrondissement of Le Puy. Pop.
active trade with England, France, and the West Indies,  1830.
and it is the seat of the states, or representative parliament    SAINT HUBERT, a town of Prussia. See SANCT HIuBRaT.
of Jersey.                                                   SAINT-HUBERT, sANa hii'baitc, a town of Belgium, in
SAINT HEIVLAN'S, one of the small Scilly Islands, off  Luxembourg, in the Ardennes, 17 miles W. of Bastogne.
the coast of Cornwall, in England, N.W. of the island of  Pop. 1670.
Tresco.                                                      SAINT HYACINTHE, sent hila-sinth, (Fr. pron. sANtx
SAINT-HENRI-DE-MASCOUCHE, sANt hANG'ree!  deh  eeAsAkNtl,) a county in the S: part of Canada East, intersected
mps'kooshl, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of  by the Grand Trunk Railway. Area, 477 square miles. CapiLeinster, 24 miles N.W. of Montreal.'Pop. about 2600.     tal, St. Ityacinthe. Pop. in 1852, 30,623.
SAINT-HENRI-DE-QUEBEC, s4Nt h6NGreel deh kA'blk/,    SAINT HYACINTHE, a post-town of Canada East, capia village of Canada East, co. of Dorchester, 12 mniles from   tal of the county of St. Hyacinthe, on the river Yamaska,
Quebec. Pop. 2650.                                         and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 30 miles E.N.E. of
SAINT HENtRY'S, a post-office of Mercer co.. Ohio.       Montreal. The principal public buildings and institutions,
SAINT-HERBLAIN, sANt  a'blING/, a village of France,  are the Parish Church, St. Hyacinthe College, the Hospital
department of Loire-Infdrieure, 6 miles W. of Nantes. of the Sisters of Charity, the Congregational Nunnery, and
Pop. 2200.                                                school for young ladies, station-house, court-house, jail, and
SAlNT-HERBLON, sINt ka'bl]Na', a village of France,  theatre. The college has about 20 professors, and is atdepartment of Loire-Infdrieure;   5 miles N.E. of Ancenis.  tended by above 200 students. There are also in the town
Pop. 2500.                                                about 20 stores, and several iron foundries, tanneries, and
SAINT HERMAGOR, (h9r/mt-gor`,) a petty town of Illy- other manufactures. Pop. 1852, 3313.
ria, on the Gall, 23 miles WV. of Villach.                  SAINT IG'NACEt, a village of Mackinac co., Michigan, on
SAINT-HERMAS, ScNt daem', a village of Canada East, the Straits of Mackinac, is inhabited mostly by fishermen.
eb. of Two Mountains, is situated on the Lake of Two Moun-    SAINT IGNACE, sANt eenyds/s, a township of Canada
tains, 36 miles from Montreal.                           East, 40 miles N.N.W. of Quebec.
SAINT-1IERMINE, sANt sameen', a town of France, de-    SAINT IGNAICIO, an island at the bead of the Gulf of
partment of Vend~e, 13 miles N.W. of Fontenay-le-Comte.  California
Pop. 1300.                                                 SAINT-IGNAT, sANt een'yAf, a village of France, depart.
SAINT HERMOGENES, h8r-mojte-nuz, an island of the  ment of Puy-de-DBSme, 8 miles E.N.E. of Riom. Pop. 2000.
1654




SAI                                                        SA!
SAINT-IGNYsANt een'yee', a village ofFrance, deptrtment    SAINT JAMES, in Spain and Spanish colonies.  See
of RhSne, 5 miles N.W. of Villefranche. Pop. in 1852, 2683. SANTIAGO.
SAINT ILILA, a post-office of Ware co., Georgia.          SAINT JAMES, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, on
SAINT-ILLIDE, s&Nt ee~yeedf, a village of France, depart- both sides of the Mississippi, contains 330 square miles.
ment of Cantal, arrondissement, and 10 miles S.W. of Auril-  Lake Maurepas touches the N.E. extremity of the parish.
lac. Pop. 1880.                                           The surface is flat; the soil alluvial and fertile, producing
SAINT-ILPIZE, sANt eePpeezl, a village of France, de- sugar, molasses, and Indian corn.  The plantations are
partment of Haute-Loire, on the Allier, 7 miles S. of Brioude. chiefly confined to thebanks of the river. Capital, Bringiers,
Pop. 2487.                            anct It,   snkt Pop. 11,098, of whom 3347 were free, and 7751 slaves.
SAINT IMIER, cANt ee'me-Al, (Ger. Sanct mes, s ~nkt    SAINT JAMES, (Fr. Saint-Jacques, SANG zhgk) a river of
imtmer,) a parish and village of Switzerland, canton of Bern, Canada East, district of Quebec. After a S'E. course of 23
12 miles W. of Brienne. Pop. 1372.                        miles it joins the St. Lawrence 10 miles N,E. of the mouth
SAINT IN/IGOES, a post-village of St. Mary co., Mary-  of the Saguenay.
land, 60 miles S. by E. of Annapolis.                       SAINT JAMES, a parish of Jamaica, co. of Cornwall, comSAINT-IRIN], sANt eelrA'nA, a post-village and parish  prising the bay and town of Montego.
of Canada East, co. of Saguenay, on the N. shore of the    SAINT JAMES, a British fort of Senegambia, on a small
River St. Lawrence, 78 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. about island of the Gambia, 25 miles from its mouth.
1000.                                                       SAINT JAMES COLLEGE, Washington co., Maryland,
SAINT ISHIMAEL'S, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- founded in 1842, is attended by about 50 students. It is
broke.                                                    under the direction of the Episcopalians.
SAINT-ISIDORE, (izfe-d6r,) or SAINT-ISIDORE-DE-    SAINT JAN, stnt yan, or SAINT JOHN, a small island
MONTREAL, (Fr. pron. sANt ee'zee'dor/ deh moaG'trAt-Al/,) a  of the Danish West Indies, immediately E. of St. Thomas.
village of Canada East, co. of Huntingdon, with a station  Area, 42 square miles. Pop. 2560. Christiansburg is the
on the Montreal and New York Railroad, 16 miles from   only town.
Montreal. Pop. about 100.                                   SAINT-JANVIER, SINa Zh8Ns've-AI, a village of Canada
SAINT-ISIDORE-DE-QUEBEC, ScNt eeszee'dor/ deh kA-  East, co. of Terrebonne, 28 miles N.W. of Montreal,
blk/, a village of Canada East, co. of Dorchester, 21 miles    SAINT-JEAN-BONNEFOND, sANG zh6aS bonnfANG, a vilfrom Quebec.                                              lage of France, department of Loire, 3 miles N.E. of St.
SAINT-ISMER, SANt eezemaia/, a village of France, de- Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 6357.
partment of Is6re, 7 miles N.N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1325.   SAINT - JEAN - CHRYSOSTOME  DE -MONTREAL, saNa
SAINT IS/SELS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pemu- zh6NG kre'sos't~m/ deh mNaG'trA'Al, a post-village of Canada
broke, on Carmarthen Bay.                                 East, co. of Beauharnois, 40 miles S.W. of Montreal. P. 500.
SAINT ISfSEY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.       SAINT-JEAN-CHRYSOSTOME-DE-QUEBEC, sANes zh8'N
SAINT IVES, (yvz,) a parliamentary borough, seaport kre'sos'tfm/ deh kAlblk', a village of Canada East, co. of Dortown, and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, on its N. chester, 10 miles from Quebec.
coast. 7f miles N.E. of Penzance. Pop. of the parliamentary    SAINT JEAN D'ACRE. See ACRE.
borough in 1851, 9872. The town is picturesquely situated    SAINT-JEAN-D'ANGILY, sANG ehhNG dNa'QzhA'lee, a town
on the W. side of St. Ives' Bay; it has a spacious church, of France, department of Charente-Inf6rieure, on the navisome dissenting chapels, a town-hall, a jail. a literary  gable river Boutonne, 15 miles N.N.E. of Saintes, having 2
institution, a custom-house, and a harbor protected by a  parish churches, a hospital, communal college, theatre, and
pier built in 1770.  It has a thriving pilchard-fishery,  public baths. Pop. in 1852, 6413, employed in weaving serges,
and exports of copper, tin, and slates firom its vicinity.  distilling brandy, making gunpowder, and in the CognacFormerly it sent two members to the House of Commons;  brandy trade.
it now returns one.                                          SAINT JEAN D'ARVES, sANa zh8NS daav, a market-towr
SAINT IVES, a market-town and parish of England, co., of Savoy, province, and 6 miles S.W. of St. Jean de Mauand 5 miles E. of Huntingdon, on the railway to CamlJridge, rienne. Pop. 1951.
and on the Ouse, here crossed by a handsome bridge of six    SAINT JEAN D'AULPH, sANe zh8NG dS, a market-town of
arches. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 2522.                   Savoy, province of Chablais, 13 miles S.E, of Thonon, Pop.
SAINT JACINTO, Texas. See SAN JAcINrTo.                 2258.
SAINT JAtCOB, (Ger. Sansct lXakob, srNkt yNkop,) a hamlet    SAINT JEAN DE BELLEVILLE, sANs zhNO deh bll'veel,.
of Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles S.E. of Basel. Its vici- a market-town of Savoy, province of Tarantaise, 4 miles
nity, entitled the "Swiss Thermopylee," was, on the 26th  S.S.W. ofl Moutiers. Pop. 1411.
August, 1444, the scene of a desperate action, in which 1600    SAINT-JEAN-DE-BOISSEAU, sANa zhrNa deh bwAs's6t, a
Swiss sustained, for 10 hours, a fight against the French  village of France, department of Loire-Inf6rieure, on the
army of Louis XI., ten times as numerous, and out of which  Loire, 15 miles E.S.E. of Paimboeuf  Poo. 2200.
only 10 Swiss escaped. The wine raised here is termed    SAINT-JEAN-DE-BOURNAY, sNa zrSh8N  deh boorenAf, a
&chvweizer-blut, (" Swiss blood.")                        village of France, department of Islre, 12 miles E. of Vienne.
SAINT JACOB, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois.    Pop. in 1852, 3298.
SAINT JACOBI PAROCHIE.  See SANT JACOI PA-   SAINT-JEAN-DE-BR]?VELAY, sANr zhrNG deh brA'veh-l4h,
aocnIE.                                                    a village of France, department of Morbihan, near the Claye,
SAINT-JACQUES, sANa zhAk, (SAINT JAAirES,) a village of 15 miles W.S.W. of Ploermel. Pop. in 1852, 2411.
France, department of Calvados, arrondissement of Lisieux.   SAINT-JEAN-DE-FOS. sANG zhINe deh fos, a village of
Pop. in 1852, 2179.                                       France, department of H1Irault, 9 miles E. of Lodhve. P. 1540.
SAINT-JACQUES, a village of France, department of Can-   SAINT-JEAN-DE-LIVERSAY, sANG ZhrNG deh lee'va'sA/,
tal, arrondissement of Aurillac. Pop. 1000.               a village of France, department of Charente-Inf6rieure, 15
SAINT JACQUES, France, department of Manche. See  miles N.E. of La Rochelle. Pop. in 1852, 2296.
SAINT JAMES.                                                SAINT-JEAN-DE-LOSNE, sANG zh8Nr deh 1in, (also called
SAINT-JACQUES-DE-L'ACHIGAN, SANG zhlk deh l&tshe-  BELLE-DIeFENSE, boll d&'flNss', i. e. "good or brave degNSf, a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Lein- fence," from two famous sieges which its inhabitants sucster, 36 miles N.W. of Montreal. The village is the seat of  cessfully sustained in 1273 and 1636,) a town of France, dethe Convent of Sacr6 Coeur of St. Jacques de l'Archigan, partment of CSte-d'Or, on the right bank of the Sa6ne, at its
with about 150 pupils. It also contains an assurance agency,  junction with the Canal of Burgundy, 19 miles E.N.E. of
and several churches and stores. Pop. 8000.               Beaune. Pop. in 1852, 2266, employed in woollen-weaving
SAINT-JACQUES-LE-MINEUR, sAre zhhk/leh mee'nvrJ, and making hats. It has 4 annual fairs for cattle and cloth.
a village of Canada East, co. of Huntingdon, 21 miles S. of    SAINT-JEAN-DE-LUZ, sANr  zhINa deh liiz, a town of
Montreal. Pop. 300.                                        France, department of Basses-Pyr6n6es, at the mouth of the
SAINT-JACQUES-SUR-DARNETAL, sAN, zh/k stei  daran- Nivelle, 11 miles S.W  of Bayonne, pretty well built, detfll, a village of France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, 4  fended by 3 forts, and formerly a port of some importance,
miles E. of Rouen. Pop. 1246.                             but now a mere fishing-town.  Pop. in 1852, 2847.
SAINT-JAEN-MASNUY, sNa r zhlNr  mbs'nwee!, a village    SAINT-JEAN-DE-MARSACQ, sANG zh6Nr deh maalsltkt, a
of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 6 miles N. of Mons. village of France, department of Landes, 11 miles W.S.W. of
Pop. 1409.                                                Dax. Pop. 1264.
SAINT JAGO. See SANTIAGO.                                 SAINT JEAN DE MAURIENNE, sANGr zh8Nr deh mO'reSAINT-JAL, sANG zhhIl, a village of France, department of InnS, or SAN GIOVANNI DI M.ORIANA, sln jo-vAn/nee
Corrlze, 10 N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1500.                     dee mo-re-A/na, a market-town of Savoy, on the Are, at the
SAINT-JAMES, (Fr. Saint-Jacques, sANe zhhk,) a town of influx of the Arran, and on the route from France by Mount
France, department of Manche, 12 miles S. of Avranches.  Cenis into Italy, 30 miles S.E. of Chamb6ry. Pop. 3084. Its
Pop. in 1852, 3363. It was fortified by William  the Con- external appearance is picturesque, but it is, internally,
queror.                                                   gloomy and ill built.
SAINT JAMES, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts.         SAINT-JEAN-DE-MONT, S-INr zhlNr deh mNre', a village
SAINT JAMES, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.       of France, department of Vend6e, near the Atlantic, 33 miles
SAINT JAMES, a parish of Ireland, comprising a part of  N.N.W. of Sables-d'Olonne. Pop. in 1852, 4038.
the city of Dublin.                                         SAINT-JEAN-DES-CIHIAILLONS, sANr zhsNG dA shAh'yeNG~,c
SAINT-JAMES, in France. See SAINT-JACQUS.               a post-village of Canada East, co. of Lotbini6re, on the St
SAINT JAMES, in Italy. See SAN GiAco.                 Lawrence, 56 miles S.W. of Quebec. 
1655




SAI                                                         SAI
SAINT-JEAN-DES-OLLTRE S, S'N~ zhENa dEZ o lqe.ail, a    SAINT JOHN, a post-office of Dodge co., Missouri.
village of France. department of Puy-de-Dbme, 13 miles S.E.   SAINT JOHN, one of the Danish West India Islands
of Clermont-Ferrand.  Pop. in 1852, 2427.                   See SAINT JAN.
SAINT-JEAN-DE-VALERISCL Ei, SING Zh8NG deh v&'leh-    SAINT JOHN or SAINT JOHN'S, a city and seaport of
reesk'1, a village of France, departmeant, of Gard. on the  New Brunswick, in British North America, capital of St.
Auzonnet, 14 miles N.N.E. of Alais, with 1880 inhabitants.   John county, is picturesquely situated at the mouth of a
SAINT JEAN D'ORLi(ANS, sINo zh8NG dostqlAoNGI, a post- river of its own name, on a rocky peninsula projecting into
village and parish of Canada East, co. of Moutmorenci, in  the harbor, about135 miles N.W. of Halifax, Nova Scotia, with
the island of Orleans, on the St. Lhwrence, 21 miles N.E. of  which it has telegraphic communication, and is also being
Quebec. Pop. 1200.                                          connected by railway. Lat. (Partridge Island light) 450 14'
SAINT-JEAN-DU-BRUEL, SING zh8NG dii briilI, a village  6" N., ion. 660 3' 30" W. The city is regularly laid out, and
of France, department of Aveyron, 14 miles E.S.E. of Millau.  well built. It stands on a declivity, and when approached
Pop. 1450.                                                  from  the sea, has an imposing appearance. Some of its
SAINT-JEAN-DU-DOIGT, S.NG zh8NG dii dwA, a village of  streets are inconveniently steep. A projecting rock divides
France, department of Finistlre, 9 miles N.E. of Morlaix.  it into two parts, called respectively the-upper and lower
Pop. 1402.                                                  coves; in the former are situated the principal wharfs and
SAINT-JEAN-DU, GARD, SNa zh8NG dii gat, a village of  warehouses. The buildings are now nostly of brick or stone,
France, department of CGard, on the Gordon d'Anduze, ar-  and umany of the public structures have a respectable and
rondissement, and 9 miles W. of Alais. Pop. in 1852, 4487.  even elegant appearance. The principal edifices are the EpisSAINT-JEAN-EN-ROYANS, SANG zh8NG SNG 5roi'6NG, a vii- copal and Presbyterian churches, the Marine Hospital, two
lage of France, department of Dr~me, 19 miles E.N.E. of Va- handsome ranges of barracks, a stone court-house, a provinlence, on the right bank of the Lionne. Pop. in 1852, 2661. cial prison, and the government store-houses. There are in
SAINT-JEAN-LA-BUSSIEtRE, SANa zh5Na 1A bbis'se-aiat,  all about 18 churches, belonging to the Episcopalians, Presa village of France, department of Rhbne, 10 miles W. of  byterians, Baptists, Methodists, Roman Catholics, &c. The
Villefranche.  Pop. 1770.                                   town has a grammar school, a central Madras school, two
SAINT-JEAN-LE-VIEUX, sANs zh8NG leh ve-uhl, a village  public libraries, several newspaper offices, an emigrant hosof France, department of Ain, on the Oiselon, 12 miles S.W.  pital, various religious and charitable  societies, several
of Nantua. Pop. 1590.                                       banks, a savings bank, 3 or 4 insurance companies, and a
SAINT-JEAN-MOLENBEE K, sANs zh8NG mS-l18Nc-bAk,  chamber of commerce. Carleton, a thriving suburb on the
(Dutch, Sant Jan Moenbeeklc, sent yAin molen bailk,) a town  W. side of the harbor, is included within the city corporaof Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the Senne, and  tion.
partly traversed by the canals of Charleroi and Willebroek.    The harbor of St. John is capacious, safe, and never ohIt is surrounded by elegant villas, and contains a handsome  structed with ice. Its entrance, about 2 miles S. of the
church, and the excellent geographical establishment of  city, is protected by Partridge Island, on which are a battery
Philip Vandermaelen. Pop. 7300.                             and a light-house, the lantern 166 feet above the level of the
SAINT-JEAN-PIED-DE-PORT, sANG ZhING pe-A deh poR, sea. The passage W. of the island has in it 10 feet of water,
a village of France, department of Basses-Pyr6n6es, on the  that to the E. 16 feet, and abreast of the city there are from
Nive, 44 miles W.S.W. of Pan, enclosed by a wall, and de-  7 to 22 fathoms; both sides of the entrance are composed of
fended by a citadel commanding the passes into Spain. Pop. sharp riocks, which become dry at low water. About I of a
in 1852, 3082.                                              mile N. of the light-house is a vertical beacon, fixed on the
SAINT-JEAN-PORT-JOLI, SANo Zh8NG pOR zho'eel, a post- edge of a rocky ledge which forms the W. side of the chanvillage and parish of Canada East, co.. of L'Islet, on the S. nel, and has deep water close to it. On the E. side of the
shore of the St. Lawrence, 60 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. channel, below the town, a breakwater has been constructed
3500.                                                      to intercept the violence of the waves, occasioned by southSAINT-JEAN-SOLEYMIEUX, SINa  zh8NG SOoliAme-uh, a  erly gales. The entrance of the river St. John into the
village of France, department of Loire, arrondissement of  harbor, about 1I  miles above the city, is through a rocky
Montbrison. Pop. 1390.                                     gorge 80 yards wide and 400 yards long, occasioning very
SAINT-JEAN-SUR-MAYENNE, SANG ZhhNG siipe mgylnnl,  remarkable tfalls. The ordinary rise of the tide in the hara village of France, department of Mlayenne, on the Mayenne, bor is about 21 feet; at the vernal equinox it rises 25 feet.
4 miles N. of Laval. Pop. 1490.                            At low water the waters of the river are about 12 feet higher
SAINT JEOIRE, sANG zhwAr/(?) a market-town of Savoy, than those of the harbor; at high water the waters of the
province of Faucigny, 4 miles N.E. of Bonneville. Pop. 1798. harbor are about 5 feet above those of the river, hence the
SAINT-JIROME, (Fr. pron. sANG zhA-r~m/,) a post-village  phenomena of a fall outwards and inwards at every tide.
of Canada East, co. of Two Mountains, 36 miles from Mon- Above the falls the tide seldom rises more than 4 feet. When
treal. Pop. of the parish, 5500.                           the waters of the harbor and river are on a level vessels can
SAINT-JEURE or JEURRE, SINa zhUs, avillage of France,  pass the falls, and this can be effected only during a period
department of Haute-Loire, 4 miles E. of Yssengeaux. Pop. of 15 or 20 minutes at each ebb and flow of the tide. At
in 1852, 2862.                                             times of great freshets, occasioned by the sudden melting
SAINT-JOACHIM, SANG zho'AkANf, a village of France, of the snow, the tides do not rise to the level of the river,
department of Loire-Inf6rieure, 12 miles W.N.W. of Savenay. and consequently it is not possible for vessels to ascend the
Pop. 3280.                                                 falls. The depth of the falls is ordinarily about 17 feet.
SAINT JOACHIM, sANG zho`A'kANGP, a post-village and    St. John is the entrep~t of a wide extent of country,
parish of Canada East, co. of Moutmorenci, on the N. shore  abounding in agricultural resources, minerals, and valuable
of the St. Lawrence, 10 miles from Quebec.  It contains  timber.  In 1852, there were floated down the river St.
several churches and stores. Pop. 1000.                    John 100,000 tons of white-pine timber, 10,000 tons of hackSAINT JOACHIM, Paraguay. See SAN JOAQUIN.                matack, 50,000,000 white-pine logs, 20,000,000 spruce logs,
SAINT-JOB-INT-GOOR, stnt yib int g6s, a village of Bel- 50,000,000 feet of pine boards, 15,000,000 shingles, and
gium, province, and 9 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 311.     5,000,000 pieces of clapboard, the whole valued at $1,945,000.
SAINT JOHANN, several towns and villages of Germany. In 1851, timber, lumber, &c., cut in the state of Maine, was
See SANOT JOHANN.                                          floated down the St. John and shipped for the United States
SAINT  JOHN, (Ger.  snct Johann, sAnkt yo-hgnnu;  under certificate of origin to the value of $158,165, an inHun. &Szent Jans, snt yi/nSsh',) a village of HIungary, co.. crease of $69,990 over the previous year. The total quantity
31 miles N. of Presburg. The population are mostly Roman  of timber and lumber shipped at the port of St. John in
Catholics and Jews.                                        1852, was as follows: —Pine timber, 87,588 tons; birch, 9114
SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Glamorgan.       tons; hackmatack knees, 620; and sawn lumber, 129,109,000
SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, partly  feet. The following is the total.value of the imports and
in Devon.                                                  exports for the years 1850 and 1851:SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of Hants.                               185o.         1851.
SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo.             Imports........... $3,66,735    $3,236,765  Decrease, $729,970
SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.          Exports........... 2,185,495  2,570,130 Increase, 38.,635
SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny.          In 1851 the imports from the United States amounted to
SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin.          $1,458,205, and the exports to $312,895. The most importSAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.         ant imports from this country were flour, valued at $224,978;
SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.    wheat, at $205,556; corn and meal, at $71,048; and tobacco,
SAINT JOHN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, chiefly in  at $68,356. And in return the chief exports were lumber and
the co. of Kildare.                                        timber to the value of $58,200; fish, $45,380; and potatoes,
SAINT JOHN, in France. See SAINT-JEAN.                   $6180. The total number of British and foreign vessels that
SAINT JOHN, in Italy.  See SAN GIOVANNI.                 arrived at St. John in 1852, was 1740, (tons, 334,267;)
SAINT JOHN, in Spain and Spanish colonies. See SAN  cleared, 1746, (tons, 362,917.)  The number of vessels beJUAN.                                                      longing to the port, December 31, 1851, was 518, (tons, 94,810.)
SAINT JOHN, in Portugal and Brazil. ~ See Sbo JoXo.      One of the most important branches of industry at St. John
SAINT JOHN, in Germany. See SANCT JOHANN.                is ship-building. The number of vessels built here in 1851,
SAINT JOHN, apost-office of Hertford co., North Carolina.  was 72, (tons, 37,607;) and in 1852, 87, (tons, 45,123.) Of
SAINT JOHN, a village of Lake co., Illinois, on the W. the new ships built in 1851,10,332 tons were for owners in
ahore of Lalke Michigan, 26 miles N. by W. of Chicago.     the United Kingdom, and 11,398 fo, other ports, making
1656




SAI                                                           SAI
an aggregate of 21,730 tons of shipping, valued at $300,000  peninsulas which project from the E. portion of the island.
exported, but not included in the export returns. The fishe- 1665 miles W. by S. of Galway, Ireland, this being the shortries in the harbor in 1850 employed 200 boats and 500 men, est distance between any two seaports of Europe and Amewho took 40,000 salmon, 14,000 barrels of alewives, and 1200  rica.  Lat. 470 33' 6" N., ion. 520 43' W. This being the nearbarrels of shad. In 1851, it is estimated that not less than  est American port to the European continent, and directly
50,000 persons were transported between St. John's and Fre-  in the track of steamers plying between the British Islands
dericton by steamers plying on the river. The distance is  and the United States, it is proposed to make it a point of
80 miles, and steamers also ascend 65 miles farther, to  call for one line of these steamers.  With this view, teleWoodstock.                                                    graphic wires are now being formed from St. Jobn to Cape
St. John was founded by American loyalists, who left  Ray, the S.W. extremity of the island, thence to be continued
the United States at the close of the Revolution. Pop. in  by means of a submarine cable 150 miles long, to the E. cape
1834, 12,885; in 1844, 19,500; and in 1852, 22,745.           of Prince Edward Island, to which wires are now being exSAINT JOHN or SAINT JOHN'S RIVER, (Indian, Loosh'- tended from Charlotte Town, the latter place having been
tookt, "the long river,") the principal river of New Bruns-  connected with the telegraphic system of the continent in
wick, in British North America, rises under the name of the  November, 1852. It is alleged that a fast steamer might cross
South-west Branch, at the Metjarmette Portage in the high-  from Galway to St. John in five days, and that'information
lands which separate Maine from Canada, near the sources  from  all parts of Europe could be diffused all over the
of the Connecticut. It first flows due N.E. to the junction  United States-from  Moscow to San Francisco-within six
of the St. Francis, (lat. 470 10' N., lon. 680 54' WV.,) a distance days. The harbor of St. John is one of the very best. It is
of about 150 miles, of which course about 100 miles, com-  enclosed by two mountains, between the E. points of which
mencing at the influx of the North-west Branch, is known  is the entrance, called " the Narrows," only 95 fathoms wide
as the Walloostook River. Below the entrance of the St. in its narrowest part, and 100 fathoms long.  This entrance
Francis, the St. John flows in an irregular E.S.E. course to  is defended by numerous batteries and fortifications.  It
the Grand Falls, (lat. 470 5' N., Ion. 670 45' E.,) where the  has 12 fathoms water in mid channel, but only one vessel
river has a perpendicular descent of 70 or 80 feet, abounding  can pass at a time. Within there is ample space for shipin picturesque scenery; thence its direction is nearly S., to  ping in good anchorage, with perfect shelter. There are no
about let. 460 N., where it bends suddenly E., and flows in  perceptible tides.* A light on Cape Spear is visible 20 miles
this general direction for about 100 miles to the entrance of  at sea; there is also a harbor light. In foggy weather an
the outlet to Grand Lake, below which the river flows in a  eighteen-pound gun is fired every half hour, enabling yesbroad channel due S. to Kingston, and then S.S.W. to its  sels to enter the Narrows at all times, the water being deep
mouth in St. John Harbor. Its entire length is estimated  and the shore bold.
at 450 miles. To the Grand Falls, 225 miles from  the    The town is situated on an acclivity, and consists chiefly
sea, its course is wholly within British territory.  From  a  of one street, about one mile in length, rather irregularly
point about 3 miles above the falls, where the E. boundary  built, but containing many good shops and stores; the former
of Maine intersects the St. John, to the entrance of the St. mostly of stone. The houses in this part of the town are
Francis, a distance of 75 miles, the boundary between Maine  small, and mostly built of brick; but in the upper parts
and New Brunswick is found in the middle channel, or  they are of wood, and are very awkwardly disposed. St.
deepest water of the river.  From  the mouth of the St. John, however, has, upon the whole, been much improved
Francis to about lat. 460 25' N., lon. 700 4' W., a distance of  since the great fire of 1846, both as regards the style of
112 miles, the river has its course wholly in Maine; but  building and the width and regularity of the streets. It is
firom  the point last mentioned to the Monument at the  lighted with gas, and well supplied with water brought
source of the river on the Metjarmette Portage, a distance  from a pond on an adjoining eminence, called Signal Hill.
of about 38 miles, the right bank only is in Maine, the left  The public buildings, exclusive of the churches, are the
bank in Canada. The principal affluents of the St. John, government-house, a large plain structure, erected at a cost
besides those already mentioned, are the Oromocto, Areos- of $175,000; house of assembly, a handsome building of
took, and Alagash, from the W., and the Kenebekasis, Wa- granite; St. John's Church, a fine stone cathedral recently
shedemoak, Salmon, Naskwaak, Tobique, and Madawaska,  erected by the Roman Catholics; a lunatic asylum, hospital,
firom  the E. Vessels of 120 tons ascend the St. John to  and the market and custom-houses, the upper story of the
Fredericton, 80 miles from the Bay of Fundy; small steamers  former being used as a court-room. There are nine places
ply to Woodstock, 65 miles farther, and occasionally make  of worship-three Episcopal, one Established Church of
trips to the Grand Falls. In 1849, the legislature of New  Scotland, one Free Church, one Methodist, one Union PresBrunswick appropriated $40,000 to be expended at the rate  byterian, and two Roman Catholic. The educational instituof $8000 a year in improving the navigation of the St. John  tions comprise two schools in connection with the Church
between Fredericton and the Grand Falls. The improve-  of England, one belonging to the Established Church of
ments were commenced in 1850, and it is thought that in a  Scotland, and two to the Roman Catholic Church. There
few years the river below the falls will be quite free from   are several religious and benevolent societies, amechanics' inobstructions. Above the Grand Falls the St. John has been  stitute, with a museum, library, and reading-room attached;
navigated by a steamer 40 miles, to the mouth of the river  and an agricultural society; a large factory occupied for
Madawaska, and from  this point boats and canoes ascend  making nets, a brewery, distillery, flour mill, and foundry,
almost to its sources.  It is estimated that the St. John and  a botanic garden, marine promenade, and three cemeteries.
its tributaries afford 1300 miles of navigable waters. The    The trade of St. John consists chiefly in supplying the
area drained iscomputedat17,00,000 acres, of which 9,000,000  fishermen (most of whom are Roman Catholics) with clothare in New Brunswick, 2,000,000 in Canada, and 6,000,000  ing, provisions. and fishing and hunting gear. During the
in the United States.  A great portion of this is occupied by  spring season, the harbor is thronged with merchant yesdense forests of pine, hackmatack, and other timber, of  sels from  London, Liverpool, Poole, and Greenock, laden
which vast quantities are annually rafted down the river. with dry-goods, and salt for curing fish, &c.; from Hamburg
The valley is remarkable for its fertility and picturesque  and Copenhagen with biscuits, butter, pork, glassware,
beauty. The St. John and its tributaries afford an incal- leathernware, and hosiery; from  the United States with
culable amount of water-power; and, in 1851, 218 saw mills  butter, pork. beef, and flour; from Spain and Portugal with
were in operation along their banks. For a notice of the  salt, wines, and preserves; and from  Barbadoes, and some
falls at the mouth of the St. John, see ST. JoHN, (city.)'    of the other West India Islands, with sugar, molas-.s, and
SAINT  JOHN, a river of Canada East, joins the St. rumn. The value of the imports from  the United States in
Lawrence with Assumption river, N. of the island of Mon- 1851, was $736,335; from  Canada, $300,322; Germany,
treal, after a course estimated at 20 miles.                  $310,200; Spain and Portugal, $112,575; British West InSAINT  JOHN, a river of Canada East, joins the es- dies. $82,325; Spanish West Indies, $100,295; Denmark,
tuary of the St. Lawrence at Mingan, opposite the island of  $50,760. The export fish trade commences early in August.
Anticosti, after a S. course of 60 miles.                     The ports to which the British vessels are consigned with
SAINT JOHN, a lake of Canada East, 120 miles N. of  fish are Bilboa, Oporto. Cadiz, Figuera,- Leghorn, Naples,
Quebec, about 30 miles in length and breadth, receives seve- Barbadoes, and the Brazils. Besides its fisheries, St. John
ral rivers, and on its S.E. side discharges its waters by the  is extensively engaged in sealing; from 150 to 200 schooners
Saguenay.                                                     and brigs, varying from 70 to 120 tons, are collected in the
SAINT JOHN or SAINT JOHN'S, a maritime county of  harbor in the months of February and March, preparatory
New Brunswick, bordering on the Bay of Fundy, and inter- to proceeding to the sealing ground. The quantities of fish,
sected by the river St. John, which, at its month, forms one  oil, &c. exported in 1851. were as follows:-Dried cod, 629,271
of the finest harbors on the coast. It is also drained by the  quintals; salmon, 3129 tierces'; herrings, 14,079 barrels;
Kenebekasis, Humboldt, and other rivers. The surface is  seal and whale oil, 5411 tuns; cod oil, 2273 tuns; blubber,
agreeably diversified with hills and valleys. The soil is feo- 265 tuns; and seal skins, 382,083, of which 381,333 went to
tile, and agriculture has made some advances; the chief in- the United Kingdom. In addition to the above quantity of
dustry of the inhabitants, however, is directed to commerce, dried codfish exported, there were 181,000 quintals in store
ship-building, and the fisheries. St. John is the most popu- ready forexportation in January, 1852. Thenumberofvessels
lons county in New Brunswick.  Capital, St. John. Pop. that arrived at St. John in 1851, was 842, (tons, 103,016;)
in 1851, 38,475. 
SAINT JOHN or SAINT JOIhIN'S, the most eastern sea-  *  Testimony of Captain John Cousins before lhe Legislative
port of North America, capital of the colony of Newfound-  Assembly of Newfoundland, in 1845, with reference to the advanland, near the extremity of the easternmost of the numerous  tages of St. John as a port of call for Atlaunti steamers.
1657




SAI                                                          SAI
oleared, 703, (tons, 91,191.) Of the arrivals, 138 were from  SAINT JOHN WITHIN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster,
Great Britain, 377 from  British North American colonies, co. of Waterford.
and 99 from the United States. Great numbers of dogs are    SAINT JOHN WITHOUT, a parish of Ireland, in Munemployed in St. John in dragging cartamarans loaded with  ster, co. of Waterford.
wood. The British government Was established at St. John    SAINT JOISEPIH, a county in the S.S.W. part of Michigan,
as early as 1583, by the gallant Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Pop. bordering on Indiana, contains 528 square miles. It is in-;n 1841, 12,000; in 1846, 19,000; and in 1852, 21,000.      tersected by the St. Joseph River, (of Lake Michigan,) and
SAINT JOHN, a fortified town of the island of Antigua, also drained by Portage, Prairie, Pigeon, and Fawn Rivers,
on a bay of its WT. coast.                                  which terminate in it. The surface is gently undulating,
SAINT JOHN or SAINT JEAN BAPTISTE, s-NG zh8Ns  and is diversified by prairies and "oak openings," the soil
bip'teestf, a village and fort of Canada East, district, and  of which is extremely fertile. The county is intersected by
24 miles S.E. of Montreal, on the river Richelien.          the Michigan Southern Railroad. Capital, Centreville. Pop.
SAINT JOHN BAPTISTE, (blpeteestf or bapltist,) a parish  12,725.
in the S.E. part of Louisiana, bordering on Lakes Maurepas    SAINT JOSEPH, a county in the N. part of Indiana, boxand Pontchartrain, contains about 200 square miles. It is in- dering on Michigan, contains 470 square miles. It is drained
tersected by the Mississippi.  The surface is fiat. The arable  by the St. Joseph's and Kankakee Rivers. The surface is
land is confined to the margins of the river. Capital, Bonnet nearly level, and is diversified by prairies, oak openings, and
nearly level, and is diversified by prairies, oak openings, and $i.]'~
Carrd. Pop. 7317, of whom 2777 were free, and 4540 slaves.  forests. The soil is extremely fertile and easily cultivated.
SAINT JOHN, ILIKETSHALL, a parish of England, co. The county contains marl, and abundance of iron-ore, and
~ of Suffolk.                                               is liberally supplied with water-power. It is intersected by
SAINT JOHN'S or SAINT JOHNSITOWN, a village of Sus- the Northern Indiana Railroad. Organized in 1830. Capital,
sex co., Delaware, 28 miles S. of Dover.                    South Bend. Pop] 10,954.
SAINT JOIIN'S, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, bor-   SAINT JOSEPH, a post-village, capital of Tensas parish,
dering on the Atlantic, contains about 990 square miles. Louisiana, on the right bank of the Mississippi River.
It is intersected by the navigable river of the same name.   SAINT JOSEPH, a township of Williams co., Ohio. Pop.
The surface is level, and but little elevated above the sea. 589.
The soil is sandy and poor. A large part of the county is oc-   SAINT JOSEPH, a post-township in Allen co., Indiana.
cupied by marshes and pine barrens. Capital, St. Augustine. Pop. 748.
Pop. 2525, of whom 1532 were free, and 993 slaves.           SAINT JOSEPH, a post-village and township of Berrien
SAINT JOHN'S, a post-village of Auglaize co., Ohio; about co., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of St. Joseph's
90 miles W.N.W. of Columbus.                               River, 194 miles W. of Detroit. The village carries on an
SAINT JOHN'S, a post-village and township of Lake co., active trade in lumber and fruit to supply the boats of the
Indiana, 145 miles N.W. by N. of Indianapolis. Pop. 469.   lake and the Chicago market. The bridge which crosses the
SAINT JOHN'S, a new county in the S.W. part of Canada  river at this place cost $15,000. Pop. in 1853, 800.
East. Capital, St. Jean. Pop. 15,226.                        SAINT JOSEPH, a flourishing city, capital of Buchanan
SAINT JOHN'S, or DORCHESTER, a post-town of Canada co., Missouri, is situated on the- left (E.) bank of the MisEast, co. of Chambly, on the river Richelieu, 27 miles S.E. souri River, 340 miles above Jefferson City, and 496 miles
of Montreal, with which it is connected by railway. It con- by water from  St. Louis. It is the most commercial and
tains 5 or 6 churches, 2 assurance agencies, a newspaper populous town of Western Missouri, and one of the chief
office, about 25 stores, and has manufiactures of iron cast- points of departure in the emigration to Oregon, California,
ings, leather, pottery, &c. The total value of exports at St. &c. It is the western terminus of a railroad being rapidly
John's, in 1851, amounted to $905,276, and the imports to  built across the state, from Hannibal, on the Missouri. It
$1,948,560. Pop. 2500.                                     has also a charter for a road running N. to Savannah, to be
SAINT JOHN'S BAY, on the W. coast of Newfoundland, extended towards Council Bluffs. The town was laid out in
receives the Castor River.                                 1843, and became the county seat in 1845. It contains 7
SAINT JOHNS/BURY, a city of Caledonia co., Vermont, churches, several steam flouring and saw mills, and mannon the right bank of the Passumpsic, which affords valuable factories of bagging, &c.; 2 or 3 newspapers are published
water-power, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers here. The river, within 13 years, has worn into the bank on
Railroad, about 35 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It contains 2 the N. side of the city nearly $ of a mile. Pop. about 5000.
Congregational Churches, a flourishing academy, a news-   SAINT JOSEPH, a lake of British North America, in lat..-paper office, a first class hotel, and from  25 to 30 stores. 510 10' N., Ion. 900 30'to 910 30' W. Length, 35 miles; average
Messrs. E. & F. Fairbanks have here the most extensive breadth, 10 miles. It receives the Catlake River, and dismanufactory of patent weighing-scales in the United States. charges its waters by the Albany River, into James's Bay.
There are also in St. Johnsbury, 4 foundries with machine    SAINT JOSEPH, an island of Canada West, in the clianshops, besides other establishments. Incorporated as a city  nel between Lakes Superior and Huron.  Lat. 460 15' N.,
in 1852. Pop. about 3000.                                  lon. 540 10, W. Length and breadth, about 15 miles each.
SAINT JOHNSBURY CENTRE, a post-village of Caledonia    SAINT JOSEPH, (Sp. San Joss, sun-no-sA1,) a peninsula in
co., Vermont, on the left bank of the Passumpsic River, 2  the Gulf of St. Mathias, (San Matias,) on the E. coast of Pamiles N. of St. Johnsbury.  It contains 3 churches, 5 stores, tagonia.
2 carriage manufactories, and several mills. Pop. about 300.   SAINT JOSEPH, one of the Seychelles Islands of the
SAINT JOHNSBURY EAST, a post-village of Caledonia  Indian Ocean. Lat. 50 45/ S., Ion. 51~ 51' E.
co., Vermont, on both sides of Moose River, an affluent of    SAINT JOSEPH or FORT SAINT JOSEPH. See GALArM.
the Passumpsic, 5 miles N.E. of St. Johnsbury.  It has 2    SAINT JOSEPH DE MASKINONG]R, slaN zho'shfl deh
churches, 5 stores, and a hotel. Pop. about 600.           mis'kee'n6sG'zhl,orMASKINONG1~,a post-village of Canada
SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE. See FoRDnAM, New York.              East, co. of St. Maurice, on the N. bank of the St. Lawrence,
SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE. See ANNAPOLIS, Maryland.   60 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. of the parish, 4500.
SAINT JOHN'S CREEK, Franklin co., Missouri, joins the    SAINT JOSEPH'S, a post-office of Susquehanna co., PennMissouri River from the right. It is a good mill-stream.    sylvania.
SAINT JOHN'S ISLAND. See CHANG-CHEUN-CuAM.                  SAINT JOSEPI'S, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co.,
SAINT JOHN'S LIGHT-HOUSE, at the entrance of St. Florida, on St. Joseph's Bay, of the Gulf of Mexico.
John's River, Florida, exhibits a fixed light 65 feet high.   SAINT JOSEPH'S, a post-office of Champaign co., Illinois.
Lat. 300 21~ N., Ion. 81~ 331 W.                              SAINT JOSEPH'S BAY, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico, is
SAINT JOHN'S LIGHT-HOUSE, Lake Pontchartrain, at  situated in Calhoun co., on the S. coast of Florida. It is
the entrance of the Bayou St. John, 5 miles N. of New Or- formed by a narrow, crooked peninsula, extending from the
leans. It shows a fixed light 48 feet above the level of the  mainland to Cape St. Joseph, the S. extremity of which
lake.                                                      forms Cape St. Bias. Length, near 25 miles; greatest breadth,
SAINT JOHN'S RIVER, Florida, has its sources in a  about 10 miles.
marshy tract, in the central part of the peninsula. It pur-    SAINT JOSEPH'S COLLEGE. See BARDSTOwN, Kentucky
sues a N.W. course to the mouth of the Ocklawaha,  after    SAINT JOSEPH'S GROVE, a village in Dubuque co.,
which it flows nearly N. to Jacksonville. Turning  thence  Iowa, 10 miles S.W. of Dubuque.
toward the E., it enters the Atlantic in lat. 300 20' N. Its    SAINT JOSEPH'S RIVER, of Michigan and Indiana,
whole length is estimated at above 200 miles. Steamboats rises in Hillsdale co., Michigan, and after making a circuit
regularly navigate this river from  its mouth to Pilatka. into Indiana, it turns towards the N.W. and enters the
Vessels requiring 8 feet of water can ascend to Lake George, former state, and flows through Berrien county into Lake
a distance of 107 miles. The country through which it Michigan, at the village of St. Joseph. Its general direction
passes consists chiefly of pine barrens and cypress swamps.  is nearly W., and its course is very serpentine. The length
SAINT JOHNSTOWN, Delaware. See ST. JOHN'S.              is estimated at 250 miles, which is greater than that of any
SAINT JOIHNSIVILLE, a post-village and township of  other stream in the state except Grand River. It has an
Montgomery co., New York, on the N. bank of the Mohawk  equable current, and is navigated by small steamboats from
River, and on the New York Central Railroad, 63 miles its mouth to Constantine; about 120 miles. The chief towns
W. by N. of Albany. The village contains 2 churches, on its banks are Constantine, Elkhart, South Bend, and
one Dutch Reformed, the other belonging to the Lutherans,  Niles. The country through which it flows is undulating
Methodists, and Universalists; 6 stores, and 3 groceries; and extremely fertile. There is a good harbor at its mouth,
a tannery, a distillery, and a manufactory of pitchforks. where the river is one-fourth of a mile wide, and from 9 to
Pop. of the township, 1627.                               14 feet deep.
1658




SAI                                                       SAI
SAINT JOSEPH'S RIVER, of the IMaumee, rises in Hills-    SAINT-JUST, a village of France, department of Marne,
dale co., Michigan, and flowing in a general S.W. course  on the Livon, 34 miles S. of Epernay.
across the N.W. corner of Ohio, unites with the St. Mary's   SAINT-JUST, a village of France, department of Haute.
River to form the Maumee, at Fort Wayne, in Indiana.      Vienne, arrondissement of Limoges. Pop. 1190.
SAINT-JOUAN, sANG  zhoo'6N, a village of France, de-   SAINT JUST, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. Dr.
partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 4 miles S.E. of St. Malo. Pop. Borlase, the learned antiquary, was born here in 1696.
1774.                                                       SAINT-JUST-D'AVRAY, SANa zhiist dA'vr-v, a village of
SAINT-JOUAN-DE-L'ILLE, sANa  zhwrG!f deh Ieel, a vil- France, department of Rhone, 12 miles W. of Villefranche.
lage of France, department of CStes-du-Nord, on the Rance,  Pop. 1700.
14 miles S.W. of Dinan.' Pop. 670.                          SAINT-JUST-DE-BAFFRE, SING zhiist deh b~ff'rf, a vilSAINT-JOUIN, sINs zhwWNao, a market-town of France, lage of France, department of Puy-de-Dbme, 5~ miles S.S.E.
department of Seine Inftrleure, 12 miles N. of Havre, near  of Ambert. Pop. in 1852, 2090.
the English Channel. Pop. 1540.                             SAINT-JUST-EN-CHAUSSEE, staN zhiist 8.a sh~s4~' a
SAINT-JOUIN, a village of France, department of Deux- village of France, department of Oise, on the'Aure, and on
Sbvres, 19 miles N.N.E. of Parthenay. Pop. 1360.          the railroad from Creil to Amiens, 8 miles N. of Clermont.
SAINT-JULIA-DE-GRACAPOU, sANa zhitle-A  deh grA'kl'- Pop. 1200.
pool, a town of France, department of Haute-Garonne, 9    SAINT-JUST-EN-CHEVALET, SINa zhiist &NG sheh-viA'lA,
miles N.E. of Villefranche. Pop. 1015.                    a village of France, department of Loire, 14 miles S.W. of
SAINT JULIAN, Malta. See SAN GIULIANO.                  Roanne. Pop. in 1852, 2665.
SAINT JU.LIAN, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.           SAINT-JUSTIN, sANo zhiis'tANGI, a village of France, do.
SAINT JU/LIAN, (Sp. San Julian, sin oGo-le-An!,) a harbor partment of Landes, on the Douze, 14 miles E.N.E. of Monton the E. coast of Patagonia. Lat. 490 85 S.              de-Marsan. Pop. 1660.
SAINT JUILIAN, an island of the Malay Archipelago, W.   SAINT-JUST-LAePENDUE, sING zhiist IA p8Ne'dii5, a viiof Borneo.                                               lage of France, department of Loire, 12 miles SI.E. of Roanne.
SAINT JULIEN, srANa zhitle-AotG, a market-town of Savoy, Pop. in 1852, 2818.
5 miles S.W. of Geneva.                                     SAINT-JUST-MALMONT, sIAN zhiist mIlmI6Na, a village
SAINT JULIEN, sANa zhi'le.ANa1, a village of Savoy, 3  of France, department of Haute-Loire, 16 miles N.N.E. of
miles S.E. of St. Jean de Maurienne.                      Yssengeaux. Pop. 1840.
SAINT-JULIEN-AUX-BOIS, sANa  zhiile-ANG  ii bwA, a    SAINT-JUST-PRIS-BRIOUDE, sANG zhist prA bre-oodf,
town of France, department of Corrbze, 20 miles E.S.E. of  a village of France, department of Haute-Loire, arrondisseTulle. Pop. 1600.                                         ment of Brioude. Pop. 1470.
SAINT-JULIEN-DANCE, sAN zhiile-A!No  dSuss, a town    SAINT-JUST-PRHS-CHOMELIX, SANG zhiist prA sholmehof France, department of Haute-Loire, on the Ance, arron- leel, a village of France, department of Haute-Loire, ar.
dissement ofLe Puy. Pop. 1240.                            rondissement ofLe Puy. Pop 1650.
SAINT-JULIEN-DE-CHAPTEUIL, sANG zhiile-.NG! deh    SAINT-JUST-SUR-LOIRE, sNs zhist sn IwR, a village
shapetul, a town of France, department of -Haute-Loire, near of France, department of Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Montbrison.
the Sumlne, 8 miles E. of Le Puy. Pop. 3000.              Pop. 1231.
SAINT-JULIEN-DE-CIVRY, sANG zhitle-ANGf deh seev'reet,   SAINT KEA, kee, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall
a town of France, department of Salne-et-Loire, 5 miles    SAINT KEAN or KEYNE, keen, a parish of England, co.
S.S.W. of Charolles. Pop. 1560.                           of Cornwall.
SAINT-JULIEN-DE-CONCELLES, sANG zhiile-ANG!  deh    SAINT KEVIERNE, a parish of'England, co. of Cornwall.
kaNG'ssl11, a town of France, department of Loire-Inflrieure,  SAINT KEW, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
8 miles E.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 3907.               SAINT KILIDA, an island in the Atlantic, 82 nmiles W.
SAINT-JULIEN-DE-COPEL, sANs zhiite-aNGO deh ko'pll/, of Harris, (Hebrides.) Lat. 570 48' 320 N., ion. 80 32/ 2"' W.
a town of France, department of Puy-du-D)me,  12 miles  Area, about 4000 acres. Pop. in 1849, 109, who all live in a
E.S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. in 1852, 2208.           village near the S.E. coast.
SAINT-JULIEN-DE-REIGNAC, sANG zh'd'le-AN.! deh rAn'-   SAINT KRUIS, slnt krois, a village of the Netherlands,
yAkl, a town of France, department of Gironde, on the  province of Zealand, on the Belgian frontier, 5 miles E.S.E.
Gironde, 14 miles S. of Lesparre. Pop. 1340.              of Sluis. Pop. 613.
SAINT-JULIEN-DE-VOUVANTES, SANG zhi9e-ANl deh    SAINT LAM/BERT, a village of Canada East, on the St.
voo'vANt/, a town of France, department of Loire-Inftrieure,  Lawrence, opposite Montreal.
near the Don, 33 miles N.E. ofNantes. Pop. in 1852, 1710.    SAINT-LAMBERT-DE-LA-POTERIE, sANr 1le'bain  deh
SAINT-JULIEN-DU-SAULT, sANG zhiile-ANG/ dii sO, a  1  pooteh-reel, a market-town of France,  department of
town of France, department of Loire-Inf6rieure, on the  Maine.-et-Loire, arrondissemeht of Angers. Pop. 1273.
Yonne, 20 miles N.W. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 2453.        SAINT-LAMBEItT-DES-LEY~IES, sANs llombais/ dA lehSAINT-JULIEN-EN-JARRET, sArNs zhii'le-ANG/ 8No zha.'- vAl, a market-town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire,
rAl, a town of France, department of Loire, on the Gier, 7  3 miles N. of Saumur. Pop. 1726.
miles N.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. 1600.                       SAINT-LAMBERT-DU-LATTAY, sANG l15AbaiRs  dii lt'SAINT-JULIEN-LA-BROUSSE, srIN zhiile-ANs liA brooss, tW, a market-town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire,
a town of France, department of Ard6che, 24 miles W.S.W.  12 miles S.S.W. of Angers.
of Tournon. Pop. 1260.                                      SAINT LANIDRY, a parish in the S.W. part of Louisiana,
SAINT-JULIEN-LE-PETIT, sANG zhtile-ANG leh pph-tee!, contains 2200 square miles.  It is bounded on the E. by
a town of France, department of Haute-Vienne, 21 miles E. Atchafalaya, and drained by the Cortableau  and Teche
of Limoges. Pop. 1390.                                    Bayous. The parish has a high, rolling, and picturesque
SAINT-JULIEN-MOLHESABATE, sANG zhtile-ANG!  mol'-  surface, and a very productive soil. The Atchafalaya and
8s~bAht, a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, 15  Cortableau are -navigable by steamboats in high water. A
miles E.N.E. of Yssengeaux. Pop. 1200.                    railroad is in course of construction from  New Orleans to
SAINT-JULIEN-MOLIN-MOLETTE, sis zhtile-A.s3! mon  Opelousas, the capital of the parish. Pop. 22,253, of whom
IANGl mo'ltt/, a town of France, department of Loire, on the  11,382 were free, and 10,871 slaves.
Ternoir, 12 miles S.E. of St. Etienne. Pop. 1330.           SAINT-LATTIER, SANG lt'te-A/, a village of France, do.
SAINT-JULIENN-PRTlS-BORT, sANG zhiile-iANG pri bOR, a  partment of Is~re, 7 miles S.W. of St. Marcellin. Pop. 1500.
town of France, department of Corrlze, near the Dordogne,    SAINT LAUIRENCE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
10 miles S.S.E. of Ussel. Pop. 1400.                        SAINT LAURENCE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SAINT-JULIEN-SUR-SARTHE, sANs zhi-l'e-ANs! SiiRc sast,   SAINT LAURENCE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
a town of France, department of Orne, 9 miles W. of Mor-   SAINT LAURENCE, a parish of South Wales, co. of
tagne. Pop. 1460.                                         Pembroke.
SAINT JUILIOT, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.      SAINT-LAURENT, (It. San Lorenzo, s~n lo-rgnlzo.) a vilSAINT-JUNIEN. sANr zhiilne-As/, a town of France, do- lage of Corsica, arrondissement of Corte. Pop. 523.
partment of Haute-Vienne, on the right bank of the Vienne,   SAINT-LAURENT, SANG l1'r6asN, (i. e. "Saint Lawrence,")
at its confluence with the Glane, 8 miles N.E. of Roche- a village of Belgium, province of Elast Flanders, 16 miles
chouart. Pop. in 1852, 5900. It stands prettily on a slope, N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2580.
is enclosed by well planted boulevards, and has a very fine    SAINT-LAURENT, sNa N01r8rNTG, a village and parish of
parish church, a departmental school, and active manufac- Canada East, co. of Montmorenci, on the island of Orleans,
tunes of serge, blankets, and quiltings, leather-gloves, hats, in the St. Lawrence, 15 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 1000.
and earthenware, a trade in mules, and large monthly fairs.   SAINT-LAURENT, sANG l'rOaN!, a post-village of Canada
SAINT-JUNIEN, a small village of France, department East, on the island of Montreal, 6 miles from the city.
of Creuse.                                                  SAINT-LAURENT-DE-CERDA, sANG 16'rinG/ deh sle'dl/.
SAINT-JUNIEN, a small village of France, department a town of France, department of Pyr6n6es.0rientales, lb
of HauteVienne.                                           miles S.W. of Clret. Pop. in 1852, 2422.
SAINT-JUST, sANG zhiist, a village of France, department    SAINT-LAURENT-DE-CHAMOUSET, SANa  1'r8NGi/ deh
of Aveyron, on the Viaur, 18 miles S.W. of Rodez. P. 1660. shAmoo'zAi, a town of France, department of Rhbne, 17
SAINT-JUST, a village of France, department of Charente- miles WIV. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852,1650.
Inf6rieure, 9 miles S.S.W. of Marennes. Pop. 1940.          SAINT-LAURENT-DE-L'AIN, sANO l15r8Ns  deh 1ANo, a
SAINT-JUST, a village of France, department of Ille-et- town of France, departmentof Ain, arrondissement of Bourg.
Vilaine, 9 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 1200.               Pop. 1370.




SAI                                                       SAI
SAINT-LAURENT-DE-LA-PLAINE, saNG l'r5SNo! deh i]  mouth, from Cape Gasp6, the distance is above 100 miles.
plan, a town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, ar- This stream contains numerous islands: in an expansion
rondissement of Beaupr6au. Pop. 1530.                     of the river near its egress from Lake Ontario there is a
SAINT-LAURENT-DE-LA-SA      LANGUE, saNs 16'r6NO! d~eh  multitudinous  group, called the "Thousand Islands." pre1h seldNgl, a town of France, department of Pyr6n6es-Ori- senting to the traveller an endless variety of charming
entales. near the mouth of the Gly, 7 miles N.E. of Per- scenery. This portion of the river is sometimes called the
pignan. Pop. in 1852, 4063.                               "Lake of the Thousand Islands," (Fr. Lac-des-Mille-lles,
SAINT-LAURENT-DE -M]R DOC, saN ]slrbNe dehm.d ok. lhk dA meel eel.) The St. Lawrence, with its tributaries,
a town of France, department of Gironde, 25 miles N.N.W. drains an area estimated at 335,515 square miles, of which
of Bordeaux.  Pop. in 1852, 3003.                          90,000 are covered by the waters ofthe five great lakes.
SAINT-LAURENT-DE-NESTE  saNG l5'r6Na! deh nist, a    SAINT LAWRENCE, a county in the N.N.E. partof New
town of France, department of Hautes-Pyr6n 6es, near the  York, has an area of about 2900 square miles, being the
Neste, 14 miles E.N.E. of Bagnures.  Pop. 1409.           largest countyin the state. It is bounded on the N.W. by
SAINT-LAURENT-DES-BAINS, saNsa 1'r.SNG  dA baNs, a  the St. Lawrence, and is drained by the Oswegatchie, Grass,
town of France, department' of Ard6che, 16 miles W.N.W. Racket, and St. Regis Rivers, and other smaller streams,
of Largentibre, celebrated for its saline thermal baths.   which supply motive-power to numerous mills.  It has
SAINT-LAURENT-D' OLT, saws  1rNG!f do, a town of  several small lakes, the principal of which is Black Lake. A
France, department of Aveyron, on the Lot, 24 miles N. of  large part of this county is still but thinly settled, and is
Millanu.  Pop. 2130.                                       heavily wooded. In the town of Canton. a natural canal,
SAINT-LAURENT-D'0RLfANS, saNG I'r8.NG! doel4'SNc!,  about 6 miles in length and navigable for boats, connects
a village and parish of Canada East, co. of Montmorenci, on  Oswegatchie and Grass Rivers. The surface is uneven, and
the island of Orleans, 15 miles from Quebec. Pop. about in the S.W. part hilly. The soil is generally fertile. In 1850
900.                                                      this county produced 1,236,504 lbs. of maple sugar, the greatSAINT-LAURENT-DU-PAPE, saNa 15'r8G! dii pp, a town  est quantity produced by any county in the United States.
of France, department of Ardbche, on the Erieux, at its  Iron ore, lead, and marble are abundant. The St. Lawrence
junction with the Rhone, 9 miles N.E. ofsPrivas. Pop. 1250. River, by means of canals around the different falls and
SAINT-LAURENT-DU-PONT, saNw 6l'r8SN d-i pAws, a town  rapids, is navigable along the border. The county is traof France, department of Is~re, 14 miles N. of Grenoble. Pop. versed by the railroad connecting Ogdensburg with Rouse's
in 1852, 1886.                                            Point. and partly intersected by the Watertown and PotsSAINT-LAURENT-EN-ROYANS, sAws 15'W.NGw ANw roi'SNG, dam Railroad. Capital, Canton. Pop. 68,617.
a town of France, department of DrOme, 23 miles E.N.E. of    SAINT LAWRENCE, a post-office of Jefferson co., New
Valence. Pop. 1240.                                       York.
SAINT-LAURENT-SUR-GORRE, sANw I6'r8NG! sii goR, a    SAINT LAWRENCE, a post-village of Chatham co., North
town of France, department of Haute-Vienne, on the Gorre, Carolina.
14 mniles W.S.W. of Limoges. Pop. in 1852. 2552.            SAINT LAWRENCE, or CLARK ISLAND, an island in
SAINT-LAURENT-SUIR-SVRE, saws 10rAwG sUR ssv'r, a  Behring Sea, in let. 630 N., lon. 1700 W. Length, from E. to
town of France, department of Vend6e, on the S~vre Nan- W., 80 miles; breadth, 30 miles.
taise, 3 miles S.E. of Mortagne. Pop. 1066.                 SAINT LAWRENCE, GULF OF. See GULF or ST. LAwSAINT LAWRENCE, a parish of England, Isle of Wight. REwcE.
SAINT LAWRENCE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.   SAINT-LAZARI, saws Ig'z&ree,'a village and parish of
SAINT LAWRENCE, in France. See SAINT-LAURENT.           Canada East, co. of Bellechasse, 33 miles E. of Quebec. Pop.
SAINT LAWRENCE, in Italy, Spain, and Spanish Ame- about 800.
rica. See SAw LORENZO.                                      SAINT LAZZARO-DEGLI-ARMIENI,(lIAtPsro daillyee aeSAINT LAWRENCE, Portugal, Brazil. See SXo LouRwNQO. mAnee,)asmall island in the lagoon of Venice, with a celeSAINT LAW/RENCE, (Fr. Saint Laurent. sas 1lrAwNGI; brated convent and an Armenian college.
Ger. Sanct LorenzJluss,  s~nkt lor ~nts-fi6ss5,) one of the    SAINT-LEGER, sANw leh-zhA!, a villa_  of Belgium, prolargest rivers of North America, issues from Lake Ontario  vince of Luxembourg, on the Ton, 9 miles S.W. of Arlon.
in about 440 10' N. let., and 760 30' W. Ion., -and flowing in  Pop. 1805.
a N.E. direction, forming, in a part of its course, the boundary    SAINT-LEGER, a village of Belgium, province of IHainaut,
between New York and Canada, falls into the Gulf of St. 39 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1260.
Lawrence by a broad estuary, in about 490 30' N. lat., and    SAINT LEGER, a post-office of Ozark co., Missouri.
640 W. ion. Viewing this river in connection with'the great    SAINT-LEGER-DE-FOUCItERET, sANG 1eh-zh/ deh foeoWestern lakes, of which it forms the outlet, it may be said to  sheh-reV, a village of France, department of Yonne,~`' miles
rise at the sources of the St. Louis, which flows into Lake Su- S.E. of Avallon. Pop. 1500.
perior. Ithas received different names indifferent partsof its    SAINT-LEGER MAGNAZEIX (?) saw  leh-zhA  mAn'y&course; between Lake Superior and Huron it is called the St. zA,, a village of France, department of Ilaute-Vienne, 14
Mary; between Lake Huron and Erie, the St. Clair and De- miles N.E. of Bellac. Pop. 1623.
troit; between Lake Erie and Ontario, the Niagara; between    SAINT-LEGER-SUR-D'IHEUNE, sAwG leh-zhA  siCn dun,
Lake Ontario and the sea, it takes the name of St. Lawrence. a village of France, department of SaOne-et-Loire, 12 miles
Its whole,length, including the chain of lakes, is estimated  W.N.W. of Chllon-sur-Sa~ne. Pop. 1600.
at 2200 miles. The distance from Lake Ontario to the Gulf    SAINT LEGIER, sAwG leh-zhe-Af, a village of Switzerland,
of St. Lawrence is about 750 miles. It is navigable for ships  canton of Veud, about 3 miles from Vevay. Pop. 771.
of the line to Quebec, and for vessels of 600 tons to Men-    SAINT-LigON, sANs lWNso, numerous villages of France;
treal. Between Montreal and the lake the navigation is  the principal being ST. LwON, department of Allier, 25 miles
considerably impeded by rapids, the most important of firom Palisse.
which are the Cedar and the Lachine Rapids, the latter 9    SAINT-LPONARD, sAwg-14'o'naR/, town of France, departmiles above Montreal. The total elevation between tide- ment of HausteVienne, 11 miles E. of Limoges. Pop. 3808.
water and Lake Ontario is about 230 feet. This is over-   SAINT-L]ONARD,  a village of France, department of Loicome by 7 canalsvarying from 1 mile to 12 miles in length, et-Chee, 17 miles N. of Blois. Pop. 1170.
(but in the aggregate, only 41 miles of canal,) having locks    SAINT LEONARD, lntard,  a parish of England, co. of
200 feet long between the gates, and 45 feet wide, with an  Devon, forming a suburb of Exeter on the S.E. Here is the
excavated trunk from 100 to 140 feet wide on the surface, West of England' Deaf and Dumb Asylum.
and a depth of 10 feet of water. Owing to the regular in-   SAINT LEONARD, l5n0ard, a perish of Scotland, co. of
clination of the rapids, steamers drawing 7 feet of water Fife.
descend without the aid of canals; the passage from  the    SAINT-L]ONARD-DES-BLOIS, IAo'nas'a dA biwA, a village
head of the lake to Mlontreal is made by a freighted steamer of France, department of Sarthe, andon the river Sarthe, 20
in 48 hours; the upward trip requires about 60 hours. miles W. of Mamers. Pop. 1810.
From Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, an elevation of 330 feet is   SAINT LEONARD  (lnlard) MIDtDLETON, a marketovercome by a canal 28 miles in length, with about 30 stone  town and parish of England, co. of Lancaster, agreeably
cut locks 150 feet long by 26A feet wide. These locks will situated at the confluence of two small streams, 5 miles
pass a craft of about 500 tons burden, while those of the St. N.N.E. of Manchester. It has a fine old chuech, several
Lawrence have double this capacity. The total cost of the  Dissenting places of worship, a grammar, a national, and
canals connected with  the navigation is estimated at several other schools; a mechanics' institute, a handsome
$12,000,000. Number of vessels that passed the St. Lay-  market-house, and extensive silk and cotton factories, in
rence Canal in 1851, 6656, (tons, 505,197,) Welland Canal, which a large proportion of the inhabitants are employed.
3357 vessels; tons, 363,221. By means of the Sorel or Riche- A branch of the Manchester and Leeds Railway has its
lieu River and Chambly Canal, large vessels pass from the terminus in the market-place, and about 1 miles E. the
St. Lawrence to Lake Champlain, which  communicates Rockdale Canal passes. Pop. of the town in 1851, 5740.
tlrough the Champlain Canal with the navigable waters    SAINT LEONARDO. See SAN LEONARDO.
of the Hudson. The principal affluents of the St. Law-    SAINT LEONARD'S, sent ln/ardz, a parish and watering.
renee are the Ottawa, 800 miles long, forming the boundary  place of England, co. of Sussex, immediately adjoining Hastbetween Canada East and Canada West, and the St. Man- ings, on the S.W. The town, commenced about 15 years
rice, Bastiscan, and Saguenay, from 200 to 400 miles in  ago, has now become a thriving and- favorite locality for. length. The breadth of the St. Lawrence is very unequal, visitors, and it has a handsome new church and the various
varying from less than a mile to 3 or 4 miles. Across its  appliances of a place of summer resort. Pop. in 1851, 1340.
1660




SAI                                                         SAtI
SAINT LEONARD'S, l1nlardz, a post-village of Calvert built up on the side facing the river, with a range of massive
to., Maryland, 45 miles S. of Annapolis.                    stone warehouses, which make an imposing appearance as
SAINT LEONARD'S FOREST, England, co. of Sussex, 1  the city is approached by water. Front, Main, and Second
miles E. of Horsham, occupies about 10,000 acres, and is an  streets, parallel to each other and to the river, are the seat
enclosed part of the ancient Andredswald, or Wood of An- of the principal wholesale business. The latter is occupied
derida, which in the Roman and Saxon period occupied all with heavy grocery, iron, receiving, and shipping houses.
the tract called the weald of Sussex, Surrey, and Kent.     Fourth street, the fashionable promenade, contains the finest
SAINT LEONHARD, several towns of Germany.  See  retail stores. The streets parallel to Friont and Main streets
SANCT LEONHARD.                                            are designated Second street, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and so
SAINT LEON LE GRAND, sANo 1NOa leh gr&Nol a post-vil- on; and those on the right and left of Market street. exlage of Canada East, co. of St. Maurice, 1 mile from Sainute- tending at right angles with the river, are mostly named
Ursule. Here are excellent mineral springs and hotels.      from various forest trees, similar to the streets of PhiladelSAINT-LEU, slNa 1uh, a town and quarter of the island  phia. Large expenditures have been made firom  time to
of Bourbon, on its W. coast. 10 miles S. of St. Paul.      time in grading and otherwise improving the streets and
SAINT-LEU-D'ESSERENT, s$Na 1ch d&s'seh-r6aNo, a mar- alleys of St. Louis. As yet, but slight provision has been
ket-town of France, department of Oise, and on the river  made for public squares. One handsome enclosure,however,
Oise, with a station on the Paris and Brussels Railway, 3  called Lafayette Square, has recently been laid out in the S.
miles S.S.W. of Creil.                                      section of the city, about 2 miles S.W. of the court-house.
SAINT-LEU TAVERNY, sANe luh tlivsRdneet, a village of St. Louis is handsomely built, especially the new portion of
France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 8 miles E.S.E. of Pon-  the city; the principal material is brick, though limestone
toise. Pop. 1182. It has a fine chAteau afd park, which  is employed to some extent.
belonged successively to the Bonaparte, Orleans, and Bour-   Public Buildings.-It may be doubted whether any city
bon-Cond6 families.                                        of the Union has improved more rapidly than this in the
SAINT-LEIVAN, a maritime parish of England, co. of  style of its public buildings. But 24 years ago a court-house
Cornwall, at the S. extremity of the peninsula, Land's End. was erected at a cost of $14,000; it was then considered a
It has an ancient well and oratory, and "The Logan Stone,"  handsome edifice, and sufficient for all future purposes.
a rocking mass of granite, poised on an elevated rock.      Within a few years, however, this building has given place
SAINT LIN, sNa N  ia, a village and parish of Canada  to a new structure, now nearly completed, the cost of which
East, co. of Leinster, 24!miles N.W. of Montreal. Pop. 1500. will scarcely fall short of half a million of dollars. It is conSAINT-LIVRADE,  sANa lee'vrAdl, a town of France, de-  structed of Genevieve limestone, and occupies an entire
partment of Lot-et-Garonne, near the Lot, 4 miles W.S.W. of  square bounded by Market, Chestnut, Fourth and Fifth
Villeneuve-sur-Lot.  Pop. 3209.                             streets. The style of architecture somewhat resembles that
SAINT-LIVRADE, a town of France, department of Haut- of the Capitol at Washington. The fronts are adorned with
Garrone, arrondissement of Toulouse.                        porticos, and in the interior is a rotunda, lighted from the
SAINT-LIZIER, sANe lee'ze-rv, (ance. Consoranni.) a town  dome. The " Market and Town-house." erected at a cost of
of France, department of Ari~ge, on the right bank of the  $20,000, has been pulled down, and the "Centre Market
Salat, 1 mile N. of St. Girons. Pop. 1160.                  Buildings," a handsome blocki, now occupies their place.
SAINT-LO,  seNa lo, (ane. Briovera?) a town of France, capi- A new City Hall is about to be erected, of a size and style
tal of the department of Manche, on the Vire, here crossed  corresponding to the present prospects of'he city. A newr
by a handsome bridge, 158 miles W. by N. of Paris. The  custom-house is now being built, at an estimated cost of
centre part stands upon a rock, and throws out in different  about $350,000. Of the 4 churches-the Catholic, the Presbydirections 7 or 8 streets, which are all more or less steep, terian, the Episcopal, and the Baptist-which were all the
and lined with very indifferent houses. The manufactures  town contained in 1829, not a vestige now remains; but in
are drugget, employing 2400 workmen in the town and  their stead had arisen, in 1850, 40 others, vie. 12 Catholic. 12
neighborhood; ribbons, lace, linen, and leather. There are  Methodist, 8 Presbyterian, 5 Episcopal, 2 Unitarian, 2 Evanalso some bleach-fields and dye-works. St. Lo is the seat of  gelical, and 1 Boatmens', besides 2 Jewish synagogues. At
courts of first resort and commerce, a consulting chamber the present time the number of churches in St. Louis is
of manufactures, and a communal college. Pop. in 1846, probably not less than 60, several of which have cost above
8339.                                                       $100,000. Of these, St. George's, (Episcopal,) at the corner
SAINT-LOUBPS, sAeN loo'b.l, a market-town of France, of Locust and Seventh streets, the Catholic Cathedral, on
department of Gironde, 8 miles N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. Walnut street between Second and Third, and the Church
2541.                                                       of the Messiah, a magnificent Gothic edifice recently erected
SAINT-LOUIS, sANa loo'eef, a town of France, department  by the Unitarians, at the corner of Olive and Ninth streets,
of Haut-Rhin, on therailwayfrom Strasbourgto Basel, (Bile,)  are regarded as the finest. The Cathedral is 136 feet long,
4 miles N.W. of Basel, with an important custom-house, and  and 84 feet wide, with a flont of polished freestone 58 feet
some large iron-works. Pop. 1600.                           high, adorned with a Doric portico. In the tower is a chime
SAINT LOUIS, a county in the E. part of Missouri, occu- of bells, the heaviest of which weighs 2600 pounds.  The
pies a point of land formed by the confluence of the Mis-  United States arsenal, situated on Arsenal street, in the exsouri with the Mississippi River, the latter of which sepa- t-eme S.E. section of the city, is a large and imposing edifice,
rates it from Illinois on the E. The Maramec River traverses  enclosed by handsomely-ornamented grounds.  Jefferson
the S. part, and enters the Mississippi on the boundary. It  Barracks are located about 13 miles below, on the bank of
is also drained by the River des Peres, and by Gravois and  the Mississippi.
Bonhomme Creeks. The surface is pleasantly diversified;    Hotels.-The principal hotels in St. Louis are the Planters'
the, soil has a substratum of good limestone, and is highly  House, on Fourth street, between Pine and Chestnut; the
productive. In 1850 the county produced 14,169 tons of  United States Hotel, at the corner of Market and Third
hay, a greater quantity than was produced in any other  streets; the Virginia Hotel, corner of Main and Green streets;
county in the state.  Extensive mines of stone coal and  the Mlissouri Hotel, corner of Main and Morgan streets; and
quarries of marble are worked, and iron is found in tte W. the Monroe House, at the corner of Second and Olive streets.
-part.  Several railways are in progress of construction  The Planters' House is one of the largest and finest hotels
through this county, which is by far the most populous and  in the West, and occupies the entire tront between' Pine
wealthy in the state. Capital, St. Louis. Pop. 99,978, of  and Chestnut streets. Another first-class hotel is also being
whom 94,011 were free, and 5967 slaves.                    erected.
SAINT LOUIS, sent lootis, a village of Bartholomew co.,   Institutions.-Amon g'the benevolent institutions may be
Indiana, 11 miles N.E. of Columbus, the county town. Pop. mentioned the City Hospital, the Marine HIospital, for which
about 100.                                                 a new building has just been erected, 3 miles below St.
SAINT LOUIS, sent lootis or sent loolee, (Fr. pron. sANa Louis; the Sisters' Hospital, the Honme  for the Friendless,
loo'eel,) a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of St. Louis  and the Orphan Asylums. The Home for the Friendless,
county, Missouri, is situated on the right bank of the Mis- designed for the benefit of aged indigent females, and opened
sissippi River, 20 miles below the, entrance of the Missouri, October 4th, 1853, is situated on the Carondelet road, about
174 above the mouth of the Ohio, 744 below the Falls of St. 4 miles fiom the court-house. The edifice, formerly " Swiss
Anthony, 1194 above New Orleans, and 128 miles E. of Jef- College," consists of a stone centre, 75 feet in length, and
ferson City. Lat.380 37 28" N., lon.90015'16"W. The site  two frame wings, each from  30 to 40 feet in length; the
rises from the river by two plateaus of limestone formation, whole two stories high. The premises comprise about 8
the first 20 and the other 60 feet above the floods of the Mis- acres of ground, variously diversified with walks and shadesissippi. The ascent to the first plateau, or bottom as it may  trees. About $40,000 have been raised for the support of
be termed, is somewhat abrupt; the second rises more gra- the institution. The City Hospital has long been distindually, and spreads out into an extensive plain, affording  guished for the excellent iccommodations which it affords
fine views of the city and river. St. Louis extends in all to the sick, but of late has been found inadequate to the
nearly 7 miles by the curve of the Mississippi, and about wants of the rapidly-increasing population. Its extension,
3 miles back; the thickly-settled portion, however, is only  therefore, as well as the erection of new and suitable build2 or 2$ miles in length, follovwing thessriver, and about 1   inugs for the quarantine, is earnestly recommended in iAe
miles in breadth. The city is well lWid out, the streets  mayor's message of0 October, 1853. A new edifice, intended
being for the most part 60 feet wide, and, with but few excep- as a Hiouse of Refuge, has recently been'completed, and the
tions, intersecting each other at right angles. Front street, building formerly occupied as the "Smallpox hiospital,"
extending along the levee, is upwards of 100 feet wide, and  situated on land in the St. Louis Common, known as the Old
1661




SAI                                                            SAT
County Farm, has also been fitted up for the reception of a  highest tax paid by any individual in 1829 was $532; now,
juvenile reform school.                                       one gentleman, J. H. Lucas, Esq., pays in his own name a
The literary and educational institutions of St. Louis  city tax of $14,000; nor does this include the whole of his
have, considering their recent origin, attained a high degree  assessment, as much of his property is held conjointly with
of excellence.  The University of St. Louis, organized in  others.
1832, cinder the direction of the Catholics, is a well-ordered,    The water-works, which'in 1829 were of very inconsiderwell-sustained, and most efficient institution.  The medical able importance, embraced, in 1853, above 35 miles of pipe.
college connected with it is also very flourishing. During  The main reservoir, built in 1849, is capable o{ containing
the term for 1852-3, it was attended by 72 students; and on  5,000,000 gallons of water, being 250 feet square, and 15
the 1st of October, 1853, it is said that the number of matri- feet deep. It occupies the S.W. quarter of an enclosure 660
culants enrolled for the ensuing season, was four times  feet on a side, situated at the head of Olive street, to which
greater than any previous year. The medical department  water is forced from the river by stationary engines, a disof the Missouri University is also located here. It was  tance of 1$ miles. Since the above date, a new reservoir has
founded in 1840. and during the winter of 1852-3, 92 stu- been constructed, the water from which is superior in purity
dents attended its lectures. The members of both these  to that furnished from the old one. It has also been concolleges enjoy excellent advaritages for practice in the City  templated to erect a water-tower on the site of the old reHospital. The Mercantile Library Association of St. Louis  servoir on Broadway, of sufficient capacity to be a valuable
was organized in 1846, and incorporated in 1851. The build- adjunct in the event of large fires. Gas-works were put in
ing is of brick, in the Italian style, 105 feet by 127, and 4  operation about 8 years since, and their magnitude may be
stories high. The unifted size of t;he library and reading-  inferred from  the fact that, in 1853, 33 miles of street-pipe
room is 80 feet by 64. The lecture-room, 80 feet by 44, is in  were laid throughout the city.
the second story, and in the third is a grand hall, the largest    The levee, which 20 years ago was a mere mud bank, witlh
and finest perhaps in the whole West, being 105 feet long  transverse ways to the water's edge, has since undergone
and 80 feet wide. The entire cost of building, including the  very important changes.  Great expenditures have been
site, is estimated at $95.000. The library contains upwards  made in filling up and otherwise improving it directly in
of 12,000 volumes, besides about 100 magazines and other  front of the city; and at a session of the governmental anperiodicals, apart from its newspapers. Any person of mer- thorities, in the spring of 1853, an appropriation of $200,000
cantile pursuits is admitted as a member of the association: was made, one half to be expended N. of Cherry, and the
clerks paying $2 initiation fee and 75 cents quarterly, and  other half S. of Plum  street.  Extensive improvements in
proprietors $5 initiation fee and $2.50 quarterly. The citi- the harbor are also being made. The expenditures for this
zens of St. Louis have given especial attention to the cause  purpose, from April 11 to October, 1853, amounted to $50,256.
of popular education. Their schools are the pride of the  A roadway has recently been constructed from the Illinois
city, and attended by upwards of 5000 pupils; the property  shore to and across Blood Island. It is three feet above
is valued at $500,000, and the annual income amounts to  high-water mark, and cost about $150,000.
about $50,000. A large number of pupils are also educated.Masufactures.-The  manufactures of St. Louis, although
in the private seminaries of the city, and in the convents.  in their infancy, alre hardly less important than her cocThe buildings of the latter are conspicuous and handsome  merce. The flouring business is carried on here more exten.
edifices.  sively than in any city of the West. The product of the 19
St. Louis has about 25 publication offices, issuing news- mills of the city amounted, in 1851, to 408,099 barrels; in
papers and other periodicals. Seven or eight newspapers  1852, to 383,184 barrels; and in 1853, to 457,076 barrels:
are published daily; and several have weekly, and two-the  their daily capacity is estimated at 3000 barrels. At BelTimes and the Republican-have tri-weekly and weekly edi-  cher's sugar-refinery, which is one of the most extensive in
tions. Four or five are printed in the German language. the Union, the yield for 1852 amounted to 16,563 boxes,
The press is generally chalpcterized by ability, and several  7658 hogsheads, 12,457 barrels, and 29,848 bags of refined
of its issues have a wide circulation.                        sugar, besides 103,550 packages and 10,567 barrels refined
Real Estate, Imprsovements, &c.-The value of real estate  from molasses and cane syrup. There are also several other
in St. Louis has advanced at an astonishingly rapid rate. In  sugar-refiners.  The manufacture of different kinds of cho1822 the trustees of the First Presbyterian church purchased  micals and oils is extensively carried on. The quantity of
alot fronting 150 feet on Fourth street, and 90 feet on Wash-  oil produced from  lard in 1852 was estimated at between
ington avenue and St. Charles street, for $300. In April, 4000 and 5000 barrels, an increase of 1000 barrels over the
1853, the ground was leased for a term  of 50 years, at the  previous year. In 1853, there were received at the principal
rate of $4000 per annum. Since then, seven splendid stores  oil manufactory of the city 22,931 bushels of flaxseed, being
have been erected on it, at a cost of $50,000. The lot at the  an increase of 8880 bushels over the previous year. There
corner of Third and Chestnut streets, extending 120 feet on  are in St. Louis 10 establishments for the manufacture of
the former, and 150 feet along the latter, was sold in 1826 for tobacco, several of which are on a large scale; these yielded,
$400. It is now valued at $30,000, exclusive of the improve- in 1852, 8000 packages, consuming 700 hogsheads of raw maments. In 1831, Judge Lucas conveyed to Samuel Wiggins  terial.  The manufacture of hemp into bale-rope and baga lot 90 feet front and 135 deep, at the corner of Fifth and  ging, and the distilling of whisky, also employ a large
Chestnut streets, upon which Christ Church now stands, amount of capital. But however important these several
for the sum of $1600. The value of the same ground is now  interests may be in themselves, they can hardly be regarded
estimated at $22,000.  In 1833, a block situated between  as the most important to St. Louis. Indeed, there can be
Fourth and Fifth streets, and Locust and St. Charles streets, no doubt that the development of the vast mineral resources
was sold for $6000; it is now said to be worth $182,000. In  of the region tributary to her, is destined to exert a control1835, the Trustees of the Unitarian church purchased a lot  ling influence upon the future of this metropolis. Her manat the corner of Fourth and Pine streets, 127 feet deep, and  nufactures of iron already exceed those of any other city
60 feet front on Fourth street, for $2000, or $33.33 per front on the Mississippi, if not in the West. Numerous foundries
foot. Two years ago it was sold ic- $24,000, or $400 per front annually turn out stoves and other castings to a large
foot, and in 1853 it was supposed to be worth $600 per front  amount. Railing, machinery, and steam-engines are extenfoot. In 1844, a meadow belonging to Judge Carr was laid  sively manufactured.  A large establishment for the prooff into lots, and sold at auction, on ten years' credit, at  duction of locomotives went into operation in 1853. Mining
prices varying from $8 to $18 per lot.  What was then a  operations have already been commenced at Iron Mountain:
meadow now contains a population of not less than 4000  from  this source Messrs. Chouteau, Valli & IIarrison obtain
souls, and the lots are valued at four times their original  the material for their extensive rolling mill. Coopering and
cost. Real estate investments on Front and Main streets  the packing of meat are likewise important branches of
vary from $700 to $800 per front foot; and, on Second street,  business: the latter, for 1852, comprised 47,000 hogs, and
lots which five years ago could be bought for $100 or $150  about 3000 barrels of beef. The above statements indicate
per front foot, now sell for $500.                            only a few of the leading manufactures of St. Louis. Accord.
There has also been a corresponding advance in real estate  ing to the census returns of 1850, the number of establishlying without the city. Land which in 1842-3 sold at prices  ments in operation in the city exceeded 13,000, comprising
varying from  $75 to $150 per acre, now brings from  $1200  about 100 different manufactures, which amounted in value
to $2000. In 1847-8, two estates in the S. part of the city  to upwards of $15,000,000. Since then, nearly every branch
were disposed of in lots, the sales of which ranged from $1.50  of this species of industry has been greatly extended-proto $4 per front foot. Now the same property sells as high as bably doubled..40 per foot. And'finally, six years ago land that could be    Shipping,   ommerce, ec.-Each stream which contributes
purchased in the common, S. of the city, for about $75 per  to the commerce of St. Louis has its regular packets, and,
acre, now commands $1000, and but little is to be obtained  for the most part, a separate place of landing.  The Miseven at that price. The city of St. Louis owns 600 acres of  souri, the Illinois, and the Upper Mississippi have as fine
these lands, and has claims upon as much more.               craft as float on the Western waters, while the down-river,
The revenue of the city twenty years ago, as ascertained  or New Orleans traders, are scarcely excelled in size, equipfrom the assessment list, was $47C5.98. In 1853 the assessed  ment, speed, and construction.  The St. Louis boats also
valuation of property, though falling far'below  its real visit the Ohio, the Wabash, the Tennesse, and  other
value, was $39,397.186, upon which a tax of $413,670 is col- streams. With suzt  an immense inland navigation, the
lected, independent of $46,000 arising from  the sale of  commerce of the port requires a large number of steamers,
licences. The assessed value of merchandise amounted to  and its tonnage in this respect exceeds that of every other
$8,744,786.64, an increase of $2,299,606.57 over 1852. The  Western city. The following table exhibits the monthly
16i2




SAI                                                                        SAI
arrival of steamboats at St. Louis from  the various rivers  Rope, colls..............  58,437   Sugar, boxes and bags... 40,151
and places specified, for 1852: —                                        Rosin and Pitch, barrels.   5,089   Syrup, barrels............    868
-~~ -  -  -  - ~~~~Saddle-trees.............   1.091   Tallow, packages.........  1,384
a,    Salera tus, packages.....   1,333   Tar, barrels..............  6,959
a  a  -.='                Salt............... 203,969   Tin, beaes...............  12,112
onths.                                                            Sal, barrels.............  68,832   Tobacco, hogsheads.......  10,1
O~~~
W                                      0
M t  "                   Sc     Sand, barrels............    579   Tobacco, boxes........... 10,528
0           k     Seed, packages..........  21,388   Tobacco, bundles, &c.....    910,.  S  33.      Sheep....................    3,324   Tow, bales................      412
z      o            P                            Shorts, sacks............  4,425   Turpentine, barrels.....  1,262
_______*   - -   -      --                   Skias, Furs, and Peltries,           Twine, sacks...........        127
January.........   20       12      1      1      2     10      9       bundles................   9,412   Wax, packages...........        447
February.........   24       25    88    11 7             1     18    Soap, boxes.............   7,771   Wheat, sacks........... 1,009,435
Marchi............   27    47      80    45    34       17      9    Soda Ash, packages......   1,085   Wheat, barrels........... 17,267
April.............   32    64      18    72    37       18    1i       Starch, boxes............    4,135   Whisky, barrels.........    49,870
May..............    37    14    94    82    57         25     30     Sugar, hogsheads........ 50;774   Wine, packages..........  11,923
June.............   25    44    73    57    38           2     25     Sugar, barrels........... 13,973   Wool, sacks.............   1,152
July..............   35    35    72    77    33           0     15        The total amount of coal received at St. Louis in 1853, is
August...........     21    34    37    56        27     18     20
September......       22    42    78    80    26         22    34    estimated at 2,837,818 bushels; sawn lumber, 36,412,451 feet;
October..........    34    55    94    101    34        20     30    shingles, 30,462,700; laths, 6,947,000; cedar posts, 22,748;
Nosvember. 3... 26    40    97    68       19     18     23    logs purchased at the city mills, 29,638,808 feet; and wood
December.........   27    48    66    49    13            7     12    surveyed, 44,280k cords.  The total value of foreign importaTotal.......... I330   520  I858    706    31-    223 -     231    tionS entered at the custom-house in 1853, was $917,275, of
1i:/        ~ __52811137123which $487,750 was from England, and $124,606 from Pernam-n
The aggregate arrivals of steamboats at St. Louis during   buco and Bahia. The duties collected amounted to $289,260.
the year 1850, was 2907; 1851, 2625; and 1852, 3184.  The                  The importations of dry-goods into St. Louis for the year
shipping owned in the district, June 30, 1852, according to   1852, were estimated at $7,000,000, (an increase of nearly
the custom-house returns, amounted to an  aggregate of  $1,000,000 over the previous year,) and the sales at $8,500,000.
37,862 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 32,646 were em-  This, however, only has reference to the wholesale business.
ployed in steam  navigation. In 1854, the shipping amounted   Including  the retail trade of the city, the' entire imports
to an  aggregate of 48,575 tons, of which 41,980 were em-  were estimated at $10,500,000, and the sales at $13,000,000.
pIoyed in steam navigation. During the year, 9 steamboats,  The business of the heaviest wholesale houses amounts to
with an aggregate burden of 3079 tons, were built.                       from  $500,000 to $800,000 annually.
The statistics connected with the business of the city for               The Bank of the  State of Missouri is the only chartered
the last four years reveal several very-interesting facts.. On   banking institution in St. Louis, or in Missouri.  It has five
some articles the amounts of imports have largely increased,  branches, viz. one at Fayette, one at Jackson, one at Lexingwhile upon other important articles, as lead, beef, pork, &c.  ton, one at Palmyra, and one at Springfield.  The entire
the falling off has been heavy.  The following comparative  capital is $1,200,000, one-half of which is divided among the
table, prepared by a committee of the Chamber of Commerce  several branches.  The local discounts of the city bank, for
at St. Louis, will exhibit a few of the leading articles of im-  1853, amounted to $5,592,271, and the etchange purchased
port for the four consecutive  geasons ending  December  to $6,343,433; making the total business of the bank for the
31,1854:-                                                                year $11,935,704.  The amount of exchanges sold by the
Bank of Missouri and private bankers of the city was estiArticles.           1851.       1852.      1853.      1854.    mated at $38,000,000, besides $4,000,000 remitted by mer-   chants.  The whole number of bonds outstanding against
Bale rope....... coils..    34,941     42,905      67,231     49,921   St Louis in October, 1853, amounted to $2,735.296, and the
Beer.......... bbls...    11,662      11,635       4,556      4,001
Bacon...........casks..    17,781      12,852      10,923      9,962   interest On the same for the year, to $165,103.75.  The enBarley.......... bush..   150,374    101,225    124,884    130,650   tire revenue of the city, from  April 11 to Octobelr 4, 1853,
Corn............ bush..  1,415,748    755,458  1,048,120  1,784,189   amounted to $414,252.32, and the expenditures for the same
Coffee........... bags..    98,568    119,370    108,512    120,429   period, to $412.914.22.    Of the latter sum, $44,938.92  was for
Flour........... bb...   230,470    227,894    289,585    291,461   improving and cleaning the streets;  $24,479.9wa for wb
Peaches, dry....sacks..    20,573      11,749     20,109     35,753   improving  and  cleaning  the  streets   $24,475.64 for wharf
Hemp...........bales..    65,500        50,885     63,562     73,825   improvements; 19,611.54, the cost of the police department;
Hides........... No....   101,197    100,284      97,992     72,483   $17,583.60 for lighting the city; $11,879.99 for the City IosIron (pig)........tons...    6,612      9,176      10,114     13,491   pital; and $7302.30, the expenses of the fire department.
Lead.............pigs...   528,781    423,627    455,990    329,943       The natural  advantages  which St. Louis  enoys as a comOats............. bush..   888,438    846,850  1,235,000  1,777,873      The         al advantaes which St. Louis enjoys as a conPork in bulk....pieces.   812,415    530,855    554,104    471,901   mercial emporium  are probably not surpassed by those of
Sugar...........   hhds..    28,522    31,477     51,524      60;923   any inland  port in  the world.  Situated  midway  between
Tc acco......... hhds..    21,698     14,488      10,445      9,907   tWO oceans, and near the geographical centre of the finest
Wheat..........bush..  1,839,558  1,689,438  2,381,378  2,340,217   agricultural region on the globe, almost at the very focus
Whisky......... bbls..    86,275      69,240      73,513     85,377
Wool........... bales..     1,131       1,248      2,214      1,048   towards which converge the Mississippi, the Missouri, the
Ohio, and the Illinois Rivers, there can be no doubt that she
The' receipts by river at the port of St. Louis, for the year  is destined, at no distant period, to become the great re1853, are shown in the subjoined table:-                                  ceiving and distributing depot of most of the vast region
Ale, barrels...............  10,134  Hailb packages..........  4,760   drained by these streams.  HIaving already reached an enBarley, sacks...........  62,080   Hay, bales...............  22,245   viable position among her sister cities, she is looking westBeans, packages..........  9,768  Hemp, bales.............  63,350  ward  with a system  of railways intended not only to bring
Bran, sacks...............  38,156  Hides..................  101,440  ward, with a system  of railways ntended not only to bring
Brooms, dozens..........  20,063  Hogs...................   20,435  to her markets the agricultural and mineral treasures of the
Butter, packages..........  9,324  Hops, bales..............   1,184  Missouri basin, but eventually to extend beyond the Rocky
Bark, sacks...............    5,276  Horses...................   1,173  Mountains to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and finally
Batting, bales............    5,509   Honey, packages........    302  to the golden shores of the Pacific Ocean.  Her connection
Bagging, rolls............   2,326   Iron.........wit.......h
Beef, barrels..............  5,514   Lard, tierces............ 11,560  with the Atlantic cities, through Cincinnati and Chicago, is
Buffalo Robes, packages..  9,193   Lard, barrels...........  23,242  already secured beyond contingency.  The construction of
Buffalo Robes, pieces.....   1,624  Lard, cans, &c...........   3,838  railroads penetrating various sections of her own state, deBurr-stones..............  1,721  Lead, pigs............... 442,218  signed ultimately to communicate with New Orleans, are
Baskets, nests............     1,018   Leather, rolls............  14,666   a
Cern, sacks...........419,192   Lime, barrels.........8,318  also about to be undertaken.  Of these, the Iron Mountain,
Corn, sacks............... 4519:'1912  Linic, barrels............  8,318
Cheese, boxes.............  27,246  Liquors, packages.......   9,984  the North Missouri, and the Hannibal and St. Joseph RailCotton, bales.............    913  Meats, packages..........   20,280  roads are  already  chartered, and  soon  to be commenced.
Cooperages, pieces....... 98,141  Meats, pieces............   7,779  The Pacific Railroad is now  nearly completed to Jefferson
Cattle, head..............   3,171  Meats, bulk.............. 495,286  City, and the Ohio and Mississippi road is in an advanced
Coffee, sacks..............  104,467  Meats, tierces............  228
Coal, casks.3............2,311   Molasses, barre         l     s..... 3,544  stage of construction, the cars having long been running to
Coal, casks................   2 311  Molasses, barrels........   53,.544                                                      s
Cement, barrels..........    7,020  Marble, packages.......  3,960  Salem, forming a connection with the Illinois Central Rail
Corn-meal, packages......    947  Marble-dust, barrels.....    205  road at Sandoval, and with the Chicago Branch of it at Cen
Cotton yarn, bags........    8,681  Mos, bales..............     721  tralia.  The opening of these  various railways, and others
Candles, boxes..........   2,705  Malt, packages..........    805
Cigars, boxes.............    621  Nails, kegs...............    68,967   proposed, will give St. Louis ready access to immense deCrackers, barrels.........    623   Oats, sacks.............. 464,062  posits of iron, coal, lead, and copper ores, within a circuit
Corn mills...............     796   Onions, sacks........... 27,007  of 90 miles, equal to the wants of the whole Mississippi
Chains, dozens...........            Oysters, packages.......  6,291  Valley for centuries to come, and which have not to this
Castings, pieces.........            Oil, packages............   2,889
I)emijohns................   2,842   Paper, bundles..........  68,9   time been brought into use, simply because of the difficulty
Eggs, packages...........  2,814:  Pipes, boxes.............  1oo005  and expense of reaching a market.  Therefore, with all the
Fish, packages......    8,427   Plaster..................   1,252  commercial facilities' which  this metropolis now  enjoysFlour, barrels............ 2L00,203   Ploughs.................   1,104  facilities which have hitherto been productive of prosperity
Flour, sacks.............   3,393   Potatoes, packages......  72,224
Fruit dried, sacks........  26,149   Pork, barrels...........    71,19   almost beyond example-what may she not become whet
Fruit dried, barrels..... 11,350   Pork, bbls.,casks, tierces.  4,285  the vast system  of railways here contemplated shall have
Furniture, packages.....   5,800   Pork and Lard, barrels..    732  gone into operation!
Grease, packages.........  1,246   Pork and Lard, tierces...  2,184        History. —Among the many sites which the vast domain
Glass, boxes............. 21,269   Poultry, coops...........    771  of uninhabited territory in the Mississippi Valley presented
Grindstones..............  3,829   Rags, sacks.............    4,467
Gunnies, bales &bundles.  12,854  Raisins, boxes..........  10,149  for founding a city, that on which St. Louis now stands was
uapowder..............  11,020   Rice, tierces.............   2,862   selected by Laclede, February 15th, 1764, as one possessing
1663




SAI                                                            SAI
peculiar advantages for the fur trade, and for defence against    SAINT-LOUP, SaNa loo, a village of France, department of
the Indians. The confluence of the different rivers in the  Haute-Sadne, 16 miles N.W. of Lure. Pop. in 1852, 2752.
immediate neighborhood was a desideratum  in the estima-    SAINT-LOUP, a village of France, department of Rhbne.
tion of the trapper; it has become of vast importance to the  12 miles S.W. of Villefranche.  Pop. 1980.
place in establishing it as a centre for agricultural and ma-    SAINT-LOUP, a village of France, department of Deuxnufacturing enterprises. The statistics of these early times  SKvres, at the confluence of the Thou6 and C6bron, 10 miles
show that for 15 successive years, ending in 1804, the ave- N.E. of Parthenay.  Pop. 1644.
rage annual value of the furs collected at this port amounted    SAINT LOURENq0-D0-BAIRR O. See SAo LOURENCO DO
to $203,750. The number of deer skins was 158,000; of  BAIRRO.
beaver, 36,900; of otter, 8000; of bear, 5100, and of buffalo,    SAINT-LUBIN-DES-JONCHERETS,  sANa  loo'bANGI   dA
850. The population at this period was between 1500 and  zh8NG'sheh-rY, a market-town of France, department of
2000, one-half of whom  were absent a great part of each  Eure-et-Loir, on the Arve, 12 miles W. of Dreux.  P. 1540.
year as trappers and voyageurs.  It will readily be perceived    SAINT LUC, saNa l1ik, a village and parish of Canada
that the elements which gave the settlement existence were  East, co. of Chamblyi 6 miles from St. John's. Pop. 800.
not of a character adequate to foster it beyond the limits of    SAINT LUCE, ANr  liiss, a post-village of Canada East,
a frontier village; and accordingly, as late as 1820, we find  co. of Kamouraska,72milesN.E. of Quebec.
the accession of population had not swelled the original    SAINT LUCIA, sent loo-seeld, often pronounced sent loovery materially. Up to this date the census only shows an  zeel, (Fr. Sainte-Lucie, saNt li'see,) one of the British West
advance to 4598.  Military expeditions and establishments,  India Islands, in the Windward group, 21 miles N. by E. of
together with a sparse immigration, confined to those pecu- St. Vincent, and 20 miles S. of Martinique; lat. (N. point)
liar temperaments which delight in the wild and adven- 140 5' N., Ion. 600 571 W.; greatest length, firom  N. to 5., 27
turous, still kept up a progressive improvement, which cen- miles; greatest breadth, 14 miles. Area, about 270 square
toering here for personal security as well as for trade, still miles. It is of volcanic origin, and, with exception of the
fixed it as the seat of a commercial and manufacturing me-  plains of Gros Islet and Vieuxfort, the one near its N., and
tropolis; destined in a few years to become an object of in-  the other near its S. extremity, has a rugged, and mounterest throughout the world. On the 11th of August, 1768, tainous surface. Many of the heights assume very fantastic
a Spanish officer by the name of Rious, with a company of  shapes; and several of them  leave no doubt as to their
Spanish troops, took possession of St. Louis and Upper Loui-  having been, probably at no very remote period, active crasiana, as it was termed, in the name of his Catholic majesty, ters.  In one of them, called Soufriere, the acting of volcanic
under whose government it remained until its final transfer  agency is still attested by the sulphurous vapors which are
to the United States, March 26, 1804. In 1813, the first  continually rising from  it. Two of the most remarkablo
brick house was erected; in 1817, the first steamboat arrived  cones are the Great and Little Pitons, rising suddenly from
-both important events, but neither of which became fre- the water on the S.W. shore. The greater part of the island
quent until several years after.  In 1822, St. Louis was  is covered with dense and gloomy forests; but the valleys
chartered as a city, under the title given by Laclede, in  and lower heights are well cultivated, and remarkably prohonor of Louis XV. of France. From  1825 to 1830, the  ductive. The decomposed lava, of which the soil consists,
influx of population from  Illinois began to be of import-  possesses almost inexhaustible fertility. St. Lucia has the
ance. From  this state the commerce of St. Louis received  reputation of being the most insalubrious of all the West
its first great'impulse, and from  this state it still derives a  India Islands. The dense forests, and the rank vegetation
large portion of its support. With 1829 the keel-boat en- of the swamps, are evidently the great cause of disease; but
tirely disappeared.  The steamer Yellowstone about this  more recently, since many of the former have been cleared,
time ascended to the Great Falls, and was succeeded by the  and several of the latter laid dry, the salubrity has been
Assinaboine  and others. Dry-goods houses were already  greatly improved. The island is infested with a venomous
established, and these sent out retail branches to Spring-  reptile called "the rat-tail," from the bite of which great
field, and other places in Illinois. Extensive warehouses  numbers annually lose their lives. The phrase, "he died
began to be erected, some of which are still standing, having  of the serpent," is as common as that he died of the fever.
survived the great fire. They rose from  their solid lime- The staple product of St. Lucia is the sugar-cane, from which,
stone foundations, built on a scale which shows that the im- in 1849, there were made and exported 67,405 hundredpressions of the present were vividly portrayed to the minds  weight of sugar, 10,037 hundredweight of mnolasses, and 2472
of the people of that day.                                    gallons of rum. The exports of sugar in 1852 amounted to
The population of St. Louis in 1830 was 6694, showing an  5120 hogsheads, 260 tierces, 2606 barrels, and 63,517 hunincrease of only 2096 in ten years. In 1840 it had much  dredweight: the whole valued at 44,4621. The only other
more than doubled, having reached 16,469. Between these  article deserving of notice, is cocoa, of which, in 1849, the
periods, therefore, we are to look for the commencement of  produce was.7928 pounds. At one time coffee was cultivated
that vast increase which has so distinguished the growth of  to such an extent, that, in 1842, the produce amounted to
this city. Pop. in 1850, 75,204 free, and 2650 slaves; total,  151,837 pounds. In the following year, however, it sunk
77,850. Of these, 23,774 were born in Germany; 11,257 in  to 2312 pounds; and though, in 1844, it suddenly started
Irelanud; 2933 in England; and 2450 in other foreign coun- to 33,814 pounds, it fell as rapidly in subsequent years;
tries: making an aggregate of 40,414 natives of foreign coun-  and, if now cultivated at all, is on so insignificant a scale,
tries, and 37,436 natives of the United States. By a local  that it no longer appears in the list of exports. In 1837,
census of 1852, St. Louis contained a population of 94,819;  previous to the abolition.of slavery, the export of sugar was
and if to this we add the population of the suburbs, it would  only 41,850 hundredweight. The value of exports in 1852
swell the number to upwards of 100,000 souls; being an in- was 57521. St. Lucia is divided into 9 parishes. The governcrease of about 20,000 since 1850, and nearly 84,000 since 1840. ment is vested in a governor, executive council, consisting
SAINT LOUIS, (loo1is,) a lake of Canada East, formed by  of 4 members, and a legislative council, composed of 12.
an expansion of the river St. Lawrence, 7 miles S.W. of Men- The ecclesiastical establishment consists of 3 cler-yman of
treal. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth, 7 miles. The  the Church of England, and 9 Roman Catholic priests. The
river Ottawa enters it by two channels on its W. side.        moral and social condition of the inhabitants is very low;
SAINT LOUIS, an island in the S.W. part of the Strait of  concubinage is so common that marriage forms the excepMagellan.                                                     tion rather than the rule. The whole number of children
SAINT LOUIS, sent lootis, (Fr. pron. sING 1ooeef,) an is- attending school in 1852, was only 993. The revenue of the
land of West Africa, in Senegambia, belonging to the French.  island in 1852, amounted to 13,7461., and the expenditures
It is situated at the mouthof the Senegal River, in lat. 160  to 12,5201. The English first settled in St. Lucia in 1637,
2' N., Ion. 160 311 W., is lowv, and about 11 miles in length. but were expelled the following year. The French held it
Pop. 14,500.                                                  firom 1763 to 1803, and the existing laws relative to property
SAINT LOUIS, or ANDAR, WNadaa', a town on St. Louis  &c. are French. The chief towns are Castries, the capital,
Island, capital of the French possessions in Senegambia, has  Soufriere, and Vieuxfort. Pop. in 1851, 24,318.
a pop. of 12,000, of whom three-fourths are negro slaves.        SAINT LUCIE, leo-seel, a county of Florida, in the S.E.
SAINT LOUIS, saNa looee', a town of Hayti, on the S. part of the peninsula, bordering on the Atlantic. It is
coast, 12 miles E.N.E. of Cayes.                              intersected bV  Kissinee River, and contains Lake Okechobee,
SAINT LOUIS, a town of Hayti, on the N. coast, E. of  which is about 30 miles in diameter. St. Lucie Sound
Port-de-Paix.                                                 washes the E. border. The surface is fiat, and but little
SAINT-LOUIS, a town, formerly the capital of the island  higher than the sea. The county contains extensive forests
of Bourbon, 20 miles S.S.E. of St. Paul, near the S.W. coast. of-pine. Pop.139. Thenameofthis county has recentlybeen
Pop. 9285.                                                    changed to BreVARD, in honor of Dr. Brevard, author of the
SAINT-LOUIS, a commune of the French island of Marie- Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence of May 20, 1775.
Galante, in the West Indies.  Pop. 2723.                        SAINT LUKE, a post-office of Dallas co., Missouri.
SAINT LOUIS (loo'is) RIVER, rises in Itasca co., Minne-   SAINT-LUNAIRE, SANe liiWnAlR, a market-town of France,
sota, and falls into the W. extremity of Lake Superior. It department of Ille-et-Vilaine, on the English Channel, 4
forms part of the boundary between Minnesota and Wis- miles W. of St. Male. Pop. 1000.
cousin. The navigation is much impeded by cascades and    SAINT-LYS, sine leece, a market-town of France, departrapids. Length, about 200 miles.                             ment of Haute-Garoune, 7 miles N.W. of Muret. Pop. 1223.
SAINT LOUIISVILLE, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio,   SAINT LYTH'AN'S, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
on the railroad between Sandusky and Newark, 7 miles N.   SAINT MAARTENSDYKE, slnt maRltens-dik', a village
of the latter.                                               of the Netherlands, on the island of Tholen.
1664




SAI                                                        SAI
SAINT MAtBYN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.       SAINT MARIE, ma-reef, a post-village of Jasper co., lliSAINT-MACAIRE, SANG m4kAdR, a town of France, de- nois, on the Embarras River, 120 miles S.E. of Springfield.
partment of Gironde, on the Garonne, 9 miles W. of La Reole.   SAINT-MARIE-LIERDE, sANr mn'ree le-aindt, a village of
Pop. 1513.                                               Belgium, province of East Flanders, 16 miles S. of Ghent.
SAINT-MACAIRE, a village of France, department of  Pop. 2070.
Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Beaupr6au. Pop. 2200.     SAINT MARK, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, cornSAINT MADtOES or MIADIOIS, a parish of Scotland, co. of prising a part of the city of Dublin.
Perth.                                                      SAINT MARK, a Dost-office of Greene co., Missouri.
SAINT MAGINUS, BAY OF, a, spacious bay on the W.   SAINT MARK'S, post-village, port of entry, and capital of
coast of the mainland of Shetland, in Scotland, between the  Wakulla co., Florida, on St. Mark's River, near its junction
headlands of Eshaness on the N., and that of Sandness on  with the Wakulla, 6 miles from  Appalachee Bay, and 26
the S. It is 84 miles in width at its entrance, expands to  miles S. of Tallahassee, with which it is connected by rail11 miles, and runs 7 miles inland. The island of Papa-Stour road. Vessels drawing 7 or 8 feet water can ascend from the
isat its mouth. The bay contains safe and excellent anchor- Gulf to this plaee, which is the port of Tallahassee. In
age for the largest fleet.                                June, 1854, 1363 tons of shipping were registered in the disSAINT-MAIXENT, sNa mN x'Mi.a), (L. Maxaentiopolis  Picto- trict. The United States government is about'to erect
sum,) a town of France, department of Deux-S6vres, 13  here a new custom-house, and a marine hospital.
miles E.N.E. of Niort, with a communal college. Pop. in    SAINT MARK'S LIGHT-HOUSE, showing a fixed light
1852, 4121.                                               73 feet high, is on the E. side of the entrance to St. Mark's
SAINT-MALO, sent m{/lo or sANG m{i1o, a fortified seaport Harboi, Appalachee Bay, Florida. Lat. 300 4' N., Ion. 840
town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, capital of an  20' W.
arrondissement, on the English Channel, near the mouth    SAINT MARK'S RIVER, a small stream of Florida, rises
of the Rance, 40 miles N.N.W. of Rennes. Pop. in 1852, in Leon co., flows S.E., and enters the Appalachee River, an
9500. It is situated on a peninsula, connected by a cause- arm of Appalachee Bay. It is navigable by small boats.
way with the mainland; is defended by strong bastioned    SAINT-MARS-D'EGRENE, sNaN man dgh-grAn', a village:
walls, and a castle. The chief building are a cathedral, a  of France, department of Orne, 4 miles S.W. of IDomfront.
bishop's palace, town-hall, communal college, exchange, Pop. in 1852, 2210.
theatre, chamber of commerce, school of navigation, and    SAINT-MARS-DE-LA-BRIIE     RE, sNae man deh 1 bre-air,
naval arsenal. It has a commodious and secure harbor, dry  a village of France, department of Sarthe, 8 miles E.N.E. of
at low water, but 40 feet deep in spring tides, to which has  Le Mants. Pop. 1580.
lately been added a large floating dock. It has extensive    SAINT-IARS-D'OUTILLI], seNG man doo'teey-A or donorope-walks, manufactures of fishing nets and hooks, pully- teel'yi, a village of France, department of Sarthe, arronblocks and other marine fittings, snuff, and soap; an active  dissement of Le Mans. Pop. in 1852, 2415.
provision trade with the colonies, a brisk coasting trade, and    SAINT-MARS-LA-JAILLE, sANG man 1 zhAT, a village of
many vessels employed in the mackerel, cod, and whale  France, departmgnt of Loire-Inf6rieure, 16 miles S.E. of
fisheries. It was the birth-place of Jacques Cartier, (the dis- Chdteaubriant. Pop. in 1852, 1331.
coverer of Canada,) and Chteaubriand.                      SAINT-MARS-SOUS-BALLON, sANa ma. soo balPl6NGs. a
SAINT-MAMET, sesG mAmAY, a town of France, depart- village of France, department of Sarthe, arrondissement'of
ment of Gard, 9 miles N.W. of Ntmes. Pop. 602.            Le Mans. Pop. 1640.
SAINT-MANDY, sIeN m1NGsd/, a village of France, depart-   SAINT MARTIN, an island of England, in the N.E. part
ment of Seine, near the Wood of Vincennes, 4 miles E.S.E. of of the Scilly group, about 2 miles long. Pop. about 280.
Paris, and close to its walls. Pop. in 1852, 3587.          SAINT MARTIN, two parishes of England, co. of CornSAINT MARC, ese' mank, a post-village and parish of  wall.
Canada East, co. of Verchbres, 31 miles from  Montreal.   SAINT MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Pop. 1500.                                                  SAINT MARTIN, a parish of England, co. of NorthampSAINT-MARC, SaNa  mapk, a town of Hayti, on its W. ton. Burghley House (Marquis of Exeter) is in this parish.
coast, 44 miles N.N.W. of Port-au-Prince.  It exports coffee,   SAINT MARTIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny.
indigo, and cotton.                                         SAINT MARTIN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth. Here
SAINT-MARC-L-BlANc0, eIsa mank leh blsa, a town of are the remains of several druidical temples.
France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 9 miles W. of Fouglres.   SAINT,MARTIN, (seN' maRntPNe,) CANAL OF, in France,
SAINT-MARCEL, Ase' manssi11, a market-town of France, department of Seine, forms a branch of the Canal de l'Ourcq,
department of Indre, on the Creuse, 16 miles S.S.W. of Ch&- and crosses the N.E. portion of Paris.
teauroux. Pop. in 1852, 2680.                               SAINT MARTIN, a village of Austria, in the Tyrol, circle
SAINT-MARCEL, a town ofFrance, department ofArdlche, of Bruneck. Pop. 1911.
28 miles S. of Privas. Pop. in 1852, 2344.                  SAINT MARTIN, a village of Austria, in Styria, S.E. of
SAINT-MARCEL-DE-FELINES,   se' maesWlI dfeh feh'- Marburg, on the Brave. Pop. 1211.
leent, a village of France, department of Loire, 15 miles S.E.   SAINT IMARTIN, a market-town of Upper Austria, circle
of Roanne. Pop. 1460.                                     of Inn, 8 miles from Ried. Pop. 730.
SAINT-MARCELLIN, sANG ma'sWPlIIa!, a town of France,   SAINT MARTIN,  se' maatRseG, a post-village and parish
department of Is~re, capital of an arrondissement, near the  of Canada East, co. of Terrebonne, 12 miles from Montreal.
Islre, 21 miles W.S.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 3460. It Pop. 3850.
is enclosed by walls, is well built, and has planted walks, a    SAINT MAIRTIN, (Fr. pron. Ase' m1n9'taNGs,) one of the
large central square, with a noble fountain, a public library, West India Islands, the N. part belonging to the French,
and active trade.                                         and the S. to the Dutch, between Anguilla and St. BarSAINT-MARCELLIN, a village of France, department of  tholomew. Lat. of Le Marigot (French) 180 4' N., lon. 530
Loire, 9 miles S.E. of Monthrison. Pop. 1740.             10' W. Area, about 30 square miles. The surface is hilly;
SAINT-MARCOUF, ese'G m n'kooff, two islets off the N. the climate is tolerably healthy. It is well watered, and in
coast of France, department of Manche, in the English  its S. part are some lagoons from which the Dutch obtain
Channel, 8 miles S.S.E. of Cape La Hogue, and defending its large quantities of salt. Of the French portion, about oneroadstead. They were taken by the English in 1795, but third part is under culture. The chief products are sugar
restored to France at the Peace of Amiens.                and rum. Many cattle are reared. The S. part is less ferSAINT-MARDS-EN-OTHE, sANs maneaz 8se ot, a town of  tile and wooded; the principal products are sugar, rum, and
France, department of Aube, on the St. Mards, near the  salt; which is exported to neighboring islands and to North
forest of Othe, 16 miles S.S.W. of Troyes. Pop. 1680.     America. The French and Dutch made a settlement on this
SAINT MARIJGARET, a parish of England, co. of Herts.  island in 1638; they were expelled by the Spaniards, who
SAINT MIARGARET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. themselves abandoned it in 1650. The Freqch  and Dutch
SAINT MARGARET, a parish of England, co. of Hereford. subsequently resumed possession, and divided it between
SAINT MAR/GARET, two parishes of Ireland, in Lein- them. Pop. of the N. or French division in 1849, 3773; of
ster, co. of Wexford.                                     the Dutch or S. division, 4000.
SAINT MARGARET, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin.       SAINT MAR!TIN, sAn mar-teen?, (San Martin,) an islaind
SAINT MARIGARET-AT-CLIFFE, a parish of England, co. off the W. coast of Patagonia, S. of Madre de Dies. Lat. 50~
of Kent.                                                  40' S., Ion. 750 26' W.
SAINT MAIIGARET ELSHIIAM, a parish of England, co.   SAINT-MARTIN-AUX-BUNEAUX,  se' ma tsNGe! 0 hbOof Suffolk.                                               not, a town of France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, close
SAINT MARGUERITA DI RAPALLO, man-gA-reeta dee  to the English Channel. Pop. 1700.
rc-pAlo, a village of the Sardinian States, division of Genoa,   SAINT MARTIN BEAUHARNOIS,  se' maRat% e'! bhOprovince of Chiavari, near Rapallo, beautifully situated near shaRnnwAI, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Beauharthe Gulf of Genoa. It has a large square paved with stones nois, on the river Chateaugay, 30 miles S.W. of Montreal.
of various colors, so as to form a kind of mosaic, a handsome  Pop. 500.
collegiate church with an imposing fagade, Doric below, and    SAINT-MARTIN-D'AUXIGNY, eAsa maRntAsN! d~x'een'composite above, an old castle of a square form, situated  yee&, a town of France, department of Cher, on the Moulon,
near the sea, and still available for defence, an hospital, and  arrondissement of Bourgos. Pop. in 1852, 2191.
a communal school. Pop. 6226.                               SAINT-MARTIN-DE-B]~TIIISY, S~sNa manG tANldeh b/ttee'SAINT-MARIA-AUDENHOVE. See SAINTE-MARnE-AUDEN- zeel, a town of France, department of Oise, arrondissement
nov..                                                    of Senlis. Pop. 1460.
51E                                                                       1665




SAI                                                        SAI
SAINT-M,[ARTIN DE-COU RTISOLS,   sto m taf~.c!      deh    SAINT MARY, in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. See SANTAd
kooa:tee'soll, a town of France, department of Marne, 7 miles MARIA.
E.N.E. of Chllons-sur-Marne.  Pop. 1960.                     SAINT MARY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SAINT-MARTIN.DE-LANDELLE, s5NG mas'tAON  deh    SAINT MARY, a parish of England,. co. of Kent.
18NlGd11l, a town of France, department of Manche, 15 miles    SAINT MARY, a thriving post-village of Mills co., Iowa,
S.W. of Mortain. Pop. 2000.                                ~ mile E. of the left bank of the Missouri, on a fine level
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-LONDRES,  sNGma to    dehl6Nd'r, prairie, 230 miles nearly W. of Iowa City. Here is a steam
a town of France, department of H6rault, arrondissement ferry to Belleview, the best crossing-place on the river above
of Montpellier. Pop. 1143.                                 St. Joseph. A weekly paper, the St. Mary Gazette, is pubSAINT-MARTIN-DE-QUEYRIERES, sANG maaet&NOa deh  lished here.
k-re-airl, a.town of France, department of HIlautes-Alpes,    SAINT MARY, a cluster of small islands in the Gulf of
on the Durance, 5 miles S.S.W. of Briangon. Pop. 1350.     St. Lawrence, on the S. coast of Labrador. Lat. 500 20' N.,
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-R~, SaNG maa'tANGa deh rA, a town of  ion. 600 W.
France, department of Charente-Inf6rieure,J1 miles N.N.W.   SAINT MARY, (Port. Sanita  Maria, sdnftA md-ree/i,) the
of La Ro.chelle, on the E. coast of the island of R6, in the  southernmost of the Azores, in lat. 360 58' 30" N., ion. 250
Atlantic, having a good port and roadstead, a citadel, arsenal, 6' 12" W., 7 miles long, and 5 miles broad. It contains the
hospital, and prison. Pop. in 1852, 2885.                  small town of Villa do Porto, and several hamlets. P. 4666.
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-SALLEN, sANG ma'tzNGIe  deh sAl-    SAINT MARY, a small island on the E. coast of Africa,
lasI,. a town of France, department of Calvados, arrondisse- in Delagoa Bay, sometimes called INYACK, in lat. 250 58'
ment of Caen. Pop. 1400.                                   S., ion. 330 2' 5" E., 7 miles long and 31 miles broad.
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-SEIGNAUX, sANG maa.tzNel deh sin'-   SAINT MARY, a group of long flat isles in Hindostan,
yoe, a town of France, department of Landes, 20 miles S.W. between lat. 130 281' and 130 17' N., the outermost of the
of Dax. Pop. in 1852, 2592.                                range being 5 miles from the shore.
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-SOULAN, sAze  maa'tING! deh soee-   SAINT MARY, a small island of Madagascar, at the head
l5as8, a town of France, department of Ari6ge, 6 miles S.E. of Antongil Bay, on the N.E. coast. Lat. 150 30' S., ion. 490
of St. Girons. Pop. 1830.                                  45' E.
SAINT-MARTIN-DES-TRAUX, sINe malaet'No!  d'A trS, a    SAINT MARY, an island on the N.E. coast of Madagascar,
town of France, department of Loire, 17 miles N.W. of in lat. (N. point) 160 40' 30" S., ion. 500 4' 45" E., 31 miles
~Roanne. Pop. 2500.                                        long, and between 2 and 3 miles broad. The French have a
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-TOURNON, sAeN masRtINGI deh toons- settlement here. Pop. in 1849, 5709.
n716N, a town of France, department of Indre, on the Creuse,   SAINT MARY CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of
34 miles W. of Chlteauroux. Pop. 1500.                    Devon.
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-VALAMAS, sANG maatNa5! deh vA'-   SAINT MARY CHURCH, a parish of South Wales, co. of
19ms. a town of France, department of Ardbche, 17 miles Glamorgan.
N.W. of Privas. Pop. 1973.                                  SAINT MARY-HILL, a parish of South Wales, co. of
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-VALGALGUES, sANG maetANGI deh  Glamorgan.
val gIPgAl, a town of France, department of Gard, 3 miles    SAINT MARY'S, a county in the S. part of Maryland,
N. of Ailas. Pop. 925.                                    bordering on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouths of Potomac
SAINT-MARTIN-DE-VALMEROU X, sANe maettING deh  and Patuxent Rivers, has an area of about 250 square miles.
v~l1meh-roof, a town of France, department of Cantal, arron- It occupies the S. extremity of the division of the state
dissement of Mauriac. Pop. 1540.                          called the Western Shore. and consists of a neck of land
SAINT-MARTIN-DU-MONT, szes maa'tAG! dtii m1S1N, a  between the Patuxent on the N.E., and the broad estuary
town of France, department of Ain, 8 miles S.E. of Beurg. of the Potomac, which separates it from Virginia on the S.W.
Pop. 1720.                                                It is indented in every direction by navigable creeks or
SAINT-MARTIN-D'URIAGE, sANGa maketeNst di're-&zhf, inlets, so that every part is within a few miles of the tid,
a town of France, department of Isbre, 7 miles S.E. of Gre- water. The surface is nearly level; the soil moderately
noble. Pop. in 1852, 2400.                                fertile. Settled about the year 1634. Capital, Leonardtown
SAINT-M ARTIN-DU-VIEUX-BELLEEE,          (Bellme,) sANG Pop. 13,698, of whom 7856 were free, and 5842 slaves.
maa'tlNaf dii ve-uhl b6l1laim, a town of France, department   SAINT MARY'S, a parish in the S. part of Louisiana,
of Orne, arrondissement of Mortagne. Pop. 3012.           bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, contains about 860 square
SAINT-MARTIN-EN-BRESSE, SANG mantloNG1a lNa brass, a  miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Lake Chetimaches,
town of France, department of SaSne-et-Loire, arrondisse- and watered by the Atchafalaya and Teche Bayous. The
ment of Chlons. Pop. in 1852, 1938.                       surface is fiat; the soil is alluvial and fertile. In 1850 this
SAINT-MTARTIN-EN-IIAUT, s.Ne  maa'tRe!  6NO h6, a parish produced 24,765 hogsheads of sugar, being the greattown of France, department of RhOne, 14 miles S.W. of est quantity made in any one county in the United States.
Lyons. Pop. 1800.                                          Capital, Franklin. The New Orleans and Opelousas proSAINT-MARTIN-hS-VIGNES, sANe  mani'tba!e   A veefit, jected Railroad will pass thi ough this parish. Pop. 13,697,
a town of France, department of Aube, arrondissement of of whom 3847 were free. and 9850 slaves.
Troyes. Pop. in 1852, 3651.                                  SAINT MARY'S, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
SAINT-MARTIN-LA-SAUVETE, sza maatItoa! 1I sOv'tA!,   SAINT MARY'S, a village of Elk co., Pennsylvania,
a town of France, department of Loire, 17 miles S.W. of   SAINT MIARY'S, a collection district of Maryland.
Roanne. Pop. 1500.                                           SAINT MARY'S, a post-village of WVood co., Virginia.
SAINT-MVARTIN-LE-BEAU, sAze  maa'tANG! Ieh ba, a   SAINT MARY'S. a post-villageand port of entry ofCamden
town of France, department of Indre-et-Loire, near the  co., Georgia, is beautifully situated on St. Mary's River. 9
Cher, arrondissement of Tours. Pop. 1345.                 miles firom the sea. The harbor is accessible to the largest
SAINT MARITIN'S, a parish in the S. part of Louisiana, vessels. The situation ishealthy, and the climate is favorable
bordering on Chetimaches (Grand) Lake, contains 750 square  to persons of weak lungs. It is the chief town of the county,
miles. It is bounded on the E. by Grand River, and inter- and contains a court-house, an academy, 5 churches, and 10
sected by Atchafalaya and Teche Bayous. The surface is stores. The shipping of thedistrict, June 30,1854,amounted
level; the soil along the streams is very productive. In 1850 to an aggregate of 398 tons registered, and 793 tons enrolled
this parish produced 517,401 bushels of Indian corn, being and licensed. Of the latter, 718 were employed in the coast
the greatest quantity of that article raised in any one parish  trade.  Pop. about 800.
of the state except Assumption parish. The railroad which    SAINT MARY'S. a thriving post-village and township of
has been commenced from New Orleans to Opelousas is ex- Auglaize co., Ohio. on the Miami Canal, and on St. Mary's
pected to pass through this parish. Capital, St. Martins- River, 105 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. It was formerly tIhe
ville. Pop. 11,]61, of whom 5272 were free, and 6489 slaves.  capital of Mercer county. About 3 miles W. of the village
SAINT MARTIN'S, a pdst-village of Worcester co., Mary- is an artificial lake or reservoir, 9 miles long and 3 or 4
land, on the river of its own name, about 120 miles S.E. of broad, formed in 1845, to supply the canal. It lies on the
Annapolis. Grain and lumber are shipped here in sloops.   summit-level between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. Pop.
SAINT MARTIN'S, a small village of Orangeburg district, of the village, 873; of the township, 694.
South Carolina.                                             SAINT IMIARY'S, a township of Adams co., Indiana.
SAINT MARTIN'S KEYS, islands of Florida, in the Gulf Pop. 611.
of Mexico, in lat. 280 42' N., lon. 830 30' W.              SAINT MARY'S, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana.
SAINT MARTIN'S RIVER, a stream in the S.E. part of    SAINT MARY'S, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois.
Mary!and, traverses part of Worcester county, and flows    SAINT MARY'S, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, about
into Sinepuxent Sound. It is navigable for sloops 12 miles. 20 miles N. by E. of Iowa City.
SAINT MARITINSVILLE,  a thriving post-village, capital   SAINT MARY'S, a post-office of Lafayette co., Wisconsin.
of St. Martin's parish, Louisiana, on the right bank of the    SAINT MARY'S, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
river Teche, 125 miles W.S.W. of Baton Rouge. Large Perth, 25 miles from London. It contains 3 or 4 churches,
steamers ascend the river 200 miles. Pop. in 1853, 1400.  several stores and factories of various kinds. Pop. 1000.
SAINT MARTORY, sIes maa'to'reet, a town of France,   SAINT MARY'S, the largest of the Scilly Islands. off the
department of Haute-Garonne, on the left bank of the W.:coast of Cornwall, 21 miles in length. Pop. 1545.
Garonne, 11 miles E.N.E. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 1200.        SAINT MARY'S, CHADIWELL, a parish of England, co.
SAINT MARY, in France and French colonies.  See of Essex.
SZINTEr-MARM.                                              SAINT MARY'S COLLEGE. See BALTIMoaR, Maryland.
i666




SAI                                                         SAI
SAINT MARY'S ISLE, a peninsula of Scotland, on the  miles S.E. of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1050. It has a
Dee stewartry of Kirkcudbright.                             council-house, an hospital, and an abbey, founded in the
SAINT MARY'S LANDIING, a post-village of St. Gene- fifth century, and containing manycuriosities. Thebridge
vleve co., Missouri, on the Mississippi, 70 miles below St. of St. Maurice, crossing the Rhone here, unites the cantons
Louis.                                                      of Valais and Vaud.
SAINT MARY'S LIGHTHOUSE, on the N. point of Amelia    SAINT MAURICE, Savoy. See BOURG SAINT MAURICTO.
Island, at the entrance to St. Mary's River, Florida. It   SAINT MAUIRICE,.a post-office, Winn parish, Louisiana.
shows a revolving light 50 feet high. Lat. 300 40' N., ion.   SAINT MAURICE, (Fr. pron. sNaG m5'reesst,) a river of
810 36' W.                                                  Canada East, district of.Three Rivers, rises in a chain of
SAINT MARY'S LOCH, (loK,) a fine lake of Scotland, co., lakes; let. 480 40' N., Ion. 740 30' W., flows S.E., and joins
and 13 miles W.S.W. of Selkirk. Length, 15 miles; breadth, the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 400 miles.
1 mile. Yarrow Water flows from its E. end.                 Its principal affluents are the Ribbon and Vermilion Rivers
SAINT MARY'S RIVER, of Georgia and Florida, rises in  *from the W., and Windigo and Croche from the E. It exthe S.E. part of the former state, and flows S. to the border pands into numerous lakes, and is navigable for boats about
of Florida. During the whole of its subsequent course, it.120 miles. Its banks are generally high, in some places
forms the boundary between the two states until it enters  from 200 to 1000 feet, and covered with groups of majestic
the Atlantic. Its whole length is about 100 miles. Its  trees. It has a great variety of falls and cascades, and is
mouth forms a good harbor, with 13 feet of water over the  adorned with anumber of beautiful islands.
bar at low tide.                                              SAINT MAURICE, a county of Canada East, bounded on
SAINT MARY'S RIVER rises in the W. part of Ohio, the S. by the expansion of the St. Lawrence known as2Lake
and flowing into Indiana, unites with the St. Joseph's River  St. Peter. Area, 7300 square miles. Capital, Three Rivers.
at Fort Wayne to form the Maumee.                           Pop. in 1852, 27,562.
SAINT MARY'S STRAIT separates Canada West from              SAINT-MAURICE, SING mo~reecef, a post-village ofCanada
the upper peninsula of Michigan, and connects Lake Supe- East, co. of St. Maurice, 84 miles S.W. of Quebec. It is the
rior with Lake Huron. It commences at the S.E. extremity  seat of the St. Maurice forges.
of the former lake, and after a general S.E. course of 63    SAINT-MAURICE-DE-LIGNON, sftNs m-0reesst deh leen'miles, enters Lake Huron by three channels. At some  y6zof, a village of France, department of Hante-Loire, 5 miles
places it spreads out into little lakes; at others, rushes  N. of Yssengeaux. Pop. in 1852, 2102.
through narrow rapids, or winds around beautiful islands.    SAINT-MAURICE-DES-NOUES, SING m0reessf di nooWY,
Its entire length is navigable by vessels drawing eight feet  a village bf France, department of Vendfe, arrondissement
of water up to within one mile of Lake Superior. At this  of Fontenay-le-Comte.  Pop. 1280.
point, navigation is arrested by the falls-the "Sault" of the    SAINT-MAURICE-EN-GOURGOIS, sItNG m0reess! e NQ
river-having a descent of 22 feet within three-fourths of a  goon'gwl, a village of France, department of Loire, 15 miles
mile. Congress offered the State of Michigan 750,000 acres  S.S.E. of Montbrison. Pop. in 1852, 2516.
of land to construct a ship-canal around these rapids; and    SAINT-MAURICE-SUR-LO IRE, SANn mS'reest seir Iw~t,
the State of Michigan contracted to give these lands, free of  a village of France, department of Loire, arrondissement of
taxation, for five years, to Erastus Corning and others, in  Roanne. Pop. 1300.
consideration that they build the canal by the 19th of May,   SAINT  MAWE'S, a disfranchised borough and petty
1855. The work is now (April) nearly or quite completed, seaport-town of England, co. of Cornwall, 8 miles S.S.E. of
and its opening to navigation will form the last link in the  Truro. Pop. 950.
chain of communication between the great lakes, and add    SAINT-MAXIMIN, sING rmnx5ee'm.NG, a town of France,
1700 miles of coast to our trade. The work in size and style  department of Var, near the source of the Argens,:11 miles
is superior to any of its kind on this continent. The locks W.N.W. of Brignoles.  Pop. in 1852, 3644. It is;enclosed
are supposed to be the largest in the world. The combteed  by walls, has a handsome church, a school of industry, and
length of the two sides and wings of the two locks toge- manufactures of woollen cloth. Near it are extensive marble
ther is nearly one-third of a mile, all of solid masonry, 25  quarries.
feet high, 10 feet thick at the base, with buttresses at every    SAINT-MAYEUX, sING ma'yuhf, a village of France, detwelve feet six feet in width, all faced with cut white lime- partment of COtes-du-Nord, 12 miles N.W. of Loudiac. Pop.
stone, equal, if not superior, to the best of this state. The  1530.
gates are each 40 feet wide. The canal is 100 feet wide at    SAINT-M0DARD-DE-GURION, sIN. mi'dair  dh, giisthe top of the water, and 115 feet wide at the top of its banks. s6NS, a villageof France, department of Dordogne, 15 miles
The depth of water in it is 12 feet. The main body of the  W.N.W. of Bergerac. Pop. 1520..  
canal is excavated through rock.                              SAINT-M]D ARD-EN-JALLE, SANG mldaa! ON' Zhill, a
SAINT MARY WES/TON, a parish of England, co. of  village of France, department of Gironde, near the. Jalle, 8
Southampton.                                                miles N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1600.
SAINT MARY WEST/PORT, a parish of England, cO. of    SAINT-M]EN, sING mA'sNG! a village of France, departWilts.                                                      ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 10 miles W.N.W. of Montfort. Pop.
SAINT-MATHIAS, sANa  mA'te-/, a post-village and parish  in 1852, 3830.
of Canada East, co. of Rouville, 21 miles from  Montreal.   SAINT MEL/LONS, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
Pop. 2000.                                                    SAINT MER/RYN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
SAINT-MATHIEU, shA' mi lte-uh?, a market-town of    SAINT-MESMEN-LE-VIEUX, sIN' msSl MNG1 leh vse-uh,
France, department of Haute-Vienne, on the Tardoire, 8  a village of France, department of VendSe, 25 miles -N. of
miles S.S.W. of Rochechouart. Pop. in'1852, 2448.           Fontenay.  Pop. 1220.
SAINT-MATHURIN, sAN mgtt-rhe/I, a market-town of    SAINT-MESMIN, s$Nz miznmAG/, a village of France,
France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the railway from  with a station on the railway from Troyes to Montereanu, 12
Tours to Angers, on the Loire, 14 miles E.S.E. of Angers. miles from Troyes.
Pop. 1650.                                                    SAINT MEW/AN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
SAINT MATTHEW, a post-village of Orangeburg district,   SAINT MI/CHAEL, a parish of England, co. of Ilerts. 
South Carolina.                                               SAINT MICHAEL, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
SAINT MATTHIEW, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ken-    SAINT MICIHIAEL, a parish of England, co. of Hants, ad,
tucky.                                                      joining, and partly included in the city of-Winchester.
SAINT MATTHEW, (math/l,) an island of the Mergui   SAINT MICHAEL, a parish of England,. co. of MenArchipelago, in Farther India, off the W. coast of the isth- mouth.
mus of Kraw; let. 100 N., ion. 980 E. Length, 18 miles.    SAINT MICHAEL, meelk-8l', a market-town of Austria,
The surface is mountainous and densely wooded. On its  in Tyrol, on the Adige, 9 miles N. of Trient, with an abbey,
N. side it has a large harbor.                             founded in 1145.
SAINT MATTHEW ISLAND. See GonE ISLAND.                      SAINT MICHAEL in France. See SAINr.-MICHEL.
SAINT MAUGHIANS, (mtw/gans,) a parish of England,   SAINT MICHAEL, Spain, and Spanish America.. See
co. of Monmouth.                                            SAN MIGUEL.
SAINT-MAUR. sANG m6OR, a commune of France, depart-   SAINT-MICHAEL, sANG m/kell,; (Fr. Saint Michel, sbNa
ment of Indre, 2 miles W.S.W. of Chgteauroux. Pop. 1251. mee'sh~l/,) a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of
SAINT-MAUR, a commune of France, department of  Bellechasse, 15 miles from Quebec. Pop. 1800.
Seine, 11 miles N.E. of Sceaux, with a village, near the     SAINT MICHAEL, (mlkA-el or mYkel;) (Port. -So Miguel,
Canal of St. Maur, $ of a mile in length, mostly under  sbwNe me-gh8l/,) the largest of the Azores in the Atlantic
ground, which shortens by 9 miles the navigation of the  Ocean, lt. 370 44' N., on. 250 30' W. Length, from. to
eMarne, near Paris.                                         W., 36 miles. Area, 224 square miles. Pop. 80,809. The
SAINT-MAURICE, s$aNG mO'reesso, a village of France, de- surface is mostly mountainous, the Agoa de Pio, in its
partment of Creuse, arrondissement of Aubusson. Pop. centre, rising to 3066 feet in height. The soil is vplcanic,
2000.                                                       and the island has often suffered from earthquakes. It conSAINT-MAURICE, a village of France,  department of  talins many mineral springs and several lakes. Orange garPuy-de-DIme, arrondissement of Riom. Pop. 1540.             dens are estimated to comprise 2100, and vineyards 2400
SAINT-MAURICE, a village of France, department of  acres; about 90,000 boxes of oranges, value $200,000, are anVosges, 15 miles S.E. of Remiremont. Pop. 2000.             nually exported. Other products are maize, wheat; beans,
SAINT MAURICE, (ans. iAgaunum?) a town of Switzer- and wine. The manufactures are confined to druggets and
land, canton of Valais, on the left bank of the Rhone, 14  coarse pottery; articles of clothing are mostly imported from
1667




SAI                                                       SAI
Great Britain. The coast is studded with towns and vil-   SAINT-NECTAIRE, s5NG nlk.tArt, a market-town  ol
lages, the principal being Ponta Delgada, Alagoa, Villa  France, department of Puy-de-I)Dme, 18 miles W. of Issoire
Franca; and Morro das Capelias.                          It is celebrated for its mineral springs.
SAINT MIfCHAEL BEDIWARDINE, a parishof England,   SAINT NEOTS, senut neets, a market-town and parish of
co., and adjoining the city of Worcester, within the parlia- England, co., and 8 miles S.W. of Huntingdon, on the line
mentary bounds of which it is included.                  of the Great Northern Railway, and on the E. bank of the
SAINT MICHAEL CARIHAISE, a parish of England, co. Ouse, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. pop. of the
of Cornwall.                                             town in 1851, 2951.
SAINT MICHAEL CREECH, a parish and village of Eng-   SAINT NEOTS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
land, co. of Somerset, 3 miles E.N.E. of Taunton, on the    SAINT NICHOLAS, nik/o-las, an island of England, ia
Tone. The Chard and Bridgewater Canal, and also the  Plymouth Sound.
Bristol and Exeter Railway pass through the village. Pop.   SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
1296.                                                      SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of England, in the Isle of
SAINT MI/CIIAEL ELMIHAM,  a parish of England, co. Wight, adjoining Newport.
of Suiffolk.                                               SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
SAINT MICHAELIS, meefK&-alis, a village of Saxony,   SAINT NICIHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
circle of Dresden, near Freiberg. Pop. 1286.               SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
SAINT MICHAEL PENIKEVIL, a parish of England, co.   SAINT NICHOLAS, a parish of Wales, co. of Pembroke.
of Cornwall.                                               SAINT NICHOLAS, in Italy. See SAN NICOLO.
SAINT MICHAEL'S, m!tkqls, a post-village of Talbot co.,   SAINT NICHOLAS, in Germany. See SANCT NICOLAUS.
Maryland, on St. Michael's River, a navigable inlet of    SAINT NICHOLAS, nikfo-las, a harbor on the N.W. side
Chesapeake Bay, 57 miles S.E. of Annapolis, and 12 miles W. of the island of Zea, in the Grecian Archipelago.
of Easton. It is a place of active trade. Pop. 863.        SAINT NICHfOLAS, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
SAINT MICHAELS, (HiuCIaNBROOaE,) a village of Canada  Dorchester, on the St. Lawrence, 10 miles from Quebec.
East, co. of Beauharnois, 52 miles S.W. of Montreal. The   SAINT NICHOLAS, (Port. S~o Nicolao, smwNa ne-ko-lIo,)
inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the lumber business.  one of the Cape Verd Islands, situated between Santa Lucia
SAINT MICHAEL'S BAY, on the E. soast of Labrador, and Santiago. Lat. 160 35' N., lon. 240 15' W. ~ Length, 30
in British North America, in lat. 520 56' N., Ion. 550 30' W.  miles; breadth, 13 miles. The surface is mountainous. It
SAINT MICHAEL'S CHURCH, a parish of England, co. has a harbor on its S. side, near which is a small town, the
of Somerset.                                             residence of a governor and a Portuguese bishop.
SAINT MICHAEL'S MOUNT, a venerable granite rock, in    SAINT NICHOLAS CHANNEL, on the N. side of Cuba,
Mount's Bay, Cornwall, co. of England, 4 of a mile S. of Mara- 60 miles in length by 33 miles in breadth.
zion; Lat. 50~ 7' N., ion. 50 28/ 5" W. It rises in a pyramidal   SAINT NICHOLAS HARBOR, in Lower Canada, on the
form, partially covered with buildings, surmounted by a  N. side of the St. Lawrence estuary, in lat. 490 18' N., Ion.
chapel founded in the fifth century, and surrounded by the  670 40' W.
sea at high-water. It is supposed to be the Ocrinue   of Ptole-   SAINT NICHOLAS POINT, the N.W. extremity of the
my, and most probably the lktas, whence in former times tin  island of Java, on the Strait of Sunda, in lat. 50 52' S., Ion.
was shipped from Cornwall. On it a priory was founded by  1060 2' E.
Edward'the Confessor, and it was a fortified post of import-   SAINT NICHIOLAS SYDILING, a parish of England, co.
ance during the parliamentary war. Pop. of village, 170. of Dorset.
See MONT SAINT MICHEL.                                     SAINT-NICIOLAS, (Fr. pron. SINa neeko'11) or NICOSAINT MICHAEL'S RIVER, of Talbot co., Maryland, LAAS, a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the
flows first S.S.W., and then curving, takes a northerly course, railway from Antwerp to Ghent, 20 miles E.N.E. of Ghent.
falling into Chesapeake Bay nearly opposite the S. end of Pop. 20.088. It has a fine town-hall, a church, with good
Kent Island.                                             paintings, an hospital, several orphan asylums, a prison, a
SAINT-MICHEL, saIs meedshall, a village of France, with  large market-place, a tribunal of commerce, Latin and other
a station on the railwayfrom Paris to Orleans, 18 miles from  public schools, manufactures of cotton, woollen, and silk
Paris.                                                   fabrics, hosiery, hats, soap, leather, and tobacco, dyeSAINT-MICHEL, a village of France, department of  houses, salt-refineries, breweries, and potteries, a large
Drfme, 17 miles N.N.E. of Valence. Pop. 1660.            market for flax, and a large annual fair.
SAINT MICHEL, a market-town of Savoy, province, and    SAINT-NICOLAS, a village of Belgium, province, and
7 miles E.S.E. of St. Jean de Maurienne, on the Arc. Pop. 3 miles W. of Liege, near the railway from Liege to Tirle1869.                                                    mont. Pop. 1545.
SAINT-MICHEL, sING mee'shll, a village of Belgium, in    SAINT NICOLAS, a headland and village of Hayti, on
West Flanders, 2 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 1118.          the N.W. side of the island.
SAINT-MICHEL-EN-L'HERMITAGE, sAN meefshUl 6Na   SAINT-NICOLAS-DU-PORT, sANG neekol fit daii poR, a
ll'nme-t/zht, a village of France, department of Vendie, 22 town of France, department of Meurthe, 7 miles E.S.E. of
miles W.S.W. of Fontenay-le-Comte, With a small port. Pop. Nancy, on the left bank of the Meurthe. Pop. in 1852, 3422.
1741.                                                      SAINT-NICOLAS-DU-PORT, a village of France, departSAINT-MICHEL-EN-THIARACHE,  sAN  mee'shsl 8Ns ment of Manche, arrondissement of Avranches. Pop. 1028.
te-Artshf,- a village of France, department of Aisne, near   SAINT-NICOLAS-DU-PORT, a village of France, departthe source of the Oise, 13 miles N.E. of Vervins. Pop. ment of Tarn-et-Garonne, arrondissement of Castel-Sarrasin,
3000.                                                    on the left bank of the Garonne. Pop. 1607.
SAINT-MICHEL-MONT-MALCH1US, sANG meeoshIl mIS            SAINT-NICOLO-PRE S-GRANVILLE, sANG nee'ko'lo! prA
mnPlkiisl, or MONT-MERCURE, m1Na mI'kiitf, a town of gr&NG'veel/  a town of France, department of Manche, 16
France, department of Vendde, 25 miles from Fontenay-le- miles N.W. of Avranches. Pop. 1028.
Comte, with the majestic ruins of the Abbey de la Graine-   SAINT NINIANS, ninme-ans, (commonly called SAINT
tigre. Pop. 1217.                                        RIN/GANS,) a parish of Scotland, co.. and 2 miles S. of StirSAINT-MIHIEL, sANs meese-8l, a town of France, depart- ling. It contains the villages of St. Ninians and Bannockmient, and on the Meuse, 9 miles N.N.W. of Commercy. burn. In this parish threememorable battles were fought:Pop. in 1852, 5274. It was formerly enclosed by walls, and  let, on the 13th of September, 1297, between the troops of
defended by a castle on a neighboring hill. It has several Wallace and the English, whom they totally routed; 2d, the
old churches, and manufactures of cotton cloth and yarn.   famous battle of Bannockburn; and 3d, June 11. 1488, in
SAINT MIN/VER, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.  which James III. of Scotland was defeated and killed by his
SAINT-MONIQUE, sANs mGlneek/, a village and parish of  insurgent nobles.
Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 194 miles S.W. of Quebec.      SAINT-NIZIER-D'AZERGUES, stNa neeuze-/ dA'zaiug/, a
SAINT MORITZ, (molrits,) or SANCT MORITZ, senkt market-town of France, department of Rhone, 14 miles
mo/rite, a village of Switzerland, with celebrated mineral W.N.W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1800.
baths, in the Upper Engadine, 28 miles S.E. of Chur.       SAINT-NIZIER-DE-FORNAS, sANG nee'ze-Y deh fo'ni/, a
SAINT MUL/LINS, a parish of Ireland, cos. of Carlow and  village of France, department of Loire, 16 miles S. of MontWaterford. It contains the villages of Tinnahinch and  brison. Pop. 1276.
Ballymurphy.                                               SAINT-NIZIER-LE-BOUCHOUX, sAN  nee'ze-A! leh booeSAINT MUNGO, (mrRnggo,) a parish of Scotland, co. of shooe, a village of France, department of Ain, 17 miles S.W.
Dumfries, in Annandale. Pop. 618. Here is Castlemilk, of Bourg. Pop. 1665.
originally a fortress:built by the Bruces, now a modernized    SAINT NORBERT, sANG noa'baia/, a small village of Caresidence,                                               nada East, co. of Berthier, 54 miles N. of Montreal.
SAINT MUNfGO, NORTH, or ININERHIGH1, a parish of   SAINT OLAVE, a parish of England, co. of York, North
Scotland, co. of Lanark, comprised within the city of Glas- Riding.
gow.                                                       SAINT-OIMER, (Fr. pron. sANt o0mairs; L. lalnum AudoSAINT-NAZAIRE, sANs nIzAse/, a town and seaport of mari,) a fortified town of France, department of Pas-de-CaFrance, department of Loire-Inferieure, close to the mouth  lais, on the As, at the mouth of the Canal of Neuf-Fossie,
of the Loire, on its N. side, 30 miles W. of Nantes. Pop. in  and on the railway from Arras and Lille to Calais, 22 miles
1852, 5318.                                              S.E. of Calais. Pop. in 1852, 22,054. It is surrounded by
SAINT-NAZAIRE, a village of France, department of irregular fortifications, and defended by the Fort NotreVar, 6 miles W  of Toulon. Pop. 1542.                   Dame. It has a tribunal of commerce, a communal college,:           1668




SAI                                                        SAI
and a library of 20,000 volumes, a cathedral of the fourteenth  place is a well-conducted and flourishing institution. Pop.
century, with the tomb of its founder, St. Omer; and manu- in 1850, 1294; in 1854, estimated at 6000.
~factures of coarse woollens, pipes, and paper. St. Omer was    SAINT PAUL, (Fr. pron. sING p61,) a post-village and
taken by Louis XIV. in 1677. During the first Revolution, parish of Canada East, co. of Berthier, 42 miles from Monit was called MORIN LA MONTAGNE, (mo'rAN!/ JA m6NG'tAfit.)  treal. Pop. 1300.
It was the birthplace of the Abb6 Segur.                    SAINT PAUL, a small island of North America, in the
SAINT 0IMER, a pleasant post-village and township of  Gulf of St. Lawrence, 8 miles N.E. of the N. extremity of Cape
Decatur co., Indiana, on the Indianapolis and Cincinnati  Breton. It has two fixed lights. Lat. (N. point) 470 14' N.,
Railroad, and the Michigan (plank) Road, 36 miles S.E. of lon. 600 9' W.
Indianapolis. Pop. of the village, about 400.               SAINT PAUL, a city of Brazil. See SAo PAULO.
SAINT OMER, a post-office of Coles co., Illinois.         SAINT PAUL, an islet in the S. part of the Indian Ocean,
SAINTONGE, sAN-'tdNzht, anold province of France, in the  in lat. 380 431 S., ion. 770 38' E.
W. It now forms the greater portion of the department of    SAINT PAUL, an island of the Low Archipelago, in lat.
Charente-Inf6rieure, and parts of those of Charente and  190 36' S., lon. 140 5, W.
Deux-Sbvres. Its capital was Saintes.                       SAINT PAUL, an island in Behring Sea, in lat. 570 N.
SAINT-OUEN-DE-LA-ROYERIE, saNt w8aNG deh 11 roe-   SAINT PAUL, a river of Liberia, in West Africa, after a
y9h-reel, a village of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, S.W. course of probably 300 miles, enters the Atlantic N. of
14 miles N.W. of Fougbres. Pop. 2000.                     Monrovia.
SAINT-OUEN-DES-TOITS, sANt w6N(t da twO, a village    SAINT-PAUL, (Fr. pron. sNacN p01,) a town of the island
of France, department of Mayenne, 8 miles N.W. of Laval. of Bourbon, capital of an arrondissement, 19 miles S.W. of
Pop. 1750.                                                St. Denis. Pop. 16,262, of whom 11,540 are slaves. Thiswas
SAINT-OUEN-L'AUMONE, sANt w68NG/ Imont, a village  the first French establishment on the island.
of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 2 miles S. of Pontoise.   SAINT PAUL ALEXANDRIA, (l-lx-Aintdre-a,) a town
Pop. 1500. Near it is the ruined abbey of Maubuisson.     of Russia, capital of a circle, 145 miles N.N.E. of Kherson.
SAINT-OUEN. SUR-SEINE, saNt WSNat siia s~n, a village  Pop. 2100.
of France, 4 miles N. of Paris, on the right bank of the    SAINT-PAUL-DE-FENOUILLET, sANc p1 deh feh-noo'yAt,
Seine, with a chAteau, where Louis XVIII. signed the  a village of France, department of Pyr6ndes-Orieutales, on
"Declaration of St. Ouen," May 2, 1814.                   the Agly, 14 miles N.N.E. of Prades. Pop. in 1852, 2054..
SAINT OURS, sANt ooR, a post-village and parish of Ca-   SAINT-PAUL-DE-JARRAT, saNG p01 deh zhaasAul, a vilnada East, co. of Richelieu, 36 miles from Montreal. P. 3000. lage of France, department of Ari6ge, 4 miles S.E. of Foix.
SAINT-PAL-DE-CHALANQON, sANG pAl deh shA11SNG36sS!, Pop. 1353.
a market-town of France, department of Haute-Loire, 16    SAINT PAUL DE LOANiDA, (Port. afo Paulo de Loanda,
miles N.N.W. of Yssengeaux. Pop. in 1852, 2485.            sOWNG pw/llo dA lo-intld,) a considerable seaport-town or
SAINT-PAL-DE-MONS, sANG pal deh ma6N, a village of city, and capital of the Portuguese dominions in West Africa,
France, department of Haute-Loire, 10 miles N.E. of Yssen- in Lower Guinea. Lat. 80 48.1" S., Ion. 130 13' E. It is degeaux. Pop. in 1852, 2080.                                fended seaward by three forts, and has a large and secure
SAINT PAN!CRAS, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, harbor, sheltered by the island of Loanda. Its better porcomprising a large part of the N. division of the metropolis,  tion is built of brick, and roofed with red or blue tiles; only
and extending northward so as to include a portion of the  the governor's palace and government buildings have glass
town of I-Iighgate, with the suburbs of Camden Town, Kent- windows. It was in the seventeenth century celebrated for
ish Town, Somers Town, &c. Pop. in 1851, 166,956. Its its fine churches and monasteries, now in ruins. Along the
"old" church, lately rebuilt, is supposed to occupy the site  shore are built the hovels of the black population. Its
of one of the most ancient Christian temples in Britain, and  market is well supplied with provisions, and it has an export
in the cemetery surrounding it are many interesting tombs. trade in slaves and ivory.
The new church in the New Road is an elegant structure,   SAINT-PAUL-DU-BOIS, sANG p01 dii bwA, a village of
with attached vestries, supported by caryatides. In this  France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 23 miles W.S.W. of
parish are a University College, Hall, and Hospital, the  Saumur. Pop. 995.
emall-pox and fever hospitals, a beautiful Scottish church,   SAINT-PAUL-EN-JARRET, sANG p01 8NG zhaOLaA, a vilwith two towers, King's Cross, a portion of the Regent's  lage of France, department'of Loire, 10 miles N.E. of St.
Park and Canal, and the termini of the London and North- Etienne. Pop. in 1852, 4094.
western and the Great Northern Railways.                     SAINT-PAULIEN, sANG p'sle-IN0, a town of France, deSAINT-PAPOUL, sANa plpoolt. a town of France, depart- partment of Haute-Loire, 6 miles N.N.W. of Le Puy. P. 1449.
ment of Aude, 4 miles E. of Castelnaudary. Pop. 1295.        SAINT-PAUILIN, (Fr. pron. saNe p'laSQ,) a village and
SAINT-PARDOUX, sANG paaldoot, a market-town of France, parish of Canada East, co. of St. Maurice, 81 miles N.N.E. of
department of Dordogne, 4 miles S.E. of Nontron. Pop. in  Montreal. The village is the seat of large flouring and saw
1852,1800.                                                 mills; and at Hunterstown, in the vicinity, from 200,000 to
SAINT-PARDOUX, a market-town of France, department 300,000 planks are annually manufactured and exported
ofDeux-Slvres, 5 miles S.W. of Parthenay. Pop. in 1852,1720. to the United States.
SAINT PAR!IS, a thriving post-village of Champaign co.,   SAINT-PAUL-LA-ROCHE, saNG p01 11 rosh, a village of
Ohio, on the railroadfrom Urbanna to Piqua, 58 miles W. of  France, department of Dordogne, 17 miles E.S.E. of Nontron.
Columbus, is situated in a rich farming district, and has an  Pop. 1690.
active trade. Pop. in 1853, about 800.                       SAINT-PAUL-LES-DAX, saNG pl 11 dgx,a village of France,
SAINT PASCHAL, sANG pils'k1I, a post-village and parish  department of Landes, near Dax. Pop. in 1852, 3022.
of Canada East, co. of Kamouraska, 94 miles N.E. of Quebec.   SAINT PAUL'S, a post-office, Robeson co., North Carolina.
SAINT-PATERNE, sacNs pltaiitn!, a town of France, de-   SAINT PAUL'S BAY, in Malta, on the N.E. coast, 6, miles
partment of Indre-et-Loire, 18 miles N.N.W. of Tours. Pop. N.W. of La Valletta. Here St. Paul is supposed to have
in 1852, 2022.                                             been shipwrecked.
SAINT PAUL, a parish of England. co. of Cornwall.          SAINT PAUL'S BAY, a post-village and parish of Canada
SAINT-PAUL, SaNG p01, a village of France, department East, co. of Saguenay, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence,
of Basses-Alpes, 10 miles N.N.E. of Barcelonnette. Pop. in  60 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 2600.
1852, 1714.                                                  SAINT-PAUL-TROIS-CHAXTEAUX, s'Na p01 tRwA shotOtl,
SAINT PAUL, a post-office of Clarke co., Alabama.       a village of France, department of DrOme, 14 miles S. of
SAINT PAUL, a post-office df Madison co., Arkansas.     Montelimart. Pop. in 1852, 2192.
SAINT PAUL, a post-office of Greene co., Missouri.         SAINT P~, AlsN pA, a town of France, department of
SAINT PAUL, a flourishing city, port of entry, capital of  Hautes-Pyrenees, on  the Gave-de-Pan, 15 miles S.W. of
Minnesota Territory, and seat of justice of Ramsey county, Tarbes. Pop. in 1852, 2907.
on the left bank of the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its    SAINT-PE, a village of France, department of Bassesmouth, and 9 miles by land below the Falls of St. Anthony. Pyrenees, 10 miles S.W. of Bayonne. Pop. in 1852, 2721..
Lat. 440 52' 46" N., ion. 930 5, W. It is situated on a bluff    SAINT-PERAY, seNa peh-rAl, a market-town of France,
70 or 80 feet high, and presents a striking view from the  department of Ardlche, 9 miles S. of Tournon. Pop. 2584.
river. The hills or bluffs which partly encircle the town    SAINT PETTER, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
abound in excellent springs. It is at the head of steamboat   SAINT PETER, a parish of England. co. of Haunts.
navigation, and is a place of active business. It was first   SAINT PETER, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
settled about 1840, and in 1849 it contained 1 church, 2   SAINT PETER, a parish of Scot-land, co. of Orkney, comprinting offices, 3 hotels, 10 stores, 4 warehouses, 2 drug  prising a part of Ronaldshay Island, besides Burray and
stores, and 1 school-house. A fine state-house, 140 feet long  Hund Islands.
and 53 feet wide, surmounted by a handsome dome, has re-   SAINT PETER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney, comcently been erected. St. Paul now contains 5 or 6 churches, prising a part of Stronsay Island.
4 hotels, 2 or 3 printing offices, 1 book store, 2 drug stores,   SAINT PETER, in France and the French colonies  See
numerous other stores, and several saw mills. The value of SAiNT-PrERRE.
the business of the town increased from $131,000 in 1849, to    SAINT PETER, in Italy. See SAN PIETRO.
$41,579,500 in 1854. Of the latter amount, $3,556,000 shows   SAINT PETER, in Spain and the Spanish colonies. See
the extent of its banking business, $489,000 the forwarding  SAN PEDRno.
and commission business, $251,000 the dry goods, and    SAINT PETER, in Styria. See SANCTr PETErR.
$244,500 the grocery business. The Baldwin School of this    SAINT PETER, in Portugal and Brazil. See SXo PEDuO
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SAINT PETER, a market-town of HIungary, co. of Borsod, feet of water, so that the large vessels which are built at the
on the Sajo, 8 miles N.N.W. of Miskolcz. Pop. 3325.         city docks can only be transported as hulls, to be fitted out
SAINT PETER, a lake of Canada, being an expansion of  at the great naval station of Cronstadt. The city is defended
the river St. Lawrence, between lat. 460 and 460 8' N., and  by a deep ditch or canal, stretching across the S. part of the
about ion. 730 W. Length, 35 miles; greatest bfeadth, 10  peninsula, and a citadel, situated on a low island, near its
miles. It receives many rivers, the largest of which is the  centre.
St. Francis, from the S.E. In its S. part are many islands,   The larger and finer portion of St. Petersburg being built
and at the S. extremity the town of Sorel.                  on the peninsula, takes the name of the Bolshaia Storona,
SAINT PETER, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 35  or Great Side; all the rest to the N., on the islands and
miles W. of Point Api, Borneo.                              right bank, is designated the Petersburg side. The comSAINT-PEITER-LE-PORT, (Fr. Saint-Pierre-Port or Saint-  munication between the former and the latter is maintained
Pierre-l —Port, SANG pe-ain/ leh pon,) the capital town of the  only by one stone and three boat bridges, but the deficiency
land of Guernsey, on its E. side, in lat. 490 27' 29' N., Ion. 20  is supplied by numerous ferry-boats of uncouth shape and
32' WV. Pop. of the town in 1851,16,778. Its lower part has fantastic coloring, which are constantly plying to and fro.
narrow streets, and very lofty houses; its upper quarter, Owing to the lowness of the site, though the loftier pinHauteville, is well built and handsome. The principal nacles and domes are seen at a considerable distance, the
buildings are the government-house, the court-house, the  city, whether approached by land or water, cannot be said
town hospital, assembly rooms, a theatre, and a very excel- to become distinctly visible before it is actually entered, and
lent fish-market. The harbor is enclosed by piers, and de- hence the general impression produced is greatly heightened
fended by F'ort George and Castle Cornet. Fort George has  by a feeling of surprise. The stranger suddenly finds himbarracks for upwards of 5000 men; and the town is the resi-  self between noble granite quays, bordered by edifices of
dence of military and civil governors, both appointed by the  almost unrivalled splendor, or in spacious streets of appacrown.                                                      rently interminable length, straight as an arrow, unbroken
SAINT PETER-AND-PAUL, the capital village of Kaazt- by the slightest unevenness, and lined with lofty buildings
chatka. See PETROPAULOVSKI.                                 of uniform  structure, often lavishly adorned, and, in color
SAINT PEI'TER'S, apost-ofice ofChesterco, Pennsylvania. at least, resembling marble. The impression, however, is
SAINT PETER'S, a post-office of Franklin co.,-Indiana.   somewhat weakened by a closer inspection, the greater part
SAINT PEtTERSBURG, (Russ. Peterbuerg, pA/ter-b66ia.,) a  of the houses proving to be only of wood or brick, garnished
government of European Russia, mostly between lat. 580  with plaster.
and 600 30' N., and ion. 270 30, and 330 30' E., having N. the    As it is impossible to obtain a complete view of the city
Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, and W. Lake Peipus and  from without, recourse is often had to the numerous towers,
the river Narova.  Area, including lakes, 20,887 square  on which watchmen stand sentinel day and night to give
miles. Pop. in 1853, includingthecapital, l,099,650. Surface  the alarm of fire; by far the best view may be obtained from
mostly level, soil thin, climate damp and cold, and two- the tower of the Admiralty, situated near the centre of the
thirds'of the government is covered with woods and  city, on the N.W. part of the peninsula and left bank of the
marshes. The principal rivers are the Pliusa and Looga, Great Neva, and provided with galleries, from which all parts
flowing to the Gulf of Finland, the Volkhov, Sias, Sveer, en- of the city may be seen in succession to the greatest advantering the Lake Ladoga, and the Neva, uniting the lake and  tage. Looking S. over the peninsula from this commanding
gulf, and on which is the capital city. Rye, barley, oats, station, three canals, the Moika, the Catharina, and the Fonand some wheat, hemp, and flax, are cultivated, but the  tanka, may be traced, stretching circuitously from E. to W.,
climate is unfavorable for corn, and the quantity produced  dividing the whole space into three quarters, called respecis far below the consumption. Around the capital are many  tively, the First, Second, and Third Admiralty Sections. Ramarket-gardens, kept by German colonists. Timber, deals, diatiug immediately from the base of the tower, intersecting'
and masts form the chief articles of export. Some building  these canals, and spanning them  by handsome granite
stone and lime are obtained, and in the capital all kinds of  bridges, are the three principal streets, the Nevskoi Prosmanufactures are carried on. Population mostly Russians,  pekt or Neva Perspective, on the right, the Gorokhovaia
but comprises many bforeigners, mostof whom are Lutherans.  Oolitsa or Pea street, in the centre, and Vosnosenskoi ProsThe government is divided into 9 circles or districts. After pekt or Resurrection Perspective, on the right. The eye
St. Petersburg, the chief towns are Schliisselberg, Looga, wanders along these avenues throughout their whole exYamboorg, Cronstadt, and Tsarskoe-Selo.                    tent without obstruction. They are all of great length,
SAINT PETERSBURG, sent peetterz-btrg, (Russ. Peter- width, and beauty; but the finest every way, and the greatburg, pA/tir-boong'; Ger. &nct Petersburg, sdnkt pA/ters-  est thoroughfare of the city, is the Nevskoi Prospekt, which
b6i6hgx; Fr. ainst Petersbostrg, sANG pAtin'boos/; L. Petri- is 2 miles long, 150 feet wide, having a double carriage-way,
bur-gum,) the capital and most populous city of the Russian  with foot-paths paved with granite, or avenues shaded with
empire, at the mouth of the Neva in the Gulf of Finland, lime-trees.
16 miles E. of Cronstadt; 400 miles N.W. of Moscow, with    Beyond the Fontanka Canal, both on the S. and E., and
which it communicates by a railway, opened in November, bounded in the former direction by the city fosse, and on
1851; 1100 miles N.N.E. of Vienna; 1550 miles N.E. of  the latter by the main stream of the Neva, is a large space,
Paris, and 500 miles E. by N. of Stockholm. Lat. of observa-  almost entirely covered with buildings, and forming, in adtory, 590 56' 30"/ N., Ion. 300 19' E. A railway 17 miles in  dition to the three Admiralty sections already mentioned,
length, leading to Tsarskoe-Selo and Paulovski, two im- the Narva, Karetznol, Kojestvenskoi, and Foundry quarters.
penal residences, was opened' in 1836, and another is  Considerably to the E., on the right bank of the river, may
in course'of construction from  St. Petersburg to Warsaw, be seen the large villages of Great and Little Okhta.  Turna distance of 668 miles, with a branch extending to Riga. lnu  now to the opposite side of the town, and loolking N.,
Mean temperature of the year 390.6; winter, 180.6; sum- the busy scene presented by the river immediately below
mer, 610~7 Fahrenheit. The site is one of the most extr.  first attracts the eye, which then wanders along the splendid
ordinary that has ever been voluntarily selected for the foun- quay that lines the S. side of the Vasilieostrov, and is bordation of a capital, and yet owing mainly to the genius and  dered by a succession of noble edifices. The buildings of
perseverance which have been displayed in overcoming  this island are chiefly confined to its S. and E. portions; the
natural disadvantages, St. Petersburg has, within a com- W. and N.W., forming the far larger part of the whole, is
paratively short period, acquired a magnitude and splendor  covered with trees or under garden cultivation.  On the
which justly entitle it to rank among the first of European  N.E. the most conspicuous object is the citadel, situated
cities. The Neva, on approaching the Gulf of Finland, turns  chiefly on the small island of Petersburg, but also possessing
first N. and then W., after which it divides into three main  an extensive outwork on the island of Aptekarskoi, from
branches; the first called the Great Nevka, proceeds N.; the  which it is only separated by a narrow channel.  N. of this
next, or central branch, flows W.N.W., under the name of  outwork commences the Petersburg quarter of the city. It
the Little Neva; and the third, forming properly a continua- is much less compactly built than the Admiralty sections,
tion of the main stream, and therefore called the Great Neva, the buildings gradually becoming more isolated, and giving
flows S.W., and encloses a large tract or peninsula sur- place to extensive parks and gardens. The same remark is
rounded by water on three sides, and contiguous with the  still more applicable to the islands on the N.W., which are
mainland only on the S. The branches form a number of  chiefly occupied by places of amusement, public gardens,
islands, the two largest of which, separated from the penin- villas, and country seats. On the N.E., beyond the Nevka,
sula by the main stream and Great Nevka, are the Aptekar- and on the right bank of the river, is the Viborg quarter,
skoior Apothecaries' Island on the N., and the Vasilieostrov  which has already acquired considerable extent,, and  is
or Basilius Island on the W.  In the N.W., subordinate  rapidly advancing in importance. Some years ago the city
arms of the river form a number of smaller islands, of which  was said to have 156 bridges, of which 12 were of cast-iron,
the more important are the Petroskoi-ostrov, Krestovskoi, 31 of granite, and several suspension bridges. The 5 across
Kamenoi-ostrov, and Elaghinskoi. These islands, partincu- the Neva, and its principal branches, are erected on boats,
larly the two largest, with a small portion of the right bank, and annually removed before the river is frozen, which is
and the whole of the peninsula on the left bank, form a  the case during five months of the year.
series of fiats which, taken together, have nearly an oval    Churches.-Few  cities surpass St. Petersburg  in the
shape, and are so low as to be constantly exposed to inunda- splendor of its public buildings. Of the ecclesiastical edition, constitutethe site of St. Petersburg. The Neva, though  fices, the first in rank is the metropolitan church, or cathea broad,lively, and pellucid stream. is generally shallow, and  dral of our Lady of Kazan, in the Nevskoi Prospekt. It is
at its mouth is encumbered by a bar with not more than 9  in the form of a Greek cross, and has in front a large con1670




SAI                                                        SAT
tave portico of Corinthian columns, from the centre of which  the banks of the Neva, stands the Taurida Palace, a long, low
rises a tower, surmounted by a gorgeous dome. In the in- building, remarkable only fora ball-room of the extraorditerior, 56 gigantic monoliths support the roof. and in niches  nary dimensions of 320 feet by 70, and requiring 20,000 waxalong the sides are colossal statues of the GrandDuke  candles to light up it completely. The Annitchkoff Palace,
Vladimeer, Alexander Nevesky, St. John, and St. Andrew. on the Great Prospekt, near the Fontanka Canal, closesthe
The Isaac Church, finely situated a little S.W. of the Admi- brilliant range of buildings of which that street is comralty, in one of the largest open spaces of the capital, is much  posed.  Though handsomely built, and now the favorite
admired for its simple but lofty style of architecture, its  residence of the imperial family, and the place where the
grand proportions, and noble porticoes. The mere founda-  emperor receives ambassadors and holds the greater numtion of it, formed of piles sunk in swampy ground, is said  her of his councils, it does not possess much interest. The
to have cost $1,000,000, and the entire structure, $20,000,000. New Michaeloff Palace, so called to distinguish it from the
It is in the form of a Greek cross, and has four grand en- Michacloff Palace, or rather castle, built by the Emperor
trances, each approached by three broad flights of steps, and  Paul, is the residence of the emperor's brother, and is also
each whole flight composed of an entire piece of granite. occupied by the school of engineers. It is thought to be
Each entrance has a superb peristyle, with round monoliths  the most elegant building in St. Petersburg; and attached
of polished granite, 60 feet in height and 7 feet in diameter, to it are fine ranges of offices, in one of which is kept a
supporting an enormous frieze, above which, to twice the  celebrated riding-school, the youth of which often perform
height of the peristyles, rises the chief and central cupola, f~tes and tournaments in the presence of the Court.
glistening with gold, gilt on copper, and supported by 30    Gosernment Buildings.-The Admiralty, to which, as furs
granite columns. The Smolnoi Church, situated in the N.E. hishing the best station for obtaining a full view of the city,
of the peninsula, and originally belonging to a convent, reference has already been made, is an immense brick buildwhich still forms a vast pile, is built of white marble, and  ing, surmounted by a slender tower with a gilt cupola, situsurmounted by five blue domes spangled with golden stars. ated on the N. side of the square of same name. The main
The Preobrazhensky Church, or Spass Preobrajenskoi Sabor, part of the structure, from  the centre of which rises the
one of the largest in the city, belongs to one of the oldest tower, has its N. side parallel to the river, but its principal
regiments of the guards, and is overloaded both without fagade on the S. faces the square. The length of this facade
and within with military trophies. The railing around the  is nearly  a mile; and at right angles to it are two sides,
churchyard is formed of 300 French and Turkish cannon, stretching from its extremities N. towards the river; the E.
mounted in threes on granite pedestals, while every niche  side fronting the Winter Palace, and the W. the Isaac Square
and recess of the interior is filled with captured colors and  and Senate-house, each 650 feet in length. A large portion
halberts, pashas' horse-tails, &c. The church of St. Peter  of the Admiralty is occupied as school-rooms for naval caand St. Paul, situated on the N. side of the citadel, is ren-  dots. Immediately below it, on the N., lining the Russian
dered conspicuous by its lofty and elegant gilded spire, but  quay, are the extensive dockyards; and in the immediate
the building itself has a dingy and wretched appearance, vicinity a number of important public buildings; among
and an interior, which from the number of the keys of for- others, the Holy Synod, where all the higher concerns of the
tresses, captured eagles, pashas' horse-tails, and batons of  church are regulated; the Hbtel de lEtat Major, or head deoffice, looks more like an arsenal than a church. The chief  partment of the army, adorned with a triumphal chariot;
object of interest is theimperial vault, where the remains  and the War-office, conspicuous by its profusion of gigantic
of Peter the Great and of all his successors repose.        columns. On the opposite side of the Great Neva, stands
There are numerous other Russian churches deserving  the Exchange; and W., fronting it, from the Little Neva, the
of notice. The church of the English factory, situated W. Custom-house; both large and imposing structures. Immeof the Admiralty, is a splendid building, richly fitted up  diately adjoining are two high and slender towers, adorned
and seated for 1200 persons. The Dutch church is remark-  like the Columnme Rostratee of ancient Rome, and from
able for its ample revenues, derived from  grants of land  which the approach of shipping may be observed. The citamade to it by Peter the Great, and afterwards built upon. del, with its bastions and bristling embrasures, mounted
Of the several churches possessed by Roman Catholics, the  with 100 cannon, and defended by a garrison of 3000 men,
principal one, situated in the Nevskoi, is an elegant struc-  forms a very conspicuous object. Besides the church of St.
ture, with a Corinthian colonnade and a finely-proportioned  Peter and St. Paul, already described, it contains within its
dome. In connection with the churches may be mentioned  enclosure the Mint; and in its vicinity presents an object
the monastery of St. Alexander Nevskoi, the only one in St. of great interest in the wooden cottage of Peter the Great,
Petersburg; it is among the most celebrated in Russia, consisting of three small apartments, one of them his chapel,
ranking next after that of the Trinity in Moscow, and of  containing, among other relies of that extraordinary man,
the Cave in Kiev. It was founded by Peter the Great, and  the little boat which he constructed, and which may be concontains within its walls churches, towers, monks' cells, sidered as the germ of the powerful navy which he afterand gardens. The great attraction here to the Russians is wards formed. Among the many other government edifices,
the monument containing the remains of the saint, a ca- to which a general reference must suffice, the arsenals and
nonized grand duke. It is in the form of a pyramid 15 feet ranges of barracks are particularly deserving of notice.
high, of solid silver, and with the ornaments around it, also    Public Aonuments.-Two of these are particularly deseryof silver, is said to weigh 5000 pounds. The principal church  ing of notice. The one is-the equestrian statue of Peter the
or cathedral, built by the Empress Catherine, is of large  Great, by Falconet; and the other, the column by Montferdimensions, and surmounted by several domes. The in- rand, erected in honor of the Emperor Alexander. The
terior is richly decorated With Italian marble, and the orna- statue, situated near the S. extremity of the Isaac Bridge,
ments and treasures areof vastvalue. Thelongred cloisters  facing the Neva, represents the emperor with head uncowhich cluster round the church have a dreary look, and  vered, and encircled by laurel, in the act of mounting a proare occupied by between 50 and 60 monks, who superin- cipice, one hand holding the reins, while the'other is calmly
tend a classical school, at which the average attendance is outstretched as in the act of benediction. The composure
about 1000.                                                of the Czar contrasts finely with the fiery impetuosity of the
Palaces-These are alike numerous and remarkable for horse, which stands on its hind legs springing forward,
their colossal dimensions. The Winter Palace, while the  while a serpent lies trodden beneath its feet. The pedestal,
emperor resides in it, is said to be inhabited by 6000 per- a granite block, originally 45 feet long, 30 feet high, and 25
sons. It is situated immediately E. of the Admiralty, with  feet wide, was unfortunately broken in the cutting, and so
a front to the Neva of more than 700 feet, and is in the form   much diminished, that it now forms two jointed blocks, 35
of a vast square, the angles of which nearly correspond to  feet long, 20 feet broad, and only 14 feet high. The height
the four cardinal points. It is the largest palace in the  of the emperor's figure is 11 feet, and that of the horse 17
world, being one-third larger than that of the Emperor of  feet. The brevity and simplicity of the inscription in RusAustria, and is not surpassed in point of splendor. It occu- sian and Latin harmonizes with the spirit of the statue-" Pepies the site of the one destroyed by fire in 1837; not the  tramu Pervonmu, Catherina Vtovaya" —Petro Prime, Catheleast remarkable fact connected with it is, that its present  rina Secunda, miccsxxxii. The Alexander column stands
form was the work of two short years. The interior is gor- in the open space between the Etat Major and the Winter
geous in the extreme, consisting of suites of splendid halls, Palace, and is the greatest monolith of modern times. It
filled with marbles, malachites, precious stones, vases, and  consists of a single shaft of red granite, upwards of 80 feet
pictures. To the E. ofithe Winter Palace, and connected  high, and computed to weigh nearly 400 tons, placed on a
with it by several covered galleries, is the Hermitage, built  pedestal composed of an enormous block of the same red
by the Empress Catherine, (in a spirit similar to that which  granite, about 25 feet each way, and surmounted by a capiprompted Frederick the Great to erect his Sans Souci,) as a  tal formed of Turkish cannon, above which the statue of an
place where she might lay aside the cares and forms of state. angel 14 feet high, and of a cross 7 feet high, are placed. The
Its principal fagade faces the Neva, but possesses little archi- height of the whole is 150 feet. A fine statue of Suwartectural merit.  It is loaded, however, with works of art row adorns the Field of Mars, which will admit of from
and virtAi, and has a very valuable picture-gallery.  The  40,000 to 50.000 men being reviewed in it.
Marble Palace, not very appropriately so called, since far    Edsscational Institutions.-At the head of these stands the
less marble than granite and iron has been used in its con-  University, founded in 1819, and having in 1846, 69 professtruction, is situated considerably E. of the Hermitage, near  sore and 700 students. The Chirurgical Medical Academy,
the Troitskoi bridge; it has a dark, gloomy look, and its  founded by Peter the Great, receives about 500 pupils, and
walls are of such massive blocks as to suggest the idea of a  enjoys a high reputation.  Military education, in all its
fortress rather than a palace. About 1 mile farther E., on  branches, is regarded as one of the first interests of the
1671




SAI                                                          SAI
state, and forms a conspicuous feature in the academical did not exceed 300, but has increased so rapidly that the
system of Russia. It is provided for liberally in the hume- number of annual admissions is now above 7000, and tbh
rous institutions in the capital. The Mining School, with  number of children, of all ages, under the charge of the inan admirable mineralogical collection, is one of the most re-  stitution, exceeds 25,000.  The only question  asked of
markable establishments in the city; it occupies a grand  those who bring them is, Has the child been baptized? The
and imposing structure, so situated as to form a very con- largest ordinary civil hospital of. St. Petersburg is the Obonspicuous object from  the sea, and maintains above 300  koff, situated on the Fontanka Canal; it receives all applipupils, who, after remaining eight years, and receiving a  cants, but makes a small charge on those able to pay. The
liberal education, are sent to superintend the government military hospital is capable of containing 2000 patients.
mines, or placed in the mint. The Academy of Fine Arts  Various other hospitals are found in different quarters of
has a fagade, fronting the Neva, 400 feet long and 70 feet the town.
high, adorned with columns and pilasters, and surmounted    Theatres, and Places of Amusement.-In addition to the
by a central cupola, on which sits a colossal statue of Mi- theatre of the Hermitage, there are three of large dimensions
nerva. This academy, as already mentioned, is partly ap- -the Bolsho or Great Theatre, the Alexander Theatre, and
propriated as a picture-gallery, but also occupied as a school the French Theatre. These three, as well as all similar esof art, in which 300 pupils are maintained and educated. tablishments, are under the immediate management, and
In addition to these, it furnishes residences to the pro- kept up at the sole expense of the government. The pasfessors, academicians, and other artists, so that the whole  sion of the Russians for scenic amusement is strong. and
number of persons accommodated under its roof is estimated  hence the attendance is usually full. Besides the above,
at not less than 1000. The other principal schools are the  there is a large wooden theatre in the island of Kammenol,
Technological Institute, in which 215 pupils, sons of re- open only in summer. On the same island, and some other
spectable tradesmen, receive a general education, and special  smaller ones adjacent, there are, besides the numerous viiinstruction in the various mechanical arts, cotton-spinning,  las to which the greater part of the families who can afford
weaving, carpentry, &c.; the Central Pedagogical Institute  it retire to spend the summer, public gardens, with coffeeor normal school; two gymnasia; the Female Institute of  houses and taverns, swinging-poles, Russian mountains,
Smolnol, where 500 young ladies are carefully and gratu-  and other national amusements, which, on holidays, attract
itously educated; the Ecclesiastical Academy; the principal  crowds of citizens, and afford the best opportunities of seeProtestant school, the agricultural, commercial, veterinary, ing Russian life in many of its most characteristic forms, and
and various other schools.                                  without disguise. In other quarters, however, and nearer
Libraries.-The Imperial Library occupies a large build- the city, or within it, the more noisy and frivolous amuseing near the Kazan Church, in one of the finest squares of  ments are excluded, and the gardens are laid out so as to
the city, facing the Nevskoi Prospekt. It contains 420,000  furnish admirable promenades, or even serve a higher purprinted volumes, and about 15,000 manuscripts.  It has de- pose. Of the latter description is the admirable botanic
rived the greater part of its treasures from the spoils of Po- garden of the Aptekarskoi Island, which is open to the publand. The Oriental manuscripts are particularly valuable  lic on holidays, and is one of the most interesting sights of
and extensive. The other libraries entitled to particular  the capital; but, as a mere promenade, the Summer Garnotice are those of the Academy of Sciences, 100,000 voltimes;  dens take precedence of all others. They are situated close
of the Hermitage, 120,000 volumes, of which 10,000 are in  to the Troitskol Bridge, and though not very extensive, beRussian; and of the Alexander Nevskoi Monastery, which,  uing only ~ mile long by ~ mile broad, they form the great
though very limited in extent, (only 10,000 volumes,) has  lounge of the population. Among the festivities which take
collections of manuscripts of very great value.            place here the most extraordinary is that of Whit-Monday,
Mussesoms.-The principal museums are those of the Aca- when a fair, which both bears the name and has the reality of
demy of Sciences, occupying a large portion of the magnifi- a wife-market or bride-show, is held: the sons and daughters
cent buildings of that celebrated body, situated in the island  of the tradesmen assembling in their best attire to fix their
of Yasilieostrov, on the banks of the Great Neva, opposite  partners for life. The affair is thus described by an eyeto the Admiralty, and including an Asiatic museum, rich  witness:-The marriageable girls, decked with Oriental proil all kinds of curiosities relating to the East; an Egyptian  fusion of ornament, are ranged along the alleys of the gar.
museum, with a few fine specimens of papyrus, but not den, with some members of their respective families and the
otherwise interesting; an ethnographic museum, enriched  svakhi or match-makers behind them. The men, passing
by the collections of various Russian travellers and naviga- along, are at liberty to enter into conversation with any of
tors, and a general collectionof coins and medals, in which  the girls, and the acquaintance thus commenced often terthe Russian series is very valuable and complete; a good  minates in marriage.
mineralogical, and a remarkably fine botanical collection; a    Bazaars and Markets.-These derive particular interest
museum of natural history, containing an admirable collec- from the insight which they give into the Russian mode of
tion of birds, exquisitely stuffed and well arranged; and, doing business. The principal one, to be found in almost
among the larger fossil animals, of which Siberia furnishes  all Russian towns of importance, takes the name of Gostinnumerous specimens, a mammoth. perfect, with the excep- nol Dvor, or Merchants'.Inn.  That of St. Petersburg has
tion of one of the hind feet, 16 feet long, exclusive of the  one of its four sides in the Nevskoi Prospekt, and is of irretusks, and at least 2 feet higher than the elephant. The  gular form, the longest being 1200 feet, and the shortest not
Academy of'Fine Arts, also situated in the Vasilieostrov, on  more than 350 feet. A colonnade, of the height of the first
the banks of the Great Neva, has a portion of its magnificent  story, goes round the building, and has a fiat roof; from
apartments occupied as a picture-gallery; but is better  which, as a pavement, access is obtained to the magazines
known as an artistical school. A much more extensive and  above. The court within is intersected by lanes and alleys,
celebrated gallery is that of the Hermitage Palace, which  and portioned off into many hundred compartments, in
occupies 41 rooms, and contains splendid specimens of al- which every variety of merchandise is displayed. Each sepamost all the great masters. Two separate rooms are filled  rate quarter has its particular class of goods, and hence,
with an extraordinary collection of jewels, cameos, medals, according to its class, takes the name of Iron Row, or Pelsnuffboxes, ivory carvings, &c.; and in the rooms more es- try Row, or Book Row, &c. It has been estimated that in
pecially appropriated to pictures may be seen exquisite spe- the Gostinnoi Dvor, and dependent buildings. the number
cimens of malachite, and violet jasper, in the form of vases, of dealers cannot be much less than 10,000. The most of
candelabras, &c. The other more important collections are  them are men in blue caftans and blue caps, with flaxen
the Romanoff Museum, containing a large collection of  hair and brown beards. There are two other principal haminerals, models, and antiquities; and the museum  at-  zaars, called the Apraxin Rinok and the Tchakin Dvor,
tached to the Mining School, possessinig a large collection  containing about 5000 booths, tents, and stalls; but though,
of fossil conchology, models of mines, mining instruments,  in some respects, even more characteristic than the Gostin&c., but distinguished particularly by its mineralogical trea- noi Dvor, they resemble it so much, in arrangement and
sures, unequalled in Russia, and thought not to be sur- general features, as make a separate description unnecespassed in the world.                                        sary. One of its most characteristic features is the winter
Societies.-The only one of these which can be said to  market,' in which are seen enormous pyramids composed of
have acquired a European reputation is the Imperial Aca- the carcasses of cattle, sheep, and hogs, fish, fowls, eggs, and
demy of Sciences, which has long been distinguished for the  butter, frozen into solid masses.
valuable papers published in its Transactions. Most of them,   Aanufactures.-The manufactures of St. Petersburg are
however, are not the production of native talent, but of such  more extensive than those of any other town in the empire,
celebrated foreigners as the government has had the wisdom  and from the protective policy pursued by the government,
to attract by the liberality of its patronage. Numerous other are rapidly increasing. Some of the most important estasocieties of repute exist, under names of Russian imperial, blishments belong to government, and are carried on not so
medical, pharmaceutical, mineralogical. geographical, eco- much for the profits which they yield as for the purpose
nomical, agricultural, educational, military, philanthropic, of furnishing model establishments by which all other
and artistical.                                            parts of the empire may be instructed. One of the oldest
Hospitals, dc. —Of these, by far the richest and most splen- and most splendid of the government factories is the Spadid is the Vospitatelnoi Dom, or foundling-hospital.  It is lernoi, where Gobelin tapestry and carpets are made; the
situated close to the Pontanka Canal, in the best part of the  latter partly foe- sale, but the former only for the furnishing
town, has the air of a palace, and, with its courts, gardens, of the imperial palaces, or for presents.  Other important
and dependencies, covers a space of 28 acres. It was founded  government factories, celebrated either for their magnitude,
by Catherine II. The number of children received at fi-st or the excellence of the articles produced in them, are those
1672




SAI                                                         SAI
for the manufacture of playing cards, employing 3000 hands;    SAINT PHILIP, in Spain and Spanish Colonies. See
of porcelain, where the fine vases presented by the emperor  SAN FLIPE.
to foreign princes are made, and many objects of great value    SAINT PHILIP, in Italy. See SAN Fanippo.
and beauty are exposed for sale; and those of plate and cut-    SAINT PHILIIP, a post-village of Canada East, co. of
glass. The government has also a very extensive cotton- Huntingdon, 15 miles from Montreal. Pop. 150.
factory, and iron-foundry chiefly for casting cannon and    SAINT PHILIP'S  COLLEGE, near Detroit, Michigan.
other ordnance. Several of these establishments are rivalled  See Table of oblleges, APPENDIx.
by those of private individuals, the most of whom  are    SAINT-PIE, sANa  pee, a post-village of Canada East, co.
British. According to an official report, published February  of St. Hyacinthe, 40 miles E. by N. of Montreal.
29, 1849, there were in St. Petersburg 9 cotton-spinning corn-   SAINT PIERRE, s5Na pe-aie!, an island in the Lake of
panics, running an aggregate of 343,000 spindles. The prin- Bienne, Switzerland, canton of Bern, and celebrated as the
cipal articles, in addition to those already mentioned, are  residence of Rousseau in 1765.
woollen, silk, and linen tissues; carriages, leather, and    SAINT PIERRE, sANa pe-aiRl, an island of North Amearticles in leather; paper; mathematical and musical in-  rica, off the S. coast of Newfoundland.  The surface is
struments; wax and sail cloth, cordage, soap, tobacco, ca- rocky, and vegetation scanty. It forms, with the Miquelon
binet-work, jewelry, watches, and various articles in gold, Islands, immediately N.W., a colony belonging to France.
silver, mixed metals, and bronze. Ship-building also is  See MIqUELoN. Pop. 1591.
carried on to a great extent for the navy in the public dock-    SAINT PIERRE, sANG pe-aia5, the capital town of the isyards, and for commercial purposes at several private yards. land of Martinique, on its W. coast, 12 miles N.W. of Port
Cbmmerce.-In 1849, there entered the port of St. Peters- Royal. Pop. 20,424. It is the largest town of the French
burg 1571 vessels, (aggregate tonnage, 323,252;) and there  West Indies, and the chief entrepOt of those islands. It is
cleared, 1538, (aggregate tonnage, 318,921.) Notwithstand-  divided into two quarters by a rivulet, over which are some
ing the shallowness of the river, and consequent want of a  handsome bridges. It has numerous public buildings and
good harbor, the trade of St. Petersburg is of vast extent. schools, a handsome theatre, and a botanic garden. Its
With the exception of Riga, there is no other port by which  roadstead is defended by several forts. The Empress JoseRussia is accessible on the W.; while the system of inland  phine was born here in 1763.
navigation, by rivers and canals, is so complete and exten-    SAINT PIERRE, sfNa ps-alir, an island in tlhe Indian
sive as to give uninterrupted communication with the Black  Ocean, 240 miles N.E. of Madagascar, and dependent upon
and the Caspian Seas. The principal exports are tallow,  the British colony of Mauritius.
hemp, and flax; metals, grain, hempseed, linseed, timber,   SAINT PIERRE, a small town on the S.E. side of the
vegetable oils, hides, leather, furs, skins, potash, tar, bris- above island, of which it is the capital.
ties, canvas, and coarse linen; cordage, wax, caviar, isin-   SAINT PIERRE, sAtNa ps-ali!, a town of the island of
glass, &c. The imports are colonial produce. raw cotton, (in  Bourbon, in the Indian Ocean, 34 miles S. of St. Denis.
1849, 423,107 cwt.,) and cotton yarn, (in 1849, 64,565 cwt.;) Pop. 14,135.
cotton stuffs, fine linen, woollen, and silk goods; hardware,    SAINT PIERRE, Guernsey. See ST. PETEn-LE-Poar.
dyes, lead, tin, coal, wines, &c. In 1842, the total imports    SAINT-PIERRE-CAPELLE, sANa ps-air k&-pellf, a village
amounted in value to $50,270,000, and the exports to  of Belgium, province of South Hainaut, 15 miles N.N.W. of
$26,810,000. The customs' revenuewas $14,150,000. In the  Mons. Pop. 2375.
same year, 1167 ships, aggregate burden 223,947 tons, (of    SAINT-PIERRE-D'ALLEVARD, sING pe-aiR dAlleh-vaRI,
which 525, burden 117,793 tons, were British,) entered; and  a town of France, department of Islre, 17 miles N.E. of Gre1138 ships, aggregate burden, 219,412 tons, left the port. noble. Pop. in 1852, 2027.
History.-St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great,   SAINT-PIERRE-DE-CORMEILLES, saNe pe-aire deh ko'in 1703, previous to which its site contained only two huts. m4yAl, a town of France, department of Eure, near the CaIt is therefore entirely modern, and has nothing so remark- lonne, 10 miles S.W. of Pont-Audemer.  Pop. 1111.
able in its history, as the rapidity with which, in spite of    SAINT-PIERRE-D']tGLISE, saNG pe-al! dA'gleezf, a town
natural disadvantages, it has advanced to its present pros- of France, department of Manche, 9 miles E. of Cherbourg.
perity and magnificence. Instead of being situated in the heart Pop. in 1852, 2436.
of a beautiful and fertile district, the whole country around,    SAINT-PIERRE-DE-MAILLi,, s-aN  pe-aie deh mA'h'yAl,
where is neither forest or swamp, consists chiefly of moor- a town of France, department of Vienne, on the Gartempe,
land waste, or of poor arable land, from which the utnmost arrondissement of Montmorillon. Pop. 2161.
exertions of industry fail to procure grateful returns; while    SAINT-PIERRE-DE-PLESGUEN, saN  pe-aiR! dfeh plesthe city itself is so low, that whenever the volume of the  g8No, a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 14 miles
river is augmented by the melting of the snow and ice, in-  S.S.E. of St. Malo. Pop. 2084.
undation almost invariably lays part of the lower streets    SAINT-PIERRE-DE-QUILBIGNON, sNa pe-ainl deh keelunder water, and has sometimes risen to such a height as  been'y6Ncr, a town of France, department of Finistbre, 2
to cause fearful calamities. In the great inundation of 1824, miles W. of Brest.  Pop. 3214.
above 15,000 persons are said to have perished. Another    SAINT-PIERRE-DES-iEGLISES, saNa pe-air! dcz 4'gleezf,
great evil inseparable from this swampy alluvial site, is the  a town of France, department of Vienne, arrondissement of
want of a solid foundation for the buildings. Water is found  Montmorillon. Pop. 1408.
a few feet below the surface, and continued digging never    SAINT-PIERRE-DES-LANDES, saNc  pe-air! dA l6cd, a
succeeds in getting beyond a bed of mud. The consequence  town of France, department of Mayenne, arrondissement of
is, that all the houses must be built on piles, and an enor-  Laval.  Pop. 1900.
monus expense incurred before they begin to appear above the    SAINT-PIERRE-DE-TREVISI, saNa pe-ai!R dA treh'vee'surface. Peter the Great, however, was not the man to be  zeel, a town of France, department of Tarn, 18 miles N.E. of
daunted by ordinary difficulties.  Even in his reign, St. Castres. Pop. 1580.
Petersburg not only received the name, but assumed the    SAINT-PIERRE-D'OLARON, saca pe-aia  do'lPrNcG, a
appearance of a great capital. Its progress was not very  town of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, on the
rapid under his immediate successors, who were disposed to  island of 016ron, 17 miles S.S.W. of La Rochelle, having a
give Moscow the preference; but his later descendants, small port. Pop. in 1852, 4955.
counting it an honor to follow in his steps, have carried on    SAINT-PIERRE-D'ORLEANS, sAcs ps-airl doI0tWNo!, a
their embellishments on a scale of almost unexampled mag- post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Montmorenci,
nificence, placing St. Petersburg foremost among the oldest  on the island of Orleans, on the St. Lawrence, 41 miles from
and proudest of European cities. Pop. in 1852, 533,241.    Quebec. Pop. 1000.
SAINT PETER'S HARBOR, an inlet on the N. coast of    SAINT-PIERRE-DU-CCHAMP, sacape-ai!l di sh8aN, atown
Prince Edward Island, in British North America.            of France, department of Haute-Loire, 14 miles N. of Le Puy.
SAINT PESTER'S (or MINNESOSTA) RIVER, a river of  Pop. 1700.
Minnesota Territory, having its source in a group of small    SAINT-PIERRE-DU-CHEMIN, sANspe-ai!R dii sheh-macoG,
lakes in about 450 40' N. lat., and 970 15' W. Ion. It flows  a town of France, department of Vend6e, 17 miles N.N.E. of
in a general E.S.E. direction till it receives the waters of  Fontenay. Pop. 1800.
Blue Earth River, in about 440 12' N. lat., and 940 6' W.   SAINT-PIERRE-EYNAC, saca ps-ale! Pntkl, a town of
Ion., where it changes its course to N.N.E., and afterwards  France, department of Haute-Loire, 7 miles E. of Le Puy.
to E. and N.E., falling at last into the Mississippi River at Pop. 1700.
Fort Snelling. The entire length is estimated at about 450    SAINT-PIERRE-LA-COUR, sAcs ps-air! 1i koon, a town
miles. It is navigable in high water for steamboats, near  of France, department of Mayenne, 20 miles E.S.E. of May60 miles from its mouth.                                   enne. Pop. 1050.
SAINT PEITER TAIVY, a parish of England, Co. of Devon.   SAINT-PIERRE-LEEUW, sac  pe-aile.A-oov!, a village
SAINT PESTROX, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- of Belgium, province of Brabant, 6 miles S.S.W. of Brussels.
broke.                                                     Pop. 3614.
SAINT-PHILBERT-DE-BOUAINE, sac fil'bairY deh boo'-   SAINT-PIERRE-LE-MIOUTIER, sacN ps-airl leh moo'te-Al.
ainm, a village of France, department of Vend6e, 20 miles N. a town of France, department of Nibvre, on the railway to
of Pontivy. Pop. 1880.                                     Clermont, 18 miles N.W. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, 2406.
SAINT-PHILBERT-DE-GRANDLIEU, sAcs fil'baie!  deh    SAINT PIERRE LES BEQUETS, sacs pe-airl 1I bAkAf, a
grGcsle-uhS, a village of France, department of Loire-Inf6-  post-village and seigniory of Canada East. co. of Lotbinibre,
rieure, 13 miles S.S.W. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 3571.     on the St. Lawrence, 60 miles S.W. of Quebec. Pop. 3000.
SAINT PHILIP, Texas. See SAN FELIPE.                       SAINT-PIERRE-LPS-CALAIS, s8ape-aiRe1l k&lA, a town
1673




SAI                                                        SAI
of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, and a suburb of Ca-   SAINT REMI, a village of Canada East, co. of Huntinglais, with a station on the Railway du Nord. Pop. in 1852, I{on, 24 miles from Montreal. Pop. about 275.
11,524.                                                      SAINT-REMY, SAoN reh-meef, a town of France, departSAINT-PIERRE-LOUVIPRES, SINa pe-air looave-aio!, a  ment of Bouches-du-Rhbne, 13 miles N.E. of Arles. Pop. in
town of France, department of Seine-Infdrieure, with a  1852, 6024. It is enclosed by ramparts, now formed into
station on the Paris Havre and Rouen Railway, 21 miles boulevards. Chief industry, woollen-weaving and silk-throwS.S.E. of Rouen.                                          ing. About 1 mile distant are remains of the ancient G/aSAINT PIERRE RIVIERE DU SUD, sANG pe-aiRa ree've- num, comprising a fine Corinthian monument and an arch.
aiat dii slid, a village and parish of Canada East, co. of    SAINT-REMY, a town of France, department of Puy-deL'Islet, 41 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 1500.               DOme, 25 miles E.N.E. of Clermont-Ferrand.  Pop. 4030.
SAINT-PIEIRRE-SUR-DIVES, sANa pe-aiR siiR deev, a town    SAINT-RENAN, saNG reh-n8NGI, a town of France, departof France, department of Calvados, on the Dives, 19 miles ment of Finistbre, 6 miles N.W. of Brest. Pop. 1027.
S.E. of Caen. Pop. in 1852, 2000.                            SAINT-RIOU, saNG re-ool, an islet of France, in Brittany,
SAINT-POL, saNa pol, a town of France. department of  department of Cltes-du-Nord, S.E. of the island of Brehat.
Pas-de-Calais, on the Ternoise, 19 miles W.N.W. of Arras.    SA[INT-RIQUIER, SANG ree'ke-AI, a town of France, dePop. in 1852, 3380. It has two ruined castles, a communal partment of Somme, 5 miles N.E. of Abbeville. Pop. 1500..
college, and mineral baths.                                In the Middle Ages it had a celebrated Benedictine abbey.
SAINT-POL-DE-LPON, SAG poi deh IlNGI, a town of    SAINT ROCH-DE-L'ACIHIGAN, sANG rosh deh lalshee'France, department of Finistbre, on a height near the Eng- gINGI, a village of Canada East, co. of Leinster, is situated in
lish Channel, 10 miles N.W. of Mlorlaix. Pop. in 1852, 7059. the seigniory of Achigan, 36 miles from Montreal.
It has a cathedral, with remarkable tombs, a church, with    SAINT ROCH DES AULNETS, sANG rosh dAz 6OnA', a posta steeple nearly 400 feet in height, a town-hall, and an epis- village and parish of Canada East, co. of L'Islet, on the S.
copal palace.                                              shore of the St. Lawrence, 66 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 3500.
SAINT POLTEN, p1/ten, (Ger. Sanct Pilten, sinkt p51/-   SAINT-ROMAIN, sANG ro'm&NGf, a village of France, deten,) a fortified town of Lower Austria, on the Trasen, 35 partment of Haute-Loire, arrondissement of Yssengeaux.
miles W. of Vienna. Pop. 5800. It has a cathedral, an epis- Pop. 1473. 
copal palace, diocesan and high female seminaries, a theatre,   SAINT-ROMIAIN, a village of France, department of Chaseveral hospitals, and manufactures of cotton goods, paper, rente, arrondissement of Barbezieux. Pop. 1129.
glass, and earthenware.                                     SAINT-ROMAIN, a village of France, department of SeineSAINT POL/YCAIPE, a post-village of Canada East, co. InfOrieure, 11 miles E.N.E. of Havre. Pop. in 1852.1710.
of Vaudreuil, on the River do L'Islet, 54 miles from Mon-   SAINT-ROMAIN-DE-B]iNET, saNa romaNG! dehbA'nA/, a
treal and 33 from Cornwall. Pop. 900.                     village of France, department of Charente-Inf6rieure, 10
SAINT-PONS, SANG p8NG, a town of France, department of  miles W.S.W. of Saintes. Pop. 1582.
516rault, 56 miles WV. of Montpellier. Pop. 3780. It has    SAINT-ROMAIN-DE-POPEY, san ro mANo! deh poapA!, a
manufactures of woollen cloths and hosiery, and extensive  village of France, department of Rh~ne, 6 miles S.E. of Tastone quarries in its vicinity,                           rare. Pop. 1552.
SAINT-PORQUIER, SANG peRike-A, a town of France, de-   SAINT-ROMAIN-D'URPHEV, sANs romoAn!G dii&fW, a viipartment of Tarn-et-Garonne, 8miles W.S.W. of Montauban. lage of France, department of Loire, 15 miles S.W. of
Pop. 1437.                                                 Roanne. Pop. 1509.
SAINT-POUR(9AIN, sANG pooosaNG!, a town of France,   SAINT-ROMAIN-EN-JARRET, saN  romANG/! 8No zhan~department of Al1ier, 18 miles S. of Moulins. Pop. in 1852, rA!, a village of France, department of Loire, 12 miles N.E.
4938.                                                      of St. Etienne. Pop. 1160.
SAINT-PRIVAT, SANG pree'vf/, a village of France, de-   SAINT-ROMAINVILLE, SaNe ro'mING'veel, a village of
partment of Corrbze, 17 miles E.S.E. of Tulle. Pop. 1150.   France, department of Seine, near the N.E. extremity of
SAINT-PIRIVAT-D'ALLIER, saNa  pree'vA dl'lse-A, a vii- Paris, 4 miles S.E. of St. Denis, with a fine chateau and
lage of France, department of Haute-Loire, near the Allier, park, and a wood greatly resorted to by the inhabitants of
10 miles W.S.W. of Le Puy. Pop. 1450.                      Paris.
SAINT PROSIPER, a village and parish of Canada East,   SAINT-ROME-DE-TARN, sANe rom deh taran, a village of
co. of Port Neuf, 71 miles from St. Anne de la P6rarde. Pop. France, department of Aveyron, on the left bank of the
about 200.                                                 Tarn, 25 miles S.E. of Rodez. Pop. 1171.
SAINT-QUAY. saNe kA, a maritime village of France, de-   SAINT-ROQUE, a town of Spain. See SAN RoQouE.
partminent of CUtes-du-Nord, on the English Channel, 11    SAINT ROSE, (Fr. pron. saNe roz,) a post-village of Canada
miles N.N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. in 1852, 2993.           East, co. of Terre-bonne, on the Isle J6sus, 16 miles from
SAINT-QUENTIN, sANe k8NGetAN!, (anc. Augusfta  Fero- Montreal. Pop. of parish 2650.
manduolrum,) a manufacturing town of France, department    SAINT-SAENS, sANG s8ne, a market-town of France, deof Aisne, on the Somme, on the Canal of St. Quentin, and at partment of Seine-Inf~rieure, on the Argues, 18 miles N.N.E.
the terminus of the railway from  Creil, 24 miles N.W. of  of Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 2716.
Laon. Pop. in 1852, 24,324. It has a noble cathedral,   SAINT SALVADOR, Brazil. See BAHIA.' town-hall, court-house, hospitals, public library of 14,000    SAINT SAMP/SON, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
volumes, chamber of manufactures, theatre, and concert-   SAINT SAPHORIN, sANG sA0fo'r'NG/, a village of Switzerhall, with extensive manufactures of striped and spotted  land, canton of Vaud, capital of a circle, on theN. coast of
muslins, lace, cotton-yarn, table linens, leather, soap, and  the Lake of Geneva, 9 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne.  Pop. 400.
sulphuric acid. The Canal of St. Quentin is 58 miles in    SAINT-SATUR, sINe s'tiiRl, a village of France, depart.
length, and forms a communication between the Oise, the  ment of Cher, 1 mile N.E. of Saucerre.  Pop. 1085.
Somme, and the Scheldt. Here the French were defeated    SAINT-SATURNIN, sAne sAttitan1Ne/, a village of France,
by the Spaniards, August 10, 1557.                         department of Cantal, arrondissement of Murat.  Pop. 1257.
SAINT-QUENTIN, a market-town of France, department   SAINT-SATURNIN, a village of France, department of
of Gard, nearUzbs. Pop. 1994.                             Cher, 21 miles S.W. of St. Arand. Pop. 1288.
SAINT QUIIVOX, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, district   SAINT-SATURNIN, a village of France, department of,
of Kyle, on the siver, and 3 miles N.E. of the town of Ayr. Puy-de-DIme, 7 miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1279.
It stands on a coal-field, in which three mines are wrought;    SAINT-SATURNIN, a village of France, department of
and it contains the villages of Whitlets, Contat, and Wal- Aveyron, 20 miles N. of Millau.  Pop. 1675.
lace-town, the suburbs of Ayr, and some excellent sandstone    SAINT-SATURNIN-DE-StCHAUD, sAne sAdtiitnANe deh
quarries.                                                 sWshlt, a village of France, department of Charente-Inf6SAINT-RAMBERT, sINe rl'aebain;, a town of France, de- rieure, arrondissement of Saintes. Pop. 1480.
partment of Loire, 10 miles S.E. of Montbrison, on the    SAINT-SATURNIN-DU-BOIS. sANe sttii'nRtANG/ dii bwA, a
Loire, and near a station on the railway to St. Etienne. village of France, department of Charente-Inf6rieure, arronPop. 1465.                                                 dissement of Rochefort. Pop. 1116.
SAINT-RAMBERT, a town of France, department of Ain,   SAINT-SATURNIN-LES-AVIGNON, s-Ne sttiscn&NG/ lZ
capital of a canton, 20 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 1239.    A'veen'y6ne/, a village of France, department of Vaucluse,
SAINT-RAPHAEL, sIne rl'fAitl, a maritime village of arrondissement of Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 2640.
France, department ofVar, 1~ miles E.S.E. of Fr6jus. Pop. 958.   SAINT-SAUD, sANe s5, a village of France, department of
SAINT RAIPHAELS, a post-village of Canada West, co. Dordogne, arrondissement of Nontron. Pop. in 1852, 2703.
of Glengary, 20 miles from Cornwall.                        SAINT-SAUFLIEU, sNe s~fqle-uh!, a-village of France. deSAINT RAYIMOND, (Fr. pron. sINe rAmANo!,) a post-vil- partment of Somme, arrondissement of Amiens. Pop. 1520.
lage and parish of Canada East, co. of Port Neuf, 40 miles   SAINT-SAULGE, sANe s5lzh, a town of France, depart
W. of Quebec. Pop. 1000.                                  ment of Nilvre, arrondissement, and 18 miles E.N.E. of
SAINT REGIS, (reeljis,) atownship of Canada East, on the Nevers. Pop. 1260.
S. side of the St. Lawrence, and the state of New York fron-   SAINT-SAULGE, a village of France, department of
tier, at the S. extremity of Lake St. Francis, 63 miles S.W. of Vienne, 3 miles S. of MIontmorillon. Pop. 1100.
Montreal.,               SAINT-SAUVENT, sANG s6'v6Nc', a village of France, deSAINT REfGIS RIVtER rises in Franklin co., New York; pa-tment of Vienne, 18 miles S.W. of Poitiers. Pop. in
and flowing through St. Lawrence co., falls into the St. 1852, 2892.
Lawrence River near its intersection with the boundary    SAINT-SAUVEUR, sINo sO'vuOr, a village of France, deline between the United States and Canada.               partment of Ilautes-Pyr6n6es, on a cliff beside the Gave-de1674




SAI                                                       SAI
the same quality as Barr6ges, 4 miles N.E.                Archipelago, lat. 560 10' N., lon. 155~ 221 W.; N.W. of
SAINT-SAUVEUR, a market-town of France, department Tcherikoff Island, 3 miles long, with a reef of 3 miles pro
of Yonne, 21 miles S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 1655.    jecting off its E. point. It sometimes bears the name of
SAINT-SAUVEUR, sANG sO'vus/, a village of Belgium, Foggy, on account of the fogs which prevailed at the time
province of Hainaut, 12 miles N.E. of Tournay.            of its discovery.
SAINT-SAUVEUR-LENDELIN, SANG s6vuR/l lNG~d.eh-lANG1,   SAINT STEfPHEN, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.
a village of France, department of Manche, 6 miles N. of   SAINT STEIPHEN'S, three parishes of England, co. of
Coutances. Pop. in 1852, 2000.                            Cornwall.
SAINT-SAUVEUR-SUR-DOUVE, sANG s'vur/ siiR doov,   SAINT STEPhEN'S, a village and parish of England, co,
a village of France, department of Manche, 8 miles S.S.W. of Cornwall, within 1 mile of Launceston. Pop. 134.
of Valognes. Pop. in 1852, 2818.                             SAINT STEPHEN'S, a parish of England, co. of lIerts.
SAINT-SAVIN, a market-town of France,: department of    SAINT STEPHEN'S, a post-village of Washington co.,
Gironde, 10 miles E. of Blaye. Pop. in 1852, 2034.        Alabama, on the Tombigbee River, 100 miles by water N. of
SAINT-SAVIN, a town of France, department of Vienne,  Mobile'
24 miles E.S.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1447.                     SAINT STEPHEN'S, a seaport-town of New Brunswick,
SAINT-SAVIN, a town of France, department of Isbre,  co. of Charlotte, at the entrance of Deny's River into the
with a village 8 miles N.W. of Tour-du-Pin. Pop. 2359.    Schoodic, opposite Calais, in Maine, and about 60'miles W.
SAINT-SAVIN, a town of France, department of Hautes- of St. John's. Lat. 450 10' N., Ion. 670 12' W. The principal
Pyr6n6es, 2 miles S.S.E. of ArgelSs, with remains of a Roman  industry of the inhabitants is directed to the lumber trade
fort, and a Benedictine convent,                          and the fisheries. In 1850, 38 vessels (tons, 10,616) entered
SAINT-SAVINIEN, sANe sl\vee'ne-AtnG, a market-town of the port, and 8 vessels (tons, 1595) cleared for other
France, department of Charente-InfMrieure, on the right countries.
bank of the Charente, 9 miles N. of Saintes. Pop. in 1852,   SAINT STITH1IANS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
3438.                                                        SAINT-SULPICE, saN  siilPpeessf, a village of France, deSAINT SCHOLASTIQUE, saNe sko'lgs'teekf, a post-village  partment of Hlaute-Garonne, 9 miles S. of Muret. Pop. 1306.
and parish of Canada East, co. of Two Mountains, 36 miles    SAINT-SULPICE, a village of France, department of
W. of Montreal. Pop. 5600                                  Tarn, arrondissement of Lavaur. Pop. 1508.
SAINT SEBASTIAN, sent se-bastyan, (Sp. San Sebastian,   SAINT SULPICE, sane siil'peessf, a post-village of Canada
san sA-bas-te-iAn,) a strongly-fortified city and seaport of East, co. of Leinster, on the St. Lawrence, 24 miles N.N.E.
Spain, province of Guipuscoa, on a small peninsula in the  of Montreal. Pop. 800.
Bay of Biscay, insulated at high water by the Urumea, here    SAINT-SULPICE-LES-CHAMPS, saNa siiPpeess! lA zh8ne,
crossed by a long wooden bridge, 10 miles W. of Fontarabia, a village of France, department of Creuse, 8 miles W.N.W.
on the frontier of France. Lat. 430 19' 2" N., Ion. 20 0' 5"  of Aubusson. Pop. 1136.
W. Pop. 13,000. It is enclosed by walls, and commanded    SAINT-SULPICE-LES-FEUILLES, saN  siiPpeess IA ful,
by its citadel of Mota, on the adjacent height, Mount Urgull. a village of France, department of Haute-Yienne, 19 miles
Since its destruction by fire, and siege in 1813, it has been  N.E. of Bellac. Pop. in 1852, 1783.
mostly rebuilt on a uniform plan. It has handsome squares,   SAINT-SUZANNE, sane sii'znnf, a town of France, deseveral churches and convents, civil and military hospitals, partment of Mlayenne, 20 miles E. of Laval. Pop. 1760.
and is, with its citadel, abundantly supplied with water.   SAINT-SUZANNE, a town of France, in the island of
Its harbor, protected by a mole and well defended, is small, Bourbon, N.E. coast, 11 miles E. of St. Denis. Pop. 6128.
but the city has a large import trade in English and French    SAINT SYLVESITER, a village and parish of Canada East,
goods, &c., and an export trade in corn, &c. It was taken  co. of Dorchester, 30 miles from St. Nicholas. Pop. about
by the French in 1719, 1794, and 1808, from which year 2000.
they held it till August 31, 1813, when it was stormed and    SAINT SYLVESTRE, several communes and villages of
taken by the British after great loss.                     France, the principal in department of Haute-Vienne, 14
SAINT SEGAL, san seh-ghlf, a village of France, depart-  miles N.N.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1519.
ment of Finistbre, 3 miles N.N.E. of Chateaulin. Pop. 1248.   SAINT TAMIMANY, a parish in the S.E. part of LouisiSAINT-SEINE-L'ABBAYE, saNe sin lIabb-b, a town of  ana, bordering on the Mississippi and Lake Pontchartrain,
France. department of Cbte-d'Or, 15 miles N.W. of Dijon.    contains about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the 1E.
SAIINT-SERNIN, sane  6a0nnaNG, a town of France, de- by Pearl River, and drained by Chefonte River and Bogus
partment of Aveyron, 15 miles W.S.W. of St. Affrique. Pop. Chitto. The surface is uneven, and partly occupied by pine
in 1852, 1145.                                            baivens. Covington is the seat of justice. Pop. 6364, of
SAINT-SERVAN, sAna s8av8NGf, a seaport of France, de- whom 4001 were free, and 2363 slaves.
partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, on the right bank of the Rance,    SAINT TAM/MANY'S, a post-office of Mecklenburg co.,
close to its mouth in the English Channel, immediately  Virginia.
opposite St. Malo, to which transit on foot is easy at low    SAINT TEATH, a parish of England. co. of Cornwall.
water. Pop. in 1852, 9964. It has two harbors, one adapted    SAINT-THEGONNEC, sANe tA'gon'n1k/, a village of France,
for frigates, the other appropriated to commerce, separated  department of Finistbre, 6 miles W. of lIorlaix. Pop. in
from each other by the rock and castle of Solidor, founded  1852, 3802.
by William the Conqueror; besides which another strong    SAINT THF/ODORE, an islet in the Mediterranean, off
fort defends St. Servan. It has a communal college, a mas- the N. coast of Crete, 5 miles N.W. of Rhania.
sive church, and an English chapel, reading-rooms, and    SAINT THERESE, Canada. See SAINTE THERESE.
bathing accommodations. and is the residence of many    SAINT THOMAS. (tomids,) a parish of England, co. of
English families. It has ship-building docks, and an active  Devon, forming a S.W. suburb of Exeter. It is the head of
trade with the East and West Indies.                      a poor-law union.
SAINT-SEVER, saNe seh-vaiR!, a town of France, depart-   SAINT THOMAS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
ment of Landes, on the left bank of the Adour, 11 miles    SAINT-THOMAS, sANe tonmYf, several villages of France;
S.S.W. of Mont-de-Marsan. ~ Pop. in 1852, 4282. It has a  the principal in the department of Charente-Infirieure, near
communal college, and trade in corn, wine, and brandy.    the Gironde, 10 miles W.S.W. of Jonzac. Pop. 1521.
SAINT-SEVER, a town of France, department of Calva-    SAINT THOMIAS, a post-village and township of Franklin
dos, 7 miles W. of Vire. Pop. in 1852, 1630.              co., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W. of Chambersburg. Pop.
SAINT-SEVERIN, saN seh-veh-rANe, a village of France, of the township, 1957; of the village, about 500.
department of Charente, canton of Aubeterre. Pop. 1300.     SAINT THOMAS, a village of Lower California, 30 miles
SAINT-SIGOL]NE, san see'goiaint, a village of France, S.S.E. of San Diego.
department of Haute-Loire, arrondissement of Yssengeaux.    SAINT THOMAS, a thriving town of Canada West, co. of
Pop. 3168.                                                Middlesex, 17 miles S. of London. It has churches of 4 or
SAINT SIMOND'S ISLAND, Atlantic Ocean, S. side of the  5 denominations, 2 branch banks, 1 assurance and 3 insurentrance to the Altamaha. On its S. point Is a fixed light, ance agencies, a printing office, about 25 stores,; and several
having an elevation of 75 feet. Lat. 310 8' N., Ion. 810 36' W. iron founderies, and other establishments. Pop. 1200.
SAINT-SOUPLET, saNe soo'pll, a village of France, de-   SAINT THOMAS, sprt tom/as, one of the Virgin Islands,
partment ofNord, arrondissement of Cambrai. Pop. 2453.   West Indies, belonging to Denmark, 38 miles E. of Porto Rico.
SAINT SOUTH ELMHAM, (elm/am,) a parish of England, Lat. (E. entrance of Fort Christian) 180 20' 24" N., Ion. 640
co. of Suffolk.                                           55' 45" W. Greatest length from E. to W., 17 miles; greatest
SAINT STANISLAS, saNe stan'eesslV, a post-village and  breadth, about 44 miles. Area, 45 square miles. It has a
parish of Canada East, co. of Champlain, 72 miles S.E. of  rugged and elevated surface, which attains its greatest
Quebec. Pop. 1200.                                        height towards the centre, and descends sometimes graSAINT STEPHEN, France. See SAINT ETIENNE.               dually, but oftener abruptly, to the shore. It was once
SAINT STEPHEN, Spain. See SAN ESTEBAN.                  well Wooded, but the cutting down of the trees has laid it
SAINT STEPHEN, Italy. See SANTo STEFANO.                open to the full force of the sun's rays, and it now suffers
SAINT STEPHEN, (Ger. Sanct Slephan, slnkt stdff n,) a  much from a deficiency of water. The soil being sandy and
village and parish of Switzerland, canton, and 29 miles S. by no means fertile, the far greater part of it remains unby W. of Bern, in a romantic district on the Simme, more  cultivated. The area under crop is only about 2500 acres,
than 3000 feet above the sea, with a church, one of the oldest of which nearly a half are planted with sugar-cane. The
in the Simmenthal. Pop. 1413.                             whole island enjoys the privileges of a free harbor, and the
1675




SAI                                                        SAI
trade is very extensive, St. Thomas being a depSt of goods   SAINT-VALLIER, a village of France, department of Var,
for many of the neighboring islands.  It has its central 4 miles N.W. of Grasse. Pop. 576.
locality at the capital, Charlotte Amalie, which is annually    SAINT-VALLIER, a village of France, department of
visited by about 3000 vessels from Europe, North and South  Sadne-et-Loire, 18 miles S.W. of Chalons. Pop. in 1852, 2688.
America. and also from the other West India islands. In    SAINT-VALLIER, (Fr. pron. SANa v. lle-A',) a post-village
Europe tihe trade is chiefly with London, Liverpool, Glasgow, and parish of Canada East, co. of Bellechasse, on the St.
Havre, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Genoa, Altona, Hamburg, Bre- Lawrence, 20 miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 1900.
men, and Amsterdam. St. Thomas is a principal station of   SAINT VEEP, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
the West India mail-steamers from Southampton, for which a    SAINT VEIT. See SANCT VEIT.
large steam-packet leaves it every fortnight. Pop. esti-   SAINT-VENANT, sANG veh-nINAN, a fortified'town of
mated at 12,800.                                           France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the Lys, arrondisseSAINT THOMAS, an island of the Gulf of Guinea, be- ment of Bethune. Pop. in 1852, 2495.
longing to the Portuguese, immediately N. of the equator,   SAINT-VICTOR, sANG veek'toRI, a village of France, dein Ilon. 60 3' E. Area, 145 square miles. In its centre, the  partment of Ardbche, 8 miles W.N.W. of Tournon. Pop. in
peak of Santa Anna rises to 7020 feet in height. The val- 1852, 2206.
leys are highly fertile; the low lands are stated to be very    SAINT-VICTOR, a village of France, department of Loire,
unhealthy; but the S. part of the island is salubrious, being  arrondissement of Roanne. Pop. 1245.
exposed'to fresh breezes. The products comprise maize,   SAINT-VICTOR, a village of France, department of Puydates, manioc, sweet potatoes, cotton, sugar, indigo, cocoa- de-DOme, 5 miles N.N.E. of Thiers. Pop. 1463.
nuts. and canella bark. Live-stock is plentiful.              SAINT-VICTOR, a village of France, department of SeineSA[INT THOMAS, or CHAVES, sheves, the capital town  Infdrieure, on the railway from Dieppe to Rouen, 19 miles
of the above island, on the N.E. coast, is a bishop's see, from Dieppe.
and defended by a fort. Pop. 4476.                            SAINT-VICTOR-DE-RENO, sING veek'toR] deh reh-nol, a
SAINT THOMAS, a town of the West Indies. See CHiR- village of France, department of Orne, 7 miles E.S.E. of
LOTTE AIALIE.                                               Mortagne. Pop. 1175.
SAINT THOMAS, (Port. s~o ThemE, s6wNG to-mA,) a town    SAINT-VICTOR-SUR-LOIRE, sANG veekStoRI siiR Iwla, a
of British India, presidency, and 13 miles S. of Madras, of  village of France, department of Loire, 7 miles W. of St.
which city it is a suburb. It has numerous Roman Catholic  Etienne. Pop. 1159.
churches, and many of its inhabitants are of Portuguese    SAINT VIGtEANS, a parish and village of Scotland, co. of
descent.                                                   Forfar, comprising a part of the town of Arbroath.
SAINT TIHOMAS'DE MONTREAL, (Fr. pron. sANG to'mA!   SAINT-VINCENT-DEs-PRas, sANG vaNGsNGIs dA prl, a vildeh m6CNG'trAll,) a village and parish of Canada East, co. of  lage of France, department of Sarthe, 5 miles S.S.E. of
Berthier, 42 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. 1500.            Mamers. Pop. 1238. SAINT VINCENT is the name of several
SAINT TI-IOMAS DE QUEBEC, a thriving post-village of  other villages of France.
Canada East, co. of L'Islet, 35 miles N.E. of Quebec. It    SAINT VINCENT, a village of the Sardinian States,
contains a church, and about 20 stores. It has also a foun- division of Aosta, 2 miles E. of Chatillon, above the Dora,
dry, manufactories, and several large lumbering establish- here crossed by a remarkable Roman bridge. Pop. 1051.
ments.                                                        SAINT VIN/CENT, one of the British West India Islands,
SAINT T.HOMAS' MOUNT, a town and extensive mill- 100 miles W. of Barbadoes; lat. (Kingstown) 130 13' N., Ion.
tary cantonment of British India, presidency, and 8 miles  610 15' W.; 17 miles long, and about 10 miles broad; area,
S.S.W. of Madras.                                           132 square miles. A ridge of high volcanic hills, bold and
SAINT THOMAS PENSIFORD, a parish and small market- abrupt, but well wooded, stretches through the island from
town of England, co. of Somerset, 24 miles N.N.E. of Somer- N. to S., and sends off subordinate masses, which extend
ton. Pop. 316.                                              to the sea, and are intersected by beautiful and fertile valSAINT TIMtOTIY, a post-village of Canada East, co. of  leys. In the N.W., where the mountains are highest, is a
Beauharnois, 36 miles S.W. of Montreal. Pop. 400.           volcano called the Souffriere, in which a tremendous erupSAINT TONYS, a town of Prussia. See SANCT TONYs.          tion occurred in 1812. Its height is 3000 feet above seaSAINT-TROND, s-Ne trdSc, a town of Belgian Limbourg,  level, and its crater 3 miles in circuit, and 500 feet deep.
on the Branch Railway from  Mechlin to Liege, 12 miles  The soil in the valley is usually a rich, tenacious, and occaW.N.W. of Tongres. Pop. 9400. It has breweries, distille- sionally a fine black loam. The climate is exceedingly
ries, and manufactures of soap, tobacco, and lace.          humid, having an average annual fall of rain of nearly 80
SAINT-TROPEZ, sINo tro'p./, (anc. Hesaclea?) a maritime  inches, but is not unhealthy. The principal produce is
town of France, department of Var, on the Gulf of Grimaud,  sugar, rum, molasses, arrow-root, and cotton. The exports
an inlet of the Mediterranean, 37 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. in 1851 were 218,5211., of which 199,8991. were to the United
Pop. in 1852, 3595, chiefly engaged in tunny and other  Kingdom; the imports, 198,6791., of which 114,7961. were
fisheries  It has a chamber of commerce.                    from  the United Kingdom, and 29,8151. from  the United
SAINT TUIDY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        States. The government is vested in a governor, a council
SAINT TWYNIELLS, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- of 12, and an assembly of 19 members. Revenue in 1851,
broke.                                                      15,8271.; expenditures, 15,1621. The capital, Kingstown, is
SAINT UBES, a town of Portugal. See SETUA.L.             near the S.W. extremity of the island. Pop. in 1851, 30,128.
SAINT URIBAN, (Ge. snct TUrban, sdnkt ooR-bln!,) a vil-    SAINT VINCENT, (Port. S6o Vicente, s6waG ve-slnttA, one
lage of Styria, also a famous Cistercian abbey of the Swiss  of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic, S.E. of San Ancanton of Lucerne.                                          tonlo. Length, 15 miles; greatest breadth, 9 miles. The
SAINT-URCIZE, slat iiscseez!, a town of France, depart- surface is mountainous. The Porto Grande is one of the
ment of Cantal, 24 miles S.S.W. of St. Flour. Pop. 1493.    largest and safest bays in these islands. The products con;
SAINT URSANNE. See SAINTE USANNE.                        prise cotton, orchill, and live-stock of indifferent quality;
SAINT-VAAST, a small maritime town of France, depart- corn and fruits are -mostly supplied from San Antonio to its
ment of Manche, on the English Channel, near Cape La  scanty population.
Hlogue,. 10 miles N.E. of Valognes. Pop. in 1852, 4313.       SAINT VINCENT, in Spain. See SAN VICENTE.
SAINT-VAAST, sIeN vlst, a village of Belgium, province    SAINT VINCENT, in Portugal. See SXo VICENTE.
of Hainaut, 9 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1700.                    SAINT-VINCENT-DE-PAUL, (Fr. pron. sNrG vin/cent deh
SAINT-VAAST-DIEPPEDALLE, sING vdst de-6p'pgh-dAll, p01,) a post-village and parish of Canada East, co. of Terrea village of France, department of Seine-Inf6rieure, arron- bonne, on the Isle J6sus, 11 miles from Montreal. Pop. 2900.
dissement of Vvetot. Pop. 983.                                SAINT VINtCENT GULF, of South Australia, is between
SAINT-VALENTISNE,  (r. pron. as vlaG'Nteen!,) a post- lat. 340 and 350 40' S., and about lon. 1380 E., bounded E.
village of Canada East, co. of Huntingdon, on the river  by Sturt land, and W. by Yorke Peninsula, separating it
Richelieu, 35 miles S. of Montreal. Pop. 250.              from Spencer's Gulf. Length. 90 miles; breadth of entrance,
SAINT-VALERV-EN-CAUX, slNa  vAleh-reel 5ao  kS, a  and for some distance inland, 35 miles. The shores are
town on the N. coast of France, department of Seine-In- mostly low, but backed by ranges of hills. It receives the
f6rieure, 17 miles W.S.W. of Dieppe. Pop. in 1852, 5377. It Torrens, Gawler, and other rivers, and communicates by
has soda-works, a manufacture of cotton-twist, and an active  Investigator Strait with Spencer Gulf, and by Backstairs
herring and mackerel fishery.                              Passage with Encounter Bay. Cape Jervis forms its S.
SAINT-VALERY-SUR-SOMME,  sla  v'leh-ree! siaR limit, and Ports Gawler and Adelaide are on its E. side,
somml, a town of France, department of Somme, on the left where it is bordered by the counties of Gawler, Adelaide, &c
bank of the Somme, near its mouth in the English Chan-   SAINT VINCENT COLLEGE. See CAPE GIRARDEAU.
nel, 11 miles N.W. of Abbeville. Pop. in 1852, 3650. It    SAINT VITH, veet, a town of Rhenish Prussia, near the
has a school of navigation, a port for vessels under 200 tons, Belgian frontier, 10 miles S.S.E. of Malmedy. Pop. 1015.
salt magazines, rope-walks, and docks for building small   SAINT-VIVIEN, sAGo vee've-&NG, a village of France, devessels.                                                   partment of Gironde, 10 miles N.W. of Lesparre.  Pop.
SAINT-VALLIER, sANa vll'le-A, a market-town of France, 955, who manufacture large quantities of salt in the adjadepartment of DrOme, on the left bank of the Rhone, and  cent marshes.
on the railway from  Lyons to Avignon, 17 miles N. of    SAINT-VOY, sIU va w, a village of France, department
Valence. Pop. in 1852, 3067. It has an old Gothic castle, of Haute-foire, 7 miles E. of Yssengeaux. Pop. 2618.
anufasctures of crape, silks, and twist, and chemical pro-   SAINT WENDEL, a town of Prussia. See SANCT WENDEL
ducts, with a trade in the wines of its vicinity.            SAINT WENIDELL'S, a postoffice of Posey co., Indiana.
1676




SAI                                                       SAL
SAINT WENtDRON, a parish of England. See IIELSTONE. of Boavista. Lat. 160 45' N., lon.230 W. Length, 15 miles;
SAINT WENNE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.    breadth, 9 miles. Pop. 600.
SAINT XAVIER, zavfe-er, (Sp. San Xhvier or Jaire, s.n    SALA, s0lI, a town of Central Sweden, leen, and 21 miles.qi-ve-aiRa,)  an island off the W. coast of Patagonia, in the W. of Westerds. In its vicinity are silver-mines. Pop. 3000.
Gulf of Peans. Lat. 470 4' S., Ion. 740 27' W.              SALA, sel/, a village of Italy, duchy, and 9 miles S.W.
SAINT XAVIER, of South America, Mexico, &c. See of Parma. It has an old castle in a ruinous state, and near
SAN XAVIER.                                              it is the beautiful palace of Casino de' Boschi, belonging to
SAINT XAVIER COLLEGE. See CINcINNATI, Ohio.            the duke. Pop. 3305.
SAINT-YBARS, QNt eelbarl, a market-town of France, de-   SALA, sill, a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra,
partment of Ari6ge, 14 miles N.W. of Pamiers. Pop. 2371.   3 miles N.E. of Diane. Pop. 6000.
SAINT-YBART, s INt eelbar/ a village of France, depart-   SALA-BIELLESE, s/li be-l-lsA/e, a village of the Sarment of Corrbze, 18 miles N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1557.       dinian States, province of Biella. Pop. 1033.
SAINT-YRIEIX, sINa ee're-A, a town of France, depart-   SALACIA. See ALeACER DO SAL.
ment of IHaute-Vienne, on the Lone, 27 miles S. of Limoges.   SALA DI GIOI, sl/i dee jolee, a market-town of Naples,
Pop. in 1852, 7715.                                       province of Principato Citra, 4 miles W.N.W. of I1i Vallo.
SAINT-YRIEIX-LA-MONTAGNE, sANt ee're-A! 15 m6~G-  Pop. 1500.
tafil, a village of France, department of Creuse, arrondisse-   SALADILLO, s-lSA-Deellyo, (the "Little Salt River,") the
ment of Aubusson. Pop. 1322.                              name of several small streams of the Argentine Republic, (La
SAINT-ZACHARIE, sANt zdkS'reef, a village of France, Plata;) one of these falls into the Salado, near 350 30' S. lat.
department of Var, 18 miles W. of Brignolles. Pop. 1622.    SALADO, sA-lah/do, a post-office of Bell co., Texas.
SAINT-ZEPHERIN, srANG z/ifeh-rANG, a village and parish    SALADO BAY, of Chili, department of Coquimbo, is an
of Canada East, co. of Nicolet, 9 miles from La Bale du  inlet of the Pacific, S. of Copiapo.
Febore. Pop. 800.                                           SALADO CREEK, of Bexar co., Texas, enters San Antonio
SAIREE, sireeP, a town of British India, presidency of  River from the N., about 15 miles S.S.E. of the town of San
Bengal, in Bundelcund, 27 miles N.W. of Banda.            Antonio.
SAIS, sis, a ruined city of Egypt, the remains of which    SALADO DE TARIFA, sg-lI/no dA tg-reelfl, a small river
are in the Delta, on the E. bank of the Rosetta Branch of the  of Spain, province of Cadiz, celebrated for the great battle
Nile, 20 miles W. of Mehallet-el-Kebeer.                  fought on its banks in 1340, in which the Moslems under
SAISSAC, ssissek/, a town of France, department of Aude, Abul-Tacen were signally defeated.
14 miles N.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. in 1852, 1853.           SALADO, RIO, reeo sS-lS/no, (i. e. "Salt River,) a river
SAITTPE, (anc, Seedas-kaleh,) a ruined city of Asia Minor, of South America, in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,)
in Anatolia, the remains of which, N.W. ofAla-Shehr, (Phila- province of Buenos Ayres, flows through the Pampas, a
delphia,) consist of tombs and temples.                   plain interspersed with numerous small lakes, and enters
SAIYADAWALA, s1-&-dS-wSlA, a walled town of the Pun- the estuary of the Plata, 95 miles S.S.E. of Buenos Ayres,
jab, near the right bank of the Ravee, N.E. of Chouchuck. after a general E. course of 400 miles.
Lat. 310 5' N., ion. 730 16f E. It has a strong earthen fort.    SALADO, RIO, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La
SAIZON, sA'z6N!, a river of France, rises in the depart- Plata,) departments of Salta, Tucuman, Santiago, and
ment of Basses-Pyrdnues, flows N.N.W. past Mauldon, below  Santa F6, rises in the Andes, flows mostly S.E., anid joins
which it sometimes takes the name of Gave-de-Maulion, and  the Plata, of which it is a principal tributary, 210 miles
after a course of about 45 miles, joins the Gave-de-Olron.    N.W. of Buenes Ayres. Total course, 1000 miles. In its
SAJO, sh6h'y'!, (i.e. "salt,") a river of North HIungary, upper part it is called the Pasage and Valbuena. On it
rises in the Carpathians, 7 miles N.W. of Dobsina, flows  are the towns of Miraflores, Pitos, Santa F6, and Espiritu
mostly S.E., andjoins the Hernad at Onod. Length, 80 miles. Santo.
SAJO, a village of Hungary. See KAZA.                      SALADO, RIO, a river of Bolivia, enters the Pacific Ocean,
SAJONIA and SAJON. See SAxoNY.                           after a W. course of 70 miles.
SAJTENY, shi'tAfir,- a village of East Hungary, on the    SALAGNAC, s&/ln'ylk/, a village of France, department
Maros. 22 miles W.S.W. of Arad. Pop. 4532.                 of Dordogne.
SAK, slk, a salt lake of Russia, near the W. shore of:the    SALAHEEYAH  or SALAHIYAH, s1-l5-heda, a ruined
Crimea, government of Taurida, 12 miles E.S.E. of Eupatoria. town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, 15 miles S.E. of
It is about 3 miles long.                                  Rahabah, about lat. 340 30' N., ion. 400 30' E. Near it the
SAK, a large and populous Tartar village of-South Russia, Tigris steamer of the Euphrates expedition, in 1835, was degovernment of Taurida, near the W. coast of the Crimea, 12  stroyed by a hurricane.
miles E.S.E. of Eupatoria.                                  SALAHIEH, sS-lS-hee/eh, or SALHIEH, stl-heelgh, written
SAKAII, one of the cities of Japan. See OSAKA.          also SELAHIEH, a town of Lower Egypt, near the Pelusiac
SAKAING, sA'king!, a town of'Burmah, and lately its capi- arm of the Nile, 37 miles N.E. of Belbeys. Pop. 6000, mostly
tal, on the N. side of the Irrawaddy, opposite Ava.       Arabs. It is surrounded by palm-trees, and has a large
SAKARA, a village of Egypt. See SAKKARA.                mosque. It was taken by-the French in 1798, and again in
SAKAREEYAI{ or SAKARIYAH, st-kd-reefydh, often  1800.
written SAKARIA, or AIALA, -S/lS, (ane. Sangafrius,) a    SALAHIYAH, a town of Turkey. See SALAHEEYAH.
river of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, rises S. of Angora, and after    SALAMA, sg-lSmS, a town of Central America, state, and
a rapid N.E. and N. course, estimated at 230 miles, enters 65 miles N. of Guatemala. Pop. 5000.
the Black Sea 90 miles E.N.E. of Constantinople.             SALAMANCA, s-lA-mingfkS, (anUe. Salaman/tica,) a city of
SAKATU, a town of Africa. See SAccAToO.                 Spain, capital of province, extending up rocky heights on
SAKAYT, s.-kAtt, or SEKKET, sek-k~t, a large mining  the right bank of the Tormes, here crossed by a magnificent
village of Egypt, in the S.E., having the remains of a temple  bridge of 27 arches on Roman foundations, 45 miles N.E. of
with a Greek inscription. Lat. 240 35' N., lou. 340 47t E. A  Ciudad Rodrigo, in lat. 450 5k N., lon. 50 431 W. Pop. 13.786.
few miles north-eastward are the ancient, and now aban- A great part of the city within the walls is in ruins; its
doned, emerald mines of Jeb-el-Zabara.                    streets are mostly narrow, steep, crooked, and dirty. It has,
SAKIIALIEN. See SAGHALIEN.                              however, some fine large residences, venerable edifices in all
SAKHEE-SURWAR, sSkee! sttr'wgrl, a large village of  styles of architecture, the largest public square in Spain,
Afghanistan, 36 miles W. of Dera Ghazee Khan, Lat. 300 2/ surrounded with arcades, and serving for a bull-ring, accomN., Ion. 700 26' E.                                       modating from 16,000 to 20,000 spectators, and several open
SAKKA, sWktkA, the principal commercial emporium of  spaces adorned with fountains. It has a florid Gothic catheEnarea, a country of Abyssinia, and stated to be on the  dral of the sixteenth century, with a richly decorated interiver Gibbi, near lat. 80 N., ion. 370 E.                 rior, 25 other churches, and a foundling asylum. Salamanca
SAKKARA or SACCARA, sAlk-ktrS, written also SA- is the Oxford of Spain, and previous to the French occupaKARA, a village of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, 12  tion in 1812 it had 25 colleges, of which 20 are said to have
miles S. of Gheezeh, remarkable for the pyramids in its  been ruined by the French. Since then, the suppression of
vicinity.                                                 the convents has struck at the root of the prosperity of its
SAKMARA, s~k-mS/r5, a river of Russia, government of university, (which in the fifteenth century had 12,000
Orenboorg, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows mostly S., students.) But it has still 4 major colleges, founded in the
and joins the Ural, 18 miles W. of Orenboorg. Length, 350  fifteenth century, and occupying fine buildings, besides
miles.                                                    other colleges; and the university is now said to have 600
SAKOORA or SAKOURA, sS-koofrg, an island of Japan,  students and a library of 25,000 volumes. Here is an imin the upper part of a large bay of the island of Kioo-Sioo. mense Jesuit college, now used as a clerical seminary also,
It is very elevated, and contains a lofty mountain called  and Irish mission school, and manufactures of hats, woollen
Mitak&.  Lat. 310 30' N., and Ion. 1300 42' E.            cloths, shoes, leather, earthenware, starch, and glue. The
SAKOR, a town of Siam. See Lico.                        battle of Salamanca, in which the English, under WellingSAL, sol, a river of Russia, in the Don Cossack country, ton, totally defeated the French under Marmont and Clusel,
joins the Don near Novo-Tcherkask, after a W. course of 250  July 22, 1812, was fought on the heights of Arapiles, 4 miles
miles.                                                    S.E. of the city.-Adj. inhab. (Sp. SALAMANQUES, s -litSAL, sol, a river of Peru, rises near Curato des los Cerros, mnn-kIs!.)
flows N.N.E., and near Huanta unites with the Jauja in    SALAMANCA, a province of Spain, in Leon, bounded W.
forming the Mantaro, after a course of about 130 miles.   by Portugal. Area, 4888 square miles. It is watered by the
SAL, sal, or SEL, sUl, one of the Cape Verd Islands, N.N.W. Douro, the Tormes, and the Alagon. Pop. 240,000.
1677




SAL                                                        SAL
SALAMANCA, sa-l[-maunglpk. a town of the Mexican Con- lice, on the Trigno, 14 miles N.N.W. of Campobasso. Pop
federation, state, and 20 miles S. of Guanajuato, in a plain  3000.
5500 feet above the sea.                                      SALCOMBE-REGIS, safkll'm  reetjis, a parish of England,
SALAMANCA, along and narrow island of New Granada, co. of Devon.
department, and off the mouth of the Magdalena, 20 miles    SALDANA, srl-dfnlyA, a town of Spain, province, and 37
S.W. of Santa Marta.                                        miles N.N.W. of Palencia, on the Carrion, here crossed by a
SALAMANCA DE BACALAR, Yucatan. See BACALAR.   bridge of 23 arches. Pop. 1015.
SALAMBRIA, a river of Greece. See SALEMIBRIA.               SALDANHA (sal-dIna or sdl-dnfyAt) BAY, of South Africa,
SALAMIS, salla-mis, or KOLOURT, ko-loolree, an island of in Cape Colony, 60 miles N.N.W. of Cape Town, in lat. 33'
Greece, government of Attica, in the Gulf of 3Egina, 10 miles 1' S., ion. 170 54' E. Length from N. to S., 15 miles;: en
W. of Athens. Area, 30 square miles. Pop. 5000. Its shape trance, 3 miles in breadth. At all seasons it affords good
is very irregular; the surface is mountainous, wooded in some anchorage; and on its W. side is a station of the Dutch East
parts, and on the coast small quantities of cotton, wine, and  India Company.
olives are raised.  It has several villages and convents.  In    SALDB0, sAPldwsNcG, or SADiO, s-d0wNol, a river of Perthe channel between it and the mainland. the Greeks under tugal, provinces of Alemtejo and Estremadura, rises 19 miles
Themistocles gained a memorable naval victory over the Per- S. of Ourique, flows N, and N.W., and enters the Bay of
sians, 0...480. Solon and Euripideswere natives of Salamis. Setubal 9 miles E.S.E. of Setubal. Length, 110 miles, for
SALAMOINIA, a post-office of Jay co., Indiana.            the last 40 of which it is navigable.
SALAMONIE, sal'a-mo-neetofIndiana, rises in Jay county,   SALDE, salldA, a village of Senegambia, in Foota, on the
and flowing N.E., enters the Wabash River opposite Lagro. left bank of the Senegal, in lat. 160 21' N., ion. 130 37f W.
In width and volume of water it is nearly equal to the  Here ships bound for Galam stop to pay their custom-duties
Wabash at their confluence. Itfurnishes excellent water- to the Almamy of Foota.
power.                                                        SALDINSK, s41'dinskl, (NIZHNEE, nizh'nee, and VEYRiKHNcE
SALANDRA, s&lnfdrA, amarket-town oftNaples, province  or VERY HNII, v6aKlnee,)  two contiguous market-towns of
of Basilicata, 12 miles S.E. of Tricarico. Pop. 1900.       European Russia, government of Perm, on an affluent  of
SALANDRELLA, sl-ln-dr8lfl,   a river of Naples, con- the Tura, 15 miles S.S.E. ofYerkhotoorie. Unitedpop. 2000.
tiguous to the above town. flows S.E. and enters the Gulf of    SALE, a township of England, co. of Chester.
Taranto 6 miles S.W. ofthe Basiento, after a course of 50 miles.   SALE, sla, a town of the Sardinian States, division of
SALANG, an island, Indian Ocean. See JUNKCrIYLON.         Alessandria, province, and 10 miles N.N.W. of Tortona, in a
SALANGA, sa-l~nglgA, a point and island off the W. coast plain consisting of a rich alluvium  left by the Po, which
of South America, in Ecuador, department, and 80 miles  originally had its channel in it. Pop. 5094.
N.W. of Guayaquil.                                            SALE, a village of the Sardinian States, division of Coni,
SALANGORE, sa-1An-gorf, a petty state of the Malay Pe- province of Mondovi, in the valley traversed by the Salazninsula, stretching for about 120 miles along its W. side, zola. Pop. 1314.
from  lat. 20 30' to 40 N., ion. between 1010 and 1020 E.,   SALE, a village of Austrian Italy, province, and 15 miles;
having on the N. Perak and on the S. Rumbowe. Pop. N.W. of Brescia, on a height above the E. shore of Lake
estimated at 12,000. The products comprise dammer-wood, Iseo.  Pop. 1744.
oil, and rattans.                                             SALE, sqlc;, written also SALLEE, SALEE, and SLA, a
SALANGORE, the capital of the above state, on a Civer  fortified seaport-town of Morocco, kingdom, and 106 miles
near the sea, has a fort and a shallow harbor. Lat. about W. of Fez, on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Bu30 20' N., lon. 1010 30' E.                                 Regreb, opposite Rabatt. Lat. 340 2' N., lon. 60 46' W. Pop.
SALANKEMENT, salln/keh-mantx, or SLANKAMIENT,  estimated at from 10,000 to14,000. Itstandson a low,sandy
sllnktl-mnt'P, a village of Austria, in Slavonia, on the left point, enclosed by walls, and having a long battery guarding
bank of the Danube, opposite the influx of the Theiss, 21  the entrance to the river. It has a manufacture of fine
miles E.S.E. of Peterwardein. Here, in 1091, the first de- Carpets, and an export trade in wool. It was formerly noted
cisiva check was given to the progress of the Turks in Europe, both for piracy and commercial activity; at present it is in
by the defeat of their army under Kiuperli.                 decay.
SALANTY, s-lintee, a market-town of Russian Poland,    SALEIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
government of Vilna, 26 miles W.N.W. of Telsh. Pop. 1200.    SALE CASTELNUOVO, sOla  kasltll-noo-olvo, a village of
SALAR, sa-laul, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, the Sardinian States, division of Turin, a little N. of Casteland 27 miles W.N.W. of Granada, on the E. slope of the  lamonte, on a tributary of the 0rco. Pop. 2178.
Sierra de Alhama. Pop. 1839.                                  SALE DI TORTONA, s;l1A dee tog-toenA, a market-town
SALARA, s-l/cra, a village of Austrian Italy, government  of North Italy, in Piedmont, 6 miles N.N.W. of Tortona.
of Venice, province of Polisone, on the Po, 19 miles S.S.W. Pop. 5094.
of Rovigo. Pop. 1400.                                         SALEE, a town of Morocco. See SALE.
SALARDINGE, sa landbNzhl, a village of Belgium,  pro-   SALEIHURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
vince of East Flanders, 21 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1626.      SAILEM, a district of British India, presidency of Madras,
SALARES, sb-lircs, a town of Spain, province, and 24  having on the S.W. and W. the Cavery River. Area, 8200
miles E.N.E. of Malaga. Pop. 1530.                          square miles. Pop. 1,195,377. Capital, Salem.
SALARIA. See CHINCRmILLA.                                   SALEM, the chief town of the above district, and the resiSALAS, silhs, a town of Spain, province, and 46 miles  dence of the British authorities, is 114 miles E.S.E. of SeN.N.E. of Lerida. Pop. 992.                                 ringapatam. Lat. 110 39' N., Ion. 780 12' E. Pop. 19,020.
SALAS-Y-GOMREZ, silbs ee go-mlth/. a small island of the    SAILEM, a county in the S.W. part of New Jersey, has an
Pacific Ocean, in lat. 260 28' S., lon. 1050 26' W. It was dis- area of about 540 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by
covered by the Portuguese in 1793.                          the Delaware River, on the N.E. by Oldman's Creek, and on
SALAT, sAbl, a river of South France, department of  the E. and S.E. by Maurice River and Stow Creek, and is
Ari6ge, rises in the Pyrenees, and after a N.N.W. course of  drained by Salem and Alloway's Creeks, which afford valuable
62 miles, for the last 20 of which it is navigable, joins the  water-power. The surface is level; the soil in the N. and
Garonne a little below St. Martory.                         W. portions is clay or loam, more or less sandy, and geneSALATY, sb-lltee, a market-town of Russian Poland, rally productive.  In the S.E. part the soil is sandy or gragovernment of Vilna, 37 miles S.E. of Mitau. Pop. 1000.    velly, and less fertile. Mlarl is abundant in various places,
SALAWATTY, sA-l&-wbt/tee, an island of the Malay Archi- and is used as a manure; iron ore is also found, but not in
pselago, off the W. extremity of Papua, in lat. 10 S., ion. 1310  great quantities. A short canal of 3 or 4 miles connects
E. Length, 35 miles; breadth, 25 miles. It produces sago  Salem  Creek, navigable for shallops, with the Delaware,
of excellent quality.                                       saving a distance to the craft which navigate the creek of
SALAYER or SALEYER, sb-lfer, a group of islands in  about 20 miles. Organized in 1710, when it included the
the Malay Archipelago, off the S. coast of the island of  whole of the present county of Cumberland, and named
Celebes, forming part of the Dutch province of Macassar. firom Salem, the seat of justice, which was founded by John
It consists of the islands of Salayer or Great Salayer, Ka- Fenwicke in 1675. Pop. 19,467.
laura, Boneratta, Hog Island, and the Boegerones.  Salayer    SALEM, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about 50
Island, about 30 miles long from N. to S., by 8 miles broad, miles N.W. by N. of Augusta.  Pop. 454.
in lat. (N. point) 50 47' S., ion. 1200 28' E., is separated from    wSALEM, a post-village and township of Rockingham co.,
Celebes by the Strait of Salayer, 13 miles broad. Pop. of the  New Hampshire, on the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad,
group, 60,000.                                             35 miles S.E. by S. ofConcord. Pop.1555.
SALAZAR DE LAS PALMAS, sA-li-thaRl dA lbs pallmbs,   SALEM, a township of Orleans co., Vermont, on the S.E.
a small town of South America, in New Granada, depart- shore of Lake Memphremagog, 50 miles N.E. of Montpelier.
nent of Boyaca, 40 miles N. of Pamplona, on the Venezuelan  Pop. 455.
frontier.                                                   SALEI, a city, port of entry, and one of the capitals of
SALAZZA, sb-lA9ts{, a village of the Sardinian States, Essex co., Massachusetts. is situated chiefly on a tongue of
division of Turin, province, and 12 miles S.W. of Ivrea, On  land formed by two inlets of the sea, called North and South
the Orca. Pop. 1153.                                      Rivers, 14 miles N. by E. of Boston, with which it commuSALBRIS, sdtlbreea, a market-town of France. department nicates by the Eastern Railway. Lat. 420 31' 18'" N., ion. 700
of Loir-et-Cher, on the Sandre, and onthe railway to Bourges, 53' 53" WV. It extends nearly 2 miles in length, and three14 miles N. of Vierzon. Pop. 1600.                        quarters of a mile in breadth, occupying the peninsula from
SALCITO. sbi-cheelto, a town of Naples, province of Mo- shore to shore. The streets are generally irregular. Chestnut
1678




SAL                                                       SAL
str"et is considered the handsomest. It is finely shaded  churches, an academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the
with elms, and on either side are rows of elegant mansions. township, 2904.
In the E. section of the city is a beautiful public ground,   SALEM, a thriving post-town, capital of Salem co., New
containing 81 acres. Salem is for the most part well built, Jersey, is situated on a creek of its own name, 31 miles from
largely of wood, but partly also of brick and stone. The  its mouth, about 65 miles S.W. of Trenton. It contains
principal public buildings are the city hall, erected in 1837, several fine churches and public schools, a bank, 2 newsthe court-house, a new and handsome edifice, Marine Hall, paper offices, and many beautiful private residences. The
Mechanic Hall, and the churches, of which there are about building for the county offices is a handsome structure. This
20. Salem is distinguished for the number and standing of town owes its prosperity chiefly to the agricultural resources
its scientific and literary institutions, among which may be  of the county, which are very great and still increasing. It
mentioned the East India Marine Society, formed in 1799  has a daily communication by steamboat with Philadelphia,
by those who, acting either as captains or supercargoes, had  and a branch of the proposed railroad between Camden and
made one or more voyages around the Cape of Good Hope or Cape May will probably extend to Salem. Salem Creek is
Cape HIorn. The museum  comprises a highly interesting  navigable for vessels of 50 tons burden to this place. Pop.
and valuable cabinet of natural and artificial curiosities, in 1853, near 4000.
collected from all parts of the world. The Essex Institute,    SALEM, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on
organized in 1848, by the Union of the Essex Historical and  the North Branch Canal, 20 miles W.S.W. of Wilkesbarre.
Essex County Natural History Societies, has a library of  Pop. 1130.
about 8000 volumes, and a good cabinet of natural history.   SALEM, a post-township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, inThe Salem Athenwum, formed in 1810, by the union of the  tersected by Shenaugo Creek, 15 miles N.N.W. of Mercer.
Social and Philosophical Libraries, contains 12,500 volumes. Pop. 2196.
The Essex Agricultural Society, organized in 1818, has a    SALEM, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. P. 1454.
library of agricultural works deposited in the city hall. By    SALEM, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania,
the census of 1850, there were in Salem 10 public libraries, intersected by the Pennsylvania or Central Railroad, 10
with an aggregate of23,300 volumes; 27 private libraries, of  miles N. of Greensburg. Pop. 2065.
over 1000 volumes each, with an aggregate of 55,650 volumes;    SALEM, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, on the
public school libraries, 3995 volumes, and Sabbath-school Manassas Gap Railroad, 52 miles from Alexandria, and 114
libraries, 3700 volumes, making a total of 86,645 volumes. miles N.N.W. of Richmond. The situation is high and pleaThe benevolent institutions are an hospital and an alms- sant  The village contains 1 church, an academy, and sevehouse. Salem has excellent public schools. In 1852 there  ral stores. The post-office is called SALEM FAUQUIER.
were in the city 1 Latin, and 2 high schools; 7 grammar, and    SALEM, a neat post-village, capital of Roanoke co., Vir17 intermediate and primary schools, attended by 3058  ginia, is situated on the Roanoke River, and on the Vi'ginia
pupils. The total amount of money expended for school and Tennessee Railroad, 180 miles W. of Richmond. It
purposes during the year 1851-52, was $32,741.69. Six news- stands in the great valley between the Blue Ridge and
papers are published in the city.                           North Mountain. It contains 1 bank, 3 churches, and seveSalem has a convenient and well-protected harbor, afford- ral mills.
insg good anchorage.  In commercial importance it has al-   SALEM, a thriving post-village of Forsyth co., North Carealways held a high rank among the cities of New England. lina, on Muddy Creek, an affluent of the Yadkin River. 120
In 1818 it had 53 vessels, with an aggregate burden of 14,272  miles W. by N. of Raleigh. The Moravian Female Seminary
tons, engaged in the East Indiatrade. This branch of industry  of this place is one of the largest in the state, occupying 4
has of late years considerably declined, many of the cargoes large brick buildings, with about 200 pupils. Salem conformerly received here being discharged at the ports of Bos- tains a bankl, 2 cotton factories, 1 woollen factory, and 1
ton and New York. In December, 1852, there were owned in  paper mill, and is noted for the number and skill of its meSalem 22 ships, with an aggregate burden of 15,196 tons; 40  chanics. Winston, the county seat, Was laid out immebarques, 11,235 tons; 33 brigs, 5416 tons; 4 whalers, and  diately N. of Salem when the county was organized in 1850.
several other vessels, besides 17,500 tons employed in the  Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
coast trade and the fisheries; making a total of 50,455 tons.   SALEM, a post-village of Sumter district, South Carolina,
Tl'he foreign arrivals for the year ending June 30, 1854, were  91 miles E. of Columbia.
395, (tons, 39,620,) of which 303 (tons, 22,291) were by foreign    SALEM, a post-village of Clarke co., Georgia, 53 miles N.
vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were 386, (tons, of Milledseville.
37,959,) of which 22,431 were in foreign bottoms.             SALEM, a post-village in the N.E. part of Russell co., Alalanufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent. The  bama. It contains several stores. Pop. about 400.
Naumeag Steam Cotton Company, incorporated in 1839, have    SALEM, a thriving post-village of Tippab co., Mississippi,
a building 405 feet by 65, and 4 stories high, and run 32,768  18 miles W. of Ripley. It is near the route of the Memphis
spindles. The Salem Laboratory Company manufacture sul- and Charleston Railroad, now in progress, and is surrounded
huric acid and other chemicals to the amount of about by fine cotton lands. It contains 2 seminaries, and 6 or 8
$100,000 annually. Another establishment yearly turns out stores. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
1,500,000 pounds of cleaned copal. Besides the above, there    SALE-A, a post-office of Newton co., Texas.
are manufactories of machinery, black and white lead, sperm   SALEM, a post-village, capital of Fulton co, Arkansas,
oil, candles, cordage, twine, &c.  The annual receipts for about 140 miles N. by E. of Little Rock.
tanning and currying is about $650,000, and fori boots and    SALEM, a post-village of Franklin co., Tennessee, 90 miles
shoes upwards of $200,000. Salem has 7 banks, with an  S. by E. of Nashville.
aggregate capital of $1,750,000, a savings' institution, and 5    SALEM, a post-village of Livingston co., Kentucky, 200
or 6 insurance companies. An aqueduct supplies the city  miles W.S.W. of Frankfor.t. It was formerly the county seat.
with excellent spring water. Two bridges, one for ordinary    SALES, a village of Pendleton co., Kentucky, on the
travel, 1481 feet in length, and the other for the passage of  Licking Rii,, which is navigable to this place for small
railroad cars, span the North River, and communicate with  steamboats. It is a deprt for tobacco, which is produced in
Beverly.                                                    the vicinity.
Next to Plymouth, Salem is the oldest town in New Eng-    SALEM, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio, intersected by
land, having been first settled in 1626. In 1629, 11 ships  the Miami Canal. Pop. 400.
arrived from England, bringing out 1500 persons, by whom      SALEM, a township of Champaign co., Ohio, intersected
settlements were commenced at Charlestown, Boston, and  by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad.  Pop. 1634.
other places: 200 of these settlers died the first winter.   SALEMI, a post-township in the central part of ColumDuring this year (1629) the first complete church organiza- biana co., Ohio. Pop. 1960.
tion ever effected in North America was founded at Salem,   SALEiXV  a beautiful and thriving post-town of Perry
with the Rev. Francis Higginson as its pastor. About the  township, Columbiana co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylyear 1692 prevailed the famous "witchcraft" delusion, vania Railroad, 167 miles N.E. of Columbus, and 66 miles
through which 19 persons in this and the neighboring towns  N.W. of Pittsburg. It is surrounded by a rich farming comwere condemned and executed. The place of their execu- munity, and is one of the most flourishing and important
tion, a beautiful eminence overlooking the city, is now  commercial towns in the E. part of Ohio. The village conknown as "Gallows Hill."  Salem was distinguished for its  tains 4 churches, 2 Friends' meeting houses. about 20 stores,
patriotic zeal during the Revolutionary war. It is said that aunionschool,lbank,3 foundries, and 2 woollen factories.
60 armed vessels, manned by 4000 men, were fitted out from   Three newspapers are issued here. Pork to the amount of
this port as privateers. It was incorporated as a town in  700,000 pounds was sold in Salem in 1852. Pop. in 1853,
1630, and as a city in 1836. The Indian name was Nan- about 2500.
meag. Pop. in 1840, 15,082; in 1850, 20,263; and in 1855,   SALEM, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 813.
20,934.                                                      SALEM, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop. 2191.
SALEM, a post-township of New London co., Connecticut,   SALEM, a township of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1415.
33 miles S.E. of Hartford. Pop. 764.                         SALEM, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1111.
SALEM, a village of Chautauque co., NewYork, near Lake    SALEM, a small village of Montgomery co., Ohio.
Erie, about 50 miles W.S.W. of Buffalo.                      SALEM, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1111
SALEM, a post-village and township, semi-capital of Wash-    SALEM, a township of Ottawa co., Ohio. Pop. 187.
ington co., New York, on White Creek, and on the Rutland    SALEM, a township of Shelby so., Ohio. Pop. 1210.
and Washington Railroad, 48 miles N.N.E. of Albany. The    SALEM, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected
village contains, besides the county buildings, several by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 1853.
1679




SAL                                                         SAL
SALEM, a township of Warren co., Ohio. Pop. 2755.        tered, but is shallow, and firequented chiefly by fishing ves.
SALEM, a township of Washington co., Ohio. Pop. 1246. sels, Naples having carried off its trade, which was at one
SALEM, a township of Wyandott co., Ohio. Pop. 738.    time of some importance. Salerno is the see of an archSALEM, a post-village and township forming the N.E. ex- bishop, and has a high criminal and a civil court; a semitremity of Washtenaw co., Michigan, 30 miles W. by N. of nary, lyceum, and university, which had acquired great celeDetroit. Pop. 1343.                                         brity in the eleventh century, particularly as a school of
SALEM, a township of Delaware co., Indiana. Pop. 843.  medicine, but has lost its reputation. The foundation of the
SALEM, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. Pop. 168.   town is attributed to the Greeks. It became a place of great
SALEM, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, 83 miles N.E. importance under the Romans, from whom it passed first to
of Indianapolis.                                            the Goths and afterwards to the Lombards, who retained it
SALEM, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 550.   in possession till the eleventh century, when they were exSALEM, a thriving post-village, capital of Washington  pelled by the Norman, Robert Guiscard. It was ultimately
co., Indiana, on the New Albany and Salem Railroad, 36  annexed to the crown of Naples. Pop. in 1850, 18,892.
miles N.W. of New Albany. It is pleasantly situated on    SALERNO, GULF OF, (anc. Pcestalnuss Silnus,) an inlet of
rolling ground, near the source of the Blue River, and in the  the Mediterranean, separated from  the Bay of Naples by
midst of a rich farming district. A plank-road connects it Cape Campanella. Breadth, 36 miles. It receives the river
with Brownstown. Salem  contains, besides the county  Sale, and on its shores are Salerno, Amalfi, and the remains
buildings, churches of various denominations, 3 or 4 news- of Pcestum.
paper offices, a county academy, and many handsome resi-   SALERS, sPlARa, a town of France, department of Cantal,
dences. It has also manufactories of cotton, wool, and flour.  on a volcanic height, 15 miles N.N.E. of Aurillac. Pop. 1243.
Pop. in 1850, 1224; in 1853, estimated at 2000.               SALETTO, s&-lltto, a village of Austrian Italy, 21 miles
SALEM, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. Pop. 272.     S.W. of Padua. Pop. 2040.
SALEM, a thriving post-village, capital of Marion co., Illi-   SALEYER, islands, Malay Archipelago.  See SALAYER.
noits, on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 75 miles E. of St.   SALFORD, sawlfford, a parliamentary and municipal boLouis. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 800.                      rough, town, and parish of England, co. of Lancaster, hunSALEM, a small village of Dent co., Missouri.             dred of Salford, immediately W. of Manchester, with which
SALEM, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, about 30 miles  city it communicates by 6 bridges across the Irwell. Pop. in
W. of Burlington.                                           1851, 63,423; of the parliamentary borough, 85,108. Its
SALEM, a township of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Pop. chief characteristics have been noticed in conjunction with
1123.                                                       those of Manchester, with which it unites to form the most
SALEM, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin.           populous place in England after the metropolis, and the
SALEM, a post-town, seat of justice of Marion co., and  chief seat of the British cotton manufacture. The borough
capital of Oregon Territory, on the right (E.) bank of the  has but recently received municipal rank. It sends 1 memWillamette River, 50 miles above Oregon City. It is beauti- her to the HIouse of Commons. See MANCHESTEn.
fully situated in a rich prairie country, and is one of the    SALFORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
most flourishing towns in the territory. Pop. in 1853, esti-   SALFORD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
mated at 1000.                                                SALIFORD PRIVORS, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
SALEMBRIA, s,-lm-breefd, SALYMPRIA, sg-lim-preefg,   SALIFORDVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Pennwritten also SALAMBRIA and SALEMPRIA, (anc. Penets,) sylvania, about 13 miles N.N.W. of Norristown.
the principal river of Thessaly, in European Turkey, rises    SALGADO, sAl-gdido, a river of Brazil, rises in the S. of
at the N.W. extremity of that province, flows S. and E., and  the province of Ceara, under the name of the Porcos, and
enters the Gulf of Salonica 13 miles N.W. of Cape Kissova.  several miles below the town of Ice, joins the Jaguaribe.
Total course, 110 miles, for about half of which it is navi-   SALGADO, a town of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, on
gable. Its principal affluents are the Phanari, Satalge, and  the Sio Francisco, lat. 150 20' S. Pop. 4000.
Saranta-Poros.                                                SALGHIR or SALGIR, sil-gheeR, the principal river of
SAILEM CEN/TRE, a post-village of Westchester co., New  the Crimea, rises at the foot of Mount Ella, 12 miles S.E. of
York, 112 miles S. by E. of Albany.                         Simferopol, flows successively N.W. and N.E., and enters
SALEM CENTRE, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana.   the Gulf of Sivash, 40 miles N.N.W. of Kaffa, after a course
SALEM  CHURCH, a post-village of Randolph co., North  of 100 miles.
Carolina, 121 miles W. of Raleigh.                            SALHIEIH, a town of Lower Egypt. See SALAnIEb.
SALEM CREEK, of Salem co., New Jersey, rises in the S.   SAI/HOUSE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
part of the county, and flowing at first N.N.W., and after-    SALIAN, s-le-Ant, a small town of Asiatic Russia, in
wards S., falls into Delaware Bay 3' miles below the town of  Transcaucasia, province of Talish, on an island in the Koor,
Salem. There is a bar at the mouth, over which vessels  15 miles above its month in the Caspian Sea.
cannot pass except at high tide. Above this it is navigable    SALIANAH, s&-le-i'nA, a town of North Hindostan, befor about half its course, which is perhaps 30 miles.      tween Oude and Nepaul, 120 miles N. of Lucknow.
SALEM CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Chautaucque co.,   SALIBABO, sg-le-bfbo, SALIBABOO, sl-le-bhboo, or
New York.                                                   TULOUR (toolloorl) ISLANDS, a cluster in the Malay ArSALEM  CROSS-ROADS, a post-village of Westmoreland  chipelaRo, about lat. 40 N., and between lon. 1260 and 1270
co., Pennsylvania, 180 miles W. of Harrisburg.              E. They are well cultivated and populous.
SALEMI, sJ-lA/mee, (anc. Halyltcice,) a town of Sicily, 15    SALICETTO, sg-le-chlt/to, a market-town of North Italy,
miles N.E. of Mazzara. Pop. 8000. It is finely situated, en- in Piedmont, on the Bormida, 18 miles E.N.E. of Mondovi.
closed by walls, and has several churches, but no trade.    Pop. 1674.
SALE MOOR, England, a station on the Manchester Rail-   SALIES, saleef, a town of France, department of Bassesway, 29 miles N.E. of Altringham.                           Pyrdn~es, on an affluent of the Gave d'0Olron.  Pop. in
SALEMOW, sA-le-mw/, a town of India, dominions, and  1852, 6714. It is noted for its springs of brine.
70 miles E. of Bhopaul.                                       SALIES, a town of France, department of Haute-Garonne,
SALEN, sl-lnl, a town of Burmah, in Farther India, on  near the Salat, 12 miles E. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 860.
the W. side of the Irrawaddy, 55 miles N.W. of Patanago.      SALIGNAC, slleen'ylk/, a market-town of France, deSALENGHE, sA-l1ntgA, a village of the Sardinian States, partment of Dordogne, 34 miles E.S.E. of P6rigueux. Pop.
division of Turin, province, and 7 miles E. of Pinerolo.  1286.
Pop. 3961.                                                    SALIGNAC, a village of France, department of Gironde,
SALERANO, s-lA-rA/no, a village of Austrian Italy, go- 15 miles N.N.E. of Bordeaux.  Pop. 986.
vernment of Milan, province, and 5 miles W. of Lodi, on    SALIKI SERAI, si-leelkee se-ril, a considerable town of
the Lambro. Pop. 1005.                                     the Punjab, near the E. bank of the Indus, 40 miles N.E.
SALERNE. See SALERNO.                                     of Attock, on the route into Cashmere. Lat. 340 5' N., ion.
SALERNES, sdllaisn!, a town of France, department of  720 55' E.
eap, at the confluence of the Braque and Bresque, 11 miles    SALINA, sI-lee/nA, or SALINI, sa-leetnee, (ane. Didtyme,)
W. of Draguignan.  Pop. in 1852, 2613.                      one of the Lipari Islands in the Mediterranean, N.W. of
SALERNO, sa-lertno or sA-l1R.no, (ane. Salerlnum; Fr.'a- Lipari. It is 5 miles in diameter. Pop. 4000. It is volcanic;
%erne, sllaiann,) a city and seaport of Naples, capital of the    SALINA, sa-litna, a post-village and township of Ononprovince of Principato Citra, at the N. extremity of the gulf  daga co., New York, on the E. shore of Onondaga Lake, and
of its own name, 30 miles S.E. of Naples, finely situated on  on the Oswego Canal, 2 miles N. by W. of Syracuse. The
the side and at the foot of a hill, crowned by the remains of an village contains several churches, a bank, a large machineancient citadel. Lat. 400 40' N., Ion. 140 46' E. It is enclosed  shop, and extensive manufactories of sal', which produced
by walls, and has a broad road or marina along the shore, in 1850, 2,175,711 bushels. The salt springs of this vicinity
which forms an excellent promenade. Its streets, paved  are the most valuable in the Union. See SYnrAcusE. Two
with lava, are narrow and irregular, and hemmed in by  plank-roads terminate in Salina.  Pop. of the township,
lofty, gloomy-looking houses, very indifferently built. The 2142.
principal edifices are the cathedral, erected by Robert Guos-   SALINA, a post —village in Jefferson co., Kentucky, 65
card, a Gothic structure, adorned with a fagade of 28 gra- miles W. of Frankfort.
nite Corinthian pillars, and possessing an ancient tomb, said    SALINA, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.
to contain the ashes of the Apostle Matthew; the governor's   SALINA  RIVER, California.  See SAN BUENAVENTURA
palae, the new theatre, 17 churches, several convents, an  RiVER.
)rdinary, and a foundling hospital. The port is well shel-   SALINAS DE ANANA, sl-leenls dl I-nI/n, a market1680




SAL                                                        SAL
town of Spain, province of Alava, 10 miles N.E. of Vitoria. ously W., and after a course of about 100 miles, falls into
Pop. 1078.                                                the Gulf of Riga.
SALINE, sa-leen/, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.       SALIS, and SALISBURG, sAllis-bS6RG', two villages of
SALINE, s.a-leent, a county of Arkansas, situated near  Russia, government of Livonia, on the river Salls.
the centre of the state. Area, 950 square miles. It is drained    SALISBURY, sawlz/bpr-e, or NEW SARUM,(sAlrtm,)a city,
b)y Saline River. The surface in the N.W. is hilly, and in  parliamentary and municipal borough of England, capital of
the S. nearly level; the soil is fertile, adapted to cotton, In-  the co. of Wilts, on the Avon, here crossed by three bridges,
dian corn, and grass. The streams furnish extensive water- 21 mileseW. of Winchester, and 96 miles W.S.W. of London,
power. Fine marble, soapstone, andquartz are abundant  on the South-western Railway. Pop. of the borough, cornin the hilly section. Capital, Benton. Pop. 3901, of whom   prising, with the city, parts of the parishes of Fisherton-An3398 were free, and 503 slaves.:            gertand Milford, in 1851,11,657. It stands in a fertile plain,
SALINE, a countyin the S.E. part of Illinois, bordering  partially enclosedby walls, regularly built, and drained by
on Indiana and Kentucky, has an area of about 370 square  running brooks, which flow down most of its streets. The
mils. It is bounded on the E. by the Ohio and Wabash  town has a respectable and venerable appearance. In its
Rivers, and intersected by Saline Creek, from  which its  centre is a spacious market-place, in which are the councilname is derived. The county is well timbered; the soil is house, the public library and news-room, and the butterfertile. Salt is procured from springs on Saline Creek, near  cross, an edifice apparently of the time of Edward III. The
the W. border. Formed a few years ago out of part of Gal- cathedral is a splendid structure, in the "close," a green
latin. Capital, Shawneetown. Pop. 5588.                    area of nearly one-half square mile, shut off from the rest
SALINE, a county in the N.W. central part of Missouri, of the city by a lofty wall. It was finished in 1238, wholly
has an area of 750 square miles. The Missouri River forms in the early English style, and is in the form of a double
the boundary on the N. and E.; and the county is traversed  cross; length, 474 feet; width of larger transepts, 210 feet;
by the Black and Salt Forks of La Mine River, which unite' height of spire, 404 feet. It has a fine altar-piece of the
near the S.E. border. The surface consists chiefly of undu- Resurrection, executed, with some other subjects, in stained
lating prairies, the soil of which is productive. The defi- glass, and it contains many ancient and some curious monuciency of timber is partly compensated by extensive beds  ments. Its W. front is richly adorned, and many parts of
of stone coal. There are valuable lead-mines, and quarries  its exterior are ornamented with statues. Attached to it
of limestone and sandstone. Salt is procured from nume- are spacious cloisters, a chapter-house, library, &c.; and in
rous saline springs, from whichthe name is derived. Capi- the close are the bishop's palace, deanery-house, and resital, Marshall. Pop. 8843, of whom 6124 were free, and 2719  dences of the canons and other dignitaries. The see conslaves.                                                    prises the counties of Wilts and Dorset. Besides three parish
SALINE, a post-office of Bienville parish, Louisiana.    churches, here are chapels of Roman Catholics, IndepenSALINE, a township in Hempstead co., Arkansas. Pop. dents, Baptists, Swedenborgians, Wesleyans, and Unita-.184.                                                      rians, a grammar school, county jail in Fisherton-Anger,
SALINE, a post-township in Sevier co., Arkansas. P.410. theatre, assembly and concert rooms, and a county inSALINE, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop. 1090.    firmary. Its woollen and cutlery manufactures have long
SALINE, a post-village and township of Washtenaw co., declined, and the city has now little trade except in agriMichigan, on Saline River, 40 miles W. by S. of Detroit. cultural produce, and the retail supply of its inhabitants.
The village is situated in a rich farming district, and has  It communicates by a branch of the South-western Railseveral stores and mills. The salt springs in the vicinity  way with Southampton, 20 miles distant. It is the seat of
are said to be valuable. Pop. of the township, 1631.        county assizes and spring quarter and petty sessions, and
SALINE, a township in Saline co., Illinois. Pop. 1176.   a court-leet for the manor. The city sends 2 members to
SALINE, a post-village of Rails co., Missouri, 98 miles the House of Commons. It rose on the removal of the see
N.E. of Jefferson City.                                    from Old Sarum, 2 mileS N., in 1217; and parliaments were
SALINE, a township, St. Genevieve co., Missouri. P.837. occasionally held in it in the thirteenth and fourteenth
SALINE BAYOU, sd-leen! bioo, of Louisiana, commences  centuries.
at Catahoula Lake, and flowing S.E., enters Red River, near    SALISBURY, sawlzrber-e, a post-township in Merrimack
the S. extremity of Catahoula parish.                       co., New Hampshire, intersected by BlackwaterRiver and the
SALINE BAYOU, of Louisiana, commencing in Claiborne  Northern Railroad, 18 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1228.
perish, flows S., and unites with a lateral channel of Red    SALISBURY, a post-village and township in Addison co.,
River, about 7 miles E. of Natchitoches.                   Vermont, on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 37 miles
SALINE CREEK, of Arkansas, rises in the W. part of  S.W. of Montpelier. It has several woollen mills. Pop. 1027.
the state, and flows S. into Little River, a few miles from its    SALISBURY, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
mouth.                                                     Massachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 38 miles N. by E.
SALINE CREEK, near the S.E. extremity of Illinois, is  of Boston. The township is situated on the coast between
formed by two branches, termed the South and North  the Meririmack River and NewHampshire. It contains 5
Forks. It falls into the Ohio River about 10 miles below  churches, a bank, savings' institution, and several cotton
Shawneetown.                                               and woollen manufactories at Salisbury Mills. Pop. 3100.
SALINE CREEK, or LITTLE SALINE, of Cooper co.,   SALISBURY, a post-village and township of Litchfield
Missouri, flows4-into the Missouri River from the right.   co., Connecticut, in the N.W. corner of the state, 54 miles
SALINE MILLS, a post-office of Natchitoches parish, N.W. of IIartford. The township is noted for its lofty mounLouisiana.                                                 tains, well-cultivated hills, beautiful lakes, and fruitful
SALINE MINES, a post-office of Gallatin co., Illinois.   valleys. One of its lakes is situated on Mount Riga, at an
SALINE RIVER, of Arkansas, is formed by three small elevation of 1000 feet above the surrounding country, and
branches, which unite in Saline county, a few miles N.W. by its outlet furnishes water-power for an extensive iron
of Benton.  It flows thence S.E. and S., and enters the  establishment. Near the S. part of this mountain is the
Washita River near the E. extremity of Union county. Its  "Old Salisbury Ore-Bed," which, for near a century, has
length is estimated at 200 miles.-Branches.-The North  furnished the best quality of iron in America. About 2
Fork rises near the N. border of Saline county. The Middle  miles E. is another bed of similar quality.  There are 6
Fork rises near the W. border of the same county, and flows large iron establishments in Salisbury, and the ore is exS.E.  The South Fork rises in Hot Spring county, and  tensively wrought in the neighboring township. The mahuflows E.                                                   factures of Salisbury include shafting and other iron wo,'k
SALINE RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream  which  for ocean steamers, tires and cranks for locomotives, carflows into the Raisin River, in Monroe county.             wheels, axles, scythes, pocket cutlery, &c. There are in the
SALINES, sedeen!. a maritime village of Cyprus, in the  township 4 flourishing villages, via.: one at the centre,
Gulf of Salines, on the E. coast of the island, 3 miles S. of  Chapmanville, Lime Rock, and Falls village, the latter partly
Larnica, with a citadel, bazaar, and salt works.           on the Canaan side of the Housatonic River. Pop. 3103.
SALINEtVILLE, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio,   SALISBURY, a post-village and township of Herkimer co.,
on the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, 86 miles from   New York, 70 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 2035.
Cleveland, and 140 miles N.E. of Columbus. P. in 1853, 350.   SALISBURY, a post-township of Lancaster co., PeiinsylSA!LING, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.       vania, intersected by the Columbia Railroad, about 20 miles
SALINO, s-leetno, (anc. Sucinus?) a river of Naples, pro- E. of Lancaster. Pop. 3646.
vince of Abruzzo Ultra I., after an E. course of 32 miles    SALISBURY, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pennsylenters the Adriatic, 5 miles N.W. of Pescara.              vania, 51 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.
SALINS, sAllANGI, a town of France, department of Jura,    SALISBURY, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, on
on the Furteuse, here crossed by 4 bridges, 21 miles S.S.W. the S. bank of the Lehigh River, contains Allentown, the
of Besangon. Pop. in 1852, 7112. It is enclosed by walls, county seat. Pop. 5663.
defended by two forts, and has a communal college, exten-    SALISBURY, a thriving post-village and port of delivery
sive salt magazines, iron-works, soda factories, and tanne- of Somerset and Worcester cos., Maryland, is situated on
ries. The brine-springs of its vicinity yield large quantities  the Wicomico River, 95 miles S.E. of Annapolis. It appears
of salt. Salins was nearly destroyed by fire in 1825, and  to be the most flourishing village on the Eastern Shore of
rebuilt by national subscription.                          Maryland. Large quantities of grain and lumber produced
SAL'IQUOY/, a post-office of Cass co., Georgia.          in the vicinity are shipped here on the river. It has several
SALIS, si/lis, a river of Russia, issues from a small lake  churches, and a bank. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1500.
near the centre of the government of Livonia, flows circuit-    SALISBURY, a thriving  town, capital of Rowan co.,
S F                                                                           1681




SAL                                                       SAL
Norfth Carolina, about 10 miles W. of the Yadkin River, and    SALMON FALLS RIVER rises in Carroll co., New Iamlp.
118 miles W. of Raleigh. It is one of the most important  shire, and flowing S.E., unites with the Cocheco, and several
places in Western North Carolina, andis at the E. terminus  other smaller streams, to form the Piscataqua River. It
of the Western Turnpike, which extends to the N.E. border  runs on the boundary between Maine and New Hampshire
of Georgia. The route of the Central Railroad of North  for nearly its whole extent. There are considerable falls in
Carolina passes through this town. The natural walls of  different parts of its course.
Rowan, or trap dikes of this vicinity, were for a long time    SALMON RIVER, a fine mill-stream in the central part
supposed to be artificial constructions, the origin and pur- of Connecticut, rises in Tolland co., and falls into the Con.
pose of which gave riseto various absurd conjectures. Salls-  necticut River, in Middlesex county.
burycontains 1 bank, and 1 newspaper office. Pop. about    SALMON RIVER, New York, rises in Franklin co., and
2000.                                                     flowing N.W., falls into the St. Lawrence River, in Canada.
SALISBURY, a post-township in the central part of  About 15 miles from its mouth it has a perpendicular deMeigs co., Ohio. Pop. 2921.                                scent of about 100 feet, furnishing an immense hydraulie
SALISBURY, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana.        power.
SALISBURY, a village of Harrison co., Indiana, 8 or 9    SALMON RIVER, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
miles N. by E. of Corydon.                                   SALMUNSTER, (Salmniinster,) or SAALMJUNSTER, (Saal.
SALISBURY, a township in Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 1426. miinster.) sllmfinuster, a walled town of Germany, in
SALISBURY, a small village of Jersey co., Illinois, near Ilesse-Cassel, at the confluence of the Salza and Kinzig, 24
the E. bank of Illinois River.                            miles S.W. of Fulda. Pop. 1600. It has a Franciscan mc.
SALISBURY, a post-village of Sangamon co., Illinois, 9  nastery.
miles N.W. of Springfield.                                   SALO, sWflo, a town of Austrian Italy, on the W. side of
SALISBURY, a small village of Washington co., Wis- the Lake of Garda, 14 miles EN.E. of Brescia. Pop. 5600.
cousin.                                                   It stands at the foot of Monte San Bartolomeo. is chiefly
SALISBURY CENTRE, a post-village of Herkimer co., built on piles, and has a cathedral and 8 other churches.
New York, on Spruce Creek, about 25 miles E. by N. of Utica.   SALO, a pass in the Pyrenees, near Conflans, in France.
SALISBURY COVE, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine.      SALOBREN., sA-lo-brlntyf, a small town of Spain, proSALISBURY (sawlz/ber-e)ISLAND, IHudson Strait, British  vince, and 34 miles S.S.E. of Granada, near the mouth of the
North America, is in lat. 630 271 N., Ion. 760 40' W.     Motril, in the Mediterranean, with 1450 inhabitants, and a
SALISBURY MILLS, a manufacturing village of Salis- Moorish castle.
bury township, Essex co., Massachusetts, at the end of a    SALOBURUM or SALORDURUMI. See SOLezURE.
branch railroad, communicating with the Eastern Railroad.   SALOIM1IA, a post-village of Taylor co., Kentucky, 71 miles
SALISBURY MILLS, a post-village of Orange co., New  S.S.W.  of Frankfort, has 2 stores.
York, on the Newburg Branch Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of    SALOMON ISLANDS, Pacific Ocean. See SoLoMoN ISLANDS.
Newburg.                                                    SALON, sA'1l6NG, (anc. Salle or Salolfnum?) a town of
SALISBURY PLAIN, England, an elevated undulating  France, department of Bouches-du-Rhfne, near the canal
tract of open downs, co. of Wilts, extending both N. and S. of  of Craponne, 28 miles N.N.W. of Marseilles; Pop. in 1852,
the city of Salisbury, but the term is now generally held to  1564. It has several squares with fountains, a handsome
apply mainly to that portion between Salisbury and Devizes, town-hall, and manufactures of silk-twist, hats, and soap,
from which, as a common centre, most of the hill chains of and a brisk general trade.
S. and Central England proceed. Large portions of it are    SALONA, sl-lo/nd, a ruined city of Dalmatia, 3 miles
occupied solely as sheep-walks. On it, about 6 miles N. of  N.N.E. of Spalato, on the E. side of the Bay of Salona, an
Salisbury, is STONEHENGE, (which see;) and many traces of inlet of the Adriatic. It was greatly enlarged and fortified
British and Roman camps are scattqred over its surface.   by Diocletian, a native of Salona, but destroyed by the
SALKELD, (sawlkeld,) GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Avars in 639.
Cumberland, on the river Ellen, here crossed by a curious    SALONA. sh-lofni, (enc. Amphislsa,) a town of Greece,
bridge.                                                   capital of the government of Phocis, 84 miles W.N.W. of
SALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              Athens, on an inlet of the Corinthian Gulf, and at the S.
SALLANCHES, a town of Savoy. See SALLNCHE.S.            foot of Mount Parnassus. Pop. 4000. On its acropolis are
SALLE, s1t11, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  picturesque ruins of its ancient citadel.
Citra, S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 1100.                           SALOfNA, a post-village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 104
SALLE, LA, 1I sAl/li,,  a village of the Sardinian States, in  miles N.W. of Harrisburg.
Piedmont, 12 miles W. of Aosta, on the Dora Baltea. Pop.   SALONICA, s~-lo-neefk,  or SALONIKI, g-lo-neelkee,
2273.                                                     (Fr. Salonique, sqlo'neek/; anc. Thessalontca or Thlerlma,)
SALLEE, a town of Morocco. See SALE.                    a large seaport city, and next to the capital, the principal
SALLENCHES or SALLANCHES, sVlMlNshf, a town of  seat of commerce in European Turkey, in Room-Elee, capital
Savoy, province of Faucigny, on the Arve, 42 miles N.E. of of a sanjak, at the N.E. extremity of the Gulf of Salonica.
Chambdry. Pop. 2085. It has been repeatedly destroyed  Lat. 40~38' 85" N., lon. 220 57' 22" E. Pop. estimated at from
by fire, and totally so on Good-Friday, 1840. The fall of  70,000 to 75,000, of whom from 25,000 to 3000to 00 are Jews, 5000
the Sallenche is a fine cascade, in the Valais, 10 miles S. of  Turks, and the remainder Greeks and Franks. It has exMartigny.                                                 ternally an imposing appearance, standing on a hill slope,
SALLES-CURAN, sill kiifr&cGI, a village of France, de- enclosed by whitewashed or painted walls, 5 miles in circuit,
partment of Aveyron, 15 miles W.N.W. of Millau. P. 2200. its numerous minarets and domes interspersed with gardens
SALLES-LA-SOURCE, sA11 11 soons, a village of France  of cypress. The city is commanded by a large citadel, termed
department of Aveyron, 7 miles N.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. in  the "Seven Towers."  It has numerous antiquities in good
1852, 2074.                                               preservation. The lower portions of its walls are Cyclopean,
SALLES-SUR-LH' ERS, sell siia lai, a village of France, and one of its gates was built in honor of Augustus, after
department of Aude, 8 miles W. of Castelnaudary. Pop. 1189. the battle of Philippi.  Within the citadel is another
SALLIER, sIlleerl, a town of British India, presidency  triumphal arch, erected under Marcus Aurelius. Several
of Bombay, 78 miles E.N.E. of Damaun.                     of the mosques have been originally pagan temples; one
SALILINS, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kildare, has been constructed on the model of the Pantheon at
on the Grand Canal, with a station on the Great Southern  Rome; another, with portions wholly uninjured, was forand Western Railway, 71 miles N.E. of Newbridge. Pop. 350. merly a temple of Venus. In the centre of the city is the
SALM, sAlm, an ancient principality of Germany, belong- hippodrome, a noble area, entered by a magnificent coloning to a celebrated family, which in the 11th century di- nade of five Corinthian pillars. The mosque of St. Sophia
vided into two branches, the elder possessing Upper Saim, is a handsome model of that at Constantinople. The bazaars
on the E. frontier of Lorraine, and the younger Lower Salm, are extensive and well supplied, and the city has some'n Luxemburg, both on the left bank of the Rhine.          flourishing silk-drawing factories. During the prevalence
SALM, ALT, ilt sAlm, a town of Belgium, province, and  of Napoleon's continental system, Salonica was an important
31 miles S.E. of Liege, on the Salm, an affluent of the Am- depot for English goods. It has still a large trade in British
bleve. Pop. 2600.                                          produce. The exports consist of wheat, barley, maize, tim.
SALMAGUNIDI, a post-office of Washitaparish, Louisiana. ber, wool, sponges, raw silk, wine, sesamum seed, tobacco,
SALMANTICA. See SALAMANCA.                              and staves. This city was the residence of Cicero during a
SALMERON, sel-md-r6n1, a town of Spain, in New Castile, part of his exile; it was raised to the rank of a Roman co.
province, and 37 miles E.S.E. of Guadalajara. Pop. 1158.   lony by Valerian.
SALMIIONBY, samnon-be, a parish ofEngland, co. of Lincoln.   SALONICA, GULF OF. See GuLF 0r 5LONICA.
SALMON (samfpn) CREEK, of Cayuga co., New York, falls   SALONIKI or SALONIQUE. See SALONICA.
into the Cayuga Lake at Ludlowville.                        SAILOP, or SHROP/SHIRE, shroplshjr, an inland county
SALMON CREEK,. of Monroe co., New York, enters Lake  of England, bounded W. and N. by Wales. Area, 1343 square
Ontario atBraddock's Bay, about 14 miles N.W. of Rochester. miles,most of which is under culture. Pop. in 1851, 229.341.
SALMION OREEK, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, The Severn flows through its centre from N.W. to SE.; its
about 30 miles E. by N. of Rochester.                     S. half is mountainous, and here breeding cattle and dairySALMON FALLS, a thriving post-village of Strafford co.. ing are carried on extensively; the N. half is comparatively
New Hampshire, on the Salmon Falls River, 2 miles from  level, and the land is chiefly under tillage. Near the Severn
the Great Falls, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad.    are fine meadow-lands; orchards are numerous in the S.,
SALMON FALLS, a post-office ofEl Dorado co., California. and hops are raised on the Herefordshire border. About
1682




SAL                                                      SAL
300,000 tons of coal are raised annually in the E., besides    SALT CREEK, a post-office of Utah.
Iron, &c., and consumed in-the iron furnaces there; lead is   SALT CREEK, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.
produced in the W., and salt both in the N. and S. The    SALtTEE ISLANDS, two small islands and a group of
Shrewsbury, Newport, Bii'mingham, and Liverpool, and  rocks off the coast of Ireland, co. of Wexford; the larger of
Ellesmere and Chester Canals intersect the county N. of the  the two islands lies about 15 miles E. of Hook-head, and
Severn. A railway connects Shrewsbury with Chester, and  extends 1 mile S.S.W. A Vessel, showing a fixed double
the county is also traversed by the London and North-  light, is stationed 33 miles W.S.W. of this island.
western Railway. Shropshire returns 12 members to the    SALTENS-ELF, sFltgns-klf, a river of Norway, district of
House of Commons, of whom  4 are sent by the county. Nordland, after a N.W. course of 70 miles enters the Arctic
Capital, Shrewsbury.                                      Ocean by a wide fiord, in let. 670 12' N.
SALOR, sA-16id, a river of Spain, in Estremadura; flows    SALT-AND-ENISON, a township of England, co. of Sttafford.
into the Ta,,us, about 6 miles N. of Salqorino. Total course,   SALITERFORTH, a township of England, co. of York,
80 miles.                                                 West Riding.
SALORINO, s&-lo-reeno, a village of Spain, province, and    SALITERSFORD, or JENTKIN CHAPEL, a township of
51 miles W. of Caceres, near the Salor. Pop. 1918.        England, co. of Chester, with a station on the Midland
SALOU, st-lool, a small seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, Railway, 2 miles W. of*Cromford.
province, and 8  miles S.W. of Tarragona. Lat. 410 7' N.,   SAL'TERSVILLE, a post-office of Hudson co., New Jersey.
ion. 70 12' E.                                              SALT'FLEETIBY, EAST, a parish of England, co. Lincoln.
SALPEE, salipee, a town of British India, presidency of    SALTFLEETBY, MIDDLE, a parish of England, co. of
Bombay, 21 miles N.E. of Sattarah.                        Lincoln.
SALIPERTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       SALTFLEETBY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
SALPI, sai'pee, a lake of Naples, province of Capitanata,    SALTFLEET HAVEN, England. See SKlIDBRoBo00.22 miles E. of Foggia, and only separated from the Adriatic    SALTIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, with a
by a very narrow tongue of land. Length from  S.E. to  station on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles W.N.W. of
N.W., 10 miles; breadt, 2 miles.                         Bath.
SAL REY, sal rA, one of the Cape Verd Islands. Length,    SALT FORK, Missouri. See BLACK RIVER.
22 miles; breadth, 18 miles. Pop. 3300.                     SALT HILL, a hamlet of England, co. of Bucks, 35 miles
SALSA, s$lfsd, a town of Naples, province of Principato  N. of Windsor, and until lately noted as the place to which
Ultra, W. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 1260.        the Eton boys made the triennial "montem" procession,
SALSETTE, (Port. pron. sdl-slt/tA,) an island of British  abolished in 1847.
India, presidency of Bombay, immediately N. of Bombay    SALTHOLM1, sAltfholm, an island of Denmark,, in the
Island, with which it is connected by a narrow causeway. Sound, 6 miles E.S.E. of Copenhagen, and W.N.W. of
Length, 18 miles; average breadth, 13 miles. Pop. upwards  Malmo, in Sweden. Length, 5 miles. It is often covered
of 50,000, including many of Portuguese descent.          by the sea, and is not permanently inhabited.
SALSO, salIso, or FEIUIIE SALSO, fe-oofm& s~llso, i. e.   SALTIHOUSE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
"salt river," (anc.. Histerla,) the largest river of Sicily,    SALTIKOVA  DEVITSA, or SALTIKOWA  DEWITZA,
rising in the Madonian Mountains, intendency of Palermo, sAl-te-kolvA dA-vitlsA (or di-veet/sA,) a town of Russia, governflowing S., andi entering the Mediterranean at Alicata, after ment,and 23 miles E.S.E. ofTchern4gov, on the Desna. P. 1000.
a course of 70 miles. Near Castro Giovanni it receives the    SALTILLO, (Sp. pron. sAl-teellfy,) a town of the Mexican
waters of a salt spring, whence its name.                  Confederation, state, and 110 miles S. of Coahuila, on the
SALSO MAGGIORE, s/llso m[d-jo/'A, a village of the  river Tigre. Pop. 6000. At Buena Vista, 6 miles distant,.
duchy of Parma, and 21 miles W. by S. of Parma, on a low  February, 1847, the Mexicans under Santa Anna, with 15,000
flat. Pop. 5303.                                          troops, were routed by a much smaller number of United,
SALTA, salta, the northernmost province of the Argon- States troops under General Taylor.
tine Republic, (La Plate,) extending N. of lat. 260 S., and be-   SALTII/LO, a village of Washington co., Indiana, on the
tween ion. 620 and 680 W. Area, about 70,000 square miles. New Albany and Salem Railroad, 10 miles W. of Salem.
Pop. loosely estimated at 55,000. The surface is very much    SALTILLO, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.
diversified, consisting alternately of ramifications of the    SALTILLO, a post-village of Hardin co., Tennessee, on
Andes, fertile valleys, andwooded or pasture lands. Prin-'the left bank of the Tennessee River, 12 miles N. of Savancipal rivers, the Salado and Upper'Vermejo. In this pro- nab, is the county seat, a place of brisk businesS, and a
vince are the silver-mines of San Antonio and Acay.       depot for cotton and staves, which are shipped by the river.
SALTA, a city in the above province, situated on an    SALTILLO, a post-village of Jasper co., Indiana, on the
affluent of the Salado, 180 miles N. of Tucuman. Lat. 240 Iroquois River, 10 miles above Rensselaer.
15' S., ion. 640 50' W. Pop. from 8000 to 9000. It is regu-   SALT ISLANDS, one of the British West India Islands,
larly built, and has numerous religious edifices, and a col- in the Virgin group, S.E. of Tortola.
lege formerly belonging to the Jesuits.                     SALT/KETCHER BRIDGE, a post-village of Colleton dise
SALT/ASH, a decayed borough, market-town, and cha- trict, South Carolina.
pelry of England, co. of Cornwall, on the W. bank of the    SALT KEY BANK, about 90 miles S. by E. of Florida, beTamar, 3A miles N.W. of Devonport. Pop. in 1851, 1621.    tween the. Grand Bank of Bahama and Cuba Island,. is 62
SALT'BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester;         miles long, and 36 wid' at its greatest breadth. Its W. berSALT/COATS, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on  der is a chain of barren rocks, called the Double-Hteaded
the Bay of Ayr, 24 miles S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. in 1851, Shot Key, the north-westernmost of which, commonly called
4338. It has a neat Gothic perish church, a handsome  the Elbow Key, contains a fixed light, 54 feet from the base
town-house, free and other schools, a subscription library, of the tower, and 100 feet above the level of the sea. Lat.
reading-rooms, large ship-building docks, and rope-walks.  230 56' 24' N., Ion. 800 27' 35" W.
The inhabitants are chiefly employed in weaving and sew-   SALT KEYS, some islets in the Bahamas, and off the N.
ing muslins, shawls, and silks for Glasgow houses. It has coast of Cuba.
also salt-works, and exports coal to Ireland.               SALT LAKE, Utah. See GREAT SALT LAK.E.
SALTICOTT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             SALT LAKE, a county in the: E.N.E. part of Utah TerriSALT CREEK, of Iocking and Ross counties, Ohio, flows  tory. It is bounded on the E. by the Rocky Mountains,
into the Scioto River about 14 miles S.E. of Chillicothe.  and partly on the'W. by the Great Salt Lake, from which it
SALT CREEK, of Muskingum  co., Ohio, flows into the  derives its name, and is drained by Green' and Bear Rivers,
Muskingum River.                                          and other smaller streams. The surface in the W. and conSALT CREEK, of Gratiot co., Michigan, flows into Maple  tral parts is mosintainous. The soil is generally fertile; and
River.                                                    in the vicinity of the lake of a superior quality. In 1850
SALT CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Brown co., end flow- the county produced 58,492 bushels of wheat; 5220 of Iniug S.W., enters the East Fork of White River. near Bed- dian corn; 4906 of oats; 25,859 of potatoes; 5379 pounds of
ford. It is navigable in high water for nearly 30 miles.  wool; 37,592 of butter, and 2205 tons of hay. The amount
SALT CREEK, in the N. central part of Illinois, flows W. of its agricultural products was greater than that of any
into the Sangamon River, forming, in the latter part of its  other county in the territory. Capital, SaltLake'City. Pop.
course, a part of the boundary between Menard and Mason  6157.
counties.                                                   SALT LAKE CITY, capital of Salt Lake county, and of
SALT CREEK, of Tama co., Iowa, flows into Iowa River.  Utah Territory, is situated near the E. bank of the Jordan
SALT CREEK, a township of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop. 1094. River, which connects Great Salt Larke with Utah Lake,
SALT CREEK, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1699. about 22 miles S.E. of the Great Salt Lake, and 4200 feet
SALT CREEK, a post-township in the S.E. part of ius- above the level of the sea. It was laid out in July, 1847,
kingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1012.                              by a company of 143 Mormons. The city contains 260 blocks
SALT CREEK, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. P.1362. of 10 acres each, separated by streets which are 128 feet
SALT CREEK, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 1669. wide. There are 8 houses in each block, so arranged that no
SALT CREEK, a township of Decatur co., Indiana. P. 774  two houses front each other. The houses are built of
SALT CREEK, a township of Franklin co.,Indiana. P.807. adobes or sun-dried bricks. The 4 public squares of the
SALT CREEK, a township of Jackson co., Indiana. P. 1105. city are to be adorned with trees from the four quarters of
SALT CREEK, a township of Monroe co., Indiana. P.406. the globe, and supplied with fountains. On one of these a
SALT CREEK, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, 75 miles magnificent temple is now being erected; and a gorgeous
2.W. by S. of Iowa City.                                 banner, constructed of the flags of all nations, is ere long to
1683




SAL                                                      SAL
be unfurled.from  "Ensign Mount," which overlooks the  facture of salt is carried on largely in this vicinity. Pop. in
new city of the "Saints."  Salt Lake City contains a hand- 1850, 623.
some theatre. which cost above $20.000.                     SALUBRIA, sa-loolbre-a, a post-village of Catherine townThe climate of the valley in which the city stands is very  ship, Chemung co., New York, on the Chemung Branch of
salubrious, and the soil where it can be irrigated is ex- the New York and Erie Railroad, near the S. end of Seneca
tremely fertile. Wheat is said to produce, under favorable  Lake, 20 miles N. of Elmira.
circumstances, a hundred-fold.  The mountains which en-   SALUIBRITY, a post-office of Pickens district, South Caclose the valley on the E. side are covered with perpetual rolina.
snow. Their summits are said to be about 10,000 feet   SALUIDA, a river of South Carolina, a branch of the
(nearly 2 miles) above the level of the sea. Pop. in 1853, es- Congaree, rises in the Blue Ridge, near the N.W. border of
timated at 10,000.                  K                      the state, and pursues a S.E. course until it unites with
SALT LICK, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. Broad River at Columbia. The length is estimated at 200
Pop. 879.                                                  miles. It flows through a hilly and fertile district, in which
SALT LICK, a small village of Macon co., Tennessee.      cotton is the staple product.
SALT LICK, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1747.       SALUDA, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia.
SALTLICK FALLS, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia,   SALUDA, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia.
SALTINEY, a township of North Wales, co. of Flint, on    SALUDA, a post-township, Jefferson co., Indiana. P.1335.
the Dee, with a station on the Chester and Shrewsbury Rail-   SALUDA MILLS, a post-office of Newberry district, South
way, 23 miles S.S.W. of Chester.                           Carolina.
SALTO GRANDE, sallto grin/dA, a lofty cascade of Brazil,   SALUEN. See SALWIN.
province of Minas Geraes, on the Cordillera dos Aimores,` SALUGGIA, s.loodj, a market-town of Piedmont, 20
where the Jequitinhonha, bursting between two rocks, boils  miles W.S.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 3991.
in caldrons, and precipitates itself into an abyss with a noise    SALUNIGA, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
which is heard at the distance of 10 miles.                 SALUTRIA, a post-village and port of entry of Calhoun co.,
SALtTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. Texas, on Matagorda Island, at the terminus of the San
SALITON or SAL'TOUN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Had- Antonio Railroad, not yet finished. Shipping owned In 1854,
dington. The village of West Salton, on the Tyne, has apopu- 109 tons registered, and 1037 enrolled and licensed.
lation of about 225. Here are Salton IHall, the residence of    SALURN, si-looRnt, or SALORNO, sd-loRtno, a marketthe Fletcher family, and Hermanufston, anciently the pro- town of the Tyrol, 19 miles S.S.W. of Botzen. Pop. 1100.
perty of the St. Clairs.                                    SALUZZO, s-loot/so, (Fr. Saluces, s'liissf,) a city of North
SALTPEITRE,. a post-office of Washington cc., Ohio.    Italy, in Piedmont, division of Coni, capital of a province,
SALT POINT, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.    on an affluent of the Po, 17 miles N.W. of Coni. Pop. 14,426.
SALT POND, a small village of Saline co., Missouri.     It consists of an upper and walled town, on a height crowned
SALT RANGE, an extensive mountain group of the Pun-  by a magnificent castle, now used as a prison, and a lower,
jab, extending S.E. from the Khyber or Teera Range, on the  open town, with a handsome cathedral. It has manufactures
N.E. confines of Afghanistan, to the Jhylum, a distance of  of silk, leather, hats, and hardwares. Under the French it
nearly 200 miles. It has a barren and repulsive appear- was the capital of the department of Stura.
ance; white, bold, and bare precipices rise in many places    SALUZZOLA, st-loot/so-ld, a town of North Italy, in Piedat'once from the plain, but none of its peaks exceed 2500  mont, 32 miles N.E. of Turin, on the Elvo. Pop. 2161.
feet. Most of the torrents of the Salt Range carry down    SALVADOR, SAN, America. See SAN SALVADOR.
gold dust in their sands.                                   SALVAGE ISLAND, one of the Falkland group, in South
SALT RIVER, of Kentucky, is formed by two principal America, is in lat. 510 1' S., ion. 610 65 W.
branches, Salt River proper and the Rolling Fork, which    SALVAGES, sAl-v&Hns, a group of rocky islands in the
unite on the boundary between Meade and Bullitt counties. Atlantic Ocean, between the Canary and Madeira Islands,
The main stream flows N.W., and enters the Ohio 22 miles about lat. 300 N.: Ion. 16" W., The Great Piton yields a
below Louisville.  Salt River rises in Boyle county, and  large quantity oiforchill.
flows first N. and then W. The Rolling Fork rises near the    SALVAGNAC, slPvihn'ygkf, a market-town of France; deW. border of Lincoln county, and its general course is partment of Tarn, 23 miles W. of Alby. Pop. 1900.
W.N.W. Another stream, called Chaplin's or Beech Fork,   SALVAGNAC-CAJARC, sbl'vhn'ylk' kA'zhdak1, a town
unites with the Rolling Fork on the W. boundary of Nelson  of France, department of Aveyron, 12 miles N.W. of Villecounty. Named from salt-springs which abound near it.   franche. Pop. 1440.
SALT RIVER, of Missouri, is formed by three branches,   SALVALEON, s~l-vA-lA-6n', (ane. Interamni?) a town of
the North, Middle, and South Forks, which unite near Spain, province, and 20 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2540.
Florida, in Monroe county. It flows thence E., and after a    SALVATERRA  DE MAGOS, sAl-vA-tne/Ra  dA mdgoce,
serpentine course of about 85 miles, enters the Mississippi a town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, near the left
in Pike county, 1 or 2 miles above Louisiana village. Small bank of the Tagus, 31 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2000. In
steamboats can ascendfrom its mouth to Florida. Branches.  its royal residence the Marquis de Loul1 was assassinated,
-The North Fork is the principal branch, rising near ths  February, 1824.
N. boundary of the state, and flowing in a S.E. course. The    SALVATERRA DO EXTREMO, sAl-vA-t8aRad do 8x-trYMiddle Fork rises in Macon county, and pursues a S.E. mo, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, on the Spanish
course. The South Fork rises near the S. borderof Audrain  frontier, 28  milti E. of Castello Branco.
county, and flows N. into the Middle Fork a little above    SALVATIERRA, sdl-vA-te-nSlRA, a town of Spain, in EsFlorida. The Elk Fork is a small creek, which enters the  tremadura, province, and 18 miles S.S.E. of Caceres, on a
Middle Fork about 7 miles E. of Paris, in Monroe county. mountain slope near the Tannujia. Pop. 1205.
Long Branch flows along the S. border of Monroe county    SALVATIERRA, a town of Spain, province of Pontevedra,
into the South Fork.                                      20 miles S.E. of Vigo, on the right bank of the Minho, which
SALT RIVER, a post-village of Audrain co., Missouri, 40  separates it from Portugal.
miles N. of Jefferson City.               ~                 SALVATIERRA, a town of Spain, province of Biscay, 15
SALT RIVER, a township of Knox co., Missouri. Pop.411. miles E. of Vitoria, fortified and well built. Pop. 1593.
SALT RIVER, a township of Randolph co., Missouri.   SALVATIERRA DE LOS BARROS, s:Il-va-te-aled  dA loce
Pop. 692.                                                 barVRoce, a town of Spain, province, and 23 miles S.S.E. of
SALT ROCK, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 347..  Badajos. Pop. 2555.
SALT SEA. See DEAD SEA.                                   SALVE, sklvA, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, S.E.
SALTISPRING, a post-office of Campbell co., Georgia.    of Gallipoli. Pop. 1350.
SALTSPRING, a post-office of Bienville parish, Louisiana.   SALVETAT, LA, 1I sdl'vph-tV, a town of France, depart:
SALT SPRING, a township of Randolph cc., Missouri. ment of IH6rault, 8 miles N. of St. Pons. Pop. in 1852, 4260.
Pop. 1134.                                                  SALVETAT, LA, a town of France, department of AveySALT SPRINGIVILLE, a post-office of Otsego co., New  ron, 18 miles S.WV. of Rodez. Pop. in 1852, 3204.
York.                                                       SALVIAC, sal've-Akl, a village of France, department of
SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, a village of Monroe co., Vir- Lot, 9 miles S.W. of Gourdon. Pop. 1189.
ginia, 230 miles W. of Richmond, and 25 miles S.W. of the    SALVIYSA, a handsome post-village of Mercer cb., KenWhite Sulphur Springs.  It is surrounded by beautiful tucky, 20 miles S. of Frankfort. It contains 4 churches, 1
mountain scenery, and is frequented by a large number of  woollen factory, and-several stores.
invalids and others. The water contains various salts of    SALtWARP, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
soda, magnesia, and lime.                                  SALWIN, sdl'wiu,! SALWEN, SALUEN, sAl'wln1, THANSALTIVILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Virginia, LWENG, thdn-lwingf, or THANLYENG, a large river of
on the North Fork of the Holston River, about 20 miles Farther India, rises in Thibet, flows S., and enters the Gulf
N.E. of Abingdon. It has 2 extensive salt-works.         of Martaban by a broad mouth, on opposite sides of which
SALTIWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile N. are the towns of Martaban and Maulmain.  Its course has
of IIythe. Saltwood Castle, a noble structure of the reign  been little explored, but it is known to be a noble stream,
of Richard II., is partly in' ruins.                     flowing through a richly-wooded country, and generally
SALTZBURG, a town of Germany. See SALZBURGo.           navigable to a considerable distance-from the sea.
SALTZBURG, sawltsfbfrg, a post-borough of Indiana co.,   SALYMPRIA. a river of Turkey. See SALEaBRIA.
Pennsylvania, on the Conemaugh River and Pennsylvania    SALZA, silttsle, or SALZACH, sAltfsaK, a river of Austria,
Canal, 32 miles in a direct line E. of Pittsburg. The manu- rises in the Alps, 18 miles W. of the Gross-Glockner, flows
1684




SAL                                                         AM
E. and N., end joins the Inn 6 miles N.E. of Burghausen.  Detmold, at the confluence of the Salza and Werra, 11 miles
Total course, 130 miles, for the last 80 of which (to Hallein)  N.W. of Detmold. Pop. 1364.
it is navigable.                                             SALZUNGEN, s/lt/s.6ng-en, a town of Central Germany,
SALZA or SALZE, GRoss, groce sfItVsf, a town of Prussian  In Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 19 miles N.N.W. of MeinSaxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2563.           ingen. Pop. 3077. It has important salt-works, manufacSALZBRUNN, sltstbroon, NEW, LowER, and UPrPER, three  tures of woollen cloth, linens, and leather, and 5 annual
contiguous villages of Prussian Silesia, 35 miles S.W. of  fairs.
Breslau. Pop. 2767.                                          SALZWEDEL, sAltsP*A'del, or SALTWEDEL, silt'wA'dei,
SALZBURG  or SALTZBURG, sAlts'bLao, (Ger. pron. a town of'Prussian Saxony, 54 miles N.N.W. of Magdeburg,
sAltstb66RG; anc. Juvatrum  or Juvacvia,) a city of Upper on the Jetzel, in lat. 520 51' N., Ion. 110 17' E. Pop. 7810.
Austria, capital of the circle of same name, at the base  It is enclosed by walls, and has a gymnasium, and manuof two precipitous heights, on the Salza, 156 miles W.S.W. factures of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics.
of Vienna. Lat. 470 48' N., Ion. 130 1' E. It stands in a    SAMADANG, sA-m[-ddng1, a town of Java, on the route
narrow  defile, half encircled by the Noric Alps, through  from Buitenzorg to Sheribon, 125 miles S.E. of Batavia.
an opening in which the Salza passes out to join the Inn.    SAMADURA, an island of Hindostan. See SIVANA.
The rich fields and meadows through which the river    SAMAEIL; s4-m/-Alf, a town of Arabia, in Oman, 45 miles
winds, the wooded slopes and abrupt precipices on either  W. of Muscat.
side, and the ridges of hills rising tier above tier, and    SAMAIPATA, s-mi-p&ttA, a small town of Bolivia, deovertopped by the main chain of the Alps, form  scenery  partment, and 70 miles 8.S.W. of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
scarcely inferior to the finest parts of Switzerland. The  Pop. 1000.
town is divided by the Salza into two unequal parts, which    SAMAKOV, sl-mg-kovf, a town of European Turkey, in
communicate by a wooden bridge above 370 feet long, and  Bulgaria, 30 miles S.S.E..of Sophia. Pop. 7000. It is enis surrounded by a wall with 10 gates. The greater part is  closed by substantial walls, and has extensive works for the
on the left bank, where it is overtopped by a lofty height, production of heavy iron goods.
crowned by a magnificent'old castle. The superabundance    SAMALOOD, sA-ma-loodf, SAMALOUD, or SAMELOOD,
of marble employed in the construction of the houses has a  sA-meh-loodt,a town of Egypt, province of Benisooef, on the
striking effect, but the streets are narrow, crooked, and  Nile, 15 miles N. of Minieh.
gloomy.  The two finest squares are Residenz or Haupt-   SAMAMBAIA, sA-mm-bIAg, a village of Brazil, province
Platz, and the Domplatz. The former is adorned with a  of Rio de Janeiro, district of Cantagallo.
beautiful statue of white marble, 45 feet high; the latter by    SAMANA, s —mi-nn/, a peninsula on the N.E. coast of the
a noble bronze statue of the Virgin, by Hagenau. Between  island of Hayti, republic of San Domingo, stretching from
the two squares stands the cathedral, a heavy Italian struc- W. to E. 32 miles.  It is 11 miles across at its greatest
ture, 410 feet long, by 250 feet broad, with a dome and two  breadth, and is terminated at its E. end by Cape Samana.
towers. Adjoining  it is the archbishop's palace, an exten-  Lat. 190 18' N., Ion. 690 8' W. Its highest peak, Sugar-loaf
sirve edifice, now partly used as public offices. In the same  Hill, is 1936 feet, and Morne du Diable, (" Devil's Hill,")
neighborhood is the collegiate church of St. Peter, with a  1309 feet above sea-level. There formerly existed a water
monument to Haydn; and a cemetery remarkable for the  communication across its west end, separating it from the
number of curious ancient tombs which it contains. At- island of Hayti, (which, though now silted up, could easily
tached to this church is an elegant hall, with a library of  be reopened,) so that what is now  a peninsula was for40,000 volumes, and an extensive collection of coins, engrav- merly an island. Its soil is extremely fertile; to a great
ings, and natural curiosities. The castle has long been dis- extent it is covered with timber, suited both for ship-buildmantled, and serves only for barracks. In one of its towers  ing and cabinet work; it contains copper, gold, and bituis shown the torture-chamber, with part of the inhuman  minous coal. Pop. in 1851, 1721.
apparatus employed upon the Protestants, who were ulti-    SAMANA, a name of Atwood's Key, Bahamas.
mately, to the number of 30,000, mercilessly driven out of    SAMANA BAY, San Domingo, on the S. side of the above
the town. The castle was the residence of the archbishops, peninsula, is about 43 miles in length from E. to W., by
who were at the same time princes of Salzburg and of the  about 8 miles broad, and at its W. end receives the Yuna,
German Empire, and had temporal sovereignty over 200,000  the largest river in the Dominican Republic. It forms one
souls. The continuation of the ridge, on which the castle  of the finest harbors in the world, and may be regarded as
stands, forms the Mdnchsberg, (m3nxsoblRG, i. e."1 Monk's  a most important maritime position in reference to the trade
1Iill,") which is surrounded on three sides by escarped pre- of the Gulf of Mexico and the inter-oceanic routes across
cipices, and has a flat summit of considerable extent laid  Central America, both in a commercial and military point
out in fields and pleasure-grounds, and vell planted with  of view. On its N. shore is the small town of Santa Bartrees. The Minchsberg is crowned by a Capuchin convent. bara. It lies in a bight of a land-locked bay, in lat. 190 12'
The manufactures of the town consist chiefly of leather, 30"1 N., Ion. 690 19' 18" W., and has natural facilities for reironware, cotton goods, and majolica. The trade both in  pairing or careening vessels; a dilapidated Roman Catholic
these articles and transit is considerable, and there are two  church, a neat Wesleyan chapel, and a custom-house.  Saimportant annual fairs. Salzburg is the see of an archbishop,  mans being one of the open ports of the Dominican Repubthe seat of superior provincial courts and offices, and pos- lic, the government maintains here a garrison of about 230
sesses a lyceum, with an extensive and valuable library; a  men, under a colonel who possesses the chief authority in
gymnasium, several industrial and other schools, a physical the place.  Negociations have recently taken place between
and zoological museum, botanical garden, deaf and dumb  the Republic of San Domingo and the United States, with
institution, lunatic asylum, large house of correction, thea- a view to the cession of the bay to the latter government.
tre, and several hospitals. It is a place of great antiquity.   SAMANAH, sL-m Inah,  a town of Hindostan, province of
The Roman town was destroyed by Attila in 448, and was  Delhi, 35 miles S.W. of Umballah.
rebuilt by the dukes of Bavaria. A succession of archbishop    SAMANCO, s&-mdntko, a bay on the coast of Peru, beprinces continued to govern it till 1802, when it was secu- tween the bays of Casma and Ferriol, in lat. 90 15' 30" S.,
larized with the extensive domains which belonged to it, Ion. 780 32' 45" W. It extends about 6 miles from N.W. to
and given first to Tuscany, and then to Bavaria, from which, S.E., with a width of 3 miles, and is the most extensive harwith the exception of the territory of Berchtesgaden, it boher on the Peruvian coast N. of Callao.
passed to Austria in 1814. Salzburg was the birthplace of    SAMANITHA, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio.
Mozart. Pop. 14,185.                                         SAMAR, sM-ndRI, an island of the Malay Archipelago,
SALZBURG, a circle of Upper Austria, called also the  forming a province of the Philippines. It is washed on the
duchy of Salzburg, area, 2764 square miles, is a rugged, W. by the Bisayan Sea, and on the E. by the Pacific, and is
mountainous country, intersected by numerous valleys, of separated on the N. from the island of Luzon by the Strait
which that of the Salza is the principal. The minerals are  of Bernardino, and on the S. from Leyte by the narrow chanvery valuable, and include gold, silver, lead, copper, cobalt, nel of San Juanico. It extends from lat. 110 to 120 40' N.,
iron, salt, and marble. Pop. 146,007.                      Ion. 1240 25' to 1250 55' E., with a length of 147 miles, and
SALZDERHELDEN, sltsfd9r-hil'den, a market-town of  an average breadth of about 50 miles. It is thickly wooded,
Hanover, principality of Grubenhagen, on the Leine, 2 miles  and fertilized by rivers of considerable size, as well as
S.E. of Eimbeck. Pop. 1200.                                brooks. The mountains are lofty and rugged. In these
SALZDETTFURTH, sAltesdptt-f5aRt', a village of Hanover, iron-stone and gold are found, and copper Is said to exist.
7 miles S.S.E. of Hildesheim, on the Lamme.                The forests produce useful trees of various kinds, some reSALZGITTER, siltsfghit-ter, a village of IHIanover, 20  sinous, others used for ship-building. The scanty populamiles E.S.E. of HIildesheim. Pop. 1500.                    tion cultivate cocoa, palms for oil, rice, and excellent cocoa.
SALZGRUB, a town of Transylvania. See KOLOS.             Samar produces also Manilla hemp, wax,. mother-of-pearl,
SALZKAMMERGUT. silts-kmfmmer-goot, a district of Up- pearls, and tortoise-shell; indigo, said to equal that of Guaper Austria, on the borders of Styria. Area, 336 square  temala; and trepang. The palm-oil is of bad quality. St
miles. Pop. 16,000. The soil is unprofitable, but valuable Ignatius' nuts are abundant, and were once profitably exsalt-mines are wrought here on account of the government. ported to America. Sinamays and nipas are manufactured,
SALZKOTTEN, stltslko'ten, a town of Prussian West- and also mats, called balavgat, from a plant of that name.
phalia, 45 miles S.S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1830.              The inhabitants are mostly Metis, (descendants of Spaniards
SALZSCHLIRF, siltstshl'51f, a village of Hesse-Cassel, 10  by Indian mothers;) they trade with the other Philippines
miles N.W. of Fulda, on the Altfell. Pop. 1093.            and the Pelew Islands. Many Indians seek escape from the
SALZUFLEN, saltfsoo-fiin, a town of Germany, in Lippe- capitation tax in the mountains, but there are no Negritoes
1685




SAIM                                                      SAM
in the island. The province contains 28 pueblos. Its capi-  stream, the Selakoo, Siakawan, &c. It contains the richesl
tal is Catbolagan, situated on a creek on the W. coast. It is gold-mines in Borneo, which are worked by a colony of Chibuilt with some regularity, mostly of wood and nipa, but nese. The state is very pophlous, and is governed by a Mothe church and governor's house are, with a few others, hammedan sultan.
built of stone.  Pop.,470.                                  SAMBAS, a town of the island of Borneo, on a low marshy
SAMARA. See SoMn.                                        site, near the left bank of the Sambas. about 30 miles from
SAMARA, se-min-r&, a river of Russia, joins the Dnieper  the sea, about lat. 10 15' N., lon. 1090 20' E. It is the seat
in the government, and 4 miles S.E. of Yekaterinoslav, after of the sultan, and of a Dutch resident, who has a small force
a W. course of 150 miles.                                  for the protection of Dutch interests. The houses are raised
SAMARA, a river of Russia, governments of Orenboorg  above the ground on piles, and the sultan's palace is a large
and Simbeersk, after a W. course of 280 miles joins the  building, surrounded by a sort of fortification. Many of the
Volga at Samara. Its affluents  are the Tok, Ooran, (Uran,)  inhabitants are pirates. Pop. 10,000.
and Kinel.                                                   SAMBATIKILA, sdm-bA-te-keefll, a walled town of West
SAMARA, a town of Russia, in the government of the  Africa, in the Mandingo country, near lat. 100 N., Ion.
same name, 100 miles S.E. of $imbeersk, capital of a circle, on  6vc 50' W.
a height, at the confluence of the Samara with the Volga.   SAM-BATJDILLO.DE-LLOBREGAT, shm  b6W-Deelfyo dA
Pop. 11,019. It Was founded in 1591. and was formerly en- lo-br-gdtI, commonly called SANBOY, sdn-boyl, or SEMBOY,
closed by a ditch and ramparts. It has a cathedral, several snm-boyt, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, 6 miles W. of Barother churches, and an extensive trade in cattle and sheep, celona, on the Llobreat. Pop 2500.
salt fish, caviar, skins, leather, and tallow.               SAMIBER, SAMBIARA, slm-blrl, or SACAMBIARI,
SAMARA, a governmet of Russia, on the left bank of  sl-km-blree, a town of Hindostan, in Rajpootana, 44 miles
the Volga, formed by a ukase1 of December 18,1850. Area, N.N.E. of Ajmeer, in let. 26o53 N., Ion. 740 571' E. On its N.E.
39,008 square miles. Pop. 1,320,108.                       side is a large salt'lake.
SAMARABRIVA. See AxniES.                                  SAMBILAN, sem-be-lAn', or SAMBILANG, sitm-be-lAngl,
SAMARANG, sl-mlt-rngl, a fortified seaport town of Java, or NINE ISLANDS,'a group of islands in the Strait of Macapital of a province, on its N. coast. near the mouth of the  lacca, in lat. 40 51' N.. N n. 1000 35' E.
Samarang River, 210 miles E.S.E. of Batavia. Lat. of the    SAMBOANGA, sem-bo-hngtgl, SAMBOANGAN, slm-boflag-staff, 6O 571 S., lon. 110? 27' IE. Pop. 50,000, including  Ang-gln!   or NUESTRA SEiORA DEL PILAR DE ZARAmany Chinese. It is pretty well built, and has a large  GOZA, nwlsftrd sln-yo'rA d6l pe-lae! de sa-ra-goes, a town of
church, town-hall, military school, hospital, theatre, and  the Philippine Islands, on the S.W. extremity of the island
observatory. Its ha'rbor is not good, and the town is un- of Mindanao, in lat. 60 54t 309, S., Ion. 1220 85 E. It occupies
healthy from contiguous morasses, and owes its importance  a low site on the shore, at the mouth of a small stream, and
solely to the careful cultivation of the adjacent country, is, after Manila, the most important fortress which the Spa- 
which yields large quantities of coffee, pepper, and rice. niards possess in the Philippines.
Samaiang-is the-residence of a Dutch governor, and the seat   SAMBOR, slm/boa, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia,
of one of the three principal law courts of Java. Pop. of  on the Dniester, 40 miles S.W. of Lemberg, in let. 490 32' N.,
residency, 560,000.                                       ion. 230 17' E. Pop. 6600. It has a tribunal., mining inten-'SAM AlRATE, ls-ml-r t&, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- dency, and gymnasium, with manufactures of linens, bleachvince of Milan, 2 miles'E. of Gallarate. Pop. 2457.       fields, and extensive salt-works.
SAMAROCANDl slmneA-klnd!, (anc. Maracadac,) a city of    SAMBOR, STARY, sthfree simnbor, a town of Austrian PoIndependent Toorkistan,   ominions,  and 130 miles E. of  land, in Galicia, on the Dniester, 10 miles S.W. of Sambor.
Bokhara, on the Zer-afshan.  Lat. 390 50' N., Ion. 660 50' E. Pop. 2080.
Pop. about 10,000. It has greatly declined in importance;    SAMIBOURN, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, parish
the area within its walls is mostly occupied with gardens, of Coughton, 31 miles N.N.W. of Alcester. Pop. 660.
and of the40 colleges which itformerly had, only three are    SAMBRE, slm b'r, (Fr. pron. seMb'r; anc. Salbis,) a river
said to remain perfect, one of which has great beauty. This  of France and Belgium, rises in the French department of
city is, however, regarded with great veneration in' Central Aisne, flows E.N.E., and joins the Meuse at Namur, in BelAsia; and it possesses the tomb of Timur, under whom it glum. Total course, 100 niles.  Its ffluents are the IIelpe,
was the capital of one of the largest empires ever known, Heure, and Ornea. It is navigable, for the greater part of
and the centre of Asiatic learning and extensive commerce. its course, for barges. In Belgium, the Sambre communlIt has'als0 several bazaars and large khans, many elegant cates by canals with the Senne and Scheldt, and the Canal
though decayed public edifices, and it is still an entrept for  ofthe Sambre, France, connects it with the Canal of St.
some caravan trade. Its temperate climate abundance of  Quentin. Under the French, Sambre-et-Meuse was a defruit and water, and the beauty of its vicinity, have caused  partment, watered by those rivers, and now forming the
it to be generally eulogized as a residence by Asiatic poets.  province of Namur, with a part of Belgian Luxembourg.
SAMARIA, sl-imlre-a, an ancient province of Palestine,    SAMBUCA, slm-boofkl, a town of Sicily, province, and
between the river Jordan and the Mediterranean, having on  near Girgenti. Pop. 8000.
the N: Galilee and on the S. Judea. It comprised the towns of    SAMBUCCA, sim-book/kl,  a village of Central Italy, in
Sebaste, Neapolis, 0in a, Scythopolis, with Mounts Gilboa Tuscany, 27 miles N.N.W. of Florence. Pop. 2500.
and Little Hermon. The ancient city of Samaria, built by    SAMBUCO, s m-boofko, a village of the Sardinian  States,
Omri, King of Israel, about 925 i. c., was the capital of the  division of Coni, near Vinadio. Pop. 1412.
ten tribes. After its destruction by John IHyrcanus, it was    SAMCORI. See KOHPHrANG.
rebuilt by Herod, and called SeMaSTE.                       SAMER, slmairJ, a market-town of France, department
SAMARIA, a village of Crete, near Sphalkia or SfakiA.    of Pas-de-Caleis, 8 miles S.E. of Bloulogne. Pop. in 1852, 2182.
SAMAROVA, sl-ml-rolvl, a town of Siberia, government,  It has remains of an abbey of the seventh century.
and 170  miles N.N.E.  f Tobolsk, between the Obi and    SAM!FORD, GREAT, a parish ofEngland, co. of Essex.
Irtish...SAMFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
SAMARRAH, sl-mlrtrA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pa-   SAMFORD ARUNDEL, a parish of England, co. of Soshalic, and 65 miles N.N.W. of Bagdad, on a height, beside  merset.
the left bank of the Tigris, and consisting of about 250    SAMFORD BRETT, a parish of England; co. of Somerset.
houses, nearly enclosed by a strong wall. It has two hand-   SAMFORD COURTENAY, a parish of England, co. of
some Mohammedan tombs with cupolas, one particularly  Devon.
venerated by the Sheeah (Shiah) sect, and visited annually    SAMFORD PEVEREL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
by at least 10,000 Mohammedan pilgrims. About half a    SAM/FORD SPIINEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
mile N. is a curious spiral tower 163 feet in height; also the    SAM FRANCISCO, Brazil. See Sio FRANCISCO.
remains of a college built of fine brick, and traces of a palace.   SAMGAUM, slm-gawm /, a town of British India, presiThe whole neighborhood is covered with ruins.             dency of Madras, district, and 20 miles N.W. of Nellore.
SAMASSI, sl-mAslsee, a village of the Sardinian States,   SAMGORODOK, slm-go-ro-dokf, a mDarket-town of Russia,
division, and 22 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1995.     government, and 95 miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 1000.
SAMATAN, sA'm'tlcee, a town of France, department of    SAMHOOD or SAMHIOUD, sem-hoodf, a town of Upper
Gers, on the Save, 1 mile N.E. of Lombez. Pop. 1224.      Egypt, province, and 15 miles SE. of Girgeh.
SAMAVA, st-miv, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic    SAMI, semee, a town of West Africa, Senegambia, in Bamof Bagdad, on the Euphrates, 38 miles S.E. of Lemloom.    barra, on the Joliba, 22 miles W.S.W. of Sego.
SAMBAI-CONTAI, shmuibi'kontti, a village of West Africa,   SAM JOAO. See S2o JoXo; and so with all other Portuin Bondos, in lat. 140.41' N., Ion. 120 251 W.           guese names with the prefix of SAM or SAN.
SAMBAS, selmbsy, a'river of the island of Borneo, rises    SAMLENSK, a town of Russia. See SEMLIANSK.
near the S. frontier of the state, flows N.W. for about 50    SAM5LESBURY, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
miles, then turns S.W., and enters the Strait of Carimata    SAMMINIATO, a town of Tuscany. See SAN MINIATO.
by a broad estuary, afteir a total course of about 100 miles.   SAMIMON'S POINT, a post-office of Iroquois co., Illinois.
It is navigable as far up as Sambas for native vessels, and    SAMIMONS~ILLE, a post-office of Fulton co., New York.
contains a good deal of gold in its sands.                 SAMOIAN, or NAVtIGATOR'S ISLANDS, a group in the
SAaB&S, a state on the W. coast of Borneo. It is in the  Pacific Ocean, between let. 130 300 and 140 30' 5., and Ion.
shape of a triangle, each side of which measures about 100  1680 and 1730 W., comprising 8 small islands, estimated to
ailes, and is separated from  Sarawak by the Krimbang  have an area of 2650 square miles, with a population of upMountains. It is watered by the Sambas, its principal wards of 50,000. The soil is rich, and the surface densely
1686
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SAM                                                     -SANHngrj
wooded. The products comprise cocoanut-oil, arrowroot,   SAMSON, shlmlsbon', the largest village of'Iungary,'
caoutchouc, castor-bean, ginger, coffee, tortoise-shell, and  next to Csaba, co. of Bihar, 8 miles N.E. of Debreczin. Pop.
plentiful supplies of vegetables, &c. for shipping. The in- 22,247.
habitants are stated to be superior in bodily and mental   SAMSOON, SAMSOUN  or SAMSUN, s8.musoonf, written
endowments to those of many other parts of Polynesia, and  also SAMSOOM or SAMSUM, (anc. Amilsus,) a seaport town
to seek for articles of utility, rather than trinkets, in their of Asia Minor, pashalic of Seevas; lat, 410 18' N., lon. 360 22'
traffic with Europeans. There are British missionary sta- E. The pop. is wholly Turkish, and comprise about 450
lions at Upolu, &c.                                      families; in the neighborhood is a village with 150 families
SAMOCZIN, Prussian Poland. See SA0orscHAU.              of Christians. Bazaars, though small, are well supplied
SAMOENS, s'mo-8Na,, a village of Savoy, province of Fan- with goods, and the town is a busy entrepot for the copper,
cigny, 15 miles East of Bonneville. Pop. 3911. it has 6 timber, tobacco, and agricultural produce of the interior, eximportant annual fairs for cattle.                        ported hence in large quantities to Constaninople; and it is
SAMOGITIA, sA-mo-jishte-a, an old province of Poland, a station for the Austrian Danube Steam  Navigation Conmnow forming most part of the Russian government of Vilna. pany's packets, plying between this city and Trebizond.
SAMOIEDS, sam'oi-6dz1, SAMOYEDS or SAMOYEDES, a    SAMTER, s~m/tpr, or SZAMOTULY, shl-mo-tooflee,:a
people inhabiting the shores of the Arctic Ocean, from the  town of Prussian Poland, 20 miles N.W. of Posen, on the
mouth of the Petchora, in the N.E. of the government of  railway to Stettin. Pop. 2480.
Archangel, to the Gulf of Katanska, (Khatangskee,) in the    SAMTIAGO, Cape Verd Islands. See SANTIAGO.
N.E. of the government of Yeniseisk. They consistof three    SAMTIAGO DE CACEM, siwNG to-sigo d4 k3-scgl,  a town
principal tribes, speaking different dialects. Their origin is of Portugal, province of Algarve, 36 miles N.W. of Ourique,
unknown. They are nomadic, and live chiefly by fishing, on a kind of bay formed by the Atlantic. Pop. 2100.
and keeping reindeer.. SAMUGHEU, s.-moo-g4-oot(?) a village of the island of OarSAMOKHYALOVITCHI, s9-moK-vJ-lo-vitchtee, or SA- dinia, division ofCagliari, 21 miles E. of Oristano. Pop.1560.
lMOOHWALOWITSCHI, a market-town of Russia, govern-   SAMULCOTTAH, sd-miUl-kotttl, a town and fort of British
ment, and 10 miles S. of Minsk. Pop. 1000.                India, presidency of Madras, 29 miles E.N.E. of RajahmunSAIMOS, SOOSAM (SOUSAM, or SUSAM)-ADASSI, sone- dry. It has two singular Hindoo temples. Lat. 170 4' N.,
sAmf a-dAsesee, an island off the W. coast of Asia Minor, on the  ion. 820 17' E.
S. side of the Gulf of Scala Nova, 42 miles S.W. of Smyrna.   SAN, sAn, SAAN, san, or SANA, sAInA, a large river of
Length, from E. to W., 27 miles; greatest breadth, 10 miles. Austrian Poland. in Galicia, rises in the Carpathians, flows
Estimated area, 165 square miles. Pop. 50,000. Two ranges N.N.W., and joins the Vistula, 4 miles N.E. of Sandomier.
of rocky limestone mountains traverse the island, their Total course, 250 miles. The affluents are the Wislok,
slopes partly covered with pine woods, vineyards, and olive Lubaczow, and Tanew.
groves. The valleys are fertile, and this is one of the most   SAN, sn, a river of Styria, after an E. and S. course of
productive islands of the archipelago, exporting a good deal 50 miles, joins the Save, 11 miles S. of Cilly.
of corn, and excellent Muscadine wines. The mineral pro-   SAN, shn, (anc. Ta/nis,) a ruined town of Lower Egypt, on
ducts comprise marble, iron, lead, silver, and emery. The  an arm of the Nile, 15 miles S.S.W. of Menzaleh.
principal towns are Vathi on its N. side, with a good harbor,   SANA or SANAA, sl-nl, the capital city of Yemen, in
and Khora, the capital, near the S. coast, on a portion of the  Arabia, in a fine valley, 4000 feet above the sea, 110 miles
site of the ancient Samos. Theislandhadin ancienttimesa  E.NE. of Hodeida. Pop. estimated at 40,000. It is enclosed
famous temple of Juno, of which few, if any, vestiges remain. by walls 51 miles in circumference, and mounting some canIt was the native country of Pythagoras, and the sculptor nons; is built mostly of brick, and has two stone palaces of
Theodorus. The Samiots were among the first to join the  the imam, about 20 richly decorated mosques, public baths,
late Greek war of independence, throughout which they suc- and a stone bridge across its main street, which is inundated
cessfully held the island against the Turks. In the Little  during rains. The principal commerce is in coffee, and in
Boghaz, a narrow strait between Samos and the mainland, its husk, which latter article here brings the higher price,
the fleet and army of Xerxes were defeated the same day  and is exclusively used for consumption in the city. Imthat his troops in Greece, under Mardonius, were dispersed  ports comprise piece-goods, Persian tobacco, dates, twist, and
and destroyed at Platcea, a. c. 479.-Adj. and inhab. S A- glass wares. Some remarkable ancient inscriptions have
AN, sLme-an, or SAXIOT or SAnIOTE, s?/me-ot.               been found.
SAMOS, an ancient city of Cephalonia, on the E. coast of   SANA, sdinA, or MIRAFLORES, me-r,-flofris, a town of
the island. It is now avillage, withvarious ancient remains. North Peru, department of Trujillo, (Truxillo,) province,
SAMOSAT or SAMOSATA. See SOMEISAT.                     and 32 miles S.E. of Lambayeque.
SAMOTHRAKI, si-mo-thrilkee, (anc. Samothralce; Gr.   SAN AN/IDERS, a post-office of Milam co., Texas.
apoe6paeq; Turk. Snendrek, sA-m n-drlk/,) an island be-   SAN  ANDREA.  See SANT' ANDREA. SAN  AqNGELO.
longing to Turkey, in the lgean Sea, 14 miles N.N.W. of See SeNT' ANCoLo, and so with other Italian names, in
Imbros. Area, 30 square miles. Pop. 1500. The surface is which SAN is followed by a name beginning with a vowel.
mountainous, and rises to 5248 feet above the sea. On its   SAN ANDRE/AS, a town of Calaveras co., California, is
N. side are the ruins of the ancient town of cSamoterace.     situated towards the W. part of the county, between the
SAMOTRAKI, sl-mo-trdfkee, one of the smaller Ionian  North and South Branches of the Calaveras River. The surIslands, 5 miles W. of Corfu.                             rounding ravines are rich in gold, and fine for winter minSAMOTSCHAU, s&mot-shlw', a town of Prussian Poland, ing; average wages, 8 dollars a day.
38 miles W.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 1960.                      SAN ANDRES, sAn An-dr~st, a town on the E. side of the
SAMOYED or SAMOYEDE. See SAMO.EDS.                      island of Teneriffe,in theCanaries, in a fertile valley. P. 2635.
SAMOZERO sa'mo-zilro, a lake of Russia, government of    SAN ANDRES DE LLAVANERAS, san An-drls/ di li-viOlonets, 40 miles W.N.W. of Petrozavodsk, about 20 miles in  n/ras, (or LLEVANERAS, Ii-vA-nitris,) a town of Spain, in
length, from W. to E., and 8 miles in breadth. Its super- Catalonia, 18 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1298.
fluous waters are carried S. and E. by the river Shooya,   SAN ANDRES DE PALOMAR, san an-dros' di pi-lo-mar],
(Schuja,) into Lake Onega.                                a town of Spain, province, and 5 miles N.N.E. of Barcelona.
SAMPER DE CALANDA, sam-pail) di ka-lan'dA, a town  Pop. 4350.
of Spain, province of Teruel, 44 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa.   SAN  ANDRES YALLADARES, sin An-drisl val-yA-u&Pop. 2720.                                                ris, a town and parish of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 24
SAMPEYRE, sam-p/lra, a market-town of the Sardinian  miles from Pontevedra. Pop. 1228.
States, in Piedmont, 15 miles W.S.W. of Saluzzo, Pop. 4985.   SAN ANGEL, san  ung/el, a town of Mexico, on the
SAMP/SON, a county in the S.E. central part of North  Acapulco road, about 6 miles S. of the capital. It was occuCarolina; area estimated at 940 square miles. It is drained  pied by Santa Anna and 12,000 of his army previous to, and
by Black River and its branches, and the South River forms  during, the battle of Contreras, fought August 18th and 19th,
the W. boundary, The surface is nearly level. The soil is 1847. Pop. 2000.
generally sandy, and partly covered with forests of pitch-   SAN ANTONIO, san an-to/ne-o, or PUERTO MAGNO,
pine. Formed in 1784, and named in honor of Colonel John  pw8rlto mag/no, a Spanish seaport town, on the W. coast of
Sampson. Capital, Clinton.  Pop. 14,585, of whom  8900  the island of Iviga, with a small fort which commands the
were free, and 5685 slaves.                               harbor. Lat. 39 0' 4" N, lon. 10 14 E. Pop. 3539.
SAMPSON, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.                SAN ANTONIO, san an-to/ne-o, a river of Texas, which
SAMPISONDALE, a thriving post-village of Rockland co., rises in Bexar county, and flowing in a general southNew York, about 100 miles S. of Albany.                   easterly course, empties itself into the lagoon at the E. exSAMP/SONVILLE, a post-village of Ulster co., New York, tremity of Refugio county, and opposite Matagorda Island.
about 50 miles S.W. of Albany. It contains a large tannery  The upper portion is called Medina River until it passes the
and several mills.                                        mouth of Leon Creek, a few miles S. of San Antonio.
SAMP/TOWN, a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey, on    SAN ANTONIO, a village in the interior of the territory
Cedar Creek, 8 miles N. of New Brunswick.                 of New Mexico, near the Sandia Mountains, about 45 miles
SAM'S CREEK, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.    S.S.W. of Santa F6.
SAMSOE, samn/sUVh, or SAMS, sims, an island of Den-   SAN ANTONIO, a village of New Mexico, on, the right
mark, in the Great Belt, between Seeland and Jutland. bank of the Rio del Norte, 150 miles S.S.W. of Santa F6.
Length, 15 miles; greatest breadth, 5 miles. Area, 40    SAN ANTONIO, a fortified hacienda of Mexico, about 8
square miles. Pop. 5550. The surface is undulating and  miles S. of the city of Mexico.
fertile.                                                    SAN ANTO/NIO, a town of Mexico, 15 miless-from La Paz.
1687




SAN                                                       SAN
SAN ANTONIO, a missionary settlement of Monterey co., Gulf of Mexico, about 10 miles S.W. of the mouth of Brazos
0alifornia.                                               River.
SAN ANTOINIO, or SAN ANTOINIO DE BEXAR, (Sp.   SAN BERNARD, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas.
pron. sAn An-to'ne-o dA bA-narn,) a thriving post-town, capi-   SAN BERNARDINO, san b6R-nae-deetno, a village of Swittal of Bexar co., Texas, on San Antonio River, 110 miles  zerland, canton of Grisons, in the valley of Mlisocco, 15 miles
S.W. of Austin City.  This wealthy town has been much  N. of Roveredo, with mineral springs. The PAss oF BERNARimproved within a few years, and the population of the ad- DINO or BeRNmARDIN (b8RlanaRmd&Glo) is traversed by the route
jacent country has increased rapidly. Many of the re- from Chur (Coire) to Bellinzona, and is one of the principal
sidences are truly beautiful, particularly around Fort Ala- means of communication between Italy, Switzerland, and
mo, which is in the immediate vicinity. See FoRT ALAMO. Germany. Elevation, 6970 feet.
San Antonio contains a United States arsenal, and several   SAN BERNARDINO, sn bkR-nan-deelno, (MOUNTAIN,) a
churches and seminaries. Two newspapers are published  lofty mountain of Los Angeles co., California, about 60 miles
here. It has a large trade with Mexico. It is one of the  E. of Los Angeles.
term'ni of the San Antonio and Mexican Gulf Railroad, (pro-    SAN BERNARDINO, a new county in the S.E. part of
iected.) Pop. in 1850, 3396; in 1855, estimated at 7000.   California, formed since 1852, from Los Angeles county.
SAN ANTONIO, sAn An-to'ne-o, a town of South America,    SAN  BERNARDINO, a post-town (formerly a Catholic
in Venezuela, department, and on an affluent of the Apure, mission,) of Los Angeles co., California, in a rich and well
110 miles E. of Varinas.                                  timbered valley, about 60 miles E. of Los Angeles. It was
SAN ANTONIO, Italy. See SANT' ANTONIO.                   settled by Mormons. Pop. in 1854, about 1500.
SAN ANTONIO, Portugal and Brazil. See SANTO ANTONIO.   SAN BERNARDO, san b~n-nanrdo, a group of islets of New
SAN ANTONIO, san An-tolne-o, the north-westernmost of  Granada, near the entrance of the Gulf of Morrosquillo,
the Cape Verd Islands, lat. (Tarrafal Bay) 160 56' 2" N., ion. and off the Point of San Bernardo. 50 miles S. of Cartagena.
250 21' 7" W. The surface is elevated and well-watered, and    SAN BIAGIO, san be-/jo, a town of Naples, province of
produces a good deal of corn, cotton, and orchill.         Calabria Ultra II., 3 miles W. of Nicastro. Pop. 3000.
SAN ANTONIO, a cape of Brazil, at the entrance to the    SAN BLAS, san bias, or SAINT BLAS, a seaport town of
Bay of Bahia. Lat. 130 0' 7" S., ion. 380 31' 7" WV. There is  the Mexican Confederation, state of Jalisco, on an island at
a light on this point 140 feet high.                      the embouchure of the river Santiago, in the Pacific, about
SAN ANTONIO, a cape of Buenos Ayres, at the mouth of  37 miles W.S.W. of Tepic, of which it is the port. Lat. 210
the Rio de la Plata, S. side. Let. 360 19' S., Ion. 560 45' W.   32' 34"f N., Ion. 1056  15' 24" W. The climate is very unSAN ANTONIO, a large port or bay of Patagonia. Lat.  healthy, and the harbor bad, with an open roadstead. In
400 49' S., lon. 650 54 WV.                               commercial importance, however, it holds the third rank in
SAN ANTONIO, CAPE. See CAPE SAN ANTONIO.                the Confederation, being surpassed only by Acapulco and
SAN ANTONIO CREEK, a small stream of Marin co., in  Mazatlan. The total tonnage of the vessels arriving here
the W.N.W. part of California, flows into the Pacific Ocean.  in 1852 was 30,321. Among the vessels, 27 were steamers.
SAN ANTONIO DE ARECO, san an-to'ne-o d. /-ri/ko, a  The number of passengers that arrived was 4863; departed,
town of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 60 miles from  4920. Pop. about 2000.
Buenos Ayres.                                                SAN BLAS, Caribbean Sea. See MANDINGO.
SAN ANTO/NIO DE GIBRAL'TAR, (Sp. pron. an-tonne-o         SAN BLAS POINT, New Granada. See CAPE SAN BLAS.
dA He-as-l-tan',)  a town of South America, in Venezuela, de-   SANIBORNTON, a post-township in Belknap co., New
partment of Zulia, province, and on the E. shore of the Lake  Hampshire, 23 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 2695.
of Maracaybo, 50 miles N.W. of Trujillo. Pop. 3000.         SANBORNTON, a village in Clinton co., Iowa, on WapsiSAN ANTONIO DE LAGUNA, sAn an-to'ne-o dA la-goolna, pinicon River, 45 miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City.
a town of Ecuador, department of Asuay, on the Huallaga,   SANBORNTON BRIDGE, a post-village in Belknap co.,
near its junction with the Amazon.                        New Hampshire, on Winnipiseogee River, and on the Boston
SAN ANTONIO DE LOS CUES, san An-tofne-o dl lore  Concord and Montreal Railroad, 18 miles N. of Concord.
koo'ls, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state, and 70    SAN BOROMBON, ENSENADA DE, 8n-sA-na'da san bo.
miles N. of 0ajaca.                                       rom-b~nt, a bay in the Rio do la Plata, 30 miles from Buenos
SAN AUGUSTIN, sAn iw-goos-teent, a town of Mexico, on  Ayres.
the Acapulco road, about 12 miles S. of the city of Mexico.   SAN BUENAVENTURA, san bwA-na-vln-tootrA, or boneaIt was occupied by General Scott, and a portion of his army, ven-toolra, called also SALINAS, (sa-leernas,) a river in t;e
at the commencement of the battle of Contreras.           W. part of California, rising on the slope of the Coast Range,
SAN AUGUSTINE or ST. AUGUSTINE, (Sp. Sant Autgus- in the E. part of San Luis Obispo county, flows in a general
ln, sfn 6w-goos-teen,) a county in the E. part of Texas, con- N.W. course to near the centre of Monterey co., when it
tains about 620 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by  turns towards the Pacific, and falls into Monterey Bay in
the Attoyac and Angelina Rivers, and drained by Ayish  about 360 45' N. let.
Bayou. The greater part of the county is included in the    SAN BUENAVENTURA, a town, formerly a missionary
tract known as the "Red Lands," which is extremely fertile  station, near the boundary between Santa Barbara and Los
and noted for its fine cotton. Capital, San Augustine. Pop. Angeles counities, is situated on the main road from San
3647, of whom 2086 were free, and 1561 slaves.            Jose and Los Angeles, and on a river of its own name, about
SAN AUGUSTINE, a handsome and thriving post-village,  300 miles in a straight line S.E. of San Francisco.
capital of San Augustine co., Texas, is situated on Ayish    SAN BUENAVENTURA RIVER, a small stream of Santa
Bayou, 310 miles E.N.E. of Austin City. The main road  Barbara co., California, falls into the Pacific Ocean in about
from Natchitoches in Louisiana, to Houston, passes through  340 20k N. let.
the place. It is surrounded by a highly productive cotton-   SAN CARLOS, California.  See CARnEL.
growing region. It contains the University of Eastern    SAN CARLOS, sen karnloce, a town of South America, in
Texas, 1 Methodist and 1 Episcopal church, and a newspaper  Venezuela, 130 miles S.W. of Caracas, in a valley on the
office. Pop. in 1856, estimated at 1000.                  Aguare. Pop. 10,000. (?) Before the wars of independence,
SAN BARTHOLOMA, son ban-tol-o-mi, a village and fort it was one of the richest towns in the province, from its
of the Mexican Confederation, state, and 215 miles N. of  plantations of indigo, coffee, and cotton, and the immense
Durango.                                                  number of sheep and cattle reared in the neighboring saSAN BARTOLOME, s[n ban-to-lo-mY, a town of South  vannas.
America, in New Granada, 125 miles E.N.E. of Antioquia.   SAN CARLOS. a town of Chili, capital of a province, and
Pop. 1000.                                                on the N.E. coast of the island of Chiloe. It is fortified, has
SAN BARTHOLOM], a village of New Granada, depart- an excellent hasbor, and is the principal entreplt of the
ment of Magdalena, on the river at the influx of the San  island, exporting planks, hams, and woollen stuffs.
BartholomD, 60 miles S.E. of Remedies.                       SAN CAR/LOS. a port on the N.W. coast of East Falkland
SAN BARTHOLOM], one of the Caroline Islands, in the  Island, near the N1. entrance of Falkland Sound, with anchorPacific Ocean. Lat. 150 10' N., ion. 1630 52' E.          age for large vessels. Lat. (Fanning Head, S.W. summit)
SAN BARTOLOM] DE TIRAJANA, sAn ban-to-lo-mA/ dl 510 27' 12" S., ion. 590 7 15" W.
te-rs-a-nn, a town of the Canaries, on Canary Island.    SAN CARLOS DE LA RAPITA, san kanr/loce dl Id rAPop. 3456.                                                peelt, a seaport town of Spain, in Catalonia, province of
SAN BARTOLOMEO, san ban-to-lo-mlo, a village of Na- Tarragona, on an elevated fiat on the shore of the Medipleq, district of Salerno. Pop. 1100.                     terranean, about 20 miles from Tortosa. It owes its foundaSAN BARTOLOMEO, san bai-to-lo-m~lo, two islands in  tion to Don Carlos III., who, with a view to take advantage
the South Pacific Ocean, one in the archipelago of the Caro-  of its position between the provinces of Aragon, Valencia,
lines, the other off the S. coast of Papua.               and Catalonia, intended to make a great commercial empoSAN  BARTOLOMEO-IN-GALDO, san ban-to-lo-ml.o  in  rium; but the extensive works commenced during his
g0ltdo, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 28 miles  reign, were abandoned at his death, and Rapita is now comWV. by S. of Foggia, on an elevated hill. It has a diocesan  paratively insignificant. Pop. 919.
seminary, with a collegiate and several other churches.    SAN CASCIANO, san ka-slhano, a village of Italy, in TusPop. 3425.                                                cany, province, and 81 miles S.W. of Florence. Pop. 2000.
SAN BASILTO, sen bA-seefle-o, a village of Sardinia, pro-    SAN CASCIANO DEI BAGNI, san kI.shA/no dlte binfrince, and 23 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 175.            yee, a village of Italy, province of Sienna, 17 miles S.E. of
SAN BERNARDI, a small river of Texas, rises near the  Pienza. Pop. 2800. It derives its name from its mineral
N. extremity of Colorado county, and flows S.E. into the  baths, the best frequented in Tuscany.
1688




SAN:SAN
SANOASSE, sin-kstslA, an inhabited island in the Indian    SANCT JOHANN, a village of Bohemia, N. of Beraun.
Ocean, off Nareenda Bay, N.W. of Madagascar.                SANCT JOHANN, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 12
SAN CATALDO, sin k&-taldo, a town of Sicily, in the  miles E. of Kufstein.
Valley of Mazzara, 5 miles W.S.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 8900.   SANCT LEON, s nkt l.on, a village of Baden, near
In its vicinity are extensive sulphur-mines.             Philippsburg. Pop. 1272.
SANCEDO, sAn-thA/Do, a village of Spain, province, and    SANCT LEONHARD, s~nkt lWon.haRt, (" St. Leonord,")
about 60 miles from Leon. Pop. 1089.                     a town of Germany, in Upper Austria, 26 miles S. of Steyer.
SANCERRE, s8Nc'saiRt, a town of France, department of    SANCT LEONHARD, a town of Germany, Illyria, in CaCher, on a vine-clad hill, on the right bank of the Loire, 26  rinthia, 34 miles N.E. of Klagenfurth, on the Levant, having
miles N.E. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 3703. It has a com- iron and coal mines.
munal college, and an active trade in wine, and in marble    SANCT LEONHARD, a town of Germany, in Styria, 8
quarried in its vicinity.                                 miles E. of Marburg.
SAN CESARIO, sdn cha-sAtre-o, a town of Naples, pro-   SANCT LEONHARD, a village ofGermany, 13 miles S.S.W.
vince of Otranto, 4 miles S. of Lecce. Pop. 3499.         of Klagenfurth.
SAN CHIRICO, Nuovo, nwofvo sAn keelre-ko, a market-   SANCT LEONHARD, a town of Lower Austria, 5 miles
town of Naples, province of Basilicata, 5 miles N.W. of Tri- S.E. of Pechlarn.
carico. Pop. 1500.                                          SANCT LEONHARD, a village of Switzerland, canton of
SAN CHIRICO  RAPARO, san keelre-ko rA-p'ro, a mar- Valais, on the Rhone, 4 miles N.E. of Sion.
ket-town of Naples, 22 miles S.E. of Marsico-Nuovo.  Pop.   SANCT LORENZFLUSS.  See SAINT LAWRENCE RIVxR.
35809                                                       SANOT PETER, s~nkt patter, ("Saint Peter,") a village
SAN CHRISTOVAL, the name of various places in Spanish  of Styria, near Judenburg, having a famous manufacture
America. See SAN CaISeOVAL.                               of scythes, of which 55,000 are annually distributed.
SAN CIPRANO DE TIANA, san se-pre-&fno dA te-afnA, a    SANOT POLTEN. See SAINT PbLTEN.
village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 8 miles from    SANCT STEPHEN, Switzerland. See SAINT STEPnEN.
Barcelona. Near it stood the famous Carthusian monastery    SANCITON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
of Montalegre,: said to have been the most curious and    SANCT TONYS, stnkt tofuis, a market-town of Rhenish
perfect of its kind in Spain. It was sacked and burned at Prussia, 15 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 2725.
the revolution on the 25th and 26th Of July, 1835. Pop. 1818.   SANCT VEIT, s~nkt vIt, (" St. Vitus,") a town of Illyria,
SAN CLEMENTE, san klA-mln/tA, a town of Spain, 48  in Carinthia, on the Glan, 11 miles N. of Klagenfurth. Pop.
miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3120.                        1509.
SAN CLEMENTE, a town of Spain, province, and 40    SANCT VEIT, a market-town of Lower Austria, 11 miles
miles W.N.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3120.                        S. of St. Polten.
SAN CLEMENTE, sin klA-men/tA, a village of Naples,   SANCT-VEIT-AMf-FLAU M. See Fanrur.
province of Terra di Lavoro, I mile S.E. of Caserta, with a    SANCT WENDEL, sant  3n/1del, a town of Rhenish
fine historical museum.                                   Prussia, 30 miles SE. of Treves. Pop. 2600. It was capital
SAN CLEMENTE, sin kl-mkn/tA, an island in the Pacific  of the principality of Lichtenberg, with an area of 220 square
Ocean, off the coast of California, 15 miles S. of Santa Catalina. miles, which Saxe-Coburg disposed of to Prussia in 1834.
SANCOINS, sSxs'kwANG1, a town of France, department    SAN CUGAT DEL YALLES, sin koo-gdtf d8l vill/yks, a
of Cher, 30 miles S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 1497.             town of Spain, in Catalonia, 9 miles N. of Barcelona. Pop.
SAN COLOMBANO, s/n ko-lom-bYno, a town of Lon- 2079.
hardy, 9 miles S. of Lodi, on the Lambro. Pop' 5000.         SANCY, PIC DE, a mountain of Fsance. See DOR, MONT.
SAN COSME, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.               SANIDA or SAN/DAY, an island of Scotland, in the OrkSANCOITY HEAD, the S.E. point of Nantucket Island, neys, 21 miles S. of North Ronaldshay. Length, 12 miles.
Massachusetts, has a fixed light 150 feet above the level of  The surface is mostly fiat and fertile. The principal harbors
the sea. Let. 410 17' N., Ion. 690 59' W.                 are Kettleloft on the S.E., and Otterswick on the N.E. coast,
SAN/CREED, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        both safe and commodious. A light-house has been erected
SAN CRISTOVAL or CHRI-IISTOVAL, san kris-to'vAl, LAKE  on Start Point, its N.E. extremity.
OF, Mexican Confederation, 12 miles N.N.E. of Mexico, is 10    SANDA or SANDAY, an island of Scotland, in the Inner
miles in length; has on its S. side a village of its own  Hebrides, co.-of Argyle, on the E. side of Canna.
name.                                                       SANDA or SANDAY, a small island of Scotland, at the W.
SAN CRISTOVAL or CHRISTOVAL, a small town of  side of the entrance of the Frith of Clyde, 5 miles E. of the
South America, in Venezuela, 96 miles S.S.W. of Merida, on  Mull of Kintyre, about 3 miles in circumference, and noted
an affluent of the Apure.                                 in Middle-Age history as a station of the Scandinavian fleets
SAN  CRISTOVAL or CHRISTOVAL, a small town of  during the contests for the possession of Kintyre and the
South America, in New Granada, province of Antioquia. Hebrides. A light-house has been erected here, in lat. 550
Lat. 6 161 N.                                             16' 30~ N., ion. 50 34' 55"t W.; elevation, 165 feet, with a
SAN CRISTOVAL or CIHRISTOVAL, a small town of  fixed red light.
Central America, State of Guatemala, S.W. of Vera Paz.      SANI/ALL, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of York,
SAN CHRISTOVAL, Brazil. See SAo CHRISTOVAO.             West Riding.
SANCT ANTONIEN, sAnkt an-to/ne-pn, a village of Swit-   SANDALL, KIRK, a parish of England, co. of York, West
zerland, 15 miles N.E. of Chur, (Coire.) This village gives its  Riding, on the river Don.
name to the adjacent valley of St. Antonienthal.             SAN/DALWOOD ISLAND, or JEENDANA, jeen-da/na, an
SANCT ANTONI-IN-Doco-HEIDE, slnkt an/to-nee' in dir  island of the Malay Archipelago, S. of the island of Flores and
hildeh, a small town of Rhenish Prussia, in Cleves, 17 miles the Straits of Sapy and Mangerye, in let. 100 S.. ion. 1190 E.
W.N.W. of Dusseldorf.                                      Length, about 120 miles; greatest breadth, 60 miles. It is
SANCT BEATENBERG, sankt bA-8lttn-bWaoG, a mountain  fertile, very populous, and is said, in most respects, to reof Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the S.E. side of Lake Thun.  semble Java. On its N. side is the port of Padewawy, where
On the slope of the mountain stands the Alpine village and  the Dutch have new settlements.
church of the sam'e name, about 3500 feet above the level   SAN DAMIANO, san da-me-ano, a small town of Italy, in
of the sea. Pop. 974.                                     the Pontifical States, 8 miles S.S.E. of Forli. Pop. 1300.
SANCT BLASIEN, sAnkt blze-ogn, a village of Baden,    SAN DAMIANO D'ASTI, sin da-me-a/no das/tee, a small
21 miles S.E. of Freiburg, on the Aib. Pop. 949. It has  town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, division of Alessanimportant iron-works, and a manufacture of arms. Here  dria, 6 miles W.S.W. of Asti, on the Borbo. Pop. 7000. It
was formerly a rich abbey of the Benedictines.            is partially fortified.
SANCT GEORG-AM-LEE, sankt gAfoag Am 1A, a town    SAN DAMIANO DI CONI, san da-me-a/no dee ko/nee, a
of'Bavaria, immediately N.E. of Baireuth, of which it is a  small town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, division, and
suburb. Pop. 1800. It has a noble residence, a park, an  6 miles W.S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2674.
abbey, manufactures of porcelain, and marble-works.         SAN DANIELE, san da-ne-AIa, a market-town of North
SANCT GEORGEN, stnkt gA-oafghpn, a town of Austrian  Italy, government of Venice, 13 miles N.W. of Udine, with
Croatia, 18 miles N.E. ofBellovar, with a fortress, and 1500 a magnificent bridge on the Tagliamento. Pop. 3500.
inhabitants.                                                SANB'ARLEE, SANDARLI, or SANDARLIE, s n-darSANCT GEORGEN, a village of Austrian Croatia, on the  leer, (anc. Cy/me; Gr. KvlE/7,) a small town of Asia Minor,
Adriatic, 5 miles S. of Zengg.                            near the head of the Gulf of Sandarlee, in let. 380 54' N.,
SANCT GOAR, sankt go/ar, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 15  ion. 260 55' E. The Gulf of Sand!rlee (Csmcceus Si/nus) is
miles S.S.E. of Coblentz, on the left bank ofthe Rhine. P. 1430. sometimes called the GULF OF Foueas, (foozh?) a corruption
SANCT GOARSHAUSEN, sgnkt golars-h6w'zen, a village  of the ancient Phocea. See Fouorcs.
of Rhenish Prussia, in the duchy of Nassau, on the Rhine,   SANDAU, san/ddw, or ZIANDOU  (?) a town of Bohemia,
opposite to the above. Pop. 872.                          circle of Leitmerita, near Politz. Pop. 1076.
SANCT HUBERT, s nkt hoofbhtt, a town ofRhenish Prus-    SANDAU, san/df6w, or SANDOW, san/dov, a town of
via, 30 miles S.S.E. of Cleves.                           Prussian Saxony, 49 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the
SANCT JOHANN, sankt yo-hann/, (" St. John,") a town of  right bank of the Elbe. Pop. 1403.
Rhenish Prussia, on the Saar, opposite Sarrebruck. Pop.   SANDBACH, sand/batch, a market-town and parish of
3100.                                                    England, co., and 24 miles E.S.E. of Chester, and 4 miles
SANCI JOHANN, a village of Upper Austria, on the Salza, N.N.E. of Crewe, on the Manchester branch of the London
13 miles S. of Salzburg.                                 and North-western Railway. Pop. ofthl town in 1851, 2752
1689




SAN                                                       SAN
employed in the manufacture of silk. The town is plea-  San Diego county, California, on a bay of its own -ame,
santly situated near the river Wheelock.                   and on the main road from Sacramento City, about 470
SANDIBANK, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.        miles in a straight line nearly S.E. of San Francisco. Lat.
SANDIBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Herts.          320 44' 41" N., lou. 1170 8' W. The harbor afforded by San
SAND/BURG, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.      Diego Bay is said to be the best on the coast after Acapulco.
SANDCHOO, s nd'choot, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, The:bay is about 6 miles long and from 1 to 2 wide. The
150 miles S.E. of Yarkand, and said to contain 1000 families. foreign arrivals at San Diego for the year ending June 30,
SAND CREEK, of Indiana;,rises in Decatur county, and  1852, were 29, (tons, 19,016,) 28 of which were by American
flowing S.W., enters Driftwood Fork of White River.        vessels. The clearances for foreign ports for the same period
SAND CREEK, a township of Bartholomew co., Indiana. were 13, (tons, 5169,) 12 of which were American vessels.
Pop. 1071.                                                 In case an inter-oceanic railway should be constructed
SAND CREEK, a township of Decatur co., Indiana. Pop. through Texas, its natural terminus would be at San
1908.                                                      Diego. It is also said to be the best point to terminate a
SAND  CREEK, a township of Jennings co., Indiana. great road from Utah. These, and some other advantages,
Pop. 705.                                                  may render it an important place at some future period.
SAND CREEK, a small post-village of Shelby co., Illinois. Pop. in 1854, about 2000.
SANDEC, ALT, [lt san~ldts, a town of Austrian Galicia,    SAN DIEGO, NEW, a village of San Diego co., California,
6 miles S.W. of Cracow. Pop. 3255.                        founded in the year 1850. It is built on a plain at the base
SANDEC, NEU, noi slnfd~ts, a town of Austrian Galicia, of the hills on the E. side of San Diego Bay, about 33 miles
49 miles -S.E. of Cracow. Pop. 5224. It has a castle and a  S.S.W. of the old town of San Diego. It consists of a few
high school.                                              American-built houses, and a large storehouse for the quarSAN  DEMETRIO, sAn dA-mdtre-o, a market-town of termaster's department. The United States military depot
Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., 12 miles S.B. of is established here. In coming up the bay, vessels can
Aquila. Pop. 2100.                                        carry from 6 to 7 fathoms of water to the village.
SAN DEMETRIO, a market-town of Naples, province of    SANIDIFER'S MILLS, post-office, Copiah co., Mississippi.
Calabria Citra, 17 miles W.,of Rossano. Pop. 1150.          SANDIFER'S STORE, a post-office, Carroll co., Kentucky.
SANIDERA ISLAND, one of the Outer Hebrides, in Scot-   SANDIGLIANO, sdn-deel-ylno, a village of the Sardinian
land, co. of Inverness, 3-, miles S.W. of Barra. Pop. 14.  States, province, and S.E. of Biella. Pop. 1106.
SANDERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        SANDING, POOLO, pooqlo s n-dingf, two islands off the
SANDERSLEBEN, sAnlders-lAben, a town of Germany, in  S.W. coast of Sumatra, near the S.E. extremity of the Nassau
Anhalt-Dessau, capital of tie district of Bernburg. P. 1779. or Poggy Islands, in which group they are sometimes inSANDERSON'S IHOOP, a prominent headland on the WV. cluded.
coast of Greenland, S. of Upernavik. The cliff is about 3000    SAN/DISFIELD, a post-village and township of Berskshire
feet high, and is noted for an extensive loonery.         co., Massachusetts, 37 miles W. of Springfield. Farmington
SAN/DERSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3  River and several other streams afford valuable water-power.
miles S.S.E. of Croydon. Purley, in this parish, was the  There are 2 tanneries, 1 paper mill, and various factories for
residence of the celebrated Horne Tooke, and suggested the  making agricultural implements, boxes, mirror and picturetitle of his philological work, the "Diversions of Purley."    framines, &c. The lumber business is also carried on to a conSANDERSVEIL, s~n'ders-vIl, a town of India, in the Ba- siderable extent in the spring, and many of the inhabitants
rods dominions, 36 miles S.E. of Surat.                   are engaged in making maple-sugar. Pop. 1649.
SAN/DERSVILLE, a post-village of Chester district, South    SAND ISLAND LIGHIT-IIOUSE, on Sand Island, 3 miles
Carolina, 66 miles N. of Columbia.                         S.S.W. of MSobile Point, Alabama. It shows a fixed light 50
SANDERSVILLE, Georgia. See SAUNDERSVILLE.               feet high.
SANDERSVILLE, a village of Fayette co., Kentucky, on    SAN/DISTON, township of Sussex co.. New Jersey. P. 1327.
the turnpike from Lexington to Georgetown. It contains a    SAND LAKE, a post-village and township of Rensselaer
large manufactory of cotton jeans. Pop. about 300.        co., New York, about 10 miles E. by S. of Albany. The vilSANDERSVILLE, a post-village of'Vanderburg co., In- lae  contains an academy. Cotton and woollen goods, and
diana, on the railroad from Evansville to Vincennes, 10 iron are manufactured here. Pop. 2559.
miles N. of the former.                                      SANDOE, one of the Faroe Islands. See FAROE.
SAND/FIELD, a small village of Fairfield district, South    SANDOMIER or SANDOMIR, sAn-do-meeR,' (Polish, SanCarolina.                                                  domierz, sAn-dolme-iaizhl,) a walled town of Poland, in a
SAND FLY, a post-office of Bastrop co., Texas.          government or province of its own name, at the confluence
SAND/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            of the San and Vistula, 51 miles S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 4500.
SANDFORD, two parishes of England, co. of Oxford.        It was formerly the residence of the kings of Poland.
SANDFORD, a township of England, co. of Berks.             SANDOMIL, san-do-meelf, a town and parish of Portugal,
SAND/FORD, a post-township in the S.E. part of Broome  province of Beira Baixa, 27 miles S. of Viseu. Pop. 1400.
co., New York, intersected by the Erie Railroad. Pop. 2508.    SAN DOMINGO, san do-ming/go, or SAINT DOMINTGO,
SANDIFORD OR/CAS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. (Sp. Santo Domingo, sdntto do-meeng/go,) or THE DOMINISAND FORT, a post-office of Russel co., Alabama.         ICAN REPUB/LIC, a state of the West Indies, occupying
SAND/GATE, a hamlet and chapelry of England, co. of the E. portion of the island of IIayti, (under which head the
Kent, parishes of Folkestone and Cheriton, on the coast of physical geography is described.)
the English Channel, 2 miles W.S.W. of Folkestone. It is   The Dominican Republic claims for her possession the exfinely situated, and resorted to as a watering-place. It has  tent of territory as settled by the treaty of limits between
a castle, and some ship-building trade. Here commences  Spain and France in 1777. According to those limits, its
the Royal Military Canal, which terminates at Cliffend, in  area Would comprise more than three-fifths of the whole isSussex. Sandgate is Included in the parliamentary borough  land, or about 22,000 square miles. It is divided into the
of Hythe.                                                 following five provinces, which are subdivided into comSAND/GATE, a post-township of Bennington co., Vermont, munes:-.
103 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 850.                                                             Population.
SAND HILL, a post-office of Scotland co., Missouri.              San Domingo, including the capital....... 25,000
SAND  HILLS, a station on the Camden and Amboy                    zuade Cpostela....................  15,000
Seybo.....................................   20,000
Railroad, situated near Yardville, Mercer county, New Jer-         Seybos................ia
Santiago de los Caballeros................ 33,500
sey, about five miles from Bordentown, and about 8 miles           Concepcioon de la Vega................... 33,000
S.E. of Trenton.
SANDtHOE, a township of England, co. of Northumber-                   Total...........................126,500
land, 3 miles  E.N.E. of Hexham, on the Newcastle and Car-   The two principal ports are San Domingo, the largest city in
lisle Railway,                                             the S., and Porto Plate, and Samana. The largest city in
SAND/IIURST, a parish of England, co. of Berks, 5 miles the N. is Santiago. Among the towns and places in the inS.S.E. of Wokingham. Sandhurst Royal Military College  terior the following deserve to be mentioned, namely, Azua,
is a plain edifice, to which are attached a chapel, riding- where Hernandes Cortes was a public notary, Concepcion do
school, and observatory.                                   la Vega, for the proximity of Fort Concepcion, (built by
SANDIJURST, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      Columbus,) and Santo Cerro, where he erected a cross. The
SANDIHIURST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           ancient town of La Vega, situated at the foot of Santo Cerro,
SAND/IACRE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.          was buried by an earthquake in 1564; it was afterwards reSAN/DIDGES, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.     moved to its present situation, on the right bank of the Camu.
SAN DIEGO, sgn de-A/go, a large county forming the S.E. Santiago de los Caballeros was founded by the dissolute hidalextremity of California, has an area of above 15,000 square gos in the company of Columbus; it stands on the right
miles. It is bounded on the WV. by the Pacific Ocean, and  bank of the river Yaqui, and is the second town in the Doon the E. by the Rio Colorado, and is drain6d by the San  minican Republic. Besides these, IIiguey, Seybo, San Juan
Diego River, the San Luis Rey, and the Santa Marguerita, de Maguana, Neybo, Bani, San Cristoval, Bayaguana, Monto
and other small streams. The soil in the more level por- Plata, Cotuy, and Boya, famed as the place of refuge of
tions is fertile. The county contains a number of old Spa- Henriquillo, the last of the Haytian caciques, whom Charles
nish Missions, among which may be named San Diego, Santa  V. permitted to retire there with the miserable remnant of!aria, and San Luis Rey. Pop. 2932.                       the indigenous race.
SAN DIEGO, a post-town, port of entry, and capital of   The soil of San Domingo is suited for any tropical produce,
1690




SAN                                                        SAN
but, owing to the general indolence, the great advantages  of Hayti, at the mouth of the Ozama in the Caribbean
which nature has bestowed remain undeveloped.              Sea. Lat. 180 28' N., ion. 690 50' W. It is nearly in the form
The products in the S. provinces of the republic consist of  of a trapezoid, extending about half a mile from E. to W.,
the spontaneous produce of mahogany, (of which San Do-. with nearly the same maximum breadth, and is surrounded*
mingo furnishes the best in the world,) satin-wood, fustic, by walls flanked with bastions. It is built with great regu-:lignum-vitse, and brazil-wood; in the province of Seybo  larity, consisting of spacious but mostly unpaved streets,
cattle are raised; but by far the most industrious part is the  which intersect each other nearly at right angles, and are
N., generally called the Cibao, where the staple article con- lined by houses, the greater number of which are ofstone,
sists of an excellent quality of tobacco, of which, according  and the remainder of wood. The houses have generally only
to the season, from 50,000 to 80,000 seroons (I-hundredweight  one story, fiat roofs, and barred windows with projecting
each) are produced.                                        lattices. Some of the houses built by the early.settlers in
The following table exhibits the imports and exports of the  the Moorish style are still standing. The most conspicuous
Dominican Republic, during the years 1849-1852.            public building is the cathedral, commenced in 1514, during
Statement of the Number qf Vessels, their Tonnage, and the the governorship of Don Diego, the son of Columbus, and
Value of Impor ts  and Expo rts of the Dotiicoan Republic  finished in 1540: it is a large and handsome Gothic structure,
during the aunder-ment'oed years.                        with a lofty roof, supported by 14 massive columns, and a
richly ornamented high altar. The ashes of Columbus. and
A RI2~VALS.                        his brother Bartholomew reposed in it for nearly two centuries
I Port or'....and a half, but on the cession of the island to France were
San Domingo.  Porto Plata.         Total.          removed to Havana. Besides the cathedral, there are 14 other
YEAR-~.i ~.......~~~.  ~churches and chapels, one of the latter belonging to the WesNo. f  ~falue.  NO.OP Value. ~~fTonnag e. Value.  Icyans.  The convents, of which there were several, are now
Ves'ls.      Ves'ls.      iVes. Tnnage.          en ruins. The largest and most celebrated, that of San Fran189   1.t $1k,0    t 1$18[$-~-    248-i   20,082 - i s$s65,-02  cdsco, during its greatest splendor contained 300 monks; its
1850   147  430,000  125  330,000  272   22,403   760,00  extensive ruins form one of the most striking features of the
1851   128  580,000  151  605,000  279   24.449  1,185,0oo  city when approached from  the sea. The other principal
1&52   162  660,0001 162  5406,0001 24   30,055  z,206,000 buildings are the national palace, where the Spanish governor
used to reside, and, immediately adjoining it, the ruins of
DEPARTURES.                         Don Diego's palace; the handsome modern building where
-   Pert ad ~~~~~~~~the sessions of the national congress are held; the townSan Domingo.   PortoPlata.          Total.          house or cabildo, an ancient stone structure, with Moorish
Vgass.~~~~ ~-arches, and an old carved ceiling in its principal hal; the' No. o V       V      alu e  Vto. of
Nof NVes'ls. of       No. of                   Jesuit's college, now a ruin; a new college, indifferently
es's. Value.WWI&Value..Tonnage.. e.  attended; a citadel with extensive barracks, a well-kept
1849   1   $10,00   10 $6,0    216  116,19  $66000  arsenal, an ordinary and a lepers' hospital. San Domingo
1850   148 $22,000  120   522,000  268   13,290  1044,000  is the most important commercial port in the republic. The
1851   119  393,000  142   837,000  261   21,776  1,230,000  imports in 1852 amounted to $660,000, and the exports to
1852  140  702,000  150  912,000  298   29,914  1,614,000 $702,000. The number of arrivals was 162, (tons, 19,375,)
and of the clearances, 140, (tons, 18,468.)
The constitution of the Dominican Republic is based upon    San Domingo was founded in 1496, by Bartholomew, the'that of Venezuela. The Congress, which under ordinary  brother of Columbus, on the E. or lef bank of the Ozama;
circumstances assembles annually at San Domingo, consists  and here it was that Bobadilla imprisoned Columbus. In
of 15 deputies, three for each province, who form the Lower  consequence of a great hurricane which laid the town in
Chamber or Tribunado, and five senators, one for each pro- ruins in 1502, it was transferred to its present site on the
vince, constituting the Upper Chamber, or Consejo Conser- right bank, and advanced So rapidly, that its historiographer,
vador.                                                     Oviedo, in describing it to Charles V. in 1528, declares it
The French code of the Restoration has been adopted in  equal to any city of Spain, with respect to the beauty of its
legal proceedings, and for the maintenance of order. The  situation, the regularity of its streets, and the magnificence
executive power rests in a president, who must be a Domi- of its buildings. The first blow to its prosperity was struck
nican by birth, and 35 years of age. He is elected for four in 1586 by Sir Francis Drake, who took it by assault, pilyears.                                                     laged, and nearly destroyed it. The earthquakes of 1684
The revenue of the republic amounted in 1852 to 374,516  and 1691 ruined most of the magnificent buildings which
Spanish dollars. The expenditure under ordinary circum- Drake had spared. The spoliations of the Haytians during
stances amounts to about 250,000 Spanish dollars. The re- their occupation of the city, from 1822 to 1824, deprived it
public owes no foreign debt.  Unfortunately a fictitious  of many of its most interesting monuments. Pop. estimated
currency is in circulation, which, as it is not redeemable, is  at 10,000.
subjected to continual variation.                             SAN DOMINGO, sAn do-ming/go, an islet of the West
The effective army amounts to 12,000 men, but in case of  Indies, on the Great Bahama Bank, 90 miles N.E. of Nue.
need 16,000 may be raised. The republic possesses, more- vitas, (in Cuba.)
over, three corvettes and five Schooners, equipped as men-   SAN DOMINGO, a small town of New Mexico, on the Rio
of-war, and mounted with 44 guns.                           Grands del Norte, 28 miles S.W. of Santa F6.
The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, with an arch-    SAN DOMINGO, a mission of Lower California, near the
bishop, who still bears the ancient title of Primate of the  Pacific Ocean, in lat. 300 N., ion. 1150 30' W.
Indies, although he has not a sing!e suffragan. Other creeds    SAN DOMINGO, a town of South America, in New Grae
are tolerated. The Rloman Catholic inhabitants are super- nada, department of Cundinamarca, 60 miles E. of Antioqula.
stitiously religious. Public instruction is neglected, even    SAN  DOMINGO  SINACANTAN, s& n-do-mingfgo se-nain its primary elements.                                   kan-tan', a town of Mexico, department of Chiapas, on the
The Dominicans first declared themselves independent of  borders of Tabasco. Pop. 2500.
the nHaytians on February 27, 1844. A constitution was    SAN DOMINGO SURIANO, son do-ming/go soo-re-a/no, a
soon after framed by the Provisional Junta, who elected  village of Uruguay, on the Rio Negro, near its confluence
Pedro Santana as first president. He was followed, in 1848, with the Plata, 80 miles N. of Buenos Ayres.
by General Jimenes. Soulouque, the present (1855) emperor    SAN DOMINO, sAn do-meeino, or SAN DOMENICO, san
of Hayti, then president, attempted, in 1849, to reconquer  do-mlnle-ko, the largest of the Tremiti Islands, in the
the territory, with an army of about 5000 men, but was  Adriatic Sea, 14 miles N. of the promontory of Gargano, in
signally defeated at Las Carreras, on the river Ocoa, April Naples. Length, 2 miles; breadth, 1 mile.
21, 1849, by General Santana, who had only 400 men under    SANIDON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
his command. For this great victory Santana received the    SANDON, a parish of England, co' of Herts.
title of'Libertador de la Patria," and pecuniary votes from  SANDON, a parish of England, co., and 4- miles N.N.E.
the Congress. Upon his recommendation, Seflor Buenaven-  of Stafford, with a station on the North Staffordshire Railtura Baez was soon after elected president. HI-e succeeded  way.
in entering into treaties for the recognition of the republic    SAN DONA, sAn doln&, a town of North Italy, 18 miles
and reciprocal commerce with Great Britain, France, and  N.E. of Venice, on the left bank of the Piave. Pop. 4600.
Denmark. The mediation of Great Britain, France, and the    SAN DONATO, son do-na/to, a market-town of Italy, in
United States was likewise solicited to procure a peace with  Naples, province of Terra di Lavorp, 11 miles E. of Sara.
Hayti, and the recognition of the independence of the Domi- Pop. 2500.
nican Republic. But the emperor has hitherto strenuously    SAN DONATO, a market-town of Italy, duchy, and 3 miles
refused to recognise the independence of the Dominicans, E.S.E. of Parma.
while Britain and F'rance have declared that on any invasion    SAN DONATO, a market-town of Italy, in Tuscany, proby Soulouque of the Dominican territory they will blockade  vince. and 7 miles S.E. of Florence.
ais ports. It may be likewise observed that Spain has not    SANDON FEE, a tything of England, co. of Berks.
yet (1855) relinquished her rights upon her former colony.   SANDOOKLEE or SANDUKLI, sln-doolklee, a small town
-Adj. and inhab. DoMINIcAN, do-minfe-kan; or SAN Do- of Asia Minor, 67 miles S. of Kutaieh; 8 miles S. are exMINGAN, sAn do-minglgan.  See HAYTI,.                   tensive ruins of an ancient city.
SAN DOMINGO, (Sp. Sansto Domingo,) a city, the capital    SANIDOVAL, a village of Clinton co., Illinois, 59 miles
of the Dominican Republic, on the S. coast of the island  from llinoistown, with which it is connected by xailway.
1691




SAN                                                           SAN
SANIDOVER, a post-village of Abbeville district, South    Statement of the quantity of leading articles shipped at
tlarolina, 81 miles W. of Columbia.                            this port in the years 1850 and 1851:SANDOWAY or SANDOWY, slnud6-wY, a town of British
India, presidency of Bengal, province of Aracan, 40 miles S.E.              Articles                  1850.       1851.
of the island of Cheduba. Lat. 180 10' N., ion. 940 5' E.          heat.bushes.... I  1,552,699    1,922,519
Wheat................... bushels.....  1,5269-9 — 1',922,069|
SAN/DOWN or SANDIIHAM, a hamlet and fort of England,   Flour.................barrels...             78,902      147,951
Isle of Wight, on its S.E. coast, 2 miles S. of Brading. The    Corn.....................bushels....  288,742     712,122 1
fine sands and beauty of the bay attract summer visitors.       Wool.....................pounds....   1,669,667    1,690,557
SANIDOWN, a post-township of Rockingham    co., New    Butter.,........    754,588       382,340
34                                     Is~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tbacco.::::::...a.le,00         149,846
Hampshire, 34 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 566.                  Tobaccos..................            4,751      15,026
HogsA/DWN      pettonhi  o  Bciuha   c.....  34,751  105,026|
SANDeWY. a town of India. See SANDOWAY.                       Lard....................pounds....    860,798   229,712
SAND PLAINS, a small village of Polk co., North Carolina.   Furs.....................    "....  61, 26       109,125
SAND PRAILRIE, a post-office of Richland co., Wisconsin.
SAND RIDGE, a village of Des Moines co., Iowa, near the    The shipping owned in the district, June 30th, 1854,
Mississippi River, 75 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City.               amounted to an aggregate of 6054 tons, enrolled and licensed.
SAND RUN, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia.          The foreign arrivals for the year amounted to 50, and the
SAND'S MILLS, a post-office of Westchester co., New York. clearances for foreign ports to 27. During the year 6 vesSAND'S POINT LIGHT, a fixed light on the E. side of the  sels (tons, 737) were built. Sandusky was laid out in 1817
entrance to Cow Bay, on the N. shore of Long Island.          by people from Connecticut.  The first church was erected
SAND SPRING, a post-office of Wood co., Texas.              in 1830. Pop. in 1840, about 1200; in 1850, 5087; in 1853,
SANDS/TING and AITH/STING, a united parish of Scot- about 10,000.
land; co., and comprising a part of the mainland of Shet-    SANDUSKY, a township'ofRichland co., Ohio. Pop. 617,
land, and the islands of Little Papa and Vementry.              SANDUSKY, a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 782.
SANDISTONE, a township ofJacksonco., Michigan. P. 823.    SANDUSKY CITY. See SANDUSKY, Ohio.
SANDSTONE CREEK, of Jackson co., Michigan, flows    SANDWICH, sand/wich or sandfwij, a parliamentary and
into Grand River.                                             municipal borough, cinque  port, and town of England, co.
SANDITOWN or BERK/ELY, a village of Gloucester co., of Kent, on the S. bank of the Stour, 2 miles from its mouth
New Jersey, on Mautuna Creek, 5 miles S.W. of Woodbury,  in Pegwell Bay, with a station on the South-eastern Railcontains a store and 12 or 15 dwellings.                      way, 4 miles N. of Deal. Pop. of borough in 1851,12,710. It
SANDTOWN, a post-village of Campbell co., Georgia, about  is mostly enclosed by the remains of fortifications. The
11 miles W. of Atlanta.                                       streets are irregular, and the houses antique. It has 3 paSANDTOWN, a small village of Jasper co., Georgia.          rish churches, St. Clements being a spacious edifice, with a
SANDTOWN, a village of Meriwether co., Georgia, 118  massive Norman tower; a guild-hall, jail, two hospitals, and
miles W. of Milledgeville. The post-office is called WooD-  several Dissenting chapels, are the other principal edifices.
unRy.                                                         A flee grammar school has 4 scholarships in Lincoln ColSANDTOWN, a small village of Newton co., Georgia.          lege, Oxford, and an alternate nomination to 4 in Caius
SANDUKLI, a town of Asia Minor. See SANDOOKEIE.             College, Cambridge. The town was formerly of importance
SANDUS/KY, a river of Ohio, rises near the line between  as the seaport of London; but at present it has little trade,
Crawford and Richland counties, and flowing in a goneral  the chief exports being agricultural produce, wool, malt,
N. direction, empties itself into Sandusky Bay.               bark, leather, and ashes; and the principal import, coal.
SANDUSKY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio, boher-  The Stour is at spring tides about 11 feet in depth, and 150
dering on Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie, contains 420 square  feet across. It returns 2 members to the House of Conmmiles. It is intersected by the river of its own name, and  mons. Near it is Richborough, the ancient Rhutupium, on
also drained by Portage River, and by Toussaint, Muddy,  the decline of which Sandwich arose in the sixth century.
and Sugar Creeks. The surface is generally level; the soil It was for a long period the outport of the metropolis.
is good. The W. part of the county is occupied by the fa-    SANDIWICII, a post-village and township of Carroll co.,
moos Black Sowamp, which is covered with dense forests:  New Hampshire, 50 miles N. of Concord. The village conthis tract, when cleared and drained, is very productive,  tains several churches, a bank, and an insurance office. Pop.
Limestone underlies a part of the county. The streams af-  2577.
ford motive-power for factories and mills. The county is    SAND/WICH, a post-village and township of Barnstable
intersected by the Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo, and the  co., Massachusetts on Cape Cod Bay, at the terminus of the
Sandusky and Indiana Railroads. Capital, Fremont. Pop. Cape Cod Branch Railroad, 56 miles S.E. of Boston. The
14,305.                                                       village contains churches of 5 or 6 denominations, an acaSANDUSKY, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New York, demy, a printing office issuing a weekly newspaper, and
about 40 miles S.E. of Buffalo.                               several manufactories. Pop of the township, 4368.
SANDUSKY, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 822.    SANDWICH, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.
SANDUSKY or SANDUSKY CITY, a flourishing commer-    SANDWICH, a thriving post-village and township of Cacial city, port of entry, and capital of Erie co., Ohio, is de- nada West, capital of the united counties of Essex, Kent,
lightfully situated on the S. shore of Sandusky Bay, 5 miles  and Lambton, on Detroit River, opposite the city of Detroit
from Lake Erie, 110 miles N. by E. of Columbus, and 210  in Michigan. About 2 miles N.E. of the village, in the same
miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. Lat. 410 27' N., ion. 820 45' W. township, is Windsor, the terminus of the Great Western
In natural commercial advantages, Sandusky is perhaps not  Railway.  Sandwich village contains an Episcopal and Rosurpassed by any port on Lake Erie. The bay is about 20  man Catholic church, a newspaper office, and 6 or 8 stores.
miles long and 5 or 6 miles wide, and forms a capacious and  Pop. of the township in 1852, 4928.
excellent harbor, into which vessels of all sizes can enter    SAND/WIH  BAY, the name of an inlet of Labrador,
with safety in the severest storms. The average depth of  and also of one in the island of Mallicollo, in the Pacific
water is 12 feet. In all seasons except winter the wharves  Ocean.
are thronged with steamboats and other vessels taking in    SANDWICH ISLAND, is the name of two islands in the
and discharging cargoes. The ground on which the city  Pacific Ocean, respectively in the Hebrides group, lat. 180
stands rises gradually fironi the shore, and commands a  52' S., ion. 1680 35' E., and S.W. of New Ireland, lat. 20 55'
beautiful view of the bay, enlivened with the arrival and de-  S., Ion. 1500 44' E.
parture of vessels. The city is built on an inexhaustible    SANDWICH  ISLANDS or HAWAII (h&-wifee) GROUP,
bed of the finest limestone, and adorned with many ele- (Fr. Architpelde Hawaii, aeshee'p~l/ deh Awilyeet;) consisting
gant churches, dwellings, and warehouses, constructed of  of 13 islands, in the North Pacific, between lat. 180 55' and
stone or brick. It contains churches of 6 denominations, a  220 20' N., and Ion. 1540 50' and 1600 40' W. They lie in a
flourishing union school with 4 male and 18 female teachefs,  curve from N.W. to N.E. Six of them are mere islets; the
2 banks, 5 newspaper offices, several iron furnaces, and  other seven, viz; Hawaii, Maui, Atauni, Oahu, Molokai* or
machine-shops for the manufacture of railtoad cars, besides  Morotai*, Ranai* or Lanai*, and Nihau, are inhabited, but
other establishments. Appropriations have recently been
made by Congress for the erection of a new custom-house.     It is stated as a curioas fact, that the inhabitants of both the
Sandusky was the pioneer of the railway enterprise in  Sandwich and Society Islands are incapable of distinguishing beOhio, and is now  the terminus of two extensive lines,  tween the sounds of I and r, and of t and 5. This does not appato arise so much from a defect in the organs of speech as
intersecting one of the most beautiful andtopulent farm- poar to aris  so muh from a defect in te   ans of speech as
ing regions of the West, viz, the Mad River and Lake  of hearing. It is said that they can utter correctly the sounds of
the letters just named, but that they cannot distinguish them'E'rie Railroad, which connects it with Cincinnati, and the  either when spoken by themselves or by others. It appears that
Sandusky Mansfield and Newark, which meets the Central the English missionaries in the Society Islands first adopted the
Railroad at Newark.  The former was completed about  mode of writing names like those above cited with t and r;
the year 1847. The Junction or Lake Shore Railroad forms  the Americans in the Sandwich Islands have unfortunately had
part of a chain reaching from  New York to Chicago, a  recourse to a different orthography, whence arises the diversity
distance of 1000 miles. The commerce of the port is im- of spelling which we find in the best works on the Polynesian
Islands. In connection with this subject it may be remarked,
mense, and rapidly increasing. The number of arrivals in
that in other languages t and c or k are sometimes changed for
1851 was 198   In 1852, 3242  The value of imports n 1851  each other. Thus in Latin, we find nuncius or nuntius: Ltetia,
was $16,258,21; of exports, $6,558,747-total, $22,816,948.  the ancient narhe of Paris, appears to have been written also LuImports in 1852, $40.896,085; exports, $18,789,814-total,  cETIA, (in Greek, Asvcsrra, Leoketia,) and LOTICIA, (Asnrtcsa,
$59,585,899. Total in 1854, $65,800,000.                     Lotikia.)
1692




SAN                                                               SAN
only the first five are of considerable size. Aggregate area,    The following shows the quantity of the different articles
estimated at 6500 square miles.  They are all high, steep, and  of domestic produce exported from Honolulu in 1853:mountainous, with many lofty summits, which are entirely  Sugar.......... lbs.....  634,955    Goat Skins..............   5,600
of volcanic origin; but, not being protected by barrier-reefs,  Syrup.........gallons.  18,244    Hides...................  1,741
except in one instance, are almost destitute of good harbors.  Molasses........'        58,458    Cocoanuts..............  2,000
Hawaii, the easternmost and largest of the islands, is par-  Coffee...;....5. lbs....  50,506    Tallow........... lbs..... 16,452
Salt............. bbls....  3,509    Wool............ "... 10,824
ticularly elevated on its WV. coast. These, overhanging a  Irish Potatoes... ".... 15,464             elons..................   2,500
narrow, arid beach, rise into steep, bleak volcanic mountain  SweetPotatoes.......  8,9719    Fresh Beef.......lbs..... 38,000
slopes, which only in their upper parts become watered  Hogs...................   3,724    Salt Beef........ "..... 13,000
and wooded, and afford cultivated ground to maintain a  Sheep...................   1733
considerable population; on the other coasts the slopes are  Of the $281,599, the total value of the above, $154,674 only
less rapid, the shores spread out into wider plains, and the  were really exported, $126,925 having been supplied to the
valleys opening from  them  contain much fertile soil. The  merchantmen that stopped at the island.
interior of the island forms a plateau firom 3000 feet to 4000
feet high, and is almost entirely covered by thick forests,                  Oil and Whalebone  Transhipped in 1853.
partly roamed over by herds of wild cattle.  Above the plateau rise  three  volcanic peaks, still active, the loftiest                                  Sperm Oil,  Whale Oil, Whalebone,
12,800 feet high.  In Mauna-Loa, one of these peaks, a great                                    Galls.       GalIs.       Lbs.
eruption took place in 1852, when a column of molten lava    To United States.........            114,920   1 3,750,210    1,956,405
was projected into the air to the height of 500 feet.  The lava        Havre................        416       31,038       28,000
formed in some places a river 1 mile wide, and filled up ra-           Cowes, England............          21,040
vines 100 feet, 200 feet, and 300 feet deep. The altitude of           Bremen..........................          14,819
the eruption was about 10,000 feet above sea-level.  The se-               Total.............     175,396    3,187,348    2,020,264
cond island, Maui, W. of Hawaii, is no less mountainous,    The same articles transhipped in 1852, were 82,180 gallons
and consists of two peninsulas connected by a fiat isthmus;  se               an 11298galsofw leiad-0709
the one on the W. with hills of only moderate height, and a  sperm, and 1,120,918 gallons of whale oil, and 3,078,019
fertile soil, while the other rises to the height 10,000 feet. pounds whalebone.
Aetaallr, thie thd  large ihsland, resembles Hawaii in  its  PThe number of arrivals at the different ports was as folAtaua, the third large island, resembles Hawaii in  itslows:formation, and has an alevated plateau, with mountains  l              ows       
rising from it to the height of 7000 feet. Oahu, the fourth                Ports.                      Whalers.  Merchant Vessels.
Honolulu........................... 246.............. 154
large island, has in its N. part two summits rising from                Lahaina............................ 177..............  29
3000 feet to 4000 feet; but the whole of the S. part consists           Hilo...............................   66..............   1
ofeta large and fertile plain, forming the best cultivated and          Kealakeakua....................... 12..............9
most populous district of the whole group. On its S. shore              Kawaihae..........................   20.............. 10
a wide barrier-reef contributes to form  the excellent harbor           Waimea...................1........  2.............. 12
of Honolulu.  Molokai, the fifth in size, is apparently formed  Of the whalers, 500 were American, 19 French, 12 Bremen,
of a chain of volcanic mountains, broken, however, by nu-  and 4 Russian.  Of the merchant vessels, 137 were Amerimerous ravines and water-courses.  The mountain slopes  can, (tons, 45,234,) 17 Hawalan, (tons, 2072,) 32 British,
are generally clothed with verdure, and several places in  (tons, 6185,) 5 Danish, (tons, 866,) 5 French, (tons, 1034,)
the island repay the trouble of cultivation.                       and 3 Russian, (tons, 1223.)  The total number of vessels enCimate, Soil, and Productions.-The climate is very salu-  gaged in the coast trade among the islands was 32, with an
brious. According to observations made at IHIonolulu in 1838,  aggregate burden of 1338 tons.
the average height of the mercury at 2 p. -A. for January,    One very remarkable circumstance connected with the
was 750o6; for February, 750' 3; March, 750.1; April, 760.7;  Sandwich Islands is-the rapid decrease of population.  CapMay, 800.3; June, 810'7; July, 820'5; August, 830'2; Sep- tain Cook estimated the number of inhabitants at 400,000.
tember, 820.6; October, 800~1; November, 76006; and Decem-  Probably 300,000 would have been nearer the truth. In
be-, 760'3.   Mean temperature, 750; range of thermometer,  1823, within the course of half a century, it had diminished
600 to 880 Fahrenheit, with sea breezes and moderate rains. to 140,000. An actual census in 1832, gave only 130,315;
The soil in the uplands is better adapted for grazing  and another in 1836, 108,579. In the census of 1850 the
than agriculture; fine wheat is, however, raised here, and  population was 84,165.  The population, according to the
the valleys produce coffee, sugar, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, ar-  census of December, 1853, wasrow-root, mulberries, yams, sweet potatoes, and taro.  San-.........
dal wood was formerly an important product, but the forests              ISLANDS.       Hales. Females. Total.  For'in.  Total.
have been rapidly thinned, and little is now  produced..........
Poultry and hogs are very numerous.                                  Hawaii...........   12,443   11,7501 24,193    259  124,452
PMaui.............   8,995    8,425   17,420   244   17,664
The advantageous position of the Sandwich Islands mak-    Atauai...........   3,62    3,054    6,26                       6,726
ing them a kind of connecting link between America and               Oahu............   9,551    8,26l   17,815   1,311   19,126
China, led to the early establishment of numerous Euro-    Molokai..........   1,799    1,766    3,565               42    3,607
pean and American settlers, and the rapid rise of a very ex-    Ranai............          317       82       99               59
Niha.......... 392      398      790.....       790
tensive trade. They now form a kind of common centre to              Nihau....              92       98       90               10
the principal whaling-grounds of the North Pacific-one on                Total.........  37,169   33,939   71,108   1,856   72,96-1
the Equator, another near Japan, and the third toward the
Behring Sea. And Honolulu, the capital of the island of  There were also in Ataual and Nihau 264 foreigners, increasHawaii, is also an important entreplt for the trade between  lug the above total to 73,230.  The decrease has thus conall commercial nations.  The commerce of the Sandwich  tinued without interruption since the islands were disIslands at different periods is shown  in  the subjoined  covered, and, independent of the census, is proved by the
tables:-                                                          quantity of rich land once occupied, but now lying waste from
want of hands to cultivate it. One cause of decrease is the
1336.    1835.     1838.    1839.    number of young nen who leave the islands in whalets and
nspetIst........413,e. $35.,15   $201,00   $118,500  other ships, and never return; but the main cause appears
Exports................   73,200    79,600    65,850    94400  to be the prevalence of small-pox, measles, whooping-cough,
and similar diseases, by which, in 1848, called signficantly
"the year of death," 10,000 persons are supposed to have
1850.     1851.    1852.    1853.    been cut off. The annual decrease is estimated at 8 per cent.
_________________  __'-             -'_ _ __- 8 5'       The inhabitants of the group belong to the light-colored
Imports................. $1,05,058  1,823,821 $759,868 $1,281,951  Oceanic stock, and bear a very close resemblance to the other
Foreign Exports........   46,529    384,402  381,143    191,397
Domestic Exports.......   596,522   309,828  638,395    25,374  islanders of the Pacific, particularly the Tahitians, in bodily
Revenue................    121,06   160,602  113;091    155,640  appearance as well as customs and modes of life, though in
Merchant vessels arrived      469       464      235        211  none of the other groups has civilization made so marked a
Whale-ships arrived....       237       125      519        515  progress, and produced more abundant fi-its.  From  the
first discovery of the islands the inhabitants manifested a
Of the above whale-ships some touched at two or more  decided inclination to live on friendly terms with Europeans,
ports, consequently the number of different vessels is not  and a peculiar aptitude for understanding and adopting
so great as is indicated by the figures.  Of the total revenue,  European manners and arts. They gave a welcome recep$58,114 were for duties on goods, $70,209 on spirits, and  tion to the Protestant missionaries sent among them, and
$8,261 for harbor dues.                                           voluntarily exchanged heathenism  for Christianity.
The value of goods imported into the Sandwich Islands in          The number of convictions for crime in all the islands in
1853, were-Total dutiable, $1,160,355; entered in bond,  1852 was 1682, of which 1461 were at Honolulu.  Of the
$16,284; free of duty, $79,402; withdrawn  for consumption,  whole number 1045 were for drunkenness, 336 for fornica$25,908-total, $1,281,951.  Of the dutiable goods, $58,717  tion, 193 for adultery, 163 for assault and battery, and 144
were from  the Atlantic  side of the Unitdd States, and  for larceny.  Of the convictions at Honolulu for drunken$367,149 from  the Pacific side; in all $954,919  from  the  ness and fornication, the great majority were foreigners;
United States. China furnished $42,056, the next largest  but of the convictions for adultery and larceny, the ma,
amount; Chili, $38,099; Great Britain, $20,471; Bremen,  jority were natives.  The amount of fines imposed for crimi$12,225; Philippine Islands, $12,038; and France only $30.  nal offences was $11,166. The number of schools have de
1693




SAN                                                     SAN
creased from 527 in 1848. to 440 in 1852, and the scholars   SANDY NECK, ontheW. side of the entrancetoBarnstablc
from 19,028 to 13,948, while the cost of maintenance in- Bay, Massachusetts, has a fixed light. Lat. 410 44' N., ion.
creased from $20,185 to $24,049. On the discovery of the  700 15' W.
group by Captain Cook, in 1778, each island had a separate    SANDY PLAINS, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia.
ruler; but afterwards the Whole of the islands were consoli-   SANDY PLAINS, a post-office of Rutherford co., North
dated under one government by Tamehamaha. His son, Carolina.
who succeeded him in 1819, at once abolished idolatry. The    SANDY POINT. See GREAT POINT.
present king, Alexander Liholiho, was born February 9,   SANDY POINT, a post-office of Crawford co.,Georgia.
1834. —— nhab. SANDWIcmI ISLAeNDER.                        SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia, about
SAND/WICK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney.        60 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
SAND/Y, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.             SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Lowides co., Alabama.
SAND/Y, a post-office of Jackson co., Virginia.          SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana.
SANDY, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.            SANDY RIDGE, a post-office of Grundy co., Illinois.
SANDY, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 1270.         SANDY RIVER, a fine mill stream  in the N.W. part of
SANDY, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1227.   Maine, rising in Franklin county, falls into the Kennebec in
SANDY, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois.          Somerset county.
SAND/Y, a river of Canada West, falls into Lake Supe-   SANDY (or BIG SANDY) RIVER, of Virginia and Kenrior 30 miles S. of Cape Chaillons.                      tucky, is formed by the East and West Forks, which unite
SANDY BAY, a village of Essex co., Massachusetts, about at Louisa, in Lawrence county, Kentucky, on the E. border
85 miles N.E. of Boston.                                 of that state. Flowing N., it forms the boundary between
SANDY BAY, a village of Van Diemen's Land, on the  Wayne county, of Virginia; and Lawrence, Carter, and
Derwent. co. of Buckingham.                              Greenup counties, of Kentucky, until it enters the Ohio
SANDY BAY, New Zealand, is near the N. extremity of  River nearly opposite Burlington, in Ohio. The distance from
New Ulster, (North Island.)                              its mouth to Louisa is perhaps 40 or 50 miles. Branches.SANDY BOT/TOII, a post-office of Middlesex co., Virginia. The East Fork, otherwise called the Tug Forkprises in TazeSANDY BRIDGE, a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee.   well and Wyoming counties, of Virginia, flows N. W., and,
SANDY CREEK, Jefferson co., New York, is formed by  after passing through the Cumberland Mountain, forms
the junction of two branches, the North and the South, the boundary between the two states to its junction with
which unite within 2 miles of its mouth. It falls into the  the other branch. The West Fork, or, in popular language,
E. end of Lake Ontario.                                  the Louisa Fork, rises in Russell county, of Virginia, and
SANDY CREEK, of New York, falls into Lake Ontario in  flowing N.W. and then N., makes a circuit through several
Monroe co., about 20 miles NW. of Rochester.            counties of Kentucky. The length of each branch is estiSANDY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Alleghany  mated at 150 miles. The Sandy is a fine stream for navigaRiver in Venango county.                                tion, and flows through extensive beds of stone coal. SteamSANDY CREEK, in the S. part of Virginia, enters Banis- boats ascend the river and its West Fork more than 100
ter River from  the right, near Meadsville, in Halifax  miles.
county.                                                    SANDY RIVER, of South Carolina, a small stream which
SANDY CREEK, of Randolph co., North Carolina, enters enters Broad River at the S.W. extremity of Chester district.
Deep River from the N., a few miles E; of Ashborough.     I SANDY RIVER, of Michigan, a small stream which rises
SANDY CREEK or BIG SANDY, of Wilkinson co., Georgia, in the W. part of the peninsula, and flowing W., enters Lake
enters the Oconee from the right, at the S.E. extremity of  Michigan in Mason county.
the county.                                                SANDY RIVER, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.
SANDY CREEK, of Morgan  co., Georgia, unites with La-   SANDY RUN, a post-office of Cleveland co., North Cabor Creek, a few miles fsom its mouth.                   rolina.
SANDY CREEK, of Alabama, flows into the Tallapoosa    SANDY RUN, a post-office of Lexington district, South
River, a few miles W. of Dadeville.                      Carolina.'SANDY CREEK, of GiIlespie co., Texas, flows into Colo-   SANDY SPRING, a post-village of Montgomery co., Maryrado River, near the E. border of the county.            land, about 30 miles W.S.W. of Baltimore.
SANDY CREEK, of Texas, an affluent of the Navidad,   SANDY SPRING, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.
enters that river from the N., in Jackson county.          SANDYSTON. New Jersey. See SANsuSTON.'SANDY CREEK, of Ohio, rises in the E. part of the state,   SAND/YVILLIE, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on
and joins the Tuscarawas River near Bolivar.            the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 112 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
SANDY CREEK, a post-village and township in the N. Pop. 300.
part of Oswego co., on Lake Ontario, and on the Watertown    SAN ESTEBAN DE LA RUA, son 8s-t4-BZn' dA 1 roolt, a
and Rome Railroad, 47 miles N.W. of Rome. Pop. 2456.     village of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 36 miles from
SANDY CREEK, a village and township of Mercer co., Orense. Pop. 1800,
Pennsylvania. Pop. 2865.                                   SAN ESTEBAN MOLLEDA, son 8s-tA-Ban!  mol-yDA'/, a
SANDY CREEK, a village and township of Venango co., village of Spain, in Asturias, 18 miles from Oviedo. Pop.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 957.                                  1800.
SANDY CREEK, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca-   SAN ESTEBAN RIBAS DE SIL, san ls-tA-bhn/ reehas dA
rolina.                                                  seel, a village of Spain, Galicia, 9 miles N.E. of Orense.
SANDY FLATT, a post-office of Greenville district, South  Pop. 572,
Carolina.                                                  SAN FELICE, s n fA-leelchA, a village of North Italy, in
SANDY FORD, a post-office of Jefferson co., Florida.   Lombardy, 16 miles E.N.E. of Brescia, on the W. bank of
SANDY FOUNDAfTION, a post-yillage ofLenoir co., North  Lake Garda.  Pop. 1100.
Carolina.                                                  SAN FELICE, a village of North Italy, duchy of Modena,
SANDY GROVE, post-office, Chatham co., North Carolina. 4 miles EE.S.E. of Mirandola. Pop. 3000.
SANDY GROVE, a post-office of Sumter district, South    SAN FELICE DE LLOBREGAT, sAn fA-leefsA dA To-brACarolina.                                                gWt, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 6 miles N.W. of BarceSANDY HILL, a post-village, and semi-capital of Wash- lona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 1820.
lngton co., New York, on the left bank of the Hudson River,   SAN FELICES DE BUELNA, sAn fA-lee'thls dA bw~l/nA,
52 miles N. by'k. of Albany, and 1 mile W. of the Chain- a town of Spain, province, and 14 miles S.S.E. 6f Santander.
plain Canal and Saratoga and Washington Railroad. It Pop. 1265.
contains a court-house, several churches, 2 newspaper offices,   SAN FELICES DE LOS GALLEGOS, s/n fA-lee/thls dA
and has various manufactures. A little below the village  loce gAl-yA/goce, a town of Spain, province, and 56 miles
the river has a perpendicular fall of 50 feet.           S.W. of Salamanca, near the frontiers of Portugal. Pop.
SANDY HILL, a post-village of Worcester co., Maryland, 1863.
is situated about 7 miles from the Atlanitc, and 109 miles    SAN FELIPE, (Sp. pron. san fA-leelpA, usually pronounced
S.E. of Annapolis. It has 3 churches and 3 stores,       by the Texans, san fil/ip,) a post-village of Austin co., Texas,
SANDY HOOK, a low, sandy beach, about 6 miles long  on the Brazos River, 150 miles E.S.E. of Austin City, was
and from half a mile to a mile' wide, on the Jersey shore, at formerly the county seat.
the entrance to New York Bay. On the N. point is a fixed    SAN FELIPE, sAn fA-leefpA, a town of Venezuela, depart.
light, 90 feet above the level of the sea. It also contains two  ment of Caracas, 60 miles W.N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 7000.
beacons. Lat. 400 27' 35" N., Ion. 740 0' 48" W.         It was originally settled by Canary Islanders; its vicinity is
SANDY HOOK, a manufacturirig village of Fairfield co., very productive of cocoa, coffee, maize, and rice. A sailway
Connecticut, about 2 miles from the Housatonic River, and  has been projected from San Felipe to Puerto Cabello, a dis21 miles N.W. by W. of New Haven.                       tance of about 50 miles.
SANDY HOOK, a post-village of Harford co., Maryland.    SAN FELIPE, a fort of Central America, state of Hondu.
SANDY LAKE, a post-township of Mercer co., Pennsyl- ras, on the Golfo Dulce; lat. 150 38' N., Ion. 890 1' 45" W.
vania, about 12 miles N.E. of Mercer. Pop. 1100.          SAN FELIPE, a town of the Mexican Confederation,
SANDY LEVEL, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia. state, and 40 miles N. of Guanajuato.
SANDY MOUNT, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co.,   SAN FELIPE DE ACONCAGUA, sAn fA-leefpA dA A-kon.
and 2- miles S.S.E. of Dublin, on Dublin Bay.           k/gwA, a town of Chili, capital of the department of Acon.
SANDY IMUSH, a post-office of Buncombe co., North Ca- cagua, in a fine valley, about 15 miles from the Andes, and
rolina.                                                 40 miles N. of Santiago.     Pop. estimated a  from  12,000 to
1694




SAN                                                          SAN'
13,900. It: is regularly built, and has handsome public, built fire-proof stores and banking-houses.  The better class
walks, a central square, in which are the chief public build' of fiame houses are painted white, with green blinds, pre.
ings. The houses are of one story, mostly furnished with  senting the appearance of the houses in New England.
gardens. Near it are copper-mines.                              The city was originally built around a semicircular bay,
SAN FELIPE DE JATIVA, sen fl-leefpA dA Hx~ts-vA, (anc. having Rincon Point on the S., and Clark's Point on the N.,,altefbis or &Uabis,) a city of Spain, near the confluence of the  these two points being about a mile apart. All the space
Albayda and the Guadamar, province, and 43 miles S.S.W. between is now built up, the warehouses and wharves being
of Valencia. Pop.13,235.  It has manufactures of woollens  supported: by piles driven into the water. Clark's Point is
and linens, and was the birthplace of the painter, Jos Rtibera, the termination of Telegraph %till, having an elevation of
known as Espaqoleto. It has Roman ruins, and very ex- 1000 feet or upwards, and from the summit of which a very
tensive and magnificent remains of Moorish architecture.  extensive view may be had of th3 surrounding country.
The modern town was founded by Philip V., who conferred  Directly in front of the city, but distant 5 or 6 miles, is Goat
on it his name.                                               Island, which is nearly a mile in length. It is a barren,
SAN FELIU   DE GUIXOLS, sn fAt-le-oof di ghe-uoll, a  rocky place, except on the E. side, where there is some cultown of Spain, province, and 18 miles N.N.E. of Gerona. Pop. tivation among the valleys. The wholesale business part
6679:                                                         of San Francisco is towards the city front. Davis street is
SAN FELIUT  DE TORELLO, a village of Spain, in Cata-  next to the bay; then advancing W., one meets Front, Batlonia, province, and 38 miles N.E. of Barcelona, on the Ter. tory, Sansom, Montgomery, Kearney, Dupont, Stockton,and
Pop. 1734.                                                    Powell streets; Yallejo, Broadway, Pacific, Jackson, WashSAN FERNANDO, a city of Spain. See IsLA DE LEON.            ington, Clay, Commercial or Long Wharf, Sacramento, CaliSAN FERNANiDO, a small town of Los Angeles co., Cali-  fornia, Pine, Bush, and Market streets, running E and W.,
fornia, is situated on the main road from Sacramento City  are included within the business section of the city. Montto Los Angeles, 27 miles in a direct line N.W. of the latter.   gomery street is a wide, handsome thoroughfare. On it are
SAN FERNANDO, s n fk-nAnldo, a small town of- South  situated the establishments of the bankers and brokers, and
America, in Venezuela, department of Caracas, 30 miles N. nearly all the newspaper offices in the city. It is also the
of the Orinoco, and on one of its affluents.                  fashionable promenade. On Stockton and Dupont streets,
SAN FERNANDO, a town of Chili, capital of the depart- towards the S. part of the city, are many fine residences
ment of Colchajua, 80 miles S. of Santiago.                   built of brick; W. of Stockton, and on the surrounding
SAN FERNANDO, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La  hills, are many handsome houses of wood, but being sepaPlata,) 15 miles from Buenos Ayres. Pop. 3000.                rated from the rest of the city, they are comparatively secure
SAN FERNANDO DE APURE, sin fda-nantdo dA A-poo'rA, in case offire. Most families have their residences in the
a town of South America, in Venezuela, department, and on  outskirts, or in the rear of the town. The principal streets
the right bank of the Apure, at the influx of the Portu-  and sidewalks are paved with plank and heavy timber. In
guesa, 70 miles S. of Calabozo. Pop. 6000. Several villages  the centre of the city is a public square or plaza. A railroad
in the Mexican Confederation, villages and forts in New  has recently been projected from this city to San Jos6.
Granada and Central America, &c. have this name.                San Francisco has a custom-house, a branch mint, a fine exSAN FERNANDO, SERRA DE, seJR& dA son fdR-nfntdo, change, a marine hospital, a splendid musical fund ball,
or DOIRADOS, doi-rndoce, a mountain of South America, and 6 theatres. The new custom-house is a very extensive'
separates the Brazilian province of Matto Grosso from the  and substantial building. It is built on piles, andis estiBolivian territory of the Chiquitos; lat. 180 S., lon. from   mated to have cost, including the site, about $800,000. The
590 to 600 W.                                                 mint was completed in March, 1853, and cost about $300,000.
SAN FILIPPO D'ARGIRO, sAn fe-liplpo dar-jee/ro, (anc. The entire cost of the marine hospital was about $400,000.
Agy/riumn,) a town of Sicily, 31 miles W.N.W. of Catania, Among the theatres, the Metropolitan, erected during 1854,
near the centre of the island. Pop. 7156. It stands on an  is the most magnificent: it will comfortably seat about 2000,
isolated rock near the Salso, and has a castle and several and accommodate in all about 2500 persons. There are some
churches, convents, &c., and is the birthplace of Diodorus  20 churches in the city, 9 or 10 banking-houses, and thirteen
Siculus.                                                      daily newspapers, besides other publications.
SAN FILIPPO D'ARGIRO, a village of South Italy, in    San Francisco is supplied with water from Mountainh Lake,
Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 1 mile N. of Gerace. situated about 3d miles W. of the city. The water is introPop. 1500.                                                    duced into the town on its own level, at an elevation of about
SANIFORD, a post-township of York co., Maine, inter-  130 feet above the sea. The cost of the entire work is estisected by the route of the York and Cumberland Railroad, mated at $800,000. Gas is employed for lighting the streets.
86 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 2330.                          The gas-works have recently been completed, and are capable
SANFORD, New York. See SANDFORD.                            of producing 50,000 cubic feet every 24 hours.
SANFORD, a post-office of Ingham co., Michigan.               San Francisco has regular communication by steamers
SANFORD'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New  with Panama and San Juan del Sul, while several lines of
York.                                                         steamboats are constantly running between this city and
SAN  FRANCISCO, son frAn-sislko, a village of North  Sacramento and Marysville; there is also a line plying
Peru, 55 miles S.W. of Panos, on the Ucayle.                  between it and San Jose, Santa Clara, and Alviso.
SAN FRANCISCO  DP LA MONTANA, son fr.n-sislko dA    The following table shows the arrival, tonnage, and aveIA mon-t/nl, a town of New Granada, department of Istmo,  rage passage of vessels at San Francisco fi'om  the various
situated on the Isthmus of Panama, N.E. of Santiago.  Pop. ports specified, for 8 months ending September 1, 1853:5344.
SAN FRANCISCO, son frAn-sislko. a county in the W. part                  PORS.              Vessels Tonnage   Average
of California, has an area of about 270 square miles. It is                                                      Passage.
bounded on the W. by the Pacific, on the N.E. by San Fran-                   o       r i n              — l.
cisco Bay, and on the S.E. by San Francisquito Creek, which   P    in Chili....................      1 21 
China....................,19421    68
affords some water-power. The Sierra Morina, or Brown   Manila.............1..............  1             904    76
Mountains, are the principal elevations.  The most im-  Other Eastern ports...............    6        2,473     9
portant of these commence about 10 miles S. of San Fran-  London............................     1      4,  20 
cdsco City, and run along the coast until they unite with   Liverpool........2..............e.28    13,383
Cardiff............................   16  7,253   208k "
another range of the same name in the county of Santa   Glasgow..........................       4      1,255   191   "
Clara. These mountains are upwards of 2000 feet in height,  Other prts in Great Britain......    5      2,262   224   "
and serve to protect the inhabitants of the valley from the   Bordeaux................;        14      4,661   19
coast winds. Excellent redwood grows in some parts of the   Havre................               9      3,9     1L
Harseilles..............        2        668   207,9
county. The soil is rich and productive. It has heretofore  Hamburg.................2.....    9        2,123   l72   "
been but little cultivated, but much more attention is now   Ports in Holland..................    6,597    94k"
being paid to agriculture. Gold is found in small quanti-  Bremen and Assens...............    2          577   211
ties. The route of the proposed railroad from San Francisco
to San Joss passes through this county. Capital, San Fran-    The number of American vessels entered duringthe period
cisco. Pop. in 1852, 36,151.                                 above specified, 298, (21 steamers;) burden, 209,330 tons;
SAN FRANCISCO, s/n frdn-sis/ko,(sometimes called SAINT  American vessels from  foreign ports, 131, (46 steamers;)
FRANCIS0CO,) the commercial metropolis of California, and  burden, 79,405 tons.
the queen city of the " far West," is situated on the W. shore
of the magnificent bay from which it derives its name. Lat.   sl      Ton e cler              Sn    so  i          and 1854,
370 47' 35" N., Ion. 1220 26' 15" W. It stands in a plain                                           85.          18.4.
about half a mile wide, gently inclined towards the bay, with                                   _       _
numerous hills behind it. The soil on which the city is                                                       No.
built is very sandy; and in the vicinity, more particularly
towards the N., are a number of sand-hills. It is regularly  For China.................     95,201   114  91,684
laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. The,, Callao..355.............  269  169,032   1i9  79,843
houses till recently were mostly frame; but since the de-   -- United States Atlantic ports...   25  30,580   14   8,630
structive fires that have occurred several times, laying the      Other ports....................   1364  382,263   916 311,188
greater part of the town in ruins, brick and iron are becom-            Total...................  1653   640,0  1l  1,345
ing more extensively used. It now contains many well-                                                        1695
1695




SAN                                                           SAN
SUpping entered at San Francisco for six years ending 1854:   The number of departures by sea during the above period,
was 18,034. The total number of arrivals by sea in 1854,
FeROM AMERICAN    FsoTS FOREIGN        TOTAL.        was 47,811; departures, 21,243. The number of Chinese
Years.  POR.S..    POsTS,                         that arrived, was 15,062; departures, 2175.
~No.    Toens.  No. Teas. No Tees      History.-The first settlement at San Francisco was made
No.    Tons.    No.    Tons.    No.    Tons.
------— I ~    ~ N Ton-s  _ _-    Lo. Tons.1.   by the Spaniards about the year 1778. The place was then
1849....   254    15,316    396    85,578     650    160,894  called Yerba Buena, or "good herb," because an herb of this
1850....   695   204,749    826   195,427    1521   400,176   name, supposed to possess great medicinal virtues, was
1851....   241   115,725    736   193,449    977    309,174  foundgrowing abundantly on the neighboring hills. The
1852....   161   122,611    582   172,341    743    294 952
1853....  349   260,110     513   153,765    862    4132875  first houses were built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks. In
1854....   206    16,785    361   192,245    627    409,025  1839 it was laid out as a town, the few houses having proTotal...  "   -----    80   ----    1, —,-   viously been scattered without regularity.  It contained in
1966   9,c  1414   992,802[ 51    1,938,101   1845 about 150 inhabitants. About this time it began to
In the subjoined table are shown the countries whence  attract the attention of some adventurous Americans, and
the vessels that arrived at San Francisco in 1853 and 1854  the population increased in two years to nearly 500. It resailed, and the number of vessels from each:-                  taned the name of Yerba Buena until it was occupied by
the Americans. The first discovery of gold was made at
AVIsAVLS FROM                  1853.  1854.   Sutter's settlement, then called New lelvetia, in December,
-Dom__s__c  Al     i     1847. Early in 1848 the news spread to the four quarters
Domdstic Atlantic ports. j....           375    172
Northern and Home coast ports..................  1032   1460   of the globe, and immediately adventurers from every land
Ports in France..........3 t............    31         11   came thronging to this new El Dorado. The magnificent
British ports..................   93     41   harbor of San Francisco made this port the great rendezvous
German ports................................  20  14   for the arriving vessels, and from this period dates the exEast India ports................................  73  63and propeit of the Californian mePorts in Chili....................................   130  27   traordinary   i ncrease and prospeity  of the  Californian meSandwich and Society Islands..................    71  55   tropolis. In the first two months of the golden age, the
South American ports............................    15  10   quantity of precious dust brought to San Francisco was
Australian ports.................................  7  16   estimated at $250,000, and in the next two months at
Mexican ports.............................. 55        24   $600,000; In February, 1849, the population of the town
Total.............................    1902   1893   was about 2000; in August it was estimated at 5000. From
April 12, 1849, to January 29, 1850, there arrived at this
The exports to Australia and ports in the Pacific, in 1854, port by sea 39,888 emigrants, of whom 1421 were females.
comprise 31,072 barrels and sacks of flour; 4717 sacks of  In the year ending April 15, 1850, there arrived 62,000 paswheat; 9041 sacks of barley; and 25,543 sacks of potatoes. sengers. In the first part of 1850, San Francisco became a
Value of quicksilver exported during the year, $755,000.  city. The population then was from  15,000 to 20,000. AcThe amount of gold exported from San Francisco in 1853, as  cording to the census of 1852, it was 34,870; in 1855, from
manifested by steamers hi-monthly, was $56,560,529, and  60,000 to 65,000.
in 1854, $51,282,595, (the amount for December, 1854, is    SAN FRANCISCO, a port on the W. coast of Lower Calipartly an estimate,) the deficit for the last-named year being  fornia; lat. 300 451 N., Ion. 1130 40' W.
$5.277,934. If, however, we add to the export of 1854, the    SAN FRANCISCO, BAY OF, a noble land-locked harbor,
343,868k ounces of gold valued at $6,433,397, deposited at the  in which all the combined navies of Europe and America
mintof San FranciscofromApril, 1854, the time the establish-  might move, is situated on the Pacific coast of the United
ment went into operation, to January 1, 1855, we shall have  States, in the state of California, extending from  lat. 37c
$57,719,192 as the produce of 1854, an increase of $1,155,663  30/ to 380 8' N., and from ion. 1220 to 1220 30, W. Length
over that of 1853. The total produce of the California gold  from N.N.W. $o S.S.E., about 55 miles; breadth, from  2 to
mines since their discovery, is estimated as follows:-        12 miles. The N. portion is called the Bay of San Pablo,
Previous to 1851, assumed from statistics of the Philadel-    which is nearly circular, with a diameter of about 9 miles.
phiams ieint..................................... $63,915,376  This bay communicates, through the Straits of Carquinez,
anifested by steamers in 1851........................... 34,492,624  7 miles in length, with Suisun Bay, formed by the united
It   14   It    1852........................... 45,559,177  waters of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers; Suisun
1853............................ 56,560,569
Partly an estimate.......1854...........................  7,715,992 Bay is about 16 miles long, with an average breadth of 5 miles.
Probable amount in the handa or passeners for 4 years... 40,000  The entrance to the Bay of San Francisco through the passage called the Golden Gate is very striking; the shores are
Total amount.................................... $298,243,538  bold and rocky, and in its narrowest part the channel is
The duties collected at the custom-house of San Francisco in  only about 1 mile wide. The shores of the bay, however,
1853, amounted to $2,581,975. The shipping of the port. June  are generally low and marshy, being in many places little
30, 1854, according to the custom-house returns, amounted  else than mere mud fiats. It contains numerous islands
to an aggregate of 46,263 tons registered, and 47,257 tons  and rocks; the principal of the former are Angel, Yerba,
enrolled and licensed; total, 93,520 tons. Of the enrolled  Buena, and Alcatraces.  A railroad has been projected, exand licensed tonnage, 44,841 tons were employed in the coast tending from San Francisco southward along the W. shore
trade.                                                        of the bay to San Joso.
The assessed value of real and personal property in San    SAN FRANCISCO DE SELVA.  See COPIAPO.
Francisco, September 1, 1853, amounted to $28,802,000, being    SAN  FRANCISQUITO  (fr n-sis-keetto) CREEK, a small
an increase of upwards of $10,000,000 over the previous  stream  of California, rises in the Sierra Morina, and run.
year. Of this sum, $6,158,350 consisted in improvements,  ning in a general E. course between San Francisco and
and $4,032,009 in personal property, leaving $17,389,856 as  Santa Clara counties, falls into San Firancisco Bay. Gold in
the value of real estate.                                     small quantities has been found on this creek.
Population.-The inhabitants of San Francisco have been    SANFRE, sin-frA!, a town of Piedmont, division of Cono,
variously estimated from  60,000 to 70,000; but there is so  10 miles W. of Alba. Pop. 1718.
large a mass of floating popilation, that it would be impos-    SANFRONT, sdn-frontf, a village of Piedmont, division of
sible, even by taking a census, to state the number with  Coni, 8 miles W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 4113.
any exactness.  The following statement will give some    SANGA, sin/gA, a considerable fortified town of Japan,
idea of the immense influx of strangers, as well as of the in-  island of Kioo-Sioo, on Simbara Bay, 55 miles N.E. of Nastability of the population: —The total number of passen-  gasaki. It is well and regularly built, and intersected by
gets by sea that arrived at San Francisco, from  January 1  canals. It has a fine palace, and a famous manufactory of
to August 27, 1853, was 26,722, of whom  21,886 were males, porcelain.
4138 females, and 698 children. The total number that left    SAN GA/BRIEL, (Sp. pron. sRn gl-bre-l11,) a small river of
within the same time was 18,083, nearly all males.  The  Texas, rises near the W. extremity of Williamson county,
addition to the population from  abroad amounted, there-  and flowing E., enters Little River in Milam county, a few
fore, during the first eight months of the same year, to  miles S.W. of Cameron.
only 8639. From  July 27 to August 27, the total arrivals    SAN GABRIEL, a post-office of Williamson co., Texas.
were 1435; the departures, 1932 —showino a falling off in    SAN GABRIEL, a town of Los Angeles co., California, Is
the last month of 497. The following table shows from what  situated near the Bay of San Pedro, on the main road from
points the emigrants came:-                                   Sacramento city to San Diego, on a small stream of its own
name, 18 miles E. by N. of Los Angeles.
Passengers arriving by Sea, fro   Tanuary   I to August 27,    SAN GABRIEL, s/n g'-bre-6l1, a small island of South
1853.                              America, in the estuary of the Plata, 22 miles N.E. of Buenos
From Panama............ 12,200 France...................... 1,824  Ayres, in lat. 340 30' S, Ion. 570 58' W.
San Juan...................  6,295 Sandwich Islands..........  208    SAN GABRIEL, one of the Admiralty Islands, in the
Realego...................  25 Anstralia...................   196  South Pacific Ocean  in lt. 2011 S., on. 10 28 E.
Unitea States ports......... 960 Holland..                6  South Pacific Ocean, in  t. 2 11., ion. 47 28 E.
Mdexican ports..............  415  Vancouver's Island..::.....::..   3    SAN GABRIEL, sin gA-bre-ll, a fdrt of Brazilian Guiana,
Ciilian ports...............  633 Sitka.......................    4  province of Par/, on the Rio Negro, in let. 00 77 30  S., Ion.
Peruvian ports.............   5 Genoa......................  9  670 20' W.
Chinese ports............... 3,628 Society Islands............  10    SAN GABRIEL RIVER, a small stream of Los Angeles
Philippine Islands...........   7
England....................  153    Total............... 26,7117  county, in the S.S.E. part of California, falls into the Pacific
Hanse Towns..............  133                               Ocean.
1696




SAN                                                       SAN
SANGALITOS, san-ggliyoce, a town and parish of Portu-   SAN  GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, province of
gal, province of Douro, 12 miles E. of Aveiro, on the Agueda. Otranto, 9 miles E. of Taranto.
Pop. 2150.                                                  SAN GIORGIO, a village and fortress of Italy, in PiedSAN/GAMON, a river in the W. central part of Illinois, mont, 9 miles E. of Susa, on the Dora Ripaira.
is formed by the union of two branches, termed the North    SAN GIORGIO, a village of Italy, province of Principato
and the South, which unite in Sangamon county. Its gene- Ultra, 10 miles N.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 1100.
ral course is first N.W., then N., and lastly W.; it falls   SAN GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, in the Pontifical
into the Illinois River, about 10 miles above Beardstown. States, 10 miles W. of Fermo. Pop. 3000.
Length, above 200 miles  It is navigable in high water for    SAN GIORGIO CANAVESE, son jotijo kA-nA-vAisA, a marsmall steamboats.                                         ket-town of Italy, in Piedmont, division of Turin, 10 miles
SANGAMON, a county in the S.W. central part of Illinois, S.S.W. of Ivrea. near the Malosna. Pop. 3656.
has an area of 750 square miles. It is intersected by Sanga-   SAN GIORGIO DI LOMELLINA, sin joRl/jo dee lo-mMlmon River, from which the name is derived, and also drained  lee/nA, a market-town of Italy, in Piedmont, 20 miles S.S.E.
by the South Fork of that river, and by Sugar, Lick, Brush, of Novara. Pop. 2534.
and Spring Creeks. The general surface is level, diversified    SAN GIORGIO LA MOLINARA, son joRtjo IA mo-le-n,'rl,
with extensive and beautiful prairies, and with forests of  a market-town of Italy, in Naples, province of Principato
good timber. In 1850 the county produced 3,318,304 bushels  Ultra, 12 miles N.W. of Ariano. Pop. 4700.
of corn, (a greater quantity than any other county in the    SAN GIORGIO MAGGIORE, snjoRljo m d-jolrA, an island
United States,) and 120,868 pounds of wool, the greatest of the Adriatic, government, and 3 miles S.S.E. of Venice,
quantity produced by any county in the state. Bituminous  with a fine church, containing the tombs of several of the
Goal is abundant. The county is intersected by the Chicago  Venetian doges.
and Mississippi Railroad. The Sangamon and Morgan Rail-   SAN GIOVANNI, sin jo-vdnsnee, (" St. John,") a town of
road connects the county seat with the Illinois River, and is Italy, in Sicily, 22 miles N. of Girgenti. Pop. 2400.
to be extended in the opposite direction. Sangamon county    SAN GIOVANNI DI MORIANO. See SAINT JEAN DP
is one of the most populous in the interior of the state. Seat MAURIENNE.
of justice, Springfield, which is also the capital of Illinois.   SAN GIOVANNI ILARIONE, sin jo-vAntnee e-li-re-dn,
Pop. 19,228.                                              a town of North Italy, 12 miles W. of Vicenza. Pop. 3000.
SANGAR, sin-gar/, or TSOOGAR. (TSUGAR,) tsoo-garl, a    SAN GIOVANNI IN CROCE, sin jo-vintnee in krotchi, a
strait communicating between the North Pacific Ocean and  town of Italy, in Lombardy, 16 miles E.S.E. of Cremona.
the Sea of Japan, and separating the'island of Niphon on  Pop. 1400.
the S. from that of Yesso on the N. Matsmal, the capital   SAN GIOVANNI IN FIORE, sin jo-van/nee in fe-onri, a
of Yesso, is situated on a bay at the N.W. entrance.      town of Italy, in Naples, province of Calabria Citra, at the
SANGARIUS. See SA.KAREEYAH.                             confluence of the Neto and Arvo, 25 miles E. of Cosenza.
SAN GAUDENZIO, sin gfw-dln/ze-o, a market-town of  Pop. 5800
Tuscany, 21 miles E.N.E. of Florence.                        SAN GIOVANNI IN GALDO, sin jo-vAn/ee in gil/do, a
SAN GAVINO, sin gA-vee/no, a village of the island of Sar- town of Italy, province of Molise, 5 miles N.E. of Campodinia, 29 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2622.            basso. Pop. 2200.
SANGAY, sin-ghFi, a remarkable volcanic mountain of    SAN GIOVANNI IN MEDUA, sin jo-vAn/nee in mi/doo-g,
South America, in the Cordillera of the Andes, State of Ecua- a harbor of Albania, immediately N. of the mouth of the
dor, about lat; 20 7t S. It has a height of 16,138 feet, and  Drin.
having been in a state of almost constant activity since    SAN GIOVANNI IN PERSICETO, sin jo-vin/nee in pia1728, has covered the Surrounding district with lava and  se-chi/to, a town of Italy, in the Pontifical States, 10 miles
ashes, making it almost sterile.                           N.N.E. of Bologna. Pop. 3400.
SAN GEMINI, sin j~m/e-ne, a market-town of Italy, in    SAN GIOVANNI IN VAL D'ARNO, sin jo-van/nee vil
Uie Pontifical States, 13 miles S.W. of Spoleto. Pop. 1200.   da/Jno, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, province, and 20 miles
SAN GENIS DE TARADELL, sin Hn-neest di ti-ri-dfiV,   S.E. of Florence, on the W. bank of the Arno. Pop. 2000.
a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and about 35 miles  On the walls of its town-hall are sculptured the arms of
from Barcelona. Pop. 1793.                                 many of the principal Tuscan families.
SANGERFIELD, sang/gher-feeld, a post-village in Sanger-   SAN GIOVANNI ROTONDO, s n jo-vin/nee ro-ton/do, a
field township, Oneida co., New York, 15 miles S.S.W. of  town of Italy, in Naples, province of Capitanata, 19 miles
Utica. Pop. of the township. 2371.                        E.N.E. of Foggia. Pop. 4700.
SANGERHAUSEN, sngper-hiw'zen, a town of Prussian    SANGIR or SANGUIR, sin-gheer/, an island of the Malay
Saxony, 31 miles W.N.W. of Merseburg, at the foot of the  Archipelago, midway between Celebes and Mindanao, in lat.
Harz Mountains. Pop. 5720. It has 2 castles, and mann- 30 28' N., lon. 1250 44 E. Length, 30 miles; average breadth,
factures of woollens and linens.                          10 miles. The surface is mountainous, and in its centre is
SAN GERMAN, sin naR-minI, a town in the S.W. of the  a volcano.
island of Porto Rico, Spanish West Indies. Pop. 9125.        SAN GIULIANO, sin jool-yino, a village of Italy, in the
SAN GERMANO, sin jsrmi/no, a town of Italy, in Pied- Pontificel States, 8 miles S.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 1880.
mont, 9 miles W.N.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 3514.                 SAN GIULIANO, or SAINT JU/LIAN, a village and bay
SAN GERMANO, a town of Italy, in Naples, province of  of Malta, 11 miles N. of Valetta.
Terra di Lavoro, 11 miles W. of Venatro.  Pop. 5000. It is    SAN GIULIANO DI SEPINO, s njool-yino dee si-pee/no,
supposed to be the ancient Gasinuem Aquinium.             a village of Italy, in Naples, province of Molise, 9 miles
SAN GERONIMO, Hi-ron!ne-mo, a small stream of Marin  S.S.E. of Larino.
co., California, flows into the Pacific. It is noted for its   SAN GIULIO, sin joo/le-o, an island and village of the
salmon fisheries.                                         Sardinian States, division of Novara, in the Lake of Orta,
SAN GERONIMO, sin H&-ron/ne-mo, a small town of South  with a collegiate church and 1400 inhabitants. It is famous
America, in New Granada, 16 miles S.E. of Antioquia.      for its heroic defence in the tenth century, by Villa, wife of
SAN GERONIMO, sin Hn-rontne-mo, a village of Mexico, Berengarius.
about 15 miles S. by W. of the capital. It is surrounded    SAN GIUSTINO, sin joos-teesno, a town of Central Italy,
with orchards and cultivated fields.                      in the Pontifical States, 26 miles S.W. of Urbino. Pop. 3000.
SANGERVILLE, sang/gher-vil, a post-township of Pisca-   SANG-KOI, sing koi, SONG-CA, song ki, or TONQUIN
taquis co., Maine, 70 miles N.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1267.   (ton-keen/) RIVER, Farther India, rises in the Chinese proSAN GIACOMO, sin jiko-mo, (St. James,) a village of  vince of Yun-nan, flows S.W., and enters theGulf of TonItaly, in Naples, province of Principato Citra, 3 miles S. of  quin by many mouths, between lat. 200 and 210 N., and
Diane. Pop. 2700.                                         ion. 1060 and 1070 E. Its total course is estimated at 600
SAN GIACOMO DI LUSIANA, sin j  no-mo dee loo-se-/- miles. In its upper part it is called the Ho-ti-kiang.
nd, a village of North Italy, government of Venice, 17 miles    SANGO, sinlgo, a river of Madagascar, flows N.W., and
N. of Vicenza. Pop. 2500.                                 falls into the Channel of Mozambique about lat. 210 S., after
SAN GIL, sin Heel, written also SAINT GILES, a town  a course of about 160 miles.
of New Granada, department of Boyaca, 64 miles S.W. of    SANGORA, sin-go/rl. a maritime town of Lower Siam, on
Pamplona. It was founded in 1690. It has a college, manu- a bay on the W. side of the Gulf of Siam, 90 miles S.E. of
factures of tobacco and cotton cloth, and an extensive trade  Ligor, in Oat. 70 15' N., lon. 1010 E. It is divided into
in agricultural produce. Pop. 6000.                        Siamese, Chinese, and Malay quarters, is partly built of
SAN GINESIO, sin je-ni/se-o, a town of the Papal States, brick, and on the heights around it are numerous pagodas.
15 miles S.S.W. of Macerata, near the source of the Fia-   SAN GREGORIO, sin gri-go/re-o, a market-town of Naples,
strella. Pop. 4919.                                       province of Principato Citra, 17 miles E. of Campagna. Pop.
SAN GIORGIO, sin joJGjo, ("St. George,") a market-town  4000.
of North Italy, government of Venice, 10 miles W.S.W. of    SAN GREGORIO, a village of Naples, province of Terra di
Verona, with a fortress on the Adige.                      Lavoro. An island of Dalmatia, and a bay of Patagonia have
SAN GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, in Naples, pro- this name.
vince of Calabria Citra, 12 miles W. of Rossano.             SANGRO, sin/gro, (anc. SW"grus,) a river of Naples, proSAN GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, province of Cala- vinces of Abruzzo Citra and Ultra II., rises S.E. of the Lake
bria Ultra I., 10 miles S.E. of Palmi. Pop. 3400.          of Fucino, and after an B. and N.E. course of 65 miles, enters
SAN GIORGIO, a market-town of Italy, province of Prin- the Adriatic 12 miles S.E. of Ortona.
cipato Citra, 8 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 2000.          SANGSTER'S STATION, a post-office, Fairfax co., Virginia.
5 I                                                                         1697




SAN                                                    SAN
SANGUESA, shn-gwA'sg, a town of Spain, province, and    SAN JORGE, san ccon/'fI, (i. e. "St. George,") a river ot
25 miles S.E. of Pamplona, on the Aragon. Pop. 3449.    South America, New Granada, joins the Cauca 30 miles
SANGUINETTO, sIn-gwee-nlt/to, (the "Rivulet of Blood,")  S.W. of Mompox, after a N.E. course of 180 miles.
a rivulet of Italy, Pontifical States, flows into the Lake of   SAN JORGE D'OLANCHO, Hozn/nA do-lanlcho, a town of
Perugia, on its N. side. Its banks are supposed to have  Central America, state of Honduras, 80 miles S.S.W. of
been the chiefscene of slaughter in the battle of Thrasymene, Trujillo (Truxillo.)
whence its name.                                          SAN JOSA, s~n Ho-sAY,'one of the Pearl Islands, in the
SANGUINETTO, a village of Austrian Italy, 18 miles  Gulf of Panama, New Granada, department of Istmo, 8
S.S.E. of Verona, between Legnago and Mantua. Pop. 3000. miles S.W. of the Island del Rey.
SANGWIN, sang'gwinl, or s/ng'weent, a river of Guinea,   SAN JOSE, an island in the Gulf of California, 100 miles
Grain Coast, enters the Atlantic about 120 miles N.W. of S.E. of Loreto. Length, 25 miles.
Cape Palmas. At its mouth is a village of the same name,   SAN JOS17, san Ho-sA/, the former capital of California,'
formerly capital of a petty state. Here the Dutch and Eng- and the present seat of justice of Santa Clara county, is
lish had factories.                                     beautifully situated in Santa Clara Valley, 7 or 8 miles from
SANWILAC, a county in the E. part of Michigan, bordering  the head of San Francisco Bay, and about 50 miles S.E. of
on Lake Huron, contains about 700 square miles. It is San Francisco. It is accessible by water. Although snow,
drained by the sources of Case and Black Rivers. The sur- capped mountains may be seen in the distance during the
face is gently undulating, and well timbered. The soil is whole year, the -climate of San Jos6 is perhaps the most
moderately fertile. Capital, Lexington. Pop. 2112.      delightful in California. This place was a pueblo or town,
SANILAC MILLS, a post-office of Sanilac co., Michigan.   and was first settled in the early part of the present cenSAN ILDEFONSO, sin eel-dA-fontso, or LA GRANJA, 1&  tury. A city charter was granted March 27, 1850. It h."
grangtn4, a town of Spain, province, and 6 miles S.E. of Se- 1 weekly paper, and 1 semi-weekly. A railroad has been
govia, and 40 miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 3879. The  projected from San Jos6 to San Francisco. Pop. in 1854,
celebrated palace of La Granja, in a mountainous region, about 2000.
3840 feet above the sea, was built by Philip V., in the French    SAN JOSI, sanu  o-sA/, a town and Jesuit missionary
style. It contains a rich church, many fine apartments,  station, in Bolivia, province of Chiquitos. Lat. 170 40' S.,
and works of art, and enclosed by grounds, with splendid  ion. 640 40' W. Pop. about 2000. Near it is a chain of hills
water-works. The town has a royal manufactory of looking- called the Sierra de San Jose.
glasses, established by Charles III.                      SAN JOSI, san no-sA/ or san zho-zs, an island in the Rio
SAN ILDEFONSO, a group of islets in the South Atlantic, Negro, forming a part of the boundary between Brazil and
80 miles W. of Cape Horn.                               Venezuela.
SAN ILDEFONSO, CAPE, a headland on the E. coast   SAN JOSI, a town of Brazil, province of Pari, on the Rio
of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Lat. 150 15' N., ion. 1210 56' E. Negro, 30 miles S. of the above island. Pop. 800.
SAN ISIDRO, san e-seeldro, a town of South America, in    SAN JOSE3, Patagonia. See SAINT JOSEPH.
the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 12 miles N. of Buenos    SAN JOSIf DE BUENAVISTA, san Ho-sY dA  bwi-niAyres. Pop. 1200.                                       veetsltA, a town of the Philippines, on the W. coast of the
SAN JACINTO, san ja-sinto, a small river of Texas, island of Panay, of which it is the capital. Pop. 7000.
rises near the W. border of Walker co., and flows into Gal-   SAN JOSP DE F'LORES, san zho-seY dli flofRls, a town
veston Bay, 25 miles E. of Houston. It is navigable for 15  of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) 6 miles from Buenos
miles.                                                  Ayres. Pop. 800.
SAN JACINTO, a small village of Harris co., Texas, on    SAN JOSE DEL INTERIOR, san Ho-seI d~l een-ti-re-eRf,
Buffalo Bayou, near its entrance into Galveston Bay, about a town of Central America, capital of the state of Costa Rica,
18 miles E. of Houston. An important battle was fought 15 miles W.N.W. of Cartago. Pop. 18,000. It has grown up
here, April 21, 1836, which resulted in the defeat of the  since the independence of this region, and has no buildings
Mexicans, the capture of Santa Anna, and the undisputed  of note; but it has succeeded to the importance and comindependence of Texas.                                  mercial activity of Cartago, the former capital of the state.
SAN JACINTO, a post office of Jennings co., Indiana.    SAN JOS] DEL PARRAL, san Ho-stA/ dl pa-n-eli, a town
SAN JAIME, san Hsnmn, a town of South America, in  of the Mexican Confederation, state, and 200 miles N.W. of
Venezuela, department of Apure, on the Portuguesa, 30 Durango. Pop. 5000, partly employed in the adjacent mines.
miles N.N.W. of San Fernando de Apure. Pop. 7000.         SAN JOSfEI DE ORUNA, sIn Ho-sAd' o-roo/nI, a town of
SAN JOAQUIN, s{n Ho-a-keenf, (almost wabh-keenf,) an  Trinidad, 5 miles E. of Port-of-Spain, and formerly capital
important river of California, which, rising in the Sierra  of the island.
Nevada Mountains, flows first S. and then S.W. till it joins   SAN JUAN, s~n noo-Int, a river of Central America, sttte
the outlet of Tule Lake, when it changes its course to  of Nicaragua, forming the outlet for the surplus waters of
N.N.W., and after traversing perhaps the most beautiful the Lake of Nicaragua, into the Caribbean Sea, which it
and fertile region in all California, at last joins the Sacra- enters at the port of San Juan, 80 miles S. of the mouth of
mento in about 380 10' N. lat.  The entire length is esti- the Bluefields  River. Course, E. Length, estimated at
mated at 350 miles. It is navigable for moderate-sized  from 90 to 100 miles. Its current is gentle, and although in
steamboats to within a few miles of Fort Miller, near the  some places impeded by short rapids, it is stated to be always
foot of the Sierra Nevada.                              navigable throughout by boats of from 8 to 10 tons, and
SAN JOAQUIN, a county in the N.W. central part of' vessels of a much larger burden for a considerable distance
California, has an area estimated at above 1600 square miles. from the sea. In its lower part it sends off several branches,
It is bounded on the N. by Moquelumne River and Dry  the chief being the Colorado, of importance in connection
Creek, partly on the W. by the San Joaquin River, and on  with the scheme for uniting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
the S. by the Stanislaus River, and is intersected by the by a ship canal.
Moquelumne, San Joaquin, and Calaveras Rivers.  The    SAN JUAN, a rier of New Granada, department of Cauca,
surface is generally level. This county is chiefly agricultu- enters the Pacific Ocean by several mouths, 35 miles N.W. of
ral, being located in the heart of a valley hundreds of miles Buenaventura, after a S.W. course, estimated at 150 miles.
in extent, with a fertile soil, and fine grazing. A large por-   SAN JUAN, a river of South America, in Bolivia,Chiquitos
tion of the land on the San Joaquin and Moquelumne Territory, tributary to the Aguapehi.
Rivers, consisting of overflowed, or " tule," is being rapidly   SAN JUAN, a river of South America, in Bolivia, joins the
improved. These tule lands are principally covered with  Pilcomayo, S.W. of Zinti, after a N.E. course, estimated at
grass, and cannot be reclaimed to cultivation except by  300 miles.
great labor. The soil is generally very fertile, often pro-   SAN JUAN, a river of the Mexican Confederation, states
ducing 80 bushels of barley to the acre.  The timber is of Cohahuila, New Leon, and Tamaulipas, joins the Rio
principally oak. Game of almost every kind is found on the  Grande del Norte after an E. course of about 150 miles.
plains; fish are abundant in the streams, and many persons    SAN JUAN, a village of the Mexican Confederation, state,
are engaged in catching and curing salmon. Mining is but and 105 miles W. of Chihuahua.
little carried on. Gold placers on the Stanislaus average    SAN JUAN, a river of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,)
four dollars per day. The San Joaquin River is navigable flows from the Andes through the department of San Juan,
for moderate-sized steamboats through this county. The E. into the Lake Guanacache.
roads are generally level and in good order. The county   SAN JUAN, one of the Ladaone Islands. See GUAcAN.
is partly intersected by the route of the proposed railroad    SAN JUtAN, (Sp. pron. swn hoo-Int, almost sin hwan,) a
from Stockton to the mining region in Calaveras county. post-town of Monterey co., California, is situated on the left
Named from San Joaquin River. Capital, Stockton. Pop. bank of.the Pajaro River, and on the road from San Jose to
5029.                                                   Monterey, 80 miles in a straight line S.E. of San Francisco
SAN JOAQUIN, a small town in the S. part of San Joa-   SAN JUAN, sIn Hoo-Ant, a town of Hayti, near the centre
quin county, California, is situated on the left bank of the  of the island, 80 miles N.W. of San Domingo.
San Joaquin, and on the road from San Jose to Stanislaus,   SAN JUAN, a village of South America, in Venezuela,
77 miles E. by S. of San Francisco.                     department of Zulia, 24 miles W. of Merida. Near it is a
SAN JOAQUIN. a village of South America, Republic of'lake abounding in carbonate of soda.
Paraguay, 100 miles E.N.E. of Assumption, (Asuncion.)    SAN JUAN, a town of Cuba, 15 miles S.S.W. of Havana.
SANJORE, sln-jirf, or SACHORE, sA-chor/, a town of   SAN JUAN, a town of Cuba, 42 miles W.N.W. of Santiagc
West Hindostan, 130 miles W. of Odeypoor, on the route de Cuba.
from Rajpootana to the Gulf of Cutch.                    SAN JUAN, Central America. See SAN JUAN DEL SUR.
1698




SAN                                                      SAN
SAN JUAN, stn roo-Anf, a town of Peru. department of and Valley by a viaduct of 9 arches, each of 50 feet span,
San Juan de Ia Frontera, is pleasantly situated on the river and 70 feet high. The Sankey Canal is the first for which
_of the same name. Pop. vaguely estimated at 18,000.       an act of Parliament was obtained, in 1755. 
SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, san noo-An! bow-tees/ta or SAN    SAN LA MAYOR, sin l1 mi-on!, a town of Spain, pro.
JUAN BAPTISTA DEL PAO, san noo-&nf bap-tees/tat, dal vince, and 10 miles WV. of Seville. Pop. 2480.
pao, a town of Venezuela, department, and 110 miles S.W..SAN LAZZARO, san l1d'za-ro, a town of Italy, in Parma,
of Caracas, on the Pao, an affluent of the Portuguesa.    1 mile N.E. of Placentia. It has a college, founded by CardiSAN JUAN  BAUTISTA,  (or BAPTISTA,) (formerly  nal Alberone, with a library of 20,000 volumes and some
VILLA  HERMOSA, veel/ya hin-mosAt,) a town in the  good collections. Pop. 4285.
Mexican Confederation, capital of the state of Tabasco, on    SAN LEO, s n Tito, a small town of Central Italy, in the
the river Tabasco, about 70 miles from its mouth, in the  Pontifical States, 7 miles S.W. of San Marino. It is a bishop's
Caribbean Sea.                                            see, protected by a fort. Pop. 1200.
SAN  JUAN  BAUTISTA  (or BAPTISTA) DEL  RIO    SAN LEONARDO, I/-o-nanydo, a market-town of Spain,
GRANDE, san Hoo-an! blw-tees/tt d~i reelo grantdA, a town  province, and 24 miles W.N.W. of Soria. Pop. 582.
of the Mexican Confederation, 85 miles N.N.E. of Cohahuila.   SAN LEONARDO, san ii-o-nar/do, a village of Naples, pro.
SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, san hoo-an bbw-teessta, a post  vince of Capitanata, 7 miles W.S.W. of Manfredonia.
village, formerly a missionary settlement, in the N. part    SAN LEONARDO, a fort, defending the harbor of the
of Monterey co., California, about 100 miles S.S.E. of Benicia. island of Favignana, off the W. coast of Sicily.
SAN JUAN, CAPE, is the N.E. extremity of the island    SAN LEUCI, san lAloo-che, a town of the Papal States, 4
of Porto Rico; and also the S. point of Vancouver's Island, in  miles S. of Benevento, on the Sabbato. Pop. 3000.
British North America, bounded N. by the Strait of San    SAN LORENZO, san lo-rlntzo, (Sp. pron. san lo-rln/tho,) a
Juan de Fuca.                                             town of the Canaries, on the S.E. shore of the Grand Canary,
SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, san Hoo-An' kA-pees-tr&'no, a  about 5 miles from Las Palmas. Pop. 1977.
small town near the boundary between Los Angeles and San    SAN LORENZO, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
Diego counties, California, is situated near the sea-coast, on  Ultra I., 12 miles S.E. of Reggio. Pop. 1690.
the main road from Sacramento City to San Diego, 32 miles    SAN LORENZO, san lo-r~nlzo, a town of the Pontifical
in a straight line S.E. of Los Angeles.                   States, delegation of Pesaro and Urbino, on the Cesano, I7
SAN JUAN CHINAMECA, san Hoo-An! che-na-mnAka, a  miles E.S.E. ofUrbino. Pop. 1050.
town of Central America, state of San Salvador, 15 miles N.   SAN LORENZO, a village of Italy, in the Pontifical States,
of San Miguel.                                            5 miles S.E. of Acquapendente, near the site of San Lorenzo
SAN JUAN DE FUCA. See FUCA.                             Rovinato.
SAN JUAN DE JUEBAL, san noo-An! dA mrw-ball, a    SAN LORENZO, a town of Austrian Italy, in Istria, 9
small town of South America, in the Argentine Republic, miles W.S.W. of Pisino.
(La Plata,) department, and 60 miles N. of San Juan de la    SAN LORENZO, a seaport village of Italy, in Istria, on
Frontera.                                                 the Mediterranean, 22 miles S.S.W. of Triest.
SAN JUAN DE LA FRONTERA, in Peru. See CuACsA-   SAN LORENZO, san lo-r~n/zo, a river of South America,
POYAs.                                                    in the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) joins the Vermejo
SAN JUAN DE LA FRONTERA, san noo-An! dA 1 fron- from the W., 55 miles N. of Corrientes. Length, 120 miles.
tdrd, a frontier and W. province of the Argentine Re-   SAN LORENZO, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La
public, (La Plata,) South America, mostly between lat. 390  Plata.) 32 miles from Santa F6.
and 320 S., and ion. 6S8 and 700 W.; having  W. the Andes,   SAN LORENZO, a village of Paraguay, 18 miles from
N. the department of Rioja, and S. the department of Men- Assumption.
doza. Pop. estimated at 25,000. In the S.E. is the large    SAN LORENZO, an islet in the Gulf of California.
lake of Guanacache.                                          SAN LORENZO DE LA FRONTERA, san lo-r nfzo d iA
SAN JUAN DE LA RAMBLA, san noo-an' dA la ram/bla, fton-tAtra, a town of Bolivia, near Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
a village of the Canary Islands, on a plain in the N.E. of  on the Guapey. Pop. 4000.
the island of Teneriffe. Pop. 1413.                         SAN LORENZO DE LA MUGA, san lo-rln/tho da 1 moonga,
SAN JUAN DE LOS LLANOS, sin Hoo-dnf dA loce IWnoce, a walled town of Spain, in Catalonia, 21 miles N. of Gerona.
a town of South America, in New Granada, department of Pop. 1207
Cundinamarca, on the Guaviare, 65 miles S.S.E. of Bogota.   SAN LORENZO  IN GROTTE, san lo-rln/zo in gro/tA, a
SAN JUAN DE LOS REMEDIOS, sin Hoo-An! dA loce r.- village of Italy, in the Pontifical States, delegation of VimA/de-oce, a maritime town of Cuba, on its N. coast, 180  terbo, on an eminence, 5 miles S.S.E. of Acquapendente.
miles E. of Havana. Pop. in 1853 5270.                      SAN LORENZO LUCA, sin lo-rln/zo oollki, a small town
SAN JUAN DEL PUERTO, sin Hoo-An/ d6l pwlnyto, a  of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., 13 miles S.S.W. of
town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and about 5 miles  Gerace.
N.E. of Huelva, near the Tinto. Pop. 1951.                  SAN LORENZO LUSSURGIU, san lo-rhnfzo loos-soon-joo!,
SAN JUAN DEL RI0, san noo-an' dal reelo, a town of  a market-town of the island of Sardinia, division of Sassari,
the Mexican Confederation, state, and 30 miles S.E. of Quere- 22 miles N.N.E. of Oristano. Pop. 4460.
taro, on the route to Mexico. Pop..10,000, (?) partly em-   SAN LORENZO MAGGIORE, san lo-ren/zo mgd-jl'rA, a
ployed in silver-mines.                                    village of Italy, in Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 15
SAN JUAN DEL SUR, san noo —Ant dl soon, a. port of miles S.E. of Piedimonte.
Central America, on the Pacific Ocean, state, and 24 miles    SAN LOUTIS, a post-office of Brazoria co., Texas.
S.W. of Nicaragua, and the maritime harbor nearest to that    SAN LUCAR DE BARRAMEDA, sin loolktr dA baan-oacity. Lat. 110 15' 37" N., ion. 850 52' 56" WV.            mA —A, a city and seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, province,
SAN JUAN DE MIERES, sin noo-an! dA me-Alrls, a town  and 18 miles N. of Cadiz, onthe left bank of the Guadalquivir,
of Spain, province, and 9 miles S.E. of Oviedo. Pop. 1819.   at its mouth. Lat. 360 45' N., Ion. 60 21' W. Its streets are
SAN JUAN DE NICARAGUA, san Hoo-dn/ dA ne-k -rI- broad, straight, and generally paved, and on the whole it is
gwd, a seaport town of Central America. See GREYTOWN.    a fine town, although dull and decaying. The principal
SAN JUAN DE PORTO RICO, sin noo-ian dA ponito reef- buildings are the prison, barracks for the garrison, the
ko, the principal city and seaport belonging to the island of  town-house, a hospital, a house of refuge, foundling hospiPorto Rico, on a small island off its N. coast. Lat. 180 29' N., tal, and poor's school. Agriculture and fishing are here the
Ion. 660 7' 2" W. Pop. 11,000. It is strongly fortified, regu- chief occupations. At Bonanza, a short distance from Sanlarly laid out, well drained, and altogether one of the best Lucar, are the pier and custom-house. San Lucar was taken
and healthiest towns in the West Indies. The principal from the Moors in 1264, and granted by Sancho el Bravo to
edifices are the bishop's palace and seminary, the royal mili- Guzman el Bueno. The importance of the transatlantic
tary hospital, old government-house, a large cathedral, trade induced Philip IV., in 1645, to resume the city, and
custom-house, town-house with a fine hall, a handsome  make it the residence of the Captain-general of Andalusia.
theatre, arsenal, and jail; and the town is the seat of the  It was here that Columbus embarked on his third voyage,
government and superior courts of the island, and of a  May 30, 1498, and he returnea  n 1504. Magellan also
society of arts, and numerous schools. The harbor, on its  started fi-om  hence, August 10, 1519, for the first voyage
W. side, is defended by the Morro castle and other forts. In  in which the world was circumnavigated. Pop. 16,861.
1840, the port was entered by 432 ships of all nations; aggre-    SAN LUCAR DE GUADIANA, sdn loo-kas! dA gwA-de.
gate burden 37,294 tons.                                  A/nI, a town of Spain, province, and 32 miles N.W. of Huelva,
SAN JUAN DE ULUA, sun jutan (or son Hoo-An!) dl on-  on the Guadiana, opposite Alcoutim, (in Portugal.) Pop.
lootI, often called SAN JUAN DB  ULLOA, san Hoo-An/dA  2800.
ool-yo/I, a strong castle, defending the harbor of Vera Cruz,   SAN LUCAR LA MAYOR, san loonkar 1 mi-orn, (ans.
in the Mexican Confederation, on an islet a little N.E. of  Luciffcri Fo/rum?) a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province,
that city.                                                and 11 miles W. of Seville. Pop. 2245.
SAN JUAN LAZA, sn noo-Ant IL/thA, a town of Spain, in    SAN LUCAS. See SAINT LucAs.
Galicia, 25 miles E.S.E. of Orense. Pop. 1300.              SAN LUIS, or SAN LUIS DE LA PUNTA, san loolis dA
SANKUASEEPJ, a town of India, 102 miles S.S.E. of Sat- 1a poon/ti, a city of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) in
tarab.                                                    South America, capital of a province of its own name,
SANREY, GREAT, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancas- prettily situated on the W. slope of one of the knolls of the
ter, 4 miles W.N.W. of Warrington. The Manchester and  Sierra de Cordova, 2417 feet above sea. level, 428 miles
Liverpool Railway is here carried across the Sankey Canal W.N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 1500.
1699




SAN                                                        SAN
SAN LUIS, sin leo-is, (Sp. pron. sin loo-eesst) a village on    SAN MARCO, san matiko, a town of Naples, province of
the S. side of the island of Minorca. Pop. 1938.          Calabria Citra, 17 miles N.N.W. of Cosenza. It is the see of
SAN LU[S, a province of South America, in the Argentine  a bishop. Pop. 1200.
Republic, (La Plata,) between lat. 320 and 340 S., and Ion.   SAN MARCO, a town of Sicily, province, and 48 miles
$40 and 670 W. Pop. 25,000.                                W.S.W. of Messinn, near the N. coast. Pop., including that
SAN LUIS, a village of California, on a river tributary to  of three dependent villages, 4700.
the Pacific Ocean, 80 miles N.W. of Santa Barbara.           SAN MARCO, a town of Sicily, province of Messina, 15
SAN LUIS DE LA PAZ, san lootis dA 1 paz, a town of the  miles W.S.W. of Patti. Near it are the ruinsof a Roman
Mexican Confederation, state, and 45 miles E.N.E. of Guana- Bridge. Pop. 3000.
juato. Some villages named San Luis are inthe Mexican    SAN MARCO DEI GAVOTTI, san maneko date gA-vot/tee,
department of Puebla, and in Upper California.             a village of Italy, province of Principato Ultra, 15 miles N.E.
SAN LUIS DE POTOSI, Bolivia. See PoTosr, SAN Luis DE. of Beuevento.
SAN LUIS OBISIPO, a county in the W.S.W. part of Cali-   SAN MARCO DI LANTOSCA, sAn maalko dee lan-tos'k, a
fornia, has an area estimated at above 2500 square miles. It village of the Sardinian States, division, province, and 26
is bounded on the S.W. by the Pacific Ocean, on the N.E. by  miles N. of Nice, on the Vesubia. Pop. 1691.
the Coast Range of California, and on the S. by the Santa      SAN MARCO DI VENEZIA, sin mar/lko dee vA-nldtze-A,
Maria Creek, and is drained by the San Buenaventura and  a village of Italy, in Lombardy, government of Venice, 5
Nacimiento Rivers, and by the Arroyo Grande,  (i. e. Big  miles N.N.E. of Rovigo, on the right bank of the Adige.
Creek.) The surface in the N.E. part is level, and in the S.E.   SAN MARCO IN CATOLA, sin man/ko in ki-tollA, a town
portion uneven and mountainous. The principal timber of  of Naples, province of Capitanata, 22 miles S.W. of San Sethe uplands is pine, which is of large size and superior vero. Pop. 3160.
quality, and the river-bottoms are well wooded. The soil   SAN MARCO IN LAMIS, san mA ko in I/mis, a town of
for the most part is fertile; especially along the streams. Naples, province of Capitanata, 12 miles E.N.E. of San SeWild horses are found in great numbers 6n the plains in  vero. Pop. 9000.
the N.E. part of the county, and are worth about $15 per    SAN MAR/COS, a small river of Texas, rises near the N.
head. The Vineyard of San Miguel is extensive, but much  border of Comal county, and flowing S.E., enters the Guaneglected. The missionary settlement of San Luis Obispo  dalupe a little above Gonzales.
is mostly in ruins, but has still remaining some fine olive,    SAN MARCOS, a small village, capital of Hays co., Texas,
peach, pear, fig, and apple trees, and a small vineyard. The  30 miles S.S.W. of Austin.
mineral, agricultural, and commercial resources of this    SAN MARINO, sAn mA-reetno, or SAMMARINO, sam-macounty are great. There are some rich mines of silver, and  ree/no, a town and republic of Italy, forming one of the smalla mine of excellent coal is situated near the Bay of St. est and most ancient states in Europe, enclosed on all sides
Simeon. Copper and iron are supposed to exist, and lime- by the Pontifical States, in let. 430 58' N., Ion. 120 21' E.
stone is very abundant.  A warm  sulphur spring, the  Area, 22 square miles. Pop. 7600. It consists of a craggy
panacea of the natives, is situated about 10 miles S. of San  mountain about 2200 feet in height, on which is the town;
Luis Obispo.  There are numerous bituminous springs,  and some circumnjacent territories, with 4 or 5 villages. The
some of which are of a large size. The principal ports are  town, built around a hermitage founded in 441 by Marinus,
San Luis Obispo and San Simeon. There is a fine harbor at a native of Dalmatia, is accessible by only one road, surthe rancho of John Wilson, known as the "Moro." Capital, rounded by walls, and has 3 forts. The principal edifices
San Luis Obispo. Pop. 984.                                are the town-hall, 6 churches, one having the tomb and
SAN LUIS OBISPO, a town, formerly a missionary settle-  statue of Marinus, (or San Marino;) a theatre, 2 convents,
ment, capital of San Luis Obispo county, California, is situ-  2 vast cisterns for the use of the public, the governor's
ated on the main road from San Jos6 to Los Angeles, 215  palace, with schools and museums. The more wealthy citimiles in a direct line S.E. by S. of San Francisco. Lat. 350  zens reside in the suburb called the Borgo. The inhabit10, N.                                                    ants are chiefly occupied in rural industry and silk manuSAN LUIS POTOSI, san loolis po-to-seet, a state of the  factures. The legislature of the republic is a senate of 60
Mexican Confederation, bounded on the N. by New Leon, members, elected for life, equallyfrom the ranks of nobles,
E. by Tamaulipas, S.E. by Vera Cruz, S. by Queretaro and  citizens, and peasants. Since 1847, the executive council of
Guanajuatd, and E. by Zacatecas. Greatest length, from N. 12 members has been popularly elected. Two capitani regto S., 206 miles; greatest breadth, measured near the S. genti or presidents, are chosen every 6 months; and justice
frontier, 165 miles, but near the centre not more than 87  is administered by a foreigner, appointed for 3 years, and inmiles. Area, 29,486 square miles. In fhe W. it is mountain-  capable of re-election more than once.. Two legal functionous, but towards the E. becomes only broken and hilly, and  aries and two secretaries of state are the other public officers.
in the S.E. spreads out into plains. The only important  The public revenue is $6600 annually. The military conrivers are the Santander, which traverses the state centrally  sists of 80 men, forming the guard of the regency.
from W. to E., and the Panuco or Tampico, which in the S.   SAN MARTI DI PROVENSALS, san manltee dee pro-v~ntraverses it in the same direction, and forms part of the  sAls, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 4 miles
boundary between it and the Tamaulipas. The mountain- from Barcelona. Pop. 2444.
ous districts abound with excellent pastures, on which great    SAN MARTIN, sin manltint, a river of Spain, in Aragon,
numbers of cattle are reared; and the arable districts are  after a N.E. course of 70 miles, joins the Ebro 10 miles
remarkable for their fertility, yielding large crops of maize, E.N.E. of Ijar, which town and Montalvan are on its banks.
wheat, and barley. Manufactures have made some progress,    SAN MARTIN, sin man-teeql, a thriving village of the
and include woollen and cotton fabrics of excellent quality, Argentine Republic, province, and 30 miles E.S.E. of Cordova.
glass, leather, pottery, and metallic wares. The trade in  Pop. 2000.
home products is limited, but the position of the state makes    SAN MARTIN, CAPE, of Spain, in Valencia, is a headit the natural entrep6t between the coast and the interior land on the Mediterranean, 10 miles S.E. of Denia.
for the imports of the United States and Europe. Many    SAN MARTIN DE MONTALBAN, sin man-teen' di menvaluable mines have been discovered, and are still worked  tgl-bAnt, a small town of Spain, 24 miles W.S.W. of Toledo,
to some'extent. For administrative purposes the state is having an ancient shrine, and a celebrated castle.
divided into four departments-San Luis, Rio Verde, Tan-    SAN MARTIN DE OSCOS, sAn maR-teen! dl ostkoce, a
canhuitz, and Venado, subdivided into 10 cantons, and 52  town of Spain, 58 miles W. of Oviedo. Pop. 1472.
municipalities. Pop. 394,592.                                SAN MARTIN DE TREVEJO, sin man-teen! dl trn-vA'SAN LUIS POTOSI, a city of the Mexican Confederation, Ho,a town of Spain, province, and 37 miles S.W. of Salamanca.
capital of the above state, is situated near the source of the  It has several oil mills, and some woollen manufactures.
river Tampico, 70 miles N.N.E. ofGuanajuato. Pop. estimated    SAN MARTIN DE UNX, sin maR-teen/ di oonk, a maraccording to the most recent information at 40,000. It is re- ket-town of Spain, in Navarre, province, and 14 miles S.E.
gularly built, handsome, and clean. The houses in the best of Pamplona, with remains of old fortifications.
streets are of stone, and two stories in height; in the suburbs    SAN MARTIN DE VAL DE IGLESIAS, s/n maR-teent
they are of sun-dried brick. The chief edifices are a noble go- dl vAl dl ee-geite-As, a market-town of Spain, province of
vernment house, and many fine churches. Its markets are  Madrid, near Prado. Pop. 3375.
well supplied, and it has an active trade with the neighboring    SAN MARTINIO. See SXo MAuTINHO.
departments in its home-manufactured goods and foreign    SAN MARTINIJO DOS MOUROS. See SXo MAnRINEO  DE
imports, which comprise French brandy, wines, silks, and  Mounos.
woollens, English printed cottons and hardwares, and North    SAN MARTIN ISLAND. See SAINT MARTIN.
American cottons, &c. Its foreign trade is almost wholly    SAN MARTIN MEZQUITA, sin man/teen mnz-keettA, a
conducted by subjects'of Spain or the United States. The  town of Spain, in Galicia, about 50 miles from Orense. P. 2290.
other towns of the department are Catorce and Valles.        SAN MARTINO, sin maR-teelno, a town of Italy, in LormSAN LUIS REY, slnuleo-is ri, a small town of San Diego  bardy, 14 miles W.S.W. of Mantua, near the Oglio.
co., California, is situated on the sea coast, and on the main    SAN MARTINO, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 6 miles
road from  Sacramento City to San Diego, 84 miles in a  S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 2416.
straight line S.E. of Los Angeles.                         SAN MVIARTINO, a village of the Austrian dominions, in
SAN LUPO, san lootpo, a town of Naples, province of San- Illyria, government of Triest, 5 miles N.N.W. of Goritz.
aie, 21 miles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 1800.                 SAN MARTINO,'slin mAtR-teetno, a village of Sicily, 6 miles
SAN MARCELLO, sin maa-chelflo, a village of Tuscany, W. of Palermo, has a Benedictine abbey, with a rich library,
province, and 30 miles N.W. of Florence.                 and museums of natural history, coins, and anti uities.
1700




SAN                                                       SAN'
SAN MARTINO.  sAn mau-tee/no, a town of the Sardinian  States. division of Novara, province of Vercelli, near the
States, division, and E. of Genoa. Pop. 3003.             Sesia. Pop. 1197.
SAN MARTINO, san mac-teeino, a town of Naples, pro-   SANNAZZARO DEI BORGONDI. san-nat-sciro dle bot.
vince of Molise, (Sannio,) 8 miles E.N.E. of Larino. Pop. 3235. gon'dee, a town of the Sardinian States, division of Novara,
SAN MARTINO SICOMARIO, san maR-tee/no se-ko-me- province of Lomellina, 19 miles N.E. of Alessandria.
reetno, village of the Sardinian States, division of Novara, 3    SAN NICANDRO, s&n ne-kAn'dro, a town of Naples, pro.
miles SS.W. of Pavia. Pop. 1470.                          vince of Capitanata, in the peninsula of Gargano, 10 miles
SAN MATEO, s,{n ma-tWo, a small walled town of Spain, E. of Lesina. Pop. 7800.
province, and 32 miles N. of Castellon de Ia Plana.         SAN NICANDRO, a town of Naples, province, and 10 miles
SAN MATEO, sn ma-tAtlo. a town of South America, in  S.W. of Bari. Pop. 2900.
Venezuela, department, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Cumana.   SAN NICOLA, s[n nee-ko/l&, a village of Naples, province
Pop. 7000. See S10 MATvEOS.                               of Calabria Ultra II., district of Monteleone. Pop. 1500.
SAN MATEO, sin ma-tao, or VEGA DE SAN MATEO,   SAN NICOLA, a village of Naples, province of Calabria
vAlga dA san ma-tao, a town of the Canaries, on the island  Ultra II., district of Cotrone. Pop. 1800.
of Gran Canaria. Pop. 2781.                                 SAN NICOLA, a village of Naples, province of Principato
SAN MATEO, san ma-tafo, a mountain pass of South  Ultra, district of Ariano. Pop. 1300.
America, in lat. 110 48' S. Height, 15,760.                 SAN NICOLA, a village of Naples, province of Terra di
SAN MAURO, san mwt/ro, a small town of Naples, pro- Lavoro, district of Caserta. Pop. 2500.
vince of Basilicata, 22 miles S.W. of Matera. Pop. 1100.    SAN NICOLAS, san nee/ko-las, one of the Cape Verd
SAN MICHELE DI MONDOVI, sAn me-kll'A dee mon-do- Islands, in the Atlantic, nearly in the centre of the group,
vees, a village of Savoy, 3A miles E. of Mondovi.         in lat. 160 35' N., ion. 240 15' W. Length, 30 miles; breadth,
SAN MIGUEL, san me-gh61, a town of Central America, 15 miles. Pop. 6000. The surface is mountainous.  The
state, and 45 miles E.S.E. of San Salvador, on a navigable chief town, SAN NICOLAS, has 1400 inhabitants, and is the
river, 20 miles from its-mouth in the Gulf of Fonseca, (on  residence of the bishop of the Cape Verd Islands.
the Pacific Ocean.) Pop. 8000. It is the seat of large fairs.    SAN NICOLAS, a city of the Argentine Republic, (La
N. of it is a volcano of the same name.                   Plata,) 120 miles from Buenos Ayres. Pop. 3000.
SAN MIGUEL, a town of Texas, on the Puerco, S.E. of    SAN  NICOLAS DE' NEDA, stn ne-ko-lFs!  dA nADa, a
Santa Fd. Pop. 2000.                                      town of Spain, province, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Corunna,
SAN MIGUEL, a town of South America, province, and  near Ferrol. Pop. 2806. It has iron and copper works, a
35 miles N. of Parahiba.                                  glue factory, and a baking establishment for the arsenal at
SAN MIGUEL, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande Ferrol.
do Sul, 180 miles W.N.W. of Porte Alegre. Pop. 1000.        SAN NICOLO, san ne-ko-lof, one of the Tremiti Islands,
SAN MIGUEL, a small river of Texas, which rises in Me- is a volcanic island in the Adriatic Sea, which was in a
dina county, and flowing S.E., falls into Rio Frio.       state of activity in 1826.
SAN MIGUEL, sAn me-ghalt, (St. Michael,) a county in the    SAN NICOLO, san nee-ko-lothe capital town of the island
E. part of New Mexico. It is intersected by the Pecos and  of Tines, Grecian Archipelago, on the S.E. coast of the island.
Canadian Rivers. Indian corn and wheat are the staples. Pop. 4000. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral, built
It contains 11 churches. Pop. 7074.                       since 1820.
SAN MIGUEL, a town, formerly a missionary settlement    SAN NICOLO, ne-ko-lo, a small seaport on the E. coast
of San Luis Obispo county, California, is situated oi the  of the Grecian island of Cerigo.
main road from San Jos6 to Los Angeles, 156 miles in a    SAN NICOLO, a small town of the Grecian island of Paxo,
straight line S.E. by S. of San Francisco.                opposite which there is anchorage in from 14 to 28 fathoms.
SAN MIGUEL, sAn me-gh6ll, a village ofBolivia, province    SAN NICOLO, a port of the Grecian island of Santorini
of Chiquitos, on a granite height, 160 miles N.E. of Santa below the town of Epanomeria. It is a fine harbor of the
Cruz de la Sierra. Pop. about 3000.                       shape of a half-moon, but too deep for anchoring in.
SAN MIGUEL, san me-ghll, a gulf of New Granada, in    SANNIO, (anc. Sam/nium,) province, Naples. See MOLsE.
the Isthmus of Darien, forms an indentation of the Bay of    SANNOIS, san'nw&, a village of France, department of
Panama, on the E. side, about lat. 80 10, N., lon. 780 20' W.  Seine-et-0ise, 12 miles N.N.E. of Versailles. Pop. 1603.
SAN MIGUEL, sin me-ghall, a town of Central America, in    SANOK, sanok, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 38
the state of Salvador, capital of a district, and on a river of the  miles W. of Yaroslav. Pop. 1800.
same name, sometimes called the Sirana, 80 miles E.S.E. ofSan    SAN PABLO, s~n pAB/lo, a bay of California, connected
Salvador. It is an ancient place, founded about 1530, and  with Suisun Bay by the Straits of Karquenas.
has many substantial and well-built houses, partly con-   SAN PADRE, s'n pAdrA, a town of Naples, province of
structed of lava, quarried from streams which have issued  Terra di Lavoro, 9 miles S. of the Melfa. Pop. 2217.
from the volcano of San Miguel, which stands at some dis-   SAN PADRO, p/dro, a post-office of Los Angeles co., Calitance to the S.W. of the town. The trade is chiefly in in- fornia.
digo, for the cultivation of which the district is celebrated.   SAN PANCRAZIO, sAn pan-krad'ze-o, a village of Italy,
Pop. 9000 to 10,000.                                      duchy, and 2 miles W. of Parma. Pop. 3270.
SAN MIGUEL,-a volcano of Central America, in the State    SAN PANTALEO, san pan-ta-ls'o, an islet off the W. coast
of Salvador, which rises from low, level ground to the height of Sicily, 5 miles N. of Marsala, with ruins of the ancient
of about 5000 feet, has a base of several leagues in circuit, Motya.
and has sent forth repeated discharges of volcanic matter at   SAN PANTALEO, a village of Sardinia, division, and 11
intervals of about 25 years, though none of serious violence miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1344.
have occurred in modern times.                              SAN PAOLO DE LOANDA. See SAINT PAUL DELOANDA.
SAN MIGUEL, a harbor of New Granada, an inlet in the    SAN PASIQUAL, a small village of San Diego co., CaliGulf, interspersed with a few islets, having -an entrance fornia, 97 miles nearly S.E. of Los Angeles.
about 6 miles wide, and extending about 8 miles inland,   SAN PATRICIO, s n pa-tree'se-o, a county in the S. part
with soundings in from 8 to 15 fathoms. It communicates, of Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of
at its inner part, with Darien Harbor, through Boca Grande about 2000 square miles. It is bounded on the: N.E. by
and Boca Chica Passages. Darien Harbor has a depth of  Arkansas River, and on the S.W. by the Nueces. The surface
from 9 to 14 fathoms at low water, is about 16 miles long by  has but little elevation; the land near the rivers is said to
6 miles broad, and completely sheltered. These two harbors  be fertile. Capital, San Patricio. Pop. 200, of whom 197
have been pointed out as furnishing an eligible termination  were free, and 3 slaves.
to a tidal inter-oceanic canal between the Atlantic and Pa-   SAN PATRICIO, a post-village, capital of San Patricio co.,
cific, proposed to be cut from Caledonia Bay, on the Carib- Texas, on the left bank of Nueces River.
bean Sea, a distance to the Lara, where the tide ceases to    SAN PAULO, town and province, Brazil. See Sio PAULO.
affect it, of only 30 miles.                                SAN PEfDRO, a post-office of Houston co., Texas.
SAN MIGUEL EL GRANDE, sin me-ghl/ 8I grAnfdA, a    SAN PE/DRO, (Sp. pron. sdn pAi/ro,) a bay and inlet of the
town of the Mexican Confederation, department, and 40  Pacific Ocean, in California, 105 miles S.E. of Santa Barbara,
miles E. of Guanajuato. Pop. 3000. (?)                    in lat. 330 48' N., ion. 1180 W.
SAN MIGUEL TABAGON, san me-gh5l1 tA-BA-gfn1, a vil-   SAN PEDRO, sAn p.Aldro, a town of New Granada, departlage of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 35 miles from Pon- ment of Cundinamarca, province, and 25 miles S.E. of Antevedra, on the right bank of the Minho. Pop. 1152.       tioquia.
SAN MINIATELLO, san me-ne-A-tllo, a market-town of    SAN PEDRO, a town of Bolivia, on the Mamore River, in
Tuscany, near Florence.                                   lat. 140 S., lon. 640 48' W.
SAN MINIATO, sn me-ne-Alto, or SAMMINIATO, a town    SAN PEDRO, a river of the Mexican Confederation, deof Tuscany, province, and 21 miles W.S.W. of Florence, on  partment of Tabasco, tributary to the Usumasinta, which It
the Arno. Pop. 2383. It has a cathedral. It is the original joins near its mouth in the Tabasco.
seat of the family of Bonaparte, and birthplace of Francisco    SAN PEDRO, sAn pee/dro, (Port. Sao Pedro, siwN~a patdro,)
Sforza.                                                   a town of Portuguese India, 2 miles W. of Old Goa.
SANNA, sAnunA, a river of European Turkey, rises in    SAN PEDRO, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La
Turkish Croatia, flows first S.E., then circuitously N.W. to  Plata,) 190 miles from Buenos Ayres. Pop. 1200.
Novi, where it joins the Unna after a course of 75 miles.  SAN PEDIRO, the port of Los Angeles, California, lies in
SANNAGII ISLAND, North Pacific. See HALiBUT.           lat. 330 45'. Like most of the harbors on the coast, it is
S MNNAZARO, sin-nd-zAro, a village of the Sardinian  open to the S. winds, but it is, the best of that class. The
1701




SAN                                                         SAN
anchorage is good. Goods have to be landed in lighters. on the Mediterranean, 14 miles S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 9854
The harbor might be made entirely secure by a breakwater. It is well built, and has a small harbor, where coasting ves
San Pedro will probably be next to San Diego in importance  eels load with oil, dried fruits, oranges, and fish.
onthe S. coast. At present it is the point on the coast most    SAN ROCII. sin rok, a village of the Sardinian States,
accessible to the S. portion of the Tulare Valley. The town  division of Savoy, province of Faucigny, near Sallanches.
at present is quite small. It has regular communication  Pop. 1670.
with San Francisco by steam.                                  SAN ROMAN DE LA VEGA, san ro-man! dAt IA wA/g', a
SAN PEDRO DEL MAURIQUE, san p/eDro d~l m~w-reef- village of Spain, province of Leon, district of Astorgo, on the
kA, a small town of Spain, province, and 18 miles N.E. of  Tuerto. Pop. 1710.
Sonia. Pop. 627.                                             SAN  i]OMANO, san ro-mtlno, a village and parish of
SAN PEDRO DEL ROMERAL, san  pA/oro  dl ro-mA-  Tuscany, on a plateau near the Arno, about 1 mile firom
rnll, a small town of Spain, province, and 26 miles S. of San- Stefano. Pop. 1170.
tander, in the Cantabrian Mountains. Pop. 2596.               SAN ROMANO DI GARFAGNA, san ro-mtno dee gaRSAN PEDRO IE RIBAS, san pA'dro dl reelbas, a town of  flnlya, a village of Austrian Italy, duchy of Modena, at the
Spain, in Catalonia, province, and about 24 miles from  foot of Mount Verrucole, near the right bank of the Serchio.
Barcelona. Pop. 2114.                                       Pop. 1487.
SAN PEDRO TINEO, san p1/Dro  te-nAo, a town of Spain,    SAN ROMAO, san ro-m6wNGI, a town and parish of Portuin Asturias, province, about 33 miles W. of Oviedo. Pop. 1252. gal, province of Beira Baixa, about 45 miles N.E. of Coimbra.
SAN PEDRO V SAN PABLO, RIO BE, reelo dl san pldro  Pop. 1503.
e s5n pd/BlO, (" River of St. Peter and St. paul,") enters the    SAN ROQUE, san rotkA, or SAINT ROQU, sent rfk, a
Caribbean Sea, 10 miles N.E. of the Tabasco.                city of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 56 miles S.E. of
SAN PELLEGRINO, s n pll-ll-greelno, a village of Lon- Cadiz, and 7 miles N.W. of Gibraltar. The public buildings
hardy, 8 miles N. of Bergamo. Pop. 1300.                    and institutions consist of a granary, a foundling hospital,
SAN PETE, a large county in the E. part of Utah Terri-  and asylum for the poorin one edifice; various schools, with
tory, has an area estimated at about 15,000 square miles. a church which has served as a chapel of ease, and in which
It is bounded on the E. by the Rocky Mountains, and is in-  the poet and soldier Cadalso, who was killed at the seige of
tersected by Green and Grand Rivers, by whose tributaries  Gibraltar, lies buried; a Franciscan monastery, now conit is chiefly drained. Capital undetermined. Pop. 265.     verted into a prison; and an oratory. San Roque was built
SAN PIER D'ARENA, san pe-AR da-r/na, a market-town  in 1704, by the Spaniards, after the loss of Gibraltar; they
of Sardinia, division, and 2 miles W. of Genoa. Pop. 7716. It used the remains of Cartela as a quarry. It is very healthy,
has iron foundries, sugar refineries, and an extensive trade. on which account, and the cheapness of living, it is much
SAN PIERO A SIEVE, san pe-A'ro I se-Wlvl, a market-town  resorted to by patients from Gibraltar.  Pop. 7619.
of Italy, in Tuscany, 14 miles N.E. of Florence. Pop. 2500.    SAN (or SAM) ROQUE. See SAINT RoqUE.
SAN PIERRE  D'ALBIGNY, s~n  pe-aiR/ d~l'been'yee,l    SAN ROQUE DE RIOMIERA, sdn rolka dl re-o-me-Alra, a
(anc. Ragus Albinensis?) a village of the Sardinian States, town of Spain, province, and 21 miles S. of Santander. Pop.
province of Savoy, near the Isire, 11 miles E.S.E. of Chain- 1200.
bWry. Pop. 3408.                                             SAN RUFFINO DI LEVI, san roof-fee/no dee l/vee, a vilSAN PIETRO, s~n pe-iltro, a village of Italy, in Lon- lage of the Sardinian States, division of Genoa, near the
hardy, government of Venice, 12 miles E.N.E. of Udine. Entella. Pop. 1698.
Pop. 2600.                                                   SAN SA/BA, a small river of Bexar co., Texas, flows into the
SAN PIETRO, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, province of  Colorado River, which is here the E. boundary of the county.
Pisa, on the coast opposite Elba. Pop. 2000.                 SAN SALVADOR, san sal-vA-d0a!, or SAINT SALVADOR,
SAN PIETRO, a village of Naples, province of Principato  a republic of Central America, bounded N. and N.E. by
Citra, 5 miles S. of Polla. Pop. 3500.                     Honduras; N.W:  by Guatemala, from which it is separated
SAN PIETRO, a small island in the Mediterranean, off the  by the Rio Paza; E. by Nicaragua; S.E. by the Bay of
S.W. coast of Sardinia. Pop. 2200.                         Conchagua or Fonseca; and S. by the Pacific Ocean. Ai-ea,
SAN PIETRO, sIn pe-A/tro, a small island in the Mediter- about 7500 square miles.  Its coast-line extends nearly
ranean, off the S.W. coast of Sardinia. Pop. 2200.         150 miles, is deeply indented, particularly in the S.E.,
SAN PIETRO, an island off the S.W. coast of Sardinia, 5  and furnishing several good harbors, of which the most
miles N.W. of Sant' Antioco. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 5  frequented are La Union, within the Bay of Conchagua;
miles. Pop. 3235.                                          the roadstead of Libertad, and Acajutla or Sonsonate. The
SAN PIETRO, s~n pe-Altro, a village of Sicily, province of  surface from the shore N. for about 15 miles, is modeSyracuse, 9 miles S.S.W. of Modica.                        rately low and level, but it shortly after becomes broken
SAN PIETRO, a town of Sicily, province, and about 13  and rugged, and is traversed by mountain masses in dismiles W. of Messina. Pop. 2600.                            tinct groups, giving it a wild appearance. This is increased
SAN PIETRO, a town of Sicily, province of Messina, in a  by no fewer than five volcanoes, which may be considered
ravine of the mountain above Patti. Pop. 2500.             the distinguishing features of the state. The most active
SAN PIETRO AD SEPHIM, s~n pe-l/tro rd se-feem!, a vil- is Yzalco, but the loftiest are San Vicente and San Salvador,
lage of Italy, province of Principato Citra, 3 miles N.W. of  each about 9000 feet high. The largest river is the Lempa,
Salerno. Pop. 2000.                                        which issuing from the Lake of Guija, flows S.E., forming
SAN PIETRO DI MONTEROSSO, s~n pe-Y/tro dee mon-tI-  part of the boundary between San Salvador and Honduras.
rostso, a village of the Sardinian States, division of Coni, on  The next in magnitude are the Paza and the Sirama or San
the Grana. Pop. 1849.                                       Miguel. Other smaller streams are numerous and importSAN PIETRO IN GALATINA, sIn pe-Iltro in gI-lI-teelno,  ant, as furnishing the means of irrigation. Besides Lake
a village of Italy, province of Otranto, 13 miles S. of Lecce. Guija alseady mentioned, which is about 15 miles long, by
Pop. 2300.                                                  5 miles broad, there is another called the Ylspango, 5 miles
SAN-POO, sln-poo  or san'po9, written  also DZANBO  E. of the town of San Salvador, 9 miles long, by 3 miles
and DZANVO, a large river of Thibet, rises near lat. broad. Numerous mineral and:thermalsprings occurin many
300 40' N., ion. 820 E., flows eastward, receiving numerous quarters. The variations of temperature are considerable;
affluents, and has been traced as far as Ion. 930 E., beyond  but on the whole, the country is considered very healthy.
which point it is believed to be continuous with the Dihong,   The soil possesses great fertility, and the whole state is
a chief arm of the Brahmapootra. See BRAHMAPOOTRA.          one of the best cultivated in Central America. The most
SANQUIHAR, sank/ker, a parliamentary and municipal important crop is indigo, which is generally grown, and is
burgh, inland town, and parish of Scotland, co., and 24  of an excellent quality. Maize, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotmiles N.N.W. of Dumfries, on the Nith. Pop. of the parlia- ton, &c. thrive well, but wheat does not succeed except in
mentary burgh, in 1851, 2381; of the town, 1884. It has a  a few places; and fruits, though by no means deficient, are
handsome parish church, town-hall, several schools, and a  neither so various nor so abundant as in the state of Guasubscription library; considerable manufactures of woollen  temala. Cattle of a fine race, and hogs and poultry are
and cotton fabrics, hosiery, and carpets, with muslin sew- numerous, but sheep are few and very indifferent.  The
ing and embroidery for the Glasgow manufactures. The  dairy produce is chiefly confined to cheese of very ordinary
burgh unites with  Dumfries, Annan, Lochmaben, and  quality, which forms one main article of subsistence; on
Kirkcudbright in sending 1 member to the House of Con- some estates, particularly near the coast, a rich and excelmons.  Coal-mines are wrought in the vicinity.  Iimme- lent cream-cheese is made. The part of the coast between
diately S.E. of the town, on a steep bank overlooking the  Acajutla and Libertad is famous for producing the article
Nith, is the picturesque Castle of Sanquhar, now the pro- known in commerce as the balsam of Peru, of which from
perty of the Duke of Buccleub.                             15,000 to 20,000 pounds' weight areannually obtained.
SAN QUIRICO, sIn kweelre-ko, a village of the Sardinian  Another tree of almost equal value with the balsam is the
States, division, and a little W. of Genoa. Pop. 2568.     cedar; large quantities are annually cut for timber. The
SAN QUIRICO IN VAL D'ORCIA, sin kwee're-ko in v~l mineral deposits, once supposed to form  the chief wealth
dos-che&I, a village of Tuscany, 6 miles from Pienza. P. 1664. of the state, appear to be very much exhausted. Gold and
SAN RAPFAEL, a post-town in the E. part of Marin co., silver are still extracted, but the returns are not underCalifornia, of which it is the capital, is situated on the San  stood to be very profitable. Iron of excellent quality, rePablo Bay, about 25 miles W. of Benicia.                   sembling the celebrated woots of India, used to furnish ore
SAN RAIMON, a post-office of Contra Costa co., California. to two or three smelting-furnaces in the neighborhood of
SAN REMO, son rImo, a maritime village of North Italy, Metapa, but is no longer worked.
1702




SAN                                                       SAN
For administrative purposes the state is divided into four   SANSELLAS, s~n-slll]s, a town of the island of Majorca,
districts, called from their chief towns-San Miguel, San  15 miles E.N.E. of Palma. Pop. 3213.
Vicente, San Salvador, and Santa Anna or Sonsonate. The    SAN SEVERING, san lo-r~nuzo s —v,-reetno, a town of
Republic of San Salvador is among the most advanced in  Italy, in the Pontifical States, 15 miles W.S.W. of Macerata,
civilization and culture, and its population more peaceable, on the Potenza. Pop. 3000. It is a bishop's see, and has 10
had long the reputation of being the most industrious in  convents.
Central America, and the state, in proportion to its size, is   SAN SEVERING, a village of Naples, province of Basilistill the most densely peopled. Pop. 280,000.             cata, 22 miles E.S.E. of Lagonegro.
SAN SALVADOR, san sAl-vA-dde, or SAINT SALVADORI,   SAN SEVERING, a village of Italy, province of Principato
a city of Central America, capital of the federal district of Citra, 8 miles N. of Salerno.
that confederation, before its dissolution, is situated on a    SAN SEVERO, sin s4-vAro, a town of Naples, province of
small stream which flows into the Pacific Ocean, 105 miles Capitanata, 17 miles N.W. of Foggia.  Pop. 17,000. It is
S.E. of Guatemala. Lat. 130 44' S., ion. 890 85 W. It stands  large, and has a cathedral, several parish churches, a diobetween wooded heights, in a well-watered vale, several cesan seminary, and a trade in cattle.
thousand feet above the Pacific, and about 3 miles S.E. of   SAN SIMEON, a port of California, in lat. 350 37' N.
the volcano of San Salvador. Seen from the town, this    SAN SOSI0, sAn solse-o, a market-town of Naples, provinte
fire-mountain forms a most beautiful cone with a gently- of Principato Citra, 4 miles N.N.W. of Trevico. Pop. 2000.
sloping summit, crowned to the highest peak with thick    SANS SOUCI, a palace of Prussia. See POTSDAM. -
forests. The crater is perfectly well preserved, more than    SAN STEFANO, the name of several towns of Italy and
half a league in circumference, and partially filled with  Sicily. See SANTO STEFANO.
water. It rises about 1000 feet above the table-land on    SAN-TA, a fortified city of China. See TSAINTA.
which it stands. The other hills, both those which belong    SANTA, a river of North Peru, has a N.W. course of 200
to the volcanic range S., and those of the semi-circle above  miles, and opposite its mouth are the islets of Santa.
mentioned, rise not more than 1500 feet above the level of    SANTA, sAnfta, or PARILLA, pA-reel/yA, a town of North
the plain.                                                Peru, department, and 65 miles S.E. of Trujillo, (Truxillo,)
The city of San Salvador is said to have been founded in  on the river Santa, near its mouth in the Pacific.
1523 by Spanish emigrants. It has, at different periods,   SANTA ANA DE TAMAULIPAS. See TAMPIco.
greatly suffered by earthquakes, especially in  the year    SANTA ANNA, dn'nA, a lake of Mexico, in Guatemala,
1659 and 1854, when it was nearly destroyed. The popula-  province of Tabasco, 154 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz.
tion, a short time before the recent catastrophe, amounted    SANTA ANNA, a county in the central part of New
to about 18,000 souls. The town was regularly built, con- Mexico, has an area estimated at above 2000 square miles.
tained several churches and convents, and was the seat of It is bounded on the E. by the Rio Grande, and is drained
a bishop. It was a depot for sugar and indigo, and had some  by the Puerco and other streams. The Sierra Madre range
manufactures of iron wares and cotton goods. The Federal of mountains traverses the W. part of the county. Capital,
District comprised a radius of 11 miles around the city, and  Jemez. Pop. 4645.
on the side of the Pacific, to the port of Libertad, 26 miles    SAN/TA AN/NA or SANTA ANA, san'ta afna, a small
distant.                                                  town of Los Angeles co., California, is situated on a small
SAN SALVADOR, a village of Ecuador, on an affluent of  stream of its own name, and on the main road from SacraNapo, 20 miles E. of Avila.                               mento City to San Diego, 28 miles in a straight line S.E. of
SAN SALVADOR, san sal-va-drt, GTANAHIANI, gwil-nA- Los Angeles.
hIunee, or CAT ISLAND, one of the Bahama Islands, in the    SAN/TA AN/NA,a post-office of De Witt co., Illinois, 70
Atlantic, 28 miles E. of Eleuthera. Lat. 240 N., and ion. 750  miles N.E. of Springfield.
30' W. Length, 46 miles; breadth, 5 miles. On its E. side    SANTA ANNA, an island of Brazil, province of Goyaz,
it is bordered by reefs. This was the first land discovered  formed by two branches of the river Araguay, 210 miles
in the New World by Columbus, who landed here October long, and 40 miles broad.
12, 1492.                                                   SANTA ANNA, a small island of Brazil, province, and 40
SAN SALVADOR, san sal-va-ddre, or BANZA, ban/za, a  miles E.N.E. of Maranhno. near the coast.
town of Africa, in South Guinea, capital of Congo, 160 miles    SANTA ANNA, sn/tat an/na, a town of Central America,
S.E. of Loango. Pop. 20,000.                              state, and 11 miles W. of San Salvador.  Estimated pop.
SAN SALVADOR, Brazil. See BAHIA.                        10,000. Its vicinity produces indigo and the best sugar in
SAN SALVADOR DE BAYAMO, san sal-va-d.e! di bha/- the country. Some iron-mines are wrought.
mo, a town of Cuba, 78 miles N.W. of Santiago, near the.  SANTA ANNA or ANA, at/na, a small town of South
Canto. Pop..estimated from 9000 to 14,000.                America, in Bolivia, department of Beni, on the Yacuma at
SAN SALVADOR PEQUENA, san sal-v&-dorJ pa-kA/na, an  the influx of the Rapula.
island on the W. side of tihe above.                        SANTA ANNA, a town of South Peru, 80 miles N.W. of
SAN  SALVADOR SOTOMAYOR, san sal-va-dei/ soto  Cuzco, in a picturesque valley, 50 miles in length.
mi-re!, a village of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 7 miles    SANTA ANNA, san/ta nnta, a market-town of Brazil,
S.S.E. of Pontevedra. Pop. 1780.                          province of Matto Grosso, 30 miles E.N.E. of Cuyaba. P. 4000.
SAN SALVATOR DE CANTAMUDA, san sal-va-toe! dfA    SANTA ANNA, or VILLA NOVA, veel/yA no/vA, a markan-t -moo/0D, a market-town of Spain, province of Palencia, ket-town of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, 20 miles
10 miles W.N.W. of Cervera.                               N.E. of Laguna. Pop. 2000.
SAN SALVATORE, s5n sal-va-to/ra, a town of the Sar-   SANTA ANNA, a market-town of Brazil, province of S3o
dininn States, 7 miles N.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 5929.   Pedro do Rio Grande, on the Sine, N. of Porto  Alegre.
SANSAN, sn'sanf, a town of Central Africa, in Houssa; Pop. 1400.
lat. 120 20' N., Ion. 120 E.                                SANTA ANNA DE CHAVES. san/ta an/na dA chl/vls, the
SANSANDING, sAn'san'ding!, a town of Central Africa, capital town of the Portuguese island of St. Thomas, in the
state of Bambarra, on the Joliba, 20 miles N.E. of Sego. It Gulf of Guinea, on a beautiful bay on the N.E. side of the
is stated to be a place of extensive trade, and to have from  island. It consists of about 500 wooden houses, with a
10,000 to 11,000 inhabitants. Here Mungo Park embarked  fort, and the residence of the Portuguese governor.
in his schooner to descend the river, in 1805.              SANTA ANNA RIVER, a small stream of Los Angeles
SANSANDING, a town of Central Africa, state of Wulli, co., in the S.S.E. part of California, falls into the Pacific.
on an affluent of the Senegal; let. 130 40' N., Ion. 130 15' E.   SANTA BARBARA, a strait of the Pacific Ocean, 15 miles
SANSARIA, san.sa/re-a, a market-town of Central Ame- across, between the mainland and the island of Santa Cruz,
rica, state, and E. of Guatemala.                         190 miles S.E. of Monterey.
SAN SASTE, a town of Naples, province of Calabria Citra,    SANTA BAR/BARA, a county in the S.W. part of CallS.W. of Castrovillari. Pop. 1830.                         fornia, has an area estimated at above 3000 square miles.
SAN SATURNINO DE NOYA, san sa-tooR-neelno dA notya, It is bounded on the W. and S. by the Pacific, on the E. and
a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 18 miles from  N.E. by the Coast Range, and partly on the N. by the Sauta
Barcelona. Pop. 1299.                                     Maria Creek, and is drained by the Santa Clara and San
SAN SEBASTIAN, san sA-bas-te-An/, the capital town of  Buenaventura, and other small streams, which flow into
the island of Gomera, in the Canaries, on its E. coast. Pop. the Pacific Ocean. The Coast Range in some parts attains
1594. It is well built, and has a harbor defended by several the height of 4000 feet. A large part of the county is suitforts.                                                    able for grazing, but the soil of about one-third is well
SAN SEBASTIAN DE LOS REYES, san sA-bas-te-an! dA  adapted to the cultivation of grain. Along the streams it
loce rzA/s, a town of South America, in Venezuela, province, is very fertile, with facilities for irrigation. Agriculture is
and 50 miles S.S.W. of Caracas.                           in a very rude state, and material for fencing scarce. The
SAN SEBASTIANO, san sA-bgs-te-ano, a village of the  waters of the coast abound in mackerel, blackfish, crawfish,
Sardinian States, 15 miles N.E. of Turin, on a height near sardines, clams, and other excellent species of fish. Large
the right bank of the Po. Pop. 1929.                      quantities are taken in April and May at the mouths of the
SAN SECONDO, san s&-kon/do, a market-town of North  river. A bed of oysters, about 150 yards in length and 9 in
Italy, in Piedmont, division of Turin, 2 miles S.S.W. of Pine- width, and of the finest quality, has been discovered near
role. Pop. 2050.                                         the town of Santa Barbara. Gold is found in the S. part of
SAN SECONDO. See PARMA.                                the county. There is a hot sulphur spring near thetown
SANSEGO, sin-sAlgo, an island of Illyria, in the Adriatic, of Santa Barbara, with a basin large enough to bathe in.
5 miles S.W. ofthe island of Lossini.                    Temperature, about 1000 Fahrenheit. Salt is abundantly
1703




SAN:                                                        SAN
supplied from the Salinas, where it is gathered in August    SANTA CLARA, a county in the WV. central part of Call.
and September by cartloads.  There are one or two tar  fornia, has an area estimated at above 1200 square miles,
springs in the neighborhood of Santa Barbara. Bitumen is It is bounded on. the N.E. by the Coast Range, and is
thrown up by the sea for leagues along the shore. The is- drained by the Guadalupe River and several other smaller
lands on the seacoast are a rendezvous of otters, seals, sea- streams flowing into San Francisco Bay, which extends a
elephants, and beavers. Capital, Santa Barbara. Pop. 2131. few miles into the county. Soil well adapted to cultivaSANTA BARBARA, a post-town and seaport, capital of  tion, and very fertile along the streams.  The county is
Santa Barbara co., California, is situated on the main road  partly intersected by the route of the proposed railroad
from San Jos6 to Los Angeles, 279 miles in a straight line  from San Francisco to San Jos6, the capital. Pop. 6664.
nearly S.E. of San Francisco; lat. 340 25' N. Its harbor is   SANTA  CLARA, a post-town of Santa Clara co., Caliopen to S. winds. The tillable land in the vicinity, though  fornia, is situated on a small stream flolving into the head
fertile, is hemmed within narrow  limits by the Coast of San Francisco Bay, and on the main road from San Jos6
Range. Settled in 1780. Pop. in 1854. about 1000.          to San Francisco, about 10 miles from the former town.
SANTA BARBARA, sAnultt baaRlb-r',  a town of Brazil,    SANTA CLA)RA RIVER, a small stream  of Santa Barprovince of Mines Geraes, 30 miles N.N.E. of Ouro Preto. barn co., California, riises among the mountains, and flowing
Pop. 4000.                                                  in a general WV. course, falls into the Pacific.
SANTA BARBARA, san'tf bachi/rA, a small town of Chili,   SANTA COLOMA, sAn't& ko-lofmA, a town of Spain, prodepartment, and 135 miles E.S.E. of Concepcion, on an is- vince of Barcelona, 9~ miles S.E. of Cervera.
land in the Biobio, near the Andes.                           SANTA COLOMA DE FARNES, sAn'tt ko-lolmA dA faRlSANTA BARBARA, a town of Venezula, department, and  nos, a town of Spain, 13 miles S.S.W. of Gerona. Pop. 3526.
on the S. bank of the Orinoco, opposite the influx of the    SANTA COLUMiBA DE RIANJO, sdritl ko-loom/bI dA reVentuari..nglro, a town of Spain, in Galicia, province, and about 50
SANTA BARBARA  ISLANDS. These islands, nine in  miles from Corunna. Pop. 1811.
number, consist of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz,   SANTA CROCE, a town of Austria. See HEILIGEN-KREUTZ.
Annacape, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, San Clemente, San    SANTA CROCE (sinltd krolchA) CAPE, a headland on the
Nicholas, and San Juan. They lie along the S. coast of  E. coast of Sicily, N. of Agosta; lat. 370 15' N., ion. 150 151' E.
California, and opposite to the shores of Santa Barbara, Los    SANTA CROCE, sn/tAt krolchl, a market-town of Sicily,
Angeles, and San Diego counties, extending in a direction  co., and 13 miles S.W. of Modica, near the Mediterranean.
fi. om N.W. to S.E., about 175 miles, and at a distance firom  SANTA CROCE, a market-town of Italy, in Tuscany, on
the land of from 20 to 65 miles. The Santa Barbara Islands  the Arno, 4 miles N.W. of San Miniato. Pop. 5100.
are but imperfectly known, and have never been accurately    SANTA CROCE, a town of Illyria, government of Triest,
surveyed. Several harbors have been examined by officers 14 miles E.S.E. of GOritz.
of the United States Coast Survey in the Pacific: the prin-    SANTA CROCE DI MAGLIANO, sdn/tt krotchl dee mIlcipal of these are Prisoner's Harbor. on the N. side of Santa  yA/no, a market-town of Naples, province of Molise, 8 miles
Cruz; Cuyl6r's Harbor, on the N.E. side of San Miguel; S.E. of Larino. Pop. 3410.
and Santa Catalina Harbor, on the W. side of the island of    SANTA CROCE DI MORCONE, sgnltt krolchA dee menthe same name. The four first-named islands are separated  ko/nl, a market-town of Naples, province of Molise, 12 miles
from the mainland by Santa Barbara Channel, a sound of  S.S.E. of Campobasso.  Pop. 3040.
from 20 to 30 miles wide.                                    SANTA CRUZ, slnftt crooss (or crooce,) a river of Pats~SANTA CATALINA, skntt kg-tf-leefni, an island of the  gonia, enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 500 S., Ion. 680 30' W.
Pacific Ocean, separated from California by the channel of  It has been explored inland for 200 miles, to near lon. 720 W.,
S tnta Barbasra.                                           and found to flow throughout very rapidly, between lava
SANTA CATALINA, an islet of the Caribbean Sea, 90  ranges, bounding barren and shingly plains.
miles E. of the Mosquito coast, and immediately N. of Old    SANTA CRUZ, a bay on the W. side of the island of
Providence Island.                                         Curagao.
SANTA CATALINA. a good harbor and an island on the    SANTA CRUZ, sEnltA kroos, or SAINT CROIX, sent kroi,
Mosquito coast, in Central America; lat. 130 23' 40" N, ion. the largest and southernmost of the Virgin Islands, in the
810 22' 10"1 W.                                            West Indies, forming, with St. Thomas and St. John, the
SANTA CATALINA, a harbor on the E. coast of New-  Danish governmentof the West Indies. Itlies 65 miles  SE.S.E.
foundland, immediately N. of the entrance of Trinity Bay.   of Porto Rico; let. (E. point) 170 451 30" N., Ion. 640 34' W.;
SANTA CATALINA, a Jesuit missionary station of the  and is about 20 miles long from E. to W., by about 5 miles
Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) department, and 15 leagues  broad. Area, 110 square miles. It is generally fiat, though
from Cordova.                                               a range of low heights follow the line of its N. shore, well
SANTA CATALINA. a cape of Central America, state, watered and fertile. Climate at times unhealthy, and temand 70 miles S.S.W  of Nicaragua.                           perature varyingo from 540 to 720. Earthquakes and hlurriSANTA CATERINA, sAnftA kg-tA-reelng.  a fortified town  canes are frequent. Two-fifths of the island are in sugarof Sicily, 7 miles N.N.W. of Caltanisetta, on a hill near the  cane plantations, and about one-half is occupied with general
W. bank of the Salso. Pop. 5800.                            crops, only a small portion remaining uncultivated.  Sugar
SANTA CATERINA, a market-town of Sicily, province  and rum are the principal products; the others are cotton,
of Caltanisetta, near the sea, 13 miles W.N.W. of Terranova. coffee, and indigo. Some cattle are reared. The capital and
SANTA CATERINA, a castle on the highest point of the  residence of the governoris Christianstadt; and in the island
Island of Favignana, off the W. coast of Sicily. See CATEzINA  is another small town, called Frederikstadt. Santa Cruz was
and SANTA CAeAcRINA.                                        discovered by Columbus, on his second voyage; and was,
SANTA CATERINA, s'n/tA kg-tA-reefna, a market-town  by turns, under the sway of the Dutch, British, Spaniards,
of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., 26 miles S. of. and French, who ceded it to Denmark. It was taken by the
Cantanzaro.                                                British in 1807, and restored to the Danes by the treaty of
SANTA CATERINA, the northernmost headland of the  Paris. The prevailing language is English. Pop. 25,600.
island of Corfu.                                              SANTA CRUZ, an island off the coast of California. sepa-.SANTA CATERINA, CANAL OF, in North Italy, con- rated from the mainland by Santa Barbara Channel. Cirnects, with other canals, the Adige and Bacchiglione Rivers  cumference, about 45 miles.
with the Brenta. Length, 8 miles.                             SANTA CRUZ, an island in the Gulf of California, 80
SANTA CATHIARLINA, a fortified island of Brazil, form- miles S.E. of Loreto.
ing the superb bay of the same name, off the coast of the    SANTA CRUZ, an island group of the Pacific Ocean. See
above province, between let. 270 and 280 S. Length from  QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS.
N. to S., 30 miles; breadth. 8 miles. Pop. 12,000. The sur-    SANTA CRUZ, an island off the N. coast of Cuba, 30
face is mountainous. well watered. and covered with forests, miles N.E. of Mantanzas.
and abounds with natural curiosities. On its W. coast is the    SANTA CRUZ, snntt crooce, a county in the W. part of
town of Desterro.                                          California, has an area of above 500 square miles. It is
SANTA CATHARINA, sinltd kA-t-reetnd, a small trian- bounded on the S.W. by the Pacific, and is separated from
gular-shaped maritime province of South Brazil, situated  Monterey county on the S. by the Rio Pajaro, flowing into
between lat. 260 and 300 S., ion. 490 and 510 W., having  that ocean. The surface is generally uneven or hilly, with a
B. the Atlantic, and on other sides the provinces of S3o  range, called the Santa Cruz Mountains, running on the
Paulo and Rio Grande  do Sul. Area. 25,002 square miles. N.E. border. The soil in the more levelportions is usually
Pop. 90,000. The coast is low; surface elsewhere moun- fertile, and well cultivated. Gold is found, although not in
taitous, traversed by the Serra Catharina on the W., and  great abundance.  The streams of this county afford yawell watered. From the fertility of the soil, and the uni- luable water-power. Capital, Santa Cruz. Pop. 1219.
form mildness of the atmosphere, it is called the "paradise    SANTA  CRUZ, a post-town, capital of Santa Cruz co.,
of Brazil."  The principal crops are rice, manioc, millet, California, is situated on the Pacific. 59 miles in a straight
sugar, coffee, and cochineal, with a little cotton. Principal line S.S.E. of San Francisco, in lat. 370 N. Its harbor is open
towns, Desterro, Sbo Francisco, and Laguna. The Assembly  to the S. winds, and its sandy bottom  offers a very poor
is composed of 20 members.                                anchorage. It is the trading point for the Pajaro and other
SANTA CHRISTINA, one of the Marquesas Islands. See  smaller valleys, not extensive, but fertile and productive.
TAHUATA.                                                  A road extends from this town to San Jos6.
SANTA CLKR1A, sentta klrA, an islet of Ecuador, in the    SANTA CRUZ, s~n/t& kroos, a town of Brazil, province
Gulf of Guayaquil, 13 miles S.E. of the island of Puna.   and 120 miles S.E. of Goyaz, on the Par. Pop. 3000.
1704




SAN                                                        SAN
SANTA CRUZ. a town on the W. coast of the island of    SANTA FE, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee
Luzon, in the Philippines, 110 miles N.N.W. of Manila.   SANTA FE, a post-office of Bracken co., Kentucky.
Pop. 5400.                          -SANTA FE. a ppst-office of Miami co., Indiana, about 60
SANTA CRtUZ, a town on one of the Azores. See GRACIOSA. miles N. of Indianapolis.
SANTA CRUZ DE LA PALMA, sAn/tA kroos dA l] p11-   SANTA FE, a post-office of Alexander co., Illinois.
mg, the capital of the island of Palma, one of the Canaries.    SANTA FE, a thriving village of Monroe co., Missouri,
It lies on the E. coast, in a spacious bay, from 7 to 10 fathoms on the South Fork of Salt River, 60 miles N. of Jefferson
in depth, and was declared a free port in 1852. It contains  City. It has fertile farms, and rich beds of coal in the
several monasteries, a town-house, an hospital, a chair of  vicinity.
Latinity, several schools, and 2 public fountains.  It is    SANTA F1, (Sp. pron. sen/tA fA,) a county in the N. cennoted for the manufacture of silk tissues, consisting of  tral part of New Mexico, has an area estimated at about
gloves, hosiery, ribbons, &c. Pop. 5641.                    2000 square miles. It is partly bounded on the W. by the
S ANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA, sinlit kroos dA 1I se-:RIeRA, Rio Grande, andis drained by several small affluents of that
the easternmost and largest department of Bolivia, extend- river..The surface in the S. part is mountainous. Capital,
ing between lat. 15~ and 21' S., and lon. 580 and 650 W., Santa F6. Pop. 7713.
having E. Brazil. The surface is mostly level or undula-    SANTA Ff6, the capital and largest town of New Mexico,
ting, chiefly watered by the Mamore and its tributaries,and  is situated on the Rio Chicito, or Santa F6 River, an affluent
covered with unexplored forests. The products comprise  of the Rio Grande, from which it is distant about 20 miles
sugar, coffee, cocoa, rice, cotton, honey, and indigo, and it in a direct line. Lat. 350 41' N., Ion. about 1060 10' W. It
is supposed to be rich in minerals; but civilized settlements  is the great emporium of the overland trade which, since
are scantily sprinkled over its surface. The principaltowns  1822, has been carried on with the state of Missouri. Each
are San Lorenzo de la Frontea, Santa Cruz, Santiago, San  of the houses, which are principally built of dark-colored
Juan Bautista, and Concepcion. The town of Santa Cruz  adobes, or unb-urnt brick, usually forms a square, with a
is a decayed place near the capital, San Lorenzo.           court within, upon which nearly all the apartments open
SANTA CRUZ DE LOS ROSALES, senltA kroos da loce  from the street. There is generally but one entrance, which
ro-s~lis, a town of North Mexico, 68 miles from Chihuahua. is wide and high enough to admit animals with their packs.
It was bombarded and captured by a detachment of Ame- Much of the ground in and around Santa F6 is extremely
ricans under General Price, March 16,1848. The Americans' sandy; and in dry weather, when the wind is high, this is
loss was 4 killed and 19 wounded; that of the Mexicans, 236  a source of great annoyance. The place is well supplied
killed, and the loss of all their artillery.                with cool water from springs within its limits, and also from
SANTA CRUZ BEL QUICHE, s nltt krooz d~l keelchA, fountains above the city near the mountain side. Numea nuined city of Central America, state of Guatemala, E.N.E. rous acequias, (A-sA/ke-As,) or small canals, are led through
of Quezaltenango;   Near it is a village of the same name.   the streets, and afterwards serve to irrigate the gardens and
SANTA CRUZ DE MAYO. See GuTIvIs.                          fields below the town for several miles. On the whole, the
SANTA CRUZ (sin/tA kroos) DE TENERIFFE, dl tln'e- appearance of Santa F6 is very uninviting, and the popuriff, the capital city, and chief commercial port of the Canary  lation is exceedingly depraved. It stands on a plateau,
Islands, on the N.E. coast of the island of Teneriffe. Lat. 280  which is elevated about 7000 feet above the sea, and a short
28' 12" N., Ion. 160 14' 48" W. The houses are whitewashed or  distance S.W. of the base of a snow-capped mountain, which
painted, and present a gay appearance. The streets are well rises 5000 feet above the level of the town. One or two
paved, and provided with footpaths and lamps; and the prin- newspapers are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 4846.
cipal square is surrounded with good edifices, and adorned    SANITA Ff6, slnuti fA, a city of the Argentine Republic,
with a colossal statuary group, representing the apparition  (La Plata,) capital of a province of its own name, on the E.
of the Virgin of Candelaria to the Guanches, the original in- bank of the Salado, 5 miles N.W. of Parand. Pop. 4000. It
habitants. At its extremity, facing the sea, is the principal has several churches, 2 convents, and trade with the interior.
fort, that of San Christobal. The chief public buildings are    SANTA Ft,, a province of the Argentine Republic, (La
the custom-house, the military hospital, and the old Francis- Plata,) South America, between lat. 300 and 33F S., Ion. 610
can convent, in which almost all the public bodies hold their and 620 W., on the W. side of the river Paran&, which sepameetings. There are a prison. a poor's-house, 2 public, and  rates it from the province of Entre Rios.  Principal rivers,
2 private primary schools, a drawing school, and 1 for navi-  the Salado, and the Tercero or Carcarafial.  The chief towns
gation; several fountains, 2 parish churches, one of them a  are Santa F6, the capital, Rosario, and Fort St. Espiritu.
magnificent edifie, and 3 hermitages. The harbor is very    SANTA F]R, an island in the above province of the Arsecure, with a capacity for 10 or 12 vessels of war: it has a  gentine Republic, between the Paran& and Salado, 50 miles.magnificent mole, of modern construction, which juts out in length, by 6 in average breadth, and having the town
far into the sea. The coast is commanded by 4 forts and  Santa F6 at its N., and Fort St. Espiritu at its S. extremity.
various redoubts. Wine, brandy, almonds, and cochineal    SANTA FE DE ANTIOQUIA. See ANTIOqUIA.
are the only articles exported; and the imports consist of    SANTA FE DE BOGOTA. See BosOTA.
English, French, Spanish, and Genoese manufactures. On    SANT' AGATA, s nt NgA-t, a small town of Italy, in
an average of the two years, 1844 and 1845, the number of. Tuscany, 2 miles N.N.W. of Scarperia.
the vessels entering and leaving this port were as follows:-    SANT' AGATA or SANTHIA, sAntte-a, a small town of
Entered, 242, (tons, 17,273;) cleared, 223, (tons, 13,961.) Italy, in Piedmont, province of Vercelli.' Pop. 4170.
The chief industry of the place consists i, -onstructing    SANT' AGATA, a town of Naples, province of Terra di
fishing-boats, and loading and unloading vtswl1s.  Pop. Lavoro, district of Gaeta, with remains of a magnificent
8070.                                                       amphitheatre, and ruins of ancient Minturno. Pop. 6800.
SANTA DE JESUS, slnttA dl ulsoos, a market-towr of    SANT' AGATA DEI GOTI, slnt l/gA-tl dale gottee, (anc.
Venezuela, department of Apure, on the Meta, 46 miles W, Agathapolis,) a town of Naples, 15 miles E. of Capua.
of its junction with the Orinoco.                             SANT' AGATA NUOVO, slut AlgA-t& noo-olvo, a town of
SAN TADEO, sin t -dAo, a river of Patagonia, enters the  Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 4 miles S.E. of Reggio.
Gulf of St. Esteven, in the Pacific Ocean, and though navi- Pop. 2170.
gable fbr only 11 miles, is the largest stream S. of the Chiloe    SANTA GIULIETTA, sfnlta joo-le-lt'tA, a market-town
Archipelago.                                               of the Sardinian States, in Piedmont. division of Alessandria,
SANTA  DOMENICA, senltt  do-mine-leA, a town of  9 miles E.NE. of YVohera.  Pop. 2070.
Naples, province of Calabria Citra, 3 miles E. of Scalea.    SANTAGNY, sAn-tig-nee (?) a Spanish town, island of MaPop. 2586.                                                 jorca, 29 miles S.E. of Palma. It consists of about 1100
SANTA ELENA, (ISLAND.) See SAINT IHeLENA.                houses.  Near its centre stands an old fortress, which served
SANTA ELLA, stl-tA  yl'y, a village of Spain, in Anda- as a protection against the frequlent attacks of the Algerine
lusia, province. and 20 miles S.S.W. of Cordovit. Pop. 1948. pirates. Pop. 5214.
SANTA  EUFEMIA, (It. pron. sdn/t  A-oA-fltme-l.) or    SANTA HELENA, s~ntA A-lA/nI, a town of Brazil, pro.
simply EUFEMIA, a town of Naples. province of Calabria  vince of Maranh-o, 0 miles W.S.W. of Guimarcens.
Ultra II., near the Gulf of St. Eufemia, 5 miles W. of Nicas-   SANTA  INEZ, slnttl e-nlse, ("St. Agnes,") a river of'
tro. Pop. 1100. It suffered severely in the great earth- Santa Barbara co., California, rises among the mountains
quake of 1638.                                             of the Coast Range, and flowing in a general W. course, falls
SANTA EULALIA, snttl A-oo-lItle-a, a town of IviAa,  into the Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles N. of Cape Concepcion.
one of the Balearic Islands. Pop. 3220.                      SANTA INEZ, a town of Santa Barbara co., California, is
SANTA EULALIA DE PROVENSANA. See IHosPIALET.  situated on the main road from  San Jose to Los Angeles,
SANTA Ff, sAnft& fA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, and on a river of its own name, 265 miles in a straight line
province, and 7 miles W. of Granada. Santa F6 was built  S.E. by S. of San Francisco.
y Ferdinand and Isabella while besieging Granada, and the    SANTA ISABEL, sent, e-sg-bll, a town of Brazil, prodeed of capitulation was signed here. It was also from this  vince of Matto Grosso, on the Paraguaqu.  It is the capital
place that Columbus set out on his first voyage of discovery, of its district, and consists of about 3000 scattered mud and
In 1806 it was much shattered by an earthquake. Pop. 4172. straw huts.
SANTA FE, a small river in the N. part of Florida, forms    SANTA ISABEL, snultd ee-z-bzl, a town of Brazil, prothe boundary between Alachua and Columbia counties, and  vince, and 120 miles N.E. of Sgo Paulo.
enters the Suwanee River.                                    SANTA JUANA, sln/ta nod-oAni, an island of Chili, deSANTA FE, a post-office ofColumbia co., Florida.        partment, and 38 miles E.S.E. of Concepcion, in the rivei
SANTA FE, a post-office of Poinsett co., Arkansas.       Biobio. A fort on it was destroyed by the Araucanians in 1601
1705




SAN                                                       SAN
SANTA LAGOA, slnltg l.golg, a village of Brazil, pro-    SANTA MARIA DE BELEM, Brazil. See-PARA.
vince of Minas Geraes, on a lake of the same name, 16 miles    SANTA MARIA DE Ffl, sanftt mA-ree l dl fi, a town of
N.E. of Sabara. It owes its existence to the number of pa-  Paraguay, 45milesE. ofNeembucu. Herethenaturalist, Ben.
tients attracted to it by the medicinal properties of the water  pland, was long detained a prisoner by the Dictator Francia.
of the lakes.                                               SANTA MARIA DE LOS LLANOS, sluntt mi-ree/A dl loco
SANT' ALBANO, snt Il-bhJno, a village of the Sardinian  Tl/noce, a town of Majorca, province, and 18 miles E.S.E. (o
States, in Savoy, 2 miles from  Chamb6ry, on the Aisse.  Ciudad Real.
Also the name of a village 7 miles W. of Vercelli.          SANTA MARIA DEL PARAMO, stntI mI-ree/I dQl p1
SANTA LU/CAIt, a post-office of Gilmer co.. Georgia.    rI-mo, a village of Spain, province, and 20 miles S. of Leon.
SANTA LUCE, sn/tu. loo/chA, a village of Tuscany, divi- Pop. 1404.
sion of Pisa, about 9 miles from Lari. Pop. 2016.           SANTA MARIA BE MARIN; s~nltI mi-reelA d'l mi-reenl,
SANTA LUCIA, sanftI loo-cheefI, a town of Sicily, pro-  a market-town of Spain, province, and 9 miles N. of Vigo.
vince, and 15 miles W.S.W. of Messina. Pop. 4500.         It has a good harbor on the Bay of Vigo, and an active pilSANTA LUCIA, snltit loo-cheeb, a market-town of Sicily, chard fishery.
7 miles S.S.E. of Milazzo. Pop. 4500.                        SANTA MARIA DE NIEVA, s~n/t  mIree/I di ne-Aivr, a
SANTA LUCIA, sgn/tt loo-see/l, a town of the Argentine  town of Spain, province, and 15 miles N.W. of Segovia.
Republic, (La Plata,) 106 miles from Corrientes, on the left  Pop. 1700.
bank of the Parania.                                         SANTA MARIA DE ROSAL, slnltA mA-ree'I dl ro-salf, a
SANTA LUCIA, sAn/tI loo-see/I, a river of Uruguay, joins  town of Majorca, province of Pontevedra, 18 miles S.W. of
the Plata estuaiy, 7 miles N.W. of Monte Video, after a S. Burgos. Pop. 5188.
course of 100 miles.                                         SANTA MARIA DI CAPUA, sun/tI m -reefI dee kI/poo-I, a
SANTA LUCIA, a bay on the E. coast of Borneo; lat. 40  town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 5 miles W.N.W.
20' N., ion. 1170 E.                                      of Caserta. It has a criminal and a civil court, several RoSANTA LUCIA IN MELAZZO, sInltd loo-cheela in mi- man antiquities, including the remains of a large amphiIgt/so, a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra, 5  theatre, a subterranean gallery, and a triumphal arch across
miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 3000.                       the road to Capua. Pop. 8360.
SANTA LUSSURGUI, s n/tI loos-soon/gwee, a village in    SANTA MARIA BI LEUCA, s/nftl mI-ree/Idee lAoo-kg, a
the island of Sardinia, province, and 8 miles W.S.W. of  town of Naples, province of Otranto, 26 miles S.E. of GalliCagliari, in a large mountain hollow, apparently the crater  poll. It is the see of a bishop. Pop. 5000.
of an extinct volcano. Pop. 4469.                           SANTA MARIA DI NISCEMI, sAnult mI-reea, dee noSANTA LUZIA or LUCIA, sdn/tI leo-see/i, one of the  sl/mee, a village of Sicily, 28 miles S.E. of Caltanisetta.
Cape Verd Islands, N.W. of St. Nicolas, and S.E. of St. An- Pop. 1100.
tonia. It is about 8 miles long by 3 miles broad.           SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE, sIn/tt  mg-ree/I mbd-jo/rI,
SANTA LUZIA or LUCIA, sAn/tI loo-zeelA, a town of Bra- a market-town of the Sardinian States, division of Novara,
zil, province, and 120 miles E. by S. of Goyaz. The inha- 7 miles E. ofDome d'Ossola. Pop. 1212.
bitants have some gold washings. Pop. ofdistrict, 3000.     SANTA MARIANA GINZO DE LIMIA.  sn/tI mI-ree-atSANTA LUZIA, a town of Brazil, province of Alagoas,  nI gneen/tho di leeame-I, atown of Spain, in Galicia, proformerly called ALAooA Do NORTE, on a lake about 110 miles  vince, and 18 miles S.E. of Orense, on a small stream of the
S.S.W;  of Recife. Pop. 1500.                             same name. Pop. 1065.
SANTA LUZIA, a village of Brazil, province of Minas    SANTA MARIA NORENA, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
Geraes, on the Guaicuhi or Velhas, 60 miles N.N.W. of Ouro province, and about 7 from  Oviedo, near the Noreiia, an
Preto. Pop. of district, 6000.                            affluent of the Nora. Pop. 1695.
SANTA LUZIA, an ancient town of Brazil, province of    SANTA MIARTA, sa n/tI martI, (" Saint Martha,") a marSergipe, sometimes called SANTA LUZIA DO RIO REAL, ket-town of Spain, province, and 19 miles S.S&E. of Badajos.
sIn/tI loo-seeA do reelo r-l/-, on a height above the small   SANTA MARTA, a market-town of Spain, province of
river Guararema, a tributary of the Real, 26 miles S.S.W. of  Lugo, at the head of the Bay of Santa Marta, 6 miles S. of
Sbo Christovbo. Pop. of district, 1600.                   Cape Ortegal.
SANTA MADONNA DEGLI  ANGELI, s n/tI mI-don/nA    SANTA MARTA or MARTHA, s n/tI mA/Rlt, a seaport
dillyee n/jI-le, or SANTA MARIA DEG-LI ANGELI, slut- town of South America, in New Granda, department of MagtA mI-reeaf dfllyee itn/j-le, a village of the Papal States, dale- dalena, on the E. shore of a bay of the Caribbean Sea, 40
gation, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Perugia. It has a celebrated  miles N.E. of the mouth of the river Magdalena. Pop. 8000.
church, which gives it its name.                          It has some good residences, a conspicuous cathedral, and a
SANTA MAGDALE/NA, a bay on the N.E. coast of Malta, tolerable harbor, defended by a castle and several batteries.
4 miles N.W. of Valetta.                                    SANTA MARTA DE TERA, sn/tIt  ma/Rlt  dl tI/sI, a
SANT-AMAND, slat Imlnt or SAINT-AMAND, slnt market-town of Spain, in Leon, 11 miles W.N.W. of BenaA/m8Ne1, a commune of Belgium, 15 miles S.S.W. of Antwerp,  vente.
on the Scheldt. Pop. 3000.                                  SANTA MARTHA, san/tI m&Ritl, a town of Portugal,
SANTA MARGARITA, s/n/tI man-gA-raee/t, a town of  province of Tras-os-Montes, 7 miles S.S.W. of Villa Ileal.
Sicily, 42 miles N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 7000.             Pop. 2000.
SANTA MARGARITA, a village of Italy. See MARGAnITA.   SANTA MARTHA, a village of Portugal, province of
SANTA  MARGARITA, sAn/tI maa-g&-reeltl, an island  Minho, 11 miles N. of Viana. Pop. 1000.
off the W. coast of Lower California. Lat. 240 30' N., ion    SANTA MARTHA DE BOURO, s'nlt/  maR/tI dl b50ro, a
1110 30' W. It is separated from the mainland by the Ray  town of Portugal, province of Minho, 12 miles from Brags.
of Madeline. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 45 miles; greatest Pop. 1011.
breadth, 15 miles.                                           SANTA MARTHA DE PENAGUIAO. stn/tlmantt dl p-A.
SANTA MARIA, sn/tI. mni-ree/I, (St. Mary,) the southern- Ing-ghe-wn/, a town of Portugalprovince of Tras os Montes,
most extremity of Portugal, province of Algarve, 7 miles 9 miles W.N.W. of Lamego. Pop. 2000.
S.E. ofFaro. Lat. of thelight-house, 360 56' N., lon. 7047 W.   SANTA  MAURA, sIntIt  mbw/c, or LEUCA/DIA, (anc.
SANTA MARIA, a village of Corsica, 9 miles E. of Ajaccio. Leucas; Gr. Acveag, or Leucadia, Aewcacia; modern Greek
SANTA MARIA, a village of the island of Ustica, in the  pron. lf-kI-THree/I;) one of the Ionian Islands, under the
Mediterranean, near which are the ruins of anancient town. protection of Great Britain, separated by a channel 1 mile
SANTA MARIA, s~n/tI mI-ree/I, an island of Portugal, across, from the W. coast of Acarnania, with which it is said
in the Atlantic, the most southern of the Azores, in lat. 370  to have been connected. Length, 22 miles; extreme breadth,
N., Ion. 290 W. Greatest length, about 13 miles; breadth, 9 miles. Estimated area, 180 square miles. Pop. 18,000t
9 miles.                                                   Number of pupils attending school in 1852, 621. A chain
SANTA MARIIA, a small stream in the S.W. part of Call- of limestone mountains intersects it from N. to S., covering
fornin, tforms part of the boundary between San Luis Obispo  the surface with its spurs, and terminating S.W. in the
and Santa Barbara counties, and falls into the Pacific about promontory of Cape Ducato, (ance. Leucadia, from the Greek
40 miles N. of Cape Concepcion.                            XCEsos, leukos, "white,") famous as "Sappho's Leap," and
SANTA MARIA, snltI. mI-reetI, a small island off the from the white cliffs of which the island derived its name.
coast of Chili, department, and 30 miles SW. ofConcepcion,  Mount St. Elias, in the centre. is 3000 feet in height. The
in the Bay of Arauco. Its surface was raised from 8 to 10  climate is variable, the temperature often rising or falling
feet by the earthquake of February, 1835. Lat. 370 2' 8" S., 20 degrees in a day; the low grounds are unhealthy. In
lon. 730 34' 15" W.                                       the N. is a rich plain, and elsewhere are many fertile valSANTA MARIA, sgnltI mI-ree/I, a town of the island of leys, but scarcely one-eighth of the soil is under cultivation,
Majorca, 7 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 1918.                and not enough of corn is raised for home consumption.
SANTA MARIA A MONTE, sAnltI mI-reeaIt  mon/tA, or The principal crops are wheat, maize, oil, and wine. Many
MARIA IN MONTE, mI-ree/A in mon/tA, a walled town of  of the population live by fishing, the manufacture of salt,
Tuscany, near Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 3652.           and annual emigrations to the mainland as laborers in barSANTA MARIA A VICO, sdn/tI mI-ree/I I vee/ko, a vil- vest-time. The principal towns are Amaxichi, the capital,
iage of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, district of Nola. and Viiko, both on the E. coast. The castle of Santa Maura,
Pop. 4800.                                               whence the modern name of the island, is at its N. extreSANTA MARIA D'ANGLONA, sgn/tI mI-reefS dn-glo/na, mity, and usually the head-quarters of a British regiment.
a town of Naples, province of Basilicata, on the Agri, 5  Between it and Amaxichi is a lagoon, whence much salt is
miles E. of Tursi.                                       obtained.
1706




SAN                                                      SAN
SA NT' AMBROGTO, sAnt Am-brofjo, a village of Northern    SANT' ANGELO FASANELLA, sAnt An/ji-lo fA-sj-nAltl,
Italy, delegation of Verona, with thermal baths.          a town of Naples, province of Principata Citra, 11 miles
SANT' AMBROGIO, a village of North Italy, in Piedmont, W.N.W. of Diane. Pop. 2500.
province of Susa.                                           SANTANILLA, sin-td-neel/yA, or SWAN ISLANDS, two
SANTANIDER, (Sp. pron. sAn-tAn-dairs: anc. Porltus Blens- islands of the Caribbean Sea, at the entrance of the Bay of
dium?) a city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name, Honduras, 150 miles N. of the Mosquito coast, in lat. 170 251
207 miles N. of Madrid. Lat. 430 28' N., ion. 30 41' W. It is N., ion. 83~ 50' W.
situated on the S. tongue of a headland, protected on the N.   SANT' ANTIMO, sAnt An-tee/mo, a town of Naples, 7 miles
by a hill. It has a large and secure bay in the Bay of Biscay, N. of the city of Naples.
with good anchorage and shelter, but which requires con-   SANT ANTONIE, sint an-tdnflyh, a village of the Netherstant efforts to prevent the accumulation of deposits brought lands, province of North Brabant, 25 miles E.S.E. of Bois-ledown by three streams which discharge into it. The mole is Duc.
a handsome construction 750 yards long, with unfinished    SANTA PIETRA, san'tf pe-AttrA, a town of Tuscany. prodocks, embracing a circumference of 850 yards. Scarcely a  vince of Florence, near the Mediterranean, 15 miles N.W. of
trace of the ancient walls of Santander is to be seen, and the  Lucca. Pop. 3000.
city now extends far beyond its circuit. In the more ancient   SANTA POLA, sAn'ta pola, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
quarter the streets are narrow and straight, and the houses province, and 12 miles S.W. of Alicante, on the Mediterralofty; while in the modern portion the streets are spacious nean. Pop. 2215.
as well as straight, and the houses of moderate elevation, but   SANT' ARCANGELO, san aR-kAnljA-lo, a town of Naples,
good architecture. There are 10 squares, large and small; province of Basilicata, 10 miles W. of Tunis, having 2
a town-house and prison, theatre, shambles, baths, 2 public churches, a monastery, and 3800 inhabitants.
markets, 3 promenades, and an elm-planted road surround-   SANT' ARCANGELO, a village of the Papal States, 7 miles
inc the entire city. There is also a handsome hospital for W. by N. of Rimini. was the birthplace of Clement XIV.
the sick, an asylum for the indigent, a foundling hospital,   SANTAREM, spn'-t4-rlsN, (anc. Scauabis, or Psrcesidium
a custom-house, an educational establishment, called the  Ju.ism.) a river-port and townof Portugal, in Estremadura,
Provincial Cantabrian Institute, with professors of mathe- on the Tagus, 50 miles N.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 8000. It
matics,  Latin, experimental physics and chemistry, and  stands on a hill, and is divided into three parts or barrios —
many other branches.                                      the Maravilla at the summit, the Ribera on the E. slope,
Santander is a busy, thriving, and, at the same time, a  and the Alfange close to the river. It has 2 Latin schools,
cheap and well-provided place; the fish, both of sea and  with several palaces, now almost in ruins, but testifying its
fresh water, are plentiful and excellent. A line of steam  former grandeur when the court was held here, in the
vessels plies between Malaga and Havre, which touch here, fifteenth century.
as well as at San Sebastian, Corunna, and Cadiz. It has a    SANTAREM, san-ta-raNGf, a town of Brazil, province of
segar manufactory in the suppressed nunnery of Santa  Para, on the right bank of the Tapajos, at its confluence
Cruz, in which 1060 persons are employed, and about 300,000  with the Amazon, 60 miles S.W. of Montalegre. Pop. 10,000.
pounds of segars are made yearly; a foundry, brewery, The principal edifices are a fort and the parish church. Its
cooperages, fish-curing establishments, and tanneries, be- chief trade is in cocoa and medicinal plants.
sides manufactories of refined sugar, sugar-candy, wax and    SANTAREM CHANNEL, West Indies, between the Great
tallow candles, vermicelli, hats, &c.  In 1847, 934 vessels Bahama and Salt Key Banks, in lat. 240 N., lon. 790 W., is 40
entered the port, (tonnage, 52,636;) and 747 (tonnage 65,914) miles across.
cleared.  The imports consist chiefly of sugar, brandy,   SANTA RITA, san/ta reecta, a village of Cameron co.,
cocoa, hides, coffee, dye-woods, dried cod, wrought iron, tin- Texas, on the Rio Grande, about 10 miles WV. by N. of
plates, oil, rice, bar iron, figs, raisins, &c.; and the exports, Brownsville, and 300 miles in a direct line S. of Austin. It
of flour, rice, hides, wheat, maize, nails, gypsum, pulse, communicates by steamboats with Brownsville, and has
kidney beans, brandy, &c. Santander has prospered at the  some trade. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
expense of Bilbao, for during the civil wars the merchants    SANTA  RITA, sanftA reeltt, a market-town of Brazil,
removed their establishments to this less-disturbed dis- province of Minas Geraes, S.E. of Sio Joio del Rei. Pop.
trict. Here, as in Bilbao, porters' work is done by women. 5800.
The bay and port were much esteemed in the early periods    SAN/TA ROISA, a county in the W. part of Florida, borderof Spanish history. It afterwards decayed into a mere fish- ing on Alabama and on the Gulf of Mexico, contains about
ing town, but rose when made a puerto habilitado, or port 1480 square miles. It is intersected by the Yellowwater
entitled to trade with South America; and it still supplies  and Blackwater Rivers, and bounded on the W. by the
Cuba with corn from the Castiles, bringing back colonial Escambia. Pensacola Bay washes its S.W. border. The surproduce. Here Charles V. landed, July 16, 1522, to take  face is nearly level, and the soil unproductive. Indian corn
possession of Spain; and from the same quay Charles I. of and sweet potatoes are cultivated. Capital, Milton. Pop.
England embarked to quit Spain, after his romantic visit to  2883, of whom 2099 were free, and 784 slaves.
Madrid. Santander was sacked by Soult in 1808. Pop.   SANTA ROSA, a post-office of Sonoma co., California.
16,222.                                                     SANTA ROSA, san'ta rolsa, a town of South America, in
SANTANDER, a province of Spain, having N. the Bay of New Granada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and
Biscay. Pop. 190,000. On the coast are the harbors of San- 40 miles E. of Antioquia, across the Andes. It has rich
taunder and Santona, which, with Santillana and Reynosa, gold-mines.
are its chief towns.                                        SANTA ROSA, a town of Mexico, department, and 32
SANTANDER, a river of the Mexican Confederation, de- miles N. of Cohahuila. Pop. 4000. (1) There are silver-mines
partment of Tamaulipas, enters the Gulf of Mexico 110  in its vicinity.
miles N. of Tampico. On it are the towns of Nuevo San-   SANTA ROSA, a town of Chili, 40 miles N.N.E. of Santander, and Soto la Marina, near which latter it receives a  tiago.
large affluent from the N. It is of considerable size, but its    SANTA ROSA, an island off the coast of Upper California,
navigation is much impeded at its mouth.                  35 miles S.W. of Santa Barbara.
SANTANDER, NEW. See NuEvo SAnrANDER.                      SANTA ROSA, a town of Chili, province of Aconcagua, 18
SANT' ANDREA, sant an-dri/a, a town of Naples, 3 miles miles E.S.E. of San Felipe. Pop. 6000.
S.E. of Conza.                                              SANTA SI]L, san/tA sA, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia,
SANT' ANDREA, a village of Naples, province of Calabria  on the right bank of the S~o Francisco; ]at. 100 30' S.
Ultra, S.S.E. of Squillace.                                 SANTA  SEVERINA, san'ta sA-vA-ree/nA, a  town  of
SANT' ANDREA, a small island in the Adriatic, near the  Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I.. 13 miles W.N.W. of
N.W. point of the island of Lissa.                        Cotrone, with a castle, a cathedral, and 1200 inhabitants.
SANT' ANGELO, sant An/jA-lo, a town of Italy, 10 miles    SANTA SOFIA, sAnta so-fee/a, a town of Naples, province
N.E. of Padua. Pop. 1800.                                 of Calabria Citrs, 20 miles W. of Rossano. Pop. 1180.
SANT' ANGELO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo    SANTA TECLA, san'ta tlkIld, a village and fort of UrnUltra, 7 miles N.W. of Pescara.                           guay, on the Brazilian frontier, 128 miles W.N.W. of Sio
SANT' ANGELO, a town of Sicily, 12 miles N. of Girgenti. Pedro do Rio Grande.
Pop. 1300.                                                  SANTA TERESA, san/tA tA-rA'sa. a fort of Uruguay, on
SANT' ANGELO, a village of the Pontifical States, 26 miles the Atlantic, near the Brazilian frontier, and 95 miles N.E.
S.S.W. of Rieti, near the Tiber, on. the site of the ancient of Mlaldonado.
Corniculum.                                                 SANTA TRINITA, san't tre-ne-ta', a village and fort of
SANT' ANGELO, a town of European Turkey, W. of Le- Dalmatia, 2 miles S.W. of Cattaro.
panto.                                                      SANTA TRINITA DE CAVA, san/ta tre-ne-t/ dA k/vA,
SANT' ANGELO CAPOLA, sant anfjA-lo kapo-la, a town  an abbey of Naples, province of Principato Citra, 3 miles
of the Pontifical States, 3 miles S.S.E. of Benevento.    N.W. of Salerno. It was founded in the ninth century, and
SANT' ANGELO, CASTLE OF. See ROm..                      is extremely rich in works of art.
SANT' ANGELO DEI LOMBARDI, sant an/ja-o  dae loi-   SANTA VICTORIA, san'ta vik-tofre-A, a village of the Sarbarsdee, a city of Naples, 20 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. dininn States, division of Coni, province of Alba, with an
6100.                                                     ancient castle. Pop. 1085.
SANT' ANGELO DELLE FRATTE, sant an/ja-lo  dFl/l    SANT-BERGEN, sant b6R/ghgn, a village of Belgium, profr't/t&. a town of Naples, province of Principato Citra, 19  vince of East Flanders, on the Dender, 21 miles S.S.E. of
miles S.S.E. of Campagna.                                 Ghent. Pop. 1333.
1707




SAN                                                        SAN
SANTEE, sanuteel, a river of South Carolina, formed by  S.S.E. of Setubal. Pop. 2000. It has ruined fortifications
the Congaree and Wateree, which unite at the S.E. extre- and other remains.
mity of Richland district, near the middle of the state.    SANTIAGO DE CALATRAVA, san-te-3'go di ki-li-tr~tvl
Flowing in a general S.E. course, it falls into the Atlantic  or SANTIAGUILLO, shn-te-a-gheelfyo, a town of Spain, in
by two mouths, near 330 6' N. lat. The length of the main  Andalusia, province, and 18 miles from Jaen. Pop. 1104.
stream  is estimated at 150 miles. Steamboats ascend to    SANTIAGO DE CARBAJO, sin-te-Algo di kar.-b.tzHO, a viiColumbia on the Congaree, and to Camden on the Wateree. lage of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and about 50 miles
In the lower part of its course it flows through a sandy re- W.N.W. of Caceres, near the Tagus. Pop. 2191.
gion, which is occupied by forests of pitch-pine, and swamps    SANTIAGO DE CHILI, san-te-AIgo de chilllee, (Sp. Sanwhere rice is produced.                                     tiago de Chile, sinte-3go  di cheellA, the capital city of the
SANTEE, a post-village of Covington co., Mississippi.    republic of Chili, is situated in a large and fertile plain, at
SANTERNO, sitn-ter/no, (anc.Vatrelnus,) a river of Central the foot of the Andes, at an elevation of about 1800 feet
Italy, in Tuscany and the Pontifical States, joins the Po-di-  above the level of the sea, 90 miles E.S.E. of Valparaiso.
Primaro, 12 miles N.W. of Ravenna. Total course, 55 miles. Lat. 330 351 S., lon. 70' 43' 38"1 W. The Mapocho, a rapid
SANTERRE, s8aNG't~i, an old subdivision of France, now  stream issuing from the Andes, divides it into two unequal
forming the E. part of the department of Somme.             parts, connected together by a substantial stone bridge,
SANT' EUFEMIA, sint Aoo-fA/me-A, several places in  the principal part being on the N. or right bank of the
Naples, particularly a village in the province of Calabria  river. Few cities can boast of a finer situation, more deUltra I., on a small stream 17 miles N.W. of Reggio.  See lightful climate, or grander scenery. It is seated at the
SANTA EUFrzMIA.                                             very base of the mighty Andes, which stretch N. and S.
SANTHIA, sin/te-A, a town of North Italy, in Piedmont, to the utmost bounds of vision, rising in sublime grandeur
province, and 12 miles N.W. of Vercelli, on the canal extend- before the spectator like a great wall forming the confines
ing thence t6 Ivrea. Pop. 4174. Here Charlemagne received  of a world, its mantle of dazzling white exhibiting a magpresents from Haroon-er-Rasheed, (Ilaroun-al-Raschid,) and  nificent contrast with the deep shades below. The country
Amurath, an African Moorish chief. Under the French  immediately around is well cultivated, and is chiefly made
Empire it was capital of the department of Sesia.           up of small properties, or farms belonging to the wealthy,
SANTIAGO, sAn-te-A(go, a river of South America, in Ecua- with tasteful villas on them, where they generally spend
dor, after an E. bourse of 180 miles joins the Amazon at the summer months; not a few of these are fitted up in a
Santiago,,a little W. of San Borja.                         style of comfort and elegance seldom exceeded in similar
SANTIAGO, a river of South America, in Ecuador, pro- residences in Europe. Santiago, like all Spanish cities in
vince of Imbabura, enters Saldinas Bay 50 miles N.E. of  the New World, is laid out in squares, with streets interEsmeraldas, after a N.W. course of 75 miles.               secting each other at right angles. Owing to the prevalence
SANTIAGO, a small river of Central America. state of  of earthquakes, the houses are seldom more than one story
San Salvador, enters the Pacific Ocean 20 miles W. of Son- high, and generally occupy a large space of ground, having
Sonate.                                                    gardens and patios or courts in the interior, intended to af
SANTIAGO, s~n-te-Ago, a village of Mexico, state of Vera  ford a refuge to the family on the occurrence of these dreadCruz, near Jalapa.                                         ful convulsions. The houses are plentifully supplied with
SANTIAGO, sdn-te-&lgo, a village of the Mexican Con- water from the Mapocho. A better style of architecture has
f~deration, in Lower California, on the Gulf of California, 40  been introduced of late years, and many stately mansions
niles N.E. of Cape St. Lucas.                              are now to be seen fitted up With splendor and elegance.
SANTIAGO, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state  The approaches to the city, particularly on the Valparaiso
of Jalisco, near the Rio Grande de Santiago, 58 miles S.E.  side, are exceedingly unpromising; the houses are mostly
of Acaponeta.                                              low, dirty, and mean-looking; and in the interior the streets
SANTIAGO, sin-te-Ago, a town of Ecuador. department  are not generally clean, well paved, or well drained.
of Asuay, on the Amazon, at the influx of the river San-    Santiago possesses very fine public walks. The Alameda,
tiago.                                                     planted by the late General O'Higgins, is truly a magnifiSANTIAGO, a town of Bolivia, department of Santa Cruz, cent promenade of more than 1 mile in extent, consisting
near the Brazil frontier, 190 miles S.E. of Chiquitos.     of three double rows of stately poplars, with a stream of runSANTIAGO, a town of Paraguay, near the Parani, 60  ning water between each, imparting at all times a delicious
miles W.N.W. of Itapu&.                                     coolness to the air; and at its termination is a fine marble
SANTIAGO, s'n-te-Algo, or RIBEIRA  GRANDE, re-Bile- fountain lately brought from Italy. The Tajamar, on the
rA grinldl, Cape Verd Islands, a town with a small harbor, banks of the Mapocho, is nearly 3 miles long, and consists
7 miles W. of Porto Praya.                                 of an embankment of solid masonry, erected last century by
SANTIAGO, a town on the S. coast of the island of Tene- one of the Spanish governors, for the purpose of protecting
rifle, with houses built of wood and mud. Pop. 1067.       the city filom the inroads of the river, which, previous to
SANTIAGO, sin-te-fgo, SAINT JAIGO or SAINT JAMES, this time, had occasionally swept away portions of it by over(Port. Samtiago, s6wNsG-te Ago,) the largest and southernmost flowing its banks; this is a very favorite walk in the winter
of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the  months. The view towards the Andes is here wholly unW. extremity of Africa.  Lat. 150 N., ion. 230 40' W. obstructed; it embraces the grandest display of mountain
Length, 35 miles; breadth, 12 miles; Pop. 10,000. The sur-  scenery perhaps to be found in the world, and towards evenface is elevated, and Mount St. Antonio, in its centre, rises  lug, when the declining sun illumines with a flood of golden
to 7400 feet in height. More corn is raised than is required  light these mighty bulwarks of nature, the spectacle is
for home consumption; the other principal products are  magnificent beyond all description. The hill of Santa Lucia,
coffee, sugar, indigo, cotton, tropical fruits, and poultry. in the centre of Santiago, commands a complete view of the
Cotton stuffs, manufactured in the island, mules, salt, and  city and environs, and of the whole plain of MaypfA,  It conorchil are among the chief exports.  Chief town, Porto  tains a fort, above which has recently been erected an obPraya, on the S. coast.                                    servatory, where several scientific gentlemen from the UniSANTIAGO, san-te-Ago, a department of Chili, between  ted States have for some years been prosecuting a series of
lat. 330 and 340 S., and lon. 700 and 720 W., having N. the  astronomical observations. The Plaza, or Great Square, is
province ofAconcagua, and S. Colchagua. Area, 8480 square  a large open area, adorned with a fine fountain; on the N.
miles. Principal river, the Maypft. Within that portion  side is the old palace, an irregular, heavy looking pile, forof the Andes that runs through this province, is to be found  merly the residence of the presidents, now used as barracks,
the stupendous peak of Tupungato, rising to the height of  public prison, and treasury; the S. side is ornamented with
15,000 feet, besides other mountains of nearly the same ele- lofty piazzas, where, and in the neighboring arcade, called
vation. Within its limits, also, are the mineral waters of  Bulnes' Arcade, are to be found most of the fashionable
Colina and Apoquindo, strongly impregnated with sulphur, shops in the city. This is the favorite resort of the fair
and much resorted to by invalids. Here were fought two  Santiaguinas, particularly after mass in the morning, when
battles against the Spaniards, celebrated in the annals of  they are seen in their church-dress, so striking to a stranger,
Chili: that of Chacabuco, in 1817, under General San Mar- and at the same time so appropriate and elegant. On the
tin, who obtained a complete victory; and that of Maypft, W. side stands the cathedral, a capacious but not particuon April 5, 1818, under the same general, which proved still larly fine edifice, built of a coarse kiind of porphyry; succesmore fatal to the Spanish arms, and finally sealed the iude- sive shocks of earthquakes have seriously injured its walls
pendence of the country.  Principal cities, Santiago and  and arches. The Moneda, or Mint, is unquestionably the
Rancagua. Pop. in 1847, 207,434.                           handsomest building in the city; it is of a quadrangular
SANTIAGO ATITLAN, sIn-te-atgo A-teet-lanl, a town of form, and being much higher than any other in Santiago,
Central America, state, and 90 miles W. of Guatemala, be- presents a stately and commanding appearance; it was built
tveen two volcanoes, from 8000 to 10,000 feet in elevation.   at an immense cost in the Spanish times. Here is. an exSANTIAGO, CAPE, a headland on the W. coast of Luzon, tensive coining establishment, from which has issued all
in the Philippines.                                        the coined money now existing in the country; a part of
SANTIAGO DE ALANJE, sin-te-/godi.-linglgn,  atown  this large building has of late years been fitted up as a new
of New Granada, department of Istmo, 90 miles WV. of palace for the president, and into offices for the ministers,
Veragua.                                                   who now transact business here.
SANTIAGO DE CACEM, sAn-te-Ago di k&g-s8self, (anc.   Santiago is an archbishop's see, the seat of the supreme goMis-obriga,) a town of Portugal, province of Estremadura. at vernment, of the courts of law, and of the legislature. It
the foot of a castle-crowned height, near the coast, 34 miles has also numerous churches and monastic establishments
1708




SAN                                                        SAN
two large and well-endowed hospitals, that of " San Juan de  immediately after Havana and Matanzas. It has railwa3
Dios" for males, and that of "San Francisco de Borjas" for  communication with El Cobre, and telegraph wires are be
females. The inhabitants are naturally affable and courte- ing extended to the principal towns on the island. Steamers
onus;', and remarkably kind and hospitable to strangers, whom  ply regularly between Santiago de Cubaand Batabano, touch.
they readily admit into their circles. The children of the  ing at Cienfuegos, Trinidad, Santa Cruz, and Manzanillo,
wealthy are all taught foreign languages, particularly French  reaching Batabano in 5 days. Pop. in 1853, 24,253; of the
and English. All classes are remarkably fond of music, and  jurisdiction, 85,242, of whom 34,000 were slaves.
many have acquired a degree of proficiency in it rarely ex-   SANTIAGO DE LA ESPADA, sgn-te-ilgo dA' 14 is-p'I3. a
ceeded in older and more advanced countries. There are in  town of Spain, province, and 73 miles N.E. of Jaen, in the
the city 8 printing establishments, 1 daily, and 1 weekly  most elevated portion of the Sierra de Segura. Pop. 4353.
paper, besides other periodical publications. The Univer-    SANTIAGO DE LAS ATALAYAS, sin-te-Algo d lls 9i-tisity of Santiago, formerly San Felipe, obtained its first char- lills, a town of New Granada, department of Boyaca, 70
ter from the king of Spain in 1738; it was reorganized a  miles E.N.E. of Bogota.
few years ago, and constituted into five faculties, namely,    SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS, sin-te-itgo dA les v/gis, a
philosophy, mathematics and physical sciences, medicine, town of Cuba, 15 miles S. of Havana. Pop. 5600.
law, and theology. The Institute Nacional (National In-    SANTIAGO DE LA VEJA, Jamaica. See SPAISiH TOWt.
etitute) is the oldest and best-conducted college in Chili; in    SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, sin-te-Algo dl ss-tro, a town
it are educated the children of the wealthy families destined  of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) capital of a province
for the learned professions. There are besides numerous  of its own name, on the Rio Dulce, about let. 280 S., ion.
private schools, where are taught the usual branches of edu- 640 W. Pop. about 4000. It was founded in 1562.
cation. The Military Academy is a government institution    SANTIAGO  DEL ESTERO, the central province of the
for the education of young men intended for the army and  Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) between lat. 2710 and 300 S.,
navy; it is conducted on the French system, and has done  and Ion. 610 30' and 650 40' W. Pop. 48,000. It comprises
much to improve the personnel of both services.'T'he Nor- two cultivated tracts along the rivers Salado and Dulce,
mal School is of modern erection, and is intended for the  which produce good crops of wheat and maize, with some
training of those destined for public tuition in the govern-  cochineal, honey, wax, sugar, and indigo. Principal towns,
ment schools; it is under the superintendence of the minis- Santiago and Matara.
ter of finance. The National Museum is not extensive, but    SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, sinte-go  di loce
contains a good collection of minerals, and many interesting  kI-Bnl-yAroce, a town of Hayti, in its N. part, on the Yaqui
specimens of the animal and vegetable kingdoms, particu- River, 103 miles E. of Cape Haytien. Pop. 12,000.
larly of such as are peculiar to Chili. There is a medical   SANTIAGO DE VERAGUA. See VERaAGUA.
board (Protomedicato) for the special object of examining    SANTI BACHULLY, sanltee bi-chfilflee, a considerable
candidates for the medical profession. The national library  walled village of South India, Mysore dominions, 4 miles
consists of upwards of 21,000 volumes, among which are  N.W. of Seringapatam.
numerous ancient and rare manuscripts.                        SANTIBAREZ EL BAJO, s~n-te-bin-yith! i1 bi~no, a viiSantiago was founded on February 12, 1541, by Pedro de  lage of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and about 20 miles
Valdivia, one of the early Spanish conquerors, who, struck  from Caceres. Pop. 1260.
by the beauty of the spot, and the uncommon fertility of the    SANTILrLA or SATILfLA, a small river of Georgia, rises
soil, resolved to fix here the metropolis of his recent con- in Irwin county, and flows into the Atlantic through St.
quest. By a judicious course of conduct he contrived gra- Andrew's Sound, after a winding course, of which the genedually to overcome the hostility of the natives, and, in  ral direction is E.S.E.  The Little Santilla unites with the
course of time, converted them  into faithful and devoted  above in Wayne county.
auxiliaries, through whose active assistance he achieved the    SANTILLANA, skn-teel-yitni, a town of Spain, province,
subjugation of the S. part of Chili. Santiago soon emerged  and 15 miles W.S.W. of Santander. Pop. 1112.
from its insignificance, and early became a populous and    SANTIPONCE, sen-te-pintthA, (ane. Itallica,) a town of
opulent city. But the jealous policy of Spain, and the op- Spain, in Andalusia, province, and N.W. of Seville, near
pressive restrictions which she imposed on her colonies, the right bank of the Guadalquivir. Pop. 963.
naturally checked the progress of this, as of every other place    SANTIPOOR, sin-te-poort, a town of British India, presisubject to her dominion; and it was only when Chili threw  dency of Bengal, on the E. bank of the Ioogly river, 47
off the yoke of the mother-country, that it sprang into real miles N. of Calcutta.
and active life. From that time it has steadily and rapidly    SANTISTEBAN DEL PUERTO, sin-tees-ti-Bint dil pwinladvanced in civilization, population, and wealth; and it is  to, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 32 miles from Jaen.
now fully entitled to be ranked among the most important  Pop. 2903.
and flourishing cities in South America. Pop. in 1847, 80,000.   SANT JACOBI PAROCIHIE, sent yi-ko'bee pi-rofaee, a
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA, sin-te-Ygo dA kom-pos-  large, thriving village of the Netherlands, province of FriestlI, (" Saint James of Compostelfla,") or simply COMPOS-  land, 9 miles N.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 2416.
TELA, (anc. Cam.pus Stellce?) a city of Spain, formerly    SANTO  AGOSTINHO, sintto  l-gos-teentyo, or SAINT
capital of Galicia, 33 miles S.S.W. of Corunna, on the Sar. AUGUSTIN, sint Fw'goos-teent, a cape of Brazil, province,
Pop. 28,970. It is built around its celebrated cathedral. and 25 miles S. of Pernambuco. Lat. 80 21' S., Ion. 340 56' W.
It has numerous arcades, fountains, and scallop-shells. This was the first-discovered land in South America, seen
The cathedral, with a modern fi-ont, noble cloisters, and  by Pinzon, A. D. 1500.
a portion of the original edifice of the ninth centhry,   SANTO AMARA, sintto i-mi/ri, a town of Brazil, province
has a very striking interior, and each of its sides faces  of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, on the Jacuhi. Pop. 2600.
a public square, in one of which squares is the dioce-   SANTO AMARO, a river of Brazil, enters the sea 200 S. Lat.
san seminary, and a large hospital, founded by Ferdinand    SANTO AMARO, san-to A-mifro, a town of Brazil, proand Isabella in 1504, for the numerous pilgrims who used  vince, and 45 miles N.W. of Bahia. on the Sergipe do Conde,
to resort to the city, the area of the square serving for  with a port, and an active export trade. It is also the name
a bull-ring. Santiago has numerous other hospitals and  of small towns in the provinces of Bahia and Rio Grande
convents, 2 collegiate and 15 parish churches, a univer-  do Sul.
sity, into which all its colleges have been incorporated,    SANTO ANTONIO, a village of Brazil. See NEaCESSIDAenS.
some manufactures ofhosiery, cotton, hats, and leather;    SANTO ANTONIO, sdnt in-tolne-o, the northernmost and
but its chief resources are in its ecclesiastical establish- one of the largest of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lat. (N.
ments, and the resort to it of numerous devotees, the roads  point) 170 12' N., Ion. 250 5, 7" W. It is of great height, its
around it being so bad as scarcely to admit of commercial loftiest summit attaining an elevation of 7400 feet above the
traffic. It is the see of an archbishop, and the metropolis  surface of the sea.
of the knightly order of St. James of Compostella. Santiago    SANTO ANTONIO DA BARRA, Bahia. See BARRA.
declined after the Reformation, which diminished the num-    SANTO ANTONIO D'AMARANTHO, sintto in-tolne-o diher of pilgrims, offerings, and legacies; and the removal of  mi-rinttho, a market-town of Brazil, province of Matto
the captain-general and the audiencia to Corunna has com- Grosso, near the river, and below the town of Cuyaba.
pleted the impoverishment, by taking away the military, Pop. 1400.
the legal profession, and clients.                            SANTO ANTONIO DA PATRULI[A, sin/to in-toaneoo dA
SANTIAGO DE CUBA, sin-te-i/go di koob4, a maritime. pi-troollyi, a town of Brazil, province of Sio Pedro do Ilio
city, and formerly the capital of Cuba, now the second in  Grande, E.N.E. of Porto Alegre. Pop. 3103.
rank and population in the island, and capital of its East    SANTO ANTONIO DE SA, sinfto in-tolne-o di si, or MAdivision, on the river Santiago, 6 miles from its mouth on  CACU, mi-kikoof, a town of Brazil, province, and 30 miles
the S. coast. Let. 190 55' 9" N., Ion. 750 50' W. It is well N.E. of Rio de Janeiro, on the Macacu. Pop. 7000.
built, with wide streets, and houses chiefly of stone; but,   SANTO ANTONIO DOS GUARULHOS, sinlto in-tofne-o
being hemmed inby mountains, it is unhealthy. The prin- doce gwi-roollyoce, a market-town of Brazil, province of Rio
cipal buildings are the cathedral, several other churches, a  de Janeiro, on the Parahiba, opposite Campos. Pop. 6000.
college an htospital, and numerous convents and schools. It   SANTO DOMINGO.  See SAN DOMINGO.'
is an archbishop's see. and the residence of a governor, who,   SANT-OEDENRODE, sint 6*den-rofdeh, a village of the
in civil and political authority, is independent of the cap- Netherlands, province of North Brabant, on the Dommel
tain-general of Cuba. Its port, 4 miles in length, is well 11 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 900.
sheltered, defended by several forts, and deep enough for    SANTOMERA, sin-to-mi/ri, a village of Spain, province
ships of the line. In commercial importance, Santiago ranks  and 8 miles N.E. of 3lurcia. Pop. 3078.
1709




SAN                                                          SAO
SANTOMYSL(?) shn-to-miself, a town of Prussian Poland, Barcelona, on the Llobregat, with a parish churco, courtB
18 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1425.                       house, and school. Pop. 173.2.
SANITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             SAN VICENTE, san ve-. nlti, (" St. Vincent,") a town os
SANTONA, sAn-tinfyl, a fortified town of Spain, province, Spain, province, and 33 miles N. of Badajos. Pop. 6888..
and 16 miles E. of Santander, on a peninsular headland in    SAN VICENTE, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, pro.
the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 934. It has an arsenal, barracks, vince, and 33 miles N. of Badajos. Pop. 6750.
and military magazines, anchor forges, and a port adapted    SAN VICENTE, a town of Central America, capital of the
for ships of the line. It was occupied by the French in 1809, state of San Salvador, 25 miles E.S.E. of San Salvador. Pop.
and again in 1823.                                         8000. Around it are indigo and tobacco plantations, and
SANTORINI, sgn-to-reetnee, SANTORIN, sgn-to-reepl, near it the volcano of San Vicente. The VOLCANO, an enorTHERA, thllrg, or CALLISTE, k'fl-leesltA, an island of the  mous isolated mass of irregular shape, with numerous ptoGrecian Archipelago, government of There, 13 miles S. of the  jecting eminences, separated by deep chasms, is supposed to
island of Nio. It is half-moon shaped. Length, 10 miles; be about 800 feet in height.
greatest breadth, 8 miles. Area, 41 square miles. Pop. 13,063.   SAN VICENTE DE LA BARQUERA, sn ve-shnltt dA 11
The surface is arid, but by great industry it is rendered very  ban-kira, a seaport of Spain, in Old Castile, province, and
productive in barley, cotton, wine, and figs; wine is the  28 miles S. of Santander. It is walled, has a castle with
staple produce. Its principal mountain is a limestone mass, dungeons said to have been used as a prison by the kings
1887 feet in height. The soil is mostly of volcanic origin, of Navarre. The harbor is secure, and can admit vessels of
and volcanic phenomena are very common in this island.    considerable burden. Pop. 1023.
SANTOS, sinftos, a maritime town of Brazil, province,   SAN VICENTE DE LLAVANERAS, sAn ve-thbnftA d
and 34 miles S.S.E. of Sao Paulo, of which it is the port, on  i-vl-nllres, a town of Spain, near the former. Pop. 811.
the N. side of the island of Engua Guaqu. Lat. 230 55' S.,   SAN VICENTE DEL RASPEIG. s n ve-thhnftA d~l r'ls-piIon. 460 19' W. Pop. 8000. Its harbor admits large vessels, eegt, a town of Spain, province, and 4 miles from Alicante.
and it has an active export trade, chiefly in sugrar. It is Pop. 4657.
one of the oldest European establishments in Brazil.         SAN VITAGLIANO, san vit-tail-yno, a village of Naples,
SANTOS, Los, loce s~nltos, a town of New Granada, de- province of Terra li Lavoro, W. of Nola. Pop. 1554.
partment of Istmo, on the W. coast of the Gulf of Parita,    SAN VITO, san veelto, a market-town of Italy, 20 miles
S.S.E. of Parita.                                         S.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 5000.
SANTOS DE MAIMONA, Los, loce sAn-tos dl mi-mornA,   SAN VITO, a market-town of Naples, province of Abruzzo
a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 40 miles Citra, on a hill near the Adriatic, 5 miles S.S.E. of Ortona.
S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4150.                                 SAN VITO, a market-town of Italy, province of Calabria
SANTOS LUGARES, slnftoce loo-gires, a village of the  Ultra I., 7 miles S.W. of Squillace.
Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) province, and 14 miles W. of    SAN VITO, a town of Naples. province of Calabria Ultra
Buenos Ayres. It 1852, the Dictator Rosas was here finally  II., 15 miles S.S.W. of Catanzaro.
defeated by Urquiza.                                        SAN VITO. a town of Sicily, province, and 17 miles N.E. of
SANTO STEFANO, sdn~to stl-f no, or SAN STAFANO, Srapani, near the cape of its own name. It has an anchorage
san stl'fa-no, (" St. Stephen,") a town of Naples, province of for small vessels, and a fishery.
Principato Ultra, 14 miles W. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi.     SAN VITO BEGLI SCHIAVI, sin reecto, d~llye ske-itvee,
SANTO STEFANO or SAN STEFANO, a town of Italy, in  a market-town of Italy, province of Otranto, 15 miles W. of
the Pontifical States, 9 miles S.W. of Frosinone.         Brindisi. It was founded by a Slavonian colony, (whence its
SANTO STEFANO, a town of Sicily, on the Mediterranean, name.)
3h miles N.W. of Mistretta. Pop. 2500.                       SAN VITTORE, san vit-to/r,, a town of Naples, province
SANTO STEFANO, s ntto stlfa-no, or SAN STEFANO, of Terra di Lavoro, district of Sora. Pop. 950.
san st/fa-no, a town of Austrian Albania, on the Adriatic,    SAN XAVIER  ISLAND.  See SAINT XAVIER.
6 miles S.E. of Budua.                                      SAN XAVIER or JAVIER, san zavfe-er, (Sp. pron. sin
SANTO STEFANO, an islet off the N. coast of Sardinia.   h9-ve-aiR,) a river of California, tributary to the Colorado.
SANTO STEFANO, s~n/to stlrf-no, or SAN STEFANO,   SAN XAVIER or JAVIER, s~n nI-ve-aieJ, a hamlet of the
son stl/f-no, a town of the Sardinian States, division, and  Argentine Republic, (La Plta,) department, and 90 miles
43 miles N.N.W. of Nice. Pop. 2338.                       N.N.E. of Santa F6.
SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO, a village of Sicily, province,   SAN XAVIER or JAVIER, a village of Bolivia, province.
and N.N.W. of Girgenti.                                   and 130 miles N.E.E. of Santa Crue, on an affluent of the
SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO, a town of Sicily, province, Mamore.
and 7 miles. S.SW. of Messina, near the Straits of Messina.    SAN XAVIER or JAVIER DEL BAC, sAn ha-ve-ain dSl
Pop. 3000.                                                blk, a village of the Mexican Confederation, state of Sonora,
SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO AL MARE, san'to (or son) 150 miles N.N.W. of Arispe.
stIfI-no A1 maral, a village of the Sardinian States, division    SANYASSICOTTA, sln-ybs-se-kot't, a town of British
of Nice, 6 miles E.N.E. of San Remo, on the Gulf of Genoa. India, province of Bengal, 80 miles N.W. of Rungpoor, near
Pop. 918.                                                 the frontier of Sikkim.
SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO BELBO, sln/to (or san) stI/-   SANZA, s~nalz, a town of Naples, province of Principato
fl-no b~llbo, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 13 miles E.S.E. Citra, 13 miles N. of Policastro. Pop. 2600.
of Alba. Pop. 2656.                                          SAN ZENONE, san zA-no'ni, a market-town of North
SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO DAVETO, sun/to (or son) sti- Italy, in Lombardy, 12 miles ES.E. of Pavia, on the Olona,
fl-no dI-v/to, a town of the Sardinian States, division, and  here crossed by a stone bridge.
20 miles N.E. of Genoa. It is the seat of a court of justice,   SAO BENTO, slwNs bin/to, a market-town of Brazil, proand has three squares, a fine public walk, a handsome  vince of Alagoas, district of Porto Calvo. Pop. 3000.
church adorned with paintings, and the ruins of an old    SAO BERNARDO, SOWNa bl-nas/do, a city of Brazil, procastle. Pop. 6377.                                        vince of Ceara, on the Russas, 70 miles S.S.E. of Clara. Pop.
SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO DI MAGRA, sdnfto (or son) 6000.
stI/fI-no dee mI/gr, a village of the Sardinian States, divi-   S0O CIIRISTOVAO, SlwNG krees-to-vywNcst, or SERGIPE,
sion of Genoa, province, and 16 miles E. of Levante, on the  sl-zheefpA, a city of Brazil, capital of the province of Sergipe,
left bank of the Magra. Pop. 1945.                        on the Paromapama, 20 miles from its mouth in the Atlantic;
SANTO (or SAN) STEFANO ROERO, sln'to (or san) stI- it is the residence of the civil and military authorities, and
fl-no ro-I/ro, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 7 miles N.W. has a governor's palace, an hospital, and two schools. P. 2000.
of Alba. Pop. 2060.                                          SAO FELIZ  (or FELIS,) sOWNC fA-lees/, a town of Brazil,
SANTVLIET, slnt-vle-At/, a village of Belgium, province, province, and 280 miles N.N.E. of Goyaz, on a small aurifeand 10 miles N.N.W. of Antwerp, on the Scheldt. P. 1874.  rous river of the same name, a tributary ot the Maranhbo.
SANTYAM  CITY, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on  On a hill about 9 miles S. of the town are some remarkable
Santyam River, about 5 miles above its junction with the  caverns, and at a considerable distance S.S.E. are the thermal
Willamette.                                                springs of Caldas de Frei Reinoldo, in which the water is
SANITYAM  RIVER, rises in the E. part of Linn co., Ore- almost boiling hot.
gon, and flowing westerly, falls into the Willamette River,   SAO FRANCISCO, s8wsN fr~n-sees/ko, or SAINT FRANabout 20 miles above Salem.                               CIS/CO, often called SAN FRANCISCO, a large and importSAN VALENTINO, a town of Naples, province of Princi- ant river of Brazil, rises in the province of Minas Geraes.
pato Citra, N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 2066.                   Let. 200 S., lon. 450 W., flows N., N.E., and E., separating
SAN VALENTINO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo  the provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco, and enters the
Citra, 13 miles S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 2460.                Atlantic by two mouths, in lat. 100 24' S., Ion. 360 20' W.
SAN VEROMILIS, sIn vA-ro-meeflis, a village of the Length, 1250 miles. Its navigation is impeded by the falls
island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, 7 miles N. of Oris- of Paulo Affonzo, a series of magnificent cataracts, 160 miles
tano. Pop. 1859.                                         from its mouth, but above this it is navigable to the influx
SAN-VERON, sIn veh-r-a/,G a market-town of France, de- of the Rio das Velhas, 900 miles.
partment, and 5 miles S. of Sens. Pop. 1182,                SAO FRANCISCO, a small river of Brazil, in the province
SANVIC, s6aaNveek/, a village of France, department of of Santa Catharina, which enters the Atlantic opposite the
Seine-Infnrieure, arrondissement of Havre. P. in 1852, 3944. island of Sgo Francisco. Length, 100 miles.
SAN VICENS BELS HARTS, sin ve-slns d~ls heats. a    SAO FRANCISCO, an island of Brazil, in the Atlantic,'village of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and' miles fi-om  separated r.om the province of Santa Catharina by a nar
1710




SAO                                                       SAO
row channel. Length, 20 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Its  Cahi, 30 miles N. of Porto Alegre. It was founded in 1824,
capital of the same name is iA lat. 260 12' S., ion. 480 43' W.  by a colony of Germans, under the patronage of the Empress
S.0 FRANCISCO, Sw6N  frin-seestko, a town of Brazil, Leopoldina, wife of Don Pedro I., to whom it owes its name;
province, and 45 miles N.W. of Bahia, at the N.W. extremity  and was making great progress, when its prosperity was
of the bay, at the month of the Serigi. Pop. including  arrested by the revolution of 1835, and the troubles of
slaves, 2000.                                             1840-41. It has again begun to prosper, and sends garden
SAG GONQAL0, s~wNG gln-siflo, a town of Brazil, pro- stuffs, milk, butter, and cheese to Porto Alegre. Pop. of the
vince of Rio-Grande do Norte, on the Potengi or Grande, 12  district, 4000.
miles W. of Natal.                                          SAO LOUREN9O-DO-BAIRRO, s.wN l3-renfso do blrneo,
SAO GONQALO, swNG gon-s~Ilo, a market-town of Brazil, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 18 miles E.S.E. of
province, ana 75 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro, capital of a dis- Aveiro. Pop. 1200.
trict having 10,000 inhabitants.                            SAO LUIZ, Brazil. See MARANUXIO or MARANHAM.
SAO GON(ALO D'AMARANTE, sfwNG gon-sflo da-ma-   SAO MAMEDE, sawNa  mA-mA/di, a town of Portugal, pro.
rsnutt, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhi, 56 miles N.N.W. vince of Tras os Montes, on the Douro, where it is joined by
of Leiras. It was originally formed for the residence of In- the Tun, 20 miles N.E. of Lamego. Pop. 1220.
dians called Acroas and Gulguns, who were living dispersed    SAG MARTINIHO, stn maa-teenlyo, a market-town and
among the mountains in which the Parahiba has its source. harbor of Portugal, province of Estremadura, on the AtPop. 1800.                                                lantic, 8 miles S.W. of Alcobaga.
SAG JOAO or JOAM, sOwNG zho.SwNa", a town of Portugal,   SAG MARTINHO DE MOUROS, smwN' maR-teenlyo dA
province, and 1 mile W. of Oporto. It has a fort and baths, m~froce, or SAG MARTINIIO DOS MOUROS, sAn manand is a place of resort for the inhabitants of Oporto.   teenryo doce mOfroce, a town of Portugal, province of Beira
SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DA BARRA, sOwN' zho-6wNG/ dA  Alta, 6 miles N.W. of Lamego, near the Douro. Pop. 1600.
baaRIe, a town of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, 18 miles   SAG MARTINIHO DO PORTO, s6wN' man-teentyo do potlE.N.E. of Campos, on the right bank of the Parahiba, near to, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 22 miles S.W. of Leiria,
its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 2000.                     on the Atlantic. Pop. 1000.
SAG JOA0  (or JOAM) DA FOZ, sOwNG zho-6wNGl dA foz, a    SAG MATHEOS, s6wNG ma-taloce,("St.  Matthew,") sometown and parish of Portugal, 3 miles W. of Oporto, at the  times written MATHEUS, a town of Brazil, province of
N. corner of the mouth of the Douro. Pop. 3050.           Espirito Santo, 16 miles from the Atlantic. It has a church,
SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DA PALMA, s6wn' zho-6wNG!  d9  a Latin, and two primary schools, and a considerable expallmA, a town of Brazil, province, and 400 miles N. of port trade in mandioc flour, sugar, and millet.
Goyaz, on the angular piece of ground between the Palma    SAG MATHEOS, a town of Brazil, province, and 190 miles
and Paranan.                                              S.S.W. of Ceara, on the Jaguaribe, originally a hamlet of
SAG JOAO (or JOAM)DE PESQUEIRA, s6wNGzho-OwNc'  Cariri Indians. Pop. 2000.
dA pls-ktle-ra.  a fortified town of Portugal, province of Beira,   SAG MIGUEL, s6wN' me-gbhll, (" St. Michael,") a town of
22 miles E. of Lamego,onthe Douro, navigable from the-sea  Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, in a bay of same name,
to this point.                                            15 miles N.W. of Desterro. It has a church, a primary
SAG JOAO (or JOAM) B' AREAS, sOwN' zho-6wN'! dA  school, numerous sugar-works, a pottery for making glazed
rA/Ls, a town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, earthenware, and a tannery. Pop. of the district, 5000.
about 20 miles from Viseu. Pop. 2904.                       SAO MIGUEL, a town of Brazil, province, and 25 miles
SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DAS DUAS BARRAS, sOwN' zho- S.S.W. of Alagoas, on a river of its own name, with a trade
OWNa  dis doolts bIRn/as, a market-town of Brazil, province in tobacco and cotton, sent to Bahia. Pop. 2000.
of Goyaz, at the confluence of the Araguay and Tocantins.    SAG MIGUEL, a town of Brazil, province, and 35 miles
SAO JOAO (or JOAM)DAS LAMPAS, sOwN'zho-Owzcsdls  N. of Parahiba. Pop. 1000.
lst/pds, a town of Portugal, province of Estremadura,   SAG MIGUEL, one of the Azores. See SAzNT MICOAEL.
bomarca Alemquer. Pop. 2625.                                SAG MIGUEL D'ACIA, S6WN' ma-gh6lfd/shA, a town of
SAO JOAO  (or JOAM) DEL RET, s6wN' zho-OwN rd~l  Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, 9 miles E. of Castello
rWe, a city of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes, 80 miles Branco. Pop. 936.
S.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 5000.                              SAG MIGUEL DE PIRACICABA, sOwn' ma-ghl! dA pe-rASAG JOAG (or JOAM) DO PRINCIPE, sOwN' zho-6wnGldo  se-kIbb, a village of Brazil, province of Minas Geraes. E.S.E.
preentse-pA, or MARCOS, mar/kos, a townofBrazil, province, of Cahete. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre,
and 60 miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 6000.         and presents a very pleasing appearance, the houses being
SAO JOAO (or JOAM) DO PRINCIPE, sOwn' zho -wo'  provided with gardens. It has four churches. Millet and
do preenlse-pA, a town of Brazil, province of Ceara. on the  baricots are grown, and large herds of swine reared in the
Jaguaribe; lat. 60 5' S. It is a small, miserable place, con. district. Pop. 10,949.
siating of a few mean houses, many of them ruinous. Pop.   SAO MIGUEL DO ONTEIRO, s6wn' me-gh6l! do on-tA/e-ro,
of the district, 9604.                                    a town of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, 9 miles W.S.W.
SAG JORGE, S6WN' zhoa'zhA, or SAINT GEORGE, one  of Viseu. Pop. 1470.
of the Azores Islands in the Atlantic, WV. of Terceira; let. of' SAONA, sg-ofnA, an island off the S.E. extremity of I-Iayti,
S.E. point, 380 32' 5" N., Ion. 270 46' W. Length, 29 miles; and separated from it by a shallow channel, 10 miles across.
breadth, 5 miles. Soil fertile, and it contains good pastures, Length, 15 miles; breadth, 5 miles.
and extensive woods. Principal town, Villa de Velhas. Pop.   SAONE, sfn, (anc. Artar,) a river of France, rises in the S
4000.                                                     part of the department of Vosges, passes Port-sur-SaOne and
SAO JORGE DOS ALAMOS, Brazil. See VIGIA.                Gray, (where it becomes navigable,) and enters the Rhone
SAG JORGE DOS ILIEOS, s~wn' zhoRlzhl doce eel-yY- on the right, at Lyons. Length, 316 miles. It communicates
oce, a maritime town of Brazil, province, and 130 miles S.W. by canals with the Rhine, Yonne, and Loire.
of Bahia, at the mouth of the Rio dos liheos, which enters    SAONE-ET-LOIRE, (SaOne-et-Loire,) s~n A Iwla, a dethe Atlantic after an E. course of 130 miles. It has a good  partment in the E. part of France, formed of part of the old
harbor, and some trade in agricultural produce, and is one province of Burgundy. Area, 3270 square miles. Pop. in
of the oldest settlements in Brazil, having been founded by  1852, 574,720. The surface is mountainous, traversed from
Ramiro, in 1535. Pop. 3000.                               S. to N. by the mountains of the Cote d'Or, which separate
SAG JOS] or JOZE, siwN' zho-zAl, a bay of Brazil, E. side  the basins of the SaOne and Rhone. It is watered by the
of the island of Maranhgo, formed by the mouths of the  SaOne, Loire, and Arroux, which are all navigable, and are
Moni and Itapicuru. It is about 24 miles long from N. to  connected by the Canal du Centre, which is comprised in
S., by about 8 miles broad.                               this department. One-fifth of its superficies is covered with
SAO JOSE or JOZE, a town of Brazil, province of Minas  forests. Corn is raised sufficient for consumption, and the
Geraes, near the Mortes, 260 miles S.W. of Guro Preto. wines of Mbconnois and of Chalonnois are esteemed. It has
Pop. of the district, 12,000.                             rich mines of coal and iron. The most important are those
SAG JOSE  or JOZAi, a town of Brazil, province of Santa  of Creuzot; and the mineral springs of Bourbon-Lancy are
Catharina, on a creek in the Bay of St. Catharine, (Santa  celebrated. The chief industry of the population is in mining
Catharina,)4 miles W. ofDesterro. Pop.5000.               and cattle-rearing.  The department is divided into the
SA0  JOSE  or JOZA, a town of Brazil, province, and 60  arrondissements of Mqcon, Autun, Chalon, Charolles, and
miles N.E. of'SZo Paulo, near the Parahiba. Lat. 230 12' S., Louhans; capital MAcon.
lon. 460 W. It was originally founded by the Jesuits, who    SAG NICALAO, SOwN' ne-ko-lalo, a village of Brazil,
established a college here, in which, in the beginning of the  province of Sgo Pedro do Rio Grande, on the Piratini,
last century, they trained and educated a great number of  founded in 1621.
Indians. Pop. of the district, 4000.                        SAG PAULO, sOwn' piwflo, acity of Brazil, capital of a proSAG JOSE (or JOZE) DO NORTE, siwn' zho-zAf do noltN, vince of same name, is situated between two streams, tribua town of Brazil, province, and 5 miles N. of Sbo Pedro do Rio  taries to the Tiete, 220 milesW.S.W. of Rio Janeiro. It is built
Grande, between the Atlantic and Lake Patos. Pop. of the  with little regard to regularity. The streets are narrow, but
district, 3000.                                           have both centre and side paverient; and the houses are of
SAG JULIAG, siwn' zhti-le-OwNG?, (" St. Julian,") a fort earth, plastered over, and white-washes generally of a strawof Portugal, province of Estremadura, at the entrance of the  yellow or pink color, which gives them a clean, comfortable,
Tagus.                                                    and cheerful appearance. They are all roofed with tile, and
SAG LEOPOLDO. sOwn' lI-o-pol'do, a town of Brazil, pro- for the most part two stories high, with occasional balconies.
vince of S3o Pedro do Rio Grande, between the Sine and  The environs are still more attractive than the town, being
1711




SAO                                                        SAR
generally laid out in handsome villas and gardens. The    SAO ROQUE, CAPE, of Brazil. See CAPE SAINT ROQUE.
principal edifices are the cathedral, the parish church of St.   SAO SALVADOR, a city of Brazil. See BAHIA.
Iphigenia, 10 other churches, several monasteries and con-   SAO SEBASTIAO, s6wNa sA-bIs-te-6WNG1, a maritime town
vents; the governor's and the bishop's palace, town-house, of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, opposite an island of same
prison, infirmary, and military hospital. The educational name, in lat. 230 48' 20" S., ion. 450 29' 6" W. Pop. of the
establishments include a school of law, an ecclesiastical semi- district, 6000. The island is separated from a peninsula of
nary, a Latin school, school of philosophy, and several the mainland by a narrow channel; it is 12 miles long, and
primary schools. Sao-Paulo, as the capital of the province, 6 miles broad. Pop. 3000. On its W. coast is the village of
is the seat of several important courts of law and public  Princeza.
offices, the place where the provincial assembly holds its    SAOUK, s4-ookf, a river of Russia, rises in the government
sittings, the residence of the president, and the see of a  of Livonia, flows S.S.W., and, forming a junction with the
bishop. It also possesses a public library, and an extensive  Pernau, falls into the Gulf of Livonia, after a course of
botanic garden. Its vicinity is picturesque, and interspersed  about 45 miles.
with numerous villas. It is one of the oldest cities in Brazil,   SAOUNE, sloonf, a river of France, rises in the S. part of
having been founded in 1154. Pop. 22,032.                   the department of Lot, near Lauzech, flows S.W., and joins
SIO PAULO, a maritime province of Brazil, bounded  the Garonne on the right, 4 miles S.E. of Agen, after a course
on the N. by the province of Goyaz, N.E. by Minas Geraes  of about 45 miles.
and Rio de Janeiro, E. by the Atlantic, S. by Santa Catha-    SAO VICENTE, one of the Cape Verd Islands. See SAINT
rina and Sho Pedro do Rio Grande, W. by the republic of  VINCENT.
Paraguay and the province of Matto Grosso. Lat. 200 to 260    SAO VICENTE, s6wNa ve-sfntt, (" St. Vincent,") a town of
S., ion. 440 30' to 550 W. Area, 131-705 square miles. The  Brazil, 40 miles S.S.E. of Sao Paulo. This was the first city
coast-line stretches from N.E. to S.W. for above 400 miles.  founded by the Portuguese in South America, and was long
Part of it in the N.E. is bold and rocky, but the rest is gene-  the capital of South Brazil. It is now in decay. Pop. 600.
rally low. A mountain chain, composed of the Serras do    SAO VICENTE DA BEIRA, s6wNo ve-sanltA dA bile-rA,
Mar and Cubatao, divides the narrow coast-line from  the  a town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, 20
wide inland region traversed by the Rio Grande and Iguassu, miles N.N.W. of Castello Branco. Pop. 1710.
besides several other tributaries of the Paran6, which form   SAOWLEE, sl-6wflee, a town of West Hindostan, domirespectively its N. and S. boundaries. The Iguapa is the  nions, and 18 miles N. of Baroda.
only river of consequence flowing into the Atlantic. This is    SAPAN TAGH, sA-p~n! t~g, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey,
one of the richest provinces of Brazil. The products com- 40 miles N.W. of Van, on the N. side of its lake. Estimated
mon to South Europe are intermixed with those of tropical elevation, from 9500 to 10,000 feet.
climates. On the banks of the Tiete a Chinese colony was    SAPAROOA, SAPAROUA, s4-pg-roo'A, or IHIONIMOA, hosome years ago located, and engaged in the culture of tea; ne-mold, an island of the Malay Archipelago, one of the Mobut the plant did not flourish, and Paraguay tea is that luccas, off the S.W. coast of Ceram, in lat. 30 30' S., Ion. 1280
mostly in use. Live stock of many kinds are numerous; 34' E.
gold, silver, iron, sulphur, and many gems, are among the    SAPATA, or POOLO SAPATA, poo'lo s,-pstA, a small
mineral products. The province is well supplied with means  island of the China Sea, 90 miles S. of Cape Padaran, (Cochin
of communication both by land and water. It is divided  China,) in lat. 100 4' N., ion. 1090 10' E.
into 7 comarcas, and sends 9 deputies to the general legisla-   SAPATA, an island off the W. coast of Borneo.
tive assembly, and appoints 4 senators.  The provincial    SAPICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
assembly, composed of 26 members, holds its sittings in the    SAPIEY PRITCHIARD, a parish of England, co. of Wortown of Sao Paulo. Pop. 458,000.                            cester.
SAO PAULO DE LOANDA. See SAINT PAUL DE LOANDA.              SAPIEY UPIPER, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.
SAO PEDRO D'ALCANTARA, siwNG paldro dil-klin/t'r.,    SAPIIAR or SAPHAR-REGIA.  See DHOFAR.
a town of Brazil, province of Goyaz, on the right bank of    SAPHET. See SAFED.
the Tocantins, 80 miles S.S.E. of Sao Joao dos Duas Barras.    SAPIENZA, si-pe-6nlzi, one of the small Greek islands,
SAO PEDRO DO RIO GRANDE, stwNr p/idro  do reelo  off the S.W. coast of the Mores, 2 miles S. of Modon. Length,
grin/da, or SAO  PEDRO DO SUL, S6wsG p/dro do sool, a  5 miles; breadth, 2 miles. The surface is mountainous, and
maritime province in the S. of Brazil, bounded N. by the pro- mostly in pasturage. It has a tolerable harbor.
vince of Sao Paulo; N.E. by Santa Catharina; S. and S.E. by    SAPIS, a river of Italy. See SAvIo.
the Atlantic; andW. by the Argentineprovince of Entre Rios.   SAPISTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
In the S. it terminates almost in a point, and has for its ex-    SAPMER. See SAPPEMEER.
treme frontier Lake Mirim. Lat. from 250 30' to 320 30' S.,   SAPOJOK. See SAPOZHOK.
ion. from 490 40' to 540 40 Wv. Area, 93,756 square miles.    SAPONARA, si-po-nilrA, a town of Naples, province of
It contains the lakes of Viamao, Patos, and Mirim, which  Basilicata, 11 miles S.E. of Marsico Nuovo. Pop. 3400.
communicate with each other, and have a length of about    SAPOZIHOK or SAPOJOK, si-po-zhokl, written also SAPO.
240 miles, with a breadth varying from 4 to 30 miles. In  SCIIOK, a town of IRussia, government, and 50 miles S.E. of
the N. portion of the province, the rivers belong partly to  Riazan. Pop. 4000.
the basin of the Parant, and partly to that of the Uruguay.    SAPPAII RIVER, in Wisconsin.  See BLACK RIVER.
The sea-coast is generally fiat and sandy, but is lined by a    SAPPEMEER, sIpfpgh-maimc, or SAPMER, sip'maina, a
series of reefs, which makes navigation dangerous. The in-  village of the Netherlands, 11 miles E.S.E. of Groningen, on
terior is generally fertile. The productions are not those  the Winschoten Canal. Pop. 2200.
common in other parts of Brazil. Instead of the tropical   SAP/PERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
heats, a temperate climate prevails, and coffee-plants and    SAPPERTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.  In
bananas alre cultivated more as objects of curiosity than of  this parish the Thames and Severn Canal passes through a
general utility. The finer fruits of Europe, particularly  tunnel 24 miles in length.
figs and peaches, find a genial soil; the ordinary cereals,   SAPPRARA.  See DHoFA.
more especially wheat, enter largely into the general course    SAPIPINGTON, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri,
of cultivation, their place being occasionally supplied by  15 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis.
rice and flax. Building-timber is not very plentiful. The    SAPP'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Blount co., Ailaminerals include gold, also, it is said, silver, and very  bama.
rich beds of iron, sulphur, and the finest porcelain-clay.   SAPRI, sipree, a market-town of Naples., province of
The principal occupation of the inhabitants is the rearing  Principato Citra, 6 miles E. of Policastro, and with a harbor
of cattle, which are partly sent in droves to Sao Paulo and  on its gulf. Pop. 15,000.
Rio Janeiro; but to a much greater extent slaughtered    SAPTIN INDIANS. See NZ-PERCfS.
to furnish the dried beef for which the province has long    SAPTIN RIVER, Oregon. See LEWIS RIVER.
been famous, and which is exported to all parts of Brazil,   SAPUCAII, si-poo-ka-eel, a river of Brazil, in the S. part
and to Mexico, lIavana, and the United States. The same  of the province of Minas Geraes, flows N.W. and joins the
cattle likewise furnish an important export of hides and  Rio Grande or Paran&, after a course of 200 miles.
tallow. Horses and mules, also, especially the latter, are    SAPUCAHIII, a town of Brazil, on the Sapucahi, 180 miles
reared in great numbers. Sao Pedro do Rio Grande is di- S.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 3000.
vided into four military divisions: Porto Alegre, Rio Grande,   SAQQARA.  See SAKKARA.
Rio Pardo, and Sete Missoes. It sends three deputies to    SAQUAREMA, si-kw-rm/mi, or SEQUAREMA, sA-kwlthe general legislative assembly, and appoints one senator. rimi, a town of Brazil, province, and 29 miles E. of Rio ds
The provincial assembly consists of 28 members. There is  Janeiro, near the Atlantic, and on Lake Saquarema. Pop.
a German colony which in 1845 had a population of 6811, 7000.
at St. Leopoldo, about 40 miles N. of Porto Alegre, the capi-   SARA, si/rA, or sg-ri, a river of Russia, rises in the governtal. Pop. 260.000.                                         ment of Yaroslav, flows E., then N.N.E., and falls into Lake
SAORGI0, si-oaijo, a town of North Italy, in Sardinia, Nero from the S., 4 miles S. of Rostov, after a course of about
division, and 25 miles N.E. of Nice. Pop. 2689.            48 miles.
SKO ROMKO, 96wNs ro-m6wNG/, a town of Brazil, province    SARABAT, si-ri-b 0/, KEDOOS, K.E0DOUS, KEDUS, keof Minas Geraes, on the left bank of the Sgo Francisco; lat. doos/, written also KODUS and GEDUZ, (sanc. Herlmus,) a
150 22' 5. Pop. 3000.                                      river of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, after a W. course of 180
SKO ROQUE, S6wN; rolkA, a town of Brazil, province, and  miles enters the Gulf of Smyrna 8 miles W. of Smyrna.
32 miles W.S.W. of Sho Paulo. Pop. 4C00.                     SARA, BAYOU, biloo s.Vr, of Lcuisiana, flows S. through
1712




SAR                                                           SATP
West Feliciana parish, and enters the Mississippi at the vii-    SARAKINO, si-r4-kee/no, or PEIISTEtITA, pi-ris t.-reel,
lage of Bayou Sara.                                           an islet of the CGrecian Archipelago, in the Sporades, imSARABITA, sa-r,-beeltd, or SUAREZ, swl~-rst, a river of  mediately E. of Kilidromi.  6 miles long.
New Granada, rises near the centre of the state, flows N.N.E.    SARIAMACA, sA-r7-mAkVA, a rijer of Dutch Guiana, iu
in a direction nearly parallel to that of the Magdalena, and,  South America, after a N. coures of 200 miles, enters the
after a course of about 160 miles, joins the Galinazeo or Soga- Atlantic 30 miles W. of the mouth of the Surinam.
mozo, an affluent of the Mao'dalena.                            SARAMON, sArA'1m6Nl.     a town of France, department of
SARACENA, sA-rA-chdnA,,(anc. S.sftumn,) a town of Naples,  Gers, 12 miles S.E. of Auch. Pop. 1276.
province of Calabria Citra, 8 miles W.S.W. of Cassano. Pop.    SAR'ANACI, a river which forms the outlet of Saranac
3005.                                                         Lake. in Franklin co., New York, and after running a N.E.
SARAGOSSA, sa-r,-gos'sA, -(Sp. Zaragoza, thA-ra-gcrothA;  course through Essex and Clinton counties, falls into Lake
Fr. Saagoosse, s&ir&g1ossl; anc. Ccesaraugusfta,) a city of  Champlain near Plattsburg.
Spain, capital of the province of Saragossa and of the old    SARANAC, a post-township of Clinton co., New York,
kingdom of Aragon, on the Ebro, which separates it into two  drained by Saranac River, 15 miles W. of Plattsburg.  Pop.
portions, connected by a fine stone bridge, 176 miles N.E. of  2582.
Madrid. Pop. 30,000. Itis neatly built of brick, and previous    SARANAC, a township of De Kalb co., Illinois.  Pop., i04.
to its memorable disasters in 1808-9, its churches were the    SAR'ANAC! HOLtLOW, a post-village of Saranac township,
most magnificent in the peninsula. Among the principal edi-  17 miles W. of Plattsburg.  Pop. 500.
fiees are the two cathedrals, the chapter residing in each alter-    SARANAC LAKE, in the S. part of Franklin co., New
nately for six months: the one an ancient severe Gothic  York. Length, about 10 miles.
church, raised to the Saviour, and the other a modern thea-    SARANAC LAKE, a post-office of Franklin co., New York.
trical temple, called the Nuestra Sefiora del Pilar, dedicated. SARANSK, sA-rnsek, or ZARANSKS, a town of Russia,
to the Yirgin, and to which 50,000 pilgrims have been known  government, and 70 miles N. of Penza, at the confluence of
to resort to see the identical pillar on which she descended  the Saranga and Insara.  Pop. 8780. It is built mostly of
from heaven-an object of great devotion in Saragossa; the  wood, and has 2 cathedrals, salt magazines, manufactures
vast archiepiscopal palace, which was plundered by the  of soap and l6ather, and several annual fairs.
French; the remains of the parliament-house, built in    SAItAPILLY,  s-r&-piYllee, a town of British India, presi1437-40, whose magnificent saloons contained  the rich  dency of Madras, 10 miles S. of Nellore.
national archives, an excellent library, and the portraits of    SARAPIQUI, sl-rd-pe-keel, a river of Central America,
the Aragonese worthies-all utterly destroyed'by the in-  tributary to the San Juan de Nicaragua, and a principal
vaders; the exchange, built in 1551, a square brick edifice  channel of communication between the interior of Costa
with projecting enriched soffit towers, covered with green  Rica and the Caribbean Sea.
and white tiles, and a noble interior; the Torre Nueva (new     SARAPOOL, SARAPOUL  or SARAPUL, sAr[-poolr, a
tower) or Tower of San Felipe, an octangulnar clock-tower for  town of Russia, government, and 195 miles S E. of Yiatka,
the city, which leans considerably (about 9 feet) out of the  on the Kama.  Pop. 6000. The town, commanded by a fort
perpendicular, like the towers of Pisa and Bologna; the old  on an adjacent height has a cathedral, a large salt-magairregular citadel called the Aljaferia, built:by the Moors,  zine, and manufactures of soap and loather. It is the centre
which Suchet converted into abarrack, after having damaged  of a large trade in timber and masts. Upwards of 20,000
it with his bombs; and during the civil wars degraded into  persons annually attend its large fair.
a prison. There are besides an hospital, (Casa de Miseri-    SARART], si-i-r-, a river of Brazil, province of Matto
cordia,) whioh takes in firom  600 to 700 old and young, Grosso, joins the Guaporo in lat. 140 51' S., Ion. 600 30' W.
although with very inadequate funds; a new general hos- At one place it passes within 4 miles of the Sucuriu, an
pital, one of the largest in Spain; various other benevolent  affluent of thle Juruena; and both streams being navigable
institutions, and numerous churches, among Which one' of  at this point, canoes are drawn across f-om one to the other,
the best is San Pablo, with its fine fagade and columns. and  and thus are enabled to continue their navigation over an
grand plateresque high altar. The University of Saragossa,  immense tract of country.
founded in 1474, ranks as the third in the kingdom; and it    SARASWATI, sA-rAs-wAtee, a river of West Ifindostan,
had. in 1841, 1100 students. Among its other educational  rises near Aboo, in Joodpoor dominion, flows S.W. past
establishments are an episcopal seminary, academy of the  Rahdunpoor, and enters the head of the Gulf of Cutch. It
fine arts, an economical society, and a public library. Its  is held sacred by 1-lindoos. Length, 100 miles.
manufactures of silks, woollens, and leather have greatly    SARATOF or SARATOFF.  See SARAToV.
declined: but it has still a considerable trade in agricultural    SAR'ATOIGA, a county in the E. part of New York. has
produce by the Ebro.                                          an area of about 780 square miles. It is bounded on tlhe E.
Saragossa is very ancient, and numerous vestiges of Roman  and partly on the N. by the IHIudson, while the Mohawk
remains attest its former importance. It was always a free  forms part of its S. border; and is drained by these rivers,
city or colonia isssaufsis, had a mint. and was a seat of judi-  together with the Sacondaga River, and several smaller
cial assizes; but no traces of the ancient city are left except  streams, which supply valuable water-power.  The famous
in the walls. Saragossa early renounced Paganism; and  watering-place of Saratoga Springs is situated near the centre
here Aulus Prudentius, the first Christian poet, was born,  of this county. The surface in the N.W. part is mountainous,
A. D. 348. It was captired by the Moors in the eighth cen-  but in the S. and central portions much more level. The
tury, and was wrested from them in 1118 by Alonzo el batal-  soil is generally fertile. In 1850, this county produced 59.494
lader, after the siege of five years, when the stubborn popu- bushels of potatoes, (the greatest quantity produced by any
lation had almost all perished of hunger. Below the hill of  county in the state except Rensselaer.) Is-on-ore, sandstone,
Torero, which commands the town, General Stanhope, on  and limestone are found in considerable abundance. The
the 20th of August, 1710, came up with and completely de- Champlain Canal passes along its E., and the Esrie Canal
feated Philip V., flying from his defeat at Lerida, the foe  along its S. border. Three lines of railroad meet at Ballston,
abandoning cannon, colors, and every thing. In 1808 it sue- connecting it with Troy, Schenectady, and Rutland in Vestained two memorable sieges. The first was raised by the  mont. Saratoga was organized in 1791, having previously
defeat of the French at Bailen; but being again invested, it  formed parit of Albany county. Capital, Ballston.  Pop.
resisted most heroically for 62 days attacks conducted by the  45.646.
four French marshals, Lannes, Mortier, Moncey, and Junot,    SARATOGA, a township of Saratoga co., New Yorlk on
but ultimately capitulated, February 20, 1809. These two  the Hudson River, 30 miles N. by E. of Albany. Pop. 3492.
sieges cost the lives of nearly 60,000 brave men. This de- See SAaATooa  SPRUNoS.
fence is reckoned among the most heroic of modern times.    SARATOGA, a township in Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 200.
-Adj. and inhab. SAsAGOSISAN, (Sp. ZAOAGOZANO, thl-r&-    SARATOGA LAKE, New York, in  Saratoga county, 5
go-thbuo.)                                                    miles E. of Ballston Spa. Length, about 7 miles; greatest
SARAGOSSA, (ZARAGOZA,) province of Spain, bounded  breadth, near 2 miles. It contains fuine fish, and is much
on the N. and IV. by Navarre. Area, 6584 square miles. resorted to by visitors fiom the neighboring watering-places.
Capital, Saragossa. Pop. 350.000.                             Its outlet. Fish Creek, flows into the IIudson.
SAIRAH, a post-office of Blair co., Pennsylvania.             SARATOGA SPRINGS, a post-village in Saratoga town.
SARAII ANN FURNACE, a small village of Lancaster co., ship, Saratoga co., New York, 38 miles by railroad N. of
Pennsylvania.                                                 Albany, and 32 miles N. of Troy. This is the most fashionSAIRAHISBURG, a new township of St. Lawrence co., New  able watering-place on the American continent, as well as
York, on the Oswegatchie River, 24 miles S. of Canton.        the most in repute for the medical virtues of its wasters.
SARAIISYILLE, a post-village, capital of Noble co., Ohio,  Saratoga owes its celebrity almost solely to its mineral
on Wills Creek, near its source, 85 miles E. by S. of Columbus.  springs, the surrounding scenery possessing few, if any, ex
It is situated on an eminence in a fertile farming district,  traordinary attractions. Saratoga Lake, however, a beautfwhich contains beds of stone coal and quarries of good build- ful sheet of water, is within a pleasant morning's or evenuIng-stone. The village contains 8 stores, and about 60 dwell-  lug's drive; and Glen's Falls, in the Hudson, are within
ilgs. Pop. about 500.                                         two or three hours' travel. In the vicinity of the spiings
SARAIISVILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Illinois.    were fought the battles of Saratoga and Stillwater in 1777.
SARAHVILLE. a small village of Williamson co., Illinois. The village itself consists mainly of a single street, lined
SARAISK or ZARAISK, zA-riskI, a town of Russia, govern-  with spacious hotels, boarding-houses, some stores, and the
ment, and 35 miles W.N.W. of Riazan, on the Oster. Pop.  private residences of the stationary population.  Among
5670.                                                         the most fashionable hotels are "the United States," an im5I1.'                                                                    1713




SARi                                                        SAR
mense building, with  finely-ornamented  grounds, and    SARATOVKA or SARATOWKA, sAr-t4ovrk&, a village of
capable of lodging 300 or 400 persons; "Congress Hall,"  Russia, government, and S.E. of St. Petersburg, on the Neva,
near Congress Spring, with a spacious piazza the length of    SARATOW. See SARATOV.
the building; and Union IHall, opposite the latter, the resort   SARAVUS. See SARRE.
of those who prefer quiet and retirement.  Most of the    SARAWAH, sA-r&wA, or SARWA, sarlwA, a town of the
hotels have spacious grounds, tastefully laid out. Besides  Burmese dominion, in Further India. on the left bank of
these, there are a number of smaller hotels and boarding- the Irrawaddy, 80 miles N.W. of Rangoon.
houses, all of which are thronged to overflowing in the    SARAWAK, s~-rg'w~ kf, a country of Borneo, on the N.
months of July and August, with visitors from every part coast of the island, near its W. side, extending between lat.
of the Union, and some from Canada, Europe, Mexico, South  10 and 20 N., and ion. 1090 40' and 1110 40' E., bounded W.
America, and the West Indies. It is stated that in the sea- and S. by the mountain Krimbang, and watered by the
son of 1853, before the end of August, more than 30,000  river Sarawak and its tributaries. Capital, Sarawak.
strangers had already visited these springs.                  SARAWAK, formerly KUCHIN, a flourishing town in the
This spot is said to have been visited by invalids as early  W. of the islandof Borneo, capital of rajahship, and on a river
as 1773; but Congress Spring, whose waters are now in the  of the same name, in lat. 10 33' N., ion. 1100 20' E. It consists
greatest request, was not discovered till 1792. High Rock, a  of a native and a European town, the former built on each
conical deposit of limestone, in the shape, and about the  side of two reaches of the river, and divided into kampougs
size of a haycock, with a cylindrical opening down the mid- or clusters, each named after the chief whose house is placed
die, from which issues water strongly charged with carbonic  in its centre, and the latter occupying some heights on the
acid gas, and Flat Rock, another limestone deposit, natu- left bank of the river.  A six-gun battery commands the
rally attracted the attention of the first settlers, and these  reach immediately below the town, and there a number of
springs were for a period the only ones known. Among  Chinese houses have been built. Many of these houses, raised
the more recently discovered springs are the Empire and  on posts, and formed of wood, have a very respectable apIodine Springs. The following results were obtained from  pearance. An English church mission, and a native school
an analysis of the waters of three of the principVl springs. have been established here. The trade of the town is conAccording to Br. Chilton, a gallon of Congress Spring water, siderable, and is carried on chiefly in large boats. some of
in 1843, yielded chloride of sodium, 363.83 grains; carbonate  them of 100 tons, which sail annually to Singapore, with sago
of soda, 7.20; carbonate of lime, 86.14+; carbonate of mag- and other productions of the coast, receiving in exchange
nesia, 78.62; carbonate of iron,.84; sulphate of soda,.65; European goods, Javanese cloths, brass-work, and coarse
iodide of sodium and bromide of potassium, 5.92; silica, 47+;  earthenware, made in China. Many of the inhabitants are
alumina,.32. Total, 544 grains. Carbonic acid, 284.65; atmo- employed in the gold-mines in the vicinity. Pop. estimated
spheric air, 5.41=290.06 inches of gaseous contents. Professor at 12,000.
Emmons' analysis of a gallon of the Empire water yielded    SARAWAN, sg-rg-witnt, written also SAHARAWAN, a
chloride of sodium, 269.69-+; bicarbonate of lime, 141.82+-; province of Beloochistan, mostly between lat. 280 and 30~
bicarbonate of magnesia, 41.98+-; bicarbonate of soda, 30.85; 20' N., and ion. 640 and 670 40' E. Estimated area, 15,000
hydriodate of soda or iodine, 12.00; solid contents of a gallon, square miles.  Pop. 50,000. Surface mostly mountainous
496.35 grains. Br. Allen's analysis of a gallon of the water of  and rugged; Tukatoo in the N. rises upwards of 11,000 feet.
the Iodine spring, gave 147.66+ —  grains chloride of sodium; The principal towns are Sarawan, Quetta, and Mustung.
73.35 carbonate of magnesia; 28.95 — carbonate of lime;   SARAWAN, a town of Beloochistan, capital of the above
3.00 carbonate of soda;.90 carbonate of iron; 3.56+ hydrio- province, is situated 98 miles W. of Kelat. Lat. 280 47' N.,
date of soda; solid contents, 257.43+; carbonic acid gas, Ion. 640 50' E. It consists of about 500 houses in a barren
344.30; atmospheric air, 2.50 cubic inches; total gaseous  district, enclosed by a mud wall.
contents, 346.5 inches. The springs are readily reached by    SARAYACU, sd-ri-A-kool, a town of Peru, on the Ucayale,
railway from all the great cities and towns of the North and  (which is here navigable,) in lat. about 60 50, S., Ion. 750 W.
West, and from most at the South. These waters have been    SARBLINGSTEIN; saRtbling-stinex, a market-town  of
found very beneficial in affections of the liver, in some cases  Upper Austria, on the Danube, 28 miles S.E. of Freistadt.
of chronic dyspepsia, and chronic diseases of the bowels.   SARCONI, saa-koOnee, a village of Naples, province of
Besides. other qualities, they appear to' possess the virtues  Basilicata, 13 miles N.E. of Lagonegro.
of a tonic united with those of a gentle cathartic. Great    SARCOXIE, a post-village and township in Jasper co.,
quantities of the waters are bottled, especially of the Con- Missouri, 170 miles S.W. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1009.
gress and Empire Springs, and exported. The village has a    SARD, shad, a market-town of the Austrian dominions,
bank, and 2 newspaper offices. Permanent pop. in 1855, in Transylvania, 5 miles N.N.W. of Karlsburg.
6424.                                                         SARD, a market-town of West Hungary, co. of Schumeg,
SARATOV or SARATOW, skt-r{-tovf, written also SARATOF  10 miles W.N.W. of Kaposvar.
and SARATOFF, a government of Russia, between lat. 480    SARBAM, a town of the Netherlands. See ZAANDAMI.
10' and 530 18' N., and lon. 420 30t and 51~ 20' E. Area, 74,730    SARDAIGNE, an island of Europe. See SARDINIA.
square miles. Pop. in 1851,1,444,496. Surface in theW. hilly,   SARDARA, san-di/r&, a village of the island of Sardinia,
and in many parts fertile; but the E. is a wide desert steppe. division of Cagliari, 23 miles S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 2127.
The principal rivers are the Volga, which intersects its centre,    SARDEGNA, an island of Europe. See SARDINIA.
and its tributaries, the Tereshka, and Saratovka; besides the    SARDES, a city of Asia Minor. See SARbIS.
Khoper, Medvieditza, tributaries of the Don. The principal    SARDINAS, eaR-deefnis, a small bay of New Granada, in
lake is the Elton from the former of which about 17,850 tons  lat. about 20 N., Ion. 790 W.
of salt are said to be annually obtained. Large quantities of    SARI)INIA, saa-dinfe-a, (It. Sardegna, saa-dAnfyg; Fr. Sar.
rye, wheat, oats, millet, and pease are raised, and partly ex- daigne, saa'd&tsl; Ger. Sar-dinien, saa-deelne-en; Dutch, Sarported. Sheep and cattle breeding are conducted on a large  dinie, san-deenfyeh; Sp. ardcea, san-d~nhy,, or Cerdefla, thnAscale, and the rearing of bees and silk-worms are increasing. dhn/yA; anc. Sardiineia and Ichnulsa; Gr. gaps&o, Sardo, or
The fisheries in the Volga are very valuable, and large quanti- ]apSoy, Sardon, I~vovca, Ichnousa,) the largest island in
ties of salt-fish and caviar are exported. Principal minerals, the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, and forming with its sursalt, mill-stones, and iron. Manufactures of linen, cotton, rounding islands, the principal of which are San Antioco,
and woollen fabrics, hosiery, iron-wares, leather, and earth- San Pietro, Asinara, Madalena, Tavolara, and Capsera, that
enwas-es are carried on, and here are numerous flour-mills  part of the Sardinian States, sometimes improperly called the
and distilleries.  The inhabitants comprise Tartars, Kal- Kingdom of Sardinia. It extends from lat. 380 50' to 410 15'
mucks, Kirgheez, and Germans; the latter being colonized in  N., and fi-om lon. 80 5' to 90 50f E.; greatest length, from
great numbers on the Volga, having had grants of land and  Cape Teulada in the S. to Longo Sardo in the N., 152 miles;
privileges conferred on them  by the Empress Catherine, in  breadth, 66 miles. Area, including the small islands along
1763. The government is subdivided into 10 circles. Princi- the coast, 9235 square miles. It is nearly in the form of a
pal towns, Saratov, (the capital,) Petrovsk, Kamishin, and  parallelogram, and though not without considerable indenTsaritsin.                                                  tations, especially on the S. and W. coasts, is very compact.
SARATOV, a fortified-town of Russia, capital of the above  On the N. it is separated from the Island of Corsica by the
government, is situated on the right bank of the Volga, 290  Strait of Bonifacia, not quite 7 miles wide.
miles E. of Voronezh. Lat. 51~ 31' N., lon. about 460 E. Pop.    Coasts.-The N. coast is generally rugged and.precipitous,
45,000. It consists of an upper and a lower town, built chiefly  presenting a succession of bold headlands, of which those
of wood, and has Lutheran, Roman Catholic, and many  of Testa Grossa, near the Bay of Santa Reparata, and FalGreek united churches; a mosque, some monasteries, a new  cone, are the most conspicuous. The principal bay is that
and handsome archbishop's palace, large government edifice, of Porto Torres. The W. coast, stretching S. fiom Cape Fala large bazaar, several hospitals, a college and other schools; cone, continues steep and rugged, and presents, among other
an ecclesiastical seminary, having about 500 students; ma- remarkable headlands, that of Cape Argentaro, forming the
nufactures of cotton cloths, cotton and silk hosiery, clocks, extremity of a rocky mountain upwards of 2000 feet in
watches, leather, tobacco, rope, and earthenwares; a bell height. South of Monte Ghiscera, the coast turns suddenly
foundry, breweries, distilleries, and vinegar factories. From   E., and forms the Bay of Alghero. Here the beach becomes
its position on the Volga, and between Astrakhan, Moscow, less elevated, and trending E., forms the large and nearly
and Nizhnee-Novgorod, it is the seat of an extensive trade, semicircular expanse of the Bay of Oristano, the N. and S. eximporting colonial goods and foreign manufactures, and ex- tremities of which, Capes San 1Marco and La Frasca, are above
porting corn, salted fish, hides, and cattle; it has also three  5 miles apart. At the S. extremity, the cape terminates in
important annual fairs.                                    the still more remarkable headland of Cape Teulada, con1714




SAR                                                        SAR
eisting of a long range of precipitous cliffs, nearly 900 feet antiquated and slovenly manner. The plough, a rude iiihigh, running out into the sea, with a breadth of little more  strument without a coulter, and frequently devoid of any
than half a mile, and forming the southernmost point of the  iron appendage, merely scratches the ground to the depth
whole island. The Gulf of Cagliari, extending from Cape  of two or three inches; and the corn, first thrashed on the
Pula on threW. to Cape Carbonaro on the E., a distance of  ground by the tread of mares and colts, on a spot called
about 24 ntilcs. and stretching inland for nearly 12 miles, argiolo, prepared by paring the sward and beating it smooth
is in many respects the most. important of the island. It with a mallet, is winnowed by being thrown up into the air.
everywhere furnishes excellent anchorage in ample depth. The principal crop is wheat, which is generally of excellent
The E. coast, from  Cape Carbonaro N., stretches nearly  quality, and forms an important article of export not only
in a straight line. The only bays deserving of notice are  in the form of grain, but of flour, biscuit, and maccaroni.
those of Terranova and Orosel. The most conspicuous of  The culture of barley is more limited, and the quality of the
all the headlands is that of Monte Santo, a rugged promon- produce is comparatively inferior; maize thrives well, and
tory of upwards of 2400 feet high.                         though not yet a general crop, is rising rapidly into favor;
Face of the Country.-The interior is generally moun- beans and pease are extensively grown, both for home containous, the great chain which traverses Corsica, from N. to  sumption and export. The vine, being well adapted both to
S. being evidently, notwithstanding the interruption of the  the climate and the soil, already occupies extensive tracts,
Strait of Bonifacio, continued into Sardinia, where it usually  and its culture is every year becoming of more importance.
follows the same direction, but occasionally sends out trans- The most esteemed wines are those of the Campidano, Alverse branches from E. to W. The culminating'point of these  ghero, Sorso, and Ogliastro. Beautiful and extensive olivemountains is the peak of Genargentu, which is situated a  grounds are met with in various quarters. The best oil is
little to the E. of the centre of the island, and attains the  that of Sassari. The only other crops deserving of notice
height of 5276 feet. The next highest summit is the peak  are tobacco, linseed, cotton, madder, and silk.
of Limbarra, 3686 feet, belonging to the transverse range of    Zoology.-The bullock, though of small size, is the printhat name, and situated in the N. Between the mountain  cipal animal used for draught, and gives beef of excellent
ridges are several extensive plains, of which the most cele- quality. Cows are much neglected, and little milk is obbrated for beauty and fertility are those of the Campidano  tamined from them; but the making of cheese from the milk
in the S., stretching between Cagliari and Oristano, and of  of goats and sheep forms a very important branch of rural
Ozieri in the N. Besides these there are several large sandy  economy. The swine are said to be among the best in Euor stony districts called macchic, of a very sterile nature.    rope. The horses are in general patient of fatigue, and
Geology, MineralsaE, c.-Far the greater part of the rocks  easily kept; considerable attention has been paid to the
belong to those termed primitive, which extend without  improvement of the breed; the male is unknown; but a
interruption over the whole of the N.E. and E. side of the  small pony, anciently in high esteem with the Roman maisland. Volcanic rocks are found extensively in the N.W.,  trons for its liveliness and easy pace, still retains its character.
and occur in other parts of the island. Silurian strata  Game of all kinds is very abundant. Wild boars,' stags,
occupy considerable tracts in the S.E., S., and S.W. The  deer, and mufflons frequent the woods and forests; and
mineral riches of the island were well-known to the ancients, foxes, hares, and rabbits are so numerous, that their skins
whose extensive workings can still be traced. Tradition  furnish a considerable article of export.
enumerates gold among its metals, but no traces of it can    From the extent of sea-coast, the fisheries naturally form
now be found. Lead, however, exists in considerable abun- an important branch of industry; but the sluggishness of
dance, and is generally highly argentiferous.  Mines of it the Sardinians has allowed the management of them to fall
are profusely scattered over various districts. Copper, though  almost entirely into the hands of strangers. The most
less widely diffused, occurs in several quarters, and occa- valuable fishery is that of the tunny, which is carried on
sionally furnishes beautiful specimens of malachite. Quick- extensively on various parts of the coast. Anchovies and
silver has been found, and was once partially worked, and  sardines, the latter at one time so numerous as to have
both bismuth and antimony are said to exist; iron of ex- derived their name from the island, have become compara.
cellent quality is plentifully distributed, and is worked in  tively scarce.  Fine mullet, bream, eels, and other fish
several districts. The other mineral products deserving of abound, and are staple articles of consumption and comnotice are porphyry, basalt, alabaster, marble, volcanic ena- merce. The coral-fisheries, more celebrated in ancient than
mels, rock-crystals, and a variety of beautiful pebbles, lignite, in modern times, are still carried on on the W. and S. coasts,
gypsum, and nitre: Salt, in its mineral form, has only been  where they employ from  200 to 300 boats, which arrive
found in the grottoes of Serrenti, but is extensively obtained  annually from Naples and Genoa. The Pinna  nobilis, the
from  the salt-pans along the coast, and forms one of the  inhabijant of a shell of from 15 to 27 inches in length,
most profitable sources of royal revenue, for the sake of  abounds in the smooth water of shallow bays, as at Portowhich it is strictly maintained as a monopoly.              Conte and Lisciai and becomes the object of an important
Rivers and Lakes.-The streams are numerous, and add  fishery, partly on accountof the pearls obtained from it, and
considerably to the fertility of the districts through which  still more on account of its byssus, or tuft of silky hair,
they pass, but are of no navigable importance. The Tirso,  which is about eight inches long, and is spun into gloves,
the largest, pours its waters into the Gulf of Oristano on the  stockings, or other articles of dress.
W. coast. The lakes are situated chiefly in the vicinity of    Mlanufactures and'Trade.-Manuf'actures have made very
the coast, where they form a series of lagoons.             little progress, and are chiefly confined to a few coarse tissues,
Climate.-The climate of Sardinia has for many ages borne  woven by the women at their homes for private use. Fonni,
a very bad name, and, though the cause cannot be easily  however, produces linens, carpets, and bed-covers, which,
ascertained, there can be no doubt as to the fact that, at cer- though coarse, are in general use; and at Dorgali, a coarse
tain seasons, large districts become so insalubrious as to be  kind of silk goods is made for sale. A few coarse woollens
regularly deserted by their inhabitants, while in others the  and cottons, leather, earthenware, and glass are also mannmortality is remarkably great. The range of the thermo-  factured; tobacco and gunpowder, both, like salt, governmeter is between 340 and 900, and the mean annual tempera- ment monopolies, are manufactured to a considerable extent.
ture 610 7'. Neither heat nor cold can be said to be in ex- The trade consists of the exports of raw produce, the greater
cess. Refreshing breezes blow regularly from the sea-towards  part of which has already been enumerated, including corn,
noon, and are as regularly succeeded by a land-wind as the  wine, brandy, timber, seeds, fish, cattle, salt, tobacco, &c.;
sun goes down. The unhealthiness of the climate would, the imports include all the ordinary tissues, more especially
therefore, appear to be owing not to general but to local cotton, colonial produce, hosiery, hardware, and metals,
causes, among which the extensive lagoons and marshes  hemp, and cordage, &c. One great obstacle to the progress
which line the coasts, and are also prevalent to some extent  of trade was the miserable state of the roads, which long
in the interior, are the most obvious. During the hot sea- continued impsracticable for wheel-carriages.  This has been
son the natives never quit their homes until an hour after  to some extent removed by the formation of a good road,
sunrise, and hasten to return before sunset, carefully closing  which traverses the island throughout its whole length, from
every door and window. The disease which then prevails  Cagliari to Sassari, and of several branch roads to the most
is known by the name of intemperie, and is said to be even  important places, not on the direct line.
more fatal than the malaria by which parts of Italy and    Government and People.-Sardinia, until 1848, was goSicily are infested.                                        verned by a viceroy. It is now governed in the same manVegetation.-The whole surface of Sardinia has been divid- ner as the divisions on the mainland, by general intended into three portions-one occupied by mountains which, ants, one of whom superintends each of the three divisionswhere not absolutely barren, are covered with forests or Cagliari, Nuoro, and Sassari-into which the island is dividclothed with pasture; another composed of marshes, lagoons, ed. The inhabitants bear a considerable resemblance, both
andthe almost sterile macchic; and the third under tolerably  in physical features and in manners and customs, to the
regular culture, as arable land, olive-yard, vineyard, &c. Greeks. They are of middle stature, and well shaped, are
Much of this land is of remarkable fertility; and though, enthusiastically attached to their country, and have good
from the very imperfect system of agriculture pursued, the  intellectual capacities. They have suffered much, however,
average produce does not exceed one in seven or eight, a  from long neglect and misgovernment. It is said that great
return of from 15 to 20, in some favored districts, is not  improvements have recently taken place, and that one of
uncommon. The grain thus raised considerably exceeds the  the first results of a more general diffusion of education, has
consumption of the present inhabitants, and might easily  been a marked diminution both in the number and the
be. increased so as to supply three times the number. The  heinousness of crimes. There are two universities, one at'vhole operations of the farm  are conducted in the most Cagliari with 402, and another at Sassari with 318 students
1715




SAR                                                           SAR
In 1838. There is a primary school in each village. The  vetian Alps, and the N. slopes of the Maritime Alps and the
religion is exclusively Roman Catholic.                        Apennines, large open plains of almost unrivalled beauty
Divisions and Population. —The island of Sardinia is divid-  and fertility occur, and render a country which, from coned administratively into three divisions, subdivided into 11  taining the loftiest mountains, might be supposed to be one
provinces, which. with their population, are enumerated in  of the most barren, actually one of the most productive in
the following table:-                                           Europe.
Divisions and Provinces qof the Island of Sardinia, and their     Geology and Minerals. —The  lofty chains of the Alps are
P pu~tie~n i  1832~.            composed mostly of granite and crystalline schists. To the
Population i n_   _ _52.        W. of the chain which forms the western boundary of PiedDivisions.  Prvines.  Area in square miles. P. 152.   mont, the Jura limestone is largely developed, and extends
over the greater part of Savoy. The same system  also exeCagliari...........                  109,117  tends to a considerable distance along the S. slopes of the
CALIA....  Iglesias............                  42,766   W. part of the Maritime Alps, and descends to the shore
ISM.Th  tla...............    are         958   near theW. entrance oftheGulfofGenoa. The most striking
tOristan..    T the  total areda of  78,454
a                            21...the island of Sardinia  2 0 display of volcanic rocks is near the same gulf, not far firom
Lanusel...........  i     25sur   ie. 2     3
Nu.....Macar           is 5235 squar.e o miles h 37,586   the point where the Maritime Alps are considered to ter(Nsro..       The p  reovines have 3-59,286  rinate and the Apennines to begin. In the interval ber'AlgherooarAlgheri. net yet teen 50en-  3,
Ozieri       ea  sured.           34,308   tween the chains, the rocks are composed chiefly of serpenSASARI...............24,615                 tine. Almost the whole of the Apennines within the Sar/Sassari............                  67,317.     Tempio............                        22,738   dinian States, and the slopes on both sides of it, consist of
I  — _ _   -— ~  calcareous rocks belonging to the cretaceous system. They
[ Total.....................  9235         552,665   exhibit numerous marks of violent disturbance by volcanic
rocks, which, though nowhere largely developed, are seen
History.-The early history of the island is involved in  piercing the surface in many isolated spots. The tertiary
much obscurity.  Its original inhabitants, according  to  formation predominstes in Piedmont on the slopes and
Cicero, are of Libyo-Phoenician, and according to Strabo, of  undulating plains situated on the right bank of the Po. The
Tyrrhene extraction, and were living independent, when,  plains on the left bank appear also to be tertiary, but are
about B. c. 530, they were attacked by the Carthaginians,  covered for the most part ii ith thick beds of alluvium.
and obliged, after a valiant but ineffectual resistance, to      The minerals include most of the known metals, but in
quit the low country and retire into their mountain fast-  such limited quantities as to possess little economical value.
nesses.  During the first Punic war the Romans made  Gold has been washed from the sands of several rivers, parstrenuous exertions to become masters of the island, and   ticularly the Orco and Dora Baltea; and from a mine of sulultimately, on agreeing to make peace, obtained a formal  phuretted iron in the province of Ossola. both gold and silver
cession of it. This cession appears to have left a rankling   have been extracted.  In Savoy, the mines of argentiferous
feeling in the breasts of the Carthaginians, and is expressly  lead, which have been worked from an early period at Pesey
mentioned by Livy as one of the causes which led to the  and Macol, still continue productive; iron is worked to
second Punic war, in which Rome, though finally victorious,  advantage in various quarters; and several extensive salt.
was brought to the brink of ruin by Hannibal.  During the  works have been erected to purify the salt obtained both
struggles between Rome and Carthage, Sardinia often be-  from  mines and springs. Gypsum, chalk, limestone, and
came the theatre of war, and suffered equally from both the  slate are very abundant, and there are few provinces in which
powerful states which contended for its possession. At a  excellent quarries of alabaster and marble might not be
very early period, the inhabitants were converted to Chris-  opened. Amethysts, garnets, and rock-crystals of great size
tianity, and were, in course of time, brought into close con-  and beauty are often found. No coal' fit for fuel has been
nection with the Papal See, which, having once fixed its  discovered, but there are several seams of lignite.
hold, has never relinquished it. On the fall of the Western    Ifivers and Lakes.-From  the position of the mountain
Empire, it came successively under the power of the Van-  chains, it is evident that they must form a number of waterdals, Goths, and Mloors. At the end of the twelfth century,  sheds, and divide the drainage of the country among sevei al
it was held by the Genoese, and afterwards by the kings of  basins. Thus, Savoy, which, as already observed, is cornAragon till 1713. In 1720, it was acquired by Savoy in  pletely isolated on the E. and S., belongs to the basin of the'exchange for Sicily. It was the only portion of the Sar-  Ithone, which, forming a portion of the WV. boundary, redininn dominions which was left in the power of the sove-  ceives part of the drainage directly, and a much larger part
reign during the usurpation of the French from 1798 to 1814.  indirectly, through the Lake of Geneva, the Arve, and the
-Adj. and inhab. SARDINIANr, sar-dinfe-an, (It. SARi/DO.)      Isbre; in like manner in the S., the Maritime Alps and the
SARDINIA, KINGDOM  OF, (It. Stati Sasrdi, stJtee sarl-  Apennines cause all the water sent from  their southern
dee; Fr. Royaume de Sardaignae, roiP'mtdeh saRMdAl'.) a state  slopes, or collected on the narrow belt of land below, to dein North Italy, composed of the islandof Sardinia (which see,)  scend directly to the Mediterranean in numerous streams,
and acontinental portion called the Sardinian States, (It. Stati  all of them, except the YVar in the W., and the Yara in the
Sardi di Terra -  rman, staItee saRldee dee ths/sR  fhrfm/,)  E., too insignificant tobe deserving of special notice. A third
comprising the duchy of Savoy, (the cradle of the monarchy,)  basin, of far more importance, since not less than threethe principality of Piedmont, the county of Nice (which sur-  fourths of the whole surface belongs to it, is that of the Po.
rounds the principality of Monaco,) the duchy of MIontferrat,  This important river, commencing its course in the mouna part of the former duchy. of Milan, and the duchy of Genoa,  tains on the W., flows across the country to its E. frontier,
with the island of Capraja. This continental portion extends  winding somewhat circuitously, but never wandering far
from lat. 430 38, to 460 27' N., lon. 50 35' and 100 53 E.; and  from its centre, and receiving constant accessions from nuis bounded on the N. by Switzerland; on the E. by Switzer-  merous affluents, which hasten to join it on either bank with
land, Lombardy, Parma, and Tuscany; on the S. by the  supplies often furnished from exhaustless reservoirs among
Mediterranean; and on the S.W. and W. by France; greatest  the regions of perpetual snow. These affluents alone drain
length from  N.N.W. to S.S.E., 245 miles; greatest breadth   on the left bank an area of 7656, and on the right an area
from N.N.E. to S.S.W., 201 miles. Area, 18,994 square miles,  of 4211 square miles. On the right the only affluent of conbeing greater than that of the kingdom of the Netherlands,  sequence is the Tanaro; on the left the most important are
but smaller than that of Portugal.                             the Ticino, Dora Baltea, and Sesia. In general, however,
Feace of the 6buntry, Mousntains, cd-c.-The surface is tra-  their currents are too shallow or too rapid to be used for
versed in various directions by the loftiest mountain chains  transport, and the benefits which they confer on all the disof Europe. These, commencing at the N.E. extremity, on the  tricts through which they pass are confined to irrigation.
firontiers of Switzerland, form the boundary between the two  While the rivers are thus numerous, there is a remarkable
countries, proceeding first under the name of the Helvetian   deficiency of lakes.  Neither the Lake of Geneva nor Lago
or Leopontine Alps to Monte Rosa, and then almost due W.  Maggiore properly belongs to Sardinia; and the only lakes
under that of the Pennine Alps to Mont Blanc, which lies  worthy of the name within the territory are the comparawholly within the Sardinian territory. From  Ilont Blanc  tively trivial ones of Annecy and Bourget in Savoy.
the principal chain proceeds, under the name of the Grecian      Climate.-The climate necessarily varies much according
or Graian Alps, first circuitously S., and then WV., so as  to locality.  In the regions of perpetual snow, and in all the
completely to isolate Savoy from  the rest of the Sardinian   districts so near as to be within the sphere of their influence,
States. Having reached the boundary of France, it extends  the winter-cold is severe, the weather at all times variable,
along it in a S.E. direction to Monte Viso, S. of which it  and violent storms frequent even when the season has far
becomes linked -to the Maritime Alps.  These, quitting  advanced. In the lower districts,and especiallyin theplains
the French frontier, stretch eastward between Piedmont and  of Piedmont, a much milder and more genial climate preNice, and, finally, almost skirting the Gulf of Genoa, be-  vails; the winter is short, and in summer are long intervals
come connected a little above Savona with the main branch   of the brightest sunshine.  The heat, however, is often exof the West Apennines, which at first recede a little from   treme, and the ground becomes so scorched that the crops
the shore, and then proceed E. through the division of Ge-  are only saved by the general practice of irrigation.  In
nsa t9 the frontiers of Parma and Tuscany.  These lofty  spring' the worst feature in the weather is its variableness.
chains throw out numerous branches, sometimes parallel  Violent winds often blow from the surrounding mountains,
and sometimes at right angles to their principal axes.  and local storms of hail descend with an impetuosity which
Although the far greater portion of the Sardinian surface is  not only devastate the fields, but sometimes plroves fatal to
mountainous, between the S. slopes of the Pennine and IHel-  animals. In the S. portion of the Sardinian States, situated
1716




SAR                                                           SAR
on the S. side of the Maritime Alps and Apennines, and  to Genoa, through Alessandria, and from Turin to Savigliano,
forming the divisions of Nice and Genoa, the complete  A railway is in course of construction, extending from Turin
shelter from the N., and the vicinity of the sea, combine in  in a N.W. direction, and intended ultimately to connect
forming a climate remarkable for the mildness of its winters  with the railway systems of France. Another railway has
and its almost tropical summer-heats. Here the orange  also been projected from Alessandria to Oleggio. The electric
flourishes vigorously in the open air; the olive is the most  telegraph is in operation from  Turin, over the summit of
important object of culture; and many plants, seldom found  Mont Cenis, to Chaumbry, whdre it forms a connection
within the same latitude, grow spontaneously among its  with the telegraphic system  of France.  A company has
rocky and sunny slopes. At Turin, situated not far from   been chartered, with a cipital of $2,000,000, for the purpose
the centre of the country, the medium summer temperature  of establishing lines of steamers-one to ply between Genoa
is 720, and the ordinary maximum 855032; but the thermo- and New York, and one between Genoa and Montevideo.
meter exposed to the sun has a mean height of not less than  Each line is to sail monthly.
91~'57.  The average annual fall of rain, diduced from ten    Divisiens, Poeulation, &c.-For administrative purposes
years' observation, is nearly 37 inches, and of these the large  the kingdom  is divided into 11 portions, called divisions,
proportion of 28i inches falls between March and September.  which are again subdivided into 39 provinces, the names,
The rainiest month is May, and the next rainiest August.  areas, and populations being as follow:The prevailing winds throughout the country are flrnm the  Divisions and Provinces of the Continental States of  trdsinia,
W., N., and E. The north wind is felt particularly in Savoy                 their Area and Population in 1852.
and in parts of Piedmont, but being warded off by the Marl- 
time Alps and Apennines, makes little impression in the          Administrative         Provinces.     Areain  Population
divisions of Nice and'Genoa.                                         i                                  sq. m.    in 152.
Vgetation, Ags-icultusse, def-Many of the mountains either    -                  Alessandria.          335     124,314
rise above the limit of perpetual snow, or retain their snowy                       Asti................   345   17,63
covering till the summer is so far advanced that they have   Alessandria..........    Bobbi.........     270      37,947
scarcely time to clothe themselves with any kind ofvegeta-                          Tortona............   259      59426
tion. Beneath these snowy regions are many well-wooded                                ghera............ 300        02,03
[(Chablais...........[  350  [58.229 
heights, particularly in Savoy, and on parts of the Apennines   Annecy..............  Faucigny...........   775  105,929
and Maritime Alps; and at the same or similar elevations in                         Genevese...........1...    109,527
all the mountainous districts of the country, extensive pas-                       rAlba..............    403    119,263
[J Con! or Cuneo......   99I10,6
toral tracts occur, where great numbers of cattle, sheep, and   Con or Cno.              on                       10,730'Cent or (Juneo.... ~  od.....;....
goats are reared, chiefly with a view to the dairy. In still                        Saluzzo.............   618   156,439
lower regions the pine, birch, alder. and hazel are succeeded                      (Chiavari...........   347    116,664
by the more valuable species of hard-wood; among others,                  Gen oa  city.......                    1e5,339
the Spanish chestnut, not more valuable for its timber than   Genoa                          province....         184,4
ILevnnte                  -............    261  79,080
its firit. In Savoy and other mountainous regions of the                           t ovi................   281     62 230
N. the extent of. arable land is very much limited, both by   Ivrea................  Aosta0................1,218  81,469
Aost~~a...........  ]. 1 251 8,339[
the nature of the climate and the configuration of the our-                         Ive..-               557     100,093
face; and though, in lower and more favored opots, the vine   Nice.f...,  Nice................  1,165  118,016
is succesofully cultivatod, and corn-fields are sometimes seen                       San Reome     -      2.......... 027  604,03
ItLeantRe............7        640
stretching Scontinuously over considerable tracts, the cereals                    rlmellina..........    414    139,054
prodtuced fall far short of the conoumption.  In the south-                         N ovara...A.........493       181,411
ern divisions of Nice and Genoa the quantity of cereal pro-  Novara..........       Ossolea..............   540  36,470
] qNuice................9    101,548
duce is equally deficient, paitly from the thin and rid spoil,                    hPaleainee.315                   6,325
either covered with stones or britling with rock, and partly                        Acqi.............     439    7 101,55
from  its adaptation to the growth of plants from which a   Savona....              Albenga............   264     60,415
moe valuable return can be obtained-the orange, the vine,                            Savon.............   304    i 79,748
the mulbeiry, and, above all, the olive, which giows here in                       (Laurienne      -..........    7 64,100
the greatest perfection.                                       Savoy or Chambdry..  Savoy Proper.......    30     16,051
Upper Savoy.......   371     51,058
The true g-anary of the Sardinian States must be sought                           Tarantaise0.........   683     45,841
for in the plains of Piedmont, where the soil, deep though                         rPiNerelo............  0 9    134,549
light, poosesses great natural fertility, end has in numerous   Turin.........S....... e  S0s..0......8...... 5 14'instances this fertility increased tenfold by careful and okil-                    T       rrin  citync - 109     7643
provinc... I 1099  27,4700
ful management.  To suchperfectin has the system of arti-                            iella......         39      1,079
ficial irrigation been carried, thatwholo tracto of country   Vercelli............. sIalen.......      327      21,060
~ Ik  slsesia............[  3293 ]  36,01]
ale literally covered by artificial channels of varilous dimen-                     Vercelli............   545   125,234
siono, so that in the plain of Piedmont 486,613 aci-es are          Total of continental provinces......... 18,994   4,537,580
under regular irrisation, the supplies of which are ieceived        Islandof Sardinia.....................  9,235  552,665
and paid for according to fixed rules, forming a most enmore Valuable return can  be~~~~~~~~~~~~ota oftied h      Sardinge  iane mo ernarh............ 2829 50i]790,245 
lightened hydiographie cede. The results are astonishing.                                                            2.........   8  45
Whole districts, which had remained almoot waote. have    Government and Reveneee.-The government is in form an
been converted into luxuriant corn-fields, verdant meadows,  hereditary monarchy, in which the powers of the sove-eign
and rice-groundo, and, inotead of a scanty and impoveriehed  have recently }een placed under important constitutional
population, now rival the most densely-peopled regions of  restraints.  This new constitution, volunta-ily granted by
Europe. A considerable portion of the ground thus isri- KingCharles Albert in 1848, provides for alegislature of two
gated is kept in permanent meadow, yielding heavy cut- chambers, which meet annually; guarantees the freedom of
tings of grass and luxuriant crops of hay, for the main-  the press, and introduces many other important reforms.
tenance generally- of Swiss cows, which are kept in lar-ge  The clergy and nobility had fi-om an early period possessed
dairies, their produce forming one of the principal sources  peculiar privilees, which exempted them  from  taxation,
of agricultural wealth. A still larger portionof the same  and in a manner placed them above the law. These priviland is under a regular rotation of rice, maize, gleen crop, leges have undesgone impo-tant modifications.  Justice is
and wheat. French beans and hemp are extensively grown,  administered by four superior courts, which have their seats
and barley and rye more partially. Much of the groued  at Turin, Genoa, Nice, and Chambury; provincial courts, 
not mrigated is devoted to the culture of the vine, and mose  one in the capital of each province; and a great number of
especially of the mulberry, for the rearing of silk-worms,  local and inferior judicatories.  In addition to these, a
The silk obtained is abundant and of excellent quality,  supreme court, called Camera Regai, sits at Turin; an
and both in its raw and spun state forms one of the prin- admiralty court at Genoa, and commercial courts at various
cipal articles of export. Fruit of the finest kinds is every-  places.
where abundant.                                                 The revenue, according to the budget of 1854, amounted
_Maneofactuesee  and Ta-de.-The fo-mer occupy a very un-  to $25,630,000, of which $12,400,000 was derived from taxeo:
important place compared with agriculture, and  consist  $9,680,000 from customo, tollo on vessels, &c.; and $2,000,000
chiefly of silk stuffs, velvet, silk hosiery, woollens generally  from public works. The expenditures amounted to$27,700,000,
of coarse quality, linen chiefly for domestic use, hardware,  of which $7,200,000 was for interest on the public debt;
earthenware, porcelain, glass, leather, soap, paper, articlee in  $7,650,000 for the army; - 839,000 for the navy; -2,360.000
alabaster, marble, and coral, eosences and perfumes, white  for public works; and $413,000 for public instruction.  The
lead, brandy, liqueurs, chocolate, ves-micelli, &c. The tai-nsit  public debt for the same year amounted to $114,500,000.
trade between France, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy, is  Nearly a half of this debt has- been recently cont-acted in
vely extensive, and an importtnt foreign trade is cal-ied on, two large portions-one for the construction of railways,
chiefly throngh the port of Genoa. The principal exports  and the other, to say the least, very unfortunately, by the
are olive-oil, corn, rice, raw silk, silk goods, velvet, white lead,  late war with Austria.
and several of the above articles of manufacture; the prin-    Army  an   Navy, Religion, Education,  c.-Ths asmy
cipal imports are colonial produce, cotton, metals, hides,  amounts, on the war footing, to about 140,000 men, but in
salt fish, tar and pitch, &c. The merchant marine of the  peace to only 48,000 men; the navy comprises about 60 yesentire kingdom  in 1854, comprised 3419 vessels, (tons,  selo of war of all descriptions, mounting about 900 cannon.
154,852,) employing 24,539 hands.                             Among the vessels there is not a single ship of the line
Lines of railway have been opened in Sardinia, from Turin  but there are 4 frigatee a          aid 6 steam-vessels.
1717




SAR                                                         SAR
The established religion is the Roman Catholic. It is    SAREPTA. sa-rlptta,   a fortified town of Russia. govern
governed by 4 archbishops and 23 bishops, and for ages  ment of Sarator, in its S. part, on the Sarpa, near its influx
possessed such an ascendency, that it would not tolerate  into the Volga, 15 miles S. of Tsaritsin, (Tzaritzin.)  Pop.
any other form of religion. Its persecutions of Piedmont 400. It was founded in 1765 by a colony of German Herrn.
and Savoy form one of the darkest pages in the history of  huters, and is the ceaitre of numerous coloniesof Moravians,
Popery. -In more recent times, not only have its more    SAREPTA, an ancient city of Syria.  See SURArFEND.
tiolent outbursts and a-gressions been restrained, but a    SAREPITA, a post-village of Lafayette co., Mississippi. 28
general toleration has been, proclaimed, and the long-perse- miles S.E. of Oxford.
cuted Waldenses, still numbering above 20,000, can not    SARES-KEND, s9-r~s-kndl,. a village of North Persia.
only worship peacefully in their mountain valleys, but rear  province of Azerbaijan, SW. of Mianna. Near it are two
their churches in the very heart of the capital.            ruined fortresses, termed Kalah-Zohak,.and formerly sup.
There are elementary schools in each commune, secondary  posed to indicate the site of the ancient Canzaca. which has,
schools in the large towns, and four universities, viz.: at however, been since identified with Tukhti-Suleiman. 60
Turin, Genoa, Cagliari, and Sassari, the whole under the  miles S.
control of a minister of public instruction.  There are also    SAREZZO, sA-rltfso, a village of Austrian Italy, province
schools for the deaf and dumb, for agriculture, arts, mann- of Brescia, 2 miles S. by E. of Gardone, on the Mella.
factures, veterinary medicine, civil engineering, marine, &c. Pop. 1424.
History.-The country which now forms the Sardinian    SARGADELOS, saa-g-ds/1oce, a small maritime village
States, was known in ancient times in its S. part by the  of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 18 miles N. of Lugo.
name of Ligu'sia, and in its N. by that of Gaotlia Cisalpilva.    SARGANS, sal/g&aGl or saiVgins, a town of Switzerland,
Savoy, separated from the other parts, and lying beyond  canton of St. Gall, 71 miles SE. of Wallenstadt.  Pop. 723.
the Alps, was considered as belonging to Gallia Narbo.    SARGEANTSVILLE, sarljants-vill, a post-village of Hunnensis. The house of Savoy, whence has sprung the pre- terdon co., New Jersey, 6 miles S.W. of Flemington, contains
sent line of Sardinian kings, may be said to date from about 10 or 12 dwellings.
the eleventh century. Count Humbert, the vassal of Ru-    SARHAUT, sar-hawtf, a town of British India, presidency
dolph III. of Burgundy, exercised jurisdiction not only over  of Bengal, 5 miles W. of Moorshedabad.
Savoy, but other portions of the surrounding territory.    SARI, a town of Persia. See SAREE.
His son Otho died in 1060, leaving two sons, who became    SARIET/TA, a post-office of Marion co.. Virginia.
successively Counts of Savoy. From this time, with some    SARINE. a river of Switzerland. See SAANE.
vicissitudes, the house of Savoy continued to increase in    SARINEkRA. s-re-n~ntyA, a town of Spain, province, and
power and influence, till 1440, when Amadeus VIII. (who  26 miles S.E. of Huesca, in a fertile plain. Pop. 2500.
had been created Duke of Savoy by the Emperor Sigis-   SARINGUR, sA-rin-gtrl, a town of India, in the Berar-do.
mund. in 1416) died after a prosperous reign, leaving his  minions. 62 miles W. of Sumbhulpoor.
successors in possession of territories which gave him a dis-    SARJOO or SARJOU, a river of Hindostan. See GoGGRA.
tinguished place among the sovereigns of Europe. The    SARK, one of the islands in the English Channel. See
wars between France and Germany seemed for a time to  SERcq.
check the growing fortunes of Savoy. Victor Amadeus.   SARK, a small river of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, with a
ascended the throne in 1675: during his reigsi, the war be- S.W. course of 10 or 11 miles past Springfield, forms, for
tween France and Germany again broke out, in which he  several miles, the boundary between Scotland and Engnecessarily became involved, but played his part so well, land, and enters the Solway Frith near its E. extremity.
that at the peace of Utrecht, in 1713. he not only had added    SARKAD, shflkddt, a market-town of East Hungary, co.
considerably to his continental territories, but obtained  of Bihar, 35 miles S.W. of Gross-Wardein.  Pop. 3324.
possession of, and was formally crowned King of Sicily. By a    SARKHIOLM, sark/holm, a small island in the Gulf of
subsequent arrangement, he exchanged Sicily for the island  Riga.
of Sardinia, from which he and his successors have since    SARLAT, sa NMP!, a town of France, department of Dortaken the title of king. Charles Felix, who assumed the  dogne, on the Sarlat, 32 miles S.E. of'P6rigueux. Pop. in
crown in 1821, after a reign of 10 years, dying without male  1852, 5950. It has a communal college, paper mills, and a
issue, a collateral branch succeeded in the person of Charles  trade in walnut-oil and cattle. mF6n61on was born here in
Albert, who, in 1848, promulgated the liberal constitution  1651.
which the Sardinian States still enjoy. The same year saw    SARLO, NAGY, n6dj saRnlo, a market-town of West Hunhim at the head of a league intended to expel the Austrians  gary, co., and 10 miles S. of Bars, on an affluent of the Grau.
fi-om Italy. The disastrous results led to his abdication in    SARMATIA. See POLAND.
March, 1849, in favor of his son, and very probably to his    SARMATO, saR-m/to, a town of Parma, duchy, and 10
death in July following.                                   miles W. of Piacenza. Pop. 2582.
SARDIN/IA, a post-village of Sardinia township, Erie co.,   SARMATTA, sal-mnttlt, one of the Serawatty Islands, in
New York, about 30 miles S.E. of Buffalo.  It contains  the Malay Archipelago, between Timer and Timer Laut, in
several mills and factories. Pop. of the township, 1761.   let. 80 10' S., ion. 1280 45' E., 30 miles in circuit.
SARDINIA, a post-village of Brown co., Ohio, 90 miles    SARMIENTO, saR-me-Incto, a remarkable mountain of
S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, about 250.               Terra del Fuego, on the S. side of Gabriel Channel; lat.
SARDINIA, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana.         540 27' 12" S., lon. 700 51' 30" WV. Its height is 6800 feet
SARPDIS or SARWDES, (Gr. Zapgsc or.apqre;  Turk. Sart,  above sea-level, rising from a broad base.
salt,) a ruined city of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, in antiquity    SARNANO, saR-ntno, a walled town of Central Italy, in
the capital of Lydia, at the N. foot of Mount Tmolus, 50  the Pontifical States, 20 miles S.S.W of Macerata. Pop. 4000.
miles N.E. of Smyrna. Its acropolis has, by the effects of    SARNE, sar/neh, SARNAU, sarsnl w, or SARNOWA, saRrunning streams or earthquakes, been  yrought into the  noWl&, a town of Prussian Poland, 53 miles S. of Posen, near
mostfantastic shapes. On its summit are extensive remains  the Dombrozna. Pop. 1820.
of a castle, called the Gerusia, (or house of Croesus;) and    SARNEN, saR/nen, a village of Switzerland, capital of the
about 1 mile distant are a few traces of a vast temple of  canton of Unterwalden, on the As, where it leaves the Lake
Cybele. Under Croesus, its last king, from  whom  it was  of Sarnen, and at the foot of Landenberg, 11 miles S. of Lutaken by Cyrus, Sardis was one of the most splendid and  cerne. Pop. 3000. In its council-house are some paintings,
luxurious cities of the East. After passing to the Romans, and an alto-relievo model of Switzerland.
it rapidly declined, and during the reign of Tiberius was    SARNEN, LAKE OF, in Switzerland, S. of the above vilalmost destroyed by an earthquake. It was, however, im- lage, 3 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, and traversed
mediately rebuilt, and acquired new interest from becoming  by the As from the Lake of Lungern.
the seat of one of the Apocalyptic churches.                  SARNESFIELD, sarnzffeeld, a parish of England, co. of
SAR:DIS, a post-office of Harrison co., Virginia.         Hereford.
SARDIS, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.           SARNIA. See GUERNSEY.
SARDIS, a post-village of Mason co., Kentucky, 14 miles    SARNIA, sacrne-a, or PORT SARNIA, a town of Canada
S. of Maysville.                                           West, co. of Lambton, situated on the St. Clair, near Lake
SARDIS, a post-village in theE. part of Monroe co., Ohio. Huron. It is a large and thriving place, with Episcopal,
Pop. 150.                                                  Free, Methodist, Baptist, Congregationalist, and Roman
SARDO. See SAR)rINIA.                                    Catholic churches, grammar and common schools, a large
SARDOAL, saR-do-itl, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- foundry, 2 tanneries, and 2 flour mills driven by steam. It
vince of Beira Baixa, 14 miles S.E. of Thomar. Pop. 3200.   has a regular ferry across the river to Port Huron, and is a
SAIECITA, a post-village of Duplin co., North Carolina, port of entry, and the last port at which steamers bound to
on Goshen Creek, about 90 miles S.E. of Raleigh.           the Upper Lakes can touch. Pop. in 1852, 1384.
SAREE or SARI, sa-reel, the capital town of the Persian    SARNICO, sasfne-ko, a town of Lombardy, 15 miles E.S.E.
province of Mazanderan, 20 miles E. of Balfurosh. Lat. 360  of Bergamo, at the S.W. extremity of Lake Iseo.  Pop. 1740.
30' N., lon. 530 10' E. Pop. in 1822 was estimated at from   SARNO, sac/no, a town of Naples, province of Principato
30,000 to 40,000; but in 1830 it had been so depopulated by  Citra, near the source of the Sarno, (anc. Sacessus,) 13 miles
cholera, as to have scarcely 300 inhabitants.  It is enclosed  N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 7000. It has a cathedral, an old
by a ditch and a mud wall, flanked by pentagonal brick  castle, some sulphur baths, and manufactures of paper and
towers, but kept in very bad repair.                      copper-wares.  Here was fought a battle between the troops
SAREILA, sk-arIIA, a town of British India, presidency  of Justinian and the Goths, which ended in the defeat of
5f Bengal, province of Allahabad, 25 miles S.W. of Kalpee.  the latter, and the fall of the Gothic sway in Italy.
1.718




SAR                                                         SAS
SARNTIJEIM, sawntrhlme, a village of Tyrol, about 24  Wine is made in small quantity, cider and perry extenmiles from Botzen. Pop. 2734.                               sively. Manufactures comprise woollens, calicoes, and paper.
SARONIC GULF, (Saronicus Sinus,) Greece. See.tEINA,   SARTILLY, saRt'tee'yeef, a market-town of France, departGULF OF.                                                    ment of Manche, 7 miles N.W. of Avranches. Pop. 1444.
SARONNO or SARRONNO, ssA0-aon'noU, a town of Austrian    SARTIRANA, saRt-te-r.nl, a market-town of Piedmont,
Italy, in Lombardy, 14 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 3000.      division of Novara, 11 miles S.W. of Mortara. Pop. 2881.
SAROS or SAROSCII, a todvn of Hungary. See PATAK.           SARTOR-OE, (Sartor-Se,) saRttor-b'eh, an island off the W.
SAROS. a gulf of Turkey in Europe. See XsRos.             coast of Norway, stift, and 5 miles W. of Bergen. Lat. 600
SAROS; sWrOsh'. or SARIOS VARMEGYE. s~rOshx van'- 15i' N., lon. 40 10' E. Shape very irregular. Length, from
mldjf, a county of Hungary, bounded N. by Galicia. Area, N. to S., 20 miles; breadth, 7 miles.
1380 square miles. Capital, Eperies. Pop. 197.285.            SART/WELL, a post-office of McKean co, Pennsylvania.
SAROWY, sa-rolwee, written also SEROHI and SEROKI,   SARULE, s&-roolA, or SARRULLE, sIR-Rool/lA, a village
a town of North-west Hindostant, 62miles W. of Odeypoor.   of the island of Sardinia, 2 miles S.S.W. of Orani. Pop. 1409.
SARPA, sanRpA, a river of Russia, rises in the govern-    SAtRUM, OLD, (the SorbiodunumlF  of the Romans,) an ex..
ment of Astrakhan, flows N., and joins the Volga, 15 miles  tinct city and borough of England, co. of Wilts, the site of
S. of Tsaritsin, after'a course of 200 miles.               which was on a hill 2 miles N. of Salisbury. Under the
SARRALBE, saRaRllbf, a town of France, department of  Saxons it was a place of importance; in the time of William
Moselle, at the confluence of the Sarre and Albe, 9 miles  the Conqueror, the bishop's see was transferred to it from
S.S.W. of Sarreguemines. Pop. in 1852, 3460.                Sherborne, in Dorset, but removed to Salisbury in the time
SARRANCE, saRcrSs!    a village of France, department of  of Henry III. A few traces of walls, ramparts, and of its
Basses-Pyr6n6es, 10 miles S. of 016ron. Pop. 1271.          castle and cathedral, remain. It is interesting, as affording
SARRANCOLIN, StR6RSNG'ko'lANG!, a town of France, de- a striking example of the rotten borough system. It sent 2
partment of Hautes-Pyr6nies, on the Neste, 13 miles E.S.E. members to the House of Commons in the time of Edward
of Bagnures. Pop. 1079. It has remains of fortifications,  III., and after its total decay, without having a single house
and a church built by the Templars.                         or inhabitant, the proprietor of the land, on which it oncs
SAR'RAT, a pirish of England, co. of Herts.              stood, was still permitted to exercise this important priviSARRE, saR, (Ger. Saar, san; anc. Saravus,) a river of  lege, until the passing of the Reform Act.
France and North-west Germany, rises in the Vosges Moun-   SARU~N, sl-r-nl, with CHUMPARUN, chfim-p4-rin!. a
tains, flows through the French departments of Meurthe  district of British India, presidency of Bengal, bounded on
and Moselle, and a part of Rhenish Prussia, and joins the  the N. by Nepaul; its centre is about lat. 260 N., Ion. 850 E.
Moselle 5 miles S.W. of Treves, after a N. course of 120    SARIUNGPOOR, sg-rtog-poorf, a town of Central India,
miles, for 50 of which it is navigable.                     Gwalior dominions, 54 miles N.E. of Oojein. Lat. 230 35' N.,
SARREAL, san-RA —lI, or SARRIAL, sai-te-~l,  a town of  lon. 760 35' E.
Spain, province of Lerida, 7 miles N.E. of Montblanch, near    SARIVAR, shnv1q1, a market-town of West Hungary,
the Francoli. Pop. 2124.                                    co. of Eisenburg, on the Sarvar, 20 miles E.SE. of Giins.
SARREBOURG, sai'boos', a town of France, department  Pop. 1167.
of Meurthe, on the right bank of the Sarre; and on the    SARYVERSVILLE, a small post-village of Butler co., Pennrailway from  Paris to Strasbourg, 40 miles E. of Nancy.  sylvania.
Pop. in 1852, 2531. See SAAnBURn.                             SARVIZ, sh'n'veezx, a river of Hungary, flows S., and joins
SARREBRUCK, a town of Prussia. See SAARBRUCK.             an arm ofthe Danube at Baja. Length, 60miles. It forms
SARRE-CRESABLET, saR sheh-sblhi, a village of the  a part of the Sarviz Canal, 37 miles in length.
Sardiniau States, division, and 10 miles S. of Aosta. Pop.   SARZANA, sand-zfn.i, a town of North Italy, near the
1116.                                                       S.E. extremity of the Sardinian dominions, division of Genoa,
SARREGUEMINES,  sa'ga-meent, (Ger. Saar-emiind, between the river Magra and the Modenose frontier, 8 miles
sfnrgheh-miint', formerly GCemond,) a town  of France,  E. of Spezia. Pop 8432. Its old fortifications now form
department of Moselle, on the left bank of the Sarre, near public walks, and it has a castle, a cathedral of Carrara
the influx of the Blise, 9 miles S. of Saarbruck.  Pop. in  marble, built in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a
1852, 5658.  It has manufactures of fine earthenware,  college, and a theatre. It had formerly its own parliament,
leather, velvets, silks, and gauzes, and an active trade in  and Pope Nicholas V. was born here.
papier-mach6 snuff-boxes made at Sarralbe. -                  SARZANETTA,   sand-z&-nft/tA, a fortress adjacent to the
SARRE LOUIS, Rhenish Prussia.  See SAArT Louis.           above.
SARRE-UNION, a town of France. See SAARt UNIoN.             SARZANELLO, sand-z9-n6lflo, a village and parish of the
SARRIA, sanite-l, a town of Spain, province, and 13 miles  Sartdinian States, division of Genoa, province of Levante,
S.S.E. of Lugo. Pop. 650.                                   about 1 mile from Sarzana. Pop. 1014.
SARRIA, a village of Spain, near Barcelona. Pop. 3673.      SARZEAU, san'zO', a town of France, department of MorSARRIANS, sAR'ne-SNo!, a town of France, department of  bihan, S. coast, on a peninsula between the sea and Lake
Vaucluse, 4 mileqs W.N.W. ofCarpentras. Pop. 1250.         Morbihan, 9 miles S. of Vannes. Pop. in 1852, 7425, mostly
SARRION, san-Re-On', a market-town of Spain, province,  seafaring people. It has 8 annual fairs, many Druidic reand 16 miles S.E. of Teruel, on the right bank of the Martin. mains, and near it is the largest ancient tumulus in France.
Pop. 2070.                                                    SARZEDAS, san-ztdds, a market-town of Portugal, proSARRONNO, a town of Austrian Italy. See SARONNO.          vince of Beira. 11 miles W. of Castello Branco. Pop. 2500.
SARROWLY, sar-rdwllee, a town of Hindostan, in Oude,    SASBACH, soslbin, or SASSBAD, sesstbt, a village of Ba51 miles N.W. of Goruckpoor.                                den, circle of Middle Rhine, 17 miles E.N.E. of Strasbourg.
SARRULLE, a village of Sardinia.  See SAnULE.            Pop. 1370. Marshal Turenne was killed in its vicinity by
SARStDEN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            a random shot, 27th July, 1675.
SARSINA, san-seefnd, a town of Central Italy, in the    SASIK, sesik, a lake of South Russia, province of BessaPontifical States, on the Tuscan frontier, 4 miles S.W. of  rabia, 35 miles S.W. of Akermann, 16 miles in length, and
Mercato Saraceno. Pop. 3000. It has a cathedral, and was  6 miles in breadth. It receives the Kogilnik and some other
formerly the see of a bishop.                              rivers, and communicates with the Black Sea, through the
SARSROE SELO, Russia. See TSAnSKOE SELO.                 N. arm of the Danube.
SARSTEDT, sarnstdtt, a town of Germany, in IIanover, 6    SASKATCHEWAN, sas-katchfe-wln, SASRATICHEVAN,
miles N.W. of IHildesheim, on the Leine. Pop. 1462.        ("swiftcurrent,")or NELSON RIVER,ariverofBritish North
SART, a town of Asia MIinor. See SARDIS.                 America, rises in the Rocky Mountains, near ion. 1150 WV.. by
SART, sart or san, a village of Belgium, province, and 18  two principal heads, one in lat. 490, the other in lat. 530 301
miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 2433.                            N. These branches flow generally E. to their junction, about
SART-DAME-AVELINES, saR-ddm-d'veh-leen!, a village  lat. 530 20' N., lon. 1050 W., whence the river has a tortuous
of Belgium, province of Brabant, on the Thil, 19 miles 5S.E.  course to its mouth in Lalke Winnipeg. It is navigable
of Brussels. Pop. 1672.                                    hence, and along its N. branch, for about 1000 miles, to
SARTEANO, san-tA-dtno, or SARTIANO, sanR-te-I/no, a  Acton, or Rocky Mountain House. It gives name to a wide
town of Tuscany, province of Sienna, 5 miles W.S.W. of  district, supposed to be peopled by nearly 17.000 Indians.
Chiusi. Pop. 3000. It has a castle and mineral baths. A      SASNEE', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
vast number of Etruecan tombs have been opened here  Upper provinces, 35 miles N.N.E. of Agra. Lat. 2745' N.,
since 1825.                                                lon. 780 4' E.
SARTENA, san-tdgng, (Fr. Sartine, san'tknl,) a town of    SASO, or SASONfiS INSULA.  See SASSENO.
Corsica, 23 miles S.S.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. 2658.              SASfSAFRAS HILL,. a post-office of Washington co., IlliSARTIIE, sant, a river of France, rises in the department nois.
of Orne, passes Alengon and Mans, where it becomes navi-   SASSAFRAS RIVER, in the N.E. part of Maryland, flows
gable, and joins the Mayenne on the left, 11 miles above  W. along the boundary between Cecil and Kent counties,
Angers. Length, 145 miles.                                 and enters Chesapeake Bay.
SARTHE, a department of France in the N.W., formed of    SASSANO, ses-sd'no, a market-town of Naples, province
part of the old province of Maine-et-Perche. Area, 2371  of Principato Citra, 3 miles S.E. of Diano.
square miles. Pop. in 1852, 473,071. Surface fat; a con-   SASSANO, a market-town of Naples, province of Molise, 8
siderable portion is covered with forests. It is watered by  miles E.N.E. of lsernia.
the Sarthe, Loire, and several smaller streams; is fertile in    SASSARI, saosls-re, a city of the island of Sardinia, capit
the valleys, and yields sufficient corn for the population. tal of its N. division, on its N.W. side, and on the Turritano,
1719




SAS                                                        SAU
i0 miles from  its mouth in the Gulf of Sassari, 59 miles  high repute, and in its vicinity large quantities of cotton
N.N.W. of Cagliari. Lat. 400 43 33" N., Ion. S0 351 E. Pop. are raised.
24,408. It is enclosed by walls and towers, entered by five    SATIVA, si-teelv, a town of South America. in New
gates, and has a cathedral, 23 other churches, and several Granada, province, and 66 miles N.E. of Tunja, near the
convents; a large government-house, and other public edi- Galinazo.
flces; a university, with about 180 students, and having a    SATORALJA UJIJELY, sa]tq'r6'lylh' oo'e-hPit, a marketsmall museum, and public library; clerical seminary, public  town of North Hungary, capital of a county, 8 miles W.S.W.
hospital, shops and inns equal to those of Cagliari, and a  of Zemplin. Pop. 7600.
brisk trade in tobacco, oil, fruits, &c. Its port, Porto Torres,    SATPOORA, sAt-poolrd, or SAUTPOORA  (sawt-poo'ra)
can only accommodate small vessels, those of larger size  MOUNTAINS, an extensive range in Central India, between
being obliged to anchor in the roads, 1 mile distant. Adja-  the Nerbudda and Taptee Rivers, lat. 210 30' N., lon. from
cent to the city is the fountain of Rosello, an abundant  740 to 780 E., forming the boundary between the Bombay
source, and highly ornamented with carvings, &c.            district of Candeish and the Indore dominions, and almost
SASSARI, GULF OF, 20 miles in length, by 35 miles in  wholly peopled by Bheels.
breadth, receives the rivers Turritano and Selema.            SATPUR, set'poorl (?) a pass across the Himalayas leading
SASSELLO, sgs-s~lllb, a town of the Sardinian States, 21  into Little Thibet, 12 miles S.W. of Iskardoh; lat. 350 N., Ion.
miles W.N.W. of Genoa. Pop. 4640.                           750 24' E. It is 12,000 feet above the sea.
SASSENAGE, sgskseiuzht, a market-town of France, de-   SATRIANO, sA-tre-,/no, a market-town of Naples, propartment of Isre, 3 miles W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1450.       vince of Calabria Ultra I., 16 miles S. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1800.
SASSENAY, s~s'seh-n4S, a village of France, department    SATRIANO, a market-town of Naples, province of Basiliof SaSne-et-Loire, arrondissement of Chilons.  Pop. 1000.    cata, 8 miles W.S.W. of Potenza, and formerly a bishop's see.
SASSENBERG, sstsen-bWRo', a town of Prussia, in Weste-   SATSUMA, sft-soofmd, a considerable town of Japan, capiphalia, 18 miles N.E. of Miinster. Pop. 1400.               tal of the southernmost province ofthe island of Kioo-Sioo.
SASSENDORF, SAStsen-doRf', a village of Prussia, 14 miles    SATSUMA, BAY OF, a bay on the S.W. coast of Japan.
K.N.E. of Arnsberg, with salt-works. Pop. 750.                SATTARAII, st-tAtrA, or SATARIAII, a district of BriSASSENO, s~s-sAlno, (auc. Saso, or Sasonis Insula,) an  tish India, presidency of Bombay, until lately forming a
island of the Adriatic, off the entrance to the Bay of Avlona,  state subsidiary to the Anglo-Indian government. In the
Albania.                                                    seventeenth century, it was a part of the dominions of the
SASISERAM, a town of'British India, presidency of Ben- head of the Mahratta confederacy. It extends from  lat.
gal, 38 miles S. of Buxar. Lat. 240 58' N., ion. 830 5'8 E. It  150 40' to 180 30' N., and lon. 730 40' to 760 E., and is
is a large place, partly built of stone, and contains the man- nearly surrounded by the British districts of Concan,
soleum of Shere Shah, who expelled the Emperor Humayoon  Poonah, and Darwar. Area, 10,222 square miles. It befrom Hindostan. In its neighborhood is the sacred water-  longs to the table-land of the Deccan; its surface is much
fall of Deocoond.                                           broken by heights and ravines; and in the district are
SASSIN, sAsesin' or sas'seent, a market-town of North- numerous isolated and abrupt hills, crowned by fortresses.
west Hungary, co. of Neutra. Pop. 2690.                     The Kistnah River flowing S.E. intersects its centre; the
SASSINORO, ss-se-notro, a town of Naples, province of  Neerah and Beemah Rivers form nearly all the N., and the
Molise, S. of Campobasso. Pop. 1155.                        Gutpurba the S. boundary. Sattarah has been one of the
SASSLAY. See ZAsLAV.                                     best-managed of the native states of India under its late
SASSO, s~stso, a market-town of Naples, province of Basili-  rajahs. The last rajah, among other reforms, abolished sutcata, 12 miles S.S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 2400.               tee or widow-burnings, established a free hospital, introSASSOFERRATO, s's-so-f6rt-RA'to,  a market-town of Cen-  duced vaccination, built an aqueduct at Sattarah, and
tral Italy, in the Pontifical States, in the Apennines, 7 miles  formed roads and bridges, two of which latter are the handN.W. of Fabbriano. Pop. 6000.                              somest in the Deccan. The late rajah died at Sattarah n
SASSONIA and SASS'ONE. See SAxoNY.                       1848, without lineal descendants, and his adoption of a sucSASSUOLO, sas-swo'lo, a town of North Italy, duchy, and  cessor not being ratified by the Anglo-Indian government,
0() miles S.W. of Modena, on the right bank of the Secchio. Sattarah then ceased to exist as a separate state, and was
lPop. 3000.                                                incorporated into the Bombay presidency. After Sattarah,
SASTAGO, sas-tfgo, a town of Spain, province, and 39  (the capital,) the chief towns are Kolapoor, Punderpoor,
miles S.E. of Saragossa, on the Ebro. Pop. 1920.           Merritch. Tazgaon, Yingorla, and Bejapoor.
SAS-VAN-GENT, s~s vln ghent, (Fr. Sas-de-Gand, sa deh    SATTARAIR, the capital of the above government, 58 miles
gSNG) a fortified town of the Netherlands, province of Zea-  S.S.E. of Poonah, is at the foot of a scarped hill, crowned by
land, on the Belgian frontier, 13 miles N.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. a fort. The town, in part, is substantially built. The fort,
1000. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1570.             though naturally strong, was taken by Sevajee in 1673, by
SATA, s&ltt, or SATTA, s~t'tA, the main stream  of the  Aurungzebe in 1690, and by the British in 1818.
Indus River, at its delta in Sinde, enters the ocean by the    SATTEGAUL, slt'te-gawl1, a fortified city of South India,
Kookeewaree mouth, 15 miles S. of Bunder-Vikkar. Width, dominions, and 52 miles W.S.W. of Mysore.
about 1000 yards.                                             SAT/TERFIELD, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
SATADOO, SATADOU or SATADU, s~t-td-dool, a state of    SATITERLEIGIH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
West Africa, in Senegambia, about lat. 130 N., lon. 120 W.    SATZUNG, sAt'ts66ng1,   a village of Saxony, circle of
The capital town, Satadoo, is near its S. extremity.       Zwickau, near Wolkenstein. Pop. 1303.
SATAIHIUNG, si-td-hfngl, a town of Nepaul, North IHin-    SAU, a river of South Europe. See SAVE.
dostan, 100 miles W.N.W. of Khatmandoo.                      SAUBERMiUTTEE.  See SUBBERInUTTY.
SATALGE, sA-t~l/gA, (anc. Pharsallida ) a town of Thes-    SAUCEJO, EL, 81 slw-thsfllo, a market-town of Spain,
saly, on a slope facing the N., 20 miles S. of Larissa.  On  province, and 45 miles S.E. of Seville.  Pop. 2444.
some eminences towards the E., the Romans, under Quintus    SAUCELITO, sau-s6-leefto, a station for shipping of Call,
Flaminius, defeated the Macedonians, under Philip. The  fornia, on the E. side of San Francisco Bay, about 12 miles
demous battle of Pharsalia, in which the forces of Czesar  N.W. of San Francisco. Here are kept the United States
finally defeated those of Pompey, was fought on the plain  naval stores, and here the war-ships come to anchor.
immediately adjoining the town.                               SAUICON, a township of Northampton co., Pennsylvania.
SATALGE, sl-tallghA, a river of Turkey, an affluent of the  Pop. 2905.
Salembria.                                                    SAUCON CREEK, of Northampton co., Pennsylvania,
SATALIAH or SATALIEH. See ADALIA.                        falls into the Lehigh River near Easton.
SATANOV or SATANOW, s-td-novl, a market-town of'SAUCON VALLEY, a post-office of Lehigh co., PennsylRussian Poland, government of Podolia, on the left bank of vania.
the Podhorce, 53 miles N.N.W. of Kamieniec. Pop. 3200.        SAUDRE, sid'rl, a river of France, department of Cher,
SATARAH. See SATTARAH.                                  after a N.W. and W. course of 80 miles past Salbris and RoSATARTIA, sa-tarlshe-a, a post-village of Yazoo co., Mis- morantin, joins the Cher near Selles.
sissippi, on the Yazoo River, about 40 miles N.W. of Jackson.   SAUDRIGO, sdw-dreelgo, a village of Austrian Italy, goSATGHARRA, sat-gas/aR, a town of the Punjab, on the  vernment of Venice, 9 miles N.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 2000.
leftbank of the Ravee, having several small forts. Lat 310 N.   SAUERSCHWABENHEIMI, smw'er-shwi/ben-himex, a vilSATGOONG, sit'goong/, or SATGONG, sit'gongf, a town  lage of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, 7 miles
of British India, presidency of Bengal, 4 miles N.W. of  S.W. of Mentz. Pop.'951.
3lH~~~oeogg~~~ly..~ ~SAU'GATUCK', a small river of Fairfield co., Connecticut,
SATHER, (Sither,) or SATER, (Siter,) a town of Sweden. falls into Long Island Sound.
See SBaER.                                                   SAUGATUCK, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut,
SATILLA, a river ofGeorgia. See SANTLLA.                on Saugatuck River.
SA-TILLIEU, s8ktee'yuht, or s8'teePyuhl, a town of France.   SAUGATUCK, a post-office of Allegan co.. Michigan
department of Ardbche, 12 miles N.W. of Tournon. Pop.    SAUGERTIES, sawIghbr-teez', a post-township forming
2049.'the N.E. extremity of Ulster co., New York, on the Hudson
SATIIPA CREEK, of Clarke co., Alabama, enters the  River. Pop. 8041.
Alabama a few miles below Coffeeville.                      SAUPGEIRTIES', or ULISTER, a flourishing post-village in
SATIMANGALUM, s-ite-mn-g&-lhmt, a town of British  the above township, on the W. bank of the Hudson River,
India, presidency of Madras, 40 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor. near the mouth of Esopus Creek, about 100 miles above New
L.t. 11~ 311 N., lon. 770 16' E. It has a temple of Vishnu in  York. The creek furnishes water-power, which is used in
17,20




SAU                                                        SAU
extensive manufactories of various kinds, including several to Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 14,119. It has a tribunal of combloomeries. It contains a bank and a newspaper office. merce, a communal college with a library of 6000 volumes, a
I'here is a steam ferry across the river.                  riding school for the army, and manufactures of 1linens and
SAUGUES; seg, a town of France, department of Haute-  cambrics. It is the birthplace of Madame Dacier.
Loire, 17 miles W.S.W. of Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 3908.        SAUMUROIS, s6'miUaxwv/, an old subdivision of France,
SAUGURJ, saw gnrl, and NERBUDDAH (n6R-btd/dA) TER- now distributed among the departments of Maine-et-Loire,
RITORIES, a wide extent of country composing the S.W. Indre-et-Loire, and Vienne. Chief town, Saumur.
part of the British presidency of Bengal, and comprising    SAUNDIBY, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
the highest part of the table-land of Central India, in which    SAUN/DERS, a headland of New Zealand, on the E. coast
the Nerbuddah, Wynegunga, and the Cane, Sone, and other  of the Middle Island or New Munster, S. of Port Otago.
tributaries of the Jumna and Ganges have their sources;    SAUNDERS, CAPE. See CAPE SAUNDERS.
between lat. 210 and 240 20' N, and ion. 770 15' and 820 40'   SAUNIDERS FORK, a village of Cannon co., Tennessee.
E.,, having S. the Hyderabad and Berar dominions, W. and N.   SAUNDIERS' ISLAND, in the South Atlantic Ocean, near
the territories of Bhopaul, Gwalior, Bundelcund, Bogilcund, Sandwich Land; lat. 570 52' S., Ion. 260 24' W., was discoverand Rewah. Estimated area, 30,000 square miles. Pop. ed and named by Cook in 1775.
1,971,050, chiefly Hindoos, or wild Gond tribes. i           SAUNDIERSVILLE, a post-office of Worcester co., MassaSAUGUR, capital of a district in the above territory, 92  chusetts.
miles N.E. of Bhopaul. Lat. 230 48' N., ion. 780 47' E. Area    SAUNDERSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Washington
of the district, 680 square miles. Pop. 291,684.           co., Georgia, is situated on the ridge between the Oconee and
SAUGUR ISLAND, of Saugur Territory, presidency, and  Ogeechee Rivers, 28 miles E. of lMlilledgeville, and 3 miles
province of Bengal, is in the Hoogly River, 60 miles S.S.W.  N. of the Central Railroad. It contains 1 church, 2 flourishof Calcutta.                                               ing academies, 1 newspaper office, 6 dry-goods stores, and 1
SAUIGUS, a post-township of Essex co., Massachusetts, Masonic lodge.
intersected by the Eastern Railroad, 11 miles N. of Boston.   SAUNDERSVILLE, a post-office, Sumner co., Tennessee.
Boots and shoes are manufactured here to a considerable    SAUNDUERTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
extent. Pop. 1552.                                           SAUNG, a la-rge river of Anam. See DONo-NAI.
SAUGUS CENTRE, a station on the Boston and Lynn    SAUQUOIT, a post-village of Paris township, Oneida co.,
Railroad, in the above township.                           New York, on Sadaquada Creek, 9 miles S. of Utica. It has
SAUJON, s6'zhdNat, a market-town of France, department an academy, and manufactures of cotton, paper, and flour.
of Charente-Inf~rieure, on the Seudre, 14 miles W.S.W. of    SAURAT, s6'r,. a market-town of France, department of
Saintes. Pop. in 1852, 2504.                               Ari6ge, 7 miles S..W. of Foix. Pop. 2000.
SAUK, sawk, a county in the S.W. central part of Wiscon-    SAURITSCHI, s~w/ritsh, a village of Austria, in Styria,
sin, contains about 800 square miles. It is intersected by  near Marburg, on the Drave. Pop. 1800.
the Baiaboo River, and bounded on the S. and S.E. by the    SAUSSEMENIL, s~s'seh-meh-neelf, a village of France,
Wisconsin. The surface is undulating and hilly, and the  department of Manche, 8 miles S.E. of Cherbourg. P. 1900.
soil productive. Timber is abundant in some parts. The    SAUSITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
MIilwaukee and La Crosse Railroad passes through the county.    SAUITA, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.
Organized in 1844. Capital, Barraboo. Pop. 4371.              SAUTERNE or SAUTERNES, sSltaiRnl, avillage ofFrance,
SAUK CITY, a post-office of Sauk co., Wisconsin.          department of Gironde, 8 miles N.W. of Bazas. It is reSAUK INDIANS. See SAcs.                                   nowned for its claret wine.
SAUK  RAPIDS, a post-village, capital of Benton co.,   SAUTGHUR, sawt'gArl, a town of British India; presi3Minnesota, on the Mississippi, near the mouth of Sank  dency of Madras, 40 miles W. of Arcot. Lat. 120 57' N., 780
River, 70 miles by land N.W. of St. Paul. It has several 48' E.
stores, 1 hotel, and over 200 inhabitants.                    SAUTNEIR, sawt-n&rf, a town of British India, in Bengal,
SAUK RIVER, in the E. central part of Minnesota Terri- S.W. Territory, 32 miles N.N.E. of Ellichpoor.
tory, unites the waters of several small lakes, and flowing    SAUTOUR, s0toos!, a village of Belgium, province of
easterly, falls into the Mississippi River opposite to Sauk  Namur, 2 miles S.S.E. of Philippeville.  It was formerly
Rapids.                                                     fortified.
SAUK VILLAGE, a post-office of La Porte co., Indiana.      SAUT (or SAULT) SAINTE MARIE, (usually pronounced
SAUKIVILLE, a post-township in the E. central part of soo slnt miree; Fr. pron. s5 sAaI milrees,) a post-village, capiOzaukee co., Wisconsin, intersected by the Milwaukee Rail- tal of Chippewa co., Michigan, on St. Mary's River or Strait,
road. Pop. 1796.                                           400 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, and 15 miles from the outlet
SAUKVILLE, a post-village in the above township, on  of Lake Superior. The rapids at this place have a descent
M'lilwaukee River, 26 miles N. of Milwauliee City, and 5 miles  of 22 feet within the distance of a mile, and form  the
W. of Lake Michigan.                                       natural limit of steamboat navigation. A canal, however,
SAUL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.             has recently been cut around the rapids. See SAINT MARY'S
SAUL, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down, 1* miles  STRAIT. The village is pleasantly situated, and contains,
N.E. of Downpatrick. It has the ruins of an abbey.          besides the county buildings, churches for the Baptists,
SAULGAN. a town of Germany, in Wtirtemberg, 15 miles  Methodists, and Catholics, and 1 newspaper office. SteamN. by W. of Altdorf.                                        boats frequently visit this place in summer, with parties of
SAULHEIM, s6wllhime, (NEIDERa, nee'der,) a market-town:~ pleasure. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in the fur
of Germany, grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of  trade and the fisheries. The resident pop. is probably near
Rhein-Hessen. 10 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 1500.         1000. The value of imports in 1851 was estimated at $151,134;
SAULIEU, s~le-uh/, (anc. Sidohcus P?) a town of France, of exports, $340,800.
department of COte-d'Or, on a declivity, 15 miles S.S.W. of    SAUVAGE:RE, LA, 1 s61vAzhaiRJ, a village of France,
Semur. Pop. in 1852, 2721. It has manufactures of wool- department of Orne, arrondissement of Domfront. P. 2212.
lens, hardware, lace, cotton yarn, twine, and leather; and it   SAUVE, sav, a town of France; department of Gard, on
has an active trade in agricultural produce. The town was the Vidourle;,20 miles W.N.W. of Nfmes. Pop. 2820.
burned by the English in 1359. Near it the military archi-   SAUVENIERE, sfvune-aiuR, a village of Belgium, province,
tect Vauban was born in1603.                               and 10 miles N.W. of Namur. Pop. 1100.
SAULT, sO, a town of France, department of Vaucluse, 18    SAUVETAT, LA, IA sav'tt, a market-town of France, demiles E.N.E. of Carpentras.  Pop. 1476.                    partment of Gers, 8 miles S.W. of Lectoure. Pop. in 1852,
SAULT AUX RBCOLLETS, sot 0 rA'kolqIJ, a post-village  2170.
of Canada East, on the Rivibre des Prairies, island of Men-    SAUVETERRE, sav'tairl, a town of France, department
treal, 8 miles from Montreal.                              of Gironde, 7 miles N. of La Reole. Pop. 757.
SAULT-DE-NAVAILLES, sO deh n4vAlt, a village of    SAUVETERRE, a town of France, department of BassesFrance, department of Basses-Pyr6ne es, 6 miles N.E. of  Pyr~n6ez, 9 miles SW. of Orthez. Pop. 1629.
Orthez.  Pop. 1461.                                          SAUVETERRE, a town of France, department of HauteSAULT DE SAINT MARIE. See SAUT SAINTE MARIE.             Garonsie, arrondissement of St. Gaudens. P. in 1852, 2255.
SAULT SAINT MARY, sO (or soo) sent mlree, a post-vil-   SAUWUR, sAlwtr/, a town of North-west Hindostan, in
lage of Canada West, on St. Mary's River, 12 miles from Lake  the Odeypoor dominions, 54 miles S.E. of Ajmeer.
Superior, and 55 miles from Lake Huron. Pop. about 300.      SAUX, a river of France. See SAULX.
SAULX or SAUX, sO, a river of France, departments of    SAUXILLANGES, slx'eel'ySNzh!   or sEx'ee'y8Nzh1, a town
iHanute-Marne and Meuse, after. a W.N.W. course of 45 miles, of France, department of Puy-du-DSme, 6 miles N.E. of Is.
joins the Ornain, 10 miles E.N.E. of Vitry.                soire. Pop. 1485.
SAULX, several villages of France, the principal in the    SAUZAIS, sO'zA/, a village of France, department of Cher,
department of Haute-Saane, 8 miles N.E. of Vesoul. Pop. 7 miles S. of St. Amand.
1198.                                                        SAUZ/I, sAzt, a market-town of France, department of
SAULXURES, s'ztinl,. a commune of France, department Deux-SBvres, 13 miles S.E. of Melle. Pop. 1660.
of Vosges, airondissement of Remiremont. P.in 1852, 4027.   SAUZE DE CESANA, svwd/zA dA chA-sA/nA, a village of
~SAULZOIR, s'zwaitl, a village of France, department of  the Sardinian States, division of Turin, province of Susa, on
Nord, on the Selle, 10 miles N.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 2213.    the Dora. Pop. 1155.
SAUMUR], seOmdtia, (anc. Salmuriusm?) a town of France,    SAUZON, s6'zoNG/, a commune of France, department of
department of Maine-et-Loire, 27 miles S.E. of Angers, on  Morbihan, with a village and harbor on the N.W. coast of
the left bank of the Loire, and on the railway from Tours  Belleisle. Pop. 1454.
1721




SAY                                                          SAV
SAVA, sJvg,  a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 5  square to the memory of General Grespe, and another (a
miles W. of Manduria. Pop. 2500.                              very imposing structure) is now in course of erection to the
SAVA, s&'vA, a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, memory of Pulaski, who gallantly fell in an attack on the
0TO miles S.W. of Teheran.                                    city when held by the British. in October, 1779. The city is
SAVA, s&fvg, a town of Japan, on the island of Niphon, 50  lighted with gas, and there are water-works in course of
miles N.E. of Miako.                                          construction.
SAV/AGE, a post-office of HIoward co., Maryland.              Savannah is the centre of a very extensive system of rail
SAVAGE GRANT, a post-office of Wayne co., Virginia.         roads, which, directly or indirectly, must contribute greatly
SAY/AGE ISLANDS. a group in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. to her commercial importance and prosperity. The nanmes,
190 S., Ion. 1690 W. The principal, 10 miles in circuit, is  connections, and length of the lines which converge to this
densely wooded, and was discovered by Cook in 1774.           point, or are tributaries to the trade of Savannah, are as
SAVAGE ISLANDS, several groups of islets of British  follows:North America.                                                                                                       MIiles.
SAVAGE MOUNTAIN, a ridge exItending from Alleghany   1. The Central Railroad, connecting Macon with Savannah...... 192
P   2. The Waynesborough and Augusta, extending from the Central
co., Maryland, into the S.E. part of Somerset co., Pen nsyl-        Railroad to Augusta........................................ 53
vania, where it unites with the Little Alleghany. Between   3. The Milledgeville and Eaten, connecting with the Central Railthese two mountain ridges is the Cumberland or Frostburg            road........................................................   39
coal basin. yielding bituminous coal of a very superior   4. The South-western Railroad, which connects with the Central
at Macon, and is to be extended to the Chattahoochee River, 50
fquality.  The  beds vary from  three to eight feet in thick-   5. The Muscogee Railroad; extending from Columbus to the
1eSS.                                                               South-western  Railroad....................................   71
SAVAIL, si-vSee, the largest of the Samoan Islands, in   6. The facon and Western, which connects the Central Railroad with the Georgia Railroad at Atlanta................. 101
the Pacific Ocean, and the westernmost, and richest of the  r7ed with the Georia Railroad t Atlanta            -oCa 101
~Er;~o Lat. (S. point) 110 49' 5., ion. 1720 29' WT. Length, 7. The Western and Atlantic, leading from Atlanta to Chattagroup. Lat. (S. point) 13 49 S., on. 172 29 W. Length               nooga, in Tennessee....................................... 140
50 miles; greatest breadth, 30 miles. Pop. 20,000. See SAMOAN   8. The Georgia Railroad, connecting Augusta with the two lines
ISLANDS.                                                           last mentioned...................................   170
SAVALAN. a mountain in Persia. See SEVELLAN.                 9. The Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad.............. 40
SAVANA LA MAR, sit-vtngi la maR, called also SAVAN- 10. The Washington Branch of the Georgia Railroad...              17
SAVANA~ LA  M AER,  S s-n  la  ma,  called aof SAVA- 11. The Rome  Branch of the Western and Atlantic............. 20
NAH LA MER, a town on the S. side of the island of Jamaica. 12. The Atlantic and Lagrange Railroad........-........... 80
Lat. 1812' N., lon. 780 6 W. It was almost entirely destroyed  13. The East Tennessee and Georgia, connecting Savannah with
by a great hurricane and inundation of the sea in 1780.            Knoxville...................................................   82
SAVANA  LA MAR, si-vAnA It malt, or SAVANINAH                               Total length...............................1055
LA MAR, a seaport town of Hayti, on the Bay of Samana,
N. coast, 15 miles S.W. of Samana.                              An air-line railroad is projected from this city to Albany,
SAVANILLA, sd-va-neel/yA, a maritime village of South  on Flint River, the corporation having subscribed $600,000
America, in New Granada, department, and near the mouth  for its construction, provided that an equal sum  shall be
of the Magdalena, 60 miles N.E. of Cartagena.                 subscribed by individuals. It will probably be extended to
SAVANILLO0, si-vi-neel/yo, a town of Cuba, the S. termi- Pensacola.
nus of the Matanzas Railroad, about 18 miles S. of Matanzas.    The commerce of Savannah is already very flourishing,
It has 300 or 400 inhabitants,                                and is rapidly increasing. The harbor is one of the best on
SAVAN/NAH, an important river of South Carolina and  the southern coast, and the river is navigable for steamGeorgia, is formed by the Tugaloe and Kiowee, two small  boats to Augusta, about 230 miles from its mouth.  Vessels
streams which rise near the S. frontier of North Carolina, of 14 feet draught can come up to the wharves, and those
and unite on the boundarybetween Anderson district, South  of larger size to Five Fathom  Hole, 3 miles below  the
Carolina, and Franklin county, Georgia.  Flowing in a  city. A light-house has been erected on Tybee Island, at
generall S.S.E. direction, it forms the boundary between  the mouth of the river. A semi-weekly line of steamships
those two states through the whole of its subsequent course, has been established between Savannah and New York,
and enters the Atlantic, near 320 N. lat., and 810 W. lon., consisting of vessels of about 1200 tons each; and 2 steamers
and 18 miles below Savannah City. The length of the river, of the same class make regular passages once a week to
exclusive of branches, is estimated at 450 miles. The navi-  Philadelphia. The city communicates daily by steamers
gation is good from November to June, about 8 months in  with Charleston, and twice every week with Augusta, exthe year. Large vessels ascend to Savannah, steamboats of  cepting a few months inthe dry season. TheBritish steamer
150 tons to Augusta, about 230 miles, and smaller boats 150  Conway runs to the West Indies.  Regular lines of sailing
miles higher. A canal 9 miles long was constructed in 1845, vessels also communicate with New York and Boston. The
around the falls at Augusta, by which abundant water- principal imports are as follows:-From  northern ports,
power is produced. The river is about 300 yards wide at  miscellaneous cargoes of dry goods, groceries, &c., with the
the latter city. The Savannah, in connection with its right  peculiar additions of Irish potatoes, hay; and gunny bagging
branch, forms the entire boundary between South Carolina  from  Boston, bacon and coal from  Philadelphia, and corn
and Georgia.                                                  and flour from Baltimore. Hay, timber, and lime are chiefly
SAVANNAH, a post-village and township of Wayne co., brought from  Maine; molasses, sugar, whiskey, coil-rope,
New York, on the Syracuse and Rochester Railroad, about  and bacon from  New Orleans; molasses, sugar, and firuits
36 miles W. of Syracuse. Pop. of the township, 1700.          from the West Indies; and railroad iron, hardware, crockery,
SAVANNAH, a flourishing city and port of entry of  and salt from England.  The chief exports are to all northGeorgia, capital of Chatham  county, and the largest and  ern, British, and French ports, cotton, rice, and naval stores;
most commercial town of the state, is situated on the right  to the Gulf ports, rice only; to San Francisco and Cuba,
bank of the Savannah River, 18 miles from  its mouth, 90  lumber and rice.
miles W.S.W. of Charleston, and 188 miles E.S.E. of Milledge-    The receipts of cotton by railroad, river, and other sources,
ville. Lat. 320 5, N., Ion. 810 8' W. The site of the city is a  for several years, were as follows:sandy plain, elevated about 40 feet above low-water mark.                           Bales.                         Bales.
It is regularly laid out with wide, sandy, and unpaved    185..................19,0          184934,025
streets, which, however, are closely shaded with the Pride    184........ 23,029             850.................. 312,294
1847.................. 245,496    1851.................. 351,566
of India trees. At every other corner there is a public    1848.................. 406,906    1852.................. 353,068
square, usually circular or oval in shape, also planted with    The following table exhibits the exports of rice and lum
the Pride of India. The number of these squares is 24. ber for the year ending September 1, 1852:Broad and Bay streets have grassy promenades in the                                       Cask  f Rice.    Feet   Luer.
middle, with carriage-ways on each side. Many of the pri-         T   reign pos.... 5,37.           1. 1,804,500
To F~oreign ports................ 9,937............ 15,801,500
vate dwellings are handsomely built of brick. Among the              American ports.............. 29,992............ 9,704,000
public buildings may be noticed the City Exchange, theatre,
court-house, jail, state arsenal, artillery armory, Lyceum,                 Ttl.39,929.                        25,50,50
Oglethorpe Hall, St. Andrew's Hall, market-house, Chatham       The shipping of the port, June 30, 1854, amounted to an
Academy, and the new custom-house. The latter, which is  aggregate of 15,533 tons registered, and 9409 tons enrolled
110 feet long by 52 wide, is built of granite, and is estimat- and licensed. Of the latter, all was employed in the coast
ed to have cost $173,400. The Independent Presbyterian  trade, and 6021 tons in steam  navigation. The foreign archurch is a fine granite building, which cost nearly $120,000. rivals for the year were 120, (tons, 53,795,) of which 38 were
St. John's (Episcopal) church is also a handsome edifice. by American vessels. The clearances for foreign ports were
The city has 14 Protestant and 1 or 2 Catholic churches, 1  155, tons, 68,326, of which 45,722 were in foreign bottoms.
Hebrew synagogue, 5 banks, 1 savings' institution, a fire  During the year, 1 schooner, and 1 steamer, with an aggrecompany, an historical society, several reading-rooms, and a  gate burden of 323 tons, were admeasured.
public library of near 6000 volumes. The private schools    Savannah at present enjoys a better reputation for salu
are numerous, and liberal provision is made for the educa- brity than formerly: a result which may be ascribed partly
tion of the poor. Among the charitable institutions may  to the improved method employed in cultivating the rice
be mentioned the Orphan Asylum, the Savannah Hospital, lands in this vicinity. The city was founded by General
the Georgia Infirmary, the Union Society, the Widows' Oglethorpe, in 1732 or'33. It was occupied by the British in
Society, the Savannah Free School, Hibernian Society, and  December, 1778, and restored to the Americans in July, 1783.
Seamen's Friend Society. Five daily newspapers are pub-  In 1820, a large part of the city was destroyed by fire, and
ished here. A monument has been erected in Johnson's  in rebuilding the burnt district, great improvement has
1722




SAV                                                        SAY
been made in the material and in the style of construction. Corbeil, with a station on the Paris and Orleans Railway.
Pop. in 1840, 11,214; in 1850, 16,060; and in 1853, 23,458, Pop. 955.
of which 13,714 were free, and 9744 colored.                 SAY/ILLE, a.township of Perry co., Pennsylvania, about
SAVANNAH, a post-office of Red River co., Texas.        12 miles S. of Mifflin. Pop. 1501.
SAVANNAH, a flourishing post-village, capital of Hardin    SAVINDROOG, sifivin-droogl, a strong hill fortress of
co., Tennessee,son the E. bank of Tennessee River, 120 miles South India, Mysore dominions, 20 miles W.S.W. of BangaS.W. of Nashville. It is a place of active business, and has lore. The rock upon which it is formed rises half a mile
improved much in the last six years. Cotton and staves  in perpendicular height, from a base of 8 or 10 miles in cirare shipped here in steamboats. Pop. in 1853, about 800.   cumference, and is surrounded by impenetrable jungle.
SAVANNAH, a post-village of Ashland co., Ohio, 7 miles  Though previously deemed impregnable, Savindroog was
N.W. of Ashland.                                           captured by the British troops in 1791, without the loss of a
SAVANNAH, a flourishing post-village of Carroll co., Ili- man.
nols, on the Mississippi River, 33 miles below Galena. It    SAVIIN HILL, Massachusetts, a station on the Old Colony
has a good landing, and is a depot for produce. A branch  Railroad. 3 miles from Boston.
railroad is projected to Freeport. One paper is issued here.   SAVIJ, sive-o, (anc. Solois,) a river of Italy, in the PenPop. in 1853, about 800.                                   tifical States, delegation of Forli, after a N. course of 50 miles
SAVANNAH, a post-village, capital of Andrew co., Mis- enters the Adriatic, 10 miles S.E. of Ravenna. On it, about
souri, about 6 miles E. of the Missouri River, and 215  6 miles from its mouth, is the village of SAvIo.
miles N.W. of Jefferson City. It is situated in a fertile    SAVOCA, s/-vofkA, a village of Sicily, intendency of Mesfatrming district, and contains several stores,            sina, near the E. coast, 8 miles N.N.E. of Taormina. Pop.
SAVANNAH, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.              3000.
SAVANNAH LA MER. See SAVANA LA MAR.                        SAYOIA, SAVOJA, SAVOIE, SAVOIEN, or SAVOYEN.
SAVANOOR, a town of British India. See SHAHNOOR.         See SAvoY.
SAVE, s/v or sAv, (Ger. San, sfw; Hun. Szdcva, sAl/v6h';   SAVONA, s,{-voln[, a town and seaport of North Italy,
anc. Sacvus,) a river of the Austrian Empire. and one of the  Sardinian domitlons, division of Genoa, on the Mediterraprincipal tributaries of the Danube, rises in the N. part of nean, 25 miles S.W. of Genoa. Pop. 16,200. It is enclosed
Carniola, flows E. through Austrian Croatia, and between  by walls, and has a cathedral, and many other good buildSlavonia and Turkey, and joins the Danube at Belgrade. ings. Its harbor is formed by a mole projecting into the
Its course is estimated at 550 miles. Its chief affluents, all sea, and not easy of access, from accumulation of mud and
from the S., are the Kulpa, Unna, Yerbas, Bosna, and Drin; sand at its mouth. Its manufactures comprise silk goods,
it is navigable f-om its mouth to the influx of the former hardware, earthenware, and soap; and it has a brisk trade
for vessels of from 150 to 200 tons. On the N. a branch of the  in oranges and lemons grown in its vicinity. Savona is the
Alps separates its basin from that of the ]rave.           birthplace of the popes Sextus IV. and Julius II.
SAVE, sav, a river of South-west France, departments of    SAVOINA, a post-village of Steuben co., New York, on
HIante-Garonne and Gers, joins the Garonne 15 miles N.N.W. the Buffalo and Corning Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Bath.
of Toulouse, after a N.E. course of 65 miles.                 SAVONNIERES, sdvon'ne-airJ, a village of France, deSAVELAN; a mountain of Persia. See SEVELLAN.             partment of Indre-et-Loire, on the railway, 9 miles from
SAVENAY, s'veh-nI/, a town of France, department of  Tours.
Loire-Inffrieure, on a declivity, 20 miles N.W. of Nantes.    SAVOO, SAVOU or SAVU, sil-vool, written also, SAVO,
Pop. in 1852, 2381.                                         SAVOE, and SABOE, an island in the South Pacific, beSAVENNIRE ES, s!vin'ne-aia1, a market-town of France, tween the islands of Timer and Sandalwood. Lat. 100 32'
department of Maine-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Loire, S., ion. 1210 35' E. It is about 21 miles long, from E. to W.
8 miles S.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 2744.                 It is divided into five native principalities, all of which are
SAVENTHEM, sl/vln-tdm', a village of Belgium, province  subject to the Dutch government of Timer. Pop. 25,000.
of Brabant, 4 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1210.              SAVIOY* or SAVOI, DUCHY or, (It. Sovoio, Savoja, s-volSAVERDUN, s&'v6a0dticsG, a town of France, department yA; Fr. Savoie, sa vwi; Ger. Savoyen, sa-voitgn; Sp.-Saboya,
of AriBge, 18 miles N. of Foix. Pop. 2077. It has remains  sA-BolyA; L. Sabauldia,) one of the continental divisions of the
of ancient fortifications, and it is the birthplace of Pope  Sardinian States, bounded N. by Switzerland, firom which
Benedict XII.                        ~                      in that direction, it is almost entirely separated by the Lake
SAVIERN, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.            of Geneva; N.E. by Switzerland; E. and S.E. by Piedmont;
SAVERNE, slvaian1, (anc. Tres Taberlnce,) a town of  and S. and WV. by France. Lat. fiom 430 to 46025' N., ion. from
France, department of Bas-Rhin, on the navigable Zorn, an  50 30' to 70 5' E. Length, from N. to S., 92 miles; breadth,
affluent of the Rhine, and on the Paris and Strasbourg Rail- 66 miles. Area, 4397 square miles. Savoy is one of the most
road, 20 miles N.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 6407. It mountainous countries in Europe; the culminating point
has manufactures of woollen cloth. hosiery, hardwares, &c., of Europe, Mont Blanc, lying within its territory, in connecand some trade in timber from the VosgesMountains.         tion with the loftiest chain of the Alps, which stretch
SAV/ERTON, a village of Rails co., Missouri, on the Mis- along its E. and S. frontier, and sending out numerous
sissippi River, about 125 miles above St. Louis, has a land- ramifications in all directions, make its surface almost a
ing for steamboats.                                        continued succession of lofty mountain and valley.  It
SAVIANO, sA-ve-Nno, a market-town of Naples, province  belongs entirely to the basin of the Rhone, which, formof Terra di Lavoro, 2 miles S.W. of Nola.  Pop. 3700.      ing its W. boundary, here receives its drainage directly,
SAVIGLIANO, sa-veel-yAlno, (Fr. Savillian, sU'veel'y&;c! or while the drainage of the N. is transmitted to it prins'veee'y6a,) a fortified town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 9  cipally by the Lake of Geneva and the Arve, and that of.,
miles E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 15,546. It is well built, and has  the S. chiefly by.the Istre and its tributary the Arc. The
a square surrounded with arcades, a Benedictine abbey and  lakes are not numerous. and, with the exception of that
several convents, with manufactures of woollens, sillrs, and  of Geneva, which is shared with Switzerland, not indilinens, and an active trade in cattle. The French defeated  vidually of large extent. The most important are thoese
the Austrians here on the 18th September, 1799.            of Bourguet and Annecy. From the physical structure of
SAVIGNAC-LES-ilPGLISES, saveen'ytk!  liz l JaAgleezf, a  the country the extent of arable land is necessarily limited,
commune of France, department of Dordogne, on the Isle, but in ordinary years, with the aid of chestnuts, which
11 miles N.E. of P~rigueux. Pop. 1037.                     form an important part of the food of the lower orders, the
SAVIGNANO, sA-veen-ylno, a market-town of the Pon- grain raised nearly meets the consumption. In favored
tifical States, on the Emilian Way, 8 miles S.E. of Cesena. spots, particularly in the N., in the lower valleys and slopes,
Pop. 4035. It has a public library.                        the vine is cultivated with success. But the chief Aiches of
SAVIGNANO, a market-town of Naples, province of Capi- the country are in its cattle and dairy produce, a large protanata, 9 miles W.S.W. of Bovine. Pop. 2400.               portion of the surface yielding nothing but hay or pasture.
SAVIGNA-L'EVEQUE, sg'veenyAfl IA'vaikl, a commune of  The timber, too, which clothes many of the mountain steeps
France, department of Sarthe, 7 miles N.E. of Le Mans. up almost to the limit of vegetation, is of great consePop. 2000.                                                 quence; beyond this limit is a still higher region of perSAVIGNONE, sa-veen-yolni, a town of the Sardinian  petual snow and ice, where both vegetable and animal life
States, 12 miles N.N.E. of Genoa. Pop. 3822.               are all but extinct. The minerals include iron, copper, silSAVIGNY, sa'veen'yeet, acommune of France, department ver, lead, and lignite, but seldom in such quantities as to
of Loir-et-Cher, 13 4*iles W.N.W. of VendOme. Pop. in 1853. make the working of them  important; the rock-crystals
2898.                                                     found are often remarkable for their size and beauty. The
SAVIGNY-EN\-REVERMONT, sAlveen'yeet &Nc  reh-vea'- mineral springs of Aix, near Chamb~ry, are celebrated, and
msNa, a commune of France, department of SaSne-e't-Loire,  salt is there made extensively. The manufactures consist
arrondissement of Louhans. Pop. 2322.                      chiefly of coarse woollens, leather, and hardware. The trade,
SAVIGNY-EN-SANCERRE, s{'veen'yeel 5Nc sSNGsaia?, a  so far as derived from native resources, is almost confined to
commune of France, department of Cher, 6 miles N.,of San- cattle, skins, wool, and dairy produce; but there is an imcerre. Pop. 1665.
SAVIGNY-SOUS-BEAUNE, sA'veen'yee! sooee bn, a com-           s When the blythe son of SAvoY jeurneying round,
mune  of France, department of C~te-dOr, 3 miles N. of            With humble wares and pipe of merry sound,
Beaune. Pop. 1703.                                                From his green vale and shelter'd cabin hiss,
SAVIGNY-SUR-ORGE, sA'veen'yeel sqit oRazh, a commune           And scales the Alps to visit foreign skies."
Df France, department of Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement of                             ROGERS'S P'easures of Memory.
1723




SAV                                                        SAX
portant transit trade carried on across the country between  manufactures of Gotha are very varied. Education is in an
France and Italy, chiefly by way of Mount Cenis. Many Sa- advanced state. Public revenue in 1853, $705,400; debt,
voyards quit their mountains in, early youth, in order to  $2,296,953.
exercise in Fiance and other countries the professions of    SAXE-LAUENBURG.   See LAusNs un.
petty traders and domestic servants. Administratively, Sa-   SAX/ELBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
voy is divided into the two divisions Chamb6ry, and An-   SAXELBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
necy; theformer comprehending the several provinces of    SAXE-MEININGEN-HILDBBUGUR           IAUSEN, sax miningSavoy Proper, Upper Savoy, Maurienne, and Tarantaise; en h2ld-bLrg-hSw/zen, (Ger. Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburgand the latter the provinces, Genevese, Faucigny, and Cha- ]hausen, sAx/en mlning-9n hiltlb65Ro-hdw'zen,) a duchy of
blais. The Duchy of Savoy was the nucleus of the King- Central Germany, forming the seventeenth state of the
dom of Sardinia. Under the French empire it formed the  Germanic Confederation, and consisting of a nmain body,
department of Mont Blanc, and part of that of Leman. See  and several minor portions isolated from it, and partly
SARDINIA, KiNGDOM  OF. Pop. in 1852, 591,135.-Inhab.  situated at a considerable distance, as Kamburg, KranSAVOYARD, savyo-yard'.*                                     nichfeld. and Lichtenhain.  The main body consists of a
SAVIOY, a post-township of Berlkshire co., Massachusetts, long and narrow zone of a crescent shape, the concavity
125 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 955.                       turned northwards, and bounded on the N. by Saxe-Weimar,
SAVRAN, sa-vrAnf, a market-town of Russian Poland, go- the district of Schmalkalden, belonging to Hesse-Cassel, an
vernment of Podolia, on the Bug, 25 miles N.E. of Balta. isolated portion of Prussia, and the principality of SchwarzPop. 1000.                                                  burg; on the W. by Saxe-Weimar and Bavaria; on the S. by
SAVU, an island of the Malay Archipelago. See SAvoo.   Bavaria and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; and on the E. by Bavaria,
SAVUS. See SAvE.                                          Reuss, and Schwarzburg. Greatest length from  N.W. to
SAWA, slwA, a walled town of North-west Hindostan, in  S.E., about 90 miles; greatest breadth, 15 miles. Area, inOdeypoor, 10 miles S. of Chitore.                           eluding the minor portions, 971 square miles. It is hilly,
SAWARCARINA RIVER, of Missouri Territory, one of  though scarcely mountainous, the loftiest summit being
the smaller tributaries of Missouri River, which it enters usually of moderate elevation, and covered with forests. On
about 450 40' N. lat., and 1000 30' W. ion. iLength, near 200  the E. the ridges belong to the Frankenwald, on the N. to
miles.                                                      the Thuringerwald, and on the W. to the Rhingebirge.  The
SAWBRIDGEWORTH, England. See SAoRIDGEWORTn.    greater part of the surface belongs.to the basin of the Werra,
SAWIDUST. a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia.        which traverses it first in a W., and then in a N.N.W. direcSAWKEHATCHPEE, a creek of Alabama, flows into Talla- tion. A small portion in the N.E. sends its waters to the Elbe
poosa River from the E., in Tallapoosa county.             by means of the Saale, and another small portion in the S.W.
SAWILEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby, on the North- belongs to the basin of the Rhine, being drained by several
midland Railway, 8 miles E.S.E. of Derby.                 small tributaries of the Main. There are a number of small
SAWLEY, a chapeiry of England, co. of York, West lakes. and several mineral springs. The higher districts,
Riding.                                                    though well wooded, are very bleak, and altogether unfitted
SAW MILL, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama.            for agriculture. The best land is in the valleys of the Werra
SAWOLINNA. See NYsnoT.                                   and Saale; but, partly from its limited extent, and partly
SAWSITON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. Saws- from the general inferiority of the soil, the corn raised falls
ton Hall is a large structure, built in 1557.               considerably short of the consumption, and requires to be
SAW/TRY ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of Hunt-  supplied by imports, chiefly from Bavaria and Gotha. The
ingdonm                                                     principal crops are oats, buckwheat, potatoes, turnips, and
SAWTRY SAINT ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of  hemp. Hops, tobacco, and even a little wine, are grown in
IHuntingdon.                                               the more sheltered localities. The pastures are abundant,
SAWUN, sd'wtln/,?) a town of North-west Hindostan, and rear considerable numbers of cattle, sheep, and horses.
Odeypoor dominions. 6 miles S.W. of Munassa.               Many of the last are of a superior description. The minerals
SAWUNTWAREE, sA-wtnt-wIree, a town of India, Sat- include iron and copper, worked toa small extent, argentitarah dominions, near the Malabar coast, 30 miles N. of  ferous lead, salt, sulphur, cobalt, slate, marble, porcelain,
Goa.                                                       and fullers'-earth.  Some pearls are found in a small stream,
SAWIYER MILL VILILAGE, a manufacturing village in  called the Steinach. Game and fish are abundant. The inthe N. part of the township of Boylston, Worcester co., Mas- habitants are very industrious, and when precluded by the
sachusetts. It is situated on the Nashua River, which here  nature of the soil from engaging in agriculture, n:anage to
affords a valuable water-power, and is the seat of the Clin- earn a comfortable subsistence by manufactures, chiefly of
ton company for the manufacture of cotton goods.           iron-ware, porcelain, glass, and various ingenious articles in
SAWYER'S CREEK, a small village of Camden co., North  wood and pasteboard. The principal exports, in addition to
Carolina.                                                   these articles, are wood, salt, wool, and cattle. For adminisSAWYER'S MILLS, a post-office of Lexington district, trative purposes the duchy is subdivided into four circles:South Carolina.                                             Meiningen, Hildburghausen, Sonneberg, and Saalfeld. The
SAWYER'S RIVER, New Hampshire, rises in Grafton co., government is an hereditary and constitutional monarchy.
and forms one of the head branches of the Saco River.       The great majority of the inhabitants are Lutherans, but
SAWIYERSVILLE, a post-office of Randolph co., North  universal toleration is promised. As the seventeenth memCarolina.                                                   her of the Germanic Confederation, it shares the twelfth
SAX or SAJ, siA, (ane. Salaria,) a town of Spain, province, vote, along with the other Saxon duchies. Its contingent
~-and 27 miles N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 2195.                 of men is 1150. Public revenue in 1852, $576,580; debt,
SAX/BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.            $1,670,450. Meiningen is the capital. The late Queen AdeSAXBY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln.           laide was a princess of Saxe-Meiningen. P. in 1852,166,364.
SAXE, sax, (Ger. Sachsen, sAKIsen,) a prefix to the names    SAXIENBURG, a small post-village of Butlear co., Pennof the following German states:-                            sylvania, 8 or 9 miles S.S.E. of Butler.
SAXE-ALTENBURG, sax &l/ten-b/irg, (Ger. Sachsen-Alten-    SAXE'S MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co., Yermont.
burg, sAK/sen Allten-b6bc'.)   a duchy of Central Germany, in,SAXEVILLE, sax/vil, a post-office of Waushara co., Wisthe old district of Saxony, separated into two nearly equal cousin.
portions by the lordship of Gera, and enclosed by the terri-   SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENACI, sax w/mar lizen-ak', (Ger.
tories of Prussian Saxony, Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, and  Sachsen-Weimar-.-Eisenach, suK/sgn 9f0mar f/zen-iIK',) a grand
Schwarzburg Rudolstadt. Area, 510 square miles. Pop. in  duchy of Central Germany, forming the fifteenth state of the
1853, 132,850, mostly Lutherans. The surface is covered by  Germanic Confederation, and consisting of three larger porramifications of the Erzgebirge in the W., and watered by  tions, Weimar, Neustadt, and Eisenach, and twelve smaller
the Saale, Rode, and Orla. The chief industry is agriculture  parcels, as Ilmenau, Bisleben, Zillbach, Seebach, Albsthidt,
andcattle-rearing. Public revenuein1854,$505,100; expen- 01disleben, and Thrinitz. Weimar Proper is bounded on
diture, $500,000; debt $1,642,676.                          the N. by Prussian Saxony, on the W. by Prussian Saxony
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA, sax kofbfirg gotta, (Ger. Sachsen- and the principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the S.'Coburg-Gotha, sAKfsen ko/b66RG goltt,) a duchy of Central by this principality, and on the S.E. and E. by the duchy
Germany, in the old districtof Saxony. It is composed of  of Saxe-Altenburg. Neustadt lies to the S.E. of the former,
two principal portions: —1. The principalities of Gotha and  and, though at no great distance, is completely separated
Coburg. 2. Several detached districts enclosed by the terri- from  it.  Eisenach, situated considerably to the W., is
tories of Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, Saxe-Meiningen, and  bounded on the N. by Prussian Saxony, W. by IHesse-Cassel,
Weimar. Area, 799 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 150,412, S. by Bavaria, and E. by the Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen
mostly Lutherans. The surface is mountainous, with fertile  and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Area of the whole grand duchy,
valleys. The chief rivers are the Nessa, Gemra, Saale, and Itz. 1418 square miles. The surface is in some parts mountainThe chief industry is agriculture and cattle-rearing. The  ous, and in others finely undulating, the intervening ridges
of the hiher, grounds forming the sides of wide valleys. It
*We very frequently hear this word pronounced Savoyrard  almost wholly belongs to the basins of the Elbe and the
but the accentuation given above is, we believe, generally adopted  Wesor, the former draining Weimar by the Seale, whica
oy the best speakers.                                      traverses it, and the Elsteo. Orla, Ilm. and Unstrut. tributae"1'That stern yet kindly spirit who constrains        ries of the Saale, and the latter draining Eisenach by the
The SAvOYARD to quit his naked rocks."              Werra and its tributaries, Suhl, Horsel, Felda, and Ulster
WOnDSWORTH'S Excursion, book i.   The lakes are individually of small extent, but numerous.
1724




SAX                                                        SAX
The principality of Weimar is the most fertile part of the  of the town of Leipsic, and extends from lat. 500 15' to 510
Juchy, and in gond years raises corn sufficient to satisfy the  20' N., and from ion. 120 10, to 15~ E.
home consumption, and leave a small surplus for export.   Ihce of the Coustry.-The surface, though very much
Eisenach is the district least adapted for agriculture, but broken, may be regarded as an inclined plain, which comraises considerable quantities of oats and potatoes. In the  mences in the S., in the Erzgebirge chain, and slopes towards
valley of the Saale much hemp is grown; and in some shel- the N. In the more elevated districts, the scenery is wild,
lered spots, particularly in the neighborhood of Jena, a few  and in some places almost desolate; while on either side of
vineyards are seen. The forests are very extensive, and  the Elbe, from the Bohemian frontier to Pirna, is a remarkform  the principal wealth of the grand duchy. The most able and exceedingly interesting tract, covered with fantastic
valuable stock is sheep, to the fleece of which much attention  sandstone formations, which has received the name of the
has been paid. Swine, also, are very numerous; and game  Saxon Switzerland.. The ramifications proceeding from the
and fish are alike abundant. The minerals include silver  principal range form the sides of beautiful and fertile valleys,
and copper, formerly, but no longer worked; iron and man- which, as they flatten down, widen out into plains, well
ganese, still worked to some extent; salt, and potters'-claty. adapted for agriculture; and hence, though in the OiberManufactures have made most progress in Eisenach, where  wiesenthal, the Fichtelberg attains the height of more than
woollen, cotton, and linen tissues, ribbons, and carpets, &c., 3700 feet, the mean height above the sea does not exceed 450
are produced to a considerable extent. In Weimar and  feet. On the Prussian frontiers, where it subsides to its
Neustadt manufactures are insignificant.  In the former, lowest point, the height above the sea is only 250 feet. The
the most important articles appear to be books and maps. loftiest summits are generallycomposed of graniteand gneiss,
The principal exports are timb.er, dried fruit, wool, and gin. and so rich in mineral products, that the ores (Erz) contained
The transit trade is important. Jena is the seat of a uni-  in them have given name to the whole chain. To the E.,0on
versity, and public schools are numerous; Weimar is cele- the right bank of the Elbe, the Erzgebirge is continued by
brated for its literary and scientific institutions. For ad- the Riesengebirge, a branch of which, under the name of the
ministrative purposes, the grand duchy is divided into the  Lausitzer-gebirge, or Mountains of Lusatia, covers a contwo circles of Weimar-Jena-Neustadt, subdivided into 15  siderable portion of the E. of Saxony. They nowhere reach
bailiwicks, and of Eisenach, sjubdivided into 10 bailiwicks.  the height of 2500 feet, though more than one summit exThe government, as fixed by the charter of 1816, is constitu-  coeds 2000 feet. They are composed for the most part of
tional. At Idast nine-tenths of the inhabitants are Luther-  granite, basalt, and sandstone.
ans, and distinguished both for industry and intelligence.   Rivers.-With the exception of a very small portion of the
The revenue in 1854 was $1,124,870, and the expenditure  E., which sends its waters to the Balit6 by tributaries of the
$1,123,580. Public debtin 1853, $4;292,200. Asthefifteenth  Oder and Spree, the whole of Saxony belongs to the basin of
member of the Germanic Confederation, Saxe-Weimar shares  the Elbe, which, forcing its way in a depression of the chain,
the twelfth vote in the plenum with the other Saxon duchies. where the Erzgebirge is conceived to terminate and the
Its contingent of men is 2010. The principal towns are  Rtiesengebirge to begin, enters Saxony, traverses it in a N.W
Weimar, Eisenach, Jena, Neustadt, Weida, Kreuzburg, and  direction for about 70 miles, and quits it near Strehla, after
Geyse. Pop. in November, 1853, 262,524.                     having divided the kingdom into two distinct portions, of
SAXItIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.   which that on the left or W. bank is by far the larger. On
SAXHAIM, LITTLE. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.   the E. bank, accordingly, the Elbe here receives only a
SAXKIOBING, (Saxkibbing,) or SAXKJOBING, (Sax- number of small streams scarcely deserving of notice; but
kjiSbing,) s/xlkySbbing, a seaport town of Denmark, stift, and  on the W. bank it has several important tributaries, which
on the island of'Laaland, at the head of a bay, which forms  take their rise and have a considerable part of their course
a good harbor. Pop. 900.                                    within the kingdom, but do not join the Elbe till they have
SAXILINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        left it. Of these tributaries, the most important are the
SAXLINGHAM NETHIERGATE, a parish of England, co. Mulde, formed by the junction of two main arms called the
of Norfolk.                                                 Zwickau-Mulde and the Freiberg-Mulde; and the Elster,
SAXLINGIIAM  TIHIORPE, a parish ofEngland, co. of  which likewise divides itself near Leipsic into two arms, one
Norfolk.                                                    of which unites with the Pleisse and Parthe, while the
SAXYMJUNDIHAM, a market-town and parish of England,  other takes the name of Luppe. - The lakes, partticularly
co. of Suffolk, 20 miles N.E. ofIpswich. Pop. in 1851, 1180. in the N. and N.E., are numerous, but individually insigThe town is pleasantly situated.                            nificant.
SAXONIA and SA.TON. See SAxoNY.                             Climate.-The climate in the loftier mountain districts,
SAXON  LAND, (Ger. Sachsenland, sAxten-lAnt',) the S. and what is called the Veigtliacd, is so very cold and bleak,
part of Transylvania, watered by the Aloota (Aluta) and its  that it has sometimes received the name of the Saxon Siberia;
affluents. Area, about 4243 square miles. Pop. 446,700. It  but with this exception, the climate is milder than that of
is subdivided into 7 jurisdictions or stuhls, named from their  most countries of Eutrope under the same latitude. In the
capitals, I[ermannstadt, Klausenburg, Mediasch, Muhlen- valleys of the Elbe and the Mulde, and in the neighborhood
bach, Scheuerstadt, Reusmarkt, and Szasvaros or Broos, of the town of Leipsic, the air is both gentle and pleasant.
whence Transylvania derives its German name of Sieben- The only localities which can be considered unfavorable to
burgen, or the "seven towns,") to which Kronstadt and Bis- health are some marshy tracts on the banks of the Elbe and
tritz were afterwards added. The present inhabitants pre- thePleisse. Mean temperature of the year at Dresden, 4901;
serve almost unmixed their German language and heredi- of winter, 320'7; of summer, 660 Fahrenheit.
tary usages, and are the most industrious and thriving race.Agricultusre, Zoology, dc.-With the exception of the lofty
in Transylvania. Agriculture is carefully conducted; ma- barren tracts already referred to, and' others of a kindred
nufactures of woollen, cotton, and other goods are carried  nature, though less barren, since they are either covered
on in the towns, the principal of which are Hermannstadt with forests or mountain pastures, the whole surface of
and Kronstadt.                                              Saxony may be said to be under some kind of culture. OneSAXION'SWITZIERLAND, a name applied to the moun- half of the surface is under the plough, 30 per cent. is
tainous part of the kingdom of Saxony, S.E. of Dresden. It  covered with wood, and above 16 per cent. with gardens and
is highly picturesque, but none of its mountains rise to  meadows. Not a spot capable of being turned to account is
above 2000 feet in elevation.                               allowed to remain waste, and the hand of industry is everySAXIONYILLE, a post-village of Middlesex co., MIVassachu-  where visible. The soil, however, is not in general of great
setts, 22 miles N.W. of Boston. It is the seat of the New  natural fertility; and hence, though some of the lower
England Worsted Company for the manufacture of blankets, grounds are very productive, the total yield of grain falils
coatings, buntings, &c.                                     considerably short of the home consumption. The most imSAXIONY, (Ger. Sachsen, s/stsen; L. raxenia; Ft. Saxe, portent crops cultivated in regular rotation are rye and oats;
sAx; It. Sassonia, sbs-soene-A; Sp. Sajonia, sA-ro-neest,) an  next to these ranks barley, and last of all, wheat, for which
old division of North Germany, which extended between the  the greater part of the soil appears not to be well adapted.
Baltic and the North Sea in the N., and Bohemia and Bavaria  One crop, so universal that it ought perhaps to be regarded
in the S. In the old divisions of Germany, the circle of  as the staple, is potatoes. The chief subsidiary crops are
Upper Saxony composed the greater part of the present king- pulse, rape, turnips, oil-seeds, hops, tobacco, flax, teasel,
doms of Prussia and Saxony, and that of Lower Saxony, madder, and other dye-plants. All the common orchardHanover, Brunswick, Mecklenburg, and Holstein.             fruits, particularly apples, pears, and plums, are very abunSAXONY, (Ger. K6nigreich Sachksen. k'6niG-rIK' sAxfen,)  dant. Considerable attention is paid to the culture of the
RINCDOMa OF, a kingdom of Central Germany, forming the  vine, which occupies considerable tracts on the E. bank of
fourth state in the Germanic Confederation, bounded on  the Elbe, between the towns of Meissen and Pulsnitz, and
the N.W., N., and E. by Prussia, on the S.E. and S. by  is also cultivated with success on the sunny slopes both to
Bohemia, on the S.W. by Bavaria, and on the W. by Reuse,  the N. and the S. of Dresden. Many artificial meadows
Saxe-Weimar, and Saxe-Altenburg.  Greatest length, filom   have been formed, and heavy crops of the finest grassesN.E. to S.W., 35 miles; greatest breadth, 75 miles; peri- lucern, sainfoin, clover, and rye-grass-are everywhere seen.
meter,-.about 736 miles, of which about 288 miles borders  Much of the fodder is employed on dairy stock. from which
on Bohemia, from which it is separated by the Erzgebirge; large quantities of butter and cheese of excellent quality are
156 miles on Prussia, 172 miles on the Saxon duchies, and  obtained.
only 20 miles on Bavaria. Area, 5917 square miles. It is    Large numbers of horned cattle are fattened, and annually
nearly in the shape of a triangle, the longest side of which  exported to Poland and Galicia. But the superiority ofSaxony
hces the S.E., while the opposite vertex is situated to the N. is nowhere so apparent as in its sheep, the breed of which;
1725




SAX                                                        SAX
formed by careful crossing with the merino, was brought to           Years.           MIills.       Fine Spindles.
such perfection as to create for them an eager demand in all          14.4...............,08
countries where the improvement of the fleece was regarded            18-................116................474978
as an object of importance. The other domestic animals de-            1848................4.13...............541,868
serving of notice are horses and swine, of both of which superior breeds are found. Poultry, particularly geese, are very    Other very important fabrics are linen, silk, and mixed
numerous; the rearing of bees, once a very important branch  goods; and in connection with them and the other tissues
of industry, has greatly declined; but that of silk-worms is  must be taken the vast number of worsted, flax, and fulling
still prosecuted with considerable success, particularly in the  mills which are scattered over the country, and meet the eye
vicinity of Leipsic, Dresden, Zittau, &c. The great number  at almost every turn. The other manufactures deserving of
of forests in Saxony naturally secures an abundance of game, notice are lace, in which great numbers both of young and
and at one time bears and wolves were not uncommon; but aged females, who might be unfit for other labors, find the
the increase of population has so greatly diminished their  means of subsistence; hosiery, wax-cloth, straw-plait, wooden
numbers, that they are considered to be almost extirpated. wares, including furniture; machinery, chemical products,
Others of the larger kinds of game have also become scarce, musical i struments, tobacco, chocolate, and chiccoryi paper,
but the smaller kinds continue to be numerous. The fish- types, and books.
ing in the lakes and rivers is tolerably productive, though    Comnmerce, ec.-The trade, both external and internal,
scarcely equal to the consumption. Among the species of fish  created by all these branches of manufacture, is necessarily
are shad, eels, salmon, carp, pike, and trout. In some of the  very great. At the fairs of Leipsic alone, business to the
streams, particularly the White Elster and its tributaries,  amount of $45,000,000 is doue. Its foundation was laid by
good pearls are often found.                                the enlightened commercial policy which Saxony had the
Mines.-The minerals of Saxony form, perhaps, the most wisdom to pursue, when most other countries were strangers
important source of its wealth, and have long been worked  to it; and its continuance is secured by a careful attention,
with great success, and with a skill of which many other not only to remove every obstruction to trade, but to afford
countries in Europe were contented to be only humble imi- it new facilities. Among these may be mentioned the introtators. The metals comprehend almost every one of eco- duction of the railway systewi, which has brought Leipsic
nomical value, with the exception of quicksilver, which does  and Dresden into immediate connection, not only with the
not seem to be found at all, and gold, which is obtained only  other leading towns of Saxony, but with the great trunkin very small quantities. Silver, found in connection both  lines which now traverse the whole, at least, of Central
with copper and lead, is extracted annually, on an average, Europe, and the still more recent introduction of the electric
to the amount of 45,100 ounces. The principal localities  telegraph.
where it is obtained are Freiberg, Annaberg, and Schneeberg.    Government.-The government of Saxony, as fixed by a
The copper and lead ores which yield it are of still greater  constitution granted in 1831, and modified by the laws of
value. The tin, iron, and cobalt mines are also of great im- March 31. 1849, and May 5, 1851, is a limited monarchy, in
portance, and, though in much smaller quantities, zinc, bis- which the executive power is lodged solely in the crowrn,
muth, and arsenic are worked to considerable advantage. and the legislative power jointly in the crown and two
The fuel necessary for the smelting and refining of these  chambers-a first and a second. The first chamber is conmetals also exists in great abundance. Not only are the ex- posed of the princes of the royal family wvho have attained
tensive forests, covering nearly a fourth part of the whole  majority, the possessors of certain specified domains, certain
surface of the kingdom, made available for this purpose, and  individuals ex officio, 12 deputies chosen for life by the larger
placed upder a system of management in which science and  landed proprietors, and 10 individuals nominated for life by
practical knowledge are alike conspicuous, but numerous  the king. The second chamber is composed of 20 members
seams, both of lignite and coal, are found in various districts, elected by the large landed proprietors, 25 elected by the
and are worked to a considerable extent. Other minerals of  towns, 25 by the peasantry, and 5 by the traders andartifsans.
value are alum, copperas, mountain-green, ochre, magnesia,  For each member of the second chamber a substitute is
fullers', potters', and porcelain-earth. In all, there are said  chosen, to act in the case of his temporary absence or into be above 500 mines in active operation. The quarries  capacity, or during the subsisting diet, in the event of his
furnish in abundance granite, sienite, porphyry, basalt, death. Justice is administered by three classes of courts, or
roofing-slate, pavement, sandstone, limestone, and marble;  courts of primary, secondary, and tertiary resort, (erste,
and numerous beautiful crystals and pebbles, including in  zweite, and dritte instanz.)  The first includes all the inferior
the former rubies, sapphires, garnets, topazes, &c., and in  courtseof the kingdom, as Justiz-Aemter, Knigliche-geriehte,
the latter jaspers, agatese and carnelians, are found both in  Stadt, and Patrimonoialf-gerichte; the second consists of the
the Erzgebirge and in the districts of Leipsic and Meissen. four appeal courts, (Appellations-gerichte,) which hold their
Mineralogical operations are remarkable not only for the  sittings at Dresden, Bautzen, Leipsic, and Zwickau, and
magnificent scale on which they are carried on, but also for have each jurisdiction within the four circles of the same
the consummate ability displayed; and not a few of the  name; the third  is confined to the supreme court of
most eminent geologists of Europe willingly confess their  DIresden, (Ober-appellations-ge'icit,) whose jurisdiction inobligations to the instructions which they have received in  eludes all kinds of causes, and extends over the whole
the mining schools of Saxony.                               kingdom.
MCanufactures.-The manufactures connected with  the    Religion, Edscation, tc.-Universal toleration is guaranmining operations just referred to give employment to a  teed to all religious creeds; but the only religious bodies
very large proportion of the inhabitants; but there are  specially recognised by the state are the Lutherans, (Evanseveral other branches of manufacture, in two of which-  gelisch-Protestantischer Cultuts,) whoform nineteen-twentieths
viz., woollen cloth and porcelain-the long-acknowledged  of the whole population, and have 35 dioceses, (ephorien,) 879
superiority of Saxony to most other countries has only been  parishes, and 1199 churches; the Calvinists, (Reformi'rter
recently called in question. The excellence of the former  Cultus,) who have only two.parish churches and four miniswas partly owing to the fineness of the wool obtained from  ters; and the Roman Catholics, who are under an apostolic
the improved breed of sheep; and hence, in every country  vicar, have 14 parishes and 29 churches, and comprise the
where the Saxon broadcloths were permitted to enter the  royal family among their adherents. At the head of the
market, they commanded higher prices than could be ob- educational establishments of the kingdom is the University
tained for similar native products. Much of the finer wools of Leipsic, which is one of the principal in Germany. Next
of Saxony being now exported in a raw state, the present to it, in order, are 7 gymnasia, situated in the principal
woollen manufactures of this country have lost somewhat towns, 11 normal schools, and a considerable number of
of their reputation for superior fineness. In regard to por- upper, town, and grammar schools. For elementary educacelain, the fame of the Saxons was well earned, because, in  tion, one school at least is opened in every parish, and all
addition to the excellence of the articles produced, they had  the children between six'and fourteen are understood to be
the merit of inventing, or rather re-inventing, the process. in attendance. In 1849, of 315,185 children between the
So long as they were able to keep the secret to themselves, ages of six and fourteen, which the kingdom  contained,
the only competition to which they could be subjected was  311,454, or 1 in 6 of the whole population, were actually
that of importation from  the distant East, and a most attending school. By this means, Saxony has become one
lucrative trade was carried on. The Dresden china became  of the best-educated countries in Europe. The revenue in
famous over Europe; and many of its finer specimens were  1853-54 was $6,045,660, of which more than a third was
thought not unworthy of a place in the most celebrated  raised from the rent of land and other crown-rights, and the
collections of articles of virtil. The manufacture is now so  remainder, in nearly equal proportions, by direct and insuccessfully competed with in other countries, and has in  direct taxation. The expenditure was estimated to leave a
consequence declined so much, that at present it can scarcely  small surplus. The amount of the debt at the close of 1852
claim to be regarded as one of the great branches of national was $31,230,000. The army is raised chiefly by conscription;
industry. Several other manufactures, however, previously  all male citizens, with a few specified exceptions, being
unimportant, have advanced with astonishing rapidity. At bound, on attaining their twentieth year, to serve for six
the head of these is cotton, which not only employs nume- years in the army, and -three years in the reservet The
rous large factories, but is manufactured to a great extent by  effective force amounts to 25,396 men. As the fourth memdomestic looms,                                           ber of the Germanic Confederation, Saxony has four votes in
The following table shows the number of spinning mills the plenum. Its contingent of men is 12.000.
and spindles in the country at three different periods    Divisions, Po pulation, d. —Saxony is divided into the four
~pecified:-                                               circles (kreisdirektionen) of Dresden, Leipsic. Zwickau, and
1726




SAX                                                         SCA
Bautzen or Budissin, subdivided into bailiwicks. Their area  towo, on the Memel, here joined by the Seyneczka, 18 miles
and population are exhibited in the following table:-       E. of Suwalki. Pop. 3100. It has a cathedral, and mann.
factures of woollen cloth and leather.
Ar-ca and Population of Saxony in 1852. /           SAYPAN or SEYPAN, si'ppnl. one of the Ladrone Islands,
in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 150 19' 44" N., Ion. 1460 E., 12
[Area, in  ]Population
Circles.              Area, in   Population    miles in length, and having  a good harbor on its W. side.
s~quare miles.  in 1852.                           Z
________- ~SAYIVILLE, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.
Dresden..............................    1680  507,705     SAZAWA, sA-zAi/fi, a river of Bohemia, after a W.N.W.
Leipsie...........................    1347    4416,826    course of 95 miles, joins the Moldan 12 miles S. of Prague.
Zwickau..............................   1916  735,557
Bautze,...r Buis............       974        29,744               o S AZA or   DSKA, s~dsk, a town of Bohemia, 27 miles
Buzn   Budissin..................7       297,7_44__
E. of Prague. Pop. 2210.
Tsotal...........       5917      1,987,832     SCAER, skelRai!R, a market-town of France, department
of Finistfre, 13 miles N.N.W. of QuimperlM.  Pop. in 1852,
Hifstory.-Saxony owes its name to the most ancient and  4304.
distinguished of the nations of Germany. Not contented    SCAFATI, sk&-fd/tee, a market-town of Naples, province
with their territories, though they reached from the Eider  of Principato Citra, on the Sarno,.6 miles W. of Nocera.
to the Rhine, they penetrated far into France, and, fitting  Pop. 3500.
out powerful naval armaments, ultimately made themselves    SCAFELL, pronounced, and sometimes written SCAWImasters of the far finer portion of Great Britain. The in- FELL, a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland, near the
habitants of Saxony are said still to bear a remarkable  borders of Westmoreland, 10 miles N.E. of Ravenglass, and
resemblance, in person and manners, to those of the British  having two summits respectively 3766 and 3092 feet in
island. The earliest existing records connected with the  height. The river Esk rises on its E. side.
present kingdom  belong to the tenth century, when IHenry    SCAFFOLD CONE, apost-office of Rock Castle e., KenI., Margrave of Meissen, made considerable addition to his  tuckv.
territories, which from that time came to be distinguished    SCFALA, ska/lA, a market-town of Naples, province of Prinby the common name of Saxony. In 1422 Saxony became  cipato Citra, 8 miles W. of Salerno. Pop. 1400.
an electorate, in the person of Frederick the Brave, by whom  SCALA, a market-town of Naples., province of Calabria
the University of Leipsie was founded. Saxony was the  Citra, on a height, 5 miles S.W. of Carinti.  Pop. 1200.
cradle of the Reformation, which here successfully passed    SCALA, a town of Tuscany, 20 miles W.S.W. of Florence.
through the first years of a precarious existence, preparatory  Pop. 1400.
to its complete development, and the noble triumphs which    SCALABIS.  See SANTAREM.
it continued to achieve, till its sway was acknowledged by    SCALA  NOVA, skd/lA no/vA, (anc. Neaplolis,) a - aport
half the population of Europe. Its more recent history fur- town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, at the head of the Gulf of
nishes few incidents deserving of particular notice. It was  Scala Nova, 40 miles S. of Smyrna.  Pop. 20,000. It stands
erected into a kingdom in 1806 by Napoleon, who united to  on a slope rising from the sea. The principal edifices are
it the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which, along with some por- mosques, khans, and public baths. It had formerly antiens of the Saxon territories, was detached from it in 1815, active trade with Egypt and Salonica.
by the Congress of Vienna. In this new arrangement, it    SCALA NOVA, GULF OF, is 45 miles in length from E.
was deprived of nearly a million of inhabitants.  Still, even  to W., with an average breadth of 20 miles. The island of
within its present limits, Saxony holds an important station  Samos forms the most part of its S. coast.
among the German states, and possesses almost inexhausti-    SCALAPLANO, a village of Sardinia.  See ESCALAPLANO.
ble sources of prosperity, both in its natural resources, and    SCAL/BY, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.
in the industry and intelligence of its people.-Adj. and    SCALDASOLE, skal-dA-so/lt, a village of the Sardinian
inhab. SAx/oN; (Fr. SAxoN, s&x'6aNG; Sp. SAJON, sl-nHn; It. States, division of Novara, province of Lomellina. P. 1048.
~ASSONE,  s/sfso-nA; Ger. adj. SAcHSISCH, sdx/ish; inhab.    SCALDIS.  See ScHELDT.
AC{srE. seak/seh.)                                            SCALDIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
SAX/ONY, PRUISSIAN, a province of Prussia, nearly in    SCALEA, skA-ltt/, a village of Naples, province of Calabria
its centre, between lat. ~0~ 27' and 530 5' N., and lon. 90 50' Citra, 28 miles W. of Cassano. Pop. 1600.
and 150 15' E., having on the N.E. and E. the provinces of    SCALEIBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
Brandenburg,, West Hanover, Brunswick, and Hesse-Cassel,   SCALENGIHIE, skI-ln/gA, a town of North Italy, in Piedand on the S. the duchies and kingdom of Saxony, enclosing  mont, and 7 miles E. oSPinerolo. Pop. 3961.
Anhalt Dessau, Schwarzburg Rudolstadt, and having many    SCALETTA, sk~-lflt', a village of Sicily, on its E. coast,
outlying detached districts. Area, 9828 square miles. Pop. 13 miles S. of Messina. Pop. 1000.
in 1849, 1,781,300, of whom 1,661,613 were Protestants. The    SCAL/FORD,, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
Harz, at the W. extremity, is a mountainous district; else-   SCAL/LOWAY, a village of Scotland, co., and on the mainwhere the surface is level and watered by the Elbe, with its  land of Shetland, at the head of Scalloway Bha~, 6 miles
tributaries the Saale, Mulde, and Unstrut. The soil is  W.S.W. of Lerwlck. Pop. 450. It is neatly built, and was
among the most fertile in the Prussian dominions. Corn, formerly a burgh, and thei capital of Shetland. It has a
flax, hemp, hops, tobacco, madder, and chiccory are the prin-  good harbor.
cipal products; vines are grown on the banks of the Saale    SCAL/PA, an island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of
and Elbe. Merino-sheep breeding is extensively carried on, Inverness, off the E. side of the island of Skye, separated
and wool is a principal article of export. The province has  fi-om it by a sound half a mile across. Length, 4 miles;
coal, iron, salt, and copper mines. The principal manufac-  breadth, 2 miles. Pop. in 1851, 79.
tures are fine woollens, linen fabrics, earthenwares, paper,    SCALPA FLOW, a sea-basin among the Orkneys, nearly'
beer, and spirits. It is divided into the three governments  enclosed by Pomona, Burray, South Ronaldsbay, Walls, and
of Magdeburg, Erfurt, and Merseburg. Capital, Magdeburg.  Hey, and containing many smaller islands. Length, 15
SAX/TEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           miles; breadth, 8 miles.
SAX/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            SCAL/PAY, an island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of
SAXITON, a parish of England, co. ofYork, West Riding. Inverness, parish of Iarris, at the entrance of East Loch
SAXTTON'S RIVER, a post-office of Windham  co., Ver- Tarbet. Length, 3 miles; breadth, 1- miles. Pop. in 1851,
mont.                                                       282.
SAX/TONVILLE, a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey,.   SCALP LEVIEL, a post-office of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.
about 6 miles S.W. of Flemington.                             SCAMAN/DER, or XANITIUS, (Turk. Boonarbashi-soo,
SAYANSK, a town of Siberia. See SAIASKc.                 boobnan'bishee soo,) a river of the plain of Troy, in Asia
SAYANSKOI, mountains of Siberia. See SAANSIK.            Minor, rises at the village of Boonarbashi, immediately beSAY/BROOK, apost-township ofMiddlesex co., Connecticut,  neath the site of old Troy, flows N.W., expanding into
on the W. bank of Connecticut River, about 35 miles S.S.E. numerous marshes. and enters the   Egean Sea and the
of IHartford, contains the village of Deep River. OLD SAY-  Simois or Mender River by several channels, cut in very
ROOeK, bordering on Long Island Sound, was separated from   remote antiquity. Its source is in some springs, having a
this township in 1852. Pop. of Saybrook, about 1300; of  temperature of 630 or 640 Fahrenheit. This circumstance is
Old Saybrook, 3000.                                        supposed by some to have suggested the description by
SAYBROOK, a post-township in the N.W. part of Ashta-  Homer, Iliad xxii. 149-152.
bula co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland and Erie Rail-   SCAM/BLESBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
road, 4 miles from Ashtabula.                                 SCAM/MONDEN, a chapelry of England,-co. of York, East
SAYDA, a town of Saxony. See SAIDA.                      Riding.
SAY/LORSBURG, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsyl-   SCAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
vania, 112 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.                          SCANDEROON. See ISKANDEaROON.
SAY/LORVILLE, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, near Des    SCANDIANO, skAn-de-t/no, a market-town of North Italy,
Moines River, 125 miles WV. of Iowa City.                  duchy, and 12 miles S.W. of Modena, on the Secchia. Pop.
S SAYMBRUMBACUM, sim-brbtm/bA-k'm  (?) a town of Brit- 2400.
ish India, presidency, and 17 miles W. of Madras.            SCANDINAVIA, skan-de-nJve-a, the classic name of the
SAYN, sine, a village of Prussia, government, and 6 miles  great peninsula of North Europe, consisting of Sweden and
N. of Coblentz, at the confluence of the Briichse and Sayn-  Norway. See SWEDEN and NoRwAY.
bach. Pop. 1130.                                             SCANFS, sklnfs, a populous village of the Upper EngaSAYNY: si/nee, a town of Poland, government of Angus-  dine, in Switzerland, canton ofGrisons. 29 miles S.E. of Chur
1;27




SCA                                                        SCH
SCANIA, sk&ne-a, or SKANE, (Skine,) skolne, an old    SCAlIIFF, a market-town of Ireland, co. of Clare, on thi
province of Sweden, at its S. extremity, now subdivided into  Seariff, 8 miles N.N.W. of Killaloe. Pop. 500.
the Imns of Malam and Christianstad.                          SCARISBRICK, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
SCANNO, sk~n/no, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo    SCARLE, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of' Lincoln.
Ultra. Pop. 3000.                                             SCARLE, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
SCANNO, a village of Naples, Abruzzo Citra, 12 miles S.E.   SCARMAGNO, ska —mlnfyo, a village of the Sardinian
of Lake Fucino.                                             States, division of Turin, about 7 miles S.S.W. of It rea.
SCANSANO, skan-sIno, a market-town of Tuscany, pro- Pop. 1013.
vince, and 12 miles S.E. of Grossetto. Pop. 3000.             SCARNAFIGI, skaR-n-feeljee. or SCARNA'FIO:GI, sharSCANITIC RIVER rises in the S. part of Massachusetts, nA-fid/jee, a market-town of Piedmont, province, and 5 miles
and falls into the Connecticut River in IHartford county, N.E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 2854.
Connecticut, about 7 miles N. of Hartford. It is a good    SCAR/NING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with a
mill-stream,                                                station on the East Anglican Railway, 2 miles W.S.W. of East
SCANZANO, skdn-za1no, a village of Naples, province of Dereham.
Naples, near Castel-a-Mare. Pop. 2000.                        SCARP or SCARIPA, an island of the Outer Hiebrides, in
SCAR, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wicklow,  Scotland, co. of Inverness. It is a rocky mountain of gneiss
N. of Laragh. Height, 2105 feet.                            1000 feet high, and 3 miles long. Pop. in 1851, 145.
SCARBA, skar/bA, one of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of. SCARPANTO, skarlphn-to, (ane. Cabs  athos,) an island of
Argyle, off the N. end of the island of Jura. Length and  the Mediterranean, belonging to Turkey, 28 miles S.W. of
breadth, 3 miles each. Height above the sea, 1500 feet.     Rhodes. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 8 miles. The surface
SCARBOROUGH, skar/b'rtLh, or skarlbfr-rih, a parlia- is mountainous; iron and marble are the principal products.
mentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and parish  It has several harbors, the largest, Porto-Grande. beinm  on
of England, co. of York, in North Riding, on the S. slope of  its W. side. At its N. extremity is the village of Scarpanto.
a headland extending into the North Sea; lat. of light-house    SCARPE, skaRp, a navigable river of France, rises in the
540 17' N., Ion. 00 231' 5" W., on the North Midland Railway, department of Pas-de-Calais, flows E. past Arras, Donuai,
37 miles N.E. of York. Pop. in 1851, 12,915. It consists of  Marchiennes, and St. Amand, and joins the Scheldt at Molnumerous streets, lighted with gas, rising in successive tiers  tagne on the -frontier of Belgium. Length, 25 miles.
from the shore in the form of an amphitheatre. and con-   SCARPERIA, skaa-pA-reell, or SCARPERIA  DI MUtains several elegant terraces, crescents, and isolated man- GELLO, skaa-pA-reefI dee moo-j6l1lo, a small town of Teussions. It has a town-hall, custom-house, jail, assembly- cany, province, and 16 miles N.E. of'Florence.
room, and theatre; several Established churches, and places    SCARIRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
of worship for Independents, Methodists, Baptists, Friends,    SCARSIDALE, a village of Scarsdale township, Westchester
Roman Catholics, &c.; a grammar, Lancasterinn, national, co., New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 22 miles N.N.E. of
and various other schools; several hospitals, and a sea- New York. Pop. of the tovwnship, 342.
bathing infirmary for poor invalids, supported by subscrip-    SCARTIIO, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
~tion; a museum of geology and natural history, a mechanics'   SCAT/ARY, an islet of British North America, off the E.
institute, two public libraries, and a philosophical society. coast of the island of Cape Breton; lat. 430 N., ion. 590 41'
Scarborough is much frequented for sea-bathing, and for its  W. Length, from E. to W., 6 miles; breadth, 2 miles.
mineral-waters, which have long been in repute. These last   SCAW/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, with a staare obtained from springs on the sea-shore under a cliff, and  tion on the Lincolnshire Railway.
are approached by a bridge resting on piers 75 feet high,    SCAWFELL. SeeSCAFELL.
and leading across a chasm 400 feet wide; they contain car-   SCAWTTON, a parish ofEngland, co. of York, North Riding.
bonate and sulphate of lime, magnesia, and oxide of iion,    SCEAUX, s5, a town of France, department of Seine, 4
and are esteemed efficacious in stomach complaints. Scar- miles S. of Paris, with which it is connected by railway. Pop.
borough harbor is the only port of any consequence on the  1060. Colbert erected here a chlteau, which was destroyed
E. coast between the Humber and Whitby, and is used as a  during the first rievolution.
place of shelter from  the E. gales which prevail on this    SCERAI, skir/nee, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzc'
coast; though confined at the entrance. it is easy of access, Citra, 7 miles W. of I1-Vasto. Pop. 2000.
and safe and commodious within. The bay is protected on    SCEY-SUR-SAOAE, sA siip sbn, a mnarket-town of France,
the N.E. by a high promontory, on the summit of which, department of Haute-SaSne, on the SaSne, 9 miles W.N.W
300 feet above sea-level, are the ruins of the celebrated castle  of Vesoul. Pop. 1800.
of Scarborough. The port, to which the privilege of bonding    SCHAAFHEIM, shAfthime, a market-town of Hesse-Darmwas granted in 1841, is amember of that of Hull. It carries  stadt, 8 miles E.S.E. of Dieburg. Pop. 1338.
on a limited foreign trade, principally with France, Holland,   SCIIAAFSTADT, shiff/statt, a town of Prussian Saxony,
and the Baltic; and a considerable trade in corn, butter, 10 miles W.N.W. ofMerseburg. Pop. 1900.
bacon, and salt-fish, with Newcastle, Sunderland, and other    SCHABLIN, a village of Austria. See JOSEPRHSDOR.
places on the coast. Registered shipping ih 1847, 191 yes-    SCHADRINSK,* a town of Russia. See SIADRaNSK.
sels, with an aggregate of 32,221 tone. Ship-building, rope    SCHAERBEEK,  srclblk, a village of Belgium, province
and sailcloth making are carried on, but to a much less of Brabaunt, in the immediate neighborhood N.N.E., and
extent than formerly. The fishery, once a source of great properly only a suburb of Brussels. It contains a great
profit to the town, has also declined, although there still number of fine mansions of recent date, and two churches,
exists here an establishment for curing herrings.  The  one of which is a splendid modern edifice. Pop. 4550.
borough sends two members to Parliament.                      SCHIAFA, shAfA, or SCHAFFERN, shAf/fern, a marketSCARBOROUGH, the principal town of the West India  town of Moravia, 14 miles W.N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1243.
Island of Tobago, on its E. coast, 7 miles N.E. of Milford.    SCIHAFFEN, sh~f/fen, a village of Belgium, province of
Lat. 110 6' N., ion. 600 30' W.                             Brabant, on the Demer, 34 miles N.E. of Brussels. P. 1631.
SCAR/BOROUGH, a post-village and township of Cum-   SCIIAPFFHAUSEN, shiff-how/zen, (Fr. Stchafouse, shal'berland co., Maine, on the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth  foozf; L. Scaplhu/sia,) the northernmost canton of SwitzerRailroad, 60 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. of the township, land, wholly N. of the Rhine, which separates it from the
1837.                                                       cantons of Zurich and Thurgau, and enclosed by the grand
SCARBOROUGH, a post-office of Scriven co., Georgia, on  duchy of Baden. Area, 116 square miles. Pop. in 1850,
the Central Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Savannah.            35,278, nearly all Protestants. The surface is undulating.
SCARBOROUGII or GILBERT ISLANDS, in the Pacific  Soil fertile, and frequently more corn is raised than is reOcean, between lat. 10 and 30 N., and ion. 1720 and 1740  quired for home consum ption. The transit trade is imE., comprise Marshall, Matthews, Gilbert, and Charlotte  portent, and the capital town is a pi-incipal entrepbt for
Islands.                                                    goods passing between South Germany and Switzerslad.
-SCARBOROUGH, skarlbftr-rth, or LOS BUENOS JAR- The principal towns are Schaffhausen and Neukirchen. The
DINES, loce bwl/noce Ha-deelnes, a group of islands in the  government is democratic, consisting of a grand council or
North Pacific, W. of the Marshall Archipelago. Lat. 210 40' legislative body of 74 members, chosen by the male inhabiN., lon. 1510 35' E.                                        tants not under legal incapacity; and the petty or executive
SCAR/CLIFF, a parish of England, co. of Derby.            council, composed of 24 members of the grand council, and
SCARDA, skaRldA, a small island of Dalmatia, circle of presided over by a burgomaster, who is elected annually.
Zara, between the islands of Prenmuda and Isto.             This canton joined the Swiss Confederation in 1501.
SCARDIZZA, skax-dit/es, a small island of Dalmatia, circle    SCIIAFFIIAUSEN, the capital of the above canton is
of Zara, 3 miles W. of Pago.                               situated on the right bank of the Rhine, 23 miles N.E. of
SCARDONA, skaa-do/n&, or SCRADIN, skrl-deenu, a de- Zurich. Pop. in 1850,7710. It is enclosed by old walls, and
cayed town of Dalmatia, 6 miles N.N.E. of Sebenico, on the  defended by a citadel on an adjacent height, on. the site of
right bank of the Kerka. Pop. 1200. It is a bishop's see,
and was formerly an important place. Under the Riomans *  It should be remarked ttat the namnes of places in Africa and
it was the capital of the province of Liburnia.            Asia, as well as most of those in Eastern Enrope, beginning with
SCARDONA. See SOLa GROuSA.                               SCH will generally be found in this work under the head of Sis.
SCARENA, skI-cA/nI, a town of the Sardisnian States, 10  This general remark may serve to guide the inquirer in those
miles. of Nice, on the Paglione. Pop. 1856.  cases in which references are not given. In a few instances, how
ever, names of this class will more properly be placed under ZE,
SCAPJIFF or SCARA, skah!ra, a small island of Ireland, as SciisDRA-ZHnsiaa, in which caoe a reference will be given
co. of Kerry, 21 miles S.W. of Heo's Iead.                 See PREFaCE, page 4.
1728




SCI                                                       Soi
an ancient Roman fortress. The houses are antiquated and    SCOIEIBENBERG, shirben-bRao', a village of Saxony, 5
of curious architecture; principal edifice, the minster, a large  miles E. of Schwarzenberg. Pop. 1836. It has manufatcathedral, founded in 1052. It has a college, and a town  tures of lace; and valuable silver, cobalt, tin, and iron mines
library containing the collection of books which belonged to  in its vicinity.
the historian Miiller, a native of Schaffhausen; manufactures    SCHEIDECK, shitdfk, a mountain of Switzerland, canton
ofcotton stuffs,files, and cutlery. It communicates dailyby  of Bern, in the Oberland, 8 miles S. of Brienz. Height above
diligences with Zurich, Bern, Freiburg, Stuttgart, and Ulm, the sea. 6473 feet.
and by steamers with Constance.                             SCHEIDECK, LESSER, or WENGERN ALP, bntghern
SCHAFFHIAUSEN, FALLS OF, a cataract of the Rhine, 3  alp, a mountain S.W. of the above, between Lauterbrunnen
miles S.S.W. of the town, has a total descent of about 100  and Grindelwald.
feet, and is one of the most imposing phenomena of its kind    SCHEKI, a town of Russia. See SsnKI.
in Europe.                                                  SCHELD)E, a river of Europe. See SCHELDT.
SCItAFFOUSE. See SnAtiAUSENe.                             SCHELDERODE, sK6l1deh-ro'deh, a village of Belgium,
SCHAGEN, sKxghgn, a town of the Netherlands, pro- province of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 7 miles S. of
vince of North Holland, 11 miles N. of-Alkmaar. Pop. 1885. Ghent. Pop. 1063.
SCIHAGHTICOKE, a post-village and township of Rensse-    SCHELDEWINDEKE, sK8lIdeh- infdA'keh, a village of
laer co., New York, on the HIudson River, 21 miles N.N.E. Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Molinbeek, 9
of Albany. The village is situated on the Albany Northern  miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1000.
Railroad, and on the IIoosic River, which here affords water-   SCHELDT, skhlt, often pronounced shfld, (Dutch, Schielde,
power. It contains 3 or 4 churches, numerous stores, and  ssClldeh; Fr. Escaut, 6s'k5l; Sp. Escalda, 8skitltddl; anc. Sca'several cotton factories and mills. P. of the township, 3290. dis,) a river of Europe, rises in the French department of
SCHALE, shltleh, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 33  Aisne, flows N.E. through the department of Nord, and the
miles N. of Miinster, on the Aue. Pop. 1570.              Belgian provinces of Hainaut and East Flanders, to Antwerp,
SCHALKAU, shAlt'kw, a town of Central Germany, in  where it turns N.W. and enters the North Sea, in the Dutch
Saxe-Meiningen, on the Itz, 7 miles N.W. of Coburg. Pop. province of Zealand, by two mouths, the East and West
1037.                                                     Scheldt, which enclose the two islands of Beveland and
SCIALKOWITZ, ALT, &lt shlIko-4its', a village of Prus- Walcheren. Total course, 200 miles; at its mouths it is
sian Silesia, 11 miles N.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 1740.         from 2' to 31 leagues across. In its lower part it traverses
SCHALKWYK or SCHALKWIJK, sktlklwik, a village of  a fiat country, and its banks are fenced by dykes. Affluents,
Holland, province, and 8 miles S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 789.   the Scarpe, Lys, and Darme from the W., and the Dender
SCHALL, shAl, or SCIHIAAL, shEl, a lake of North Ger- and Rupel from the E. It is navigable nearly throughout,
many, partly in the Danish duchy of Lauenburg, and partly  and connected by canals with the Somme, Seine, Loire, and
in the g'and duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, about 9 miles the principal cities and towns of Belgium, and it is of high
in length from N. to S., by 2 miles in breadth.           commercial importance.
SCIIAMAKIII, Russia. See SHAMAKA.                          SCHI{LESTADT, shA'lss'Otd', (Ger. pron. shbltes-tatt',) a
SCHANCIK (shank) MOUNT, a conspicuous table-shaped  fortified town of France, department of Bas-Rhin, on the
hill of South Austialia, near the coast, in lat. 370 55' S., Ion. left bank of the Ill, and on the Strasbourg and Basel (Bale)
1390 49' E. It rises from a comparatively level country at Railway, 26 miles S.W. of Strasbourg. Pop in 1852, 10,365.
an abrupt angle 800 or 900 feet in height, and has on its It was fortified by Vauban, and is naturally strong from
summit three distinct craters. Basalt, lava, and other vol- being surrounded by marshes. It has manufactures of
canic products are scattered on and around it.             woollen hosiery, calicoes, brass and iron wire, paper, and
SCIIANDAU, sh~nld6w, a town of Saxony, 21 miles S.E. of earthenwares.
Dresden, on the Elbe. Pop. 1638.                             SCHELETAU or SCHELLETAU, sh~l]leh-tfw', a marketSCHANK'S (shanks) ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat.  town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 miles S.S.E. of Iglau.
00 25' S., ion. 1630 E.                                    Pop. 1099.
SCIARDING, (Schirding,) or SCHEERDING, shaiatding,    SCIIELIKOF or SCHELIKOW. See SnEiovo.
a town of Upper Austria, circle of Inn, 8 miles S.S.W. of    SCHELKLINGEN, shhlk/ling-en, a walledftown ofWftirtemPassau, on the Inn. Pop. 3500. It is defended by a strong  berg, 12 miles W. of Ulm. Pop. 1069.
castle, and was bombarded by the French in 1809.             SCHELLE, ssKl'11h, a village of Belgium, province, and 7
SCHARDITZ, shaetdits, or SARDICE, san-dit/sA, a village  miles S. by Wv. of Antwerp, on the right bank of the Scheldt.
of Austria, in Moravia, circle of Hradisch. Pop. 1138.    Pop. 1365.
SCIIARNITZ, shar/nits, (anc. Scarlbia or Por/ta Clauldia?)   SCIIELLEBELLE, sicl1eh-bWlleh, a village of Belgium,
a village and pass in the Tyrol, 10 miles N.W. of Innspruck, province of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 9 miles E. of
and the scene of combat between the French and Tyrolese  Ghent. Pop. 1868.
in 1809.                                                    SCHELLENBERG, shllf1n-b&noG, a town of Saxony, circle
SCHASSBURG, (Schiissburg,) shlsseb36ao, a town ofTran- of Zwickau, on the declivity of a height, crowned by the
sylvania, in Saxonland, capital of a county, on the Great KS- castle of Augustusberg, 8 miles E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1406.
kel, 24 miles E.S.E. of Neumarkt. Pop. 6250. It consists of    SCIIELLENBERG, a village of Bavaria, 6 miles S.W. of
an upper and a lower town, the former fortified. It has a  Salzburg. Here, in 1764, Marlborough defeated the Duke
gymnasium, manufactures of woollens and linens, and an  of Bavaria.
extensive trade.                                            SCHELLENDORF, shYllen-donf', a village of Prussian
SCHAT-EL-ARAB  or SCHAT-UL-ARAB. See SHAT-E.L-  Silesia, government of Liegnitz, and the scene of an engage,
AnAB.                                                     ment between the French and Prussian cavalry in 1813.
SCHATSK, a town of Russia. See SOATsK.                    SCHIELLING, an island, Netherlands. See TERn-SCOELINno.
SCHATTAU, shtltt6w, or SATOW, sWtov, a market-town    SCHELLING, WESTER, *6seter sKl/ling, a village of
of Moravia, 5 miles S.S.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1716.           the Netherlands, province of North Holland, on the extreme
SCIATTER, sh ttter, a river of Baden, after a course of  S.W. extremity of the island of Ter-Schelling. Pop.1569.
36 miles, joins the Kinsig at Kehl.                         SCHELLSIBURG, a post-borough of Bedford co., PennSCHATTER, a river of Bavaria, rises near the village of sylvania, on the turnpike from Bedford to Pittsburg, 9
Wellheim, flows E.S.E., and joins the Danube on the left a  miles W. of Bedford. Pop. in 1850, 360; in 1853, about 500.
little above Ingolstadt. Total course, about 27 miles.      SCHEMACIHI, a town of Asiatic Russia. See SesADIAxA.
SCIIATUL'GA, a village of Muscogee co., Georgia, on the    SCHEMNITZ, shnmlnits, (HIun. Selmecz Bcsanya, shelrnttsl
Muscogee Railroad, 10 miles from Columbus...            bny6h1,) a mining town of North Hungary, co. of Month,
SCHATZLAR, e sftsplar, BERNSTADT, or TBARNSTADT, on the Schemnitz, 2300 feet above the sea, 45 miles N.N.E.
buantsthtt, a market-town of Bohemia, 33 miles N. of KSnig- of Gran. Lat. 480 27' N., ion. 180 58' E. Pop., including 6
griitz. Pop. 1073.                                        suburbs, 19,000. It has a school of mining, founded in 1760
SCIIAUMBURG-LIPPE, shiwmtb66Ro lip'peh, a princi- by Maria Theresa, and having 200 students. The mines of
pality of North-western Germany, enclosed by the territories  Schemnitz, partly belonging to the crown, extend under the
of Hesse-Schaumburg, Hanover, and Prussian Westphalia, town, and furnish considerable quantities of gold, silver,
exclusive of some detached lordships within the territory of lead, copper, iron, sulphur, and arsenic. All the imperial
Lippe-Detmold. Area, 207 square miles. Pop. 30,226. The  mines are connected with each other, offering in their whole
surface is hilly and well wooded in the S., fiat in the N., extent a subterranean passage of nearly 31 miles long. Bewhere the Lake Steinhuder-meer occupies about 22,000 acres. low the mines is the adit of Joseph II., a magnificent work,
The principal river is the Weser. The inhabitants are  12 feet in height by 10 feet in breadth, extending from
mostly Lutherans, and employed in agricultural industry, Schemnitz to the valley of Gran, 10 miles, and so concoal-mines, and the manufactures of linens. The principal structed that it may be used either as a canal or railway.
towns are Bfickeburg, the capital, and Stadthagen. Public    SCHENDELBEKE, s8ntdel-bA'keh, a village of Belgium,
revenue in 1852, 93,600 dollars. Thestateisfreefrom debt. province of East Flanders, on'the Dender, near the road
SCHAWAT, a town of Asia. See SHAwAT.                    from Grammont to Alost, 24 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1165.
SCHAZK, a town of Russia. See SnATSK.                     SCI{ENDITZ, shlnfdits, a town of Prussian Saxony, go.
SCI-IEEMDA, sKAmldg, or SCHEEMDER, sKAmtder, a vii- vernment, and 9 miles E. of Merseburg. Pop. 2040.
lage of the Netherlands, province, and 16 miles E.S.E. of    SCHENECTADY, sken-Ak'ta-de, a county in the E. part
Groningen. Pop. 3439.                                     of New York, has an area of about 190 square miles. It is
SCHEER, shaim, a town of Wtiirtemberg, circle of Danube, intersected by the Mohawk River, by which and its tri4 miles E.S.E. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 962.                  butaries, with the head branches of Norman's Kill, it is
51                                                                         1729




SOCH                                                        SCH
chiefly drained. These streams afford some water-power.   SCHIEDAM,  snee-dml, (i. e. "the dam of the Schie,") a
The surface is generally uneven, and in the S. part hilly, town and river-port of the Netherlands, province ofEast
The alluvial flats along the Mohawk are very fertile; and on  Holland, on the Schie, an affluent of the Meuse (Maas,) 4
the uplands the soil is usually a light sandy loim. This  miles W. of Rotterdam, with which it is connRcted by rail.
county is traversed by the Erie Canal, and by several rail-  way. Lat. 510 55' N., lon. 40 24' E. The tmown is regus'ijc
roads named in the ensuing article.  Organized in 1809, built, has broad streets, many good-looking houses, and nu
having previously formed part of Albany county. Capital, merous canals, one of which unites the Schie with the
Schenectady. Pop. 20,554.                                   Meuse, and presents on its banks a pleasant promenade,
SCHENECTADY, a thriving city, capital of Schenectady  named the Plantaadje. It was formerly fortified, but of its
co., New York, on the right bank of Mohawk River, and on  four gates only the remains of one now exist; and along the
both sides of the Erie Canal, 16 miles N.W. of Albany. Lat.  site of the walls stand 17 elegant stone corn and malt mills.
420 48' N., ion. 730 55' W. It is the seat of Union College, The chief edifices and institutions are the town-hall, the
founded in 1795, and of the Schenectady Lyceum and Aca- exchange, esteemed the finest building in the town, the
demy, with about 200pupils. It contains, besides thecounty  Doelen or gathering-place, the Musis Sacrum, an elegant
buildings, churches of 9 or 10 denominations, a city-hall, 3  concert-hall, 2 Reformed churches, and Lutheran, Dissentbanks, a market-house, a savings institution, and several ing, Roman Catholic, and Jansenist churches,%Latin, drawnewspaper offices. The buildings of Union College occupy  ing, commercial, and many other schools, a public library, a
an elevated site a short distance E. of the city, in the physical and a musical society, and numerous hospitals for
midst of spacious and handsomely ornamented grbunds. the sick, for orphans, aged men and women, and other beThe principal edifices are each 200 feet long and 4 stories nevolent institutions. The manufactures of Schiedam inhigh. The institution is in a very flourishing condition, elude copper and iron castings, white-lead and litharge,
and in 1854 had 8 professors. 225 students, and 15,000 linen-weaving and flax-spinning, vinegar-works, breweries,
volumes in its library.  Number of alumni, 2795.  Xhe  rope-walks, and building-yards;' but the article for which it
prosperity of Schenectady has been greatly promoted by the  is most noted is gin or Hollands, usually known by its own
construction of the'Albany and Schenectady, the Utica and  name, Schiedam, for the manufacture of which and other
Schenectady, the Troy and Schenectady, and the Saratoga  spirituous liquors, there are 170 distilleries in the town and
and Schenectady Railroads, for all of which it is the termi-  its vicinity. Large numbers of hogs are fattened in the town
nus; and also by the establishment of lines of packet-boats  on the refuse of the distilleries. Besides the trade in gin,
on the canal. It is now the chief point of embarkation for  Schiedam'has a considerable commerce in grain and coals.
all persons proceeding West by this channel of communi-  In 1851 there arrived 243 vessels, (tons. 56,921;) and there
cation.  Previous to the opening of the Erie Canal in  departed 242 vessels, (tons, 41,505.) Pop. in 1850, 12,734.
1825, Schenectady was the principal entreplt of the trade    SCHIEDAM  (ske-dlml) ISLANDS, a group of the Malay
between the IIudson and the West. In consequence of the  Archipelago, in the Sea of Flores, 90 miles N. of PFlores.
falls in the Mohawk below this point, goods had to be    SCHIEFELBEIN, a town of Prussia.  See SCnaiv?,uEIN.
transported to Albany in wagons over the turnpike, which    SCHIERLING, sheearing, a market-town of Lower Baeven at that date had become the greatest thoroughfare varia, on an island formed by the Gross Laber, 5 miles
between the Hudson and the West. By the opening of the  N.W. of Pfaffenberg.  Near it, on April 20, 1809, the Ausabove lines of communication, the cost of transportation  trians were defeated by the French.
has been reduced nearly nine-tenths, and the amount of    SCHIIERMIONNIK-OOG, saeeaRmon-niDk-gr', an island in
merchandise and tiavel which now  passes through the  the North Sea, belonging to the Netherlands, province of
city is almost incalculable. The cars, on leaving, cross the  Friesland, 10 miles E. of Ameland.  Length, 8 miles;
Mohawk and Erie Canal by a bridge nearly 1000 feet Iong. breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 862, engaged in fishing.
Schenectady has important manufactures of flour, iron-    SCILIERS, sheeps, a town and parish of Switzerland,
ware, machinery, leather, cotton goods, &c. It is one of the  canton of Grisons, in a fertile district on the Landquhart,
oldest settlements in the state, the Dutch having established  11 miles N.N.E. of Chur (Coire.) Pop. 1573.
a trading post here In 1620. The first grant of land was    SCIIIERSTEIN, sheenifstne, a village of Nassau, on the
made in 1661. In February, 1690, the town, consisting of  Rhine, 3 miles S.S.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1000.
about 60 houses and a church, was burned, and many of    SCIJIEVELBEIN  or SCHIEFELBEIN, sheeffel-bines, a
the inhabitants were massacred by a party of French and  town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 36 miles S.W. of Cislin, on
Indians. It was again taken in the French war of 1748, the Rega. Pop. 3050.
and about 70 persons put to death. Incorporated as a city    SCIIIFFERSTADT, shifffea-st~tt, a village of Rhenish
in 1798. Pop,. in 1840, 6784; in 1850, 8921.                Bavaria, 6 miles N.N.W. of Speyer. Pop. 2994. The AusSCHENKLIENGSFELD, sh(nkflgngs-filt', a market-town  trians were defeated here by the French in 1794.
of IHesse-Cassel, province of Fulda, 6 miles S.E. of  Hersfeld,    SCIIIIALILION, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Perth, 4
on the Salza. Pop. 1341.                                    miles S.E. of Kinloch-Rannoch.  Elevation, 3564 feet.
SCIENNIS, shinfnis, or SCItANIS. (Schinis,) sh4fnis, a    SCIJILDA, shil/dA, or SCHILDAU, shilld6w, a town of
village and parish of Switzerland, canton, and 24 miles S.W. Prussian Saxony, 40 miles E.N.E. of MIerseburg.  Pop. 1035.
of St. Gall, on the Linth. Pop. 1744.                         SCIHILDBERG, shilt/b6aG, (Polish, Ostrzeszow, ost-zhA/SCH-IEPDAEL, scAp'dAll, a village of Belgium, province of  shov,) a town of Prussian Poland, 83 miles S.E. of Posen
Brabant, 9 miles WV. of Brussels. Pop. 1561.                Pop. 1975.
SCHIEPPACHII, shblptpA, a village of Bavaria, circle of    SCI-IILDBERG. See SCHIMBMG.
Swabia. Pop. 1004.                                            SCIIILDBERG, or SSIMPERK, simtpakc, a market-town
SCHEPPENSTEDT, a town, Germany. See ScrraPENSTEDr..   of Austria, in Moravia, 36 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 1790.
SCHIERMBECK, shanm'blk, or SCIIERRENBECK, shkn5-   SCHIILDE, sKil/deh, a village of Belgium, province, and 12
iten-b~k', a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, government miles E. of Antwerp, on the Great Schyn. Pop. 1048.
of Dusseldorf, 10 miles N.N.E. of Dinslaken.  Pop. 833.       SCIIILDESCIIE, shiltdlsh-eh, a village of Prussia. in
SCIERMEISEL. shirmi'sel, a market-town of Prussia,  Westphalia, 23 miles S.W. of Minden, on the Aa. Pop. 2530.
province of Brandenburg, 12 miles N.N.E. of Sternberg.    SCHILDKROTEN  INSELN.  See GALLAPAO0S.
Pop. 784.                                                     SCI-IILLERSDORF, shilflers-doRf', a village of North
SCIIERPENZEEL, shenfpgn-zAl', a village of the Nether- Germany, in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 9 miles W. of Neulands, province of Gelderland, 17 miles W.N.W. of Arnhem.  Stirelitz.
Pop. 1156.                                                    SCHILLERSLAGE, shilfler-slSlgheh, a village of North
SCIHERVILLER, sh6aRveel1laiat, a village of France, de- Germnany, in Hianover, landdrostei of Liineburg, S. of Celle.
partment of Bas-Rhin, 3 miles N.W. of Sch6lestadt. Pop.   SCHILLING (shiltling) LAKE, in East Prussia, 4 miles E.
in 1852, 2836.                                              of Osterode. 8 miles in length by 1 mile in width.
SCIIESKEJEW, a town of Russia. See SnEsHKYI~v.              SCHILPARIO, skil-pdlre-o, a village of Austrian Italy,
SCIHESSLITZ or SCHOSSLITZ, (Schdsslitz,) shesstlits, a  province of Berganso, 24 miles N. of Clusone. Pop. 1460.
town ofBavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, 9 miles N.E. of    SCHILTACH, shil/t K, a town of Baden, on the Kinzig,
Bamberg. Pop. 1034.                                         here joined by the Schiltach, 13 miles S.S.W. of FreudenSCHEURIEN, shoifren, a village of Rhenish Prussia, go- stadt. Pop. 1526.
vernment of Dusseldorf, near Elberfeld. Pop. 1425.            SCIJILTERN, shilltern, a market-town of Moravia, circle,
SCItEVENINGEN, sKAlven-iug'nHn, or SCIHEVINGEN,  and 11 miles N.W. of Znaym.
sctvfing-gn, a fashionable watering-place of the Nether-    SCHILTIGHIEIM, shil/tio-hlme', a village of France, dela:cls, province of East Iolland, on the North Sea, 2 niles  partment of Bas-Rhin, 1 mile N. of Strasbourg.  Pop. in
N.W. of the Hiague. Pop. 3000.                             1852, 3349.,
SCHIIALKOWITZ, she-AlIko —its., or SIALKOWICE, se-   SCHIIMBERG. shimfbARG, or SCHILDBERG. shilt/b8o, a
tl-ko-q-eetlst, (AI%, alt, and Nsu, not,) two nearly conti- market-town of Moravia, 34 miles N.W. of Olmutz. P. 1790.
goous villages of Prussia, province of Silesia, government    SCHINTZNACH or SCHINZNACH, shints!nlsc, a village
of Oppeln. Pop. 1726.                                      of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, on the Aar, 4 miles S.W.
SCHIAVI, ske-a/vee, a small town of Naples, province of  of Brugg. Pop. 1430. The Schintznach or Ilapsbuig baths
Abrezzo Citra, 24 miles S.S.W. of II Vasto.                are the most frequented in Switzerland, and the great bathSCHIAVI, a small town of Naples, province of Terra di house contains 160 baths. 360 beds and saloons, in which
Lavero, 4 miles.S.E. of Sora.                            500 persons frequently dine together.  The visitors are
SCHIE, sKee, a river of the Netherlands, flows into the  mostly French. The waters are saline, and have a tempera'
eulEa.  below Schiedam.                                    ture of 600 Fahrenheit.
1730




SCH                                                       SCH
SCIINUSA. See SKINo.                                    Traun, in the valley of Krems, on the left bank of the
SCIIINVELD, sxinfv6ld, a village of the Netherlands, pro- Danube, about 17 miles S.W. of Steyer, with a Cistercian
dince of Limburg, 15 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 828.    monastery, founded in 1371, as a nunnery and a hospital.
SCHI5, skeelo, a town of Austrian Italy, 15 miles N.W. Pop. 1438.
of Vicenza. Pop. 6600. It has manufactures of woollens,   SCI-ILIERSTADT, shleealstltt, a village of Baden, circle
and near itare lead and iron mines.                       of Lower Rhine, near Buchen. Pop. 1020.
SCHIPPENBEIL, shipfppn-bile', a town of East Prussia,:   SCHLITZ, shlits, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm36 miles S.S.E. of Kiinigsberg. Pop. 2600.                stadt, province of Ober-lessen, on an affluent of the Fulda,
SCIHIRAS. See SHEERAZ.                                  40 miles E.N.E. of Giessen, with a castle and park. P. 3217.
SCHIRGISWALDE, sh66R/ghis-*lldeh, a town of Saxony,   SCIHLOCIIAU, shlofxbw, or SCHILOCIIOW, shlotKov, a
6 miles S. of Bautzen, on the Spree. Pop. 1600.           town of West Prussia, 65 miles W. of Marienwerder. P. 2200.
SCHIRMVIECK, sheessmlk., a village of France, depart-   SCHLOPPE, shlopfpph, or SCZLOPPA, shlopfpA, a town
ment of Vosges, 18 miles N.E. of St. DiG. Pop. 1490.      of West Prussia, 18 miles S.W. of IDeutsch-Krone, with a
SCIIRWAN or SCHIRVAN. See SuHIRVAN.                     Jewish school. Pop. 1693.
SCHIRWIND or SCHIRWINDT, sh66ssrint, a river of    SCHLOSSBERG, a town of Transylvania. See DEVA.
Prussia, rises in Poland, and forming part of the boundary    SCHLOSS VIPPACHI, shloss vip/pax, a market-town of
between the Russian and Prussian territories, after a course  Saxe-Weimar, 12 miles W.N.W. of Weimar, on the Vippach.
of about 50 miles, joins the Szeszuppe.                   Pop. 1171.
SCIIIRWIND or SCHIRWINDT, a frontier town of East    SCHLOTHEIM, shlotfhfme, a market-town of Germany,
Prussia, 19 miles E.N.E. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 1400.         principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the Rotter, 13
SCHITOM3IR. See ZHITOMEER.                              miles S.W. of Sondershausen. Pop. 1287.
SCIHIZDRA. a town of Russia. See ZnIZDR.A.                SCHLOTTENAU, a town of Bohemia.  See SCHLUCKEeNAaU.
SCHKEUDITZ, shkoifdits, a town of Prussian Saxony, on    SCIHILUCHTERN, (Schliichtern,) shltialtern, a town of
the Elster, 12 miles S.E. of Halle, on the Mlagdeburg Rail- Germany, in IIesse-Cassel, province, and 31 miles E.N.E.
way. Pop. 2700.                                           of Hanau. Pop. 2220.
SCHKLOV, a town of Russia. See SKTLOV.                    SCHLUCKENAU,  shl5ktkeh-ndw',  SCHLOTTENAU,
SCIIKOLEN, (Schkblen,) shk'Gleu, a town of Prussian  shlot'th-nSw'; or SLUKENOW, slootkeh-nov', a town of Bo.
Saxony, 23 miles S.S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 1610.          hemia, 37 miles N.N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 3103.
SCIIKOPAU, shkofpbw, a village of Prussian Saxony, N.   SCHLUSSELBURG, (Schliisselburg,) shliisfsel-bb5a~', a
of Mlerseburg, on the Saale.                              fortified town of Russia, government, and 21 miles E. of St.
SCHLACKENWALD, shlAkken-pn4&lt', or SLAWKOW, Petersburg, on an island in the Neva, where it emerges firom
sl[vfkov, a townof Bohemia. 5 miles S.E. of Elbogen. P.3500. Lake Ladoga. Pop. 3100. It is mostly built of wood, but
SCHLACKENWERTII, shlklken-*i6t', or OSTROV, osl- has a strong castle, an imperial palace, and an important
trov, a town of Bohemia, 11 miles N.E  of Elbogen. P. 1276. trade with the capital.
SCHLADEN, shl~den,  a village of IIanover, 27 miles    SCIHILUSSELBURG, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 15
E.S.E. of Hildesheim, on the Oker, and qn the Brunswick  miles N:N.E. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 1230.
Railway. Pop. 800.                                           SCHLUSSELFELD, shliistsl1-fltV, a town of Bavaria,
SCHLADMING, shltdtming, a mining village of Styria, circle of Upper Franconia, 15 miles S.W. of Bamberg. P. 662.
34 miles W.S.W. of Rottenmann. Pop. 900.                     SCHMADRIBACH, shmA/dre-bimx, a waterfall of SwitzerSCILAN, shldn, or SLANY, sl nee, a walled town of  land, canton of Bern, in the Oberland, 7 miles S. of LauterBohemia, 20 miles N.W. of Prague. Pop. 4180.              brunnen.
SCHLANGENBAD, shlAnglen-bat%,  a spa of Germany,    SCHMALKALDEN, shmrlkall'dvn, a town of Germany, in
duchy of Nassau, 6 miles W.N.W. of Wiesbaden. It has  Hesse-Cassel, province of Fulda, capital of a detached diswarm saline baths, with good accommodations for visitors.  trict between Saxe-Gotha and Meiningen, at the confluence
SCHLANGENBERG, shlingoen-WbnRc, a mining town of  of the Schmalkalde and Stille, 11 miles N. of Meiningen.
Siberia, government of Tomsk, enclosed by ramifications of  Pop. 5478. It is enclosed by double walls, and has 3 suburbs,
the Altai, 170 miles S.S.W. of Barnaul. Pop. 4500.        2 castles, Reformed and Lutheran churches, a gymnasium,
SCHILANSTADT, shl~nlst~tt, a village of Prussian Saxony, and numerous other schools, and manufactures of hosiery,
23 miles W.S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1420.                  white-lead, and paper, and in the vicinity are iron and steel
SCHLAPANITZ, shlAVp-nitsx, or LOPENITZ, lofpeh-  forges, and salt-works. A famous league of the Protestant
nits', a market-town of Moravia, 6 miles E.S.E. of Briinn.  sovereigns of Germany was formed here in 1531.
Pop. 1273.                                                  SCHMALKALDEN, (KLEIN, klin, or "' LTTLE,") a village
SCITLAWE, shlafWeh, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, of Gernmany, N.E. of Meiningen, partly belonging to Saxe23 miles E.N.E. of Cioslin, on the Wipper  Pop. 3450.     Gotha.
SCHLEGEL, shlafghel, a village of Prussian Silesia, 47    SCHIiSALLENBERG, shmglflen-bUso, a town of Prussia,
miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1795.                       in Westphalia, 20 miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 950.
SCIILEI or SCItLESWIGER FIORD. See SLEY, THE.             SCHMIEDEBERG, shmeedeh-b nW', a town of Germany,
SCIILEIDEN, shli'den, a townof RIhenish Prussia, 24miles  in Prussian Silesia, 31 miles S.S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 3700.
S.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 600.                        It has a Lutheran high school, and manufactures of silk,
SCIILEISHEIM, shlisthime, a royal castle of the Ring  cotton, woollen, and linen fabrics, ribbons, cutlery, and
of Bavaria, 9 miles N. of Munich.                         tobacco.
SCHLEISINGERVILLE, shlising-rr-    vill, a post-village    SCIIMIEDEBERG, a town of Germany, Prussian Saxony,
In Polk township, Washington co., Wisconsin, 33 miles N.W. 40 miles N.E. of Merseburg. Pop. 2940.
of Milwaukee. It contains 3 stores, 3 hotels, 1 tannery, and    SCIHMIEDEBERG, a market-town of Saxony, 14 miles
1 church. Pop. 125.                                       S.W. of Pirna. Pop. 440.
SCHLEITHIAL, shlitA.l1, a village of France, department    SCHMTIEDEBERG, a village of Bohemia, 23 miles W.N.W.
of Bas-Rhin, arrondissement of Wissembourg. Pop. 2213.   of Saatz. Pop. 2712.
SC-ILEITHEIM, shlitfhime, a village and parish of Swit-   SCI{IMIEDEFELD, shmeeldeh-fllt', a village of Germany,
zerland, canton, and 7 miles N.W. offSchaffhausen, near the  in Prussian Saxony, 27 miles S.S.W. of Erfurt, in the Thufoot of the Randen. Pop. 2289.                            ringian orest. Pop. 1560.
SCHLEITZ or SCIILEIZ, shlts, a town of Central Ger-   SCITMIEDEFELD, a village of Germany, in Saxony, circle
many, capital of principality Reuss-Schleitz, on the Wiesen- of Bautzen, North Stolpen.
thai, 24 miles S.W. of Gera. Pop. 4850. Principal edifices,    SCIHMIEGEL, shmeelghel, (written also SZMIGEL and
the palace, a college, and normal school. It has manufac- SZMYGIEL,) t town of Prussian Poland, 34 miles S.S.W.
tures of woollen and cotton fabrics, leather, and beer. Near of Posen. Pop. 2845.
it are Luisenthal and Heinrichsruhe, summer residences of    SCHMIEIIEIM, shmeefhime, a village of Baden, circle of
the prince.                                               Upper Rhine, 4 miles N.E. of Ettenheim. Pop. 1051.
SCILESIEN, a province of Prussia. See SILESIA.            SCHIMOLLN, shmlmn, a town ofCentral Germany, in Saxe.
SCHLESWIG. See SLESWeCK.                                AItenburg, on the Sprotta, 7 miles S.W. ofAltenburg. P. 3616.
SCHLETTAIU, shlftft6w, a town of Saxony, 6 miles E.S.E.   SCHMOLNITZ, shmllnits, (Hun. Szomolnok, so'mol'nokf,)
of Griinhain. Pop. 1838.                                  a mining town of North IIungary, co. of Zips, 21 miles S.S.E.
SC-ILEUSINGEN, shloitsing-9n, a walled town ofPrussian  of Lentschau. Pop. 4139. It has mines ofgold, silver, copper,
Saxony, 35 miles W.S.W. of Erfurt, on the Schleuse. Pop. iron, and sulphur in its vicinity.
3250. It has a'castle, and manufactures of woollens, hosiery,   SCIIMOTTSEIFEN, shmott's1'fn, or SCHIMUCKSEIFEN,
white-lead, and paper.                                    shm.0ktsi-fen, a village of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles 9.W. of
SCIILIEBEN, shleelben, a town of Prussian Saxony, 20  Liegnitz. Pop. 3020.
mniles N.E. of Torgau. Pop. 1381.                           SCIINAIT, shunt, a villageof Wtirtemberg, 10 miles E. of
SCILIENGEN, shleenfghpn, or SCHLING/EN, a market-  Stuttgart. Pop. 1989.
town of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine, 4 miles S.S.W. of    SCIINAITIIEIM, shnit/hime, a village of Wtirtemlberg,
Mliilheim.  Pop. 1121. In 1796 the French were defeated  on the Brenz. Pop. 1472.
here by Archduke Charles.                                   SCHNAI.TTACI. shnit'taK, a town of Bavaria, in Middle
SCIILIERBACI, shleeR/bAK, a village of Wiirtemberg,  Franconia, 13 miles N.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1485.
circle of Danube, 6 miles W.S.W. of Goppingen. Pop. 1781.    SCIINECKSVILLE,  shnzkstvil, a postA-5illage of Lehigh
SCHLIERBACL[, or MARIENSAAL, mA-reefen-sil, (L. co.. Pennsylvania, 63 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia.
Aula Beatce Virginis,) a village of Upper Austria, circle of    SCUNEEBERG, slhuAbeUc, (" snow mountain,') a moun1731




SCHI                                                       SCK
tain of Germany, in the Riesengebirge, between Prussian    SCHONAU, a town of Germany, circle of Upper Rhine, on
Silesia and Bohemia, 19 miles S.S.E. of Glatz.             the Wiesen, 15 miles S. of Freihurg.  Pop. 947.
SCHNEEBERG, a mountain of Germany, in Lower Aus-   SCHONAU, a town of Germany, in Prussian Silesia, 17
tria, 40 miles S.W. of Vienna.                             miles S.W. of Liegnitz. on the Katzbach. Pop. 2050.
SCHNEEBERG, a mountain of Germany, in: Bavaria, in    SCHI1NAU, a village of Saxony, 6 miles W.N.W. of Zittau.
the Fichtelgebirge, 14 miles N.E. of Baireuth.               SCIIONBACH, shIinb AK, or MITTEL-SCHOINBACH, a viSCOINEEBERG, shnulb6RG,  a town of Saxony, circle of  lage of Bohemia, 27 miles W. of Elbogen. Pop. 2488.
Zwickau, 20 miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 7170. It has    SCIHONBACH, a village of Baden, circle of Lake, N.W. of
manufactures of gold and silver lace, cotton fabrics, and  Urach.
chemical apparatus, and in its vicinity, valuable mines of    SCHONBACH, shdnfb~A, (OBER, olber, and NIEDER, neef.
silver, cobalt, iron, &c., in which many of its population are  der,) a village of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, near Lijbau.
engaged.                                                   Pop. 1459.
SCHNEEBERG, a village of Bavaria, circle of UpperPa-   SCHOiNBACH, a village of Bohemia, about 6 miles from
latinate, near Schinsee.                                   Gabel. Pop.1009.
SCHN EEKOPPE, shnAlkop'poh, ("snow-top,") or RIESEN-   SCHONBERG, shiin/baRG, a town of Germany, in MecklenKOPPE, reetsen-kop'pfh, ('; giant-top,'") a mountain belong- burg-Strelitz, on the Maurin, 11 miles S.E. of Lubeck. P. 1826.
ing to the Riesengebirge, on the frontiers of Prussian Silesia,   SCIHONBERG, a town of Germany, in Prussian Silesia, 48
12 miles S. of Hirschberg. It is the culminating point of  miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Roth-Wasser.  Pop. 1310.
the chain, and the highest peak of North Germany, having    SCItHONBERG, a market-town of Denmark, duchy of Iola height of 5394 feet.                                     stein, 10 miles E.N.B.. of Kiel.
SCHNEIDEMIUHL,(Schneidemiihl,) shniudeh-mntll, a town    SCHONBERG, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 7 miles S. of
of Prussian Poland, 54 miles W. of Bromberg, on the Kiid-  Innspruck.
dow. Pop. 4150. It has a castle, and manufactures of wool-   SCHONBORN, shdnfborn, (ALT, Alt, and NEu, nol,) a villen cloth, lace, hosiery, and leather.                    lage of Bohemia, about 3 miles from  Rumburg, on the
SCHINEIDLINGEN, shnitfling-en, a village of Prussia, Sterkelberg. Pop. 1751.
province of Saxony, government of Magdeburg. Pop. 1010.   SCHONBRUNN or SCIIOENBRUNN. shlntbr55n or shinfSCHNELLEWALDE. shnlll1/l'deh, a village of Prussian  bru6nn, (" Beautiful Fountain,") an imperial palace in Lower
Siesi, ilesi les S.W. of Oppeln.  Pop. 2525.              Austria, 1' miles S.W. of Vienna, and having attached to it
SCHNEY, shun, a village of Bavaria, circle of Upper Fran- a menagerie, and the finest botanic garden in Germany;
conia, near the Main. Pop. 1000.                          also, artificial fountains, &c. It is the usual summer resiSCHOA, a country ofAbyssinia. See SnoA.                 dence of the imperial family. Adjacent to it is a village.
SCHIODAC, sko-dakl, a post-township forming the S.W. ex-   SCHOINBRUNN, shintbroon, a village of Bohemia, about 4
tremity of Rensselaer co., New York, on the Hudson River,  miles from Policzka. Pop. 1694.
and on the Hudson River Railroad, 11 miles S. by E. of    SCHONBRUNN, (NIEDER, neefder, and OnBER, ofber,) a viiAlbany. Pop. 3509.                                        lage of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Liegnitz,
SCHODAC CENTRE, a post-village in the above township. circle of Lauban. Pop. 1393.
SCHODAC DEPOT, Rensselaer co., New York, on the    SCIIONBRUNN,'a village of Prussia, province of Silesia,
Western Railroad. 8 miles S. by E. of Albany.             government of Liegnitz, circle of Sagan. Pop. 1010.
SCHODAC LANDING, a post-village of Rensselaer co.,   SCHONEBECK, shblneh-b6k', a town of Prussian Saxony,
New York, on the Hudson River, 12 miles below Albany. 10 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg, with which it is connected by
The Hudson River Railroad passes through it. Pop. 400.   railway on the Elbe. Pop. 2040.
SCIIENBACI. See SCHUSsBACK, and so for all other Ger-   SCIHONEBECK, a village of Prussian Saxony, province
man names with the prefix of SouaN.                       of Brandenburg, 13 miles E. of Berlin. Pop. 1282.
SCHIENBRUNN. See SnJiNBRUNc.                              SCIHONEBERG, sh.8inh-bWRoG, a village of Prussia, goSCI{ENECK, shinfk, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- vernment of Dauntzic, near the Vistula. Pop. 1170.
sylvania.                                                   SCIHONECK, shinlnk, or SKARZEWO, sk'aR-zafqvo, a town
SCITOFTLAND, shoft/lant, a village of Switzerland, can- of Germany, in West Prussia, 20 miles S.S.W. of Dantzic.
ton of Aargau, on the Suren, 6 miles S. of Aarau. Its inha- Pop. 2000.
bitants manufacture ribands and other silk goods.           SCITONECK, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 11 miles S.E.
SCIIOIIARIE, sko-htr/ree, a county in the E. part of New  of Plauen. Pop. 1866.
York, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is drained by    SCHONECKEN, shStn8k'kgn, a market-town of Rhenish
the Schoharie Creek, which intersects it, and by Cobleskill Prussia, 29 miles N.N.W. of Treves.
and Catskill Creeks, and other smaller streams, which fur-   SCHONEFELD, shi3neh-f1lt, or SCHONFELD, shonlfflt,
nish abundant water-power. The surface is uneven, and in  a village of Saxony, near Leipsic. Pop. 1359.
the W. part muountainous, the Catskill Range passing through    SCHONEN. See ScANIA.
the county. The alluvial fiats along the river are very rich    SCHONENBERG, shSfnen-bhaca, a village and parish of
and productive; in the more elevated portions the soil is  Switzerland, canton, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Zurich. P. 1432.
better adapted to grazing.  Iron-ore, water-limestone, and    SCHONEWALDE, shU/neh-ft(l'deh, a town of Prussian
sandstone are found; the Sharon Sulphur Springs, in the  Saxony, regency of Merseburg, on the Kolk Canal, 9 miles
N.W. part, are somewhat celebrated. The county is inter- E.N.E. of Schweidnitz. Pop. 2360.
sected by the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, now in    SCHONFELD, shin-felt, a village of Bohemia, about 10
course of construction.  Organized in 1795, having been  miles from Deutsch Bred. Pop. 543.
formed out of portions of Albany and Otsego counties, and    SCHIIONFELD, a town of Bohemia, 5 miles S.S.E. of Elbenamed from the Schoharie Creek. Capital, Schoharie. Pop. gen. Pop. 2560.
33,548.                                                     SCHONFLIES, sh'ntfiees, or SCHONFLIESS, a town of
SCIIOHARIE, a post-village and township, capital of  Prussia, province of Brandenbmurg, on the Rorike, 11 miles
Schoharie county, on a creek of the same name, and on the W.N.W. of Soldin. Pop. 2430.
Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, 30 miles W. of Albany.   SCHONGAU, shbntg6w, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the
The village is pleasantly situated on the right or E. bank  Lech, 40 miles S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1440. It is enclosed
of the creek, and contains, besides the county buildings, an  by walls, and has a royal castle.
academy, 2 newspaper offices, and several mills. Pop. 2588.   SCHONHAUSEN, shln/bhOwzgen, a village of Prussian
SCHOHARIE CREEK, rises in the E. part of Greene co., Saxony, 36 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, near the Elbe. P.1420.
New York, and after flowing through Schoharie county,   SCHONHAUSEN, a village of Prussia, province of Branenters the Mohawk in Montgomery county.                   denburg, government of Potsdam, 4 miles N. of Bnelin, with
SCIIOKEN or SCIHIOKKEN, shok!lken, a town of Prus-  which it is connected by a road lined with lime-trees. IHere
sian Poland. 21 miles N.N.E. of Posen.                    is a summser residence of the King of Prussia.
SCHOKILAND, skok/lAnt, an island of the Netherlands,    SCHONHEIDE, shlnlhl-deh, a village of Saxony, 12 miles
province of Overyssel, in the Zuyder-Zee, opposite the mouth  W. of Schwarzenbumg. Pop. 4567, who manufacture iron
of the Yssel. Length, 4 nmiles. Pop. 695.                 and tin wares.
SCHOILLWVILLE, a small village of Clarke co., Kentucky.    SCHONHEIDE, shjnfhi-deh, a village of Prussia, province
SCIHOMBERG, shlm/b6aG, or SCHONBERG, shSntb6aR, a  of Silesia, government of Breslau. Pop. 1102.
town of Germany, in Moravia, 28 miles N.N.W. of Olmutz.   SCIHONHOF, shlnlhff, a village of Austrian Silesia, 14
Pop. 4548.                                                miles W.N.W. of Teschen.
SCIIORBERG, a town of Silesia. See Sc1nNBERG.             SCHONHIOF, a village of the Austrian Empire, in BoheSCtiOMBERG, a town of Germany, in Wtiirtemberg, circle  mia, 9 miles S.W. of Saatz.
of Black Forest, 6 miles N.E. of Rottweil. Pop. 1661.      SCIONHOFEN, sh6nlh6-fen, a village of Bavaria, on the
SCRON or SCIDERV, a German word signifying'"hand- Saber, 6 miles W. of Ratisbon.
some" or'"beautiful," forming the prefix of numerous names    SCHIIONIIOLZERSWEILEN,- shln-holt'sfrs-q'I'e n, village
in Central Eurmope.                                      and parislh of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, 9 miles S. of
SC9IiNACHI, shimn, a village of Southwest Germany, in  Constance. Pop.1157.
Baden. circleof Upper Rhine, 2 miles N.W. of Tryberg. P. 910.   SCIJONINGEN, shalning-en, a town of Germany, duchy,
SCHIIONAICII. shtmniK, a village of Southwest Germany, and 20 miles S.E. of Brunswick. Pop. 3454.
in Wiirtemberg, 4 miles S.E. of Boblingen.                 SCHONLANKE, shlnfllnk'9h, or TRZIANKA, tze-Inulk,
SCHONAU, shimnow. a town of Germany, in Baden, circle  written also TRCIANKA, a town of Prussian Poland, 66
if Lower Rhine, 5 miles E.N.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1700.   miles S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 3715.
1732




SOH                                                       SOel
SCHONLINDE, shonflin-deh, a market-town of Bohemia,   SCITOTLAND, SCHOTTLAND, SCHTOTTE, SCHOTTISCBH
33 miles N.N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 6000, who manuftcture  or SCHOTSCI:. See SCOTLAMND.
linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, and yarn.               SCHOTTEN, shotltpn, a town  of Germany, in Hesse.
SCHONSEE, shbnsls', a town of Bavaria, on the Bohe- Darmstadt, province of Ober-Hessen, on the Nidda, 22 miles
mian frontier, 14 miles N.E. of Neuburg-vor-dem-Walde.  E.S.E. of Giessen, with a caste, and 205 inhabitants.
Pop. 1254.                                                  SCHOUTEN (shootten) ISLAND, off the E. coast of Van
SCHIONSTADT, shiJnfstatt, a village of Prussian Saxony, Diemen's Land, immediately S. of Freycinet's Peninsula,
3 miles N.W. of Langensalza.                              lat. 420 21' S., ion. 1480 18' E., is comprised in the district
SCIIONSTEIN, shintstine, a market-town of Styria, 10  of Oyster Bay, which it helps to bound on the E. Length
miles N.W. of fily. Pop. 3277.                            and breadth, 4 miles each.
SCHONTHAL, shdn/ttl, ("Beautiful Valley,") a village of    SCHOUTEN, shooftgn, or MYSORE or MYSORY, mI-solree,
Germany, in Bohemia, 32 miles N.W. of Pilsen.             an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the Bay of Geelvink,
SCHONTHIAL, a village of Germany, in Bavaria, 10 miles  on the N. coast of Papua, about lat. 10 S., ion. 1360..
N.N.W. of Cham.                                           Though represented in mqps as one island, there are in
SCIHONTHAL, a village of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 8  reality three islands: Sowok, the western; Mysore, the
miles W.N.W. of Ktinzelsau, on the Jaxt, with an old abbey. northern; and Biak, the eastern.
SCHIONWALD. shdnlfwld, a village of Bohemia, 17 miles    SCHOUWEN, skdw'fn or sKEw'Wen, often called LANDN.N.W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1657.                          VANZIERIKZEE, IUnt-v~n-zeetrik-zl, (i. e. "Land of Zierik
SCIHONWALD, a village of Bohemia, W. of Pilsen. P. 744. Zee,") the northernmost island of the province of Zealand,
SCIHONWALDE, shin/wldleh, a town of Prussia, govern- in the Netherlands, between the East Scheldt and the S.
ment, and 42 miles S.S.W. of lBreslau. Pop. 2148.         arm of the Mouse. Length, 15 miles; average breadth, 5
SCIHOODIC (skooldik) LAKES, of Maine, a chain of lakes  miles. Surface low, and protected on both sides by dykes.
lying chiefly in Washington county, have their outlet into  It contains the towns of ZIERIK ZEE on its S. and BRouwEsthe St. Croix River.                                      HAVEN on its N.W. coast.
SCHOODIC RIVER, (by some considered a branch of the    SCHRALENBURG, shralIn-berg, a post-village of Bergen
St. Croix,) forms the outlet of the above lakes in Washington  co., New Jersey, about 5 miles N.E. of Iackensack, contains
county, and unites with the St. Croix River about 50 miles  2 churches, a store, and 8 or 10 dwellings.
from its mouth.                                             SCHRAMIBERG, shrAmIbUah, a market-town of WiirtemSCHOOLICRAFT, an unorganized county of Michigan, in  berg, 12 miles W.N.W. of Rottweil. Pop. 1848.
the middle part of the upper peninsula, borders on Lake.   SCHRAPLAU, shrJlplfw, a town of Germany, in Prussian
Superior. The area is estimated at 2600 square miles. It Saxony, 15 miles N.W. of Merseburg. Pop.'1170.
is drained by the Manistee and Whitefish Rivers, which    SCHRATTENBERG, shrbttten-bWaOG, a village of Lower
flow S. to Lake Michigan. The surface is uneven, and  Austria, 40 miles N.N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1246.
mostly covered with forests.  The underlying rocks are    SCHRATTENTHAL, shr t/tgn-tlP, a town of Germany, in
limestone and sandstone. This county contains the "Pic- Lower Austria, 11 miles S.S.W. of Znaym. Pop. 550.
tured Rocks," on the S. shore of Lake Superior, presenting    SCHRECKHORN, shreklhorn, (the " peak of terror,") one
a perpendicular wall from 200 to 300 feet in height, and  of the loftiest of the Swiss Alps, in Bernese Oberland, bemany miles in extent. The census'of 1850 furnishes no  tween the Finsteraarhorn and Wetterhorn. Lat. 460 35' 26"f
statistics of this county, except the population, which was  N., Ion. 70 21' E. Height, 13,492 feet. It was first ascended,
only 16. Named in honor of Henry R. Schoolcraft, Esq., in 1842, by Agassiz and Desor.
distinguished for his Indian researches.                     SCHREIBENDORF, shrlben-doaf'. (Moravian, Pisarzow,
SCHOOLCRAFT, a post-village and township of Kala- pe-say/zov,) a village of Austria, in Moravia, 7 miles from
mazoo co., Michigan, 15 miles S.S.W. of Kalamazoo. It is Eisenberg. Pop. 1522.
situated in the midst of Prairie Ronde. Pop. 1101.           SCHREIBERSDORF, (OBER, otber, MITTEL, mifttel, and
SCHOOLEY'S (skooflez) MOUNTAIN, a post-village and  NI  ERa, needer, "Upper," "Middle," and "Lower,") three
celebrated watering-place of Morris co., New Jersey. 45 miles contiguous villages of Prussia, province of Silesia, govercN. of Trenton. The mountain has an elevation of about ment of Liegnitz. Pop 1481.
I100 feet above the level of the sea. The spring is situated' SCHREIBERSHAU, shrIbers-hiw, written also SCHREInear the top of the mountain, and discharges about 25 gal- BERSCHAU, a village of Prussian Silesia, 36 miles S.W. of
ions an hour. It contains carbonated oxide of iron, lime, Liegnitz. on the Zacken. Pop. 2780.
soda, and magnesia. There are at this place 2 or 3 hotels,    SCHRIEK, shrebk or sxreek, a village of Belgium, probesides a number of private boarding-houses, for the accom- vince, and 19 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the Raem. P. 1536.
modation of visitors, who resort here to enjoy the pure air   SCIIRIESItEIM, shrees1hime, a market-town of Baden, 5
and mountain scenery of this vicinity.                    miles N.N.W. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2894.
SCHOONDYKE or SCHOONDYK, sKantdik, a village of    SCHRIMM, shrimm, (Polish, Snrem, shrlm,)  a town of
the Netherlands, province of Zealand, 12 miles S. of Middel- Prussian Poland, 22 miles S.S.E. of Posen, on an island
burg. Pop. 1648.                                          formed by the Warta. Pop. 3450.
SCHOONEBEEK, sK6/neh-bik, a village of the Nether-   SCHROBENHAUSEN, shrotben-hiw'zen, a town of Upper
lands, province of Drenthe, 26 miles S.E. of Assen. Pop. 629. Bavaria, on the Paar, 16 miles S.S.W. of Ingolstadt. P. 1695.
SCHOONHOVEN, sK0nlho'ven, a fortified town of the    SCHRODA or SZRODA, shrolda, a town of Prussia, 20
Netherlands, province of South Holland, on the Leck, at the  miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2210.
influx of the Vlist, 16 miles E. of Rotterdam. Pop. in 1850,   SCHROEPPEL, skroofpel, a township of Oswego co., New
2584, who manufacture paper andjewelry. It had formerly  York, on the Oswego and Oneida Rivers. Pop. 2386.
a flourishing salmon-fishery.                                SCHROON, skroon, a township of Essex co., New York.
SCItOORISSE, sKatris'seh, a village of Belgium, province Pop. 2031.
of East Flanders, 21 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 3327.          SCHROON LAKE, New York, situated in Essex and WarSCHOOSDORF, sh~stdoaf, (KessEL, kstse l, MITTEL, mitlt6l, ren cos., is about 10 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles wide.
NiEDEa, neetder, and OBERa, olbgr,)  four contiguous villages    SCHROON LAKE, a post-village of Essex co., New York,
of Prussia, government, and 33 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz. on the N. end of Schroon Lake, about 95 miles N. of Albany.
Pop. 1602.                                                  SCHROON RIVER rises in Essex co., New York, and
SCHOOTEN, sa0ft.n, a village of Belgium, province, and  running in a S. course through Schroon Lake, falls into
4 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1475.                         the Hudson River in Warren county.
SCHOOYA or SCHIUJA, shoo'yl, a town of Russia, govern-   SCHROON RIVER, a post-office of Essex co., New York.
ment, and 70 miles E.N.E. of Viadimeer, on the Tesa. P. 1500.   SCHUBIN  or SZUBIN, shootbin, a town of Prussian
SCIOPFHEIM, shopfhime, a town of Baden, circle of Poland, 14 miles S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 1836.
Upper Rhine, 25 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 1250. It is en-   SCIIUISTAMNO, shoo-is-tfmtno, a village of Finland, lien
closed by walls, and has manufactures of paper, chains, of Viborg, 18 miles N.N.E. of Serdovol. Pop. 2482.
wire, leather, and tobacco.                                  SCHULTZVILLE. shooltslvil, a post-village of Dutchess
SCHOPFHEIM, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, co., New York.
5 miles S. of Offenburg.                                     SCHIUMBERG. shoomtbiR, a market-town of the AusSCHOPFLOCH,  shopfllox, a village of Bavaria, circle of trian dominions, in Bohemia, 7 miles S.S.E. of Chrudim.
M[iddle Franconia. Pop. 1265.                                SCHUMBERG, a minarket-town of the Austrian dominions,
SCHOPPENSTEDT  (Schlppenstedt)  or  SCHEPPEN- in Istria, 22 miles S.W. of Fiume.
STEDT, shaptpen-st~tt', a town of Germany, in Brunswick,   SCHUMBURG., shoomlbO6fis, or SCIHONBURG, (Schunon the railway to Magdeburg, 10 miles E. of Wolfenbiittel. burg,) sbhnlboono, a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau,
Pop. 2630. It has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics. about 17 miles from Reichenberg. Pop. 1043.
SCHOPPINGEN, (Schippingen,) shbpfping-en, a village of   SCHi TMEG or SUIMEG, shii'mngt, a co. of Hungary, joining
Prussian Westphalia; 18 miles N.W. of Mtinster.           that of Veszprim. Area, 2429 square miles. Pop. 212,251.
SCHORNDORF, shoitnldoif, a town of Wflrtemberg, circle   SCHUMILA, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.
of Jaxt, on the Rems, 16 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3815.   SCHUMLA;  See SHooNLA.
It is enclosed by walls. and. has a royal castle, and manu-   SCHUOLS, shoolols, SCHULZ, shoolts, or SCHULS, a vilfactures of tobacco and cahrpets.                         lage of the Lower Engadine, Switzerland, canton of Grisons,
SCHORZINGEN, (Schbrzingen.) shirtlsing-en, a village  on the Inn. Pop. 1143.
ofWiitrtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald, on the Prim. P. 1044.   SCHUPFEN, shiiplfen, or SCHUPFHEIM, shiipffhlme, a
SCILOSSLITZ, a town ofBavaria. See ScnHSSLITZ.          village of Switzerland, 15 miles S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 2950
1733




sea                                                      -SCH
SCHUSCHI, a town of Russia.' See SnooseA.               SCHUYLIKILL IAIIVEN, a thriving post-borough of ManSCHUSSEN, sh5665sgn, a river of Germany,  rises in Wir- henm township, Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, is situated on.temburg, and flows S. into Lake Constance. Length, 40 miles. the Schuylkill River, and on the Philadelphia and Reading
SCIHUSTER, a city of Persia. See SnoosTER.             Railroad. 5 miles S. of Pottsville.  It is a place of active
SCHUTT, (Schtitt, shiitt,) GREAT, (Hun. Csaltokoz, chPl- business, and a shipping-point for large quantities of coal,
lo'kosa,) an island formed by arms of the Danube, in West which is mined in the vicinity, and transported by the railHungary, N.E. of the main stream, extending firom Pres- road, and also by the navigable waters of the river. The
burg to Comorn. Length, 53 miles; breadth, 16 miles.     Mine Hill Railroad extends W. 12 miles to the coal-mines.
SCHUTT, (Schiitt,) LITTLE, an island formed by arms Two bridges connect the opposite banks of the river at this
of the Danube, W. of the main stream, extends from below  place. A newspaper is published in the town, which also
Presburg to Raab. Length, 28 miles; breadth, 7 miles. contains 1 bank. Pop. in 1850, 2071; in 1853, about 2500.
Surface marshy, but abounding with villages and culti-   SCIHWAADORF, shw!doRf, or SCHWANDORF, shwtntvated tracts.                                            donf, a village of Lower Austria, on the Fischa, 15 miles S.E.
SCHUTTDORF, a town of Hanover. See SCHUTTORF.          of Vienna. Pop.1690.
SCHUTTENHOFEN, shootften-ho'fgn, (Bohemian, &,s-   SCHWAAN, shwmn, a walled town of North Germany, in
sicze, soos-seestsA,) a town of Bohemia, on the Wottowa, 15  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Warnow, 11 miles S. of
milesS.E. of Klattau. Pop. 2893.                         Rostock. Pop. 2030.
SCHUTTERTHAL, sh56tlter-tl', a village of Baden, circle   SCHWABACH, shw&ibc, a town of Bavaria, 9 miles
of Middle Rhine, on the Schutter, 2 miles S.W. of Offen- S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 9981. It is enclosed by walls,
burg. Pop. 607.                                          and has considerable manufactures of pins, cotton and
SCHUTTERWALD, sh656t/tr-*lt`, a village of Baden, woollen fabrics, hosiery, gold and silver lace, soap, paper,
circle of Middle Rhine, about 55 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. printing-types, and tobacco.
Pop. 1400.                                                 SCHWABEN, the German name for SWABTIA.
SCHUTTORF, (Schiittorf,) shiit/toaf, or SCHIUTTDORF,   SCHWABENITZ, shw  beh-nits, or SZWABENITCZE,
shtit/doaf, a town of Hanover, government of Osnaburg, 3  shwA-bA-neet'sA, a market-town of Moravia, 25 miles E.N.E.
miles N.E. of Bentheim, on the Vechte. Pop. 1453.        of Briinn, on an affluent of the ILanna. Pop. 1343.
SCHUYLER, sk~ler, a new county in the S. part of New    SCHWABMUNCHEN, (Schwabmiinchen,) shw/tblmiinxYork, at the S. end of Seneca Lake. Founded in 1855..ef, a market-town of Bavaria, on a railway, S.S.W. of AugsSCHUYLER, a county In the W. central part of Illinois, burg. Pop. 2423.
has an area of 420 square miles. The Illinois River forms    SCHWACHAT, (Schwichat) or SCHWECHAT, shwhKtft,
the S.E. boundary of the county, which is intersected by  a market-town of Lower Austria, 7 miles S.E. of Vienna.
Crooked Creek.  The surface is undulating, and consists  Pop.2290.  It bas amonument to John Sobieski.
partly of prairie and partly of timbered land; the soil is ex-   SCHWADERBACH, shwA/der-bAKa, a village of Bohemia,
cellent, and a large part of it is under cultivation. The  about 20 miles from Zwoda. Pop. 2073.
Illinois River is navigable for steamboats on the border.   SCHWAIGERN, shwilghrn, a market-town of South GerThe Central Military Tract Railroad passes through the  many, in Wilrtemberg, 4 miles N.N.E. of Brackenheim, with
county. Capital, Rushville. Pop. 10,573.                 a fine castle and park. Pop. 1901.
SCHUYLER, a county in the N.N.E. part of Missouri,   SCHWAIGERN, a market-town of South Germany, in
bordering on Iowa, has an area of 324 square miles. It is Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, 4 miles W. of Mergentheim.
bounded on the W. by Chariton River, and drained by the    SCHWAIGHEIM, shwiolhime, a village of Wiirtemberg,
three forks of Fabius River, and the North Fork of Salt circle of Necker, near Waiblingen. Pop. 1488.
River. The surface is diversified by prairies and wood-   SCHWALBACH, Germany. See LANGENSCHWALBACes.
lands; the soil is fertile. Capital, Lancaster. Pop. 3287,   SCHWALM, shw&lm, a river of Germany, rises in the N.E.
of whom 3232 were free, and 55 slaves.                   of Hesse-Darmstadt, flows N.N.W., and joins the Edder after
SCHUYLER, a township of Herkimer co., New York, on  a course of about 60 miles.
the Mohawk River, 6 miles E. of Utica. Pop. 1696.          SCHWANDEN, shwdnfdgn, a village of Switzerland, canSCHUYLER ISLAND, a small island nearthe W. side of  ton, and 3 miles S. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 1950.
Lake Champlain, nearly opposite Burlington, belonging to    SCHWANDORF, a village of Austria. See SCHWAADORF.
Essex co., New York.                                       SCHWANDORF, shw[nfdoRf, a town of Bavaria, circle of
SCHUYLER'S FALLS, a post-township of Clinton co., New  Upper Palatinate, 14 miles SE. of Amberg. Pop. 1759.
York, on Saranac River, 7 miles W. of Plattsburg. Pop. 2110.   SCHWANEBECK, shw&tngh'blk', a walled town of PrusS CHUYLER'S LAKE, a post-office of Otsego co., New York. sian Saxony, 25 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Limbach.
SCHUYLERVILLE, skIler-vil, a post-village of Saratoga Pop. 2040.
co., New York, on the Hudson River, and on the Champlain   SCHWANENSTADT or SCHWANNENSTADT, shwnu/Canal, at the mouth of Fish Creek, 35 miles N. by E. of nen-sitatV, a town of Upper Austria, on the Agger, 30 miles
Albany. It has an academy, several iron foundries, machine S.W. of Lintz. Pop. 1500.
shops, mills, and factories. A newspaper is published here.   SCHWARME, shwARmeh, a village of Hanover. Pop. 1000.
SCHUYLKILL, skoolfkil, (i. e. "hidden creek,") a river of    SCHWARTAU, shwiaRt6w, a town of Germany, in OldenPennsylvania, rises in the carboniferous highlands of Schuyl- burg, 4 miles N. of Lubeck, on the Trave. Pop. 1353.
kill co., near Pottsville, and flowing in a S.E. direction,   SCHWARZA, shw-twfsA, a market-town  of Prussian
breaks through the Blue Ridge at Port Clinton, passes by  Saxony, 34 miles S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 1401.
Reading, Norristown, and Philadelphia, and enters the    SCHWARZA, shwast'sR, or SCIIWARZE, shwlat/sA, a
Delaware 5 miles below the last-named city. Its whole  river of Germany, in Lower Austria, joins the Pitten to form
length is estimated at 120 miles. It is navigable for sloops the Leytha, 6 miles S. of Wiener-Neustadt, after an E. course
to Philadelphia, and by means of lockage, dams, and side- of 40 miles.
cuts, boats may ascend to Port Carbon, 3 miles above Potts-   SCHWARZA, a river of Germany, in Moravia, after a S.
ville. The name SCnHUYLaLL, (" hidden creek,") from the  course of 80 miles joins the Thaya, 10 miles S. of Selowitz.
Dutch, Schuylen or Sceuilen, to "hide," and kill, "a river- The affluents are the Iglawa, from the W., and the Zwittawa
channel, or creek," is said to be owing to the circumstance  and Littawn from the N. and E.
that the first explorers of the Delaware River passed the    SCHWARZA, a river of Germany, rises in the S. extremity
mouth of the Schuylkill without perceiving its existence, of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, flows N.E., and after a course
The Indian name of this river was Mfanaiunk.             of 35 miles joins the left bank of Saale, about 3 miles S. of
SCHUYLKILL, a county of Pennsylvania, situated to- Rudolstadt.
wards the E. part of the state, contains 750 square miles.   SCIIWARZACH, shwAfRtssAK, a village of Baden, 4 miles
It is drained by the Schuylkill River and Swatara Creek, N.W. of Biihl. Pop. 1275.
which rises within its limits. The surface is mountainous.   SCIHWARZACH, a village of Upper Austria, circle of
The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain forms the S.E. boundary  Salzburg, 3 miles from Sanct Johann. It is memorable as
of the county; the ridges which traverse it are called Broad, the spot where the Protestant peasantry, subjected to the
Sharp, and Mahanoy Mountains, and the soil, with small bigoted and tyrannical sway of the Archbishop of Salza,
exceptions, is too thin and sterile for cultivation. Anthra- met and bound themselves by solemn oath never todesert
cite coal.is the principal production of the county, nearly  their principles. They were ultimately, in 1731, to the
the whole area of which is occupied by beds of this mineral, number of 30,000, driven by persecution from their homes,
varying from 3 to 30 feet in thickness. In 1854, 2,986,670  carrying with.them, by just retribution, almost all the intons were mined, and exported chiefly by the Reading Rail- dustry and prosperity of the country.
-oad. Extensive beds of iron ore a-re found near Pottsville.   SCHWARZAU, shw/at'sSw, a market-town of Lower Austhe Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville Railroad termi- tria, on the Schwarza, 26 miles W. of Wiener-Neustadt.
antes at Pottsville, and numerous short lines extend from  Pop. 339.
the mines to Pottsville, Schuylkill Haven, &c. The Schuyl-   SCHWARZAU or SCHWARZACH, shwantstlE, a river
kill River has been made navigable to Port Carbon. Or- of Bavaria, after a W. course of 45 miles joins the Nab, 5
ganized in 1811, and named from its principal river. Capi- miles S. of Naburg. 
tal, Pottsville. Pop. 60,713.                             SCHWARZBACH, shwatstbit, a villageofBohemia, about
SCHUYLKILL, a post-township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 28 miles from Budweis.
Vania, about 13 miles N.N.E. of West Chester. Pop. 1403.  SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT, shwartstbtlrg rootdolSCHUYLKILL, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- stat', or shwAntstb6ORo rooedol-st~tt, an independent princi
tanla, intersected by the Catawissa Railroad. Pop. 1742.   pality ofGermany, forming the twenty-sixth state of the Ger
1734




SCMI-                                                      SCH
manic Confederation. It consists of several isolated portions, miles E.N.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 8000. It has manufisctures 
situated between theterritories of Prussian Saxonythe Saxon  of cotton labrics, worsted. tobacco, and wire.'In its vicinity 
duchies, and the principality of Reuss..Area, 331 square are silver, copper, and iron mines. It suffered seriously from
miles. The surface is rugged, and the soil by no means fertile; an earthquake in 1820.
for although it is generally cultivated with the greatest care,   SCHWECHAT, a town of Lower Austria. See ScnVXcuHAT.
the, corn produced falls far short of the annual consump-   SCHWEDELDORF, shwAldel-doRfI, (One, ofber, and NiEtion. Perhaps the most important crop is flax, the culture  DEn, neesdgr,) two contiguous villages of Prussian Silesia, 3
of which is almost universal. A large portion of the land is miles W.S.W. of Glitz. United pop. 1550.
devoted to pastur'e, and great numbers of cattle are reared.    SCIIWEDT, shwltt, a town of Prussia, province of BranThe minerals include lead, iron, and salt, all of which are  denburg, on the Oder, 28 miles S.S.W. of Stettin. Lat. 500
worked to a considerable extent. The principal manufac- 51' N., Ion. 160 27' E. Pop. 6500. It has a royal palace,
tures are woollen stuffs, ironware, glass, and porcelain. The  Lutheran and Reformed churches, and manufactures of
chief export in addition to the minerals and manufactures, leather, tobacco, and starch. Near it is the royal summer
is wood. TFe inhabitants are almost all Lutherans. The palace of Montplaisir.
government is a monarchy, in which the power of the sove-   SCHWEGENHEIMI, shgAtgbgn-hlme', a village of Bavaria,
reign is limited by that of the states, or Geheimraths-col- near Germersheim. Pop. 1346.
legium.  As a member of the Germanic Confederation,    SCHWEICI, shwiK, or SCIWEIG, shwie, a village of
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt has a vote in the plenum; and  Rhenish Prussia, 7 miles N.N.E. of Treves, on the Mloselle.
shares'the fifteenth vote in the minor or representative  Pop. 2080.
council, with Schwaraburg-Sondershausen and the three    SCIIWEIDNITZ, shwId'nits or shwit'nits, a fortified town
Anhalt duchies of Bernburg, Dessan, and Kithen. Its con- of Prussian Silesia, 31 miles S.W. of Breslau, on the railway 
tingent of men to the Confederation is 539. Revenue in  to Freiberg, at the foot of the Riesengebirge. Pop. 12,950.
1854, $288,280. For administrative purposes it is divided  It is well built, and ornamented with spacious squares. It
into the upper lordship of Rudolstadt, and the lower lord- has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a castle, formerly
ships of Frankenhausen; and subdivided into ten bailwicks. a ducal residence,butnow a work-house; a Protestant college,
Capital, Rudolstadt. Pop. in 1852,69,038.                 house of correction, large barracks, hospitals, and manufacSCHWARZBJURG-SONDERSIH AUSEN, shwarstbtirg (or tures of woven fabrics. Schweidnitz was the residence of
shwARtslbORG)son/lders-hmw'zgn,an independent principality  the first Piarists, was walled in 1295, additionally fortified
of Central Germany, forming the twenty-fifth state of the Ger- in 1336, and repeatedly besieged during the Thirty Years'
manic Confederation. It consists of several distinct portions  War. It was made a regular fortress by Frederick II. in
situated between the territories of Prussian Saxony and the  1747, and afterwards stood several sieges, in the last of
Saxon duchies. Area, 327 square miles. It is more fertile  which, in 1810, after being beleaguered for 36 days, it was
than Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, producing corn, which, after taken and its outer works dismantled.
satisfying the home consumption, leaves a small surplus    SCHWEIG, a town of Prussia. See ScnwEIce.
for export. One of the princip.1 sources of revenue is derived    SCIITWEIGERN, shwilgh9rn, a town of WUiirtemberg, 8
from the forests, which furnish excellent timber. Flax also  miles W. of I-eilbronn. Pop. 1886.
is extensively cultivated, and great numbers of cattle, sheep,   SCIIWEIGHAUSEN, shwIGhiw'zen, a village of France,
and swine are reared. The minerals include iron, alum- department of Bas-Rhin. Pop. 1486.
schist, and copperas. The first supplies several smeltinu-    SCI-IWEINA, shwiln, a town of Saxe-Meiningen, on a
furnaces and forges, and firom the two last much alum and  small stream of same name,.affuent of the Werra, 27 miles
vitriol are made. After these, the only manufacture of any  N. of Meiningen. Pop. 1500.
importance is porcelain. The principal exports are corn,   SCHIIWEINAU, shwilnow, a village of Bavaria, circle of
wool, wood, ironware, iron, alum, vitriol, lampblack, rosin, Mliddle Franconia, about 2 miles S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop.
and fat cattle. The powers of the sovereign are extensive, 1074.
but exercised with the concurrence of a Geheimraths-col-   SCHWEINBARTII, shwfnlbaet', (KLEN, lin, and GeOSS,
legium.  As a member of the Germanic Confederation, groce,) two nearly contiguous villages of Lower Austria, on
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen has a vote in the plenum; and  the Moravian frontiers, near Nikolsburg. Pop. 2050.
shares the fifteenth vote of the minor council, as mentioned    SCIWEINFURT, shwinff55Rt, a town of Bavaria, circle
above in the case of Schwaraburg-Rudolstadt. Its contin- of Lower Franconia, on the Main, and on the railway from
gent to the Confederation is 451 men. Revenue in 1854, Bamberg to Nnremberg, 22 miles N.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop.
$200,400. Public debt, $524,200. For administrative pur- 7347. It is enclosed by old walls, and has several Lutheran
poses it is divided into the upper lordship of Arnstadt, and  churches, a gymnasium, a high school, founded by Gustavus
the lower lordship of Sondershausen; and subdivided into  Adolphus, King of Sweden; various other schools, and
seven bailiwicks. Capital, Sondershausen. The inhabitants  manufactures of leather, linen, and woollen cloths.
are almost all Lutherans. Pop. in 1852, 60,847.             SCHIiWEINEIiMI, shwin/hime, a village of Bavaria, in
SCHWARZ-ELSTER. See ELSTER.                             Lower Franconia, 3 miles S.E. of Aschaffenburg. Pop. 1580.
SCIHWARZENBACII, shw&Rt/sgn-b~Ke, a market-town of    SCHWEININTZ, shwitnits, a town of Prussian Saxony,
Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, on the Saale, 5 miles  54 miles N.E. of Merseburg, on the Elster. Pop. 1250.
S.S.E. of Hof, with which it is connected by railway. Pop.   SCIWEINITZ or SWEINICZE, s*i-neet'sA, a market1860. It has a castle of Prince Schdnburg-Waldenburg,  town ofBohemia, 12 miles S.E. of Budweis. Pop. 238.
manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, iron    SCHWEINWART, GROSS, groce shwInffiant. or SCHIWEforges, and breweries.                                    INBART, shwinltbaaRt, a market-town of Lower Austria, 20
SCIIWARZENBACIH  AM  WALDE, shwhetlsen-bK g'm  miles N.E. of Vienna, on the Weiden. Pop. 1229.
*l'deh, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Fran-    SCHWEITZ. See ScHwvTz.
conia, 5 miles S.W. of Nailth, with 1036 inhabitants.        SCIHWEIZ or SCHWEITZ. See SWITZERLAID.
SCHWARZENBEK, shwAetasgn-blk', a village of Denmark,   SCHWELM, shQlm, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia,
duchy of Lauenburg, 18 miles E. of Hamburg, with a station  35 miles W.S.W. of Arnsberg, on the Elberfeld and Dorton the railway to Berlin, Pop. 700.                       mund Railway. Pop. 2325. It has a gymnasium, and manuSCIIWARZENBERG, shwffetsen-bURaG, a town of Saxony, factures of steel wares and woven fabrics, breweries, and
18 miles S.E. of Zwickau, with 2133 inhabitants, a castle, bleaching grounds.
iron foundries, nail and wire factories, and iron-mines in its    SCHWENCK'S (shwlnks) STORE, a post-office of Montvicinity.                                                 gomery co., Pennsylvania.
SCHWARZENECK or SCIIWARZENEGG, shwmatlsen-lkx,   SCUWENNINGEN, shwlnlning-en, a market-town of
a village of Switzerland, canton of Bern, 5 miles N.E. of Wfirtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Neckar, near its
Thun. Pop. of the parish, 2600.                           source, 13 miles W.N.W. of Tuttlingen. Pop. 3771, who
SCHWARZENFELD, shwdRt/sen-f lt', a village of Bavaria, manufacture wooden clocks.
on the Nab, 14 miles E.S.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1020.            SCI5 WENTINE, shwkn-teelneh, a river ofDenmark, duchy
SCHWARZKOSTELETZ, shwlats-kosrteh-ltts1, a town of of Holstein, falls into the E. side of the Kiel Fiord. Total
Bohemia, 6 miles W. of Kaurzim, on the Dobrawa. Pop. coulrse, 33 miles.
2526. The splendid seat of Prince Lichtenstein is in the    SCHWERIN, shwA-reenl, or SKWIERZYNA, skve-A-zheelvicinity.                                                 nu, a town of Prussia, government, and 60 miles W.N.W.
SCHWARZWALD, Germany. See BLACK FoerS..                of Posen, at the confluence of the Obra with the Wartha.
SCHItWARZWASSER, shwhItsel"sisesr, (" Black water,") a Pop. 5444.
river which rises on the frontiers of Bohemia, flows W.N.W.,   SCHWERIN, shwi-reent, a town of Nqrth Gelrmany, capiand joins the Mulde after a course of about 36 miles.     tal of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the
SCHIWARZWASSErt Or CZARNAWODDA, chaa-n&-9odf- W. side of the.Lake of Schwerin, and on the railway from
dl, a river of Prussia, joins the Vistula on the left at Hamburg to Wismar, 35 miles S.E. of Lubeck. Lat. 530 3C_
Schwetz. Total course, itbout 80 miles.                   N., Ion. 110 30' E. Pop. 17,336. It is enclosed by walls, enSCHWARZWASSER, a town of Austrian Silesia, 13 miles teted by 7 gates, and divided into an old town, new town,
N.N.E. of Teschen, on the Yistula. Pop. 1300.             and suburb. Since 1837, it has again been the residence of
SCHWARZWASSER, a village of Austrian Silesia, circle the grand duke, and it has a ducal castle, on a peninsula
of Troppau, bailiwick of Friedberg. Pop. 1284.            in the lake; a cathedral, Lutheran and Roman C'ltholic
SCIWAT or CIHOUAT, a town of Asia. See SuWAT.           churches, a synagogue, several asylums, a mint, and governSCIIWATZ or SCHWAZ, shw~ts, a town of the Tyrol, meut offices, a gymnasium, veterinary school, and manufacn
circle of Lower Innthal, on the right bank of the Inn, 16 tures of woollen cloths, tobacco, and. vinegar, stone-works.
1735




SCo                                                          scI
foundries, &c. Old Schwerin was mentioned in records of    SOTGLIANO, sheel-yano. a town of Naples, province of
1018, as a town and strong fortress.                        Calabria Citra, 17 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 1800.
SCHIIWERIN, LAKE or; is 14 miles in length, by 3 miles in    SCIGLIO, sheellyo, (anc. &ygIce/um,) or SCILLA, shil/Iq,
average breadth. It receives the Elde on the S., and from  (anc. Scy/l/la,) a celebrated promontory ofNaples, province of
its N. extremity flows to the Stor, which enters the Baltic at Calabria Ultra, on the Strait of Messina; lat. 380 14' 30" N.,
Wismar.                                                     ion. 150 45' E. It is a bold, rocky headland, about 200 feet
SCHWERSENZ, shw6elsgnts, or SYiWERZENDZ, swRt'-  high, with its base deeply scooped out by the action of the
scnts, a town of Prussian Poland, 6 miles E. of Posen. Pop. waves. It is situated in the narrowest part of the strait,
2975.                                                       and opposite to the rocks and shoals of Charybdis, where
SCiHWERTE, shwle/teh, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia,  strong currents meet and make wild uproar. The ancients
22 miles W. of Arnsberg, on the Ruhr, with 2200 inhabit- fabled that in a cave at the base of this promontory dwelt
ants, and manufactures of woollen cloth.                    Scylla, a fearful monster, who devoured the rash or unwary
SCHWETZ, shwlts, or SWIECIA, sfe-htse-A, a town of  mariners who approached too near; under this figure indiWest Prussia, 31 miles S.W. of Marienwerder, on the Vis- cating the perils which they supposed to attend on this
tula. Pop. 3100. It has an old castle, and manufactures  fatal spot. In modern times, however, gunpowder has been
of woollen cloth, damasks, hosiery, and earthenware.        employed in removing some of the more formidable rocks,
SCIHWETZINGEN,  shwlt'sing-In, a town of Baden, circle  and the action of the water may in course of time have
of Lower Rhine, on the Leimbach, 6 miles W.S.W. of IHeidel-  somewhat widened the channel. Owing, probably, in some
berg. Pop. 2868.                                            measure, to these causes, modern navigators find it comparaSCHtWETZKAU, shw:tstk6w, a town of Prussian Poland, tively easy to avoid Scylla without falling into Charybdis.
43miles S.SW. of Posen. Pop. 1500.                            SCILLA, shilla or sheelliS, or SCIGLIO, sheellyo, (anc.
SCHWIEBERDINGEN, shweefber-dinglen, a village of cylkelum,) a maritime town of Naples, prlovince of Calabria
Wiirtemberg, circle of Neckar, 8 miles N.N.W. of Stuttgart.  Ultra II., at the N. entrance of the Strait of Messina, on the
Pop. 1344.                                                  above promontory. Lat. 380 14' 5" N., lon. 150 451 E. Pop.
SCHWIEBUS, shwee/b66s, a town of Prussia, province of  4700, mostly seafaring people. It has a strong fort. It sufBrandenburg, 41 miles E.S.E. ofFrankfort, on the Schwemme,  fered greatly in the earthquake of 1783.
with a royal castle, and manufactures of woollen cloths.   SCILLY, a fishing village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
Pop. 4800.                                                  Cork, forming a maritime suburb of Kinsale. Pop. 700.
SCWIE-iLOC3i, shweeflox, or SC]ISIIIELUNG, shmeed-    SCILLY (sif/lee) ISLANDS, (Fr. Sorlingues, soiclANg/,) off
16o6ng, a lake of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 15 miles  the S.W. coast of England, co. of Cornwall, 30 miles W.S.W.
N.E. of Lubben, and 7 miles in length. Its N. part is tra- of the Land's-end. Lat. of light-house on St. Agnes, 490 53P
versed by the Spree.                                        N., ion. 60 20t W. They consist of about 140 islets and rocks,
SCIHWIHAU, shweelh/w, or SWIIHOW, swee/how, a town  the principal of the former being St. Mary's, Tresco, St. Marof Bohemia, 6 miles N. of KIlattau. Pop. 1419.             tin's, ]-rechar, St. Agnes, apd Sampson. Aggregate area,
SCIOWYTZ  or SCHWYZ, shwits, written also SCIHWITZ  5770 acres. Pop. in 1851, 2627, employed in fishing, agriand SCHWEITZ, one of the four forest-cantons of Switzer-  culture, and manufacturing kelp. The Scilly Islands rise
land, nearly in the centre of the confederation, to which it abruptly friom a deep sea, and form a compact group, about
gave name, bordering upon the Lake of Lucerne, which  30 miles in circumference. They consist for the most part
separates it from  Unterwalden.'. Area, 339 square miles. of granite of the most valuable description. The climate is
Pop. in 1850, 44,159, of whom  all  but 155 were Roman  mild and the soil in many parts fertile, producing good barCatholics. The surface is mostly mountainous. The Ros- ley, rye, oats, and potatoes. Registered shipping in 1847-8,
stock rises to 8081 feet, and the Righi to 5905 feet in height. 5082 tons. HIugh Town, the capital, on the island of St.
The principal rivers are the Sihl and Muotta. The Lake  Mary, is theseat of a judicial court of 12 persons, who unof Zurich forms a part of its N., and that of Zug a portion  dertake the civil government of the islands, and it has a
of its W. boundaries. Some wine and fruits are raised, but pier, fort, and custom-house. These islands communicate by
cattle-rearing is the chief branch ofindustry. The mann- packets with Penzance, between them  and which port is a
factures are nearly confined to cotton-twist and domestic  dangerous rocky ledge termed the Wolf. They have several
fabrics. The government id a pure democracy; and all the  secure roadsteads; but numerous shipwrecks have occurred
male inhabitants above 16 years of age assemble biennially  on them, in one of which 3 line-of-battle ships, under Sir
at Schwytz, to exercise legislative power. The executive  Cloudesley Shovel, were totally lost, October 22,1707. They
duties are performed by a council of 90 members. The  have been considered the Cassiterides or tin-islands of the
principal towns are Schwytz, Art, Kussnacht, and Einsie- ancients, and there is a tradition that a tract of land condeln. Schwytz, with Uri, and Unterwalden, formed, in  nected them with Cornwall, but they have no mines of tin
1307. the nucleus of the Swiss Conderation, in which Schwytz. or any other metal.
now holds tlfe fourth place.                                  SCILLY ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean. Let.
SCHWYTZ, a village of Switzerland, capital of the above  160 28' S., lon. 1560 10' W.
canton, is situated in the Muotta Valley, at the foot of the    SCINDE, a country of Asia. See SINDE.
Mythen Mountain, 17 miles E. of Lucerne. Pop. of parish,   SCINDIA'S DOMINION, India. See GWAsIOa Do0llNIo0.
which includes many other villages, 5225. The principal'SCIO, sheero or silo, written also KHIO, KHIOS, and SKIO,
edifices are a modern church, in the cemetery of which  (modern Gr. Xto, Chio, Hee/o; antc. Chios,) an island belongAloyse Reding was buried; the council-house, with a col- ing to Turkey, off the W. coast of Asia Minor, 4 miles W. of
lection of historical paintings, the arsenal, containing na-  Cape Blanco, from which it is separated by the Strait of
tional trophies, the record office, a large new Jesuits' col- Scio. Lat. of the chief town on its E. coast, 380 33' 7" N.,
lege, Capuchin convent, and Dominican nunnery.              Ion. 260'1' E. Length, from  N,. to S., 32 miles; greatest
SCHYL or SYLL, sheel or shil, a river of Europe, rises breadth, 18 miles. Area, 508 square miles. The surface is
near the S. frontier of Transylvania, flows S. by E., and falls very much diversified. It is naturally one of the richest
into the Danube 50 miles E. by S. of Widdin, opposite Ra- and most beautiful islands of the Levant; and it is recovering
hova. Total course, about 150 miles.                       fronm the desolation to which it was reduced by the Turks durSCIACCA, shAk/kAk, (ane. Therlmce Selinsust/ince?) a seaport ing the Greek Revolution. The principal products are wine
town of Sicily, on its S. coast, 30 miles, W.N.W. of Girgenti. of superior quality, mastic, silk, wool, cheese, figs, lemons,
Pop. 12,670. It stands on a steep acclivity, is enclosed by  oranges, and other f'uits; less corn has usually been raised
walls, and defended by bastions toward the sea, and by  than is required for home consumption.  Previous to 1822,
the castle of Luna  on its E. side. It has many large  this island was the best governed and most prosperous in the
churches, convents, and magazines, and is one of the prin- Grecian archipelago, and had thriving silk manufactories,
cipal depots in the island for corn, which is laid up in sub- and considerable trade with Constantinople, Syria, and
terranean caricatori, but the town is wretched and poverty- Egypt; but in the above year, some of its inhabitants havstricken. It has manufactures of vases of antique shape, ing joined the Satians in their revolt, nearly all the popuand export trade in fruit, anchovies, sulphur, and barilla. lation, comprising from 120,000 to 130,000 persons, were masImmediately adjacent, on the E., are sulphur and saline  sacred or sold into slavery, and the buildings and plantations
baths, temperature 1260 and 600 Fahrenheit, with sudorific  were for the most part destroyed. The tragic poet Ion, the
grottoes cut in the rock, the excavation of which is attri- historian Theopompus, the sophist Theocritus, and the
buted to Doedalus; near these are the hermitage and hospi- philosopher, Metrodorus, were natives of this island, which
tal of St. Calogero. Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, born  also claims, in opposition to Smyrna, to be the birthplace.c. 359, was the son of a potter of Sciacca, which also gave  of Homer. Capital, Scio. Pop. estimated at 62,000.-Adj.
birth to the historian Fazzello.                           and inhab. CHIOT, kee/ot, or ScIor, shee/ot; or CnI4AN, when
SCICLI, shik/lee, a town of Sicily, intedeneyc of Syracuse, the ancient island is referred to.
on the 8cicli, 6 miles S.W. of Modica. Pop. 10,000. (?)      SCIO, a town of Asiatic Turkey, capital of the above
SCIENCE HILL, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca- island, near the middle of the E. coast. It consists for the
rolina.                                                    most part of houses of hewn stone or brick, and generally
SCIIENCEVILLE.  a village of Greene co., New York, about with terraced roofs. It is defended by a castle; has manu44 miles S.W. of Albany.                                   factures of velvet and some lighter fabrics; and at its harSCIENCEVILLE, a post-office of Stewart co., Georgia.     bor, which is formed by two moles, and provided with two
SCIrEZ CHAVANEX FILLY, se-a/ sh&'v&'nAl fee'yee/, a vii- light-houses, which its difficulty of access renders necessary,
age of the Sardinian States, division of Savoy, 3 miles  carries on a considerable trade. Pop. 14,500..S.W. of Thonon. Pop. 1665.                                  SCI/O, a post-village and township of Alleghany co., New
1736




SCI~                                                         C
see
York, on the Erie Railroad, about 80 miles S.S.W. of Ro- NEw ScoNos. which is substantially built. At ancient Scone,
chester. Pop. i922.                                        of which almost the only remnant is a market cross, the
SCIO. a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio.               kings of Scotland were formerly crowned, on a famous stone
SCIO, a post-village and township of Washtenaw coe, Mi- now preserved in Westminster Abbey. Here was an abbey
chigan, on the Central Railroad, 5 or 6 miles W.N.W. of Ann  and royal palace of the Scottish kings; on its site now stands
Arbor. Pop. 1196.                                          a modern palace, the residence of Lord Mansfield.
SCIOLZE, sholdfzA, a -village of North Italy, in Piedmont,   SCONONDO0A or SKANANDOIA, a post-village of Oneida
province, and 11 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 1124.         co., New York, on a creek of the same name, 22 miles W. of
SCIONZIER, she-on-ze-aiRl, a village of Savoy, province  Utica.
of Faucigny.  Pop. 2436.                                      SC00MBER, a post-office of Kemper co., Mississippi,
SCIORTINO, shor-teelno, a town of Sicily, province, and    SCOOTNIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.
14 miles N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 6000.                         SCOPELO, an island, Grecian Archipelago.  See SKorrLo.
SCIOTO, sI-ofto, a beautiful river of Ohio, and one of the    SCOPIA, a town of European Turkey. See Useup.
largest streams which intersect the state, rises in Hardin    SCOPIWICK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
county, near the head waters of the Miami. It flows S.E.   SCORIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of York, East
to Columbus, where it receives its principal affluent, the  Riding.
Olentangy River, after which its direction is almost due S.,   SCORFF, skoaf, a river of France, department of Morbi.
until it enters the Ohio at Portsmouth. Its length is esti- han, after a S. course of 30 miles, enters the,harbor of
mated at 200 miles. The valley through which it flows is  L'Orient. It is navigable to Pont Scorif, a distance of 7
extremely fertile, and much improved. The Ohio and Erie  miles.
Canal is constructed along the lower parts of this river, for    SCORRANO, skloE-Rno, a town of Naples, province of
a distance of 90 miles. Its largest tributaries, besides the  Otranto, E.N.E. of Gallipoli. It stands on a hill, and has
Olentangy River, are Darby, Walnut, and Paint Creeks.      2 convents. Pop. 1300.
SCIOTO, a county in the S. part of Ohio, bordering on the    SCORITON, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, on
Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky, contains about the Swale, with a station on the Preston and Carlisle Rail630 square miles. The Scioto River, from which the name is  way, 8~ miles S.E. of Lancaster.
derived, flows from  N. to S., through the middle of the    SCOTIBY, a township of England, co. of Cumberland, with
county, which is also drained by the Little Scioto River and  a station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 2~ miles E.
Brush Creek. The surface is hilly; the soil fertile, particu- of Carlisle.
larly in the alluvial bottoms of the river. The red sand-    SCOTFORTH, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
stone underlies part of the surface. Extensive mines of    SCOTCIH GROVE, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa.
iron are worked in the E. part of the county. The Ohio Ca,   SCOTCH HIILL, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.
nal has its S. terminus at Portsmouth, and the county is in-   SCOTCH PLAINS, a post-village of Essex co., New Jersey,
tersected by the Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad. Capi- on the New Jersey Central Railroad, about 40 miles N.N.E.
tel, Portsmouth.  Pop. 18,428.                              of Trenton. It contains 2 stores, 7 mills, including an oil
SCIOTO, a post-office of Clinton co., New York.           and a straw-paper mill, 1 church, and about 75 dwellings.
SCIOTO, a township of Delaware co.. Ohio. Pop. 1126.        SCOTCH RIDGE, a post-office of Wood co., Ohio.
SCIOTO, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop. 1346.         SCOTCHITOWN, a post-village of Orange co., New York,
SCIOTO, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1347.    107 miles S. of Albany.
SCIOTO, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 1596.            SCOTHIERN, a parish of England. co. of Lincoln.
SCIOTO, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio, about 100 miles    SCOITIA, a post-village of Schenectady co., New York, 18
S. of Columbus.                                             miles N.W. of Albany.
SCIOTO, a township of Shiawasse co., Michigan. Pop. 191.   SCOTIA, a post-village of Pope co., Arkansas, 83 miles
SCIOTO BRIDGE, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.       N.W. of Little Rock.
SCIOITOVILLE, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio, on the    SCOTLAND, skot/land, (anc. Cakldonia; It. Scozia, skodlScioto and Hocking Valley Railroad, 6 miles from  Ports- ze-9; Sp. Escociae, s-k'otthe-l; Fr. kcosse. ikoss'; Ger. Schottmouth.                                                      landc, shottflant; Dutch, Schotland, sKotllint,) theN. diviSCIPAN, an island of Dalmatia. See GIUPANA.               sion of the island of Great Britain, between lat. 540 381 and
SCIPIO. sipfe-o, a post-township of Cayuga co., New York, 580 40' 24" N., and lon. 10 46' and 60 81 30"1 W. It is sepa10 miles S. of Auburn, intersected by the Auburn and Ithaca  rated from England on the S.E. by the Tweed, S.W. by the
Railroad, about 160 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 2135.          Solway Frith, and S. partly by the Cheviot IHills, and partly
SCIPIO, a towiship of Meigs co., Ohio. Pop. 1405.        by an indefinite moorland tract, known anciently by the
SCIPIO, a township of Seneca co., Ohio, intersected by  name of the Debatable Land; and is bounded E. by the
Mad River, and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 2322.               North Sea, and N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. The
SCIPIO, a township of Hillsdale co., Michigan. Pop. 864. greatest length, fi-om  N.N.E. to S.S.W., between Dunnet
SCIPIO, a township of Allen co., Indiana. Pop. 173.      Head and the Mull of Galloway, is 287 miles. The breadth
SCIPIO, a village of Franklin co., Indiana, 11 miles E. of  varies exceedingly. Measured from N.E. to S.W., between
Brookville.                                                 Kinnaird's Head and the Mlull of Kintyre, it is 217 miles;
SCIPIO, a thriving post-village of Jennings co., Indiana,  and on the parallels of 560, 570, and 580 respectively, 120,
on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 31 miles N.W. 12, and 43 niles. Between Alma, on the Forth, and Bumof Madison.                                                 bas ton, on the Clyde, the width is diminished to 33 miles;
SCIPIO, a township ofLa Porte co., Indiana. Pop. 767.   and farther N., where a kind of peninsula is formed by the
SCIPIO CENTRE, a village of Scipio township, Cayuga  Dornoch Frith on the E. and Loch Broom on the W., it does
co., New York.                                             not exceed 24 miles. These measurements apply only to the
SCIPIO CENTRE, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.  mainland, and therefo'e when the true area is to'be ascerSCIPJIOVILLE, a' post-village of Cayuga co., New York, tained, it is necessary to add the numerous islands which
12 miles S.S.W. of Auburn.                                 singly or in groups line its coasts, and form one of their peSCISCIANO, she-sh/no, a village of Naples, in Terra di culiar features. On the E. coast these islands are so few
Lavoro. W.S.W. of Nola. Pop. 1100.                          and small as not to require special notice; but on the N.
SCITICO, a post-office of Hartford co., Connecticut.     are the two large groups of the Orkneys and Shetlands, of
SCITUATE, sit'u-At, a post-village and township of Ply-  magnitude sufficient to form  a separate county; while on
mouth co., Massachusetts, with a harbor on Massachusetts  the W.., a series of groups, known by the -name of the
Bay, 25 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. It has 4 churches, 9  IHebrides or Western Isles, stretch almost uniuterruptedly
stores, a savings' bank, and high-school. The inhabitants  from N. to S., at a short distance from the coast, and though
are engaged in commerce, the fisheries, and manufactures.  not constituting separate counties, fornm  no insignificant
About 20 vessels are owned here. Pop. 2149.                portion of the whole area of the country. The largest of
SCITUATE, a township of Providence co., Rhode Island, them are Lewis and Harris, North Uist, South Uist, Skye,
12 miles W. by S. of Providence.  It contains numerous  Mull, Jura, and Islay. In the S.W., the islands of Arran
cotton and woollen factories, and a bank. Pop. 4582.       and Bute have been deemed of sufficient importance to be
SCLAVONIA, a province of Austria. See SL.VONIA.          formed into a separate county, under the name of the latter.
SCLAYN, sklin, a village of Belgium, province, and 10    Coasts, Roadsteads, and Harbors.-Scotland in its general
miles E. of Namur, on the Meuse. Pop. 1492.                appearance contrasts strikingly with England, possessing few
SCODRA. See ScuTARI.                                     of the long, open valleys, and wide, undulating plains for
SCOGLIO GRANDE, skdl/yo grinidA, the largest of the  which the latter is distincguished. The coast-line, with the
Brioni Islands, in the Adriatic, off the W. coast of Istria, 4  exception of a portion in -the N.E., chiefly along the Moray
miles N.W. of Pola. On its E. side is the village of BaIoNi.  Frith, and another in the S.W., along the Solway Frith,
SCOGLIO GRANDE, one of the Ponza Islands, in the  where low and sandy beaches have been formed, presents an
Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Naples.                 almost uninterrupted succession of deep indentations and
SCOLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.              bold, rocky cliffs and headlands. Of these, the far larger part
SCOMBI, skomlbee, a river of European Turkey, in Al- are traced on the W. coast, where, as it would seem, the
bania, rises on the border of Macedonia, and after a WV. waves of the Atlantic, breaking with tremendous force, have
course of 130 miles, enters the Adriatic, 15 miles S. of Du-  scooped out wide gulfs, and penetrated far inland, forming
razazo.                                                    arms of the sea, to which has been given the name of lochs.
SCONE or SCOON, a parish of Scotland, co., and 2~ miles  Of these sea-lochs, which are entirely confined to the W:N. of Perth. Pop. 2422, of whom 1431 are in the village of  coast, the largest are Loch Long, between the shires of Ar.
1737




SCO                                                         SCO
gyle and Dumbarton; Loch Fine wholly, and Loch Linnhe  wealthiest, and contains probably three-fifths of the populachiefly, in Argyleshire, the former celebrated for its herring- tion of Scotland. This superiority it owes partly to the feefisheries, and the latter of great navigable importance asthe  tility of its soil, but more to its mineral treasures. It comS.W. outlet of the Caledonian Canal; Carron, Torridon, prises the lower parts of the basins of the Clyde, Forth, antd
Gare, Ewe, and Greinord in Ross-shire; Broom, partly be- Tay, including the rich alluvial fiats which line the banks
tween Ross-shire and an isolated portion of Cromartyshire;  of these rivers, as well as the finely undulating slopes and
Enard, in the same part of Cromartyshire; and Assynt and  straths which gradually rise from- them; and in its cities,
Laxford, in Sutherlandshire. On the E. coast all the im- towns, and numerous villages, its country-seats and ornaportant indentations are river-estuaries, and are distin-  mented grounds, its orchards, gardens, and cultivated fields,
guished by the name of friths. Proceeding from N. to S., proclaims itself to be one of the most distinguished abodes
they occur in the following order: —The Dornoch Frith, be- of industry, commerce, and agriculture. Considered as a
tween Sutherland and Ross; the Moray or Murray Frith, whole, it is much less elevated than the general surface of
subdivided into the two minor friths of Cromarty and Beau- Scotland; yet with the exception of what are called carseley, the latter distinguished as the N.E. outlet of the Cale- lands, the diversities of hill and dale are never wanting, and
donian Canal; the Frith of Tay, separating Forfar and part in several of the continuous ridges stretching across its surof Perth fhom Fife; and the Frith of Forth, between Fife  face, it attains considerable heights. The most conspicuous
and the Lothians. The only frith on the W. coast is that of  of these ridges are the Kilpatrick and Campsie Hills, the
Clyde, situated S. of the line of lochs above mentioned; Ochil Hills, and the Sidlaw Hills, all lying nearly parallel
though in a manner isolated from the other friths, it sur- to each other.
passes them all in navigable importance.                      The N. region, consisting of the whole of the island situated
The most conspicuous headlands of the coast are-on the  N. and W. of a line which may be supposed to be drawn
E., St. Abb's IHlead, Fife Ness, Button Ness, Peterhead, Kin- from the mouth of the Clyde to Stonehaven, is by far the
naird's Head, and Tarbat Ness; and on the N., Duncansbay  largest of the three, and is remarkable for the number and
Head, Dunnet Head, and Cape Wrath. On the W., the  elevation of the mountain ranges by which it is traversed.
shores both of the mainland and islands bristle with lofty  Immediately to the N. of the valley of Strathmore, the
and rocky promontories, but from lying out of the principal Grampians rise in majesty, and present an apparently imlines of navigation, are not much known by name; in the  penetrable barrier, behind which the ancient Caledonians
S.W. and S. the most conspicuous are the Mull of Kintyre, took refuge, and defied the Roman legions. Commencing
the Mull of Galloway, and Burrow HIead.                     in the S.W. corner of Inverness-shire, they proceed in a
A single glance at the configuration of the coast is suffi- N.E. direction, sending out numerous ramifications, to near
cient to show that its navigation is nowhere safe, and is in  the E. shores of Aberdeenshire, having traversed the entire
many. parts beset with dangers. On the E. coast are several breadth of Scotland. This is the loftiest mountain chain in
tracts where there is no port or roadstead in which large  Great Britain, and comprises several summits exceeding
vessels can take refuge in a N. or E. gale; and on the N., 4000 feet. The culminating point, long supposed to be Ben
not only is it necessary to skirt a wild and rocky coast, con- Nevis, 4370 feet, in the W. of Inverness-shire, is now claimed
taining such precipices as those which are presented in  by Ben Macdhui, said to be 4305 feet. It forms one of the
Duncansbay IHead, Dunnet Head, and Cape Wrath, but to  remarkable clusters of mountains which meet on the borencounter the huge billows of the Atlantic, and the fury of  ders of Aberdeen, Banff, and Inverness. The others cona tide sometimes running 9 miles an hour. But after de- nected with it are the celebrated Cairngorm, Cairntoul, and
ducting all these comparatively unsheltered coasts, a long  Ben Avon, respectively 4095, 4220, and 3967 feet in height.
etent of shore remains, on which art has done much, and  To these may be added Ben Cruachan, in Argyleshire, 3670
nature more, toprovide harbors and roadsteads. Thus on  feet; Benlomond, in Stirlingshire, 3195 feet; Ben More, Ben
the E., within the Frith of Forth, we find the harbors of Lawers, Schiehallion, and Benvoirlich, in Perthshire, reLeith, Granton, Burntisland, and Grangemouth, and the  spectively 3819, 3945, 3513, 3180, and 3551 feet; and Banroadsteads of Leith or Inchkeith, and still more of St. Mar- noch, on the N. frontiers of Forfar, 3377 feet in elevation.
garet's Hiope, where whole fleets can ride under perfect shel- The Grampians in general have a very sterile and desolate
ter from every dangerous wind; within the Frith of Tay, aspect. The grass or heath which usually covers their lower
when once the dangers of the bar are escaped, the harbor of acclivities often disappears in the ascent, and, long before
Dundee gives unlimited accommodation; and still farther  the loftiest summits are reached, vegetation appears to be
N., beyond Kinnaird's Head, the Moray Frith opens wvide  all but extinct. Many of the mountains  have a rounded
its arms of:Beauley and Cromarty, more especially the  form, but others terminate in fantastic peaks, and have
latter, which, with respect to capacity, depth of water, their sides cleft by ravines, presenting  precipices of many
anchorage, and shelter, can scarcely be surpassed. On the  hundred feet. One of these, on Ben Macdhui, has a height
N. part of the W. coast, many of the bays and lochs, both, of 1000 feet, and another, on Ben Nevis, a height of 1500
of the mainland and the islands, afford excellent anchorage feet. On the N. and W. shores of the lakes of Glenmore,
and shelter; but the sterile nature of the country makes it another series of mountain chains begin to rise, and are
of comparatively little consequence. The case is different continued with little interruption to the N. coast, across
with the more S. part of the WV. coast. The Frith of Clyde, the counties of Inverness, Rose, and Sutherland; their genewithin which a vast amount of commerce centres, has here  ral level is much lower than that of the Grampians, and
two main entrances, one from the VW., and the other from  their loftier summits, rising generally from  an elevated
the S., and both of them  through what is called the North  table-land, lose considerably in their apparent height. The
Channel. The W. entrance, between the Mull of Kintyre  more remarkable of the summits are Ben Wyvis, in Rossand Fair Head, where the distance between the Scotch and  shire, 3720 feet; Bendearg, Ben More, and Ben Clibbrick, in
Irish coasts is not more than 14 miles, communicates di- Sutherland, respectively 3550, 3231, and 3165 feet high; and
rectly with the Atlantic, and is consequently the great Morven, in Caithness, with an elevation of 2334 feet. The
thoroughfare for the traffic with the New World; the S. county in which the last-mentioned is situated slopes graentrance communicates with the Irish Sea, and through it dually towards the WV., and spreads out into an undulating
opens a free communication both with the E. coast of Ire- plain, in some places fertile, butfor themostpart covered with
land and the more important WV. coast of England.           stunted heath. The same lowering of the surface is also exFace of the Cosntry, Afountaiss, etc.-The greater part of hibited towards the I. coast, and still more along the shores
the surface of Scotland is irregularly distributed into moun- of the Moray Frith and of Aberdeen. The Lowlands of Scot.
tains and valleys, a very small portion extending into level land comprise that portion S. of the river Tay, and the low
plains. The whole country is marked out by natural fea- country all along the E. and N.E. coasts.
tures into three great divisions. The region in the S., com-'   Geology and 2linserals.-These  will he found described in
prised between the frontiers of England and the Lammer- the article on the BRITISH EmRIRE, pages 287-290.
moor and Pentland Hills, is especially mountainous, pre-    Rivers.-In proportion to the extent of the country, these
senting, both in isolated masses and continuous ranges, a  are both numerous and of great magnitude; but, in congreatnumber of summits which are more than 2000 feet above  sequence of the configuration of the surface, are not very
the sea. The more conspicuous of theseare Queensbery Hill, equably diffused, the WV. part containing almost all the
the Lowthers, Hartfell, and. Dollar Law, which attain the  lakes, and the E., with a single exception, all the more imrespective heights of 2259, 2396, 2635, and 2790 feet. The  portant rivers. The Tweed, though usually considered a
most remarkable of the isolated hills are Cairnsmuir, 2598  Scotch river, has the lower and more valuable part of its
feet high, and Criffel, 1830 feet, the one in the WV., and the  course in England. It wants the wide estuary which is
other in the B. of Kirkcudbrightshire; and Tintoc, 2306 feet common to the rivers of Scotland. It is celebrated for its
in elevation, in Lanarkshire.  Miost of the mountains have  salmon fisheries, but in consequence of the shallowness of
fiat or rounded summits, and slope gradually, without break- its mouth, and the rapidity of its current, is of little naviing into precipices. They are in general clad with a rich  gable importance. Its length, including numerous windverdure, and are intersected by a great number of beautiful in/s, exceeds 100 miles. The next river is the Forth, which
pastoral valleys. These usually borrow their names from  -has its sources in Benlomond, and possesses comparatively
the streams which flow through them, and form the dales little importance till it reaches Stirling, where it commnences
of Nithdale. Annandale, Teviotdiale, and others, well known  the beautiful windings for which it is celebrated, and begins
in border minstrelsy.                                      to be navigable, at first only for small sloops favored by the
The central region, commencing where the S. terminates, tide, but at Alloa, and thereafter to its mouth, for vessels of
and extending N. to the foot of the Grampians, and occupy- the largest class. Its length, including windings,  if coning not more than a sixth of the whole surface, is by far the  ceived to terminate at Kincardine, is about 100 miles; but
1738




SCO                                                               sco
when its estuary is added, is increased to at least 140 miles.    The mean annual temperature of the,, mainland is 470.9
The Tay, owing not so much to the depth and width of its  Fahrenheit. Within the whole country there is not a single
channel, as to the rapidity of its current, and the supplies  district that can be called unhealthy. The prevailing winds
which it is constantly receiving from  cloudy mountain re-  are W. and S.W.; in the spring, N. and N.E.  The greatest
glens and melting snows, surpasses all the rivers of Great  amount of rain falls on the W. coasts. See BRITISH EMPIRE,
Britain in respect of the quantity of water which it dis-  page 288.
charges into the sea. It has its source in the W. extremity         Agricuslture. —The cultivable  land of England exceeds
of Perthshire, and pursues a very tortuous course S.E. till  three-fourths, while that of Scotland is not more than oneit reaches Perth, where it becomes navigable, with the favor  third of the whole surface, and hence the agriculture of the
of the tide, for vessels of 100 tons, and begins to form  the  latter is not so much distinguished for the extent of land
frith of its name.  Its salmon fisheries are the most valu-  which it occupies, as for the skill and industry with which
able in Great Britain.  Its whole length, from  its source to  all its various processes are usually conducted.  Considerthe E. extremity of its frith at Button Ness, is about 110  able tracts in the Highlands derive their chief value from
miles. The next river of importance is the Dee, which ori-  their shootings, and are found to remunerate their proprieginates in a number of torrents sent down from the loftiest  tors most liberally when converted into deer forests. A very
summits of the Gramplans in the W. of Aberdeenshire, and,  large proportion of the remainder of the Highland surface,
flowing almost due E., Solls into the sea at the town of  and also of the more mountainous Lowland districts, is
New Aberdeen.  Almost at the same point, immediately to  rented by store farmers, who confine their agricultural opethe N., the Don also has its mouth.  The chief importance   rations to the cultivation of root-crops, particularly turnips,
of both rivers is derived from their salmon fisheries and the  wherever they can be successfully grown, and of patches of
granite quarries on their banks.  The length of the Dee is  oats for the indispensable supplies of meal and fodder, and
about 80 miles, and that of the Don 60 miles.  The Spey   devote their chief attention to the rearing of cattle and
rises among the recesses of the Gramplans, between Lochs   sheep.  At all the great fdirs of the country, particularly
Laggan and Lochy, flows first E.N.E., and then E. through   the celebrated trysts of Falkirk, they have long  distinthe celebrated strath.of the same name, and falls into the  guished themselves by the numbers and excellence of their
sea without forming any estuary.  Its stream, remarkable  lean stock, which are there purchased, chiefly by dealers
for its rapidity, in which it surpasses all other British rivers,  fiom  the S., for the purpose of being fattened on the rich
has a length of about 96 miles. This is the last of the rivers  pastures of England.  In recent times, however, owing to
of the E. coast deserving of special notice.  The principal  the facilities afforded by steam and railway conveyance, the
river on the W. coast is the Clyde, which in navigable im-  fattening of stock attracts much more attention than preportance far surpasses all the other Scotch rivers. It rises  viously; and many districts which formerly furnished lean
at a short distance from. the sources of the Annan and   stock only, are enabled, by an extension of the turnip-husthe Tweed, and flowing very circuitously in a N.W. direc-  bandry and occasional supplies of oil-cake, to feed off part
tion, discharges itself into the broad frith which bears its  of their stock, and convey it at once to its final destination.
nanme. In the upper part of its course.it dashes along with  In the more celebrated arable districts of Scotland the'art
the impetuosity of a mountain torrent, and in the vicinity  of farming may be seen in as high perfection as in any other
of the town of Lanark forms a series of magnificent falls, but  portion  of the  globe.  The dairy husbandry  in general
in the lower part winds along in a gradually-widening val-  merits less praise, but has made considerable progress in
ley till it reaches Glasgow, and at the very point when it  Lanarkshire and Ayrshire.  For other particulars -elating
first becomes navigable is covered with ships. Its length,  to agriculture, see BrI'IsH EMPIRE.
from  its source to Dumbarton, at which it is conceived to   hManufactures.-For details concerning mineral, marine,
terminate, is about 73 miles; but if continued to Greenock,  and industrial products, see BRITISH EMPIRe.
is 80 miles. In the Solway Frith, which may be considered           Divisions, Population, dic.-The name, area, and populathe S. coast of Scotland, are the mouths of the only three  tion of the different counties or shires, are exhibited in the
of its rivers in which a S. direction predominates; they are  following table:the Dee, Nith, and Annan. The first becomes navigable..
about 2 miles above the town of Kirkeudbright, and at its
mouth forms a broad estuary. The rivers of Solway Frith               Co            Areain.    Popula-        Capitals.
Count~~~~ises.  r  a    ich, 1851.
and its coasts are much visited by salmon, and furnish a                             sq        rises. in, 151.
considerable revenue from their fisheries.
Lakes. —The numerous lakes of Scotland, situated for the   Aberdeen.....1....               5 8    212,032  Aberdeen.
most part, in Highland glens, are celebrated for the gran-  Argyle............   3,18         5       89,8298  Inverary.
Ayr...............  1,039    48    189,858  Ayr.
deur and varied beauty of their scenery. They are generally   Banff.............    645    22         54,171  Banff.
characterizedby a length altogether disproportioned to their   Berwick...........    446   32         36,297  Greenlaw.
breadth.  The most remarkable are  Loch Lomond, the   Bute..............    257    6                 16,608  Itesay.
largest and finest in Great Britain, situated chiefly in the   Caithness.........     616 10          3809  Wick.
Ciackmannan.....     48    4       22,951  Clackmannan.
county of Dumbarton, 45 miles in length, 7 miles in maxi-   Dumbarton.......    228   12             45,103  Dumbarton.
mum  breadth, 20 fathoms in average, and 120 fathoms in   Dumfries..........  1,007   45              78,123  Inamfiies.
maximum  depth; Loch Awe, in Argyleshire, 30 miles in   Edinbgh........                354    4      29,435  Edinburgh.
length, and 2. miles in maximum  breadth; Lochs  Ness,   Elgin or Morcy....            413   20       35,059   l.
Elginor Moay...    473 20    38,959: Elgin.
Fife...............    451    63    153,546  Cupar.
Oich, and Lochy, in Inverness-shire, forming the remarkable   Forfar.............    888   55    191,264  Forfar.
chain of which advantage has been taken to form the Cale-   Maddington.......    272   24             36,386  Haddington.
donian Canal, which connects the North Sea and the At-  Inverness.........    4,054   32             96,00  Inveress.
Kineardine  380   19       34,598  Kineardine.
lantic; Lochs  Shin, in Sutherland; Maree, in Ross-shire;   Kincardines........        30 19          34,95  Incrdine.
in Inverne ss-shire; Es-iht,  4Kinross.12              8,924  Kinross.
Arkegg, Morrer, and Langgan, in Inverness-shire; Erich21    2                                         43,121 Kircdbigh.
11   119                                   ~~~~~~~~~Kirkeudbright....    821   27  43,121  Kirkecudbright.
chiefly in Inverness, though partly in Perth; and Tay, Earn,   Lanark............        912   50    530,169  Lanark.
Rannoch, Katrine, Achray, Venachar, and Lubnaig, all in   Linlithgow........    120    13             30,135  Linlithgow.
Perthshire.  Among Lowland lakes, the most celebrated in   Nairn.............    195          4       9,956  Nairn.
Orkney and 9                                 Kirn.
every respeet is Loch Leven, in Kinross-shire, which, in the        ShOrkney tand  }  1,280    39     62,5332  Lri
roundness of its form, contrasts strikingly with all the other   Peebles............    319   16      10,738  Peebles.
large lakes above mentioned. The Caledonian Canal, already   Perth.............   2,588    76    1538,660  Perth.
mentioned, has a length of601 miles, of which 371 miles are   Renfrew...........      225   21    161,091  Renrew.
lochs, and a minimum  depth of nearly 20 feet; and though   Ross  and                 2,885   33      82,7107 1  Dingwall.
r,  Cromarty'            "     ~         Cromarty.
making a very small return for the million of pounds ster-   Roxburgh.........   715   32            51,642  Jedburgh.
ling expended on it, it justly ranks as one of the greatest   Selkirk............   263    5          9,809  Selkirk.
works of modern engineering.                                      Stirling...........  489   26      86,237  Stirlisg.
Climate.-The climate of Scotland varies according to the   Sutherland.......  1.754    11          25,793  Dornoch.
Wigton o Wigtow  451   17  43,389  Wigton or Wigtown.
locality; but, on the whole, is eminently conducive both to   Wigton or Wigtown    451    1           43,389    ign rWigw
bodily and mental vigor. The W. and S. parts are mild, but             Total....... 29,417   950   2,888,142
humid; the central and elevated regions chill and humid;
the eastern plains and Lowlands more genial, though ex-    Government.-In regard to general government, Scotland
posed in spring to chill east winds. In the Lowlands the  stands on the same footing as England and Ireland; 16
summer is not so hot, but the winter is, on the whole,  peers, elected from the whole body of Scottish peers, repremilder than that of England.  The following table exhibits  sent the country in the House of Lords; and the counties
the mean annual temperature of several localities: —             return 30, and the boroughs 23 members to the House of
Commons.  The elective franchise nearly corresponds to
Mean of lean of Mean of Rain in  that of England. In the Articles of Union, express stipulawinter.  sum'er. Year. inches.  tions, declared to be essential conditions of the union itself,
DI-eg. -Deg-. — Deg.      -     were made in regard to law and law courts, and the form of
Edinburgh....................    38-4    57-2    4731    24-0   church government.
St. Andrews.......3...........    39-2    58-9    48.6            Law and Law Courts.-The law of Scotland strongly reAberdeen......................    39'0    59'5i   49'2   27-5   sembles and is in a great measure borrowed from  that of
Elgin..........................    98.4    57-0    47'1    21-s
Inverness....................    35-0    57-0   46-0    21-0    EUgland.  In regard, however, to crimes, and what are
Glasgow.......................  39'6    60'1   49'8   29,5   called heritable rights, relating chiefly to lands, houses, &c.,
Perth, (Kinfauns).............    37.6    57-2    46-9    30-8   the Scotch and English codes continue essentially different
1739




SCO                                                         ScW
The penalties for crimes have almost, as a matter of course, grants; and It is to be hoped that she may yet regain her
been nearly assimilated, but the forms of procedure exhibit former position.  Academies are freely provided for thq
striking contrasts; and while unanimity is required in Eng-  wealthier classes; and there are 5 universities, of which
lish jurieS, those of Scotland decide by a majority. In re-  that of Edinburgh is one of the most celebrated in Europe.
gard to heritable rights, the feudal law, with its numerous  There are also many theological schools, and schools of
and perplexing formalities, still retains a greater ascendency  medicine.
in Scotland than in England.                                  People. —Scotland was originally peopled by the Celts, who
The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland, spread themselves over the whole country, and had such a
but its decisions may be carried by appeal to the House of  numerical ascendency in it, that even after they ceased to
Lords. The judges, 13 in number, formerly sat in one court,  be the dominant race of the Lowlands, the mountains and
called the Inner House; but by a kind of threefold division  valleys, rivers and lakes, as well as towns, villages, and
a certain number of the judges were removed to the Outer  hamlets, retained the Celtic names which they had given
House, to sit there as permanent Lords Ordinary, and the  them. The Teutonic tribes, landing on the English coast,
remainder, forming the Inner House, were arranged in two  naturally spread themselves N., and, aided by new arrivals
divisions, each to sit separately, and decide finally on all of their countrymen, drove the Celts into the Highlands.
causes brought before it previous to review. The Court of  The resemblance between the Scotch and English languages
Justiciary, or criminal court, though composed only of  proves the common origin of the people who speak them.
judges of the Court.of Session, is supreme in the highest  The N.W. parts of Scotland and the Hebrides are still peosense, since its decisions in criminal cases are not subject pled by the Celtic race. That part S. of the Tay and Clyde,
to any review. The principal subordinate judicatories are  and the whole easterncoasts, including Caithness, are Saxon
sheriff courts, established in each county or stewartry. and Scandinavian. The central parts are a mixtureof Saxon
Sheriff's substitute, or judges ordinary, one or more holding  and Celtic. Erse or Gaelic, the language of the aboriginal
separate courts in different districts, decide, in the first in- Celts, is still spoken in the Highlands. The old Scottish
stance, subject to the review of the principal sheriff or she- language is a cognate Teutonic dialect, but is now generally
riff-depute, whose dcisions, with the exception of cases pro- superseded by the modern English. In moral qualities the
vided for by special statutes, are reviewable by the Court Scotch exhibit a strong love of kindred and country, and
of Session. Besides the sheriff courts, each county, or dis- an indomitable courage and perseverance.  With regard to
trict of a county, has its justice of peace courts; and in  intellectual qualities, there are few branches of literature,
every town of any importance are baillie, dean of guild, science, or art, in which Scotchmen do not hold an honorand police courts.                                          able place. In works of imagination and poetry they have,
Religion. —The Church of Scotland, as guaranteed by the  among other distinguished names, Burns, Campbell, and
Articles of Union, is the church established by law. Its  Scott, while they are scarcely surpassed as historians and
form is Presbyterian, and its doctrine Calvinistic.  All its  metaphysicians.  Their medical schools were long the most
ministers hold the same ecclesiastical status of presbyter, celebrated in Europe; and their inventive powers are sufiiand are on a footing of perfect equality. The whole coun- ciently vouched for by the genius of Watt.
try is parcelled out into 1010 parishes, in each of which    History.-The early history of Scotland is full of fable, and
there is at least one presbyter or parochial minister. The  even where deemed authentic, possesses little interest till
highest, or suprene ecclesiastical court, is the General about the end of the ninth century, when the Norwegians,
Assembly. Its constitution is very peculiar. A lord high  who had previously taken possession of the Orkney and
commissioner sits in it as representative of the sovereign,  Western Isles, overran all the N. portion of the country.
but does not take part in its deliberations.  The president Under the Norwegian earl, Sigurd, they held almost unconor moderator is chosen annually by each assembly. The  trolled dominion as far S. as the Frith of Clyde. A combimembers consist of representative ministers and elders. nation of Scottish chieftains, headed by Malcolm, the MaorThe General Assembly acts in two capacities-a judicial and  mor or lord of Moray, in 993, succeeded in expelling the
a legislative.  In the former it decides atill cases that come  invaders from the mainland. The victorious chieftain now
before it by review, and in the latter it makes laws for its ascended the throne of Scotland, under the title of Malown internal government. The extent of its powers in this  colm II., and retained the sovereignty till his death, in
respect were never well defined, and, afew years ago, became  1029. His son, Malcolm Kenneth, who assumed the title
the subject of very earnest discussion, which first brought of Malcolm III., was succeeded in 1033 by his grandson Dunthe church and the supreme civil courts into collision, and, can, whose life and reign furnish the legends on which
in 1843, issued in the disruption of the church itself; no  Shakspeare has founded his immortal tragedy of Macbeth.
fewer than 474 ministers voluntarily severing their connec-  History, however, does not confirm the legends, but, on the
tion with it under protest, and sacrificing all their livings  contrary, narrates that in 1040, Macbeth, Maormor of Moray,
sooner than submit to what they regarded as a series of at the head of his Celts, met Duncan at Elgin. and having
direct encroachments on their spiritual independence.       slain him in fair fight, became in consequence king of ScotPrevious to this defection, the Established Church was  land. In 1058 Macbeth was in turn defeated and slain by
nominally adhered to by a majority of the population, but  Malcolm, son of Duncan, who became undisputed sovereign
has since been reduced to a decided minority. The protest- of the whole of the mainland of Scotland, with-the exceping ministers and their adherents formed themselves into  tion of a portion in the N., which the Norwegians had mathe Free Church, which, in 1853, numbered 759 congrega- naged to retain.
tions. Within the short period of 10 years, it has actually    In 1290, the death of Margaret, surnamed the Maiden of
expended for ecclesiastical and education purposes, the sum   Norway, having extinguished the direct line of the Scottish
of 3,018,4891. The next greatest religious body not in con- kings, led to the memorable struggle between John Baliol,
nection with the Establishment, is the United Presbyterian  the tool of Edward I. of England, and Robert Bruce. The fate
Church, composed of the union of three bodies formerly  of both parties was decided by the great victory of Bannockknown under the names of Burghers, Anti-Burghers, and  burn, in1314, when Bruce ascended the throne. His reign,
the Relief, the whole numbering 505 congregations.  To  the most glorious in Scottish annals, terminated in 1329,
these three bodies belong at least four-fifths of the whole  when he was succeeded by his son, David II. This sovereign
population. The other denominations are Reformed Pres- died without issue in 1371, when the dynasty ofthe Stuarts
byterians, English and Scotch Episcopalians, Independents, commenced in the person of Robert Stuart, surnamed the
Baptists, Methodists, and Roman Catholics.                  Bleer Eye, a'grandson of Robert Bruce. James I., an able.ducation. —When Scotland was first emancipated from  and accomplished sovereign, who succeeded to the crown in
the bondage of Popery, Knox and his fellow-reformers, in a  1406, created a great number of burghs with important privispirit of the most enlightened philanthropy, proposed a dis- leges, and was proceeding with other reforms, when he was
tribution of the church funds, which would have provided  basely assassinated. Misfortune seemed to have marked
effectually for the education of all classes; and though. this family as a devoted race. James II. perished bythe
baffled by the selfishness of those who had seized upon  bursting of a cannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle; James
these funds, they proceeded resolutely with their plan, and  III. was murdered in a hovel; James IV. perished on the
did what in them  lay to establish an endowed school in  fatal field of Flodden, among such heaps of slaughter that
every Scotch parish.  The parochial school system thus his body was never- recognised; and James V., though posfounded proved so effectual that Scotchmen, wherever they  sessed of accomplishments which would have distinguished
went, distinguished themselves by shrewdness, intelligence, him in any rank of life, at last retired to his palace of Falkindustry, and honesty; and, in regard at least to the lower land only to die of a broken heart. The misfortunes of his
and middle classes, were generally admitted to be the best- family survived him, and were all accumulated in the most
educated people in Europe. The means of education, how- cruel form on the head of his unfortunate daughter Mary.
ever, were unfortunately allowed to remain almost sta- Her whole life was a tragedy. Having lost the affection of
tionary, while population was advancing with remarreable  her subjects she fled to England, and claimed the protection
rapidity; and hence, though the parochial system continued  of her cousin Elizabeth, but was imprisoned, and ultimately
to be tolerably effective in rural parishes, it became almost consigned to the scaffold in 1587, by the English queen.
powerless in large towns, and Scotland began to descend  Mary was succeeded by her son, James VI., who, by a
rapidly from her foremost place among educated nations, to  strange concurrence of circumstances, not only gained his
a much lower grade. Of late, however, a happy rivalship  mother's crown, but that also of the kinswoman who dohas been excited among the different religious bodies, urging  prived her of life.  From the accession of James VI. to the
them to strenuous exertion in erecting schools by means English throne in 1603, the annals of the two kingdoms be
of voluntary subscriptions, supplemented by parliamentary  came almost identified, though they both retained their ia
1740




sC.o                                                        sco
dependence, and continued to be ruled by sgparate titles  Stone coal and good limestone are abundant. Sandy Creek
till the Act of Union in 1707.-Adj. ScoTcr or ScoTrrTs i,  furnishes valuable water-power at the county seat. Capital,
(Fr. EcossAIs, A'kos'sP; Ger. SCHOTTSH, shottfish, or ScnoorT- Winchester. Pop. 7914.
LANDISCH, shott/land'ish; So. Escocas, 6s-ko-th~s5; It. Sco-   SCOTT, a county in the E.S.E. part of Missouri, has an
z1A1eo,skod-ze- no;Dutch, ScHOTnsc, sKotsh;) inbab. SCOTCH/- area of 370 square miles, It is bounded on the E. by the
MAN, (the French, Spanish, and Italian ae the same as the  Mississippi River, which separates it firom Illinois, and on
adjective; Ger. SCROTTEr, shot/teh; Dutch, SCHOTS/neAN.)   the W. by Castor River and Castor Lake. The surface is
SCOTtLAND, a county in the N.N.E. part of Missouri, uneven, and some parts broken; a portion of the soil is probordering on Iowa, has an areaestimated at 4)   square miles. ductive. Extensive cypress swamps occur in the S. part.
It is traversed by the Wyaconda and the North Fabius and  Capital, Benton. Pop. 3182, of whom 2789 were free, and
Middle Fabius Rivers. The surface is undulating, and con- 393 slaves.
sists partly of prairies; the soil is fertile, and adapted to    SCOTT, a county in the E. part of Iowa, bordering on II]ipasturage or the production of grain. Capital, Memphis. nos, has an area of 450 square miles.'The Mississippi forms
Pop. 3782, of whom 3631 were free, and 151 slaves.         its boundary on the E. and S.E., and the Wapsipinicon on
SCOTLAND, a post-office of York co., Maine.              the N. The surface is high, and undulating. The soil is
SCOTLAND, a post-village of Plymouth co., Massachu- good, and easily cultivated. A great part of the county is
setts, 31 miles S. of Boston.                              destitute of timber, but this deficiency is partly compensated
SCOTLAND, a post-village of Windham  co., Connecticut, by the abundance of stone coal. Limestone is the principal
35 miles E. by S. of Hartford.                             rock. Named in honor of General Winfield Scott. Capital,
SCOTLAND, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania.    Davenport. Pop. 5986.
SCOTLAND, a post-village of Jefferson co., Mississippi.    SCOTT, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, has an
SCOTLAND, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.          area of about 680 square miles. The St. Peter's or MinneSCOTLAND, a post-village of Greene co., Indiana, 10 miles  sota River forms its N.W. boundary, and it is drained by
S. of Bloomfield.                                          the sources of Vermilion and Cannon Rivers. The surface
SCOTLAND, a village of Canada West, co. of Oxford, 11  is undulating, and diversified with prairies and forests.
miles from Brantford. Pop. about 200.                      The soil is productive. Lumber is the chief article of exSCOTLAND NECK, a post-office of Halifax co., North Ca- port. This county is not included in the census of 1850,
rolina. about 100 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh.                 having been formed since that date. Capital, Shokapee.
SCOTSIWOOD, a village of England, co. of Northumber-    SCOTT, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of
land, on the Tyne, about 3 miles W. of Newcastle.          Cortland co., New York, 145 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 1290.
SCOTT, a county situated in the S.W. part of Virginia,    SCOTT, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
and bordering on Tennessee, contains 620 square miles. It  1268.
is drained by Clinch River, and by the North Fork of IHol-   SCOTT, a post-township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.
ston River. The surface is traversed by several parallel Pop. 617.
mountain ridges, one of which is called the Clinch Moun-    SCOTT, a township of Mississippi co., Arkansas. Pop. 157.
tain. The soil is mostly fertile, and adapted to grazing.    SCOTT, a post-township in the N.W. part of Adams co.,
Wheat, Indian corn, and other kinds of grain also flourish. Ohio. Pop. 1270.
Bituminous coal and iron ore are abundant. About 3 miles    SCOTT, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 930.
from the Clinch River is, one of the most remarkable natu-   SCOTT, a towknship of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 717.
ral obiects of the-state, known as the "Natural Tunnel."    SCOTT, a township of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop. 792.
An affluent of the Clinch River, after flowing through a    SCOTT, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pop. 255.
deep ravine, enclosed by stupendous walls of stratified rocks,    SCOTT, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.
is confironted by a transverse ridge, about 300 feet in height,   SCOTT, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana. Pop. 1209.
which has been perforated at its base by an arched tunnel    SCOTT, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 490.
to admit the passage of the stream. The spectator, standing    SCOTT, a township of Vanderburg co., Indiana. Pop. 1162.
by the margin of the stream, sees before him an enormous    SCOTT, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
arch, rising 70 or 80 feet, surmounted by strata oflimstone,    SCOTT, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, 75 miles S.W.
which measure more than 100 feet in a vertical direction,  by W. of Iowa City.
while the view on either side is bounded by gigantic ram-    SCOTT, a township of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Pop. 395.
parts of perpendicular rock. The county was formed in    SCOTT, a post-village and township of Sheboygan co.,
1814, and named in honor of General Winfield Scott. Pop. Wisconsin, 44 miles N. by W. of Milwaukee.
9829, of whom 9356 were free, and 473 slaves.                 SCOTITER, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
SCOTT, a county in the S. central part of Mississippi, has    SCOTITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
an area of about 600 square miles. It is drained by Tusca-    SCOT/TOW, a parish of England, co. of Norfollk.
lameta Creek, an affluent of Pearl River. The soil is sandy    SCOTTSIBOROUGH, a village of Baldwin co., Georgia, on
and sterile; a large part of the county is covered with forests  the railroad from Milledgeville to Gordon, 4 miles S. of the
of pine. Named in honor of Governor A. M. Scott, of Mis- former.
sissippi. Capital, Hillsborough. Pop. 3961, of whom 2779    SCOTTS/BURG, a post-office of Livingston co., New York.
were fiee, and 1182 slaves.                                   SCOTTSBURG, a post-village of Halifax co., Virginia, 119
SCOTT, a county situated in the W. part of Arkansas, miles S.W. of Richmond.
contains 870 square miles. It is drained by the Fourche    SCOTTSBURG, a post-village of Umpqua co., Oregon, on
La Fave and the Petit Jean Rivers. The surface is diver- the right bank of the UJmpqua River, 100 miles S.S.WV. of
sified. The soil is adapted to the production of grain and  Salem.
for pasture. Capital, Boonsville. Pop. 3083, of whom 2937    SCOTT'S CREEK, a post-office of Haywood co;, North
were free, and 146 slaves.                                 Carolina.
SCOTT, a county in the N.N.E. part of Tennessee, border-    SCOTT'S HILL, a post-office of New Hanover co., North
ing on Kentucky; area estimated at 300 square miles. It is  Carolina.
drained by Clear Fork of Cumberland River, and by Pow-    SCOTT'S HIILL, a post-office of Henderson co., Tennessee.
ell's River. The surfcee is traversed by Cumberland'I'oun-    SCOTT'S MILLS, a village of Linn co., Iowa, 25 miles N.
tainus, and mostly covered with forests. Capital, IHuntsville.  of Iowa City.
Pop. 1905, of whom 1868 were free, and 37 slaves.            SCOTT'S MOUNTAIN, of Warren co., New Jersey, forms
SCOTT, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area  part of South Mountain.  It is from 700 to 800 feet above
estimated at 240 square miles.  It is intersected by the  tide-water. It abounds with iron ore of several varieties.
North Elkhorn, affluent of the Kentucky River, and also    SCOTT'S STATION, apost-office of -lHarrison co., Kentucky.
drained by the South Elkihorn and Eagle Creek. The sur-    SCOTTSIVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., New York,
face is diversified-level, undulating, and hilly; the S. part near the Genesee River, and on the canal of that name, 13
has a deep, black soil, based on limestone, and remarkable  miles S.WY. of Rochester. It has churches of 3 or 4 denomifor fertility.  The county is intersected by the turnpike  nations, about 10 stores, and several mills.
from Lexington to Covington. Formed in 1792, and named    SCOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylin honor of Governor Charles Scott, of Kentucky. Capital,  vania.
Georgetown. Pop. 14,946, of whom 9110 were free, and 5836    SCOTTSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Albemarle co.,
slaves.                                                    Virginia, is situated on the left bank of James River, 79
SCOTT, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, contains miles W. of Richmond.  The navigation of the James River
about 180 square miles. It is drained by Graham's Fork of  Canal renders it a place of active and extensive trade, and
White River. The surface is nearly level, excepting some  an important depot for produce.  The village, which is
hills in the W. part, called the' Knobs," which are among  built chiefly of brick, contains 3 churches. Pop. in 1853,
the highest elevations in the state. The county is inter- about 1200.
sected by the Jeffersonville Railroad. Organized in 1820.   SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Powhattan co.,
Capital, Lexington.  Pop. 5885.                            Virginia, 32 miles WV. of Richmond.
SCOTT, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area    SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village of Bibb co., Alabama, 30
of 255 square miles. It is bounded on the W. bythe Illinois  miles E.S.E. of Tuscaloosa, contains several stores, and 350
River, navigable by steamboats, and intersected by Plume, inhabitants.
Sandy, and Movestar (lHauvaiseterre) Creeks. The surface    SCOTTSVILLE, a post-office ofClaiborne parish, Louisiana.
is nearly level, and partly covered with forests of good tim-    SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Allen co., Kenher. The soil is exceedingly rich, and is well cultivated.  tuckly, about 148 miles S.W. of Frankfort.  Besides the
1741




Sco                                                        SEA
usual county buildings, it contains 3 or 4 churches, and 4    SCULL CAMP, a post-village, Surry co., North Carolina.
stores.                                                      SCULL'S CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Ogeechee at the
SCOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio.         E. end of Emanuel county.
SCOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Macomb co., Michigan.        SCULL SHOALS, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, on
SCOTTSVILLE, a village of Lee co., Illinois, 140 miles N. the Oconee River, 54 miles N. of Milledgeville,l contains a
by E. of Springfield.                                      cotton factory.
SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois,    SCULLITOWN, formerly LOCKIERTON, a post-village ot
about 78 miles SE. of Galena.                             Salem co., New Jersey, on Oldman's Creek, 18 miles fromnt
SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., Missouri, its mouth, has~'a church, 3 stores, and about 40 dwellings.
130 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.                          SCULTENNA. See PANARO.
SCOTTIVILLE, a village of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania,   SCULITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
at the S. base of Jack's Mountain, 87 miles W. of IIarris-    SCUP'ERNONG/ CREEK, of Wisconsin, enters Bark River
burg.                                                      in Jefferson county.
SCOTTVILLE, a post-office of Allen co., Kentucky.          SCUPI. See UsInuP.
SCOULTON, skfl1tton, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    SCUP'PERNONG!, a post-office of Washington co., North
SCOURIE or SCOURY, skoolree, a seaport village of Scot- Carolina.
land, co. of Sutherland, on its W. coast,' 21 miles S.S.W.   SCURCOLLA, skoon-kolla,, SCURCULA, skooR-kool1, or
of Cape Wrath. Pop. 100.                                   SCURGOLA, skoon-gorl' a. town of Naples, province of
SCOZIA, a country of Europe. See ScoTLAND.              Abruzzo Ultra II., 22 miles S.S.W. of Aquila. Near this, in
SCRABIBLE, a post-office of Berkeley co., Virginia.     1268, Charles of Anjou gained the battle of Tagliacozzo.
SCRABIBLETOWN, a village of Burlington co., New Jer-   SCURE OF EIG, (eeg,) a vast basaltic mountain of the
sey, 12 miles E. of Mount Holly.                          island of Eig, in Inner Hebrides, co. of Inverness, on the W.
SCRABIBY or BALILYMACALILENY, a parish of Ireland,  side of the island, and rising to 1340 feet above the sea. In
in Ulster, co. of Cavan,.                                 its perpendicular side, facing the sea, is a cavern termed the:
SCRANITON, formerly LACKAWANINA, a flourishing  " bone cave," from 400 of the inhabitants of Eig having been
post-borough of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank  smothered here by the clansmen of Skye.
of the Lackawanna River, about 7 miles fiom its mouth, 16    SCUTARI, skooltt-re, (called Isckoodar! by the Turks;
miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre, and 14 miles S.W. of Carbondale. anc. Ghrysoplolis,) a town of Asia Minor, on the Bosphorus,
The Lackawanna and Western Railroad extends from Scran- immediately opposite Constantinople, of which it is usually
ton to'Great Bend, on the New York and Erie Railroad, considered a suburb. -Pop. variously estimated from 30,000
and the Pennsylvania Coal Company's Railroad extends E. to 60,000. It is built on several hills, and has, both exterabout 28 miles, to the Lackawaxen Canal. The plank-road  nally and internally, a great resemblance to the Turkish
from Wilkesbarre to Carbondale passes through Scranton. capital. It has numerous mosques and imarets or kitchens
These improvenients, together with the rich mines of coal for the poor, a palace and extensive gardens belonging to
which are worked in the vicinity, render it a place of active the Sultan, a noted college of howling dervishes, barracks
business, and an important dep6ot of the Pennsylvania Coal constructed by the late Sultan, some fine cemeteries, various
Company. It contains extensive ilron furnaces, foundries, public baths and bazaars, large corn warehouses, and mannand rolling mills. The population has rapidly increased  factures of silks and cotton fabrics. It is the great rendezfor a few years past; it is composed chiefly of Welsh, Irish, vous for caravans from Asia trading to Constantinople, and
and English. Iron ore is abundant in the vicinity. Roar- between it and Chalcedon; 1 miles southward is the plain
ing Creek enters the river half a mile below Scranton. One  where the Turkish forces usually assemble for Asiatic campaper is published here. Pop. in 1853, about 3000.        paigns. Here, in 325, the troops of Constantine the Great
SCRAPE, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Peebles, on the  finally defeated those of Licinius.
boundary between the parishes of Drummelzier and MIanor.   SCUTARI or SKUTARI, (called by the Turks IskanIHeight above the sea, 2800 feet.                         dereeyeh, is-kgn-deh-reetyeh; anc. Scodra,) a town of EuroSCRAPITOFT, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.      pean Turkey, in Albania, capital of a sanjak, on the Boyana,
SCRATIBY, a parish of England, co., of Norfolk.         at the S. extremity of the Lake of Scutari, 45 miles S.E. of
SCRAYtFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       Cattaro, (Austrian Albania.) Lat. 420 N., lon. 190 38i E.
SCRAYIINGHAMI, a parish of England, co. of York, East Pop. upwards of 40,000, about half of whom  a-re Roman.
Riding.                                                   Catholics. Immediately adjacent is a lofty height crowned
SCREAMIERSVILLE, a post-office, iMaury co., Tennessee. by a citadel, and containing the residence of the governor,
SCREDIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.     with an arsenal and barracks. Scutari has a large bazaar,
SCREMIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          many mosques, Greekand Roman Catholic churches, several
SCREVETON, skreevlttn, a parish of England, co. Notts. bridges, some yards for building coasting vessels, and manuSCRItBA, a post-village alnd township of Oswego co., New  factures of cotton goods and firearms. Its merchants are
York, on Lake Ontario, andon the Oswego River, adjoining  reported to be wealthy, and are the principal traders in
Oswego, and about 34 miles N.N.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 2738. West Turkey; they export wool, wax, hides, skins, tobacco,
SCRIYVIELSBY, a parlish of England, co. of Lincoln. Patron  and dried fish, to Triest, Venice, and Avlona; and import in
of rectory, the Hon. I-I. Dymoke, whose fbmily hold the manor return colonial produce, with silk fabrics and other man-a
on the tenure of acting as champion at the coronation of factured goods for sale at the large fairs of Turkey. Seathe sovereign.                                            going vessels only ascend the Boyana some miles from ScuSCRIVfEN, a township of England. co. of York, in West tart, to Hobotti, where are warehouses and a custom-house.
Riding. Near it is the ancient camp of King's Garth.        SCUTARI or SKUTARI, a village of Greece, in the Morea,
SCRIWIEN. a county in the E. part of Georgia, bordering  government of Mistra.
on South Carolina, contains 540 square miles. The Savan-   SCUTARI or ZANTA, z.lnftA, LAKE OF, (anc. Pallus
nah River bounds it on the E., and. the Ogeechee on the Labeaftis,) of European Turkey, in Albania, is 20 miles in
S.W. The surface is mostly level, and the soil sandy. The length from N. to S.; average breadth, 5 miles. Besides
forests afford pine lumber for exportation. The river and, several other rivers, it receives the M{oratsha at its N. exthe Central Railroad affords easy access to the Savannah  tremity.. Scutari is on the S. bank.
market. Organized in 1793, and named in honor of Colonel   SCYATHUS. See SKIATue.
James Scriven, an officer of the Revolution, and a native of    SCYLACEUM. See SQUILL.CE.
South Carolina. Capital, Sylvania. Pop. 6847, of whom       SCYLLA and SCYLL2OEUM. See SCGLmO.
3174 were free, and 3673 slaves.                            SCYROS ISLAND, Grecian Archipelago. See Sxvaos.
SCRIVIA, skreelve-A, a river of the Sardinian States, rises    SCYTHOPOLIS. See BmSAN.
about 10 miles N.E. of Genoa, flows N.N.W., and joins the    SCZLOPPA, a town of West Prussia. See ScuLOPPE.
Po on the right, 9 miles W.N.W. of Voghera. Length, 50    SDILI, sdeesee, two islets of the Grecian Archipelago;
miles.                                                    the larger, (ane. Rhenea,) 4 miles S.W. of Myconi, between
SCROGIGIN'S MILLS, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama. which is the smaller, (anc. Delos.) See DELeS.
SCROGG/SFIELD,   a post-office of Carrol co., Illinois.   SEAtBOARD, post-office, Northampton co., North Carolina.
SCR00OBY, a parish of England, co. of Notts.              SEAIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
SCROPITON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.             SEAIBROOK, a post-village and township of Rockingham
SCRUBIGRASS, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pennsyl- co., New Hampshire, near the Atlantic coast, on the Eastern
vania.                                                    Railroad, 45 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 1296.
SCRUBGRASS, a township of Venango co., Pennsylvania.    SEACOMBE, see'komb, a village and township of EngPop. 1143.                                                land, co. of Chester, on the MIersey, within 1 mile of LiverSCRUB ISLAND, one of the Virgin Islands in British  pool, to which a steamboat is constantly plying. It has a
West Indies, 3l, miles N.E. of Tortola.                   great number of elegant residences and pleasant houses
SCRUGGSIVILLE, a small village of Monroe co., Alabama. facing the Mersey, a handsome church, a Wesleyan chapel,
SCRUITON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding. extensive copper and patent metal mills, smalt-works, and,
SCUFIFLETOWN, a post-village of Laurens district, South  foundry. Pop. 3044.
Carolina, 70 miles N.W. of Columbia.                       SEAtCROFT, a village and township of England, co. of
SCULPCOATS, a parish of England, co. of York, in East York, in West Riding, 4 miles E.N.E. ofLeeds. During the
Riding, immediately N. of Ilull. Most of the wealthy classes  Ileptarchy, a battle was fought here on Win Moor; lhe
of Hull reside in this parish, a part of which is laid out in  Royalists also here defeated the Parliamentarians.. P. 1093
handsome streets.                                          SEAIFORD, a parish, cinque port, and disfranchised bho
1742




SEA                                                       SEB
rough of England, co. of ussex, 12 miles E.S.E. of Brighten,    SEARSVILLE, a post-village of Stewart co., Georgia, 110
and about midway between'it and Beachey Head. Pop. in  miles S.W. of Milledgeville.
1851, 997.                                                  SEAlSALTER, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SEAIFORD, a post-village of Sussex Co., Delaware, on    SEA-oF-SODOM or SEA-OF-THE-PLAINS. -See DEAD SEA.
Nanticoke River, (navigable for schooners,) 45 miles S. by    SEAlSON-COTE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
W. of Dover.  It is the S. terminus of the Dona and Sea-   SEATON, a parish of England, co. of Devon, on the Eng
ford Railroad, and is a place of active trade. It contains lish Channel. In summer it is much resorted to for sea
2 Or 3 churches, 1 hotel, and about 10 stores. Pop. in 1853, bathing.
about 800.                                                  SEAITON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
SEAIFORTH, LOCH, lox, an arm of the sea in the Hebrides,    SEATON, a township of England, co. of Cumberland.
in Scotland, partially divides Lewis from Harris.           SEAITON or SETON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Iladding.
SEAfGOE or SEIGOE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  ton, annexed to Tranent. Here are the ruins of a noble
Armagh..                                                  edifice of the Seatons.
SEA/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.         SEAITON-CAREWI, a maritime township and chapelry of
SEAlGRAVE'S MILLS, a village of Providence co., Rhode  England, co. of Durham, on the Clarence and Hartlepool
Island, about 25 miles N.W. of Providence. It contains 1  Railway, 2. miles S.S.W. of Iartlepool. It has several good
woollen mill. Pop. about 60.                              inns, lodging-houses, baths, public libraries; and is resorted
SEAtGRY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             to for sea-bathing. N. of the village afe two light-houses.
SEA/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Durham, on the    SEAITON DEL/AVAL, a township of England, co. NorthNorth Sea, 5 miles S. of Sunderland. It gives the title of  umberland.?iscount to the Londonderry family.                         SEATON, ROSS, a parish of England, co. of York, in East
SEA-H-IORSE ISLANDS, a chain of islets in the Arctic  Riding.
Ocean, off the coast of Russian America, in lat. 710 N., ion.   SEATITLE or SEATTLE, a thriving post-village and capi1590 W.                                                   tal of Kings co., Washington Territory, at the mouth of
SEA-HORSE POINT, of British America, is the E. ex- Duwamish River, and at the head of Elliott Bay, which is
tremity of Southampton Island. Lat. 630 40' N., ion. 800  on the E. side of Admiralty Inlet. The valley of the Duwa10' W.                                                     mish is an extensive and rich tract of country, which is
SEAL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 now rapidly being settled.
SEAL, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.                 SEA'TUCK, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.
SEAL, NETHER and OvER, a parish of England, co. of    SEA VIEW, one of the highest mountains of New South
Leicester.                                                Wales, between the co. of Macquarrie and the New England
SEAL, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 2210.          district. It is 6000 feet in height.
SEAL, a post-office of Wyandot co., Ohio.                 SEA VIEW, a post-office of Northampton co., Virginia.
SEAL COVE, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine.            SEA/VILLE, a township of Hancock co., Maine, 77 miles
SEA'LER'S COVE, an inlet of the S. coast of Australia, 13  E. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 139.
miles E. of Wilson Promontory.                               SEAVILLE, a post-office of Cape May co., New Jersey.
SEAL ISLAND, of British North America, is in the Atlan-    SEA/VINGTON ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of
tic, 18 miles W. of Cape Sable, the S. extremity of Nova  Somerset.
Scotia.                                                      SEAVINGTON ST. MICHAEL, a parish of England, co.
SEAL ISLAND, a granite rock off the S. coast of Australia. of Somerset.
Lat. 34~ 6' S., Ion. 1200 28' E.                             SEBA/GO, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, 55
SEAL ISLAND, of South-western Africa, off the IHotten- miles S.W. by W. of Augusta. Pop. 850.
tot coast, about midway between the Orange and Koussie    SEBAGO  POND or LAKE, of Cumberland co., Maine.
Rivers.                                                    Length, 12 miles; greatest breadth, from 7 to 8 miles. It
SEAL ISLANDS or LOBOS (lo/Boce) ISLANDS, a group  is connected with Portland by the Cumberland and Oxford
of three small islands in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast Canal, about 20 miles long.
of Peru, about 12 miles distant from the mainland. The    SEBANDO. See CHOBANDO.
largest and northernmost is called LOBos DI TERRA., 1o/Boce    SEBASTE, Asia Minor. See SEEVAS
dl te-Se/uR, about 5 miles long and 2 miles broad. The    SEBASTE, a town of Palestine. See SAMARIcA.
name LOBOS, (from the Spanish lobe or lobe marino, a " seal,")    SEBASTIAN, se-bastlyan, a new county in the W. part of
was given on account of the number of seals found on the  Arkansas, contains 825 square miles. The Arkansas River
shores. Let. of the S. point, 60 29' S., lon. 800 533 W. These  forms the entire N. boundary. The surface is partly occuislands contain large deposits of guano.                  pied by high mountains belonging to the Ozark range,
SEAL ISLANDS, a small cluster W. by S. of Grand Menan  which are thought to be rich in minerals. It contains an
Island, Maine. On the western island are two fixed lights, abundance of stone coal. The Arkansas is navigable by
about 140 feet from each other, and 59 feet above high-water  steamboats in this part of its course. This county is not
mark. Lat. 440 29' N., lon. 670 5 30" W.                  included in the census of 1850. Capital, Jenny Lind.
SEALKOTE, se-Al-ktt(?) SHALKOTE, shPl'kLtf. or SYAL-    SEBASTIANSBERG, se-b~s/te-9ns-boRG', or BASBERG,
ROTE, se-dlfk~t, a town of the Punjab, 65 miles E.N.E. of b~sblRG, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.W. of Saata. Pop.
Lahore. It has manufactures of paper. The vicinity is well 1588.
cultivated.                                                 SEBASITICOOK RIVER, a fine mill-stream, rises in PeSEAL RIVER, of British North America, enters Hudson  nobscot county, Maine, and flowing through  Somerset
Bay on its W. side, 40 miles N.W. of the Churchill River, county, falls into the Kennebec River in Kennebec county.
after a N.E. course of 200 miles.                         Its whole length is about 50 miles.
SEALIMER, a parish ofEngland, co. of York, North Riding,   SEBASTOPOL or SEBASTOPOLIS, a town of Russia. See
on the Scarborough and Bridlington Railway, 4 miles S.W. SEVASTOPOL.
of Scarborough.                                             SEBASTOPOLIS, Asia Minor, See TurKIrAc.
SEA/PATRICK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Down.            SE'BECI, a post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, on the
SEARA, a province of Brazil. See CEARA.                 N. side of Piscataquis River, 70 miles N.N.E. of Augusta.
SEARBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            Pop. 1223.
SEARCY, snr/see, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, con-   SEBEE, sL'bee' or SEWEE, sl'wee', a town at the S. frontains about 930 square miles. It is intersected by Buffalo  tier of Afghanistan, 15 miles E. of Dadur.
Fork of White River. The surface is hilly or rolling; the    SE-BEE/RO or NORTIH POIRA ISLAND, Indian Ocern,
soil is adapted to the production of wheat, Indian corn, and  off the W. coast of Sumatra. Lat. of the N. point, 0o 565 S.,
grass. A  large portion of the county is overspread with  lon. 980 38' E. It is 60 miles in length.
forests. Capital, Lebanon. Pop. 1979, of whom 1950 were    SEBEN, s2lben, (Hun. Sceben, sl/bn',) a walled town of
free, and 29 slaves.                                      Hungary, co. of Saros, on the Tnarisa, 9 miles N.N.W. of
SEARCY, a township of Phillips co., Arkansas. Pop. 573. Eperies. Pop. 2200. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran
SEARCY, a small post-village, capital of White co., Arkan- churches, and a trade in wine, spi'its, and paper.
sas, about 50 miles N.E. of Little Rock.                    SEBENICO, se-b,/ne-ko, a town of Dalmatia, 42 miles S.E.
SEA/RIGHT'S, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.  of Zara, on an inlet of the Adriatic, which receives the river
SEARS/BURG, a post-township of Bennington co., Ver- Kerka. Pop. 6000. It has an excellent harbor, defended
mont, 112 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 201.         by several forts. The principal edifice is a lofty cathedral of
SEARSBURG, a post-office of Tompkins co., New York.    curious external appearance, but magnificent internally;
SEARSIMONT, a post-village and township of Waldo co., the town has various buildings of Venetian architecture, its
Maine, on St. George River, 30 miles E. by S. of Augusta. republic having voluntarily annexed itself to Venice in 991.
It has good water-power, which is employed by 6 mills for It has a manufactory of rosoglio, exports of wine, and an
sawing boards, 5 for staves and shingles, 3 grist mills, a  active trade with Turkey. It was the birthplace of the
carding and clothing machine, and 1 large tannery. The  painter Andrea Schiavoni, and the philosopher Tommasseo.
village contains 2 churches, and 3 stores. Pop. about 300;   SEBENNYTUS.  See SEMrNooD.
of the township, 1693.                                      SEBERHAM, iGHn and Low, a parish of England, co. of
SEARS/PORT, a post-village and township of Waldo co., Cumberland.
Maine, on Penobscot Bay, about 50 miles E. by S. of Augusta.    SEBESII, sclb8sh, (Polish, Siebiez, se-le-bzh,) a town of
It is a place of active business, and contains a bank. P. 2207. Russian Poland, government, and 95 miles N.W. of Viteb/k.
SEAR/VILLE, a post-office of Orange co., New York.      between Lakes Sebesh and Woron. Pop. 2100.
1743




SEB                                                        SEE
SEBEtWA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Ionia co., where balls are held, a theatre, a race-ground, and public
Michigan. Pop. 247.                                       libraries; and close to it is a lake about 15 miles in circuin
SEBEWA CREEK, of Michigan, enters Grand River in  ference, the banks of which are a favorite morning and
Ionia county.                                              evening resort of the European community. At Secunder.
SEBIIA, sA'bA, a town of Central Africa, in Fezzan, 80  abad and Bolarum, a contiguous and more healthy station,
miles N. of Moorzook.                                      12,000 men of the Madras army are generally stationed. Pop.
SEBNITZ, slb'nits, a town of Saxony, 24 miles E.S.E. of  exclusive of garrison, 34,357.
Dresden. Pop. 3309.                                          SECUNDERMALLY, se-kintder-mAlqlee, a town of British
SEBNITZ, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, goverr- India, presidency of Madras, 4 miles S. of Madura.
ment, and 14 miles N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1122.              SECUNDRA, se-ktnfdrA, a town of British India, press
S]BONCOURT, sAb6NR'kooRo, a village of France, depart- dency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 9 miles N.W. of
ment of Aisne, arrondissement of St. Quentin. Pop. 2000.  Agra, and having the magnificent mausoleum of the EmSEBOO, SEBOU or SEBU, sAbool, (anc. Subur?) or MAR- peror Akbar, with extensive ruins and vestiges of former
MORE, mi-molr,? a river of Morocco, descends from  a  importance.
ramification of the Great Atlas, in Fez, flows first N.W.,   SECUNDRA, a large walled village of British India, in
then W., and after a course of about 160 miles, falls into  the Upper Provinces, 32 miles S.E. of Delhi.
the Atlantic at Mehadiah. It is navigable for boats to Fez.   SECUNDRA, a town of British India, district of CawnSEBOURG, seh'boort, a village of France, department of poor, 18 miles N.W. of Kalpee.
Nord, arrondissement of Valenciennes. Pop. 1700.             SEDAN, seh-da3GI, a fortified town of France, department
SEBU, a river.of Morocco. See S.noo.                    of Ardennes, on the Meuse, 11 miles E.S.E. of Mxzilres.
SEBUS or SEBOUS. See SEIBOUS.                            Pop. in 1852, 37,027. It has a communal college, a school
SEBUSTIEI, s&1bftistee-eh, (anc. Samcsria,) afterwards of design, and in its principal square a bronze statue of
SEBASTE, a village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, on a hill Turenne, born here in 1611. The citadel, at the S.E. extrerising out of a fine plain, 6 miles N.W. of Nabloos. It is mity of the town, contains a large arsenal. Sedan is the
tolerably well built, and its hill is covered with fine gardens centre of an extensive manufacture of woollen goods, and
and plantations, interspersed with numerous vestiges of an- has also manufactures of hosiery, leather, arms, hardwares,
cient edifices. The principal remains of antiquity are, a  barrels, beet-root sugar, and linen yarn; it has an active
church, erected over a sepulchre traditionally reputed as the  trade in agricultural produce. In order to facilitate naviburialplace of John the Baptist; some columns of a temple,:gation, a canal has been formed along the left bank of the
and portions of a long colonnade, probably erected by Herod  Meuse. Sedan was long an independent principality, and
the Great. Samaria was founded by Omri, e. c. 925, and  was united to France under Louis XIII. It had a celebrated
from that time until the captivity, B. c. 720, it continued to  Protestant university, which subsisted till the revocation of
be the capital of'the ten tribes of Israel. It afterwards gave  the edict of Nantes.
name to the province of Samaria, and under Herod resumed    SEDASHOOGUR, sA-dishoo-grl,, or SODASHAVAGIIUR,
considerable magnificence and importance; but it appears  so-d&shd-v&-gfirl, a maritime town of British India, presito have decayed as early as the fourth century of our era.   dency of Bombay, on the iMalabar coast, 49 miles S.S.E.
SECA, Li, 1A sAdkA, a town of Spain, province, and 19 miles of Goan.
SS.SW. of Yalladolid. Pop. 3997.                             SEDBERGHI, sld/berg, a market-town and parish of EngSECCIIIA, sek/ke-a, (anc. Selcia or Gabedlus,) a river of land, co. of York, West Riding, on the border of Lancashire.
North Italy, rises in the Apennines, flows N.N.E. through  Pop. in 1851, 4574. It has a grammar school, with an anthe centre of the duchy of Modena, and joins the Po 12  nual revenue of 5001., and exhibitions to 3 fellowships and
miles S.E. of Mantua. Total course, 70 miles.              10 scholarships in St. John's College, Cambridge; and maSECIISAUS, slks/hhwss, or SECHSHAUSEL, (Sechshiu- nufactures of cotton goods.
se,) shksthoi'zel, a village of Lower Austria, near Vienna,   SEDELLA, s&-oDl/yA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, proon the left bank of the Weir. Pop. 2530.                   vince, and 36 miles N.E. of Malaga. Pop. 1484.
SE-CHIUEN, sA'choo'8n/, written also SE-TCIHUEN  and    SEDGEBERRQW, sQjlbir-rd, a parish of England, co. of
SSE-TCHUAN, a large province of China, mostly between  Worcester.
lat. 260 and 330 N., and ion. 1010 and 1100 E., having W.    SEDGEtBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Thibet, and on the other sides the provinces of Kan-soo,    SEDGE/FIELD, a market-town and parish of England, co.,
Shen-see, Hoo-pe, Koei-choo, and Yun-nan. Area, 166,800  and 10 miles S.S.E. of Durham. Pop. in 1851, 2192. The
square miles. Pop. 21,435,678. Its W. part is a maze of  church is large and handsome.
mountains. It is traversed by the Yang-tse-kiang, to which    SEDGEIFORD, a parish of England, co. ofNorfolk.
all its other rivers are tributary. Some parts of it produce    SEDGEIMOOR, a wild tract of England, co. of Somerset,
fine crops of sugar, silk, and oranges; but its chief prodacts  between King's Weston and Bridgewater. It was, in 1685,
are rhubarb of the best quality, other drugs, musk, and  the scene of the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth's forces by
metals. It is divided into 11 departments. Its chief city is the troops of James II.
Ching-too-foo.                                               SEDGER, sed/ger, SEGARS, (?) or SAN JUtAN, (Sp. pron.
SECI-IURA, sA-choofrA, a town of North Peru, department sen Koo-An/,) a river of Patagonia, falls into Port Famine,
of Trujillo, province, and 25 miles S.S.W. of Piura, on the  in the Strait of Magellan. It has great depth of water, but
river Piura, near its mouth in the Pacific Ocean.          can-be navigated for only 3 or 4 miles, stumps of trees so fill
SECIA. See SEccau.                                      up its channel as to make it difficult to penetratp farther.
SECIL/LIA, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan.         SEDGE'S GARDEN, a post-office of Forsyth co., North
SECKENHEIM, slk/kpn-hime', a village of Baden, on the  Carolina.
Neckar, 4 miles E.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1750.               SEDG/IHILL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
SECKINGEN, s~k/king-en, a town of Baden, 16 miles E.   SEDG/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. It has
of Basel, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1420.       iron, coal, and limestone works.
SEC'KINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.          SEDG/WICK, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, 60
SECKLIN, seh-kltksN, a town of France, department of miles E. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 1235.
Nord, on the Naviette, with a station on the Northern Rail-   SEDILO, sAt-deeflo, a village of Sardinia, division of Cagway, 6 miles S.S.W. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 3341.          liari, 26 miles N.E. of Oristano. Pop. 2240.
SEC/OND CREEK, a post-office of Greenbrier co., Virginia.   SEDINI, sA-deelnee, a village of Sardinia, division, and 16
SECOND FORK, a post-village of Elk co., Pennsylvania, miles N.E. of Sassari. Pop. 1547.
157 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.                                SEDJOOR, SEDJOUR, sed-joorY, or SUDJUR, sfid-joorf, a
SECONDIGLIANO, sA-kon-deel-yA/no, a town of Naples, river of Asiatic Turkey, rises in the N. of the pashalic of
province, and 3 miles-N. of Naples. Pop. 5000.             Aleppo, flows S.E., and after a course of about 45 miles joins
SECONDIGNY, seh-k6Nddeen'yeel, a village of France, de- the Euphrates on the left, 15 miles below Bir.
partment of Deux-S~vres, 8 miles W.S.W. of Parthenay.   SEDfLESCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Pop. 1580.                                                   SED/LEY, a post-office of Bullitt co., Kentucky.
SECOND LAK.E. See Fovu  LAKES.                             SEDLITZ, sAdflits, or SEDLETZ, written also SEIDLITZ,
SECOND TURNIOUT, a post-office of Louisa co., Virginia.  a village of Bohemia, 14 miles N.E. of Saatz. It is famous
SECROLE, se-krhl/, a town of British India, presidency of  for mineral springs containing sulphates of soda and magBengal, district, and 4 miles N.W. of Benares, having the  nesia, which, with the adjacent waters of Saidschutz, are
principal civil station of that district, and large military  exported in large quantities.
cantonments.                                                SEDLNITZ. sedldnits, or SEDLNICA, sldl-neet/sA, a vilSECITION TEN, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. P. 402. lage of Austria, in Moravia, 4 miles from Freyberg. P. 1175.
SECTION TEN, a post-village of Ohio. See DrELPHos.        SEDNEV or SEDNEW, sld-nlvf, town,Russia, government,
SECUGEN, sA/koo-ghen, a village of Switzerland, canton  and 16 miles N.E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 1000.
of Aargau, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Hallwyl, 9    SEDO, s/do, a town of West Africa, in Foota-Toro; lat.
miles S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1500.                           150 29' N., lon. 130 42' W. Pop. about 6000.
SECUNDERABAD, se-kfln'der-,-bAdt, a European station    SEEB.EN, s,~ben, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 17
in India, in Deccan, and the head-quarters of the British  miles N.N.E. of Solsure.
subsidiary force in the Nizam's dominions, 3 miles N. of    SEEBERG, se/blso, a village of Switzerland, canton, and
Hyderabad, and 358 miles N.N.W. of Madras. Lat. 170 36' 17 miles N.N.E. of Bern.
N., ion 780 31' E. It has large cantonments, excellent    SEEBGUNGE, seeb'gflnj, a town of British India, presi
bazaars, shops kept by Parsees and others, European rooms. dency of Bengal, 86 miles N.N.E. of MIoorshedabad.
1744




SEE                                                        SEE
SEEBURG, srb6RGtc, a town of East Prussia, 11 miles    SEEILYVILLE, a village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania,
1.W. of Bischofsstein. Pop. 2250.                           mile from Honesdale, and 161 miles from Harrisburg. oion
SEE'DAPOORf, a town of India, in Deccan, Nizam's do- about 350.
minions, 70 miles S.E. of Bejapoor.                           SEEMLEAH, seemfle-1, a town of Central India, domiSEEDAS or SIDAS, see'dbs, (anc. Saittce,) a village of  nion. and S.W. of Indore.
Asia Minor, N.W. of Alah-Shehr, (Philadelphia;) in. the vi-   SEENA, see/n[, a river of India, in Deccan, after a S.E.
cinity are the remains of several ancient temples and other  course of 180 miles joins the Beemah, 20 miles S. of Solabuildings,                                                  poor. The towns of Ahmednuggur and Parrainder are onits
SEEDORF, sA'doRf','a village of Switzerland, canton, and  banks, and in most part of. its extent it flows between the
9 miles N.W. of Bern. Pop. 2000.                            Bombay presidency and the territory of the Nizam.
SEEDOURA, see-doo'rA, a town of British India, in the    SEEND, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts.
protected Sikh territory, 34 miles N.W. of Seharunpoor.       SEENEE or ANCOBRA, a river of Ashantee. See ANCOBER.
SEEIFINGAN, a mountain of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of    SEE-NGAN  or SI-NGAN, se-ng4nf, written also SIAN,
Wicklow, 5~ miles E.N.E. of Blessington. Height, 2364 feet. s;e-An, a city of China, province of Shen-see, capital of a deSEEHAUSEN, sAhbw'zen, a town of Pfussian Saxony, partment, on an affluent of the Hoei-ho; lat. 340 12 N., ion.
government of Magdeburg, on the Aland, 13 miles S.S.W. of 1080 40' E. It is large, enclosed by strong walls, and the
Perleberg. Pop..3110. It is enclosed by walls.             principal military depot for the N. provinces of China.
SEEHAUSEN, a town of Prussian Saxony, 15 miles W.   SEENGEN, sAnlghen, a village of Switzerland, canton of
of Magdeburg, with 2360 inhabitkhts, and the ruins of an  Aargau, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Hallwyl, 9 miles
establishment of the Knights Templars.                      S.E. of Aarau.  Pop. 1500.
SEEHORE, see'hir?, a town of West Hindostan, in the    SEE-NING-FOO, (SI-NING-FOU,) see'ning'foof, atown of
Guzerat Peninsula, 12 miles W. of the Gulf of Cambay.,  China, province of Kan-soo, on a river of its own name,
SEE-KAO-SHAN or SI-KAO-CHAN, see kl;o sh~n, a moun- 118 miles N.W. ofLan-choo.
tain of China, province of Pe-chee-lee, in lat. 410 2' N., ion.   SEE04OE, see'OrF, or SEHORE, see'hbrf, a town of British
1150 55' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.              India, in Nerbudda Territory, 22 miles W.S.W. of Bhopaul.
SEEIKONK, a post-village and township of Bristol co.,   SEER or SIR, seer, a mouth of the Indus River, in Sinde,
Massachusetts, near Blackstone River, on the Boston and  continuous with the Goongroo or Pinyaree Branch, and
Providence Railroad, 6 miles E. by N. of Providence, (Rhode  N.W. of the Koree mouth.
Island.) Pop. 2243.                                           SEERA, seetrY, a town of British India, near the W. exSEE'KREEI, a town of British India, presidency of Ben- tremity of the Upper Provinces, presidency of Bengal, 45
gal, in the Upper Provinces, 26 miles S. of Delhi.          miles E. of Bhatneer.
SEELAJAN, see'lA-jdn, a town of North Hindostan, in    SEERDHUNA, seerd-hoofna, a town of Hindostan. prothe protected Sikh territory, 11 miles S.W. of Rampoor.     vince, and 47 miles N.N.E. of Delhi. Lat. 290 121 N., ion.
SEEILAND, (Fr. pron. s&l1xNdl; Ger. pron. sAllAnt,) SEA- 770 31' E.
LAND, ZEELAND, ZEALAND. zeelllnd, or SIELAND,    SEER'POOR', a town of British India, presidency of Ben(Dan. Sjoelland, sy8l1land; L. Selanldia.) the largest and  gal, 70 miles N.E. of Moorshedabad.
most important of the islands of Denmark, lying between    SEERPOOR, a town of British India, presidency of Bomthe Cattegat and the Baltic Sea. Lat. 540 571 35"t to 560 7t bay, S.W. of Talnair.
40" N., Ion. 100 54' to 120 40' E. It is bounded on the N.   SEERWELL, seer/well, a town of British India, presiand N.W. by the Cattegat; W. by the Great Belt, separating  dency of Bombay, 23 miles S.E. of Poonah.
it from the island of Funen; S. by the Great Belt, and nar-   SEESEN, sxzen, a town of Germany, duchy of Brunsrow channels, separating it from  the islands of Laaland, wick, on the Schildau, 12 miles W. of Goslar. Pop. 2729. It
Falster, and Moen; S.E. by the Baltic; and E. by the sound, has an old castle.
at its narrowest only 3 miles wide, separating it from Swe-    SEE-SHIAN or SI-CHAN, see-shlnt, i mountain of China,
den. Its shape is very irregular, and its shores are very  province of Shan-See.  Lat. 390 24' N., ion. 1120 15' E. It
much indented, especially in the S.W., where it is washed  is covered with perpetual snow.
by the Baltic, and in the W., where an arm of the Cattegat    SEESTADTL, (Seesthdtl,) slsthtt, a town of Bohemia, 13
has penetrated deeply into its interiot. Greatest length, miles N. of Saatz. Pop. 751.
from  N. to S., 81 miles; greatest breadth, 66 miles; area,    SEETAMOW  or SEETAMIIOW, see't&-mwft, a town of
2840 square miles. The surface is for the most part flat, Central India, in the Gwalior dominions, 42 miles N N.W.
and, especially on the S.W. and the middle of the E. coast, of Maheidpoor.
is very little raised above the level of the sea. The highest    SEE'TAPOORI, a town of Central India, in the Gwalior
land is in the S., but its elevation seldom reaches, and never  dominions.
exceeds, 200 feet. The oldest rocks on the island are com-   SEEITHLING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
paratively recent, belonging to the cretaceous system, or    SEEVAS or SIVAS, seelvws, (anc. Cabi-cra and Sebasfte,) a
upper part of the secondary formation. Above it the ter-  town of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of a pashalic of its own
tiary formation also is considerably developed. The subsoil name, is situated in an extensive plain, near the Kizil-Irmak,
generally consists of deep beds of corallines and muscle- 60 miles S. of Tokat. Lat. 390 20' N., lon. about 370 E. Pop.
shells; the soil is an alluvium  of great natural fertility, about 6000 families. It is well built; the houses are interwell adapted to the growth of barley and rye, which form  spersed with gardens, and its numerous minarets give it a
the principal crops. Horses, sheep, and cattle are of in- cheerful appearance. It has many old mosques and khans,
different breeds, and not very numerous. Wood, which at a castle, bazaars well supplied with goods, manufactures of
one time stretched in extensive forests over the whole island, coarse woollens and other faibrics, and a considerable transit
has been much diminished. The supply of fuel would be  and import trade. Near it, Mithridates was defeated by the
very inadequate, were it not compensated, to a considerable  Roman general Lucullus, and Bayazeed (Bajazet) by Timur.
extent, by tracts of turf or peat. The prevailing timbers    SEEVAS, SIVAS, see'vds', or ROOM, room, a pashalic of
are beech and birch, and, to a more limited extent, oak. Asiatic Turkey, comprising portions of Asia Minor and TurThe climate of Seeland, owing to its low surface and insular  kish Armenia, between lat. 380 30' and 410 40' N., and Ion.'
position, is much milder than its latitude indicates. The  330 30' and 390 40' E., having N. the Black Sea, and on other
temperature of Copenhagen, which may be taken as that of  sides Anatolia, and the pashalics of Karaman, Marash, Diarthe whole island, is, in spring, 430 10'; summer, 630 28'; bekir, Erzroom, and Trebizond.  It is traversed from W. to
autumn, 490 36; and winter, 310, or 10 below freezing. The  E. by the chain of Anti-Taurus. The principal rivers are
mean temperature of the whole year is 460 15'. The worst the ~eshil-Irmak, in its centre, the Euphrates on its E., and
feature in the climate is its humidity, and the consequent the Kizil-Irmak (anc. Talys) on its W. frontier. The proprevalence of rains and mists. Fish abound both along the  ducts consist of wheat, maize, barley, oats, flax, hemp, silk,
coasts and in the lakes, of which a great number are scat- tobacco, cotton, wine, timber, wool, fruit, honey, copper,
tered over the interior, though none of them individually is lead, iron, and marble. Large herds of cattle and sheep are
of much extent. The largest, Arresee, is about 24 miles in  fed on the plains. Camels and buffaloes are the chief beasts
circuit. The Suus-aue, which falls into the Nestred-fiord, is  of burden.
the most important stream, having a very circuitous course    SEEVERGEM, sfveDr-shim', t village of Belgium, province
of about 50 miles. The minerals are of no consequence, of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 4 miles S. of Ghent. Pop.
though amber is occasionally found. Seeland is the seat of  1469.
the principal manufactures of Denmark. For adminstrative    SEEWAH or SIWAII, seefwP, an oasis in the Libyan Depurposes, the island is divided into 5 amts or bailiwicks, sert. Its capital, Seewah-el-Hebeer, 310 miles W:S.W. of
which comprehend not merely Seeland proper, but a num- Cairo, is built of fossil salt, the houses clustering round a
ber of small islands that line its coasts. Of these, the  rock. Lat. 290 N., ion. 260 E. The oasis contains several
principal are Mden, Amager, and Saltholm. Its capital is salt lakes, and many date-palms, and the gardens produce
Copenhagen, which is also the capital of the whole Danish  the vine, fig, and pomegranate in abundance. Near it is the
dominions.  Pop. in 1847, 499,400. The name SEELAND, village of Agharmy or Gharmy, with ruins of the temple of
(" Sea-land,") has reference to its being surrounded by the  Jupiter Ammon.
sea.                                                          SEEWANU or SEEWANNU, se-win'noot (?) town and hillSEELOW, sAlftw, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- fort of India, dominions of Joodpoor, the fort being a prinburg, 15 miles N.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 2300.                cipal stronghold of the Joodpoor rajah.
SEFJLYSBURG, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., New    SEEZ, sA, a town of France, department of Orne, 13 miles.
York, 50 miles S. of Buffalo.                              N.N.E. of Alengon, on the Orne. Pop. 5000.() Ithab  a cathe5K                                                                              1745




SEE:SEG
Iral of the twelfth century, an episcopal palace, and cotton  go'vee,) a city of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a, province
manufactures wrought by steam.                              of its own name, 45 miles N:W. of Madrid, on a rock 300
SEEZ, sA, a market-town of Savoy, province of Tarantaise,  paces in height, and 4000 paces in circumference at the top,
on the right bank of the Istre, 10 miles N.E. of Moutiers. and washed by the Eresma and the Clamores. Lat. 410 N.,
Pop. 1850.                                                 ion. 40 17' W: It is encircled by walls, with round towers,
SEFAKIN, sAf4-lceenl, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 65  built by Alouzo VI., and has an Alcazar, the great keep of
miles W.S.W. of Sana, and enclosed by substaintial walls.    which is studded with angular turrets. It is entered by five
SEFAN, se-fbnf, SIFAN, see'f~nu, or SOOFAN, soo'fdnf,  gates, besides several smaller entrances. The streets are
the easternmost portion of Thibet, bordering on the Chinese  very narrow, tortuous, and ill-paved; and the houses, many
provinces of Se-chuen and Kan-soo, and extending from lat. of which were once inhabited by noblemen, have a quaint,
280 to 360 N., bordering N. on Koko Nor. Its chief river is  old-fashioned appearance. Its most remarkable edifice is
the Yang-tse-kiang.                                         the Roman aqueduct, which is indeed the most important
SEFEED  ROOD, SEFID  RUD, sf'eedf rood, ("white  remnant of Roman architecture in Spain. As the steepriver,") written also SUFPEID -IRUD, a river of North Persia, banked streams below are difficult of access, and their waters
formed by the junction of the Zenjan and some other rivers  not very wholesome, the pure current of the Rio Fiio was
with the KizilOozen,nearMiann, fiows at first S.E., between  thus brought from the Sierrca Fiuecfria, distant about 10
the provinces of Irak-Ajemee and Azerbaijan, and then N.E. miles. The aqueduct begins near the monastery of St. Gathrough Ghilan. and enters the Caspian Sea by several briel, and has an entire length of 2921 feet. It commences
mouths, 30 miles E. of Reshd. At 15 miles from the sea it with single arches, which rise higher as the dip of the ground
divides into two principal branches, forming a delta, in  deepens, until they become double. The number of arches is
which is the town of Lahajan. Its lower part is of con- 170, some of which rise 102 feet above the valley. The chansiderable breadth and depth, but its navigation is greatly  nel, at the top, is about 8 feet wide. This noble work is conimpeded by shifting sands, shallows, and a bar at its prin- structed of granite, without cement or mortar, and, like
cipal mouth, opposite which a large sturgeon-fishery exists. other similar erections of the Romans, unites simplicity,
Chief affluent, the Shah-rood.                              solidity, and utility. It was respected by the Goths, but
SEFFIN, sef'feent, a small town of Asiatic Turkey, pa- broken down in 1071 by the Moors of Toledo, who sacked
shalic of Diarbekir. in Mesopotamia, N. of Rakka. During  Segovia, and destroyed 35 arches. It remained in ruins till
the seventh century, in the period of 110 days, 90 conflicts,  1483. By command of Isabella, Juan Escovedo, a monk bebetween the adherents of Alee and of Moawiyah, took place  longing to the Asturias, reconstructed, in admirable style,
in its vicinity, in which it is believed that 70,000 Moham- the part that had been demolished.
medans perished.                                             On the Erestna stands the Casa de Mloneda, ormint, where
SEFISIFIA, SEFICIFA or SIFISSIFA. See AIN-SEFISIFIA. all the national coinage was formerly struck, as the river
SEFOORIEH or SEFURIEH, s4-foofrees-eh  (anc. Sepphol'ris afforded water-power, and the adjoining Alcazar was the
and Dioccesarca,) avillage of Palestine, pashalic, and 16 miles  treasury. In 1730, the gold and silver coinage was transS.E. of Acre, at the foot of a height, on which are the ruins  ferred to Madrid, and now nothing is struck here but copper.
of a large castle.                                         The other principal buildings are the cathedral, one of the
SEGAL, seh-gdl, a small island off the W. coast of France,  finest in Spain, consisting of three naves; numerous other
department of FinistBre.                                   churches, and suppressed convents, an episcopal palace, a
SEG'AMETf or MIUAR, moo-art, a state of the Malay Pe- school of artillery, in which brasscannon are cast, and fireninsula, about lat. 20 N., lon. 1030 E. Pop. 2400.         arms and projectiles manufactured; an institute for the
SEGEBERG, sA/gheh-bSaGo, a town of Denmark, duchy of  higher branches of education, with a library attached; a
Holstein, on the Trave, 28 miles N.N.E. of Hamburg, with  theological school, with various other educational establish3000 inhabitants.                                          ments; an. academy of the fine arts, a picture-gallery, a
SEGEDIN, a town bf HIungary. See SZEGEDIN.               foundling hospital, and numerous other charitable instituSEGELMESA, s~g31-m8s'o, or SIGILMESSA, sig'il:ml-s   tions; a theatre, and a strong prison.  The former pross3, written also SUGULMESSA, a considerable town of Mlo- perity of Segovia depended on its staple, wool, and its qloth
rocco, E. of Mount Atlas, capital of a province, near the  manufactures, with vhich it supplied the principal markets
river Ziz, in lat. 310 10' N., ion. 20 20' W.              in Europe; but this, and indeed nearly every other branch
SEIGELSEM, sA/Ghgls-8m', a village of Belgium, province  of industry, is reduced almost to a nullity, there being only
of East Flanders. 141 miles S. ofGhent. Pop. 2275.         three tanneries, limekilns, and a very limited manufacSEGESVAR, Ablgh~sh'vaat, or SCHASSBURG, (Schlss-  ture of paper, silver-work, &c. Near it are mines of lead
burgh,) shisstb36ne, a town of Transylvania, in Saxonland, and copper, and quarries of black marble. A large fair is
25 miles S.S.E. of Maros Vasarhely, on the left bank of the  held here in June.
Kikillo. Pop. 596.                                           The first notice of Segovia dates from 98 a. c. During the
SEGGIANO, shd-j&no, a village and parish of Tuscany, 4  Moorish ascendency it was a seat of government, and subsemiles N. of Castel del Piano. Pop. 1868.                   quently some of the monarchs of Castile resided here. In
SEGICLER, s~g-iktler or slglik'ler (?)avillage of Asia Minor, 1474 Isabella proceeded in stats from the Alcazar, and was
in Anatolia, 25 miles S.E. of Ushlck, with various remains, proclaimed Queen of Castile; and Charles I. of England was
supposed to be those of the ancient Sbaste.                 hospitably entertained in it by the governor in 1623. In
SEGNA, Croatia, the Italian name of Z.ENGG.              the same building, which Philip V. converted into a state
SEGNES (segfnds) PASS, East Switzerland, between Gla- prison, he confined the Dutch charlatan Ripperda, who had
rus and the Grisons, is 71 miles N. ofIlanz, and 7500 feet risen fi-om nothing to be premier. June 7, 1808, Segovia
above the sea. It was crossed by Suwarrow in his retreat  was entered and sacked by the French, who held it till 1814.
before the French. October, 1799.                           Pop., once above 30,000, now reduced to 6625.
SEGNI, stn'yee or sainlyee, a town of South Italy, in the    SEGOVIA, a province of Spain, in Old Castile. Area,
PontificialStates, 13milesE. ofVelletri. lPop. 4110. It was  3061 square miles. Pop. 155,000. Capital, Segovia.
the birthplace of Popes Vitalian, Innocent III., Gregory IX.,   SEGRE, sA!gr, a river of Spain, in Catalonia, rises in the
and Alexander IV.                                           Pyreunees, flows S.W., and after a course of 150 miles, joins
SEGO, sigo, or SEGOZERO, sA-go-z/ro, a lake of Russia,  the Ebro at Mequinenza.
government of Olonets, 30 miles N.W. of Lalke Onega. Length    SEGR]ri, seh-grs/, a town of France, department of Maineand breadth, about 20 miles' each. It discharges its surplus  et-Loire, on the Oudon, 20 miles N.W. of Angers. P. 1748.
waters N.E., into Lake Vigo.                                  gEGRIE, seh-greel, a village of France, department of
SEGO, a town of Central Africa, Soodan, capital of the  Sarthe, 17 miles S.W. of Mamers. Pop. 1725.
state of Bambarra, on the Joliba, (Niger.) Lat. 130 5 N., Ion.   SEGUIN, seelgrwin, a small island off the mouth of Ken50 W. Estimated pop. 30,000, amixture ofnegroes and Moors. nebec River, Maine. On it is a light-house, 200 feet above
It consists ofan aggregation of fortified quarters, in one of  the level of the sea, containing a fixed light. Let. 430 41'
which'is a royal residence. The houses are ofclay, square, and  403 N., lon. 69o 44' W.
fiat roofed. It has numerous mosques, and is the seat of    SEGUIN,  a post-village, capital of Guadalupe co., Texas,
considerable traffic. Here Mungo Park first saw theJoliba.  on the Guadalupe River, 70 miles S. of Austin-City.  It has
SEIGO, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio.                 improved rapidly since the completion of the college buildSEGOBRIGA. See SEGOR.BE.                                 ings, which are an ornament to the place. This institution
SEGODUNUM. See RonEz.                                    comprises a male and female department, and occupies two
SEGOE, a parish of Ireland.  See SEAnor.                 stone buildings 60 feet in length and 2 stories high.
SEGONZAC, sAg6NSe'ziAk.  a mairket-town ofFrance, depart-   SEGUNDO, sd-goonldo, a river of the Argentine IRepublic,
ment of Chaente, 8 miles S.E of Cognac. Pop. 2600.        (La Plata) rises in the sierras of Cordova, 27 miles W.S.W.
SEGORBE, se-gor/bA, (anc. fgoblriga,) a city of Spain, pro- of the city of that name, flows E., and after a course of about
vince, and 25 miles W.S.W. of Castellon de la Plana, near 130 miles is lost in a marshy lake, 90 miles W. of Santa F3.
the right bank of the Palencia, 18 miles N.W'. of Murviedro.   SI GUl, seh-giin!, several communes of France, the prinLat. 39~ 54' N., lon. 00 30' W. Pop. 6015. It has squares  cipal in the department of Aveyron, 18 miles N.W:   of 1lilornamented with public fountains, a cathedral, and manu- lau.  Pop. 1390.
factures of earthenware. paper, starch, and brandy.         SEGURA,  s-1goofre, a river of Spain, in -Murcia and VaSEGOUAM, se-goo-Amu, or GORELI, go-rnAlee, the eastern- lencia, after an E. course of 180 miles, enters the Mediterra-.
most of the Andreanov Islands, in the Aleutian Archipelago,  nean at Guardaniar. The principal affluents are the GuadaV. of Amichta. Lat. 520 22' N., lon. 1720 18' W.         lentid and Quipar from the S., and MIundo from the N. It
SEGOVIA, se-gotve-a, (Sp. pron. s&-gotve-A; Fr. Sggovie, s,'- feeds numerous canals.
1746




SEG                                                         SEI
SEGtTRA, a village of Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, 11  SaSne-et-Loire, joins the SaSne 15 miles N. of Macoti, after A
miles S.W. of Tolosa. Pop. 972.                             S.W. couise of 60 miles, for the latter 24 of which it is
SEGURA, a sierra of Spain, in Andalusia, stretching from  navigable.
S.W. to N.E. thriugh the provinces of Albacete, Granada,    SEILLE, GRANDE  gliNd sAT, a river of France, departand Jaen, for about 150 miles, joining the sierra of Alcaraz. ments of Meurthe and Moselle, joins the Moselle at Metz,
SEGURA, a town of Spain, province, and 38 miles N.N.E. after a N. course of 60 miles.
ofTeruel. Pop. 823.                                           SEILLE, PETITE, (peh-teet/,) an affluent of the latter,
SEGURA DE LA SIERRA, sA-goofrA dA 1l se-krhAc, a town  which it joins at Chateau-Salfns.
of Spain, province, and 60 miles N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 2471.   SEILLES, sAT, a village of Belgium, pgovince, and 23 miles
Near it are copper, silver, and lead mines.                 S.W. of Liege, on the Meuse. Pop. 1129.
SEGURA DE LEON, sA-goo'rA dA lA-6n, a town of Spain,   SEILOON, SEILOUN or SEILUN, sAloonl, a village of
province, and 44 miles S.S.E. of Badajos, with a fne old  Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 10 miles S.S.E. of Nabloos. It
castle. Pop. 2960.                                          has various remains of antiquity, and is probably the Shiloh
SEGUSIANORUMI FORUL. See FeuRs.                           of Scripture.
SEGUSIUM.  See SusA.                                        SEIM, sAm, or SEM, sem, a river of Russia, formed in the
SEHAJPOOR, sA-haj-poorf, or SOIIAGEPOOR, soe-hj-poorf, government of Koorsk, 30 miles S. of Tim, flodws mostly W.,
a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, in the Ner- and joins the Desna in the government of Tchernigov, 5
budda territory, 30 miles E. of Hosungahad.                 miles S.E. of Sosnitsa, after a course of 300 miles.
SELHARA, se-hilrd, a village of British India, in the Up-   SEIMIARRAII, si-marln, a ruined city of Persian Koorper Provinces, 8 miles W. of Agra, with a spacious palace.   distan, in a fine plain, W. of the river Korkhah, 70 miles
SEHIARUNPOOR, si-hg-rin-poorl, the capital of a district S.W. of Khorramabad.
of its own name, a large town, and at one period a consider-   SEIN, sin, (anc. Sna,) an islet in the Atlantic, off the
able military station, 88 miles N.N.E. of Delhi, on the Dooab  N.W. coast of France, department of FinistBre, 28 miles
Canal. Lat. 29c 57' N., Ion. 77~ 32' E. It has a fort, and  S.W. of Brest. Length, 2 miles.
many brick edifices.                                          SEINE, sin or sin, (anc. Seqluana,) a river of France, rises
SEHIARUNPOOR or SAHARUNPOOR, si-hi-rfiln-poor, a  in Mount Tasselot, near the village of. Chanceaux, departdistrict of British India, presidency of Bengal. Area, 1961  ment of CSte-d'Or, flows N.N.W. past Chdtillon, Bar-sursquare miles. Pop. 454,331.                                 Seine, and Mery, where it becomes nqvigable; thence W.
SEUDINE, sih'deenl,(?) atown ofBurmah, 20 miles S. by  and N.W. by Paris, where it is from 300 to 500 feet broad; it
W. of Shembeghewn,ontheroad to Aeng in Aracan.             enters the English Channel at Havre by an estuary 7 miles
SEHON. See SIHoN.                                         wide. Length, 497 miles, for 350 of which it is navigable.
SEIIORE, a town of British India. See SEEnE.             Its banks are highly picturesque in the lower part of Its
SEHWAN, se-wAnf, a town of Sindle, on an eminence be- course. The chief affluents on the left are the Yonne,
side the Arul, close to the W. bank of the Indus, 75 miles  Loing, Essonne, Eure, and Rille; and on the  ight, the
N.N.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 260 21' N., Ion. 670 55' E. Pop. Aube, Marne, and Oise. It communicates with the Loire
2000.                                                       by the canals of Loing, Orleans, and Briare.  The Yonne
SEIANO or SEJANO, si-y/no, a village of Naples, pro- unites it with the SaOne and Rhine by the canals of Burvine of Naples. Pop. 1520.                                 gundy and those of the Rhone and Rhine. The Oise conSEIBERLINGVILLE, silber-ling-vil, a post-office of Le- nects it with the Somme, Scheldt, and Sambre, by the
high co., Pennsylvania.                                     canals of Crozat, St. Quentin, and the Sambre, and it comSEIBOUS or SEIBUS, written also SEBUS, (anc. isubri-  municates with the Meuse by the Aisne and the canal of
carteus,) a river of Algiers, flows into the Gulf of Bona. Ardennes; by the canal from the Marne to the Rhine it
Length, 100 miles.                                          communicates with the Meuse, Moselle, and Rhine.
SEIDABAD, sA'dg-bdl, several villages of Persia, pro-   SEINE, the smallest but most wealthy and important devinces of Azerbaijan, IKerman, and Koordistan.              partment of France, in the N., formed of part of the old pro.
SEIDAU, sIldbw, a village of Saxony, 1 mile W. of Baut- vince  of Ile-de-France.  Area, 185 square miles.  Pop. in
zen.  Pop. 2009.                                            1852, 1,420,580. The surface of this department, forming
SEID EL GHAZY, sAd 61 gizee, a village of Asia Minor,  the environs of Paris, is covered with towns, villages, villas,
20 miles S.S.E. of Eskee-Shehr, and around which are remains and manufactories.  It contains Ment, Valr ien, Montof antiquity.                                               martre, and some other hills; is watered by the Seine and
SEIDENBERG, si/den-biEno.  a town of Prussian Silesia, Marne, and traversed by the canals of St. Denis and St.
48 miles W.S.W. of Liegnite, on the Katzbach. Pop. 1320.   Martin, and by several railways.  The department contains
SEItDERSVILLE, a post-office of Northampton co., Penn- valuable quarries of building-stones and gypsum. It fursylvania.                                                   nishes Paris with immense quantities of vegetables, melons,
SEIDINGSTADT, slding-stit', a village of Saxe R ein- peaches, and strawberries. Its industry is concentrated in
ingen, 5 miles N.W. of IIeldburg, with a ducal summer  Paris, the capital. It is divided into the arrondissements of
palace.                                                     St. Denis and Sceaux.  Capital Paris.
SEIDI SHEHR, sfdee  shihlr. a town of Asia Minor,    SEINE-ET-MARNE, sin A maRn, a department in the N.E.
pashalic of Karamania, 45 miles S.W. of Konieh. It coin- of France, forming part of the old province of Ile-de-France.
prises from 400 to 500 houses.                              Area. 2154 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 345,076. The surface
SEIDI SHEIHR, LAKE OF, another name for that of Beg-  is slightly undulating; it is traversed by the rivers Seine
shehr, (anc. Caralitis,) 20 miles N.N.E. of the above town.-   and Marne, Morin and Yeres, and by the canals of L'Ourcq
SEIDLITZ.  See SEDLIrZ.                                  and Loing.  One-sixth of the department is covered with
SEIFENBERG, siffen-bhio, a summit of the Riesenge- forests, among which is that of Fontainebleau.  Corn is
birge, in Prussian Silesia, 8 miles S.S.W. of IHirschberg.  raised much beyond the consumption, and it has excellent
Elevation, 4476 feet.                                      pasturages, in which numerous cattle are reared. It furSEIFERSDORF, slfers-donf, or SEIERSDORF, a village  nishes Paris with a great quantity of cheese under the
of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1636.                 name of the cheese of Brie. The wine is of inferior quality,
SEIFERSDORF, siffers-donf, a village of Prussian Silesia, except the Chasselas of the environs of Fontainebleau,
government of Liegnitz, circle of Buntelau. Pop. 1129.     which is the best in France. The roses of Provins are emSEIFFEN, slfffen, a market-town of Saxony, 20 miles  ployed in medicine and perfumery.  The department is
S.S.E. of Freiberg.  Pop. 1097.                            divided into the arrondissements of Coulommimers, FontaineSEIFIIENNERSDORF, slf-hinnners-doecf', a village of  bleau, Meaux, Melun. and Provins. Capital, Melun.
Saxony, 9 miles N.W. of Zittau. Pop. 5577, engaged in dye-   SEINE-ET-OISE, sAn  i wiz, a department in the N. of
inug, and the manufacture of linen.                        France, entirely surrounding the metropolitan department
SEIGItFORD, seerford. a parish of England,-co. of Stafford. of Seine. Area, 2141 square miles.  Pop. in 1852, 471,882.
SEIGNELAY, skn'y9l-lI, a market-town of France, de- The surface is undulating. It is watered by the Seine,
partient ofYonne, 7 miles N. of Auxerre. Pop. 1523.         Essouec, Oise, Biivre, and Epte.  The soil is infertile;
SEIIOUN, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See SvHOON.         near Paris, however, it is liberally manured. Oats are exSEIKS, a warlike nation of Iindostan. See Sians.          tensively imported; but other grains are raised in sufficient
SEIL, seel, an island of the Inner I-Iebrides. in Scotland, quantity for home demand.  The rearing of cattle and
co. of Argyle, immediately off the mainland, 27 miles S.W. sheep, and cultivation of fruits and vegetables for the Paris
of Kilninver.  Length, 47 miles. It is 800 feet in height, markets. are important. The famous Sevres porcelain, and
but has some low valleys and fertile soil.                  printed fabrics, cotton-yarn, and cloths, hardwares, leather,
SEILAND, sl/lAnd, an island off the N.W. coast of Norway, and chemical products, are among the chief goods manufacin Finmark, immediately S.W. of IHammerfest. Lat. 700 30' tured, as plastei- of Paris and sand are among the mineral
N., lon. 220 30, E. Length and breadth, about 20 miles products. The department is subdivided into the six arroneach. The surface is mountainous, and one of its peaks is  dissements of Versailles, Corbeil, Etampes, Mantes, Pontoise,
4000 feet high.                                             and Ranmbouillet. Capital, Versailles.
SEILIAiA, si'llkt, a market-town of France, department    SEINE-INF]jRIEURE, sin  ANG'fA're-veJ, a maritime deof CorrBze, 6 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1620.             pertinent in the N.W. part of France, forming part ofthe old
SEILLANS,  sPAl'y8NO or sA'y6aNI, or SAILLANS, sh'y6ce/,  province of Normandy, bounded N. by the English Chtannel.
a market-town of F'rance, department of Vat-, 10 miles N.E. Area, 2298 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 762,039. The coast
of Draguignan. Pop. 1049.                                   has numerous small harbors; the chief ports are IHavre aled
SEILLE, sAT, a river of France, departments of Jura and  Dippe on the English Channel, and Rouen  on the Seine
1747




SEI                                                        SEL
The department is watered by several small streams; but and then S.W., and enters the Gulf of Salerno, (Mediterra
the Seine is the only river of importance. The surface is nean,) 16 miles S.S.E. of Salerno. Total course. 60 miles.
composed of fertile and well-cultivated plains; an eighth    SELEFKEH, si-llflkeh, (anc. S&lezdcia Trachta?) a town
part of it is covered with forests. Corn, hops, hemp, lint, of Asia Minor, pashalic of Adana, on the Ghieuk-soo, (auc.,
and fruits are the chief products; cidelr is extensively made. Calycadlnus,) 8 miles firom its mouth in the Mediterranean,
The pastures support many horses, cattle, and large flocks and 65 miles S.W. of Tarsus.  It is but a poor collection
of sheep. Rouen is celebrated for its cotton, and Elbeuf for  of huts, occupying a part of a wide surface, over which
its woollen fabrics. The department is divided into the  are scattered. numerous remains of antiquity, comprising a
arrondissements of Dieppe, Havre, Neufchltel, Rouen, and  ruined theatre.
Yvetot. Capital, nRouen.                                      SELENDI, sA-l1ntdee, or SELENTI, s?-l~n/tee, a small
SEINNI, srn'neen, a frontier town of Burmah, near the  town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on an affluent of the Kcriver Salwin. 165 miles N.E. of Ava.                        does, (anc. _res-lmus,) 30 miles N.E. of Ala-Shehr.
SEIPUTSCIH, silp6tsh, or ZYWIEC, zivle-Ats(?) a town of    SELENGA, sA-lng'gA, a river of Central Asia, rises in the
Austrian Galicia, 21 miles S.W. of Wadowice, on the Sole. Tang-noo Mountains, in Mongolia, flows mostly N.E., and
Pop. 3370.                                                  after a course of 500 miles enters Lake Baikal, on its E.
SEIR-BENI-YASS, sAr buneeW yAss, an island in the Per- side, 30 miles W. of Ilinsk.
sian Gulf, off the Arabian coast; let. 240 21' N., ion. 520    SELENGHINSK, s6Plng-ghinskl, a town of Siberia govern46' E.                                                      ment of Irkootsk, capital of a district, on the Selenga, 60
SEISIIHOLTZVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsyl- miles N. of Kiakhta. Pop. 2600. It is a depOt for goods
vania.                                                      passing to China. Near it are some saline baths.
SEISTAN, sAs'tAnt, a province of South-west Afghanistan,   SELENIA, (s,-le-neel?) CAPE, a promontory on the N.E.
bordering on the Persian province of Yezd, between let. 300  coast of Asia, in the Gulf of Anadeer; let. 620 42' 30" N., ion.
30' and 320 N., and Ion. 610 and 62~ 30' E., intersected by  1770 49' 48" E.
the IHelmund River, and containing the Hamoon morass.    SELENNAK. sa-ln-nakl, a river of Siberia, rises in the
Pop. probably 50,000, mostly Tadjiks.  It is a mountain  government of Yakootsk, lat. 620 N., flows E.N.E., and joins
basin, surrounded by deserts, unhealthy, and only fertile  the Indighirka after a course of about 130 miles.
on the immediate banks of the rivers; but it presents many    SELENTER SEE, sAglen-ter sA, a lake of Denmark, in the
traces of former wealth and civilization. It was devastated, N.E. of the duchy of Holstein; area, 12 square miles. Depth
and its chief town destroyed by Timur, in 1383.             at some places. 40 fathoms.
SEITENDORF, slten-doecf', a village of Prussia, province    SELENTI, a town of Asia Minor. See SILINTY.
of Silesia, government of Breslau, near Waldenburg. P. 1060.   SELEUCIA, sA-loofshe-a, a city of antiquity in Asiatic
SEITENDORF, sYten-donPf, (MITTEL, mitttel, NIEDER, neel- Turkey, on the right bank of the Tigris, 20 miles S.E. of
der, and OBER, olber,) a village of Prussia, government of  Bagdad, and opposite the remains of Ctesiphon.
Liegnitz, circle of Schlnau. Pop. 936.                        SELEUCIA, a city of antiquity in Persia, Khoozistan, on
SEITENDORF or SEITGENDORF, sItfghen-doRf', a town  an affluent of the Jerahi, 65 miles S.E. of-Shooster.
of Saxony, 27 miles S.E. of Bautzen. Pop. 2067.               SELEUCIA PIERIA, a city of Nolth Syria. See SELEFKEH.
SEITENSTADTEN, (Seitenstidten,) sFten-stet'ten, a mar-    SELFRIDGEVILLE, a post-office of Will co., Illinois.
ket-town of Lower Austria, 11 miles E. of Steyer. Pop. 590.   SEL/HIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
It has a rich Benedictine monastery, containing a library    SELIGENSTADT, s~ilia-en-stAtt',  a town of Germany, in
of 10,000 volumes, a cabinet of natural history, and nume- Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starlkenburg, on the Main. 15
rous Roman antiquities.                                     miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 2624. It has the remains
SEITOVA, s,-tolvd, a market-town of Russia, government, of a Benedictine abbey, containing the tombs of Eginhard,
and 15 miles N. of Orenboorg, on the Sakmara. Pop. 800.   and of Emma. daughter of Charlemagne. There are copper
SEITZ, sits, or KLOSTER-SEITZ, klosfter sits, a village  and coal-mines in the vicinity. Near it are the ruins of the
of Austria, in Styria, about 20 miles from Cilly. Pop. 2450.  castle of Rothenburg.
SEIX, sAx (?) a town of France, department of Ari~ge, on    SELIGENTIAL, sA/li-en-t0l, a village of Germany, in
the Salat, 9 miles S.S.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 1689.         Hesse-Cassel, province of Fulda, 4 miles N.W. of SchmalSEL, one of the Cape Verd Islands. See SAL.               kalden.  Pop. 1163.
SELANG, sqAMngf, a small island of the Molucca group,   SELIGIHER, sA-le-gaia, a lake of Russia, governments of
in the Malay Archipelago, off the S.E. coast of Batshian;  Tver and Novgorod, N. of Ostashkov.  Length, 30 miles;
lat. 00 54' S., ion. 1270 47' E.                            breadth, 10 miles. It is the source of an affluent of the
SELANGAN, sAlUn'g nl, a town of the island of Mur- Volga.
dinao, and contiguous to the town of Mindanao, in the    SELIME or SELIMEH, sA-leelma, an oasis in the desert
Philippines. Pop. 10,000. (?)                               of Nubia, 220 miles S.W. of Deir, and W. of the third caSELANIKI. See SALONICA.                                   taract of the Nile. It produces an abundance of salt.
SELARGIUS, sA-lar/je-oos, a village of Sardinia, division,    SELIMNO, sA-limlno, SELIMNIA, sA-limlne-a, written
and 41 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2511.                   also ISLAMJE and ISLAMDJI, is-ldmfje, a walled town of
SELAT/TYN, a parish of England, co. of Salop.             European Turkey, in Room-Elee, at the S. foot of the BalSELAYA, sA-liP, a town of Spain, province of Santander. kan Mountains, 65 miles N.N.W. of Adrianople. Pop. 20,000,
Pop. about 1000.                                            who manufacture coarse woollens, gun-locks, and attar of
SELB, selb, a market-town of Bavaria, on an affluent of  roses. It has a large fair in June.
the Eger, 12 miles N.W. of Eger, with a castle. Pop. 3400.    SE-LING, sA'lingl, a city of China, province of Quang-see, on
SELBITZ, selibits, a market-town of Bavaria, 7 miles W. the Touquin fi-ontier, 12 miles S.W. of See-Ming.
of Hof, with 1160 inhabitants.                                SELINO, sA-leetno, a maritime village of Crete, on its S.
SELBOE, (selbbe,) s3l'bS'eh, an islet off the W. coast of  coast, 35 miles W. of Sphakia. It has a fort, and some
Norway, stift, and 28 miles S. of Bergen, in SelbSe-flord.  coasting trade in agricultural produce.
SELBOE, a parish of Norway, stiff, and 25 miles S. of    SEPLINSGROVE, a post-borough of Penn township, Union
Trondhjem, around the LAKE OF SELBOE, which is 20 miles  co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Susquehanna,
in length, by 3 miles in breadth. It receives the river Nea,  at the mouth of Penn's Creek, 50 miles N. of Rarrisburg.
and communicates with Trondhjem-fiord.                      It is situated in a rich farming district. The grain and flour
SEL'BORNE, a parish of England, co. of Iants, 4 miles  exported from the vicinity are shipped here by canal.
S.S.E. of Alton. The Rev. G. White, author of the "Natural    SELINTI, a town of Asia Minor. See SILINTY.
History of Selborne," was vicar of this parish.               SELINUS.  See CASTEL VETRANO.
SELUBY, a market-town, river-port, and parish of Eng-    SELISHTCHE, si-litchlA, or SELITSCHE, a market-town
land, co. of York, West Riding, on the right bank of the  of Russian Poland, government, and 69 miles W. of Vitebsk.
Ouse, and connected by canal with the Aire and Calder  Pop. 1000.
Navigation',121 miles S. of York, with which city, and with    SEsITRENOI-GO RODOK,  sA-le-trA-noil go-ro-dokl, a marHull and Leeds, it communicates by railways. Pop. of the  ket-town of Russia, government, and 68 miles N.N.W. of Astown, in 1851, 5109. It is well built, and has a fine Gothic  trakhan, on the Volga, occupying the site of the old capital
market-cross, a neat town-hall, a church which formed part of the Tartar khans of the Great or Golden tribe, imposing
of an abbey in which Henry I. was born, grammar and  remains of which ancient town still exist.
blue-coat schools, manufactures of sail-cloth, leather, and    SELITZA, sA-lit/sA, a village of European Turkey, in Mairon goods, and slips for building river-craft.  The Ouse is cedonia, sanjak, and 48 miles S.E. of Monastir.
here crossed by a movable bridge, and vessels of considerable    SELITZA, a village of Greece, in the Morea, district, and
burden can come up to the town from Hull, with which  5 miles S.E. of Maina.
port, London, &c. it has constant steam and other commu-   SELfKIRK  or SELKIRKSHIRE, sellkirk-shjr. formerly
nication.                                                  called the ETTRICK FOREST, a small inland county of ScotSELIBYSPORT, a post-village of Alleghany co., Maryland, land, in the Lowlands, having W. the co. of Peebles, E.,
on the Youghiogheny River, about 40 miles W. by N. of  Roxburgh, S., Dumfiries, and N., Edinburghshire. Area, 263
Cumberland.                                                square miles, or 168.320 acres, of which about 85,000 are
SELIBYYILLE, a post-office of Sussex co., Delaware.      arable, 30,000 uncultivated, and 53;000 waste. Pop. in 1851,
SEI/DEN, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.         9809. Surface mostly mountainous. Principal rivers, the
SELE, se/lA, or SILARO, se-l/ro, (anc. Solafrus,) a river-of  Tweed, with its tributaries the Ettrick and Yarrow. Its
Naples, province of Principato Citra, riises 12 miles N.E. of  industry is chiefly pastoral, but its agriculture has been con
Policastro, flows first N.W.'through the fine Val di Diane, siderably improved within the last half centuryi Principal
1748




SEL                                                       SEM
Itowns, Selkirk and Galashiels. The county sends I member    SELTERS, NIEDER, neetder sallters, a village c: Ger.
to the House of Commons.                                  many, duchy of Nassau, 23 miles N. of Mentz. Pop. 874.
SELKIRK, a royal burgh, town, and parish of Scotland, It is famous for its mineral springs, which furnish the wellcapital of the above county, on a declivity beside the Et- known Seltzer water.
trick, on the right bank, 33 miles S.S.E. of Edinburgh. Pop.   SELTERS, OBER, ofber selters, a village of Germany,
of the burgh, in 1851, 3314. It has been mostly rebuilt in a  duchy of Nassau, 11 miles S. of Nieder Selters.
modern style, and has a spacious market-place, in which are    SELTSCHAN, sflt.shln'; or SEDLOZANY, sldl-ch.Ynee, a
the town-hall, with a spire 110 feet is height, a public well, town of Bohemia, 30 miles S.E. of Beraun. Pop. 1698.
and a monument to Sir Walter Scott. The other principal   SELTZ or SELZ, silts, a town of France, department of
structures are the churches, the jail, and a monument to  Bas-RIhin, on the Rhine, at the mouth of the Seltsbach, 27
the traveller Mungo Park, a native of the vicinity. It has  miles N.N.E. of Strasbourg.  Pop. in 1852, 2402.
various public associations and schools, and some manufac-    SELUNE, sgh-lt'in, a river of France, department of
tures of tweeds, blankets, and hosiery in mills on the Et- Manche, enters Cancale Bay (a part of the English Channel)
trick. The manufacture of shoes has declined; but the  4 miles S.W. of Avranches, after a W. course of 35 miles, for
"Isouters of Selkirk" are still an important craft of the com- the last 8 of which, from Ducey, it is navigable.
munity. On the Tweed, about 4 miles from Selkirk, is Ab-   SELVA, s~l1vA, a town of Spain, province, and 9 miles
botsford, the seat of the late Sir Walter Scott; and adjacent N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 4579.
to the town, the Marquis of Montrose was defeated by Gene-   SELVA, a Spanish town, on the island of Majorca, on a
ral Leslie in 1645.                                       height, N.E. of Palma. Pop. 1390.
SEL'KIRK, a post-office of Marion district, South Caro-   SELVA, a town of Chili. See CoPIAro.
lina.                                                       SELVA, sellvl, a town near the centre of the island of Ma.
SELKIRKSHIRE. See SeLKnaX.                              jorca, 18 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 3915.
SELLA, sbl/yt, a river of Spain, after a course of about 36    SELVA DE MAR, s~llvA deh man, a town of Spain, promiles falls into the Bay of Biscay, forming the bay and port vince of Gerona, with a small harbor on the Mediterranean,
of Ribadesella.                                           near the frontier of France, 5 miles N.E. of Rosas.
SELLA, a town of Spain, in Valencia, province, and 19    SELVE, selfvA, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic,
miles N.N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1670.                      between Ulbo and Premuda. Length, 4 miles.
SELfLACK, a parissh of England, co. of Hereford.          SELVI, s~lfvee, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria,
SELL]~ or CELL], sl'hlf, a river of France, departments  on an affluent of the Danube, sanijak, and 47 miles S.S.E. of
of Cantil and Lot, joins the Lot 10 miles E. of Cahors, after Nicopolis. Pop. 2500.
a S.W. course of 54 miles, past Figeac.                     SEL'WORTHY, a parish of England, co.-of Somerset.
SELLE or CELLE, a river of France, departments of Aisne    SELZ, a town of France. See SELTZ.
and Nord, joins the Scheldt (Exaut) near Bouchain. Total   SELZ, silts, a river of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt,
course, 23 miles.                                         after a N. course of 30 miles, joins the Rhine 7 miles W. of
SELLE, LA, a village of France, department of Mayenne, Meets.
4 miles W. of Craon. Pop. 1511.                              SEM, a river of Russia. See SERu.
SELPLERSBURG, a post-village on the Jeffersonville Rail-   SEMANAGUR, sA-mA-n&gir, atown of IHindostan, domiroad, in Clarke co., Indiana, 9 miles N. of Jeffersonville.  nions of Oude, 41 miles N. of Khyrabad.
SELILERS' TAVERN, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl-   SEMAO, sA-m~o, or SIMAO, se-mio, a small island of the
vania.                                                     Malay Archipelago, off the S.W. extremity of Timor, from
SELLES-SAINT-DENIS, sall s-ING deh-neel, a village of which it is separated by a narrow strait. Estimated length,
France, arrondissement of Romorantin. Pop. 1928.           20 miles. It exports wax, sandal-wood, and edible birds'SELLES-SUR-CHER, s1ll siia shaia, a town of France, de- nests.
partment of Loir-et-Cher, on the Cher, 10 miles S.W. of Ro-   SEMD, semt, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of
morantin. Pop. 2033.                                       Starkenburg, circle of Dieburg, near Umstadt. Pop. 1146.
SELILING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                SEMENDRIA, se-men'dre-A, a fortified town of Servia, and
SELTLINGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            formerly the residence of its kings, on the Danube, at the
SELLNITZ, sllfnits, or SELLETZ, s.ltllts, a village of Bo- influx of the Jessava, 24 miles S.E. of Belgrade. Estimated
hemia, on the Bela, 5 miles from Briix. Pop. 1398.         pop. 9000. It has a citadel, and some Roman antiquities.
SELLYE, slll1yA, a market-town of West Hungary, co.,   SEMENOOD, sA-mA-noodf, or SAMANUD, sa-min-noodf,
and 14 miles S.W. of Neutra, near the Waeg, with a castle.  (anc. ~ben sytus,) a town of Lower Egypt, on the Damietta
SELLYE, a market-town of West Hiungary, co. of Schu- branch of the Nile, 4 miles E. of MIehallet-el-Kebeer. It has
meg, 36 miles S. of Kaposvar.                              some remains of antiquity, and a considerable manufacture
SELlA, a thriving post-vilIage of Dallas co., Alabama, of earthenwares.
on the right bank of the Alabama River, about 70 miles    SEMENOOKA, sit-mi-noolk, a market-town of Russia,
below Montgomery. It is the S. terminus of the Alabama  government, and 90 miles N.E. of Voronezh.
and Tennessee River Railroad. The Central Railroad of    SEMENORSKAIA, sA-mA-nor-skP/, a market-town of RueAlabama extends W. Selma is surrounded by a rich and  sia, government of Moscow.
populous district, and has an active business. It contains    SEMENOV or SEMENOW, s&-m4.nov1, a town of Russia,
several churches and a newspaper office. Pop. estimated  government, and 36 miles N.N.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod.
at 1500.                                                   Pop. 3000, partly employed in manufacturing wooden wares.
SELMA. a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana.             SEMER, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
SELMIA, a post-office of Campbell co., Virginia.           SEMERONE, see-me-rhn?, or CIMARRON, (Sp. pron. seSELMA, a post-office of Clark co., Ohio.                 mae-nhn,) a considerable river of the Indian Territory, rises
SELMA, a post-office of McLean co., Illinois.         in the Rocky Mountains, in let. 370 N., and flowing nearly
SELMA, a post-village of Jefferson co., Missouri, on the  E., falls into the Arkansas in about Ion. 970 30' W. Length,
Mississippi River, 35 miles S. by W. of St. Louis.         estimated at 600 miles. It is not navigable.
SELMAST, s~llmist, a town of Persia, province of Azer-   SEMIDE, sa-meediA, a town and parish of Portugal, probaijan, within 15 miles N.W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. It con- vince of Douro, 8 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 2030.
tains about 1500 families.                                   SEMILE, sA-meefl, SEMILOV or SEMIILOW, sI-me-lovf,
SELMECZ BXNYA. See SCHEMeITZ.                           written also SEMILL, a town of Bohemia, on the Isar, 23
SEL'MESTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         miles N.E. ofBuntzlau,with a castle, and 1720 inhabitants.
SELOIGNES, sl'lwifli, a village of Belgium, province of    SEMINARA, si-me-n/mrl, a town of Naples, province of
Hainaut, on the Eau Blanche and Oise, near the frontiers Calabria Ultra II., 2 miles S.E. of Palmi.  Pop. 2500. It has
of France, 33 miles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 1014.              a collegiate church.
SELONGEY, seh-l6NGzhYf, a market-town of France, de-   SEMIINARY, a post-office of Washita co., Arkansas.
partment of C~te-d'Or, on the Venelle, 19 miles N.N.E. of    SEMIINOLE INDIANS, a once powerful tribe dwelling in
Dijon. Pop. 1645.                                         Florida. Most of them have been removed to the W. of the
SELOWITZ or SEELOWITZ,   silo-dits'.  a town of Mo- Mississippi.
ravia, 11 miles S. of Brtinn, on the Zwittawa. Pop. 1100.   SEMIPALATINSK, sA-me-p-l&-tinskl, written also SEMISELSATE, sel-saltA, a village of Belgium, province of East PATALATINSK, and SEMIPOLATINSK, (i. e. " the seven
Flanders, 12 miles N.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3100.            palaces,") a fortified town of Siberia, government of Tomsk,
SELSEA or SELSEY, sellsee, a village and parish of Eng- on the Irtish, 250 miles S.W. of Barnaul. It has Russian
land, co. of Sussex, occupying the S.W. extremity of the  government establishments, is the seat of some trade with
county, 8 miles S. of Chichester. The village, neatly built, Independent Toorkistan, and derived its name from extenabout half a mile from the sea, has a stately church of the  sive buildings found there by the Russians, on their confourteenth century.  Here, in the seventh century, was quest of Siberia.
established the first Roman Catholic monastery in England,   SEMISOPOCHNOI, sA-me-so-po   p-noit, or ISLE OF THE
and Selsey was a bishopric, until the see was transferred to  SEVEN MOUNTAINS, belonging to the Aleutian ArchipeChichester, in A. D. 1075. The peninsula of Selsea is a large  lago, and to the group known by the name of the Kryci or
level tract between Chichester Harbor and the English  Rat Islands, about lat. 510 59' N., and Ion. 1790 45! 57" W.
Channel, its S. point being called Selsea-bill.             SEMITCH (sA-mitch!) ISLANDS, a group of the Aleutian
SELTSTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.            Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, N.E. of the island of
SELT'ERS, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 14 miles N.E. of Attoo.
Coblentz.                                                    SEMILEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
1749




:*SE1K                                                  SEN
SEMLIANSK,  sm-le-Ansk/,'or SAM]ILENSK, sam-'nskPt, a  cultivation. The county is intersected by the Mad River
town of Russia, government, and 25 miles N.W. of Voronezh, and Lake Erie Railroad, and has 1 or 2 plank-roads. Capipn the Semlianka. Pop. 2500.                            tal, Tiffin. Pop. 27,105.
SEMLIN or ZEMLIN, sim-leen!, (IHIun. Zismony, zee'mori,)   SENECA, a new county in the S.W. part of Missouri, bora fortified frontier town of the Austrian Empire. in Slavonia, dering on Arkansas. It is drained by the Elk or Cowskin
eo., and 49 miles S.E, of Peterwardein, on the right bank of River, which flows W. Capital, Looniesville.
the Danube, 3 miles NW. of Belgrade. Pop. 10,200, com-   SENECA, a township of Ontario co., New York, on the W.
prising Slavonians, Germans, Greeks, Servians, Croats, gyp- shore of Seneca Lake. It is intersected by several railroads,
asies, and Jews. It is the see of a Greek protopapas, and has  and contains the village of Geneva. Pop. 8505.
many good houses and chinches, but its streets are mostly   SENECA, a post-office of Tompkins co., New York.
unpaved and dirty. It has numerous schools, an hospital, a    SENECA, a post-office of Anderson district, South CaGermanutheatre, and a large quarantine establishment. It rolina.
is the chief entreplt of the trade between Austria and Tur-   SENECA, a township in the S.E. part of Guernsey co.,
key; imports raw cotton and cotton twist, honey, hare and  Ohio. Pop, 1411.
rabbit skins, &c.; exports woollen stuffs, glass wares, and    SENECA, a township forming the N.W. extremity of Monother manufactured goods. At the N. extremity of thetown  roe co., Ohio. Pop. 1803.
is the ruined castle of the famous John Huniades.         SENECA, a township in the S.W. part of Seneca co., Ohio,
SEMMED, smelmmd/, a town and fort of Arabia, in Oman, intersected by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop.
in an extensive oasis, 55 miles S.W. of Muscat.         1662.
SEMNAN or SEMNOON, a town of Persia. See SIaNAN.        SENECA, a post-township in the S.W. part of Lenawee
SEMOY or SEMOIS, seh-mwAt, a river of Belgian-Luxem- co., Michigan. Pop. 1092.
bourg and France, department of Ardennes, after a W.   SENECA, a township in McHenry co., Illinois. Pop. 836.
course of 100 miles, joins the Meuse 9 miles N. of Mlzihres.    SENECA, a village and township of Canada West, district
SEMPACH, slm/pdK, a decayed town of Switzerland, can- of Niagara, on the Ouse or Grand River, here crossed by a
ton, and 8 miles N.W. of Lucerne, at the E. extremity of bridge, about 55 miles S.S.W; of Toronto. The township
the Lake of Sempach. Pop. 960. In its vicinity 1400 Swiss contains the two distinct villages of Seneca. and Caledonia.
routed 4000 Austrians, on the 9th of July, 1386; and the  Pop. 3636.
action, which was rendered memorable by the heroic death of    SENECA CASTLE, a post-office of Ontario co., New York.
Arnold von Winkelried, is celebrated by an annual festival.   SENECA CREEK, of Montgomery co., Maryland, flows
SEMPACH, a lake of Switzerland, 4 miles in length by 1  south-westward, and enters the Potomac.
mile in breadth, gives origin to the river Suren, an affluent'   SENECA CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Monroe co., and enters
of the Aar.                                             Wills Creek, near Cambridge.
SEMIPRINGIAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.      SENECA FALLS, apost-township of Seneca co., New York,
SEMPROfNIUS, a post-township in the S.E. part of Cayuga  about 160 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 4296.
co., New York, 18 miles S.E. of Auburn. Pop. 1266.        SENECA FALLS, a thriving post-village in the above
SEMPRONIUS, a post-office of Austln co., Texas.       township, is situated on the outlet of Seneca Lake, and on the
SEMPST, s mpst, a village of Belgium, province of South  Central Railroad, 43 miles W.S.W. of Syracuse. It contains
Brabant, on the Senne, and on the Brossels and Antwerp  churches of 5 or 6 denominations, an academy, 2 newspaper
Railway, 10 miles N.N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2040.        offices, and, many handsome dwellings and gardens. Tbhe
~ SEMIUR-EN-AUXOIS,    s       6mxiu wn dx w4, a town of France, Cayuga and Seneca Canal passes through the village. It
department of Cite-d'Or, capital of an arrondissement, on  has abundant water-power, and a variety of manufactories.
the right bank of the Armangon, 35 miles W.N.W. of Dijon. The principal articles produced are flour, cotton goods, maPop. in 1852, 3971. It has a ponderous castle, supposed to  chinery, paper, window sash, and farming implements. Indate from the eighth century, a communal college, and ma- corporated in 1831. Pop. in 1855, 3800.
nufactures of common woollens and yarns, tanneries, and a    SENECA INDIANS, a tribe formerly inhabiting the W.
trade in cattle, hemp, and wool. Henry IV. removed the par- part of New York, but now occupying a tract lying between
liament ofDijon to Samur during the troubles of the League. the Neosho River and the W. border of Missouri.
SEiMUR-EN-BRIONNAIS, sAmiitiSNa bre-on'nAt, a town    SENECA LAKE, a large and beautiful sheet of water in
of France, department of SaGne-et-Loire, 14 miles S.W. of the W. central part of New York, lies between Tompkins
Charolles. Pop. 1600.                                   and Seneca counties on the E., and Steuben, Yates, and OnSEMUSSYR, one of the Koorile Islands, See SIM00SEER.  tario counties on the W. It is about 35 miles long, and
SENA.  See SIErNet.                                  from 2 to 4 miles wide. It is very deep, and is never frozen
SENA, a river of France. See SEINE.                   over. The surface is stated to be 216 feet above LakIe OnSENA, s/nA, or SEN/NA, a town, and the former capital of tario, or 447 feet above the Atlantic. A steamboat plies bethe Portuguese dominions in East Africa, now capital of a  tween Jefferson and Geneva daily; the former at its S., and
province, on the right bank of the Zambezi, 110 miles W. of  the latter at its N. extremity. The outlet of Crooked Lake
Quilimane. Lat. 170 30' S., on. 350 38 8" E, Itappears to  enters Seneca Lake about 12 miles from its N. extremity,
be a mere collection of huts and some European houses, in- and at different points affords extensive water-power. A
te'spersed with filthy and stagnant pools, and having some  canal also connects the two lakes, and by means of locks
churches, and an insignificantmud redoubt, Its captaincy  Seneca Lake has communication with the Erie Canal.
is bounded by Sofala, Mogarana, the Zambezi River, and the    SENECA MILLS, a post-office, Montgomery co., Maryland.
Channel of Mozambique.                                    SENECA RIVER, New York, forms the outlet of CananSENAGO, sA-nugo, a village of Austrian Italy, province, daigua, Cayuga,Owasco, and Skaneateles Lakes, and after
and 10 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2004.                  receiving the waters of Onondaga Lake, takes the name of
SE-NAN, sA' nan', or SSE-NAN-FOO, si' nan' fon, a city  Oswego River.
of China, province of Koei-choo, capital of a department, on    SENECA RIVER, of North Carolina, rises in the Blue
the Oo-kiang, a tributavy of the Yang-tse-kiang, in lat. 280 Ridge, near the S. boundary of North Carolina, and flowing
N., Ion. 1080 25' E.                                    S., falls into the Tugaloe River in Anderson district, South
SENDENHORST, slntden-hoast', a town of Prussian West- Carolina.
phalia, 12 miles S.E. of Miinster, with a castle. Pop. 1610.    SENECA RIVER, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York.
SEND-wmor-RIPLEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.   SENIECAVILLE, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, near
The village, Send-on-the-Wey, is 2 miles W.S.W. of Ripley. Seneca Creek, 10 miles S.E. of Cambridge, contains 2 or 3
Here aro ruins of a priory,                             churches.
SENE, sph-na', a village of France, department of Mor-   SEN/IEFER, an island of the Red Sea, 6 miles E. of.the
bihan. Pop. 2476.                                       island of Tiran, at the entrance of the Gulf of Akabah.
SEN/ECA, a county near the centre of New York, has an    SENEFFE, seh-n~ff, a village of Belgium, province of
area of about 330 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by  Hainaut, 16 miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 3464. It has a noble
Cayuga Lake and Seneca River, and partly on the W. by  residence, with a fine park. Here a sanguinary but indeSeneca Lake, and is principally drained by Seneca and Clyde  cisive battle took place in 1674, between the French under
Rivers, which intersect it, affording valuable water-power. the Prince of CondO, and the Allies under the Prince of
The surface is undulating, being most elevated about mid- Orange, afterwards William III. of England.
way between the two lakes. The soil is principally a calca-   SENEGAL, sln e-gawl', (Fr. Snsgal, stnd-gal!,) a large
reous loam, well adapted to both grain and grass. Iron ore river of West Africa, rises under the name of Ba-Fing,* in
and gypsum are found, and near the village of Canoga is a lat. 100 30' N., Ion. 100 40' W., near Timbo, where its sources
spring which rises with~ such force as to supply nmill-power are separated from those of the Niger (Joliba) by the high
within a few rods, The Central Railroad and the Cayuga  lands of the Mandingo country. It then flows successively
and Seneca Canal traverse this county, and the Erie Canal I N.W. and W., through Senegambia, its basin lying N. of that
passes through its N.E. corner. Named from a tribe of In- of the Gambia, and'it enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 160.
dians who formerly inhabited this part of the country. Seats N., Ion. 160 33' Wv. Total course estimated at 1000 miles.'
of justice, Ovid and Waterloo. Pop. 25,441.            The principal affluents are the Kokoro and Failmi, both
SENECA, a county in the N. part of Ohio, has an area of of which join it in the upper half of its course. At Fellore,
540 square miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by Sandusky
River, and also drained by Honey and Green Creeks. The   * Ba, a prefix to the names of many rivers in West Africa, sigsurface is nearly level, with a moderate declivity towards nifies "water" or "river;" it is probably from the same root as
the N. The soil is excellent, well timbered, and under good  balhr in Arabic, and ab or eub in Persian.
17850




SEN                                                        SEN
frcm 400 to 450 miles from the ocean, it forms a cataract, up  wholly from marshes, inundated plains, or by the outpour.
to which it is always navigable for flat-bottomed boats. In  ings of the neighboring rivers. It may be ascended in large
its lower part it flows through a level and densely-wooded  boats 120 miles. In general, it may be observed, that in
plain, and the tide is perceptible in it for 60 leagues inland. Senegambia below the hills, where the rivers flow from E. to
At 35 miles from its mouth it divides into two principal  V., the country is perfectly level, and during the floods all
arms, the easternmost and largest of which is deep enough  the rivers, quitting their channels, flow over theplains. and
for the largest ships, but the mouth of the river is encum- become connected one with the other by mealis of canals or
bered by a bar, which has seldom  more than 10 or 12 feet marigots, some of which remain still navigable when the
water. In the rainy seasons, vessels of from 130 to 150 tons  floods have subsided. These'marigots are so numerous that
can ascend it to Galam, and at the commencement of the  Senegambia, towards the sea, may be compared to a chain
inundation, in July, some French trading vessels sail up to  of islands separated by narrow channels.
that point.                                                   Climate —The climate;of Senegambia is almost insupportSENEGAL. (Fr. Mnogal,) a French colonial dependency of  able to a European"a all seasons of the year. At Senegal,
West Africa, consisting of the island and town of St. Louis, the thermometer stands frequently at 1300 Fahrenheit; and
at the mouth of the Senegal, and several forts along the  from  June to October, the quantity of rain which falls
banks of that river, Albreda, &c., on the Gambia,. Gores, and  amounts to firom  50 to 60 inches; during the rest of the
other settlements S. of Cape Verd. Total population in 1849, year there are heavy dews. In the interior, the climate is
14,876, about three-fifths of whom were slaves. The exports  cooler and more salubrious, owing to the elevation of the
Consist chiefly of gum, hides, wax, ivory, cabinet-woods, and  country, and the greater freedom from vegetable miasma,
gold-dust; the imports of manufactured goods, wines, spirits,  which, along the lower part of the Senegal, renders death
and provisions. The governor resides at St. Louis, which is  almost certain to any but natives.
the seat of the chief judicial court. Goree is the residence    egetation, Agriculture, dc.-The vegetation of Senegambia
of a lieutenant-governor.  European force, about 370 men, is known accurately only on the coast. On the lower Senegal,
The French first settled in Senegal in 1637. It was held by  the soil, so far as the inundation reaches, teems with abunthe English from 1756 until 1779, and again from the period  dance. Beyond that line extends a dry, sandy desert, in which
of the French revolutionary war till 1814.                  the cactus, acacia, and various thorny plants of the Sahara
SENEGALLIA, a town of Italy. See SINIoAGLIA.             overspread the plains, and this desert region, narrowing as
SENEGAMBIA, sdn-e-gamfbe-A, (Fr. nssigamsbie, sA'nAt- it extends S., reaches nearly to the Gambia. Farther S., and
gMSmbeef; Ger. Senegambien, sl-nA-gimlbe-en,) an extensive  wherever the coast, broken into islands, is intersected by
region of WestAfrica, comprising the countries between lat. numerous marigots, the mangrove and palms occupy the
8. and 170 N., and ion. 40 and 170 30' W., having E. Soodan  shores. Behind them  may be seen the gigantic baobab,.
Proper, S. Guinea, W. the Atlantic, and N. the Sahara  (Adansonia,) and bentang, (Eriodesdron,) the African teak,
Desert. The limits of the country are too imperfectly defined  and other large timber. But the dense forest of great trees
to form even an approximate estimate of its area. Its extent commences at some distance from the coast, at the foot of the
of seacoast probably exceeds 700 miles. It is low thrbugh-  hills. It is above the limits of these forests, apparently,
out, and in many places deeply indented with numerous  that the shea or butter-tree is first met with. This, with
islands lining its shores. The principal projections are Cape  the ceiba-palm, characterize the hilly region. Farther S.,
Ferd, the westernmost point of Africa, and Cape St. Mary, the cam-wood makes its appearance. The cultivation of the
at.the mouth of the Gumbia. The chief islands are the low, soil, throughout the whole region, varies much more firom
sandy islet of St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal; the  the civilization of the people than the giadations of climate.
insulated rock called Goree, 300 feet high and 600 fathoms'ertile tracts, well situated, often lie as wilderness, while
long, separated from Cape Verd by a channel 1500 fathoms  less-favored spots yield abundantly. Rice, maize, and other
wide, and islands of the Bissagos or Bijooja Archipelago, near  grains, with bananas, manioc, and yams, are cultivated
the embouchure of the RioGrande.                            equally on the hills and plains, Tracts may be found, parPhysical Features.-The W. or maritime portion of Sene-  ticularly round the villages of the Mohammedan Mandingambia is a low, fiat, and, to a great extent, swampy plain, goes, exhibiting a state of cultivation which would be
nearly 150 miles wide, under the 10th parallel, and increas- thought admirable even in this country. The orange, citron,
ing N. towards the Senegal to a width of 200 miles. To the  and other fruits introduced by the Portuguese in the fifteenth
E. of this is a hilly or mountainous country, in which the  and sixteenth century, are now extensively cultivated in the
principal valleys run from S. to N. These parallel mountain  hills. In some parts of Foota-Jallon, the oranges are not eaten
terraces increase in height towards the S.E. The plateau  by the natives, but reserved wholly for strangers.
of Foota-Jallon, Jallon-k6-du, Kooka-du, and Bambook, may    Inhabitants.-The various nations which inhabit Senebe assumed with probability to have a general elevation of  gambia are of many races, and do not always admit of being
1200 feet or 1500 feet, while the summits of the mountain  accurately classified. We find Yolofs, Sertres, Foolahs, Manchains attain, perhaps, at the utmost, an absolute height of  dingoes under many denominations, Feloops, Tyab6s, and
6000 feet.                                                  Bissagoes, both living together and in separate communities.
Geology.-Granite in its various forms appears to consti- This extraordinary mixture and complication of different
tute the base of the mountain chains, and shows itself in all races, or at least of different languages, is the most remarkthe small hills diversifying the banks of the Senegal, from   able phenomenon of Western and Central Africa. The SeneGalam up to Bambook; while farther S., volcanic rocks fre-  gal has on the right or N. bank the desert tribes of the
quently break through and cover the granite, the hill-tops  Mloors, and on the left the ~olofes who are negroes of the
being often crowned with basalt, and the loftier mountains  deepest black. Above them, 100 miles from the sea, are the
owing their superior elevation to the mass of trachyte accu- Foolahs or Peules; and Still higher up the river, in Galam
mulated upon them. Iron-stone or ferruginous rock, is pro- or Kajaaga, the Serracolets are met with, in several differfusely strewed over the hills in Foota-Jallon, and neighbor- ent castes or families, of widely different character and
ing districts. Lower down than the iron, on the outer edge, manners. These people are jet-black, and shine like polished
apparently, of the volcanic influence, imbedded in a loose, ebony. But their neighbors, the Foolahs. are not negroes;
friable earth, lies the gold grain, for which in early times  to brown complexions they join good features, and someGuinea was so famous. Bambook, towards the N., between  times long hair. They are remarkable for cleanliness, relithe FalemS and Ba-fing, and Burn in the E. slope, are the  gious zeal, (they are generally Mohammedans,) equestrian
districts most famed for their gold-mines. The level plains  habits, and attachment to pastoral life. F'rom  near the
towards the coast are formed, as might be expected, from the  sources of the Gambia, in lat 110 25' N., the Mandingoes
detritus of the hills, mixed with sand.                    extend to the seacoast on the W. 400 miles, while on the E.
Rivers. —Of these, the Senegal, Gambia, and Rio Grande, their domain is almost equally extensive.  Towards the
already named, are the chief. The Senegal has its source in  S.E., and along the highland, (Kong;) it is not easy to assign
the highlands of the Mandingo Terrace, and after a circuit-  their limits; but it is certain that branches of them (the
ous course of about 800 miles,ienters the Atlantic in 160 51 Deys and Veys) approach the coast in Liberia, while others
N. lat. In the upper part of its course it receives a great occupy (in Gaman) the elevated interior of Ashantee. Above
number of tributaries, and the scenery along its banks is  Jallon-k&-du is Foota-Jallon, where the Foolahs have esta.
very beautiful. A shifting sandbar at its mouth prevents  blished a comparatively powerful empire. Their capital,
the entrance of vessels drawing more than 10 feet water. Timbo, near the sources of the Ba-fing and Falem6, is not
The Gambia is a noble stream: at its embouchure, at Cape  above 180 miles from  Sierra Leone. At the mouth of.the
St. Mary, it is about 20 miles wide; it gradually, contracts  Cazamansansa dwell the Feloops, a barbaroits race, around
In width, but is navigable by frigates for more than 100  whom  are several other nations (Fogni, Ziguishe, &c.) of
miles, and by vessels of 150 tons for 380 miles. It rises in  kindred origin and language, all alike noted for turbulence,
the country of Foota Jallon, and has a course of above 600  predatory habits, and habitual intoxication. The comparamiles. The Rio Grande  is about 300 miles in length. It  tive barbarity and debasement of the coast tribes may be
rises in the Jallon country, and flowing W., enters the At-  generally ascribed to the abundance of palm-wine. But
lantic by a wide estuary near the Bissagos Archipelago. Its  Mohammedan settlements of Mandingoes and Foolahs are
banks are covered with towns and plantations. There are  rapidly increasing near the coast, and invariably bring with
several lakes, of which the Kayor, on the border of the  them superior industry, sobriety, and instruction: for every
Sahara, is the principal. The others become fertile plains  village has its school. All over Senegambia are to be found
in the dry season. The river Casamanza, which flows be- the Griots, who appear to be a distinct people, and the heretween the Gambia and the J~ba, is altogether a river of the  ditary professional buffoons, minstrels, and improvisatori of
plains, aad highly characteristic of this region, being fed  the country.
1i75i




SEN                                                        SEN
Gove,'nment.-The Yolofs are ruled by hereditary chiefs,   SENMANAT, sn-mA-nAVtl, a village of Spain, in Catalonia
who may be styled kings. Among the Foolahs, the Almamy  province, and about 12 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1417.
(Al-Imim) is at once sovereign and high-priest, and, if well   SENN, sin, (auc. Ccelne,) a town of Asiatic Turkey, pasha,
versed in the Koran, he can, by means of it, exercise an  lis, and 25 miles S.S.E. of Mosul, on the Tigris, opposite the
almost despotic power. The Mandingo chiefs are generally  mouth of the Great Zab.
controlled by councils of elders, and also by popular assem-   SENNA, snlnfn, a town of East Africa. See SENA.
blies; but the aristocratic seems to prevail over the demo-   SENNA, a village of Austrian Italy, delegation of Lodi,
cratic in most of their republics. The Feloops and other  5 miles W. of Codogno.
barbarous tribes on the seaboard seem to have no further    SENNA, a town of Persia. See SIXNA.
union than is absolutely required for defence or for plans of    SENNAAR or SENNAR, sln-pArf, a state of North-east
pillage. Each village is independent of its neighbors; and  Afirica, subject to Egypt, and forming a part of Nubia, is situsometimes even each house in a village is fortified and fenced  ated on the Nile or Bahr-el-Azrek, between the parallels of
off as securely as possible from those around it. The rule  120 and 150 45' N. lat. The junction of the two great arms
of succession among all these nations generally follows the  of the Nile, the Bahr-el-Azrek and the Bahr-el-Abiad, is in
female line; that is, the inheritance goes to the sister's son, lat. 150 37' N. The tract between these two rivers, increasing
though in some communities the brother is allowed to have  S. to a width of two or three days' journey, (50 or 60 miles,) is
a prior title.                                              called by the Arabs the Island of Sennaar; the name given
History, and Euros-pean Settlements.-In the middle of the  to itby theindigenous population is Ilooee, (Hfii.) The towns
fifteenth century (1452) the Portuguese reached the Senegal, or villages lie chiefly along the banks of the Blue River or
and opened a friendly communication with one of theYolof  Bahr-el-Azrek, and are tolerably numerous from the 13th
kings; but no permanent settlements appear to have been  parallel downwards for a distance of 200 miles. From that
made. With the voyage of Jobson in 1620, the English may  limit, or perhaps in some places a little farther S., the island
be said to have begun the exploration of the Gambia, though  is all nominally subject to Sennaar. East of the Blue River
their traders were on the coast 30 or 40 years earlier. The  this dominion reaches to the forests which encircle Abystrade of the French in the Senegal may in like manner be  sinia. The little communities that spring up in sequestered
dated from Brue's voyage in 1697. The French have at pre- Situations, between these forests and the Abyssinian highsent factories, not only on the Senegal, but also on the Gain- land, are sometimes claimed by the one state, sometimes by
bia, Casamanza, and Rio Grande. They aim, however, at no  the other; but their allegiance is rarely enforced. On its
colonization nor acquisition of territory beyond what is  W. side the island of Sennaar is a wilderness, the only permaabsolutely necessary for the security oftheir mercantile esta- nent inhabited places on the White River being Hellet-elblishments. St. Mary's Island, at the mouth of the Gamin- Ais, a poor hamlet at the ferry, on the road to Kordofan; and,
bia, and Macarthy's Island, about 150 miles higher up, are  lower down, Manjera, a Turkish station for hewing timber
the chief English factories in Senegambia. (See GAMIIA.) and building boats. The authority maintained over the
The Portuguese still retain small factories on the rivers  wandering Arab or Ethiopic tribes, is a matter rather of
Casamanza and J6ba. But it is to the Gambia that the  might than right, and depends less on prescription or conMandingoes, the great traders of West Africa, chiefly resort. vention, than on the actual power and vigor of the governGold-dust, ivory, skins, fine woods, and timber were for- ment. The Turco-Egyptians, whose head-quarters are at
merly the chief productions, but it has been discovered of  Khartoom, at the N. point of the island of Sennaar, have exlate years that the ground-nut, (Arachys hypogca,) called  acted submission from the tribes of Taka, E. of the Atbara,
by the French pistache-de-terre, yields an abundance of fine  and also hold in subjection Kordofan, in the W., where they
oil, and the increasing cultivation of this article, chiefly by  keep a strong garrison in the chief town, Obeid.
the Mandingoes, now begins to support an important com-    Rivers. —The ordinary width of the White River is nearly
merce, which will probably produce, ere long, sensible effects  2 miles, but during the floods it increases in some places beon the civilization of West Africa.-Adj. S.NEGAMBIAN, low El Als to 8 miles or more. The Blue River is joined,
sln-e-gamlbe-an.                                           within the limits of Sennaar, by the Dender; and, lower
SENEGHE, sA-nA'gA, or SENEGUI, (?) a village of Sardinia,  down, by the Ra'ad (" lightning") or Shimfa, both great
province of Oristano; 9 miles S.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1846.   rivers in the rainy-season. But the all-important river of
SENERCHIA, sA-n8R/ke-A, a town of Naples, province of  the country is the Blue River or Nile; its ordinary width
Principato Citra, N.N.E. of Campagna. Pop.1450.            varies from 500 to 1000 yards. Nearly'all the villages and
SEfNEX. a post-office of McLean co., Illinois.           settled population are on this river.
SENEZ, si&-nA, a town of France, department of Basses-    Face of the Country, Geology, Vegetation, dc.-The territory
Alpes, 15 miles S.E. of Digne. Pop. 860.                   of Sennaar is collectively a great level plain, from which
SENFTENBERG, sinflten-b6Rc', or ZAMBERG, tsAmlbcoG, masses of rock protrude at wide intervals, but to no great
a town of Germany, in Bohemia, 28 miles E.S.E. of Kmnig- elevation. West of the town of Sennaar, however, are the
gritz, on the Adler. Pop. 2904.                             Mountains of Mola, Mlandera, and Segadi, apparently exSENFTENBERG, a town of Germany, province of Bran- tending as a chain from S. to N., but in reality disconnected.
denburg, on the Black Elster, 15 miles S. of Kalau. P. 1402. Jebel-Moia, the largest and loftiest of these hills, may have
SE-NGAN, sWnggn', or SSE-NGAN-FOO, sing' gen' fool, a  an elevation of 1200 feet. Baboons are the only inhabitants
city of China, province of Quang-see, capital of a department, of the bare rocks; apes, parrots, and guinea-fowl tenant the
45 miles N.N.W. of Nan-ning.                                woods at their feet. The ebony-tree grows round JebelSENGANNAH, sln-gAn'ni, a town of North-west uIin- Mola; the sycamore-figround Segadi. The plain of Sennaar,
dostan, in Rajpootana, on a height, 60 miles E.S.E. of  for some distance above Khartoom, exhibits only a sandy
Chooroo.                                                    soil, apparently mixed with deposits from  the river. But
SENHORIM, ssn-yo-reesl, a town and parish of Portu- from Messelemiah  up, its character changes entirely; and
gal, province of Beira-Alta, about 12 miles from  Viseu. the level flat becomes a deep bed of argillaceous marl, conPop. 1506.                                                 raining calcareous concretions in great quantity. The arSENIAVINE (or SENIAVIN, sA-ne-&-veenl) ISLANDS, a  gillaceous soil is retentive of water; and when refreshed by
group of the Carolines, in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 60 43' to  rain, (for these rich plains are nowhere reached by the
70 6' N., ion. 1580 to 1580 30' E.  The principal island is  waters of the Nile,) becomes exceedingly fertile. But in
Poiunipet.                                                  the dry season it has an aspect of the most dismal sterility;
SENIGA, stlne-gd, a village of Austrian Italy, in Lon- no trees, little herbage, and the naked ground cracked and
bardy, 20 miles 5.5.W. of Brescia, on the Oglio.            gaping in all directions with the burning heat. This natuSENIO, sAne-o, a river of Central Italy, in Tuscany and  rally prolific plain rarely presents to view the luxuriant
the Pontifical States, joins the Po-di-Primaro 10 miles N.W. vegetation which might be expected so near the equator.
of Ravenna, after a N.E. course of 50 miles.                As soon as the rain falls, the arid and dreary waste becomes
SENISE, sA-neefsA, a town of Naples, province of Basili- a sea of mire, and on this, without any preparation, is sown
cata, 29 miles E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 3000.                 the durra, (Sorghum vulgare,) the characteristic produce of
SENJEN, sinlyin, one of the largest islands off the N.W. Sennaar, which may indeed be regarded as the native councoast of Norway, its centre near lat. 690 20' N., ion. 17 10' try of durra. In three months and a half, or about the
E. Length, 45 miles; breadth, 30 miles. The shores are  end of October, the whole plain, far and wide, waves with
greatly indented, and some of its mountains rise 3000 feet the ripe grain, and the harvest is gathered. Such is the
in height.                                                  rude and simple agriculture of this once very populous
SENKOV, SENKOW, sin-kovy, or ZENKOV, a town of  country. Near Khartoom, the extensive inundated tracts
Russia, government, and 42 miles N.N.W. of Poltava, on the  on the Bahr-el-Abiad, are sown, on the retirement of the
Groonia (Grunia.)                                          floods, with kidney-beans, and afterwards with durra. In
SENKOV, SENKOW or ZENKOV, a market-town of Rus- the latitude of Sennaar the chick-pea (Cicer) takes the place
sia, government, and 68 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov.           of kidney-beans.
SENLIS, so:Nlseecef or s6NGe'eef, (ane. Augustostagus and    The Nile swells fitfully in May; begins to rise steadily in
Sylvanedctes.) a town of France, department of Oise, on the  June, and attains its greatest height early in September.
Nonette, 25 miles N.E. of Paris. Lat. 490 12' N., lon. 20 35' Immediately before, and at times during the rains, the
E. Pop. in1852, 5802. Ithas a handsome cathedral, a com- heat is insupportable, the thermometer in a tent rising
munal college, remains of an ancient castle, a public library  to 1190 Fahrenheit, while the humid air resembles a
of 8000 volumes, a theatre, and manufactures of chiccory  steam-bath. Then come the deadly fevers and dysentery,
and starch. Here, in 1180, Philip Augustus espoused Eliza- which are most fatal on the argillaceous plain. In winter
beth of Hainaut.                                          the thermometer often fills to 600, and the atmosphere is
1752




~SEN                                                        SEP
so free from  humidity, that meat will dry without de-   SENNO, s~n/no, or SIENNO, sc-3nfno, a town of Russia,
composing.                                                 government, and 72 miles N.N.W. of Moheelev. Pop. 1600.
Inlhabitants, Customs, &c.-The population of Sennaar is of    SENNOI, sdn-noil, a town of Russia, government, and 70
a very mixed character, and as yet no traveller has suc- miles N.N.W. of Moheelev, on a lake of the same name.
ceeded in the attempt to point out distinctly the aboriginal   SENNORI, sen-nolree, a village of the island of Sardinia,
race. The better classes in Sennaar have generally handsome  8 miles N.E. of Sassari.  Pop..1620.
features, and well-proportioned, statue-like figures. Their   SENNWALD, senn/*Alt, a village and parish of Switzer:
dark-brown complexions and rather thick lips alone betray  land, canton, and 13 miles S.S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 2726.
some distant consanguinity with the negroes. The men    SENONAIS.  See SENONOIS.
grow decrepid rapidly in declining years, and the women, on    SENONCHES, seh-ndNshf, a market-town of France, dewhom  devolves all the drudgery of domestic life, become  partment of Eure-et-Loir, 18 miles S.S.W. pf Dreux. Pop.
frightfully ugly almost as soon as the first bloom of youth  in 1852, 2108.
has passed away. Theferda or toga generally worn, admits    SENONES. See SENs.
of being gracefully folded in a variety of ways. The elabo-   SENONES, seh-nonl, a town of France, department of
rately frizzled hair, and the elegantly made sandals of the  Vosges, 7 miles N.E. of St. Di6. Pop. in 1852, 2583.
people of Sennaar, exactly represent the fashion of ancient    SENONOIS or SENONAIS, sfh-no'nAl, an old district of
Egypt, as painted on the tombs. The houses of Sennoar at France, of which Sens was the capital, and now forming
the present day are built of sun-dried bricks, and roofed  the greater part of the departments of Yonne and Aube.
with halfa, (a grass,) durra-straw, or reeds, the material used    SENOO-DEB00 or SENOU-IEBOU, sAknoo! dA'bool, a large
varying in position with respect of the rains. Slavery, as village of Senegambia, in Bondoo, on the Falemt.  Lat. 140
well as durra, seems attached to the soil. More than half  22' N., Ion. 120 20' W.
of the population are negro slaves. The upper classes spend    SENORII, A-nestbee, a village of the island of Sardinia,
a life of utter indolence and idle dissipation. All classes  division, 22'"iles N.N.E. of Ca'liari. Pop. 1155.
love intoxication, and drink either mcrisa, (an inebriating     SENS, shNG, (anc. Agedintcunm, afterwards Senloes.,) a city
beer made from durra,) or brandy distilled from it. Though  of France, department of Yonne, on the right bank of the
dissolute and idle, they are not without ingenuity. Their Yonne, and on the railway to Pat-is and Lyons, 61 miles
own wants they can supply perfectly, are eminently skilful S.S.E. of Paris.  Lat. 480 12' N., Ion. 30 17' E.  Pop. in 1852,
as weavers, goldsmiths, curriers, potters, &c. The property  10,645. Its walls, and variousotherbuildings, are of Roman
of land is here absolute, and not resumable by the sovereign, construction. Its cathedral contains the mausoleum of the
as is generally the case throughout Africa. The people, dauphin, son of Louis XV., and the tombs of other historical
though subdued by the Mohammedans, can hardly be said  personages. The large communal college comprises a muto have been converted by them. They have indeed for- seum of antiquities and a public library. It has an episcogotten Christianity, but while professing the faith of the  pal seminary, theatre, a suburb on an island in the Yonne,
Koran, they observe hardly any of its precepts. They rear here crossed by two bridges, a tribunal of commerce, chainmand eat pork; they neither Wash nor p-ray, and most of  her of manufactures, distilleries, tanneries, manufactures
their villages are without mosques.                        of serge, druggets, glue, dials, and nails. Under the RoTowns.-Besides Sennaar, the capital, numerous villages  mans, it was the capital of the fourth Lyonnaise, and an
are situated on the Nile below it. The most important are  episcopal see, founded in the third century. Here, in 1140,
Dekin, the ancient capital, about 24 miles below  Sennaar;  was held the council which condemned AbeIard; and here
Wad Medinebh, (in 140 25' N. lat.,) now nearly as lage as Sen- Thomas k Beclket took refuge in 1166.
naar; Messelemiah, 20 miles lower down, the chief market    SENSBURG, sknsl/b36R, a town of Prussia, 61 miles S.W.
and place of trade on the river; and Kalamin, where some  of Gumbinnen.  Pop. 2100.
manufactories have been established under the protection    SENSENFABiICK, s~nisen-fA'brik, a village of Wiirtemof the Egyptian government.                                 berg, circle of Schwarzwald, near Neuenburg. It owes its
History.-The popular traditions of Sennaar represent that name to an extensive manufactory of scythes and sickles,
country as the original seat of the Macrobit, whom Hiero- of which about 80,000 are annually made.
dotus mentions as the most remote of the Ethiopians. and    SEN/TELL'S STORE, post-office, Bossier parish, Louisiana.
as a people whose gold provoked the cupidity of Cambyses.    SENTINEL, a post-office of Andrew co., Missouri.
As Christianity spread up the Nile, carried by Egyptian or    SENTINEL PRAIRIE, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri.
Jacobite priests, it was soon received by the descendants of    SENITINELS, two islets in the Bay of Bengal, W. of the
the Egyptians, and in the tenth century the most flourish- Great and Little Audaman Islands.
ing state in Ethiopia was the Christian kingdom of Aiwa,    SENTIPAC, sen-te-ptk/, a town of Mexico, state of Jalisco,
on the Blue River, with Soba for its capital. The ruins of  near the Pacific, 25 miles S. of Acaponeta.
Soba may now be recognised on both sides of the river,   SENTIS, shn/tis, or HOCII-SENTIS, hSK sen/tis, a mounabout%15 miles above Khartoorm.                             tain of Switzerland, 6 miles S. of Appenzell.  Height above
SENNAAR or SENNAR, a city of the above country, is  the sea, 8232 feet.
situated in lat. 130 34' N., Ion. 330 30' E., in the midst of a vast    SENZIIARY or SENJARY, NOVOI, no-voit sln-zh  ree, a
monotonous plain, which represents successively a parched  town of Russia, government, and 25 miles S.W. of Poltava,
desert, a quagmire, and a field of durra. The only agreeable  on the Vorskla. Pop. 3750.
object neatr the place is the glrove of lemon-trees. From the    SEO DE URGEL, stio dA ootR-nll, an episcopal city of
descriptions of Poncet, (1699,) Bruce, (1772,) and of Caillaud,  Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 67 miles N.E. of Lerida,
(1822,) it would appear to have been comparatively large  in a plain among the Pyrenees, between the rivers Balira
and well built, but now lies for the most part in ruins. Its and Segre. It has an ancient cathedral, a court-house, a
population has fallen from 30,000 to perhaps less than 4000. nunnery, and a bishop's palace. It was sacked by the
The king's palace, of well-burnt brick, has nearly all ftallen  French in 1792. Pop. 2899.
to the ground, and has contributed materials for the erec-    SEON, sclon, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton
tion of the Turkish governor's house.                       of Aargau, on the Aa, 6 miles S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1475.
SENNE, shnlneh, a river of Belgium, falls into the Demer    SEOPOORB, a town of India, dominions, and 90 miles S.W.
a little below Mechlin.                                     of Gwalior.
SENNE or BRACKWEDER-SENNE, brlkl*&'dgr shn/neh,    SEPEY, sgh-pP, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud,
a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, government, and 4 miles  consisting of wooden chalets of a superior kind, and adorned
S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1654.                                 with curious carving, 5 miles N.E. of Aigle, with which it
SENNE or IERPER-SENNE, heRpfer snlnfnh, a village of  communicates by a noble road, begun in 1836, to connect
Prussia, in Westphalia, government, and 4 miles S.W. of Min-  the great route-over the Simplon with one leading into the
den. Pop. 922.                                             S. part of the canton of Bern.
SENNECEY-LE-GRAND, senn'seet leh gr5Na, a market-    SEPHITON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, on the
townof France, department of Sabne-et-oire,  on the Paris and  Alt, 8 miles N.N.E. of Liverpool. Great Crosby, in this paLyons Railway, 22 miles N. of MAcon. Pop. in 1852, 2511.   rish, is a fashionable bathing-place.
SENNEEF, SENNIF, sdn'neef/, or SUK-EL-JUMAHIH,    SEPINO, sc-pee/no, or SUPINO, soo-peeno, a town of Naseeook 1 joo'nsHI(?) a market-town of Arabia, in Yemen, in  pies, province ofMolise, 9 miles S.S.W. of Campobasso. Pop.
a well-cultivated valley, about 100 miles N. by E. of Mocha. 4000. It has manufactures of woollens and paper. Near it
Pop. about 1000.                                           are supposed to be the remains of the ancient  epinus, a
SEN/NEN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.           chief town of the Samnites.
SENNERUT, son/ner-oot', an island off the W. coast of    SEPITA, a town of Bolivia. See ZEsriTA.
Greenland, N. of Cape Desolation. Let. 610 28' N.            SEPOLCRO, SAN. See BORGOee SAN SEPOLCRO.
SENINETT, a post-village and township of Cayuga co.,   SEPSI-SZENT-GYORGY, (Sepsi-Szent-Gybrgy,) ship/shee'
New York, on the Syracuse and Rochester Railroad, 4 miles  sSnt dyiedj, a village of Transylvania, in Szekler-land, on
N.E. of Auburn. Pop. 2347.                                 the Alooeta, (Aluta,) 16 miles N.N.E. of Kronstadt. P. 2395.
SENNFELD, sunn/fMIt, a village of Germany, in Baden,   SEPTER, sdpftgr, or SIEBENDORF, seelben-donf', a vil-,ircle of Lower Rhine. Pop. 1070.                          lage of Austria, in Transylvania, co. of Klausenburg, about
SENNFELD, a village of Bavaria, 2 miles E.S.E. of Schwein-  9 miles from Tekendorf. Pop. 1000.
furt, on a small lake of the same name. Pop. 819.            SEPT-FR]lRES, set f'aia, a village of France, department
SENNHEIM, sdnn'hIme, the German name of CERNAY, of Calvados, 5 miles W.N.W. of Vine.
which see.                                                  fSEPT-FRARES, s5t ftaiR, (i.e. "Seven Brothers,") a groul
SENNIF, a town of Arabia. See SE.NENs'.                  of islets off the N. coast of Hayti, opposite Monte Christi.
1753




SEP                                                         SER
SEPTIMER, s~ttee'maia  or slp/te-mgr, one of the Swiss  silver mines have been opened.  The inhabitants manu
Alps, canton of Grisons, 25 miles S.E. of Chur, (Coire.) The  facture cheese, stockings, gloves, and Guernsey jackets.
pass across it, 7611 feet in height, was the ordinary route    SERDOVA or SERDOBA, skR-dolba, a river of Russia,
from East Switzerland into Italy until the formation of the  rises in the N.W. of the government of Saratov, flows N.W.
route across the Splugen, 17 miles W. Septimanca. See Sim- past the town of Serdobsk, and after a course of about 70
ancas.                                                      miles joins the Khoper.
SEPT-ISLES, s~t eel, (i.e. "Seven Islands,") a group be-   SERDOVOL or SERDOBOL, shr-do-vol, SORID(EVALA,
longing to France, off the N. coast of Brittany, department sor-dO-v3/l, (Finlandish, S'ardawala, saR-da-wa/lQ,) a town
of Cdtes-du-Nord, 10 miles N. of Lannion. Lat. 480 52' 48"  of Finland, ieon, and 90 miles N.E. of Viborg, on the N.
N., ion. 30 29' 15" W. The lLE AUX MOINES is the largest shore of Lake Ladoga. Pop. 1200.
and only inhabited island.                                    SERDOVSK or SERDOBSK, shRadovskl, a town of Russia,
SEPTMONCEL, s~t'm6Na'selII, a frontier village of France, government, and 107 miles N.W. of Saratov, on the Serdova.
department of Jura, in the mountains, 15 miles N.W. of  Pop. 3500, mostly agricultural.
Geneva.  Pop. 1302, who manufacture toys and artificial    SEREBINTHE, a post-office of Gumberland co., Virginia.
gems, for which it has long been famous.                      SERED, slrl/d or sAlrlt, a river of Austrian Poland, in GaSEPULIGA, a small river of Alabama, rises in Butler  licia, In its E. part, rises 10 miles S. of Brody, flows through
co., and flowing S., enters the Conecub, in Conecub county. a succession of small lakes, and S. past Tarnopol, Mikuliuce,
SEPULGA, a post-office of Conecub co., Alabama.          and Czortkow, and joins the Dniester 5 miles S.E. of ZaSEPULVEDA, sA-pool-vYDi,  a market-town of Spain, pro- leszczvky. Total course. 120 miles.
vince, and 24 miles N.N.E. of Segovia. Pop. 1779.             SEREEK or SERIK,'sk-reekl, a small maritime town of
SEQUANA. See SEIrNE.                                     Persia, province of Kerman, 45 miles N.W. of Jask, on the
SEQUATCHIE or SEQUATCHY, se-kwat'chee, a small E. coast of the strait of Ormus.
river of Tennessee, rises in Bledsoe county, andflowing S.W.,   SEREGELLYES, sA'r.'ghll/yesh%,  a village of West Hunenters the Tennessee River in Marion county, about 2 miles  gary, co., and 10 miles E.S.E. of Stuhlweissenburg.  Pop.
from the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama. Length, esti- 2357.
mated at 100 miles.                                           SEREGNO, sA-rknyo, a town of Austrian Italy, province,
SEQUILLO, sA-keellyo, a river of Spain, rises between the  and 13 miles N. of Milan,with which it communicates by
provinces of Palenoeia and Leon, flows first S.W., past Medina  railway. Pop. 4246.
de Rioseco, and after a course of 80 miles joins Yalderaduey.    SEREILHAC, snh-r4ygkI, a village of France, department
SER and MER, two peaks of the Himalayas. See MER  of Haute-Vienne, 9 miles S.W. of Limoges. Pop. in 1852,
and SEa.                                                   2206.
SERA, sA'rA, (originally Sira,) a town and district of South    SEREJA, a river of Russia. See SERElnzA.
India, Mysore dominions, 92 miles N.N.E. of Seringapatam.   SEREM, sA-r6NG/, a small town of Portugal, province of
Lat. 130 44' N., lon. 760 58' E.                           Douro, on the Vouga, 10 miles from Aveiro. Pop. 1300.
SERAHAN, s~r'A-h~n/, a village of West Thibet, district    SEREINA, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
of Kunawur, on an open glade of considerable extent, 44    SERENA, LA, a town of Chili. See Coquzimco.
~miles N.E.rof Simla.                                         SERENDIB, an old name of CEYLON, which see.
SERAI, sA-rV, a town of India, in Bundelcund, 27 miles    SERENHEM, sA-rln-y8N9,  or FORMOSA, foR-mofsA, a
S. of Teary.                                               small town of Brazil, province, and 50 miles S.S.W. of PerSERAI, a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 12  nambuco, on the left bank of the river Serenhem, 15 miles
miles S.E. of Viza.                                        from its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 1200.
SERAIEVO, SERAJEVO or SERAIO. See BosNA SERAI.    SERENO. a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.
SERAIN or SEREIN, seh-rANG/, a river of France, depart-   SEREPITA,'a small post-village of Warren co., New Jerments of CSte-d'-Or and Yonne, after a N.W. course of 75  sey, about 6 miles N.E. of Belvidere.
miles, past Noyers and Chablis, joins the Yonne 8 miles N.   SERES, s~r/es, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia,
of Auxerre.                                                47 miles N.E. of Salonica, inlat. 410 4' N., ]on. 260 36' E.
SERAING, seb-rANOS, a village of Belgium, on the right Pop. 30,000. (?) It is enclosed by walls, commanded by a
bank of the Meuse, 5 miles S.W. of Liege, with which it com- citadel, and stated to be well built. The houses are intermunicates by railway. Pop. 3460. In the former residence  spersed with  gardens, and  it has numerous mosques,
of the prince bishops of Liege, are machinery and iron-works.  churches, fountains, &c., and manufactures of woollen and
SERAJEVO. See BOSNA SERAI.                               cotton fabrics.
SERAMPORE, slr'am-p6 r/, written also SERAMPOOR, a    SERETHI, ser'et or s'reti, (anc. Ararus,) a river of Bukotown of British India, presidency and province of Bengal,  wins and Moldavia, rises 43 miles S.W. of Czernowitz, flows
district, and on the W. side of the Hoogly River, opposite  S.S.E., and joins the Danube 5 miles W. of Galacz. Total
Barrackpoor, 14 miles N. of Calcutta. Lat. 220 45' N., lon. course, nearly 270 miles. The principal affluents are the
880 26' E. Pop. of the town and vicinity, 12,537, mostly  Bistritz, Sucezawa, Moldava, and Tatros from the W., and
Itindoos' It extends for about 1 mile along the river, is neat, the Birlat from the E.
clean, built in a European style, and was long the head-    SERETH, sA-r6tt, or SIRETH, se-retf, a town of Austrian
quarters of Protestant missions. It belonged to the Danes, Poland, in Bukovina, 24 miles S.S.E. of Czernowitz, on the
until it was ceded by purchase to the English in 1845.      Sereth. Pop. 4000.
SERAN, seh-rlNI, a river of France, department of Ain,    SEREZHA or SEREJA, sA-rlzhA, a river, of Russia, rises
joins the Rhone near Rochfort, after a S. course of 25 miles. near the centre of the government of Nizhnee-Novgorod,
SERAN, se-rdnf, a village of North Hindostan, in the pro- flows W.S.W., and after a course of about 90 miles joicis the
tected Sikh territory, on the S.E. of the Sutlej, 12 miles Tioska on the frontiers of Vladimeer.
N.E. of Rampoor, 7280 feet above the level of the sea.       SERFO. See SERPHno.
SERANG, an island, Malay Archipelago. See CEnAs.           SERGATCII, SERGATSHI or SERGATSCH, sR.-gftch/, a
SERANGAN1 (se-rdn-ginee) ISLES, a cluster in the Ma- town of Russia, government, and 85 miles S.E. of Nizhnueelay Archipelago, between lat. 50 and 60 N., off the S. extre- Novgorod. Pop. 3000.
mity of Mindanao.                                             SERMGEANT, a township in the S. part of MIcKean co.,
SERAVALLE, sl-r-vAtl'll, a village of Tuscany, 25 miles  Pennsylvania, intersected by the route of the Sunbury and
N.W. of Florence. Pop. 1687.                                Erie Railroad. Pop. 172.
SERAVEZZA, sA-rA-v6ttsd, a village of Tuscany, province    SERtGENTSVILLE, a small post-village of HIunterdon co.,
of-Florence, 7 miles S.E. of Carrara, (duchy of Modena,) and  New Jersey, about 5 miles S.W. of Flemington.
famous for its quarries of the finest marble. Pop. 2000.      SERGHIEVSK or SERGIEVSK, slr-ghe-Ivskf, a town of
SERAWATTY (sir-a-wmt/tee) ISLANDS, written also SER- Russia, government of Orenboorg, on the Sok, 54 miles
WATTY, a group in the Malay Archipelago, E. of the island  W.S.W. of 0ofa. Pop. 1000. It is enclosed by walls, and
of Timor, and consisting of the islandsofSerawatty,Loewvang,  defended by forts. Near it are several sulphur springs.
Letti, Moa, Kisser, &c.                                       SERGHINSKOI or SERGINSKOIsla-ghin-skoif,(NizurNEE,
SERAYOE, sI.rd-yool, a river of Java, provinces of Baglen  nizhfnee, and VERaKNEE, v8RlC/nee,) two contiguous marketand Banjoemas. It flows W.S.W., and Sills into the Indian  towns of Russia, government of Perm, on the Serga. 55 miles
Ocean E. of Tjilatjap. Its mouth is encumbered by a bar, E. of Krasno-0Oofimsk. United pop. 2900.
within which it is navigable for the boats of the country    SERGINES, sla'zheenf, a market-town of France, departfor about 30 miles.                                         ment of Yonne, 10 miles N. of Sens. Pop. 1371.
SERBAI, slr'bV, a town of British India, presidency of    SERGIPE, sel-zheelpi, or SERGIPE DEL REY, slR-zheefBengal, in Bundelcund, 20 miles S.W. ofBanda.              pA d~l ri, a maritime province of Brazil, bounded on the N.
SERBIA. See SeaviA.                                      by the provinces of Alagoas and Pernambuco, from which it
SERCHIIO, s4lRke-o, the principal river of the duchy of  is separated by the Sio Francisco; E. by the Atlantic; S.
Lucca, in Italy, enters the Mediterranean 8 miles N.W. of and W. by Bahia. Lat. from 100 30' to 110 32' S.  Area,
Pisa, after a S.W. course of 55 miles.                     31,958 square miles. The coast-line, stretching about 110
SERCQ, saihk, or SARK, one of the islands in the Eng- miles, is low and sandy, but is occasionally broken by low
lish Channel, belonging to England, 7 miles E. of Guernsey, hills, covered with wood. At a considerable distance inland
and 10 miles N.W. of Jersey. Lat. 490 5' N., lon. 20 22' W. the ground rises into mountains, which traverse the province
Area, 1400 acres. It consists of two high peninsulas united  from E. to W. The only rivers of consequence, besides the
by a narrow isthmus. Many sea-fowl and fish are taken  S1o Francisco, are the Vaza-Barris, the Sergipe, and Cotinaround the coasts, and of late some productive copper and  diba. In the N.W. are various lares, which communicate
1754




SER                                                     SER
with the So Francisco. The province is subject to long and  gation of Mdntua, on the Po, 9 miles E.S.E. of Revere.
severe droughts. The soil is not remarkable for fertility. Pop, 5000.
The leading crops are cotton, sugar-cane, manioc, tobacco,   SERMIN, sen'meenl, a town of North Syria, pashalic, and
millet, rice, and flax; and many mules, horses, and cattle  20 miles S.W. of Aleppo.
are reared. The minerals seem confined to rock-crystls, lime-   SERMIONE, s-l-me-ofnA, or SINRMIONE, siR-me-eln n,
stone, and saltpetre. Sergipe is divided into 5 cornmarrcas-  (ant. Sirmio.) a village of Lombardy, delegation of Brescia,
Estancia, Laranjeiras, Santo-Amaro, Sfo Christov~o, and  on a peninsula in the S. part of Lake Garda, with a castle
Villanova de Santo Antonio-subdivided into 17 districts. built by the Scaligers.
It sends two deputies to the general legislative assembly,    SERNACHE DO BOM JARDIN, slg-n/shi do b6Na zhaRand appoints one senator. The provincial assembly, consist- deezGt, a town of Portugal, province of Beira-Baixa, about
ing of 20 members, holds its sittings in Sio Christovio. Pop. 50 miles from Crate. Pop. 1816.
175,000.                                                      SERNACHE DOS ALHOS, s6a-n/shi doce Al!yoce, a town
SERGIPE, a river of Brazil, rises in the Serra Tabanga, of Portugal, province of Douro, 4 miles from Coimbra. Pop.
province of Sergipe, flows E., and joins the Irapirang or  1300.
Vaza-Barris about 8 miles from its mouth.                    SERON, sA-r~nf, a village of Spain, in Old Castile, province,
SERGIPE DEL REY, Brazil. See SAo CRaISTOVAO.             and 24 miles S.E. of Soia. Pop. 900.
SEItIATE, si-re-/tA, a village of Austrian Italy, province,    SERON, a town of Spain, 28 miles N. of Almeria. Pop.
and about 1 mile E. of Bergamo, on the Serio, Pop. 2194.   5619. It has iron-mines in its vicinity.
SERICA and SERICIZS. See CHINA, page 445.                  SERONGE, sironjl, a town of Central India, dominions,
SERIDO, si-reefdo, a river of Brazil, rises in the province  and 142 miles S. of Gwalior, and N.E. of Oojein, in lat. 240 5t
of Parahiba, proceeds N.E., passes the town of Villanova do  N., ion. 770 41' E. It has vestiges of former importance.
Principe, to which it is navigable by barges, and 30 miles    SEROOR, siroorl, a military station of British India, prebelow joins the Piranhas, after a course of 120 miles.     sidency of Bombay, district, and 44 miles N.E. of Poonah.
SiRIGNAC, seAreen'y k/, avillage of France, department of  Its main street is spacious, and lined on both sides with
Tarn-et-Garolnue, arrondissement of Castel-Sarrasin. P. 1238. the bungalows of officers, to which handsome gardens are
SERIGNAN, sAireen'yzal/, a market-town of France, de- attached.
partment of 1-Hrault, 5 miles S.E. of Bdziers. Pop. 2254.     SEROOSKERKE, si-r~s'ki'keh, a village of the NetherSERIK, a town of Persia. See S REEK.                     lands, island of Walcheren, 3 miles N. of Middelburg. Pop.
SERINAGUR, slr'e-nA-gtir/, called also SIR'INAGUR!  892.
("town of Surya, or the Sun") and CASH'MEREI, the capi-   SEROS, siros, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province,
tal city of Cashmere, in India, near the centre of that valley, and 16 miles S. of Lerida, on the Segre.  Pop. 2230.
extending for 4 miles along both banks of the Jhylum,   SEROWITZ, si/ro-*its', or ZEROWICZ, zi/ro-vits, a town
which winds sluggishly through it, and is here crossed by  of Bohemia, 25 miles E.S.E. of Tabor, with 1612 inhabitants.
7 bridges, about 5500 feet above the level of the sea, 173    SERPA, salpi, a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo,
milesN. of Lahore. Lat. 340 5' N., lon. 740 43' E. Pop. esti- on a height, near the left bank of the Guadiana, 17 miles
mated at 40,000. It is ill built, badly laid out, and partly  E.S.E. of Beja. Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by walls.
in ruins; but its great mosque, with numerous pillars of    SERPEISK, slr-piskf, a town of Russia, government, and
deodar timber, is a large and fine edifice. It has another  53 miles W.S.W. of Kalooga, with 1000 inhabitants and
mosque, and an octagonal tomb worthy of notice, and on its  several churches.
N. side is a citadel constructed on a height by the Emperor    SERIPENT, a river of British America, formed by a chain
Akbar at a vast cost. A part of the city is intersected by  of lakes, considerably N. of Lake Huron. It flows W.S.W.
canals lined by massive stone-work; much of the traffic is for many miles, and falls into the N. channel of Lake Hluron,
kept up by boats. Immediately E. is a fine lake, 5 miles in  about 30 miles W. of the Hudson Bay Company's settlement
length by 21 miles in breadth, a favorite place of resort for  of La Cloche.
water-parties; on its banks are many pleasure-grounds, in-   SERPENTARIA, sia-pin;ti/re-i, in the Mediterranean,
cluding,, the Shahlimar palace and gardens, laid out by the  an islet off the S.E. coast of Sardinia.
Emperor Jehangir.  Serinagur had formerly flourishing    SERPENTIN, s~lrpln-teen((?)   or SHAT-EL-IHIIE, shit el
manufactures of shawls, paper, leather, fire-arms, and ottar  he/A, a river of Asiatic Turkey, branches off fi-om the Tigris
of roses, but these have nearly disappeared under a military  in the lower part of its course, at Root-al-IIamarah. flows S.
tyranny.                                                    for about 100 miles, and joins the Euphrates on the left by
SERINAGUR, a town of North Hindostan, fo-merly capi- several mouths, near Arja, about 60 miles above Karna.
tal of the province of Gurhwal, 38 miles E.N.E. of lIurdwar,    SERIPENT ISLAND or ADASI, a small island of the
in lat. 300 11' N., Ion. 780 44' E.                         Black Sea, about 30 miles S.E. of the mouth of the Danube,
SERINGAPATAM, ser-ing'ga-pa-tam/, (ans. Sri-Runga- in lat. 45015' 30" N., Ion. 300 14' 12" E.
puttus, "City of Vishnu,") a celebrated fortress of South    SERPENT ISLAND, British West Indies, one of the VirIndia, and under Hyder All and Tippoo Saib, the capital of  gin Islands, is off the S. extremity of Porto Rice.
3Iysore, at the W. angle of an island in the Cavery, here    SERPENTS, ISLE OF. See ISLE OF SEPENreS.
crossed by a granite bridge, 9 miles N.E. of Mysore. Lat.   SERPHO, SERFO, sciafo, or SERPIIANITO, (anc. Seriophos
120 25' N., Ion. 760 48' E. Its fortifications, erected by Tip- or Serilphus,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, governpoe, were of great extent and solidity; the town is ill built, ment, and 24 miles W. of Syra. Let. 370 10' N., ion. 240 30'
but towards the centre of the island, which is 4 miles in  E. Ai-ea, 20 square miles. Pop. 600.
length by 1] miles in breadth, is a large and good suburb,   SERPHO, a village of the island of Serpho Paulo, in the
with the mausoleum of Hyder Ali and Tippoo. Seringa- Grecian Archipelago, on its S.E. side.
patam  was besieged by the English in 1791, and again in    SERPIHIO  POULO, an islet of the Grecian Archipelago, 6
1792, when-Tippoo purchased a peace by ceding half his  miles N.W. of Sepho.
dominions and paying 330 lacs of rupees to the British    SERPOOKRHOV, SERPOUKHOV or SERPUCHOW, ScRand their allies. It was again besieged in 1799, and taken  poo-Kov/, a town of Russia, government, and 56 miles S.S.W.
by storm  on the 4th of May, on which occasion Tippoo  of Moscow, near the confluence of the Nara and Serpeika with
was killed, and the dynasty of Iyder terminated, the an- the 0ka. Pop. 13,000. It consists of the town proper, the
cient Rajpoot line being restored to the sovereignty of My-  kreml or citadel, and a large suburb; it has a cathedral,
sore.                                                      founded in 1396. upwards of 20 other churches, a large marSERINGHAM, sgr-inglgUrm, an island of British India, pre- ket-place, extensive public magazines, and manufactures of
sidency of Madras, district, and 2 miles N. of Trichinopoly, woollen, cotton. and linen fabrics.
and formed by the river Coleroon, and its branch, the    SERRA, sci/Ri, a village of the Sardinian States, division
Cavery. On it are two pagodas of high repute.              of Genoa, near the top of Mount Giovi. Pop. 2329.
SERINO, sc-ree/no, a town of Naples, province of Princi-   SERRA CAPRIOLA, scJR/n  ki-pre-o/li', a town of Naples,
pato Ultra, on the Sabato, 6 miles S.S.E. of Avellino. Pop. province of Capitanata, 13 miles N.W. of San Severe. Pop.
6000. Near it are remains of the ancient Sebastia.         3000. It is enclosed by walls, has 2 collegiate churches, and
SERIO, sire-o, a river of North Italy, in Lombardy, dele- 4 annual fairs.
gations of Bergamo and Lodi, aftfer a S. course of 65 miles    SERRA DE MONCHIQUE, sia/I  di mon-sheetki, a mounjoins the Adda, 7 miles S. of Crema.                       tain chain of Portugal, bounding N. the province of AlSERIPHUS or SERIPHOS. See SERPao.                        garve. La Foya, its culminating point, is 4079 feet in eleSERK, one of the Channel Islands. See SARu.              vation.
SERLE (seCrl) ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is a low coral   SERRA DI FALCO, sa/at. dee fil/ko, a town of Sicily, in.
island of the Low Archipelago, W.N.W. of Clermont-Tonnere.  tendency, and 19 miles N.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 4600.
Lat. 180 21' S., ion. 1370 2' W.  Length, 7 miles; average    SERRADILLA, LA, I1 sa-na-deelfyi, a town of Spain, In
breadth, le  miles. Pop. 100.                          n   Esttemadura, province, and N. of Caceres. Pop. 235a.
SEnRMAJ, ser'miAj, a village of Persian Koordistan, on    SERRA' DI SANTO STEFANO, siAR[ dee sin/to st& fa-no,
an affluent of the Kerah, S. of Bisutoon, and having some  a town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra I., 19 miles
remains of Sassanian edifices.                             S.S.W. of Squillace. Pop. 3400. It has a castle, and was
SERMATTA, scn-mit/ti, the largest of the Serawatty  founded by the Normans in the eleventh century.
Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, off the E. end of Timer.    SERRAMANNA, s6a-si-mn/nid, a village of Sardinia,
Lat. of the E. end, 80 25' S., ion. 1290 37' E. It is about 6  division, and 18 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2327.
miles long by 3 miles broad.                                 SERRA-MONANESCA, srlaRa  mo-ni-nis/ki, a town of
SERIMIDE, sig-meefdi, a village of Austrian Italy, dele- Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 5.S.W. of Chiet.
1755




SER                                                        SES
SERRANA, srn-OI/ng. and SERRANILLA, sa-n-R-neellya,    The whole surface belongs to the basin of the fanuoa
are islets in the Carribbean Sea, between lat 140 and 160 N., The climate of Servia is somewhat rigorous in the more
ion. 800 W.                                                 mountainous parts, and very mild in the valleys and plains.
SERRANOS, sa-RAltnoce, a village of Brazil, province-ef.  In spring the trees put on their leaves from the 15th to the
Minas Geraes, on the road from Rio Janeiro to Sio Joio del 30th of April. The winter temperature ranges from 60 to 14~
Rei.                                                        Fahrenheit, and in extraordinary seasons has sunk to — 20
SERRASTRETTA, sk-nas-trt tftA, amarket-townofNaples, and - 60 Fahrenheit. Vegetation is vigorous, both in the
province of Calabria Ultra I., 5 miles N.N.E. of Nicastro. mountainous districts and in the lower grounds, the former
Pop. 3600.                                                  being generally covered with forests of excellent timber-trees,
SERRAVAL,'SR-RA-vAi', a village of Savoy, province of  among which, where the elevation is not very great, the
Genevese, 5 miles S. of Thonex. Pop. 1732.                  walnut is conspicuous; and the latter being generally coverSERRAVALLE, s1a-n&-vAllA, a village of Austrian Italy,  ed with a fertile soil, well adapted for the ordinary and
governmentof Milan, province, and 2 miles N.W. of Ostiglia,  several of the finer fruits, for the vine, for cotton in the
on the left bank of the Po. Pop. 1697.                      warmest spots, and for tobacco, rice, maize, hemp. flax, and
SERIRAVALLE, s6a-RA-v&VlA, a town of Italy, government the common cereals, in almost every quarter. Almost every
of Venice, delegation, and 23 miles N. of Treviso. Pop. branch of industry is in a backward state. The vine is
5350. It has a cathedral, manufactures of wool and silk, and  widely cultivated, though but indifferent wine is made,
active exports of corn, wine, and honey into the Tyrol.     Timber of superior quality would be a chief source of wealth
SERRAVALLE, a town of the Sardinian States, division, if facilities were afforded for its export.  Hogs, fed on acorns
and 22 miles N.N.W. of Genoa, on an affluent of the Po. in the splendid oak forests, are exported to the number of
Pop. 2234.                                                  about ten millions annually; and many cattle, sheep, and
SERRAVALLE, a town of Tuscany, province of Florence,  horses are reared in the mountains. Goat-skins are ex4 miles S.W. of Pistoja, with a castle now in ruins, import- tensively exported. Leeches and valonea bark are important
ant in the Middle Ages.                                     articles of trade. Iron, copper, lead, mercury, and coal are
SERRAVALLE DI SESIA, s8a-R~-vt ltlA dee sfse-A, a town  met with, but few, if any, mines are wrought. Manufac.
of Piedmont, division of Turin, on the Sesia, 2' miles S.S.E. tures are few; the principal are cotton fabrics.
of Borgo Sesia. Pop. 1023.                                    Servia, while acknowledging the supremacy of the Porte,
SERRE, sin or saiR, a river of France, departments of Ar- and paying it an annual tribute of $1,000,000, is governed by
dennes and Aisne, after a W. course of 50 miles joins the  its own prince, and virtually independent. In form the goOise near La F~re.                                          vernment is an hereditary monarchy, in which the prince or
SERRE and SERRES, siR, are numerous communes of  hospodar acts in conjunction  with a senate or skusochtijna,
France; the principal in the department of Iautes-Alpes, 21  consisting of 21 members, named by him. The criminal
miles S.W. of Gap, on ihe Buech. Pop. 1088.                 code is founded on that of Austria. The standing army
SERRE, LE, IA sWatRa, a town of Naples, province of  numbers 1750 men, excluding a militia of about 40,000. For
Principato Citra, near the Calore. Pop. 2400.               administrative purposes it is divided into 19 districts or
SERREIE, a town of Poland. See SERRnn.                    hahija, subdivided into lordships or kneschina, and comSERREJON, sn-RA-HonP, a town of Spaii, in Estremadura, munes or sresowe. The capital is Belgrade. The inhabitants
province, and 33 miles N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1095.          consist almost entirely of Serbs, who are of Slavonic exSERRENAGUR, sin-nA-nA-ghrf, or SIRRENAGUR, sin- traction, speak what is considered the softest of all the Slar,-n-giirf, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, in  vonic dialects, have good physical forms, somewhat stouter
Nerbudda Territory, 25 miles SW. of Jubbalpoor.             but less elegant than those of the Greeks, are less remarkSERIRENTE, sAI-RanftA, a village and island of Sardinia, able for intellect than for firmness, courage, benevolence,
17 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1515.                     and generosity; and are in general ardently attached to the
SERREY, si6-Ru, written also SEREIE, a town of Poland, Greek church, which has three archbishoprics and numerous
government of Augustowo, 37 miles N. of Grodno. Pop. convents within the principality. Belgrade is nominally
2460.                                                       the capital, but the prince and leading authorities reside
SERRIhRES, siahe-air!, numerous communes of France; and hold their courts in Kruschovatz or Krukovatz, otherthe principal in the department of Ardbche, on the Rhone, wise called  Alajahissar; the other principal towns are
here crossed by an iron suspension bridge, 36 miles S. of  Semendria, Nissa, and Pristina.
Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 2022.                                    Servia was conquered by the Turks in 1385. From 1806 it
SERRIERES, a village of Savoy, near the Rhone, 3 miles  was independent under Czerny George until 1814, when it
3. of Seyssel. Pop. 1118.                                  reverted to Turkey; but since a revolt headed by Milosch
SERRITO, sia-aeetto, or JAGUAR.O, zha-gwa-rSw0o, a  in 1815, it has again been insubordinate to any foreign intown of Brazil, province of Sfio Pedro do Rio Grande, 75 miles  fluence, except that of Russia. Alexander Georgivitsch. the
S.W. of Rio Grande. Pop. 3000.                              present reigning prince, assumed the sovereignty in 1842.
SERRO FRIO. See VILLA DO PRNCIoE.                         -Adj. SERviAN, serve-an; inhab. SERVIAN or SEnB.
SERT, sint, or ISERD, e-sindP, (anc. Tigraocerfta,) atown    SERVIA, s8rve-a;, a town of European Turkey, in Mace.
of Turkish Armenia, pashalic, and 90 miles E. of Diarbekir, donia, 17 miles N.W. of Mount Olympus, on the N. boundary
capital of a sanjak, near the Khaboor.                      of Thessaly. It has a large annual fair.
SERUYSI, a village in Lake co., Illinois, 35 miles N.W. of    SERVIAN, sin've-8Nol, a small town of France, depart.
Chicago.                                                    ment of Hdrault, 8 miles N.E. of Brziers. P. in 1852, 2254.
SERVANCE, sava0vUssf, a market-town of France, depart-   SERIVICE, a small post-village of Beaver co., Pennsylment of Haute-Safne, on the Oignon, near the foot of the  vania.
Ballon d'Alsace, 12 miles N.E. of Lure. Pop. in 1852, 2472.    SERVIaiRES, slave-ain, a small town of France, departSERVERETTE, sia'veh-rittt, a market-town of France, ment of Corrbze, 15 miles S.E. of Tulle. Pop. 1394.
department of Lozire, 13 miles N.N.W. of Mende. Pop. 928.   SERVOZ, sin'vo', a village of Savoy, 6 miles W. of ChiSERVI, seR/vee, one of the Ionian Islands off the S. coast mount. Here the ascent to Mont Duet commences.
of the Morea, 6 miles N. of Cerigo, 4 miles long.             SERWATTY. See SERAWATTY ISLANDS.
SERVIA, serfve-a, (Slavonic, Serbia, si be-a; Ger. &Srbien,    SESHEKf,, sA-shAlkA,. a town of South Africa, on a river
sirtbe-en; Fr. Srvie, siaveef; Turk. Seerb  Vilayetee, vil-A- of its own name. Lat. 170 28' S., Ion. 260 50' E.
yet'ee; ane. M        plrsia Suplrier, with a part of Illyrficum,) a    SESIA, sfse-A (anc. Sessiltes,) a river of North Italy, in
principality of Turkey, in Europe; bounded on the N.W. by  Piedmont, rises near Monte Rosa, and after a S. course of
the Save, separating it from Austria; on the N. and N.E. by  86 miles joins the Po 5 miles E. of Casale. Under the
the Danube, separating it in the former direction from the  French it gave name to a department of which Vercelli was
Banat of Hungary, and in the latter from Wallachia; on the  the capital.
E. by Bulgaria; on the S. by Mounts Argentaro or Egrisoo,    SESKAR, sis-kana, or SEZKIJAR, ss-4ke-yaRa, an island
and Gliubotin, formiog a continuation of the Balkan, and  of Russia, in the Gulf of Finland, with a light-house in lat.
separating it from Macedonia; on the S.W. by Albania; and  600 2' 1" N., ion. 280 23' 5" E. Here ships firom the Mediteron the W. by Bosnia, from which it is separated towards the  ranean perform quarantine.
S.W. by the Ibar, and towards the N.W. by the Drin; lat.   SESKIN/AN, a parish, Ireland, in Minster, co. Waterford.
420 to 450 N., ion. 190 20' to 220 50' E.; greatest length, from  SESMA, sis'mA, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, 32
S.E. to N.W., 240 miles; breadth, in the S. about 95 miles, miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1090.
and in the N. about 160 miles; area, estimated at 20,000    SESSA, sis'sA, (anuc. Suestsa Aruntca,) an episcopal city of
square miles. The surface has a general slope towards the  Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 17 miles N.W. of Capua.
N., but is on the whole very mountainous, being traversed  Pop. 4200. It has numerous ecclesiastical edifices and beby ramifications of three great mountain-chains-the Carpa- nevolent institutions.
thians in the N.E., the Balkan in the S.E. and S., and the    SESISAY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding,
Dinaric Alps in the WV. The summits are often below 2000  with a station on the North British Railway, 4A miles S.S1,.
feet, and seldom exceed 3000 feet, except on the frontiers, of Thirsk.
where a height exceeding 4000 feet is attained. Many nar-    SESSITES. See SESIA.
row and several wide valleys stretch between the mountain    SESTINO, sis-teelno, (L. Sentihsum,) a village of Tuscany,
ranges, and in the flatter parts of the principality, particu- 51 miles E. of Florence. Pop. 2274.
larly near the centre, along the banks of the Morava, and in    SESTO, siseto, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, 5 mile[
the N., along the banks of the Save and Danube, several N.W. of Florence, with which it is connected by railway
sonsiderable plains occur.                                 Pop. 2000.
1756




SES                                                         SEV
SESTO, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, delegation, and 5    SETITLE, a market-town and chapelry of England. co. of
miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 1400.                 *         York, West Riding, on the Ribble, here crossed by a bridge.
SESTO, a village of Italy, in Sardinia, division, and 6 miles  37 miles W.N.W. of Leeds. Pop. in 1851, 1976. It stands
N. of Cagliari. Pop. 1181.                                  at the foot of a height termed Castleberg Cliff, and is well
SESTO CALENDE, sls'to kU-l1ntdA, a village of Italy, in  built.
Lombardy, 33 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Ticino. P. 2120.   SETITRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East
SESITOS or CESITOS, a small river of Liberia, enters the  Riding.
Atlantic. Lat. 50 30' N., ion. 90 351 W.                      SETUBAL, sl-toofbl. SETUVAL, sk-toolvgl. or ST. UBES,
SESTO SAN GIOVANNI, slsfto sbn jo-vlnlnee, a village  (hbz,) a seaport city of Portugal, province of Estremadura,
of Italy, in Lombardy, delegation, and 5 miles N.N.E. of  capital of a comarea, on the N. side of the Bay of Setubal,
Milan, with which it is connected by railway.               18 miles S.E. of Lisbon. Lat. 380 29' N., ion. 80 53' W.
SESTRA, sis'trA, a river of Russia, government of Tver, an  Pop. 15,000. It extends more than half a mile along the
affluent of the Doobna, (Dubna.) Total course, 60 miles. A  beach, is enclosed by walls, defended by a castle, and has
canal between it and the Ister is intended to connect the  several churches and hospitals, two Latin schools, a justiceVolga and Moskva.                                           hall, broad quays, a convenient harbor, and an excellent
SESTRABEK, sls-tra-bWk, a village of Russia, govern- trade in minuscadel and white wines of the vicinity, corkment, and 17 miles N.W. of St. Petersburg, at the mouth of  bark, oranges, lemons, and salt. It has an active pilchardthe Sestra in the Gulf of Finland. It was founded by Peter fishery, and a large fair in July. Setubal suffered severely
the Great in 1716, and is noted for a vast and important from the same earthquake which devastated Lisbofi in 1755.. manufactory of arms.                                       Setubal is a place of very great antiquity, some Portuguese
SESTRE, sasltr', a river of Guinea, on the Grain Coast, authors gravely ascribing its foundation to Tubal, the fifth
enters the Atlantic 139 miles N.W. of Cape Palmas. Its  in descent from Noah.
mouth is encumbered with reefs, but vessels of 60 tons may,   SETZDOIRF, slts/doaf, a village of Austrian Silesia. circle
it is said, ascend it for 50 miles.                         of Troppau, about 25 miles from Zukmantel. Pop. 1810.
SESTRE, (or SISTERS,) GRa.T and LITTLE, two contiguous    SETZ/LER'S STORE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvillages of Guinea, on the Grain Coast, 40 miles N.W.of Cape vania.
Palmas.                                                       SEUDRE, sud'r, a river of France, rises in the S.W. of
SESTRI A LEVANTE, slsetree 1-lA-vn/tA, a maritime  the department of Charente-Inf6rieure, flows NN.W., and
town of North Italy, in Sardinia, division of Genoa, and 25  falls into tbe Atlantic opposite the S.E. extremity of the Isle
miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 7277.     of Ol6ron. Total course, 50 miles, of which 18 miles are
SESTRI A PONENTE, slsltree  A po-n~nutA, a maritime  navigable.
town of North Italy, in Sardinia, 4 miles W. of Genoa, and    SEUGRE, suvi, a river of France, department of Charentehaving many country residences of its citizens. Pop. 4346.  Infrieure, joins the Charente near Sanlutes, after a N. course
SESTU, sas-tool, a village of the island of Sardinia, 6 miles  of 40 miles past Jonzac and Pens.
N. of Cagliari. Pop. 1181.                                    SEULINGEN, soilling-Qn, a village of HIanover, province
SE'TANGI, a river of Burmah, after a S. course estimated  of Hildesheim, near Duderstadt.  Pop. 1300.
at 260 miles, enters the Gulf of Martaban by an estuary, 50    SEIUNDBII, stnda (?) a town of North iindostan in the
miles in width. It is so encumbered by shoals and islands, Gwalior dominions, 40 miles S.E. of Gwalior.
as to be unnavigable for vessels drawing more than 6 feet    SEUNY, stiinee, a town of British India, presidency of
of water.                                                   Bengal, in the Nerbudda territory.
SETAUIKET, a post-village of Brookhaven township, Suf-   SEURDAI, sfrfda, a town of British India, presidency
folk co., New York, on the N. side of Long Island, 58 miles of Bengal, in Bundelcund, 18 miles W.N.W. of Callinger.
E. by N. of New York. It has a good harbor, and contains    SEURRE, suR, a town of France, department of C0te-d'Or,
several churches and stores.                                on the left bank of the Sa~ne, 13 miles E.S.E. of Beaune.
SE-TCHING, si' chingf, or SSE-TCHING-FOO,, s' ching' Pop. in 1852, 3095.
fool, a town of the Chinese Empire, province of Quang-see,   SEVAN, an island and lake of Georgia.  See GOOKEKA.
capital of a department. Lat. 240 20' N., ion. 1060 15' E.    SEVASTOPOL or SEBASTOPOL, slv'as-tolpol,* (Gr. leSE-TCIOO  or SE-TC00-F00, siA chooe fool, written also  saar'roXts, Sbastopfolis,) an important town of European
SSE-TCHEOU-FOU, a town of the Chinese Empire, province  Russia, and the principal naval station of the Russian fleet
of Quang-see, capital of a department, on the border of Hoo- in the Black Sea, is situated near the S. extremity of the
nan. Near it are mines of quicksilver.                      Crimea, (province of Taurida,) on the N. side of a point of
SETCHY, sichlee, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    land extending W. about 10 miles. Lat. 440 37' N., Ion. 330
SETE-LAGOAS, sA/t IA-gotAs, (" seven lakes,") a collection  29' E. The view of the town, as seen from the land side, is
of lakes in Brazil, and so called from their number, seven. very striking: it is built on the northern and eastern slope
They are situated on the N. top of the Serra da Melgueira,  of an eminence on the S. side of a bay which extends into
province of Matte Grosso, in lat. 130 S. They are the  the land 3 or 4 miles, with a breadth of from  800 to 1500
sources of the Paraguay.                                    yards, and 10 or 12 fathoms deep, although in its upper part
SETENIL DE LAS BODEGAS, sA-tA-neell dA lis bo-DA- it has only 4 or 5 fathoms. This bay is completely protected
gAs, a town of Spain, province, and 72 miles N.E. of Cadiz. from all winds, and has no shoals. Immediately within the
Pop. 1871.                                                  entrance it widens considerably; it is divided into several
SETIF, sA-teef/, (anc. Sitfis.? or Sitipha?) atown of Algeria, branches or small bays, called by different names, as Artilprovince, and 79 miles W.S.W. of Constantine.  Pop. 265.   lery Bay, Ship Bay, (or the Harbor,) which is the largest
SETIGNANO, s&-teen-ydino, a village and parish of Tus- and finest, and on both sides of which the town is built. It
cany, 4 miles from Florence. Pop. 1209.                    is perhaps 2 miles long, and at the entrance 400 yards wide;
SETLEDGE or SETLEJ. See SUTLEJ.                          but like the principal bay, it expands within to a much
SETONDA, sA-tonudl, an islet of the Malay Archipelago, off  greater width. On the W. side of the harbor is the princithe N. coast of Sumbawa.                                   pal part of the town, with the admiralty, and other public
SETSCH, sitch, a town of Bohemia, 11 miles S.W. of  buildings, (not of a naval character;) while the hospitals,
Chrudim. Pop. 1035.                                        arsenals, dock-yards, magazines, barracks, &c., with the
SETTA, s~tlti, a town of West Africa, in Dahomey, about suburb of Karabelnaia or Karabelnaja, are on the E. side.
30 miles N.N.E. of Abomey. It is surrounded by a clay  The principal street runs along the inner harbor, and is
wall about 7 feet high and 3 feet thick. Pop. about 9000.    lined with substantial houses two stories in height; on
SETTALA,  spt-t'ia, (anc. Sota ra?) a town of Austrian  the other streets the dwellings are mostly of one story, but
Italy, province, and 9 miles E. of Milan. Pop. 1184.       being whitewashed, and situated on ascending ground, they
SETTEFRATI, sat-tA-fri/tee, a town of Naples, in Terra di present a fine appearance. The most important buildingsLavoro, 13 miles E.S.E. of Sora. Pop. 3100.                unconnectedwiththenaval establishment-aro two churches,
SETTENEX, slt'tA'An, a village of the Sardinian States, one of which was founded by Vladimeer, the first Christian
province of Upper Savoy, not far from Faverges. Pop. 1060. czar, and built of materials taken from  the ruins of the
SETTIA. See SITIA.                                       ancient cities of Chersonesus.
SETTIMO, sitlte-mo, a village of North Italy, in the is-   Forttlcations.-There are in all, near the town, 11 bat.
land of Sardinia, division, and 7 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. tories, mounting more than 1200 guns, and both shores of
1250.                                                      the outer harbor are lined with military works, which
SETTIMO, PIEVE DI SAN GIULIANO-A, pe-AlvA dee s~n
joo-le-Onw A shffte-mo, a village and parish of Tuscany,
ajoo-lu-t/n Ai aelt/t-mo, a village and parish of Tuscany,   * It should be remarked that B in Russian, like 6 in modern
about 5 miles W. of Flenc.   Pop. 1850.     Greek, is pronounced like our v. With regard to the acceat of
SETTIMO  TORINESE, slt/te-mo to-re-ni'si, a village of  Sevastopol, every consideration goes to establish the correctness
North Italy, in Piedmont, 6 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. of that which we have given: not only is it supported by the ac1115.                                                      centuation of the original Greek, as shown above, and by the
SETTIMO  VITTONE, sit/te-mo vit-tolna, a village of  native (Russian) pronunciation, but by the analogy of CoNSTANNorth Italy, division of Turin, province, and 6 miles N.N.W. TIOIPLE, ADIIINOIPLE, THERESIAnolset, (names essentially
of vrea on the  ora-Balta.  Pop. 1651.      of the same class, although differing in the mode of writing the
SETTIMIU, sit-to-mool, a village of the island of Sardinia' final syllable;) and also by that of all mnodern names derived
from the same root, whether in Europe or America, as AL6 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1340.                       BERTOPrOLI, GIULIOPrloLI, GALLIPeOLI, MONTOP/OLI, &C, in EuSETTINGIANO, sit-tin-jAJno, a market-town of Naples, rope, and ANNAPrOLaS, CAssor/oLIS, INDIANAPIOLIS, MININEAPIprovince of Calabria Ultra, 4 miles W. of Catanzaro.       ozes, &c. in our own country.;r57




SEV                                                        SEV
bristle with cannon that could rake a vessel or fleet ap-   SEVENTY-SIX. a small post-village of Beaver co., Penn.
proaching from  every point. Among the most important sylvania.$
of these fortifications are Forts Constantine and Alexander,   SEVENTY-SIX, a post-office of Clinton co., Kentucky.
on opposite points, at the entrance of the outer harbor, and    SEYIEN VALILEYS, a post-office of York co., Pennsyl.
Forts St. Nicholas and Paul, at the entrance of the inner or vania.
smaller harbor. within which is the dock-yard; besides a    StVERAC, sA'veh-rdkP, a town of Frante, department of
large unfinished fort on a height some distance back firom   Aveyron, on a hill crowned by a castle, 24 miles E. of Rodez.
the N. shore of the bay, nearly opposite the suburb of Kara- Pop. in 1852, 3035.
belnaia. The total cost of the forts has been estimated at   SEVERAC, a commune of France, department of Loire$35,000.000, and of the ships and all the works connected  InfIrieure, 14 miles N.N.W. of Savenay. Pop. 1122.
with the defences of the place, at nearly $100,000,000. Across    SEVEREK. sA-veh-r~kl, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic,
the entrance of the outer harbor, a line of battle ships was  and 42 miles N.E. of Diarbekir, on an affluent of the Eu.
sunk by the Russians previous to the present siege, (1854-5,) phrates, at the foot of a castellated height.
rendering the harbor perfectly inaccessible.  The town    SEVIERN, (anc. Sabrilna,) one of the principal rivers of
itself is surrounded by looped walls, with a battery on the  England and Wales, rises in Mlontgomeryshire, in a small
S.W., besides a fortress on the E. side of the bay, called the  lake on the E. side of Plinlimmon, 1500 feet above the sea,
Malakoff, with the Great and Little Redan, situated near flows at first generally N.E.. until it enters England, and
the lines of the Allies, and near which there has been, in  then successively S.E. andS.W. toitsexpansioninto the Bris.
the present war, some severe fighting. Just within the en- tol Channel, 12 miles S.W. of Bristol. Total length estitrance of the main roadstead is Artillery Bay, which forms mated at 210 miles. The principal affluents are the Terne,
the N.W. limit of the town, and has a battery of more than 50  the Upper and Lower Avon, the Leyden, the Chilt, and the
guns; here ships are careened. Outside, and S. of the great Frome from the E., and the Terne, the Wye, the Usk, and
entrance, is Quarantine  Bay, on which is the Lazaretto, and  the Taff from the W., many of which pour themselves' into
which is fortified by batteries. E. of the suburb of Karabel- its estuary. From Newtown it has a total descent of 465
naia is a fourth bay or inlet, also extending S., called Careen- feet to the sea. It traverses a very fertile country, and is
ing Bay. The inner bay, on which the town and dry-dock  navigable from the sea to Welshpool, a distance of nearly
are more directly situated, has a depth of from,4 to 8 fathoms. 180 miles. Barges ascend it as high as Bewdley; but its
The harbor of Balaklava, near which an engagement between  navigation is both tedious and difficult, to obviate which a
the Russians and Allies took place, October 17,1854, is situ- canal, 181 miles in length, has been cut from Gloucester to
ated about 7 miles S. by E. from Sevastopol. Between this  the sea, end is navigable for vessels of 350 tons. From
place arid the city, the besieging army mostly erected their Welshpool to Newtown, its navigation is continued by the
works, and made their assaults. during the winter of 1854-5. Montgomery Canal, and other canals connect it with the
At the head ofthe principal bay is Inkerman, the site of the  Thames, the Trent, the Mersey, and most other rivers of
fierce contest of November 7, 1854.                        Central England. Four weirs or locks, between Stourport
History and Nrme.-Sevastopol, or a town occupying its  and Diglis, near Worcester, have been constructed.  The
site, is said to have been founded by the Milesians many  tide, here termed the eagre or bore, rushes into the Severn
centuries before the Christian era. It probably received the  with such violence, that the stream  sometimes rises sudname of Sebastopolis, (" city of Augustus,") in the time of the' denly 9 feet in height at Gloucester, and extensive embankByzantine emperors, the appellation Augustus (in Greek, ments have accordingly been formed below that city, to ob-E6ar'ros) being often given as an honorary title to the  viate the effects of its irruption.  The tide is perceptible in
Roman and Byzantine emperors long after the time of Oc- the Severn as far as Diglis, below Worcester, 120 miles from
tavius, on whom it was first bestowed. In modern times, its mouth. At its junction with the British Channel, the
the place was known only as a petty Tartar village, called  Severn is 10 miles across, and drains about 6000 square
Akhtiar or Achtiar, when it came into possession of the  miles. The vessels engaged in the Shropshire trade are
Russians in 1783. The advantages which this site afforded  from 30 to 40 tons burden; in the lower parts of the river
for a fortress were early perceived by Catherine II.; and in  they range from 100 to 140 tons, and by far the greater part
1786 she commenced the fortifications, which she visited the  of the commerce is carried on between Gloucester and the
following year, and the building erected for her reception  sea.
still stands at the mouth of the inner haven. Pop. more    SEVIERN, a small river of Maryland, rises in Anne'
than 40,000.                                               Arundel co., flows S.E., passes by Annapolis, and enters the
SEVELLAN, (sA'vll-l&nt, SAVELAN, sA'veh-ln1, or SA- Chesapeake 3 miles below.
VALAN, sAv&-lAnt,) MOUNT, the principal summit in the    SEVtERN, a river of British America, in Canada West, disE. part of Azerbaijan, in North Persia, 20 miles W. of Arda- charges the surplus waters of Lake Simcoe, N.W. into
bil. Estimated height, 13,000 feet. It is apparently an ex- Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. Course about 20 miles. It
tinct volcano, its sides and vicinity abounding with vol- has several rapids and falls.
canic products.                                              SEVERN, a river in the N.W. part of British America,
SEVEN BROTHERS. See SEPT-F4aaREs.                        flows through Severn Lake, and enters IHudson Bay on its
SEVENEECKEN or ZEVENEEKEN, ziv~en-sken, a vii- S.W. side, after a N.E. course of about 350 miles.
lage of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 9 miles N.E. of    SEVERN  or DUMARESQUE, doo-ma-resk5,  IVER, in
Ghent. Pop. 2500.                                          East Australia, joins the Darling in lat. 280 401 S., ion.
SEVENHAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Glouen- 1500 E.
cester.                                                       SEVERNDROOG, slv'ern-droogt,  a small rocky island in
SEVEN ISLANDS, a cluster in the Malay Archipelago, the Indian Ocean, on the Concan coast, Hindostan; lat. 170
near the E. coast of Banca, from which they are separated  460 N., lon. 730 15' E. It was formerly the stronghold of a
]y a navigable canal; lat. 1~ 8' S., Ion. 1050 24' E.      celebrated Mahratta pirate, and was captured by the BriSEVEN ISLANDS, a group in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, tish in 1756.
in Canada East, opposite the entrance of Seven Islands    SEVERNDROOG, a hill-fort of India. See SAvINDRooaO.
Bay.                                                         SEVERO-VOSTOCHNOI, sA-v/ro vos-tox:noi, written also
SEVEN ISLANDS, in the Malay Archipelago: off the N.W. SIEVERO-VOSTOCHNOI and SIEVERO-VOSTOCHINII, syi.coast of Celebes, about lat. 00 33' N., ion. 1190 40' E.   vlro vos-toElflee, or NORTH-EAST CAPE, the northernmost
SEVEN ISLANDS, in France. See SEP ISLES.,                point of Asia, in Siberia; lat. 780 25' N., lon. 980 E.
SEVEN ISLANDS, in Lapland, on the N. coast; lat. 680    SEVIER, sev-eerl, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas,
460 N., ion. 370 20' E.                                    bordering on Texas and the Indian Territory, contains
SEVIEN ISLANDS, a post-office of Fluvanna co., Virginia. about 1300 square miles. It is intersected by Little River,
SEVEN ISLANDS, a post-office of Butts co., Georgia.      and bounded on the S. by Red River. The surfce of the N.
SEVEN LEAGUES, a post-office of Smith co., Texas.        part is hilly. The staples are Indian corn and cotton. CaSEV'ENMILE, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the  pital, Paraclifta. Pop. 4240, of whom 2868 were free, and
Cincinnati Raflroad, 7 miles N. of Hamilton.               1372 slaves.
SEVENMILE CREEK, a post-office of Sank co., Wisconsin.   SEVIER, a county of East Tennessee, bordering on North
SEVENMILE FORD, a post-office of Smyth co., Virginia.  Carolina. Area estimated at 520 square mhiles. It is drained
SEVENMILE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.   by French Broad, and Little Pigeon Rivers. The surface is
SEVEN MOUNTAINS, Pennsylvania, a series of eleva- elevated and mountainous; the soil of the valleys is fertile
tions or mountains, situated on the S.W. border of Mifflin  and well watered. Iron ore and limestone are abundant.
county, dividing it from Centre county.                    The French Broad River is navigable by steamboats firom
SEV~ENOAKSt, a market-town and parish of England, co. this county to its mouth. Capital, Sevierville. Pop. 6920,
of Kent, lath of Sutton-at-Hone, on a ridge of hills, 6 miles of whom 6517 were free, and 403 slaves.
N.W. of the Tunbridge station of the London and Dover    SEVIERIVILLE or SEVIER COURT-HOUSE, a post-villailway. Pop. of the town in 1851,1850. It has a spacious  lage, capital of -evier co., Tennessee, on Little Pigeon
uhurch, and a grammar school founded in the fifteenth cen- River, about 20 miles E.S.E. of Knoxville.
tursy. Adjacent to it is Knowle, the splendid mansion which    SEVIGLIA. See SEVILBE.
belonged to the Countess of Plymouth.                        SPVIGNAC, s4veen'ygkf, a village of France, department
SEVEN OAKS, a post-office of Galveston co., Texas.      of CMtes-du-Nord, arrondissement of Dinan. Pop. 2543.
SEVIENIY-FEIGT T, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa.     SIVIGNAC, a village of France, department of Basses
SEVIWENTY-SEVIEN, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, Pyrdnues, arrondissement of Pan. Pop. 924.
sn Iowa River, 16 miles S. by E. of Iowa City.               SEVILAN MOUNT. See SEVELLAtN.
1758




SEM                                                         SEV
SEVILLE, s~vlil* or se-vill,, (Sp. &Sevlla, sA-velfya; It. hospitals, warehouses, theatres, &c.; about 20, however,
&eiglia, sA-veellyd; Fr. Svilte, sA'veell; the Jispabs  of the  are still occupied, each by a small number of nuns, and a.
lRomans,) a famous city of Spain, (of which it was the capital few of them possess some valuable paintings andsculptures.
during a part of the Gothic dynasty,) capital of a province,   The following buildings also are deserving of particuon the left bank of the Guadalquivir, here crossed by a  lar notice: —The Casa Lonja, or exchange, built by Philip
bridge of boats, communicating with its suburb Triana, 60  II. at the suggestion of the Archbishop of Seville, to prevent
miles N.N.E. of Cadiz. Lat. (of La Giralda,) 370 22' 44" N. the deseci-ation of the cathedral, which was used by merion. 60 0' 59"'W. It is surrounded by Moorish walls about cantile men as a place of rendezvous; in the upper floor
5 miles in circuit, having numerous gates and towers, the  are the Archives  of the Indies, that is, of South America,
ramparts forming public walks. Its interior has almost which were collected here by Charles IV. in 1784, from Siwholly an Oriental appearance. The streets, with the ex- mancas and other archives scattered through Spain; the
ception of the Alameda, a magnificent thoroughfare, planted  Alhondiga, or public granary, a sumptuous edifice, built by
with elms, and decorated with fountains and statues, are  the MIoors, with a large court, on the right side of which are
mostly narrow  lanes; of late years, however, many new  ranges of piazzas, where the traffic in grain is carried on;
streets have been laid out in straight lines, and adorned with  the custom-house, built in 1792, with both fagades of the
regular and handsome residences. Around the city are many  composite order; the Ataranzas de Azogues, or warehouse,
fine public walks, and on one side is the Quemadero, or where is stored the produce of the government quicksilver"burning-place" of the Inquisition, near which are a large  mines at Almaden, as well as those wrought by private encity cemetery, and an English burying-ground.  The suburb  terprise; the Casada de Moneda, or mint, where coining,
of Triana, beyond the river, is inhabited chiefly by gipsies  however, has ceased, the machinery having been transand smugglers, and near it is a Moorish dam, erected to pre- ferred to Madrid; the Audiencia, or high court of Seville, of
vent the effects of inundations, to which the lower parts of which the statistical tables for 1844 give 4094 trials in a
the city are liable. Altogether, Seville contains about 30 jurisdiction over 1,140,935 souls, or about 1 In 279; the
public fountains, rather scantily supplied with water; but archiepiscopal palace, (whose fagade forms an angle nearly
there are, besides, numberless others in public institutions, opposite the Giralda,) commenced in 1664; and the Alcazar,
suppressed or existing convents, and private houses, and'all built in the tenth and eleventh centuries for Abderrahman,
are supplied from two sources, the Caflos de Carmona, a  and restored in 1364 by Don Pedro, with the aid of Moorish
Moorish aqueduct of 410 arches, constructed in 1172, and the  workmen; it occupies the site where stood the palace of
Fuente del Arzobispo, about 1 mile E. of the city, to which  the Roman praetor. Here Charles V. was married to Isabella
it is brought in a subterranean conduit. In the street IDe la  of Portugal; and here Philip V. resided in morbid seclusion
Cuna was accidentally discovered a subterranean Roman  for two years, amusing himself with fishing in the pond.
aqueduct, which still flows full of fresh water.            The gardens, which were laid out by Charles, are perhaps
Religious Establishments.-Seville  always abounded  in  the most curious in Europe.
temples: first, those erected to the heathen deities by the    The most remarkable public monument is the Tower of
Romans, traces of some of which still remain; then the  Gold, on the left bank of the Guadalquivir, a beautiful anChristian churches, which continued during  the Moorish  cient structure, attributed by some to the Romans, and by
ascendancy, when beside them  rose not only the temples  others to the Moors. The object for which it was erected is
of Islamism, but Jewish synagogues. After the re-conquest, unknown, but it figures much in the history of Pedro I. of
these were converted into Roman Catholic churches. Other Castile. In the Jews' quarter, a labyrinth of lanes, stands
religious establishments were also multiplied to such an  the house ofl Murillo, who was a native of Seville.
extent, that at no very distant date there were 73 monastic    Educational Establishments, luseumss, &c. —The university
institutions, while at the same time the whole city did not occupies the building erected by Charles III. 1565-79, for
contain more than 1 free school. The cathedral, a solemn  the Jesuits' convent. It contains fine pictures and sculpand grandiose fabric, is the largest and finest in Spain. It tures, and there have been recerntly added to it museums
occupies the site of the successive temples of Astarte, Sa- of chemistry, physics, mineralogy and zoology, and a bolambo, and Mohammed. The original mosque was pulled  tanic garden; within the last few years, also, the library
down at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and the  has been increased from 12,000 to 66,000 volumes. The agcathedral which rose in its stead was completed in 1519. gregate number of students who matriculated in 1847-8 in
Outside, as well as internally, it is a museum of fine art, in  philosophy, jurisprudence, theology, and  medicine, was
spite of repeated spoliations-Campana, Murillo, Vargas, 1184.  There are, besides, several colleges, various free
the IHerreras, and other painters of the Seville school, and  schools, a normal school, 123 private schools, several semiMontaiez, IRoldan, Delgado, and other eminent sculptors, naries or colleges for girls, one of them for young ladies of
having contributed to adorn this gorgeous structure. It noble birth, an academy of mathematics, a nautical college,
consists of five aisles, the two at the sides railed off for academies of commerce, of medicine and surgery, of the fine
chapels; the centre nave is magnificent, and of amazing  arts, of jurisprudence and legislation.  Besides the uniheight, being 145 feet at the transept-dome. At the W. end  versity library, there is the Columbine library, attached to
of the centre aisle lies buried Fernando, son of Columbus. the cathedral, and founded by F'ernando, son of Christopher
One of the most remarkable objects-in Seville is the Giralda,  Columbus, consisting of 30,000 volumes, the most valuable
(from ginrar, "to turn,") a great Moorish tower attached  collection of books in Seville, and one of the best in Spain.
to the cathedral, from which the muezzin summoned the  In addition to the numerous works of art distributed
faithful to prayers. This belfrey, unique in Europe, was  among the public institutions, especially the cathedral, the
built in 1196 by command of Aboo Voosuf Vakoob. The ori-  university, and the Caridad, a national museum  has been
ginal tower was only 250 feet high; the additional 100, being  formed, into which have been gathered the pictorial treathe rich filigree belfrey, was added, in 1568, by Fernando  sures of the suppressed convents, as well as pictures from
Ruiz, and is elegant beyond description. On gmrand festivals  other towns in the province. There are two theatres, and
it is lighted up at night, and then seems to hang like a  a handsome Plaza de Toros, or bull-ring, outside the walls
brilliant chandelier from the dark vault of heaven; the  -the latter affording accommodation for from  12,000 to
pinnacle is crowned with El Girandillo, a female bronze  14,000 spectators.
figure of Faith, holding the labarusm, or banner of Constan-    Charitable Institutions.-Seville has always been famous
tine. Although it is 14 feet high, and weighs 2800 pounds, for its benevolent institutions.  In 1558 it contained 76
it veers with the slightest breeze. Below the Giralda is the  hospitals, but the number was afterwards much reduced.
Patio de los Naranjos, (" court of orange-trees,") with the onri-  Among those that survive are the Hospital de la Sangre, a
ginal fountain'at which the Moslem once performed his magnificent edifice, founded in 1546; it was originally desablutions. Of the 140 churches which existed in Seville be- tined for women, but is now occupied by the sick poor of
fore the French invasion, a considerable number were de- both sexes, with a division for the insane; in 1848 there
stroyed or converted into magazines during Soult's short were admitted 3432 patiehts, and the'daily average of inrule. Among the most interesting that survive, are the  mates is from 280 to 300; the Hospital deSan Hermengildo,
San Lorenzo, containing some fine works by Montaiez; a Gothic structure, founded in 1453, and intended chiefly
San Clemente, With a splendid roof, and a plaiteresque high- for the cure of wounded persons; the Itcspital del Sefior
altar, by Montalfez; the magnificent church of San Pablo;  San JosS, or foundling hospital, founded in 1558; the numSan Pedro, with its Moorish tower; San Juan de la Pahna, her of children admitted yearly is about 680; the Hiospital
formerly a mosque; San Isidore, which, among other fine  de la Caridad, (': Charity lHospital,") founded. in the sevenpictures, contains El Transito, the masterpiece of Roelas;  teenth century by Don Miguel Maiara; in its elegant church
Santa Maria la Blanca, a synagogue prior to 1391; San Sal- are some of the finest creations of Murillo and Valdes, and
vador, a collegiate church; San Vicente, founded in 300, in the courts are two exquisite marble groups, representing
&c.  Of the numerous convents, some have been demo- Mercy and Charity surrounded with children; an asylum
lished, and others converted into barracks, manufactories, for aged priests, and a house of refuge, besides various other
benevolent institutions.
"Fair is prud SEVLLE;  let her country bailitary Establishments.-The cannon-foundry, founded in
Her strength, her wealth, her csitsef ancient days.   1565, is unique in Spain, and was formerly one of the best
Her srengh, hr welthher hitde aofd cancient day."
lhilde Harosd, cents. i.  in Europe; indeed, it is said that the bronze guns made
By what reaningmypsrmindhere are not surpassed anywhere.  There are also a mannWsmBy  what reasoning my poor mim d             factory of saltpetre, one of muskets, another of fire-works:
Was from the old idolatry reclazimed, 
None better knows than SEVILLE's mitred chief."       an arsenal and an armory, several barracks, and a military
Sou0WEv'S Roderick, book xx.   hospital.
17i59




SEV.            SEY
Prisons.-The prison in the suppressed convent Del Po- S1  VRES, DETX, dub saiv'r or slvr, (i. e. the "two
pulo is one of the best in Spain. In 1848 it afforded ample  Sevres,") a department in the W. of France, formed of part
accommodation to 683 prisoners, and the daily average  of the old province of Poitou. Area, 2315 square miles.
number is 250. There are also a house of correction for Pop. in 1852, 323,615. The surface is divided by a plateau
young persons, and anational prison for galley-slaves, called  into two parts: a mountainous, rocky region, partly wooded,
Presidio Peninsular, established in 1838, in the Augustine  in the N.E., called the Gatine; and a level'district.  Princiconvent outside the city, containing about 1200 prisoners, pal rivers, the Sbvre-Niortaise and the S~vre-Nantaise, from
sentenced by the different tribunals in the peninsula, as  which it derives its name. The soil is generally fertile, and
well as those of the Havana and Majorca.                    more corn is raised than is necessary for home consumption.
Clubs, Societies, &c.-The Cassino comprises among its  The pasturage is excellent, and cattle, horses, mules, and
members the lite of the city. There are also a military cas- asses, the latter of an excellent breed, are extensively reared.
sine, philharmonic society, society of equitation, tribunal Game and fish abound. Chief industry, the manufacture of
of commerce, board of commerce, college of advocates, aca- leather, gloves, woollens, linens, cottons, and beet-root sugar.
demy of belles-lettres, two societies for the encouragement of  The department has mines of iron, marble, and granite, and
agriculture and the industrial arts, insurance companies, &c. is divided into the arrondissements of Niort, Bressuire,
Manufactures and Trade.-The Fabrica de Tabacos, where  Melle, and Parthenay.  Capital, Niort.
the tobacco is made into snuff and cigars, covers a quad-    SEVRI HISSAR, slvtree his'sart, (" cypress castle,") a town
rangle of 662 feet by 524 feet, and has 28 internal courts. of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia, 66 miles E.N.E. of Kutaieh.
A moat surrounds it, in order to prevent cigars from being    SEVRI HISSAR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, near the
smuggled out. In 1849, 4542 persons, nine-tenths of them   Gulf of Scala Nova, 22 miles S.W. of Smyrna.
women, were employed in this establishment; and in 1847         SEVRI HISSAR, a village of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, in
the produce in cigars and snuff amounted to 2,736,446  a rocky country, 73 miles S.W. of Angora, with the ruins
pounds. There are also manufactures of earthenware, crys- of an ancient edifice. Near it are remains supposed to be
tal, machinery, extract of liquorice, leather, soap, cotton- those of the ancient Pessinus.
thread, worsted, linen, and silk fabrics. Being situated    SEVSK or SEWSK, a town of Russia. See SIEVSx.
about 70 miles from the mouth of the river, which it is diffi-   SEWAN, a lake of Russian Armenia.  See GiKTSCHEcult for vessels above 200 tons burden to ascend, as well as  DEsNGIs.
its proximity to Cadiz, Seville has comparatively a limited    SEWAN, sA-w~nf, or ALLIGUNGE, al'le-ghminj, a town
commerce. The great majority of vessels trading here are  of British India, presidency of Bengal, district of Sarun, 66
coasters, except in the months of October, November, and  miles N.W. of Patna. Lat. 210 9, N., ion. 750 58' E. Here is
December, when oranges are shipped for Britain, France, made an inferior sort of pottery ware.
and Belgium. On the average of the years 1844 and 1845,   SEWtARD, a post-township of Schoharie co., New York.
1386 vessels, of 59,089 tons, entered the port, and 1294, of  48 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 2203.
52,459 tons, cleared from it. The imports consist chiefly of    SEWARD, a township in Winnebago co., Illinois. P. 330.
yarn, wrought and cast iron, tin-plate, fine ironmongery,    SEWARD'S MILLS, a post-office of Rennebec co., Maine.
delft, fine cloths and linens, some silk stuffs, cotton mix-    SEWARD'S POINT, a post-village of Montgomery co.,
tures, drugs, &c., steel, crystal, dried cod, building-timber,  Illinois, 50 miles S. of Springfield.
Flanders cheese and butter, &c. The principal articles of    SEWTARDSTONE, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex.
export are quicksilver, lead, copper,: olive-oil, wool, oranges,    SEW/DAH, a town of British India, district of Candeish,
liquorice, cork, and occasionally grain. There is a small and  20 miles N.E. of Nusserabad.
insufficient quay, and a dock-yard, where the first steamboats    SEWEE, a town of Afghanistan.  See SEBEE.
were built in Spain. An iron bridge, to cross the Guadal-    SEWEE, a post-office of Meigs co., Tennessee.
quivir, was commenced in 1845, on the plan of the Pont-de-    SEW/ELLSVILLE, a post-oflice of Belmont co., Ohio.
Carrousel at Paris.                                           SEWESTAN, Afhanistan.  See SEWISTAN.
History.-Seville was called Hispal by the Phoenicians,   SEW/ICKLEYVILLE, a post-village of Ohio township,
who settled here, and by the Romans Hispalis, of which  Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the Ohio River, and on
the Moors made Ishbilliah, whence Sibilia, Sevilla. It was  the Ohio and Pennsylvania Raihoad, 12 miles N.W. of Pittscaptured, B.c. 45, by Julius Caesar, who made it his capital, burg.  It contains seminaries for boys and girls. Pop. in
and gave it the title of Romula, or Little Rome. Seville was  1853, 800.
the capital of the Goths until the sixth century, when    SEWICKLY,. a township of Beaver co., Pennsylvania
Leovigild removed the seat of government to Toledo, as  See NORTI SEWICKTLEY.
being more central. It surrendered to the Moors at once,    SEW/ICKLY, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylafter the defeat of Don Roderick on the Guadalete, and it vania. Pop. 1470.
continued its allegiance to the caliph of Damascus until 756,    SEW/ICKLY  BOTITOM, a post-office of Alleghany co.,
when Abderrahman established at Cordova the western  Pennsylvania.
caliphate of the Beni-Umeyyah family, to which Seville re-    SEWISTAN  or SEWESTAN, se-wis-tinf, a province of
mained subject until 1031, when that dynasty was over- South-east Afghanistan, mostly between lat. 290 30' and 300
turned, and with it the real dominion of the Moor. Seville  30' N., Ion. 67Q and 70~ E., having S. the Beloochee province
surrendered to Ferdinand of Leon and Castile on November  of Cutch-Gundava, E. the Suleiman Mountains, separating
23, 1248, when he divided the houses and lands among his  it from Damaun, and W. the Bholan and Pisheen Valleys,
soldiers. It continued to be the capital of Spain until from which it is also separated by high mountains. It is a
Charles V. removed the court to Valladolid. The discovery, fiat, dry plain of hardened clay, fertile only near its few
however, of the New World, raised Seville to more than  rivers, and crossed by the route from Dera Ohazee Khan to
its former splendor; it became the mart of the golden colo- Candahar.
nies, and the residence of princely foreign merchants. But    SEWRY NARRAIN, siw/ree nar'rinl, a town of India, in
the French invasion, and the subsequent loss of the Trans- the Berar dominions, 3 miles S.E. of Ruttunpoor.
atlantic possessions, have again greatly injured its pros-   SEXBIERUJM, six'bee/rtLm, a village of the Netherlands,
perity. It surrendered, in 1810, to the French under Soult, province of Friesland, W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 934.
who retained possession of it till 1813. In 1843 it was be-   SEXTIE  AQUE. See AIx.
sieged by Espartero for nine days, when it capitulated. A    SEX/TON'S, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, 40 miles
few miles distant, on the W., is the vili.ge of Santa Ponce,  N.N.W. of Jefferson City.
the ancient Itaica, the birthplace of the Emperors Trajan,    SEXTON'S CREEK, a post-office of Clay co., Kentucky.
Hadrian, and Theodosius the Great, and where are the re-    SEX!TONVILLE, a post-village in Richland co., Wisconmains of a Roman amphitheatre, and other vestiges of an-  sin, 56 miles W. of Madison. It contains 2 stores, 1 hotel,
tiquity. Santa Ponce and Triana are the seats of large  2 mills, and has excellent water-power. Pop. 130.
annual fairs. Pop. 100,498.-Adj. and inhab. SEVILIeAN,    SEYBO, si/bo, a town of Ilayti, on a small river, 55 miles
se-vil/y-fn; (Sp. SEVILeANO, sA-veel-ytlno.)                N.E. of Shn Domingo. Pop. 5000.
SEVILLE, se-vill/, a post-office of Madison co., Virginia.  SEYBUSCIH, s/bf66sh, or ZYWIEC, ziv/e-its, a town of
SEVILLE, a village of Medina co., Ohio, 104 miles N.N.E. Austrian Galicia, on the Sola, 12 miles S.S.W. of Biala. Pop.
of Columbus.                                               2952.
SEVIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              SEYCHELLES, sAsheel/, a group of islands in the Indian
SAVRE-NANTAISE, slvr (or saivr) n8NostAz, a river of  Ocean, a dependency of the British government of the ManFrance, rises in the department of Deux-S'vres, flows N.W.  ritius, between let. 30 300 and 50 451 S., and ion. 550 20' and
past Monnibres, where it becomes navigable foreboats, and  560 20' E. They consist of 30 small islands, in 4 groups:
enters the Loire on the left, oppositef Nantes. Length, 70  1. Mah6, with St. Anne, Cerf, and several smaller islands;
miles.                                                     2. Silhouette; 3. Praslin, Curieuse, &c.; 4. Dennis, Fregate,
SAVRE-NIORTAISE, slvr (or saivr) ne-oretez/, a river of  &c. They are all of granitic formation, and elevated on a
France, rises in the department of Deux-Svres, passes Niort, coral bank. Pop. 7000. Among the vegetable productions
where it becomes. navigable; and enters the Atlantic at Al- is the Cocos de Mer. Domestic animals comprise the cow,
guillon. Length, 65 miles.                                sheep, dog, and cat.  Crocodiles, formerly plenty, have
SEVRES, sivr or saiv'r, a town of France, department of  nearly disappeared. Miah6, the largest island, is 16 miles
Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles E.N.E. of Versailles, on the railway to  long, and 4 miles broad; it is mountainous, but fertile. The
Paris. Pop. in 1852, 4750. It is celebrated for the great chief town is Port Victoria, on the E. coast, with a garrison
national' manufacture of porcelain. It has also manufac- of 100 men. A newspaper was established in 1840. (See
tures of glass, &c.                                       ADm1ANTE IsLes.) The Seychelles were firstpartially explored
1760




SEY                                                      SHA
by M. Lazarus Picault in 1743. about which time a few set-   SHADE MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania,. extends N.E. from
tiers of French origin established themselves on the largest the Juniata, along the S.E. boundary of Mifflin, which it
island, Mahbi, with the view of taking turtle. To these seve- separates from  Juniata county, and into Union county,
ral families from Bouirbon and Mauritius'were soon added. nearly to the Susquehanna River.
In 1794 the British took possession of the islands; and at   SHADIFORTH, a township of England, co. of Durham.
the peace of 1814, they became a dependency of Mauritius.    SHADIINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
SEYDA, sl/dA, a town of Prussian Saxony, 54 miles N.E.    SHIAD/OXHURST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
of Merseburg. Pop. 1450.                                    SIJADRINSK, SCHADR1NSK  or CHADRINSK, shlSEYDORF, stdo f, a village of Prussian Silesia, govern- dreenskm, a town of Asiatic  Russia, government  of Perm,
ment of Liegnitz, near Hirschberg. Pop. 1098.             capital of district, on the N. bank of the Iset, 25 miles E.S.E.
SEYER (sifer) ISLES, a cluster lying off the W. coast of of Dolmatov. Pop. 3400. It it enclosed by palisades, and
the Malay peninsula, lat. 80 411 N., and Ion. 970 36' E. The has an active trade.
largest is 5 miles long, and 1 mile broad.                  SHADUAN, sh,-doo-dnt, an island of the Red Sea, oppoSEYEROE, silVh-r6'eh (?) an island of Denmark, 7 miles site the ancient Egyptian port Myos-Hormos. Lat. 270 30'
N.W. of Seeland. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 1 mile.        N., and ion. 340 E. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 4 miles..
SEY/MONVILLE, a post-office of Hardy co., Virginia.       SHADVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.
SEYMOUR, seelmer, a township in New Haven co.. Con-   SHAD'WELL, a parish of England, and suburb of the
necticut, on the Naugatuck River and Railroad, about 10 metropolis, on its E. side, co. of Middlesex, 2A miles E.S.E.
miles N.W. of New Haven. It contains a bank. Pop. 1667, of St. Paul's, with a station on the London and Blackwall
SEYMOUR, a post-office of Jackson co., Indiana.         Railway.
SEYMOUR, a post-village of Canada West, co. of North-   SHADWELL, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.
umberland, on the river Trent, 30 miles from  Belleville.   SHLADY, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee.
Pop. about 200.                                             SHADY DALE, a post-village of Jasper co., Georgia, 117
SEYNE, sdn, a town of France, department of Basses- miles W. by S. of Augusta. It contains 2 churches and an
Alpes, on the Blanche, 20 miles N.N.E. of Digne. Pop. in  academy.
1852, 2686. It is fortified, and has a communal college.    SHADY GROVE, a post-village of Franklin co., PennsylSEYNE, a town of France, department of Var, 3 miles  vania, about 60 miles S.W. of Harrisburg.
S.W. of Toulon. Pop. in-1852, 7401. Inhabitants chiefly    SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.
engaged in fishing and navigation. It has a harbor on the    SHADY GROVE, a small village of Union district, South
S.W. coast of the Gulf of Toulon, in the Mediterranean.   Carolina.
SEYNY, sA/nee, a town of Russian Poland, 36 miles N.W.   SIHADY GROVE, a small village of Forsyth co., Georgia.
of Grodno, with a Dominican cloister, the confessional of    SHADY GROVE, a'post-office of Union co., Georgia.
which is in such repute as annually to attract 10,000 peni-   SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama.'
tents. Pop. 516.                                            SHADY GROVE, a small village of Copiah co., MissisSEYPAN, one of the Ladrone Islands. See SAYPAN.         sippi.
SEYRA, slrid, a town of West Hindostan, Guicowar's do-   SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Washington parish, Louiminion, in the peninsula of Guzerat, on the Gulf of Cutch. sina.
SEYRAH, a town of India, presidency of Bombay, 65    SHADY GROVE, a thriving post-village of Gibson co.,
miles E. of Ahmedabad.                                    Tennessee, 116 miles W. of Nashville.
SEYSSEL, sls'so1, a frontier town of France, department    SHADY GROVE, a post-office of Crittenden co., Kentucky.
of Aiu, on the Rhone, which here becomes navigable, 21    SHADY GROVE, a small post-village of Dallas co., Mismiles S.W. of Geneva. Pop. in 1852, 1418.                 souti.
SEYSSUEL, sls'swvlf, a village of France, department of    SHADY HILL, a post-office of HIenderson co., Tennessee.
Islre, near Vienne. Pop. 1479.                              SHADY SPRING, a post-office of Raleigh co., Virginia.
SEYSUNA, sl-soolnA, a town of West Hindostan, domi-   SHAEFIFERSTOWN, a post-borough  of Lebanon co.,
nions, and 24 miles S. of Kotah.                          Pennsylvania, 34 miles E. of Harrisburg. It contains seveSEYYID EL GHAZI, sPyeed! 61 gh./zee, a town of Asia  ral churches and stores. Pop. in 1850, 616.
Minor. in Anatolia, 25 miles S.S.E. of Eskee Shehr. It corn-   SHIAFTESBURY, shafts/ber-e, a parliamentary and muprises about 600 houses of Mohammedans.                   nicipal borough, and town of England, co. of Dorset, on the
S]~ZANNE, sA'zhnnl, a town of France, department of border of Wiltshire, 25 miles N.N.E. of Dorchester. Pop. of
MIarne, 25 miles S.W. of Epernay. Pop. in 1852, 4431. It municipal borough in 1851, 2503; of parliamentary borough,
has manufactures of woollens and hosiery.                 9404. The town stands on the summit of a narrow hill, to
SEZEMECZ, sA!zA-mlts', or CZEZEMICZ, a market-town  which water has to be conveyed from  adjacent lower
of Bohemia, 10 miles N. of Chrudim, on the Elbe. Pop. 1532. grounds. The borough sends 1 member to the House of
SEZKIJAR, a small island of Russia. See SESKAR.         Commons. It gives the title of earl to the Ashley Cooper
SEZZA, slt/sA, or SEZZE, s6tsA, a town of South Italy, family.
in the Pontifical States, 20 miles S.E. of Velletri, on a height   SHAFTS/BURY, a post-village and township of Benningoverlooking the Pontine Marshes.  Pop. 8650.  It is a  ton co., Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 100
bishop's see, and has the remains of a temple of Saturn.  miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It contains beds of valuable
SEZZA, a market-town of North Italy, in Piedmont, 10  marble. Pop. of township, 1996.
miles S. of Alessandria, on the Bormida. Pop. 2585.         SHAHABAD, sh\'ha-b df, a district of Dritish India, preSFAX, sflx, or SFAKUS, sfdlkts. a seaport town of Tu- sidency of Bengal. having N. the Ganges, S.E. the Sone
nis, on the Gulf of Cabes, 70 miles N.N.E. of Cabes. Lat. River, and W. the Caramnassa. Area, 4087 square miles.
340 44' N., ion. 100 40' E. It is enclosed by a high wall, and  Pop. 919,900, nearly all Hindoos: 2300 square miles are ocis one of the best built towns of the regency. It has ship- cupied by cultivated lands, yielding rice, opium, &c. Princibuilding yards, and an active trade with Malta and Sicily.  pal towns, Arrah, Buxar, Rotasgur, and Sasseram.'SGRAYELAND, sgrllveh-l~nt', a village of the Nether-   SHAHABAD, a town of British India, dominion of Oude,
lands, province of South Holland, 4 miles S.W. of Naarden. 80 miles N.W. of Lucknow.
Pop. 1215.                                                   SHAIHABAD, a town of British India, presidency of Ben-'SGRAVENHAAG, a town of the Netherlands.  See gal, Upper Provinces. 105 miles N.W. of Delhi.
HAGUe.                                                       SHAHBAD, sh'bld!. or SHAHAHBAD, sh~lha-bld!, a
SHIIABATZ, shl/blts, a town of Servia, on the Save, 44  town of Cashmere, near the E. extremity of the valley, 14
miles W. of Belgrade. It has several bazaars.              miles S.E. of Islamabad, and 5600 feet above the sea. It is
SHAB/BINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.        famous for fruit, and was formerly a residence of the Mogul
SHABOINA, a township in De Kalb co., Illinois. Pop. 360. emperors.
SHACK/ELFORD'S, a post-office of King and Queen co.,   SHAIl BUNDER, (or BANDER,) shah btin/der, a village of
Virginia, 67 miles E. of Richmond.                         Sinde, in the delta of the Indus, 12 miles S.. of BunderSHACK'ERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester. Vikkar, and formerly the seat of an English factory.
SHADADPOOR, sh'dld-poor!, a town of Sinde, 23 miles    SHAH BUNDER, shAh btndder, written also SHAH BANN.W. of Larikhana, on the route to Gundava. Lat. 270 46' DER, a small town of Persia, province of Kerman, on the
N., lon. 680 E.                                           river of Meenab, 10 miles from its mouth in the Persian
SHADE, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. Pop. Gulf, opposite Ormus. The river is navigable to it from the
1266..        sea for vessels of 20 tons, and it has a custom-house, and some
SHADE, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.               maritime trade.
SHADE CREEK, Pennsylvania, rises in the E. part of    SHAIIDERAH, shlh-dI/ra,  a town of British India, proAlleghany co., and falls into Stony Creek.                sidency of Bengal, on the Jumna, opposite Delhi.
SHADE CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Ohio River in Meigs    SHAHEY, shl-hil, a rocky peninsula of Persia, province
county.                                                   of Azerbaijan, 35 miles S.W. of Tabreez, and extending into
SHADE FURNACE, a post-office of Somerset co., Penn- the Lake Ooroomeeyah, to which it sometimes gives name.
sylvania, 78 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg.                   It is about 40 miles in circumference, and has a dozen popaSHADE GAP, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pennsyl- lens villages.
vania.                                                      SHIAHJEHANPOO0R, shl-jI'hn-poor!, a district of British
SHAIDEHUR, shb-de-hirr, a village of Beloochistan, on  India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Province, having N.E.
the route from Larkhana to Gundava.                       Nepaul. E. Oude. Area, 1420 square miles.  Pop. 668,749.
SHADE MILL, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.    SHAHJEHANPOOR, the capital town of the above dis5 L                                                                        1761




SHA                                                        SHA
trict, on an affluent of the Gtanges, 43 miles S.S.E. of Bareily.   SHAMOKIN, a flourishing post-village and township of,at. 270 52' N., Ion. 790 48' E. It has a citadel and nume-  Northumberland co., Pennsylvania, on Shamokin Creek,
rous mosques.                                              and on the railroad from  Sunbury t  Pottsville, 18 miles
SIHIAHJEIIANPOOR, a town of Punjtb.  See TIRa..          I.S.E. of the former. The Shamokin coalfield (anthracite)
SHAHJEHANPOOR, a town of Central India, in the Gwa- is said to be as rich and extensive as any in the state. One
lior dominions, 35 miles N.E. of Gojein.                    of the veins is stated to be about 40 feet in thickness. Iron
SHAHLIMAR, sh/ile-marf, a fine summer palace and gar- ore is also abundant in the vicinity, and the manufacture
dens, in the Punjab, 3 miles E. of Lahore. The Shahinimar  of iron has been commenced. The village contains several
gardens, celebrated by Moore in "Lalla Rookh," are in  hotels, which are doing an excellent business; a new one
Cashmere, bordering a lake immediately B. of the city of has recently been erected, at a cost of $14,000. Pop. of the
Serinagur.                                                 township, 2191.
SHIIAHNOOR, shl'noorf, or SAVANOOR, sA'v&-noorl, a de-   SHAMOKIN DAM, a small post-village of Union co., Penncayed town of British India, presidency of Bombay, district, sylvania.
and 41 miles S.E. of Darwar, lat. 140 59' N., ion. 750 26' E.  SIHAMONY, a post-office of Burlington co., New Jersey.
SIIAHPOOR. shl'poorl, or'SIHIAHIPUR, a small river of   SHIAMIROCK, a new and thriving village of Adams co.,
Persia, province of Khoozistan, rises about 10 miles N. of the  Ohio, on the Ohio River,'88 miles above Cincinnati. It has
ruins of Sus; flows S.E. in a deep and narrow bed, and after stone quarries, and mills for sawsing stone.
a course of about 60 miles joins the Karoon, 50 miles below    SHAMROCK, a post-village of Callaway co., Missouri, 48
Shooster. In its upper part it runs parallel to the Kerah,'miles N.E. of Jefferson City.
(anc. Choaspes,) and laves the mud building termed Daniel's   SIHAMROCK  MILLS, a post-office of Washington co.,
Tomb, near the remains of Sus. It is conjectured to have  Rhode Island.
been the Eukcsus of Alexander's historians.                   SHAMSIIADIL, shim'sh/-deelf(?) a province of Asiatic
SHAHPOOR, a snmall town of Beloochistan, province of  Russia, in Transcaucasia. S. of the Koor, and between the
Cutch-Gundava, 52 miles N. of Shikarpoor.                   provinces of Ganjeh and Kazah; lat. 420 N., ion. 450 to 460 E.
SHAI- HRIZOOL, Turkish Koordistan. See SHEnEIzooeI.         S'SH4Nor CIAN,.oshin, a Chinese word signifying "mounSHAH-ROOD or SHAH-RUD, shiroodl, a river of Persia, tain," forming a part of numerous names in East Asia, as
province of Irak-Ajemee, joins the Kizil-Oozen or Sefeed-rood  TOIAN-SOAN, (the "-Celestial Mountains,") &c.
40 miles S.S.W. of Reshd, in the latter part of its course    SHAN'AGOLIDEN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co.
forming the boundary between the provinces of Irak-Ajemee  of Limerick.
and Ghilan.                                                   SHAN'ANDOAH[, a post-office of Richland co., Ohio.
SHAH-ROOD or SHAIl-RUD, a walled town of Persia, pro-   SIIANDA/KEN, a post-township of Ulster co., New York,
vince of Khorassan, 45 miles S.E. of Astrabad. It is about 56 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2307.
2 miles in circuit, populous, and surrounded by well-culti-   SItANIDRUM, a parish of Ireland. in Munster, co. of Cork.
vated groends.                                                SI-IANE'S (shAnz) CROSSINGS, a post-office of Mercer co;,
SHAHZADABAD shA-zA1d{-b/d1, a town of British India, Ohio.
presidency of Bengal, 31 miles N.W. of Allahabad. It has    SHANESVILLE, shdnzfvil, a village of Mercer co., Ohio, on
one of the most spacious serais or palaces in the Upper Pro-  St. Mary's River, 124 miles W.N.W. of Columbus.
vinces.                                                       SHANESYILLE, a thriving post-village of Sugar Creek
SI-IAHZADPOOR, shd'z id-pooiP, a town of Oude, 38 miles  township, Tuscarawas co., Ohio, 90 miles E.N.E. of ColumS.E. of Fyzabad.                                            bus. It has several stores, and about 600 inhabitants.
SHAIRGHIIUR, shlr'gtrd, a town of British India, presi-  SrHANAG, shdng, a Chinese word signifying "supreme,"
dency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 20 miles N. of forming a part of numerous Chinese names, as SuHAc-HA.l
Bareily.                                                    (i. e. "supreme port,"?) &c.
SIIAIYA or CIHAIYA, shiV, a maritime town of Siam,   SI-HANG-IHAI (Shang-Ial) or CI-HANG-HAI, (Chang-HaY,)
on the W. side of the Gulf of Siam, 100 miles N.N.W. of shang'-hit, incorrectly written SHANG-IHIAE, a seaport city
Ligor. It exports large quantities of rice,                 of China, and one of the five now open for European coinSI-HAKAPORE, sha'ki-p6r/, a town of Sinde, on the great merce, province of Kiang-soo, on the Woosung River, 1.4
route from  Cutch to Hyderabad, in lat. 240 34' N., lon. miles from thesea, and 160 milesE.S.E. ofNankin. Lat. 310
680 26' E.                                                 12' N., Ion. 1210 28' E. Pop. estimated at about.190,000. It
SHAKIELFORD'S, a post-office of King and Queen co., stands on a level and highly-cultivated plain, and is enclosed
Virginia.                                                   by a wall- 5 miles in circuit, immediately outside of which
SHAKIER   ILt-A.&GE, a post-village in Merrimack co., are several populous suburbs. The streets are narrow and
New lHampshire, 12 miles N. by E. of Concord.              filthy, and the public buildings inferior to those of Ning-po;
SHA-K'PAY, a post-office, Scott co., Minnesota Territory.  tea-gardens and vast ice-houses are the objects in it chiefly
SIIALIBOURN, a parish, England, cos. of Berks and Wilts. woe-thy of notice. It has a mint, and flourishing  manufacSHALIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Hants.              tures of flowered silks of a peculiar kind, and of iron wares,
SIAILER, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania. glass, paper, and articles of ivory, bone, gold, and silver. It'
Pop. 2002.                                                 is an important entreplt of the commerce between the N.
SIIALERt'S MILLS, a post-office ofrKunox co., Ohio.       and S. provinces of China, exporting manufactured goods
SHAILERSYILLE, a mining village of Alleghany co., to Tien-tsie in the metropolitan province of Pe-Chee-lee, and
Pennsylvania, on Sawmill River, about 2 miles W. of  inmporting large quantities of pulse, flour, meats, rhubarb,
Pitsburg.                                                   and skins from the shores of the Yellow Sea. An extensive
SHIALERSVILLE, a post-township in the N. central part internal communication by water facilitates its trade with
of Portage co., Ohio, intersected by Cuyahoga River. P. 1190. all the N. half of China, and it is stated to have a direct
SHALtFLEET, a parish of England, Isle of Wight.          trade with the countries of Central Asia. Its coasting trade
SHIALPORD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.           is also very extensive, and 3000 junks are often crowded
SHALFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             together in its river, many being from Hal-nan, Canton, and
SIHALKOTE, a town of the Punjab. See SS.,KOTE.           the Malay Archipelago. In 1853 the value of imports, in
SHALILOTTE, post-office, Brunswick co., North Carolina. 127 British vessels, was $5,225,000; in 57 American vessels,
SHAL!LOW  FORD, post-office, Orange co., North Carolina.. 3,316,000; in 23 vessels, from 21 other Esi-opean ports, and
SHALVSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Buckingham.   2 vessels under Siamese flags, $672,000: total, $9,213,000.
SHAMAKA, shl milkA, SHAMAKI, SCIIAMACHI, shl-  The export trade to foreign countries, in the sanue year,
mfKee, or SCIIEMACHI, a government of Transcaucasian  amounted to $16,250,000 in 126 British vessels; 09,500,000
Ruscia, bordering on the Caspian. Area. 16,895 square miles. in 52 American vessels.; and $1,150,000 in other foreign vesSHAMAKA, shl-mnika, SCIlAMACHI or SHAMACHI, sels: total, $26,900,000. The principal shipments in British
sbh-mIKee, written also CHAMAKA and SCHEMACHI, a vessels consisted of 33,247 pieces, valued at $10,265,000; 289
town of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasia, 70 miles W. of Bakoo. bales of silk piece-goods, valued at $40,000; 24,743,600
SHAMAKA, OLD, or KOONESIIUR, koo'ng-sh-R/, a village pounds of tea, valued at $5,776,000;  and 456 piculs of nanof Russia, in Transcaucasia, 15 miles N.E. of the above. It keens, worth $21,000. The amount of tea shipped in Ame-was ruined in 1737 by Nadir Shah, but having been made rican vessels, was 8,642,817 pounds, and in other vessels,
capital of Shirvan in 1841. it is now thriving, and is cele- 2,539,129 pounds. Shang-hal was taken, on the 19th of
brated for its silks, which are reckoned equal to French June, 1843, by the British troops, who captured in the city
manufacture. Pop. -in 1843, 18,500.                        171 piedes of cannon, and a large amount of military stores.
SHAMIRAM, the Turkish name of Van. See VAN.                SIIANG-I-YUEN, shdng'e-yoo1n5, a town of China, pro.
SITAMLEE, shinaleet, a town of British India, presidency vince of Che-kiang, about 68 miles W.S.W. of Ning-po. It
of Bengal, 53 miles N. of Delhi, in lat. 290 27' N., lon. 770 8' E. is a large and important place, containing a population of at
It contains many handsome houses, and has a large bazaar. least 100,000.
SIHIAM'MABI MOUNTAINS, (Arab. Jeblel Shasemart,)   SIIANG-SE-CHOO or CHANG-SE-TCHOU, shengse-chool,
sometimes called RAMLEAH MOUNTAINS, a mountain a town of China, province of Quang-tong, on the Chinese
range of Arabia, in Nedjed, principally between 280 and 290 f-ontier, in lat. 220 10' 12" N., lon. 10170 35' E.
N. lat. HIeight, about 9000 feet. In the vicinity are said to   SHIIANGCTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
be extensive forests.                                        SHANG-TOO  or CHANO-TOU, an old name of PKaING,
SITAMO, (:' sea of sand,") a desert of Mongolia.  See GonI. which see.
SHAMOKIN, a creek of Pennsylvania, falls into the Sus-   SHANIKILL, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, chiefly in the
quehanna near Sunbury.                                     co. of Armagh.
1762




SHA                                                        SITA
SHIANKILL, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of nos- East,,') a maritime province of China, mostly between lat.,ommon.                                                    350 and 38~  N., and Ion. 1150 and 1220 40' E., having land.
SILANKILL or SAINT KILL, a parish of Ireland, in Loin- ward the provinces of Pe-chee-lee, HIo-nan, and Kiang-soo,
ster, co. of Kilkenny.                                     and E. the Yellow Sea and Gulf of Pe-chee-lee. Estimated
SHANKILL.  a Damlet of Ireland, co. of Dublin.           area, 65,104 square miles. Pop. in 1825, 28.958,764. The
SIt ANKcLIN,  a maritimeparish of the Isle of Wight, on  surface is mountainous in the E.  Its W. pat is intersected
its S.E. coast.                                            by the Grand Canal. The harbors are numerous, and it
SHANKYSVILLE, a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsyl- compises many islands off the coast. Wheat, millet. indigo,
vania, 77 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg.                       drugs, and silk are the principal products. Its manuifactures
SHIANNON, the principal river of Ireland, rises in a pond  of felt, caps, carpets, and hempen cloths, are extensive. It
called the Shannon Pot, close' to the base of the Cuilcagh  is subdivided into 10 departments. The chief city is TseeMountain, in the county of Cavan, 345 feet above the sea. nan. The-department of Yen-chow-foo, (or Yen-tcheou fou,)
It flows at first S.W., and then generally S., through Loughs  in this province, is celebrated among the Chinese as the
Allan, Baffin, Ree, and Derg, to near Limerick, where it birthplace of the immortal Confucius, (Khoong-Tseu-Foo.)
turns W., and joins the Atlantic by an estuary 10 miles in    SHAN-WA-NO, a post-office of Outagamie co., Wisconsin.
width, immediately N. of Tralee Bay.  Total course esti-    SIIAO-CIOO or CHAO-TCHOU, sh'o-choof, called also
mated at 224 miles, for siearly all of which it is navigable,  $HAO-CHOIIO-FOO* and CHAO-TCHEOU-FOU*, sha'o chk-ool
though its navigation is obst-ucted in many parts by rapids fool, a city of China, province of Quang-tong, on the Peand shallows, to obviate which large sums have been ex- kiang, here crossed by a bridge of boats, 115 miles N. of
pended. Its principal affluents from the W. are the Boyle, Canton. Itis lar ge, enclosed by walls,andhas manufactures
Suck, and Fergus; from  the E. and S. the Innuy, Brosna,  of nankeen fabrics, &c.  Pop. estimated at 10,000 families.
Mlulkerna, and Maig. Its basin is estimated to comprise    SlAO-CH00-F00.*  See SHAo-CHoo.
3613 square miles. It is tidal for the last third of its cournse,   SIAO —IING or CIIA0-HING, shclo-hingt, a city of China,
and may be ascended by vessels of 400 tons to Limerick. It province of Che-kiang, capital of a department, 73 miles WV.
is connected all across Leinster with Dublin by the Grand  of Ning-po. Lat. 300 6' N., ion. 1200 3 E. It stands in a forCanal from  Shannon Ilarbor, near Banagher, and by the  tile plain, and is intersected by canals; it is well paved,
Royal Canal, which joins it at Tarmonbarry, near Longford. clean, and healthy. Neas it is a mag-ificent temnple, erected
SHANNON, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.           to Yu, the reputed founder of the Chinese Empire.
SHAN/NON, a new county in the S.S.E. part of Missouri,   SIHAO-HING-FOO or CIIAOU-HING-FOU.* See SAo-HIINa.
has an area of 1080 square miles. It is traversed in a S.E.    SHAO-KHING-FOO. See SuA0-KING.
direction by the Current, an affluent of the Big Black River,    SHAO-KING or CHI-AO-KHIING, shg'o-kingl, a fortified
and also drained by Jack's Fork, and by Big and Sinking  city of China, province of Quang-tong, capital of a departCreeks. The surface is uneven, and partly covered with  ment, 50 miles W. of Canton. It is well built, and is the
forests of pine. Mines of copper are found. F'ormed out of  residence of the governor of the Quaug provinces.part of Ripley county, and named in honor of George Shan-    SHAO-NAN or CHAO-NAN, sh/lo-ndn/, a flourishing seanon, a member of Lewis and Clarke's company to the Co- port town of China, province of Fo-kien, 90 miles S.W. of
lurmbia River. Capital, Eminence. Pop. 1199, of whom 1190  Amoy. Here junks freight with large quantities of alum
were free, and 9 slaves.                                    and sugar.
SHANNON, a post-office of Kanzas Territory.                 SHIAOOR shg'oorl, a town of British India, presidency of
SILANNON BRIDGE, a village and fortified post of Ire- Madras, districtofCoimbatoor, 41 miles N.N.W. of Daraporam.
land, King's county, on the Shannon, here crossed by a 16- - SIHAO-WOO, SCIIAO-WU, CItAO-WOU, shi'o-wool, or
arched bridge, 21 miles N.N.E. of Banagher. Pop. 300.       CI-IA-OU-FOU*, shk-oo-fool, a fortified city of China, province
SOIANINONDALE, a post-office, Montgomery co., Indiana. of Fo-kien, in the tea district, 145 miles N.W. of Foo-choo,
SIIANNONDALE, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsyl- in lat. 270 21' 360 N., Ion. 1170 36' 54" E. Its woven fabrics
vania.                                                      have a high repute.
SHANNONDALE SPRINGS, Jefferson co., Visrginia, on    SIAP, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland, with a
the Shenandoalh River, 5 miles fiom Charlestown, and 160 station on the Preston and Carlisle Railway, 12 miles N.N.E.
miles N. of Richmond.  This beautiful and fashionable  of Kendal. Near it are the remains of a Druidic temple, and
watering-place is more easily accessible from the Atlantic  of an abbey, and 3 miles S.E. of the village, is the bathing
cities than any in Virginia. The water is impregnated with  establishment of Shap Spa.
the salts of lime, magnesia, and soda.                        SHAPIINSIIAY. one of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, 41
SIHANNON GROVE, a village of Ireland, on the Shannon. miles W. of Stronsay.  Length, 5 miles; breadth, 41 miles.
SHANINON IHARIBOR, a village of Ireland, co. of Cavan, Pop. in 1851, 899, mostly employed in the cod and herring
on the river Shannon.                                      fishery. The shores are low, level, and fertile; the interior
SHANNON  HILL, a post-village of Goochland co., Vir- is hilly, and almost barren. On the S. coast stands a neat
ginia, 25 miles WV. of Richmond.                           village, on the fine bay of Ellwick; in the island are many
SHANNON'S, a village of Yallobusha co., Mississippi.     Pictish and Scandinavian antiquities.
SILANNON'S, a post-office of Montgomery co., Texas.        SHAPLEIGH, shap/lee, a post-township in York co., Maine,
SIHANINONSVILLE, a village of Perry co., Tennessee, on 77 miles S.WV. of Augusta.  Pop. 1348.
the Tennessee River, 90 miles S.W. of Nashville.              SHAPOOR, SIHAPOUR or SIIAPUR, shl-poors, (written
SHIANNONVILLE, apost-village of Montgomery co., Penn- (ICheeours in Frenuch and Schapur in German,) an ancient and
sylvania, about 5 miles W. of Norristown.                  ruined city of Persia, province of Fars, in about lat. 290 500
SHANINONVILLE, a flourishing village of Canada WVest, N., Ion. 510 40' E. It is said to have existed before the time
co. of Hastings, on the Salmon River, 1U miles from the Bay of Alexander the Great.  It was rebuilt by Sapor, (or Shaof QuintG, and 21 miles fiom Kingston; with which it has poor,) the first of the Sassanian dynasty, about the middle
communication by steamboat.  It contains several large of the third century. Its ruins are among the most inteflour, grist, and saw mills, and 2 Protestant churches. Pop. resting in Persia, either of ancient or modern times, and
in 1852, 500.                                              show it to have been a city of great extent and magnificence.
SHlANRAIL-AN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.     Some of the sculpturez, in the bpinion of competent judges,
SHAN-SEE, SLAN-SI or CHAN-SI, shbn-see/, (i. e. the rank namong the very finest specimens of Oriental art.
"mountainous West," or the "mountainous region of the   SIHAPOORAJI, shl-poo'rd, a town of North-western IhinWest,") a province of China, mostly between lat. 350 and 410 dostan, in the Odeypoor dominions, 70 miles S.S.E. of Ajmeer.
N., and Ion. 1100 and 11410 30' E., having N. Mongolia, or   SI-APUR. See SHAP  OR.
the Desert of Shame, (" sea of sand,") and on other sides the    SHAP/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
provinces of Shen-see, IHo-nan, and Pe-chee-lee. Estimated    SIIAPWICIK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
area, 55,268 square miles. Pop. in 1825,14,004,210. The sur-   SIARABAD,  shs rra-bgdl, a considerable town of Hinface is mountainous. The loang-ho forms its WV. and a part dostan, dominions of Oude, 70 miles N.W. of Lucknow.
of its S. frontier. lWheat, millet, cotton, tobacco, wine, dyeing-   SIHARAIABAD, sh; ra-h&-b~dl, a town of Cashmere, 45
materials, silk, honey, large numbers of live-stock, iron, salt, miles S.E. of Sesinagur.
crystal, coal, and building-stone, are among its chief products.   SHARAPAN, sh[A'r-pnW, a town of Russian TranscauThe principal manufactures are silk goods, carpets, and casia, province of Imeritia, on the Phasis, 30 miles E. of
metallic goods. It is divided into 9 departments. The chief Kootals. 
city is Tai-yuan. Shan-see is celebrated among all the pro-   SIHARBDLOW, a village and township of England, co.,
vinces of China for its wines. In the time of Marco Polo, and 7 miles E.S.E. of Derby, on the Trent and Mersey Canal,
(the latter part of the thirteenth century,) the vine, accord- here crossed by a bridge of five boats. Pop. 1121.
ing to that traveller, was cultivated nowhere in China but   SHAREStILL. shlrslhill, a parish, England, co. Stafford.
in this province, in the department of Tai-yuan-foo.  This   SHARGHAR, a town of India. See SHAWGUR.
department is also remarkable for containing the richest   SHA/IRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
iron-mines in all China; these appear to have been wrought   ShIARK RIVER, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.
from the earliest times. Its manufactures of iron and steel. - SI-ARNIBR0OOK, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
in which the inhabitants' have acquired extraordinary skill,
are very celebrated, and are distributed over the whole of    The affix Fou or Foo merely signifies "city," or a "town of
North China and Mongolia.                                   the first class," and is not in any case to be regarded as an essenSHAN-TOONG, SLAN-TUNG. SCIIAN-TUNG or CHAN- tial 1art of the name. In a stmller manner ise say NEW YORa.
TOUNG, shln'toong!, (i.e. the "mountainous region of the and N'rsw VoRK CITY; WASIINGcTOc, and WASHINGTON CITY,; &:
1763
— ~ ~~~~_




SHA                                                      SIHA
SHARNSFORD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.         SHARPSBURG, a thriving post-village of Bath co., KenSIIAIRON, a township of Hillsborough co., New Hamp- tucky, 38 miles S. of Maysville, with which it is connected
shire, 35 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 226.                 by turnpike. It contains 3 churches, and 2 woollen faSHARON, a post-village and township of Windsor co., tories.
Vermont, on White River, and on the Vermont Central Rail-   SHARPSBURG, a small village of Hamilton co., OP:io.
road, 28 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1240.            SHIIARPSBURG, a post-village of Marion co., Missouri, 90
SHARON, a post-village and township of Norfolk co., miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.
Massachusetts, on the Boston and Providence Railroad, 17    SHARP'S FORK, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.
miles S. by W. of Boston. Pop. 1128.                         SHARP'S ISLAND, in Chesapeake Bay, off the entrance
SHARON, a pleasant post-village and township of Litch- to Pautuxent River. On the N. end is a light-house showing
field co., Connecticut, on the W. side of Housatonic River, a fixed light.
about 40 miles W. by N. of Hartford. It has manufactures    SHARP'S MILLS, a post-office of IIarrison co., Indiana.
of carriages, iron and woollen goods, &c. Pop. 2507.         SHARPSIVILLE, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio.
SHARON, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity    SHARPSVILLE, a post-village of Tipton co., Indiana, on
of Schdharie co., New York. Pop. 2632. See SHARON SPRuNGS. the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, 48 miles N. of the latter.
SHARON, a thriving village of Beaver co., Pennsylvania,   SHARP TOP, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia.
on the right bank of Beaver River, about I mile from the    SHARP/TOWN, a post-village of Salem co., New Jersey, on
Ohio River, and 26 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It has an iron  Salem Creek, 10 miles N.E. of Salem, contains a church, 1
foundry and several boat-yards.                           mill, and about 50 dwellings.
SHARON, a thriving post-borough of Mercer co., Penn-   SHARPTOWN, a post-offtice of Somerset co., Maryland.
sylvania, on Shenango Creek and the Erie Canal, 16 miles    SHARTLESVILLE, shar/ttls-vill, a post-village of Berks
W. of Mercer, and very near the boundary of Ohio. It has co., Pennsylvania, 65 miles E. of Harrisburg.
several stores and mills. Pop. in 1850, 541.                SHARY, shl/ree, a river of Central Afirica, after a N.
SHARON, a township, Potter co., Pennsylvania. P. 501.  course of uncertain length, enters Lake Tchad on its S. side,
SHARON, a post-village of Wythe co., Virginia, 245 miles by several mouths. In some places it is nearly 1 mile across,
W. by S. of Richmond.                                     and filled with low islands.
SHARON, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., North Caro-   SHARY, ariverofGuinea. SeeCHADDA.
iRha, 165 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.                          SHASGO, CHASGO, sh s/go, or SHUSIIGAO. shoosh-gA'o,
SHARON, a post-office of Chambers co., Alabama.         a cluster of villages and a fort of Afghanistan, at the highest
SHARON, a post-village of Madison co., Mississippi, 30 part of the route between Ghuznee and Cabool, 10 miles N.
miles N. of Jackson.                                      of Ghusnee, and 8697 feet above the sea.
SHARON, a small village of Tipton co., Tennessee.         SHASITA, a large county in the N. part of California,
SHARON, a township in the N. part of Franklin co., Ohio, bordering on Utah Territory, and separated from Oregon by
intersected by the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati the new county of Siskiyou, has an area estimated at above
Railroad. Pop. 1025.                                      6000 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Coast
SHARON, a township of Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 1519.    Range of mountains, and partly on the S. by Red Creek. and
SHARON, a thriving post-village of Noble co., Ohio, about is drained by the Sacramento and Pitt Rivers, with Cotton30 miles S.E. of Zanesville.                              wood, Antelope, and Clear Creelks, and several other streams,
SHARON, a township in the N.W. part of Richland co., tributaries of the Sacramento River. The surface is uneven,
Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland  Columbus and Cin- and in the N. and N.E. parts mountainous. The soil is
cinnati, and the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroads. P. 1950. fertile along the streams. The capital employed in quartzSHARON, a post-village and township of Washtenaw co., mining in the county in 1852, amounted to $94,700; in
Michigan, on the North Branch of Raisin River, about 60  placer-mining, $90,950, and in other mining, $92,800. The
miles WV. by S. of Detroit. Pop. 868.                     whole product of gold was about $2,500,000. There is hardly
SHARON, a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois, 135  a river, creek, gulch, or ravine that does not contain gold.
miles N. by W. of Springfield.                            Shasta county has many mineral springs. The Soda Springs,
SHARON, a post-village of Appanoose co., Iowa, on Chari- the most celebrated, are situated near the Sacramento
ton River, 100 miles S.W. of Iowa City.                   River, about 60 miles N. of Shasta City. There are twelve
SHARON, a post-village and township of Walworth co., or fourteen salt springs, capable of producing sufficient salt
Wisconsin, 65 miles E.S.E. of Madison. Pop. 1169.         tod supply the whole state. Capital, Shasta. Pop. 4050.
SHARON, a post-office of Delaware co., Indiana.           SHASTA or SHASTA CITY, a post-town, capital of Shasta
SHARON, a post-office of Noble co., Ohio.               co., California, is situated on the Sacramento River, about
SHARON, a post-office of Tipton co., Tennessee.         200 miles above its junction with Feather River, and on the
SHARON, a post-office of Taliaferro co., Georgia.       main road from  Sacramento City to Klamath, 225 miles
SHIARON or DA/VIDTOWN, a village of Canada West, nearly N. of San Francisco.
co. of York, about 40 miles N. of Toronto. It is chiefly re-   SIHIASTE, SIIAS'TA or SHASTY, shtsfte, sometimes writmarkable as the adopted residence of a peculiar sect who  ten CHASTE, a mountain peak of the Cascade Range, in the
seceded from the Friends.                                  N. part of California, in lat. about 410 20' N., ion. 1220 W.
SHARON CENTRE, a post-village of Schoharie co., New  Height, about 14,000 feet.
York, 46 miles W. of Albany.                                 SIA-TCHOO or CHA-TCIIOU, sha choo, a fortified town
SHARON CENTRE, a post-village of Potter co., Pennsyl- of.Chinese Toorkistan, 250 miles S.S.E. of Khamil. It has
vania, 192 miles N.N.W. of IhIarrisburg.                   many Chinese inhabitants, and an active trade, and is reSHARON CENTRE, a post-village of MIedina co., Ohio, 112  ported to be a trading post of importance.
miles N.N.E. of Columbus. The township contains beds of    *SHAT-EL-ARAB,   SHATT-EL-ARAB,   shft-l-Afr'b,
mineral fireproof paint, which is used extensively in the  SCHAT-UL-ARAB, sht-661-&/rab, or CHAT-EL-ARAB, a
United States and in Europe.                               river of West Asia, formed by the junction of the Euphrates
SHARON SPRINGS, a post-village and watering-place of  and Tigris, enters the Persian Gulf at its head. in lat. 300
Schoharie co.. New York, about 50 miles W. of Albany. Here N., lon. 480 30' W., after a S.E. course of 120 miles. It reare springs impregnated with sulphur, and a large hotel ceives the Kerah River, is connected by the Iaffar Canal
called the Pavilion House. The scenery in the vicinity is with the Kerah in Khoozistan, and forms a part of the
very interesting.                                          boundary between the Turkish and Persian dominions.
SHARON STATION, a post-office of Dutchess co., New    SIIATSK, SCIIATSK, SHIATZK or CIHATSK, skltsk, a
Yolrk.                                                    town of Russia, government of Tambov, capital of a district,
SHARON VALLEY, a post-6ffice of Franklin co., Virginia. 38 miles N. of Morshansk. Pop. 6000. It has five churches,
SIIARONVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio, 13  and manufactures of hardwares.
miles N.E. of Cincinnati.                                    SHIAUCKS, shawks, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio.
SHIARONVILLE, a village of Pike co., Ohio, on the Scioto    SHAUGH, shaw, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
River, and Ohio Canal, 55 miles S. of Columbus.  Pop.   SIHAUMfBURG, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
about 200.                                                  SHAIVER'S CREEK, a post-office of Huntingdon co.,
SHARPESVILLE, sharpstvill, a post-office of Montgomery  Pennsylvania, 95 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.
co., Alabama.                                               SHIAVERTOWN, a post-village of Delaware co., New York,
SIHARPILES, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.    on the Popacton River, 15 miles S. by E. of Delhi.
SHARP MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, called also THIRD    SHAVLI, CHAVLI or SCHAWLI, shev/lee, a town of
MOUNTAIN, extends fiom N.E. to S.W. throughout nearly  Russian Poland, government of Vilna, 50 miles S.S.W. of
the whole extent of Schuylkill county. On the sides of this Mitau, on the route to Kovno.
mountain the river Schuylkill has many of its sources;   SHAWAJNA, a new county in the E. part of Wisconsin,
here also are found inexhaustible beds of anthracite coal.   W. of Shawana Lake. SHAWANA, a village on the outlet of
SHARPSIBURG, a post-village of Indiana township, Alle- that lake, is the seat of justice.
ghany co.,Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Alleghany    SHAWANA or SHOWANINO LAKE, Wisconsin, in OconRiver, 5 miles above Pittsburg. Boat-building is the princi- to co., is about 6 miles long. Its outlet joins Wolf River.
pal business of the place. Pop.in 1853, near 2000.         SHAWANGUNK, shong/gtm, a rivel which rises in Orange
SHARPSBURG, a village of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, on  co.,New York, and after forming part of the boundary bethe Beaver and Erie Canal. 11 miles W. by N. of Mercer.
SHARPSBUIIG, a post-village of Washington co., Mary-     Shatt or Shat signifies the "bank of a river subject to inunland, 16 miles S. of Ihagerstown.                        dation."
1764




SHA                                                       SHE
tween Ulster and Orange counties, enters the Walkill River tersected by a plank-road from Fond du Lac to Lake Michi.
in Ulster county, about 14 miles W.S.W. of Poughkeepsie.  gan, and by the Milwaukee and Green Bay Railroad. The
Its whole length is nearly 80 miles.                      settlement began in 1836; it was organized in 1839, and
SHAWANGUNK, a post-township in the S.part of Ulster  named from its principal river. Capital, Sheboygan. Pop.
ro.. New York, intersected by the Delaware and HIudson  8379.
Canal, about 85 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 4036.          SIIEBOYGAN. a thriving post-town, capital of Sheboygan
SHAWANGUNK MOUNTAINS; a portion of the Appa- co., Wisconsin, is situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth
lachian system, lying in the S.E. part of New York, and ex- of a river of its own name, 62 miles N. of Milwaukee, and
tending through Orange and Sullivan counties into Ulster.  110 miles N.E. of Madison. The Milwaukee and Green Bay
SHAWAT or SCIIAWAT, shitw~t, a town of Central Asia, Railroad passes through it, and a plank-road about 40 miles
khanat, and 22 miles N. of Khiva, on a canal of its own name  in length has been completed to Fond du Lac. Sheboygan
led from the Oxus.                                        was settled in 1836, abandoned in 1840, and in 1845 it had
SHAW/BURY, a parish of England. co. of Salop.           150 inhabitants. It now contains churches of 7 denominaSIIAW-CUM-DONININGTON, a parish of England, co. of tions, 4 newspaper offices, and about 2000 inhabitants:
Berks.                                                    $30,000 have been expended in improving the harbor within
SIIAWIELL, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.       the past year. Large quantities of lumber and other artiSHAWGUR, shaw gttr, or SIAR'GHARt, a town ofIndia,  cles are shipped here in steamboats.
in the Nizam's dominion, on the Godavery, 43 miles S.E. of    SHEBOYGAN FALLS, a thriving post-village and townAurungabad.                                               ship of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, on Sheboygan River, 6
SHAWL, shawl, or QUETTA, kwht/tA, a town of Beloochis- miles from its entrance into Lake Michigan, and 56 miles
tan, near the Afghan frontier, in an elevated but fertile  N. of Milwaukee. The plank-road leading from Fond du Lac
valley, 20 miles N.W. of the Bholan Pass, 5565 feet above the  to Lake Michigan passes through the village. The river
sea; lat. 300 8' N., ion. 660 56' E. Pop. 2000. It is enclosed  furnishes abundant water-power, which gives motion to
by an earthen wall, well supplied with water, has a fort, mills of various kinds. Lumber is manufactured here from
and, in 1842, was the head-quarters of General England, pine and other timber.  The village has 3 churches, 12
but was evacuated by the British in October of the same year. stores, 1 foundry, and 200 dwellings. P. in 1853, about 800.
SHIIAW'NEE', a post-village of Niagara co., New York,   SHEBSIIE, a town of Turkey. See JEPEE.
about 18 miles N. by E. of Buffalo.                         SHECHEM, sheekem, a town of Palestine.
SHAWNEE, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.       SHEDIAC, sh~dle-Akf, a town and parish on an island,
SHAWNEE, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 716.       and near the mouth of a river of the same name. on the
SHAWNEE, atownship of Fountainco., Indiana. P.1103. S.E. coast of New Brunswick. It has a tolerable harbor,
SHAWNEE INDIANS, a tribe now dwelling W. of the and some trade. Pop. 2000.
Mississippi, on the S. bank of the Kanzas River.             SIEEILIN, LOUGHI, (l1in,) a lake of Ireland, partly in
SHAWNEE MISSION, of Kanzas Territory, is about 1  Leinster, cos. of Meath and Westmeath, but chiefly in U1miles W. by S. of Westport, Missouri. It is a missionary  ster, co. of Cavan, 5 miles E. of Granard. Length, from E. to
establishment of considerable extent, and has been built W., about 5 miles; breadth, 2{- miles.
almost entirely by the United States government. It is   SHEELILY, a town of British India, presidency of Maunder the control of the Methodist Church South.           dras, district of Tanjore, 20 miles N.W. of Tranquebar.
SHAWNEE MOUND, a post-office, Tippecanoe co., Indiana.   SHEEN, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
SHAWNEE PRAIRIE, a post-office, Fountain co., Indiana.   SHEEN, EAST, a hamlet of England, co of Surrey, adSHAWtNEETOWN, a thriving post-town of Gallatin co., joining Richmond, (formerly termed Sheen.)
Illinois, on the Ohio River, 9 miles below the mouth of the    SHEEN, WEST, a hamlet of England, immediately S. of
Wabash; and 260 miles below Louisville, Kentucky.  It Mortlake.
derives its name from the Shawnee tribe of Indians, who    SHEEPIIHALL, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
once occupied this site. The landing is visited by the steam-    SIHIEEP-IIHEAD  CAPE, Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork,
boats which navigate the Ohio and Mississippi, and large  terminates the peninsula between Dunmanus Bay and
quantities of produce are shipped from the place, which is Bantry Bay, 18 miles S.W. of Bantry.
one of the most commercial in the S. part of the state. It   SHEEP ISLANDS, are a cluster of islands in Lake
was formerly the county seat. A newspaper is published  Ooroomeeyah, North Persia, province of Azerbaijan.
here. Pop. in 1853, about 2000.                             SHEEPISCOTT, a river of Maine, rises in Waldo county,
SHAW'S MILLS, a post-office of Guilford co., North Caro- and falls into the Atlantic in Lincoln co. Length, about 60
lina.                                                     miles.
SIIAW'S POINT, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.   SHEEPSCOTT BRIDGE, a post-office of Lincoln co.,
SHAWSIVILLE, a post-office, Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Maine.
SHAWSVILLE, a post-office of Ha-ford co., Maryland.       SHIEEPSIHEAD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
SHAWSVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Virginia. Pop. 3872, chiefly employed in stocking manufactures.
SHAWSIWICK, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana.   SHEEPS-TOR, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
Pop. 2934.                                                  SHEEP/WASH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
SHAYOOK, SIIAYUK, shPookl, or SHAYOCK, a con-   SHEEIPY MAG1NA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
siderable river of Central Asia, in Little Thibet, after a    SHEEfPY PARIVA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
southward course joins the Indus, N. of the Himalayas, 118    SHEERAZ, SHIRAZ or CHIRAZ. shef'rz! or shedraz,
miles N.W. of Leh.                                        sometimes written SCHIRA S, a city, formerly the capital of
SHAY'UEN! RIVER, in the N. part of Minnesota, rises in  Persia, now capital of the province of Fars, in a valley famous
a small lake, and flowing first easterly, then southerly, then  for its gardens and fertility, 4500 feet above the sea, and
easterly, and lastly towards the N., it hlls into the Red  115 miles E.N.E. of Bushire. Lat. 290 36' N., Ion. 520 44' E.
River of the North. Its whole length is estimated at above  Pop. variously estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000. It is
300 miles.                                                enclosed by bastioned walls nearly 4 miles in circumference,
SHEAKILEYVILLE, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsyl- and entered by six gates, flanked with towers. Until revania.                                                    cently, it had an imposing appearance; but many of its best
SHEARIERSBURG, a post-village of Westmoreland co., edifices were ruined by an earthquake in 1824, since which
Pennsylvania, 25 miles N. of Greensburg. The post-office is time it has been much less healthy than formerly. The
called SHEARER'S CROss-RoADS.                             houses are mostly small and mean; the streets filthy. The
SHEBIBEAR, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           principal buildings comprise the great bazaar constructed
SIIEBEEN, SHEBIN or CHEBYN, sheh-been!, a village  by Kerim-khan, the great embellisher of the city in the
of Lower Egypt, province of Menoof, with a government last century, the citadel, containing a royal palace, the great
school, and a cotton factory, having, some years ago, 70 spin- mosque, numerous colleges, baths, and Mohammedan tombs.
ning-jennies and 30 carding machines, set in motion by oxen. About half a mile outside of the walls is the tomb of the
SIHEBOYtGAN, formerly written CIEBOYGAN, a river renowned Persian poet, Hafiz, a native of Sheeraz, and near
of Michigan, rises in the N. part of the lower peninsula, and  it are the stream of Rocknabad, the bower of Mosella, cele.
flowing nearly N. enters the Strait of Mackinaw, about 12  brated in the verses of that author, and the famed garden
miles from the town of Mackinatw.                         of Jehan Namee, to which and to other gardens in the
SHEBOYGAN, a river of Wisconsin, rises in Fond du Lac vicinity the inhabitants repair for recreation. Sheeraz
county, near the S. end of Winnebago Lake. After passing  has manufactures of silk and woollen stuffs, sword-blades,
through the lake and county of its own name, it enters  soap, and earthenwares, and a wine having a high reputa
Lake Michigan at Sheboygan, the county seat. The abori- tion in Persia. Its commerce is extensive. Wine, rose
ginal name of this river was Shawbwa-way-gun, i. e. "the  water, attar of roses, assafoetida, dried fruits, silk, goats'river that comes out of the ground."  A fall, six miles from  hair, wool, saffron, drugs, horses, orpiment, madder, and
the mouth, affords a fine water-power.                   tobacco are sent to Bushire, in return for Chinese, Inidian,
SHEBOYGAN, a county in the E. part of Wisconsin, bor- and European manufactures, with spices, metals, and other
dering on Lake Michigan, has an area of about 500 square  goods. Salt from adjacent lakes, and other merchandise, is
miles. It is drained by the Sheboygan, Onion, and Mullet forwarded on mules to most of the inland cities of Persia.,
Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. A    SILEERGOTITY  or SHEERGOTITA, a town of British
few years ago the while county was covered by a dense  India, presidency of Bengal, district of Bahar, 80 miles S.W.
forest of pine and other timber. The rock which underlies  of Patna. Lat. 240 32' N., ion. 840 55' E. It has about 1000
the surface is limestone, of good quality. The county is in- houses, and an indigo factory.
1765




SHE                                                        SHE
SHIEERIING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           of about 20 acres of pleasure-grounds, which have recently
SSHEERNESSf, a seaport town and naval arsenal of Eng- been thrown open to the public by the Duke of Norfolk.
land, co. of Kent, parish of Minster, on the N.W. extremity    Sheffield has long been famous for its manufactures of
of the Island of Sheppey, at the confluence of the Medway  cutlery, including knives, scissors, razors, and edge-tools'
with the Thames, 11 miles E.N.E. of Chatham.  Popi in  of all kinds, files and reaping instruments.  In each of
1851, 8549. Of its three quarters, Banks-town, Blue-town, these branches great numbers of workmen are employed,
and Mile-town, the two first are enclosed within fortifica- and the articles produced are well known and esteemed in
tiens. The dockyard, occupying nearly 60 acres, contains a  all the commercial emporiums of the world. Steel also is
wet dock of 3A acres, in which ships are fitted, several dry  made in vast quantities, not only for the supply of the local
docks, extensive storehouses, handsome official residences, demand, but of the general market. Another celebrated
&c. Outside of the yard is Garrison Point, with the resi- branch of manufacture is the plating of articles of copper
dence of the port-admiral, telegraph, coast-guard station, with silver, and in connection with it the process of electroi
and large barracks. Opposite the river and sea is a long  plating has recently attracted considerable attention.  A
wharf, and several hulks ranged off the shore form a break- great number of hands are also employed on what is -called
water for the harbor. The town, latterly much improved, Britannia-metal, which is made to form a cheap substitute
has a pier, bathing establishment, Gothic chapel of ease, for almost all the articles manufactured from the precious
various Dissenting chapels, a synagogue, and numerous  metals; and by the operation of what is termed pressicg,
schools. Exports corn, seeds, and oysters to London; but the horns and hoofs of animals are converted into many
the trade lies chiefly in the supply of the government esta- useful and elegant forms. Other leading articles are optical
blishments.  It communicates by steamers with London  instruments, including especially the grinding of spectacleand Chatham. Sheerness was taken by the Dutclh under  glasses; and in the more cumbrous articles of stoves, grates,
De Ruyter in 1667. The mutiny of the Nore broke out here  and fenders, Sheffield holds a decided pre-eminence both in
in 1798.                                                   cheapness of price and elegance of design. In connection
SHEERWAN. See SRHtvAN.r                                  with the staple manufactures of the town are numerous exSIHIEE-TSIEN, SHI-TSIEN, CIII-TSIEN, she tsee'nl, or tensive iron and brass foundries, grinding, tilting, rolling,
SHEE-TSIEN-FOO, a city of China, province of Koei-choo, and slitting mills, &c. The social condition of the wosrkmen
capital of a department, and 430 miles N.W. of Canton.     is generally superior. They receive large wages, and live
SHEETZ'S MILLS, a post-office, HIampshire co., Virginia. for the most part in separate tenements. Coal is abundant,
SIIEFEEN, shd-feenl, or SHEFEAN, (?) an island on the  and some iron is raised near Sheffield; the Don is navigable
S.E. coast of Africa, in Delagoa Bay. It is about 5 miles  up to the town, and the canal basin is available for vessels
long, very narrow, low, and sandy.                         of 50 tons. Cheese, corn, and fruit are staple articles of the
SHEFIFIELD, a  parliamentary  borough, celebrated  trade.
manufacturing town, parish, and township of England, co.   Sheffield is supposed to have been originally a Roman
of York, West Riding, capital of the district of Hallamshire,  station, and is certainly of great antiquity. It existed as a
is pleasantly situated on several acclivities, in a natural town under the Saxons, and is mentioned in Domesdayamphitheatre, enclosed on all sides except towards the N.E. book as a manor. In 1296 Edward I. granted it a charter
by wooded hills, at the junction of the Sheaf and Don  to hold a weekly market and an annual fidr; and in the
Rivers, on the Sheffield and Don Canal, and on the Sheffield  fourteenth century the mention of the Sheffield "thwytel"
and Manchester and the Sheffield and Rotherham Railways,  or whittle by the poet Chaucer, indicates that it had alivady
141 miles N.N.W. of London. The town is, for the most become noted for its cutlery. In the early part of the fifpart, irregularly built, consisting, particularly in its older  teenth century the domain passed by marriage to the celeparts, of steep and narrow streets, and brick houses, often  brated soldier, John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, who built
of an antiquated appearance. In the more modern parts  in the vicinity of the town a manor-house, which possesses
the streets are both wide and straight, and many of the  some historical interest as connected with the custody of
shops are remarkable for their elegance, though the clouds  Cardinal Wolsey and Mary Queen of Scots.  A splendid
of smoke rising from the public works cause every thing to  castle, erected in the reign of Henry VIII., was completely
assume a very dingy hue.' Almost all the streets are well demolished by the Parliamentary forces during the civil
paved,: and lighted with gas. The communication across war. It is governed by a mayor, 13 aldermen, and 42 coun.
the Don is maintained by four bridges, three of them  of  cillors; and sends 2 members to the HIouse of Commons.
stone, and one of iron; there are also several bridges over  Pop. in 1851, 135,310.
the Sheaf, including a large space, forming a part of the    SHEFIFIELD, a post-township in Caledonia co., Vermont,
Norfolk markets.                                           37 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 797.
The parish, whichis coextensive with the borough, con-   SHEFFIELD, a post-village and township of Berkshire
tains 20 churches and other places of worship in connection  co., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River and Railroad,
With the Establishment, and about 26 belonging to Dis- about 120 miles WV. by S. of Boston. The streams afford
senters of various denominations, of which the most nume- motive-power for a paper mill, 3 establishments for sawing
rous are the Weslesyan Methodists, Independents, and Bap- marble, 2 plaster mills, 2 grist mills, and 7 saw mills. The
tists. Among the churches the most deserving of notice  village contains 2 churches, a town-hall, an academy, high
are the original parish church, a spacious cruciform struc- school, and 5 stores. Pop. of the township, 2769.
ture, erected in the reign of Henry I., surmounted by a        IHEFFIELD, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois.
central tower and spire, and containing, among other in-   SUEFFIELD, a township of Warren co., Pennsylvania,
reteesting monuments, a bust remarkable as the first pro- intersected by the route of the Suubury and Erie Railroad.
duction of Chantrey's chisel; St. Paul's, a handsome Grecian  Pop. 317.
edifice; and St. George's, St. Philip's, and St. Mary's, covered    SHEFFIELD, a post-village in Newton co., Georgia, 65
externally with a profusion of grotesque heads and other miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
ornaments; notice is also due to the Wesleyan Brunswick    SHEFFIELD, a post-office of Fayette co., Alabama.
chapel, Which is a very imposing edifice; and to the Roman    SHEFFIELD, a township of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 845.
Catholic chapel, a cruciform  building in the Decorated    SHEFFIELD, a post-township of Lorain co., Ohio. P. 906.
style, with a tower terminating in an elegant crocketed    SHEFFIELD, a mining village of Meigs co., Ohio, on the
spire, 200 feet high. The other more important buildings  Ohio River, about 2 miles below Pomeroy.
are the town-hall, a substantial stone structure; the Cut-   SHEFFIELD LAKE, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio.
lers'-hall, a handsome Grecian edifice; the Music-hall; the    SI-IEFFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Bedford.
corn-exchange, with a portico of 16 massive pillars; new    SHEFIFORD, a county in the S.W. centil part of Canada
market-hall, assembly  rooms, theatre, barracks, public  East, drained by Yamaska River. Area, 745 square miles.
baths, and the Victoria Railway station, with the viaduct Chief town, Granby. Pop. in 1852, 16,482.
immediately adjoining it.                                     SHEFtFORD, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
The educational and literary establishments are the free    SHEFFORD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Ber]ks.
grammar school, the Wesleyan Proprietary grammar school,   SIIEFKATEEL-SOO0 or SIIEFKATIL-SU, shlfkI-teellsoo,
or Wesley College, occupying a very handsome structure; a small river, which enters the Black Sea on its E. side, and
the collegiate proprietary school, the people's college, the  forms the boundary between the Russian and Turkish
national, British, charity, infant, ragged, and various other empires at that point. At its mouth is the Russian fort of
schools; the school of design, the mechanics' institution  Sr. NIKOLAI.
and lyceum, for which complete and even elegant accom-   SHEIIOILA, a post-office of Pike co., Pennsylvania.
modation has been provided; the atheneeum, the literary    SHEHR, shiH'r or shIher, a Persian and Turkish word
snd philosophical society, possessed of a good museum; the  signifying " city" or "1town," forming the name or a part of
medical hall, and the public subscription and mechanics' the names of a number of towns in Western Asia.
ibraries; the latter comprises above 6000 volumes.  The    SHETIR, shH'r; a maritime town of Arabia, on its SE.
principal benevolent institutions are the general infirmary,  coast, 32 miles E.N.E. of Makallah.  Lat. 140 431 N., Ion. 490
the Shrewsbury and Hollis' hospitals, the licensed victual- 40' E. Pop. estimated at 6000. It extends for I mile along
lets' asylum, Deakjn's charity, recently founded; and seve- the shore, and is pretty well built. It has manufactures
ral valuable charities under:the management of the cutlers' of coarse cotton cloths, gunpowder, arms,, &c., and a brisk
company. To the other objects of interest already men- general trade, the duties on its exports and imports being
tioned may be added the cemetery, situated on the slope of  stated to amount to 50001. annually. Ships anchor in firom 
a hill about 1 mile from the town; the botanic gardens, to 8 fathoms water, in its roadstead. about I mile firom shore.
finely situated in the same vicinity; and the park, consisting    SHEHR, a town of Arabia, lat. 140 385 30" N  ion. 490 2"'
1766




SHE                                                        ~r~~Sl
-SHE:~
3~ E., formerly an important place, but now a village oc- beds of stone coal and iron ore are found. The county concupied by shermen's families.               tains several mineral springs. It is intersected by the
SHEIHIEI, a popular appellation iR Mabri dialect of the  route of the Selma and Tennessee River Railroad. Capital,
lofty range of mountains extending from the E. limits of  Columbiana. Pop..9536, of whom 7160 were free, and 2376
Mahra to Dhofar.and Mirbat. They arenamed onthe maps  slaves.
the MoUNTAINs of SEJER or SEGER.                             SHELBY, a county in the E. part of Texas, bordering on
SHEIHR-E-S00BZ, SHEHR-E-SOUBZ or SHEHR-I-SUBZ,  Louisiana, contains 850 square miles.  Its E. border is
shlh'r ee soobs, a town of Central Asia, khanat of Bokhara, washed by the Sabine, and its W. by the Attoyac River.
on a river, 40 miles S.S.W. of Samarcand, and occupying  The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. Cotton,
the site of Kesh, the birthplace of Timur.                 Indian corn, grass, and sweet potatoes are the staples. The
SHEIHRIZO00R, SHEIIRIZOUR, sh~h'zoorf, or SHIEHRI- county, a few years ago, was mostly. covered with forests.
ZUR, sheh're-zoorl, (written SHEHRZOOR and SHEHRE-  Named in honor of the late Judge Shelby, of Texas. Capital,
ZUR,) or SHARRIZOOL, shkre-zooll, a town of Turkish Koor- Shelbyville. Pop. 4239, of whom 3278 were free, and 961
distan, near the Persian frontier, 160 miles N.N.E. of Bagdad. slaves.
SHEIK ABADEH. See ABABDE.                                  SHELBY, a county forming the S.W. extremity of TenSHEIKMAN, sh.'k nt, a village of Persian Koordistan, 16  nessee, bordering on Mississippi.  Area estimated at 510
miles N.W. of Zohab, having many Mohammedan tombs, square miles. The Mississippi River forms its entire W.
and ancient sculptures.                                    boundary, and it is intersected by Wolf and Loosahatchy
SIIEIKPOOR, shAk1poorf, a town of British India, presi- Rivers and Nanconnah Creek. The surface is nearly level.
dency of Bengal, 22 miles S.E. of Bahar.                   The soil is fertile, and is extensively occupied by plantations
SHEIKPOORA, shAk-poo!rl, a.town of British India, of cotton and Indian corn. The Memphis and Charleston
Upper Provinces, 5 miles S.S.E. of Seharunpoor.             lailroad (not yet finished) terminates in this county at the
SHEIK SIAIB, an island, Persian Gulf.  See BUsnEAn.  city of Memphis. Capital, Raleigh. Pop. 31,157, of whom
SHEIK'S (shA/ik) ISLANDS, of North-east Africa, in So- 16,797 were free, and 14.360 slaves.
mauli country, are in the Bay of Zeyla, Sea of Babrel-Man-   SIIELBY, a county towards the N. part of Kentubky, has
deb, between Zeyla and Tajoorah.                           an area, of 465 square miles. It is drained by Beech, Clear,
SHEILVILLE, sheel/vill. a post-office of Hamilton co., Brashears, Fox, and Sixmile Creeks. The general surface is
Indiana.                                                   undulating, and adorned with forests of fine timber; the
SHEIP0,     shapooe, a maritime town of China, province  soil has a substratum of red clay, and is friable and remarkof Che-kiang, 40 miles S. of Ning-po. It has a considerable  ably fertile. In 1850 this county produced more corn than
trade, and in the late war was defended by many forts; any other in the state. and more wheat than any other, extaken by the British 16th September, 1841.                 cepting Jefferson. There  were raised in that year 1,731,740
SHEKIIOABAD, shek-ko'A-badf, a town of British India, bushels of corn, and 83,931 of wheat. The principal rock
presidency of Bengal, Upper Pr ovinces, district, and 35 miles  which underlies the surface is limestone. The county is
S.E. of Agra.                                              intersected by the Louisville and Frankfort Railroad, and
SHEKI or SCHEKI, sh/kee, a town of Transcaucasian  by several turnpike-roads.. Shelby county is among the
Russia, government, and N.W. of Shamaka, capital of a  most populous and wealthy divisions of the state. Organized
khanat of its own name, on a height above the Seldighi- in 1792, and named in honor of Governor Isaac Shelby.
lani, in a mountainous and unfertile district. It consists Capital, Shelbyville. Pop. 17,095, of whom 10,478 were free,
of about 550 houses, and has a mountain fastness.           and 6617 slaves.
SIEKIN, shd-keent, a province of Asiatic Russia, in    SHELBY, a county in the W. part of Ohio, has an area of
Transcaucasia, lat. 400 N., Ion. between 470 and 480 E., 425 square miles. It isintersectedby the Miami River, and
having N. the Caucasus, S. the river Koor, W. Georgia, and  also drained by Loramies Creek. The S. part is undulating,
Li. the province of Shirvan. Chief town, Nookha.            and in some places hilly; the N. is flat table-land, forming
SIIEKINE E, sha-kee.neh, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic  part of Loramies Summit, 378 feet higher than Lake Erie. The
of Seevas, on the Yeshil-Irmnak, 72 miles N.N.E. of Amasia.  soil has a substratum of clay, and is productive. It is inSHEK-PEI-WAN, shk6pa'w&nnt, a maritime village on the  tersected by the Miami Canal, the Bellefountaine and Indiana
5. coast of Hong-Kong, with an excellent anchorage.        Railroad, and the Dayton and Michigan Railroad. Organized
SHEKSNA, SCIHIECSNA or CHEKSNA, sh8ks'nA, a river  in 1819. Capital, Sidney. Pop. 13,958.
of Russia, issues from Lake Bielo, in the N. of the govern-    SHELBY, a county in the S.E. central part of Indiana,
ment of Novgorod, flows S.S.E., and joi'ns the Volga on the  contains about 400 square miles. It is drained by the Blue
left; total course, 150 miles.                             River and Sugar Creek. The surface is nearly level; the
SH1ELBURN, a post-village and township of Chittenden  soil is fertile, especially after it has been drained. It conco., rermoet, near Lake Champlain, on the Rutland and  tains extensive forests of the oak, beech. ash, walnut, &c.,
Burlington Railroad. Pop. 1257.                            and is amply supplied with water-power.  It is intersected
SHELBURN, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois.            by the Lawrenceburg and Mississippi Railroad, and three
SHELBURNE, shbllbtirn, a post-village and township of  short lines meet at Shelbyville, the capital. Organized in
Coos co., New Hampshire, on the Androscoggin River, and  1822. Pop. 15,502.
on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 91 miles N.E.   SHELBY, a county in the S.E. central part of Illinois, has
of Concord. Pop. 480.                                      an area of 790 square miles. It is intersected by the  iasStIELBURNE, a post-township in Franklin co., Massa- kaskia River, dividing it into nearly equal parts, and also
chusetts, on Deerfield River, 95 miles W. by N. of Boston. drained by the Little Wabash, and by the South Fork 6f
Pop. 1239.                                                 Sangamon River. The surface is moderately undulating,
SHELtBURNE, a county in the S.W. extremity of Nova  and diversified by prairies and forests; the soil is fertil.,
Scotia, bordering on the Atlantic. The coasts are remark- well watered, and easilycultivated. A portion ofthe.Grand
able for their numerous deep indentations, forming excel- Prairie is included in this county. The Illinois Central, and
lent harbors, into which flow the Clyde, Jordan, and other the Alton and Terre Haute Railroads are located through
considerable rivers. The surface is mountainous along the  the county. ~Capital, Shelbyville. Pop. 7807.
shores; the interior is mostly level, except in the N.E..   SHELBY, a county in the E.N.E. central part of Missouri,
where is Blue Mountain,  Capital, Shelburne.  Pop. in  contains about 500 square miles. It is drained by the South
1851, 10,622.                                              Fabius, Salt, and North Rivers, affluents of the Mississippi.
SIHELBURNE, a seaport town and port of entry of Nova  The surface is undulating, and the soil in general is fertile.
Scotia, capital of Shelburne county, on the N.E. arm of a  Rather more than half of thd county is occupied by prairies,
capacious harbor of the same name, about 112 miles S.W. which are based on limestone, and usually contain no swamp
of Hlalifax. Its harbor is generally regarded as the best.in  or stagnant water. The deficiency of timber is partly cormall Nova Scotia, from the ease of its entrance and the per- pensated by the abundance of stone coal, which is found here.
fect security of its anchorage. On the S.E. point of Res- Capital, Shelbyville. Pop. 4253, of whom 3755 were free, and
neath Island, at its entrance, stands a light-house exhibit-  498 slaves.
lnug two lights, the higher of which is 125 feet above the    SHELBY, a new county in the W. part of Iowa, contains
sea. Shelburne is a place of considerable trade, and has  about 550 square miles. The Boyer River, an affluent of the
facilities for the repairing and furnishing of vessels.    Missouri, flows through the county in a S.W. direction.
SHELBURNE BAY, North-east Australia, is an inlet of    SHELBY, a post-village and township of Orleans co.,
the Pacific Ocean, let. 11~ 508 S., lon. 1430 E.           New York, on the Erie Canal, 16 miles E. of Lockport. The
~SHELIBURNE FALLS, a flourishing manufacturing post- village contains 1 paper and 2 flour mills. Pop. of the townvillage of Franklin co., Massachusetts, on the N. side of ship. 3082.
Deerfield River, about 90 miles N.W. by W. of Boston. It    SHELBY, a post-village, capital of Cleveland co., North
contains 1 or 2 churches, an academy, and extensive mann- Carolina, on an affluent of Broad River, 190 miles W. by S.
factories of cutlery. Pop. about 1000.                     of Raleigh. The seat of justice was established here in 1841.
SHEIJBY, a county in the N. central part of Alabama,    SHELBY, a post-office of Austin co., Texas.
has an area of 970 square miles. It is intersected by the    SHELBY, a thriving post-village of Richland co., Ohio, on
Cahawba River; the Coosa forms its entire boundary on the  the railroad between Sandusky and Mansfield. at the juncE. The surface is diversified by hills and valleys; the soil tion of the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 68 miles N.
is fertile, well supplied with springs, and well adapted to  by B. of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, about 700.
the production of grain, cotton, and pasture. A part of the    SIELBY, a township of Macomb co., Michigan. P. 1482.
surface is covered with forests of oak, pine, &c. Extensive    SHELBY, a township of Jefferson co, Indiana. P.1637.
1767




SHE                                                       SHE
SHELBY, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. P. 741. of the state, and unites with Lime Creek in Floyd county, toe
SIIELBY COLLEGE. See SHELBYVILLE, Kentucky.             form the English River.
SHELBY'S BASIN, a post-villagrte of Orleans co., New York,    SHELLSBURG, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.,n the Erie Canal, 15 miles E. of Lockport.                 SHELLTTOWVN, a post-village of Ocean co., New Jersey, on
SHELBY'S CREEK, a post-office, Tippah co., Missiseippi.  Crosswick's Creek, 10 miles S. by E. of Trenton.
SHELBY'S SPRINGS, a post-office, Shelby co., Alabama.    SHELOCITA, a post-village of Indiana co., Pennsylvania,
SHIELIBYVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Shelby  165 miles W. by N. of Harrisburg.
co., Texas, 325 miles by the usual route E.N.E. of Austin    SHELSLEY BEAUCHAMP, (beefcham,) a parish of EngCity. It contains a court-house and 6 stores. The situation  land, co. of Worcester.
is high and healthy. Settled about 1836.                     SHELSLEY WALSH, a parish of England, co. of WorSHELBYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bedford co., cester.
Tennessee, on Duck River, 59 miles S.S.E. of Nashville, con-   SHELS'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
tains a court-house, a bank, newspaper office, and several    SHEL'TER ISLAND, a post-township of Suffolk co., New
churches. A branch of the Nashville and Chattanooga Rail- York, between Great Peconic and Gardiner's Bays, about 100
road terminates here. Pop. estimated at 1000.              miles E. of New York. Pop. 386.
SHELBYVILLE, a flourishing  post-village, capital of    SHELfTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
Shelby co., Kentucky, on Clear Creek, and on the turnpike    SHELTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
from Louisville to Frankfort, 30 miles E. of the former. It    SHELTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
is situated in a beautiful and fertile country. Shelby Col-   SHELTON, a township and chapelry of England, co. of
lege, of this place, was founded in 1836, and has near 100  Stafford, 2 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle-under-Line.  It comstudents. The village contains a large new court-house, 8  prises the village of Etruria and part of Cobridge, and is
or 9 churches, 3 flourishing seminaries for young ladies, 1 or on the line of the Crewe and Derby Railway, and the Grand
2 newspaper offices, and several manufactories. Pop. in 1853, Trunk Canal.
about 2000.  SHELfTON, a township of Warrick co., Indiana. Pop. 532.
SHELBYVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of    SI-IELITONVILLE, a post-village of Forsyth co., Georgia.
Shelby co., Indiana, is pleasantly situated on the left bank    SIHIELVE, shylv, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
of the Blue River, 26 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. Three rail-   SHEMBEGHEWN, shlmnbeh-gfint, a town of Burmah, in
roads meet at this point, viz. the Shelbyville and Knights- Farther India, on the Irrawaddy, 68 miles N.W. of Patanago.
town, the Rushville and Shelbyville, and the Shelbyville  Lat. 200 30' N., ion. 940 30' E.
Lateral. One newspaper is published here. Pop. in 1853,   SHIEM-DEO, shim dAo, a temple of British India, is a
about 1500.                                               sanctuary 8 miles N.E. of Almora, 6760 feet above the sea.
SHELBYVILLE, a post-village, capital of Shelby co., Illi-   SHEMOGA, a town of India. See ScMOGA.
nois, on the Kaskaskia River, at the'crossing of the Alton    SHEN'ANDOIAH, a river of Virginia, the largest affluent
and Terre Haute Railroad, 60 miles S.E. of Springfield. It of the Potomac, is usually described as formed by the North
contains a brick court-house and numerous stores.         and South Forks, which unite near Front Royal in Warren
SHELBYVILLE,'a thriving post-village, capital of Shelby  county. - The South Fork, or Shenandoah Proper, rises in
co., Missouri, is pleasantly situated on the border of a beauti- Augusta and Rockingham counties by three branches,
ful prairie, 90 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City. The railroad  called North, Middle, and South Rivers, which unite at Port
extending from Hannibal to St. Joseph will probably pass  Republic in the county last named. It pursues a norththrough Shelbyville.                                       easterly course, nearly parallel with the Blue Rfdge, which
SHELBYVILLE, a post-office of Shelby co., Iowa.         is only a few miles distant, and falls into the Potomac at
SHELPDON, a parish of England, co, of Devon.            Harper's Ferry, just above its passage through the mounSHELDON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           tain. The distance by the windings of the river, from its
SHELrDON, a post-village and township of Franklin co., mouth to Port Republic, is estimated at 170 miles. This
Vermont, near the Missisque River, 54 miles N.W. of Mont- river flows through the great valley of Virginia, an excellent
pelier. It contains several churches, and a bank. Pop. of  tract for the growth of grain. It affords an ample supply
the township, 1814.                                       of water-power at numerous points, and also extensive
SHELDON. a post-village and township of Wyoming co., facilities for navigation.'Small boats, called gondolas, ascend
New York, 15 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 2527.               the main stream about 100 miles above Front Royal.
SHELDON'S GROVE, a post-office of Schuyler co., Illinois.   SHENANDOAH, a county in the N.E. central part of
SHEL'DONVILLE, a post-office of Norfolk co., Massa- Virginia, forming part of the great limestone valley which
chusetts.                                                 extends along the W. base of the Blue Ridge. The area is
SIIELIDRAKE, a post-office of Seneca co., New York.     about 500 square miles. It is drained by the North Fork
SHELDPWICK, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           of the Shenandoah River, from which the name is derived.
SHELEKHOV. See SHELIcov.                                The surface is diversified by valleys and ridges. The soil is
SHELEKOF. See SHELIGOy.                                 generally productive. The rocks which underlie the county
SHELEMI1AH, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.       are blue limestone, slate, and sandstone. Iron ore is abunSHELF, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding. dant, and affords an article of export; lead and copper also
SHELFrANGER, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       are found. A railroad extends from  Strasburg in this
SHELlFORD, a parish of England, co. of Notts.           county to Alexandria. Capital, Woodstock. Pop. 13,768, of
SHELFORD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Cam- whom 12,857 were free, and 911 slaves.
bridge.                                                      SHENANDOAH, New York. See SHINANDOAH.
SHELFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam-   SIIENANDOAH IRON-WORKS, a post-office of Page co.,
bridge.                                                    Virginia.
SHELGHUR, shPllgiirf, a town of Afghanistan, 15 miles    SHENANGO, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania.
S.E. of Ghuznee. It consists of a fort with a great number Pop. 2476.
of houses clustering around it, and is inhabited by a com-   SHENANGO, a township forming the S.W. extremity of
mercial tribe ofAfghans called Lohanis.  Pop..3000.        Mercer county, Pennsylvania, intersected by the Beaver and
SHELIF, a river of Algeria. See SHELLIFF.               Erie Canal. Pop. 1574.
SIIELIGOV, shll-e-govf, written also SHELEKOF, SCHE-    SHENANIGO CREEK, rises in the N.W. part of PennsylLIKOW, CHELEKHOV  or CHELIGOFF, shPl'e-goffl, a lake  vania, and after flowing in a S. direction, unites with the
of Russian America, intersected by the parallel of 590 N. lat., Mahoning in Lawrence county, and forms the Beaver River.
and the meridian of 1560 W. Ion. It is about 80 miles long,   SHENDY, SCHENDI or CHENDI, shenfdee', sometimes
with a medium breadth of 35 miles, and discharges its waters written  CHANDI or SHANDY, a decayed town of Nubia, on
into Bristol Bay.                                          the E. bank of the Nile, 90 miles N.N.E. of the junction of
SHELIGOV, SCHELIKOW  or CHELIGOFF, a strait or its two great arms at Khartoom. Lat. 160 38' N., Ion. 330
channel of Russian America, between the island of Kodiak  15' E. It has been ruined by wars, but markets are held
and the mainland,                                          here twice weekly, at which live stock of all kinds, fine
SHELtLAND, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         wheat, straw, jars, salt, baskets, and cotton cloths are sold.
SHELL BLUFF, a small village of Burke co., Georgia.     Near it the finest senna is abundant.
SIIEL'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           SHENIEVAS, a post-office of Otsego co.. New York.
SHELLEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.               SHENEVAS CREEK, of Otsego co., near the centre of New
SHELLEY, a township of England, co. of York, West York, flows into the East Branch of the Susquehanna.
Riding.                                                     SIHIENIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex. 1 mile
SIHELLIFF, shltliff' or shbl'leefl, CHELIF or CHINA  N.E. of Brentwood, with a station on the Colchester and
LAPH, che-n/-laff, one of the principal rivers of Algeria, Bury Railway.
rises in MIount Atlas, flows through Lake Titteri, and after    SHENtINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester,
a N. and N.W. course of 250 miles, enters the Mediterranean    SIIENKOORSK, SCHENKOURSK  or SCHENKURSK,
N.E. of Mostaganem.                                       shln'kooask5,  a town of Russia, government, and 192 miles
SHtELLOW-BOWfELLS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. S.E. of Archangel, on the Waga. Pop. 500.
SHELL POINT, a post-office of Wakulla co., Florida.      SHENILEY, a parish of England, co. of IHerts.
SHIELL RIVIER, of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, enters the St.   SHENLEY, a parish of England. co. of Bucks.
Ct..r  River at the N.W. extremity of the county. The    SHEN-SEE, SI-HEN-SI or CHEN-SI, shen-seel, (i.e. the
Indian name is KA~ESIKANG.                               "western frontier.") a province of China, between lat. 320
SHELL ROCK CREEK, of Iowa, rises near the N. border and 400 N., and ion. 1060 and 1110 E., having N. Mongolia.
1768




SHE                                                    SHE
and on other sides the provinces of Ran-soo, Se-chuen, HIoo- I sels for 50 miles from its mouth, and those of 70 or 80 tons
pc, Itio-nan, and Shan-see. Pop. 10,207,256. The surface is  may ascend it for 230 miles. It joins the Atlantic by an
mountainous, and less fertile than the more eastern pro- estuary 20 miles wide.
vinces. The Ioang-ho forms most of its E. boundary, and it  SIIERIBROOKE, a county of Canada East, bordering on
is intersected by the toei-ho. The products are millet, iron, New Hampshire and Maine, and intersected by the Grand
porphyry, jasper, copper, gold, musk, ginseng, rhubarb, and Trunk Railway. *Area, 2785 square miles.  Chief town,
timber. The principal mahufactures are agricultural and Sherbrooke. Pop. in 1852, 20,014.
military implements, and felt for military clothing. It is   SIIERBROOKE. a thriving post-town of Canada East, co.
divided into 7 departments. Chief city, See-ngan. The name of Sherbroolie, on both sides of the river Magog, and on the
Shen-see signifies "western frontier," and till recently it was Grand Trunk Railway, 95 miles E. of Montreal, 96 miles
the westernmost province in the N. of China.            S.S.W. of Quebec, and 175 miles N.N.W. of Portland. It
SHENtSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.     contains a branch bank, agencies for 2 assurance and 2 inSHEOO-YANG-SHAN or CHEOU-YANG-CHAN, shAoo' surance companies, churches of 4 or 5 denominations, 2
yAng'shAnf, a mountain.of China, province of Kan-soo, lat. 340 printing offices issuing weekly newspapers, an academy.
42' N., ion. 1040 17'E. It is covered with perpetual snow.  about 15 stores, and manufactures of woollen and cotton
SHE-PA-KY, shApi'keef (?) a town of China, province of cloths, iron castings, machinery, axes, pails, &c. It is the
Fo-kien.                                                seat of the district courts, and returns one member to the
SHEPAUG! RIVER, a fine mill-stream  of Connecticut, Provincial Parliament. Pop. about 1500.
rises in Litchfield county, and falls into the Housatonic in   SIERBROOKE, a river port of Nova Scotia, co. of GuysNew Haven county.                                       borough, on the estuary of the St. Mary's River, about 12
SHEPHERD'S GROVE, post-office, Culpepper co., Virginia. miles firom the Atlantic, and 90 miles E.N.E. of Htalifax.
SHEPIIERDSTOWN, a post-village of Cumberland co.,   SIIERBUJRN, a market-town and parish of England, co.,
Pennsylvania, 8 miles S.W. of Harrisburg.               and 13 miles S.S.W. of York, on the North Midland RailSHEPHERDSTOWN, a post-town of Jefferson co., Vir- way. Pop. 656. It has an hospital, and school with 4 schoginia, on the Potomac River, near the Chesapeake and Ohio  larships in St. John's College, Cambridge, and had anciently
Canal, 12 miles above Harper's Ferry. It is a place of con- a palace of King Athelstan. Around it plums, flax, and
siderable trade. A small stream, which passes through the  teasel are extensively raised.
town, affords motive-power for several flouringmills. Shep-   SHERBURN, a township of England, co., and 2$ miles E.
herdstown has 4 churches, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. of Durham, parish of Pittington, with a station on the North
estinimated at 1600.                                    British Railway.
SHIEPHERDSTOWN, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio,   SHERBURN, a parish of England, co. of York, East
7 miles N.W. of St. Clairsville.                        Riding.
SHEPHERDSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Bullitt co.,   SHERWBURNE, a township of Rutland co., Vermont, 46
Kentucky, on Salt River, 18 miles S. of Louisville. It has 1 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 578.
church, and an academy. The Louisville and Nashville   SHERBURNE, Massachusetts. See SnennoRN.
Railroad passes through it.                               SHERBURNE, a post-village and township of Chenango
SHIEPILEY, a township of England, co. of York, West co., New York, on the Chenango River and Canal, 43 miles
Riding.                                                 S.S.W. of Utica. The village contains Baptist, Episcopal,
SHEPIODY, a seaport of New Brunswick, co. of Albert, at Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, an academy, a furthe head of Shepody Bay, about 90 miles N.E. of St. John, nace, and several warehouses. Pop. of the township, 2623.
in lat. 450 40' N., Ion. 640 30' W.                       SIIERBURNE, a township of Will co., Illinois. Pop. 453.
SHEPIPARDTOWN, a village and steamboat landing of   SHERtBURN MILLS, a post-village of Fleming co., KenAlabama, on the Black Warrior River, below Tuscaloosa.    tucky, on Licking River, about 10 miles S.W. of FlemingsSHIEP/PERTON, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.    burg. It has 200 inhabitants.
SITEPIPEY, an island of England, co. of Kent, at the    SHERIBURNVILLE, a post-office of Will co., Illinois.
mouth of the Thames, between the estuaries of the Medway    SHERICOCK or KILILAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster,
and Swale. Length, 9 miles; breadth, 41 miles. It was for- co. of Cavan.
merly much larger, but has been progressively encroached   SIHIERE, sheer, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, with a
upon by the sea. On its W. side, bordering the Medway, village 6 miles E.S.E. of Guildford, on the Reading and Rei
are Queenborough and Sheerness, and off its S. side the  gate Railway.
islets of Elmley and Harty.                               SItEREEAIHI-EL-KEBEER. See JORDAN.
SHIEP/RETIH, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.     SHEREIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
SIIEPS/COMB, a chapelry of England, co. of Gloucester.  SHERFIELD, ENGILISI{, a parish of England, co. of
SHEPITON BEAUCHIAMP, (bee/cham,) a parish of Eng- Hants.
land, co. of Somerset.                                    SHERIFIELD-oN-LOIDON, a parish of England, co. of
SH-IEPfTON-MAILLET, a market-town and parish of Eng- Hants.
land, co. of Somerset, on a branch of the Brue, 19 miles S.   SHIERIFORD, a paish of England, co. of Devon.
of Bristol.  Pop. of the town, in 1851, 3885. It has some    SHERIAH-EL-KEBIR, a river of Palestine. See JORDAN.
good residences, a handsome church, a convent, a market   SIHERIBON. See CuERIBoN.
cross, the county bridewell, an almshouse, free school, and    SHER/IDAN, a post-township of Chautauque co., New
manufactures of crape and velvets.                      York, on Lake Erie, intersected by the Erie Railroad, 10
SIHIEPITON MONTAGUE, (monlta-gU,) a parish of England, miles from Dunkirk. Pop. 2173.
co. of Somerset.                                          SHERIDAN, a township of Calhoun co., Michigan, on the
SIIEP/WAY, a lath of the co. of Kent, in England, corn- Michigan Central Railroad. Pop. 972.
prisiug its S. part.                                      SHEIVIFF-HALES, a parish of England, cos. of Staffor;d
SHERAN!DO, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia.    and Salop.
SIER/BORN, a post-village and township of Middlesex    SIIERIIFF-HUTITON, a parish of England, co. of York,
co., Massachusetts, 22 miles S.W; by W. of Boston. The North Riding.
name was changed from Sherburne to Sherborn. Pop. of   SIHER/INGIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
the township, 1043.                                       SHE/INGTON. a parish of England,i co. of Wilts.
SiERBORNE, sherlborn. a market-town of England, co.   SIERM, sh8Rm, an Arabic word signifying "a harbor,"
of Dorset, on both sides of the Ivel, 18 miles N.N.W. of the name of several inlets or ports of the E. coast of the Red
Dorchester. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 3878. It is finely  Sea, as SRERa-BA 5IKkJI, SHERa-REBEGH, &C., which see.
situated, partly on a height, compactly built, and has a large    SHERiMAN, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut,
church, formerly part of an abbey, which was the see of a  50 miles S.W. of Hartford. Pop. 984.
bishopric comprising all the S.W. counties from the eighth    SHIERMAN, a post-township of Chautauque co., New
till the eleventh century, when the see was transferred to  York, 10 miles S.W. of Maysville. Pop. 1292.
Salisbury. It has an old town-hall and market-house, a    SHERMAN, a thriving post-village, capital of Grayson co.,
grammar school with an annual revenue of 11001., and 4  Texas, about 270 miles N. of Austin City, and 12 miles S.
exhibitions of 601. to the universities; a blue-coat school, of Red River. It is situated in a large and fertile prairie.
with 3 presentations to Christ Church College, London; Laid out about 1845.
alms-houses and other charities, with some manufactures    SIEtRMAN, a post-township in the N.W. part of Huron
of silk twist and buttons. Nearit arethe remains ofa castle, co., Ohio, intersected by the Mansfield and Sandusky Railand the mansion of Earl Digby, built by Sir Walter Raleigh. road. Pop. 1134.
SHERBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      SHiERMAN, a post-township in the S.E. part of St. Joseph
SHERBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.       co., Michigan. Pop. 364.
SHERBORNE SAINT JOHN, a parish of England, co. of   SHERfMANBURY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Hants.                                                    SHERIMAN'S CREEK, of Perry co., Pennsylvania, flows
SHERIBORO or SIIER]BRO, an island off the Guinea  into the Susquehanna River.
coast, opposite the mouth of Sherboro River, 40 miles S.S.E.   SHER/MANSDALE, a post-office, Perry co., Pennsylvania.
of Sierra Leone, in lat. 70 30' N., Ion. 120 40' W. Length, 30    SHERIMAN'S HOLILOW. post-office, Yates co., New York.
miles; breadth, 10 miles. It is low and unhealthy, but pro-   SIIERIMANSVILLE, a village of Burrillville townsh ip,
duces rice and fruits, which the inhabitants export to Sierra  Providence co., Rhode Island, on the route of the proposed
Leone in return for manufactured goods.                 Woonsocket and Union Railroad, about 20 miles N.W.,f
SHERBORO, a river of Guinea, is navigable for large yes- Providence.  It contains 1 large woollen mill, recent;5y
1769




SHE                                                        SHI
erected, employing 175 hands, and 1 store. Value of goods    SIIEVAGUNGA, she-vA-gtngtga, a town of India, in MIymanufiactured per annum, $310,000. Pop. about 400.         sore, 26 miles N.W. of Bangalore.
SHERM-ANTAR, a town of Arabia. See ASTABEL.                SHEVAGUNGA, a town of British India, presidency of
SIIERM-BAREIKAH, shkam  bs-rAlka, an inlet of the Red  Madras, district, and 25 miles E.S.E. of Madura.
Sea, 40 miles S.E. of Yembo, and having the ruins of a large    SIHEVAGURRY, she-va-gtrfree, a town of India, district
town on its border.                                        of Tinnevelly, 87 miles N. of Cape Comorin.
SHERMII-REBIEGH, shinm r-bkgf, a town on the E. coast    S1EV/INGTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
of the Red Sea, 110 miles S.E. of ~embo, and the place of a    SHEV/IOCK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
large annual fair from July to September, inclusive.         SHEVLIPATOOR, sh6v-le-pa-toor'. a town of India, presiSHERIM-WEJ-i, sh6RDm-wlj, a town on the E. coast of the  dency of Madras, district, and 54 miles fiom Tinnevelly.
Red Sea, 130 miles N.W. of Yembo.                            SHIASIKOTAN, she-Ash-ko-tdn/, an island of the Koorile
SHERN/BORNE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        group, in lat. 480 52' N., lou. 1540 8' E. It is 12 miles long
SHERPODSVILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.       from N.N.E. to S.S.W., and lies 8 miles W. of Karamakotan.
SHER/BILL'S FORD, a post-office of Lincoln co., North    SIIIAWASSEE, shil'-wls/see, a river of Michigan, rises
Carolina, 159 miles W. of Raleigh.                         in Oakland county, flows N.W. and then N., and unites
SHIERI/RINGTON, a village and township of Canada East, with the Flint to form the Saginaw River, near the centre
co. of UHuntingdon, 28 miles from  Montreal. Pop. about of Saginaw county.
1200.                                                        SHIAWASSEE, a county in the central part of Michigan,
SHERSUELL, a town of Algeria. See CHERCHELL.             contains 544 squaremiles. It is intersected by the Shiawassee
SHIER/STON MAG/NA, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  River, and also drained by the sources of the Maple and
SIERS/TON PAR/VA, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  Looking-glass Rivers. The surface is partly level and partly
SHERIWELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            undulating. Dense forests overspread the N. part, and the
SHER/WOOD, a post-office of IHenry co., Tennessee.       other portions consist of timbered openings. The soil is a
SHERWOOD, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity  fertile, sandy loam. A mine of stone coal has been opened
of Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 686.                         near Corunna, the county seat. Pop. 5230.
SHERWOOD'S CORNERS, a post-village of Cayuga co.,   SIIAWASSEE, a post-village and township of Shiawassee
New York, 14 miles S. by W. of Auburn.                     co., Michigan, on the river of its own name, 30 miles N.E.
SHES/EQUIN, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyl- of Lansing. The village contains a store, and 1 or 2 mills.
vania, 7 miles N. of Towanda. Pop. 1455.                   Pop. of the township, 810.
SIIESIIKIYEV or SCIIESKEJEW, sh~s-keh-ylv/, a town    SHICKSHIN/NY, a post-office, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
of Russia, government, and 73 miles N.N.W. of Penza, on    SHIELD, sheeld, a township of Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 554.
the Kalma. Pop. 1744.                                       SHIELDS, NoRTE, England. See TYNEMOUTH.
~ SHET/LAND or ZET/LAND ISLANDS, an archipelago of    SI-IELDS, SoUrn, a parliamentary and municipal boabout 30 islands, in the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to  rough, seaport town, and township of England, co. of DurScotland, of which country, with the Orkneys, 50 miles ham, on the S. bank of the Tyne, near its mouth, and on the
S.S.W., it forms a county; it is mostly between lat. 590 51' railway, 7 miles N.N.W. of Sunderland. Pop. of borough,
and 60~ 50' N., and Ion. 00 44' and 10 44' W., 180 miles S.E. in 1851, 28,974. The principal buildings are a town-hall and
of the Faroe group, and 210 miles W. of Bergen, in Norway. exchange, in a large square; theatre, and church of St.
Area, 5388 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 31,078. Mainland, IHilda. The Tyne is here about two-thirds as wide as the
in the S.W., comprises about half the area, and more than  Thames at London Bridge. Ship-building, and manufactures
half the entire population, together with Lerwick and Scal- of ropes, glass, soap, soda, and beer, are the principal branches
loway, the only towns in the group. Other islands are Yell, of industry. Shields has a thriving Baltic and East Indian
Unst, Fetlar, Whalsey, Bressay, East and West Barra, Papa. trade. The port, by an expansion of the river into a wide
Stour, Foula, the northerhnmost, (and conjectured to be the  bay, capable of containing 2000 merchant vessels, admits
Ultisma Thule of the ancients,) and Fair Isle, intermediate  ships of 300 tons to load at its quays, but is of very difficult
between Shetland and Qrkney. The coasts are generally  access. In 1851 the registered tonnage was 723 vessels, carrybold and precipitous, prfenting cliffs broken into the most ing 165,613 tons. The number of vessels entered was 1628,
rugged and fantastic forms, and though, for the most part, carrying 200,614 tons; and cleared 2388, carrying 290,651
under 500 feet, attaining in the precipice of Foula the  tons. The port commuhicates by railway with all parts of
height of 1200 feet above the sea. Their deep creeks and  the country. It is the seat of courts baron and leet, under
sounds form a succession of noble natural harbors. The in- the dean and chapter of Durham. It sends 1 member to
terior is not very elevated, only one summit, Rooness Hill, the House of Commons.
in the N. of Mainland, rising 1476 feet, but is extremely    SHIELDS, a post-office of Kanzas Territory.
wild and rugged; and but for the almost total absence of    SIIELDS/BOROUGII, a thriving post-village, capital of
wood, which is confined to a scanty supply of stunted  Hancock co., Mississippi, on St. Louis Bay, which opens into
birches, willows, and mountain-ashes, would furnish scenery  Lake Borgne, 212 miles S. by E. of Jackson. It contains,
not merely of a varied, but a very picturesque description. besides the county buildings, 1 or 2 churches, a newspaper
Gneiss, mica-schist, hornblende and other slate, serpentine, office, and several stores. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
and primitive limestone, are the principal rocks.  Some    SHIEL.  LOCH, lOK sheel, a lake in the W. part of Scotcopper, iron, and clay are met with, but few mines or quar- land, between the counties of Inverness and Argyle. separies are wrought. Chromate of iron, or chrome-yellow, is rating the districts of Moidart and Ardgowan, 16 miles W.
an important article of export from Unst. The valleys in  of Fort William. Length, 15 miles; breadth, 1 mile. It disMainland, which all extend N. and S., are interspersed with  charges' its surplus waters on the W. by the river Shiel, into
many small lakes. The climate is very damp and variable, the sea at Loch Moldart.
but snow or fiost seldom lasts long in winter, at which sea-   SHIELIVILLE, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana, 35
son the aurora borealis is highly brilliant; night is scarcely  miles N. of Indianapolis.
known during May, June, and July. The soil is mostly    SHIENNE or CHIENNE (she-8nn/) RIVER, of Missouri
light, gravelly, and less productive than that of the Orkneys. Territory, flows E., and falls into Missouri River in about
Unst is the most fertile island. Agriculture is in the most 044 20' N. lat. Length, 200 miles.
backward condition. The surface is chiefly appropriated to    SIIIFF/NAL, a market-town and parish of England, co.
rearing live stock, though some potatoes, turnips, and oats of Salop, with a station on the Birmingham  and Shrewsare raised. The cod, ling, and tusk fisheries are highly im- bury Railway, 12 miles N.W. of Wolverhampton. Pop. ifi
portant, employing a great proportion Of the inhabitants. 1851, 5617, employed in coal and iron mines, and in a paper
The manufactures are almost wholly domestic, chiefly Shet- manufactory.
land hosiery and shawls, woven by hand from fine wool;   SIIIKAGUA RIVER, Iowa.  See SKUNK RIVEn.
other exports are cattle, fish, &c., sent S. in return for colo-   SIHIKARP00R, skik-ar-po6r/, the most considerable town
nial and manufactured goods; besides which, there is some. of Sinde, in a level tract, 15 miles W. of the Indus, and N.W.
contraband import of tobacco, spirits, &c. from the Dutch  of Sukkur, on the high route from India into Afghanistan
vessels that firequent Shetland. Bearmeal, oatmeal, fish, by the Bolan Pass.  Lat. 270 57' N., ion. 680 45' E.  Estiand potatoes constitute most part of the f6od of the people, mated population, 30,000, ofwhom 20,000 are IIindoos, conwho appear to be, as to their condition and education, better prising many wealthy bankers. It is enclosed by a mud
off than the population of the N. portion of the mainland of wall, 2t miles in circuit, outside of. which are large groves
Scotland. They are chiefly of Norwegian descent, and their and gardens. The chief edifices are a bazaar in its centre,
ancestors are said not to have embraced Christianity until nearly half a mile in length, and the mansions of opulent
the thirteenth century. The islands form a synod of the  Hindoo merchants. The other dwellings are but mean huts,
Scottish Church, and, together with Orkney, they send 1 each, however, having a shop. The transit tiade is large.
member to the Ilouse of Commons. Scandinavian antiqui- The chief merchants have agents in all the principal cities
ties are numerous in the islands, and on Fetlar are the yes- of South and West Asia.
tiges of a Roman camp.                                      SHIKATZE, a town of Thibet. See JIKAnzE.
SHIETITLESTON, aparish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.        SHIL'BOTTLE, a parish of England, co. of NorthumberSHETUCKET, a poet-office of Polk co., Arkansas.         land.
SHETUCKIET RIVER, a fine mill stream in the E. part   SIIILIDON, a chapelry ofEngland, co. ofDurham, with a
of Connecticut, is formed by the union of several branches station on the Wear Valley Railway, 3 miles S.S.E. of Bis
in Tolland and Windham  counties, and flowing S.E., unites  trop-Auckland.
with the Yantic at Norwich, to form the Thames.             SHILKA, SCHILKA or CHILK A, shil'kA, a river of Asia,
eii




S~i                                                       SHil
forming, by its junction with the Argoon, the Amoor.. In  ing district, and has an active business. A turnpike from
the upper part of its course it is called the Onon.       Carlisle to Chambersburg passes through the place. A newsSHILLELAGHII, shil-lla, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, paper is published here. Incorporated in 1819. Pop. in
co. of Wicklow, 9 miles E.S.E. of Tullow. Pop. in 1851,156. 1850, 1568.
It has a handsome church, a school, union work-house, and    SHIP/PENSVILLE, a post-village of Clarion co., Pennsylflour mills.                                              vania, on the Bellefonte and Erie Turnpike, 5 miles N.W. of
SHILILINGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.       Clarion. Ithas 1 church, and several stores.
SHILLINGFORD SAINT GEORGE, a parish of England,   SHIIPIPINGPORT, a village of Jefferson co., Kentucky, on
co. of Devon.                                             the Ohio, 2 miles below Louisville.
SHIL/LINGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.       SHIP/STON-oN-STOUR, a market-town and parish of EngSIHILLOOKS, SHILLOUKS or SIHILLUKS, shiPlooks/, a  land, in a detached part of the county of Worcester, enpeople dwelling in the E. central part of Africa.         closed by Warwickshire, 30 miles E.S.E. of Worcester. Pop.
SHILOH, shilS, a post-village of Cumberland co., New  in 1851, 1835.
Jersey, 5 miles N.N.W. of Bridgeton, contains a church and    SIIIPTON, a township of England, co., and 6 miles N.N.W.
about 25 dwellings.                                       of York, on the York and Newcastle Railway, It has a
SIHILOI, a post-office of King George co., Virginia.    grammar-school.
SIHILOH, a post-v'jlage of Camden co., North Carolina,    SHIPTON, a chapelry of England, 2 miles N.E. of Market226 miles N.E. by E. from Raleigh.                        Weighton, on the Scarborough and Bridlington Canal.
SHILOH, a post-village of Sumter district, South Carolina.   SHIP/TON, a. paishb of England, co. of Salop.
SHILOH, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama.            SHIP/TON-oN-CHERiWELL, a parish of England, co. o8
SHILOH, a post-office of Union parish, Louisiana.       Oxford. 
SHILOII, a post-office of Holmes co., Mississippi.        SHIPTON MOYNE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
SHILOH, a post-office of Hunt co., Texas.                 SHIP/TON OILIFFE, a parish of England, co. Gloucester.
SHILOH, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee.           SHIP/TON SOLILARS, a parish of England, co. of GlouSHILOH, a post-village of Callaway co., Kentucky.       cester.
SHILITON, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Oxford.   SHIP/TON-urNDER-WICKW0OOD, a parish of England, co.
SHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           of Oxford.
SHIMERVILLE, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.   SHIRAZ, a city of Persia. See SHEERAa.
SHIIMfPLING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         SHIRtBURN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford. The
SIIMPLING, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         Rmrl of Macclesfield has a castellated and moated residence
SHIN'ANDOIAHI or SHEN'ANDOIAH, a post-village of  in this parish.
Dutchess co., New York. 12 miles S.E. of Poughkeepsie.      SHIREHAMPITON, a chapelry of England, co. of GlonSHIN/CLIFF, a chapelry of England, co., and 2 miles S.E. cester.
of Durham, on the river Wear, with a station on the North    SHIREIMANTOWN, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
British Railway.                                          Pennsylvania, 4 miles W. of Harrisburg.
SHIN CREEK, a iost-office of Sullivan co., New York.       SHIRE-NEW/TON, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
SHIN/ETON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              SIHIRINKI or SHIRINKY, shee'rin/kee, one of the Koorile
SIhINFIELD, a parish of England, cos. of Berks and Wilts. Islands, S.W. of Paramoosheer, in lat. 500 10' N., ion. 1540
SHIN/GAY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.         58' E. It is a conspicuous rock, 25 miles in circuit.
SHINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             SIIIR/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
SHING-KING, China. See LEAO-TONG.                          SHIRELAND, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
SIINGILE CREEK, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New    SHIRLAND, a township of Winnebago co., Illinois.. -P. 353.
York.                                                        SHIR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
SHINGLE SPRING, a post-office of El Dorado co., Call-   $IHIIRJLEY, a post-township in Piscataquis co., Maine, 85
fornia.                                                    miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 250.
SHIN HOLLOW, a railroad station in Orange co., New    SHIRLEY, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.,
York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 92 miles from   Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, at the terminus
New York city.                                             of the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad. Pop. 1128.
SIIIN-LIN-LING or CHIN-LIN-LING, sheen'leen'lingt,a   SIHIIRLEY, a new post-township of Erie co., New York, 23
mountain of China, province of Shan-see, in lat. 370 36' N, miles S. of Buffalo.
lon. 1120 44' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.          SHIRLEY, a township of Huntingdon do., Pennsylvania.
SHIN, LOCHi, loK shin, a lake of Scotland, co. of Suther-  Pop. 1615.
land, parish of Lairg, from  which village it extends for   SHIRLEY, a post-office of Tyler co., Virginia.
about 17 miles N.W., by 1 mile in breadth. It discharges its    SHIRLEY MILLS, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Maine.
surplus waters southward into the Oikel by the small river    SHIRLEYSBURG, a post-village and township of IIuntShin, 7 miles in length.                                  insdon co., Pennsylvania, on Aughwick Creek, 85 miles W.
SIIIN/NECOCK BAY, Suffolk co., New York, on the S. of Harrisburg, contains several stores, and has rich ironside of Long Island, is 10 or 12 miles long, and separated  mines in the vicinity. Pop. about 500.
from the sea by a narrow sandbeach.                          SHIRLEY VILLAGE, a post-village of Middlesex co., MasSHINNSITON or SHINNS/TOWN, a post-village of Harri- sachusetts, 41 miles N.W. of Boston.
son co., Virginia, 225 miles N.W. of Richmond.              SHIRLEYVILLE, a post-village of Abbeville district,
SHINRONE, shin-rSn/, a market-town and parish of Ire- South Carolina.
land, in Leinster, King's county. Pop. of the town, in    SHIRLEYVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Illinois.
1851, 873. here are remains of several castles.             SHIRVAN, written  also SHIRWAN, SCHIRWAN  or
SIIIN-YANG, a town of Mantchooria. See LEAO-TANG.       CHIRVAN, shir'vAn1 or sheer'vtnf, a province of Asiatic
SHIP/BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.:         Russia, in Transcaucasia, between lat. 400 and 410 N., and
SHIPIDAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          ion. 480 and 490 30' E.. having E. the Caspian Sea and the
SHIP/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         province of Bakoo, S. the river Koor, and N. the CauSHIP ISLAND, in the Gulf of Mexico, 30 miles N. of the  casus. A range of high mountains traverses the province
Chandeleur Islands.                                       from N.W. to S.E., separating the basins of the Koor and
SHIIPKE, shiplk&x, a large village of Little Thibet, on the  the Terek. The N. portion forms a plain, which is well
Sutlej,'n lat. 31~ 490 N., Ion. 780 45' E.               wooded; it is watered by numerous affluents of the Root,
SHIP/LAKE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford           and is highly fertile. The principal town is Shamaka. A
SHIPILEY, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           line of military forts skirts the shores of the Caspian from
SIIIPLEY, a township of England, co. of York, West Bakoo to Derbend, and another extends from Bakoo to the
Riding, 3 miles N.N.W. of Bradford, on the Midland Coun- Black Sea. In 1500 Shirvan,was annexed to the Persian
ties Railway. Pop. in 1851, 3272, employed in the manufac- Empire by Shah Ishmasel, and it remained subject to that
ture of woollens and paper.                               power till the fall of the dynasty of Sefi.
SHIPLEY, a township of England, co. of Derby.             SHISDRA, a town of Russia. See ZUIZmRA.
SIIIPMAN, a post-office of Macoupin co., Illinois.        SHISHEWAN, shee'sheh-wAnf, a village of Persia, proSHIPMEADIOW, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       vince of Azerbaijan, on the E. shore of Lake Ooroomeeyah.
SHIPPEGAN, ship-pgh-ggnt, an island of New Brunswick,  In 1838 an uncle of the reigning"Shah of Persia resided here,
near its N.E. coast at the S.E. entrance of Chaleur Bay. It in a palace which he had built inthe European style. hIe
is of somewhat triangular shape, about 20 miles long, by 10  had also founded in the village an experimental farm,
miles broad.                                              glass foundry, pottery, white-wax factory, silk, cotton and
SHIPIPEN, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity  worsted looms, and different workshops upon European
of McKean co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 369.                    models.
SHIPPEN, a township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania. P. 298.   SHIT/LINGTON, a parish of England. co. of Bedford.
SHIPPEN, a small village of Tioga co.,. Pennsylvania.     SHITLINGTON, a township of England, co. of York, West
SHIPfPENBURG, a new post-township of Cumberland co., Riding.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 1766.                                    SHI-TSIEN, a city of China. See Sn E-TSiEN.
SHIPPENSBURG, a post-borough  of Cumberland co.,   SHKLOV, SCHKLOW  or CHKLOV, shklov, a town of
Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, 21 miles  Russia, government, and 25 miles N.N.W. of Moheelev, on the
S.W. of Carlisle. This is the oldest town in the county, and  Dnieper. It iswell built, and contains 8 churches, 3 con.
the largest except Carlisle. It is surrounded by a rich farm- vents, and a synagogue. Pop. 2500.
1771




SHO                                                       SHi
SIOA, SCO0A or XOA, shofa, (See INTRODUCTION, Xxiii.,   SIIONGO, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York,
11,) written also SHWA, the most S. of the three principal   S11HOOBATA, a post-office of Clark co., Mississippi.
states of Abyssinia, lying chiefly between the Bahr el Azrek    SHOOJUABAD, shoo'joo-4-bdI, or SHUJABAD, shoo'ja
or Blue Nile, and the river Hawash. Lat. 80 30 1 to 10 or 11~  bad/, a town of the Punjab, in its S. part, 4 miles from the
N., ion. 38 to 400 30' E. The surface is mostly mountainous,  E. bank of the Chenaub, and 25 miles S. of Mooltan. Pop.
some parts from 8000 to 9000 feet above the sea, but it 10,000. It stands in a fine fertile plain, watered by canals,
comprises many rich valleys and undulating plains, and  and has a noble appearance, being enclosed by a brick wall
the tributary Galla territories, on the frontiers, are exube- 30 feet in height, strengthened by octagonal towers. Its
rantly fertile. Cattle, corn, coffee, cotton, dye-woods, drugs, area is entirely filled with buildings, and it has manufacwild indigo, sulphur, nitre, alum, coal, and several metals tures of cottons and turned wares of superior quality, with
are among the chief products. Some of these, and gold dust, excellent gardens, and a vicinity yielding large crops of
ivory, hides, civet, and other merchandise from  Central sugar-cane, cotton, grain, and indigo.
Africa; cotton cloths, blankets, water-tight baskets, and    SHOO/LING CREEK, a post-office of Cherokee co., North
mats of superior quality, peltry, leather, and parchment Carolina.
manufactured in Shoa; and slaves from the countries of the    SHOOMLA, SCHUMLA, SHUMLA or CHOUMLA, shoomi.
interior, are sent to Zeyla, Berbera, and other ports on the  l, sometimes written SHUMNA, (anc. Marcianopfolis?  a
Red Sea and Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb, in return for Enropean  fortified cit of European Tuikey, in Bulgaria, pashalic, and
and other manufactured goods and foreign produce. The  58 miles S.S.W. of Silistria. Lat. 430 15' N., Ion. near 270 E
principal towns are Ankobar, (the capital,) Angolalla, and  Pop. 21,000. It stands in a gorge, on the N. declivity of the
Tegulet. In 1841, a British embassy was sent from India  Balkan Range; and being on the great route from Wallachia
into Shoa under Major Harris, whohe work, Bfighlands of  to Constantinople, it is one of the keys of the Turkish capi-,Ethiopia, may be referred to for copious particulars respect- tal. On three sides it is enclosed by mountains, and is
ing that country.                                          encircled by ramparts and a double fosse, strengthened by a
SHOAL BASIN, a circular bay of North Australia, near  citadel, and strong redoubts on an adjacent height. It is
Shoal Bay, a little farther up Apsley Strait.              intersected by a rivulet, and divided into an upper and a
SHOAL (sh5l) BAY, of East Australia; lat. 290 25' S.,-lon. lower town, the former chiefly inhabited by Turks, and con1530 20' E., is about midway between Moreton Bay and  taining numerous mosques, some new barracks, and a townPort Macquarrie, and receives Clarence River at itt W. ex- clock, having a bell which strikes the hour-a circumstance
tremity.                                                   unique in Turkey. It is the residence of a pasha and a
SHOAL BAY, of North Australia, at the S. extremity of  Greek archbishop; and has flourishing manufactures of tin
Apsley Strait, between Melville and BathurstIslands. Lat. and copper wares, ready-made clothes, which are sent to
110 48' S., Ion. 1300 43' E.                               Constantinople, silk goods, and leather. The Russians atSHOAL CREEK, of Tennessee and Alabama, rises in the  tempted unsuccessfully to take it in 1774, 1810, and 1828.
former, and flows through Lauderdale co., Alabama, into    SHOOS. See Soos.
Tennessee River, a few miles above Florence.                SIHOOSHIIA, SIOUSIIA  or SHUSHA, shoolshb, written
SHOAL CREEK, in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, is formed  also SHOOSHI or SCHUSCHI, shoo/shes, and CHOUCHE,
by the union of two branches called the East and West a strongly fortified town of Asiatic Russia, in Transcaucasia,
Forks. It flows southerly into the Kaskaskia.              capital of the province of IKarabagh, 70 miles S.E. of Ganjeh,
SHOAL CREEK, of Missouri, flows eastward through  and 180 miles S.E. of Tiflis. It was founded under the name
Caldwell co., and enters Grand River near the middle of  of Penah-abad by Nadir Shah, in a very strong position, on
Livingston county.                                         a mountain accessible on only one side. It comprises about
SHOAL CREEK, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.       2000 houses.
SHOAL CREEK, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia.       SHIOOSTER. SHUSTER or SCHUSTER, shoos/ter, written
SHOAL CREEK, a post-office of Newton co., Missouri.     also CHOUSTER or SCHOUSTER, a city of Persia, province of
SHOAL FORD, a post-office of Limestone co., Alabama.    Khoozistan, on the Karoon, here crossed by a fine stone bridge
SHOALHAVEN, sh5l-hA/ven, a considerable river of New  of 9 arches, 30 miles E.S.E. of Dezfool. Lat. 320 N., ion. 490
South Wales, rises about let. 360 S., ion. 1490 501 E., flows N. E. Estimated pop. 8000. It stands on a small hill crowned
and E., separating the co. of St. Yincent from the cos. of  by a citadel, and on the land side it is enclosed by a brick
Murray, Argyle, and Camden, and enters the Pacific by a  wall, outside of which the Ab-i-Gargar Canal, constructed by
large mouth, 75 miles S.W. of Sydney. Its affluents are the  Shahpoor I., separates it from its suburb, and establishes a
Modbury, Mongarlow, and Werrimungo.                       navigable communication with the Karoon, about 20 miles
SHIOAL NESS, a headland of Russian America, about lat.  distant. Houses mostly of stone, and the city possesses
690 N., Ion. 1620 W.                                      many elegant buildings. It riemained capital of the proSHOALS-or-OGEERCHEE, a manufacturing poet-village  vine( until nearly depopulated by the plague in 1832, and
of Hancock co., Georgia, on the Ogeechee River, 38 miles was subsequently much damaged by an inundation in 1840.
E.N.E. of Milledgeville.                                     SHOO/TER'S IIILL, England, co. of Kent, parish of
SHOAL SPRING, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.     Eltham, 1~ miles S.E. of Woolwich, rises to 446 feet in height,
SHOALIWATER BAY, on the W. coast of Washington  and is one of the most conspicuous heights near London.
Territory, forms part of the boundary between Lewis and  On its summit is Severndroog (Savindroog) Castle, a tower
Pacific counties.                                          erected by Sir W. James to commemorate his capture of the
SIIHOB)DON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.        Indian fortress so named, in 1756.
SHOIBER'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.       SHOOYA, SHUYA, SCI-HUJA or CHOUTA, shoolyA, a town
SHOIBROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          of Russia, government of Vladimeer, on the Tesa, 50 miles
SHOCICO SPRINGS, a post-office of Warren co., North  N.W. of Viazniki. Pop. 3000. It has thriving linen and cotton
Carolina.                                                 weaving and print-works, soap, and various other factories.
SHOCKIEY'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Lamar co., Texas.    SHOPIERE, sho'pe-air/, a post-village of Turtle township,
SHOCKILACIH, CHURCHI, a parish of England, co. of  Rock co., Wisconsin, 60 miles S.W. by W. of Milwaukee. It
Chester.                                                  contains 3 stores, 1 hotel, 2 mills, and a plough manufactory.
SHOEBURY, shoorber-e, NORH, a parish of England, co. Pop. 200.
of Essex.                                                   SHOP/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
SHOEBURY, SouTr, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   SHOP SPRING, a post-office of Newberry district, South
SHOE/MAKER'S, a railroad station of Alleghany co., New  Carolina.
York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 362 miles from      SHOP SPRING, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.
New York City.                                               SHOREPDITCtI, a quarter of the British metropolis, imSHIIOEMAKER'S, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. mediately N. of the city of London, and included in the
SHOEMAKERTOWN or SHOEIMAKERSTOWN, a plea- borough of Tower Hamlets.
sant village of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on the Phila-   SHOREIIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent. Here is
delphia and Doylestown Turnpike, 9 miles N. of Phila- Filstone Hall, an old moeated edifice.
delphia.                                                    SHOREHAM, Nrew, a parlimentary  borough, seaport
SHOENECK, a small village. Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. town, and parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the South
SHOGRE or SHOGHER, sho/grA, a town of North Syria, Coast Railway, 1 mile from the sea, and 6 miles W. of Brighpashalic of Aleppo, on the Orontes, 25 miles S.S.E. of  ton. Pop. in 1851, 2590. Pop. of the parlimentary borough,
Antioch.                                                  which now includes a large portion of the rape of Bramber,
SHOIKAN, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.         30,553. The town is irregularly built; the principal buildSIIOKAfPEE, a village, capital of Scott co., Minnesota, on  ings are the market-house, a fine church, and a suspension
the right bank of St. Peter's River, about 25 miles in a direct bridge over the Adur. The harbor is encumbered by a bar
line S.W. of St. Paul.                                    with f-om 14 to 17 feet water, and was used for some time
SHOKOIKON, a post-office of Henderson co., Illinois.    by the steamers in connection with the above railway.  The
SHOLIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             steamers have been removed to Newhaven, but Shoreham
SIHONA, she/n/, a small island of Scotland, on the W. still continues to carry on an important trade, owing chiefly
coast, co. of Inverness. Lat. (W. point) 560 49' N., hon. 50 to its being a warehousing port for timber, and for West
t3' W. From 3 to 4 miles long, and 1- miles broad.        Indian, Mediterranean, Afiican, Russian, French, Dutch,
SHO5NEAW, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.     and other produce. In 1851 the tonnage of the port was 103
SHONGAILO, a post-village of Carroll co., Mississippi, 15 vessels, of 10,304 tons; the vessels entered were 1007, of
miles S.E. of Carrollton.                                 90,982 tons; and cleared 420 vessels, of 25,946 tons. Shore1772




.SiO                                                       SHU.am has long been noted for its ship-building; and has a  factures of linen thread, canvas, iron wares, brawn, and
productive fishery, and extensive works for making cement. cakes; a salmon fishery in the river, and a trade in coal and
The borough returns two members to Parliament.            corn, facilitated by a branch of the Grand Junction Canal,
SIIOREIIAM, OLo, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.    and by the Severn, here navigable for barges of 30 or 40
SItOREIHAM, a post-village and township of Addison co., tons. The corporation consists of a mayor, 24 aldermen,
Vermont, on the E. side of Lake Champlain, 50 miles S.W. and 48 assistants. It is the seat of the county assizes, and
ofMontpelier. The village contains an academny. Pop. 1600. of sessions for the county and town. It sends two members
SI-IORKOTE, shor~kiatf, a town of the Punjab, between the to the I-louse of Commons. In the time of Alfred, Shrews2henaub and Ravee Rivers, 75 miles N. by E. of lMooltan.   bury ranked as one of the chief cities of England. It
SHORNICUTT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.          suffered severely in 1016, for having espoused the cause of
SHORNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.               Canute in preference to that of Edmund Ironside. At thd
SiHORT BEND, a post-office of Dent co., Missouri.       time of the Conquest. William bestowed it, with most of the
SHOIRT CREEK, of Ohio, falls into the Ohio River in  shire, on Roger de Montgomery, who was created Earl of
Jefferson county.                                         Shrewsbury, and built its strong castle, as well as a wall
SHORT CREEK, a post-office of Brook co., Virginia.      across the isthmusofits peninsula. StandingontheWelsh
SHORT CREEK, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama.   frontier, it was often exposed to the incursions of the natives,
SHORT CREEK, a small village of Lincoln co., Tennessee. and became so important as a military station, that Edward
SHORT CREEK, a post-township forming the S.E. ex- I. made it his temporary residence in 1277, removing the
tremity of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop. 1490.                 courts of king's bench and exchequer to it, and in 1283
SHORT iMOUNTAIN, a post-office of Dauphin co., Penn- assembled a parliament in it. Another parliament met in
sylvania.                                              Iit under Richard II. in 1397, and in 1403 the famous battle,
ShIORT MOUNTAIN, a small village of Cannon co., Ten- which resulted in the defeat of IIotspur and the Scotch Earl
nessee.                                                   of Douglas, his ally, by Henry IV., was fought in its vicinity.
SHORT TRACT, a post-village of Alleghauy co., New York, During the wars of the Roses, Shrewsbury took part with
110 miles N. of Angelica.                                  the house of York, and was the asylum  of the Queen of
SIILORIWELL. a parish of the Isle of Wight.             Edward IV. when she gave birth to the Princes Richard and
SI-IOSILOINEES or SNAKE INDIANS, a large tribe in- George, the former of whom, with his elder brother, was
habiting the central part of Oregon Territory, on both sides afterwards inhumanly murdered by his uncle, Richard III.
of Snake or Lewis River.                                  During the Parliamentary war it zealously advocated the
SIIOTILEY, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. cause of Charles I.
SHOTLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.             SHIREWSIBURY, a post-township of Rutland co., VerSIIOTLEY-BRIDGE, a town of England, co. of Durham, mont, intersected by the Rutland and Burlington Railr'oad,
in the Vale of the Derwent, here crossed by a stone bridge, 59 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. It has 3 churches, 3 stores,
14 miles S.W. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.                     and 6 manufactories and mills. Pop. 1268.
SIHOTTESBROOK, shotstbrook, a parish of England, co.   SIIREWSBIURY, a post-township of Worcester co., Masseof Berks.                                                  chusetts, 35 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 1596.
SHOTTESHIAM, (shotslam,) ALL SAINTS, a parish of    SHREWSBURY, a post-village and township of MenEngland, co. of Norfolk.                                   mouth co., New Jersey, on the Nevisink River, 42 miles E.
SIIOTTESIIAII ST. MARY, a parish, England, co. Norfolk. by N. of Trenton. The village contains 4 churches, 2 stores,
SIHOTITISIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.      an academy, and 30 dwellings. Pop. of tlhe township, 3160.
SIIOT/TLE, a township of England, co. of Derby.            SIHIREWSBURY,. a township of Lycoming co., PennsylSIIOTITON, a township of England, co. of Durham.        vania. Pop. 225.
SIIOTTS, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark. It has ex-   SIIREWSBURY, atownship of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania.
tensive coal and iron-works.                              Pop. 195.
SHOTT1SWELL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.          SIHREWSBURY, a post-village and township of York co.,
SIIOT/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Chester.        Pennsylvania, on the York and Baltimore Turnpike, 14
SIIOULDIJAM, sh1ldlam. a parish of England. co. Norfolk, miles S. of York. P. of the village, 472; of the town ship, 1659.
5 miles N.E. of Downham market. It has mineral springs.    SHREWSBURY, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.
SItOULDIHIAM, THORPE, a parish, England, co. Norfolk.   SHREWSBURY  RIVER, in the N.E. part of Monmouth
SI-IOUSHA, a town of Asiatic Russia.  See SeoosHA.      co., New Jersey, is the continuation of Sandy toiok Bay,
SHIOWSITOWN, a flourishing post-village of Moon town- separated from Nevisink River by a narrow neck.
ship, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the    SHREW/TON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Ohio, 17 miles below Pittsburg. The chief business of the    SItRIVIENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks. with
place is steamboat building.  Pop. in 1853, 1000.         a station on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles S.W. of
SIIOWY, sholee, a town of Central Africa, on the left bank  Faringdon. It has a handsome Gothic church.
of the Shary, 23 miles S.E. of its mouth in Lake Tchad. Lat.   SIHROP/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
120 45' N., ion. 150 58i E.                                 SHROPSIIRE. See SALOP.
SItRAK/LEYVILLE, a small village of Mercer co., Penn-   SHRUB OAK, a post-office of Westchester co., New York.
sylvania.                                                   SIHRU/EL or SI-IRULE, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught,
SHIRAWARDINE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.        co. of Mayo, on the Black River.
SIIRAWfLEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.        SHRUEL or SHRULE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
SItREVE, shreev, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.      co. of Longford.
SIIREVEPORT, shreevlpart, a thriving post-village, capital   SHRUEL or SIRULE, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
of Caddo parish, Louisiana, on the right (W.) bank of Red  Queen's county.
River, about 300 miles by land or 550 miles by water N.W. of    SIHTAB. See SISTovA.
Baton Rouge, and about 30 miles below the "IGreat Raft,"   SHTSHIGRY or SCIITSCIIGRY, sh-chigf'ee, a town of
which is the limit of navigation for large steamboats. It is Russia, government, and 27 miles E.N.E. of Koorsk, on a
advantageously situated for trade, being in the midst of a  river of the same name. Pop. 3000.
rich planting region, and the only accessible point on the    SHU/BENACA'DIE, a principal river of Nova Scotia, which
WV side of the river for more than 100 miles. Five or six steam- peninsula it nearly divides into two portions; after a N.
packets regularly navigate the river between this town and  course it enters a bay, 45 miles N. of IHalifax, with which city
New Orleans during about 8 months of the year. About and its harbor it is connected by a canal 30 miles in length.
40,000 bales of cotton are received here annually, and im-   SHUCK/BURGH, LowaER, a parish, England, co. Warwick.
mense numbers of cattle from Texas are shipped to the New    SHUCKBURGH, UppEa, a parish, England, co. Warwick.
Orleans market. Shreveport contains 3 churches. 40 stores,   SIHIUDY-CAMPS, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
1 newspaper office, and several steam mills. A railroad has    SHU/FORDVILLE, a post-office of Buncombe co., North
been surveyed from Vicksburg to Shreveport. P. about 3000. Carolina.
SHREWSBURY, shr&zcbr-e or shrfizfber-e, (anc. f-ico!-   SHUGS1HUT, shoog'shoot(?) written also SHUGIIUT or
nium,) a parliamentary and municipal borough and town  SHUGITEUD, a town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on the
of England, capital of the co. of Salop, nearly enclosed by  Sakareeyah, 30 miles S.E. of Izneek, stated to comprise 900
the Severn, on the railway, 38 miles S. of Chester. Pop. of houses. On an adjacent hill is the tomb of Osman, founder
the borough in 1851, 19,681. It has a handsome external of the Ottoman dynasty.
appearance, and many good residences. It has several   SHUHRI-BABABEG, shootree ba-bA-b1g/, a town of Persia,
handsome churches, a large town-hall, county-hall, market- province, and 95 miles W. of Kerman.
houses, county jail, military dep~t, infirmary, theatre in a    SHUJABAD. See SH00JUABAD.
portion of the ancient palace of the princes of Powysland,   SHUJAHWULPOOR, shoo-jA-vytil-poort, a town of India,
and at one entrance of the town is a Doric column erected  dominions, and 54 miles WV. of Indore.
in honor of the late Lord Hill. The grammar school, found-    SHIUJANPOOR, shoo-jan-poorl, a town of the Punjab, 8
ed by Edward VI., has an annual revenue of 3000/., and 22  miles E. of Attock, having a splendid serai (palace) built by
exhibitions to the universities; Millington's hospital has a  one of the Mogul emperors; lat. 330 53' N., lon. 720 25' E.
revenue of 1230/., and other charities are numerous and    SIIULLSIBURG, a post-village and township, capital of
well endowed. A music hall, literary and philosophical Lafayette co., Wisconsin, 15 miles N.E. of Galena. The viisociety, mechanics' institution, public library, assembly  lage is a depot for large quantities of lead mined in the virooms, and fine public promenades, afford recreation to the  cinity, and is a place of rapid growth. It contains a brick
inhabitants. It has 12 corporate trading companies, mann-  court-house, 4 or 5 churches, 15 stores, 5 hotels, 4 mineral
1773




SHU                                                          SIA
warehouses, and several manufactories. Pop. of the town- square miles, of which he assigns 141,175 to Siam proper,
ship, 1678; of the village, in 1853, about 2500.            20,420 to Cambodia; 108,645 to the tributary Laos; -and
SHUMALARI, sham'a-lar/ree, written also CHAMALARI,  24,460 to the Malay provinces.
0IOUMIALARIE, and TCHAMOULARI, one of the princi-   ctce of the Country, &Ec.-The surface is covered with hills
pal peaks of the Himalaya Mountains, in South Asia, be- and mountains, except in its central part, the valley of the
tween Thibet and Bootan. Lat. 280 4' N.. ion. 900 E. Eleva-  Menam, which is described as a rich alluvial plain. The
tion, about 217,200 feet.                                   highlands, bounding Slam E. and W., seem to belong to two
SITUMLA. See SIootzLA.                                    mountain-chains running S. from the table-land of Yun-nan
SHUMiISHABAI), a town of India, 6 miles SE.F. of Attock. in China, and on either side of the Menam Valley. The
SHUMNA, one of the Inner Hebrides Islands, Scotland, co. westernmost of these chains is estimated to reach an elevaof Argyle, parish of Kilbrandon, 4 miles N.W. of Craignish, tion of 5000 feet; the height of the E. range is unknown to
and separated on the W. from Luina by the narrow Sound  Europeans. The mountains of Siamese Malacca nowhere
of Shuna. Length, 3 miles. Pop. 69. The surface is well- exceed 3000 feet in height; and especially S. of the Isthmus
wooded, and generally fertile,                              of Kraw, the watershed between the Bay of Bengal and the
SHU'NARt, a town of Hindostan, province, and 22 miles Gulf of Siam is less than half that altitude. Off the coasts,
N.E. of Bahar.                                              at a distance of 10 or 15 miles, and separated by pretty deep
StIUINEM, an ancient town of Palestine, a little S. of Nain. channels from the mainland, are numerous islands, mostly
SHUNK, a post-office of Sullivan co., Pennsylvania.       rocky, and considerably elevated. Of those in the Bay of
SHUNK, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio.                  Bengal, the principal are St. Matthew's, (lat. 100 N.,) SaSHUN-KING  or CHUN-KHIING, shLn'kingl, a city of langa and Pandjiano, (lat. 80 N.,) and the Lancawi. group,
China, province of Se-chuen, capital of a department, on a (lat. 60 30' N.) Of those in the Gulf of Siam. by far the
tributary of the Yang-tse-kiang, 115 miles E. of Ching-too-foo. largest is Tantalem, (lat. 70 30':) and next to it in size are
SIHUN-NING or CIIUN-NING, shinmningf, a city of China,  Bardia and Carnam, on the W. side; Koh-kong, and the
capital of a department, province, 170 miles W. of Yunnan.  other islands on the E. side of the Gulf, are of inconsiderSHUN-TE or CItUN-TE, shan-tA, a city of China, province  able extent.
of Pe-chee-lee, capital of a department, 220 miles S.SW. of    Geology and 3Minerals.-Granite and mountain-limestone
Peking.                                                     are supposed to constitute the chief primary rocks, covered
SHUPEYON, shoo-pa.yonf, a town of Cashmere, on the  in the lower districts with thick beds of stiff clay and alluroute from the Pir Panjal Pass to Serinagur, 6550 feet above  vial strata. Tin, which pervades the whole Malay Peninthe sea, and 28 miles S. of Serinagur; lat. 330 42' N., ion. 740  sula down to its extreme S. point, is found within the
45' E. Close to this town was fought, in 1819, the decisive  Siamese territory between lat. 110 and 140 N.; and the
battle by which the Sikhs won Cashmere from the Afghans. mines in the island of Salang, off the WV. coast, are perhaps
SIIURtDINGTON, GmRevA, a parish of England, co. of  scarcely less productive than those of Banca. Gold, not
Gloucester.                                                less extensively, though far less abundantly diffused than
SHURTLEFF COLLEGE. See ALTON, Illinois.                  tin, is obtained in tolerable purity; but the amount proSHURUKIIS, shoo'rooKsl, a fort and Toorkoman settle-  cured is insufficient for the home supply, owing to the
ment of Central Asia, on the frontier between Persia and  great quantities employed in gilding temples and inmages,
Khiva, 90 miles S.W. of Merv, and E.N.E. of Meshed. Its  and it is accordingly imported from the Malay countries.
vicinity is well watered, and produces fine crops of-wheat, The most abundant of all the metals in Siam is-iron, which
melons, and other fruits.                                   is extensively wrought in the lower districts, on and near
SIIUS, a ruined city of Persia. See SeOOs.               the upper waters of the Menam; cast-iron has been sold at
SHUIISAN, a post-village- of Washington co., New York, on  Bangkok for a dollar and sixty-two cents the picul, of 133
the Albany and Rutland Railroad, and on Battenlkill River, pounds.  Copper and lead are wrought to some extent,
43 miles N.N.E. of Albany.                                 chiefly by the mountain tribes; and both zinc and antiSITUSHA, a town of Asiatic Russia. See SH00osHA.         mony are found to the E. of the Menam: the last-named
SIIUSIIAN or SUSAN, a ruined city of Persia. See Sooees.  metal is raised for the use of the Chinese in smelting iron.
SHUSHUAII, shootshoo-a, an island of the Red Sea, in the  The sapphire, Oriental ruby, and Oriental topaz, are found
Gulf of Ainunash, in Arabia, 30 milesN.W. of Mloilah, 350 feet in the hills of Chantibun, (lat. 120 20',) on the E. side of the
high.                                                      gulf, where they are obtained by digging up and washing
SHUST1R, a city of Persia. See SnoosTEa.                 the alluvial soil. The mines yielding them  are a monopoly
SI{US/TOKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.         of the king.
SHUTAL (shoo'td1, SHIUTUL, shoottslf, or SIIATOOL,    Rivers and Lakes.-The Siamese territory abounds in
sh~ttooll) PASS, across the Ilindoo Koosh, between Cabool small rivers; but there are only three great navigable
and Khoondooz,isinlat. 350 33' N., lon. 690 8' E. Elevation, streams: the Salwin, or river'of Martaban, forming a part
15,500 feet.                                               of the WV. boundary; the Menam; and the Mekon of CamSHUTE, a parish of Englind, co. of Devon.                bodia, forming part of the E. boundary. Of these, the MeSHUTESBURY, shootseblr-re, a post-township of Franklin  nam is most important, as pervading the greater part of the
co., Massachusetts, 76 miles WV. by N. of Boston. Pop. 912.  kingdom, and almost monopolizing its trade and navigaSHUTITER'S CORNERS, a post-office of Schoharie co., tion; but except the lower tO miles of its course, it is very
New York.                                                  little known. It is supposed to rise by two branches, in the
SHIUTITINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.    S.W. of the Chinese province of Vun-nan, in lat. 230c or 240
S1IUTUL, a pass of Hindoo. See SHUTAL.                   N., has an estimated course of about 800 miles, and falls
SHIUYA, a town of Russia. See SaooYA.                    into the Gulf of Siam by three channels, the 1E. of which,
SIHWA, a state in Abyssinia. See SHeA.                    (Paknam,) is the only one navigable by European sea-going
SIIVAT, SCIIWVAT or CIHOUAT. shw~t, a walled town  vessels, The only other Siamese river worthy of notice is
of Central Asia, 16 miles N.E. of Khiva, and inhabited -by  the Bang-pa-kung, about 240 miles in length, which enters
Oozbeks.                                                   the gulf at Bang-pa-tsoe about 60 miles E.SE. of Bangkok,
SIVY POST, a post-village of Audrain co., Missouri, about the modern capital. All the Siamese rivers are flooded be48 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.                           tween June and September, which partly accounts for the
SIAH-KOI h, seesa kO', the "Black Mountain,") in Afghan- fertilityof their basins. A large lake, called Sachado, which
Istan, bounds the plain of Jelalabad on the N.; lat. 340 25' communicates with the Menam by the river Talan. is said
N., ion. 700 E.                                             to be situated about 90 miles N.W. of Bangkok.
SIAK or SIAKH, se-AkI, a state of Sumatra, extending    oil amzd Climate.-The soil of the whole valley of the
along its N.E. coast, opposite Malacca and Singapore, and  Menam is of great fertility, consisting of thick beds of alliuwith a town of the same name on the river Sick, 45 miles vium from the yearly inundations of that river. The more
from its mouth, in lat. 00 25' N., lon. 1010 55' E. Surface  mountainous parts are of sand asd limestone, arid, unculflat.  Exports gold, camphor, gambiers, rattans, tobacco, vated. or covered with forests. The climate of so extensive
wax, sago, ivory, and silk stuffs; imports opium, salt, a country varies, of course, with the latitude and the elevawoollens, and Madras piece-goods.                          tion of its surface; but, as in other tropical countries, it has
SIAK RIVER, in Sumatra, flows N.E., and enters the  two seasons-the wet and the dry; the former beginning in
Strait of Malacca behind some islands nearly opposite the  April or May, and continuing till about the commencement
Britislh settlement of Malacca.                            of July, when the dry season sets in, and lasts till the folSIAMI, st-am! or se-am!, (native, T'hai. t'h; Burmese, lowing April or May. The temperature at Bangkok is thus
Yoodra,) an extensive kingdom  in the SE. of Asia, occu- stated by Malcolm,-Cool season, (November to February,)
pying the centre of Farther India, with all the country  770 Fahrenheit; hot, (March to May,) 850; wet, (June to
surrounding the Gulf of Siam. Lat. from 50 to 210 N., Ion. October,) 840. Mean of the year, 820'6.  The mean range of
from 980 20' to 1060 E. Length, from  N. to S., about 850  the thermometer is 130: it seldom sinks lower than 720 Fahmiles; breadth, varying from 70 miles to 250 miles. It is  renheit. On the whole, the country is healthy. Ague and
bounded WV. by the British Tenasserim provinces and the  cholera are the diseases mostly rife. and are very prevalent
Indian Ocean, (Bay of Bengal;) N.W. by Burmah; N. by  in the wet season.:he free Laos country; E. by Anam; and on the S. it has a    Vegetation.-Rice (called kao-san) and maize are the grains
coast-line of 1470 miles along the Gulf of Siam. The exact most extensively cultivated.  The former, sold at about
ooundaries, however. are but. imperfectly known; and thus, forty cents per hundredweight, is exported in large quantiwhile Crawfurd, in his "Embassy to Siam;" estimates the  ties to China; but none of the latter is exported. Of the
atrea at 190,000 square miles, Berghaus extends it to 294,720  tropical fsrinaceous roots, the Siamese raise the usual va1774




SIA,                                                           SIA
rieties, and among others the sweet potato.  Cocoa and  and paddy, cotton, feak-timber, and sappan-wood, laee, benareca-palms are numerous, especially the former, in the  zoin, ivory, and bees'-wax; while the districts E. and W. of
lower districts; and the oil is extensively exported.  No  the Menam   furnish gamboge, cardamoms, and sugar; the
part of the East is more celebrated for the abundance and  Malay provinces, tin, zinc; cotton. &c. The foreign trade is
quality of its fruits.  The mango, mangosteen, leechee, du- conducted chiefly with the S. ports of Anam, Java, Singarian, rambutan, pomegranate, papia-fig, guava, pine-apple,  pore, Pulo-Penang, &c., and occasionally with British India,
and, in short, all the fruits of South China and HIindostan,  the United States, and Britain. Of these, however, the most
of the Indian islands, and tropical America, are luxuriantly  important is China, the trade with which employs from 200
abundant, and of exquisite quality. The cultivation of the  to 300 junks annually, having an aggregate burden of about
sugar-cane (a product known here in its natural state from   25,000 tons-mostly built in Siam by Chinese, who also are
time immemorial) was introduced by the Chinese in 1812;  their exclusive navigators. The junks make one voyage anand sugar is now an important article of export to China,  nually, leaving the Menam  in June, and returning in I)eBritish India, &c. Black pepper of good quality, to the ex- cember. The exports to Europe and the United States comtent of about 7000 hundredweights annually, is raised in  prise sugar and pepper, lac,.benzoin, and gamboge. tin,-carthe province of.Chantibun, and mostly exported to China.  damoms, ivory, horns and hides, with other minor articles;
Tobacco, formerly imported from Java, is now raised through-  the imports, all kinds of textile fabrics, shawls, cotton umout the country, and exported to Cochin-China and several brellas, iron and'steel goods, steel-bars, lead and spelter,
of the Malay countries.  Cotton of several sorts is grown,  earthen and glass ware, all kinds of hardware and cutlery,
and largely exported to the island of Hainan, in the,China  with fire-arms, musket-flints, &c.-the trade being carried
Sea. Cardamoms are plentifully obtained in royal preserves  on, of course, in foreign vessels. Nea-ly the entire trade to
strictly guarded,. and the produce is sent principally to  Siam is hampered to an incredible extent by vexatious and
China. A gum, resembling benzoin, grows spontaneously in  oppressive duties on all exports and imports, as well as by
the forests of Laos, and is cheap and abundant.  Gamboge  the trading monopolies of the crown.
is yielded by a species of Garcinia in the forests on the E.   Population.-The population includes, besides the native
coast of the Gulf of Siam, and in the Siamese portion of Cam-  aboriginal Siamese, vast numbers of emigrants from  other
bodia, (whence its name.) In the same districts also are  countries, Laos, Cambodians, Malays, and several half-civilprocured large quantities-of scented agile, or aloes-wood, ized mountain  tribes, with  numerous foreign  settlers;
which is both much used by the natives, and sent to the  Chinese, Mohammedans, and IHindoos from  West India;
Chinese, who employ it for sacred purposes, and use it in  Peguans and Portuguese.  Crawfurd, in 1822, and Mr.
their private and public temples.  Sappan-wood is procured  Roberts, American ambassador, ten years later, estimate
extensively from the forests between lat. 100 and 130, and  their numbers as follows:in point of quantity it forms the most considerable of all            CaAWFUR.D, 1822.                RoR RTs, 1832.
the Siamese exports: it is sent principally to China, but also  Siamese............... 1,260,000 Siamese.................
to Bengal and Europe. Excellent teak-timber abounds in  Laos....................   8.0,000 Laos.....................1,200,000
the forests of Upper Siam, and is much used in the con- Peguans................  25,000   alays..................   320,o00
struction ofjunks and temples; but very little is exported. Cambodians.............  25,000 Chinese................. 500,00!Malays.................. 195,000
Crawfurd also mentions a forest-tree, producing a valuable  Chinese.................   4,000
C seese.       ~~~440,000
wood of a red color, fine-grained, admitting a good polish,  Hindoos, &e............   3,500
and called pao-rosa by the Portuguese, which is exported  Portuguese.............   2,000
and largely employed by the Chinese in cabinet-work.                 Total...........  90,00        Total.......... 3,620,000
Animsals.-Among carniverous animals are the tiger and              T
leopard, the bear, the otter, the musk-civet, the cat and the  By both authorities, however, the numbers of the Chinese
dog, both wild and domestic. Porcupines, squirrels, rats, settlers are, perhaps, considerably underrated;- for, besides
and mice are common.  The pangolin is found in the fo- 300,000 resident at Bangkok, they are dispersed all over the
rests, and its scaly skin is sold to the Chinese, who esteem   country, forming almost exclusively the miners, sugar mait for its medicinal qualities. The orang-outang and other  nufacturers, artisans, and merchants of the entire kingspecies of apes are pretty abundant.  Among the rumi- dom.  In 1850, 31. J. Baptiste Pallegoix, Ev~que de Mallos.
nating quadrupeds are found seven species of deer, also the  (Bull. Soc. Geo. 1852,) estimates the total population of Siam
sheep, goat, ox, and buffalo. The horses are of small size, at 6,005,600, of which he claims 5500 as belonging to the
(under 13 hands,) and are not much reared by the natives, Roman Catholic faith.
those in use being principally procured from Yun-nan, in    Physical Character, _lanners, oc.-The Siamese, in comChina.  The hog exists abundantly in the forests, and is  mon with the Laos, Cambodians, and Malays, are members
domesticated by the Chinese residents. The single-horned  of the great Mongolian family, and of the same race as the
rhinoceros is met with in unusual numbers, and is hunted  people of Burmah   and Anam.  In stature they do not avefor his hide and horn, both of which are exported to China. rage more than 5 feet 3 inches in height; and "in perThe principal boast of the Siamese, however, is in the high  sonal appearance," says Malcolm, "they come. behind any
perfection of their elephants, which here attain a size and  nation I have yet seen, especially the women, among whom
beauty elsewhere unknown, and are held in high esteem   (and thousands came under my notice) I never saw one
throughout India. They are freely used both for riding  who was comely."  They have a lighter-colored skin than
and as beasts of burden, except at Bangkok, where their  the West Asiatics, but darker than the Chinese; and all
use is expressly limited to persons of high rank.  A very  classes delight in heightening  their complexion by the use
great additional value is set on white elephants, evidently  of tursmeric.  Their faces are broad and fiat, with round,
albinos, which, when captured, become the property of the  prominent cheek-bones, a small nose obtusely pointed, s
king. Albino deer, monkies, and even tortoises, are by no  large mouth, with rather thick lips, small, black eyes, a low
means uncommon in Siam.                                       forehead, and very scanty beard.  Their hair is always
Among the birds, the water-birds and waders are by far  black, thick; coarse, and lank, worn close by both sexes, exthe most numerous; geese, ducks, boobies, cormorants,  cept from the forehead to the crown, where it is about 2
king-fishers, storks, and pelicans are fsequent; the forests  inches long, and made to stand erect.  The costume of the
abound with peacocks, pheasants, and pigeons; and in the  Siamese is very simple, consisting, in both sexes, of a cotton
islands are large flocks of mews and sea-swallows, the latter  or silk cloth of dark color wrapped around the hips, with
producing the famed edible birds'-nests. Crocodiles, geckos, the end passed between the thighs, tucked in at both ends,
and other kinds of lizards, tortoises, and green-turties are  and descending below  the knees. They universally stain
numerous, the last of which, as well as their eggs, are in  the teeth with an indelible black dye; aud the better
great repute among the Siamese as an article of food, and  classes, like the Chinese, permit the finger-nails:  to grow to
from their sale add not inconsiderably to the royal revenue. an enormous length. Malcolm  describes the Siamese as
The boa-constrictor here attains an immense size, and there  crafty, ignorant, slothful, and mendacious. But they are temare many other species of snakes. The fish of the Menam   perate and abstemious, by no means revengeful, obedient to
are  abundant, but of inferior quality. The only insect in  the laws, and' strongly attached by their domestic ties. The
Siam worthy of notice is the Coccus lacca, which produces  women perform  most of the labors of the field, work the
the valuable dye and gum, the lac of commerce.                boats on the river, act as porters, &c., and are extensively
lanuoofactures. —The Siamese have made but little pro- employed as retail traders. Those of the higher classes
gross in the useful arts.  House-carpentry, canoe and junk- spend their time in idleness and sleep.  Slavery prevails
building, manufacturing pottery and coarse cutlery, leather- throughout, many of the chiefs having hundreds, some
dressing, and the construction of musical instruments, are  thousands of slaves; a slave-trade is regularly carried on
their chief mechanical employments.. A few rude hand-  along the Burmese frontier, and the Cambqdian provinces
looms are in operation, chiefly by women; but the fabrics, are periodically invaded by large bodies of Siamese kidnapwhether of silk dr cotton, are of very coarse quality. Good  pers. But of the aggregate number of slaves in Siam it is
brass cannon, some of them  very large, but seldom with  impossible to form even a conjecture.
proper carriages, are made, and muskets are imported.            Arts. —The domestic architecture of the Siamese is in a very
Trade and Navigation.-Siam has a most extensive trade, rude and backward state-the houses of the lower a, lers
both inland and coastwise, as well as foreign. Every pro- being formed wholly of wood or bamboo, roofed with pimra.
vinace of the kingdom  produces some article in foreign de- leaves, and mostly raised on piles, as in the rest of ultra-.mand; and Bangkok, from its situation on the Menam, has  Gangetic India.   A few only in the capital are built with
become the great centre of all its commerce.  The principal brick and mortar. Many of their houses, too, are constructed
articles brought down from  the higher provinces are rice  on boats, which abound on~the river near Bangkok. Of the
1775




SIA                                                         SIA
arch they are wholly ignorant. Roads there are none; and  1502. In 1612 an English ship ascended the river as far rs
wheel-carriages are all but unknown. On their religious  Yuthia; eight years after which, the Portuguese sent thither
edifices, however, the Siamese bestow abundant labor and their first missionaries. In 1683, Constantine Phaulcon. an
expense: these are constructed of solid masonry, and co- enterprising Greek, became prime minister, and (like Bishop
vered with tiles, having  all the wood-work laboriously  Adran in Cochin-China subsequently) introduced a respect
carved and gilded, and filled with carved and richly-gilt for European customs and notions. Mutual embassies were
images of Boodha.                                           at this period sent between Siam and the court of France,
Language, Literature, and Fclucation.-The Siamese lan- Contests for the throne distracted the country from 1690 till
guage is exceedingly simple in its construction; it forms a  1759, during which interval, Alompra, the victorious founder
connecting link between the Chinese and Malay, and is of the present Burman dynasty, seized Mergut, Tavoy, and
easily acquired by foreigners. The alphabet consists of 36  Martaban, and overran the whole valley of the Menam. At
consonants and 12 vowels; and the written characters, like  the present time the kingdom  is stated to be in a more
the Burmese and Peguan, resemble the Pall and Sanscrit. prosperous state than ever. Although the Tenasserim proThe roots are few in number-all monosyllabic; and there  vinces are lost, it has recently become possessed of one of
are no terminations to indicate gender, number, person, the. most valuable and fertile sections of Cambodia, emmood, or tense. The literature is meagre, uninteresting, bracing the rich province of Bata-bang; and recently, also,
and, in point of imagination and force of expression, much  it has acquired dominion over the North Malay states of
below  the Arabic, Persian, or Hindostanee; the style is  Kedah, Patani, Ligor, &c.-Adj. and inhab. SIAMESE, si'asimple and literal, but by no means perspicuous; and the  meez/.
compositions, except epistolary, are wholly metrical, consist-   SIAM, GULF OF, between lat. 70 and 140 N., and ion. 990
ing of songs, romances, and a few  chronicles; but the  and 1050 E., is wholly surrounded by Siam, except on the
Siamese have no written dramas, nor any history, beyond  S., where it opens into the China Sea. Length, 500 miles;
the dry chronologies of their kings. Education is carried  breadth at entrance, 300 miles.' It receives the Menam and
to a very limited extent; few can do more than read and  several other rivers.
write awkwardly, and perhaps cast accounts.                   SIAMO, se-dimo, SIAO or SIAUW, se-do, an island in the
Governsment, Army, Navy, and Revenue, Laws,  dc.-The  Malay Archipelago, between the N.E. extremity of Celebes
government of Siam is a thorough despotism, subject to no  and Sangir. Circuit, about 35 miles. Lat. 2025' N., ion.
restraint, except the apprehension of a popular tumult or 1250 27' E. Surface elevated, and it contains a volcano.
foreign invasion. The king, therefore, is considered almost,   SIAMPA, a country of South-east Asia. See TSemOrA.
if not altogether, in the light of a deity, and addressed as    SIAN, a city of China. See SEE-NGAN.
such, his most common designations being "Sacred lord of    SIANG-YANG, se-dng` ydngl, a city of China, province of
lives," "Owner of all," "Most exalted and infallible lord,"  Hoe-ps, capital of a department, on the Htan-kiang; lat.
&c. The sovereign, however, appears to admi4 some share  about 320 N., Ion. 1120 E. SIANG is the name of several
of dependence on the Emperor of China, to whom a periodi- Chinese towns of inferior rank.
cal tribute is sent. Next in rank to the king, but immea-   SIANO, se-dno, a town of Naples, province of Principato
surably below him, is the wang-na, or viceroy, one of the  Citra, 10 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 2500.
most exalted princes, chosen by the king at his accession,   SIAO, an island of the Malay Archipelago. See SIAy10.
to assist him in his duties; and under this officer is a su-    SIARA, Brazil. See CEARA.
preme council of ministers, undertaking the different de-   SIAS, se-ds/, a river of Russia, government of St. Peterspartments of government. There is neither hereditary rank  burg, enters Lake Ladoga on its S. side, after a N.N.W.
nor aristocracy in Siam; and the people generally seem to  course of 100 miles.
be mere slaves, subservient in all things to the pride and    SPASCONISET, a village at the S.E. extremity of the
caprice of the sovereign. Indeed, every adult male Siamese island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, contains a fine hotel
is compelled nominally to give a third of his time to the  and about 70 houses, usually occupied only in the warm
king's service, though he usually pays in lieu an exemp- season. It is a place of fashionable resort, celebrated for its
tion-tax, or finds a substitute.                           fine sea air and ocean scenery.
There is no standing army, but every able-bodied male is    SIASKOI (se-dslkoi) CANAL, in Russia, 23 miles in
liable to be called into the field by the mere will of his chief. length, connects the rivers Sveer and Yolkhov.
At Bangkok, the capital, there is the semblance of a respect-    SI-AS-LAW, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon.
able navy, consisting of scores of war-junks, galleys, and    SIAUGUES-SAINT-ROMAIN, see'6g!  SdNa  ro'maNke, a
other vessels of various sizes, built on the Cochin-Chinese  village of France, department of tHaute-Loire, 17 miles S.E.
model, and mounting heavy guns. But the Siamese are no  of Brioude. Pop. about 1900.
sailors; and when brought into service, these vessels are    SIAUW, one of the Sangir Islands.  See SmAMo,
manned by the promiscuous populace, and officered by    SIAWSK, a town of Russia. See SIEVSK.
Chinese or other foreigners.  The government revenue    SIB, seeb, a maritime town of East Arabia, dominions,
amounted, in Crawfurd's time, to about $15,500,000. The  and 22 miles W. of Muscat, on the Arabian Sea. It has the
military and civil governors are also judges and magis- reputation of being peculiarly healthy.
trates, and decide cases, subject to appeal to the provincial   SIBB, a town of West Beloochistan, 75 miles N.E. of Bunviceroy. There are written laws, which are made, altered, poor.
or amended at the sovereign's will, but apparently gene-   SIBIBERTOFT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
rally formed on the Chinese model. Offences are punished,   SIBIBERTSWOLD, a parish of England, co. of IKent.
as in China, by a very liberal and indiscriminate applica-   SIBiDON-CARWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
tion of the bamboo. No distinction is made between of-   SIBERIA  sl-beere-a, called also SIBIRI, se-beelree, (Fr.
fenders, even should they be priests; nor are pecuniary?bjrie, seeebftreei; Ger. Sibir-ien, se-beere-en,) a large section
considerations for crimes allowable.                        of the Russian Empire, occupying the whole of North Asia,
Religion. —The Siamese profess Boodhism  of a very de- between lat. 450 and 780 N., and lon. 600 E. and 1700 W. It
graded kind, introduced into the country about the middle  is bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean; E. by the Sea of Kamof the, seventh century. The priests are called ialapoins;  tchatka and the North Pacific Ocean; S. by the Sea of Okand it is compulsory on every man to devote the early part hotsk, China, and Independent Tartary; and W. by Russia
of his life to the sacred office. The regular priests live to- in Europe.  Greatest length, from  W. to E., about 3600
gether in large monasteries, called kyoungs, near the temples, miles; greatest breadth, about 2000 miles. Area, 4,812,389
divided into six grades, and acknowledging the direction of a  square miles. Its administrative divisions, with their sepasuperior; above them all is the San-krat, or high-priest, who  rate areas and population, are exhibited in the following
is appointed by the king, and ranks next to him in spiritual table:authority. The priests, unlike the laity, are always respectably dressed in yellow robes, like those of Ceylon and other        Divisions, Area, and Population of Siberia.
Boodhist countries. The moral code of the religion is comprised in five negative precepts: 1. Not to kill, (which ex-            Aovernments.               rea in  Population.
tends to animals, plants, and even seeds;) 2. Not to steal;                                      sq. miles.
3. To commit no impurity; 4. Not to tell falsehoods; 5. To    WEST SERnm —
drink no intoxicating liquors. Little attention, however, is  Tobolsk................................ 564,614
paid to any of these, except by the priests, it being the busi-  Tomsk.........................    633,615
ness of the laity to sin, and of the talapoins not only to be   Omsk..........................         1
holy themselves, but by their holiness to expiate the sins    PAST SIBERIAof the people. They have many occasional ceremonials of an   Yeniseisk.............................   1,010571  2,8587,184
impressive character, among which are their funerals or  Irkootsk...........................-....    505,950
burnings of the dead. A Protestant mission from America   Yakootsk...............................    1,428,500
Okhotsk,................................  185.986I
was established in Siam, in 1833; and a printing-press,  Okhetsmm-melsee
Kamtehatka............................  196.730[
under the superintendence of these missionaries, is in ope-  Tcooktcht............................    286,420
ration.
History.-Siam appears to have no place in history prior              sTotal....................  4,812389 
to A.D. 638, and the credible records go back only to 1350,
the date of the foundation of Ayuthia or ~uthia, the old ca-   * The country S. of Lake Baikal, embracing nearly the whole
pital. The first notice of the Siamese by European writers  chain of the Atlai, has recently been organized into a governis an account of an overland expedition against Malacca in  ment called the Trans Baikalean.
1776




SIB                                                         SIB
These vast possessions have lately been increased by the  Daooria, and throws out numerous ramifications, which
2cquisition of the entire region extending along the left continuing W., extend their arms round Lake Baikal, and
sank of the river Amoor or Saghalien. finom the junction of  cover almost all the S. part of the government of Irkootsk.
the Shilka and Argoon, which form  the Amoor, to its  Other ramifications proceeding N. form the watersheds of
mouth in the Gulf of Saghalien; comprising an area esti- the numerous affluents on the right bank of the Lena. On
mated at 231,875, which, added to the above, gives a total of  both sides of this river the surface continues elevated, and
5,044,264 square miles.                                     forms a table-land, the interior of which is still very imperThis immense territory has much less diversity of surface  fectly known.
than might be supposed from  its extent. Assuming the    The best portions of East Siberia occur in the S. part of the
meridian of 1050 as a line of demarcation, two regions will government of Irkootsk, where, in the lower and moro open
be formed-a W. and an E., exhibiting a very marked dif- valleys in the vicinity of Lake Baikal, cultivation has been
ference in the configuration of the'surface. Both regions  attempted with success, and the oak and hazel, unknown
have their greatest altitude in the S., and may be considered  in other parts of Siberia, are found growing fireely. In alas a vast inclined plane, sloping gradually N. to the Arctic  most the whole of the same government, where the conOcean; but the E. region is traversed in different directions' figuration of the surface does not present invincible obby several mountainous tracts; whereas the W. region, with  stacles, all the grains of Europe are grown, and even the
the exception of the chain of the Ural on the W., and that mountains and hills are covered during the greater part of
of the Altai on the S. frontiers, forms a vast plain, almost the year with good pasture. Still farther N., in the governunbroken by any greatar heights than a few hills, and the  ment of Yakootsk, as far as the town of the same name,
banks of the rivers which wind across it. This'plain, to- corn is cultivated in patches in the upper vale of the Lena,
wards the S., has a height of about 2000 feet above the sea, though the far greater part of it is covered with fir and pine,
but towards the N., is so near its level as often to become  with so much intervening space between the trees that a
extensively inundated. For convenience of description, it good deal of herbage springs up, and helps to nourish the
has been arranged, according to its productive powers, in  numerous herds of cattle which are kept by the Yakoots,
four divisions: the steppe or pastoral, the agricultural, the  and grazed chiefly on an immense tract of low land which
woody, and the moorland or tundra. The steppe, occupying  extends from the Lena E. to the Aldan.
the most elevated part of the plain, extends from the S. fron-   The newly-acquired possessions are represented as being
tiers northward to lat. 550; and from the W. frontiers, with- very fertile, and the soil fit for all kinds of culture, but is
in these limits, eastward to the banks of the Irtish.  The  as yet untouched by the human hand. The whole country
greater part of it consists of what is called the Steppe of  is said to be covered with meadows, and bounding with
Ishim, and has a bare and almost sterile surface, often in- the best kind of timber, including oak, for ship-building.
crusted with salt, but occasionally covered with a scanty  The river Amoor teems with all kinds of fish, the most
vegetation, and sometimes even enlivened by tracts of green  delicate known, and some said to be strangers to other
pasture, over which the nomadic tribes roam with their  waters. The forests are full of game, including hears and
flocks and herds. The agricultural division extends N. to  wolves. Grain and bread were unknown to the natives,
lat. 60~. In many parts, where it borders on the steppe, it  who now eagerly seek the latter in their barter with the
has only occasional tracts which have been or can be advan- Russians.
tageously brought under the plough.                           The N. part of East Siberia consists of two distinct perThe region where agriculture might be successfully prose- tions, the one extending from Ion. 1050 E. to the lower valley
cuted on a large scale, occupies an extent more than double  of the Lena, and the other fimom that valley to Behring's Sea.
that of the British Islands, and, under favorable circum- The former portion is very imperfectly known; but the laststances, might furnish subsistence to a very large popula- ter. as fait as the Kolymza, is traversed from N. to S. by chains
tion; but, as yet, it is only the more fertile alluvial tracts  of low hills, separated from  each other by wide valleys or
adjacent to the rivers that have been brought under any- open plains, and generally overgrown with stunted larch
thing like regular culture. Within this division, though  and birch. In these valleys and plains are numerous lakes,
not properly belonging to it, is the Steppe ofBaraba, situated  generally well supplied with fish, and bordered by low
between the Irtish and the Obi. The S. portion greatly re- banks, on which a rich grassy sward is often seen. Another
sembles the Steppe of Ishim, though on the whole it is not remarkable feature in this locality is the number of albuty,
so arid, and has a more abundant vegetation. The N. por- or dry lakes, consisting of a kind of wide basins, so fain- betion, though flat and swampy, is covered with nearly con- 1ow the general level of the surface as to have become filled
tinuous forests of birch and fir, haunted by numerous wild  with water when the rivers overflowed their banks, and yet
animals, including the beaver. This portion of the Baraba  so shallow, that the clefts pi-oduced by the winter frost form
or Barabinza Steppe may therefore be considered as the  natural drains, through which the water escapes, and leaves
commencement of the wooded division, which extends N. to  the lakes almost dry. The alluvial bottom, owing to the
lat. 640, and in parts to 660, though in the higher latitude  richness of the soil, immediately on the arrival of summer,
the trees are seldom of very vigorous growth. The whole  becomes clothed with the finest turf. When the drainage
of this division is covered with vast forests of birch and dif- is less complete, extensive morasses are formed, covered
ferent species of fir and pine. It is not at all adapted to  only with moss or stunted larches, and so destitute of proagriculture, but barley and rye are occasionally cultivated,  per pasture, that the districts in which they prevail are
particularly in the vicinity ofBerezov, near lat. 640O where  almost uninhabited. To the E. of the Kolyma, branches
also turnips of great size are grown. The population, few  from the Stanovoi Mountains stretch N., and form a series
in numbers, are settled principally on the banks of the Obi of ranges which frequently rise from  2000 to 3000 feet
and Yenisei, and live chiefly on game and fish; the latter, in- Some of these penetrate to the N. coast, and are seen formeluding salmon, sturgeon, and herrings, ascending from the  ing precipitous cliffs at Shelatskoi Nos, Cape North, and
sea as far as the confluence of the Tom. Wild animals, other headlands.  Other ramifications from  the Stanovoi'also, are very numerous, and many valuable furs are ob- pursue an opposite course, and traverse the remarkable
tamined,                                                    peninsula of Kamtchatka almost centrally to its S. exThe last division is that of the moorland or tundra, con- tremity.
sisting of a low, monotonous fiat, covered with moss, and    Rivers and Laoes.-The rivers are both numerous and of
nearly destitute of trees. It extends along the shores of the  great magnitude. From the configuration of the country,
Arctic Ocean, and has so rigorous a climate, that even in  they almost all flow in a N.direction, and belong to the
summer ice is found a few inches below the surface. IIere  basin of the Arctic Ocean. The only exceptions are in the
the reindeer exists in vast herds, both wild and domesti-  E., where the Anadeer flows E. into Behring's Sea, and a
cated; white bears and foxes are also numerous, and fur- great number of small streams, following the same direction,
nish valuable furs; and the coasts and mouths of the rivers  fall either into the same sea or into the Sea of Okhotsk;
are frequented by immense shoals of fish and flocks of fowl. and in the S.E., where the Amoor forms the boundary on
One remarkable feature in the W. part of the tundra is an  the side of the Chinese Empire, and consequently belongs
isolated mountain mass, which rises with steep sides N. of  to the basin of the North Pacific. The great rivers belongObdorsk, about lat. 660, and forms a kind of range divided  nlug to the Arctic basin flow for the most part through iminto five summits, the loftiest of which attains the height mense tracts of level country, and hence are remarkable at
of 4992 feet.                                               once for the length of their course, the volume of water
Siberia to the E. of ion. 1050, forming nearly one-half of  which they accumulate from  numerous and important
the whole territory, has a much more diversified surface  affluents, and the few obstacles which they present to a
than the W. region, and owing partly to its general rugged-  continuous navigation. The advantages which they offer in
ness and elevation, and partly to the greaterseverity of the  the latter respect are diminished by the long period during
climate, has much less land adapted to agricultural pur- which they are frozen over; but even then they do not
poses. The Sea of Okhotsk has a bold and rocky shore, and  cease to be available for traffic, and become, in fact, the
the country behind rises with a steep ascent, till a moun- great highways of the country.  The Obi is one of the
tain-range is formed with a general altitude of nearly 3000  largest rivers of the Old World; the length of its course is
feet above sea-level. This range, under the name of the  2400 miles. Among its important affluents, many of them
Stanovoi Mountains, runs nearly parallel with the coast magnificent' rivers, are the Irtish, Ishim, and Tobol, which,
till it reaches the frontiers of China, where it takes the  by uniting their streams, more than double its volume; the
name of the Yablonoi Mountains, and proceeding WV., con- Tom, Tchoolim, and Ket. The estuary of the Obi forms a
tinues for a long distance to form the boundary between the  gulf from 70 miles to 80 miles wide, and above 400 miles
two empires. It then takes the name of the Mountains of  long. The quantities of fish taken in it, and along the whole
15 1                                                                         1777




SIB                                                          SIB
course of the river, and in its tributaries, are almost incre-  Milerals. —The minerals of Siberia are of immense value,
dible. According to Erman, the quantity consumed in the  and though the real extentof surface on which they are
government of Tobolsk alone, and wholly taken from  it, found is as yet only roughly guessed at, there cannot be a
cannot be less than 65,000 tons annually,.                  doubt that the most precious of all the metals exists here in
The Yenisei, the second river in importance, if measured  greater abundance than in any other part of the Old World.
from the commencement of the Selenga, its remotest tribu- Till recently, the auriferous deposits were supposed to be
tary, exceeds in length that of the Obi by 100 miles. Its  almost confined to the E. slopes of the Ural Mountains, and
most important affluents are the Selenga; the Angara,  to occupy a zone extending from 50 to 60 of latitude to
which receives the discharge of the lake, and, in the lower the N. and S. of Yekaterinboorg.  The gold obtained from
part of its course, takes the name of Upper Toongooska; the  this zone never exceeded $2,500,000 in any one year, and
Middle Toongooska, and the Lower Toongooska. The estuary  had even begun to decrease, in consequence of the exhaustion
of the Yenuisei is about 20 miles wide, and 200 miles long. of the alluvia of certain tracts, when it was discovered that
The Lena has a course of about2400 miles. It rises scarcely  some of the E. regions, particularly in the governments of
20 miles W. of Lake Baikal, and becomes navigable at 50  Tomsk and Yeniseisk, were highly auriferous, and that a
miles from  its source. Its principal affluents are the  tract larger in area than the whole of France contains gold,
Vitim, which has a course of 700 miles, of which a consider- not in its allnuvia, but in the very matrix of its rocks of
able part is navigable; the Olekma, which flows 500 miles  paleozoid schists and limestone. These regions alone, in
through interminable forests; the Aldan, draining an ex- 1843, raised gold to the value of $11,250,000, being more than
tensive tract of table-land between Ion. 1250 and 1400 E.; two-thirds of the whole produce of the Russian Empire.
and the Viliooi, which rises in a mountainous district not   The principal mining districts are those of the Ural Mounfar from the Lower Toongooska, and flows W. for about 600  tains already mentioned, the Altai, and Nertchinsk, in the
miles. The Amoor, formed by the union of the Shilka and  basin of the Amoor. In the first, besides gold, a good deal of
Argoon, near lat. 530 N., Ion. 1220 E., has a length, inclu- copper and iron, and some silver and platinum, are obtained.
ding its longest affluent, estimatedat 2200 niiles. It makes The. second district extends over a great part of the Altai
three remarkable bends, but flows in a general E. direction, range, but has its central locality at Barnaul. Its produce
entering the Gulf of Saghalian about lat. 220 271 N., ion. in gold, which used to be small, has lately been much in1400 E. Its principal affluents from the N., besides those  creased. It has also extensive veins of copper, though the
already mentioned, are the Tcheekeeree (Tshikiri) and the  ore in general is not very rich; and hence, unless very easily'enkon. In 1849 the Amoor was carefully explored by a  smelted, is scarcely worth working. Argentiferous lead also
party of Cossacks, headed by the Russian Governor-General is found, but in less abundance. Iron, remarkable for its
and his staff, in two small iron steamers built at Shilka, a  natural malleable properties, arsenic, and antimony, exist in
mining settlement on the river of the same name, and was the same district. In the district of Nertchinsk, the mines,
found everywhere navigable, without rapids or any other which are worked over an extent of 160 miles, are particuserious encumbrances. The descent of the river occupied  larly rich in lead, tin, zinc, and iron. The lateral valleys
33 days. At its mouth the party formed a settlement on a  of the Yablonoi Mountains running from them into the
deep and extensive harbor, protected from nearly evelry wind  longitudinal valley of the Shilka, have also been found to
by the island of Kerafter or Saghalien, which the Russians  be highly auriferous, and are now, as already mentioned,
had taken possession of years before. The four large rivers  yielding large quantities of gold. In the same district of
above mentioned far surpass in magnitude all the other  Nertchinsk, are also celebrated mines of emerald and topaz,
rivers of Siberia.                                         found generally in connection with tin lodes.
The most important of the minor rivers which send their    The other minerals of Siberia deserving of notice are salt,
waters directly to the Arctic Ocean, are the Taz, between  found in natural crystals on the banks of lakes, chiefly in
the Obi and Yenisei; the Khatanga, the united Anabara and  the steppes of Ishim and Baraba; jasper and porphyry of
Olem,  and the Olenek, between the Yenisei and Lena; and  great beauty, quarried especially in the valley of the
to the E. of the latter, the Yana, Indighirka, and Kolyma. Charysh, among the Altaf Mountains; lapis-lazuli, found
The course of the first is 500 miles; that of each of the two  among the mountains in the vicinity of Lake Baikal; dialast, 700 miles. These minor rivers, like the larger, abound  monds, found occasionally on the E. slopes of the Ural
with fish, and at their mouths are frequented by such im- Mountains; and malachite, obtained in greater or lese
mense flocks of water-fowl, as often to darken the air for quantity from all the mining districts.
miles around.                                                 Climlste.-This country is remarkable for the rigor of its
The only important lakes are those of Baikal, in the go- climate. The isothermal line which skirts the S. coast of
verument of Irkootsk, and Balkash-Nor or Tengheez, chiefly  Iceland, in proceeding E., descends rapidly till it reaches St.
in the S. of the government of Omsk, but partly within the  Petersburg, and then more gradually till it reaches ion. 1000
Chinese frontiers. Numerous other lakes are scattered over  E., where it is found in lat. 520. From this point it proceeds
the surface, and more especially in the tundras, where  nearly due E., passing through the S. part of Lake Baikal,
whole chains of them, covering extensive tracts, not unfre-  the town of Nertchinsk, and the S. extremity of Kamtquently occur.                                              chatka. It thus appears that the S. coast of Iceland, in
I Geology.-The  geology of Siberia is very imperfectly  lat. 630, has the same mean temperature as East Siberia in
known, and hence, in the best maps of it which have been  lat. 520. In like manner, the line of permanent groundpublished, considerable tracts are left absolutely blank. frost descends in parts of Siberia as far S. as lat. 560, nearly
Granite and crystalline schists are found chiefly on the E. the same as that of Edinburgh; and over the whole country,
slopes of the Ural Mountains, in the S. among the moun- E. of the Ural Mountains, is as low as lat. 600. Erman
tain ranges of the Altalf, in the upper part of the basin of found in Yakootsk, in a well which had been sunk to the
the Middle Toongooska, and in the very E. extremity of the  depth of 42 feet, that the fine sand and clay were so frozen
country, from Ion. 1650 to the shores of Behring's Strait. that the spade was useless, and the miner's pickaxe alone
The volcanic rocks belong mostly to the tertiary period, and  could pierce them; and proceeding on the assumption that
are found chiefly in the S., in connection with the granite  the heat of the earth increases in a certain ratio from the
and crystalline schists above described. They compose the  surface to the centre, calculates that in this locality the
great mass of the mountain range which skirts the W. shores  melting point of ice or snow. and consequently the depth to
of Lake Baikal, and are seen in i still more-magnificent and  which the well must have been sunk to obtain water, was
interesting form in the mountains which proceed from N. to  not less than 630 feet. He found that annually between
S. nearly through the centre of the peninsula of Kamt- the 17th of December and 18th of February, and most frechatka, where several are active volcanoes. Palaeozoic rocks, quently in the first three weeks of January, cold is experiincluding under the designation rocks belonging partly to  enced exceeding 400 Reaumur or 58~ Fahrenheit, in other
the Silurian, partly to the Devonian, and partly to the car- words, a cold 900 Fahrenheit below the freezing point; and
boniferous systems, are developed, chiefly in the S., where  that for two entire months, or one-sixth part of the whole
they occupy a large space in the form of a triangle, with its  year, mercury is a solid body. This extreme winter is sucapex at the town of Irkootsk, and the base on the parallel ceeded by an  exceedingly warm  summer.  The thaw
of 600. Another large development of the same rocks is  usually commences on the first of April, and the temperaseen on the N.W. and N. of the Sea of Okhotsk, and to a  ture increases rapidly till it attains its maximum in July.
considerable distance inland. Secondary rocks, higher in  In this month the average height of the thermometer is
the series than the carboniferous system, occupy a consider- about 660 Fahrenheit; but it not unfrequently rises in the
able tract on both sides of the upper valley of the Irtish; a  shade above 770.  The climate of Yakootsk, however, is
more partial development of the same rocks is seen on the  admitted to be extreme even in Siberia, for in the W. part
N. side of the Obi. But by far the most extensive formation -of it mercury does not freeze every year except in very high
In Siberia is the tertiary, which stretches almost conti- latitudes; and even on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk,
nuously from tfhe lastslopes of the Ural Mountains E., across  owing probably to the influence of the sea, Erman did not
the Obi to the valley of the Yenisei; and in other quarters,  find the ground frozen. In Yakootsk, notwithstanding its
though more intermingled with earlier formations, covers no  long and extreme winter, there are 128 days in the year
inconsiderable portion of the whole surface. The shores of  without flost; and within that period several kinds of grain,
the Arctic Ocean, almost throughout the whole extent, and  not excluding wheat, have time to attain maturity; and in
to a considerable distance inland, have a deep alluvial cover- rich alluvial soils often produce a return of fifteenfold.
ing, remarkable for containing deposits of fossil elephants    ManJ'factures.-The manufactures are very limited, and
and other animals in such quantities, that the ivory obtained  are confined for the most part to a few of the larger towns,
from them forms an impe'-taint article of commerce.       where government factories have been established.  The
1778




SIB                                                         SIB
more important articles are leather, earthenware, porcelain, a house. Smaller offences are punished withtransporta.
glass, and hardware. In some places, as at Telmar, large  tion for a less number of years, with the privilege ofreturnwoollen and linen factories employ a considerable number ing to Russia.  Serfs condemned for any offence whatever,
of hands, chiefly exiles, in weaving woollen and linen cloth, never return into bondage; and thus Siberia becomes, to
and in conducting all the previous processes of preparing  them  at least, a land of emancipation. Political offenders
the wool, flax, &c. These tissues are generally of a coarse  are generally incorporated into battalions, forming the corps
description, and are not in great demand, as almost all the  of the Siberian army. If the verdict does not define the
articles of ordinary dress are provided at home, and formed  exact number of years of their service, they remain in the
with comparatively little trouble, out of the skins of rein- army 20 or 25 years. and then resign to become colonists
deer, sheep, and various other animals. Among the Ostiaks  and members of some community. The distinction of the
a clothing made of fish-skin, very impervious to cold, is  social organization of Siberia is, that no kind of serfdom
very commonly worn.                                        exists, or can be introduced. Almost the only distinction
Trade, &c.-The trade is of considerable extent; and in so  of classes is that of the government officials. Nobility, with
far as confined to the produce of the country, consists  its privileges, is a thing unknown.  The whole soil of
chiefly of cattle, fish, caviar, furs, skins, and metals.  A  Siberia belongs to the crown; and it. is already a fixed prin.
very important transit trade is also carried on across the  ciple with the emperors not to surrender any crown lands to
country between Russia in Europe and China. From  the  serfdom on any pretense.
latter country by far the most important article is tea, both    The bulk of the Russian population in Siberia. by which
in the dried leaf and in the form of cakes or bricks. The  the rudiments of civilization have been introduced, consists
greater part of the latter is disposed of to the nomadic tribes, of merchants trading  thither, whose communities extend
and a very large proportion of the former never passes be- from the Ural Mountains to the mouth of the Amoor. They
yond the limits of Siberia, but is retained for home con- are established in boroughs and cities, or in agricultural
sumption.  Other articles of importance from  China are  districts, but perform military duties and those of internal
coarse cotton stuffs, rhubarb, silks, satins, &c. The princi- police.
pal mart for this trade is the town of Kiakhta, situated S.   The native races and tribes scattered over the different
of Lake Baikal, close to the Chinese frontier; here it is car- parts of Siberia are very numerous. Beginning at the Ural
ried on in a regular and recognised form under the superin- Mountains and proceeding E., we find the Samoleds iunhatendence of both governments, and to such an extent that  biting the N.W. of Siberia, and immediately S. of them the
the annual value of the imports is estimated at not less  Ostiaks occupy both sides of the Obi, up to the confluence of
than $15,000,000. The greater part of the traffic is carried  the-Irtish, the N. part of the steppe of Baraba, and the whole
on by the Selenga to Lake Baikal, and thence by large yes- of the woody region E. to the banks of the Yenisei.  They
sels to Irkootsk, from which a continuous communication  live by fishing and hunting, and though their physical
lies open by the Angara and Upper Toongooska to ~eniseisk,  structure is by no means robust, they display great dexterity
on the Yenisei. A little below Yeniseisk the Kem furnishes  and courage in attacking the larger and fiercer animals, both
a water-communication westward, to a point within 40 miles  of the land and water. Some of them have embraced Chrisof the navigable Ket. These 40 miles can only be accom- tianity, but the great majority continue addicted to Shaplished by land-carriage, but thereafter the Ket gives im- manism. In the S., among the Altai Mountains, the Calmediate access to the Obi, and the Obi, partly by its main  mucks predominate, but have laid aside a number of the
stream, and partly by its affluents Irtish and Tobol, affords  usual peculiarities of their race. The Boorlats, the most
a continuous conveyance to Tobolsk, the commercial metro- numerous of all the Siberian tribes, dwell chiefly on both
polls of Western Asia. &c., from which a highway across the  sides of Lake Baikal, and E. as far as the Onon.  They are
Ural Mountains leads directly to Perm.                     of Mongol origin, and closely allied to the natives of the N.
Besides this main line of thoroughfare from China, a con- provinces of China, both in language and customs. The
siderable trade is carried on both with that country and  Toongooses or Tunguzes, the most widely dispersed of all
with several independent khanats, by means of caravans  the native tribes, are considered the best formed of the
which depart from Petropaulovski on the Ishim, or Semi- native Siberians.  They are very expert horsemen, live
palatinsk on the Irtish, and proceed S. across the moun- chiefly by hunting, possess such skill in the working of iron
taluns to Eelee, Tashkend, Kokan, &c.  For the interior  as enables them to prepare their own firearms, and are, getraffic the rivers naturally furnish the most important con- nerally addicted to  Shamanism.  The Yakoots, already
veyance; but when these become closed with ice, other  mentioned, have made considerable progress in civilization,
means of conveyance must be resorted to, among which the  and pay some attention to the education of their children.
most characteristic is that of sledges drawn by reindeer or  They are of Tartar origin, and not a few of them are nominal
dogs. In carrying on the trade of a country so vast in ox-  converts to Christianity, though the majority still adhere
tent, and so thinly peopled, it is obviously necessary to  to Shamanism.  The Techooktchees occupy the peninsula in
select certain centsal localities, and fix certain stated sea- the N.E. of Siberia. They are very jealous of their indesons, for the transaction of business between buyers and  pendence, and can scarcely be said to be nominally subject
sellers; and accordingly the fairs of Siberia are remarkable  to Russia. Their language proves, them to have a common
both for the value and quantity of the goods brought for- origin with the Esquimaux.  The Mantchoo country, situward, and the vast crowds of dealers whom  they attract  ated on the left side of the Anmoor, is occupied by a few
from the remotest quarters. The most extensive of these  nomadic bands of Tartars, no fixed settlement of any kind
fairs are those of Obdorsk, on the Obi; Toorookansk, on the  existing there.
Yenisei; Oostyansk, (Ustiansk,) on the Yana; and Ostro-   The governments of Siberia are organized and governed
nowo, on an affluent of the Kolyma. The principal towns  like those in European Russia. The capital of Western Siare Tobolsk, Obdorsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Krasnoiarsk, Irkootsk, beria is Tobolsk, on the river Irtish.  The city of Irkootsk,
and Yakootsk.                                              situated at the confluence of* three rivers, of which the
People. —It is estimated that three-fourths of the whole  Angara forms the principal, is the capital of Eastern Siberia.
population of Siberia are Russian, and consist either of  The site, surrounded by elevated wooded hills, is very pictuvoluntary emigrants, who have found it their interest to  resque. Irkootsk has about 5000 inhabitants, and the seat
settle in the country, or of exiles and their descendants. In  of the archbishopric for the whole region. The natives are
the course of the seventeeth century, and more especially  gradually converted, and, as far as possible, the clergy seof the eighteenth, the czars began to transport thither  lected from among them, the rites of the church being perconvicts and criminals. The first colonists of this character formed in their own dialects. Various languages-Greek,
were the various dissenters from  the Russian Orthodox  Latin, Polish, Russian, Mantchoo, Tartar, &c.-are severally
church. Whole villages or communities were thus trans- employed for this purpose in Siberia. The army of Siberia
ported, receiving in different parts of Siberia vast tracts of consists of 16 battalions of infantry, and a brigade of artilland. These colonists formed communities in the same way lery. A line of fortified posts protects the country on the
as they were organized in the mother country, having equal side of Independent Toorkistan.
privileges of self-administration with the crown-peasants, on    HIistory.-Siberia appears to have been partly conquered
paying a small tribute to the treasury. Their return to  by Jeughis-Khan and his successors, but did not become
European Russia is strongly prohibited; but they enjoy per- known to Europe till 1580, when a Cossack, called Yermak
feet liberty of worship according to their doctrines and  Timofeyew, who had long robbed the Vessels which naviusages. When the riches of the Altai Mountains were first gated the Yolga, finding himself hotly pursued by the Czar
discovered, transportation to the mines took the place of  of Moscow, crossed over into Asia with his accomplices.
capital punishment; this punishment having been abolish-  Their number sufficed  to form  a small army, and their
ed in 1740, under the Empress Elizabeth. Disgraced favo- courage soon enabled them to acquire extensive settlements.
rites, official defaulters, and, finally, political offenders were  These Yermak offered to the Czar on the condition of obtainsent thither for life, or for the term of their punishment.  ing pardon.  The offer was accepted, and thus Russia tbr
Among the first in the eighteenth century were MIenchikoff  the first time obtained a footing In Asia.: The conquered
and Biron-both of whom  had omnipotently ruled the  territories belonged to the Tartar Prince Kutshum-Khan,
empire and the field-Marshal Miinich, and several others.  and included his residence, which, called by the natives
At present, transportation to Siberia is a penalty admi- Isker, and by the Cossacks Sibir, has given name to the
nistered for all kinds of crimes'and offences. For burglary, whole country. The conquests of Yermak continued E.,
theft, smuggling and violation of the excise, the punish-  and though interrupted for a time by his death in 1584,
ment is hard labor for life, or for a certain term of years; were gradually extended, till the whole country W. of the
after which the felon becomes a colonist, receiving land, and  Obi was subjected to the Czar. In 161)4 the town of Tomsk
1779




SIB                                                          SIc
was founded, and became a centre from which new expedi- Gallo, Melazzo, and Faro on the N.; Santa Croce, Mlorro di
tions were fitted out -and new conquests  made. Private  Porco, and Passaro on the E.; Current Point, Scalambra,
adventurers, instigated chiefly by the hope of plunder, pro- Alicata. and Granitola on the S.; and Boeo on the W.
ceeded in all directions to the S., where, not without serious    Face of the Country, Mountains, ec. —The interior is finely
reverses, they succeeded in expelling the Kirgheez; and to  diversified. A range of mountains, commencing in the N.E.
the E., where they entered the basin of the Lena, subdued  extremity of the island, stretches across it in a W.S.W. directhe Yakoots, and finally, after passing the Aldan Menu- tion, taking the name first of the Neptunian, and then of the
tains, reached the Sea of Okhotsk. A further extension of  Madonian Mountains. This range, which gradually becomes
conquests to the S. brought the adventurers into collision  less elevated in proceeding W., throws out numerous ramiwith the Chinese, and both governments taking  part in the  fications, the most important of which, breaking  off from
quarrel, a war, threatening the existence of one or other of  near its centre, proceeds somewhat circuitously S.E. towards
the empires, became imminent. It was, however, prevented,  Syracuse. The whole range bears a strong resemblance to
partly by the intervention of the Jesuits resident at Peking, the branch of the Apennines which stretches to the S. extreand a treaty in 1689 definitively fixed the boundaries of the  mity of Italy, and strongly countenances the opinion genetwo empires. A second treaty in 1727, confirming the former, rally entertained, that it was originally continuous with it,
regulated the commercial intercourse, and confined it to the  and that Sicily consequently must at one time have been
two localities of Kiakhta and Maimaitchin.-Adj. and  not an island, but a part of the European continent. A trainhab. SIBERIAN, si-beefre-an.                              dition has always existed, that the separation was effected
SIBfFORD GOWER, a hlamlet of England, co. of Oxford.   by some tremendous convulsion of nature; and powers sufSIBIDULU, se-be-doo-loot, a town of West Africa, in Sene- fielent to accomplish it are still apparent in the tremendous
gambia, Mandingo country, 45 miles N.N.W. of Bammakoo. earthquakes by which the island and the adjacent continent
SIBIPLA, a post-office of Washington parish, Louisiana.   have been visited within historic times, and the volcanic
SIBILLA, MONTE DELLA, mon/tA d8llA se-beel/lI, one  agency still active in Stromboli, Lipari, and Etna. The last
of the chief summits of the Apennines, in Central Italy, in  is undoubtedly the most remarkable natural feature of
the Pontifical States, delegation, and 26 miles N.E. of Spoleto. Sicily, and one of the greatest wonders of the world. Though
Height, 7409 feet.                                          near the Neptunian range already referred to, it stands comSIBKAH, AL, Al sib/kAh, or LOWDEAH, l6w-deera, (i. e. pletely isolated, forming an immense cone, which at its base
"'E1 Wateeta, low or marshy ground,") an extensive salt has a circuit of 87 miles, and rises gradually from the plain,
lake of North Africa, regency of Tunis, is intersected by the  till it attains the height of 10,874 feet. Compared with this,
parallel of 330 30' N. lat., and the ninth meridian of E. Ion. all the other summits of the island are insignificant, the
Length, about 80 miles; breadth, near 20 miles. In summer  loftiest of them, Calatabellota, Monte Cuccie, Monte Scuderi,
it is dried up, exhibiting nothing but a crust of salt.    and Dinnamare; having only the respective heights of 3690
SIBKIM, a state of North Hindostan.  See SIKKIM3.        feet, 3329 feet, 3190 feet, and 3112 feet. The far greater part of
SIBILEY, a county in the E.S.E. part of Minnesota, con- the mountains have a much less average height; their sides
tains about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by  are generally covered with magnificent forests, wherever from
the North Fork of Crow River, on the S.E. by the St. Peter's,  their loftiness or ruggedness they cannot be brought under
and intersected by the South Fork of Crow River. Minne- regular cultivation.  Between  the mountains deep and
tonka Lake, near 30 miles long, extends across the county. romantic valleys often intervene, and occasionally the rugThe surface is generally undulating, and diversified by  gedness of the country altogether disappears, giving place
prairies and woodlands; the soil is productive. This county  to beautiful and fertile plains, stretching out almost as fir
is not named in the census of 1850, having been formed  as the eye can reach. The most important of these plains
since that year. Capital. Henderson.                        are those of Catania and Melazzo in the N.E., Syracuse in
SIBLEY, a post-village of Jackson co., Missouri, on the  the S.E., and Terra Nova in the S.
Missouri River, 16 miles N.E. of Independence. It is a    Geology and lfinerals.-Etna itself, and the large circular
shipping-point for produce.                                 space of which it forms the centre, extending over the whole
SIBNIBAS, sib'ne-bAst, (Hindoo. S'svanivasa,) a town of  region that lies between Catania and Taormina, is covered
British India, presidency of Bengal, district of Nuddea, 60  completely with volcanic products. Another tract, of less
miles N.N.E. of Calcutta, with ruins of a palace, and several extent, stretching S. from Canne to Chiaramonte, is similarly
pagodas.                                                    composed. Granite, with gneiss and mica-schist, has its
SIB/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 4A miles  only large development in the N.E, where it forms Mount
N.N.E. of Boston. It has a station on the Lincolnshire  San Filippo. The Jura limestone occupies only two small
Railway.                                                    patches: the larger on the N.E. coast, from  Taormina to
SIB/SON, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.          Sanoca, and the less still farther N., to the S. of Melazzo.
SIBSON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.            The series of rocks immediately above the limestone, and
SIBITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.            belonging to the cretaceous system, cover at least a half of
SIB/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.             the whole surface of the island. They extend without inSIBUYAN, see-boo-yAn/, an island of the Malay Archi- terruption along the N. coast, from  Cape Orlando to Cape
pelago, one of the Philippines, 40 miles N. of Panay,  Lat. 120  Zaffarano, occupy the far greater part of the peninsulas be14' N., Ion. 1220 45' E. Length, 15 miles; breadth, 10 miles. tween the Gulfs of Palermo and Castel-a-Mare, and between
SICANIA. See SIocn y.                                     the latter gulf and the town of Trapani form the great mass
SICASICA, se'k~-seetkd, a town of South America, in Bo- of the Neptunian and Madonian ranges, and fill up the
livia, department, and 57 miles S. of La Paz.               whole central part of the island, stretching from its N. to its
SI-CIIAN. See SEE-SHAN.                                   S. shores. The rocks of the tertiary formation occur chiefly
SICHEM, see-shUcN/, a town of Belgium, province of South  in the S.E. and the W. In the former direction they line
Brabant, on the Demer, 3 miles W. of Diest. Pop. 1700.      the whole coast, from Cape Santa Croce S. past Syracuse to
SICHEM, a village of Belgian Limbourg, 5 miles S.W. of  Cape Passaro, and then, with a slight interruption, continue
Maestricht.                                                 along the S.E. coast, past Cape Scalambra to the mouth of
SICHEM. See NABLodS.                                     the Drillo. The only alluvial tract of any extent is in the
SICIIHEN-SUSSEN-ET-BOLtl], see'saNG! siiss'sNo! A bolPrA/, E., where it stretches along the S. part of the Gulf of Cataa village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 18 miles S.E. nia, and thence inland along the left bank of the Giaretta.
of Hasselt. Pop. 1093.                                      Similar patches of alluvium  occur on the S. coast, at the
SICIGNANO, se-cheen-yAno,  a market-town of Naples, pro- mouths of the Terra-Nova and the Salso.
vince of Principato Citra, 12 miles S.E. of Campagna. P. 2200.   The minerals of Sicily are more numerous than valuable.
SICILIES, KINGDOM  OF THE TWO. See NAPLes, and  They include argentiferous lead, quicksilver, iron, copper,
SICILY.                                                     and antimony, in quantities so limited that few of them are
SICILY, sislil-e, (It. Sicilia, se-cheele-A; Fr. Sicile. see'seel/; worked; lignite, bitumen, petroleum, and naphtha, asbestos,
Sp. Sicilia, se-thee/le-A; Gem. Sicilien, sit-seelle-en; Dutch, gypsum, emery, alum, rock-salt, nitre, sulphur, and a great
Sicilia, se-seeqe-A; anc. Trinalce~a, Siccania, and Sicillia,)  variety of marbles, agates, chalcedonies, and jaspers. The
the largest island of the Mediterranean, forming an import-  most important of all these is sulphur, which has been
ant part of the kingdom of Naples, or of the Two Sicilies, worked in mines for more than three centuries, and is extenextends from let. 360 41' 300 to 380 18' N., and from Ion. 120  sively exported.
25' to 150 40' E., being separated from the S.W. extremity of    Mivers, &c.-The rivers are very numerous, and not a few
Italy by the narrow Strait of Messina. It is nearly in the  of them of classical celebrity, but they are individually inform of a triangle, the three angular points of which are  significant, and in summemr are often almost without water.
formed by Cape Boeo inthe W., Cape Passaro in the S.E., and  The most deserving of notice are the Glaretta or Simetus, on
Cape Fare in the N.E. The longest of the sides, represented  the E. coast; the Salso, Platani, Calatabellota or Isbura, and
by a straight line drawn from Cape Boeo to Cape Fare, is 180  Belice, on the S. and S.W.; and the Termini, Flume Grande,
miles; the next longest, from Cape Boeo to Cape Passaro, 171  and Pollina, on the N. There are no lakes worthy of the
miles; and the shortest, from Cape Passaro to Cape Fare, 113  name; the largest is Lentini, not far from the E. coast.
miles. Area estimated at 10,556 square miles.                Climate.-The climate is excellent, and, except in some
The coast, though presenting numerous small indenta-  spots where the air becomes tainted by the effiuvia of mo.
tions, has few large bays. Of these, the most marked are  rasses and stagnant pools, very healthy. The thermometer
the Gulfs of Castel-a-Mare, Palermo, and Patti, on the N.; in the hottest days rises to 000 or 920, and, even in the depth
and those of Catania, Augusta, and Syracuse on the E. of winter, very seldom falls below 360; the medium  tem.
The most:conspicuous headlands are Capes San Vito, Di perature is 620 5'. The sky in summer is for the most part
1780




~~~~SIC                                   ~       ~~~SiC
beautifully clear and serene, but after the autumnal equi-  value, and numerous varieties of festacea and crustaced,
nox dews and fogs increase, and rain falls in frequent and  affording delicate food, are taken throughout the year. The
heavy showers. The prevailing winds, the N. and W., are  coral fishery on the African coast is frequented by many
dry and salubrious; those from  the Eii. render the atino- fishermen from Trapani, where the coral procured is polished.
sphere hazy and dense, and are often accompanied with rain  The most important articles of export arie grain, fruit, wines
and thunder; the most annoying wind is the S.E. or sirocco, and spirits, sulphur, oil, sumach, barilla, silk, liquorice, and
which, blowing from the deserts of Africa, not only is almost  cream-of-tartar; of imports, colonial produce, cotton and
intolerable from  its stifling heat, but produces oppressive  woollen yarn, silk, lineni, cotton and woollen goods, hides,
dejection and lassitude. During its continuance, generally  hardware, &c. Messina, Palermo, Trapani, and Catania are
from three to four days, the natives confine themselves to  the chief seats of commerce.
their houses, carefully closing every door and window. The    -Divisions, Population,  tc. —Sicily is divided into 7 proquantity of rain that falls yearly is about 26 inches. The  vinces, the names, areas, and populations of which are given
regular rains usually commence in November, and continue  in the following table:to fall at intervals, often in very heavy torrents, with vivid
lightnings and occasional snow storms, till March, while long                   Area in  Pop.in       h        ief Cities. POp in
droughts prevail from April to November not unfrequently,         Provinces.     sq. m.   1850.        C             ep
particularly in the interior, to the serious injury of the har-             -      -,      P      t_____
Caltanisetta......  1,19    179,51   Caltanisetta......129
vest and vintage. Another evil from which Sicily suffers is    atana..........   1,165   379,991  Ctaca..........    56,100
Catenans......1,7655   375,991' Catanis......c  56,1500
the frequency of earthquakes. These have repeatedly spread   Girgenti..........   1,377   233,187  Girgenti..........    18,569
fearful devastation over whole tracts of country.              Mlessina..........   1,390   349,484  Messina..........   97s074 
Vegetation, Agriculture, cd. —Both the climate and soil of   Palerro..........  1,988   478,788  Palermo.......... 167,222
Sicily procure for it a large amount and great variety of vege-  Syracuse.........   1,84   237,814  Syracuse.........   10949
Trapani..........   1,360   182,809  Trapani.       24,927
table products. The hilly regions, presenting alternately bold
crags and undulating slopes, are generally clothed with            Total........  10,56  2101,583 
forests of fine timber, among which the prevailing trees are
oak, ash, pine, elm, and chestnuts; or covered with pastures,    Government, Peopke, dc. —Sicily, though an integrals part of
on which numerous flocks and herds are reared. In the lower: the kingdom of Naples, continued till within recent times to
grounds cultivation is general, and the crops are often re- possess its ownrepresentative assembly. In 1812, an improved
markable for their luxuriance, though the mode of culture is  constitution, under the auspices and on the model of that of
for the most part unskilful and careless in the extreme. The  Great Britain, was established, butthe people generally being
implements in use have remained unimproved for centuries;  altogether unprepared for it, expressed little regret when after
and the grain is still thrashed out by being trodden under  a short-lived existence of four years it was formally abolished
the feet of cattle. The most important crops are wheat,  by the crown, and a virtual despotism was substituted in
maize, barley, and lentils or other pulse. Artificial grasses, its stead. Each intendency is governed by a prefect, with
consisting partly of grain crops, and partly of permanent  a council and secretary. Each town has its judicial court;
meadow, occupy a considerable extent of surface, but are far  superior courts are in Palermo, Messina, and Catania; and
less productive than they might easily become by the intro-  a supreme court sits in Palermo, the capital. The Roman
duction of proper modes of irrigation.   Many of the deeper  Catholic is the established religion, and the great body of
and lower grounds are devoted to the growth of'hemp.          the people nominally belong to it, though a considerable
Next to grain, the most important objects of culture are  number of Greeks, who profess the worship of their own
the vine and the olive. The produce of the vine is partly  church, live in different parts of the island, and more espedried into raisins, but is much more frequently converted  dially in the vicinity of Palermo. Education is chiefly in
into wines of various kinds, and generally of rich flavor.  the hands of the clergy, and is said to be better conducted
The produce of the olive is abundant, but from subsequent  than in South Italy. Palermo and Catania have universimismanagement often fails to yield oil of the first quality.  ties; there are colleges and academies in 21 towns, and a
Other vegetable products deserving of notice are the mul-  primary and secondary school in each commune.  In Cataberry, extensively used in rearing  silk-worms; saffron,  nia there are schools of mutual instruction. In all quarters
sumach, and barilla, all of which, in the localities best  a general listlessness prevails. The nobility, instead of deadapted for them, are regularly cultivated on a large scale;  voting themselves to the duties of their station, spend most
cotton, which has its chief locality near Mazzara; manna,  of their time in paying and receiving ceremonious visits, or
obtained by incisions in the bark of.a species of ash, (-Fraxi- in dissipation and gambling; the common people are effeminus ornus,) and in such quantities in the neighborhood of  nate and indolent, and take every means of escaping from
Castel-a-Mare, Carini, Cefalu, and Caronia, as to yield an an- hard labor and patient industry. The best specimens of
nual revenue of above $200,000; various species of fruit,  Sicilian manners are found among the peasantry, who, unmore especially the Indian fig or prickly pear, (Cactus opun- infected by the vices of the towns, are sober, and tolerably
tia,) on which, when in season, great numbers of the lower  observant of the duties of domestic life.
orders subsist; the almond, of which numerous groves are    History.-According to early tradition, the first inhabitscattered over the island; the common fig, extremely deli- ants of Sicily were Cyclops and Lestrygonians, a kind of
ciousn when fresh; the date, very common under the Sara- fabulous beings, who long furnished the poets with ample
cens, but now much neglected; the liquorice plant, growing  materials, of which, among others, Virgil has largely availed
spontaneously on the plains, furnishing a considerable quan-  himself. Sicanians from Iberia afterwards gained such a
tity of liquorice for export; and the sugar-cane, which  footing in the island as to change its name from  Trinacria,
thrives well, and continued to be extensively cultivated till which it had hitherto borne, to that of Sicania. Siculi,
its produce was driven out of the market by that of Brazil. driven from  Italy, crossed the straits, and having vanTo these might be added a great number of trees and plants  quished the Sicanians, gave the island the name which it
valuable for fruit, fibre, medicinal properties, or the essences  still bears.  After a considerable interval the Greeks began
extracted from them.                                          to plant colonies on the coast, and founded a number of
Animals.-The domestic animals of Sicily, with the excep- towns, of which Syracuse, Agrigentum, and Messina became
tion of goats, of which there is a good breed; and of mules, the most celebrated. The island was conquered first by the
to the proper rearing of which a great degree of attention is  Carthaginians, and next by the Romans; and on the decline
paid, are of an inferior description. The horses, though de- of their empire, it was overrun by the Goths, who retained
scended from those of Barbary, have lost traces of the good  possession till Belisarius expelled them. In the beginning
qualities for which the parent race are distinguished; and  of the ninth century the Saracens became masters, and conthe sheep, with the exception of a few improved merinoes, tinned so till their expulsion by the Normaas, who remained
rank low in respect both of the carcass and wool. The oxen  long enough in possession to establish the feudal system in
are strong, and tolerably well formed, but the cows are ill all its rigor. In 1194, the Emperor Henry VI. established
adapted for the dairy. Swine are numerous, and where  the Swabian dynasty, which in its turn made way for that
there are tracts of forest thrive vigorously; in general, of the French under Charles I., Duke of Anjou, whose
however, the breed is wretched in the extreme.                government, established in 1266, was suddenly terminated
lfeanufactures, Trade, ds. —The manufactures are of very  in 1282, by the massacre known by the name of the Sicilian
limited extent, and when not entirely domestic, are confined  Vespers. Princes of Aragon now became its sovereigns, and
to a few of the larger towns. They include the ordinary  reigned till 1516, when by the succession of Ferdinand the
silk, woollen, linen, and cotton tissues, for the most part of a  Catholic, Sicily was annexed to the crown of Spain, whose
coarser description; oilcloths, leather, cordage, glass, earthen- viceroys governed it till 1706, when a successful popular inware, &c. The trade suffers much from want of inland  surrection bestowed it on Austria. The peace of Utrecht in
communication, but considering the vast extent of sea-coast, 1713 gave it to Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, who retained
and the many valuable products indigenous to the island, it only for four years, and restored it to Austria, receiving
would soon become far more important than it is, were the  Sardinia in exchange. In 1734 the Austrians were driven
inhabitants more industrious and enterprising. The only  out by the Spaniards, and in 1736 a peace was concluded,
branch of trade for which the Sicilians seem  to show any  confirming the possession to the infant Don Carlos, who
particular predilection is that of fishing; the fisheries along  united Naples and Sicily into one kingdom, under the name
the coast are the finest in the Mediterranean. By far the  of the Two Sicilies, though in common parlance that of
most productive is that of the tunny, for the capture of Naples alone is still commonly used to include both. Ir
which at the proper season whole fleets of boats' are fitted  1847, 1848, and 1849, attempts were made by the Sicilians
)ut. The mullet and anchovy fisheries are also of great  to shake off the Neapolitan government. Mlessina was born1781




SIC                                                         STE
carded and taken by the Neapolitan troops on the Rth of    SIDNEY, a village of Champaign co., Illinois, on the Salt
September, 1848, and Catania on the 6th of April, 1849. See  Fork of Vermilion River, about 10 miles S.E. of Urbanna.
NAPLEs.-Adj. and inhab. SIcILIAN, se-sillyfn; (It. SICILI-   SIDNEY, a small post-village of Fremont co., Iowa.
ANO, se-che-le-Dlno.)                                         SIDNEY, a town and county of Nova Scotia. See SYDNEY.
SICILY, a post-village of Highland co., Ohio, 16 miles W.   SIDINEY CEN/TRiE, a post-office, Delaware co., New York.
by S. of IHIillsborough.                                      SIDNEY PLAINS, a small post-village of Delaware co.,
SICILY ISLAND, a post-office of Catahoula parish, Loui-  New York, on the Susquehanna River, about 100 mile
siana.                                                      W.S.W. of Albany.
SICINUS ISLAND. See SIKINe0,                                SIDON, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.
SICULIANA, see-kool-yan, a town of Sicily, intendancy,   SIDON, a town of Palestine. See SAIDA.
and 8 miles W.N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 5300. Its situation    SIDOURA, se-doo'rd, a town of North-western Hindostan,
is unhealthy. Near it are some of the most extensive sul- protected Sikh Territory, 25 miles E. of Umballah.
phur-mines in Sicily.                                         SIDOUT, se-doot/, a town of British India, presidency of
SICYON, sisce-on, a city of ancient Greece, and the capital Madras, district, and 12 miles E. of Cuddapah, on the N. bank
of one of the earliest founded kingdoms in Europe, govern- of the Pennar.
ment, and 9 miles W.N.W. of Corinth, the remains of which    SIDPOOR, sid-poor/, a town of the Guicowar's dominion,
comprise a stadium in good preservation.                    68 miles W. of Ahmednugger.
SIDAS. See ScEDAs.                                          SIEBELDINGEN, seeebel-ding'en, a village of Bavaria, in
SID/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              Palatinate, near Landau. Pop. 1022.
SIDBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.                 SIEIBENBURGEN, see/ben-b Gao'e1n, ("the seven  boSIDDEBi)REN, sid/dgh-boo'rgn, a village of Holland, pro- roughs,") the German name of Transylvania, so named from
vince, and 13 miles E. of Groningen. Pop. 1335.             7 towns colonized in the twelfth century by a Saxon race.
SID/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    See TRsANSYVANIA.
SIDDINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester.          SIEBENGEBIRGE, seelben-ghph-b656oGeh, ("the seven
SID/DONSBURG, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania, mountains,") a collection of heights in Rhenish Prussia, 22
12 miles S.W. of Harrisburg.                                miles S.E. ofCologne, and N.W. ofCoblentz, on the right bank
SIDE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.,of the Rhine, and of which the Drachenfels is one. The
SIDE. See ESKEE-ADALIA.                                   LSwenberg, the most lofty, rises to 1560 feet above the sea.
SIDE/LING HILL, Pennsylvania, a mountain, ridge, ex- They are basaltic.
tending fsom the Mary]and line across Bedford county into   SIEBENLEHN, seerebn-lain', a town of Saxony, 2 miles
Huntingdon, as far as the Juniata River, nearly parallel to  S.E. of Nossen. Pop. 1486.
Cove or Tuscarora Mountain.                                   SIEBIEZ, a town of Russian Poland. See SEBESn.
SIDELING HILL CREEK, risies in Bedford co., Pennsyl-   SIECHANOWICE, a town of Russia.  SeeCIEcoANOwrIEC.
vania, and passes through Maryland into the Potomac River.   SIEDLCE, se-ad'ltsA, a town of Poland, capital of a proSIDENSIO, seeeden-sy6' a town of Sweden, 40 miles N. of vince, 55 miles E.S.E. of Warsaw.  Pop. 3000. It has a
Hesnosand.                                                  noble residence, schools, and a town-hall. In 1831 it was
SIDER, seelder, (Fr. &ere, se-airl,) a village of Switzer- repeatedly taken and retaken, during the war between the
land, canton of Valais, on the Rhone, 10 miles N.E. of Sion. Russians and Poles.
SIDERNO, se-dlano, a town of Naples, province of Cala-   SIEG, seea, (anc. ASivgus,) a river of Rhenish Prussia and
bria Ultra II., 3 miles N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 3800.          Westphalia, rises 10 miles N.E. of Siegen, flows W., and joins
SIDE/STRANDS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       the Rhine 2 miles N. of Bonn, after a course of 80 miles.
SIDI ABDALLAII, seerdee lb-dR/l, a small town of North    SIEGBERG, seeGob/Re, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 15
Africa, in Morocco, on the Atlantic coast, 28 miles N.N.E. of miles S.E. of Cologne: on the Sieg. Pop. 1950.
Mogadore.                                                     SIEIGEL'S STORE, a post-office of Lincoln co., North CaroSIDI ABDELMiNOUMEN, see/dee' Ab'dil'moo'mln/, a small lina, 180 miles W. by S. of Raleigh.
town of North Africa, in Algeria, province of Oran, on the    SIEGEN, seeg/n, a walled town of Prussian Westphalia,
Mediterranean.                                              38 miles S.S.W. of Amrnsberg. Pop. 5260. It has manufacSIDI B00-SOORME or SIDI BU-SURME, see/dee boo  tures of leather, iron and steel wares, woollens and cottons.
soor/mA, a small town of North Africa, in Morocco, on the    SIEGHARDS or SIEGHARTS, seeGohaits, a market-town
coast, 15 miles N.N.E. of Mogadore.                         of Lower Austria, 28 miles N.N.W. of Krems. Pop. 1600.
SIDI FERUCH, see/dees feh-riish/(?)  a cape and bay of    SIEGIIARDSKIRCIHIEN, seeG/hasts-k65nsx'en, a market.
North Africa, in Algiers, and where the French army disem- town of Lower Austria, on the Erlau, 17 miles W.N.W. of
barked June 14, 1830.                                       Vienna.
SIDI IBRAIJIM, see/dee' ee'br&heem/, a small town of    SIEGLAHR, see/gllr, a village of Rhenish Prussia, goNorth Africa, in Algeria, province, 120 miles S.S.E. of Algiers. vernment of Cologne, near the Sieg. Pop. 1136.
SIDI KHALED, see/dee KAll1d', a town of Algerian Sahara,    SIEHEM, see/gnm, a town of Belgium, province of Brabant,
oasis of Ziban, 39 miles W. by S. of Biskra. It is surrounded  on the Demer, 14 miles N.E. of Louvain. Pop. 1997.
by a wietched enclosure, and by palm trees, and outside the    SIENA, a town of Italy. See SIENNA.
walls is a mosque. Pop. about 1100.                           SIENIAWVA, se-A-ne-'tlg, a market-town of Austrian
SIDI SHEHR, see/dee shH'r, a town of Asia Minor, pash-  Galicia, circle of Przemysl, on the San. It has a castle.
alic of Karamania, 47 miles S.W. of Konieh.                 Pop. 1000.
SIDBLAW, SEED.LAW  or SUDILOW HILLS, a mountain    SIENNA, se-3n/ng, (It. iena, se-/nA; anc. Sena or S/ena
range of Scotland, extending from Kinnoul Hill, near Perth,  Tulica,) afity of Central Italy, in Tuscany, 1260 feet above the
N.E. to near Forfar, where they fork into two lines, pro- sea, between two affluents of the Ombrone, 31 miles S.E. of
ceeding to the sea, eastward to Redhead, and north-east- Florence. Lat. 430 22' N., Ion. 110 10' E. Pop. in 1854, 22,021.
ward to Stonehaven. Many of these hills are isolated, and  It is embosomed in trees, entered by a fine avenue, enclosed
rise to about 1400 feet. The most remarkable summit is by walls with gates, several of which are of striking archithe celebrated Dunsinnan or Dunsinane.                      tecture. Without external grandeur, Sienna has a clean
SID/LESHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           and thriving appearance, a remarkable cathedral of the
SIDMOUTH, sidlmtsth, a seaport town and parish of Eng-  twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a city-hall in a wide space
land, co. of Devon, on the Sid, at its mouth, in the British  in the centse of the city, and a celebrated academy of the
Channel, 13 miles E.S.E. of Exeter. Pop. 3441. It is pictu- fine arts,-all these edifices are richly adorned with paintresque, sheltered by hills, and greatly resorted to by visitors. ings of the Siennese school. Sienna has also 32 convents,
SIDBNEY, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, on the  a citadel, 2 theatres; a university, formerly celebrated, and
W. side of the Kennebec River, immediately N. of Augusta. having, in 1844, 136 students, a library of 50,000 volumes,
It has 6 churches, 4 stores, and a large tannery. The river  and upwardsof 5000 manuscripts; a school of medicine, of
Is here crossed by two ferries. Pop. 1955.                  which Mascagni was a professor, and an hospital with 300
SIDNEY, a post-village of Sidney township, Delaware co., beds; public libraries and literary associations; manufacNew York, near the Susquehanna River, about 24 miles W. turies of woollens, silks, straw hats, paper, and leather, and
by N. of Delhi. Pop. of the township, 1807.                 an active trade in wine, oil, and paper. It is an archbishop's
SIDNEY, a post-office of Hunterdon co., New Jersey.       see, the residence of a military governor, and the seat of
SIDNEY, a handsome post-village, capital of Shelby co., civil and criminal courts. It is resorted to by many English
Ohio, is situated in Clinton township, on the Great Miami families. The mountains in its vicinity have rich marble
River, 72 miles W. byN. of Columbus. The Bellefontaine quarries. In the Middle Ages, Sienna was the capital of a
and Indiana Railroad intersects the Dayton and Michigan  powerful republic, and it is said to have had 100,000 inhabitRailroad at this point. The site is an elevated plateau on  ants. Under the French it was the capital of the departthe WV. bank of the river, having a public square in the  ment of Ombrone. Eight popes, and many other eminent
centre. The river affords a fine water-power, and a navigable  persons, were natives of Sienna. It is connected by railway
feeder of the Miami Canal passes through the place. The  with Florence and Leghorn. Its province, the N. part of
village contains about 6 churches, 1 of which is Catholic, 2  the Tuscan Maremma, comprises 466 square miles. Pop. in
newspaper offices, a bank, and numerous mills of different 1845, 237.283.-Adj. and inhab. SIENESE, seesen-eez/, (It.
kinds. Laid out in 1819. Pop. in 1850, 1302; in 1853 it was  SIENESS, se- e-nA/IS.)(
estimated at 2000.                                           SIENNE, se-Inn/, a small river of France, department of
SIDNEY, a post-village of Marshall co., Indiana, 115 miles  Manche, enters the English Channel 7 miles W.S.W. of Con.
N. of Indianapolis.                                        tances, after a N.W. course of 40 miles
1782




SIE                                                         SIE
SIENNO, a town of Russia. See SENNO.                        SIERRA ESTRELLA, mountains of Portugal. See Es.
SIEOO-KITO-SHAN or SIEOU-KIO-CHAN, se-.-oof kee'o  TRELLA.
shln, a very high mountain of China, province of Se-chuen.    SIERRA LEONE, se-ertra le-olnee, (Sp. pron. se-rneiA InLat. 300 23' N., ion. 1030 44' E. It is covered with perpetual  olnA,) a colonial settlement of West Africa, belonginc to
snow.                                                      Great Britain, bounded N. by the Mungo River or Little
SIERADZ, syA/rAds, or SIERAJE, a town of Poland, go-  Scarcies; W. by the Atlantic; S. by the Sherboro; and E.
vernment of Warsaw, 32 miles E.S.E. ofKalice, on the Warta.  by an imperfectly defined line. Lat. 70 40' to 80 50' N.
Pop. 3240. It has manufactures of woollens and linens.     Area estimated at 25,000 square miles. The coast-line is
SIERCK, se-aiakl, a walled town of France, department of  indented on the S. by the broad estuary of the Sherboro,
Moselle, 11 miles N.E. of Thionville, on the right bank of the  and near its centre by Yawbry.Bay and the estuary of the
Moselle. Pop. 1590. It has an important custom establish-  Sierra Leone, which have between them  the peninsula of
ment (bureau de douane, biltrW deh doo-An) on the frontier  the latter name, on which is situated Free Town, (the
of Belgium and Prussia.                                    capital,) forming the proper nucleus of the colony, and
SIERNING, seeR/ning, a town of Upper Austria, 6 miles only connected with the mainland by an isthmus about 11
W. of Steyer. Pop. 1368.                                   miles broad. Besides the peninsula and mainland, the coSIERPE. syne/pA, a town of Poland, 21 miles N. of Plock, lony includes a great number of islands, which contribute
with a castle. Pop. 1230.                                  to form several good harbors. The surface near the shore,
SIERRA, se-AeR/A, a Spanish word, originally signifiying  though in some places rocky, is generally fiat; in the intea "saw," applied to a "mountain ridge," which, from its  rior it is covered by rugged hills and mountains, varying
notched appearance, when viewed from a distance not un- in height from 500 feet to 2500 feet. The only level land is
frequently bears a striking resemblance to a saw.          a belt along the shore from  mile to 3 miles wide, and about
SIERRA, se-ertr, a county toward the N.E. part of Call- 24 miles long, and a plain of some extent in the S.E. The
fornia, bordering on Utah Territory. It is drained by the  principal rivers have courses varying from 200 miles to 300
Yuba River, and other smaller streams. The surface is un- miles, but have been very imperfectly explored. The besteven, with some considerable elevations, among which may  known  names, besides those above mentioned, are the
be mentioned Saddle Peak, 7200; Table Mountain, 8000; and  Rokelle, with its large estuary, IKaramanka, and Rates.
Buttes, at the head of the South Fork of Yuba River, 9000    The soil, of which only a comparatively small portion is
feet in height. The capital employed in quartz-mining in  under regular cultivation, is very fertile, growing excellent
1852, amounted to $9109, and in placer-mining, $134,051. crops of rice. Indian corn, yams, plantains, pumpkins, and
Gold is abundant in this county, and excellent limestone  cassadas. Many of the West India products have been inoccurs. Pop. 4855.                                         troduced; and sugar, coffee, indigo, ginger, and cotton
SIERRA ACARAT, se-WrbnA 9-kg-rV, a mountain range of thrive well. The principal fruits are those of the baobab,
South America, between the Equator and lat. 20 N., and ion. cocoa, banana, pine-apple, orange, lime, ghava, papaw, pome570 and 599 W. It is densely wooded. Estimated height, granate, and plum. The forests are extensive, and many
3000 or 4000 feet.                                          of the trees in them are so large, that when converted' into
SIERRA ACIIA, se-8zvRA archi, the name given to a por- canoes they are capable of containing 100 men. The prin.
tion of the Sierra Madre, a little N. of the city of Mexico.   cipal live-stock are pigs and goats. Poultry also, particu
SIERRA BLANCA, se-bane  blAnglkA, (" white mountain  larly guinea-fowls, are very abundant. The fisheries, both
chain,") a mountain in the S. interior of the territory of  on the coast and in the rivers, are productive, and employ
New Mexico, in lat. about 330 50' N., lon. 1080 40' W.      about 200 canoes, which occupy from 1000 to 1500 men, and
SIERRA DE CABALLO, se-bRe/s da' kdi-Belfyo, a mountain  realize an annual value of about 40001. The chief indusrange in the S. interior of New Mexico, in lat. about 330 10' trial establishments are the factories in which the cocoa-nut
N., lon. 1060 40' W.                                        is crushed, and the oil from it extracted and prepared.
SIERRA DE ENGARCERAN, se-batRU  dA 6n-gaR-thA-rdinf, Boat-building is carried on to some extent, and leather is
a town of Spain, province, and 17 miles N. of Castellon de  dressed on a small scale.
la Plans.                                                     The trade, carried on chiefly with Great Britain, amounted
SIERRA-DE-FUENTES, se-rJRA  dA fwbnltbs, a village of  in 1851 to the value' of 103,4771. in imports, and 80,3661. in
Spain, in Estremadura, province, and 7 miles E. of Caceres. exports. The principal articles of import were India goods,
Pop. 1260.                                                  cottons, hardware, spirits, &c.; of export, palm-oil, pepper,
SIERRA DE GRADOS, se-b/sb'dA grteDoce, a mountain  ginger, ground-nuts, hides, ivory, timber, bees'-wvax, &c.
range of Spain, separating Old Castile from Estremadura, 36  Sierra Leone appears to have been discovered by the Portumiles S.W. of Avila, and rising to 10,552 feet.             guese in 1463, but it first became a British colony in 1787,
SIERRA DE GUADALUPE, se-ba'A dA gwA-DA-loofpA, a  when a company was formed with the humane intention of
mountain range of Spain, in New Castile, S. of Toledo, at- making it a home for free negroes, and proving by their
tains the height of 5110 feet.                              means that colonial products could be raised without slaveSIERRA DE GUADALUPE, (anc. Cbp1etalni A~on/tes?) a  labor. Its affairs are administered by a governor, and a
range of mountains of Spain, part of the mountains of Toledo, council of several more members. appointed by the crown
near the limits of the provinces of Caceres, Toledo, Ciudad  on his recommendation. One great obstacle to its prosReal, and Badajos.                                          perity is the deadly nature of its climate, particularly to
SIERRA DE GUADARAMA, se-lraR/ dA gwb-e-rblmA, a  Europeans. In August, 1838, more rain fell at Sierra Leone
chain of mountains of Spain, part of the mountains of in two days, than in Great Britain throughout the year.
Estrella, on the borders of the provinces of Avila, Segovia, But its progress, though slow, has been steady. Its popuand Madrid. The Manzanares and the Guadarama, affiu- lation consists chiefly of native Africans, many of them
ents of the TaRgus, have their sources in this chain.       liberated from slave-ships. They include people from about
SIERRA DE LA LANTERNA, se-beR/ dm 1l lAn-tbranb, a  200 different parts of Africa, and being brought under the
mountaifi range in the N. part of New Mexico. Lat. about influence of a religious education, are fitted to become an
360 20' N., lon. 1120 15' W.                               important lever in promoting the civilization of their native
SIERRA DE LA PLATTE,  se-ba!g dl lb platt, a moun- regions. Pop. in 1851, 44,501.
tain range extending through E. part of Utah Territory, in    SIERRA LEONE RIVER, an estuary of West Africa, in
lat. about 380 5' N., and from lon. 1070 30' to 1090 10' W.    Senegambia, about 20 miles in length, and from  3 to 10
SIERRA DE LA VINDA, se-bRe/   df lb veenldf, the W. miles in breadth, joins the Atlantic immediately N. of the
cordillera of the Andes, in Peru, between Lima and the  peninsulaof Sierra Leone. Its principalbranch, the Rokelli,
table-land of Pasco. It is crossed by two passes, upwards of  rises about 200 miles inland, and is navigable for its last 60
15,000 feet above the ocean.                               miles.
SIERRA DEL CARRIZO, se-be/r  dbl kb-reelso,a detached    SIERRA MIADRE, se-bnae mbDrb, the name of one of the
range of mountains of New Mexico, in lat. about 360 N., principal mountain-chains of Mexico. It is usually conlon. 1110 W.                                               sidered to commence a little N. of the city of Mexico, near
SIERRA DE LOS JUMANES, se-bR/so db loce Hoo-mbnbs,  Queretaro, and to extend northward into the territory of
a portion of the Sierra Madre Range, in the S.E. part of New  New Mexico. Near Guanajuato it divides into three branches,
Mexico, in lat. about 330 50' N.. ion. 1060 20' W.         of which the principal or central chain, called the Cordillera
SIERRA DE LOS MIMBRES, se-eR/ns dA loce meemfbrbs,. of Anahuac, extends from S.E. to N.W., passing Zacatecas
(or mim/brbs,) the name given to a portion of the Sierra  towards Durango, and thence nearly due N. into New MexiMadre, situated W. of the Rio Grande, between 310 and 350  co; the eastern branch passes through Cohahuila into Texas;
W. lat.                                                    while the western range extends N.W. through GuadalaSIERRA DE LOS ORGANOS, se-ee/eb dA loce osegb-noce,  jama to the river Gila, uniting with some spurs of the Calia range of mountains in the S.E. part of the Territory of New  fornia Mountains. Between 260 and 320 N. lat. there is a
Mexico, in lat. about 320 5' N., lon. 1060 25' W.          depression which is considered by some to mark the division
SIERRA DE SAN JUAN, se-bten  dA son noo-Anl, a menu- between the Sierra Madre and Rocky Mountains; the name,
tain range extending through the N. part qf the Terri- however, is continued throughNewMexico. This extensive
tory of New Mexico and the S.E. part of Utah, fi-om  1at. range in different parts is known by different local names,
about 360 30' to 380 30' N., and from Ion. 1060 45' to 1070  as Siermra Acha, Sierra Verde, and Sierra de los Mimbres.
30Y W. Its length, following the curves, is about 150 miles. Near Guanajuato, this mountain-range' contains some of the
SIERRA DE YEGUAS, se-ealRb dm' yA/gwbs, a village of  richest deposits of silver found in the world.
Spain, in Andalusia, province, and about 35 miles from Ma-    Iuch looseness' appears to prevail with regard to the
laga. Pop. 1088.                                           application of the name Sierra Madre, some considering it to
1783




SIE                                                        SIL
include the principal mountain-chain through the entire    SIGNY LE PETIT, seenlyee! Ieh peh-tee', a village of
Republic of Mexico, thus including the highest mountain  France, department of Ardennes, 22 miles W.N.W. of M&summits of North America, Popocatapetl. Orizaba, &c. The  zibres. Pop. 1294.
name, however, is more generally restricted to the limits    SIGOURNEY, sigltr-ne, a thriving post-village of Keokuk
particularly indicated in the first part of this article.  co., Iowa, 45 miles S.W. of Iowa City. It is the largest
SIERRA MORENA, se-sRfA mo-rAnd, a mountain range  place in the county, of which it was formerly the capital
of Spain, separating the basin of the Guadiana from that of It is said that the seat of justice will again be established
the Guadalquivir, in lat. 380 30' N., and between ion. 30 and  here. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
40 W. The culminating point, Aracena, is 5500 feet above    SIGRISWEIL, seefgris-gil', a village and parish of Switthe sea. It is crossed by two principal passes, from Granada  zerland, canton, and 20 miles S.E. of Bern, near Lake Thun.
and Jaen to Madrid, and from Guadix to Villa-hermosa and  Pop. 2546. A coal-mine has been opened in the vicinity.
Cuenca. The surface is bare and rugged. It is the scene    SIGSITON KIRKIBY, a parish of England, co. of Yoirk,
of many inidents in "Don Quixote."                        North Riding.
SIERRA MORINA, se-er/rd mo-reelng, or BROWN MOUN-   SIGTUNA, sig-toolng, a town of Swedeh, lben, and 27 miles
TAINS, of California, commence about 10 miles S. of San  N.N.W. of Stockholm, on a branch of Lake M.elar, with 588
Francisco, and run through San Francisco county into  inhabitants. In the ninth century it was the capital of a
Santa Clara; the most elevated peaks are stated to be be- small kingdom of Sweden.
tween 2000 and 3000 feet high.                               SIGUENZA, se- gwkn/thl, a town of Spain, province, and
SIERRA NEVADA, se-WJRA nA-v&tDA, a Spanish name  43 miles N.E. of Guadalajara, on the lenares. Pop. 4817.
signifying the "snow-clad mountain ridge," (see SIERRA, on  It has a cathedral, and manufactures of woollen cloths.
the preceding page,) applied to various elevated mountain    SIGUEYA, se-gwVyA, a village  of Spain, province of Leon,
chains, the principal of which are the following:-         district of Astorga. Pop. 1732.
SIERRA NEVADA, the highest mountain range in the    SIGUS. See SeoG.
Spanish Peninsula, in the S., extending through the old    SIGVA, sig/vA, a river of Asiatic Russia, rises on the E.
kingdom of Granada, and forming part of the great water- slope of the Ural Mountains, government of Tobolsk, flows
shed, which separates the waters flowing to the Mediter- S.S.E., and joins the Sosva after a course of about 130 miles.
ranean from  those of the Atlantic Ocean. Culminating    SIHL, seel, a river of Switzerland, cantons of Schwytz,
points, Mulahacen or Mulhacen, 11,658 feet in height, (being  Zug, and Zurich, joins the Limmat at Zurich, after a N.W.
not only the highest mountain summit in Spain, but, after course of 35 miles.
the Alps, the most elevated in Europe,) and Veleta, 11,387    SIHON or SEIIHIUN, (anc. Saorus,) a river in the S. part oh
feet above the sea, separated by an enormous chasm, the  Asia Minor. See SYHOON.
Corral de Veleta. The S. base of this range is clothed with    SIHON, a river of Toorkistan. See JAXARTES.
olive and orange groves, and chestniut woods. Perpetual   SIHUN, a river of Asiatic Russia. See SYvooN.
snow commences at the height of 9500 feet.                  SIHUT, see'hlitl, a town on the S.E. coast of Arabia, 100
SIERRA NEVADA, se-6rfrA nA-vd/dA, California, an im- miles E.N.E. of Makallah.  Lat. 150 12' 30'" N., Ion. 510 19' E.
portant mountain range, extending from a point a little N. The population varies from  300 to 2000, according to the
of the town of Los Angeles, northward through the state  trade and season. Its traders own about.30 large and small
into Oregon, where it terminates in the Cascade Range, vessels, employed in coasting-trade and shark-fishing.
which indeed may be regarded merely as a continuation of   SIIHIUTLA, se-oot/ld, a town of Mexico, in Michoacan, 25
the former. The highest summits of the Sierra Nevada  miles W. of Zacatula.
have an elevation of near 16,000 feet. The San Joaquin, the    SIJEAN or SIGEAN, see'zhWNaG, a town of France, departSacramento, and several other smaller rivers, have their  ment of Aude, near the Lagoon of Sijean, on the Medlitersources in this mountain chain.                            ranean, 10 miles S. of Narbonne. Pop. in 1852, 3297.
SIERRA PACARAIMA, se-rRiA pA-kA-r1m9, a low moun-    SI KAO CHAN. See SEE KAO SRAN.
tain chain of South America, extending for about 200 miles    SIKAR, se-karl, or SECKTUR, swk-thrf, a town of Northfiom W. to E., in lat. 40 N., and between ion. 600 and 630 W., west 1-lindostan, 62 miles N.W. of Jeypoor.
separating the basins of the Carony and Massaroony from     SIKHS or SEIKS, seeks, a warlike nation in North-west
that of the Rio Branco, and British and Venezuelan Guiana  India, lately the ruling power in that part of the world,
from Brazil.                                              first appeared as a sect.of Hindoo religionists about the
SIERRA PARIMA or PARIIME, a mountain system of middle of the fifteenth century; but, stung by persecution
South America. See PARIMA.                                from  the Mohammedans, they turned their thoughts to
SIERRA SOLEDAD, se-ra'R   so-lA-DnDI, a range of moun-  warlike pursuits, and afterwards became a nation of formidtainus in the S. part of the Territory of New Mexico, in lat. able soldiers. Steel, from being an especial object of attenabout 320 40' N., lon. 1060 30' W.                        tion, was finally converted into one of their gods. Their
SIERRA TEJADA, se-r4/R  tA —HnIDo.   a mountain of Spain, supreme divinity was denominated by them  " All Steel."
province, and 28 miles N.E. of Malaga. Height, 7677 feet.   Owing, however, to their continual dissensions, they were
SIETE AGUAS, se-AtiAgwAws, a village of Spain, province, unable to make head against a powerful enemy until the
and 32 miles W. of Valencia. In 1808 the French army, early part of the present century, when Runjeet Singh,
under Moncey, here defeated the Spaniards; and the Carlists having subdued the other Seik chieftains, established an indewere defeated in 1836 by Ovalle, the Queen's general. P. 924. pendent kingdom, which he ruled with great energy and WisSIETI. se-I/tee, a town of Naples, province of Principato  dom. IIe maintained an army of 80,000 men, of whom 50,000
Citra. 8 miles N.E. of Salerno.                           were cavalry, disciplined according to the European system.
SIEVERO VOSTOCHNII. See SEVERO VOSTOCUNOI.              But after his death, in 1839, a period of anarchy occurred;
SIEVSK or SIEWSK, se-6vskf, written also SEVSK and  and in 1849 the Sikhs were totally defeated by the English,
SIAWSK, a town of Russia, government, and 73 miles S.W. and their territory annexed to British India. See PUNJAB.
of Orel, at the mouth of the Seva in Lake Moritza. P. 4500.   SIKINO, seefke-no or se-keetno, (anc. Sictinos,) an island
SIEWIERZ; syb/ve-aiazh, a town of Poland, 67 miles  of the Grecian Archipelago, government of Syria, 20 miles
W.S.W. of Kielce, with a castle, and 1300 inhabitants, em- N.W. of Santorin. Area, 17 square miles. Pop. 300. It proployed in important iron-works.                            duces wine, figs, cotton, and the best wheat in the Cyclades.
SIGEAN, a town of France. See SIJEAN.                   On its W.S.W. side is a village of its own name.
SIGGLESTHORNE, siglg'lz-thorn, a parish of England,    SIKIKIM' or SHIKIM, shiklim, a state of North-east
co. of York, East Riding.                                  Iindostan, tiributary to the British, between lat. 260 40' and
SIGHAJIK, sig'a-jik! or see'ga-jeekf, a small maritime  280 N., ion. 880 E., having N. the Himalayas,W. Nepaul, E.
town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on its W. coast, 22 miles Bootan, and S. the Bengal districts of Rungpoor and PurS.W. of Smyrna, on an inlet of the Gulf of Scala Nova. Lat. neah. Area, 2504squaremiles. Estimated pop. 92,648, chiefly
380 12' N., ion. 260 48' E.                                or wholly Boodhists, and employed in rural industry. Cattle
SIGIHILL, a township of England, co. of Northumberland. and iron are among the chief exports. The culture of the
SIGMARINGEN, siglmbt-ring'en, a town of South Ger- tea-plant has been introduced here by the British, with sucmany, capital of the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmar- cess. Principal town, Sikkim, 135 miles N.W. of Dinagepoor.
ingen, on the right bank of the Danube, 30 miles N.E. of    SIKLOS, see'kloshl, a market-town of West Hungary, co:
Constance. P. 1804. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle. of Baranya, 16 miles- S.S.E. of Fiinfkirchen, with 3247 inSIGN, sig'n or seeS, a market-town of Dalmatia, 20 miles habitants, and mineral springs.
N.E. of Spalato. Pop. 3900. Its fortress, built by the Turks,   SIKOKF, seeekokfl, SIKOKE, see'kfk1, or SITKOKF, the
crowns a high rock above the town, but it has been allowed  smallest of the four principal islands of Japan, S. of Niphon,
to go to decay.                                           and E. of Kioo-Sioo. Estimated area, 17,200 square miles.
SIGNA, seenlyb, a village of Tuscany, 8 miles W. of Flo- The surface is mountainous. Chief towns, Tosa and Ava.
rence, on the Arno. Pop., with vicinity, 5500.              SIL, seel, a river of Spain, rises in Leon, near its N.W.
SIGNAK, sigenikP, sometimes written SIGNACH, a town  extremity, flows S.W., and joins the Minho after a course
of Transcaucasian Russia, government, and 60 miles E.S.E. of about 100 miles.
of Tiflis.                                                 SILAH, a town of IHindostan. See SYLAr.
SIGNAU sig1n~w, a village of Switzerland, canton, and    SILAN, se'lbnt, a town of Yucatan.
14 miles ES.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish, 2400.              SILANO, se-lbno, or SILLANO, sil-lino, a village and
SIGNY L'ABBAYE, seen'yee! lbb'bA/, a market-town of  duchy of Modena. Pop. 1901.
France, department of Ardeunes, 14 miles W.S.W. of M6-   SILANUS, se-lbnoos (?) a village in the island of Sardinia,
aibres. Pop. in 1852, 3173. It has extensive iron-works.    division of Sassari, 65 miles N. by E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1502.
1784




SIL                                                         SIL
SILAO, se-lfo, a well-built town of the Mexican Confede-   SILK-WILLOUGHBY, (willl-be,) a parish ofEngland, co
tation. state, and 10 miles N.W. of Guanajuato. Pop. 4000. of Lincoln.
SILARUS or SILARO.  See SELE.                              SILLA, a river of Illyria.. See GAIL.
SILBERBACH, silbpr-bAxc, a village of Bohemia, circle of    SILLA, seel'yA, a town of Spain, province, and 9 miles S.
Elbogen. Pop. 2025.                                        of Valencia, on the Albufera Lagoon. Pop. 2570.
SILBERBERG, sil'ber-blaGe, a town and strong fortress    SILtLA, a town of Central Africa, in 8enegambia, state of
of Prussian Silesia, 43 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1170.   Bambarra, on the Joliba, 80 miles E.N.E of Sego. Lat. 130
SILBERBERGSTADT, Bohemia. See MIES.                      17' N., ion. 50 30' W. Here Mungo Park terminated his
SILICHESTER, a parish of England, co. of Haunts, 63 miles  first expedition, in August, 1796.
N. of Basing Stoke. Here are the remains of the ancient    SILLA DE CARACAS, seelfy. dA kA-r/k/ts, a mountain
Sgegontisscum. consisting of a flint and brick wall, enclosing  of South America, in Venezuela, near Caracas. Height,
an area of 11 miles in circumference, occupied by a farm  8700 feet.
and ploughed fields, across which the lines of the principal   SILLAH MEW, sillgh' mu, or CHALAIN MEW, shAlin!
streets are traceable. In A. D. 407, the usurper Constantine  mfs, a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy. Lat. 200 50' N.,
was here invested with the purple.. The city was destroyed  ion. 940 30' E. It is the capital of a district, and before the
by AElla and the South Saxons in 493.                      British invasion contained 10,000 inhabitants. It was forSILDAL, a river of Sweden. See SKELLEFrEA.               merly surrounded by a brick wall 50 feet high without, and
SILE; seetlA, (anc. Sillie,) a river of Austrian Italy, delega-  30 feet within. The walls are said, by the natives, to be 1500
tions of Treviso and Venice, enters the lagoon 61 miles N. years old.
Venice, aftera S. course of 35 miles, past Treviso.          SILtLEE, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
SILEIBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, on the  district, and 30 miles S.S.E. of Ramghur, on the Subunreeka.
river Soar, and on the Midland Counties Railway, 3 miles    SILLEIN, a town of'North-west Hungary. See SZOLNA.
N.W. of Syston.                                              SILLEJORD, sil/1A-y6Rd, a village and parish of Norway,
SILES, seells, a walled village of Spain, in Andalusia, province of Aggershuus, on the N.W. extremity of a lake of
province, and 70 miles N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 2202.            its own name. Pop. 2400.
SILESIA, sl-lee/she-a, (Fr. Silesie, see'14zeef; Ger.,Schlesien,    SILL] LE GUILLAUME, see'yA leh ghee'ylmn  or seelPshl/ze-en,) a province forming the S.E. portion of Prussia, yV leh gheel'yam/, a market-town of Prance, department of
bounded on the E. by Poland, S. by Austrian Silesia, Morn-  Sarthe, 19 miles N.W. of Le Mans.  Pop. in 1852, 3183. It
via, and Bohemia, W. by Saxony and Brandenburg, and N. has manufactures of fine linens.
by Prussian Poland. Area, 15,820 square miles. Pop. in    SILLERY, seel'glh-reel, a village of France, department of
1849, 3,060,593, chiefly Lutherans and Roman Catholics, Marne, 6 miles S.E. of Reims, famous for its fine champagne
with about 30,000 Jews. The surface in the S. and S.W. is  wine. 
ruaged and mountainous; in other parts flat, or but slightly    SILLINGY, see'yNaGzhqe or seel'yANg'zheef, a village
undulating.  The Oder traverses its centre throughout, of the Sardinian States, division of Savoy. Pop. 1133.
from S.E. to N.W.; the other principal rivers are its affluents,    SILL'S CREEK, a post-office of New Hanover co., North
the two Neisses, the Bober, Malapane, and Bartsch. The  Carolina.
forests are very extensive. Corn, flax, and hemp are pro-   SILLY, see~yeef or seePyeef, a village of Belgium, province
duced in very large quantities, and about 2,800,000 sheep  ofHainaut, 13 miles N. by W. ofMons. Pop. 2602.
are kept in the province, and produce excellent wool, which    SILOIAM, a post-village of Madison co., New York, 110
forms, next to linen, the principal article of export. Beet- miles W. by N. of Albany.
root sugar, timber, madder, tobacco, silk in small quantities,   SILOAM, a post-village in Surrey co., North Carolina, 141
&c., are also exported; and valuable mines of coal, iron, miles W.N.W. of Raleigh.
lead, zinc, and copper are wrought. The principal mann-    SILOAM, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi.
factures comprise cotton fabrics, linens, and coarse woollen    SILOS, seeilos, a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe,
cloth. The condition of the people has been greatly iur- at the S. foot of the Montafieta-de-Aregume, about 1 mile
proved since they became subjects of Prussia. It is sub- from the sea. Pop. 1083.
divided into the three governments of Breslau, Oppeln, and    SILS, sils or seel, a village and parish of Switzerland,
Liegnitz. Capital, Breslau. It was conquered fi-om Austria  canton of Grisons, in an angle formed by the confluence of
by Frederick the Great, in 1742.-Adj. and inhab. SILESIAN, the Albula with the Hinter-Rhein, 12 miles S.S.W. of Chur,
sil-leelshe-an.                                             (Coire.) Pop. 321. Height above the sea, 5964 feet. The
SILESIA, AUSTRIAN, comprises the S. part of the old  Lake of Sils, whence the river Inn rises, is immediately
province of Silesia, still belonging to Austria, and com- S.W., and 4 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth.
posing the circles of Troppau and Teschen. See MORAvIA.       SILSIDEN, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
SILESIE. See SILESIA.                                    Riding.
SILHET, a town of Hindostan. See SYLHv,'.                  SIL'SOE, a hamlet of England, co. of Bedford.
SILIIAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.          SILT or SYLT, silt, an island of Denmark, in the North
SILIAN, a town and lake of Sweden. SeeSILJA.             Sea, off the W. coast of Sleswick; greatest length from N. to
SILIGU, se-le-gool, a village and island of Sardinia, divi-  S., about 20 miles; breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 2600.
sion of Sassari. Pop. 2642.                                   SILTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.  In the
SILINTY or SELINTI, se-linItee, a maritime village and  church is a handsome monument to Judge Wyndham.
headland of Asia Minor, pashalic of Itch-Elee, on the Medi-   SILTON, OVER, a parish, England, co. York, North Riding.
terranean, 32 miles W.N.W. of Cape Anamoor, around which    SILtVAN, a post-village and township of Washtenaw co.,
are remains of the ancient Selinus.                         Michigan, on the Central Railroad, about 60 miles W. ofJ
SILIQUA, se-leetkwA, a village of Sardinia, division, and  Detroit. Pop. 924.
17 miles W.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2099.                       SILVANECTES or SILVANECTIE. See SENLIS.
SILIS.  See SILE.                                           SILVANO, sil-v/no, a village of the Sardinian States, diSILISTRIA, se-lisftre-a or SILISTRI, se-lisftree, (Turk.Dri- vision of Genoa, province of Novi. Pop. 1952.
stra, drist-trA; Fr. Silistrie, see'lees'treel,) a city of European    SILIVER CREEK, of Mississippi, flows into Sunflower
Turkey, in Bulgaria, capital of a pashalic, on the right bank  River in Washington county.
of the Danube, 57 miles N.N.E. of Shoomla. Lat. about 44010,    SILVER CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Clark county, and
N., ion. 270 10' E. Pop. 20,000. It stands at the foot of a hill, is enters the Ohio River about 1 mile above New Albany.
of semicircular form, and in general poorly built, consisting    SILVER CREEK, in the W.S.W. part of Illinois, falls
of narrow, winding, ill-paved, and dirty streets. lined by low  into the Kaskaskia River.
and gloomy-looking houses. It has five mosques, a large    SILVER CREEK, a thriving post-village of Chautauque
Greek church and convent, capacious barracks, public baths, co., New York, on Lake Erie, and on the Buffalo and State
a custom-house with extensive magazines attached for ware- Line Railroad, 31 miles S.W. of Buffalo. It has a steamhousing flour and grain, a few insignificant manufactures, boat landing; also a bank, 2 newspaper offices, as well as
and a considerable trade, chiefly in wood and cattle. Its  several factories. The exports and imports in 1851 were
fortificatiofis are strongly built ofsolid masonry,and strength- stated at $312,905.
ened by several detached forts of admirable construction, and    SILVER CREEK, a post-officeof Schuylkill co., Pennsylof themost formidable description; the principal of these  vania.
forts, Abd-ul-Mejid, occupies the hill of Ackbar, which con-   SILVER.CREEK, a small village of Lawrence co., Mismands the town, and is esteemed one of the most remark- sissippi.
able military works of the age. Silistria successfully with-   SILVER CREEK, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.
stood the Russians in 1773 and in 1809, but after a long    SILVER CREEK, a township forming the S.E. extremity
siege was taken by them  in 1829, since which time the  of Greene co., Ohio. Pop. 2565.
fortifications have been immensely strengthened. It also    SILVER CREEK, a post-township forming the N.W. exagain successfully withstood the Russians in 1854.          tremity of Cass co., Michigan. Pop. 491.
SILIVRI or SELIVRI. se-liv'ree, a maritime town of    SILVER CREEK, a township, Clarke co., Indiana. P. 880.
European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the N. shore of the Sea    SILVER  CREEK, a post-township in  Stephenson co..
of Marmoers, 40 miles W. of Constaiitinople. Pop. 5000.     Illinois. Pop. 603.
SILJAN, sillyln, or SILIAN, sil/e-An, a lake of Sweden,   SILVER CREEK, a township in Randolph co., Missouri
hen, and 26 miles N.W. of Falun. Length, 52 miles; breadth, Pop. 1300.
7miles. Height above the sea, 520 feet; depth, 1200 feet.    SILVER GLADE, a post-office of Anderson district, South
SILK'STONE, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding. Carolina.
1785




SIL                                                        SIM
SILVER HILL, a post-office, Davidson co., North Carolina.   SIMCOE, a county of Canada West, chiefly between Laks
SILVER HILL, a post-office of Beaufort district, South  Simcoe and Georgian Bay. Area, 1797 square miles. It is
Carolina.                                                  intersected by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Hudson Railway.
SILVER ISLAND, China. See KINTANO.                       Pop. in 1852, 27,165.
SILVER LAKE, in the E. part of Wyoming co., New    SIMCOE, a town of Canada West, capital of the county of
York, is connected by an outlet with Genesee River. Length, Norfolk, on Patterson's Creek, about 8 miles N. of Lake Erie,
3 miles.                                                   and 70 miles S.W. of Toronto. It has churches for the
SILVER LAKE, a post township of Susquehanna co., Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists; Methodists,
Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N. by W. of Montrose.          and Baptists, a branch bank) 1 assurance and 2 insurance
SILVER LAKE, a post-office of Washtenaw co., Michigan. agencies, a grammar and several other schools, manufac.
SILVER LAKE, a post-office of Waushara co., Wisconsin. tures of steam engines and mill machinery, about 12 stores, 3
SILIVERMINES, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of  distilleries, 2 tanneries, and several saw and fSouring mills.
Tipperary, 42 miles S.S.W. of Nenagh. Pop. in 1851, 488, It publishes 3 newspapers. Pop. in 1852,1452; in 1854,1700.
mostly employed in extensive lead-mines.                      SIMCOE FALLS, a village of Canada West, co. Addington,
SILVER RUN, a post-office of Talladega co., Alabama.    on the Napanee River, 20 miles N.W. of Kingston. Pop. 125.
SILVER RUN, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.              SIMETO, (anc. Symethcus,) a river of Sicily. See GIARR.TTA.
SILVER SPRING, a village and township of Cumberland    SIMFERO/POL or SIMPHEROIPOL, (Turk. Akmedshid,
co., Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad,  the "white mosque?") a town of South Russia, capital of the
about 10 miles W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 2308.                government of Taurida, in the Crimea, on the Salghir, 37
SILVER SPRING, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- miles N.E. of Sevastopol. Lat. about 450 N.; Ion. 340 4' E.
sylvania.                                                  Pop. 8000, of very various descent.  It is finely situated,
SILVER SPRING, a post-office, St. Frangois co., Missouri. enclosed by heights, and consists of the old Tartar town of
SILVER SPRINGS, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.   Ak-Metchet, and a new quarter constructed by the RusSILVER SPRINGS, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee. sians, which is regularly built, and has a cathedral, churches,
SILWVERSTONE, a parish of England, co. ofNorthampton. barracks, hospital, and government offices. Here are several
SILIVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           mosques, a Tartar school, a vast bazaar, an artesian well,
SIL'VERTON, a post-village in Barnwell district, South  and several fountains. It was founded in A. D. 1500, and
Carolina, 96 miles S.W. of Columbia.                       became the capital of Tartar sultans. The traveller Pallas
SILVER TOP, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee.       resided here for 15 years previously to 1811.
SIL'VERVILLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., Indiana.      SIMLA or SIMLAH, simlla, a mountainous district of
SILVES, sillvis or seelFvls, a town of Portugal, province  North-west Hindostau, between the Sutlej and Jumna
of Algarve, 19 miles E.N.E. of Lagos. Pop. 3000.           Rivers, with a station, 30 miles S.E. of Belaspoor, 7300 feet
SILVES, sillv~s or seelivis, or SANTA ANNA, sn'ta ~nf- above the sea, and resorted to by invalids of the British
nu, a village and parish of Brazilian Guiana, on the Lake  army. The station has a'magnetic observatory, and lately
Saraca, 20 miles from the left bank of the Amazon.         consisted of 100 English-built houses: every article of EuroSILIVINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.          pean manufacture is lere procurable. Pop. of the district,
SILZ, silts, a village of Tyrol, circle of Imst, on the Inn. 370,600.  Exports iron, wax, honey, borax, musk, wool,
Pop. 1116.                                                 ginger, opium, and cotton and woollen fabrics.
SIM, seem, or SIMA, seefmA, a river of Russia, rises in    SIMMEN, simlmen, a river of Switzerland, canton of
the governmentof Orenboorg, flows circuitously N., then  Bern, after a N. and E. course of 35 miles joins the Kander,
S.E., and joins the Inzer; total course, 100 miles.        near its mouth in Lake Thun.
SIMABARA, se-mg-b rA, a. vast gulf of Japan, on the W.   SIMMENTHAL, sim/men-t~l', (i.e. "the Valley of the
coast, island of Kioo-Sioo, stretching far inland, and forming  Simmen,") a valley of Switzerland, canton of Bern, watered
the basin in which are the peninsula of Simabara and the  by the Simmen. It contains several villages, and the baths
islands of Amaksa, Kami-Togi, Simo-Togi, Oho-jano, Naga- of Leuk.
sima, and a number of other islands and rocks.  The    SIMMERING, simlmeh-ring, or SIMONING, se-motning,
peninsula of Simabara is remarkable for the lofty volcano of  a village of Lower Austria, between the Simmering Canal.
Wunzen or VWunzendake.                                     and the Danube, 2 miles S.E. of Vienna, with 2686 inhaSIMANCAS, se-mbnlkds, (anc. Setimanca,) a town of  bitants, who manufacture bronze and chemical products.
Spain, province, and 8 miles S.W. of Valladolid, on the    SIMMERN, sim/mern, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 26
Pisuerga, here crossed by an ancient bridge. Pop. 875. It miles S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 2700.
has a fortress, in which the archives of Castile are kept.    SIM/SIONS, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ohio.
SIMAND, see'm6nd/. a market-town of Hungary, co., and    SIM/MONSVILLE, a post-office of Roanoke co., Virginia.
21 miles N.N.E. of Arad. Pop. 4898.                           SIMMOZHEIM, simtmots-himex, a village of Germany, in
SIMAUL, see'mawlt, or SIMAWUL, seelma-wtl/, (anc. Wtirtemberg; circle of Schwarzwald, near Calw. Pop. 1020.
Synaus?) a town of Asia Minor, 75 miles S. of Brusa.          SIMMS' PORT, a post-village of Avoyelles parish, LoniSITNIAUL, LAKE.   5 miles N.W. of the above town, which  siana, 237 miles N.W. of New Orleans.
gives origin to the Simawul-soo, an affluent of the Soosi-   SIMNAN, sim'ndn/, SEMNAN, slm'ntn/, or SEMINOON,
ghirlee-soo, (anc. Macestcs.)                               slm'noonf, a town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 115
SIMBEERSK or SIMBIRSK, sim-beersk/, a government miles E. of Teheran. It is stated to be 25 miles in circumof Russia, between lat. 520 40' and 550 50' N., and lon. 450  ference, and enclosed by a wall.
10' and 510 20' E., having N. the governments of Kazan and    SIMNITZA, sim-nitls, written  also TZIMNITZA, a
Orenboorg, S. Saratoy, and W. Penza and Nizhnee-Novgorod. market-town of Wallachia, on the left bank of the Danube,
Area, 27,944 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,024,236. Surface  immediately opposite Sistova.
undulating, and very fertile. Principal rivers, the Volga,    SIMNO, sim/no, a small town of Poland, government of
Soora, and their affluents. Rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, Augustowo, 19 miles E. of Kalwary. Pop. 1300.
pease, hemp, flax, tobacco, and poppies are extensively    SIMOGA, se.mo/gA, or SHEMOGA, she-mofgS, a fortified
raised. Cattle and horse-breeding is chiefly practised by  town of South India; Mysore dominions, 130 miles N.W. of
the Kalmucks.:Manufactures of coarse and fine woollen  Seringapatam.
cloth, coarse linen, canvas, and coverlets, salt, spirits, glass,   SI/MONBURN, a former parish of England, Northumbersoap, and leather, are carried on; and large quantities of land, now forming a part of Falstone and other parishes.
corn, hemp, horses, cattle, hides, fish, fruit, and millstones,   SI1MONDSLEY, a township of England, co. of Derby.
are exported. The government is subdivided into 10 circles.   SIMONING., a village of Lower Austria. See SIMMlEnNOG.
Principal towns, Simbeersk, Samara, Stavropol, and Karsoon.   SIMONOSEKI, se-mo-no-sS/kee, a small town and harbor
SIMBEERSK, the capital of the above government, is situ- of Japan, island of Niphon, on the Strait of Kioo-Sioo.
ated on the Volga, 105 miles S.S.W. of Kazan. Pop. 35,474.   SIIONSTHURM, seedmons-toonm', or SIMONTORNYA, a
Its position, on a height above the Volga, is highly pictu- market-town of Hungary, co. of Tolna, 56 miles S.S.W. of
resque. The houses are partly of wood. Principal edi- Buda. Pop. 3000.
fices, 2 cathedrals, a monastery, nunnery, college, numerous    SI/MON'S TOWN, a maritime town of South Africa, colony
charitable institutions, governor's palace, town-hall, bar- and district of Cape of Good Hope, on Simon's Bay, an inlet
racks, and an exchange. Its trade is flourishing; it ex- on the E. side of False Bay, 23 miles S. of Cape Town. with
ports corn and fish.                                       which it communicates by a good road. It is neatly built
SIMCOE, sim/ko, a lake of Canada West, between Lake  at the foot of the Cape Mountain, and has a naval arsenal.
Ontario and Georgian Bay, (an arm of Lake -uron,) nearly 30  It is the residence of the naval commander-in-chief of the
miles long, and about 18 miles broad at its widest part, and colony, and the port to which homeward-bound ships firom
said to be about 170 feet above Lake Huron, into which it India usually resort for repairs, &c.
discharges itself through Lake Gougichin, the Severn, and    SI/MONSVILLE, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont,
Georgian Bay. The water in some parts of the lake is of 89 miles S. of Montpelier.
considerable depth, and it is generally fi-ozen completely over    SIMOOSEER, SIMOUSIR or SIMUSIR, se-moo-seerf, one
in the winter, so as to be passable with safety for sleighs. of the Koorile Islands, in the North Pacific, belonging to
It contains numerous islands, some of them of large size, Russia, 80 miles N.W. of Ooroop, (Urup.) Lat. of S. point,
but only one of them, Snake Island, inhabited, and that by  460 49' N., Ion. 1510 37' E. Length, from N. to S., 90 miles;
Indians. The banks are generally clothed with wood down  breadth, 6 miles.
to the water's edge. A steamer has plied on the lake for    SIMPANG, sim'p[ng/, a village of Java, near Soerabaya,
mnany years past, and very fine white-fish are taken in it.   of which it forms a kind of suburb.
1786




SIm                                                         SIN
SIMPANG, a town of Borneo. 13 miles froni the S.W. coast,   SINDE, SCINDE, slnd, called also SINDH or SINDIA,
21 miles N.E. of Succadana, near the confluence of the Matan  sinlde-a, and SINDY, (from Sindhoo or Sindhu,'"a collection
with the Simpaug.                                          of waters,") an extensive territory of British India, included
SIMIPLON, (Fr. pron. sAM'plSN1,) a mountain of Switzer- in the presidency of Bombay, comprising the lower course
land, between the Valais and Piedmont, and across which  and delta of the Indus; and situated between lat. 230 32'
was carried the famous Route of the Simsslon, under the  and 280 50' N., end lon. 660 35' and 710 18' E.; bounded on
orders of Napoleon. This road, extending from Glys (Valais)  the W. and N.W. by Beloochistan and Afghanistan, on the
to Domo d'Ossola, a distance of nearly 38 miles, is 8592 feet N. by the Punjab, on the E. by the Indian Desert and
above the sea, and from 25 to 30 feetin width. It is carried  Rajpootana, and on the S. by the Runn   of Cutch and the
through several extensive tunnels, passes over 611 bridges,  Indian Ocean. Length from  N. to S., about 380 miles;
is furnished with 20 station-houses for travellers, and was  breadth very variable and uncertain. Area, estimated at
completed between 1800 and 1806. It was greatly injured  52,120 square miles.
by storms in 1834, 1839, and 1849, and is now nearly im-    Face of the Country, dec.-Its sea-coast stretches in a direcpassable on the Sardinian side. Under the French, the  tion generally W.N.W. from  the Roree or E. mouth of the
Simplon gave name t(A a department now forming the Swiss Indus to Cape Monze, a distance of 150 miles; except at the
canton of Valais.                                          W. extremity it is very low, being composed of mud-banks
SIMIPRIIN, an old parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, now  deposited from the rivers of the delta, or of low hills of sand
united to that of Swinton.                                 blown in from the beach, the whole shore being a dreary
SIMPISON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             swamp, destitute of trees or shrubs, and submerged at
SIMPISON, a county in the S. central part of Mississippi, spring-tides. For several miles inland, also, the delta is fiehas on area of about 725 square miles. Pearl River forms  quently overflowed by the tide, and covered with water
its W. boundary, and it is intersected by Strong River. The  during the summer-months. In the dry season, the stiff
soil is sandy and sterile, mostly covered with pine woods. clay-soil, which is stronglyimpregnated with nitre, bears an
Named in honor of Judge Simpson. Capital, Westville. abundant crop of gigantic grass, with furze, mimosas, and
Pop. 4734, of whom 3193 were free, and 1541 slaves,        cacti, and affords pasture to nuimerous herds of buffaloes.
SIMPSON, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, border- The alluvial tract fatther N., which skirts the Indus firom 2
ing on Tennessee; area, estimated at 375 square miles. It to 10 miles on either side, is, like the delta, intersected
is drained by IDrake's Creek. The surface is nearly level; with canals and water-courses, but very superior to it in
the soil is highly productive. The rock found next to the  soil and cultivation-possessing, indeed, a fertility exceeded
surface is generally limestone. Formed in 1819, and named  by that of no tract of country anywhere known. To the E.
in honor of John Simpson, a member of Congress from   stretches a region mostly alluvial, but which, from  its
Kentucky. Capital, Franklin.  Pop. 7733, of whom  5798  having been deserted by the river, has become a desert of
were free, and 1935 slaves.                                indurated clay; it is chiefly level, but traversed by two low
SIMP/SON ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, in Mulgrave Archipe- ranges of tertiary limestone and flinty chalk, and in some
lago, in lat. 00 30' N., Iou. 1730 54' E.                   parts covered with shifting sand-hills, affording pasturage
SIMPSON'S, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia.         throughout its extent for camels, buffaloes, oxen, sheep, and
SIMIPSON'S CREEK, a post-office of Taylor co., Virginia.  other herbivorous animals. W. of the Indus, the Ilala or
SIMPSON'S MILL, a post-office of Laurens district, South  Brahooic Mountains approach the river at Sehwan, and come
Carolina.                                                   close to the sea at Cape Monze; and between the former
SIMPSON'S STORE, a small post-village of Washington  place and Kurrachee, on the N.W. mouth of the Indus, is a
co., Pennsylvania.                                          maze of hills, the highest of which reach an elevation of 
SIMIP/SONVILLE, a post-office of Howard co., Maryland.  about 1500 feet, terminating abruptly on the W. bank of the
SIMPSONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Shelby co., stream. N. of Sehwan, (lat. 260 21/ N.,) which is considered
Kentucky, on the turnpike from Louisville to Frankfort, 30  to mark the division between Sirra or Lower, and Lar or
miles W.ofthelatter. It has3 churches, severalstores,and  Upper Sinde, the country improves in its aspect. Proceeda steam mill.  Pop. 225.                                    ing from E. to WV., a few limestone and sand ranges are the
SIIMSBURY, a post-village and township of Hartford co., only heights met with till the valley of the Indus terminates
Connecticut, on the New Haven Northampton Railroad, 11  in the mountains of Beloochistan. Iron abounds in the
miles N.W. of IIartford. It was formerly the seat of the  limestone formation, alum and sulphur in the western hills;
Connecticut State Prison. Pop. 2737.                        and numerous fossil shells have been discovered, with some
SIMUSIR. See SIMOOSEER.                                  curious specimens of petrified timber.
SIN, sin or seen, a city of China, province of Shen-see,    Cimaste.-The climate is remarkably dry and sultry; the
capital of a department, 120 miles S.E. of See-ngan.        country is seldom visited by rain, and is not refreshed by
SIN, sANG, or SIN-LE-NOBLE, sANG I1h nob'l, a town of  the waters of the monsoons, which, though they approach,
France, department of Nord, 2 miles E. of Douai.  P. 1640. do not quite reach this territory. The mean temperature of
SI/N E, (Gr..tval,) the ancient name of a people inhabit- summer, at Sukkur, is about 102.40 Fshrenheit, and even
ing the south-easternmost part of Asia, supposed to be the  the waters of Indus at that season attain a warmth of 920;
same as the Cochin-Chinese.                                 farther N. it is supposed to be even hotter. In the upper
SINAI, (si/nA or sun-i,) MOUNT, a mountain of Arabia  districts frost is not unknown, and the heat often varies in
Petriea, famous in Scripture, and generally identified with  the 24 hours from  400 to 840 Fahrenheit.  The hot season
the Jebel-Moosa, or  "Mount of Moses," one of a cluster of  lasts from March to September, the cold from  October to
mountains, of which MountHoreb forms a part of the N. end. March; and the changes from the one to the other are so
Let. of Sinai 280 30' N., Ion. 340 E. Height above the sea, rapid, that spring and autumn are not experienced. The
7497 feet. On its N.E. side is the fortified convent of Sinai,  exhalations, caused by the evaporation during summer firom
now tenanted by about 20 Greek monks. Robinson conjec- the stagnant waters, and rank decayed vegetation, are extures that Mount Horeb, north-westward, was the original tremely injurious to health; and the winds sweep from
Sinai celebrated in holy writ.  Mount St. Catherine is, the surface clouds of dust, impregnated with salt and nitre;
however, the culminating point of this cluster of mountains. besides which, the unwholesomeness of the waters from the
SINAI, PENINSULA OF, between the Gulfs of Suez and  wells produces fatal disorders of the bowels, liver, and other
Akabah, the scene of the Israelite wanderings in the desert, organs. The chief diseases, which prevail most in autumn,
is about 140 miles in length from N. to S., and as much in  are influenza, fever, ague, and spasmodic cholera.
breadth at its northern end, whence it gradually tapers    Vegetation and Ag~-iculture. —The husbandry of the Sinsouthward to its extremity, Ras Mohammed, in the Red Sea. dians is of the rudest kind; for a plough they use a roughLat. 270 431 N., lon. 340 18' E. The surface is generally  hewn pole, slightly pointed with iron, and drawn by a camel
mountainous and rocky; in different localities of it are  or two bullocks, a rough beam of heavy wood for a harrow;
hieroglyphic and other ancient inscriptions,               a primitive kind of hoe or grubber, and an equally clumsy
SINALOA, a state of Mexico. See CINALOA.                 wooden rake; these, with a cart and a few baskets, are all
SINALONGA, a town of Tuscany. See AsINALNuGA.            the implements known to the Sinde farmer. The N. disSINARUCO, se-nu-roolko, a river of South America, in  tricts, not visited by the floods, are artificially irrigated
Venezuela, joins the Orinoco after an E. course of 100 miles. either by the Persian wheel, worked by a camel, or by
SINAY, seoenAt, a village of Belgium, province of East  simply opening drains and canals leading to the lowlands.
Flanders,] 6 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3000.               The grain is trodden from the husks by bullocks, on a mud
SINCAPORE, a town of South Asia. See SINGAPORE.          thrashing-floor; and after the government-collector has
SIN/CLAIR'S BOTTOM, a post-office, Smyth co., Virginia. taken the tax in kind, the remainder is simply covered with
SIN/CLAIRSVILLE, a village of Chautaucque co., New  mats, protected by a clay-coating in the open air, or stored
York, about 50 miles S.W. of Buffalo.                      in jars of sun-burnt clay within doors. Under proper cultiSINICLAIIRTOWN or ST. CLAIRTOWN, a village of Scot- vation, the alluvial districts would become very productive;
land, co. of Fife, parish of Dysart, adjoining Pathhead. Pop. but large tracts have been kept in a state of nature by the
1511, mostly employed in weaving.                          Ameers, so long its rulers, either to form hunting-preserves,
SIND, SINDE, sind, or SINDHI, a river of Hindostan, be- or to avoid attracting the cupidity of the surrounding tribes.
tween the Chumbul and Betwah Rivers, rises near Seronge.  In those parts that are under tillage the land yields two
flows N.E. through the Gwalior dominions, and between it crops annually; the spring crop consisting of wheat, barley,
and Bundelcund, and joins the Jumna, 26 miles S.E. of Eta- millet, sesamum  and other oil-seeds, hemp, opium, and
wah. Totalcourse, 220miles. The affluentsare the Kohary  tobacco; the autumn crop of rice, maize, cotton, sugar, and
and Maluvar.                                               indigo. Rice, wheat, and maize form the principal staples,
1787




SIN                                                          SIN
being both extensively — sed for food and exported. Pulses,  Sanscrit, little differing in spelling from the pure Hindee
with pumpkins and other succulent plants, are raised in  (Ilindi) of Upper India, though more regular and complete
either season. The date, mango, plantain, pomegranate,  in the inflexions of its nouns and verbs. It has a character
lime, citron, tamarind, fig, mulberry, pistachio, melon, grape, peculiar among its cognate dialects, in being written from
&c.: are among the principal fruits. Date-palms are planted  left to right. Beloochee is also much spoken, especially in
in considerable numbers, the produce being employed both  the districts W. of the Indus; and Persian may be considered
for food and distillation. The shores of the delta and Lower  as the language of the higher orders.
Indus are overgrown with mango and tamarisk-trees, both    Divisions. —Sinde is at present divided into three collectorof which supply fodder for cattle, materials for the mann- ates —Hiyderabad, the capital; Kurrachee, the chief port,
facture of mats and baskets, and wood for carpentry and  and Khyrpoor. Besides these places, its principal towns are
fuel. The caper-tree, and some others, furnish good timber  Shikarpoor its leading mart, Halla, Larkhana, and Tattah.
for building; baubul and peepul-trees are numerous. In    History.-Sinde was governed by Hindoo rajahs at the
moist situations, gigantic grasses abound, and rise to the  time of its invasion by Alexander the Great, but subseheight of 15 or 18 feet, furnishing materials for thatch,  quently, after many changes, it became an independent
ropes, &c.                                                  state. It was finally subdued by the Emperor Akbar in
Animtals.-The native animals of Sinde include the tiger, 1580, since which period it has always been either nominally
panther, hyena, jackal, wolf, fox, antelope and other kinds  or really tributary. In 1756, it was presented by the Mogul
of deer, wild ass, wild hog, &c. Porcupines, hares, and other  court as a dowry to Timur Shah, Deranee, King of Cabool,
game are common in the open and uncultivated districts, to which country it was (down to its late annexation to
and in the salt-marshes are bred vast herds of buffaloes.  British India) deemed subordinate, Its final conquest was
The camels, of the one-humped species, are strong, hardy, completed by Sir C. Napier's victory at Meanne, February
and valuable, both as beasts of burden and as furnishing a  17, 1843. It was soon after annexed to the presidency of
rich milk, and hair for shawls and cloths; the buffaloes are  Bombay. Pop., according to a recent estimate, 1,275,000.
prized for their hides, flesh, and milk, of which last is made    SINDELFINGEN, sinldel-flng'en, a town of Wiirtemberg,
ghee, an important article of traffic in Indian commerce. circle of Neckar, 9 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3809.
The horses, though small, are active, and capable of enduring    SINDH or SINDHU. See INDUS.
great fatigue. Sheep and goats are numerous in Upper    SINDHIA. See SINDE.
Sinde. The birds comprise the eagle, vulture, and different    SINDIA, sin/de-a, a village of Sardinia, division-of Sassari,
species of hawks; flamingoee and pelicans of large size,  7 miles N.E. of Boss. Pop. 1081.
and in great numbers, in the delta; water-fowl in great    SINDIA. See SINDe.
plenty; the jungle-fowl, partridge, quail, and several kinds    SINDIM, sin-deeNOs, or SENDIM, sin-deeN1e, a town of
of parrots. Porpoises and alligators are met with in the  Portugal, province of Beira Alta, 13 miles S.E. of Lamego.
Indus and its tributaries. Fish form a chief part of the  Pop. 1195.
food of the humbler orders of people; and the taking of    SINDORSKOE, sin-dor/sko-i, a lake of Russia, governthem  affords employment to many persons.  Venomous  ment of Vologda, 85 miles N.N.E. of Oost-Sysolsk. Length,
snakes, scorpions, and centipedes are common, and the  12 miles, by 5 miles in breadth.
pools are capable of supplying great numbers of leeches.      SINDIWAH, a fortress and pass of British India, presi-~anufactsres.-These   are carried on at Hyderabad, Shi- dency of Bombay, 75 miles N.W. of Boorhanpoor.
karpoor, and some other towns, but the products are chiefly    SINDY. See SINDE.
consumed within the limits of the country. The natives are    SINENDRIJ. See SINNA.
very ingenious as weavers, turners, and artisans, and are    SIN'EPUXIENT BAY, df Worcester co., Maryland. a long,
specially noted for their skill in.the production of wooden  narrow bay, situated on the Atlantic coast, has an inlet of
lacquer-work, famed throughout India. The leading textile  its own name, which is in about 380 10' N. let.
fabrics are coarse silk, cotton, or mixed cloths; a species of    SINES, seetuhs, a walled town of Portugal, province of
the latter, called loozgees, is highly valued in all the courts  Alemtejo, 40 miles S.W. of Alcacer do Sal. Pop. 1200. It
of India. The coarse silk goods are woven fiom silk imported  was the birthplace of Vasco de Gma.n
fron  China and Persia, and colored with indigo, salcur,    SINEU, se-nuh/ob. a town of the island of Majorca, 20 miles
kermes, madder, &c.; they are mostly used for sashes and  E.N.E. of Palma. Pop. 3990.
turbans. The manufacture of the many-colored Sindian    SINfEW, a river of British America, rises on the E. side
capsforms also an important branch of industry; and much  of the Rocky Mountains. about lat. 560 N., flows N.E., and
taste is often displayed in their dyeing and arrangement of  joins the Peace River after a course of about 100 miles.
colors. The Sindians are likewise renowned for the pre-    SINEYA, SINEIA or SINEJA, se-nAlyd, a river of Rnussia,
paration of very soft and durable leather, tanned chiefly  rises near Liakhova, (Liakow,) government of Vitebsk, flows
with baubul-bark; it forms an important article of the ex-  N. through the government of Pskov; and turning E., joins
port trade, and furnishes the material for a pretty extensive  the Velikali 15 miles above Ostrov. Total course, 100 miles.
manufacture of shoes, sword-belts, and water-bags. Paper,    SI-NGAN or SINGAN, a city of China. See SEE-NGAN.
also, is made to some extent, and of ifair quality, at Shikar-    SINGAPORE, sing'g-poref, or SINGAPOOR, formerly
poor and Roree. Earthenware is produced in all, and gun-  written SINCAPORE, (anc. Singhicapura, "city of the lion,")
powder in most of the towns; the pottery of Halla is re- a settlement belonging to Great Britain, in the S.E. of Asia,
mairkable for its tasteful shape and bright colors.         consisting of an island off the S. extremity of the lMalay
Tiade.-Before its submission to British rule in 1844. Peninsula, separated from the mainliud by a strait in one
Sinde had but little trade. It is even yet insignificant. The  part only one-fourth of a mile across, and with a town of the
imports consist chiefly of British piece-goods, velvets, and  same name on its S. side, in lat. 10 17/ N., Ion. 1030 50' E.,
woollens, sugar, groceries, and spices, mostly front Bombay;  and numerous surrounding islets between Cape Buru and
cotton and silk fabrics from Narwar, Guzerat, and Mooltan;  Cape Romania. The principal island is ofrhomboidal shape,
raw silks, drugs and dye-stuffs, dried fruits, gold and gold  about 25 miles long fi-om E. to W., and 11 miles average
thread, precious stones, and horses, from Khorassan, Cabool,  breadth: area, about 275 square miles. Like the adjacent
and Bokhara; and of ivory and wood from  the Malabar  islets, it is mostly covered with a very thick jungle down to
coast. The exports comprise rice and other grains, ghee,  the water's edge.  Its surface is generally undulating,
opium, indigo, potash, asafoetida, dried fish, shark-fins, and  rising in some parts into round jungle-covered hills, the
hides, seaward from its ports in the delta; with cotton, silk, highest of which (called Bukit-Tima or the Tin-hill) is 530
and other fabrics, indigo, metals, sugar, and spices to Kho- feet above thle sea. Near the coast are some low tracts of a
rassan and the Punjab. The transit trade between Sinde  swampy character, flooded daily by the tides. The soil of
and Khorassan and Cabool is active, and carried on princi-  the hills is chiefly of ironstone resting on sandstone; that
pally by Lohanna Hindoos, through the Bolan Pass from   of the low ground is generally blackish, from containing a
Kurrachee and Shikarpoor.                                   great proportion of decayed vegetable matter. A stiff clay
People, -c.-The Sindians, a mixed race of Juts and  is found in some parts, well suited for the manufacture of
Beloochees, are partly of the Hindoo and partly of the Mo- kaolin pottery, but it is little employed for burning. Fraghammedan faith. They are described as well made, and hand- ments of granite and trap are scattered along the beach;
some; tall, inclined to corpulence, and of dark complexion; and these formations seem to underlie the sandbeds on the
and the women are particularly noticeable in the East for higher parts of the island. Iron is the only metal produced.
their beauty. The country swarms with "an idle race of  The island has several rivulets, on one of which stands
men, alternately soldiers, beggars. and thieves," ready for  Singapore, the capital.
service under any leader; and there are, besides, vast num-    The climate resembles that of Malacca in its equability;
bers of fakeers, lazy, worthless mendicants, who, under the  but from the absence of regular alternations of land and sea
pretence of religion, subsist on contributions extorted from  breezes, it is considerably hotter. The thermometer annuthe other inhabitants. The dress of the male inhabitant ally ranges between 710 and 890 Fahrenheit, the average
consists of a loose shirt, a pair of Turkish trousers, both  summer heat (May and June) being 840; the temperature
usually of blue cotton, a scarf round the waist, and a quilted  of the colder months (December and January) 760. The
cotton-cap, embroidered with silk or gold; but the men-of  island is remarkable for salubrity. Its proximity to the
rank wear, instead of the latter, turbans of enormous size, equator secures frequent refreshing showers; its foliage is,
20 to 30 inches in diameter. The women dress like the men, in consequence, always in the full bloom of summer. The
with the exception of the cap, for which they substitute a  greatest quantity of rain falls in December and January,
long, loose cloth, thrown over the head, and occasionally  and the total annual fall averages 102 inches, nearly a half
Irawn over the face. The language is a branch of the  less than that at Rangoon. The soil, where of sufficient
1788




SIN                                                              SIN
depth, is well adapted for the growth of spices,and all kinds  being that of preparing sago, which is imported for this punof these products grow readily; but nutmegs, cloves, ginger,  pose.  Somd of the Chinese employ themselves actively in
and pepper are the only sorts raised for commerce; the last  the manufacture of agricultural implements, tools, arms,
named is dependent on  the cultivation of gambler, the  &c., and in making twine from  pine-apple fibres, which is
leaves of which, after being boiled, are used as manure for  exported to China for fabrication into pina cloth.
the pepper-vines.  The sugar-cane and cocoanut have also    The commerce of Singapore is immense. It has, in fact,
been cultivated with considerable success. Numerous vege-  become the great entrep6ti of South Asia and the Malay
tables are raised by the Chinese settlers, including pump-  Archipelago, to which the inhabitants of all parts of the Inkins, various kinds of melons, cucumbers, yams, sweet-pota-  dian Ocean resort with the produce of their farming and
toes, onions, garlic, and others peculiar to the country. manufacturing industry, and in which they find a ready
Singapore possesses all the fruit-bearing trees of the Malay  market abundantly stocked with every variety of European
Archipelago.  Agar-agar (a delicate fern-like sea-weed) is  goods. The port also has the advantage of being perfectly
plentifully found on the neighboring coral reefs and shoals,  free to vessels of all kinds and nations, without charges on
and is an important article of commerce for the China and  exports and imports, or anchorage, harbor, and light dues..
Eastern markets.                                                 The imports from  Great Britain comprise woollens, pieceTigers swarm  in the junglssl  occasionally committing  goods, cotton-twist, iron, arms, gunpowder, wines, and
great havoc, and, indeed, according to a recent authority,  various manufactures; the exports thither consisting of
carry off from  200 to 300 pessons  annually.  The wildcat,  antimony, tin, and gold-dust, coffee, sugar, cassia, catechu,
otter, flying-squirrel, ferret, porcupine, pangolin, sloth, wild  benzoin, beeswax, raw  silk, hides, ivory, tortoise-shells,
hog, several kinds of monkeys, bats, especially the flying- mother-of-pearl, gutta-percha, and very numerous sundries.
fox or pteropus, several varieties of rats, two peculiar species  The imports from  continental Europe consist of wines,
of deer, and two small varieties of the ox tribe, are native;  spirits, and liqueurs, beer, British and French piece-goods,
the dugong abounds on the shores.  The birds comprise fal-  fire-arms, iron and steel articles, glass wares, salt provisions,
cons, owls, various species of pea-fowl, pheasants, and part-  &c., for which it sends in return numerous articles of Asiatic
ridges, pelicans, herons, woodpeckers, paroquets, Java spar-  produce.  The imports from the United States comprise marows, &c., with many varieties of wading birds, but web-  nufactured goods, provisions, tobacco, and sundries, with
footed birds are rare. Among reptiles, are turtles, (both  large consignments of Spanish dollars, in exchange for coffee,
plentiful and cheap,) tortoises, crocodiles, the black cobra,  sugar, pepper, cassia, tin, tortoise-shells, rice, &c. Singapore
and other varieties of serpents. The coast and rivers abound  also carries on a most extensive trade with Calcutta, Mawith fish-soles, mullets, rays, sharks, &c., with crabs and  dras, and Bombay, and vessels come throughout the year,
prawns; and other crustacea are abundant.                        bringing large supplies of raw cotton, India cotton goods,
The lands under cultivation are stated to be-gamlier-  opium, rice, &c.; in return for which they take back goldbushes, 24,220 acres; pepper-vines, 2614 acres; cocoanut-  dust, tin, pepper, sago, catechu, sappan-wood, and treasure.
trees, 2648 acres; pine-apple, 1460 acres; nutmeg and mace,  From China, upwards of 200 junks yearly, ranging from 50
1190 acres; fruit, 1038 acres; cloves, ginger, &c., 1780 acres;  to 500 tons burden, come with the monsoon, and enter the
making a total of 34,950 acres. Of the cocoanuts, 1,080,000  port early in spring with cargoes of tea, camphor, blue and
are produced annually, andofthepine-apples about 3,000,000.  yellow  nankeens, coarse earthenware, and various Chinese
The field-labor is performed mostly by Chinese, but also by  sundries; for which they take back in return raw and maJavanese, Boyans, and Malays.                                     nufactured cottons, opium, trepang, pepper, tin, ratans, pineThe government of the colony is vested in a governor, (who  apple fibres, edible birds'-nests, deer sinews, shark fins, agarholds that office also in Malacca and Penang,) assisted by  agar, &c. The Siamese and Cochin-Chinese visit the port
three resident councillors, a police magistrate, &c. The high  during the N.E. monsoon, partly in junks of about 30 tons
court of justice has civil, criminal, and admiralty jurisdic-  burden, but also in square-rigged vessels, commanded by
tion, and is presided over by a recorder appointed by the  Europeans  and manned by natives.  The Javanese come in
British crown, or, in his absence, (for he generally resides at  vessels ranging from 150 tons to 500 tons burden, with coffee,
Penang,) by the governor and councillors. The military force  rice, &c.; and the Boogis from Celebes send 200 lateen-rigged
of Singapore consists of three companies of Madras native in-  boats or prahoos in autumn, laden with coffee, rice, gold-dust,
fantry, and a small corps of artillery; in all, about 700 men.  tortoise-shells, and trepang; the Balinese bring large supThe population in 1822 amounted to about 10,000 persons;  plies of rice, coarse native cloths, and a few stout ponies;
in 1836 it had increased to 30,000; and, in 1850, the island  and the Borneans send numerous small prahoos in autumn,
of Singapore and its dependencies contained apopulation of  with black pepper, gold-dust, ratans, &c.  Singapore is an
52,891, besides 1548 convicts from  India, and 670 troops. important station for British steamers between India and
The Chinese compose 53 per cent., and the Malays 2317 per  China.  It has regular communication with both those
cent. of the entire population.  As respects -religion, 27,526  countries, and with the Red Sea once every month.
are Boodhists, 22,000 Mohammedans, and 1452 Hindoos.               The following is a comparative abstract statement of the
Historiy. —The islandof Singapore is celebrated in Malayan  trade of Singapore with the undermentioned places-for the
history as having been the first place'of settlement of the  years 1851-2, and 1852-3, ending respectively on May 1:early Malay colonists from  Sumatra. Their location here
took place towards the middle of the twelfth century; and                                  IoPORTS.              ExPORTS.
the lines of the ancient town of Singapoora (Singapura) were   Names of Places. 
still traceable in 1819. The British obtained permission to                           1851-i.   1852-3.    151-2.    18523.
build a factory on the S. shore of the island in 1819; and by   Great ritain,c   $1,1562,000  $3,960,000  $1,431,000  $2,042,000
treaty in 1824, purchased the sovereignty and fee simple of   United States.....        95,000     54,000    361,000    380,000
the island, as well as of all the seas, straits, and islands to the   Australia...........    100,000    138,000    200,000    578,000
extent of 10 geographical miles around. In 1826 Singapore   Bremen and Hamwas placed under the provincial government of the Straits    burge.............    456,000    353,000    233,000    109,000
Borneo.............    590,000    635,000    630,000    726,000
Settlement, which is fixed at Penang, where the governor   China..............   1,730,000  2,100,000   3,182,000   2,900,000
usually resides.                                                  Cochin-China......   281,000    326,000    210,000    420,000
Sr.NGAPORE, the capital of the above colony, and one of  Celebes.............    490,000    385,000    487,000    55l0,00e
the principal commercial emporiums in the East, is situated   Franc.............    138,000    232,000    310,000    395,
Java, Rhio, Balli,
on the S. side of the island, on both banks of a creek or rivu-   Lombok, and Sumlet of the same name, and extends E. for about 1   miles to an-    bawa...........     1,12.      1,00,       88,000    985,000
other small creek, called the Rocho  River. By these rivulets   Malayan Peninsula.    110,000    670,000    691,000    126,000
it is separated  into  three distinct divisions —the W. inha-  Siam...............       48,000    61,00      4,000        0,000
Sumatra.........      390,000    313,000    280,000    296,000
bited by Chinese; the central and best part by the Euro-  Coast of Ialabar...           531,000    416,000    3175,000    385,000
peans; and the E. by the Malays, &c. The central part of   Calcutta............  2,500,000  3,060,000   1,285,0000  1,210,000
the town is laid out in regular streets, lined with substan-   Malacca & Penang..  1,330,000  1,310,00   1,200,000 1,    190,000
tial brick houses; and towards the shore is ample space for  Other Countries....  2,286,000   1,603,000   1,500,000   1,018,000
parade and carriage drives.  Here are the principal public           Total...........  14,970,000$17,470,0001 $13,20,000 $15,290,000
offices, official residences, hotels, exchange, and churches, including an English church and an American chapel. On a    Ships lie in the roads or open harbor, (in 10 or 14 fathoms
hill, N. of the town, is the government-house; and on the  water,) at the distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from  the
shore is the Singapore Institution, founded by Sir Stamford  town. The river or creek is accessible to the lighters, and
Raffles in 1823, for the cultivation of the Chinese and Malay  the goods are taken in and discharged at convenient quays,
languages. The W. division comprises the warehouses of  at the doors of the principal warehouses.  The arrivals and
the English merchants, as well as the dwellings and shops  departures of vessels in 1849 to 1853, were as follows:of the Chinese, who have also here a splendid pagoda, of
grotesque exterior.  The E. part of the town (designated the                       ARRVAS.                    EPRTRE.
Kampong-glam) comprises the shops of the Klings and Ma-   Yrs.
lays, and is remarkable for its filth and squalor. The higher'             Sqnar-Rigged.    Native.    Square-Rigged.    Nativeclasses of the European and American merchants generally                  Ship   Tns.  Boats. Tons. Ships.   es.   et Boa.Tons.
live in bungalows or garden-houses in the suburbs, and   1849-50.. 707  246,176 1,868 58,590  708  238,688 2,188 60,276
along the beach E. of the town, which commands fine views  1850-51.  838  280,485 2,114 69,056  811  269,949 2,250 70,259
1851-52..T 933  339f351r 2,f0i36 59,693  890 p319,728i 2,28763,08
of the harbor and both its  entrances.  ~~~~1852-53..[ 885 ]342,134 ~ 2,107 ]70,194] 875 ]332,795 ]2,265 ] 73,
of the marbor and both its entrances.                                          1    9
The manufactures of Singapore  are few, the principal                                                          1789




SIN                                                          SIO
Besides the vessels included in the foregoing statement, in  Turkey, pashalic, and 70 miles W. of Mosul. It consists oi
1852-3, 173 vessels (tonnage, 31,120) arrived from Malacca  about S0 houses, with many Mohammedan tombs, and sonub
and Penaug, and 193 vessels (tonnage, 40,434) sailed for these  remains of a much more remote date.
ports. In all, 1058 square-rigged vessels (tonnage, 373,955)    SINJAR HILLS, a range of Asiatic Turkey, about 50 miles
arrived in 1852-3, of which 733 vessels (tonnage, 271,934) in length. by 7 to 9 miles in breadth, between the Khaboor
were British.  Pop. in 1850, 25,916.                        and Tigris. They are covered with oak forests and fig and
SIN'GARAPETITA.H, a town of British India, presidency  vine plantations, interspersed with numerous villages.
of Madras, 85 miles W.N.W. of Pondicherry.                    SINJAWKA, a town of Russia. See SINYAVKA.
SINGBOO1I, sing boom/, a town of British India, presi-   SINKING CREEK, a post-office of Craig co., Virginia.
dency of Bengal, province of Orissa, 110 miles W. of Midna-    SINKlING SPRING, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylpoor, in lat. 220 311 N., ion. 850 40' E.                   vania, 50 miles E. of Harrisburg.  Pop. 364.
SINGEN, singlen, a market-town of Baden, circle of Lake,   SINKING SPRING, a thriving post-village of Highlahd
6 miles W.N.W. of Radolfszell. Pop. 1164.                   co., Ohio, 75 miles E. of Cincinnati. Pop. about 300.
SINGHALA and SINGHALESE. See CEYLON.                        SINKING VALLEY MILLS, apost-office of Blair co., PennSINGIIEA, sin'ghe-a, a town of British India, presidency  sylvania.
of Bengal, on the Gunduck, 17 miles N. of Patna, in lat. 250    SINK'S GROVE, a post-office of Monroe co., Virginia.
52' N., ion. 850 15' E. Near it are the vestiges of a ruined city.    SINN, a town of Asiatic Turkey.  See SONN.
SINGIIUR, sinogfgcrl, a hill-fort of British India, presi-   SINN, sinn, a river of Bavaria, Hesse-Cassel, after a S. course
dency of Bombay, 12 miles S.S.W. of Poonah.                 of 40 miles, joins the Saale near its influx into the Main.
SINGILEI or SINGITIILEI, sin-ghe-l,A/e, written also SIN-    SINNA, sin'nd, SENNA, s.nln&, or SINENDRIJ, se-n1n'GILIJEW,  a town of Russia, government, and 23 miles  drijl, a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, capital of the
S.S.E. of Simbeersk, on the Volga. Pop. 3000. It is mostly  district of Ardelan, on a declivity below its original site, 80
built of stone.                                             miles W.N.W. of Ilamnadan. The population, according to
SINGKEL, sing'kil?. a town of Sumatra, on the W. coast, Rich, consists of 4000 or 5000 families. It is of comparatively
at the mouth of the Singkel, 8 miles N.W. of Cape Singkel,  modern origin, and has an imposing appearance, with the
in lat. 20 15 N.                                           castellated palace of its governor on a height. In its vicinity
SINIGLETARYSVILLE, a post-office of Williamlsburg dis- is a very extensive public garden.
trict, South Carolina.                                        SINNAI, sin-nVl, a market-town of the island of Sardinia,
SINIGLETON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           division, and 8 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2826.
SINGLETON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.         SINNEMAHONING, post-office, Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
SINGOE, sintgb'eh, an island of Sweden, ln of Stock-    SINNEMAHOINING CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the
holm, in the Baltic, 20 miles W. of the Aland Islands. West Branch of the Susquehanna in Clinton county.
Length, 4 miles.                                              SINNIE, a river of Guinea.  See ANCoBEn.
SINGOLE, sin'g51l, a town of British India, presidency of    SINNIMARI or SINNAMARY, seen'niim&reel: a river of
Bengal, Nerbudda territory, 25 miles N.N.W. of Gurr-ah.     French Guiana, enters the Atlantic 78 miles N.W. of CaySINGO-SARIE, sing/go Stlree, a village of Java, province  enne, after a N. course of 200 miles. At its month is the
of Passoeroean, district of Malang, with the remains of one  village of Sinniniari.
of the finest heathen temples in Java.                        SINININGTON, parish, England, co. York, North Riding,
SING SING, a post-village of Mount Pleasant township,    SINNO,  sinno, (anc. Sib'is,) a river of Naples, province of
Westchester co., New York, on the left or E. bank of the  Basilicata, enters the Gulf of Taranto 19 miles S.W. of the
Hudson, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 33 miles N. of  mouth of the Bradano, after an E. course of 60 miles.
New York. The village is situated on an acclivity, which    SINNORE, sin'n~rf, a town of India, in the Baroda domirises to the height of about 200 feet. On its summit is a  nions, on the Nerbudda, 26 miles E.N.E. of Baroach.
range of elegant villas, extending in the realr of the village    SINOPE, sinto-pe, (Turk. Sisnoob,,sinoub or Sisnub, see'nearly its whole length. The river here reaches its greatest noobf,) a seaport town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 75
breadth, being nearly 4 miles across, and the scenery in  miles W.N.W. of Samsoon, in lat. 420 2' 12" N., ]on. 350 12'
every direction is exceedingly beautiful and picturesque. 30" E. Pop. about 8000. It is situated on an isthmus conSing Sing is distinguished for its boarding-schools.  MIount  necting a high, rocky peninsula with the mainland, and
Pleasant Academy, an incorporated institution, has a finue  has on its S.W. side the best port on the N. coast of Asiatic
marble edifice, delightfully situated, ind enclosed by spa-  Turkey. Its walls, composed of- fragments of Byzantine
cious and highly-ornamented grounds. The number of stu-  architecture, are ivy-clad, and overhang deep wooded ravines,
dents is limited to 50, for whom 6 instructors are employed. crossed by high and narrow bridges. Miany of its buildings
Horsemanship and military tactics are taught, in addition  are surrounded by gardens. Its exports consist of timber,
to the branches usually pursued in such an institution.  salt, cordage, fish, and oil. Sinope was the birthplace of
There is also another excellent boarding-school for boys, IDiogenes, tEe famous Cynic philosopher.
occupying a large brick edifice, and a female seminary of    SINOPOLI, sin-opto-le, a town of Naples, province of Calahigh reputation, besides several other flourishing institn-  bria Ultra II., 17 miles NE. of Reggio.  Pop. 1800.
tions. Sing Sing contains 4 churches, a bank, and 2 news-    SINOPOLI INFERIORE, sin-oplo-le in-fA-re-olri, a village
paper offices. The Croton aqueduct, which passes through  of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., immediately S.W.
the village, is here an object of much interest, being carried  of the above.
over the Sing Sing Kill by an arch of stone masonry 88 feet    SINOU, se-nool, a little river of Liberia, falls into the
between the abutments, and 100 feet above the water. Sing  Atlantic, near 50 N. lat., and 90 W. ion.
Sing is the seat of one of the New York state prisons, which    SINOUB, a town of Asia Minor. See SINos.
is situated immediately on the bank of the Hudson, about    SINS, s&NG, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton
three-fourths of a mile S. of the village. The buildings are  of Grisons, on a hill in Lower Engadine Valley. Pop. 1422.
of marble or limestone, and form three sides of a square.    SINSHEIM'5, sinsthime, a town of Baden, 14 miles S.S.E.
The main edifice is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and 5 stories  of Heidelberg. Pop. 2869.
high, containing 1000 cells for prisoners. In 1852 the num-    SINITA BAYOU, (biool,) of Alabama, flows into the Tomher of criminals confined was 869. The greater number of  bigbee near Coffeeville.
the convicts are engaged in the various mechanic arts, but    SIN-TCHO O  or SIN-TCHEOU, sin'che-oo! or sin'clewfl, a
no inconsiderable portion are employed in working the ex- town of China, province of Quang-see, capital of a departtensive limestone quarries in the immediate vicinity of the  ment. Lat. 23~ 20' N., ion. 1100 E.
prison. The female convicts occupy a fine building, 30 o0 40    SINU or ZINU, see-nool, a river of New Granada, rises in
rods E. of the male department. These prisons are not en- the department of Cauca, about lat. 70 N., flows first N.E.,
closed by walls, but are guarded by sentinels. Sing Sing is  then N.N.W., and after a course of about 200 miles tllls into
the centre of an active trade. Steamboats plying between  the Gulf of Mlorrosquillo, in the Caribbean Sea.
New York and places along the Hudson touch at this point.   SINUB. See SINoPE.
Pop. about 3000.                                              SINUS AMBRACIUS.  See ARcA, GuLF or.
SINIGA.GLIA, se-ne-g&llyg, (anc. Sesna or Setta Gallica,) a    SINUS PELASGICUS. See VoLo, GULF OF.
fortified seaport town of Central Italy, in the Pontifical    SINUS SARONICUS.  See ZEGINA, GULF OF.
States, legation of Urbino, on the MiSa, at its month in the    SINUS VENEIICUS. See GULF OF RIcA.
Adriatic, 16 miles W.N.W. of Ancona. Pop. 21,930. It has a    SINYAVKA, SINIAVKA or SINJAWKA, sin-yivIkd, a
cathedral, convents, mint, theatre, and a small harbor, but  market-town of Russia, in the Don-Cossack country, 45 miles
is chiefly celebrated for its large annual fair in July and  W.S.W. of Novo-Tcherkask, at the mouth of the MertvoiAugust, which is attended by traders from all parts of Cen- Donets, in the Sea of Azof.
tral and South Europe, North Africa, and the Levant.          SINYAYKA, SINIAVKA or SINJAWKA, a market-town
SI-NING. atown of China. See ScE-ING.                     of Russia, government, and 34 miles E.N.E. of Tchernigov.
SINIOOKIlA, SINIOUKHA or SIN1UKIHIA, se-ne-ootKA,    SINYAYKA,  SINIAVKA or SINJAWKA, a market-town
a river of Russia, government of Kiev, and between Kbher- of Russia, government, and 75 miles S.E. of Vilna.
son and Podolia, after a S.E. and S. course of nearly 150    SINZIIEIM, sintslhnme, a village of Germany, 3 miles W.
miles, joins the Bug at Olviopol. Before the peace of 1791, of Baden.  Pop. 1420.
this river formed the boundary between Russia and Turkey.   SINZIG. sinttsic, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, 20 miles
SINISCOLA, se-nis'ko-l, a village of Sardinia, 25 miles  N.W. of Coblentz, near the left bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1800
N.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 2826.                                     SI1ON or ZI/ON, a hill or mountain of Palestine, on which
$I.NJAR! or SINGALI, sin-gd/lee', a small town of Asiatic  Jerusalem was partly built.
1790




Sf0                                                         SIS
sio                                                         gis
SION, seel&,xa (Ger. Sitten, sitften; anc. Sclu'nmn,) a town    SIRINAGUR, a city of Cashmere. See SERIacomR.
af Switzerland, capital of the canton of Valais, near the    SIRI POOL, see/ree pool, a town of Central Asia, on the
Rhone, 50 miles S. of Bern. Pop. in 1850, 35l6. It is en- N. slope of the lluzareh Mountains, 45 miles S.W. of Balkh.
closed by walls, and has 3 castles. There are many cretins  in lat. 360 21' N., ion. 660 28' E. It is the capital of an in2
in its vicinity.                                            dependent Oozbek chief.
SION, see'6NGI, a village of France, department of Loire-In-    SIRIS.  See SINNo.
fdrieure, 6 miles N.E. of Derval. Pop. in 1852, 2717.         SIR-I-SUNGAII, sir-ee-sinlfg, a fort of Afghanistan, 22
SION, seelont, a town and fort of British India, at the N. miles S.W. of Cabool, on the route to Ghuznee.
end of the island of Bombay, with a causeway communica-   SIR JAMES SMITH'S ISLANDS, part of the Cumbertion with the island of Salsette.                          land group, off the.N.E. coast of Australia. The principal
SI00T, SIOUT or SIUT, se-ootf, written also OSIOOT or island, called Linne Peak, is in lat. 200 40' 30"t S., ion. 1400
ES-SIOUT, (anc. Lycoptolis,) the principal town of Upper 9' 10" E.
Egypt, capital of a province, near the Nile, in lat. 270 11' 14"    SIRJAN. See KERsAN.
N., ion. 310 14' E.  Pop. 20,000. (?)  It is the largest and    SIRt JOIN'S RUN, a post-office of Morgan co., Virginia.
best-built town S. of Cairo, and has well-supplied bazaars,   SIR JOSEPH BANKS'S ISLANDS. See BANK.
handsome mosques, a palace built by Ibraheem Pasha, pub-    SIRMIO. See SERMaONE.
lie baths, a government school, and cotton factory. It was,   SIRMORE, sir-mbrf, or SURMOOR, sur-moort, one of the
until lately, the principal seat of the slave trade in Egypt, protected Sikh states of India, between the Sutlej and
and is still the chief resort of the caravans coming into that Jumna Rivers, on. the route between Seharunpoor and Belatscountry from Darfoor. It is also an important military sta- poor.  The surface is hilly.  It produces wheat, barley,
tion, and has a large manufacture of pipe-bowls. Around  tobacco, opium, cotton, timber, and iron. The principal
it are traces of the ancient city, and in the adjacent moun- town is Nahan, 30 miles E.N.E. of Umballah, in lat. 310 N.,
toins, W. of the Nile, are several remarkable tombs, grot-  Ion. 770 E.
toes, and catacombs.                                         SIRNACIH, seeralnx, a village and parish of Switzerland,
SIOUX, usually pronounced soo, (Fr. pron. seooof,) called  canton of Thurgau, 17 miles S.W. of Constance. Pop. 2742.
also DAKOTAH, dah-koita, a new county in the W.N.W.   SIROKA-KULA, se-rolkA kooll&, a village of Austrian
part of Iowa, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is  Croatia, about 8 miles from Gospich. Pop. 1981.
bounded on the W. by the Sioux River, and also drained by    SIROINA, a township of La Salle co., Illinois. Pop. 370.
the head waters of Floyd's River, an affluent of the first-   SIRSAIH, sirlsa, a town of British India, 20 miles W. of
mentioned stream. This county is not included in the  Futtehabad.
census of 1850.                                               SIRSAWA, sir-s1wpa, a town of British India, district, and
SIOUX INtDIANS, a numerous and powerful tribe, iiha- 7 miles N.W. of Seharunpoor.
biting the territory between the Missouri and Mississippi    SIRUELA, se-rw~lvh, a town of Spain, province, and 92
Rivers.                                                     miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 3512.
SIOUX RIVER, Minnesota Territory, rises in a little lake    SIRWAN, sir-wtnl, a ruined city of Persian Koordistan,
in about 450 20' N. lat., and 970 20' W. Ion. Its general 65 miles S.W. of Kermanshah.     Lat. 330 30' N., ion. 460 251'
course is nearly S. by E. It unites with the Missouri River  E. It presents the most perfect remains of a Sassanian city
in about 420 19' N. lat., and 960 20' W. lon. The whole  to be found in Persia. The buildings are composed of mRaslength is estimated at 300 miles.                           sive stone walls, and some of the dwellings are perfectly
SIPAN DAGH, se-p~n! dhg, a mountain of Turkish Arme- preserved, with ancient paintings in some of the vaults apnia, pashalic, and 40 miles N.W. of Van, on the N. side of  pearing quite fresh: It is considered to occupy the site of
Lake Van. Supposed elevation, 11,000 feet.                  the more ancient Celoncs. Its small plain is well cultivated.
SIPESVILLE, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.    SIS, sis or sees, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic, and 40
SIPIIANTO, siffan-to or see'tn-to, (anc. Sphsnos.) an island  miles N.E. of Adana, on the Jyhoon, S. of Mount Taurus,
of the Grecian Archipelago, government, and 25 miles S.W. and the see of an Armenian patriarch.
of Syra. Area, 34 square miles. Pop. 5000. The soil is fer-   SIS, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic, and 21 miles S.W.
tile; the chief products are corn, silk, figs, wax, and honey. of Seevas, on the Kizil-Irmak.
In ancient times the island had mines of gold and silver.     SISAL, se-s/ll, a seaport town of Yucatan, on its N.W.
SIPONTUM. See MANFaEDONIA.                               coast, 10 miles N.W. of Merida, in lat. 210 10' 6/ N., ion. 900
SIPOTUBA, se-po-toosbA, an auriferous river of Brazil, 2' 41" W. Population mostly Indians.
rises in the province of M-atto Grosso, in lat. 130 50' S., fol-   SISANTE, se-sinftA, a town of Spain, province, and 45
lows the E. slope of the Serra Taperapoan throughout its  miles S.W. of-Cuenca. Pop. 3612.
whole length, receiving the Taperapoan, Juva, and Jaranba-    SISAPO or SISAPON.  See ALMADEN DE LA PLATA.
biba. The Sipotuba, after the junction of these streams,   SISARGA, se-sartgA, a group of islets off the N.W. coast
becomes navigable, and proceeding S. for about 200 miles in  of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 23 miles W. of Corunna.
a course nearly parallel to that of the Paraguay, joins that    SISEBOLI or SIZEBOLI, se-seblo-le, (anc. Apollotnicc, afterriver on the right, about 20 miles above Villa Maria.       wards Sozoopolis,) a maritime town of European Turkey, in
SIP/PICAN, a post-village of Plymouth co., Massachu- Room-Elee, on the Black Sea, at the entrance of the G alf of
setts, on Buzzard's Bay, 55 miles S. by E. of Boston. The  Boorghas, 80 miles N.E. of Adrianople.  It has one of the
inhabitantsareprincipallyengaged in themanufacture of salt. best harbors on the Black Sea, and is mostly inhabited by
SIPtSEY RIIVER, of Alabama, called also NEW  RIVER,  Greeks, who carry on an active trade. It was taken by the
rises near the E. border of Marion county, and flowing  Russians in 1829.
nearly S., and then S.W., enters the Tombigbee at the N.' SISKIYOU, usually pronounced siste-kew, a county in
extremity of Sumter county, about 12 miles N. of Gaines- the N. part of California, bordering on Oregon and Utah.
ville.                                                     The surface is mountainous, and drained by the IKlamath
SIPSEY RIVER, of Alabama, rises near the N. border of  and Pitt Rivers. Area, about 7000 square miles. Pop. 2240.
Walker co., and flowing  S.E. enters the Mulberry Fork of    SIS'LAND, a parish of England, co. ofNorfolk.
Black Warrior.                                                SISLAVICH, sise'i-viK', or SISLAWITZ, sis/lat-wits', a viiSIPSEY TURNPIKE, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Ala- lage of Austria, in Croatia, on the Kulpa, 9 miles from
bama.                                                      Karlstadt. Pop. 1026.
SIR, a mouth of the Indus. See SEEs.                       SISSA, isess, a town of Italy, duchy, and 4 miles N.W. of
SIRANG, an island  of the Malay Archipelago. See C RAM. Parma, near the Taro. Pop. 4955.
SIRAULT, see'rOf, a village of Belgium, province of Hai-   SISSACII, sisIs'K, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 13
naut, 9 miles W. of Mons' Pop. 2237.                       miles S.E. of Basel.  Pop. 1254.
SIR CHARLEIS HARDY'S ISLANDS. See lIaRDY.                   SISSONNE, sees'sonnf, a market-town of France, departSIR-DARIA, a name of the river JAXARTES.                 ment of Aisne, 12 miles E. of Laon. Pop. 1400.
SIRDARUD, sir'd~-rood! (?) a flourishing village of North    SIS'SONVILLE, a post-village in Kanawha co., Virginia,
Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 7 miles S.W. of Tabreez.   333 miles W. of Richmond.
SIRDIIAR, a town of Iindostan. See SuaRDHNu.               SISTERDALE, a post-office of Comal co., Tennessee.
SIRDBIUNA, sir-doofn&, a town of British India, presi-   SISTElRON, sislteh-r6aOl,   a fortified town of France, dedency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, 37 miles N.N.E. of Delhi. partment of Basses-Alpes, on the Durance and Buech, 16
It was the capital of the Begum Sumroo.                    miles W.N.W. of Digne. Pop. in 1852, 4576. It is enclosed
SIR EVERARD HO-IIE'S ISLANDS, a cluster of islands  by walls, and commanded by a citadel, which was the prison
off the N.E. coast of Australia, extending about 4 miles  of Casimir, King of Poland.
from Cape Grenville, in lat. 11 571' 40"' S., Ion. 1430 11' E.  SISITERS, two islands of the Pacific, N. of Chatham
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE'S BAY,'in California, about 30  Island, near New Zealand.
miles W.'N.W. of San Francisco, lat. 380 N., ion. 1220 50' IV.    SISTERS, two islands in Bass' Strait, off the N. extremity
SIRGOOJAII, sir-gootja, a town of British India, presi- of Furneaux Island.
dency of Bengal, in Gundwanah, 75 miles S.W. of Palamow.   SISTERS, two islands in the Indian Ocean, between Great
SIRHIND, sir-hindl, a decayed fortress and town of North- and Little Andaman Islands. Lat. 110 10' N., Ion. 92P 46' E.
west R1indostan, in the protected Sikh territory, 27 miles    SISTERS, two islands in the Tung-shan-ying Bay, S.E
N.W. of Umballah, on the route to Belaspoor                coast of China, province of Quangtong, about lat. 231 22' N.,
SIRICASA. See SYRACUSE.                                  ion. 1170 47' E.
SBIR-I-KOL, sir'e-kol or seer'ee-kolf, a lake in Bokhara,   SISTERS, two low, woody islands in the Philippines, off
tming the source of the river Oxus; elevation 15,600 feet. the W. coast ofLuzon.  Lat. 150 501' N., i-n. 1190 49' E.
1791




SIS                                                        SKA
SISITER'S CREEK,a small stream of Erie co., New York,   SIUE-SHAN or SIUE-CHAN, a mountain of China, pro.
falls into Lake Eie.                                       vince of Kan-Soo, lat. 360 43' N., ion. 1040 41' E. It is covered!
SISTER'S FERRY, a post-office of Effingham co., Georgia. with perpetual snow.
SISTERS, TIE -.THREE, three islands of the Seychelles    SIUE-SHAN or SIUE-CiAN, a mountain of China, pro.
group, Indian Ocean, in lat. 50 9 30" S.                   vince of Koei-choo. Lat. 270 14' N., ion. 1050 4' E. It is
SISITERVILLE, a thriving post-village of Tyler co., Vir- covered,with perpetual snow.
ginia, is pleasantly situated on the Ohio River, about 35    SIUE-SHAN or SIUE-CHAN, a mountain of China, pro
miles below Wheeling, and 9 miles W. of Mididlebourn, the  vince of Se-chuen. Lat. 320 20' N., ion. 1050 52' E. it i%,county seat. It has a good landing for steamboats, and it covered with perpetual snow.
is the terminus of several turnpike-roads extending towards    SIUE-SHAN or SIUE-CHAN, a mountain of China, prothe interior. These advantages, together with the naviga- vince of Se-chuen. Lat. 320 27' N., Ion.1030 4' E. It is covered
tion of the Ohio, render this a place of active trade, which  with perpetual snow.
is rapidly increasing. Coal and iron ore are found in the    SIUT. See SIooT.
vicinity. Pop. in 1853, 1000.                                SIVA or SIWA, se-v! or seervy, a river of Russia, rises in
SIStTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.        the government of Perm, flows S., and joins the Kama 24
SISTOVA, sis-tolva, or SCHISTAB, shis-tb', called also  miles N. of Sarapool; total course, 100 miles.
SHTAB, shtrb, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, on    SIVANA, se-v&n4, or SAMADURA, sA-mA-doo/rA, an
the right bank of the Danube, 24 miles E.S.E. of Nicopolis. island of British India, presidency of Madras, formed by the
Lat. 430 38' N., Ion. 250 20' E. Pop. 20,000. It has a citadel. Cavery, in the district of Coimbatoor. Length, 9 miles;
A treaty of peace between Austria and Turkey was signed  breadth, 10 miles. It was the site of the ancient -lindoo
here in 1791.                                              city of Ganga Para, and has remains of several temples. The
SIT, sit, a river of Russia, rises in the government of Cavery here forms two fine cataracts.
Tver, flows E., then N., and joins Mologa after a course of    SIVAS. See SEEvAS.
about 80 miles. It is famous for a signal victory gained    SIVASH, SIVACHE  or SIWASCIH, see'vrsh,' GIILO
upon its banks in 1237 by the Tartars over the Russians.    MORE, or PU/TRID SEA, a lagoon on the N. and E. sides
SITCHEVKA, SITSCHIEWKA or SICHEYKA, sitch-Av'kA, of the Crimea, South Russia, communicating on the N. with
written also SITSHEVSK, SITSCHEVSK, and S1TCHEVSK, the Sea of Azof by the Strait of Genitchi, only a furlong in
a town of Russia, government, and 10 miles N.E. of Sinmo- breadth, and elsewhere separated from the sea by a narrow
lensk, on an affluent of the Volga. Pop. 1400.            sandy tongue of land, 70 miles in length. The shores, on its
SITGES, sitlres, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, W. side, are extremely irregular; breadth, from 5 to 15 miles;
and 18 miles S.W. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Lat. it receives the Salghir, the principal river of the Crimea. By
410 16' N., ion. 10 54' E. It has a court-house, a large semi- an E. wind, the water of the Sea of Azof is forced through
circular clock-tower, built by the Moors, an ancient feudal the strait, and often covers the surface of the lagoon; at
castle on an eminence in the centre of the old town, and  other times it presents only a pestiferous expanse of mud.
now used as the prison, several schools, a college, a music    SIVEREK, se-veh-r~k/, written als0 SOUEREK, a town
school, and an hospital, with two churches, one of them on a  of Turkish Armenia,.pashalic, and 40 miles W.S.W. of Diarrock which serves as a bastion, and overhangs the sea. Pop. belkir, and stated to comprise 2000 houses, seated among
3503.                                                     orchards.
SITIINEY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.           SIVRY, see'vreef, a village of Belgium, province of HaiSITIA, se-teel/, or SETTIA, set-tee/i, (anc. 6ythafum?) a  naut, 22 miles S.S.E. of Mons. Pop. 3072.
maritime town of Crete. on its N. coast, 55 miles E. of Can-    SIVRY  SUR MEUSE, see'vreeo siia msz. a village of
dia. Near it is Cape Sitia, and Mount Sitia is directly S. of  France, department of Meuse, arrondissement of Montfkuit, inland.                                                con. Pop. 1018.
SITIFIS. See SEr.EF.                                       SIWAH, an oasis of North Africa. See SrEcWAH.
SITIZZANO, se-tit-s4no, a town of Naples, province of    SIWASCII, a lake of Russia. See SIvAsH.
Calabria Ultra I., 5 miles S.E. of Palma, nearly destroyed by    SIX CORNERS, a post-office of Richland co.,' Ohio.
the earthquake of 1783.                                      SIX-FOURS, seece foga, a market-town of France, depart.
SITIKA, improperly written SITCHA, an island of the  ment of Var, 3 miles W.S.W. of Toulon. Pop. about 2900.
Pacific Ocean, the largest of George III. Archipelago, off the    SIXIHILLS, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
W. coast of North America, in lat. 570 3' N., ion. 1350 18' W.   SIX ISLANDS, Chagos Archipelago. See EGMONT.
The Russian settlement Sitka or New Archangel, on its W.   SIXIMILE, a post office of Jennings co., Indiana.
coast, has a magnetic observatory. Mean temperature of    SIX-MILE-BRIDGE, a market-town of Ireland, in Mun.
the year, 450'4; winter, 340.7; summer, 560~2 Fahrenheit.   ster, co. of Clare, on the Ougarnee, 9 miles N.W. of Limerick.
SITKHIN, sit'Kint, one of the Aleutian Islands, lat. 520 4  Pop. in 1851, 762. It has a court-house, bridewell, and
N., Ion. 1760 2' W. It is about 25 miles in circuit, with a  market-house.
volcanic mountain in its centre, 5033 feet high, and covered    SIX-MILE-BRIDGE, a market-town of Ireland, in Munwith perpetual snow.                                       ster, co., and 10 miles S.S.E. of Limerick.
SITKOKF. See SIKOsF.                                       SIX-MILE-CROSS, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
SITSCHEVKA. See SITCHEVscA.                              Tyrone, 8 miles W.S.W. of Pomeroy.
SITTARD, sit/tart, or SITTERT, sitltert,. a town of the    SIXMILE FALLS, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
Netherlands, province of Limburg, 13 miles N.E..of Maes-   SIXIMILE RUN, a post-village on the line between Sotricht. Pop. 3400.                                         merset and Middlesex counties, New Jersey, contains a store,
SITTARD, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles W.N.W. and 10 or 12 dwellings.
of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1240.                                    SIXMILE RUN, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.
SITTEN, a town of Switzerland. See SION.                   SIX RUNS, a post-office of Sampson co., North Carolina.
SITITINGBOURNE, a market-town and parish of Eng-   SIXT, seest, a village of the Sardinian States, province of
land, co. of Kent, on Milton Creek, 10 miles E.SE. of Ro- Faucigny, 3 miles E.S.E. of Samoens. Pop. 1659.
chester. Pop. in 1851, 2897.                                 SIZEBOLI, a town of European Turkey. See SISEBoLL.
SITZENDORF, sit'sen-do'Rf', a market-town of Lower    SIZUN, see'zfiNcG, a market-town of France, department
Austria, on the Great Schmieda, 5 miles N.E. of Meissau. of Finistlre, 17 nfiles S.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 3900.
Pop. 1350.                                                   SKAGELSE, skigh.l-seh, a town of Denmark, stift, and on
SIU-AN-IIOA, se-oo'an-hoPA, a fortified city of China, pro- the island of Seeland, 9 miles W.S.W. of SorSe. Pop. 3200.
vince of Pe-chee-lee, capital of a department, on the Yang-he,   SKAGEN, skAIghen, (and. Scavenia?) a village of Denmark,
near the Great Wall, 90 miles N.W. of Peking. Its inha- province of North Jutland, on the remarkable tongue of
bitants manufacture superior felt caps and other woollen  land which forms the N. extremity of the province, and tergodds.                                                     inates in Cape Skaw or Skagen. It consists of three miserSIUEISHAN or SIUE-CHzAN, seelu-&' or seewA'(?) shunt, able groups of houses, the inhabitants of which are obliged
(i.e. "snowy mountain,") the name of many lofty mountains to carry on an incessant and too often unsuccessful war with
in China, of which the following are the principal:-      the sands which threaten to engulf them. The church is
SIUE-FOONG-SHAN or SIUE-FOUNG-CHAN, a mountain  already buried, but its tower remains, and is an important
of China, province of Fo-Kien, lat. 260 35' N., ion. 1190 5' E. landmark for mariners. A little to the N. is an important
It is covered with perpetual snow.                        light-house, 67 feet high, built of stone in 1564, by FredeSIUE-SHAN or SIUE-CHAN, a mountain of China, pro- rick II. Pop. 1400.
vince of Shah-see, let. 390 N., ion. 1110 30' E. It is covered    SKAGEN, CAPE, or the SKAW, skew, the N. extremity
with perpetual snow.                                      of Jutland,Denmark.  Lat. of light-house, 570 43' 8" N., ion.
SIUE-SHAN or SIUE-CHAN, a mountain of China, pro- 100 36' 5" E. Near it is' a small town of the same name.
vince of Yun-nan, let. 250 58' N., ion. 1020 52' B. It is covered  Pop. 1400.
with perpetual snow.                                        SKAGIER RACK or SKAGERRAK, (i.e. Skagen Back,*
SIUE-SHAN, SIUE-CHAN, YULOONG-SHAN  or YU- the "crooked strait of Skagen,") a broad arm of the North
LOUNG-CHAN, yoo'loong'shbn', a mountain of China, pro-  Sea or German Ocean, between Norway on the N., and the
vince of Yun-nan. Lat. 260 33' N., ion. 990 20' E. It is covered
with per~petuatl snow.
~~~~~with pes-~petual snow.                 * Rack signifies a "passage difficult to navigate on account of
SIUE-SIIAN or SlUE-CHAN, a mountain of China, pro- its sudden bending." It is probably from the same root as the
vince of Yun-nan, let. 250 20t N., ion. 980 22' E. It is covered  Anglo-Saxon Hraca or  aca, and the German Rachen, signifywith perpetual snow.                                     ing " throat."
1792




SKA                                                         SKI
peninsula of Jutland on the S., communicating with the  rnptly to 710 feet in height, and has two light-houses 372
Cattegat, of which it is sometimes considered as the N. feet in elevation. Lat. 510 46' N., lon. 10~ 32' W.
portion; length from WV.SW. to E.N.E., about 150 miles;    SIKEL'LINGTH ORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
breadth, about 80 miles. N. of the Banish coast the depth    SKELIMANTHORPE, a township of England, co. of York,
varies firom 30 to 40, near the centre from 60 to 100, and off  West Riding.
the Norwegian coast in some places exceeds 200 fathoms.    SKELIMERSDALE, a chapelry of England, co. of LancasThe stream, when not interrupted in its course by violent  ter. It gives the title of baron to the Wilbraham family.
storms, sets in E. along the coast of Jutland, and W. along    SKELITON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
that of Norway. On the former coast there is neither haven    SKELTON, a parish of England, co. of York. North Riding.
nor secure anchorage, but along those of Sweden and Nor-    SKENIDLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
way, good natural harbors abound.                            SKENE, skeen, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
SKAGTOLS-TIND, sklgft5ls-tindl, one of the highest of    SKENEATEILES.  See SKANEATELES.
the Scandinavian Mountains in Norway; lat. 610 20' N., Ion.    SKEN/FRETI-I, a parish of England, co., and 6 miles
80 E. Elevation, 8390 feet.                               N.N.W. of Monmouth. The ancient fortress of Skenfreth
SKALHOLT, a town of Iceland, 35 miles E. of Reikiavilk.   Castle is in this parish.
SKALICZ, sk]litch, a small town of Bohemia, circle of    SKENNINGE, skdnfning'gheh,  a town of Sweden, len,
Kaurzim. Pop. 892.                                        and 20 miles W. of Linkiping. Pop. 900.
SKALITZ, skilits, a frontier town of North-west Hun-    SKEPE, skd/p,  a town of Poland, province of Plock, 18
gary, co., and 54 miles N.W. of Neutra, on the left bank of  miles N.E. of Dobrzyn. Pop. 950.
the March. Pop. 8790. It has manufactures of linen and    SKERNE, skern, a parish. England, co. York, EastRiding.
woollen cloth. Good wine is raised in its vicinity.         SKERWRIES, an islet in the Irish Sea, off the N.W. coast
SKALMIERZ, SKALMIERSZ, sk.l/'meairsh, or SKAL- of Anglesey, with a light-house. Lat. 530 25' 3" N., lon. 40
MIRZE, a town of Poland, 27 miles N.E. of Cracow. P. 3000. 36' 5' W. Elevation, 117 feet.
SKAMA/NIA, a county, Washington T'erritory, having S.    SKfERERIES, a fishing-town of Ireland, in Leinster, co.,
the Columbia. Area, 3700 squaremiles. Capital, Cascades City. and 17 miles N.N.E. of Dublin, on a headland, three quarters
SKANIDERBORG, skn/der-bolao, a town of Denmark, pro- of a mile E. of the Dublin and Drogheda Railway. P. in 1851,
vince of Jutland, 13 miles S.W. of Aarhuus. Pop. 900.     2327. Opposite the town are four islets, called the Skerries.
SKANE, (Skdne,) a former province of Sweden. See SCAccIA.   SKERRIES, THE OUT, three islets in the extreme E. of
SKANEATELES, skan-e-atfless, or SKIENEAT/E LES, a  Shetland, 10 miles S.E. of Fetlar, each abouti mile in length.
beautiful post-village and township in the extreme WV. part Pop. 122. —SrmnImsS is a general name in Scotland for isoof Onondaga co., New York, 18 miles S.WV. of Syracuse. The  lated sea-girt rocks. See PrNTLANcD FaITv.
village is delightfully situated at the outlet (N. end) of    SKER/ROW, LOCH,' (loe,) a highly picturesque lake of
Skaneateles Lake, 7 miles E.N.E. of Auburn. A plank-road, Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire, parish of Girthon, 8 miles
about 5 miles long, connects it with the Central Railroad. N. of Gatehouse, 2 miles in circuit, and studded with richly
It contains 4 churches-Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, wooded islands.
and Methodist-4 public schools, 1 lyceum, 1 newspaper    SKER/RY, a large parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.
office, and many beautiful residences; there are 8 or 10    SKERIRYVORE LIGHT-HOUSE, Iebrides, Scotland, 12
stores, 2 hotels, 2 groceries, various mechanics' shops, and 1  miles S.W. of Tires  Island. Lat. 560 19' 22" N., ion. 70 6t
large stone flouring mill. Skaneateles is the seat of quite a  32" W. Elevation, 150 feet; light revolving.
large mercantile and mechanical business. The manufac-    SKERITON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
ture of carriages is extensively carried on, and the beautiful    SKEY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
vehicles turned out of the various establishments have ob-   SKIATHO, skee!'-tho, (anc. Sciathus,) one of the North
tained a wide reputation. The outlet of the lake running N., Sporades, in the Grecian Archipelago, government, and 10
has a gradual descent of about 500 feet in 7 miles, affording   miles N. of Euboea, in the Jgean Sea, near the entrance of
hydraulic power to an almost unlimited extent. One mile  the channel of Trikeri.  Lat. 390 12' N., lon., 230 351 E.
from the village is Kellogg's woollen mill, in which about 100  Length and breadth, 4 miles each. On its N. side is the
hands are employed. There are also several other woollen  village of Skiatho.
mills, fnuring mills, saw mills, machine-shops, &c. on the    SKIB'ERBEEN/, a market-town of Ireland, in Munster,
stream. Pop. of thevillage, about1600; of the township, 4081. co., and 40 miles S.W. of Cork, on the Ilen. Pop. in 1851,
SKANEATELES LAKE, in the central part of New York, 3833. It has a good church, several schools, a bridewell,
is about 16 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles wide. The N. union work-house, barracks, and several large flour mills.
portion is included within the limits of Onondaga county; Its port is at Aldcourt, 2 miles lower down the river, where
the S. lies between Onondaga and Cayunga counties. The  vessels of 200 tons load and unload. The principal exports
scenery on either side is varied and beautiful. The water, are corn, flour, meal, and provisions. In the vicinity are
except near the outlet, is very deep, and abounds with fish, remains of several feudal castles, and of a monastery.
Trout are sometimes taken weighing from 5 to 15 and even    SKID/BROOKE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the
20 pounds. A steamboat plies upon its waters in summer.  North Sea, 8-} miles E.N.E. of Louth. Saltfleet Haven, a hansSKAPTAR-JOKULL. See ICELAND.                             let in this parish, was formerly a considerable market-town.
SKARA, skg/r2, a town of Sweden, loan, and 27 miles S.W.   SKID/BY, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
of Mariestad.  Pop. 1450. It has a cathedral, a college    SKID/DAW, a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland,
with botanic gardens. and a veterinary school. Near it is 4 miles N. of Keswick. Elevation, 3022 feet.
the ruined castle of Skarabori.                              SKIELSKOR, skeelslkbr, a town of Denmark, stift, and on
SKARABORG, a laen of Sweden. See MARIESTA.D.             the S.W. coast of the island of Seeland, on a deep arm of the
SKARO, sk?/ro, a town of Greece, on a remarkable pro- Great Belt, 10 miles S. of Skagelse. Pop. 1000.
montory of the same name, projecting from the precipices    SKIEN, a town of Norway. See SasEN.
which form  the W. side of the island of Santosini. The    SKIERNIWICE, sky6R-ne-eet/sA, a town of Poland, gohouses, mostly ruined by the effects of volcanic agency, form  vernment of Warsaw, 42 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw, with
an extraordinary group around ared and black crag, 1000 feet which it is connected by railway. Pop. 2300. It has mannabove the gulf, perched one over another in crevices in the  factures of woollen cloth and linens. The Russians here
sides of the precipices, and in the most frightful positions, defeated the French in 1809.
the outer wall of the buildings forming a continuation of    SKILES/VILLE,'a village of Muhlenburg co., Kentucky,
lofty perpendicular rocks. It was till recently the capital on Green River, 156 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
of the island.                                               SKIL/GATE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset,
SKEEL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office, Jefferson co., Ohio.   SKIL/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
SKEEN, skin, or SKIEN, skeen (?) a town of Norway,   SKILITON,  a township of Warwick co., Indiana. Pop. 532.
stift of Aggershuns, capital of the bailiwick of Bradsberg, on    SKIN'BURNESS/, a hamlet of England, co. of Cumberthe Skeenself, 7 miles N. of Porsgrund. Pop. 1900.         land, on Solway Frith. It is frequented as a watering-place.
SKEF/FINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.       SKIN/NAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
SKEF/FLING, a parish, England, co. York, East Riding.    SKININER'S EDIDY, a post-village of Wyoming co., PennSKEG/BY, a parish of England, co. of Notts.              sylvania, on the Susquehanna River, 150 miles N.E. of MarSKEGG'S CREEK, a post-office of Barron co., Kentucky.   risburg.
SKEG'NESS/, a village and parish of England, co. of Lin-    SKINO, skeesno, or SKINOSA, ske-no/sd, (anc. Schinuasa
coin, on the E. coast, 10 miles E.S.E. of Spilsby. It is much  or Schinusssa,) a small island of the Grecian Archipelago, goresorted to as a summer residence.                         vernment, and 5 miles S. of Naxos.
SKEI/NAH, a post-office of Union co., Georgia.             SKIN/QUARTER, a post-office of Chesterfield co., Virginia.
SKELLEFTEA, (Skellefted,) sk~l-lf/te-6, or SILDAL, silt-   SKIP'NESS/, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle,
d/l, a river of Sweden, laen of UmeB, rises in the Stor-Afvan  on Skipuess Bay, on the E. side of the peninsula of Kintyre.
Lake, flows S.E., and after a course of 120 miles enters the  Skiphess Castle, surmounting Skipuess Point, is at the S.
Gulf of Bothnia, 70 miles N. of Ulmed,                     side of the entrance of Loch Fyne.
SKELLEFTEA, (Skellefteg:) skl-1lf/te-o, a village and    SKIPPACK, a township of Pennsylvania. See P.ERso.EcN.
parish of Sweden, lan, and 70 miles N.N.E. of UmeA, on the    SKIP/PACK or SKIP/PACKVILLE, a post-village of Montabove river, near its mouth in the Gulf of Bothnia.        gomery co., Pennsylvania, 86 miles E. of Larrisburg.
SKELRLIGS, three rocky islets off the S.W. coast of Ire-   SKIP/PERVILLE, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama.
land, co. of Kerry, in the Atlantic Ocean, 9 miles S.W. of    SKIPSEA, skip/see, a parish of England, co. of York, East
Brea Head, Valentia Island. The Great Skellig rises ab- Riding.
5N N3




SKI                                                        SLA
SKIP/TON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  are chiefly in heath and coarse grass; the majority of the
York, West Riding, with a station on the Leeds and East inhabitants are consequently in a very impoverished state;
Lancashire Railway, 16 miles NW. of Bradford. Pop. of the  many have emigrated to the colonies.  Arable lands are
town in 1851, 4962. It has a large church, a grammar  nearly confined to the sea-coast; cattle, fish, and kelp are
school with two exhibitions to both Oxford and Cambridge, the chief exports; and potatoes and fish the chief food of
and other schools; manufactures of cotton goods, and an  the population. The inhabitants are mostly of Gaelic deactive trade in corn and cattle, facilitated by the Leeds and  scent. The island contains many Danish antiquities; beLiverpool Canal.                                          longs chiefly to Lord Macdonald and the Macleod family; is
SKIP/WITH, a parish of England, co. of York, East divided into 7 parishes; and forms, with adjacent Snam
Riding.                                                   Isles, a presbytery under the Scottish Church establishment
SKIRIBECK, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         Principal villages, Portree, Stein, Kyle —Haken, Broadford,
SKIRICOAT, a township of England, co. of York, West Oronsay, Armadale, and Uig. Pop. in 1851, 21,521.
Riding.                                                     SKYROS, skeetros, or SYRA, seelrY, (ane. Scy/ros,) an isSKIR/LING, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles.        land of the Grecian Archipelago, in the JEgean Sea, 24 miles
SKIR/PENBECK, a parish of England, co. of York, East N.E. of Cape Kill, in Euboea. Lenth, 17 miles; breadth,
Riding.                                          fo  CapeKli uoa   egt,1 ie;bedh
~~~~~~~Riding.~                                       ~ ~from 2 to 7 miles. Estimated area, 60 square miles. Pop.
SKIRTS or DERG, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  2630. It is separated into two parts by an isthmus. Its S
Tyrone, comprising the town of Castle Derg.               peninsula rises to 2566 feet above the sea; its N. part is more
SKITT'S MOUN/TAIN, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia.   level, and productive of corn, wine, and madder; wheat and
SKIYE, skee/vi, a town of Denmark, province of Jutland,  barley are exported, with madder-roots, wax, honey, and
17 miles N.W. of Viborg. Pop. 1200.                       oranges. Fir and oak woods are plentiful. Goats are of a
SKIVRA. See SKVIRA.                                     very superior breed. The only town, St. George, stands on
SKLOV or SKLOW, sklov, a town of Russia, government, the N. side of the island; it is poor, but has some remains
and 20 miles N.N.W. of Mloheelev, on the Dnieper. P. 2500. of antiquity, and contains all the population of the island.
SKOFDE, skof/d-f, an ancient town of South Sweden, lhn, Skyros was the place of retirement and death of Theseus.
and 21 miles S.W. of Mariestad, with 680 inhabitants.     Seven miles W. is SKYRO-POULO, a rocky islet, 617 feet in
SKOKI, a town ofPrussian Poland. See SCHOKnE.           height.
SKOLE, sko/lA, a market-town of Austria, in Galicia, 24    SLA, a maritime town of Morocco. See SALe.
miles S.W. of Stry, onthe Opor.                             SLAB/TOWN, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey, conSKOIMYWONG, a small river of iMarathon co., Wisconsin, tains 10 or 12 dwellings.
flowing S.W. into Wisconsin River.                          SLABTOWN, a village of Montour co., Pennsylvania,
SKOPELO, sko-pflo, or SCOPELLO, sko-pli/lo, one of the  about 15 miles S.E. of Danville.
North Sporades Islands, in Greece, government, and 15    SLABTOWN, a post-village in Anderson district, South
miles N. of Euboea, in the Atgeanu Sea. Area, 32 square  Carolina, 130 miles W.N.W. of Columbia.
miles. Pop. 2500. Principal product, wine.                  SLACK, a post-office of Mason co., Kentucky.
SKOPELO, a town on the S.E. coast of the above island,   SLACK WATER, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois.
with an indifferent harbor.                                 SLADE, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia.
SKOPIA. See UsKuP.                                        SLADE, a river of Labrador. See EAST MlAIN.
SIKOPIN, sko-pin/ or sko-peen/, a town of Russia, govern-   SLADESVILLE, slaids/vill, a post-office of IHyde co., North
ment, and 52 miles S. of Riazan, on the Werda. Pop. 6000. Carolina.
It has manufactures of Russian leather.                     SLAGELSE, slA'ghel-seh, a town of Denmark, stift, and
SKOTSCIJAU, skot/sh~w, written also SKOTSCHAW, a  island of Seeland, 10 miles N.E. ofCorsoer. Pop. 3600.
town of Austrian Silesia, 7 miles E.N.E. of Teschen, on the    SLAIDIBURN, a parish of England, co. of York, West
Vistula. Pop. 1800.                                       Riding.
SKOWHE/GAN, a thriving post-village  and township of    SLAINS-AND-FORIVIE, a united maritime parish of ScotSomerset co., Maine, on the Kennebec River, opposite Bloom- land, co. of Aberdeen, 4 miles N.E. of Newburg. It has the
field, with which it is connected by a bridge, about 30 miles remains of an old castle, and of an ancient chapel.
N. by E. of Augusta.  The village contains 2 newspaper    SLAITI-I/WAITE, a chapelry of England, co. of York,
offices, several shoe manufactories, and 2 churches. Pop. of  West Riding, parish, and 41 miles W.S.W. of Huddersfield,
the township, 1756.                                       with a station on the Leeds and Manchester Railway. It
SKREEN, skreen, or SKRYNE, skrin, a barony, parish, has a mineral spring with the same properties as that of
and village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath.        Harrogate.
SKREEN or SKRYNE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo.      SLA/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
SKREEN or SKRYNE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.    SLAMANTNAN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Sterling.
SKRIPU, a village of Greece. See OucieMENus..            SLANE, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
SKROPHA, (skro/fa,) CAPE, a headland of Greece, W. of  co. of hleath, on the Boyne. Pop. 500. The celebrated battle
Hellas, Acarnania, at the entrance of the Gulf of Patras, 15  of the Boyne was fought near Slane, on the E.
miles W.S.W. of Missolonghi.                                SLANES, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster co. of Down.
SKRYNE. See SKaREEN.                                      SLAN/IEY, a river of Ireland. in Leinster, rises in the
SKULANY, skoo-/tnee, a large market-town of South  co. of Wicklow, flows mostly S., through the counties of
Russia, province of Bessarabia, on the Furth, 14 miles N.E. Carlow and Wexford, and expands into Wexford Harbor.
of Yassy, (Jassy.)                                        Total course, 60 miles, tidal for 10 miles. It is navigable
SKULL, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork.    from the sea to Enniscorthy for laden boats.
SKUNK RIVER, of Iowa, rises in Risley co., near the    SLANKAMENT. See SALANKEMENT.
centre of the state, and flowing S.E., falls into the Missis-   SLANO, slatno, a market-town of Dalmatia, 16 miles N.W.
sippi about 8 miles below Burlington. Its whole length is  of Ragusa.  Pop. 1400.
estimated at 250 miles. It flows through a fertile farming    SLANY, a town of Bohemia.  See SCtLAN.
country, and furnishes extensive water-power. The basin    SLAP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
of this river is so near to those of the Des Moines and Iowa,   SLAPTON,,a parish of England, co. of Devon.
that its volume is small compared with its length. It is   SLAPTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
sometimes called SIKAnGUA.                                  SLASH, a post-office of Grant Co., Indiana.
SKIUTSCH  or SKUCZ, skootch, a town of Bohemia, 12    SLASH COTTAGE, a post-village of Hanover co., Virginia,
miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 3408.                         on the railroad filom Richmond to Fredericksburg, about 20
SKVIRA, SKWIRA, skvee/rg, or SKIVRA, skiv/rf, a town  miles N. of the former. The railroad company have machine
of Russia, government, and 60 miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 4100. shops here. The great orator and statesman, Henry Clay,
SKYE, slki, the largest island of the Inner Hebrides, in  was born near this place, in the "Slashes of hanover.'
Scotland, co. of Inverness, from  the mainland of which    SLATE, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky.
county it is separated by the narrow strait of Loch Alsh,   SLATE, a post-office of Jennings co., Indiana.
whence it extends for 46 miles in a N.W. direction. Breadth    SLATE DOCK, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
very irregular, varying from 41 miles to 23 miles, it being    SLATE/FORD, a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh,
indented N.W. and W. by Lochs Snizort, ollart, Bracadale, parish of Colinton, with a station on the Caledonian Rail&c., and all round the other coasts by smaller inlets. Esti- way, 3 miles S.W. of Edinburgh.  Pop. 250.
mated area, (excluding the islands of Scalpa, Rasay, &c. off   SLATE/FORD, post-office, Northampton co., Pennsylvania.
its E. coast,) about 547 square miles, or 350,000 acres. The   SLATE HILL, a post-office of Orange co., New York.
surface is mountainous; many heights in the centre rise to   SLATE HILL, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea, among which the    SLATE LICK, a post-office, Armstrong co., Pennsylvania.
Cuchullin Hills are conspicuous; its N. part and shores are   SLATE MILLS, a post-office, Rappahannock co., Virginia.
bold and strikingly picturesque. It is composed chiefly of   SLATE RIDGE, a post-office ofYork co., Pennsylvania.
trap rocks, quartz, limestone, old red sandstone, and lieas.   SLATE RIVER, of Virginia, a small stream  rising in
There are some large basaltic pillars, and a curious spar Buckingham county, and flowing N.E., enters the James
cave. Rivulets and small lakes are numerous. The climate River on the N.E. border of that county. It is navigable
is very moist and variable; rain falls three out of every four for boats to Mlaysville, 27 miles from its mouth.
days throughout the year, which renders the soil, otherwise    SLA/TERSVILLE, a manufacturing post-village in Smithgood, moist and sterile, except in a few spots: most part of field township, Providence co., Rhode Island, about 13 miles
the island is useless for agriculture, and even the pastures N.W. by N. of Providence. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 3
1794




SLA                                                        SLI
cotton mills, witn 16.000 spindles, and 500 looms, employing    SLEAFORD, (sleeffprd,) NEW, a market-town and parish
320 hands; also I saw mill, 1 grist mill, and 1 bank. Value  of England, co. of Lincoln, on the Slea, 18 miles S.S.E. of
of goods manufacdured annually, $288,000. A reservoir has  Lincoln. Pop. in 1851, 3539. It has a fine church with a
recently been constructed, at a great expense, materially  spire 144 feet in height, a modern town-hall, arid free gramincreasing the water-power of this place. Pop. about 1500. mar school.
SLATE RUN, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.   SLEAFORD, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
SLATINA, sl-teelnu, a town of Wailachia, on the Aloota,   SLEAT, sleet, an insular parish of Scotland, co. of Inver(Aluta,) 90 miles W. of Bucharest.                        ness, comprising the S.E. part of the Isle of Skye. Here are
SLATOUSK, Russia, Ural Mountains. See ZLATOOSC.         the remains of 2 castles..
SLAUGHAM, slaw/gam, a parish, England, co. of Sussex.    SLEBECH, sleefbx, a parish, South Wales, co. Pembroke.
SLAUGHTER, (slawlter,) LowER, a parish of England,   SLEDGEVILLE, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.
co. of Gloucester.                                          SLEDIMERE, a parish of England, co. York, East Riding.
SLAUGHTEPt, UrPeR, a parish, England, co. of Gloucester.   SLEE/PY CREEK, a post-office of Wayne co., North CaSLAUGHTERFORD, slawtpr-f rd, a parish of England, rolina.
co. of Wilts.                                               SLEEPY CREEK, a post-office of Edgefield district, South
SLAUGHTER'S CREEK, Texas, enters the Colorado in  Carolina.
the lower part of Travis county.                            SLEEPY CREEK BRIDGE, a post-office of Morgan co.,
SLAUPNICZ, sl6wptnich, (OsER, ofbpr, and UNTER, 50nlter,)  Virginia.
a village of Bohemia, 6 miles from Leitomischel. Pop. 2335.   SLEMNO, a town of Russia. See GARNSEE.
SLAVE COAST. is that portion of the Guinea Coast, West   SLES/WICK, (Ger. Schleswig, shls8/iG; Dan. Slesvig,
Africa, between the Volta and Lagos Rivers, which separate dsl/sviG,) a duchy of the kingdom of Denmark, comprising
it respectively from Benin on the E., and the Gold Coast on  the S. part of the peninsula of Jutland, separated on the N.
the W.                                                    by the Konge River from Jutland Proper, and on the S. by
SLAVIANOSERBSK, sl-ve-A-no-saRbskf, a town of Rus- the Eyder and the Holstein Canal from the duchy of Holstein,
sia, government, 180 miles E.N.E. of Yekaterinoslav, on the  having E. the Baltic and the Little Belt, in which it comprises
Donets. Pop. 2000, who carry on an active trade by the river. the island of Alsen, and W. the North Sea, in which are the
SLAVIANSK,.sl-ve-Anskl, a town of Russia, government islands of Rombe, Sylt, Fbhr, Pelworm, Nordstrand, &c.
of Kharkov, 29 miles S.E. of Izioom. Pop. 2000.           Area, 3600 square miles. Pop.in 1850, 363,000. The surfaceis
SLAVONIA, slilvofne-A, or SCLAVONIA, sklg-volne-A, low and flat; the whole of the W. coast is protected by large
called by the natives SLAVONSKA, sl-von/skA, (Ger. S/a- dykes against irruptions of the sea. The soil is not genevonien, sli-vo'ne-en; Fr. Slavconie, sllvolneef,) a territory or rally fertile, except in the E. Rye, barley, and other grains
province of the Austrian Empire, formerly incorporated with  are raised more than sufficient for home consumption. TimHungary, but now forming part of the kingdom  of Croatia  her is scarce, but turf abundant. The breeding of cattle
and Slavonia; bounded N. by Hungary, E. by the Banat of and horses is important; live stock, butter, and cheese are
Hungary, S. by Turkey, and W. by Croatia. Area, 3656  the principal exports. The fisheries are active, chiefly in
square miles.  It is of a very irregular form, stretching  the North Sea. Manufactures are nearly confined to the
from W. to E. for 190 miles, while its average breadth does towns, the prinoipal of which are Sleswick, Flensburg,
not exceed 40 miles. Its natural boundaries, however, are  Huizum, Apenrade, Iladersleben, and Christiansfeld. The
well defined by great rivers-the Drave on the N., Save on  duchy has some peculiar privileges; its annexation to Gerthe S., and their junction with the Danube on the E. A  many formed the pretext for its invasion by the Prussians
branch of the Carnian Alps, entering Salavonia from Croatia  and Germans in 1848-9.
on the W., traverses it throughout its whole length, form-   SLESWICK, SCHLESWIG or SLESVIG, a seaport town of
ing the watershed between the Drave and the Save, sending  Denmark, capital of the above duchy, at the W. end of the
down numerous small streams into each, and terminating  Sley, a narrow inlet of the Baltic, 21 miles from the sea, and
somewhat abruptly on reaching the banks of the Danube. 70 miles N.N.W. of Hamburg. Lat. 540 311 11" N., Ion. 90 34t
Mount Papuk, the culminating point of the chain, is not 451'E. Pop.11,600. It comprises a town-proper and several
more than 2700 feet above the level of the Danube. On either suburbs; is neatly built in the style of a Dutch town, and
side the mountains slope rapidly, and give place to a suc- has a cathedral and two other churches, one on the site of a
cession first of lower hills and valleys, presenting a beauti-  heathen temple; lunatic, deaf and dumb, and other asylums
fully undulating surface, clothed with verdure or covered  and institutions; a patriotic union and other associations;
with orchards; and then of plains, which extend without manufactures of lace, woollen stuffs, earthenwares, leather,
interruption to the banks of the rivers, in some parts ilun- and sugar; and 9 annual fairs. Its harbor, though imdated twice and thrice a year. The tracts thus exposed form  proved, is accessible only to small vessels. The town is the
meadows on whichlarge herds of horses, cattle, and swine are  oldest in the duchy, and existed early in the ninth canreared. The soil is almost throughout ofremarkable fertility. tury; it was afterwards a member of the Hanseatic League.
Grain, fruit, flax, hemp, tobacco, liquorice, and madder are  Adjacent to it is the castle of Gottorp, formerly the resiextensively raised. The minerals include several mines of  dence of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp.
copper and argentiferous lead, abundance of iron, and ex-   SLEY, THE, or SCHLEI, shli, or SCIHILESWIGER FIORD.
haustless supplies of beautiful marble.  The inhabitants  shl&s/*e-gher fe-oad/, a narrow arm  of the sea on the E.
are generally ignorant, and of unsettled habits; the far coast of Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, which it penetrates in
greater part of their country belonging to the Austrian  a S.W. direction for about 22 miles, to the town of Sleswick.
military frontier, every man capable of bearing arms is a  It is very shallow, having only from 6 to 9 feet of water at
soldier. There are no manufactures deserving the name, the entrance.
but the transit trade along the navigable rivers within    SLEYDINGE, sl/ding'Oh, a village of Belgium, province
which the country is enclosed, is considerable.           of East Flanders, 7 miles N. by W. of Ghent, with manuSlavonia is the only country which has preserved the  factures of linen and cotton fabrics, leather, candles, musname of the great Slavonian stock. The inhabitants call their tard, vinegar, and oil, 2 breweries, 7 flour mills, and dyecourntry Slavonska, andthemselves Savonatz, and speak the  works. Pop. 5795.
so-called Illyrian tongue, which under a great variety of    SLIDRE, slee/dri, a village of Norway, 95 miles N.W. of
dialects prevails in many counties of Hungary, in the E. and  Christiania. Pop. 3100.
S. parts of Croatia, in Dalmatia, Servia, Bosnia, and Herzego-    SLIEDRECHT. slee/driKt, a village of the Netherlands,
vina. The country is divided into civil and military Sla- province of South Holland, on the Meuse, 4 miles 1. of Dort.
vonia-the former on the N., subdivided into the three  Pop. 1856.
counties of Posega, Verocz, and Syrmia; and the latter on    SLIEVE, (sleev,) BEG, a mountain of Ireland, co. of
the S.E. and N.E., subdivided into the two regimental dis- Down, 21 miles W.S.W. of Newcastle. Height, 2384 feet.
tricts (ReBgisents-bezirk) of Brad and Peterwardein, and the    SLIEVE, CAR, a mountain of Ireland, in Connaught, co.
battalion district (Bataillons-District) Csaikista. Pop. 336,000. of Mayo, between Lough Coon and Blacksod Bay. Height,
The Slavonians (L. Sclavini; Gr.XYXqa6vo t) appear to have  2368 feet.
possessed, during the decline of the Roman Empire, the    SLIEVE, DON/ARD, a mountain of Ireland, in Ulster,
greater portion of East Europe.  The Poles, Bohemians, co. of Down, on the S.W. side of Dundrum Bay, 2 miles S.W.
Illyrians, and Russians are considered to be of Slavonic  of Newcastle. Height, 2796 feet.
origin. -    Adj. SLAVONIAN, sla-volne-an, SLAvoN11C, and    SLIGO, sligo, a maritime county of Ireland, in Connaught,
SLtVy/c; inhab. SLaVO.'IAN.                               having on the N.W. and N. the bays of Kilalal, Sligo, and
SLAVOOTA, SLAVUTA or SLAWUTA, slg-voo/ta, a mar- Donegal. Area, 722 square miles, of which three-fourths is
ket-town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, on  arable or in plantations. Pop. in 1851, 128,510. The surface
the Gorin, 13 miles N. of Zaslav.                         is greatly diversified; mountains and bogs are interspersed
SLAWATYCE, sl-WI-titfsa, a market-town of Russian  with some level tracts and fertile land. Truskmore, in the
Poland, province, and 54 miles S.E. of Siedlce, on the Bug.  N.E., is a mountain 2072 feet in height; and Knockalongy
SLAWISZYN, sli- ish/in, a walled town of Poland, pro- (Ox Mountains) rises to 1778 feet. The county comprises
vince, and 10 miles N. of Kalisz. Pop. 1000.              Loughs Arrow, Gill, and a partof Gara; principal rivers, the
SLAWKOW, slav'kov/, a town of Poland, province of  Arrow and MIoy, which latter forms the W. boundaty.
Kielce, 31 miles N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 1520.               Principal crops, oats and potatoes, with some wheat. Coarse
SLAWKOW, a town of Moravia. See AUSTEnRLTZ.             linens and woollens are manufactured. Principal towns,
SLAWfSTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.       Sligo, Ballisadare, Dromore, and Tubbercurry. The county
SLAWUTA. See SLAvoora.                                  sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
1795




SLI                                                       SMI
SLIGO, a parliamentary and municipal borough and sea-   SLOP SPRING, a post office of Newberry district, South
port town of Ireland, capital of the above co., at the head of  Carolina.
Sligo Bay, 69 miles S.S.W.of Londonderry, and 131 miles N.WV.    SLOTEN or SLOOTEN, slilten, a town of the Netherlands.
ofDublin. Lat. 54~16 N., lon. 8028W. Pop. in 1851,11,209. province of Friesland, near the Zuyder Zee and Lake of
It contains'convenient markets and large stores, and consi- Sloten, 12;niles E. of Stavoren. Pop. 864. 
derable improvements have been made on the streets. It is   SLOTEN or SLOOTEN, a parish of the Netherlands, on
lighted with gas, and well supplied with water. The public  the Lake of Haarlem, 4 miles S.W. of Amsterdam. P. 2300.
buildings are the county court-house, prison, infirmary, fever-   SLOUGH, slow, a village of England, co. of Bucks, with a
hospital, union workhouse, new coqstabulary barrack, and a  station on the Great Western Rallway, 2' miles N.N.E. of
lunatic asylum; and it has 2 Protestant churches, a Presby-  Windsor. It has an astronomical observatory, where was
terian and Independent; 2 Methodist meeting-houses, a Ro- erected the great telescope of the elder Herschel.
man Catholic chapel, and 1 firiary or abbey church. The manu-   SLOYIERSVILLE, a post-office, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
factures are linen, flour, meal, soap, candles, ropes, whisky,   SLUCZEVO, sloo-chdlvo, a town of Poland, government
and beer. The harbor admits vessels of 13 feet draught of wa- of Warsaw, on the Prussian frontier, 11 miles S. of Thorn.
ter to moor at the quays, which have recently been consider- Pop. 1000.
ably extended and improved. That called the ballast quay    SLUIS or SLUYS, slois, (Fr. L'Acluse, lA'kliz!,) a fortified
is 2248 feet long. Vessels of large draught have to anchor town of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the Belgian
in the pool, which is safe and secure, but inconvenient for fi-ontier, 10 miles N.E. of Bruges, with which city it comdischarging or taking in cargoes. The number and tonnage  municates by a canal. Pop. 1508.
of sailing vessels registered as belonging to the port in 1850    SLURIMANS, a village in Madison co., Iowa; 135 miles W.
was 34, aggregate tonnage, 4745; steamers, one of 44 tons. by S. of Iowa City.
In 1850, there entered the port 222 vessels; tonnage, 20,142;   SLUSHIER, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky.
and departed 89 vessels, tonnage, 10,739; exclusive of 67    SLUTCH, a river of Russia. See SLOOTCH.
steamers, 23,027 tons, that arrived, and 70 steamers, 23,018    SLUTTSK. See SLoo0SK.
tons, that cleared from the port. The exports consist chiefly    SLUTTERSVILLE, a post-office, Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
of provisions, grain, flour, linen-yarns, &c.; and the imports,   SLUTZK. See SnooTs:.
colonial produce, timber, coals, iron, and salt. It sends a    SLUYS, a town of the Netherlands. See SLUIs.
member to Parliament. It gives the title of marquis to the    SLYIGUFF or SLI/GUFF, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
Brown family.                                             co. of Carlow.
SLI/GO, a post-village of De Kalb co., Tennessee, on Caney    SLYPE, slfpgh, a village of Belgium, province of West
Fork of Cumberland River, and on the turnpike from Le- Flanders, 17 miles W.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1178.
banon to Sparta, 70 miles E. by S. of Nashville.            SMACKrOVER, a township, Washita co., Arkansas. P. 612.
SLIGO, a small post-village of Henry co., Kentucky.       SMALAND, (Smdland,) or SMOLAND, smollhnd, a former
SLIGO, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, on the Cincin- province occupying the S.E. part of Sweden, now divided
nati Wilmington and Zanesville Railroad, 6 miles from Wil- into the districts or lins of Calmar, Wexio, and Jinkbping.
mington.                                                    SMALHOLM, SMALLIHOLM or SMAIL!HOLM, a parish
SLIGO, a post-office of Marshall co., Indiana.          of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.
SLIGO BAY, of Ireland, co. of Sligo, about 6 miles across    SMIALLBURGH, smallfbflir-rtih, a parish of England, co.
at its opening, penetrates the land by various arms; at the  of Norfolk.
head of the two chief ones are Sligo and Ballisadare, both    SMALILEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.
about 12 miles from the mouth of the bay. It has from 3    SMALLHOLM. See SMAL.HOL31.
to 20 fathoms water, and a sandy shore. In 1588 three    SMALL ISLES, an insular parish of Scotland, cos. of Arships of the Spanish armada were stranded here.           gyle and Inverness, and comprising the islands of Eig, Rum,
SLIMIBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    Canna, and Muck.
SLINIDON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             SMIALLW0OOD, a township of England, co. of Chester.
SLINIFOLD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            SMAR'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SLINGSIBY, a parish of England, co. York, North Riding.   SMEATON, (smeelton,) GREAT, a parish of England, co.
SLIPPERY FORD, a post-office of Marshall co., Pennsyl- of York, North Riding.
vania.                                                      SMECNA. See SMErscHNA.
SLIPIPERY ROCK, a post-township of Butler co., Penn-    SMEED'S FERRY, a small village of Onslow co., North
sylvania, about 44 miles N. by W. of Pittsburg. It includes Carolina.
the borough of Centreville. Total pop. 1768.                SMEETH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SLIPPERY ROCK, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsyl-    SMEEITON, a township of England, co. of Leicester.
vania. Pop. 1344.                                           SMEINOGORSK or ZMEINOGORSK, zml-no-gorsk/, writSLIPPERY ROCK CREEK, rises in the'W. part of Penn- ten also SMIEINJORSK, a town of West Siberia, in the
sylyania, and flows into the Beaver River.                mining district of the government of Tomsk.  Pop. 4000,
SLIPTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.       employed in silver-mines and smelting works.
SLOANSVILLE, slfnstvill, a post-village of Schoharie co.,   SMELTIZER, a township of Grant co., Wisconsin.
New York, about 35 miles W. by N. of Albany.                 SMELTZER'S GROVE, a post-office, Grant co., Wisconsin.
SLOATSBURG, slotstburg, a post-village of Rockland co.,   SMETHICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
New York, on the Erie Railroad, 36 miles from New York    SMETHIPORT, a post-borough of Keating township, capiCity.                                                     tal of McKean co., Pennsylvania, on Potato Creek, an affiuSLOBDOSK, slob-dosk/, or SLOBODSKOI, slob-ods-koiS, a  ent of the Alleghany River, 196 miles N.W. of Harrisburg.
town of Russia, government, and 16 miles N.E. of Yiatka, It has some trade in pine lumber, which is floated down the
on the Viatka. Pop. 6000. It has numerous churches, and  Alleghany. The town contains a brick court-house, an acaa monastery, and a considerable trade in corn and linseed.   demy, 2 printing offices, and several mills. Large coal-mines
SLOBODZIA, slo-bod/ze-a, a town of Wallachia, on the Ja- have been opened in the county.
lomnitza. (or Yalomnitza,) 60 miles E. of Bucharest.        SMETHIWICK, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.
SLOCHiTEREN, sloKsltA-ren, a village of the Netherlands,    SMETSCHNA, smftchfnil, or SMECNA, sm~tsfnA, a village
province, and 10 miles E. of Groningen. Pop. 1386.        of Bohemia, abouit 5 miles from Schlan. Pop. 1040.
SLOE, HET, hit sloo, that part of the West Scheldt River    SMICIIEW, smiK16v, or SMIKOW, smeelkov, a village of
which separates the island of South Beveland from that of Bohemia, so near Prague as to be almost' its suburb. P. 2500.
Waicheren.                                                  SMICKS/BURG, a post-village-of Indiana co., PennsylSLOKUTCHIIN, slo-kootfchin, a village of Bulgaria, S.W. vania, on Little Mahoning Creek, 174 miles W.N.W. of liarof Nicopolis.                                             risburg.
SLOILEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             SMIDAR, smeeldar, or SMIDARY, a market-town of BoSLOINIM, a town of Russian Poland, government, and 72  hernia, 3 miles N. of Neu Bidschow. Pop. 1166.
miles S.E. of Grodno. Pop. 7500. It has several churches, a    SMIEINJORSK. See SMEINOGaSK..
synagogue, a district school for nobles, and various factories.   SMIERCICZE. See SAsfITsz.
SLOOTCH, SLOUTCH or SLUTSCHI, slootch, a river of    SMIEV, sme-lv/, written also SMIJEW, a town of Russia,
Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, rises near Staro- government, and 22 miles S.E. of Kharkov, on the Donetz.
Konstantinov, flows N., and joins the Gorin in a marshy  Pop. 3000.
flat, after a course of 200 miles.                          SMIKOW. See Smcrcow.
SLOOTCIH, SLOUTCH or.SLUTSCH, a river of Russian    SMILEY'S CORNERS, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio.
Poland, government of Minsk, flows S. past Slootsk, and joins    SMILSOR'S MILLS, a post-office of Bush co., Indiana.
the Pripets 60 miles E. of Pinsk. Course, 80 miles.         SMIRITZ, smeefrits, or SMIERCICZE, smybtt-seetchA (?)
SLOOTEN. See SLoTEN.                                   a town of Bohemia, 10 miles from Kiniggriitz, on three little
SLOOTERDYK, sl'ter-dikI, a village of the Netherlands, arms of the Elbe. Pop. 1164.
an the Y, 3 miles'N.W. of Amsterdam.                       SMITH, a county in the S. central part of Mississippi. has
SLOOTSK, SLOUTSK, SLUTSK or SLUTZK, slootsk, a  an area of about 620 square miles. It is watered by Leaf
town of Russian Poland, government, and 63 miles S.W. of River. The surface is undulating or nearly level; the soil
Minsk, capital of a district, on the lesser Slootch, near its  is sandy, sterile, and covered with pine woods. Named in
source. Pop. 8000. Except its churches, convents, &c., it is honor of Major Smith, a soldier of the Revolution. Capital,
built of wood; it has a high school, formerly subordinate to  Raleigh. Pop. 4071, of whom 3073 were free. and 998 slaves.
the University of Vilna.                                   SMITH, a county towards the N.E. part of Texas, has an
1796




SMI                                                         SMO
area.of about 990 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by    SMITH'S FALLS, a town of Canada West, on the Rideau
the Sabine River, on the Wv. by the Neches, and drained by  Canal, co. of Leeds, 32 miles N.W. of Rockville, with mannthe sources of the Angelina. The county includes a large  factures of coarse woollens, iron, and leather; several grist
proportion of prairie land.  Named in honor of General and saw mills, 3 Protestant churches, a Roman Catholic
James Smith, a resident of the county. Capital, Tyler. Pop. chapel, and a public and 2 private schools. Pop. 1000.
4292, of whom 3575 were free, and 717 slaves.               SMITH'S FER/RY, a station and village of Hampshire co.,
SMITH, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, has an area  Massachusetts, on the Connecticut River, and Connecticut
of 360 square miles. It is traversed by the Cumberland  River Railroad, 80 miles W. of Boston. A ferry connects it
River. The surface is uneven and rather rough, but the  with South Hadley, which is opposite.
soil is generally rich. The Cumberland River is navigable    SMITH'S FERRY, a post-office, Beaver co., Pennsylvania.
by small boats in this part of its course. Capital, Carthage.   SMITH'S FORD, post-office, York district, South Carolina.
Pop. 18.412, of whom 13,895 were free, and 4517 slaves.      SMITI-I'S FORD, a post-village of Hardin co., Kentucky.
SMITH, a township of Washington co., Pennsylvania.   SMITIH'S GAP, a post-office of Hampshire co., Virginia.
Pop. 1462.                                                   SMITH'S GROVE, a post-office of Warren co., Kentucky.
SMITH, a township of Bradley co.; Arkansas. Pop. 967.    SMITH'S ISLAND, a small island in the Delaware River,
SMITH, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1641.      opposite Philadelphia.
SMITH, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 313.       SMITH'S ISLAND, an island of New Hanover co., North
SMITH, a township of Posey co., Indiana. Pop. 765.      Carolina, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. The S. exSMITH, an island in the Antarctic Ocean, being the west- tremity is called Cape Fear. It has a light-house, for which 
ernmost island of South Shetlands, in lat. 63~ 2' S., lon. 620  see CAPE FEAn.
47' W.                                                      SMITH'S LANDING, a post-village of Atlantic co., New
SMIT.H/BOROUGH, a post-village of Tioga co., New York. Jersey, about 4 miles S. of Absecum.
on the New York and Erie Railroad, 256 miles from New    SMITH'S LANDING, a post-office of Clermont co., PennYork City. The village is connectedwith the opposite side  sylvania.
of the Susquehanna by a wooden bridge.                      SMITH'S MILLS, a post-village of Chautauque co., New
SMITH BRIDGE, a post-office of Robeson co., North Ca- York, on the Erie Railroad, 12 miles from Dunkirk.
rolina.                                                     SMITH'S MILLS, post-office, Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
SMITH/DALE, a post-village of Amite co., Mississippi, 82    SMITH'S MILLS, a post-office of Carroll co., Mississippi.
miles S. by W. of Jackson.                                   SMITH'S MILLS, a post-office of Henderson co., Kentucky.
SMITH/FIELD, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine,   SMITH'S MILLS, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio.
about 25 miles N. of Augusta. Pop. 873.                      SMITH'S POINT, Chesapeake Bay, the southernmost
SMITH/FIELD, a township of Providence co.. Rhode  point of land at the entrance of the Potomac River. On it
Island, bordering on the Blackstone River, and the Provi- is a light-house showing a fixed light, 85 feet high.
deuce and Worcester Railroad, about 12 miles N. of Provi-   SMITH'S RIDGE, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.
denuce. The manufacture of lime from the extensive lime-    SMITH'S RIVER, a small stream of Grafton co., near the
stone quarries of this township affords employment to a  centre of New Hampshire, falls into the Connecticut River.
large number of the inhabitants. It contains several mann-    SMITH'S RIVER, rises in Patrick co.,Virginia, and flowing
facturing villages, the most important of which are Woon- into North Carolina, falls into Dan River near Leakesville.
socket, Slatersville, and Valley Falls. Pop. 11,500.         SMITH'S SOUND, a body of water formed at the N. exSMITHFIELD, a township of Madison co., New York. tremity of Baffin's Bay. It was surveyed by the United
Pop. 1669.                                                 States Expedition under Dr. Kane, in 1854, and found to
SMITHFIELD, a village and township of Bradford co., terminate towards the N.E. in a gulf of 110 miles extent in
Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N.W. of Towanda. Pop. 1948. its longest diameter.
SMITHFIELD, a post-village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania,   SMITH'S STATION, a post-office, York co., Pennsylvania.
190 miles WV. by S. of Harrisburg.                           SMITH'S STORE, a post-office of Spartanburg district,
SMIITHFIELD, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. South Carolina.
Pop. 1283.                                                   SMITH'S TURNOUT, a post-office of York district, South
SMITHFIELD, a handsome post-village, capital of Isle of Carolina.
Wight co., Virginia, is finely situated on a navigable creek,   SMITIISVILLE.  See SMITVaLLE.
which opens into the James River a few miles from its    SMITHITOWN, a post-village and township of Suffolk co.;
mouth, 80 miles S.E. of Richmond. It contains 3 churches, New York, 45 miles E. by N. of New York. The township is
and several schools. Pop. from 900 to 1000.                bounded on the N. by Long Island Sound. Pop. 1972.
SMITHFIELD, a village of Monongalia co., Virginia, 10    SMITHTOWN BAY, an inlet of Long Island Sound exmiles N.W. of Morgantown.                                 tending into the above township.
SMITHFIELD, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., North    SMITHTOWN BRANCH, a post-village of Suffolk co.,
Carolina, on the left bank of the Neuse River, 27 miles S.E. New York.
of Raleigh. The North Carolina Railroad will probably pass    SMITH/VILLE, a township of Chenango co., New York.
through this place.                                        Pop. 1771.
SMITHFIELD, a post-office of Polk co., Texas.              SMITIIVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York,
SMITHFIELD, a post-office of IhIenry co., Kentucky.     on the railroad from Sackett's Harbor to Ellisburg, 5 miles
SMITHFIELD, a post-village and township of Jefferson  S. of the former.
co., Ohio, 14 miles S.W. of Steubenville. Pop. 1882.         SMITHVILLE, a post-village of Lancaster co., PennsylSMITHFIELD, a township, De Kalb co., Indiana. P. 661. vania, 46 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg.
SMITHFIELD, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, on    SMITHVILLE, a post-village of Powhatan co., Virginia,
White River, 64 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. It contains a  39 miles W. of Richmond.
church, and 2 mills.                                         SMITHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Brunswick co.,
SMITH GROVE, apost-village of Davie co., North Carolina. North Carolina, on the right (IV.) bank of Cape Fear River,
SMITH/LAND, a village of Clarion co., Pennsylvania, on  1 or 2 miles from its entrance into the Atlantic. It -has a
Red Bank Creek, 15 miles S. of Clarion.                    safe harbor, and contains several stores. Pop. 500.
SMITHLAND, a post-office of Cass co., Texas.              SMITHVILLE or SMITIHSVILLE, a post-village of AbbeSMITHLAND, a post-village, capital of Livingston co., ville district, South Carolina, 94 miles W. of Columbia.
Kentucky, on the Ohio River, just below the mouth of the    SMITIVILLE, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia.
Cumberland, 215 miles in a direct line W.S.W. of Frankfort.   SMITI-IVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co'., Mississippi,
The trade of this village is said to be declining, on account on Bull Mlountain Creek, 190 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. Laid
of the channel changing to the other side of the Ohio River. out in 1846. It has several stores.
It contains a bank.                                         SMITHVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lawrence co., Ar.
SMITHLAND, a post-village of Randolph co., Missouri, 65  kansas, about 125 miles N.N.E. of Little Rock.
miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.                              SMITHVILLE, a post-village, capital of De Kalb co., TenSMITHLAND, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.         nessee, 65 miles E. of Nashville.
SMITH/PORT, a village of De Soto parish, Louisiana, on    SMITIHVILLE, post-village of Wayne co., Ohio, on the road
Bayou Pierre Lake, 12 miles N.E. of Mansfield.             from Wooster to Akron, 92 miles N.E. of Columbus. P. 260.
SMITHPORT, Pennsylvania. See SMre0uTaRT.                  SMITHVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co., Indiana.
SMITH'S, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.               SMITHVILLE, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.
SMITH'S BASIN, a post-office, Washington co., New York.   SMITHVILLE, a post-village of Clay co., Missouri, on
SMITHSBOROUGH. See SMITHBOROUGe.                        Smith's Fork of Platte River, 15 miles N.W. of Liberty.
SMITHSIBURG, a post-village of Washington co., Mary-   SMITH/VILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Linland, 106 miles N.W. of Annapolis. Pop. 366.              coln, pleasantly situated on the Jordan or Twenty Mile
SMITHS/BY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.           Creek, about 35 miles S.S.W. of Toronto. Pop. about 450.
SMIITH'S CORNERS, New York. See POPLAR RIDoE.             SMITHVILLE FLATS, a post-village of Chenango co., New
SMITH'S CREEK, a post-office, Washington co., Virginia. York, on Geneganslet Creek, about 125 miles W. by S. of
SMITH'S CREEK, -of Warren co., North Carolina, dows  Albany. It has several mills and factories.
into the Roanoke River a little N. of the line between North    SMOKE'S CREEK, Erie co., New York, falls into Lake ERie.
Carolina and Virginia.                                      SMO'KY BAY, an inlet on the S. coast of Australia, im
SMITH'S CROSS-ROADS, post-office, Morgan co.,Virginia. mediately N.WY. of Stready Bay, in Eyre Land; lat. 320 30'
SMITH'S CROSS-ROADS, post-office, Rhea co., Tennessee. S., Ion. 1350 45' E.
1797




SMO                                                         SNA
SMIOK/Y IOL/LOW, a post-village of Columbia co., New  yellow-berries, and opium.  In 1852, the total exports
York, about 36 miles S.S.E. of Albany.                     amounted to 1,766,6531., of which 882,9801. were to Great
SMOKY OR/BINARY, a post-office of Brunswick co., Vir- Britain, and 90,8491. to Russia; and the imports to 1,357,3391.,
ginia.                                                     of which 482,9811. were from  Britain; 126,8595. from  the
SMOKY POINT, a headland of East Australia, 35 miles  United States; 285,232Z. from Austria and the Zollverein;
N.E. of Port Macquarie.                                    269,9301. from  France; and 70,3231. from Russia. In 1849,
SMOLAND. See SMIALAND, (Smdland.)                        1850, and 1851, the vessels that entered and cleared were as
SMOLEN, sm'llfn, an island off the N.W. coast of Norway, follows:3 miles W.S.W. of Hittern; lat. 630 20' N., lon. 80 5' E. It
is tolerably compact. Length, from E.N.E. to W.S.W., 15                            ENE.                 CLEAED.
miles; central breadth, 10 miles.                                 Years.
SMOLENSK, smo-l4nskf, or SMOLENSKO, smo-lan/sko, a                          Vessels.    Tens.    Vessels.    Tons.
government ofRussia, mostly between lat. 530 20' and 560._ T n _
30' N., and Ion. 300 30' and 350 25' E., enclosed by the go-  1849................    -866    113,790  [  844   i 102,993
vernments of Moheelev, Vitebsk, Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Ka-  1850..............    937     132,856     949      118,241
looga, Orel, and Tchernigov. Area, 21.814 square miles.  11.                   33,4        00     12,15
Pop. in 1851, 1,069,650. The surface is undulating, and in
some parts marshy. The principal rivers are the Dnieper, Nearly a third of the total tonnage entered and cleared was
Dwina, Gjat, Oka, and the Ipoot. The soil is fertile, and  British.
corn more than sufficient for consumption is raised, besides    Smyrna is claimed to be the birthplace of Homer.  In
hemp, flax, tobacco, and hops.  Few  cattle are reared, 1402 it was ruined by Timur, and it has since suffered rebut hogs and bees in gi'eat numbers. The forests are very  peated vicissitudes, especially from destructive earthquakes
extensive and valuable. Iron, copper, and salt are found, and visitations of the plague; but its admirable situation
The manufactures comprise leather, glass, and pitch. The  for commerce has caused it, after each new calamity, rapidly
raw produce of the government is exported in large quanti- to regain its wonted importance. It suffered severely from
ties to Riga, Vilna, and Moscow. The government is sub- fire in July, 1845.-Adj. and inhab. SMYRNIOT, smir/ne-0t.
divided into 12 circles.                                      SMYR/NA, a post-village of Chenango co., New York, about
SMOLENSK, a fortified town of Russia, capital of the  100 miles W. of Albany. It is the seat of an active and extenabove government, on the Dnieper, 250 miles W.S.W. of  sive business, and contains 4 churches, including a Friends'
Moscow. Pop. 13,000. It is enclosed by massive walls, and  meeting-house, 5 stores, and a Union school-house, recently
is the see of a Russian archbishop. The principal public  erected. A machine, invented by a citizen of the village,
edifices are 3 handsome cathedrals, numerous Greek, Roman  for making hoes, is operated by water-power. A piece of
Catholic, and Lutheran churches, an episcopal palace, and  rough steel, passing through the machine three times, is
monasteries.  It has a diocesan seminary, a college, and  converted into a hoe, completely finished except polishing.
military school for nobles, several hospitals, a house of  Pop. in 1854, about 600; of the township in 1850, 1940.
correction, assembly-rooms, manufactures of linens, soap,   SMIYRNA, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
leather, and carpets, and a considerable export of corn and    SMYRNA, a rapidly improving post-village of Kent co.,
flax.  In 1838 the erection of an iron pyramid was com- Delaware, near Duck Creek, 36 miles S. of Wilmington, and
menced, to commemorate the resistance made by the town  10 miles W. of Delaware Bay. Next to Wilmington it is the
to the French in 1812.                                      most commercial place in the state.  It contains 3 or 4
SMIOLIANY, smo-le-anee, a market-town of Russia, go- churches, a newspaper office, a bank, 2 large hotels, and
vernment, and 50 miles N.N.W. of Moheelev. In 1708 the  several carriage factories. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2000.
Swedish general Kamfa and the corps he commanded were    SMYRI/NA, a post-office of Carteret co., North Carolina.
made prisoners here. Pop. 2000.                               SMYRNA, a post-office of Barnwell district, South CasroSMOOTH PRAIRIE, a small village of Madison co., Illi-  lina.
nois.                                                         SMYRNA, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tennessee, on
SMORGONI, smoR-gofnee, a town of Russian Poland, go- the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 20 miles from
vernment, and 45 miles E.S.E. of Vilna. Here, in 1812, Napo- Nashville.
leon left his army under the command of Murat, and return-   SMYRNA, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, 40 miles
ed to France.                                               W.S.W. of Steubenville.
SMORTRITZA, smox-tritsA, a town of Russia, govern-    SMYRNA, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.
ment of Podolsk, on a stream of the same name, N. of Ka-   SMYRNA, a township of Jefferson co., Indiana. Pop. 1124.
mieniec. Pop. 1700.                                           SMYRNA, a small village of Bureau co., Illinois.
SMYRNA, smir/na, (Turk. Izmeer, Ismir or lzmir, izmeess;    SMYRNA, GULF OF, (anc. Smyrnfceus Silnus,) an inlet of
Fr. Smyrne, smeesn,) a famous city and seaport of Asia  the 2Egean Sea, extends inland for 45 niles; the breadth of
Minor, and the chief commercial emporium of West Asia, its entrance is 22 miles. It has in most parts good anchorage,
on a plain at the head of the Gulf of Smyrna, and partly  and ships of large burden can anchor close to the quays of
upon the declivity of the ancient Mons-Plagus, which is  Smyrna, near its E. extremity. It contains several islands,
crowned by a citadel, a structure of the thirteenth cen- the principal of which, Long or English Island, is 5 miles in
tury. Lat. of Daraghaz point, 380 26' 5" N., olen. 270 9' 7"  length.
E.  Estimated pop. 150,000, of whom  80,000 are Turks,   SMY/SER'S DEPOT, a thriving village of York co., Penn.
40,000 Greeks, 15,000 Jews, 10,000 Armenians, and 5000  sylvania, on the railroad from York to Baltimore, at the
/Franks. It has a fine appearance from the sea, but is in  junction with the Hanover Branch, 10 miles S. of York.
general wretchedly built; the houses are mostly of wood,   SMYTH, smith, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia,
and only one story in height; the streets are narrow and  has an area of 625 square miles. The three branches of Holfilthy, The Frank and Greek quarters extend for about ston River, named the North, Middle, and South Forks, rise
21 miles along the shore; above these is the Armenian  near the N.E. border of the county, and flow through it in a
quarter; and the Turks occupy all the upper parts of the  S.W. direction. The Iron Mountain range forms the S.
city, having between them and the Armenians two close  boundary, and Walker's Mountain extends along the N.W.
quarters inhabited by the Jews. The principal edifices are  border; the surfacebetween these is an elevated valley. The
the bazaar and market-place, the vizier-khan, constructed  river-bottoms are very fertile.  Limestone and gypsum are
of the marble ruins of the ancient theatre, the palace of the  abundant in the county; and the latter is used to fertilize
governor, new barracks for 3000 men, several synagogues, 5  the land. Extensive manufactories of salt are in operation
Greek, 2 Roman Catholic, 2 Armenian, and 2 Protestant on the S.W. border. It is intersected by the Virginia and
churches, and about 20 mosques, which are always open for  Tennessee Railroad. Named in honor of General Alexander
the inspection of Christians and others. Numerous coffee- Smyth, member of Congress fi-om Virginia. Capital, Mahouses and gardens are scattered along the banks of the  rion. Pop. 8162, of whom 7098 were fiee, and 1064 slaves.
river Meles, which enters the gulf E. of the city; and exten-   SMYTHFIELD, a post-village of Somerset co., Pennsylsive cemeteries occupy portions of the declivity of Mount  vania, on the Youghiogheny River, where it is crossed by
Pagus, on which are various remains of the ancient city, the National Road, 158 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg. The
the seat of one of the "seven churches" of the early Chris- post-office is called SOMERcLEuD.
tian period mentioned in Scripture. Smyrna has a large    SNAIL!WELL, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
Armenian academy, and it is the residence of consuls of    SNAIN/TON, chapelry, England, co. York, North Riding.
most of the principal European states.                       SNAITH, a market-town of England, co. of York, West
Smyrna has been for centuries the most important centre  Riding, on the Aire, 61 miles S. of Selby. Pop. in 1851, 840.
of trade in the Levant. This trade has been carried on both    SNAKE ISLAND, West Indies.  See ANoUILLA.
by shipping and by the caravans of Asia Minor, Syria, Bag-   SNAKE RIVER, Oregon. See LewIs RoVER.
dad, and Persia; and here, as well as in Constantinople    SNAPE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
and most of the Turkish towns, the Jews have managed to    SNAPE, a township of England, co. York, North Riding.
become the principal agents in the purchase and sale of    SNAPIPER ISLAND, off the E. coast of Australia, in,
commodities. The chief imports are cotton manufactures, Trinity Bay; lat. 16c 17' 35/" S., lon. 1450 37' E.
woollen cloths; colonial goods, mostly coffee and sugar;    SNAPIPING SHOALS, a post-village, Newton co.. Georgia.:ron, steel, lead, tin, hardware goods, &c. The principal ex-   SNARES, snairz (?) four small islands belonging to the?orts are dried fruits, cotton, silk, goats'-hair, sheep and  Kooriles. Lat. 480 36' N., lon. 1530 44' E., discovered by
amels'-wool, rabbit and hare-skins, valonia, madder-root, Krusenstern in 1805.
1798 




SNA                                                       SOB
SNARES ISLANDS, in the South Pacific Ocean, S. of New    SNOW  HILL, a post-village of Walker co., Georgia, 14
Zealand. The easternmost of the group is in lat. 480 3 S., miles N. of Lafayette.
Ion. 1660 45' E.                                            SNOW HILL, a post-village of Wilcox co., Alabama, about
SNARES/TON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.      55 miles S.W. of Montgomery.
SNAR/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           SNOW HILL, a post-office of HIamilton co., Tennessee.
SNARIGATE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              SNOW HILL, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohio, 74 miles
SNAVE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                S.S.W. of Columbus.
SNAWDON HILL, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.      SNOW  ISLAND, South Shetland, in the South Atlantic'SNE. See EsNEH.                                        Ocean, S.W. of Livingston's Island, is 25 miles long.
SNEAD'S FERRY, post-office, Onslow co., North Carolina.    SNOWS/HILL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
SNEATON, snee/tpn, a parish of England, co. of York,   SNOW/SHOE, snflshl, a post-village and township of Cen..
North Riding.                                             tre co., Pennsylvania, about 17 miles N.W. of Bellefonts.
SNEEDSIBOROUGH, a village of Anson co., North Caro- Pop. 432.
lina, on Yadkin River, 110 miles S.W. of Raleigh.           SNOW'S STORE, a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont.
SNEEDS/VILLE, a post-village, capital of Hancock co.,   SNOW/VILLE, a post-village of Choctaw co., Mississippi,
Tennessee, 275 miles E. by N. of Nashville, and 1 mile from  110 miles N.N.E. of Jackson.
Clinch River. Itbecame the countyseatabout the year 1848.   SNUF/FLETOWN, a small village of Sussex co., New JerSNEEHAETTEN, SNEEHATTAN,(Sneehiittan.)or SNEE- sey, 15 miles N.E. of Newton, contains a store, tannery,
HAETTAN, snY/ht'tan, (i.e. "snow-cap,") a mountain of  church, and 10 or 12 dwellings.
Norway, belonging to the Dovrefield group; lat. 620 20' N.,   SNYATIN, a town of Austrian Poland. See SNIArYN.
Ion. 9 201 E. It rises to the height of 8115 feet, and is per-   SNY/BAR, a post-office of Lafayette co., Missouri.
petally covered with snow and ice.                          SNY/DER, a township ofBlairco., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1090.
SNEER, snaik, or SNITS, snits, a town of the Netherlands,   SNYDER, a new township of Forest co., Pennsylvania.
province of Friesland, in a marshy tract, 13 miles S.S.W. of   SNYDER, a township, Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. P. 306.
Leeuwarden,  It is traversed by canals, has Reformed, Bap-   SNY/DERSTOWN, a small village of Columbia co., Penntist, and Roman Catholic churches, several hospitals and sylvania.
schools, numerous boat-building yards, rope-walks, foundries,   SNYDERSTOWN, a post-village of Northumberland Co.,
&c., and a trade in butter and cheese. Pop. in 1850, 7750.   Pennsylvania, on Shamokin Creek, 8 miles E. of Sunbury.
SNEEILAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 4 miles    SNYDERSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., PennsylW.N.W of Wragby, on the Lincoln Railway.                  vania, about 112 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
SNEEUWBERGEN, snSW/b'RUeen, range of mountains in    SNYDERTOWN, a little village of Hunterdon co., New
South Africa. See CAPE COLOvY.                            Jersey.
SNEL/LING RANCH, a post-office of California.             SOIA or SO/AY, an island of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland,
SNELS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.           co. of Inverness, parish of Bracadale, off the S. coast of Skye.
SNEN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Notts, forming an  Length, from N. to S., 3 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 113.
E. suburb of Nottingham.                                    SOA, an island of Scotland, adjacent to the above, and 1
SNET/TERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       mile in circuit.
SNET/TISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         SOAJO, so-&zho, a town and parish of Portugal, province
SNEYD, snaid, a parish of England and North Wales, cos. of Minho, 12 miles S.E. of Mon?5o. Pop. 1196.
of Salop and Montgomery.                                    SOANA, so-If/ni, a decayed town of Tuscany, in the MaSNIATYN or SNYATIN, sne-/tin, a town of Austrian  remma, 3 miles N.W. of Pitigliano.
Poland, in Galicia, 24 miles E. of Kolomea, on the Pruth.   SOANGHEER, so-An-gheer/, a town of British India, prePop. 6469. It has a castle, united Greek and Armenian  sidency of Bombay, 40 miles E.S.E. of Nunderbar.
churches, and numerous tanneries.                           SOAP (sop) CREEK, of Iowa, flows into Des Moines River
SNICKIERSVILLE, a thriving post-village of London co., from the W., near the S. border of Wapello county.
Virginia, on the turnpike from Winchester to Washington,   SOAP CREEK, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.
165 miles N. by W. of Richmond.                             SOAP/STONE MOUNT, a post-office of Randolph co., North
SNIIDER'S, a post-village of Washington co., Kentucky, Carolina.
25 miles E.S.E. of Independence.                            SOAR, sir, a river of England, rises between Hinchley
SNITS, a town of Netherlands. See SNEOK.                and Lutterworth, flows generally N. through the centre of
SNIT/TERBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        Leiestershire, past Leicester, Mount Sorrel, and LoughboSNITITERFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.   rough, and joins the Trent about 12 miles E.S.E. of Derby,
SNIIZORT, an insular parish of Scotland, co. of Inverness, whence to Leicester it is navigable for barges.
comprising the N. part of the island of Skye.               SOAVE, so-I/vA, a fortified village of Austrian Italy, deleSNIZORT, LOCH, loa, Scotland, a deep inlet of the sea, gation, and 12 miles E. of Verona. Pop. 2200.
extending inland for 12 miles. Breadth at entrance, 61 miles.   SOIAY, GREAT and LITriE, two islands of the Outer HebSNOD/DYVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Tennessee, rides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, parish, and off the W. coast
226 miles E. of Nashville.                                of Harris, from which they are separated by a sound 1 mile
SNOD/LAND, a parish of England. co. of Kent.            in width.
SNOOK/VILLE, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio          SOAY, a small island of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, near
SNORE/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Essex.           the entrance of Loch Inver.
SNOR/ING, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.     SOAY. See SOA.
SNORING, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.     SOBERNHEIM, so/bern-hime', a town of Rhenish PrusSNOV or SNOW, snof, a river of Russia, rises in the N. sia, 39 miles S. of Coblentz, on the Nahe. Pop. 2400.
part of the government of Tchernigov, flows S.S.W., and    SOIBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
jons the Desna 10 miles above the town of Tchernigov. Total   SOBIESLAU, so-be-&s/l6w, a town of Bohemia, 23 miles
course, 140 miles.                                        N.N.E. of Budweis. Pop. 3468.
SNOW CAMP, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.   SOBOTJE, so-bot/ya, or ZOPTAN, (Ziptan,) tsSprtan a vilSNOW CREEK, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia.    late of Austria, in Moravia, circle of Olmutz. Pop. 1128.
SNOW CREEK, a post-office of Iredell co., North Carolina.   SOBOTKA, so-bot/kg, a town of Bohemia, circle ofBuntzlau,
SNOW  CREEK, a post-office of Pickens district, South  13 uiles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1500.
Carolina.                                                   SOBRADILLO, so-bri-Deel/yo, a town of Spain, in Leon,
SNOW CREEK, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi.   province, and 45 miles W.S.W. of Salamanca. Pop. 1104.
SNOWDEN, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania,    SOBRADO, so-brIdo, a town of Spain, province, and about
11 miles S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1225.                      26 miles S.S.E. of Coinunna, on the Tambre. Near it is a
SNOW/DON, the most lofty mountain of Wales and South  lake with the largest eels in Galicia. Pop. 2863.
Britain, co., and 10 miles S.E. of Carnarvon, its principal   SOBRADO DE TRIBES, so-brNdo dL treetrs, a town and
peak, Y-Wyddva, rising to 3571'eet above the sea. Its W. parish of Spain, province, and about 30 miles from Oreuse.
side is very precipitous, and partly formed of basalt. Its  Pop. 1055.
summit commands magnificent views.                          SOBRAL, so-br lt, a market-town of Portugal, province
SNOW FALLS, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.         of Estremadura, 23 miles N. of Lisbon.
SNOW  HILL, a port of entry, capital of Worcester co.,   SOBRAL, a town of Brazil, province, and130 miles W.N.W.
Maryland, is situated on the left bank of Pocomoke River, of Ceara.
20 miles from its mouth, and 100 miles S.E. of Annapolis. It   SOBRAN, so-brlnl, or VILLAJUAN, veel-ya-noo-lnf, a
is pleasantly situated near the head of navigation, and has town and parish of Spain, in Galicia, province, and 12 miles
an active business. Large quantities of corn, pine lumber, from Pontevedra, on an elevated plain above the E. shore of
and firewood are shipped at this place. It contains good  the Bay of Arosa, where it has a harbor. Pop. 2273.
county buildings, 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2    SOBRAON, so-bri-on! (?) a town of North-west India, on
large hotels. Tonnage in 1894, 5305; 10 schooners, with a  the Sutlej, 25 miles N.E. of Ferozepoor. where the British
tonnage of 604, were built during the year. Pop. in 1850, gained a great victory over the Sikhs, February 10, 1846.
714; in 1853, about 1200.                                   SOBRARBE, so-brarsbA, a district of Spain, in the Arago
SNOW HILL, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia.    nian Pyrenees, extending about 48 miles in -.tgth, and 40
SNOW HILL, a post-village, capital of Greene co., North  miles in breadth, bounded N. by France.  This was the eraCarolina, on Contentny Creek, an affluent of the Neuse  die of the brave Aragonese who first held the Saracen inRiver, 70 miles S.E. of Raleigh. Pop. from 100 to 200.    vaders in check, and laid the foundations of the liberties c
1799




SOB                                                         SOD
Spain. They assembled ms early as 819, in the fast.nesses of  Eimeo. In the earlier periods the main causes of decreas%
Sobrarbe, where the primitive laws were drawn up. These  were, undoubtedly, infanticide and the licentious society of
were called Fueros de Sobrarbe, and becoame the model of the Areoi.-Inhab. SocIETY ISLANDEr,.
those of many other places.                                  SOCKIBURN, a parish of England, cos. of Durham  and
SOBREIRA  FORMOSA, so-brie-rg foarmoosA, a town of  York, North Riding.
Portugal, province of Beira Baixa, 22 miles W.S.W. of Cas-   SOCKNA, sok/n, written also SOKNA  and SUKNA,
tello Branco, on the Poracama.  Pop. 2484.                 sook-na, a walled town of Central Africa, in Fezzan, midway
SOCCATTOO, a town of Africa. See SAccATOO.               between Tripoli and Moorzook, and 110 miles S. of the
SOCCOPATOY. See SoCHAPAToY.                              Tripoli frontier. Lat. 290 N., ion. 160 E.' Pop. 3000.
SOCHACZEW, so-Kuch~v, a town of Poland, government,   SOCOBOS, so-kofeos, a town of Spain. in Murcia, province,
and 28 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 2600.                      and 37 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1473.
SOOHAPAPTOY or SOCCOPATOY, a post-village of Coosa    SOCONUSCO, so-ko-noosfko, a town of Central America,
co., Alabama, 36 miles N. by E. of Wetumpka.               capital of the West Province of the state of Guatemala. The
SOCIAL (solshal) CIR/CLE, a thriving post-village of Wal- province of Soconusco consists of a strip of territory having
ton co., Georgia, on the Georgia Railroad, 120 miles WV. of  N. the Mexican state of Chiapas, W. that of Oajaca, and S. the
Augusta. It is a depot for the produce of the county. In- Pacific Ocean. Length, 120 miles; average breadth, 40 miles.
corporated in 1831.                                           SOCOR1RO,  a large county forming the S.W. extremity of
SOCIAL HILL, a post-office of Muhlenberg co., Kentucky. New Mexico, has an area estimated at above 60,000 square
SOCIALITY, so-she-alle-te, a post-village of Cattaraugus  miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Rio Grande, on the
co., New York, about 40 miles S. of Buffalo.                iV. and partly on the N. by the Rio Colorado. But little
SOCIETY  HILL, a post-village of Darlington district, is known of the surface, excepting the portion near the Rio
South Carolina, about 100 miles E.N.E. of Columbia, It is Grande, which is uneven and broken by the Sierra Madre.
near the W. bank of the Great Pedee River, and contains The census of 1850 gives no returns for this county.
several churches and stores.                                  SOCORRO, a post-village of Socorro co.. New Mexico, on
SOCIETY HILL, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama, 167  the right bank of the Rio Grande, about 135 miles S.S.W. of
miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa.                                  Sante F6.
SOCIE/TY ISLANDS, (Fr. Archiipel de Tahiti, aslsheep~ll!    SOCORRO, so-koenGo, a town of South America, in New
deh t'eeteet, or Isles de la Socigtf, eel deh 1/ so'se-AtWI; Ger. Granada, department of Boyaca, capital of a province, 65
Societtits Inselns, solse-eh-tAts' inlseln,) an important group of  miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 12,000. (8)
the South Pacific, between lat. 16  11' and 170 53' S., and    SOCORRO, LAXE  OF, a lake of South America, in New
Ion. 1480 5' and 1510 48' W., and between the Low Islands,  Granada, at the head of the brook of Reventado, which supwhich almost join them on the E., and the Friendly Islands, plies water to the city of Cartago.
situated at a greater distance on the VW. Tihe group con-   SOCORRO, an island of Patagonia. See ISIAMBLIN.
sists of the island of Tahiti or Otaheite, about 32 miles long    SOCORRO, an island of the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 180 435
fi-om N.W. to S.E., and divided into two peninsulas by an  14" N., lon. 1100 54' 15 "W., about 24 miles long, and 9 miles
isthmus 3 miles broad; and a great number of comparatively  broad.  It may be said to consist of one mountain, the
smallislands, of which the most deserving of notice are Eimeo, summit of which is about 2000 feet above the sea-level, and
Osnaburg, (Mlaitea,) Taponamoa or Saunder's Island, Ilua-  may be seen at the distance of 60 miles.
heine, Raiatea or Ulitea, Otaha, Bola-Bola or Bora-Born,    SOCOTRA, sokfo-tr3, SOCOTORA, sokfo-to-r&, SOKTRA,
I[arua or Maupiti, and Tubal. All the islands are elevated, sok'trd, or SOKOTRAH, so-kot/rA, (anc. Dioscoreidis Intsula.)
and more or less mountainous. In Tahiti, which consists of  an island in the Indian Ocean, 120 miles E. of Cape Guardafui,
an elongated ridge, the loftiest summit, Orohena, is 8500 feet the E. extremity of Africa, and belonging to Keshin, a petty
above the level of the sea, and two other summits near it are  state of Arabia, about 240 miles distant.  Tamarida, its
respectively 7000 and 6979 feet. Among the mountains are  capital, on the N.E coast of the island, is in lat. 120 39' N.,
many deep valleys and romantic glens, in which a delight- lon. 540 1' 2" E. Length, from E. to W., 70 miles; greatest
ful climate and fertile soil maintain a luxuriant vegetation; breadth, 20 miles. Area, estimated at 1000 square miles,
but it is towards the sea-side and along the foot of the  and the population at fi-om 4000 to 5000, mostly Bedouins,
mountains that the land is both most densely wooded and  with some settled Arabs, Negroes, and descendants of Porcarefully cultivated. Close along the shore, an excellent tuguese. Its centre is a chain of granite and limestone
broad road, overshadowed with trees, affords an agreeable  mountains, rising to 5000 feet in height, around which a
access to the different settlements which have been made  belt of low land, from 2 to 4 miles across, skirts the sea;
around it. A coral, reef, encircling the island at the dis- in its fertility it presents in some parts a favorable contrast
tance of 2 or 3 miles, presents an effectual barrier against to the adjacent mainlands. The climate is more temperate
the violence of the waves, and at the same time, having  than on the adjacent continent. The products comprise
several openings in it, forms a number of harbors, where  aloes of the finest quality, dragon's-blood and other gums,
the sea is constantly tranquil, and the largest vessels can  tamarinds, tobacco, dates, a kind of millet, and ghee. The
ride in safety. The best of these harbors, and the only  domestic animals are oxen, sheep, goats, comels, and civet
one much used, is Matavai Bay, on the N. Point Venus, cats. The trade is mostly with Muscat, and whence most
which contributes to form it, and is the N. extremity of  provisions are imported. The British government failed in
Tahiti, is the most accurately determined site in the Pacific, negotiations to purchase this island from  the Sultan of
and has been assumed by Lieutenant Raper as a secondary  Keshin.-Adj. SOCIOTRaAN and SOCOTRINE, soklo-trin; inhab.
meridian. According to him, the flagstaff on it is in lat. 170  SocoTRAN.
29' 15" S., and Ion. 1490 29' W.                             SOCUELLAMOS. so-thwvl-y~/moce, a village of Spain, in
One of the most remarkable features in the vegetation of  New  Castile, province of Ciudad-Real, 102 miles S.E. of
Tahiti is the~extent of ground occupied by the guava shrub. Madrid. Pop. 2310.
It was introduced from Norfolk Island about 40 years ago,   SODAII, so/dA, an island on the S.E. coast of Arabia, the
and it now forms miles of woodland and bush entirely com- second largest of Curia-Muria group 3 miles long, by 2 miles
posed of it, and bearing a profusion of large and delicious  broad. Highest peak, 1310 feet.
fruit. The scenery of Eimeo is, if possible, still more at-   SODA LAKE, near the N.W. extremity of Louisiana, is
tractive than that of Tahiti; and almost every island of the  connected with Lake Caddo on the W., and with Cross Lake
group has been described by navigators in rapturous terms, on the S., and communicates with Red River, near Shreveas realizing their ideas of an earthly paradise. Many of the  port, by a short outlet. Length, about 15 miles; greatest
population have been converted to Christianity by mis- breadth, above 6 miles. It is navigable by steamboats for
sionaries, who have also introduced many of the arts of  about nine months in the year.
civilized life. Papeiti, the capital of Tahiti, is resorted to    SODASIHIAVAGRUR,  British India. See SEDAsnooounr.
by numerous whalers and other ships for commercial pus-   SODBURY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
poses.                                                        SODBURY, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Gloncester.
The Society Islands appear to have been first discovered    SODIBURY, CHIP/PING, a parish of England, co. of Glonin 1606, by the Spanish navigator Pedro Fernandez de cester, with a market-town, 25 miles S.S.W. of Gloucester.
Quiros, who gave to Tahiti the name of La Sagittaria. It   SOiERFORS, sblder-foas', avillage of Sweden, len, and 37
remained unknown to the rest of the world till 1767, when  miles N.W. of Upsal, on an island in the Dal-elf, having a
Captain Wallis, sent by George III. to make discoveries in  large anchor foundry, employing 500 workmen.
the Pacific, reached Tahiti, and believing himself the first   SODERHAMN, sblder-h/mn, a maritime town of Sweden,
discoverer, gave it the name of King George Island. The inn, and 42 miles N. of Gefie, on an inlet of the Gulf of
year after it was touched at by Bougainville; but by far Bothnia. Pop. 1500. It has a royal manufactory of arms,
the most important visit was that of 1769, made by Captain  and an export trade in iron and timber.
Cook, in company with Sir Joseph Banks and an efficient   SODERKOPING, sSider-kS'ping, a maritime town of Swescientific staff, mainly for the purpose of observing the rare  den, lhen, and 25 miles E.N.E. of Linklping, on the Gotha
occurrence of the transit of Venus across the sun's disk. Canal, 16 miles from the Baltic Sea. Pop. 956, who have an
The Society Islands have recently come into the possession  export trade in Baltic produce.
of the French. The population has, like many of the other    SODERMANNLAND,  sOlder-m~nn-l~nt', or SUDERMAgroups of the Pacific, remarkably decreased. Cook, in 1774, NIA, soolder-min'e-3, an old province of Sweden, now subprobably very much overrated it at 200,000.  The mis- divided among the lIens of Nykiping and Stockholm.
sionaries in 1757 made it only 16,050.  A census taken    SODER0, s6tdeh-r6', an island of Sweden, laen of Stockabout 1840 reduced it to 10,000, of which 1000 belonged to  holm, in the Aland Strait. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 3 miles
1800




SOD                                                    S0K
SODERTELGE, s'lder-t8llgh6, a town of Sweden, Ion, and  SOFORO, a walled town of Morocco, kingdom. and 18 miles
18 miles S.W. of Stockholm, on a river between Lake Melar S.S.E. of Fez. In its vicinity are productive salt-mines.
and the Baltic Sea. Pop. 1070.                            SOGAMA, so-ggn7nA, a populous town of Central Africa, in
SODIO, a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey, 12 miles Borneo. near Affagay, S. of Lake Tchad.
firomBelvidere, contains 2 mills, and 6 or 8 dwellings.  SOGAMOSO, so-g[-molso, or SOGAMOZA, so-gi-molsa, a
SODOM, a small village-of Burke co., Georgia.         small town of South America, in New Granada, department
SODOM, a post-office of Champaign co., Illinois.      of Boyaca, province, and 40 miles N.W. of Tunja, on the
SO/DUS, a post-village and township of Wayne co., New  Sogamoso River.
York, on the Sodus Point and Southern Railroad, about 36   SOGDIANA. See BoiARA.
miles E. by N. of Rochester. The village contains an aca-   SOGHANLEE-SOO  or SOGIIANLI-SU, so-ganllee soo, a
denmy. The township is bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, small river of Asia Minor, joins the Filiyas 90 miles N. of
which here forms Sodus Bay. Pop. 4598. See SeoUs PoINT. Angora.
SODUS BAY, New York, 35 miles E. by N. of Rochester,   SOGHD, sogd, the valley of the Zer-afshan or river of
extends from Lake Ontario southward into Wayne county. Central Asia, Bokhara, is one of the "four paradises" of the
Length, about 5 miles; greatest breadth, 3 miles. It forms Persian poets, and in antiquity it gave name to the region
on excellent harbor, the entrance of which has been pro- known as Sogdiana, N. of the Oxus.
tected by substantial piers built by the United States.   SOGHUT, a town of Asia Minor. See SHUGSHUr.
SODUS CENTRE, a post-village of Wayne co., New York,   SOGLAII (so/gl) LAKE, in Asia Minor, pashalic, and 63
about 190 miles W. by N. of Albany.                     miles W. of Karaman, is 11 miles in length; breadth, 7 miles.
SODUS POINT, a post-village of Wayne co., New York, is The village of Soglah is on its S.E. side.
situated at the entrance of Sodus Bay, and on Lake Ontario,   SOGNEFIORD, sognA-fe-oRd/, a very long and compara30 miles W.S.W. of Oswego, and about 210 miles by railroad  tively narrow creek of Norway, stretching E. from the sea,
from Albany. It has a good harbor, and is favorably situ- where the Salen Islands nearly cross its mouth, up to the
ated for trade, being at the terminus of the Sodus Canal, field of the Sognefield Mountains, a distance of about 90
which connects with the Erie Canal, and of the Sodus miles.
Point and Southern Railroad, which joins the Erie Railroad    SOIAGEPOOR, a town of British India. See SEnAJPoon.
at Elmira.                                                SOHAGEPOOR, so-hbj-poor/, a town of British India,
SODY, a post-office of Autauga co., North Carolina.   presidency of Bengal, inthe S.W. territory, capital of a disSOEBORG or SOBORG, sJlboRa, a decayed town of Den- trict, intersected by the Sone River, 72 miles N.N.E. of
mark, island of Seeland, amt of Frederichstadt, on a small Mundlah.
lake, 10 miles N.W. of Elsinore.  8j For notices of most   SOIHAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
Scadinavian towns spelt with S(E refer to S5.           Cambridge, 6 miles S.E. of Ely. Pop. of the town in 1851,
SOEBY or SOBY, s'dbii, a parish of Denmark, in Jutland, 2756. It has a conspicuous church, and various dissenting
anmt, and 17 miles W.N.W. of Aarhuus.                   chapels.
SOEBY or SOBY, a village and parish of the island of   SOHAiM, EARL'S, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Aeroe, in Sleswick, on its N. coast, 10 miles S. of Faaborg.  SOHAM, MONKS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
SOEKADANA, a town on the coast of Borneo. See Suc-   SOHAR, so'har/, a town of Arabia, dominion, and 120
CADANA.                                                 miles W.N.WV. of Muscat, on the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb. Lat.
SOEPA, soopA, or SOIPING, a native state in the island of 240 24' N.
Celebes, about the middle of the W. coast of the Gulf of    SOHAUL, so'hawll, a town of British India, presidency of
Boni. Pop. 18,000.                                      Bengal, 37 miles S.S.E. of Callinger.
SOERABAYA, soo'rl-bi', or SOORABAYA; sS-rg-bIlA, a    SOHL, shol, a county of Ilungary, N.E. of the Danube.
Dutch residency of the island of Java, on the N.E. coast. Pop. 91,499. Capital, Neu-Sohl.
Pop. 970,000.                                             SOHNA, solng, a town of British India, presidency of
SOERABAYA, SOORABAYA, SOURABAYA or SURA- Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 30 miles S.W. of Delhi.
BAYA, soo-rI-bi/, a seaport town of Java, capital of one of   SOIHO, a suburb of Birmingham, England, where are
the three provinces into which the island is divided by the  the extensive iron-works of Messrs. Boulton and Watt. See
Dutch, on its N. coast, opposite the island of Madura, and at BImraNGHeAs.
the mouth of the Kediri; lat. of Kalemaas Fort, 7 141 5' S.,   SOIIRAU, so/r6w, written also ZYORY, a walled town of
lon. 1120 44' 7" E. Pop. estimated at 60,000. It has a hand- Prussian Silesia, 57 miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 3950. It has
some government house, a mint, and large storehouses. Its  manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics.
harbor is the best in Java, and defended by many forts and    SOIGNIES, swln'yeet, a town of Belgium, province of
batteries; and here are ship-building docks, a naval arsenal, Hainaut, on the Senne, and on the railway firom Mons to
and a cannon foundry. It is the seat of a civil court and  Brussels, 10 miles N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 6350. It has excourt-martial, with appeal to the Supreme Court in Batavia. tensive breweries and distilleries, trade in stone and lime,
It is garrisoned by 2000 soldiers. In its province are the  and large annual fsirs.
ruins of Mojopahit, the former capital of Java.           SOIGNIES, FOREST OF, in Belgium, province of South
SOERAKARTA, SOORAKARTA, SOURAKARTA, SURA- Brabrant, S.E. of Brussels, is 15 miles in length, and 6 miles
IKARTA, soo-rd-kaRstd, written also SOORAKERTA and  in breadth. At its S. extremity are the hamlet of Mount St.
SOURAKERTA, a Dutch residency of the island of Java, Jean and the field of Waterloo.
near its centre. Pop. 400,000.                            SOISSONS, swAsWsJNe/, almost SwIVSNGI, (anc. Auguscta
SOERAKARTA or SOLO, the capital of the above resi- Sucessonum or Suessionsum, and Noviodunnuem,) a fortified
dency, on the Solo River, has a garrison and fort. P. 10,000. town of France, department of Aisne, 18 miles S.W. of Laon,
SOEROASSO, soo'ro-ostso, a village of the island of Suma- on the left bank of the Aisne. Lat. 490 28' N., lon. 30 20'
tra, in the uplands, 43 miles N.E. of Padang. It is one of E. Pop. in 1852, 9477. It has an ancient castle, 2 ruined
the four old capitals of the kingdom of Menancabow.     abbeys, a college, prison, theatre, library of 18;000 volumes,
SOERtE, one of the Loffoden Islands. See Sbsoo.  cathedral, manufactures of fine carpets, and an extensive
SOEST or SOST, slst, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 13 trade in grain. Clovis made Soissons his residence at the commiles N.N.E. of Arnsberg, on the SUsterbtch, an affluent of mencement of his reign; under his descendants it was the
the Lippe. Pop. in 1846, 8658. It is enclosed by walls, capital of a separate kingdom. Louis le Debonnaire was imflanked with towers, and has Lutheran, Roman Catholic, prisoned in the convent of St. M6dard. The Canal of Soissons,
and Calvinist churches, an orphan asylum, a gymnasium, 16 miles long, connects the Aisne with the Ourcq and Marne.
and normal school, manufactures of linen, woollen cloths,   SOJ or SOJA, a river of Russia. See SozH.
hosiery, leather, and paper, with oil mills, breweries, and a    SOK, sek, a river of Russia, rises in the government of
trade in corn. It was formerly one of the Hanseatic towns. Orenboorg, 75 miles N.E. of Sergievsk, flows S.W., and joins
SOEST or ZOEST, zoost, a village of the Netherlands, pro- the Volga 15 miles N. of Samara. Course, 130 miles.
vince, and 11 miles N.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 1886.           SOKAL, solkl, a town of Austrian Galicia, 33 miles N.N.E.
SOFAIJUN, so-f -hoont, a small town of Cashmere, at the  of Zolkiew, on the Bug. P. 3100. It has manufactures of silk.
S.E. extremity of the valley, with iron-mines.            SOKIIHOUMKALE, a town of Russia. See SooKaoom-KALE.
SOFALA, so-f l/i,.,a river of East Africa, in the Portu-   SOKNA, a town of Fezzan. See S0CKNA.
guese captaincy-general of Mozambique, has an eastward    SO/KO, a state and town of Guinea, in North Ashantee.
course estimated at 200 miles; it is navigable only for small   SOKOLKA, so-kol/kg, a market-town of Russian Poland,
craft.                                                  22 miles N.E. of Bialystok. Pop. 2400.
SOFALA, a town of East Africe, capital of a government   SOKOLKA, a market-town of Russian Poland, governof the Portuguese possessions in East Africa, on a river of ment of Poltava.
its own name, in lat., of fort, 200 10' 7" S., lon. 340 46' E., con-   SOKOLNIK, so-kol/nik, a town of Poland, government,
sists chiefly of huts, with a fort, the residence of a governor, and 33 miles S.S.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 780.
and gsr'rison. It has an export trade in slaves, ivory, and    SOKOLOVA, so-ko-lolyg, a market-town of Russia, governgold-dust, and imports coarse piece-goods, trinkets, &c.  ment, and 20 miles S. of Kharkov.
SOFIGNANO, so-feen-yBfno, or SOFFIGNANO, sof-feen-   SOKOLOVKA, so-ko-lov/kA, a market-town of Russia, goy no, a village and parish of Tuscany, 7 miles from Prata. vernment of Kiev, 22 miles N.N.W. of Ooman.
Pop. 1016.                                               SOKOLOW, so-ko/lov, a town of Poland, 17 miles N. of
SOFLINGEN, sif/ling-en, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle Siedlce. Pop. 3035.
of Danube, about 2 miles W.N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 1667.       SOKOLOW, a market-town of Austria, in Galicia, 15 miles
SOFROO or SOFRU, solfroo, written also SAFROU and  N.N.E. of Rzeszow.
1801




SOK                                                        SOL
SOKOTA, so-keith, a market-town of Abyssinia, 97 miles    SOLETO, so-lito, a market-town of Naples, province, and
W.S.W. of Gondar. It is a place of considerable size, but 15 miles W. of Otranto, near the ruins of ancient Salentia.
scattered.                                                 Pop. 2000.
SOKOTRA or SOKTRA. See SecornA.                             SOLEURE, so-lfire. (Fr. pron. so'luR; Ger. Solothurn, sofloSOLANA, so-dllnd, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles tooin',) a canton of Switzerland, in its N.W. part, enclosed
E, of Ciudad-Real. Pop. 4375. It has manufactures of linens  by the cantons of Bern, Basel, and Aargau. Area, 255 square
and woollens.                                               miles. In the N. and W. it is covered by ramifications of the
SOLAN/IDER, CAPE, in East Australia, bounds Botany  Jura Mountains. The principal rivers are the Aar, Emmen,
Bay on the S.                                               and Dunern. The soil is fertile. and a surplus of corn over
SOLAN/DER ISLAND, an islet off the S.W. extremity of  home consumption is raised, with fruit for exportation. Rear.
New Zealand.                                                ing live stock is the chief branch of industry, and the horned
SOLANO, so-lahbno, a county towards the N.W. part of Call- cattle are among the best in Switzerland. Iron and marble
fornia, has an area estimated above 900 square miles. It is  are important products; the principal manufactures are
bounded on the S. and S.E. by Sacramento River, the Strait iron goods, calico, hosiery, and paper. The canton is divided
of Carquinez, and Suisun Bay. It contains several beautiful into nine districts or bailiwicks. The government, once
and fertile valleys, among which may be n{amed Suscol Val- aristrocratic, was considerably modified in 1831 and 1841,
cley, which is situated W. of the Suscol Hills, and runs from   by a strong infusion of the democratic principle. The great
the city of Vallejo to the N. part of the county; length,  council or legislative body consists of 150 members, of whom
about 8 miles, and breadth, 3 miles; Napa Bay washes it on  55 are chosen directly by the people, 45 by electoral dole.
the W.; this valley is well adapted to farming; Green Val- gates, and nine are named by the council itself. Pop. in
cley, so called because a large portion is always green, lies E. 1850, 69,613, of whom 61,556 are Roman Catholic, and 8097
of the Suscol Hills, about 4 miles from Suscol Valley; it is  Protestants.
about 6 miles in length by 11 in breadth; the S. end is the    SOLEURE, (Ger. Solothurn; anc. Salodu/ruse,) a town of
terminus of the Great Sacramento Valley, and is covered  Switzerland, capital of the above canton, is situated on the
with wild oats, evergreen grass, and red clover; Suisun  Aar, here crossed by two wooden bridges, at the foot of the
Valley, situated N. of Suisun Bay, and E. of Green Valley, Jura, 19 miles N.N.E. of Bern. Lat. 470 12' N., ion. 70 321 E.
is about 6 miles square; it opens out on the E. into the  Pop. 5370. It has a handsome cathedral, a museum with a
Sacramento Valley, and is watered by the navigable river  collection of fossils from  the Jura; government-house,
Suisun; large quantities of hay, chiefly wild oats and clover, arsenal, barracks, and theatre. It has a college, a public
are raised; UJlatis Valley, lying farther to the N.E., is about library, and a botanic garden. Here Rosciusko died, on the
5 miles in length by 11 in width; it runs N.W., and opens  16th of October, 1817. Near it are the chateau of Waldegy,
into the Sacramento Valley; this valley is a great thorough- the hermitage of St. Veren, and the baths of Weissenstein.
fare, and the admiration of all travellers; Sacramento    SOLFACHI, sollfiAK, a small port of South Wales, co. of
Valley extends as far as the eye can reach; it is covered  Pembroke, on the N. shore of St. Bride's Bay, 3 miles S.E.
with wild oats, and is not subject to inundation. The W.  of St. David's.
part of the county is mountainous, and very interesting;    SOLFATARA, sol-fd-t/rd, (ane. A4quc  Albzsce?) a small
there are many small valleys suitable for stock raising. The  lake of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca di
principal elevation, which is very conspicuous, is a double  Roma, 4 miles WV. of Tivoli. It is now about 500 feet across,
peak situated near the head of Green Valley; the next in  but was anciently milch larger; on it are several floating
magnitude is another double peak, between Green Valley  islets. Near it are the ruined baths of Agrippa. A canal, 2
and Suscol.  Gold is found in this county, but not in great  miles in length, carries its sulphurous waters into the
abundance. About 4 miles N. of Vallejo is a large soda  Teverone.
spring, the stream from which runs through Suscol Valley    SOLFERINO, sol-fA-reelno, a village of Austrian Italy, proto Napa Bay. There are several other valuable mineral vince, and 18 miles N.W. of Mantutna. In 1796 the Aussprings (some of them warm springs) in different parts of  trians were here defeated by the French, prior to the siege
the county. It is intersected by the route of the proposed  of Mantuna. Pop. 1095.
railroad from Benicia to Marysville. Capital, Benicia. P. 2835.   SOL-GALISKAIA, sol gl-le-skl/d, or SOL-GALITZKOI, sol
SOLAPOOR, so-li-poor/, a town of India, in the Deccan, Ni- g&-lit-skoi/, a town of Russia, government, and 100 miles
zam's dominions, 66 miles W.N.W. of the Calburga.          N.N.E. of Kostroma, on the Hostroma River. Pop. 2000.
SOLARO, so-lf/ro, a village of Austrian Italy, province of  It has 2 annual fairs.
Milan, 5 miles S.W. of Barlassina. Pop. 1123.                 SO/LIDAD, a missionary settlement of Monterey co., CaliSOLAROLO-RAINERIO, so-l-ro/lo ri-unA/re-o, a villa"e of  fornia.
Austrian Italy, province of Cremona, 9 miles N. of Casal-   SOLIGNAC, soleen'ydk/, a small town of France, departMaggiore. Pop. 1383.                                       ment of Haute-Vienne, on the Briance, 5 miles S. of Limoges.
SOLARUSSA, so-ld-roos/sd, a village of the island of Sar- Pop. in 1852, 3054.
dinia, division of Cagliari, 15 miles W.S.W. of Busachi.   SOLIGNAC SUR LOIRE, so'leenygkt seiia Iwat, a small
Pop. 1641.                                                  town of France, department of Haute-Loire, 5 miles S. of Le
SOLDAU, sol/d6w, a river of East Prussia, issues from a  Puy. Pop. 1053.
lake near a town of the same name, and unites with the    SOLIGNANO, so-leen-y/no, (L. SoFignanus,) a village of
Mlawka in forming the Wkra. Total course, 60 miles.         Italy, duchy, and 23 miles S.W. of Parma, on the Taro.
SOLDAU or DIZIALDOWO, dit-se-9l-dolvo (?) a town of  Pop. 2341.
East Prussia, government of Kdnigsberg, on the Soldau, and    SOLIGNY, so-leen-yee/, a market-town of France, departon the Polish firontier, 13 miles S.W. of Neidenburg. P.1800. ment of Orne, 6 miles N. of Mortagne. Pop. 883. Near it
SOLDIER (s5l/jer) RIVER, of Iowa, rises towards the W. was the convent of La Trappe, suppressed in 1790.
part of the state, and flowing S.W., enters the Missouri   SOLII-HULI/, a town and parish, England, co. of Warwick.
River in Harrison county.                                     SOLIKAMSK, so-le-kdmsk/, a town of Russia, government
SOLDIN, solfdeen/, a walled town of Prussia, province of  and 115 miles N. of Perm. Pop. 4000.
Brandenburg, government of Frankfort, 25 miles N.E. of    SOLIMAN MOUNTAINS, Afghanistan.  See SULEIMAN.
Kiistrin. Pop. 4860. It has manufactures of woollens, and    SOLIMOENS, so-le-mo-6NG/, a name of the Amazon River,
a mussel pearl fishery in the Lake of Soldin.               Brazil.  See AcAzoN. It also gives name to the large river
SOLDOV, a town of Russia. See SOLVITCHEGODSC.             of the province of Pars.
SOLEC. so/llts, a town of Poland, government of Radom,   SOLINGEN, solling-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 14
near the Vistula, 28 miles N.E. of Opatau. Pop. 1800.       miles E.S.E. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 6320, who manufacture
SOLECHINIKI or SOLECZNIKI, so-ltch-nee/kee, BOLCH0o,  swords, bayonets, and cutlery. The celebrity which Solingen
bol-choi, a market-town of Russian Poland, government, enjoys in its particular branch of trade reaches back to the
and 27 miles S. of Vilna.                                   twelfth century, (1147,) when the manufacture of Damascus
SOL'EDEWT/, a town of North-west IHindostan, about 35  blades is said to have been introduced from the East by
miles S.E. of Odeypoor.                                     Count Adolphus of Berg.
SOL/EMN GROVE, a post-village of Moore co., North Ca-   SO-LING-SHAN or SO-LING-CHAN, soling'shbnl, a mounrolina.                                                     tain of China, province of Kan-soo, in lat. 320 59' N., ion.
SO/LENT, THE, is that part of the sea between the Isle of 1040 59' E., covered with perpetual snow.
Wight and the mainland of England, which extends W.   SOLIPACA, so-18-pd/kd, a town of Naples, province of Terra
from Fort Monckton to Hurst Castle, being continuous E. di Lavoro, 15 miles N.E. of Caserta, near the Calore. P. 3400.
with Spithead, and N. with Southampton-water. Length,   SOL/ITARY ISLAND, South Pacific Ocean, in lat. 140 21'
18 miles; average breadth, 3 miles.                         S., Ion. 1760 35' W., was discovered by Mendalla in 1595.
SOLERO, so-lhro, a market-town of Italy, in the Sar-    SOLITARY ISLAND, Indian Ocean, in lat. 490 50' S., loun
dinian States, Piedmont, on the railway from  Turin to  680 5' E.
Genoa, 6 miles W. of Alessandria. Pop. 3312.                  SOLITARY ISLAND, on the E. coast of Australia, in lat.
SOLESBURY, sOlsber-re, a township of Bucks co., Penn-  300 13' S., ion. 1530 13' E.
sylvania, contains the borough of New Hope. Pop. 3778.        SOLK, GROSS, groce s5lk, a village of Austria, in Styria,
SOLESINO, so-i-seeno, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- about 15 miles from Steinach. Pop. 1180.
ment of Venice, 17 miles S.S.W. of Padua. Pop. 2100.          SOLLER, sol-yais, a town of the island of Majorca, on its
SOLESMES, solAm/, a market-town of France, department  N.W. coast, with a port on the Mlediterranean, 14 miles N.
of Nord, on the Sells, 12 miles E. of Cambrai. Pop. in 1852, of Palma. Pop. 6990. It has considerable exports of oranges
6579. It has manufactures of calicoes.                     and wine.
1802




SOL                                                        SOi
SOLLIES-LE-PONT, sollee! leh p6NG, a town of France,    SOLSONA, sol-solng, (ane. Ceosa ) a walled town of Spain,:epartment of Var, 8 miles N.E. of Tonlon. Pop. 1852, 3205. province, and 55 miles N.E. of Lerida. Pop. 2156. It has a
SOLLINGEN, solling-9n, a village of Baden, circle of Mid-  cathedral, and manufactures of iron wares.
die Rhine, 3 miles S.E. of Durlach. Pop. 1125.              SOLSIVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., New York.
SOLLOGH/ODMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co.    SOLT, solt, (Ger. Solth, solt,) a town of Central Hungary,
of Tipperary.                                             co., and 48 miles S. of Pesth, near the Danube. Pop. 6949.
SOLMS, solms, an old principality of Germany, situated    SOLTA, solltM; (anc. Olyn/tha?) an island of Dalmatia,
in the Lahn, now subdivided into several small mediatized  circle of Spalatro, in the Adriatic, W. of Brazza. Length,
principalities belonging to the different branches of the  from N.W. to S.E., 10 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 1300.
House of Solms, the chief of which are the following:-    On its N. shore is a village of its own name.
SOLMS BAaUTH WILDENFELS, solms ba/r66t  ilI/den-fsls', a    SOLTAU, solft6w, a town of Hanover.
principality of Germany, in Hessen.                         SOLYESBERG, stilvves-blaR', or SOLVITSBURG, solfvitsSOLaS-BRAUNFELS, solms br6wn/flIs, a principality of Ger-  bOa6nc, an ancient, and formerly important maritime town
many, with possessions in Prussia, Wiirtemberg, and Hes-  of South Sweden, lIen, and 37 miles W. of Carlscrona, on an
sen. Capital, Braunfels.                                  inlet of the Baltic. Pop. 1050.
SOLis LAUBAC., solms lw/babI, a principality of Germany,    SOLVITCIIEGODSK, sol-ve-chA-godskl, SOLDOV or SOLin Hessen.                                                DOW, sol-dov/, a town of Russia, government, and 268 miles
SOLrIS  LAuBAUCn BARUTI RODnruLIMc, solims 1]wlbAK bi/-  N.E. of Yologda, on the Yitchegda. Pop. 2500. It has
root rildel-hime, and AitnEnIm, aan/hime, two principalities  manufactures of linens.
of Germany, in Hessen.                                      SOLtWAY FRITH, a large marine inlet, stretching from
SoLMS Lion, solms liK, and HOHEN SOLtS, ho/en solms,  the Irish Sea N.E. between England and Scotland, having
two principalities of Germany. Capital, Lich.             S. and E. the county of Cumberland, and N. the counties of
SOLNITZ, solnits, or SOLNICZE, sol-neet'sA, a town of  Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Breadth at the entrance, beBohemia, 18 miles E. of Kiniggriitz. Pop. 1444, who mann-  tween St. Bee's Iead and Balcurry Point, 24 miles. It exfacture woollens.                                         tends inland for about 38 miles, diminishing in breadth to 1,
SOLO, a town of Java. See SOEiaxAKvAA.                  miles. At its head it receives the Esk; and the Annan, Nith,
SO/LO, BENGAWAN, b8n-ga-wanf, or SAMBAYA, sim-  Dee, and Urr join it from the Scotch, and Derwent and Ellen
bie, the largest and most important river of Java, rises in the  from the English side. The Coasts are sloping in Cumprovince of Soerakarta, passes the town of that name, flows  berland, bold in Galloway, and low in the county of DumE.N.E. in a very zigzag course, and falls into the Java Sea  fries. During ebb-tide much of the frith is a naked fiat, and
opposite the WV. end of the island of Madura. Total course,  may occasionally be crossed in some places; but the tidal
with windings, about 356 miles. Excepting in the months  wave, especially during spring tides, returns very suddenly,
of August, September, and October, it is navigable for native  and with great violence, so that accidents to shipping have
boats far above Soerakarta.                                repeatedly happened. Its fisheries, chiefly salmon, are exSOLOFRA, so-lolfrl, a town of Naples, province of Princi-  tensive and valuable.
pats Ultra, 7 miles S.E. of Avellino. Pop. 5400. It has ma-    SOLWAY 50SS, a drained area about 7 miles in circumnufactures of woollens, leather, and jewelry.              ference, in the county of Cumberland, parish of Kirk-An-.
SOLOGNE, so'lofl/, an old district of France, now com-  drew-upon-Eske, adjoining the frith.
prised in the departments of Loir-et-Cher and Loiret.        SOMA, so/ma, a small town of Asia Minor, 25 miles E.
SOLOLA, so-loln, a town of Central America, state, and 85  of Bergama, and about 3 miles from which is the ancient
miles N.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 5000. (?)                    Germa. (?)
SOLOM/BO, GREAT and LITTLE, two small islands in the    SOMAGLIA, so-milya, a village of Austrian Italy, pro.
Java Sea. Lat. of Great Solombo, 50 33' S., ion. 1140 24' E.   vince of Lodi, 3 niles S.W. of Codogno. Pop. 2047.
SOLOMESTS, so-lo-m~stsf, a market-town of Russia, go-    SOMAIN, so'mtAN,I a village of Prance, department of
vernment, and 93 miles N.N.W. of Vilna.                    Nord, on the North Railway, 3' miles S.F. of Douai.  Pop.
SOI'OMON ISLANDS, (Fr. Iles Salomon, eel salo'm6oee/,)  in 1852, 3065.
a group in the Pacific Ocean. between lat. 50 and 120 S., and    SOMARIYVA PERNO, so-ma-reefva pi&Vno, a village of the 
ion. 1540 and 1630 E. The principal islands are Bougain-  Sardinian States, division of Coni. Pop. 1995.
ville, Choiseul, St. Isabel, Guadalcana, the Arsacides,  Ma-    SOMAULI or SOMAULEE, a country of Africa. See ADEL.
laita, and St. Cristoval. The surface is elevated, fertile, and    SOMBOR, a town of Hungary. See ZoMBo.
well wooded; the shores precipitous, with fringing reefs.    SOMBOURN, KING'S, a parish of England. See KING'S
The islands are of volcanic origin, and have an active vol-  SOMBOURN.
cano. The population comprises both Malays and Papuan    SOMBOURN, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
negroes. These islands were discovered by Mendafla in 1567.    SOMBREFFE, som/brtf-feh, a village of Belgium, province,
SOLOMON or SALOMON ISLANDS, a group of 11 islets  and 13 miles W.N.W. of Namur. Pop. 2000. It has a castle,
in the Indian Ocean, N. of the Chagos Islands, a dependancy  and a church built by the Templars.
of the Mauritius.                                            SOMBRERETE, som-brl-rAlta, a town of the Mexican
SO/LON, a post-village and township of Somerset co.,  Confederation, state, and 85 miles N.W. of Zacatecas. Near
Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec River, about 45 miles N. it are rich silver-mines.
of Augusta. Pop. 1415.                                       SOMBRERO, som-brA/ro, an islet of the British West
SOLON, a post-township of Cortland co, New York, 35  Indies, about midway between Anguilla and the Virgin
miles S. by E. of Syracuse. Pop. 1150.                     Islands. Lat. 180 35' N., ion. 630 27 W..
SOLON, a township of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Pop. 1034.        SOMBRERO, a village of South America, in Venezuela,
SOLON, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, 12 miles N. by  department, and 70 miles S.S.WV. of Caracas.
E. of Iowa City.                                             SOMEISAT or SUMEISAT, so-mA-sAtf, (anc. Sameosata,)
SOLON, a post-office of White co., Tennessee.            a town of Asiatic Turkey, pash.alic of Marash, on the
SOLON MILLS, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois, 55  Euphrates, 50 miles N.E. of Bir. It is the birthplace of the
miles N.W. by N. of Chicago.                               Grecian poet Lucian.
SOLONOTSIA, so-lo-not/shA, a town of Russia, govern-    SOMERBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
ment, and 112 miles W.N.W. of Poltava, on an affluent of    SOMERBY, two parishes of Englas, co. of Lincoln.
the Dnieper.                                                 SOM/ERCOTES, NoRTH, a parish of Ingland, co. Lincoln.
SOLOR, so'loa, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the    SOMERCOTES, SouTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
E. extremity of Flores, separated from it by the Strait of    SOMEREIN  or SOMMEREIN, solmeh-rine', a marketPFlores, and by another strait from Adenara, in the N. Lat.  town of West Hungary, co., and 12 miles S.E. of Presburg,
of the S. point, 80 47' S., Ion. 1230 8' E. Length, from E. to  on the island of Great Schfitt.
W., 30 miles; breadth, 15 miles.                             SOMtERFIELD, a post-office, Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
SOLOTHURN, Switzerland. See SOLEURE.                       SOM/ERFORD, a post-township, Madison co., Ohio. P. 616.
SOLOTIVINA, so-lo-te-veefnl, or SOLOTWINA, so-lot-'eeP-    SOMERFORD, a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, 27
na, a town of Austrian Galicia, 20 miles S.S.W. of Stanis-  miles W. of Columbus, has about 150 inhabitants.
lawow. Pop. 2500.                                            SOM/ERFORD, BROAD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
SOLOVETSKOI, so-lo-vlt-skoil, or SOLOVKI, so-lov/kee, an   SOMEIFORD, KEYNES, a parish of England, co. Wilts.
island of Russia, in the White Sea, government of Arch-    SOMERFORD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
angel, 100 miles N.W. of Onega, in lat. 650 N., lou. 350.50' E.    SOMERGEM, som9er —hkm'. a town of Belgium, province
Length, 15 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Talc is a principal  of East Flanders, 8 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 7136.
product.                                                     SOM/ERLEYTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, with
SOLRE-LE-CHAI TEAU, sol'r leh sh'tO/, a town of France,  a station on the Eastern Counties Railway, 41 miles N.W.
department of Nord, 9 miles N.E. of Avesnes. Pop. in  of Lowestoft.
1852, 2758.                                                  SOMERS, sfimfmerz, a post-village and township of TolSOLRE-SAINT-GERY, sol'r sANG zhgh-ree/, a village of  land co., Connecticut, 23 miles N.E. of Hartford. The village
Belgium, province of Hainaut, 21 miles S.S.E. of Mons.  contains 2 churches and several stores. Pop. of township,
Pop. 870.                                                  1508.
SOLRE-SUR-SAMBRE, sol'r SUR siab'r, a village of Bel-    SOMERS, a post-village and township of Westchester co.,
glum, province of Ilainaut, on the Sambre, 13 miles E. of  New York, about 110 miles S. of Albany. The village con.
Mons. Pop. 1278.                                          tains several churches, and abank. P. of the township, 1722
SOLSBERRY, a post-office of Green co., Indiana.            SOMERS, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 2085.
1803




SOM                                                        SOMi
SOMERS, a township of Kenosha co.. Wisconsin. P. 680. extend over nearly the whole area of the county; iron ore
SOMIERSALL-HERBERT, a parish of England, co. Derby. is also abundant. A plank-road connects it with CumberSOMIER'S CENTRE, a post-office of Westchester co., New  land, in Maryland. Capital, Somerset. Pop. 24,416.
York.                                                       SOMERSET, a county in the S.E. part of Maryland, borSOMERSET or SOMERSETSHIRE, simrner.-set-shjr, a marn- dering on Delaware, has an area of about 500 square miles.
time county of the West of England, having N. the Bristol It is situated on the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. The
Channel, and from S.W. round to N.E. the cos. of Devon, Nanticoke River forms its boundary on the N.W., the PocoDorset, Wilts, and Gloucester. Area, 1636 square miles, or moke.River and Bay on the S.; the county is also pene1,047,040 acres, of which about 900,000 are supposed to be  trated by two navigable inlets of the Chesapeake, called
under culture. Pop. in 1851, 443,916. Coast-line and sur- Wicomico and Manokin Rivers. The surface is level, and
face very much diversified, and highly picturesque. The partly covered with forests of oak, hickory, chestnut, pine,
Mendip Hills, and the range of which the Quantock Hills cedar, cypress, &c. The soil in some parts is sandy, and in
form a part, separate the county into three divisions, the  others clayey, generally fertile. The rivers and bays above
central of which contains the basins of the Parret, Brue, and  named afford great facilities for navigation. Capital, Princess
Axe; in the N. are the Avon and Yeo Rivers, and in the  Anne. Pop. 22,456, of whom 16,868 were free, and 5588 slaves.
W. the Tone, all of which flow to the Bristol Channel.   SOMERSET, a township in Windham co., Vermont, 100
Along the rivers are many marshes and tracts of high fer- miles W. by S. of Concord. Pop. 321.
tility, in which dairy husbandry is pursued with great suc-   SOMERSET, a post-village and township of Bristol co.,
cess; in other parts are extensive wastes, as Exmoor at the  Massachusetts, on the Staunton River and the Fall River
W. extremity. Dunkerry Beacon, also in the W., rises to  Railroad, 50 miles S. by W. of Boston. Pop. 1166.
1668 feet in height. Wheat and barley come to high per-   SOMERSET, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
fection around Bridgewater, Taunton, &c., and the industry  of Niagara co., New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2154.
of the county is chiefly rural, but the agriculture is gene-   SOMERSET, a post-borough and township, capital of Sorally backward. Cheddar and other cheeses, and cider, are the  merset co., Pennsylvania, on the plank-road from Cumberprincipal products. Sheep are estimated at 500,000, and the  land, in Maryland, to West Newton, in Pennsylvania, 70
annual produce of wool at 10,500 packs. Coal, stone, cala- miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. Since the plank-road was opened,
mine, and fullers'-earth are obtained; woollen goods are  the town has rapidly increased in business and population.
manufactured at -Froms,  Wellington, &c.; and in 1847, 2180  Mines of excellent coal have been opened near this place,
hands were engaged in woollen, and 1648 in silk mills. and in many pai-ts of the county. Somerset contains seeeGloves are made at Yeovil, linens at Crewkerne; stockings, ral churches, 2 newspaper offices, and an academy. Incorpopape', glass, iron-wares, wool-cards, shoes, leather, and malt rated in 1804. Pop. in 1850, 866, including the township, 3420.
are manufactured.  The Glastonbury, Kennet and Avon,    SOMERSET, a township of Washington co., PennsylBridgewater, Taunton, and other canals are in this county, vania, about 24 miles WV. by S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1512.
the N. and W. parts of which are intersected by the Great    SOMERSET, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia.
Western Railway.  The county contains the cities of Bath,   SOMERSET, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tennessee.
Wells, and a part of Bristol, the parliamentary boroughs of    SOMERSET, a post-village, capital of Pulaski co., KenBridgewater, Taunton, and Frome, the municipal boroughs  tucky, is situated 6 miles N. of the Cumberland River, and
of Axbridge, Chard, Glastonbury, Langport, Yeovil, Somer- 90 miles S. of Frankfort. The surrounding country conton, (whence its name,) and numerous market-towns. The  tains coal and iron ore. The village has 3 churches, 10
county returns 4 members to the House of Commons. An- dry-goods' stores, a branch bank, and 1 iron foundry.
tiquities of almost every period of British history are met    SOMERSET, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1943.
with in this county, which was the seat of numerous im-   SOMERSET, a post-village in Reading township, capital
portant military events in Saxon times.                   of Perry co., Ohio, on the Zanesville, Wilmington, and CinSOMPERSET, a division of the Cape Colony, South Africa,  cinnati Railroad, about 20 miles W.S.W. of Zanesville.  It
mostly between lat. 300 20' and 330 251 S.. and lon. 250 12' contains a court-house, an academy, and 2 newspaper offices.
and 260 45' E.. intersected by the Great Fish River. Area, Pop. in 1850, 1250.
4000 square miles. Pop. in 1845, 5200.                       SOMERSET, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
SOMERSET, the capital of the above division, 80 miles  of Hillsdale co., Michigan. Pop. 913.
N.W. of Graham Town, at the base of the Bosch-berg. It has    SOMERSET, a post-office of Wabash co., Indiana.
Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed churches, and Wesleyan    SOMERSET, a post-office of Saline co., Illinois.
schools.                                                    SOMERSET, a post-office of Monroe co., Missouri, on Salt
SOMERSET, sehmfr-slt, a county forming the N.N.W. ex- River, about 80 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.
tremity of Maine, has an area of about 4000 square miles. It    SOMIERSET, a county of Van Diemen's Land, in the E.
is drained by the head waters of the St. John and Penobscot part. The South Esk River forms its N., Macquarie and Lake
Rivers, but principally by the Kennebec, above 70 miles of Rivers its W. boundary, and it is watered by many of their
whose course is comprised within this county. The greater affluents. Principal towns, Campbell Town, Ross, Lincoln,
part is heavily wooded, and immense quantities of lumber are  and Auburn.
annually rafted down the Kennebec. The surface is hilly    SOMERSET, Noami, a tract in the Arctic region of Briand undulating, with occasional mountain ridges and peaks. tish North America, forming the N. part of Boothia Felix,
The soil is generally fertile. In 1850 this county produced  and mostly between lat. 730 and 740 N., and W. of ion. 900
56,595 bushels of wheat, and 328,680 of oats,-the quantity  W., having E. Prince Regent Inlet, and N. Barrow Strait,
of each being greater than that produced by any other separating it from  Cornwallis Island and North Devon.
county in the state. Organized in 1809. Capital, Norridge- Cape Clarence is its N.E. extremity, opposite which is Prince
wock. Pop. 35,581.                                        Leopold Island. It was discovered by Sir E. Parry in 1819.
SOMERSET, a county in the N. central part of New Jer-   SOMERSET MILLS, a post-village in Fairfield township,
sey, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is partly  Somerset co., Maine, on the right bank of Kennebec River,
boundedonthe E. by Raritan River and Bound Brook, on the  about 22 miles above Augusta. A dam has here been built
N.E. by the Passaic River, and on the W. by Lamington  across the river, which affords valuable water-power. Pop.
River, and is drained by the N. and S. branches of Raritan  about 100.
River, and by Millstone River, which afford valuable water-   SOMERSET RIVER, South Africa. See SWAXoP.
power. The surface is various; the N.W. portion being    SOMERSETSHIRE. See SOMERSET.
mountainous, and the centre and S.E. either level or slightly    SOMIERSHAM, a town and parish of England, co. of Huntundulating. The soil of the hills is generally clay or stiff  ingdon, 10 miles E.N.E. of Huntingdon. Pop. 1517.
loam, that of the level portions sandy loam formed of shale,    SOMERSITAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
and the mountain valleys are of limestone. The range of    SOMWERS POINT, a post-village of Atlantic co., New Jerhills about 2 miles N. of Somerville have been perforated by  sey, on Great Egg Harbor Bay, about 12 miles S.E. of May's
many mining shafts in search of copper-ore; one of these Landing, is resorted to for bathing in the summer, and gunshafts is 1300 feet in length. The ore is said to contain not ning in the fall. A mariner's church has been erseted near
only a large proportion of copper, but to be worth working  the place.
on account of the gold which it yields. The Bridgewater    SOMERSVILLE, siimfgrz-vil, a post village  in  Somers
mineral-paint mines are situated near the centre. Somerset township, Tolland co., Connecticut, 22 miles N.E. of Hartcounty is distinguished as the birthplace of Samuel L. ford. It contains a woollen factory.
Southard, Peter D. Vroom, Commodore Stockton, William    SOMIERSWORTH, atownship in Strafford co., New HampL. Dayton, and Theodore Frelinghuysen. The New Jersey  shire, bounded on the E. by Salmon Falls River, 30 miles
Central Railroad traverses this county, which is also partly  E.S.E. of Concord. It contains the village of GREAT FALLS,
intersected by the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Organized  (which see.) The Great Falls Branch Railroad here connects
in 1788, having previously formed part of Middlesex cosnty. with the Boston and Maine Railroad. Pop. 4943.
Capital, Somerville. Pop. 19,688, of whom 27 were slaves.   SOMERTON, sfimlmer-ton, a market-town and parish of
SOMERSET, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, bor- England, co. of Somerset, to which it gave name, on rising
dering on Maryland, contains 1050 square miles.  It is ground on the Carey, 5 miles N.N.W. of Ilchester. Pop. in
watered by Castlenman's River, and by Laurel Hill and  1851. 2140. The town, built of blue lias-stone, was, during
Stony Creeks. The Surface is diversified, having the Laurel the Heptarchy, fortified, and a residence of the West Saxon
Hill on the W. boundary, and the Alleghany ridge near the  kings. Its ancient royal castle is now a county jail.
E. past. The soil is adapted to pasturage and dairy-farming.    SOMERTON. a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Beds of excellent coal, which in some places are 8 feet thick,   SOMIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford
1804




SOM                                                        SON
SOMERTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      SOMME, somm, (anc. Samlara,) a river of France, rises
SOMERTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   N.E. of St. Quentin, in the department of Aisne, flows past
SOMERTON, a post-village included within the chartered  Ilam, P6ronne, Amiens, Abbeville, and enters the English
limits of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;                     Channel between Le Crotoy and St. Valery sur Somme. The
SOMERTON, a post-village of RNansemond co., Virginia, chief affluent is the Arve. on the left. Length, 11i miles. it
about 100 miles S.E. of Richmond.                         is navigable to Amiens, and is connected with the Oise and
SOMERTON, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, 107 miles  Schelcdt by the Canal of the Somme.
E. of Columbus. Pop. about 250.                             SOMME, a maritime department in the N.W. of France,
SOMERVILLE, srmfmer-~il, a post-village and township  formed of part of the old province of Picardy, having W. the
of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the tide-water of Mystic  English Channel. Area, 2343 square miles. Pop. in 1S52,
River and Miller's Creek, (both of which are navigable for 570,637. The surface is fat. The Somme is the only river
vessels of moderate size,) about 3 miles N.W. of Boston. of importance. The soil is fertile in corn, hemp, lint, and
The township is intersected by the Boston and Lowell, the  hops; wine of inferior quality is made to a small extent,
Fitchburg, and the Boston and Maine Railroads, which, with  but cider is much used.. Its marshes furnish abundance
two lines of omnibuses, afford ample and easy travelling  of turf. It has numerous manufactures, the chief being
facilities for quite a large portion of the citizens, who are en- velvets, cottons, woollens, soap, beet-root sugar, and paper.
gaged in business in Boston. There is an extensive copper- The department is traversed by the Northern Railway, and
tube manufactory here, employing an incorporated capital by that from Amiens to Boulogne, and is divided into the
of $1200,000. There are also an extensive glass factory. a  arrondissements of Abbeville, Amiens,Doullens,Montdidier,
dyeing and bleaching establishmerit, and a spike factory;  and P6ronne. Capital, Amiens.
brick-making is extensively carried on upon the lowlands,   SOMIMEE', a town of West Hindostan, in the Guicowar's
and was formerly a source of great income. Somerville has  dominions, 9 miles S.E. of Rahdunpoor.
a flourishing high school, 3 grammar, besides other schools.   SOMMELSDYK or SOMMELSDIJK, solmemls-dik', a vilTuft's College, a new Universalist institution, said to be the  lage of the Netherlands, province of South Ilolland, island
only one in this country, has just been completed on Wal- of Overflakkee, 19 miles S.W.'of Rotterdam. Pop. 2454.
nut Hill. This institution, which is liberally endowed, is   SOM!IMEN, a lake of Sweden, lacn, and 30 miles S.S.W. of
named from a citizen of the place, who gave a large and beau-  Linkoping, 15 miles E. of Lake Wetter. Length, 25 miles;
tiful tract of land for the location. The McLean Asylum for breadth, 8 miles. It discharges its surplus waters N. into
the Insane is situated in the S. part of the township, near  Lake Boxen and the Baltic Sea.
East Cambridge, and surrounded by highly ornamented    SOMiMERDA, som-man/dA, a walled town of Prussian
grounds. This is one of the most beautiful and well ar- Saxony, 13 miles N.N.E. of Erfurt, on the Unstrut. Pop.
ranged, as well as successful establishment of the kind in  3330. It has manufactures ofarms.
the United States.                                           SOMMEREIN, a town of Hungary. See SOMEREana.
Prospect and Winter Hills, situated in the vicinity, possess    SOMMERFELD, som'mer-f~lt', a town of Prussia, province
much interest in Revolutionary history. From the former  of Brandenburg, on the lupa, 44 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort,
was lighted the first signal-fire to apprize the minute-men at on the Berlin and Glogau Railway. Pop. 3645. It has mannLexington and Concord of the crossing of dharles River from  factures of woollens and linens.
Boston by the British troops, long before daybreak, on the    SOMMERHAUSEN, somtmer-h~w'zen, a village of Bavamemorable morning of the 19th of April, 1775. This and  ria, in Lower Franconia, on the right bank of the Main, S.E.
Winter Hill were occupied by the American troops on the  of Wfirzburg. Pop. 1229.
night after the battle of Bunker Hill, and substantial en-   SOMMIIRES, som'me-ainl, a town of France, department
trenchments were at once thrown up, much of which, on  of Card, 14 miles W.S.W. of Nimes. Pop. in 1852, 3923. It
Prospect Still, still remain. Here General Putnam, with a  was formerly fortified, and sustained several sieges while
force of about 4000 men, remained for several weeks, until held by the Protestants. It has a chamber of manufactures,
General Washington arrived to take command of the Ameri- and steam factories for woollen yarn and fabrics.
can army. The township was incorporated in 1842. Pop.   SOMMIERES, a village of France, department of Vienne,
in 1850, 3540; in 1855, about 5000.                        9 miles N.N.E. of Civray. Pop. 1000.
SOMERVILLE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New    SOMNAUTH, somnnawtf, or PUTTUN-SOMNAUTII, pftWYorik, about 175 miles N.W. of Albany.                     tans som.nawtV, a maritime town of West Hindostan, BaSOMERVILLE, a flourishing post-village, capital of Somer- roda dominions, in the peninsula of Guzerat, 28 miles N.W.
set county, New Jersey, is situated on the Raritan River,  of Dieu Head, in lat. 200 53' N., lon. 700 351 B., and famous
and on the New Jersey Central Railroad, about 26 miles  for a temple which was long a principal place of Hindoo phlN.N.E. ofTrenton. It is the principal village in the county, grimage, and celebrated for its vast wealth. The original
and has 14 stores, 5 churches, and 1 bank. It chiefly owes its  temple was sacked by Mahmood of Ghuznee in 1024, and its
prosperity to its finelocationand its facilities for the disposal gates carried to Ghuznee, where they were afterwards
of produce. Two newspapers are published here. Pop. 1300. attached to Mahmood's tomb. The temple now existing at
SOMERVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, 85  Somnauth is reported to be a modern edifice, on the site of a
miles N. by W. of Richmond.                                mosque that succeeded the ancient temple. The celebrated
S3OMERVILLE, a post-village, capital of Morgan co., Ala-  gates of Somnauth, 16i feet in height, and 131 feet in width,
bama, 125 miles N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa, and about 5 miles S. were removed by the British from Ghuznee, after its capture
of the Tennessee River. It contains a court-house, and seve- in 1842, and brought back by them into India.
ral hundred inhabitants.                                     SOMNO, RIO DO, reelo do someno, a river of Brazil, rises
SOMERVILLE, a post-village, capital of Fayette co., Ten- on the confines of the province of Pernambuco, and proceednessee, on the Loosahatchee River, 43 miles E. of Mem- ing N.N.W., joins the Tocantins on the right.
phis. It is situated in a populous and fertile region. The    SOMNO, RIO DO, a river of Brazil, rises in the province
proposed railroad from  Memphis to Nashville will pass of Minas Geraes, on the frontiers of the province of Goyaz,
through the town. A plank-road has been commenced be- flows N.E., receiving the Almas on the right, and joins the
tween Memphis and Somerville. It has 4 or 5 churches, 2  Paracatu.
academies, and a bank. Pop. in 1853, 1500.                   SOMOBOR, a town of Crosatia. See SZAMOBOn.
SOMERVILLE, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the    SOMONAUKI, a post-village of Do Kalb co., Illinois, on
ZEaton and Hamilton Railroad, 14 miles N.N.W. of Hamilton.  Somonauk Creek, and on the Chicago and Aurora Railroad,
SOMIDOURO, so-me-dOfro, a village of Brazil, province of  55 miles W. by S. of Chicago.
M]inas Getses, 12 miles E.S.E. of Mariarna.  Pop. 2000.      SOMIONAUK DEPOT, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois
SOMLYO, somieo, a market-town of Transylvania, co. of    SOMORROSTRO, so-mona-Rostro, a village of Spain, proKraszna, on the Kraszna, 50 miles N.W. of Klausenburg,  vince, and 15 miles N.W. of Bilbao, with a fortified harbor
with a castle. Pop. 2747.                                  on the Bay of Biscay, and iron-mines in its vicinity.
SOMMA, somtmg, or SOMA, solmA, a town of Italy, in    SOMOSERRA, so-mo-saRn, a village and parish of Spain,
Lombardy, delegation of Milan; 4 miles S.E. of Lago Mag- province, and 40 miles N.W. of Guadalajara, where, on the
giore. Pop. 3890. It has Roman antiquities, and was the  30th of November, 1808, the French routed:an army of 12,000
place where the Romans under Scipio were defeated by Han- Spaniards, and opened to Napoleon the route to Madrid.
nibal, shortly after his passage of the Alps.                SOMOSTZE, so-mbst/ss, a market-town of Russia, governSOMMA, a town of Italy, 9 miles E. of Naples, at the foot ment, and 63 miles N.W. of Kharkov.
of Monte Somma, the N. flank of Mount Vesuvius. Pop.   SOMP/TING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
7400. It has a castle, a college, and several churches, a pub-   SOMU-SOMU, sotmoo sotmoo, a town in the Pacific, on the
lic hospital, and a trade in wines and fruits.            N.W. side of the island of Vuna, (or Tabe-Ouni,) one of the
SOMMIIA CAMPAGNA, somfmd kgm-phnuyg, a village of largest of the Feejee group, in lat. 160 46' S., lon. 1790 58' W.,
Austrian Italy, 8 miles W.S.W. of Verona. See VEsuvIus.   consisting of about 200 houses.
SOMMA PAZ, som'mA pas, a mountain range of South    SONAIL, so'nill, a town of Hindostan, dominions, and 56
America, extending E. of the Magdalena to Lake Maracaybo  miles S. of Kotah.
and the city of Valencia, in Venezuela.                     SONCINO, son-cheelno, a market-town of Lombardy, deleSOMMiARIVA DEL BOSCO, som-mA-reelvi d~l bostko, a  gation, and 20 miles N.N.W. of Cremona, on the Oglio.
town of Piedmont, division of Coni, 8 miles S.E. of Carmag-    SONDALO, son-da/lo, a village of Lombardy, 22 miles N.E.
nola. Pop. 5333.                                          of Sondrio.
SOMHIARIVA DEL PARNO, som-m'-reelvA d~l panno, a    SONDERBORG, sbntder-bono', or SONDER.BURG, sonfder.
town of Italy, contiguous to the above. Pop. 1995.        bbaO', a seaport town of Denmark, on the S.W. side of the
1805




SON                                                         SO0
island of Alsen, capital of amt, 13 miles N.E. of Flensburg. part of California, rises among the mountains of the coasi
Pop. 3300.                                                  range, and falls into San Pablo Bay. It is navigable for
SONDERSIIAUSEN, sonfders-h~w~zen, a town of Central small boats to the town of Sonoma.
Germany, capital of the principality of Schwarzburg-Sonder-    SONORA, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
hausen, at the confluence of the Wipper and Bibra, 28 miles    SONORA, a post-office of Gordon co., Georgia.
N.N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 3500. It has a gymnasium, and a    SONORA, a post-town, capital of Tuolumne co., California,
castle, the residence of the prince.                        is situated on Woods Creek, a tributary of Tuolumne River,
SONDRIO, sonfdre-o, a town of Austrian Italy, on the  130 miles E. of San Francisco. Roads from Sacramento City
Mallero, near its mouth in the Adda, 34 miles N.E. of Ber- and San Jos6 terminate in this town. In 1849 it was named
game. Pop. 4500. Its delegation, between the Grisons and  Stewart by the legislature, but the inhabitants prefer the
the Tyrol, has an area of 1100 square miles. Pop. 97,000.    former appellation, which it still retains. Two newspapers
SONE or SOANE, s~n, a river of India, tributary to the  are issued. Pbp. in 1854, about 2500.
Ganges, which it joins 25 miles W. of Patna, after a N.E.    SONORA, so-notre, a small river of Mexico, in a state of
course of 440 miles. It rises at Ajmeerghur, in the Berar  its own name, has a S.W. and W. course, and enters an indominions, flows through the Gurrah-Mundlah table-land  land lake. Lat. 290 301 N., ion. 1110 WV. Length, 300 miles.
and the dominions of Rewah, and separates the provinces    SONORA, a state in the N.W. part of the Mexican Reof Bahar and Allahabad, and the districts of Bahar and  public, bounded on the N. by the United States; on the E. by
Patna on the E., from Shahabad on the W., its course lying  Chihuahua and Durango; on the S. by Cinaloa; and on the
mostly in the British presidency of Bengal. Its affluents  W. by the Gulf of California. Area, 123,466 square miles.
are the Behrun and Coyle, from the S. It is of little use for  The surface in the W.'and S. is generally flat, and in the
navigation. Dr. Iooker says: "At Baroon the Soane is 3  latter direction contains a considerable extent of fruitful
miles wide, its nearly dry bed being a desert of sand, resem- land, watered by the rivers Mayo and Yaqul, and a number
bling a vast arm of the sea when the tide is out; the banks  of small lakes which are formed on the fiats during the
are very barren, with no trees near, and but very few in the  rainy season, and are carefully used for irrigation; towards
distance. The houses are scarcely visible on the opposite  the E. the cordillera begins to rise, and ultimately attains a
side,behindwhichthe iymoreMountains rise. The Soane*  great height in the Sierre Madre and other massive mounis a classical river, being now satisfactorily identified with  lain-chains.  In this mountainous district many fertile valthe Eranoboas of the ancients."                            leys intervene, and rich deposits of silver and other metals
SONEIUT, so'ne-h-tl, a town of British India, presidency  are found.'The climate is warm  throughout the year, the
of Bengal, on the Hustoo, 130 miles S. of Mirzapoor.        thermometer ranging between 750 and 840 from April to
SONEJA, so-nfhA, a village of Spain, in Valencia, province  September, but in early spring rapid changes of temperature
of Castellon de la Plana, 27 miles N. of Valencia, on the Pa- are common. The chief rivers, besides the Mayo and Yaqui
lanca. In 1836 the Carlists burned Soneja, but were over- (or Iuaqui,) already mentioned, are the Rio Grande  de Bataken by General Grases, and defeated. Pop. 1649.           vispe, the Oposura, Sonora, and tributaries Dolores, Guaymas,
SONEKUTCH, so'ne-katcht, a town of India, in the Gwa- San Ignacio, Gila, and Colorado, the last forming part of the
lior dominions, 42 pbiles E.S.E. of Oojein.                 N. boundary. A large portion of the state is occupied by
SONEPOOR, so'ne-poorl, a town of British India, on the  Indian tribes, some of whom have been converted to Roman
]lahanuddy, 43 miles S. of Sumbhulpoor.                     Catholicism.  They subsist partly by agriculture; but the
SONEPUT, so-ne-pfLt, a town of British India, presidency  greater portion are wild and nomadic, and generally hostile
of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, district, and 27 miles  to the whites. The trade of Sonora is chiefly carried on at
N.W. of Delhi. Here is a fine mausoleum.                    Guaymas, which has one of the best harbors in West Mexico,
SONGARI. See SOONGAREE.                                   and at Pitic, a great deplt for the goods imported to GuaySONG-CA, a large river of Anam. See SANc-KO0.             mas. For administrative purposes it is divided into the
SONGEONS, s6aNzh6NG/, a market-town of France, depart- two departments of Arispe and iorcasitas. Its capital is
nient of Oise, 12 miles N.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1082.        Ures. Pop. in 1854, 147,133.
SONG-KIANG, song ke-Angf, a city of China, province of    SONORA, a town of Mexico, state of Sonora, on the river
Kiang-soo, capital of a department, 30 miles S.W. of Soo- Sonora, 35 miles S. of Arispe. Pop. 8000. Near it are some
chow. It has large manufactures of cotton goods.            silver-mines.
SONG'ROORI, a town of British India, presidency of Ben..   SONSBECK, sonstbik, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 33
gal, Upper Provinces, 30 miles W. of Pattialah.             miles N.N.W. of Dusseldorf, on the Sons. Pop. 1480.
SONIO, slniyo, a town of South-west Africa, in Congo, on    SONSECA. son-si/k4, a town of Spain, 8 miles S. of Toledo.
the S. bank of the Zaire, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 175    SON-SERVERA, son s6R-vPrA, a Spanish village at the E.
miles N.W. of Bamba.                                        extremity of the island of Majorca, near the sea. Pop. 1925.
SONICO, sonle-ko, a village of Austrian Italy, province of    SONSON, son-sOnt, a town of South America, in New
Bergamo, 3 miles S.E. of Edolo, on the Oglio. Pop. 1454.    Granada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and 75
SONlMEANEE, son'mA-'nee, or SOOMEANEE, (OU-  miles S.S.E. of Antioquia. on an affluent of the Cauca.
MEANEE,) soo'mA-4]nee, a seaport town of Beloochistan,    SONSONATE, son-so-ni/tA, a town of Central America,
province of Loos, on the N.E. side of the Bay of Sonmeanee, state, and 50 miles W.S.W. of San Salvador. Pop. about
near the frontier of Sinde. Lat. 250 22' N., ion. 660 35' E. 10,000. It is in one of the richest districts of the state, and
Pop.2000. Itconsists of about 500 wretched houses, andits  has some superb churches. Sugar and fancy goods of shellharbor is shallow.                                          work are exported from Acajutla to Peru. Near it is the
SONNEBERG, sonfneh-blaRG, a town of Germany, in Saxe-  volcano of Izalco.
Meiningen, 12 miles N.E. of Coburg. Pop. 3782, who mann-    SONTH]EIM, sont/hIme, a town of WiUrtemberg, circle of
facture toys, musical instruments, and wooden wares.        Neckar, near Heilbronn. Pop. 1014.
SONNENBERG, sonfnen-bkaG', or SUNYPERK, soofhe-    SONTHEIM, a town of Wtirtemberg, circle of Jaxt, near
pink', a mining town of Bohemia, N.W. of Saaz, on the  HIfeidenheim. Pop. 1167.
Erzgebirge. Pop. 1643.                                        SONTHOFEN, sontlho'fen, a market-town of Bavaria. 4
SONNENBURG, sonfn9n-bWORa, a town of Prussia, pro-  miles S.E. of Immenstadt, on the Iller, with 1863 inhabitants,
vince of Brandenburg, 19 miles N.N.E.of Frankfort. Pop. and iron-foundries.
3100, who manufacture woollen cloths.                         SONTIUS. See IsoNzo.
SONNENWALDE, sonfngn-Wl&Pdh, a town of Prussia,    SONTRA, son/trY, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel,
province of Brandenburg, 11 miles S.S.W. of Luckau. Pop. province of Nieder-lessen, 25 miles S.E. of Cassel. P. 1749.
1000.                                                         SONYE, so-ne', a town of Hindostan, in Rajpootana, 20
SONINING, a parishopf England, cos. of Oxford and Berks. miles N.N.E. of Ahmednuggur.
SONOAIA, a county towards the N.W. part of California,    SOOBASHI, SOUBACHI or SUBASCHI, soo-bgfshee, writhas an area estimated at about 1200 square miles. It is  ten also SUBASCIHO, a small maritime town of Circassia,
bounded partly on the S.W. by the Pacific, intersected by  on the Black Sea, about 90 miles S.E. of Anapa.
the Russian River, and is drained by several small streams    SOOBTSOV, ZOUBTZOV, SUBZOW, soobt-sovl, or ZOOBTflowing into San Pablo Bay, which lies on its S. border. The  SOVI, a town of Russia, government of Tver, on the Volga.
surface is uneven, having a mountain range passing nearly  Pop. 3000.
through the centre. The soil is fertile, especially along the    SOOBUNREKIHA  or SUBUNREEKA,  soo-b-Un-ree/ki,
streams, and in the S. portions well cultivated. Capital, So- ("the gold line,') a river of British India, presidency of
noma. Pop. 2337.                                           Bengal, enters the Bay of Bengal at Piply, after a S.E.
SONOMA, apost-town and port of entry, capital of Sonoma  course of 250 miles, for the last 20 of which it is navigable.
co., California, is situated on Sonoma Creek, about 18 miles    S00-CIIOW-F00,* soo'chlw'foot, or S00-TCH00, soo'choo,
from its mouth. It is about 34 miles from Vallejo by land, written also SU-CIHEW and SOU-TCHEOU-FOU,* a town of
and 50 miles from San Francisco by water. The shipping  China, province of Kiangsoo, on a lake in the line of the Imof the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of  perial Canal, and in the fairest, richest, and most populous
640 tons registered, and 703 tons enrolled and licensed; total, district of China, 125 miles S.E. of Nanking. It consists of
1343 tons. Pop. in 1854, estimated at 1000.                the town proper, surrounded by walls about 10 miles in
SONOIRA CREEK, of Sonoma county, in the W.N.W. circuit, and of four suburbs of great extent. It contains an
immense floating population. It is completely intersected
The etymology of Eranoboas is undoubtedly Hierrinia S Vat,  by canals, crossed by numerous bridges, several of which
In Sanskrit the "Golden Arm."  Sona is also Sansia-it for
"gold." The streamis celebrazted for its acates (" Sone pebbles,")
Which are common, but gold is not now o  ained from the sand.               $ See note on page 1763.
1806




SOo                                                       so0o
are substantially built of granite. Itis celebrated through- river Rockelle forms a part of the W. frontier. Several fer
out China for the splendor of its buildings, the beauty of  tile pasturages feed many herds, camels, &c. The Mandin.
its terraces and gardens, and the excellence of its manufac- goes bring cloths, gunpowder, and glasswares into Soolimana
tures, including silk goods, said to be superior in variety and  in return for other products.
richness to those of any other town inthe empire; linen and    SOOLINA, SOULINA or SULINA, soo-leefnA, one of the
sotton fabrics, glass, lacquered ware, paper, and numerous  principal branches by which the Danube discharges its waarticles in iron, ivory, wood, horn, &c. The trade in these  ters into the Black Sea, within the Russian government of
articles, and in the general produce of the country, is very  Bessarabia. It is the most frequented branch, and is used
extensive, and the signs of prosperity are everywhere vlsi- for transporting immense quantities of corn, chiefly for the
ble, the whole road to Shanghai, about 40 miles E.S.E., pre- British market; but the bar at the mouth renders the river
senting a continuous range of towns and villages, while the  very difficult of access, even to vessels of moderate tonliage.
environs are covered with orchards, gardens, mulberry-plan- Early in 1854 the Russians further impeded the navigation
tations, and highly cultivated fields of cotton, rice, wheat, by sinking several vessels full of stones at the mouth of this
&c. Pop. said to exceed that of Nanking, and conjectured  stream.
not to be far short of 2,000,000.                           SOOLINA, SOULINA or SULINA, a town or village of
SOODAK, SOUDAK  or SUDAK, soo'dgkl, a maritime  Russia, in Bessarabia, near the mouth of the river Soo]ina,
town of the Crimea, in South Russia, 22 miles S.W. of Kaffa. with a Russian custom-house. It is composed of a double
SOODAN, SOUDAN or SUDAN, soold~nf, more correctly  row of one-storied wooden houses, straggling  along the river
BELED ES-SOODAN, be-ldl 6s soodlnul, "the Land of the  side, with a dreary marsh behind them. Most of the houses
Blacks," called also NIGRITIA, ne-grishfe-a, (Ger. Niglitien, are built upon piles in the midst of pools of putrid water.
ne-greefte-n; Fr. Nigritie, nee'gree'tee!,) a vast region of    SOOLOO/ (or SULUK) ISLANDS, (Sp. Jolo, Hollo) an archiCentral Africa, the limits of which are undefined, but it is  pelago of the Indian Ocean, between the Mindoro or Sooloo Sea
understood to be bounded on the E. by Kordofan, on the S. on the N., the Celebes Sea on the S., the island of Borneo on
by the parallel of lat. 60 N., on the W. by Senegambia, and  the S.W., and that of Mindanao on the N.E.; and between
on the N. by the Desert of Sahara. The E. portion comprises  lat. 40 44' and 6O 565 N., and Ion. 1190 30' and 1220 30' E.;
the basin of Lake Tchad and Lake Fittre, and the N. the  length from S.W. to N.E., about 200 miles. It consists of
course of the Upper Niger. From the meagre accounts of  nearly 150 islands, most of them  very small, and divided
travellers, the greater part of the surface appears to be flat, into three groups, named respectively after the three prinexcept in the S., where it is said to be hilly.           cipal islands, Baseelan in the N.E., Soolno in the centre, and
SOODEN, s0fdgn, a town of Ile.sse-Cassel, Nieder-Hessen,  Tawee-Tawee in the S.W. Baseelan, situated S. of the fortress
on the Werra, opposite Allendorf, with extensive salt-works, of Samboanga, on the S.W. extremity of Mindanao, from
which produce about 3000 tons of salt annually. Pop. 1200. which it is separated by a strait about 15 miles wide, is of
SOODEN, sOlden, a watering-place of Nassau, 3 miles  an oblong form, about 42 miles long by 6 miles broad; low
N.W. of Hilchst, in the vicinity of Prankfort-on-the-IMain.   towards the coast, but mountainous in the interior; it is
SOODOGDA, soo-dogtdA, a town of Russia, government, well wooded, abounding in picturesque scenery, and very
and 20 miles S.E. of V~adimeer, on the Soodogda. Pop. 1500. fertile. The only other island of this group deserving of
SOODOST, SOUDOST or SUDOST, soo'dostl, a river of  notice is Pilas, situated W. of Baseelan, about 6 miles long
Russia, rises in the government of Orel, flows a southerly  from N. to S.; low and narrow in the S., but widening out
course of about 100 miles through the government of Tcher- and rising into mountains in the N. Sooloo, of an elongated
nigov, andjoins the Desna on the right.           -       form, stretching 35 miles from E. to W., with a breadth of 5
SOOEE or SOUI, soolee, a town of China, province of Hon- miles to 10 miles, has an elevated surface, rising occasionally
pe, capital of a district, 95 miles N.N.W. of Vootchang.  into mountains of remarkable appearance, abounds in magS001-CHING-BAO, soofee ching blo, KOOR-KARA-OOS-  nificent scenery, and is well wooded and fertile. Among the
SON or KOUR-KARA-OUSSON, koor k&-r&oos-son!, a town  valuable timber-trees are teak and sandal woods; and among
of Chinese Toorkistan, 190 miles W.N.W. of Ooroomtsee.    the fruits, cocoa and areca nuts, bananas, mangoes, and
SOOI-DING-CHING, sooeee ding ching, a town of China, oranges. Wild boars and deer are common; and oxen, swine,
20 miles N.E. of Eelee.                                   goats, and poultry are abundant. The fishing along the
SOOI-KOW  or SUI-KOW, sooelee kw, a town of China, coast is very productive, and employs a large number of the
province of Fokien, on the Min, N.W. of Poo-Choo.  Pop. inhabitants.
6000.                                                       The other chief islands of this group are Pala on the S., and
SOOJA, SOUDJA, soorjA, or SUDSIA, a town of Russia, a small group called the Tapul Isles on the S.S.W. Taweegovernment, and 54 miles S. of Koorsk. It is surrounded  Tawee, the last of three principal islands, is situated near the
hy numerous orchards and kitchen gardens, in which the  peninsula of Unsang, forming the N.E. extremity of Borneo,
inhabitants find their chief employment. Pop. 7000.       is about 35 miles long from N.E. to S.W.; has a very elevated
SOOKALEINA, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Mississippi. and mountainous surface, making it visible at the distance of
SOOK-EL-SIIOOYOOKI{,  SOUK-EL-SHOUYOUKI   or  above 30 miles; is densely wooded, and has a large lake, called
SUK-EL-SHUYUKHI, sook 81 shoo'yooK!, a town of Asiatic  Boe-dato, (boo-ddtto',) situated near its centre. Another lake,
Turkey, on the S. bank of the Euphrates, 66 miles W.N.W. or rather arm of the sea, situated in the S.E., and called Don
of Bassorah. Previously to the plague of 1832, it had up- gon, forms an admirable natural harbor. Very little is
wards of 10,000 inhabitants; it is still the seat of an active known of this island; the oysters on its coasts, and those of
inland commerce, and has an export trade in horses, esteem- several other of its islets, are said to contain excellent pearls.
ed the best in this part of the Turkish dominions.        The whole of the Soolon Archipelago is under the sway of a
SOOKERTAL, soo'ker-t~ll, a fortified town of British  despotic sultan, and the inhabitants, evidently of Malay
India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, on the Ganges, origin, of the kind of which the Spaniards of the Philippines
35 miles S.W. of Hurdwar.  Lat. 290 28 N  lon. 780 E.     apply the common name of Moros, are generally represented
SOOKGOOM-KAL]P, SOUKGOUM-KAL]~ or SOKHOUM-  as cruel and treacherous. Their aggregate pop. is estimated
KALE, soo'Koom!  Id-hI, a town and fort of Russia, in  at 200,000.
Abkasia, on the Black Sea, 18 miles S.E. of Anapa. It was    SOOLOO, also called SOUNG, the principal town of the
a place of some importance, and is supposed by some to be  Soolno Archipelago, situated on the N.W. coast of the island
the ancient Sebastoeolis, but has been allowed to fall into a  of its own name, has a good roadstead, with anchorage
very dilapidated state. It was formerly an important Turk- in 18 to 20 fathoms on a loose sandy bottom; it is defended
ish post, taken by the Russians in 1791. It is fortified, and  by several forts mounted with very defective cannon; and
occupied by a Russian garrison.                           though generally composed of huts, has some houses of more
SOOKHIONA, SOUKHONA, SUKHONA or SUCHONA, ambitious appearance, among which are the sultan's palace,
soo-Kon'n, a river of Russia, government of Vologda, rises in  a small mosque, a tomb called that of Shah-Sujah, and the
Lake Koobinsk, flows mostly E., past Totma and Oostioog- residences of several datoeos or chiefs. The trade of the
Velikee, and near the latter town joins the ~oog to form the  whole island centres here, and is carried on to some extent
Dwina. Total course, 250 miles. The principal affluents  with Manila. but one of its most important items is the proare the Vologda and Tolchma. It is navigable, and forms a  duce of piratical expeditions, to which the inhabitants are
main route between Vologda and Archangel.                 much addicted. Pop. of the town, 6000.
S00-KO0-L-BASEEt  or SUKU-L-BASIIR, soorkoofll bhI-    SOOLOO, SEA, or SEA OF MINDOIRO, extends between
seer'. a town of Arabia, 15 niles N.W. of Shehr, on the S.E. lat. 50 and 100 N., and lon. 1170 and 1230 E.
coast. Estimated pop. 4500.                                 SOOMSII00,  SOUMSHOO or SUMSIIU, soomfshoo, one
SOOKSAGOR, sook-s-gorl, a town of British India, presi- of the Koorile Islands, about 10 miles S.S.W. of Cape Lodency and province of Bengal, 31 miles N. of Calcutta.    patka, the S. extremity of the peninsula of Kamtchatka. It
SOOKULTEERUT, so6-ktfl-tee-rfitt, a town of British  is about 10 miles long from N. to S., and from the number
India, presidency of Bombay, 8 miles from  Baroach, on  of shoals between it and Cape Lopatka is supposed to have
the Nerbudda. Lat. 210 48' N., lon. 730 12' E.            been once united to it. Its centre is in lat. 500 46' N., lon.
SOOLA, SOULA or SULA, sooll, a river of Russia, govern- 1560 26' E.
meuts of Kharkov and Poltava, joins the Dnieper 18 miles    SOOMY, SOUIMY or SUMY, sootmee, a town of Russia,
N.W. of Krilov, after a S. course of 200 miles.           government, and 83 miles N.W. of Kharkov, on the Psiol.
SOOLIMIANA, SOULIMANA or SULIMANA, soo-le-mI- It is surrounded by earthen ramparts and a fosse, and dena, a state of West Africa, in Senegambia, mostly between  fended by a citadel. Pop. 12,000.
lat. 90 and 100 N., and ion. 90 30, and 110 W., enclosed by    SOOMY, SOUMY or SUMY, sootmee, a lake of Siberia. in
Foota-Jallon, Sangara, and Limba. Capital, Falaba. The  the W. part of the government of Tomsk, near the right
1807




SOo                                                        Soo
bank of the Irtish. Length from N. to S., about 55 miles;  800sooPOI, SOUPOI or SUPOI, soofpol, a rivet of Russaa,
breadth, about 35 miles.                                   traverses Poltava, and flowing S., joins the Dnieper on the
SOONAM, soo'nitmf, a town of British India, presidency of  left. Total course, 110 miles.
Bengal. in the Upper Provinces, 35 miles S.W. of Pattialah.  SOOPOORt, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
SOONDA, soonfdi, a town of British India, presidency of  district, and 62 miles N.E. of Goruckpoor, on the GunduckBombay, 55 miles S.W. of Darwar. Lat. 140 03' N., ion. 740    SOOR, SOUR or SUR, soor, a seaport on the E. coast of
58' E.                                                     Arabia, dominions, and 90 miles S.E. of Muscat, on, a deep
SOONDERDROOG, a town of British India. See MALwArs. lagoon, in lat. 220 37' N., lon. 590 36' E. It is a mere collecSOONDERSEE, soon/der-see', a town of Central India, tion of huts, but its inhabitants have many vessels which
in the Gwalior dominions, on the IKali-Sinde, 21 miles S.W.  trade to India and Africa.
of Shujahwulpoor.                                            SOOR, SOUR or TSOUR, soor, (ane. Tylrus  or Tyre; Gr.
SOON'DOOR', a town of British India, presidency of Ma- Tvpos,) a seaport town of Syria, pashalic, and 28 miles N.N.E.
dras, 23 miles W. of Bellary.                              of Acre, on the E. part of a peninsula, about I mile in length,
SOO'NELI, a town of Hindostan, province of Malwah, 80  which in antiquity was the insular site of the famous marimiles N. of 0ojein. Lat. 240 33' N., Ion. 750 56' E.        time city of Tyre. In 1837 it suffered from a severe earth0S0NERGONGI, a town of British India, presidency and  quake, by which its walls and buildings were greatly dilapiprovince of Bengal, district, and 13 miles E.S.E. of Dacca, dated, and its population reduced to about 5000, of whom oneon the Brahmapootra. It has manufactures of fine cotton  half are Christians, and the other Turks. It appears to have
cloths. Lat. 230 39' N., lon. 900 43' E.                    no remarkable edifice; but on the peninsula are the ruins of
SOONGAREE, SOUNGARI, SUNGARI, soon-gd-reel or  a large Greek cathedral, and various traces of ancient struc
soon-g [ree, written also SONGARI, a river of Mantchooria,  tures, with some cisterns, apparently connected with extenrises near the frontier of Coresa, flows N. and N.E., and joins  sive water-works, and an aqueduct at Ras-el-Ain, on the
the Amoor or Saghalien River 135 miles S.W. of the influx  mainland, about 2 miles distant. Its port, on the N. side
ofthe Oosooree, (Usuri.)  Total course estimated at 800 miles. of the artificial isthmus, (formed by Alexander the Great
It is deep, easily navigated, and has numerous affluents.   during his memorable siege of Tyre,) is now so choked as to
SOONGARIA or SOUNGARIA, soong-.gire-s, written also  be unfit for any but small vessels; and the trade of this
DZOONGARIA  or DZOUNGARIA, (Chinese, Thican-shcan- ancient emporium of the East has now dwindled to small
pelu,) a country of Central Asia, forming part of the Chinese  exports of tobacco, cotton, charcoal, and fuel.
Empire, between lat. 410 30  and 480 40' N., and lon. 750 and    SOORA, SOURA or SURA, soo/rA, a river of Russia, chiefly
900 E.; and bounded on the N. by the Russian governments  in the governments of Penza and Simbeersk, after a N.
of Omsk and Tomsk, on the W. by the Booriats and Kirgheez  course of 400 miles, joins'the Volga at Vasil, iu the governof the Great Iorde, on the S. by several ranges of moun- ment of Nizhnee-Novgood.
tains, of which little is known. It is divided into three    SOORABAYA.  See SOERAnAYA.
military divisions-Eelee in the S.W., Koor-Kara-Oosson in    SOORAKARTA or SOORAKERTA.  See SOERAKARTA.
the centre, and Tarcbagatai in the N.E. The surface consists    SOORAZI, SOURAJ, soo-richz, written also SSURASI, a
chiefly of an elevated and almost desert plateau, surrounded  town of Russia, government, 113 miles N.N.E. of Tchernigov.
and partly intersected by lofty mountain-chains. Numerous    SOORAZIT. SOURAJ, SURAJ or SSURASII, a town of Rusrivers descend from the mountains, but many of them, be-  sia, government, and 25 miles N.E. of Vitebsk. Pop. 2000.
fore attaining much magnitude, disappear in the sands of    SOORGOOT, SOURGOUT, SURGUT or SURGIUT, soorthe desert, or empty themselves into its lakes. Of these the  goot', sometimes called SOORGOOTOI or SURGUTOI.    a town
largest is Balkash-Nor or Tengheez, though only a minor por- of Asiatic Russia, government, and 269 miles N.E. of Tobolsk,
tion of it belongs to this territory. The largest of the others  on the right bank of the Obi. Pop. 1500.
are Tooz-Gool or Temoortoo-Nor in the S.W., Koorghe-Nor,    SOORMIAI, soor/ma, a river of British India, presidency
Kaltaroshk6-Nor, and Avar-Nor towards the centre, Kesil- of Bengal, after a W. and S. course of 200 miles joins the
Bachi-Nor in the E., and Zaisan in the N.E. Large tracts  Barak, an affluent of the Brahmapootra, 20 miles S. of Azare altogether or nearly unfit for human habitation, but merigunge.
some of the plains, and many of the valleys, are covered    SOOROOGA, SOUROUGA  or SURUGA, soo-roofgit, a
with good pasture, on which numerous nomade tribes feed  populous maritime town of Japan, in the island of Niphon,
their herds. In all the three divisions considerable tracts  capital of a province, on the Bay of Totomina, 90 miles S.WV.
are under cultivation, and produce grain of different kinds,  of Yeddo. It has an imperial palace, and manufitctures of
chiefly millet and barley. N. of the Eelee, which flows from   colored paper and mats.
W.N.W. to the S. extremity of Lake Teugheez, extensive    S00RUJGIIUR, soo-rtij-gftr/, a town of Iindostan, in the
forests occur; towards the E. are many marshy tracts covered  protected Sikh Territory, 13 miles S.S.E. oG Belaspoor.
with reeds, furnishing shelter to numerous wild beasts.   S00O'UJPOORS, a town of British India, presidency of
The domestic animals,are principally camels and buffaloes.  Bengal, district of Boolundshahur, 20 miles S.E. of Delhi.
Among the minerals are gold, copper, iron, and it is said    STOOtRY, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, on
also coal. Salt is obtained in abundance, both from salt- an affluent of the Ganges, 53 miles S.W. of Moorshedabad.
lakes and from  mines. Soongaria was originally inhabited    SOOS, SOUS or SUS, soos, a river of Afirica, in Morocco,
by the Oo-sun, who appear to have been completely dis- rises in Mount Atlas, and, after a W. course of 130 miles,
tinguished from the neighboring nations by having blue  enters the Atlantic 5 miles S. of Agadir.
eyes and red beards. About the sixth century they were    SOOS, SOUS or SUS, the southermost province of Moexpelled by the Turks, who, after remaining master for se- rocco, mostly between lat. 280 30' and 300 30' N., and ion.
veral centuries, were obliged to yield to the victorious arms  100 and 140 W.. having N. the kingdom  of Morocco, E.
of Jenghis Khan and his Mongols. The Mongols became iMount Atlas, S. the Desert, and W. the Atlantic. Estimnated
divided into two great classes —Mongols proper and Eleu- area, 28,686 square miles. Pop. 700,000. It is divided by
thes or Calmucks. The latter were long held in subjection  the river Tesset into Soos el Adna, which is wholly subordiby the former, but at last the Calmucks threw off the yoke, nate to Morocco, and Soos-el-Acsa, consist ing of only tributary
and one of these tribes, called Soongars or Soongarians,  districts. The principal towns are Terodant, Agadir, Messa,
having greatly distinguished themselves, gave their name  and Noon.
to the country. About the end of the seventeenth century    SOOS, SOUS, SUS, sooees, or SUSAN, sooos~nt, (anc. Susa.)
the Emperor of China, after a long and bloody wa-, effected  a ruined city of Persia, province of Khoozistan, (anc. Ssi.the subjugation of Soongaria, and, in 1754, riveted his aria,) the remains of which, on the W. bank of the Choaspes,
authority more firmly by putting down an insurrection in  50 miles W. of Sheoster, comprise numerous mounds.
which 1,000,000 Eleuthes are said to have perished. Since    SOOSA, SOUSA or SUSA, sooees, a fortified seaport town
that period Soongaria has been treated as a Chinese province. of North Africa, in Tunis, 40 miles S. of Ilammamet, on the
SOONGIUR, soon'gtrt, a town of India, in a detached  S.W. shore of its gulf. Pop. 10,000. It has a port adapted
district of the Baroda dominions, 46 miles S. of Surat.     for large vessels, handsome mosques, good bazaars, and
SOONGNUMI, soong'nflmI, a large and populous village of  manufactures of woollen cloths, shoes, and linens.
Thibet, on the Rushkolang, a tributary of the Sutlej, N.   SOOSAM-ADASSI. See SAMos.
of the I-Iimalayas. Lat. 310 48' N., lon. 780 28' E.          SOOSIGHIRLEE-SOO, SUSIGIIRLI-SU, soo'-se-ghir'lee'
SOONKAUR, soon'kawrt, (IHindoo, Sancara,) a town of  sot, (anc. Macesfteus,) a river of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, rises
India, in Deccan, Nizam's dominions, 22 miles 5.S.W. of  in the Lake of Simaul. and joins the Rhyndacus about 12
Aurungabad.                                                 miles S. of its mouth in the Sea of Marmora.
SOONTI, soont'h, a town and fort of West Ilindostan,    SOOSNEERI, a town of Central India, in the Gwalior
dominions of Odeypoor, 40 miles S. of Doongarpoor.          dominions, 41 miles W. of Rajghur.
SOONUR, a town of India. See Jo0NEER.                       SOOTC10  or SOOTC-OO-F00.  See S00o-cCHow-roo.
SOONWALD. s~n5Wilt, an elevated plateau of Germany,    SOOTHI-IILL, township of England, co. York, West Riding.
terminating albruptly on the left bank of the Rhine, near    SOOTOOKO or SOUTOUKO. soootoo-ko'. a village of West
Bacharach.                                                 Africa, in Wooli. Lat. 130 29' N., ion. 130 55' W.
SO-OOJ-BOLAIK or SO-UJ-BOLAK, s5 ooj bo'liSk/. a town    S00ITY, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal,
of North Persia, province of Azerbaijan, capital of district, 30 miles N.N.W. of Mloorshedabad. Lat. 240 26' N., lon. 880
20 miles S. of Lake Ooroomeeyah, on a river which loses  2' E.
itself in a marshy lake 12 miles N. It consists of about    SOOY'S INN, a post-office of Burlington co., New Jersey.
1200 houses, inhabited by Jews, Nestorlan Christians, and    SOOZDAL. SOUZDAL or SUZDAL, soozedll/. a town of
Koords. Its vicinity is carefully cultivated.              Russia, government, and 22 miles N. of Vladimeer, on the
1808




SOP                                                         SOS
Kamenka. Pop. 2400. Its kreml, or fortress, has the resi-   SORGUES, SORG, a river of France, rises in the departdence of its former archbishops, and church of the tenth  ment of Aveyron, flows W.N.W., and joins the Dourdon after
century.                                                    a course of above 30 miles, of which 18 are used for boating.
SOPCHOPIPY, a post-office of Wakulla co., Florida.          SORGUES. a town of France, department of Vaucluse, on
SOPETRAN, so-pA-tr!, a town of South America,,in New  the'Sorgue, and on the railway from Lyons to Avignon, 5
Granada,. department of Cundinamarca, province, and 10  miles N.E. of Avignon.  Pop. in 1852, 3300.
miles S. of Antioquia, on the Cauca.                          SORI, soiree, a village of the Sardinian States, division of
SOPHIA, so-fieet, (Bulgarian Triaditza, tre —difts/,) a city  Genoa, near Recco, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 1969.
of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, capital of a sanjak, on the    SORIA, the Italian name of SYRIA, whiCh see.
grand route from Constantinple to Belgrade, 85 miles S.E. of    SORIA, soire-A, a province of Spain, in Old Castile. Area,
Nissa. Lat. 420 37' N., Ion. 230 260 E. Pop. 50,000. It is  5770 square miles. Agriculture employs the greater part
meanly built; but it is reported to have 30 mosques and 10  of the population. Pop. 140,000.
churches, with hot-baths, and manufactures of woollens and    SORIA, a. city of Spain, capital of a province, on the
silk fabrics, leather and tobacco, and it is the residence of a  Douro, 51 miles S.S.E. of Logroflo. Pop. 3372. It has manubegler-bey, and the see of Greek and Roman Catholic arch- factures of silk fabrics, and trade in wool; 3 miles N. are the
bishops. It was founded by Justinian on the ruins of the  ruins conjectured to be those of the ancient Nurmantia.
ancient 8ardica.                                              SORIANO, so-re-/ino, a market-town of Italy, in the PonSOPHIIA, so-teela, or SAINT SOPHIA, a town of Russia, tifical States, 7 miles E. of Viterbo.  Pop. 2490.
government, and 17 miles S. of St. Petersburg, with which    SORIANO, a market-town of Italy, in Naples, province
it communicates by railway.  It contains a remarkable  of Calabria Ultra II., 8 miles S.E. of Monteleone.  Pop. 3000.
church, built in imitation of St. Sophia at Constantinople.    SORIASCO, so-re-as'ko, a market-town of Piedmont, dlviNear it is the imperial palace of Tsarkoe-selo. Pop. 700.  sion of Alessandria, province, and 15 miles E. of Voghera,
SOPING, a state of Celebes. See SOEPA.                   near the Aversa. Pop. 1632.
SOPILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants, on the Avon.   SORISOLE, so-re-sol/i, a village of Austrian Italy, proSOPUR, so-poor/ (?) a town of Cashmere, 20 m-niles W.N.W. of vince, and 3 miles N.W. of Bergamo. Pop. 1517.
Serinagur.                                                    SOR/LEY, a post-office of Wayne co., Tennessee.
SOP/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.              SORLINGUES, the French name of the SCILLY ISLES, which
SORA, soc', a city of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro,  see.
on the Garigliano, 15 miles E.N.E. of Frosinone, in the Pon-   SORN, a parish and village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 3
tifical States. Pop. 8000. It stands at the foot of a height, miles E. of Mauchline. The Castle of Sorn is W. of the viion which are the remains of a Gothic castle, and the walls  lage.
of ancient Sora.  It has a cathedral, and various other    SORNAC, soe'ndu/, a market-town of France, department
churches.                                                   of Corrbze, 10 miles N.N.W. of Ussel. Pop. in 1852, 1083.
SORAGNA, so-r&nlyl, (L. Soaenea,) a town of Italy, duchy,    SORNAY, sor'n/, a village of France, department of
and 18 miles N.W. of Parma, with a parish church, a large  Sagne-et-Loire, 5 miles W. of Louhans. Pop. 1500.
and magnificent palace, with marble sculptures. Pop. 5312.   SOROCABA, so-ro-kibS, a town of Brazil, province, and
SORANO, so-r/no, a village of Tuscany, 5 miles N.E. of  50 miles W.S.W. of Sio Paulo, on the river Sorocabo, an
Pitigliano; it is walled. Pop. 1083.                        affluent of the Tiete. Pop. 12,000. It has a brisk trade in
SORATA, so-rd/tA, a town of Bolivia, in the Andes, de- cattle; its district is fertile, and coffee and tobacco are expartment, and 57 miles N.W. of La Paz, province of Lare-  tensively cultivated.
caja, 8850 feet above sea-level. Pop. 1200. A few miles S.    SOROtE, soiro' or sofr'feh, almost so/rth'yeh, a town of
ars the two peaks of Sorata, the one 21,043 feet, and the  Denmark, island of Seeland, on the small Lake of SorSe, 18
other 21,286 feet high.                                     miles E.N.E. of Corsoer.  Pop. 856. It has a celebrated
SORAU, soirpw, or ZOROWE, tso-ro/vd, a town of Prussia,  academy.
province of Brandenburg, 56 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort, on    SOROiE, a large island of Norway, off the N. coast of Finthe railway from Berlin to Silesia. Pop. 6740. It has an  mark, lat. 700 40' N., Ion. 220 to 230 E., and separated by
orphan asylum, a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollens  Sorge Sound from the island of Seeland.
and linens.                                                   SOROH, so'r5! (?) a town of British India, presidency of
SORAYA, a river of Portugal. See ZATAs.                  Bengal, district of Cuttack, 20 miles S.W. of Balasore.
SORBANO DI  ROMAGNA, soR-bUno dee ro-min/yJ, a    SOROKA, so-ro/kd, a village of Russia, government, and
village of Tuscany, on the Savio. P.1014.                   170 miles W. of Archangel, on a rocky island in the White
SORBAS, soe/bbs, a town of Spain, province, and 25 miles  Sea, at the mouth of the Vig, with a harbor, and about 500
E.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 5422.                              inhabitants, mostly fishers.
SORIBIE or SORIBY, a maritime parish of Scotland, co.   SOROKA, a market-town of Russia, provinceofBlessarabia,
ofWigton; the village is well built, and has a damask factory. on the Dniester, 78 miles N.N.W. of Kishenev.
SORBOLO, sou/bo-lo, a village of Italy, duchy, and 7 miles    SOROKSAR, so'rok'saa/, a market-town of Hungary, co.,
N.E. of Parma, on the Enza. Pop. 3397.                      and 18 miles from Pesth. Pop. 3518.
SORCY, soa'seet, a market-town of France, department of    SOROTCIITNSKAIA  or SOROTCHINSKAJA, so-rotch
Meuse, 4 miles S.S.E. of Commercy, on the Meuse. P. 1489. in-skFI', a strong fort of Russia, government of Orenboorg,
SORDES, soRd, a town of France, department of Landes,  on the Samara, 50 miles S.E. of Boozoolook.  Pop. 1600. It
12 miles S. of Dax. Pop. 1386.                             is the most important fortress on the Samara.
SORDEVOLO  son-dti-voilo, a village of Piedmont, division    SORNRAPOOR/, a town of India, in Deccan, Nizam's doof Turin, province, and 5 miles W.N.W. of Biella. Pop 2127. minions, 75 miles S.E. of Bejapoor.
SORDI, sos/dee, or PETALIDHA, pd-t/-leed/hd, an island    SORRAYA, a river of Portugal.  See ZATAS.
off the W. coast of Crete, 8 miles W.S.W. of Fort Grabusa.    SOWRREL HILL, a mountain of Ireland, co. of Wicklow,
Lat. 350 34' N., ion. 230 27'E.                            4 miles S.1E. of Biessington.  IIeight, 1915 feet.
SORE, soR, a market-town of France, department of Lan-    SOR/REL IHORSE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penndes, 28 miles N. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1740.             sylvania.
SOREL, so-r~l/, or WILLIAM1 HENRY, a post-village  of    SORtRENTO,.sot-r.}tnto, (anc. Surrenftuemn) a maritime
Canada East, co. of Richelieu, 45 miles N.E. of Montreal, on  town of Naples, district, and 7.miles S.W. ofCastel-a-mare, on
the right bank of the mouth of the Richelieu River, at its  the promontory which bounds the Bay of Naples on the S.
mouth in Lake St. Peter. It has barracks, docks, an arso-  Pop. 10,000. It is celebrated for*the beauty of its vicinity,
nal, a quay, and a small fort. Pop. in 1852, 3424.         and the mildness and salubrity of its climate.  It has a
SORELL, a town of Van Diemen's Land, co. of Pembroke,  cathedral, manufactures of silk, and various Greek and Roon Pitt Water, an inlet of North Bay, 14 miles N.E. of IIo- man antiquities. Tasso was born here in 1544.
bart Town.                                                   SORRENTO, PIANO DI, pe-/no dee soa-aOnfto, borderSORELL, CAPE, Van Diemen's Land, on the W. side of  ing the Bay of Naples, has numerous villages, with orange
the entrance into Macquarrie Harbor. Lat. 420 10' S., ion. and lemon groves.
1150 11' E.                                                  SORRENTO. PROMONTORY OF. between the Bays of
SORELLI ROCKS, in the Mediterranean.  See GALITA.    Naples and Salerno, 15 miles in length, terminates in Cape
SORESINA, so-rd-seelnd, a market-town of Lombardy,  Campanello, opposite Capri.
14 miles N.W. of Cremona, between the Oglio and Adda.   SORSO, so/Rlso, a market-town of the island of Sardinia,
Pop. 5000.                                                 division, and 6 miles N. of Sassari. Pop. 4073.
SOREZE, so'raiz!, a town of France, department of Tarn,    SORTELIIA, soa-tl1yd, a fortified town of Portugal, pro14 miles S.W. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 2826.              vince of Beira, 7 miles E. of Belmonte.
SORGONO, soc-go/no, a village on the island of Sardinia,    SORVILLAN, soR-veel-ydn/, a village of Spain, in Andadivision of Cagliari, 7 miles E.SE. of Busachi.  Pop. 1188.   lusia, about 40 miles from Granada. Pop. 1640.
SORGOSON, soR-go-son/, a village of the Philippines,    SOS, sos, (anc. Sotialtum Opeisam,)  a walled town of
island of Luzon, province, and 30 miles S. by E. of Albay.  Spain, province, and 56 miles N.N.W. of Saragossa. Pop.
Lat. 120 52 12" N., ion. 1230 52/ E. It has a large and good  2822. In its castle Fredinand, King of Aragon, was born
harbor.                                                    in 1453.
SORGUE, soRo, a small river of France, rises in the cele-    SOSA, soisd, a market-town of Saxony, circle of Zwickau,
brated fountain of Vaucluse, in the department of Vaucluse,  5 miles W.S.W. of Schwarzenberg.  Pop. 1757, engaged in
and joins the Rhone 5 miles N. of Avignon, after a W. course  iron-mines, and in manufactures  of vitriol and lace.
of 20 miles.                                                 SOSNA  BYSTlIAA, sos'n. bis-trVA, or TuE RAPID, a
50                                                                          1809




SOS                                                       SOU
river of European Russia, affluent of the Don, government    SOUI, a town of China. See SoomE.
of Orel, after an E. course of 130 miles; joins the Don 18    SOUILLAC, soo'y\k! or sool'yfkf, a town of France, db,
miles E.N.E. of Yelets.                                   partment of Lot, on the right bank of the Dordogne, at
SOSNA TIKIIAIA, soshi' te-KIVt, a river of European  the head of its navigation by heavy barges, 30 miles N. of
Russia, government of Voronezh, after an E. course of 100  Cahors. Pop. in 1852, 3248. It has a chamber ofcommerce,
miles joins the Donmilesiles N.E. of Ostrogoisk.         and trade in cattle, leather, wine, salt, and timber.
SOSNITSA, sos-nit/sa, a town of Rcdssia, government, and    SOUILLY. soo'yeef or sool'yeef, a market-town of France,
64 miles E. of Tchernigov. Pop. 5000. It has a cathedral, department of Meuse, 18 miles N.N.E. of Bar-le-Duc. P. 956
and 3 large annual markets.                                 SO-UJ-BOLAK. See So-OoJ-BOLAK.
SOSPELLO, sos-p~lflo, a town of Italy, in the Sardinian    SOUKEL-SIIOUYOUKH.  See SoOKEaL SuOOYOOKH.
States, division, and 16 miles N.E. of Nice. Pop. 4000.     SOUKGOUM-.KAL~, Russia. See SOOKGooO-KAL.
SOST, a town of Prussian Westphalia. See SOEST.            SOUKHONA, a river of Russia. See SOOKHONA.
SOSTE, sos/tA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria    SOULAINES, soo'llnt, a market-town of France, depart.
Ultra II., S.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1650.                ment of Aube, on the Soulaine, 25 miles N.E. of Bar-sur
SOSTEGNO, sos-tln'yo, a village of the Sardinian States, Aube.  Pop. in 1852, 907.
division of Turin, 12 miles, E.N.E. of Biella. Pop. 1421.    SOULIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
SOSVA or SOSWA, sostvA, a river of Siberia, government    SOULIDERN, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
of Perm, rises in the Ural Mountains, and after a S.E. course    SOUL/DORP, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
of 170 miles, joins the Lovda to form the Tavda.             SOULIMANA. See:SOOLIsaANA.
SOSVA or SOSWA, a river of Siberia, government of    SOULTZ, soolts, or SOULTZ-LA-VILLE, soolts 1t veel., a
Tobolsk, joins the Obi at Berezov. Length, 350 miles.     town of France, department of Haut-Rhin, 15 miles S.S.W.
SOT/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 3660.
SOT DE FERRER, sot dA f6R-RairY, a village of Spain, in    SOULTZ-LES-BAINS, soolts lI bANc, a town of France, deValencia, 30 miles from Castellon-de-nla-Plana. Pop. 1391.   partment of Bas-Rhin, 11 miles W. of Strasbourg, with
SOTERN, se3tern, a village of Oldenburg. Pop. 1033.     mineral baths and 958 inhabitants.
SOTH/ERTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          SOULTZMATT, soolts'mittl, a market-town of France, deSOTIATUM OPPIDUM. See Sos.                              partment of Haut-Rhin, in the Vosges, 3 miles W. of RoufSOTILLO DE LA ABRADA, so-teel'yo dl  I  -nrirDI, a  fach. Pop. in 1852, 2957.
town of Spain, in Old Castile, S. of Avila. Pop. 1040,       SOULTZ-SOUS-F'ORETS, soolts soo fo'rV], a town of France.
SOTOANNE, so-to-Ann/, a groupof the Carolines, near lat. department of Bas-Rhin, 7 miles S.W. of Wissembourg.
50 30' N., Ion. 1530 30' E. It consists of more than 60 islets. Pop. 1877.
SOTO DE CAMEROS, so/to dl kH-mIroce, a village of    SOUMAGNE, soo'mlfif, a town of Belgium, province, and
Spain, Old Castile, 17 miles S. of'Logrofio, on the Leza. P. 2521. 7 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 2464.
SOTO DE LA VEGA, so/to dl 18 vA/ss, a village of Spain,   SOUM EANEE. See SONsEANE.E.
province, and about 25 miles from Leon. Pop. 1485.          SOUMSHOU, one of the Kooriles. See SooMsnoo.
SOTO LA MARINA, so/to 1. mg-reefnA, a village of the    SOUMY, Russia. See SooMy.
Mexican Confederation, state of Tamaulipas, on the river    SOUND, THE, or OERESUND, a narrow strait between
Santander, 25 miles W. of its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. Denmark (island of Seeland) and Sweden, which consiects
SOTO MAYOR. See SANX SALVADOR SOTO MAYOR.'              the Baltic with the Cattegat and North Sea. Length, fitom
SOTO-Y-AMIIO, solto e a/me-o, a village of Spain, province  N. to S., 30 miles; breadth, at its narrowest point between
of Leon, near Murias de Paredes. Pop. 994.                Elsinore (Helsingbr) and Ilelsingborg, 3 miles; depth, firom
SOTTEGHIEM, sot/teh-ghbm', or SOTTEGEMi, a market- 4 to 20 fathoms. The Danish sovereigns formerly possessed
town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 13 miles S.S.E. the territory on both sides of the strait, and they have ever
of Ghent. P. 1600. It contains the tomb of Count d'Egmont. since continued to maintain the privilege of exacting toll
SOT/TERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        from all foreign vessels passing through it, at Elsinore.
SOTTEVILLE-LES-ROUEN, sott'veel! or sot'teh-veel! IA  The clearest passage is on the Danish side, and by almost
roo-NOt, a village of France, department of Seine Inf~rieure, immemorial custom, sanctioned by treaties, and finally conwith a station on the Paris and Havre Railway, 4 miles S. firmed and regulated by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, all
f Rouen. Pop. in 1852, 4960.                              merchant vessels passing the sound must anchor at ElsiSOTTEVILLE, SUR MElt, sot/tgh-veel! siiR main!, a vii- nore, and pay duty. The sum paid is not so serious as the
lage of France, department of Seine-Infdrieure, near the  delay, which often occasions the loss of a favorable wind.
English Channel, arrondissement of Yvetot. P. 1852, 4960. The average amount of tolls annually is $765,000. In 1849,
SOTTO MARINA, sotto mI-ree/ni, the southernmost of 9601 ships entered the sound from the North Sea,:of which
the islands in the Venetian Lagoon, in North Italy, 15 miles 3503 were British; and 9358 cleared from.the Baltic, of which
S. of Venice. The town of Chioggia is at its N. extremity.   3380 were British.
SOTUTA, so-too/tI, a town of Yucatan, 60 miles S.E. of    SOUNG, a river of Russia. See SooLOO.
M erida. and pretty well built.                              SOUNCGARI, a river of East Asia. See SooNGX1FE.
SOT/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Berks.               SOUPOI, a river of Russia. See SoopoI.
SOUBISE, soo'beez/, a town of France, department of Cha-   SOUPPES, soop, a village of France, department of Seinerente-Infdrieure, 18 miles S.S.E. of Rochefort. Pop. 678. It et-lMarne, on the Loing, 15 miles S. of Fontainebleau. Pop.
has mineral springs in its vicinity.                       1523, who manufacture files and other steel wares.
SOUBTSOV, a town of Russia. See SooBTsov.'        SOUR. See Soon.
SOUCHAHATCIIEE, post-office, Tallapoosa co., Alabama.   SOURA, a river of Russia. See SooRA.
SOUCHEOU. See Soo-cHow-roo.                               SOURABAYA. See SOERABAYA.
SOUTCOOK RIVER rises in Belknap co., New HIampshire,   SOURAJ, two towns of Russia. See SooRAAzr.
and falls into the Merrimack River in Merrimack county,   SOURAKARTA or SOURAKERTA. See SOERAKARTA.
about 3 miles SE. of Concord.                               SOUROURG, sooa'boonc, a village of France, department
SOUDAK. See SooDAK.                                     ofBas-Rhin, 9 miles S.E. of Wissembourg. Pop. 2000.
SOUDAN, a region of Africa. See SoonAi.                   SOURDEVAL or SOURDEVAL-LA-BARRE, sooadeh-v~l!
SOUDAN, soo'd/Nal, a village of France, department of  1I ban, a market-town of France, department of Manche, 5
Deux-Slvres, 12 miles N.E. of Relle. Pop. 834.             miles N.E; of Mortain. Pop. in 1852, 4328.
SOUDAN, a village of France, department of Loire-Inf6-   SOURE, sO/rI. a market-town of Portugal, province of Esriense, 3 miles E.N.E. ofChlteaubriant. Pop. in 1852, 2339. tremadura, 13 miles N.N.W. of Pombal. Pop. 1500.
SOUDAY, sooldl], a village of France, department of Loir-   SOURE, sS'rl, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, 40 miles
et-Cher, 18 miles N.W. of Vendome. Pop. 1483.             W. of Itapicuru.
SOUIDERSBURG, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,   SOURE, a town of Brazil, province, and 16 miles firom
on the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, 9 miles E. of  Ceara, on the Ceara. It was originally founded by the
Lancaster.                                                Jesuits, with Indian converts. Pop. under 1200.
SOUDJA, a town ofRussia. See SooJA.                       SOURGOUT. See SoeRoer.
SOUDOGDA, a town of Russia. See SOODOGDA.                 SOUROUGA, a town of Jap'an. See SoonoOcA.
SOUDOST, a river of Russia. See SooDosT.                  SOURRERA, soor-rA/rA, a town of British India, presiSOUEYRA or SUIRA. See MOGADORE.                         dency of Madras, near its N. extremity, 50 miles W. of Chilka
SOUEZ or SOUEYS. See SUEZ.                              Lalke.
SOUFFLENHEIM, soof'filnn'6m, or SUFFLEN, stifNfia-/,   SOUR/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, canton of    SOUS. See Soos.
Bischwiller. Pop. 3035.                                     SOUSA. See SoosA.
SOUFPFRIERE, LiA, 1 soo'fre-airt, a volcano of GUAnDELOUrE,   SOUSAM or SOOSAMI. See SAsros..
which see.                                                  SOUSTONS. soos't6-oN/, a market-town of France, departSOUG], soo'zhl/, a village of France, department of Sarthe. ment of Landes. 14miles W.N.W. of Dax. Pop. in 1852, 3123.
Pop. 1450.                                                 SOUTCHOU or SOUTCHEOU. See Soe-cHow-Fos.
SOUGt, a village of France, department of Loir-et-Cher,   SOUTERRAINE, LA, 1I soolthaOaain/, a town of France,
15 miles W. of Vendome. Pop. 1275.                       department of Creuse, 19 miles W.N.W. of Gugret. Pop. in
SOUREIGAN RIVER rises in the N. part of Massachu-  1852, 3680.
setts, and running first N.E. and then E., falls into the Mer-   SOUTH AB/INGTON, a post-village of Abington township,
rimack in Hillsborough county.                           Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony Railroad,
1810




(o0U                                                      soU
21 mile- S.S.E. of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively  serving of notice are the guildhall, custom-house, auditengaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes.             house, jail, theatre, assembly-rooms, ordnance map office,
SOUTH AICRE, a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.        royal yacht club-house, baths, and public parks, which are
SOUTH ACfTON, a post-village of Acton township, Mid- now being laid out and planted. The manufactures, with
diesex co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Fitchburg  the exception of ship-building, which is carried on to a large
Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of Boston.                         extent, are chiefly confined to brewing, coaches, castings,
SOUTII ACIWORTH, a post-office of Sullivan co., New  and the refining of sugar.
Hampshire.                                                   A tidal-dock, paved with granite, and lined with extensive
SOUTH ADIAMS, a manufacturing post-village of Adams  warehouses, was completed in 1842, at a cost of 140,0001.,
township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the Pittsfield and  and having 18 feet water at the lowest tides, is accessible at
North Adams Raihroad, 13 miles N. by E. ofPittsfield. Among  all times by steamers of 2000 tons burden, and at high water
the articles produced are cotton and woollen goods, machi- by vessels of almost any tonnage. To the tidal-dock two
nery, and furniture.                                       graving-docks have been added, and a third is (1854) in
SOUTH ADIDISON, a post-office of Steuben co., New York. course of construction, which will accommodate the largest
SOUTII ALABAMIA, a post-office, Geneses co., -New York. steam-vessels in the world. A-very finenew close-dock has
SOUTH ALIBION, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, also been opened, and is extensively used.: The accommo22 miles N.E. by E. of Augusta.                            dation thus provided has made the port the most important
SOUTH ALBION, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.   packet-station in the kingdom. Steamers sail every fbrtnight
SOUTH ALBION, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan.   for India (East and West) and China, weekly for the W.
SOUTH ALIDEN, a post-office of Erie co., New York.       coasts of Spain and Portugal, and for Gibraltar and the
SOUTHIALL, a village of England, co. of Middlesex, Mediterranean, and daily for the Isle of Wight, the Channel
parish of Hayes, with a station on the Great Western  Islands, and France. Ocean-steamers also sail regularly for
Railway, 9 miles W.N.W. of London.                         the Western World, and furnish regular communication
SOUTH AL'TON, a post-village of Belknap co., New Hamp- with the more distant and important colonies of Australia.
shire, near the Cocheco Railroad, 20 miles N. by E. of Concord.   The imports consist chiefly of stone from the WV. and coal
SOUTIIVAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. from the N.E. maritime counties, corn and provisions from
of Warwick.  Pop. in 1851, 1711. It has a fine Gothic  Ireland, timber from the Baltic and America, and wine and
church, and is the head of a poor-law union.               brandy from  France, Portugal, and Spain. The declared
SOUTH AMiBOYI, a post-village of South Amboy town- value of exports, only 189,6221. in 1816, was was 1,859,6471.
ship, Middlesex co., New Jersey, on the S. side of Raritan  in 1850, 1,916,7371. in 1851, 2,070,2701. in 1852, and 2,452,8641.
Bay, at the mouth of Raritan River, 27 miles S.W. of New  in 1853. The number of vessels entered from foreign posts
York. The Camden and Amboy Railroad terminates here, in 1850 was, British, 483, (132,485 tons;) and foreign, 143,
and connects with the New York steamboats. The village  (19,632 tons;) and there cleared for foreign ports, British,
contains an academy and a manufactory of stone-ware. Pop. 464, (128,153 tons;) and foreign, 139, (19,366 tons.) The tonof the township, 2266.                                      nage employed in the coasting trade was at least equally
SOUTH AMEINIA, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York. large. Southampton is now one of the government emigraSOUTH AIERICA. See AMSERICA, page 70.                     tion ports, and during the year 1853 the total number of
SOUTH AMERICA, a post-village of Saline co., Illinois.   vessels cleared from the port for the different Australian
SOUTH AMIHIERST, a post-office of Hampshire co., Mas- ports, with government emigrants, was 35, with a tonsachusetts.                                                 nacre of 27,702, conveying 9551 statute adult emigrants, the
SOUTHAMPTON, a county of England. See IANTS.              aggregate number of souls being 11,191.  Besides these,
SOUTHIAMPTON, siTH-hamp'ton, a parliamentary and  several vessels, with emigrants paying their own passagemunicipal borough, and seaport town of England, co. of  money, sailed for Southampton for the different Australian
Hants, beautifully situated on a peninsula at the mouth of ports during the same year. The importance of Southampthe Itchen, near the head of Southampton Water, and on the  ton, as a passenger and mail-packet port, is increasing every
South-western Railway, 71 miles S.W. of London. Lat. of  year; as one proof of which, it may be mentioned that durSt. Michael's Spire, 500 44' N., Ion. 10 24' 2" W. It occupies  ing the year 1853 no less than 26,048 passengers from foreign
an acclivity rising gradually from the water, and when ap- parts landed in the docks, and 77,005 packages of passengers'
proached by the London Road through an avenue of stately  baggage, independent of all the commercial goods imported.
elms, has a very striking appearance. It consists ofan old    Southampton is governed by a town-council, or corporaand a new town, the former at an early period surrounded  tion, consisting of 30 councillors and 10 aldermen, (fiom
by walls flanked with round towers, and entered by several  which the mayor is annually elected.)  Extensive works for
gates, of which three are still standing, and bear the names supplying the town with waterare (1854) in active progress;
of West-gate, South-,cate, and Bar-gate. The last, a remark- the water is to be obtained fiom the springs at Mansbridge,
able structure, embattledand machicolated, ind large enough  about 3 miles distant from the town.
to contain the town-hall in the upper part of it, is-now, in    One of the greatest attractions connected with the town
consequence of the extension of the town, nearly in its cen- is the Southampton Common, a beautiful tract of land,
tre, and being situated across the principal street running  richly wooded, 365 acres in extent, left to the town for public
nearly N. and S., divides it ihto two parts, the part to the  purposes many centuries ago. On it is situated the raceN. taking  the name of Above-bar, and that to the S. the  course, (one of the most picturesque in England,) but the
name of Below-bar. The latter part continues S. for about races, which formerly occupied two days annually, have,
I mile, and terminates near the pier. The principal'street for some years past, been discontinued. Ten acres of the
is crossed at right angles by several others, which in the  common, in the S.E. corner, are now appropriated as a cemeolder quarters are very irregular, though generally sub- tery for the town, in which provision is made for the relistantial; while those in the more modern portion Above-bar, golens feelings of all classes, by the erection of three chapels
present many fine ranges of buildings. Among these the  for the use, respectively, of the Established Church, the Disterrace built along the W. shore, and commanding fine  senters, and the Jews, who severally bury their dead with
views of the surrounding scenery, is conspicuous. The en- their own peculiar rites and ceremonies. On the common
virons are studded with handsome villas.                   is also an Artesian well, from which the inhabitants obtain
The ecclesiastical edifices include five parish churches, large supplies of water.
three chapels of ease, various Dissenting chapels, of which    Southampton stands about 1 mile S.W. of the Roman
two are Independent, two Baptist, and English Presby- 6gausentum, the site of which is still indicated by a fosse
terian, Wesleyan Methodist, Primitive Methodist, Unite- and vallum. The modern town is attributed to the Anglorian, Friends', and Roman Catholic, one each. St. Michael's  Saxons, and was first called Hantsone, from which the preChurch, the oldest, situated in the W. part of the town, is a  sent name is obviously derived. In the tenth century it
spacious Norman structure, with a roof supported by light was repeatedly pillagRed by the Danes, and afterwards, when
octangular columns and sharply-pointed arches, and a tower their sovereign had gained the throne, became the occasional
terminating in a lofty octagonali spire. St. Mary's is also an  residence of Canute. In 1339, during the reign of  dward
ancient edifice, but has recently been modernized in its in- III., it was sacked by a united French, Spanish, and Genoese
ternal arrangements, and by the addition of two wings; it fleet, but soon recovered, and receiving additions to its casstands in the centre of a large grave-yard, for many years tie and other fortifications, acquired new importance. Since
the only repository for the dead for the whole town, but the time of Edward I. it has returned two members to Parnow closed entirely.                                       liament. Among its natives the only one particularly enThe chief educational establishments are the free gram- titled to notice is Isaac Watts. Pop. in 1851, 35,305.
mar school, founded by Edward VI.; the Southampton Col-   SOUTHAMPTON, siTH-hamplton, a county in the S.S.E.
lege; the national, British, parochial, and infant schools; part of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has an area
mechanics' literary and polytechnic institutions; botanic  of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Nottagarden; and the surveying department of the ordnance  way River, bounded on the S.W. by the Meherrin, and on
board is now established at Southampton. The charitable  the E. by the Blackwater River. The surface is nearly level,
endowments include an infirmary, a dispensary, a female  and extensively covered with forests of pine and cypress.
penitentiary, several almshouses, an hospital, originally  The soil is alluvial, light, and moderately fertile. In 1850
founded as a nunnery in the time of Henry III., and occu- the county produced 869 bales of cotton, and 235,337 bushels
pying an antique range of buildings, with a chapel, long  of sweet potatoes, each being the greatest quantities proappropriated to the use of French Protestant refugees, and  duced in any one county of the state. It is intersected by
a royal humane society. Other buildings and objects de- the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad. Organized in 1748,
1811




SOU                                                       SOU
and named from Southampton, a town of England. Capi- The total number of acres of crown lands sold in1852 was
tal. Jerusalem. Pop 13,521, of whom 7766 were free, and  86,672, being an increase of 4083 acres over the sales of 1851,
5755 slaves.                                                and 21,723 acres over 1850. In 1847, 36,440 acres were reSOUTHAMPTON, New Hampshire. See SovrT HAMPTON. ported to be under cultivation, chiefly for wheat, oats, and
SOUTIHAMPTON, a post-village and township of Hamp- barley; besides which grains, maize, potatoes, and some
shire: co., Massachusetts, 95 miles W. by S. of Boston. It rye are raised, the latter chiefly by German colonists, who
contains several churches, and the Sheldon English and  inhabit many villages in and adjacent to the plain of Adeclassical school. Pop. 1060.                                laide. In addition to the local consumption, grain and
SOUTHAMPTON, New York. See SouTn  HAMPTON.               other farm produce was exported to the neighboring gold
SOUTHAMPTON, a township of Bedford co., Peunsylva- colony in 1852 to the value of 220,0001. The vine, olive, and
nia. Pop. 1347.                                             mulberry, oranges, lemons, peaches, pomegranates, and. SOUTHAMPTON, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania. many other fine fruits, come to perfection, as also tobacco,
Pop. 1416.                                                 hops, andindigo. Sarsaparilla, sassafiras, and other medicinal
SOUTHAMPTON, a township of Cumberland co., Penn- plants are indigenous. Timber is plentiful. Sheep and cattlesylvania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad. Pop. 1651.   rearing is less extensively conducted than in New South
SOUTHAMPTON, a township of Franklin co., Pennsyl-  Wales, and elsewhere in East Australia; yet in 1847 the
vania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad. Pop. 1795.       stock of sheep was estimated at 1,000,000, and that of horned
SOUTHAMPTON, a post.township forming the S.E. ex- cattle at 50,000. The increase is already so disproportionate
tremity of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1396.          to the number of shepherds, that the system of boiling down
SOUTHAMPTON, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.       sheep for their tallow has commenced in this colony.
SOUTHAMPITON  or SAUGEEN, saw-gheen/, a rapidly    Mining is highly important. Gold has been discovered in
rising town of Canada West, co. of Bruce, in a fertile district various parts of the colony. It is said that there is an availon Lake Huron, at the mouth of the Saugeen River, 60 miles  able goldfield within 18 miles of Adelaide, the capital, but no
from Goderich. Pop. in 1854, about 600.                     mines, we believe, are yet worked to any great extent within
SOUTIHAMPITON ISLAND, British North America, on the  the colony, owing perhaps to the superior richness of the
N. side of Hudson Bay, is between lat. 620 and 660 N., ion. goldfields of Victoria and New South Wales.  The total
800 and 870 W. The coasts are rugged and mountainous. amount of gold received at Adelaide from the time of its
Cape Southampton forms its S. extremity.  It is conjectured  discovery up to July 31, 1852, was estimated at 1,000,000/.,
to be a collection of islands, but its interior is unexplored,   brought thither chiefly by miners from the Melbourne disSOUTHAMPTONWATER. afineinletof England, stretch-  trict.  The quantity introduced into the Adelaide Assay
ing from the Solent and Spithead, N.W. into the interior of  Office from February 10, 1852, (the time it was opened,) to
HIampshire for about 11 miles. Greatest breadth, about 2  February 15, 1853, was 412,066 ounces, which, valued at 31.
miles. It bounds the New Forest hundreds on the E., and  11s. per ounce, the price at which banks are required to
receives the Anton, Itchin, and Hamble Rivers. Its shores  purchase it, would amount to 1,462,8361. The gold is transare picturesque, and it is usually covered with shipping. ported from  the mines by an overland escort of mounted
Calshot Castle is on the W. side of its entrance, and the  police, established by government. Since 1843 some of the
ruined Netley Abbey on its E. shore.                       richest known veins of copper and lead have been disSOUTH ANIDOVER, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.      covered in South Australia; the latter chiefly contiguous
SOUTH ANINA. a small river in the E. part of Virginia,  to Adelaide, the former in the hill chains, and in other
rises near the N.W. extremity of Louisa co., and flowing E., localities. The Burra-burra copper-mine. yields an ore conunites with the North Anna, forming the Pamunkey River. taining 75 per cent, of metal, and in 1847, 4351 tons of ore
T]he whole length is probably75 miles. It affords abundant from it were sold at Swansea, realizing 94,2631.; the total
water-power.                                               exports of copper being estimated at 10,000 tons, valued at
SOUTH ANNA, a postrvillage of Louisa co., tirginia, 67  200,000. In 1850, 18,692 tons of copper were raised at the
miles N.W. of Richmond.                                    Burra-burra  mines. The Kapunda (copper) and Glen OsSOUTH AN/VILLE,  a township of Lebanon co., Penneyl-  mond (lead) mines are also very productive. Cobalt, manvania. Pop. 887.                                           ganese, zinc, quicksilver, and antimony have been discovered,
SOUTH ARGYLE1, post-office, Washington co., New York. and emery was exported in 1847; but no mines of these
SOUTH ASHBURNHIAM, a village of Worcester co., lMas-  metals had been opened then. Iron of excellent quality is
sachusetts, at the junction of the Fitchburg  and the Ver- plentiful, but the absence of coal makes it necessary to send
mont and Massachusetts Railroads, about 50 miles W.N.W.  most part of the ores elsewhere for reduction. Some founof Boston.                                                 dries, and manufactures of barilla, soap, tobacco, leather, and
SOUTH ASSYR1IA, a post-office of Barry co., Michigan.    earthenware are established in Adelaide.
SOUTH AT/TLEBOROUGII, a post-village of Bristol co.,   The commerce of South Australia is chiefly with Great
Massachusetts, about 40 miles S.S.W. of Boston.            Britain. The total value of exports in 1852, exclusive of
SOUTH AUIBURN, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Penn-  bullionand coin, amounted to 736,2676. against 7088Z. in 1843;
sylvania.                                                  and of imports to 538,9376., the amount in 1843 being only
SOUTH AUGUSTA, Iowa. See AUGUSTA.                        37,4866. The total tonnage in 1852, inwards and outwards, was
SOUTH AUSTRAtLIA, a British colony, the territory of  202,507. Great exertions have been made to open suitable
which comprises all that part of Australia extending from   means of communication with the mining districts of the
lat. 260 S. to the S. coast of the continent, between lon. 1320  interior. In 1852 a line of road from Wellington, on the
and 1410E., having S.E. the colony of Victoria, or Port Philip, river Murray, towards the diggings at Mount Alexandria,
(Australia Felix,) and E. the region watered by the  iur-  in Victoria, was surveyed for a distance of about 261 miles.
ray and its tributaries. Area, estimated at 300,000 square  In 1850 the navigation of the river Murray, by steam, was
miles. The coast-line is more indented than in any other encouraged by a large public premium, and in the following
part of Australia; Spencer's and St. Vincent's Gulfs, with  year it was explored by the governor as far as its junction
Yorke Peninsula and Kangaroo Island, being within the  with the Darling, a distance of 650 miles, being the first exlimits of this territory. The surface is mostly undulating  ploration made since its discovery by Stuart, in 1830. In
or level; the hill ranges stretch generally from  N. to S.. 1852 two steamers were built on this river by a couple of
Mount Bryant, the most elevated summit E. of St. Tincent's  enterprising farmers, who intended- taking a load of farm
Gulf, rises to 3012 feet in height; the table-land in Eyre  produce to  Swan Hill, in Victoria, a distance of 1300
Peninsula, W. of Spencer's Gulf, averages 1300 feet in eleva- miles; the other was expected to reach the village of Altion. The Murray, which has the lower part of its course  bury, in New South Wales, distant from  the mouth of the
in this colony, is the only navigable riser. There are, how- Murray in Encounter Bay, above 1500 miles. It has been
ever, numerous small streams, and the country is on the  recently stated (May 1855) that steamboats have ascended
whole pretty well watered. The principal lakes are Torrens, the Mhurray 2000 miles. A railway, about 6 miles in length,
Alexandrina, and Albert. Ponds and creeks are numerous, has been constructed from Adelaide to its port, and in 1852
and a chain of lagoons borders the coast along Encounter a charter was granted for its extension to North Arm HarBay in the S.E. The climate is healthy, and much warmer bor. Much of the trade of West Australia is conducted in
than that of England; frosts are rare in the plains in win- shipping belonging to South Australian colonists.  The
ter; showers are fi-equent, with S.W. winds between Mlay  colony is subdivided into the counties of IHindmarsh, Adeand October. The highest range of the thermometer in  laide, Gawler. Light, Stanley, Eyre, Sturt, Russell, and Grey,
1852 was 1050; the lowest, 440; average, 670; number of  on the E. side of St. Vincent Gulf, and Flinders, including
rainy days, 115; quantity of rain fell during the year, 27-34  Port Lincoln, on the iW. side of Spencer Gulf. The governinches. The most part of the settled land is on the E. side  ment is vested in a governor, an executive council, and a
of St. Vincent Gulf, where about one-third of the surface is  legislature, remodelled in 1851, and established upon a popuestimated to be adapted to agriculture or grazing, one-third  lar basis.  Local courts, resembling the English county
covered with scrub or forest, and the remaining one-third  courts, were established in 1850, and in 1852 the schools of
barren. The best tracts are in the level plain extending N. the colony were placed under aboard of education. The numfrom Adelaide, along the banks of the Murray, and border- ber of schools in charge of the board in 1853 was 69, ating the S.E. coast as far as the river Glenelg. The hills are  tended by 3283 pupils.  In 1847 there were 32 Sundayinterspersed with many fertile'valleys, and some good lands  schools attached to the 53 churches in the colony. The seveexist in Eyre Peninsula. Triacts of 80 or 164 acres are sold  nue for 1852 amounted to 223,4636., and the expenditures to'v the government at the rate of 16. per acre and upwards;  172.8396. The average  amount annually expended on the
and abCut 460,000 acres had been disposed of early in 1848. roads firom 1849 to 1852, was 18,5241.
1812




SOU                                                      SOU
The province of South Australia has never at any time,   SOUTHIBOROUGHI. a post-village and township of Wor.
according to Captain Sturt, been thickly inhabited bv the  cester co., Masachusetts,   17 miles E. of Worcester. on the
ab0rigines.  The number in the settled districts is esti- Boston and Worcester Railroad. It contains a beautiful
mated at 3680. Every attention and kindness is shown by  town-house, 3 churches, 4 Stores,:a public library of 1000
thegovernment to those that remain, but it has been found  volumes, 2 cotton mills, and 3 boot and shoe establishments;
impossible to induce them  to abandon their wild, roving  the latter employing about 300 hands. Pop. 1347.
habits, and take to any fixed pursuit. A school has been    SOUTH  BOSTON, Massachusetts, a suburb of BosToN,
established by government for the children of the native  which see.
population, which is attended by 30 or 40 boys and girls.   SOUTH BOSITON, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.
"These children," says Captain Sturt, "read, write, and    SOUTH BOSTON. a post-office of Washington c6.. Indiana.
cipher as well as European children of their own age, but    SOUTH BRADtFORD, a post-village of Merrimack co., New
they can advance no further; when their reason is taxed, Hampshire, 22 miles N.W. of Concord.
they fail."  Many of the adult aborigines are employed by    SOUTH BRADFORD, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont.
the inhabitants of Adelaide in carrying burdens, in cutting    SOUTHI BRADFORD, a post-office of Steuben co., New
wood, in drawing water, &c. These are all clothed, and are  York.
rapidly acquiring habits of order. The more remote tribes    SOUTH BRAIN/TREE, a post-village of Braintree townof the colony live, as formerly, by hunting and fishing, ship, Norfolk co., Massachusetts, at the junction of the Old
but receive assistance from the government in the form  Colony and Fall River Railroads. 11] miles S. by E. of Bosof yearly and monthly distributions of blankets and flour.  ton, and 251 miles N.N.E. of Plymouth.  The inhabitants
The European population in 1852, exclusive of the military  are extensively engaged in the manufaicture of boots and
guard at Adelaide, was 68,663. The total 6migration in  shoes. The Hollis Institute, incorporated in 1851, is located
1852 was 20,395, of whom 12,529 were males, and 7766 fe- here.
males. The number of (migrants who paid their passage    SOUTH BRANCH,a post-office of Somerset co., New Jersey.
was 15,116; 5,279 being sent out by the commissioners of    SOUTHIBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Worcesemigration.  The total emigration from  the colony was ter co., Massachusetts, on Quinebaug River, 60 miles S.W.
15,976, of whom 11,412 were males.                        of Boston. It contains 5 churches, a bank. and a savings'
The colony of South Australia was founded by the South  institution.  At Globe Yillage, in this township, the HamilAustralian Company in 1834, but was not practically esta- ton Woollen Company have a large manufactory of mousseblished till 1837. The principal town or capital is Adelaide. lines de laine, the second in the United States. Pop. of
South Australia is nearly equidistant from Liverpool and  Globe Village, in -1854, about 1700; of the township, in
New York, being about 12,000 miles from each; the passage  1850, 2824.
is generally accomplished in about 14 weeks. Besides Ade-   SOUTH BRIDGEITON, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
laide, its chief settlements are Port Adelaide, Albert Town, Maine.
Gawler Town, and Port Gawler.                               SOUTH BRIDGE/WATER, a post-village of Bridgewater
SOUTH AVION, a post-village and township of Livingston  township, Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on the: Fall River
co., New York, on a branch of the Genesee River, 26 miles  Railroad, 20 miles S. by E. of Boston, and 34 miles N.N.E.
W. of Canandaigua, and 20 miles S. by W. of Rochester.     of Fall Rliver.
SOUTH BAINIBRIDGE, a post-village of Chenango co.,   SOUTH BRISITOL, a post-village and township of OnN-ew York, on the Susquehanna  River, 110 miles W.S.W. of  tario co., New York, on the WV. side of Canandaigua  Lake,
Albanu.                                                    about 12 miles S. of Canandaigua.  Pop. 1129.
SOUTH BAR/RE, a post-village of Washington co., Ver-   SOUTH BRISITOL, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin.
mont. 7 miles S.E. of Montpelier.                            SOUTH BRITAIN, a term sometimes applied to England
SOUTH BAR/RE, a post-village of Orleans co., New York, and Wales, as contradistinguished from'Scotland or North
6 or 7 miles S. of Albion.                                Britain.
SOUTH BARtRINGTON, a post-office of Strafford co.. New    SOUTH BRITIAIN, a post-village of Southbury township,
Hampshire.                                                 New Haven co., Connecticut, on the Pamperaug River, (which
SOUTH BAY, Washington co., New York, is a branch of affords water-power,) 20 miles N.W. of New Haven. It conLake Champlain. Length, about 4 miles.                    tains 2 churches, 3 or 4 stores, and several manufactories.
SOUTH BEAIVER, a township of Beaver co., Pennsyl- Dams and races have recently been constructed, with a view
vania. Pop. 1155.                                          to increase the business of the village.
SOUT1  BELILINGHA3., a post-village of Norfolk co.,   SOUTH BROOKIFIELD, a post-office of Madison c., New
Massachusetts, about 30 miles S.W. of Boston.             York.
SOUTH BEND, a post-office of Armstroiig co., Pennsyl-   SOUTH BROOKS, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
vania.                                                       SOUTH BROWN, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. P. 648.
SOUTH BEND, a post-office of Arkansas co., A'rkansas.     SOUTII BRUNStWICK, a' post-township' of Middlesex co.,
SOUTH BEND, a flourishing past-town of Portage town- New Jersey, 14 miles N.W. of Trenton. Pop. 3368.
ship, and capital of St. Joseph co., Indiana, is finely situated    SOUTIh BUFIFALO, a township of Armstr-ong co., Pennon St. Joseph's River, and on the Northern Indiana Rail- sylvaniaintersected by the Pennsylvania Canal. Pop. 1266.
road, 85 miles E. by S. of Chicago. It is one of the princi-   SOUTHIBURY, a post-village and township of New Haven
pal stations on the railroad which connects Chicago with  co., Connecticut, 22 miles N.W. by N. of New Haven. The
Lake Erie, and it is the N. terminus of the Michigan road, main street of the village is beautifully shaded,' and hason
which is one of the greatest thoroughfares of the state. The  it 2 churches, an academy, a hotel, and sevei'al fine resiriver is navigable for small steamboats from its mouth to  deuces. Pop. of the township, 1484. 
Constantine, which is above South Bend. A dam across the    SOUTH BUTILER, a thriving post-village in Butler townriver at this place produces a vast hydraulic power, which  ship, Wayne co., New York, about 158 miles N.W. by W. of
is employed in manufactures of various kinds; anmong which  Albany. It contains 2 stores, 3 churches, 1 steam grist and
are 2 flouring mills, 1 woollen factory, 1 oil mill;.1 edge-tool saw mill, and 1 tannery.
factory, and several machine shops. The village contains a    SOUTH BUTLER, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania.
bank and 3 newspaper offices.  The University of Notre  Pop. 1209.
Dame (Roman Catholic) is situated 1 mile fl-om the town,    SOUTH BUTLER, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama.
on the border of a small lake.  Pop. in 1853' estimated    SOUTH BYIRON, a post-village of Genesee co.; New York,
at 2000.                                                  on the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, 25 miles W.S.W. of
SOUTH BENTONSPORT. See BENTONESPORT.                    Rochester.
SOUTH  BERr LIN, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New    SOUTH CAIRO, (k:lro,) post-office, Greene co., New York.
York.                                                       SOUTH CAINAAN. a post-office of Essex co., Vermont.
SOUTH BERNE, a postoffice of Albany co., New York.        SOUTH CANAAN, a post-village of LitchEfield co., Con-'SOUTH BERIWICK,  a post-village and township of York  necticut, about 50 miles N.W.'of HIartford. It has mannco., Maine, on Salmon Falls River, 15 miles from its mouth, factures of iron.
and on the Great Falls Branch Railroad, at the junction of    SOUTH CANIDOR, a postrvillage of Tioga co., New York,
the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth, and the Boston and  on the railroad between Owego and Ithaca, 5 miles N. by W.
Maine Railroads, 45 miles W.S.W. of Portland. It contains  of the former.
6 churches, the oldest academy in the state, a bank, an in-   SOUTII CAPE, the southernmost point of Van Diemen's
surance office, about 20 stores, 1 cotton mill employing 250  Land, in lat. 430 40' S.
hands, and 1 woollen mill. The legislature has irecently    SOUTH CAROLINA, (k~r-o-lfna,) one'of the original states
chartered a company for the manufacture of locomotives and  of the American Confederacy, is bounded on' the N.and N.E.
railroad cars. Two ships areownedhere. Pop.2595.          by North Carolina. S/E: by the Atlantic Ocean, and S.W; by
SOUTH  BLOOMIFIELD, a post-office of Somerset co., Georgia, from which it is separated: by the Savannah River
Maine.                                                    It lies between 320 andci 350' 10' N. lat., and between 780 35'
SOUTH BLOOMFIELD, a township in the N.E. art of  and 830 30' WV. ion. This' state is triangular in shape, having
Morrow co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland, Columbus, a coast line of about 200' miles for its base, with an extreme
and Cincinnati Railroad. Pop. 1268.                       length and breadth each of about 210' miles, including an
SOUTH BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Pickaway co., areaof about 29,385' square miles, ori 18.806,400 acres; of
Ohio; between the, Scioto River and the Ohio Canal, about which 4,072,651 only wte improved in 1850. Governor Sea.
15 miles S. of Columbus.                                  brook states the areanet 30,213 square miles.
SOUTII BOLIVIIA, a post-office of Alleghany co., NewYork.   Face of the Cbuetry; and Geology. —This state is about
1813




SOU                                                         SOU
soU                                                        soU
equally divided between the alluvial and primitive forma-  merly, and' its spacious hotel is now converted into a ft-malt
tions; the former extending along the coast for about 80 to  college, which is said to be in a very flourishing condition.
100 miles inland, is interspersed with extensive swamps. According to Professor Tuomey, the falls of the Saluda,
The primitive occupies the central and N.W. parts, with the  among the mountains, have a descent of from 300 to 400
exception of the alluvion bottoms of the rivers. On leaving  feet. "They," says the professor, "who imagine that by
the alluvions, we enter upon a sandy tract, called the  "Mid- skipping to the top of Table Rock, and from thence run
ldie country,!' which is terminated in its turn by a belt called  across to C esar's Head, have exhausted the beauties of this
the "Ridge," an abrupt elevation, beyond which the coun- region, commit a great mistake."
try continues to ascend till it terminates, in the extreme    Climate.-South Carolina, though in the latitude of the
N.W., in the Blue Ridge Mountains, which attain, in Table  Barbary States, has more the climate and productions of
Mountain, an elevation of about 4000 feet above the sea. Southern Europe. Yet many of the productions peculiar
King's Mountain is on the boundary line between North  to its latitute on the Eastern Continent flourish here, such
and South Carolina. Along the coast is a chain of low - as cotton and rice, and some of the tropical fruits;* but the
islands, separated from the mainland by a series of lagoons irregularity of the seasons, and early and late frosts, render
or sounds, through which a coast navigation is carried on, the latter a somewhat precarious crop.
defended from the agitations of the ocean.                   Soil and Productions.-There are, according to Ruffin and
Minerals.-The primitive portion affords great abundance  Tuomey, (the agricultural surveyors of the state,) 6 varieties
of building material, in the granites and sienites of Rich- of soil in South Carolina: —1. Tide swamp, devoted to the
land, Kershaw, Lexington, Fairfield, and Abbevill' districts, culture of rice. 2. Inland swamp, to rice, cotton, corn, pease,
in the marbles of Spartanburg and Laurens, and in the  &c. 3. Salt marsh, to long cotton. 4. Oak and pine, to long
gneiss of Pickens and York. The other earthy minerals are  cotton, corn, potatoes, &c. 5. Oak and hickory, to short cotmica slate, soapstone, porcelain clay of a very fine quality, ton, corn, &c:; and, 6. Pine barrens, to fruit, vegetables, &c.
red and yellow ochres, limestone, and talco-micaceous slates  The swamps near the coast, covering 2000 square miles, are
suitable for whetstones; but no coal-nor is it likely, from   capable of drainage, and are of inexhaustible fert"ity. The
its geological formation, that this valuable fuel will ever be  pine lands, forming a belt across the state next succeeding
found, if found at all, in any considerable quantity. Of the  to the alluvion, have been heretofore considered of but little
metallic minerals, gold in considerable abundance, iron of value, except for timber; but Governor Seabrook is of
the best quality, and lead, are among the treasures of South  opinion that its agricultural capabilities have been much
Carolina. The mines of Mr. William Dorne, in Abbeville  underrated, and " that in all its relations it is of immeasuraand Edgefield districts, yielded gold of the value of $300,000  ble value to our community."  On the islands is produced
in the 15 months preceding July, 1853. This precious metal the largest quantity of the much-valued variety of cotton
is found in the same belt (reaching fiom the Rappahannock  called sea-island, whose production is in fact limited to the
River, in Virginia, to the Coosa, in Alabama) in which the  coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and perhaps
gold of Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia exists. The  Texas. With the exception ofthe rich alluvion ofthe lower
South Carolina portion of this great belt promises to make  region, the best land in the state is in the hilly country,
the richest returns of any mines in theUnited States, out  above the Ridge, which is favorable to corn, potatoes, &c.
of California. Between February, 1852, and February, 1853, Cotton grows in all the divisions of the state, with different
the value of. $202,000 was mined, at the trifling expense of  degrees of productiveness, and is the great staple of South
$1200.;A company was formed in 1854, with a capital of  Carolina; and though the fourth among. the states in
$600,000, for working these mines. The entire product of this  the actual amount of this commodity produced, yet, if we
state between 1828 and September 30, 1854, was $524,527.    regard only area, she stands first in the relative  amount;
Rivers, Bays,. c.-From   the mouth of the Great Pedee  while in the product of rice, her other great staple, she is
River to that of the Savannah, the coast of South Carolina  first in absolute amount. Indian~ corn, wheat, butter, sweet
is lined with a series of bays, sounds, and lagoons, which, and Irish potatoes, and wool are extensively produced; while
though mostly shallow, have sufficient depth toallow of an  rye, oats, barley, tobacco, hay, wine, cheese, and sugar are
extensive coasting navigation. Commencing at the Great cultivated to some extent. The climate is suited to indigo
Pedee, and proceeding S., we have Winyaw Bay, at the: and hemp, but they are not, at present, profitable crops. In
mouth of that river; then, in order, Bull's Bay, Charleston  short, South Carolina can produce, side by side, the wheat
Harbor, St. Helena Sound, and Port Royal Entrance, with  of the north, and the olive, sugar-cane, and (with care) the
a number of smaller inlets. The harbor of Beaufort is much  orange of the south; and, when she institutes a more carethe best of these,.admitting vessels drawing 11 feet water; ful system of culture, will be able to produce as large an
Charleston Harbor is obstructed by a dangerous bar; St. amount, and perhaps a greater vas-ety of products,. acre~for
Helena Sound is the most capaciousof these inlets, but is acre, than any of her sister states. Wheat grows as low as
beset with shoals. Georgetown, at the head of Winyaw Bay, 320 30' N. lat., and Indian corn everywhere, except in a
can only be reached by vessels of small draught; and Stono  small district N. of the mountains, which is too bleak for it.
Inlet, S. of Charleston, has but 10 feet water on the bar. The 4,072,651 acres of improved land in South Carolina, at
The: Santee River, with its,main affluents, the Congaree  the census of 1850, were divided into 29,969 farms of about
and Wateree, passes almost directly through the middle of  135 acres each, producing 1,066,277 bushels of whegat; 43,790
the state.  It, is about 100 miles from the junction of the  of rye; 16,271,454 of Indian corn; 2,322,155 of oats; 1,026,900
Congaree and Wateree to the mouthof the Santee, and about of pease and beans; 136,494 of Irish, and 4,337,469 of sweet
300 miles from their confluence to their sources in North  potatoes; 159,930,613 pounds of rice; 74,285 of tobacco;
Carolina. The Great Pedee enterscthe state from North Ca- 120,360,400 of cotton; (the cotton product of the years
relinea. (where it bears the name of Yadkin,) and courses  1851-2 and 1853-4, was 468,203 and 416,754 respectively;)
through the N.E. part of South Carolina, about 150 miles, 487,233 pounds of wool; 2,981,850 of butter; 671,000 of caneinto:Winyaw Bay; the Saluda and Broad Rivers drain the  sugar; 216,281 of beeswax and honey; and 20,925 tons of
N.W,of the state, and unite to form  the Congaree; the  hay. Value of live stock, $15,060,015; of market produce,
Broad River,rises in the W. of North Carolina; the Edisto  $47,286; of orchard products, $35,108; and of slaughtered
and Combahee drain the S.W. of the state, andfflow into the  animals, $3,502,637.
Atlantic after courses of 150 to 200 miles; Lynch's Creek is    Forest Trees.-On the islands are found the live-oak, pine,
a tributary from the W., and Wacamaw and Little Pedee  palmetto, and laurel; in the lower and pine-barren district,
from  theE. of the Great Pedee; all have their sources in  pitch-pine; and in the middle and upper regions, oak,
North Carolina. The larger streams run in a S.E. direction, hickory, and pine. The winter voyager between Charleston
and furnish an inland navigation of about 2400 miles, apart and Savannah, on the inlets or sounds of the coast, sails
from the creeks and inlets of the sea. The Savannah River  amid foliage as green as that of a summer forest at the
can be navigatedby steamboats to Hamburg, and for smaller  North; with here the evergreen live-oalk, draped with the
boats still higher. The Wacamaw may be ascended 12 miles, gracefully-hanging long moss, and there the-. white flowers
the Great Pedee 200 miles, the Congaree and the Wateree  of the laurel, (sometimes a foot in circuit:) while the shores
about the same distance by steamboats. All these rivers  are lined with thousands of water-fowl, and nothing to mar
are beatable above the distances mentioned, for keel-boats. the scene, unless it may be an unsightly alligator basking
Greenville is the only district in the state without the  in the sun.
advantage of navigation. Watercourses abound in all the    Manufactures.-South Carolina has not yet become extendistricts favorable for mill-sites.                         sively engaged in manufacturing, but her attention is now
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-One of the most interesting  much turned in that direction, and already she exports to
objects in South Carolina is T'able Mountain, or Table Rock, the North cotton-yarns and coarse cotton stuffs. In 1850
as it is generally called, an elevation of 4000 feet above the  there were in the state 1431 establishments, producing each
sea,- which presents, in one direction, a perpendicular face  $500 and upwards annually, engaged in mining, manuof 1100 feet above the surrounding country. This mountain  factures, and the mechanic arts, employing $6,056,865 capiis a place of great resort in summer, having a house of en- tel, and 5935 male and 1074 female hands, consuming rawr
tertainmeat at its base. Caesar's Head, in the same vicinity, material worth $2,809,534, and yielding products valued at
is so called from its resemblance to a human cranium; this  $7,063,513; of which 18 were engaged in the manufacture of
is also a place of summer resort, and has a hotel on its sum. cotton, employing capital to the amount of $857,200, and
mit, which is visible at a great distance. Glenn'sSpring, in  399 male and 620 female hands, consuming raw material
Cpartanburg district, is a watering-place of some repute, con- worth $295,971, and producing 6,563,737 yards of stuffs, and
rmining magnesia and sulphur in its waters.  Limestone  1,348,343 pounds of yarn, valued at $748,338;'  6 furnaces,
Spring, in the same district, is less ~frequented than for- &c., employing $185,700, and 153 male and 2 female haands,
1814




SOU                                                        sOU
consuming raw material worth $29,128, and producing 1286  and is under the control of the state, which contributed
tons of castings, &c., valued at $87,683; 91 tanneries, with  $30,000 for its improvement in 1853. The Deaf and Dumb
a capital of $184,335, and producing leather to the amount Asylum  at Cedar Springs, in Spartanburg district, was
of $261,332; and $3475 invested in the manufacture of malt founded by the Rev. N. P. Walker, in 1849, but is now
and spirituous liquors, employing 33 hands, consuming  under the care of the state, and had 27 pupils in November.
18,100 bushels of Indian corn, and producing 43,900 gallons 1851. The state contributed $6822 in 1853, for the aid of
of whiskey, wine, &c. The same year, home-made manu- the deaf, dumb, and blind, New buildings for this institufactures to the amount of $909,546 were fabricated. South  tion are in progress of erection. The orphan-house is noCarolina reports no woollen factories.                     ticed under CHARLESTON. Public libraries in 1850, 16, with
Internal Improvements.-In January, 1855, South Cars- 73,758 volumes; school libraries, 3, with 2750 volumes;
lina had 692 miles of'completed railroad, built at an ex- and college libraries, 7, with 30,964. volumes.
pense of $13,447,003, and 382 in course of construction, at a    Population. —Among the original settlers of South Carecost of $13,287,093. Those already constructed unite Charles- lina-generally English-were some Scotch, Germans, and
ton with Hamburg, (and from thence, by connection with  French Iluguenots, from the latter of whom are descended
the Georgia Railroads, with various points in Tennessee, some of the most respectable families in the state. The
Georgia, and Alabama,) Columbia, Abbeville, Laurens- people of South Carolina are noted for frankness of speech,
ville, Anderson, Greenville, Yorkville, Cheraw, and other courteousness of manner, and especially'for:that free hosintermediate points in South Carolina, and with Charlotte  pitality which is a general characteristic of the inhabitants
and Wilmington in North Carolina. From the latter place  of the Southern States. Eloquence is one of the marked
(with a short exception on and near the Potomac. below  attributes of her public men, and she has produced some
Washington City) the connection with the great Northern  of the most eminent orators that have shed lustre upon the
cities is unbroken. When the present lines projected shall national councils of our country.  In 1790 there were in
have been completed, Charleston will have communication  South Carolina 249,073 inhabitants; 345,591 in 1800; 415,115
with Richmond through the central counties of North Caro- in 1810; 502,741 in 1820; 581.185 in 1830; 594,398 in 1840;
lina. The receipts of the South Carolina Railroad for 1853  and 668,507 in 1850; of whom 137,747 were white males;
were $1,215,279, and the expenses, $555,536.               136,816 white females; 4131 free colored males; 4829 colored
Cosmmerce.-South Carolina exports largely of cotton, rice, females; 187,756 male slaves, and 197,228 female slaves.
(of the latter more than all the other states of the Union  This population was divided into 52,937 families, occupying
together,) lumber, and naval stores. Her exports to foreign  52,642 dwellings. Representative population, 514,513. Pop.
ports for the fiscal year 1854, amounted  in value to  to square mile, 22-75. Of thewhite population, 262,016 were
$11,995,016, all, with the exception of a trifling fraction, in  born in the state; 12,743 in other states; 921 in England;
domestic products; and the imports to $1,711,385; tonnage  4051 in Ireland; 661 in Wales and Scotland; 57 in British
entered, 90,703; cleared, 124,626; owned in  the state, America; 2180 in Germany; 274 in France; 518 in other
42,125, of which 26,459 was engaged in the coasting trade, countries; and 48 whose places of birth were unknownand 9424 in steam navigation; and 23 vessels built, with an  giving about 3$ per cent. of the white population of foreign
aggregate tonnage of 1161. In the year ending August 31, birth. Of the entire population, 165 were deaf and dumb,
1853, there were exported from  Charleston 19,976 bales of  of whom 2 were free colored, and 29 slaves; 298 blind, of
sea-island, and 446,610 of upland cotton; 126,742 tierces of  whom 14 were free colored, and 134 slaves; 249 were insane,
rice; 363,852 bushels of rough rice; and 20,637,525 feet of  of whom 4 were free colored, and 21 slaves; and 348 were
lumber; for the same period, in 1854, the exports were, sea- idiotic, of whom 5 were free colored, and 94 slaves. In the
island cotton, 24,761 bales; upland, 408,278 bales; rice, twelve months preceding June 1, 1850, 1642 paupers re125,749 tierces; rough riice, 323,064 bushels; and lumber, ceived aid, of whom 329 were foreigners, at an expense of
23,844,650 feet. Of the cotton, more than half, of the rice, about $30 for each pauper; and in the same period occurred
one-third, and of the rough rice, more than two-thirds were  8046 deaths, or about 12 in every 1000 persons. Of the enexported to foreign countries. See CnARLESTON. The rail- tire population, 51 were engaged in mining; 198,363 in agriroad communications opened between Charleston and Ten- culture; 1958 in commerce; 10,325 in manufactures; 381 in
nessee have diverted a large northern trade with the latter  navigating the ocean; 348 in internal navigation; and 1481
state into this channel, to the great advantage of Charles-  in the learned professions.
ton and Tennessee as well. Soon, Charleston will hold    Districts.-South Carolina is divided into 29 districts, viz.
direct communication with Memphis, on the Mississippi,  Abbeville, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charleston, Chesby railroads, which will become one of the great routes be- ter, Chesterfield, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield,
tween the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic coast, and  Georgetown, Greenville, Hurry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laneven with the Ohio Valley.                                  rens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, OrangeEducation.-South Carolina University is an institution  burg, Pickens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Wilof high reputation, and has among its faculty, some distin- liamsburg, and York. Capital, Columbia.
guished names. The number of colleges in the state, in    Cities and Towns.-Charleston is the largest town in the
1850, according to the census, was 8, with 720 students, state; pop. 42,985. The other principal towns are Columbia,
and $104,790 income, of which $41,700 was from  public  pop. 6060, (about 12,000 in 1854,) Georgetown, Camden,
funds, and $9650 from endowments; public schools, 724, Hamburg, Spartanburg, Cheraw, Beaufort, and Greenville.
with 17,838 pupils, and $200,600 income, of which $35,973    Government, Finances, &c.-The governor, lieutenant-gowas from  public funds, $1200 from  taxation, and $3000  vernor, and presidential electors are chosen by the legislafrom  endowments; and 202 academies and other schools, ture. The governor and lieutenant-governor are elected for
with 7467 pupils, and $205,489 income. Attending school, 2 years, the former receiving $3500 per annum. The senate
as returned by families, 40,373. Of the free adult popu- consists of 45 members, chosen bythe people for 4 years,
lation, 16,564 could not read and write, of whom 104 were  one-half being elected every second year. The house of reof foreign birth. According to the American Almanac, presentatives, consisting of 124 members, is chosen in the
there were, in 1854, 2 colleges, with 190 students; 3 theolo-,same manner for 2 years. In those districts having parishes,
gical schools, with 80 students; and 1 medical school, with  the representation is by parishes.  The legislature meets
158 students. Splendid buildings for a college at Spartan-  the fourth Monday in November annually.  The present
burg Village were being erected by the Methodists in 1854, constitution was framed in 1790.  The members of both
ample funds having been supplied by the bequest of Ben- branches receive $3 per day, and 10 cents for every mile of
jamin Wofford. The income from the pupils of the South  travel. Every white male citizen of the state, who is 21
Carolina College is spent in improvements and other contin-  years of age, and who shall have resided 2 years in the
gent expenses, the college being supported by appropria- state next preceding an election, or who has a freehold
tions from the state. Each student, it is said, costs the. of 50 acres, or a town lot, which he has legally possessed at
state $1000. The legislature of 1853 appropriated $21,575  least 6 months before such election, or who, not possessing
for the support of this college, and $36,188 for free schools. such town lot or freehold, shall have paid a tax of 3 shilSee Table of Colleges, APPENDIX.                           lings sterling, and resided 6 months next preceding said
Religious  cts. —Of the 1182 churches in South Carolina,  election in the district where he offers to vote, shall be enin 1850, the Baptists owned 413; the Episcopalians, 72; the  titled to the right of suffrage. The judiciary consists —i.
Lutherans, 41; the Methodists, 484; the Presbyterians, 136;  Of courts of equity, presided over by 4 chancellors; 2. Of
and the Roman Catholics, 14. The remainder were divided  courts for the correction of errors, consisting of all the
among the Congregationalists, Free Church, Friends, Jews, judges in law and equity, to try constitutional questions;
Unitarians, Universalists, and other minor sects-making  3. Of courts of common picas and general sessions; 4. Ofthe
1 church to every 566 inhabitants. Value of church pro- city court of Charleston, (an inferior court;) 5. Of an ordiperty, $2,172,246.                                         nary's court, in each district, to grant letters of administraPeriodicals.-There were published, in 1850, in South  tion, probate of wills, &c.; and, 6. Of a court of magistrates
Oarolina, 7 daily, 5 tri-weekly, 27 weekly, 5 monthly and  and freeholders for the trial of slaves and free persons of
semi-monthly, and 2 quarterly reviews and newspapers, color. The chancellor, and judges of sessions and common
with an annual aggregate circulation of 7,145,930 copies, of  pleas, receive $3000 per annum. South Carolina has 6 memwhich 9600 were quarterlies.                               hers in the national House of Representatives, and 8 olecPublic Institutions.-There is a state lunatic asylum  at toral votes for President of the United States.
Columbia, which treated 173 patients in 1852. Of these, 73    The state debt in 1854 was $2,965,860, of which $1,051,422
were paupers. Of 596 insane received since its opening, was contingent debt; product.ive property, $5,504,668; ori260 have been restored. This institution is richly endowed, nary expenses, exclusive of debt and schools, $115,00.
1815




SfOU                                                      SoU
Appropriations for 1853, more than $500,000; assessed value    SOUTH DED/HAM, a post-village in Dedham township
of property in 1850, $283,867,709. The number of banks on  Norfolk co., Massachusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad
October 1, 1854, was 19, (including 2 branch banks,) with an  14 miles S.W. of Boston.
aggregate capital of $16,603,253; circulation, $6,739,733;    SOUTH DEEWRFIELD, a post-village of ]ockingham  co.,
and $1,283,284 in coin.                                    New HIampshire, 15 miles S.E. of Concord.
H:istory.-South Carolina was first settled at Port Royal,   SOUTH DEERFIELD, a post-village of Franklin co., Mas
in 1670, by the English. A constitution for this colony was sachusetts, on the Connecticut River Railroad, 80 miles W.
formed by the celebrated John Locke, somewhat on the by N. of Boston. The famous battle of Bloody Brook was
plan of Plato's Model Republic, which, however, signally  fought here, between the whites and Indians, in 1675.
failed. South Carolina wasa proprietary government until   SOUTH DEER ISLE, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine.
1719, when it became a royal colony.. In 1690 a number    SOUTH  DENINIS, a post-village in Dennis township,
of French Huguenots, driven from France by the revocation  Barnstable co., Massachusetts, about 70 miles S.E. of Boston.
of the Edict of Nantz, settled in this state, and subse-   SOUTH DOR/SET, a post-village in Dorset township, Benquently a number of Swiss, Irish, and Germans. South  nington co., Vermont, about 80 miles S. by W. of MontCarolina was engaged with Georgia, under Oglethorpe, in  pelier. The inhabitants are principally engaged in quarrysome contests with the Spanish in Florida, and she also  ing and dressing marble.
suffered much from Indian depredations in the early times    SOUTH DOWVER, a post-office of Piscataquis co. Maine.
of her settlement, particularly from  the Yamasses, who    SOUTH DOVER, a post-village of Dutchess co., New York,
were expelled in 1715. This colony took an active part in  on the Harlem Railroad, 73 miles N.N.E. of New York.
exciting and carrying on the revolt of the colonies, and fur-    SOUTH DRESIDEN, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.
nished above 6000 troops to the federal forces. Many bloody    SOUTH DURIHAM, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.
struggles took place within her limits at Fort Moultrie,   SOUTH DURHAM, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
Charleston, Monk's Corner, Camden, King's Mountain,   SOUTH/EASE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Eutaw Springs, and Cowpens, with varying success, now    SOUTH-EAST; a post-township forming the S.E. extremity
the British, and now the Carolinians having the advan- of Putnam co., New York, intersected by the Harlem Rail.
tage. The state was occupied by the enemy the greater road. Pop. 2079.
part of 1780 and 1781. South Carolina has taken an active    SOUTH-EAST ISLAND, an island of the Louisiade Archipart in the affairs of the national government, and has fur- pelago; lat. (S.E. point) 110 38' S., Ion. 1530 455 E.; 41 miles
nished some of the most distinguished American states- long, and 10~ miles broad at its greatest width.
men, being generally ably represented in the national coun-    SOUTH EAST/ON, a post-office, Bristol co., Massaclhusetts.
oils. She has gone farther than any other state in the as-   SOUTH EASTON, a post-office of Washington co., New
sertion and vindication of the rights of the sovereign states, York.
as opposed to the powers of the federal government. Among    SOUTH EASTON. a flourishing town of Easton township,
her distinguished statesmen have been Lowndes, Pinckney, Northampton co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the
Hayne, Legare, Poinsett, and Calhoun.                     Lehigh River, at its entrance into the Delaware, 1 mile S.
SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE.  See CoLUmIA, South  of Easton. It contains manufactures of iron, cotton, flour,
Carolina.                                                 and lumber. These are propelled by the water-power furSOUTH CAR/ROLL. a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee. nished by the Lehigh Canal.
SOUTH CAR/ROLLTON, apost-village of MuhIenburg co.,   SOUTH EATON, a post-office of Wyoming co., PennsylKentucky, on Green River, 160 miles S.W. of Franlfort. It vania.
has several stores and warehouses.                          SOUTH EDIMESTON, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.
SOUTH CAR/TIIAGE, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.   SOUTH EDWYARDS, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New
SOUTH CAR/VER, a post-office of Plymouth co., Massa- York.
chusetis.                                                   SOUTH EG/REMONT,  a post-village of Berkshire co., MasSOUTH CASS, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.       sachusetts, 120 miles W. by S. of Boston.
SOUTH CASS, a township of Orange co., Indiana. P. 1501.   SOUTH ELPLIOTT, a post-office of York co., Maine.
SOUTH CHARLESITON, a beautiful post-village of Madi-   SOUTHENDI, a hamlet and watering-place of England, co.
son township, Clarke co., Ohio, on the Columbus and Xenia  ofEssex.
Railroad, 35 miles W.S.W. of Columbus, has 2 or 3 churches.   SOUTHEND, a parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle, corn.Pop. in 1850, 414.                                        prising the S. extremity of the peninsula of Kintyre, and
SOUTH CHARLESITOWN, a post-village of Sullivan co., the island of Sanda.
New Hampshire, on the Connecticut River, and on the Sul-   SOUTH EN/GLISH, a post-village of Keokuk co., Iowa,
livan Railroad, 4 miles from Bellows Falls.               near the South Fork of English River, 35 miles S.W. by W.
SOUTH CHESITERVILLE, a post-office of Franklin co., of Iowa City.
Maine.                                                       SOUTH E/RIN, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.
SOUTH CHIINA, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.       SOUTHERLAND, si1tm/er-land, a post-office of Dinwiddie
SOUTH CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        co., Yirginia.
SOUTH/COATES, a township of England, co. of York, East    SOUTHERN STATES. See UNITED STATE.s.
Riding.                                                      SOUTHERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. See CoLUMoIA,
SOUTH CODOIRUS, a township of York co., Pennsylvania, South Carolina.
intersected by the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, 14    SOUTH FAIR/FAX, a flourishing village of Franklin co.,
miles W. by S. of York. Pop. 1135.                         Vermont, on the Lamoille River, which affords excellent
SOUTH COLUMIBIA, a p6st-office of IHIerkimer co., New  water-power, 35 miles N.E. by E. of Montpelier.  It has
York.                                                     several handsome churches, a large flouring mill, and 6
SOUTH CORINTH, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.   stores. A fine building, 140 feet by 50, has been erected for
SOUTH CORINTIH, a post-village of Saratoga co., New  the New Hampton Academical Institute, removed from New
York, 16 miles N. of Ballston Spa.                        Hampton.
SOUTH CORT/LAND, a post-village of Cortland co., New    SOUTH FARMS, a post-village of Litchfield co., ConnectiYork, 4 or 5 miles S.W. of Cortland Village.              cut, 35 miles W. by S. of Hartford.
SOUTH COVIENTRY, a post-village in Coventry town-   SOUTH  FAYETTE, (fA-ydtt) a township of Alleghany
ship, Tolland co., Connecticut, on the New London, Wil-  co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1118.
limantic, and -Palmer Railroad, and on the Willimantic   SOUTH/FIELD, a post-office of Berkshire co., MassachuRiver, about 30 miles E. of IIartford. The inhabitants are  setts.
extensively engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes.    SOUTHFIELD, a township of Richmond co., New York,
There are also several foundries and machine-shops, cotton, on Staten Island, 12 miles S.W. of New York City. P. 2709.
woollen, and silk mills, and an establishment for the manu-    SOUTHFIELD, a post-township in the S.E. part of Oakfacture of percussion-caps and Sharpe's patent rifle-primners. land co., Michigan. Pop. 1658.
A large tannery has also recently been established.          SOUTH FITCHIBURG, a village of Worcester co., MassaSOUTH COVENTRY, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- chusetts, on the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad, 5 miles
vania. Pop. 711.                                          from Fitchburg.
SOUTH CREEK, a post-township of Bradford co., Penn-.SOUTHIFLEET, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
sylvania, about 23 miles N.W. of Towanda. Pop. 709.         SOUTH FLOR/ENCE, a post-village of Franklin co., AlaSOUTH CREEK, a post-office of Beaufort co., North Caro- bama.
lina.                                                       SOUTH/FORD, a post-village of New Haven co., ConSOUTH DANIBY. a post-office of Tompkins co., New York. necticut.
SOUTH DANS/VILLE, a post-village of Steuben co., New    SOUTH FORK, a post-office of Ashe co., North Carolina.
York, 24 miles N.W. of Bath.                                SOUTI FORK, a township of Clark co., Arkansas. P. 223,
SOUTH DAN/VERS, a village atthe junction of the Essex,   SOUTH FORK, a township of Fulton co., Arkansas. P. 205.
the Salem and Lowell, and the South Reading Branch Rail-   SOUTH FORK, a post-office of Owsley co., Kentucky.
roads, 17 miles N.E. of Boston.                             SOUTH FORK, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa.
SOUTH DARTIMOUTH, a post-village of Bristol co., IMa-   SOUTII FOSITER, a post-office of Providence co., Rhode
sachusetts, about 60 miles S. of Boston.                 Island.
SOUTHIDEAN or CHES/TERS, a parish of Scotland, co.   SOUTH FRA/MINGHtAM, a post-village of Middlesex co.,
of Roxburgh. Near the village are the remains of British  Massachusetts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 21
t~mups and forts.                                        miles E. by S. of Boston.
1816




SO)U                                                     SOu
SOUTH FRANK/LIN. a post-office of Norfolk co., Massa-  tion styled South iHanover College. A plank-road extends,husetts.                                                from this village to Madison. Pop. 447.
SOUTH FRREEIDOM, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.      SOUTH I-IAN/SON, a post-office of Plymouth co., MassaSOUTH GALlWAY, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York. chusetts.
SOUTHI OAR/DINER, a post-village of Worcester co., Mas-   SOUTH  HARD/WICK, a post-village of Caledonia co.,
sachusetts. It contains numerous chair factories.        Vermont.
SOUTHIGATE, a village and chapelry of England, co. of    SOUTH IHIAR/PETIH, a post-office of Davidson co., TenMiddlesex, 8 miles N.N.W. of London.                     nessee.
SOUTH GATE, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana.      SOUTH HAR/RISBURG, a post-office of Lewis co., New
SOUTH GENESEE, (jkn-e-see/,) a post-village in Genesee  York.
township, Waukesha co., Wisconsin, 21 miles W. by S. of    SOUTH HART/FORD, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
Milwaukee.                                                 SOUTH HARTFORD, a post-village of Washington co.,
SOUTH GIBSON, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Penn- New York, about 50 miles N.N.E. of Albany.  It has 2
sylvania.                                                churches.
SOUTH GIB/SON, a post-office of Gibson co., Tennessee,   SOUTH HART/WICK, a post-office, Otsego co., New York.
15 miles S.E. of Trenton.                                  SOUTH HIARTWICH, a post-village of Barnstable co., MasSOUTH GILBOIA, a post-office of Schoharie co., New York. sachusetts, 80 miles S.E. of Boston.
SOUTH GLAS/TENBURY, a post-village  of Hartford co.,   SOUTH HA/VEN, a post-office of Suffolk co. New York.
Connecticut, on Connecticut River, about 10 miles S. of    SOUTH HAVEN, a post-township in the W. part of Van
Hartford. It has manufactures of mousseline-de-laines..    Buren co., Michigan. Pop. 220.
SOUTH GLENN'S FALLS, a post-office of Saratoga co.,   SOUTH IIAWLEY, a post-village of Franklin co., MassaNew York.                                                chusetts, 105 miles W. by N. of Boston.
SOUTH GRAN/BY, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.   SOUTH  HENRIET/TA, a post-office of Jaqkson co.,
SOUTH GRAN/VILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Michigan.
New York.                                                  SOUTH  HERMtITAGE, a post-office of Lancaster co.,
SOUTH GREECE, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.   Pennsylvania.
SOUTH GRO/TON, a post-office of Middlesex co., Massa-   SOUTH HEWRO, a post-township of Grand Isle co., Verchusetts.                                                mont, comprising an island in Lake Champlain of its own
SOUTH GROVE, a post-village and township of De Kalb  name. Length, about 10 miles. Pop. 705.
co., Illinois, about 70 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. Pop. 147.  SOUTH HILL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
SOUTHI GROVE, a post-village in Walworth township,   SOUTH HILL, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
Wlralworth co.. Wisconsin.                                 SOUTH HILL, a post-office of Steuben co., New York
SOUTH HAD/LEY, a post-village and township of Hamp-   SOUTH HILL, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania,
shire co., Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 150 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg.
90 miles W. by S. of Boston. The population is about equally    SOUTH HILL, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Virginia.
divided between the old parish at the N., and South Hadley    SOUTH HING/HAM, a post-village of Plymouth co., MasFalls Village in the S. part of the township. At South Had- sachusetts, 15 miles S.E. of Boston. Boots and shoes are
ley Falls Village there is a large factory for the manufacture  manufactured here to a considerable extent.
of ginghams, with 10,000 spindles, belonging to the "Glas-    SOUTH HOL/LOW, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., Illigow Company," employing from 300 to 400 persons, a large  nots, near Mississippi River, 180 miles W.N.W. of Chicago.
paper mill, 2 churches, and 4 or 5 stores; in the other part   SOUTH HOPE, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
of the township are another paper mill, a satinette mill, a    SOUTH HOW/ARD, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
sash and blind factory, a batting and wick mill, a Congrega-   SOUTL IHUNT/INGDON, a township of Westmoreland co.,
tional church, and 3 stores. Mount Holyoke Female Semi- Pennsylvania. Pop. 862.
nary, situated near the centre of South Hadley, is a very    SOUTH INDEPENDENCE, a post-office of Decatur co.,
flourishing institution, incorporated in 1836, designed to  Iowa.
accommodate 250 young ladies. It was founded by Miss   SOUTH/INGTON, a post-village and township of Hartford
Mary Lyon, with a view to furnish a thorough and useful co., Connecticut, on the New Haven and Northampton Raileducation, at a very reasonable cost, to such young ladies road, 16 miles S.W. of Hartford. It contains 4 or 5 churches,
as are disposed to devote themselves to teaching and other numerous stores. and an academy. Pop. 2135.
useful occupations. It was the first institution of the kind    SOUTHINGTON, a pose-township in the W. part ofTrumestablished in the country, and has ever been regarded as a bull co., Ohio. Pop. 1013.
model school of high order. Pupils are received at 16 years   SOUTH JACK/SON, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
of age and upwards, and the course of study comprises 3    SOUTIh JACKSON, a post-village of Jackson co., Michiyears.  Mount Holyoke, the sunmmit of which affords a  gan, 75 miles W. by S. of Detroit.
most beautiful prospect, is situated in the N. part of the    SOUTH KEENE, a village in Keene township, Cheshire
township: it is a place of m-uch resort in the warm season. co.. New IIampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, about 44
South Hadley Falls are rapids in the Connecticut, extend- miles S.W. of Concord.
ing about 3 miles along the S.W. part of the township,    SOUTH KENT, a post-village of Litchfield co., Conneetihaving in all a descent of about 50 feet. Around this fall cut, 55 miles W. by S. of Hartford.
there is a boat canal of about 3 miles in length, cut most   SOUTH KIL/LINGLY, a post-village of Windham  co.,
of the way in clay-slate rock; it was constructed by a cor- Connecticut. 50 miles E. of IIartford.
poration in 1792, and is said to be the first canal for navigffa-   SOUTII KINGS/TON, a post-office of Rockingham co., New
tion ever made in this country. In 1848 the IHadley Falls  Hampshire.
Company constructed a dam, 30 feet high, across the river,   SOUTH  KINGSTON, a township of Washington co.,
near the lower part of the falls. This dam, in a most beau- Rhode Island, on the Stonington and Providence riailroad,
tiful location, furnishes one of the largest and finest water 22 miles S. of Providence. It contains a bank, and has maprivileges in the United States: it can be used on both  nufactures of cotton goods and other articles. Pop. 3807.
sides of the river. Several large factories are in operation    SOUTH KIRT/LAND, a post-office of Lake co., Ohio.
on the W. side, in Holyoke, while much of the power is yet   SOUTH KORT/WRIGIHIT, a post-village of Delaware co.,
unoccupied, and for sale. A bridge has been chartered across York, 75 miles W. by S. of Albany.
Connecticut River, to connect South Hadley Falls Village    SOUTH LANC'ASTER, a post-office of Worcester co., Masand the town of Holyoke, a little below the great dam. sachusetts.
Pop. 2495.                                                 SOUTH LAND/ING, a post-office of Cabell co., Virginia.
SOUTH  HADLEY FALLS, a post-village of Hampshire    SOUTH LANISING, a post-office of Tompkins co., New
co., Massachusetts. See SOUTH HADLEY.                    York.
SOUTH HAL/IFAX, a post-office of Windham co., Ver-   SOUTH LEBDANON, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylmont.                                                    vania, contains Lebanon, the county seat. Pop. 3250.
SOUTH IHAM/LET, a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester.   SOUTH LEE, a post-village of Berkshire co., MassachuSOUTH HAM1/MOND, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., setts, on the Berkshire Railroad, 125 miles W. by S. of
New York, about 38 miles W.S.W. of Caslton.              Boston.
SOUTH HAMP/DEN, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.   SOUTh LEEDS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.
SOUTH HAMPITON, a post-township of Rockingham co.,   SOUTH LIMA. a post-office of Livingston co., New York.
New Hampshire, 45 miles S.E. of Concord. Pop. 472.         SOUTH LINCOLN, (link/on,) a post-village of P)enobscot
SOUTH HIAMPTON; a post-village and township of Suf- co., Maine, 100 miles N.E. of Augusta.
folk co., New York, on Long Island, immediately S.E. of   SOUTH LIVOINIA, a post-village of Livingston co., New
River-head, about 100 miles E. of New York. The village  York, on the Buffalo  Corning  and Rochester Railroad,
contains an academy, and I or 2 churches. The township  about 40 miles S.E. of Batavia.
is washed by the Atlantic on the S., and Great Peconic Bay    SOUTIt LON'DONDER/RY, a post-village of Windham co.,
on the N. Pop. 6501.                                     Vermont.
SOUTH HIAMPTON, a post-office of Gallatin co., Illinois.  SOUTH LOWIELL, a small village of Johnson co., North
SOUTH HANIOVER, a township of Dauphin co., Penn- Carolina.;ylvania. Pop. 617.                                        SOUTH LOWELL, a post-village of Orange co., North
SOUTH HANOVER, a post-village of Jefferson co., In- Carolina.
diana, 6 or 7 miles W.S.W. of Madison. It has an institu-   SOUTH LYME, a post-village of New London co., Connes1817




SOU                                                      Sou
ticut, on the New Haven and New London Railroad, about stores. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the
40 miles E. of New HIaven.                              lumber trade and navigation.
SOUTH LYNDEBOROUGIH, (ind/bqr-rth,) a post-office    SOUTH OTSEILIC, a post-office of Chenango co., New York.
of Hillsborough co., New Hampshire.                       SOUTH OWE/GO, a post-office of Tioga co., New York.
SOUTH LY/ION, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.    SOUTH OXIFORD, a post-office of Chenango co., New York.
SOUTHMALDEN, (mawl'den,) a post-village in Maiden    SOUTH OYSTER BAY, a post-office of Queen's co., New
township, Miiddlesex co., Massachusetts, on Maiden River, York.
which is here navigable for vessels of 300 tons, 33 miles N. of    SOUTH PARrIS, a thriving post-village of Paris township,
Boston. It contains a church, a silk-printing and dyeing  Oxford co., Maine, on the Little Androscoggin River and
establishment, and a tide mill, at which large quantities  St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad, about 38 miles S.W. by
of grain are ground. The inhabitants are' also extensively  W. of Augusta. It contains 2 churches, an academy, 6
engaged in the manufacture of brick. Pop. about 1200.    stores, 1 woollen mill, 2 saw mills, and 2 grist mills.
SOUTH MANICHESTER, a post-office of Hartford so.,   SOUTH PARK/MAN, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Maine.
Connecticut.                                               SOUTH PAI/SONFIELD, a post-office of York co., Maine.
SOUTH MARCELMLUS, a post-office of Onondaga co., New    SOUTH PER/RY, a post-village of Hocking co., Ohio, 16
York.                                                    miles S.W. of Logan.
SOUTH MAX/FIELD, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.   SOUTH  PITCHIER, a post-office of Chenango co., New
SOUTH MERRIMACK, a post-village of Hillsborough   York.
so., New Hampshire, on the Wilton Branch Railroad, about   SOUTH PITTS/BURG, a borough of Alleghany c6., Penn30 miles S. of Concord.                                  sylvania, on the left or S.banlsk of the Monongahela River,
SOUTH MIDtDLEBOROUGH, a post-village of Plymouth  opposite Pittsburg, and immediately above the confluence
so., Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod Railroad, 38 miles S. by  of that river with the Allegrhany. It is connected with the
E. of Boston.                                            city by a bridge 1500 feet long. Here are extensive manuSOUTH MIDIDLETON, a township of Cumberland co., factures of iron and glass. Pop. in 1850, 1883; in 1853,
Pennsylvania. Pop. 2252.                                 about 2500.
SOUTH MIL/FORD, a post-village of Worcester co., Mas-   SOUTH PLYMIOUTH, a post-office of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, 30 miles S.W. of Boston.                     sachusetts.
SOUTH MILFORD, a village of Sussex co., Delaware, on    SOUTH PLYMOUTH, a post-office of Chenango so., New
the right bank of Mispillion Creek, opposite Milford, 21 York.
miles SS.S.E. of Dover. Ship-building constitutes the chief    SOUTh PLYMOUTII, a post-office of Fayette co., Ohio.
business of the village. It has 1 church, 3 stores, and about   SOUTH PLYMOUTH, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan.
350 inhabitants.                                           SOUTH POINT, a post-office of Lincoln co., North Carolina,
SOUTH MILFORD, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.    177 miles W. of Raleigh.
SOUTH MILFORD, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.   SOUTH POINT, a village of Franklin co., Missouri, on
SOUTH MILLS, a post-office of Camden co., North Carolina. the Missouri River, 60 miles from its mouth, has a good
SOUTH NIIL/TON, a post-office of Strafford co., New  landing.
Hampshire.                                                 SOUTH POMIFRET, a post-village of Windsor co.,Vermont.
SOUTh MOLTON, England. See MOLTON, SOUTr.                SOUTH/PORT, a village and chapelry of England, co. of
SOUTH MOLUN/CUS, a post-office of Aroostook co., haine. Lancaster, at the mouth of the Ribble, in the Irish Sea, It
SOUTH MONT/VILLE, a post-office of Waldo so., Maine.  is resorted to foi sea bathing.
SOUTH NASHIVILLE, a flourishing town of Davidson co.,   SOUTII/PORT, formerly TOWNS/END, a township of LinTennessee, on the left bank of Cumberland River. It may  coin co., Maine. The name was changed in 1850. Pop. 543.
be regarded as a suburb of the city of Nashville, although it   SOUTHPORT, a beautiful post-borough in Fairfield townwas separately incorporated in 1850. Since that time it has ship, Fairfield co., Connecticut, on the coast, and on the New
rapidly increased in population and importance. It has 3 York and New Haven Railroad, 24 miles S.W. of New Haven.
churches, and several male and female schools; one of these It contains 3 churches, 1 bankl, 1 academy, and a schoolis a free school, supported by a public tax, and attended by  house, erected at a cost of about $7000. It has a good har.
150 pupils of both sexes-probably the only school of the  bor (which has been improved by appropriations from Conkind in Tennessee. The ground was presented to the public gress) for vessels of 100 tons. The tonnage belonging to
by John Trimble, Esq. Pop. in 1853, about 3000.          this port amounts to 25,000 tons, probably the greatest in
SOUTH NA/TICK, a post-village of Middlesex co., Miassa- proportion to its size owned in any place in the United
chusetts, 16 miles S.W. by W. of Boston.                 States. Within the borough limits is a portion of the swamp
SOUTI NEW  BER/LIN, a post-village of Chenango co., where the Pequots, in'1637, made their last stand, and were
New York, about 100 miles W. of Albany.                  exterminated by the whites, commnanded by Mason. Pop.
SOUTII NEW/BURG, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. in 1853, about 1200.
SOUTH NEW/BURY, a post-office of Merrimack co., New    SOUTHPORT, a post-village and township forming the
Hampshire.                                               S.W. extremity of Chemung co., New York, about 190 miles
SOUTH NEWBURY, a post-village of Orange co., Vermont. W.S.W. of Albany. The township is intersected by the Erie
SOUTII NEW/CASTLE, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.    Railroad, and drained by Chemung River. Pop. 3184.
SOUTH NEWMARIKET, a post-village and township of   SOUTHPORT, a post-village of Marion co., Indiana, on the
Rockingham co., New Hampshire, on the Boston and Maine  railroad between Madison and Indianapolis, 6 miles S. of the
Railroad, 4 milesfrom Exeter. It was incorporated from  latter, contains 2 or 3 churches.
New Market in 1850. It has a large foundry and machine    SOUTHPORT, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.
shop. Pop. about 800.                                      SOUTHPORT, a township, Kenosha co., Wisconsin. P. 363.
SOUTH NEWtPORT, a small post-village of McIntosh co.,   SOUTHPORT VILLAGE, Wisconsin, See KaENOSnA.
Georgia, 40 miles S.W. of Savannah.                        SOUTH PRAIIRIE, a village of Boone co., Illinois, 80
SOUTH NEW/RY, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.      miles W.N.W. of Chicago.
SOUTH NORFOLK, a post-office of Litchfield co., Con-   SOUTh PROS/PECT, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.
necticut.                                                  SOUTH PULTINEY, a post-village of Steuben co., New
SOUTH NORTHFIELD, a post-office of Cook so., Illinois.  York, about 210 miles W. by S. of Albany.
SOUTH NOR/WALK, formerly OLD WELL, a seaport and    SOUTH QUAY, a post-office of Nansemond co., Virginia.
post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut, on the right bank    SOUTH RAN/DOLPH, a post-office of Norfolk co., Massaof the Norwalk River, near its mouth, and on the New York  chusetts.
and New Haven Railroad, 33 miles W.S.W. of New Haven.   SOUTH RAY/MOND, a post-office of Rockingham so., New
The inhabitants are largely engaged in the manufacture of Hampshire.
felt beaver hats. Steamboats ply between the village and    SOUTH READING, (r~dling,) a post-village of Windsor
New York. On the 6th of May, 1853, a locomotive and two  co., Vermont, about 60 miles S. of Montpelier.
passenger cars were here precipitated through an open draw-   SOUTH READING, a post-village of Middlesex co., Massabridge, and 47 lives lost.                               chusetts, on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 11 miles N. of
SOUTH/OE, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.      Boston. It contains several churches, an academy, a savings'
SOUTH-/OLD,  a post-village and township of Suffolk co., institution, an insurance office, and numerous boot and
New York, on the Long Island Railroad, 91 miles E. by N. shoe factories. Pop. of the township, 2407.
of New York, and on Long Island Sound and Great Peconic   SOUTH/REY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Bay. Pop.-of the township, 4723.                          SOUTH RICHILAND, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
SOUTH OLIVE, a post-office of Miorgan co., Ohio.        SOUTH RIDGE, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio.
SOUTHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          SOUTH RIVER, New Jersey. See MANALAPAN BnoOK.
SOUTIH ONONDAGA, (on'gn-daw/g4,) a post-office of Onon-   SOUTH RIVER, of Virginia, a small branch of the Shedaga co., New York.                                     nandoah, rises in Augusta county, flows in a N.E. course,
SOUTH OR/ANGE, a post-village of Essex co., New Jer- and unites with the other main branch at Port Republic, in:ey, on the Morris and Essex Railroad, 6 miles W. of Newark. Rockingham county.
SOUTH OR/LEANS, a post-office of Barnstable co., Slas-   SOUTH RIVER, of North Carolina, forms the boundary
sachusetts.                                            between Bladen and New Hanover counties, and enters Cape
SOUTH OR1RINGTON, a post-village of Orrington town- Fear River about 10 miles N.W. of Wilmington.
ship, Penobscot co., Maine, on the E. side of Penobscot River,   SOUTH RIVER, of Iowa, enters Des Moines River neas
i or 7 miles below Bangor. It contains a church and 5 the E. line of Polk county.
1818




SOU                                                      SolU
SOUTH RIVER, a post-office of Middlesex co., New Jersey. library, just established. Ship-building is: extensively carSOUTH RIVER, post-office, Anne Arundel co., Maryland. tied on; 3 ships, 4 barques, and 3 other vessels were built
SOUTH RIVER, a township, Marion co., Missouri. P. 757. here in 1853. Pop. in 1850, 1420;: in 1854, about 1700.
SOUTH/ROP, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       SOUTH THOMP/SON, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio.
SOUTH ROY/ALSTON, a post-village of Royalston town-   SOUTH THURS/TON, a post-office, Steuben co., New York.
ship, Worcester county, Massachusetts, on Miller's River,   SOUTH-TOWN, a hamlet and suburb of Great Yarmouth,
which here affords good water-power, about 35 miles N. of  England, co. of Norfolk, on the Yare, at the S.W. side of the
Worcester. It contains 2 churches, a woollen mill, saw and  town.
grist mills, and other establishments. Pop estimated at 300.   SOUTH TREN/TON, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.
SOUTH ROYALTON, a post-village of Windsor co., Ver-   SOUTH TYRIINGITAM, a post-village of Berkshire co.,
mont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 27 miles from  Massachusetts. 120 miles W. y S. of Boston.
Windsor.                                                   SOUTH U/NION, a post-village of Logan co., Kentucky,
SOUTHI ROYALTON, a post-office of Niagara co., New York. 1~5 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
SOUTH RUT/LAND, a post-office, Jefferson co., New York.   SOUTH VALILEY, a post-village of Otsego co., New York,.
SOUTH RYE/GATE, a post-office of Caledonia co., Vermont. about 12 miles E. of Cooperstown.
SOUTH SA/LEM, a post-village of Westchester co., New    SOUTH VASfSALBOROUGH,a post-office of Kennebec co.,
York, about 120 miles S. of Albany.                      Maine.
SOUTH SALEM, a post-village of Rose co., Ohio, 16 miles   SOUTH VER/NON, a village of Windham co., Vermont, on
S.W. of Chillicothe.                                     Connecticut River, at the junction of the Connecticut River
SOUTH SALU/DA, apost-officeof Greenville district, South  and Brattleborough Branch Railroads, 100 miles S. by E. of
Carolina.                                                Montpelier.
SOUTH SAND/FORD, a post-office of York co., Maine.       SOUTH/VILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., ConnectiSOUTH SAND LAKE,~ a post-office of Rensselaer co., New  cut, on the left bank of Housatonic River, 30 miles N.W. of
York.                                                    New Haven. Pop. about 100.
SOUTH SAND/WICH, a. post-village of Barnstable co.,   SOUTIIVILLE, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New
Massachusetts, 60 miles S.E. of Boston.                  York, on St. Regis River, about 220 miles N.N.W. of Albany.
SOUTH SAN/GERVILNE, a post-office of Piscataquis co.,   SOUTIIVILLE, a post-village of Shelby co., Kentucky, 31
Maine.                                                   miles W.N.W. of Frankfort.
SOUTH SCHODAC, (sko-dak/,) a post-village of Rensselaer    SOUTH WAL'DEN, a post-office of Caedonia co., Vermont.
co., New York, about 18 miles S. by E. of Albany.          SOUTH WALES.  See WALES.
SOUTH SCIT/UATE, a post-village of Plymouth co., Mas-    SOUTH WALES, a post-village of Erie co., New York, 21
sachusetts, 25 miles S.E. of Boston. P. of the township, 1770. miles S;E. of Buffalo.
SOUTH SCITUATE, a post-village of Scituate township,    SOUTH WALILINGFORD, a post-office of Rutland co.,
Providence co., Rhode Island. It has manufactures of cot- Vermont.
ton goods.                                                 SOUTH WAL/POLE, a post-village of Norfolk co., MasSaSOUTH SE/BEC, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Maine,   chusetts, about 22 miles S.W. of Boston.
SOUTH SEE'KONK, a post-village of Bristol co., Massa-   SOUTH WARDS/BOROUGH, a post-office of Windham co.,
chusetts, 45 miles S.S.W. of Boston.                     Vermont.
SOUTH SHAFTStBURY, a post-village of-Bennington co.,   SOUTHIWARK, s'LcT/ark, a parliamentary borough of
Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railroad, 49 miles S. by  England, co. of Surrey, on the S. bank of the Thames, imW. of Rutland. It has manufactures of woollen goods and  mediately opposite the city of London, with which it comleather.                                                 municates by London, Southwark, and Blackfiriars' bridges.
SOUTH SHENAN/GO, a post-township forming the S.W. Pop. in 1851, 172,863. It is one of the principal commercial
ext-emity of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, intersected by She- quarters of the metropolis. The principal edifices are the
nango Creek. Pop. 1664.                                   churches of St. Saviour and St. George-in-the-Fields, Guy's
SOUTH SHETLAND or NEW  SOUTH SHETLAND, an  and St. Thomas's Hospitals, the Magdalen Asylum, Queun' s
archipelago, situated in the SouthAtlantic, 600 miles S. of  Bench Prison, Surrey Theatre, and Messrs. Barclay & Co.'s
Cape Horn, between lat. 600 32' and 670 15' S., and Ion. 440 53, immense brewery. Its government is exercised by the corand 68c 15' W. As far as is known, these islands are wholly poration of the city of London. It sends 2 members to the
destitute of vegetation, except a species of moss found upon  House of Commonso
the rocks near the shore. The remote mountainousregions    SOUTHWARK, siwth/wbirk, a former district of Philadelare covered with perpetual ice and snow. Among the priu- phia county, on the Delaware River, immediately S. of the
cipal islands may be mentioned Adelaide, conspicuous for its  old city proper. It is now included within the limits of the
range of snowy mountains, with a single peak shooting up  city of PHILADELPnIA, which see.
into the clouds; Bridgeman, consisting chiefly of a volcanic   SOUTH WARIREN, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsylcone, from  which smoke is seen issuing, indicating its  vania.
activity; Smith Island, so called from its first discoverer;   SOUTH WAR/SAW, apost-office, Wyoming co., New York.
Saddle Island, with a peak 1643 feet high; Coronation or    SOUTH WAT/ERFORD, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
Mainland, the largest of the group; Desolation Island, nearly    SOUTH WEARE, a post-office of Hillsborough co, New
in the form of a horseshoe, and consisting of volcanic preci- Hampshire.
pices, which are evidently the edges of an extinct crater;   SOUTIH/WELL, a market-town and parish of England, co.
and Livingston, King George's, and Elephant Islands. The  of Nottingham. It has remains of a palace, which was the
South Shetlands were first discovered by Captain William  favorite residence of Wolsey, the county bridewell, assemSmith, of the brig IVlliams  of Blythe, in 1819, and were  bly rooms, theatre, and manufactures of silks, stockings,
shortly after much frequented by whalers.: Owing to the  and lace. Pop.:in 1851, 3516.
prevalence of fogs and vast accumulations of ice, the navi-   SOUTH WELL/FLEET, a post-village of Wellfleet town.
gation here is very dangerous, and hence Sir James Ross, ship, Barnstable co., Massachusetts. It has a wharf. The
who visited the islands in 1842, gives to one group the name  inhabitants are extensively engaged in the fisheries.
of Danger Islets.                                          SOUTH-WEST, a post-township forming the S.V. extre
SOUTH SHREWS/BURY,      a post-village of Worcester, co., mity of Warren co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 390.
Massachusetts, 35 miles W. by S. of Boston.                SOUTH WES/TERLOO, a post-village of Albany co., New
SOUTH/SIDE, a post-office of Richmond co., New York.   York, 20 miles S.W. of Albany.
SOUTH SO/DUS, a post-village of Wayne co., New York,   SOUTH-WEST HARBOR, a post-village in Hancock co.,
about 190 miles W. by N. of Albany.                      Maine. 114 miles E.- by S. of Augusta.
SOUTH SO/LON, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.      SOUTH-WEST KEYS. See ALBUquERcqus ISLANDS.
SOUTH SOLON, a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, 56    SOUTH-WEST OSWE/GO, a post-office of Oswego co., New
miles W. of Columbus.                                    York.
SOUTH STE/PHENTOWN, a post-office of Rensselaer co.,   SOUTH-WEST/PORT,  a post-village of Bristol co., MassaNew York.                                                chusetts, 60 miles S.W. of Boston.
SOUTH STER/LING., a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsyl-   SOUTH-WEST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. See MARYsvania.                                                   VILLE, Tennessee.
SOUTH ST. GEORGE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.    SOUTH WEY/MOUTH, a post-village in Weymouth townSOUTH STOD/DARD, a post-office of Cheshire co., New  ship, Norfolk co., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony B1alI
Hampshire.                                               road, 11 miles S. of Boston. The inhabitants are extenSOUTH STOW, a village of Stow township, Lamoille co., sively engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, there
Vermont, about 18 miles N.E. by N. of Montpelier.        being from 15 to 20 establishments in operation.
SOUTH STRABANE, (stra-ban/,) a township of Washing-   SOUTIHI WHITErHALL, a post-township of Lehigh co.,
ton co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1391.                        Pennsylvania. on the right side of the Lehigh River, about
SOUTH STRAF/FORD, a post-village of Orange co., Ver- 6 miles N.W. of Allentown. Pop. 2913.
mont, 35 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier.                       SOUTH WHIT/LEY,  a post-office of Whitley co., Indiana,
SOUTH TAMIWORTH, a post-office of Carroll co., New  about 95 miles N. by E. by Indianapolis.
Hampshire.                                                 SOUTIIWICK, a parish of England, cc. of Northampton.
SOUTH THOM/ASTON, a post-village and township of    SOUTHWICK, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.
Lincoln co., Maine, on Penobscot Bay, 40 miles S.E. by E. of    SOUTIHIWICK, a parish of England, co. of Sussex. 2 miles
Augusta. It contains a sash and blind factory, and a Dublic  N.E. of New Shoreham, having a s.ation on the London and
1819




SOU                                                       SPA
Eouth Coast Railway. The church is an ancient and inte-   SOWERBY BRIDGE, a chapelry of England, co. of York,
resting edifice.                                           West Riding.
SOUTHWICK, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts.            SOWHATCttEE CREEK, of Early co., Georgia, flows into
SOUTHWICK, a township of England, co. of Durham. the Chattahoochee River.
The population are employed in manufactures of glass and    SOWITON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
earthenware, and in ship-building.                           SOXIVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsylvania,
SOUTHIWICK, a post-township of IHampden co., Massa- 131 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
chusetts, 100 miles W. by S. of Bioston. Pop. 1120.          SOY, swA, a village of Belgium, province of Luxembourg, 42
SOUTH  WILtBRAHAMI, a post-village of Wilbraham   miles N.N.W. of A-lon. Pop. 1003.
township, Hampden co., Massachusetts. It has 2 churches,   SOYILAND, a township of England, co. of York, West
an academy, and a woollen mill.                            Riding. Pop. employed7in cotton and woollen manufactures.
SOUTH WILtLIAMSTOWN, a post-village of Berkshire    SOZH, SOJ or SOJE, sozh, written also SOZ and SSOSH,
co., Massachusetts, 130 miles W. by N. of Boston, contains 1  a navigable river of Russia, rises in the government of
or 2 churches.                                             Smolensk, flows S.S.W., and joins the Dnieper on the left, 40
SOUTIH WILISON, a post-office of Niagara co., New York. miles N.N.W. of Tchernigov, after a course of 240 miles.
SOUTH WINDIHAM, a post-village of Cumberland co.,   SPA, spaw, (Fr. and Flem. pron. spt,) a town and waterMaine.                                                    ing-place of Belgium, near the frontier of Rhenish Prussia,
SOUTH WINDIIAM, a post-office, Windham co., Vermont. province, and 17 miles S.E. of ltege.  Pop.83600. Over its
WMITHt WINDHAM, a post-village of Windham co.. Con- principal spring, the Pouhon, Peter the Great built the
neccicu, on the New London Willimantic and Palmer Rail- pump-room. The waters are chalybeate, and many other
road, 26 miles N. of New London.                           springs exist in the vicinity, which were formerly so muc:
SOUTH WINDISOR, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.  frequented, that Spa became a common name for mineral
SOUTH WINDtSOR, a new post-township of Hartford co., baths. The country around is highly agreeable, but Ibo
Connecticut, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 8 miles  town is now little resorted to by visitors.
N.E. of Hartford. Pop. 1638.                                 SPACCAFORNO, spdk-kit-foeRno, a town of Sicily, 11 miles
SOUTHI  WOtBURN, a village of Middlesex co., Massachu- S.W. of Noto, on a hill near the S. coast. Pop. 8000. It has
setts, on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W. of many churches and convents, but is poor, and has little
Boston.                                                   trade.
SOUTHIWOLD, a municipal borough, seaport town, and    SPADIRA, a township cf Johnson co., Arkansas. Pop.'1209.
parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on the North Sea, between    SPADRA BLUFF, a small post-village of Johnson.e
the river Blythe and Buss Creek. Pop. in 1851, 2109. The  Arkansas.
principal buildings are the guild-hall, new jail, a handsome    SPAFIFORD, a post-township of Onondaga co., New York,
church, and some batteries. The harbor has been improved  on the E. side of Skaneateles Lake, about 150 miles W. 1,'y
by the eriection of 2 piers, and the town has an import trade  N. of Albany. Pop. 1903.
in coal, herring fishery, and accommodations for visitors as    SPAFFORD HOLLOW, a post-village of Onondaga co.,
a place of summerresort. It rose on the decline of Dunwich, New York, about 140 miles W. of Albany.
the ancient capital of East Anglia, progressively submerged    SPAFIFORDSBURG, a post-office of Benton co., Kentucky.
by the sea. In Southwold (or Sole) Bay, an obstinate en-   SPAGNA. See SPAIN.
gagement between the English and combined French and    SPAHAWN, a city of Persia. See ISPAnAN..
Dutch fleets took place on the 6th of May, 1672, in which    SPAICHINGEN, spi/King-en, a town of Wtirtemberg, 22
the Earl of Sandwich was blown up with his ship.          miles WV. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 1682.
SOUTH WOLFIBOROUGH, a post-village of Carroll co.,   SPAIN, (Sp. iEspa a, s-pdnty.; L. Hisipania, and  ebs-ria; 
New Hampshire, 35 miles N.E. of Concord.                  Gr.'Ilerwavia or lf[pta; Fr. Espagne, &s'p~il; It. Ispagna,
SOUTHtWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        e-sptn/yd, or Spagna, spbn/yd; Port. Hespanha, his-pntyiA;
SOUTIh WOOD/BURY, a township of Bedford co., Penn- Ger. Spanien, sp n/e-en; Dutch, S.pasjen, spgn/ypn,) a kingsylvania. Pop. 1347.                                       dom in the S.W. of Europe, forming the far greater part of
SOUTHI WOOD/STOCK, a post-village of Windsor co., Ver- the Spanish Peninsula, and including the Balearic and the
mont, 50 miles S. by E. of Montpelier.                     Canary Islands. Exclusive of these islands, it lies between
SOUTH WTOR/CESTER,'(woos/tr,) a post-villave of Ot- lat. 360 and 430 48' N., Ion. 90 161 W. and 30 20' E.; connected
sego co.. New York, about 60 miles W. by S. of Albany.    with the continent on the N.E. by the chain of the Pyrenees
SOUTHIWORTH~-AND-CROFT, a township of England, co. separating it from France; and bounded E. and S. by the
of Lancaster.                                             Miediterranean Sea, W. by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean,
SOUTH WRENTIHAM, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mas- and N.W. by the Bay of Biscay. Measured diagonally, the
sachusetts, 25 miles S.W. of Boston, contains a hank, and  greatest length is from Cape Creux in the N.E. to Cadiz in
about 500 inhabitants.                                    the S.W., 656 miles; greatest breadth, firom Cape Ortegal in
SOUTHI YAD/KIN, a small stream  of North Carolina. the N.W. to Caps Palos in the S.E., 583 miles; but measured
which enters the Yadkin from the right, about 9 miles N. due N. and S. and due E. and W., the greatest length is on
of Salisbury.                                              the meridian of 50 451 W., from Cape Peoins  to Tarifa, 540
SOUTH YAM HILL, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.      miles; and the greatest breadth on the parallel of 420 20',
SOUTH YAR/MOUTIH, a post-village in Barnstable co., fiom Cape Creux to Caps Hombre, the N. extremity of Vigo
Massachusetts, 80 miles S.E. of Boston.                   Bay, 620 miles. Besides the European territory above indiSOUTII YUBA RIVER, California. See DEE. CREE.K.         cated, Spain still retains a portion of her magnificent coloSOUTOUKO. See SooTooKO.                                 nies, including the islands of Cuba and Porto-Rico and part
SOUIVIE'S ISLANDS,  a post-office of Clark co., Oregon.   of the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies; the Philippine
SOUVIGNY, soo'veen'yee/, a town of France, department Islands and part of the Ladrones, in the North Pacific
Allier, 6 miles W.S.W. of Moulins. Pop. 1756.             Ocean; the Presidios on the coast of Morocco, namely, Ceuta,
SOUVILLIER, soo'vee'yat, a village of Switzerland, can- Melilla, Peflon, and Albucemas, chiefly used as places of
ton. and 27 miles N.W. of Bern, on the Stiss. Pop. 1904.    banishment for criminals; and the island of Annobon, in
SOUVRET, soo'vr,, a village of Belgium, province of  the Gulf of Guinea.
Hainaut, 21 miles E. of Nons. Pop: 1144..          Coasts.-The coast-line, forming about two-thirds of the
SOUZA, soos/S or s$'zd, a river of Portugal, province of  whole perimeter, has a length of about 1370 miles, of which
Miuho, joins the Douro 8 miles E.S.E. of Oporto, after a  about 600 miles belong to the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic,
S.W. course of 20 miles.                                  and 770 miles to the Mediterranean. It is not much broken,
SOUZA, a market-town of Portugal, province of Beira, 6  except on the W. coast of Galicia, where it is fully exposed
miles S.S.W. of Aveiro. Pop. 4000.                        to the billows of the Atlantic. The whole of the coast, from
SOUZDAL. a town of Russia. See SoozAi~.                 Fontarabia on the frontiers of France, W. to Cape Ortegal,
SOUZEL, soo-zil? or sb-zll/, a marlket-town of Portugal,  and thence round by Cape Finisterre to the mouth of the
province of Alemtejo, 8 miles N.W. of Estremoz. Pop. 1700. Minho, is rocky, but not very elevated, the height never exSOVANA, a town of Italy. See SOANA.                     ceeding 300 feet, and often not rising to 40 feet. On the N.,
SOVEL, soWv6l1, an island about 10 miles off the E. coast though the water is deep close to the shore, there is:little
of Anam. Lat. 180 8' N., lon. 1060 24' E.                 sheltered anchorage; but on the N.W. and W. a succession
SOVEIRIA, so-vlre-i, a town of Naples, province of Ca- of excellent harbors are found, among which those of Perrol
labria Ultra II., N.E. of Catanzaro, on a hill, near the Sim- and Vigo are,conspicuous. In the S.W., at the mouth of
marl. Pop. 1050.                                          the Guadiana, a low, sandy, and even swampy shore occurs,
SOYICILLE, so-ve-cheelfli, or SUICILLE, soo-e-cheel/lt, skirted in many parts by islands of a similar description,
a village of Tuscany, about 8 miles from Sienna, on a slope  and so shallow that even small coasting-vessels approach it
above the Spino. Pop. 6506.                              with difficulty; but beyond the mouth of the Guadalquivir
SOW, s5, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. Pop. em- the shore rises gradually, and presents the admirable Bay of
ployed in ribbon-weaving.                                Cadiz, with its almostunassailable harbor. The same bind
SOWAUBA, a group of islands. See EIGsa  BROTnERS.      of coast is continued to the celebrated Cape of Trafalgar,
SOWtERlBY, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.     where cliffs are first seen. These, on proceeding E., become
SOWERBY, a township of England, co. of York, North  more and more elevated, and in the Bay of Algeciras, riAs
Riding, half a mile S. of Thirsk, with a station on the Lan- suddenly into the magnificent rock of Gibraltar. The rocky:ashire and Yorkshire Railway.                           shore, thongh at a much lower elevation, is continued
SOWERBY, a chapelry of England, co. York, West Riding. almost without interruption along the remainder of the S.
1820




SPA                                                        SPA
coast, to its termination at Cape Palos, and with the excep-  Morena, the Alpujarras, and Teruel, in Aragon, but at pre.
tion of the ports of Malaga and Carthagena, presents  sent almost abandoned; iron in almost every quarter, and
scarcely a single spot where tihe anchorage is not more or  more especially in the Basque provinces, where it is worked
less exposed to prevailing winds. From Cape Palos, a low,  to a considerable extent, and has long been famous for
sandy beach, partly lined with lagoons, stretches N. to  some of the articles produced from it; zinc in more limited
within a short distance of Alicante, where the coast again  quantities; coal in several places, particularly in Asturias
Iises, and boll-I rocky cliffs, terminating the lofty ridges of  and the Sierra Morena, though the extent of the fields is
the interior, are seen as far N. as Denia. Beyond Cape St.  imperfectly known, and the workings are extremely limited;
Antonio commences a long curve which sweeps round to  calamine, cobalt, and bismuth, in La Mancha, Aragon, and
the mouth of the Ebro, presenting throughout, with the  Granada; and antimony, tin, graphite, alum, sulphur, and
exception of a few ridges in the vicinity of Castellon de la  saltpetre; mercury is extracted in great abundance from
Plans, a low, sandy, shallow shore, lined with lagoons, along  the mines of Almaden. Salt is only very partially worked in
which numerous salt-works are established, but unprovided  mines, but great quantities are manufactured from  the
with a single harbor deserving of notice. Beyond the Ebro  lagoons. Several quarries yield excellent marble, alabaster,
low and rocky shores alternate in considerable stretches to  and jasper; and many precious stones, as rubies, topazes,
the French frontiers. The only ports of consequence are  amethysts, and garnets, are found.
those of Barcelona and Rosas, the latter particularly excel-    Rivers and Lakes.-The rivers of Spain are numerous, and
lent, though the former is by far the most frequented.      a number of them pursue courses of several hundred miles,
Rece of the Country, Mountains, -c. —The surface of Spain  draining large tracts of country.  In  general, however,
is as much diversified as that of any other country of the  rising in the table-land, where rain is neither frequent nor
same extent in Europe; its interior forms a vast table-land,  copious, their supply of water is comparatively small, and
which in the plateau of Castile has a mean elevation of 2300  their navigable importance limited.  Their basins, lying
feet.  This plateau occupies about one-half of the super-  chiefly in the intervals between the mountain-ranges, are
ficies of the kingdom; it is nearly surrounded by moun-  usually bounded by them  on the N. and S., and hence all
tains; N. by those of the Asturias, an obvious continuation  the large rivers flowing through valleys which are open
of the Pyrenees; W. by a branch of the same mountains  only on the E. or W., necessarily follow one or other of these
stretching S. through Galicia, and along the frontiers of  directions. Those which flow E. belong to the basin of the
Portugal; S. by the Sierra Morena;   S.E. and E. by the  Mediterranean, and those which flow W. to that of the Atmountains of Murcia and Aragon; and N.E. by a rane  lantic. The' most important of the former are the Ebro,
which, commencing in the Sierra Moncayo, stretches N.W.  which, rising in the mountains of Asturias, has a course of
through Old Castile, whore it forms the S. boundary of the  more than 400 miles; the Segura, rising   in the W. part of
basin of the Ebro. The table-land itself is not only very rug-  Murcia, in the sierra of the same name, has an E. course of
ged in many parts, but is traversed throughout its whole  at least 200 miles; the Jucar, which, having its sources bebreadth fi-om E. to W. by two mountain-ranges, the loftier  tween the sierras Molina and Albarracin, flows for the most
of which may be considered as dividing it into two distinct  part through a wide and fertile valley, upwards of 200 miles;
portions: a northern, comprising the kingdoms of Old Cas-  and the Guadalaviar, which has a course of about 150 miles.
tile and Leon, and covering an area of about 44,000 square   The most important rivers of the Atlantic basin are the
iniles, and a southern, comprehending the kingdoms of New   Douro and Tagus, which, however, have the lower and
Castiie and Estremadura, and covering an area of about  more valuable part of their course in Portugal; the Minho
48,000 square miles.                                        and Guadiana, also partly shared by Portugal; and the
There are in all five principal chains of mountains, called  Guadalquivir, which, flowing between the great ranges of
Sferras, which traverse the Spanish peninsula from E. to  the Sierra Morena and Sierra Nevada, has a more regular
W. These are (from N. to S.) —1. The magnificent chain of  and constant supply of water than most Spanish rivers, but,
the Pyrenees, extending from Cape Creux on the E. to the  notwithstanding its course of above 400 miles, is not naviBay of Biscay on the W., culminating point Pie Nethon,  gable by sloops beyond Seville. Considering the number
11,168 feet; and their WV. continuation, the Asturian and  and height of the mountain-ranges, it is remarkable that
Cantabrian Mountains, some of which rise to 10,000 feet.-   Spain does not possess a single mountain-lake deserving of
2. The chain which separates the basins of the Douro and  notice. Its only expanses of standing water are the lagoons
Tagus, viz.: the Sierras Guadarama, Gredos, and Gata;  which line part of its S. and W. coasts, and are not only
the highest point in the Sierra Gredos, is 10,500 feet.-3. The  devoid of beauty, but often poison the air with pestilential
mountains of Toledo, comprising the Sierra Guadalupe,  vapors.
and Sierra San Mames, between the Tagus and Guadiana.    Climate.-This, owing to the physical configuration of
-4. The Sierra Morena, separating the basins of the Gun-  the surface, varies greatly in different localities. It is warm
diana and Guadalquivir, and connected westward with the  on the coasts; the table-lands are exposed to great heat in
Serra Monchique in Portugal —5. The Sierra Nevada, ex-  summer, and extreme cold in winter. Many of the mountending from Cartagena'to Cadiz, and containing the Cerro  tains rise above the snow line, the limit of which, in the
Mulahacen, the highest point of the peninsula, being 11,078  Pyrenees, is 8952 feet; in the Sierra Nevada, 11,100 feet.
feet, and the Pic de Veleta, 11,387 feet in elevation.      In Madrid, which is situated on table-land, the mean temGeology.-Almost all the mountain-ranges have a nucleus  perature of winter is about 430, of summer 760 2', and of
of granite, overlain by crystalline schists. This is particu-  harvest about 660. In the hottest month the mean temlarly the case in the Pyrenees, the mountains which sepa-  perature sometimes rises above 590, and in the coldest, falls
rate the two Castiles, and the basins of the D)ouro and  below 400. The mean annual temperature is about 600
Tagus, the Sierra Morena, and the Sierra Nevada. In the  Fahrenheit. On the table-land, in summer, the sky is genelast the granite and schists often give place to immense  rally clear and cloudless, and rain seldom falls, but in winmasses of serpentine. The mountains of Asturias, however,  ter it both rains and snows frequently. The annual hell of
form an exception to the general rule, and though evidently  rain on the Sierra Nevada, and on the N. and W. coasts, is from
a continuation of the Pyrenees, differ from them remarkably  25 to 35 inches, while on the table-land of Castile it is only
in geological structure, exhibiting no traces ofgranite or other  10 inches, and the capital is often exposed to severe drought
eruptive rocks, and consisting almost entirely of carboni-  Winter is the rainy season.  In the N.W., in Galicia, a
ferous limestone and sandstone. The same formation is  piercing wind, which the Castilians call gallego, often blows.
largely developed in the Sierra de Gador, and in the deep  In these quarters, in severe and rainy winters, the cold is
valleys of the Alpujarras. Secondary rocks, still higher in  occasionally extreme, and the olive and other southern
the series, consisting of chalk and the accompanying strata,  firuits cannot be successfully grown. In the S.E. districts,
often overlie those of the carboniferous limestone; these  particularly in Murcia and Valencia, a kind of perpetual
have their largest development in the districts which bor-  spring prevails; on the contrary, in the S. and S.W., in
der the E. coast. They also form a great part of the ridges  Granada, and other parts of Andalusia, the climate is almost
which intervene between the plain of La Mancha and the  African, and a wind called solano, the sirocco of Italy, which
Mediterranean. Tertiary formations are found partly on the, withers up vegetationenfeebles the animal frame, and spreads
higher table-land in Old Castile, where they consist chiefly  epidemic diseases, often blows for two weeks in succession.
of marls and gypsum, and partly on the plains of Valencia,  In the W. the climate is mild but variable; the summer,
Alicante, MIurcia, Carthagena, Aguilar, and Granada. They  however, is very hot, and in Estremadura, in particular,
also fill several valleys, among others those of the Segura,  withering droughts of nearly six months' duration are not
Lorca, Lower. Ebro, and Guadalquivir.                      unfi-equent. In the E. the climate resembles that of Asia
Mineas.-ls.-The minerals are numerous and valuable; but  Minor and Syria.  Snow is confined chiefly to the more
owing to the general decay into which almost all the in-  mountainous districts. Storms are not frequent, but shocks
dustrial interests of the kingdom have fallen, they are at  of earthquakes are often felt, and many attended with fearpresent less extensively worked than fosmerly. They in- ful disasters are on record.
elude gold, which was at one time found in considerable    Vegetation, -AgricsultUre, ~f.-Few of the mountains are so
quantities in Asturias and Galicia, though no mine is  high as to be beyond the limits of forest vegetation; yet
now worked; silver, obtained in numerous quarters, parti-  both the mountains and many tracts of the table-land are
cularly in the Alpujarras, the Sierra de Lujar, and the  in general very scantily supplied with trees. The finest
Sierra de Gador, in all.of which the lead, found in the  forests are on the W. offsets of the Pyrenees, and in the
greatest abundance, is highly argentiferous; quicksilver,  mountains of Asturias, from which the oaks that formerly
particularly at Almaden, where the mines, still in operation,  supplied the docks of Ferrol were obtained. The more re
a-re among the richest in the world; copper in the Sierra I markable trees are the SuanisL hsestnut, and several.viise182L.




SPA                                                                   SPA
ties of oak, more particularly the Quercus ballota, the acorns  doms and  provinces of the  European  portion, and  the
of which are edible; the Qoercus suber, or cork-tree, and the  modern division into provinces effected in 1834:Quercus coccifera, from  which a crimson dye, resembling                                                                                 I
the genuine cochineal, is obtained. Orchard and finer fruits                                      Area,'       e Towns.  P
are extremely abundant, and include, in addition to apples, Ki ngdoms.   Provinces                 sq. nM.  in 1849.
pears, cherries, plums, peaches, and apricots, the almond,
date, fig, orange, citron, and pomegranate; and in the lower                        adrid              96   405737Md...... 206,714
Toledo........   5,620   330,000 Toledo........ 13.580
districts of the S., the anana, banana, aloe, and cactus. The    NEw              Guadalajarae..     5287   199,7463 Guadalajara..  5,170
culture of the vine is general, and great quantities of wine  CASTILE.   Cuenadjr...                7,990   252723 Cuenca.......  6,03
are made, both for home consumption and exportation.  The                         Ciudad-Real..      7,713   302,593 CiudadgReal.. 10,235
demand for the latter is chiefly confined to sherry and the                                         29    1 40,
29,506 1,490,799
sweet wines of Malaga and Alicante; a considerable part of
the grapes grown are dried, which furnish one of the princi-                   f Burgos.......      5,064   234,022 Burgos.......  15,924
pal exports from  the port of Malaga.  Pistachio nuts, wal-                       Logroilo......     1,773   15,519 Logroo......   6,848
nuts, and chostnuts, grow  in such abundance as to form                 OLD         atander....      2,121   190,00 Santander...  16,222
OLD      Soria.........    3,348   140,000 Soria...._...  5,40W
important articles of trade.  In the warm  districts the olive,  CASnsE.  Segovia.....              30      155,000 Segovia.....i 6,625
sugar-cane, and cotton-plant are partially cultivated.                            Avila........      3,125   132,936  vila.........   4,12
The extent of land under regular agricultural crops is                         Palenela.....      2,786   180,000 Palencia...... 11,470
somewhat limited.  Much of the higher part of the central                         Valladolid....,94   210,000Vladolid           0,00
table-land presents a very sterile appearance, having a thin,                                        4,262 1,42,477
24221,427,477
stony soil, and a covering of heath and scanty pasture; and
even extensive tracts, which might be advantageously cul-                      { Leon.........       7,176   288,833 Leon..........   7,074
0                                  7~~~~~~~~~~~,1767  280,0aoa....8,83T
tivated, are left almost in a state of nature, to be roamed   LnEON....  Zamora.3,467   280,000 Zamora...  8,877
Salamanca.,       8      8 240,000 Salanmnca....    13,78~
over by cattle, sheep, goats, and swine.  The finest agricul-                     Salamanca         4,888   240,000 Salaaca   13,7
tural district is Valencia, where both rice and corn are grown                                      15,531   708,833
far beyond the wants of the actual population, and furnish   AT
large supplies to those parts of the interior which are less             a    s.. Oido4,22
favorably situated.  After Valencia, Catalonia, Murcia, and                       Corunna......     3,220   511,492 Corunna...... 19,415
some of the N. provinces, raise the largest qclantities of  GALICIA    Lgo.3,484   419,437 Lgo...                                    7,29
grain.  The quality is in  general so excellent, that the                                            2,588   38, Oreusese.......    4,840
bread of Spain is said to be the finest in Europe; but the                        Pontveda...,62.420,000 Ponvdra          4,14
system  of agriculture is very defective, and the amount of                                         10,920  1,3029
produce is far less than a better system  might easily obtain.
Considerable improvement, however, is said to have  been    ESTRe -   Badajos..                      7,724   336......   B1,715
MADURA I Cacres.......,018   364,988 Caceres...... 12,051
recently made, and Spain, which used regularly to import                nU.  Caceres........                 264,98Cacrs            1,051
grain, has now a:small surplus for export.  The more im-                                           14,74     01,124
portant crops are wheat, rice, maize, barley, and legumes. 
Hemp and flax are extensively grown in Aragon and Gall-                            Seville           4,620   420,0001 Seville........ 100,49
cia; and esparto is produced:in abundance, more especially                        Cadiz.........    2,879   358,446 Cadiz.........  53,920
CHrdlva 5......    3,937   153,462  ruelva.......  7,41,
in Valencia and Murcia, where it is in extensive demand for   AALU-  Cordova......                  5,068   348.956C0rdova......   41,97
making ropes, mats, baskets, &c. The mulberry thrives well,    sIA....   aen.........                4,892   307,410 Jaen.........  4,00
and is largely cultivated, for rearing silk-worms in Valencia,                    Granada......     4,354   427,250 Granada......  61,610
Murcia, and Granada.  Saffron and other dye-plants thrive                         Almeia.......      3,30      2,1 Almeri...... 17,800
Malaga........    3,052   438,000 -:Malaga.......   68,577
chiefly in theinterior; the caper-bush grows wild on many3,52 
of the Mediterranean shores; and there also, particularly on                                        32,172 2,715,858
the E., large quantities of barilla are manufactured.  The 
Srgossa....    6,584   350,000 Saragossa... 30,000
liquorice-plant is cultivated chiefly near Seville and at the  AsGON.   Hsa                          62....  52   247,101 Huesca.....  0,00
Itucsca......,     2522 7,105 Huesca........ 9,200
mouth of the Ebro; and the juice prepared from it is in de-                       Teruel......       3,152   250,000 Teruel........   7,165
Matud in all parts of Europe.
Zoology.-The zoology of Spain includes a vast number of                                          15,988   847,105
species.  Of these: however, the only large animals in awild                     nurcia......
MuRCIA. c    urue a.......   5,184   400,000 Murcia....... 55,000
state are the wolf, common in all the mountainous districts,                      Albacete.....     6,50    195,531 Albacete..... 13,143
and the bear and chamois, found chiefly in the Pyrenees.                                            a     
In Biscay the marten is frequently met with, and lynxes,                                            11,688   595,531
foxes, wild cats, weasels, &c. are numerous in many quar-                         Valencia.....     3,672   500,000 Valencia.....
ters.  The chameleon is found in the vicinity of Cadiz; and   VnLEN-   Alicante.                     2,868   363,219 Alicante..... 19,021
numerous monkeys haunt the:rock of Gibraltar.  The fea-    Co....  Castellon de                                     Castellonde 
1 P     3,049   247,7411l~ae.           16,952,
thered tribes are very numerous, particularly on the coast                          laPlaa...                          laPlana... ald
and at the mouths of rivers; eagles are not uncommon, and                                            9,589  1,110,90
among rare visitors may be mentioned the flamingo, which
is sometimes seen near Yalencia.  The number ofrivers and                         Barceona....       2,1    533,695 Barcelona.... 121,815
C~ITALO ~J Trragonn..~.   290,0001Tnrsgonn...13,01,
great extent of sea-coast give great scope to the inhabitants   CAN.LO.   Tarragona..                2,400   200,000 Tarsagosa...  23,014
NA..Lerida........   4,919!  197,445 Lerida....... 12,236
of the water; and some important fisheries are carried on,                        Gerona.......     2,413   262,594 Gerona.......    8,172
particularly those of sardines, on the coast of Galicia; and
of tunnies and anchovies, on the S.W. coast, between Cadiz                                          12,036 1,283,734
and Gibraltar.  Nothing, however, more strongly indicates  NAvARRE.. Navarre......                  4,069   280,000 Pamplona..   15,715
a general want of industry and enterprise in Spaniards than
the fact that, instead of profiting by the treasures which   BnASQUE   Biscay........               1,06i   150.000 Bilbao......   10,234
their own seas spontaneously offer, their main supplies of    Peovse.   O puzoa                       891   141,752 Tolos........     00
Alava........      1,292    81,397 Vitoria.......  10,266
fish are derived from foreigners..1
Among domestic animals the horse, descended from breeds                                           3,247   373,149
whidh  the Moors  had  introduced. was  long celebrated
throughout Europe, but has in recent times declined in                            BalnrIsll..        2,91    253,000
Canary Isls...     2,980   257,719 Santa-Cruz...  8,070
reputation, though Andalusia still boasts of many fine animals.  The mule is generally preferred to the horse, both   Total of Spain in Europe.   193,244 13,936.218
for carriage and draught, and is extensively reared in New
Castile.  This animal, as well as the ass, is generally of a                      Poo-R:-PCo -.....ce  393    500,002
very superior description.  The horned cattle are not nume-                       Virgin Iss....        89     2,600
rous, and only in a few districts are cows kept for dairy purposes; bulls, in great demand for the national amusement                                            39,779 1,511,660
o-f bull-fights, are reared in the greatest perfection in Anda- sI: —Philippine Isls.... 52,48 2,679,50
n                                   AsiA:-Philippine Isls....           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2,679,5001
lusia.  The favorite stock is sheep, of which about 18,000,000
are kept.  A considerable proportion of these belong to the  AFRIcn:-The Presidios..                  25    11,481
celebrated Merienno breed, to which almost all the other breeds                 Guinea Isls.....       491     5,590
of Europe are more or less indebted for improvement.  Their  OCEAnIC: —Part of the                    592
Ladrone Islands..... 5
exportation has always been prohibited; their pasturage is 
regulated by ancient laws.  Goats also are very numerous,                                           1,108    17,071
and in their flesh, milk, and cheese, furnish the favorite food
of the inhabitants.  Swine are kept in large herds in some.  SUMARY. -
parts of Estremadura, and in some of the N. provinces, both                                                   Area,        Pop. in
near the coast and among the mountains of Asturias, where                                                     sq. mn.       1849.
they roam at large in the forests.                                          Amrica, Asia, nd Africa.......  93,035....  4,208,291
Divions, Area, Putio,              -The   following table   -             Europe.......................... 193,244.... 13,936,218
hibits the area and population of the whole monarchy accord-                  Total of Spanish monarchy.... 286,279.... 18,144,509
ng to the returns of 1819, together with the ancient king1822




SPA  SPA
Manufactures.-In the Middle Ages, the manufactures of  diction over two or more provinces. Judges of the first reSpain, especially along the coast of the Mediterranean, were  sort (psimera instancia) are found in all the more important
in a flourishing condition, and found an extensive demand, districts.
particularly in the Levant and other parts of the East. With    Army and Navy.-The army consists of regulars and rethe expulsion of the Moors, the branches which they had  serve, or of regiments of the line and militia. The whole
specially fostered fell rapidly into decay, and have never  force is 136,787 men, of whom  about 90,000 are regubeen revived. New demands, however, arose in the W., and  lars. They are in general ill-disciplined and ill-paid, and
Spain, as the mother country, reserving to herself the sole  though once the best troops in Europe, are now among the
supply of the colonies, was able, for that purpose alone, to  worst. The only kind of service in which they still possess
carry on a number of lucrative manufactures. The loss of  considerable reputation, is guerilla warfare.  The navy,
her colonies putting a sudden stop to the demand, was fol- which long contained the finest ships in the world, and allowed by the sudden extinction of her manufactures. The  most ruled the seas, was nearly annihilated by the wars
circumstances of the country since have been the most un- carried on with Great Britain, and now musters not more
favorable that can be conceived to the progress of any branch  than four ships of the line, 20 frigates, of which 10 are steam
of regular industry; and hence, the only manufactures de- frigates; 12 corvettes, of which 5 are steamers; 18 brigs, of
serving of notice are to be found in a few of the larger towns. which 4 are steamers, and 99 other vessels, besides 240 small
Cotton goods are made to some extent in Catalonia, particu-  craft and gun boats, making a total of 393 vessels, carrying
larly Barcelona; woollens in Manresa, Tarraza, Guadalajara,  in all 1231 cannon and 253 pedreros. The whole number
and different towns of Valencia and Aragon; leather in Yal- of steamers is 36, with 9972 horse-power.
ladolid and several towns of Andalusia; wax-cloths inBarce-   Religion and.Education. —The only religion which the
lone; linen, both ordinary and damask, in Galicia; sail- state recognises, and declares itself bound to support, is the
cloth at Corunna and Carthagena; stained paper, jewelry, Roman Catholic. It is governed by 10 archbishops and 59
and porcelain, at Madrid; iron-ware, chiefly of the larger  bishops, but two of the former and five of the latter have
and coarser descriptions, in the Basque provinces, Mondra  their jurisdiction beyond the sea. The number of parishes
gon, Toledo, Albacete, Guadix, &c., for common and sword  is about 21,000. In 1837 all the convents of monks, with a
cutlery; common earthen and delft-ware, in Andujar, Alcora, few exceptions, were suppressed, and their revenues, subject
Caceres, &c.; paper in Valencia and Catalonia; and tobacco  to a provision for existing members, confiscated to the state.
in various towns, but more especially in Malaga and Seville. At the period of extinction the number of convents was
Cbmmerce.-From  the extent of its coast line, its nume- 1940, with 30,906 monks; the nunneries still amount to 660,
rous ports, its geographical position, and natural products, with about 12,000 nuns. Education is very little diffused.
Spain possesses greater commercial advantages, perhaps, A normal school, for training teacheirs in the Lancasterian
than any other country of Europe. Her foreign commerce, system, was established in Madrid in 1839; and recently a
once the most valuable in the world, has, however, dwindled  royal decree has been promulgated to organize 9 superior
down almost to insignificance. The principal exports are and 20 elementary normal schools in the Peninsula, and 2
wool, wine, brandy, oil, fruits, iron, lead, mercury, and salt, of the latter grade in the Balearic and Canary Islands.
with a small amount of silk and manufactured goods; the  Before the suppression of the monastic orders, education was
imports comprise colonial goods, dried fish, and salted pro- entirely in the hands of the Jesuits and other clergy. The
visions, butter, cheese, rice, cotton and woollen goods, cut- children of the upper classes are educated in France and
lery, glass, and building timber. The subjoined table exhi- other countries. The universities, formerly 24 in number,
bits the commerce of the Spanish monarchy for the years are now reduced to 14, and these attended only by few.
1849, 1850, and 1851.                                         lfevenue.-The ordinary'revenue for 1854 was estimated
at $122,595,000, and the expenditures at $122,683,000. The
Total amount of the Imports and Exports in 1851, compared  debt in 1131 amounted to $914930000.
with 1850 and 1849:                     debt in 1851 amounted to $914,930,000.
People.-The inhabitants of Spain consist chiefly of Spaniards proper, composed of a mixture of ancient aborigines,
Impee.  prts.    Teal.   ~Romans, Visigoths, Vandals, and Suevi, but partly also of
arope and Africa.......... $2,460,000  $16,300,000 $38,760,000  three other distinct races-Basques, occupyingthe provinces
America....................  13,993,000  10,090,000   24,083,000  to which they give their name, and forming about oneAsia........................  5714,000    214,000  se8,0e0  twenty-fourth of the whole population; Modejars, a rem1851.....................         e2,000         5000   nant of the Moors who, in the general expulsion of their
1851~~~...........    $3707,000 126,661,00- $6,691,0
1850....................   36,285,000  26,380,000  62,665,000  countrymen, foundrefuge in several valleys in the kingdom
1849....................  31,105,000  25,820,000  57,525,000  of Granada and the Castiles, and whose descendants, unmingled with the other inhabitants, are still living there to
Internal Communication. —The public roads of Spain, ex- the number of about 60,000;  and Zigeuners, Gitanos or
cept those around the capital, are among the worst in  gipsies, who are found diffused over all parts of the peninEurope; wheel carriages are little used, and much of the  sula, but do not number above 45,000. The Spaniards protransport is effected by means of mules. There are several per, to whom only it is necessary here to advert, are of midcanals, many of them  on a magnificent scale, but mostly  die stature, well formed, of a sallow hue, sharp features, dark
unfinished and unfit for navigation; the chief of these are  hair, and keen black eyes. Their language, a dialect of the
the Imperial Canal, commenced by Charles V., extending  Latin with a considerable number of Teutonic and Arabic
along the right bank of the Ebro; the canals of Castile, words, is soft and sonorous, and peculiarly adapted for the
Manzanares, Murcia, Albacete, and Guadarama. The first lighter kinds of poetry, but has not been enriched by many
railway in Spain was opened in 1848; it extends from Ma- works in the higher departments of literature. With the extaro to Barcelona, a distance of 151 miles. Other railways  ception of Cervantes, there is not a Spanish writer who can
opened since: are one from Valencia to Jativa, 34f miles; be said to have earned for himself a European reputation.
one from Valencia to Grao, 38 miles; and one from Madrid    In diet, the Spaniards are frugal and temperate. In their
to Alcazar.                                                intercourse with strangers they are reserved, taciturn, and
Government, dc.-The government of Spain is an heredit-  stand much upon their dignity, aft-aid apparently of its
ary constitutional monarchy, regulated by a constitution  being encroached upon by undue familiarity; but on findadopted in 1837, and subsequently modified in 1845. The  ing what they conceive to be their true place properly recoglegislative power is vested in the crown and cortez jointly. nised, they lay aside their restraint, form  strong attachThe cortez consist of two equally independent bodies-a  ments, and become the most agreeable of companions. With
senate and a house of deputies. The senate has no limit as  their natural indolence there is a strange mixture of enthuto numbers, and is appointed solely by the crown, each  siasm, and when their passions are once roused, there are
senator holding his office for life. The deputies are nomi- few extravagances or excesses of which they are not capable.
nated directly by electoral juntas, at the rate of one deputy  In favorable circumstances, this part of their character has
for every 50,000 of the population. Each deputy is elected  often manifested itself in chivalric exploits; but when acfor five years, and has full liberty of speech and vote; but companied, as it too often is, by ignorance and bigotry, has
the crown may at any time dissolve the house of deputies, led to the perpetration of numberless atrocities. In no
subject to the condition that a new house must be elected  country has fire and sword been more mercilessly employed
and summoned to meet within three months. Either of  in the extirpation of what was called heresy, and even now,
the three powers-the crown, senate, or deputies-may origi- under a constitution which professes to guarantee freedom
nate bills, with the exception of money-bills, which belong  of thought and freedom of the press, no-form of dissent from
exclusively to the last, but no law can be passed before the  Popery is tolerated. The national character is well pictured
consent of each has been obtained. The crown is responsi- in the cruel sport of bull-fighting, cultivated eagerly in
ble only by its ministers, composed of a council of six prin- every part of the country, and, like horse-racing among the
cipsal secretaries of state, finance, war, justice, marine, and  English, established wherever the Spaniard is located.
government.                                                  History.-The  peninsula, now forming the kingdm ins of
Justice is administered by a supreme court, composed of  Spain and Portugal, was first visited by the Phcehcians,
a president and 15 judges, divided into three halls or courts  and afterwards by the Carthagenians, who formed several
-a first and second court of justice, and a third court of  establishments. It was conquered by the Romans after a
the Indies. Next in order to this court are the audiencias, resistance of two centuries; they divided it into three great
or courts of second resort. The whole number of these  provinces, viz., Thrraconensis in the E. centre and N., Bcetica
within thepeninsula and the adjacent islands is 15, each  in the S., and Lusitania in the W. The Visigoths overran
having its seat at some principal town, and exercising juris- the country in the fifth century, and were driven from most
1823




SPA                                                        SPA
of it by the Arabs in 711. The kingdom  of Portugal was  right bank of Red River, a few miles above Natchitoches
founded in 1095. During eight centuries the Christian  Length, about 12 miles.
princes were engaged in continual warfare with the Moham-    SPANISH OAKS, a post-office of Appomattox co., Virginia.
uedans. From this state the country was delivered, under    SPANIISH PRAItR1E, a post-village of Crawford co., Mis.
Ferdinand and Isabella, by the conquest of Granada, in  souri, about 48 miles S.E. of Jefferson City.
1492. This was followed by the pillage and expulsion of the    SPANIISH RIVI ER, of British America, flows W.S.W. along
Jews, who had possessed themselves of most of the commer- the base of La Clocke Mountains, and falls into Lake H-luron
cial riches of the country. In the same year Columbus  nearly opposite the central part of the Great Manitoulin.
discovered the New World, and Spain became mistress of the    SPANIISH TOWN or SANTIAGO DE LA VEGA, san-te-dIgreater part of America, as then known. Of these vast colo- go dA lA vA/gA, the capital town of Jamaica, co. of Middlesex,
nial possessions, Spain has now only the islands of Cuba, parish of St. Catherine, on the W. bank of the river Cobre,
Porto Rilo, and somie smaller islands in America, the Phi- 10 miles W. of Kingston. Pop. 6000. It is the official resilippine and Ladrone Islands in the Pacific, the Canary  dence of the governor of Jamaica, and the seat of the supeIslands in the Atlantic, Fernando Po and the island of  rior courts of the islands; but it is otherwise of little imAnnabon in the Gulf of Guinea, and Ceuta, Gomera, and  portance, and is ill-built and unhealthy.
Melilla, places used for the transportation of convicts, in    SPANISIH TOWN, Trinidad. See PorT oF SPAIN.
Barbary. From the 16th century; Spain was divided into    SPANJEN. See SPAirN.
large provinces, having mostly the title of kingdoms, but by    SPANSMBERG, spAmlb6rG, or SPANBERG, spAnfb8lR, a
a royal decree of April, 1833, it was partitioned into forty- market-town of Lower Austria, on the Sulzbach, 8 miles
eight smaller provinces, each bearing the name of its capital,  from Gaunersdorf.  Pop. 1149.
except Navarre and the three Basque provinces, which re-   SPARANISI, spa-rd-neelsee, a village of Naples, province
main unchanged, and possess peculiar privileges.-Adj. of Terra di Lavoro, E. of Gaeta. Pop. 1580.
SPANIISH; (Sp. ESPANOL, 6s-pan-y611; Fr. ESPAGNOL, 8s'pdn'-   SPARIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
yoll; Ger. SPANISCI, splnish; It. SrAGNUOLO, spln-yoo-olo;   - SPARKIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Port. HIsPANO, ees-pAno;) inhab. SPANIARD, spanlvard; (Ger.   SPARONE, spi-roln.A, a village of Piedmont, 17 miles
SPANIER, spuneer; Port. IIsrANAHOL, 8s-pan-yl/; in French, W.S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 2478.
Spanish, and Italian, the adjective is also used for the in-    SPARROW BUSH, a post-office of Orange co., New York.
habitant.)                                                    SPARROW SWAMP, a post-office of Darlington district,
SPAITLA, spitllA, a ruined town of North Africa, domi- South Carolina.
nions, and 142 miles S.W. of Tunis, with remains ofantiquity.    SPARSIHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
SPALATO, spa-I/to, or SPALATRO, spa-lA/tro, a seaport    SPARSHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
city of )almatia, on a small promontory opposite the islands    SPARTA, spartA,, an ancient city of Greece, in the Morea,
of Brazza. Bua, &c. Lat. 430 20' 4" N., Ion. 160 26' 7" E. Pop. the remains of which, on a hill 3 miles N.W. of Mistra, con10,300. The E. half of the city is crowded into the a'ea of the  sists chiefly of a theatre and temple.
vast palace of Iiocletian, in which the ancient temple of Jupi-    SPARITA, a post-township in the S. part of Livingston
ter, with a lofty octagonal tower, is still perfect. The streets  co., New York. Pop. 1372.
of the city are all narrow lanes, but it has several open    SPARTA, a flourishing post-village and township of Susspaces, numerous churches and convents, alazaretto, schools, sex co., New Jersey, about 66 miles N. by E. of Trenton.
government museum of antiquities, barracks, and an inner  The village contains 2 churches, 2 seminaries, 5 stores, 6
and outer harbor, the latter adapted for vessels of any bur-  iron forges, 6 mills, and 1 shingle manufactory. Pop. of the
den. It is the most important seat of commerce in Dal- village, about 500; of the township, 1919.
matia. It is especially interesting for the ruins of a mag-    SPARTA, a township, Crawford co., Pennsylvania. P. 884.
nificent palace, built by the Roman emperor Diocletian, to    SPARTA, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsylvania.
which he retired after abdicating the imperial throne, (A. D.    SPARTA, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.
305.) This palace was constructed of a beautiful freestone,   SPARTA, a post-village of Edgecomb co., North Carolina,
and is said to have Covered an area of 0 acres! A large por- 84 miles E. of Raleigh.
tion of the town of Spalatro has been built out of its ruins.    SPARTA, post-office, Spartanburg district, South Carolina.
SPALDING, spwaldfing, a market-town and parish of Eng-    SPARTA, a thriving post-village, capital of I-Hancock co.,
land, co. of Lincoln, capital of the division of Holland, on the  Georgia, 24 miles N.E. of Milledgeville.. It is distinguished
Welland, and on a railway 15 miles S.S.W. ofBoston, of which  for activity of business, and for its excellent schools. It
port it is a member. Pop. in 1851, 8829. It consists chiefly  contains 3 churches, 2 academies, and 1 cotton factory. Pop.
of four streets and a market-place, in which are the town- about 800.
hall and house of correction for the division; and it has a    SPARTA, a post-village, capital of Conecub co., Alabama,
good church, a grammar school, and many endowed charities, on a small affluent of Conecub River, 100 miles S.S.W. of
assembly-rooms, a theatre, public library, and warehouses, Montgomery.  The railroad projected from  Mobile to Coto the doors of which vessels of 60 tons arrive by the Wel- lumbus in Georgia, will pass through or near this village.
land. It has an active trade in corn, wool, flax, and hemp.  It contains a court-house, jail, Masonic hall, 3 stores, and
SPALD/WICK, a parish of England. co. of Haunts.           about 200 inhabitants.  It became the county seat in 1822.
SPALMADORE (spAl-mAt-do/rA) ISIANDS, (auc. fl(Enusece    SPARTA, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Mississippi, 140
or.Enusses?) a group of islets belonging to Asiatic Turkey, miles N.N.E. of Jackson.
between the islands of Scio and the mainland of Asia Minor.   SPARTA, a pleasant and thriving post-village, capital of
Lat. 380 32' N., Ion. 260 12' E. Length of the largest, 5 miles. Bienville parish, Louisiana, is situated on a level plain,
SPALT, spAlt, a town of Bavaria, on the Rezat, 18 miles  having a sandy soil, and watered by never-failing springs.
S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 1765.                                Groves of holly and sweet bay, in the vicinity, present at,
SPANTBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            all seasons a green and spring-like appearance. The village
SPANDAU, spAn/dow, or SPANDOW, spAn/dov, a fortified  contains a flourishing seminary.
town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, at the confluence    SPARTA, a post-village, capital of White county, Tennesof the Spree and Havel, 9 miles W. of Berlin, on the Ham- see, on the route of the South-western Railroad, about 85
burg Railway. Pop. (excluding garrison) in 1846, 6400. It miles E. by S. of Nashville, with which it is connected by a
is enclosed by walls, and has a citadel on an island in the  turnpike-road. It has a court-house, jail, a bank, 1 newsHavel used as the principal state prison of Prussia, and in  paper office, and several stores.
which Baron Trenck was confined. The streets are clean,   SPARTA, a thriving village of Owen co., Kentucky, on
airy, and spacious. The principal edifices are the church  Eagle Creek, about 35 miles N. of Frankfort. It has an exof St. Nicholas, a Roman Catholic church, and the former  tensive fouring mill, and a saw mill.
residence of the electors of Brandenburg, now a peniten-    SPARTA, a post-office of Owen co., Kentucky.
tiary. It has manufactures of woollen and linen stuffs,   SPARTA, a post-village of Morrow co., Ohio, 35 miles
tobacco-pipes, powder, and firearms. It was taken by the  N.N.E. of Columbus.
Swedes in 1631, and by the French in 1806.                    SPARTA, a village of Stark co., Ohio, on the Nimishillen
SPANDEN, sphnldpn, a -illage of East Prussia, 46 miles  Creek, 68 miles S. of Cleveland.
S.W. of Ktinigsberg. Here the French defeated the Russians    SPARTA, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.
in 1807.                                                      SPARTA, a township in the N.W. part of Kent co., MichiSPANGENBERG, spAngfen-b6IRG, a town of Germany, in  gan. Pop. 309.
Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-lessen, 16 miles S.S.E. of    SPARTA, a post-township, Dearborn co., Indiana. P. 1598.
Cassel. Pop. 2202.                                            SPARTA, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 590.
SPANG'S MILLS, a post-office of Blair co., Pennsylvania.    SPARTA, a thriving post-village of Randolph co.. Illinois,
SPANGSIVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania. on the route of the Illinoistown and Massac Railroad, 113
SPANISH, SPANIARD, SPANISC.H  or &SPANIER.  miles S. of Springfield.  Several newspapers are issued here.
See SPAaN.                                                   SPARTA, a post-village of Buchanan co., Missouri, about
SPAN/ISH BLUFFS, a village of Bowie co., Texas, on Red  200 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. Since the removal of the
River, 12 miles N. of Boston, has a landing for steamboats.  county seat to St. Joseph, Sparta has declined.
SPANIISIBURG, a post-office of Mercer co., Virginia.       SPARTA, a poet-office of La Crosse co., Wisconsih.
SPANISIH CREEK, of Pike co., Ohio, flows into the Scioto    SPARTA CENTRE, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.
River.                                                       SPAR/TANBURG, a district in the N.W. part of South
SPANISHI FLAT, a post-office of El Dorado co.. California. Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 950
SPANISIH- LAKE, of Louisiana, is connected with the  square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Ennoree
1824




SPA                                                       SPE
River, on the N.E. by Broad River,. and intersected by the  tion of cotton and woollen factories. Organized in 1824; and
Tiger and Pacolet Rivers, all of which flow S.E. The sur- named in honor of Captain Spear Spencer, who fell at tho
face is hilly. The soil is productive, and well watered. Gold- battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, Taylorsville. Pop. 6842, of
mines are worked in the district, and yield large profits. whom 4691 were free, and 2151 slaves.
Iron ore of the finest quality, and in immense quantities, is   SPENCER, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, borderfound; it also contains extensive quarries of limestone. ing on the Ohio River, contains 390 square miles. It is
Glenn Spring, of this district, has become a fashionable  drained by Little Pigeon and Crocked Creeks. The surface
watering-place. It is said to contain sulphur and magnesia. is level in the S., and hilly in the N. and E. The soil is
A railroad is projected from Spartanburg, the seat ofjustice, mostly fertile. The county contains abundance of bitumito the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Pop. 26,400, of  nous coal. Organized in 1818. Capital, Rockport. Pop. 8616.
whom 18,361 were free, and 8039 slaves.                     SPENCER, a post-village and township of Worcester co.,
SPARTANBURG or SPARTANBURG COURT-IHOUSE, a  Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 62 miles W.S.WV.
thriving post-village, capital of Spartanburg district, South  of Boston. It contains several churches, and has manufacCarolina, 98 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. Splendid buildings  tures of woollen goods, boots and shoes, &c. Pop. 2244.
for a college, under the direction of the Methodists, are    SPENCER, a post-village and township of Tioga co., New
going up at this place; ample provision having been made  York, about 20 miles S. of Ithaca. The village contains 2
by the bequest of Benjamin Wofford.  The Spartanburg  or 3 churches, and several mills. Pop. of the township, 1782.
and Union Railroad is in course of construction from this    SPENCER, a post-village of Davidson co., North Carolina,
point to the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, a distance  190 miles WV. of Raleigh.
of 66 miles.                                                SPENCER, a post-village, capital of Van Buren- co., TenSPARTANBURG, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, nessee, 90 miles S.E. of Nashville.
20 miles N. of Richmond.                                    SPENCER, a small village of White co., Tennessee.
SPARtTANSBURG, a post-office of Crawford co., Penn-    SPENCER, a thriving post-village of Allen co., Ohio, on
sylvania.                                                 the Miami Extension Canal, about 110 miles N.W. of ColumSPARTAP/OLIS, a village of Rockingham  co., Virginia, bus. Laid out in 1845. The canal furnishes extensive
142 miles N.W. of Richmond.                               water-power. Pop. in 1853, near 500.
SPARTIVENTO, a cape of Italy. See CAPE SPARTIVENTo.       SPENCER, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1847.
SPASIK, sp~sk, a town of Russia, government, and 30    SPENCER, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the right
miles S.E. of Riazan, on the Oka. Pop. 5000.              bank of the Ohio River, and on the Little Miami Railroad.
SPASK, a town of Russia, government, and 108 miles Pop. 1656.
N.N.E. of Tambov. Pop. 6000. It has numerous factories.   SPENCER, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 273.
SPASK, a town of Russia, government, and 54 miles S.   SPENCER, a post-township in the W. part of Medina co.,
of Kazan, on the Bezdna, near its junction with the Volga. Ohio. Pop. 1336.
Pop. 2000. Near it are the ruins of Bulgar.                  SPENCER, a township of Jennings co., Indiana. Pop. 1390.
SPAVIA, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.             SPENCER, a post-village, capital of Owen co., Indiana, on
SPAVINAU, a post-office of Benton co., Arkansas.        the West Fork of the White River, 54 miles S.W. of IndianSPAXITON a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           apois. Grain and other articles are shipped from this place
SPEAN, spain, a river of Scotland, co. o9:Inverness, rises  by the river. Spencer contains a court-house, 2 or 3 churches,
in Loch Laggan, flows mostly W. through Lobchaber, and  and several warehouses.
joins the Lochy at Garelochy, after a course of 20 miles.   SPENCER GULF, a large bay of South Australia, between
Principal affluent, the Roy.                               lat. 320 30' and 350 S., and ion. 1360 and 1380 E. It stretches
SPEAR'S (speerz) STORE, a post-office of Union parish, inland for upwards of 200 miles. Breadth, 80 miles. In it
Louisiana.                                                 are Hardwicke Bay and Ports Lincoln and Bolingbroke. I.t
SPECCITIA DEI PRETI, spklckke-A dle prAftee, a town of receives no streams of consequence.
Naples, province of Otranto,.S.E. of Gallipoli.  Pop. 1500.    SPEN/CERPORT, a post-village of Monroe co., New York,
SPECIA. See SPEzIA.                                     on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester, Lockport, and NiaSPECK/LED MOUNITAIN, in Oxford co., Maine, near the  gara Falls Railroad, 18 miles W. of Rochester. It has sevboundary of New Hampshire, is about 4000 feet high.       ral mills and stores.
SPECITON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, East Riding,   SPENICERSBURG, a post-village of Pike co., Missouri, 80
on the Scarborough and Bridlington Railway, 5 miles N.W. miles N.E. of Jefferson City.
ofBridlington.                                              SPENCER'S BUTTE, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon.
SPEEDSIVILLE, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York,   SPENICERTOWN, a post-village of Columbia co., New
near WVest Owego Creek, 16 miles S.E. of Ithaca. It has  York, 30 miles S.S.E. of Albany. It contains an academy.
several factories and stores.                               SPEN/CERVILLE, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama.
SPEEDIWELL, a post-office of X~ythe co., Virginia.        SPEN/CERVILLE. a post-village of De Kalb co., Indiana,
SPEEDWELL, a post-office of Barnwell district, South  on an affluent of the Maumee River, 135 miles N.E. by N. of
Carolina, 115 miles S.S.W. of Columbia.                   Indianapolis.
SPEEDWELL, a post-village of Claiborne co., Tennessee,   SPEN/CERVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
210 miles E. by N. of Nashville.                          Grenville, 11 miles from Prescott. Pop. about 250.
SPEEDWELL, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.        SPENGE, spn/lgheh, a village of Rhenish Prussia, governSPEEDWELL, a small village of St. Clair co., Missouri.    ment of Minden, near I-erford. Pop.'1850.
SPEEN, (ane. Spine,) a parish of England, co. of Berks, 1~    SPEN/NITHORNE, a parish of England, co. of York, North
miles W. of Newbury. The second battle of Newbury was  Riding.
fought here in 1644.                                        SPE/ONK, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.
SPEENIHAMLAND, a tything in the above parish, imme-   SPERCHIUS, a river of Greece. See HELLTDA.
diately W. of the town of Newbury, of which it forms a    SPERLINGA, spIt-lin/gA, a market-town of Sicily, insuburb.                                                   tendency of Catania, near the Madonian Mountains, 3 miles
SPEER'S LANDING, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.     N.W. of Nicosia. Pop. 1606.
SPEERITOWN, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 7 miles    SPERLONGA, sp8R-ion/gA, a market-town of Naples, proN. of Newark.                                             vince of Terra di Lavoro, on the coast, 9 miles W.N.W. of
SPEERIVILLE, a post-village of Fulton co., Pennsylvania, Gaeta. Pop. 1200.
83 miles W.S.W. of HIarrisburg.                             SPER!NAL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
SPEICHER, spillcer, a village and parish of Switzerland,    SPER/RYVILLE, a post-village of Rappahannock co., Vircanton, and 6 miles N.E. of Appenzell, at the foot of the  ginla, about 120 miles N.W. of Richmond. A turnpike exV~glinsegg. Pop. 2500.                                    tends fimom this village to the RappahannockRiver.
SPEICHER, spYKer, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern-   SPESSHARDT, spesslhaRt, SPESSART, splslsaat. or SPESment of Treves, near Bittberg. Pop. 1673.                 SART-WALD, spls/saRt-vAlt', amountain range of Germany,
SPEIGHT'S (spits) BRIDGE, a post-village of Green co., commences in the N.W. ofBavaria, and extends N.N.E., till
North Carolina, 79 miles E.S.E. of Raleigh.               it becomes linked with the W. extremity of the Rhingebirge.
SPEIGHTS TOWN, spits/town, a small town on the W.   SPETCHILEY, a parish of England, co., and 3 miles E.S.E.
coast of the island of Barbadoes, 10 miles N. of Bridgetown. of Worcester, and having a station on the Birmingham and
It has a handsome church, and several lbrts.              Bristol Railway.
SPEIR'S TURNOUT, a post-village, Jefferson co., Georgia.   SPET/ISBURY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. It has
SPEKE, speek, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.   a Roman Catholic nunnery.
SPELDII-IURST, a parish of England, co. of Rent.          SPEXIIJALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
SPELLO, spil/lo, (anc. Hispcelum,) a town of Italy, in the    SPEY, spA, a river of Scotland, cos. of Inverness, Banff,
Pontifical States, delegation of Perugia, 3 miles N.W. of and Moray, rises in the hills between Badenoch and LochaFoligno. Pop. 4220. Its cathedral hasfine paintings.      ber, expands into the small Loch Spey, about 6 miles N. of
SPELSIBURY, a parish of England, co., of Oxford.        Loch Laggan, and 1200 feet above the sea, flows N.E., and
SPENICER, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, contains enters Moray Frith 2A miles W. of Port Gordon, after m
an area estimated at 280 square miles. It is drained by the  course of 110 miles. At Kingussie it is from 80 to 100 feet.
Salt River, and by Brashear's Creek. The surface is undu- and at Alvie 150 feet across, but it is innavigable. The affiulating and hilly, and the soil fertile. The rock which is ents are numerous, and being all rapid mountain torrents,
commonly found near the surface is limestone. The water- frequently cause sudden and destructive inundations irn
power of the river has recently been improved by the erec- Strathspey. Its banks are in many parts richly wooded,
5 P                                                                        1825




SPE                                                         SPI
and in it are valuable salmon fisheries belonging to the    SPILIMBERTO, spe-lim-b6ato, a market-town of Italy,
Duke of Richmond.                                           duchy, and 7 miles S.E. of Modena, on the Panaro.
SPEYER or SPEIER, spiler or spire, often written SPIRE    SPILS'BY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
and SPIRES, (anc. Noviomlagus, afterwards Nemeltes,) a city  Lincoln, 28 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851,1461. In
of West Germany, capital of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Rhine, its market-place are the town-hall and an octagonal marketit the influx of the Speyerbach, 166 miles N.E. of Landau, cross. It has a handsome church, a' subscription library,
on a branch railway to Mannheim. Lat. 490 181 55 N., ion, and free school.
80 26' 37" E. Pop. 9240, of whom about one-third are Roman    SPIN.  See SPEFN.
Catholics. It occupies a large space, enclosed by walls, and    SPINAZZOLA, spe-nutlso-l, a town of Naples, province of
has a cathedral containing the tombs of many German em- Terra di Bari, 7 miles S. of Minervino.  Pop. 5100.
perors, the remains of an old palace, in which 49 diets were    SPINETO, spe-nito, a town of Naples, province of Molise,
held; a city hall. gymnasium, orphan asylum, house of cor- (Sannio.)  Pop. 2250.
rection, forest school, botanic garden, museum of antiquA-    SPINGES, spingles or sping/ghes, a village of the Tyrol,
ties, manufactures of vinegar and tobacco, sugar refineries, circle of Pusterthal, about 12 miles from Brixen. Near it
and an extensive commerce and transit trade on the river. the French troops were defeated, in 1797, by the Tyrolese
At the Diet of Spires, held in 1529, the protest was made to  peasants.
the emperor which originated the religious designation of    SPIN'NERSTOWN, a post-.village of Bucks co., PennsylP-rotestants.  Noviomagus, once an important Roman sta- vania, 91 miles E. of Harrisburg.
tion, and the winter-quarters of Julius Coesar, was, in the    SPINOSO, spe-no/so, a town of Naples, province of BasiliMiddle Ages, the residence of many German emperors.         cata, 15 miles N.E. of Lagonegro, near the right bank of the
SPEYERBACIH, spdlr-bAKa, or SPIRE, a river of Rhenish  Agri. Near it is a magnificent Roman bridge. Pop. 2660.
Bavaria, joins the Rhine, after an E. course of 40 miles, at    SPIRANO, spe-rJno, a village, of Austrian Italy, governSpeyer.                                                     ment of Milan, province, and 9 miles S. of Bergamo.  It
SPEYIMOUT-I, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin, was, in the Middle Ages, defended by a strong castle, which
at the mouth of the Spay, and containing the villages of Gar- makes a considerable figure in history, and of which fosses,
mouth, Kingston, and Boat-of-Bog.                           drawbridges, towers, and other parts still remain. Pop. 1768.
SPEZIA, LA, 1& spld/ze-A, sometimes written SPECIA, a    SPIRDING, spsrJdi dng, the largest lake of East Prussia,
maritime town of Italy, in the Sardinian States, capital of  government of Gumbinnen, S.E. of Nikolaiken, 11 miles in
th3 province of Levante, at the head of its bay, an inlet of  length.
tha Gulf of Genoa, 86 miles W. of Sarzana. Pop. 9796.. It    SPIRE, a river of Rhenish Bavaria. See SPEERBaACH.
is fnely situated. The principal edifices are a citadel and    SPIRE or SPIRES. See SPEYEa.
an ancient castle of the Visconti.                            SPIRIT CREEK, of Richmond co., Georgia, flows E. into
iPEZIA, BAY or GULF OF, (unc. Porltus Lunce?) in Italy, the Savannah River.
is 7 miles in length, and from 2 to 6 miles wide. It presents    SPIRIT LAKE, in Dickinson co., Iowa, is the largest lake
fine scenery, contains the quarantine station for Genoa, and  in that state. Length, near 10 miles; greatest breadth,
on the W. side of its entrance are the islands of Palmaria  about 7 miles.
and Tino.                                                     SPIRIT LAKE or MILLE LACS, meel l~k, a lake of
SPEZZANO-ALBANESE, splt-sdlno-Al-bA-nA/s, or SPEZ- Minnesota Territory. It is about 18 miles long and 14 wide.
ZANELLO, sp~t-s-nil/lo, a town of Naples, province of  It discharges its waters through Rum  River into the MisCalabria Citra, 10 miles S.S.E. of Castrovillaril. Pop. 1660.   sissippi.
SPEZZANO, GRANDE, grin/dA, a village of Naples, pro-   SPIRITO SANCTO. See ESPIRITU SANTO.
vince of Calabria Citra, E.N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 1540.        SPIRITUS SANCTUS. See EsPsiTU SANTO.
SPEZZIA, sptfse-A, (anUe. Tiparesnus,) an island of Greece,    SPITAL, spitail, a market-town of Illyria, in Carinthia, 21
government of Argolis, off its S. coast, at the entrance of the  miles N.W. of Villach, on the Drave. Pop. 1700.
Gulf of Nauplia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Ilydra. Area, 26 square    SPIT/ALFIELDS, a quarter of the British metropolis, co.
miles. Pop. 8000. Its inhabitants devote themselves more  of Middlesex, immediately on the N.E. side of the city of
to commerce and navigation than to rural industry, and in  London, and comprising the parish of Christchurch and
the late revolution they contributed 16 vessels and 2 fire- Bethnal Green. Pop. 37,484. It is a principal seat of the
ships to the Greek navy. Spezzia is remarkable for the salu- silk manufacture in England, which manufacture was introbrity of its climate, and the beauty of its women. The  duced by French refugees after the revocation of the Edict
town of Spezzia is on its N.E. shore. Pop. 3000.           of Nantes, in 1685.
SPEZZIA PULO, (" Little Spezzia,") an islet of Greece,   SpITI/EAD, a celebrated roadstead off the S. coast of Engoff the S.E. side of the above island.                     land, co. of Hants, between Portsea Island and the Isle of
~SPHAGIA,  sfl-ghee/,  (anc. Sp/hacteria,) an island of  Wight. It communicates W. with the Solent and SouthGreece, government of Messenia, off the S.W. coast of the  ampton Water. It is so secure from  all winds except the
Morea, in fiont of the harbor of Navarini. Length, 3 miles;  S.E., as to have been termed by sailors "the king's bedbreadth, halfa mile. It'is now Separated into three or four  chamber," and it is a principal rendezvous of the British
sections by natrrow channels, passable by boats.            navy. Portsmouth and Ryde are on its opposite sides.
SPHAKIA, sp&-kee/i, a town of Crete, on its S. coast, 43    SPITI, spit/tee or spee/tee, a district of Little Thibet, near
miles from its W. extremity.  Pop. 1000.                    where the Sutlej breaks through the Himalayas, between lat.
SPIANATE, spe-A-nltal, a village and parish of Tuscany,  320 and 330 N., lon. 780 E., surrounded by Ladakh, Bussolah,
4 niles from Monte-Carlo.  Pop. 1468.                      the Chinese territory, &c., and paying tribute to each. Its
SPICE ISLANDS. See MoLuccAs.                             villages are from 12,000 to 12,500 feet above the sea. The
SPICErLAND, a post-township of Henry co., Indiana. inhabitants are of the Tartar race, and Boodhists.
Pop. 1344.                                                    SPITI RIVER, in Little Thibet, is the W. branch of the
SPICELAND, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.          Sutlej, above the Himalayas, and joins the main stream in
SPI/CERVILLE, a small village of Gloucester co., New Jer- lat. 310 48' N., Ion. 780 38' E.
sey, on Racoon Creek.                                        SPIT/TAL, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
SPICE VALILEY, a township of Lawrence co., Indiana.   SPITTAL GATE, a township of England, co. of Lincoln.
Pop. 946.                                                     SPITZ, spits, a market-town of Lower Austria, on the
SPIELBERG, a state prison of Moravia. See BRUNN.         Danube, 8 miles S.W. of Stein. Pop. 1051. It has some iron
SPIEROE, speeleh-rb'eh, an island of Norway, at the en- factories, and a trade in timber and vinegar.
ti-ance of the Gulf of Christiania, in lat. 590 4' N., Ion. 100    SPITZBERGEN, spits-berg/en, a group of islands in the
59' E.                                                     Arctic Ocean, midway between Greenland and Nova ZemSPIEZ, speets, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton, bla, the northernmost known land on the globe. Lat. of the
and 24 miles S.E. of Bern, near the S.W. shore of Lake Thun.  northernmost island. 800 48 N., Ion. 200 29' E. This archiPop. 1810.                                                 pelago, formerly considered as belonging to America, is now
SPIGGOT (or SPICK/ET) RIVER, a small stream, rises in  usually classed among European islands, and claimed by
Rockingham co., New Hampshire, and falls into the Herri-  Russia as a dependency of its empire.  The islands are
mack River in Massachusetts.                               visited by English, Dutch, and Norwegian whalers for the
SPIGNO, speen/yo, a small town of Italy, in Piedmont, numerous whales, white bears, &c. on the coasts. The archidivision of Alessandria, province, and 11 miles S.W. of Ac- pelago is composed of 3 large, and numerous small islands.
quA, on the Bormida. Pop. 2667.                            Near its N. extremity is the group of 7 islands, or Seven
SPIGNO, a town of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro,  Sisters.  The large islands are Spitzbergen proper, Northl0 miles N.E. of Gat.eta.   Pop. 1600.                     east Land and South-east Land or New Friesland, the two
SPIKE ISLAND, an island on the W. side of Cork Harbor, last taking their name from their position in regard to the
Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, half a mile S. of Queens- first, from which the one is separated on the N.E. by Vaitown. Pop. 200. Strong fortifications have been erected  gats Strait, and the 9ther on the S.E. by Walter Tymen's
here since 1791, for the protection of the harbor.        Fiord. Next in size is Charles Island, opposite to the W.
SPIKER-OGE or SPIKER-OOG. spee/ker o/gheh, an island  coast of Spitzbergen.  Very little is known of the interior
of North-west Germany, in the North Sea, 4 miles W. of  of these islands, but the coasts have been repeatedly exWanger-oge, at the mouth of the Weser.                    plored, and present immense glaciers and mountain chains
SPILIMBERGO0, spe-lim-batgo, a town of Austrian Italy, bristling with granite peaks, many ofwhich exceed 4000
_overnment of Venice, 15 miles W.N.W. of Udine, on the  feet in height. Between the mountains and the shore a
i'agliamento. Pop. 3500.                                  narrow belt of low land often intervenes, but frequently
1826




SPI                                                       SPR
the ridges reach down to the coast, and form precipitous    SPOT/TEDVILLE, a post-village of Stafford co., Virgini;
cliffs, which seem to overhang the ocean. The climate is  79 miles N. of Richmond.
intensely cold. Even during the three warmest months, the    SPOTTSIVILLE, a village of Henderson co., Kentucky, on
mean temperature on the W. coast is only 340'50; and vege- Green River, 6 miles from its mouth. Tobacco and corn
tation is confined to a few plants of rapid growth, which do  are shipped here.
not rise above three or four inches, and, for the most part,   SPOTTSIWOOD, a post-village of Middlesex co., New Jerspring up, flower and seed, in amonth or six weeks, produc- sey, on South River, and on the Camden and Armboy Railin, nothingonwhich humanbeings could manageto subsist.  road, 26 miles E.N.E. of Trenton, contains 3 stores, 2
During winter, which sets in at the end of September, the  churches, 2 mills, 2 tobacco manufactories, and 60 dwellings.
sun remains for four months below the horizon, but at so    SPOTTSYLVAINIA, a countyin the E. part of Virginia,
short a distance from it that in every 24 hours the darkness  has an area of 400 square miles. The Rappahannock forms
is relieved for about 6 hours by a faint twilight. A similar the boundary on the N.E., the North Anna River on the S.W.,
effect is produced by the unusual brightness of the moon  and the Mattapony rises within its limits. The surface is
and stars, and still more by the remarkable brilliancy of the  pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. The soil is geneaucora borealis. The larger forms of animal life are foxes, rally fertile in the vicinity of the streams. Two gold-mines
bears, and reindeer; in pursuit of which, as well as the  were worked in this county in 1850; granite and freestone
morses and seals abounding along the coasts, the islands are  are abundant. A canal about 45 miles long has been
frequently visited by the Norwegians and Russians. Sea- opened along the Rappahannock, above the falls, and the
fowl are so numerous that they literally hide the rocks and  county is intersected by the Richmond and Potomac Raildarken the air. The minerals are known to include beauti- road. The Rappahannock affords valuable water-power at
ful marble and good coal. The group appears to have been  Fredericksburg.  Organized in 1720, and named in honor
first discovered (in 1553) by Willoughby, the celebrated Eng- of Alexander Spottswood, at that time governor of Virginia.
lish navigator. They were again discovered, in 1596, by the  Capital, Spottsylvania Court-House. Pop. 14,911, of whom
Dutch navigator Barentz, in endeavoring to effect a N.E. 7430 were free, and 7481 slaves.
passage to India. They have since been repeatedly visited,   SPOTTSYLVAINIA COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capiboth by whalers and discovery ships. On its W. side there  tal of Spottsylvania cij., Virginia, on the Po River, 65 miles
is a small Russian hunting post.                          N. of Richmond.
SPIXIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          SPOUT SPRING, a post-office of Appomattox co., Virginia.
SPLUGEN  splu'ghen, (Ger. pron. splifghen) PASS, a    SPRAGG'S, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania.
route across the Rhstian Alps, between the Grisons (Swit-   SPRAGUE'S (spraigs) FALLS, a post-office of Washington
zerland) and Lombardy; its summit 6939 feet above the sea, co., Maine.
is 23 miles N. of the head of the Lake of Come. The new    SPRAGUEIVILLE, a village of Jackson co., Iowa, 70
route was completed by th'e Austrians in 1823. It is carried  miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City.
throug h three covered galleries, which are the longest in    SPRAKER'S BASIN, a post-village of Montgomery co.,
the Alps. A French army crossed the Spltigen in 1800.      New York, on the Erie Canal, 48 miles W. by N. of Albany.
SPLUGEN, (Splfigen,) a village of Switzerland, canton of    SPRANG, spr~ng, a village of the Netherlands, province
Grisons, on the Rhine, 4 miles N. of the summit of the pass, is of North Brabant, 11 miles W.S.W. of Bois-le-IDuc. Pop. 1526.
a halting station on the road between Switzerland and Italy.   SPRAT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
SPLUNG, a post-office of Monroe co., Mississippi.          SPREA. See SPREE.
SPOFIFORTH, a parish and township of England, co. of    SPREAD EAGLE, a post-village of Delaware co., PennYork, West Riding.                                         sylvania, about 18 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia.
SPOKAINS, or more properly SPOKANS, Indians of Ore-   SPREAD OAK, a post-village of Jefferson co., Georgia.
gon, dwelling near the Spokan River.                         SPREE, spr, (ance. Sloina,) a river of Germany, rises in
SPOLETIUM. See SPoLETo.                                  the kingdom  of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, flows N. and
SPOLETO, spo-llto, (anc. Spokotium or Spooetum,) a city of  N.W. through the Prussian province of Brandenburg, past
Central Italy, in the Pontifical States, capital of a delega- Spremberg, Cottbus, Lbilben, and Berlin, which city it dition and formerly of a Lombard duchy, strongly placed on  vides into two portions, and joins the Havel on the left, at
an isolated rocky hill, 24 miles N. of Rieti. Pop. 6115. It is  Spandau.  Total course, 220 miles. Frederick William's
connected across a deep ravine with an adjacent height by a  Canal connects it with the Oder.
noble bridge and aqueduct 615 feet in height. It has a    SPREMBERG, sprm/UblRG, a town of Prussia, province
massive citadel, a cathedral, with interesting works of art; of Brandenburg, on an island in the Spree, 15 miles S. of
a Roman arch, remains of a theatre, and other antiquities. Cottbus. Pop. 4500.
It is an archbishop's see of very early date, and has mann-    SPREMBERG, (OBER, ohber, NIEDER, nee/der, and Nau, nol,)
factures of woollens and hats. Under the French it was the  a village of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, near Spolpen. P. 1500.
capital of the department of Thrasymene.                     SPRENDLINGEN, spr~nuling-en, a village of Rhein-IesSPOLETO, a delegation of the Pontifical States, bounded  sen, circle of Bingen. Pop. 2021.;
on the N. by the delegations of Perugia and Camerino.   SPRENDLINGEN, a village of St~i:cenburg, circle of OffenArea, 1228 square miles. Pop. in 1850,123,765.            bach. Pop. 1695.
SPOLTORE, spol-toeri, a market-town of Naples, pro-   SPREY/TON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
vince of Abruzzo Ultra I., 10 miles E. of Civita di Penne.   SPRIDILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Pop. 2800.                                                   SPRIGG, a township forming the W. extremity of Adams
SPONIDON, a parish of England, co., and 3~ miles E. of  co., Ohio. Pop. 2684.
Derby, with a station on the Midland Counties Railway.       SPRIMONT, spree'm6oNl, a village of Belgium, province,
SPONTIN, spon/tin, a village of Belgium, province, and  and 9 miles S.S.E. of Liege, on the right bank of the Am12 miles S.S.E. of Namur, on the Bocq. Pop. 895.          bleve. Pop. 2274.
SPONTORNO, spon-toetno, a village of the Sardinian'SPRINCENHAGE, sprinlsen-h'oheh, or HAAGE, h? —
States, division of Genoa, 3 miles N. of Nell, on the left bank  Gheh, a village of the Netherlands, pirovince of North BraD
of the Foce, where it falls into the Gulf of Genoa. P. 1278.  bant, 2 miles S.W. of Breda. Pop. 1250.
SPOONIBED, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester.       SPRING, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. P. 2280.
SPOONER'S CORNERS, a post-office, Otsego co., New York.   SPRING, a post-borough and township of Crawford co.,
SPOON RIVIER, Illinois, rises in the W.N.W. part of the  Pennsylvania, on the Conneaut Creek, and on the Beaver
state, and flowing S., falls into the Illinois River near Ha- and Erie Canal, 18 miles N.W. of Meadville. Pop. 1836.
vanna, in Mason county. Its entire length considerably    SPRING, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. P. 1282,
exceeds 100 miles.                                          SPRING, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia.
SPORADES, sporPa-dz, (Gr. E7opaSe, i. e. the "scattered"    SPRING ARIBOR, a post-township in the S.W. part of
islands,) a subdivision of the Grecian Archipelago, consisting  Jackson co., Michigan. Pop. 1075.
of the islands surrounding the central group, or Cyclades,   SPRING BANK, a post-office of Lafayette co., Arkansas.
and belonging partly to Turkey and partly to Greece. The    SPRING BAY, a post-village of W oodford co., Illinois, on
Turkish Sporades comprise Crete, Scarpanto, Rhodes, Kos, the E. shore of Peoria Lake, about 12 miles above Peoria.
Kalimno, Patmos, Nicaria, Samos, Scio, Mitylene, Lemnos, It has a steamboat landing, and an active business in shipImbros, Samothraki, Thasos, and other islands along the  ping produce.
coasts of Asiatic and European Turkey, and are under the    SPRING/BOROUGH, a post-village of Clear Creek townjurisdiction of the pasha of Rhodes. TheGreek Sporades con- ship, Warren co., Ohio, on Clear Creek, 37 miles N. by E.
sist of Skiatho, Skopelo, Kilidromi, Skyro, regina, Salamis, of Cincinnati. It contains a woollen factory, and 2 flouring
Hydra, Spezzia, &c., comprised in the Greek governments of mills. Pop. in 1853, about 600.
Euboea, Attica, Hydra, and Argolis.                         SPRINGBROOK, a post-office of Erie co.. New York.
SPORILE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the    SPRINGBROOK, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, 70
railway, 2~ miles N.E. of Swaffham.                       miles N.E. by E. of Iowa City.
SPORTIING HILL, a small village of Cumberland co.,   SPRING CHURCH, a post-office of Armstrong co., PennPennsylvania.                                             sylvania.
SPORTING  HILL, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn-   SPRING COTITAGE, a post-office of Mlarion co., Mississippi.
sylvania.                                                   SPRING CREEK, of Centre co., Pennsylvania, flows into
SPOTILAND, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, near Bald Eagle Creek.
IRochdale, of which town it forms an extensive suburb.      SPRING CREEK, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania,
SPOTT, a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington.         about 12 miles E. of Harrisburg, has about 200 inhabitants.
1827
L




SPR                                                        SPR
SPRING CREEK, a post-township of Warren co., Penn- The entire establishment furnishes employment to from
sylvania, about 20 miles W. of Warren. Pop. 601.           250 to 300 hands, who annually turn out about 15,000
SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Brunswick co., North  muskets.  About 175,000 stand of arms are constantly
Carolina.                                                  stored in the arsenal. The water-power on Mill River is
SPRING CREEK, of Georgia, flows S., and enters Flint also employed for the manufacture of paper and iron, for
River a few miles from its mouth,                          various mechanic works, milllseats, &c.  Besides these,
SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Early co., Georgia.       there are establishments in the city for the production of
SPRING CREEK, an affluent of San Jacinto River, locomotives, railroad cars, woollen goods, and various kinds
Texas, forms the boundary between  Harris and Mont- of machinery.
gomery counties.                                             Springfield is rapidly improving, especially the W. section
SPRING CREEK, of Travis co., Texas, flows into the  near the railroad depot. Within a few years gas has been
Colorado River opposite Austin City.                       introduced for lighting the streets. Two bridges, one fo,
SPRING CREEK, township; Philips co., Arkansas. P. 483. the Western Railroad, and another, 1324 feet in length, fdl
SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Randolph co., Arkansas. ordinary travel, span the Connecticut at this point, commuSPRING CREEK, a township, Yell co., Arkansas. P. 606. nicating with West Springfield. Several ferries also ply beSPRING  CREEK, a post-village of Madison co., Ten- tween the two places, and during the season of navigation
nessee, 137 miles W.S.W. of Nashville, has 3 stores, and  a steamboat communicates with IIartford. Settled in 1635,
about 75 inhabitants.                                      under its Indian name,.4gawam. In 1640 it received the
SPRING CREEK, a township in the N.E. part of Miami name of Springfield. Incorporated as a town in 1646, and
co., Ohio, intersected by the Columbus Pique and Indiana  as a city in 1852. Pop. in 1820, 3970; in 1830, 6784; in
Railroad. Pop. 1249.                                       1840, 10,958; in 1850, 11,766; in 1855, 13,780. Since 1840,
SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Berrien co., Michigan.   however, the township of Chickopee, with a population of
SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Cass co., Indiana.        8291, has been set off from Springfield. The population of
SPRING CREEK, a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois. the two places in 1850 amounted to 20,057, thus sustaining
SPRING CREEK, of. Missouri, flows S.E. into Chariton  a uniform ratio of increase for 30 years.
River, in Adair county.                                      SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township of Otsego co.,
SPRING/DALE, a village of Lafayette co., Mississippi, New York, on Otsego Lake, 11 miles N.E. of Cooperstown.
167 miles N; of Jackson.                                   The village contains an academy. Pop. 2322.
SPRINGDALE, Ohio. See SPRINGIELD.                        SPRINGFIELD, a township of Burlington co., New JerSPRINGDALE, a township, Ottawa co., Michigan. P. 545. sey, about 18 miles S.S.E. of Trenton. Pop. 1827.
SPRINGDALE, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana.       SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
SPRINGDALE, a post-office of Cedar co., Iowa.           New Jersey, on the Rahway River, and the Morris and
SPRINGDALE, a post-township in the S.W. part of Dane  Essex Railroad, 8 miles W. of Nev'-ark. The village contains
co., Wisconsin.                                           10 papera, 1 saw, and 2 grist mills, 2 churches, 5 stores, and
SPRINGE, springpth, a town of Hanover, 14 miles S.W. a number of hat and shoe manufactories. Pop. about 1400;
of'Hanover. Pop. 1906.                                    of the township, 1945.
SPRING/ERSVILLE, a village in Fayette co., Indiana, 64    SPRINGFIELD, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennmiles E. by S. of Indianapolis.                            sylvania, about 16 miles W.N.W. of Towanda. Pop. 2710.
SPRING/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex, on    SPRINGFIELD, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.
the Eastern Counties Railway, 1 mile N.E. of Chelmsford. Pop. 2259.
Here are a county jail, wharves, and an iron foundry.        SPRINGFIELD, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania.
SPRINGFIELD, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on  Pop. 1033.
the Sark, 9 miles E. of Annan.                               SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township in the S.W.
SPRINGFIELD, a village of Scotland, co. of Edinburgh.   part of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on the Cleveland and Erie
SPRING/FIELD, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Erie The village is situated on
115 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 583.                      the Ridge Road, about 3 miles from Lake Erie. It is well
SPRINGFIELD, a township of Sullivan co., New Hamp- built, and is surrounded by a rich country. Pop. of the
shire, 38 miles N.W. of Concord;  Pop. 1270.              township, 1946.
SPRINGFIELD, a post-village and township of Windsor    SPRINGFIELD, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.
co., Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut River, 73 miles  Pop. 1080.
S. of Montpelier. It contains an academy, and has mann-   SPRINGFIELD, a township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylfactures of woollen goods and other articles. Pop. 2762.  vania. Pop. 593.
SPRINGFIELD, a city and seat of justice of Hampden co.,   SPRINGFIELD, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, is situated on the left bank of the Connecti- contains Mercer, the county seat. Entire population, 2279.
cut River, at the intersection of the Connecticut River,    SPRINGFIELD, a small village, Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
and the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield Railroads,   SPRINGFIELD, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsylwith the Western Railroad, 98 miles W. by S. of Boston, 58  vania. Pop. 743.
miles S. of Brattleborough, Vermont, 102 miles E.S.E.. of    SPRINGFIELD, a township of York co., Pennsylvania,
Albany, and 138 miles N.N.E. of New York. Lat. 420 6' 4"t about 9 miles S. of York, intersected by the Baltimore and
N., lon. 720 35' 45" W. This is one of the handsomest and  Susquehanna Railroad. Pop. 1345.
most flourishing inland towns in the state. The various    SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Hampshire co., Virginia,
railways centering here bring to it an immense amount of  197 miles N.W. of Richmond.
travel; its natural advantages also render it one of the    SPRINGFIELD, a village of Monroe co., Virginia, on Inmost important commercial depots on the Connecticut. dian Creek, about 245 miles W. of Richmond.
The city is pleasantly situated in the midst of varied and    SPRINGFIELD, a post-office of Richmond co., North Cadelightful scenery. The site comprises the level along the  rolina.
river bank, and the W. portion of an elevated plain extend-      SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital of Effingham  co.,
ing several miles E. Main street, the principal thorough- Georgia, 27 miles N.W. of Savannah. It contains a courtfare and seat of business, is a broad, handsome avenue, house, 3 churches, an academy, which is well endowe'd, and
nearly 3 miles in length. This and other streets, parallel, 2 stores.
or nearly parallel to it and the river, are intersected by    SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Greene co., Alabama, 112
those extending from the Connecticut to the plain above  miles W.N.W. of Montgomery.
mentioned. In the centre is a beautiful enclosure, adorned    SPRINGFIELD, a small village, Choctaw co., Mississippi.
with walks and shade-trees. The buildings are generally    SPRINGFIELD, a village of Madison co., Mississippi, 40
constructed of brick. Among the public buildings may be  miles N.E. by N. of Jackson.
mentioned the City Buildings, recently erected, and the    SPRINGFIELD, a village of De Soto parish, Louisiana, on
churches, of which there are 12 or 13 of the various dens- a small lake, about 15 miles N.E. of Mansfield.
minations. The city contains 6 banks, with an aggregate    SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital of Livingston
capital of $1,300,000, a savings' institution, and 4 insurance parish, Louisiana, about 50 miles E. of Baton Rouge, and 10
companies. There are a large number of hotels in Spring- miles N. of Lake Maurepas.
field, affording excellent accommodation to the traveller.   SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital of Limestone co.,
The means of education are liberally provided, and the  Texas, on the Navasoto River, about 140 miles N.E. of Auspublic schools generally are in a very flourishing condition. tin City.
The newspapers published here are 2 dailies, 2 weeklies,   SPRINGFIELD, a thriving post-village, capital of Conway
and 1 semi-monthly.                                       co., Arkansas, about 40 miles N. by W.. of Little Rock. Laid
The United States Arsenal, established at Springfield in  out in 1850. It contained, in 1851, a court-house and 2
1795, is the most extensive in the Union. It is chiefly  stores.
situated on an elevation called Arsenal Hill, about half a    SPRINGFIELD,  a post-office of Conway co., Arkansas.
mile E. of Main street. The buildings are of brick, and    SPRINGFIELD, a small village of Scott co., Arkansas.
arranged around a fine square of about 20 acres, presenting    SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital of Robertson co.,
a handsome appearance. A cupola on one of them coin- Tennessee, on Sulphur Fork of Red River, 25 miles N. of
mands abeautiful view of the city and surrounding country. Nashville, with which it is connected by turnpike. Pop.
The machine-shops occupy three different sites on  Mill about 500.
River, called the Upper, Middle, and Lower Water Shops.   SPRINGFIELD, a small village of Bath co., Kentucky.
Ihese comprise near 20 water-wheels, and abcut 30 forges.   SPRINGFIELD, a post-village, capital of Washington co
1828




SPR                                                        SPR
Kentucky, 40 miles S.W. of Frankfort. It is surrounded by  fersori. The situation is high and healthy, and the water
a fertile country, and has considerable business. It contains  excellent. Springfield has a city charter, and is the most
a court-house, 3 churches, and about 700 inhabitants.     important and flourishing town in South-west Missouri. It
SPRINGFIELD, a post-township in the S. central part contains a court-house, a United States land-office, 2 newsof Clarke co., Ohio, contains the city of Springfield. Pop., paper offices, and 1 bank. Pop. in 1850,415; in 1853, estiexclusive of the city, 2206.                              mated at above 1000.
SPRINGFIELD, a beautiful city, capital of Clarke co.,   SPRINGFIELD, a post-village in Keokuk co., Iowa, near
Ohio, is situated on the National Road, at the confluence  the North Fork of Skunk River, 55 miles S.W. of Iowa City.
of Mad River With Lagonda Creek,43 miles W. of Columbus,    SPRINGFIELD, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, on
and 84 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. It is considered one of Cedar River, 25 miles S.E. of Iowa City.
the most beautiful towns in Ohio, and is surrounded by a    SPRINGFIELD, a village, capital of Wayne co., Iowa, was
rich, populous, and highly cultivated country. Six macada- laid out in 1851.
mized roads terminate at this point, and railroads radiating    SPRINGFIELD, a township in the N.W. part of Dane co.,
fii various directions connect it with the principal towns of  Wisconsin.
the state: the four following lines are completed, viz., the    SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin,
Columbus and Springfield, 65 miles long; the Dayton and  about 14 miles S. of Fond du Lac.
Springfield, 24 miles long; the Mad River and Lake Erie,   SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of
134 miles long; and the Springfield and Xenia, 20 miles long. York, 19 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. about 150.
Twoothersarein courseofconstruction,whichextendtowards    SPRINGFIELD, a village of Canada West, co. of Brant,
Mansfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg.  Wittenberg  32 miles W. of Hamilton. Pop. about 200.
College, of this place, under the direction of the Lutheran    SPRINGFIELD CENTRE, a post-office of Otsego co., New
Church, is situated a short distance without the town, and  York.
is surrounded by spacious grounds. Springfield contains    SPRINGFIELD  CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Erie co.,
about 10 churches, 2 banks, a flourishing seminary, a  Pennsylvania.
lyceum, and 1 or 2 public libraries; 4 or 5 newspapers are    SPRINGFIELD FURNACE, a post-office of Blair co., Pennpublished here. The Mad River and Lagonda Creek are  sylvania.
excellent st,-eams for propelling machinery, affording per-   SPRINGFIELD MILLS, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana,
manent water-power here for 30 pair of stones. Within a  on the Elkhart River, 134 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.
distance of 3 miles there are more than 20 mill-seats. A    SPRING FORGE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
charter has been obtained for a hydraulic improvement,   SPRING FORK, a post-office of Pettis co., Missouri.
which it is estimated will be sufficient for 120 run of stone,   SPRING GARIDEN, a former district of Philadelphia co.,
besides the 30 which are now in operation. There are in  Pennsylvania, situated on the N. side of the City proper, and
the vicinity manufactories of cotton, wool, paper, and ma- extending from  Delaware Sixth street westward to the
chinery, I or 2 iron-foundries, besides numerous fouring  Schuylkill River, and from Vine street northward to a line
mills. Laid out in 1803. The famous Indian chief Tecumseh  running between Girard Avenue and Poplar street. It conwas born about 5 miles W. of Springfield. Pop. in 1840, tained the Eastern Penitentiary and the Fairmount Water2094: in 1850, 5108; and in 1853, about 7000.             works. It is now included in the limits of the city. Pop.
SPRINGFIELD, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 1230. in 1850, 58,894. See PHILADrELPHIA.
SPRINGFIELD, a post-township in the central part of    SPRING GARDEN, a township of York co., Pennsyl.
Hamilton co., Ohio, intersected by the Cincinnati,-Hamilton, vania, contains York, the county seat. Entire pop. 9298.
and Dayton Railroad. Pop. 3632.                              SPRING  GARDEN, a post-village in Pittsylvania co.,
SPRINGFIELD or SPRINGDALE, a post-village in the  Virginia, 135 miles S.W. by W. of Richmond.
above township, on the turnpike from Cincinnati to Hlamil-   SPRING GARDEN, a post-office of New Hanover co.,
ton, 15 miles N. of the former.                            North Carolina.
SPRINGFIELD, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio. P. 1298.   SPRING GARDEN, a post-office of Cherokee co., Alabama.
SPRINGFIELD, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 782.   SPRING GARDEN, a post-village of Jefferson co., Illinois,
SPRINGFIELD, a township, Mahoning co., Ohio. P. 2385. 145 miles S. by E. of Springfield.
SPRINGFIELD, a township of Muskingum  co.,' Ohio.   SPRING GREEN, a township in Sank co., Wisconsin.
Pop. 1592.                                                   SPRING GROVE, a small village of Iredell co., North
SPRINGFIELD, a township'of Richland co., Ohio, inter- Carolina.
sected by the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad. Pop. 2100.   SPRING GROVE, a post-village of Rowan co., North CaSPRINGFIELD, a village and township of Ross co., Ohio, rolina.
on the Zanesville and Maysville Turnpike, and on the Scioto    SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Laurens district, South
River, 4 miles N. of Chillicothe. Pop. 1162.              Carolina.
SPRINGFIELD, a township of Summit co., Ohio. P. 1907.   SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Pickens co., Alabama.
SPRINGFIELD, a township of Williams co., Ohio. P. 782.   SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois.
SPRINGFIELD, a post-township in the N.W. part of Oak-   SPRING GROVE, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.
land co., Michigan. Pop. 956.                               SPRING GROVE, a post-township of Greene co., WisconSPRINGFIELD, a township of Allen co., Indiana. P. 702. sin. Pop. 703.
SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Franklin co., Indiana,   SPRING HILL, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.
about 80 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis.                     Pop. 1685.
SPRINGFIELD, a township of La Grange co., Indiana.   SPRING HILL, small village, Lenoir co., North Carolina.
Pop. 760.                                                   SPRING HILL, a small village of York district, South
SPRINGFIELD, a township of La Porte co., Indiana. Carolina.
Pop. 430.                                                   SPRING HILL, a post-village of Marengo co., Alabama,
SPRINGFIELD, a village of Whitley co.. Indiana, on Eel 71 miles S. by W. of Tuscaloosa. It is the seat of a Catholic
River. 95 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. The post-office is  college of its own name, with a library of 7000 volumes.
SoUTH WmITLC.                                               SPRING HILL, a post-village of Tippah co., Mississippi,
SPRINGFIELD, a flourishing post-town, capital of the  on the Wolf River, 25 miles N.W. of Ripley.
State of Illinois, and seat of justice of Sangamon county, is    SPRING HILL, a post-office of Union parish, Louisiana.
situated 3 miles S. of Sangamon River, 96 miles N.N.E. of    SPRING HILL, a post-office of Navarro co., Texas.
St. Louis, 70 miles S. of Peoria, and 230 miles S.W. of Chi-   SPRING HILL, a township in Drew co., Arkansas. P. 627.
cago. Lat. 390 48' N., Ion. 890 33' W. It is regularly planned,   SPRING HILL, a decayed post-village of Hempstead co.,
with wide, straight streets, having a public square in the  Arkansas, 14 miles S. of the county seat.
centre, on which is situated the statehouse and other    SIPRING HILL, a thriving post-village of Maury co.,
public buildings. The town contains a court-house, 3 banks, Tennessee. 30 miles S. of Nashville. It is situated in the
a United States land-office, churches of various denomina- midst of a populous and fertile district. Pop. about 500.
tions, several academies, and hotels. Five or six newspapers    SPRING HILL,'a small village, Calloway co., Kentucky.
are published here. Since the seat of government was esta-   SPRING HILL, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 52
blished here in 1840, it has become a flourishing commercial miles N. of Madison.
town. At this point the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad    SPRING HILL, a post-village of Whitesides co., Illinois,
intersects the Great Western Central Railroad, which ex- about 65 miles S.S.E. of Galena.
tends from the Mississippi River across the state to Indiana.   SPRING HILL, a post-village of Livingston co., Missouri.
The western division of this line, extending filom Spring-   SPRING HILL, a post-office of Barnstable co., Massa,
field to the Illinois River, 55 miles, has been in operation  ehusetts.
several years, under the name of the Sangamon and Morgan    SPRING  HILL FURNACE, a post-office of Fayette co.,
Railroad; the eastern division is now in progress of con- Pennsylvania.
struction. The Chicago and Mississippi Road is completed    SPRING HILLS, a thriving post-village of Champaign
for a distance of 130 miles, from Alton to Bloomington,  co., Ohio, 14 miles N. of Urbanna. Pop. in 1853, about 400.
where it intersects the Illinois Central Railroad. This city    SPRINGHOPE, a post-office of Nash co., North Carolina.
is surrounded by rich and extensive prairies, which contain    SPRING HOUSE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Penn.
large quantities of bituminous coal. Laid out in 1822. Pop. sylvania.
in 1840, 2579; in 1853, about 6500.                         SPRING HOUSE, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.
SPRINGFIELD, capital of Greene co., Missouri, on the    SPRING LAKE, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio.
S.W. branch of the Pacific Railroad, 130 miles S.W. of Jef-   SPRING LAKE, a small village of Tazewell co., Illinois.
1529




SPR                                                       sQU
SPRING LAKE, a post-office of Washara co., Wilsconsin.  hanna co., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S. of Montrose. the
SPRING LEVEL, a post-office of Hanover co., Virginia.   county seat, and 155 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. The town.
SPRING MILL, a post-village of Montgomery co,, Penn- ship is intersected by the Lackawana and Western Railsylvania, on the left bank of the Schuylkill River, 12 miles road. Pop. 1148.
N.W. of Philadelphia, with which it is connected by rail-   SPRINGVILLE, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
road. It has 2 blast furnaces in active operation.           SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of St. Clair co., Alabama,
SPRING MILL, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Indiana.    140 miles N. of Montgomery.
SPRING MILLS, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York.    SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of Greenup co., Kentucky,
SPRING MILLS, a village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, on the Ohio River, opposite Portsmouth, in Ohio. It has a
18 miles S. of Belvidere.                                 foundry, plough factory, and tannery.
SPRING MILLS, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsyl-   SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of Lenawee co., Michigan,
vania, on Penn's Creek, 82 miles N.W. of Iarrisburg.  It 12 miles N.W. of Adrian.
contains several stores and mills.                          SPRINGVILLE. a village of Laporte co., Indiana, on t 4e
SPRING MOUNT/AIN, Pennsylvania, is situated in the  plank-road from Michigan City to Niles, 10 miles E. of the
W. part of Carbon county.                                  former.
SPRING PLACE, a post-village, capital of Murray co.,   SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence co., Indiana,
Georgia, 230 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. It is situated in  11 miles N.W. of Bedford.
the midst of a mountainous country, with grand and beauti-   SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of Coles co., Illinois, about
ful scenery on eve-y side. There are 40 springs of good  10 miles S.W. of Charleston.
water in the compass of half a mile. The village contains    SPRINGVILLE, a village of Wayne co., Missouri, about
an academy and several stores.                             110 miles S. by W. of St. Louis.
SPRING PLACE, a post-village in Marshall co., Tennes-    SPRINGVILLE, a post-village of Bad Axe co., Wisconsin,
see, 66 miles S. of Nashville.                             on Bad Axe River.
SPRING PLACE, a post-office, Washita parish, Louisiana.   SPRINGVILLE, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa.
SPRING/PORT, a township of Cayuga co., New York, on    SPRINGVILLE, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Territory.
the E. side of Cayuga Lake. Pop. 2041.                       SPRINGIWATER, a post-village and township of LivingSPRING PORT, a post-office of Panola co., Mississippi.    ston co., New York, on the Buffalo and Corning Railroad,
SPRINGPORT, a post-township in Jackson co., Michigan.  50 miles S.E. of Batavia. Pop. 2670.
Pop. 759.                                                   SPRING WELLS, a village of Wayne co., Michigan, on
SPRING PRAIRIE, a post-village and township of Wal- Detroit River, 31 miles S.W, of the centre of Detroit.  It
worth co., Wisconsin, 31 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. The  may properly be regarded as a suburb of that city. Pop. in
village contains 3 stores, 1 hotel, and 1 Baptist church. Pop. 1853, about 2000.
200; of the township, 1344.                                 SPROAT/LEY, a parish of England, co. of York, East
SPRING RIDGE, a post-office of H-inds co., Mississippi.   Riding.
SPRING RIVER, a township in Lawrence co., Arkansas.    SPROCKIHOVEL, NIEDER, neeldgr spriikho'vel, a village
Pop. 966.                                                 of Rhenish Prussia, government of Arnsberg, near IHagen.
SPRING RIVER, a post-village and township of Lawrence  Pop. 1904.
co., Missouri, about 140 miles S. by E. of Independence.   SPROGOE, sprolgb'eh, a small island of Denmark, in the
Pop. 654.                                                 Great Belt, about 7 miles E.N.E. of Nyborg, in F'unen. It
SPRING RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas, rises in the  has a light-house on a hill, 84 feet high. Lat. 550 20' N.,
S. part of the former state, and flowing S.E. into Arkansas, ion. 100 57' E.
enters Black River near the S.W. border of Randolph county.   SPROTIBOROUGIII, a parish of England, co. of York, West
SPRING ROCK, a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky.   Riding.
SPRING ROCK, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa.          SPROTTAU, sp-rot/tw, a town of Prussian Silesia, 38 miles
SPRING RUN, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsyl- N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober, here joined by the Sprotta,
vania, is pleasantly situated in Path Valley, 166 miles W. an affluent of the Pleisse, and on the railway to Glogau.
of Philadelphia.                                          Pop. 4200. It has manufactures of woollens and linens.
SPRING RUN, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa.            SPROUGH/TON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
SPRING'S, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.         SPROUS/TON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.
SPRINGITHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       SPROUT BROOK, a post-office of Montgomery co., New
SPRING/TOWN, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, on the  York.
New Jersey Central Railroad, about 45 miles N. of Trenton.    SPROUT CREEK, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
SPRINGTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,    SPROWS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
about 45 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia.                      SPROXITON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
SPRINGTOWN, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.         SPRUCE, a post-village of Bates co., Missouri, about 65
SPRINGTOWN, a post-office of Hendricks co., Indiana, 26  miles S.S.E. of Independence.
miles S.W. of Indianapolis.                                  SPRUCE CREEK, a post-office of Huntingdon co., PennSPRINGTOWN,  a post-office of Cole co., Missouri.       sylvania.
SPRING/VALE, a post-village in York co., Maine, 86 miles    SPRUCE GROVE, a post-office of Monroe co., PennsylS.W. of Augusta.                                           vania.
SPRINGVALE, a post-office of Fairfax co., Virginia.       SPRUCE HILL, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsylvania.
SPRINGVALE, a post-officeof Sampson co., North Carolina.   SPRUCE HILL, a post-office of Highland co., Virginia.
SPRINGVALE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.    SPRUCE MILLS, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.
SPRINGVALE, a township in the E. central part of Co-   SPUI, HET, h6t spot, a stream of Holland.  province of
lumbia co., Wisconsin. Pop. 471.                          South Holland. It is a branch of the Old Maas, separates
SPRINGVALE, a township in the N.W. part of Fond du  the islands of Beijerland and Voorn, and falls into the HaLac co., Wisconsin. Pop. 558.                             ringvliet.
SPRING VALILEY, a post-officeof Rockland co., New York.   SPURN HEAD, a promontory on the E. coast of England,
SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Bergen co., New Jersey. co. of York, East Riding, at the N.E. entrance to the HumSPRING VALLEY, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, 4  ber, 20 miles S.E. of Hull, with two light-houses, one of
miles S.E. of Morristown.                                 which, in lat. 530 34 7'" N., Ion. 0~ 7' 2" E.. is 100 feet above
SPRING VALLEY, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- the sea. Four miles E. of it a vessel is moored, having a
sylvania.                                                  light 35 feet above the sea, and where a gong is sounded
SPRING VALLEY, a thriving post-village of Greene co., every ten minutes during fogs.
Ohio, on the Little Miami Railroad, 58 miles N.E. of Cincin-    SPUR/STOW, a township of England, co. of Chester.
nati. It has 1 woollen factory and a carding mill. Pop. in    SPY spi, a village of Belgium, province, and about 7 miles
1853, about 400.,                                          N.W. of Namur. Coal and limestone are worked in the
SPRING VALLEY, a post-township in the S.W. part of  neighborhood. Pop. 2277.
Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop. 766.                               SPYNIE, spinee, NEW, (formerly Quarrelwsood,) a parish
SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Grayson co., Virginia.  of Scotland, co. of Elgin. Spynie Palace, now a ruin, situated
SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Carroll co., Illinois.  on the S.E. border of a lake, was the former residence of
SPRING VALLEY, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon.       the bishops of Moray.
SPRING/VILLE, a post-village of Concord township, Erie   SQUAM (skw6m) BAY, ofEssex co., Massachusetts, between
co., New York, on Spring Creek, in a rich farming district, Cape Ann and Castle Neck, extends inland about 4 miles.
30 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. It contains 3 or 4 churches,   SQUAM GROVE, a township of De Kalb co., Illinois. P. 341.
several factories and mills, and a flourishing female academy.   SQUAM LAKE, New Hampshire, between Grafton and
Pop. 1500.                                                Carroll counties. Extreme length, 7 or 8 miles; greatest
SPRINGVILLE, a thriving post-village of Chester co., breadth, about 4 miles. It is a beautiful sheet of water,
Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill River and Canal, 33 miles  surrounded with picturesque scenery. It contains a numN.W. of Philadelphia. It owes its existence to the large  ber of islands. The outlet, called Squam  River, flows into
iron-works which were established here a few years since. the Pemigewasset.
Pop. about 800.                                             SQUAMMAGON/IC, a post-village of Strafford co., New
SPRINGVILLE, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn-  Hampshire, on the Cocheco Railroad, 2 miles S. of Rochessylvania.                                                 ter. It has an extensive flannel manufactory. The name
~ SPRINGVILLE, a post-village and township of Susque- of the post-office is Gonac.
1830




SQU                                                        STA
SQUAMSCOT RIVER. See EXETER.                               STADTBERG or STADBERGE, a town of Prussia. See
SQUAN, skw6n, a village of Ocean co., New Jersey, on the  MARSBERG.
Atlantic coast, between Manasquartn Inlet and Metetecunk    STADTEL ENZERSDORF. See ENZERSDoni.
Rivers, contains a neat church, 2 stores, and several board-   STADTHAGEN, statt'hA-ghen, a walled town of Germany,
ing-houses for the reception of visitors. This place is often  principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, 9 miles N.E. of Biickevisited in the summer months for sea bathing.  Pop. burg, on the Hanover and Minden Railway. Pop. 1913. It
about 200.                                                 has a castle, and ducal mausoleum.
SQUANKUM, skwbngfktim, a village of Ocean co., New    STADTIAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
Jersey, on Manasquan River, 38 miles E. by S. of Trenton,   STADTILM, a town of Germany. See ILM.
contains a church and 2 mills.                               STADTL, stittl, or MIESTECZKO, my~s-tDchtko, a village
SQUANNACOOK, skwbnfna-kook', a fine mill-stream of  of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz, 12 miles firom Beraun. P. 968.
Middlesex co., Massachusetts, falls into the Nashua in the    STADTLOIIN, stttflin, or STADTLOEN, stlttl1n, a town
township of Groton.                                        of Prussian Westphalia, 30 miles N.W. of Miinster, Pop. 2300.
SQUARE POND, a post-office of Tolland co., Connecticut.    STADTOLDENDORF, st tt'ollden-doRf', a walled town of
SQUAT/TERVILLE, a town of Contra Costa co., California. Germany, in Brunswick, 8 miles N.E. of Holzminden.  Pop.
SQUAW GROVE, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.     2148. Ithas manufactures of linen.
SQUILLACE, skwil-lWchA, (anc. Scylacelum or Scylaecium,)    STADTSTEINACH, stAtt-stVndK, a town of Bavaria, on
an episcopal town of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra II., the Steinach, 15 miles N. of Baireuth.  Pop. 1300.
10 miles S.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2600.                     STADT-SULZA, stitt so6lt/sA, a town of Saxe-Weimar, 15
SQUILLACE, GULF OF, (anc.ilsnus Sqdileacius,)an inlet of  miles N.E. of Weimar. Pop. 1239.
the Ionian Sea, near the S. extremtty of Italy, 35 miles wide.   STAEDEN, stlden, a village of Belgium, province of West
SQUINZANO, skwin-z/no, a town of Naples, province of  Flanders, 18 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 4533.
Otranto, 7 miles N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 2720.                   STAFA, (Stiifa,) or STAEFA, stA/fW, a village of SwitzerSQUIRIREL RIVER, of Marathon co., Wisconsin, flows  land, canton, and 13 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the N. shore of
into the Little Wisconsin River from the right,            its lake. Pop. 3500.
SRAVANA BELGULA, srg-v/nd b~l-goolld, a well-built    STAFFA, stafffa, a small but celebrated island, one of the
village of Hindostan, in the Mysore dominions, 33 miles N. InnerHebrides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle, from 6 to 8 miles
by W.of Seringapatam. Lat. 120 51' N., lon. 760 42 E. There  W. of Mull. Lat. 560 29' N., ion. 60 21' W. It is of an irreis here a colossal statue, 73 feet high, of Gomuta Raya, cut  gular oval shape, about 1I miles in circumference, presentout of the solid rock,                                      ing an uneven table-land resting on cliffs of variable height.
SREBERNIK, sribqr-nik   or srAbben-neek5, written also  Greatest elevation, 144 feet. It is composed of a ledge of
SREBERNICZA, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, rocks of conglomerated trap or tufa, to which succeeds a
capital of a sanjak, 30 miles N.W. of Zvornik. Pop. 1500.   grayish-black, hard, and compact columnar basalt, which is
SREBERNIK, a village of European Turkey, 23 miles S. covered by a mass of shapeless basalt of the same descripof the above. Both have silver-mines in their vicinity.     tion, with small columns interspersed through it.  The
SREDNE KOLYMSK, srkdlnl ko-limskl, a town and fort  whole fagade of the island, the arches and floorings of the
of East Siberia, province of Yakootsk, on the WV. bank of the  caves, strongly resemble architectural designs, and have
Kolyma, 150 miles from its mouth in the Arctic Ocean.       been described in terms taken from the works of art. The
SRIMENANTI, sre-mi-n{nttee, a petty state of the Malay  coast is indented with numerous romantic caverns, of which
Peninsula. Lat. 30 N., ion. 1030 E., N. of Johole and Rum- the most remarkable is Fingal's Cave, the opening into
bowe. Estimated pop. 8000, who send tin, sampan wood, wax, which is a magnificent archway, 66 feet high at mean tide,
rattans, and rice to the British settlement of Malacca.     supporting a massive entablature of 30 feet additional, and
Sill MUTTRA, sree mitttra, a town of West Hindostan, receding 227 feet inwards, the entire front; as well as the
48 miles W.N.W. of Gwalior.                                 great cavernous sides, being composed of countless compliSRI SORREE NARRAIN, sree sortree nar'rinf, a town of  cated ranges of gigantic columns, beautifully jointed, and
British India, presidency of Bengal, 70 miles N.W. of Sum- of most symmetrical though somewhat varied forms.  A
bhulpoor.                                                   deeply channelled fissure, parallel to the sides, extends
SSE-NAN-FOU.  See Sc-NAN.                                 along the whole length of the ceiling, which is ornamented
SSE —TCIOUAN or SSE-TCHIUEN.  See Sc-CusENu.              by pendant clusters of columns, whitened with calcareous
*SSOSII, a river of Russia. SeeSozH.                      stalagmite. As the sea never entirely ebbs fiom this cave,
SSURAZHI, a town of Russia. See SoonAZI.                 it forms its constant flooring. The water at the entrance is
ST. JOHN. See SAINT JouN. ST. LOUIS. See SAINT Louis, 18 feet deep, at the inner extremity about 9 feet. The aveand so for all other names having the prefix of ST. or SaINT. rage diameter of the basaltic columns throughout the island
STAAB, a town of Bohemia. See STAB.                       is about 2 feet, but they often extend to 3 feet, and even
STAAT, a town of Bohemia.  See STAB.                      4 feet. Their general forms are pentagonal and hexagonal,
STAATSBOYGDEN, st~tstboig-den, a village and parish  but the number of sides is sometimes increased to seven
of Norway, stift. and 12 miles N.W  of Trondbjem, on the  and nine, and they are rarely found rhomboidal or trianN. side ofits fiord. Pop. 3200.                             gular. In position they are sometimes erect, sometimes
STAATSIBURG, a post-village and station of Dutchess co., oblique, and not unfrequently horizontal, while they are
New York, on the Hudson River Railroad, 60 miles S. of  often curved, and variously jointed and implicated. There
Albany.                                                     are several other caves along the coast of the island, of which
STAB or STAAB, st.b, (Bohemian Stoda, stoldA,) amarket-  the most noteworthy is called Clam-shell Cave, from the
town ofBohemia, 11 miles S.W. ofPilen. Pop. 1302.           peculiar curve in which the basaltic columns recline, giving
STABIO, stlbe-o, or STABBIO, stlbIbe-o, (ance. Stabzlumf)  it somewhat the appearance of a pecten-shell. It is 30 feet
a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, about 10 miles in height, fiom 16 to 18 feet broad, and 130 feet long, its
S.S.E. of Lugano. Pop. 1651.                                lateral dimensions gradually contracting as it recedes from
STABLERVILLE, a post-office ofBaltimore co., Maryland. the opening.
STABROEK or STABROECK, stAlbrook, a market-town of    STAFFELSTEIN, st fffel-stmne, a town of Blavaria, on the
Belgium, province, and 8 miles N.N.W. of Antwerp. P. 2300. Lauter, 15 miles N.N.E. of Bamberg, on the Nuremberg and
STABROEK, a town of Guiana. See GEORGE TowN.              Hof Railway. Pop. 1181.
STACHELBERG, staf91l-b&RG',    a mountain of Switzer-   STAFIFORD or STAFFORDSHIRE, staf/ford-shir, an inland, canton of Glarus, at the foot of which, in the Linth  land county of England, having E. Derbyshire, N. Cheshire,
Valley, is a bathing establishment, which has recently risen  W. Shropshire, and S. the counties of Warwick and Wiorcesinto riepute.                                               ter. Area, 1138 squaremiles, or728,320acres. Pop.in 1851,
STACIIR. See GAMBIA.                                    608,716. Its N.E. cornei-r is chiefly moorland, rising in some
STAD-AAN-T'HARINGVLIET, stit Ant hA'ring-fleetx, a  places to 1200 and 1500 feet above the sea,bnd continues N.
town of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, in the  with the high lands, separating Yorkshire and Lancashire.
island of Overflakkee, 12 miles S.S.E. of Briel, on the Har- The centre of the county is level or undulating; in the S.
ingvliet. Pop. 958.                                        it is again hilly. The Trent rises in the county, intersects
STADE, stdodeh, a fortified town of ianover, on the  its centre, and then with the Dove forms all the E. boundSchwinge, near its mouth in the Elbe, 22 miles W.N.W. of  ary; other rivers are its affluents, the Sow, Tame, Blythe,
Hamburg, Pop. 5814. It has a gymnasium, and manufac- and Churnet, on the banks of all of which is fertile soil.
tures of flannel and hosiery. Adjacent to the town, on the  About 500,000 acres are estimated to be in tillage, but minElbe, is the castle of Brunshausen, near which a vessel is  ing and manufactures are more important than agriculture,
stationed to receive toll on all vessels passing up the river,  and this county ranks as the third in England for mannSTADT-AM-1HOF, sttrt Am hsf, (anc. Riparia?) a town of  facturing industry. Very productive coalfields exist both
Bavaria, circle of Upper Palatinate, on an island formed by  in the N. and S., where are the extensive iron manufactures
the Danube, here joined by.the Regen, and opposite Ratis- of Wolverhampton, Wednesbury, Walsall, Tipton, Bilston,
ben, with which it is united by a long stone bridge, and of  and Dudley; and around Stoke, Handley, and Burslem  is
which it forms a suburb. Pop. 2030.                        the district of the potteries.  The iron goods made, comprise
* As a single s in  German, not only when occurring between  all articles from  nails to steam  machinery; the vast estatblishment of Boulton and Watt, at Soho, being within the
two vowels, but even at the beginning of a word. is usually pro-  cut
county. Copper, lead, limestone, sandstone, marble, alabasnounced like our z, some of the best Germlan writers on geogra- Pe~  h   etpteyo~,aeipratmnrlpo
phy employ ss, in order to show that the sound is sharp, as             best pottery clay, are important mineral pro
Ssednew for Sednew or Sednev, Ssenno for Sesno, &s.        ducts; and around Cheadle there are extensive copper and
1831




STA                                                     STA
brass works. In addition to all kinds of earthenwares, tia, N.N.E. of.Stagno Grande, vith a good harbor on the
glass, carpets, hats, boots, shoes, and chemical products are Channel of Narenta.
made; and in 1847, 3689 hands were employed in cotton and    STAGS'DEN, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
silk mills. Burton-on-Trent is highly celebrated for its ale.   STAIILSTOWN, a small post-village of Westmoreland co.,
Nearly all parts of the county are intersected by canals, and  Pennsylvania, about 50 miles S.E. of Pittsburg.
the London and North-western Railway traverses it in two    STAINIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
branches. It contains the city of Lichfield, the parliamen-   STAINIDROP, a market-town and parish of England, co.
tary boroughs of Stafford, Walsall, Tamworth, Wolverhamp- of Durham, 11 miles W.N.W. of Darlington. Pop. in 1851,
ton, Newcastle-under-Lyne, Stoke-upon-Trent, and Dudley, 2447. The town is well built. Near it are lead-works; and
besides nearly 20 market-towns, and upwards of 1000 vii- about 1 mile N.W. is Raby Castle, belonging to the Duke of
lages and hamlets. Exclusive of boroughs, it sends 4 mem- Cleveland.
bers to the House of Commons.                             STAINES, stdlnz, a market-town and parish of England,
STAFFORDI, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and  co. of Middlesex, at its S.W. extremity, on the Thames, here
town of England, capital of the above county, on the Sow, and  crossed by a new stone bridge, at the influx of the Colne, 19
on the London and North-western Railway, 25 miles N.N.W. miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. Pop. in 1851, 2577.
of Birmingham. Pop. of the borough in 1851, 11,829. It   STAINIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
is irregularly but neatly built. In the centre of its main    STAINIFORTH, a township of England, co. of York, West
street is the market-square, with the county-hall, and near Riding.
this are the two parish churches. The other chief edifices   STAINILAND, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
are the castle, a striking edifice; the county jail, lunatic  Riding.
asylum, and general infirmary.  The grammar school,   STAINILEY, SOUTIH, a parish of England, co. of York,
founded by Edward VI., has an annual revenue of 3351. It West Riding.
sends 2 members to the House of Commons. It was the    STAINIMORE, a chapelry of England, co. Westmoreland.
birthplace of Isaac Walton.                               STAINITON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
STAFFORD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   Riding.
STAFIFORD, a county in the E. part of Virginia, border-   STAINTON, a parish of England, co. of Pembroke.
Ing on the Potomac River, which separates it from Mary-   STAINTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
land, has an area of 250 square miles. It is bounded on the    STAIN/TON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
S.W. by the Rappahannock River, and also drained. by    STAINTON-B~-LANGWORTHI    a parish of England, co. of
Aquia, Potomac, and Accokeek Creeks. The surface is hilly; Lincoln.
the soil near the Potomac River is a light loam, moderately    STAINTON MARKET, a parish ofEngland, co. of Lincoln.
fertile; other parts are sandy and poor. Quarries of granite   STAINTON-LE-VALE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
and freestone, suitable for building, have been opened, and    STAIR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.
gold has been found in small quantities. The Rappahannock    STAIR/IWAY BROOK, a little village of Wayne'co., Pennaffords excellent water-power at Falmouth. The county is sylvania, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 107 miles f-om
intersected by the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac  New York City.
Railroad. Organized in 1675, and named from Stafford, a    STAL/BRIDGE, a market-town and parish of England, co.
county ofEngland.  Capital, Stafford Court-House. Pop. of Dorset, on a branch of the Stour, 6& miles E.N.E. of Sher.
8044; of whom 4733 were free, and 3311 slaves.          borne. Pop. in 1851, 1901, partly engaged in the manufacSTAFFORD, a post-township of Tolland co., Connecticut, ture of stockings. In the town is a curious cross,0 feet high.
intersected by the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer   STA/LEY BRIDGE, a market-town and chapelry of Englailroad, 28 miles N.E. of Hartford. It contains 4 thriving  land, cos. of Lancaster and Chester, on the Manchester and
post-villages, viz. Stafford, Staffordville, Stafford Springs, and  Bury Railway, 7 miles N.E. of Stockport. Pop. in 1851,
West Stafford. Stafford Springs, situated on the Willimantic  20,760, mostly engaged in cotton manufactures.
River, and on the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer   STAL'HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Railroad, 50 miles N. by W. of New London, is celebrated    STALIMNI, std-limlnee, or LIMNI, lim/nee, written also
for the medicinal properties of its waters, and is visited by  STALIMENE, (anc. Lemsnos; Gr. Aqpyvog, L&smos,) an
persons from all parts of the Union. One of them contains island of the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to Turkey, in
a solution of iron, sustained by carbonic acid gas, some the XEgean Sea, 40 miles E.S.E. of Mount Athos. Area, 160
earthy substances, andan element called natron. This is re- square miles. Pop. 8000. It consists of two peninsulas,
garded by chemists as one of the most efficacious chalybeate  separated by the harbors of Paradiso and St. Antonio. The
springs in the United States. The other, as analyzed by  surface is mojntainous, with extinct craters; the soil is ferProfessor Silliman, contains a large portion of hydrogen gas tile in corn, oil, wine, fruits, &c. The capital town, LeiaNos,
and sulphur, and a small proportion of iron. A splendid  is on the W. coast, with 1000 inhabitants, a citadel, harbor,
hotel has been erected here for the accommodation of visit- and ship-building docks.
ors. The village of Stafford Springs has 2 churches, 1 large   STALTISFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
cotton and 3 woollen manufactories, and several stores. The    STALLA, stA11i, o: BIVIO, beerve-o, a village of Easi
village of Stafford, 2 miles N. of the above, contains 2 Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 10 miles N.E. of Chiavenna,
ehurches, 1 hotel, 2 iron foundries, and several stores and  at the foot of the Julier Pass, 5774 feet above the sea.
machine shops. Pop. of the township, 2941.                STALLATI, std-lh]tee, a town of Naples, province of CalaSTAFF'ORD, a post-village and township of Genesee co., bria Ultra II., 11 miles S.S.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1260.
New York, on the railroad from Batavia to Corning, 6 miles   STALfLINGBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of LinE. of the former. Pop. 1974.                            coin, on the Lincolnshire Rallway, 4~ miles W.N.W. of Great
STAFFORD, a township of Ocean co., New Jersey, on  Grimsby.
Little Egg Harbor Bay, about 53 miles S.E. of Trenton.   STALL'S CREEK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Missouri,
Pop. 1384.                                                STALLUPOHNEN, stltlfloo-pd'ne-n, a town of East Prussia,
STAFFORD, a post-office of Mom-oe co., Ohio.          16 miles E.N.E. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 3110.
STAFFORD, a township of De Kalb co., Indiana. P. 372.    STALIMINE,. a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster.
STAFFORD, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 438.   STALY HOLLOW, a post-office of Yates co., New York.
STAFFORD COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Staf-   STAMBOOL or STAMBOUL. See CONSTANTINOPLE.
ford co., Virginia, 76 miles N.-of Richmond.              STAMIBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
STAFFORD POINT, a post-office of Fort Bend co., Texas.   STAMIBRIDGE, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
STAFFORDSHIRE, an inland co., England. See STAFrORD.   STAMBRIDGE, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
STAFFORD SPRINGS, a post-village. See STAFFORD, Con-   STAMBRUGES, st aSbriizh1, or ESTAMBRUGES, 6s'steas.
necticut.                                               brilzhf, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 11 miles
STAFFORD VILILAGE, a post-village of Stafford town- W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2063.
ship, Genesee county, New York.                           STAMIFORD, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
STAFIFORDVILLE, a post-village of Stafford township,, and town of England, cos. of Lincoln and Northampton. on
Tolland co., Connecticut, about 30 miles N.E. of Hartford. the Welland River, here crossed by a 5-arched stone bridge,
It contains 2 stores, 2 woollen mills; 1 mgchine shop, 1 foun- and on a railway, 11 miles W.N.W. of Peterborough. Pop. in
dry, and 1 church.                                      1851, 8933. The principal buildings are 5 parish churches,
STAGErVILLE, a small village of Orange co., North Ca- the town-hall, theatre, and assembly rooms. The Welland
rolina.                                                is navigable for barges hence to the sea. The malting and
STAGGIVILLE, a post-village, Orange co., North Carolina. retail trade is considerable.  It sends.2 members to the
STAGLIENO, st~l-yA/no, a village of the Sardinian States, House ofCommons. Immediately S. of the town is Burlivision, and about 2 miles E. of Genoa, on the right bank  leigh, the seat of the Marquis of Exeter.
of the Bisagno. Pop. 1984.                               STAM7FORD, apost-township of Bennington co., Vermont,
STAGNO GRANDE, stantyo gr~n/dA, or STOL, stol, a town  116 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 833.
of Dalmatia, 26 miles N.W. of Ragusa, on the peninsula of   STAMIFORD, a fiourishing post-borough and township of
Sabioncello. Pop. 5400. It has extensive salt-works.   Fairfield co., Connecticut, near the mouth of Mill River, and
STAGNONE, stan-yo'nA, a group of islets in the Mediter- on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 40 miles S.W.
ranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, from which they are sepa- of New Haven, and 36 miles N.E. of New York. A canal
rated by a narrow channel, 13 miles S.S.W. of Trapani. The 180 rods in length, 30 feet in breadth, and 7 feet deep, haq
largest is about 2 miles long.                         been constructed, extending from the borough to the bay,
STAGNO PICCOLO, stan'yo pik/ko-lo, a village of Dalma- which sets up from Long Island Sound, between Greenwich
1832




STAt'                 STA
and Shiphan's Points, affording a fine harbor for vessels  about 22 miles N.W. of Miledgeville. It has 1church, and
drawing 8 feet of water. The borough has entirely changed  2 stores.
in appearance during the last ten years. It contains several    STANGENDORF, stingten-doRaf, or WANDULA, Avn
fine churches, and many of the dwellings are very elegant. doo/lA, a village of Austria, in Moravia, about 3 miles from
Dui ing the summer months it is much resorted to as a  Zwittau. Pop. 1272.
watering-place. Stamford has some, trade with the ports    STANfIOE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
along the coast; and its manufactures, particularly those    STANIHOPE, a parish of England, co. of Durham, 6 miles
of iron, are extensive. A bank is established here, and there  W.N.W. of Wolsingham, and on the Wear Valley Railway.
is also a savings' institution. The Stamford Advocate is Population partly employed in lead-mines. Roman antiquipublished weekly. Pop. of the township in 1840, 3516; in  ties have been found here.
1850, 5000.                                                 STANIHOPE, a post-village of Sussex co., New Jersey, on
STAMFORD, a post-village and township in the N.E. part the Morris Canal and Musconetcong River, and on  the
of Delaware co., New York, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Al- Morris and Essex Railroad, 52 miles N. by E. of Trenton,
bany. Pop. 1708.                                          contains a mill, 2 stores, 3 iron forges, and from 50 to 60
STAMIFORD, a village and township of Canada West, co. dwellings.
of Welland, about 3 miles N.W. of the Falls of Niagara. It    STANROPE, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsylvania,
has Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Wesleyan Methodist 128 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
churches. Pop. in 1852, 3113.                               STANIOPE, a post-village of Nash co., North Carolina,
STAMIFORDHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northum-  32 miles E. by N. of Raleigh.
borland. Lime and coal are found here in great quantities.   STANIHOPE, a seaport on the N. coast of Prince Edward
STAMMHEIM, stdmmihime, a village of Wiirtemberg, cir- Island, co. of Queens, with a harbor for small craft, in lat.
cle of Schwarzwald, on the Nagold. Pop. 1156.             460 22' N., ion. 630 10' W.
STAMPIE.  See ETAMPES.                                    STAN/ION, a parish of England, co. of Northamptdn.
STAMPALIA, stdm-pl-lee/, or ISTAMIPALIA, is-ttm-pi,-    STANIISLAUS, a river of California, rises on the slope of
lee/t, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, government of  the Sierra Nevada, near the boundary between Tuolumne
Thera, 20 miles S.E. of Amorgo. Area, 50 square miles. Pop. and Calaveras counties, and flowing first in a S.W. and then
1500. The chief villages are St. Andrea and Livorno.      in a W.S.W. course, falls into the San Joaquin River on the
STAMPER'S CREEK, a township of Orange co., Indiana. border between the county of that name and Tuolumne
Pop. 777.                                                 county, about 25 miles above Stockton.
STAMPFEN, stimp/fen, a mar-et-town of West Hungary,    STANISLAWOW. stln-is-lsVov, a strongly fortified town
co., and 10 miles N.N.W. of Presburg. Pop. 3374.          of Austrian Galicia, between two arms of the Ristritz, 75
STAMPHANE, islets in the Ionian Sea. See STRIVALT.    miles S.S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. with suburbs,9200. It has
STAMP/ING GROUND, a post-village of Scott co., Ken- a gymnasium.
tucky, 21 miles N.W. of Lexington, has 2 churches, and    STANITZ, a town of Moravia. See STEINITZ.
several stores. The herds of buffalo which formerly resorted    STANILEY, a village and ecclesiastical district of Ento this place for salt water, tramped down the underbrush-   land, co. of York, West Riding, about 2 miles N.N.E. of
hence the origin of its name.                              Wakefield. The village stands on the W. bank of the CalSTAN/ARDSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Greene co., der, among scattered hamlets and agreeable villas, and amVirginia, 92 miles N.W. of Richmond, and 5 miles S.E. of-the  pie means of conveyance are afforded by the Aire and Calder
Blue Ridge. The village has been much improved within a  Canal, which here crosses the river by a magnificent aquefew years. It became the county seat in 1838.              duct. The Pauper Lunatic Asylum of the West Riding,
STAN/BRIDGE, a chapelry of England, co. of Bedford.    with accommodation for 500 patients, is in this district.
STANBRIDGE, EAST. a post-village of Canada East, co. Pop. in 1851, 7257.
of Missisquoi, 50 miles VW. of Stanstead.                    STANLEY, a village and quoad sacra parish of Scotland,
STANCIJIO or STANCHO, an island. See Cos.                co. of Perth, on the right bank of the Tay, with a station on
STA NDARDVILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee. the Perth and Forfair Railway, 61 miles N. of Perth.
STAN/DERWICK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        STAN/LEY, KING'S, a parish of England, co. Gloucester.
STAND/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              STANLEY, PONTILARGE,  a parish of England, co. of
STAND/GROUND, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon. Gloucester.
STAN/DING ROCK, a post-office of Stewart co., Tennessee.   STANLEY, PORT OF, a town and port of entry of Canada
STAND/INGSTONE, a post-township of Bradford'co.. West, at the mouth of Kettle Creek, on the N. shore of Lake
Pennsylvania, on the North Branch Canal and the left bank  Erie, co. of Elgin, 110 miles from Hamilton. It possesses
of the Susquehanna River, 7 miles E. of Towanda.          one of the best harbors on Lake Erie. The Bank of Montreal
STANDINGSTONE CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the  has an agency here; and there are 2 Protestant churches
Juniata in Huntingdon county.                             and 3 schools. Pop. about 1000.
STAN/DISH, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.         STANLEY, ST. LEONARD'S, a parish of England, co. of
STANDISH, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, 31 Gloucester, 3 miles W. of Stroud. It has the ruins of a
miles N.N.W. of Wigan, on the Preston and Wyre Railway. monastery. The village had formerly a market.
Population employed in manufactures of cotton and linen,    STANLEY-wIrhr-WREN/THORPE, a township of England,
and in coal-mines.                                         co. of York, West Riding.
STAN/DISK, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine,   STAN/LY, a county in the S.W. central part of North Ca58 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 2290.                      rolina. Area estimated at 280 square miles. The Yadkin
STAND/LAKE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         River forms the entire boundary on the E., and Rocky
STANDILINCII, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 5 miles  River on the S. The surface is mountainous. The soil of
S.S.E of Salisbury. Trafalgar Park, the seat conferred by  the valleys produces wheat and Indian corn. Numerouv
Parliament on Nelson, is in this parish.                   veins of gold are worked in the N.W. part of the counats,
STANIDON, a parish of England, co. of Hertford, 8 miles yielding sometimes large profits, and a very valuable silverN.E. of Hertford. It has a Roman Catholic college.        mine has recently been discovered. The Yadkin affords
STANDON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, 4 miles abundant motive-power in the vicinity of the Narrows.
N.N.W. of Eccleshall, on -the North Western Railway.,     Formed in 1842, from a part of Montgomery. Capital, AlbeSTANE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             marle. Pop. 6922, of whom 5486 were free, and 1436 slaves.
STAN/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          STAN/MER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
STAN/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           STAN/MORE, GREAT. a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.
STANFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.        STANMORE, LITTLE. a parish ofEngland, co. of Middlesex.
STANFORD, a parish of England. co. of Worcester.          STANNERN, stgnlnern, (Bohemian, Stonarzow, sto-nai/STAN/FORD, a township in the N. part of Dutchess co., zov,) a market-town of Moravia, 7 miles S.E. of Iglau. Pop.
New York. Pop. 2158.                                      1040. A great fall of acrolites took place here in 1807.
STANFORD, a post-village, capital of Lincoln co., Ken-   STAN/NINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
tucky, is situated 50 miles S. of Frankfort. and 1 mile from    STAN/NINGLEY a hamlet of England, co. of York, West
Logan's Old Fort. The village has a turnpike to Frankford, Riding, 5 miles W. by N. of Leeds.
and contains 2 or 3 churches, 1 academy, and about 10    STAN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northurmstores. Pop. near 800.                                    berland.
STANFORD, a post-village of Monroe co., Indiana, 60    STANOVOI stA'no-voif, or STANNOVOI, stin'no-voil,
miles S.W. of Indianapolis.                               or YABLONOI, (JABLONOI,) yg-blo-noi/, MOUNTAINS, a
STANFORD, a post-office of Texas co., Missouri.         long mountain chain of East Asia, extending between 1at.
STANFORD, BISII/OPS, a parish, England, co. Hereford.  500 and 670 N., and from ion. 1100 E., separating Siberia (IrSTANFORD, DINGILEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks. kootsk, Yakootsk, &c.) from the Chinese dominions of MonSTANFORD-LE-HOPE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   golia and Mantchooria, and afterwards prolonged through
STANFORD  RIVERS, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   the province  of Okhotsk and the Tchooktchee country to
STANFORD-oN-SOAR, a parish of England, co. of Notts.   Behring Strait. Total length estimated at 3000 miles. It
STANF0ORD-soc-TuE-VALE, a parish of England, co. Berks. is usually called YABLONOI (Iablonoi or Jablonoi) in the
STAN/FOISDVILLE, a post-village in Stanford township,  W. part, and Stanovoi towards the E. extremity. This chain
Dutchess co., New York, on Wappinger's Creek, about 20  separates the basins of Lake Baikal and the Lena. on the N.
miles N.E. of Poughkeepsie.                               from that of the Amoor on the S.E. The principal ramificaSTANFORD~ILLE, a post-village of Putnam co., Georgia, tions are those which cover the government of Irkootsk,
1833




STA                                                       STA
and the mountains of Kamtchbatka. As far N. as lat. 550    STA/PLEHIURST, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 41
their lower portions are clothed with dense forests; N. of  miles N.N.E. of Cranbrook, on the South-eastern Railway.
lat. 650 they are covered with snow, and separate the basins    STA/PLES' BRANCH, a post-office of San Joaquin co.,
of the Anadeer and Indighirka.                            California.
STANS'FIELD, a parish of England. co. of Suffolk.          STAfPLETON, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland, 9
STANSFIELD, a township of England, co. of York, West miles E.N.E. of Longtown. The ruins of Shank Castle are
Riding.                                                   in this parish.
STANSTEAD, a parishof England,co.ofKent.                   STAPLETON,  a parish of England, co. bf Gloucester.
STANSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            STAPLETON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
STAN/STEAD, a county in S.E. part of Canada East. Ai-ea,   STAitPLETON.  a post-village of Richmond co., NewYork,
632 square miles. Lake MIarsawippi and part of Lake Mem- on the N.E. side of Staten Island, 7 miles S. by W. of New
phremagog are in this county. Capital, Stanstead. Pop. York. It contains the Seaman's Retreat, an hospital for
in 1852, 13,898.                                           sick or disabled sailors, supported by a tax paid by the inas.
STANSTEAD, a town of Canada East, capital of the above ters and crews of vessels. The building is about 200 feet
county, 100 miles from Montreal, and within a few miles of long by 50 feet wide, and 3 stories high, and it said to have
the United States frontier. It is a port of entry, and has a  cost $100,000.
large and increasing business. Pop. about 800.               STAPLETON ISLAND, an island of the middle cluster of
STANISTEAD ABIBOTS, a parish of England, co. of IIerts, the Arzobispo group, in the North Pacific Ocean.
25 miles N.N.E. Hoddesden. In this parish are remains    STAPPEN, an island group of Norway. See MIorHERS
of Rye-house, which gave name to the pretended plot in the  AND DAUGhTERS.
reign of Charles II.                                         STAPULE.  See ETAPLES.
STAN/STEAD MOUNTFITCHIET, a parish of England,    STAR, a post-office of Assumption parish, Louisiana.
co. of Essex, on the Eastern Counties Railway, 3~ miles N.   STAR, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.
of Bishops-Stortford.                                        STARA-CZESTOCIHOWA, stAirA-ch6s-to-K Ko/v, a town of
STANTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.        Russian Poland, 78 miles S.E. of Kalisz, on the Warta.
STANTON, two chapelries of England, co. of Derby.       Pop. 1696.
STAN/TON, a post-office of HIunterdon co., New Jersey.    STARAIA-ROOSSA or STARAIA-RUSSA, stl-rOS roostsi,
STANTON, a post-village of New Castle co., Delaware, on  written also RUSSA-STAROI, a town of Russia, government,
the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, 6 miles W. by S. and 36 miles S. of Novgorod, on a river which flows into
of Wilmington.                                            Lake Ilmen. Pop. 8700. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts,
STANTON, a post-office of Powell co., Kentucky.         and has an imperial palace, salt-works, and a large trade
STANTON ALL-SAINTS, a parish of England, co. Suffolk. in flax, linseed, timber, and flour.
STAN/TON-o N-AR/ROW, a parish, England, co. IHereford.    STARASOL, stirA-sol/, or STAROSOL, stlro-solf, a town
STANTON-nBY-BRIDGE, a parish of England, co of Derby. of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Sambor.
STANTON-BURY, a parish ofEngland, co. of Bucks.         Pop. 1066.
STAN'TON  COR/NERS, a post-office of Ontario co., New    STAR/BRUCK ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 5~ 20'
York.                                                     S., Ion. 1550 56' W., was discovered in 1823.
STANTON-nv-DALE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.       STAR/CROSS, a chapelry of England, co. of Devon.
STANTON DREW a parish of England, co. of Somerset,   STARE MIASTO, stdlrA me-slto (or myls'to,) or ALTE
7 miles S. of Bristol. It has Druidical remains.          SAMBOR, il/teh slm/bor, a town of Austrian Galicia, 12
STANITON FITZWAR/REN,       a parish of England, co. of  miles from Sambor.  Pop. 2331.
Wilts. It has an ancient church.                            STARE MIESTO, st'/rI me-soto (or myls/to,) or ALL.
STANITON HIARCOURT, a paSrish of England. co. Oxford. STADT, ll/st tt, a town of Austria, in Moravia, circle of
STANTON-oe-HINE-HEATH, a parish of England, co. of  Olmutz, at the foot of the Schneeberg. Pop. 1500.
Salop.                                                       STARESOVA, sht6h'rA'sho/v6h', a village of Hungary, in
STAN/TON-LAICY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.      the banat of Temesvar, 4 miles fi-om Pancsova. Pop. 3200.
STANTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Salop.         STAR/FIELD, a post-office of Peoria co., Illinois.
STAN/TON PRI/OR, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    STAR FUR/NACE, a post-office of Carter co., Kentucky.
STANITONSBURG, a post-village of Edgecombe co., North    STARGARD, stan/,gat, a walled town of Prussia, province
Carolina.                                                 of Pomerania, on the left bank of the navigable Ihuna, 21
STANITON ST. BER/NARD, a parish of England, co. Wilts. miles E.S.E. of Stettin, with which it communicates by railSTAN/TON ST. GA/BRIEL, a parish of England, co. Dorset. way. Pop. 13,100. It has a gymnasium, and manufactures
STANTON ST. JOHN'S, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.  of woollen cloth, linens, hosiery, tobacco, soap, and leather.
STANITON ST. MI/CHAEL, a parish of England, co. of    STARtGARD, a walled town of West Prussia, 27 miles
Cambridge.                                                S.W. of Dantzic, on the Ferse. Pop. 3600. It has Roman
STANTON STOINEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.  Catholic and Lutheran churches.
STANTON ST. QUIN/TIN, a parish of England, co. Wilts.   STAR/GARD, a town of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 14 miles
STAN/TONVILLE, a post-village of Anderson district, N.E. of Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 1410.
South Carolina.                                              STARIA, stY'ree/S, a town of European Turkey, in Albania,
STANTONVILLE, a post-office of MIcNairy co., Tennessee. 40 miles S. of Ochrida.
STANTONVILLE, a post-office of Calumet co., Wisconsin.   STARI MAIDAN, sti/ree mA'dfn/, a village of Turkish CroSTANT'S STORE, apost-office ofClarion co., Pennsylvania. atia, on the Sanna, 32 miles W. of Banialuka.
STANTZ. See STANZ.                                         STARITZA, sta-rit/fs, a town of Russia, government, and
STAN/WAY, a parish ofEngland, co. of Essex.             41 miles W.S.W. of Tver, on the Volga, here crossed by a
STANWAY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.         flying bridge. Pop. 2400.
STAN/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.          STARK, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, has an area of
STAN/WICH, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.    about 570 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by the
STANTWICK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   Tuscarawas River and Nimishillen Creek, and also drained
STANWICK ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of York, by Sugar and Sandy Creeks. The surface is rolling. The
North Riding.                                              soil is a sandy loam, remarkably fertile, and highly cultiSTAN/WIX, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.        vated. Stark county has the distinction of producing more
STANIWIX, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.         wheat and butter-than any other county in the state. The
STANZ or STANTZ. st~nts, a town of Switzerland, canton  quantity of each produced in 1850 being 590,594 bushels of
of Unterwalden, capital of its lower division, 7 miles S.S.E. wheat; butter, 1,211,021 pounds. Limestone underlies a
of Lucerne. Pop. 1200. Its town-hall, of historic celebrity, large portion of the surface. Stone coal of good quality
contains a series of historic portraits; in its market-place is abounds in the S.E. part, and fine building-stone is quarried
the statue of Arnold von Winkelried, a native of Stanz;  near Massillon. The farmers find a ready market on the
and near the town is a monument to the inhabitants of the  Ohio Canal, which runs through the county. It is also intown massacred by the French in 1798.                     tersected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad, and by the
STAP/ENHILL, a parish of England, co. of Derby.          Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad. Nimishillen Creek furSTAP/HORST, a village of the Netherlands, province of  nishes excellent water-power. Capital, Canton. P. 39,878.
Overyssel, 11 miles N.E. of Zwolle. Pop. of the parish, 4054.   STARK, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, contains
STA/PLE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.               432 square miles. It is drained by the Yellow and Kanka- 
STAPLE, FITZ/PAINE, a parish of England, co. Somerset. kee Rivers. The surface is level, and mostly occupied by
STA/PLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.    marshes, prairies, and small lakes. A part of the land is
STAPLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.       adapted to the rearing of cattle. Organized in 1849. Capi.
STAPLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, tal, Knox. Pop. 557.
15 miles E. of Melton Mowbray. Stapleford Hall, the seat of    STARK, a county in the N.W. central part of Illinois, has
the Earl of Harborough, is here.                          an area of 290 square miles. It is intersected by Spoon River,
ST APLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       an affluent of the Illinois. The county is divided between
STAPLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.   prairie and timbered land. The soil is good. Named in honor
STAPLEFORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.          ofGeneral Stark, of the Revolutionary war. Pop. 3710.
STAPLEFORD, ABIBOTS, a parish of England, co. Essex.   STARK, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire, on
STAPLEFORD, TAW/NEY, a parish of England, co. Essex. the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 90 miles N. from
EtC'A/PLEGROVE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    Concord. Pop. 418.
1834




STA                                                        STA
STARK, a township of Hierkimer co., New York. P. 1576.   STATELEY'S RUN, a post-office of Grant co., Kentucky.
STARK, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1109.         STATE LINE. a village and station of Columbia co., New
STARKENBACIH, sta/kepn-bAKn, a town of Bohemia, 25  York, on the line between New York and Massachusetts,
miles N. of Bidschow. Pop. 2056.                          and on the Western Railroad, 38 miles S.E. of Albany.
STARKENBURG, star/kpn-bl5no',   a province of Hesse-   STATE LIIE, a village on Poultney River, Washington
Darmstadt, Central Germany,E. of the Rhine. Area 1202  co., New York. The railroad from Rutland to Whitehall
square miles. Pop. 317,093.                               crosses the river at this village.
STARItKEY, a post-village and township of Yates co.,   STATE LINE, a station on theBuffalo and Erie Railroad,
New York. on the Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad, 32  69 miles from Buffalo.
miles N. from Elmira. Seneca Lake bounds the township on    STATE LINE, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania.
the W. The village contains an academy belonging to the    STATE LINE, a station on the line between New York
"Christians," with 150 pupils. Pop. of the township, 2675. and Pennsylvania, on the railroad between Elmira and WilSTAR-KRUM, (Star-Kriim,) stai kriim, (Tartar, Eskee- liamsport, 9 miles from Elmira.
K-room  or Kr/m,)  a town of South Russia, government    STATE LINE, a post-office of Heard co., Georgia.
Taurida, 10 miles W.. of Kaffa.                             STATE LINE, a station on the East Tennessee and GeorSTARK'S, a post-township of Somerset co., Maine, on the  gia Railroad, 15 miles fiom Dalton.
Kennebec and Sandy Rivers, about 33 miles N. by W. from     STATE LINE, a station on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad,
Augusta. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores. 2 boot and shoe  62 miles from Mobile.
establishments, 3 starch factories, grist mill, saw mill, &c.   STATE LINE, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio.
Pop. 1447.                                                  STATE LINE, a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin.
STARKSIBOROUGH, a post-village and township of    STAT/EN ISLAND, in New York Bay, 5 or 6 miles S.W.
Addison co., Vermont, 24 miles WV. by S. fiom Montpelier. from the city, is separated from New Jersey by Staten Island
It has manufactures of castings, woollen goods, starch, &c. Sound, and from Long Island by the Narrows. It is about 14
Pop. 1400.                                                miles long, and from  4 to 8 miles wide, constitutes the
STARKSTADT, stank/stitt, (Bohemian, Stacnrkow, stanr- county of Richmond, and forms the southein extremity of
kov,) a town of Bohemia, 25 miles N.E. of Kiiniggritza. P. 842. the state. (See RBICMOND COUNTY, New York.) The northSTARKSIVILLE, a village in the N.E. part of Rensselaer  ern portion of it, denominated Richmond Hill, rises fi-om
co., New York.                                            either shore into a beautifully rounded elevation, 307 feet
STARKVILLE, a post-village of Ierkimer co., New York, above the level of the sea. This is occupied with many
about 60 miles W.N.W. of Albany.                          splendid mansions, and surrounded with the most enchantSTARKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lee co., Geokia, ing scenery. A marine telegraph has been elected on a hill,
115 miles S.W. by S. of Milledgeville.                    near the Narrows. On a bluff, the E. side of the island, 10
STARKVILLE, a post-village, capital of Oktibbeha co., miles N.N.W. of Sandy Hook, stands the Prince's Bay
Mississippi, 125 miles N.E. of Jackson. It contains a court- Light-house, exhibiting a fixed light, having 11 lamps 30
house and a few stores.                                    feet from its base, and 107 feet above the level of the sea.
STARLING MEDICAL COLLEGE. See CoLUsMUs, Ohio.  Steam ferries connect Staten Island with New York, and
STARtLINGTON, a post-office of Butler co., Alabama.     boats from Newark touch at different landings on the N.
STAROBIELSK, st&-ro-be-6lskf, a town of IRussia, govern- side.
ment of Voronezh, 180 miles S. by W. of Voronezh, on the    STATEN  ISLAND, one of the Koorile Islands, Pacific
Aidar, with a cathedral and an imperial stud. Pop. 1100.   Ocean. See IToOROOP.
STARO-CONSTANTINOV. See STAao-KoNsrANINO0V.                STATEN (statten or stahlten) ISLAND, an island of Terra
STARODOOB, STARODOUB, STARODUB, sti-ro-doobf, a  del Fuego, at the S. extremity of South'America, separated
town of Russia, government, and 100 miles N.E. of Tcherni-  by Le Maire Strait firom King Charles' South Land. Length,
gov. Pop. 9,000. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and  45 miles. Surface steep, and shores very much indented.
has a cathedral and monastery.                            At its E. extremity is Cape St. John, in lat.-540 42' 8" S.,
STAROI-OSKOL, st&-roilos-kolf, a town of Russia, govern- and lon. 630 43' 5" W.
ment, and 70 miles E.S.E. of Koorsk, on the Oskol, here    STATE RIGHTS, a post-office of Oglethorp co., Georgia,
joined by the Oskla. Pop. 5000. It is mostly built of wood.  about 60 miles N. of Milledgeville.
STARO-KONSTANTINOV, STARO-KONSTANTINOW  or    STATE ROAD, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.
CONSTANTINOV, stftro kon-stin-te-nov/, a town of Rus-    STATE  ROAD, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylsian Poland, government of Volhynia, 75 miles W.N.W. of  vania.
Zhitomeer. P. 4000.                                         STATE ROAD, a post-office of Surrey co., North Carolina.
STAROSOL, a town of Austrian Galicia. See SrARASOL.       STATE RUN. a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
STARR, a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of    STATES/BOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Bullock co.,
4420 square miles. The Rio Grande forms its entire south- Georgia, 53 miles N.W. from  Savannah. The village conwestern boundary, separating it from the Mexican state of  tains a court-house, jail, and 2 stores.
Tamaulipas;  The county contains extensive prairles, which    STATES/BURG, a post-village of Sumter district, South
produce pasture, and support large droves of wild horses Carolina, about 35 miles E. by S. of Columbia.
and cattle. The land is adapted to cotton, sugar-cane, and    STATESIVILLE, a post-village, capital oflredell co., North
maize, but it is not cultivated to much extent. Named in  Carolina, on the Western Turnpike, 27 miles W. by N. of
honor of James H. Starr, Secretary of the Treasury of the re- Salisbury, and 145 miles W. of Raleigh.
public of Texas. Capital, Rio Girande City.                 STATESVILLE, a post-village of Wilson co., Tennessee,
STARR, a post-township in the S.E. part of Hocking co., 17 miles S.E. of Lebanon, has a few stores. Pop. about 500.
Ohio. Pop. 1045,.                                           STAT/FOLD, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
STARR'S POINT, a post-office of Benton co., Oregon.       STATHIERN, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
STARSOW, avillage ofBohemia. See DITrrERsBc.             STATI UNITI. See UNITED STATes.
STARS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk..          STAITION, a post-office of Thomas co., Georgia.
STARSIVILLE, a post-village of Newton co., Georgia, about   STAUBBACH, stdwb'bAK, (" dust-stream,") a magnificent
60 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                           waterfall of Switzerland, canton of Bern, in the Oberland, 1
START, a point and light-house of Scotland, in the  mile S. of Lauterbrunnen. It streams over the top of a rock,
Orkneys, the easterumost exti-emity of the island of San- and after falling for 800 or 900 feet, is dispersed by the wind
day; lat. 590 16' 360 N., Ion. 20 22 WV.                  before reaching the bottom of the valley, so as to resemble a
START/FORTIH, a parish of England, co. of York, North  vast horse-tail; the most of water being divided into minute
Riding.,                                                  particles, (watery dust,) whence the name. It is described
START POINT, a headland near the S. extremity of the  in Byron's "Manfi-ed."
co. of Devon, England, 91 miles S.S.W. of Dartmouth, with    STAUFEN, stbw/fen, a town of Baden, 10 miles S.S.W. of
a light-house and revolving light 204 feet above the sea; Freiburg. Pop. 1623. Near itarethe ruins of the old castle
lat. 500 13' 4" N., Ion. 30 38/ W.                        of Staufen.
STARUC/CA, a post-village of Wayne co., Pennsylvania,   STAUGHITON, GEATR   a parish of England, co. of IHunton Starucca Creek, 180 miles N.E. of Slarrisburg.         ingdon.
STARUCCA CREEK, rises in Wayne cc., Pennsylvania,   STAUGHTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Bedford.
and enters the Susquehanna.                                 STAUNTON, stAn'ton or stan/ton, a parish of England,
STARtY SAMBOR. See SAiMBOR.                             co. of Notts.
STASSFURT, stAessf56at, a walled town of Prussian Sax-   STAUNTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
ony, 20 miles 5S..W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2040.   STAUNTON, stfntton, a river in the S. part of Virginia,
On the opposite side of the rirer is ALTr-STrAssu   r, Alt stessf- rises in Montgomery county, among the Alleghany Mounfb6Rt, a village, with 550 inhabitants,                   tauins; flowing eastward and south-eastward, it passes
STASZOW, st/shov, a walled town of Poland, province.  through the Blue Ridge, falling nearly 1000 feet in a disand 30 miles W.S.W. of Sandomier, on the Czarna. P. 3985. tance of 20 miles. After a very rapid and tortuous course
STATE BRIDGE, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.   of about 200 miles, it unites with Dan River, at Clarksville,
STATE/BURG, a post-office of Sumter district, South Care- Mecklenburg county, forming the Roanoke, which name is
line.                                                     sometimes applied to the whole stream. See ROANOKE RIVER.
STATE CENTRE, small village, Marquette co., Wisconsin.    STAUNTON, a flourishing town, capital of Augusta co.,
STATEILAND, a small post-village of Choctw co., Mis- Virginia, is situated on a small branch of Shenandoah
sissippi.                                                 River, near its source, and on the Central Railroad of VI.
1835




STA                                                       STE
ginia, 120 miles W.N.W. from Richmond.  The Central S STEBTBING, a parish of England, co. of Ess(,.
Railroad, which is nearly completed from Richmond to    STECK'BORN, a town of Switzerland, cantoni of Thurgan,
Staunton, and will be extended to the Ohio River, will on the Untersee, 8 miles W. of Constance. Pop. 2205.
doubtless bring large accessions to the trade and population    STEDE, steed, or STIDD, a chapelry of England, co. of
of this place. Staunton is the seat of the Western Lunatic Lancaster, 1 mile N. of Ribchester, having a decayed chapel
Asylum, and of the Virginia Institution for the Deaf and  formerly belonging to the Templars.
Dumb, and Blind. The blind are in the samebuilding with    STEDIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
the deaf and dumb, but under a separate instructor. The    STEEDIMAN'S, a post-office of Lexington district, South
Lunatic Asylum was established here in 1828, and has 377  Carolina.
patients. The town contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 academies,   STEEL CREEK, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., North
2 female seminaries, and 2 banks. Three newspapers are Carolina.
published here. The surrounding country is highly pro-   STEELE, stAleh, or STEYLE, stilleh, a town of Rhenish
ductive, and beautifully diversified, forming part of the  Prussia, on the railway, 21 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop.
great Valley of Virginia. In the limestone formation of this  2350. Coal is raised in its vicinity.
region, extensive caverns occur, among which the most re-   STEELE, steel, a township in Daviess co.., Indiana. P. 495.
markable is Weyer's Cave, about 18 miles N.E. of Staunton.   STEELE'S, a post-office of Anderson district, South CaPop. about 2500.                                          rolina.
STAUNTON, a post-village, Granville co., North Carolina.   STEELE'S, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.
STAUNTON, Ohio. See RIPLEY.                               STEELE'S LANDIING, a post-office, Ottawa 6o.. Michigan.
STAUNTON, a post-village of Fayette co., Ohio, near Sugar    STEELE'S MILLS, a post-office of Randolph co., Illinois.
Creek, 42 miles S.W. of Columbus. Laid out in 1851.          STEEL'S TAV1ERN, a post-office of Augusta co., Virginia,
STAUNTON, a township of Miami co., Ohio. Pop 1475.   138 miles W.N.W. of Richmond.
STAUNTON, a post-township of Macounpin co., Illinois.   STEELSIVILLE, a village of Ottawa co., Michigan, on
Pop. 102.                                                 Grand River, 75 miles W N.W. of Lansing. Produce is
STAUNTON, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois, 26  shipped here in steamboats.
miles from the Mississippi River, at Alton.                 STEELSVILLE, a post-village of Crawford co., Missouri,
STAUNTON, a post-office of Clay co., Indiana.           near the Maramec River, 90 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It has
STAUNITON HARIROLD, a township of England, co. of  a large academy, and 5 or 6 stores. Pop. 300.
Leicester, 31 miles N.N.E. of Ashby de la Zouch. Staunton    STEELVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania,
Hall is a noble edifice.                                  on Octorara Creek, 20 miles W. by S. of Westchester.
STAUNTON'S PRECINCT, a post-office of Buckingham          STEENBERGEN, stain/bao-wn,  a walled town of the Neco., Virginia.                                            therlands, province of North Brabant, 20 miles W. of Breda.
STAUNTON-oN-WYE, a parish of England, co. IHereford. Pop. 1700.
STAVANGER, stA-v~ng1gher, a seaport town of Norway,   STEENHUFFEL, stainthfif'el, a village of Belgium, prostifto Christiansand, capital of an asnt. on the Bukke-fiord, vince of Brabant, on the Steenhuffelsche-Beek, 12 miles
an inlet of the N. Sea, 100 miles S. of Bergen. Lat. 580 58' N.N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1697.
N., Ion. 50 56' E. Pop. 4150. Ithas anexporttradein timber.   STEENHUYZE WYNHUYZE, stain'hoizeh w!nDhoi'zeh,
STAVEHAGEN. See STAVENHAGEN.                            a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 18 miles
STAVELE, stdvi-leh, a village of Belgium, province of S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2000.
West Flanders, 30 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1193.          STEENKERKE, stainDk'Rkleh, or STEENKERQUE, stainSTAVEILEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby, with a  kaiRk, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 15 miles
station on the Midland Counties Railway, 4 miles N.E. of N.N.E. of Mons. The Allies, commanded by William III. of
Chesterfield.                                             England, were here defeated by the French July 24. 1692.
STAVELEY, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding.   STEENOCKERZEEL  HUMELGHEM,  stAfnok-kenrzaill
STAVELEY, OVER, a chapelry of England, co. of West- hiilmel-gh~ml, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 9
moreland, parish  of Kirkby-Kendal, on the Kendal and  miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1606.
Windermere Railroad, 5 miles N.N.W. of Kendal.              STEEN'S CRERK, a post-office of Rankin co., Mississippi.
STAVELOT, stdIveh-lot, a town of Belgium, province, and    STEENVOORDE or STEENWOORDE, stain'vaRdl, a town
24 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 3200.                        of France, department of Nord, 6 miles N.N.E. of Hazebrouck,
STAVENHAGEN, staven-hlghen, or STAVEHAGEN, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1852. 3966.
st~lveh-hl'ghen, a town of Mecklenburg Schwerin, 29    STEENWERCK, stainl*8rk, a town of France, department
miles E.S.E. of Giistrow. Pop. 1219.                      of Nord, 7 miles N. of Iazebrouck, with which it is conSTAVENISSE, st/vA-niesseh, avillage of the Netherlands, nected by railway. Pop. in 1852, 4800.
province of Zealand, on the N.W. point of the island of The-   STEENWYK or STEENWIJK, stainlqik, a town of the
len, about 33 miles S.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1257.         Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 9 miles N.E. of Blokzyl.
STAVIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon. It has  Pop. 3286.
extensive slate quarries.                                   STEENWYKERWOLDE, stain-*Iker —Al'deh, a village
STAVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      of the Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 3 miles W. of
STAVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  Steenwyk. Pop. 1369.
STAVOREN, st4'vo-ren, a decayed town of the Nether-    STEEP, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
lands, province of Friesland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 13 miles N.   STEEP BOT/TOM, a post-office of Beaufort district, South
of Enkhuysen. Pop. 532.                                   Carolina.
STAVROPOL or STAWROPOL, st~v-ro/pol, a town of the    STEEP CREEK, a post-office of Lowndes co., Alabama.
Russian Empire, Caucasus, in a fertile country. on the    STEEPE'S FALLS, a manufacturing post-village of CumTachla, 59 miles W.N.W. of Alexandrov. Lat. 440 43' N., berland co., Maine, on Saco River, about 22 miles N.W. of
ion. 410 38' E. Pop. 7000. It is well built, strongly forti- Portland. It contains a church, and3 stores. Pop. 250.
fed, and has manufactures of soap and leather. The go-   STEEP-HOLMES ISLAND, a rocky island in the Bristol
vernment or province of Caucasus, exclusive of the Tcher- Channel, at the mouth of the Severn, 10 miles S.S.W. of
nomorski Cossacks, has, since 1847, been named the govern-  Cardiff. Circumference, about 1  miles.
ment of Stavropol.                                          STEEIPING, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
STAVROPOL or STAWROPOL, a town of the Russian    STEEPING, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Empire, government, and 65 miles S.S.E. of Simbeersk, on    STEEIPLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
the Volga. Pop. 3400.                                       STEEPLE, a parish of England. co. of Essex.
STAVROS. st/v'rost, (anc. Stagilra,) a village of European    STEER CREEK, a post-office of Gilmer co., Virginia.
Turkey, in Macedonia, on the Gulf of Contessa, 38 miles E.   STEElTON, a township of England, co. of York, West
of Saloniea. It was the birthplace of Aristotle.          Riding, on the Midland Counties Railway.
STAWISKI, stl-vistkee, a town of Russian Poland, 39    STEFFISBURG, st~fffis-bdORGe, a town and parish of Switmiles S.W. of Augustowo. Pop. 1200.                       zerland, canton, and 15 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 4595.
STAWILEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           STEGE, stsYgheh, a town of Denmark, capital of the
STAWROPOL, two towns of Russia. See STAvROPOL.          island of Moen, on its W. coast, 13'miles S.E. of Preestbe.
STAZZEMA, st t-s/md. (L. Stathiema?) a village of Tus- Pop. 1800.
cany, 19 miles N.N.W; ofPisa. Pop. 1039.                    STEGEN, stlJghln, an island and village of Norway, proSTEADY (stidlee) RUN, apost-village in Keokuk co., Iowa, vince of Nordland. Lat. 680 N., lon.140 30' E. Pop. 1700.
45 miles S.W. by S. of Iowa City.                           STEIERMARK or STEYERMARK. See STYRIA.
STEAM FACtTORY, a post-office of Muscogee co., Georgia.   STEILACOOM, sti'la-koom1, a post-village, capital of
STEAM MILL, a post-office of Warren co., Pennsylvania. Pierce co., Washington Territory, on Puget Sound, 14 miles
STEAM MILL, a post-office of Decatur co., Georgia.     N.E. of the mouth of Nesqually River, about 120 miles N.E.
STEAM MILL, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana.     of Pacific City. The inhabitants are chiefly occupied in
STEAMIPORT, a post-village of Henderson co., Kentucky, fishing and the lumber business.
on Green River, about 20 miles S.E. of Henderson. It has    STEIN, stone, a village of the Netherlands, province of
2 stores, and I tobacco factory.                         Limburg, 10 miles N.E. of Maestricbt. Pop. 1240.
STEAN, steen, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   STEIN, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton, and'
STEARNSVILLE, sternzlvil, a manufacturing village in  S. of Appenzell. Pop. 1583.
Pittsfield township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 115    STEIN  or KAMNIG, k~mfniG, a town of Austria, in
miles W. of Boston,                                      Illyria, 14 miles N. of Laybach, on the Feistrita. Pop. 1140.
1836




STE                                                       STE:
STEIN, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 11 miles E.S.E1. atic near its head, after a S. course of 35 miles. It is navi
3f Schtffhausen, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1270. gable from Palazzolo to the sea.
It has an ancient abbey, and near it is the ruined castle of   STELLA, stfllle, a village of the Sardinian States, division
Hohenklingen.                                            of Genoa. Pop. 3400.
STEIN, a market-town of Lower Austria, on the Danube,   STELLANELLO, stl-l1i-n~lllo, a village of the Sardinian
opposite Maute-n, with which it is connected by a bridge  States, division of Genoa. Pop. 1741.
1600 feet in length, 38 miles W.N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1700.   STELLE NBO SCH,    st6111en-boskI, a division of Cape Colony,
It has manufactures of mustard and vinegar, and an active  South Africa, having E. the divisions of Worcester and Sweltrade.                                                    lendam, S. the ocean, and W. the Cape division. Area, 2280
STEINACIT, stilnks, a town of Germany, in Baden, circle  square miles. Pop. 17,130.
of Middle Rhine, on the Kinzig River, and on the railway    STELLENBOSCH, the capital town of a division of its
from Mannheim to Freiburg, 3 miles S.E. of Biberach. Pop. own name, of Cape Colony, 25 miles E. of Cape Town, has
1400..                      2400 inhabitants, a neat church, free and Wesleyan schools,
STEINACH, a village of Germany, in Saxe-Meiningen, on  an agricultural society, and savings' bank.
the Steinach, an affluent of the Rodach, 4 miles N.N.W. of    STELILING. a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Sonnenberg. Pop. 2211.                                      STELVIO, (st6l1ve-o,) PAss OF, (Ger. Stilfserjoch. stiilffserSTEINACH, N.CKAs, nlk/kar sti/n9K, a town of Ger- yok,) Tyrol, in the N. part of the Valtellina, leads from Bormany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, on the  mio to Glurns. It was opened in 1824, and is the loftiest
Neckar, 15 miles E.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1200.           carriage route in Europe, its summit being 9100 feet above
STEIN-AM-ANGER, stine Am  ngter, (HIun. &zombathely,  the sea.
som'b~h't6i,) a town of West Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on    STEMIBERSYILLE, a post-officeof Carbon co., Pennsylthe Giins, 12 miles E.S.E. of Guins. Pop. 3848. It is the  vania.
see of a bishop, and has an episcopal palace and a cathedral.   STENAY, steh-nf,. a town of France, department of
Itoccupies a part of the site of the ancient Sabaria, which, Meuse, 8 miles W.S.W. of Montm6dy, on the Mouse. Pop.
under Claudius, was named CLAUDIA AUGUSTa.                iii 1852, 3390.
STEINAU, stiln~w, a town of Germany, in Prussian Si-   STENDAL, sthnfdel, a walled town of Prussian Saxony,
lesia, 34 miles N.W. of Breslau, on the Oder. Pop. 2760.  on the Uchte, 40 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, with which it
STEINAU, a town of Germany, in IHesse-Cassel, province, is connected by railway. Pop. 6780. It has manufactures
and 27 miles E.N.E. of Hanau, on the Kinzig. Pop. 2734.   of woollen and cotton stuffs, gloves, tobacco, and leather,;
STEINAU, a market-town of Germany, in Prussian Si- with a brisk trade in linen fabrics.
lesia, 24 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 1650.                  STENfIGOT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
STEINBACI, stinelbAK, a small town of Germany, in    STEN'NESSt, a parish of Scotland, co., and comprising a
Baden, 2 miles N.E. of Buhl, on the iMannheim  and Basel part of the Mainland of Orkney. The "Standing stones of
(BIle) Railway. Pop. 1882.                                Stenness" form a remarkable Druidic monument.
STEINBACH, a small town of Germany, in Iesse-Cassel,   STENNESS, an isle and a holm on the coast of the parish
province of Fulda, 5 miles E.S.E. of Schmalkalden. Pop. of Northmaven, Shetland.
2666, mostly employed in iron-forges and wire-works.        STENSZEWO or STENSCHEVO, stln-shrivo, a town of
STEINBACH, a small town of Germany, in Saxe-Meinin-  Prussian Poland, 14 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1165.
gen, E. of Schweina. Pop. 1428.                             STEN/TON, a parish of Scotland, co. of I-addington.
STEINBERGEN, a post-office, San Francisco co., California.   STEPAN, stA-pinf, a town of Russia, government of VolSTEINIBURG, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.   hynia, 35 miles N. of Rowno, on the Gorin. Pop. 3100.
STEINEN, st!nen, a village of Switzerland, canton, and    STEPENITZ, st~p'nits, Gaoss, groce, and KLEIN, kline, a
3 miles N.W. of Schwytz. Pop. 1411.                       town of Prussia, province of Pomeranita, 8 miles N.N.E. of
STEI/NERSVILLE, a small village of Belmont co., Ohio.  Stettin. Pop. 1843.
STEINFELD, stinef3lt, a village of Bavaria, circle of    STEPHENKIRK. See STONEYvIaK.
Lower Franconia, near Rothenfels. Pop. 1044.                STEPHENSABURG, steefvens-bfrg, a post-village of Har.
STEINFURT, stinef5d6at, or BURGSTEINFURT, b65RC-   din co.. Kentucky, about 90 miles S.W. of Frankfort.
stineffiont, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 18 miles N.W.    STEPHENS' CIHIAPEL, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tenof Miinster, on the An. Pop. 2666.                        nessee.
STEINHEIM, stinehlmne, a town of Germany, in Prussian    STEPHIEN'S (steesvens) CREEK, a village of Atlantic co.,
Westphalia, 30 miles S.S.E. of Minden. Pop. 2082.         New Jersey, on a small creek of its own name, about 5 miles
STEINIIEIM  or GROSS STEINHEIM, groce stfne/hlme, S. of May's Landing, has 1 church.
a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Stark-    STEPHEN'S MILLS, a post-office-of Steuben co., New York.
enburg, on the Main, 20 miles N.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1060.   STE5PIIENSON, a county in the N.N.W. part of Illinois,
STEINHIEIM  or STEINHEIMI-AM-AALBUCK, stinef- border-ing on Wisconsin, has an area of 550 square miles. It
hime Am  llb55k, a market-town of Wtirtemberg, 4 miles  is intersected by the Pekatonica River, and also drained by
N.W. of Heideuheim. Pop. 1585.                            Yellow and Richland Creeks. The surface is undulating,
STEINHEIM, a village of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 2  and the soil is excellent. Lead is found in the W. part. The
miles N.E. of Marbach. Pop. 1715.                         Central Railroad joins the Galena and Chicago Railroad at
STEINHUDE, (stln/hoo d~h,) LAKE OF. (Gr.Stein/suchs- Freeport, the county seat. Named in honor of Coloisel BenjaMee, stinthoo'der maia,) a lake of North Germany, be- min Stephenson, one of the early delegates from Illinois Tertween Hanover and the principality of Lippe-Schaumburg, ritory to Congress. Pop. 11,666.
17 miles N.W. of Hanover. Length, 5 miles; breadth, 3    STEPHENSON'S DEPOT, a post-office of Frederick co.,
miles. It has valuable fisheries; in it is an island, with the  Virginia.
fortress of Wilhelmstein, belonging to Lippe, and also the    STEPHENS' POINT, a thriving post-village and township
village of STEINnUDE. Pop. 1235.                          of Portage co., Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River, about 130
STEINITZ, stinits, written also STANITZand ZDONICE, miles N. of Madison, and 5 miles above Plover, the county
a market-town of Moravia, 20 miles E.S.E. of Breiinn, with  seat. The surrounding country abounds in pines, and the
a castle and 1840 inhabitants.                            lumber business is carried on here extensively. Plank-roads
STEINMAUERN, stin/miwivrn, a village of Baden, at are projected from Green Bay and Berlin to this place. The
the confluence of the Murg and Rhine, 3 miles N. of Rastadt. river affords extensive water-power. The village contains 9
Pop. 1427.                                                stores, 4 hotels, 3 mills, 1 manufactory of harness, 1 of sashes,
STEIN  SCHONAU, sIone sh'lniw, a town of Bohemia,  1 of wagons, and 2 blacksmiths' shops. Pop. 500.
N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2228.                              STE/PHENSPORT, a post-village ofBreckenridge co., KenSTEINSEIFEN, stinfsi'fen, a village of Prussian Silesia, tucky, on the Ohio, 110 niles W. by S. of Frankfort.
government, and S.S.W. of Liegnitz. P. 1125.                STEIPHENSVILLE, a post-office ofWilkinson co., Georgia.
STEINSEIFERSDORF, stin/sItfers-doaf', a village of Prus-   STE/PIIENTOWN, a post-township forming the S.E. extresia, province of Silesia, government, and S.W. of Breslau. mity of Rensselaer co., New York. Pop. 2622.
Pop. 1276.                                                  STEP/INGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
STEINWEILER, stIn/vPllr, a village of Bavaria, in the    STEPNAIA or STEPNAJA, st~p-nYi, a fort of Russia,
Palatinate, near Karidel. Pop. 1831.                      government of Orenboorg, circle, and 54 miles E.N.E. of
STEINWIESEN, stin/fees-zen, a village of Bavaria, in  Verkhnee0oralsk, (VerkhniiUralsk,) on the Ooi. Pop. 1600.
Upper Franconia, on the left bank of the Rodach. P. 1125.  It is mostly built of wood, and has a church and official
STEISSLINGEN, stisflin-en, a village of Baden, Lake cir- residences.
cle, N.W. of Constance. Pop. 1027.                          STEPINEY, a parish and E. suburb of the British metroSTEKBORN, stikfboan, a small town of Switzerland, can- polls, co. of Middlesex, included in the borough of Towel
ton of Thurgau, on the Untersee, 8 miles W. of Constance. Hamlets, 21 miles E. of St. Paul's, London. Pop. in 1851,
Pop. 1900.                                                80,218. It contains several churches, a grammar school, nSTEKENE, stI/kA-neh, a market-town of Belgium,. pro- merous charitable establishments, the London Hospital,
vince of East Flanders, 18 miles N.E. bf Ghent. Pop. 4900. Jews' hospital, the Thames police station, and a station on
STEL'LA,  a township of England, co. of Durham, parish  the London and Blackwall Railway, besides which a branch
of Ryton, on the Tyne, which is here navigable, 5 miles communicating with the Eastern Counties Railway interW.N.W. of Gateshead. Stella IHall is a handsome building  sects the parish.
of the sixteenth century.                                   STEPINEY, a post-village of Fairfield co., Connecticut, on
STELLA, stl/lI, a river of North Italy, enters the Acri- the Hdusatonic Rlailroad, about 20 miles W. of New Haven,
1837




STE                                                         STE
STEPNEY DEPOT, a post-office and station of Fairfield  building docks, sugar-refineries, distilleries, beer breweries.%
co., Connecticut, on the Ilousatonic Railroad, 10 miles from   manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, hosiery, sailBridgeport.                                                 cloth, tobacco, soap, and paper. Vessels drawing less than 8
STER/LING, a township of Lamoille co., Vermont, about  feet of water come up to its quays; others load and unloac
28 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 233.                      at Swinemiinde. The following table exhibits the arrivals
STERLING, a post-village and township of Worcester co., and departures of vessels, (exclusive of steamers,) with their
Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad, at  tonnage, at Swinemtinde, the port of Stettin, in the years
its junction with the Worcester and Nashua Railroad, 40  1848-52:miles W. by N. of Boston. It has manufactures of chairs
and cabinet-ware. Pop. 1805.                                                             Arrived.         Departed.
STERLING, a post-village and township of Windham co.,              Years.
Connecticut, on the Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill Rail-                        Vessels.  Tons.  Vessels.  Tons.
road, 46 miles E. by S. of Hartford. It has manufactres...........                   I       
of printed goods. Pop. 1025.                                 1848..                   1190   190,665   1099   190,:37
1849...................... 19    17,1    10    197,8
STERLING, a post-village and township of Cayuga co.,   es.........                 151    154,47    15063   175,54
185................[ 1531 ]254,467 l/  563 I275,.854 
New York, on Little Sodus Creek, 30 miles N. of Auburn.  1851.......................  172   271,82   157       58,52
Pop. 2808.                                                   1852.......................  1665   280,773    1  396,58
STERLING, a post-township forming the S. extremity of
Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1033.                           The value of the imports in 1849 was $8,285,000; of the 
STERLING, a post-office of Montgomery co., Georgia.       exports, $3,455,000. The principal articles of import were
STERLING, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.       iron and copper, dye-woods, herrings, salt, coal, train and
STERLING, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 981.    other oils, sugar, coffee, and other colonial produce. The
STERLING, a township of Macomb co., Michigan. P. 876. principal exports were grain, wood, oilcake, zinc, and brandy.
STERLING, a post-township of Crawford co., Indiana. A large annual fair for wool is held here in June. Two em
Pop. 893.                                                   presses of Russia, Catherine the Great and Maria Feodo.
STERLING, a post-village, capital of Whitesides co., Illi-  rowna, wife of the Emperor Paul, and mother of the Emnois, is beautifully situated on the right bank of Rock River, peror Nicholas, were born here. Stettin is a place of great
150 miles N. of Springfield. The river falls 9 feet in about antiquity. It originally belonged to the Sidini, a heathen
half a mile, and affords abundant water-power.             tribe. In 1121, Boleslas, Duke of Poland, gained possession,
STERLING, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.            and introduced Christianity. The peace of Westphalia gave
STERLING BOTITOM, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.      it to the Swedes. From  them it passed to the Prussians,
STERLING BUSH, a post-office of Lewis co., New York.   with whom, though not without some interruptions, it has
STERLING GROVE, a post-office of Greenville district, since remained. In 1171 it was besieged by the Danes; in
South Carolina.                                             1677 by the Elector of Brandenburg; in 1713 by the RusSTERLING  HILL, a post-office of Windham  co., Con- sians; and fiom 1806 to 1813 it was occupied by the French.
necticut.                                                   Pop. in 1816, 25,001; in 1849, 47,202.
STERILINGVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., New        STETTINER-IIAFF, stlt-teelner hgff, Germany, an enYork, 155 miles N.W. of Albany.                             largement of the Odor, immediately N. of Stetten, having an
STERLINGVILLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., Penn- area of nearly 200 square miles; depth, from 12 to 18 feet.
sylvania.                                                   It receives the river Ucker at Uckermiiunde, and it commuS~JERLITAMAK, stWr-le-td-mBkt, or STERILITAMASK,  nicates with the Baltic Sea by three outlets, the Peene,
st.a-le-tj-mlskt, a town of Russia, government of Orenboorg, Swiene, and Delvenow.
at the confluence of two atffluents of the Belaia, 72 miles S. of    STETTIN, NEU, noi stft-teenf, a town of Prussia, province
Oofa. Pop. 3500.                                            of Pomerania, 49 miles S.S.E. of Ciislin. Pop. 4154.
STERMIZZA, stWramit-se, a village of Dalmatia, district,   STEUBEN, stulben or stu-benl,* a county in the S.W. part
and 18 miles from Knin. Pop. 1094.                          of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of
STERNAZIA, st~r-nid/ze-A, a town of Naples, province of  about 1500 square miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by
Otranto, S.S.E. of Lecce. Pop. 1230.                        Crooked Lake and Seneca Lake, and is drained by the ConSTERNIBERG, (Ger. pi-on. stlanfb8aG,) a town of Ger- hocton, Canisteo, Tioga, and Chemung Rivers, and other
many, in Mpravia, 9 miles N.N.E. of Olmuta. Pop. 8006, smaller streams, which furnish abundant water-power. The
who manufacture woollen and linen fabrics and hosiery.      surface'is broken and hilly. The alluvial flats along the
STERNBERG, a town  of Germany, in  Mecklenburg- rivers are very fertile, and the soil on the uplands generally
Schwerin, 29 miles S.W. of Rostock. Pop. 1900.             of a good quality. Bog-iron ore, alum, and building stone
STERNBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- are the principal minerals. The Conhocton and Canisteo
burg, 24 miles E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1423.                  Rivers, branches of the Chemung River, are navigable for
STERNBERG BOHIMISCH, (bUlmish,) a market-town of boats respectively to Bath and Hornellsville. The New York
Bohemia, 16 miles S. of K-aurzim. Pop. 525.                 and Erie Railroad traverses this county, which is also partly
STERNENBURG, st6RJnen-b66aRG, a village and parish of  intersected by the railroads connecting Corning with RossSwitzerland, canton, and 7 miles E.N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1423. burg, Pennsylvania; Canandaigua with Elmira, and CornSTERNIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         ing with Buffalo. Capital, Bath. Pop. 63,771.
STERREBEEK, st6R/ai-bAk', a village of Belgium, pro-    STEUBEN, a county occupying the N.E. corner of Indi
vince of Brabant, 6 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1041.        ana, bordering on Ohio and Michigan, contains 314 square
STERRETTA/NIA, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania. miles. It is drained by the Pigeon and St. Joseph's Rivers.
STERIRETT'S GAP, a small post-village of Cumberland  The surface is diversified by woodlands and prairies; the soil
co., Pennsylvania.                                          is mostly fertile.  Organized in 1837.  Capital, Angola.
STERT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                Pop. 6104.
STERZING, st6aRtsing, or STORZING, stoat/sing, a town of    STEUBEN, a post-township of Washington co., Maine, 110
the Tyrol, on the Eisach, 16 miles N.W. of Brixen. P. 1300. miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1125.
STETCHIWORTIH, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.    STEUBEN, a post-township of Oneida co., New York, 18
STET/SON, a post-township of Penobscot co., Maine, 56  miles N. of Utica. Pop. 1744.
miles N.E. of Augusta. The inhabitants are largely engaged    STEUBEN, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.
in the lumber business. Pop. 885.                             STEUBEN, a post-village of Huron so., Ohio, about 30
STETTEN-uNrERsa-HEUCIIELBERG, stat/ten  o6n/term   miles S.S.E. of Sandusky City.
hoil9el-bGox', a market-town of Wiirtemberg, 3 miles NI.W.    STEUBEN, a township of Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 645.
of Birackenheim. Pop. 1000.                                   STEUBEN, a township of Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 741.
STETTEN-A-KARLTEN  MARKET, stht-ten Am  kAl'ten    STEUBEN, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois.
mae/ket, a market-town of Baden, Lake circle, about 6 miles    STEUBENVILLE, stulben-vil, a flourishing post-town and
N.W. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 1017.                             river port, capital of Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio River,
STETTEN-im-REMSTHALE, stthten  im  rlms'tPTleh, a  22 miles above Wheeling, Virginia, 35 miles in a direct line
market-town of Wtiirtemberg, on an affluent of the Rems, 7  W. by S. of Pittsburg, and 141 miles E. by N. of Columbus.
miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1955. It has a royal residence, The course of the Ohio is here nearly dine S., and the width
and vineyards.                                              about one-third of a mile. The town stands on an elevated
STETTIN, stht-teent, a strongly-fortified town, and, next plain, and is surrounded by a beautiful country. Steubento Dantzic, the chief port of the Prussian dominions, capital ville is the centre of an extensive trade, and is the seat of
of the province of Pomerania, on the W. or left bank of the  flourishing manufactures of various kinds. The latter are
Oder, at its mouth in the Stettiner-haff, 79 miles N.N.E. of  supplied with fuel from the inexhaustible mines of coal in
Berlin, with which it is connected by railway. Lat. 530 25' the vicinity. The town contains, besides the county build1" N., ion. 140 34l E. It communicates with a suburb across ings, about 12 churches, 2 banks, an academy for boys, and
the river by two wooden bridges, and has a royal fortress, a female seminary, which is highly flourishing, and has a
government-house, mint, exchange, arsenal, theatre, large
warehouses, 5 Lutheran churches, a Roman Catholic chapel,       This nme appers nwt be universly acented on the lat
* This name appears now to be universally accented on the I]ast
a gymnasium, observatory, school of navigation, numerous  syllable in Wescern New York, and is often thus pronounced in
other schools, and literary associations. A statue of Frede- other parts of the United States; but the original German name,
rick the Great ornaments the royal square. Anchors for Baron Steuben, should undoubtedly have the accent on the penalkhe whole Prussian navy are forged, and here are also ship- timate.
1838




STE                                                        STI
widely extended retutation.  This establishment, which    STEWIARTSTOWN, a village of Canada West, co. of Hal,
cost $40,000, is pleasantly situated on the bank of the river, ton, 36 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. about 350.
and has usually about 150 pupils. Four newspapers are    STEIWARTSVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Green.
published here. There are 5 manufactories of wool, 2 of  wich township, Warren co., New Jersey, is situated on Mercotton, 1 of paper, 2 of glass, several machine-shops, 3 iron  ritt's Brook, about 10 miles S. of Belvidere. It has 3 stores.
foundries, a number of flouring mills, and large manufac- an extensive tannery-which, in the perfection and variety
tories of copperas. About 1000 persons are employed here  of its machinery, is said to be second to none in the stateIn manufactures. A railroad is in course of construction  and a large brick-yard. Besides-a large and beautiful Presfrom  Pittsburg to this place, and the Steubenville and  byterian church, and a Lutheran church recently erected,
Indiana Railroad, when finished, will connect it with Co- it has an academy with a classical department. The Morris
lumbus and other towns of Ohio. First settled in 1798. Canal passes through this town. Pop. about 500.
Pop. in 1850, 6139..                            STEWARTSVILLE, a post-village of Westmoreland co.,
STEUBENVILLE, a village of Randolph co., Indiana, Pennsylvania,on the turnpike leading from Pittsburg to
about 12 miles N.W. of Winchester.                        Greensburg, 19 miles E.S.E. of the former.
STEUROWITZ, stoifro-bits', GROSS, groce, and KLEXN,   STEWARTSVILLE, a post-village of Richmond co., North
kline, two nearly contiguous villages of Austria, in Moravia, Carolina, 107 miles S.W. of Raleigh.
near Eisgrub. Pop. 1582.                                    STEWARTSVILLE, a post-office of Posey co., Tndiana.
STE/VANAGE, a parish of England, co. of Herts.            STEWKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
STEIVENSBURG, a post-office of Culpepper co., Virginia,    STEWITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
on the road from Fairfax to Fredericksburg, about 95 miles    STEYER or STEYR, stler, a river of Austria, rises on the
N.W. of Richmond, contains 1 or 2 churches, a hotel, and  N. frontier of Styria, flows N.N.E., and joins the Enns on
several stores.                                           the left, after a course of about 45 miles.
STEVENS' CREEK, of Edgefield district, South Carolina,   STEYER or STEYR, a town of Upper Austria, in Traun, at
flows into Savannah River several miles above Hamburg.    the confluence of the Ens and Steyer, 19 miles S.E. of Lintz.
STEVENS' CREEK, New Jersey. See STfPHEN'S CREEK.   Lat. 540 24' N., Ion. 140 25' E. Pop. 10,000. It is enclosed
STEVENS' MILLS, a post-office, Union co., North Carolina. by walls. The principal public edifice is a castle of the
STEVENSON'S, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.     tenth century. It has large and important manufactures
STEVENS' PLAINS, a post-office, Cumberland co., Maine. of muskets and other arms, cotton and cotton velvets, and
STEVENS' POINT, Wisconsin. See STEPHENS' POINT.         of every variety of steel and iron wares.
STEIVENSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, compris-'   STEYEREGG, sti/er-6kx, a town of Upper Austria, circle
ing a part of the town of Saltcoats.                      of MiihI, on the Danube, opposite the influx of the Traun.
STEIVENSVILLE, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York. Pop. 408. It is enclosed by old walls.
STEVENSVILLE, a small post-village of Bradford co.,   STEYERMARK.  See STYRTA.
Pennsylvania.                                                STEYLE, a town of Rhenish Prussia. See STEELE.
STEVENSVILLE, a post-village of King and Queen co.,   STEYNING, stAining, a market-town and parish of EngVirginia, 31 miles N.E. of Richmond.                       land, co. of Sussex, 5 miles from the English Channel, and
STEIVENSVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  121 miles S. of IHorsham. Pop. in 1851, 1464.
Carleton, 35 miles N. of Prescott. Pop. about 200.           STEYR. See STEYER.
STEVENSWEERT, stA/vgns-*aiat', a town of Dutch Lim-    STEZZANO, st~t-sOno, (auc. Statiansum?) a village of Ausburg, on the Meuse, 7 miles S.W. of Roermond.  Pop. 942.   trian Italy, 3 miles S. of Bergamo. Pop. 2065.
STEIVENTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks, on the    STIA, steel, a village of Tuscany, province, and 23 miles
Great Western Railway, 4 miles S.W. of Abingdon.           E. of Florence, on the Upper Arno. Pop. 2400.
STEVEN TON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.             STIBIBARD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
STEVfINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          STIBNICZ, GRoss, groce stibtnits, a village of Bohemia,
STEWIART, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia, con- 16 miles from Kiiniggritz. Pop. 1225.
talus about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by    STICE'S SHOAL, a post-office of Cleveland co.. North Cathe Chattahoochee River, which separates it from Alabama, rolina.
and drained by the HIannahatchee, Kinchafoona, and Pa-   STICK/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
taula Creeks. The soil is fertile. Capital, Lumpkin. Pop.   STICKILEYVILLE, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia.
16,027, of whom 8654 were free, and 7373 slaves.             STICK/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
STEWART, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee,   STIDD. See STEDE.
bordering on Kentucky, has an area estimated at 700 square    STIECHOWITZ, stee/Ko-bits, a market-town of Bohemia,
miles: It is intersected by Cumberland River, and bounded  circle of Beraun, on the left bank of the Moldau, 16 miles
on the S.W. by the Tennessee. The declivity of the surface  S. of Prague.
is towards the N.W. Capital, Dover. Pop. 9719, of whom      STIEGE, steelgheh, a village of Brunswick, district of
7144 were free, and 2575 slaves.                          Blankenburg, on the IHasel, about 2 miles E. of Haselfelde.
STEWART, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.       Pop. 1265.
STEWART ISLAND, an island of New Zealand, forming    STIENS, steens, a village of Holland, province of Friesthe county ofNew Leinster. See NEw ZEALAND.               land, 5 miles N. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 1617.
STEWART ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean. See    STIEPANOW, steelp&-nov', a market-town of Bohemia,
SOLOsON ISLANDS.                                          20 miles S. of Kaurzim.
STEW/ARTON, a thriving manufacturing town and parish    STIEPAN OW. a market-town of Moravia, 24 miles N.N.W.
of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the Annock, here crossed by 3  of Briinn, on the Schwarza.
bridges, 5 miles N.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. in 1851, 4572;   STIERNE OERNE, steeR/neh 3Qr-neh, anisland group of
of the town, 3164. It is regularly built, and has manufac- Norway, stift of Christiansand, at the mouth of the Bukke
tures of tartans, bonnets, regimental caps, carpets, worsted, Fiord.
spindles, and clocks for exportation.                       STIERNOE, steeennl'eh, an island of Norway, stift of
STEWIARTSBURG, a post-village of Rutherford co., Ten- Christiansand, in the North Sea, at the entrance of the Skanessee, on the turnpike from Nashville to Murfreesborough,  gerrack, 5 miles S.E. of Mandal.
20 miles S.E. of Nashville.                                 STIERNOE, an island of Norway, province of Finmark,
STEWART'S DRAFT, a post-office, Augusta co., Virginia. between Altengaard and Hammerfest.
STEWART'S FERRY, a post-office  of Davidson co., Ten-   STIFFKEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
nessee.                                                     STIFIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
STEWART'S FORK, Texas, rises in Cook co., and enters    STIGLIANO. steel-yd!no, a market-town of Naples, prothe West Fork of Trinity River in Tarrant county.         vince  of Basilicata, on a height 27 miles S.W. of Matera.
STEWART'S MILLS, a small village, Crawford co., Illinois. Pop. 4300.
STEWARTSON, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania.   STIGLIANO, a village of the Pontifical States, comarca,
Pop. 58.                                                  and 25 miles N.W. of Rome, with warm springs, the ancient
STEWART'S RUN, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsyl- Aquce A4pollinares.
vania.                                                      STIKADA, ste-k5dA, a village of Austria, in Croatia, about
STEWART'S SPRINGS, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas. 35 miles from Gospich. There is a silver-mine in the vicinity.
STEWIARTSTOWN, a market-town of Ireland, in Ulster, Pop. 1055.
co. Tyrone, 7 miles N.N.E. of Dungannon. P. in 1851, 1022.   STIKOIII, a post-office of Cherokee co., North Carolina..STEW/ARTSTOWN, a post-township of Coos co., New    STILES, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.
Hampshire, on the Connecticut, 130 miles N. of Concord.   STILESBOROUGII, stllz-btir/rtLh, a post-office of Cass c.,
Pop. 747.                                                 about 150 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
STEWVARTSTOWN, a flourishing village of Shaler town-   STILLESMEER.  See PACIFIC OCEAN.
ship, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the    STILESVILLE, stilz/vil, a pleasant post-village of IIenAlleghany River, 5 miles above Pittsburg.  It contains  dricks co., Indiana, on the National Roa 1, and on Mill
several rolling mills. Pop. in 1853, 1500.                Creek, 27 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.
STEWARTSTOWN, a post-office ofYork co., Pennsylvania.   STILLEPICA, a post-office of Madison co., Florida.
STEWARTSTOWN, a small post-village of Monongalia co.,   STIL'LINGFLEET, a parish of England, co. of York, East
Virginia.                                           *     Riding.
STEWARTSTOWN, a post-village of Richmond co., North    STILfLINGTON, a parish of England, co of York, North
Carolina, 137 miles S.W. of Raleigh.                      Riding. 
1839




STI                                                         STO
STIL'LORIGAN, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of  church, and numerous other places of worship; the remains
Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 562.                                  of several ancient ecclesiastical edifices, and of an unfinished
STILL POND, a post-office of Kent co., Maryland.          palace, begun in 1570 by the Regent, Earl of Mar; Cowan's
STILL RIVER, Massachusetts, a station on the Worces-  and other hospitals, the town-hall, athenceum, with a spire
ter and Nashua Railroad, 23 miles from Worcester.           120 feet in height, corn exchange, jail, and office of the
STILL VAL'LEY, a flourishing post-village of Greenwich  Bank of Scotland, and the old walls and bridges, are among
township, Warren co., New Jersey, near Pohatcong Creek, the most conspicuous structures. Stirling has a grammar
about 13 miles in a direct line S. by W. of Belvidere.      and other endowed schools, several large endowments for
STILLVILLE.   a post-office of Oneida co., New York.     the poor, public libraries and reading-rooms, a mechanics'
STILL1WATER, a village of Orono township, Penobscot  institute, and several branch banks. Vessels of 70 tons only
co., Maine, near the Oldtown and Piscataquis Railroad, 5  can reach its quays; but it has an extensive coasting and
miles N. of Bangor.                                         export trade in wool sent to England, and in the products
STILLWATER, a post-village and township of Saratoga  of its manufactures, which comprise tartans, shawls, some
co., New York, on the Champlain Canal and Hudson River, cotton stuffs, ropes, malt, leather, and soap. The dyeing of
24 miles above Albany. It is celebrated as the scene of  yarns, woollen cloths, silks, and'other fabrics, is extensive.
General Burgoyne's defeat by the Americans under General The imports consist chiefly of timber, coals, bricks, tiles,
Gates, in 1777. Freeman's Farm and Bemis's Heights, in  lime, and large quantities of corn. It communicates by
this township, are also noted battle-grounds; and here is  railway with Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth. Steamers
the meadow where General Frazer was mortally wounded. ply daily to and from Granton Pier, near Edinburgh, and
Pop. 2967.                                                  passage-boats to Glasgow. The burgh unites with Dun-: STILLWATER, a post-village and township of Sussex co., fermline, Culross, Inverkeithing, and South Queensferry,
New Jersey, about 60 miles W. by N. of Trenton. The vii- in sending 1 member to the House of Commons. Near Stirlage, on the Paulinskill River, contains a church, 2 stores, ling are the remains of Cambuskenneth Abbey; and not
2 mills, and an academy. Pop. of the township, 1742.        far from the town, June 24, 1314, was fought the famous
STILLWATER, a post-office of Columbia co., Pennsylvania.  battle of Bannockburn.
STILLWATER, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, about    STIRILING, a maritime county of West Australia, 50 miles
100 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.                              long by 40 miles broad. It is hilly, heavily timbered, and
STILLWATER, a thriving post-village, capital of Wash-  swamps are numerous. The coast is much indented with
ington co., Minnesota, on the W. bank of Lake St. Croix, 20  bays and inlets.
miles E. by N. of St. Paul. It is the seat of the penitentiary' STIRLINGSIIIRE, a county of Scotland. See STIRaINGo
recently established, and contains a court-house, church, 3    STISITED, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
hotels, a land-office, several stores and mills. Large quanti-   STITCH/EL-AND-HUME, two united parishes of Scotland;
ties of pine lumber are procured in the vicinity. First set- the former in the co. of Roxburgh; the latter in the co. of
tied in 1843. Pop. in 1853, about 1500.                     Berwick.
STILLWATER CREEK, in the W. part of Ohio, rises in    STITTNA, stittfng, or SOITNA, soitnA, a village of AusDarke county, flows S.E., and unites with Greenville Creek in  tria, in Moravia, near IIradisch.  Pop. 1045.
Miami county.                                                 STIV/ICHALL, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
STILLWATER.CREEK, Ohio, an affluent of Tuscarawas    STIXIWOULD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the
River, riises in Belmont county.                            Lincolnshire Railway, 6 miles W.S.W. of Horncastle.
STILL/WELL, a post-office of Wood co., Virginia.            STOBBS, a village of Scotland, co., and 10 miles S.S.E. of
STILLWELL, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.             Edinburgh, parishes of Temple and Bortlhwick, on an afSTILO, steello, a town'of Naples, province of Calabria U1- fluent of the South Esk. Pop. about 200, mostly employed
tra T., 20 miles N. of Gerace. Pop. 2200.                  in gunpowder mills, which were erected in 1794, and are
STIL/TON, a parish of England, co of Huntingdon.  Stil- the oldest and most extensive in Scotland.
ton gives name to a well-known cheese, now chiefly made in    STOBNICA, stob-neet/sd, a town of Poland, 32 miles S.S.E.
Leicestershire.                                             of Kielce. Pop. 1578.
STINCHICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       STO/BO, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles.
STINS/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.             STOBYCHVA or STOBUCHWA, (Stobiichwa,) sto-bix/vi,
STIPPS' HILL, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana, 12  a market-town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia,
miles W; of Brookville.                                    22 miles N.E. of Kovel.
STIRCHILEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.              STOCK, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
STIRIA. See STYRIA.                                        STOCK, a township in the N. part of Harrison co. Ohio.
STIR]LING or STIRLINGSIIIRE, stirtling-shir, an inland  Pop. 888.
county of Scotland, extending almost across the isthmus    STOCKACH, stok/klx, a walled town of South Germany,
between the Friths of Clyde and Forth. Area, estimated at in Baden, circle of Lake, on the Stockach, 15 miles N.W. of
489 square miles, or.312,960 acres; 200.000 are returned as  Constance. Pop. 1655. It has manufactures of woollens.
arable, 50.000 uncultivated, and 62,960 waste. Pop. in 1851, In 1799,,the Austrians here defeated the French.
86,237. The surface is partly mountainous, especially to-    STOCK/BRIDGE, a mariket-town and parish of England,
wards the W. and N.W., including Benlomond; elsewhere  co. of Hants, on the river Test and the Andover Canal, 8
are some rich alluvial vales, especially the carse lands, ex- miles W.N.W. of Winchester.  Pop. in 1851, 1056.
tending 48 miles along the river Forth. Moors and bogs    STOCK/BRIDGE, a post-township of Windsor co., Verprevail in some parts. The chief rivers are the Forth, Car- mont, 36 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1327.
ron, Endrick, Bannockburn, and Avon.  The principal   STOCKBRIDGE, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massa,
crops are wheat, beans, barley, potatoes, and clover in the  chusetts. on the Housatonic River and Railroad, 120 miles
lowlands, anc oats andturnips in thehighlands. Many high-  W. by S. of Boston. It contains a bank, an insurance office,
land cattle are purchased here and fed for the Falkirk cattle- and an academy. The manufacture of woollen and other
fairs, the largest in Scotland. Coal, ironstone, and free- goods is carried on here to a considerable extent. Two
stone are raised; and in this county are the Carron Iron- flourishing villages, viz. Glendale and Housatonicville, have
works. There are manufactures of carpets, tartans, and  sprung up in the township within a few years. Pop. 1941.
shalloons at Stirling, Bannockburn, and St. Ninian's; blank-   STOCKBRIDGE, a township of Madison co., New York,
ets and serges at Alva, chemical products, and paper; and  about 25 miles W.S.W. of Utica. Pop. 2081.
here are some large cotton mills, foundries, dye-works, and'STOCKBRIDGE, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia, 80
distilleries. Railways to Perth, Glasgow, and Edinburgh  miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
intersect the E. part of the county. The chief towns are    STOCKBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Ingham
Stirling, Falkirk, and Kilsyth. The county is divided into  co., Michigan, about 30 miles S.E. of Lansing. Pop. 657.
25 parishes, and sends 1 member to the IHouse of Commons.   STOCKBRIDGE, a post-township in the S. central part of
STIB/LING, formerly STRYVELYNE or ESTRIVELIN,  Calumet co., Wisconsin.
a royal. parliamentary and municipal burgh, river-port,   STOCKIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the above county,   STOCK CREEK. a post-office of Scott co., Virginia.
on the W. or right bank of the Forth, where it first becomes    STOCKEN or STECKEN, stlk/ken, a market-town of Bofordable, here crossed by two bridges, 31 miles W.N.W. of  hernia, 29 miles S.S.E. of Czaslau. Pop. 1369.
Edinburgh, and 26 miles S.W. of Perth. Pop. of the parlia-   STOCKERAU, stok/keh-rw', a' market-town  of Lower
mentary burgh in 1851, 12,837; pop. of the town, 9361. In  Austria, on an arm of the Danube, 6 miles N.W. of Kornenthe beauty of its site it rivals the Scottish metropolis. It burg, and connected with Vienna by railway. Pop. 3659,
stands on the S.E. declivity of an abrupt basaltic hill, up  who manufacture military uniforms, linen fabrics, and
which a spacious main street leads to the ancient castle, liquors.
whence a view is obtained of the windings of the Forth, un-    STOCKIERSTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
equalled for beauty in Britain. Its streets generally present    STOCK/ERTOWN, a post-office of Northampton co., Pennthe appearance of modernized antiquity, being interspersed  sylvania.
with many residences of the old Scottish nobles; the so-   STOCK GAY/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
ciety of the town is highly respectable. The castle, of the    STOCIIHEIM,  stockthime, a town of Belgium, orovince
origin of which nothing is known, was a favorite residence  of Limbourg, 5 miles S.W. of Maesyck. Pop. 1000.
of James V., and contains the palace and the parliament-    STOCK HILL, a post-office of Union co., Georgia.
house built by him, but now used as barracks. The old    STOKIHOD. sto-Kod/, a river of Russia, rises in the W. of the
Pothic church in which James VI. was crowned, the West governmentofVolhynia, flows N.N.E. into thegoverumentof
1840




STO                                                         STO
Minsk, and joins the right bank of the Pripets, near the con- navigation school, and a school of design. The principal
fines of the government of Grodno. Total course, 110 miles. benevolent institutions are a blind and deaf and dumb
STOCKIIOLM, stokfholm. (L. Hol/heia; Sp. Estocoleo, 6s-to- asylum, a lunatic asylum, the Seraphim Infirmary, occupykollmo; It. Stocolma, sto-kollmA,) a city of Northern Europe, ing a handsome edifice, with lofty and spacious apirtments
capital of the Swedish monarchy, beautifully situated be- and 300 beds; Danvik's Hospital, the Burgher Widow's Hostween Lake Meelar and the Baltic, 330 miles N.E. of Copen- pital, and the Garrison Infirmary. The associations, lite.
hagen, and 440 miles W.S.W. of St. Petersburg. Lat. (oh- rary, scientific, artistic, &c., are very numerous, and inservatory) 590 20"l 36"l N., ion. 180 3' 45" E. Mean tempera- celude, among others, the Academy of Sciences, in which the
ture of the year, 4202; winter, 260; summer, 600 Fahren- celebrated chemist,:Berzelius, long held a distinguished
heit. It stands partly on the N. and S. sides of the strait, place, and possessing a fine zoological museum; the Swedish
which communicates between the lake and the sea, and  Academy, the Academy of History and Antiquities, the
partly on several islands, connected with the mainland and  Musical Academy, and medical, agricultural, and horticulwith each other by a number of bridges. The finest of tural societies. Stockholm has also a botanic garden, sevethese bridges is the Nyabron or New Bridge, which joins  rcal clubs and reading-rooms, and publishes 15 newspapers
the largest of the islands, called the Staden or City, with the  and 11 monthly journals.
N. side of the strait. When approached from the Baltic, the    The manufactures consist chiefly of woollen, linen, cotton,
appearance presented by the city is very grand and im- and silk goods, porcelain and stoneware, glass, tobacco, reposing; but a still better view is obtained from the Mose- fined sugar, ironware, including large castings and mabacke, a rugged hill on the S. side of the mainland, from a  chinery. The harbor, though somewhat difficult of access,
platform on the summit of which the eye takes in the whole from the length and intricacy of the channels which lead to
city' and its environs. The panorama in many respects re  it, is capacious, and has depth of water sufficient for the
sembles that of Yenice, but far surpasses it in natural largest vessels at its quays. The principal exports are iron,
beauty. The whole site covers an area of nearly 5 square  copper, tar, and timber; the imports, colonial produce, wine,
miles, and has a circuit of about 9 miles. Till lately Stock- fi-nit,. salt, &c. The inland trade is also of considerable exholm  was unprovided with defences of any kind; but a  tent, and is facilitated by canals, which traverse a large
strong citadel has recently been erected on the small island  portion of the country.
of KastellhoIm, while the works of Waxholm have been so    Few cities can boast of finer promenades. Of these, the
much strengthened as effectually to conmmand the only  most frequented are the Djurgarden, or deer-park, remarkachannel by which a hostile approach by sea could be at- ble for its picturesque beauties, and its magnificent trees
tempted. The principal part of the city proper is situated  and drives; the Ladugards Garde, or review-ground, the
on the three islands of G ustavsholm, Riddarsholm, and   saga Park, the beautiful cemetery adjoining, and the park
Helgeandsholm. It consists for the most part of narrow  of Carlberg, finely planted, and connected with the city by
and crooked streets and lanes, though, from its antiquity, a long and beautiful avenue.
many of the most interesting objects which the town pos-   Stockholm was founded about 1280, by Birger Jarl. It
sesses are situated within it. Norrmalm  on the N., sepa- was fortified at an early period, and stood several sieges.
rated from the city proper by the Norrstrom, and Sbder- One of the most memorable of these was in 1501, when it
miaim  on the S., separated from it by the SJderstrom, was defended against the Swedes. for the crown of Denthough considered only as its suburbs, far surpasses it mark, by the Danish Queen Christina; another still more
both in extent and regularity of structure. The houses in  memorable was in 1520, when an equally heroic female,
the city are generally of stone, but in the suburbs more  Christina Gyllenstierna, widow of Sten Sture, held it for
frequently of brick, stuccoed, and colored white, yellow, or the Swedes, against the perfidious and sanguinary Chrislight-blue.                                                 tian II.  The capitulation made was shamefully violaThe public buildings are numerous, but not very remark- ted by the king, who, after pledging himself to respect the
able. By far the finest is the palace, which, situated on the  rights of the inhabitants, was guilty of the most atrocious
highest part of Gustavsholm. is seen towering with its vast massacres. The indignation which was thus produced in
and massive walls above all the neighboring houses. It all quarters of the country paved the way for the war of
was commenced by the eldest Tessin in 1697, on the site of liberation, which, conducted by Gustavas Vasa, at length
a much older structure, which had recently been burnt terminated gloriously, by the expulsion of the Danes, and
down, and was completed on his designs by his son in 1753. the establishment of Sweden as an independent kingdom.
It is built in the form of a quadrangle, with two wings, and  Pop. in 1851, 93,070.
encloses a large court. The basement story is of granite,   STOCKIHOLM, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., New.the rest of brick and stucco. The finest front is the S.E., York, 18 miles E.N.E. of Canton, intersected by the Northern
which is adorned with six Corinthian pillars; the N.W. Railroad. Pop. 3661.
entrance, rising from the quay at the foot of the new bridge,    STOCKIIOLSI, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
leads to a spacious platform. The whole structure is chaste,   STOCKHOLM DEPOT, a post-village of St. Lawrence co.,
simple, massive, and finely proportioned. Besides the apart- New York, in Stockholm township, on the Northern Railments of the royal family, and the chapel, it contains a  road, 36 miles E. of Ogdensburg.
royal library of 50,000 volumes, and some rare and curious    STOCK/INGTON, a village of Salem co., New Jersey, about
manuscripts, and a museum  possessing many valuable  9 miles E. of Salem.
Northern, Tuscan, and Egyptian antiquities, a cabinet of    STOCK/LAND, a parish of England,~co. of Dorset.
50,000 coins and medals, considered one of the finest collec-   STOCKLAND  BRISTOL, a parish of England, co. of
tions of the kind in Europe, and a picture-gallery, with fine  Somerset.
specimens of almost all the great masters.                    STOCKILEY ENGLISH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
The churches are about 20 in number, including, in ad-   STOCKLEY POMIEROY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
dition to those of the national establishment, a French Re-   STOCK'LINCII MAGIDALEN, aparish of England, co. of
formed, a Dutch Reformed, an English, a Greek Russian, Somerset.
and a Roman Catholic. There is also a synagogue. Few of    STOCK/LINCH OT/TERSAY, a parish of England, co. of
the churches possess much architectural merit. The oldest Somerset.
is St. Nicolas, in which the sovereigns are crowned. It was    STOCKORN or STOCKIIORN, stock/hoRn, a mountain of
founded in 1260, but has undergone so many changes, that Switzerland, canton, and 18 miles S. of Bern. It has two
the original building has disappeared. It is surmounted  conical peaks, one of which rises 7211 feet above the sea.
by a lofty tower, and contains the tombs of King Magnus    STOCKIPORT, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
Smeck, and his queen, Blanca.  The Riddarsholm  Kyrka  manufacturing town, parish, and township of England, co.
was originally attached to a monastery, and possesses con- of Chester, on the border of Lancashire, on the Mersey, at
siderable historical interest, both from  the scenes which  the influx of the Tame, and on the railway, 6. miles S.E.
have taken place in it, and from containing the ashes of a  of Manchester. The Hiersey is joined here by the Tame, and
long line of Swedish monarchs. Its style was originally  crossed by four bridges, one of which is a handsome meGothic, but has been much defaced by modern alterations. dern structure of 11 arches. The town occupies an eleService is performed in this church only once a year. The  vated, uneven, and rugged site, on which the houses rise
church of Adolphus Frederick, in the Norrmalm, is built in  in irregular tiers, giving it at all times a picturesque, and
the form ofea cross, and is rendered conspicuous by its ele- at night, when its various factories are lighted up, a very
gant tower crowned by a copper dome. The other public  striking appearance. The streets, though generally steep
edifices deserving of notice are the Ofver-stthdllershuus, and narrow, are well paved, and lighted with gas; and the
(governor's house,) a handsome structure, by Tessin, facing  supply of water is abundant. Besides the town proper there
the quay, on which a granite obelisk, in honor of Gustavus are several extensive suburbs, as HIeaton-Norris, Edgeley,
III.. has been erected; the Riddarhuus,  where the states Portwood, &c. The principal buildings and establishments
and'also the Academy of Sciences hold their meetings, and  are the parish church of St. Mary, a handsome modern strucwhich contains the shields of about 3000 Swedish nobles; the  ture in the later English style,with an ancient chancel. a lofty
exchange, the mint, with a good collection of minerals; the  pinnacled tower, with a peal of 8 bells; St. Thomas' church,
town-house, a large pile, in which the principal courts of  an elegant edifice in the Grecian sty]e, with a tower crowned
justice are accommodated; the post-office, bank, merchant- by a cupola; St. Peter's church, a neat brick building with
house, royal theatre, opera-house, arsenal, and barsracks.  a square tower; Christ church in Heaton-Norris, with a fine
Among the educational establishments are a medical col- spire; St. Paul's church in Portwood, recently erected, in
lege, with a general superintendence of all the medical the Gothic style; a new church, to be called St. Mathew's,
establishments in the kingdom; a technological institute, a  is now (185-4) in course of erection in Edgeley; also va~~~~5Q&~~~~~~~~~~ ~~1841




STO                                                        STO
rious Dissenting chapels, including 4 Independent, 5 Wes- hall, custom-house, theatre, mechanics' institute, and a
]eyan Methodist; 2 each of New Connection Methodist,  subscription library. On the opposite side of the Tees is a
Primitive Methodist, Baptist, and Roman Catholic; Wes- spacious race-course.  It has manufactures of sail-cloth.
leyan Association, Unitarian, and New Jerusalem, 1 each; rope, linens, and worsted; ship-building yards, iron anti
and a Friends' meeting-iouse; the barracks, court-house, brass-works, breweries, and corn mills. The harbor has
and union-house; the grammar, British, national, and  been improved so as to admit vessels of 300 tons, and having
other schools, among which is the Stockport Sunday-school,  been made a bonding-port for certain goods, has become the
attended by upwards of 3800 children every Lord's-day, and  centre of a considerable trade, both coastwise chiefly with
occupying a large brick building of 4 stories, erected by sub- London, I-ull, Leith, &c., and foreign with the Baltic,
scription at an expense of above 10,0001.; attached to it are  Netherlands, IHamburg, and the British colonies. The prin-.
3 district schools, with an aveirage attendance of 1100 chil- cipal foreign exports are lead and coal; and the imports,
dren; the mechanics' institute, the infirmary, occupying a  timber for ship-building and ordinary purposes, tallow, &c.
handsome stone building; the new cemetery, covering a  Nearly 1,400,000 tons of coal have been shipped here in a
large and well laid out plot of ground, with a small but  single year. In 1851 the tonnage belonging to the port
handsome chapel; and the railway viaduct, a magnificent was 27,730 tons; the vessels entered were 1011, (92,656 tons;)
structure, which spans the river Mersey and a great portion  and cleared, 3486, (358,534 tons.)
of the town by 26 semicircular arches, 22 of which are 63    STOCKIVILLE, a post-village of Buncombe co., North
feet span, and the centre one 110 feet above the bed of the  Carolina.
river.                                                       STOCKIWITIH, EAST, a township of England, co. of Notts
Cotton is the staple manufacture of the town; and, in    STOCKWITIH, WEST, a township of England, co. of Nott&
addition to numerous large factories, employing machinery    STOCKIWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
moved by upwards of 3800 horse-power, there are several   STODA.  See STAO.
print, bleach, and dyeworks. The winding and throwing of    STODIDARD, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, borsilk, at one time the most important branch of industry here, dering ol Arkansas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is
has greatly declined, only a few hands being now employed  bounded on the W. by the St. Francis River, and on the E.
in it, as well as in the manufacture of silk goods, thread, by the Castor and Whitewater Rivers. The N. part is hilly,
brushes, &c. Several hands are still employed in hatting. but the greater portion of the surface is level, and extenThere are also several engine and machine-shops, iron and  sively occupied by swamps and shallow lakes. The largest
brass foundries, breweries, and brick-works.              among the latter are Lake Stoddard, Lake Castor, Lake
Stockport, being situated at the junction of several Ro- Micota, and Lake Nicormy. The last is represented by the
man roads, is supposed to have been an important Roman  maps to be about 25 miles long, and 4 or 5 miles wide. The
station, and to have had a fort on the summit of what earthquakes of1811 and 1812 injured this county perhaps
is now called the Castle Yard, fiom the castle which was more than any other in the state. For particulars, see the
subsequently erected upon it, but has altogether disap- article New MADoID. Thecounty contains extensive prairies
pea-ed. During the last civil war, Stockport was garrisoned  and forests of cypress; the soil of the prairies is moderately
by the Parliamentarians, and became the scene of some  fertile. Capital, Bloomfield. Pop. 4277, of whom 4227 were
severe struggles between them and the Royalists. It is free and 50 slaves.
governed by a mayor, 13 aldermen, and 42 councillors, and  / STODDARD, a post-township in Cheshire co., New Iampsends 2 members to the IIouse of Commons.  Pop. of the  shire, 35 miles W.S.W. of Concord. It has several tanneries,
borough, 53,835.                                          and rake factories. Pop. 1105.
STOCKIPORT, a post-village and township of Columbia    STODDARD, a small village, Cape Girardeau co., Missouri.
co., New York, on the HIudson River, and on the IHudson    STODIDARTSVILLE, a post-village of Pennsylvania, on
River Railroad, 24 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 1655.         the line between Luzerne and Monroe counties, and on tha
STOCKPORT, a thriving post-village of Wayne co., Penn- Lehigh River, 1 8 miles S.E. of Wilkesbarre.
sylvania, on the Delaware River, and on the Erie Railroad,   STODIMARSII, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
159 miles from New York City. It is a depOt for lumber,   STOIDY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
which is procured in the vicinity.                          ST(ECHADES MAJORES. See HyERES.
STOCKPORT, a post-office of M organ co., Ohio.            STO/GUMBER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
STOCKPORT STATION, a post-village of Delaware co.,   STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad, 160 miles    STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
from New York City.                                         STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
STOCKS/FIELD HALL, a township of England, co. of    STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
Cumb-erland, parish of Bywell-St.-Andrew, on the Newcastle    STOKE, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk.
and Carlisle Railway, 2- miles W. of Prudhoe.                STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
STOCKSTADT, stocklstYtt, a market-town of Bavaria,    STOKE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
es-cle of Lower Franconia, 3 miles W. of Aschaffenburg.   STOKE, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Pop. 1394.                                                   STOKE, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
STOCKtTON, a parish of Engla.nd, co. of Norfolk.          STOKE, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
STOCKTON, a parish of En-land, co. of Salop.               STOKE, NoRnH, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
STOCKTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.             STOKE, SoUTr, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
STOCKTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.               STOKE, SouTHn, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
STOCKTON. a parish of England, co. of Worcester.           STOKE, SouTr, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
STOCK/TON, a town of New- South Wales, co. of Glouces-    STOKE, SouTn, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
ter, on the shores of Port huntier, opposite Newcastle.     STOKE, EasT, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
STOCKITON, a post-township of Chautauque co., New    STOKE, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Notts, 4 miles
York, 14 miles S; of Dunkirk. Pop. 1640.                  S.W. of Newark. A battle was fought here in 1487, between
STOCKTON, a post-village of Baldwin co., Alabama, on  the partisans of Lambert Simnel and of Henry VII.
the Tensaw River, 30 miles N.N.E. of Mobile.                 STOKE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
STOCKTON, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 840.   STOKE ABIBAS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
STOCKTON, the capital of San Joaquin co., California,   STOKE ALIBANY, a parish of England, co. Northampton.
and the third town in population in the state, is situated on    STOKE ASH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
a slough or channel of its own name, about 3 miles from its    STOKE BISHIOP'S, a tything of England, co. Gloucester.
junction with the San Joaquin River, and on the main    STOKE BLISS, a parish of England, cos. of Herefoird and
road fiom Sacramento City to Los Angeles, about 130 miles  Worcester.
E.S.E. of San Francisco. It was first settled in 1844 by C.   STOKE BRUERNE, brooltrn, a parish of England, co. of
3M. Weber, but was abandoned by him in 1846. In 1848 a  Northampton.
settlement was successfully established, and since that    STOKE CAN/ON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
time its growth has been rapid. The channel is navigable    STOKE CIlARITY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
for steamboats and vessels of 400 tons burden at all seasons,   STOKE-CLYMES/LAND, a parish, England, co. Cornwall.
affording a ready communication with the Pacific. Stockton    STOKE COURCY, a parish of Enland, co. of Somerset.
is the great point where most of the goods are landed, and    STOKE D'AB/ERNON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
trade is carried on for what are called the Southern mines.   STOKE DAMIERELL, a parish of England, co. of Devon,
An hospital, which is an ornament to the state, has been  comprised in the borough of Devonport.
erected at Stockton. Pop. in 1854, about 9000.              STOKE DOYLE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
STOCKTON, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois.      STOKE DRY, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
STOCKTON, a post-office of Ihunterdon co., New Jersey.    STOKE EIDITII, a parish of England, co. of Ihereford.
STOCK/TON-oN-vHE-FORIEST, a parish of England, co. of    STOKE, FERIRY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, with
York, North and East Ridings, with a station on the York  a market-town on the navigable Wissey, 34 miles W.S.W
and Market-Weeighton Railway.                            of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 820.
STOCKTON-oN-TEES, a municipal borough, seaport town,   STOKE FLEM/.ING, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
and parish of England, co. of Durham, ward of Stockton, on    STOKE GABIBRIEL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
the N. bank of the Tees. 11 miles E.N.E. of Darlington, with    STOKE GIFTFOID, a parish of England, co. of GloucesteL.
vwhich town and with Middlesboronuh it communicates by    STOKE GOLDING, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicester.
railway. Pop. of the borough in 1851, 10,459. It is one of    STOKE GOLDIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Buck,
the best-built towns in the N. of England, and has a town  inlham.
1542




STO                                                       STO
ATOKEIHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Notts.            STOLPE or STOLP, a walled town of Prussia, Pomerania,
STOKE-UNDEn-I-IAIDIItON, a parish of England, co. of So- government of Coslin, on the navigable Stolpe, 10 miles
berset.                                                   S.S.E. of its mouth at the port of Stolpemfinde on the Baltic.
STOKE IIAMtMOND, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.   Pop. 8600. It has a castle, manufactures of woollen and
STOKE-LACY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.      linen fabrics, a salmon fishery, and a trade in amber.
STOKE LANE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         STOLPE, a village of Prussia, in the province of BrandenBSTOKE-LYNE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        burg, government of Potsdam, 5 miles E.S.E. of AngerSTOKE MANIDEYILLE, a parish of England, co. Bucks.  minUde, with a castle of the family of Von Buch.
STO1KENCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        STOLPEN, stollppn, a town of Saxony, circle of Bautzen,
STOIKENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          15 miles E. of Dresden. Pop. 1283.
STOKE PEIRO, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        STOLWIJK, a village of the Netherlands. See STOLWYK.
STOKE POIGES, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 4 miles    STOLWYK, stol/wik, STOLWYCK or STOLWIJK, stollN.N.E. of Windsor.  It has alms-houses, founded by the  vik, a village of the Netherlands, province of South Holland,
Penn family, whose seat is in this parish. The poet Gray is 13 miles E.N.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1433.
buried in the churchyard, which is the supposed scene of    STOLZ, stolts, a town of Prussian Silesia, government,
his immortal Elegy.                                       and S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1224.,TOKE PRI/OR. a parish of England, co. of Hereford.       STOLZENAU, stoltsfeh-now', a market-town of Hanover,
STOKE PRIOR, a village and parish of England, co. of  co. Hoya, on the Weser, 17 miles N.N.E. of Minden. P. 1763.
Woecester, on the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, and    STOLZENIIAHN, stol/cn-hbn', a village of Bohemia, 20
the IBirmingham and Gloucester Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of  miles from Carlsbad. Pop. 1009.
Droitwich.                                                  STOMMELEN, stomfmnh-len, or STOMMELN, stom/miln,
STOIKER, a post-office of Davis co., Utah.              a village of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles N.W. of Cologne.
ST(KE RIVERS, a parish of England. co. of Devon.        Pop. 1500.
STOKE-RODINEY, a parish of Englanld, co. of Somerset.     STOINAR, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 1 mile N.E.
STOKES, stoks, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, of Sandwich. It was the ancient Lacpis Tituli. (.)
bordering on Virginia. Area estimated at 550 square miles.   STONARZOW. See STANNERN.
It is irtersected by Dan River and its affluents. The sur-   STON/DON MASISEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
face is olevated and hilly. Iron-ore is found in large quan-   STONDON MASSEY, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of
titles. Formed from Surry in 1789, and named in honor of  Bedford.
John Stokes, a colonel in the war of the Revolution. Capi-   STONE, a market-town and parish of England, co., and
tal, Gavmantown. Pop. 9206, of whom 7413 were free, and  7 miles N.N.W. of Stafford, on the Trent and the Grand
1793 slives.                                              Trunk Canal. Pop. in 1851, 3443. The town is well built,
STORES, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.          has a union workhouse, and various imanufactures.
STOKES, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 489.          STONE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
STOKES, a township of Madison co., Ohio. Pop. 591.        STONE, three parishes of England, co. of Kent.
STOKESAY, stbkise, a parish of England, co. of Salop.     STONE, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
STOKESBURG, stOkslburg, a small village of Stokes co.,   STONE ARA/BIA, a post-village of Montgomery co., New
North Carolina.                                           York, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
STOKESBY, staks/be, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    STONEIBRIDGE or PETERSBURG, a village of Canada
STOKE-oe-SEVYERN, a parish of England, co. Worcester. West, cc. of Welland, situated on the Welland Canal, in the
STOKESLEY, stlks/le, a market-town and parish of Eng- township of Humberstone.  Pop. about 250.
land, co. of York, North Riding, 81 miles S.E. of Stockton.    STONE CHURCH, a post-office of Genesee co., New York.
Pop. in 185-1, 2446.                                        STONE CHURCH, a post-office of Northampton co., PennSTOKE ST. GREG/IORY, a parish of England, co. Somerset. sylvania.
STOKE ST. MARY, a parish of England. co. of Somerset.   STONE COAL, a post-office of Shelby co., Illinois.
STOIKE ST. MARY, a parish ofEngland, co. of Suffolk.      STONE CREEK, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.
STOKE TALIMAGE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.       STONE EASTON, eeslttn, a parish of England, co. of SoSTOIXE-Im-TEIGNHEAD, a parish of England, co. Devon. merset.
STOKE-ox-TERN, a parish of England, co. of Salop.         STONEGRAVE, stbn/grave, a parish of England, co. of
STOKE-uroc-TRENT, a market-town, parliamentary be- York, North Riding.
rough, and parish of England, co., and 14 miles N. by W.   STONEHAM, (st6n/am,) NoRTH, a parish of England, co.
of Stafford. The parliamentary borough, which is of great of Hants.
extent, includes about two-thirds of the populous district   STONEHAM, SouTnH, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
of the Potteries, embracing several district parishes and    STONEIHAM, stanlam, a township in Oxford co., Maine,
townships, among which are Burslem, Lane-End, Longton, 50 miles W. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 484.
Hanley, and other seats of the pottery manufacture. The    STONEHAM, a post-village and township of Middlesex
town, situated on the Trent, the Great Trunk Trent Canal, co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 8
and the North Staffordshire Railway, has undergone great miles N. of Boston. The inhabitants are extensively enimprovements within recent years, and may now be consi- gaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Pop. 2085.
dered well built. It is lighted with gas, and amply sup-   STONEIIAVEN, stSn-hilven, (vulgarly called Stanehive,)
plied with water; it has a handsome parish church, in the  a burgh of barony, and seaport town of Scotland, capital, co.
later English style, with a beautifully painted window, and  of Kincardine, on the E. coast, where the Carron and Cowie
several good monuments; Baptist, Quaker, and Wesleyan, Rivers enter a rocky bay, 14 miles S.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. in
Primitive and New Connection Methodist chapels, a na- 1851, 3240. Lat. 560 58' N., lon. 2 121 45" V W. It consists of
tional school, an elegant town-hall; extensive manufactures  an old and new town, connected by a bridge across the Carron.
of china and earthenware; and connected with these, nu- The old town, on the S. bank, is irregularly and ill built; the
merous wharves, warehouses, mills, and other buildings. new town, which has rapidly grown up, has many handsome
Lightfoot, the eminent Hebrew scholar, was born in Stoke  residences, several banks, and a free school. The harbor has
Rectory. The borough sends 2 members to Parliament. Pop. been improved by the erection of piers, but admits only
in 1851, 84,027.                                          small vessels. The town has thriving haddock and herring
STOKE TRIS/TER, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  fisheries, small manufhctures of cottons and linens, a disSTOKE WAKE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         tillery, and brewery; but the chief resources of the inhabitSTOL, a town of Dalmatia. See STAGNo GRArNOC.           ants are in the residence of families possessing property. It
STOLATZ, stolbts, a town of European Turkey, in Herze- is the seat of sheriff courts. Adjacent to the town are the
govina, 17 miles S.E. of Mostar. Pop. 1200.               two parish churches, and the fishing village of Cowie.
STOLBERG, stollbiRG, or STOLLBERG, stoll/bie', a town  About 2 miles S., on a rock projecting into the sea, are the
of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 11 miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz. remains of Dunnottar Castle, formerly residence of the Earls
Pop. 3592, engaged in manufactures of woven-fabrics, and  Marischal, feudal superiors of Stonehaven.
in mining industry.                                         STONEHENGE, stin/hlnj, the remains of a gigantic DruSTOLBERG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the railway, idic temple in England, co. of Wilts, on Salisbury Plain,
7 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Inde and Vicht. Pop. 81 miles N.N.W. of Salisbury. It consists of 2 circles of
2756. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, needles, and  vast stones, partially remainihg upright, and partially
cutlery. Adjoining the town is the Stollbergburg Castle, lying prostrate, and which average 14 feet in elevation, 7
famous as a hunting rendezvous in the time of Charlemagne. feet in breadth, and 3 feet in thickness, generally estimated
STOLBERG, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony, 49  to weigh from 10 to 12 tons, though some must exceed 30
miles W.N.W. of Merseburg, in the Harz. Pop. 2710.  It tons in weight, and the two largest 70 tons each. The outer
has a fine castle, and paper, oil, and gunpowder mills.   circle, of which 17 out of 30 stones remain upright, is surSTOLBOVOI, stol-bo-voi/, an island of Asiatic Russia, in  rounded by a trench, and separated by an interval, 8 feet
the Arctic Ocean, between the mouth of the Lena and New  across, from an inner circle of smaller upright stones, within
Siberia.                                                  which are two groups, having between them a large fiat
STOLLBERG, a town of Saxony. See STOLoER(.              stone, termed the altar. Near this monument is a iraised
STOLNATZ, a town of European Turkey. See KROTZrA.  terrace, with an artificial fiat surface termed a cur's-us.
STOLPEi, stollpeh, or STOLP, stolp, a river issuing from a    STONE/HOUSE, a parish of England, co. ofGloucester,
Iake onil the frontiers of WVest Prussia, falls into the Baltic  with a station on the Cheltenham Branch of the Great
after a course of about 60 miles.                        I Western Railway, 3 miles W. of Stroud.
1643




STO                                                        STO
STONEIHOIUSE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.      50,900 pounds of whalebone. The number of vessels built
STONEIIOUSE, EAST, a parish of England, and suburb  in the district in 1854, was 16, (4 of them ships,) with an
of Plymouth, co. of Devon, on its W. side, between it and  aggregate burden of 3752 tons. The Stonington Railroad,
Devonport. Pop. in 1851, 11,573. It is well built, mostly  which commenced its operations in 1835, was the first conof stone; and has several batteries, extensive barracks, the  structed in the state. A railroad is also being constructed
victualling-office, and the naval hospital of the port.   to New London. Stonington has steamboat communication
STONELEIGH, st~nllee, a village and parish of England, with New York, Providence, and other places along the
co. of Warwick, on the London and Birmingham Railway, coast. The town is celebrated for the spirited and successand on the Sowe, which here, a little above its junction with  ful resistance it made against the attack of Sir Thomas
the Avon, is crossed by an ancient stone bridge of eight Hardy, during the war of 1812. Settled in 1649, and inarches, 4 miles S. of Coventry. Pop. in 1851, 1289.       corporated as a borough in 1801. Pop. of the township
STONE LICK, a post-office of Randolph co., North Ca- in 1840, 3898; in 1850J 5431; and of the borough in 1853,
rolina.                                                   about 2800.
STONE LICK, a township in the central part of Clermont   STONINGTON, a post-office of.Christian co., Kentucky.
co., Ohio. Pop. 1840.                                        STONINGTON, a small village of Grundy co., Missouri.
STONELICK CREEK, of Ohio, enters the East Fork of    STONINGTON LIGIHT-HOUSE, exhibiting a fixed light, is
Little Miami River, in Clermont county.                   at the S. extremity of the Stonington peninsula, New LouSTONE MILLS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York.   don county Connecticut.
STONE MOUNTVAIN, a post-village ofMcDowell co., North    STONITON WYIYILLE, a parish of England, co. Leicester.
Carolina.                                                   STOINY BROOK, a village of Middlesex co., Massachusetts,
STONE MOUNTAIN, apost-village of De Kalb co., Georgia, on a fine mill-stream of the same name, which forms part
on the Georgia Railroad, 160 miles W. of Augusta. At this  of the boundary between the townships of Weston and Walplace is an isolated, dome-shaped granite rock, which is tham, and on the  itchburg Railroad, 12 miles from Boston.
visited annually by several thousand persons, and is con- It contains a machine shop, cabinet shop, and saw mill.
sidered as one of thr most magnificent natural objects in    STONY BROOK, a post-village of Brookhaven township,
the state. The heig.lc is near 2200 feet above the sea. A  Suffolk co., New York, on the N. side of Long Island, 50
tower, 180 feet high, has been erected on the summit, coin- miles E. by N. of New York. It has a goodharbor, and a
manding a prospect of great extent and picturesque beauty. ship-yard.
The village contains 4 hotels, and about 300 inhabitants.   STONY BROOK, of New Jersey, rises in Hunterdon co.,
STONER, a post-office of Seneca co., New York.          crosses Mercer county near Princeton, and enters the MillSTONE RIDGE, a postvillage of Ulster co., New York, stone River.
about 60 miles S.S.W. of Albany.                            STONY CREEK, a small post-village and seaport of BranSTONER'S CREEK, of Bourbon co., Kentucky, flows in a  ford township, New Haven co., Connecticut, on Long Island
N.N.W. direction, passes Paris, and enters the South Lick- Sound, 11 miles E. by S. of New laven. A cluster of beautiing River near the N. boundary of the county.             ful islands, called Thimble Islands, lie scattered along beSTONER'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.  tween this place and Indian Neck, a narrow belt of land
STONER'S STORE, a post-office of Roanoke co., Virginia.  extending W. to Branford Harbor, which it nearly encloses.
STOITNERSTOWN, a post-village of Bedford co., Pennsyl- The New Haven and New London Railroad passes a little
vania, 100 miles W. by S. of Harrisburg.                  N. of the village.
STONERSVILLE, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.    STONY CRIEEK, a post-office of Warren co., New York.
STONESBY, stonz/bee, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   STONY CREEK, of Pennsylvania, falls into the ConeSTONESFIELD, st6nz/feeld, a parish of England, co. of  maugh near Johnstown.
Oxford.                                                     STONY CREEK, of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, flows into
STONESPORT, stbnzfpbrt, a village of Boone co., MIis- Susquehanna River.
souri, on the Missouri River, about 6 miles above Jefferson    STONY CREEK, a post-township of Somerset co., PennCity.                                                     sylvania, about 12 miles E. of Somerset. Pop. 1396.
STONES RIVER, a small stream  of Middle Tennessee,    STONY CREEKI, in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, rises in
rises in Cannon county, and flowing N.W., enters Cumber- Dinwiddie county, and falls into Nottaway River in Sussex
land River about 6 miles N.E. of Nashville. The length is county.
estimated at 80 miles. It affords motive-power to numer-   STONY CREEK, a post-village of Scott co., Virginia, on
onus mills and factories.                                 the Petersburg Railroad, 21 miles from Petersburg.
STONESVILLE, st~nzfvill, a post-village of Greenville dis-   STONY CREEK, of Clinton co., Michigan, enters Maple
trict, South Carolina, 97 miles N. of Columbia.           River 2 miles from its mouth.
STONE TAVIERN, a small village of Cumberland co.,   STONY CREEK, of Monroe co., Michigan, flows into Lake
Pennsylvania.                                             Erie 6 miles from Monroe.
STONE WALL MILL, a post-village of Appomattox co.,   STONY CREEK, of Oakland co., Michigan, fidlls into ClinVirginia, on James River, 108 miles W. by S. of Richmond.  ton River.
STONEY CREEK, Connecticut. See STONY OGaREEK.              STONY CREEK, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.
STONEY CREEK, a post-village of Canada West, co. of    STONY CREEK, a post-village of Oakland co., Michigan,
Wentworth, 7 miles from Hamilton.                          on a creek of its own name, 26 miles N.W. of Detroit. It
STONEYKIRK or STEPIENKIRK, steefven-kirlk, a mari- contains 1 church, and mills of various kinds.
time parish of Scotland, co. of Wigtown.  STONY CREEK, a township, HIenry co., Indiana. P. 1029.
STONIIIAM ASPEL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.      STONY CREEK, a township, Madison co., Indiana. P. 291.
STONHAM EARL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         STONY CREEK, township, Iandolph co., Indiana. P. 1153.
STONHAM PARVA, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        STONY CREEK WAREIIHOUSE, a post-office of Sussex co.,
STOININGTON, a post-borough, township, and port of Virginia.
entry of New London co., Connecticut, on the sea-coast, at    STONY FORK, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.
the S. terminus of the Stonington Railroad, 63 miles E. of    STONY FORK, apost-office of Watauga co., North Caioliua.
New Ihaven, and 50 miles S.S.W. of Providence. The borough    STONY HILL, a small village of Madison co., Virginia, on
is built on a peninsula somewhat more than half a mile in  the Blue Ridge Turnpike.
length from N. to S., and contains 5 churches of the various    STONY HILL, a post-office of Richmond co., Virginia.
denominations, several flourishing schools, 2 banks, with an    STONY MOUNT, a post-office of Brunswick co., Virginia.
aggregate capital of $160,000; a saving's institution with    STONY POINT, Orange co., New York, on the W. bank of
$46,182 on deposit; and,about 20 stores. MIanufactureshave  IHFidson River, at the head of IHaverstraw Bay, 42 mileseN.
recently been introduced: one large establishment went of New York. The capture of the fort at this plade by Geieinto operation here in 1853. Stonington is much resorted  ral Wayne, on the 16th of July, 1779, is justly considered
to during the summer months as a watering-place, and  one of the most brilliant exploits performed during the
a first-class hotel has been erected for the accommodation  Revolutionary war.
of visitors.  The harbor of Stonington is capacious, and    STONY POINT, a post-office of Albemarle co., Virginia.
partly protected by a national breakwater, constructed at   STONY POINT, post-office, Alexander co., North Carolina.
a cost of $100,000. Previous to 1835 the inhabitants were   STONY POINT, a post-office of East Baton Rouge parish,
extensively and profitably engaged in vitrious enterprises Louisiana.
of navigation, principally in  the sealing and whaling   STONY POINT, a small post-village of White co., Arkansas.
business. Some years, as many as 100,000 seal-skins were   STONY POINT, a post-office of Bradley co., Tennessee.
brought into port. The fleet of whalers at one time num-   STONY POINT, a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana.
bered 27 ships and barques. Sealing has of late been dis-   STONY POINT, a post-office of Jackson co., Missouri.
continued, but the whale fishery is still carried on to advan-   STONY POINT MILLS, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
tage. The borough has also an important coast trade. Virginia, 61 miles W. S.W. of Richmond; it has afiouringmill
The shipping owned in the district, which includes Ston-   STONY RIDGE, a post-office of Surrey co., North Carolina.
ington borough, Pawcatuck, and Mystic, June 30, 1854,   STONY RIDGE, a post-office of Wood co., Ohio, on the
anunted to an aggregate of 14,109 tons registered, and 9972 Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, 13 miles from Toledo.
tons enrolled and licensed; total, 24,081 tons. Of the regis-   STONY RUN, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan.
tered tonnage, 7558 tons were employed in the whale fishery.   STOODILEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
During the year 1853, 9 whaling vessels arrived at Stoning-   STOOKA or STUKA, stoolkA, a town of MIorocco, province
ton, bringing 246 barrels of sperm oil, 4998 of whale oil, and of Soos, 65 miles S.W. of Terodant.
1844




STO                                                        STO
STOPIIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             STOTTERNHEIM, stot/tern-hime., a village of Saxe-Wei
STOPS'LEY, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          mar, on the Stolberg. Pop. 1084.:
STOR, a Danish and Swedish word signifying "great,"'   STOTITESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
prefixed to a number of names, as SToasIOx, "great lake,"    STOUCHIBURG, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsylvania,
the name being given doubtless, by way of distinction, from  34 miles E. by N. of Harrisburg.
the numerous lakelets in the vicinity. See SToesISmc.         STOUGHSTOWN, stows!ttwn, a post-village of CumberSTOR, ston, a river of Denmark, duchy of Holstein, joins  land co., Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad,
the Elbe 21 miles N. of Gliickstadt, after a S.S.W. course of 13 miles S.W. of Carlisle.
50 miles.                                                    STOUGHTON, stsiton, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
STOR, a river of Denmark, in Jutland, amt of Ringkib-   STOUGHTON, stofton, a post-village and township of Norbing, enters Nissim Fiord, after a W. course past IHIolstbroe. folk co., Massachusetts. at the terminus of the Stoughton
STOR-AFVAN,  stoa Af/vAn, a lake of Sweden, 1mn of  Branch of the Boston and Providence -Railroad, 19 miles S.
Umed, receives from the N.W. the surplus waters of the  by W. of Boston. It has manufactures of boots and shoes,
Horn-Afvan, and on the S.E. discharges its own by the river fabrics, thread, &c. Pop. of the township, 3494.
Skelefted, into the Gulf of Bothnia.                         STOUGHTON, a thriving post-village of Dane co., WisconSTORA-KOPPARBERG, stolra kop/par-b3RaG, a name of  sin, on the Catfish River, and on the Milwaukee and Missisthe leen of Falun, Sweden. See FALUN.                      sippi Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Madison. Pop. 150.
STORA LULEA (Luled) WATTNEN, stofrA looflh-o watt'-     STOULTON, stOlhton, a parish of England, co. Worcestor.
n~n, Sweden, is a long expansion of the river Lule'a, between    STOUR, stoor, a river of England, cos. of Wilts, Doirset, and
lat. 670 and 680 N., and ion. 170 and 200 E. Length, from   Hants, flows mostly S.E., joins the Avon at Christchurch.
N.W. to S.E., 90 miles; greatest breadth, 5 miles.           STOUR, a river of England, between Essex and Suffolk,
STOR-AN, stoR An, a river of Sweden, licn of Ostersund, passes Haverhill, after which it expands into an estuary,
tributary to the Ammer.                                    which joins that of the Orwell, to enter the North Sea at
STORCIHINEST, stoaRKtnst, or OSrECZNO, o-se-ftchlno, a  Harwich.
town of Prussian Poland, 37 miles S.S.W. of Posen. P. 1300.   STOUR, a river of England, co. of Kent, rises by two heads
STOREtIEDDINGE, stotreh-hld'ding-eh, a town of Den- which unite at Ashford, whence it has mostly a N.E. course,
mark, in Seeland, 26 miles S. of Copenhagen. Pop. 1000.    and below Canterbury it divides into two arms, which enter
STOREVILLE, stir/vil, a post-village of Andersondistrict, the sea respectively at Reculver and Pegwell Bay, insulating
South Carolina, 117 miles W.N.W. of Columbia.              Thanet. It is navigable from the sea to Canterbury.
STORKOW, stoe/kov, a town of Prussia, province of Bran-   STOUR, a river of England, cos. of Stafford and Worcesdenburg, on the Storkow Canal, 26 miles W.S.W. of Frank-  ter, passes Stourbridge and Kidderminster, and joins the
fort on the Oder. Pop. 1350.                                Severn at Stourport.
STORMI BAY, on the S.E. side of Van Diemen's Land, S.    STOURBRIDGE, stftrlbrij, a market-town of England, co.,
of lat. 430 S., and about Ion. 1470 40' E.                  and 20 miles N.N.E. of Worcester, on the S. bank of the
STOR/MONT, a county of Canada West, has an area of 391  Stour. Pop. in 1851, 7847. It has a theatre, a grammar
square miles. It is watered by several small streams flow- school with an annual revenue of 4601., large iron-works,
ins into the river St. Lawrence, which forms its S.E. bound- and manufactures of glass and earthen-wares.
ary. Capital, Cornwall. Pop. 14,643.                          STOURIMOUTIHI,  a parish of England, co. of Kent.
STORMWVILLE, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.       STOUR/PAINE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
STORMVILLE,  a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.    STOUR/PORT, a market-town of England, co. of Worcester,
STOR/NOWAY or STOR/NAWAY, a burgh of barony, sea- parish, and 4 miles S.S.W. of Kidderminster, on the Severn,
port town, and parish of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Ross, here crossed by an iron bridge, at the influx of the Stour
on the E. side of the island of Lewis. on a fine bay, 38 miles  and the Stafford and Worcestershire Canal. Pop. of the
W.N.W. of the nearest point of Cromarty on the mainland. township in 1851, 2993. It is wholly of modern origin, and
Lat. of the light-house, 580 11' 5" N., ion. 60 229 Al W. Pop. the seat of a busys transit trade. It has a carpet factory, and
of the town, in 1851, 2291. It is the largest town in the  traffic in corn, coal, and timber.
Hebrides, and though not regularly built, has substantial    STOUR/TON, a parish of England, cos. of Somerset and
and slated houses, and some good shops, with a church. Wilts, 21 miles W.N.W. of Mere. The village is beautifully
an endowed female seminary, and other schools, a town- situated and picturesque; adjacent to it is Stourhead, the
house, news room, public library, custom-house, and a  seat of Sir II. H. Hoare, in the demesne of which is a monubranch bank. The harbor is formed by a pier; the bay, ment in memory of King Alfied. Here, in 658, the Anglowhich is deep and safe, is sheltered by two headlands, on  Saxons defeated the Britons, and in 1010 and 1025 the Danes
the S. of which a light-house was erected in 1833. Storno- fought the Saxons.
way has some wool-carding, corn, and malt mills, an exten-   STOUT/ING, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
sive distillery, and rope-walks, but its chief trade is in fish    STOUT'S, stdwts, a post-office of Northampton co., Pennand kelp. About 1500 fishing-boats belong to its district. sylvania.
Registered burden of shipping in 1848, 2447 tons. Steamers    STOUT'S, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.
ply weekly to Poll-Ewe, and in summer the port is some-    STOUT'S, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama.
times visited by steamers from  Glasgow. The immediate    STOUT'S GROVE, a post-office of McLean co;, Illinois.
vicinity is better cultivated than most part of the Hebrides.    STOUT'S LANDING, a village of Lewis co., Kentucky.
In the vicinity is Stornoway Castle.                          STOUTS/VILLE, a village of New Jersey, on the boundary
STORO, stolro, (anc. Setaurccm?) a market-town of the  between Somerset and Hunterdon counties, 13 miles S.W.
Tyrol, circle of Trent, on the Chiese, about 8 miles from  of Somerville.
Condino. Pop. 1076.                                          STO/VEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
STOROE, storii'eh, an island of Norway, stift, and 30 miles    STOIVER, a post-office of Dallas co., Arkansas.
S. of Bergen. Length, from N. to S5, 15 miles; breadth, 7 miles.   STOVER'S PLACE, a post-office, Centre co., Pennsylvania.
STORIRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          STO/VERTOWN, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
STORR'S, a post-township of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the    STOW, st6, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Ohio River. Pop. 1675.                                       STOW, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
STORSION or STORSJON, storfse-in or storsly3n, (i. e.   STOW, WEsT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
"Great Lake,") a lake of Sweden, near lat. 630 10' N., ion. 140    STOW, a parish of Scotland, cos. Selkirk and Edinburgh.
30' E. Length, from 20 to 30 miles. The town of Ostersund    STOW, st6, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 65 miles
is situated on its E. shore. Another lake of the same name  W. by S. of Augusta. Pop. 470.
is situated W.S.W. of Gefleborg. Length, 15 miles.           STOW, a post-village and township of Lamoille co., VerSTOR-UMAN, stor oo/man, a lake of Sweden, Icn of  mont, 20 miles N.N.W. of Montpelier. The village contains
limed, in lat. 650 N., ion. from 160 30' to 170 E.; 25 miles in  3 churches, 3 stores, 2 taverns, and several starch factories.
length, by 6 miles in greatest breadth, and traversed from  Pop. of the township, 1771.
N.W. to S.E. by the river Umed.                              STOW, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., MasSTOR-UMEA, (Umed4,) sta 0oo/m.-o, Sweden. an expansion  sachusetts, on the Lancaster and Sterling Branch of the
of the river Umed. Lat. 650 N., Ion. 170 E. Length, from   Fitchburg Railroad, 27 miles W. by N. from Boston. The
N.W. to S.E., 25 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles.         Assabet River has here two falls, which afford motive power
STORVAND, stdr/vdnd, a lake of Norway.                   for woollen and carpet factories. Pop. 1455.
STO/RY, a new county near the centre of Iowa, has an    STOW, a post-township in the E. part of Summit co.,
area of 576 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by  Ohio. Pop. 1701.
Skunk River, an affluent of the Mississippi. The surface is   STOW BAR/DOLPH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
diversified by prairies and groves; the soil is productive, but    STOW-BE/DON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
mostly uncultivated. The census of 1850 gives no returns    STOW  CREEK, New Jersey, forms a considerable part of
for this county  Extensive beds of stone coal are found.    the boundary between Cumberland and Salem counties, and
STORY, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois.              falls into Delaware Bay 4 miles N.W. from the mouth of
STORZING, a town of the Tyrol. See STERZINo.             Cohansey River. It is navigable for sloops 18 miles.
STOSEN, sto'zen, or STOSSEN, stoslsen, a town of Prus-   STOW CREEK, a township, Cumberland co., New Jersey.
sian Saxony, 17 miles s.S.W. of Merseburg.  Pop. 652.        STOWE, st, a parish of England, co., and 2~ miles N.N.W.
STOT/FOLD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          of Buckingham.  Ilere is the celebrated seat of the Duke
-STOTTERITS, stit/teh-rits, a village of Saxony, 2 miles  of Buckingham. Its mansion and grounds rank among the
S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2505.                                most magnificent in the country.
1845




STO                                                       STR
STOWE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.            that connecting Portland and Boston. Capital, Dover. Pop.
STOW]E, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            29,374.
STOIWEL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            STRAFFORD, a post-village and township in Strafford
STOWEL, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.         co., New Hampshire, 20 miles E.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1920
STO/WELL'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New    STRAFFORD, a post-village and township in Orange co.,
York.                                                     Vermont, 33 miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1540.
STOWE NINE-CHURCHES, a parish of England, co. of    STRAFFORD CORNER, a post-office of Strafford co., New
Northampton.                                              Hampshire.
STOWER, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         STRAGIGLESTIH0RPE, a parish of England, co. Lineoln
STOWER, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.         STRAHILEN, a:village of Prussia. See STRALuN.
STOWER-PROVOST, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.       STRAID or TEM'PLEMORE1, a parish of Ireland, in ConSTOWEY, stolee, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   naught, co. of Mayo, 4 miles S. of Foxford. Here are the
STOWEY, NETHER, a market-town and parish of Eng-  remains of an abbey and an old castle.
land, co. of Somerset, 7 miles W.N.W. of Bridgewater. Pop.   STRAIGHT CREEK, of Brown co., Ohio, flows into the
in 1851, 833.                                             Ohio River, near Ripley.
STOWFORD, stofford, a parish of England, co. of Devon.     STRAIGHT CREEK, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio, 105
STOPWICK, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester.      miles S.S.W. of Columbus.
STOW, LANGITOFT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.      STRAIGHT FORK, a post-office, Campbell co., Tennessee.
STOW, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Iunts.             STRAIT CREEK, a post-office of Jackson co., Alabama.
STOW, MARRIES, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          STRAItTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.
STOWMIARKET, stotnar-kpt, a market-town and parish    STRAIT'S LAKE, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.
of England, co. of Suffolk, at the confluence of three rivu-    STRAITSIVILLE, a post-village of New Haven co., Conlets, forming the Gipping, and on the Eastern Union Rail- necticut.
way, 13 miles E.S.E. of Bury, and 12 miles N.W. of Ipswich..STRAITSVILLE, a post-office of Perry do., Ohio.
The town has manufactures of iron, leather, and twine, and    STRAKONITZ, stri/ko-nits', or STRAKOWITZ, sthIfkoan active trade in malt, coal, corn, and timber.  Pop. in  9its', a town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin, on the Wottawa,
1851, 3161. The Gipping or Stowmarket Canal is navigable  herejoined by the Wolinka, 27 miles E.S.E. of Klattan. Pop.
hence to Ipswich.                                         3900. It has manufactures of woollen cloth.
STOW-wTIn-QUY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.    STRALACHLANE. See STRACHUR.
STOW'S FERRY, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.    STRALE, an island of Prussia. See DANHOLM.
STOWSVILLE, stztlvill, a post-village of Gaston co., North    STRALEN (striilen) or STRAELEN, strAlgn, a village of
Carolina, 180 miles W. by S. from Raleigh.                Prussia, 27 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 1720, with maSTOW UPLAND, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, ad- nufactures of cotton.
joining Stow Market.                                         STRALSUND, strAltslsnt, a strongly fortified town of
STOW-oN-THs-WOLD, a market-town and parish of Eng- Prussia, capital of the province of Pomerania, on the strait
land, co. of Gloucester, on a height on the Roman Foss-way, which separates the island of Riigen from the mainland,
8l miles N.E. of Northleach. Pop. of the town in 1851, 1515. and so completely surrounded by water as to be approached
STOW WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          only by bridges, 120 miles N. by W. of Berlin. Lat. 540 18'
STOYESTOWN, stoislttwn, a post-borough of Somerset  18" N., lon. 130 51 30,' E. The houses have an old and inco., Pennsylvania, on Stony Creek, and on the turnpike  teresting appearance; and both streets and squares, though
from Pittsburg to Bedford, 70 miles E.S.E. from the foimer. irregular and devoid of elegance, are clean and well paved.
It has several stores and mills. Coal andiron are abundant The principal buildings are the Nicolai church, a brick
in the vicinity. Pop. in 1850, 321.                       structure begun in 1311, and surmounted by a lofty tower;
STRA, strA, a village of North Italy, 15 miles W. of four other churches, the government-house, thetown-house,
Venice, on the Brenta.  Pop. 1800.  It has several fine  a turreted edifice built in 1316; the gymnasium, with a
residences.                                               library and cabinet of coins; the mint, arsenal, poor-house,
STRABANE, stra-ban/, a municipal borough and market-  work-house, orphan hospital, and infirmary. The manntown of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Tyrone, on the Mourne, here  factures consist of woollen and linen cloth, sugar, syrup,
crossed by a bridge, and near its confluence with the Finn  starch, soap, candles, tobacco, leather, mirrors, and playingand Foyle, immediately opposite Lifford. Pop. in 1851, 4896. cards; and there are numerous distilleries, oil-works, and
Its trade is facilitated by a canal. extending from it to where building-docks, in which a great number of vessels are fitted
the Foyle becomes navigable for barges of 40 tons. Adjoin- out. The port, thoughnotlarge, and somewhat encumbered
ing the town is a salmon fishery.                         by shallows, is good, and carries on a considerable trade.
STRABANE, stra-bhan, a post-township of Adams co., In 1852, 269 vessels (tons 28,798) entered, and 377 (tons
Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N.E. of Gettysburg. P. 1188.   30,643) departed. Stralsund is the seat of a superior court
STRABANE, a post-office, Washington co., Pennsylvania. of law, and of several public offices. It was founded in 1209
STRABANE, a post-village of Lenoir co., North Carolina, by Prince Jaromar I., of Rtigen, and peopled with Saxons.
78 miles S.E. of Raleigh.                                 It afterwards became a free imperial and Hanse town, and
STRABUREK, a town of Prussia. See TRACHENBseG.          rose to great commercial importance.  It has repeatedly
STRACHAN, straKaan, (formerly STRATHAEN,) a parish  suffered severely from war. It was unsuccessfully besieged
of Scotland, co. of Kincardine.                            by Wallenstein in 1628; but in 1678 Frederick William,
STRACHUR (strax/1ir) ANDI) STRALACHLANE, stral-aKt- the great Elector of Brandenburg, took it, after a bombardlan, two united parishes of Scotland, co. of Argyle, in Cowal, ment, by which 1800 houses were destroyed. It was also
having W. Loch Fyne.                                      captured in 1713 and 1807.  Since 1815, its defensive works
STRADBALILY, a market-town and parish of Ireland, have been greatly enlarged, and it is now one of the strongLeinster, Queen's co., on the Strad, here crossed by a bridge  est towns belonging to Prussia. Pop. in 1849, 19,198.
of 3 arches, 7 miles E.S.E. of Maryborough. Pop. of town,   STRALSUND, a government ofPrussia, province of Pome1326. Near it is Rockley Park, formerly the residence of the  rania, bounded on the N.W., N., and N.E. by the Baltic.
Earls of Roden.                                           Area, 1700 English square miles.  It consists partly of
STRADBALLY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford.      the group of islands of which Riigen is by far the largest,
STRADBALLY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway.         and partly of the mainland of Stralsund Proper. Pop. in
STRADBALLY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.          1849, 187,058.
STRADPBROKE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. It   STRAMBERG, strtmfb6lsc, a town of Moravia, circle of
gives the title of Earl to the Rous family.               Prerau, 3 miles S.W. of Freyberg. Pop. 2,507.
STRADBROKE ISLAND, on the E. coast of Australia, is   STRAMBINELLO, strvm-be-n~l~lo, a village of Italy,
one of two principalislands sheltering Moreton Bay on the E. Sardinian States, province of Ivrea. Pop. 275.
STRADELLA, strA.d0lltl, a market-town of North Italy,   STRAMBINO, strtm-beetno, a market-town of Italy, SarPiedmont, 15 miles E.N.E. of Vogheia, near the Po. Pop. dinian States, in Piedmont, 6 miles S. of Iviea. Pop. 3907.
6563. It has silk and cotton manufactures.                   STRANBENZELL, strinfben-ts~ll, a village and parish of
STRADPISHALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.      Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, near the Sitter. Pop. 1169.
STRADONE, stra-ddnf, a village of Ireland, in Ulster co.,   STRANDMUHLE, (Strandmiihle,) strandmii'leh, a viland 5 miles E.S.E. of Cavan.                              lage of Denmark, in Seeland, on the Mithlensee; with an
STRADISET, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         extensive paper mill, producing above 100,000 reams anSTRAF/FAN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Kil- nually.
dare, with a station on the Great Southern and Western Rail-   STRANGIFORD, a seaport and market-town of Ireland,
way, 17 miles W.S.W. of Dublin.                           in Ulster, co. of Down, on the W. shore of the entrance to
STRAFIFORD, a county in the E.S.. part of New Hamp- Lough Strangford, 6 miles E.N.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. in
%hire, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded  1851, 620. It has many vessels engaged in the fisheries.
in the E. by the Salmon Falls River, and is drained by the Adjoining are Castle-ward (Viscount Bangor) and 4 forts.
locheco, Lamprey, and Isinglass Rivers, which afford valu- It gives the title of viscount to the Smyth family.
able water-power. The surface is rough and uneven, and    STRANGFORD, LOUGH, (16H,) is a large lake, or inlet of
the soil, although difficult of cultivation, generally fertile. the sea, between Belfast Lough and Dundrum Bay, 15 miles
The Piscataqua River is navigable for sloops to South Ber- in length. It is shallow, and encumbered with islets.
wick, and the Cocheco to Dover. This county is partly inter-   STRANGNAS, (Striingniis,) or  STRENGNAS.  See
sected by the railroad connecting Alton and Dover, and by  STRENGNAS.
1846




STR                                                      ~STR
STRANING, strtning, two nearly contiguous villages of  unhited to France.  Strasbourg is the birthplace of Marshal
Lower Austria, on the Mannhartsberg.  Pop. 1440.           Kellerman, General Kleber, and of Pierre Schceffer, who
STRANORLAR, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in  contests with Guttenburg the honor of the invention of
Ulster, co. of Donegal, on the N. bank of the Finn, "a mile  printing.
N.E. of Ballybofey. Pop. of the town in 1851, 512.           STRASBURG, strtstb66RG, a town of Prussia, province of
STRANRAER, stran-rawrt, a royal, parliamentary, and  Brandenburg, 28 miles N.N.E. of Templin. Pop. 4400. It
xunicipal burgh, seaport town, and parish of Scotland, has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics.
co. of Wigton, on level ground, at the S. extremity of Loch    STRASBURG or BRODINCZ, broldintch, a town of West
Ryan, and intersected by a small river here crossed by  Prussia, 40 miles S.E. of Marienwerder, on the Drewenz,
several bridges, 6 miles N.E. of Port-Patrick. Pop. of the  and on the Polishfi-ontier. Pop. 3750. It has manufactures
parliamentary burgh in 1851, 5738. It is very irregularly  of woollen cloth, leather, and beer.
laid out. The principal edifices are an old castle, in the centre    STRASBURG. a town of Germany, in Carinthia, 20 miles
of the town; the town-hall, jail, and several churches and  N. of Klagenfurth, on the Gurk. Pop. 650.
chapels. It has a mechanics' institute, subscription libra-   STRAS/BURG, a pleasant post-borough and township of
ries, a public reading-room, some hand-loom weaving, tan- Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, 46 miles S.E. of Harrisburg,
neries, and nail factories. The harbor is sheltered by a pier, and 8 miles E.S.E. of Lancaster. The borough contains 3
and allows vessels of 100 tons to come close to the town. churches, an academy, and several stores. Pop. in 1850,
Vessels of 300 tons lie in the roadstead half a mile distant. 880; of the township, 2604.
The exports are cheese, corn, cattle, leather, and shoes. Re-   STRASBURG, a thriving post-village of Shenandoah co.,
gistered shipping, 1282 tons. Steamers ply weekly to Glas- Virginia, on the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, and
gow, Belfast, and Whitehaven, and many of the population  on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 18 miles S.W. of Winchester.
consist of Irish pauper immigrants. The borough unites  It has 3 churches. Pop. about 650.
with Wigton, Whithorn, and New Galloway, in sending 1    STRASBURG, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on
member to the House of Commons.                           Sugar Creek, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad,
STRAN/SELL, a parish of England, co. of York, North  about 110 miles N.E. of Columbus. Pop. in 1850, 109.
Riding, 6 miles N.N.E. of York. Butler, author of "Iludi-    STRASCHITZ, NEU, not strNshits, a town of Bohemia, 21
bras," was born here in 1612.                             miles W.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 1793.
STRAN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Durham, on    STRASNITZ  or STRASNIZ, strAs'nits, written also
Hartlepool Harbor.                                        STRAZNITZ and STRASSNITZ, a town of Moravia, 13 miles
STRANY, strSnee, a village of Austria, in MIoravia, and  S.S.W. of Hradisch, on the March, here crossed by a susabout 20 miles from Hradisch. Pop. 1318.                  pension bridge. Pop. 4100. It has a castle.
STRASBOURG, strls'boorl or strassbfilrg, (Fr. pron. strRs'-   STRASS, stress, a market-town of Lower Austria, at the
booaf; Ger. trassburg, str&sstblORG; anc. Argentorattum,) a  S. foot of the Mannhartsberg. Pop. 1150.
strongly fortified city of France, on its E. frontier, capital and    STRASSBERG, stresstbnG, a village of Germany, princidepartment of Bas-Rhin, and formerly capital of the province  pality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, capital of a bailiwick.
of Alsace, on the W. bank of the Ill, near the left bank of  Pop. 977.
the Rhine, to which its glacis extends, and across which it   STRASSBURG, France. See STASBonRG.
communicates with Kehl (in Baden) by a bridge of boats,   STRASSNITZ. See STRAszNITZ.
72 miles N. of Basel, (Bale.) Lat. 480 34' 56" N., ion. 70 44' 51"    STRASSWALCHEN,  strAEsslt~l'Ken,   a market-town of
E. Pop. in 1 52, 64,875. Mean temperature of the year, 490'7; Upper Austria, circle of Salzach, on the Miihlbach, 15 miles
winter, 340'2; summer, 64~-5, Fahrenheit.  The fortified  N.E. of Salzburg. Pop. 813.
city is of triangular form, enclosed by bastioned ramparts,    STRASZ, a market-town of Bohemia. See PLATz.
strengthened by numerous outworks, and entered by 7    STRAT/A, a post-office of Montgomery co., Alabama.
gates. At its E. extremity is a strong pentagonal citadel,   STRAITA-FLORIIDA, a chapelry of South Wales, co. of
built by Vauban, and by means of sluices the adjacent Cardigan, 5 miles N.E. of Tregaron.  Pop. 819. Here are
country may be laid under water. Itisgenerally wellbuilt,  the ruins of the celebrated abbey of Strata Florida, in a
and has lofty houses, spacious squares, and streets inter- beautiful valley surrounded by mountains. It was founded
sected by branches of the Ill, which are crossed by nume-  in 1164 by a prince of South Wales, many of whose family
rous wooden bridges.  Outside of the walls are several are interred there.
suburbs, a large artillery ground, with a monument to    STRAT/FIELD MOR/TIMIER, a parish of England, co. of
Kleber; a hippodrome or race-course. numerous gardens, Berks.
and places of public resort. The vast cathedral, founded    STRATIFIELDSAYE, a parish of England, cos. of Hants
A. 0. 504, and the choir built by Charlemagne, is chiefly a  and Berks, 60 miles N.N.E. of Basingstoke. On the Lodder,
modern~ edifice, begun in the tenth, but not finished till the  in this parish, is the estate of the Duke of Wellington, confifteenth century, with a spire 466 feet in height, being  ferred on him by Parliament for his services in the Peninhigher even than that of St. Peter's at Rome. The building  sular war. This estate formerly belonged.to the great Earl
is in every part richly decorated with sculpture; it has a re- of Chatham and William Pitt. The mansion is a plain but
markable astronomical clock, and fine stained glass windows.  elegant edifice. The park is about 1~ miles in length, by 1
The other important edifices are the Temlple ATeuf, a Pro- mile in breadth. On the estate is the site of the ruined
testant church; the church of St. Thomas, with the fine  city of Silchester.
monument to Marshal Saxe; the new synagogue, theatre,   STRATIFIELD TURIGIS, a parish ofEngland, co. of Hants.
former episcopal palace, court-house, tribunal of com-    STRATIFORD, a post-township of Coos co., New Hampmerce, prefecture, public library, said to contain 130,000  shire, on the E. side of the Connecticut River, 117 miles N.
volumes, and many manuscripts;  academy, common col- of Concord. Pop. 552.
lege, corn-hall, public granaries, custom-house for the Rhine' STRATFORD, a post-village and township of Fairfield co.,
departments, arsenal, barracks, and other military estab- Connecticut, at the mouth of Housatonic River, on the
lishments. Ilere are several hospitals and asylums, an  Naugatuck Railroad, and on the New York and New Haven
exchange, corn, fish, and other markets., and a botanic gar- Railroad, 62 miles from New York. Pop. 2040.
den. Strasbourg is a bishop's see, the seat of a chamber of    STRATFORD, a township forming the N.W. extremity of
commerce, societies of agriculture and arts, faculties of law, Fulton co., New York. Pop. 801.
medicine, pharmacy, arts, letters, &c., a mint, and cannon    STRATFORD, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, near
foundry. It has a very extensive transit trade, by its con- the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 27 miles N. of Conections with Germany, Switzerland, North Italy, and all lumbus.
the W. of Continental Europe. Its manufactures are in    STRATIFORD, a town of Canada West, capital of the co.
great variety; among the principal are beer and leather, of Perth, pleasantly situated on the Avon. It has an Episcofor which it is especially famed; cotton, woollen, and silk  pal church, Church of Scotland, Free, Congregational, Wesfabrics; canvas, jewelry, buttons, cutlery, clocks, musical, leyan Methodist, and Roman Catholic churches, a distillery,
mathematical, and other instruments; chemical products; a brewery, 2 tanneries, and 2 flour mills. Pop. about 900
it has copper and iron forges, distilleries, soap factories,   STRATFORD, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Huron,
and a large bookselling trade. Its pat4s de faees gras have  110 miles W. of Toronto.
high celebrity. The Basel (Bile) and Baden Railway, and    STRATIFORD-uEoN-AIYON, a municipal borough, town,
11                                          at-OD voNAVN   amncpa  oogh  on
the canals connecting it with all the-great rivers of France  and township ofEngland, co. ofWarwick, parish ofOld Strtwith the Danube, are important aids to its commerce, and a  ford, on the N. bank of the Avon, here crossed by a bridge of
railway to Paris is in progress. Steamers ply between Stras- 14 arches, 8 miles S.W. of Warwick. Pop. of townshipin 1851,
bourg and Basel, (Ble,) Rotterdam, and London.           3372. It is neatly built in a modern style. Various fires in
Strasbourg is supposed to have been founded by the  the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries destroyed most of
Romans, who erected it as a barrier against the incursions its older buildings, and that in which Shakspeare died was
of the Germans, who, however, ultimately made themselves wantonly razed by its proprietor; but the house in which
masters ofit, and retained possession till the reign of Clovis, the great poet was born has been preserved. The church,
who again drove them back beyond the Rhine. In the sixth  a spacious and handsome edifice on the margin of the rive-,
century it changed its ancient name of Argentoratum for surrounded by large elms, contains a bust of Shakepeare,
that of Strasbourg, andin the beginning of the tenth century  and the tombs of himself, his wife, and daughters; his statue
became subject to the emperors of Germany. It afterwards also adorns the town-hall, in which are pictures of him and
acquired great privileges, became a free town, and was of Garrick. The other principal buildings are the ancient
governed as a republic, In 1681 it became permanently  chapel of the holy cross, market-house, almshouses, and
1847




STR                                                      STR
theatre.  The grammar school endowment amounts to  of Cornwall, on the Bude, 15 miles N.N.W. of Launceston.
nearly 7001. a year; and here are national and Lancasterinn  Pop. of parish in 1851, 1696.
schools, and various other charities  The trade is chiefly    ST1RATTON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
in corn and malt. The town is connected by railway with    STRATTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Moreton, 15 miles S., and with Birmingham and Henley by    STRATTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
the Stratford Canal.                                        STRATTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of iants.
STRATFORD-,nDEa-TrnE-CASTLE, a parish of England, co.   STRAT/TON, a post-township of Windham co., Vermont,
of Wilts.                                                90 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 286.
STRAT/FORD, FENINY, a market-town of England, co. of    STRATTON AUD/LEY, a parish of England, cos. of Bucks
Bucks, on the Bedford branch of the London and North- and Oxford.
western Railway, 1 mile N.E. of Bletchley. Pop. of chapelry    STRATTON-oN-rmE-FOSS, a parish of England, co. of Soin 1851, 1092. It has two principal streets, and a mann- merset.  The village is situated on the ancient Roman
factory of lace.                                          Fossway.
STRATFORD, LANGTIIORNE, a market-town of Essex,   STRATTON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
on the E. bank of the Lea, here crossed by an ancient bridge,   STRATTON'S FALL, a post-office, Delaware co., New York.
4 miles E.N.E. of London. It has a handsome church, many    STRATTON ST. MARGARET'S, a parish of England, co.
Dissenting chapels and schools, flour mills, chemical and  of Wilts.
print-works, and distilleries, and is intersected by the East-   STRATTON STRAW/LESS, a parish of England, co. of
ern Counties Railway and its branches.                    Norfolk.
STRATFORD LE BOW, a market-town of England, sepa-   STRAT/TONVILLE, a thriving post-village of Clarion co.,
rated from the foregoing by the Lea, and like it on an old  Pennsylvania, on the Bellefonte and Erie Turnpike, 3 miles
Roman highway, whence its name. Pop. in 1851, 6989. It E. of Clarion.
has a; church of the time of Henry II., a free school, and    STRATUM, strJ/thm, a village of the Netherlands, proanother school with an income of 500/. annually.          vince of North Brabant, close by Eindhoven. Pop. 1215.
STRATFORD POINT LIGHT-HOUSE, at the entrance to    STRA/TUS, a ruined city of Greece, government of AcarStratford Harbor, Connecticut, with a revolving light. Lat. nania. Its remains are on the E. bank of the Achelous, 9
410 9' N., lon. 730 6' 36' W.                            miles N. of Vrachori, in IEtolia.
STRATFORD-Vuro-SLA/NEY, a small manufacturing town    STRAUBING, strOw/bing, (anc. Castra Augustana?)  a
of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wicklow.                 walled town of Lower Bavaria, on an eminence beside the
STRATFORD ST. AN/DREW, a parish of England, co. of  Danube, which here forms a large island, and is crossed by
Suffolk.                                                 a bridge, 25 miles S.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 8825. It has a
STRATFORD ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. Suffolk. castle, numerous churches, a gymnasium, the remains of
STRATFORD, STOINY, a market-town of England, co. of  several convents, and a brisk trade in corn and cattle.
Bucks, 6 miles W.S.W. of Newport Pagnell, on the Ouse,   STRAUSBERG. strfwsUbRoG, a walled town of Prussia,
and on the Roman Watling Street, it being considered the  province of Brandenburg, on Lake Strauss. 20 miles E.N.E.
ancient Latodu/rum. Pop. in 1851, 1757, mostly agricul- of Berlin. Pop. 3500. It has manufactures of cotton and
tural. It is built of freestone, and has a neat town-hall, woollen fabrics.
and a manufactory of lace.                                  STRAUSFURT, strfws/fo6set, a village of Prussian Saxony,
STRATFORD TONEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   13 miles N. of Erfurt. Pop. 1066.
STRATFORD WATER, a parish of England, co. of Buck-   STRAUSITOWN, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.
ingham.                                                     STRAW, a village of Warren co., New Jersey, 5 miles S.E.
STRATIR, a Celtic word signiflying "valley," forming the  of Philipsburg.
prefix to a number of Scottish names, as STRATHaVEN, "the    STRAW/VIBERRY, a township of Lawience co., Arkansas.
valley of the Avon," &c.                                 Pop. 709.
STRATH or STRATfI SWORIDLE, an insular parish of    STRAWBERRY IHILL, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa.
Scotland, co. of Inverness, comprising a part of the island    STRAWBERRY PLAINS, a thriving post-village of Jefferof Skye, with the islands of Scalpa, Pabba, and Longa. A  son co., Tennessee, on Holston River, 18 miles N.E. of Knoxcave in the N. of the parish, during several nights in 1746, ville. The East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad terminates
afforded shelter to Prince Charles Edward. Here are ruins at this village, and connects with another leading to Knoxof circular towers.                                      ville.
STRATIIAEN. See STRACnAN.                                STRAWBERRY POINT, a post office of Clayton co., Iowa.
STRATII/AIM, a post-township of Rockingham  co., New    STRAWBERRY RIVER, of Arkansas, rises in Fulton co.,
Hampshire, 39 miles S.E. by E. of Concord, intersected by  and flows into Black River on the S. line of Lawrence county.
the Portsmouth and Concord Railroad. Pop. 840.             STRAWBRIDGE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
STRATIIA/VEN, a burgh of barony of Scotland, co. of La-   STRAWN/TOWN, a village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,
nark, parish of Avondale, 14 miles SE. of Glasgow. Pop. about 18 miles S. by E. of Easton.
in 1851, 4274, mostly employed in weaving.                 STRAWTOWN, a thriving post-village of hIamilton co.,
STRATHAVEN, a narrow Highland valley of Scotland, in  Indiana, on White River, 28 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis.
the S.W. of the co. of Banff.                             Pop. 200.
STRATIIBLANE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 4    STRAWTTOWN, a post-village of Iendricks co., Indiana,
miles S.E. of Killearn. It has ruins of various old baronial on the West Fork of White River, 30 miles N.E. by N. of
castles.                                                 Indianapolis.
STRATHBOGIE, strath-boghee, a district of Scotland,   STRAZ, a town of Bohemia. See PLATZ.
co. of Aberdeen. Area, 120 square miles. It is commensu-    STRAZNITZ. See STrAsmNITZ.
rate with the original estate conferred by Robert Bruce on    STREAKY (stree/kee) BAY, South Australia, having at
the noble family of Gordon.                              its entrance Cape Banner on the S.E. side, and Point Brown
STRATII'DON or INVERNOCHTIE, in-vpr-noK/tee, a pa- on the N.W. It penetrates inland 12 miles, and is interrish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.                        sected by the 134th meridian E. lon.
STRATIPEARNI, the vale of the Earn, in Scotland, co.   STREATHAN, streetthan, a parish of England, co. Surrey.
of Perth, extending from W. to E. 35 miles, from Loch Earn    STREATLEY, street/lee, a parish of England co. Bedford.
to the mouth of the Earn in the Tay. Breadth, from 6 to    STREATLEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
8 miles. It has some of the finest scenery in Scotland.     STREiI, strA, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut,
STRATHMIIG/LO, a burgh of barony, and parish of Scot- on the Monsol, 19 miles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 1132.
land, co. of Fife, 10 miles W.S.W. of Cupar, on the Miglo.   STREEFKERK. straifklak, a village of the Netherlands,
Pop. of burgh in 1851, 1504, chiefly employed in weaving. province of South Holland, 5 miles N.W. of Gorinchem, on
It has an antique appearance, and has a large bleachfield, the Leck. Pop. 1337.
several corn mills, malt houses and breweries, and freestone    STREET, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
quarries in its vicinity. In the parish are numerous cairns    STREET, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
and tumuli, on a supposed battle-field.                    STREET, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, chiefly in co.
STRATII/MORE, (" the great valley,") an extensive low- of Westmeath.
land tract in Scotland, in a wide acceptation extending from    STREETIIHALL, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
the county of Dumbarton to the sea, in the county of Kin-    STREETS/BOROUGH, a post-township in the W. part of
cardine, and embracing part of Stirlingshire, and of the  Portage co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleveland and Pittscounties of Perth and Forfar, bounded N. by the Grampians, burg Bailroad. Pop. 1108.
and S. by the Lennox, Ochil, and Sidlaw Hills. In a more   STREET'S RUN, post-office, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
limited sense it comprises the tract fi-om Methven, county    STREETS/VILLE,  a village of Canada West, co. of York,
of Perth, to Brechin, county of Forfar, 40 miles in length, township, and 23 miles from Toronto, on the Credit, with
watered by the Tay and its affluents. It gives the title of  Episcopal, Methodist, and Free churches, a town-hall, and
earl to the Lyon family.                                 several schools. Pop. 1200.
STIRATII SWORDLE. See STRATH.                           STREHILA, st't-AlI, a town of Saxony, on the Elbe, 17
STRATI, str/tee, an island of Turkey in Europe, 22 miles miles N.W. of Meissen. Pop. 2100.
S.W. of Lemnos. Lat. 390 30' N., ion. 250 E. It is about   STREHLEN, strAllen, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles
25 miles long.                                          S. of Breslau, on the Ohlau. Pop. 4700.. It is enclosed by
STRATONICEA, Asia Minor. See EsKcE-HIssAe.            double walls, and has manufactures of cotton, woollen cloth,
STRAT'TON, a parish and market-town of England, co. and leather.
1848




STR                                                       STR
STREHLITZ, str.ilits. or STRELTE, a village of Prussian    STRINGITOWN, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.
Silesia, government of Breslau. Pop. 1076.                  STRINGTOWN, a post-office of Richland co... Illinois.
STRELITZ, (strtlits,) Gaoss, groce, or GREAT, a town    STRINGTOWN, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.
of Prussian Silesia, government of Oppeln, 2 miles S.E. of    STRINGTOWN, a post-office of Cole co., Missouri.
Oppeln. Pop. 2400. It has manufactures of linen fabrics    STRIVALI, stre-vrlee, or STROFADIA, stro-fA-deela
and hosiery.                                              written also STAMIPHANE ISLANDS, (anc. Stro phtades,) a
STRELITZ, KLEIN, kline, or LITTLE, a town of Prussian  group of four small Ionian islets, 28 miles S. of Zante.
Silesia, 16 miles S.S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 750.             Harpy and Convent Islands are the largest.
STRELITZ, NEU, a town of North Germany.  See NEU    STRIXITON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
STRELITZ.                                                   STRODE'S MILLS, a post-office of Mifflin co., PennsylSTRELITZ, ALT, Ait, or OLD STRELITZ, a town of Meck- vania.
lenburg Strelitz, 2 miles S.S.E. of Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 3089.   STROGONOV (stro'go-novf) BAY, an inlet of Japan, on
It was formerly the ducal residence.                      the W. coast of Yesso, lat. 430 30' N., ion. 1410 E.
STRELIITZ, a neat modern village of Scotland, co. of    STROHEN, stiUlen, a town of Prussian Saxony, governPerth. parish of Cargill, 4 miles S.W. of Cupar-Angus, built  ment of Minden, circle of Liibbecke. Pop. 1344.
in 1763, as a retreat for discharged soldiers at the conclusion    STROKESTOWN, strbksltown, a market-town of Ireland,
of the German war.                                        in Connaught, co. of Roscommon, 60 miles S.S.E. of Elphin.
STRELILEY. a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.    Pop. in 1851, 1353. Immediately adjacent is Dawn, the
STRELTE. See STaEHLITZ.                                 demesne of Lord Hiartland.
STRENGNAS, (Strengniis,) written also STRAENGNAES,    STROSIA or STROIMAY, an island off the N. extremity
a town of Sweden, lien, a-ad 40 miles N. of Nyklping, on the  of Scotland, co. of Caithness, in Pentland Frith, between the
S. shore of Lake Mselar. Pop. 1100. It is the see of a bishop. mainland and the Orkneys, parish, and 2 miles N. of CanisSTRENICZ, strAlnich, or TREENITZ trd'nits, a village of bay. Length, 21 miles; breadth, 1' miles. Shores rocky
Bohemia. about 9 miles from Leitomischel. Pop. 1046.      and precipitous; it has some corn-land, and on it are the
STRENISALL, a parish of England, co., and 7 miles N.E. remains of an old castle and an ancient chapel.
of York, North Riding, on the York and North Midland    STROMAY, a small island of the Outer Iebrides, off the
Railway.                                                  N. extremity of North Uist.
STREPY, strA/pee, a village of Belgium, province of    STROMBERG, stromlbasc, a town of Prussia, province
Iainaut, on the IIaine, 9 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1236.    of Westphalia, 29 miles E.S.E. of Mlinster. Pop. 1500.
~ STRETENSK, stri-tfnskt, a town of Siberia, government    STROMBERG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 30 miles S.S.E.
of Irkootsk, 50 miles E.N.E. of Nertchinsk.               of Coblentz, with 1020 inhabitants, and manufactures of
STRET/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.       earthenware and leather.
STRETFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster        STROMBOLI, stromlbo-le, (anc. Sttronngyle,) the north-eastSTRETHIAMI, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.      ernmost of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean, off the N.
STRETTO, strft/to, a village of Austria, in Dalmatia, coast of Sicily. Shape nearly round; circuit about 12 miles,
about 38 miles from Sebenico, on the island of the same  Pop. 1200, who raise good wine, wheat, barley, cotton, raisins,
name. Pop. 1237.                                           currants, and figs. It is wholly of volcanic formation, conSTRETITON, a township of England, co. of Derby, 6A miles  sisting of a conical bifurcated rock, rising to 2500 feet above
S. of Chesterfield, on the South Midland Railway.          the sea, and at its W. extremity is an active volcano, the
STRETTON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.           crater being on the N.W. side of the mountain, about oneSTRETITON-BASIKERVILLE, a parish of England, co. third from its summit, and 170 yards across. On the E.
of Warwick.                                                side of the island is a small town and battery, and vestiges
STRET/TON, CHURCHI, a market-town and parish of  of ancient buildings are scattered over the surface.
England, co. of Salop, 13 miles S.S.W. of Shrewsbury. Pop.   STROM.NESS1, (formerly CAIR'STON,) a burgh of barony,
of parish in 1851, 1676. It has a woollen manufactory, and  seaport town, and parish of Scotland, co., and on the maina trade in malt. Near it is Caer-Caradoc, where Caractacus land of Orkney, beside a beautiful bay, 12 miles W.S.W. of
is supposed to have been defeated by Ostorius.             Kirkwall. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2055. Mlean temperaSTRETTON-oN-DUNSMOOR, a parish of England, co. of ture of the year, 46003; winter, 390.3; summer, 540.4, FahrenWarwick, 6 miles S.E. of Coventry. It has a nunnery, and  heit. The bay or harbor is excellent, and admits vessels of
a county asylum for juvenile criminals.                   all burdens. Boat and ship-building is carried on, and
STRETTON-EN-LE-FIELDS, a parish of England, co. Derby. straw-plaiting employs some females.
S'iRETTON-oN-THE-FOSS, a parish of England, co. of   STROMOE, the chief of the Firoe Islands. See FAOnE.
Warwick.                                                    STPOMSOE, strlmlsfeSh, one of the three small towns of
STRETITON GRANDISOME, a parish of England, co. of  Norway comprised under the name of DRAIrVIEN.
Hereford.                                                   STROMSTAD, strJm1st d, a town of Sweden, on the SkaSTRETTON-SUG/WAS, a parish of England, co. IHereford.  gerrack, near the frontier of Norway. Pop. 1100,
STREVI,' strA'vee, a village of the Sardinian States, divi-   STRONA, stro'nA, a village of the Sardinian States, division of Alessandria, province, and about 2 miles N.N.E. of  sion of Turin, province, and 6 miles N.E. of Biella. Pop. 1200.
Acqui. Pop. 1745.                                            STRONG, a post-township in Franklin co., Maine, on the
STRIANO, stre-Ano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,. E. side of Sandy River, about 35 miles N.E. of Augusta.
S.S.E. of Nola. Pop. 1300.                                Pop. 1008.
STRICIIEN, strhiKlen, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.   STRONGA, a town of Turkey. See STRauA.
STRICKIATHROW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.       STRONGOLI, stronDgo-le, a village of Naples, province of
STRICKIERSVILLE, a post-village of Chester co., Penn- Calabria Ultra I., 13 miles N.N.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 1200.
sylvania, about 40 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia.            STRONG RIVER, of Mississippi, a small stream, which
STRICKILAND, a post-village of Ware co., Georgia.       flows through Simpson county into Pearl River.
STRICKLAND'S DEPOT, a post-village of Duplin co.,   STRONG'S LANDIING, a small village of Marquette co.,
North Carolina, on the railroad fromWeldon to Wilming- Wisconsin.
ton, 47 miles N. of the latter.                              STRONGSITOWN, a post-village of Indiana co., PennsylSTRICKLAND'S FERRY, a post-office of Kennebec co., vania, on the Turnpike from Ebensburg to Indiana Court[Maine.                                                   House, about 15 miles SE. of the latter.
STRICKILAND WIN'TERBORNE, a parish of England,   STRONG/VILLE, a post-village and township of Cuyahoga
co. of Dorset.                                            co., Ohio, 14 miles S. by WV. of Cleveland. The village, with
STRIEGAU, streefgiw, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, the adjoining village of Albion, has 3 or 4 churches, several
33 miles W.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 5100. It has manufac-  stores, and 1 woollen factory. Pop. of the township, 1199.
tures of woollen and linen. The Prussians defeated the    STRONGYLO (?) strongte-lo, an islet of the Grecian ArchiAustrians here in 1745.                                   pelago, government, and 8 miles S.W. of Paros.
STRIELNA, stre-lln[, a river of Russia, government of    STRONISA or STRONISAY, one of the Orkney Islands,
Vologda, rises in the circle of Nikolsk, flows N., and, after a  Scotland, 60 miles N.N.E. of Moul-head, Pomona, about 75
course of nearly 60 miles, joins the Sookhona. Vast numbers milesinlengthby 6 milesinbreadth. Area,about 14 square
of barks and barges are constructed on its banks, and sent miles. Pop. 939. Shores deeply indented by bays, and surdown unloaded to Oostioog Velikee, to be employed in the  face mostly in pasturage. On its N.E. side is the village of
navigation of the North Dwina.                            Papa-Sound. With Papa-Stronsay, it composes a parish,
STRIGNO, streen'yo, a village of Austria, inTyrol, circle  Pop. 2785.
of Trent, on the Brenta, 6 miles from Bo-go. Pop. 1300.     STRONITIAN, (called stron-teotan by the people of the
STRIJEN, a village of the Netherlands. See STcrnSo.    vicinity,) a quoad sacra parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle.
STRIPKERSVILLE or STRYtKERSVILLE, a poset-village    STROOD. See STaoUD.
of Wyoming co., New York, on Buffalo Creek, 30 miles E.S.E.    STROPIIADES. See STRIvALI.
of Buffalo.                                                 STROPPIANA, strop-pe-ln&, a village of the Sardinian
STRILEK, str1llk, a market-town of Austria, in Moravia, States, in Piedmont, 8 miles S.S.E. of Vercelli. Pop. 2211.
13 miles N.W. of Hradisch. Pop. 1087.                       STROP/PO, a village of the Sardinian States, province, and
STRIMILOW, a town of Bohemia. See TraILES.              24 miles W.N.W. of Coon.
STRINES/TOWN,  a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.   STROUD, strdwd, a parliamentary borough, town, and
STRING PRAI/RIE, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa.        parish of England. co., and 9 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester, on
STRINGISTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      a branch of the Great Western Railway. Pop. of parish in
1849 




STR                                                       STU
1851, 8798; of parliamentary borough, 36,535. The town, of Marienwerder, between two lakes. Pop. 1250. It has an
on an eminence at the confluence of the Frome and Slade  olds castle.  Here Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Poles
Rlivers, is well built, and has many woollen and filling  in 1630.
mills and dying establishments, it being the centre of the    STUKA, a town of Morocco. See STooeA.
Gloucestershire woollen manufactures. It sends 2 members    STUKELEY, (stdkllee,) GREAT, a parish of England, co. of
to the House of Commons.                                   Huntingdon.
STROUD or STROOD, a parish of England, co. of Kent,   STUKELEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Huntingdon.
on the W. bank of the Medway, continuous across a bridge    STUKEILEY, a seaport of British Amnerica, at the entrance
with Rochester, within the jurisdiction of which city its  of Morel River into St. Peter's Bay, on the N. coast of Prince
village is comprised. Here is the terminus of the Gravesend  Edward Island, county of King's, in lat. 460 26' N., ion. 62)
and Rochester Railway.                                    47' W.
STROUD, str~wd, a township in Monroe co., Pennsylvania,   STUMP BRIDGE, a post-village of Madison co., Mississippi.
about 22 miles N. by W. of Easton, contains Stroudsburg,:  STUMP GROUND, a small village of Onslow co., North
the county seat. Pop. 1419.                                Carolina.
STROUD, a village of New South Wales, co. of Gloucester,   STUMPSITOWN, a village of Bethel township, Lebanon
on the Karruah, 7 miles from Bourral. It is the head- co., Pennsylvania, on Elizabeth Creek, 35 miles N.W. of
quarters of the Australian Agricultural Company.           Reading, has about 80 houses.
STROUDSBURG, str~wdstburg, a post-borough, capital of    STURA, stoolrA, (anc. Stu'ra,) a river of North Italy, in
Monroe co., Pennsylvania, on Broadhead's Creek, about 4  Piedmont, division of Turin, after a S.E. course of 35 miles,
miles from the Delaware River, and 118 miles N.E. of Harris- joins the Po 3 miles N. of Turin.
burg. It is situated in a pleasant valley, and gradually    STURA, a river of North Italy, in Piedmont, flows for 70
improving. There are several flour mills in the vicinity. miles N.E., and joins the Tanaro on the left, near Cherasco.
The town has an academy, a public library, and 4 or 5    STURIBRIDGE,   a hamlet of England, co., and 11 miles
churches; 1 or 2 papeis are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 811.  N.N.E. of Cambridge. A large fair is held during a fortnight
STROUD'S GLADES, a post-office of Nicholas co., Virginia. from September 28th, annually.
ST ROXITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          STURIBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Worcester
STRUBIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          co., Massachusetts, 60 miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has some
STRUGA, stroolgA, written also STRONGA, a small town  manufactures of carriages, cotton goods, and other articles.
of European Turkey, in Albania, sanjak, and 6 miles W. of  Pop. 2119.
Ochrida.                                                    STURGE, stfsrj, an island of the Antarctic Ocean, the
STRUMA, a river of Turkey. See KARA Seo.                easternmost of the five which compose the Balleny group,
STRUMP/SHAW, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       in lat. 660 44' S., ion. 1630 11' W. It is very elevated, the
STRUPPA, stroopfpd, a village of the Sardinian States, highest peak being about 5000 feet.
division, and 3 miles N.E. of Genoa, on the Bisagno, near    STURGEON, sttirljqn, a ltake of British North America, 27
its mouth in the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 2689.                miles long by 6 miles broad, connected with Pine Island
STRY, stree, a'river of Austrian Galicia, rises in the Car- Lake by the river Saskatchewan, in lat. 540 N., lon. 1020 WV.
pathians, flows N. and N.E., and, after a course of 110 miles, It receives Sturgeon River, a rapid stream, 30 miles long.
joins the Dniester 4 miles N.E. of Zydaczow.                STURGEON BAY, an inlet on the E. side of Green Bay,
STRY. a fortified town of Galicia, capital of a circle, on  Lake and State of Michigan.
the Stry, 42 miles S.S.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 2682.             STURIGEONVILLE, a post-village of Brunswick co., VirSTRYEN or STRIJEN, str~en, a village of the Nether- ginia, about 60 miles S.S.W. of Richmond.
lands, province of South Holland, 8 miles S. of Dort. Pop.   STURIGES RAPIDS, a village of Black Hawk co., Iowa,
2515.                                                     on Wapsipinicon River, 80 miles N.N.W. of Iowa City.
STIYKERSVILLE.  See SrrcdKInSvTLaT.                       STURGIS, stfhrljis, a thriving post-village and township
STRYKOW, strik/ov, a town of Poland, government, and  of St. Joseph co., Michigan, on the Michigan Southern Rail64 miles S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1200.                       road, 115 miles W. of Monroe. The village is situated on a
STRYMON. ~ See KARA Soo.                                fertile prairie of its own name, and has a steam flouring mill,
STRYMONIC  GULF, (STRYMONICUS  SINUS.)  See  a furnace, and other falctories. Pop. of the township in 1850,
ORPHANo.                                                  840; of the village in 1853, about 700.
STRYNOERi and STRYNOE-KALP,  strtitn0eh  k~lp, two    STUPJMER, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
islets of Denmark, between the islands of Langeland, Taa-   STURIMINSTER-MARISHALL, a parish of England, co.
singe, and ZErcs. Pop. 650.                               of Dorset.
STRYPEN, strilpn, a village of Belgium, province of East    STURIMINSTER NEWITON CASTLE, a market-town and
Flanders, 13 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1474.                parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the Stour, 8 miles S.W.
STRZELNO, strzhllno, a town of Prussian Poland, go- of Shaftesbury. Pop. of the parish in 1851, 1916. It has
vernment of Bromberg, 13 miles S.S.W. of Inowrazlaw. some manufactures of baize.
Pop. 2380.                                                   STURtRY, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the Stour,
STRZILEK, strzheell~k, a village of Austria, in Moravia, here crossed by a handsome bridge, and onda branch of the
circle of Hradisch, 12 miles from Kremsir. Pop. 1087.      South-eastern Railway, 2v miles N.E. of Canterbury.
STRZYZOW, strzheelzov, a village of Austrian Galicia,   STUR/STON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
near Jaslo, on the Wyslok. Pop. 1068.                        STURSTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
STUIART, an island in Behring's Sea, in lat. 630 33' N.,   STURSTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, 1 mile E.
lon. 1620 19' W., about 20 miles in circuit.              of Ashbourne. Pop. 664.
STUBBEKIOBING, stooblbeh-kyS'bing, a maritime town    STURT, a county of South Australia, bounded on the E.
of Denmark, stift of Falster-Iaaland, on the N.E. coast of by Murray River, and S. by Lake Alexandrina.
the island of Falster, 15 miles S. of Preestie. Pop. 1000.  STURT, a mountain of New South Wales, in the DarlingSTUBENBACH, stoofbtn-bklK, a village of Bohemia, circle  downs.
of Prachin. Pop. 1134.                                      STURT MOUNITAIN, in South Australia, is the most conSTUB/TON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          spicuous summit of the Gawler range, W. of Spencer Gulf.
STUDENECZ, stooldgh-nlch', or STUDANKA, stoo-ddnfkA, Lat. 32~ 45' S., ion. 1350 30' E.
a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, on the road to    STURTON, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
Starkenbach. Pop. 1608.                                      STURTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on
STUDENZE, stoo-dlnfzA, a village of Austria, in Dalmatia, the Lincoln Railway, 5} miles N.N.W. of Horncastle.
circle of Spalato, about 30 miles from Almissa. Pop. 1209.   STURT RIV/ER, South Australia, enters the Gulf of St.
STUD/HAM, a parish of England, cos. of Herts and Bed- Vincent at Gienelg, 6 miles S.W. of Adelaide.
ford.                                                        STUTTIGART or STUTIGARD, (Ger. pron. st05tigat,)  the
STUD/LAND, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, in the  capital city of Wiirtemberg, Germany, on the Nesenbach, a
island of Purbeck, 5 miles E.N.E. of Corfecastle, bounded  small affluent of the Neckar, 14 miles from its mouth in that
on the N. by Poole Harbor. Studland Bay, on its E. side, is river, 38 miles E.S.E. of Carlsruhe. Let. of the cathedral,
a fair anchorage; and near it is Brownsea Island, with a  480 46' 36" N., ion. 90105 52" E. Pop. about 30,000. Mean
castle, defending the entrance of Poole Harbor. On Stud- temperature of the year, 490.4; winter, 330.2; summer, 640-9
land Common are some curious Druidic remains.              Fahrenheit. It is surrounded by gardens and vineyards,
STUDILEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           and is entered by an avenue of poplars. It is mostly well
STUHLINGEN, (Sttihlingen,) sttiiling-.n, atownofBaden, built, and has some broad and handsome streets and fine
10 miles N.W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. 593.                   squares, in one of which is the royal palace, a freestone ediSTUIHLWEISSENBURG, stool-gvl/sen-bWOaeG (or-burg,) a  fice, opening on one side into a fine park. This palace contown of West HIungary, capital of a county, in a marshy  tains many good Flemish paintings and sculptures by Dantract, 16 miles N.E. of Lake Balatony. Pop. 21,000. It has neker and Canova. The old palace, and the theatre in the
sonme handsome buildings, including the bishop's palace and  same square, a Gothic church, with tombs of the dukes of
offices, county hall, the Marienkirche, in which 14 kings of  Wtirtemberg, the palace of the princes, parliament-house,
Hungary were buried; a gymnasium, other Roman Catholic  city-hall, chancery court, barracks, post-office, gymnasium,
schools, a military academy, Magyar theatre, manufactures  city schools, large hospital, work-house, royal stud-house,
of flannels and leather, a trade in wine, and large cattle  stables, and riding-school, are the other principal edifices;
markets.                                                  and here is a public library containing 200,000 volumes and
STUHM, stoom, a town of West Prussia, 13 miles N.N.E. 1800 manuscripts; also a museum of natural history, with
1860




STU                                                       SUD
a remarkably  series of fossils, royal cabinets of coins and    SUBBIANO, soob-be-alno, a village of Tuscany, on the
medals, with 17,000 coins, antiquities, and maps; the royal Arno, 34 miles E.S.E. of Florence. Pop. 3020.
library of 50,000 volumes, and many private libraries. It is   SUBBULGHUR, sitb-bfll-gUr/,  a town of Hindostan, 78
connected by railways with Heilbronn on the N.,,and Gels- miles S.W. of Agra.
lingen on the S. Printing and book-binding form the chief   SUBBULGIIUR, a town of Hindostan, in the British
branches of its industry, and Cotta's printing establishment Upper Provinces, district of Moradabad, 18 miles S. of
is one of the largest on the Continent. It has some mann- Hurdwar.
factures of woollen and cotton goods, jewelry, mathematical   SUBHATOO, a hill-fort of Hindostan. See SunATuoo.
and musical instruments, perfumery, gloves, and carpets,   SUBIACO, son-be-alko,. (anc. Sublatqueum,) a town of Cenwith breweries and vinegar-works.,In its vicinity some tral Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca, and 31 miles E.
good effervescing wine is made; ancd near it is Cannstadt, a  of Rome, on the Teverone. Pop. 5840. It is picturesquely
favorite watering-place, and the solitude where Schiller was situated, and has a castle, long a summer residence of the
educated. Stuttgart is of ancient date, and owes its name  popes; a famous monastery, founded in the fifth century,
to a castle which existed before 1080. In 1119 it obtained  and remains of a villaof Nero,
corporate rights from Rudolf, Margrave of Baden, and in    SUBLETTE'S (sibl16ts) LAKE, in the W. part of Missouri
1320 became the residence ofthe counts of Wtirtemberg. It Territory, in lat. about 430 30' N., ion. 1100 W. It is the
was much extended and improved about 1449, and has since, source of the Yellowstone River.
with only a short interval, been the capital.                SUBLETT'S TAVERN, a post-office of Powhatan co., VirSTUTTESBURY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. ginia.
STUTVTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.            SUBLIGfNA, a post-office of Cbattooga co., Georgia.
STUTITON-wIr-HAIZLEWOOD, a township of England,   SUBLIMfITY, a post-office of Marion co., Oreon.
co. of York, West Riding, parish, and 1 miles S.W. of Tad-   SIB ROISA, a post-office of Franklin co., Arkansas.
caster, on a branch of the York and North Midland Rail-   SIBROY, sfsb'royf, a town of West HIindostan, province
way.                                                      of Cutch, 22 miles N.W. of Mandavee.
STUTZAITZA, a town ofEuropean Turkey. See KARATOVA.   SUBTIAVA, soob-te-~tvA, a town of Central America, state
STUYVESANT, stilvfs-ant, a post-village and township of of Nicaragua, on a small lake near the Pacific, 40 miles
Columbia co., New York, on Hudson River, and on the  S.S.E. of Leon. Pop. 5000.
Hudson River Railroad, 18 miles S. of Albany. The village    SUBUNREEKA. See S00BUNREKH:A.
was formerly called KINDRH00OK LANDING. Pop. 1766.          SUBZ, a town of Central Asia. See SHEuR-E-Soo0z.
STUYVESANT FALLS, a post-village of Columbia co.,   SUBZAWUR, sflb-za-wfiirf, a decayed town and fort of
New York, on Kinderhook Creek, about 25 miles S. of Al- West Afghanistan, on a river, 110 miles S. of Herat; lat. 330
bany. It contains several mills.                          20' N., lon. 620 10' E.
STYR, steer, a river of Austrian and Russian Poland, in    SUBZOW. See SooBTsov.
Galicia, and in Volhynia and Minsk, after a N. course of 200    SUBZULCOTE, stib'zii-k1f/, the N. frontier town of Sinde,
miles, joins the Pripets 22 miles E. of Pinsk.             60 miles N.E. of Bukkur; lat. 280 13' N., ion. 690 42' E.
STYRIA or STIRIA, stir/e-a, (Ger. Sleyermarkc, stier-maakW;  Pop. 5000.
Fr. tyrie, stee'reel; anciently a part of 2Norsicum,) a province    SUBZWAR, a town of North Prussia. See SAuZAWa,.
of the Austrian Empire, with the title of duchy, between lat.   SUCCADANA, sflk-kA-d&na, written also SOEKADANA,
450 54' and 470 50' N., and ion. 130 30' and 160 25' E., having  a maritime town on the Wv. coast of Borneo, near the mouth
on the E. Hungary, S. Illyria and Croatia, and N. and W. of the Simpang River; lat. 10 20' S. The exports comprise
Upper Austria. Area, 8658 square miles. Pop. in 1845, 950,612, opium, camphor, salt, diamonds, gold-dust, and tin.
mainly of German descent. It chiefly consists of the valley    SUCCESS', a post-township of Coos co., New Hampshire,
or basin of the Mur, with portions of those of the Brave and  115 miles N.E. of Concord.
Save in the S., and the Enns in the N.W., which valley is    SUCCESS, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York;
separated from that of the Mur by the Noric Alps. The    SUCE, si'es/, a village of Fi,ance, department of Loire-Inhighest point of these, the Hochschwab, is upwards of 7600  f6rieure, on the Erdre, 8 miles N.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. 2119.
feet in elevation. The Styrian Alps, S. of the Mur, rise in the    SUCHEW. See Soo-cnow-roo.
Eisenhut to 7656 feet in height, and a branch of the Carnic    SUCHILTEPEC, soo-cheel-td-pWk/, a town of Central AmeAlps separate the Brave and Save. The surface is almost sica, state of Guatemala, capital of a department, 75 miles
wholly mountainous, except in the S.E., where are some  W. of New Guatemala, on the river Suchiltepec, which
plains on which corn, fruit, tobacco, &c. are raised; elsewhere, enters the Pacific Ocean, and near a volcano of the same
pastoral or mining industry chiefly occupy the population. name. Indigo and cochineal are cultivated in its vicinity.
The corn raised is insufficient for home consumption. The    SUCHONA, a river of Russia. See Soo0KuoNA.
chief crops are wheat, maize, pulse, fruits, hemp, and flax.   SUCHTELN, (Sfichtlen,) siixtln, a village of Rhenish
Cattle and sheep are extensively reared. Mining is the chief Prussia, 19 miles W.N.W. of Dusseldorf, on the North Canal
branch of industry. The average annual produce of iron is Pop. 1840.
516,136 hundredweight; copper, 1047 hundredweight; salt,   SUCK, a river of Ireland, in Connaught, flows mostly S.
160,000 hundredweight; alum, 4145 hundredweight; coal, between the cos. of Roscommon and Galway, and joins the
404,986 hundredweight; with small quantities of lead, silver, Shannon at Shannon Bridge.
gold, zinc, and vitriol; marble and building stones are abun-   SUCKASUN/NY, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey,
dant, and the country contains many medicinal springs. The  about 22 miles N. by E. of Trenton, contains a church.
manufactures are insignificant, and the trade limited. The    SUCKERNOCHIEE (called also TUGALOO) CREEK, of
conveyance of goods employs many of the population, the pro- Mississippi and Alabama, rises near the W. border of Noxuvince lying in the high route between Austria and the Adri- bee co., in the former state, and flowing SE. into Alabama,
atic, and it is now traversed by the railway from Vienna to  falls into the Tombigbee at Moscow. It is navigable by
Triest. It is divided into the circles of Griitz, (the capital,) small boats about 35 miles.
and Marburg, Cilley, Judenburg, and Briick, its other chief    SUCKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
towns. Nearly all its inhabitants are Roman Catholics.   SUCRO. See CULLERA.
Gratz has a university. Styria was erected into a margra-   SUCURIU, soo-koo-re-oon, a river of Brazil, rises in the
viate by Charlemagne; it has belonged to Austria since 1192. Serra de Itiqueira, province of Matto Grosso, and joins the
-Adj. and inhab. STYRIAN, stfirle-an.                     Parand on the right, 8 miles below the junction of the Tietr.
STYRIRUP, a parish of England, Co. of Notts.              SUCY-EN-BRIE, sii'see/-5Ga-bree, a village of France, deSUABIA. See SWABIA.                                     partment of Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement ofCorbeil. P. 1175.
SUAKIN, swdfkin, or SUAKEM, soo-fkem, a seaport town    SUCZAWA, soo-chgat, or SUTSCIHAWA, a river of Ausof the Red Sea, on an island off its W. coast, in lat. 190 7/ tria, rises in the province of Bukowina, forms part of the
N., ion. 370 20' E. Pop. 8000. (1) It has an excellent harbor, boundary between Galicia and Moldavia, and joins the
and is a station for pilgrims passing to and from Arabia.    Sereth after a course of about 100 miles.
SUAPA. See SUATA.                                         SUCZAWA, SUCZAVA, soo-chslvd, or SUTSCHAWA,
SUAPURE, swa-pootrA, or SIVAPURE, se-va-pootrA, a river (ane. Sucidava,) a fortified town of the Austrian Empire, in
of Venezuela, rises in the Sierra Parima, near lat. 60 S., flows Bukowina, near the Suczawa, an affluent of the Sereth, on
W.N.W., and joins the Orinoco on the right, after a course the frontier of Moldavia, 34 miles E.N.E. of Kimpolung.
of about 100 miles.                                       Pop. 4812. It has several Greek and Armenian churches,
SUATA, swltd, or SUAPA, sw&/pA, a town of New Gra- a synagogue, and a high school.
nada, province of Socorro, about 80 miles S.S.W. of Pam-    SUDA, sootdd, or SWID, swid, a river of Russia, rises in
plona. It consists ofabout 1000 houses.                   the S. of the government of Olonets, and flowing S.E., joins
SUBATHOO or SUBIIATOO, soolba-toof, a town of North- the Skeksna 9 miles below Cherepovetz. Total course, about
west Hindostan, capital of one of the protected states, be- 140 miles.
tween the Sutlej and Jumna, 28 miles S.E. of Belaspoor.   SUDAK. See SooDAR.
Pop., with Sewah and Burowlee, 5535.                        SUD-AMERIKA, (South America.) See page 73.
SUBBERMUTTY, stLb'er-mftt/tee, written also SUBBER-    SUDAN. See SOODAN.
MATTEE and SAUBBERiMUTTEE, a river of West Hindos-   SUBDIBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
tan, rises in the Odeypoor dominions, flows S.W. past Ahmed-   SUDIBOROUGHII, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
nugger and Ahmedabad, and enters the head of the Gulf of    SUDBBROOK, a parish ofEngland. co. of lincoln_
Cambay by a wide mouth, 15 miles W. of Cambay. Total   SUBBURY, sfsd/bgr-e, a borough-town of England, cos. of
cours', 200 milu..                                        Suffolk and Essex, on the Stour, 19 miles W. of Ipswich. Pop
1851




SUD                                                          SUF
af the borough in 1851, 6043. The town, on the N. side of    SUEZ, ISTHIMUS OF, the neck of land connecting Asia
the river, is neat, clean, well built, and has 3 parishes and  and Africa. having S. the Gulf of Suez, and N. the Mediterparish churches, a handsome town-hall, a grammar school, ranean. Breadth, 72 miles. The surface consists mostly cf
an important manufacture of silks and buntings, an export moving sands, interspersed with some rocky elevations, salt
trade in agricultural produce, and imports of coal.        marshes, (the ancient crocodile lakes,) and land fertilized by
SUDBURY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.              inundations of the Nile. On it are traces of the ancient canal
SUDIBURY, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, 45  connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas. See RED SEA.
miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 194.                           SUFFEED  KOl or SUFEID  KOH, shf-feed! ks, (the
SUDtBURY, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., "white mountain,") in Afghanistan, 100 miles S. of the
Massachusetts, 20 miles WV. by N. of Boston. The township  Hindoo Koosh, bounds the valley of Cabool on the S., exhas Sudbury River on the E., and Asabet River on the  tending from W. to E. near 350 50' S.. lat., and between ion.
N.W. and N., which streams unite to form Concord River. 690 360 and 710 16' E.'It has three parallel ranges, the two
On Asabet River is the village of Asabet, which has a  lower covered with pine woods, the loftiest steep and rocky,
carpet factory moved by water-power, and is the terminus  rising in one part to 14,200 feet in height, and covered with
of a branch of the Fitchburg Railroad. Factory Pond fur- perpetual snow.
nishes annually about 40,000 tons of ice. A beautiful gra-   SUFFEDUN, stf'fee-drin, a town of British India, presinite monument was erected, in 1853, over the remains of dency of Bengal, district of Delhi, 18 miles W. of Paniput.
Captain Samuel Wadsworth and his brave associates, who    SUFFEID RUD, a river of Persia. See SEvEED RooD.
fell in Kingy Philip's War at Sudbury, April 18, 1676; two-   SUF/FERN'S, a post-village of Rockland co., New York,
thirds at least of those engaged were slain. The monument on the New York and Erie Railroad, at the junction with
is situated a little N. of Mill Village, near the spot where  the Union, lamapo, and Paterson Railroad, 32 miles from
the action took place, and directly over the remains of the  New York. Here is an important railroad station at the
dead. Pop. 1578.                                            entrance of a mountain pass.
SUDBURY RIVER, a small stream of Middlesex co.. in    SUF/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
the N.E. part of Massachusetts, unites with the Asabet to    SUFIFIELD, a post-village and township of Hartford co.,
form Concord River at Concord.                              Connecticut, onthe W. side of the Connecticut River, 16
SUDE/LEY MAN'OR, a parish of England, co. of Glou- miles N. of Hartford. It is the seat of the Connecticut
cester, 1 mile S.E. of Winchcombe.  The church is in ruins. Literary Institution, founded by the Baptists. The townQueen Catherine Parr is buried here. It has also the ruins  ship has some manufactures of carriages, paper, tobacco,
of a castle.                                                &c. Pop. 2962.
SUDEtRMANIA, an old province of Sweden. See SoDom-   SUFFIELD, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity
MANNA.ND.                                                  of Portage co., Ohio. Pop. 1281.
SUDEROE, sooleder-ii or soo/der-dVeh, almost sooeder-th'-   SUFFLEN.  See SnUFFLEN HEIM.
yeh, one of the FarSio Islands.                               SUFFOLK, stfifok, a maritime county of England, having
SUOETEN-GEBIRGE, soo0deh-ten-gheh-beerigh;e   h, or SU- E. the North Sea: N., Norfolk; W., Cambridgeshire; and S.,
DETIIC MOUNTAINS, (anc. Sludeti Men'tes,) a mountain  Essex.  Area, 1481 square miles, or 947,840 acres, of which
range of Germany, comprising the Fichtel-gebirge, Erz- about 820.000 are under culture. Pop. in 1851, 337,215. The
gebirge, and Riesen-gebirge; they encircle Bohemia, being  Ouse and Waveney Rivers form the N. boundary; the S.
connected on the E. with the Carpathians, and on the W. limit is formed by the Stous, which, with the Orwell, exwith the mountains of Franconia.                           pands into an estuary near the sea. The surface is mostly
SUDJUR, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See SEDJooR.          level, and very well tilled. In the N.W. is a tract of hilly
SUDILERSVILLE, a post-village of QueenAnne co., Mary- and poor soil. Wheat, barley, beans, oats, turnips, and
land, 55 miles E. by N. of Annapolis.                      hemp are the principal crops; some hops are raised; dairy
SUDOST, a river of Russia. See SooDosT.                   husbandry is important, and butter is a chief product.
SUDSIHIA, a town of Russia.  See SoojA.                  The stock of sheep is estimated at 500,000. Stays are maSUDUD, soo'd[dt, (probably  the Zadud of Scripture,) a  nufactured in large numbers at Ipswich. Wool manufaclarge village of Syria, pashalic of Damascus, and E. of the  tures, formerly important, have declined, but some silk
route fisom that city to Hems, (Emesa.)                    stuffs are made at Hadleigh and Glemsford, andgun-flints
SUDUK, soo'dak/(?) ariverofBeloochistan, rises near lat. at Brandon.  The rivers are mostly navigable, and the
260 N., ion. 630 22' E., and, after a S. course of 140 miles, county is intersected by the Stowmarket Canal, Lowestoft
enters the Indian Ocean 60 miles N.W. of Arubah.           and Norwich Navigation, and branches of the Eastern
SUE, soo!n, an island of Torres Strait, one of " The Sisters,"  Counties Railway.  Suffolk is in the E. circuit. and chiefly
N.N.E. of Cape York; lat. 100 12' S., lon. 1420 52' E. At the  in the diocese of NQrwich. Assizes are held at Bury-St.W. end of the island is a native village.                  Edmund's and Ipswich; besides which boroughs, it conSUECA, sw/kiA, a town of Spain, 20 miles S.E. of Valencia,  tains Eye and Sudbury, and the market-towns of Woodon the Jucar, near its mouth in the Mediterranean. P. 8862. bridge, Framlingham, Mildenhall, Brandon, Lavenham,
SUECIA, SUECO, SUDE and SUEDIA. See SWEDEN.    Stowmkrket, Saxmundham, &c., with Orford, Aldborough,
SUEDIAH, swslde-a, (suc. Seleulcia,) a port of Asiatic  Southwold, and Lowestoft on the coast. The county also
Turkey, pashalic of Aleppo, 18 miles S.W. of Antioch.      contains the remains of Dunwich, the ancient capital of East
&SUEDOIS. See SwEDEN.                                    Anglis, but which has been mostly engulfed in the sea. It
SUEROS, swl/roce, a village of Spain, province of Leon, sends 11 members to the House of Commons, of which 4 are
district of Astosga. Pop. 1084.                            for the county.
SUESSA AURUNCA. See SEssA.                                 SUFFPOLK, a county in the E. part of Massachusetts, has
SUESSONES or SUESSIONES. See SOIsSONS.                   an area of about 15 square miles, being the smallest county
SUEVRES, stt'v'r/, a town of France, department of  in the state. It is bounded on the E. and S. by MassachuLoir-et-Cher, near the right bank of the Loir, on the railway  setts Bay. It comprises only 4 townships, viz. Boston, Chelto Orleans and Tours, 8 miles N.E. of Blois. Pop. 1957.    sea, North Chelsea, and Winthrop; but on account of its
SUEZ. soo!Sz, written also SOUEZ and SOUEYS, (Arab. containing the chief city of New England, (Boston,) it may
pron. so/- z! or soo-aizl; anc. Cleopattris or Arsint/e,) a frontier be regarded as the most important county in the state. In
seaport town of Egypt, nearthe head of the Gulf of Suez, (an  1850 there were 47 machine-shops, 3 ship-yards, 10 shiparm of the Red Sea,) 76 miles E. of Cairo. Lat. 290 58' 6" N.,  joining, 14 ship-smithing, and 15 shipwright establishments,
Ion. 320 34' 2" E. Stationary inhabitants. firom 1500 to 2000. 12 brass foundries, 8 iron foundries, 1 rolling mill, 8 type
It is a station for numerous caravans and travellers. It is a  and stereotype foundries, 9 distilleries, 6 breweries, 33 book
wretched town, with houses of sun-dried bricks, and unpaved  binderies, 30 manufactories of stoves and ranges, 4 of lamps,
streets, having about a dozen mosques, a Greek church, 20 of trunks, 35 of saddles and harness, 18 of coaches, 78 of
a custom-house, &c.; the whole enclosed by a wall mount- cabinet-ware, 156 of clothing, 90 of boots and shoes, 3 silvering a few cannon, and surrounded by entrenchments. The  plating, and 194 carpenter establishments, 3 glass-works, 9
country ar/und it is a perfect desert, and all provisions and  upholsterers, 23 curriers, 5 manufactories of chemicals, 6 of
water are brought to it from great distances. Its port will whale-oil, and 23 of piano-fortes. This county is traversed
not receive boats of more than 60 tons, and steamers must by railroads, radiating from Boston, in almost every direcmoor 2 miles from the town. From its position on the high  tion. Organized in 1643-then comprising the whole of the
road between Egypt and the East, Suez has always been a  present county of Norfolk, and a small part of Plymouth,
place of extensive transit trade; and since the establish- and named from  Suffolk, a county in England. Capital,
ment of the overland route to India, it has become the re- Boston. Pop. 144,517.
sidence of many merchants and agents. Ak railway recently    SUFFOLK, the easternmost county of New York, has an
constructed from Alexandria to Cario, is to be extended to  area of about 950 square miles. It forms the E. extrermAty
Suez. Impmediately N. of the town is Kolzim, the site of the  of Long Island, and is bounded on the N. by Long Island
ancient'2ysmoa.                                           Sound, and E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean. Its coast is
SUEZ, GULF  OF, the W. arm of the Red Sea, after its  indented with numerous bays and inlets, affording excelbifurcation in lat. 280 N., whence it extends N.W. to lat. 300  lent harbors, and great advantages for navigation and for.   Length, 200 miles; average breadth, 30 miles. Shores  fisheries. It is drained by Peconic River, and other smaller
desert, and alternately present arid plains and rocky head- streams, which afford some water-power. The surface in
lands. Two miles from its head, it is supposed by some  the N. part is hilly and uneven, and along the sea-coast
that the Israelites crossed the bed of the sea during their  nearly level. The soil is generally sandy; that bordering
exodus from Egypt.                                         on the Sound is more fertile than in the interior and S.
1852




SUP                                                         SUL
portions. The Long Island Railroad passes through this    SUGARLOAF, a township of Van Buren co., Arkansas.
county. Organized in 1683. Capital, Riverhead. Pop. 36,922. Pop. 260.
SUFFOLK, a post-village, capital of Nansemond co., Vir-    SUGAR PLANT, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
ginia, on the Nansemond River, and on the Portsmouth    SUGAR RIVER, of Sullivan co., New Hampshire, formcn
and Roanoke Railroad, 85 miles S.E. of Richmond.  The  the outlet of Sunapee Lake, and falls into the Connecticut
river is navigable for small vessels. It contains, besides the  River.
county buildings, 4 churches, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices.   SUGAR RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in Dane county, and
Founded in 1742. Pop. estimated at 1500.                   flowing in a S.E. direction through Green county, passes
SUFFOLK COURT-HOUSE, New York. See RIvERHEAD{.           into Illinois, and enters the Pekatonica about 7 miles from
SUGAR (sh00gfar) CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the  its mouth.
Susquehanna near Towanda.                                    SUGAR RUN, a small post-village of Bradford co., PennSUGAR CREEK, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsyl-  sylvania.
rania, about 18 miles E.N.E. of Butler. Pop. 1688.           SUGAR RUN, a post-office of Wetzel co., Virginia.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Venango co., Pennsyl-   SUGARTOWN, shllg/ar-tlwn, apost-village ofCattaraugus
sania. Pop. 875.                                           co., New York.
SUGAR CREEK, a small village of Venango co., Pennsyl-    SUGARTOWN, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania,
vania.                                                     79 miles E.S.E.'of Harrisburg.
SUGAR CREEK, of North Carolina, rises in Mecklenburg    SUGAR TREE, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.
co., and, flowing S., enters Catawba River on the E. border    SUGARTREE RIDGE, a small post-village of Highland
of York district, South Carolina. Little Sugar Creek unites  co.. Ohio, 10 miles S. of IHillsborough.
with it near the boundary of these states.                   SUGAR VALfLEY, a post-office, Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
SUGAR CREEK, of Georgia, flows through Telfair co.   SUGAR VALLEY, a post-office of Murray co., Georgia.
into the Little Ocmulgee River.                              SUGAR VALLEY, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, 100
SUGAR CREEK, a post-office of Telfair co., Georgia.      miles W. of Columbus.
SUGAR CREEK, of Alabama, flows into Elk River, in    SUGGSVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Alabama, 110
Limestone co., about 10 miles N.W. of Athens.              miles S.W. of Montgomery.
SUGAR CREEK, apost-office, Claiborne parish, Louisiana.   SUGHEUD, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See SHUGSrnUT.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Benton Co., Arkansas.   SUGIHONA. See SOOKHONA.
Pop. 580.                                                    SUGHIRA, sooglrA, a seaport town of South-east Arabia,
SUGAR CREEK, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tennessee. with a fort, in lat. 130 21' 30" N., lon. 450 46' E.
SUGAR CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Portage River, in    SUGULMESSA. See SEGELMESA.
Ottawa county.                                                SUHL, sool, or SUIILA, soo/l1, a town of Central GerSUGAR CREEK, an affluent of Tuscarawas River, Ohio, many, in a detached district of Prussian Saxony, 30 miles
rises in Wayne co., and enters the Tuscarawas at Dover.     S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 8005, engaged chiefly in iron and steel
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Allen co., Ohio. Pop. 756. works, and in manufactures of union fabrics and chemical
SUGAR CREEK, a township ofGreene co., Ohio. Pop. 3082. products.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 550.   SUHLAU, soosliw, a small town of Prussian Silesia, goSUGAR CREEK, a township of Stark co., Ohio. Pop. 1743. vernment of Breslau, 5 miles S.W. of Militsch. Pop. 800.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop.   SUHR, sooa, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau,
1400.                                                       2 miles S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1423.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop. 2321.   SUICILLE. See SovICILLE.
SUGAR CREEK, Indiana, rises in Clinton co., and enters    SUI9O.  See SWITZERLAcD.
the Wabash from  the E., about 3 miles S.E. of Newport.   SUIGUTOI, a misspelling of SURGUTOI. See SOORGOT. O.
Its general course is S.W., and its whole length about 100    SUIKOW.  See SooaKow.
miles.                                                        SUIPPES, sweept, a town of France, department of Marne,
SUGAR CREEK, of Indiana, an affluent of Blue River, on the Suippes, an affluent of the Aisne, 14 miles N.N.E. of
rises in Henry county, and falls into the river about a mile  Chalons. Pop. in 1852, 2474.
below Edinburg.                                               SUIR or SURE, shure, a river of Ireland, in Munster,
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Clinton co., Indiana.  rises in the Devil's Bit Mountains, flows S., through the
Pop. 477.                                                   county of Tipperary, and, in conjunction with the Barrow,
SUGAR CREEK, a post-village and township of Hancock  expands into the estuary of Waterford Harbor, on the S
co., Indiana,about 15 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. Pop. 793. coast. Total course, about 100 miles.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Montgomery co., Indiana.    SUIRA, a name of Mogadore. See MoGADORE.
Pop. 777.                                                     SUISCIO, swee'sho, or STJISIO, sweelse-o, a viUIage of
SUGAR CREEK, a township, Parke co., Indiana. P. 1355. Austrian Italy, 7 miles S. by W. of Ponte San Pietro, on the
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. P. 743. Adda. Pop. 1007.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Vigo co., Indiana. P. 1180.   SUISOON, soone-soonu, a creek of California, falls into SuiSUGAR CREEK, in the N. central part of Illinois, flils soon Bay.
into Salt Creek. Another little stream of this name falls    SUISOON or SUISUN, a bay of California, E. of San Pablo
into the Sangamon a few miles E. of Springfield.            Bay, with which it is connected by the Straits of Karquenas
SUGAR CREEK, a post-office of Williamson co., Illinois.  (or Carquinez.) Length, 15 miles; greatest breadth, 7 miles.
SUGAR CREEK, a township of Randolph co., Missouri.   SUISSE. See SWITZERLAND.
Pop. 965.                                                     SUIZA, SUIZO.  See SWITsZERLAND.
SUGAR CREEK, a small post-village and township of    SUJAH KAT, a town of the Punjab. See SHo0JUABAD.
Walworth co., Wisconsin, 41 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee.        SUJAR, soo-iaRa, or ZUJAR, thoo-HaRJ, a river of Spain,
SUGAR GROVE, a thriving post-village and township of  in Estremadura, discharges its waters into the Guadiana
Warren co., Pennsylvania, 15 miles N.W. of Warren. The  about 5 miles E. of Don Benito. Total course, about 100 miles.
village is pleasantly situated, and has several stores. Pop.   SUKEL SHUYUKII. See SooK-rEL-SHooYoo0K
of the township, 1523.                                        SUKIIONA.  See SooxKoNA.
SUGAR GROVE, a post-office of Pendleton co., Virginia.     SUKKERTOPPEN, a noted headland on the W. coast of
SUGAR GROVE, apost-office, Watauga co., North Carolina. Greenland, in lat. 650 22' N., ion. 530 5' W. It gives name
SUGAR GROVE, a post-office of Butler co., Kentucky.      to the district which it overloolks.
SUGAR GROVE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio, on    SUKKUR, sLk'kflirf, a decayed but picturesque town of
the Hocking Valley Canal.                                   Sinde, on the W. bank of the Indus, immediately opposite
SUGAR GROVE, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., Indiana.  Roree. Lat. 270 44' N., Ion. 680 52' E.
SUGAR GROVE, a post-township of Kane co., Illinois.   SUKNA, a town of Fezzan. See SocKnA.
Pop. 734.                                                    SUKU-L-BASIR. See SoKoo-L-BASEEs.
SUGAR GROVE, a post-village of Poweshiek co., Iowa,   SUKUM-KALEH, a town of Abkasia. See Soo0aooM-KAL.
about 70 miles W. of Iowa City.                              SUKYT, soo'kitt, a small town of the Punjab, in the BriSUGAR HILL, apost-office of Grafton co.,New Hampshire. tish Julliuder-doab, between the Sutlej and Beas Rivers,
SUGAR HILL, a post-office, McDowell co., North Carolina. 15 miles N.E. of Belaspoor. Lat. 310 32' N., lon. 760 520 E.
SUG0AR HILL, post-office, Marion district, South Carolina. Around it are numerous forts and stiongholds.
SUGAR HILL, a post-office of Iall co., Georgia.             SULIACOE CREEK, of Georgia, flws into the Coosawattee
SUGAR HILL, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.          a few miles from its mouth. It is called also Pine Log Creek.
SUGAR LAKE, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.   SULEDAL, soofll-dP1, a parish, river, and lake of Norway,
SUGARLOAF, sh66gfar-1lf, a posttillage of Orange co., stift of Christiansand; and a village, amt, and 48 miles N.E.
New York, aibout 50 miles N.N.W. ofNew York City.         of Stavanger, at the W. extremity of the lake.
SUGARLOAF, a village and township in the N.E. extre-   SULEIMANEEYAI          I or SULEIMANIYAI, soo-lI-mi-nee'mity of Columbia co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1316.             yA or stl-A-mu-neetyA, sometimes written SOULEIHIANIEHI-,
SUGARLOAF, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. a town of Turkish Koordistan, capital of a district, 73 miles
Fop. 1023.                                                 E.N.E. of Kerkook. It comprises 1000 houses, with several
SUGARLOAF, a township of Carroll co., Arkansas. P. 310. khans, and a well-supplied bazaar. Its vicinity is famedl
SUGARLOAF, a township, Crawford co., Arkansas. P. 911. from its excellent breed of horses.
SUGARLOAF, a township of Marion co., Arkansas. P. 343.   SULEIMAN (sg.o-l-m&nf) MOUNTAINS, a range in East
SUGARLOAF, a post-office of Sebastian co., Arkansas.     Afghanistan, separating Damaun from the province of Soe
1853




SUL                                                        SULI
westan, &e., and extendling from lat. 290 to 330 40' N., Ion.   SULLIVAN, a post-village and township of Ashland en,
70~ E. Culminating point, the Takhti-Suleiman, ("throne Ohio, 99 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1099.
of Solomon.") It has an elevation of 11,000 feet. The sides   SULLIVAN, a post-village, capital of Sullivan co., Indiana,
of this range are clothed with dense forests, and it nowhere 100 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. Laid out in 1842. It con.
reaches the snow line.                                    tains a court-house, a county seminary, and 2 churches.
SULERN (sooflen) ISLANDS, a group off the W. coast of   SULLIVAN, a post-villare of Moultrie co., Illinois, about
Norway, stift, and 45 miles N.N.W. of Bergen.              10 miles W. by N. of Auburn.
SULGEN, soolfghen, a village of Switzerland, canton of   SULLIVAN, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, near the
Thurgau, on the Thur, 4 miles N.W. of BischofszeI1. P. 1110. Mississippi RItiver, 70 miles N.E. of Iowa City.
SULIGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.       SULLIVAN, a post-township in the S.E. part of Jefferson
SUVIHIAMI, a parish of England, co. of Berks.           co., Wisconsin. Pop. 872.
SULItIAMSTEAD AB'BOTS, a parish, England, co. Berks.   SULLIVAN COVE, is a bay of the Derwent River, in Van
SULIHAMSTEAD BANtNISTER, a parish of England, co. Diemen's Land, on which Hobart Town is situated.
of Berks.                                                    SULLIVAN'S MILLS, apost-office ofJennings co., Indiana.
SULI, SOULI, sootlee, or SULLI, a strong fortress of Euro-   SUL'LIVANVILLE, a post-village of Chemung co., New
pean Turkey, in Epirus, on the river Suli, sanjak, and 31 miles York, 10 miles N.E. of Elmira, has 2 stores.
S.W. of Yanina, celebrated during the Greek revolution.      SULILY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
SULIMANA. See SOOIMANA.                                    SULLY, sil'lee/, a small town of France, department ot
SULINA. See SooLINA.                                     Loiret, on the left bank of the Loire, 24 miles E.S;E. of
SULITELMA, a mountain of Norway. See NoRWAY.             Orleans. Pop. in 1852, 2500.
SULKEA, salPke-a, a town of British India, presidency of    SULLY, LA TOUR, a small town of France, department
Bengal, on the HIoogly River, opposite Calcutta.           of the Ni1vre, 8 miles S:E. of Cosne. Pop. 1598.
SULILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           SULMIRSCHUTZ, (Sulmirschiitz,) soolfmeer-sh65tse, writSULtLIVAN, a county in the W.S.W. part of New Hamp- ten also SULMIERSZYCE, a town of Prussian Poland, goshire, has an area of about 570 square miles. It is bounded  vernment of Posen, 11 miles W.S.W. of Ostrowo. Pop. 1930.
on the W. by the Connecticut, and is drained by the Ashue-   SULIIONA, sool-mofnd, (anc. Suelmo,) a fortified town of
lot and other smaller streams. It contains several small Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., in a fertile plain beponds. Sunapee Lake forms part of its E. border. The sur- tween two head streams of the Aterno, 34 miles S.E. of
face is geierally elevated, with occasional mountain ridges Aquila. Pop. 5800. It has a cathedral, and manufactures
and peaks, of which Croydon Mountain and the Sunapee  of paper, shell goods, confectionery, and leather. Ovid was
Mountains are the principal. The soil is fertile, especially  born here, B.c. 43.
along the valleys of its numerous streams. The Connecticut   SULOOMBER, soo-loomnber, a town of. West Hindostan,
River is navigable for boats along the border of this county. 40 miles S.S.E. of Odeypoor.
It is intersected by the Sullivan Railroad. Organized in    SULPHUR (stillfur) BLUFF, a post-office of HIopkins co.,
1827, having previously formed part of Cheshire county. Texas.
Capital, Newport. Pop. 19,375.                              SULPHUR FORK, of Red River, rises in Fannin co.,
SULLIVAN, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has Texas, and flowing eastward into Arkansas, falls into
an area of about 890 square miles. It is partly bounded on  Red River on the boundary between the latter state and
the S.E. by the Shawangunk River, and on the W. by the  Louisiana.
Delaware, which separates it from Pennsylvania.  It is   SULPHUR FORK, a township in Lafayette co., Arkansas.
drained by Neversink, Mongaup, and Beaverkill Rivers, and  Pop. 218.
other smaller streams, which furnish abundant water-power.   SULPHUR HILL, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.
It has several small lakes or ponds. The surface is generally    SULPHUR ISLAND, East Sea, N. of the Loo-Choo Islands.
uneven and mountainous, although the valleys are some- Lat. 270 56' N.. lon. 1280 30' E. It is 1 mile in length.
times quite extensive. The soil along the streams is fertile;   SULPHIIUR ISLAND, North Pacific, Volcano group, S. of
on the more elevated portions better adapted to grazing  the Bonin Islands. Lat. 240 48' N., lon. 1410 20' E.
than tillage. There is a lead-mine at Wartzborough, in the    SULPIIUR ISLAND, an island of Japan, in Van Diemen's
S.E. part. The Delaware and Hudson Canal and the New,. Strait, off the coast of Kioo-Sioo. Let. 300 43' N., Ion. 1300
York and Erie Railroad traverse this county. Capital, Mon- 17' E. It has a volcano upon it.
ticello. Pop. 25,088.                                       SULPHUR LICK, a post-village of Monroe co., Kentucky.
SULLIVAN, a county in the N.N.E. part of Pennsylvania,    SULPHUR MILLS, a small village of Jessamine co., Kenhas an area of about 430 square miles. It is traversed by  tucky.
Loyalsock Creek, an affluent of the Susquehanna River, and    SULPHUR ROCK,. a post-office of Independence co., Ardrained also by Muncy and Little Loyalsock Creeks. The  kansas.
surface is elevated, and mostly covered with forests. The    SULPHUR SPRING, a post-village ofBuncombe co., North
Alleghany Mountains cross the county in an E. and WV. Carolina, 260 miles W. of Raleigh, is much frequented as a
direction, having a very gradual descent towards the N. summer resort.
Lumber is the chief article of export. Formed out of part   SULPHUR SPRING, a tosnship of Montgomery co., Arof Lycoming county, in 1847. Capital, Laporte. Pop. 3694.  kansas. Pop. 552.
SULLIVAN, a county in the N.E. part of Tennessee, bor-   SULPHUR SPRING, a township of Polk co., Arkansas.
dering on Virginia. Area, estimated at 300 square miles. Pop. 247.
It is drained by the IHolston and Watauga Rivers, which    SULP UR SPRING, a small village of Pope co., Arkansas.
unite near its S. border. The surface is diversified by high    SULPHUR SPRING, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.
ridges and valleys connected with the Alleghany chain.   SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Buncombe co., North
The soil is fertile, well timbered, and plentifully supplied  Carolina.
with springs. Iron ore is found. The East Tennessee and    SULPHIUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.
Virginia Railroad passes through this county.  Capital,   SULPIIUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Madison co., MisBlountsville. Pop. 11,742, of whom 10,738 were free, and  sissippi.
1004 slaves.                                                SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas.
SULLIVAN, a county in the W. part of Indiana, border-   SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Rhea co., Tennessee.
ing on Illinois, contains 430 square miles. It is drained by    SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana.
Busseron Creek, and bounded on the W. by the Wabash    SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Williamson co., IiRiver. The surface is mostly level, and the soil productive. linois.
The county contains extensive beds of bituminous coal.   SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Jefferson co., MisThe Wabash is navigable for steamboats in high water. sissippi, on the Pacific Railroad, 21 miles W. of St. Louis.
Organized in 1817, and named in honor of Daniel Sullivan,    SULPIhUR WELL, a post-office of Shelby co., Tennessee.
who was killed by Indians while employed in the public    SULPHUR  WELL, a post-office, Jessamine co., Kentucky.
service. Capital, Sullivan. Pop. 10,141.                    SULSIQUE, stil'seekl, a village of Belgium, province of
SULLIVAN, a new county in the N. part of Missouri, has East Flanders, 18 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1320.
an area of 650 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by    SULTANABAD, sfil-t'na-b~dt,  a town of Persia, province
Locust Creek, by the East Fork of Medicine Creek, and by  of Khoozistan, near the Jerahi, 65 miles E.N.E. of Dorak.
Yellow and Wolf Creeks. The slope of the county is towards    SULTANEEYAH, SULTANIYAH or SULTANIEH, soolthe S. Prairies of considerable extent occur in it. Named  ti-neela, an ancient city of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee,
in honor of John C. Sullivan, member of the convention to  115 miles N.N.E. of Hamadan, once the capital of that
form the constitution of Missouri. Pop. 2983, of whom 2895  country under the sovereigns of the race of Jenghis Khan.
were free, and 88 slaves.                                It is now almost or quite deserted, but its magnificent ruins
SULLIVAN, a post-township in Hancock co., Maine, 90 attest its former glory. Lat. about 360 30' N., lon. 480 30' E.
miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 810.                       SULTANEEYAH   (SULTANIYAH   er  SULTANIEH)SULLIVAN, a post-township of Cheshire co., New Hamp- HISSAR, sool-t-neela his'sarf, an old castle of Asia, in Asia
shire, 38 miles W.S.W. of Concord. Pop. 468.             Minor, on the S.E. bank of the Hellespont.
SULLIVAN, a post-village and township of Madison co.,   SULTANGUNGE, se!-t1n-gmnj1, a town of India, in Oude,
New York, on Canaseraga Creek, about 120 miles W. by N. 45 miles W.N.W.  of Lucknow.
of Albany. The township borders on Oneida Lake. P.4764.   SULTANGUNGE. a town of British India, presidency of
SULLIVAN, a post-village and township of Tioga co., Bengal, province of Blahar, on the Ganges, between BogliPennsylvania, about 20 miles E. of Wellsborough. P. 1757.  poor and 5Mon1thi1854




SUL                                                        SUM.
SULTAN-HISSAR, s9oo1tan his'sarl, (anc. Nylsa? or Tral'-  2 miles. On the N. half of the W. coast, the level maritime
los) a village of Asia Minor, near the Mendere, 48 miles  tract has a breadth of 6 or 8 miles. In a few places,
E. of Ayasoolook. It has the remains of a temple and of a  chiefly at the opening of transverse valleys, the mountains
theatre.                                                   retire so as to allow a greater extension of the alluvial plain,
SULTANIA.  See CHIANAK-KALESSI.                          which in a few places has a width of from 12 to 20 miles.
SULTANIYAH  or SULTANIEH. Soee SULTANeEYAIT              The mountains extend for hundreds of miles as uniform
SULTAN-MEIDAN, sfilPtln-mAtdnl, a town of Persia, ridges, at first (beginning from the S.) 2000 or 3000 feet in
province of Khorassan, is 45 miles N.W. of Nishapoor.      height, then from  30 S. to the equator, attaining a geneSULTANPOOR, sriltan-poorl, a town of India, in the Pun- ral height of 5000 feet. Farther N. they retire from  the
jab, capital of a rajahship, on the Bess, 23 miles N.W. of  shore, and sink apparently into mere hills.  Some elevated
MIoondi                                                    and conspicuous peaks indeed rise at wide intervals above
SULTANPOOR, a town of British India, presidency of  the monotonous ridges, yet in the whole length of 1000
Bombay, district of Candeish, 24 miles N.E. of Naundoorbar.   miles there are hardly 20 summits exceeding 8000 feet. The
SULTANPOOR, a town of British India, dominions, and  chief of these are as follows:34 miles S. of Oude.
SULTANPOOR, a town of British India, in Afghanistan,                     Lat.   Feet.                  Lat.   Feet.
W. of Jelalabad, on the route to CaboolI Dempo........... 3 52' S. 10,440 Ophir (GunongSULUK. See SOOLOO ILANDS.                                Indrapoor........ 1 34 S. 12,140   Pasaman).....0012'N.  9,100
Talag........ 10 S.8,480 ]Loesa........... 348 N. 11,150
SULZ, s66lts, a market-town of Lower Austria, about 8  Mr               1 api  S.  8,40  Losa..........3 48 N. 11,150
Meai.....0 24 S.  9,700! bout-About... 4:17 i~. 10,850
miles from Wullersdorf.  Pop. 1297.                        Singpllang.......0 28 S. 10,150
Singallan.5 25 S.10,155 
SULZ, s661ts, a town of Wtirtemberg, circle of Black
Forest, on the Neckar, 6 miles N.E. of Oberdorf. Pop. 2349. The first four of these are volcanoes, the craters being in all,
Near it are springs from which sulphate of magnesia, sal- except Talang, at some distance below the summit. The
ammoniac, and vitriol are extracted.                       other known volcanoes in the island have generally an
SULZA, s60lt/s&, a town of Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 15  elevation of 6000 or 7000 feet, and do not exceed 15 in
miles N.E. of Weimar, with a grand ducal residence, and  number. Sumatra is therefore, in respect to subterranean
1239 inhabitants.                                          fires, far more quiescent than Java, which, though much
SULZBACH, s60ltsAblk, a walled town of Bavaria, circle  smaller, has above 50 active volcanoes. The summits above
of Upper Palatinate, 7 miles N.W. of Amberg, on the Vils. mentioned, rising abruptly at no great distance from the
Pop. 2912. It has a castle, and a Latin school.            shore, are grand and conspicuous objects at sea, andhence
SULZBACH, a village of Wiirtemberg. circle of Neckar, on  the estimates heretofore made of their height have been
the Murr, 16 miles S.E. of eilbronn.  Pop. 1476.            greatly exaggerated.
SULZBACII, a village of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, dis-   Valleys.-The lateral valleys of Sumatra, descending to
trict of Obernburg. Pop. 1130.                              the coast on the W.,are so short and steep that they hold
SULZBACI, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jaxt, baili- out no temptation to the native husbandman.  The longiwick of Gaildorf, on the Kocher. Pop. 1249.                 tudinal valleys, on the other hand, often 10 miles wide, and
SULZBURG, s66ltstb6ORG, a town of Baden, circle of Up- in one instance at least 100 miles long, have a moderate fall;
per Rhine, 13 miles S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1144.            allowing irrigation and the cultivation of rice, and conseSULZBURG, a village of Bavaria, circle of Upper Palati- quently they are the chief seats of the indigenous populanate, 7 miles S.S.W. of Neumarkt.  Pop. 1144.               tion, and of the characteristic civilization of the island. The
SULZE, s6l1ttsgh, a walled town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, valley alluded to extends from  the cone of Merapi, lat. 0~
21 miles E. of Rostock. Pop. 3580.                          24' S., to that of Luba-Raja, lat. 10 25' N., and is by some
SULZFELD, sO6ltslf8lt, a village of Baden, circle of Middle  regarded as the cradle of the Malayan race. But these valRhine, 3 miles S.W. of Eppingen.  Pop. 1865.                leys of the interior remain as yet but imperfectly known to
SUMADANG  or SOEMADANG, soo'mit-d{ngf, a large  Europeans.
village in the island of Java, province of Preanger, 87 miles    Islands.-Along the shores of Sumatra are numerous
S.E. of Batavia.                                            islands, or groups of islands, generally represented as conSUMANAP  or SOEMANAP, soomlngt'np, the eastern- nected with it; but, in fact, no such connection exists bemost division of the island of Madara, reigned over by its  tween the great and the adjacent small islands, which are
own sultan, but subject to the Dutch. Pop. 132,762.         naturally and historically quite distinct. These islands
SUMANAP, capital of the above division, lies on the S.E. are, along the W. coast, (at a general distance of 70 miles,)
coast, at the mouth of the Maringan, in a large bay, and  the groups of Nias, Batoo, Sebeero, Pora, and Pageh. On
near it is a Dutch fort, built in 1783.                     the E., in the Strait of Malacca, are Padang, Panjore, and
SUMIANY'IOWN or SUMINEYTOWN, a post-village of  other islands opposite the mouths of the rivers Siak and
Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on Perklomen Creek, 98  Kamper. Farther S. is the group of Rhio or Lingen, near
miles E. of IIarrisburg.   It has several stores, and a  Singapore, and after these Bana and Billiton.
newspaper office.                                             Geology and Minierals.-The predominant rock is trachyte.
SUMAREIN, soofmA-rine', or SOMEREIN, solmeh-rinel, a  With this are found granite, sienite, porlhyry, red sandmarket-town of Lower Austria, 12 miles from Fischanmend.  stone and limestone, in many varieties. Basalt occurs along
Pop. 1400.                                                 the coast, and at some points colossal basaltic columns form
SUMATRA, soo-mitra, a large island in the Indian Sea, convenient land-marks. Gold is collected in all the streams
immediately under the equator, and the fi-st (from the W.) that wash the granitic hills, chiefly at the sources of the
of the chain of islands which, extending with a S. curve  rivers Jambi and Indragiri.  The amount of gold annually
from the Malayan peninsula to Papua and the Philippine  exported has been estimated at 30,000 ounces. The steel of
Islands, encloses towards the N. the region known as the  Menancabow is deemed excellent. Copper and tin are exMalay Archipelago. Its extrenme limits are lat. 50 45' N., ported to China chiefly. To these valuable minerals may
and 50 55U S.; ion. 900 40' and 1060 5' B. Greatest length, be added petroleum, sulphur, and nappal, a steatitic rock
about 1000 miles; greatest breadth, 240 miles; average  resembling soap, and used as a material for carving.
width, 140 miles. Area, 140,000 square miles. It ranks,    Rivers and Lakes.-The rivers on the W. coast of Sumatra
therefore, in magnitude, as the second of the Malay Islands, are very numerous, but are, with few exceptions, little more
Borneo being the first.  The N. portion of Sumatra is  than mountain torrents.  On the E. side are several large
separated from  the Malayan peninsula on the E. by the  rivers, winding sluggishly through level plains, and formStrait of Malacca, and its S.E. extremity is separated from  ing extensive deltas at their mouths; but in the upper part
Java by the Strait of Sunda.                               of their course they are unknown to Europeans. The chief
Moeuntains.-Sumatra appears to one who sails alongits  of these rivers are the Rawas, or river of Palembang, which
W. coast to be an elevated ridge, the mountains rising  falls into the Strait of Banksa, and is navigable for a distance
abruptly at a distance of 2 miles from  the shore, and in  of 200 miles; the Jambi, the sources of which are near
many places overhanging the waves with steep cliffs. These  Talang and Indrapoor and the Indragiri, which springs
coast mountains nearly all reach and disappear in the  from the feet of Merapi and Singallang.  Of the lakes enclouds, at a height of about 2000 feet. In some places they  closed in the highland valleys, the best known are the
reappear above the clouds, and a few elevated conical peaks Lakes Sinkara and Dano, (the latter name signifies lake,)
rise to a second stratum of fleecy clouds, in which they ter- the former lying S.E., the latter N.W. of Merapi and Singalminate.  This mountain barrier exhibits little variety of  lang. Sinkara, about 12 miles long, and 4 miles wide, lies
form, and the dense forest that clothes it increases its uni- at an absolute elevation of 1035 feet; Dano, at a height of
formity. The E. side of the island has a totally different 1500 feet, is much smaller. Lake Eik-Daho, at the sources
character, and spreads out into interminable plains, nearly  of the River Singkel, (lat. 20 30' N.,) is said to have an elevaas level as the sea. The mountains, viewed from the W. tion of 4000 feet.
sea-shore, appear at first view to form  a continuous ridge;    Climate.-Lying directly under the equator, Sumatra enbut dense mists resting in the valleys indicate at times the  joys great equability of temperature; but as it stretches
breaks in the chain, and enable the eye to distinguish also  across the direction of the monsoons, its mfuntain ranges
three or four separate chains all parallel to the coast. The  arrest all the vapors, and consequently rain falls almost
chief of these is named Bookit-Barisan. On the S.W. side of  incessantly, at least in the S. half of the island. The N.
the island the mountains rise abruptly from the shore, half, owing perhaps to the vicinity of the Malayan penin
and for 300 or 400 miles the average width of the plains  sula, is less characterized by humidity.  The Battabs and
betweenthe mountain forests and the sea does not exceed  tribes farther S. sow fresh land with rice at all seasons c4
1855




SUM                                                        SUM
the year; but for previously cultivated grounds there is in    Wheu  Sumatra was first visited by Europeans, peppe!
every district a sowing season, adapted to the local climate, was its'only cultivated product. This culture was afterand chosen so that the ripening of the rice may take place  wards superseded by that of cotton. But at the present
in the driest months of the year. It is said that the ther- day the tree-cotton exported is of little value, and pepper is
mometer  rarely rises above 930, and it seldom  falls below  again the chief production.  Besides this, Sumatra exports
760.  Among the Battahs, and on the highlands of Padang  camphor, which differs from the Japanese; benzoin, cassia
and Palembang, the longevity of the natives seems to attest or common cinnamon, rottang, ebony, teak, saudal-w _i,
the salubrity of the climate; but in the settlements on the  and aloes.  To these articles of export may be added
coast, surrounded by marshes, alluvial fiats, and mangrove- gambler, edible birds'-nests, wax, rice, and ivory. The Bat;
thickets, the Dutch find the climate deadly.                tabs. and other indigenous tribes of the highlands, cultiAnirmals.-It might be naturally supposed, from the proxi-  vate for their own consumption besides rice, maize. (which
mity of Sumatra to the MIalayan peninsula and to Java,  is enormously productive,) batatas, and talas, (Caladiuo
that it would have a fauna in common with those countries.  esculentum,) another edible tuber. Capsicum, ginger, betel,
But experience refutes this expectation, and shows that tobacco, and indigo are reared in their gardens.  Their
Sumatra, in regard to its zoology, resembles Borneo more  fruit-trees are relatively few, paiticularly on the S.W. side
closely than the countries with which it is almost in con- of the island, yet they have the banana, papaw, mango,
tact. The elephant and the tapir, common in Sumatra, are  durian, and a citron of agreeable flavor.
unknown in Java. The former islandhas the two-horned,   Dizvisions.-The political divisions of the island are but
the latter a single-horned, rhinoceros.  In the forests of imperfectly known. The sultans named on the coasts have
Sumatra are two species of deer (Cervus russa and Cervus  often little power. The confederations of villages, which are
hippelaphus) larger than the European red-deer, and the  characteristic of the interior, form in general very uriobtrulatter of which is peculiar to the island. The orang-outang  sive states, and there is reason to suspect that the Dutch
(Smia tasatyrcs) inhabits in Sumatra, as in Borneo, the low  established on the island, and affecting its sovereignty,
alluvial tracts and thickly-wooded deltas, and is wanting in  purposely overlook and consign as much as possible to obliJava, where alluvial plains have little extension. Of the  vion every claim to independence.
genera Hylobates and Semnopithecus, Sumatra has several   The head of the Dufch government of the W. coast, with
species peculiar to itself. The Gymnuran Rcafflesii, a singular  the title of civil and military governor of Sumatra, resides
insectivorous animal, resembling the didelphis of America, at Padang. Lat. 00 56t S.
is met with only in Borneo and Sumatra. Besides the royal   The country of the Lampongs, comprising the S. districts
tiger, the natives describe a large carnivorous animal, inha- of the island on the Strait of Sunda, and extending N. to
biting the wild forests, and which is said to have a mane; the Strait of Banka, is under the supervision of a resident,
they also speak of a wild dog of great size, of a deep red  civil and military, whose usual seat is Tarabangi.
color, and with a tufted tail. The only antelope known in    Palembang, with a resident in the town of that name,
the Mlalay Archipelago is the lcambing-utan, or wild buck  includes the ancient kingdom of Palembang, together with
of Sumatra.  In this island, the domesticated zebu or  that of Jambi, adjoining the former on the N., and the chiefs
hunched cow retains its original characteristics  in the  of which submitted to the Dutch in 1835.
greatest purity, and the breeds of kine are collectively    In all the Dutch possessions the active administration is
smaller than in Java.                                      left to the native chiefs, in conformity with ancient customs,
The twvo neighboring islands differ much even in their  but the Dutch exercise a controlling influence in council.
birds; and when they have a species in common, those of The territorial revenues are unequal to the expenses.
Sumatra are almost always distinguishable by the superior    Inhabitants.-Sumatra is possessed, at the present day, by
brilliancy of their plumage. In the classes of reptiles, fishes, a very mixed population. Even those tribes of the central
and even of insects, many species are found in Sumatra  highlands, who are f-equently pointed out as types of a pu re
which are unknown  in Java; on the other hand, one specie    ce, exhibit such diversity of physical character as can be
of crocodile (C. biporcaUts) is common to  these islands, explained only by supposing some mixture of breeds at a
while the great rivers of Borneo nourish several distinct remote period. The Malays round'the coast are not all of
species. Of the domesticated animals in Sumatra, the most the indigenous stock, but are collected from every quarter
important by far are the pigs; by the number of these, is  of the archipelago. Ilindoos appear to have settled at an
generally estimated the wealth of each community.  Next early age on the N. coasts of the island, and hence the
to these rank cows and horses, which are, however, very  people of Acheen are taller and more vigorous than Malays
few in relation to the extent of the island. The buffalo is  in general, though they retain the fierce looks and repulsive
more frequent in the low country, but is only valued as features of this race. The Arabs in the island, though few
food, and never yoked for labor as in Java. The horse of in number, have always formed an important class. Chithe highlands (chiefly Tobah, in the Battab country) is nese are numerous, particularlyon theE. coast. In Palemsmall but vigorous, and capable of enduring much fatigue; bang, the sultans, dreading the establishment of colonies,
it resembles closely the horse of Borneo. The goat is not  would not allow them  to live on shore. They built their
very common; the sheep and ass are unknown. The dog, houses, therefore, on rafts, moored in the river close to the
though a great favorite with the Battahs and other hill- banks, and these floating houses were found to have so
tribes, is often killed for food.  The common fowl is as  many advantages that the Chinese now prefer them, though
plentiful here as in the restof the Malay Archipelago, and  at liberty to live on land. N.W. of Palembang, the Orangcock-fighting is the darling amusement of the people.       Kooboo (or Kubu) live  in a savage state, and  shun
Vegetation.-The swampy deposit on the coasts is covered  intercourse with the Malayan tribes around them. They
by muangrove, (shiz ophora,) the roots of which give consist-  are taller and stronger than the other native tribes, go
ency to the growing sea-marsh, and promote its transition  nearly naked, and have no weapon but the spear.  It is
to the state of dry land. In places exposed to the waves, remarkable that, while everywhere else in  the Malay
the casuarina precedes the mangrove.  Above, and pro- Archipelago the Malays occupy the coasts, a nation of aptected by these plants of gloomy aspect, flourish carnavalia, parently pure Malays should be found here in the interior
crotalaria, calophyllum, hibiscus, and many other species,  cultivating the hills, unacquainted with the sea, and with
the superb flowers of which form a rich garden close to the  institutions bearing  marks of great antiquity. It appears,
sea-side. A little further in we come to the palms; here the  also, that on the adjacent mainland the Malays in general
traveller is checked by the creeping species, rottang, (rattans,)  are called Mienancabow, whereas the name Malayu, meaniun
plectocomia, &c., which entwining their branches along the  wanderers, evidently dates from an emigration, and not
ground, and often armed with thorns, form impenetrable  from the origin of the nation.
thickets. The caryota. areca, and nibon palms, the latter    The Battahs may' be considered as fairly representing, in
with sharp spikes, grow erect. On the steeper shores, the  most respects, the indigenous population of the island.
myrtle, (here a large tree,) and the fig in several varieties, Like the Malays, they fall short of the European stature,
spread in families; the rottang and gomuti-palm flourishing  rarely exceeding 5 feet 4 inches in height; but they differ
beneath the shade of the larger trees. Above the figs and  from the Malays in having handsome proportions and musmyrtles, or from 500 to 6000 feet in elevation, oaks of several cular limbs.
species form the greater part of the forest. But though    Gustoms. —The ordinary dress of the Battahs  is simple;
decidedly a great tree, and valuable for its timber, the oak  and consists merely of a bungus  or head-cloth, worn as a
is here inferior to the dryobalanops, which produces the  turban; and a se-roar or loose trousers, reaching  down to
precious camphor. This tree prevails N. ofAyerbangis, 00 20t the knee. The upper part of the body, the neck, and arms,
N. of the equator. S. of that point it gives placeto the gum- are usually uncovered in both sexes; but in coldweather,
yielding dipterocarpus, which is truly the pride of the Indian  or for ornament, they weart  a jellimszlt or scarf, about two
forests, attaining in height and circumference an incredible  yards long, over the shoulders. A handsomejellimut, with
magnitude. The bare enumeration of only the more re- a fi-inge of beads, is the distinction of a rajah. Their cloth
markable species in these forests would exceed our limits; is home-made cotton, vesy coarse, but strong, and dyed
we must content ourselves therefore with observing, that blue or red with indigo or the lforinda citrifolia. None
the colossal trees of hundreds of forms, are themselves  but the poorest mountaineers clothe themselves with tis
covered by creeping plants still more luxuriant and viva- bark of trees. Young girls wear rings of wire round the
cious; and that the largest flower  known, the IRafflesia, neck, wrist, and ankle.  The rajahs alone wear armlets
whichmeasures a yard in diameter, and has a calyx capable  of ivory or of a large shell, (Tridalena yqas.) They never
of holding six quarts, is a parasitic  ornament of trees of  tattoo themselves, nor do they, like the Malays, stain their
rough batrk in these forests.                             teeth black. The lower part of the Battah's house con1856




-sum                                                       SUm
forms to the prevalent architectural system of the Mlalay  taken within the village, his life.depends on the generosity
Archipelago. The edifice is raised on four posts or pillars, of the captor. It appears that their criminal laws are co,,from 4 to 8 feet above the ground. The dwellings of the  stantly strained for the sake of mnaking sacrifices; that canpoorer classes are made wholly of bamboo; they are large  nibalism  claims no great antiquity among them, but was
baskets, in short, thatched with the broad-leaved grass  first introduced in the seventeenth century; that some
called allang; but the better kind of houses are framed of  thoughtful rajahs have proposed the abolition of the cusgood timber, and over the wattled sides are laid plates of  tom; but their wisdom and moral feeling have not as yet
bark, 10 feet long and 3 feet wide, peeled from large trees, been able to prevail against brute appetite, and in 1840 two
and then pressed flat with heavy weights as they dry. The  Roman Catholic missionaries were killed and eaten by the
structure thus framed is a quadrangle, about 12 feet wide  Battahs. Backed bythe authority of the Dutch, the chiefs
and 24 feet long. In good houses, a partial ceiling forms a  will probably soon achieve this important reform.
second story, which is used as a store-room; and under the    Population.-The population of Sumatra has been often
projecting peak of the roof, the gables being both open, is a  estimated at 7,000,000; but it is not likely that it exceeds
balcony, sufficiently sheltered, yet commanding a view of  4,500,000, thus distributed:the village, and reserved by Battah hospitality for the use   Ahen down to Sk.600,00
of casual visitors and strangers. The house is entered by a   sah..1,200,000
Battahs................................................. 1.200.000
ladder, through a door little more than 3 feet high in the    alavys of Padang and Palembang..................... 2,000,000
narrow end, and has no windows. In every village there is   Rejangs and Pasumans.................................... 550,000
a Well-built house, reared on six elaborately carved posts,   Lampongs.......................................... 150,000
and which seems to serve at once as a temple and a town- 
hall. In the forest districts it is not unusual to see houses                                               4,500,000
built in the trees, sometimes several in one great tree; the    History.-Sumatra was first visited by the Portuguese in
main stem of the tree being cut away, and the horizontal 1506; but it was not till 1600, when the Dutch established a
arms remaining.                                            factory at Peelo (Poolo or Pub) Chingko, on the WV. coast,
Industry.-The poor Malays of Palembang build excellent that Europeans obtained a firm footing on the island. In
and very beautiful boats; the Battahs construct very solid  1666 the Dutch Company took possession of Padang, and
houses for their chiefs. The agriculture of these people is  soon after enlarged its territories, by treaty oith the Sultan
very slovenly; nature has been bountiful to them, and  of Acheen. Since that time they have gone On continually
they require but little. A rude spade and hoe are their  consolidating and increasing their dominion, much more
only implements. Yet on the highlands of the Battahs are  by negotiation and the management of parties, than by force
to be seen canals of irrigation, 10 feet wide, and 4 or 5 miles of arms. In 1824, Bencoolen was ceded to the Netherlands
long, carried along embankments, and surpassing in design  by Great Britain, in exchange for Malacca.- Adj. and inand execution any thing of the same kind existing in Java. hatb. SUMiATRAN, soo00-imtran.
The labors of the field fall chiefly on the women; ind in    SUIMAUN, soo'mawn, a town of British India, presidency
Tobah, indeed, it is customary for the men to stay at home  of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 24 miles N. of Etawah.
nursing the children, while the women toil in the rice-fields.   SUMBA, sfimtbi, a town of India, in Deccan, in the NiUnmarried girls, however, are exempt from field-work, ex- zam's dominions, 53 miles N.E. of Ahmednugger.
cept at the time of the rice harvest, when none are spared,   SUMBA, a name of SANDALWOOD ISLAND.
young or old, who are capable of assisting. In thus oppress-   SUMBAWA, soom-baw/wa, or SOEMBAWA, soom-bi:J1,
uing the weaker sex with an undue share of labor, the Bat- an island of the Malay Archipelago, bounded on the N. by
tab men are guided solely by the wisdom of their ancestors, the, Java Sea;. S. by the Indian Ocekln; W. by the Strait of
or, as it may be called, perhaps with equal justice, tradi- Allass, separating it from the island of lombok; and on the
tional barbarity. When their feelings are appealed to, their  E. by the Strait of Sappi, separating it from the islands of
treatment of their partners is always generous and kindly. Comodo and Flores. Lat. of the S.W. point, 90 2' $., ion. i160
Polygamy is not forbidden by any law, and yet it is unusual; 42' E. It is about 160 miles long firom E. to W., by 31 miles
the price of, or perhaps we might say the settlement on a  extreme breadth, and of irregular form, being deeply inwife, being so high that few can afford to have more than  dented by arms of the sea. Along the coasts are a number
one. The rajahs alone have sometimes six or eight wives.   of small islands. It is divided into 6 native states, reigned
Goveronment.-Amnong the Battahs; and indeed all the in- 6ver by rajahs; Tomboro or Tombura, and Sumbawa on the
digenous tribes of Sumatra, the characteristic political ten- N. coast, whose inhabitants are the bravest inthe island;
dency is one that could have originated only in the recesses Bima, on the E., where the Dutch have a resident; Dompo,
of the mountains. Every village affects independence; but Sangar, and Papekat: all of them acknowledge subjection to
to obviate the incessant petty wars to which this state of  the Dutch. The soil is exceedingly volcanic, in some places
things might be expected to give rise, the villages often con- fertile, and watered by several streams.  Sappan-wood and
federate, the local chiefs or rajahs forming a council for the  rice are the chief products, beyond the usual tropical firuits.
regulation of affairs. Thus in Padang we hear of the 16  Beer and swine are plentiful; but cattle, goats, and fowls
kottas, (villages,) the 10 kottas, &c.  But confederation  are not abundant. There are two breeds of horses, that of
never changes the temper of the people, and the Sumatran  Tomboro and that of Bima; the latter, the finest in the
is always refractory against any authority, save that of his  Malay Archipelago, is extensively bred and exported. Fish
village chief.                                              are plentiful, and edible bird's-nests are procured on the
Religion.-There is no trace of any system  of religious  coasts. Gold is obtained in Sumbawa and Dompo; sulphur
opinions among the native tribes of Sumatra. They have  and saltpetre in Bima; and pearls on the coast of Papekat.
no temples, no priests, and perhaps no idea of Divine benefi-  Sumbawa is mountainous, and its heights have such a recence. Their Begu seems to be an evil spirit, and demons  markable appearance, that once seen they are never forgotare supposed to haunt the high mountains. On the coasts, ten, a fact which renders them  an excellent landmark for
Boodhism appears to have been introduced at an early age, ships passing to and from  China. Near the N. coast is the
but it has'been since completely superseded by Mlohammed- noted volcano of Tomboro, 8940 feet high. of which a dreadanism, which among the IMalays, however, is everywhere  ful eruption took place in April, 1815, the noise of which was
of a very relaxed character. The Arabian doctrine of Islam, heard in Celebes, the Moluccas, and Sumatia, or over an
though seductive and ordinarily successful among half-civil-  area with a radius of above 840 miles from the volcano; so
ized men, found, in the interior of this island, an insur-  near did the explosion appear to be in Java, that many
mountable obstacle in the popular economy; for the Suma- thought there was an eruption~ of one of the largest volcanoes 
tran prides himself on his droves of swine.                in that island. The ashes thrown up darkened the air; and
Laws and Learning.-The Battahs have had the art of  on the neighboring island of Lombok many people were
writing from a date beyond the reach of their traditions. buried under them, and many died from the famine caused
Their characters are peculiar, and also their mode of writing, by the destruction of the vegetation; they fell on the E. end
for they begin at the bottom of the page, at the left-hand  of Java, about 340 miles off, to a depth of several inches; and
side, and place letter above letter in a vertical column till they reached even to Sumatra, 840 miles off. In the island
they reach the top, when they return to the bottom, at the  of Sumbawa itself, the devastation was fearful: in the disright, to begin a second line. Their ancient books are writ- trict of Tonmboro alone, 12,000 people were destroyed; the sea
ten in a brilliant ink, on paper made of the bark of trees. also rose, and swept away men and houses, and 15 years
At the present day, ink has fallen into disuse or been for- afterwards the vegetation had not recovered from the effects
gotten, and modern Battah writing is scratched with an  of this dire disaster. Another eruption occurred in November
iron style on slips of flattened bamboo.  Their books, of  and December, 1836, but muchless destructive in its effects.
which in truth there is little known, are said to have no    SUMBAWA, a town on the N. coast of the above island,
value. Their laws or Hadat are not written, but are essen- 100 miles WV. of Bimah, in lat. 8c 30' S., loll. 1170 30' E. It
tially oral records of custom, and to write them would tend  has a good harbor, and is the residence of a chief, subject to
to subvert a custom  essentially connected with  them, the Sultan of Bimah.
namely, that of wrangling about their meaning. The laws    SUMBHELPUR. See SUsBUT.
of the Battahs allow the penalty of death to be commuted    SUMBIHIUL, sftm'bhl/, a town of British India, presidency
in most cases for pecuniary fines. But there are exceptions: of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, district, and 50 miles
in case of adultery, if the injured party be a rajah or chief, N.W. of Bareily.
and the offender a common man, the latter must be eaten.   SUMBHULPOOI, ssm'bti-poos-, an extensive district of
Enemies, also, taken with arms in their hands, outside of a  British India, province of Gundwana, divided by the Mahavillage, become the food of the villagers. If an enemy be  nuddy into two unequal portions. The surface in the E. id
5.1857




SUM                                                       SUM
mountainous and wooded; in the N. and W. are extensive  Large beds of stone coal and of mineral fire-proof paint have
plains, yielding wheat, barley, sugar-cane, cotton, &c. It been discovered, and are exported extensively.  It is cohas fallen into the possession of the British sJnce 1849.  piously supplied with water-power. The Pennsylvania and
SUMBHULPOOR, a town of British Indid, capital of the  Ohio Canal connects with the Ohio Canal at Akron. The
above district, on the Mahanuddy, 143 miles W.N.W. of Cut- county is intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railtack, in lat. 210 8' N., lon. 830 37' E. It is the largest town  road, and by the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati Railin a wide extent of country. It is enclosed by walls, and  road. Capital, Akron. Pop. 27,485.
has several Hindoo temples.                                  SUMMIT, a railroad station of Breoome co., New York, on
SUMBUL  shm'btlI, SIMBUL, sim'b01F, or SUMBIEL- the New York and Erie Railroad, 194 miles from New York
FUR, sttm'b6l1poorl, a village of Cashmere, on the Jhylum, City. Near this place the railroad passes throuh a cut in
in lat. 340 11' N., ion. 740 30' E.                       the rock nearly 200 feet in depth.
SUMEGH, shoo'm8gf, a market-town of Hungary, co. of    SUMMIT, a post-township of Schoharie co., New York,
Szalad, 17 miles N.N.E. of Keszthely. Pop. 2624.          about 50 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1800.
SUMEISAT, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See SOMEISAT.          SUMMIT, a post-office of Essex co., New Jersey.
SUMENE,  sti'maint, a town of France, department of    SUMMIT or SUM/MITVILLE, a thriving post-borough
Card, 5 miles E. of Le Vigan. Pop. 1977.                   of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, on the Portage Railroad,
SUMIIDOURO, soo-me-dS/ro, ("abyss,") a river of Brazil, where it crosses the summit of the Alleghany Mountain by
rises in the province of Matto Grosso, flows N., and joins several inclined planes, 104 miles E. of Pittsburg, and about
the Arinhos about 110 miles below the confluence of the  2500 feet above the level of the sea. The Pennsylvania RailPreto. It plunges, at one part of its course, into a deep pool, road passes near the place. Incorporated in 1850. Pop. in
pursues its course under ground, and afterwards reappears. 1853, about 800. 
SUMISWVALD, soofmis-*Alt', or SUMMISWALD, s56nm-   SUMMIT, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, intermis-*iltx, a flourishing village of Switzerland, canton, and  sected by the Beaver and Erie Canal, about 10 miles W. by
15 miles E.N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1300.                       N. of Meadville. Pop. 1074.
SUMIMEIRFIELD, a post-village of Guilford co., North Ca-   SUMMIT, a township of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
rolina, 99-miles W.N.W. of Raleigh.                       Pop. 959.
SUMMERFIELD, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama.        SUMMIT, a post-office of Northampton co., North Carolina.
SUMMERFIELD, a post-village of Noble co., Ohio, 100    SUMMIT, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama.
miles E. by S. of Columbus. Pop. about 200.                 SUMMIT, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio.
SUMMERFIELD, apost-township in the S.W. part of Mon-   SUMMIT, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.
roe co., Michigan. Pop. 472.                                SUMMIT, a post-office of Whitley co., Indiana, 8 miles W.
SUMIMEREFORD, a post-office of Madison co., Ohio.       of Columbia.
SUMIMER GROVE, a post-office of Smith co., Texas.         SU7JMIT, a village of Cook co., Illinois, on the Des Plaines
SUMMER HILL, a post-township forming the S.E. extre-  River, and on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, about 12
mity of Cayuga co., New York. Ex-President Fillmore is miles W.S.W. of Chicago.
~ said to have been born in this township. Pop. 1251.        SUMMIT, a post-village and township of Waukesha co.,
SUMMER HILL, a post-village and township of Cambria  Wisconsin, about 30 miles W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1008.
co., Pennsylvania, 23 miles W. by S. of Hollidaysburg. Pop.   SUMMIT, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
1497.                                                       SUMMIT, a post-office of Utah co., Utah Territory.
SUMIMER HILL, a township of Crawford co., Pennsyl-   SUMMIT BRIDGE, a post-village of New Castle co., belavania, intersected by the Beaver and E:ie Canal, about 10  ware, about 30 miles N. by W. from Dover.
miles W.N.W. ofn Meadville. Pop. 1160.                      SUMMIT HILL, a post-village of Carbon co., PennsylvaSUMMER ISLANDS, a group of 30 islands at the entrance  nia, 9 miles W. of Mauch Chunk. Immense quantities of
of Loch Broom, Scotland, on the W. coast of the counties of  coal are mined here, and conveyed by railroad to the canal
Ross and Cromarty. Only the largest, Tanera-More, about at Mauch Chunk.
2 miles in length and 1 mile in breadth, is inhabited.      SUMMIT MILLS, a post-office of Somerset co., PennsylSUMMER LAKE, in the S. interior of Oregon Territory, vania, about 150 miles W. of Harrisburg.
in lat. about 420 40' N., Ion. 1200 40' W. Length, about 10    SUMMIT POINT, a post-office of Jefferson co Virginia.
miles.                                                      SUMMITVILLE, Pennsylvania. See SUMaIT.
SUMMERS, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virginia.       SUMIMITVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.
SUMMERS, a township of Saline co., Illinois. Pop. 672.    SUMMITVILLE, a post-office of Columbiana co., Ohio.
SUMfMERSET, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, 115 miles    SUMMITVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Indiana.
W. by S. of Iowa City.                                      SUMMITVILLE, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, about 15
SUMMERIS MILL, a post-office of Guildford co., North  miles N.N.W. of Keokuk.
Carolina.                                                   SUMINER, a county in the N. part of Tennessee. borderSUMMERSVILLE, post-office, Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. ing on Kentucky, has an area estimated at 600 square miles.
SUMMERSVILLE, a small village of Noxubee co., Mis- The Cumberland River forms its entire boundary on the S.,
sissippi.                                                 and it is also drained by creeks which flow N. into Big Bai.
SUM/IIMERVILLE, apost-village, Butler co., Pennsylvania. ren River. The surface is undulating, the soil excellent.
SUMIMERVILLE, a post-village, capital of Nicholas co., The Cumberland River is navigated by steamboats on the
Virginia, 286 miles W. by N. of Richmond.                 border. The county is intersected by the Louisville and
SUMMERVILLE, a post-village of Cumberland co., North  Nashville Railroad, now in course of construction. Capital,
Carolina, 30 miles S. of Raleigh.                         Gallatin. Pop. 22,717, of whom 14,711 were free, and 8006
SUMIMERVILLE, a post-village on  the line between  slaves.
Charleston and Colleton districts, South Carolina, and on    SUMNER, a post-villageand township of Oxford co., Maine,
the South Carolina Railroad, 22 miles N.WV. of Charleston.   40 miles WV. of Augusta. It contains 2 churches, 2 grist
SUMMERVILLE, a post-village, capital of Chattooga co., mills, 3 saw mills, and 2 shingle machines. Pop. 1151.
Georgia, on Chattooga River, 195 miles N.W. of Mlilledge-   SUhNEYTOWN, Pennsylvania. See SUoANYTOWN.
ville. It is pleasantly situated in a fertile valley, and con-    SUMPITER, a post-office of Trinity co., Texas.
tains a handsome court-house, 2 or 3 churches, and 5 or 6    SUMPITION'S PRAItRIES, a post-office of St. Joseph co.,
dry-goods stores.                                         Indiana.
SUMMERVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Kentucky,    SUMSIITU, the northernmost of the Koorile Islands.
about 85 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort.                          SUMSHU. See SooMssnoo.
SUMMERVILLE, a village of Union co., Ohio, about 50    SUMITER, a district towards the S.E. part of South Camiles N.W. of Columbus.                                   rolina, has an area of about 1500 square miles. It is bounded
SUMIMERVILLE, a post-village of Cass co., MIichigan, on  on the VW. by the Wateree and Santee Rivers, on the S. by
the Dowagiac River, 11 miles W. of Cassopolis.            the Santee, on the N.E. by Lynch's Creek, and drained by
SUMMERVILLE, a post-village in Cook co., Illinois, on  the head streams of Black River. The surface is level or
the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 12 miles S.W. of Chicago.   undulating, and partly covered with pine woods. The soil
SUMMERVILLE, a post-office of Boone co., Missouri.      is generally productive. The Santee is navigable by steamSUMMERVILLE, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, 15 boats on the border of the district, which is intersected by
miles S.E. of Janesville. It contains about 20 dwellings.   t4e Wilmington and Manchester Railroad. Capital, SumSUM1IMERVILLE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  terville. Pop. 33,220, of whom 10,155 were free, and 23,065
Glengary, situated on the St. Lawrence River, 70 miles S.W. slaves.
of Montreal. Pop. about 80.                                 SUMTER, a county in the W.S.W. part of Georgia, has an
SUMMISWALD, Switzerland. See SuMnswALD.                 area of 590 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the
SUMIMIT, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, has an area  Flint River, and traversed by Muckalee and Kinchafoonee
of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Cuyahoga  Creeks, affluents of that river.  The surface is level, or
River, and also drained by the head streams of the Tuscara- rather flat, and partly covered with forests. The soil is prowas River, and by Wolf Creek. It comprises the highest ductive, especially along the river and creeks. It is conland on the line of the Ohio Canal, which is about 400 feet templated to extend the South-western Railroad through
above the level of Lake Erie, and is sometimes called the  the county. Organized in 1831. Capital, Americus. Pop.
e-ortage Sumsmit. The name of the county was derived from  10,322, of whom 6487 were free, and 3835 slaves.
this circumstance. The surface is undulating, and in some    SUMATER, a county in Florida. Organized in 1850.
parts level; the soil is excellent, and in good cultivation.   SUMTER, a county in the WV. part of Alabama, bordering
1858




SUM                                                       SUN
on the Mississippi, has an area estimated at 800 square miles.   SUNTDAY CREEK, of Ohio, enters the Hockhocking River,
It is bounded on the E. and N.E. by Tombigbee River, in- a few miles above Athens.
tersected by the Noxubee River, and also drained by Tugaloo    SUNDAY CREEK CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Perry
Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven; the soil fertile, co., Ohio.
especially near the rivers. The Tombigbee is navigable by    SUNIDAY RIVIER, of South Africa, in Cape Colony, divisteamboats on the border. The county is intersected by  sions of GraafReinet and Uitenhage, rises in the Sneeuwthe Alabama and Mississippi Railroad; now in course of bergen, flows S.E., and enters Algoa Bay 18 miles N.E. of
construction. Capital, Livingston.  Pop. 22,250, of whom  Port Elizabeth, after a course of 200 miles. It receives nu7419 were free, and 14,831 slaves.                        merous small affluents. It has a rapid current; the tide
SUMTER, a township of Wayne co., Michigan. Pop. 434. rises in it to 15 miles from the sea, but a bar at its mouth
SUMTERIVILLE, a post-village, capital of Sumter district, impedes navigation.
South Carolina, on the Wilmington and Manchester Rail-   SUNDEELA, stin-dee/l1, a town of Hindostan,.in Oude, 31
road, 63 miles E. by S. of Columbia. It contains a bank. miles N.W. of Lucknow.
several churches, and 2 newspaper offices.                  SUN'DEEP/, an island of Hindostan. in the Bay of Bengal,
SUMTERVILLE, a post-village in Lee co., Georgia, 100  at the mouth of the Megna, E. of Chittagong.  Length,
miles S.W. by S. of Milledgeville.                        about 16 miles; average breadth, 6 miles. About the beSUMTERVILLE,   a post-village of Sumter co.. Alabama, ginning of the seventeenth century it was taken possession
near Tombigbee River, 64 miles S.W. of Tuscaloosa.        of by Portuguese adventurers who had been expelled from
SUMVIX, soomlvix, a village of Switzerland, canton of  Aragan, and who converted it into an independent princiGrisons, 5 miles N.E. ofDissentis Mustar. Pop. 1500.      pality; they are said to have had a force of 1000 Portuguese,
SUMY. See SooMy.                                        and 2000 native infantry, 200 cavalry, and 80 armed vessels
SUN, a post-office of St. Tammany parish, Louisiana.    of different sizes. It afterwards fell into the possession of
SUNA, soolne, a village of the Sardinian States, 1 mile  Mughs, who were finally subdued in 1666 by Shaista-Khan,
N.W. of Pallanza, on the E. shore of Lago Maggiore. P. 1212. the Mogul governor of Bengal.
SUNAPEE, a post-office of Sullivan co., New Hampshire.    SUNDERBUNDS, sin/der-btinds', a densely wooded tract
SUN/APEE LAKE, New Hampshire, between Sullivan  of British India, extending 170 miles along the coast of the
and Merrimack counties, is near 10 miles long, and from 1  Bay of Bengal at the mouths of the Ganges. Its rivers are
to 21 miles wide. It is said to be elevated more than 1000  navigable at all seasons of the year.
feet above the level of the sea. The outlet discharges its    SUN/DERLAND, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
waters through Sugar River into the Merrimack.            seaport town, and parish of England, at the mouth of the
SUNART, LOCH, loK soo/nart, an inlet of the sea, on theW. Wear, in the North Sea, co., and 13 miles N.E. of Durham,
coast of Scotland. co. of Argyle, between Ardnamurchan on  with which city and with Shields, Gateshead, Hartlepool,
the N., and Morven and the island of Mull on the S. Length, and other places in the county, it is connected by a network
22 miles; breadth, 4 miles at its communication S. with  of railways. Lat. of light, on the N. of two piers which enthe Sound of Mull. It contains Oransay, Carnich, and  close its harbor, 540 541 5" N., Ion. 10 22 W. Pop. of parish
other islets. On its banks are the villages of Strontian and  in 1851, 19,058; of parliamentary borough, which comprises
Ardnamurchan.                                             also Bishop-Wearmouth on the S., Monk-Wearmouth and
SUNIBEAM, a post-office of Mercer co., Illinois.        Southwick on the N. bank of the river, 67,394.  The
SUNIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex.        town proper of Sunderland occupies a peninsula between
SUNBURY, stnfber-e, a small village of Butler co., Penn- the expansion of the Wear and the sea; it has one good
sylvania, 10 miles N'. of Butler.                         and broad street, and a fine new market-place; but elseSUNBURY. a flourishing and beautifully situated town, where consists mostly of narrow lanes. Bishop-Wearmouth,
capital of Northumberland co., Pennsylvania, on the left (E.) on its W. side, is a handsome and increasing quarter; it
bank of the Susquehanna River, 1 mile below the junction  communicates with Monk-Wearmouth  shore by a noble
of its branches, 56 miles N. of IIarrisburg, and 134 miles cast-iron bridge of one arch, 236 feet in span, and 100 feet
N.W. of Philadelphia. It contains several churches, and 3 above the Wear at low water. The principal edifices are 2
newspaper offices. At this point the Sunbury and Erie  fine parish churches, numerous chapels, the exchange,
Railroad, now in progress, connects with the Susquehanna  athenceum founded in 1840. theatre, assembly rooms, barRailroad. leading from Harrisburg to Elmira, and with the  racks, custom-house, excise-office, infirmary, and various
Philadelphia and Sunbury Railroad. A canal, belonging to  almshouses. It has a mechanics' institution, horticultural
the state, crosses the river a little below the town, at the  and polytechnic societies, and several Masonic lodges. The
Shamokin Dam, which is 2783 feet long. A bridge across  borough is well paved, lighted, and supplied with water.
the North Branch connects Sunbury with Northumberland. The harbor is defended by batteries, and connected with it
Stone coal is procured in the county, and shipped here. Pop. is a large wet dock. This is one of the principal ports of
in 1850, 1218.                                            England for the shipment of coal, of which, in 1842, it exSUNBURY, a post-village of Gates co., North Carolina, ported 859,137 tons; it has, besides, a large export of lime
about 150 miles N.E. of Raleigh.                          to Yorkshire and Scotland, and of glass, earthenwares, rope,
SUNBURY, a decayed town of Liberty co., Georgia, on the  chemical products, made in the town and vicinity, in and
Mledway River, about 30 miles S.S.W. of Savannah. It was around which are also flax and saw mills, and grindstone
built in 1778, and immediately after the Revolution was a  quarries. At the adjacent village of Deptford is a steam
flourishing seaport. It now has only about 6 or 8 families.  rope factory.'Mercantile ship-building is more extensive
SUNBURY, a thriving post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, than at almost any other English port. In 1850, the number
20 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Pop. about 500.              of vessels built at Sunderland was 158, (51,374 tons,) and in
SUNBURY, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1237.   1853, 153, (68,735 tons.) The imports are timber, iron, flax,
SUNBURY, a small village of Montgomery co., Ohio.       tallow firom the Baltic, butter, cheese, and flax from HolSUNBURY, a post-village of Livingston co., Illinois, 110  land, and wine, spirits, flour, grain, and various other
miles N.E. by N. of Springfield.                          articles, firom different quarters. In 1851 the number of
SUNBURY. a county in the S. central part of New Bruns- vessels belonging to the port was 1025 (216,635 tons;) the
wick, intersected by the river St. John, and watered by seve- number of vessels entered was 2747 (1,206,804 tons;) and
ral other streams. The surface is nearly level; the soil is cleared. 12,884 (1,580,088 tons.) The fishery of Sunderland
fertile, and heavily timbered. Steamboats and vessels of  is important. The borough is governed by a mayor, 13
100 tons ascend the St. John's River through the county to  aldermen, and 42 councillors, and sends 2 members to
Fredericton, 90 miles from its mouth.                     Parliament. The town is frequented as a bathing-place. It
SUN/COOK, a post-village of Merrimack co., New Hamp- gives the title of earl to the Duke of Marlborough.
shire, on the Portsmouth and Concord Railroad, 7 miles    SUNIDERLAND, a township of England, co. ofCumberland.
from Concord.                                               SUNDERLAND, NORTH, a township of England, co. of
SUNCOOK RIVER, of New Hampshire, rises in Strafford  Northumberland.
co., and flowing through Belknap county, falls into the Mer-   SUN/DERLAND, a post-village and township of Benrimack, about 15 miles S.S.E. of Concord.                 nington co., Vermont, on the Western Vermont Railrtoad,
SUN CREEK, of Mississippi, flows S.E. through Coving- 95 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 479.
ton co., into Bowie River.                                  SUNDERLAND, a post-village and township of Franklin
SUNDA (sfinlda) ISLES, Malay Archipelago, comprise  co., Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut River, 82
Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores, and the other islands miles W. by N. of Boston. A bridge crosses the river at
of the same chain as far E. as Timer, and separate the seas this place. Pop. 792.
of Java and Flores, with the rest of the Malay Archipelago,   SUNDERLAND BRIDGE, a township of England, co. of
from the Indian Ocean.                                    Durham.
SUNDAL, s6ln/d~l, a river of Norway, issues flnm a lake    SUNDERLAND, WICK, a township of England, co. of
at the foot of Sneehaetten, flows E., then N., then W., and  York, East Riding.
falls into the Tingvoid-fiord; total course, about 70 miles.  SUNDI, soon/dee, of Africa, a town of Lower Guinea,-on
SUNDA, STRAIT OF, a passage between the islands of the Zaire, 220 miles N.E. of its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.
Sumatra and Java, from the Indian Ocean into the Sea of   SUND'LEP00R/, a town of British India, presidency of
Java. Breadth, from 70 to 90 miles.                      Bengal, on the Nerbudda, 6 miles N. of Hlindia.
SUNIDAY or RAOUL, r/-ool/, an island of the South Pa-   SUNDOCH, sfnudotch/, one of the small protected Sikh
cfic. Lat. (N W. point) 290 12' S., Ion. 1780 15, W. It is  States of North-west Iindostan. Pop. 1200.
about 12 miles in circuit, lofty and rugged.                SUNIDON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
8SIk




SU N,                                                     i SUR
SUNDRABONI; sbni'dra-bo'nee, a small state ofthe Malay  shore is generally bold and elevated, and extends about
Archipelago, lying within the bounds of Macassar, on the  12 miles, presenting almost continuous ranges of cliffs
Island of Celebes, with a town on a small island in the river  which vary in height firom 300 to 1500 feet; the S. shora 
Sundraboni.                                                low and sandy, though occasionally interrupted by limhSUND/RIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             stone ridges, the most remarkable of which, situated toSUNDSVALL, soonds/vall, a seaport town of Sweden, laen, wards the E. extremity, presents a perpendicular wall 300
28 miles S.W. of Hernsand, on theGulfofBothnia. P.1850. feet high, broken by numerous caverns and projections,
SUN/FIELD, a township of Eaton co., Michigan. Pop. 122. and forming, under the name of the Pictured Rocks, one of
SUN/FISI, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.             the greatest natural curiosities of the United States. The
SUNFISH, a township of Pike co., Ohio. Pop. 371.          central portion of the lake is clear of islands, which, howSUNFISH CREEK, of Monroe co., Ohio, flows into the  ever, are numerous both towards the S. and the N. sides.
Ohio River.                                                 In the former direction they are generally small; but
SUN/FLOWER, a county in the W.N.W. part of Missis- in the latter, several, more especially the Isle Royal, are
sippi, has' an area of about 1000 square miles. It is inter- of considerable dimensions, and along with the indentasected by the Sunflower River, from which it derives its  tions of the coast, afford good shelter for vessels.  The
name, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Yazoo. The. sur- water of the lake is remarkable for its transparency, and
face is a level, alluvial plain or swamp, the soil of which is  derives its supplies from  a basin which is estimated at
very fertile. The Yazoo is a deep and sluggish stream, na- 100,000 square miles, and is drained by more than 200
vigable by steamboats in nearly all stages of water. Formed  streams. About 30 of these are of considerable size, but
from Bolivar county. Capital, McNutt. Pop. 1102, of whom  they are almost all impetuous torrents, interrupted by
348 were free, and 754 slaves,                              rocks and rapids. The outlet is at the S.E., by the St.
SUNFLOWER  RIVER, a small stream  of Mississippi,  Mary's Strait, which communicates with Lake Huron and
rises in Coahoma county, and flows S. until it enters the  the other great American lakes whose waters reach the
Yazoo near the N. border of Warren county.                  ocean through the St. Lawrence. St. Mary's Strait descends
SUNGARI, a river of East Asia. See SOONGAREE.             22 feet in the distance of about three-fourths of a mile. formSUNGIE-UJONG, soon/ghee-oo-jong/, a state of the Malay  ing a series of rapids, around which a navigable canal has
Peninsula, between lat. 30 and 40 N., and ion. 1020 and 1030  been constructed, forming the last link of the chain of comE., having Salangore on the W., and Jompole on the E. munication between the great lakes, and adding above 1700
Pop. 3600. It contains some of the principal tin-mines of  miles to our coast trade. See ST. MARc's STRAIT. Within
the peninsula, and its chief export is tin,                 the lake itself, the only obstruction to its navigation are
SUNG-LO, sming-lo, or SUNG-LO-SHAN, sing-lo-shln, a  the violent gales to which it is subject. It is well supplied
mountain of China, province of Che-kiang; lat. 290 56' N., with fish, principally trout, white-fish, and sturgeon. The
ion. 1180 15' E. It rises about 3000 feet above the plains,  two former are of excellent quality, and have led to the
and is famous as the spot where the green tea shrub was first establishment of a great number of fishing stations. The
discovered and first manufactured.                          other principal export by the lake is copper, of which veins
SUNGNAM, simng'n~m, a town of West Thibet, on the  of great michness and extent have been discovered, both on
Ruskalan, a tributary of the Sutlej, 9000 feet above sea- its shores and islands, and yielded, in 1851, about 2500 tons
level, 90 miles N.E. of Simla.                              of copper. The boundary'line between British America and
SUNGORA, sin-go/r3, a maritime town of Lower Siam, on  the United States, in passing through Lake Superior, proan inlet of the Gulf of Siam, 90 miles S.E. of Ligor; lat. 70  ceeds fiom the outlet nearly through its centre, till it ap40' N., ion. 1010 10' E.                                    proaches Isle Royal, when it bends N., so as to give that
SUNGUMEER, sun'goo-meer/, a town of British India, island entirely to the United States, and is then carried
presidency of Bombay, 73 miles N. of Pponah.                S.S.W. to its termination at the mouth of Pigeon River, in
SUNIUM, CAPE, Greece. See CAPE COLONTA.                  lat. 480 N.
SUNJEET, sfn-jeet/, a town of West IHindostan, 65 miles    SUPIHORA. a town of Bohemia. See GEIlRSBER.
S.W. of Kotah.                                                SUPINO, soo-pee/no, a small town of Italy, in the Pon.
SUNKIHAZE, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.         tifical States, 7 miles W.S.W. of Frosinone.  Pop. 3360.
SUNK ISLAND, an islet in the estuary of the Humber,    SUPINO, a town of Naples. See SEPINO.
in England, on its E. side, S.W. of Patrington. It belongs    SUPOI. See SooPoe.
to the crown, is increasing in extent, and has now about   SUR, a seaport of Arabia.  See SooR.
6000 acres, let for nearly 92001. annually. It is connected    SURABAYA, a town of Java. See SOERAsAYA.
by a road with Ottringham, on the N.W.                        SURAFEND, soolr&-flnd, (ance. Sarepta; Scriptural, ZareSUNK LIGHT, in the North Sea, opposite the Naze, in  pphath,) a large village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, on a
Essex.                                                      hill-slope near the Mediterranean, 10 miles S.W. of Sidon.
SUNN, stnn, a town of Sinde, on the W. of the Indus;  Principal edifice, a mosque erected over the reputed spot
lat. 260 N., ion. 680 16' E. Near it is a vast fortress built by  where Elijah dwelt, and raised the widow's son from the
the Ameers of Sinde.                                        dead. Sarepta was anciently famous for its wine. Under
SUN/NING-HIILL, a parish of England, co. of Berks. It  the Crusaders it was erected into a bishop's see. In the
has many villas and some mineral springs,                   adjacent hills are many excavated tombs.
SUNNINGHILL-DALE, a locality of England, in the pa-   SURAJ, a town of Russia.  See SOORAZI.
rish of Old Windsor.                                          SURAJEPOOR, soo-rgje-poor/, a town of British India,
SUN/NINGWELL, a parishof England, co. of Berks.           province, and district of Allahabad,.14 miles E. of Kurrah.
SUNNYSIDE, a post-office of Lowndes co., Alabama.           SURAJIGUR, soo'rm-je-gr/, a town of British India, preSUN PRAIRIE, a post-township in the N.E. part of Dane  sidency of Bengal, district of Boglipoor, 68 miles E.S.E. of
co., Wisconsin.                                             Patna.
SUN/RISE, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.              SURAKARTA or SURAKERTA, Java. See SOER.AKARTA.
SUN/SET, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia.         SURAT, soo'rt/, (Fr. Su-ate, sti'rtt/,) a city of British InSUN/VILLE, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania. dia, presidency of Bombay, capital of a district, on the S. bank
SUNYPERK, a town of Bohemia. See SONNENBERG.             of the Taptee, 20 miles from its mouth in the Gulf of CamSUPAIWASI (?) soo-pI-w/see, or HUAYNA POTOSI (hwil- bay, and 160 miles N. of Bombay. Lat. of castle, 210 12' N.,
ng po-to-see/) PEAK, a mountain peak of the Bolivian  lon. 720 47' E. Pop. estimated at 157,000. Thetownpropelr,
Andes. Lat. 160 17' S., ion. 680 10' W. Height, 20,260 feet.  6 miles in circumference, is enclosed, except facing the river,
SUPE/RIOR, a township of Williams co., Ohio. Pop. 723.  by a semicircular wall flanked with towers; it is poorly built,
SUPERIOR, a post-township in the E. part of Washtenaw  but outside the wall are some good European houses. Surat
co., Michigan. Pop. 1127.                                   has a fort garrisoned by European troops, an English church
SUPERIOR., CITY OF, a new and thriving village, at the  and school, a European cemetery, numerous Hindoo schools,
entrance of St. Louis River into the W. extremity of Lake  and a Hindoo hospital for sick animals of all kinds. It is
Superior, about250i miiesN.W. of Green Bay. The St. Louis  the seat of a high court for the presidency, and the residence
here forms the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin.  of a British military commandant and other authorities.
Pop. about 250.                                             Its manufactures of woven goods, formerly famous, have deSUPE/RIOR, LAKE, the most westerly and most elevated  dined, but it still has an active export trade, and sends
of the North American chain of lakes, and the largest large quantities of cotton to Bombay.  Among its inhaexpanse of fresh water on the globe. It extends fiom lat. bitants are many Parsees, the descendants of the ancient
460 351 to 490 N., and from Ion. 840 30' to 920 20' W. It has  Persian fire-worshippers expelled from Persia by the MoMinnesota on' the W. and N.W.; Wisconsin and the N. hammedans. The English factory, founded here about the
peninsula of Michigan on the S.; and British America in  year 1612, was the first mercantile establishment of the
all other directions. Greatest length, measured on a curve  East India Company in the Mogul dominions. The French
through its centre, from  E. to W., 420 miles; greatest also have had a factory at Surat since the early part of the
breadth, 160 miles; circuit, about 1750 miles. Estimated  17th century.
area, 32,OQO square miles. Height above sea-level, 630 feet;   SURDAR, shr'dart, a village of Persia, province of Irak
depth, varying from 80 to 200 fathoms. It is of very irre- Ajemee, near Menil. on the Sefeed-rood, at the frontier of
gular shape, widening towards its centre, and gradually  Ghilan. Population partially employed in raising and renarrowing, partly towards its E., but much more towards  fining alum from adjacent mines.
Its W. extremity, so as to form an irregular crescent, with    SUBDHAUR, sfrd~hawr, a town of West H-indostan, near
its convexity on the N., and its concavity on the S. The N. the centre of Guzerat. Lat. 220 10' N., ion. 710 9' E.
1860




SSUR                                                      suS
SURE, sruR or sillreh, or SAUER, sowter, a river of Bel- by the Ararat and Fisher's Rivers. The surface is hilly
glum and Dutch Luxemburg, after an E. course of 90 miles  or mountainous. The famous Pilot Mountain of this county
joins the Moselle, 7 miles S.W. of Treves. Affluents, the  is remarkably symmetrical in its' form, which resembles' a
Alzette and the Erens.                                    cylinder. The soil is mostly fertile. Iron ore is abundant.
SURENDAL, soofren-d&lP, a village of Norway, stift, and  Formed in 1770, from Rowan county. Capital, Rockford.
73 miles S.W. of Trondhjem. Pop. of the parish, 3700.     Pop. 9206, of whom 7413 were free, and 1793 slaves.
SURESNES, sii'rain, a village of France, department of    SURRY, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine, on the
Seine, W. of Paris, at the foot of Mount ~alerien. Pop. in  W. side of Union River, 65 miles E. by N. of Augusta.
1852, 3175.                                               Pop. 1189.
SUI/FLEET, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           SURRY, a post-township of Cheshire co., New Hampshire,
SURGEON'S (sNrljonz) HALL, a post-office of Alleghany  45-miles S.W. of Concord. Pop..556.
co., Pennsylvania.                                          SURRY COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Surry
SURGERES, stiRazhai!/, a village of France, department co., Virginia, about 5 miles from James River, and 60 miles
of Charente-Inferieure, 15 miles N.E. of Rochefort. P. 1861. S.E. of Richmond.
SURGUT, a town of Siberia. See SooaGooT.                  SURSEE, soor/sl, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 12
SURIAPET, soo're-a-pitI, a town of India, in the Deccan, miles N.N.W. of Lucerne, on the Sar, an affluent of the Aar.
in Nizam's dominions, on the Mutty, 76 miles E.S.E. of  Pop. 4000. It is enclosed by old walls. Near it are the
Hyderabad.                                                baths of Knutwyl.
SURIGAO, soo-re-gl.o, a town of the Malay Archipelago,    SUNUBIA, soo'roolbe-i, a river of Brazil, province of Pars,
in the Philippines, at the N. extremity of Mindanao; lat. 90 joins the Amazon opposite Santarem.
51' N., Ion. 1250 25' E., with a fort belonging to the Spaniards.   SURUHII, soo-roo-heet, a village and parish of Brazil,
The SURIaAO ISLANDS are on the N.E., and the SuRIGAo PAs- province of Rio de Janeiro, about 0 miles W. of Mage, with
SAGE on the N.W.                                          a harbor in the river of its own name.
SURINAM, soo-rin-aml, a river of Dutch Guiana, traverses    SURUHY, soo-roe-heel.  a river of Brazil, enters the Bay
the centre of that colony, which is sometimes called by its  of Rio Janeiro, and is navigable for some leagues.
name, and, after a N. course of300 miles, enters the Atlantic    SURY-LE-COMTAT, si'ree/-leh-k6Naat&/, avillage of France,
near Paramaribo. It receives several affluents, and is navi- department of Loire, 7 miles S.E. of Mlontbrison. Pop. in
gable in the greater part of its course to the foot of the moun- 1852, 2701.
tains, and for large ships to about 30 miles from the sea.   SURZUR, siinRziir!, a village of France, department of
Its banks are in general densely wooded; below Paramaribo'Morbihan, 7 miles S.E. of Yannes. Pop. 2199.
they are laid out in thriving plantations. Its entrance is   SUS. See Sooees.
defended by the forts of New Amsterdam and Zelandia.        SUSA, soolsd, (anc. Segusium,) a town of Italy, in PiedSURINAM, a colony. See GUIANA, DUTCH.                   mont, division, and 37 miles W. of Turin, with which it is
SURINAM, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.            connected by a railway, opened May 23,1854. It is capital
SUIILINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        of a province, and situated on the right bank of the Dora.
SURRENEY'S, a post-office'of Tatnall co., Georgia.       Nipaira, at the junction of the two routes across the Alps by
SURRENTUM. See SORRENTO.                                 Mounts Cents and Genevre. Pop. 3500. Numerous antiSUR/REY or SUI/RY, (Saxon, Sutmh-sce, "the south king- quities are here interspersed among modern edifices, and it
dom,") an inland county of England, having N. the Thames, has a remarkable arch and a Gothic cathedral. Above the
separating it from Middlesex and Bucks; S., Sussex; E., town are extensive ruins of the'fortress of La Brunetta, and
Kent; and W., Haunts and Berks. Area, 748 square miles, a steep height, 11,000 feet above the sea, crowned by a chapel,
or 478,720 acres, of which more than four-fifths are under to which an annual procession takes place, August 25,
culture. Pop. in 1851, 683,082. The North Downs, of which  Near it are iron-mines and marble-quarries.
the Hog's Back and Boxhill form portions, intersect the    SUSA, a province of the Sardinian States, bordering on
county from W. to E., dividing it into two parts; the N. of  France. Area, 532 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 82,078;
these has a fertile and diversified slope to the Thames; the    SUISA or SHOOSH, an ancient city of Persia, of which
S. is again po.-tially divided by a steep range of sandy hills, only a few ruins now remains. See SHoosTER.
(Hindhead, Hascomb, and Leith Hill,) having the vales of   SUSA, a town of North Africa. See SoosA.
(odalming, Albury, and Dorking on the N., and on the S.   SUSAM. See SAMOS.
the Weald, a rich tract continuous with the Weald of Sussex    SUSAN. See Sees.
avid Kent. An expanse of wild heath-land covers all the W.   SUSANINAI  ISLAND, British India, in the Mergoui
of the county, and the S.W. hill chain, where Leith Hill Archipelago, lat. 100 30' N., lon. 980 E., between Dome and
rises to nearly 1000 feet above the sea, and commands a St. Matthew Islands. Length, 12 miles; breadth, 5 miles.
view over parts of 14 counties. In the vales and the N.   SUSCOL, soos-kol, a town of Napa co., California, 15 miles
there is a good deal of fertile soil; the N.E. quarter is N.W. of Benicia, is situated on the Napa River, about 6 miles
wholly occupied by suburbs of the metropolis. A large per- from its mouth.
tion of the soil is under tillage, but agriculture is backward.   SUSIANA, soo-se-sn,,   a province of ancient Persia,
Hops of the fiist quality are raised at Farnham; medicinal answering to the modern Khoozistan.
plants about Mitcham; and in the N. a great deal of land is   SUSIGHIRLI-SU. See SoSoIeHRLEES500.
in gardens for the supply of vegetables to the London    SUSPENISION  BRIDGE, a flourishing post-village of Nimarkets. Woods are numerous and  xtensive; hogs and  agara co., New York, is situated on the Niagara River, 2
poultry are plentifully reared.  Except in  Southwark, miles below the cataract, of which it commands a file disLambeth, and elsewhere near London, manufactures are of taut view. At this point the International Railroad Suslittle importance. The only river of consequence is the  pension Bridge has been thrown across the river, to connect
Wey, forming a part of the Wey and Arundel Canal to  the Great Western Railroad of Canada with the several railGuildford. The Basingstoke Canal is in the N.W., and the  ways of New York, viz. the Rochester and Niagara Falls
South-eastern, South-western, Brighton, Croydon, and Rich- Railroad, (one of the western termini of the Central Railmend Railways from London; and the Reading and Reigate  road,) and the Canandaigua and Suspension Bridge Railroad,
Railways traverse the county. Surrey is the home circuit, which is a branch of the New York and Erie road, divergand forms an archdeaconry of the diocese of Winchester. ing from Elmira. Another line extends N. to Youngstown,
Lent assizes are held at Kingston, and summer assizes at and S. to Buffalo, connecting with the steam navigation of
Croydon and Guildford alternately. It returns 11 members  Lake Ontario and Erie. The width of the Canadian track is
to the House of Commons, of whom 4 are fos the county. different from that of the New York roads, in consequence
Besides Guildford, the capital, it contains the parliamentary  of which freight is transhipped at this place. The bridge is a
boroughs of Southwark, Lambeth,'and Reigate, and the  single span of 800 feet in length, raised 230 feet above the
towns of Kingston-on-the-Thames, Wandsworth.  Croydon, water, and supported by 4 wire cables 91 inches in diameEpsom, Ewell, Dorking, Godalming, and Chertsey. Under ter, with an ultimate capacity of sustaining 10,000 tons.
the heptarchy, it chiefly formed a part of the kingdom of There are two floors, the upper for the railroad track, and
Sussex.                                                   the lower for wagons. The E. end of the bridge commands
SURREY, United States. See SURRY.                       a fine view of the falls and of the rapids under and below
SURROOL, str'roolt, a town of British India, presidency  the bridge, for * of a mile to the whirlpool.  The waterof
of Bengal, 53 miles S.W. of Moorshedabad.                 these rapids runs at the rate of 25 miles per hour, with
SURROUNIDED HILL, a post-oflice of Mlonroe co., Ar- breakers dashing from 10 to 20 feet in height.  Viewed
kansas.                                                   from the shore, they present one of the grandest sights of
SURRY, a county of England. See SURREY.                 the kind in the world, and the tourist has not seen Niagara,
SURtRY, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, has an  until he has stood on the shore 150 rods below the bridge.
area of 340 square miles. James River forms the boundary  During the season of travel, a small steamer makes trips
on the N.E., and Blackwater River on the S.W.  The sur- from the village to the foot of the falls, from the deck of
face is moderately uneven; the soil is generally sandy. which the most magnificent view of the cataract is obtained.
Formed in 1652, and named from Surry, a county in Eng- The late IIon. Smnuel Deveaux bequeathZ,d about $150,000
land. Capital, Surry Court-House. Pop. 5679, of whom  for the erection and support of a collegiate institute, to be
3200 were free,. and 2179 slaves.                         called by his own name. It _s to be situated half a mile N.
SURRY, a county in the N.N.W. part of North Carolina, of the village,- and to be under the direction of the Episco.
hordering on Virginia. Area, estimated at 900 square miles. palians. The'village contained, 1n 1853, 3 or 4 hotels, a numIt is bounded on the S. by Yadkin River, and intersected  ber of stores, and about 800 inhabitants.
1861.




SUS                                                        SUT
SUSQUEHAN1NA, a beautiful river of Pennsylvania and  ford, Arundel, and Chichester Canal intersects the W. and.n
Maryland, is formed by the union of two principal branches  of the county, which is also traversed in length and breadth
which unite at Northumberland, 60 miles above Harris- by the London, Brighton, and South-coast Railway. Susburg. From this point the river flows nearly S. to the  sex composes the diocese of Chichester; besides which city,
mouth of the Juniata, and turning towards the S.E., it its capital, it contains the parliamentary boroughs of Brigh
passes Harrisburg, Columbia, and Port Deposit, and falls ton, Lewes, New Shoreham, Hastings, Horsham, Arundel
into the N. extremity of Chesapeake Bay, at Havre de Grace, and Rye, with the towns of East Grinstead, Winchelsea, Petin Maryland. The main stream  is about 150 miles long, worth, Cuckfield, Battle, Worthing, &c. Most of the towns
and has very unequal breadth, which in some places ex- on its coast are resorted to as favorite watering-places in
ceeds a mile, and at others is less than one-fourth of a mile, summer. Assizes are held in Lent at Horsham, in summer
It is adorned by numerous beautiful islands, and the chan- and winter at Lewes. With its boroughs, it sends 17 memnel is frequently obstructed by rocky rapids, which prevent bers to the House of Commons, 4 of whom are returned for
navigation in low stages of water. A canal has been con- the county. Sussex composed, with a great part of Surrey,
structed along the river from its mouth to Columbia, 45  the second kingdom erected by the Saxons in England; its
miles, and another from  Columbia to Northumberland, antiquities are not, however, numerous, and are mostly of
about 80 miles. This river, which is the largest stream in  the Roman period.
Pennsylvania, flows through a populous and highly culti-   SUSISEX, the northernmost county of New Jersey, has
vated country, which is diversified by fertile limestone val- an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the
leys, and by mountain ridges, in which iron is abundant.   N.W. by the Delaware, and partly on the S. by the MusconeBranches.-The East Branch, called also the North Branch, tong, and is drained by Flatkill, Paulinskill, and Pequest
rises in Otsego Lake, in the S.E. central part of New York. Rivers, flowing into the Delaware, and by several branches
Its course is very tortuous, and its general direction is S.W. of Wallkill River, an affluent of the Hudson. These streams
The whole length of this branch is estimated at 250 miles. afford valuable water-power. Besides Hopatcong Lake, on
It flows through the beautiful valley of Wyoming, and the  its S.E. border, which supplies the summit level of the Morrich coalfields of Luzerne county. A canal has been opened  ris Canal, there are numerous ponds, the chief of which alre
along this stream, about 124 miles above Northumberlaud. Swartwout's and Culver's Ponds. The surface is undulatThe West Branch rises in Cambria county, Pennsylvania, ing and hilly, with the Blue Mountains in the N.W., and
on the W. declivity of the Alleghany Mountains, and has a  the Hamburg and Wawayanda Mountains in the S.E. part.
very serpentine course of more than 200 miles, the general The soil between the two mountain ranges is very fertile,
direction of which is E. The navigation of this branch is and everywhere highly cultivated. HIay and butter are the
improved for 75 miles. The region through which it flows staples. In 1850 this county produced 229,795 bushels of
abounds in pine timber and stone coal, and large quantities  rye, and 1,816,610 pounds of butter, the quantities of each
of the former are transported by the canal.               being the greatest produced by any county in the state.
SUSQUEIANNA, a county in the N.N.E. part of Penn- Franklinite, (a compound of irofi, zinc, and manganese,)
sylvania, bordering on New York, has an area of 800 square  red oxide of zinc, and magnetic iron ore are abundant and
miles. The North Branch of the Susquehanna crosses the  extensively worked; besides these, the county furnishes a
N. border of the county, and then returns to New York, great variety of remarkable and interesting minerals to the
forming what is called the "Great Bend."  It is drained  mineralogist. Limestone is also found in the N.W. part.
also by the Meshopen, Tunkhannock, Choconut, and Wya- The Delaware River is navigable for small boats along the
losing Creeks. The:surface is hilly, and in some places W. border. Formed from Morris county in 1753, and named
almost mountainous; the hills are generally neither high  from Sussex a county of England. Capital, Newton. Pop.
nor steep. Elk Mountain, in the S.E. part, rises about 2000  22,989.
feet about the sea. The land is particularly adapted to    SUSSEX, the southernmost of the counties of Delaware,
grazing and the dairy business. Extensiveforests of beech, borders on Maryland, the Atlantic, and on Delaware Bay.
sugar-maple, pine, hemlock, &c. ovespread part of the county, Area, about 1000 square miles. It is drained by the sources
and lumber is an article of export. The county is traversed  of the Nanticoke, Pocomoke, and Indian Rivers, and by Misby the Lackawanna and Western Railroad, and by the Erie  pillion, Cedar, and Deep Creeks. The surface is nearly
Railroad of New York. Organized in 1810, and named from Ilevel; the soil is generally good and well cultivated. In 1850
its principal river. Capital, Montrose. Pop. 28,688.      there were raised 1,189,086 bushels of corn, the greatest
SUSQUEHANNA, a post-office of Broome co., New York.  quantity produced by any county in the state. It is partly
SUSQUEIHANNA, a township of Cambria co, Pennsyl- intersected by the Dona and Seaford Railroad. Capital,
vania. Pop. 640.                                          Georgetown. Pop. 25,936, of whom 24,387 were free, and
SUSQUEHANNA, a post-township of Dauphin co., Penn- 1549 slaves.
sylvania, on the Susquehanna River. It is intersected by    SUSSEX, a county in the S.S.E. part of Virginia, has an
the Pennsylvania Canal and by the Pennsylvania Railroad, area of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Nottoway
and partly by the Lancaster and Harrisburg Railroad. Itcon- River, and bounded on the N.E. by Blackwater River. The
tains Harrisburg, the capital of the state. Total pop. 9479.  surface is moderately uneven. The railroad from PetersSUSQUEHANNA, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsyl- burg to Welden passes through the county. Formed from
vania. Pop. 406.                                          Surry in 1754. Capital, Sussex Court-House. Pop. 9820,
SUSQUEHANNA, a flourishing post-village of Susque- of whom 3828 were free, and 5992 slaves.
hanna co., Pennsylvania, is finely situated on the river of    SUSSEX, a post-village of Lisbon township, Waukesha
the same name, and on the Erie Railroad, 23 miles S.E. of co., Wisconsin, 16 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee. It contains
Binghamton. It has grown up since the: opening of the  1 wagon shop, 1 saw mill, 1 school house, and an Episcopal
railroad in 1848, and contains an important station, with  church. Pop. 100.
an engine-house and shops for the repair of engines and    SUSSEX COURT-HOUSE, a post-village, capital of Sussex
cars. The starucca viaduct, which is perhaps the greatest co., Virginia, 50 miles E. by S. of Richmond.
structure on the Erie Railroad, crosses Starucca Creek about   SUSSEX LAKE, British North America, N. of Lake Ayl3 miles above this village. It is 1200 feet long, 110 feet mer, is the source 6f Back or Great Fish River.
high, having 18 arches with spans of 50 feet. The post-office    SUSSICZE, a town of Bohemia. See SCHUTTENHorz.
is Susquehanna DepOt. Pop. in 1853, about 1500.             SUSITEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
SUS/SEX, (anc. Suth-seaxe, the " South Saxons,") a marl-   SUSTEREN, siislteh-r~n', a town of the Netherlands, protime county of England, bordering the English Channel vince of Limburg, 18 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1100.
from  Selsey to Rye, having W. Hampshire, and N. Surrey    SUSUI, soo-soofee, one of the smaller of the FeejeeIslands,
and Kent. Area, 1466 square miles, or 938,240 acres. Pop. about lat. 170 21' S., ion. 1780 58' W.
in 1851, 336,844. The South Downs, a range of chalk-hills   SUTALURY, soo-t-loolree, a town of British India, presicovered by fine turf, continues with the Downs of Hlants near dency and province of Bengal, 10 miles N.W. of Backergunge.
Petersfield, traverses the county E. to Beachy Head, where    SUTCHANA, soo-chtna, a town of West Hindostan, in
they terminate on the Channel in a lofty cliff. N. of this  the Guzerat Peninsula, on the Gulf of Cutch.
chain, extending to the hills of Surrey, is a fertile and richly    SUTCHOU, a large city of Chtina. See Soo-cu0w-Foo.
timbered tract, termed the Weald, and which was anciently    SUTICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
the forest of Auderida, it having been famous for its woods   SUTERA, soo-tfr&, a town of Sicily, intendancy, and 21
from time immemorial. Between the Downs and the sea is miles N. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 4000.
a good deal of fertile soil, as also in the marsh lands E. of    SUTHERLAND, setilgr-land, a highland maritime county
Beachy Head. The principal rivers are the Arun, Rother, of Scotland, near its N. extremity, extending from the sea,
Ouse, and Adur, all sufm'all, and flowing S. to the Channel. between the counties of Ross and Caithness, having N. and
The climate is mild, and the harvests early, but agriculture W. the Atlantic Ocean, E. Caithness and Moray Frith, and S.
Is rather backward. Wheat, oats, barley, and turnips are  the Frith of Dornoch, and the counties of Rose and Cromarty.
the principal crops. In the E. many hops are raised. The  Area, 1754 square miles, or 1,122,560 acres. Pop. in 1851,
black-faced South-down sheep, and the Sussex cattle are  25,793. The surface, excepting along the E. shore, is rugged
breeds in high repute. Hogs, fowl, and rabbits are sent in  and mountainous, and interspersed with morasses and
large numbers to market. Limestone, charcoal, salt, gun- large deer forests. The principal rivers are the Olkel, Fleet,
powder, manufactured at Battle, potash, bricks, and earth- Broa, and Itelmsdale, valuable for their salmon fishings.
enwares, are the other principal products; and in the  The principal lakes are Lochs Shin, IIope,'Assynt, More,
small towns along the coast some ship-building is carried  and Naver. The arable soil along the E. coast has been
on, but the trade is chiefly in rural produce. The Guild- well enclosed and drained, and nowhere in Scotlandi have
1862'




SUT                                                       SVE
more extensive agricultural improvements been  made  England, co. of Warwick, on a bleak acclivity, (whence. its
than in this county. The chief employments are sheep and  name,) 7 miles N.E. of Birmingham. Pop. of parish in 1851,
cattle-breeding, especially the former. The breeds of sheep  4574. The town is neat, and well supplied With water; has
are excellent, and about 220,000 are annually sent hence  a public hall, work-house, a small jail, and a handsome
to the S. Ptarmigan, grouse, blackcock, Alpine hares, &c. church of the thirteenth century, containing a statue of
are abundant. Lime and freestone are obtained.  Manu- Vesey, Bishop of Exeter in the time of Henry VIII., a native
factures, except in a very restricted sense, are unknown. of the town, who founded and endowed its Latin and Greek
The trade of the county consists chiefly in the exchange of  school with lands yielding 5001. a year, and at whose insheep, wool, cattle, and fish, for woven fabrics, and other  stance Sutton was incorporated as a borough. Here are also
manufactured goods, and colonial produce. The henring  a Roman Catholic college and chapel, alms-houses. a wooded
fishery is successfully carried on, both on the E. and W. park of 2100 acres, common to the inhabitants for pasture,
coasts, chiefly at Helmsdale. The principal town is Dornoch. &c., and some manufactures of hardwares, tools, and gunThe county sends 1 member to the House of Commons. It barrels. The government is vested in a warden and corpogives the title of duke to the Gower family, who own four- ration.
fifths of the county.                                       SUT/TON COURTMNEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
SUTHERLAND, a post-office of Dinwiddie co., Virginia.     SUTTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SUTLIERILAND SPRING S, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas.   SUTTON FLATS, a village of Canada East, co. of MissisSUTLEJ, SUTLEDGE, stitllj, written also SETLEDGE,  quoi, 12 miles E. of St. Armand.
SUTLUJ, and SUTLEGE, (Sutoodra, "the hundred chan-    SUTTON-oN-THE-FORWEST, a parish of England, co. of
nelled," anc. Ilesudrus?) the easternmost and largest of the  York, North Riding.
"five rivers" of the Punjab, of which it forms all the S.E.   SUTTON-ON-TRE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
boundary, rises in Thibet, about lat. 310 5' N., ion. 81~ 60 E.,   SUTTON-AT-HOME, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
near the sources of the San-poo, (Brahmapootra,) Goggra,   SUTTON, KINGS, a parish of England, co. Northampton.
Ganges, and Indus, and at least 20,000 feet above the sea,   SUTTON, LONG, a parish and market-town of England,
flows at first N.W., and having joined the river of Spiti, co. of Lincoln, 18 miles E.N.E. of Market-Beeping. Pop. in
8494 feet above the sea, breaks through the Himalayas, tak- 1851, 6591.
ing thenceforth mostly a S.W. course to its junction with    SUTTON-cvuN-LOUND, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
the Chenaub, 33 miles W. of Bhawlpoor. Total length, nearly    SUT/TON MAD/DOCK, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
1000 miles. Principal affluent, the Beas, with. which river    SUTTON MANIDEVILLE, a parish of England, co. Wilts.
it encloses the Jullinder Doab, and after the influx of    SUTTON-IN-THE-MARSH, a parish of England, co. Lincoln.
which it is often termed the Ghara. In the upper part of its   SUTTON MONITIS, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
course it is a raging torrent; at Rampoor it is about 100    SUTTON'S, a post-office of Willianmsburg district, South
yards across; at Ropoor, S. of the Himalayas, 30 feet deep, Carolina.
and more than 500 yards across at its greatest fulness; at   SUTTON'S MILLS, a post-village of Essex co., MassachuFilor, near Loodianah, 700 yards wide, depth from 12 to 18  setts, on the Essex Railroad, 1 mile from Lawrence.
feet, and up to this point it is navigable at all seasons from    SUTTON'S POINT, a small post-village of Clay co., Illinois.
the Indus for vessels of from 10 or 12 tons burden.         SUT'TON ST. EDtMUND'S, a chapelry of England, co. of
SUTRI, soottree, (anc. Sitrium,) a town of Italy, in the  Lincoln.
Pontifical States, delegation, and 14 miles S.S.E. of Viterbo.   SUTTON ST. JAMES, a chapelry of England, co. Lincoln.
Pop. 2000. It has the remains of an ancient amphitheatre.   SUTTON ST. MIICHAEL, a parish of England, co. of
SUTSCHAWA. See SUOZAWA.                                 Hereford.
SUT/TER, a county towards the N. part of California, has    SUTTON ST. NIICHOLAS, a parish of England, co. of
an area estimated at above 500 square miles. It is bounded  Hereford.
on the W. and S.W. by the Sacramento River, and on the E.    SUTTON ST. NICHOLAS, a chapelry of England, co. of
by Feather River, by which it is also intersected. The sur- Lincoln.
face in some parts is uneven and mountainous. Sutter's   SUTTON-oN,-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Notts.
Buttes are the principal elevations. The soil is generally    SUTTON VAILENCE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
very fertile. The proposed railroad from Benicia to Marys-   SUTTON VE/NEY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
ville intersects the county. Named from Captain Sutter, of    SUTTON WALIDRON, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
Missouri, one of the earliest settlers in California. Pop. 1207.   SUWALKI, soo-wFlrkee, a town of Poland, government,
SUT/TERBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         and 19 miles N. of Augustowo.  Pop. 5000, half of whom
SUTTER CREEK, a post-office of Calaveras co., California. are Jews.
SUT/TERSVILLE, a village of Sacramento co., California,   SUWANEE, a post-village of Guinnett co., Georgia, about
on the right bank of the Sacramento River, below and ad- 100 miles N.N.W. of Milledgeville.
joining the city of that name.                              SUWAINEE RIVER, rises in the Okefiuokee Swamp, Ware
SUT'TERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 6 miles co., Georgia, and passing through Florida, enters the Gulf
S.W. of Boston, with a station on the Lincolnshire Railway. of Mexico at the S. extremity of Madison county.
SUT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.             SUWANEE SHOALS, a post-office of Columbia co., Florida.
SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.            SUWANOO CHEE CREEK, of Ware co., Georgia, flows
SUTTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.           S.E. into the Suwanee River.
SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                SUWAR/ROW ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, in
SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.               lat. 130 20' S., ion. 1630 30' W.
SUTTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.          SUWEIK, soo'waikf, a maritime village of Arabia, domiSUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            nions, and 70 miles W.N.W. of Muscat.
SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.                SUZDAL, a town of Russia. See SoozDAL.
SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.              SUZE, LA, 1I stiz, a town of France, department of Sarthe,
SUTTON, a parish of England, so. of Surrey, with a station  11 miles S.W. of Le Mans, on the Sarthe. Pop. 1466.
on the London and Epsom  Railway, 4 miles W.S.W. of    SUZZARA. soot-s8'rd, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, deCroydon.                                                  legation, and 11 miles S.S.W. of Mantua.
SUTTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.               SVANIKE, sv&/ne-keh, a town of Denmark, on the E.
SUTTON, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding. coast of the island of Bornholm, in the Baltic Sea. P. 900.
SUTITON, a post-township of Merrimack co., New Hamp-    SVAPA or SWAPA, sv!pA, a river of Russia, flows S.S.W.,
shire, 20 miles W.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1387.             and joins the Seim, in the government of Koorsk. Total
SUTTON, a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, 40  course, 80 miles.
miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1001.                        SVARTSI(ELANDET, svaRt5syM-l~n'det, or SVARTSJ0SUTTON, a post-village and township of Worcester co., LANDE, svaatlsy6-ln'deh, an island of Sweden, in Lake
Massachusetts, on the Blackstone River and Canal, and the  Meelar, len, and 10 miles W. of Stockholm.
Providence and Worcester Railroad, 42 miles W.S.W. of Bos-   SVEABORG or SWEABORG, svA/A-b0Rg', a strongly-forti.
ton. It has manufactures of cotton, woollen, and other arti- fled maritime town of Russian Finland, on 7 islands in the
cles. Pop. 2595.                                          Gulf of Finland, immediately S.E. of Helsingfors.  Pop.
SUTTON or BRAXTON  COURT-IOUSE, a post-village, 4000. Its quarters are connected by pontoons; it has nucapital of Braxton co., Virginia, on the Elk River, 289 miles merous military works and batteries, a military arsenal,
W.N.W. of Richmond.                                       and an excellent harbor. The Russians took it in 1789.
SUTTON, a township of Meigs co., Ohio, on the Ohio River.   S1EDESE. See Swsn -.
Pop. 1596.                                                  SVEER, SVIR or SWIR, sveer, a river of Russia, governSUTt.TON-N-ASH/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Notts. ment of Olonets; leaves Lake Onega, near its S.W. extremity,
SUT/TON BASSIET, a parish of England, co. of North- and, after a W. course of 130 miles, enters Lake Ladoga on its
ampton.                                                   E. side, 28 miles W.S.W. of Ladeinoe-Pole. The Canal of Svir
SUTTON BEN/GER, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.    or Siaskoi, runs parallel to Lake Ladoga on its S. side.
SUTTON BINGIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   SVEER, SVIR or SWIR, a market-town of Russian Poland,
SUT/TON BONININGTON, a parish of England, co. of Not- government, and 40 miles E.N.E. of Vilna.
tingham.                                                    SVENDBORG, svlndfboag, a town of Denmark, on the S.
SUTTON-UNDER-BRAIPLEY, a parish of England, co. of  coast of the island of Funen, opposite the island of TaaGloucester.                                               sin-e. Pop. 3900. It has ship-buildino docks, distilleries, a
5UTITON-COLDIFIELD, a borough, town, and parish of  good harbor, and an active export trade.
1863




SVE                                                      sWXA
SVENIGOROD, svA-ne-go-rod1, written  also SWEMGO-   SWAN, a post-township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 568.
ROD, a town of Russia, government, and 35 mileseW. of Mos-   SWAN, swan, a river of the Punjab, rises in a range of the
cow, on the Moskva. Pop. 1500.                             JHimalayas, in lat. 33~ 55' N., Ion. 730 10' E., flows S.W., and,
SVENIGORODKA, svA-ne-go-rod'ki, a town of Russia, go- after a course of about 120 miles, joins the Indus on the left,
vernment of Kiev, 19 miles S. of Bogooslav. Pop. 7000.     10 miles below Mukkud.
SVENSK.  See SWEDEN.                                       SWANIAGE or SWANIWICK, a market-town and parish
SVENTSIANY, a town of Russia. See SVIECIANY.             of En(gland, co. of Dorset, on the coast of the island of PurSYERIGE, SVERIG and SVEZIA. See SwEpDEN.                 beclk, 5 miles SE. of Corfe Castle.  Pop. of town in 1851,
SVIAGA or SWIAGA, sve-gAit, a river of Russia, govern- 2014. It has a bay for vessels of 300 tons, a herring fishery,
ment of Simbeersk, flows N. into the government of Kazan, and stone quarries. It is resorted to for sea-bathing.
and joins tie Yolga on the right, near Sviazhsk, after a    SWANBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
course of about 200 miles.                                   SWAN CREEK, of Lucas co., Ohio, falls into the Maumee
SVIAJSK, a town of Russia. See SVsAzHSK.                 River near toledo.
SVIATOI-NOS, sve-dltoi nos, a headland of Russia, go-   SWAN CREEK, of Michigan, enters St. Joseph's River
vernment of Archangel, at the W. entrance of the White Sea. near the W. line of Branch county.
SVIAZHSK, SVIASCIHSIK  or SVIAJSK, sve-Azhskf, a    SWAN CREEK, of Monroe co., Michigan, flows into Lake
town of Russia, government, and 21 miles W.S.W. of Kazan, Erie.
on the Sviaga, (or Sviaja,) near its confluence with the    SWAN CREEK, of Taney co., Missouri, flows into White
Volga. It is an old place, has 7 churches, a monastery, and  River at Forsyth.
a nunnery. Pop. 4000.                                        SWAN CREEK, a post-office of Warren co., Kentucky.
SVIECIANY  or SWIECIANY, sve-t-se-itnee, written    SWAN CREEK, a township of Fulton co., Ohio. P. 621.
also SVENTSIANY, a town of Russian Poland, government,   SWAN CREEK, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
an d 45 miles N.E. of Vilna. Pop. 4800.                     SWAN  CREEK, a post-village of Warren co., Illinois,
SVIR, Russia. See SvweR.                                about 25 miles S.E. of Quincy.
SVISLOTCIH, (SVISLOTSII or SWISLOTSCIt,) a river of    SW_&NCY'S FERIRY, a post-office of Abbeville district,
Russia, rises in the government of Grodno, a little N.W. of  South Carolina.
the town of Minsk, flows S.E., and, after a course of about   SWANGS/TOWN, a post-village of Cleveland co., North
100 miles, joins the Beresinn at the town of Svislotch.   Carolina, 197 miles W. by S. of Raleigh.
SVISLOTCH, SVISLOTSI or SWISLOTSCII, svis-lotshb,    SWAN ISLANDS, a group in Bank's Strait, 3i miles N.E.
a town of Russia, government, and 47 miles S. of Grodno, of Van Diemen's Land.
on a river of the same name. Pop. 1200.                      SWAN LAKE, Wisconsin, an expansion of Neenah River,
SVIZZERA,,V'IZZERO.  See SWITZERLAND.                  in Columbia county, is 3I miles long, and half a mile wide.
SWABIA or SUABIA, swA/be-a, (Ger. Schwaben, shwllben;  The water is pure, very deep, and abounds in fish.
Pr. Souabe, soo-eb! or swAb,) one of the old circles of South    SWAN LAKE, a post-office of Arkansas co., Arkansas.
germany, enclosed by France, Switzerland, and the circles    SWANNAINO, a post-office, Buncombe co., North Carolina.
sf Upper Rhine, Franconia, and Bavaria. It is now sub-   SWANfNINGTON, a perish of England, co. of Norfolk.
divided among the dominions of Wilrtemberg, Baden, aBa-    SWANININGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicesvaria, and IHohenzollern. The Bavarian circle of Swabia (or ter, pamish of Whitwick, 4f miles E. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch,
Upper Danube) is watered by the Miudel, Lech, and Iller.  on a branch of the Peterborough and Leicester Railway.
Area, 3858 square miles. Pop. 558,436.-Adj. and inhab.   SWAN POND, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina.
SwABIAN, swAbe-an.                                           SWAN  QUARrTER, a. post-village, capital of Hyde co.,
SWABIAN ALP)S, mountains of Wmirtemberg. See ALB.  North Carolina, on a bay of its own name, half a mile from
SWA'BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            Pamlico Sound, and 170 miles E. by S. of Raleigh.
SWAtCLIFFE,  a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          SWAN RIVEIR or AIT/KIN'S FERRY, a post-village of
SWADLINIBAR, a small town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  Benton co., Minnesota, on the Mississippi River, 130 miles
Cavan. Pop. 492.                                          by water above St. Paul, is a noted trading post.
SWAD/LINGCOTE, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby.         SWAN RIVER, the principal river of West Australia,
SWAFF/IHAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. rises, under the name of Avon, near lat. 320 30, S., Ion. 1170
of Norfolk, with a station on the East Anglian Railway. 14  E., flows successively N. and W. through the counties of
miles E.S.E. of Lynn. Pop. of parish in 1851, 3858. The  Grantham, York, and Perth, and enters the Indian Ocean
town, on an eminence, and one of the best built in the  at a bay called Melville Water, in lat. 320 S., and ion. 1150
county, has streets diverging from a spacious rharket-place,  42' E. The effluents are numerous; the principal are Dale,
an elegant church, a handsome market-cross, a town-hall Toodyoy, Howick, Ellenbrooke, Helena, and Canning. On
and assembly-room, theatre, free school, and county jail, its banks are many tracts of fertile land, and the settleAdjacent to the town are race and cricket grounds.        ments of Freemantle, Perth, Guildford, Toodyoy, Northam,
SWAFFHAM BULBECK, a parish of England, co. of Cam- York, and Beverley. It is liable to sudden and violent
bridge,                                                   floods, which inundate the surrounding country. It gave
SWAFFIHAM PRIOR, a parish, England. co. ofCambridge.  name to the first colonial settlement in West Australia,
SWAtFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          founded in 1829. See WEsT AUSTRAImA.
SWAIN, a township of Mississippi co., Arkansas. Pop. 108.   SWANSIBOROUGH, a post-village of Onslow co., North
SWAIN5IBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Emanuel Carolino, near the mouth of Whittock River, which flows
co., Georgia, 98 miles N.W. of Savannah.                  through Bogue Inlet into the Atlantic, 160 miles S.E. of
SWAIN'S MILLS.  a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.     Raleigh.
SWAINSITIIORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.      SWANSICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
SWAINSVILLE, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York.   SWANSEA, swon/see, (Welsh, Aber-Taesy, ahfber tow/ee,)
SWAINS!WICK, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and
SWAINVILLE.  a village of New York, on the Buffalo and  parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on the W. side of
New York City Railroad, 17 miles f-rom Hornellsville.     the Tawy or Towy, at its mouth in Swansea Bay, Bristol
SWAKOP, swvlkop', (or SOMERSET) RIVEIR, in South- Channel, 28 miles W.S.W. ofMerthyr-Tydifil.       Lat. ofthelightwest Africa, enters Walvisch Bay, Atlantic, in lat. 220 45' S. house, 510 37' N., Ion. 30 56' W. Pop. in 1801, 6831; in 1841,
SWALE, swail, a river of England, co. of York, North  19,115; in1851, 24,902. It is wellbuilt, and has a good marketRiding, rises near the border of Westmoreland, flows E. and  house, court-house, infirmary, assembly rooms, an d a theatre;
S.E. past Richmond, and joins the Ure near Boroughbridge.  reading and news-rooms, royal and mechanics' institutions,
Total course, 70 miles.                                   various chapels, a synagogue, many schools and public enSWALE, EAST and WEST, in E!gland, are two branches  dowments, many banks. handsome residences near the sea,
of the Medway River,.in Kent, boundin, the island of Shep- a county house of cormmection, and the remains of an old
pey; the latter enters the Thames at Whitstable Bay, and is Castle, now used for barracks, a prison, and stores. The
noted for its oyster-beds.                                harbor, at the mouth of the river, is nearly enclosed by two
SWALEMCLIFFE, a pan:ish of England, co. of Kent, on a  handsome piers, on the W. side of which is a light-house.
railway, 61 miles N. of Canterbury.                       Floating docks have been constructed here, and Swansea
SWAL/LOW, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          communicates by canals with Ienoyad in the county of
SWALLOW BLUFF, a post-office of Ilardin co., Tennessee. Brecon, and with Neath and the coal districts, also by tramSWALLOWCLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.    roads with Oystermouth and Mumbles Head.
SWALILOWFIELD, a parish of England, cos. of Berks    The vicinity of extensive mines of coal of a quality peand Wilts.                                                culiarly adapted for smelting purposes, and the easy access
SWALLY, swfllee, a maritim e village of Bxitish India, to the town both by sea and inland navigation, have make
presidency of Bombay, district, and forming the outport of it the principal seat of the copper trade, almost all thecopSurat, (from which it is 20 miles W.,) at the mouth of the  per ore obtained in Great Briitain and Ireland, and mnore
river Taptee.                                             recently in Australia, besides considerable quantities from
SWAL/WELL, a township of England, co. of Durham.    Cuba and other foreign mines, being smelted at the furSWAMPISCOTT, a post-township of Essex co., Massachu- naces, of which -there are here 17 within the district, and
wetts, on the coast, about 12 miles N.E. of Boston, set off  8 close to the town. Next to copper-smelting furnaces, the
fimom Lynn in 1852.                                       most important industrial establishments are iron-works,
SWAN, a post-township in the N.E. part of Vinton co., including foundries; zinc-works, tinplate-works. breweries,
)hio. Pop. 1154.                                          roperies, 2 extensive potteries, and yards for the building
1~6~,




SWA                                                       SWE
and repairing of ships. Owing to the height to which the  number of islands, the most of them of very small dimen.
tide rises in the Bristol Channel, vessels of large burden  sions, lying close to the coast. The largest and also the
easily get close to the town, but at ebb the harbor is left most distant is Gottland, in the Baltic.
almost dry. In 1851, the vessels registered at the port were    Coasts. —The coast-line has an extent of above 1400 miles;
191, carrying 20,475 tons; the vessels entered are stated at it is very irregular, all its bays and creeks, though very
4418, (332,245 tons:) and cleared, 6580, (475,082 tons.) A very  numerous, have neither the width nor tortuous lengths
large proportion both of the vessels and tonnage is em- by which the fiords of Norway are characterized.  The WV.
ployed in the coasting trade. The chief imports are copper  coast is very rocky, particularly along the lon of Gotten.
ore, grain, and provisions from Ireland, timber from Ame- burg, but seldom rises so high as 30 feet. Its numerous
rica and the Baltic, hemp, tallow, and flour; the chief ex- creeks and the lee of its islands furnish a number of good
ports, copper, iron, coal, culm, lime, and earthenware. The  roadsteads. The S. shores from  Cape'alsterbo E., and
borough, called into existence by the Reform and Municipal then N. to Solvitsborg, are low and sandy, and partly enacts, is governed by a mayor, 5 aldermen, and 18 councillors; cumbered with sandbanks.   At Solvitsborg a range of preand unites with Neath. Loughor, Aberavon, &c. in sending  cipitous cliffs begins to appear, and though partly intera member to Parliament.                                    rupted by low beaches. presents a number of projecting
SWANSEY, Massachusetts. See SWANzEv.                     masses, rising steeply to the height of 50 feet.  In this
SWAN'S ISLAND, a post-township of Hancock co., Maine.  stretch is the bay and harbor of Carlscrona, finely sheltered
Pop. 423.                                                  by the islands which lie across its mouth. The shore, sepaSWxNfSONVILLE, a post-office, Pittsylvania co., Virginia. ratedfrom the island of Gland by Kalmar Sound, is geneSWAN STATION, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.  rally low, and in its S. part presents almost a continuous
SWANTON, a post-village and township of Franklin co., line, neither broken by indentations nor lined by islands;
Vermont, on the Misisque River, and Vermont Central but towards its N. entrance the configuration changes, and
Railroad, near Lake Champlain, about 55 miles N.W. by N. rocky cliffs and islands are seen along the whole coast as far
of Montpelier. The village contains several manufactories, N. as the mouth of the Dal, a little S. of the town of Gefle.
1 church, 1 academy, and I bank with a capital of $75,000. The cliffs, however, continue to be of moderate elevation,
Pop. of the township, 2824.                                and nowhere exceed 100 feet. The most remarkable feaSWANTON, a post-village of Lucas co., Ohio, 139 miles tures in this part of the coast are the long and narrow bay
N.W. by N. of Columbus.                                    of Braviken, and the vast number of islands and islets or
SWAN/TON ABIBOT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  scars forming the archipelago of Stockholmn, and stretching
SWANTON CENTRE, a post-office, Franklin co:, Vermont. along the coast N. to the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia.
SWAN/TON MORILEY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. The S. part of the Gulf of Bothnia presents a succession of'SWANITON-NO/VERS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. moderately elevated shores, alternately rocky and alluvial,
SWAN/VILLE, a post-township in Waldo co., Maine, 44  or sandy; the whole of its upper part, from the Strait of
miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 944.                        Quarken N.W. to TorneA, is of the latter description, conSWANVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Indiana.       sisting of sandy alluvial deposits, which are brought down
SW&N'ZZEY or SWINSEY, a post-village and township  by the rivers in such quantities that they seem destined at
of Cheshire co., New Hampshire, on Ashuelot River and the  no distant period to convert a large portion of the gulf into
Ashuelot Branch of the Connecticut River Railroad, about dry land. It has been proved also beyond a doubt that the
45 miles S.W. of Concord. The inhabitants manufactuse  relative positions of sea and land have long been undergoing
pails, cotton goods, and other articles.  Pop. 2106.        a gradual change by the elevation of the latter. This elevaSWANZEY or SWANSEY, a post-township in Bristol co., tion is not confined to the Swedish shores along thd Gulf
Miassachusetts, 46 miles S. by W. of Boston. Pop. 1554.     of Bothnia or the Baltic generally, but is equally apparent
SWAR/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             on the. W. coast which lies open to the German Ocean,
SWARDESTON, swards/ton, a parish of England, co. of  though the whole amount of increase appears to be greater
Norfolk.                                                   in the N. than towards the S.
SWVARKESTON, swarks/ton, a parish of England, co., and    Face of the Couzntry, elountains.-The interior of Sweden
5 miles S.E. of Derby, on the Trent, which, with the adjacent is not generally mountainous, and its surface has far less
meadows, is here crossed by a bridge nearly a mile in length. of a highland than of a lowland character. The most eleThe Grand Trunk Canal crosses this parish. Swarkeston  vated portion commences in the W., near the parallel of 620,
House was fortified for the Royalists in the civil war.     and is continued N. along the frontiers of Norway, not so
SWAR/RATON, a parish of England, co. of HIants.          much in a continuous chain as in isolated mountain-masses
SWARR'S MILLS, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsyl- rising from an elevated table-land, which, where loftiest, is at
vania.                                                     least 4000 feet, and forms the base of several summits which
SWARTKA, svaaRtkA, written also ZWRATKA, a market- rise more than 6000 feet above sea-level; owing to their high
town of Bohemia, 30 miles from Chrudim. Pop. 1088.         latitude, they are covered with perpetual snow. The two
SWARTS/WOOD, a post-office of Sussex co.. New Jersey.   loftiest mountains, both partly within the Norwegian fronSWVARTWOUT, swartw6wt, a post-village of Polk co., tier, are Sulitelma, in lat. 67~, 6342 feet, and Sylfjellen, lat.
Texas, on the Trinity River, about 240 miles E. of Austin  630. 6552 feet high. These mountains and their table-land
City. It has several stores, and a steamboat landing.      slope E. towards the Gulf of Bothnia, sending down nuSWARTZ CREEK, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan.   merous torrents, which in their course often expand and form
SWART'Z MILLS, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsyl- chains of lakes and dreary swamps. The same slope is convania.                                                     tinned S. of 620 N., but besides it there is a S. slope which
SWATARA, swa-tah/ra, a creek of Pennsylvania, rises in  attains its lowest level near lat. 590 N., on the shores of the
Schuylkill county, and, flowing in a S.W. direction, enters  magnificent lakes which here stretch almost continuously
the Susquehanna 9 miles below Harrisburg. Length, about across the country fisom E. to W. To the S. of 590 N. the
60 miles.                                                  country is generally flat,.though in many parts finely diverSWATARA, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, sified. Its loftiest height, Mount Taberg, to the S. of Lake
about 10 miles N. by W. of Lebanon, intersected by the  Wetter, is about 1129 feet, and a considerable part of what is
Union Canal. Pop. 1843.                                    called the table-land of Smalland is 800 feet above sea-level,
SWATARA, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.  but the far larger portion is under 300 feet. Both its level
SXVAITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           and latitude point it out as a region which should naturally
SWTATTERAGH, sw~t/t-rsh, -a village of Ireland, in  be well adapted for agricultsre, and it has several fertile and
Ulster, co. of Londonderry. Pop. 200.                      well-cultivated tracts; but the soil, generally consisting  of
SWAVESEY. swAv/zee, a parish of England, co. of Cam- disintegrated primitive rocks, in which silex is a prIincipal
bridge, 31 miles S.E. of St. Ives, on the Eastern Counties  ingredient, is by no means productive. A considerable porEailwav.                                                   tion is covered with sand or stunted heath, but interspersed
SWVAY/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        wi*h forests, green meadows, and cornfields. The finest tracts
SWEABORG, a fortress of Russia. See SvEABaor.            are the space enclosed between Lake Wetter and the Bay of
SWEA-RIKA.   See SWEDET.                                 Braviken on the S., and Lakes IHielmar and Melar on the
SWEAR/INGEN'S, a post-office of Austin co., Texas.       N., the plain of Linkaping, the isen of Carlscrona, and geneSWEfDEN, (Sw. Sveige. svA/re-ghbh, or Swea-ri/ca, sfW/- rally what is called the Plain of Scania, occupying the whole
ree/ka; Dan. Sverig. sv'Arig;  Ger. Schwedesn, shwA/den; of the S. peninsula between the Sound on the W. and the
Dutch, Zweden, zw /den; Fr. Suicde, swaid or swod; Sp. Baltic on the S. and E.
Suecia, swstthe-A; It. Scezia, svlze-d; L. Sue/dia,) a kingdom  Geology and Minerals.-The geology  of Sweden, though
in the N. of Europe, snd forming, with Norway, (with which  interesting fiom the character of its rocks, and the mineral
it is now united under one monarchy,) the whole of the  treasures which many of them  contain, does not present
peninsula known in ancient times by the name of Scan- much variety in its formations. Almost the whole of the
dinavia, situated between lat. 550 20' and 690 N., and Ion. country throughout its length and breadth is composed of
110 40' and 240 E.; and bounded N. and WV. by Norway; gneiss, partially penetrated by granite. Patches of porS.W. by the Skager-Rack, Cattegat, and Sound; S. by the  phyry and greenstone, of silurian rocks, of oolite, and of
Baltic; E. by the Baltic and the Gulf of Bothnia; and N.E. cretaceous rocks, appear in various localities. The minerals
by the Tornei and its affluent Muonlo, separating it from  include gold, which was once worked on the table-land of
Finland; greatest length, from N.N.E. to S.S.W., about 975  Smdland, till it ceased to pay the expenses; silver, found in
miles; greatest breadth, about 250 miles. Area, 128,076  limited quantities in several places, particularly Sala, in the
square miles. In addition to the mainland. it has a great Icon of Westerss, and the vicinity of Falun; copper, found
1865




SWE                                                       SWE
chiefly in the loan of Falun, and smelted to a considerable  gate its severity. At Enontekeis, lat. 680 30', at the height
extent at Stora-Kopparberg; rich mines of cobalt, particu- of 1440 feet above sea-level, the thermometer in January
larly in the lben of Orebro; a little lead, and inexhaustible  averages 00-12, or nearly 320 below the freezing point; but in
supplies of iron.  The last, indeed, not only occurs in  the hottest month, July, averages 580o10; and for the whole
beds of immense thickness, enclosed in a strata of gneiss, year, 27o04, or about 50 below freezing. This annual mean,
but forms the principal mass of whole mountains.  In  though low, is far above that of places in the same latitude,
Swedish Lapland, some seams are from  3 to 4 fathoms, situated much farther E., as in Siberia. In lower latitudes,
others from 14 to 15 fathoms in thickness, while others at- the advantage is still more favorable to Sweden, particutain the immense thickness of 34 and 38 fathoms. These larly in winter. Thus, at Stockholm, the mean temperature
Lapland ores, however, have proved of little economical of the six winter months is 290.4; whereas in St. Petersburg
value. The want of fuel renders the smelting of them very  it is only 210-9. Compared with places farther W., Sweden
expensive, and what is worse, the iron obtained is generally  loses its advantage. Thus, at Wexid, lat. 560 53k, the mean
of a brittle and inferior quality. Mount Taberg, to the S. annual temperature is 440.56; and in Edinburgh, in let. 550
of Lake Wetter, on the table-land of Smniland, forms another 57', it is 460.97; in other words, Edinburgh, though not 10
of the enormous mountain masses of iron; but the ore, lower, is nearly 2~o warmer. In summer the advantage is
though otherwise of good quality, contains only 25 per  remarkably in favor of Sweden, the thermometer in July
cent. of metal, and cannot be smelted to; advantage with an  averaging 630.46; whereas in Edinburgh it averages only
intermixture of other ores. The most celebrated mines are  590, and even at London not more than 620.97. The result
those of Danemora, in the loin of Upsala, where the iron  of these observations is, that the climate of Sweden, though
worked is perhaps the best in the world, and being ad- modified by the proximity of the sea, so as to be milder in
mirably adapted for steel, is in great demand for that pur- all respects than the interior of the N. parts of the European
pose in England and the United States, where it commands  and Asiatic continents, is much more extreme than that of
a very high price. The quantity annually raised, however, the British Islands, and experiences greater degrees both
is only about 3000 tons. Much larger quantities, also of  of cold and heat. Hence, at Stockholm, the thermometer,
excellent quality, are produced in the lons of Falun, Gefle, which never reaches zero at Edinburgh, has been known to
Westerns, Carlstad, and Orebro. The annual produce of all descend 260 below it in January, and to rise in July to the
the mines is about 70,000 tons of bar-iron; in 1846, 31,411  almost tropical heat of 960-8. Spring is almost unknown.
tons were exported into Great Britain. The richest cop- The climate, however, is eminently favorable to health, and
per-mines are at Falun; the annual produce in all is no country furnishes more numerous instances of longevity.
about 1000 tons. The mining districts of Sweden extend  The amociut of rain is much less than in Norway. The
over 16,000 square miles. The most valuable quarries are  prevailing winds are S.W. and W.
those of porphyry, which takes on a fine polish, and is made    Vegetation and Agriculture.-At the N. extremity of Sweinto a great number of articles of a very ornamental de- den, at least in those parts where the surface is not very elescription.                                                  vated, fine trees of pine, fir, and birch are found. These,
Rivers and Lakes.-These are very numerous, and the  however, occupy only occasional patches, and the true folatter in particular are on a gigantic scale, giving to the  rest-land must be considered as having its limit near 640.
scenery of the country several of its grandest features. The  Below this latitude, and chiefly in the central and S. parts
rivers all belong to the basins of the Baltic Sea and the Ger-  of the kingdom, the forests occupy at least one-fourth of the
man Ocean. The former receives the far larger share. To  whole surface, and sometimes stretch continuously for 80
it belongs the Tornei, which, rising in the Norwe.;an  miles in length, by 20 miles in breadth. Many of these,
Mountains, pursues its course S.S.E. for nearly 290 miles, however, consist of trees of stunted growth, available chiefly
augmented by numerous large affluents, and falls into the  for domestic fuel, or the supply of the smelting-furnaces,
N. extremity of the Gulf of Bothnia; the LuleA, Pited, and are seldom of much use as timber. Forests in which
Skelleftea, and united Windel and Umed, which flow pre- oak and beech are the prevailing trees occur only in the S.
cipitously S.E. into the same gulf; the Angermann, which  The far greater part of the available surface not covered
flows 230 miles, and in the lower part of its course becomes  with forests remains either in natural pasture, or has been
so wide and deep that vessels of 600 tons can ascend nearly  converted into artificial meadows, from which good crops of
70 miles firom  the sea; and the E. and W. Dal, which, hay are obtained. The quantity of arable land is very
uniting their streams, receive the waters of numerous  limited, and does not in all exceed 4000 square miles.
lakes, and pursue a more circuitous course than usual in  Much even of this is of indifferent quality, and, till reSwedish rivers. The principal rivers belonging to the basin  cently, was so poorly farmed, that Sweden was annually
of the German Ocean are the Klar and the Gota; the former  obliged to import a considerable part of its whole consumpof which, issuing from Lake Fnmund, on the edge of the  tion of grain. But in consequence of the great improveDovrefield Mountains, furnishes Lake Wener with its chief  ments which have taken place, the deficiency has been supsupply of water; while the latter, which may be considered  plied, and in ordinary years importation can be dispensed
only as its continuation, discharges it into  the  ocean. with. The prevailing cereals are rye, barley, and oats. The
Most of the rivers have rocky beds and dangerous shallows,  first is nearly a half more in quantity than the other two,
and in-many places a complete barrier is formed, over which  which are nearly equal; the quantity of wheat is nearly ten
a whole river is precipitated in cascade. The most remark- times less than that of rye. Another crop which is scarcely
able of these is Trolhseta, immediately below the outlet of  less important than those of grain, is potatoes. These are
Lake Wener.                                                 grown in almost all parts of the country, and form one of
The lakes are so numerous and so large, that their united  the main articles of food among the lower classes. The
area has been estimated at nearly 22,000 square miles, or most important auxiliary crops are hemp and flax, particuabout one-eighth of the whole area of the country. They  larly the latter, which is of excellent quality; on a few fanot only add to the beauty of the scenery, but yield large  vored spots, tobacco, hops, and madder are grown. Chersupplies of fish, and both by their natural depth, and the  ries, apples, and pears are tolerably abundant in the S.
canals which have been cut to connect them, are of vast districts.
navigable importance, and furnish a long line of internal  4Animals.-The principal domestic animals are cattle,
communication. In this way a direct channel has been  sheep, and reindeer. The last, necessarily confined to the
opened from Gothenburg on the W. to Soderkiping on the  N., are kept in large herds by the Laplanders, and supply
E. coast, and communicating with the important towns of  them at once with food and clothing. The cattle are geneWenersborg, Carlstad, Mariestad, Jinkijping, and Linkip- rally of a small breed, without horns, and are not possessed
ing. In the same manner the capital has been enabled to  of valuable properties either for the butcher or the dairy.
extend its connections with the interior. In general, how- The sheep are also inferior, and yield only coarse wool,
ever, the rugged nature of the country has made navigation  though some attempts have been made in the S. to cross the
difficult. Lake Wener, after that of Ladoga, the largest in  Swedish sheep with the merino. Among the larger wild
Europe, is 55 miles long by 20 miles broad, and covers an  animals, the wolf and beas abound in the forests, and often
expanse of 2000 square miles. Lake Wetter, the next in  commit great ravages. The elk and deer are also found, but
size, is about 80 miles long by 10 miles broad, and has an  in more limited numbers. Of smaller animals, the most'
area of about 900 square miles. It is more alpine in its  destructive is the. lemming, which at intervals of years defeatures than any of the other lakes, and in one place has a  scends in immense numbers into the low country, and lay
depth of 420 feet.  Lake Maelar, better known than the  it waste. Among birds, the most remarkable are eagles,
other large lakes from having the capital on its shores, is  eapercailzies, and woodcocks. The rivers and lakes are well
also remarkable for the number of islands, which so crowd  stocked with salmon and trout, but the fisheries on the seaits surface, that, though it has a length of 60 miles and a  coast have long ceased to be productive.  ierrings, which
breadth of 25 miles, it is scarcely possible to find a single  used to visit the coast of the Baltic in large shoals, have
square mile of open water. The other lakes whose magni- almost entirely disappeared, though large numbers of a fish
tude entitles them   to notice are the lIjelmar, which has  resembling herrings, and called strb'mings, are taken alon,
both a natural and an artificial communication with Lake  the E. coast.
Moalar; the Silja, formed by an expansion of the East Dal;    Manufactures.-Manufactures in Sweden have not made
the Storsiin, out of which the Indal issues; the lIorn-Afvan,  great progress. The more important articles are woollen
which discharges itself into the Skellefted; and the Stora- cloths, and other woollen stuffs, which are made in large
Lules-Watten, which originates the Luled.                  factories, chieflyatNorrkjiping and Stockholm, and employ
Climate.-The N. part of Sweden has naturally a rigorous  a great number of domestic looms in different quarters;
climate, though several causes concur to modify and miti-  cotton, linen, and silk goods, worsted and cotton-twist, to1866




SWE                                                             SWE
bacco, manufactured in many places, and on a large scale at  sit respectively at Stockholm, Jinkiiping, and Christiansfad.
Norrkiiping; refined sugar, more especially at Gottenburg;  To each of these courts a number of secondary tribunali
paper, chiefly in the lhens of Christianstad and Falun; tan-  are subordinate; and beneath  them, again, are hiiradneries, carried on to a large extent in all the more im-  courts, or courts of primary resort, to the number of about
portant towns, but more especially at Stockholm; glass,  264. The Lutheran religion is professed by the great body
made on an extensive scale in the hen of Mlariestad; canvas  of the people, and is the only religion acknowledged by the
and sailcloth, earthenware, cordage, and various articles in  state; and though a general toleration is professed, disiron.  There are also extensive dye-works, soap and oil-  sidents from the state creed are banished the country. The
works, porter-breweries, distilleries, and building-yards in  sovereign and all the chief functionaries must be Lutherans.
almost all the ports of the Baltic.                              The number of clergy is about 3000. The higher orders are
Commerce.-The trade is chiefly in articles of raw produce,  nominated directly by the king; but all ordinary and paamong which the most important are iron and timber.  rochial clergy are elected by the people.  The army consists
Next to these are tar, copper, cobalt, alum, hemp, oil, bark,  of about 48,700 troops and militia, raised by enlistment, and
tobacco and snuff, paper, &c. The chief imports are colonial  95,300 reserve, raised by conscription.  They are well disproduce, salt, wines, silk, wool, cotton stuffs and cotton-  ciplined, and, under arms, present a remarkably fine aptwist, hemp, hides, skins, butter, bacon, oil, lacquered-  pearance.  The navy consists of 10 ships of the line, 8 friware, dyes, &c. The trade is carried on chiefly with the  gates, 8 brigs, 12 steamers, 36 smaller craft, and 256 gunUnited States, which takes large quantities df iron; Great  boats. This naval force is large, cqmpared with the populaBritain, which receives both iron and timber; Denmark,  tion, and is well manned by about 8000 men. The total
Hamburg, Lubeck, Brazil, Russia, Prussia, France, and  revenue and expenditure, as brought forward in the budget
Portugal. The following table presents a summary of the  for 1853, were each estimated at $5,020,582. In a special army
maritime commerce from 1842 to 1851:-                            budget for 1850, the total expenditures for this department
were estimated at $2,600,266.  About two-fifths of the reComparative   View of the Tonnage of the Vessels that ac'rived in  venue are derived from the land-tax and other permanent
and clearedffrom Sweden, in the years from  1842 to 1851,  sources, and three-fifths from customs, excises, &c.
and of the Value of the Imports  and Fxorts in the  ssme..
years.                                                           Lons or Districts.    Area,   Pop. in  Pop.       Chief Towns.
sq. m.    1840.    1850.
Years.      Arrived.   Cleared.   Imports.   Exports.          Iralm.......         1,81   221,670  253,084  Balm.
Malm8...~,     781   2         21~7023,0-   Matlma.
- -............. Christianstad.                 2,432   165,880  189,627  Christianstad.
Tons.      Tns.                                    Halmstad.....      1,900    94,934  105,726  Halmstad.
1842............   368,996  371,640    $8,125,000  $9,735,000. ICrcron             1,1      95,80   10,82   Crlcrn.
1843.........    357,758     370,730     7,190,000    8 100,000                           1
549...........      758     370,730     7,190,005,,0             trexio......:.    3,787   121,454  136,623 Wexio.
1844............   402,004  418,776     7,700,000    9,030,000 0    Juoping....        4,292   150,477  103,426 Jankeping.
Crsint      24,29 1650,47   18963,26 Jhkspianga.
1845............   493,526  505,114     8,850,000   116e5e00s   E      loar            4,258   384,557  202,178  Kalmar.
Kdmar.......  4,2L58   184,557  202,178  Kalmar.
1846...........   525,974   545,538    8,580,000   10,365,000
184974  545,538 8,580,000   se36500'Ln  ping....      4,253   206,625  222,484  Linkoping.
18..........   540,90      562,394    11,60,000   12,880,000        Mariestad...-     3,315   181,048  199,897  Mlariestad.
1848...........   450,824   443,628     9,715,000   12,000,000       Wenersborg.       5,036   210,618  246,136  Wencrsborg.
1849.......... 460,848  508,654    10,630,000  10,975,000     Gothenburg..      1,891   164,974  107,503  Gothenburg.
1850..........   524,058   542,828     9,990,000   10,210,000      Wisby.......      1,227    41,576   44,572  Wisby.
185............   636,674  651,874    11,685,000   11,23600       (Stockholm....      2,911   194,440  207,713  Stockholm.
Upsala........   2,067    85,294   89,323  Upsala.
The total value of imports in 1852, was $11,696,430, and of  A d  Westeras.....          2,661    92,494   96,691 Westerns.
Westeras...... 2,516   114,920  120,113 N koping
exports, $11,150,393.  Of this commerce, $1,831,536 imports,     o   Nykoping...          2,516     4,90   120,113  Nyping.
Orebro......  3,264   125,061  137,660  Orebro.
and $4,047,853 exports, was with  the United Kingdom;                   Ob               3,264   125,061  137,660  Orebro.
ao  Carlstad......   6,945   195,546  221,885  Carlstad.
$2,167,740 imports, and $1,307,973 exports, with the    n-            LFalun........    12,261   138,141  151,497  Falun.
seatic States, Hanover, Mecklenburg, &c.; $877,653 imports,             Gefieborg.....   7,561   109,794  120,158  Gede.
and $1,613,736 exports, with Denmark; $1,365,686 imports,    s i I Hernosand.. -..       9,501    85,875   99,558   ernsand.;  Ostersund....    19,208    45,7695,71sesu.
and $410,190 exports, with Russia; $1,095,943 imports, and           Ostersnd            19,208    4,769   5,271  Osteresund.
th Brazil;  and $775,448  imports,  and  N le........ e29,382    57,164   70,758  Umea.
$100,203 exports, 5with Brazil; and $775,448 imports, and             kite..........    33,033    46,767   55,751 Pites.
$758,168 exports, with the United States. The merchant                  The lakes...     3,562
marine, in 1852, comprised 1407 vessels, (tons, 86,757,) not              Total......   170,096  3,138,884 3,482,541
including those under 10 tons. There were also 61 steamers,
(tons, 3180.)                                                       Education  and People.-Almost all the inhabitants of
The means of internal communication in Sweden are de-  Sweden, with the exception of the Laplanders and Finns,
ficient, though, fiom  the comparative narrowness of the  are of Teutonic origin, and preserve the original features
country, the distance from the sea is not very great.  The  of the race in great purity, particularly in the central and
canals connecting the different central lakes, and giving a  S. provinces, where they are characterized by a tall, robust
continuous communication from the Cattegat to the Baltic,  stature, light hair, blue eyes, and light complexions. They
are the most important works that have yet been con-  are active and enterprising, and manifest a marked predilecstructed for improving and extending the internal commu-  tion for scientific pursuits.  In point of intelligence and
nications; and much might yet be done by deepening and  education, they are scarcely surpassed by any country in
removing obstructions from  the beds of rivers.  In winter,  Europe.  This is partly owing to the enlightened spirit of
when in most other countries the difficulties of travelling  the government, in endeavoring to provide schools in every
are greatly increased, the Swedes enjoy unusual facilities  important locality; but derives great additional aid from
from the coating of snow which covers the ground, and fur-  the parents, who, in many parts of the country where regunishes an easy means of transport by sledges.                    lar schools, owing to the scantiness of the population, canGovernment, cdc.-Sweden and Norway are now  united  not be maintained, are careful to give a substantial educaunder one sovereign, but each has its own constitution. tion to their children at their own firesides.  The system
That of Sweden has at its head an hereditary constitutional comprises universities at Upsala and Lund, 2 secondary and
sovereign, who possesses the sole executive, but shares the  grammar schools, (classical and practical schools,) and 3 prilegislative power with a Diet or Parliament, composed of  mary schools, or schools for the people, the whole under the
hereditary nobility, clergy, burghers, and peasants or land- inspection of the bishop and chapter of the Cathedral. In
holders not noble. These four orders form  four chambers, 1850 there were 143,526 pupils in the stationary and 126,178
which meet and vote separately. That of the nobility con- in the ambulatory primary schools, 6223 in the secondary
sists of the head of every noble family in the kingdom, and  schools, 17,464 in private institutions, 128,996 educated at
as these amount to about 2300, the number of members  home, and 25,718 in Sunday-schools.  All children between
might be nearly the same, though the attendance seldom   the ages of 9 and 15 must attend school or receive instrucexceeds 500, and often not 400. The clerical chamber con- tion at home. A normal school was established in 1842.
sists of the Archbishop of Upsala, who always presides, 12    History.-The earliest traditions of Sweden, like those of
bishops, and about 60 deputies from  the various dioceses. most other countries, present only a confused mass of fables.
The burghers are represented by 97 deputies, of whom Stock-  Christianity appears to have been first introduced about the
holm  returns 10; and the peasants by 144 deputies, sent  beginning of the ninth century.  The Swedes and Goths
from  the different rural districts. To effect constitutional  were long ruled by separate sovereigns, but in 1056 they
changes, the whole four orders must concur; but in ordi-  became united under Stenkill.  Margaret, Queen of Dennary questions the assent of three is sufficient. The king  mark and Norway, who has been called the Semiramis of
has in all cases an absolute veto, and in the exercise of it or  the North, having defeated Albert, King  of Sweden, and
any of his other powers, is responsible only through his  made him prisoner, formed the famous union of Kalmar in
ministers. The Diet is assembled every fifth year, and sits  1397, and united the three crowns in her own person. The
for 3 or 4 months, though occasionally much longer. The  Swedes recovered their independence under Gustavus Yasa,
government is conducted by a council of state, composed of  in 1521. The House of Vasa ascended the throne in 1523,
the 2-ministers of justice and foreign affairs, and 8 council-  and gave to Sweden the celebrated Gustavus Adolphus. In
lors, of whom 5 are the heads of different departments, and  1522, the Reformation was introduced by Olaus Petri, a dis3 only deliberate. Each lhen is presided over by a governor,  ciple of Luther, and advanced with such rapidity that in
who has under him  kronofode, or deputies over several  1528, at the Diet of Westerds, the king and people solemnly
harads or districts, and lcensman, 1 over each hgrad.            vowed adherence to the Confession of Augsburg as their
Justice is administered by three supreme courts, which  standard of faith. The reign of Gustavus was long and
1867




:SWE                                                      SWI
prosperous; and Sweden, enjoying the double blessings of a    SWEETWATER, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Georgia,
better government and a purer religioni, made more pro- 95 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
gress in civilization than for centuries  before. The crle-   SWEETWATER, a post-office of Marengo co., Alabama.
brated Gustavus Adolphus~took peaceable possession of the    SWEETWATER, a post-office of Monroe co., Tennessee.
throne in 1611. The reign of this most distinguished sove-   SWEETWATER, a post-office of Menard co., Illinois.
reign belongs more to European than to Swedish history.   SWEETWATER CREEK, of Georgia, enters the ChattaThe first years of his reign were devoted to internal im- hoochee River a few miles N.E. of Campbellton.
provements, and the consolidation of the valuable conquests    SWEETWATER FACTORY, a post-office of Campbell co.,
which had been made on the continent. By the treaty of Georgia.
Stolbova, in 1617, he obtained from Russia a cession of all   SWEFILING, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
her possessions on the Baltic; and by that of Altmark, in    SWEIDEEYAH or SWEIDIYAH, swA-deelyd, written also
1629. Livoiia and Polish Prussia became Swedish provinces. SUADIAI or SUADEIAI, a large village of North Syria,
In 1630 he was appointed Captain-General of the Protestant pashalic of Aleppo, in a valley, 14 miles W. of Antioch.
League, and commenced the series of brilliant victories,   SWELL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
which at once saved Protestantism, and gave a death-blow    SWELL, LowsER, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
to the ambitious aims of Rome. His victory at Liitzen, in    SWELL, UPPER, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
1632, cost him his life, and he was succeeded by his daughter    SWENIGOROD, a town of Russia. See SvENIvooD.
Christina, when only six years of age. The evils usually    SWERIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
attendant on a minority were avoided by the ability with    SWERIGE or SVERIGE. See SwmEDEN.
which the celebrated Chancellor Oxenstiern administered    SWERZENDZ, a town of Poland. See SCHWERSENZ.
the government; and new laurels were reaped by the    SWET/TENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
Swedish armies under the leadership of captains whom the    SWEVEGIIEM, swd!veh-nhtm., a village of Belgium, progreat Gustavus had trained. At the peace of Westphalia, vince of West Flanders, 27 miles S. by E. of Bruges. P. 5242.
in 1648, Sweden was formally confirmed in her continental   SWEVEZEELE, swA]veh-zA'1eh, a village of Belgium, propossessions, which gave her a voice in the Germanic Diet, vince of West Flanders, 10 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 4829.
and raised her to the rank of a first-rate European power.   SWIAGA, a river of Russia. See SVIACGA.
The HIouse of Vasa was succeeded by the House of Deux-    SWIECIANY. a town of Russia. See SVIECrANY.
Ponts, which furnished the famous Charles XII., who took    SWIENEMUNDE, a town of Prussia. See SWINEMUnsE.
peaceable possession of the throne in 1697. This celebrated    SWIENTA-SIERKA, a town ofPrussia. See HEIIGENE:enG.
prince, then a mere youth, found himself suddenly assailed    SWIETLA-oBEn-Dnes-SAZAWA, sve-ltflI otber der sd-zidby an ungenerous coalition on the part ofPoland, Denmark, v (?) a town of Bohemia, 17 miles S. of Czaslau, on the
and Russia; but soon rid himself of his opponents by siR-  Sazawa. Pop. 1472.
nally defeating each in succession. Unparalleled success,    SWIFT CREEK, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows through
however, working on a mind in which ambition and the  Chesterfield county, and unites with the Appomattox River
love of glory were ruling passions, ruined all. At his death, a few miles below Petersburg.
in 1718, he left his kingdom  greatly curtailed in its dimen-   SWIFT CREEK, of North Carolina, an affluent of Tar
sions, and exhausted by ruinous wars. Internal dissensions  River, which it joins a few miles N. of Tarborough.
were no* added to foreign disasters; and two violent fac-   SWIFT CREEK, of Craven co, North Carolina, enters the
tions, known by the name of the SIats and Caps-the for- Neuse River from the left, about 5 miles above Newborn.
mer favoring a French, and the latter a Russian alliance-    SWIFT CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into the Watekept the nation in a state of ferment for more than half a  roe River, near the N.W. extremity of Sumter district.
century. Charles XII. had been succeeded by his sister    SWIFT CREEK, of Hardin co., Tennessee, flows into the
Ulrica-Eleonora, who shortly after abdicated in favor of her Tennessee River.
husband, Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, during whose reign    SWIFT CREEK, a post-office of Darlington district, South
Sweden was bbliged to submit to two most disadvantageous Carolina.
treaties with Russia-that of Nystad, in 1721, and that of    SWIFT CREEK BRIDGE, a post-office of Craven co., North
Abo, in 1743; the effect of which was to degrade her from  Carolina.
the commanding position she had previously occupied, and    SWIFT ISLAND, a post-office of Montgomery co., North
sink her again to the rank of a second-rate power. In 1751, Carolina.
Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp succeeded, and was    SWIFT RIVER, of New Hampshire, rises in Grafton
followed, in 1771, by his son Gustavus III., who, by the  county, and falls into the Saco River in Carroll county. It
support of the army and body of the people, succeeded in  is, as its name implies, a very rapid stream.
re-establishing the government nearly as it existed in 1680.   SWIFT RIVER, a small stream  of Hampshire county,
In 1810, Bernadotte, who had been a Marshal under Napo- Massachusetts, formed by the junction of the East and Midleon, was chosen crown prince, and ascended the throne as die Branches of the Chickopee River, itself uniting with the
Charles John XIV., in1818. He showed himselfthroughout West Branch to form that river.
an able, enlightened, and patriotic prince; and at his death,   SWIFT/VILLE, a post-office of Morgan co., I(entucky.
in 1844, left the kingdom in a far more prosperous state   SWILILAND, a parish of England, co. of-Suffolk.
than he found it, to his son, who now (1855) reigns under    SWIL/LINGTON, a parish of England co. of York, West
the title of Oscar I. Norway Was annlexed to Sweden in 1814, Riding.
retaining its own laws. The united kingdoms, enjoying    SWIL/LY, LOUGH, lon, an inlet of the Atlantic, in the
the blessings of peace and good government, continue to  N. part of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, extends inland
make rapid advances in prosperity.-A-dj. SwFmeIsni; (Sw.  25 miles S., where it receives the river Swilly. On Tannet
SVENSK, svinsk; Fr. SUEDOIS, swd'dwd; Ge-'. SCuwEDISH, Point, at the W. side of its entrance, is a light-house, in lat.
shwlddish; Sp. SoEco, swdko; It. SVEDESE, SV-dA/sEt;) inhab.  550 16' 33"t N., ion. 70 38' W., and it is there 33 miles across.
SwEDE. (In Swedish, French, Spanish, and Italian, the    SWIM/BRIDGE, a parish of Englanu  co. of Devon.
inhab. is the same as the adj.; Ger. ScnwEDE, shwd/deh.)   SWINIBROOK, a parish of England, eo of Oxford.
SWEIDEN, a post-township of Oxford co., Maine, 55 miles    SWIN/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
W.S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 696.                                SWIN/DERBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
SWEDEN, a post-township of Monroe co., New York, 18    SWIN/DON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
miles W. of Rochester, intersected by the Erie Canal and  Wilts, and a principal station of the Great Western RailCentral Railroad. Pop. in 1840, 1885; in 1850, 3623.      way, 29 miles E.N.E. of Bath. Pop. in 1851, 4876. The
SWEDEN, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, town, neatly built on an eminence, has a flee school, and
about 10 miles E. ofCoudersport. Pop. 254.                 several charities.
SWEDESBOROUGH, sweeds/bfbr-rftLh, a post-village of    SWINDON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Gloucester co., New Jersey, situated at the head of Sloop    SWINDON, a township of England, co. of York, West
Navigation on Racoon Creek, about 12 miles S.W. of Wood- Riding.
bury. It contains 2 churches, 6 stores, an extensive wool-   SWINE, a parish of England. co. of York, East Riding.
len factory, and about 100 dwellings.                        SWINE/FLEET, a chapelry of England, co. of Yorlk, West
SWEED/LINHILL, a post-office of Pendleton co., Virginia. Riding.
SWEEP/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.        SWINE/FORD, a market-town of Ireland, in Connaught,
SWEE/RA or SUIRA.  See MocADoRE.                        co. of Mayo, 15' miles E.N.E. of Castlebar. P. in 1851, 991.
SWEET AIR, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.      SWINEFORDSTOWN, Pennsylvania. See MIDDLEBURG.
SWEET HOME, a post-office of Lavacca co., Texas.          SWINEIHART, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana.
SWEET HOMIE, a post-office of Nodaway co., Missouri.       SWINEMUNDE  (Swinemotinde)  or  SWIENEMUNDE,
SWEET LAND, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa.       (Swienemiinde,) swee/neh-miin/deh, a maritime town of
SWEET SPRINGS, a post-village of Monroe co., Virginia, Prussia, province of Ponerania, 36 miles N.N.W. of Stettin,
is pleasantly situated near the foot of the Alleghany Moun- in the island of Usedom, on the Swine, the outlet of the
tains, 204 miles W. of Richmond. This is one of the oldest Frische Haff in the Baltic. Pop. 4600. Since 1817 its harbor
and most fashionable watering-places of the state.        has been much improved by the erection of piers, on one of
SWEET VALILEY, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsyl-  which is a lighthouse. It has a pilot-board, and here large
vania.                                                    vessels unload cargoes for Stettin, of which it is the outport,
SWEETVILLE, a post-office of Crittenden co., Arkansas.    SWINESHEAD, swinz/h~d, a parish of England, co. of
SWEET/WATER, a post-office of Wautauga co., North  IHuntingdon.
Vr. inoolina.                                             -SWINESHEAD, a market-town and parish of England.
1868




SWI                                                             SWI
co. of Lincoln, in the fecs, 6 miles W.S.W. of Boston'Pop. is also seen in large masses on the E. shore of the Lake of
In 1851, 2044. The sea formerly reached this town, which  Geneva, on the Molesson, Stockhorn, Pilat, and Santis.  The
had a harbor near its present market-place.                  proper carboniferous rocks are very sparingly developed, but
SWINESUTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          regular coal-bearing strata are found in the Simmenthal, the
SWINESUND, swee/neh-soond&, is an inlet of the Skager- Kanderthal, and on the S. shore of Lake Thun.  In the
rack, between Norway and Sweden.                             Jura, limestone equivalent to the oolite, often resting on
SWINEIYARD, a post-office of Charles City co., Virginia.  muschelkalk, is so largely developed, that the name of Jura
SWINIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          limestone is now often applied to the whole oolitic formaSWINFORD, OLD, a parish of England, cos. of Stafford  tion. Above the Jura limestone is the molasse, a soft green
and Worcester, including the town of Stourbridge. The  sandstone, belonging to the lower series of the tertiary forBlue Coat Hospital, founded in 1677, educates 70 boys.        mation, and covering an extensive area in the lower parts
SWINI/FORD-REGIS or KING'S SWINIFORD, a parish of of Switzerland.
England, co. of Stafford, on the Staffordshire and Worcester-   As in almost all mountainous countries, particles of gold
shire Canal, 3 miles N.N.W. of Stonrbridge. The village is  are here found in the sands of many of the river, and more
neat, and the parish has a massive church, coal, iron, glass, especially in those of the Rhine, in the canton of Grisons, in
brick and tile works, and numerous potteries. Near it are  the Reuss, the Emmen, and the Luttern, but in none of
the vestiges of a large Roman camp, and Holbeach, where  them in such quantities as to repay the search. Lead and
several gunpowder-plot conspirators were taken in 1605.       copper, both argentiferous, are found in the canton of GriSWINGPFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.             sons, aild were once worked, though they are now  abanuSWINGLEVILLE, a post-office of Washington co., Ten-  doned. Iron is more widely diffused, and is worked to adnessee.                                                       vantage in several quarters, particularly among the strata
SWINIHOPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            connected with the Jura limestone. Rock-salt is worked to
SWININERTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.         some extent in the canton of Vaud, and saline springs occur
SWINTTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, We'st Rid-  in many places, but have not been turned to much account.
uing, parish of Wath-on-Dlearne, 5 miles N.N.E. of Rotherham, The other minerals deserving of notice are alabaster and
on the North Branch of the Midland Railway.                   marble, widely diffused; sulphur, near Lake Thun; gypsum,
SWIN/TON, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, about 50  particularly in the canton of Freyburg; and asphalte in the
miles W. by N. of Chicago.                                    Val de Travers, in the canton of Yalais. Mineral springs
SWINTON-AND-SIXM PRIN, a united parish of Scotland,  occur in many quarters. As the most celebrated, we may
co. of Berwick.                                               mention those of Leuk in the Valais, Baden and SchinzSWIR, a river of Russia. See SVEER.                         nach in Aargau, Pfeffers in St. Gall, and St. Moritz in the
SWITIILAND, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          Grisons.
SWIT/ZERLAND, (Ger. S chweiz or Schweitz, shwits; It.    Rivers.-The Rhone and Rhine both have their sources in,&izzera, svit/sA-rA; Fr. Suisse, sweess; Sp. Ssiza, sweelthA;  the glaciers of Switzerland, and the Danube and the Po are
Port. A ierra dos Snipos, A tWR'R{ doce sweetsoce, "the land  indebted to it for important tributaries; but owing to the
of the Swiss;" L. Helvettia,) a federal republic of Central  mountainous nature and inland position of the country,
Europe, situated between lat. 450 50' and 470 50' N., and lon. none of the rivers acquire so much development within its
60 and 100 25' E., and bounded on the N. by Baden, from   limits as to become of great navigable importance. The Rhine,
which it is separated for the most part by the Rhine; N.E. formed in the canton of Grisons by the junction of the Vorder
by Wirttemberg andBavaria, from which it is separated by  and Hinter Rhein, flows N. into the Lake of Constance, and
the Lake of Constance; E. by the principality of Liecht- then, on emerging from the lake, flows W. to Schaffhansen,
enstein and the Tyrol, from  the former of which it is sepa- where it forms the celebrated falls of that name. Below these
rated by the Rhine, and from the latter partly by the Rhine, falls its navigation properly begins, and is continued W.
but chiefly by ranges of the Orison Alps; S. by Austrian  along the frontier to Basel, where a sudden turn N. carries it
Italy, Piedmont, and Savoy, from the two first of which it is  into Germany. Its principal affiuents in Switzerland are the
separated also by the Alps, and from the latter partly by the  Thur, Tiss, Birs, and Aar, which all join it on the left. By
Alps and the Lake of Geneva; and W. and N.W. by France, far the most important is the Aar, which not only traverses
fi-om which it is separated in part by the Jura Mountains  a large part of the country circuitously from the S. of Bern
and the river Doubs. The greatest length of Switzerland, to the N. frontier, but is augmented by a great number of
from W. to E., near the parallel of 460 35' N., is 216 miles; important affluents, of which the largest are the Limmat,
the greatest breadth, measured a little W. of the meridian  Reuss, and Emmen on the right, and the Saane and Thiele
of 90 E., is 140 miles.                                       on the left. The Rhone, rising in the glacier of St. Gothard,
Physical Features.-These are on the grandest scale, and  on the N.E. confines of the canton of Valeais, receives all the
furnish scenery which, if equalled, is not surpassed by any  drainage of that canton. flowing through it centrally, first
other part of the globe: lofty mountain ranges towering  W.S.W. and then N.N.W., till it falls into the Lake of Geabove the clouds and beyond the limits of perpetual snow;  nova. Immediately after issuing from the lake at the town
enormous glaciers descending from their sides, and blocking  of Geneva, it receives the Arve, and about 10 miles below
up the higher valleys; magnificent lakes, embosomed among  quits the Swiss frontier. Theewaters which the Po receives
mountains which often rise here from the water's edge for  fiom  Switzerland are carried to it by the Ticino, which
many thousand feet; and wild romantic valleys forming the  drains the canton of that name; those which the Danube
channels of impetuous streams, fed by numerous torrents  receives are carried to it by the Inn, which rises and has a
and cascades. The loftiest mountain chains belong to the  considerable pastrof its upper course in the E. of the canton
Alps, and are situated chiefly in the S. The immense mass  of Grisons.  The whole drainage of Switzerland is thus
of Mount St. Gothard forms the centre or nucleus of a sys-  divided among  the three basins of the North Sea, the Meditem of mountains, covered with perpetual snow and gla- terranean, including the Adriatic, which is properly only a
ciers, the peaks of which are from 9000 to 14,000 feet above branch of it, and the Black Sea. The proportions received
the level of the sea. The Alps cover all the central, S., and  by each are in the order now stated, but the far largest share
S.E. portion of the country, and occupy more than one-half  belongs to the first.
of its superficies. (See ALPS.) The Jura Mountains extend    Lakes.-No country in Europe, except Scandinavia, has,
along the N.W. borders; the culminating points are the  in proportion to its size, so many lakes as Switzerland.
D81le and Mont Tendre, (see JURA,) and between these is an  Those of the Alpine regions occupy the lower parts of the
undulating plain or table-land 135 miles in length, from the  valleys. They vary in depth from 500 to 1900 feet, and are
Lake of Geneva in the S.W. to the Lake of Constance in the  situated at an elevation of from  1200 to 1800 feet above the
N.E. Its extreme breadth is 50 miles. Next the Alps it is  sea. The chief of these are Lake Leman or the Lake of Ge2000 feet above the sea, sloping towards the Jura, where it is  neva, Brienz, Thun, Waldstitten or Lucerne, Zug, Wallen1350 feet. It has numerous valleys, some of which are of  stadt, Zurich, Constance or the Boden See; and, on the S. of
considerable extent.                                          the Alps, Lugano and Maggiore. Most of these are traversed
Geology and Miner als. —All the loftiest Alpine ranges have  by steamboats. The table-land contains Lakes Morat, Sema nucleus of granite, on which gneiss and mica slate recline, pach, Baldeck, Iallwyl, Greiffensee, and Pfeffikon. In the
generally at a high angle. These rocks are particularly de- Jura are the lakes of Neufchltel and Bienne, the former
veloped in St. Bernard, St. Gothard, the Faulhorn, &c., and  traversed by steamboats.
contain a great number of beautiful minerals, particularly    Climate.-The climate of Switzerland, owing to its elevagarnets and various kinds of rock-crystals. Sienite is not  tion, and other causes, is much more severe than might be
of frequent occurrence, but is found on the S. side of St. expected from  its position, nearly in mid-distance between
Gothard, and on the Finster-Aarhorn.  Diallage rock, or  the Equator and the North Pole. It presents the greatest
gabbro, is seen exposed in steep precipices near Saaz, in the  extremes and the most violent contrasts. In Geneva, at an
upper part of the canton of Valais, and forms whole moun- elevation of 1230 feet, the mean pressure of the barometer
tains in various parts of the canton of Grisons. In the same  is 27 inches; the range of the thermometer between the
locality, serpentine is largely developed.  Granular lime-  mean of winter and summer is from 340 to 660 Fahrenheit,
stone is widely diffused throughout the Alps, and is more  and the average annual amount of rain is 29 inches. On
particularly exposed on the Great and Little St. Bernard,  Mount St. Bernard, barometer, 21 inches; thermometer,
and the S. side of St. Gothard. It usually rests on mica-  from  180 to 430 Fahrenheit, and amount of rain, 65 inches.
slate, and often alternates with clay-slate and primitive gyp- While winter is reigning in all its rigor on the lofty summits
sum. Mountain limestone composes the great masses of the  or slopes of the mountains, it is only necessary to descend into
Dent-du-Midi, the Diablerets, the Wetterhorn, Dodi, &c. It  the lower valleys to find that spring is far advanced.  In




SWi                                                          SWI
making this descent, we may direct our course not only S., and W., and become somewhat rare in the S. In many of
where, in the lower valleys of the canton of Ticino a truly  the warmer spots, with a S. exposure and N. shelter. apriItalian climate is enjoyed, but even N., and find in the  cots, peaches, almonds, and figs thrive well in the open air.
plains of Basel that winter has long departed. For the pur- More delicate fruits, as oranges, citrons, lQmons, and pomepose of comparison, we may mention that the winter tem- granates, are almnost confined to the 8. side of the Alps, in
perature of London is 380'22, and the summer temperature  the canton of Ticino. Here, too, the olive thrives, and a
610'74; and that'the mean annual temperature of the  good deal of silk is obtained by the cultivation of the mulhospice of St. Gothard is nearly two degrees lower than that berry. With the exception of Uri and Glarus, there is not
of the North Cape. The elevation of the lower summit of  a canton in which the vine is not grown to a greater or less
snow in the mountains is 8900 feet. On the table-land and  extent. Many of the cantons yield more wine than they
in the lower mountains snow falls in greater abundance  require, but the quality in general is inferior, and fails to
than in other countries of the same latitude in Europe. On  create a foreign demand. Timber of all kinds is abundant
St. Gothard, snow falls at least once a month in summer. in most of the cantons, but great waste has been committed,
The large lakes are seldom frozen. In the upper valleys of  and several of the most accessible forests have been so much
the Jura, winter lasts six months; it is longer in those of  thinned, that the prospect of an ultimate scarcity in several
the Alps. The same causes which diversify the climate tend  quarters has begun to cause serious apprehension.
also to make it extremely variable, even in the same locali-   Animals.-Among domestic animals, the first place beties; and hence days of almost insupportable heat are not longs to the horned cattle, which are both remarkable for
unfrequently preceded by cold mornings, and succeeded by  their numbers and the superiority of their breeds. Swiss
equally cold eveunings. These sudden changes are very try-  cows can scarcely be surpassed, either in beauty or in the
ing to weak constitutions, and sometimes make epidemic  amount of their dairy produce; and the demand for them
diseases generally prevalent; but, with the exception of a  in other countries has given rise to a very lucrative branch
few swampy spots from which deleterious miasma is dif- of trade. There were, in 18,14, 853,000 horned cattle, about
fused, the air is clear and bracing, and eminently favorable  one-fourth of which were milch cows; 105,000 horses, 469,000
to health. The S.W. winds, which are frequent, usually bring  sheep, 347,000 goats, and 318,000 swine.  The horses are
rain; the N.E. wind, which blows on the table-land in  generally of rather diminutive size, though strong and
spring, is cold and dry. The warm  S. wind greatly favors  hardy. Where used merely as pack-horses to transport burthe climate of the canton of Ticino; under the name of _Mhn,  dens across the mountains, they are generally well adapted
the sirocco of the Alps, it blows with extreme violencem and  for the purpose. The mules used in the same way are only
causes great damage on the lakes.                          tolerable; the ass, also occasionally used, is very inferior.
Vegetation, Agriculture, &c.-Few  countries in Europe, Sheep are very much confined to the lower districts, and
even of larger extent, can boast of a more varied vegetation  have not yet attracted much attention, except in the canthan Switzerland. It has been divided into 7 regions. The  tons of Vaud and Geneva, where the merino, regularly inscharacteristic product of the first is the vine, which grows  ported from Spain, is kept pure, both for the purpose of supup to 1700 feet, and in some districts of Zurich and the  plying a foreign demand and improving the native breeds;
Lake of Thun, to 1800 feet above the sea-level. The next in  on the higher grounds, goats manage to pick up their subascent is the hilly, or lower mountain region. It rises to  sistence where no other domestic animal could live, and
the height of 2800 feet, and is characterized by the luxu- contribute greatly to the comfort if not to the wealth of their
riance of its walnut-trees. Though not well adapted for  possessors.
wheat, it produces good crops of spelt; and has excellent    In winter the population of the Alps inhabit. villages
meadows, from which two cuttings of hay are annually  scattered over the lower valleys. In May, the cattle are led
obtained.  The third, or upper mountain region, has its  to the lower pastures; in July, they ascend the regions
limit at 4100 feet. Its principal product is forest timber, 6000 feet above the sea; and about the 10th of August they
consisting of all varieties of hard wood, but more especially  pasture on the highest mountains, whence they descend to
beech. The walnut grows in it, though not vigorously, up  the valleys about the 10th of October. Among wild animals
to 3500 feet, and good crops are obtained of barley and oats. are bears and wolves, found both in the Alps and Jura; chaThe pastures, too, are excellent. Above this, and up to the  mole, found chiefly among the loftiest mountains of theAlps;
height of 5500 feet, is the fourth or subalpine region, dis- wild boars, not uncommon in the cantons of Bern, Vaud,
tinguished by its pine forests. Here winter lasts from 8 to  and Aargau; stags, in the canton of Bern, and occasionally
9 months; no regular crops are grown, but some kinds of  in the Grisons; badgers, foxes, hares, otters, birds of prey
kitchen vegetables are raised, and a few potatoes, generally  of large dimensions, and many varieties of winged game.
of small size. Many of the heights are covered with a rich  The lakes and rivers are well supplied with fish, among
grassy sward. The next two regions are sometimes included  which are several varieties of salmon, found chiefly in the
under the common name of alpine, though it evidently ad- Rhine and the waters connected with it; salmon-trout of
mits of two distinct divisions: the one, lower alpine, termi- large size, chiefly in the lakes of Constance and Geneva;
nating at 6500 feet, and the other, upper alpine, ascending  and common trout in almost all the rivers and lakes. The
to the limit of perpetual snow. The former is the proper  only insects deserving of notice are bees, the rearing of
region of alpine pastures; the latter as it ascends becomes  which forms an important occupation in several cantons;
more and more stunted in its vegetation, and the variation  and silk-worms, almost confined to the canton of Ticino.
of the seasons is lost, spring and autumn being altogether  In the last canton, too, are found vipers, the only venomous
excluded, and a winter of rigorous severity following close  reptiles of the serpent kind known to Switzerland, and some
upon a short summer of only five or six weeks. In the lower  scorpions.
parts of these regions some trees are occasionally seen; but.Aianeufactures. —Manufactures of various kinds were estamany of the valleys are filled with enormous glaciers, and  blished in Switzerland at a very early period, and have exin many spots and ravines which the sun cannot reach, the  tended rapidly in recent times, in face of the formidable
snow never entirely melts. The seventh and last region is  competition to which they are subjected. The factory systhat of perpetual snow. Even here vegetation is not utterly  tem, however, is little known, and the far greater part of
extinct, and several varieties of lichens are found clinging  the tissues are produced by domestic looms not kept in
to the rocks.                                               regular operation throughout the year, but chiefly during
Many parts, even of the lower regions of Switzerlanid, are  the winter, and in the evenings when the ordinary labors
of a stony, sterile nature, but on every side the effects of  of the field have ceased. The quantities of goods thus made
persevering industry are apparent, and no spot that can be  are great, but the exact amount is not easily ascertained.
turned to good account is left unoccupied. Still, so unfavor- Among the staple articles of Swiss manufacture are silk
able is the soil and climate, that on dividing the whole area  goods, chiefly in Zurich and Basel; cotton goods, also chiefly
of the country into three parts, it will be found that only  in Zurich, and to a considerable extent likewise in St. Gall
Due of these produces grain sufficient for its own consump- and Appenzell; linen and hempen cloth in Aargau, Thur.'ion; the second raises not more than eight, and the third  gau, and St. Gall; jewelry and watches in Geneva, Vaud,
oarely six months' supply. The deficiency is supplemented  Neufchgtel, and Bern; cutlery and various articles of hardpartly by importation, and partly by the general cultivation  ware in Schaffhausen; writing and stained paper at Basel;
of potatoes; in the mmore mountainous districts, dairy pro- leather and skins chiefly in Bern, Vaud, Zurich. Geneva,
duce forms the chief article of subsistence. The best culti-  Basel, and Aargau; lace at Lausanne, Couvet, Motiers, and
vated cantons are Basel, Aargau, Thurgau, Vaud, and Ge- various other places; straw-hats, and various articles in
neva. The principal grain crops are, in the flatter districts, straw, in Aargau and Lucerne. Neufchbtel has superior
spelt, wheat, rye, summer and winter barley, and Turkish  printing establishments.  Watches, jewelry,:and musical
corn; in the higher districts, summer barley and oats. boxes are the principal manufactures of the W. cantons;
Hemp and flax are extensively grown on all lands suitable  here 230,000 watches are made every year. The number of
for them, and nearly supply the whole of the home con- individuals employed in the different branches of industry
sumption; oil and poppy-seed are also generally cultivated, in 1846, were-Silks, 40,000; cottons, 90,000; watches and
and in some'of the higher districts caraway forms a favorite  jewelry, 30,000; woollens, paper, leather, ironwares, &c.,
crop. Tobacco is chiefly confined to the flatter parts of Frey- 40,000; in all, 200,000.
burg, Ticino, and Vaud. In the same cantons, occasional    Commerce, drc. —The above articles furnish themselves the
patches oi saffron are seen. Fruit is produced in abundance  materials of a considerable export trade, and to these mui'
in all the N. cantons, where apple, pear, plum, and cherry  be added cattle, butter, cheese, cherry-brandy, timber, char
trees are seen in almost every quarter, growing either singly  coal, medicinal plants, &c.; the more important imports
Ir in orchards; they are met with less frequently in the E. are cornu rice, salt, salt-fish, wine, colonial produce, fine
1870




:SW!                                                          SWI
woollens, and various articles in iron and copper. In addi-    Revenue, Army, cc. —The revenue of the Swiss Confedera.
tion to-this ordinary trade, Switzerland shares in the very  tion for 1854, amounted to $2,753,000, and the expenditures
important transit which is carried on between France, Ger- to $2,618,000. Of the revenue, $1,100,000 was derived from
many, and Italy. The nature of the country throws ex- frontier tolls, The revenue for 1855, as estimated in the'traordinary difficulties in the way of this traffic, but the  budget brought forward, December, 1855, amounted to
means which have been employed to lessen or remove them   $3,210,000, and the expenditures to $2,943,000. The debt
are almost as extraordinary as the difficulties, and the great  amounts to $2,943,000. The Confederation has no standing
roads which now lead across some of the loftiest passes of  army, but every Swiss is a soldier, and each canton conthe Alps will long be pointed to as among the most remark-  tributes a fixed contingent when called on. The armed
able of engineering achievements.  Nor have the ordinary  force in 1851, amounted to 72,000 men, between the ages
communications of the interior been neglected. In almost  of 20 and 34; besides which there was a reserve of 36,000
every canton, as far as the nature of the surface will admit, men, between the ages of 34 and 44.
the roads are both well made and carefully kept, and though    People.-The different languages spoken in Switzerland
the impetuosity of the rivers greatly limits their navigable  evidently show that thepeople have not a common origin, but
importance, and leaves little scope for the construction of  belong to different races. In the W., where French is spoken,
extensive canals, many hydraulic works have been executed  they are supposed to be descendants of the ancient Burgunon a scale of no mean extent, considering the limited re-  dians, whose territories included both sides of the Jura; in
sources of the country and the obstacles to be overcome. the N., where German is spoken, a common origin is indiAmong others may be mentioned the two canals of the Linth,  cated with the Germans of Swabia and the Tyrol; and in
one connecting it with the Lake of Wallenstadt, and the other  the S., both the language and physical features are Italian,
connecting it through that lake with the Lake of Zurich. though those on the S. of the Alps indicate this more
By the Strasbourg and Basel, (Bile,) and the Baden and Frei-  strongly than the inhabitants of the Grisons, who exhibit
burg Railways, terminating at Basel, Switzerland is con-  several peculiarities, and speak a corrppt Latin, called Ronected with the railway systems of France, Germany, and  mansh. But apart from  these peculiarities of origin and
the other European states.                                    language, the Swiss have lived so long in a state of confedeDivisions, Population, dc. —Switzerland is divided into 22  ration, that they have acquired a decided national character,
ca tons, which, with their separate areas and populations, and may now be considered as forming a single people.
are exhibited in the following table: —                         History.-The Swiss first become known to us B. c. 105,
when part of them, under the name of Tigurini, in alliance
cantons.    Area, Pop. in   Chief Tows.   Pop.  with the Cimbri, defeated a Roman army, and slew the consq. m.  18505                 heon. 1850.  sul, Lucius Cassius, who headed it. About 50 years after we
find them, under the name of Helvetii, attempting to migrate
AAppesuoll, Rhodeso.utor   0153  197  AroeeoeArn....... 4,627  in a body into Gaul, but driven back after a signal defeat by
Appenzell Rhodes~oute  43,599 Toe.....       1'    " inner )5         11,270 Appenzell......  2,910  Julius Coesar. This proved the commencement of their subBE~~a ~~sel, city,    9555............ 27,313  jection to the Roman yoke, and after vainly struggling for
ntry,........        47,830 Liesthal.......... 3,03  independence, the whole country appears to have become
Bern.......... 2,567  457,921,      0 Bern... 25  resigned to its fate about A. D. 70. Near the beginning of
Freyburg................      99,05 Freybrg.......
Geneva.91........   9   63,932 Geneva.......... 29,108  the fifth century, the northern hordes burst in and formed
Glarus...................  280  30,197 Glarus............ 4,08  permanent settlements: the Alemanni making themselves
Grisons.............  2,975  89,8 0 Chur or Coire....  5,943  masters of the N., and the Burgundians of the S.W. disLucerne..............   588  132,789 Lucerne......... 10,06  tricts, while at a later period the Goths gained possession
Neufchatel...............  281  70,679 Neufchitel........ 7,727
St. Gall..................  749  169,508 St. Gall........... 11,234  of the S.E. All these nations were ultimately subdued by
Schaffhausen............  116  35,278 Schaffhausen.....,71  the Franks, whose empire, about the middle of the sixth
Schwytz.................  339  44,159 Schwytz.......... 2,414  century, extended over many countries, and  included,
Soleure.          25 6,5  Saer.                5320........oth
255  69,613 Soleu    re..........  5,37  among others, the whole of Helvetia.  On the disruption of
Ticinc..................  1,037  117,397  Leearno........ 2e676  the FrankishEmpire, shortly after the death of Charlemagne,
Lugano.......... 5,142  Ielvetia was divided into two portions; an E. or German
Thurgu.......     270  88,819 Frauenfeld........ 3,544  portion, which, falling to the share of Louis of Bavaria, was
Unter wldenUpper      263   13983 Sarn...........    129  incorporated with the duchy of Swabia; and a W. or Bur-,,Laower i...   11,332 Stene..     1,877' noroa
Uri.......................  422  14,500 Altorf..........   2,11  gundian, allotted to Lotharius, who held the title of EmpeValais.............   1,665  81,527 Sion............ 3,516  por and King of Italy. This latter portion was afterwards
Vaud..............     2...9185  199,453 Lausanne......... 20,000  incorporated with the kingdom of Upper Burgundy, which
c..........   85  17,456 Zuag.............. 3,302  was formed by Rudolf in 889, and lasted till 1016, when it
Zurich...........  687  250,13  Zurich.... 17,040...__    came into the possession of Henry II., Emperor of Germany,
Total................ 15,261 2,390,11-          1       who having previously been in possession of the E. part, or
Swabian Helvetia, was now  master of the whole country.
Government, Religion, &. —The  cantons of Switzerland  In\the early part of the thirteenth century the country was
are united together as a federal republic for mutual de-  subdivided into a number of lordships, free cantons, and
fence, but retain their individal independence in regard to  imperial towns, all invested with peculiar rights and privi.
all matters of internal administration.  According to the  leges. Among the lordships, that of Hapsburg, by a series
constitution adopted by the Federal Diet, September 12, of fortunate events, gradually attained such pre-eminence
1848, the Federal Assembly is composed of two divisions-  that in 1273, Rudolf, one of its members, was elected Em.
the National Council, and the Council of the States, or the  peror of Germany, and became founder of the house of AusSenate. The National Council is named by the cantons, one  tria. The great victory of Morgarten in 1315, led to the esmember to each 20,000; but when a surplus of above 10,000  tablishment of a federal compact between the three cantons
exists, an additional member is elected. The members are  of Schwytz, Uri, and Unterwalden, which formed the nucleus
chosen for three years. Each canton, and when divided,  of the existing Confederation. In 1353, it numbered 8 caneach half canton, is entitled to send at least one member.  tons; and in 1513, it was composed of13 cantons.  In 1518,
The Senate consists of 44 members, two for each canton;  the preaching of indulgences provoked opposition, as in
the half cantons sending one each. The Federal Council,  Germany, and Zwinglius appeared as the pioneer of a series
composed of seven members, elected for three years, is chosen  of distinguished reformers, who ultimately succeeded in gainby the National Council from among the Swiss citizens eli-  ing over a majority of the cantons to their principles. Since
gible to the National Council.  Only the Confederation, repre- then Switzerland has long distinguished herself by the
sented by the two councils, has the right to declare war,  asylum  afforded to refugees from  other countries, when
make peace, and to conclude treaties and alliances. The  driven from their homes by the tyranny or bigotry of their
Confederation alone is charged with the official relations  rulers. In 1802 Switzerland was reduced, by what is called
between the cantons and with foreign governments. The  the Act of Mediation, to a kind of French protectorate, 19
Federal Tribunal, of 11 members and 11 substitutes, is named  cantons retaining a nominal independence, while 3, Geneva,
by the Federal Assembly for three years. This tribunal  Neufehltel, and the Yalais, were incorporated with France.
judges in civil causes between the cantons, or between them   A Confederation, composed of 22 independent cantons, was
and the Confederation; also between the Confederation or  re-established by the congress of Vienna in 1815. —— Adj.
cantons on the one part, and individuals on the other. For  Swiss; (Fr. SuIssn, sweess; Ger. SCeWtIZntRISC, shwiltser-ish;
cases of discipline it is divided into two sections, which con- It. SvtZZERO, svit'so-ro; Sp. Suizo, swee'tho; Port. Suito,
stitute the chamber of accusation, the jury, and the court  sweefso.)  Inhab. Swiss, sometimes SWITZaER. (In French,
of cessation. November 28, 1848, Bern was chosen to be the  Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the inhab. is the same as
federal city..   the adj.; Ger. ScuwEIZERa, shwitfosr.)
The only forms of religion generally professed are the Pro-    SWITZERLAND, a county forming the S.E. extremity of
testant Presbyterian, as modelled by Calvin and Zwinglius,  Indiana, bordering on Kentucky, contains 220 square miles.
and the Roman Catholic. The former numbered, in.1850, The Ohio River washes its E. and S. borders. The surface
1,417,754, and the latter 971,750 adherents. Switzerland has  is diversified by a range of hills about 400 feet high, which
three universities, viz. at Basel, Bern, and Zurich. Public  are separated from  the river by a strip of fiat land, near 3
instruction dates from 1833, but is now widely disseminated;  miles wide. The soil is good, both on the hills and bottoms.
and in the whole of Switzerland it would be difficult to meet The blue or Trenton limestone underlies part of the county.
with a boy or girl unable to read or write. In 1844 there  A company of Swiss settled here in 1802, and the county
were in all i5500 primary schools, attended by 35,000 pupils.  was organized in 1814. Capital, Vevay. Pop. 12,931..1871




SWI; SYD
SWITZERLAND, a township forming the N.E. extremity  the new court-house, and adjoining it the new jail, built on
of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1216.                             an extensive scale, with a due regard to the classification of
SWOJANOW, svoly&-nov' or svo-yilnov, a town of Be- prisoners; a theatre, a museum, the legislative and execuhemnia, 37 miles S.E. of Chrudim.  Pop. 600.                tive council-chambers, consisting of a handsome range of
SWORDS, sords, a market-town and parish of Ireland, co., stone buildings, with a noble colonnade, forming a verandah
and 8 miles N.N.E. of Dublin, on the Swords River, 5 miles  and balcony; the new barracks, a large but plain series
from the Irish Sea. Pop. in 1851, 2965. Its principal build- of buildings; the custom-house, public library, public marings, a modern Gothic church, a ruined abbey, and pillar kets, the benevolent asylum, and two hospitals; society for
tower, 73 feet'in height, are clustered together on rising  the promotion of the fine arts, and floral and horticultlial
ground in the midst of a low plain. It has barracks, and an  societies.
endowed school. The town is in decay, but was formerly    The trade of Sydneyis very extensive, and enjoys faciliof importance. Here the first Irish army of "the Pale"  ties of which few other ports can boast. Its haven, about
assenbled in 1641, preparatory to the commencement of the  15 miles long, and in some parts 3 miles broad, is comcivil war in Ireland.                                       pletely land-locked, and indented by numerous creeks,:with
SWRATAUCHI, svrt/ttwK, or ZWRATAUCH, zvr&ft6wa, a depth of water sufficient to allow the largest vessels to ena village of Bohemia, 21 miles S.S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1334. ter and lie close to the warehouses which line the shore.
SWRATKA, svr tfkl, a market-town of Bohemia, 30 miles  To make the accommodation more complete, a circular quay
from Chrudim. Pop. 1088.                                    has been erected at a cost ofmore than 27,0001. Nor have
SWYNAERDE, swIlnaIndeh, a village of Belgium, pro-  the means of defence beeni altogether overlooked. On the
vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 3 miles S. of Ghent. highest ground within the N. portion of the town, an adPop. 1905.                                                  mirable site for a citadel has been selected, and partly conSWYRE, swir, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.          structed. Several other forts occupy commanding positions
SYANG, sI'Angt, an island of the Malay Archipelago, in  within the cove, and were the defences made complete by
the Gilolo Passage, 35 miles N.W. of Waigeoo. Lat. 00 20' erection of batteries on the two lofty headlands, about 11
N., lon. 1290 54' E.                                        miles apart, that form  the entrance of Port Jackson and
SYMBERTSVILLE, a post-office, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. George's Head, which immediately fronts it, a hostile apSYCAMIORE, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tennessee, 226  proach by sea might justly be regarded as all but impossible.
miles from Nashville.                                         The principal exports of Sydney are gold, wool, tallow, and
SYCAMORE, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop. 3731. hides, and the produce of the southern whale fishery, parSYCAMORE, a post-village and township of Wyandott co., ticularly whale-oil and whalebone; the principal imports are
Ohio, about 45 miles S.W. of Sandusky City. Pop. 880.       grain and provisions, including tea, coffee, sugar, &c., wine
SYCAMORE, a post-village and township, capital of De  and spirits, soap and candles, wearing apparel, furniture,
IKalb co., Illinois, 208 miles N. by E. of Springfield. It is  carriages, andvarious articles of ordinary manufacture, as
situated in a fertile prairie, near Sycamore Creek. Pop. 975. tissues, hardware, agricultural implements, &c. In carrying
SYCAMORE ALILEY, a post-office of Halifax cc., North  on this important trade, the number of vessels which enCarolina, 85 miles N.E. of Raleigh.                         tered the port of Sydney in 1848, was 527, with tonnage,
SYCAMORE CREEK, in the N. part of Middle Tennessee,  131,686. The value of the exports during the same year
flows into the Cumberland River in Davidson county.         was estimated at 963.5901.; that of the imports at 1,182,8741.
SYCAMORE CREEK, of Michigan, rises in InghaIn co., The following table shows the extent of the exports of wool,
and enters Red Cedar River at its confluence with Grand  hides, and tallow, from 1846-7 to 1851-2:Iriver.
~River.                                        Ezxpostsfrom  Sydnsy of  Wool, Tallow, and Hides, from
SYCAMORE CREEK or SLOUGH, of California, rises in                              1846-7 ps 1851-2.
1846-7 to 1851-2.
Colusi county, and falls into the Sacramento River about
60 miles beloPw Shasta City.                                     eo,         Total Exports from   Total Product of Sydney
SYCAMORE MILLS, a post-office, Davidson co., Tennessee.   rSE. aO              Sydney.              District.
From Novr. I to 
SYCIITYN, siR/tin, a township of North Wales, co., of Flint.  Oct.31,achear
SYDENIAM, sidPen-am, a chapehry of England, co. of                       Wool. Tallow. Hides. Wool. Tallow  Hides.
Kent, with a station on the London and Croydon Railway,  -ls.  Casks.  No.
Ba-les. C~ask-'s. INo. IBales. /Casks. /No.
8 miles S.S.E. of London Bridg e.
13                     ~~~~~~~~~1846-41.........[ 43,565  [7,988  [65,150  [42,355  [7,741 I66,501
SYDENHIAM, a parishof England, co. of Oxford.              s47-48.........46,133        45,6   42,080  10,271  45,686
SYDIENIIAM, a village of Canada West, co. of Oxford, 12   1848-49......... 52,844  13,485  50,066  48,692  12,577  50,066
miles S.E. of Woodstock. See OWEN SOUND.                     849-50..       52,095  16,236  12,9 -2   48,294  15,328  72,592
t850-51.........! 48,486 [10,084 [ 69,692 [45,785 [9,196 |68,641
SYDENIIAM DAMIAREL, a parish of England, co. Devon...       4,4,,    4,15,1,04
SYDENIIAM ISLAND, Pacific Ocean. See NANOOTI.
SYDIERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           The discovery of gold in the colony (see Now SOUTH WALtS)
SYDNEY, sid/nee, a seaport city of Australia, capital of  has given an immense impetus to the trade of Sydney, and
New South Wales, beautifully situated on Sydney Cove, on  added another most important article of export. The total
the S. side of Port Jackson, 7 miles from the I-eads. Lat. amount of gold exported in 1853, was estimated at 6,000.0001.
(Fort Mlacquarie) 330 51' 42" S., lon. 1510 1I E. It stands    In regard to the means of transport within the town itself
partly on a small freestone promontory, having Darling  and in its environs, Sydney is by no means deficient.  OmHarbor on the W. and partly in a narrow valley, and viewed  nibuses, hackney-coaches, and cabs are as numerous as in
either from the sea or adjoining heights on the mainland, the larger cities of the United States. Stage-coaches run
presents a very pleasing and even imposing appearance. riegularly to all the most important towns; and steamers
During the first years of its existence it consisted of a num- ply daily between Sydney and Paramatta, and at longer inber of paltry houses, huddled together, or scattered irregu- tervals to Melbourne, Adelaide, Launceston, &c. For ordilarly without any preconceived arrangement, and that part nary recreation, a large area, about 2 miles in circuit, called
of the town, notwithstanding numerous alterations and  Ilyde Park, has been judiciously reserved, and already
improvements, is still its least inviting quarter; but else- forms one of the chief attractions of the place. One side of
where the streets intersect each other at right angles, and  it is approplriated to a botanical garden; the other, extendare so spacious that not fewer than 34 of them  have car-  ing along the shore, and raised a few feet above the rippling
riase-ways of not less than 36 feet, and foot-ways of not waves, is laid out in winding walks and terraces, arbors,
less than 12 feet wide. All these streets are well paved or  shrubberies, and verdant slopes.  The management of the
macadamized, and lighted with gas. The houses seldom   city is vested in a corporation, which has the power of meetexhibit much taste in their external appearance, but are  ing its expenditure by levying a police-rate.
substantially built of brick or stone, many of them  with    Sydney was founded in 1788, and named in honor of Vissmall but neatly laid-out gardens; several of the streets, count Sydney, the colonial secretary of state. It made corn.
among which George street and Pitt street deserve special paratively little progress till the time of Governor Macquarie,
notice, present ranges of handsome edifices and elegant  who caused a survey to.be made of the whole locality,
shops, which may vie with those in some of the great capi- marked out a regular plan for future buildings, and made
tals of Europe. It has extensive and increasing suburbs  many other important improvements.  It received its char-W-. Pyrmont and Balmain, across Darling Harbor; E. ter of incorporation in 1842. A railway has been projected
Wooloomooloo or Henrietta Town; S.E. Paddington and  to connect Sydney with Melbourne. Pop. in 1846, 38,358;
Surrey Hills; S. Redfern and Chippendal; and S.W. Cam- in 1854, estimated at above 100,000.
perdown, Newton, and the Glebe. The most important pub-   SYDNEY  or SIDNEY, a county occupying the E. exlic buildings are the churches, which include 5 Protestant tremity of Nova Scotia. Capital, Antigonish.  Pop. in 1851,
Episcopalian, 3 Presbyterian, 2 Roman Catholic, 6 Metho- 13,467.
list, 1 Baptist, and 1 Quaker. The other buildings and in-   SYDNEY or SIDNEY, an important seaport town of Nova
stitutions most deserving of notice are the government-  Scotia, capital of the co. of Cape Breton, situated in the E.
house, a very handsome structure of white freestone, in the  part of the island of Cape Breton, at the head of an excelElizabethan style, and finely situated among well-wooded  lent harbor, having a safe and secure entrance, about 200
grounds, on a height overhanging Sydney Cove; Sydney  miles N.E. of Halifax. Lat. 460 18' N., Ion. 600 9' WV. A lightUniversity, inaugurated in October, 1852, occupying a com- house has been erected on a low point of land at the S.
modious building, and furnishing a. good education in  side of the entrance to the harbor, showing a fixed light 160
classics, mathematics, and natural philosophy; a Roman  feet above the sea. Three miles above the light-house are
Catholic college, a normal, and several other superior schools;  the faimous Sydney coal mines, which are estimated to con.
1872




SYD:SYR
tain 250 miles of workable coal. The thickness of the bed    SYMI, GULF OF, (anc. Wlnus Derticlis,) an inlet of the
worked is six feet. The coal is transported 3 miles by rail- Mediterranean, on the S.W. coast of Asia Minor, bounded
way to a wharf, where it is taken on:board of vessels. At by two long promontories, the N.W. of which (Triopiun  Prothe distance of 15 miles are the Bridgeport mines, where the  montoerins) separates it from the Gulf of Cos. Depth inland,
coal seam is 9 feet in thickness. In 1850, 508 vessels (tons, and breadth at entrance, about 27 miles each. On its E. side
47,661) arrived at Sydney, bringing cargoes valued at $50,530; are three subordinate bays, (the' anc. Thyumnias, Schcenus,
339 vessels, (tons, 39,591,) with cargoes valued at $184,530, and Bubassius.) The shores are very picturesque, and on
cleared at the port for foreign countries. The above includes  them are various Cyclopean and other remains. At its encoal to the value of $13,300 shipped to the United States.    trance is the island of Syni.
SYDINORSVILLE, a post-village of Franklin co., Virginia,   SYM/fINGTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr.
160 miles S.W. by W. of Richmond.                            SYMINGTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 33 miles
SYENE, a town of Egypt. See AsswAN.  S.E. of Glasgow, with a station on the Caledonian Railway,
SYIERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.           7 miles S.S.E. of Carstairs Junction.
SYIIOON, si-hoont, or SEIHOUN, sA-hoonf, (anc. Sadrus,)   SYMMES, simz, a township of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop.
a river of Asiatic Turkey, rises among the mountains of 1115.
Taurus, flows S.W., and falls into the Mediterranean. Total    SYMMES, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 487.
course, about 130 miles.                                     SYMMES' CORTNERS, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 4
SYKEHOUSE, sik/hbws, a chapelry of England, co. of  miles S. of Hamilton.
York, West Riding.                                           SYMMES' CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Jackson county, and
SYKESVILLE, sikstvill, a post-village of Carroll co., Ma- enters the Ohio River about 5 miles above Burlington.
ryland, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 32 miles W. of    SYMMES' CREEK, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
Baltimore.                                                   SYMIONDSBURY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
SYKHARITZA, se-Kd-rit/s, a mountain on the N. frontier    SYMOND'S IHARBOR. See MANAKOO.
of Greece, 20 miles S.E. of Arta, 5908 feet in height.       SYMPHEROPOL, a town of Russia; See SImra.EROPOL.
SYLACAU5GA, a post-village of Talladega co., Alabama,   SYMPLEGADES, sim-pl~gla-dbz, a group of rocky islets in
about 65 miles N. of Montgomery.                           the Black Sea, immediately off the point of Room-Elee, at
SYI/AIi or SILAH, a fortified town of North-west Hin- the entrance of the Bosporus.
doston, in the Baroda dominions, on the Guzerat Peninsula,    SYMSOINIA, a post-village of Graves co., Kentucky.
65 miles S.W. of Ahmedabad.                                   SYNGHEMI  or SYNGEM, sInoGhlm, a village of Belgium,
SYLtCO, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee.            province of East Flanders, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop.
SYLE/IAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           2400.
$YLIIET or SILHET, silPhlt, a frontier district of British    SYNTEKIINO, sin-t4Klno, a mountain of Greece, contiguIndia, presidency of Bengal, beyond the Brahmapootra,  ous to the above.
having N. the Cossyah Hills, E. Munnipoor, S. and W. the    SYNTEKILNO, a river of Greece, an affluent of the Asdistricts of Tiperah and Mymunsingh. Area, comprising the  propotamo.
territory of Jynteah, estimated at 5550 square miles. Pop.   SYRA. seelrd, (anc. Syfros,) an island of the Grecian Archi19083,720, this being one of the most densely peopled por- pelago, among the Cyclades, 20 miles N.W. of Paros. Area,
tionS of the British dominion in the East.                  about 55 square miles. Pop. estimated at 29,972. The surSYLIET, the chief town of the above district, and the  face is mountainous, and near its N. extremity is a peak
residence of the principal authorities, is on the Soormah, 120  rising to 4000 feet above the sea. M M~any parts of the island
miles N.E. of Dacca. Lat. 240 55' N., lon. 910 55' E.       are fertile, producing corn, wine, silk, figs, and cotton. It
SYLL or SYL, a river of Europe. See SCHYL.                forms, with the islands of Zea, Mycone, Thurmia, Serpho,
SYL'LAMORE, a township in Izard co., Arkansas. P. 257. Siphanto, Argentiera, Milo, and Sikino, a government of
SYLT, an island of Denmark. See SILT.                     Greece.
SYLTOE, sillt/ or siblti3-h, an island of Denmark, duchy    SYRA or IHIERMOPIOLIS, the capital of the above island,
Sleswick, off its W. coast. Length, from N. to S., 22 miles. is a maritime town on the E. shore. Pop. about 20,000. It
/It consists of 3 narrow limbs uniting in a centre. Pop. 2600, is built around its harbor, at the foot of a conical-shaped hill,
chiefly occupied in fishing and navigation.                 which formed the site of the older town. Since the Greek
SYLVA, siltv&, a river of Russia, rises in the government revolution many new streets and houses have been laid out;
of Perm. Lat. 570 30' N. It flows circuitously N.N.W., and, and Syra has attained a rank for commercial importance in
after a course of nearly 300 miles, joins the Tchysovaia 24  Greece next to Athens. It is the residence of consuls of most
miles N.E. of Perm.                                         Europpean states, and is a principal station of the MediterSYLIVA, a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas.        ranean steamers going to and from Constantinople. In 1841,
SYLPVAN, a post-office of Franklin co., Pennsylvania.     1050 vessels, mostly Greek, Turkish, British, Austrian, and
SYLVAN, a post-township in the W. part of Washtenaw  Ionian, aegregate burden 104,880 tons, entered its port.
co., Michigan, intersected by the Michigan Central Railroad.    SYRACUSE, sirla-kfiz, (It. Siricasa, se-re-k/sA; anc. SyPop. 924.                                                   raculsa; Gr..vpaKosV0a,) a fortified city of Sicily, capital of
SYLVAN DALE, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois.      an intendancy, on its E. coast, in modelrn times occupying
SYLVAN GROVE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Georgia, only the site of the original and smallest quarter of the
54 miles E. by N. of Milledgeville.                         famous city of antiquity, viz., the island of Ortygia, beSYLVAN GROVE, a post-office of Clark co., Indiana.        tween the sea and the great harbor, 30 miles S.S.E. of CaSYLVAN GROVE, a small village of Clarke co., Illinois.  tania. Lat. oflight-house 3703 N., hon. 150 17' 5" E. Pop.,
SYLVAtNIA, a post-office of Bradford co.. Pennsylvania.   which in ancient times was said to have amounted to
SYLVANIA, a post-village, capital of Scriven co., G  rgia.  200.000, is now only 10,949. The cathedral, formerly the
60 miles S. by E. of Augusta.                               temple of Minerva, is of Doric architecture, and has been a
SYLVANIA, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio.             place of worship continuously for 2500 years. The Church of
SYLVANIA, a township in the N. part of Lucas co., Ohio, St. Marcian claims to have been the earliest in Europe for
Intersected by the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad. Pop. 751. Christian worship. The catacombs and the latomic, or anSYLVANIA, a post-office of Parke co., Indiana.            cient prisons, in the quarries fiom which the materials of
SYLVANIA, a post-office of Racine  co., Wisconsin.        Syracuse were taken. In connection with the latomicre of
SYLVANIUS, a post-office of IHillsdale co., Michigan.    Neapolis, may be mentioned the famous cavern known by
SYLVESITER, a post-village and township of Greene co., the name of the "Ear of Dionysius," along which, by means
Wisconsin, 35 miles S.W. of Miadison. The village contains  of grooves carefully cut and polished, the slightest whisper is
70 dwellings, 1 store, and 1 hotel. Pop. 300; of the town- supposed to have been audibly conveyed. Besides the above,
ship, 712.                                                  the famous fountain of Arethusa, now used forsa washingSYLYVIA, a post-village of IHardin co., Ohio.            trough; the remains of the strong fortress IIexapylon, of a
SYMIETHUS. See GIAsRETTA.                                Temple of Diana. and Roman amphitheatre, some baths,
SYME. See SyM.                                           walls gates, and the Palace of Sixty Beds, constructed by
SYMI, seelmee, (anc. Sysme,) an island off the W. coast of  Agathocles, are the chiefvestiges of antiquity. The Middle
Asia Minor, at the entrance of the Gulf of Symi, 15 miles  Age citadel of Maniaces, barracks, a college, royal academy,
N.W. of Rhodes.' Lat. 360 30' N., ion. 270 5  E. Length and  museum of antiquities, and public library, with numerous
breadth, about 6 miles each. Pop. estimated at 7000. The out- churches, may be chiefly noticed as belonging to the modern
line is very irregular, and the island is a rocky mass of lime-  city. The noble harbor is admirably adapted for a commerstone rising to 1000 feet above the sea. The soil is mostly bar- cial emporium; but its trade is now nearly confined to a few
ren, but every available patch of ground is assiduously cult!-  exports of salt, wine, oil, and fish. Syracuse was founded
vated, and the inhabitants are distinguished for industry  n.c. 736, by a colony firom Corinth, governed alternately as
and commercial enterprise. Symi exports large quantities  a republic or under kings: unsuccessfully besieged by the
of sponge and wood filom  the shores of its gulf. It has  Athenians B. c. 414, and taken by the Romans n. c. 212; and,
three harbors, and a small but thriving town of the same  after, a lengthened siege in 878, by the Saracens, who partially
name on its N. side, with about 1000 inhabitants, and some  destroyed it; but it was chiefly ruined by the earthquake
remains of antiquity. Symi is subordinate to the Pasha of  of 1693. It was the residence at different periods of Plato.
Rhodes.                                                     Simonides, Zeno, and Cicero; the place where tlicetas is said
SY-AIl, seelmee, the capital and only town on the island  to have first propounded the true revolution of the earth;
of Symi, is a thriving place at the head of a bay, on the N.E.  and the birthplace of the poets Theocritus and Mosehus,
angle of tha island. Pop. about 1000.                      and the philosopher Archimedes, who lost his life at the
5 S                                                                          1873




SYR                                                         SYR
capture of the city by the Romans.-A-dj. and' inhab.  mountain chain, which, continued from the Sinai Peninsula
SYRACUSAN, sfeaiy-kiyBzan.                                  in the S., stretches over the whole length of the country, till it
SYRACUSE, sirfa-lkz, a flourishing city of Central New  becomes linked with the Taurus in the N. The S. part of this
York, and capital of Onondaga county, is situated on the S.  chain, where it enters Palestine, consists of two parallel
end of Onondaga Lake, and on a creek of that name, 148  ranges. The W. range, becoming less elevated as it proceeds
miles by railroad W. by N. of Albany, 80 miles E. by S. of  N., assumes the form of a plateau, which has an average
Rochester, and 35 miles S.S.E. of Oswego. Lat. 430 45 N., ion. height of about 2500 feet in the vicinity of Jerusalem, but
760 12' W. The site is nearly level. The city is regularly  afterwards sinking rapidly,has at the N.extremityofthe plain
laid out, with wide, straight streets crossing each other at  of Esdraelon. near the foot-of Mount Tabor, a height of rather
right angles. The principal avenues of business are lined  less than 480 feet. At this point, however, it assumes a new
*with handsome blocks of brick and stone buildings. The  elevation, and, taking the name of Lebanon or Libanus,
city contains a public hall, which will seat 2500 persons, attains in its culminating point the height of near 12,000
and is one of the best in the state. The situation being  feet. The E. range forms a continuation of the great chain
more central than that of any other large town in New  of West Arabia, pursues the same direction as the W. range,
York, nearly all the state conventions of the political and  and though it also rests on a plateau which, towards Damasother associations are held here.  The principal hotels are  cus, has a height of above 2000 feet, is in general of modethe Globe Hotel, the* Syracuse House, and the Onondaga  rate elevation. On approaching Libanus it takes the name'
House. There are 4 Roman Catholic, and 19 Protestant  of Anti-Libanus, the only space between them  being occuchurches, among which are 4 remarkable for architectural  pied by a longitudinal valley, known by the name of  celebeauty, erected at a cost of $125,000. Eight handsome build-  Syria. Notwithstanding its much lower average elevation,
~ings have been erected for the public schools, at an aggre-  the culminating point of the whole chain occurs in Antigate expense of $30,000.  The city contained, July, 1852, 8  Libanus, which, in Jebel-el-Sheik, about 30 miles W. of Dabanks, with an aggregate capital of $885,000. The public  mascus, attains a height variously estimated, by some at
press consists of 4 daily and 6 weekly newspapers, besides  10,000 feet, and by others at more than 12,000 feet. This
several monthly periodicals. Some of these are devoted to  mountain is visible from almost all parts of Syria, and forms
religious and literary subjects.                            an important landmark for the guidance of its caravans.
From its position, Syracuse enjoys great facilities for trade.    The above mountain chain divides Syria into three reThe Erie Canal, completed in 1825, passes through the cen- gions: a Western region, consisting ofa narrow belt oflowtral part of the city, E. and W., and is intersected at right land, extending between the sea and the mountains, in
angles by the Oswego Canal, extending N. to Lake Ontario. some places sandy: but generally fertile; a central, occupied
The  Central Railroad of New York, forming the great by the principal mountains of the chain: and an Eastern,
thoroughfare from Albany to Buffalo, here divides into two  consisting for the most part of a bare, arid, sandy plateau,
branches, one leading directly to Rochester, and the other  occasionally relieved by a few oases.
pursuing a more circuitous route viaAuburn and Geneva.    The principal rivers are the Euphrates, confined to a part
The Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, and the Syracuse and  of the N.E. frontier; and the Jordan or Ghor, which, rising
Binghamton Railroad, also terminate at this place, connect-  on the N. of Jebel-el-Sheik, continues its course almost due
ing it with the towns indicated by their names. Two other  S. through a valley remarkable, particularly in its S. part,
rallroads.are projected to Sackett's Harbor and to Newburg. for its great depth below the level of the sea. In the
*Plank-roads diverge to various points in Onondaga, and in  course of the Jordan are the lakes of Merom  and Tiberias,
the adjoining counties. Here terminates the long level of  the latter celebrated as the scene of some of our Saviour's
the Erie Canal, 691 miles in length.-                       miracles; and at its mouth is the far larger lake of thle Dead
Syracuse is remarkable as the seat of the most extensive  Sea. which also occupies a memorable place in Scripture
and valuable salt manufactures in the United States. The  history, and still attests, in the volcanic rocks lining its
land containing the saline springs is owned by the state,  shores, and the mineral ingredients of its waters, the fearand is leased free of rent, to be used only for this manufac-  ful catastrophe which overthrew and buried the cities of
ture.  The wells are dug, and the water pumped at the ex- the plain.
pense of the state, and the manuhacturer pays a duty of 1    The surface being very uneven, the climate and products
cent pen bushel. Originally the duty was 121 cents; then  vary greatly within short distances. Along the coasts the
for many years prior to 1846, it was 6 cents per bushel. heat is great, and the orange, banana, and date flourish,
Some of the wells are sunk to the depth of 400 feet. Fine  while the summits of the mountains are seen covered with
salt is prepared by boiling, and coarse by solar evapora-  snow. In the N., and on the elevated plain E. of the mountion. In 1850 the number of manufactures of salt in this  tains, tie climate is colder; but at Aleppo frosts are seldom
vicinity was 192. The whole quantity produced in 1849, was  severe, and snow rarely lies on the ground for more than a
stated at 5,083,369 bushels; in 1853 the aggregate amounted  day at a time. The corn is nearly ripe early in May; and
to 4,404,453 bushels.  An experiment has recently  been  from June to September summer heats prevail, unbroken
made, by the order of the secretary of war,ifor the purpose  by any rain, though tempered in the W. by sea breezes.
of testing the relative value of the Onondaga and Turk's  The sanniel, a wind like the simoom of the desert, sometimes
Island salt, the result of whichl proved that the salt of home  occurs at this season, and shocks of earthquakes are femanufacture was fully equal to the foreign. Syracuse also  quent. Heavy rains occur in spring and autumn, and the
contains a variety of other manufactures, the most valuable  trees frequently retain their foliage till the beginning of
productions of which are machinery, steam-engines, farming  December. Syria comprises a large extent of very producimplements, stoves, woollen goods, pape-, leather. and flour. tive soil. What is called the'" desert" is not a sandy waste,
lHistsory. —The township of Salina, in which Syracuse was  but a region destitute of settled inhabitants and villages,
situated, was formed in 1809. A post-office was established  yet with a surface of fine black mould. covered with rank
here in 1820, prior to which time the place was called CossIr's  grass and herbs, affording cover for numerous wild animals,
CORNERS, and then CoaRIrN. In 1820, the village contained  and pasturage for many flocks and herds, fed there by wan3 stores, 2 taverns, and 250 inhabitants.  On April 13th,  dering Bedouins. It is stated that the country is capable
1825, it' was incorporated as a village, and in 1848 as the  of producing sufficient to maintain ten times its present
city of Syracuse, including the contiguous village of Salina,  population; yet such is the rude method of aglriculture. the
situated on the mangin of Onondaga Lake, about 1 mile N.  depressed condition and insecurity of the rural population,
of the centre of the city. Salina Village was incorporated  and the uncertainty of taxation and government regulain 1824. It appears that the growth of this town was never  tions, that in bad years corn must fi-equently be imported.
more rapid than at the present time.- Pop. of Salina town- from Egypt and elsewhere. Wheat, barley, maize, millet,
ship in 1840, 11,013, of whom 6500 were in Syracuse; in  lentils, and sesamum are raised in the plains, principally in
1850, 22,271; in 1855, 25,226.                              the Haooran, (Hauran,) which has always been considered
SYRACUSE, a post-village of Kosciusko co.. Indiana, at  the granary of Syria. Cotton and the mulberry"flourish on
the outlet of Turkey Lake, 128 miles N. by E. of Indiana-  the coast, and silk is produced on the slopes of Lebanon. The
polls.                                                      cotton annually raised in the S. is estimated to amount in
SYRACUSE, a post-village ofDe Kiab co., Illinois, 70 miles  value to $1,750,000; and about 1700 cantars of silk, 10,700
W. of Chicago.                                              cantars of tobacco, from 8000 to 10.000 cantars of gall-nuts,
SYRIESHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    and 300 cantars of madder-roots, are annually produced.
SYRIA, sarte-a,(Turk.ShamViiayt eti. sham ve-li-Attee; Arab. The other chief products are sheeps'-wool, olive-oil, sugar,
Es Slham, s-sh'm; It. Soe-ia, so-reel; Fr. Sn-ic, see'reel:f; Ger. indigo, scammony and other gums, safflower, dates, timber,
Syr'ien, seafre-en,) a country of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. hides and skins. Sheep and other live stock form, as in
310 and 370 N., ion. 330 30' and 390 E.; and bounded W. by the  antiquity, a chief part of the wealth of the inhabitants.
Mediterranean; N. by the Taurus range, separating it from   The forests are extensive, and include among their trees,
Asia Minor; N.E. by the Euphrates; E. by the Syrian Desert;  though now only to a linited extent, the famous cedars of
S.E. and S. by Arabia,.and SW. by Egypt. Greatest length, Lebanon.  The chief domestic animals are camels, oxen,
from N. to S., about 420 miles; greatest breadth, about 190  goats, sheep, mules, asses, and horses. Game is plentiful;
miles. Area, nearly 50,000 square miles. The coast has some  and the bees yield honey in such' abundance, and of such
low, sandy tracts; but is in general, though not deeply in- excellent quality, as to form an important branch of rural
dented, lofty and precipitous, rising, particularly in Mount  economy. The minerals, as well as the general geology of:Carmel, to the height of 3000 feet. It has few good harbors,  the country, have been imperfectly explored; the only metal
and is often lined with shelves, which make its navigation  of any consequence appears to be iron.
dangerous. The most remarkable feature of the interior is a    Manufactures are in a very languishing condition. Da-1874




SYR                                                        SZE
mascus has about 4000 looms engaged in the manufacture    SYTCHEWSK, a town of Russia. See SITcvREv A.
of silks, and the same manufacture is carried on to a con-   SY/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
siderable extent in Aleppo.  Cotton and some woollen    SYZRAN, siz-rAnt. a town of Russia, government, and 76
fabrics, shawls, gold and silver thread stuffs, are also woven  miles S. of Simbeersk, on the Syzran, near its confluence
there and elsewhere, and the total produce of the looms of  with the Volga. Pop. 8000. It has various factories, numeAleppo is estimated at $1,250,000 in annual value. Glass, rous churches, and 4 public'schools.
earthenware, leather, and soap are made in the above and    SZABADSZALLAS, s6h'bfd'std'ltsh5.   a village of Hunother towns, and in Palestine great numbers of religious  gary, district of Great Cumania, 23 miles S.W. of IKecskemet.
ornaments are manufactured for sale. Commerce is greatly  Pop. 4220.
impeded by the want of roads, those that exist being mere    SZABATKA, a name of TnERESIENSTADT.
mule or camel tracts; also by the deficiency of good har-   SZABOLCS, s6h'boltch/. a county of North Hungary, the
bors. But as Syria is on the high route from Bagdad, iMosul, capital of which is Nagy Kallo.
and Erzroom, to Mecca, caravans annually traverse it,   SZALAD, sih'ldd, a county of West Hungary, N.W. of
bringing galls, indigo, Mocha coffee, skins, Cashmere shawls, Lake Balatony, and named from the river Szala, a tributary
and other Indian manufactures; also the products of Asia  to the lake. Capital town, Szala-Egerszeg. See EGERSZU.
Minor, Mesopotamia, and Persia, which are exchanged here    SZALATNA, NAGY, n1dj s6hlO6tnbh`, or VELKA-SLAfor European manufactures  and cochineal. The annual TINA, v~lfkbhl sl~h'teelnbh', a townof North Hungary, co. of
value of the exports by sea amounts to about $1,500,000; Sohl, 8 miles E. of Altsohl. Pop. 1491.
of imports, to $2,500,000. In 1847, the imports from Great   SZALONTA, sdh'lon/tth', amarket-town of East Hungary,
Britain comprised 14,735,054 yards of cotton fabrics, worth  co. of Bihar, in a marshy tract, 22 miles S.S.W, of Gross$1,589,500; cottontwist to the value of $364,400: the total Wardoein. Pop. 7210, mostly Protestants.
value of British and Irish produce imported being $2,076,400.   SZALT, selt or s'salt, (aUc. Amathusf) a town of Syria,
All merchandise being conveyed on the backs of animals, it pashalic of Damascus, at the S. footof Mount Gilead, 42 miles
is estimated that the transit trade employs 80,000 beasts, N.E. of Jerusalem. It stands on the declivity of a height
and about 30,000 drivers. About 3500 okes of sponge, fished  crowned by a fortress, and exports raisins, sumach, and
on the coast, are sent to the ports of the Mediterranean an- woven fiabrics to the towns of Palestine. It has about 600
nually; the other fisheries are comparatively unimportant. houses.
Latakeea, Tripoli, Beyroot, Cesarea, and Jaffa are the prin-    SZAMOBOR, slh'mo'born, or SOMOBOR, sonmo'boa5, a
cipal seaport towns. The trade of Syria is chiefly conducted  market-town of Croatia, co., and 12 miles W. of Agram,
by Christians, Jews, or Armenians.                        Pop. 2266.
The population of Syria is estimated at 2,000,000. The    SZAMOS, s~h'moshl, a river of Transylvania and HunMohammedans are most numerous in the secondary towns  gary, formed by the union of the Great and Little Szamos,
and in the rural districts. The Druses are an interesting  10 miles N. of Szamos-Ujvar, flows N.W., and joins the
and peculiar tribe among them, chiefly agricultural, but Theiss at Olcsva. Total course. 200 miles.
partly occupied in domestic weaving and other manufac-   SZAMOS-UJVAR., slh'mosh! oo'e-vjif, or ARMENIERtures, and inhabiting a part of Mount Lebanon, where they  STADT, aRlmph-neer'stdtt, a town of Transylvania, co. of
live under an emir or prince of their own race. The Ma- Inner Szolnok, on the Szamos, 22 miles N.E. of Klansenronites are also a peculiar people, dwelling in their vicinity, burg. Pop. 3400. It has a castle, and salt springs and
and having a patriarch, 12 bishops, and numerous convents.  mines in its vicinity.
The Metualis are Mohammedans of the Persian or Sheeah    SZANTO, sdn/to,.a market-town of North-east Hungary,
(Shiah) sect; and the Yezidis, and some other tribes, are ad- co. of Aba-uj-var, 12 miles N.N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 4895.
herents of idolatrous or heretical creeds. For administrative    SZANY, sOS, a town of West Hungary, co. of (Edenburg,
purposes, Syria, formerly composing the four pashalics of 21 miles S.W. of Raab. Pop. 2150.
Acre, Aleppo, Damascus, and Tripoli, is now divided into    SZAROGROD, shl'ro-grodl, a town of Russia, government
three governments or eyelets: IIaleb, subdivided into four of Podolia, 80 miles E.N.E. of Kamieniec, on the Maraffa,
provinces or livos, of which Aleppo or HIaleb is the capital; with a Roman Catholic and several Greek churches, and a
Saida, subdivided into eight lives, capital, Saida or Sidon; Basilian monastery and school. Pop. 6744.
and Syria proper, subdivided into four livns, capital, Da-   SZARVAS, sdri/vdsh', a market-town of Hungary, co. of
mascus. The government is conducted in the same corrupt Bekes, on the Kiris, 22 miles N.E. of Csongrad. Pop. 1750.
and extortionate manner as in the other provinces of  It has a Lutheran church. and a high school.
Turkey.  The public revenue derived from  taxation of    SZASZKA, sislk6h5, a market-town of Hungary, in the
every kind is estimated at $2,200,000. The chief cities and  Banat, co. of Krasso, 9 miles N. of Moldova. Pop. 1600. Near
towns are Aleppo, Damascus, Tripoli, Acre, Antioch, Ha- it are copper and lead-mines.
mah, Homs, Jerusalem, Nabloos, Saida, (Sidon,) and Gaza.    SZASZ-REGEN, sLs-ru'ghWn, a market-town of TransylSyria, at an eairly period, became part of the Assyrian  vania, co. of Thorad, on the right bank of the Maros, 19
Empire, and afterwards passed to the Persians under Cyrus, miles N.N.E. of Maros-Vasarhely. Pop. 5000.
and the Greeks under Alexander. It subsequently became    SZASZ-SEBES, Transylvania. See IMIUILENACH.
the centre of the empire of the Seleucides, from whom it   SZASZVAROS, sAsgv&Itrsh', (Ger. Broos, bros.) a town of
was conquered by the Romans, during whose domination  Transylvania, in Saxonland, on an affluent of the Mares, 24
Odenath and his celebrated queen, Zenobia, established a  miles S.W. of Karlsburg. Pop. 3517.
short-lived kingdom at Palmyra. On the division of the    SZATIIMAR, sft'imn/, or SZATIIMAR-ARM-EGYE, s6t'Roman Empire into a Western and Eastern Empire, Syria  mir/ van'mldlyA', a county in the E. and S.E. of Hungary.
fell to the latter, but was taken by the Arabs in 636. It was Area, 2258 square miles. Pop. 235,821.
governed by caliphs till 883, and then passed under various    SZATHMAR, NEMETH, ntm~tl  sit'mArY, a town of East
masters, till it was conquered by the Seljook Turks in 1078. IIungary, co. of Szathmar, on the Szamos, 60 miles N.E. of
It was partly wrested from them by the Crusaders, who  Debreezin.  Pop. 15,021.  It consists of Nemethi on the
founded in it the kingdom of Jerusalem, which lasted till right or N. bank, and Szathmar on an island in the river
1293, when it was taken by the Memlooks, (Mamelukes,) who  the latter fortified. It has a cathedral, a Roman Catholic
united it with Egypt, and retained possession of it till 1517, college, Protestant and Greek churches, and a trade in wine
when the Ottoman Turks added it to their empire. The most and woollen fabrics.
important events in the modern history of Syria are its con-   SZAYA. See SAvE.
quest by Mohammed Aloe in 1833, and its restoration to    SZCZUIJZIN, shchoofzin (1) a town of Poland, government,
Turkey in 1840, by the intervention of the great European  and 35 miles S.W. of Augustowo. Pop. 3200.
powers.-Adj. SYRIAN, sirle-an; SYRIAc, sirle-ac; inhab.   SZE-CHUEN, a province of China. See SECHUEN.
SYRIAN.                                                     SZECSENY, s~'chlfl, a market-town of Hungary, co. ot
SYRIAM, slr're-9mt, a town of the Burmese Empire, in  Neograd, on the Ipoly, 2 miles from  Balassa-Gyarmath.
Farther India, province of Pegu, 15 miles E. of Rangoon, on  Pop. 3380.
a branch of the Irrawaddy, in its delta.                    SZEGEDIN, sigl!d-inx or slg'id'een!, or ZEGEDIN, a town
SYRIE and SYRIEN. See SYRIA.                            of South-east Ilungaryv, capital of the co. of Csongrad, in a
SYRMIIA, sirlme-A, or SYRIMIEN, s55r5me-en, the eastern- marsh, on both banks ofthe Theiss, at the influx of the Maros,
most county of Slavonia, in the Austrian Empire, between  53miles W.N.W. of Arad. Lat. 460 17' N., lon.20010'E. Pop.
the Danube and Drave. Pop. 108,500. It gives title to a  34,000. It is divided into the Palanka or central town, in
bishop. Capital, Vukovar.                                 which the residences of the merchants are grouped around
SYROS. See SYRA.                                        an old square Turkish fortress, the upper and lower towns,
SYRTIS, MIAJOo  and MuNox, two gulfs of the Mediterra- and New Szegedin, on the E. bank of the Theiss, reached by
neao.n in Africa. See CABes.                              a bridge of boats. It has a vast market-place, numerous
SYSOLA, sis-soll/, a river of Russia, rises in the N.E. of churches, convents, high schools, hospitals. and a Magyar
the government of Viatka, flows circuitously N.N.W., and  theatre. It is unpaved and badly lighted. Here are built
joins the Vitchegda after a course of about 200 miles.    the neatest boats and best floating mills in Hungary. SzegeSYSIONBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.        din has many soap factories, manufactures of woollens,
SYSSEELE, sistsdleh, a village of Belgium, province of leather, and tobacco, a large export trade in corn, rape
West Flanders, 40 miles E. of Bruges. Pop. 1754.          seed, and tallow, and imports of Tokay wines, timber, and
SYSITON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, on a branch  manufactured goods filom Vienna, Bohemia, &c.
of the Midland Counties Railway.                            SZEGRALOM, seg'Sh'loml, a village of Hungary, co. of
SYSTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            Bekes, 80 miles S.E. of Peath. Pop. 5700.
1875




SZE  SZY
SZEGVAR, sig'vh t, a village of Hungary, co. of Csongrad, on the Waag, 34 miles N.E. of Neusohl. Pop. 1700. It has
80 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 4000.                        a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue, breweries, and salt
SZEKELY-KERESZTUR, sAzkl kl'Wrs'toor!, a market- refineries.
town of Transylvania, on the Great Kukel, 12 miles N.E.   SZENT MIKLOS BAR, slnt meelklosh' baa, a village of
of Segesvar. Pop. 4600.                                    Hungary, Hither Danube, co., and 32 miles N. of Presburg,
SZEKLER-LAND, a subdivision of TRANSYLVANIA.             on the Miava. Pop. 2137.
SZEKTSO, slktfshii, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Ba-. SZENT MIKLOS FERTO, slnt meefkloshx f6lRto', a marketranya, 9 miles N. of MIohacs, on the right bank of the  town of HIungary, Thither Danube, co., and 22 miles S.E. of
Danube. Pop. 3247.                                         Oedenburg. Pop. 1746.
SZEMPTZ, a town of Hungary. See WARlnERo.                  SZENT  MIKLOS KIS, slnt meelkloshx kish, a marketSZENICZ, s~'nits!, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 44 town of Hungary, Thither Theiss, co. of Temes, 30 miles
miles N.N.W. of Neutra. Pop. 3000.                         W.S.W. of Arad. Pop. 1472.
SZENTA, a town of Hungary. See ZENTA.                      SZENT MIKLOS KUN, Hungary. See KuN SZENT MIKLOS.
SZENT ANDRAS, slnt 6n/drish', or SAINT ANtDREW,   SZENT MIKLOS LAITA, slnt meelkloshx It1hb, a vilslnt Antdri, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 10 miles N. lage of Hungary, Thither Danube, co. of Oldenburg, near the
of Pesth,on theN.bank oftheDanube. Pop. 2980. Ithas  Leyta or Laitha. Pop. 1259.
a Roman Catholic and numerous Greek churches. Opposite    SZENT MIKLOS, NAGY, nidj slnt meelklosh', a marketit, is the island of Szent Andras, formed by two arms of the  town of Hungary, in Thither Danube, co. of Torental, 35
Danube at its great S. bend, 15 miles in length by 2 miles in  miles W.S.W. of Arad, on the Maros. It contains a Roman
breadth, and of high fertility.                            Catholic, and a Greek non-united parish church, and a
SZENT ANNA, (slut 6nfndhb,) 0 and UJ, oolee, two nearly  practico-economical industrial school. Pop. 14,222.
contiguous market-towns of Hungary, co. of Arad. P. 7020.   SZENT MIKLOS SZIGET, slnt mee/klashb sig!8t', a vilSZENT ELEK, slnt AllkI, or STEGERSBACH, a village lage of Hungary, 4 miles S. of Pesth., on an island formed
of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. of Eisenburg, on the borders by the left arm of the Danube. Pop. 1803.
of Styria, 23 miles S.W. of Giuns. Pop. 1725.                SZENT  IIKLOS TOROK, slnt mee/klosh' tfAr3kM, a
SZENTES, slntlsh/, a town of East Hungary, co. of Cson- market-town of Hungary, co. of IIeves, 58 miles S.W. of
grad, near the Theiss, 30 miles N. of Szegedin. Pop. 15,800. Debreczin. Pop. 9101.
SZENT GYORGY, slnt dylajdj, a royal firee town of Hun-   SZENT RATZ MARTONY, slnt rPts mhrtofi', a village of
gary, co., and 8 miles N.N.E. of Presburg, at the foot of a  Hungary, co. of Torontal, 25 miles S.W. of Temesvar. Pop.
castle-crowned height. Pop. 3709. It has Roman Catholic  2060.
churches, a Protestant church, a college, and sulphur baths.   SZENT VACZ LASZLO, slnt vAts lHsflo, a village of HunSZENT GYORGY, a village of Hungary, district of Jazy- gary, Hither Danube, co., and 20 miles from Pesth. P. 1050.
gia, on the Zagyva, an affluent of the Theiss, 12 miles S.E.   SZERED, sA'rldf, a town of North-west Hungary, co. of
ofJasz-Bereny. Pop. 2740.                                 Presburg, on the Waag, 40 miles E.N.E. of Presburg, with
SZENT ISTVAN, sunt eest'vlnf, a village of hIungary, co. which it is connected by railway. It has a castle of the
of Pesth, near Baja. Pop. 2389.                           Prince Esterhazy. Pop. 2900.
SZENT ISTVAN, a village of Hungary, 8 miles from Becs-   SZESZUPPE, shA-shooptpA, a river of Poland and East
kerek. Pop. 1668.                                         Prussia, joins the Niemen 6 miles E. of Ragnit, after a N.W.
SZENT ISTVANY, slut eest'vtl, a village of Hungary, course of 140 miles. Principal affluent, the Schirwind.
co. of Borsod, in a plain, 4 milesfrom Meiss-Kbvezsd. P. 2224.   SZEXARD, slxSrndf, a town of Hungary, capital of the co.
SZENT JANOS, slnt ylnosh', a village of Hungary, co. of Tolna, on the Sarviz, near the Danube, 50 miles S.E. of
of Bihar. on the White KRrds, 4 miles from Grosswardein. Lake Balatony. Pop. 8150.
Pop. 1167.                                                  SZIABAK, a town of European Turkey. See TcOAncIAK.
SZENT LASZLO MAGYARI, slnt IMs/lo md'dy6d, -and    SZIGET-GYORiY, seelghlt' dyS/ree', is a village of Hungary,
SZENT LASZLO NEMETH, slnt lastlo nA-m6t, two nearly  co., and 0 miles N.W. of Raas. Pop. 2700.
contiguous villages of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. of    SZIGETH, see'ghlt', (sometimes written ZIGET,) a town
Veszprim, 13 miles from Papa. Pop. 1200.                  of Hungary, capital of the co. of Marmaros, on the Theiss, 16
SZENT LELEK. slnt 1A,'1k/, a village of Austria, in Tran- miles E.S.E. of Tecso. Pop. 7000. Near it are salt mines.
sylvania. about 45 miles from Kronstadt. It is the head    SZIGETVAR, see'ghlt'vAR/, a village of South-west Hunstation of a military district. Pop. 2750.                gary, co. of Sumeg, (Schumeg,) 21 miles W. of Ftinfkirchen.
SZENT LORINCZ, slnt lo'rintst, a village of Slungary, 20  Pop. 3520.
miles from Tolsna. Pop. 1718.                               SZIVACZ, seelvAts', two united villages of Hungary, co. of
SZENT MARIA, slnt mS6hree/6h', a village of Hungary, Bacs, 14 miles E.S.E. of Zoisbor. Pop. 0805.
Thither Danube, on the high road from Csaktornya to Also:   SZMYGIEL, a town of Prussian Poland. See SCUAIEaEL,
Vidovecz. Pop. 1618.                                        SZOBOSZLO. so'bos/slo', or ISAIDUCKENSTADT, hidook.
SZENT MARTON, snt maR/ton', a village of Hungary, ken-sttt, a firee town of:East Hungary, in the Haiduck disco. of Thurocz, on an affluent of the Waag, 23 miles N. of  trict, 12 miles S.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 13,800.
Kremnitz. It has a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue,   SZOLLOS GYOROK, sU1l'lsh! dyS'rj kt, a market-town of
breweries, and 6 large annual fairs.                       Hungary, co. of Sumegh, near Lake Balatony, 103 miles S.W.
SZENT MARTON, a village of Hungary, co., and 12 miles of Pesth. Pop. 1660.
S.W. of Oedenburg.                                           SZOLLOS, NaGY, nudj s0l'losh/, a market-town of NorthSZENT MARTON, a village of Hungary, co., and 37 miles east Hungary, 42 miles W.N.W. of Szigeth. Pop. 2052.
S. of Pesth. Pop. 2304.                                     SZOLNA,  soltnih', or. ZSOLNA, (Get. Sillein, sil/lne,) a
SZENT MARTON, a village of Hungary, Thither Theiss, 5  walled town of North-west Hungary, co., and 35 miles N.E.
miles from Sieend. Pop. 1807.                             of Trentschin, on the Waag. Pop. 2400.
SZENT MARTON, a village of Hungary, co. of Szaboics,   SZOLNOK, sol'nokt, a market-town of Hungaty, co. of
on the left bank of the Theiss, 62 miles N.E. of Debreczin.   Heves, on the Theiss, 54 miles E.S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 11,600.
SZENT MARTON or MARTINSBERG, maaxtins-blcue, a    SZOLNOK, INNEIR and  IIDDLE, two counties ofTransylvillage of Hungary, co., and 12 miles S.E. of Raab.        vania, watered by the Szamos and its affluents.
SZENT MARTON SZALK, slnt mlaston! salk, a market-   SZOMOLNOK, a townofIlungaar           y. See ScnrocLNsTz.
town of Hungary, circle of Hither )Danube, 36 miles S. of    SZONY, sOA, a market-town of Hungary, co., and 3 miles
Pesth. Pop. 2304.                                          S.E. of Comorn. Pop. 1702.
SZENT MiARTON TAPIO, slnt ml'oton! t6h/pe-o, a vii-   SZORGOM, a town of Russian Poland. See SMonGoNLI.
lage of Hungary, 35 miles E.S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2118.        SZI{ENSK,  shrlnsk, a town of Poland, government, and
SZENT MIHAILY, slnt mee'hil, a village of Hungary, 35 miles N.N.E. of Plock. Pop. 1000.
Thither Theiss, co. of Szabolcs, 12 miles from Tokay, with a    SZRODA, a town of Prussia. See ScHsoDA.
trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 4892.                    SZTANICSICS, stSlnee'chitch!, a market-town ofIIungary,
SZENT  MISIALY  NEMET, slnt mee'hllf niAmlt!, a  co. of Bacs, 11 miles N.N.E. ofZambor. Pop. 4572.
market-towvn of Hungary, co. ofEisenburg, 35 miles S.S.W.   SZTAPAR, st6h'pARI (?) is a village of Hungary, co. of
of Oedenburg. Pop. 1784.                                   Bacs, 8 miles S.S.E. of Zombor. Pop. 3040.
SZENT MIHALY, O, 5 slnt mee'hA11, a village of Hun.   SZUBIN, a town of Prussian Poland. See SCHUBtN.
gary, co. of Temes, on the Bega Canal, E.N.E. of Temesvar.   SZURUL, soo'rool/, the highest mountain of the Lower
Pop. 2201.                                                 Carpathians, between Transylvania and Wallachia, near
SZENT MIKLOS, slnt meefklosh', a village of Hlungary,  the Rothenthurm Pass. Height, 7547 feet.
co. of Stuhlweissenburg, on the Sarnez, 12 miles from Fold-   SZWABENICZE, a town of Moravia.  See ScIwaBENITZ.
var. Pop. 1187,.                                             SZYDLOW, shidtlov, a small town of Poland, province,
SZENT MIIKLOS, a village of Hungary, in Thither Theiss, and 24 miles S.E. of.Kielce.
to., and 50 miles E.N.E. of Temesvar. Pop. 2686.            SZYDLOWIEC, shid-love-Its, a small town of Poland,
SZENT MIKLOS, a town of Hungary, capital of Liptau, government, and 18 miles S.W. of Radom. Pop. 1500.
1876




TAA                                                        TAB
T
FYAAS, TAES or TAEZ, tgz or tMs, a fortified town of I cocoa, timber, and dyewoods of superior quality; coffee and. Arabia, in Yemen, 55 miles E.N.E. of MIocha. It has  cotton have been found to thrive. The principal exports
numerous mosques.                                           are logwood and cocoa, chiefly sent to Campeachy. The imTAASINGE, tolsinggheh, written also THORSENGE, an  ports come mostly from the United States and IHavana. The
island of Denmark, immediately S. of Funen.  Area, 27  streams abound with fish, and the bees of the'forests yield
square miles. Pop. 4300. Surface undulating, and highly  large supplies of honey and wax. The inhabitants are
fertile. On its W. side is the village of TaeENSE. Pop. 700.  chiefly Indians of the Mije, Zoque, and Cendal tribes.
TAB, tub, called also ZOHIIREI and ZORETH; (anc. Principal towns, San Juan Bautista  and  Frontera de
Or'oattis? or Arolsis?) a river of Persia, separates the pro- Tabasco. Pop. in 1854, 63,580.
vinees of Fars and Rhoozistan, and, after a W. course of 150    TABASQUIILLO, ti-&Bs-keellyo, (the "Little Tabasco,")
miles, enters the Persian Gulf near its N. extremity.      a river of the Mexican Confederation, joins the Tabasco from
TABLE. See TAsAs.                                        the W., 8 miles S.W. of Frontera. Its banks are lined with
TABARCA, tA-bae/kA, or NUEVA TABARCA, nwAlva tg- fine timber trees.
baatkA, or ISLA PLANA, eesthl plt&nd, a small island in the    TABATINGA, tA-b&-tintg9, a town of Brazil, on the left
Mediterranean Sea, coast of Spain, province, and 5 miles S. bank of the Amazon, near lat. 40 35t S., lon. 700 20' W.
of Alicante. Lat. 380 9' N., ion. 0~ 30' W., about 1~ miles in    TABB'S CREEK, a post-office of Granville co., North
length, and 5 furlongs in breadth. Pop. 500.               Carolina.
TABAREEYAH or TABARIYEHtbh'a-reefya, written also    TABERG, tO/bleg, a mountain of Sweden, 10 miles S.SW.
TABARIA, (anc. Tibelrias,)a town of Palestine, pashalic, and  of JXnklping.  Height, 1129 feet.
27 miles E.S.E. of Acre, on the W. shore of the Lake of Tibe-   TAtBERG, a post-village of Oneida co., New York, on Fish
rias. It is seated on a narrow strip of undulating land, be- Creek, and on the Rome and Watertown Railhoad, 25 miles
tween the lake and a mountain knot connected with Mount W.N.W. of Utica. It has several mills, and a plank-road to
Tabor, (or Tubar;) and it is enclosed landward by a strong  Rome.,
wall flanked with towers. Previous to a disastrous earth-    TABIERNACLE, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
quake, in 1837, it had about 2000 inhabitants; when visited  about 12 miles S.E. of Mount Holly, contains a church and
soon afterwards by Messrs. Robinson and Smith, it was  10 or 12 houses.
found partially ruined, filthy, and miserable. The principal   TABERNACLE, a post-office of Marion district, South
edifice is a castle at its N.W. extremity. Near it are some hot  Carolina.
baths, adjacent to which is a palace, erected in 1833 by    TABERNAS, t&-Bhtfnas, a town of Spain, province, and 15
Ibraheem Pasha, during the Egyptian occupation of Syria.  miles N.E. of Almeria, with 4920 inhabitants; has coal, lead,
TABAREEYEII, TABARIYEH, TABARIA  or GEN- and iron mines in its vicinity.
NESARETIH, LAKE or SEA OF, (called in Scripture, the Sea    TABERNAS-or.-VALLDIGNA, tA-B6Ranas dA val-deeg/n1, a
of Galile, or of Tiberias,) a famous lake of Palestine, form- town of Spain, province, and about 22 miles from Valencia.
ing part of its E. boundary, between lat. 320 45' and 320  Pop. 5104.
56' N., and in lon. 350 35' E. Shape, somewhat oval.   TABLAS, tghlss (1) one of the Philippine Islands, 30 miles
Length, 14 miles; greatest breadth, 8 miles; depression  S.E. of Mindoro. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 3 miles. Lat.
below the Mediterranean, 755 feet. It is traversed through- 120 34' N., Ion. 1220 18' E.
out from N. to S. by the river Jordan. Shores steep, but    TABLAT. t/blgt or thbl, called also SANCT FIDEN,
not precipitous; this ltake has neither the imposing scenery  sankt feelden, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton,
which characterizes the Dead Sea, nor any remarkable pic- and within 1 mile of St. GalI. Pop. 4160.
turesque beauty.  But its surface and environs derive    TAPBLE BAY, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the S.W. coast
considerable interest from  being the scenes of numerous  of Afirica, Cape Colony, Green Point being in lat. 330 53, 12~
miracles recorded in the life of the Founder of Christianity;  S., ion. 180 24' 30" E. Breadth of entrance, about 6 miles.
and around it were anciently the cities of Tiberinas, Mag- Cape Town is on its S. shore, at the back of which is the
dala, Capernaum, Chorazin, and Bethsaida, all of which,  conspicuous Table Mountain. The bay is capable of shelexcept Tiberias, have wholly disappeared. Its vicinity pre- tering the largest fleet, and, except from June to August,
sents numerous traces of volcanic action; and its waters  always affords secure anchorage. It is defended by several
are liable to be affected by sudden tempests, one of which  forts, and has a light-house near its W. extremity.
is recorded in Holy Writ.                                     TABLE CAPE. See CAPE TABLE.
TABAS, tW/bhs', or TUBBUS, tftb'bftsl, (anc. Tabce,) a forti-   TABLE CREEK, a post-office of Nebraska Territory.
fled town ofEast Persia, province, and 155 miles N.E. of Yezd.   TABLE GROVE, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.
Its interior is a mass of ruinous huts, inhabited by100    TABLE MOUNTAIN, Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wickilmilies.                                                  low, between the rivers Ovoca and Slaney.:Height, 2,312
TABASCO, tA-sastko, or GRIJALDO, gre-nAl/nA, a river of  feet.
the Mexican Confederation, departments of Chiapas and    TABLE MOUNTAIN, in Pickens district, South Carolina,
Tabasco, after a N. course of 250 miles, enters the Gulf of  regarded as one of the most remarkable natural curiosities
Mexico.  Lat. 180 35' N., Ion. 920 37' W. Affluents, the  in the state, has an elevation of about 4000 feet above the
Usumasinta, Chilapa, Chilapilla, and Tabasquillo. At San  sea. In one part of it there is a precipice of near 1100 feet
Juan, its arm, the Chiltepec, proceeds direct to the Gulf of  perpendicular.
MIexico, and it is said to be navigable for 70 or 80 leagues    TABLE MIOUNTAIN, a remarkable mountain of South
above that town.                                           Africa, Cape Colony and district, immediately S. of Cape
TABASCO, td-sieko, a state of Mexico, bounded on the  Town and TableBay.  Height, 3816 feet. It is of primitive
N. by the Gulf of Mexico; E. by Yucatan; S. by Chiapas; formation, owes its name to its peculiar shape and flattened
S.W. by Oajaca; and N.W. by Vera Cruz. It extends fi-om   summit, and is often seen covered with a white cloud,
lat. 170 to 180 40' N., Ion. 910 20' to 940 40' W. Length, from   named the "Table-cloth."
W. to E., measured on the parallel of 180 N;, about200 miles;   TABLE ROCK, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania.
mean breadth, about 60 miles. Area, 15,609 square miles,   TABILEY, NrET/ER., a township of England, co. of Chester.
being one of the smallest states of the Confederation. In    TABLEY, OVER,; a township of England, co. of Chester.
proportion to its area it has a long extent of coast line,   TA/BO, a post-village of Lafayette co., Missouri, about 36
containing among other remarkable indentations that of miles E. by S. from Independence.
the large lagoon of Terminos on the N.E., with its beautiful    TABOA, tA-boe/, a town and parish of Portugal, province
islands of Laguna, Carmen, and Puerto-Real.. The surface  of Beira-Baixa, on the Mondego, 12 miles S.S.E. of Viseu.
consists almost entirely of a great flat, sloping gradually  Pop. 1920.
to the sea, but in many parts so low as to be subject to in-   TABOAQO, tA-boA/so, a town and parish of Portugal, proundations, which often isolate its villages, and leave no  vince of Beira Alta, 15 miles E. of Lamego. Pop. 840.
means of communication except by canoes. The streams,    TABOGA, tA-bo/gA, an islet of South America, in New Gra..
though numerous, are short and shallow, and generally  nada, in the Gulf of Panama, 10 miles S. of Panama.
obstructed at their mouths by bars and fiats. The more    TABOGUILLA, tA-Bo-gheel/yg, an island of the Bay of Paimportant are the Usumasinta and Tabasco, which, entering  nama, 1I miles N.E. of the island of Taboga. It is about 1
from opposite sides of the Chiapas, gradually converge and  mile long.
have a common outlet; the Chiltepec, Das Bocas, Tupilco,    TABON, tA-BSn/, an island of Chili, off the N.E. coast of
Santa Anna, remarkable for the size of its estuary, the  the island of Chiloe, about lat. 420 S., Ion. 730 10' W.
Tonala, Uspapan, and the Guachapa or Paso, forming part    TABOR,  t/bor, (Bohemian, Chomowe, xo/mov,) a walled
of the boundary between Tabasco and Vera Cruz. The cli- town of Bohemia, capital of a circle, on the Luschnits, an
mate is excessively hot, particularly along the coast, and, affluentof the Moldau,49 miles S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 4043.
owing to the flatness and swampiness of the surftce, very  It has manufactures of coarse woollens and paper-hangings.
unhealthy. Alarge portion of the state is still covered with  It was founded by the Hussites, a sect of whom derive from
primeval forests of oak, cedar, mahogany, and ironwood, the name of this town the appellation of Taborists.
with occasional open spaces in which indigo and vanilla    TA/BOR, a post-office of Roane Co., Tennessee.
are found growing spontaneously. The soil is very fertile.   TABOR, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.
The products comprise maize, excellent sugar-cane and    TABOR, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa.
1877




TA B                                                       TAG
TAMBOR, MOUNT, a mountain of Palestine, pashalic of    TACORONTE, a small town of Teneriffe. See TAcARONTE.
Acre, 8 miles E. of Nazareth. Elevation, 1000 feet above the    TACUBA, ta-koofc, or TACUBAYA, ta-koo-nB11, a town
adjacent plain. It is of limestone formation, highly plc- of the Mexican Confederation, 7 miles N.E. of Mexico. Pop.
turesque in appearance, and commanding noble views. On  2500.
it are numerous remains of ancient structures, and the    TACUNGA, tA-koonglg,g, or LACTACUNGA, lMk-ta-koongfGreek and Latin monks believe it to have been the scene of  gA, a town of South America, in Ecuador, between the cordilthe Transfiguration.                                      leras of the Andes, 55 miles S. of Quito. Estimated pop.
TABREEZ, TABRIZ, tAXbreezt, written also TAiRIS and  10,000. It is built of pumice stone, and has repeatedly
TEBRIZ, (ane. Gazlaca,) a city of North Persia, capital of the  suffered from earthquakes.
province of Azerbaijan, in a fine plain, on a river flowing into    TACUTU, tit-koo-toot, a river in South America, rises in
Lake Ooroomeeyah. Lat. 380 2'N., lon. 4612'E. Estimated  thse N.E. of Brazilian Guiana, flows first N., then S.W., and
pop. 60,000. It is beautifully situated among forests, and  after a course of about 150 miles joins the Parimn at Fort
is about 31 miles in circumference, enclosed by a brick wall, St. Joaquim.
and entered by 7 gates, outside of which are large suburbs   TADICASTER, (anc. Calaeia?) a market-town and pqfrish
and fine gardens, said to occupy 30 miles in circuit. The  of England, co. and ainsty of York, on the Wharfe, which is
town is miserably built, and except its citadel and the fine  navigable to the town, and here spanned by a bridge of 9
remains of a mosque, it has no edifice worthy of notice; but arches, and on the  [arrogate and Kirkfenton Railway, 9
its bazaars and caravanserais are extensive, and it is an im- miles S. of York. Pop. in 1851, 2527. It is neatly built, and
portant entrepOt of the trade between Persia, India, Russia, has a church with a;handsome tower, on the site of an anConstantinople, and the Black Sea. In 1840, the European  cient fortress, several Dissenting chapels, a free grammar
goods sold in its bazaars were estimated at 1,400,0001. in  school, alms-house, and numerous daily schools. In the vivalue, and Turkish goods at 40,0001. It is also the seat of cinity are stone quarries.
some manufactures of silk stuffs. It was long supposed to    TADJIKS. See TAUJIKS.
be identical with the Canzaca or SaIz of antiquity, but the    TADJURAH, a seaport in Africa. See TAJooRAst.
site of that city has been clearly identified with TUKHvI-   TAD/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hunts.
SULEIMAN, 125 miles S.S.E. Tabreez is said to have been    TADILOW, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
founded in the time of Haroun-al-Raschid.                   TADBTMARTON, GREAT a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
TABRIA, tA-bree/t, a town of West:Africa, in Nyffi 80 miles    TADMOR, a ruined city of Syria. See PALMYRA.
N. by E. of Katunga. Pop. about 18.000.                     TADVAN, tid-vint, a village of Turkish Armenia, pashalic
TABRIZ. See TAnREEZ.                                    of Van, on the W. side of Lake Van, an inlet of which is
TACALOA, tI-k-ldo/,  a village of South America, in New  called the Bay of Tadvan.
Granada, department of Magdalena, at the junction of the    TAE-CHOW-FOO, a city of China. See TAI.Cuow-Foo.
Cauca and Magdalena, 24 miles N.W. of Mompox,               TAE-SIIAN or TAI-CHIAN. See TA-SOiAN.
iTACALUICHE, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi.   TAEZ or TAES, a town of Arabia. See TAAs.
TACAMES, a seaport ofEcuadoir. See ATAcAS.               TAF or TAFF, a river of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan,
TACANOVA, Feejee Archipelago. See PAoo.                 rises in the co. and mountains of Brecon, near Brecon BeaTACAPE or TACAPA. See CABES.                            con, by two branches which unite near Merthyr Tydvil; it
TACARIGUA, LAKE OF. See VALENCIA.                       thence flows S.E. between Llantrissant and Caerphilly, and
TACARONTE, tA-k-ron/ltA, a village of the Canary  past Llandaff, to the estuary of the Severn, which it enters
Islands, in Teneriffe, 3 miles from Laguna. Pop.'S3011.   a little S.W. of Cardiff. Total course, 40 miles. Affluents,
TACAZZE, TAKAZZE, ti-kAt/s&, written also TAKATSE, the Cynon, Rhondda, Rhondafescan, and Elwy. The Taff-.TAK.ATSY and TECAZZE, a river of Abyssinia, state of  vale Railway accompanies it through-out the co. of GlaTigrS, rises near lat. 120 N., lon. 390 30' E., flows N.W., and  morgan.
near lat. 140 40' N., ion. 360 I., receives the Atbara) which    TAFALLA, tl-filIyIl (anc. Tubalia?) a town of Spain, proname it afterwards assumes to itsjunction with the Nile, as vince of Navarre, 22 miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 2912. It
its chief tributary at Ed-dahmer.                         has a ruined palace of the kings of Navarre. The town is
TACHAl, t/K6w, written also TASCROW or TACHOW, celebrated for its salubrity, and has distilleries, tanneries,
a town of Bohemia, 33 miles W. of Pilsen. Pop. 2932. It and a large fair in February. In 1813 the French, after a
has iron forges, and the oldest glass-works in Bohemia.   vigorous defence. surrendered this place to Mina.
TACItBROOK, BISH/IOP'S, a parish of England, co. of    TAFELNNEH, t.fllfnh, written also TAFELANE or TEWarwick.                                                  FELNEH, a fortified maritime town of Morocco, 30 miles S.
TACHOIRA, a post-office of Marquette co., Wisconsin.    of Mogadore. Pop. 3000.
TACHOW, a town of Bohemia. See TACAru.                    TAFELNEH, CAPE. of Morocco, 5 miles N.W., is a headTACKETT'S MILLS, a post-office of Stafford co., Virginia. land, 780 feet above the sea.
TACKILEY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.             TAFF. See TAF.
TACLAGUR, tikla-gsr/, a town of Central Asia, in the    TAFIFECHAN, the " village of the Taf," a parish of South
Htimalayas, about110 miles S.S.E. of Gardokh, of which it is  Wales, co. of Brecon.
a dependency. Lat. 300 24' N., lon. 810 5' E. It is a mart   TAFFOERI, tif-foolree () an island of the Malay Archifor wax, borax, wool, cloth, gold, and tea, and the seat of a  pelago, between Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 10 N, Ion. 1260
large fair in October and November.                        10' E.
TACLOBAN, tl-klo-binf, a town of the Philippines, capi-   TAFILET, tA-fe-lt', or TAFILELT, tA-fe-liltV, written also
tal of a province, and on the N.E. coast of the island of  TAFILLELT, tA-fe-lltI, one of the great subdivisions of the
Leyte, at the S.E. entrance of the Straits of San Juanico. empire of Morocco, E; of Mount Atlas. Soil very fertile. It
Pop. 2505.                                                is used as a place of banishment for political offenders. The
TACNA, t k/nA, a thriving town of Peru, department of  town of Tafblet, near lat. 310 45' N., lou. 40 3' W.j appears to
Arequipa, on the river Tacna, 1700 feet above the ocean, 40  comprise the villages of Rtessant and Gourland. The govermiles N. of Arica, near the mouth of the river in the Pacific. nor of the province resides at Ressant. See MoRocco.
Lat. 180 0' S., 720 10' W. Pop. 10,000. Its fertile vicinity    TAFT, t{ft, a town of Persia, province, and 55 miles
forms a contrast to the desert:tracts all around. The govern- W.N.W. of Yezd.  Pop. 6000, who manufacture carpets
ment has undertaken the construction of a railway between  which have a high repute.
Tacna and Ariea.                                             TAF/TON, a post-village of Pike co., Pennsylvania, 175
TACO, tA/ko, an establishment of the Hudson's Bay Con- miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
pany, at the mouth of a river of the same name, in Port   TAFTSIVILLE, a post-village of Windsor co., Vermont,
Snettisham, on the coast of Russian America, opposite to  54 miles S. of Montpelier.
Admiralty Island. Lat. 570 54' N., Ion. 1330 37' W. The   TAFYLE, tAfa-l/, is a-village of Arabia Petrea, 30 miles
river is ascended by canoes for 100 miles, and pursues a ser- S.E. of the Dead Sea.
pentine course between lofty mountains.                      TAGAI, ta-ghif, a town of Russia, government, and 36
TACOIAH, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.           miles W. -of Simbeersk. Pop. 2000.
TACOARY, a river of Brazil.  See TAQUoAR.                  TAGAI, t-ghil, (or SOUVAROV, soo-vA-rov/,) ISLES, are
TACOLNESTONE, a parish of England,-co. of Norfolk.    in thd Pacific Ocean, Radack Group. Lat. 1106 5' N., ion.
TACO/NY, Pennsylvania, a village included within the  1690 46 E.
incorporated limits of Philadelphia, on the Delaware River,   TAGAL, ti-rAlt, or TEGAL, teh-HAl, a Dutch residency of
10 miles above the State-House. It contains a deplt of the  the island of Java. Pop. 240,000. It has iron forges, and
Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, at which passengers 1900 of its population are employed in fishing.
going eastward are transferred from the steamboat to the    TAGAL, a small town and seaport of the island of Java,
cars.                                                     capital of a province of the same name, 168 miles E. by S. of
TACONY CREEK, also called FRANKFORD CREEK, of Batavia. Lat. 60 56' S.. Ion. 1090 12 E. Pop. 7000.
Pennsylvania, rises in Montgomery county, flows south-   TAGANROG, tia-gAn-'ogt, or TAGAN-ROCK, tA-gin-rok,  a
ward, and passing theborough of Frankford, enters the Dela- seaport town of Russia, government of Yelkaterinoslav, on
ware River at Bridesburg. It is an excellent mill stream.   the N. shore of the Sea of Azof, 65 miles W.S.W. of Novo
TACORA, t-kohrA, a mountain of Bolivia, department of Tcherkask, opposite the mouth of the Don. Lat. 470 12' N.,
La Paz, in the West Cordillera of the Andes, near lat. 170  Ion. 380 57' E. Pop. 16,000. Its port, founded by Peter the
10' S., Ion. 700 W., and rising 18,890 feet above the ocean. Great, is shallow, filled up by the sands of the Don and its
The villae offacora, 13,690 feet in elevation, is at the S.W. commerce much reduced since 1833, when iKertch was debase of the Nevado-de-Chipicani.                          dclared the only quarantine port of the Sea of Azof.  The:1878




TAG                                                       TMA1
Emperor Alexander died here in 1825. The district of Ta- throwing off spurs as they descend. The fertile portion of
ganrog has a pop. of 76,900.                              Tahiti lies in the valleys, which are of small extent, andin
TAGAVOST, tU-g&-vostl, a town of Morocco, province of  the plain which stretches from the sea-shore to the spurs of
Soos, 26 miles S.E. of Terodant, on the left bank of the Tes- the mountains.' These produce tropical plants in great
set or Messa.                                             abundance and luxuriance. The climate is warm, but not
TAGERWEILEN, t/gher- i'19n, a village and parish of  enervating. The cottages of the natives. who seem fully to
Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, 11 miles W.S.W. of Con- appreciate the beautiful scenes around'them, are found in
stance. Pop. 1020.                                        retired and lovely spots, and are usually surrounded by
TAGGIA, t'd/jA, a town of the Sardinian States, division  neatly-fenced enclosures. In these are to be seen growing
of Nice, province, and 4 miles N.N.E. of San Remo. It is an  the bread-fruit, vi-apple, and orange, and sometimes extenancient place, supposed by some to be the Roman lhbia. sive groves of tall cocoanut-trees. The cottages are of an
Taggia and the vicinity suffered much by an earthquake in  oval form, usually about 50 or 60 feet long, and 20 feet
1831. Pop. 3880.                                          broad; the walls formed of bamboos; the floor of natural
TAGHANIC, ta-gantik, a post-town of Columbia co., New   earth. There are no partitions, but tapa or matting is emYork, 10 miles S.E. of IHudson. Pop. 1539.                ployed as an occasional screen. The natives are a good-huTAGIIANIC or TAGKHANTNUC MOUNTAINS, a range  mored, gay, happy, and cheerful people, and are further
extending from  the Green Mountains, along the eastern  described as honest, well-behaved, and obliging. They have
border of New York, to the Highlands.                     been converted to Christianity by the labors of nissionaTAGHIIBOY or TAUGH/BIIOY, a parish of Ireland, in Con- ries; and there are now few of them who cannot both read
naught, co. of Roscommon.                                 and write. The island forms part of a native sovereignty,
TAGHEEN or TAUGHEEN, a- eenf, a parish of Ireland, is divided into seven districts, and is the seat of a supreme
Connought, co. of Mayo..                                 court. Several vessels of about 130 tons have been built
TAGHMACONINELL, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, here; these have been employed in the trade to New South
co. of Roscommon.                                         Wales, whither they carry sugar, cocoanut-oil, and arroWTAGItMON, tdhlmon, a disfranchised parliamentary bo- root, the principal productions of the island, bringing back
rough, market-town, and parish of Ireland, in Leinster co., in return hardware, cloths, calicoes, &c. Most of the vessels
7V miles W.S.W, of Wexford. P. 1100. It is poor and decayed. that visit Tahiti are whalers, averaging under 100 annually.
TAGII-MtON, parish of Ireland, in Leinster co., Westmeath. Tahiti was discovered in 1606 by the Spaniard Quiros, and
TAGIL, t&-ghill, a river of Russia, rises on the E. slope of  afterwards visited by Wallis, Bougainville, and Cook. Estithe Ural Mlountains, 36 miles N.N.W. of Yekaterinboorg,  mated pop. 9000. It was taken possession of by the French
flows first N., then E.N.E., and, after a very winding course  in 1846. —Adj. and inhab. TAnITIAN, t -heefte-an.
of nearly 200 miles, joins the Toora on the right.          TAHILEQUAH', a post-office, of Cherokee co., Arkansas.
TAGILSK, ta-ghilsk', a town of Russia, government, and    TAHNA, ta'ni or tn/lnA, a town of the Punjab, 125 miles
E. of Perm, on a river of its name.                    *  N. of Lahore, on the route into Cashmere, with a large
TAGKHANNUC MOUNTAINS. See TA.nANIC.                      serai, built for travellers by the Emperor Akbar. Among
TAGLIACOZZO, til-yd-kotso, a town of Naples, province its inhabitants are many shawl-weavers.
of Abruzzo Ultra II., capital of a canton, on the Ismele, 20    TAHOORA or TAHIURA, ta-hoo/rA, written also KAULA,
miles 5S.W. of Aquila.  Pop. 3600. Near it, in 1268, one of the Sandwich Islands; in the Pacific Ocean, S.W. of
Charles of Anjou defeated Conradin, son of the Emperor  Nihau. Lat. 210 39' N., ion. 1600 351 E.
Conrad IV., and put an end to the rule of the Hohenstauf-   TAHOOROWA or TAHUROA, ti-hoo-rofwa, written also
fen dynasty in Italy.                                      KADOOLAWE, one of the Sandwich Islands. in the Pacific
TAGLIAMENTO, tAl-yA-m8n/to, (anc. Tilavepftuss,) a  Ocean, S.W. of Mowee, lat. 200 35' N., ion. 1560 50' E.
river of Austrian Italy, delegations of Udine and Venice,   TAHRAH, tOfrd, a town and fortress of IHindostan, prorises in the Alps, and after an E. and S. cqurse of 100 miles  vince of Cutch, 30 miles S.E. of Luckput Bunder. Lat. 230
past Latisana, where it becomes navigable, enters the Adri- 20' N., ion. 690 20' E.
atic Sea at Porto Tagliamento, near its N. extremity.   TAHTA or TAIITAH, tAtt, a town of Central Egypt, pro.
Under the French it gave name to a department, of which  vince, and 25 miles S.S.E. of Sioot, on the left bank of the Nile.
Treviso was capital.                                      It has several mosques, a government primary school, and
TAGLIUNO, t4l-yoolno, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- many large mounds, supposed to indicate the site of the anvince, and 12 miles E.S.E. of Bergamo, on the Oglio. P. 1913.., cient Hesopis.
TAGODAST, t-go-dastf, a town of Morocco, on the IW.   TAHUACANO (tah-wa-kahtno) CREEK, of Pseestone co.,
border of Mount Atlas, 98 miles N.E. of Morocco. Pop. 7000. Texas, flows into the Trinity River from the W.
TAGOLANDA, t&-go-lIn/d/, a small island of the Malay    TAHUATA, t~-wAltt, or' SANTA  CIHRISTINA, sinftA
Archipelago, about 50 miles from the N.E. extremity of Ce- kris-tee/nit, one of the Marquesas Islands, in the Pacific
lebes. Lat. 20 23' N., ion. 1250 36' E.                   Ocean, S. of Dominica. Pop. 1400. Coast abrupt, and the
TAGOMAGO, t-go-mngo, an islet of the Balearic Group, soil very fertile.
in the Mediterranean, immediately E. of the island of Ivlga.   TAHURA, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See TAnooRA.
TAIGUS, called also TAYO, tiro or tiyo, (Sp. Taojo, t&iio;:  TAHIIUROA, an island in the Pacific. See TAiooRowA.
Port. Tejo, tAfzho; anc. Talgus,) a principal river of the    TAI, ti, the name of several towns of China.
Iberian peninsula, through the centre of which it flows   TAIABANA, ti-A-binA, a village and parish of Brazil,
from E. to W., between the basins of the Ebro and Douiro  province, and 50 miles W. of Parahiba, on the right bank
on the N., and the Guadiana on the S. It rises in the  of the Parahiba. Pop. 1400.
Sierra Albarracin, on the borders of Aragon and New    TAI-CHOO or TAI-TCHOU, ti'choo', a city of China, capi
Castile; in lat. 400 38' N., lon. 10 35' W.; it flows W.S.W.. tal of a department, province of Che-kiang, 75 miles S.W.
in Spain, through New Castile and Estremadura, and in  of Ningpo.
Portugal between the provinces of Beira and Alemtejo, and    TAI-CHOW-FOO or TAE-CIHIOW-FOO, tichlwfool, a city
through Estremadura to the Atlantic, which it enters at of China, province of Chekiang, on a river of the same name,
Belem, 2 miles below Lisbon. Total estimated length, 540:  about 25 miles from its entrance into the sea. Lat. 280 42'
miles. Chief affluents, the Jaramsa, Alberche, Alagon, and  N., Ion. 1210 261 E.
Zezere from the N., and the Rio del Monte and Solor from    TAILLEBOURG, tAh'yeh-booRot or til'booerY, a marketthe S. At Punhete,'100 miles above its mouth, it is up- town of France, department of Chaisente-Inf~rieure, on the
wards of 300 yards across, andjust above Lisbon it expands right bank of the Charente, 10 miles S.W. of St. Jean
to a breadth of about 5 miles, but opposite that city it con- d'Angaly. Pop. 1116.
tracts again to less than 2 miles across. It has steep banks,   TAILS CREEK, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgis.
an impetuous current, and flows mostly through an arid    TAIMYR or TAIMUR CAPE. See CAPE TAncOOR.
country. Its uses for commerce are at present much re-   TAIN. ttn, a parliamentary and municipal burgh, marstricted, it being navigable only to Abrantes, though at- ket-town, and parish of Scotland, co. of Rose, at the mouth
tempts have been made to extend the navigation to Toledo. of the Tain, on the S. side of the Frith of Dornoch. 24 miles
TAILAL. t&-l1, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, N.N.E. of Inverness. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2588.: It has
and N.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 1607,                          an old church, an ancient tower, a court-house, a grammar
TAI-ATE, t.-hitA, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, and a  school, and a public reading-room; various mills, an iron
beautiful valley, 9 miles from Zebeed.                     foundry, brewery, and a considerable retail trade. The
TAhITI, tA-heeftee, formerly written OTAHEITE, a beau- burgh unites with Wick, Dingwall, Cromarty, Dornoch, and
tiful island in the Pacific Ocean, being the principal of the  Kirkwall in sending one member to the House of Commons.
Society Islands. Lat. 170 29' 12/ S., Ion. 1490 29' W. It is    TAIN, tING, a town of France, department of Drtme, on
about 32 miles long from N.W. to S.E., is an elongated range  the left bank of the Rhone, opposite Tournon, with which
of highland, which being interrupted in one part, forms an  it communicates by a suspension bridge, and on the railway
isthmus about 3 miles broad, connecting the two peninsu- from Lyons to Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 2647. Near it excellas; the larger, Tahiti proper, and the smaller named Taira- lent Hermitage wine Is produced.
boo. From a low margin of the sea-coast, the land rises to a    TAINTIGNES, tgANGteei/,a village of Belgium, province
very considerable height on both extremities of the island, of H-anaut, 3 miles S. by W. of Tounay. Pop. 2191.
while some highly fertile plains or valleys intersect the    TAI-OUAN, an island of China. See FoRMosA.
ranges in different parts. The highest summit in the island    TAI-PE-SHAN or TAI-PE-CIIAN, ti-pA-shlAn, the name
is 8500 feet above sea-level; another attains 6979 feet. From  of several mountains of China, in the N. provinces, and rising
these two peaks ridges diverge to all parts of the coast, above the snow line.
*.1879




TAI                                                        TAL
TAT-PING, tippingS, a city of China, capital of a depart- Ayr, and adjoining the grounds of Talacre Hall. A harbor
ment, province of Ngan-hoei. on the Yang-tse-kiang, 30 miles  and quay have been erected here for the export of coal and
S.W. of Nanking.                                            sandstone.
TAI-PING, a city of China, capital of a department, pro-   TALAHATIAIt, a small village of Newton co., Mississippi.
vince of Quang-see, lat. 220 25' 12" N., ion. 107~ E. There are    TALAK, tA'li8, a village of British India, province, and
other cities of the same name in the provinces of Se-chuen  68 miles S.E. of Aracan.  Lat. 200 N., ion. 930 33/ E.
and Shan-see.                                                 TALAMAN (tt-li-mint) BAY, an inlet on the S.W. coast
TAI-PING-SHAN, ti'ping'shin/, or TY-PINSAN, ti'pin'- of Asia Minor, N.W. of the Gulf of Makree, (Makri.) It resant, the principal of the Madjicosima Islands, in the China  ceives the Talamnan River, (anc. Indus?) and on its shores
Sea.                                                        are extensive Middle Age remains.
TAIRO or TAIARA. See KIN'S ISLAND.                          TALAMONA, tA-l-monitn, a village of Austrian Italy, 2
TAI-SHAN, TAE-SHAN or TAI-CHAN, ti'shint, an isla d  miles E. of Morbegno. on the Adda. Pop. 2193.
of China, in the Chusan Archipelago. The centre is a    TALANDA, t-lin/di, a village of Greece, government of
densely-peopled plain, with many villages.                  Bceotia, 7 miles N. of Mount Talanda. Near it are the-ruins
TAI-TING, tiltingf, a city of China, province of Koei-choo, of Opucs.
capital of a department, 80 miles W.N.W. of Kwei-yang.        TALANBA. CHANNEL  or;i TALANTI,  ti-ltnttee,  or
TAI-TONG, ti'tongf, a city of China, province of Shan-see, ATALANTA,' P-tt-lintltd, (anc. Eri/lpuss,) an arm of the sea
capital of the department, near the Great Wall, 175 miles W. in Greece, between the government of Boeotia and the N.
of Peking.                                                  half of the island of Euboea. Length, 40 miles; breadth,
TAI-WAN, an island of China. See FoRMosA.                 12 miles. At its W. extremity it communicates with the
TAI-WAN or TAI-OUAN, tI'wan, the capital town of  Gulf of Molo or Zeitoun, and at its S.E. end with the Chanthe island of Formosa, in the China Sea, on its W. coast, nel of Euboea.
capital of a department, province of Fo-klien, lat. 230 8' N.,   TALANDA, GULF OF, an inlet on the S. side of the
ion. 1200 22' E.  It has two famous temples, and was  above channel, 11 miles in breadth at its entrance.  It conformerly the seat of a considerable trade and of a Dutch  tains the island of Talanda.
factory, but its harbor is now choked with sand, and only    TALANBA, MOUNT, in the government of Boeotia, 4
fit for vessels of light draught.                           miles N. of the Lake Topolias. Height, 3547 feet. It is also
TAI-YUAN, ti-yoo-inf, written also TAI-YUEN. or TAY- called MouNT KHLOMO.
YUEN, a city of China, province of Shan-see, capital of a de-   TALARRUBIAS  or TALLARRUBIAS, t,-laR-Roolbe-As,
partment on the Fuen-ho, an affluent of the Hoang-ho, 250  (anc.Lacipeal) a town of Spain, 85 miles E. ofBadajos. P. 2690.
miles S.W. of Peking. It is stated to be 3 leagues in cir-    TALASIIA, a village of Newton co., Mississippi.
cumference, fortified, and populous, and it has a decayed    TALAVERA BE LA REYNA. tM-lt-v-Ar df 1 rn-eenai, a
palace which was inhabited by the sovereigns of the last city of Spain, province, and 37 mniles W.N.W. of Toledo, on
dynasty; also manufactures of fine porcelain, ironwares, and  the right bank of the Tagus, here crossed by a bridge of 35
carpets. On a neighboring height is a cemetery of its princes. arches.  Pop. 6363.  Its buildings are interspersed with
TAJAMULCO or TAXAMULOO, tIt-uI-mooliko, a town of many Moorish towers.  It has numerous churches. conCentral America, state of Guatemala, at the foot of the vol- vents, hospitals, schools of Latin and philosophy, manufaccano of Tajamulco. Pop. 2000.                              tures of silks, earthenwares, leather, and soap, and two large
TAJARDI, ti-jarndee, a town of European Turkey, in  annual fairs. Here, on the 27th and 28th of July, 1809, the
Room-Elee, on a river, 20 miles N.N.E. of its mouth at English and Spanish troops under the Duke of Wellington,
Lagos.                                                     totally defeated the French under Joseph Bonaparte and
TAJO, the Spanish name of the river TAcGUs, which see.   Marshals Jourdain and Victor.
TAJOORAH, TAJURRAH, tt-joorlt, written also TADJU-   TALAVERA LA REAL, tt-lit-vitrAt  r n-Alt, a town of
RAH, a seaport town of North-east Africa, in Adel, on the  Spain, 9 miles E. of Badajos, on the left bank of the GuaSea of Bab-el-Mandeb, N.W. of Zeyla, let. 110 56' 35" N., ion. diana. Pop. 2712, who manufacture silks and leather.
4300/20/! E. Pop. from 1200 to 1500. It consists of about   TALAVERIA LA VIEJA, tit-lt-vrfrlt 1 ve-h/i, a market300 wooden huts, with 2 mosques, and it has an anchorage  town of Spain, province, and 72 miles W.S,W. of Toledo, on
adapted for large ships, but insecure.                     the left bank of the Tagus.
TAJUNA, tt-nroonlyit, a river of Spain, rises in the pro-   TALBENINY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
vince of Guadalajara, flows about 94 miles, and discharges its    TALIBOT, an island of the United States, off the N.E.
waters into the Jarama about 7 miles N. by E. of Aranjuez.  coast of Florida, between the mouths of the St. John and the
TAJURRAH, a seaport of Adel. See TAJOORA.                Nassau. It is about 9 miles long by 2 miles broad, and
TAK or TUK, a town of Afghanistan, district of Damanun,  produces much cotton.
35 miles N.W. of Bera-Ismaeel-Khan. Lat. 320 14 N., Ion. 700    TALBOT, tawl/bS t, a county of Maryland, situated on the
50' E. It is enclosed by walls, has a citadel mounting artil-  eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, contains 250.square miles.
lery, and some transit trade, and it is famous for its fine The Choptank River washes the E. border, and several navifruits. With its district, it is stated to yield an annual re- gable creeks extend from the bay inland. The surface is
venue of 15,0001.                                           nearly level; the soil is fertile, and in a high state of cultiTAK, tik, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 140 miles SE. of  vation.  Capital, Easton.  Pop. 13,811, of whom 9677 were
Khoten.                                                     free, and 4134 slaves.
TAKA, tOkH, the name of. two towns of Japan, island of    TALBOT, a county in the W. part of Georgia, has an area
Sikokf.                                                    of 524 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Flint
TAKATZ, TAKATZE or TAKAZZE. See TACAZZE.                 River, and drained by the Parchelaga, Beaverdam, and
TAKEPLEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             Upatoi Creeks. The surface is very broken; the highlands
TAKHTI SULEIMAN  (or SOULEIMAN.) See TUxHTI in the N. part are called the Oak Mountains. The soil is
SULEIMAN.                                                  partly derived from primary rocks, and is moderately proTA-KIANG, ti ke-ingf, a river in the island of ITai-nan, ductive. Capital, Talbotton. Pop. 16,534, of whom 7811
enters the sea on its N. coast.                            were free, and 8723 slaves.
TA-KIANG, a river of Southern China. See HoNe KrANo,   TALIBOTTON, a pleasant post-village, capital of Talbot
and CANTON RIVER.                                          co., Georgia, 32 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has a brick
TA-KIANG. See YANo-TsE-KrAOC.                            court-house, 2 academies, 3 churches; and a Masonic hall.
TA-KIEN-LEON, ti ke-6n! Ihont, a fortified town of China, The Episcopal church of this place is a fine specimen of the
province of Se-chuen, on the Toong-po-ho, 150 miles W.S.W. Gothic style.
of Ching-too-foo.                                             TALCA, tiltkAi, a town of Chili, capital of the department of
TAKINOS (t'ke-nos') LAKE, (anc. Cercine t) a lake of  Maule, on the river Maule, 40 miles N.E. of Chillan. It was
European Turkey, in Macedonia, 5 miles S. of Seres, and N. founded in 1742, and is now one of the largest and most
of the Gulf of Contessa. Length, 15 miles; greatest breadth, thriving towns in Chili. It possesses a literarv institute, and
5 miles. It receives the river Anghissa, and is traversed  other educational and charitable establishments. P. 14,500.
throughout by the Struma, (anc. Stry/eon.)  The shores are    TALCAGUANA, tItl-ki-gwitna, or TALCAHUANA, tIlabrupt, except in the N. On its W. side is the village of  kit-witni, a village and small seaport of Chili, on the peninTakinos.                                                    sula which forms the S.W. side of Concepcion Bay. The
TAKUTU, tit-koo-toot, a river of Brazilian Guiana, rises anchorage is the best on the coast. Coal of an inferior
near lat. 10 30' N., flows N., then S.W., and joins the Rio  quality has been found in the vicinity.
Branco at Fort San Joaquim, in lat. 30 1' 46" N. Total   TALCAN, til-kint, an island of South America, off the
course estimated at 170 miles. The chief affluents are the  W. coast of Patagonia, and between it and the island of
Mahu and Zuruma. Its banks are densely wooded.             Chiloe. Lat. 420 47' S.. Ion. 720 58' W.  Length, 9 miles.
TAL, tit, a river in the N. part of Afghanistan, rises in   TA-LEE or TA-LI, titleef, a city of China, province of Yunsat. 360 14' N., lon. 730 6' E., flows S.W., and after a course nan, capital of a department, on the bank of a lake, 80 miles
of 120 miles joins the Panj-kora or Lundye.                E. of the Burmese frontier. It is large and populous.
TALABAN, t-l -e nf, a village of Spain, in Estremadura,    TALE-LAMA. See TmRBET, page 1913.
province, and 22 miles N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1862.           TALENT, ti-l1ntf, a fortified town of Morocco, province
TALACH DDU, t&/laK Tee, a parish of South Wales, co. of Soos-el-Acsa, capital of a partially independent district,
of Brecon.                                                 on the river Tesset, 40 miles S.E. of Messa.
TALACRE, talFAker, a small port of North Wales, co. of    TALtGARTII, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
Flint, on the Bee estuary, within 1I miles from the Point of    TA-LI, a city of China.  See TA-LEE.
1880




TAL                                                       TAM
TALFABO. See CAPE TALFABO.                              from which it derives its name. The surface is a level and
TALIABO or TALYABO, te-le-atbo, one of the Xulla alluvial plain, sometimes called swamp-land. The soil is
Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, E. of Celebes, let. 1~ 50' S., fertile, but the greater part is uncultivated. Capital, Tillaion. 1250 E., separated by a narrow strait on the E. from the toba. Pop. 4643, of whom 2096 were free, and 2547 slaves.
island of Mangola. Length, 100 miles; breadth, 20 miles.    TALLAIIOtMA, a small river of Mississippi, enters Leaf
TALIAFERRO, (pronounced tolle-ver,) a small county in  River from the N., near the centre of Perry county.
the N.E. central part of Georgia, has an area of 185 square    TALLAHOMA, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa.
miles. It is drained by the head-streams of the Ogeechee and    TALLALOOfSA, a post-village of Marshall co., Mississippi,
Little Rivers. The surface is undulating or hilly; the soil 8 miles S.W. of Holly Springs.
in some parts productive. Granite and gneiss are among the    TALULAND, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
rocks which underlie the county.  Sulphuret of iron and    TALVLAPOO!SA, a river of Georgia and Alabama, a branch
magnetic ore are found in several places, and some goldis said  of the Alabama River, rises in Paulding co., Georgia, and
to have been discovered. The county is intersected by the  unites with the Coosa about 10 miles N. of Montgomery, In
Georgia Railroad. Named in honor of Benjamin Taliaferro,  Alabama, after a very tortuous course of about 250 miles.
formerly member of Congress from Georgia. Capital, Craw- Its general direction is S.W. Small steamboats ascend 40
fordsville. Pop. 5146, of whom 2102 were free, and 3044  miles from its junction with the Coosa. The Little Tallaslaves.                                                   poosa rises in Georgia, and flowing S.W., enters the main
TALIBENELA,  a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.  stream near the middle of Randolph county, in Alabama.
TALICHAH or TALICHIN. See TALISH.                         TALLAPOOSA, a county in the E. part of Alabama, conTALICOTA, tg-le-kofta, or TALIKOTE, tl-le-kUtl, a town  tains about 700 square miles. It is intersected by the Talof British India, presidency of Bombay, district of Darwar, lapoosa River, from which the name is derived, and drained
on an affluent of the Kistnah, 48 miles S.E. of Bejapoor. also by Hileebee and Sawkehatchee Creeks. The surface is
Pop. 5300. The outer town, enclosed by stone walls, con- hilly or undulating; the soil in some parts is productive.
tains many shops of Jain traders, and a Jain temple; it The Tallapoosa is navigable in the lower part of the county,
encircles an inner fort and palace. It is famous for calico- and the Montgomery and West Point Railroad passes along
printers and dyers, and has a trade in brasswares and sad- the S. border.  Capital, Dadeville.  Pop. 15,584, of whom
dlery.                                                    11,511 were free, and 4073 slaves.
TALISI, ta-lish/, TALISHIN or TALICIIN, tl-le-shinf,   TALLAPOOSA, a post-village of Carroll co., Georgia, on
written also TALICHIAII, a province of Russian Transcan- the river of the same name, 160 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
casia, betweenlat. 380 and 390 N., and lon. 480 and 490 E.,   TALLAPOOSA, a post-office of Greene co., Alabama.
having E. the Caspian Sea, N. the rivers Koor and Aras,   TALLARD,  t Plase?, a town of France,, department of
separating it from the provinces of Shirvau and Karabagh, Ilautes-Alpes, on the Durance, 7 miles S. of Gap. Pop. 1181.
and on other sides the Persian provinces of Azerbaijan and    TALLARRUBIAS, a village of Spain. See TAL.IuRUBIAS.
Ghilan. The principal products are silk, cotton, rice, sesa-   TAL'LASA}IATCHI EE CREEK, of Benton co., Alabama,
mum, tobacco, and wine.                                    enters the Coosa River from the left, near the Ten Islands.
TALKING ROCK, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia, 18    TALLASSEE, a post-village of Tallapoosa co., Alabama,
miles S.S.W. of Ellijay.                                   134 miles S.E. of Tuscaloosa.
TALKING ROCK CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Coosa-   TAL'LASSEE' CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Coosa in
wattee, from the left, at the N.E. extremity of Cass county.  Talladega county.
TALK-O'-TH'-IHILL, a cha pelry of England, co. of Stafford.   TALILATON, a parish of England. co. of Devon.
TALLA, tWlUl, a village of Tuscany,4province of Florence,   TALVLEY, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carmarthen.
on a hill, 16 miles N.N.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 2800. Guido    TAL'LEYVILLE, a post-office of Newcastle co., Delaware.
Aretino, inventor of musical notation, was born here, and    TALLINGTON,. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
it has a monument to his memory.                             TALLVMADGE, a post-township in the S.E. part of SumTALLADEGA, tal'a-deefga, a county in the N.E. central mit co., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 2456.
part of Alabama, has an area of 1260 square miles. The    TALLMADGE, a post-township in the E. part of Ottawa
Coosa River washes the W. border for a distance of 50 miles, co., Michigan, intersected by Grand River. Pop. 534.
exclusive of the windings; the county is drained also by the    TALLMADGE  CENTRE, a post-village of Summit co.,
Chocolocco and other creeks. The surface is diversified by  Ohio, 129 miles N.E. of Columbus.
hills and valleys; the soil in some parts is fertile. Marble    TALLOKAS, a post-office of Lowndes co., Georgia.
of fine quality, and other valuable minerals, are abundant.   TALVLOW, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in MunThe railroad which is in progress from Selma to the Tennes- ster, co. of Waterford, on the road from Cork to Waterford,
see River, will pass through the county. Capital, Talladega. 12 miles N.N.W. of Youghal. Pop. of the town in 1851,
Pop. 18,624, of whom 11,653 were free, and 6971 slaves.   3884. It has a handsome moders church, and a large RoTALLADEGA, a post-village, capital of Talladega county, man Catholic chapel.
Alabama, on the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, about 95    TALLOW BRIDGE, a village of Ireland, half a mile N.N.E.
miles N. by E. of Montgomery. The plank-road extending  of Tallow.
fi-om Montgomery to the Tennessee River passes through    TALLULAIT, a post-village, capital of Issaquena county,
this place. It contains a court-house, several churches, 2  Mississippi, on the Mississippi River, about 70 miles N.W.
newspaper offices, and a number of stores.                of Jackson. The county seat was located here only a few
TALLADEGA, a township, Jefferson co., Arkansas. P. 440. years since.
TALVLAGHT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co., and 5    TALLUILAH CREEK, of Georgia, forms the boundary bemiles S.W. of Dublin. Until 1803, the archbishops of Dublin  tween Rabun and Habersham counties, and enters the Tuhad a palace here; and in the vicinity are handsome man- galoo River.
sions and villas.                                           TALLYA, t9ltyih', a market-town of North-east Hungary,
TAL'LAIIALA  CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Bayou  co., and 30 miles S.W. of Zemplin. Pop. 5710. It has an
Pierre from the N.E., near the N.W. corner of Copiab county. ancient castle, and Roman Catholic and Protestant churches.
TALVLAIAS/SEE, a city, capital of Florida, and seat of    TALVLYHOf, a post-office of Granville co., North Carolina,
justice of Leon county, 194 miles E. of Mobile, 130 miles 43 miles N. of Raleigh.
from Pensacola, and about 25 miles N. of the Gulf of Mexico.   TALMAGE, a post-office of Baldwin co., Georgia.
Lat. 300 28' N., Ion. 840' 36' W. The site is comparatively    TALMAS, tal\mdi, a village of France, department of
elevated. The city is laid out in rectangular blocks, with  Somme, 8 miles S. of Doullens. Pop, 1900.
several public squares. It contains the state-house, court-   TALMAY, tl\mA5, a village of France, department of CMtehouse, jail, a United States land-office, and churches of the  d'Or, 17 miles E. of Dijon. Pop. 1156.
Presbyterians, Methodists, and Episcopalians; 2 newspaper    TALMIS. See KALAssanEH.
offices, and several seminaries.  Springs of good water   TALMONT, tAlIm6do, a market-town of France, departabound in the vicinity. The adjacent country is very pro- ment ofYend6e, 8 miles E.S.E. of Sables. Pop. in 1852, 3123.
ductive, and is the most populous part of the state. Talla-   TALNAIR or TALNEIR, tAlPnArs, a town and fort of Brihassee is connected by a railroad, about 26 miles long, with  tish India, presidency of Bombay, district of Candeish, 130
the seaport of St. Marks.                                 miles E. of Surat. It was taken by the British in 1818.
TAL'LAHATCHI/IE, a river in the N. part of Mississippi,   TALOON  or TALOUN, t -loont, a town of Russia, in
the principal branch of the Yazoo, rises near the boundary  Transcaucasia, province, and 37 miles W.N.W. of Erivan.
between Tippah and Pontotoc counties, and flows in a cir-   TAlRIG, a small seaport and parish of Norway, province
cuitous course, the general direction of which is S.W., to  of Finmark, on a circular bay in the fiord of Alten, 43 miles
the mouth of Coldwater Creek. Below this point it pursues  E.N.E. of Tromsie. Pop. 3156.
a S. course, until it unites with the Yallabusha River to    TALYABO. See TALIAB0.
form the Yazoo at Leflore, on the W. border of Carroll   TALYLLYN, tal-i.tl/lin, a parish of North Wales, co. of
county. The whole length is estimated at 250 miles. In  Anglesea.
ordinary stages, steamboats ascend to the mouth of Cold-   TALYLLYN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Merioneth.
water Creek, about 100 miles, and in high water (about four   TAMA, tahfma, a new county in the E. central part of
months of the year) they extend their trips to Wyatt, in La- Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. The S. part is interfayette county.                                           sected by the Iowa River, and the N. part by Wolf Creek;
TALLAI-IATCIIIE, a county in the N.W. part of Missis- it is also drained by Salt and Deep Creeks. The surface is
sippi, has an area of about 930 square miles. It is inter- undulating or nearly level; the soil is mostly fertile. The
sected by the Tallahatchie River, (navigable by steamboats,)  name is derived from an Indian chief.
1881




TAM..TAM
TAMALAMEQUE, ti-mA-l-mA'kA, a town of South Ame-. flowers both of the temperate and the torrid zones. Cattle
Aica, in New Granada, department of Magdalena, 50 miles  in vast numbers-horses, mules, sheep, and goats to a less
S.E. of Mompox.                                            extent-are reared on the pastures; and a considerable
TAMAMES, tan-m/mes, a village of Spain, in Leon, pro- trade, both in them  and in other articles, is carried on,
vince, and 32 miles S.W. of Salamanca. In 1809 the Spa- chiefly with the states of San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and
niards, under the Duke of Parque, here defeated the French  Queretaro. The foreign trade is carried on principally at
under General Marchand. Pop. 915.                           the ports of Tampico de Tamaulipas and Matamoras, and inTAMAN, tI-m~n, written also TMUTARAKAN, (ene. Pha- ciudes in its imports large quantities of manufactures both
nagorica) a fortified town of South Russia, government of  from Europe and the United States. Iron, and some silver,
Caucasus, on an island between the Black Sea and the Sea  with salt from a chain of lagoons along the coast, are the
of Azof, 13 miles S.S.E. of Yenikale. It has few inhabitants  chief mineral products.  Its capital is Victoria.  Pop. in
independent of its garrison, but an export trade in salt, wax,  1854,100,064.
honey, furs, &c., and some import trade.                      TAMAULIPAS PUEBLO VIEJO, t -maw-iee/pis pwgbflo
TAMANDAR17, tU-mln-dt-rAI, a bay of Brazil, on the coast ve-A/no, (or the "Old Town of Tamaulipas,") a decayed town
of Pernambuco, 40 miles S.S.W. of Cape Santo Agostinho, in  at the S. extremity of the above, on the river Tampico,
lat. 80 43' S.. ion. 350 5  W.                              from which town it is distant 18 miles N. Pop. 1500. See
TAMIANDUA, ta-mgnfdoo-A, a town of Brazil, province of  TAMPICO.
Minas Geraes, 100 miles W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 8000.          TAMAZULA, ti-ma-soolli, a town of the Mexican ConfedeTAMAQUA, tam-awtqua, a thriving post-borough of Schuyl- ration, department of Cinaloa, on the river Tamazula or Cukill township, Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on the Tamaqua  liactan, 110 miles E. of Culiacan. Pop. 1000.
or Little Schuylkill River, 15 miles E.N.E. of Pottsville, and    TAMBACIH, tam/blsK, a market-town of Central Germany,
73 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. A branch railroad connects it in Saxe-Coburg, principality, and 12 miles S.S.W. of Gotha.
with the Pottsville and Reading Railroad at Port Clintona. Pop. 1351, employed in iron-forges, wire-works, paper mills,
It is beautifully situated in a hilly region, which contains and potash factories.
abundance of excellent coal. It is an important point on    TAMBACIIERRY, tlm-bI-chlr/ree, a town of British Inthe Catawissa Railroad, now in progress firom  Milton to  die, presidency of MNadras, district of Malabar, 20 miles N.E.
Easton. Tamaqua contains 6 or 7 churches, and a news- of Calicut.
paper office. Laid out in 1829. Pop. in J850, 3080; in Janu-    TAMBELAN (tlm-bA-lln1) ISLANDS, in the China Sea,
ary, 1854, it was about 6000.                               between Borneo and Singapore. Great Tambelan, the largest
TAIMAR, (anc. Tamarus,) a river of West England, be- in the group, is in lat. 10 N., Ion. 1070 35' E.
tween the counties of Cornwall and Devon, rises in a moun-    TAMBO, tamtbo, a town of Peru, department, and 50 miles
tauinous district near Moorwinstow, and, receiving numerous  N.W. of Cuzco, on the Quilibamba.
accessions, flows S.S E. by Launceston, to which town, and    TAMBO, a village of Peru, department of Arequipa, proto Calstock and Saltesh, it is navigable; and.after wiclening  vince  of Moquehua, at the mouth of the Tambo River,
to form  the harbor of Ilamoaze, Devonport, enters Ply- which, after a W. course of 90 miles, enters the Pacific 20
mouth Sound 2 miles W.S.W. of Plymouth. The principal  miles N.N.W. of Y10.
affluents are the Tavy from the E., and Linher from the W.   TAMBOBAMBA, tdm-bso-b'o       /bm,   a town of Peru, departTotal course, 60 miles.                                     ment, and 40 miles S.W. of Cuzco, on the Apurimac. 
TAMIAR, a principal river of Van Diemen's Land, formed    TAMBOY, TAMBOI,         tidm-bov/l. or TAMBOF, tlm-bofl, a
by the union of the North and South Esk at Launceston,  government of Russia, between lat. 510 20' and 550 N., and
whence it has a tortuous course of 30 miles N., and enters  Ion. 380 30' and 430 aO0 E., enclosed by the governments of
Bass's Strait at Port Dairymple, 4 miles from Georgetown, Riazan, Vladimeer, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Penza, Saratov, and
which is on its E. bank. Its valley is narrow and wooded.  Voronezh. Area, 25,542 equnare miles. Pop. in 1851,1,666,505.
TAMARA, tt-mdsr, the largest of the Isles de Los, off the  The surfaice is level or undulating.  The principal rivers are
W. coast of Africa, 70 miles N.W. of Sierra Leone, in lat. 90  the Zna and Moksha,' tributaries to the Oka, and the Yo28' N., ion. 30 48' W.                                      rena and Voronezh, affluents of the Don. The soil in the
TAMARA or TAMARIS.  See TAMasE.                          N. is sandy and marshy, in the E. and elsewhere fertile, and
~TAMARAWA, tani-a-rawfwa, a village of MIonroe co., li-  the government is almost wholly agricultural. Mlore than
nois, on the Kasiskskia, 120 miles S. of Springfield.      bOne-sixth part of the surflce is covered with forests, and upTAMARIDA, tI-mi-reelda, the capital town of the island  wards of one-fourlth with meadows and pasture-land, and
of Socotra, in the Indian Ocean, on a bay off its N. coast.    one-third arable lands. The chief crops are rye, oats, and
TAMARITE or TAMARITE  DE LITERA, td-mt-reeltA dA  buckwheat.  The forests supply large quantities of timber
le-trs, a town of Spain, province, and 47 miles S.E. of  for ship and boat building. Exteensive herds of cattle are
Huesca. Pop. 3612.                                         fattened for the MIoscow aend St. Petersburg markets.  The
TAMARO, t&.ml/ro, a river of Naples and Pontifical States, stock of sheep) has been estimated at 1,140,000. and of hogs
joins the Calore 3 miles N.E. of Beneveuto, after a S. course  at 700,000. Horses of a good breed are reared, but the stock
of 45 miles.                                                is mostly very inferior. At a large woollen factory estaTAMAROVKA or TAIMAROWKA,  tI-ma-rov/lks, a town  blished by Peter the Great at Budari, a few years ago upof Russia, government of Koorsk, on the Vorskla, 15 miles wards of 3000 hands were employed, and 1,026,670 yards of
Wr.N.W. of Bielgorod. Pop. 1500.                            woollen cloth for the army was stated to be made. I-Here are
TAMARUS. See TAAn.R.                                      also many forges, distilleries, tallow factories, mills, &c. The
TAMATAM, k' —ml-t~m/,  a group of three low coral islands government is subdivided into 12 circles. The chief towns
in the North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 70 32' N., Ion. 1490 30' E.  are Tamboy, Lipetsk, Morshansk, Yelatom, Shatsk, and
TAMATAV, t&:mi'tdvl, or TAMATIVE, tA'm&Iteev/, a sea- Oosman.
port town of Madagascar, on a bay of its E. coast, in lat. 180    TAMBOV, TAMBOW  or TAMBOF, the capital of the
10, S., ion. 490 28' 5" E. It has a fort. The F'rench formerly  above government, is situated on the Tsna, 125 miles N.E.
had a settlement here.                                      of Voronezh. Pop. 20,147. It was founded and strongly
TAMAULIPAS. t./m6w-leefp.s, formerly NEW SANTANI- fortified in 1636, as a defence against the incursions of
DER, a state of the Mexican Confederation, bounded on the  the Nogai-Tartars. The houses are mostly of wood. It has
N. by Texas, from which it is separated by the Rio Grande;  a college, a military school for nobles, a high school for
N.W. by Cohahuila; W. by Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi; ladies, founded in 1834, and manufactures of woollen cloth,
S. by San Luis Potosi and Vera Cruz; and E. by the Gulf of  alum, vitriol, and an active general trade.
Mexico. Greatest length, from N.N.WV. to S.S.E., 400 miles;   TAMBRE, tsm.brs, (ane. Tarnara or Tamlasqs,) a river of
medium breadth, about 130 miles; area, 30,334 square miles. Spain, Galicia, flows WV.S.W., and enters the Bay of Noya on
The coast is low, and fringed with lagoons varying from  the Atlantic, after a course of 60 miles.
4 to 18 miles in width, and separated from  the sea by    TAMBRO,  a lake of Thibet. See PALTE.
belts of send; and the mouths of almost all the rivers are    TAME, a river of England, cos. of 9tafford and Warwick,
so encumbered with bars as to make their navigation diffi- rises near WalsJall, flows E. and N., and after a course of 38
cult and dangerous. In the N. part of the state the flatness  miles joins the Trent 7 miles N. of Tamworth.  Affluents,
of the coast is continued to some distance inland, and then  the Dea and Anker, from the S. and W,  It supplies water
rises into elevated, thoufgh still comparatively level plains. to the Birmingham  and Fazeley, the Coventry, and the
To the S. the surface is finely diversified by mountaip, hill, Trent and Mersey Canals.
and valley. The most remarkable summits are the cereos    TAME, a small river of England, rises in Yorkshire, flows
of Martinez, Xeres, and Coronel, and the sierras of Palma  S.W., forming a part of the boundary between Lancashire
and Carico. Many fine valleys extend in the intervals be- and Cheshire, and joins the Mersey at Stockport. Course,
tween the mountains. The most important streams are the  18 miles. See THAsme.
Rio Grande, already mentioned; the Fernando or Tigre,    TAMEER or TAMIR, td-meeR/, a river of Central Asia,
which, besides reaching the coast, also communicates by a  in Mongolia, flows E.N.E., and joins the Orkhon.  Total
branch with the Laguna del Madre; the Borbon, falling into  course, 90 miles.
the N. part of the same lagoon; the Saunander, and the Tam-   TAMEGA, ti-mAxIgg, a river of Spain and Portugal, rises
pico, which forms the chief boundary between the state and  near Monterey, inGalicia, flows S.S.W. through the provinces
the S. of San Luis Potosi. The climate of the interior is  of Tras os Montes and Minho, and joins the Douro 30 miles
temperate and healthy, but on the coast, especially in the hot E. of Oporto. Total course, 90 miles.
season, is unhealthy. The soil is generally fertile; the vege-    TAM/ERACK CREEK, of Necosta co., Michigan, flows into
table products include most of the grains, woods, fruits, and  the Maskegon River.
1882




TAMI                                                       TAN
TAMERFORS or TAMIERSFORT, a town of Finland. some parish church on the site of an ancient nunnery, and
Bee TAMSIERFORs.                                          containing some fine monuments; various dissenting chapels,
TAM/ERTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall. an endowed grammar-school, with a scholarship and fellowTAMIERTON FOL/LIOTT, a parish of England, co. Devon. ship at Cambridge University; two other free schools; alms
TAMESIS. See THAMES.                                    houses, a town-hall, market-house, assembly and readingTAMIAGUA, tA-me-4t/gw, a petty seaport town of the  rooms, a horticultural society, some cotton spinning, calico
MIexican Confederation, state, and 70 miles S.E. of Tampico, printing, and wool-stapling dying houses, tanneries, brewinan unhealthy situation, between the Lake of Taimiagua  eries, a carpet factory, and smallmanufactures of lace. The
and the Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 210 16' N. Lon. 970 17' E.   trade is greatly facilitated by the railway, and Fazeley and
TAMIAGUA, LAKE OF, Mexican Confederation, state of Coventry Canal. It sends two members to the Hiouse of
Tampico, 60 miles in length, 25 miles in greatest breadth, Commons.  It gives the title of viscount to Earl Ferrers.
is separated, at its N. extremity by a narrow isthmus, from   Tamworth stands on the ancient Watling Street, and was a
the Lake of Tampico.                                      principal residence of the kings of Mercia. Immediately S.
TAMIATHIS. See DAlMIETTA.                               of the town is a castle reputed to have been founded by
TAMIEIt, tA-meefyeh (?) a small town of Egypt, province  Ethelfieda, daughter of King Alfred, and modernized by its
of Fayoom, 15 miles N.E. of Medinet-el-Fayoom, on a canal proprietors, of the Townshend family. About 1~ miles S. is
20 miles W. of the Nile.                                  Drayton Manor, the seat of Sir Robert Peel.
TAMIR, a river of Asia. See TAMEERa.                      TAMWORTII,,a town of New South Wales, in East AustraTAMISE, t'meezf, (Flemish,  cssmsche, tmtsheh; acne. lie, district of Liverpool Plains, on the Peel, 154 miles from
Temsica?) a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on  Maitland. It is the seat of petty sessions.
the left bank of the Scheldt, 22 miles E.N.E. of Ghent, with    TAM/WORTH, a post-township in Carroll co., New Ieamp.
a pretty church, chapel, communal house, hospital, a fine  shire, 52 miles N.N.E. from Concord. Pop. 1766.
ch'Steau, several schools, and a musical society; manufac-   TAM/WORTH, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Adtures of sail-cloth, cotton goods, hats, pottery, tobacco, dington, situated on the Salmon River, 36 miles N.W. of
leather, chiccory, oil, &c. Pop. 7653.                    Kingston. Pop. about 125.
TAMISE, the French name of the river THAMES, which see.   TAM/WORTH IRON-WORKS, a post-office of Carroll co.,
TAMLAGHT, tdm/llvit, a parish of Ireland, in Ulste-, co. New Hampshire.
of Tyrone, with a village 3~ miles S.S.E. of Moneymore.    TANA-ELF, tLt/n  Wlf, the most N. river in Europe, forms
Pop. in 1851, 5647, who manufacture linens. Here is a large  in most part of its course the boundary between Norway
Druidical altar.                                          (Finarlk) and Russian Lapland, and enters the Tans-fiord,
TAMLAGHT FINLAGIAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, Arctic Ocean, in lat. 700 30' N., ion. 280 E., after a northco. of Londonderry.                                        ward course of 180 miles. At its mouth is the hamlet of
TAMLAGHT, O'CRIL'LY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster,  Tans.
co. of Londonderry.                                          TANAGA, tA-ndgg, one of the Aleutian Islands, in North
TAMLINGTAR, tam'-ling-tarf, a town of Nepaul, in North  Pacific Ocean, Andreanov group, W. of Kanaga; lat. 51~ 59'
Hlindostan, district of Chayenpoor, 115 miles N.N.W. of N., lon. 1780 10' W. Surface mountainous, and it contains
Purneah; lat. 270 17' N., Ion. 860 52' E. Pop. 6000.'(?)   an active volcano.
TAMMERFORS, tdm/mer-foins', written also TAMER-    TANAH, t'/nA, a town of Lower Egypt, near the centre
FORS or TAMERSFORT, a town of Finland, Ihn, and 85  of the Delta of the Nile, celebrated for its festival held twice
miles N.N.E. of Abo. capital of the district of Satakunda, a year in honor of a famous Moslem  saint, called Sayd
between two lakes. Pop. 1800.                              Ahmed el Bedawee, who is buried in it.
TAMSOOK, tA-mook/, one of the smaller Sooleo Islands;   TANAH-PILEH, ti/nA pee/ilh, a town in the island of
lat. 60 28' N., Ion. 1210 56' E.                           Sumatra, state, and 30 miles from Jambi. Pop. 4000.
TAM/PA, a post-village, capital of IHillsborough co., Flori-    TANAIS. See DoN.
da, at the head of Tampa Bay, (navigable by large vessels,)    TANAKEKE (td-n-kA/kA) or TANEKAKE ISLANDS, a
about 40 miles E. from the Gulf of Mexico.                 group in the Malay Archipelago, off the S.W. extremity of
TAM/PA BAY, formerly ESPIR/ITTU SAN/TO BAY, of Celebes, the largest island being 10 miles in circuit; lat. 50
Florida, is situated on the W. side of the peninsula, and  28' S.. lon. 1190 17/' E.
opens into the Gulf of Mexico about 270 45' N. lat. To-   TANANARIVOO  or TANANARIVOU, ti-ni-nire-voot,
wards the interior it divides into two branches, one of  sometimes written TANANARIVO, TARNANARUYVO, and
which is called Little Tampa, and the other Hillsborough  ANTANANARIVO, the capital town of the Ovabs, in Mada]ay. It is about 40 miles long, and forms a good harbol  gascar, near the centre of the island, 190 miles W. of Tafor large vessels.                                        matave. It is reported to be large, and to have manufaicTAMPI/CO, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi.  tures of exquisite gold and silver chains, silk stuffs, &c.,
TAMIPICO, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.      but it is little known by Europeans.
TAMPICO, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.                TANARO, t&-nI/ro, (ane. [Tasars-s,) a river of North Italy,
TAMPICO, a small village of Jackson co., Indiana.       in Piedmont, rises in the Alps near the Col de Tends,
TAMPICO, tnm-pee'ko, a river of Mexico, state of Vera  flows N. and N.E. past Garessio, Ceva, Alba, Asti, and AlesCruz, after an E. course enters the Gulf of Mexico near  sandria, 10 miles N.E. of which city it joins the Po, after a
Tampico, its bar being in lat. 220 15' N., Ion. 970 46' W. total course of 125 miles, for the last forty miles of which,
Total length, 200 miles.                                   to Asti, it is navigable for barges. Principal affluents, the
TAMIPICO, PUEBLO NUEVO, pwhb/lo nwAvo, ("New- Stura, Peslo, Ellero, and Corsaglia, from the W., and 8he
town,") or SANTA ANA DR TAMAULIPAS, s~n/tA i/nit  Belbo and Bormida, from the S.E. Under the French it gave
dAt t/-m6w-lee/pts, a seaport town of the MeXican Confe e- name to a department, of which Asti was the capital.
ration, state, and 215 miles N.N.W. of Vera Cruz, on the S.   TANASSERIM. See TENASSEnIsm.
shore of the Lake of Tampico. Pop. 7000. It is regularly    TANCITARO, t/n-se-tI/ro, a town of the Mexican Conlaid out on a slope, and has some good dwellings in the old  federation, state of Michoacan, 100 miles S.W. of Valladolid.
Spanish style, with military and naval hospitals, some public    TAN/COCK GREAT and LITTLE, two islands of Nova Scotia,
monuments, and well-supplied markets. It is better drained  in Mahone Bay, 30 miles S.W. of Halifax.
and less unhealthy than formerly. It has an important and    TAN/COCK  PRAI/IiIE, a post-office of Winn parish,
increasing trade with the United States and Great Britain. Louisiana.
The principal exports are specie, hides, tallow, bones, and    TANCOS, tnl/koce, a town and parish of Portugal, projerked beef.  The tonnage arrived here in 1852 was 7704; vince ofl Beira Baixa, 10 miles S.S.E. of Thomar. Pop. 530.
among the arrivals were 4 steamers: the number of passen-   TANDAI/, tAn/dt, or TANDE1I, tfn/dhh, a town of HIlngers arrived, 178; left, 126.                             dostan, dominions, and 33 miles S.S.E. of Oude, on the S
TAMPICO-EL-ALTO, tUm-pee'ko  1 Ml/to, (" ligh Tam- bank of the Goggra; lat. 260 35' N., lon. 830 35! E.
pico,") a village of Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, on a height,   TANDERAGEE, tan'der-a-ghee/, a market-town of Ireland,
S.E. of Pueblo-Viejo.                                     in Ulster, co. of Armagh, 3 miles S.W. of Gilford. Pop. in
TAMPICO, LAKE OF, a shallow lagoon of the Mexican  1851, 1496. It has a handsome church, several schools,
Confederation. at the N. extremity of the state of Vera Cruz, flour and flax mills, and a brisk trade in flax, linens, and
20 miles in length by 10 miles across.~ It communicates agricultural produce. Tanderagee Castle is a seat of the
northward with the united mouths of the Tula and Tampico  Duke of Manchester.
rivers, and eastward with the Lake of Tamiagua. Large    TANDI, tAn/dee, a village of the Punjab, on the- Chenaub;
quantities of prawns, caught in it, are salted for exporting  lat. 320 32' N., ion. 770 3' E., about 8000 feet above sea-level.
into the interior.                                          TANDJEH, a town of Morocco. See TANOGER.
TAMSWEG, t/ms/IAG, a market town of Upper Austria,   TAN/DRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
60 miles S.S.E. of Salzburg, on the Mur. Pop. 2300. It is    TANDSHA. See TAN-OIER.
a considerable entrepot fobr iron.                          TANEGA-SIMA, tA-nt/gA-seelmA, an island of Japan, S. of
TAM/WORTH, a parliamentary and municipal borough, Kioo-Sioo. Length, from N. to S., 25 miles; average breadth,
town, and parish of England, in the cos. of Stafford and  12 miles.
Warwick, on the Tame and Anker, at their junction, and on    TANEKAKE, Malay Archipelago. See TANKEKRE.
the Trent Valley branch of the London and North-western    TANEY, taw/nee, TAW/N EY, or CHURCII-TOWN,a parish
Railway, here carried over the Anker by a viaduct of 18  of Ireland, in Leinster co. of Dublio
arches, 61 miles S.W. of Lichfield.- Pop. in 1851, 8655. The    TANEY, taw/nee, a county in the S.S.W. part of Missouri,
town, in a tract of rich meadow-land, has a large and hand-  bordering on Arkansas, has an area of 1540 square miles.
1883




TAN                                                       IAO
ft is intersected by White River, and also drained by James  British residency is to the S., outside of the walls. TanJose
Fork, and Bull, Swan, Beaver, and Long Creeks, affluents  was taken by the British in 1749, and again from  the
of the White River. The surface is uneven and broken; French in 1773.
the soil of thb valleys is fertile. The county was named in    TANJORE, a town of Java, 72 miles S.S.E. of Batavia.
honor of Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States.   TANK, a post-office of Davidson co., Tennessee.
Capital, Forsyth. Pop. 4373; of whom 4274 were free, and    TANKIARDSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster,
99 slaves.                                                Kildare and Queen's counties.
TANEY, a post-office of Washington co., Arkansas.         TANKARDSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Limerick.
TANEYTOWN, tawlnc-tdwn, a'post-village of Carroll co.,   TANKPERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West
MIaryland, 71 miles N.W. of Annapolis. Pop. 279.          Riding.
TAN/FIELD, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.           TANN, a town of Bavaria. See THANrN.
TAN/FIELD, WEST, a parish of England, co. of York,    TANNA, ttnAn, a town of Germany, principality ofReuss,
North Riding.                                              6 miles S.S.E. of Schleitz. Pop. 1487.
TANGERMUNDE, t[ngfgr-mtin'deh, a walled town of    TANINA, a town and fort of British India, presidency,
Prussian Saxony, 33 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the  and 20 miles N.N.E. of Bombay, on the island of Salsette,
Elbe, at the confluence of the Tanger. Pop. 4250. It has a  and having many Christian inhabitants, and some Portustrong castle, and manufactures of woollen and linen stuffs, guese churches.
breweries, and distilleries.                                 TANINA, an island in the pacific Ocean, New Hebrides,
TANGIER., tln-jeerf, called TANJEH or TANDJEH, tinf- near let. 190 30' S., ion. 1690 28' E. Length, 18 miles, by 8
jeh, by the Moors, sometimes written TANDSHA, (ane. Tint- miles in breadth.
pis or TIraduc/ta T/lia?) a fortified seaport town of MoroccoI TAN/NADICE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar.
near the W. entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar, S.E. of Cape    TANNAY, tn'nA/, a town of France, department of Ni1vre,
Spartel; lat. (consul's house) 350 47' 12" N., lon. 50 48/ 309' 7 miles S.E. of Clamecy. Pop. 1396.
W. It stands on a height near a spacious bay, and rising    TANINER'S CREEK, of Indiana, flows through Dearborn
in the form of an amphitheatre, presents a very striking ap- county into the Ohio River, neur Lawrenceburg.
pe.arance when approached from the sea. It is surrounded    TANNER'S STORE, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Virby walls, and defended by a castle and several forts; with  ginia.
the exception of the main street, which traverses it fiom E.   TAN/NERSVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., New York,
to W., it consists of wretched houses, huddled together in  about 45 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
narrow, dirty lanes. The only exceptions to the general   TANNERSVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Pennsylwretchedness of the buildings are furnished by the resi-  vania, 118 miles N.E. of Harrisburg.
deuces of the European consuls, and those of a few wealthy    TANNINGE or TANNINGES, towh of Savoy. See TANINGE.
merchants. The principal buildings are the castle, or alcas-   TAN/NINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
saba, occupying a commanding height, but in a very dilapi-   TANNRODA, tSnn-rofd, a town of Central Germany, in
dated state; several mosques, one of which is handsome;  Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 9 miles S.S.W. of Weimar. P. 925.
several Jewish synagogues, and a Roman Catholic church.    TANORE, ta-nSrt, a town of British India, presidency of
The harbor, which was once capacious, and protected by a  Madras. on the Malabar coast, 20 miles S. of Calicut.
mole, was formerly very much frequented by vessels from    TANS, t1ns, DESERT OF, a dreary waste of South' Africa,
almost all the maritime countries of Europe, but is now  in the Damaras country, between let. 230 and 240 S., bounded
much neglected. The trade, confined chiefly to Gibraltar,  on the N.E. by the mountains of Tans, which rise to 4000
and a few places on the Spanish coast, is very limited; the  feet above the sea.
internal traffic is chiefly with Tetooan and Fez. Tangier is    TAN'S BAY, a post-office of Darlington district, South
said to have been founded by the Carthaginians, from whom  Carolina.
it passed to the Romans, and afterwards successively to the    TANS/BOROUGHI, a village of Gloucester co., New Jersey
Goths and Arabs. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1471, about 35 miles S. by W. of Trenton, contains 6 or 8 houses.
and ceded by them, in 1662, to the British, as a part of the    TANSIHELF, a township of England, co. of York, West
dowry of the Princess Catherine.  The British erected a  Riding.
mole which gave protection to the largest vessels, and kept    TANS/LEY, a township of England, co. of Derby.
possession of it for 22 years. It declined rapidly on falling    TANTSOR, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
into the hands of the Moors. It was bombarded by the    TANTAH, tintI, a town of Lower Egypt, in the Delta,
French in 1844. Outside of the town is a Roman bridge; 3  province, and 5 miles S.S.W. of Menoof, on the Damietta
miles S.E. are the remains of ancient Tingis. Pop. estimated  branch of the Nile. It has a government school.
at 10,000.                                                  TANTALEM, ttn'tA-lim1, a considerable island of Farther
TANGIER'S (tan-jeerz?) ISLANDS, of Virginia, in Chesa- India, in the Gulf of Siam, 25 miles E. of Ligor, separated
peake Bay, nearly opposite the mouth of the Potomac River. from themainland by a narrow strait. Lat. 80 N., lon.1010 E.
TANGIPAIIA, tanuje-pa-haw/, a small river of Louisiana, Length, 65 miles; greatest breadth, 20 miles. The soil is
flows southward along the boundary between Tammany  highly fertile.
and Livingston parishes, and enters Lake Pontchartrain.     TANUIRATH DOORA (or IDURA,) t-nwe-rith! dooirA (?)
TANGIPAHA, a post-office of St. Helena parish, Louisiana. (the Adora/isa of Scripture, 2 Chron. xi. 9, and Addosra of
TANG/LEY, a parish of:England, co. of Hants.             Josephus,) a large village of Palestine, pashalic of Damascus,
TANG/MERE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           5 miles W.S.W. of Hebron, on the E. slope of a hill, enclosed
TANGNOO or TANGNOU  (tng'noo/) MOUNTAINS, in  by olive-grounds.  It is the residence of a sheikh. It has
the Chinese Empire, Khalkas country, in lat. 500 N., lon, no remains of antiquity.
from 900 to 1000 E., are connected westward with the Little    TAN/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Altai, and separate, the basins of the Tobol and Yenisei   TAN-YANG, tln'ylng/, a town of China, provinceof KiangRivers, and these again form the basins of several rivers  Soo, on the Imperial Canal, 60 miles E. of Nanking.
which enter the lakes of Central Asia.                       TAO, tAlo, a town of China, province of Hoo-nan, near lat.
TANGUN   See ALTAI.                                      250 30' N., and Ion. 1120 E.
TANINGE, TANNINGE, or TANNINGES, tan'nlNzf, a    TAO-HIING-TENG-SHAN (or CIIAN,) tIo  hing trng shin,
market-town of Savoy, province of Faucigny, on the Guire, a mountain of China, province of Koei-Choo. Lat. 280 45
3 miles N. of Cluses. Pop. 3020.                           N., Ion. 1080 27' E. It it is covered with perpetual snow.
TANIS. See SAN.                                            TAONEROA, a bay cf New Zealand. See TURANGA.
TANJORE, tan'jOr/, a maritime district of British India,   TAOOK, TAOUK, t/'ook/, or TOAK, to'Ik, a town of Turkpresidency of Madras, near the S. extremity of India, having  ish Koordistan, on an affluent of the Tigris, 30 miles S. of
E. the ocean, and landward the districts ofMadura, Trichino- Kerkook. It was formerly important, with an ancient arch,
opoly, and South Arcot; lat. 90 50' to 110 25' N.. Ion. 780 45' and a Moslem tomb.
to 790 55' E. Area 3900 square miles. Pop. 1,676,086. It   TAORMINA, tI-o-mee/nI, (anu. Tassrossc/nium,) a town 
comprises the delta of the Cavery River, and is one of the  of Sicily, intendancy, and 30 miles S.W. of Messina, on the
most fertile and valuable portions of British India. The E. coast of the island. Lat. 370 48' N., ion. 150 18' E. Pop.
population is chiefly HIindoos, whose customs are here per- 3300. It is enclosed by an irregular wall and lines, surpetuated in great purity. In almost every village are a  mounted by old Saracenic walls, and still higher by the
pagoda and a Brahmin establishment, and the district is town andmilitary post ofMola. It has manylarge churches
famous for good roads, on which are choultries for the ac- and convents, an hospital, and some trade iii wine and hemp,
commodation of pilgrims and travellers. The principal towns  the former of excellent quality. But its chief celebrity is
are Tanjore, Combaconum, and Negapatam.                    due to its splendid remains of antiquity, comprising a theaTANJORE, a city of British India, capital of the above  tre. capable of accommodating 40,000 spectators, and one of
district, presidency, and 170 miles S.S.W. of lMadras, on an  the finest ancient structures extant, commanding a magnifiarm of the Cavery. Lat. 100 50' N., lon. 790 15' E. Pop. from  cent prospect. It has also remains of the aqueduct and re35,000 to 40,000. It is nearly 6 miles in circumference. and  servoir which supplied the ancient city with water, sepulregulatly built. It consists of two portions, separately fortifi- chres, cenotaphs, tesselated pavements, and ruined edifices.
ed, one'comprising the rajah's palace, in which is a sculptured    TAOS, taoce, almost tiwss, a county forming the N.E. exgroup by Flaxman, and the other containing a remarkable  tremity of New Mexico, drained by the Rio Grande and
Hindoo temple, with a tower nearly 200 feet in height, and  Canadian Rivers, and by several tributaries of the Arkansas.
a black granite bull, one of the finest specimens of Hindoo  The surface in the W. part is mountainous, being traversed
sculpture, and close to which is an English church. The  by several ranges, continuations of the Rocky Mountains. In
1884




TAO                                                        TAR
1850 there were raised 72,049 bushels of wheat, the greatest river of Brazil, rises in the province of S'o Pedro do Rio
quantity produced by any county of the territory. Named  Grande, in let. 18~ S., flows S., and after course of about 140
from the Taosa Indians. a tribe who formerly inhabited this  miles joins the Jacuhi. It is navigated by small craft for
part of the country. Capital,'Taos. Pop. 9507.             about 80 miles.
TAOS, a post-village of Navarro co., Texas, on the W. bank    TARA, tahlra, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of
of Trinity River, about 200 miles N.N.E. of Austin City. It  Meath, 2 miles 4~. of Skreen. The hill of Tara was in remote
is pleasantly situated on a bluff, and contains 2 dry-goods antiquity a chief seat of the Irish monarchs, and from it was
stores.                                                    orignally brought the famous stone long used in the coroTAOS, a post-office of Cole co., Missouri.               nation of the Scottish kings at Scone. It is now in the chair
TAOS, a post-village, capital of Taos co., New Mexico, is  of Edward theConfessor, at Westminster.
about 12 miles E. of the Rio Grande, and 66 miles nearly    TARA, ttrd, a river of Siberia, joins the Tobol 25 miles
due N. of Santa Fe. It is situated in a valley of the same  S.E.. of the town of Tara, after a W. course of 200 miles.
name, one of the most romantic and fertile spots in the ter-   TARA, a town of Siberia, government of Tobolsk, on the
ritory, being finely watered by several small affluents of  Irtish, 135 miles N. of Omsk. Pop. 4400. It consists of a
the Rio Grande, and surrounded on three sides by lofty  fortified quarter on a height, and a suburb on the river
mountains. Taos is more properly a collection of small bank, inhabited by Tartars, who carry on some trade with
hamlets contiguous to one another than a small village: Chinese and Independant Toorkistan. The principal manuof these Don Fernandez de Taos is the largest; it contains  factures are of leather, hats, and vitriol
a church and a school. The place was first settled by a    TARABESOON.  See TREBIZOND.
white population about the middle of the last century.       TARABLOOS, TARABLOUS or TARABLUS. See TrzPsLo.
TAO-TIISEU-SIIAN or TAO-TIISEU-CHIIAN, t~to t's8-ooN   TARACHTCHA, a town of Russia. The TARASHCHuA.
shbn/,amountain of China, province of Pe-choee-lee. Lat. 390    TARAKAI. See TARRAKAI, BAY OF.
52' N., ion. 1140 45' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.  TARAKAI or KRAFTO. See SAGuALrEN.
TAOUTJDINY or TAOUDYNY. See TAUnDENY.                      TARAKLI, a town of Turkey. See TERFaKLI.
TAOUKA, ti-oofkl, one of the Society Islands.              TARANCON, tA-rrn-kl n/, a town of Spain, province, and
TAPAGIPE, td-pA-zhee/pA, or ITAPAGIPE, ee-tat-pA-zhee/-  38 miles W. of Cuenca. Pop. 4790.
pA, a village and parish of Brazil. about 10 miles N. of Ba-   TARANEH, a town of Egypt. See TERRANE1.
hia, on a peninsula in the Bay of All-Saints. It has exten-    TARANOVKA or TARANOWKA, ta-ra-novlkA, a market;
sive building-docks, and is a summer residence of the  town of Russia, government, and 27 miles S.S.W. of Kharkov
archbishop of Brazil.                                       Pop. 1500.
TAPAJOS, td-pltzhoce, or TOPAYOS, to-pityoce, a river of    TARANSAY, an island of Scotland. See TARRINSAY.
Brazil, province of ParS, after a N. course of 500 miles joins    TARANTA, tA-rdnftA, a market-town of Naples, provin
the Amazon near Santarem, its basin lying between those of of Abruzzo Citra, 17 miles S.S.W,  of Lanciano. Pop. 1500.
the Madeira and Xingu. It is formed by the union of the    TARANTAISE, tar6NaGtAzt, or TARANTASIA, t-irnu-tA[Preto and the Juruena, and is navigable from the Amazon, se-A. a province of Savoy, having E. the Alps, N. the proalong the Preto, to within 20 miles of the head of navigation  vince of Faucigny, and S. that of Maurienne. Pop. in 1852,
of the Cuyaba, an affluent of the Plata.                    45,841. It is watered bythe Upper Isbre, and derives its
TA-PA-LING, t&'pA'lingl, a mountain of China, province  name from the ancient city of Darcentasia, which is situated
of Shen-see.  Lat. 320 42' N., lon. 1060 8' E.  It is covered  near its capital, Moutiers.
with perpetual snow.                                          TARANTASCA, td-rfn-tdstkA, a village of the Sardinian
TAPANHUACANGA, tA-pAn-yoo —kIang/gA, a village of  States, in Piedmont,.6 miles N. of Con!. Pop. 1869.
Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 20 miles S.W. of Mines    TARANTASIA, a province of Savoy. See TAnANTAzSE.
Novas.                                                        TARANTO, t/rin-to,* (Gr. Tdpac, TVpavros; L. DhrenlTAPEANTANA, ta-pA-An-tAn4, one of the Sooloo Islands,  tuns,) a fortified city and seaport of Naples, capital of the proS. of Baseelan. Lat. 60 14' N., Ion. 1220 8' E.             vince of Otranto, on an island formerly a peninsula, separatTAPERA, ta-p'r, a village of Brazil, province of Mines ing the MAare  Piccolo, (mArrA pik/ko-lo; " Little Sea,") its inGeraes, 22 miles S.W. of Serro.                             ner harbor, from the Gulf of Taranto, or M1are Grapzde, (mAtr,
TAPIAU, tdpe-Ow', a town of-~E~ast Prussia, 22 miles E.S.E. grln/dA; " Great Sea,") 44 miles W.S.W. of Brindisi. Lat. 400
of Kiinigsberg, on the Pregel. Pop. 2700.                   27' N., Ion. 170 15' E. Pop. 15,000. The city, on the site of the
TAPISI, tr-pe-seel, or TAPICIHIE, tA-pee/chl, a river of  ancient citadel, is of an oval shape, and has a cathedral, sereSouth America, rises in the N.E. of Peru, flows N.N.W., ral other churches and convents, a diocesan school, orphan
expanding into a lake of its own name, enters Ecuador, and, asylum, and other hospitals; manufactures of linen and cotafter a course of above 200 miles, joins the Ucayale, a branch  ton fabrics and velvets, and a considerable trade in olive-oil,
of the Amazon.                                              fruits, cotton, and shell-fish, which last, as in antiquity,
TAP/LEYVILLE, a post-village, Essex co., Massachusetts. abound here in great variety. The inner harbor is excellent
TAP/LOW, a parish of England, co. ofBucks.                as respects both depth and security, but the entrance has
TAPOLCSANY, tih'polbch0i/, ISs (kish) or LITTLE, a  become so choked that it is accessible only by boats. The
market-town of Hungary, co. of Bars, 30 miles S.W. of Krem-  outer harbor, or [ar'e Grande, is safe, extensive, and defen dlaitz. Pop. 1061.                                           ed by the islands of St. Peter and St. Paul. The channel
TAPOLCSANY, NAGY (nLdj) or GREAT, a market-town of between them is crossed by a bridge 160 yards in length,
Hungary, co., and 18 miles N.N.E. of Neutra. Pop. 2475.    over which is an aqueduct conveying water to. the city frome
TAPOOL, ta'pool/, an island of the Malay Archipelago, Mutina, 12 miles distant; and'here are the remains of an
in the Sooloo group, 15 miles S.W.of Sooloo. Lat. 5040' N., amphitheatre, and a few other antiquities. Tarentum, rsIon. 1200 50' E.                                            puted to have been founded by colonists firom Sparta about
TAP'PAHAN/NOCK, a port of entry and capital of Essex  n.c. 700, was long a wealthy seat of commerce, literature, and
co., Virginia, on the right bank of the Rappahannock River, science; but it was taken by the -Roumans under Fabius
50 miles N.E. of Richmond. It contains a custom-house, 1  Maximus n.c. 209, after which it never resumed its previous
church, 2 flourishing seminaries, and 5 stores. The ship-  importance. 
ping of the district, June 30, 1854, amounted to an aggre-   TARANTO, Guar or, a large inlet of the Mediterranean
gate of 6295 tons, of which 5681 wel employed in the coast-  Sea, bounded, except on the S.E., by the Neapolitan proing trade. Pop. about 350.                                  vinces of Calabria, Basilicata, and Otranto.  Length, 70
TAP/PAN, a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio.             miles; breadth of entrance between Capes Nan and Santa
TAPIPAN' BAY, called also TAPPAN SEA, New York,  Maria de Leuca, 70 miles; average breadth, 60 miles. It
an expansion of the Hudson River, between Rockland and  receives all the rivers of Basilicata, and the Crati and Neto
Westchester counties. Length, nearly 12 miles; greatest from Calabria.
breadth, about 4 miles. The lower end is 24 miles N. of New    TARAPACA, tA-ri-p/ka, a town of Peru, department of
Yorkl.                                                      Arequipa, on a river 10 miles from its mouth in the Pacific
TAPPANOOLY, tdp-pa-noollee, a district of Sumatra, on  Ocean, and 190 miles N. of At:acama.
the W. coast, with a fine bay; let. 10 43' N., ion. 980 45' E.  TARAPIA, a town of Turkey. See TuERAPcA.
TAP/PANTOWN, a post-village of Rockland co., New York,   TARARE, tiiran/, a manufacturing town of France, deabout 130 miles S. of Albany. Major Andre was executed  partmeu't of Rhone, 21 miles W.N.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852,
here in October, 1780.                                      10.334. It has a chamber of commerce, and is the centre of
TAPROBANE. See CEYLON.                                    an extensive manufacture of plain and figured muslins,
TAP/TEE', TUP/TEE or TAPITY, a river of India, rises mostly conducted in the homes of the weavers, whose con
in the centre of the peninsula, near Baitool, flows W. through  dition is among the best of any in France.
the S. part of the Gwalior dominions, and the districts of    TARASCON, tArAs'k6NoG, (anc. Taruscon, or sTa-scon,) a
Candeish and Surat, in the British presidency of Bombay, town of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhbne, on the
and enters the Gulf of Cambay 20 miles W. of Surat. The  railway from Avignon to Marseilles, and on the left bank
principal affluent is the Poornah, from the S. It is navi-  of the Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, with which it communigable only a short distance above Surat.                    cates by a suspension bridge, 12 miles S. of Avignon. Let.
TAQUARI, t&-kwv-reel, written also TACOARY, a river of
Brazil, province of Matto Grosso, flows N.W. and S.W., and        TANT fishes a striling instnce f the tendency f te
on. 5          ~~~* TARNTo furnishes a striking instance of the tendency of the
joins the Paraguay near lat. 200 20' S., lon. 5S8 W. Total Italian tongue to adopt the Greek accent instead of conforming
course, 400 miles.                                          to the Latin quantity, as we do, in accentuating Greek and Latin
TAQUARI, td-kwk-reel, or TEBICUARI, tA-be-kwl-reet a  names. See ST. HELENA., Note.
1885
t ______________________________________________________________-I




TAR                                                        TAR
430 48' N., ion. 40 40' E. Pop. in 1852, 12,539. It has a  by means of small boats. Turpentine and lumber are among
communal college, a church of the eleventh century, theatre, the exports. The village contains 1 bank, and an academy.
town-hall, court-house, barracks, hospitals, and maufac-  Two newspapers are published here. P. estimated at 1000.
tures of woollen and silk fabrics, brandy and vinegar, some    TARCZAL, t5Rt'sl1, a matket-town of Hungary, co. of
boat-building,  and an active general trade. Near it are  Zemplin, 2 miles W. of Tokay. Pop. 3410.
large nursery grounds. Teasles, madder, and almonds are    TARDAJOS or TARDAXOS, taR-OaD&oce, a town of Spain,
raised extensively in the vicinity,                        province, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Burgos.  Pop. 548,
TARASO0N-SUR-ARIEGE, t~ribs'k6NO! siia Are-aizhl, a    TARIDEBIGG, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.
commune and town of France, department of AriSge, 8 miles    TARDENOIS, ta'deh-nwI, an old district of France,
S. of Foix, on the right bank of AriSge. Pop. in 1852, 1500. capital of Fere-en-Tardenois, now included in the departIt has iron bforges and tanneries.                          ment of Aisne.
TARASI-ICHA, TARACHTCHA  or TARASCHTSCItA,    TARDES, tand, a river of France, department of Creuse,
t-rashtchA, a town of Russia, government, and 60 miles S. flows circuitously N.N.E., and joins the Cher on the left.
of Kiev. Pop. 2100.                                         Total course, 40 miles.
TARASP, tUi'rspl, a village of Switzerland, canton of Gri-   TARDOIRE, taRadwasi, or TARDOUPRE, tan'doo-aiR, a
sons, in the Engadine, on the right bank of the Inn, 8 miles  river of France, departments of Haute-Vienne and Charente,
N.E. of Sues, 4265 feet above the sea. It has a mineral after a W. course of 40 miles joins the Bandiat 3 miles
spring, with hotels and lodging-houses.                     N.WV. of La Rochefoucault. It turns many mills, and along
TARAWAY, tUr -wA!, written also KNOY, an island in  its banks are numerous curious caverns.
the NorthPacific, in the  GilbertArchipelago. Lat. 129 N.,    TAR/DYVILLE, a post-village of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.
lon. 1730 5, E. It is 20 miles long.                          TAREM, a town of Persia. See TaRo0s.
TARAZ, tg'rtzl, a town of Central Asia, khanat, and 220    TARENTUM. See TARANTO.
miles N.N.W. of Khokan, on an affluent of the Jaxartes.    TAREN/TUM, a post-village of East Deer township, AlleIt has greatly declined from its former importance.         ghany county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the AlleTARAZONA, tA-r4-tho/nA, (aunc. Turia/so or Turiaslso,)a  ghany River, 20 miles above Pittsburg.  Boat-building is
town of Spain, province, and 52 miles W.N.W. of Saragossa,  carried on here.  It contains also large manufactures of
on the Queiles, here crossed by three bridges. Lat. 410 55' salt and soda. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
N., ion. 10 43' W. Pop. 5966. It has a cathedral, 4 parish    TARF or TARFF, several small rivers of Scotland; the
churches, a bishop's palace, hospital, and poor-house, with  principal in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, flowing S. into
manufactures of coarse woollens, caps, and leather.         the Dee, 2 miles above Kirkcudbright.
TARAZONA DE LA MANCIA, tdi-rA-tholnA dA 1 mdnf-   TARGON, tanegdNG/ a market-town of France, department
chi, a town of Spain, province,. and 25 miles N. of Albacete, of Girounde, 17 miles E.S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 954.
with 6028 inhabitants, and manufactures of printed cottons    TARIFA, td-reelfi, (anc..-u/tlia  Jolsa?) a seaport town of
and handkerchiefs.                                         Spain, at its southern extremity, on the Strait of Gibraltar,
TARBAGATAI, tan-bA-gA-t1i, or TARBAGTAI, tan-b-.tlt,  province of Seville, 15 miles W.S.W. of Gibraltar, with a
(Chinese, Soui-tsing-ching, soolee-tsing-ching,) a frontier light-house and modern fort on a rocky island, connected
town of Chinese Toorkistan, capital of a province, 180 miles  with the mainland by a causeway, in lat. 360 N., ion. 50 36'
N. of Eelee. Lat. 4608'N., ion. 820 35' E. Is enclosed by stone  W. Pop. 8116.' The town has a Moorish appearance; it is
walls flanked with towers, and traversed by several canals. defended by an old castle built by the Moors, and has large
Pop. very variable, consisting partly of Chinese garrisons  barracks and storehouses, tanneries and potteries, and one
firequently changed, exiles and merchants, who resort to it  of the most active tunny and anchovy fisheries in Spain.
for commerce with the Calmuck tribes, from  whom  they  Its harbor is unfit for large vessels, but frequented by
receive cattle, &c. in exchange for cotton and silk fabrics.    numerous coasters. Tarifa was long a military post of iramTARBAGATAI OOLA, taa-ba-gi-tif ooele,  Central Asia, a  portance to the Moors, as it now is to the Spaniards  It
mountain chain between the Lakes Zaisan and Balkash.       was successfully defended by the British against the troops
TAR/BAN, a locality of Australia, New South Wales, co. of Victor and Laval, in 1811, on which occasion Colonel (now
of Cumberland, on Paramatta River, 8 miles WV. of Sydney. Lord) Gough greatly distinguished himself.
HIere is the colonial lunatic asylum.                         TARIFA, til-reeffl. a village of the isthmus of TehuanteTARtBAT. a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Ross, 11  pee, Mexican Confederation, onthe river Tarifa, an affluent
miles E.N.E. of Tain. Hiere are remains of several old baro- of the Coatzacoalco.
nial castles, and the maritime village of Portmaholmack.      TARtIFF, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.
TARBELLICIE. See TARBES.                                   TARIIF'VILLE,  a manufacturing post-village of SimsTARBENA, tan-nB/ng, a town of Spain, in Valencia, pro- bury township, HIartford co., Connecticut, on the left bank
vince, and about 36 miles N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1973.      of the Farmington Rirer, and near the New Haven and
TAIR/BERT or TAR/BET, EAST AND WNEST, two inlets on the  Northampton Railroad, 45 miles N. by E. of New IHaven.
W. coast of Scotland, on opposite sides of the great S. penin- It is celebrated for the manufacture of carpets: one estasula of Argyleshire, approaching  each other within 1 mile, blishment here cost $900,000, and employs from 650 to 800
and, together with the narrow  isthmnus between them, operatives.  In 1840 this village contained less than 400
separating Kintyre from  Knapdale. The West Loch ex- inhabitants; in 1853, the population was near 2000.
tends for 10 miles N.E., by about 1 mile in breadth; the East   TARIJA or TARIXA, tl-ree'Hn, a frontier department of
Loch 1 mile in length, from Loch Fyne, has at its head the  Bolivia, between lat. 210 and 220 S., ion. 62~  and 670 W.,
fishing village of Tarbert, with a pop. of about 500.       having S. the Argentine Republic, and N. the river PilTARIBERT, a seaport town of Ireland, in MIunster, co. of  comnayo, separating it from the departments of Sucre and
Kerry, on the S. bank of the Shannon, near its mouth, 4  Santa Cruz. Estimated area, 12,000 square miles. It conmiles W.N.W. of Glin. Pop. 1024.                            tains many fertile valleys, producing wheat, maize, yerba
TARBES, tanb,/ (anc. Tsur/ba  or Tarbeclicce,) a town of  ssatg, cocoa, and flax.
France, capital of the department of HIautes-Pyrdnues, on the    TARIJA or TARIXA, a town of Bolivia, capital of the
left bank of the Adour, 23 miles E.S.E. of Pan. Pop. in 1852, above department, on the river Tarija, an affluent of the
14,004. It is situated in a fine plain, and separated into  Vermejo, 80 miles S.E. of Cinti. Estimated pop. 2000.
three nearly equal parts by two large open spaces. Tarbes has    TARIKEO CREEK, of Missouri, rises near the N.W. exa communal college, chamber of commerce, a forest board, tremity of the state, and flowing S., enters the Missouri in
schools of design and architecture, manufactures of copper- Holt county. Little TarkeG Creek traverses Holt county;
wares, cutlery, and paper, a national stud, an active trade  and enters the Missouri at the S.E. extremity of the same.
in horses, and extensive markets every fortnight, to which    TARKI, taR/kee, written also TARKHON and TSCHANthe inhabitants of the adjacent mountainous districts bring  CHALOVA, a considerable town of Russia, in Transcaucasia,
their wool'and flax, taking back colonial produce and manu-  province of Daghestan, on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea,
factures of all kinds.                                      70 miles N.W. of l)erbend. Pop. 8000. It is enclosed by hills.
TARIBET or TARtBERT, EAST AND WEST, two lochs or The Russians have built a citadel on its highest point.
inlets of the sea, on the opposite coasts of the island of    TARtKILN CREEK, near the S.E. extremity of CumberHarris, Outer Iebrides, nearly approaching each other, and  land co., New Jersey, falls into Delaware Bay.
being each about 6 miles in length, and 4v miles in greatest   TAR/KINTON'S PRAIPRIE, a postoffice of Liberty co.,
breadth.                                                    Texas.
TARBET, EAST and WEST, Argyleshire. See TARnERT.            TARKOE, tarUk05, a post-village of Holt co., Missourl,
TARBET ISLAND, Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Galway, about 110 miles N.W. of Independence.
is off the W. coast, 3 miles S.E. of Achris IHIead. Circum-   TAR/LAND-AND-MIGIVIE, a burgh of barony and united
ierence, 1 miles.                                         parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 9 miles N.E. of Ballater.
TARtBOLTON, a burgh of barony and parish of Scotland, Pop. 350.
co. of Ayr, on the Fails, 8 miles S. of Kilmarnock. Pop. of    TARLETON, tarlt~on. a chapelry, England, co. Lancaster.
the burgh about 1150. It has a handsome church, a sub-   TARLOW, ta/lov, a  town of Poland, government of
scription library, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and  Radom, 22 miles N. of Sandomier.  Pop. 1500.
linen fabrics. Ihere Burns resided from his 17th to his 24th    TARLITON, a post-village of Pickaway co., Ohio, 35 miles
year.                                                      S.S.E. of Columbus. It contains 3 churches, several stores,
TARtBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Edgecombe co., and about 600 inhabitants.
North Carolina, on the Tar River, 76 miles E. of Raleigh.    TARMA, tan/mA, a town of North Peru, department, and
It is at the head of navigation, and has a considerable trade  25 miles S. of Junin, in a healthy valley of the Andes. Pop.
1886




TAR                                                        TAR
$000. It is resorted to for the sake of its bracing air and    TARRAGONA, a province of Spain, in Catalonia, bounded
medicinal springs.                                         S. by the Mediterranean Sea, along which it stretches about
TAR'MONBARIRY or TER'MONBARIRY, a parish of Ire- 90 miles. Area, 2488 square miles. Pop. 290,000.
land, in Connaught, co. of Roscommon.                         TARRAKAI, an'Rna-lki, or TARAKAI, BAY OF, the N. part
TARN, taRn, (ane. Tartlis,) a river of France, rises in  of the Sea of Japan, in East Asia, dividing the island of
Mount Lozere, flows W. through the departments of Avey- Saghalien (or Tarrakai) from  Mantchooria. Length, 400
ron, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, and joins the Garonne on the  miles; breadth, varies from 50 to 200 miles.
right, 3 miles W. of Moissac. Length, 220 miles. Affiluents,    TARRAKAI, an island in the Gulf of Tartary. See SAoon the left,'he Agout; on the right, the Aveyron.         HALIEN.
TARN, a department in the S.W. of France, formed of part   TAR/RANT, a county in the N.N.W. part of Texas, conof the old province of Upper Languedoc, surrounded by the  tains about 960 square miles. It is intersected by the West
departments of HUrault, Aude, IHaute-Garonne, Tarn-et- Fork of Trinity River, and also drained by the Clear Fork
Garonne, and Aveyron. Area, 2185 square miles. Pop. in  and by Mary's Creek. The surface consists partly of prat1852, 363,073. It is traversed by ramifications of the C6ven- ries, the soil of which is productive, Indian corn, grass,
nes Mountains, in the S.E.; the rest has undulating hills  cattle, andhorses, arethestaples. Capital, Birdsville. Pop.
and fine plains. Chief rivers, the Tarn, Agouent, and Aveyron. in 1850, 664.
One-seventh of the surface is covered by forests; soil fertile    TARRANT, a thriving post-village, capital of Hopkins
in grain and fruits; wine is made of good quality; cattle  co., Texas, on the road from Austin City to Clarksville, 300
and sheep are extensively reared; the horses are celebrated; miles N.E. from the former. It is situated in a fertile farm 
and coal is worked. Chief manufactures, woollens and cot- ing country. It has been built since 1845.
tons. The department is divided into the arrondissements    TARRANT COURT-IOUSE. See BIRDSVILLE.
of Albi, Castres, Gaillac, and Lavatur. Capital, Albi.       TARRASA, taa-aAsV, (anc. Eyara?) a town of Spain, proTARNANARUVO, Madagascar. See TANANARIVOO.                vince, and 15 miles N.N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 5118. It has
TARN-ET-GARONNE, taRn A g'ronnf, a department in  manufactures of kerseymeres, broad-cloths, and flannels.
the S.W. of France, formed of part of the old province of    TARREGA, taR-RVgA, a town of Spain, province, and 25
Guienne, and surrounded by the departments of Aveyron,  miles E.N.E. of Lerida, with an active trade. Pop. 3915.
Tarn, Garonne, Gers, Lot-et-Garonne, and Lot. Area, 1405    TARIING, WEsT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 11
square miles. Pop. in 1852, 237,553. Surface undulating, miles N.W. of Worthing. At Salvington, in this parish, the
and watered by the Garonne, Tarn, and Aveyron. Soil fer-  learned Seldon was born in 1584.
tile in the plains. The vine succeeds well. Horses and    TAR!RINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
mules are extensively reared. The department is divided    TAR/RINSAY or TARtANSAY, an island of the Outer
into the arrondissements of Montauban, Caussade, Castel- Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, parish and island of
Sarrasin, and Moissac. Capital, Montauban.                  Harris, off the entrance of the West Loch Tarbert. Length,
TARNOGROD, tac-no-grodf, a town of Poland, govern- 4t miles.  Pop. 55, mostly employed in fishing and kelp
ment of Lublin, near the Austrian frontier, 34 miles S.W. making. Surface mountainous and sterile.
of Zamosz. Pop. 4200.                                         TAR RIVER, of North Carolina. See PAMLICO  rER.c
TARNOPOL, taR-no/pol, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the    TAR RIVER, a post-office of Granville co., North Carolina.
Sered, 80 miles E.S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 10,420. It has a gym-    TAR/RYTOWN, a flourishing post-village of WVestchester
nasiumn, and Roman Catholic and Greek united churches.   co., New York, on the Hudson River Railroad, 27 miles N.
TARNOW, taR/nov,  a town of Austrian Galicia, on the  of New York. It contains several churches, and one or two
Biala, 135 miles W. of Lemberg. Pop., exclusive of the sub-  academies or boarding schools. It is beautifully situated on
orbs, 2250. It is a bishop's see, and has msanufactures of  the E. bank of the Itudson, here called Tappan Bay. Near
linen and leather.                                          this place Major Andre was captured in 1780. A beautiful
TARNOWITZ, tarnno-fits\, or TARNOWVSKY-GURA, tan- monument was erected here in 1853, to commemorate the
novTskee geeoora, a town of Prussian Silesia, 45 miles S.E. of  fidelity of Paulding, Williams, and Van WVert, who made his
Oppeln. Pop. 3620. It has manufactures of woollen and linen  arrest. The scene of Irving's story of Rip Van Winkle is
fabrics. Near it are various mines.                        laid in this vicinity. Pop. from 4000 to 5000.
TARO, tO'ro, (anc. Ta'uss,) a river of North Italy, domi-   TARSIA, tan/se-A, a walled town of Naples, province of
nions of Sarldinia and Parma, joins the Po 7 miles W. of  Calabria Citra, 13 miles S.S.E. of Castrovillari. Severini, a
Casal-Maggiore, after a N.E. course of 55 miles. Affluents,   celebrated anatomist of the seventeenth century, was born
the Zeno and Stirone. Under the French it gave name to a  here. Pop. 1500.
department, the capital of which was Parma.                   TARISUS, (Turk. Tarseeoos or Tarsous, tar'soos/,) a city of
TAROM, tl'rom, written also TAUREM, TAREM, and  Asia Minor, pashalic, and 18 miles W.S.W. of Adana, on the
TAROUN, a town of Persia, province of Fars, 96 miles  W. side of the river Cydnus. (which  anciently flowed
S.S.E. of Sheeraz. Pop. 3000. It is enclosed by a wall, sur- through its centre,) 12 miles from its mouth in the Medirounded by a fosse, and entered by a single gate. It has  terranean. Lat. 360 56 30" N., Ion. 340 58' 45" E. Permaseveral mosques.                                            nent pop. estimated at 7000; but in winter it is reported to
TAROODANT, a town of Miorocco.  See TEaODANTr.            have 30,000 inhabitants.  The modern town, partly surTAROOSA, TAROUSA or TARUSA, tg-rooes/, a town of  rounded by a wall, covers only a portion of the ancient site.
Russia, government, arc. 42 miles N.N.W. of Tools, on the  The houses are low, mostly of stone, terrace-roofed, and built
Oka. Pop. 2300. It has manufactures of sail-cloth and hats,  of the materials of ancient structures.  Principal edifices, a
TAROUCA. t-rS/kd, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- castle, built by Bayazeed, (Bajazet,) several mosques, caravince of Beira Alta, 7 miles S. of Lamego, on a small stream   vanserais, public baths, and an ancient church. Various
of the same name. Pop. 1690.                                remains of antiquity exist in and around the city. The
TAROUDANT, a town of Morocco. See TEoDANT.               Cydnus is now navigable only for small boats, and large vesTAROUN, a town of Persia. See TAoMc.                    sels anchor in the roadstead of Mersin, 8 miles WV. of its
TARPAU/LIN COVE LIGIIT-HOUSE, at the entrance of  mouth. Its vicinity is highly productive in corn and cotthe harbor, on the E. side of Naushon Island, the largest of  ton, which articles, with wool, copper, gall-nuts, wax, goats'the Elizabeth Islands, Massachusetts. It shows a fixed  hair, skins, hides, and hair sacks, form the chief exports of
light, 80 feet above the level of' the sea. Lat. 410 26' 10"  Tarsus; the principal imports being rice, sugar, coffee, and
N., lon. 700 46' 5" W.                                     hardwares, from Arabia and the Mediterraneain. According
TAR/PORLEY, a market-town and parish of England, co., to some ancient authors, this city was founded by the
and 10 miles E.S.E. of Chester. Pop. in 1851, 2632. The  Assyrian king, Sardanapalus. It was taken by both Cyrus
town is pleasantly situated, and has a national school, en- and Alexander, and was subsequently famous in Roman
dowed almshouses, and other charities. The ruins of Bees- history. It was the birthplace and residence of St. Paul;
ton Castle, a fortress erected in the thirteenth century, and  besides whom, the stoic Antipate-, and the philosopher
taken and dismantled by the Parliamentary forces, are on  Athenodorus, were among its natives.
an isolated height, 2 miles S. of the town.                  TAR'TAR/AGHAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
TARRAGONA, tAn-lc-go/nA, (anc. Tar/race,) a seaport city  Armagh.
of Spain, capital of a province, on a lofty rock at the mouth    TARTARO, tan-tWro, a river of Austrian Italy, flows S.,
of the Francoli, in the Mediterranean, 52 miles WV.S.W. of  and then E., and unites with the Castagnaro in forming the
Barcelona. Pop. 13,014. It occupies only a small portion  Blanco Canal; total course, 60 miles.
of its ancient site; has an upper and lower town, on a hill   TARTARY, GULF or. See TARRHAAI, BAY or.
sloping to the sea; is enclosed by walls and ramparts, en-   TAR/TARY, a vast region of Asia and Europe, in its
tered by 6 gates, and defended by two castles. It has a  widest acceptation extending from the Sea of Japan to the
cathedral, very richly adorned internally; an archbishop's  river Dnieper, and thus comprising Mantchooria, Mongolia,
palace, hospital, seminary, academies of design and naval Soongaria, and Thian-Shan, in the Chinese Empire; the
architecture, barracks, theatre, and manufactures of coarse  states of Khokan, Khoondooz, Bokhara, and Khiva; the
cloth and hats, barrels, soap, and spirits, with a large export Kirghees Territory, a large part of South Siberia, and the
trade in Barcelona nuts, almonds, wine, brandy, and cork, Russian governments N. of the Caspian and Black Seas. It
though its harbor is inaccessible except by small coasting  also comprises part of the ancient &rmatia. See the several
vessels. Rlemains of an amphitheatre, a circus, an aque- articles relating to those territories; also CosaSE and Icduct, sepulchres, &c., testify the importance of Tarrace in  DEPENDENT TORISTAN.
the time of the Romans. It was taken by the French in    TARTARY, CRIM, a part of the Russian government of
1810.                                                      Taurida. See CRMrsA.
1881




TAR                                                       TAU
TARTAS, tantift, a town of France, department of Landes,    TASSWITZ, tAss%'its, a village of Austria, in Moravia,
on the Midouze, 15 miles S.W. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. in  32 miles N.W. of Znaym. Pop. 1143.
1852, 3023. It has large saffron-grounds in its vicinity, and    TATA. a town of Hungary. See DorIs.
an active trade.                                             TATAR BAZARDJIK, tA'tar!  bi'zar-jeekt, a town of
TARTLAAU,, tartlw, or TORTILLON, a market-town of  European Turkey, in Room-Elee; 23 miles W.N.W. of PhilipTransylvania, in Saxonland, 10 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. popoli, on the Maritza, between Belgrade and Constantinople.
Pop. 4000.                                                   TATAY, t/V-ti, a seaport town of the Philippines, capital
TARUDANT, a town of Morocco. See TEROD..NT.              of the province of Calamianes, on the N.E. shore of the island
TARUMAN, a town of Sumatra. See TRooDIoN.                of Palawan.  Pop. 2925.
TARUS. See TARo.                                           TATE, a township in the S.E. part of Clermont co., Ohio.
TARUSA, a town of Russia.  See TARoosA.                  Pop. 2901.
TARUSCON,...See TARASCON.                                TATIENHILL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
TARUT, an island in the Gulf of Bahrein. See 1nHo00o.    TATESYILLE, taitstvill, a post-village of De Soto co.,
TAR/VERS CROSS-ROADS, a small village of Jefferson  Mississippi, 14 miles S. of Hernando.
co., Georgia.                                                TATESVILLE, a post-office of McNairy co., Tennessee.
TARIVERSVILLE, a post-office of Twiggs co., Georgia,   TATEIVILLE, a village of Washita co., Arkansas, at the
about 30 miles S.E. of Macon.                             junction of the Little Missouri and Washita Rivers, about
TARVES, tar/vis, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 85 miles S.S.W. of Little Rock.
with a village 5 miles N.E. ofOldMeldrum. It has 5 annual   TATIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
fairs.                                                      TA-THSING-SIAN or TA-THSING-CHAN, ti-tsing-shAn,
TARtVIN, a parish of England, co. of Chester.            (the "Great Blue Mountain,") a mountain of China, proTARVIS, tarevis, a market-town of Illyria, in Carinthia, vince of Shan-See, lat. 410 50' N., Ion. 1090 371' E. It is
hear the Italian frontier, 16 miles S.W. of Villach. Pop. covered with perpetual snow.
1090. Near it are some iron-works, mines of lead and zinc,   TATPWIELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
and the Tarvis Pass across the Carnic Alps.  Hiere the    TATIHON, t'tee'65as, an island of France, off the N.E.
French, under Massena, defeated the Austrians on the 25th  coast, department of Manche, strongly fortified, and formof March, 1797.                                           ing one of the defences of the roadstead of Hague.
TARVISIUMI. See TREvIso.                                  TATLIN. See REVEL.
TASkBURGH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           TAT/NALL, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, contains
TASCIIKEND. See TASHIKEND.                              about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the
TASCROW, a town of Bohemia. See TACHAU.                 Altamaha, on the N.E. by the Cannouchee, and intersected
TASCO, tdstko, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state, by the Ohoopee River. The surface is nearly level, the soil
and 70 miles S.W. of Mexico.                              sandy and rather sterile, excepting in the vicinity of the
TASCO, tlstko, a village of New Granada, department of  rivers. Capital, Reidsville. Pop. 3227, of whom 2396 were
Boyaca, province of Tunja.                                free, and 831 slaves.
TASH (or TASCI) AJAK, tdsh Ajlk/ (7) a town of Central   TATRA MOUNTAINS, Hungary.  See CARPATHIANS.
Asia, khanate, and so close to Khiva as to be almost its    TATRANG, ti/trrng', or TIRLUNSCRIEN, t6aRl115nsuburb. It is an old place, and was once of considerable  sheen', a village of Austria, in Transylvania, S.E. of Kronimportance, but a large part of it has been buried by shifting  stadt. Pop. 1981.
sands. It consists of 150 houses.                           TAT-SEEN-LOO or TA-TSIEN-LU, tdt'seenfloo, a fortified
TASIBALIK, tash'bi-leek!, a fi-ontier town of Chinese  town of China, province of Se-chuen, 125 miles W.S.W. of
Toorkistan, 25 miles S.W. of Kashgar.                     Ching-too. Lat. 300 8' N., lon. 1020 E. It has an extensive
TASHEKA, a town of Russia. See KOLYVAN.                 trade with Thibet. Pop. about 500,000.
TASH (or TASCH) IAUS, tush hlws, a town of Central   TATS/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
Asia, khanat, and 42 miles N.W. of Khiva, on a canal led    TATTA or TAT'IAH, tstltd, a considerable town of Sinde,
from the Oxus. It lies high, has about 300 earthen huts, in the delta of the Indus, W. of its main stream, and 48
a castle of the khan, and a fortress.                     miles S.S.W. of HIyderabad. Lat. 240 46' N., Ion. 680 E.
TASHININY or TAGHSHIN/NY, a parish of Ireland, in  Pop. estimated at 10,000. It is supposed to be the Pattala
Leinster, co. of Longford.                                of Alexander's historians: its antiquity is unquestioned,
TASI-IKEND, t/sh'kendf, written also TASIIKENT and  ruins of successive towns surrounding it on all sides. Its
TASCHKEND, a town of Independent Toorkistan. khanat, outward appearance is imposing. The principal edifice is
and 90 miles N.W. of Khokan, on an affluent of the Jaxartes. the brick mosque of Shah-Jehan. It has some manufactures
Pop. 40,000.(?) It is reported to be enclosed by a high brick  of silk and cotton.
wall, entered by 12 gates, and intersected by canals. It has   TATTA, tftd, a town and caravan station of Morocco, on
a garrison, many mosques, and other public buildings.     the Draha, and on the borders of the desert, 200 miles S. of
TASH-KUPREE. tash ku!pree', (the " stone bridge,") writ- Morocco.
ten also TASII-KUPRI or KOPRI, a town of Asia Minor, in    TATTARAN, tAt'ta-r&n', one of the Sooloo Islands, beAnatolia, 52 miles SW. of Sinope. It is reported to have1500  tween the Baseelan and Belawn Islands.  Lat. 60 10' N.,
houses, several baths and khans, manufactures of leather and  lon. 1220 E.
iron-wares, and some remains of the ancient Poeepeoioplolis.    TAT/TENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Chester, on
TASHLIDJE, tesh/le-j4, written also TOSHLIDSCIIA, a  the Chester Branch of the London and North-western Railtown of European Turkey, in Bosnia, 66 miles S.E. of Bosna- way, 4 miles W. of Beeston.
Seral, and N.W. of Novibazar. Pop. 4000. It is the see of a    TAT/TENROE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
Greek bishopric.                                            TATITERFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
TASITAPSK, tish'tdpsk!, a town of Siberia, government   TAT/TERSET, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of Yeniseisk. on an affluent of the Yenisei, 100 miles S.W.   TAT/TERSHALL, a market-town and parish of Englatid,
of Abakansk.                                              co. of Lincoln, 8- miles S.S.W. of Horncastle, on the Great
TASHIUN, ta'shoonf(?) atown of Persia, province of Khoo-  North Lincoln Railway. Pop. in 1851, 987. It has a beautizistan, 18 miles N.N.W. of Behbehan. It was once of import- ful cruciform  church, and in the vicinity are the ruins of
ance, but is now almost wholly in ruins.                  Tatte-shall Castle.
TA SIUE SI-AN or TA SIUE CHAN, tA see'wA! (?) shin,    TAT/TINGSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
(i.e. "Great Snow Mountain,") a mountain of China, pro-   TAUAI, one of the Sandwich Islands. See ATAUAI.
vince of Se-chuen. Lat. 300 13' N., Ion. 1020 24' E. It is   TAUBATE, t~w-bA/tA, a modern town of Brazil, province,
covered with perpetual snow.                               and 80 miles N. of Sio Paulo. Pop. of the district, 10,000.
TASMANIA, in Australasia. See VAN DrSEN's LAND.            TAUBER, tw/besr, a river of South Germany, in Bavaria,
TASi~IAN'S BAY, an inlet on the N. coast of Middle  Wtirtemberg, and Baden, rises near Rothenburg, flows
Island, in New Zealand.                                    N.W. past Mergentheim  and Bischofsheim, and joins the
TAS/MAN'S PENINSULA, in Van Diemen's Land, co. of Main at Wertheim. Course, 70 miles.
Pembroke, is connected N. with Forester's Peninsula.   TAUCHA, tlw/Kc, a town of Saxony, 6 miles E.N.E. of
Length, 24 miles; breadth, 18 miles.  On its N. and WV. Leipsic, on an affluent of the Elster. Pop. 2095.
sides are Norfolk and Storm Bays. Capes Raoul and Pillar   TAUDENY, TOUDENY or TAOUDYNY, tTw/de-nee', a
form its S.W. and S.E. extremities.                        town of Africa, on the Great Desert, noted for its salt-mines.
TASNAD, tish'ndf, or TRESTENBURG, trkstten-blRaG,  Lat. about 220 N., ion. 40 W.
a market-town of Transylvania, co. of Szolnok, 15 miles S.E.   TAUGHBOY. See TAGHBnoY.
of Nagy-Karoly. Pop. 3070.                                  TAUGHBOYNE, tawn'boin/, a parish ofIreland, in Ulster,
TASSIN, tastsin or t s'seen/, a town of West Africa, on a  co. of Donegal, with the village of St. John's Town.
small but deep and rapid river, 80 miles N.E. of Free    TAUGIBOYNE, a parish of Ireland, co. of Roscommon.
Town. It is a large place, fenced with mud walls about 9    TAUGHEEN.  See TAcz.EN.
feet high, and pierced at intervals of 2 or 3 feet with holes   TAUGON-LA-RONDE, t6ogd.as  I r6Nd, a village of France,
for musketry.                                             department of Charente-Inf6rieure, arrondissement of La
TAS'SINONG! GROVE, a post-office of Porter co., Indiana. Rochelle. Pop. 1490.
TASSISUDON, ts'see-soo-don/, the capital town of Bootan,   TAUISK or TAOUISK, tw-isk! or tlw-eesk!, a petty town
in North Hindostan, in a valley of the HIimalayas, near the  of East Siberia, province, and 190 miles E. of Okhotsk, on the
Thibet frontier.  Lat. 270 48' N., ion. 890 40' E. It has a  Tani, a river which enters.the Gulf of Tanisk, in the Sea of
fortified palace of the Deb-rajah.                        Okhotsk.
1888




TAU                                                        TAV
TAUJGAON, a town'If Iindostan.  See TAZGAON.              A beautiful cemetery, called the Mount Pleasant Ceme
TAUJIIKS, taw'jeekst, or TADJIKS, td'jeeksf, a people of tery, has been laid out a short distance from the Green,
Persia and Afghanistan. Theyconstitute the principalpart upon the Mount Auburn plan. In it a monument has
of the present population of Persia. They are distinct from  been erected to the memory of Miss Elizabeth Pool, who,
the Parsees or Guebas. (Balbi.)                            with others, came from Taunton in England, in 1639, with
TAUL]1, tS'lq  a market-town of France, department of  the view to establish a church here among the Indians.
Finistare, 4 miles N.W. of Morlaix. Pop. in 1852, 3037.    This was the first settlement made at Taunton. Pop. in
TAULIGNAN, tWleen'y6aN/, a market-town of France, de- 1840, T645; in 1850, 10,431; in 1855, about 12,000.
partment of Drome, 15 miles E.S.E. of Mont6limart, with    TAUNTON RIVER rises in Plymouth co., in the E. part
manufactures of woollens and silks. Pop. 1318.             of Massachusetts. and, flowing through Bristol co., falls into
TAUN, a district of West Africa, in Upper Guinea.        Mount Hope Bay, in Rhode Island. This river is remarkable
TAUNDA, tawn/dA, a town of Hindostan, dominions, and  for its valuable water-power; and formerly a great number
34 miles S.E. of Oude. Lat. 260 33' N., Ion. 820 32' E.    of alewives (a kind of fish resembling herring) were taken
TAUNDA, a town of Hindostan, Gwalior dominions, on  in its waters. It is navigable to Taunton, about 17 miles
the Annas River. Lat. 220 58' N., Ion. 740 25' E.          from its mouth.
TAUNDLA, tawnd'l, a town of Hindostan, a few miles    TAUNUS, t6w/nos, or HiOHE, hiteh, a mountain range
E. of Taunda.                                              of West Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau, extends
TAUNGU, a town of the Burmese dominions. See TONoGno. for about 40 miles W.N.W. of the Rhine, and is continuous
TAUNSK, a town of East Siberia. See TAUISK.              on the N.E. with the Vogelsgebirge, separating the basin of
TAUNTON, tawnftfln, a parliamentary (and formerly mu- the Main on the S. from that of the Lahn on the N. Height
nicipal) borough and town of England, co. of Somerset, on  of the Gross-Feldberg, 2848 feet.
the river Tone, with a station on the Great Western Railway    TAUIPO LAKE, in New Zealand, in the centre of North
between Bristol and Exeter, 12 miles S.S.W. of Bridgewater.  Island; 30 miles in length, average breadth, 15 miles.
Pop. in 1851, 14,176. In an open space in the centre of the    TAUPONT, t6'p6No/, a village of France, department of
town is the fine church of St. Mary Magdalen. The other  Morbihan, arrondissement of Plodrmel. Pop. 2161.
principal edifices are St. James' church, a handsome Roman    TAUR, tOwR, a village of Tyrol, circle of Schwartz, near
Catholic and other chapels, several of which are elegant  I-Hall. Pop. 1250.
buildings, the market-house, with the town-hall and as-   TAURAN/GA, a harbor of New Zealand, on the S.W. side
sembly-rooms, the Taunton and Somerset Institution, with  of the Bay of Plenty, in the North Island, or New Ulster.
news-rooms and a valuable library, the theatre, and at the  Lat. 370 371 S., Ion. 1760 11' E.
W. end of the town the castle, built in the time of Henry    TAURANO, tOw-rNno, a village of Naples, province of
I., where the county assizes are held. I-Iere are grammar  Terra di Lavoro, E.S.E. of Nola. Pop. 1280.
and other schools, almshouses and other charities, the    TAURASI, tiw-rnisee, a town of Naples, province of PrinTaunton and Somerset Hospital, a lying-in hospital, and an  cipato Ultlra, N.W. of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, near the
eye infirmary. Manufactures of silks and woollens have  bank of the Calore.
declined, but are still carried on to some extent. Imports of    TAURICA CHERSONESUS. See CRIMEA.
Welsh coal, and exports of agricultural and dairy produce,   TAURIDA, t~wtre-da, (from  the Gr. Tavpig,) or KRIM,
are made by the Bridgewater Canal.                          krim, a government of South Russia, between lat. 440 25' and
Taunton is of great antiquity, and appears, from the dis- 470 40' N., and Ion. 310 30' and 360 30' E., comprising, with
covery of urns with Roman coins, to have been a Roman  the peninsula of the Crimea, a territory on the mainland,
station. About A.D. 700, Ins, King of the West Saxons, mostly separated from  the governments of Kherson and
built a castle here. Near its site another castle was built Yekaterinoslav by the Dnileper, and its affluent, the Konska.
by Willians the Conqueror. It figures in English history, Area, 25,856 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 608,832, mostly
and during the civil war, when held by the Parliamentarians,  Nogais Tartars on the mainland, and Itussians, Jews, and
made a celebrated defence against the Royalists. The Duke  Greeks in the Crimea. In the Crimea the climate resembles
of Monmouth was proclaimed king here in 1685, and the in- that of Italy. N. of the mountains are extensive plains,
habitants, in consequence, suffered much from the cruelties  destitute of trees, and interspersed with salt lakes; and on
of the notorious Jeffreys during his'" bloody assize." Taun-  the mainland the country is mostly a desert steppe, on
ton has returned 2 members to Parliament since 1265.        which, however, the Tartars rear vast herds of sheep and
TAUNTON, tawn/ton, a flourishing post-town, semi-capital horses. The corn raised is inadequate to home consumption.
of Bristol co., Massachusetts, is situated at the head of navi- The Tartars live chiefly on millet and the produce of their
gation on Taunton River, and on the New Bedford and  heb-ds. Capital, Simferopol. See CItIaeA.
Taunton Railroad, 35 miles S. of Boston, and 30 miles E.N.E.   TAURIS, a town of Persia. See TABREEZ.
of Providence. Lat. 410 54' 11" N., lon. 710 5' 55" W. It is    TAURISANO, tfw-re-sA/no, a town of Naples, province of
handsomely built, and lighted with gas. In the centre is a  Otranto, S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 1300.
beautiful enclosure, called " Taunton Green."  Mlany of the    TAUROMENIUM.  See TAORMINA.
residences are very tasteful, and enclosed with highly orna-    TAURUS, taw/rtss, a mountain chain of Asiatic Turkey,
mented grounds. The town contains a court-house, jail, 9  usually considered as commencing in the E., on the Euor 10 churches, a first-class hotel, 3 banks, a savings' insti- phrates, at the Nushara Cataract, pashalic of Marash, whence
tution, a new academy, liberally endowed, a high school, it stretches WV., nearly parallel to the coast of the Miediterand a social library with several thousand volumes. One  ranean, for about 400 miles, terminating to the N. of the
daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Among  Gulf of Adalia. IntheE.it takes the nameof Jebel-Kurim;
the churches, the Trinitarian Congregational church may  in the W. that of Ramadan Ogloo Balakav. It sends off
be mentioned as a handsome specimen of architecture, cost- several branches, of which the most remarkable are Almating about $30,000. The Second State Lunatic Hospital, a  Dagh, which proceeds S. into Syria, and becomes linked
splendid structure with 3 domes, is beautifully situated  with the chain of Lebanon, and the Anti-Taurus, which exabout a mile N. by WV. of the Green; it was opened in 1854, tends N.E., sending out ramifications  which become linked
and has 250 patients.                                       with Ararat, Elbrooz, and Caucasus.
The manufactures of Taunton are extensive and various,   TAUSS, tMws, or FUSTA, foosftt, (Bohemian, Domazilicze,
consisting of locomotives, steam-engines, cotton and other  do-mjz-leetchs, or Drastow, drds'tov,) a walled town of Bomachinery, nails, tacks, brads, cotton goods, and nume- hemia, 17 miles W. of Klattau. Pop. 6500. It has mannrous other articles. The Taunton Locomotive Company  factures of tape.
is of long standing, and turns out about 35 locomotives    TAUSTE, tOwsltA, a town of Spain, province, and 27 miles
annually. Messrs. Mason & Co. manufacture locomotives  N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 3513. It has manufactures of
and cotton machinery very extensively.  Their works have  coarse woollens, nitre, and soap.
recently been extended, and are said to have a capacity    TAUVES, t~v, a market-town of France, department of
for turning out 1 locomotive a week throughout the year. Puy-de-DBme, 26 miles S.W. of Clermont. Pop. in 1851, 2547.
The establishment of Messrs. Field & Son, for the manu-   TAUXIGNY, t6x'een'yeet, a village of France, department
facture of tacks and other small nails, is one of the most ofIndre-et-Loire, arrondissement ofLoches. Pop. 1311.
extensive and best known in the United States, producing    TAVAI, a river of Farther India. See TAvoY.
goods to the value of nearly $1,000,000 annually. There    TAVAI-POENAMOO, t vy poon-n -moo, the native name
are also several other establishments for the manufacture of  of New Munster, (MTiddle Island.) See NEw ZEALAND.
small nails. The Old Colony Iron Company employ a large    TAVANNES, tdvinf, a village of Switzerland, canton of
capital, producing manufactured articles to the value of  Bern, 6 miles N.W. of Bienne, and close to the pass of
about $900,000 a year. Taunton has 5 large cotton mills, 1  Pierre-Pertuis, in the Jura Mountains. Pop. 1400.
crucible factory, and 2 or 3 manufactories of Britannia-ware.    TAVASTEIIUUS, tA-vdsttA-hoos, written also TAWAS.
Copper, zinc, brass kettles, and jewelry, are extensively pro- THUUS, a town of Russian Finland, capital of a Isen, 78 miles
duced; as are also garden-sakes, hoes, shovels, enamelled  N.E. of Abo. Pop. 1700. It has a government-house, and
cloth-paper, &c. Large quantities of brick are made and  an ancient castle, with an arsenal and imperial magazines.
exported to Rhode Island. Ship-building, formerly an im-   TAVAY, a town of British India. See TAvov.
portant branch of business here, is again being restored.    TAYDA, tav/dA, a river of Siberia, joins the Tobol, 5C
Taunton has considerable coast trade, and in the importa- miles S.W. of Tobolsk, after a S.E. course of 200 miles.
tion of breadstuffs ranks as the third town in New England.   TAVEL, a vill.ae of Switzerland.  See TAVERS.
About 300,000 bushels of corn, and 30,000 barrels of flour,    TAVENNA, tl-vhnfDn, a town of Naples, province of Molise,
were received here in 1853.                                N.W. of Larino. Near it is a sulphureous spring. Pop. 1500.
5 T                                                                         1889




TAV                                                        TAY
rAIVERIIAMS. a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         and Perth after which it expands into a noble estuary from
TAVERNA, ti-v~glnA, a village of Naples, province of Ca-  1 to 3 miles in width, and joins the Frith of Forth, North
abria Ultra I., 11 miles N. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1900.        Sea, between Ferry-port-on-Craig on the S., and Buttonness
TAVERN C REEK, of Miller co., Missouri, flows N. into  on the N. Total course, fiom 120 to 160 miles. It receive,the Osage River.                                            the Garry and Ericht Rivers from the N., and the Bran.
TAVERNES, t~'vlanP, a market-town of France, depart-  Isla, Almond, Earn, &c. from the W. It is supposed to disment of Var, 13 miles N. of Brignolles. Pop. 1404.          charge more water than any other river in Scotland, and its
TAVERNY, tdvia'neel, a village of France, department  basin has been estimated to comprise from 2400 to 2750
of Seine-et-Oise, 5 miles E.S.E. of Pontoise. Pop. 1229.    square miles. It winds through a country of great pictuTAVERS, tvyaidI, or TAVEL, tAlff1, a village and parish  resque beauty. Dundee and Errol are on the N. side, and Nervof Switzerland, canton, and 2 miles E.N.E. of Freyburg.  burgh on the S. side of its estuary; extensive sand-banks
Near it are the remains of the old castle of Maggenberg, the  clog its entrance, but it is navigable from  the sea to Newancient Meontmacus. Pop. 2448.                              burgh, 15 miles from  its mouth, for vessels of 500 tons burTAVIANO, t-ve-Alno, a town of Naples, province of  den, and sometimes to Perth for vessels dirawing 9 feet of
Otranto, 7 miles S.E. of Gallipoli, not far from the Gulf of  water.
Taranto.  Pop. 1500.'TAYA, tIG, an islet of the Malay Archipelago, S.E. of
TAVIGNANO, t-veen-ya'no, (anc. Satcruin Flulmen,) the  Lingen, in lat. 00 45' N., ion. 1040 55' E.
principal river of Corsica, enters the sea on its E. coast,    TAYA, tW~, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and
after a course of 45 miles. It gives nameto a canton.       about 7 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1207.
TAVINSK, tA-vinsk/, a town of Russia, government of    TAYABAS, ti-At/cs, a town of the Philippines, near the
Orenboorg, on the Belaia, 50 miles S.S.E. of Oofa.. Pop. 2000.  S. coast of the island of Luzon, capital of a province of the
TAVIRA, ta-veefr:, a town of Portugal, province of Al-  same name, 62 miles S.E. of Manila. It is a large place,
garve, capital of a comarca, 21 miles E.N.E. of Faro, on the  with spacious and well-paved streets. Pop. 21,418.
Atlantic, at the mouth of the Seca. Pop. 8600. It has a    TAYABAS, a province of the Philippines, bounded on the
handsome governor's palace, a brisk river traffic with the  N. by the Bay of Lampon or Lamon, and S. by the Mindoro
interior, and an active fishery.                            Sea. Pop. 83,049.
TAYVIISTOCK, a parliamentary borough, town, and parish      TAYCIEEIDA, a flourishing post-village and township of
of England, co. of Devon, on the Tavy, here crossed by three  Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin, at the S. extremity of Lake
bridges, 13 miles N. of Plymouth. Pop. in 1852, 8147. The  Winnebago. The village is situated 3 miles E. of Fond du
town, partly on an acclivity, is well built, especially in its  Lac, has a steamboat landing, and a plank-road extending to
upper part; it has a church, built in the cemetery of an  Sheboygan, on Lake Michigan. Pop. of the township, 798.
ancient abbey, dissenting chapels, a guildhall, market-    TAYF, tif, or TAYEF, tWiffl, a town of Arabia. in H-ejaz,
house, almshouses, a lying-in hospital, and a dispensary.  65 miles E.S.E. of Mecca. It is defended by several forts,
Some serges and coarse linens are made; mining and iron-  and has a celebrated mosque. In the time of Mohammed it
works employ a few hands; but the population is chiefly  was a famous stronghold, and resisted his arms during a
agricultural. The borough returns 2 members to the IIouse  siege of 20 days.
of Commons. Sir Francis Drake was born here in 1545, and    TAYGETUS, a mountain of Greece. See MOUNTv ST. ETLAS.
the poet William  Browne, in 1590.  Tavistock was the.   TAY, LOCH, Scotland, in Breadalbane. is 15 miles in
manor and residence of Orgar, Earl of Devonshire, and gives  length by 1 nmile in breadth, and from 100 to 600 feet in
the title of marquis to the Duke of Bedford, to whom much  depth, suirounded by mountains, Ben-Lawers, 4015 feet in
territorial property there belongs.                         height, being on its W. side. It receives the Dochart and
TAVOLARA, tg-vo-l1i/r, an inlet of the Mediterranean,  Lochy Rivers at the S.E., and discharges itself by the Tay
off the N.E. coast of Sardinia.                             at Kenmore, its N.E. extremity. It has been oscasionally
TAVOOS or TAVOUS, t'voosf, written also LINGI, (anc.  subject to extraordinary risings of its waters.
Calibis?) a river of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia, rises in Mount    TAYILOR, a county in the N.N.W. part of Virginia, has
Babadagh, flows S.S.W., and falls into the Mediterranean  an area of 130 square miles. It is intersected by the Tygart's
N.E. of the island of Rhodes, after a course of about 80 miles.  Valley River, a branch of the Monongahela, and also drained
TAVOY, tdvoif, written also TAVAI, a river of Farther  by Sandy and Elk Creeks. The surface is hilly; the soil in
India, has a very intricate navigation, the depth, which in  some parts fertile. The county contains iron-ore and stone
many places varies fi-om 6 to 12 fathoms, becoming in others  coal. It is intersected by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
not more than 2 or 2, fathoms.                              and the North-western Railroad has its E. terminus near
TAVOY or TAVAY, a town of British India, presidency  the county seat. Formed in 1844, out of parts of Harrison,
of Bengal, in Farther India, on the Tenasserim coast, capi-  Barbour, and Marion, and named in honor of John Taylor,
tal of a province, on the Tavoy River, 90 miles S. of Ye, and  of Caroline county. Capital, Williamsport, sometimes called
25 miles fiom the sea. It has a bazaar, and barracks for  Pruntytown. Pop. 5367, of whom 5199 were fi-ee, and 168
European troops.                                            slaves.
TAVROV, TAWROW, tav'rovl, TAYROVSKAIA or TAW-    TAYLOR, a new county in the central part of Georgia,
ROWSKAJA, tlv-rov-skila, a town of Russia, government,  formed since the census of 1850 was taken.
and 13 miles S. of Voronezh, at the confluence of the Don    TAYLOR, a county in the S. central part of Kentucky. It
and the Voronezh. Pop. 2000. It was strongly fortified by  is drained by several small affluents of Green River. The
Peter the Great. who established large arsenals, cloth fac-  surface is undulating and hilly; the soil is fertile. A railtories, &c.. and had numerous vessels of war built here;  road is projected through the county from Danville to Nashbut in 1744 it was nearly destroyed by fire.                ville. Formed a few years ago, out of the N. part of Greene
TAIVY, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in Dart-  county. Capital, Campbellsville. Pop. 7250, of whom 5610
moor, flows S.S.W. past Tavistock, and enters the Tamar 2  were free, and 1640 slaves.
miles N.E. of Saltash. Total course, 26 miles.                TAYLOR, a new county in the S.S.W. part of Iowa, borTAW, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in Dartmoor,  dering on Missouri, has an area of about 560 square miles.
and expands into an estuary, which, after being joined by  The river One Hundred and Two rises in the county, und
the Torridge from the S., enters Bideford Bay. Total course,  the West Fork of Grand River drains the E. part. The land
50 miles. The affluents are the Little Dart, the Yeo, and the  is said to be fertile, but not heavily timbered. Pop. 631.
Moule.                                                        TAYLOR, a new post-township of Cortland co., New York.
TAWALLY, td-wglflee. an island of the Malay Archi-  Pop. 1232.
pelago, 25 miles S.W. of Gilolo; let. 00 30' S., lon. 1270 2' E.  TAYLOR, a township of Centre co., Pennsylvania. P. 349.
TAWASTHUUS, a town of Russia. See TAvASrEHUUS.              TAYLOR, a post-office of Harford co., Maryland.
TAWAT. See ToGAT.                                           TAYLOR, a post-office of St. Charles parish, Louisiana.
TAWA/WA, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.                 TAYLOR, a township of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop. 531.
TAWEE, titwee, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off    TAYLOR, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 400.
the N.E. extremity of Borneo, and continuous with the Soo-    TAYLOR, a township of Wayne co., Michigan. Pop. 303.
loo Island chain. Let. of W. point, 50 18' N., ion. 1190 25'    TAYLOR, a township of Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 1255.
E. Length, 40 miles; breadth, 15 miles.                       TAYLOR, a township of Howard co., Indiana. Pop. 572.
TAWNE, taun, a village of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal.    TAYLOR, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 535.
TAWROW, a town of Russia. See TAvov.                        TAYLOR, a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, 172 miles N.
TAWISTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             by E. of Springfield.
TAWITAW, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana.               TAYLOR, a township of Greene co., Missouri. Pop. 1380
TAWTON, Noran, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           TAYLOR, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.
TAWTON, SouTH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           TAYLOR'S, a post-village of Sumter district, South CaTAX'AIIAW', avillage, Lancaster district, South Carolina.  rolina.
TAXIALL, a parish of England, co. of Chester.               TAYLOR'S, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama.
TAXILA, a fort and town of Hindostan.  See ATTocK.          TAYLOR'S, or TAYILORSVILLE, a township of IIardin
TAY, tU, a principal river and estuary of Scotland, drain-  co., Ohio, intersected by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railuing nearly the whole of the county of Perth, with a part of  road. Pop. 531.
the county of Forfarshire, rises by two main heads, one in    TAYLOR'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Sampson co., North
Loch Tay and the other on the borders of Argyle. Both  Carolina, 106 miles S.S.E. of Raleigh.
streams unite a few miles N. of Loch Tay, and then pursue    TAYLORSBURG, a post-office, Bartholomew co., Indiana.
a very tortuous course E. and S. past Aberfeldy, Dunkeld,    TAYLOR'S CORNERS, a post-office of De Kalb co., Indiana.
1890




TAY                                                    TC-l
TAYLOR'S CREEK, of Georgia, enters the Cannouchee good timber and pasture; the soil of the valleys is highly
near Bryan Court-House.                                 productive. Limestone, iron ore, and stone coal are abunTAYLOR'S CREEK, a post-village of Liberty co., Georgia. dant in the county; the mines of the latter are thought tO
TAYLOR'S CREEK, a post-office of St. Francis co., Ar- be inexhaustible. The county is plentifully supplied with
kansas.                                                 water.power.  Formed in 1799, and named in honor of
TAYLOR'S CREEK, a post-office of York district, South  lenry Tazewell, who represented Virginia in the United
Carolina.                                               States Senate about that period. Capital, Jeffersonville. Pop.
TAYLOR'S FALLS, a village of Chisago co., Minnesota, on  9942, of whom 8882 were free, and 1060 slaves.
the right bank of the St. Croix River, 30 miles above Still-   TAZEWELL, a county of Illinois, is situated a little N.W.
water, and at the head of steamboat navigation.  It has  of the centre of the state, and has an area of 550 square
several mills, and is engaged in the lumber trade.      miles. The Mackinaw Creek flows through it from E. to W.
TAYLOR'S GROVE, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa.    until it enters the Illinois River, which forms the entire
TAYLOR'S ISLAND, a post-office of Dorchester co., Mary- N.W. boundary. The surface is nearly level, and the soil
land.                                                   fertile. The county contains large prairies, which are mostly
TAYVLORSPORT, a village of Boone co., Kentucky, on  under cultivation.  A railroad is projected through the
the Ohio River, 12 miles below Cincinnati. It has a good  county, from  Peoria to Bloomington.  Capital, Tremont.
landing.                                                Pop. 12,052.
TAYLOR'S' STAND, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsyl-   TAZEWELL, a decayed post-village of Marion co., Georgia,
vania.                                                  about 35 miles E. of Columbus, was formerly the county
TAYLOR'S STORE, a post-office of Franklin co., Virginia. seat. Pop. near 100.
TAYILORSTOWN, a post-office of Washington co., Penn-   TAZEWELL, a thriving post-village, capital of Claiborne
sylvania.                                               co., Tennessee, 250 miles E. by N. of Nashville. It is situated
TAYILORSVILLE, a post-village of Ontario co., New York. in a hilly region, which abounds in iron, zinc, and lead ores,
TAYLORSYILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- the first of which only is worked.
vania, on the Delaware River, 116 miles E. of Harrisburg.   TAZEWELL COURT-HOUSE. See JEFFERSONVILLE.
It has a bridge across the river.                         TAZGAON, t&z'g,-onf, or TAUJGAON, tdwzh'gA-on/, a fortiTAYLORSVILLE, a village of Anne Arundel co., Maary- fled town of India, dominions, and 58 miles S.S.E. of Satland, on South River, an arm of the Chesapeake, 5 miles tarah, with a remarkable temple of Ganesa.
S.W. of Annapolis. The river here is crossed by a bridge.  TCIIABKAN, chlb'kon5, written also DJABKAN, a river
TAYLORSVILLE, a post-village of Hanover co., Virginia, of the Chinese dominions, in the Khalkas country, after a
on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad, 20 generally W. course, estimated at 500 miles, enters Lake Ikemiles N. of Richmond.                                   Aral-Nor, near lat. 480 N., ion. 900 E.
TAYLORSVILLE, Virginia. See PATRICK CouRT-HouSE.        TCHABLIAK, chbb'le-'kf, ZABLIAK, zI-ble-Aik, SZIA.
TAYLORSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Alexander co., BAR, see'A-bAkt, or TCIIIABAK, chee'a-bik/, a town of
North Carolina, 160 miles W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 300.   European Turkey, in Albania, pashalic, and 18 miles N. of
TAYLORSVILLE, a post-office of Madison co., Georgia.    Scutari, at the entrance of the Moratsha into the Lake of
TAYLORSVILLE, a small village of Newton co., Georgia. Scutari. It is stated to comprise 250 houses.
TAYLORSVILLE, a post-office of Smith co., Mississippi.  TCHAD, chid, written also TSAD or CHAD, a lake of Cen.
TAYLORSYILLE, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., tral Africa, between Bornoo on the W., Kanem on the N.E.,
Tennessee, 350 miles E. by N. of Nashville. It stands at the  and Begharmi on the S.E. The lake was first distinctly
W. base of the Stone or Iron Mountain, which contains in- pointed out by Leo Africanus, in the sixteenth century; the
exhaustible mines of iron ore. Water-power is abundant in  name Son, which he seems to have given it, being a misthe vicinity, and there are several iron-works in operation.  reading of his unpointed Arabic for Sh'wi, the name of the
TAYLORSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Spen- Arab tribe inhabiting the S.E. shores of the lake-the Showy
eer co., Kentucky, is situated in a beautiful valley, at the  of Denham, and Shuah of Dr. Barth. The name Tsad does
confluence of Salt River and Brashear's Creek, 30 miles S.W. not appear to be known on the shores of the lake itself, and
of Frankfort. It possesses a valuable water-power, which is the travellers who first brought it into use have omitted. to
used in manufactures of cotton and wool, and contains 4  state whence they derived it. It probably belongs to some
churches and a seminary. Pop. estimated at 800.         dialect of the Houssa language.
TAYLORSVILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio.   The N.W. shore of Lake Tchad, where it reaches farthest
TAYLORSVILLE, Ohio. See TAYLOR's.                     W., and not far from its N. limit, lies in about lat. 140 15'
TAYLORSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Muskingum  N., ion. 120 50' E. From N. to S. it has probably an oxco., Ohio, on the W. bank of Muskingum River, 9 miles tent of 120 or 150 miles. It width, from E. to W., was estibelow Zanesville. There is a dam across the river here, by  mated by Major Denham to be 130 miles; but Dr. Overweg,
which large water-power is applied to mills for grinding and  relying chiefly on native information, reduces this to 60 or
carding. The village of Duncan's Falls is on the opposite  80 miles. The last-named traveller embarked on the lake
bank of the river. Laid out in 1832. Pop. near 1000.    at Maduari, a boat harbor a little to the E. of Kooka. For
TAYLORSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Chris- seven hours he made his way through narrow channels betian co., Illinois, on the South Fork of the Sangamon River, tween small islands covered with stately reeds, in which
26 miles S.E. of Springfield. The adjacent country is fertile, numerous hippopotanmi find shelter, and at last entered the
and contains extensive beds of coal. Pop. in 1853, about Inkibul or open water.  Steering N.E. for two days-the
1000.                                                   boat being fastened at night to a floating island of reeds,
TAYLORSVILLE, a post-office of Andrew co., Missouri.  illuminated by fire-flies-he reached a labyrinth of islands,
TAYLORSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.     the largest of which did not exceed 5 miles in length. On
TAYLORTON, a post-village of Wayne co., Mississippi.   one of these islands (Belarigo) he spent four days, being
TAYLORVILLE, a village of Bartholomew co., Indiana, treated with the greatest kindness by the natives. HIe then
on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 35 miles S.S.E. sailed farther E., still among islands, with now and then a
of Indianapolis.                                        view of the open sea; but he does not appear to have seen
TAYIMOUTIH, a township of Saginaw co., MIichigan. P. 58. the shore N., E., or S.; and was dissuaded by the islanders
TAYIMOUTH CASTLE, the magnificent seat of the Mar- from attempting to land on the E. side of the lake, where
quis of Breadalbane, Scotland, co. of Perth, on the right wars in which they were implicated were then raging.
bank of the Tay, 1 mile N.N.E. of Kenmore.              Having touched at'several islands, he returned to Maduari,
TAYN/TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.     after six weeks spent with the very interesting and hospiTAYNTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.          table insular population.
TAYO, a river of Spain. See TAGus.                      The inhabitants of the islands in the middle and on the
TAYTWAN, an island ofthe China Sea. See FoaRMosa.     N.E. side of the lake are the Biddumas, an independent and
TAY-YUEN, a city of China. See TAI-YUAN.              pagan nation, but by no means savages, as hitherto reported.
TAZ, t&z, a river of Siberia, rises on the frontiers of the  They seem  to be of mixed origin, their islands having
government of Tobolsk and Yenesei, flows N.N.E., and after afforded a refuge, probably in the course of ages, to the pera course of nearly 300 miles falls into the Bay of Tazovsk, secuted of all surrounding nations. They are well made
which communicates with the Gulf of Obi.                and active, with jet-black or dark-brown complexions, and
TAZEEN, tldzeent, a village of Afghanistan, at the E. foot regular features. At the present day there are many Kaof the pass of the Huft-Kotul, 26 miles from Cabeol, in lat. nemboo and Shuah (Shhwi or Arab shepherds) living among
340 211 N., Ion. 690 28/E. It was one of the scenes of the them. The Bidduma of both sexes are decently clothed in
massacre of the British troops, in their attenmpted retreat cotton, generally black. They wear sandals also, and a profrom Cabool, in January, 1842. Here, subsequently, the  fusion of ornaments.  Some of the islands are densely
BBritish entirely defeated a superior force of Afghans.  peopled, having a large village to nearly every square mile.
TAZEWELL, tazfwel, a county in the S.W. part of Vir- Cattle and goats are abundant; corn and cotton are the
ginia, bordering on Kentucky, is 60 miles in length, and has chief objects of cultivation. The Bidduma know how to
an area of 1300 square miles. The Clinch and Bluestone build beoats with plank; and Dr. Overweg saw one thus conRivers rise in the county; the Tug Fork of Sandy River structed which measured 43 feet in length, and 6 feet in
forms part of its N. boundary, and it is also drained by the breadth. The boats are propelled with long poles, the use
Dry Fork of the latter stream, and by Wolf Creek. Clinch  of oars, as well as of sails, being unknown. The people also
Mosuntain extends along the S.R. border, and other moun- habitually swim from island to island, aided by small boards
tain ridges pass across the county. The highlands produce or hand-floats.
1891




TOI                                                        TCH
The absolute elevation of Lake Tchad would appear, from  Styr, 30 miles N.N.E. of Lootsk, (Lutzk,) with an ancient
Dr. Vogel's observations,to be 850 feet. The country around  castle and 1600 inhabitants.
it is everywhere low, and, on its W. and S. shores at least,   TCHARYTCH, ch&-ritcht, a river of Siberia, rises in the
extremely fertile. This great fresh-water lake is compara- Altai Mountains, in the S. of the government of Tomsk,
tively shallow, its depth being found to vary from 8 to 15  and joins the Obi near Bijsk, after a very rapid and winding
feet. At different seasons, however, it undergoes'great course of about 220 miles.
changes; fallib  at times so low that the channels between    TCIIATAL-BOORGAS (BURGAS,) chattil boon'ghlsta town
the islands are laid dry, while at other times it inundates  of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, 23 miles S.W. of Viza.
all the lower grounds, and forces the people to retire to the    TCHATALCHA, ch:-til/chA, a town of Euiopean Turkey,
hillocks. It is well stocked with fish and water-fowl. Tur- in Room-Elee, 30 miles N.W. of Constantinople.
tie of enormous size, and crocodiles also, are said to share    TCHATIR-DAGH, a mountain of Russia. See CRIMEA.
unmolested with the hippopotami these islets and the creeks   TCHEBOKSARI, chA-bok-sAree, or TCHEBOKSAR, chAamong them.  Lake Tchad receives, besides many small bok-sant, a town of Russia, government, and 75 miles W.N.W.
streams, the Yeou, which flows into it from the hills of  ofRKazan, on the Volga. Pop. 5000. It was entirely destroyed
Ioussa in the W., with a course of perhaps 400 miles. It by fire in 1699 and 1733, and is rebuilt mostly of wood. It
descends rapidly, and is dry at its mouth during five months  has a cathedral, a monastery, town-hall, cast salt magazines,
of the year. Its chief tributary is the Shary, a great and  and some manufactures.
navi-gable river, descending through Begharmi.               TCIHE-FANG, a town of China. See CHAY-FANG.
TCHADDA, a river of Central Afirica. See CHADDA.           TCHE-KIANG. See CHE-KIANG.
TCIHIADOBETS br ICHADOBETZ, chg-do-bltsf, a river of    TCHELBASIE, a river of Russia.  See TOHALBAK.
Siberia, rises in the government of Yeniseisk, not far from  TCHELEBI-BAZAR, chbleh-bee bd-zart, a market-town of
the N.W. frontiers of Irkootsk. It flows very circuitously, Bosnia, 25 miles E.N.E. of Bosna-Serai.
describing almost a semicircle, and, after a course of about    TCHELIABINSK, chA-le-d-binskf, a town of Asiatic Rus200 miles, joins the Yerkhnee Toongooska about 60 miles sia, government of Orenboorg, 70 miles N.N.W. of Troitsk.
above Bogootchansk, (Bogutschansk.)                       Pop. 3500. It is enclosed by a stockade, and was formerly
TCHAHAN, chlhlant, called also TCIAIIAN-SOUBAR- an important military post.
KAN-KiO TON, a town of Mongolia, about 200 miles N.N.E.   TCHEM, chimt, or TCHEM-PIRA, chum pee.rA, a river of
of Peking. Lat. 410 55' N., ion. 1190 5' E. It has a sum- the Chinese Empire, rises near the centre of Mantchooria,
mer palace of the Chinese emperor.                        flows N.N.E., then W., and joins the Amoor after a course
TCHALATDERE, cht-ldt-dA/rA, or SALATDERE, sa'ldt- of about 100 miles.
dA-rA/, (anc. Grani/cus.) a river of Asiatic Turkey, rises on    TCIIEMBAR, chim-banf, a town of Russia, government,
the E. side of Mount Ida, flows N.N.E., and falls in the Sea  and 66 miles WF.S.W. of Penza. Pop. 2700.
of Marmora after a course of about 45 miles.                TCREM-PIRA, a river of the Chinese Empire. See TcnEm.
TCH-IALBAK, ch2lWb~kl, or TCHELBASIE, chl'bPElsee, a    TCHENG-TE, chanSg t(, an island off the S. extremity of
river of Russia, rises in the W. of the government of Can- the Corea, 45 miles WV. of the island of Tsoosima, (Tsus-slma.)
casus, enters the country of the Cossacks of the Black Sea,   TCHEOO, TCH.EOt, ch6-oof, written also TCHO0, CH060
flows W., expanding into several lakes, and falls in the Sea  or TCfIOU and CHO W, a Chinese word, signifying properly
of Azof. Total course, 150 miles.                         a "town of the second class," but very frequently joined
TCHAMOULARI, a mountain of Asia. See SHUMALA.RI.   with FOO, (a "city of the first class,") in the same name as
TCHANG, chang, a prefix to the names of numerous  ilANo-cuow-FOO.
cities and towns of China.                                  TCIEPTSA or TSCHEPTZA, chlptfse, a river of Russia,
TCHANG-CHA, a town of China. See CHaNG-SnA.             government of Viatka, joins the river Yiatka near the city
TCHANG-LOO, a town of Japan.  See FITATs.               of the same name, after a W. course of 250 miles.
TCHANG-TCHOO or TCHANG-TCHOU, chdng' chooe, a    TCHERCIIEMBA, Asiatic Turkey. See CHASnnHssA.
town of China, province of Kiang-Soo, on the Grand Canal,   TCHERDYN, chia-dinl, a town of Russia, government,
70 miles E.S.E. of Nanking.                               and 162 miles N. of Perm, on the Kolva, near its confluence
TCHANG-TE, chang ta, a town of China, provinceof leoo- with the Vishera. Pop. 3000.
nan, capital of a department, situated on or near the S.W.    TCHEREMSHIM, chA-r8m-shimf, a river of Russia, rises
extremity of Lake Tong-ting. Lat. 290 N., lon. 1120 E.    in the government of Orenboorg, flows N.W. into the governTCHANI. See TcHAN.                                      ment of Simbeersk, and joins the Volga, after a course of
TCHAN-KIANG, a city ofChina. See CnzNo-xiano-roo.    about 130 miles.
TCIIANTAR, chAn'trl, or`SHAN'TARI, an island in the    TCHEREPOVETZ. See CHEREPOVEITZ.
Sea of Okhotsk.                                             TCIIERIKOV or TSCHERIKOW, chla-e-kovt, written also
TCHANY, TCHANI or CHANY, chine, a lake of Siberia, TCIIRIKOY, a town of Russia, government, and 40 miles
governments of Tomsk and Tobolsk, near lat. 550 N., lon. 780  S.E. of Smolensk, on the Sozh. Hiere Charles XII. was reE. Length, 65 miles; greatest breadth, 40 miles.          pulsed by the Russians in 1708.
TCHAO-KHING, a city of China. See SHAo-KING.              TCHERKASI, ch6l-k'tsee, a town of Russia, government,
TCHAO-NAIMAN-SOOME, chlo ni'mndnl  soo/mA, or CHAO- and 95 miles S.E. of Kiev, on the Dnieper. Pop. 6000.
NAIMAN-SOUME, called also DOLENNOR, TOLON-NOOR or    TCHERKASK or TSCHERKASK, STAnoc, sta-roi chin'DOLONFOOR, a city of Mongolia, in the Kartchin territory, kaskl, (i. e. OLD TCHEnn:AcSK,) a town of the Russian Empire,
165 miles N. by W. of Peking, in lat. 420 25' N., ion. 1160 18' formerly the capital of the Don Cossack country, N. of the
E. It is a vast extent, consisting of a collection of houses Don, near its mouth, and on an island formed between it
without any regard to regularity; the streets are narrow and  and the Aksai, 45 miles E.N.E. of Azof. Pop. 15.000. It has
crooked; there is an indifferent footpath on each side for pe- a church founded by Peter the Great. Its Tartar church,
destrians, but carriages and beasts of burden must force  old chancery, academy, town-hall, prisons, &c. are contheir way through a black, deep, and disgusting mass ofmud. structed of timber. The stationary population are mostly
The principal edifices are the Boodhist temples, which are  of Greek descent, but its streets present a curious internumerous. The inhabitants are renowned throughout Tar- mixture of nations. It maintains an active export trade in
tary and the most remote parts of Thibet for the statues in  fish, iron, caviar, and wine raised in its vicinity.
iron and brass which they turn out firom their foundries;   TCHIERKASK  or TSCHERKASK, Nowo or Novo. See
and all countries addicted to the worship of Boodha are fur- Novo TCHERKASsK.
nished by them with idols, bells, and the different vessels    TCIERKESSIA, a country of Asia. See CIRcAssA.
employed in their idolatrous ceremonies. The commerce of    TCIHIERKIN, chla'kinf, a town of Abyssinia, state, and
the place is also extensive. Russian merchandise is brought 40 miles N.N.W. of Gondar. It has large markets for cattle.
to it from Kiakhta.  The Tartars bring numerous herds of    TCHERN, chlnn, a town of Russia, government, and 61
oxen, camels, and horses, in exchange for which they receive miles S.S.W. of Toola. Pop. 2200. It was formerly bfortified.
tobacco, cloth, and tea. Merchants from the province of    TCHERNAYA or CHERNAYA, chea-nit, a small stream
Shan-see are extremely numerous, but invariably return to  of Russia, in the Crimea, flowing N.W. into the head of the
their own country after improving their circumstances: in- principal bay on which Sevastopol is situated.
deed, it is remarked that the Chinese, in this commercial   TCHERNETZ, chln-netsl, a town of Wallachia, on the
place, always end by making a fortune, and the Tartars by  Danube, nearly opposite Gladova. Here was anciently the
ruining themselves. The population, though not easily  Roman station  brmees (?) and near it are the remains of
estimated, is said to be very great.                      Trajan's bridge.
TCHAOOSSY, TCHAOUSSY or TCHAUSSY, chbA-oos'see,   TCHERNIANKA, a town of Russia. See Novo EVANOrKA.
written also CHAOUSSY and TCHAOUZY, a town of Rus-   TCHERNIGOV, TCHERNIGOF,  TSCHERNIGOW, or
sia, government, and 25 miles E.S.E. of Moheelev. Pop. CZERNIGOWN, chk-ne-govl, a government of Russia, in the
6000. It has Roman Catholic and Greek united churches, S., between lat. 500 20' and 530 10' N., and lon. 300 20' and
a synagogue, and a Carmelite convent.  A great market is 340 40' E., having W. the Dnieper, separating it from the
held here annually.                                       governments of Minsk and Kiev, (Russian Poland,) and on
TTCHARDAH, charad,, a small town of European Turkey, other sides the governments of Moheelev, Orlov, Koorsk, and
Bulgaria, 50 miles N.W. of Sophia.                        Poltava. Area, 21,396 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1.374,746.
TCHARDAK, char'd kl, a small town of Bulgaria, 27 miles The surface is mostly level, and well watered. The soil is
N.N.E. of Hirschova.                                      fertile, and the climate dry, healthy, and comparatively
TCHARTORISK or CZARTORYSK, char-to-risk, a market- mild. The principal rivers are the Desna, with its affluents,
town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, on the  the Ipoot, Seim, Snov, and Oster, all of which have a W. ca
1892




TCHI                                                       TCH
$.W. direction. The chief crops are rye, barley, and oats, vinceof IIoo-nan, capital of ta department, onthe Yuen-kiang,
with large quantities of flax, hemp, tobacco, and hops. Cat- 100 miles WV.S.W. of the Great lake Tong-tiug-hoo
tie, horses, sheep, and hogs are numerously reared. Distil-    TCHIN-TCHOU, a river of India. See GADDADA.
ling and weaving are somewhat important. The principal   TCHIN-TOO or TCHING-TOU.  See CHING-T00-FOO.
exports are cattle, tallow, corn, hides, spirits, honey, wax,    TCHTIIN-YUEN. chin' yoo-6nI, a city of China, province of
potash, and hemp-seed. The government is divided into  Koei-choo, capital of a department. Lat. 270 1' 120 N., ion.
15 circles. The principal towns are Tchernigov, Nezheen, 1080 10, E.
Glookhov, Starodoob, Mgleen, and Novgorod-Severskoie.       TCHIN-YUNG, chin' yiing, a city of China, province of
TCIHERNIGOV, TSCHIERNIGOW,  TCHERNIGOF  or  Koei-choo, capital ofa department. Lat. 270 20 N., ion. 1050 E.
CZERNIGOW, a town of Russia, capital of the above go-   TCIIN-YUNG, a city of China, province of Quang-See, 33
vernment, is situated on the Desna, 80 miles N.N.E. of Kiev. miles E. of Tchin-ngan.
Lat. 510 27' N., lon. 310 18' E. Pop. 7500. It is the see    TCHIPROVATZ, chee'pro-v[ts', a town of European Tur.
of an archbishop, and has a cathedral, built in 1024, a strong  key, in Bulgaria, sanjak, and 56 miles N.W. of Sophia. Its
citadel, an episcopal palace, several monasteries, an orphan  Greek bishop has the rank of primate of Bulgaria.
asylum, and a college. It is the seat of military and civil   TCIIR, cheer, a river of Russia, rises in the W. part of
governors. After an obstinate resistance, it was taken and  the government of the Don Cossacks, flows S.E., and joins
almost razed by the Tartars, in 1239. The Poles captured  the Don. Length, 150 miles.
it in 1617.                                                 TCHIRIKOV, a town ofRussia.. See TcHrInKov.
TCHERNOVITZ, a town ofPoland. See CZERNoWITZ.             TCIIRIKOV, TCIIIRIKOFF or TSCHIRIKOW, che-reTCHERNOYARSK, chba-no-yaRslkf, or TCHERNOJAR, kovl, one of the Aleutian Islands, W. of the peninsula of
chba-no-yare, a fortified town of Russia, government, and  Aliaska. Lat. (N.E. point) 550 56' N., ion. 1550 W. It is
150 miles N.N.W. of Astrakhan, on the right bank of the  about 30 miles in circuit.
Volga. Pop. 3500.                                           TCHIRKIS, rhir'kishf, or CHERKESII, chir-kish4, a small
TCHERSIENBEK, Asia Minor. See CAs nnUMBnA.              town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, sanjak, 60 miles E. of Boll.
TCIIERVLENSKAIA, ch6R-vlIn-skikl, a fortified town of    TCIIRMEN,  chlr-mln! or chir m       Int. a town of EuroRussia, government of Caucasus, on the Terek, 70 miles E. pean Turkey, in Room-Elee, capital of sanjak, 20 miles
of Mozdok.                                                N.W. of Adrianople.  Pop. 2000.
TCHESKAYA or TCHESKAIA, ches-kVA, a gulf in the N.   TCHISME, a town of Asia Minor. See TCHESifE.
of Russia, government of Archangel.                         TCHISTOPOL, chis-tolpol, a town of Russia, government,
TCHESME, chestmA, TCHISME, chisfm~h, written also  and 65 miles E.S.E. of Kazan, on the Kama. Pop. 6800.
TCtESIHMEII,  (anc. Cistsos,) a maritime village of Asia    TCHI-TCHEOU-FOU, a city of China. See COnE-cHoo.
Minor, in Anatolia, opposite the island of Scio, 40 miles   TCHITINSK, chee'tinskt, a fortified town of Siberia, goW.S.W. of Smyrna. Pop.6000 or7000. Ithas a largecitadel, vernment of Irkootsk, on the Ingoda, 125 miles W. of Nertthe residence of a Turkish governor, and near it are sulphur chinsk.
and saline springs. In its bay the Roman fleet defeated    TCHOL, chol, or TCIIOLA, cho/lA, a river of the Chinese
that ofAntiochus, and in 1770 the Russians burnt the navy  Empire, descends firom the E. slope of the Higan Mounof the Turks. Seven miles N.E. are the ruins of Grythrea.   tains, in the S.W. of Mantchooria, and after a course of about
TCHETCHEN, chA-chdnf, an island of the Caspian Sea, 160 miles joins the Nonni, an affluent of the Soongaree.
off its W. coast, near Cape Agrakhan.                       TCIONG-KIANG, chong' ke-ang!. a town of China, proTCIHETCHENTSI or TCIETCHIENTZI (chA-chintfsee)  vince of Se-chuen, 50 miles N.E. of Ching-too-foo.
COUNTRY, Toe, forms the E. part of Circassia, mostly be-   TCIHONG-KING, chong' king!, a city of China, province of
tween lat. 420 30, and 430 40' N., and ion. 440 30' and 460 30' Se-chuen, capital of a department, on the Yang-tse-kiang.
E., having N. the river Terek, separating it from the Russian  Lat. 290 45' N., ion. 1060 30' E. It has sugar refineries, and
government of Caucasus, E. Daghestan, W. Kabardah, and  a large trade in fish.
S. the Caucasus chain, dividing it from  Georgia.. Cattle.    TT1100.  See TCHEOO.
rearing is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The popu-   TCHOOGOOE~ or TCIIOUGOUEV, choo-goo-vf, written
lation is mostly Mohammedan, and living under numerous also TCHUGUJEV, a fortified town of Russia, government,
chiefs, at the head of whom is the hereditary Aslan Bey. and 25 miles E.S.E. of Kharkov, on the Severnoi-Donets.
The towns are small, and mostly seated on the banks of the  Pop. 9000. It has a garrison of lancers.
rivers, all of which are affluents of the Terek.            TCHOOI, TCIIOUI, TCHUI or CHUI, chooeee, a river of
TCHETCHERSK, chA-chinsk!, a market-town of Russia, Central Asia, issues fiom a small lake near the W. frontiers
government, and 75 miles S.S.E. of MIoheelev.  Pop. 3500.   of the Chinese Empire, about lat. 420 30' N., ion. 770 E.,
TCIIE-TCIIING, chd'chingf, several towns of China, pro- flows circuitously W.N.W. through the country of Kirgheez
vinces of Ho-nan, Kiang-See, and Pe-chee-lee.             and Independent Tartary, and, after a, course of from 600 to
TCIIIABAK or SZIABAK. See TcHABLsAK.                    700 miles, empties itself into Lake Kaban Koolak, in lat.
TCHIFOOD (or TCHIFOUD) KALE, chee-foodf k-IA], a  450 20' N., ion. 670 30'E. It receives several large affluents.
walled town of the Crimea, 2 miles from Bakhtchissarai, on  In spring its current is very impetuous, and in the end of
a limestone height, inhabited by a remarkable tribe of autumn broad and saltish lakes are formed in the vicinity
Karaite Jews.                                             by the heavy rains.
TCHIFTLIK, chift-leek/. a town of Turkish Armenia, pa-   TCHOOKHII   LOMA, choo-KlotmA, written  also TCHOUshalic, and 85 miles N.W. of Erzroom. Stone cannon balls  KHLOMA, TCHUGLOMA, and TOHUCHLOMA, a town of
are hewn in an adjacent quarry.                           Russia, government, 83 miles N.E. of Kostroma. Pop. 1800.
TCHIGRIN, che-grinf, written also TCHIGR and TCII-   TCHIOOKTCHEES, TCHOUKTCHIS, TCHUKTCHIS or
GUIRIN, a town of Russia, governmentofKiev, on the Tias- TSCHUKTSCIHIS, chooklcheez', a people inhabiting  a
min. 21 miles W. of Krilov. Pop. 3400. It was formerly  country in East Siberia, between lat. 600 and 700 N., and
the capital of the Cossacks of the Dnieper.               ion. 1600 and 1900 E., having S.W. and W. the provinces of
TCHIKIRI, a river of Mantchooria. See CHIKO II.         Kamtchatka, Okhotsk, and Yakootsk, N. the Arctic Ocean, E.
TCHIKOTAN, chee-ko-tAnt, or SPANBERG, spnlb6nrc,  Behring Strait separating it from Russian America, and S.
the southernmost of the Koorile Isles. Lat. (centre) 430 53r the Gulf of Anadeer and the Pacific Ocean. This region is
N., Ion. 146043' 30" E. It is 6 miles long, by as many broad. traversed  V. to E. by the Anadeer River, but it has been
TCHI_~, chin, and TCIINiG, ching, for names of Chinese  very little explored. The Tchooktchees live chiefly by huntcities with these prefixes, not under-mentioned, see CHIN  ilng and fishing, and profess a rude idolatry.
and CRING.                                                  TCHOOLIM, TCHOULIM or TSCHULIM, choo4-lim, a river
TCHING-AN, ching An, a remarkable cape on the N.E. of Siberia, governments of Yeniseisk and Tomsk, joins the Obi
coast of Siberia, in Behring's Sea, about lat. 640 40' N., Ion. 100 miles N.W. of Tomsk, after a N.W. course of 500 miles.
1730 40' W. It rises almost vertically from the sea, to a    TCHOOROOM, choo'rooml, written also TCHORUM,  CI0great height, and is rendered conspicuous by a red band in- RUM, and CHURUM, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Seetersecting it from its summit to its base.                vas, 28 miles S.W. of Osmanjik. Pop. about 7600, mostly
TCHING-KIANG, ching'ke-ingf, a town of China, province  Mohammedans. It has a castle, 16 mosques, manufactures
of Kiang Soo, capital of a department, on the Yang-tse- of earthenwares and leather, and a large trade in wheat.
Kiang, 40 miles E. by N. of Nanking.                        TCIIOOSOVSKOI, TCHOIUSOVSKOI, TCHUSSOVSKOI or
TCHING-TING, ching'tingt, a town of China, province of TSCHUSOWSKOI, choo-sov-skoil, NIZHNEE and YEaRKINEE,
Pe-chee-lee, capital of a department, 150 miles S.S.W. of  two contiguous market-towns of Russia, government., and
Peking.                                                   40 miles E.N.E. of Perm. United pop. 5700, partly employed
TCHIING:TOU-FOO, a city of China. See CHINa-T00-00.   in salt-works.
TCIIIN-NGAN, chin n'g nu, a city of China, province of    TCHOOSSOVA, TCIHOUSSOVA, choos-sofvA, or TCHYSOQuant-See, capital of a department, near the Tonquin fion- VAIA, chis-o-vYl, a river of Russia, government of Perm,
tier. Lat. 230 20' N., Ion. 1060 12' B.                   rises in the Ural Mountains, flows W. and, after a course of
TCHIN-SAN, chin'sinf,two small islands of China, in the  250 miles, joins the Kama 11 miles N.N.E. of Perm.
Chusan group, S.E. of Chusan, about lat. 300 29' N., ion.   TCI{OO-TCHEOO or TCHOU-TCHEOU, choo cheoot, writ1220 56' E.                                               ten also CHU0 CHOW, choo-chlw, a city of China, province
TCHIN-TCHOO    or TCIIIN-TCIIOU, chin'choof, a city of  of Che-kiang, 130 miles S. of Htang-chow-foo.
China, province of Ho-nan, capital of a department, 80 miles    TCIIOO-TCIIOO  or TCHIU-TCHOU, choel chooe, a city of
S.S.E. of IKtai-fong.                                     China, province Che-kiang, capital ofa department, 130 miles
TCHIN-TCIOO or TCHIN-TCHOU, a city of China, pro- S. of Hang-chow-fto, on the Toon, 80 miles from the coast.
1893




TCHL                                                       TEG
TCflO-YUNG  or TCHOU-YUNG, choo yting, a city of    TECKENDORF, a town of Austria.  See TEKE.
China, province, and 75 miles W. of Yun-nan. It is capital   TECKLENBURG, t~ktklen-bh6RGfi, a town of Prussian
of a department.                                          Westphalia, 20 miles N.N.E. of Miinster. Pop. 1250.
TCHORGOON, CHORGOON, TCIIORGOUN or TCHOR-   TECOLOITA, a post-office of San Miguel co., New Mexico.
GUN, chor-goont, a locality of Russia, in the Crimea, on the    TECUMISEH, a post-village and township of Lenawee co.,
Tchernaya, E. of Sevastopol. Here, May, 1855, the French  Michigan, on Raisin River, 10 miles N.E. of Adrian. It has
established a camp.                                       an excellent water-power, on which a number of mills have
TCHORLOO, TCHORLOU or TCHORLU, chorflos, a town  been erected. A newspaper is published here. This place
of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the River Tchorloo, was the county-seat previous to 1838. The township is con20 miles N.E. of Rodosto. Pop. 4000.                       nected with the Michigan Southern Railroad by the TecumnTCHORUK, cho'rftikl, written also TCHORAK, JORUK, seh Branch. Pop. in 1850, 267.8; of the village in 1851, about
JORAK, and BATOOMI, (anc. Acasnmpsis?) a river of Turkish  1000.
Armenia, flows N.E. and N. through a part of the pashalic    TECUM/SEttII, a post-office of Kanzas Territory.
of Erzroom, and enters the Black Sea between Goonieh and    TEDAVINET or TEDONAGH, te-don/ant, a parish of Ireliatoom. Length, 200 miles.                                land, in Ulster.
TCHOUDSKOE or TSCHUDSKOE. See PEYrus.                      TEDIBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
TCHOUGOUEV, a town of Russia. See TCHooGooEv.              TED/DINGTON, a parish of England, co of Middlesex.
TCHOUI, a river of Asia. See TCHnooi.L                       EDESCO.  See GEaMANY.
TCHOUKHLOMA. See TCH00KHL0MA.                              TEDLA, tedfla, or TEFSA, tUf/sA, a province of Morocco,
TCHOUKTCHIIS, a people of Asia. See TCHooKTcHEEs.        immediately W. of Mount Atlas, and watered by affluents
TCHOUSOVSKOI, Russia. See TcHoosoVSKoI.                  of the river Tensift. Chief town, Tefsa.
TCHOUSSOVA, a river of Russia. See TcHoossovA.             TEDNEST, tld'nlst', a town in the dominions, and 73
TCHOU-YUNG, a city of China. See Tcisoo-YuxG.            miles W. of Morocco, capital of a province, on an affluent of
TCHOW  or TSCHOU, ch~w, a populous walled town of  the Tensift. Estimated pop. 4000, of whom 1800 are Jews.
West Africa, in Yarriba, 40 miles N.W. of Katunga. Lat.   TEDIROW, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.
90 15, N., ion. 50 50, E.                                    TEDSI, tld/see, a town of Morocco, province of Sons, 25
TCHTCHELINSKOE  or CIITCHELINSKOE, ch'-leenl- miles E.N.E. of Terodant.  Pop. 14,000. Its vicinity is
sko-A, a lake of Russia, government of Riazan, near the Oka, highly productive.
to which its waters flow by two small rivers.                TEDISTONE  DELIAMERE, a parish of England, co. of
TCHUI, a river of Central Asia. See TCH00oo.            Hereford.
TCIIUKTCHIS, a people of Asia. See TcHOOKTCnEES.           TEDSTONE-WAFER, a parish of England, co. of IHIereford,
TCHUILA, a post-village of Holmes co., Mississippi, on the    TEDZEN, thd-zul/, or TEJEND, tb'jbndt, (anc. Ochus?) a
Yazoo River. 70 miles N. of Jackson.                      river rising in the Persian province of Khorassan, N.E. of
TCHULIM, a river of Siberia. See TCHOOLIM.              Meshed, flows through the N.E. corner of the province, and
TCHUSAN, an island of China. See CHUSAN.                is lost in the sands of the desert after a course of 250 miles.
TCIIUSSOVSKOI, Russia. See TcoosovsKoI.                   TEE, a township ofCarroll co., Ohio. Pop.1220.
TCHU-TCHOU, a city of China. See TcHoo-TcHoo.              TEEM/BO0' or TIMBO, teem/bo', a town of West Africa,
TCHYSOVAIA. See TCHoossovA.                              Senegambia, capital of the state of Foota Jallon, in lat. 100
TE, tA, a city of China, province of Shan-toong, on the Im- 30' N., Ion. 100 30, W. It has a mosque and several forts.
perial Canal, 65 miles N.W. of Tsee-nan.                     TEEN-TSIN or TIN-TSIN, teent'seen/, a town of China, proTEACHRIEY'S, a village of Duplin co, North Carolina, on the  vince of Pe-chee-lee, on the Pel-ho, at the commencement of
Wilmington and Weldon Railioad,38 miles fromWilmington. the Grand Canal, 70 miles S.E. of Peking. It is the seat of
TEALIBY, a parish ofEngland, co. of Lincoln.             an extensive trade, and a great dep6t for salt.
TEAL/ING, a parish of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 4 miles E.    TERRA, tee/ri, a town and fort of West Hindostan, in
of Auchterhouse, on the Dundee and Newtyle Railway.       Cutch, 52 miles W. of Bhoqj.
TEAN, teen, UlIpER and NETHIER, two hamlets of England,    TERRA or TEEREE, teetree, a petty town of Afghanistan,
co. of Stafford, parish of Chichley, on the Teamn. Population  capital of a chiefship, S. of Peshawer.
chiefly employed in bleach-works and a manufactory of tape.   TEEREE, tee/ree', a town of Beloochistan, province of
TE-AN, t't~nl, a city of China, province of HIoo-pe, capital Saravan, 70 miles N.N.E. of Kelat, on the route to Shawl.
of a department, 50 miles N.W. of Han-yang.                 TEES, teez, a river of England, between the cos. of Durham
TEJANA, tA-4nA, a market-town of Naples, province of  and York, after an E. course of 90 miles joins the North Sea
Basilicata, 18 miles W.S.W. of Tursi. Pop. 1600.          by an estuary nearly 3 miles across, 10 miles E.N.E. of StockTEANO, tA-Alno, a town of Naples, province of Terra di ton. At its mouth is a bar with from 10 to 12 feet water at
Lavoro, 13 miles N.W. ofCapua. Pop. 7800. It has a cathe- low, and from 26 to 28 feet at high-tide; the river is tidal
dral and two collegiate churches, a diocesan seminary, and a  to Yarm, and navigable to Stockton for vessels of 60 tons
trade in corn and oil.                                     burden. In it is a salmon fishery.
TEAPY, an island in the Pacific. See EASTER ISLAND.        TEESTA, a river of Hindostan. See ATTRI
TEARQUE  tA-ar/kA, a village in the territory of New    TEEZ or TIZ, teez, a town or village of Beloochistan, proMexico, about 70 miles S. of Santa Fe..                    vince of Mekran, on the E. side of the Bay of Charbar; 130
TEARY or TEHREE, tee/ree(?) a town of India, in Bun- miles S.W. of Kedje.
delcund, 54 miles S.S.E. of Chatterpoor.                     TEFELNEIL.  a town of Morocco. See TAFELNEH.
TEATE. See CHIETI.                                         TEFFE, tflffi, a river of Brazil, after a N.E. course of 500
TEAZE'S VALLEY, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia. miles joins the Amazon in let. 30 40' S., lon. 640 455 W.
TEBALEH, tA-b/lh, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, about    TEF/FONT EVIAS, a parish of England, co of Wilts.
170 miles S.E. of Mecca.                                     TEF/FONT MAGNA, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
TEBAR, tA-baRa/J, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province,   TEFLIS, a city of Georgia.' See TIFLIS.
and 42 miles S. of Cuenca. Pop. 1432.                        TEFSA, t~f/sA. or TEFZA, tfflzA, a town of Morocco, capi.
TEBAS-Y-TENARUBIA,  tAts s  ee ti-nk-roonbe-A, a town  tal of the province of Tedla. Lat. 320 30' N., ion. 50 451 W.
of Spain, province, and 38 miles N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 3316. On the opposite side of the river is the small town of Efza.
TEBESSA, tA-basOsA, (anc. Thevesta?) a town of Algeria, United pop. about 10,500, partly employed in manufactures
about 75 miles S.E. of Constantine, with extensive Roman  of woollen mantles.
remains. It is entered by two gates, one of them of Roman    TEFSA, a province of Morocco. See TEoLA.
construction, in the form of a triumphal arch. Pop. from    TEGAL-SARI, ti'gAl/ sO/ree, a town of Java, province of
12,000 to 15,000.                                          Madioen, with a school for ecclesiastics, where about 3000
TEBIQUARY or TEBICUARI, t[-neB-kwa-reo. written also youths are educated.
TIBIQUARI, a river in the S. of Paraguay, falls into the   TEGERA, ti-IAIrO, a village in New Mexico, near the S.
Paraguay above geembucu.                                   extremity of the Sandia Mountains; 50 miles S. of Santa Fe.
TEIBO, a post-office of hIenry co., MIissouri.             TEGERHY, t~gler-hee', a town of Central Africa, in Fezzan,
TEBO CREEK, Missouri, enters Osage River in Benton co. on the main route to Soodan, 120 miles S.E. of Moorzook.
TEBRIZ, a city of Persia. See TABREEZ.                   It is enclosed by a wall, and has a citadel.
TECALI, ti-k-lee (?) a town of the Mexican Confedera-   TEGERNSEE, ti/ghern-si', a village and lake of Upper
tion, state, and 15 miles S.E. of La Puebla.               Bavaria, 31 milesS. ofMunich. Length of lake. 4 miles.
TECH, t~sh, a river in France, descends from the N. slope    TEGLIO, til/yo, or TELLIO, t lfle-o, written also TOGLIO,
of the Pyrenees, department of Pyrdnges-Orientales, flows t6ltyo, avillage of Austrian Italy, province, and E. of Sondrio,
E.N.E., and near C~ret falls into the Mediterranean. Total on the right bank of Adda. Pop. 5475.
course, 45 miles.                                           TEGUCIGALPA, ti-goo-se-g~l/pA, a town of Central Ame.
TECHE, t~sh, a bayou of Louisiana, commences in St. rica, state of Honduras, capital of a department. on a tableLandry parish, a few miles fi-om Opelousas, and after flowing  land, 40 miles S.W. of Comayagua. Pop. 10,000.(?) In its
S.E. in avery tortuous course of about 200 miles, unites with  vicinity are gold, silver, and copper mines.
Atchafalaya Bayou near the S.E. extremity of Lake Cheti-   TEGUESTE, ti-gh~s/tA, a village of the Canaries, on the
maches. The chief towns on its banks are St. Martinsville N.W. of the island ofTeneriffe. Pop. 1162.
and Franklin. It is bordered by fertile prairies and plains,   TEGUISE, tO-gheelsi, a town of the Canary Islands, capiin which cotton and sugar flourish. During high water, tal of the island of Lanzarote, near its centre. Pop. 3736.
steamboats ascend this bayou for a distance of near 200    TEGULET, tlg-99-1t', a town of Abyssinia, in Shoa, of
miles from the Gulf of Mexico.                            which it was formerly the capital, 18 miles W. of Ankober.
1894




TEI                                                           TETL.'~EttAI/LON  or TYHALLON, a parish of Ireland, in    TEILLEUL, LE, leh tAyulf or tail'yu'l, a market-town of
Ulster, co. of Monaghan.                                      France, department of Manche, 8 miles S.S.E. of Mortain.
T EHIAMA, tA-hfmA, (i.e. "Low land,") A, maritime plain  Pop. 2604.
of Arabia, extending along its W. coastffrom Ras Mohammed    TEINITZ, titnits. a town of Bohemia, 27 miles S.E. of
to Jiddah, a distance of 550 miles.                           Beraun, on the railway from Prague to Olmutz. Pop. 2403.
TEIIAMA, tA-h ms, or BATNA, b~t/na, a maritime plain    TEISSHOLZ, tissoholts, or TISZOLCZ, tees'solts!, a marof Arabia, in'Muscat dominions, bordering on the Sea of Bab- ket-town of Hungary, co., 21 miles N.W. of Gmijr. P. 3170.
el-Mandeb, and from 20 to 40 miles in width.                    TEITII, teeth, a river of Scotland, Co. of Perth, is formed
TEIHAIMA, a post-town of Colusi co., California.            by two heads which unite near Callander, whence it has a
TEIERAN, th'her-An!, or TEHRAN, t~h-hrln!, written  S.E. course of about 15 miles past Donune, and joins the
also TEHRAUN, the capital city of Persia, province of Irak-  Forth 21 miles N.W. of Stirling.
Ajemee, 70 miles S. of the Caspian Sea, and 210 miles N. of    TEJA, a town of Morocco.  See TEZA.
Ispahan. Lat. 350 42' N., Ion. 510 20' 50"' E.'Stationary pop.    TEJEDA  or TEXEDA, tA-HADA, a sierra of Spain, in
estimated at 10,000; but during the residence of the court in  Andalusia, separating the province of Granada from the prowinter, it is 60,000 and upwards. It is about 5 milesin circuit, vince of Malaga; it abounds with mines.
and enclosed by an earthen wall flanked with towers, a glacis,   TEJEDA, a village of the Canaries, on the Grand Canary.
and a dry trench. The external appearance is picturesque;    TEJO, a river of Spain. See TAGUs.
its mosques, colleges, and caravanserais are in good repair;    TEJUCO, a city of Brazil.  See DIPAMAsINA.
and it has well-furnished shops and bazaars, with some    TEJUTLA or TEXUTLA, tH-nooftlA, a town of Central
large palaces of the Persian nobility; but its dwellings are  America, state, and 165 miles N.W. of Guatemala.
mostly built of earth; the streets are mean and wretchedly    TEKAX, t&-kbi' (?) a town of Yucatan, between Valladolid
paved; and in summer it is so unhealthy that the shah  and Merida. It is well built.
and the upper classes leave it to encamp on the plains of    TEKE, tAlkA, or TECKENDORF, tlkten-donfN, a marketSultaneeyah, about 150 miles N.W. The ark or royal citadel town of Austria, in Transylvania, co., an( 50 miles E.N.E. of
is extensive, and comprises, besides,the royal harem and  Klausenburg, on the right bank of the Sajo, (" Salt River,")
apartments, a magnificent grand saloon, the public offices, with a salt lake, from which much salt is made. Pop. 1611.
quarters for the royal guards, numerous baths, and gar-    TEKE DERE, ttfkA dOrA, a river of European Turkey,
dens. On a height near the city is another royal palace  joins the ErkenD on the right, 32 miles S.E. of Adrianople;
with fine grounds. Teheran has manufactures of carpets  total course, about 70 miles.
and iron goods; its vicinity is fertile, and covered with vii-    TEKEER  (or TEKIR) DAGH, te-keer! dAg, a mountain
lages. It became the Persian capital towards the end of  range of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, extending from
the last century. On its S. side, and about 25 miles E., are  the Maritza to the Sea of Marmora at Rodosto, to which town
extensive ruins, and one of these localities marks the site' it gives its own name among the Turks.
of the ancient Rhalgoe.                                          TEK NAAF, a navigable river of Aracan.  See NAAF.
TEHEROOT or TEHRUT, tth-h'rootf, a town of Persia,    TEKONISHA, a post-township in the S. part of Calhoun
province, 80 miles E.S.E. of Kerman.  Its vicinity is stated  co., Michigan.  Po-. 651.
to be productive of corn, sugar, cotton, tobacco. and fruits.    TEKRIT, t-A-krit', (anc. BirtSa,) a poor town of Asiatic
TEHOPEKE, a pQst-office of Tallapoosa co., Alabama.         Turkey, pashalic, and 97 miles N.N.W. of Bagdad, on the
TEHRAN or TEITRAUN, a city of Russia.  Sfe T.narAsN.  right bank of the Tigris. It is enclosed by old walls, outside
TEHREE, a town of Hindostan. See TEARY.                     of which are numerous remains of the ancient city.
TEHIRUT, a town of Persia.  See TuIERnoT0.                     TEKROVA, t.4-krolvd, or FIONDA, fee-onldO, (anc. PhaTEHUACAN, tA-wA-kdnf, a town of the Mexican  Confede- selis.) a maritime village of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, on the
ration, state, and 65 miles S.E. of La Puebla. Pop. 12.000.  W. shore of the Gulf of Adalia, 23 miles S.S.W. of Adalia,
TEIHIUANTEPEC, tA-wAn-tA-pbk/, a river-port town of the  with remains of the ancient city.
Mexican Confederation, on the river Tehuantepec, 150 miles    TELAV  or TELAW, tA-l&vt, a fortified town of Russian
E.S.E. of Oajaca. Pop. 8000,(?) who export indigo and salt, Transcaucasia, 35 miles N.E. of Tiflis.  Pop. 3000.
and have some fisheries and a coasting trade.                    TELCHA. a town of Russian Poland. See TELSn.
TEILUANTEPEC, a recently-organized  territory of the    TELDE, tflfdi, a city of the Canaries, island of Grand CaMexican Confederation, occupying the isthmus of its own  nary, E. of Las Palmas, in a beautiful plain called Vega
name. Pop. in 1854, 82,395.                                   Mayor, about 2 miles from  the sea. The streets are broad
TEHUANTEPEC, ISTHMUs  OF, in  the  Mexican  Con- and straight.  There are -three  squares, in one of which
federation, is the narrowest part of the land separating the  are the town-house and prisons, the parish church, an eleGulf of Mexico from  the Pacific, distance across about 130  gant structure, and the Alameda. It has some manufacmiles.  It is traversed almost throughout by the river  tures of plain linens, 11 flour mills, and an hospital. On
Coatzacoalco. It has been proposed to unite the Atlantic  the sea-shore, to the E. of the town, there is a mineral
and Pacific Oceans at this point by a canal, of which the  spring, resorted to from  all parts of the island. Grain is
river and some lakes would form a part. But a more recent  exported to Las Palmas and the neighboring islands, and
project is the construction of a railway to connect Minatitlan,  cochineal to Cadiz, Marseilles, and London; also a consideron the Coatzacoalco, 12 miles from  its entrance into the  able quantity of blue paving flags, half a yard square, to
Gulf of Mexico, with La Ventosa, on the Gulfof Tehuantepec.  Cadiz and America. Pop. 12,027.
TEHUANTEPEC, GULF OF. See GULF OF TEIIUANTEPEO.    TELEMBI, t-lkm-beef, a river of Ecuador, rises in the
TE1IFY or TIVY, (both pronounced tllvee,) a river of  W. slope of the Andes, flows N., and joins the Patia, a little
North Wales, rises in Cardiganshire, flows S.W. and W., past  above its mouth in the Pacific, after a course of 80 miles.
Lampeter, Newcastle-Emlyn, and Cardigan, separating that    TELESE, ta-lahsd, (anc. Tcielsia,) a decayed episcopal town
county on the N. from Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, 14 miles N.E. of
and enters Cardigan Bay after a course of about 70 miles.    Caserta, on the Calore.
TEIGH, tee, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.              TELETSKOI, a lake of Siberia. See ALTIN
TEIGHSHINOD, te-shinfod, or TAGIISIEEINOD, a parish    TELIFA1R, a county in the S. part of Georgia, has an area
of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Longford.                     of 925 square miles.  It is intersected by the Ocmulgee
TEIGN, tain, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in  River, and also drained by the Little Ocmulgee, and Sugar
Dartmoor, flows E., S., and again E., between the Dart and  and Hurricane Creeks. The surface is level, and covered
the Exe, and enters the English Channel at Teignmouth. with extensive forests of pine. The soil is sandy, but proTotal course, 45 miles. It flows past Chagford, Chudleigh,  ductive in the vicinity of the streams. It was laid out in
and Newton-Bushel, to which last its estuary is navigable  1807, and named in honor of Edward Telfair, Governor of
from the sea.                                                 Georgia in 1786. Capital, Jacksonville. Pop. 3026, of whom
TEIGNGRACE, tinfgrace, a parish of England, co. Devon. 2096 were free, and 930 slaves.
TEIGNMOUTH, thnimfith, a maritime town of England,   TELFS, tllfs, a villageof Tyrol, circle of Imst, on the left
ce. of Devon, on both sides of the Teign, at its mouth in the  bank of the Inn. Pop. 2000.
English Channel, 12A miles S.S.E. of Exeter, on the South    TELGTE, t~lcteh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 7 miles
Devon Railway. Pop. in 1851, 5013. The two parts of the town  E.N.E. of Mtinster, on the Emos. Pop. 2186.
are connected by a wooden bridge of 34 arches, with a swing,   TELIGOOL, TELIGOUL or TELIGUL, tA-le-gooll, a river
which admits vessels of 400 tons burden. The town being  of Russia, government of Kherson, falls into a bay of its
a place of resort for sea-bathing, has greatly improved of  own name 25 miles N.E. of Odessa; its stream is continuous
late years. The principal buildings are the modern octan- only in the wet season.
gular church of West Teignmouth, other places of worship,   TELIORMAN, tA'le-otmln!, a river of Turkey, in European
a bathing establishment, library, spacious assembly-rooms, Wallachia, rises in a mountain slope 80 miles N.W. of Buand a small theatre. Here is a dock-yard, at which sloops- charest, flows circuitously S.S.E., and, after a course of 90
of-war have been built, with a quay, fi-om which granite and  miles, joins the Vode (Vede) about 20 miles above its mouth
pipe-clay are exported.  The chief imports are coal and  in the Danube.
culm. Teignmouth gives title of baron to the Shore family.   TELISCOF, tflis-kof!, or TELKIF, tfl-lif1, a town of
TEIGNTON, (tain/ton,) BISHOP'S, a parish of England, Asiatic Turkey, pasbalie, and 15 miles N.N.W. of Mosul, in
co. of Devon.                                                 a large and fertile plain celebrated for the passage of XenoTEIGNTON, DREW'S, a parish of England. co. of Devon. phon over it with the 10,000 Greeks, and the battle of
TEIL, LE, leh tWl, a village of France, department of Ille- Arbela fought upon it, and gained by Alexander the Great.
et-Vilaine, 17 miles S.W. of Vitr6. Pop. 2394.                Pop. about 4000.
1895




TEL                                                        TEM
TELKI-BANYA, tflIkeeW bintyl hl, a village of IIungary,  miles. It discharges its surplus water into the Ottawa River.
in Hither Theiss, co. of Aba-uj-var. 14 miles S.S.E. of Kas- TEnISCAMINo IIoUslE, a station of the I-Hudson Bay Company,
chau, with chalybeate baths. Pop. 1180. Rich gold mines  is on its E. side.
once existed in the vicinity, but the shafts were destroyed    TEMISCOUATA. tem'is-koo-ft& or tlm'is-kwA/ta, a beauby an earthquake; new mines are now in operation.          tiful lake in Canada East, 130 miles N.E. of Quebec, 22
TELL, a township of Huntingdon  co., Pennsylvania. miles long, and from  1 to 2' miles in breadth, and suffi
Pop. 983.                                                   ciently deep for vessels of considerable burden.
TELLFAIR CREEK, Georgia. See HURRICANE CREEK.              TEMINIKOV or TEMNIKOW, t~m-ne kovl, a town of Rue'
TELLICHERY, t;l-le-chfrltee, a fortified seaport town of  siR, government, and 150 miles N.N.E. of Tambov, on the
British India, presidency of Madras, district of Malabar, 43  Moksha. Pop. 3200.
miles N.N.W. of Calicut. It has a good harbor, and an ac-    TEMOURTOU-NOR, a lake of Chinese Toorkistan.  See
tire export trade in spices, sandal-wood, &c.               Tooz-GCooL.
TELILICO, a small river which rises in Cherokee co.,   TEMPE, t~mfpi, a valley of European Turkey, in the N.E.
North Carolina, and flowing into Tennessee, enters the Little  of Thessaly, between the mountains of Olympus on the N.,
Tennessee River on the N. border of Monroe county.          and Ossa on the S. The beauties of its scenery are much
TELLICO PLAINS, a post-office of Monroe co., Tennessee. celebrated by ancient writers.
TELLIO, avillage of Italy. See TEcLIo.                     TEMPELBUIRG, tlmtpel-b66cG', a walled town of PrusTELILISFORD, a parish ofEngland, co. of Somerset.         sian Pome-ania, 44 miles S. of C~slin. Pop. 3400.
TELMA, tnm'4, a town of Siberia, government, and N.W.   TETMIPERANCE, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.
of Irkootsk, with considerable manufactures of cloth, linen,    TEMPERANCE, a post-village of Telfair co., Georgia,
glass, and paper; the operatives are all convicts. Pop. 2000. about 90 miles S. of Milledgeville.
TELMESSUS.  See MAKREe.                                     TEMPERANCE HALL, a post-office of De Kalb co., TenTELOrGA SPRINGS, a post-office ofChattooga co., Georgia. nessee.
TELO MARTIUS. See TOULON.o                                  TEMPERANCE  HILL, a post-office of Marion district,
TELSICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.           South Carolina.
TELSH  or TELSER, t~lsh, written also TELSCHIA or    TEM/PERANCEVILLE, a thriving post-borough of CharTELCIIA, a town of Russian Poland, government, and 150  tier township, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the left or S.
miles N.W. of Vilna. Pop. 2000.                             bank of the Ohio River, 11 miles below Pittsburg. It has
bTELTOW, tYtov, a town of Prussia, province of Branden-  a great variety of manufactures, including glass. iron, edgeburg, 9 miles E. of Potsdam. Pop. 1380.                    tools, &c., and has an active trade in coal. Pop. in 1853,
TELTSCH, tlltch, a walled town of Moravia, 17 miles about 2500.
S.S.W. of Iglau. Pop. 3406.                                   TEMPERANCEVILLE, a post-office of Accomack  co.,
TEMACHIN, tAlmi-cheenf, or EL-GUECER, 61-glsairf, a  Virginia.
town of North Africa, in the Algerian Sahara, capital of an in-   TEMPERANCEVILLE, a post-village, Belmont'o., Ohio.
dependent district of same name, 12 miles S.S.W. of Toog-   TEMtPERANCEVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of
goort; lat. 330 20' N.; ion. 00 50' E. It is surrounded by a  Middlesex, 140 miles S.W of Toronto. Pop. about 80.
loop-holed wall, and a ditch filled with water in the winter,    TEMPESCA, t~m-p~sfkA, a river in Turkey, rises in the
but dry in summer.                                          N. slope of Mount Argentaro or Egrisoo-Tagh, in the S.E.
TEMASCALTEPEC, tA-mls-klI-tA-ptk/, a town of Mexico,  of Servia, flows circuitously N.N.W., and, after a course of
stat;e, and 68 miles S.W. of Mexico, in a deep valley. It  60 miles, joins the Morava on the right, 6 miles below Perekop.
formerly owed its prosperity to the rich mines of silver    TEMIPE VALE, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, 2 miles W.
worked in its vicinity. Pop. 5000.                          of Portsmouth.
TEMBLEQUE, tlm-blAlkA, a town of Spain, province, and    TEMPIO, tcmtpe-o, a town of the island of Sardinia, on a
30 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 3720.                        mountain, 31 miles E.N.E. of Sassari. Pop. 9466.
TEMBUCTOO, a town of Africa. See TiMeucToo.                 TEMPISQUE, t8m-peesfkA, a considerable river of Centra
TEMBY, tnmlbee, the most S. of three rivers which enter  America, in the W. part of the state of Costa Rica, after a S.
English'River, in Delagoa Bay, East Afiica, and whence it course enters the Gulf of Nicoya, 8 miles N. of Nicoya.
has been navigated upwards for 46 miles.                      TEMfPLE, a parish of England, co. of Cot-wall.
TEME, tim, a river of South Wales, rises 5 miles S.E. of   TEMPLE, a parish of Scotland, co. ofEdinburgh.
Newtown, in Montgomery, flows E. between the cos. ofRadnor    TEMIPLE, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about
and Salop, and joins the Severn' near Powick, 3 miles S. of 150 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 785.
Worcester. Total course, 60 miles. Iscelebratedfortrout    TEMPLE, a post-township  of Hillsborough  co., New
and graylings.                                             Hampshire, 33 miles S.S.W. fiom Concord. Pop. 579.
TEMERIN, t[mt[rint, a market-town of South Hungary,   TEMPLEBOY, a maritime parish of Ireland, in Conco.. and 34 miles E. of Bacs. Pop. 6393.                    naught, co. of Sligo.
TEMES t~m'6sht, written also TEMESCIH, a river of South-   TEMPILEBREADtY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Corlk.
East Hungary, in the Banat, rises in the Carpathian Moun-    TEM'PLEBRED/IN, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, cos.
tains, flows N.W. and S., and joins the Danube 6 miles E. of  of Tipperary and Limerick.
Belgrade. Total course, 180 miles. The principal affluents    TEMPLECARNE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of
are the Bisztra, Bogovitz, and Berzava. It gives name to a  Fermanagh and Donegal.
county of which Temesvar is the capital.                      TEM'PLECORIRAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
TEMESVAR or TEMESWAR, tnsm'8sh-vitr, written also  Antrim, 4. miles N.E. of Carrickfergus. The church of
TEMESCHWAR, a fortified city of South Hungary, capital Templecorran, now ruined, was the first benefice to which
of a county of its own name, on the Alt-Bega and the Bega  Dean Swift was appointed.
Canal, 72 miles N.N.E. of Belgrade. Lat. 450 42' N., Ion. 210    TEMPLECRONE, t6mpeIl-krin/, a maritime parish of Ire20' E. Pop. 19,100, comprising Hungarians, Germans, Greeks, land, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, comprising the town of
Wallachs, and Jews. It is enclosed by walls, and entered  Bunglo. Pop. in 1851, 9592.
by three gates, beyond each of which there is a suburb.    TEM/PLEDER/RY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
The houses are of solid construction, the streets spacious,   TEMPLEKEL1LY or TEMPLEJEHALILY, a parish of Ireand there are a number of regularly formed and handsome  land, in Munster, co. of Tipperary, comprising the town of
squares. The principal buildings are the cathedral. which is  Ballina.
a handsome Gothic structure; the Greek church, the Roman    TEMTPLEMARITIN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Cork.
Catholic church, synagogue, palace of the government, town-    TEMPLEMIARTIN or ST. MARTIN, a parish of Ireland,
house, theatre, two cpnvents, Piarist college, gymnasium, in Leinster, co. of Kilkenny.
high school, normal school, arsenal, and civil and military    TEM'PLEMITCHAEL, a parish of Ireland, and comprising
hospitals. The manufactures consistofwoollens, oil, paper, the town of Longford.
tobacco, and wire. There are also several silk-mills. The    TEMPLEMICHAEL, a parish of Ireland, co. of Waterford.
transit trade, consisting chiefly of corn, is of great import-   TEMPLEMICHAEL, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
ance, and is much facilitated by the Bega Canal, which    TEMPLEMICIIAEL, DEDU/AGI{, a parish of Ireland, in
communicates with the Danube. Temesvar is the seat of a  Munster, co. of Cork.
Greek bishop, the residence of a Roman Catholic bishop,   TEMPLE MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.
and seat of a high court, with jurisdiction over three coun-   TEMPLEMORE, a parish of Ireland.  See STRAID.
ties of the Banat. According to D'Anville, Temesvar is the    TEM'PLEMIORE, a town and parish of Ireland, in Munsancient Thsybiscus to which the poet Ovid was banished. In  telr, co. of Tipperary, near the E. foot of the Devil's Bit Moun1582 it was taken and sacked by the Turks, in whose pos- tains, with a station on the Great Southern and Western
session it remained till 1718, when it was taken filom them   Railway, 8 miles N. of Thurles. Pop. of the town in 1851, 9592,
by Prince Eugene, almost entirely rebuilt, and fortified so  It chiefly consists of one long and well-built street, has a
strongly as to be now one of the principal Austrian for- handsome church, a Roman Catholic chapel, endowed school,
tresses. In 1849 it stood a siege of 107 days by the insur- hospital, dispensary, bridewell, and large infantry barracks.
gents, and was relieved by Haynau, but not before nearly    TEMPLEMORE, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co., and
every house had been damaged by the bombardment, and  comprising the chief part of the city of Londonderry.  Pop.
fever and cholera had made fearful havoc among the  in 1851, 5008.
garrison.                                                    TEMPLENEIRY,  a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
TEMIStCAMING LAKE, between Canada East and West. Tipperary. The Galtee Mountains rise here to 2588 feet
Lat. 470 30' N., lon. 800 W. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 15  above the sea.
1896




TE1M                                                        TEN
TEMPLE-NEWSIHAM, also written  NEWHUSUM, a  rigable to some distance inland. Along the whole extent
township of England, co. of York, West Riding.             of this territory islands of various magnitude occur within
TEM'PLENOEI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry.          a short distance from the shore, of which from seaward they
TEMPLENOE or LISNAVYILLA, a parish of Ireland, in  appear to form parts. The island of Balu, (Balu-gyun,) opMunster, co. of Tipperary.                                 posite Maulmain, by far the most important of all, has alluTE.IPLE OF HEALTH, a post-office of Abbeville district, vial lands of surprising fertility, and a greater number of
South Carolina.                                            inhabitants, in proportion, than any other part of these proTEMPLEOUTRAGH,   tlm/ppl-ooftrnrr,   or  JUPPER- vinces. The climate is healthy, the thermometer ranging
CHURCH, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tipperary. from 750 to 980. The annual fall of rain is 108 inches. The
TEM'PLEPATIRICK, a parish of Ireland, co. of Antrim.   rainy season continues from May to October, after a dry
TEMPLEPORT', a parish of Ireland, co. of Cavan.          season of 6 months. Iron and tin are plentiful in the proTEM'PLEROB1IN, a parish of Ireland, co., and in the bar- vinces of Tavoy and Mergui, but few, if any, mines are
bor of Cork, consists of Spike and Hawlbowline Islands, and  wrought. Elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, the wild hog, and
a part of Great Island, with the chief part of Queenstown.   great numbers of deer, abound in the forests.  The populaTEM'PLESHAMIBO or TEMPLESHANIBOUGH, a parish  tion are mostly Boodhists, except the Iareans; they mannof Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Wexford.                   facture cotton and some silk fabrics, but the use of these
TEM'PLESIIANINON, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford,  has been almost superseded of late years by the importation
comprising a part of the town of Enniscorthy.              of India and British piece-goods. The ports are entirely
TEMPLETEN/NY, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.   free, and many vessels are built on the coast. This terriTEMPLETOGHI ER, tlm'pp1-tS/her, a parish of Ireland, tory is under the presidency of Bengal, and -was formerly
co. of Galway.                                             divided into the provinces of Ye, Tavoy, Mergui, and TenasTEMiP/LETON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          serim, so named from  their chief towns; at present it is
TEMPILETON, a village of South Wales, co. of Pembroke,  subdivided into the provinces of Amherst, Tavoy, and Merparish of Narbeth.                                          gui; which, with Moulmein, are the principal seats of foreign
TEiMP/LETON, a post-village and township of Worcester  trade. The Tenasserim provinces appear to have been visited
co., Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by N. of Boston. It has  by the Portuguese early in the seventeenth century. The
manufactures of chains, woollen goods, &c. The Vermont country passed into the hands of the British by the peace
and Massachusetts Railroad crosses the N.E. part of the  of Yandabo, which terminated the Burmese war, in 1826.
township. Pop. 2173.                                        It has been used as a penal colony from  Hindostan; and
TEMPLETON, a post-village of Prince George co., Vir- 2000 Thugs transported to it have become, it is said, respectginia, 36 miles S.E. of Richmond.                           able settlers. The military force consists of two Anglo-Indian
TEMP;LETOWN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.         regiments.
TEMfPLETOWN, a village of Ireland, co. of Louth, 3'    TENBOCTO. See TIssBUCTo.
miles S.S.E. of Carlingford.                                  TENBURY, tlnlber-e, a marlket-town and parish of EngTEM'PLETRINEt, a parish of Ireland. co. of Cork.          land, co., and 18 miles W.N.W. of Worcester, on the S. bank
TEM'PLETUOINY orBAL'LINSINI, aparishof Ireland, co. of the Tome, here joined by the Kyre. Pop. in 1851, 1786.
of Tipperary. Adjoining it are the ruins of Lisdallen Castle. It is indifferently built, and, from being in a low position, is
TEMPLEUDIIGAN or ST. PETER'S, a parish of Ireland, liable to sudden inundations. It has various schools, some
in Leinster, co. of Wexford.                                trade in hops and cider, tanning, and glove-making. In
TEMPLEUVE, t&'pluvf, a village of Belgium, province  1829 a salt spring was discovered.
of Hainaut, on the French frontier, 5 miles N.W. of Tour-    TENIBY, (Welsh, Denbych-y-Pysgod, denubi: e pisfgod,) a
nay, on the railway to Brussels. Pop. 3500.                 municipal borough and seapoit town of South Wales, co.,
TEMPLEUVE, a village of France, department of Nord, 8  and 9 miles E. of Pembroke, on a promontory on the W.
miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 3143.                    side of Carmarthen Bay. Area of the borough, 322 acres.
TEMPILEVILLE, post-village, Queen Anne co., Maryland.  Pop. in 1851, 2982. The' town, partially enclosed by the reTEMPLIN, tim/plin, a walled town of Prussia, province  mains of strong walls, and defended by some batter;i  on
of Brandenburg, on the lake of Bolgen, 24 miles S.E. of  the shoite, consists chiefly of a long and spacious street. St
Neu-Strelitz.  Pop. 3380.                                   Mary's church, enriched by many ancient monuments, and
TEMIPO, a neat village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Feer- a finely carved roof, has a spire 152 feet in height, painted
managh, on the Tempo, on the road from Enniskillen to  white to form  a conspicuous landmark. Here are various
Clogher, 8 miles E.N.E. of the former. Pop. 422.            Dissenters' chapels, national and other schools and charities,
TEMPSIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.          a town-hall, market-house, assembly-rooms, thleat;e, reTEMROOK, TEMROUK or TEMRUK, tim-rookI, a forti- mains of a castle, and several ecclesiastical and collegiate
fled town of South Russia, government of the Caucasus, on a  edifices, several good hotels, and spacious bathing-housespeninsula on the S. side of the Sea of Azof, about 30 miles  the town being resorted to as a watering-place. The harbor,
E. of the Strait of Yenikale; lat. 450 15' N., lon. 370 10' E. commodious and well sheltered, is a creek of the port of
Under the Turks it was an important fortress.               Milford, and fi-equented by Devonshire fishing vessels; opTEMSCHE or TEMSICA. See TAMISE.                           posite it are Caldy and St. Margaret Islands. The exports
TENAL'LYTOWN, a post-officeof Washington co., District comprise oysters, butter, corn, and coal. The vicinity is
of Columbia.                                                highly beautiful, and fine sands extend W. and S. of the
TENANCINGO, t'j-n&n-sing/go, a town of the Mexican  town. It contributes with Pembroke, Wiston, and Milford,
Confederation, state, and 30 miles S.S.W. of Mexico, cele- to send 1 member to the House of Commons.
brated for its annual fair, which lasts 10 days, and at which    TEN/BY. a town of Van Diemen's Land, co. of Pembroke,
immense quantities of foreign manufactures are sold.       49 miles E. of Hobart Town.
TENANT'S HARBOR, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.       TENCE, tScsns, a town of France, department of Haute.
TENASSERIM, tln-as/seh-rim, or TANAS/SEREM, a river  Loire, on the Lignon, 9 miles E.S.E. of Yssingeaux. P. 1277.
of Farther India, provinces of Tavoy and Tenasserim, rises    TENDA, tin/dd, a market-town of the Sardinian States,
in lat. 140 30' N., flows S. through a narrow valley, but near  division and province of Nice, 3 miles S. of the Col de
the town of Tenasserim  turns sharply W., and enters the  Tende, a pass of the Maritime Alps, to which it gives name.
Indian Ocean, in lat. 120, by three principal mouths, enclos- Pop. 2441.
ing two islands, on the N. of which the town of Mergui is    TENDA-MAIE, tin/dA mI/A, a district of West Africa, in
seated. Total course, 220 miles. It is navigable by vessels  Senegambia, intersected by the parallel of 110 50' N., and by
drawing 14 feet water for 30 miles, and for boats 60 miles.   the meridian of 130 W. Iron of fine quality, and salt, are
TENASSERIM, a town in the southernmost part of the  obtained in some localities.
Tenasserim provinces, taken from the Burmese in 1826, on    TENDE, COL DE, kol deh t8Nd, a pass in the Maritime
the S. bank of the river, 50 miles E.S.E. of Mergui. Lat. 110  Alps, a little W. of the point where they become linked
49' N., Ion. 990 10' E.                                    with the Apennines. on the frontiers of the Sardinian diviTENASSERIM  PROVINCES, in British India, consists of  sions of Nice and Coon. Height, 6160 feet above sea-level.
a long and narrow  slip of territory in Farther India, be- It is traversed by an excellent carriage-road, constructed by
tween 1at. 110 and 170 40' N., lon. 970 30' and 990 20' E., Victor Amedeo III. The summit is enclosed by higher
having E. a mountain; chain separating them  from Siam, mountains on all sides, except the S., in which direction the
and WV. the Indian Ocean and Salwin River. Length, from   Mediterranean may be seen.
N. to S., 500 miles; breadth. from 40 to 80 miles. Area,   TENDRA, tin/drA, or TEN/TER, a long and narrow island
about 32,500 square miles. Estimated pop. 118,000, partly  in the Black Sea, 40 miles E. of Odessa. Length, from E. to
Siamese or Malays, hut comprising many Karean or wild  W., 33 miles. Lat. of light-house, which is 92 feet above the
tribes.' The surface is mostly mountainous, and covered  sea, 460 22/ N., ion. 310 29' E.
with fine forests; there are, however, some extensive and    TENDIRE, MONT, one of the Jura Mountains.  See MoNT
very rich alluvial plains, broken only by isolated peaks of  TENDIRE.
limestone, and well adapted to the culture of cotton, indigo,    TEN/DRING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
and tobacco, which, with rice, sugar-cane, numerous fruits,   TEN/EDOS, (Gr. T'Fycos,) an island off the W. coast ofAsia
excellent teak and sapan-wood in the N., bamboos, rattans,  Minor, 5 miles N.W. of Alexandria Troas. Length, 5 miles;
various drugs and gums, betel, cocoanuts, balachang, tor- breadth, 2 miles. Surface mostly rugged; it produces sutoise-shell, horns, and coal at Mergui, are the chief pro- peeior wine, corn, cotton, and fiuits. On its N.E. side is a
ducts. The principal rivers are the Gyen, the Attaram, the  town which was anciently a depot of the trade between
Ye, the Tavoy, and the Tenasserim, most of which are na- Egypt and Europe.
1897




TEN                                                        TEN
TENEMBER ISLANDS, in the Malay Archipelago.  See  province of He-nan, capital of a district; lat. 340 30' N., Ion.
]7ENIsLBER.                                                1130 E. It has a very ancient observatory.
TENERIFE, ti-nA-reelfd, a town of South America, in    TENGHEEZ or TENGHIZ, a lake of Central Asia. See
New Granada, department of Cauca, province of Santa  BALKASH.
Marta, on the Magdalena, 50 miles N.W. of Mompox.             TENGHISTOON or TENGIISTOUN, tln'ghis-toont, a town
TENERIFFE, tOner-iff, (Sp. Ibnerife, tA-na-reefdl; Fr. of Persia, province of Fars, about 2 miles firom  the Persian
TdnSr'ffe, tA'n'reef!,) the largest of the seven principal Gulf, on the road from Bushire to Ferozabad. It is enclosed
Canary Islands, between Grand Canary on the E., and Go- by a deep ditch, and by walls flanked with towers. Pop.
mera on the W.. 90 miles N.W. of Cape Bojador, on the  about 2500.
African coast. Lat. from  280 to 280 35' 20" N., ion. from    TENGRI-NOR, tlnlgree' nor, a large lake of Thibet, about
160 5' to 160 55' W. It is of an irregularly trilangular form, 120 miles N.W. of Lassa. Lat. about 310 30' N., ion. 90~ E.
60 miles long from N.E. to S.W., and varying in breadth  Length, 80 miles; breadth, 40 miles.
from 35 miles in the S.W., where widest, to 20 miles near   TENG-TCHOO0 or TENG-TCHOU, thng' chooe, a city of
the centre, and about 6 miles in the N.E. Area, about 1000  China, province of Shan-toong, capital of a department, on
square miles. It is wholly of volcanic formation, and is corn- the coast, at the entrance of the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee, opposite
posed principally of enormous masses and cones of trachyte, the peninsula of Regent's Sword.
lava, and basalt, which, in their culminating point, (the    TENG-TCIOO or TENG-TCHOU, a city of China, province
Peak of Teyde,) attain the height of 12,182 feet above sea- of Fo-kien, capital of a department, 140 miles N.W. of Amoy.
level. The coast, which is very irregular, presents an almost   TENG-YE, t~nglyY/, a town of China, province of Yununinterrupted succession of lofty cliffs, pierced by narrow, nan, near the Burmese frontier, 45 miles N.E. of Tsanta.
precipitous fissures or ravines, with very few openings in    TENIAN, tA-ne-Anl, one of the Ladrone Isles, in the North
which a vessel can find shelter. The Bay of Oratava, on the  Pacific; lat. 150 2' N., Ion. 14510 47' E. It abounds with
N.W., once the best and most frequented anchorage of the  limes and lemons, and has some cattle.
island, was almost filled up by torrents of lava fi-om an erup-   TENIMIBER (written also TENEMIBER) ISLANDS, a
tion in 1706; and the only good harbor now existing is that group of isles in the Malay Archipelago, of which the chief
of Santa Cruz, on the N.E., where two rocky arms, stretch- is Timo —laut.  They extend fi-om lat. 60 40' to 80 251 S., lon.
ing round N.E. and S.E., enclose a beautiful semicircular from 1300 40' to 1320 E., and are mostly coral islands, surbay. The most remarkable feature of the interior is in the  rounded by coral reefs. They are sometimes visited by
broadest part of the island, towards the N.W., where the  whalers. The natives are distinguished from those of the
enormous Peak of Teyde is seen piercing the clouds, and  surrounding islands by their language, and also by their
surrounded by a girdle, which gives it the appearance of a  form; they alre tall, well made, and have regular features.
fortified town encircled by its fosse and bastion. The view  The men of the lower classes go entirely naked, and the
from the summit is one of the most magnificent in the  women have only a small piece of cloth around their loins.
world. It extends over the whole of the Canary Archi-    TEN[MILE, a post-office of Washington co., Pennsylvania.
pelago, while, from the transparency of the atmosphere,   TENMILE, a post-office of Macon co., Missouri.
even minute objects are perceptible at the greatest distance.   TENMILE CREEK, of Greene co., Pennsylvania, flows
The crater is about half a league in circuit, and slopes, by an  into the Monongahela River.
easy descent, to a depth of not more than 106 feet. Though    TENMILE IhOUSE, a post-office, Milwaukee co., Wisconsin.
it seems to have been the original vent of the whole vol-   TENMILE SPRING, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New
canic archipelago, it appears to have been for ages only a  York.
solfatara-all the eruptions of the last 3000 or 4000 years   TENMILE STAND, a post-office of Meigs co., Tennessee.
having been made by openings through its sides. Below    TENMILE VALILEY, a small village of Greene co., Pennthis crater, and immediately W. of it, is another of much  sylvania.
larger dimensions, forming the summit of Mount Chahorra,    TEN'NESSEEl, a river, the largest affluent of the Ohio, is
which, though isolated from the Peak of Teyde, is connected  formed by two branches, the Clinch and the IHlolston, which
with it for a great part of its height; and still farther on the  rise among the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia, and unite
W., at the foot of Chahorra, are other four cones, from which  at Kingston, in Tennessee. It flows first S.W. to Chattathe last eruption took place in 1798. The only other erup- nooga, near the S. boundary of the state, where it turns totion since the occupation of the island by the Spaniards in  wards the N.W. and W.; but its progress being opposed by
1496, was that of 1706. At all times, however, the internal the Cumberland Mountains, it changes its course to the
activity of the volcano is indicated by frequent streams of S.W., makes an extensive circuit of near 300 miles through
hot vapor.                                                  North Alabama, and touches the state of Mississippi at its
Teneriffe, taken as a whole, bears a considerable resem-  N.E. extremity. Here it again enters the state of Tenblance to Mount Etna. Towns and villages, with their nessee, traverses its whole breadth fi-om S. to N., and grafields, gardens, and vineyards, stretch along its base, and  dually curving towards the W., crosses Kentucky, and
for some way up its sides; next succeeds a woody region, enters the Ohio River at Paducah, 48 miles from its mouth,
composed of trees, chiefly chestnuts and oaks, with under-  near 370 N. lat., and 88~ 35' W. Ion. The length of the
growth of arborescent heaths at a lower, and ferns at a  Tennessee proper is estimated at 800 miles, and if we inhigher elevation; beyond, and still higher, is a wide, barren  elude the Holston, its longest branch, it will measure about
plain, covered with pumice-stone and blocks of lava, and in- 1100 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Knoxville
habited only by a few rabbits and wild goats. The portion  and Chattanooga, in Tennessee; Tuscumbia and Florence,
of the surface available for cultivation has been estimated  in Alabama; and Paducah, in Kentucky. The whole deat about one-seventh of the whole. Where the surface in  scent of the river and branches is computed to be about
many parts is more hilly than mountainous, both the val- 2000 feet. The channel is obstructed by no considerable
leys and adjacent hills are generally cultivated, and the  falls or rapids, excepting the Muscle Shoals, in Alabama,
finest fruits of the island are produced. The principal pro- where the river runs over flint and limestone rocks for
ductions of Teneriffe are maize, wheat, potatoes, pulse, more than 20 miles, affording immense motive-power.  (See
almonds, oranges, apples, guavas, honey, wax, silk, cochi- M!uSCLE SHOnLS.)  Steamboats ascend the river from  its
neal, and wine. The last, which forms the staple, furnishes  mouth to Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals, about
an annual export of from 25,000 to 30,000 pipes, which for- 280 miles. Above these rapids it is also navigable by steammerly found its principal market in the Spanish colonies boats at all seasons, as far as Knoxville, on the IHolston. a
of South America, but is now sent chiefly to Great Britain  distance of near 500 miles. The navigable portions of the
and the United States. The manufactures are very insig-  river are connected by a railroad.  The region through
nificant, but include, in addition to some coarse linen, which this river flows is generally fertile, and in the upper
woollen, and silk goods, some excellent specimens of furni- part of its course is beautifully diversified with mountains
ture and cabinet-work. The Guanches, the original inhba- and valleys. The Little Tennessee, which by some writers
bitants of the islands, almost all perished in vain endeavors  is described as the main stream, rises at the base of the Blue
to defend their fi-eedom against the attacks of the Spaniards. Ridge, near the frontier of North Carolina and Georgia, and
The present inhabitants, consisting of a mixed race, in which  flowing N.W. into Tennessee, unites with  the Holston
Spanish features predominate, are estimated at about 85,000. about 25 miles S.W. of Knoxville, after a tortuous course of
Capital, Santa Cruz.                                        more than 150 miles. The area drained by this system  of
TENERIFFE, (TENERIFE) PEAK  OF, or  PICO  DE  rivers is estimated by Darby at 41,000 square miles. In the
TEYDIE, peelko dA tA-dA, a famous volcanic mountain on  winter of 1831-2 this river was frozen over, even in the
the N.W. of the above island. Lat. 280 16' 5" N., ion. 160  state of Alabama-an event of very rare occurrence.
39' W. Height above the ocean, 12,182 feet.                   TENNESSEE, one of the Western States of the American
TENEZ, tAfnez, or TENNIS, tin/nis, a maritime town of  Confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Kentucky and VirAlgeria, province, and 120 miles E.N.E. of Oran. Pop. 950. ginia, E. by North Carolina, from which it is separated by
Near it is Cape Tenez, on the Mediterranean.                the Alleghany Mountains; S. by Georgia, Alabama, and lilsTE-NGAN, tA'Nghnf, A city of China, province of Hoo-pe, sissippi, and W. by Arkansas and Missouri, from which it is
capital of a department, on an affluent of the Yang-tse-  separated by the Mississippi River. It lies between 350 and
kiang; lat. 310 18' N.. ion. 1130 30' E.                    360 36' N. lat., and between 810 40' and 900 15' W. lon. —being
TENGAPATNAM, ting-g-pat-natmt, a maritime town of  about 430 miles in its greatest length from E. to W., and 110
South India, dominions of Cochin, 24 miles N.W. of Cape  in breadth, including an area of about 45,600 square miles, of
Comor'n.                                                    29,184,000 acres,:of which only 5,175,173 were improved in
TEING-FUNG, tingfAing! or tngefoongf, a town of China, 1850. The state is commonly divided into three sections'
1898




TEN                                                        TEN
tihe part E. of the Cumberland Mountains is called East county is a railway tunnel through a spur of the Cumber.
Tennessee; between the Cumberland Mountains and the  land Mountains, 2200 feet long.
Tennessee River, it takes the name of Middle Tennessee;    Climate, Soil, and Prodluctions.-The climate of Tennessee
and W. of the river just namned, that of West Tennessee.    is mild; considerable snow sometimes falls in the winters,
Face of the Cbuntry.-Tennessee is very agreeably diversi- which, however, are generally short. The summers are fiee
fed with mountain, hill, and plain, containing within its  from the intense heat of the Gulf States. The temperature
limits fertility of soil, beauty of scenery, and a delightfully  of that portion of the state among the Cumberland Mouutemperate climate. In the E. it is separated from North Ca- tauins is particularly agreeable. Most parts of the state are
erolin by different ridges of the Appalachian chain, passing  healthy, except on the alluvions of the great rivers. The
under the various local names of Stone, Iron, Bald, and  soil of Tennessee is generally arable, and of a good quality.
Unaka Mountains. Then follow the valleys of the Holston  In East Tennessee, much of the land among the-mountains
and other rivers, forming the head-waters of the Tennessee. is poor and ill adapted to cultivation, but even here the valNext succeed the Cumberland Mountains, an outlying ridge  leys are very fertile.  This section is favorable to grazing,
of the Alleghanies, which enters the state from Kentucky, and great numbers of live stock are exported from thence
and crosses it in a S.W. direction, into Alabama. The height to the Atlantic States. A greater number of mules (75,303
of these mountains, which spread over about 50 miles, is  in 1850, including asses) are raised in Tennessee than in any
variously estimated at from 1000 to 2000 feet. They are  other state in the Union.. Middle Tennessee has much
wooded to the tops, and embosom delightful and fertile val- good land. Western Tennessee has a rich black mould, and
leys. Their summits are often rounded and cultivated, on the shores of the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers areexwhile others are too rugged for tillage. Middle Tennessee,  tensive brakes of gigantic cane. Indian corn, tobacco, and
lying between these mountains and the Tennessee River, is  cotton are the great staples. In 1850, Tennessee produced
moderately hilly, while the section between the river last more hogs than any state in the Union, was fifth in the
named and the Mississippi, called West Tennessee, is either amount of Indian corn produced, fourth in that of tobacco,
level or gently undulating.                                 and fifth in'cotton. The other articles cultivated are wheat,
Minerals, Miineral Sorings,.c. —Gold has been found in  rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, wool.,
the S.E. part of the state. Among the other metallic mine- maple-sugar, flax, hemp, hay, cheese, butter, wine, whiskey,
rals are iron in abundance, and in East and Middle Tennes- and fruits; of the latter, apples, pears, and plums. Accordsee some lead, especially in Carter county, silver, zinc, man- ing to the census of 1850, there were in Tennessee 72,735
ganese, and magnetic iron ore. Of the earthy minerals, coal, fatrms, occupying 5,175,173 acres of improved land, (about 71
the most abundant and valuable, is found in large quanti- acres to each farm,) producing 52,276,223 bushels of Indian
ties in the counties among the Cumberland Mountains, and  corn; 7,703,086 of oats; 1,619,386 of wheat; 89,137 of rye;
covering an area, according to Taylor, of 4300 square miles. 2737 of barley; 19,427 of buckwheat; 1,067,844 of Irish, and
T'here is also gypsum of a fine quality, beautiful varieties of  2,777,716 of sweet potatoes; 369,321 of peas and beans; 14,214
marble, nitre, slate, (suitable for roofing,) alum, burrstones,  of grass-seed, and 18,904 of flaxseed; 20,148,932 pounds of
and limestone, which forms the bed of a large portion of the  tobacco; 8,139,585 of butter;' 77,812,800 of cotton; 1,364,378
state. Salt springs exist, but not of a very rich quality; of wool; 1,036,572 of beeswax and honey; 177,681 of cheese;
there are also some valuable mineral springs. The iron  368,131 of flax; 3000 of cane, and 158,557 of maple-sugar;
business is beginning to attract the attention of capitalists. 258,854 of rice, and 74,091 tons of hay; live stock valued at
According to a recent statement, there were on the Cumber- $29,678,016; market goods, $97,183; orchard  products,
land River, in the early part of 1853, 21 furnaces, 9 forges, $52,894, and slaughtered animals, $6,401,765.
and 2 rolling mills, employing $1,216,000 capital, and meanu-    Forest Trees. —The forest trees are pine, (in East Tennesfacturing  44,500 tons of metal, and 1400 kettles, valued  see,) sugar-maple, juniper, red cedar, and savin, (on the
together at $1,678,000. Rich deposits of copper are found in  mountains,) poplar, hickory, walnut, oak, beech, sycamore,
the S.E. part of Tennessee. in Polk and Monroe counties, locust, cherry, &c.
which are now extensively worked. A plank-road is nearly    The animals are the same as are found in the adjacent
finished from the Hiawassee mines to the Chattanooga Rail- states of Kentucky and Virginia, viz. deer, racoons, foxes,
road. This must add greatly to the value of the mines, squirrels, and sometimes,: although rarely, bears, in the
which will thus be made readily accessible firom'a shipping  wilder sections of the state.'
port. In 1854, in Polk county, 12 different mines were in    Maenufactures.-The natural water-power, especially of
operation, 5 of which shipped 640 tons in one month.        East Tennessee, combined with its abundance of coal and
Rivers. —Tcnnessee is bounded on the W. by the great other fuel, must, as soon. as the railway connections with
Mississippi, and twice crossed by the river whose name it the Atlantic States are completed, make this a great mannbears. The Cumberland makes a bend into the N. of the  facturing section; for in addition to the' advantages menstate, through which it courses for about 150 miles before it tioned, she has in her neighborhood the staple raw matereturns to Kentucky, thus giving that portion of the state  rials cotton, wool, and hemp. There were in Tennessee
water communication with the other parts of the great Mis- in 1850, 2861 establishments, each producing $500 and upsissippi and Ohio valleys. The Tennessee enters the S.E. of  wards annually, engaged in mining, manufactures, and the
the state from North Carolina, receives the Iolston and its mechanic arts, employing $6,975,279 capital, and 11,154 male
tributaries from Virginia, and the Hiawassee from Georgia, and 878 female hands; consuming raw  material worth
then turns to the S.W. into Alabama at its N.E. angle, and  $4,900,952, and yielding products valued at $9,728,438.
leaves it at its N.W. to re-enter Tennessee, which it crosses  Among these were 33 cotton factories, employing $669,600 of
in a course almost directly N. into Kentucky. The Hatchee, capital, and 310 male and 581 female hands, consuming raw
a tributary of the Mississippi; Duck River, of the Tennessee, material worth $297,500, and manufacturing 363,250 yards
from  Middle Tennessee, and the Holston, Powell's, and  of stuffs, and 2,326,250 pounds of yarn, worth a total value
Clinch, tributaries of the same rivers in East Tennessee, are  of $510,624; 4 woollen establishments, employing $10,900 of
the other principal streams. The Tennessee has a total capital, and 15 male and 2 female hands, consuming raw
course of nearly 900 miles, about 400 of which are within  material worth $1675, and manufacturing 2220 hats, worth
the state, and 700 navigable for steamboats (with the excep- $6310; 81 furnaces, forges, &c., employing $1,915,950 capital,
tion of that portion in Alabama called the Muscle Shoals) to  and 2705 male and 172 female hands, consuming raw mateits junction with the Holston, in East Tennessee. The Cum- rial worth $730,551, and manufacturing  44,152 tons of
berland is navigable 400 miles for steamboats to Carthage,  wrought, cast, and pig iron, worth a total value of $1,611,043;
about 50 miles above Nashville, in a direct line. The tribu- 30 in manufacturing spirituous and malt liquors, employing
tary streams are all more or less navigable, either for steam   $66,125 capital, and 79 hands, consuming 3000 bushels of
or keel boats, during high water. All the waters of this  barley, 258,400 of corn, and 5480 of rye, and producing
state ultimately reach the Mississippi, though generally by  174,925 gallons of whiskey, wine, &c.; and 364 tanneries,
a circuitous course. The Feorked Deer River is navigable 150, employing $490,320 capital, consuming raw material worth
the Big Hatchee above 100, and the Obion 60 miles, for $396,159, and producing leather valued at $746,484. Romesteamboats.                                                 made manufactures also were produced of the value of
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-In common with other $3,137,790, and family goods worth $2,886,661.
limestone regions, Tennessee has numerous caves, several   Internal Impr-ovements.-There were in Tennessee, Januof which are at least 100 feet below the surface, and a mile  ary 1, 1855, 517 miles of completed railroad, built at a cost
in extent. Some are several miles inlength. One has been  of $10,436,610, and 946 miles in course of construction. A
descended for about 400 feet below the surface, where was railroad, (already finished to Nashville,) connecting Savanfound a stream of sufficient force to turn a mill. Another, nah and Charleston with Louisville and other points on the
on the top of Cumberland Mountain, has a cave of perpen- Ohio River, will pass through Tennessee. Another, in a
dicular descent, whose bottom has never been sounded. Big  great state of forwardness, will connect the same points
Bone Cave is so called from the bones of the mastodon found  with Memphis; and others with New Orleans and Mobile:
within it. These caves are all in the Cumberland Moun- thus opening a complete communication between the Ohio
tauins. In a spur of the same mountains, called the En- and Mississippi Valleys, and with Charleston and Savanchanted Mountain, are found the impressions of the feet of  nab. The last-named places are now (1855) more or less
men and animals in the hard limestone rock, whose appear- directly connected with Knoxville, where the East Tennessee
ance has never been accounted for. Near Manchester, in  and Virginia Railroad, now rapidly approaching cormpleCoffee county, is an old stone fort, situated between two  tion, will also terminate.
rivers, and including 47 acres, enclosed by a wall, on which    Comsmerce.-Tennessee has but little foreign commerce,
trees are growing believed to be 500 years old. In Franklin  though very favorably located for domestic trade, being
1899




TEN                                                      TEN
washed on the W. by the Mississippi River, twice crossed by    Cities and Towns.-Nashville is the capital, and largest
the Tennessee River, and its northern portion traversed for  city. Pop. in 1850, 10,165, (15,000 in 1853;) the other prinmore than 100 miles by the Cumberland, all of which are  cipal tow-ns are, Memphis, pop. 8841, (12,000 in 1853;) Chatnavigable for steamboats.  The exports are mainly live  tanooga, 3500 in 1850; Columbia, 2,977; Knoxville, 2076,
stock, pork, bacon, lard, butter, ginseng, cotton bagging, (4000 in 1853;) Murfreesborough, Jackson, Lebanon, Edgeflour, Indian corn, fruits; tobacco, cotton, hemp, feathers, field, Pulaski, and Shelbyville, between 1000 and 2000
and saltpetre, which find their way mostly to New Orleans, each.
and thence either to Northern or foreign ports; but new       Governmeent, Finances, &c.-The Governor of Tennessee is
exits are about being opened for the products of East and  elected by popular suffrage for two years, and receives $3000
Middle Tennessee, the one through Virginia, and the other  per annum. The Senate consists of 25, and the House,of
through Georgia and South Carolina, both by railroad. Representatives of 75 members, elected for two years by the
Tennessee has no direct foreign trade; tonnage owned, people. The legislature meets biennially on the first Mon
7621, in 1854; built the same year, 2 vessels, tonnage only  day in October. Every free white man of the age of 21
208.                                                        years, a citizen of the United States, and six months a
Education.-Tennessee had, according to the census of  citizen of the county in which he may offerto vote, next
1850, 8 colleges, with 570 students; 1 theological school, with  preceding an election, is a qualified voter. The judiciary
24, and 1 medical school, with 158 students; and a total consists —i. Of a Supreme Court, presided over by 3 judges.
income of $65,037, of which $9300 was from endowments, 2. Of a court of chancery, presided over by 6 chancellors;
and $482 firom  public funds; 2680 public schools, with  and 3. Of 14 circuit courts, with one judge to each circuit.
104,117 pupils, and $198,518 income, of which $8912 was  All the judges are elected by the people for 8 years. Daviidfrom  endowments, $98,548 from public funds, and $4500  son county, in which is the city of Nashville, has a special
from taxation; 264 academies and other schools, with 9928  criminal court, and a common law and chancery court.
pupils, and $155,902 income, of which $6183 was from en- Memphis has also a special criminal court. Salaries of the
dowments, and $10,008 from public funds; and attending  judges, from $1500 to $2500. Public debt in 1854, $5,746,856,
schools as returned by families, 146,200. Of the free adult and $1,353,209 contingent debt. Total, $7,100,065. School
population, 78,619, of whom 505 were foreigners, could not fund, $1,500,000; other productive property, $3,654,456;
read or write.                                              property not productive, $1,101,390. Annual expenses, exReligious Denominations.-There were in Tennessee, in  elusive of debt and schools, about $165,000. In January,
1850, 2027 churches, of which the Baptists owned 648; the  1855, Tennessee had 32 banks, including 19 branches, with
Christians, 63; Episcopalians, 17; Free Church, 30; Friends, an aggregate capital of $6,717,848, a circulation of $5,850,262,
4; Lutherans, 12; Methodists, 867; Presbyterians, 363; Ro- and $1,473,040 in coin.
man Catholics, 4; Tunkers, 1; Union Church, 15; and mi-   History.-Tennessee was the first state settled by Anglonor sects, 3; giving one church to every 500 persons. Value  Americans west- of the Alleghanies, emigrants from North
of church property, $1,216,201.                             Carolina having built Fort London, in East Tennessee, as
Periodicals.-According to the census, there were pub- early as 1757. But this settlement was attacked by the
lished in 1850, in this state, 8 daily, 2 tri-weekly, and 36  savages, and the inhabitants either murdered or driven off.
weekly newspapers, with an aggregate annual circulation of  Colonization, however, was recommenced in a few years
2,139,644 copies.                                           afterwards in the same section of the state. This colony
Public Iastitutions.-Tennessee  has a state penitentiary,  was also harassed by the Indians till after the Revolutionat Nashville, conducted on the silent system, which had  ary war. Originally, Tennessee formed a part of the pos196 convicts confined in 1850, of whom  9 were of foreign  sessions of North Carolina, which state ceded it to the genebirth, and 7 colored persons. There is also a deaf and dumb  ral government in 1784, but afterwards revoked the grant,
asylum at Knoxville. Tennessee had 9 public libraries in  when the inhabitants attempted to form an independent
1850, with 5373 volumes; 20 school and  Sunday-school, state under the name of Franklinia. It was finally ceded
with 7598 volumes; and 5 college libraries, with 9925  to the United States government, and formed a part of the
volumes.                                                    South-Western Territory till its admission as a sovereign
Poipzlation.-Though not the largest in area, Tennessee is  state in 1796, forming the sixteenth member of the confedethe second state in point of population in the great Missis- racy. Tennessee took an active part in the war of 1812, and
sippi Valley. Her sons partake of the same parentage as  sent several distinguished leaders to its armies; prominent
those of Kentucky, her original settlers having been mostly  among whom  was General Andrew Jackson, since so celefrom North Carolina and Virginia; and they share with the  brated for his administration of the affairs of the central
Kentuckians a manly frankness of character, courage, and  government during his presidency. James K. Polk. the
loyalty to the federal constitution. At the first national eleventh President of the United States, was also a citizen
census, in 1790, her inhabitants numbered 35,791; 105,602  of this state. —— Inhab. TENNESSEEXAN.
in 1800; 261,727 in 1810; 422,813 in 1820; 681,904 in 1830;    TENNESSEE COLIONY, a post-office, Anderson co., Texas.
829,210 in 1840; and 1,002,717 in 1850: of whom  382,225    TENNESSEE  LANDIING, a village of Issaquena co.,
werewhite males, 374,601 white females; 3117 free colored  Mississippi.
males, 3305 colored females; 118,780 male, and 120,679    TENNESSEE RIVIER, a post-office of Macon co., North
feniale slaves. This population was divided into 130,004  Carolina, 341 miles W. of Raleigh.
families, occupying  129,419  dwellings.  Representative    TENNILLE, a post-village of Washington co., Georgia,
pop., 906,830. Pop. to square mile, 21'99. Of the free popu- on the Central Railroad, 136 miles N.W. of Savannah.
lation, 585,084 were born in the state; 170,571 in other    TENNIS, a seaport town of Algeria. See TENEZ.
states of the Union; 706 in England; 2640 in Ireland; 344    TENNSTEDT, ttnnlstttt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 15
in Scotland and Wales; 1168 in Germany; 245 in France; miles N.N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 2984.
76 in British America; 561 in other countries, and 1759    TENOCITITLAN, ta-noch-tit-lint, the ancient name of
whose places of birth were unknown-giving about one per the city of Mexico, and of the table-land on which it stands,
cent. of the free population of foreign birth. In the year  elevation averaging 7500 feet.
ending June 1,1850, there occurred 11,874 deaths, or nearly    TENOS. See Tiso.
12 persons in every thousand. In the same period, 1005    TEN POUND ISLAND, in Ann Harbor, Massachusetts,
paupers, of whom 11 were of foreign birth, received aid, at seven-eighths of a mile S' of Gloucester, contains a fixed
an expense of about $30 for each pauper. Of the entire light 45 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 420 35' N., Ion.
population, 377 were deaf and dumb, of whom 2 were free  700 40' W.
colored, and 41 slaves; 474 were blind, of whom 9 were flee   TENRIU, tlnure-ool, ariver of Japan,in theisland ofNiphon,
colored, and 82 slaves; 407 were insane, of whom 5 were free  which it traverses N. to S., and falls into the Pacific a little
colored, and 22 slaves; and 846 idiotic, of whom 5 were free  WV. of the Bay of Totomina. Total course, about 100 miles.
colored, and 85 slaves. Of the entire pop., 103 were en-   TENISAS or TENISAW, a river of Louisiana, rises in Cargaged in mining; 227,739 in agriculture; 2217 in com- roll parish, near the W. bank of the Mississippi, and pursues
merce; 17,815 in manufactures; 55 in navigating the  a tortuous course, the general direction of which is nearly
ocean; 302 in internal navigation; and 2042 in the learned  parallel with that river, until it unites with the Washita at
professions.                                               Trinity. The river thus formed is usually called Black
Counties.-Tennessee is divided into 79 counties, viz., River.  Steamboats can ascend about 150 miles from  its
Anderson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, mouth, during at least 6 months of the year. The whole
Campbell, Cannon, Carroll, Carter, Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, length is estimated at 250 miles.
Davidson, Decatur, De Kalb, Dickson, Dyer, Fayette, Fen-   TENSAS, a parish in the E.N.E. part of Louisiana, on the
tress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Granger, Greene, Grundy,  right bank of the Mississippi River, has an area of 680
Iamilton, Hancock, Hiardeman, Ilardin, Hawkins, Hay- square miles. It is drained by the Tensas River and Macon
wood, HIenderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Bayou. The surlface is level and low; the soil fertile. In
Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lewis, 1850 there were raised 21,665 bales of cotton, the greatest
Lincoln, Macon, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, Me- quantity produced in any parish of the state. The Tensas
Minn, McNairy, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, River is navigable by steamboats through this parish.
Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, Rhea. Roane, Robertson, Formed since 1840, fiom the N. part ofConcordia. Capital,
Rutherford, Scott, Sevier, Shelby, Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, St. Joseph. Pop. 9040, of whom  902 were free, and 8138
Sumner, Tipton, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, Wayne, slaves.
Weakley, White, Williamson, and Wilson. Capital, lNash-    TENSAW, a river of Louisiana. See TENSAS.
ville.                                                       TENSAW, a post-office of Baldwin co, Alabama.
1900




TEN                                                        TER
TENSIFT, tn'siftl or tln'seeftf, a principal river of Mo- terranean by several mouths, S. of the Gulfof Rosas. Total
rocco, which kingdom it divides into two nearly equal parts;  course, 90 miles. It is almost everywhere fordable, and its
atelr a W. course of 190 miles, enters the Atlantic. 45 miles  waters near the sea are mostly diverted for irrigation.
N.N.E. of Mogadore.                                          TERA-KAKO, ter/a kA'ko, a peninsula on the E. coast of
TENTER, an island of Russia. See TENDRA.                 New Zealand, North  Island, bounding the entrance to
TENITERDEN, a municipal borough, market-town, and  Hawke Bay on the N.E.
parish of England, co. of Kent, the town on an eminence,   TIRAMO, trat-mo, (aunc. Isteram/nia,) a city of Naples,
environed by hop-grounds, 17 miles S.E. of Maidstone. Pop. capital, of the province of Abruzzo Ultra I., 27 miles N.E. of
of the borough in 1851, 3901, chiefly agricultural, or occupied  Aquila. Lat. 420 40' N., ion. 130 48' E. Pop. 10,000. It has a
in cattle.grazing on Romney marshes. The church has a  cathedral, several convents, a royal college, clerical seminary,
tower conspicuous as a landmark.                           botanic garden, orphan school, foundling and other asylums.
TENTH LEGION, a post-office, Rockingham co., Virginia. Its neighborhood is remarkably fertile in corn, wine, and oil.
TENTUGAL, t~n-too-g~ll, a town and parish of Portugal,   TERANEH, a town of EFypt.  See TERRANEH.
province of Douro, 10 miles N.W. of Coimbra, near the right   TERA-WERA (t.l'A  wAl's-) LAKE, of New Zealand, North
bank of the iondego. Pop. 1200.                            Island, 40 miles in length, discharges its waters N.E. into
TENTYRA. See DENDERATi,                                  the Bay of Plenty by Tera-wera River.
TEOGE, tA-olgA (?) a considerable river of South Africa,   TERCEIRA, tlR-sAe-rA, one of the Azores Islands, in the
an affluent fiom the N. of Lake Ngami.                     Atlantic Ocean, central group, N.E. of Fayal and Sio Jorge.
TEOLO-Im-MONTE, tA-ollo in monltl, a town of Austrian  Lat. 380 30' N., lon. 270 10' W., about 70 miles N.W. of St.
Italy, government of Venice, province, and 10 miles S.W. of  Michael, (S'o Miguel;) greatest length, 20 miles; average
Padua, near the Bacchiglione. Pop. 2700.                   breadth, 13 miles; circuit, 60 miles. The coast almost everyTEONISSTA, TEONESITA or TIONESITA CREEK, rises  where presents bold and inaccessible cliffs. The interior rises
in the N.W. part of Pennsylvania, and falls into Alleghany  by gentle slopes towards the centre, where it becomes mounRiver in Venango county.                                   tainous, and then descends abruptly towards the N.W. The
TEONISTA or TIONESTA, a post-village of Venango co., whole surface bears the impress of volcanic agency; and
Pennsylvania, at the confluence of Teonista Creek with  many enormous masses, composing heights and precipices,
Alleghany River, about 29 miles N.E. of Franklin.  See  look as if they had recently been under the influence of
TeoNESTA.                                                  fire. Many of these masses are composed of soft pumice
TEOPIXCA, t,-o-pix/kA, a small town of the Mexican Con- and tuff. The soil, composed of decomposed lava and other
federation, state of Chiapas, 18 miles from Ciudad-Real.   volcanic matters, possesses the greatest natural fertility.
TEORA, tA-orA7, a town of Naples, province of Principato  Heavy crops of yams, grain, and pulse of all sorts are raised.
Ultra, about 6 miles S.S.E. of Sant' Angelo-dei-Lombardi, Fruit also of exquisite flavor is very abundant, and oranges
between the Ofanto and Sale. Pop. 3800.                    and lemons are now raised to such an extent as to furnish
TEOTIHUACAN, tA-o-te-wg-kAn/, a plateau of Mexico, nearly a fifth of the whole of these frtiuits exported fiom the
about 15 miles N.N.E. of Tezcoco, surrounded on all sides, Azores. Some attention is paid to the rearing of cattle, of
except the E., by ridges and mountain spurs, and celebrated  which rather a superior breed exists on the island. The
for two remarkable pyramids which stand near its centre. sheep are wretched-looking animals, of little value in reThe one measures 682 feet at its base, and terminates in a  spect of carcass, but with fleeces of tolerable wool. Pumice
level platform 121 feet high. The other is of less dimensions. is the only mineral which seems capable of being turned to
Both are composed of stone pottery and cement, covered  any account. There are no manufactures worthy of the
with the remains of obsidian and terra cotta images, and  name. Licentiousness prevails to a great extent among the
are in a very dilapidated state.                           inhabitants, and domestic virtue is in little repute. The
TEOT/SA, a post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin, on Rock  capital of the island is Angra, which gives its name to a deRiver, 30 miles S.E. of Madison.                           partment including the three islands of Terceira, St. George,
TEPALEEN or TEPALEN. See TEPELETe.                       and Graciosa. During the usurpation of Don Miguel, this
TEPEACA, tA-pA-A;kA, a town of the Mexican Confedera- island was the seat of the regency acting for the present
nion, state, and 20 miles S.E. of La Puebla. It has a Fran-  Queen of Portugal.  Pop. 40,000. Terceira signifies "third"
ciscan convent, founded in the time of Cortez, manufactures  island, it being the third in length of the whole group.
of woollen stuffs, and trade in corn.                        TERCERO, t~I-sAro, a river of the Plata Confederation,
TEPEJE  or TEPEXE, tA-pAHA, a town of the Mexican  states of Cordova and Santa FO, after an E. course joins
Confederation, state, and 50 miles S. of La Puebla.        the ParanA at the influx of the Salado, whence it is naviTEPEL, a town of Bohemia. See TELL.                      gable for barges to the pass of Fereira, 100 miles S.E. of
TEPELENI, tA-pA-l/unee, written also TEP'ALEEN! and  Cordova.
TEP'ALENI, a town of Albania, sanjaik, and 32 miles E.S.E.   TERCIIOVA. tlaR'olvlh', a village of Hungnary, co. of
of AvIona, on the Voyussa. It is almost wholly in ruins. Trentschin, 12'miles from Sillein. Pop. 3457.
The principal edifice is the palace of Ali Pasha of Yauina,    TERDOPPIO, tla-dop/pe-o, a river of the Sardinian States,
born here about A. D. 1750.                                rises N. of the province of Novara, a little S. of Lago MagTEPETITAN, tA-pA-te-tAn!, a town of the Mlexican Con- giore, flows S.S.E, and joins the Po after a course of about
federation, state of Tabasco, on the river Tepetitan, an  53 miles.
affluent of the Chilapilla, 60 miles N.W. of Ciudad-Real. Pop.   TEREK, tA-r4k1, a river of South Russia, after an E. course
1000. It is irregularly built of mud and sun-dried bricks. of 350 mileseenters the Caspian Sea by several mouths, near
Along the banks of the river are large cattle farms, and  lat. 440 N., Ion. 460 to 480 E. It is rapid, and has numerous
maize, sugar, and rum are produced in the vicinity.        affluents.
TEPEXE. See TePsjE.                                        TEREKLI, trfse-klees, written also TAR.AKLI, a small
TEPIC, tip-ik! or tA-peekS, a town of the Mexican Con- town of Asia Minor, in Anatolia, 36 miles E.S.E. of Ismeed.
federation, state of Jalisco, on a height, 25 miles E. of San    TERESI-HKA, tA-srsh/kA, a river of Russia, rises on the
Blas. Pop. 10,000. It is the principal town in the state  N. frontiers of the government of Saratov, flows nearly paafter Guadalajara, and is the residence, during the rainy  rallel to the Volga, which it joins 30 miles N.N.E. of Saseason, of most of the wealthy inhabitants of San Bias.    ratover; total course, about 180 miles.
TEPIKINSKAIA or TEPIITNSKAJA, tA-pe-kin-skil, a    TERESPOL, tA;r~s-pol (?) a town of Poland, government
market-town of Russia, in Don Cossack Territory, on the of Radom, 60 miles E.S.E. of SiedIce, on the Bum. Pop. 1600.
KIhoper, 65 miles E. of Pavlovsk. Pop. 2000.                 TERETTE, t&-rft/tA, a town of Naples, province of Terra
TEPITITAN, tA-pe-te-tdn, a town of Mexico, state of di Lavoro, S.E. of SoLa, on the summit of an almost inaccesTabasco, on the left bank of the river of its own name, it sible height. Pop. 1830.
extends along the river for nearly 1 mile. Pop. about 1200.   TERGA, tr/lgA, a town of Morocco, kingdom, and 70 miles
TEPL, TEPEL, tip'l, or TEPLA, tip/iA, a town of Bohe- N.N.E.'of Fez, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3000.
mis, 29 miles N.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1734. Near it is the    TERGESTE.   See Tarms.
abbey of Tepl or TdpI, with afine library, and a cabinet of   TERGESTINUS SINUS. See TRaESv, GULF OF.
minerals and coins.                                          TER-GOUW, a town of the Netherlands. See GouDA.
TEPLIK, tbpllik, a market-town of Russian Poland, go-   TERGOVIST, thrago-vist, or TERGOVITZ, tRItgo-vits', a
vernment of Podolia, 32 miles N.N.E. of Oldopol. Pop. 1500.  town, formerly capital of Wallachia, on the Jalomnitza, 48
TEPLITZ, tlpllits, T(EPSLITZ,orTOPILITZ, several market- miles N.W. of Bucharest. Pop. 5000. It has glass-works.
towns of Hungary, the principal, (HuI-In. Teplicz-kis, kish    TERK, tfnk, a pretty little town of North Persia, protlpllit',) co. of Liptau, on a mountain, 20 miles S.W. of vince of Azerbaijan, 70 miles S.E. of Tabreez.
Kesmark. Pop. 1221.                                          TER/LING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
TEPLITZ or T(EPLITZ, a town of Bohemia. See TOsPLTZ.    TERLIZZI, tka-litsee, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
TEPOSCOLULA  or TEPOZCOLULA, tA-pos-ko-loollA, a  17 miles S.E. of Barletta. and 7 miles from  the Adriatic.
market-town of the Mexican Confederation, state, and 45  Pop. 12,000. It has a cathedral and parish church, and 5
miles N.W. of Oajaca.                                      convents.
TEQUENDAMA FALLS, in South America. See BocoTA.   TERMINI, tiaWme-ne, (anc. Therlrmce,) a seaport town of
TEQUIA, tA-keelA, a town of South America, in New Gra- Sicily, on the N. coast, intendancy of Palermo, near the
nada, department of Boyaca, province of Tunja, 45 miles mouth of the river Termini, 20 miles E.S.E. of Palermo. Lat.
S.S.W. of Pamplona.                                        370 57' N., Ion. 130 42' E. Pop. 13,000. It is enclosed by walls,
TER,, t~r, a river of Spain, in Catalonia, rises in the Py- and defended by a castle on a lofty rock; it has warm mine.
renees, flows S. and E. past Gerona, and enters the Medi- ral baths —whence its name; a caricatore or depSt for grain,
1901




TER                                                         TER
and an active anchovy fishery. Six miles E. are the ruins  Terracina in the Mediterranean, 58 miles S.E. of Rome
of the ancient Higsera.                                    Pop. 4240. On the height above it are the cathedral and
TERMINOS, (ter/me-noce,) LAKE OF, an  inlet of the  ruins  of,the ancient Anxur, and above these, on a bold
Caribbean Sea, dividing the Mexican state of Tabasco fiom   height, the remains of the palace of Galba, commanduing
Yucatan, and between lat. 180 and 190 N., lon. 910 and 920  fine views. The harbor is accessible only to small coasting
W. Length, 70 miles; breadth, 40 miles. It is bounded on  vessels, and there is little trade. The celebrated Appian
the side of the sea by several islands, that of Carmen being  Way, between Rome and Terracina, is still traceable. The
the largest. It receives an am' of the Usumasinta.         town was taken by the French in 1798.
TERMINOS, LAGUNA DE, l-goolnd d& tnlme-noce, a    TERRA DEI GRECI, tesrse dA grAfchee, a town ofNaples,
seaport town of Mexico, state of Yucatan. Lat. 180 38' 24" province ofCapitanata, W. of Bovine, on asteep hill. P. 1600.
N., ion. 910 50, 42" W. It is little more at present than    TERIRA DEL FUEIGO, or TIERRA DEL FUEGO, te-leReA
a large village, about a third of it, including all the principal dl fw/go, the "land of fire," (Port. Terra do PFogo, te/iAt
merchants' stores and houses, having been destroyed by  do forgo; Fr. Terre de Fec, taiaR deh fbh; Ger. Feuerland,
fire in April, 1850. It has two small churches, but no  foifer-l1ntV,) a large group of islands at the S. extremity of
other public buildings. Almost the only article exported  South America, between lat. 520 40' and 560 S., and ion.
is logwood, of which upwards of 26,000 tons were exported  630 40' and 750 W. On the N. it is separated from  the
in 1849. Pop. about 2000.                                   mainland of America by the long and intricate Strait of
TERMOLI, thi/mo-le, a maritime town of Naples, pro- Magellan, while its other sides are washed by three great;
vince of Molise, on a peninsula in the Adriatic, 16 miles  oceans-the Atlantic on the E., Pacific on the W., and AnS.E. of I1 Vasto.  Pop. 2000.                               tarctic on the S. Besides numberless small islands, of
TERMO'NAMUNIGAN, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tyrone. which that of Cape Horn, at its S. extremity, may be menTERMONBARRY, a parish of Ireland. See TARMONBARRY.  tioned as one of the most remarkable, it consists of one
TERMONDE, Belgium. See DENDaERMaODE.                      very large island, East Terra del Fuego, or King Charles
TER'MONEEMNY, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of  South Land, measuring from E. to W., near its S. shore, 385
Londonderry.                                                miles, with an extreme breadth, from N. to S., of above 200
TERMONFECKIAN or TORFEOKIAN, a parish and vil- miles; and of four much smaller, but still very considerable
lage of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Louth, on the E. coast, 2  islands —Navarino and ItHoste on the S., separated from East
miles S.S.W. of Clogher. Pop. of the village, about 400; it Terra del Fuego by Beagle Channel; and Clarence and Land
is a pla  of summer resort for sea-bathing.                of Desolation on the W. The whole of the islands are deeply
TER5MONMAGUIRK1, a parish, of Ireland, in Ulster, co. penetrated by arms of the sea, which give them the most irof Tyrone.                                                  regular shapes; they are almost entirely composed of mounTERNATE, ter'nIt/ or ter-n~ttA, an island group of the  tains of clay-slate, greenstone, and granite. These mounMalay Archipelago, in the Mioluccas, E. of Celebes, and N. tains are either covered with perpetual ice and snow, which
of Ceram, comprising Gilolo, Morty, Riao or Row, Ternate, has here its limit at about 4000 feet, (many of their summits
Tidor, Marhee or Pottebakker, Mortir, MIakian, Kaijo, and  exceed 5000 feet, and Mount Sarmiento in the S., supposed to
the Batshian or Batsian, group, and the Obi and the Xulla  be the culminating point, is estimated at 6800 feet,) or are
Islands. The group is named from Ternate, a small island  clothed with stunted forests, chiefly of beech, growing out
on the W. coast of Gilolo; lat. (summit) 00 48' N., Ion. 1270  of a swampy peat, apparently almost the only kind of soil
18' E.; the residence of the Sultan of Ternate, once the most here; and which, beyond 1000 or 1500 feet, where the trees
powerful prince in the Moluccas, whose sway extended not cease to grow, becomes covered with minute alpine plants.
only over the greater part of the group, but also over a large    The term Land of Desolation, which Cook applied to the
part of Celebes. The island of Ternate is nearly circular, large W. island, is strictly applicable to the whole group;
about 10 miles in diameter, andcomposed almost exclusively  and yet the scenery, with mountain rising behind monuof a conical volcano, 5484 feet high, thickly wooded to a con- tain, and deep.intervening valleys, all covered by one thick,
siderable height, and of which frequent and destructive  duskly mass of forest, is not without a degree of mysterious
eruptions have taken place. One of the most recent occurred  grandeur.  At times, too, magnificent glaciers of a beryl-like
in 1846. Cocoa-nuts, sago, and other tropical product~ are  hue, in fine contrast with -the white. expanse of snow, are
plentiful, and tobacco and cotton are grown to some extent.  seen descending from the mountain side to the water's edge.
Sulphur, saltpeltre, pumice-stone, and lime are the chief  The climate is one of the most wretched which it is possible
minerals. A little trade is carried on with the Sooleo Is-  to imagine; mist, rain, and snow. accompanied either with
lands, China, Java, Amboina, &c.                            continued storms, or violent and sudden gusts of wind, folTEIRNATE, a government or province of the Dutch poe- low each other in constant succession. Dublin, in the North
sessions in the East, including the Ternate Islands, and  Hemisphere, is nearly in the same latitude as Port Famine,
part of Celebes, the N. coast of Papua, and the adjoining  near the centre  of the Strait of Magellan, in the South
islands of Waigeoo, Salawatty, Mysole, &c.                  Hemisphere; the former being in lat. 530 31' N., and the
TERNATE, a town situated on the E. coast of the island  latter in let. 530 38' S. Their respective climates are as
of Ternate. It is neatly built, has broad, paved streets, a  follows:large, well-frequented market-place, a mosque, and a Protestant church; and hard by, the Dutch fort of Oranjo, built                                      ifference     en
in 1607, and the sultan's palace.                                           Summer    Winier  DiSnner       f Iseaier
Tem'tue.T e m'tue.of Summer  of Summer[
TERNEUSE, t6/nuzfz, a fortified town of the Netherlands,                 Temp'ture. Temp'ture. and Winter. and Winter,
province of Zealand, on the left bank of the Scheldt, 6 miles   ulin.        590         3         a          49037
Dublin.........'  5905 —---  3902~ - 200.34     9-317' 
W.N.W. of Axel. Pop. 1100.                                   Port Famine...  500.0     330r08      16092      400.04
TERNI, te/unee, (anc. Inte'amsena,) a town ofCentral Italy,                       -- -- 
in the Pontifical States, delegation of Spoleto, picturesquely  Difference..   90541    6012-      3-42       7-83seated near the Nera, 5 miles below the falls of the Velino,
49 miles N.N.E. of Rome. About 4 miles to the E., on the    This kind of climate, not more inhospitable to European
Velino, (vA-leelno,) a stream which flows into the Nera, is a  feelings than  uncongenial to most European plants of
celebrated cascade, called the CAscArA )EL MARuion', (kls- warmer regions, is far firom being unfatvorable to native vegekA/tl dSl mae/mo-rA.)  The water falls, by three leaps, about tation; and hence in some places large woody-stemmed trees
700 feet, (some say 750 feet,) producing one of the most of fuschia and veronica, which in England are treated as
beautiful and romantic cataracts in the world.*  Pop. 9250. tender plants, have here been seen in full flower not far
It is enclosed by turreted walls, and has been much im- from the base of a mountain with two-thirds of its height
proved within the last few years by the erection of modern  covered with snow, and with the temperature at 36. Anmansions for its numerous visitors. It has a noble cathedral other vegetable production deserving of notice is a globular
with some fine paintings, a theatre, a bath establishment, fungus of a bright yellow color, and the size of a small apple.
and active manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics. Among  It adheres in vast numbers to the bark of the beech-trees.
its remains of antiquity are the vaults of an amphitheatre.  When young, it is elastic and turgid with moisture. but
TERNOVA, in European Turkey. See TirtovA.                 after fiructification, shrinking  and growing tough. acquires a
TERODANT, tA-ro-dAnt/, written  also  TAROODANT, mucilaginous and slightly sweet taste. In this state it is
TAROUDANT, and TARUDANT, a town of Morocco, capital, eaten by the natives uncooked, and forms a staple article of
province of Soos, on the' river Soos, 125 miles S.W. of Mo- food, being, with the addition of a few berries of dwarf arburocco. Pop. 21,000. It stands in a fertile plain, and its thick  tus. the only vegetable of which they partake. Another reand lofty walls enclose a large area. Its inhabitants excel markable vegetable product is the sea-weed called FPecus
in the art of dyeing.                                       giganteus, which, though not confined to this group, is. here
TEROR, tA-rore, a town of the Canaries, Island of Grand  particularly abundant, forming great aquatic forests, and
/anary, with a large and handsome church, an episcopal furnishing the haunts of innumerable shell-fish, but for
palace, and a primary school, manufactures of woollen and  which the race of Fuegians could scarcely continue to exist.
linen cloth. Pop. 5938.                                       The zoology of the group is very scanty. Besides cetacea
TERRACINA, tR-RsA-cheelni, (anc. As4xfsusr, afterwards  and phocse, the only mamnmalia are a bat, three species of
Terracliia,) a seaport town of the Pontifical States, at the  mice, the fox, sea-otter, guanaco, and deer. Birds, however,
S. extremity of the Pontins marshes, and on the Gulf of  particularly sea-fowl, are numerous; and even hummingbirds have been seen sipping the sweets of flowers after two
* See Childe Harold, Cento IV., stanzas 69, 70, and 71. Also  or three days of constant rain, snow, and sleet, during which
the accompanying note,                                     the thermometer had been at the freezing-point..1902




TER                                                         TER
The natives of the N.E. part of Terra del Fuego resemble    TERRASSON, tt eRsWsNucN, a town of France, department
the Patagonians in color, stature, and clothing; those of the  of Dordogne, 16 miles N.N.E. of Sarlat. Pop. 2302.
S.E. portioL are low in stature, ill-looking, and badly pro-   TERRAUBE, t~a'edbf, a small town of France, department
portioned. Their color is that of very old mahogany, or  of Gets, 4 miles S.W. of Lectoure.  Pop. 1062.'ather between dark copper and bronze. The trunk of the    TERRE AUX B(EUFS, t~n 5 buf, a post-village of St. Beroody is large in proportion to their cramp and rather crooked  nard parish, Louisiana, on the Mexican Gulf Railroad, 15
limbs. Their rough, coarse, and extremely dirty black hair miles from New Orleans.
half hides yet heightens a villainous expression of the worst   TERRE BONNE, tlrr' bonnf, usually pronounced tar bIn,
description of savage features. The women are short, about a small bayou of Louisiana, flows through the parish of the
4 feet some inches, with bodies also largely out of proportion  same name into the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable for small
to their height; and their features, especially those of the  boats.
old, are most repulsive. Their only clothing is a scanty    TERRE BONNE, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana,
covering of guanaco or seal-skin. Their habits are extremely  bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 1640 square
filthy, and their feeding gross and uncleanly, the most offen- miles. It is drained by the Terre Bonne, Black, and Cailsive substance being eaten in a state of putridity. They are, lou Bayous, which are navigable.  The surface is low and
like many other savages, extraordinary mimics, imitating all level, subject to inundation. A large part of it is occupied
sorts of sounds and motions with a marvellous and most by " floating prairies," or. shallow lakes. The numerous
amusing fidelity. Their huts are generally found built close  water-courses are bordered with rich plantations of sugarto the shore, at the head of some small bay, in a secluded  cane, and tracts of good timber, including the live-oak and
spot, and sheltered from the prevailing winds. They are  cypress. The New Orleans and Opelousas Railroad will pass
built of boughs or small trees stuck in the earth, and  through the parish. Capital, Houma.  Pop. 7724, of whom
brought together at the top, where they are firmly hound  3396 were free, and 4328 slaves.
by bark, sedge, and twigs. The usual dimensions of these    TERRE BONNE, a county in the S.W. part of Canada East,
huts are seven or eight feet in diameter, and about four or has an area of 545 square miles. It is drained by the North
five feet in height. They have an oval hole to creep in at. River, which flows into the Ottawa, and other small streams.
The fire is built in a small excavation in the middle of the  Capital, Terre Bonne. Pop. 26,191.
hut. The floor is of clay, which has the appearance of having    TERRE BONNE, a county-town of Canada East, capital
been well kneaded. Terra del Fuego was discovered by  of the above county, on the river Des Prairies, 20 miles N.
Magellan in 1520, and named "Land of Fire," from the  of Montreal. It has a Roman Catholic college, with 9 profires he saw on its coast during the night. Those fires are  fessors and 2 masters, a large Roman Catholic and an Epissupposed to have been volcanic. The doubt thrown upon  copal church, a public and 2 private schools, manufactures
this opinion, by the circumstance that no volcanoes had  of cloth, iron, and leather, and several grist and saw mills.
been observed by more recent travellers, has been, in a great Pop. in 1852, 1129; in 1854, 1400.
measure, removed by Captain Hall, who himself witnessed    TERRE COUPEE, tlrfreh koo'pee! (?) a post-village of St.
a volcanic eruption on one of these islands, in November, Joseph co., Indiana, 150 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis.
1820. (See HALL'S South Ameerica, vol. i., pp. 14, 15.)-In-   TERRE COUPIE STATION, a post-village of Berrien co.,
hab. FUEGIAN, fu-ee'jan.                                    Michigan, on the Central Railroad, 11 miles W. of Niles.
TERRA DEL SOLE, tRIRAe dal soilS, a town of Tuscany,    TERRE-DE-FEU. See TERRa DEL FUEGO.
46 miles N.E. of Florence, on the Montone. Pop. 3543.         TERRE-DE-HAUT, taim deh h6, and TERRE-DE-BAS, taia
TERRA DI LAVORO, t8rIRA dee l[-volro, a province of Na- deh bA, two islets of the French West Indies, together formples, nearly corresponding in limits to the Campaolnia of the  ing the group of Petit-Terre, 26 miles E. of Guadeloupe.
ancient Romans, is situated mostly between let. 400 48' and    TERREGILES, parish, Scotland, stewartry Kirkcudbright.
410 48' N., and lon. 130 and 150 E., having S.E. the Mediter-   TERRE HAUTE, (for pron. see next article,) a post-village
ranean, and landward the provinces of Naples, Principato  of Champaign co., Ohio, 50 miles W. of Columbus.
Ultra, Molise, and the Abruzzi, and N.W. the Pontifical   TERRE HAUTE, usually pronounced tlrlreh hSt, (Fr.
States. Area, 2505 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 752,012. pron. tail' h~tf,) a flourishing town of Harrison townThe surface in the E. is covered with ramifications of the  ship, capital of Vigo county, Indiana, on the E. bank of the
Apennines; elsewhere are many fertile plains; this is indeed  Wabash River, and oh the Wabash and Erie Canal, 73 miles
one of the richest parts of the Italian peninsula, though  W.S.W. of Indianapolis, and 69 miles N. of Vincennes. The
along the coast are marshy and unhealthy tracts. The prin- bank on which the town is built is elevated about 60 feet
cipal rivers are the Volturno and the Garigliano; the prin- above the river, and the situation is remarkably beautiful.
cipal inlet of the sea is the Gulf of Gaeta. The products  The plan of the town is rectangular; the streets are wide,
comprise wheat, oil, fruits, silk, and full-bodied wines. The  and bordered with  numerous shade-trees and gardens.
chief cities and towns are Capua, the capital, Gaeta, Sora, About half of the houses are built of brick, and the others
Arpino, Maddaloni, and Nola.                               of wood. The public buildings include a fine court-house, a
TERRA DI OTRANTO, Naples. See OTRANTO, TERRA DI.  town-hall, 3 banks, a large academy, and about 12 churches,
TERIRA FIRITMA, an obsolete name formerly applied to  some of which are spacious and ornamental edifices. Six
the Spanish Main, South America, afterwards called Colom- newspapers are published here. The opposite banks of the
bia. See VENEZUELA, and NEW GRANADA.                       river are connected by a fine bridge, over which the National
TERRALBA, tbe-al-hb, a village of the island of Sardinia, Road passes. Fort tHaerrison Prairie, on the W. border of
division of Cagliari, on a very unhealthy plain, near a  which the town stands, is noted for the fertility of its soil
lagoon, 12 miles S.S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 2500.             and the beauty of its landscapes. Terre Saute is the centre
TERRAN, a town of European Turkey. See TIRANA.           of an active, increasing trade, and one of the principal shipTERRANERI, tlr-r~tnlh, TERANEH or TARANEI, ta- ping points on the Wabash and Erie Canal. Large quantir~neh, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Rosetta arm of the  ties of pork, grain, and flour are exported from this place.
Nile, 7 mile W. of Menoof.                                 It is the terminus of the following railroads: the Terre
TERRANOVA, t6I-Rte-no/vA, a town of Naples, in Calabria IHaute and Indianapolis; the Alton and Terre Haute; the
Ultra I., district, and 9 miles E.S.E. of Palmi. It was founded  Evansville and Illinois, the Terre Haute and Joliet, and the
at a very early period, and had risen to be one of the finest  Atlantic and Mississippi, (unfinished.) Pop. in 1853, 7000.
places in the province, when it was in great part destroyed    TERRE IHILL, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania.
by the earthquake of 1783.                                   TERRENEUVE. See NEWFOUNDLAND.
TERRANOVA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria    TERRE NOIR, (Fr. pron. tair nwAR, i. e. "Black Land,")
Citra, 8 miles S. of Cassano. Pop. 2400.                   a post-township of Clarke co., Arkansas.  Pop. 220.
TERRANOVA, a market-town of Naples, province of Ba-   TERRESSA, t6R-r~s/sA, one of the Nicobar Islands, in the
silicata, 23 miles S.S.W. of Tursi.                        Indian Ocean, in lat. 80 20' N., ion. 930 15' E.
TERRANOVA, t6S-sA-notv9, a seaport town on the S. coast   TERRICCIOLA, tlS-Rit-choilA, a village of Tuscany, proof Sicily, intendancy of Caltanisetta, near the mouth of the  vince, and 19 miles S.E. of Pisa.  Pop. 2800.
Terranova, 18 miles E. of Alicata. Pop. 10,000. It has a    TER'RING, a parish of England. co. of Sussex.
castle, several churches and convents, a good public hospi-   TERIRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
tal, and a handsome palace of the Duke de Monteleone. Riding.
Coarse cloth is manufactured here, and finds a good market    TERRINGTON, NORTH, a parish, England, co. Norfolk.
at the annual fair in August. The town has also a carica-   TERRINGTON ST. JOHN, a parish of England, co. of
tore or corn magazine, and an export trade in Corn, wine, Norfolk.
sulphur, and soda.                                           TERIRY, a post-office of Carroll co., Tennessee.
TERRANOVA, (ane. Obfbia.) a town of the island of San-   TERIRYGLASS, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of
dinia, division of Sassari, on a bay of the N.E. coast, 26 miles Tipperary.
S.E. of Longo-Sardo. Pop. 1960.                              TERIRYSVILLE, a small village of Abbeville district,
TERRANOVA. See NEWFOUNDLAAND.                            South Carolina.
TERRANOVA  FOSSASECA, t6a-Re-nofvd fos-sk-sA/k, a    TER/RYTOWN, a post-village of Bradford co., Pennsylvatown of Naples, in Principato Ultra, N.N.W. of Avellina, nia, 149 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg.
with 3 churches, and an almshouse. Pop. 1120.                TERIRYVILLE, a post-village of Plymor th township,
TERRANUOVA,tSR/Rs-noo-ofvA,a market-town of Tuscany, Litchfield co., Connecticut, about 25 miles S.YW. of H. tford.
province of Florence, 7 miles S.E. of Figline. Pop. 2000.    The manufacture of wooden clocks in the United States
TERRA-ROSSA, t~ienA rosisb, a town of Tuscany, pro- was first commenced at this place, by Mr. Terry, about 35
vince of Pisa, 4 miles S. of Villafranca. Pop. 1768.       years ago.
190




TER                                                       TEW
TERSCIOELLING, ter-sKl/ling, an island in the North  pass of the Alps, between Switzerland and Savoy, 7 miles
sea, belonging to the Netherlands, province of Friesland, S.W. of Martigny.
between Vlieland and Ameland. Length, 16 miles; greatest    TETE-NOIRE, a mountain of the Alps. See MI0rCLES;
breadth, 3 miles. Pop. 2522.                                DENT DE.
TERTENIA, toe-tA/ne-d, a village of the island of Sardinia,    TETEREV or TETEREW, tA-tA-r~vf, a river of Russian
division of Cagliari, 15 miles S.S.E. of Lanusei. Pop. 1150.  Poland, governments ofVolhyniaand Kiev. joins the Dnieper
TERUEL, t-roo-8l1, a town of Spain, capital of a province, 36 miles N. of Kiev, after a N.E. course of 150 miles.
on a hill, near the Guadalaviar, 72 miles N.W. of Valencia.   TETEROW, tA/tgh-rovN, a walled town of North Germany.
Pop. 6752. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, a  in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duchy, and 16 miles E. of Giisbishop's palace, and a handsome seminary.                   trow.  Pop. 3759.  It has tobacco and woollen cloth facTERUEL, a province of Spain, in Aragon. Area, 3152  tories, and bleaching establishments.
square miles. Pop. 250,000.                                   TEITERSBURG, a post-office of Tipton co., Indiana.
TERVUEREN, t6R-viitren, a village of Belgium, province    TETIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
of South Brabant, 7 miles E. of Brussels, with a royal resi-   TETIOOSHI, TETIOUSIII  or TETIUSlI,' tA-te-oolshe, a
dence.                                                      town of Russia, government, and 60 miles S.S.W. of Kazan,
TERWOLDE, t6Rt1ol'dph, a village of Holland, province  on the Volga. Lat. 540 52' N., ion. 480 57' E. Pop. 1700.
of Gelderland, 22 miles N.N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1343.          TETIR, ta-teeRl, or VEGA DE TETIR, vA/g. dA tA-teers, a
TESCIHEN, tishlgn, a town of Austrian Silesia, capital of  town of the Canaries, island of Fuerteventura, in a fertile
a circle and duchy, on the Olsa, a tributary of the Oder, 38  valley. Pop. 1387.
miles E.S.E. of Troppau. Pop. 6400. It is enclosed by walls,   TETIUSIII, a town of Russia.  See TETIOOScI.
and has 2 ducal castles, a gymnasium with a library of    TETINEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
12,000 volumes, and manufactures of woollen cloths, cassi-   TETOOAN, TETOUIAN,  TETUAN, tlt'oo-Anl, or TET%meres, linen, leather, liqueurs, and fire-arms. A treaty be- WAN?, (ane. Jagathf) a maritime town of Morocco, kingtween Austria and Prussia was concluded here in 1779.       dom of Fez, 18 miles S.S.W. of Ceuta. Lat. 350 57' N., ion.
TESEGDELT, tWs[ig-dltl/, a town of MIorocco, 30 miles S.E. 50 18' E. Pop. 16,000, of whom upwards of 4000 are Jews.
ofMogadore. It has a handsome mosque.                       It is crowned by a castle, and is enclosed by walls. Some
TESHA, TECHA, tlsh/t, or TIASHA, te-gsha, a river of  of the mosques are handsome. The harbor, protected by a
Russia, rises intheS. ofthegovernment of Nizhnee Novgorod, fort at the mouth of the river, 4 miles distant, is adapted
flows N., then W. to the frontiers of Vladimeer, and joins the  only for small vessels, but Tetooan retains an active export
Oka on the right, above Murom. Total course, 110 miles.   trade.
TESHOOI-LOOMBOO, tlsh'oo! loom'boo', firequently written    TETSCHEN, t~t/shbn, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.N.E.
CIHASHE-LO-UM-BOO, a town of Thibet, 160 miles W. by S. of Leitmeritz, on the right bank of the Elbe. Pop. 1423. It
of Lassa or L'Hiassa, in lat. 290 4 400 N., lon. 890 7/ 80 E., on  has mineral springs, and an ancient castle.
a plain, surrounded by high, sterile mountains. It is pro-    TETSTWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
perly a large monastery, consisting of 300 to 400 houses, the    TET/TENHALL-REGIS, a parish, England, co. Stafford.
habitations of the Boodhist monks, besides temples, mause-    TETTNANG, tltt/nlng, a town of Wiirtemnberg, circle of
leums, and the palace of the Teshoo-Lama.  Above 4000  Danube, on the Miihlenbach.  Pop. 1361.
friars and nuns perform daily their devotions here. A large    TETUAN or TETWAN. See TETOOAN.
manufioture of idols is here established, at which the most    TEUCIIERN, toiKplrn, a market-town of Prussian Saxony,
skilful workmen are employed; but there are few laymen  17 miles S. of Merseburg.  Pop. 1558.
except the servants of the Lama.                              TEUFFEN or TEUFEN, toifffen, a market-town of SwitTESINO. See TICINo.                                       zerland, canton, and 4 miles N. of Appenzell.  Pop. ofparish,
TESORA, a town of Celebes. See WAJO.                      4000.
TESOURAS, tA-sbtr/s, a river of Brazil, rises among the    TEULADA, t'oo-ld/DA, a market-town of Spain, province
mountains of Tesouras, receives the Peixa, and after a course  of Alicante, near the Mediterranean, 9 miles S. of Denia.
of about 200 miles joins the Araguay.                       Pop. 1638.
TESOURAS, a town of Brazil, province, and 80 miles    TEULADA, t'oo-lAdg, a village of Sardinia, 24 miles
N.N.W. of Goyaz. It owes its existence to the great quan- S.W. ofCagliari. Pop. 1654.
titles of gold which were furnished for a time by the small    TEULADA, CAPE. See CAPE TEULAIA.
stream of the same name, and which attracted a consider-   TEUPITZ, tol/pits, a town of Prussia, province ofBrandenable population; but since the washings ceased to be pro- burg, 31 miles S.E. of Potsdam.  Pop. 563.
ductive many of the inhabitants have emigrated, and their    TEUSCIINITZ, toish/nits, a town of Bavaria, 11 miles N.
houses have either been pulled down or left tenantless.     of Kronach, with a castle.  Pop. 800.
TESSARAGH, tls's/rlh, or TAUGHSRARA, a parish of    TEUTOBURGER-WALD, toi/to-booR'gher *v9lt, (atne. IuIreland, in Connaught, co. of Roscommon.                    toburgentsis Sattus,) a mountain range of little elevation in
TESSAU/RAN  or KILGALILY, a parish of Ireland, in  North Germany, extending from  the Erzgebirge in WestLeinster, King's county.                                    phalia, N.W. to near Gsnaburg in Hanover, a distance of
TESSE, a river of Russia. See TEzA.                       about 100 miles.
TESSEL.  See TExEL.                                         TEUTOtNIA, a village of McKean co., Pennsylvania, 190
TESSENDERLOO, t~s-shn/der-16l, a village of Belgian Lim-  miles. N.W. of IHarrisburg.
bourg, 15 miles N.W. of IHIasselt. Pop. 2500.                 TEUTOPIOLIS, a thriving post-village of Effingham co.,
TESSIN, tls-seen/, a town of North Germany, in Mecklen- Illinois, on the National Road, and on the Alton and T'erre
burg-Schwerin, duchy, and 20 miles N.N.E. of Gistrow, on  Haute Railroad, 88 miles S.E. of Springfield. It has a Cathe Recknitz. Pop. 2025. It is enclosed by walls, and has  tholic chapel and a wind-mill.
manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics.                    TEUTSCHBROD, a town ofBohemia.  See BROD.
TESSIN, a canton and river of Switzerland.  See TiCiNO.    TEVA, t6AvI, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and
TESTACCIO, t~s-tAt/cho, a village of Naples. in a beautiful 37 miles N.W. of Malaga, in a valley. It has a town-house,
valley in the S. part of the Isle of Ischia. Pop. 1128.     abattoir, hospital, a small and insecure prison, and 2 acaTESTE-DE-BUCI, Lx, 1 t~st deh biish, a town of France, demies for girls. Pop. 3358.
department of Gironde, in the laundes, (heaths,) on the S.   TEVERE. See TiBER.
side of the Bassin d'Arcachon, and 30 miles S.W. of Bor-    TEVERONE, tA-vA-roennA, or ANIENE, A-ne-A/nA, (anc.
deatax, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 3399.  Alnio,) a river of Central Italy, in the Pontifical States,
TES!TERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          delegation of Frosinone, rises on the Neapolitan frontier,
TESTIGOS, t&s-tee/goce, a group of islets in the Caribbean  flows N.W. and WV. past Sublaco and Tivoli, and joins the
Sea, belonging to Venezuela, 50 miles N.W. of Mlargarita, in  Tiber 4 miles N. of Rome. Total course, 55 miles. In
lat. 110 23' N., Ion. 630 12 W.                             ancient times it supplied water to Rome by two aqueducts,
TES/TON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                one 43 miles long.
TET, t~t or tA, a river of France, department of Pyrlnles-   TEV/ERSALL, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
Orientales, after an E.N.E. course, enters the Mlediterranean    TEV/ERSIASI, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
7 miles E. of Perpignan. Total course, 55 miles.              TEVIOT, tiv/e-ot, a river of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh,
TET or TETT, tit, a decayed town of Morocco; near Blanco,  through the centre of which it flows, and joins the Tweed
8 miles S.W. of Mazagan. Pop. 1000.                        at Kelso, after a N.E. course of 34 miles. HIawtck is the
TET/BURY, a market-town and parish of England, co., only town on its banks.
and 17 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. in 1851, 3325. The    TEVIOTDALE, a name applied to the most part of Roxtown, near the source of the Avon, has 2 market-houses, a  burgh, Scotland.
handsome church, and various chapels and schools. Some    TEW, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
manufactures of woollen are carried on, and it has a trade    TEW, LITTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford.
in yarn, cheese and butter. The ancient Britons had a cas-   TEW/IN, a parish of England, co. of Itertford.
tie here.                                                   TEWKESBURY or TEWKSBURY, tiiksfber-e, a pelaiaT IT'COTT, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           mentary and municipal borough, town, and parish of EngTETE, tAt/U, or TETTE, tet/tA, a town of East Africa, capi- land, co., and 10 miles N.N.E. of Gloucester, in the vale of!al of a government of the Portuguese territory, on the  Evesham, on the bank of the Avon, at its junction with
Zambeze, 100 miles N. of Senna. It is large, well built, and  the Severn, and at the influx of the Carron and Swilgate
healthy from occupying an elevated site,                  into the Avon, connected with the Birmingham  and GlouTETE-NOIRE, tit n vilt or tAt nw.aa, ("Black-head,") a  cestershire Railway by a branch 2 miles in length. Pop.
1904




TEW                                                       TEX
of the borough ih 1851, 5878. The town, picturesquely situ-  miles of the coast, and perhaps further inland, appears, says
ated, has a magnificent abbey church, a new church, town- Mr. Bollaert, in a paper read before the Royal Geographical
hall, market-house, jail, penitentiary, various Dissenting  Society, to have been gradually uplifted from the bed of an
chapels, quays along the river, a handsome stone bridge  ancient sea, into which the great rivers of that period poured
across the Avon, and an iron bridge 170 feet span over the  their waters, charged with the detritus of the secondary
Severn. It has a literary and scientific institution, me- rocks. This detritus was gradually deposited in sedimentchanics' institute, dispensary and lying-in charity, a blue- ary beds at the bottom of the sea, and these deltas at length
coat school, free grammar school, and numerous other uniting, form the superficial accumulations of the level and
schools; almshouses and other charities. Its woollen ma- undulating lands. This appears to be confirmed by the fact
nufacture has ceased; but it has manufiactures of stock- that the soils in the vicinity of the great rivers are distinings, bobbluet-lace, nails, and leather. It returns 2 mem- guished by the peculiar ingredients brought down by the
bors to, the House of Commons. The battle of Tewkesbury  freshets of the present day. A vast belt of gypsum, (somniewas fought in the "Bloody Meadow" immediately S. of the  times 100 miles in width,) extending from the Arkansas to
town.                                                      the Rio Grande, passes across the N.W. portion of the state.
TEWKESBUIRY, a township of Hunterdon co., New Jer- In the mountains and hills of the N.W. we have primitive
sey. Pop. 2300.                                            formations of granites, porphyries, &c. Middle and SouthTEWKSBUIRY, England. See TEWKESsURY.                     ern Texas seem to be composed of rich surface soils, overTEWKSPBUIY, tfakslber-e, a post-village and township  laid in the tertiary strata with its peculiar fossils; then folof Middlesex co., Massachusetts, about 22 miles N. by W. of  low the oolitic systems, sandstone, and perhaps the new red
Boston. The township is bounded on the N. by the Merri- sandstone.  A series of measurements  give the following
mack River, and intersected by the Boston and Lawrence, elevations: —Galveston, 10 feet; Houston, 60 feet; San PFeand the Salem and Lowell Railroads. It contains 2 churches, lipe de Austin, 200 feet; Columbus, 250 feet; Gonzales, 270
a furniture factory moved by steam-power, and a state pan- feet; San Antonia de Bejar, 350 feet; head-waters of the San
per establishment with accommodations for 800 inmates: Antonio, 400 feet; Rio Frio, 450 to 500 feet; Cibolo River
cost, about $70,000. Pop. of the village, about 200; of the  and head-waters of the Leona River, 550 feet; Ist Sabinas,
township, 1044.                                            700 feet; 2d Sabinas, 800 feet; Guadalupe River, 1000 feet;
TEWOCKO/NY SPRINGS, a post-office of Limestone co., Llano Estacado 2450 feet; and Guadalupe Mountains, 3000
Texas.                                                     feet.
TEXANA, tex-ahtna, a post-village, capital of Jackson co.,   Mfinerals. —Texas abounds in minerals.  Lying as she
Texas. on the Lavacca River, near its junction with the Na- does in close proximity to the gold and silver regions of
vidad, 150 miles S.E. of Austin City. It is the head of steam   Mexico and New Mexico, it is probable that she may develop
navig/tion, and is increasing in trade and population,     in future rich supplies of the precious metals. This, howTEXAS, tkxas, (Sp. pron. telHAs,) formerly, in conjunction  ever, is not left entirely to conjecture, as silver-mines are
with Cohahuila, a territory of Mexico, now forms (with the  known to have been worked at San Saba, and recent disexception of Florida) the southernmost portion of the United  coveries of the same metal have been made upon the Bidais
States of North America. It is bounded on the N. by New  River. In the spring of 1853 the country was agitated by
Mexico, Indian Territory, and Arkansas; on the E. by Ar- the report of the discovery of gold-mines WV. of the Colorado
kansas and Louisiana; on the S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico;  River, between it and the San Saba Mountains. and N. of
and on the S.W. and W. by Mexico and New Mexico. The  the Llano  River, but these reports have not been confirmed,
Red Rtiver separates it in part from Indian Territory and  at least as to its existence in any considerable quantities.
Arkansas, the Sabine from Louisiana, and the Rio Grande  According to Haldeman's revised edition of Taylor's work
from Mexico. This state lies between 250 50' and 360 30' on the Coal Regions of the United States, coal exists on the
N. lat., and between 930 30' and 1070 W. Ion. Its shape is  Trinity River, 200 miles above Galveston, in the vicinity of
very irregular, but its extreme length from  S.E. to N.W. is  Nagadoches, on the Brazos, (in abundance,) near the city
more than 800 miles, and its greatest breadth flom E. to  of Austin, and on the Rio Grande S.W. of Bexar. It is beWV. about 750 miles, including an area of 237,504 square  lieved that a belt, distant about 200 miles from the coast,
miles: an amount of territory nearly six times that of the  extending S.W. from Trinity River to the Rio Grande, constate of Pennsylvania, the greater part of which is composed  talins this valuable mineral in various places. Iron is found
of soil of great agricultural capabilities.                in many parts of the state; there are also salt lakes and
Fce of the Country. —This great state embraces every va- salt springs, copper, copperas, alum, lime, agates, chalceriety of surface, mountain, plain, hill, and desert within its  deny, jasper, and a white and red sandstone. A pitch lake, 20
limits. In the S.E., along the coast is a level belt of land  miles fiom n  Beaumont, deposits of nitre and sulphus, and
fro6m 30 to 60 miles in breadth, which is succeeded by an  fire clay are among the minerals. " Formations of secondary
undulating and prairie country, occupying another belt limestone, with others of carboniferous sandstones, shales,
of from 150 to 200 miles in width, which is followed in the  argillaceous iron ore and bituminous coal beds, are said to
WV. and N.W. by the mountainous re-ion and the table-  occupy a large portion of the interior of Texas. Westward
land. The extreme N. is invaded by the Great American  of these occur the inferior and silurian strata, trilobite
Desert, which extends perhaps about 60 miles within the  limestone, and transition slates. Beyond all the basaltic
boundary of Texas. According to Mr. Bartlett, the plateau  and primary rocks of the Rocky Mountains arise; Wile
of Texas, including part of New Mexico, extends from 300  N. is the great salt lake of the Brazos, and a vast red salito 3410 N. lat., and from the Rio Grande E. for 300 miles. ferous region. An immense bed of gypsum, the largest
The N. portion, called Llano Estacado or "Staked Plain,"  known in North America, reaching from the Arkansas to
is 2500 feet above the sea. This broad district is destitute of the Rio Grande River, traverses the N.W. portion of Texas.
forest trees and shrubbery, except along the margins of the  Mineral springs abound; among the most important are the
streams, and even there never extending 100 yards from   Salinilla Springs, (both white and salt sulphur,) near the
the banks. Just after rains a short stunted grass springs  Trinity River in WXalker county, a spring similar to White
up, but speedily becomes dry, affording little nourishment.  Sulphur in Virginia, near the Bidais River; a blue sulphur
In this region rise the Red, Brazos, and Colorado Rivers.  spring, also in Walker county; a mineral spring near the
About 290 30' N. lat. the table-land breaks off into spurs, Chile, 30 miles from Bexar, formerly of great repute among
which descend to the prairies. The rivers have generally  the Mexicans for its medical properties; and a white sulphur
alluvial bottoms of from 3 to 20 miles in width. which are  spring near Carolina, in Montgomery county.
of great fertility, and heavily timbered. The belts referred    Rivers, Bays, Sounds. —The coast of Texas is lined with a
to above run across the state in a direction nearly N.E. and  chain of low islands, which form a series of bays, sounds,
S.W., so that almost all the N. part of Eastern Texas is in- and lagoons; the most important of which ase Galveston,
cluded in the second division, or the undulating country. Matagorda, Espiritu Santo, Aransas, and Corpus Christi
Little is known of the elevated lands of the W. and N.W.,  Bays, and Laguna del Madre. Commencing at Galveston
as they are yet the home of fewv white men except the hun-  Bay in the N.E., they lie along the Gulf of Mexico in the
toers,' who pursue its buffaloes and other wild animals. It  order in which they are named. Galveston Bay, the largest
is, however, represented as being a well-watered and fertile  of these, extends about 35 miles inland from the Gulf of
region. A low range of mountains, called the Colorado  Mexico, in a direction nearly N.  lMatagorda Bay, 60 miles
IHills, runs in a N. and S. direction, E. of the Colorado River; long by 6 to 10 wide, and Laguna del Madre, 90 miles long
indeed, the whole section of the state in the same parallel, by 3 to 6 wide, are sounds rather than bays, and run nearly
between the Colorado and Brazos Rivers, is broken with low  parallel with the shore. The inlets to these are much obmbuntains.  Between the Colorado and the Rio Grande, structed by bars; Galveston Inlet, the best, is said to have
and N. of the sources of the Nueces and San Antonio, the  but 12 feet water, the entrance of Matagorda Bay 11 feet, and
country is crossed by broken ranges of mountains running  that of San Luis but 10 feet. Aransas Bay extends in a
in various directions, but of whose altitude and character  N.E. and S.W. direction about 25 miles, by about 12 miles
we have little reliable information. They appear, however, in width; Corpus Christi Bay, 40 miles from N. to S., by 20
to be outlying ridges of the great R.ocky Mountain chain; miles from E. to W.; and Espiritu Santo is 20 mileslong by
Of these the Organ, Hueco or Waco, and Guadalupe Moun- 10 wide; Copano Bay, opening into Aransas, is 20 miles
tains extend fiom the N.W. extremity of Texas, where they  long by 3 wide. A writer in "DE Bow's Resources in the
terminate, in a N. direction into New Mexico. According  South and West," however, says-" Steamships of 1200 to
to Bartlett, the first are about 1000 feet above the Rio Grande, 1500 tons, and sail vessels' of 1000 tons, can enter the port
and the last the same altitude above the plain.            of Galveston."  Texas is crossed by several long rivers, geGeology.-That part of Texas which lies within about 200  nerally rising in the table-lands of the W. and N.W., tnd
5 U                                                                         1905




TEX                                                        TEX
pursuing a S.E. course, discharge their waters into the  the other small grains flourish. The level country is weli
Gulf of Mexico. Commencing with the Rio Grande, the  adapted to the production of sugar, though it is not vet exlargest river in Texas, 1800 miles long, and which forms its  tensively cultivated. Tobacco, of a quality claimed to bN
S.W. boundary, and proceeding along the coast, we have  equal to that of Cuba, flourishes with little care, and is
the Nueces, San Antonio, Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazes, doubtless destined to form one of the staples of Texas. In
Trinity, Neches, and Sabine, whose lengths in the order  digo, of a superior kind, is indigenous to the state. Rice
named are about 300, 250, 275, 800, 500, 400, 300, and 350  can be cultivated to any extent, and the soil is well adapted
miles, as estimated by measurements on the map. The Red  to flax and hemp. According to the census of 1850, there
River rises in the N.W. of the state, and forms a large part were in Texas 12,198 farms, occupying 643,976 acres of im
of the N. boundary line. The Canadian, a branch of the  proved land, and producing 41,729 bushels of wheat; 3108
Arkansas, crosses the N. projection of the state. All of  of rye; 199,017 of oats; 6,028,876 of Indian corn; 94,645 of
these are navigable to a greater or less extent, (depending  Irish, and 1,332,158 of sweet potatoes; 4776 of barley, and
on the wetness or dryness of the season, and on local ob- 179,350 of peas and beans; 8354 tons of hay; 2,344,00
structions,) the Sabine for about 150 miles; the Trinity, to  pounds of butter; 95,299 of cheese; 380,825 of beeswax and
Porter's Bluffs, lat. 320 20'; the San Jacinto, 50 miles; the  honey; 7,351,000 pounds of cane-sugar; 23,228,800 of cotBrazos, to Sullivan's Shoals, near lat. 31~ N.; the Nueces, ton; 88.203 of rice; 66,897 of tobacco; 131,917 of wool;
100 miles; the Rio Grande, 400 miles; and the Red River, and 441,918 gallons of molasses. Live stock, valued at
to Preston, lat. 340 N., and ion. 960 20' W., (dnring high  $10,412,927; slaughtered animals at $1,116,137; market
water.) The Colorado is obstructed by a raft 10 miles from   products at.12,354; and orchard products at $12,505; beits mouth; but when this is removed, which it doubtless  sides some buckwheat, wine, grass-seeds, hops, flax, and
will be ere long, it will give a navigation of several hundred  silk. The grape, mulberry, and the delicious vanilla are
miles. There are a number of small rivers or tributaries, indigenous and abundant. The nepal, (famous for the pronavigable to some extent, and besides their value as chan- duction of the cochineal insect,) the mesquit-tree, (a species
nels of commerce, they afford in many instances excellent of locust, very valuable for fencing and building,) and the
sites for mill seats. There are no known lakes of importance  tea-tree, (a good substitute for the Chinese shrub,) are all
in Texas. Sabine Lake, an expansion of the river of that  native to Texas. The cacti and agave are abundant W. of
name, near its mouth, 20 miles long, is on the boundary  the Nueces. Cayenne pepper is grown in vast quantities.
of Texas and Louisiana. There is a salt lake near the Rio  The fruits are no less abundant and various than its other
Grande, from which large quantities of salt are annually  products: here we have a peach superior to that of the
taken.                                                      North, the nectarine, the quince, the fig, the plum, the
Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Among the most remark- crab-apple, and a great variety of berries. Oranges, lemons,
able known natural wonders of Texas is the Pass of the  limes, and melons grow well, as do all the garden vegetables.
Guadalupe Mountains, in the N.W. of the state, thus de- Hickory, walnut, and pecan-nuts are plentiful. Shrubs and
scribed by Mr. Bartlett: "We followed the intricacies of the  flowers are in profusion, and of great beauty and variety,
pass for 6 hours, winding and turning in every direction,  and many of our N. exotics and hothouse plants are indinow plunging into some deep abyss, now rising upon some  genous to Texas; such, for example, as the gaudy dahlia.
little castellated spur, and again passing along the brink of  Itere bloom asters of every variety, geraniums, lilies, truma deep gorge, whose bottom, filled with trees, is concealed  pet-flowers, cardinal-flowers, wax-plants, mimosas, &c. In
ftiom our view. In one place the road runs along a rocky  short, a Texas prairie in spring is the very paradise of a
shelf not wide enough for two wagons to pass, and the next, botanist, or indeed of any lover of the beauties of nature.
passes down through an immense gorge, walled in by regu-   The forest-trees are live-oak and other varieties of that
]arly terraced mountains of limestone."                     noble tree, cedar, pine, palmetto, ash, walnut, hickory,
The Castle Mountain Pass is scarcely less wild and into- pecan, mulberry, cypress, elm, and sycamore. The E. perresting. The Waco Mountain Pass, on the borders of Texas  tion and the river-bottoms are the most densely timbered.
and New Mexico, is on the same grand scale.  Deep ba- "Cross Timbers" is a wooded section, stretching, says
rancas, caions or gullies, either worn by water or rent  Marcy, from the Arkansas River in a S.W. direction through
asunder by earthquakes, yawn to a depth of many hundred  some 400 miles, with a width varying from 5 to 30 miles.
feet, in its high table-lands.  Captain Marcy represents the  The limits of this forest are very abrupt, and form, as it
Red River, near its source, as cutting its way through the  were, a wall against the further progress of the arid p-ra
solid rock in the N. of Texas, in a cation or gorge of 800 feet ries. The trees in this consist principally of post-oak and
in depth. A fall of 120 feet in perpendicular pitch is re- black-jack, standing at such distances that wagons can pass
ported to have been recently discovered in one of the  between them in any direction.
branches of the Colorado River, which falls in one unbroken    Animals.-Texas abounds in wild animals of different
sheet of 100 feet in width. Very large bones, (apparently  kinds. The buffalo still roams in the N.W. of the state, and
of the mastodon,) immense horns, vertebrse, teeth, silicified  the wild horse or mustang feeds in vast herds on its unduwood, oysters, mussels, ammonites, (nearly 2 feet in diame-  lating prairies. Here, too, are deer, pumas, jaguars, ocelots,
ter,) fish, encsinites, trilobites, and other fossils are found  and wild cats, black bears, wolves, foxes. some pecaries,
near San Felip6 de Austin, Columbus, Bastrop, Webber's racoons, opossums, rabbits, hares, and abundance of squirPrairie, Austin, Peach Creek, Brazoria, and many other  rels. The prairie-dog, a species of marmot, burrows in the
places, but not all in any one locality. Silicified trees are  ground, and their communities extend for many miles. Mr.
particularly numerous in HIouston county, mostly nearly  Bartlett mentions journeying for three days without for
perpendicular, inclining to the N., but some horizontal.    once being out of sight of them. Wild cattle are in abunCtimate.-Texas seems to partake of a climate free filom   dance. Among the mountains of the West are found the
the extremes of both the torrid and temperate zones, pro- graceful antelope, the mountain goat, and the moose. (the
ducing in the N. many of the products of the temperate, and  largest of the deer kind.)  Of the feathered tribes there are
in the S. many of those of the torrid zone. While it shares  many varieties to tempt the cupidity of the hunter. such as
the genial climate of Louisiana, it is free from its unhealthy  prairie hens, wild geese, wild turkeys, brant, teal, canvasswamp exhalations. The heats of summer are much miti-  back and common duck, pheasants, quails, grouse, partridges,
gated by the refreshing breezes from the Gulf, which blow  woodcock, pigeons, turtle-doves, snipes, plovers, and ricewith great steadiness during that season. In November,  birds. Of birds of prey are the baldheaded and Mexican
however. the N. winds set in and sweep down the plains,  eagles, vultures, hawks, and owls. Of waterfowl, besides
with but little variation, during the months of December  those mentioned above, are cranes, swans, pelicans, kingand January.  These winds'have doubtless a purilfying  fishers, and water-turkeys. Of small birds, crows, blackeffect on the atmosphere, by sweeping off the exhalations  birds, starlings, bluejays, woodpeckers, redbirds, martens,
of the river-bottoms and the newly-broken soil; the settler  swallows,  and wrens.  Of the birds noted for beauty of
on the prairies of the interio r is thus freed from the miasma  plumage are the paroquet, the oriole, the whippoorwill, the
that exerts usually so pestilential an influence on the  cardinal, and the sweet-toned mocking-bird.  Of fish and
"clearings" of new countries and in marshy districts. Ice  reptiles there are also a great variety, and of excellent quais seldom  seen in the S. part; and during the summer  lity; among the former are the red fish, (a delicious fish,
months the thermometer averages about 800, and in winter  weighing 50 pounds,) the yellow, white, and blue codfish,
from i600 to 750.                                           sheepshead, mullet, flounders, perch, pike, suckers, and
Soil and Productioess. —The soil is equally favorable with  trout; and of the latter, alligators, gareels, rattle, water,.the climate; for while every variety is found, from  the  moccasin, coachwhip, copperhead, chicken, and garter snakes,
~heerless desert to the exuberantly fertile river-bottoms, the  and horned frogs and lizards. Of shell-fish are crabs, oysgeneral character is that of great fertility. The mesquit ters, clams, mussels, crayfish, shrimps, and hard and soft
grass in West Texas yields a fine soft sward, which is green  shelled turtles. Among the insects are the gadfly gnat, the
even in winter, and affords, beyond all comparison, the best cantharides or Spanish fly, the honey-bee, (in a wild state,)
natural pasture in the world. Cotton, the great staple, centipedes, and a large poisonous spider called the tarantula.;grows well in almost every part of the state, and that grown    Al]anufacturses.-Texas, as a new state, has but few mann-:near the Gulf is considered equal to the celebrated sea- factures; nor till her rich and beautiful prairies and fertile:.slrand.  Indian corn, the other great staple, is also readily  bottoms are occupied. will capitalists be likely to turn their
raised in almost every part. Two crops a year are planted, attention much to this branch of industry. According to
one in February, and the other about the middle of June,  the census of 1850, there were 309 establishments engaged
yielding often 75 bushels to the acre of shelled corn. In  in mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts, producing
the uundulating country, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, and  each $500 and upwards annually, employing $539,290 capi.
1906




TEX                                                           TEX
fal, and 1042 male, and 24 female hands, consuming raw  Matagorda, McLennan, Medina, Milam, Montgomery, Nanmaterial worth $394,642, and yielding products valued at  cogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nueces, Orange, Panola,:Polk,
$1,165,538.   The home-made manufactures produced the  Red River, Refugio, Robertson, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustin.
same year were valued at $266,984. There were in 1850 no  San Patriclo, Shelby, Smith, Starr, Titus, Travis, Tyler, Upcotton factories, and but one woollen establishment, em-  shut, Uvalde, Vanzandt, Victoria, Walker, Washington,
ployingo only $8000 capital, and 4 male and 4 female hands, Webb, Wharton, Williamson, and Wood. Capital, Austin.
and producing $15,000 worth of cloth and yarn; and 2 fur-    Cities and Towns.-Texas has no very large towns; the
naces, employing $16,000 capital, and 35 male hands, and  principal are Galveston, the commercial depot pf the state,
producing  $55,000 worth of castings, pig-iron, &c.           population in 1850, 4177, (7000 in 1853;) Houston, 2396;
Intersal net proves o ents.-In so recently settled a state,  San Antonio, 3488, (6000 in 1853;) Marshall, 1189; Brownslittle advance can be expected to have been made in this  ville, 4500 in 1853; and New Braunfels, 1298.
respec.. beyond opening ordinary roads; however, Texas,    Governmcent.-The executive power of Texas is intrusted
young as she is, has begun to turn her attention in that  to a governor and lieutenant-governor, elected by the people,
direction, and in January, 1855, 72 miles of railroad, to con- each for two years, the former receiving $2000 per annum
nect Harrisburg with Brazos, were in course of construe-  salary, and the latter, who is ex officio president of the Setion. Itailroads are in contemplation from  Galveston to  nate, $5 per day during the session of the Legislature. The
Henderson, from Galveston to Austin, from San Antonio to  latter body is constituted, as usual in the United States, of
Salina, from  H-enderson to Vicksburg in Mlississippi, from   a Senate, composed of 21 members elected for 4, and a House
Houston to Austin, and from Henderson to Fulton.             of Representatives, of 66 members elected for 2 years-both
Coemmerce.-This state has facilities for both internal and  chosen by popular vote. The sessions of the legislature are
foreign commerce. Her most fertile districts are crossed by  biennial, and meet in December. Every male citizen of the
large rivers more or less navigable by steamboats and by  United States (untaxed Indians and negroes excepted) who
smaller boats, while her numerous bays form harbors for  is over 21 years of age, and shall have resided in the stite
transacting hei- foreign commerce. It is true her rivers are  1 year next preceding an election, or in the county, town,
obstructed by sandbars and rafts in some instances; but  or district in which he offe's to vote, shall be deemed a
these admit of removal.  Although bars obstruct the inlets  qualified elector, except United States soldiers, marines,
of her harbors, vessels of from 1000 to 1500 tons may enter  and seamen. The judiciary consists —1. Of a Supreme Court,
the port of Galveston. The principal article of export from   composed of a chief and 2 associate judges; and 2. Of 14
this state is cotton. The value of exports to foreign coun- District Courts, held twice a year in each county. There is
tries fobr the fiscal year 1854, was $1,314,449; of imports,  also a county court in each county. All the judges of Texas'$231,423, tonnage entered, 5249; cleared, 9708; and owned  are elected by the people for 6 years, but the governor can,
in the state, 9698, of which 2815 was steam  tonnage; ves-  on address from  two-thirds of each house, remove the
sels built, 1. In the year ending August 31, 1853, there  judges of both courts.  The judges of the Supreme Court
had been brought to the shipping ports of the state, 85,790  receives $2000, and  the distrlict judges each $1750 per
bales of cotton, of which 16,346 were exported to European  annum.  The state debt of Texas, in March, 1855, was
ports; and in 1854, 110,325 bales, of which 18,467 was ex- $11,055,694; to defray part of which, Congress appropriated
ported to foreign ports. Trains frequently leave San An-  $7,750,000 as an indemnity for certain territory relinquished
tonio for Mexico, loaded with merchandise suitable for the  by Texas to New Mexico on the formation of the latter
demands of Chihuahua, Parras, and other, North Mexican  territory, and also for Indan depredations.  Ordinary excities.                                                       penditures, exclusive of debt and schools, $100,000. Taxable
Education.-According to the census of 1850, there were  property in 1853, $99,155,114.  In November, 1851, Texas
in Texas 2 colleges with 165 students, and $1000 income; had but one bank, capital, $322,000; circulation, $300,000;
349 public schools, with 7946 pupils and $44,008 income;  coin, $100,000.
and 97 academies and other schools, with 3389 pupils and    History. —The present state of Texas formed, previous to.39,389 income. Attending school as returned by families, the revolution of 1836, the whole of the Miexican province
19,389. Of the free adult population, 10,583 could not read  of Texas, together with portions of the states of Tamaulipas,
and write, of whom 2488 were of foreign birth.                Coahuila, Chihuahua, and New Mexico. In consequence of
Reigieous  Denominaitions.-Of 328 churches in Texas, in  the inducements held out to settlers, an extensive emigrera
1850, the Baptists owned 70, the Christians 5, Episcopalians  tion to this region from  the United States commenced in
5, Free Church 7, Methodists 173, Presbyterians 47, Roman  1821, which had swelled to sufficient amount in 1832 to inCatholics 13, Union Church 2, and minor sects, 6 —iving  duce the inhabitants to demandadmission as anindependent
one church to every 649 persons. Value of church property  member of the Mexican confederacy; wiich beirng refused,
$206,930.                                                     resulted in a declaration of independence, that, after various
Public Insetittions.-The  state penitentiary is located at  contests in arms, was completely achieved by the defeat
Huntsville. Texas had in 1850, 3 public libraries with  and capture of the Mlexican president, Santa Anna, at San
2100 vols.; 8 school and Sunday-school libraries with 2030  Jacinto, in 1836. Up to 1845, Texas remained an independent
vols.; and 1 college library with 100 vols.                   republic, modelled after the government of the United
Pea odicals.-According to the census, there were pu-  States. In 1846 it was admitted a member of the North
blished in 1850, in this state, 5 tri-weekly and 29 weekly  American confederacy, reserving the right to be divided
nevwspapers, with  an  aggregate annual circulation  of  into five states, with the institution of negro slavery. Dis1,296,924 copies.                                             putes arising with Mexico as to the boundary, (M5exico
Population.-Texas had, according to the late census,  claiming to the Nueces, and the United States to the Rio
212,592 inhabitants in 1850, of whom  84,869 were white  Grande  del Norte.) war ensued, in which General Taylor
males; 69,165 females; 211 free colored males; 186 females;  gained two battles within the limits of the present state of
and 28,700 male and 29,461 female slaves. This population  Texas. The treaty with Mexico, at the close of this war,
was divided into 28,377 families, occupying 27,988 dwellings;  assigned to Texas the Rio Grande as its S.W. boundary. By
representative population, 189,327. Population to the square  the Compromise Act of 1850, the boundaries of Texas were
mile, 89. There were 3096 deaths, or more than 14 in every  somewhat modified, she conceding to New Mexico a portion
1000 persons, in the year ending June 1,1850. In the same  of her Northern territory, in consideration of $10,000,000,
period, only 7 paupers received aid from the public funds. to he paid by the United States government.
Of the free population, 43,281 were born in the state; 92,657    The inhabitants of the W. and N.W. portions of Texas
in other states; 1002 in England; 1403 in Ireland; 278 in  are subject to frequent inroads fiom the Camanches, Apaches,
Scotland and Wales; 137 in British America; 8191 in Ger-  and other warlike tribes, who destroy property, murder, or
many; 647 in France; 5117 in other countries; and 604  carry into captivity their defenceless victims, and drive off
whose places of birth were unknown-making more than  their horses, sheep, and cattle. —Adj. and inhab. TEXIAN.
11 per cent. of the free population offoreign birth. Of the    TEXAS, a new county in the S. part of Missouri, has an
entire population, 59 were deaf and dumb, of whom 10 were  ar-ea of 1250 square miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by
slaves; 73 blind, of whom 1 was free colored, and 11 were  Big Piney and Robidoux Forks, affluents of Gasconade
slavies;  37 were insane, of whom none were slaves; and 104  River, and also drained by the sources   of Current, an
idiotic, of whom 11 were slaves. Of the entire population, affluent of thbin Big Black River. The surface is hilly, and
4 were engaged in mining; 31,299 in agricultural opera- covered with extensive forests of yellow pine, which here
tions; 4785 in manufactures and mechanics; 1737 in comn-  grows to a great size; the soil is said to be generally good.
merce, trade, and dealing; 198 in navigating the ocean; 115  Capital, Houston. Pop. 2312, of whom  2270 were free, and
in internal navigation; and 3246 in the learned professions  42 slaves.
and higher arts. The influx of population into Texas, both    TEXAS, a post-village of Oswego co., New York, on Salfromn other states and frons foreign countries, is very great.  mon Creek, near its entrance into Lake Ontario, above
Cossnties. —Texas is divided into eighty-eight counties: 38 miles N. of Syracuse. Produce is shipped here in steamAnderson,  Angelina, Austin, Bastrop, Bell, Bexar, Bowie, boats.
Brazori, Brazzos, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Calhoun, Ca-    TEXAS, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, about
meron, Cass, Cherokee, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Cook, Dal- 25 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster.
las, Denton, De Witt, El Paso, Falls, Fannin, Fayette, Fort    TEXAS, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
Bend, Galveston, Guadalupe, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales,    TEXAS, a township of Wayne co., Pennsylvania, on the
Grayson,  Grimes, Harris, Harrison, Ilays, Henderson, 11Hill, Lackawaxep  Creek, contains Ionesdale, the county seat,
Hospkins,  Houston, Hunt, Jachkson, Jasper. Jefferson, Kauf-  which is the E. terminus of the Carbondale and Honesdale
man, Lamar, Lavacca, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, ladison,  Railroad. Pop. 28413.
1907




TEX                                                           THA
TEXAS, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia, about 14    TIIALEAIN.  See SALWIN.
miles N.E. of Greenville.                                        TIHIALHEIM, tll/hime, a village of Saxony, circle of
TEXAS, a post-office of Washington co., Kentucky.           Zwickau, and bailiwick of Stolberg. Pop. 1866..
TEXAS, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, on the turn-    THALIEIM, a village of Wtirtemberg, circle of Neckar,
pike from Urbana to Columbus.                                  and bailiwick of Heilbronn, with an old castle in ruins.
TEXIAS, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 545.         Pop. 1314.
TEXAS, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio.                       THALI-EIM, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarz
TEXAS, a township of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, inter-  weld, 7 miles N.N.W. of Tuttlingen.  Pop. 1201.
sected by the Michigan Central Railroad.  Pop. 410.              TIIALIIEIM, a village of Wtirtemberg, circle of SchwarzTEXAS, a post-office of Washington co., Indiana.            wald, and bailiwick of Rottenburg, with the ruins of an
TEXAS, a small village of Iroquois Co., Illinois, on the  old feudal castle. Pop. 1083.
Iroquois River.                                                  TIJALMASSING, (Thalmiissing,) t l-m~s/sing, or TIIALTEXAS, a post-office of Randolph co., Illinois.             MESISINGEN, a nmarket-town of Bavaria, 25 miles S. by E.
TEXAS, a small village of Washington co., Iowa.             of Nuremberg.  Pop. 1159.
TEXAS HILL, a post-office of Sacramento co., California.      TIALWEIL, ti/Wile, a village and parish of Switzerland,
TEXAS VALLEY, a post-office of Cortland co., New York. canton, and 6 miles S. of Zurich, on a height above the W.
TEXEL, thx/81, or TEStSEL, an island in the North Sea, shore of the Lake of Zurich. It consists chiefly ofa number
belonging to the Netherlands, and separated from the main- of houses clustering around the church, whose twisted towel',
land by Marsdiep, 21 miles across. Length, 13 miles; greatest rising up among them, produces a strange  appearance.
breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 4924, engaged in agriculture, fishing,  Pop. 1738.
boat-building, and as pilots. Surface low, and chiefly in    THAME or TAME, a river of England, cos. of Bucks and
pasturage, on which fine breeds of cattle and sheep are  Oxford, after a S.W. course of 40 miles past Thame, Stadreared.  Its N. part is termed Eyerland, (" Eggland,") from   hampton, &c., at Dorchester joins the Isis, to which it
the great abundance of eggs  deposited there by wild fowl. afterwards gives the name ofThames.  See TAME.
Its W. coast is sheltered by dykes, which were brokien    THAME or TAME. a market-town and parish of England,
through, with great damage to the island, by a tremendous  co., and 12 miles E.SE. of Oxford, on the border of Bucks,
storm  in February, 1825. It contains a town and several  on the S. bank of the Thames, which here becomes navivillages. Off the Texel, on the 21st of July, 1653, the Eng-  gable. Pop. in 1851, 3259. It has a large and handsome
lish fleet, under Monk, defeated the Dutch under Van  church, near which are the ruins of an ancient prebendal
Tromp, who was killed during the action.                      house, a work-house, numerous schools, and a manufactory
TEXUTLA, a town of Central America.  See TsJUTLA.           of lace.
TEY, tA, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            TIHIAMES, t6mz, (anc. Tamsesis; Fr. lTamise, tOmeez.,)
TEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             the principal, though not the longest river of England,
TEYDE, PEAK-OF. See TENERIEFE. PEAK OF.                     through the S. part of which it flows mostly in an E. tdirecTEY, MARKS, a parish ofEngland, Co. ofEssex.                tion. It rises under the name of the Isis, about 2 miles
TEYNGA, tainIgd, the northel'nmost of the Sooleo Islands,  S. of Cireucester, and 376 feet above the sea, flows at first
lat. 60 52' N., ion. 1210 43' E.                              S. to near Cricklade, then E.N.E. past Lechlade to near
TEYNIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 Oxford, and S.E. past Oxford, Abingdon, and Wallingford
TEZA, t,'lza, or TESSE, tis's, a river of Russia, rises in  to Reading, after which its course is mostly E. to Gravethe S. of the government of iostroma, flows circuitously S. send. A few miles beyond this it expands into an estuary
into the government of Vladimeer, and joins the Kliasma,  which, at its junction with the North Sea, at the Nore,
after a course of tabout 100 miles.                           between the Isle of Sheppey and Foulness Point, is 15
TEZA, ta/zc, written also TEJA, a town of Morocco, king-  miles across, and has on its opposite banks the towns of
dom, 65 miles E. of Fez, on an affluent of the Seboo. Pop.  Sheerness and Southend. Total course estimated at 215
11,000. It has a fine mosque, and well-supplied markets.    miles. At Dorchester, it receives the Thame from  the N.,
TEZCO/CO or TEZCUCO, t8s-Koolko, a lake of the Mexican  and thenceforth assumes its proper name; other principal
Confederation, state, and about 21 miles E. of the city of  affluents are the Churnet, Coin, Wainrush. Evenlode, CherMexico, with which it is connected by a canal, is the largest  well, Colne, Brent, Lea, and Roding, from  the N., and the
and lowest of the five lakes in the same vicinity; greatest  Cole, Kennett, (its chief affluent,) Wey, Mole, and some
length, from N. to S., about 15 miles; greatest breadth, 9  smaller rivers from the S. The ileisey joins its estuary at
miles. Its depth nowhere exceeds 10 feet, and in some  Sheerness. Thames-head Bridge is 376 feet above sea-level;
parts is not more than 2 or 3 feet, while its shores, little  at the junction of the Colne above Lechlade, this height has
raised above its level, are swampy.  Its waters are so  diminished to 243 feet, showing on the whole distance of 22
strongly impregnated with salt as to leave a white deposit miles an average fall per mile of 6 feet. Below this the
on its banks, and supply a number of salt-works which have  average fiail nowhere exceeds 2 feet 3 inches. At London
been erected. The lake was once much more extensive  Bridge, where the height above sea-level is 4 feet 3 inches,
than at present, and contained several islands, on which  the average fall per mile is only 9 inches; from  London
the Mexico of the Incas was built.                            Bridge to the Nore, it does not exceed 1 inch. At London
TEZCOCO or TEZCUCO, a town of the Miexican Confedera- Bridge, the width of the river is 290 yards; at Woolwich,
tion, state, and about 16 miles E.N.E. of Mexico, on the  490 yards; at Gravesend, 800 yards; and 3 miles below, 1290
E. shore of the lake of its own name.  In ancient times it yards. The basin of the Thames has an area of 6160 square
was the second city in the kingdom. and though still a  miles.  It thus occupies nearly one-eighth of the whole
place of some importance, now  derives its chief interest  area of England, but belonging entirely to the upper part
from historical associations and remains of antiquity.  In  of the secondary and to the tertiary formation, is destitute
the N.W. quarter is a shapeless mass of pottery, bricks. and  of coal, and hence possesses no manufactures of importauce
some large neatly-squared slabs of basalt, thickly oveygrown  except those of the metropolis itself. It comprehends, howwith aloes, said to be one of the palaces of MSontezuma; and  ever, some of the richest agricultural districts of the kingin the S. quarter are the massive remains of three vast  dom, and surpasses all others in point of wealth, derived
pyramids, each measuring 400 feet along the base of their  partly from its containing the seat of government, and still
fronts.  They appea- to have been teecalli or temples. de- more from  its vast commercial importance. Its depth, in
voted, like those of tihe capital, to human sacrifices and  the fair way above Greenwich to London Bridge, is 12 to
other impious rites.  The modern town contains many  13 feet. while its tides have a mean range of 17 feet, and
haundsome edifices, both public and private; has consider- an extreme rise of 22 feet. Up to St. Katherine's Docks,
able manufactures of woollen and cotton goods, and carries  adjoining the Tower, it is navigableby vessels of 800 tons,
on ass active trade chiefly with Mexico. Pop. about 5000.    and to Blackwall by vessels of 1400 tons. As far as DeptTHlAI, the prefixed name of sevesal cities of China. See TAI.  ford it safely floats vessels of any burden, though sandbanks
TIIAILFINGEN, til/fing-en, a village of Wiirtemberg,  beyond its estuary and gt the Nore make the navigation
circle of Schwarzwald. 9 miles E. of Bahlingen. Pop. 1667.  rather intricate. At London and below, the accommodation
TIHAI PE SI-IAN (or CIIAN,) t8 pA shon, a mountain of  provided for shipping is of the most extensive and magnifiChina, province of Kan-Soo.  Lat. 320 46' N., ion. 1050 3' E.  cent description. Nor has the navigation of its upper chanIt iscovered with perpetual snow.                             nel, and the importance of navigable feeders, been overTHAI PE SHIAN (or CIIAN,) a mountain 8f China, pro- looked. By means of numerous canals, as the Thames and
vince of Shan-See.  Lat. 390 20' N., lon. 1110 59, E. It is  Severn, the Oxford, the Wilts and Berks, the Kennet and
covered with perpetual snow.                                  Avon, the Wey and Arun, the Basingstoke, and the Regent
THAI PE SHAN (or CHIAN,) a mountain of China, pro-  and Paddington, communicating with the Grand Junction,
vince of Shen-See. Lat. 380 55i  N., lon. 1070 42' E. It is  immediate access is given from its basin to those of all the
~ vered with perpetual snow.                                great rivers of the kingdom.
THIAKE/IIAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             Under the Romans the Thames formed the N. boundary
THAL. til, a village and parish  of Switzerland, canton,  of the province of Britannia Psima. During the Saxon
and E.N~E. of St. Gall. Near it is a mineral spring, over heptarchy, it divided the kingdoms of Wessex, Sussex, and
which a bath has been erected, and a castle belonging to the  Kent, fi'om  those of Mes-cia and Essex; it now separates the
Prince Iohenzollern.Sigmaringen. Pop. 2665.                 counties of Oxford, Bucks, Middlesex, and Essex on the N.,.
THALE, tIleh, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony,  fi-om those of Berks. Surrey, and Kent on the S.
government, and S.W. of Magdeburg, at the foot of the    THAMES,  commonly  pronounced  thrnms, a river of
Harz Mountains. Pop. 1385.                                   Connecticut, is formed by the junction of the Quinebaug
1908




THA                                                        THE
Shetucket, and Yantic Ri-,ers, near Norwich, in New Lon-  were suffered to lapse in the time of James IT. The church,
don county, and flows S. about 14 miles into the E. end of  erected about the time of Edward II., is a fine edifice.
Long Island Sound. It is navigable throughout its whole    THAYA, tIt, a river of Lower Austria and Moravia, after
length, and forms an excellent harbor at its mouth.        an E. course of 130 miles, joins the March 39 miles N.E. of
THAMES, tlmz, a river of Canada West, flows through a  Vienna. It receives the Iglawa, with the Zwittawa, from the
fertile country in the peninsula between Lakes HIuron and  N., by which it drains all the S.W. half of Moravia.
Erie, and, after a S.W. course of 160 miles, enters Lake St.   THEAKI or THIAKI.  See ITHACA.
Clair. It is navigable for boats from its mouth to Chatham,    THEALE, theel, a chapelry of England, co. of Berks, with
besides which town, London and Oxford are on its banks.   a station on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles W.S.W. of
THAMES or WAI-HO, wilho, a river of New Zealand, Reading.
North Island, after a northward course joins the sea by an    THEBE.   See TuEBEs.
estuary 30 miles in breadth, termed the Frith of the    THEIBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Thames, (or Waikahourouuga,) and on the S.W. shore of    THEBES, theebz, (anc. Diostpolis.Magqna; Gr. AtairosXtl
which is the town of Auckland.                             pcyAXI, i.e. "the great city of Jove;" the NAo or No-Armmon,
TIIAMES (timz) DIT/TON, a parish of England, co. of  of scripture,) a famous city in antiquity, long the capital of
Surrey.                                                    Egypt, the stupendous remains of which, in Upper Egypt,
TIIAMEStFORD, a pos-village of Canada West, co. of Ox- extend for 7 miles along both banks of the Nile, about let.
ford, 102 miles W.S.W. of Toronto. Pop. about 175.         250 41' N., lon. 320 38' E., and present, in every respect, the
TIJANA, t'/n  or t'hdfna, a small town of the North Pun- finest collection of ancient monuments existing in the world.
jab, on the route from Lahore to Cashmere. Lat. 330 26' Its foundation is lost in antiquity; but it had long been one
N., lou. 740 16' E. Most of the inhabitants are shawl-weavers. of the most distinguished cities of Egypt, and attained to
TIHIANASUR, t'h'ng-slr! (?) a town of North-west Hin- almost unexampled prosperity at a period considered coeval
dostan, capital of a rajahship, 94 miles N.W. of Delhi, on  with the reigns of David and Solomon in Judea, when it
the route to Umballah.                                     began to suffer by the rise of its rival Memphis, and lost
TIIANIET, ISLE OF, the N.E. extremity of the co. of  much of its importance by the transfer of the seat of goKent, England, surrounded N. and E. by the sea, and S. vernment to the latter. It sustained a still severer blow
and W. by the river Stour and its branch, the Nethergong,  during the invasion of the Persians under Cambyses, who
both formerly navigable for ships of large burden. Length, captured and pillaged it. Its destruction was completed, it
10 miles; breadth, 5 miles. Area, 26,500 acres.  Pop. in  is said, by Ptolemy Lathyrus, who, in the second century
1851, 31,798.  The surface is level, lofty, and commands  o.c., after a three years' siege, left it a heap of ruins. These
views of the sea and the coast of France. The soil is fertile,  ruins, however, bear ample testimony to its original granand produces, among other products, large quantities of  deur; and some of them, considering their antiquity and
canary-seed. Its N.E. point, the North Foreland, lat. 510  the usage to which they have been subjected, are still in
22' 29" N., ion. 10 26' 47" E., has a light-house 340 feet wondrous preservation.
above the sea, and visible for 22 miles. Near it are two    The most ancient and splendid is the temple of Karnak,
large tumuli, said to mark the place of a battle between  which covered an area of about 11 miles in circuit, and rethe Saxons and Danes in A.D. 853. The town of Reculver, ceived its embellishments from a succession of monarchs
on the N.W., marks the site of the ancient Regulbium; and  who vied with each other in the lavishness of their expendiRichborough, on its S. side, was the ancient Rhutupium.. ture upon it. Its principal front, forming its N.W. side,
Thanet was the first possession of the Saxons, in Britain. faces the river, and is approached by an avenue of CrioOn it are the favorite watering-places Ramsgate, Margate, sphinxes, which terminated at two colossal statues of granite,
and Broadstairs, and it is intersected by a branch of the  standing like towers. One of these, though it has lost its
South-Eastern Railway, between the two former towns.        summit and cornice, still retains a great part of its original
TIIAN HEE SI-IAN or THAN HI CHAN, t'h~n hA shan, a  height. Beyond the towers is a large open court, 329 b3
mountain of China, province of Yun-nan. Lat. 230 50' N., 275 feet, with a double line of columns in its centre, and a
lon. 1000 22' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.         covered corridor on either side; and beyond the court is
THIANIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           the grand hail of assembly, 329 by 170 feet, with a cenTHANKIERTON, a parish of Scotland, with a station on  tral avenue of 12 enormous columns, 66 febt in height,
the Caledonian IRailway.  See COVINGTON.                    and 36 feet in circuit; and 7 side rows of columns, 122 in
TI-IAN-LYENG or THAN-LWENG.  See SALWIN.                  number, less than those of the centre, but still of gigantic
TI-IANN, thnn, a town of France, department of Haut-  dimensions-their height being 41 feet 9 inches, and their
Rhin, on the Thur, 22 miles S.S.W. of Colmar, with which  circuit 27 feet 6 inches. Other courts and hails are conplace it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1852, 5864. It  tinued inwmard for an additional length of 600 feet, containhas a fine Gothic church, with a spire 325 feet in height,  ing numerous columns and occasional obelisks, one of
and manufactures ofcotton handkerchiefs and twist,hosiery, which, still standing, is 92 feet high by 8 feet square, and
starch, and salt.                                           is surrounded by a peristyle of figures.  Numerous hisTIHANNHAUSEN, t~nlhmw'zen, a market-town of Bavaria,  torical sculptures are carved on various parts of the temple,
circle of Swabia, on the Mindel, here crossed by a bridge, 20  and more especially on the interior of its great ball, and
miles W.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1580.                        furnish vivid representations of the events to which they
TIIARANADT, tItrd-nAtt', a town of Saxony, 9 miles  refer.
S.W. of Dresden, N. of the forest of its own name. It has a    Next in importance to the ruins of Karnak are those of
bathing establishment, and several mills. Pop. 1733.        the palace of Luxor, rather more than 1 mile above the
TI-tARP, a post-office of Bibb co., Georgia.             temple, but connected with it by a drsomos or street, comTHARSITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           mencing at two obelisks of red granite, covered with a proTHARTHAR, taretarf or t' harthar, a river of Asiatic  fusion of hieroglyphics admirably executed. One of these
Turkey, pashalic of Bagdad, after a S. course parallel to the  obelisks now forms the principal ornament of the Place de
Tigris, is lost in a salt lake 70 miles N.W. of Bagdad.     Concorde at Paris. The dimensions of the palace are less
THASO, thiso, or THAtSOS, an island in the lEgean Sea, than those of the temple, but the style of architecture is
belonging to European Turkey, off the S. coast of Room- considered superior, and the state of preservation is more
Elee, 30 miles N.N.E. of Mount Athos. The shape is nearly  complete. On the left bank of the Nile, which bore the
circular. Area, 85 square miles. Pop. 6000. The surface is  name of the Libyan Suburb, was situated  the quarter
generally fertile and well wooded; the products comprise  called Memnonia, and a very extensive necropolis, still concorn, fruits, oil, wine, honey, marble, and timber. In its  taining many magnificent monumental structures.  The
interior is the small town of Volgaro, and on its N.E. side  Memnonia is so called from containing the palace temple
the village of Thaso.                                       of Memnonium  or Iameseum, (?) which, for symmetry of
TIHASO PULO or POULO, th&Iso pootlo, ("Little Thaso,")  architecture and elegance of sculpture, is not surpassed by
a smdl island about 3 miles N. of Thaso.                    any monument of Egyptian art. One of its most remarkTIIATCIAIIM, a parish of England, co. of Berks, 3 miles  able objects, now unhappily reduced to fragments by the
E. of Newbury, on the Great Western Railway.                fury of the invader, was a stupendous sienite statue, which,
TIIATCHIER, a post-office of Jo Datviess co., Illinois.   when entire, must have weighed 887 tons.  Another reTHAU, IfTANG DE, AVtNa! deh tO, a lagoon of South  markable colossus, once the wonder of the ancients, still
France, department of H6rault, separated from the Mediter-  exists in a dilapidated state. It is called the Vocal Memranean by the narrow tongue of land on which is the town  non, from  a sound which is emitted at sunrise, long vaofCette; it communicates N.E. with the similar lagoon of  riously explained, but now known to have been due to exMaguelonne. Length, 13 miles; average breadth, 3 miles. pansion resulting from the heat of the morning sun. The
It is traversed by the Canal du Midi, affords an abundance  statue possesses great interest, both from the skill displayed
of fish, and is frecuented by flocks of aquatic birds,     in its formation, and the number of the hieroglyphics enTHAUIMACO, (modern Greek pron. th~wlmA-ko,) a small graved on it. The necropolis, on the same side of the river,
town of European Turkey, in Thessaly, 35 miles S.S.W. of  is rich in antiquities, and contains numerous catacombs,
Larissa, on a castellated height on which are remains of the  from  one of which the famous tomb of Belzoni was exancient Tliaumaci.                                          cavated.-Adj. and inhab. THEcBAN.
THAXITED, a decayed borough, market-town, and parish    THEBES, (Gr. Os6ai, T7sbai, pronounced theelvA by the
of England, co. of Essex, 17 miles N.N.W. of Chelmsford. modern Greeks; Turkish, Teeva,) a town of Greece, governPop. in 1851, 2556. The town, on the Chelmer, near its  ment of Boeotia, on a height occupied in antiquity by[ its
source, is of great antiquity; but its borough privileges  Cadmeian citadel, 26 miles E.S.E. of Livadia.  Pop. 9000,
1909




THE                                                        THE'hebes, founded by Cadmus about. c. 1549, (?)the birth- Eger, near its confluence with the Elbe. Pop. 1323. Ite
place of Hesiod, Pindar, Pelopidas, and Epaminondas. was  fortress was built by Joseph II. in 1780.
anciently a city of great wealth and importance; but it was    THERESIENSTADT or THERESIENOPEL, tlr-,ze-analmost wholly ruined during  the Greek  revolutionary  olpIel, (Hun. Szabadcka, s~h'b6d/kl h',) a town of the Austrian
struggle.-Adj. and inhab. THEIDAN.                          Empire, in South-east Hungary, co. of Bacs, 25 miles S.W.
THEBES, theebz, a post-village, capital of Alexandria co., of Szegedin. Pop. 40,000. It has several churches. a colIllinois, on the Mississippi River, 144 miles below St. Louis. lege, large barracks, and town-hall, with manufactures of
THEBO, thAlbo, a town of Burmah, in Farther India, 105  linen,'leather, and tobacco, and a trade in horses, cattle,
miles E. of Ava.                                            sheep, raw hides, and wool.
TIIE CORINER, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.       TIIEIESIOPOLIS, t8r-Azetop~olie, a town of the Austrian
THEDINGHAUSEN, tlding-how'zen, atown of Germany, Empire, co., and 18 miles E. of Temesvar.  Pop. 3891.
in Brunswick, 13 miles S.E. of Bremen. Pop. 1917.            I'HERIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Ilertford.
THEDIINGWORTH, a parish of England, cos. of Leicester    THERM.,.  See TERMIINI.
and Northampton.                                              TIIERMAICUS SINUS. See SALONIcA, GULF OF.
THEDLETHORPE, EAsT, a parish of England, co. Lincoln.    TIHERMEI or TERMEH, thafm~h, a river of Asiatic TurTHEDLETHORPE, WEsT, a parish of England, co. Lincoln.  key, rises N.N.W. of Kara-Hissar, flows W., and then N.
THE FORK, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.           Total course, about 100 miles.
THE GLAIDES, a post-office of Carroll co., Virginia.        THIERIMEI  or TERMEH, (ane. Thermnodon,) a small town
TIlE GLEN, a post-office of Warren co., New York.         of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Seevas, 130 miles W. by N. of
THE GULF, a post-office of Chatham co., North Carolina.  Trebizond, near the nouth of the Thermeh, in the Black
THEISS, tice, (Hun. Tisza, tee/s6h'; anc. Tibislcus,) a river  Sea. 
of Hungary, all the E. part of which, and most of Transyl-    TIERMIA, thlr-meefl, (ane. Cythfnos; Gr. KvOvoc or KvOvania, is drained by it and its tributaries, rises in the Car-  ssoS,) an island of the Grecian Archipelago, in the Cyclades,
pathian Mountains, on the borders of Galicia, and is formed  government, and 22 miles W. of Syra, midway between Zea
by the union of the Black and White Theiss, 20 miles E.N.E. and Serpho. Area, 48 square miles. Pop. 6000. It proof Szigeth. Its course is then W. to Tokay, whence it has a  duces wheat, barley, wine, figs, honey, and some silk, and
S. course to the Danube, which it joins on-the left between  derives its name from the hot springs on its E. side, near
the Banat and Slavonia, 22 miles E. of Peterwardein. Total the principal village of Thermina.
length, 500 miles, for the greater part of which it is navi-    THERMIGNON, tia'meenyy6No/, a market-town of Savoy,
gable. Chiefaffluents, the Szamos, the Kraszna, the Kbrbs, province of Maurienne, on the route leading across Mont
the Mares, and the Alt-Bega. Its course is sluggish, and in  Cenis, 3 miles W. of Lans-le-Bourg.  Pop. 1254.
its lower half it flows parallel to the Danube, through a    THERMOPYLE, ther-mope-le, or PYLjE, pi/lee, (Gr.
marshy plain, and, with many windings. The chief traffic  Oep; orsvvas or flsa,. e. thie "hot gates." or the ": gates,")
on it is the downward conveyance of salt, timber, and rural a famous pass of Greece, in IHellas, government ofPhthiotis,
produce. It has sturgeon and other fisheries.  The Theiss  between Mount ZEta and the Gulf of Zeitoun, 9 miles
gives name to two great divisions of Hungary.               S.S.W. of Lamia. The pass, about 5 miles long, is hemmed
THEL'BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          in on one side by precipitous rocks of from 400 to 000 feet
TIHELINETHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       in height, and on the other side by the sea and an impasTItELIVETON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         sable morass. The width of the pass was anciently only
TIHEMAR, titman, a town of Central Germany, duchy of  from 50 to 60 yards, but has since been nearly doubled by
Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 10 miles S.E. of Meiningen.  the retreat of the sea and additional alluvial deposits. It
Pop. 1500. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures  was here that Leonidas and his 300 Spartanns died in deof woollen cloth and paper.                                fending Greece against the invasion of Xerxes, D. c. 489.
THEM/ILTHORPE, a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.   The Polyandrium, an ancient tumulus, with the remains
TIIEMSCHE, tOmDsKeh, a market-town of Belgium, pro- of a square pedestal, built of blocks of red marble breccia,
vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 9 miles N.E. of Den-  marks the spot. The thermal or hot springs, to which the
dermonde.. Pop. 6150.  It has manufactures of linens, pass owes its name, are in the vicinity, about halfway beprinted cottons, and lace.                                 tween Thermopyle and Vodonitza. They have a temperaTHE NARIROWS, a post-office of Crawford co., Arkansas.  ture of 1110, and are impregnated with carbonic acid, lime,
THENEZAY, tgh-neh-zA/, a market-town of France, de- salt, and sulphur.
partment of Deux-Sbvres, 11 miles E.N.E. of Parthenay.   THE ROCK. a post-office of Upson co., Georgia.
Pop. in 1852, 2249.                                          TIHRONDELS, tAr. No'dll/, a village of FI'rance, depart,
TIHIENIFORD, a parish of England co. of Northampton.    ment of Aveyron, arrondissement of Mur-de-Barrez. P. 1600.
THENINGEN, t'X/ning-en, a village of Baden, circle of    TITIiROUANNE, tmAroo-Annf, a town of France, departUpper Rhine, 3 miles W. of Emmendingon, near the left ment ofPas-de-Calais, 8 miles S. of St. Omer. Pop. 935. It
bank of the Elz. Pop. 1326.                                 was formerly a fortress, taken by the English in 1380 and
THENON, theh-n6NGa, a market-town of France, depart- 1513. and in 1553 by the Emperor Charles V.
ment of Dordogne, 18 miles E.S.E. of P1rigueux. Pop. in    TIlE SQUARE, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York.
1852, 1850.                                                   TIIESSALONICA, European Turkey. See SALe.-sCA.
THEWOBALD, a hamlet of England, co. of Hertford, with    THESSIALY  or THESSA/ITA, (modern Gr. pron. thesa fine seat on the site of a palace erected in 1659 by the  sg-lee.a; Fr. Thessalie, tis'siAlee/; Ger. Thessalien. tA-s.ilecelebrated Burleigh, who here entertained Queen Elizabeth. en,) or TRIKHIIALA, tre-kidld, (anc. Thessaflia,) one of the
THEODOSIA. See KAFFA.                                     S. provinces of European Turkey, between lat. 390 and
THEODURIA, the-o-dooli-e-A, a small town of European  400 30' N., ion. 210 30/ and 230 251 E., having S., Greece,
Turkey, in Epirus, pashalic, and 28 miles S.S.E. of Yanina.  (Hellas;) W., the chain of.Pindus. separating it from Epirus
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, a post-office of Fairfax co., and Albania; N., Macedonia; and E., the Gulfs of Salonica
Virginia.                                                   and Volo, between which it sends a long peninsula into the
THE PLAINS, a post-office ofFauquier co., Virginia.       lEgean Sea. It is traversed by the ramifications of Mount
THE PURCIHASE, a post-village of Westchester co., Now  Pindus, and contains many fertile valleys, watered by the
Yorlk, about 130 miles S. of Albany.                        Salembria, (ane. Penelus,) with some plains, as those of LaTItERA. See SANTORINI.                                    rissa, Trikhala, and Pharsalia, the last memorable for the
TIIERAIN, teh-ruANs, a river of France, rises near the E. decisive action between the forces of C sar and Pompey.
frontiers of Seine-Inf6rieure, enters the department of Oise, Near the coast are Mounts Kissovo and Zagora, (anc. Ossa
flows S.E. past Beauvais, and joins the Oise near Creil. and Pelon,) and on the N. frontier is the famed Mount
Total course, 50 miles.                                     Olympus of antiquity. Principal products, cotton, olives,
THERAPIA. tfr-a-pee/a, written also TARAPIA, a village  and silk. Principal towns, Larissa, Trikhala, Volo, and
of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the WV. shore of the  Ambelakia.
Bosphorus, 71 miles N.N.E. of Constantinople, with nume-   THETIFORD, a parliamentary and municipal borough
rous country-houses, and residences of the French and  and town of England, cos. of Norfolk and Suffolk, on the
English ambassadors.                                        Little Ouse, at the influx of the Thet, 281 miles WV.S.W. of
THERAUD, t'herawdl, a town of Hindostan, province of  Norwich, on the Eastern Counties Railway. Area of boGuzerat, capital of a district, 150 miles WV. by S. of Odey- rough, comprising three parishes, 8270 acres. Pop. in 1851,
poor. In 1809 it was a place of considerable importance, 4075. The town is irregularly but well built. The princicontaining 2700 houses. The district suffers much from the  pal structures are St. Peter's, or the " black church," built
scarcity or brackishness of the water, though it is remark- mostly of flint; the guildhall, market-house, jail, bridewell,
able that the best and freshest water is in that part of the  theatre, and a cast-iron bridge across the Onse. St. Mary's,
district nearest the salt-morass of the Runn.              the only church on the Suffolk side, is a large thatched
THERESA, te-reelsa, a post-village of Theresa township, fabric, with a lofty square tower. Here are a granmmar
Jefferson co., New York, on Indian River, 18 or 20 miles  school, almshouses, and other charities. The Little Ouse is.N.E. of Watertown. Pop. ofthe township, 2342.             navigable to Thetford. The borough sends 2 members to the
THERESA, a post-township in the N.E. part of Dodge co., House of Commons. It is a polling-place for the W. division
Wisconsin. Pop. 764.                                       of Norfolk, and head of a poor-law union. Thetford is supTHERESIENOPEL. See TRazESIENsrAnT.                       posed to occupy the site of the ancient Sitemagus, and was
THERESIENSTADT, tisr —/ze-en-stdtt', a town of the Aus- for a brief period the capital kingdom of East Anglia, and in
trian Empire, in Bohemia, 2 miles S.E. of Leitmeritz, on the  the seventh century the see of the bishopric of Norfolk an0
1910




THiE                                                       Till
7uffolk. So late as the time of Edward III. it was stated  Goggra, and many other affluents of the Ganges. Lakes are
to have 20 churches and 8 monasteries; some remains of  numerous. The Tengri Nor and Booka Nor are remarkable
the latter still exist.                                    for their size; Lake Palte surrounds like a ring a large isTHETFORD, a chapelry of England, co. of Cambridge.    land of its own shape; Manasarowar and Ravanahrada. near
THETIFORD, a post-village and township of Orange co., lat. 310 N., Ion. 810 E., are regarded as " sacred lakes," being
Vermont, on the W. side of the Connecticut. and on the  situated nearly 15,000 feet above the sea, in the tract of
Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, 33 miles S.S.E. Kailas-the mythological Olympus of the Hindoos, where
of Montpelier. It contains several chm-ches, an academy,  the greatest rivers of India have their sources. The princiand manufactures of woollens, furniture, carriages, &c. pal passes connecting Thibet with India are the Ghangtang
Pop. 2016.                                                 Ghaut, (10,150 feet in height,) and the Niti Ghaut, (16,814
THETFORD, a post-office of Genesee co., Michigan.        feet,) at both heads of the Ganges; the Dura Ghaut, (17,790
THIE UNION, -nlyon, a post-office, Powhatan co., Virginia. feet.,) and the Mustung Pass from Nepaul; and at the head
THEUSING, toilzing, written also THEYSING and DEU- of the Konki River, between Nepaul and Sikkim, to which
SING, a town of Bohemia, about 15 miles S.E. of Elbogen.  ingress into Thibet from the S. is said to be easy. (GutzPop. 1904.                                                 laff.) Several of these routes are practicable for horses.
TIHEUX, tub, a town of Belgium, province, and 13 miles    Climate.-The climate of Thibet is chiefly remarkable
S.E. of Liege, on the railway to Aix Ia Chapelle. Pop. 3000. for its extreme dryness and clearness of the atmosphere
THE VILILAGE, a post-office of Pointe Couple parish, during most of the year. In the spring, from March to May,
Louisiana.                                                 the weather is variable, and thunder-storms, with occaTHEW-EE-CHOI. See GR.EAT Fsen Rirya.                     sional showers, are frequent.  Near Lassa the trees bud in
THEYS, ta, a market-town of France, department of Isere, April. From June to September heavy rains prevail, and
16 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 2445.             swell the rivers which help to inundate the countries of
THEYSING, a town of Bohemia.  See THEUSING.              South Asia. But from October to March, so little moisture
THIAGUR, teeS'-gtrit or t'he-a-girt, a town of Hindostan,  exists in the air that vegetation is almost wholly dried up;
in the Carnatic, 52 miles W.S.W. ofPondicherry. Lat. 110 42' meats and fish may be kept for all that period unchanged;
N., Ion. 790 85 E. During the Caruatic wars of the last cen- and so intense is the cold, that M. I-uc, in travelling fi-om
tury this was a strong place, and sustained several sieges.   the Koko Nor to Lassa, over ope of the loftiest portions of
THIAKI, one of the Ionian islands. See ITrACA.           Central Asia, states that he found cakes of barley continu
THIAN-CHAN. See TnHIAI-SHAN.                             ally frozen, though kept close to his person under three
THIAN-MEN-SIIAN  or CIHAN. tee'an!  mmn  sh[n, a  garments of skins and one of woollen.  It is remarkable,
mountain of China, province of Kan-soo. Lat. 330 32' N.,  however, that the line of perpetual snow is considerably
Ion. 1040 32' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.        higher in Thibet than on the S. declivity of the Himalayan
THIAN-SIIAN, tee'Antshdu, (or "celestial mountains,") a  chain, a phenomenon supposed to be owing mainly to the
lofty mountain chain of Chinese Toorkistan, forming the N. radiation of the sun's heat from  the lofty plains. About
boundary of the great table-land of Central Asia, and extend- lat. 310 N., the snow-line on the N. side of the IHimalayas has
ing from  lat. 420 to 430 N., and ion. S00 to 900 E. It been found not to reach below 16,626 feet, while on the S.
separates the region of Thian-Shan-'/an-loo    or Toorkistan  slope (the Indian side) it descended to less than 13.000 feet
proper, on the S. from  Tsian-Shan-Pe-loo    or Soongaria, on  above the ocean; and it has since been discovered thait
the N. In many parts it abounds with volcanic products, the difference varies elsewhere between 20,000 and 15,i000
and rises far above the limits of perpetual snow.           feet.  Accordingly, one kind of barley (flordium hcexsti'THIAN-SHAN PELU. See S'OONAoRIA.                          chon) is seen growing 14,700 feet above the sea, and another
THIAN-THSANG-SHAN (or CHAN,) tee'lnl tsong shbn, species at a still greater elevation. Wheat succeeds well to
a mountain of China. province of Yun-nan. Lat. 250 45 N., 12,000 feet, birch-woods ascend to above 14,000 feet. and
Ion. 1000 15' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.         small bushes, which serve for fuel, grow, near lat. 310, to
THIAUCOURT, tees'6koon', a town of France, department 17,000 feet above the sea, or nearly 1300 feet higher than the
of Ieurthe, 8 miles N.W. ofPont-a-Mousson. Pop. in 1852, limit of perpetual snow under the equator. Goitre, syphilis,
1660.                                                       rheumatism, ophthalmia, lepra, hydrophobia, and small-pox
THIBEltILLE, tee'blnrveell, a market-town of France, are among the most prevalent diseases. The horror of the
department of Eure, 7 miles N.W. of Bernay. Pop. 1334.    Thibetans for the last-named is excessive, and the benefits of
THIBET or TIBET, tib]et* or tib-ftl, (native, Pese-:koachin, vaccination being unknown, those aff'ected with small-pox
poo-A ko-a-cheen! (?) " Snowy Region of the North;' Chinese, are commonly left exposed, and abandoned to their fate.
Tsang; Hindon, Bhot; the name Tibet or Tubet being of Mo-   Vegetation. —M. Huc remaiks that Thibet is "at the same
hammedan origin,) an extensive region, occupying all the  time the richest and the poorest country in the world"S. portion of the great table-land of Central Asia, extending  rich as regards its minerals, poor in all tending to the wellin its widest sense, between lat 270 and 360 N., and lon. 730  being of the people. The vegetable productions are very
and 1010 E.; bounded on the N. by the Kuenlun Moun- few. Little wheat, and much less rice is seen. At Deba,
tains, and their continuations, which separate it from Chi- indeed, near the W. frontier, corn is said to be rased for exnese Toorkistan, the desert of Gobi, and the Koko-Nor (Blue portation; but such a circumstance is rare in the country,
Sea) Territory; E. by the Chinese provinces of Se-chuen and  and can only take place in a very limited district. Some
Yunrnan; S. by the latter, the N. provinces of Burmah, and  buckwheat is cultivated; the potato has not been introthe Himalaya Mountains, which separate it from Assam, duced. Black barley forms the basis of all Thibetan diet, and
Bootafi, Sikkim, Nepaul, and the N.W. territories of British  except it; and beans, turnips, radishes, white cabbage, ferns,
India; W. by the Himalayas, separating it from Cashmere, and nettles, which are used as culinary herbs, all vegetable
Punjab, Kafiristan, &c. The most part of this region, about products for food are brought from  the countries  on the S.
1300 miles in length from W. to E., belongs to the Chinese  or W. Unless in a few sheltered valleys, as that of LassaEmpire; but its extreme W. portion, called Little Thibet or where peach and some other fruit-trees flourish, and timber
Bultistan, is included in the dominions of the Maharajah  of unusual size for Thibet is met with-wood of all kinds is
of Cashmere; Ladak, adjoining this, is not under the Chi- very scarce; and argol, or the dung of animals pounded and
nese irule, its inhabitants recognising only the spir-itual mixed with earth, is the fuel chiefly used, and with which
authority of the Tald Lama; and Sifan or Sefan, bordering  even metals are smelted.
on China, is excluded by the Chinese from the jurisdiction    Animils.-With such a paucity of vegetable products. it
of the Thibetan authorities. Thibet Proper, thus limited, is very remarkable that animals, both wild and domestic,
extends between ion. 780 and 980 E., and is divided into  should be numerous. Large droves of sheep and cattle
Wei-Tsang (anterior or eastern,) and Hoo-Tsang (ulterior  exist in Thibet, especially in its E. part, where the herbage
or western,) Thibet; capital of the former, Lassa, the resi- is richer than elsewhere.  Sefan and IKoko Nor territory are
deuce of the Grand or Tald Lama, and the metropolis of the  inhabited by nomadic and pastoral tribes, whose sole wealth
Boodhic religion; capital of the latter, Teshoo-Loomboo, the  is in their herds and flocks. The sheep are reared with
seat of the Bautchin-Remboutchi.                           care; dried mutton is an important article of food; and the
P-ace of the Cocuntry, Rivers, (fc. —Thibet, as a whole, is pro- skins, which are of great fineness, both constitute the clothbably the most elevated country on the surface of the globe. uing of the people, and are exported in considerable quanIts plains average from 10,000 to 11,000 feet in height, and  titles to China. The bhoral (Ovis ammon) is a large sheep,
many of its mountains rise to more than twice that eleva- from 3 to 31 feet in height, from  51 to 6 feet in length,
tion. The latter generally extend in ranges  parallel to  exclusive of the tail, and like all or most of the native
those of the Himalayas, leaving between them numerous  quadrupeds of Thibet, covered with long hair or fur. It is
narrow valleys and deep ravines. In the E., however, the  the principal animal used as a beast of burden in the
mountains run N. and S., enclosing the upper courses of the  transit of merchandise across the Himalayas. The yak (Bos
rivers of India beyond the Ganges. Within the boundaries grussniens) furnishes excellent milk and butter; its flesh is
of Thibet rise nearly all the great rivers of South and East an important article of food, and its tail forms the chowry or
Asia, the Indus, Sutlej, Brahmapootra, Irrawaddy, Salwin, fan in such general use in India. Large herds of wild oxen,
Menam, Me-kong, Yang-tse-kiang, and IHoang-ho, besides the  of a formidable character, pasture alternately in the valleys
and on the hills. The shawl-goat (Capra hircus) is an im
eAnd spicy srods, soch as illf-Ltme at night lportant source ofnational wealth, its woolly hair being used
The bowers of TIBET, send forth odorous light,
Like Peris' wands when pointing out the road       for the manufacture of the finest shawls, for which purpose
For some pure spirit to its blest abode."          large quantities of it are sent into Cashmere, together with
MioonE's Lalla Rookh.   hair of the yak, and of some breeds ofdogs. This goat is of a
1911




THI                                                        THI
small species, straight horned, and of various colors. At-  indigo, paper, skins, sandal-wood, spices, gums, &c.; from
tempts have been made to naturalize it in other countries,  Assam, some rice, coarse silk, gums, and iron. Other imports
but hitherto, as we believe, wholly without success, for the  from India come by way of Cashmere and Leh, (in Ladakh,)
fineness of its coat declines where the cold is less excessive. the trade with which is considerable at three large anuu.n
The Thibetan horse is small, spirited, and handsome; and  fairs. To Cashmere Thibetsends nearly all its shawl-wool,also
what are called wild mules have a well-shaped body and good  bullion, tea, borax, rock-salt, turquoises, musk, goat and
carriage, though a large and ungainly head spoils their ap- lamb skins, &c., in return for dried fiuits, provisions,
pearance. Thibet is the native country of the musk-deer,  shawls; gamboge, saffron, red woollens, and Russian goods;
and of the Cervus Tibetanus, a creature rivalling in magni- some of which last also reach Thibet fi-om Chinese Toortude the wapiti of the American continent. Several other  kistan, along with horses, wool, &c. Some of the KaLtchi or
kinds of deer, antelopes, wild goats, lynxes, badgers, bears, Mussulmen from  Cashmere, who have settled in Thibet,
&c. are met with, as are numerous species of wild fowl and  make annual journeys to Calcutta, whence they bring back
other birds; the tiger, elephant, and other formidable anl- ribbons, lace, British scissors, knives, some hardwares, and
mals of the S. slope of the Himalaya, are not met with in  cotton goods; but such is the fear and jealousy entertained
Thibet.                                                    by the Chinese authorities of their powerful British neighfinserals.-In mineral products Thibet is extremely rich. bors, that, except in the foregoing manher, all intercourse
Gold is found in lumps, in veins, and in the sands of the  between British India and Thibet is strictly shutout. Several
rivers; W. of Lassa are several highly productive mines of  English travellers, including Capt. Gerard and Dr. Hooker,
this metal, and the quantity obtained, and used in gilding  have been stopped on the highlands of the Himalayas at
the temples, or deposited in their treasuries as religious  Chinese garrison stations, and precluded fiomn entering the
offerings, must be enormous. Government permits com- Thibetan territory; and Moorcroft, who resided at Lassa for
panies, engaging to pay in advance 400 pounds of pure  some years, was only able to penetrate it from the south by
bullion, to open mines; there are, however, many restrictions  the circuitous route of Ladakh, disguised as a Mussulman
upon mining. At Lithang is a silver-mine, at Rywulse an  trader, and favored by his fluent kInowledge of the Persian
iron mine; and at Bathang, mercury and native cinnabar  language. Except with the countries on the W. and N.W.,
are found. In many spots there exists rock-salt; in Lho,-und-  the foreign trade of Thibet is mostly monopolized by the Chisong and Giamalbo, the lapis-lazuli, so highly prized in  nese officials. The Mongols, in return for skins, wool, and
China; and in Draga, the turquoise. Nearly all the lakes live stock, take back idols, rosaries, and teas. The conmare brackish; and tincal, nitre, &c., in immense quantities, merce with the Calmucks is of a similar nature, but on a
effioresce on the soil in many places. The tribute to China  more extensive scale.
is partly paid in bullion, but as the presents in return from  The currency is rude: it consists of silver ingots, and
the emperor to the lamas surpass in value its amount, a  coins about the size of a shilling, with Persian, Indian, or
large quantity of gold finds its way back again to Thibet, the  Thibetan inscriptions, and which are often broken in pieces
laborious cairriage of which might be conveniently obviated  of different fractional values.
by bills of exchange. The reduction of iron and other ores    People.-The Thibetans belong to the widely-spread Menis pursued domestically, even by the shepherds; but the  golian family, and have a flattened face, salient jaw-bones,
scarcity of fuel is an insuperable obstacle to the progress of  small black eyes, a short nose, black hair, and little beard.
mining as well as manufacturing industry; coal has not  They are of middle height, square built, and join much of
yet been discovered in Thibet.                             the agility of the Chinese to the bodily vigor of the Tartars;
Alanufactures.-The latest traveller in Thibet, Ml. Inuc, re- gymnastic exercises and dancing are their favorite amuseports that at Lassa, woollen cloths, termed poulon or poolon, ments. Their color is in general somewhat swarthy, but
incense-sticks, formed of aromatic woods, and wooden per- among the upper classes are individuals as white as Euroringers, out of which the Thibetans uniformly take their  peans. In disposition they are reported to be mild, genermeals, are made with acknowledged skill; but that all the  ous, and friendly; religious, but less credulous and bigoted
other manufactures are ill-conducted. The porringers, one  in matters of faith than the Tartars. Want of cleanliness
of which is always carried about the person, are of various  is a common failing. Their diet consists chiefly of tsemba,
prices. Their character and quality are held to indicate the  or cakes made of barley, tea, with butter or milk, mutton,
rank or taste of their possessors, much as jewelry would in  horse-flesh, and yak-beef; wheaten bread is used only by
Europe. Moorcroft, who gives a detailed account of the  the wealthy. Pork is sold in the capital, but it is dear.
method of weaving at Piti, in Little Thibet, reports that very  The peasantry are mostly clothed in sheep, goat, or jackal
good sacking is made from the hair of the yak. Gutzlaff adds, skins, and boots of greatthickness.  In the towns, woollens,
"The inhabitants (of the capital) are good goldsmiths, and  chiefly of a red or yellow color, replace the garment of skins;
excel in the art of sculpture. Their idols are full of expres- a wide robe, fastened at the right side and bound around
sion, and wherever the grotesque and colossal form is not re- the loins with a red girdle; boots of red or violet cloth; a
quired by the tenets of their creed, the Thibetans imitate  blue cap, with a large border of black velvet, and a ried
natureverywell. Theyare,moreover, goodjowellers. Their ribbon; a bag of yellow  taffeta, for holding the porrinwoollen manufactures resemble felt more than our cloth, ger; and two purses, which, whether full or empty, are
and are in demand in China, and even introduced into  worn in the girdle, constitute the dress of the laity. The
India. The velvet made at the capital is celebrated for higher classes use silks and cloaks lined. with fur. They do
beauty of color. In dyeinug they excel; there is a peculiar not, like the Chinese, shave the head, and their hairl is
gloss and fieshness in their tints. Their rosaries are ex- usually allowed to hang over their shoulders, but, within
quisitely made; the stones are taken from the sacred river the last few years, HIuc informs us that the dandies of Lassa
near Lassa, and are beautifully cut. Coral, cornelians, &c., have adopted the Chinese mode of wearing the hair in a
irmported from India, are most carefully cut, and then again  queue, and adorning it with gold trinkets. In the left ear
exported."                                                  a gold ornament is often worn.
Commerce.-Thibet is a country of extensive traffic, and has    The women use a costume very like that of the men, with
several marits  of commercial importance.  The principal a short tunic under the robe, and the hair divided into two
trade is with China; this is conducted at Lassa and at Si- tresses. The lower classes adopt a yellow covering for the
ning, a city of the Chinese province of Kan-Soo, firom which  head, similar in shape to a " cap of liberty," for which feplace caravans, consisting of several hundred persons, go at males of the upper ranks substitute a kind of coronet, set off
fixed periods to the metropolis of Thibet with cattle, mules, with pearls and jewelry.  In accordance with a singular
horses, and camels, carrying tea, silver, bullion, ckhatas or  usage, most of them, when appearing in public, have the
presentation scarfs, brocades, and other silk goods, some  face smeared over wvith a black varnish, and those who most
cottons, fruits, tobacco, quicksilver-, cinnabar, furs, porce- disfigure themselves in such a manner are held to be the
lain, and other Chinese produce, together with European  most pious and correct in conduct. It is stated that this
cutlery and other manufactures: these goods are exchanged  custom is the consequence of an order promulgated by a
in Thibet forgold-dust, fine and coalrse woollens, wax-candles, former ruler of Thibet, with the view of correcting public
incense, idols, fleeces, and Indian and European goods. The  morals, and strange to say, it was immediately acquiesced
whole trade with China is estimated to amount in value to  in by the female population without a murmur. The wo2,000,000 taels (about $3,500,000) yearly, and is said to be  men are not secluded as in Mohammedan countries, but, as in
increasing. The caravans going from China into Thibet are  China, they engage actively in commercial life, and all the
often surprised and plundered by the kolo or brigands, who  stall-keepers and small shop-keepers are females. The pracinvest the Kolko Nor territory and Sefan. A route exists  tice of polyandry, by which one woman becomes the wife of
through the latter country, from Lassa to the capital of the  several brothers, is common in Thibet, as in Nepaul and
Chinese province of Se-chuen, but it does not appear to be  Bootan, though it is said to have been suppressed by the
made use of for much trading intercourse. Chinese silks, Chinese in certain districts.
musk, yak-tails, sable-furs, and gold are sent into Nepaul,    Customs.-A remarkable custom (though not peculiar to
in exchange for sugar and other natural produce, with  Thibet, since it prevails in most other parts of the Chinese
manufactured goods from India.                             Empire,) is universal-the presentation of the khata. The
Bootan, as well as Nepaul, derives all its imports from   khata is an oblong white silk scarf of very fine texture,
China by way of Thibet. From 2000 to 3l00 Nepaulese are  thrice as long as wide, and with it mystic sentence inwoven
located in Lassa, as jewellers and traders; and Huc states  at both ends; one is invariably exchanged at every visit of
that the Pe-boun, (or Ps-boon,) or Bootanese there, are the  ceremony, is sent with every present, and accompanies every
sole metallurgists, and also chemists and physicians. From  letter passing between persons in any rank of life. with the
Bootan and Bengal, Thibet receives piece-goods, tobacco, rice, hearty good-will that characterizes the act of shaking hands
1912




THI                                                        TiIl
In the United States. The mode of salutation in Thibet is  nation, is regarded by the Brahbmins as the ninth avatar of
grotesque; it consists in uncovering  the head, thrusting  Vishnu, the intermediate manifestations of which divinity
out the tongue, and scratching the right ear. The methods  are rejected by the Boodhists. Sakya is said to have been
of sepulture are various: the bodies of the sovereign lamas  born at Kapila, in Oude, in the 6th century before Christ,
are preserved, by being dried and then enshrined; those of  and appears to have been a reformer of Brahmininm, whose
inferior lamas are commonly burned, and the ashes, or por-  doctrines, about B.c. 309, were actively spread by Asoka, a
tions of the body, such as a nail, hair, or tooth, are carefully  powerful king of MagadhA, (Bahor in IIindostan,) contemenclosed in idols, which are sold by the priests to the de- porary with Antiochus the Great.'Gaya, the capital of Mavout at a high price. Burial is unknown. The bodies of  gadha, is accordingly viewed as holy by Boodhists, who octhe laity are exposed on heights, as is customary among the  caslonally resort to it in pilgrimage from across the Hima.
Parsees, or are committed to the rivers. Lastly, is a mode, layas; and in its vicinity is BoodhaGaya, the supposed place
said by IIuc to be the most common of all: the corpse is cut of residence and apotheosis of Sakya, a gigantic image of
into pieces, which are given to dogs; and in some lamaseries  whom, in the usual cross-legged sitting posture, is still exsacred dogs are reared for the express purpose. Some other  tant there.
customs, however, evince much more elevated feelings. In    From  the time of Asoka, Boodhism  extended rapidly in
the city of Lassa, as IIuc relates, when the sun is about to  I1indostan; it appears to have reached Cashmere about nB.c.
set, the inhabitants meet in the principal quarters and pub- 241: Ceylon, quite early in the second century B.c.; and China,
lie places, and chant hymns, joining in a solemn religious  about B.c. 65. Khoten (Chinese Toorkistan) received it in
concert of a very impressive character. The practice of pub- the first century of the Christian era; and Burmah, about
lic meeting at sunset also prevails amongst the Parsees of  A.D. 236. From  Ceylon, subsequently to the latter epoch,
India, and it may be incidentally mentioned that it is com- the faith of the new Boodh was conveyed into the other
mon in some parts of Switzerland, where, likewise, it as- countries of India beyond the Ganges, where Sakya, or one of
sumes a religious character.                               his followers, is worshipped under the names of Gautama,
Arts, Sciences, and Laws.-The great scarcity of fuel and  Somona Kodom, &c.; but the Boodhism of those countries
of timber has prevented the Thibetans from excelling in ar- is of a degraded kind, and exhibits none of the iintellectual
chitecture. At Lassa and elsewhere are some magnificent superiority that characterizes it in Thibet, in which counand  richbly-ornamented  stone-temples; and  the houses  try, however, it is stated not to have been established till
here, built with terraces on the summit, are neatly whi- A.. 367. The Boodhists, while they reject the multituditened, and painted externally; but their interior is filthy as nous pantheon of the Hindoos, admit an indefinite number
well as comfortless, the floors being only of stone or marble. of incarnations of Boodh, who is supposed to aninmate in
In the W., the houses are built of pebbles cemented with  succession the bodies of their chief lamas or priests; and
clay or earth; many of the dwellings of the peasantry con- this tenet, the repudiation of caste, the use of animal food,
sist merely of hewn stone, piled on each other without ce- the practice of a contemplative life as the highest pursuit of
ment, and are like brick-kilns in shape; and a large number  humanity, and the belief of a final absorption into the deity,
of the population live in caverns hewn in the mountain  constitute the chief points of difference between them  and
sides. Some suspension-bridges of iron and ropes are laid  the followers of the Brahminical religion.
across the rivers, but these are reported to be very inferior    The ceremonies, costume, and devotional exercises now
to similar works in China; an iron bridge of 13 arches, over  prevailing in most of the monasteries of Thibet,'"the cross,
a branch of the Yaroo-dzang-bo, near Teshoo-Loomboo, is the  mitre, dalmatica, cope, two choirs, psalmody, exorcismins,
finest public work of its kind of which we have any account  censer, benediction by laying the hand on the head, chaplet,
in Thibet. The boats employed are commonly built of hides  ecclesiastical celibacy, spiritual retirement, worship of saints,
alone, and merchandise is conveyed by land wholly on the  fasts, processions, litanies, holy-water." &c., bearing so great
backs of domestic animals.                                  a similarity to those of the Roman Catholic Church, are beMost of the chief lamaseries, or Boodhist monasteries, lieved to have been introduced into the ritual and discipline
have a printing-office attached, from which religious works of Thibetan Boodhism  by Tsong Kaba, born in the Koko
are issued, and sold for the benefit of the establishment  Nor territory about A.D. 1357. The lamas of the sect of
Movable types are not employed; the books are printed  Tsong Ktaba wear a yellow mitre; those adhering  to the
with wooden blocks, and the leaves, which are separate, re- older ritual, &c., retain one of a red color; the latter prevail
sembling a pack of cards, stamped on both sides, are held to- throughout the S.E. part of Asia, while the reforms of
gether between wooden covers. Manuscripts are well exe- Tsong KabIta "have triumphed in all the countries  between
cuted; the lamas write with bamboo pens, on paper glazed  the Himalaya, the Russian fi-ontiers, and the Wall of China."
with milk. The Thibetan sacred character bears a resem-   As respects the general character of the Boodhist religion,
blance to the Sansecrit; it is read, however, filom left to  Mr. Malcolm, a Protestant missionary, makes the following
right. The arithmetical figures in use are almost identical observation: "-It has no mythology of obscene and ferocious
with the so-called Arabic numerals used by ourselves. The  deities; no sanguinary or impure observances; no self-inlamas have some knowvledge of astronomy. Turner found  fiicted tortures; no tyrannizing priesthood; no confounding
them acquainted with the signs of the zodiac, the satellites  of right and wrong. by making certain iniquities laudable
of Jupiter, and the ring of Saturn. Their historical records  in worship..     In almost every respect it seems to be
are obscure, in consequence of their indifference to precise  the best religion man ever invented."
dates, and a complicated chronology. Of their jurisprudence    The lames of Thibet (lama, "one who shows the way")
we have but an imperfect knowledge; their written laws  form a very large proportion of the population, and reside in
are of high antiquity; their actual code is said to have been  monasteries, many of which accommodate from 3000 to 4000
modified by the Chinese, since the political connection with  persons. In the single district of Lassa, there are reputed
China has existed. In Thibet, as in Mongolia, robbery and  to be more than thirty great Boodhie establishmnnts, each
murder are severely punished, but it would seem  that with nearly 15,000 lames! (?)  They are supported partly
retribution for offences is by no means certain. According  firom  the revenues of the establishment to which they beto Ai. Hue, the individual who has been injured, or his im- long, and partly from their private resources. The revenues
mediate relatives, must cite the criminal before the judicial of the monasteries are derived from lands, endowments of
authorities, or he goes unpunished.                        the Chinese sovereigns, and other eminent persons, and
Religion.-Thibet may be called the popedom of Asia, it offerings of pilgrims, which last are formally announced
being the head, seat, and centre of the Boodhist religion, after the daily psayers. and the proceeds are divided among
which numbers among its votaries by far the greater por- the inmates in proportions corresponding to their rank. The
tion of the inhabitants of all the great table-land of Central place of each lamna in his monastery is fixed by the nunmber
and Eastern Asia, India-beyond-the-Ganges, Ceylon, China,  of sacred books he has studied. The lamas are divided into
Japan, Corea, Mantchooria, and the S. part of the Russian  four faculties-those of mysticism, liturgy, medicine, and
Empire in Asia, together with a portion of its dominions in  prayers, which last has the largest number of members, and
Europe-the whole comprising certainly more than one-third  is also stated to be most esteemed. Those of the first-named
of the entire human race. The country of Thibet is accord- faculty devote themselves to a life of contemplation, and are
ingly regarded as a sacred land by nearly all the MIongolian  perpetually repeating the mystic sentence, Au a nmanipadme,
family of mankind, and it is resorted to in pilgrimage by  Aesa, which is inscribed on all temples, banners, khatas, &c.,
vast numbers of devotees, whose offerings to the numerous  and is believed to have a kind of talismanic power. The
priesthood compensate the Thibetans  for the poverty of  translation of this sentence is stated to be, "0! the jewel in
their land. It is believed that Boodhism and Brahminism  the lotus, Amen;" and the first word is an invocation to
are but two offsets from a primitive religion which once pre- Brahma, Vishnu, and Seeva, formed of the initial letters of
veiled over the whole of Asia beyond the Indus, and the  the Thibetan names of that triad. Convents exist in Thiheights ofPameer, (Pamir,) but which became debased in IHin- bet for women as well as men, and most families have some
dostan by the introduction of monstrous allegories, a poly- member belonging to the clergy.
theistic worship, and institutions, such as those of caste and    The Grand Lama or Tall Lama, (t&-l,{ ltlmi;-improperly
relative degrees of purity, which were foreign to the original Dalai-lnama,) "sea of wisdom," who is at the head of the
faith. Boodh is considered in Thibet as the necessary in- hierarchy, resides at the Boodha La, a vast palace near Lasdependent Being of the universe, and the beginning and  sa; he is deemed to be the principal living incarnation of
end of all things: lilke Brahma, he is worshipped under a  Boodh, and as such he receives actual worship. Like the
triune ftrm, and the Boodhists join with the Brahmins in  Pope, in his temporal dominions he is the sole religious
acknowledging the four earliest incarnations or avatars of  and political head of the state, and he has nominally vested
the same deity. Sakya, whom they consider his fifth incar-  in him all the administrative and executive authority, with
1913




THI                                                         THI
powers uncircurTscribed by any charter or rules except those  Union district into Broad Liver, a few miles above the
binding on hiri by the institutions of Tsong Kaba. When  mouth of Pacolet River.
he dies, or in the Boodhist language transmigrates, he is    TIICKETY FORK, a post-office of Spartanburg district,
sought for as animating some other living form, commonly  South Carolina.
the body of an infant who is an 9nly child. Prayers and fasts   THIEL or TIEL, teel, a town of the Netherlands, province
are ordered in all the lamaseries; the lamas of the capital go  of Gelderland, on the Waal, 22 miles W.S.W. of Arnhem.
in solemn procession around the Boodha La, and the city  Pop. 5166.
of Lassa; the mani or'nystic sentence is repeated night   THIELE, teelleh, TIEL, teel, or ZII-IL, tseel, a river of
and day, perfumes are burned, and meanwhile the chief  Switzerland, cantons of Vaud and Bern, joins the Aar 5
authority devolves upon the hootooktoos, (houtouktous,) or miles E. of Bienne, after a N.E. course of 65 miles, in which
high college of lamas, whose collective sacerdotal dignity is it traverses the lakes of NeufchBtel and Bienne.  The village
notinferior to that of the Tl l6Lamahimself. Those families of Thiele is situated between the lakes.
who assume to believe that the deity is incarnated.in the    TIHIELRODE, teelfro-deh, a village of Belgium, province
person of their infant, send notice of the same to the con- of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 18 miles E. of Ghent.
clave; this body chooses from the number three children, Pop. 1830.
who are brought to the capital. After other ceremonies,   TI-HIELT, teelt, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant,
the names of the candidates are written on slips of paper, on the Motbeek, 21 miles E.N.E. of Brussels.  It has a
which are placed in an urn, when the name first drawn  brewery, a distillery, and 4 flour mills. Pop. 1636.
out indicates the future Grand Lama, who is then carried    THIELT, (auc. Piletlum?) a town of Belgium, province of
in pomp around the capital, and installed for the rest of his  West Flanders, 15 miles S.E. of Bruges, in lat. 510 N., Ion.
life in the palace of Boodha La.                            30 20' E.  It has a town-house, surmounted by a Gothic
All the hootooktoos, or spiritual governors of provinces, tower, a college, a school of design, a musical society, several
who receive their investitures from the Tal6 Lama, are, like  boarding and primary schools, and benevolent institutions;
him, believed to be incarnations of the deity; and the lamas  manufactures of cotton and linen goods, hats, leather, lace,
who are heads of monasteries are also deemed to be " living  cards, tobacco, glue, oil, soap, and Prussian blue; a distilBoodhas."  The chief of the supposed incarnations, next to  lery, breweries, roperies, brick-works, dye-works, and bleachthe Tal6 Lama, are the Bantchin Remboutchi, the Guison  fields; and an important trade in grain, and particularly in
Tamba, the Tchang-kia-fo, or grand almoner of the imperial linen. Of the latter, 80,000 pieces are annually sold in the
court at Peking, and the Sa Dcha-fo, whose peculiar function  weekly market. Thielt, supposed to take its name from tilia,
it is, by continual prayer, to prevent the melting of the  " a lime-tree," had attained a high degree of prosperity by
snows on the Himalayas, so as to avert a hostile invasion of  its woollen and linen manufactures, when, in 1383, it was
Thibet from that quarter.  The Bantchin Remboutchi is  almost destroyed by fire. It never recovered the shock.
scarcely inferior in sanctity to the TaIl6 Lama.         - Oliver Le Dain, sum-named "the Devil," barber to Louis XI.
Government.-Although  the supreme authority  nomi- of France, by whom he was ennobled, and ultimately hung
nally rests with the Tal6 Lama, he is in reality supposed to  for his crimes, was born here. Pop. 12,634.
be occupied wholly in divine contemplation, and the civil   TI-HIENEN.  See TIRLEMOINT.
government is exercised by the naib or nomekhan, who is    THIERIACHE, tee'eh-rishl. an old subdivision of France,
chosen firom among the lamas, and holds his office for life, or in Picardy. Guise was its capital. It is now comprised in
during the pleasure of the Chinese emperor. Under him  the department of Aisne.
are four kalons or ministers, not belonging to the sacerdotal   THIERACHIERN, teefrAK-ern, a village and parish of Swittribe, and who may retain their offices for an unlimited pe- zerland, canton, and 14 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 2825.
riod, unless dismissed by the TaIl6 Lama. The two provinces    TI-IERS, te-ain/, (anc. Casltrism  T/higer,-.num?) a mannof Thibet are subdivided into cantons, each under the su- facturing town of France, department of Puy-de-DBme, on
perintendance of a hootooktoo. In each of the capitals is a  the Durolle, 23 miles E.N.E. of Clermont, in lat. 450 51, N.,
Chinese governor, with command over the military force. ion. 30 33' E. Pop. in 1852, 13,964. It has a chamber of
The total number of troops maintained by the Chinese go- arts and manufactures, a commercial college, and extensive
vernment in Thibet has been stated at no more than 64,000, manufactures of cutlery, paper, and candles.
most of whom are cavalry; but in addition the Chinese an-   TI-IIEULAIN, teeuh'l1ANG%, a village of Belgium, province
thorities have power to call in troops, ammunition, and  of Hainant, 24 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1134.
supplies from the adjacent province of Se-chuen. between    TIHIIEUSIES, tee'uh'seel, a village of Belgium, province
which and Lassa several detached garrisons are stationed. of Hainant, 6 miles N.E. of Ions, with  manufactures
Near Lassa a large body of Mongolian horse is  maintained;  of chiccory, a brewery, and a distillery. Pop. 1164.
but the armed force kept within that city, and at Teshoo    TIIIZAC, te-a'zkl,, a village of France, department of
Loombooe is insignificant. Other principal posts for Chinese  Cantal, 11 miles N.E. of Aurillac. Pop. in 1852, 2050.
troops are at Turkepoona, towards the Laos firontier; Phari,    THIMIBLEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
on the frontier of Bootan; a station of considerable strength,   TIIIMISTER, tee'mees'taiaR, a town of Belgium, province,
lately established at the head of the Konki River, opposite  and 14 miles E. of Liege. Pop. 2842.
Sikkim; several posts to check the incursions ofthe Gorkhas    TIIIONYILLE, te-bN'Veell, a fortified town in the N.E. of
of Nepaul; a camp at Gortope, and some strong garrisons  France, department of Moselle, capital of an arrondissement,
in the vW.. bordering on the Ladakl territory. - The Chinese  17 miles N. of MIetz, on the left bank of the Moselle. Pop.
troops and mandarins are paid by the government at Peking;  in 1852, 8361. It has a communal college, manuefactures of
they commonly stay but three years in Thibet, unless on  hosiery, gloves, and oil, and a botanic garden. It was a
special permission from  the emperor; and if they form  residence of the Merovingian and Carlovingian kings, and
matrimonial alliances there, on their return into China they  repeatedly besieged during the wars between France and
almost uniformly leave their wives and families behind. In  Austria. Near it are the mineral baths of Chaudes-Bourg.
consequence of therooted jealousy entertained of the Chinese   TIHIRD CROSSING, a post-office of Calaveras co., Callby the Thibetans, they are prohibited from remaining in  fornia.
the country, except in a military or official capacity.       THIRlD LAKE, Wisconsin. See Foua LAKES.
History.-No conqueror from the S. ever yet possessed    THIRK/LEBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North
himself of Thibet proper; Shah Jehangire, in 1640, attempted  Riding.
the conquest of Hloo-tsang; but the advance to LEh was dis-   THIRILAMERE or LEATIPER-WATER, a lake of Eugastrous, and his troops retraced their steps. Jenghis Khan  land, co. of Cumberland, parish of Crosthwaite, 4 miles
brought Thibet under his rule, but he afterwards esta- S.E. of Keswick, skirts the base of Mount IHelvellyn for
blished the Tail Lama in the sovereignty; Timer also con- about 4 miles. The shores are greatly indented, and toquered the country, but he interfered little in its internal wards the centre becomes so contracted that it is spanned
regulations. The Thibetans remained, with few  intersmis-  by a narrow bridge of 3 arches. Estimated height above the
sions, subjoct to their own sovereigns till the time of the  level of the sea, 500 feet.
Chinese emperor Kang-he, whose supremacy they finally ac-   THIRSK, a parliamentary borough, town, parish, and
koowledged in 1727. Keen-lung, about 1790, after success- township of England, co. of York, North Riding, on the
fully repelling an invasion of the Gorkhas, who had plun- York and Newcastle Railway, 9 miles S.S.E. of Northalerdered Teshoo Loomboo, fuarther extended the imperisl rule  ton. Pop. in 1851, 5318. The town, on both banks of the
in Thibet, which the Chinese sovereigns have ever since  Codbeck, an affluent of the Swale, has a fine old church,
with much solicitude preserved, since their wielding the reli- various Dissenters' chapels, and numerous schools. Manugious influence exercised by the TalI Lama over the Tartar factures of coarse linens and sacking are carried on, and here
and Ilongolian tribes is of such vital importance to them   are markets for corn and fruit. Thirsk sends 1 member to
that without it they could no longer hope to maintain their the Itouse of Commons.
dominion in Central Asia.-Adj. and inhab. THIBETAN, tibf-   THISNES. teen, a village of Belgium, province of Liege,
*tan.                                                     13 miles N.W. of Iluy, with 2 breweries, and a sandstone'THIBODEAUX, tib'o-dd, or THIBODEAUXVILLE, tiblo- quarry. Pop. 1351.
deRvil, a post-village, capital of La Fourche Interior parish,   THISSELT, tistselt, a village of Belgium, province, and 14
Louisiana, on Bayou La Fourche, on the New Orleans and  miles S. of Antwerp. Pop. 1741.
Opelousas Railroad, about 100 miles W.S.W. of New Orleans.   THISTED or TISTED, tisftld, a seaport town of Denmark,
Steamers navigate the bayou from this village to New Or- in Jutland, stift of Aalborg, on the Vilsfiord, an arm of the
leans. A newspaper is published here.                     Lymfiord, capital of an amt, 12 miles N.W. of Nykjibing.
TIIICK'ETY CREEK, of South Carolina, flows through  Pop. 2200.
1914




T11I                                                       THO'THISITLE ISLAND, South Australia, at the entrance of  posing remains of Abbey Jerpoint, and of Mount Juliet
Spencer Gulf, in lat. 350 6' S., ion. 1360 11' E.  Length, 12  Castle.
miles; breadth, 2 miles.                                     THOMIASTOWN or BALLYMACANDON, a parish of IreTHISITLETON, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.        land, co. of Kildare.
TItIVA, a town of Greece. See THEoES.                      TIHOM/ASTOWN, a post-village of Leake co., Mississippi,
TIIIVENER, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.            55 miles N.E. by N. of Jackson.
THIVERVAL, tee'rvRhv~1, a village of France, department    TIJOMASVILLE, a post-office of.Davidson co., North Caof Seine-et-0ise, canton of Poissy. Pop. 558. IHere are the  rolina.
chateau and park of Grignon, with an agricultural institute    THOMIASVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Thomas
having 300 pupils, and a quarry containing an immense  co., Georgia, on the Brunswick and Florida Ratilroad, 200
variety of fossil shells.                                  miles S. by WV. of Milledgeville. It contains a court-house
THIVIERS, tee've-Al, a town of France, department of Dor- which is creditable to the county, and a school called the
dogne, on a height, 18 miles N.E. of P1rigueux. Pop. 1400. Fletcher Institute, under the direction of the Methodists.
It has manufactures of earthenwares and iron goods, and  Pop. about 500.
large cattle and sheep markets.                              TIIOMASVILLE, a post-office of Robertson co., Tennessee.
TIHIZY, tee'zeel, a town of France, department of Rhfne,   TIHIOMIASVILLE, a village of Washington co., Tennessee,
30 miles N.W. of Lyons. Pop. 1420.                         290 miles E. of Nashville.
THRLONOITO CREEK, of Dooly co., Georgia, flows W. into,   TIOMASVILLE, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri.
Flint River.                                                 THOMASWALDAU, tolums-4AlI'dm w, OBER, olber, and. NIETIHOCK1RINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northum- DER, neelder, two nearly contiguous villages of Prussian Siberland.                                                  lesia, government of Liegnitz, circle of Buntzlau.  P. 1350.
TIIOGJI-CHUMO, thog/jee choolmo, a salt lake of Ladak,   TIOIMERY, to'meh-reel, a village of France, department
among the West Himalayas, 15,500 feet above sea-level, 60  of Seine-et-Marne, arrondissement of Fontainebleau, on the
miles S.E. of Lbh. It is about 3 miles long from E. to W., left bank of the Seine, 3- miles from  Fontainebleau, with
add has swampy shores, intensely saline, and covered with  which it is connected by railway. Pop. 864. It is celebrated
saline plants, especially the Chenoprodiaccr. From a water- for its grapes.
mark, distinctly visible, about 150 feet above the present   TIIOMIGSDORF, tofmiGs-doaf', a village of BohemiA, circle
level of:the water, it appears to have covered a much larger  of Chrudim. Pop. 1348.
space than at present. and to have been then firesh, as the    TROMPISON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
whole of the surrounding plain consists of clay-beds, con-   TIIOMPISON, a post-village and township of Windham
t~aining prodigious numbers of fresh-water shells.          co., Connecticut, 35 miles N. by E. of Norwich. The townTIIOTRY, tw&reel, a village of the Sardinian States, pro- ship is intersected by the Norwich and Worcester Railroad,
vince of Savoy Proper, 6 miles E.N.E. of Chamb~ry. Pop. and drained by the Quinebaug and French Rivers, which fur1354.                                                      nish abundant water-power. It contains several manufacTIHIOISSEY, tw[sesee!, a town of France, department of  turing villages, the principal of which are Masonsville, FishAin, on the Chalaronne, near its confluence with the Sabne, ersville, and Wilsonsville, on the Norwich and Worcester
9 miles S. of MIcon. Pop. in 1852, 1763.                   Railroad, and New Boston, in the N.W. corner of the townTHOISY-LA-BERCHPR REE tw&'zeel Id b~n'sh~in1, a com-  ship. The manufactures comprise muslins and other cotton
mune of France, department of Cbte-dOr, 5 miles E. of San- goods, woollen goods, forks, &c. The thriving village of
lieu. Pop. 1110.                                            Thompson is situated centrally on elevated ground, and has
THOLEN or TOLEN, tollen, a fortified town of the Nether- communication with the above railroad. It contains several
lands, province of Zeeland, on the island of Tholen, between  churches, and a bank. Pop. of the township, 4638.
the Scheltdt and the Meuse, 4 miles N.W. of Bergen-op-Zoom.   THOMPSON, a post-township of Sullivan co., New York,
Pop. 2394.                                                  contains Mlonticello, the county seat. Pop. 3198.
TIHOLLENBEEK, tollgn-baik', a village of Belgium, pro-   THOMPSON, a township of Fulton co., Pennsylvania.
vince of Brabanut, on the Marcq, about 19 miles S.W. of Brus- Pop. 072.
sels. Pop. 2533.                                              THOMPSON, a post-township of Susquehanna co., PennTHOLLON, tol'l15NG, a village of the Sardinian States, di- sylvania, about'20 miles E. of Montrose. Pop. 509.
vision of UTpper Savoy, province of Chablais, 29 miles E.N.E.   THOMPSON, a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia. on
of Geneva, near the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. the Georgia Railroad, about 60 miles N.E. by E. of Millecge1216.                                                      ville.
TIHOMAR, to-macr, a town of Portugal, province of Estre-   THOMPSON, a township of Pike co., Arkansas. Pop. 548.
madurna, capital of a comarca, 16 miles N.W. of Abrantes.    TIHOMPSON, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 732.
Pop. 3800. It has a vast convent, and manufactures of    THOMPSON, a post-township of Geauga co., Ohio. P. 1211.
cotton thread and silk fabrics.                              TI-IOMPSON, a township of Seneca co., Ohio, intersected
THOMIAS, tom/.s, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1668.
bordering on Florida, contains 920 square miles.  It is    THIOMPSON'S, a post-office of Fairfield district, South
drained by the head streams of the Ocklockonee River. The  Carolina.
surface is level; the soil sandy and productive.  It is inter-   THIOMPSON'S CREEK, of South Carolina, rises a few
sected by the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, (unfinished.)  miles N.W. of Chesterfield Court-Iouse, and.flowing  S.E.,
Organized in 1825, and named in honor of General Jett enters Great Pedee River about 5 miles below Cheraw.
Thomas, of Georgia. Capital, Thomasville. Pop. 10,103, of    THOMPSON'S CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Leaf River
whom 4947 were free, and 5156 slaves.                      from the N., in Perry county.
THOMAS, a post-office of Yates co., New York.              THOMPSON'S CREEK, of Louisiana, forms the boundary
TIIHOMAS' POINT, on the N. side of the entrance to South  between East and West Feliciana parishes, and enters the
River, Chesapeake Bay, contains a fixed light in a tower 30  Mississippi about 2 miles above Port Hudsqn.
feet high, and aids -essels bound to Annapolis.              THOMPSON'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Louisa co.,
TIIOMAS' RUN, a post-office of Hartford co., Maryland.   Virginia, 45 miles N.W. of Richmond.
THOMASTON, tomlis-tin, a post-township of Lincoln co.,   TIHOMIPSON'S LANDING, a post-office of Rockbridge co.,
Maine, bounded on the W. by St. George's River, 80 miles  Virginia.
E.N.E. of Portland. It contains extensive beds of limestone,   THOMIPSON'S LANDING, a post-office of Coahoma co.,
from which a superior quality of lime is manufactured and  Mississippi.
exported in large quantities. The Maine state prison is situ-   THOMPSON'S LANDIING, a small village of Hancock co.,
ated in this township on the bank of the river, and is en- Kentucky.
closed by a tract of 10 acres. The plan of the building and    THOMPSON'S RIVER, of Missouri Territory, falls into
system of discipline are similar to those of the Auburn pri- the Missouri River in about 1080 20' W. Ion.
son. The convicts are principally employed in cutting gra-   TIIOMPSON'S STAND, a post-office of Suffolk co., New
nite, which is extensively quarried on the banks of the river, York.
a few miles below. When wrought into various forms for   THOMPSON'S STORE, a small village of Guilford co.,
buildings, it is exported to different parts of the United  North Carolina.
States. The village of Thomaston, situated on the E. bank    TI-IOMPISONTOWN, a thriving post-village of Juniata co.,
of St. George's River, 12 miles from the ocean, contains 2  Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata River, and on
banks and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 2723.  the Pennsylvania Railroad and Canal, 37 miles W.N.W. of
TI-IOMASTON, a neat post-village, capital of Upson co., Iarrisburg.
Georgia, 75 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville. It has a hand-    THOMPISONVILLE, a manufacturing post-village of Ensome brick court-house, 2 churches, 2 academies, and 5  field township, Hartford co., Connecticut, on Freshwater
stores. There is a cotton factory on Potato Creek, one mile  River, near its confluence with the Connecticut, and on the
from the village, which employs 50 operatives. Incorporated  New Haven Hartford and Springfield Railroad, 17 miles N.
in 1825.                                                   by E. of Hartford. It contains a bank, and a carpet factory
TIHIOMIASTOWN or BAL'LYMACANIDON,a disfmanchised  employing about 500 hands. Pop. in 1840, 800; in 1853,
parliamentary borough, town, and parish of Ireland, in  about 2000.
Leinster, co., and 8~ miles S.S.E. of Kilkenny, on the Nore.    THOIMTPSONVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New
Pop. in 1851, 2180. It was formerly enclosed by walls, and  York, about 100 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
has beautiful remains of an abbey, a large Roman Catholic    TIIOMPSONVILLE, a small post-village of Washington
chapel, a branch bank, and flour mills. Near it are the im- co., Pennsylvania.
191'




-THO                                                      THO
TIOMPSONVILLE, a post-village of Culpepper co., Vir-   THORNE, thorn, a market-town and parish of England5
ginia, 104 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches.   co. of York, West Riding, in a marshy but fertile tract near
THOMPSONVILLE, a village of Racine co., Wisconsin, 92 the Don, on the border ofLincolnshire, 7 miles S.W. of Goole,
miles S.E, of Madison. It contains 1 store and 2 hotels.  Pop. in 1851; 3484. The town has a neat church, several
THOMPSON WINITERBOURNE, a parish of England, co. chapels, two free schools, and an active trade in corn ana
of Dorset.                                                other goods. At Hangman Hill, 1 mile distant, coasting
THONE, ton, or THONEX, toen.A, a town of Savoy, pro- vessels are built.
vince of Genevese, on the Fier, at the junction of three val-   THORNE, COFFIN, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
leys, 9 miles E.S.E. of Annecy. Pop. 2808.                  TITORNE FALtCON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
THONG, NETnER, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West   THORNER, a parish of England, co. of York,' West Riding.
Riding.                                                     THORNE, ST. MARIGARET, a parish of England, co. of
THONG, UPPERn, a township of England, co. of York, West Somerset.
Riding.                                                     TI1ORINEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
THONON, to'n6oss, a town of Savoy, capital of the pro- Cambridge, 10 miles W.N.W. of March. Pop. in 1851, 2174,
vince of Chablais, on the S. bank of the Lake of Geneva, 20  chiefly descendants of French Protestants.
miles N.E. of Geneva. Pop. 4428. Near it is the farm-house    THORNEY, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
(formerly  chfteau) of Ripaille, to which Amadeus VIII. of    THORNEY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 61
Savoy retired, after having successively renounced the duke- miles W.S.W. of Chichester, consisting of Thorney Island,
dom of Savoy, the papacy, and the bishopric of Geneva.    between Hayling Island and the Sussex mainland.
THIOR, LE, leh ton, a town of France, department of Van-   THORINEYBURN, a parish of England, co. of Northumcluse, 8 miles E. of Avignon. Pop. in 1852, 3869.         berland.
THORDA, tor/d4, or THORENBURG, tofren-b66isc, (Hun.   TIIORNIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
Torda or Thorda, tosRdhh,) a market-town of Transylvania,    THORNIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
capital of a county, 17 miles S.E. of Klausenburg.  Pop.   TIIORNIAM, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
8112. Near it are extensive salt-mines, and the ruins of the    THORNHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Roman fortress Sainese, a station of the 7th legion, who have    THORNHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
left various inscriptions there.                            TIHORNHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
THORENS, torSNcG, a market-town of Savoy, province of    THORNIHAUGH, a parish of England, co. ofNorthampton.
Genevese, 9 miles N.E. of Annecy. Pop. 2447.                TIIORNHILL,  a parish of England, co. of York, West
THORESBY, thorstbee, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of  Riding, 5 miles W.S.W. of Wakefield, on the Calder. Pop.
Lincoln, 8 miles N.W. of Louth, on the Lincolnshire  Rail- in 1851, 6851. Here are 4 woollen mills, places of worship
way.                                                      for Wesleyans and Baptists, and 18 daily schools.
THIORESBY, SovUTr, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.   TIHIORNIIILL, a burgh of barony, in Scotland, co., and 13
THORESWAY, thorstwA, a parish of England, co. of Lin- miles N.N.W. of Dumfries, near the Nith, on the road fiom
coin.                                                     Glasgow to Dumfiries.  Pop. in 1851, 1658. It has a neat
THOR/GANBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln;        parish church, and a handsome market-cross, with manuTHORGANBY, a parish. England, co. York, East Riding. factures of stockings, leather, &c.
TIIORIGNY, a town of France. See TORIGm.                  TH-IORNHILL, a small village of Scotland, co. of Perth.
THORIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk,         THORN HILL, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.
THORINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            THORN HILL, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia.
THIOR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.          THORN HILL, a small village of Marion co., Alabama.
THORLEY, a parish of England, Isle of Wight.              THORN HILL, a post-office of Walker co., Alabama.
THORIMANBY, a parish of England, co. of York, North    TIHIORN HILL, a post-office of Granger co., Tennessee.
Riding.                                                     THORN HILL, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York,
THORN, tonn, a strongly-fortified town of West Prussia, on the Ontario Simcoe and Huron Railroad, 14 miles N. of
52 miles S.S.W. of Marienwerder, capital of a circle, on the  Toronto. Pop. about 500.
riht bank of the Vistula, in lat. 530 N., ion. 30 33t E. Pop.   TIIORNILEY, a township of England, co. of Durham.
12,687. It is a place of great strength, surrounded by walls   THORNLEY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
and bastions, and defended by two forts. It is entered by 4    THORNTLEYSVILLE, a post-village of Boone co., Indiana,
gates, and consists of an old and new town. It has a court 7 miles S.E. of Lebanon.
of law, and several public offices, 2 Protestant and 3 Roman    TItORNLIEBANK, thorn'le-bankt, a village of Scotland,
Catholic churches, one of them containing a statue of Coper- co. of Renfiew, 1~ miles S. of Pollockshaws. Pop. 1700.
nicus; a Protestant gymnasium, a nunnery, several schools,   THIORNSET, a township of England, co. of Derby.
4 hospitals, and a work-house; manufactures of woollen and    TIORNITON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
linen cloth, hats, soap, and famous gingerbread; some ship-   THORNTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
ping, and a trade in corn, wood, linen, hides, bark, and    THORNTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
ashes. It was taken by Charles XII. on the 13th of October,   THORNTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
1703, after a siege of four months by the Poles; it derives,' THORNTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.
however, its chief celebrity from Copernicus having been    TIIORNTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
born here in 1473.                                        Riding.
THORN, toan, a village of the Netherlands, province of   TIIORN/TON, a post-township of Grafton co., New HampLimburg, 8 miles S.W. of Roermond. Pop. 1162.              shire, 54 miles N. by W. of Concord. Pop. 1011.
THORN, a township of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1890.           THORNTON, a post-village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania,
THORN/ABY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, North  87 miles E. by S. of IHIarrisburg.
Riding.                                                     THORNTON, a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on the
THORN/AGE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles S. of Chicago.
THORNAPPLE, a river of Michigan, rises in Eaton co.,   TIIORNTON, BISHOP, a chapelry ofEngland, co. of York,
and flows W. through Barry co., where it turns towards the  West Riding.
N., and enters Grand River in Kent co., about 10 miles E.   THORNtTON-uc-CRA/VEN, a parish of England, co. of
of Grand Rapids. Its length exceeds 80 miles.             York, West Riding, 6 miles W.S.W. of Skipton, on the
THOR/NAPPLE, a township; Barry co., Michigan. P. 336. North Midland Railway. The cataract of Thornton-Force is
TItIORNBOROUGII, a parish, England, co. Buckingham.  in this parish; it has a fall of 90 feet.
THORN/BURG, a post-village of Spottsylvania co., Vir-   THORNITON CURITIS, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
ginia., on the Po River, 69 miles N. of Richmond.            THORNTON DALE, a parish of England, co. of York,
THORN/BURY, a market-town and parish of England, co. North Riding.
of Gloucester, in Berkeley Vale, 31 miles E. of the estuary of   TIHORNTON-mN-LONSIDALE, a parish of England, co. of
the Severn, and 11 miles N.E. of Bristol. Pop. in 1851, 4614. York, West Riding. The celebrated "Yorda's Cave" is in
The town has an elegant church, several Dissenting chapels, this parish, and near it is a quarry of black marble.
numerous daily endowed schools, almshouses and other   THORNTON-cE-MOOR, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln,
charities, and the remains of a magnificent palatial castle.   6 miles S.W. of Caistor.
THORNBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              THORNTON-IN-r TE —MOORS, a parish of England, co. of
THORNBURY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         Chester.
THORNBURY, a post-township of Chester co., Pennsyl-   THORN/TON'S FER/RY, apost-village of Hillsborough co.,
vania., about 24 miles W. of Philadelphia.                 New Hampshire, on the Concord Railroad, 6 miles from
THORNBURY, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania. Concord.
Pop. 876.                                                   TIIORNTON'S MILLS, a post-office of Rappahannock co.,
THORNTBY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    Virginia.
THORNtCOMBE, a small market-town and-parish ofEng-   ThIORNTON'S RIVER, in the N.E. part of Virginia, rises
land, co. of Devon, 6 miles E.N.E. of Axminster. Pop. in  from the Blue Ridge, near the W. border of Rappahannock
1851,1325.                                                co., and flowing S.E. through Culpepper co., unites with
THORN CREEK, a post-office of Whitley co., Indiana.     Hedgman's River, forming the North Fork of the Rappa
THORN/DIKE, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, 38  hannock.
miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1029.                           TIHORNTON STATION, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
TIIORNDIKE, a post-office ofHampden co., Massachusetts.   THORNTON  STEW/ARD, a parish of England, co. of
THIORNTDON, a parish'of England, co. of Suffolk.        York, North Riding.
1916




THO                                                      THR
TIIORNTON-IN-THE-STREET, a parish of England, co. of West Flaniders, 11 miles S.W. of Bruges, on the railway to
York, North Riding.                                       Courtrai. Pop. 8405, who manufacture hats, starch, musTHORNTON WXTILAS, a parish of England, co. of York, tard, and wooden shoes.
North Riding.                                               THOUISAND ISLANDS, of New York, are situated in
THORNITOWN, a pleasant post-village of Boone co., Indi- the St. Lawrence River, near Lake Ontario, and opposite
ana, on the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad, and on  Jefferson county. See ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.
Sugar Creek, 36 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. It contains 4    THOUSAND ISLES, the most numerous collection of river
churches, and about 600 inhabitants.                     islands in the world, between the United States and Upper
THORN/VILLE, a post-village of Perry co., Ohio, about 33 Canada, consist of about 1500 rocky islets, in an expansion
miles E. by S. of Columbus.                              of the St. Lawrence, at its emergence from Lake Ontario,
THOROE, totrb'eh, an island of Denmark, off the island  hence called the Lake of the Thousand Isles.
of Funen, from which it is separated by a narrow and shal-   THOY'DON BOIS, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
low channel. It is about 3 miles long, and 2 iniles broad.   THOYDON GARINON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Many vessels are built here. On the coast, in the Thorae    TIIOYDON MOUNT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Strait, is a winter haven of the third class, admitting yes-   TI-IRACE or THRACIA, a name which appears in very
sels which draw 17 feet of water.                        ancient times to have been applied generally to the almost
THOR/OLD, a town of Canada West, on the Welland Canal, unexplored countries in the S.E. of Europe, was afterwards
and on the Great Western Railway, 4 miles firom St. Cathe- employed more definitely to designate that portion of Turrines. It has several very extensive flouring mills, saw  key in Europe, bounded N. by the Danube; E. by the Eux.
and planing mills, manufactures of leather and agricultural  ins or Black Sea; S. by the Propontis or Sea of Marmora, and
implements, 3 churches, a Roman Catholic church, a public the 2Egean Sea or Archipelago; and W. by the mountains
and three private schools. Pop. in 1852, 1094; in 1854, 1250. separating it from Macedonia and Thessaly.  At a later
THOROTON, a parish ofEngland, co. of Nottingham.        period it was used in a still more restricted sense, as nearly
TIIOROUGHFARE, a post-village of Prince William  co., identical with Room-Elee proper, or that part of Turkey lying
Virginia, 124 miles N. of Richmond.                      between Bulgaia on the N., and the Archipelago on the S.
THORPE, thorp, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 3    THRACIUS CHERSONESUS. See GALLIPOLe, PENINSULA
miles N.N.W. of Ashborne. It has an ancient church. In  or.
its vicinity is the beautiful Vale of Dovedale.             TIIRANIDESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              THRAPSITON, a market-town and parish of England, co.,
THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            and 18  miles N.N.E. of Northampton, on the railway to
THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.              Peterborough, and on the Nen. Pop. in 1851, 1183. Here
THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.             are a church, Baptist chapel, and various schools. Drayton
THORPE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.      House, in the vicinity, is a fine mansion, on the site of an
TIORPE-ABtBOT'S, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  ancient castle.
THORPE-A CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of North-    THRASIMENUS LACUS. See PERUGIA, LAKE OF.
ampton, 3 miles N.N.E. of Thrapston, on the London and    THRECIKINGIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
North-Western Railway.                                      THREE BROTH/ERS, a group of mountains of East AusTHORPE AICRE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   tralia, 22 miles S.W. of Port Macquarie.
THIORPE ARCH, a parish of England, co. of York.           THREE CREEKS, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.
THIORPE ARINOLD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   THREE FORKS, a post-office of Taylor co., Virginia.
THORPE BAStSET, a parish of England, co. of York,   TIIREE FORKS, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.
East Riding.                                                THREE FORKS, a post-office of Wilson co., Tennessee.
THORPE BOCHART, thorp bolkart, a parish of England,   THREE HUMMOCK ISLANDS. See HUNTER ISLANDS.
co. of Nottingham.                                          THREE KINGS or MANAWA-TAWI, a group of islands
THORPE CON/STANTINE, a parish of England, co. of in the South Pacific Ocean, N.W. of the N. island of New
Stafford.                                                 Zealand. Lat. 340 13' S., Ion. 1720 10' E. They are high
TIHORPE-ox-TnE-HILL, a parish of England, co., and 6 enough to become visible in clear weather at the distance
mniles W.S.W. of Lincoln, on the Midland Counties Railway. of 25 miles, but have a barren aspect, and do not altogether
THORPE MALSOR, a parish of England, co. of North- extend over a space of about 8 miles'each way. The E.
ampton.                                                   island, which is the largest, is scarcely 1 mile long.
THORPE MAN/DEVILLE, a parish of England, co. of    THREE MILE BAY, a post-village of Jefferson co., New
Northampton.                                              York, on the bay of Lake Ontario, about 16 miles W.N.W. of
THORPE MARIKET, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  Watertown.
THORPE MORIEUX, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    THREE RIVER POINTS, a post-office of Onondaia co.,
THORPE-uNDEE -Tic-MOUNTAIN, a township of England, New York.
co. of York, West Riding.                                   THREE RIV/ERS, a post-village in Hampden co., MassaTHORPE-aExT-NORSWICH or THORPE ST. ANDREW, a  chusetts, on Chickopee River, and the Amherst and Beleherparish of England, co. of Norfolk, 2- miles E. of Norwich,  town Railroad, 65 miles W.S.W. of Boston.
Here are many handsome villas, and the county lunatic    THREE RIVERS, a thriving post-village of Lockport
asylum.                                                   township, St. Joseph county, Michigan, on the St. Joseph
THORPE SALVIN, a parish of England, co. of York, West River, near the mouths of Portage and Stoney Creeks, 86
Riding.                                                   miles S.W. of Lansing. The creeks furnish extensive waterTIIORPE-LE-SOIKEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   power, which is improved. Pop. in 1853, about 900.
TIIORSENGE, an island ofDenmark. See TAASINGE.            THREE RIVERS, a post-office of Polk co., Iowa.
THORSHALLA, (Thorshiilla,) or TORSH2ELLA, toa-shhl/-   THREE RIVERS or TROIS RIVIiRES,trwA re've-aiRE, a
l, a town of Sweden, Iven of Nyk~ping, on the river Eskil-  town of Canada East, capital and district of Three Rivers,at
stuna, near its mouth in Lake Malar, 3 miles N.W. of Es- the confluence of the rivers St. Maurice and St. Lawrence,
kilstuna. P. 600. Its church steeple is 306 feet in height.  90 miles frdm Quebec, with which it is connected by electric
TIIORSHAVN, tors-hlwnt, the capital town of the Farde  telegraph, and on the line of the proposed railway thence to
Islands, on the S.E. coast of the island of Strimse, consists Montreal. It is one of the oldest towns in Canada, and was
of about 100 wooden huts, with an hospital, a Latin school, long stationary as regarded enterprise or improvement; but
and a fortified harbor. Pop. 720.                         recently it has become one of the most prosperous places in 
TIIORIVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        the province-a change produced principally by the comTHOUARCE, too'aR-s/, a market-town of France, depart- mencement of an extensive trade in lumber on the river St.
ment of Maine-et-Loire, 14 miles S. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, Maurice and its tributaries, which had heretofore been
1600.                                                     neglected, and also by increased energy in the manfacture
~ THOUARPI, tooeefrA, a market-town of France, depart-  of iron-ware, for which the St. Maurice forges, about 3 miles
ment of Loire-Infdrieure, 5 miles N.E. of Nantes, with which  distant from  the town, have always been celebrated in
it is connected by railway. Pop. 892.                     Canada. Three Rivers is the residence of a Roman Catholic
THIOUARS, too'aiJ, a town of Firance, department of Deux- bishop, whose diocese bears the same name; and contains a
S-vres, on the Thou6, 22 miles N.N.E. of Parthenay. Pop. Roman Catholic cathedral, a church of England, a Scotch.
in 1852, 2287. It has a communal college, a castle on a rock, kirk, and a Wesleyan chapel, an Ursuline convent, with a
and trade in grain and cattle.                           school attached, where over 200 young females are educated;
THOUARSAIS or TOUARSOIS, too'assswi, a village of two public, and several private schools,a mechanics' institute,
France, department of Vendse, 10 miles N.N.W. of Fontenay. a Canadian institute, and a Young Men's Improvement,
Pop. 1312.                                               and several other societies. It sends a member to the proTHOUEt, too'A, a river of France, departments of Deux- vincial parliament. Pop. in 1852, 4936; in 1854, 6500. The
Sirres and Maine-et-Loire, after a N. course of 70 miles, past district of Three Rivers embraces both sides of the St. LawParthenay and Thouars, joins the Loire near Saumur. It rence, and is subdivided into four counties.
is navigable for its last 12 miles. Chief affiluent, the Dive,   RHREE ROADS, a post-office ofCambria co., Pennsylvania.
on the right bank, from the S.                             THREE RUNS, a post-office of Butler Co., Alabama.
THOUIIN BAY, Van Dieman's Land, Freycinet's Penin-   THREE SPRINGS, a post-office of IIuntingdon co., Penh
mula. Lat. 420 15' S.                                    sylvania.
TIHIOULOUSE. See TOULOUSE.                               THREE SPRINGS, apost-officeofWashingtonco.,Virginia
THOUROUT, too'root, a town of Belgium, province of    ThIREE SPRINGS, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky.
1917




THR                                                           THU
TITREXITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             spinning and weaving.  Principal towns, PFiuenfeid, the
TIIRICKfBY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            capital, Blschofszell, Arbon, and Stekborn.
THRINGISTONE, a township of England, co. of Leicester.    TtIURIGOLAND, a township of England, co. of York.
THRIPILOW, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.           WVest Riding.
THROCKIING, a parish of England, co. of Iterts.               TIHURGOVIE.  See THURoAU.
THROG'S POINT LIGHT-HOUSE, on the S.E. point of    TIUPRIA, thu-re-a, an ancient city of Greece, in the  e-H
Throg's Neck, Long Island, near Hell Gate.  It contains a  rea, the remains of which, now called Palceocastro, govern
fixed light.                                                  ment of Messenia, 5 miles N.W. of Kalamata, comprise conTHRONATEESKA, RIVER. See FINT RIVEv.                       siderable traces of Cyclopean architecture.
THROOPSVILLE, troopslvil, a post-village of Cayuga co.,    THURINGER-WALD. See TnURINGIAN F oEST.
New York, on the Owasca outlet, 5 miles N.N.W. of Auburn.    THURINGIA, thu-rin/je-., (Ger. Th iringen, tiilring-en)
TIIROOPSYILLE, a post-office, Luzerue co., Pennsylvania. the name of an extensive tract in the central part of GerTHROWILEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               many, watered by the rivers Saale and Werra, and including
THROWLEY, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                 the Thuringian Forest. Its limits have varied at different
TIHRUMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.   times, and the name is now but little used, the original
TIIRUSHIELTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           Thuringia having become incorporated with the territories
TIIRUS'SINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   of different states. Its capital was Erfurt.- Adj. THURINTIIRUXITON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.           GIAN, thoo-rinlje-an.
TIIRUXTON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.                  THURINIGIAN  FOREST, (Ger. Thgrikeer-wa ld, tWifringTHIRYIBERGH, a parish of England, co. of York, West  er-fv4lt',) a mountain range of Central Germany, in the
Riding.                                                        Saxon duchies, extends from the Frankenwald N.W., along
TIHISIEOO-SHAN  or THSIEOU-CHAN, thsee'oo'shbnl, a  the right bank of the Werra, as far as the mouth of the
mountain of China, province of Shen-see, lat. 320 12' N., ion. Horsel, near Eisenach, a distance of about 60 miles. Its cul.
1090 32' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.                 minating points, situated to the N. of Zelle, are the BehrTHSOONGLING, TIISOUNGLING  or  TUSUNGLING,  berg and the Schneekopf, which have each a height of about
tsoong'lingf, mountains of Chinese Tartary.                   3286 feet. The mountains are composed chiefly of porphyry,
TIIUA-TIIIEN, a city of Anam.  See HuI.                     granite, and clay-slate, and are clothed chiefly with pine.
TIIUEYTS, tii'Y, a market-town of France, department  The minerals include iron, copper, lead, cobalt, &c. The
of Ardhche, arrondissement of Largentibre.  Pop. 3071.        drainage is shared by tributaries of the Elbe, the Miain, and
THUILLIES, tweel'yee! or tii-eel'yee!, a village of Bel- the Weser.
glum, province of Hainaut, on the Biemele, 24 miles E.S.E.   THURINGISCIE, Saale. See SAALE.
of Mons. Pop. 1324.                                              THURILASTON, a parish of England, co. ofLeicester.
TIUIN, tWi'NG1, a town of Belgium, province of IHainaut,    THURLTIBY, two parishes of England, co. of Lincoln.
on the Sambre, 9 miles S.WV. of Charleroi.  Pop. 4123. It    TIIURLEBERE, thtirfle-beer, a parish of England, co. ol
has manufactures of woollens and linens.                      Somerset.
THUIR, tweeaf, a town of France, department of Pyrt-    TIHIURLEIGIH, thfir/lee, a parish of England, co. Bedford.
ntes-Orientales, 8 miles S.W. ofPerpignan. Pop. in 1852, 2633.   THURLES, tharlz, a market-town and parish of Ireland,
THULAIN, tWiil1NGa, a village of Belgium, province of in Munster, co., and 21 miles N.E. of Tipperary, on the
Hainaut, with a station on the Paris and Brussels Railway,  Suir, and on the Great Southern and Western Railway.
21 miles E.N.E. of Quidvrain.  Pop. 1600.                     Pop. of town in 1851, 5908.  It has a Roman Catholic
THUM, toom, a town of Saxony, 20 miles S.E. of Zwickau. chapel, the ruins of several ecclesiastical and castellated
Pop. 2100. It has manufactures of lace.                       edifices, a Roman Catholic and episcopal palace, college, and
THUN, toon, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 16 miles  school, 2 nunneries, a court-house, bridewell, barracks, 2
S.S.E. of Bern, on the Aar, 1 mile W.N.W. of the Lake of  branch bainks, and an extensive retail trade.
Thun. Pop. 5000. It is highly picturesque, has a venerable    THURLESTONE, th-Urllstone, a parish of England, co. of
church, a feudal castle 700 years old, a town-hall, and ma- Devon.
nfafctures of silk stuffs. Being the principal starting-place    TIHIURILOW, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
for travellers in the Oberland, it is thronged in summer    THURLOW. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
with visitors.                                                  THURILOXTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
THUNIDER BAY, in the N.E. part of Michigan, on the    TIHIURLSTONE, thfrllstone, a township of England, co.
coast of Alpena co., is an arm  of Lake Huron.  Length, of York, West Riding.
near 13 miles; greatest breadth, about 10 miles.                THIURLTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
THUNDER  BAY RIVER. of Michigan, rises in the N.    THURM, toornm, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau,
part of the peninsula, and flowing E., enters the upper part  11 miles S. of Chemnitz, with paper and flour mills. P. 1118.
of Thunder Bay.                                                 THURIMAN, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio.
THUNIDERIDGE, a parish of England, co. of HIertford.          THURIMASTON, a township of England, co. of Leicester.
TIIUNIDERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.             THURNAU, tooutonw, a market-town of Bavaria, circle
TIHIUNER-SEE. See THuN, LAKE OF.                            of Upper Franconia, 9 miles N.W. of Baireuth. Pop. 1425.
TIIUNGERSIIEIM, t5ngflers     -hlme, a village of Bavaria,    THURN!BY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
in Lower Franconia, on the right bank of the Main, N.N.W.    THURNE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
of Wiirzburg.  Pop. 1475.                                        TILURNEN, tooranen, a village and parish of SwitzerTIIUN, LAKE OF, (Ger. Thusner See, toonrer sA',) in Swit- land, canton, and 8 miles S. of Bern. Pop. 3945.
zerland, 10 miles in length; average breadth, 2 miles.   TILURN/IIAM, a township of England, co., and 4. miles
Height above the sea, 1896 feet. It is traversed by the river  S.S.W. of Lancaster. Near it are the ruins of Cockerstand
Aar from  Lake Brienz, and at its W. end it receives the  Abbey.
Simmen. The shores near Thun are covered with villas and    THUR!NING, a parish of England, cos. of Huntingdon
gardens; farther E. they are precipitous, and strikingly  and Northampton.
picturesque.  Two steamboats ply on it daily. On its S.W.    THIURNING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
aide are the mountains of Stockhorn and Niesen.                  THURNSICOE, a parish of England, co. of York, West
THUNNINGEN, toonfning-en, a village of Wiirtemherg, Riding.
circle of Schwarzwald, near Tuttlingen.  Pop. 1844.              THURR, t'hir or tftr, or INIDIAN DESIERT, a region ocTHUR, tooa, a rivetn of Switzerland, cantons of St. Gall, cupying the WV. part of HIindostan, between lat. 240 30, and
Thurgau, and Zurich, after a N. and W. course of 70 miles, 30~ N., and Ion. 700 and 760 E., extending from  the Runn
joins the Rhine 7} miles S.S.W. of Schaffhausen. Affluents,  of Cutch to the British Upper Provinces and the Sutlej. It
the Sitter and the Murg.                                       is a succession of sand-hills, interspersed with valleys from 2
THURICASTON, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, 3-  to 3 miles in breadth, and on which scanty crops of grain
miles S.W. of Mount Sorrel. Latimer, Bishop of Worcester,  are raised. It comprises the dominions of Jessulmere, Joodwas born here in 1470.                                        poor, Bickaneer, &c., and is inhabited by Rajpoots and Bheels,
THURICi, tti'rt,  a village of France, department of Vienne, who are permanently settled on the soil, besides a number
arrondissement of Chatellerault.  Pop. 1600.                  of wandering predatory tribes.
THURET, tti'rA, a village of France, department of Puy-    THUR/ROCK, EAST, a parish ofEngland, co. of Essex.
de-D~me, 9 miles N.E. of Riom.  Pop. 2050.                      TI{URROCK, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
TIIUR!GARTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            TIIURS;BY, (" Thorstown,") a parish of England, co. of
TIIURGARTON, a parish of England, co., and 9A miles  Cumberland, 6A miles S.W. of Carlisle.  The foundation of a
N.E. of Nottingham, on the Midland Counties Railway.         temple to the god Thor, from whom  the parish was named,
TIIURGAU, tooafgdw, (Fr. Thlrsgovie, tiia'go'vee1,) called  were discovered here near 70 years ago.
also THURG0OVIA, a canton of Switzerland, in its N.E.   TIHIURStCROSS, a township of England, co. of York, West
part, having N. the Lake of Constance, the Untersee, and  Riding.
the Rhine, separating it from Baden, and on the other sides    THURSIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
the cantons of St. Gall, Zurich, and Schaffhausen.  Area,   THURSILEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
270 square miles. Pop. 88,819, of whom  four-fifths are Pro-    THUR!SO, a burgh of barony, parish, and seaport town
testants. The surface is undulating and fertile. Principal on the N. coast of Scotland. co. of Caithness, on Thurso Bay,
rivers, the Thur, the Sitter, and the MuInrg. Agriculture is  at the mouth of Thurso Water, 21 miles N.WV. of Wick.
the chief occupation of the inhabitants. Nearly one-third  Pop. in 1851, 5096; of the burgh, 2908. It consists of an
of the population is partially engaged in cotton and linen  old and a new town, and has a handsome parish church, a
1918




THU                                                        TIC
Mlasonic l0dge, public ball-room, banks, and manufactures  30 miles; greatest breadth, 20 miles. Near its N. shore is a,f linen and woollen goods, straw-plait, leather, and nett- pearl bank.
ing, thriving fisheries, and exports of corn. The harbor    TIBURON, a maritime town of Ilayti, at its S.W. exin the bay is safe, and steamers ply regularly to Leith. A  tremity, 38 miles W.N.W. of Cayes.
pier has been erected at Scrabster, on the W. side of Thurso    TIBURON, CAPE, in Hayti. See CAPE TIBURON.
Bay.                                                         TICAO. te-kalo, one of the Philippine Islands, off the S.E.
THURSITASTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.       point of the island of Luzon, between it and the island of
THIIURSITON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, 5 miles  Masbate; let. (N. point) 120 41' N., ion. 1230 39' E., about 28
E.N.E. of Bury St. Edmund's, on the East Union Railway.    miles long. by 7 miles broad.
THURS/TON, a county of Washington Territory, partly    TICCARY, tikfka-ree.  a town of British India, presidency
bounded on the N. by Hood's Canal, formed at the head of  of Bengal, province, and 50 miles W.S.W. of Bahar.
the Straits of Juan Fuca, and separated from  Pierce co.,   TICE/IURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
on the E., by a branch of Puget Sound and Nisqually River.   TICHAU, tiK/Ow, or TYCHUW, tix/f6v, a village of PnrusThe Chehalis River forms part of its S. boundary. Area esti- sin, province of Silesia, government, and 60 miles S.E. of
mated at 1270 square miles. County town, Olympia, the  Oppeln. Pop. 2214.
capital of the territory.                                    TICHIBOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
THURSTON, a county of Oregon.                              TICHIFIELD-WII- -CROF/TON, a market-town and parish
THURS/TON, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.       of England, co. of Hants, 21 miles W. of Fareham, on a
THIURSTON, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon Territory.    small stream flowing into Southampton Water, with which
THIURSTONLAND, a township of England, co. of York, it communicates by a navigable canal, at the mouth of which
West Riding.                                              is a small roadstead. Pop. 4030. The town has a spacious
TIIURTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           church, formerly a part of an abbey in which Henry VI.
TIHURZOFALVA, toon/zo'fRl'vlh', a village of HIungary, espoused Margaret of Anjou. Close to the town are the
co. of Trentschin, on the borders of Galicia, with mineral ruins of Tichfield IHouse, in:which Charles I. was concealed
springs. Pop. 6569.                                        after his escape from Ihampton Court, in 1647. Tichfield
TIIUSIS, tiisee, a market-town of Switzerland, canton of gives the title of marquis to the Duke of Portland.
Grisons, 11 miles S.S.W. of Chur, (Coire.) Pop. 530.         TICHIIMARSII, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
THUXfTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             TICHIVIN, a town of Russia. See TIKHVIN.
TH-IWAITE, two parishes of England, co. of Norfolk.        TICINETTO, te-che-nat/to, a market-town of the Sardinian
TIIWAITE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           States, division of Piedmont, province, and 6 miles S.E. of
THWING,  a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.  Casale. Pop. 1117.
TIIYATI1RA, an ancient city of Asia Minor, the seat of    TICINO, te-chee/no, (Fr. Tessin, tss'sAiNGc; anc. Tic'ilnus,) a
une of the "seven churches."  See AK-HIssAA.               river of Switzerland and Piedmont, rises on the S. declivity
TIAGUANUCO. See TIA1IUANUC0.                              of Mount St. Gothard, flows S.E., and having traversed Lago
TIAGUR, te —grir/, a fortified town of British India, pre- hlaggiore, and subsequently formed the boundary between
sidency of Madras, district of South Arcot, 52 miles W.S.W. Lombardy and the Sardinian States, (Piedmont,) joins the Po
of Pondicherry. It was taken by the English in 1761.       on the left, 31 miles S.S.E. of Pavia. Total course, 125 miles.
TIAHUANUCO, te-A-w4-noolko, or TIAGUANUCO, be-,{- It is navigable from Lago Maggiore. In its lower part it
gw9-noo/ko, a village of Bolivia, department, and 38 miles forms many islands, and supplies the Canal of Naviglio
W.N.W. of La Paz, on the S. shore of Lake Titicaca. It is  Grande.
now greatly deserted, but is remarkable for the ruins and    TICINO, (Fr. Tessins,) improperly written TESINO or TEgigantic monuments that are found in great numbers in  CINO,the southeenmost canton of Switzerland, on the Italian
the vicinity.                                              side of the Alps, which separate it from the cantons of Uri and
TIASIIA; a river of Russia. See TEsHA.                   Grisons; having S. and E. Austrian Italy, Grisons, and the
TIBAGI, te-bitzhee/, a river of Brazil, province of S-o  Val di Misocco, and S. and W. Piedmont. Area, 1037 square
Paulo, joins the Parapanema after a N.W. course of 200  miles. Pop. in 1850, 117,397, all Roman Catholics, and
miles, for the most part of which it Is navigable.          mostly speaking Italian. It is wholly drained by the Ticino
TIB/BATT'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-village of Campbell co., and its tributaries. Its S. part comprises the larger portion
Kentucky.                                                   of the Lake of Lugano, with the N. extremity of Lago MagTIB/BERMORE or TIPIPERMUIR, a parish of Scotland. giore. The climate and products are similar to those of
co., and immediately N.E. of Perth. Here are the remains  North Italy. The principal crops are wheat, maize, rye,
of Ruthven Castle.                                         chestnuts, wine, and silk; cheese, calves, sheep, and hogs
TIBIBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.      are exported. Timber is plentiful, but of little commercial
TIBBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.        value. The manufactures are insignificant; the transit trade
TIBBOO (or TIBBOU, tib'booe) COUNTRY, a region of  between Italy and Switzerland is considerable. The inhabitCentral Africa, comprising a great part of the Sahara S.E. ants emigrate to neighboring countries to the number of
of Fezzan, and between that country and Lake Tchad.        10,000 annually. The government is vested in a legislative
TIBIENHIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        council of 114 members, and an~ executive council of 9
TIBER ti/ber, (anc. Tilberis, Ti/brisor Ty/bris; It. Tevere, members. The principal towns are Bellinzona, the capital,
tf/vA-rA,) a celebrated river of Central Italy, rises in the  Lugano, Locarno, and Faido.  Ticino formed part of the
Tuscan Apennines, 5 miles N. of Pieve Santo Stefano, and  ancient duchy of Milan; it holds the 18th place in the Swiss
flows S.S.E. as far as Barberini, within 20 miles of Rome, Confederation.
where it turns SW., and, after a course of 185 miles, enters    TICINUTM. See PAVIA.
the M:editerranean, 17 miles be19w Rome, by two mouths,   TICK/ENCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
which enclose a small delta, the ancient Intsula Sahcra (now    TICK/ENIAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Jsola sacS'a, eelso-li st/kri.) It is navigable at certain seasons    TICK/FAW RIVER, of Louisiana, rises near the N. border
as far as the confluence of the Nera, 30 miles N. of Rome. of St. Helena parish, and flows S. through Livingston parish
Principal tributaries, the Topino, the Nera, (anc. Nar,) and  into Lake Macurepas.
the Teverone, (anc. Anio,) filom the E..; and the Nestore,   TICK/HILL, a parish, and formeely a market-town of Engthe Chiana, and the Nepi, from the WV. Its banks are not'laund, co. of York, West Riding, 45 miles WV. of Bawtry.
picturesque; and the stream, usually sluggish, is rapid in  The town has the remains of a castle. The church is spa
spring, and brings down with it a colored, muddy deposit, cious.
which caused it anciently to be termed the "yellow Tiber."    TICKIMACREtVAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
At Rome it is about 300 feet across.                       Antrim, comprising the town of Glenarm.
TIBERIAS, a town and lake of Palestine. See TABAnEEYAr.   TICK/NALL, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
TIBERIS. See TIBE.                                         TICONDERO/GA, a post-village and township at the S.E.
TIBIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         extremity of Essex co., New York, 95 miles N. by E. of
TIBESA, a town of Algeria. See TIPsA.                    Albany. The township extends from Lake Champlain to
TIBESTI or TIBESTY, teesbes'teet, a subdivision of the  Lake George. The village is situated on the outlet of Lake
Tibboo country, in Central Africa.                         George, at the Lower Falls, which here have a descent of
TIBET. See THIBET.                                       about 30 feet, affording an extensive hydraulic power; it
TIBET, LITTLE, Central Asia. See LADAKIH.                has a steamboat landing, and considerable trade. Two or
TIBI, te-Beet, a town of Spain, province, and 16 miles N.W. three miles below this village are the ruins of the old Fore
of Alicante, on the left bank of the river Ibi. Pop. 1577.    Ticonderoga, on the W. shore of Lake Champlain, at the
TIBISCUS. See THEIsS.                                    entrance of the above outlet. The fort was surprised by
TIBOIHINE or TAUGITBOYNE, a parish of Ireland, in  Colonel Ethan Allen in the Revolutionary war. Pop. of the
Connaught, co. of Roscommon.                               township, 2669.
TIBORE, te-b~r (?) a native state of the Malay Archipelago,   TICOG (tee'koo) ISLANDS, on the W. coast of Sumatra, 3
on the N. coast of the island of Pangansane, once a famed  in number, small and woody, about 1h  miles apart. The
robber-nest.                                               outermost island is in lat. 00 23' S., ion. 990 50' E.
TIBRIS. See TIBER.                                         TICOPIA ISLAND. See TucoPIA.
TIBESHELF, a parish of England, co. of Derby.              TICUL, te-kooll, a town of Yucatan, 44 miles S. of MeTIBUR. See Tvoez.                                        rida. It is large, and interspersed with gardens. It has a
TIBURON, te-soo-ron,'(" Shark" Island,) an island in the  fine square, in which is a domed church, a convent, and
Gulf of Califernia. Lat. 290 N., Ion. 1120 26' W. Length,  manufatctures of earthenwares, and of hats for exportation.
1919




TID                                                         TIG
MIost of its inhabitants are sestizos. Near it are the ruins,  Vendie, on the Sevre-Nantalse, 10 miles E.N.E. of Mortagnue
and extensive mounds and sepulchral caverns of Ichmul.    Pop. 916.
TID-AN, (Tid-dn,) tid on, a river of Sweden, issues from    TIF/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
the N. extremity of a lake on the frontier of the ion of Jbn-   TIF/FIN, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1523.
kiiping, about 15 miles N.W. of the town of that name, flows    TIPFIN,.a township of Defiance co., Ohio. Pop. 709.
N., then W., expanding into Lake Osten, and, after a wind-   TIFFIN, a thriving town of Clinton township, capital of
ing course of nearly 80 miles, falls into the E. side of Lake  Seneca co., Ohio, on the E. bank of Sandusky River, and at
Wener near Mariestad.                                       the junction of the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad with
TID/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts,            the Sandusky and Indiana Railroad, 180 miles N.N.E. of
TID/ENHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.       Cincinnati, and 33 miles S.W. of Sandusky City. It is situTIDESWELL, tidztwel, a market-town and parish of En(g-  ated on level ground, and is compactly built. Besides the
land, co., and 29 miles N.N.W. of Derby. Pop. in 1851, 3411. county buildings, it contains 8 churches, 1 bank, and 1 iron
It has a large and handsome church, Wesleyan and Roman  foundry. Four newspapers are published here. Tiffin is
Catholic chapels, a free grammar school, and numerous surrounded by a rich and wvell-cultivated district. Laid out
other schools.                                              in 1821. Pop. in 1853, about 4000.
TIDIOUTE, a post-village of Warren co., Pennsylvania, on    TIFFIN'S RIVER, of Michigan and Ohio, rises in tihe
the Alleghany River,20 miles below Warren.                  former state, and flowing southward into Ohio enters the
TIDIMARSH, a parish of England, co. of Berks.             Maumee at Defiance. It is sometimes called BEAN CREEK.
TIDIMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.         TIFLIS, tif/lis', or TEF/LIS, (native pron. tifleessl or
TIDOR or TIDORE, te-d~r!, an island of the Malay Archi- tef-leess!,) the capital city of Georgia, in Asiatic Russia,
pelago, belonging to the Dutch;, W. of the island of Gilolo, and of all Russian Transcaucasia, on the Koor, lat. 410 41'
and S. of Ternate, from which it is separated by a channel 4" N., Ion. 440 50' 30' E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. Mean
affording good anchorage. Lat. 00 40' N., ion. 1270 25' E. temperature of year, 570.4; winter, 310'8; summer, 752'9,
Circumference, 18 miles. The surface is mountainous, with  Fahrenheit. It stands in a narrow valley, and is defended
an active volcano; it is densely wooded, and productive in  by walls and several forts. The old quarter, on the bank
spices. The inhabitants are Mohammedans.  It was dis- of the river, comprises numerous Armenian  churches
covered by Magellan, (Magalhaens,) and successively be- and large caravanserais; it is inhabited chiefly by an Arlonged to the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Dutch.             menian population, and is the principal seat of trade. The
TID!WORTII, NonTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 2  upper town, or Russian quarter, has broad streets and open
miles W.S.W. of Ludgershall. Here is Chidbury Camp, with  squares, the government offices, military quarters, &c., and
a causeway, numerous barrows, excavations, and other anti-  presents to the other quarter all the contrasts of a Euroquities of British origin.                                  pean town. The Armenian cathedral is a large and striking
TIDWORTH, SoUrn, a parish of England, co. of Hauts.    edifice. Tiflis has also several mosques, a German ProtestTIEDiA-VIEJA, te-AtDrA ve-A/nH, a town of Spain, pro- ant chapel, PFrench and German hotels, elegant shops, and a
vince of Valladolid, 9 miles N.E. of Toro. Pop. 1695.       flourishing hot-bath establishment, from which the Russian
TIEPENBRONN, teeffen-bronn', a village of Baden, 7  government realizes a considerable revenue. The Russians
miles S.E. of Pforzheim. Pop. 850. Gall, the founder of  have established various schools in the city, the commnerce
the science of phrenology, was born here in 1758.           of which has greatly augmented since it fell under their
TIEFENORT, teeffen-oRtr, a village of Saxe-Weimar, S.W. dominion.
of Eisenach, on the Werra. Near it are the ruins of the old    TIiGER, a post-office of Rabun co., Georgia.
castle of Kreyenberg.  Pop. 1237.                             TIGER CREERK, a post-office of Claiborne parish, Louisiana.
TIEFHARTMANNSDORF, teef-hasct/m/nns-docf', a mann-   TIIGER ISLAND, an inlet in the Canton River, China, N.
facturing village of Prussian Silesia, 21 miles S.W. of Lieg-  of Tycocktow Island, in the Boca Tigris.  It is situated on a
nitz. Pop. 1350.                                            lofty and conspicuous rock, on which is a formidable battery.
TLEGENHOF, teetghen-hif', a market-town of West Prus-   TI/GER RIY/ER, of South Carolina, a small stream rising
sia, 22 miles S.E. of Dantsic, on the Tiege. Pop. 2070.     in Greenville district, near the N.W. frontier of the state; it
TIEL, Switzerland.  See THIELE.                          flows south-eastswa-d, and enters Broad River at the S.E
TIEL, a town of the Netherlands. See TnHL.               extremity of Union district.
TIEMBLO, EL, 61 te-1m/nlo, a town of Spain, province of    TIIGERVILLE, a post-village of Terre Bonne parish. LouiAvila, on the Alberche River. Pop. 1373.                   siana, on Bayou Black. It has a steamboat landing, and is
TIEN, te-hn/, a prefixed name of many towns of China, a shipping point for the parish.
mostly in the S. provinces.                                   TIGHT SQUEEZE, a post-office of Dinwiddie co., Virginia.'RENE, teeineh, a market-town of Austrian Italy, delega-    TIGIL, te-ghill, or TIGIIILSK, te-ghilskt, a fortified town
tion, and 12 miles N.N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. of the district, of Kamtchatka, near its W. coast, on the Tighil, near its
8800.  It has manufactures of woollen cloths, hats, and  mouth in the Gulf of Penjinsk. Lat. 580 N., Ion. 1580
linens.                                                     15' E.
TIENEN. See TIRLz0ONT.                                     TIGLIOLE, teel-yo/lA, a market-town of the Sardinian
TIEN-PE, te-6n'-pA/, a town of China, province of Quang-  States, in Piedmont, division of Alessandria. 5 miles W.S.W1.
tong, on the coast of the China Sea, 74 miles N.E. of Looee- of Asti. Pop. 2469.
choe, in lat. 210 29' N., Ion. 1110 17' E., and having a    TIGNALE, teen-yA'lA, a village of Austrian Italy, prospacious though shallow harbor, defended by several forts.  vince. and N.E. of Brescia, on the heights which flank the
TIEN-TSIN, te-Wn'tseen!, a large commercial city of China. W. side of the Lake of Garda. Pop. 1153.
province of Pe-chee-lee, and the port of Peking, from which    TIGNES, teeFi, a village of the Sardinian States, dlvicapital it is nearly 70 miles S.E., at the confluence of the  sion of Savoy, province ofdTarantaise, about 12 miles S.E.
Yuen-ling and the Peking River. It is a great entrep6t for of St. Maurice, on the left banlk of the Isbre. Pop. 1077.
salt; it also imports grain, woollen stuffs, and furs, in large    TIGRANOCERTA.  See SERT.
4uantities.                                                  TIGRE, tee'gr.x, one of the three principal states of AbysTIERMAS, te-te/mas, (anc. Therlmnc,) a town of Spain, sinia, between lat. 110 and 170 30' N., and Ion. 370 and 410
province, and 65 miles N. of Saragossa, on the Aragon, witli E., having N.E. the Danalkil country, S.W. Amhara, and on
numerous hot springs, whence its name.                      other sides various Galls territories. The sorliace is mostly
TIERRIA AUSTRAL DEL ESPIRITU  SANTO, te-antRA  mountainous; and here are the sources of the Tacazze and
ows-trAll d6l 8s-peeire-too sntuto, an island in the Pacific  Mareb Rivers. The principal towns are Antalo, Axoom, Sir6,
Ocean, the largest and westernmost of the New Hebrides. Adowah, and Dixam. The chief outlet for its produce is
See NEw HEBRIDES.                                           Arkeelko, on the Red Sea. See ABYSSINIA.
TIERRA-BOMBA, te-lansc  bom/bA, an island in the Carib-    TIGRE, tee/gra, or PEQUENA, pA-ktn/yA, a river of
bean Sea, off the N.W. coast of New Granada, protects the  Ecuador, joins the Amazon 40 miles'V. of the influx of the
harbor of Carthagena, from which city it is 10 miles W.     Ucayale, after a S.E. course of 350 miles.
TIERRA DEL FUEGO. See TERcA DEL FUEOe.                      TI/GRIS, a river of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalics of DiarTIESI, te-Atsee, or TIEZI, a town of the island of Sar- bekir, Mosol, and Bagdad, rises near Arghana-Maden, flows
dinia, 16 miles S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 2700.               S.E., and at Korna joins the Euphrates to form the Shat-elTIETAR, te-.-tarc, a river of Spain, rises in New Castile, Arab. Total course estimated at 1150 miles. At Bagdad tihe
province of Avila, flows S.W., and joins the Tagus near Tigris and Euphrates approach within 30 milts of each other,
Villareal de San Carlos. Total course, 90 miles.            and hold a parallel course for about 80 miles, when they diTIETE, te-tXtA, ANHEMIBY or ANHIEMBI, ~n-y~m-bee!, a  verge, being distant from 80 to 100 miles from each other, till
river of Brazil, province of S-o Paulo, after a W. course of  they unite at Korns. The region between the Tigris and the
500 miles, joins the Parand near lat. 200 45' S., Ion. 520 W. Euphrates is the ancient MAesopotamia. From Mosul to BagIts principal affluents are the Pipirs, Piracicaba, and Jun- dad, a distance of about 220 miles, the Tigr'is may be condiahy. Its navigation is obstructed by numerous cataracts. sidered as having an average width of 200 yards, with a
TIETZ,teets, a town of West Prussia, 15 miles S.W. of  currentin March of4$ miles perhour. Itps principal affluents
Deutsch-Krone. Pop. 1000.                                   are the Great and Little Zab, Rhaboor, and Dials. all from the
TIEZI, a village of Sardinia. See TIESI.                  N.E. Below Diarbekirit contains severalislands. Its banks,
TIFERNO, a river of Naples. See BIFERNO.                  in the upper part of its course, are thinly peopled, and the
TIFESHI, tee'ftsh!, a town of Algeria, province, and 70  country about them is only partially cultivated; hut the
miles E. of Constantine, on the Hamise.                     pasture-grounds are rich, and well suited for the visits of
TIFFAUGES, teeifofzhl, a town of France, department of j the nomadic tribes which come occasionally to the river from
1920




TIl                                                       TIM
the neighboring countries.  For about 24 miles below Mosul,  of Liege, on the right bank of the Ourthe; near it is a verM
the country is highly cultivated on both sides; but between  remarkable stalactitic grotto. Pop. 1166.
that and Tekrit all cultivation nearly ceases, and is but par-    TILISCH, teeflish, or TILISKA, teeOlishfk6hx, a village of
tially found between the latter place and Bagdad. Between  Austria, in Transylvania, 15 miles W. of IHIermannstadt.
Bagdad and Korna the banks are steep, and overgrown for Pop. 3305.
the most part with brushwood, the resort of lions and other    TILL, a river of England, co. of Northumberland., rises S.
wild animals. A considerable increase of the river takes  of the Cheviot Hills, flows N., and joins the Tweed 4~ mile.s
place during the rains of November; subsequently it de- N.E. of Coldstream.  Course, 30 miles.  Afdluents, the
creases, and swells irregularly at intervals. It attains its Beamish and Beaumont, from the W.
greatest height between the middle and the end of May,   TILLANCHONG, til-ldn-chongf, one of the Nicobar Isles,
whenr its velocity is 7-33 feet per second, and the discharge  N. group. Lat. 80 30' N., Ion. 930 35' E. It is a high, oblong,
at Bagdad, in the same time, is about 164,103 cubic feet. rugged mountain, in many parts covered with trees, and
After this time the river falls, with more or less regularity  inhabited only by such persons as have been banished from
and inequality, till the middle of June. It brings down  the other islands.
vast quantities of deposit, and in the upper part of its course    TILLE, teel, a river of France, joins the SaSne on the right
is very rapid. The Tigris is navigable for rafts at certain  4 miles N.E. of St.Jean-de-Losne,after a course of about 50
seasons, from Diarbekir to Mosul, a distance of about 296  miles.
miles. Below the latter place it is more or less so throughout   TILLEDA, tiIl4-dA, or TULLEDA, (TUilleda,) tfilleh-d-, a
the year, and the descent to Bagdad is performed with great village of Prussian Saxony, government, and 39 miles W.
ease and speed. Large rafts, supported by 200 or even 300  of Merseburg.  Pop. 1014.
inflated skins, are much in use for the transport of goods.   TILILER'S IFERRY, a post-office  of Kershaw  district,
During the flood-season the voyage is performed in three or  South Carolina.
four days, whereas at another time it requires fourteen days.    TILLICOULTRY,  til-te-koolltree, a parish of Scotland, co.
The ruins of Nineveh, Seleucia, Clesipihon, 0pis, &c. are on  of Clackmannan, on the Devon, 4 miles N.E. of Alloa. - The
its banks.                                                village has a neat church, branch banks, and manufactures
TI-HOA, a city of Chinese Toorkistan. See OoRooMSEEs.   of shawls and plaidings. Near it are remains of a Druidic
TIJARAFE, te-rr-rNf4, a town of the Canaries, on the N. circle.
coast of the island of Palmas. Pop. 2216.                   TILLIiRES, tee'yairY or teelNyairl, a market-town of
TIJOLA or TIXOLA, te-HolI, a market-town of Spain, France, department ofEure, 6 miles E. of Verneuil. P. 1304.
province, and 27 miles N. of Almeria, with a celebrated fair.   TILLIPRES, a village of France, department of Maine-etPop. 4920.                                                 Loire, 9 miles S.W. of Beaupreau. Pop. 1457.
TIKAN-TEPPEI, tee'kdn! t~plpph, a village of North    TILILINGHAM, a parish of England, co.of Essex.
Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 15 miles S.W. of Tukhti-   TILILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Suleiman, and the usual halting-place for caravans going    TILLY-suR-SEULLES, tee'yee (or teel'yeel) siic sVI, a viibetween Tabreez and IHIamadan. Near it are some ancient lage of France, department of Calvados, 12 miles W. of Caen.
excavations.                                               Pop. 1174.'
TIK{VESH, tiKav~shf, a town of European Turkey, in    TILIMANSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Macedonia, on an affluent of the Vardar, 65 miles N.W. of    TILINEY ALL SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of
Salonica.                                                  Norfolk.
TIKIIVIN or TICHWIN, tiavinf, a town of Russia, go-   TILNEY-WITu-ISILINGTON, a parish of England, co. of
vernment of Novgorod, on the Tikhvinka, 108 miles N.E. of  Norfolk.
Novgorod. Pop. 3600. The CANAL OF TIKHVIN, 105 miles in    TILNEY ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of England, co. of
length, unites the Tikhvinkaand Sias with the Mologa and  Norfolk.
Volga, and thus connects Lake Ladoga and the Baltic with    TILSIEAD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
the Caspian Sea.                                             TILSIT, tiltsit, a town of East Prussia, on the left bank
TIKHVIIINKA  or TIC{WINKA, tiK-vink/9, a river of  of the Niemen or Memel, here joined by the Tilse, and
Russia, issues from Lake Ozerskoie, in the government of crossed by a bridge of boats, 60 miles N.E. of KInigsberg.
Novgorod, and joins the Sias 15 miles below the town of  Lat. 550 4' N., Ion. 210 56' E. Pop. 13,800. It has a gymnaTikhvin. Total course, 80 miles.                           slum, and manufactures of woollen cloth, hosiery, arms,
TIKSA, tiklsd, a lake of Russia, government of Archangel. leather, and hardware. It exports corn, timber, hemp, and
Lat. 660 26' N., ion. 310 30, E. Greatest length, from N.W. flax. A treaty between France, Russia, and Prussia, was
to S.E., 16 miles. It is of very irregular shape, contains  signed here on a raft in the river, on the 7th July, 1807.
several small islands, and discharges itself by the Chadra    TILISTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
into Lake Pija.                                              TILtTON, a post-village of Murray co., Georgia, on the
TIKU, te-koo, a town on the S.W. coast of Sumatra. Off  Western Atlantic Railroad, 9 miles from Dalton.
it are the Tiku Islands, a wooded group, on which the Eng-   TILITON-os-THE-IIILL, a parish of England, co. Leicester.
lish and Dutch formerly had settlements.                     TIL/TONSVILLE, a village of Jefferson co., Ohio, about
TIL A'FAR, til a-faRl, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, 16 miles S. by W. of Steubenville.
and 35 miles W. of Mosul, between the Tigris and Khaboor    TIL/TY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Rivers. It consists of four divisions, situated on as many    TIM, teem, a river of Siberia, governments of Yeniseisk
limestone hills, rising to about 200 feet above the adjacent and Tomsk, joins the Obi near Timsk~ 90 miles N.W. of
plain, and intersected by a large rivulet. One of its quarters  Narym, after a westward course of 250 miles.
is enclosed by ruined walls, and the whole comprises about    TIM, a town of Russia, government., and 38 miles E. of
1000 stone houses, of which 700 are inhabited. Pop. mostly  Koorsk, on the Tim. Pop. 2000.
Arab and Koord Mohammedans, engaged in rural industry    TIMACHUS. See TIMOK.
and the manufacture of coarse cotton and woorlen fabrics.    TIMANA, te-m&-nU (?) a town of South America, in New
TILANAVI, te-lM-nlvee, or LISCA-NERA, lis'kA ntlrl, Granada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and 82
one of the Lipari Islands.                                miles.S.W. of Neyva, on the Upper Magdalena.
TILAPA, te-lfpi, a small town of the Mexican Confelera-   TIMAN M.OUNTAINS.  See URAL.
tion, on the Pacific coast. Lat. 160 N., Ion. 970 10' W.    TIMBALIER (tim-ba-leerl) BAY, of Louisiana, situated
TILAVEMPTUS. See TAGLcAsENTO.                           at the mouth of Bayou La Fourche, is partially separated
TILtBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.         from the Gulf of Mexico by long and narrow islands.
TILBURG, tillbtao, a town of the Netherlands, province    TIMMBER, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, about 15
of North Brabant, 14 miles SE.S.E. ofBreda. Lat. 510 33' N., miles W.S.W. of Peoria.
Ion. 50 4' E. Pop. 13,348. It has a royal palace, extensive    TIMBER CREEK, a small stream of Gloucester co., New
manufactures of woollen goods, print-works, and breweries.  Jersey, falling into the Delaware below Gloucester.
TILBURY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Essex, 14    TIMBER CREEK, a post-office of Hunt co., Texas.
miles E.S.E. of Romford, on a creek of the Thames. At this    TIMBER CREEK, a post-village in Marshall co., Iowa, on
place the Emperor Claudius is supposed to have crossed the  a small creek of its own name, about 80 miles W.N.W. of
Thames in pursuit of the Britons.                         Iowa City.
TILBURY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Essex, ad-   TIMBERED BRANCH, a post-office of Adair co., Illinois.
joining East Tilbury.  In early Saxon times it was an    TIMBER GROVE, a post-office of Washington co., Yirepiscopal see. Iere are some traces of the camp formed by  ginia.
Queen Elizabeth in 1588.                                    TIMIBERLAND, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
TIIBURY-JUxTxA-CLARE, a parish of England, co. Essex.   TIMBER RIDGE, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Virginia.
TILtBURY FORT, on the right bank of the Thames, op-   TIMBER RIDGE, a post-village of Union district, South
posite Gravesend, is a large brick fortification, enclosed by  Carolina.
a moat in a marshy tract, which may be wholly laid under    TIMBER RIDGE, a post-office of Greene co. Tennessee.
water. It was originally erected by Ilenry VIII.            TIMIBERSCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
TILDEN, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine.              TIMIBERVILLE, a post-village in Rockingham co,, VirTILDESLEY-cum-SIIHAKERLY, a township of England,  ginia, about 150 miles N.W. of Richmond.
co. of Lancaster.                                           TIMBO, TIMBOO or TIMBOU. See TEEMBOO.
TILP_]HURST, a parish of England, co. of Berks.           TIMBUC'TOO, TOMBUC/TOO or TQMBOOCITO; written
TILES/WORTI{, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.    also TOMBUKTU  and TEN BOCTOO, a town of Central
TILFF, tilf, a village of Belgium, province, and 3 miles S. Africa, in Soodan, near the border of the Desert of Sahaia, 8
YV                                                                         1921




TIM                                                          TIN
miles N. of the Joliba, (Niger,) lat. 180 4' N., Ion. 10 45' W. ships and native vessels. The natives are divided into the
Permanent pop. about 12,000, principally Negroes, with some  Timorese, inhabiting the W. part of the island, originally
Moors. It is a Very poor town, in a wretched country, from Ceram, and subject to the Dutch; the Belonese. inhtbasituated amid burning and moving sands, on the verge of a  biting the E. coast, originally from Gilolo, and subject to
morass. The walled enclosure, about 3 miles in circum-  the Portuguese, and the independent tribes of the interior.
ference, contains some brick houses, but most of the dwell- Only princes are permitted to have more than one wife, for
ings are mere circular huts or wigwams of straw and earth, whom a price in gold or buffaloes is paid to the father.
Among its mosques are 2 with towers and walls about 15 feet Smallpox visits the island every 10 or 12 years, and leprosy
in height. Provisions have to be brought from Jenn, on  is endemic. The Dutch possess the settlement of Coepang,
the Niger, about 300 miles S.W.; and the sole importance of  in the S.W., which is a free port. Dilli, on the N.W. coast,
Timbuetoo is due to its being an entreplt for the trade be- is a settlement belonging to the Portuguese, and iq surtween Guinea, Senegambia, and North Africa. Caravans rounded by a very fertile territory, but unhealthy for Eurofrom Morocco and the other Barbary states here exchange  peans. In these settlements the natives are said to be
dates, European manufactures, fire-arms, gunpowder, coral, Christians; in the interior the great majorit. y are idolaters.
tobacco, and paper, for slaves, gold-dust, salt, ostrich feathers, Pop. 200,000.-Adj. and inhab. TiTZORESE, tee'mo-reez/.
gums, and palm-oil. It was twice taken and held by the    TIMOR LAUT, te-mnr! l1wt, an island of the Malsay ArchiMoors, but is now governed by a native chieftain.           pelago, between lat. 70 10' and 80 30' S.. Ion. 1310 and 1310 40'
TIME, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois.                E., 260 miles E. of Timer. Length, 90 miles; greatest breadth,
TIM'ERYCOT/TA, a town of British India, presidency of about 40 miles. The surface is mountainous and wooded.
Madras, district, and 70 miles W. of Guntoor, on the S. bank    TIMPANAGOS  (frequently   written  TIMPANOGOS)
of the river Kistnah, a cataract of which here enters a basin  LAKE called now the GREAT SALT LAKE, which see.
lined with numerous Hindoo temples.                           TIMIPERLY, a township of England, co. of Chester, parish
TIMIMOON  or TIMIMOUN, tee'me-moon!, a town of  of Bowden, on the Altringham  and M;anchesteir Bailway, 1
North Africa, in Sahara, capital of the district of Goorara, mile N.E. of Altringham.
(Gourara,) oasis of Tooat. Lat. 270 50, N., ion. 10 40' E. It   TIMSIBURY, a parish  of England, co. of Somerset.
occupies a large space, consisting of from 500 to 600 houses,    TIMSBURY, a parish of England, co. ofI-ants.
separated from each other by gardens, surrounded by loop-   TIMIWORTIH, a parish of Englafid, co. of Suffolk.
holed walls, and defended by a fortress. It is one of the    TINACOIRO, te-nt-kotro, or VOLCA!NO ISLAND, an ungreat centres of the traffic of the Sahara. It nominally be- inhabited island of the South Pacific. Lat. 100 23' S., lon.
longs to the Emperor of Morocco, but has lately declared it- 1650 49' E. It consists of a cone of about 2000 feet high,
self independent.                                           falling towards the sea by a rapid slope. Smoke and flame
TIMIMONSVILLE, a post-office of Darlington district, have been seen issuing fiom  its summit, and on its S.W.
South Carolina.                                            side incandescent lava has been observed flowing down.
TIMOK, teedmok!, (anc. Timfachus,) a river of European    TINAJO or TINAXO, te-nd'o, a town of the Canaries,
Turkey, forms part of the boundary between Bulgaria and  island of Lanzarote, and consists chiefly of scattered houses,
Servia, and joins the Danube 18 miles N.N.W. of Widtin, with a church and primary school. Pop. 1264.
after a N.E. course of 100 miles.                             TINCHEBRAI, tANsh'brA  or taNdsheh-brAf, a town of
TIMOK, a town of Servia, 43 miles N.W. of Nissa.         France, department of Orne, 13 miles N.N.W. of Domnfront.
TIMOLEAGUE, tim-o-lAg!, a decayed market-town and  Pop. in 1852, 4174. It has a tribunal of commerce, and neaparish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork. on Courtmack- nufactures of paper and jewelry. Here, in 1106, Henry I. of
sherry Bay, 7 miles S.S.W. of Bandon.  Pop. about 600. It  England finally defeated his brother Robert of Normandy.
has a neat church, and remains of an abbey.                   TIN/DALEWARD, the largest of the six wards of the
TIMOR, te-marf, an island of the Malay Archipelago, sepa- county of Northumberland. in England, in the W. of the
rated on the W. from the island of Ombai by Ombai Strait;  county, bordering Durham and Cumberland, and separated
washed N. by the Band- Sea, and S. by the Indian Ocean. N. from Scotland by the Cheviot Hills. Area. 514,660 acres.
Lat. (S. point) 100 24' S., ion. 123032/ E. Length, about 300  Pop. 44,233. Its centre and E. parts are highly cultivated;
miles; breadth, 40 miles. The N.E. and S.W. extremities  elsewhere it consists chiefly of mountainous wilds, rich in
end in promontories. It is surrounded by banks and rocks, minerals. It is traversed by the Tyne and its affluents the
baut has two safe harbors-Coepang on the S., the head- great Roman wall, and the Newcastle and Carlise Railway;
quarters of the Dutch; and Delli on the N., the chief place it contains many small lakes, and the towns Hexham, Haltof the small portion still held by the Portuguese. In the  whistle,Allendale, Bellingham, Corbridge, and Stbamfordham.
N. is a lofty mountain, (elevation, 6000 feet;) and high    TINDARE, tinftd-rn, or TINDARO, tin/dAiro, a promonmountain chains traverse the whole island. These hills are tory on the N. coast of Sicily, 4 miles N.E. of Patti; a little
chiefly formed of limestone, with red chalk in the lower  S.E. of it is a church, standing among the ruins of the
parts also, clay-slate, greenstone, sienite, and porphyry; they  ancient Tynldaris, the walls of which, as well as the theatre,
are generally bare and rocky, destitute of timber and on- can still be traced.
derwood, though in some places there are forests of con-   TINDFIELD or TINDFJELD, tind/fy~ld, a mountain range
siderable extent. Iron, gold, and copper are found. Every- of Norway, lat. 600 N., Ion. 80 E., 4871 feet in height.
where are traces of volcanic origin, and the whole island has    TIND-SOE, tindfs6'eh, a narrow lake of Norway, at the
frequently suffered from  earthquakes. The streams are  S.E. foot of the above mountain range, 18 miles in length;
small, and mostly dry in summer. Around the coasts at its N. end is the village of Tind.
every spot of ground, admitting of cultivation, appears to    TINEHELY, tIn-heeslee, a market-town of Ireland, in
be occupied, and the country is covered with dwellings and  Leinster, co. of Wicklow, 6O miles S.W. of Aghrim. Pop. 600.
plantations. Various kinds of bamboos, maize, eoddy-palms, Since its destruction, in 1798, it has been rebuilt by Earl
cotton, tobacco, sweet-potatoes, indigo, bread-firuits, pine- Fitzwilliam, whose seat (Coolattin Park) is in the vicinity.
apples, melons, cocoanuts, sago, mango, lemons, papaw,   TINEO, SAN PEDRO, Spain. See SAN PEDRO TINEs.
sandal-wood, &c., are among the most valuable vegetable    TING-CHOO or TING-TCHOU, ting'choo!, a city of China,
products of thisisland. The domestic animals are buffaloes, province of Shan-toong, capital of a department, on the
oxen, horses, sheep, pigs, and fowls; and in the woods are  Yellow Sea, with a commodious harbor; lat. 370 48' N., Ion.
deer and a great many apes. Among birds, may be men- 1200 50, E.
tioned the rhinoceros-bird, lories, and cockatoos. The ani-   TING-CHOO, a city of China, province of Fokien, capital
mals found on the N.W. side of the central mountain chain  of a department, 140 miles N.W. of Amoy.
resemble those of the rest of the archipelago; but those on    TINGE/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
the S.E. are closely allied to the fauna of Australia. Near   TING-HAI or TING-HAE, ting'hi, the capital city of the
the riiver months crocodiles abound, and on the shores va- island of Chusan, off the E. coast of China, province of Cherious kinds of turtles are found. Dangerous serpents and  kiang, near the S. coast of the island, 70 miles E.N.E. of Ningscorpions are numerous, and insects of the most various po. Lat. 300 0' 1" N., ion. 1220 6' E. It is enclosed by a
hues, and a sort of small bee are met with in great quanti- stone wall, entered by four double gates, surrounded by a
ties. Pearl-oysters are obtained on the coasts; on the reefs ditch, and connected by a canal and narrow causeway with
trepang is caught. and they yield besides cellepore, madre- its harbor, three-fourths of a mile distant. The streets are
pore, &c., and above all a kind of coral called isis, much  narrow and irregular, flagged, clean, and well drained; the
prized by the Japanese. The Timorese eat the young bees  houses are mostly of one story; the shops are well supplied,
and the honey, but export the wax. Agriculture is little  and the silversmiths and tailors of the town enjoy some
attended to. The females, as in other parts of the archipe-  repute. Thechiefedifice is a fine Boodhic temple, and outside
latgo, weave what cloth is required; the men engage in no  of the walls are several barracks, formerly in occupation by
sort of handicraft except the constructing of proas, the  British troops. The harbor is sheltered by numerous islets,
hammering of gold-plates, and the castinj of rings and bells and has deep water, but it is difficult of approach. Neighfor decorating their horses. The principal exports are san- boring rice-grounds and swamps render the city very undal-wood sent to China, beeswax to Java, and cattle, horses, healthy to Europeans. It was taken by the British in 1840.
maize, and sago to the Australian colonies, Mauritius, and    TINGIS. See TANGoIER.
Bingapore, in return for muskets, gunpowder, hardwares,   TIN/GRITH, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
calicoes, and other British manufactures, which constitute    TING/WALL, WI-IITE/NESS, AND WEES/DALE, a united
the chief imports, besides rice, arrack, and other native  parish of Scotland, comprising a part of Shetland Mainland,
produce from Java and Macassar. British ships fi-equently  with the village of Scalloway, and the islands of Oxnor,
visit Timer, chiefly homeward-bound whalers, as also Dutch  Trousa, IHildessie, and Linga. Pop. in 1851, 2874.
1922




TIN                                                         TIP
TINIAN. tee-ne-Anf, in the Pacific Ocean, one of the LA- River, and is drained by Owego and Cayuta Creeks, and
DRONE ISLANDS.                                              some smaller streamrns, which furnish abundant water-power.
TINICUM, tinle-k-m, a township of Bucks' co., Pennsyl- The surface is hilly, uneven, and sometimes mountainous.
vania. Pop. 2407.                                           The soil is generally good, and a large portion is excellent
TINICUM, a township of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, in- farming land. The North Branch of the Susquehanna is
tersected by the Philadelphia Wilmington and Baltimore  navigable through this county, and large quantities of lumRailroad, 11 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 178.          ber are annually rafted down it. The New York and Erie
TINICUM ISLAND, a small island in the Delaware River, Railroad traverses the county, and the Cayuga and Susquebelonging to the above township.                            hanna Railroad terminates at Owego, the capital. P. 24,880.
TINISCHT, teelnisht, a town of Bohemia, about 11 miles    TIOGA, a County in the N. part of Pennsylvania, borderS.E. of Kiiniggrktz. Pop. 1688.                             ing on New York, has an area of about 1100 square miles.
TINK/ER KNOB, a post-office of Botecourt co., Virginia.   It is drained by the sources of the Tioga River, firom which
TINKER RUN, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Penn- the name is derived, and by Pine and Cowanesque Creeks.
sylvania.                                                   The surface is uneven and hilly, and extensively covered
TINKER'S CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Cuyahoga  with forests.  The water-courses flow in deep channels,
River about 12 miles from Cleveland.                        bounded by steep acclivities. The soil is mostly of slate and
TINKER'S CREEK, a post-office of Barnwell district, sandstone formation, and is better adapted for pasturage
South Carolina.                                             than tillage.  Extensive mines of bituminous coal are
TIN/MOUTH, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, worked near Blossburg, in the S.E. part. The creeks afford
70 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 717.                    valuable motive-power. The county is partly traversed by
TINNEYELLY, tin-ne-vl/lee, a maritime district of Bri- the Corning and Blossburg Railroad.  Organized in 1804.
tish India, presidency of Madras, at the S. extremity of the  Capital, Wellsborough. Pop. 23,987.
Indian Peninsula, having N. and N.W. the district of Ma-   TIOGA, a post-village and township of Tioga co., New
dura; W., Travancore; and elsewhere the Gulf of Manaar, York, on the Susquehanna River, below Oweego, 252 miles
separating it from Ceylon. Area, 5700 square miles. Pop. W.N.W. of New York City. The township is intersected by
1,269,216. Principal towns, Palamcotta, the chief seat of  the New York and Erie Railroad. It contains several matrade, Tinnevelly, and Manapar.                             nufactories. Pop. 2839.
TINNEVELLY, a town in the above district, immediately    TIOGA, a post-village and township of Tioga co.. PennsylN.W. of Palamcotta, and 88 miles S.S.W. of Madura. It is vania, about 15 miles S. of Corning. The village is situated
unhealthy, from surrounding rice-grounds.                   on the river of its own name, at the mouth of Crooked
TININEY'S GROVE, a post-office of Ray co., Missouri.      Creek, and on the Corning and Blossburg Railroad, about
TINO, teelno, or TINOS, teeonos, (anc. Telnos,) an island of  150 miles N. by W. of IHarrisburg. Pop. of thetownship, 1157.
the Grecian Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, immediately    TIOGA CENTRE, a post-village of Tioga township and
S.E. of Andros, from which it is separated by a narrow chan- county, on the Susquehanna River and the Erie Railroad,
nel called the Bocca-Piccola.  Greatest length, about 18  5 miles S.W. of Owego.
miles; mean breadth, 5 miles. It is one of the most agree-   TIOKALINSK, te-o-k/-linsk/, a town of Siberia, governable and fertile of the Cyclades, is well watered by springs, ment of Tobolsk, 80 miles N.W. of Omsk.
has an excellent climate, and produces much barley, silk,    TIONESTA, a creek of Pennsylvania. See TEONISTA.
wine, figs, oranges, and honey. The domestic animals are nu-   TIONES/TA, a new township of Forest co., Pennsylvania.
merous, and consist of cattle, mules, asses, sheep, and goats. Pop. 106.
The mountains furnish fine marble of various colors, and    TIONESTA, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
silver-mines were once worked to some extent. The manu- of Venango co., Pennsylvania, intersected by the Alleghany
factures consist chiefly of silk stockings and gloves; and  River. Pop. 1185.
the trade in wine, oil, and brandy is extensive. The inha-    TIOOMEN, TIOUMEN or TIUMEN, te-oo'mlnf, a town
bitants are very industrious, but extremely superstitious.  of Siberia, government, and 120 miles S.W. of Tobolsk, on
They have both a Greek archbishop and a Roman Catholic  both sides of the Thura, here crossed by a floating bridge.
bishop; and since 1820 have built a cathedral, to which nu- Pop. from  10,000 to 12,000. It is the most pleasant and
merous pilgrimages are made. Principal towns, San Nicolo, prosperous town in West Siberia. The streets are regular,
Panormos, and Oxomeria. Pop. 22,000.                        and it has numerous churches, a public school, and upwards
TINSfLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West of 100 factories of Russia leather, woollen fabrics, and soap;
Riding.                                                     and around it much coarse carpeting, carriages, mats, and
TINTA, teenrtt, a small town of South Peru, department, wooden articles are made. Standing at the junction of seveand 60 miles S.E. of Cuzco, capital of a province, on the  ral great routes, it has an active export trade in tallow and
Upper Urubamba.                                             bristles into Russia, and of Russian and other goods to the
TINTAGEL-(tin-taj5el)-ANDI-BOS/SINEY, a parish of Eng-  Kirgheez territory and Bokhara. It is also a dep6t for the
land, co. of Cornwall, on its N.coast, 5 miles N.W. of Camel- conmmerce between Russia and China.  Tieomen is the
ford. Tintagel is the reputed birthplace of King Arthur, oldest town in Siberia, and was founded in 1586.
and remains of a castle bearing his name still exist here.    TIOTOE, te-o/rti'h, an island of Norway, district of NordTINT]~NIAC, teen't4'ne-klA, a market-town of France, de- land, in the Atlantic, immediately S.W. of the island of
partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, 16 miles N.N.W. of Rennes. Alven.
Pop. in 1852, 2156.                                           TIOUGHNIOGA (pronounced te-8Hnne-awfga,) a river in
TIN/TERN or KINNEAGH, kin'nA[, a parish of Ireland, the central part of New York, rises in Madison co., and
in Leinster, co. of Wexford. HIere are remains of an abbey. flowing in a S. course through Cortland and Chenango
TINITERN ABIBEY, a celebrated ruin in England, co. of  counties, enters the Chenango River at Chenango Forks, in
Monmouth, on the W. bank of the Wye, 41 miles N. of  Broome county.
Chepstow. The abbey was founded by the Cistercian monks    TIOUMEN, a town of Siberia. See TiOoMEN.
in 1131.                                                      TIPARENUS.  See SPEzzIA.
TIN/TERNE PAR/VA, a parish of England, co. of iMon-   TIP/ERAH, TIP/PERAH or TIPIRA, a district of British
mouth.                                                      India, presidency of Bengal, beyond the Brahmapootra,
TINITINHUL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         having E. an independent Khyen territory, and enclosed
TIN/TO, ("The Hill of Fire,") a mountain of Scotland, co. elsewhere by the districts ofDacca, Mymunsingh, Sylhet, and
of Lanark, at the head of Clydesdale, and between the pa- Chittagong. Asrea, 6830 square miles. Pop. 1,372,260. Prinrishes of Carmichael, Wiston, and Symington. Height, cipal town, Odeypoor.
2316 feet above the sea.                                      TIPITAPA, te-pe-tdpA, a river of Central America, state
TIN/TON F'ALLS, a post-village of Monmouth co., New  of Nicaragua, by which the Lake of Leon discharges its surJersey, on a branch of Nevisink River, 48 miles E. of Tren-  plus waters into the Lake of Nicaragua. Length, from 16
ton, contains a church, a furnace, 2 stores, 2 grist mills, and  to 20 miles, for the latter 12 of which it is from 3 to 18 feet
about 25 dwellings.                                        deep, and navigable; but in the early part of its course its
TIN-TSIN, a town of China. See TEEs-TssN.                navigation is impeded by falls, one of which is near the
TINTIWISTLE, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester, 9  village of Tipitapa.
miles E.N.E. of Stockport. The Manchester and Sheffield    TIP/PAR, a county in the N. part of Mississippi, borderRailway is here carried through a tunnel 3 miles in length. ing on Tennessee, has an area of about 1050 square miles,.
TINIWALD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.         The Wolf and Tallahatchie Rivers. and Tippah Creek, rise
TIN/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.           in the county; and the HIatchie River washes: nearly the
TI(ERN or TJORN, te-ian! or tyOsn, an island of Sweden, whole of the E. border. The surface is agreeably diversified
20 miles N.W. of Gothenburg, in the Cattegat. Length and  with small elevations; the soil is fertile, especially along the
breadth, about 10 miles each. Its shores are greatly in- river-bottoms.  The rivers afford valuable motive-power,
dented, and its fishery is important. The surface is mostly  which is used in flouring mills. The route of the Memphis
in pasturage; and on it are three villages.                and Charleston Railroad passes through the county. This
TIOGA, ti-o'ga, a river which rises in the N..part of Penn- part of the state was ceded by the Chickasaw Indians to
sylvania, and flowing in a N. direction, unites with the Con- the whites, and divided into counties in 1836, since which
hocton, to form the Chemung, in Steuben co., New York.   it has been settled rapidly, and this county is now. among
TIOGA, a county in the S. part of New York, bordering  the most populous in the state.  Capital, Ripley. Pop.
on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 480 square miles. It 20,741, of whom 15,813 were fsee, and 4928 slaves.
is intersected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna    TIPPAH CREEK, of Mississippi, rises in Tippah c., and
1923




TIP                                                         TIR
flowing S.W., enters the Tallahatchie river at Milton, in  by the Peru and Indianapolis, and by the Chicago and Cin.
Lafayette county.                                           ninnati Railroads. Named in honor of General Jchn Tip.
TIPPECANOE, tip'pe-ka-nool, a river of Indiana, rises in  ton, United States senator from Indiana. Capital, Tipton.
a lake of its own name in Kosciusko co., and enters the  Pop. 3532.
Wabash River 9 miles above Lafayette, after a very tor-    TIPTON, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan.
tuous course of about 200 miles. Its general direction is    TIPTON, a township of Case co., Indiana.  Pop. 2883.
S.W. For more than 100 miles from  its mouth the stream       TIPTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Tipton co., Inis 60 feetwide and 3 feet deep at all seasons. The abori- diana, on a branch of Cicero Creek, and on the Peru and
ginal name is Keth-tip-pe-ce-nunk.                          Indianapolis Railroad, 40 miles N. of Indianapolis.  Laid
TIPPECANOE, a county in the W.N.W. part of Indiana, out in 1845. Pop. in 1850, 107.
contains about 500 square miles.  It is drained by the    TIPTON, a post-village, capital of Cedar co., Iowa, 25 miles
Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, from the latter of which it E.N.E. of Iowa City. It is pleasantly situated on an unduderives its name. The surface is nearly level, excepting  lating upland prairie, having groves of timber in the vinumerous hills which occur along the rivers. About half  cinity.  Tipton is a place of active business, containing 6
of the county is occupied by prairies, which have a rich,  stores and 1 steam mill. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
black soil,:2 or 3 feet deep, with a substratum  of clay.   TIP/TONSPORT, a village of Carroll co, Indiana, on the
Some of them  are beautifully undulating. In 1850 this  Wabash River, 6 miles above Delphi.
county yielded 1,833,311. bushels of corn-the greatest    TIPITREE, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex. 3 miles E.
quantity produced by any county in the state. The public  of Witham, and formerly having a priory of Black Canons.
improvements are the Wabash and Erie Canal, the Lafayette    TIPUANI, te-poo-A-nee', a village of Bolivia, near La Paz,
and Indianapolis, the New Albany and Salem, the Lake  on a stream  of its own name. It consists, of 150 houses,
Erie Wabash and St. Louis, and the Lafayette and War- formed of the trunks of palm trees, and is a dirty, unhealthy
saw Railroads, the two last being unfinished. Capital, La- place.  It rose in consequence of important mines in its
fayette. Pop. 19,377.                                       vicinity, which being wrought out, the place has sunk into
TIPPECANOE, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.  obscurity.
TIPPECANOE, a post-office of Ohio co., Kentucky.            TIPUTINI, te-poo-te-nee, a river of Ecuador, which rises
TIPPECANOE, a post-village of Harrison co., Ohio, on  about 1at. 10 30' S., Ion. 760 30' W., flows E., and joins the
Stillwater Creek, 17 miles W. of Cadiz.                     Nape after a course of about 80 miles.
TIPPECANOE, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. P. 657., TIRA, tee'rY, or SUAH-JEHANPOOR, shah je.hinpoorf,
TIPPECANOE, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. a town and fort of the Punjab, in British India, on the,Beas,
Pop. 620.                                                   75 miles N.N.E. of Loodianah. Pop. about 5000.
TIPPECANOE, a village of Marshall co., Indiana, 15    TIRADE. a post-office of Walworth co., Wisconsin.
miles S.E. of Plymouth.                                       TIRAJANA or TIRAXANA, te-rA-H&'na, a town of the
TIPPECANOE, a township of Pulaski co., Indiana. P. 412. Canary Islands, on the S. coast of the Grand Canary. P. 3656.
TIPPECANOE, a post-township of Tippecanoe  co., In-    TIRAN, tee'rinf, a small island in the Red Sea, off the
diana. Pop. 1273.                                           Arabian coast, at the entrance of the Gulf of Akabah. Lat.
TIPPERARY, tip-.r-Alree, an inland county of Ireland, in  270 55' 2" N., Ion. 340 34' E.
Munster, extending along nearly the whole WV. boundary of   TIRANA, tee-rhnh, or TERRAN, tpr'r.nl, a town of EuroLeinster, and King's, Queen's, and Kilkenny counties, having  pean Turkey, in Albania, sanjaik of Scutari, 12 miles S.S.W.
N. and N.W. the Shannon and Lough Derg, separating it of Kroya. Pop. 10,000. Outside of the walls is a fort, the
from Connaught, the county of Galway, and the county of  residence of a pasha. The vicinity produces large quantities
Clare; and on other sides the counties of Limerick, Cork, and  of corn, wine, and olives.
Waterford. Area, 1659 square miles, or 1,061,730 acres, of    TIRANO, te-rano, a town ofAustrian Italy, province, and
which 843,887 are estimated to be arable; 23,779 in planta- 16 miles E. by N. of Sondrio, capital of a district, in the Valtions; 178,183 uncultivated; and 13,523 under water. Pop. tellone, on the Adda. It is a handsome place, with a numin 1841, 435,553; in 1851, 331,487. On the S. it is separated  her of elegant mansions, and superior courts of justice, a
from the county of Waterford by Knockmeledown Mountains  sanctuary of the Virgin, which attracts numerous pilgrims.
and the river Suir, which traverses the centre of its lower  Pop. 4828.
two-thirds; its N. third is separated from the rest of the    TIRASPOL, te-ristpol, a fortified town of Russia, governcounty by the Devil's Bit and other mountains. This por- ment of Kherson, on the left bank of the Dniester, 53 miles
tion contains a part of the great Bog of Allen; elsewhere  N.W. of Odessa. Pop. 5100. About half a mile distant is a
the soil is of extraordinary fertility, yielding large crops of  fort, commanding the passage of the river.
wheat, oats, and potatoes.  Agriculture has improved of    TIREBOLI or TIREHBOLI, te-rlblo-le, (ans. Tripfolis,) a
late, but farms are generally small, and the population is  town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic, and 50 miles W. of Trebivery much depressed, and has long had a reputation for  zond, on the Black Sea, about 3 miles W. of the mouth of
turbulence. Grazing is important; large quantities of but-  the Tireboli-soo. It has a ruined castle, several mosques, a
ter and other dairy produce, with cattle, are exported. Coal, bath, and a Greek church.
copper, and lead are met with, and slates near Killaloe.    TIREBOLI-SOO or TIREBOLI-SU, te-rlblo-le soo, a deep
The woollen trade of Carrick is now nearly extinct; the  and rapid river of Asiatic Turkey, passes W.N.W. of
principal exports are the rural produce. Principal towns, Goomish-Khaneh, has, at its mouth, some silver and copper
Tipperary, Clonmel, Nenagh, Cashel, Templemore, Thurles, mines, (anc. Argyria,) which were highly productive until
Clogheen, and Carrick-on-Suir. It is intersected by the  ruined by the influx of water about 40 years ago.
Great Southern and Western Railway, and several branches.   TIREE, tir-ee/,* TIRREE, also written TIRREY, TIRY,
It sends 2 members to the House of Commons.                 and TYREE, one of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. of
TIPPERARY, a town of Ireland, capital of the above  Argyle, of which it is the westernmost portion, 20 miles
county, on the Arra, an affluent of the Suir, and on the  W.N.W. of Iona.  Length, 12 miles; greatest breadth, 6
Limerick and Waterford Railway, 25 miles S.E. of Limerick. miles. Lat. 560 30' N., lon. 70 W. Pop. in 1851, 3709. The
Pop. in 1851, 8227. It is beautifully situated in an undu- shores are greatly indented; surface low, having a mean
lating and fertile tract.  It has a large and handsome  height of 20 feet above the sea; and it is quite destitute of
church, a spacious Roman Catholic chapel, sessions-house, wood. It contains numerous small lakes, and a plain of
bridewell, work-house, hospital, barracks, savings' bank, 1560 acres of rich pasture land in its centre. Barley, oats,
large endowed school, and an active retail trade.           and potatoes are raised, but agriculture is in the most backTIPPERMUIR. See TIBBEaMORE.                               ward condition. Cattle-rearing, fishing, and the export of
TIPRA. See TIPmnai.                                       poultry and eggs, are the chief resources of the population.
TIPSA, tipls&, or TIBESA, ti!e'f-s[, a town of Algeria,  Tires and Cell, including the intermediate islet of Gunna,
province, and 115 miles E.S.E. of Constantine.              form a parish.
TIP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, on the Bir-   TIREIl, Asia Minor. See TvIA.
minugham  and  Liverpool Canal, which has here many    TIRGOSIHIYL or TIRGUSCHIL, t6Srlgo-shiP, a town of
branches, 8 miles W.N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1851, Wallachia, on the Schyl, a tributary of the Danube, 54 miles
24,872, engaged in coal and iron-mines, iron forges, rolling  N.W. of Krajova.
and slitting mills, engine, soap, and red-lead factories. It    TIRGU-FORMIOS, tSjr'gool forfmos', a small town of Molhas a new and handsome church, numerous Dissenting cha- davia, 30 miles N.W. of Yassy.
pels, and schools; and at Tipton Green, one of its largest    TIRHALA. See TRIKHALA.
villages, are extensive wharfs.                               TIRHEE, trPheel, or OORfCHA, a rajahship of India, in
TIPITON, a county in the W.S.W. part of Tennessee, bor- Bundelcund, under British protection. Area, 2160 square
dering on the Mississippi River.  Area estimated at 370  miles. Pop. 192,000. Annual revenue, 100,0001. Armed force,
square miles. The Hatchie River, navigable by steamboats, 4000 infantry, and 1200 cavalry. Principal town; Oorcha.
forms its entire N. boundary. The surface is level, and the    TIRHOOTI, a district of British India, presidency of Bensoil productive. Capital, Covington. Pop; 8887, of whom  gal, between lat. 260 and 270 N., and ion. 840 and 860 E., hav4695 were free, and 4192 slaves,                            ing E., the district of Purneah; S., Boglipoor and the GanTIPTON, a counity in the N. central part of Indiana, con- ges, which separates it from Bahar and Patna; W., Sarun;
taining 280 square miles. It is drained by Cicero and Buck
Creeks.  The surface is level, and the soil fertile. This        * "They left Loch-Tun on their lee,
county, which formed part of the Miami Reservation, was             And they wakened the men of the wild TIREE."
organized in 1844, and is attling rapidly. It is traversed                         SCOTT's Lord of the Isles, canto iv.
1924




TIR                                                         TIV
from which it is partly divided by the river Gunduck; and    TISSIN\GTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
N., Nepaul. Estimated area, 10,236 square miles. Pop.   TISITED, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Rants.
about 2,400,000, of whom 2,000,000 are Hindoos. Principal    TISTED, WesTr, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
town, Muzufferpoor.                                           TISTED, a town of Denmark. See TuISTED.
TIRHOOT, tir'hoot], or TARUJT, ta-root, an island in    TISZA. See TEIss.
the Gulf of Bahrein, Persian Gulf, opposite El-Katif.         TISZOLCZ, a town of Hungary.  See TEsssHoZ.
TIRIOLO, te-re-ollo, a town of Naples, province of Calabria    TITCIIBORNE. See TICHBOURNE.
Ultra, district, and N.W. of Catanzaro, between the Coraci   TITCHIFIELD.  See TIcnFIELD.
and the Lamato.                                               TITCHWELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
TIRLEMONT, teeRlm6NGt,(Flemish, Thienen or Tienen, tee-.   TITICACA, (te-te-ki/ki,) LAKE, the most elevated and one
nen; L. Thelsn,) a town of Belgium, province of Brabant, on  of the largest lakes of South America, forming a part of the
the Grande-Geete, and the railway from Louvain to Liege, 25  boundary between South Peru and Bolivia, in the centre of
miles E. of Brussels. It is surrounded by walls which are  an alpine valley, between two great cordilleras of the Andes.
above 4 miles in circuit, but a large part of the space en-  Lat. 15~ 151 to 160 351 S., and ion. 680 40' to 700 W.; greatest
closed by them  is occupied by gardens. It is entered by  length, from N.N.W. to S.S.E., 170 miles; greatest breadth,
six gates, and has generally well-laid-out streets, several about 70 miles.  Area estimated at about 4000 square
squares, including the market-square, near the centre of the  miles. Height above sea-level, 12,800 feet. It is of very
town, in which are the town-house, a modern edifice, and  irregular shape, having numerous large bays, enclosed by
the Gothic church of Nbtre Dame, founded at the end of the  projecting peninsulas. Two ofthese, towards the S., stretch
thirteenth century, and rebuilt in the fifteenth century. On. so far across the lake, from opposite directions, as to leave
the top ofa little hill stands the parish church ofSt. Germain, only a very narrow channel, and thus divide it into two
with a Romanesque tower. There are also an hospital and  unequal portions, of which the N. is by far the larger. Lake
asylum for the aged, and excellent cavalry barracks. Tirle-  Titicaca contains several islands, of which the largest bears
mont possesses a college, an academy of design, communal its own name, and lies near the S.W. shore. It contains
and private schools, a reading and musical society, an orphan  many ruins, and is celebrated in Peruvian history as the
society, and several religious confraternities; it has manufac- spot where Manco-Capac, the first Inca of the last Peruvian
tures of woollen stuffs and blankets, flannel and hosiery, dynasty, miraculously appeared. The depth has not been
salt, beet-root sugar, soap, leather; also malt, oil, and flour accurately ascertained.  No soundings deeper than 120
mills, gin-distilleries, and breweries, in which an esteemed  fathoms have been takee, but these were near the shore; it
white beer is made; and a trade in corn, wool, horned  is believed that towards the centre the depth is much
cattle, and swine, for which seven annual fairs are held. greater. The chief feeders of the lake are the Asangaro and
Pop. 8362. It was taken by the French in 1635, in 1792, and  Lagunillas, both of which enter it on its N. shore. Its only
in 1794, and Its fortifications were dismantled in 1804.    outlet Is the Desaguadero, which issues from  its S. exTIR/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, on the  tremity, and continues its course S.W. through the great
Severn, here crossed by a bridge, 4; miles S.W. of Tewkes- alpine valley between the cordilleras. On its W. shore -are
bury.                                                       the towns of Puno and Chucuito.
TIRLUNSCHIIIEN, a village of Austria. See TATRANG.          TITIRIBI, te-te-re-aee/, a town of South America, in New
TIRMEZ, tirmzf, or TURMUZ, tftr'mftzI, a town of  Granada, department of Cundinamarca, province, and 40
Central Asia, in Bokhara, on the Oxus, 30 miles N. of Balkh. miles S.S.E. of Antioquia, on an affluent of the Magdalena,
TIRNOVA, t55r/no-v/, written also TERNOVA or TIR-  nearly 4000 feet above the level of the ocean.
NAVA, t35r/ns-vA, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria,    TITILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
on the Jantra, a tributary of the Danube, 35 miles S.E. of    TITO, EL, AI tee/to, a town of Naples, province of BasiliSistova. Pop. 8000. It is enclosed by a wall and trench;  cata, district, and 7 miles S.W. ofPotenza. Pop. 3400.
has numerous mosques, churches, and synagogues; and is    TITSCIIEIN, N u, in Moravia. See NuT-TITSCHEIN.
the see of a Greek bishop.                                    TIT/SEY, a parish of England. co. of Surrey.
TIPRO, a post-office of Marshall co., Mississippi.          TITTEL, tit't1l/, a village of HIungary, co. of Bacs, near
TIRO, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.                the confluence of the Theiss with the Danube, 18 miles E.
TIRO, a small village of Richland co., Ohio.             of Peterwardein. Pop. 2840. It is a steamboat station, and
TIROL, a province ofAustria. See TYRoL.                  has ship-building docks, magazines, and arsenals.
TIRREE. See TIREE.                                          TITTERI or TITERY, tit'eh-ree', a marshy lake of Algeria,
TIRSCHENREUTH, tisshen-roit', a town of Bavaria, 80 miles S.S.W. of Algiers, and traversed by the river Shelcircle of Upper Palatinate, on the Nab, 15 miles S. of Eger. liff. It gave name to a province now comprised in that of
Pop. 2300. It has manufactures of woollen cloths.          Algiers.
TIRSCHTIEGEL, t06ashltee-ghel, written also TREZIEL, a    TITTIBAWJS/SEE, a river of Michigan, rises in the N.
town ofPrussian Poland, 42 miles W. ofPosen. Pop. 1376.  central part of the state, and flowing S.E., falls into the
TIRSI, t'1rsee or teeaRlsee, or ORISTANO, o-ris-t/no, (anc.  Saginaw River (of which it is the largest affluent) 2 or 3
Thyrlsus?) the largest river in the island of Sardinia. It miles above Saginaw City. It is navigable for boats perrises in the division of Sassari, province of Ozieri, flows S.W., haps 70 or 80 miles, and flows through a region which is
and after a course of about 80 miles, falls into the gilf about  covered with dense forests.
3 miles below the town of Oristano. It becomes fordable.TITTIBAWASSEE, a township of Saginaw co., Michigan.
near its mouth in very dry summers, but in winter often  Pop. 341.
causes great damage by its inundations, from which large    TIT/TLESIHALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
tracts are protected by means of expensive embankments.       TITTLIS, tit'tlis, one of the Swiss Alps, on the limits of
TIRY, an island of the Hebrides. See TIRsE.               the cantons of Bern, Unterwalden, and Uii, 18 miles N.E.
TIItYNS or TIRYN/THUS, a ruined city of Greece, in the  of the Wetterhorn, 10,613 feet above the sea.
Morea; its remains, 2 miles S.E. of Argos, comprise fine    TITTMONING, tittfmo-ning', a town of Upper Bavaria, 8
specimens ofCyclopean architecture.                        miles S.S.W. of Burghausen. Pop. 1200.
TIRZA, a post-office of York district, South Carolina.      TITIUROY, a post-office of Greenville district, South
TISBURY, a township of Duke's co., Massachusetts, on  Carolina.
Martha's Vineyard, about 70 miles S.E. by S. of Boston.   TI/TUS, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, contains
Pop. 1803.                                                  about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the
TISCHNOWITZ, tish/no-vits', a town of Moravia, 15 miles  Sulphur Fork of Red River, on the S. by Big Cypress Bayou,
N.W. of Briinn, on the Schwarza. Pop. 1500.                and is drained by White Oak Bayou. The surface is diversiTISHEET, teessheet], written also TYSCHYT, a town of  fled by prairies and forests of good timber; and the soil is
Central Africa, in Sahara, about slat. 180 15i N., lon. 80 40' highly productive. Titus county was established in 1846,
W. Near it are mines of salt; and it is an important caxa- and is settling rapidly. Named in honor of James Titus, of
van station between North Africa and Nigritia.             Texas, a prominent man in his section of the state. Capital,
TISHEMINGO, tish-e-mingtgo, a county forming the N.E. Mount Pleasant. Pop. 3536, of whom 3169 were free, and
extremity of Mississippi, bordering on Tennessee and Ala- 467 slaves.
bamn, has an area of about 1400 square miles. The Tom-   TI/TUSVILLE, a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey,
bigbee River rises in the county, the Tennessee flows along  on the Delaware River, and on the Belvidere and Delaware
its N.E. border, and it is drained by Tuscumbia Creek. The  Railroad, 10 miles above Trenton, has a church, and 10 or
surface is diversified by small hills; the soil is fertile, espe- 12 dwellings.
cially in the valleys, and generally has a substratum of sand.    TITUSVILLE, a thriving post-borough of Crawford co.,
A large part of the county is covered with forests of oak, Pennsylvania, on Oil Creek, 28 miles E. of Meadville. It is
hickory, walnut, and pine. The head streams of the Tom- well supplied with water-power, and has an active trade.
bigbee furnish valuable motive-power. The route of the  Pop. in 1850, 243.
Mobile and Ohio Railroad intersects the Memphis and    TIUMEN, a town of Siberia. See TIooME-N.
Charleston Railroad at Jacinto, the capital. Organized in    TIVERNO, a river of Naples. See Biraso.
1836. Pop. 15,490. of whom 13,529 were free, and 1961 slaves.   TIV/ERTON, a parliambentary and municipal borough,
TISKILWA, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, about  and parish of England, co. of Devon, on both sides of the Exe
45 miles N. by'E. of Peoria, on the Chicago and Rock Island  and Loman, at their confluence, and  on the Bristol and
Railroad.                                                  Exeter Railway, 13  miles N.N.E. of Exeter. Pop. in 1851,
TISMANA, tis-mbnA, a town of Little Wallachia, 20 miles  11,144. The town has the finest church in the county, after
W.N.W. of Tirgoshyl.                                       Exeter Cathedral, with a tower 116 feet in height; the re1925




TIV                                                         TOB
mains of a castle, forming a conspicuous:object; a magnifi- son; and is celebrated for its annual fair, which lasts three
cent chapel, founded in the sixteenth century; a grammar  days: and attracts numerous visitors.
school, the revenue of which supports 6 students at the    TLAMSEN. See TLEMCEN.
universities, sends one to Baliol College, Oxford, and has    TLAPA, tlI'pA, a town of the Mexican Confederation, state
two exhibitions of 301. a-year each; other grammar and en- of La Puebla, on the Yopez, 60 miles N.N.E. of its mouth in
dowed schools, various almshouses and other charities,  the Pacific. The population are mostly engaged in raising
aggregate annual revenue, 26001.; a town-hall, market- cotton and sugar.
house, corn-market, theatre, assembly and reading-room.   TLAPUJAIIUA or TLAPUXAHUA, tII-poo-n&wi, a minIt has manufactures of lace, which employs many hands, ing town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Michoacan,
and there is a small manufacture of woollens. Tiverton is  50 miles E. of Valladolid.
connected with  the Tone, Taunton, &c. by a navigable    TLASCALA, tlhs-ksIqA, a town of the Mexican Confederacanal. It sends 2 meusbers to the House of Commons.         tion, state, and 10 miles N. of La Puebla. When the SpaTIVERTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.          niards took possession of the country, it was a place of great
TIVIERTON, a post-village and township of Newport co., size and importance. Pop. now. 4000.
Rhode Island, on Narraganset Bay, 28 miles S.E. by S. of    TLEMCEN, tllm-stnl, or TLEMECEN, tlemefh-slnl, writProvidence. It contains a bank, and several cotton and  ten also TLAMSEN, TLEMSAN, and TREMECEN, (anc.
other mills. Pop. 4699.                                     Tremis? or Treusici Colonia?) a town of Algeria, province of
TIVERTON, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity  Oran, in a commanding position, 68 miles S.W. of Oran. It
of Coshocton co., Ohio, on the Walhonding River. Pop. 842. is a place of considerable antiquity, is enclosed by walls, and
TIVERTON FOUR CORNERS, a post-village of Newport separated into 4 quarters. It has narrow streets, refreshed
co., Rhode Island, 18 miles S.E. of Providence.             by numerous fountains, with houses generally of one story,
TIVISA, te-veelsA, a town of Spain, province, and 26 miles  built of brick, stone, or clay. It contains several mosques,
W. of Tarragona. Pop. 3000.                                 with an extensive citadel; in the neighborhood are numeTIVOLI, tivfo-le* or teelvo-le, (anc. Titbur,) a town of Can- rous interesting remains of antiquity. It has manufactures
tral Italy, in the Pontifical States, comarca, and 18 miles  of iron, morocco-leather, carpets, and various fabrics in
E.N.E. of Rome, on the left bank of the Teverone, which  woollen, cotton, and linen; and is the seat of considerable
here forms a fine cascade of 80 feet. Pop. 6200. The town  trade, being, from its vicinity to Morocco and the desert, the
is situated on the slope of Monte Ripoli, in a picturesque  natural entreplt of the caravans coming from Fez, the desert
and beautiful situation, but it is dirty and ill-built, and  furnishing ostrich feathers, wool, and ivory, in exchange for
unhealthy. It has a cathedral and convents, and in the  groceries and manufactured articles. Tlemeenwasoccupied
court-yard of an inn, on a rock overhanging the river, are  by the French in 1836, but was evacuated in 1837 in consethe celebrated remains of a circular temple of the Tiber- quence of a treaty between General Bugeaud and Abd-eltine Sybil, or of Vesta. Around Tivoli are the remains of  Kader. It was again occupied by the French in 1842. Pop.
several aqueducts, and of numerous Roman villas, among  in 1850, 9443.
which is that of Cassius; and adjacent to the town are the    TLEMCEN, GULF OF, an inlet of the MIediterranean, in
vestiges of a vast palace built by Hadrian, which has con- Algeria, 20 miles N.N.W. of Tlemcen, opposite Cape Gata,
tributed numerous antiquities to the Vatican.               (in Andalusia.) It is 35 miles in width at its entrance.
TIVOLI, tiv-ollee, a post-village of Dutchess co., New York,   TLOS, tlos. a ruined city in the S. part of Asia Minor; its
on the Hudson River, and on the railroad of that name, 100  remains are 15 miles SE. of Makree.
miles N. of New York. It hasa ferry across the river, and    TLUMATSCHAU, tloofmdt-shfw', written also TLUMAcontains several mills.                                     gOW, a market-town of Austria, in Moravia, Circle of IHraTIVOILI, a post-village of Dubuque co., Iowa, 20 miles W. disch, near the left bank of the March, 6 miles S.E. of Kremby N. of Dubuque.                                           sir. Pop. 1253.
TIVY, a river of North Wales. See TEIFy.                    TMOILUS, MoUNT, (Turk. Kiziijah 3Masa Tagh, kizqil-jAv
TIXIALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.            mg/sA tg,) a mountain range of Asia Minor, 20 miles S.E. of
TIXCOCO, tix-ko/ko, an Indian town of Yucatan, 20 miles  Smyrna, extending E. for about 70 miles, separating the
S.E. of Merida, with a large church.                        basins of the rlivers Kodus (ance. Hersnus) and Cayster. It
TIXfOVER, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.            is crossed by several routes, and has on its summit a plain
TIZ, a town of Beloochistan. See TEEZ.                    of fine pasturage, interspersed with large trees.
TIZZANA, tit-sitdn, a town of Tuscany, department of    TMUTARAKAN, a town of Russia. See TAMAN.
Florence, on a hill forming the N. base of Mount Albano,   TNILAIA, tne-litA, a river of Russia, rises in the W. of
about 7 miles from Pistoja. It has a trade in corn, silk, and  the government of Don Cossacks, flows very circuitously
especially wine, some of which ranks as the best in Tuscany. E.S.E., after a course of about 120 miles, joins the Donets.
Pop. 7714.                                                    TOA, ALTA, Altii tohI, (:' Upper Tea,) a village of Cuba,
TIZZANO, tit-satno, (L. Titialnunz,) a village of Tuscany, near Bayamo, with 3000 inhabitants.
duchy, and 25 miles S. of Parma, near the right bank of the    TOA, BAXA, binkl, toth, (" Lower Toea,") a village of Cuba,
torrent of Parma. Pop. 2978.                                near Bayamo, with 2000 inhabitants.
TJANJOR, tyln'yorl, a town of Java, capital of the pro-   TOALK, a town of Turkish Koordistan.  See TA00K.
vince of Preanger, 53 miles S.E. of Batavia. It is a neat    TOBACICO PORT, a post-village of Stewart co., Tennessee,
place, with straight, broad streets; and suffered from an  on Cumberlanc River, 85 miles W.N.W. of Nashville.
eruption of the volcano of Gedeh, and from an earthquake    TOBACCO ROW, a post-office of Amherst co., Virginia.
in 1834.                                                      TOBACCO STICK, a post-office, Dorchester co., Maryland.
TJAYA, tyi'a, a town of Thibet, 370 miles E. by N. of    TOBAGO, to-bAlgo, an island of the British West Indies,
Lassa. Lat. 310 45'N., Ion. 970 45' E.                      Windward group. Lat. (N. point) 110 25' N., ion. 600 32' W. It
TJIDANI. Ds, dA tje-d/nee, a river of Java, province of  is 24 muiles N.E. of Trinidad; 32 miles long, by 12 miles broad.
Buitenzorg, rises at the foot of Mount Pangerango, and falls  Area, 97 square miles, or 62,084 acres. It is one entire mnass
into the Java Sea, after receiving numerous affluents.      of rocks, rising with a steep ascent on the N.E., and descendTJILATJAP, tyee-lt-yitpl, a town of Java, province of  ing gradually towards the S.W., with some small but picBangoemas, on the S. coast, 111 miles S.W. of Samaraing, on  turesque valleys intervening. The highest part of the rock
the bay of its own name, with a good haven, presenting fac- is towards the N.E. extremity, where it attains an elevation
lities for the shipping of produce.                         of about 900 feet. The N.W. part is the least mountainous;
TJILATJAP BAY, on the S. coast of Java, is formed by  on the S. it terminates in broken plains and lowlands. It
the island of Kembangan, on which two forts are erected.   is well watered by rivulets and streams, rising in the inteTJIMANOK, tyee'ml-nokl, a river of Java, province  rior, and passing over the lowlands to the sea. It has seveof Preauger, flows N., and near Cape Indramayo  joins the  ral good harbors along the N. coast for vessels of 150 tons,
Java Sea by two arms. It is of great advantage to the  and a few also on the S. coast. Tobago is beyond the range
inland navigation of the province, and for sending coffee, of hurricanes, but is extremely unhealthy to Europeans.
&c. to the coast for exportation.                           The produce of the island consists exclusively of sugar, moTJIRINGIN, tyee'rin-ghinu, a maritime village of Java, lasses, and rum. Value of exports in 1852, 56,8311.; of improvince, and 30 miles S.W. of Bantam, on the Strait of  ports, 53,5191.; 56,5031. of the exports, and 17,4411. of the
Qunda. It is the most flourishing place in the province. latter, was with. Great Britain. Shippirig, outwards, 9296
Pop. 1800.                                                  tons; inwards, 8172 tons.
TJORN, an island of Sweden. See Trimn.                      Tobago has a local legislature, consisting of a lieutenantTLACOTALPAN, tlI-ko-t~l-plnt, a village of the Mexican  governor, a legislative council, and a house of assembly of
Confederation, state of Vera Cruz, 50 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. 16 elected members. There are 7 Episcopal churches, 5 WesTLALISCOYAN, tlA-lis-ko-yinf, a village of the Mexican  leyan, and 2 Mosavian places of worship; 9 Church of EngConfederation, state of Vera Cruz, 50 miles S. of Vera Cruz.  land schools. 6 Wesleyan, and 3 Moravian. The island was
TLALPAN, tlll-pan', or SAN AkUGUSTIN DE LAS CU- discovered by Columbus in 1496, and was ceded to Great
EVAS, sAn 5w-goos-teenl dA ls akwllvs, a town of the Mexi- Britain by France in 1763. Principal town, Scarborough,
can Confederation, state, and about 12 miles fiom Mexico. on the S.W. side of the island, along the sea-shore. Pop. in
It contains a number of beautiful villas, to which many of 1852,14,794.
the inhabitants of the capital retire during the warm sea-   TOBARRA, to-DstslnS, a town of Spain, province, and 33
miles S.S.E. of Albacete, with remains of fortifications, and
* "Awake, ye Muses of Etrurian shades,              a trade in fruit. Pop. 6490.
Or sacred TvoLI's  romantic glades." —HEasAs.     TOB!BER, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dublin.
1926




TOB                                                        TOD
TOBBER, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tippe-   TOCAIMA.  See TOCAYMA.
rary, 25 miles S.W. of Clonmel, near the Suir. Pop. 149.     TOCANTINS, to-kin-teensP, a large river of Brazil, preTOBBER, a hamlet of Ireland, in Munster, King's county, vince of Goyaz, formed by the union of the Almas and
3 miles N.W. of Clare.                                     Maranhao. nearly in lat. 140 S.; it flows almost due N., receivTOB'B0RAAHEEINA, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. ing the Paranatinga, the Manoel-Alves, the Rio do Somno,
of Tipperary, on the Suir, 25 miles S.W. of Clonmel. Pop. and the Manoel-Alves-Septentrional on the right, and the Ta400.                                                       boca and numerous smallstreams on the left. On reaching
TOB'BERCURIRY, a market-town of Ireland, in Con-  the N. confines of Goyaz, it makes a large and circuitous
naught, co. of Sligo, on the road from Boyle to Ballina, 19  bend to the W., till it reaches the town of Sao-Jo~o-dasmiles E.S.E. of the latter. Pop. 700.                      duas-Barras, in lat. 60 S. Here it is joined and doubled in
TOBIBERMOREE, a small town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. volume by the Araguay, after which it flows:almost due
of Londonderry, on the road from Dublin to Coleraine, 5  N. across the province of Pare, receiving in succession the
miles N.W. of Magherafelt. Pop. 450.                       Sand6 on the left, and the Moju and Guama on the right,
TO'BERMIOIRY, a small seaport town of Scotland, co. of  and falls into the Para about 70 miles S.W. of the town of
Argyle, on the N.E. coastof theisland ofMull, 8 miles N.N.W. Belem  or Para. Its course, under its own proper name,
of Torosay. Pop. in 1851, 1517. It has a custom-house, a  is about 1000 miles, and at the town of Cometa, where
land-locked harbor with 2 quays, some boat-building and  the embouchure commences, its channel is about 8 miles
general trade, steam and other communication with Skye, wide. The tide ascends to Fort Alcobaca, 300 miles from
Lewis, Inverness, and the Clyde. It is the seat of a monthly  the sea.
judicial court, and the polling-place for the North Argyle-   TOCANTINS, a town of Brazil, province, and 210 miles
shire Hebrides.                                            N.E. of Goyaz, on the l1ft bank of the Bacalhlo, here crossed
TOBESOFKA CREEK. See CnuPEs.                             by a handsome bridge. The mines to which it owes its
TOBtBINSPORT, a village and township of Perry co., In- existence, were at first remarkably rich, but have long
diana, on the Ohio River, 11 miles below Rome. Pop. 1725. ceased to be productive, though many of the inhabitants
TOBITSCHAU, tolbit-shrw', a town of Moravia, on the  still persist in working them.
March, 8 miles W.S.W. of Prerau. Pop. 1916.                  TOCAT. See TOKAT.
TOBLACH, tofblAK, a village of Tyrol, circle of Bruneck,   TOCAYMA or TOCAIMA, to-kim5, a small town of South
district of Welsburg, with a church and an almshouse.  America, in New Granada, 35 miles S.W. of Bogota.
Pop. 1529.                                                   TOCCIA, a river of North Italy.  See Toc.
TOBOL, to-boll, a river of Siberia, government of Tobolsk,   TOCCO, tok'ko, a market-town of Naples, province of
rises in the S. part of the Ural Mountain chain, and after a  Abruzzo Citra, 17 miles S.W. of Chieti, near the Pescara.
N.E. course of 500 miles, joins the Irtish near Tobolsk. Af- Pop. 3300.
fluents, the Ooi, Mias, Toora, and Tavda, all from the W.;    TOCCO, a market-town of Naples, province of Principato
and from the influx of the Ooi downwards it is navigable  Ultra, 17 miles N.W. of Avellino. Pop. 1300.
throughout three-fourths of its course.                       TOCICOA F'ALLS, a post-office of Habersham co., Georgia.
TOBOLSK, to-bolskl. the westernmost government of Si-   TOCCOPOILA, a post-village of Pontotoc co., Mississippi.
berin, embracing all its width from the Kirgheez Territory    TOCE, torcht, TOCCIA, totfchA, or TOSA, torsO, a river of
to the Arctic Ocean, between lat. 550 and 730 N., and Ion. the Sardinian States, in Piedmont, rises in the Alps near the
600 and 800 E., having W. the Ural Mountains, and the go- Simplon, and after a S. course of 50 miles, enters Lago Magvernments of Perm and Orenboorg, and E. the governments  giore on its W. side, 3 miles E. of Gravellona, where it reof Tomsk and Yeniseisk. Area estimated at 1,000,000 square  ceives the surplus waters of Lake Orta. Chief affluent, the
miles, and pop. at 685,000. The surface is mountainous in  Anzasca. The bay of the lake which it enters is called the
the S. and W.; elsewhere mostly level. It is watered by the  GuLf OF TosE. Near Formazza it presents one of the finest
Obi and its large tributaries, the Irtish, Ishim, Tobol, &c. series of cascades in the Alps, having an aggregate descent
N. of lat. 650 or 660, the whole country is a mere sterile  of 1000 feet.
moor, the soil of which is frozen during 9 months of the year.   TOCHOCUNO CREEK.  See EcnACONNEE.
A wide forest region of firs and birch extends between lat. 650    TOCINA, to-theelng, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, proand 580 N.; S. of which is the most productive and populous  vince, and about 20 miles from Seville. Pop. 1039.
portion of the government; this being succeeded S. by th4    TOCKENBURG, a valley of Switzerland. See ToooGGNBUc.
steppe of Ishim, a salt plain comprising that part of the old    TOCKiHOLES, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
government of Omsk, now included in Tobolsk. Rye, barley,   TOCOIA, a small river of Georgia and Tennessee, rises in
oats, and buckwheat are produced, and with other neces- Union county of the former state, and flowing N.W. through
saries are conveyed down the Obi and other rivers to the  Polk county of Tennessee, enters the Hiawassee. It is somevillages in the N., in return for large quantities of furs and  times called the AQUOKEs.
skins, which are sent to the fair of Nizhnee-Novgorod, and    TOCOA, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.
to the Kir-gheez country and Kiakhta, in return for Bokhara    TOCUYO, to-koolyo, a river of South America, in Veneand Chinese products. Iron, copper, gold, silver, and plati- zuela,'department of Caracas, rises E. of Trujillo, flows N.
num are raised in the Ural chain; and at Tioomen, and  and N.E., and enters the Caribbean Sea N. of the Gulf of
some other places are thriving leather, soap, woollen, and  Triste. Total course 200 miles, for the latter half of which
other factories. Transit and general commerce is, however, it is navigable. The principal affluent, the Carora. Its
much more important than manufacturing industry. Popu- banks are well wooded.
lation most thickly collected between Omsk and Tobolsk, in    TOCUYO, a town of South America, on the above river,
which tract is a succession of Tartar, Kirgheez, and Russian  near its source, 34 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo. It has several
villages, with the towns Ishim  and Tiookalinsk.  Other  churches and convents, a college, manufactures of woollen
principal towns are Tioomen, Yalootrovosk, Petropaulovski,  fabrics and leather, and a trade in wheat and wool of supeTara, Toorinsk, Demiansk, Samarova, and Berezov, all on  rior quality.
the Tobol, Obi, and their tributaries.                       TODIBERE, a parish of England,' co. of Dorset.
TOBOLSK, the capital city of West Siberia, and of the    TODD, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, bordering
above government, at the junction of the Irtish and Tobol on Tennessee, contains about 350 square miles. It is drained
Rivers, in lat. 580 12' 39" N., Ion. 6SO 16' 39" E. Pop. by Pond River, and by Elk, Whippoorwill, and Clifty Creeks.
20,000. The city proper stands on the flat summit of a hill, The surface is generally undulating or hilly; the soil in
is enclosed by a strong brick wall, and has externally a fine  some parts is of limestone forumation, and is fertile.  Stone
appearance. The streets are regular, and mostly paved with  coal abounds in the county. A railroad is projected from
wood. The principal buildings, a cathedral with 5 cupolas,  Nashville to Elkton, the county seat. Named in honor of
nearly 20 other churches, the archbishop's and governor's  Colonel John Todd, of Kentucky.  Pop. 12,268, of whom
palaces, prison, public offices, and a monument to Yermak,  7458 were free, and 4810 slaves.
the founder of Russian influence in Siberia.  Along the    TODD, a post-township of Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania,
river are suburbs enclosed-by a ditch and palisade, and in- about 22 miles S. by W. of Iluntingdon. Pop. 1222.
habited chiefly by Tartars.  The climate is so severe in    TODD, a township in Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 578.
winter, that mercury i's sometimes frozen.  The city is,   TODIDENHHAM, a parish of England, co. of Gloucestfr.
however, well supplied -With provisions and means of public    TODIDINGTON, a small market-town and parish of IEngentertainment and education, and its society is stated to be  land, co. of Bedford., 5 miles N.N.W. of Dunstable. Pop. in
of a superior order. Tobolsk was founded in 1587; it is the  1851, 2438, extensively employed in the straw-plait manuseat of the military governor and archbishop of West Si- facture.
berina, and of a civil governor.                             TODDINGTON, a parish of England. co. of Gloucester, 2]
TOBOSO, to-Botso, a decayed town of Spain, in La Mancha, miles N.N.E. of Winchcombe. Here is Toddington Park.
60 miles S.i. of Toledo. celebrated in'" Don Quixote.'      TODD'S, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Virginia.
TOBOYNE, to-boin/, a township of Perry co., Pennsyl-    TODD'S CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Clinton county, and
vania. Pop. 707.                                           enters the Little Miami in Warren county.
TO/BY, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. P. 2234.   TODDSIVILLE, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.
TOBYHANINA, a creek of Monroe co., Pennsylvania,    TODI, totdee, (anc. Tdler,) a town of Italy, in the Ponflows into the Lehigh River.                               tifical States, 24 miles S. of Perugia. Pop. 2925. It is of
TOBYIIANNA, a township of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. high antiquity, and has Etruscan walls, and a cathedral.
]P'p. 550.                                                lIere, in 552, Narses defeated and killed the Gothic king
TOBY'S RIVER, of Pennsylvania. See CLAuRIo  Revise.    Totila.
1927




TOD                                                         TOL
TODIBERG, a summit of the Swiss Alps.  See DncEin.        TOLCSVA, (NAGY,) nldj tolch/vih', a village of Hungary,
TODIMORDEN-wIT-WAFSfDEN, a  market-town  and  co. of Zemplin, 24 miles N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 3629.
chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, parish, and 8 miles    TOLEDO, to-lee/do, (Sp. pron. to-lbeDo; anc. Tolertum,) a
N.N.E. of Rochdale, on the Rochdale Canal, and on the Man- famous city of Spain, and its capital under the Goths and
chester and Leeds Railway. Pop. in 1951, 4532, chiefly em- Moors, now capital of the province of Toledo, in the centre
ployed in cotton manufactures. The town is in the pictu-  of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Tagus, here crossed by two
resque valley of the Calder. On an eminence near its centre  noble bridges, and by which it is nearly surrounded, 41
is an old and abandoned church. It has a new chapel, va- miles S.S.W. of Madrid. Lat. 390 52' 24" N., ion. 40 491 W.
rious Dissenters' meeting-houses, and a mechanics' insti- Pop., said to have amounted formerly to 200,000, was, in
tute. Coal is abundant in its vicinity.                     1849, 13,580. It is situated on a rocky height, and has an
TODOS OS SANTOS, BAY OF. See ALL-SAINTS' BAY.             excessive climate, very cold in winter, and hot in summer.
TODTMOOS,: tOtt/mbs, a village of Baden. circle of Upper  It is surrounded by a Moorish wall, flanked by numerous
Rhine, bailiwick, and near Sanct Blasien. Pop. 1719.        towers, and has many steeples. The streets and squares are
TODTNAU, tltt'niw, a town of Baden, on the Wiesen, 4  narrow, irregular, ill-paved, and dull. It is, however, clean,
miles N.E. of Schbnau, 2070 feet above the sea. Pop. 1377.  being supplied with plenty of cisterns. The cathedral of
TODIWICK, a parish of England, co. of York, West Toledo, the metropolitan church of Spain, founded in 587, is
Riding.                                                     404 feet in length, 204 feet in width, with a lofty tower and
TOEBAN, too'bgn/, a maritime village of Java, province, spire. Many of its paintings have been transferred to the
and 55 miles E. by S. of Rembang. It is large and busy, national gallery at Madrid, and much of the wealth of the
lies on an excellent bay, and has some boat-building.       cathedral, in gold, silver, and jewels, has been applied to
TOEKOEKEMOU, too-koo6kA-moo/; a small island of the  secular uses. ~ The Alcazar, the former residence both of
Malay Archipelago, Carimata Passage.  Lat. 20 31' S., Ion. Moorish and Castilian monarchs, is an extensive pile of
1080 36' 30" E.                                             three stories, surmounted by a balustrade. Outside of the
T(ENNINGEN, a town of Denmark. See T8NNINGEN.             city is a public walk, adorned with statues. Toledo has a
T(EPLITZ, a town of Bohemia. See TPLIT.z.:                university, 4 colleges, numerous hospitals and asylums, inTOFT, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.              cluding two for foundlings and lunatics, a handsome townTOFT, MONKS, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         hall, and a mint. Toledo has long been famous for its maTOFT-NExT-NEWTON, a parish of England, co. of Lin- nufacture of sword-blades; and though it now employs only
coin.                                                       about 70 hands, great skill is still shown in tempering the
TOFTS or TOFT-TREES, a parish of England, co. of  blade. It has also manufactures of coarse woollens, paper,
Norfolk.                                                    guitar strings, coarse glass, and leather. An amphitheatre
TO/GAS SPRINGS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.   and some walls of the ancient Terietum still attest its imTOGGENBURG, tog/ghen-ba6RGx, the upper valley of the  portance under the Romans. It was taken by the Goths in
river Thur, in Switzerland, canton of St. Gall. Length, 30  467, and by the Moors in 714, and retained by the last till
miles. It embraces almost all the various features of Alpine  1085, when it was permanently annexed to the crown of
scenery.                                                    Castile. Between the fifth and ninth centuries, it was the
TOGIA (tosghe-A) ISLANDS, in the Malay Archipelago, seat of several general ecclesiastical councils.'inhab. Toare an extensive group of islets in the Gulf of Tominie, on  LEOAN, to-lee/dan.
the E. coast of Celebes.                                      TOLEDO, a province of Spain, in New Castile, bounded N.
TOGLIO, a village of Austrian Italy. See TEGLIo.         by the provinces of Madrid and Avila, E. by Cuenca, S. by
TOHICK/ON CREEK, of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, flows  Ciudad Real, and W. by Caceres. Area, 5620 square miles.
into the Delaware.                                          Pop. 330.000.
TOIRANO, to-e-rtno, a village of the Sardinian States,    TOLE/DO, a flourishing city and port of entry of Lucas
5 miles N. of Albenga, on the right bank of the Barascione, county, Ohio, on the left bank of the Maumee River, 4 miles
with a remarkable stalactitic grotto. Pop. 1416.           from its mouth, 134 miles N.N.W. of Columbus, and 66 miles
TOIROS, tole-roce, a town and seaport of Brazil, province  S.S.W. ofDetroit. Lat. 410 39' 30" N., Ion. 830 32' W. It is
of Rio Grande do Norte, at the mouth of a small river which  the terminus of the Wabash and Erie Canal, the longest in
falls into the bay of the same name, 15 miles N. of Natal. It the Union, and is one of the most flourishing and important
contains a church and a primary school, and carries on a  entreplts in the commerce of the great lakes. The river
considerable trade in salt, leather, hides, salt pork, and, flows through Maumee  Bay into the W. end of Lake Erie,
above all, cotton of excellent quality.  The Bay of Toiros  and forms an excellent harbor, which admits the largest
furnishes an excellent roadstead, in which vessels can lie in  class of steamboats. Toledo is connected by railroad with
from 4 to 5 fathoms, sheltered both from  the S. and S.W. Chicago on the one hand, and with Cleveland, Buffalo, and
winds. Pop. of the district, 4000.                         the Atlantic cities on the other. The railroads which meet
TOK, tok, a river of Russia, rises about 50 miles N.N.W.  here are the Cleveland Norwalk and Toledo, the Erie and
of Orenboorg, flows circuitously W., and joins the right bank  Kalamazoo, and the Dayton and Michigan. Several others
of the Samara a little above Boocoolook. Length, 120 miles. are in progres, vic. the Air-line to Chicago, the Toledo and
TOKA, to/ki, a town of Hindostan, in the Nizam's domi- Illinois, extending to Danville, the Jackson branch of the
nions, 25 miles S.W. of Aurungabad, and a good deal resorted  Michigan Southern, and the Junction road to Cleveland.
to by Iindoo pilgrims.                                      Toledo is one of the principal thoroughfares of the emigraTOKAT or TOCAT, tokftt/, a city of Asia Minor, pashalic,  tion passing from New York to the Western States.  It
and 58 miles N.W. of Seevas, on the Yeshil-Irmak. Pop. esti-  communicates daily by steamboat with Detroit, Cleveland,
mated at 6700 families, of which 5000 are Turkish, 1500 Ar- Buffalo, &c. The city extends along the river more than a
menian, and 150 Greek. It is surrounded on three sides by  mile, and has two principal centres of business, called the
hills, and has externally a handsome appearance, being in- upper and lower landings. The upper presents a fine view
terspersed with trees and orchards, but it is meanly built. oi' the harbor and river for a distance of several miles.
Its commercial importacce has of late greatly declined; still There were originally two distinct settlements, called Port
it is a considerable depit for agricultural produce, and it  Lawrence and Vistula. Within a few years, nearly $100,000
has manufactures of silk fabrics and calico, dyeing works, have been expended in grading the streets, and in other
and a large government establishment, at which is refined  permanent improvements. In 1853 it contained 8 churches
all the copper produced by the mines of Arghana-Maden,  and 3 banks. It has a Union school, with 5 male and 11
near Diarbekir, the annual average produce of which is  female teachers. Great attention is paid to the subject of
1000 tons.                                                  education. Several newspapers are published here, two of
TOKAY, to-keY, (Hun. pron. to-koi/,) a town of North-east  which are issued daily.
IIungary, co. of Zemplin, on the right bank of the Theiss,    The commerce of Toledo is immense and rapidly inat the influx of the Bodrog, 43 miles N.N.W. of Debreczin.  creasing. The Wabash and Erie Canal, completed in 1852,
Lat. 480 7' N., ion. 210 24' E.  Pop. 5712. It has a Roman  extends to the Ohio River at Evansville, traversing the enCatholic cathedral, Lutheran, Reformed, and Greek united  tire Wabash Valley, and thereby rendering the richest perchurches, and Piarist and Capuchin convents. It is cele- tion of the state of Indiana tributary to its traffic. The
brated as being the entreplt for the famous Tokay wine, Miami and Erie Canal, also connecting Toledo with the Ohio
produced in the hilly tract called the Iegyalla, between the  at Cincinnati, attracts to it the rich products of the Miami
Bodrog and Hernad Rivers. The wine of premier quality is  Valley. The receipts of the principal articles of commerce
bought up for the imperial cellars, and only the secondary  in 1852 were as follows:-Flour, 383,877 barrels; wheat,
and inferior growths are exported. See HEG~ATJA.           2,812,616 bushels; corn, 4,107,883 bushels; railhoad iron,
TOIKEN-BES/SEYS, a group of islands in the Malay Ar-  32,605 tons, (value, $1,793,275;) locomotives, cars, car wheels,
chipelago, 40 miles W. of Bootan. Lat. 60 5' S., ion. 1230  &c., $442,961; hardware, $465,000; leather, $441,600; salt,
560 E.                                                     (181,172 barrels,) $235,523; pine lumber and  shingles,
TOIKENI{AM, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.           $242,954; and unwrought marble, $636,480. The annexed
TOKMIAH, a branch of the Euphrates. See KAIA Soe.    table shows the total value of the imports and exports for
TOLA. See TooLA.                                         the years 1847, 1851, and 1852:TO/LAND'S PRAIIRIE, a post-village in Erie township,
Washington co., Wisconsin, 50 miles E. by N. of Madison.     Years.      Imports.        Exports.         Total.
TOLAPALCA, to-l-p&1/kA, a mountain pass of South Ame- e     187         4,033,905       4,034,24       $8,068,809
rica. Lat. 180 S. Height, 14,190 feet.                        a85e        2.3011741       7,985,724      30,287,405
TOLBIACUI. See ZuLpicol.                                    1852       37,583,091      19,786,875      57,369,966
1928




TOL                                                        TOM
Of tlhe commerce of 1852, $18,062 imports. and $118,852    TOLLO, tollo, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo'xports was with Canada., The commerce of 1853 and 1854, Citra, 7 miles N.N.W. of Lanciano. Pop. 2100.
in tons, is represented as follows: —Arrived in 1853, 231,205    TOLL'S CREEK, a small stream  of Yuba co., towards the
tons; cleared, 103,278 tons. Arrived in 1854, 426,508 tons; N. part of California, flows into Indiana Creek about 1 mile
cleared, 89,057 tons. Itsvalue weareunabletogive. In arti- from its mouth. Gold is found on this stream.
cles of corn it is stated that the reoeipts of 1854 show an in-    TOLMEZZO, tol-mltlso, a small town of Austrian Italy,
crease over those of 1853, amounting to 1,698,070 bushels, 26 miles N.N.W. of Udine, in the Alps, on the Tagliamento,
while the falling off in wheat(flourbeing reduced to bushels) 1000 feet above the sea. Pop. 3500. Its vicinity is perhaps
has been 1,952,765 bushels. The following are the arrivals  the most rainy district in Europe, the result of 30 years'
and departures at Toledo for the year 1854, cleared:-       observation giving an annual fall of 100 inches.
TOLNA, tolVn6h', or TOLNAU, tolfnuw, a mInarket-town of
Arrived.       I No. Tonnage.  No. Tonnage.  South Hungary, capital of a county, on the Danube, 11
Anerican steam vessels......  611  340,395    5041  338,570   miles S.W. of Kalosa. Pop. 5771, mostly Germans. It has
British................     6    1,202      6    1,373   royal tobacco warehouses and potash-works.
Amoerican sail vessels.  0...,111  141,0666  1,1133  146,896 TOOA
neisish.    28    1,439     05    6,955.TOLOA, to-in-an!, the largest of the Salibabo Islands, in
British..........,.............2,3,5
British......   19    6,356   the Malay Archipelago, between Gilolo and Mindanao. Lat.
Total................ 1,768'492,702-  1,662  493,195   40 281 N., lon. 1260 55' E. Circuit, about 80 miles. Surface
very varied. It is populous, and pretty well cultivated.
The enrolled and licensed tonnage of Miami district, June    TOLOCZYN, a town of Russia. See ToLOTCnIn.
30th, 1854, amounted to 584, of which 178 tons were em-   TOLOJ or TOLOX, to-lo~u, a town of Spain, province, and
ployed in steam navigation. The number of vessels built  29 miles W. of Malaga, at the foot of the Sierra de Toloj.
during the year was 5; tons, 1117.  Toledo was incorpo-  Pop. 2151.
rated as a city in 1836. Pop. in 1840, 1322; in 1850, 3829;    TOLOMETA, to-lo-myta, (anu. PoZemahls,) a maritime
January 1,1853,8497; and in1854,11,473-being an increase  town of North Africa, in Barca, on the Mediterranean, 65
in five years of 7544. Assessed value of property in 1846, miles N.E. of Bengazi. Its extensive remains of antiquity
$573,129; in 1853, $1,547,194.                             comprise portions of theatres, a temple, and sepulchral
TOLEDO, a post-village of Union co., Illinois, 144 miles  grottoes.
S. of Springfield.                                           TOLON-NOOR. See TCEnA0-NAIMAN SOOME.
TOLEDO, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa.                   TOLOSA, to-losd, (anc. Iturisa?) a town of Spain, capital
TOLEDO, MOUNTAINS OF. See SPAIN.                         of the province of Guipuzcoa, on the Oria and the Arages, 15
TOLEN, a town of the Netherlands. See TrOLEN.            miles S.W. of St. Sebastian.  Pop. 4718.  It stands in a
TOLENTINO, to-ln-teelno, (anc. Tolentilnumn,) a town of  narrow defile, enclosed by a wall, entered by several gates,
Italy, Pontifical States, 11 miles S.W. of Macerata, on the  and has two squares, (one used for a bull-ring,) 2 parish
left bank of the Chienti. Pop. 9437. It has a cathedral, churches, a town-hall, hospital, prison, several fountains,
with memorials of its builders, the Visconti. Tolentino has  and 2 bridges. It has manufactures of copper and earthenacquired some celebrity from the humiliating treaty which  wares, woollen cloth, paper, hats, leather, and a large facwas dictated to Pope Plus VI., in 1797, by the French, tory of arms.
headed by Bonaparte. In 1815 a sanguinary battle, fought    TOLOSA. See TouoersE.
in the neighborhood, sealed the fate of Murat, who, at the    TOLOTCHIN, to-lo-chint, written also TOLOCZYN, a marhead of the Neapolitans, was defeated by the Austrians  ket-town of Russia, government, and 43 miles N.W. of Mounder Bianchi.                                              heelev. Pop. 3000.
TOLER'S, a post-office of Amite co., Missiesippi.           TOLOX, a town of Spain. See TOLO&.
TO0LERS~ILLE, a post-village of Louisa county, Vir-    TOLIPUDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
ginia, on the Virginia Central Railroad, 45 miles N.W. by N.   TOLTEN, tol-t~nS, a river of Chili, in Araucania, flows from
from Virginia.                                              the Lake of Villarica W. for 100 miles, and enters the PaTOLESBOROUGI,  tolz/btir-rfsh, a post-office of Lewis  eific Ocean 50 miles N. of Valdivia.
county, Kentucky.                                             TOLUCA, a post-office of Madison co., Illinois.
TOLETUM. See TOLEDO.                                        TOLUCA, to-loo'kA, a small town of the Mexican ConfedeTOLFA, tolrfd, a market-town of Italy, Pontifical States, ration, 40 miles S.W. of Mexico, near a volcanic mountain.
10 miles N.E. of Civita Vecchia. It has the most important  Lat. 190 16' N., lon. 990 21' W. Pop. 12,000.
alum-works in Italy.                                          TOLU, SANTIAGO  DE, s/n-te-&/go d& to-loot, a seaport
TOLIMA, to-leelnid, a volcano of South America, in New  town of New Granada, department of Magdalena, province,
Granada. Lat. 40 46' N., Ion. 750 37' W. Height, 18,270 feet. and 65 miles S. of Cartagena, on the Gulf of Morrosquillo.
TO'LING1, a town of Thibet, near the Upper Sutlej, 18  It has a good harbor, and its vicinity produces large quanmiles S.E. of Chaprung. It has a magnificent temple.       titles of corn, with dye-woods and the aromatic balsam of
TOLKEMIT, tollkeh-mit', a town of West Prussia, 37 miles  Tolu.
E. of Dantzic, on the Frische Ilaff. Pop. 2130.              TOLVE, tollvA, a market-town of Naples, province of BaTOL/LAND, a parish of England. co. of Somerset.          silicata, 12 miles E.N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3800.
TOLILAND, a county in the N.N.E. part of Connecticut,   TOLVISCON, tol-vees-ktn/, a town of Spain, province, and
has an area of about 440 square miles. It is drained by the  43 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2400.
Willimantic and Hop Rivers, and other smaller streams,    TOLZ, tblts, a malrket-town of Upper Bavaria, on the Isar,
which furnish valuable water-power. The surface in the  26 miles S. of Munich. Pop. 3092. It has manufactures
W. part is level or slightly uneven, and the soil fertile; of woollen cloths, and iron forges.
while in the E. portions the surface is hilly and moun-    TOM, tom, a river of Siberia, after a N.W. course of 400
tainous, and the soil of inferior quality. The E. part is miles, joins the Obi 40 miles N.W. of Tomsk.
generally well wooded. The New London Willimantic and    TOMTAHAWK, a post-township of Searcy co., Arkansas.
Palmer, and the Hartford Providence and Fishkill Rail- Pop. 296.
roads traverse this county. Organized in 1786, having been    TOMAHAWK SPRING, a post-office oi' Berkeley co., Virformed from portions of Hartford and Windham counties. glunila.
Capital, Tolland. Pop. 20,091.                               TOMANTOUL, to-man-toolF, a village of Scotland, co. of
TOLLAND, a post-township of IHampden co., Massachu- Banff, 11 miles S.E. of Grantown. Pop. 919.
setts, 112 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 594.                 TOMASZOW, to-mdlshov, a town of Poland, government
TOLLAND, a post-village and township, seat of justice of  of Warsaw, on the left bank of the Pilica, 20 miles S.S.W.
Tolland co., Connecticut, near the New London Willimantic  of Rawa. Pop. 5000. It was founded only in 1822, but its
and Palmer Railroad, 45 miles N.N.W. of New London. It advantageous position for commerce has attracted to it many
is pleasantly situated on an elevated plain, and contains, be- enterprising settlers; and it has manufactures of woollen,
sides the county buildings, churches of the Congregational, linen, and cotton fabrics, and iron foundries.
Baptist, and Methodist denominations, a bank, a savings'   TOMASZOW, a town of Poland, government, and 66 miles
institution, and an insurance company. Pop. of the town-  S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 2900.
ship, 1410.                                                  TOMBIGCBEE or TOMBECKSBEE, a river of Mississippi
TOI5LARD-ROY/AL, a parish of-England, co. of Wilts.      and Alabama, rises in Tishemingo co., which forms the N.E.
TOLLEN, tolfln, a lake and river of Mecklenburg-Stre- extremity of Mississippi, and flows S. to Columbus. It then
litz; the lake 6 miles in length, and the river leaving it at inclines to the E., and passing into Alabama, its general
Neu-Brandenburg, and joining the Peene at Demmin, after  direction is S.S.E., until it is joined by the Black Warrior
a N.W. course of 45 miles.                                 at Demopolis. Below this point it flows nearly S., and passTOL'LER FRAITRUM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. ing through fertile, alluvial plains and savannas, which are
TOLILER PORCOfRUM, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. mostly occupied by plantations of cotton, it unites with
TOLfLERTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.    the Alabama about 45 miles above Mobile. The river thus
TOLLERTON, a township of England, co., and 10 miles formed is called the Mobile. The length of the Tombigbee
(by railway) N.N.W. of York, North Riding.                 is estimated at 450 miles. The largest towns on its banks
TOLLESBURY, a pa'ish of England, co. of Essex.           are Aberdeen, Columbus, Pickensville, Gainesville, and DeTOL'LESIUNT D'ARICY, a parish of England, co. Essex. mopolis. It is navigable for large steamboats to Columsbus,
TOLLESHUNT-KNIGHTS, a parish of England, co. Essex. which is about 366 miles from the mouth of IMlobile River
TOLLESIIUNT-MAIJOR, a parish of England, co. Essex. and smalleo boats can ascend 40 or 50 miles farther, to Aber
TOLL GATE, a post-office of Marion co., Alabama.         deen. It is familiarly called the Bigbee River. 
1929




TOM                                                       TON
TOMBOOCTOO or TOMBUCTOO. See TIMBUcToou.                  TOM'S RIVER,'a post-village, capital of Ocean co., ]ew
TOMBS, GREAT and LITTLE, two islands near the entrance  Jersey, on the river of its own name, at the head of nanvi/f the Persian Gulf, 20 miles S.S.W. of the island of Kishlim. gation, about 40 miles S.E. of Trenton. It contains a brick
The one is from 4 to 5 miles, and the other firom 2 to 3 miles  court-house, 2 churches, a bank, 2 large hotels, 7 stores, and
In circuit. They are both low and flat, uncultivated, and  1 or 2 newspaper offices. A bridge crosses the river here.
uninhabited. The larger one, atwhich Nearchus anchored  About 25 sloops, loaded with firewood and lumber, ply to
during his celebrated voyage, is partly covered with grass, New York. Pop. in 1853, about 800.
and abounds with antelopes.                                  TOMS/TOWN, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 15
TOMBS' RUN, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. miles S.E. of Chambersburg. It has about 150 inhabitants.
TOMBUIKTU, Central Africa. See TisBsuCTOO.                 TOMSVILLE, a post-village of Chester district, South
TOME, tolmA, a village of New Mexico, on the left bank  Carolina, 74 miles N. of Columbia.
of the Rio del Norte, about 75 miles S.W. of Santa FS.       TOMYSL, ALT, Alt tonmisl, a village of Prussian Poland,
TOMELLOSO, to.m.l-yo'so, a town of Spain, province, and  33 miles W.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 400.
50 miles E.N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 4476.                   TOMYSL, NEu, noi tofmisl, a town of Prussian Poland,
TOMFINLOUGH, tom-fin/lol, a parish of Ireland, in Mlun- 33 miles W.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 800.
ster, co. of Clare.                                          TONARA, to-na'rg, a market-town of the island of SarTOMGRANIEY or TOMGRENII, a parish of Ireland, in  dinia, division of Cagliari, 12 miles E. of Busachi. P. 2255.
Munster, co. of Clare.                                       TONAWAN/DA;  TONNEWANIDA  or  TONEWANJTO,
TOMIHANINOCK, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New  a creek, in the W. part of New York, after forming the
York, 15 miles N.N.E. of Troy.                             boundary between Erie and Niagara counties, falls into
TOM-HO, tom'hot, a river of China, descends from the  Niagara River about 12 miles N. of Buffalo. The Erie Canal
mountains near the S. frontiers of the province of Shen- enters this creek 10 miles above its mouth, and leaves it
see, enters the province of Se-chuen, flows S.S.W., and joins  again about 100 rods from Niagara River.
the Kialing a little below Paoning, after a course of about   TONAWANDA  or TONNEWANDA, a port and post-vil100 miles.                                                 lage, (chiefly included in Tonawanda township, Erie co.,
TOMINA, to-meetna, a town of Bolivia, department, and  New York; a part, however, extends into Niagara co.,) at
50 miles E. of Chuquisaca, capital of a province, on the  the intersection of Tonawanda Creek with the Niagara
Guapey.                                                    River, opposite Grand Island, and on the Erie Canal, where
TOMINIE BAY. See GooNoNG-TELLA.                         it is crossed by the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, 12
TOM/LINSONVILLE, a small village of'Scott co., Missouri. miles N. of Buffalo. It is a place of considerable business,
TOMO/KA CREEK, of Ohio, flows into the Muskingum  and contains 8 or 10 spacious warehouses, recently erected;
River at Dresden.                                          6 or 7 stores, and 2 churches. Many of the lake craft deposit
TOMOT/LA, a post-office of Cherokee co., North Carolina.  their cargoes here, to be forwarded by' the canal. Among
TOMP/KINS, a county near the centre of New York, has the articles received at this port by lake in 1852, were flour,
an area of about 550 square miles. It is partly bounded on  188,523 barrels; wheat, 235,888 bushels; corn, 237,720
the W. by Seneca Lake; Cayuga Lake extends nearly to its  bushels; lumber, 4,310,000 feet; staves, 4,077,000.  The
centre, and it is drained by Fall Creek and several smaller total value of property arriving for the year ending Decemstreams, affording abundant water-power. The surfisce is ber 31, 1852, was $1,988,079. Pop. 1500; of township, 2072.
undulating, and in some parts hilly. The soil is fertile,    TONBRIDGE, TONBRIDGE WELLS. See TUNBrsIDGE.
and under good cultivation. By means of Cayuga and Se-   TONCO, ton/ko, a village of the Sardinian States, in Pied.
neca Lakes this county has a water communication with  mont, 22 miles W.N.W. of Alexandria. Pop. 1852.
the Erie Canal. The Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad    TONDELLA, ton-d8l/l/, or BESTIEROS, bis-te-Aroce, a
is intended to connect with the proposed Lake Ontario Au- market-town of Portugal, province of Beira, 10 miles S.W.
burn and Ithaca Railroad at Ithaca. Organized in 1817, of Viseu. Pop. 2400.
having been formed from portions of Cayuga and Seneca    TONDERN, tonn'drn, or TONDERE, tonfder-eh, a town of
counties, and named in honor of Daniel D. Tompkins, Go- Denmark, duchy of Sleswick, 25 miles W.N.W. of Flensborg.
vernor of New York. Capital, Ithaca. Pop. 38,746.          Pop. 6500. It has manufactures of fringe, lace, and woollen
TOMPKINS, a township in the S.W. part of Delaware co., and linen fabrics.
New York, intersected by the Erie Railroad. Pop. 3022.       TONDI, ton/dee, a town of British India, presidency of
TOMPKINS, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio.           Miadras, 64 miles E. of Madurn, on Palk Strait.
TOMIPKINS, a post-village and township of Jackson co..   TONDJA, tond/j4, or TOUNDJA, toon/jd, a river of EuMichigan, 90 miles W. of Detroit. Pop. 623.               ropean Turkey, rises on the S. slope of the Balkan, and
TOMPIKINSVILLE, a post-village of Castleton township, joins the Maritza on the left, after a course of 150 miles.
Richmond co., New York, on New York Harbor, and on the    TONDO, ton/do, a province of the Philippine Islands, is
N.E. side of Staten Island, 6 miles S. by W. of New York. one of the smallest, and has only a circuit of about 80
It contains a marine hospital belonging to the United  miles. Pop. 215,640.
States, and the quarantine buildings.                        TONDO, a town of the Philippine Islands, in Luzon, capital
TOMPKINSVILLE, a post-office of Choctaw co., Alabama. of a province of its own name, on the Pasig, nearly opposite
TOMPKINSVILLE, a small village of Cumberland co., to Manila. It has a governor's house, a handsome church,
Kentucky.                                                  manufactures of silk and cotton goods, a valuable fishery,
TOMPKINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., and a considerable trade, chiefly in the hands of Metis
Kentucky, 140 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort, and about 10 miles and Chinese. Pop. 17,490.
from Cumberland River. It has a court-house, 2 churches,   TON'DONI, a town of Mantchooria, on the Amoor, at the
atnd near 200 inhabitants.                                 mouth of a small river of its own name. Lat. 490 30' N.,
TOMRE/GAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, cos. of Cavan  ion. 1360 E.
end Fermanagh.                                               TONE, a river of England, co. of Somerset, rises S. of BrenTOM'S BROOK, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Virginia.  don 3Iill, flows S.E. and N.E., and joins the Parret about.
TOM'S CREEK, a post-village of Surry co., North Carolina. midway between Langport and Bridgewater.  Course, 30
TOMSK, tomsk, a government of West Siberia, between  miles, for the last 10 of which it is navigable.-TAUvNozN is
[at. 490 and 610 N., and Ion. 750 and 900 E., having S. Chi- on its S. bank.
nese Toorkistan~ and the Kirgheez territory, and on other   TONEDAGANA, a county of Michigan.  See EaMIETr.
sides the governments of Tobolsk and Yeniseisk. Pop. esti-   TONEWANTO. See TONAWANOA.
mated at nearly 1,000,000. Principal rivers, the Obi and the    TONG, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
[shim. In the S. it includes the larger part of the Lake    TONG, a parish of England, co. of Salop.'engheez, (Balkash;) on the S.E. it extends to the Little    TONG, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding.
Altai, in which part, and in the district of Barnaul, are    TONGA (tong/ga) ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean,
sosme important mining establishments.                     composing a section of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 200 S.,
TOMISK, a city of West Siberia, capital of the above go- ion. 1750 W., and comprising at least 150 islands. the prin2
vernment, on the Tom, a tributary of the Obi. Lat. 560 29' cipal of which are —Tongataboo, Boocawen, and Keppel
26" N., ion. 840 57' 57" E. Pop. in winter, about 24,000, but Islands; Yavao, ]Iapai, and Eoa, with a pop. estimated at
in summer it is reduced to 18,000, many of the population  18,500 united under one sovereignty.
being then elsewhere engaged in gold-washings.  Mean    TONGATABOO, TONGATABU, tong'a-tfboo, written also
temperature of the year, 310~9; summer, 600.5; winter, TONGA, or AMSTERDAMI ISLAND, one of the'southernminus 40~8 Fahrenheit. It is mostly built of wood, but has most of the above islands, and the residence of their sorvesubstantial public buildings, comprising a cathedral, tri- reign, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 210 4' S., Ion. 1750 28' W.
ounals, treasury, fur magazines, barracks, hospitals, and an  Circuit upwards of 50 miles. Estimated pop. 8000. Surface
)rphan asylum. It is the residence of the Bishop of Tomsk  low; soil very fertile; products comprise yams, plantains,.and Yeniseisk, of a civil governor, and of the superintendent bannans, sugarcane, fine timber, coif, exported to New
)f the Altai mines. Its inhabitants carry on a brisk trade  South Wales, and abundant supplies of hoos and other prowith the Calmucks and Ostiaks in cattle and furs.         visions adapted for shipping. The inhabitants have been
TOMI'S RIVER, in the eastern part of New Jersey, rises mostly converted to Christianity by English missionaries,
in Monmouth co., and flows S.E. through Ocean co., into  who retain important depots in the island. Principal towns,
Barnegat Bay.  Sloops ascend to the village of Tom's  Mloa and Nakualo. This island was discovered by Tasman,
River, about 10 miles. A creek called the South Branch, in 1643.
unites with the main stream 10 miles from its mouth.        TONGAY, tong-ghi, a town and bay of South America,
1930




TON                                                        TOO
In Chili, about 200 miles N. of Valparaiso. The town ex- country; S., Cochin-China; and E., the Gulf of Tonquin.
ports copper to the United States.                          Area and population uncertain. The surface near the sea is
TONG-CIIANG, tong'changt, a town of China, province of  a rich alluvial plain, and the country appears to be watered
Shan-toong, capital of a department, on a river flowing into  by numerous rivers, and of high fertility. Rice is the chief
the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee, 55 miles S.W. of Tsee-nan.         grain raised; other products are sugar, cotton, spices, tea,
TONG-CHOW, tong'chdwl, a town of China, province of  indigo, saffron, silk, gums, varnishes, the precious metals,
Pe-chee-lee, on the Pei-ho, 25 miles E.S.E. of Peking.      and many of the other most valuable articles of commerce.
TONGE-wITH-IHAULGH, township, England, co. Lancaster.  Elephants are numerous, and other wild animals are in
TONGERLOO, tong'lr-16! or tong'fer-lol, a village of Bel- great variety.  The inhabitants are mostly  Boodhists.
gium, province, and 23 miles E. of Antwerp, on the Wimpe  Ketcho, the capital, and Hean, on the Sang-koi River, are
and Steenloop, near a' large forest of its own name, and  the principal towns known to Europeans, by whom the inentered by a magnificent avenue of lime-trees, some of which  terior has not been explored. Tonquin was conquered by
are 20 feet in circumference. Near it is the Abbey of Tong- the Chinese in 1406, and by the Anamese in 1790.
erloo, founded in the twelfth, and suppressed in the eight-    TONQUIN, a river of Asia. See SANG-OtI.
eenth century, but recently again established. Pop. 1599.    TONQUIN, GULF OF, an inlet of the China Sea, surTON'kERN. See TONcRES.                                    rounded by Tonquin, the Chinese province of Quang-tong,
TCNCG-GIN, tong'ghinl or tong'gheenl, a town of China, and the island of Hainan. Length, 300 miles; average
province of Koei-choo. Lat. 270 40' N., lon. 1080 55' E.    breadth, 150 miles. It receives the Sang-koi and many other
TONGHO, tong'hSt, written also TAUNGOO and TAUNGU, rivers, and contains numerous islands.
a town of the Burmese dominions, province, 120 miles N. of    TONS, tons, a village of Spain, province, and 30 miles
Pegu, on the Setang River. Near it are numerous temples. S.W. of Yalencia, on the left bank of the Jucar. Pop. 1235.
TONG'KOO0 BAY or URIM/STON IIARBOR, an anchorage    TONSBERG, tunsfbUo, a seaport town of Norway, stift
in the estuary of the Canton River, China, on its E. side, 6  of Aggershuus, on an inlet of the Christiania Fiord, 47 miles
miles N. of the island of Lantao, and between the island of  S.W. of Christiania.  Pop. 2200. It has tobacco factories,
Tongkoo and the mainland.                                   distilleries, a good harbor, and exports of timber and fish.
TONGLAND or TONGUELAND, tmngnland, a parish of    TONSBERG, GULF or.F, an inlet ofthe Skager-rack, on the
Scotland, stewartry, and N.W. of Kirkcudbright, on the  W. side of the Christiania Fiord.
Dee. Here are remains of several old ecclesiastical edifices,    TONTOLI, ton-tollee, a town of the Malay Archipelago,
ancient encampments, and cairns.                           on the N.W. coast of the island of Celebes, on a bay, capital
TONGOOSES. See Too0NGooss.                               and state of its name. Near it are gold-mines.
TONGRES, tbNgr, (Flemish, Tongerm, tong/Qrn, or tong!-   TONYN (totnin) ISLANDS, a small group in the Malay
Hern; anc. Tungri?) a town of Belgium, province of Lim-  Archipelago, Strait of Macassar, W. of Celebes. Lat. 50 33'
bourg, on the Jaar, 13 miles S.S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 6180. S., Ion. 1180 34' E. 
It has breweries, tanneries, manufactures of hats and chi-    TOOAREEKS, TUARIKS, TOUARIKS or TOUARYKS,
cory, and an active trade in hogs and corn. It was ruined  too-L-reeks! or too-/-rikst, a people of Central Africa.
by Attila in his retreat fiom Chllons.                       TOOAT, TOUAT, TUAT, too'{tt, or TAWAT, t&-watl, an
TONGSAN, tong's/n!, or TUNG-SHAN, tting'sh~n!, a lar-  oasis of Central Africa, in Sahara, nearly equidistant from
bor on the S.E. coast of China, province of Fokien, lat. 230  Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Fezzan. AGABLY is its chief
40' N., lon. 1170 30' E. It is one of the best harbors in China. town.
Water is readily obtained here, even during the dry season.   TOOBONAI, too'bo-nit, an island of the Pacific Ocean. Lat.
TONG-TCHOO or TONG-TCHOU, tong'choo!, a town of  230 23' S., ion. 1490 24' W.; S. of the Society Islands, and
China, province of Shen-see, 60 miles N.E..ofSee-ngan.    6 miles in circumference. It was discovered by Cook in 1777,
TONG-TCHUEN, tong'choo-8n!, a town of China, province  and resorted to by the mutineers of the " Bounty," in 1789.
of Se-chuen, near its S. boundary, and the Yang-tse-kiang.   TOOE/LE, a county in the W. part of Utah Territory, has
It is important as a military post.                        an area estimated at above 12,000 square miles. It is
TONG-TING-HOO0 or TONG-TING-HOU, tong'ting'hoot, a  bounded on the N.E. by the Great Salt Lake, and is drained
large lake of China, province of Hoo-pe, near the limit of  by Humboldt or Mary's River, with a number of smaller
Hoo-nan. It receives several large rivers, and communi-  streams. Several lakes, of which Pyramid Lake is the most
eates at its N. extremity with the Yang-tse-kiang.         remarkable, are included within its limits. Pop. 152.
TONGUE, tiing, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of    TOOELE, a post-office of Tooele co., Utah Territory.
Sutherland, with a village, 8 miles S.W. of Farr-Kirk. The    TOOGGOORT, TOUGGOURT or TUGGURT, toog'goortf, a
parish extends for 10 miles along the N. coast, indented by  town of North Africa. Lat. 320 46' N., ion. 50 40' E.
the Kyle of Tongue, an inlet 81 miles in length, and con-   TOOLA, TOULA  or TULA, tootle, a government of
rains Ben-Hope and Moir Mountains, with many mineral European Russia, nearly in its centre, mostly between lat.
springs, and much fertile soil.                            530 and 550 N., ion. 360 and 380 40' E., having E., Riazan; S.,
TONGUELAND, a parish of Scotland. See TONGLAND.          Orlov; WV., Kalooga; and N., the government of Moscow.
TONGUE (tang) RIVER, of Missouri Territory, rises in  Area, 11,875 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,092,473. It is
lat. about 420 30' N., Ion. 1060 30' W. Flowing atfirst N.E. densely peopled.  The surface is undulating.  The Oa
and then nearly N., it falls into the Yellowstone River, after  forms all the N.E. and N. boundary. The Don and Oopa
a course of about 300 miles.                               rise in this government.  The chief crops are corn, beans,.
TON!ICA STATION, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, mustard, turnips, hemp, tobacco, and potatoes. Sheep, caton the Illinois Railroad, 9 miles from La Salle.           tie, and horses are extensively reared. About one-sixth
TONK, tonk, a town of Ilindostan, dominions, and 48  part of the surface is in forests. Some inferior coal is met
miles S. of Jeypoor, near the Banass. It stands in a hollow,  with, and iron-mines extend over an area of 10 square miles
and is protected by a stone wall.                          near the capital, but iron is a chief import for the manufacTONKIN, a province of Anam. See TONqUINs.                tures ofToola. The government has extensive breweries and
TONNAY-BOUTONNE, ton'nk/ boo'tonnl,a town of France,  distilleries, leather and beet-root sugar factories, and exports
department of Charente-Infrsieure, on the Boutonne, 25  corn, hemp, flax, cutlery, fire-arms, hardwares, and jewelry.
miles S.E. of La Rochelle. Pop. 1416.                      The chief towns are Toola, Venev, Odoiev, and Novosil.
TONNAY-CIHIARENTE, ton'nAl shArlNtf, a town  of    TOOLA, TOULA or TULA, capital of the above governFrance, department of Charente-Inf&rieure, on the Charente,  ment, is an important manufacturing town on the Oopa,
3 miles E. of Rochefort. Pop. in 1852, 3538. It has a port  105 miles S. of Moscow. Pop. in 1850, 54,626. It is the
on the river for vessels of 600 tons.                      " Sheffield and Birmingham" of Russia, and has a fine apTONNEINS, ton'n&Gol, a town of PFrance, department of  pearance. It is well built, and has several convents, about
Lot-et-Garonne,   on the right bank of the Garonne, and on  30 churches, one of which is a very handsome strsucture,
the railway from Bordeaux to Cete, 10 miles S:E. of iMar-  adorned with marble columns, and a free school and gymmande. Pop. in 1852, 7549. It has a national manufacture  nasium; trades, foundling, and other hospitals; a house of
of tobacco, and manufactures of cordage. It is the birth-  correction, prison, arsenal, theatre, museum, and a vast maplace of Madame Cottin.                                    nufactory of arms, which owed its origin to Peter the Great,
TONNERRE, ton'nairJ, a town of France, department of but has risen to its present importance by the efforts of an
Yonne, on the left bank of the Armangon, and on the railway  Englishman since 1817. In this factory, about 70,000 musfrom Paris to Lyons, 19 miles E.N.E. of Auxerre. Pop. in  kets and 50,000 swords are made annually, besides carabines,
1852, 4672. It has a communalcollege, a fine hospital, witha  pistols, bayonets, &e.; 7000 men and 9600 women are emmonument to Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily, and  ployed, exclusive of 3500 other hands in subsidiary occumanufactures of agricultural implements, mill-works, and  pationas. The articles produced are of good quality, and the
stained paper.                                              work-people enjoy peculiarprivileges and immunities. Tools
TONNEWANDA.  See TONAwANDA.                              has also manufactures of mathematical and scientific instruTONNINGEN or TOENNINGEN, tinlning-en, a fortified  ments. jewelry, platina wares, silks, hats, and leather. It
town of Denmark, duchy, and 29 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick, is the residence of a military governor, a bishop's see, and
on the Eider, 11 miles from its mouth, in the North Sea. the seat of a chamber of manufactures.  In its vicinity are
Pop. 2400.                                                  many gardens, orchards, and nursery-grounds,
TONQUIN or TONKIN, ton'keen?, the northernmost pro-    TOOLA, TOULA or TULA, toocll, a river of the Chinese
vince of Anam, South-east Asia, between lat. 190 and 230  Empire, in Khalkas country, joins the Orkhon 110 miles
N., anl ion. 1020 and 1080 30' E., having N. the Chinese pro- S.S.W. of Kiakhta, after a S.W. and N.W. course of 200 miles.
vinces Quang-tong, Quang-see, and Yun-nan; W., the Laos    TOOLA, tooli, or TOLA, told, an island on the coast of
1931




TOO                                                       TOO
Zanguebar. Lat. 10 6' S., Ion. 4203 3' 0"E., belonging to the    TOORISK, TOUR ISK or TURISK, too-risk! or too-reeskf;
Juba group, is long and narrow, and has on its shores ruins  a market-town of Russian Poland, government of Volhynia,
of chapels, castellated buildings, and factorial residences, 10 miles S.W. of Kovel.
connected'with the early Portuguese settlements.  The    TOORKHIAL, TOURKIAL,. TURKIJAL, toor'kFll, of
Soallese who inhabit it, feed their cattle and sheep on its TURKIHALL, (anc. Sbastoepolis,) a town of Asia Miinor. about
low bushes and stunted grass.                              35 miles S.E. of Amasia, on the Yeshil-Irmak, at the foot of
TOOLA or TOLA, a river on the above island, is shallow  an almost perpendicular rock, surmounted by an old castle.
at the entrance, but deep within.                          It consists of 800 or 900 houses, and its environs, as in the
TOOLCHA, TOULTCIIA or TULTCHIA, toolfchi, written  time of Strabo, are covered by fine vineyards cultivated by
also TULDJA, a town of European Turkey, near the N. ex- Armenians and Greeks. Lat. 390 58' N., ion. 360 48' E.
tremity of Bulgaria, on the Danube, 40 miles from its mouth.   TOORKISTAN or TURKESTAN, tooeLkis-tgnl, a wide
Its fortifications, and immediate proximity to the Russian  region of Central Asia, partly included in the Chinese Emfrontier, make it a place of great importance.             pire, and partly subdivided among several independent
TOOILEY'S, a post-office of Concordia parish, Louisiana.   states and hordes; its two portions being separated chiefly
TOOLSIB01]OUGI I, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, on  by the table-land of Pameer, the Bolor-tagh, and the Muzthe Iowa River, about 2 miles from its mouth, and 8 miles tagh. In maps it is sometimes called Bucharia —GREaT BuS.E. of Wapello. It has several stores.                    CHARIA being a name applied to Independent or West ToorTOOM or TOOMIVERIIG, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, kistan, and LITTLE BUeHARIA to Chinese or East Toorkistan.
co. of Tipperary.                                            CHINESE TOORKISTAN, (Chinese, Thiiaz-shcam-nan-loo; i.e. the
TOOMAT, TOUMAT or TUMAT, too'mgt/, written also'"country S. of the Thian-shan,") is between lat. 350 and
MIALEG, a river of Central Africa, in South Nubia, joins  430 N., and ion. 720 and 960 E.; Bounded N. by the
the Bahr-el-Azrek, near lat. 110 20' N., ion. 340 45' E.   Thian-shan Mountains, which separate it from  SoongaTOOMAVA/RA, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of  ria or Thian-shan-peloo, W. by the table-land of Pameer, S.
Tipperary, 7 miles E.S.E. of Nenagh. Pop. 885.             by the Kuenlun Mountains, dividing it firom West Thibet,
TOOMB or TOOME, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. S.E. and S. by the desert of Gobi, of which it includes a per.
of Wexford.                                                tion. Length, from W. to E., about 1250 miles; breadth,
TOOMBS, a post-office of Richland co., Georgia.         estimated at from 300 to 550 miles. Area, 500,000 square
TOOMBUDDRA, toom-btiidtdra, or TOONGABUDDRA, miles. It is enclosed on three sides by lofty mountain
toon-ga-bibdddr$, a river of India, is formed by the junction  ranges, and on the E. by a less abruptly elevated plateau.
of the Toonga and Buddra in Mysore, flows N. and E., and  The centre of the country forms the basin of the Lop-no:,
after a course of 400 miles, joins the Kistnah 15 miles N.E. a lake 70 miles in length, fed from the W. by the Tarim
of Kurnool. Principal affluent, the Hindry from the S. In  and its five great tributaries. the Karnkool, Kashgar, Yark
parts of its course it sepgrates the presidency of Madras and, Khoten, and Aksoo Rivers. The Tarim, traced flom
from the Bombay presidency and territory of the Nizam.    the head of the Yarkand River, its farthest source, has a
TOOMCOOt, toom.koorl, a town of South India, in Mysore, total length of 1500 miles; and at its influx into the Lop70 miles N.N.E. of Seringapatam.                          nor is supposed to be more than 1280 feet above the level of
TOM1EN, TOUMEN or TUMEN, too-m~nl, a river of the sea. Its basin is almost wholly a sandy waste. It is
Corea, forms a part of the boundary between it and Man- estimated that three-fourths of Chinese Toorkistan are cotchooria, and enters the Sea of Japan near lat. 420 30' N., vered with deserts, and the very small proportion of the
after a N.E. and S.E. course of 200 miles.                surface adapted to culture is entirely situated around the
TOOMSfBOROUGI, a post-office of Wilkinson co., Georgia. declivities and bases of the mountains in the N., W., and S.
TOON,: tooeen, a town of Persia, province of Yezd, 45 miles  The lands here are, in some districts, very fertile; filom the
E.N.E. of Tabas.                                          conformation of the country, its climate and products apTOONGABUDDRA, a river of India. See TooBUDDunA.    proximate to those of much lower latitudes. The heat in
TOONG HAI. See CHINA SEA.                               summer is great; in winter, frost and snow, though comTOONG (TOUNG or TUNG)-KIANG, toongeke-gngl, (" East men in the W., are rare at Khamil, (Hiami,) near the E. beorRiver,") a river of China, rises in a mountainous district  der. Abundant rains occur at this season in the menunear the S. frontiers of the province of Kiang-See, enters  tains, but seldom in the lower country, where water for
the province of Quangtong, flows S.W. to Ioei-choo, then  irrigation is carefully preserved in reservoirs.  In  the
nearly W., and dividing into several branches, falls into the  desert violent storms of wind are common, and very destrucbay 21 miles E.S.E. of the town of Canton, after a course of tive to caravans, which, accordingly, in their transit from
about 250 miles.                                          China, traverse only its narrowest part on the route from
TOONGOOSES, TOUNGOUSES or TUNGUSES, toong- Kansooee across to Khamil.
goosfez, or TOONGOOS TARTARS., a wandering people of    On the declivities and borders of the mountains, rice,
Siberia, chiefly in the government of Yeniseisk.          wheat, millet, pulses, and grains common in South Europe,
TOONGOOSKA, TOUNGOUSKA or TUNGUSKA, toong- with sesamum and other oil-seeds, cotton, &c. are raised in
goos'kA, three rivers of Siberia, tributary to the Yenisei, and  considerable quantities, besides hemp, flax, and dye-plants.
all flowing to it from the E.                              Grapes, melons, pomegranates, andother fiuits of southern
TOONKAT, TOUNKAT or TUNKAT, toon'kgt/, a town  climates, come to great perfection; mulberry plantations are
of Independent Toorkistan, khanat of Khokan, 50 miles N. numerous, and much silk is produced. The rearing of liveof Tashkend.                                               stock is the chief branchof rural industry. Most of the surTOONKINSK, TOUNKINSK or TUNKINSK, toon'kinskl, face, where it is rendered verdant by sufficient irrigation, is
a town of Siberia, government, 110 miles S.W. of Irkootsk.  employed in pasturing horses, yak and other cattle, camels,
TOG-PING-LING or TOU-PING-LING, too ping ling, a  and sheep; the horses of this region are in high repiite, and
mountain of China, province of Kan-Sooee. Lat. 350 23' N., are sent in large numbers to China, Thibet, and several
Ion. 1030 55' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.       adjacent countries. Wild horses, camels, and asses abound
TOORA, TOURA or TURA, too'rY, a river of West Siberia, in herds on the stony steppes of the Lop desert. The Argali
governments of Perm and Tobolsk, joins the Tobol 70 miles  or wild sheep, some antelopes, the tiger, wolf, jackal, lynx,
S.S.W. of Tobolsk, after a S. course of 300 miles.        and fox are among the other wild animals; the ranges of
TOORAVAKAIRA, too-rg-vt-kifrA, a fortified town of  the Thian-shan are the native country of the two-humped
South India, in Mysore, on an affluent of the Cavery, 50  or Bactrian camel. Two large species of eagles are conmiles N. of Seringapatam.                                  spicuous among native birds, the number of which is not
TOORBOOT, TOURBOUT or TURBUT, toor'boot/, a town  great.
of Persia, province of Khorassan, 60 miles S. of Meshed.     Gold is found in the Thian-shan, and in the affluents of
TOORCOMANS. See TOOIKOMANS.                             the Yurungkash (Khoten River); copper, iron, nitre, asbesTOORETS, TOURETS or TURETZ, too-rktsy, a market- tos, and agate are also met with; sal-ammoniac and sulphur
town of Russian Poland, government of Grodno, 22 miles in great quantities in the volcanic districts ofBogdo-oola and
E.S.E. of Novogrodek. Pop. 1550.                          around Toorfan. The most remarkable mineral product is
TOORFAN, TOURFAN or TURFAN, toor'fnt, an active  the yu or jasper, in which there is an imperial monopoly;
volcano in a mountain chain N. of the town of Toorfan.    it is raised from the bed of the Yurungkash (Khoten River,)
TOORFAN, TOURFAN or TURFAN, a town of Chinese  and Karakash, in the Yarkand province; and about 70 miles
Toorkistan, 180 miles W. of Khamil. It is the residence of a  S.E. of Yarkand is a rock stated to be wholly composed of this
native prince with authority from the Chinese over Toorfan  stone. At all these localities Chinese soldiers are stationed
-and five adjacent towns.                                  to supervise the operations for procuring the jasper, and preTOORINSK, TOURINSK or TURINSK, too-rinsk/. a town  vent, so far as they can, any of it from passing into private
of Siberia, government, and 140 miles WV.S.W. of Tobolsk, hands; the whole of the produce being officially sent to
on the Toora, an affluent of the Obi. Pop. 4000. It has Pekin, where it is employed in the manufacture of vases
iron-works in its vicinity.                               and other articles of furniture for the imperial palace.
TOORINSK, TOURINSK or TURINSK, NIZINEE, nizhl-   Chinese Toorkistan has an extensive trade, chiefly with
nee too-rinskt, a town of Asiatic Russia, government of  Cashmere, Independent Toorkistan, the Russian Empire,
Perm, immediately E. of the Ural Mountains, 50 miles S.W. China, and Thibet. The caravans from Peking to Yarkand
of Verkhotoorie. with valuable iron-mines.                employ from three to six months on their route, and bring
TOORINSK, TOURINSK or TURINSK, ~ERKHNEE, v~rn/- tea, silver, porcelain, and numerous other manufactured
nee too-rinskt, a town of Asiatic Russia, government of  goods, taking back silk, horses, cattle, and dyes. From CashPerm, contiguous to the above.                            mere, by way of Yarkand, are brought shawls, kincobs, and
1932




TOO                                                        TOP
wvhite cloth, in return for Russian goods, tanned leather,  of Koei-choo, capital of a department, lat. 260 10' N., ion,
gold and silver, embroidery, rice, China wares, and Thibet  1079 22' E.
shawl-wool; from Fyzabad, in Budukhshan, slaves and gems,    TOOZ-GOLEE or TUZ-GOLI, tooz gotlee', written also TUZin return for silver and tea. From Andad-khan, in Khokan,  GHIEUL, (anc. Paloess Tatce'us ) a large salt lake of Asia Miwoollens and other manufactured goods are brought on  nor, pashalic of Karamania, its centre in lat. 380 40' N., ion.
horses, mules, and camels to Kashgar, where they are ex- 330 30' E. Length, 45 miles; greatest breadth, 16 miles.
changed for Chinese produce; the routes from the two latter  Height above the sea, 2500 feet. It receives some small
countries respectively traverse the two main passes across rivers, but during a part of the year its bed iswholly dry.
the lofty table-land of Pameer. Many merchants of Chinese    TOOZ-GOOL, TOUZ-GOUL. TUZ-GUL, tooz gool, (i. e. "saltToorkistan go to Tobolsk with cotton-stuffs, tea, rhubarb, lake,") or TEMOURTOU-NOR, t4-moor-too! nor, a lake of
and sal-ammoniac, and return with broadcloth, brocades, the Chinese Empire, in Soongaria. Lat. 420 30' N., and bebullion, gold coin, copper, iron, steel, and furs; and the  tween ion. 770 and 790 E., 100 miles S. of Balkash. Length,
same kinds of merchandise come, by way of Eelee, to Aksoo, from E. to W., 90 miles; breadth, 30 miles.
the exports from which town are chiefly cotton, silk, cotton    TOOZKOORMATY, TOUZKOURMATY or TUZKURMAfabrics, leather, pottery, and fruit. Yarkand is the chief  TY, tooz-koor-m&ftee, a large village of Turkish Koordistan,
emporium  of trade, and is a large mart for Chinese goods. 67 miles N.E. of Samarrah.
The other principal cities and towns are Khamil or Hami,   TOOZLA or TUZLA, toozftl, a river of Asiatic Turkey,
Pidjan, Toorfan, Karachar, Kutche, Aksoo, and Useh, along  descends from the S.W. slope of Mount Ida, and falls into
the N. route, below the Thian-shan; Kashgar, the city se  the Archipelago at Nessurak, after a course of 50 miles.
cond in importance, towards the W. frontier; and Karakash,    TOOZLA or TUZLA, a river of Asiatic Turkey, joins the
Khoten, Kirina, and Peim, in the S.                        Morad Branch of the Euphrates. Length, 50 miles.
The great bulk of the inhabitants are of the Turkish race,   TOPAYOS, a river of Brazil. See TAPAJos.
or Oozbeks; they are superior in civilization to the Oozbeks    TOP/CLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of York, North
of Bokhara, and speak the purest of Turkish dialects. Tau- Riding, 5 miles S.S.W. of Thirsk, on the Swale, and Great
jiks or Persians, Eleuths, Cashmerians, Tungani, &c., all Northern Railway.  Here are the ruins of the "Maiden
Mohammedans, are among the population; the Taujiks carry  Bower,'" a former residence of the Percies, in which Charles
on most of the foreign trade. In the N.W. are some Kir-  I. was confined before his delivery to the Scots.
gheez settlers; at Khamil, (IIami,) many Eleuth Calmucks;    TOPICROFT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
and on the banks of the Lop-Nor are a few people who, al-   TOPDALS, top'dAls, a river of Norway, falls into the Topthough they speak Turkish, are not Mohammedans; they  dals-Fiord E. of Christiansand. Total course, 80 miles.
are occupied in fishing, trading in furs and swans'-down,   TOPEIKAH, a rapidly improving town of Kanzas Terriand weaving flax and wild hemp. Chinese merchants in  tory, beautifully situated, on the S. side of Kanzas River,
the towns, a few Hindoos, Jews, and Christians, MIongols in  about 50 miles W. of Westport, Missouri, and 25 W. of Lawthe E., and Mantchoos in the Chinese-army, make up nearly  rence. It is handsomely laid out with streets 130 feet wide,
the rest of the inhabitants. The civil government is vested  crossing each other at right angles; it has in constant opein the hakim-beys of the districts, whose appointment rests  ration a first-class steam saw-mill; several large blocks of
with the court of Peking; and the Mohammedans maintain, buildings are being erected for stores. Topekah is regarded
with much astuteness, their freedom from interference by the  as one of the most promising points in the whole territory.
Chinese in their internal affairs. The Chinese troops which    TOPESFIELD, a parish of England, co of Essex.
garrison the principal cities amount in all to between 20,000    TOPIIAN]~, tolfl-n~J, ("an arsenal,") a suburb of Constanand 30,000 men, under Mantchoo officers. At-all the custom- tinople, at the E. extremity of thepeninsula N. of the Golden
house stations the officials are half Mantchoos and half Ooz- Horn, and immediately N.E. of Galata. It comprises an arbeks. Europeans are interdictedfrom entering the country. senal and cannon foundry, (whence its name,) extensive
Tihis region formed anciently a part of the territory of the  artillery barracks,. dock-yards for building caoqoes, a fine
Hiong-nun; it was subjected by the Chinese in the first cen- public fountain, and a quay, which is the usual place of emtury A. D., and from the fifth to the seventeenth centuries  barkation for Scutari.
it was successively under the dominion of Thibet, Tangoot,    TOPINO, to-pee/no, a river of the Pontifical States, joins the
(Tangut,) Jenghis-Khan, Timur, the Eleuths, and the Soon- Tiber from the E., 7 miles S. of Perugia. Course, 30 miles.
garians. It was conquered by the Chinese Emperor Kien-    TOPL or TOPLA, a river of IIungary.  See TopocY.
lung, in 1756-8. In 1826-7, a great insurrection  took    TOPLICZA or TOPLITZA, to-plit/sA, a river of Servia.
place under Jehangire, one of its khodjas or princes, who, joins the East Morava, 10 miles N.E. of the village of Towith aid from Khokan, defeated an army of 60,000 Chinese plicza.
in three battles; but the latter finally prevailed, and the    TOPLIKA, to-plee/kA, a market-town of Austrian Croatia,
chief authorities of the province were transferred from   9 miles S.S.E. of Warasdin. Pop. 808. Ihere are hot springs.
Kashgar to Yarkand.                                           TOPLITZ,TOEPLITZ, tipflits, or TEPLITZ, ttpqlits,a town
TOORKISTAN, TURKESTAN, INDEPENDENT, or INDE-  and famous watering-place of Bohemia, on its N.W. frontier,
PENDENT TARTARY, is between lat. 350 and 510 N., and  16 miles N.W. of Leitmeritz, in a valley of the Erzgebirge.
Ion. 510 and 770 E., bounded E. by the Pameer table-land, Stationary pop. 2794; but in autumn it is often visited by
W. by the Caspian Sea, N. by the Russian governments of  10,000 strangers. It is neatly built, and consists mostly of
Tobolsk and Tomsk, and S. by the Huzareh Mountains and  inns, lodging-houses, and bathing-establishments. The chief
the Hlindoo-Koosh, separating it respectively from East buildings are the town-house, and the mansion of Pr-ince
Persia and Afghanistan. Estimated area, 720,800 square  Clary, to whom the territory belongs. The principal bathmiles. Pop. supposed to be about 4,000,000. In the E. it is  ing establishments are the Stadtbad, Ftirstenbad, Fiirstlich,
mountainous, elsewhere generally level, with a slope towards  Frauenzimmerbad, and Herrnhaus, all in the Baade-platz
the W., and in that dioection the Oxus and Jaxartes rivers  or Great Square-the first open gratuitously to the public;
flow through it to the Aral Sea, which is wholly comprised  the second comprising superior private baths; and the last
within its limits.                                         royal and elite baths, Tbplitz being a place of resort for the
TOORKISTAN or TURKESTAN, a town of Central Asia, highest personages in Germany. There are in all about 00
khanat, and 220 miles N.N.W. of Khokan.                    public bathing-houses; and in the suburb of Schdnau are
TOORKOMANS or TURCOMANS, toornko-mAlnzl, a nation  Steinbad, Tempelbad, Schangenbad, Neubad, &c., with buildof Tartars, originally inhabiting the eastern shores of the  ings equal if not superior in elegance to the town baths.
Caspian Sea, but who are now spread not only over Toor-  the waters are saline; temperature in Tlplitz from 1130 to
kistan, but Persia, Afghanistan, and a considerable portion  1190, in Schbnau from 1010 to 1040 Fahrenheit. Here are
of Asiatic Turkey. They lead a wandering life, and live in  Austrian and Prussian military hospitals, a civil hospital,
tents. They are said to be excellent horsemen, and to make  and one supported by Prince Clary, the grounds of whose
hardy and brave soldiers.-Adj. TOORK or TooRc; and  chdteau are open to the public. Here are also a theatre,
Too0aK0acAN/.                                              and other appliances of a highly fashionable watering-place.
TOORON, TOURON or TURON, too'ron, a town of Anam,   TOPLITZ, Hungary. See TEPLI.z.
in Farther India, capital of a province, on a river, near its    TOPLITZA, a river of Servia.  See ToPLzCZA.
mouth in a fine bay. Lat. 160 71 3' N., lon. 108~ 13' E. Its    TOPOLIAS, to-po-lee'&s? (sue. Copoais,) a lake of Greece, in
harbor is defended by two forts of European construction, Hellas, government, and in the centre of Boeotia, 5 miles E.
and it formerly exported cotton to China.                  of Livadia. Length in winter, 16 miles; greatest breadth,
TOOROOKHANSK,  TOUROUKHANSK   or   TURU- 8 miles; but in summer much of it is a mere reedy marsh.
KHANSK, too-roo-ianskI, a town of North Siberia, govern- Height above the sea, about 1000 feet. At Orchomenus,
ment of Yeniseisk, on the Yenisei, near the influx of the  (Skripu,) on its W. side, it receives the river Gayrios, (anc.
Toorookha River. Lat. 610 N., lon. 900 30' E.              Cep/hissus.) It contains many islands, and is famous for its
TOOROVO, TOUROYO or TUROVO, too-rolvo, a market-  eels, large quantities of which are salted and exported.
town of Russia, government of Minsk, 60 miles W. of Pinsk,   TOPOLOVECZ, to-polo-vlts', a village of Croatia, generalat the confluence of the Slootch with the Pripets. Pop. 2000. ship of Warasdin, on several hills, about 12 miles from Bel-. TOORSHEEZ, TOURCHIZ or TURSHIZ, toor'sheez/, a  lovar. It is the head-quarters of a frontier regiment. P.932.
town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 76 miles S.S.W. of    TOPOLY, to'pol/, written also TOPL and TOPLA, a river
Meshed, on the route from Herat to Astrabad.               of North Hlungasy, after a S.S.E. course of 63 miles, joins
TOOTING-GRAIVENEY, a parish of England, co. Surrey. the Ondava 13 miles S. of Varano.
TOOT0-ILLAH. See MAOoNA.                                  TOPOLYA, to'p5l/yth', a post-village of Hungary, co. of
TOO-YAN or TOU-YAN, too'ydnu; a city of China, province  Bacs,.8 miles N. of Hegyes. Pop. 5615.
1933'




TOP                                                      TOR
TOPOZERO, to-po-zi'ro, a large lake of Russian Lapland,   TORELLA, to-rFlll, a town of Naples, province of Prinel
government of Archangel, W. of the White Sea. Length, pato Ultra, 3 miles N.W. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi. Poll
50 miles; breadth. 8 miles. It contains several islands.  3000.
TOPRAK-KULAII, to'prik! koolln, or KALEH, kdleh, a    TORELLA, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 8 miles
town of Turkish Armenia, pashalic, and 75 miles E.S.E. of  N.W. of Campobasso, with an almshouse. Pop. 1200.
Erzroom. Pop. 200 Turkish, and 100 Armenian families.     TORENO, to-rcno, a town of Spain, province of Leon. on
TOP/SAIL SOUND, a post-office of New Hanoverco., North  both sides of the Sil, 21 miles N.E. of Villafranca. Pop. 1341,
Carolina.                                                 TOIRFECKAN, a parish of Ireland. See TERMON RC EcKAN.
TOPSIFIELD, a post-township of Washington co., Maine,   TORGAU, ton/gow, a fortified town of Prussian Saxony,
132 miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 268.                    on the left bank of the Elbe, 70 miles S.S.W. of Berlin. Pop.
TOPSFIELD, a post-village and township of Essex co., 6425. It is enclosed by strong walls, and has manufactures
Massachusetts, about 20 miles N.E. by N. of Boston. The of woollen cloth, hosiery, and leather. Frederick the Great
village contains several churches, and an academy. The took it after defeating the Austrians on the 23d of Noveminhabitants are largely engaged in the manufacture of boots ber, 1760.
and shoes. Pop. 1170.                                     TORGELOW, tor/ghbh-lov', a town of Prussia, in PomeTOPS/HAM, a seaport town and parish of England, co. of  rania, N.W. of Stettin, on the Ucker. Pop. 1085.
Devon, on the E. bank of the Exe, at the head of its estuary    TORGET, toRtghet, a small island of Norway, off the S.W.
and the confluence of the Clist, 4 miles S.E. of Exeter, and  coast of Nordlaud, about lat. 650 30' N. Its most remarkable
N.W. of Exmouth. Pop. in 1851, 3377; of the town, 2717. feature is the mountain of Torghattan, Which seems to rise
The town is pleasantly situated, and has spacious wharves, almost perpendicularly from the water to a height estiquays, and bonding warehouses; ship-building, and mann- mated by Von Buch at more than 2000 feet, terminates in
factures of ropes and chain-cables. Steamers ply regularly  a deep cleft, forming the basin of a small lake, and is comto London. Near it is Powderham Castle, the seat of the  pletely perforated, not far from the centre, by an immense
Earl of Devon.                                          cavern 6000 feet long, and 600 feet high. It appears to have
TOPSIAM, a post-village and township of Sagadahoc co., been formed by a series of convulsions, evidences of which
Maine, on the left bank of the Androscoggin River, and on  is furnished by numerous fissures which have shattered the
the Kennebec and Portland Railroad, 32 miles S. by W. of mountain, and cleft it in one place almost from topto bottom.
Augusta. The village contains 3 chuurches, a bank, and  According to tradition common in the North, the ancient
half a dozen stores. Ship-building and the lumber trade  kings of Norway, when crowned, used to visit this cavern,
are carried on here. Pop. about 1500; of the township, 2010. and prove the vigor of their arm by hurling a javelin through
TOPSHIAM, a post-township in Orange co., Vermont, 20 it. Torghattan owes its name to the resemblance which it
miles S.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1618.                    bears at a distance to a three-cornered hat.
TOR, a petty seaport town of Arabia Petrwa, on the E.   TORIGNI or THORIGNY, to'reen'yee/, (anc. Tersqneiscm,)
shore of the Gulf of Suez, lat. 280 19' N., lon. 330 38' E., near a town of France, department of Manche, 9 miles S.E. of St.
the Tor Mountains. It is a station where caravans supply  LO. Pop. 2206.
themselves with water, and has an old fort, and a harbor   TORINO. See TURIN.
sheltered by a coral bank, on which is a light-house.     TORINO, to-ree/no, or TURINO, too-ree/no, a town of
TORA, to/rd, a small town of Naples, province of Terra di Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 10 miles N.W. of e1 Vasto.
Lavoro, 24 miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 1200.              Pop. 2180.
TORA, to/ra, a town of Spain, province of Lerida, 10 miles   TORITTO, to-rit/to, a town of Naples, province of Bari, 15
S.S.W. of Solsona.                                      miles N.N.E. of Altamura. Pop. 2800.
TORAL DE LA VEGA, to-rll d 1] vr/gA, or TORAL DE    TORJOK, a town of Russia. See TORZuoK.
LAS GUZMANES, to-rll dA loce gooth-mdtln's, a town of   TORK/SEY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Spain, province, and 22 miles S. of Leon, on the right bank    TOR/MlARTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
of the Esla. Pop. 2128.                                   TORMES, top/mis, a river of Spain, rises in the Santa
TORANO, to-r~lno, or TURANO, too-r[tno, a town of Gredos, flows N., past Alba-deTormes and Salamanca: and
Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., N.N.E. of Teramo. joins the Douro on the left. Length, 150 miles. Many batPop. 1136.                                              ties were fought on its banks between the French and SpaTORANO or TURANO, a town of Naples, province of Ca- niards, from 1808 to 1814.
labria Citra, N.N.E. of Cosenza, with a convent, hospital,   TOR MORItHAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
and almshouse.                                            TORNA, tor/nOhb, written also TURNYA, the smallest
TOItAT! BAY, New Zealand, is on the W. coast of Middle county in Hungary, bounded N. by Zips. Area, 229 square
Island. Lat. 430 371 S., lon. 1690 30' E.               1 miles. Pop. 27,562.
TOR/BAY, a fine and highly picturesque bay of England,   TORNA, a market-town of North Hungary, capital of
an inlet of the English Channel, on the E. coast of the  the above county, 18 miles W.S.W. of Kaschau. Pop. 2190.
county of Devon, between the headlands Bob's-nose and    TORNACO, to/nii-ko, a village of the Sardinian States,
Berry Head, the latter in lat. 500 24' N., ion. 30 28' W. It division of Novara. Pop. 1339.
forms a semicircular sweep, bounded by limestone and    TORNACUS. See TOURNAY.
sienite cliffs, abounding in fine marble quarries, and con-   TORNARECCIO, tosi-n-rlt/cho, a town of Naples, protaining some very curious caves. It is a general rendezvous vince of Abruzzo Citra, W.S.W. of II.Vasto. Pop. 1240.
for vessels during W; winds, and has important fisheries.   TORNAVACAS, toR-nu-v/kAs, a town of Spain, in EstreOn its N. shore is Torquay, and on its W. side are Brixham  madura, province, and 23 miles N.N.E. of Caceres. P. 1424.
and Paington. Here William III. landed in England, 5th    TORNEA, (Torneil,) tor/ne-5, sometimes written TORNEO,*
of November, 1688.                                      a river of Scandinavia, separates the Swedish and Russian
TORBAY, a bay on the S.E. coast of Nova Scotia, 13 miles dominions, and enters the head of the Gulf of Bothnia at
W.S.W. of Cape Canso.                                   Tornei, after a S.S.E. course of 230 miles.  It is rapid, and
TORBAY, a bay on the E. coast of Newfoundland, 8 miles in it is the fine cataract of Julhae. It gives name to the
N. of St. John's.                                        N. part of Swedish Lappmark.
TORBISCON, toR-bees-kn/, (ance. Turaniana?) a town of   TORNEA, (Torned,) a town of Finland, on the TorneA, at
Spain, in Andalusia, 43 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2303.'  its mouth in the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. Lat. 650 50,
TOR/BIT'S STORE, a post-office of Chester district, South  8" N., Ion. 240 14' E. Pop. 700. It has an active trade in
Carolina.                                                stockfish, reindeer, skins, furs, iron, planks, tar, butter,
TORIBOCK, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.     hemp, quills, and pickled.salmon. Here, in 1736, the French
TOE BRYIAN, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         academicians made measurements to ascertain the figure of
TORCELLO, toR-ch8l1lo, an island in the lagoon, N.E. of the earth. Tornel was ceded with Finland to Russia in 1810.
Venice. It was a town, with cathedral and bishops, in the   TORNEA, OFVER, 0f/ver tonune —, (i. e. "Upper Torned,")
seventh century, but it decayed as Venice rose. It has an  a place on the Swedish side of the TorneA River, about 30
old Byzantine church, and a cathedral of the eleventh  miles N.N.W. of TorneA.
Century. The climate is very unhealthy.                   TORNIMPARTE, toR-nim-pa/ftA, a town of Naples, proTORCH, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.              vince of Abruzzo Ultra II., 7 miles W. by S. of Aquila, with
TORDA, toc/dg, a market-town of Transylvania, on the 2 almshouses. Pop. 1545.
Aranyos, 19 miles S.S.E. of Klausenburg. Pop. 7000.       TORNOLO, tor.-notlo, a village of Naples, duchy, and 48
TODtEHUMOS, toR-dA-oo/moce, a townof Spain, in Leon, miles S.W. of Parma, on the right bank of the Taro. P. 3246.
province, and 29 miles N.W. of Valladolid, with 3 churches,   TORO, tolro, a town of Spain, province of Zamora. on the
a nunnery, a handsone court-house, and the remains of an  Douro, 29 miles N.N.E. of Salamanca. Pop. 6897. It is enold castle, and a trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 1200.  closed by old walls, and has an old palace or alcazar, and
TORDERA, toRt-dA/rs, a town of Spain, province, and 40 another formerly belonging to the Dukes of Berwick; and
miles N.E. of Barcelona. Pop. 1856.                     manufaictures of coarse woollen and linen cloths, brandy,
TORDESILLAS. toR-dl-seellyls,(ane.Tur/t-rs Nil/ lce) a town  and leather.
of Spain, 24 miles S.W. of Valladolid, on the Douro. P. 2319.   TOIRO, a market-town of Naples, province of Molise, disTORDINEZE, tor/de-nl'zl (?) a village of Slavonia, co. of trict, and 7 miles E.N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2400.
Syrmia, with a Catholic church. Pop. 1272.                TOIRO, a small island of the Mediterranean, off the S.W.
TOREE, torseex, a rajehship of India, in Bundelcund, coast of the island of Sardinia.
under British protection Area. 36 square miles. Pop. 6000.
Armed force, 375 men.'* "Cold as the rocks on TORNEo'S hoary brow." —CAMrBELL.
1934




TOR                                                        TOR
TO'RtI, ariverof Mongolia, joins theNonni an affluent of lights. Among the other public buildings are the customthe Soongaree, after an E. course of 250 miles.            house, theatre, court-house, on Church street, and the city
TOIRO, a post-ot ce of Sabine parish, Louisiana.         and county jail, a quarter of a mile W. of the Don River,
TORO, BOCA DEL, bo/kt d~l to/ro, or "Bull's Mouth," in  the E. limit of the city. The avenues leading to the univerCentral America, one of the straits by which the lagoon of  sity are wide and spacious, and planted with trees, which,
Cliriqui communicates with the Caribbean Sea.              when fully grown, will prove a fine shaded promenade.
TOROK BECSE, tS'riikl bi/chA, a maurket-town of Hun-    Cemeteries.-Toronto has in its vicinity four buryinggary, co. of Torontal, on the left bank of the Theiss, 47 miles grounds, viz. Potter's Field, containing 6 acres; the Toronto
S. of Szegedin. Pop. 4920.                                 Necropolis, with 15 acres; St. James' Cemetery, with 65
TiOROK KANISA, tS'rek! kIh'neeeshbh', a market-town of  acres-the latter two at the N.E. extremity of the city, and
Hungary, co. of Torountal, on the left bank of the Theiss, 15  the former W. of Yonge street; and the Roman Catholic
miles S. of Szegedin.                                      cemetery, in Power street.
TOROK KOPPANY, tO'Srk! kop'pifi/, a market-town of    Hospitals and.Public Charities.-The Provincial Lunatic
Hungary, co. of Schiimeg, 18 miles S.E. of Lake Balatony.  Asylum has accommodation for 200 patients; the hospital
TOROK, SZENT MIKLOS. See SZENT MaIKLOS ToiROK.           on King street usually contains 100 patients, and is enTORONAICUS SINUS. See CASSANDRA.                         dowed with land within the city limits, besides an annual
TORONTAL, to'ron'till, a county of Hungary, bounded  parliamentary grant of 7501.; the Eye Dispensary, the To.
E. by Temesvar. Area, 2808 square miles. Pop. 322,246.   route General Dispensary and Lying-in Hospital, the ProTORONITO, a post-village of Vermilion co., Indiana. It  vincial Lying-in Hospital and Vaccine Institution, Materhas an iron foundry.                                       nity Lying-in Hospital, an emigration society, a house of
TORONTO, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa.             industry, the Church Society, Methodists' Dorcas Society,
TORON/TO, formerly YORK, the capital of Canada West, Toronto City Mission, Ladies' Bible Association, Catholic
and the most flourishing city in British America, is situ- Orphan Asylum, and the Elgin Association for the Improveated on a beautiful circular bay on the N.W. shore of  ment of Colored People; besides various Freemasons', temLake Ontario, in York county, about 390 miles W.S.W,  of  perance, Bible, Odd Fellows', St. George's, St. Andrew's, St.
Montreal, 165 miles from Kingston, 45 miles N. by E. of Ha- Patrick's, and other associations of a benevolent character.
milton, and 500 miles N.W. of Washington, (United States.)   ScientifiSc, Educational, and Liter-ary.Institutions.-Toronto
Lat. 430 39' N., lon. 790 21' W. Mean temperature of the  has a royal magnetic observatory, a Canadian institute, an
year-440.4; winter, 260.4; summer, 630.8 Fahrenheit. The  athen-eum, a news-room, a philharmonic society, a mebay is entered by a narrow opening, and is separated from   chanics' institute, and a society of arts. Among the educethe lake by a low peninsula about 6 miles long, enclosing a  tional institutions are several schools of medicine; Trinity
beautiful basin 1] miles in diameter, forming a safe and  College, in connection with the Established Church, with 6
well-sheltered harbor, capable of containing a large number  professors of law and art, and 7 of'medicine; the university,
ofvessels. The peninsulaiscalledGibraltarPoint. The site  with an endowment of 225,944 acres of land, and with 10
of the towvn is lowv, but rises gently fi-om the water's edge-the  professors; Upper Canada College, with an endowment of
observatory being 108 feet above the sea. The streets gene-  63,642 acres, and with a principal and 13 masters; St.
rally cross each other at right angles, some running almost Michael's (Roman Catholic) College, Knox's College, the
parallel with the bay, and intersected by others which have  Congregational Institute, the United Presbyterian Divinity
a N. and S. direction, inclining slightly to the W., the  Hall, the Provincial Normal and Model Schools, Toronto
whole forming nearly a parallelogram. The principal streets  Academy, and a county grammar school.
running E. and W. in the denser portions of the city, are    Newspapers.-In 1855 there were published in Toronto 31
Front, King, Richmond, Adelaide, and Queen streets; and  fewspapers and periodicals, viz. 4 daily, 6 semi-weekly, 12
of the cross streets, Yonge, Church, Bay, and York streets. weekly, 8 monthly, and 1 quarterly.
King ansd Queen streets start from the Don bridge, in the    Churches. —In the same year there were more than 30
E. part of the city, and slightly diverge as they proceed W., churches, of which 5 were Episcopal, 3 Roman Catholic,
till two or three streets intervene. King and Vonge streets  4 Presbyterian, and the remainder divided among the
are the thoroughfares, and contain the largest number of  Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, and other Disshops. The city generally is built of light-colored brick, of  senters.
a soft, pleasing tint.                                        Masnufactures.-Among the manufactures may be found
Public Bsuildisgs.-Prominent among the public edifices  iron and other foundries, distilleries, breweries, candle,
are the old Parliament Houses, built of brick-soon to be su- glue, axe, starch, soap, oil-cloth, paper, and planing-machine
perseded by new buildings; the Government House, also an  manufactories, besides grist mills, rope-walks, &c.
old, plain building, of unpretending, appearance, lately used    Commerce.-As before stated, the harbor of Toronto is cafor government offices; the St. Lawrence Hall, of stone, in  pacious and well protected, admitting the largest lake vesthe Italian style, with a dome, and containing a public  sels, and affording great facilities for extensive traffic. Lines
hall, news-room.  &c.; Osgood IHall, of the Grecian Ionic  of steamers run daily during the summer to all the lake
order, containing the law  courts and an  excellent law  ports and ports in the river St. Lawrence; and during the
library; Trinity College University, built in the form of a  winter a daily communication is kept up between Niagara
quadrangle, of which only two sides are yet completed, in  and Wellington's Square. A  railroad communication is
the latest phase of domestic Gothic; the University of To- alseady opened fsrom Toronto to Lake Huron, vid the Ontaronto, in the Doric order, at the head of College avenue-a  rio Simcoe and Huron Railroad; and a road connecting
spacious avenue about half a mile in length; Upper Canada  Toronto with Hamilton, (and thence, through the Great
College, with the masters' residences on each side, of red  Western Railroad, with Detroit,) is expected to be opened in
brick, erected in 1830; the General Itiospital, a new building  the autumn of 1855. The Grand Trunk, connecting Toronto
in the form of an open quadrangle, with a massive central with Montreal, and Portland in the United States, on the
tower upwards of 100 feet high, and with smaller towers  E., and with Sairnia and Goderich on the W., it is confiat the extreme angles, which are roofed in a manner pecu- dently believed will be opened throughout its whole extent
liar to the French-the general style is the old English- in 2 or 3 years at most. If, as has been the fact, Toronto
the Proviucial Lunatic Asylum, the principal facade of  has increased more rapidly than any Canadian town prewhich is in the Italian style, with accommodations for but vious to the opening of railroads, what may we expect her
200 patients, although containing, in 1855, more than 300; progress to be with these additional advantages? The exthe city-hall, devoted to cityoffices, in the Italian style; the  ports for 1850 amounted in value to 77,8291., or nearly
miechanics' institute; the music hall, a fine building, just  $350,000; in 1851, to $327,368; in 1852, to 221,4901.; in
erected, and the Toronto Exchange, now being built, both  1853, to about $1,000,000; and in 1854, to 273,0491., or about
of the Italian order; the normal school, and model schools, $1,300,000; consisting mostly of flour, wheat, wool, furs, and
both in plain Italian style, grouped so as to produce a plc- skins, with some pot and pearl ashes, lumber, butter, barturesque effect; the post-office, a new stone building of the  ley, oats, rye, pease, beans, malt, and flax-seed.  The value
Ionic order; several new public school-houses, just erected, of the imports was $2,538,892 for 1850; $2,601,928 for 1851,
in a species of Italian architecture; and three markiets, the  of which $1,525,620 was from  the United States; 639,8171.,
principalof which is the St. Lawrence, always well supplied, or about $3,000,000, in 1852; 1.165,3561., or about $5,600,000,
MIany of the principal private buildings and mercantile  in 1853; and to 1,368,3501., or about $6,600,000, in 1854.
houses are faced with cut stone, in a style highly creditable  The leading articles imported were cotton, woollen, and silk
to the place. Among the churches, those most deserving  manufactures, hardware and other goods, tea, swgar, tonotice for their architectural merits, are the cathedral bacco, coffee, and leather, besides some molasses, brandy,
church of St. James, (Episcopal,) in the Gothic style of the  wine, salt, fruits, spices, fur, glass, rice, seeds, coal, dyethirteenth century, with a nave and aisles, an unfinished  stuffs, hides, fish, &c. The tonnage of Toronto, in 1851, extower. clerestory. chancel, and elaborate open roof, of the  bibited a total entered of 161,439, of which 143,693 was
perpendicular style; the Roman Catholic cathedral, in the  steam, and 5345 United States tonaige; and cleared, of
decorated Gothic style, with nave and aisles under a con- 124,543 tons, of which 108,347 was steam, and 5345 United
tinuous roof; the church of the Holy Trinity, (Free,) St. States tonnage. In the year ending December 31, 1854, there
George's church, and Trinity church, (all Episcopal,) are of  arrivedthe perpendicular Gothic order of architecture; Knox's
Steamers..........1420........ Tonnage..........632,114
(Presbyterian) church, in the decorated Gothic style, with      Sailingvessels..... 267............. 41,574
a fine tapered spire covered with tin, enriched at the base
with clusters of pinnacles, and pierced with traceried spire-        Total........1687                   673,688
1935




TOR                                                     TOR
For the protection of the harbor against the encroachments   TORRALBA DE CALATRAVA, to0-RaI/BA dA k,-la-tr.t-v,
of the peninsula, embankments are in course of construc- a town of Spain, province, and 13 miles N.E. of Ciudad
tion. There is a light-house on the extremity of the penin- Real, with manufactures of blonde and thread-lace. P. 3016.
Bula. The city has a board of trade.                      TORRAO, tOR-ROwNGt, a market-town of Portugal, province
Government,_-i'inances, Bcenks, Police, dc.-Toronto is go- of Alemtejo, 26 miles N.W. of Beja. Pop. 1800.
verned by a mayor, aldermen, and common councilmen.   TORRO0, a town and parish of Portugal, province of
Each of the 7 wards elect annually 2 aldermen and 2 coun- Douro, 20 miles E.N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 1180.
cilmen, who choose one of their number as mayor. The ex-   TORRAZZA-COSTE, toR-R t/sA kostA,,  a village of the Sarpenses for 1850 were 17,3231., or about $80,000; and the  dinian States, division of Alessandria, province of Voghera.
debt, 84,7271., or about $400,000. The assessment for the  Pop. 1369.
same year yielded about 100,0001., or $480,000; but this as-   TORRE, toe/RA, an Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese
sessment being under an old law, is far below the real word, signifying "tower," (from the Latin Tuerlris,) and
value.  The Bank of Upper Canada, with a capital of forming a part of many names in Southern Europe.
1,000,0001., has its head office at Toronto; and the Bank of   TORRE, toR/ou, a river-of Italy, government of Venice,
Montreal, the Commercial Bank, the Bank of British North joins the Isonzo 5 miles N.E. of Aquileja, after a S.S.E.
America, the City Bank of Montreal, the Quebec Bank, and  course of nearly 40 miles.
the Banque du Peuple, all have branches or agencies   TORRE, toR/nA, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
here. There are also 2 savings banks, besides several build- Ultra II., S.S.W. of Catanzaro. It suffered greatly by the
ing societies which receive money on deposit, and allow  earthquake of1783. Pop. 1600.
from 4 to 6 per cent, interest, There are 3 fire and marine    TORREBLANCA, toscRA-bliln/kA, (" White Tower,") a vilinsurance companies, besides a great many agencies of lage of Spain, in Valencia, province, and 24 miles N.E. of
other Canadian as well as British and American companies. Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1791.
The Canada Company, which has about 2,000,000 acres of   TORRE CAMPO, too/cA k m/po, a town of Spain, proland in West Canada for disposal, -has also its office here. vince, and 45 miles N.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2518.
The city has about 100 streets, generally wide, and with    TORRECILLA  DE ALCANIZ, toR-cA-theel/yA dA Al-kAngood pavements, well lighted with gas, and well supplied  yeeth, a town of Spain, in Aragon, province of Teruel, 70
with water. The Toronto Fire Brigade, in 1850, consisted  miles from Saragossa. Pop. 1034.
of 4 engine companies, 2 hook and ladder, and 1 hose comn-   TORRECILLA DE CAMEROS, tont- -theellyA dA kA-m/pany. The city has telegraphic communication with tif- roce, a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles S.S.W. of Lomilton, Niagara, St. Catherine's, Montreal, and with dif- groilo. Pop. 2027.
ferent parts of the United States.                        TORRECILLA DE LA ORDEN, toa-RA-theel'ya dA 1 on/History, Population, &c.-This thriving and beautiful dIn, a town of Spain, in Leon, province, and 18 miles S.S.W.
city was founded as lately as 1794, and though its progress  of Valladolid. Pop. 1327.
was not very rapid at first-having only 4000 inhabitants in    TORRECUSO, toR-cA-koofso, a market-town of Naples,
1832-it has amply compensated by its recent advance- province of Principato Ultra, 20 miles N.N.W. of Avellino.
ment, fbr its earlier and slower growth. In 1817 the popu- Pop. 1900.
lation was 1200; in 1830, 1677; in 1842, 15,336; in 1845,   TORRE DE DON MIGUEL, toc/RA dA don me-ghllF, a vii19,706; in 1852, 30,763; and it had an estimated population  lage of Spain, in Estremadura, 37 miles from Caceres. P. 1972.
of 50,000 in 1855-a rate of increase unequalled in British    TORRE DE EMBARRA, to/lr.A dA 6m-baRcA, a town of
America, and only surpassed by some of the western cities Spain, province, and 8 miles E.N.E. of Tarragona, near the
of the United States. With a more southern latitude than  Mediterranean. Pop. 1868.
any other large Canadian town, and remote from the keen    TORRE DE ESTABAN AMBRAN.  toRI/A  di 8s-tf-cniit
winds from the ocean, Toronto has more to invite a resi- Am-brlhn, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 30
dence, all things considered, perhaps, than any other Ca- miles N.W. of Toledo, with a handsome church, a courtnadian city, though it lacks the picturesqueness of Quebec housewith a fine colonnade, and a palace. Pop. 1121.
and MIontreal. Mr. Chambers. the Edinburgh author and    TORRE DEI BUSI, tocr/A dA bootsee, a village of Austrian
publisher, gives it the preference, as a residence, over all its Italy, province of Bergamo, 2 miles N.E. of Caprino. P. 1336.
sister provincial cities.                                 TORRE DEI PASSERI, toe/Rl dA pds-s/sree, a town of
TOROPA, to-rolpA, a river of Russia, issues from a small Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., on the Pescara, 13
lake among the Valdai Rills, in the N.E. part of the govern- miles S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 1400.
ment of Pskov, flows S.S.W., forming several lakes by its   TORRE DE JUAN ABAD, toneca  dA Hoo-An/ A-BlDI,  a
expansion, and joins the Dwina on the frontier of the govern- town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 45 miles S.E.
ment of Vitebsk. Total course, 70 miles.                of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1140.
TOROPETZ, to/ro-p&tsl, a town of Russia, government of   TORRE DEL CAMPO, toRj/A dSl kAm/po, a town of Spain,
Pskov, at the influx of the Toropa into Lake Solomino, 50 in Andalusia, province, and 4 miles WV. of Jaen. It has
miles S.S.E. of Cholm. Pop. 8000. It is mostly built of broad and paved streets, a square, in which stands a strong
wood, and paved with planks; it has a cathedral, several old castle, the ruins of an ancient castle, several old watchschools, a dilapidated fort on an island in the Toropa, by  towers, and abundant quarries of gypsum. Pop. 3742.
which river it communicates with Riga.                    TORRE DEL GRECO, tOReRc del gr/ko, a town of Naples,
TOR-ORSAJA, top oc-sAyd, a market-town of Naples, pro- 7 miles S.E. of Naples, on the E. coast of the Bay of Naples,
vince of Citra, 15 miles S.E. of I1 Vasto.              at the S.W. foot of Mount Vesuvius, and on the railway
TORIOSAY, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Argyle,  from Naples to Nocera. Pop. 13,000. It is well built of the
comprising a part of Mull Island, and a petty village on the  lava which buried most part of the previous town in an
Sound of Mull.                                          eruption of Vesuvius on the 15th of June, 1794. It has
TOR/PENIIOW, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.  many handsome villas with gardens, a collegiate church,
TORPHICHEN, tor-flx/n, a parish of Scotland, co., and  convents, and an extensive hospital. Its vicinity is famous
4 miles S.S.W. of Linlithgow. The village was formerly a for wine and fruits.
place of importance, and has the remains of a preceptory of   TORRE DELL' ANNUNZIATA, tor/nA dSl11n-noon-ze-Ai/ta.
Knights Templars.                                       a town of Naples, province, and 12 miles S.E. of Naples, at
TOR/POINT, a chapelry of England, co. of Cornwall.    the S. foot of Mount Vesuvius, and on the railway from
TOE/QUAY, a market-town, chapelry, and favorite water- Nocera to Naples. Pop. 10,000. It is fortified, and has baring-place of England, co. of Devon, most picturesquely seated  racks, a royal manufacture of arms, other manufactures of
on the steep shore of a cove of Torbay, on its N. side, with a  paper and woollen fabrics, a fishery, and an active coaststation on the South Devon Railway, 185 miles S. of Exeter. uing trade.
Pop. in 1851, 7903. It consists chiefly of handsome villas   TORRE DELLE NOCELLE, torIcA d8lfl no-chMl/lI, a
and terraces, interspersed with plantations and lodging- town of Naples, province of Principato Ultra, 4 miles E.S.E.
houses for visitors, occupying successive ranges on a steep  of Montefusco. Pop. 1600.
slope down to its quay, besides which is a portion of the   TORREDEMBARRA, ton'na-dlm-baeJ/A, a small seaport
town on the strand. It has excellent hotels, a news-room, of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 10 miles W.N.W. of
library, and other appliances of a watering-place, with some Tarragona, on the Mediterranean, lat. 410 11t N., Ion. 10 34'
very superior schools, a mechanics' institute, bank, &c. E. It has an ancient castle, and an hospital. Pop.'1860.
Having a S. aspect, sheltered on all other sides by heights,   TORRE DE MIGUEL SEXMERO, toR/Rc  dl me-ghbll
and a mild climate, it is peculiarly adapted for delicate in- slx-mA/ro, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province, -and
valids. It has a good harbor, some timber trade, a share in  about 20 miles from Badajos, with a church which originthe Newfoundland fishery, regular steam  communication  ally belonged to the Templars. Pop. 970.'with Portsmouth and Plymouth, and well-supplied markets.   TORRE DE MONCORVO, tontel dl mon-koRevo, a fortiThe Roman Catholic chapel occupies the refectory of an ap- fled town of Portugal, province of Tras os Montes, capital of
cient abbey.                                            a comarca, between the Saber and Douro, 11 miles E. of Anu
TORQUEMADA, toa-kTA-m1Io, a town of Spain, province, cisenS. Pop. 2000. It has a square citadel, a handsome
and 12 miles N.E. of Palencia, on the Pisuerga, here crossed  church, a Latin school, and manufactures of silks and
by a bridge of 26 arches. Pop. 2700. It has brandy distil- woollens. Its vicinity, among the most fertile in the kingleries, and manufactures of wine-skins. Torquemada, the dom, yields much corn, oil, hemp, and flax.
first of the great Spanish inquisitors, was born here in 1420.   TORRE DE PEROGIL, toR/lA dl pA-ro-reel/, a town o1
ToRqUomAooo. appears to be a corruption of TORREQUEaseDA, Spain, province, and 28 miles N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 3444.
which see.                                               TORRlE DE SANTA MARiIA, toe/lA dl sWn/tA mA-ree/,
1936




TOR                                                        TOR
a village of Spain, in Estremadura, province, and about 20    TORIRESDALE, a village included within the limits of
miles from Caceres. Pop. 1095.                              Philadelphia City, on the Delaware River, 14 miles above the
TORRE DI ANNIBALE, torJRi dee An-ne-bMtl4, ("Tower  State-house.  Here is a station on the Philadelphia and
of Hannibal,") a small port of Naples, on the E. coast of  Trenton RailSoad.
Calabria Citra. Here Hannibal embarked on finally quit-    TORRES NOVAS, toe/Ras  neolvis, (i. e. "New Towers,") a
ting  Italy.                                                walled town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, comnarea,
TORRE DI LUSERNA, toef/i dee loo-sorln, a town of  and ]5 miles N.E. of Santarem. Pop. 4250. It is defended
Italy, in Piedmont, 8 miles S. of Pinerolo. Pop. 2894.      by a castle.
TORRE DI MARE. too/eI deoe m Jr-, a village of Naples,    TORIIIES STRAIT, in the East Seas, between Papua and
province of Basilicata, district, and 24 miles S.S.E. of Matera, Cape York, the N. extremity of Australia, lat. 90 20' to 100
near the mouth of the Basento in the Gulf of Taranto. It is 40' N., and Ion. 142 30t' E., is about 80 miles across, and one
supposed to be near'the site of the ancient.Metepontus,    maze of shoals, reefs, and islands, the principal of which
which was founded many centuries before the Christian era, are Prince of Wales's, Mulgrave, and Banks's Islands.  In
and in which Pythagoras taught and died.                    its narrowest part it has seldom more than 12 or 14 fathoms
TORRE DI MONDOVI, toe/nt dee nbon-do-veel, a market-  water, but its navigation, always thought difficult, has,
town of Piedmont, 4 miles S.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 1675.       from the survey of Captain King, been ascertained to be
TORRE DON JIMENO (or XIMENO, toe/RAdon ie-mmtno, quite practicable. Torres discovered it in 1606, and Cook
or TORSRE DON GIMENO  TOSIRIA, toRIA don ne-mA/no  sailed through it in 1770.
to-seelre-r, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 12    TORRES VEDRAS, tofn/ls vA/dras, a town of Portugal,
miles S.W. of Jaen, near the Guadalquivir; tolerably regu- province of Estremadura, capital of the comarca, on the Sizanlarly built, with paved and generally broad streets, and  dro, 27 miles N.W. of Lisbon. Pop. 2300. It was celebrated in
several squares, an ancient dilapidated castle, 7 flour and 20  the Peninsular war for the lines of defence established by
oil mills, an excellent' and productive salt-works, 5 mannu- the Duke of Wellington in 1810, to resist the approach of
factories of soft soap, and more than 500 hand-looms for fine  the French.
linens, worked by women. Pop. 5787.                           TORRETTA, totn-ltRtI, a village of the Sardinian States,
TORREJONCILLO, ton-ge-non-theeltyo, a town of Spain, division of Nice, near Levenzo,  with an hospital and the riin Estremadura. province, and 21 miles from Caceres. It mains of an old castle. Pop. 1286.
has a square with arcades, in which stands the prison and' TORREVIEJA, toARA,-vIe-til, (i. e. "Old Tower,") a seatown-house, and manufactures of brown cloths, hats, &c. port town of Spain, in Valencia, provilnce, 23 miles S.S.W.
Pop. 6573.                                                  of Alicante, on the Mediterranean, W'. of Cape Cervera, lat.
TORREJONCILLO DEL REY, toi-Ra-Hon-theelyo d0l rA,  370 58' N., ion. 00 40' W. It has straight, broad streets. and
a village of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 26 miles  three squares, but the cluster of hovels at the skirts of the
S.W. of Cuenca, on the right bank of the Giguela. It has a  town detract much from its beauty and symmetry. The anprison and town-house, in one handsome edifice. This is  chorage is good, but much exposed. There is an extensive
the birthplace of Alphonso de Ojeda, who was the first to  and very productive salt lake in the neighborhood, the profollow in the track of Columbus, and who, accompanied by  duce of which constitutes the chief export. About 386 vesAmerigo Vespucci, discovered a portion of the continent of  eels, of27,622 tons, annutily clear from this port. P. 3876.
South America. Pop. 2034.                                     TORRI, toei/ee, a village of N. Austria, government of
TORREJON DE ARDOZ, ton-lA-nbn! dl an-doth?, a village  Venice, 18 miles N.W. of Verona, on the E. side of Lake
ofSpain, province, and 11 miles E.N.E. ofMadrid.  P. 2016. Garda.
TORREJON  )E VELASCO, toe-RI-Hbn!  dl vA-lAs/ko, a    TORRICE, toeae-chl; a market-town, of the Pontifical
town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 16 miles S.W.  States, 3 miles E.S.E. of Frosinone.
of Madrid. Pop. 1640.                                         TORRICELLA, toR-Re-chill, a market-town of Naples,
TORRE LAGUNA, toeR/e  li-goonit, a town of Spain, pro- province of Abruzzo Citra, 22 miles E.S.E. of Chieti. Pop.
vince, and 26 miles N.N.E. of Mads-id. Pop. 2049.           3500.
TORRELLA, tow-6l1, a town of Naples, province of    TORRICELLA-Di EL-PIZZO, toR-Re-chWl/lA dil pittso, a viiPrincipato Ultra, 3 miles E. of Avellino. Pop. 3500.        lage of Austrian Italy, provinice, and S.E. of Cremona, near
TORRE MAGGIORE, toe/el mgd-jor-I, a town of Naples,  the left bank of the Po. Pop. 1528.
province of Capitanata, 5 miles W. of San Severe. Pop. 4000.   TOIRRIDGE, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in the
TORREMANZANAS, toollt-mln-thl/nls, a town of Spain, N.W. part of the county, flows S.E. to its confluence with the
in Andalusia, province, and about 30 miles from Alicante,  Oke, and thence N.W. past Torrington, and near Appledore
on the left bank of the Torre. Pop. 1106.                   joins the Bristol Channel by an estuary common to it and
TORREMILANO, toen/-me-ltno, now called DOS TOR- the Taw. Course 40 miles, for the last 15 of which it is tiRES, doce toe/es, (" Two Towers,") a town of Spain, in An- dal, and it is navigable for large vessels to Bideford.
dalusia, province, and 38 miles N.N.E. of Cordova. P. 3008.   TORIRIDON, LOCHI, loe  tor/re-dpn. an inlet of the sea
TORRE  MOCHA, toe/eA mo/chl, a town of Spain, pro- on the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Boss, between Applecross
vince, and 13 miles S.W. of Caceres. Pop. 1690.             and Gairloch peninsulas, 12 miles in length ansd 3 miles in
TOR/REN'S LAKE, a large salt lake of South Australia, breadth. Its herring fishery, in 1840, employed about 3000
between lat. 280 and 32~ S., and lon. 1360 30' and 1400 30, E.. hands.
bending in a remarkable horseshoe direction around an arid    TORRIGLIA, toa-Reel/yi, a town of the Sardinian States,
and mountainous peninsula. Its inner shore was, in 1840, division, and N.E. of Genoa. in the centre of an amphitraced for 400 miles by Mr. Eyre, and found to consist of  theatre of hills among the Apennines. It has a handsome
quicksands, which prevented a close approach to the lake. church with a lofty spire, a small convent, and an ancient
It is from 15 to 20 miles across, and shallow; its E. and W. tower, forming the only remains of a very strong  castle
sides are bounded by highlands. Its level is 300 feet above  which it once possessed. Pop. 4672.
the sea.                                                      TORRIGO, ton-Ree/go, a village of Spain, in Aragon, proTORRENTE, toe-rIntIt, a town of Spain, province, and 6  vince of Saragossa, on the slope of a hill above the LMaunmiles N.W. of Valencia, situated on a small eminence beside  bles. Pop. 1275.
a mountain torrent. The houses are large, and in general   TORRIJOS, ton-eseelfoce. a village of Spain, in New Castile,
two stories, and are laid out into broad and comfortable  province, and 16 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, in a damp valley
streets and regular squares, in one of which stands a-large  between the Tagus and a small range of hills. This muchtower, apparently of Saracenic construction. On a hill, near  decayed place was once a walled town, and is still entered
the town, is a suppressed convent. In the vicinity are some  by two ancient gates, and surrounded by portions of earthen
quarries of yellow marble, which a moderate heat changes  ramparts. It has a spacious and ancient palace of Count
into red, adorned with beautiful clouds. It has 2 flour  Altamira, a small hospital for the sick poor, a nunnery, and
mills, and 70 oil mills. The natives of Torrente are remark- 17 oil and several flour mills. Pop. 1824.
ably thrifty and laborious, and besides supplying Valencia    TOR/RINGFORD, a post-village in Lichfield county, Conwith  bread and other articles, many of them  visit the  necticut, 25 miles WV. by N. from IHartford.
principal towns in Spain, selling oil, lace, and various fa-   TORR'INGTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
brics. Pop. 5022.                                            TORRINGTON, Gorn.., a municipal borough, marketTORRENUEVA, toree-nwwl/vA, (i.e. "New  Tower,") a  town, and parish of England, co.- of Devon, on a declivity
town of Spain, in New Castile, province, and 32 miles S.E. on the right bank of the Torridge, 5I  miles S.S.E. of Bideof Ciudad Real. Pop. 1390.                                 ford, and 30 miles N.W. of Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 3308. It
TORRE PALLAVICINA, to/ReA pli-l-ve-chee/un, a vii- is united by a bridge to the hamlet of Taddyport. It has
lage of Austrian Italy, province of Bergamo, 7 miles E.S.E.  two parish churches, Independent, Baptist, and Wesleyan
of Romano, near the right bank of the Oglio. Pop. 1334.    chapels, a blue-coat school, almshouses, and other charities.
TORREQUEIMADA, tosere-k'-MnlDa, (i.e. "Burnt Tower,")  A bowling-green occupies the site of its ancient castle. The
a village of Spain, in Estremadusa, province, and 12 niles  inhabitants are principally employed in glove-making, agrifrom Caceres; it has a very ancient tower, and an import- culture, and retail trade. In 1643 the Parliamentary forces
ant annual cattle fair. Pop. 4040.                         were defeated hete, and in 1646 the Royalists by the troops
TORRES, tonin/s, a town of Spain, province, and 18 miles  of Fairfax. Torrington gives the title of viscount to the
S.W. of Jaen. Pop. 2292.                                   Byng Ifamily. Near it is Steventson, late the seat of Lord
TORRE SANTA SUSANNA, toeR/l  slnrt  soo-sntn/l, a  Rolle.
town of Naples, province of Otranto, 17 miles S.W. of Brin-    TORRINGTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
disi, with a convent, hospital, and almshouse. Pop. 1500.    TORRINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
5 W                                                                          1937




,TO1R                                                        TOT
TOiJRTNGTON, a post-township of Lichfield county, Con-   TORTSVAR, tlnts'vlrn, or TORZBURICG, tostsAbllzo, a vilneclicut, intersected by the Naugatuck Railroad, about 22  lage of Transylvania. with a castle near the Torzburg Pass
miles N.W. by W. of Hartford.  It has some manufac- into Wallachia, 20 miles S.W. of Kronstadt.  Pop. 6690.
tures of woollen goods, prints, locks, buttons, and musical   TORTUGA, tor-toofga, an island of the West Indies, in the
instruments. Pop. 19160.                                    Caribbean Sea, 55 miles W. of Margarita, and belonging to
TORRINGTON, BLACK, a parish of England, co. Devon.  Venezuela. Length, from E. to W., 15 miles; breadth, 8 miles.
TORRISI, toR-Reefsee, a village of Sicily, province, and 17    TORTUGA, an island off the N.W. coast of Hayti. Lat.
miles W.S.W. of Catania. Fluor-spar is found here.          200 N., ion. 720 36' W. Length, E. to W., 22 miles; brenilth,
TORRITA, toR-seesta, a market-town of Tuscany, province  5 miles.
of Florence, 4 miles N.N.W. of Montepulciano. Pop. 3800.      TORTUGA, an island in the Gulf of California, 85 miles
TORROELLA-DE-MONTGRI, tol-Ro-6l1y/ dA  mont-greet, S. of the island of Tiburon.
a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province, and 16 miles E.N.E.    TORTUGAS, tor-toolg/s, (i.e. the "Tortoises,") a group of
of Gerona, on the Ter, 4 miles from the Mediterranean, at islets or keys at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, 120
the foot of a hill crowned by an ancient castle. Pop. 3500.   miles W.S.W. of Cape Tancha, the S. extremity of Florida;
TORROX or TORROJ, ton-stost, (anc. Cawvicum.) a town  about lat. 240 37' N., and Ion. 830 W. They are 10 in numof Spain, province, and 25 miles E. of Malaga, on the Tor- ber, very low, and partly covered with mangrove-bnshes.
rox, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3357.                     On one of them, called Bush or Garden Key, a light-house
TORRUBIA-DEL-CAMPO, toR-noofme-/ dal1 ltmpo, a vil- has been erected.
lage of Spain, in New Castile, province of Cuenca, and 50    TORTUGAS, an island of the WestIndies, off the N.E. coast
miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1750.                            of Cuba, from which it is only separated by a narrow channel
TORPRY, a fishing village on the E. coast of Scotland, co. called El Savirral. Length, from  N.W. to S.E., 26 miles;
of Kincardine, on the right bank of the Dee, immediately  breadth, about 6 miles. It forms the entrance to the haropposite Aberdeen. Pop. 250.                                bor of Nuevitas.
TOR/RYBURN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife.              TORTURA, toR-toofrA, (the Nephsath of Scripture,) a mariTOR'SA. an island off the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Ar- time village of Palestine, pashalic, 20 miles S.S.W. of Acre,
gyle, E. of the islands of Sell and Luing. Length, 2 miles.  on the Mediterranean, at the W. foot of Miount Carmel.
TORSHIELLA, a town of' Sweden. See THoEsHALLAA.             TORTIWORTI, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
TORSHOK, a town of Russia. See Toazsox.                     TOfRY or TOR'RY ISLAND, an island off the N.W. coast
TOBITHORWALD, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.  of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal. 5 miles N.N.W. of InnisTORTILLON, a town of Austria.  See TARTLAU.               boffin, with a light-house in lat. 550 5' N., Ion. 80 15, W.
TORPTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          Length, 3 miles.
TORTOLA, tor-tola, one of the Virgin Islands, West In-    TORZBURG, a village of Transylvania.  See TnItTSVAn.
dies, belonging to Great Britain, in lat. 180 24' N., and ion.   TORZHOK, TORSHOK or TORJOK, tos-zhokl, a town of
640 321 W., between Virgin Gorda and St. John's. Length, Russia, government, and 36 miles W.N.W. of Tver, on the
12 miles; breadth, 4 miles. Pop. 8500. It consists mostly  Tvertsa.  Lat. 570 2' N., lon. 350 3' E.  Pop. 15,500.  Since
of a range of hills rising to 1600 feet in elevation, and in its  its partial destruction by fire, in 1767, it has been rebuilt
N. part encircling a harbor, on the W. side of which is the  with much regularity.  Public edifices comprise a cathedral
town of Tortola. The island is very unhealthy to Europe- and many other churches, two convents, a governmentans. Its exports comprise sugar, molasses, rum, galls, and  house, normal school, and orphan asylum. It isfamous for
copper ore. Tortola has its governor, council, and legislative  a holy spring, visited by pilgrims from all directions. Its
assembly. It became a British possession in 1666.           position on a navigable river, and on the road from Moscow
TORTOLI, tor/to-le, a village of the island of Sardinia, to St. Petersburg, renders it of considerable commercial imdivision of Cagliari, province, and 10 miles E.N.E. of Lanu-  portance; and it has 3 large annual fairs, and extensive
ei, near the gulf of same name, on the E. coast. It is the  manufactures of colored Russia leather, fiom which shoes,
see of a bishop, has an Augustine convent, and a consider-  gloves, and various articles are made, and being embroidered
able trade in wine and cheese, chiefly with Genoa. Pop. 1498. with gold and silver, are exported in large quantities.
TORTONA, te-totenS, (anc. Dertosna,) a town of the Sar-   TOSA, a river and gulf, Sardinian States. See TocE.
dinian States, in Piedmont, division, and 14 miles E.S.E. of    TOSA, a populous town of Japan, island of Sikokf.
Alessandria, capital of a province. on the Scrivia, at the foot   TOSCANA, a country of Italy.  See TusCAc~.
of a height crowned by a ruined fortress. Pop. 10,821. It    TOSCANELLA, tos-kU-nullt, (anc.  Tuescania,) a town of
has a cathedral, and manufactures of silk and other fabrics, Italy, in the Pontifical States, 23 miles N.N.E. of Civita Vecand an active trade in corn, wine, &c.                      chia, on the right bank of the Marta. Pop. 3000. It is highly
TORTORA, toR-to rW, a town of Naples, province of Cala- picturesque, surrounded by fortifications, and has a cathebria Citra, and 45 miles N.N.W. of Paola, near the Gulf of  dral of the eighth century. It was anciently -a city of EtruPolicastro. Pop. 1580.                                      ria; in and around it are numerous Etruscan antiquities.
TORTORELLA, totn-to-raltll, a tcwn of Naples, province of   TOSCOLANO, tos-ko-lt/no, a village of Austrian Italy, 20
Principato Citra, E.S.E. of I1 Vallo, on a rugged hill near  miles N.E. of Brescia, on the W. side of the Lake of Garda.
the left bank of the Bucento. Pop. 1060.                    Pop. 3000. It has paper and oil mills.
TORTORICI, top-totre-che, a market-town of Sicily, in-   TOSEfLAND, a parish of England, co. of'Huntingdon.
tendency of Messina, 12 miles S.W. of Patti.  Pop. 4000.      TOSIA,tofsees',(anc. Decea c) a town of Asia Minor, in AnaTORTOSA, tom-to/se, (ane. Dertelsa,) a town of Spain, pro- tolia, 100 miles N.E. of Angora. It is stated to comprise
vince, and 43 miles S.W. of Tarragona. on the Ebro, 22 miles  3000 Turkish, and 50 Greek dwellings, with some fine minafrom its mouth, here crossed by a bridge of boats. It is  rets, and old Christian edifices. It has a trade in green mostrongly fortified by walls and several outworks, is entered  rocco leather.
by 7 gates, and has a large cathedral, a bishop's palace, town-    TOSNA, tosfng, a river of Russia, rises in the N.W. of the
hball, hospital, public granary, a handsome college, and a  government of Novgorod, enters the government of Peterspalace of the Vall Cabra family. Its manufactures comprise  burg, flows N.N.W., and, after a course of about 60 miles,
oil, flour, soap, fine delft, cottons, leather, brandy, common  joins the Neva. It is much used for floating timber to the
eatrthenware, cordage, linens, wax-chandlery, plain glass, capital.
starch, and baskets, ropes, &c. of palm and espnarto.  It has    TOSS, tbss, a village and parish of Switzerland. canton,
an important trade through its two ports, El Fangar and  and 12 miles N.E. of Zurich. It contains the remains of a
Los Alfaques, at the mouth of the Ebro, as well as directly-   celebrated Dominican convent, now used as a corn and salt
the river being navigable by vessels of 100 tons-in the  magazine. The Zurichers were defeated here in 1292, by
wheat of Aragon, timber from  the Pyrenees, Aragon, and  Duke Albrecht of Austria.  Pop. 1446.
Catalonia; wine fiom Galera and other places in the vicinity,    TOSSA, tosise, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. province,
as well as that of the country; oil, wool, alum, silk, barilla,  and 20 miles S. of Gerona, near a cape of the same name in
soda, charcoal, liquorice, tares, pitch, tar, firewood, jasper, the Mediterranean, at the foot of steep, lofty, and almost
fruits, &c. This city was wrested from the IMoors by Louis inaccessible heights. Pop. 1683.
Ie Debonnaire, in 811, but was soon recovered by them, and    TOST, tost, or TOSZEK, tos'sfkt, a town of Prussian
became a nest of pirates, -and a thorn to Italian commerce.  Silesia. 15 miles W. of.Tarnowitz. Pop. 1035.
Eugenius III. therefore proclaimed a crusade against it, and    TOSTAKII, tos-tlft, a river of East Siberia, province of
it was taken in 1148. In 1149 the Moors made a desperate  Yakootsk, joins the Yana after a N.N.W. course of 200 miles.
effort to regain possession of the city, but Were defeated,    TOSITOCK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
partly through the bravery of the women, who mounted the    TOSZEK, a town of Prussian Silesia. See Toest.
battlements, while the men sallied forth and routed the    TOTALAN, to-ti-lAnf, a village of Spain, in Andalusia,
Moors. Tortosa was taken in 1798 bythe French, under the  province, and 6 miles E.N.E. of Malaga. It sends provisions
Duke of Orleans. This bulwark of Valencia and Catalonia  to 11 1.ga. Pop. 1068.
was shamefully surrendered in 1811, by General Lill, who    TOTANA, to-ti/ni, a town of Spain, province of Murcia,
was afterward tried for cowardice and condemned to death, 10 miles N.E. of Lorca. Pop. 8506. It has a handsome
but received pardon from Ferdinand VII. Pop. 20,573. Near  public fountain, and manufactures of linen, wax candles.
the town are jasper quarries. Here, in'l 1836, Nogueras put  earthenware, brandy, and saltpetre.
to death the mother of Cabrera.                              TOTIERNIJOE, a parish of England, co. of Bedford, 21
TORTO0SA, (anc. Orthosia.) a sseaporttown of Syria, pasha- miles W.S.W. of Dunstable.  Here are ruins of Toternhoe
lie, and 30 miles N. of Tripoli. In the Middle Ages it was  Castle.
& fortress of importance, but its walls are now in ruins.    TOTII/AM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
1958




TOT                                                        TOU
TOTIIA'M, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.     the largest fleet, completely protected, except on the S. and
TOTIIILL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          E,, which are somewhat exposed. In front of the bay is a
TOTHILL FIELDS, a district of England, within the city  projecting tongue of land, which nearly closes its entrance;
of Westminster, and containing a large county prison.      along it, as well as the adjacent points, numerous forts and
TOTHA, totfld, a town of Russia, government, and 110  redoubts have been erected, making a successful attack by
miles N.E. of Vologda, on the Sookhona. Pop. 2800. It has  sea nearly impossible. In like manner, on the land side,
a monastery which attracts many pilgrims. Near are ex- the fortifications are of the most complete description. It
tensive salt-works.                                        is enclosed by a double line of bastioned fortifications, and
TOTINESS or TOTINES, a parliamentary and municipal strong forts and outworks occupy all the important heights.
borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Devon, on the  The French consider it impregnable.
right bank of the Dart, 10 miles from its mouth in the    In the town itself, if we except the arsenal and other raEnglish Channel, and across which it communicates by a  rine establishments, which are ona scale ofalmost unrivalled
bridge with its suburb Bridgetown, and on the South Devon  magnificence, there is not much to excite interest. The
Railway, 22 miles S.S.W. of Exeter. Pop. in 1851, 4419. It houses are generally well built, but the space occupied by
consists chiefly of a long street, extending up a hill to its  them is small compared with the extent of the population.
ruined castle. Itisoneofthemost ancient towns in England,  They are closely crowded together, without regularity, in
and many houses-are ornamented with colonnades. Bridge- narrow streets or on small, insignificant squares.  The only
town is more modern. It has a handsome church, chapels  edifices not connected with the marine deserving of notice,
of Independents, Wesleyans, Unitarians, an endowed gram. are the cathedral, possessed of little architectural merit; the
mar school, endowed blue-coat school, a guildhall, council- church of Notre-Dame, with a fine fagade; the church of St.
house, assembly-rooms, and theatre. It has an important Louis, adorned with an elegant colonnade; and the H1tel
trade in coal. It returns two members to the House of  de Ville, a handsome structure f;cing the harbor. The pori
Commons.                                                   is separated from the roadstead by moles, which are hollow
TOTOIA, one of the Feejee Islands. See ToToUA.           and bomb-proof, and lined by batteries d:-leur-'ecau. It
TOTONICAPAN, to-to-ne-kg-pant, a town of Central Ame-  consists of two divisions-the Port-Marchand or Darseica, state, and 100 miles N.W. of Guatemala, capital of a  Vieille, onthe E., appropriated to merchant vessels, lined
department, in a rich plain. Pop.!2,000. (?) It covers a  with a fine quay  nd handsome edifices; and the Port-Milllarge space with its fiat-roofed houses, and has mineral taire or Darse-Neuve, on the W., where are immense magasprings, and a few manufactures of woollen stuffs, wooden  zines and arsenals, ship-building docks, rope and sail works,
articles, and hardware.                                    and the bathe or convict prison, usually occupied by 4000
TOTORKAN, European Turkey. See TuaTUvAi.                 or 5000 culprits, The trade, which is chiefly in corn, flour,
TOTOUA, to-toofd, or TOTOIA, to-toif, one of the Feejee  salt provisions, wine, brandy, oil, capers, and fruit, has inIslands, South Pacific. Lat. 180 565 S., ion. 1790 57' W.   creased considerably since the occupation of Algiers. There
TOTITENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, 5' are two annual fairs, one of which lasts eight days. Toulon
miles N.N.E. of St. Paul's, London, and intersected by the  is the seat of a maritime prefecture, and a court offirst resort
Eastern Counties Railway. The village, extending along  and commerce; and possesses a second-class school of hydrothe road from London to Ware, is almost continuous with  graphy, a medical naval school, academy, communal college,
suburbs of the metropolis, and has an old and ornamented  botanical garden, museum of natural history, marine mur
church, an Episcopal church, various Dissenting chapels, a  seum, and public library. Toulon was originally a Roman
grammar school, blue-coat school, green-coat school, alms- colony; it was taken by the Constable of Bourbon in 1524
houses, and other charities. In the parish are several mills  and by Charles V. in 1536. The most memorable and disand potteries. Near it are anold cross, and Bruce Castle, astrous event connected with it took place in 1793, when
an edifice of the seventeenth century.                      the British, to whom the Royalists had surrendered it, hayTOTITENHILL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         ing been forced to retire after a siege in which Bonaparte
TOTITEN'S WELLS, a post-office of Obion co., Tennessee.  gave the first decided proofs of his military genius, the ReTOTITERIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.        publicans revenged themselves by givig  up the town to
TOT/TINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         pillage, and the inhabitants to almost indiscriminate masTOTTINGTON, iIGHER, a township of England, co. of  sacre. At Toulon, Bonaparte embarked in 1798, previous to
Lancaster.                                                  his memorable campaign in Egypt; and here assembled, in
TOTTINGTON, LowER, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan- 1830, the French armament destined for the conquestof
easter.                                                     Algiers.
TOTTY'S BEND, a post-office of Hickman co., Tennessee.    TOULON, tooflon, a post-village, capitaI of Stkark co., IlliTOUARIKS or TOUARYKS. See TOOAREEKS.                     nois, about 35 miles N.W. of Peoria.
TOUARSOIS, a village of France. See TnouARSAs.             TOULON-suRn-ARROUX, tool6b! esiia aRa'oof, a village of
TOUAT, an oasis of Central Africa. See ToGAT.            France, department of Sane-et-Loire, 18 miles N.N.W. of
TOUBOUAI, too-boo-V, or AUSITRAL, a group of islands  Charolles. Pop. in 1852, 2183.
in the South Pacific Ocean, S. of the Society Islands and    TOULOUSAIN, too'oo1lzNGf, an ancient district of France,
Low's Archipelago. Lat. 210 50' to 230 42' S., ion. 1470 11' belonged to the province of Languedoc, and is now into 1550 W. The principal islands of the group are Vavitao. eluded in the departments of Haute-Garonne and Tarn-ctthe largest; Toubouai proper, which is not more than     Garonne. Toulouse was its capital.
nmiles in extent; and Oheteroa or Rourouton, which rises    TOULOUSE or THOULOUSE, toolooz!, (anc. Tolocsa;) a
to the height of 1300 feet, and has a numerous and inoffen- city of France, capital of the department of Haute-Garonne,
sive population,                                           on the Garonne, the Canal du Midi, and the railway in proTOUCQUES, took, a river of France, departments of Orne  gress from  Marseilles to Paris, 130 miles SE. of Bordeaux,
and Calvados, rises near Merlerault, and, after a N. course  and 200 miles NW. of Marseilles. Lat. of new observatory,
of 55 miles, enters the English Channel 8 miles N.W. of  436 36, 47" N., lon. 10 27/ 55, E. Pop. in 1846,71,895; in 1852,
Honfleur. Chief affluents, the Orbec and Calone.           93,379. It is beautifully situated, chiefly on the right bank
TOUCY, too'seet, a village of France, department of Yonne, of the river, but partly also on an island in its channel:; a
13 miles W.S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 2975.            handsome bridge across the river communicates with the
TOUDENY, a town of Africa. See TAUDoEN.                  large suburb of St. Cyprien. Its old walls have almost en.TOUGH, tiff, a parish of Scotland, county, and 22 miles tirely disappeared to make way for extensive modern imW.N.W. of Aberdeen. Ilere are various Druidic remains.    provements.  The town is mostly composed of clumsy
TOUGH, two parishes of Ireland, in Munster,  co. of  antiquated houses of red brick, badly cemented with clay,
Limerick.                                                  and of a very gloomy aspect; the streets are narrowv,
TOUL, tool, (anc. TuYlum,) a fortified town of France, de- winding, ill-paved, and dirty. Several parts of the city,
partmenrt of Meurthe, capital of an arrondissement, on the  however, are gradually assuming a modern and handsome
left bank of the Moselle, and on the railway from Paris to  appearance. Among others may be mentioned the PlaceStrasbourg, 12 miles W. of Nanc..  Lat. 48040' 32.  N., Ion. du-Capitole, a large and well-built square, adorned with four
50 51 3" E. Pop. in 1832, 8506.  t has a Gothic cathedral of  fountains, one at each angle, and the chief place of bustle
the fifteenth century, cavalry and infantry barracks, an ar- and traffic; and the Place-la-Fayette, a circus lined with
senal, and manufactures of lace, calicoes, and hardwares. regular mansions, and opening on the E. into a fine proNear it is a chalybeate spring.                            menade, composed of:three parallel alleys. The principal
TOULA. a town and government of Russia. See TOOLA.   edifices are the hltel-de-ville or capitol, near the centre of the
TOULON, too'ld6NG, or TOULON-sun-MER, toold6o siia  town, in the square to which it gives its name, a large strucmaia, (anc. Telo-Marctius,) a seaport city, and, after Brest, ture, adorned in front with eight columns of red marble,
the most important naval station of France, in the depart- and including, in addition to the municipal buildings, a thenment of Var, is admirably situated at the bottom of a deep  tre in the left wing; the cathedral, originally built about the
double bay formed by the Mediterranean, 30 miles S.E. of  beginning of the 13th century; the church of St. Sernin, the
Marseilles. Lat. of thd observatory, 43" 7' 30" N., Ion. 50  oldest and most perfect of the ecclesiastical edifices, con56' E. Mean temperature of the year, 620.2; winter, 480.5; structed of brick and stone, in the Romanesque style, and
summer, 750.2 Fahrenheit. Pop. in 1846, 39,243; in 1852, rendered conspicuous by a lofty octagonal tower, formed by
69,474. It is built on an acclivity which rises gradually  five tiers of arches; the. church of St. Taur, with a remarkfrom the sea, and terminates towards the N. in a range of  able belfry; the church of the Jacobins, surmounted by a
lofty hills. These extend around the bay, and nearly land- lofty brick tower, and now converted into barracks; the
lock it, forming a roadstead and harbor, with anchorage for picture-gallery, with many bad and tu.a or three good paint19.39




TOU                                                         TOU
tugs; the museum, with a good collection of Gallic, Roman,  village of Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the Nil,
and Gothic antiquities; the Convent de-l'-Inquisition, an  24 miles S.E. of lirussels., Pop. 1702.
obscure edifice. remarkable only for the atrocities which the    TOURINSK. See TooRiNIsK.
tribunal to which it owes its name perpetrated within its    TOURLAVILLE, too'llqveelt, a village of France, depart.
precincts; and thepalais-dp-justice, in which the parliament ment of Manche, arrondissement of Cherbourg. Pop. in
of Toulouse used to hold its sittings, and said to have  1852, 4877. It has stone quarries and glass-works.
been founded in the time of Galba, but now so completely    TOURMEINTE, (toor.nmoNt,) CAPE, a headland of Canada
modernized as to have lost all its ancient features. Tou- East, on the N.W. side of the estuary of the St. Lawrence,
louse is the see of an archbishop, the seat of an appeal court 33 miles N.E. of Quebec, and rising nearly 2000 feet above
for the departments of Ilaute-Garonne, Ari6ge, Tarn, and  the level of the river.:
Tarn-et-Garonnie, and of courts of first resort and commerce;    TOURNAISIS, tooa'nalzeet, an ancient district of Belgium,
and possesses a chamber of commerce and exchange, a mint, having Tournay for. its capital. With the exception of a
a Protestant divinity-hall, a diocesan seminary, faculties  part belonging to West Flanders, it is now included in the
of. law, science, and literature, a secondary school of medi- province of IHainaut.
clue, veterinary school, and school of artillery, an academy    TOURNAN, tooRanlNGI, a market-town of France,, depart: -
of "floral games," the most ancient in Europe, a national ment of Seine-et-Marne, 20 miles E.S.E. of Paris. P. 1765.
college, seminatry. and normal school, 2 libraries of 54,000    TOURNAY, toos'nil, (Flem. Doornil, dor/nik; anc. Cvi/iir[
and 38,000 volumes, and an observatory, an excellent bo-  Arerviolrest,) a strongly fortified town of Belgium, province
tanic garden, agricultural society, antiquarian society, and  of IHainaut, on the Scheldt, here crossed by several flying
a national academy of science, inscriptions, and belles-lettres.  bridges, and which divides it into an old and a new town,
The manufactures consist of coarse woollen cloth and  27 miles N.W. of Mons, at the terminus of the Brussels
woollen covers, silk and printed cotton goods, vermicelli, Ghent and Tournay Railway. It is entered by seven gates,
iatb de-foist-de-canards, (duck-liver  pies,)  starch, wax, and consists "in general of spacious streets and squares,
candles, cutlery, stoneware, and porcelain.  There aire also  lined by well-built houses. It has superb quays, finely
numerous tanneries, both for common and morocco leather; planted so as to form excellent promenades. The principal
a cannon-foundry,  gunpowder and tobacco factories, dye- edifices are an admirably constructed citadel'by Vauban,
works, distilleries, and cotton nmills. Toulouse is the en- the cathedral, a very ancient structure; of Romanesque and
trepOt for the commerce between the interior of France and  Ogival architecture, with five pointed towers, a majestic
Spain. Its trade is greatly favored by the situation of the  interior, of which the choir is particularly admired, nmany
city, and facilitated both by water and railway communica-  interesting remains of antiquity. and some good paintings,
tion. The chief articles are corn and flourn, wine, brandy, among which is one of the Souls in Purgatory by Rubens;
colonial produce, iron and ironwares, oil, soap, and feathers.  seven other churches, of which that of St. Bice, with the
Toulouse is a place of great antiquity, and rose to eminence  tomb of King Childeric adjoining, is the most deserving of
under; the Romans, who embellished it with a capitol, uam- notice; the ancient convent of St. Martin, and its Gothic
phitheatre, and other edifices, of which vestiges still remain. church, now used partly as a town-house and partly as a
In the beginning of the fifth century the Visigoths becrame   museum, with a palrk and botanic garden adjoining; the
its masters. and made it the capital of their kingdom, which  belfry, a lofty tower in the market-place, of unknown date,
it continued to be till 508, when Clovis gained possession  but supposed to have formed, ii the beginning of the
of it. In 732 it was taken by the Saracens. Subsequently  thirteenth century, the donjon of a castle; a large iand ilunder Charlemagne it became the capital of Aquitaine.  It posing building iu the Renaissance style, originally a clotiwas afterwards governed by independent counts, and in the  hall, and now convereted into the principal guard house; and
eleventh century fell a prey tJ the cruel bigots of the In- a concert-room, with a columnar fagade supporting a dome.
quisition, who here established their infamous tribunal, Tourney possesses courts of first resort and commerce, supeand consigned multitudes of Albigenses  and Vaudoss to  rion, primary, and other schools, a school of arts, an academy
the flames. The battle of Toulouse, in which Wellington  of design, painting, sculptuee, and arclhitecture;  an episcodefeated the French under Soult, was fought on the 10th  pal seminary. a picture-gallery, a public library, an atheof April, 1814. Toulouse is the birthplace of Pope Bene   natum, a theatre, a deaf and dumb asylum;literary and
dict XII., the jurist Cujas, and the engineer Riiquet.     musical societies, and several hospitals and similar benevoTOULTCHA, a town of Turkey. See TooLsOA.                 lent institutions.  The manufactures, which are extensive,
TOUMAT, a town  of AfS-ia. See TooMaT.                   employing about thrlee-foburths of the inhabitants, consist
TOUMEN, a rive of Cores. See ToonEN.                     principally of woollen and cotton hosiery, carpets, which
TOUI:EN; a town of Siberia. See TIOO1sEc.                have long been celebrated; porcelain, on a very large scale;
TOUNDJA, a river of-Turkey. See TONDJA.                  linen and cotton tissues. leather, and liqueurs.  The trade,
TOUNG. a river of China. See ToONG.                      favored both by the railway and the navigation of the
TOUNG-HAI. See CemNA SEA.                                Scheldt, includes, in addition to the manufactures, a large
TOUNG-KIANG, a river of China. See ToONG-KANco.          export of lime from quarries in the vicinity; and besides a
TOUNGOUSES, a people of Siberia. See To0NGOOSEs.         daily marklet for provisions, a weekly market for corn, flax,
TOUNGOUSKA, three rivers of Siberia. See TooNGoosKA. and linen thread, and three weekly mnarkets for cattle, there
TOUNG-TAO, an island of Japan. See FIGASI-SIMA.           are a number of important cattle and linen annual fairs,
TOUNKAT, a town of Toorkistan.  See TOONKoT.              two of which last 10 days. Pop. 33,000.
TOUNKINSK, a town of Siberia.  See TooNmsNscx.              TOURNAY, a town of France, department of IIautes-PyTOU-PING-LING, a mountain of China. See TOO-PING-LING.  rinmes, 9 miles S.S.E. of Tarbes.  Pop. 1316.
TOURA. See TooaA.'                                          TOURNEPPE, tooan'eppl, a village of Belgium, province
TOURAINE, too'rinf, an old province of France, watered  of South Brabant, nwith paper mills, on an affluent of the
by the Loire, Cher. and Vienna Rivers, and now forming  Senne, 7 miles S. of Brussels.  Pop. 2200.
most part of the department of Indre-et-Loire.'               TOURNON, too.tneNaG, a town of France, department of
TOURBOUT. See ToOnBOOT.                                   Ardbcbe, on the rsiht bank of the Rhone. hete rossed by a
TOURCHIZ, a town of Persia.   See ToonsaIEEZ.            fine suspension bridge, 9 miles N.N.W. of Valence. Pop. in
TOURCOING, toos'kwvAxNG,  a town of France, department  1852. 4861. It ha a good quay on the hone, an old' castleo
of Nord, on the railway from Monscron to Lisle, arrondisse- on a neighboring height,: and a national college. It hias a
ment, and 7T. miles N.E. of Lille.  Pop. in 1852, 27,635. It brisk trade in Hermitage  wines, woollen and silk fabrics,
has a town-hall, remains of an old chateau of the dukes of organzine, and timber.
Havre, a communal college, and extensive manufactuies of    TOURNON, a village of France, department of Lot-etcotton and worsted thread, camlets, plushes, muslins, and  Garonne, on the Baudusson, 23 miles N.E. of Agen. P. 1402.
other varieties of goods.                                     TOURNUS, tooauniicel. a town of France, department of
TOUR-D'AIGUES, LA, ]A toot dai-, a market-town of  Saene-et-Loire, on the aight of the Saene, 17 nmiles N. of
France, department of Vaucluse, 3: miles N.E. of Pertuis.  Macon, on the railsway from Paris to Lyons. Pop. in 1852,
Pop. 1463.                                                  5324. It has a chamber of commerce, manufactures of hats,
TOIUR-D'AUVERGNE, LA, la toon dblvaaiRi', a market- sillks, and beet-root sugar.
town of France, department of Puy-de-Deme, 25 miles S.W.    TOURON, a town ofAnam. See ToosoN.
of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 2242.                               TOUROUKIIANSI  a town ofSiberia. See To0ROO0KIIANSK.
TOUR-DE-FRANCE, La, 1 tooR  deh frbcss,  a village of    TOUROVO, a town of Russia.  See TooRovo.
France. depaetment of Pyren6es-Orientales, 13 miles W.N.W.   TOURPES, torap, a village of Belgium, province of IHatlof Perpignan. Pop. 1259.                                    naut, on the Little Dendre, 18 miles N.W. of Mons. P. 1325.
TOUR-DE-PEIL, LA,; It tooe. deh pR, a small town of Swit-   TOURS, tooR, (auc. Cesarodulnumt, afterwa,-ds fTuronseso,) a
zerlaud, canton of Vaud, on the N. bank of the Lake of city of France, department of Indre-et-Lolre, betwreen the
Geneva, 1 mile S.E. of Vevay.                               left bank of the Loire and right bank of the Chor, and at
TOUR-DU-PIN. LA, 1l toR dit paNc, a village of France, the termnal of railways from Paris, Bordeaux,  and Nantes,
depar-tmenaet of Isbre. 31 miles E.SE. of Lyons. Pop. 2572.    05 miles S.W. of Orleans. Lat. 470 24' N., Ion. 00 42 E. Pop.
TOURFAN. See TooOmAN.                                    in 1852, 33.530. Tours is situated at the extremity of a ine
TOURINNES-LA-GROSSE, too'reen It gross,' a village of  plain.  The principal entrancae is by a magnificent bridge
Belgium, province of South Brabant, on the N~the, (or Ne- (one of the finestin Europe) across the Loise.  It is 1423 feet
then,) 21 miles E. of Breussels.   Pop. 1174.              long, and consists of 15 arches. The bridge is continued  by
TOUtINNNES-LES-OUJRDONS-SAINT-LA3IBEIRT-LIBER-  a fine street, wnhich trtaverses thetown thronhenout its whole
IART, toot'ee-n lAiz oo'db6NN! s't l&1e'bairJ  lee'ber'satl, a  length, and constitutes its principal thoroaghfaue.   The
1940




TOU                                                        TOW
banks of the river are enclosed by a quay, lined with hand- newspaper offices.  Incorporated in 1828.  Pop. in 1850,
some houses and finely-planted promenades. A great part  1171; of the township, 2109.
of the town is new, and many of the streets are spacious and    TOWCESTER, towester, (ane. Lactodss'srum,) a market,
elegant; bet the older quarters are very indifferently built,  town and. parish of England, co., and 8 miles.S.W. of
and, generally consist of narrow, irregular, dull, and dirty Northampton, on the ancient Watling Str-eet. Pop.in 1551,
streets.' The principal edifice is the cathedral. Its W. fi-ont 2655. It has a church of-the eleventh century, with a meconsists of three lofty portals covered with florid ornaments,  nument to Archbishop Sponne, who founded the Igrammar
surmounted by a window of astonishing dimensions, and  school; manufactures of silks, and bobbin-lace.
flanked'by two domed towers 205 feet hi-h. The interior.    TOIWEDNACK, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
which is of the purest Gothic, and lighted by beautifully    TOIWEE FALLS, a post-office of Monroe so., Tennessee.
stained glass, is 256 feet in length, and 85 feet in height;    TOWIER IIAMILETS, a parliamentary borough of Eng.
among other objects of interest, It contains a fine marble  land, co. of Middlesex, comprising all that part of the memonument of the two only children of Charles VIII. and  tropolis E. of the city of London aMd Finsbury, extendinu
Anne of Bretagne, by whose early deaths the succession to  S. to the Thames,:and consisting of the pai-ishes of Shotethe crown was changed. The other buildings deserving of  ditch, Spitalflelds,  Bethnal-Green,  Limehouse, Poplar,
-notice are two towers, foiming conspicuous objects from  HIlackney, &c. Pop. in 1851, 5389,111. The borough contains
every part of the town, the one called the tower of St. Mar-  the London and St. Katharine's docks, the mint, Trinity.
tin or Horloge, fromn containiug the principal clock.; the  house, the London hospital, and numerous other chafita ble
other the tower of Charlemagne, because his Qsseen Luit-  institutions, with the terminus of the East and North-east
garde was buried below it; and both remarkable as the  Counties Railways.  The Tower of London, whence its
only relics which the revolutions of 1793 have left of the  name, is at the S.W. extremity. This borough sends 2
vast cathedral of St. Martin of Tours, after it had flourished  members to the House of Commons. See LoNDoN.,
for twelve centuries; the church of St.' Julian, degraded isto    TOWfER HILL, a post-village in Washington co., Rhode
a coach-house, but still a fine pointed edifice of the thirteenth  Island, near Narraganset Bay, 25 miles S. by W. of Provicentury; two circular and machicoleted towers, enclosed  deuce.
within the cavalry-barracks, forming part of the castle built    TOWIERSEY, a parish of England, so. of Bucks.
by Henry II. of England; the church of St. Clement, a    TOWERSVILLE, a post-office, Chautauque co., New York.
chaste and beautiful structure, with a fine portel, but now    TOWfERTOWN,   a post-office of Cumberlaud co., Illinois.
used as a corn-mai-ket; the ar-chiepiscopal palace, regarded    TOWIE, tflwfee, or TOWIE KINBAT/TOCK, a parish of
as one of the handsomest in the kingdon; the prefecture,  Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on the Don, 8 miles W.S.W. of
witha public library of 40,000 volumes, and several remark-  Alford. It has a ruined castle.
able manuscripts; a picture-gallery and museun  of iatural    TOWLESYILLE, tiwlz~vill, a post-office of Steuben so.,
history, the town-house, court-house, general hospital, and  New York.
an elegant'fountain of white marble, occupying the centie    TOWMOREI or TUOMORE, a parish of I-eland, so. Mayo
of the market-place.                                          TOWN BLUFF, a post-office of Tyler co., Texas.
The manufactures consist of silt stuffs, introduced by    TOWN COVE, a small village of Walker co., Georgia.
Louis XI., ribbons, broad-cloth, serge,. rugs, staich, and    TOWN CREEK, of Alabama, flows through Lawrence
vax-candles; the trade is in corn, wine, hb-andy, dried fruite, county into Tennessee tiver.
wax, hemp, wool, &d. Tours is the see of an archbishop,    TOWNIERS, a post-village of Putnam  co., New York,
the seat of a court of first resoit and of commerce, and pos- about 90 miles S. of Albany.
sesses a chamber of commoerce, a, society of agi-iculture,    TOWNtGREEN, a township of England, so. of Norfolk.
science, art, and bclles-lettres; -a diocesan seminary, a se-   TOWN HILL, a post-office of Luzerne so., Pennsylvania.
condary eccleslastical school, and a communal college. It    TOWN HOUSE, a post-office of Smyth co., Virginia.
early acquired considerable inportance, and under the Ro-   TO)WN LINE, a poet-village of Erie co., New York, on the
mans became the capital of Lugdunensis III.  In mere  Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, 15 miles E. of Buffalo.
nodern tines it h-d become famous for its silk manufac-    TOWN LINE, a post-office of Luzerne so., Pennsylvania.
tures, and had so extended as to have a populotion of 80,000,   TOWNSIBIJRY, a post-office of Warien so., New Jersey.
when the i evocation of the edict of Nantes deprived it of    TOWNSEND, a tovn of Maine. fee SOUTHPORT.
nearly half its inhabitants, and almost all its indsstmy, and    TOWN/SEND, a pogt-village and township of Middlesex
inflicted a blow on its prosperity from  vhich st hse never  so., Massachusetts, 40 miles N.W. by W. of Boston, on the
r-ecoveied.  Toni s Ias become a fhvorite i esidence of the  Squanticook  River, and the Peterborough  and  Shirley
English, whose numbers within it have been estim-ted -t  Railroad.  Pop. 1947.
3000. In the neighbom-hood, about 1 mile W. of the towmn,   TOWNSEND, a poet-office of Chemung co., New York.
is the cmstell-ted don of Plessis-lee-Toure, of which an -dmi-   TOWNSEND, a township of Hum-on co., Ohio, on the
rable desci iption is siven by Scott in his Quectin Doss send. Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, 7 miles from Norwyalk. Pop.
Louis XI. died here in 1483; the national powvder mills are  1333.
in the vicinity.                                              TOWNSEND, a post-township in the E., part of Sandusky
TOURTOIRAC, tooR twa'i-AkI, a village of Fmrnce, depart-  so., Ohio. Pop. 909.
ment of Dom dogne, arrondissement of P~rigueux. Pop. 1259.   TOWVN'SEND BAY, the S.W. extremity of Nova Scotia, iII
TOURTOUSE, tooi'toozf, a village of FrIamece, department  Bi-itish Noi-th- Amem-ica. Breadth of entrance, 11 miles.
of Ari0re, 7 miles N.N.W. of St. Girons. Pop. 1500.           TOWN/SEND IIAR/BOR, a poet-village in Middlesex co.,
TOURVES, tootv, a market-town of Fiasce, department Massachusetts, on the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad,
of Var, 19 miles N. of Toulon. Pop. in 1852, 2567.         42 miles N.W. of Boston, contains a numbs,- of mills.
TOURVILLE, toosLveel/, a village of France, department   TOWVNISEND'S IN/LET, a post-office of Caps May so., New
of Manche, arrondiseement of Coutances. It was the birth- Jersey.
place of Admiral Tourville. Pop. 933.                         TOWN/SENDYILLE, a post-village of Lodi township, in
TOURY, tooreef, a village of France, departtment of Enie-  the S. pait of Seneca so., Ne- York. It contains 2 meetst-Loin, on the Paris and Orleans Railvay, 27 miles S.E. of ing-houses and 2 stores. Pop. about 200.
Charties. Pop. 1250.                 *TOWNSIHEND, a post-village and township of Windham
TOUSSAINT CREEK, of Ohio, flows through Ottawa  so., Vermont, on West Riven,  90 miles S. of Montpelier.
county into Lake Erie.                                     The village contains sevei-al churches, and, an acadeny.
TOUTOULLA, an island, Pacific Ocean. See MAOONA.         Pop. of the township, 1354.
TOUVET, LE, 15h toO'vP, a village of France, department   TOWNISHIP, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
of Ishre, 17 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 1083.     TOWN/STALL, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
TOU-YAN. a city of China. See Too-YAN.                     TOWNWVILLE, a post-office of Anderson district,, South
TOUZ GOTIL, a lake, Chinese Empire. See Toss GoOL.    Carolina.
TOUZKOURMiNIATY, Koordistan. See ToozKOORaArvT.            TOWN-YETHIOLM, a village of Scotland, so. of Roxburgh,
TOYARNIK, to-vaR —neek/, a  narket and post-tosn of  on the left bank of Beaumont Water. aciross which it comSlavonia, so., and 12 uiles S.S.E. of Vukovai-. Pop. 2889.    niunicates with Kirk-Yetholm. See YaETOtM.
TOWALIGA, a cri-ek of Georgia, iises in Henry county,   TOWISONTOWN, a post-village and capital of Baltimore
and flowing S.E.; enters the Ocmmlgee 12 miles N..E. of  so., Maryland, 7 miles N. of Ialtimore.
Forsyth. It fornishes excellent water-power in Monroe    TOW/TON, a township of England, so. of York, West
county.                                                    Riding, 21 miles S. of Tadsaster. Hers a great battle was
TOIVALTGA, a post-office of Butts so., Georgia.          fought between the houses of York and Lancaster in 1461.
TOWAMENISING, a township of lhontgomery so., Penn-    TOIWY, a river of South Wales, rises in the co; of Cardisylvania. Pop. 904.                                        gan, flows umostly S.W. through Carnarthenshire, nearly in.
TOVAN/DA, a creek of Pennsylvania, joins the North  its centre, and joins Carmarthen Bay by a wide mouth, 8
Branch of the Suequehanna near the borough of Tosanda.   miles S. of Carmarthen. Total course, 10 miles. It is navi.
TOWAN/DA, a post-bomough in Towanda township, and  gable li-sm  the sea to Carmarthen for vessels of 200 ton's
capital of Biradford ro., Pennsylvania, is situarted on the  burden.
night bank of the North- Branch of the Susquehanna, near    TO/IWYN on TY/WYN, a parish and maritime village of
the mouth of Towanda. Creek, about 120 miles N. by E. of  North Wales, on its W. coast, co. of Merioneth, neas- CaidiHarrisburg.  The North Branch Canal passes through it. gan Bay, 10'miles S.S.W. of Baimouth. Pop. in 1851, 2769,
The houses are mostly of wood, and painted  vhite. The  engaged in woollenumills, slate quarries, and lead and. cop
town has an academy, several churches, a bank, and 3  psi-mines.




TOX                                                       TRA
TOXIAWAY, a river of Pickens diStrict, South Carolina, Seaport town, and parish of Ireland, in Munster, capital of
is a small branch of the Kiowee.                          the co. of Kerry, on the Lee, about 1 mile above the head of
TOX/TETi PARK, an extensive parochial district of Eng- Tralee Bay, 59 miles W.N.W. ofCork. Pop. in 1851, 13,759.
and, co. of Lancaster, formerly the N.E. quarter of the town  It is regularly and well built, lighted and cleaned, and is a
6f Liverpool. See LIVf. POL,                              rapidly increasing and thriving town. The principal public
TOYNtTON, HiIo, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln,   edifices are a handsome church, 2 large Roman Catholic
TOYNTON, LoW, a parish of Engltand, o. of Lincoln.       chapels, a nunnery with a female school attached, several
TOYNTON ALL-SAINTS, a parish, Englandi co. Lincoln.  other schools, a new county court-house, a fever hospital,
TOYNTON ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. lunatic asylum, county infirmary, county jail, infantry barTOIZER, a town of North Africa, dominions of Tiunis, on  racks, union work-house, club-house, news-rooms, customthe W. side of Lake Sibka, (LoWdeah.) It has a large trade  house, and market-house. The port, a dependency of that
in dateS.                                                  of Limerick, is the seat of a brisk trade in grain and flour,
TRABEN, trtbgn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, govern- Vessels of 300 tons can discharge cargoes at the town by
merit, and 39 miles S;W. of Cobleatz, at the foot of the TrY- means of a ship canal; large vessels anchor at Blennerville,
benberg, on the left bank of the Moselle, opposite to Trar- 1 mile below, and at Samphire Islands, 6 miles W. It is
bach. Pop. 1226.                                           the seat of county assizes and quarter sessions. Registered
TRABEZH  or TRABEJ, trl-blzhl. written also TRA- shipping, 247 tons. It is the head ofa poor-law union. The
BESCH, a river of Russia, rises in the SW. of the govern- borough sends 1 member to the House of Commons. In the
ment of Tchernigov, enters the goVeriment of Poltava, flows vicinity is Tralee Castle, the seat of-Sir E. Deenny, who owns
first SS.W. to Pereslavi, where it receives the Alta, then  the town, and whose pleasure-grounds have been thrown
S.W., and joins the Dnieper On the 4left, after a course of  open to the inhabitants. In the vicinity is also a spa, a
about 90 miles.                                            good deal resorted to by invalids.
TRACADIE, trAkfi-dee', a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co.   TRALEE BAY, in Ireland, immediately S. of the estuary
of Sydney, at the head of Pomket Harbor, formed by St. of the Shannon, 15 miles in length, and 7 miles in breadth
George's Bay, about 115 miles N.E. of Halifax. The harbor at its entrance. On its N. side are the bay and town of
is capable of receiving vessels of any size, and considerable  Ballyheigh.
quantities of timber and gypsum are annually exported.       TRALILONG, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.
TRACHENBERG, trdixen-baRG', or STRABIUREK, striV-   TRAMAYE,. trl'mAi. a market-town of France, departboo-rk', a town of Prussian Silesia, 26 miles N.N.W. of  ment of a~ne-et-Loire, 11 miles W. of Macon. Pop. in 1852,
Breslau,capital of a principality,on the Bartsch. Pop. 2400. 2630.
TRACHSELWALD, tri/{sel-:Alti a village of Switzerland,   TRAMELAN, trAmgh-l n', or TREMLINGEN, tr~m/canton, and 15 miles E.N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1628.           ling-en, a village and parish of Switzerland. canton, and 25
TRACIIYS. See ZEIroUN.                                  miles N.W. of Bern, near the source of the Birse. It is well
TRACtTON, a parish of Ireland, in MU;nster, co. of Cork.   built, consists of Upper and Lower Tramelan, and has ma.
TRACY, trd'seef, several villages of France, the principal nufactures ofclocks, and particularly of a kind ofhorse-hair
in the department of Oise, arrondissement of CompiSgne. plait, much used by the female peasantry of the canton its
Pop. 1427.                                                their headdress. Pop. 2317,
TRA/CY, a post-village of Huntington co., Indiana, on    TRAMIMEL'S CREEK rises in Sumner co., Tennessee,
the Wabash River, 10 miles S.E. of Huntington.            and flowing N.W. into Kentucky, enters Big Barren River
TRACY'S LANDING, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., in Warren co., a few miles above Bowling Green.
Maryland.                                                   TRAMONTI, trA-monftee, a town of Naples, province of
ThRAICYVILLE, a flourishing village of Wayne co., Penn- Principato Citra, 7 miles W. of Salerno. It consists of sevesylvania, on the Honesdale and Delaware Plank-road. 1  ral scattered hamlets, and contains 14 churches, a monasmile E. of Honesdale. It contains 1 glass manufactory, the  tory and nunnery, and several charitable establishments.
first in Which' anthralite Coal was successfully used.    A great deal of charcoal is prepared here for the supply of
TRADATE, tlP-dAttA, a market-town of Lormbardy, 11  Naples. Pop. 3300.
miles S.W. ol'Como, near the Olona.                         TRAMOREf, a maritime town and bathing-place of IreTRADE, a post-office of Johnson co., Tennessee.         land, co., and 6 miles S.S.W. ofWaterford, on the N.W. side
TRAtDER'S HILL, a post-office of Camden co., Georgia.    of Tramore Bay, an inlet between two bold headlands, danTRAMDERSYILLE, a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, a  gerous to shipping. Pop. in 1851, 1882.
few mileS N. of LOndon.                                     TRAMTPAS, a village in the E. part of Rio Arriba co., New
TRADE'S HILL, a post-office of Chatham co., North Caro- Mexico, about 40 miles N. by E. of Santa FS.
line.                                                       TRAMUTOLA, tra-moolto-l, a market-town of Naples,
TRADETOWN,   a maritime settlement of Liberia, in West province of Basilicata, 23 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 4000.
Africa, near the S. extremity ofthe colony.                 TRAN, trAn, TRANHAC, trdn'hlkt, and TRANHANG,
TRADErWATER CREEK, in the W. part of Kentucky,  tr~n'h~ng/, towns of Anam, in Tonquin, near the Chinese
flows N.W., and forms the boundary between the counties  frontier.
of Hopkins and Union on the right, and Caldwell and Crit-   TRANA, trinA, a village of the Sardinian States, division
tendon on the left, until it enters the Ohio River.        ofTurin, province, and 20 miles E.S.E. of Susa. Pop. 1528.
TRAtDING POINT, a post-village of Potawatamie co., Iowa,   TRANCOSO, trAn-kosso, a walled town of Portugal, proon the Missouri River.                                     vince of Beira, capital of a comarca, 26 miles E.N.E. of Viseu.
TRADOK, a village, island of Borneo. See MONTRADOK.    Pop. 1300.
TRAF'ALGARI a post-office of Johnson co., Indiana.         TRANCOSO, trAn-kolso, a maritime town of Brazil, pro.
TRAGHAN, trkglnl,  a walled town of North Africa, in  vince, and 20 miles S. ofPorto Seguro. Pop. 1500.
Fezzan, 40 miles E. of Moorzook, formerly capital of East   TRANEKJAR, (Tranekjlir,) trinik-yaai', a' village and
Fezzan.                                                   parish of Denmark, in the island of Langeland, with the
TRAGiURIUiM. See TRAU.                                   ruins of an old castle, once a strong fortress, on an isolated
TRAIIRAS, trl-eefrbs, a town of Brazil, province of  height.
Gayas, on the river Trahiras, 15 miles from its confluence    TRAN/ENT, a parish and small town of Scotland, co. of
with the Mairanhio. Pop. 2000.                             Haddington, on the North British Railway, 91 miles E. of
TRAIGURRA, tri-gAtr, a town of Spain, province of Cas- Edinburgh, and near the Frith of Forth.  Pop. of the town
tellon de la Plane, 9 miles N.E. of San Matheo. Pop. 1916.  in 1851, 2096, partly engaged in collieries and sandstone
TRAILINSKAIA  or TRAILINSKAJA, tri-lin-skil/, a  quarries. The parish contains the villages of Port Seaton,
market-town of Russia, in Don-Cossack Territory, on the  Cockenzie, and Seaton, with Stiell's endowed hospital.
Don. 55 miles E.N.E. of Novo Tcherkask. Pop. 2000.           TRANHtAC or TRANHANG, a town of Anam. See TaAN.
TRAINA, trinA, a town of Sicily, intendency of Catania,   TRANI, trl/nee, (ane. Ture/num, or B'anium?) a seaport
15 miles W. of Bronte. Pop. 7400. It has the oldest mo- town of Naples, province of Bari, on the Adriatic, 25 miles
esastery on the island.                                   W.N.W. of Bari. Lat. 410 17' N., Ion. 160 26' E.  Pop. 14,000.
TRAINEL, trilnl/,  a market-town of France, department It is surrounded by a fosse and a wall flanked with basofAube, 6 miles SS.CW. of Nogent.  Pop. 1261.             tionS, and is entered by three gates. The houses are toleTRAISKIRCHEN, tris'k6Kigen, a market-town of Lower  rably well built, but the streets, with some exceptions, are
AUstria, 15 miles S.S.W, of Vienna. Pop. 1115.            narrow, winding, and badly paved. The principal edifices
TRAIVTOR'S (or VERRADER'S, fer-rs/ders,) ISLAND, one  are the cathedral and the castle. The former is an ancient
of the Navigators' group, in the South Pacific Ocean; lat. and spacious structure, but its style of architecture is indif150 57' S., Ion. 1730 58' W. It has an elevated surface, a  ferent. There are, besides, 20 parish churches, 6 monasfertile soil, and appears to be densely peopled.          teries, 2 nunneries, a large diocesan seminary, a theatre,
TRAJAN, trA'ylnf, a market-to#Wn of European Turkey, and a female orphan asylum. The harbor, which is almost
in Bulgaria, on the Osma, 23 miles S. of Loftscha.        encircled by the tows, once contained great depth of water,
TRAJANOPOLIS, European Turkey.  See ORIKHOvA.           but has so much silted up that small vessels only can enter,
TRAJECTUS AD MOSAM. See MAESTRIcnr.                     The trade is considerable, and consists chiefly In oil, silk,
TRAJECTUS AD RHENUM. See UTREcur.                       wine, and fruit. Trani, suffers much from excessive sumTRAJETTO, trl-y~t/to, a town of Naples, province of  mer heats, and a great want of spring-water. The only
terra di Lavoro, district, and 8 miles N.E. of Gaeta, with 5  alternative is the collection of rain-water by cisterns, almost
churches, a convent, and 5600 inhabitants.                every house being provided with one. Cotton is grown in
TRALEE, trA-lee/, aparliamentary and municipal borough, the district, and partly manufactured into coarse gooda
1942




~TRA                                                       TRA
The town is an archbishop's see, and the seat of a superior granite usually forms the basis. These rocks are succeeded
civil court,                                                by graywacke, which stretches almost without interruption
TIRAN/1IMERE, a township of England, co. of Clhester.    across the country, and N. to the sources of the Theiss.
TRANQUE, tr~nikA, an island of South America, forming  Still farther E., a great trachytic chain extends from  the
the entrance to a bay on the E. coast of the island of Chilos. banks of the Aluta, (Aloota,) at the point where it flows
A range of hills, nowhere exceeding 300 feet in height, run  S.W., and thence upward to the frontiers of Bukowina. To
through it from N.W. to S.E. The inhabitants appear to be  the W. of the primitive and trachytic rocks now mentioned,
few in number.                                             the sand-stones of the carboniferous system make their apTRANQUEBAR, tran-kwe-barf, a fortified seaport town of  pearance, and occupy a considerable proportion of the proHindostan, on the Coromandel coast, in the delta of the  vince.
Cavery, 140 miles S.W. of Madras. Lat. 110 N., ion. 810 54'   The whole surface belongs to the basin of the Danube,
E. It stands between two arms of the river Cavery, and is  which receives a great part of its waters by very circuitous
surrounded by ramparts faced with masonry, and having, channels, A little to the N. of the centre of the province, a
at the S.E. angle, the castle of Dansborg, with a light-house  branch of the Carparthians stretches across it fro-nm E. to W.,
and the government offices. The town is neatly built, and and forms a secondary watershed. All the country S. of it is
the houses are wholly of European architecture, with Gre- drained by rivers which have a S.W. or ~.S.W. direction,
clan porticos, and windows of rattan-lattices. There are 2  and thus reach the Danube without many windings. The
Protestant churches, a Portuguese chapel, and Danish, chief of these are the Aluta (Aloota) and the Maros, with
English, and Portuguese schools. The territory, 6 miles in  its tributaries the Great and Little Kokel. But to the N. of
length, with an area of 15 square miles, is sandy or marshy, the above watershed the rivers, being barred by it, take
and partly under cultivation for rice, dry grains, and fruit- first a W. and then a N. direction towards the Theiss, and
trees, including vines. The temperature commonly ranges  hence the waters of the N. part ofTransylvania do not reach
between 700 and 1000 Fahrenheit; but the heat is mode- the Danube before they have made the circuit of a greatpart
rated by sea breezes. The hay at the mouth of the Cavery  of Hungary. The principal rivers by which the drainage is
is always safe for small vessels, and the surf is less violent thus effected are the Szamos, by far the largest; the Kirasna,
than at Madras or Pondicherry.  Some manufactures of  and the Kibros.
coarse cottons and handkerchiefs, oil, soap, leather, and salt,   The climate is very much modified by the diversity of
are carried on; and these goods, with rice, paddy, and skins, surface: the higher districts having a severe winter, which
are shipped for Madras, Ceylon and occasionally the Mauri- not only covers the rivers with ice, but often extends far
tius and Bourbon. The trade with the adjacent British  into spring, causing serious injury to vegetation; while, on
territory is small, owing to heavy import dues on all goods  the other hand, the summerheat of the lower grounds is at
hit grain at the British frontier. Pop. of the territory, times extreme. But, on the whole, the air is healthy, the
about 250,000; of the town, about 2000, of whom about 1500  sky clear, and the temperature well adapted to bring all the
are Lutherans, and 500 Roman Catholics, of Portuguese  more valuable plants of Central Europe to maturity.
descent. Tranquebar belonged to Denmark till 1546, when    In some of the loftier districts which almost border on
it was ceded by purchase to England.                        the limits of perpetual snow, vegetation is necessarily conTRANQUILILIA, a post-village of Jones co., Georgia.       fined within very narrow limits, but the lower altitudes are
TRANQUILfLITY, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey. clothed with magnificent forests, which furnish valuable
TRANQUILLITY, a post-office of Granville co., North Ca- timber. Among the trees are several of economical value,
rolina, 29 miles N. of Raleigh.                             including the almond and chestnut, which are found thrivTRANQUILLITY, a post-office of Adams co,, Ohio.           Ing in the vicinity of Kronstadt at the height of 1900 feet
TRANS, tr6N%, a village of France, department of Var, 3  above sea-level. In all quarters, apples, pears, plums, chermiles S.S.E. of Draguignan. Pop. 1317.                      ries, apricots, and peaches are to be had in abundance,
TRANSCAUCASIAtrans-kaw-k.l/sh-e-,acountryofAsiatic  and the culture of the vine is general all over the country.
Russia, S. of the Caucasus, extending between lat. 380 and  The mulberry would thrive well, but little attention, how430 N., and lon. 410 40' and 490 40' E., having E. the Caspian  ever, appears to be paid  to it.  Notwithstanding  the
Sea; S., Turkish and Persian Armenia; and W., the Black  general ruggedness  of the surface, there ae many wide valSea. Area estimated at 66,300 square miles. Pop. 1,625,000. leys and extensive plains, admirably adapted to the ordiIt is now  divided into two unequal portions: 1. The E., nary operations of agriculture, and on these, though much
comprising the old Mohammedan provinces on the Caspian  more in consequence of their natural fertility than the skill
Sea, namely, Karabagh, Talish, Shirvan, Bakoo, Kooba, Der- displayed in managing them, rich harvests are reaped. The
bend, and Sheki; 2. The W., comprising Grusia or Georgia, chief crops are wheat, barley, oats, rye, buckwheat, maize,
with the provinces of Gooriel, Imeritia, and Russian Arme- pulse, potatoes, fruits, tobacco, flax; hemp, saffron, and
nia, divided into 10 circles and 2 independent lordships, wine. More corn is raised than is required for home conMingrelia and Abkasia.  The former provinces are gene- sumption.  The rearing of horses, sheep, and other live
rally retained in the new divisions, and their chief towns  stock, is important. In the Szekler country is a breed of
are made capitals of circles. The government is chiefly mili- hardy ponies, sinilar to the Welsh, and the horses elsewhere
tary, but great religious toleration exists, and the Russians  have been much improved.   Buffaloes are used for field
have established schools in the principal towns. The direct labor; the bear, wolf, and an abundance of game roam  ha
taxes, payable to the Russian government, amount to 325,000  the forests, in which also great numbers of hogs are fed.
silver rubles annually.                                     The rivers are remarkably well supplied with fish. Bees do
TRAN/SIT, a post-village of Genesee co., New York.       not receive much attention, but are very numerous, in a
TRANSIT ]BRIDGE, a post-office of Alleghany co., New  wild state, yielding large quantities of honey and wax,
York.                                                         The most remarkable mineral product is rock-salt, a bed
TRANSOXIANA. See BOXuARA.                                of which extends from Wallachia, through Transylvania to
TRANSIPADANE REPUBLIC, a state formed in Italy by  Galicia, covering a space of 570 miles in length, and fl-om 60
Napoleon, in 1796, of part of Lombardy and Venetia; in  to 80 miles in breadth; 1,500,000 cwt. of salt are procured
1797, it was incorporated with the.Cisalpine Republic.     annually from mines; there are, besides, 120 salt springs.
TRANSPA/RENT LAKE, towards the N.E. part of New  Gold, silver, iron, lead, copper, antimony, arsenic, mercury,
York, between Hamilton and Herkimer counties, is about 7  alum, sulphur, nitre, and marble, are among the chief
miles long, and3 miles wide. It is the principal source of  mineral products.  Twenty-two gold mines are wrought,
West Canada Creek.                                          and nearly every stream in the country is auriferous. The
TRANSYLVANIA, tran-sil-vAne-a, (Ger. Siebenburgen,  annual produce of gold is 2,500 merks, of which 1800 is obseelben-bOa'G'en, "the seven towns;" Hun..Erddly  Or- tained from washings.  Silver yields annually 5000 merks.
szdg,' Asdaill oa'sigl; Fr. Transylvanie,  tra'esil'va'nee!,)    Crystals and fine pebbles, including garnets, chrysolites,
a grand principality, (Gs-osefisrstenthum,) forming the S.E. amethysts, chalcedonies, agates, carnelians, and jaspers, are
province of the Austrian Empire; bounded N. and WV. by  found in many quarters.
Hungary, $. and E. by the Danubian Turkish principalities    Manufactures have made but little progress, and are
of Wallachia and Moldavia, from which it is separated by  chiefly in the hands of the German portion of the inhabit,.
the Carparthian Mountains; and N.E. by the Bukowina.  ants.  They consist principally of woollen cloth, flannel,
Lat. 450 12' to 470 43' N., lon. 220 15' to 260 20' E. It is  and linen, particularly the last, which is made to some exvery compact. Greatest length from E. to W., 194 miles; tent, though scarcely in sufficient quantities to meet the
greatest breadth, 165 miles. Area, 23,078 square miles. The  home consumption.  Other manufactures, besides those
surface is very much diversified, but generally mountain- connected withl the working of the various metals and mineonus; the Carpathian chain not only covers its S. and E. rals, are paper, gunpowder, leather, porcelain and earthenfrontier, but sends out numerous ramifications, the most ware, glass, iron and copper-ware, furniture, and a great
important of which, proceeding from E. to W., give more or  variety of articles in wood.
less of that direction to its principal streams. The cul-   The trade is in a great measure confined to the natural
minating points of the mountains are situated near the S. produce of the country.  The most important exports
fiontier, where Negoi, not far from Hermannstadt, has a  are salt, to the amount of 70,000 tons annually; corn,
height exceeding 8000 feet; and Butschetsch, near Kron- cattle, horses, wax, honey, tobacco, wood, wool, swine,
stfdt, is scarcely 100 feet lower. Many of the summits pre- hides, skins, iron, and antimony.  The imports, inot-r
sent scenery remarkable for its grandeur. The mountains  duced chiefly by native merchants, who make their purin the S., along the whole of the frontier E. to the Buacza, chases at Vienna and Leipsic, consist of all kinds of
(Bouza?) are entirely composed of primitive rocks, of which  manufacturec. tissues, millinery, colonial produce, hats,
1943




TRA                                                            TRA
glass; &c. The transit and commission trade is very limited  the Atlantic coast, 42 miles E. of Trenton, contains 10 or 12
in extent, and is entirely carried on by Armenians and  houses.
Greeks. The Maros and Szamos Rivers serve as the chief    TRAP, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.
routes for the conveyance of goods. Roads are almost im-    TRAPANI, tr,'pJ-ne, (anc. Dreg/ansi;  Gr. Apeiavov,)
passable; and except in a few towns, inns are unknown.         a fortified seaport town of Sicily, on the W. side of the
The constitution of Transylvania is somewhat compli-  island, 46 miles W. of Palermo.  Lat. 380 2' N., ion. 12c 31'
cated. Its powers were defined by a decree or charter issued  E. It has a castle, senatorial palace, cathedral, and several
by the Emperor Leopold I., in 1691. According to this char- convents, two hospitals, a college, and two seminaries.  The
ter, Transylvanula is a grand principality.  The sovereign of  harbor is good, and accessible to vessels of 300 tons. It is
Austria, as grand prince possesses all the usual powers of  defended by two forts, which cross their fire-one on thl
the executive, such as to confer titles, honors, and privi- mainland, and another on the island of Columbara, oil
leges, levy troops, declare peace and war, call and dissolve  which also a light-house has been erected. The trade  is condiets, coin money, &c. To the states or diet, (Dircta,) be- siderable.  The exports comprise salt, coral from the coast
longs the right of making and repealing laws relating to  of Afiica, which is cut and polished by the inhabitants;
internal management, voting sums of money and taxes, &c. soda, alabaster vases, statues, and gems.  The principal
They form two chambers, (Tafeln,) and hold their sittings  manufoctures are shell-work. and articles in coral ivory,
in Klausenburg, which accordingly is considered to be the  and alabaster.  Fishing parmticularly the tunny fishery, is
capital. Besides the general rights belonging to the diet,  actively carried on. Trapani being the capital of the procomposed of the threeprincipal nations, HIungarians, Szek- vince. is the riesidence of its chief authorities, and the seat of
lers, and Saxons, each nation has its peculiar territory, privi-  a high crminali and ciail court. A short distance E.N.EF. of
leges, and municipal constitution. In these respects the I-Iun- the town is Mount San Giuliano, tihe ancient Eryx, one of
garians and Szeklers, though differing in some points, are  the loftiest in Sicily, much celebrated by the poets, particunearly identical. They are both subdivided into the three  larly Virgil, who represents Anchises, the father of his hero,
classes of nobles, burghers, and peasants, the last being, as having died here. Pop. in 1850, 24.928.  The ancient
with few exceptions, mere serfs. The Saxons, on the con- town was early occupied by the Carthaginians, and was the
trary, have no' political distinction of classes.              scene of a celebrated sea-fight (B. C. 237) between the Roman
No country in theworld has, within so smalla compass, so  and Carthaginian fleets.  Drepanum (Gr. Aperavov) signigreat a variety of inhabitants.  These comprise 14 distinct  fies a "scythe," or "sickle," and was given inI allusion to
races, of which the principal are Hungarians, Szeklers, and  the shape of the tongue of land on which the town is built.
Saxons; the others are Wallachians,  German colonists,    TRAPANO.  See CAPE DII  PANo.
Bulgarians, Armenians,Greeks, Russians, Poles, Jews, Gip-    TRAPEZUS or TRAPEZUNT.  See TReIzoND.
sies, and Mloravians. The proportion comprised in each of    TRAP HILL, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina.
these are estimated as' follows: —Wallachians, 1,169,000;    TRAPPE, LA, 1h traipp, a B]enedictine convent of France,
Szeklers, 262,000; Mlagyars or Hungarians, 255,000; Sax- department of Ornme, near Soligny, 6 miles N. of MorLtagne,
ons, 237,000; Zigueners  or Gipsies, C60,000  Armenians,  was famous fo- theausterity of its monks. It was foulsded
9000; and Jews, 7000. Arranged according to the forms of  in 1140, suppressed at the revolution of 1789, but restored
religion which they profess, there are 760,000 Non-united  to the order in 1815.
Greeks; 580,000 United Greeks- 290,000 Calvinists; 274,000    TRAPPE, trap, a post-village of Upper Providence townLutherans; and 120,000 Unitarians, leaving 50,000 for other  ship, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles W.N.W. of
denominations and persons belonging to no creed.  The  Norristown.  It contains a German Lutheran church, built
peasantry generally, especially those of the Greelk Church,  in 1743, by the Rev. Hi. 1. Muhlenburg.
are more depressed and ignorant than those of Hungary,    TRAPPE, a post-village of Talbot co., Maryland, 9 miles
except in the Saxon land in the S.                             S. of Easton.  Pop. about 300.
The chief territorial division is into the land of the Iunga-    TRAPPE TOWN, a thriving village of Worcester co., 51aryrians, the land of the Szeklers, and the land of the Saxons.  land, on the Pocomoke River, 107 miles S.W. of Annapolis.
Another division is into S counties, 3. districts, 17 stuhls, 5  It has 1 church, and 2 stores.
filial stuhls, and 115 minor districts, (Bezirlcen.) The inhabi-    TRAtQUAIR, a parish of Scotland, co. of Peebles;.
tants along the E. and S. frontiers are subject to a kind of    TRARBACH. trars/biK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 36
military feudalism, holding their land under the tenure of  miles S.W. of Coblentz, on the right bank of the Moselle,
providing for the defence of the country against foreign  across which is a bridge of boats. Pop. 1345.
aggression. With this view the land occupied by thembhas    TRASARTS, tras'arts, a people of Western Africa.
been divided into frontier regimental district-s, defended by    TRASEN, trimzen, a river of Lower Austria, de.cends
4 regiments ofinfintry, two of them Szekler, and two Wal-  fl-om the N. slop- of the Trasenberg, near the fi-ontiers of
lacbhian, and one regiment of Szekler hussars.                 Styria, and joins the Danube after a very circuitous course
The Roman Catholics have a lyceum at KIausenburg, and  of nearly 55 miles.
9 gymnasia; and the Protestants have 4 colleges or large    TRASIMENUS LACUS  or TRASIMENO  LAGO.  See
gymnasia, the chief of which is at Nagy-Enyed, and 9  PERUGIA, LAKE or.
smaller gymnasia; the Unitarians, a college at Klausen-    TRASK, a postoffice of Grant co., Indiana.
burg, 2 gymnasia, and several schools. Transylvania was    TRAS-OS-MONTES, tm'.s oce mon/tis, (" beyond the mounknown to the Romans under the name of Dacia Conselaris  tains,") a province of Portugal, ii the N., having N. and E.
Mediterrainea, and was conquered by Trajan, who established  Spain, S. the province of Reira, and W. Minho.  Area, 4028
a colonyinit. Its name of Transylvania is said tobe derived  square miles.  Pop. in 1850, 309,331. The Douro forms all
from the Latin words trans sylvas, and was probably given  its S., and most part of its E. boider;  the other principal
it by the people who lived beyond its W. frontiers, and to  rivers are its affluents, the Tamega and Sabor. Surface
whom  it was rendered almost inaccessible by a border of  mostly mountainous, but it contains many fertile valleys,
dense forests. Its German name of Siebenburgen or Seven  and the banks of the Douro are famous for the production
Castles, (Mediasch, Miihlenbach, Hermannstadt, Klausen-  of port-wines. Cattle-rearing is important. Silk and woolburg, Schenerstadt, Reussomark, and Broos or Szasvaras,)  len fimbrics, and linen thread, are the chief manufactured
is derived from its seven walled towns-  which are supposed  products. Principal towns, Braganga, Villa Real, Torre de
to have been origimnally built, and are still chiefly occupied  Moncorvo, and Miranda.
by Saxons.'The Ihungarian nanme Erdely is a derivative of    TRASSILICO, trls-see'le-ko, (L. Trmans Sioiccio,) a town
Erdi, (wood,) and is equivalent to Woodland. After the  and duchy of Modena, near Massa-Ducale, with a court
dtll of the Roman Empire, the country was occupied succes- ofjustice.  Pop. 2165.
sively by Goths, Huns, Alans, Slaves, Avars, and  Hun-    TRASTEVEREI.  See ROM.
gaians. The last long retained possession of it, and go-    TRAU. traw, (anc. Traguorium,) a seaport town of Dalsmaverned it by princes or woiwodes.  It has formned pairt of the  tie, 10 miles W. of Spalato, on an islet in the Adriatic, beAustrian dominions since 1699, and though, from its proxi- tween the island of Bun and the mainland, and connected
mity to Turkey and internal dissensions, its tranquillityhas  with both by bridges. Pop. 3800, who cultivate the vine,
been repeatedly disturbed, it has made considerable advances  olives, and figs.
in population, civilization, and general prosperity.  The    TRAUN, trmOwn, a river of Upper Austria, after a N.W.
country, in 1848 and 1849, was the seat of protracted war- course of 100 miles, joins the Danube 4 miles S.E. of Lintz.
fare, during which it is estimated that 200 towns and vil-  It flows through the small lakes of Itallstadt and Tra-un,
lages were burned, and 10,000 of the population perished. and gives name to a circle of Austria.  It is celebrated for
Transylvania lately sent members to the Hungarian Diet. its trout.
The population  of Transylvania  in  1854 amounted to    TRAUNKIRCI HEN, tr~wn/k66aKen. a village of Upper
2,074,202. —— Adj. and inhab. TRANSYLVANIAN, tran-sil-vAfne-  Austria, on the W. bank of Lake Traun.
an. See HUoNGARY.                                                TRAUN, LAICE OF, oi- GMUNDIEN  SEE, g'miindlen se,
TRANSYLVANIA  UNIVERSITY.  See LrXINGToo, Ken-  an expansion of the river Traun, in Upper Austria, is 8'miles
tucky.                                                        lon!, and 2 miles broad. It is traversed by a steamboat.
TRANITER'S CREEK, of North Carolina, flows along the    TRAUNSTEIN, trdwnfstone, a walled town  of Upper
E. border of Pitt co., and enters the Tar River a little above  Bavaria, 19 miles W.N.W. of Salzburg.  Pop. 2236.
Washington.                                                     TRAUNSTEINBER G, -tm-wn-stin/b8e'.a in  Upper AusTRAONA, trg-ofnA, a village of Austrian Italy, 15 miles  tria, on the E. side of the lake Traun; is 5470 feet in eleva-'. of Sondrio, near the right bank of the Adda. Pop. 1109. tion.
TIRAP, a small village of Monmouth co., News Jersey, on    TRAUTENAU, trow'teh-nuw5, written also TRUTNOW,
1944




TRA                                                          TRE
atown of Bohemia,.25 miles N.N.E. of Kiniggriitz, on the  delplita, belonging to New Jersey. Length, about 2 mileas,
right bank of the A upa.  Pop. 2405. It is the centre of the  It contains 3 ship-yards, 1 saw mill, and 50 inhabitants.
linen manufacture  fthe Riesengebirge.                         TRPEBBTA, a river of North Italy.  See TREnIA.
TRAVAGLIATO, tr'-vil-y;lto, a village  of Austrian    TREBBIN, trlb-beenl, a town of Prussia. province of Bran.
Italy, proyince, and W.S.W. of Brescia.  Pop. 3174.          denburg. 15 miles S.S.E. of Potsdam, on the Berlin and
TRAVANCORE, trav'an-kr/l, a state at the S. extremity  Leipsic tailway.  Pop. 1680.
of India, tributary to the British, having W. and S. the    TREBSE, trtb or trAb, a market-town of France, departIndian Ocean. and landward the Madras districts, Malabar, mentofAude. 4 milesE.ofCarcassonne, on theAude. P. 1871.
Coimnbatoor. Madura, and Tinnevelly.  Area, including    TREBIA, tirAbe-A, or TREBBIA, trlb'bb-A, a river of North
Cochin, 6710 square miles. Pop. 1,300,000. Surface moun-  Italy, rises on the N. side of the Apennines, 10 miles N.E.
tainous in the E.; elsewhere varied with hill and dale, and  of Genoa, flows N.N.E. past Bobbin and Travo, and, after a
well watered, but only about two-thirds are capable of culb  rapid course of 55 miles, joins the Po on the right bank, 3
tivation. The products comprise rice, almonds, cardamons,  miles N.W. of Piacenza.  On the adjacent plain, IHannibal
pepper and other spices, betel and cocoanuts, tobacco, ivory,  conquered the Romans, D. c. 218; and on June 19, 1799, the
and bees'-wax.  Property of allkinds. asin Canara, descends  French, under Macdonald, were defeated by the Austroin the female line. The inhabitants; are mostly Hindoos,  Russian army under Suwarrow.
but here are estimated to be 100,000 Syrian Christians, and    TREBIGNE, trA-beealyA, or TREIINJE, trA-bin'yi. a fortiin some communes Christian churches are much move nu-  fled town of European Turkey, in Lerze-ov lna, capital of a
merous than pagodas and mosques. Principal towns, Tri- district, 52 miles S.S.E. of Mostar.  It is the see of a Roman
vandrum. (the capital,) Anjenga, and Quilon.                  Catholic bishop, and staeted to have 10,000 inhabitants.
TRAVANCORE, a town of the above state, 50 miles    TREBISACCIA, tri-be-sttchi, a town of Naples, province
N.N.W. of Cape Comorin, but now in decay.                     of Calabria Citra, 17 miles E.N.E. of Castrovillari.   Pop.1200.
TRAVE, t'itlveh, (anc. Chalusus,?) a river of North Ger-    TRtEBISOND, a pashalic  of Armenia.  See TREnZOND.
many, in Holstein and Lubeck territory, flows E., and enters    TREBITSCII, trAlbitch, written also TIZE'ICZKE,   a
the Gulf of Lubeck (Baltic) at Travemiinde, forming the  walled town of Moravia, 18 miles S.E. of Iglau, on the Iglawa.
lagoon Binnen-see.  Total course, 50 miles.                   Pop. 5000. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollens.
TRAVI/ELLER'S REPOSE, a post-office of Pocahontas co.,    TREBITSCH, a village of Prussia, province of BrandenVirginia.                                                     burg, 4 miles S.W. of Driesen.  Pop.:600.
TRAVELLER'S REPOSE, a post-village of Franklin co.,    TREBIZOND, trible-zond', written  also TARABOZAN,
-Missouri, about 50 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis.                (called by the Turks ibr-abesoon. ta-rlbe-soont; anc. TralfeTRAVELLER'S REST, a post-office ofGreenville district,  zus; Fr. Trebiszonde, trAh~beesz6Nd, Ger. Trocz17tt,       traY-pItSouth Carolina.                                               sU6nft,) an important fortified geaport city of Asiatic Turkey.
TRAVELLER'S REST, a village in Dooley co., Georgia,  capital of pashalicof its own name, on S.E. coast of the Black
near Flint River, 80 miles S.W. by S. of Milledgeville.       Sea, 120 miles N.W. of Erzroom. Lat. 40 1' N., lon.394-6tE.
TRAVELLER'S REST, a post-office ofCoosa co., Alabama. It stands on the slope of a hill facing the sea, enclosed bo a
TRAVELLER'S REST, a post-office. Owsley co., Kentucky. lofty castellated barrier, and further defended by a citdel
TRAVEMUNDE, (Travemhinde,) trA/veh-miin'deh, (i.e. on an adjacent height.' Outside of the walls are deep ravines,
"Travemouth,") a fortified town of North Germany, at the  filled with gardens and crossed by long bridges;  besides
mouth of the Trave, in the Baltic Sea. territory of. and 9  several suburbs. in which are most of the Christian dwellmiles N.E. from Lubeck, of which it is the port.  Pop. 1476.  ings, with the principal bazaaes and kbhans.  The houses are
It has a light-house, and public baths.                       mostly of one story. built of stone and.lime, rooted with red
TItAVENTIIAL, tr'ven-tal', a hamlet of Denmark, duchy  tiles, and so much interspersed with gardens and plan tations
of Ilolstein, on the Trave, 18 miles W. of Luheck.  Here  that scarcely a house is Visible feom  the sea. It has 18
the treaty of 1700, between Sweden and Denmark, was con- mosques, and about 20 Greelk churches. but possesses neither
eluded.                                                       inns nor lod.ing-houses. Nearly all its mosques have been
TRAVERS, tra'vairt, a village of Switzerland, 13 miles  Iformerly Christian places of worship; that of St. Sophia, about
W.S.W. of Neuf-chtel. The Val-Travers, in whichit stands,  1 mile distant, is a handsome edifice  Trebizond has a fort
is highly picturesque.                                        on either side of a peninsula projecting into the Black Sea.
TRAVERSE DES SIOUX, (Fr. pron. tra'tvaisl dA se-ool.)    The principal articles of tade in the bazaar sre alum and
a post-village, capital of Nicollet co., Minnesota, on the left  copper, brought from  the mines in the interior. The shops
bank of the St. Peter's River, 50 miles in a direct line S.W.  are well supplied with English cotton  cnid printed goods.
of St. Paul.                                                  The copper comes in a rough  state, and is here manufacTRAVIE RSELLO, trA-v8rl-sBFlo, a village of the Sardinian  tured into ditffesent articles for domesticr o  culinary puStates, division of Tu-in, province of Ivrea. The district is  poses. Ferom its position, Trebizond is the natural entrepot
rich in mines ofiron. Pop. 1447.                              of the trade of Armenia, North Persia, andGeorgia, with EuTRAVERSETOLO, tr'-v6R-sA-tolo, a village of Italy,  r1ope; and owing to the establishment of steam navi-eation 
duchy, cand 12 miles S.S.E. of Parma, on the left bank of  on the Black Sea, and between Trebizond and Consatntithe Termina.  Pop. 3428.                                       nople, its trade has recently received a remalrkable extenTIRAVI. tr'vee, a village of Parma, duchy, and 18 miles  sion. Its exports consist chiefly of sill, wool, tobacco, wax,
S.S.W. of Piacenza, on the left bankl of the Trebia. It has  galls; oil, opium, and other drugs; honey, butter, timber for
the remains of an old castle, and a quarry which produces  ship-building, the produce of Asia Minor, and sills fal-bics;
good whetstones. Pop. 5343.                                   Cashmere shawls, carpets, saffron, cotton, canmel-slins finom
TRAVSIS, a county in the central part of Texas.  Area,  Pe-sia, and specie forrwarded to the Turkish capital. The lmabout 1000 square miles. It is intersected by the Colorado  ports comprise cotton  goods, colonial produce, spices, and
River. A considerable part of the surface is hilly. The  iron from  Great Britain; hardvwares and glass from  GCersoil is very:fertile, excepting the northern portion. It is  many; wines feom eFrance; corn fi-omRussia; fireearms, tin,
liberally supplied with water-power.     Steamboats ascend  and salt, three-fourths of all which are destined: for Persia.
the river as faras Austin City during high water.  Named  In 1852, there entered the port 88 steamers and 1310 saiing
in honor of Colonel Travis, massacred at Fort Alamo in  vessels; of the former 17, and of the latter 3,  were British;
1830. Austin City is the county seat and capital of the  and of the former 20, and of the latter 1, were Austrian;
state.  Pop. 3138, of whom 2347 ewes- free, and 791 slaves..  the remainder of the steamers. 51, and 120 of the sailing
TRAVIS, a post-office of Austin co., Texas.                 vessels, being Ottoman.   The total imports amounted to
TRAVNIK, tr'v'nik   or trav'neekl. a town of European  $11,200.000..In the same year, 219 steamers and vessels
Turkey, in Bosnia, capital ofa sanjak, on an affluent of the  sailed, the total exports amounting to $5.250,000.  At this
Bosna, 45 miles N.W.of Bosna-Serai.  Pop. 8500, all Moham-  city, Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks reached the
medans, except a few Jews. The town is ill built: chief edi-  sea in their memorable retreat.  From  1203. until the subfice, an old citadel. It has a manufacture of sword-blades.  version of the Eastern Empire, Trebizond was the capital of
TRAWIDEN FORIEST, a township of England, co. of Lan-  an independent dominion, extending from the Phasis to the
caster.                                                      IHalys. Pop. estimated at 40,000, of whom about 30,000 are
TRAWS-FYNYDD, tr6ws fintlig, a parish  of North  Mlohamnmedans inhabiting the walled city.
Wales, co. of Merioneth.                                        TREBIZOND  or TREBISOND, PAsnHALI  OF, a subdiviTRAYILORSVILLE, a post-village of Henry co., Virginia, sion of Turkiish Armenia, extending along the coast of
200 miles W.S.W. of Richmond.                                 the Black Sea, between lat. 400 30' and 410 30' N.. and Ion.
TRAZEGNIES, trsz- n'yee!s, a village of Belgium,  province  380 and 42~ E., having landward the district of Goorieli and
ofHainaut, 19- miles E. by N. of Mons. The Castle of Tra-  the pashalics of Akhalzikh, Rars, Erzroom. and Seeyes.
zegnies, in the vicinity, is a noble structubre of the ninth  The surface is mostly mountainous, and the coast-line,
century. Pop. 1521.                                           clothed with dense forests, rises to from 4000:to. 6000 feet
TREADIHIAVEN  CREEK, in the E. part of Maryland,  above the sea. Many tracts are highly fertile and well culflows through Talbot county, and communicates with the  tivated; and it produces laege quantities of wheeat, barley,
mouth or estuary of Choptank River. It is navigable at  and maize, with hemp, flax, tobacco, wool. honey, wax,
high tide to Easton, about 12 miles.                          fruits, charcoalsand timber, which, with some linen cloths,
TREALES, treels, ROSEIACRE, and WHIARLES, hwarmlz,  carpets, leather, soap, salted fish, wine, toa, and leeches,
a township of England, co. of Lancaster.                      form the chief exports. Its E. part, called Lazistaen. is destiTREATV or PETTY'S ISLAND, vulgarly called PADDY'S  tute of towns, firom being inhabited by Lazes, a rude people,
ISLAND, an island.in the Delaware River, opposite Phila-  numbering about 50,000. The principal towns are Trebi1945




TRE                                                       TRE
zond, Keresoon, Tireboli, Rezah, and Batoom,r all on its    TREIBLEVILLE, a post-office, Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
coast.                                                       TREICHLERSVILLE, trik/lers-vill (?) a small post-village
TREBNITZ, tr.btnits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 15 miles of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, on the road leading from AllenN N.E. ofBreslau. Pop. 2430. Ithas manufacturesofwool- town to Mauch Chunk.
eIon cloths and linens, breweries, and a trade in fruits.    TREIGNAC, trAn'yikf, a town of France, department of
TREBNITZ, a town of Bohemia, 7 miles S.W. of Leit- Corrbze, on the Vezlre, 18 miles N. of Tulle. Pop. in 1852,
meritz.                                                    3359. It has manufactures of fire-arms.
TREBIOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.         TREIGNY, trin'yeel, a market-town of France, departTREBOWA, a town of Austria. See TRunaUv.                 ment of Yonne, 24 miles S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. in 1852, 2520.
TREBOWICE, a village of Bohemia. See TRIuITZ.              TREIS, trice, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles
TREBSCHEN, trablshgn, or trlplshen, a small town of  S.W. of Coblentz, on the Moselle, here joined by the Diemen.
Prussia, government of Brandenburg, 56 miles S.E. of Frank- Pop. 1330.
fort. Pop. 428.                                              TREISAM, tr-issm, a river of Baden, after a N.W. course
TREBSEN, trebtsen, a town of Saxony, 15 miles E.S.E. of of nearly 30 miles, joins the Eltz 3 miles S. of Kenzingen.
Leipsic, on the Mulde. Pop. 989.                           The old Baden circle of Treisam  and Weisen is now comTREBUJENA  or TREBUXENA, trA-boo-Hnina;   a village  prised in that of the Upper Rhine.
of Spain, in Andalusia, province, and 26 miles N.N.E. of    TREIS-AN-DER-LUMBDE, trice An d6n l15mddeh, a town
Cadiz, surrounded by small streams. Pop. 2888.             of Hesse-Cassel, in Ober-Hessen, on a peninsula formed by
TREBUR, trA-booR! (1) or TRIBUR, treefboonl (?) (anc. Tqi- the Lumbde, with the ruins of an old castle. Pop. 1189.
burinns,) a market-town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt,   TREISHNISH (treeshlnish) ISLANDS, a cluster of small
province of Starkenburg, on the Rhine, 12 miles W.N.W. of islets on the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Argyle, between the
Darmstadt. Pop. 1397. It was a frequent residence of the  N.W. part of the island of Mull and the island of Cell, about
German emperors, and the seat of an ecclesiastical council lat. 560 34' N., lon. 60 24' W.
in 822.                                                      TREJA, a small river of Italy, delegation of Civita VecTRE-CASALI, trA kI-s'lee, (the "three villages,") a vii- chia, joins the Tiber from the W.
lage of Italy, duchy, and 12 miles N.N.W. of Parma, on the    TREJA, trAlyt, a town of Central Italy, 8 miles W. of MaTara. Pop. 3182.                                          cerata. Pop. 7910.
TRE-CASTAGNE, trA kAs-tdnlyA, a market-town of Sicily,    TRELAW/NY or LOOE, loo, a river of England, co. of
8 miles N.N.E. of Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna. Cornwall, flows S., between the towns of East and West
Pop. 2500.                                                Looe, and enters the English Channel, after a course of 16
TREICASTLE, a district and hamlet of South Wales, co. miles, for the last 2 of which it is tidal. See LoosE.
of Carmarthen.                                              TRELAZP,, trfeh-l1'zA/, a village of France, 5k miles from
TRECATE, trl-k tA, a market-town of Piedmont, pro- Angers, with which it is connected by railway.
vince, 6 miles E.S.E. of Novara, near the Ticino. Pop. 5071.   TREILOCK, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
TRECCI-HINA, trk-keelna, a market-town of Naples, pro-   TRELOCK AR-BETTWS, (ar bit/toos,) a parish of South
vince of Basilicata, 7 miles S. of Lagonegro. Pop. 2200.   Wales. co. of Carmarthen.
TRECENTA, trA-chinftA, a market-town ofAustrian Italy,   TRALON, trAldcce, a market-town of France, department
on the Tartaro, 15 miles W.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop 2600.       of Nord, 8 miles S.E. of Avesnes. Pop. in 1852, 2212.
TREDDYN, trhuti.n, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint.   TREMtADOC, a small market-town of North Wales, co.
TREDIEGAR, a market-town of England, co. of Mon- of Carnarvon, near the N. extremity of Cardigan Bay, 4
mouth, 16 miles N.W. of Newport; it is the capital of a popu- miles E.N.E. of Crickeith. It is 3 feet below the level of the
ions district, famous for extensivecoal-mines andiron-works. sea, but is protected by embankments. The harbor, Port
It has risen within 40 years from an insignificant hamlet to  Madoc, admits vessels of 300 tons burden, and has a thriva town with a population (in 1851) of 17,625. It has a new  ing trade.
church, Independent, Baptist, and Methodist chapels and    TREMAEN, almost tre-minf, a parish of South Wales, co
schools; and its district is intersected by numerous branches  of Cardigan.
of the Sirhowy Railway, 28 miles in length, by which, and    TREMAYNE, tre-mainf, a parish of England, co. Cornwall.
by the Monmouthshire Canal, its iron and coal are exported.   TREMBLADE, LA, 1t trlasbl~df, a town of France, departTREDIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    ment ofCharente-Infdrieure, 5 miles from the sea, and 4 miles
TREDINGTON, a parish of England, co., of Worcester.     S.S.W. of Marennes. It exports oysters to Bordeaux.  Pop.
TREDINOCK, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.        in 1852, 2712.
TREDOZIO, trA-dodlze-o, (L. T-reudacium,) a village of    TREMBLEUR, tribbluRt, a village of Belgium, province,
Tuscany, department of Florence, in a valley, on the Tre- and 9 miles N.E. of Liege, on the Bolland. Pop. 1861.
mazzo, about 6 miles from Modigliana, with a court of jus-   TREMBOWLA, trim-bovll, a town of Austrian Galicia,
tice and a castle. Pop. 2502.                             18 miles S.S.E. of Tarnopol. Pop. 3030. It was formerly the
TREDYFF/RIN, (Welsh, "town in a valley,") a township  capital of an independent principality.
of Chester co., Pennsylvania, about 18 miles N.W. by WV. of    TREMECEN, a town of Algiers. See TLEMcEN.
Philadelphia, intersected by the Philadelphia and Columbia    TREMELOO, trAtmgh-1l0, a village of Belgium, province
Railroad. Pop. 1727.                                       of Brabant, on the Dyle, 16 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop.
TREENE, trI/neh, a river of Denmark, rises in Sleswick, 1658.
in the marshes, 3 miles S. of Flensborg, flows S.S.W., then    TRkMENTINES, tr'm8Na'teent, a market-town of France,
W., and joins the Eider at Frederickstadt. Total course, department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Evre, 11 miles S.E. of
about 40 miles.                                            Beaupreau. Pop. 1098.
TREEITON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.   TREMISTIERI, trl-mis-te-Alree, a village of Sicily, proTREFIDRAETH, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey. vince. and N. of Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna.
TREFEGLWYS, trlv-6glloo-is or 6gllwis, aparish of North  Pop. 1142.
Wales, co. of Montgomery.                                    TREMITI (trlmle-te or tr'3me-te) ISLES. (ance. Dioimedee
TREFFOR, trffforl, a town of France, department of Ain, Inlsule,) a group of five islands in the Adriatic Sea, off the
8 miles N.E. of Bourg. Pop. in 1852, 2154.                coast of Naples, province of Capitanata. Lat. 480 2' N., ]on.
TREFFURT, trlf6f6itnt, awalled town of Prussian Saxony, 150 30, E. The largest, San Domenico, is 4 miles in circum36 miles W.N.W. of Erfurt, on the Unstrut. Pop. 2061, who  ference; San Nicolo, 3 miles in circumference, has a town
manufacture woollen and cotton fabrics,                    with a monastery. The best port is in the island of Caprara.
TREF-GARN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.       TREMLES, tremllQs, written also TREMLITZ and STRITREF/ILAN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan.     MILOW, a town of Bohemia, 29 miles S.E. of Tabor. P. 2895.
TREFLLYS, trlf/thlis, a parish of North Wales, co. of Car-   TREMLINGAN, a village of Switzerland. See TRAMELAN.
narvon.                                                      TREtMONT, a thriving post-village and township of
TREFRHIW, trlf-hreefoo, a parish of North Wales, co. of  Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, 15 miles W.S.W. of Pottsville.
Carnarvon.                                                The village is surrounded by a hilly region which contains
TREF-Y-CLAWDD, a town of Wales. See KNIGnTON.           abundance of anthracite coal, and the inhabitants are mostly
TREIGARE, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.         employed in the coal business.  Tremont has grown up
TREGAIRON, a market-town of Wales, co. of Cardigan, on  since 1844. The Mine Hill Railroad connects it with the
an affluent of the Teify, 10 miles N.E. of Lampeter.      Reading Railroad at Schuykill Haven.  Pop. in 1853, about
TREGJANA, a village of Italy. See TEssAA.               1000; of the township in 1850, 1191.
TREGOINEY or TREGOINY, a market-town of England,      TREMONT, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.
co. of Cornwall, parish of Cuby, on the Pal, 11 miles N.E.   TREMONT, a post-village of Clarke co., Ohio, 50 miles W.
of Falmouth.  Pop. in 1851, 846. It has endowed alms- of Columbus.
houses, and exports of copper and tin; but it declined with    TREMONT, a thriving post-village, capital of Tazewell co.,
the rise of Truro.                                        Illinois, is pleasantly situated on a prairie, 57 miles N. by E.
TREIGOYAN, a parish of North Wales, co. of Anglesey.   ofSpringfield. Itcontains acourt-house andseveral churches.
TRfAGUIER;, tritghe-Al, a town of Prance, department   TREMONT, a township of Buchanan co., Missouri. P. 882.
of Cates-du-Nord, at the confluence of the Jaudy and Guindy,   TREMiOSINE, trA-mo.seelnA, a village of Austrian Italy,
5 miles from the English Channel. Pop. 3302. The port is province, and N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 2080.
well sheltered and deep.                                   TREMP, trlmp, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia,
TREGYNON, trlg-inton, a parish of North Wales, co. of province, and 38 miles N.W. of Lerida, on the Noguera Pal
Montgomery.                                              laresa. Pop. 1600.
1946




TRE                                                         TIRE
TREMIPALEAU, tr'm'pa-l0t, a small river of Wisconsin,  60, commanding a fine view of the river in both directions.
rises in La Crosse county, and flows into the Mississippi.    The county court-house, in South Trenton, is builtof brick
TRENEGLOS, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.         and stuccoed, with a portico in the Grecian style. Trenton
TRENITZ, a village of Bohemia. See STRENICZ.             is the seat of the State Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1848, and
TRtENT, a river of England, through the centre of which  of the State Penitentiary.  The former is a well-conducted
it flows, ranking in importance immediatelyafter the Thames  institution, situated 2 or 3 miles above the city, and has
and Severn. Itrises inthe moorlands of Staffordshire, near  about 200 patients. The number of prisoners in the peniBurslem, about 500 feet above the sea, flows at first S.E.  tentiary, January 1, 1852, was 207. The city is lighted with
through the centre of the county of Stafford to Croaxall,  gas. It contains a town hall, a state library, 2 banks with
and thence mostly N.E. or N. through the counties of Derby,  an aggreg ate capital of $310,000, and 17 churches, viz. 4
Nottingham, and Lincoln, and, a little N. of Burton-on-Sta-  Presbyterian, 4 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 2 Episcopal, 2 Friends,
ther, joins the Ouse to form the estuary of the Humber. Total  1 Lutheran, and 2 Roman Catholic. Four newspapers are
course, 140 miles. Its affluents are the Dove, Derwent, Idle,  published here, two of which are issued daily.
and Tarn franm the N. and W.; the Tame, Soar, and Devon    A substantial covered bridge, 1100 feet in length, crosses
from the S. F'om its source to Burton-on-Trent it descends  the Delaware at this place.  The Delaware and Raritan
376 feet, and it is navigable from the Humber to Gains-  Canal passes through the town, connecting it with New
borough for vessels of 200 tons burden, and for barges as  York and Philadelphia. The following railroads meet at
high as Burton. It is connected with all the rivers of Cen-  this point: —The Philadelphia and Trenton; the Camden
tral England by canals, the principal of which is the Trent  and Amboy branch, leading to New York; and the Belviand Mersey Canal. The Trent is of high importance as a  dere and Delaware, which, when finished, will extend N.
means of exporting the products of the manufacturing dis-  along the river, about 60 miles, to Belvidere. The Trenton
tricts, coal from Derbyshire, and agricultural produce.    Branch Railroad, 6 miles long, connects with the Camden
TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.             and Amboy Railroad at Bordentown. Trenton possesses
TRENT, (It. Trentto; Get. Trient, tre-6nt'; Fr. Trente,  abundant water-power, and is becoming one of the first
trlNt; ans. Triden'tum,) a city of Austria, in the Tyrol, capi-  manufacturing towns of the state.  It contains 4 paper
tal of a circle, on the left bank of the Adige, 13 miles N.N.E.  mills, several iron foundries, a large manufactory of locoof Roveredo. Lat. 460 8' N., lon. 150 30' E. Pop. 13,195. It  motives, 1 axe factory, 2 wire factories, 2 rolling mills, one
has manufiectures of silks, leather, glass, and tobacco, a traffic of which carries on more extensive operations than any
in corn, wine, iron, and other produce, and a large transit  other in the state, a nnmber of flouring mills and saw mills,
trade between Germany andItaly. Itissurrounded by em-  and various other establishments. The former villages of
battled walls, which, with its church-towers, palaces, and  Bloomsbury, Lamberton, and Mill Hill have been incorporuined castle, give it, when seen from a distance, a very im-  rated with the borough of South Trenton. The vicinity of
posing appearance. The city is well built. The houses are  Trenton was settled by Phineas Pemberton and others
all in the Italian style, and the streets are for the most  about the year 1680, and the present name was given about
part wide and commodious, with good side and centre pave-  1720, in honor of Colonel William  Trent, Speaker of the
ments. It is traversed by canals in which streams of pure  House of Assembly. The place was selected as the capital
water constantly circulate, and contribute both to health and  of New Jersey in 1790, and incorporated in 1792. On Decleanliness. It contains a handsome square, its centre or-  cember 26, 1777, was fought the battle of Trenton, at which
namented by a beauitiful marble fountain; an old Gothic  General Washington defeated the enemy, and took 1000
castle of vast extent and picturesque appearance, but almost  Hessians prisoners. Pop. in 1840, 4035; in 1850, 6460.
in ruins; a cathedral, a noble structure entirely of marble,    TRENTON, a post-village, capital of Jones co., North Carofinished in 1212, in the round or Byzantine style; three  lina, on the Trent River, 100 miles S.E. of Raleigh. It is
other churches, one of which, Santa Maria Maggiore, a mo-  situated in a level and sandy region, in which tar and turdernized building of red marble, is historically interesting  pentine are procured.
as the place where the celebrated Council of Trent held its    TRENTON. a post-village, capital of Dade co., Georgia, 230
sittings, (assembled AD. 1545, concluded A.D. 1563;) two  miles N.W. of Milledgeville.  Pop. about 200.
episcopal palaces, a fine court-house, a large town-house, a    TRENTON, a post-village of Jackson co., Alabama, 177
capacious theatre, a number of elegant private palaces,  miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa.
three convents and a nunnery, an ecclesiastical seminary,    TRENTON, a post-office of Smith Co., Mississippi.
a high school and a school of design, a gymnasium, an or-    TRENTON, a thriving post-village of Washita parish, Louplhan and a foundling hospital, an ordinary hospital richly  isiana, on the W. bank of Washita River, 2 nmiles above
endowed, a poor-house, and a house of correction. It was  Monroe. It is a dep~t for cotton, and contains 8 stores, 4
taken by the French in 1796 and 1797, and was afterwards  warehouses, and a steam saw and grist mill.
capital of the department of Adige. Trent is the see of a    TRENTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Gibson co.,
bishop, and the seat of a civil, criminal, and mercantile  Tennessee, on Forked Deer River, and on the route of the
court. It is a place of great antiquity, and is said by Pliny  Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 130 miles W. of Nashville. It
to have been founded by the Rhetians of Etruria. It after-  has a bank, 5 churches, 12 stores, a newspaper office, and a
wards became a Roman colony, and on the decline of the  large cotton factory. Large quantities of lumber are exempire, was successively seized by the Cenomanni, Goths,  ported firom this place.
Lombards, and dukes of Bavaria. In the Middle Ages its    TRENTON, a post-village of Todd co., Kentucky, 190 miles
bishops made themselves independent, and sat in the Ger-  S.W. of Frankfort. It contains 1 church, and several stores.
manic diet as princes of the empire                           TRENTON, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, on the CinTRENT, a small river of North Carolina, rises in Lenoir  cinnati and Dayton Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Hamilton.
county, flows E. and falls into the'Neuse at Newbern.         TRENTON, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 1238.
TRENT, a river of Canada West, co. of Northumberland,    TRENTON, a village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the Ohio
rises in Trent Lake, in ]at. 450 N., lon. 78~  W., and after a  Canal, 98 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
tortuous S. and E. course enters the Bay of QuintS, Lake    TRENTON, a post-village of Wayne co., Michigan, on the
Ontario, 10 miles N.E. of Newcastle. Total length, 100 miles.  W. bank of Detroit River, 17 miles below Detroit.
TRENTE. See TRENT.                                          TRENTON, a post-office of Randolph co., Indiana.
TRENT/HAM], a parish of England, co. of Stafford, with a    TRENTON, a small village of Knox co., Illinois, on Spoom
village on the Trent, and on the Derby and North Stafford-  River, 90 miles N.N.W. of Springfield.
shire Railway, 3' miles S.S.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne.    TRENTON, a postoffice of Clinton co., Illinois.
Trentham I-all, the magnificent seat of the Duke of Suther-    TRENTON, a township in Will co., Illinois. Pop. 240.
land, is in this parish.                                      TRENTON, a post-village, capital of Grundy co., Missouri,
TRENT/ISHOE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          near the Crooked Fork of Grand River, about 150 miles
TRENTO. See TaRENT.                                       N.W. of Jefferson City.
TRENTOLA, trln-to'14, a market-town of Naples, province    TRENTON, a post-village in I-Ienry co., Iowa, 45 miles S.
of Terra di Lavoro, 9 miles N.N.W. of Naples. Pop. 2600.    by W. of Iowa City.
TRENtTON, a township of Hancock co., Maine, at the    TRENTON, a-township in Dodge co., Wisconsin. Pop. 997.
head of Frenchman's Bay, 75 miles E. of Augusta. Pop. 1205.    TRENTON, a post-village and township in Washington
TRENTON, a post-township of Oneida co., New York, 12  co., Wisconsin, 50 miles N.E. of Madison. Pop. 75.
miles N. of Utica. It contains Trenton Falls, on West Ca-    TRENITON, an incorporated town of Canada West, co. of
nada Creek. Pop. 3540.                                      Northumberland, on the Trent, at its entrance into the Bay
TRENTON, a city, capital of New Jersey, and seat of jus-  of QuintS, 62 miles W. of Kingston. It has several churches,
tice of Mercer co., is situated on the left bank of the Dela-  a grammar school, and three or four private -schools; menuware, at the head of steamboat navigation, 30 miles N.E.  factures of cloth, leather, and iron; several flour and sawof Philadelphia, and 57 miles S.W. of New York. Let. 400  mills, and a distillery; and a considerable trade in export14' N., ion. 740 46' 30"' WV. The Assunpink Creek separates  ing square and sawed timber to the United States and Great
the city proper from South Trenton, which has several thou-  Britain. Pop. 1500.
sand inhabitants. The city is regularly planned, and well    TRENTON FALLS, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
built, on a moderately uneven surface. Many of the finest  on West Canada Creek, 15 miles N. by E. of Utica. Here are
residences are situated on State street, which runs parallel  6 falls within a course of 2 miles, with an aggregate descent
with the river, and is crossed at right angles by Main street,  of 312 feet. The creek flows through a narrow  ravine, bethe principal thoroughfare of business. The capital, front-  tween perpendicular walls of fine, compact limestone, which
inug State street, is a handsome stone building, 100 feet by  in some places are nearly 150 feet high. These cascades
1947




TRE                                                         TRE
are more remarkable for the wildness,nd variety of scenery    TREYELEZ, trA-vhllth. or ENTREVELEZ, An-tr-vAiflth,
than for the volume of water which they present. The  a town of Spain, in Andalulia. province, and about 35 miles
height of the precipice fallis estimated at 100 feet. There  firom Granada, S. side of Nevada, and not far from its culis a good hotel in the vicinity.  The Utica and Black River  minating peak Mulahacen.  Pop. 1590.
Railroad passes very near the village.                        TREVENNEN. one of the Marquesas Islands. See RoAPoA.
TRENTON POINT, a post-office of IIancock co., Maine.        TREVES, treevz. (anc. Augusett  TreviroSrum; Fr. T-reves,
TRENT-PORT, a village of Canada West, partly ina cedar  traiv or trdv; Ger. Trier. tfreer,) a city of Rhenish. Prussia,
swamp on the Treht,- which is here crossed by a swing-  capital of a government of its own name, in a luxuriant vM'
bridge, about 50 miles W.S.W. of IKingston.  It has an  ley, surrounded by low vine-clad hills, on the right bank of
Episcopal and a Roman Catholic church. a tannery, a dis- Moselle,: here crossed by an ancient Roman bridge 690 feet
tillerj, and a large trade in lumber. immense quantities of  long, 57 miles S.W. of Coblentz. Lat. 490 47 N., lon. 60 381 E.
which are floated down the i'iver. Pop. about 950.          It is considered the oldest city in Germany, and is by far th]
TREINTSCfIIN, trSnt-sheenf, written also TRENTSEN  richest of its cities in Roman remains, though these are more
and TRENTSIN. (Ilun. Trenecsin, trkischeon!) a walled town  remarkable for vastness than beauty, and are fae outstripped
of North-west Hungary, capital of a county, on a castle- by the renemains bothof Italy and France. Modern Treves concrowned height, on the left bank of the Wasg, 40 miles N. of  sists of the town proper and of nine suburbs. It is surrounded
Neuntra.  Pop. 2898.                                        by walls with eight gates, and is indifferently built, having
TRENZANO, trln-zgrno. a village of Austrian Italy, pro- few good public squares, and a great number of irregular
vince of Brescia, 8 miles S.W. of Ospedaletto, on the Soriola  and narrow streets. The buildings most deserving of noTrenzana Canal  Pop. 1287.                                  tice are the cathedral; an irregular structure in the earliest
TRIPORT, Le, leh trkpoat, a seaport town of France, at  Roinanesque style, supposed to be partly of Roman construethe N. extremity of the department of Seine Infrileure, 16  tion under the orders of the Empress telena, who, moremiles E.N.E. of Dieppe, at the mouth of the Br~le in the  over, is the reputed depositor of the IIoly Coat, the exhibiIEn-lish Channel.  Pop. in 1812, 3131.;Its har-bor was  tion of which, in 1844, attracted 1,000,000 pilgrims, and
much improved by the late king of the French while at the  brought large sums into the treasury of the citadel; adChatteau d'Eu, 2 miles W.N.W.                               joining the cathedral, and far superlorito it in architectural
TREPPIO-DI-CANTAGALLO, trep'pe-o dee kin-td-gl/lo, mserit, the Liebfrauenkirche. (" church of [our] dear Lady,")
a village and parish of Tuscany, province of Florence, 6  one of the earliest and most elegant specimensof pure pointed
miles firom Cantagallo.  Pop. 1190.                         Gothic; the palace of the electors and bishops, a handsome
TREPTOW, ALT, Alt trlpltov, a town of Prussia, province  and extensive edifice, now converted into a barrack, and
of Pomerania, 17 miles S.S.E. of Denmmin, on the Tollense. partly occupying the site of a vast Roman structure, of
Pop. 3825. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures  which a colossal fragment still exists, under the name of the
of woollens and linens, tanneries, and distilleries.        IIeidenthurm (1" Ieathen's tower;") at the extremity of an
TREPTOW, NEU, not trspttov, a town of Prussia. province  open space in flont of this strudture, the ancient remains of
of Pomerania, on the Rega, 16 miles W.S.W. of Colberg.  the Itomnan baths, in a very shattered state; to the E. of the
Pop. 5350, partly employed in manufactures of woollen cloth. baths, and outside the walls, the Roman amnphitheatre,
TREPUZZI, tri-4poot/see, a town of Naples, province of  scooped out of the hill of the Marsberg, where the solidity
Otranto, N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 2068.                          of the rock has preserved entire the form of the arena, but
TREQUANDA, trA-kAntd, a village of Tuscany, 25 miles  no buildings remain except two vaulted passages and the
from Sienna. Pop. 2989.                                     Schwarzes Thor or Ports Nigra, (Black Gate,) one of the
TRESANA, tr4-slmA, also written TREGJANA, a village  most interesting monuments of thetown, decorated in firont
of Italy, duchy of Modena, on the Magra, with the remains  with rows of Tuscan columns, and presenting the massive
of an old castle. Pop. 2373.                               simplicity of Roman structure, but thought to be of more
TRES-BARRAS or RIO-DE-TRES-BARRAS, ree/ dA trhs  recent origin. Other buildings and establishments worthy
b ttRas, (i. e. the "river with three bars,") a river of Brazil,  of notice are the town library of 60,000 volumes, which befalls into the Tapajos near lat. 80 S., ion. 570 VW.       longed to its univ ersity, suppressed in 1794; the nmuseum,
TItES/CO or TRES/CAW, one of the Scilly Islands, in thle  gymnasium, theatre, two nunneries, episcopal seminary,
English Channel, W. of Annet Island. Pop. 430. It has  provincial, industrial, and numerous other schools, the
about 801 acres of fertile lad, a village named Dolphin, a  school of design,  savings' banks, burgher hospital, poorChristian knowledge society school, and some decayed bat- house, house of correction, &c. Its manufactures consist of
teries.                                                     woollen and linen cloth, worsted, carpets, hats, porcelain,
TRESCORRE, trls-kosnAm, a market-town of Lombardy, 8  soap, glue, leather, tobacco, and refined wax; the trade, for
miles E. of Berganmo, with 2000 inhabitants, and sulphur  which the Moselle affords great facilities, is chiefly in the
baths and marble quarries.                                  above articles of manufacture, and in fiuit and wine.  It
TRESICOTT, atownship in Washington co., Maine, on the  has docks for building  small vessels, and a steamboat comAtlantic coast, 80 miles E. of Bangor, Pop. 782.            pany.  Trees is sa bishop's see, the seat of apsovincial counTRESKOWITZ, trsltko-'its', or TROSKOTOWICE, tros-  cil, and tribunal of cosnmesce.    When Julius Coosar led his
ko-to-veets-a, a market-town of Austria, Moravia, circle of  armies into the district, it was the capital of a powerful peoBriinn, near Dth-nholz. Pop. 1155.                          pie, whom he calls the Treviri. Under Augustus it was
TRESPKMLERE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.        made a Roman colony, called Augusta Trevirorum; it subTRES-MONTES, tris mon/tts, (i.e. the "three mountains,") sequently became the capital of Gallia Belgica. It was the
a large peninsula of South America, W. of Patagonia, be: residence of Constantine the Great and other Roman emtween the Chonos Archipelago and the Gulf of Peflas.        perors, and attained to such magnificence that the poet
TRES-NURAGIES, ti-s noo-r-ighls, a village of the island  Ausonius calls it the second metri-opolis of the empire. Durof Sardinia, division of Sassari, province, and 9 miles N.W. ing the invasion of the Goths, Ituns, and Vandals, it was
of Cagliari. Pop. 1324.                                     almost annihilated. but revived and rose to great splendor
TRES-PONTES, tris ponrtts, ("Three Bridges,") a town  under the archbishhop-electors, who possessed extensive doof Brazil. province of Minas Geraes, betwveen the Rio Grande  mains, often maintained large armies, and managed by their
and the IRio das Mortes, 25 miles E. of Lavras  de Funil. union of temporal and ecclesiastical sovereignty to exercise
Pop. 3000.                                                  great political influence in Germany.  St. Ambrose, oneof
TRESTENBURG, a town of Transylvania.  See TASNAD.   the fathers of the church, was born, and St. Jerome, another
TRES'WELL, a parish of England, co. of Notts.             of its fathers, studied here. In the Middle Ages it suffered
TREtTIRE, a parish of England, co. of Ilereford.          repeatedly from wars, and in the eighteenth century it was
TRETS, trA, a town of France. department of Bouches-du- five times taken by the French, under whom it became the
Rhdne, on the slope of M'ount Itegaignas, 12 miles E.S.E. of  capital ofta department of Sasrre. Pop. 19,639.
Aix. Pop. in 1852, 2656.                                      TREVIETIIIN, a perish of England, co. of Monmouth.
TRETTO, trit/to, a village of Austrian Italy, 17 miles    TREVIANA, trl-ve-/nl, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
N.WV. of Vicenza. Pop. 2300.                                province, and 33 miles W.N.W. of Logrofio. Pop. 1224.
TREUCHTLINGEN, troiKxtling-en, a market-town of Ba-   TREVICO, trA-veetko, (anc. T'rivilcum,) a town of Naples,
earia, on the Altmiihl, 13 miles W.N.W. of Eichstadt. Pop. province of Principato Ultra, 10 miles S.S.E. of Ariano, with
1583.                                                       a cathedral, convents, hospital, and 3000 inhabitants.
TREUEN, troieen, a town of Saxony, 9 miles E.N.E. of    TREVIGLIO, trA-veel/yo, or TRIVIGLIO, tre-veellyo,l a
Plauen. Pop. 4443, mostly employed in linen-weaving and  town of Austrian Italy, delegation of Bergarmo, 181 miles
cotton-spilinig.                                            E.N.E. of Milan, with which it is connected by railway.
TREUENBRIETZE N, troilen-breet'seu, a town of Prussia,  Pop. 6440. It stands in a rich plain between the Addsa and
province of Bradenburg, 22 miles S.S.W. of Potsdam.  Pop. Serio; and has a large trade in raw silk collected from the
4960. It has numerous manufactures of linen, woollen, and  surrounding  distlicts.
cotton fabrics. and leather.                                  TREVIGNO, a town of Illyria.  See RovrdNo.
TREVALTGA, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.            TREVILLIAN'S DEPOT, a post-village ofLouisa co., VirTREVANDRUMI, India. See TaRvANDRUs.                      ginia, on the Central Railroad, 67 miles from Richmond.
TREVANION, tre-ve1ue-on, or GUERTA,,h~rltf, an island    TI-EVISO, triv-ee'zo or trAi-vee/so, (Fr. Trivise, trvveezt;;
in the South Pacific, Queen Charlotte's Archipelago.  Lat. anc. Trs-vi'sium,) aswalled city of Austrian Italy, government,
10'> 40' S., lon. 1650 45' 30" E.. in a lagoon of its own name, 16 miles N. of Venice. capital of a delegation. on the Sile, and
in the N.W. part of the island of Nitendi or Santa Cruz.  It  on the railway from Venice to Trieviso. It is surrounded by
is nearly 10 miles in circuit.                              strong walls and bastions, and enclosed by a wet- ditch, sup
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TRE                                                            TRI
plied with waterfrom the bile. It is entered by three gates,  and the Bradarno.  Pop. 5000. It is enclosed by old walls;
has spacious streets and large squares, and a great number  has a cathedral, and manufactures of silks, woollen cloths,
ofhandsome houses, generally lined by arcades, and often pos- caps, leather, and tobacco.
sessed of small but well-planted gardens, which give the town    TIRICASE, tre-hlfsi, a:town of Naples, province of Otranto,
very pleasing appearance.  The principalbuildings are the  23 miles E.S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 2300.
cathedral, a fine but unfinished structure of the Lombards;    TRICASSIE.  See TeoYrES.
the church of San Nicole, a large Gothic edifice; the court-    TRICATOOR, tre-l-toort, a town of British India, presihouse and new prison, town-house, register-ofiice, hospital, dency of Madras, district, ancd 35 miles E.N.E. of Madura,
library of30,000 volumes, a monte-de-pieta, two tiheatres, both  with a fine tank and pagoda.
handsome buildings; and the civil hospital. The manufac-    TRICATOOR, a town of British India. presidency of Matures consistchiefly ofsilk and cotton goods, and cutlery; the  dras, district of Tanjore, 4 miles W. of Tranquebar, also
tiade is in corn, cattle, and fruit, and there is an important  with a fine pagoda.
annual fair of 15 days. Treviso is the see of a bishop, the    TRICCA, a town of Thessaly.  See TRIanALA.
seat of provincial and city courts and offices; and possesses    TRICERRO, trech~irio, a village of the Sardinian States,
a botanic garden, agricultural society,'diocesan seminary,  division of Novai-, province of Vercelli. Pop. 1227.
and atheneum of science and literature.  It was formerly    TRICESIMO, tre-chAse-mo, a market-town of Italy, gothe seat of the celebrated university afterwards transferred  vernment of Venice, 7 miles N. of Udine.  Pop. 2700.
to Padua. It is a place of great antiquity, and is supposed    TRICE'S STORE, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.
to have been a municipal free town under the Ronians.  On    TRICHINOPOLY or TRICHINOPOLI, tritch-in-opto-le, a
the decline of the Empire, it was taken possession of by the  district of British India, near its S. extremity, presidency
Huns, then by the Ostrogoths, and afterwards by the Lom- of Madras. Area, 3000 square miles.  Pop. 709,196. The
bards, who made it the capital of their two margraviates.  river Cavery traverses it from WV. to E.
under the name of Marca Trevigniana.  During the feuds    TRICITINOPOLY or TRICHINOPOLI, a town of British
between the Guelfs and Ghibellines it formed part of the  India, presidency of Madras, capital of the above district, and
Lombardic league, and became independent.  In 1344 it  the only town of consequence in it, situated on the Cavery,
voluntarily placed itself under the government of Venice,  30 miles WV. of Tanjore. Pop. (including garrisaon) 100,000.
whose fortunes it has since followed.  Totila, King of the  Though one of the hottest stations in the Carnatic, it is the
Goths, and Pope Benedict XI., were born in Treviso.  Pop. head-quarters of the S. divisionof the Madras arnmy, which
in 1846, 19,484. Under the French it was the capital of the  has here good cantonments. The markets are well supplied,
department of Tagliamento.  Napoleon conferred the title  and communication with Madras is facilitated by good roads.
of Duke of Treviso on Marshal Mortier.                        The fortifications are in decay; but a citadel is seated on a
TREVI-TIIEBANA, trb'vee tA-b/tnd, a market-town of  lofty rock in its centre, on which are also a large pagoda. a
Italy, in the Pontifical States, 16 miles N.N.W. of Frosinone.  powder magazine, and in one of its angles a cave temple.
Pop. 1660.                                                     The arsenal contains many.thousand stand of arms. The
TREVI-TREBIA, tr~vee trAlbe-a, a market-town of Italy,  population manufacture jewelry, cotton cloths, and horse
in the Pontifical States, 10 miles N. of Spoleto, picturesquely  equipments, for which, and other goods, Trichinopoly is a
situated on-the Flaminian way. Pop. 4600.                      flourishing emporium. In 1849 a vastnumber of Hindoos
TREVOES, trA-votYrse  a town and parish of Portugal, pro- were herb trampled to death, at the celebration of a religious
vince of Beira Alta, 18 miles S.S.E. of Lamego.  Pop. 812.    festival.
TREVORTON, a post-office of Northumberland co., Penn-    TRICIHOOR, tre-choorl, a walled town of iindostan, Cochin
sylvania.                                                      dominions, under-presidency of Madras, 40 miles N. by W.
TRfVAOUX, trA'voo, (ance. Trivice 9) a town of France, de- of Cochin. It contains a citadel and palace, a college for 100
partment of Ain, on the left bank of the Sione, 12 miles N. Brahmins, numerous pagodas, one of which has fou tunrrets
of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 2995. It has a palace formerly be-  erected byas manyIndian princes, good barracks, an hospital,
longing to the parliament established by Francis I.; a mint,  magazine, and storehouses. It is celebrated throughout
an hospital, and manufactures of woollens.                     Malabar for its sanctity, and is the place of a large annual
TREW/EN; a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.              festival; it is also the most important trading emporium in
TREX/LERSTOWN, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsyl- Cochin, and the station of a regimental company of the
vania, 8 miles W.S.WV. of Allentown.                           Anglo-Indian army.
TREYIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.                TRICKUM. a post-office of Carroll co., Georgia.
TREYSA or TREISA, t/iels/, a town of Germany, Hesse-    TRICOT, tr ee'ko/, a village of France, department of Oise,
Cassel, province of Ober-IIessen, 20 miles E.N.E. of Mar- 12 miles N.E. of Clermont.  Pop. 1045, who weave fabrics,
burg.  Pop. 2549.,                 which have hence derived their name.
TREZZANO, trlt-seno, a village of Austrian Italy, pro-    TRIDENTUM. See TrENr.
vince of Milan, district., and 2 miles S.W. of Corsica, on both    TRIE, tree, a town of France, department of IHautes-Pyr6sides of the Na-viglio Grande.  Pop. 1057.                    n6es, 15 miles E.N.E. of Tarbes.  Pop. 1328.
TREZZO, trit/so, a market-towh of Lombardy, 19 miles    TRIEBEL, tree/bel, a town of Prussia, province of BranN.E. of Milan, on the Adda, with manufactures of silks. It  denburg, 52 miles S.S.E. of Frankfort..  Pop. 1560.
was formerly fortified.                                          TRIEBES, tree/bls, a village ofGermany, in Reuss-Schleitz.
TRIADEL/PI-IA, a manufacturing post-village of Mont-  Pop. 1254.
gomery co., Maryland, on the Patuxent River, 50 miles    TRIEBSEES, treeb/ss. or TRIBSEES, tribfsls, a' town
N.W. of Annapolis.                                             of Prussian Pomerania,  20 miles S.WV. of Stralsund.  Pop.
TRIADELFHIA,  a post-office of Ohio co., Virginia.           2703.
TRIADELPHIA, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.                TRIEL, tre-l/, a market-town of France, department of
*TRIADELPHIA  IRON-WORKS, a Small village of Lan- Seine-et-Olse, on the right bank of the Seine. 4 miles N.N.W.
caster co., Pennsylvania.                                     of Poissy, on the Iavre Railway.  Pop. in 1852. 1880.
TRIADITZA.  See SornIA.                                       TRIE-LE-CHATEAU, tree leh shg't5', a market-town of
TRIANA, tre-A/nA, a suburb of the city of Seville, Spain,  France, department of Oise, 15 miles S.W. of Beauvais. It
on the opposite side or W. bank of the Guadalquivir. It is  was formerly of importance.
the residence' of the gypsies, horse-dealers, and most fiuctu-    TRIENGEN, treentghen, a village of Switzerland, canton,
ating population of the city.                                 and 16 miles N.W. of Lucerne.  Pop. 2700.
TRIANIA, a post-village of Madison co., Alabama, on the    TIRIENT.  See TReNT.
right bank of Tennessee River, 15 miles S.W. of IHuntsville.   TIRIER, the German name of TiEvEs, which see.
TRI/ANGLE, a post-township of Broome co., New York,    TRIESCHI, treesh, a market-town of Moravia, 9 miles
15 miles N. of Binghamton.  Pop. 1728.                        S.S.W. of Iglau, with 3200 inhabitants, and manufactures
TRIIANGLES, TuE, a group of islets in the Malay Archi-  of woollen and linen fabrics.
pelago, in the Strait of Macassas, immediately betvween Ce-    TRIEST, tr-e-Ist, (Fr. nsieste, tre-Ist'; It. Trieste, tre-ZsftA;
lebes and Borneo.                                             anc. Tergeslte,) the principal seaport city of the Austrian EmTRIANGLES, Tn, a group of islets off the E. coast of  pire, in Illyria, capital of a government and circle, on the
Yucatan, in Central-America, in the-Gulf of Mexico.           Gulf of Triest, at the N.E. extremity of the Adriatic Sea, 73
TRIBAU, a town of Austria.  See TausAU.                     iiles E.N.E. of Venice.  Lat. of light-house, 450 38' 6'" N.,
TRIBE'S IIILL, a post-village of Montgomery co., New  Ion. 130 465 5" E. Mean temperature of the year, 550'3;
York, on the Central Itailroad, 35 miles N.W. of Albany.      winter, 390'4; summer, 710'4 Fahrenheit.  A riailway has
TRIBITZ, tree/bits, or TREBOWICE, trl-bo-'veet/sA, a  been completed from Venice to Laybach, and is to be extended
village of Bohemia, on the Trebowka, and on the Bohemian  to Triest.  The city consists of an old town, built on the deRailway, 6 miles filom Leitomischl.  Pop. 1069.               clivity of a steep hill, crowned by a nearly ruined castle, and
TRIBSEES, a town of Prussia.  See TcIEBsEES.                enclosed by old walls; and the new town, or Theresienstadt,
TRIBUR, a town of Germany.  See TvasU.                      Josephstadt, and the Franzenvorstadt, bordering the sea on
TRIBURIU3M.  See TinEoun.                                   a plain at its foot. It has altogether a thriving appearance,
TRICALA, a town of Thessaly. See TnoHALra.                  and its streets are crowded with men of all European nations.
TRIC'ALOORt, a town of British India, presidency of  The new town especially is well built, and few cities on the
Madras, district of South Arcot, 44 miles W. of Pondicherry. Continent can vie with it in the solidity and comfort of its
Here Tippoo Saib was defeated by the British in 1790.         private dwellings. A broad canal, deep enough to float vesTRICARICO, tre-kA/re-ko, a town  of Naples, province  sels of large burden, runs up from the harbor through this
of Basilicata, 17 miles E. of Potenza, between the Basiento  part of the town, and enables the merchants to receive or
1949




TRI                                                           TRT
deliver cargoes at their doors. Between the old andnew town  Istria, and the islands of Veglia, Cherso, Lossini, &c. in the
winds the Corso, a spacious thoroughfare, opening succes- Adriatic, and the valley of the Isonzo. It is divided inte
sively into several handsome squares, in the principal of  the circles of Triest, Rovigno, and Goritz.  Principal towns
which are a fine public fountain, the chief hotel, and the  Triest, Goritz, and Pirano.
column and statue of the Emperor Charles VI., to whom            TRIEST, GULF OF. (anc. Tergestinus Sifnus,) the head of
Triest owes its modern importance. The principal public  the Adriatic Sea, E. of Cape Salvatore, (Istria,) and the
buildings are the exchange, the finest edifice in Triest,  mouth of the river Tagliamento, 20 miles in length and in
situated in the above square, and adorned with a Doric co- breadth at its entrance. It receives the Isonzo, the Stella,
lonnade, and a fine spacious portal leading to a noble mer-  and other rivers. and contains the islands of Grado, &c.
chants' hall, while the story immediately above is employed    TRIGG, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, borderins
as a casino; the Dom or cathedral, of great antiquity, in the  on Tennessee, contains an area estimated at 530 square
Byzantine style, somewhat resembling St. Mark's at Venice, miles. The Tennessee River touches its W. border, and it
and surmounted by a tower which is said to stand on a  is also drained by the Cumberland and Little Rivers.  The
temple of Jupiter; the church of St. Peter; the Jesuit  surface is hilly and undulating; a part of the soil is fertile.
church, with a fine Corinthian colonnade; the Protestant  Limestone, iron ore, and stone coal are found. Formed in
church, synagogue, custom-house, post-office, and old and  1820, and named in honor of Colonel Stephen Trigg, who
new theatres. Outside the town, on the sea-shore, is the  was slain by the Indians at the battle of Blue Licks. Capinew  lazaretto, one of the largest and best-arranged in  tal, Cadiz. Pop. 10,129, of whom  7332 were free, and 2797
Europe.                                                        slaves.
The harbor Is of easy access, and completely sheltered ex-   TRIGGIANO, trid-ji[no, a market-town of Naples, pro.
cept to the N.W., from  which, though'accidents seldom oc- vince, and 5 miles S.S,E. of Bari, and 3 miles from  the
cur, a heavy sea is sometimes thrown in. It is deep enough  Adriatic. Pop. 3900.
to admit vessels of 300 tons to its quays, and vessels of any    TRIGNO, treenlyo, (ane. Trinsius,) a river of Naples, rises
size to anchor safely at a short distance off in the roads. It  in the Apennines about 9 miles W. of Campobasso, flows
is in -the form of a crescent, one side of which is formed by  N.W. and N.E. past Trivento and Celenza, and after a course
the Theresien mole, which projects N.W. into the sea, and  of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic 5 miles S.E. of I1 Vasto.
terminates in a broad platform, occupied partly by a fort, and    TRIGOLO, tre-gollo, a village of Austrian Italy,. province
partly by an intermittent light 106 feet above the sea. On  of Cremona, 6 miles S. of Soncino. Pop. 2087.
its N. side is a quarantine dock, surrounded with hotels    TRIGUEROS, tre-gw9,roce, a town of Spain, province, and
and every other convenience.  Close to the harbor are ex- 10 miles N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 3534,
tensive building-docks.                                          TRIKERI, tree/kA-ree, a town of Turkey in Fur)ope, in
Triest is the great emporium  for the trade of the  Thessaly, at the extremity of a peninsula forming the E.
Austrian Empire by the Adriatic. It is a depdt for ware- entrance of the Gulf of Volo, 30 miles E.N.E. of Zeitoun. It
housing goods from the Black Sea, Turkey, and Egypt, and  has one of the best-frequented harbors in this part of the
of late the route through it has been successfully employed  archipelago, and building-yards at which a great number of
for the transit of the overland mails between England and  vessels are fitted out. Pop. about 5000.
India.  The trade began rapidly to increase about the    TRIKERI, a channel leading off from  the above archimiddle of the last century, when the Empress Maria The- pelago. It communicates with the Gulf of Vole on the N.,
resa made greiat improvements on the harbor, constructed  and the Channel of Talanda on the S.W.
the Maria Theresa Canal, and declared it a free port. The    TRIKHALA.or TRICALA, treetk-l4', in European  Turprincipal exports are corn, rice, wine, oil, wax, flax. hemp,  key, a small affluent of the Salembria, immediately NW.
tobacco, silk, wood, hides, marble, iron, lead, quicksilver,  of Trikhala.
copper, alum, vitriol, silk stuffs, printed cottons, coarse and    TRIKHIALA, TRICALA, written also TIRI-IALA, (ane.
fine linens, soap, leather, glass, and liqueurs. The principal  Tri-ctca or'riiktcka,) a town of European Turkey, in Thessaly,
imports are colonial produce, raw and spun cotton, cotton  37 miles W.N.W. of Larissa.  Lat. 390 31' N., lon. 210 48'
goods, dried fruits, hides, salt fish, camels'-hairl, &c. Triest E. Pop. from  10,000 to 12,000, chiefly Turks. It covers a
possesses a large mercantile navy, and is the head-quarters  large space, and has several Greek churches and synagogues;
of the Austrian Lloyd's Steam-packet Company, which own  manufactures of blankets, coarse woollen and cotton stuffs,
from  40 to 50 steamers trading to Venice, Alexandria,  and an active transit trade in corn, &c., sent through it
Varna, Constantinople, &c. The following tables give a  into Albania and Epirus.
good idea of the extent of the trade of this rising port:-      TRIKHALA, a province, European Turkey. See TuESSALY.
TRIKKA. See TR1KUALtA.
Number of Vessels, and Amount of Tonnaoge entered and'cleared   TRILLFINGWN, trilllfing-gn, a village of Germany, in
at Tiest, 1849-1852.                     Hohenzollern-Sigmariingen, on a very bleak and elevated
~~~- ~~~~~~~~- ~site. Pop. 1049.
ARIVED.             DIEPARTED.         TRILLO, treellyo, a small town of Spain, province, and 30
Year.                                                   miles E. of Guadalajara; on the Tagus. Pop. 791. It has
Vessels.    Tons.    Vessels.    Tons.    well-fiequented mineral baths.
189....._..........1,992   436,090 - -  1,951      j 436,03  TRILPORT, treel'pos!, a village of France, on the Paris and
1849......... 1,992    436,0190          1,921    4303
1850................   2,057    454,261  2,061    451,210    Strasbourg Railway, 28 miles from Paris.
a851................   2,697    589,372  2,297    502,861      TRIM, a disfranchised parliamentary borough, market1852................   2,858    445,048  3,111    530,920    town, and parish of Ireland, in Leinster, capital of the co.
of Meath, on the Boyne, 25 miles N.W. of Dublin.  Pop. of
Inmports acnd Exports, 1846-1851.               the town in 1851, 6226. It is old, and was formerly enclosed by walls. The principal edifices are Trim  Castle,
IMPORTS.                   EXPORTS.           founded in the reign of Henry II., the ruins of which attest
Year.'its former grandeur; the remains of St. Mary's Abbey, a
By Sea.  y Land.  Total.   By Sea. ByLand.  Total.   handsome parish church, a spacious Roman Catholic chapel,
~     ~        ~         ~-;-' -  ~      -'~'  several schools, various charitable institutions, a county
1846  6,789,500 1,879.100 8,668e600 4,846,800] 2,295,600 7,142,400  court-house, jail, infantry barracks, union work-house. and a
1847  7,134,500 1,880,500  9,015,000 4,890,700 2,399,800[ 7,290,500   handsome pillar to the Duke of Wellington. It has a brisk
1848  5,158,720 1,475,280  6,634,000 3,437,4001 2,003,700 5,441,100  trade in agricultural pioducts. Three miles S. of the town
1849  7,283,000 2,040,000  9,323,000 4,983,0001 2,810,000 7,793,000  is the demesne of  angratn, memorable as the birthplace of
~1850'1,885000 2,199,700 10,084,700 5,037,300 3,456,200' 8,493,500  the d0e  f angn   eral   s            i     thae
1851  9,700,000 2,500,000 12,200,000 5,860,000 3,740,000 9,600,000  the Duke of Wellington. Several Irish parliaments   have
been held in this town, which was taken by Cromwell in
Triest is a bishop's see, the seat of an imperial aatdemy, a  1649.
school of navigation, and many other schools and learned    TRIM/BLE, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, borderassociations. It:has many banking  establishments, in-  ing on the Ohio River, contains about 150 square miles.
surance offices, newspapers, &c., and is the residence of  The surface is mostly hilly, and the soil fertile. Organized
consuls of most commercial nations. Its manufactures are  in 1836. Capital Bedford. Pop. 5963, of whom  5022 were
numerous, and in some branches extensive. The principal free, and 941 slaves.
articles are white-lead, wax-candles, soap, rosoglio, spirits,    TRIMBLE, a post-township ofAthens co., Ohio. Pop. 924.
earthenware, and morocco-leather. A great number of vessels    TRIM'BUCKP, a strong  fortress, inBritish  India, province
also are built, and an active shipping is carried on in the bay. of Aurungabad, near the source of the Godavery, 80 miles
Triest existed under the Romans, but never rose to much im- N.E. of Bombay.
portauce till about the middle of the last century, when it    TRIMIDON, a parish of England, co., and 9 miles S.E. of
attracted the attention and shared largely in the enlight-  Durham, on the Iartlepool Branch of the York and Berwick
ened policy of the Empress Maria Theresa, who laid the  Railroad.
foundation of a prosperity which has ever since continued    TRIMILEY ST. MARTIN, aparish of England, co. Suffolk.
to advance, and converted a comparatively insignificant    TRIMLEY ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. Suffolk.
town into the first port of the Austrian Empire.  In the    TRIIIMMINGIIA:M, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Middle Ages it was the capital of an independent republic.    TRIMMIS, trim'meet, a village and parish of Switzerland,
The French took it in 1797 and 1805. Pop. in 1850, 63,901.   canton of Glisons, 3 miles from Churi (Coire.) Pop. 1105.
TRIEST, a government of the Austrian Empire, forming          TRINACIA.  See ScoIL.
the S. and W. parts of Illyria, comprises the peninsula of    TRINCOMALEE, tring'ko-ma-leel, a seaport town of Cey1950




TRI                                                            TRI
Ion, on its N.E. coast, in lat. 8~ 33' 7" N., Ion. 810 14' 7" E. softer and softer, until at last it is seen boiling up in a
The small town is at the foot of a rock crowned by Fort  liquid state. Several attempts have been made to ascertain
Frederick, at the entrance of a bay termed by Nelson "-the  the depth of the lake, but no bottom has been ever found.
finest harbor in the world," and on the W. shore of which    The climate of Trinidad is apparently less unhealthy than
is Fort Osterburgh, protecting an inner harbor, and having  that of many of the other West India islands, and is not
extensive barracks for European troops; but the station is  subject to droughts. The beneficial and abundant dews,
decidedly unhealthy. Mean temperature of the year 800.7; arising from  the numerous rivers of the island and surwinter, 770.3; summer, 830%8, Fahrenheit.  At a distance  rounding ocean, cool and invigorate the atmosphere, and
of 7 miles are the thermal springs of Canniala.                give an unusual luxuriance to its vegetation. The soil is
TRINE MILLS, a post-office, Guilford co., North Carolina. in general extremely fertile, and the elevated parts of the
TRING, a market-town and parish of England, co. of  surface are mostly covered with dense fbrests, which contain
IHerts, on the London and North-western Railway, 32 miles  the finest wood for ship-building and for ornamental purN.W. ofLondon. P. in 1851, 4746, many ofwhomareemployed   poses, among which the red cedar and a great variety of
in manfactures of silk, canvas, and straw-plait. The town  palms are conspicuous. The principal animals inhabiting
is neat, and has a market-house, a Lancasterian free school,  the island are a species of small deer, the mangrove-stag,
and various small charities. The parish is intersected by  the paca or lapo, about the size of a hare; opossums, armathe Roman Icknild Street, and the Grand Junction Canal.  dilloes, porcupines, lizards, ant-bears, sloths, tiger-cats,
Trin-g Park House is a fine mansion built by Charles II. for  peccaries, water-dogs, monkeys in great variety, land-torNell Gwynne.                                                   toises, &c. Birds-partridges, water-hens" flamingoes, white
TRINGANY, trin-g&'nee, called also TRINGANO, tring- woodcocks, wild ducks, pelicans, vultures, vampires and
gaino, a maritime state of the Malay peninsula, extending  other bats, parrots, parroquets, and humming-birds.  Only
along the Gulf of Siam, between lat. 60 and 60 N., and ion. one-thirtieth of the land is estimated to be under culture.
1020 and 1030 E.; having N. Kalantan, and S. Kemaman.  The settled portions are chiefly confined to the N.W. and
Pop. estimated at 30,000. The products are ivory, pepper,  S.W. of the island.
camphor, gambler, gold, and about 7000 piculs of tin an-    The following table exhibits the average annual exports
nually.                                                        from Trinidad for the periods specified:TRINGANY, a town of the Malay peninsula, on a river of
the same name, lat. 50 25' N., ion. 1030 E. Pop. from 15,000
to 20,000,(?) including many Chinese.                                              From 1826 IFrom 1839 From 1844 IFrom 1849
to 1830.   to 1843.   to 1848.  to 1852.
TRINIDAD, trin'e-dadt, or TRINIDAD  CITY, a posttown of Jlamath co., in the N.N.W. part of California, at   Sugar.......lbs....  37,568,008 28,706,12   8,226,390 40,708278
the head of Trinidad Bay, is situated on the road from Be-  Coca..............  2,487,949  2,519,010  3,134,754  5,168,874
nicia to Klamath, 270 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco.            Coffee.............     2,68    255289    217,28    137,831
Cotton............    236,429    150,378 I126,478    7,349
TRINIDAD, trinle-dadf, (Sp. pron. tre-ne-DaDt;  Fr. La Tri-  Mfolasses.....gals... {955,372  1 754,970   877,759   12771,160
WUit, 1i tree'neeAtVl,) the largest and most valuable of the   Rum...............    46,428     11,152    41,893    51,316
British West India Islands, excepting Jamaica. It is the   Sundries...........         2 1,315   3,498     4,192     4,078
southernmost of the Windward group, and lies immediately   Total exports ~...... 406,335    431,75        210,198   387,36
Total imports....... ]  404,301   460,288 ]463,744   500,558
off the N.E. coast of Venezuela, at the mouth of the Gulf of      s    por.          404,31    46,88   46,4   500,8
Paria, opposite the N. mouths of the Orinoco. It is of an
oblong form, with considerable projections at all its angles    The exports in 1852, amounted in value to 458,8511., and
except the S.E. Point Galera, the N.E. extremity, is in lat. the imports to 493,2741.
100 50' N., Ion. 600 54' W. Length, from N. to S., 50 miles;    The revenue amounted to 107,3101., and the expenditure
average breadth, about 30 miles, exclusive of its projections.  to 110,9441.
Area, about 1,536,000 acres. Approached from the N., Tri-    Trinidad is a crown-colony, the public affairs being adminidacd appears like an immense ridge of rocks; its E. and S. nistered by a lieutenant-governor, assisted by an executive
shores are also rocky and high; but on the S. side, or the  and a legislative committee. The laws are a mixture of
side next the Gulf of Paria, it presents one of the most beau-  Spanish and English; and neither coroners' inquests nor
tiful and magnificent panoramas imaginable-hills, valleys,  trial by jury are established. The island was discovered by
andplains being covered with a verdure that knows no decay. Columbus in July, 1498. It successively belonged to the
The mountain chains run from W. to E. In the N., near  Spaniards and the French. and capitulated to the British
thet sea, they attain an elevation of about 3000 feet, and are  under Abercrombie in 1797. Port of Spain, on the N.W.
broken and rugged. In the centre of the island is a less  side ofthe island, is the capital, and one of the finest towns
elevated group of mountains, and in the S. a series of beau- in the West Indies. Trinidadhas numerous good harbors
tiful hills and knolls, among which occur numerous delight-  on its W. and S. coasts, particularly on the former; but few,
ful valleys. In the intervals between the ranges of moun-  and those indifferent, on its E. and N. shores. Pop. in 1851,
tains above described are several extensive plains, stretching  68,645, thus classified-Roman Catholics, 43,605.; Episcopanearly across the entire island from E. to W.: they contain  lians, 16,246; Wesleyans, 2508; Presbyterians, 1017; Indesome natural meadows or savannas, and are watered by nu-  pendents, 133; Baptists, 448;  Mohammedans, Gentoos,
merous streams, but generally terminate towards the Gulf  heathens, &c., 4688.
of Paria in extensive swamps. Some of them, also, still con-    TRINIDAD, Brazil. See TINnIDADE.
tinue in their natural state, covered with trees. The prin-    TRINIDAD, tre-ne-DADI, a river of New Granada, isthmus
cipal rivers are the Caroni, the Oropuche, and the Ortoire;  of Panama, which joins the Chagres about 25 miles from
the first two are navigable to a considerable distance inland  its mouth in the Caribbean Sea. It is navigable for canoes
by small craft.                                               fiom the sea to Capua, S.W. of Chorrera. Its harbor isfitted
The nucleus of the mountains is a very dense argillaceous  only for small craft.
schist, becoming laminated and friable when exposed to    TRINIDADE, tre-ne-d~ldA, an island of the Atlantic Ocean,
the atmosphere, and changing to a micaceous schist in  10 degrees E. of Brazil, to which it belongs.- Lat. of the S.
the inferior layers and near the beds of rivers; in the in- point 200 31' S., lon. 290 19' W.
terstices of the latter, particularly to the N., are found    TRINIDADE, tre-ne-dfdA, a market-town of Brazil, progreat quantities of sulphureous  pyrites in cubic crystals. vince, and 19 miles N.E. of Rio de Janeiro.  Pop. 4000.
There is no granite on the island; but blocks of milky    TRINITA, tre-ne-tV, a town of the Sardinian States, in
quartz of different sizes are found in every valley. Gypsum   Piedmont, division of Coni, province, and 9 miles N.W. of
and limestone are rare. Near Point Icaque, forming the  Mondovi. Pop. 2895.
S.W. extremity of the island, are several mud-volcanoes, the    TRINITA, a village of Naples, district of Castel-a-,lare, 3
largest, about 150 feet in diameter, has boiling mud con- miles E. of Sorrento, with 2 churches, an abbey, and 1500
stantly bubbling, but never overflowing. Some of these  inhabitants.
volcanoes throw out salt water, heavily loaded with argil-    TRINITA  VITTORIO, tre-ne-t& vit-tolre-o, a village of
laceous earth. Submarinevolcanoes also occur on both sides  the Sardinian States, division, and 5 miles N.E. of Nice, on
of the island; one on the W. coast, near Cape Brea, occasion-  the Paglione. Pop. 1393.
ally boils up, and discharges a quantity of petroleum; the    TRINITEi, LA, li tree'nee4tY, a town o"France, department
other, on the W. coast, near Cape Mayero, gives; in'March  of Mlorbihan, 32 miles N.N.E. of Yannes. Pop. 527.
and June, several detonations resembling thunder, succeeded    TRINIT', LA, 14 tree'nee'tt, a market-town of Mlarby flames and smoke, afterwards ejecting pieces of bitumen  tinique, capital of an arrondissement, on its E. coast, 16
as black and brilliant as jet. The most remarkable phe- miles E. of St. Pierre. Pop. 5667.
nomenon of this kind is the Asphaltum or Pitch Lake, situ-    TRINITI], LA, an island of the West Indies.:See TairnDAu
ated on the leeward side of the island, on a small peninsula    TRINIITY, a county in the N.W. part of California, has
jutting into the sea, alittle N.E. of Guapo Bay. It is about  an area estimated at above 3500 square miles. It is bounded
11 miles in circumference, and elevated 80 feet above the  on the W. by the Pacific, and on the E. by the CoasO Range,
level of the sea. The headland on which it is situated con- and is drained by Eel Creek and several other smaller
sists of bituminous scorile, vitrified sand, and earth co  streams. The surface in the E. and W. portions is uneven
mented together. In some places beds of cinders are found;  or mountainous.  Mount Linn, in the S.E. part, is the
and a strong sulphureous smell pervades the ground to the  principal elevation; soil fertile, especially along the streams
distance of 8 or 10 miles from  the lake. The pitch at the  But little attention has yet been paid to agriculture-min
sides of the lake is perfectly hard and cold, but towards the  uing and trading being the principal occupations of the
middle the heat gradually increases, and the pitch becomes  inhabitants.  Pop. 1764.
1951.




TRI                                                            TRI
TRINITY,. a thriving post-village of Catahoula parish,  course for about 800 miles, and presents so few bays and.proLouisiana, on the W. bank of the Black IRiver, at the con- tecting headlands as not to furnish more than one good harfluence of the Tensas and Washita Rivers, 12 miles below   ber-that on which the capital is situated; the E. half forms
Harrisonburg.  It contains 1 church, 4 stores besides gro- the very remarkable indentation anciently known as the
ceries, 1 steam  mill, and a Masonic lodge. Incorporated in  Greater Syrtis, and now called the Gulf of Sidra.  The W.
1850. Pop. in 1853, about 500.                                half, extending from the Gulf of Cabes or Lesser Syrtis E. to
TRINITY, a small village of Alexander co., Illinois, on  Mesurata Point, is low and sandy; the other half is more dithe Ohio River, at the mouth of Cash River.                   versified, and interrupts the monotony of its sandy beaches
TRINITY COLLEGE.  See IIARTFORD, Connecticut.               by numerous roclky points, which were the terror of ancient
TRINIITY GASK or TARNILY, a parish of Scotland, co. mariners, though modern survey has proved that their imaof Perth.                                                     ginations had greatly exaggerated the real danger.
TRIN/ITY RIVER, of Texas, is formed by two main    The interior of the country is very imperfectly known.
branches, the Elm Fork and the West Fork, which unite a  The E. part being mostly a continuation of the desert, parfew miles above Dallas Court-House.  It flows in a general  takes of its inhospitable character, and contains large tracts
S.E. direction, nearly parallel with the Brazes, and falls into  of almost barren sands. In the S., howvever, it is partly
the N. extremity of Galveston Bay about 40 miles N. of  traversed by the Black Mountains, an E. offset of, the Atlas,
Galveston City. The length of the main stream is estimated  which, descending in successive terraces, enclose many
at 550 miles. It is a fine, navigable river, affording more  valleys and plains of considerable fertility. Farther W. the
extensive facilities for that purpose than any other in the  surface becomes still more diversified. Two mountain ranges
state.  The navigation is always good for steamboats to  stretch firom W. to E., in directions nearly parallel to the
Liberty, about 90 miles from  the Gulf; during the rainy  coast-the one in the S. called the Soars, and the other in
season, i. e. from  February to Mlay, inclusive, they make  the N. called the Gharian Mountains. The latter range has
regular passages to the upper part of Houston county, a  a width of from 12 to 15 miles, and attains a height of about
distance of about 350 miles, and in some cases they have  4000 feet; it is not more than 20 miles from  the coast, and
ascended as far as 500 miles. This river flows through an  becomes visible at sea. It is composed for the most part of
alluvial plain, which has but a slight declivity towards the  volcanic rocks, and many of its summits assume the form
Gulf of Mexico, and presents no great inequalities of surface. of isolated conical peaks. The space between these is often
The valley of the Trinity is especially fertile, and is occupied  occupied by a kind of plateau.. The soil upon them, produced
by plantations of cotton, maize, sugar, and rice. Timber is  by the decomposition of lava and basalt, is very fertile,
found here in greater variety and abundance than in the W. and being in many parts under careful cultivation, produces
parts of the state. Branches.-The Elm  Fork rises in the  heavy crops of grain, more especially where the natural deN. part of Cook county, within a few miles of Red River, ficiency of moisture is supplied by irrigation from  large
and pursues a S.E. course of about 150 miles. The West  tanks, in which, in the absence of running streams, the
Fork rises in Cook county, flows S.E. through the Cross  rain-water is collected for that purpose.
Timbers to Tarrant county, and thence E. till itunites with    Abundant rains fall from  November to March, and are
the other branch, after a course of nearly equal length.      collected in numerous tanks and cisterns, to provide against
TiINITY RIVER, rises in the E. part of Klamath co., the succeeding droughts which prevail throughout the reCalifornia, near the foot of the Coast Range, and running  mainder of the year, more especially firom May to September,
first S.W., and then N.W., falls into the Klamath liver in  when sometimes for months not a single shower falls. At
about lat. 410 20' N. Gold is found in abundance on thiz  this timne the heat is intense, the sirocco often blows, and
river, miners averaging $7 per day.                           the thermometer rises from  900 to 920. During the rainy
TRINITY SPRINGS, a post-ofifce of Martin co., Indiana.  season the fluctuations of temperature are often very great,
TIRINIUS.  See TRIaNo..                                    the thermometer frequently falling during the night to 400,
TRINKSEIFEN, triunkiseIfen, a village of Bohemia, 14  or to the freezing point, and rising during the day to above
miles from Carlsbad. Pop. 1511.                               700. The prevailing winds of summer are E.; those of winITRINO, treelno, a town of the Sardinian States, in Pied-  ter W. and N.W.
mont, division of Novara, 11 miles S.W. of Vercelli, near the    On the sides of hills too steep to be arable, vines, olives,
Po. Pop. 8217. It is well built, and has a large trade in  almonds, figs, and other fiuits are often seen growing in
cattle.                                                       profusion. In these hilly tracts much of the surface is left
TRIN'OMALEEI, a large and populous town of British  in natural pastures, which, molre especially after the heavy
India, presidency, and 100 miles S.W. of Madras, district of  rains, become extremely luxuriant, and rear cattle in such
South Arcot, with a large pagoda, numerous other temples,  numbers as to become an important article of export.  But
and a gateway of 12 stories, and 222 feet in elevation..    by fcr the richest and most fertile tract of Tripoli is that of
TIINS, HOHEN, hoten treens, a village and parish of  the Mesheea, which stretches about 15 miles along the coast,
Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 4 miles WV. of Reichenau, with a width not exceeding 5 miles, and has the capital
near the Vorder-Rhein. It has the ruins of 2 old castles.  nearly in its centre. The whole of this favored district is
The TINSER-SEE, ("' Lake of Trins,") in the vicinity, contains  occupied with fertile fields, on which rich crops of wheat,
good pike. Pop. 1072.                                          barley, millet, and Indian corn are grown; plantations of
TRITON, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Alabama.           productive palm-trees, arranged   in regular rows, oliveyards,
TRION, a pdst-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.           vineyards, orchards, and guardens yielding in abundance,
TRION  FACTORY, a post-office of Chattooga co., Georgia.  among other fiuits, oranges, pomegranates. lemons, figs,
TRIORA, tre-olri, a village of the Sardinian States, divi-  apricots, plums, cnd watrmelocs.  The othe  pcrincipal prosion of Nice, 13 miles N. by W. of San Remo.  It was  ducts of the coast are cotton, sillk, tobacco, saffron, madder,
anciently  surrounded  by  walls, and defended by two  and castor-oil; in the interior, senna, dates, and gaclls are
castles, of which portions still remain; and has an ancient the chief sources of wealth, and the cassob and lotus are
collegiate church,, an Augustine monastery, apublic school, indigenous.
an hospital, and several other charitable endowments.  Pop.    The surplus produce of the date and olive plantations,
4846.                                                          with straw mats, earthen jars, and other domestic manuTRIP'ATOORI. several towns of British India, presidency  factures: are partly exported by sea, and partly disposed of
of Madras, districts of Salem, MIadura, and Chingleput; the  to Bedouin traders.  Wine of superior quality might be prolast about 27 miles S.W. of Madras, and having some re-  duced. Cattle, sheep, and poultry are sent toMalta. Rockmarkable Hiudoo temples.                                      salsit is an important article of export. The principal mauuTRIPET/TY, a celebrated lindoo temple, S. of the Kistnah,  factures are carpets, thick cloaks, and other articles of clothin South India, presidency, and 65 miles N.W. of Madras.   ing; camlets, articles of goat:s'-hair. sacking, prepared skins,
TRIP/LETT, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky.          morocco leather, earthenwares, and potash. The foreign comTRIPOLE, tre-pofil, a market-town of Russia, govern- merce is mostly with MIalta, Tunis, and the Levant; the
ment, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Kiev, on the Dnieper. P. 1500. chief trade is in the bartes of European goods for those of
TRIPOLI, triplo-le, called by the natives TARABLOOS or  Central Africa, whence several caravans arrive annually
TARABLUS, ta-r/bloos, (anc. Tri'olis,*) a country in the N. with slaves, gold-dust, ivory, senna, and natron.
of Africa, forming one of the Barbary States, and, in name    The rural population consists chiefly of Arabs, and the town
at least, a dependency of the Turkish Empire. It is often  population of Moors, but both with a considerable intermixunderstood in an enlarged sense to include both Barcea and  ture of Jews. Neither Turks, Memlooks, (Mamelukes,) non
Fezzan, but as these are described under their own beads, Christiansare numerous. The state religion is Mohammedan.
the present article is confined to Tripoli proper, which lies  The government is an unmitigated and barbarous despotism.
between lat. 280 and 330 30' N., and Ion. 100 and 200 E.; it The pasha, generally chosen from among the Turkish officers
is bounded, N. by the Miediterranean, W. by Tunis, S. by  resident in the capital, and confirmed by a firman of the
Fezzan and the Libyan Desert, and E. by the Libyan Desert sultan, sets an example of tyranny and extortion which is
and Bacca. Length, fron W. to E., about 700 miles; breadth  naturally and eagerly imitated by his subordinates. A large
varies from 100 miles near the centre, to 200 miles near the  portion of the revenues was ait one time derived from piracy,
extremities. Area, estimated at 105,000 square miles. The  since the extirpation of which the deficiency has been in i
coast-line stretches in as irregular but almost unbroken  great measure supplied not by developing the resources of
the country, but by establishing monopolies, tampering with
U nader the Romans, the three flourishing cities of (Ea, the currency, and imposing grinding taxes. The more res
t.Leptis, and Sabrata constituted a kind of federal union, under  gular and legitimate sources' of income are direct tribute
lhe naine of Tripolis, or the "three cities."                from the Arabs and district-governors  a land-tax, a tax on
1952




TRI                                                       TRO
Jews and merchants, and export and import duties. Pop.   TRISOBBIO, tre-sobfbe-o, a village of the Sardinian States,
about 1,500,000.-Adj. and inhab. TRIPOlME, trip-o-leent, division of Alessandria. province, and 6 miles S.E. of Acqui,
and TRIPOLITAN, tre-polle-tan.                            with the ruins of an old castle. Pop. 1324.
TRIPOLI, (anc. (Ela,) a seaport town on the N. coast of    TRISSINO, tris-seetno, a village of Austrian Italy, proAfrica, capital of the above state, 300 miles S. of the coast vince, and 9 miles W.N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 3000.
of Sicily, and 600 miles S.E. of Algiers.  Lat. (pasha's castle)   TRISTAN D'ACUNHA, tris-t~n! dA-koonlyA, the principal
320 53' 541" N., lon. 130 11' E. It stands on a rocky pro- of a group of islets in the South Atlantic, lat. 370 6' S., ion.
montory washed by the sea on the N. and E., and connected  120 2' W. The surface is mountainous, and one peak rises
with the mainland on the S. and W. by a sandy plain, to 8236 feet above the ocean. The other islands are named
partly under cultivation; it is enclosed on the land-side by  Nightingale, and Inaccessible Island. They are claimed by
a lofty wall flanked with bastions, and on the sea-front Great Britain, and a British garrison was maintained there
defended by a formidable line of batteries, terminating at during the residence of Napoleon at St. Helena.
the S.E. angle in a strong castle, in which the pasha resides.   TRISTE, tristtA, an island of Central America, in the Gulf
The town, enclosing an area about 1300 yards long, by 1000  of Terminos, off the S.W. coast of Yucatan.
yards broad, is entered by two gates; it consists of a    TRISITE or POOLO MEGO, poollo mA/go, an islet off the
great number of narrow and uneven lanes, lined for the  S.W. coast of Sumatra. Lat. 40 S., Ion. 1010 10' E.
most part with mean houses huddled together without any    TRISTE, GULF OF, a bay of the Caribbean Sea. in South
order, and from the absence of front-windows, looking more  America, on the N. coast of Venezuela. Lat. 100 30' N., and
like dead walls than inhabited dwellings.  The pasha's  between lon. 670 30' and 680 30' W.
castle, already mentioned, consists of an ancient pile of vast   TRITI SAINT LICGER, treet SANG lAzhA/, a village of
extent, built at different times, and so irregularly, that all France, department of Nord, on the Scheldt, (Escaut,) arronappearance of symmetry is lost. The great mosque, situated  dissement of Valenciennes, with iron forges. Pop. 1799.
in the main street, is a handsome and majestic structure,   TRIITON ISLAND, the southernmost of the Paracels, in
in which the roof, formed by a number of small cupolas, is the China Sea.
supported by 16 Doric marble columns, said to have once    TRIUGGIO, tre-oodtjo, a village of Austrian Italy, province
belonged to a Christian church. The other buildings most of Milan, on the Lambro, 7 miles from Carate. Pop. 1100.
deserving of notice are 6 principal and many smaller    TRIUMPHO, tre-oomffo, a town of Brazil, province of Sio
mosques, 2 or more Christian churches, a Franciscan con- Pedro, 30 miles W. of Porto Alegre. Pop. 3462.
vent, 3 synagogues, a number of public baths, each crowned    TRIUMPIJO DE LA CRUZ, tre-oomlfo dA 1A kroos, a bay
with a dome, and extensive bazaars and caravansaries. and group of islets of Central America, on the N. coast of
There are several ancient remains, among which the most the state of Honduras, district of Comayagua.
remarkable is a magnificent triumphal arch, erected in 164,   TRIIUNE, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee.
to the Roman emperors Aurelius Antoninus, and Lucius    TRIVALOOR, triv'a-loorl, a populous town of British InVerus, consisting of huge blocks of marble, beautifully  dia, presidency of Madras, district, 34 miles E. of Tandore.
sculptured on the sides and ceiling, and now used as a store-    TRIVANDRUM, tre-vAnfdrt5m, written also TRIVANhouse. The only manufactures of any consequence are DERUM  or TREVANDRUM, a town of South IHindostan,
carpets, which have long been celebrated; mantles and  capital of the Travancore dominions, on the Malabar coast,
other woollen stuffs, ordinary and morocco leather, and  50 miles N.W. of Cape Comorin, with a fine palace and an
potash. The trade has the advantage of the only good har-  extensive garrison. Mean temperature of the year, 790.2
bor for several hundred miles along the coast. It is formed  Fahrenheit.
by the E. side of the promontory on which the town stands,   TRIVENTO, tre-vhntto, a walled town of Naples, province
and two long lines of reefs on the E. and N.E., furnishing  of Molise, on the Trigno, 15 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop.
tolerably good shelter. Where deepest it has not more than  4000. It has a cathedral, and manufictures of coarse wool5 or 6 fathoms, but has capacity sufficient to admit whole  len cloths.
fleets of merchant vessels; ships-of-war anchor in the outer    TRIVERO, tre-v/ro, a market-town of the Sardinian
roads, which have good holding-ground in firom 16 to 18  States, in Piedmont, division of Turin, 9 miles N.E. of Biella.
fathoms, with indifferent shelter. A great partof the trade  Pop. 3500.
of the state, and even of the more distant interior as far as    TRIVICARY, tre-ve-kA/ree, a village of British In dia, preTimbuctoo and Bornoo, has its emporium at Tripoli, to  sidency of Madras, district of South Arcot, 16 miles N.W. of
which the goods are conveyed across the desert in caravans. Pondicherry.
Pop. estimated at 20,000, comprising about 15,000 of Turkish    TRIVIGNO, tre-veenfyo, a village of Naples, province of
descent, 3000 Jews, and 2000 Christians.                  Basilicata, 11 miles S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2600.
TRIPOLI, triplo-le, TARABLOOS, TARABLOUS or TARA-    TRIVIOLI, a post-village of Peoria co., Illinois, about 17
BLUS, tA-rAlbloos, (anc. Triplfelis,) a seaport town of Syria, miles W. of Peoria.
capital of a pashalic, on the Mediterranean, at the foot of a    TRNAWA, a town of Bohemia. See TURNAU.
spur of Mount Lebanon, and at the mouth of the Kadisha,   TROAD, the plain around ancient ropy. See TROv.
46 miles N.E. of Beyroot. Lat. 340 26' 4" N., ion. 350 49' E.   TROARN, tro'ailn, a market-town of France, department
Pop. 15,000. It is neatly built, and surrounded by fine gar- of Calvados, 8 miles E. of Caen. Pop. 960.
dens, but the marshy character of its vicinity renders it   TROBRIAND, tro'bre-Andf, a group of islands in the Louunhealthy. The houses are chiefly of stone, and the town  isiade Archipelago, in the South Pacific, extends from let.
has many remains of Medieval architecture; in and around  60 47' 45" to 8~ 52' 30" S., Ion. 1470 24' to 1510 10' E. The
it are numerous granite columns and traces of antiquity,  islands are generally low, and of considerable extent, appaand an old castle stands on an adjacent height. Tripoli rently fertile, producing abundance of the finest yams, and
doubtless owed its name to its consisting of three distinct maintaining a dense population.
towns, while the Marina or El Mina, the principal seat of    TROCHTELFINGEN, troxftel-fing"Qn, a village of Wiirtrade, is a separate quarter S.W., on a projecting point of  temburg, circle of Jaxt. Pop. 1020.
land bordering the port. The harbor is small, shallow, and    TROCHITELFINGEN, a petty town of South Germany,
frequently unsafe, but the town retains some export trade  in Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 15 miles N. of Sigmaringen.
in silk, wool, cotton, tobacco, galls, cochineal, and soap. Pop. 1136.
Tripoli is a Greek bishop's see, and the residence of several   TROEDYRAUR, tro-8d-e-r1wr, a parish of South Wales, co.
European consuls. It was taken by the Crusaders in 1108, of Cardigan.
at which time a large and valuable library was consigned to    TROENSE, tr3Pen-seh, a village of Denmark, in the island
the flames.                                               of Taasinge, on the Thorbesund. Pop. 700.
TRIPOLI, a ruined city of Asia Minor, near the Mender,    TR(EZEN. See DAiALA.
36 miles S.E. of Ak-Shehr.                                  TROFA, trolfl, a town and parish of Portugal, province of
TRIPOLI, a town of Turkish Armenia. See TIREBOL.        Douro, 9 miles E.N.E. of Aveiro, near the Vouga. Pop. 860.
TRIPIOLI, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mississippi.  - TROGEN, tro/Ghen, a town of Switzerland, canton, and 6
TRIPOLITZA or TRIPOLIZZA, tre-po-litsAi, a town of  miles N.E. of Appenzell, capital of Outer-Rhodes. Pop. 2400.
Greece, in the Morea, capital of the government of Mantinea, It has an arsenal, and a trade in muslin and linens.
in a plain 3000 feet above the sea, 22 miles S.W. of Argos.   TROIA or TROJA, tro/yA, (anc. Vcrnalria,) en island of
Previously to the revolution it was the residence of the  the Mediterranean, off the coast of Tuscany, province of Pisa,
Turkish pasha of the Morea, and had 20,000 inhabitants; 14 miles S.E. of Piombino, about 2 square miles in extent,
but it was stormed and taken by the Greek insurgents in  and rising from the sea like a truncated cone.
1821, and again in 1828 by the troops of Ibrahim Pasha,   TROIA or TROJA, trolyd, a town of Naples, province of
who razed it to the ground. It has been since rebuilt. It Capitanata, 15 miles S.W. of Foggia. Pop. 5000. It has a
owes its name to being the modern representative of the  fine cathedral, and manufactures of coarse woollen cloths,
three cities of Mantinea, Tegea, and Pallantium, traces of all and a large annual fair in August.
which exist in its vicinity.                                TROIS-MOUTIERS, LEs, iA trwA moo'te-Y, a market-town
TRIPOLI VECCHIA, triplo-le vkllke-A, or OLD TRIPOLI, of Prance, department of Vienne, 5 miles N.W. of Loudun.
a small maritime town of the state of Tripoli, in North Africa, Pop. in 1852, 1664.
45 miles W. of the capital.                                 TROIS RIVIPRES, a town and district of Canada. See
TRIPPSTADT, trippfstAtt, a village of Bavaria, in Pala- THRoE IVERS
tinate, 18 miles E.N.E. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1576.           TROIS RIVIiRES, trw& ree've-airl, a market-town on
TRIPTIS, trip/tis, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Weimar, 5  the S. coast of the island of Guadeloupe, 7 miles S.E. of
miles E. of Neustadt, on the Orla. Pop. 1480.             Basse-Terre. Pop. 3206.
5 X                                                                        1953




TRO                                                      TRO
TROITSK, troitsk, a town of Russia, government, and 87  rises N.E. of Monte Reale; flows N. and W., and enters the
miles N.W. of Penza. on the Moksha. Pop. 3500.             Adriatic 17 miles E. of Ascoli. Course, 54 miles.
TROITSK or ZEMiNINKI,  zm-ninfkee, a town of Asiatic   TRONZANO, tron-zd/no, a town of the Sardinian States,
Russia, government of Orenboorg, on the Ooi, an affluent of in Piedmont, province, and 13 miles W. of Vercelli. P. 3300.
the Tobol, 70 miles S.S.E. of Tcheliabinsk.  Pop. 5000. It   TROOBTCHIEVSK, TROUBTCHEVSK  or TRUBTSCHis enclosed by bastioned walls, and has a cathedral, custom- EVSK, troob-chtvskf, a town of Russia, government., and 88
house, barracks, and an active traffic with Bokhara. Two  miles W.S.W. ofOrel, on the Desna.  Pop. 4000. Ithaslarge
thousand Kirgheez are said to frequent it annually with  salt magazines, a manufactory of verdigris, and a trade in
their goods.                                               corn and flax.
TROITZKOI, troit/skoi, a market-town of Russia, govern-   TROO'MON! or TARUMAN, t -roosminn, a maritime town
ment, and 42 miles N.N.E. of Moscow. Pop. 7000. On a  of Sumatra, on its W. coast. Lat. 20 50' N., ion. 1070 20' E.
height immediately above it is a vast ecclesiastical establish- It was taken by the Dutch in 1.840.
mernt, founded in 1337, and the richest in the empire, after   TROON, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on a small
that of Kiev. Within its fortified enclosures are numerous  bay in the Irish Channel, and on the Troon and Kilmarchurches, imperial and episcopal palaces, an ecclesiastical neck Railway, 7A miles S.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. in 1851,
seminary, with a library of 6000 volumes and a bell of 70  2404. It is well built, and much frequented for sea-bathing.
tons weight.                                               It has a good harbor, with a pier, ship-building and wet
TROJA and TRIOJ4N, Asia Minor. See TaoY.                 docks, and a light-house.
TROJA, an island of the Mediterranean. See TaorI.          TROPEA, tro-pIg, a town of Naples, province of Calabria
TROJA, Italy. See TROIA.                                 Ultra I., 12 miles W.S.W. of Monteleone, at the S. extremity
TROKI, trolk.ee, or NOVO TROKI, norve trolkee, a town  of the Gulf of Santa Eufemia. Pop. 4500. It is enclosed by
of Russian Poland, government, and 15 miles S.W. of Vilna, walls, and has a fine cathedral, and manufactures of counon Lake Troki. Pop. 2000.                                  terpanes and blankets, with an active tunny and anchovy
TROLHIETTA, trol-h~tfta, a market-town of Sweden, lIen, fishery.
and 8 miles S.S.W. of Wenersborg. Pop. 1000. It is situated    TROPPAU, troptp6w, a fortified town of Austrian Silesia,
on the Gotha River, which here forms the Trolhaetta Falls, on the Oppa, a tributary of the Oder, 36 miles N.E. of 01mutz.
obviated for the navigation of the Gotha Canal by the Trol- Pop. with suburbs, 11,651. It has a cathedral, castle, town7cetta Canal, a cut 3 miles in length, and having 12 sluices.  hall, theatre, a gymnasium  with a museum, and manufacTROMBETAS, trom-btls, or ORIXIMINA, o-re-she- tures of woollen and linen fabrics, soap, leather, arms, and
meenl, a river of Brazilian Guiana, rises near the frontiers  liqueurs. The diplomatic congress, afterwards removed to ~
of British Guiana, flows S., and passes the town of Obidos, Laybach, was held here from the 20th of October to the 20th
and falls into the Amazon by two unequal mouths at a  of November, 1820.
short distance from each other.                             TROQUEER!, a parish of Scotland, stewartry of KirkcudTROMOE, trolmb'eh, an island of Norway, amt of Nede- bright, comprising the burgh of Maxwelltown.
naes, close to the S. coast, opposite Arendal. Length, 8 miles.   TROIRY or SAINT MICHAEL'S TRORY, a parish of IreTROMSOE, tromfsii'h, a town of Norway, in Finmark, land, in Ulster, co. of Fermanagh.
on the island of TromsiJe, opposite the island of HvalSe.   TROSA, trofsa, a town of Sweden, len, and 22 miles N.E.
Pop. 738. It has a wooden quay and a custom-house, and  of Nykiping, on an inlet of the Baltic. Pop. 500.
is an outport of Hammerfest.                                 TROSACIHS, trosiaks, a picturesque valley of Scotland, co.
TRONCHIENNES, trNGc'she-Annf, or DRONGEN, drong!-  of Perth, between Lochs Achray and Katrine. It is the
Hien, a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 2 miles  scene of Sir Walter Scott's " Lady of the Lake."
W. of Ghent, on the Lys. Pop. 4634.                          TROSBERG, trosfb8Ro, or TROSTBERG, trostbiRcG. a
TRONDHJEM, trondlyhm, (anc.Nidaros? L.Nirdrosia; Ger. market-town of Upper Bavaria, with a picturesque fortress,
Drontheim, dront/hime.) a seaport town of Norway, capital of  15 miles E.S.E. of Wasserburg. Pop. 910.
South Trondhjem, beautifully situated on a circular bay at    TROSKOTOWICE, a town of Austria. See TrESKoWIzZ.
the mouth of the Nid, in the S. side of the Trondhjem Fiord.   TROSSINGEN, trosesing-en, a market-town of WiirtemLat. (cathedral) 630 25/ 48" N., Ion. 100 23' 45" E. On the  burg, circle of Black Forest, 10 miles N.W. of Tuttlingen.
land side it is commanded by a series of heights which make  Pop. 2367.
it incapable of defence in that direction, but towards the    TROSTBERG, a town of Bavaria.  See TeosnBro.
sea it possesses strong fortifications, both on the mainland    TROSITON, a parishl of England, co. of Suffolk.
and more especially on the small rocky island of Munkholm.    TROS/TREY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
It has spacious, regularly-formed, and remarkably clean    TROTTERSCLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
streets, with water-cisterns at their intersections. It was once    TROT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 31 miles
built almost entirely of wood, which, in consequence ofthe ra- W.N.W. of Midhurst. The poet Otway was born here in 1651.
vages of repeated fires, has chiefly given place to houses of    TROUBLE HILL, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas.
stone or brick. The most remarkable edifices and establish-   TROUBLESOME, a post-office of Rockingham  co., Nortb
ments are the cathedral, the great object of interest, much di- Carolina.
lapidated by the ravages of early barbarians, and defaced by    TROUBLESOME, a post-office of Clinch co., Georgin.
the bad taste displayed in more modern renovations, but    TROUBTCHEVSK, a town of Russia. See TnoonvcrEvsit.
still venerable from the antiquity of some of its parts, which    TROUP, troop, a county in the W. part of Georgia, boherare as old as 1033, and entitled to rank, as a whole, as  deriug on Alabama, contains about 370 square miles. It is
the most remarkable ecclesiastical structure in the king-  drained by the ChattahoocheeRiver and its affluents. The
dom; the palace of the old Norwegian kings, of whom   surface is broken; the soil is generally fertile, but in some
Trondhjem was the capital, now converted into a military  parts much worn.  Troup county is remarkable for the
and naval arsenal; a museum, including a picture-gallery  general diffusion of education. Granite and other rocks
and a library with some. rare manuscripts; a work-house, suitable for building are abundant. It is intersected by
asylums for the aged and deaf-mutes, grammar, Lancaste-  the Atlanta and La Grange Railroad. Organized in 1826,
riian and other schools, exchange, bank, a court-house, sus- and named in honor of George M. Troup, United States Setom-house, handsome theatre, &c. The manufactures in- nator from Georgia. Capital, La Grange. Pop. 16,879, of
elude excellent capes, hat-covers, &c. of goat-skin, trinkets, whom 7831 were free, and 9048 slaves.
and rifles, said to be the best in Norway. The breweries are    TROUP FACTORY, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia,
famous for a beer whichis largely exported. The building-  about 32 miles N. of Columbus.
yards fit out vessels which bear a high name for their sail-   TROUPSBURG, troops/burg, a post-township of Steuben
uing properties. The harbor is indifferent, not admitting  co., New York, 30 miles S.S.W. of Bath. Pop. 1754.
vessels which draw more than 10 or 12 feet, and the road-   TROUP/VILLE, a post-village, capital of Lowndes co.,
stead is exposed to a heavy swell from the N. and E. The Georgia, on the Withlacoochee River, 180 miles S. of Miltrade consists chiefly in exports of timber, dried and salted  ledgeville. It has 2 churches, 4 stores, and 3 hotels.
fish, tar, and copper. The beauty of the women of Trend-   TROUS/DALE, a post-office of Warren co., Tennessee.
hjem  is much celebrated, and the elegance of its society    TROUT (trbwt) CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters a branch
gives it rauch more the appearance of a capital than Chris- of Sinnemahoning Creek, in Elk county.
tiana, which supplanted it in this respect on the union of    TROUT CREEK, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.
Norway to Denmark. Pop. 13,818.                             TROUT CREEK, a post-office of St. Clair co., Alabama.
TRONDHIJEM, a stift or province of Norway, comprises   TROUT/MAN, a post-office of Cherokee co., Texas.
the amts of North and South Trondhjem, and Romsdal.   TROUT RIVER, a post-office of Franklin co., New York.
Area, 16,042 square miles. Pop. in 1845, 155,899.           TROUT RUN, a post-village of Lysoming co., Pennsylva.
TRONDHJEM FIORD, Norway, extends from the Atlantic  nia, on the Williamsport and Elmira Railroad, 15 miles N.
inland for 80 miles, and at its N. extremity communicates  of Williamsport.
with Beitstad Fiord. It receives the Orkel, Guul, Nid, Sic-   TROUT RUN, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa.
ker, and Stordal Rivets.                                   TROUVILLE,  troolveel/, or  TROUVILLE-SUR-MER,
TRONS, tr6Ne, or TRUNS, a village of Switzerland, canton  troe'veell saR mail, a small seaport town of France, departof Grisons, on the Rhine, 10 miles W.S.W. of Ilanz. P. 800. ment of Calvados, 7 miles N.E. of Pont-l'Ev~que. Pop. 2118.
TRONTANO, tron-te/no, a village of the Saidinian States,   TRO/WAY, a township of England, co. of Derby.
division of Novara, province of Pallanza, 2 miles N.N.E.   TROW/BRIDGE, a market-town and parish, England, co. of
of Domo d'Ossola. Pop. 1195.                             Wilts, 11 miles S.S.W. of Chippenham, connected by a branch
TRONTO, tronuto, (ans. Truen/ltus.) a river of Central Italy, with the Great Western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 11,148. Tle
1954




TRO                                                        TRO
town staias on the declivity of a rocky hill, beside the Wene, of several thousand volumes. Under the free school system
here crossed by a stone bridge. The parish church is a large, of the state each ward has two or more public schools, as
striking edifice, and Trinity Church, at the W. end of the  the density of population requires, and the Board of Educatown, is also a fine building. Dissenters are numerous, and  tion have established night-schools for the benefit of such
have many chapels in Trowbridge, which also comprises  as are precluded the advantage of the day-schools. The
many elementary schools, almshouses, and other charities. various denominations have over 30 churches in the city
The woollen manufacture has been established here from a  Four daily and 4 weekly newspapers are issued.  Te
very early period; and some years ago there were about 19  city has 11 banks, (aggregate capital, $3,500,000,) and some 4
woollen mills and 1650 looms employed in the town and vici- savings' banks. It is supplied with water from a stream in
nity. Cassimeres, kerseys, andtweeds areamongthe chieffa- the vicinity.
brics manufactured. The Kennet and Avon Canal runs 1 mile    Troy is favorably situated for commerce. It has 3 lines
N. of the town. Trowbridge had formerly a castle, but no  of to;-boats to New York city, a line of propellers and barges
traces of it remain. The poet Crabbe, 18 years rector of the  to Philadelphia, and a line of sail-packets to Boston. Many
parish, died here in 1832.                                 of the boats which arrive by the Erie and Champlain Canals
TROWIBRIDGE, a township in the S.E. part of Allegan  here discharge their cargoes on board of large barges, to be
co., Michigan. Pop. 313.                                   towed down the river, and receive in exchange cargoes of
TROWBRIDGE, a post-office of IRacine co., Wisconsin.     merchandise passing N. or W. This transhipment constiTROWIELL, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.        tutes the principal commercial business of the place. There
TROWSE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 11 miles are 2 public hospitals, several church asylums, and several
S.S.E. of Norwich, on the Eastern Counties Railway.        infirmaries. A college is about to be erected, its foundation
TROY, (anc. Troia or Trosia; Gr. Tpota,) a ruined city  or endowment being already secured by the Methodist
of Asia Minor, rendered famous by the Iliad of Homer.  Its  Church; the structure itself is soon to be commenced. Manusite is supposed to have been on a height at the S. extremity  factures have recently received an impulse which bids fair
of the Plain of Troy, 9 miles S.S.E. of the entrance of the  to give Troy no mean rank in that class of productions.
Hellespont from the Egean Sea, close to the modern village  Four railroads meet at this point, viz. the HIudson River,
of Boonarbashi. On that height are still some vestiges of  the Troy and Boston, the Schenectady and Troy, and the
ancient wills and cisterns, and around it are numerous  Rensselaer Railroads, which, with their several extensions,
artificial mounds.-Adj. and inhab. TROIJAN.                connect it with New York, Boston, Montreal, Buffalo. &c.
TitOY, PLAIN OF, between the above site and the Helles- Among the recent improvements is the Union Railroad,
pont, about 10 miles in length, by 3 miles in greatest width, connecting the four lines above named, and passing through
is watered by three rivers, two of which are the Simois and  the back part of the city, with a large passenger station,
Scamander of antiquity.                                    common to the four, on Sixth street. A dam across the
TROY, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, 38 miles N.E. river renders it navigable for sloops to Lansingburg. Steamof Augusta. Pop. 1484.                                      boats of the first class ply daily between Troy and New
TROY, a post-village and township of Cheshire co., New  York. The Hudson River and thePoestenkill and WynantsHampshire, on the Cheshire Railroad, 45 miles S.W. of Con- kill furnish an ample supply of water-power, which is used
cord. Pop. 759.                                             in manufactories of various kinds. The city contains nuTROY, a post-township of Orleans co., Vermont, 50 miles  merous fiouring mills, paper mills, cotton factories, woollen
N. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1008.                          factories, tanneries, breweries, ilron foundries, machine-shops,
TROY, a city, and capital of Rensselaer co., New York, is  rolling mills, and forges. Nails, stoves, railway cars, brushes,
situated on both sides of the IHIudson River, at the mouth  leather, stoneware, and other articles are produced in very
of the Poestenkill Creek, atthe head of steamboat navigation, large quantities. There are no less than 3 car-wheel foun6 miles above Albany, and 151 miles N. of New York. Lat. dries in Troy, each making from 8 to 60 wheels daily; also,
420 44' N., ion. 730 40' W. The principal portion of the city  2 large paper mills, on the latest improved plans; 2 malleis on the E. bank of the river, over which communication  able iron-works; 2 extensive nail and rolling mills, and
is kept up by a bridge and ferry-boats. The site is an allu- large railroad iron-works, besides woollen mills, carpet faccvial plain, terminated on the E. side by an eminence named  tories, (which turn out a beautiful article,) bleaching-works,
Mount Ida, which rises directly in the rear of the S. part,  &c., giving employment to hundreds of mechanics. West
and commands a beautiful and extensive view of the city  Troy, on the W. bank of the river, is situated in Albany
and the Hudson River, and of the neighboring towns. county, on the Albany Northern Railroad, It contains a
Mount Olympus, in the N. part of the city, is a bare mass  bank and a large arsenal of the United States. Pop. in 1850,
of rock, about 200 feet high. The limits of the city extend  7564; in 1853, about 9000. The tonnage arriving and deabout 3 miles along thb river, -and 1 mile from E. to W. It  parting from Troy during the season of navigation, amounts
is laid out with much regularity, and is handsomely built. to about 150,000 tons; and its manufactures reach all parts
The streets are 60 feet wide, and cross each other at right of the Union. Green Island Village, on an island of that
angles, excepting River street, which follows the curve of  name above West TIroy, and also in Albany county, is prothe river, and is the principal thoroughfare of business. A  perly a suburb of Troy, and mainly dependent upon it, with
number of those streets which extend parallel with the  a population of about 3000 souls. It contains the largest
general direction of the river, terminate at their N. exsre- railroid car and stage-coach factory in the state, and contrimity in River street —a circumstance which imparts variety  butes its quota to equip all the railroads in the Union.
to the perspective, and increases the facilities of intercourse  Troy was incorporated as a village in 1801; as a city in
between that street and other parts of the city. The streets  1816. Pop. in 1820, 5264; in 1830, 11,405; in 1850, 28.785,
are generally well paved, lighted with gas, and bordered  or, including the W. suburb, 36,349; in 1855, 33,271, or,
with shade-trees. River street is lined with large ware- including West Troy and Green Island, about 45,000.
houses and hotels. Congress and Ferry streets are also ap-   TROY, a village of Morris co., New Jersey, on the Parcipropriated to business purposes. The finest residences are  pany River, 8 miles N.E. of Morristown, contains a forge
situated on First, Second, and Third streets, and around  and 2 mills.
Seminary and Washington Parks. The latter park was re-   TROY, a village of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, I mile N.
cently laidout in the S. part of the city. Among the public  of Pittsburg. It is pleasantly situated on a high hill, and
buildings, the court-house, the Episcopal churches of St. is composed chiefly of country seats.
Paul and St. John's, and one of the Presbyterian churches,    TROY, a post-borough and township of Bradford co., Penndeserve particular mention. St. Paul's, of blue limestone, sylvania, on Sugar Creek, and on the Williamsport and Eland St. John's, of brown sandstone, are Gothic structures  misra Railroad, about 18 miles W. of Towanda. It has seveof different styles, each beautiful in its order. The Pres- ral stores and a newspaper office. Pop. in 1850, 480; of the
byterian church is of brick, stuccoed in imitation of granite, township, 1418.
in the Grecian. style, massive, and of a noble appearance.    TROY, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 740.
The court-house is a fine marble edifice in the Doric style.   TROY, a village of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, on the
Among the principal hotels are the American, the Mansion  Redbank Creek, 5 miles below Brookville. Pop. near 200.
Rouse, the Troy House, the Northern Hotel, the National   TROY, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co., North
Temperance, Washington Hall, Union hIall, and St. Charles,  Carolina, about 80 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh. It contains a
all of which rank high. There are 2 substantial brick mar- court-house, jail, and 1 or 2 hotels.
ket-houses; the Troy Academy, a classical institution in    TROY, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia, about 12
high repute, with a small but increasing library;, the Rens- miles S.E. of Canton.
selaer Institute, a scientific and practical school, affording    TROY, a village of Harris co., Georgia, on Mulberry Creek,
an education to young men in the exact sciences attainable  about 120 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville. It contains a
at few other institutions in our country to the extent here  manufactory of wooden ware, and several mills.
available, with a most complete and extensive apparatus;    TROY, a thriving post-village, capital of Pike co., Alabama,
and the Troy Female Seminary, with a valuable library  near the Conecuh River, 50 miles S,E. of Montgomery.
and extensive philosophical and chemical apparatus. The    TROY, a post-village of Yallobusha co., Mississippi, on
last is among the most celebrated institutions of the kind in  the Yallobusha River, 119 miles N. of Jackson
the country; average number of pupils about 275; it was es-   TROY, a post-office ofFreestone co., Texas:
tablished here by Mrs. Emma Willard in 1821. The city con-   TROY, a post-village, capital of Obion co., Tennessee, on a
tains a Lyceum, with a valuable collection of natural history  small affluent of Obion River, 150 miles W. of Nashville.
and a good library attached. The "Young Men's Associa-    TROY, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop. 848.
tion" annually affords a course of lectures, and has a library    TROY, a township of Athens e., Ohio. Pop. 1421.
1955




TRO                                                         TRU
TROY or HOCKINGSPORT, a village of Athens co., Ohio, his abdication, it was hishead-quarters, and suffered severely
on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Hocking, about 25  having been twice taken by the allies, and once retaken by
miles below Marietta, has about 200 inhabitants.           the French. Pope Urbain IV. was the son of a tailor in
TROY, a township of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop. 976.        Troyes. Our troy weight takes its name firom this town.
TROY, a township of Geauga co., Ohio, intersected by    TROY GROVE, a post-village of La Salle co., Illinois, about
Cuyahoga River. Pop. 1163.                                 80 miles W.S.W. of Chicago.
TROY, a beautiful and flourishing post-village, capital of    TROY LAKE, a post-village of East Troy township, WalMiami co., Ohio, on the W. bank of the Great Miami River, worth co., Wisconsin, 54 miles S.E. of Madison.
and on the Miami Canal, 68 miles W. of Columbus. The    TROY MILLS, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois.
Dayton and Michigan Railroad passes through it. The vil-   TROY'S STORE, a post-office, Randolph co., North Carolina.
lage is regularly built with broad and straight streets. It   TRSCIEMESNO, tr'shA-mlshlno, written  also TRZE.
contains a court-house, town-hall, 6 churches, 1 bank, a  MESZNO, tzhA-mlzhfno, a town of Prussian Poland, governunion school, and 2 newspaper offices. The Miami River, ment of Bromberg, between two lakes, 42 miles E.N.E. of
which affords an extensive hydraulic power at this place, is  Posen. Pop. 3182.
a beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through a very fertile    TRSZTENNA, trsht~n/nA, a market-town of North Hun.
and highly cultivated valley. There are 9 or 10 large ware- gary, with a Franciscan convent, on the Black Arva, co.,
houses on the bank of the canal, for receiving and forward-  and 18 miles N.E. of Arva. Pop. 3050.
nlug produce. Pop. in 1850, 1956.                             TRUAIGO, a village of Wayne co., Michigan, on Detroit
TROY, a township of Morrow co., Ohio. Pop. 640.           River, 15 miles S.S.W. of Detroit.
TROY, a township of Richland co., Ohio, intersected by    TRUB, tr66b, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 20 miles
the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1542.             E. of Bern.  Pop. of parish, 2700.
TROY, a township of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 559.               TRUIBAU, (Trtibau,) triitblw, or BOHMISCH  TRIBAU,
TROY, a post-township in the $.E. part of Oakland co., bb'mish trtilbw, a town of Austria, in Bohemia, circle of
Michigan. Pop. 1426.                                        Chrudim, on the railway, 7 miles N.E. of Leitomischel. Pop.
TROY, a township of De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 392.       2600.
TROY, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 1181.       TRUBAU, a town of Austria. See MA  scRS TaUeAU.
TROY, a post-village and township of Perry co., Indiana,' TRUBAU (or TRIEBAU) MIAHRISCH.  See MAHnISCH
is pleasantly situated on the Ohio, at the mouth of Ander-  TrausAU.
son River, 63 miles above Evansville. First settled in 1811.   TRUBTCHEVSK, a town of Russia. See TaOOnTCrnEVSa.
Pop. of the township, 1570; of the village in 1851, about 500.   TRUCCAZZANO, troo-kht-s4no, a village of Austrian
TROY, a village of Fulton co., Illinois, on Spoon River, Italy, province, and 10 miles from Milan, with the remains
44 miles W. of Peoria.  It has an improved water-power.   of an old castle. Pop. 1526.
TROY, a small post-village of Madison co., Illinois, about    TRUCHAS, troolchbs, a village of Spain, province, and 45
22 miles S.E. of Alton.                                     miles from Leon.  Pop. 1368.
TROY, a small village of Daviess co., Missouri.            TRUCKSIVILLE, a post-office, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
TROY, a post-village, capital of Lincoln co., Missouri, near    TRUENTUS. See TRoNTo0.
Cuivre River, about 60 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. It has a    TRUEYRE or TRUY1RE, trii'yain?, a river of France,
brick court-house, ajail, and several hundred inhabitants.   rises in the Cdvennes, department of Lozlre, and joins the
TROY, a small village of Madison co., Missouri.          Lot at Entraigues.  Total course, 81 miles.
TROY, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, about 90 miles    TRUITSVILLE, a post-office of Greenup co., Kentucky.
8S.W. of Iowa City.                                          TRUJILLO  or TRUXILLO  troo-eseelfyo, (anc. Turfris
TROY, a post-village of Walworth co., Wisconsin, on the  JuTlia,) a city of Spain, in Estremadura, province of Caceres,
plank-road from Milwaukee to Janesville, 34 miles S.W. of  130 miles S.W. of Madrid. It is a dull, miserable place.
the former.                                                The streets are narrow and ill paved, yet some of the
TROY CENTRE, a post-village of Waldo co, Maine, about  dilapidated houses mark the former opulence of those adven37 miles N.E. of Augusta.                                  turers who returned here laden with the spoil of Peruvian
TROY CENTRE, a post-village of Walworth co., Wiscon-  conquest. The city is divided into two portions; the Villasin, about 32 miles S.W. of Mlilwaukee.                    the acropolis-is the upper and more ancient, where the
TROYES, trwi, (anc. Augustobosna, afterwards TricasIsce,) streets are cut out of granite, and once the seat of the aristoa city of France, capital of the department of Aube,; 90 miles  cracy and the garrison; it is now abandoned, and used as a
E.S.E. of Paris, with which it is connected by railway, on the  burying-place, the people of Trujillo preferring the lower and
left bank of the Seine. Lat. 480 18 N., ion. 40 5 E. Pop. in  more convenient site of the under town or Ciudad. The
1852, 27,376. Troyes was the capital of the old province of  Villa is bounded by a wall which crests the ridge; at the N.
Champagne. It is partly surrounded by the Seine, which, end stands a fortress, originally Roman, with flanking
being drawn off by numerous channels, both supplies it towers of granite; this castle has been much added to in
with water-power and contributes to its cleanliness. Many  modern times.  Trujillo possesses a town-house, archives,
of the streets are narrow and irregular, and lined with anti- granary, hospital, a small theatre, a bull-ring, several
quated houses, but these are gradually giving way to others  schools, and five parish churches, the most remarkable of
of modern construction, and some quarters have already  which is St. Mary's, a solid Gothic edifice, with three naves,
assumed a handsome appearance. The old ramparts have  which contains the tomb of the brave Garcia-de-Paredes, the
been almost completely thrown down, and their site is now  Spanish Samson. Almost all the conventual establishments
occupied by fine promenades. The principal edifices are the  of Trujillo are totally or partially ruinous. In the neighcathedral, a splendid specimen of florid Gothic, 374 feet borhood is a mine of argentiferous lead, which does not,
long and 96 feet high, with a nave composed of five aisles, however, repay the expense of working. It has potteries of
and beautiful patterns of the richest stained glass; the  glazed and unglazed delft, chocolate-making, and flourchurch of St. Urbain, somewhat dilapidated, but still re- mills. Fairs are held yearly, June 2, and December 8. At
garded as a model of light, airy Gothic; the church of St. the former, one of the most frequented in the kingdom, the
John, of some historical interest, as the place where the  usual number of animals is about 50,000 head of sheep,
marriage of Henry V. of England with Catharine of France  30,000 swine, and 10,000 horned cattle, besides horses and
was celebrated; the church of St. Madeline, with a stone  mules. Trujillo was wrested in 1233 from the Saracens, by
rood-loft, richly decorated, and of great beauty; the 11tel  whom it was greatly prized. Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru,
de Ville, with an elegant fagade; the prefecture, occupying  was born here in 1480. Pop. 6026.
part of the buildings of an ancient abbey; the hospital, mu-    TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO, troo-Heellyo, a town of North
seum, palais de justice, and public library, containing 55,000  Peru, capital of the department of Libertad, in the midst of
printed volumes and nearly 5000 manuscripts.  It is the see  the valley of Chimu, about 1- miles E. of the Pacific Ocean.
of a bishop, the seat of a court of first resort and commerce, Lat. 80 7' 30!! S., Ion. 790 9' W. It occupies the S.W. side of
and possesses a chamber of conumerce, conseil-de-prud'hom-  a granite mountain; is surrounded by a kind of mud-wall,
moes, diocesan seminary, secondary ecclesiastical school, com- flanked with bastions; consists of regular streets, contain.
munal college, and society of agriculture. science, art, and  ing a number of good houses, built of brick, but generally
belles-lettres. It is the seat of extensive manufactures, con- low; is the see of a bishop; and has a cathedral and sevesisting of cotton hosiery, cotton cloths, bombazines, mole- ral other large churches, a college, hospital, and theatre.
skin, calico, ticks, woollen cloth, woollen covers, prints, lace, At Huanchaco, which, though 8 or 9 miles N.W., is the
strings, soap, bone-combs, starch, &c. There are also nume- port of Trujillo, a considerable export takes place, chiefly
rous worsted and cotton mills, oil-works, breweries, tan- of rice and spice. In the vicinity of the town a vast space is
neries, wax-refineries, bleachfields, tan, fulling, and paper  covered by tumuli and other ancient Peruvian remains.
mills. It carries on an important trade, chiefly in grain, Trujillo was founded in 1535, by Pizarro, who gave it the
wine, brandy, colonial produce, famous sausages, hemp, name of his native town in Spain. Pop. about 8000.
wax, wool, wood, iron, lead, zinc, &c. In 889 Troyes was    TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO, a former department of Peru,
burned down by the Normans; and in 1415 it was seized by  divided into the departments of Amazones and Libertad.
the Duke of Burgundy.  In 1420 the marriage of Henry V.   TRUJILLO or TRUXILLO, a city of Venezuela, depart
of England with Catharine of France, by which the former  ment of Zulia, capital of a province, 90 miles S.W. of Bar
was ultimately to have united both crowns in his own per- quesimeto, and N.E. of Merida. Pop. 4000. It was formerl)
son, was celebrated here. Nine years after, the English  the handsomest town in this part of South America, and
were finally expelled from it, by the heroism of Joan of Are. early in the present century it had 12,000 inhabituants.
In 1814, during the last struggles of Napoleon previous to    TRUJILLO  or TRUXILLO, a seaport town of Central
1956




TRU                                                        TSC
America, state of [tonduras, capital of a department, on the    TRUXITUN, a post-village and township of Cortland co.,
Caribbean Sea, and the Mosquito frontier. Lat. (of port) New York, on Tioughnioga River, 28 miles S. of Syracuse.
150 55' N., ion. 850 59' W. Pop., with adjacent hamlets, It contains 2 or 3 churches, and several mills. Pop. of the
4000. Its harbor, on the bay of Trujillo, is defended by  township, 3623.
several forts. Principal exports, mahogany.                 TRUXTUN, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, about 70
TRULL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            miles W.S.W. of Chicago.
TRULLIKON, (Triillikon,) triil/le-kon', a village and pa-   TRUY- RE, a river of France. See TRuEYRE.
rish of Switzerland, canton, and N.N.E. of Zurich. In 1799   TRY/BERG, a town of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine, 7
the French were here defeated by the Austrians. P. 1253.  miles S. of Hornberg. Pop. 1114.
TRUfMANSBURG, a thriving post-village of Ulysses town-   TRY1ON, a post-office of Rutherford co., North Carolina.
ship, Tompkins co., New York, 11 miles N.W. of Ithaca. It   TRYON, aseaport of Prince Edward Island, co. of Queens,
is pleasantly situated 2 miles W. of Cayuga Lake, and con- on the S. coast, at the head of a small bay, in lat. 460 17' N.,
tains about 12 stores, 3 churches, alarge union school-house, Ion. 630 38' W.
2 furnaces, and 2 grist mills. Pop. about 1000.             TRYON FACTORY. See TRION FACTORY.
TRUMIBAURSVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl-   TRY/SULL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
vania.                                                      TRZCIANKA, a town of Prussian Poland. See ScisJNTRUMBULL, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, bordering  LANKE.
on Pennsylvania, contains about 625 square miles. It is    TRZEBOC]IOWICE, Bohemia. See tIonENnuRCK.
intersected by Mahoning and Grand Rivers, and also drained    TRZEMESZNO, a town of Prussia.  See TRscHcMESS.O.
by the Mosquito, Pymatuning, and Meander Creeks. The    TRZIANKA, a town of Poland. See SCHUNLANKE.
strface is undulating, and partly covered with forests. The    TRZIEL, a town of Prussian Poland. See TmSCuTIEGoEL
soil is good, well watered, and adapted to dairy farming.   TSAD, a town of Central Africa. See TCHAD.
Iron ore and stone coal are abundant in the S. part. The    TSADDA, a river of Central Africa. See CHADDA.
streams afford extensive water-power. The county is inter-   TSAMPAYNAGO, tsilm-pi-ntgo, a town of Burmah, at
sected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, and by the  the confluence of a small stream with the Irrawaddy, 76
Cleveland and Mahoning (projected) Railroad.  Capital, miles N. of Ava. It has a custom-house, and is the limit
Warren. Pop. 30,490.                                      N., beyond which even native Burmese cannot pass without
TRUMBULL, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut, special permission from the government.
intersected by the Housatonic River and Railroad, about 25    TSANA, a lake of Abyssinia. See DEinBEA.
miles W. by S. of New Haven. Pop. 1309.                     TSANTA, tsln'td/, a fortified city of China, province of
TRUMBULL, a post-township in the W. part of Ashtabula  Yunnan, capital of a department on the Burmese frontier,
co., Ohio. Pop. 805.                                      50 miles N.E. of Bhamo.
TRUM1BULL, a post-office of Monroe co., Alabama.          TSAO-TCHOO  or TSAO-TCIOU, ts'o-chooe, a town of
TRUMBULL CORNER, a post-office of Tompkins co., New  China, province of Shang-toong, capital of a department, 140
York.                                                      miles S.W. of Tsee-nan.
TRUMBULL LONG HILL, a post-village of Trumbull   TSAREVOKOKSIHIAISK or TZAREVOKOKSIHAISK, tsAtownship, Fairfield co., Connecticut, 18 miles W. by S. of  rA-vo-kok-shiskI, a town of Russia, government, and 72 miles
New Haven, very conspicuous f-om the ocean.                N.W. of Kazan.
TRUIELLO, troo-m~lllo, a village of the Sardinian States,   TSAREVOSANTCHOORSK orTZAREVOSANTCHURSK,
division of Novara, province of Lomellina, on the Terdoppio, tsA-rA-vo-s~nt-chooaskf, a town of Russia, government of
with an oratory, a msonte-de-pigt, and a small hospital. Pop. Yiatka, 33 miles S.W. of Yaransk.
3675.                                                        TSARITSIN, TZARITZIN or ZARITZYN, tsg-rit-sinf, a
TRUMPIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge   fortified town of Russia. government of Saratov, on the Volga,
TRUNCH, a parish of England. co. of Norfolk.            110 miles S.S.W. of Kamishin. Pop. 4600. It was formerly
TRUN/DLE'S CROSS-ROADS, a post-office of Sevier co., an important station on the line of defence between the Don
Tennessee.                                                 and Volga, and is celebrated for its mineral waters.
TRUNS, a village of Switzerland. See TRoNs.                TSARITSINO or TZARITZINO, tsd-rit-seelno, a village of
TRU/RO, a parliamentary and municipal borough and  Russia, government, and 7 miles S. of Moscow, with a palace
seaport town of England, co. of Cornwall, 8 miles N.N.E. of built by Catherine II., and fine gardens in the Arabian style.
Falmouth, on the rivers Alien and Kenwin, which are here    TSARSKOE-SELO or TZARSKOE-SELO, tsaaslko-A stllo, a
crossed by stone bridges, and unite to form the creek or town of Russia, government, and 17 miles S. of St. Petersriver Truro, that opens into Falmouth Harbor. Pop. of par- burg, with which it communicates by a railway, capital of a
liamentary borough in 1851, 10,733. The town, in a hollow  circle. Pop. 10,233. It has a college with 14 professors, a
surrounded by hills, is the largest in the county. Its in- military school, and manufactures of carpets, but is chiefly
crease and prosperity are partly owing to its being the centre  noted for a summer residence of the emperor; founded by
of an important manufacturing district, and a principal Peter the Great, in 1710, and the favorite abode of Cathestannary town. Chief edifices, St. Mary's church, of the  rine II. Since its destruction by fire, in 1822, it has been
time of Henry VII., various dissenting chapels, a town-hall, rebuilt and furnished in a style of great magnificence; it is
coinage-hall, custom-house, county infirmary, lying-in insti- surrounded by a large park, in which is another imperial
tution, barracks, the theatre, and union workhouse. The summer residence. Near it is the imperial palace of Pavlovsk.
grammar school has two exhibitions of 30/. to Exeter College,   TSATSAK, a town of Servia. See CSATSAK.
Oxford, and here Sir Humphry Davy received his early    TSA-YUEN, ts&-yoo-9nf, a town of China, province of Cheeducation. Truro has a mining college, royal institution  kiang, S.W. of Hang-chow-foo. It is a large and important
for science and literature, a Dorcas society and other chari- place; and has opposite to it a curiously shaped hill, comties, and a public subscription library. Vessels of 100 tons posed chiefly of granite of a beautiful green colour, which
come up to its quays. Imports, chiefly coal, timber, and  being much prized by the Chinese, is extensively quarried,
articles required in mining operations. Exports, tin, cop- and largely exported. It is employed for various ornaper, paper, carpeting, pottery-ware, and pilchard-oil. Regis- mental purposes, and more especially for building tombs.
tered shipping in1848, 3016 tons. The borough is divided into    TSCIIANCHALOVA, a town of Prussia.  See TARuI.
three wards. It sends two members to the House of Com-   TSCHIARTORISK, a town of Russia. See TonAaroaISK.
mons.                                                       TSCHEBEN, a village of.lungary. See CcZEE.
TRURO, a post-village and township of Barnstable co.,   TSCHIEBOKSARY, a town of Russia. See TCocEBOKSARI.
Massachusetts, occupying the northern part of Cape Cod,   TSCHELJABINSK, Russia. See TCOsELABINSK.
about 110 miles by land, and 55 by water, S.E. of Boston.   TSCHENKOWITZ, tsklnlko-*its, a village of Bohemia,
The inhabitants derive their chief support from the fisheries. E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1456.
In 1852, 52 vessels (tons 3626) and 581 men and boys were    TSCIIERIKOW, a town, European Russia. See TcHERiKOv.
employed in the mackerel fishery.   The mackerel in-   TSCHERKASSY, a town of Russia.  See TcaERKASK.
spected for the year amounted to 2541 barrels. In the    TSCHERNEMBEL, tshWrs-nem-b8l, a town of Illyria, in
great gale of 1841, this town lost 57 men whose homes were  Carni0la, 16 miles S. of Neustadtl. Pop. 1000.  (For other
within a circuit of 2 miles; 27 of them  were married, and  names sometimes spelt with Tsch, refer to Tcl or Cz.
only 8 were more than 30 years of age. The population at   TSCHIERNIGOFF or TSCHERNIGOW, a government and
that time was about 1900; the number of widows, 105. town of Russia.  See TCaERNIGOV.
Pop. in 1850, 2051.                                         TSCHERNOWITZ, in Austrian Galicia. See CZERNcWITZ.
TRURO, a township of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop. 2153.       TSCHETSCHERSK, a town of Russia. See TonETCHERSK.
TRURO, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois.               TSCIHIRIKOFF or TSCHIRIKOW.  See TcnaIcKOV.
TRUIRO, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of the co.   TSCHIRMEN, a town of Turkey. See TcaiMENr.
of Colchester, at the head of Cobequid Bay,-the waters of    TSCHIRNAU, tsh5re/ndw, Gnoss, groce, and NIEDEa, naedwhich flow W. through Mines Bay to the Bay of Fundy.      der, two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province of
TRUSIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Devon.            Silesia, government, and N.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1319.
TRUSLEY, a parish  of England, co. of Derby.              TSCHIRNE, tshOftuneh, a village of Prussia, province of
TRUSS, a post-office of Jefferson co., Alabama.         Silesia, government of Liegnitz, circle of Buntzlau. P. 1049.
TRUS'THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         TSCHISTA, tshisltt, a village of Bohemia, circle of BidsTRUTNOW, a town of Bohemia. See TRAUTENAU.              chow, capital of a district. Pop. 1388.
TRUXILLO, a city of Spain. See TOUJILLO.                  TSCHISTAY, chis-tit, or SISTAY, a market-town of BoTRUXILLO, several towns, Spanish America. See TrnjiLLo. hemia, near Rakonit;. Pop. 1428.
1957




TSC                                                        TUC
TSIUOU. a town of West Africa. See ToHow.                of Kia ng-soo, off the W. coast, at the mouth of the Yang-tsa
TSCIIUKTSCIITS, a people of Asia. See TcHooKTxcsyES.   kiang. Its E. extremity is in lat. 310 28' N., ion. 1210 51' Ee.
TSEE-NAN or TSI-NAN, tsee'ndnf, a city of China, capital  LengtR,  36 miles; breadth, 10 miles. On its S. coast is a
of the province of Shan-tung, on the left bank of the Ta-tsin  town of the same name.
River, 100 miles from the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee.  It is large,   TSUN-HOA, tsn-ho-iN. a city of China, province of Pe
populous, and venerated as the residence of a former dy- chee-lee, capital of a district, 80 miles E.N.E. of Peking.
nasty; has manufactures of gray silks and glass wares.       TSUN-Y, tsfn ee, a city of China, province of Koei-choo
TSE-KEE or TSE-KI, tsdkeel, a town of China, province of  capital of a department, 70 miles N. of Koei-yang.
Che-kiang, W. of Ning-po, taken by the British;March, 1842.   TSU-YUNG, a city of China. See Tsoo-YureG.
TSEKINOVKA or TZEKINOYKA, tsA-ke-novlkA, a town    TSYPA or TZIPA, tsiplA, a river of Siberia, governmeni
of Russian Poland, government of Podolia, on the left bank  of Irkootsk, joins the Vitim after a N.E. course of 230 miles.
of the Dniester, 28 miles E.S.E. of Moheelev.                TUA, tool/, a river of Portugal, province of Tras-osTSEPAL, a river-island of Hungary. See CsEPaL.           Montes, joins the Douro after a S.W. course of 70 miles.
TSE-TCHOO or TSE-TCHOU, tsA'chool, a city of China,   TUALATIN, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon.
province of Shan-see, capital of a department, 40 miles N. of   TUfAM, an episcopal town and parish of Ireland, co., and
the Hoang-ho.                                              19 miles N.N.E. of Galway, on the Clare, here crossed by a
TSIAMPA, tse-AmfpA, or CHAMPA, a small state of South- bridge. Lat. 530 30' N., Ion. 80 50 WV. Pop. of town 7819.
east Asia, partly situated on the E. coast of the Gulf of Siam, The town consists of five principal streets, mar'ket-place, and
now subject to Anam, (Cochin-China,) of which it forms  some squalid, straggling thoroughfares; but it has Roman
the most southern province. Chief town, Nha-trang. In-  Catholic and Protestant cathedrals, 2 episcopal palaces, the
habitants partly Mohammedans.                              Roman Catholic college of St. Jarlath, diocesan and other
TSIEKHANOYETS. See CIECANOWIOEC.                         public schools, a court-house, bridewell, union work-house,
TSIEN-KIANG, tse-.nhkeAngf, a river of China, province  bairacks, market-house, reading and assembly-rooms, ruins
of Se-chuen, tributary to the Kia-ling.                    of a castle, some manufactures of linen and canvas, and a
TSIEN-TANG-KIANG, a river, province of Che-kiang, joins  large retail trade. It was the see of a Protestant archbishop
the sea by a wide estuary E. of the city of Hang-chow-oo.    until 1839.  Nineteen-twentieths of the population are
TSIKUGO-GAWA, tse-kootgo gawl/w, (?) a river of Japan, Roman Catholics.
the largest in the island of Kioo-Sioo. It rises in the moun-   TUARIKS, a people of Africa. See ToOnsEEKS.
tains on the W. side of Bungo, flows through the province    TUAT, an oasis of Central Africa. See TooAr.
of Tsikugo, and after receiving the waters of a great number    TUBAC, too-bak', a town in the N. of Mexico.
of rivulets, forms two mouths as it falls into the Gulf of    TUBAI, too-bhI, and TUBUAI-MANU, too-boo-i mang-noo,
Simabara, between the towns of Saga and Jana-gawa, in lat. two of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean.  See
330 101 N.                                                 SoCIET~ ISLANDS.
TSIKUZEN, tse-koo-znf, (?) a province of Japan, occupy-   TUBAL, too-Bsl, a river of Chili, which has its mouth in
ing the N.E. portion of the island of Kioo-Sioo, and  orm- the Pacific, close to the Bay of Arauco. Lat. 370 14' 25" S.,
prising about 56 islands and islets.                      Ion. 730 27' 30" W. It once had depth of water sufficient to
TSI-NAN, a city of China. See TsEe-NAN.                  allow vessels of 200 tons to pass up nearly 1 mile; but an
TSINGIHAI, Chinese Empire. See KoKo-Non.                 earthquake in 1835 so raised the bar, that it is now acTSIN-TCHOO or TSIN-TCHOU, tsin'chool, a city of China, cessible only to boats.
capital of a department, province of Shan-toong, 80 miles E.   TUBARIYEH, a town of Palestine. See TABAREEAH.
of Tsee-nan.                                                 TUBBERAN, a town of Persia, province, and 100 miles,
TSIN-TCIIOO or TSIN-CHIIOU, a city of China, province of  N.N.E. of Kirman.
Quang-tong, 65 miles W. of Oo-tchoo, on a tributary of the    TUB/BRII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
1ong-kiang.                                                  TUBBRIB, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny.
TSITSIKAR, tsit-se-karl, a town of Mantchooria, near    TUBBUS. a town of Persia.  See TABAS.
the border of Mongolia, on the Nonni River, 240 miles S.W.   TUBINGEN, (Tiibingen,) tiifbing-en, a walled town of
of Saghalien-Oola.                                         Wi/rtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Neckar, at the
TSIUEN-TCHOO or TSIUEN-TCIOU, tse-oo-8n/choof, a  influx of the Ammer, 18 miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Lat.
maritime city of China, province of Fokien, 30 miles N.E. 480 31' N., lon. 90 4' E. Pop. 7500. Its celebrated univerof Amoy.                                                   sity, which had among its earliest professors the Reformers
TSKHINVALI, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, Georgia, Melancthon and Rauchlin, is seated in the ancient castle of
55 miles N.W. of Tiflis.                                 I the counts-palatine, and has belonging to it an observatory,
TSNA or TZNA, tsnA, written also ZNA, a river of Russia, botanic garden, cabinet of natural history, and a library of
government of Tver, after a N.E. course, joins the Msta, 70,000 volumes. In 1846 it was attended by 8683 students.
which it connects with the Tvertsa and Volga by the  The town has manufactures of woollen cloth and gunpowder.
Vishnee-Volotchok Canal.                                     TUBIZE, til'beezf, a market-town of Belgium, province of
TSNA or TZNA, written also ZNA, a river of Russia, South Brabant, on the railway. 13 miles S.S.W. of Brussels.
government of Tambov, joins the Moksha 38 miles S.E. of    TUBNAHI, toobln., (anc. Tsutbuna,) a town of Algeria, proYelatom, after a N. course of 200 miles.                   vince, and 120 miles S.W. of Constantine.
TSO, a river of Africa. See NOAMI.                         TUBNEY, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
TSO-MAPIIARA. See MANASAROWAR.                             TUBUNA. See TuBNArmr.
TSONG-GAN-HIEN, tsong'gln'he-8n/, a town of China, pro-   TUCANO, too-kalno, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia,
vince of Fokien, on an affluent of the Min. Lat. 270 47/ 38"  8 miles from the river ofl tapicuru. Pop. 1200.
N., lo. 1180 15' E. It consists of the town propelm, sur-   TUCAPEL, a river of Chili. See LAxA.
rounded by walls and ramparts, partly ruinous, and over-   TUCHAN, tti'shoNc!, a market-town of France, department
grown with weeds. Its staple trade is black tea. Through- of Aude, 25 miles S.WV. of Narbonne. Pop. 1220..
out the town are large tea-hongs, where the teas are sorted    TUCHEL, tOI/Ke1, a town of West Prussia, 15 miles S.E.
and packed for foreign markets, and numerous tea mer- of Conitz. Pop. 1885.
chants from Canton and all parts of China come here to    TUCK, a town of Afghanistan. See TAX.
make their purchases. Pop. about 10,000.                     TUCKAIIOE, tfik'a-hO', a creek of New Jersey, forms the
TSONG-MING, an island of China. See TSUNG-MoNo.          boundary between Atlantic county on the right, and CumTSOOKASAKI or TSUKASAKI, tsoo'k sllkee, a small berland and Cape May counties on the left, and falls into
town of Japan, island of Kioo-Sioo, near Uresino, from   Great Egg Harbor Bay.
which it is separated by three high mountains called San-   TUCKAHOE, a small river in the E. part of Maryland,
saka. It is much frequented by invalids on account of its  rises in Queen Anne county, and flows S., forming the
hot baths of the temperature of 1210 Fahrenheit.           boundary between Caroline and Talbot counties, until it
TSOOROORK IAITOO, TZURUKHAITU  or  TZURUK- enters the Choptank River.
HAISHEVSK, a town of East Siberia, government of    TUCKAHOE, a post-office of Westchester co., New York.
Irkootsk, on the Argoon, and on the Chinese frontier, (Man-   TUCKAHOE, a flourishing post-village of New Jersey, on
tchooria,) 140 miles S.E. of Nertchinsk.                   the line between Atlantic and Cape May counties, and on
TSOOSIMA or TSUSIMA, tsoo-see'mA, an island of Japan, both sides of Tuckahoe Creek, 16 miles in a straight line N.
in the Strait of Cores. Lat. of N. extremity, 340 40' N., Ion. by E. of Cape May Court-House. It has 2 churches and
1290 29' E. Length, 45 miles; breadth, 12 miles. Surface  several stores. Pop. about 600.
mountainous and rugged.                                      TUCKAHOE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tennessee.
TSOOTSI-YAMMA or TSUTSI-YAMMA, tsoot'see-ydm/mA,   TUCK'ALEEICHIE COVE, post-office, Blount co.,Tennessee.
and TSOOVA, (TSUVA,) tsoolvd, are other islands of Japan,    TUCKASAGA, ttk'.a-sawlgg, a post-village of Mecklenuurg
of much less size.                                        co., North Carolina, 169 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.
TSOO-YUNG or TSU-YUNG, tsoo'ytlngf, a city of China,   TUCKSASAW' CREEK, of Georgia, called also TUS'CAprovince of Yun-nan, capital of a department, 70 miles W. HATCHIEE, enters the Ocmulgee River in Pulaski county.
of Yun-nan.                                                 TUCKRER, a township of Clark co., Arkansas. Pop. 265.
TSOUR, a town of Syria. See SooR.                         TUCKER'S CABIN, a village of Henmy co., Georgia, 80
TSUGAR, a strait of Niphon. See SANoAR.                 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
TSUKASAKI, a town of Japan. See Tso0AsSAKI.               TUCKER'S ISLAND. a low coral island covered with
TSUNG-LING, Asia. See KiRAIKORUM.                       cocoanut-trees, in the N!orth Pacific. Lat. 70 22' N., lon
TSUNG-MING, tstLng'mingt, an island of China, province  1460 48' E. Pop. 350.
1958




TUOC                                                      TUL
TUCKER'S ISLAND LIGHT, near Absecum Inlet, Jersey    TUGHLICKABAD, tiglik-A-bad1, a fortified town of BriShore.                                                    tish India, presidency of Bengal, in the Upper Provinces, 12
TUCKIERTON, a post-village and port of entry of Bur- miles S. of Delhi, with some extensive ruins, and the massive
lington co., New Jersey, on Little Egg Harbor Bay, about 60 mausoleum of Tughlick Shah, an edifice of the foiurteenth
miles S.S.E. of Trenton. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and  century.
several stores. The shipping of the district, June, 1852,   TUGLIE, toolrye, a town of Naples, province of Otranto, 7
amounted to an aggregate of 7562 tons enrolled and licensed, miles E.N.E. of Gallipoli, at the foot of a mountain. P. 1000.
all of which were employed in the coasting trade. During    TUG RIVER, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.
the same year 5 schooners were built here.                  TUINEJE, a town in the Canary Islands, in FuertevenTUCKERTON, a post-office of Berks co., Pennsylvania.    tura, on a mountain slope. Pop. 1377.
TUCOPIA, too-ko'pe-A, or TICOPIA, te-kolpe-A, an island    TUITUIM. See DEUTZ.
of the South Pacific Ocean, lat. 120 21' 10" S., ion. 1680 431'   TUKHTI SULEIMAN, tKct'e sog-lA-m[nf, or TAKHTI
30" E., about 7 miles in circuit. Near its N.E. end it attains  SULEIMAN, tAtKtee soo`lA-mAn/,  written also TAKIITI
the height of 3000 feet, and becomes visible, in clear weather, SOULIMIAN, (i. e. "Throne of Solomon,") a remarkable hill
at the distance of 40 miles. It produces yams, cocoanuts, and collection of ruins in North Persia, province of Azer&c., and has from 400 to 500 inhabitants. It was on this  baijan, 115 miles S.S.E. of Tabreez, identified by Major Rawisland that the sword-hilt and other remains of the expe- linson with the ancient Atropatenian Ecbatana, the Phraadition of La P6rouse were found, and led to the discovery  ta, Gaza, and Canzaca of classic authors, and the Shiz of the
of the exact site of the wreck.                           Arabians. Lat. 360 30' N., ion. 470 10' E.
TUCOVIA, too-kofve-A, an island of the New Hebrides, in    TUKHTI SULEIMAN, a mountain of the Suleiman Range,
the Pacific Ocean; lat. 120 16' S., ion. 1680 42' E.      E. of Afghanistan.  Lat. 310 35' N., Ion. about 700 E., and
TUCUMAN, too-koo-m~nt, a province of the Argentine Re- 11,000 feet above the sea. It is the name of several other
public, (La Plata,) mostly between lat. 260 and 270 30' S., and  mountains in Central and West Asia.
Ion. 620 and 660 W., having E. the Gran Chaco, one of the    TUKHTI SULEIMAN or USCR, Gosh, a town of Indevast interior plains of South America, and on other sides the  pendent Toorkistan. See Oosn.
departments of Salta, Catamarca, and Santiago. Estimated    TUKUM, toolk05m or too-koomn, a town of Russia, governpop. 44,000. The surface in the W'. is mountainous, and  ment of Courland, near the Gulf of Riga, on the Slok, 38
alternately covered with forests of lofty trees and fine pas- miles W. of Riga. Pop. 2800. It has a ruined castle, and a
tures. Its centre is one of the richest parts of the republic, female seminary.
yielding fine crops of wheat, maize, rice, tobacco, and sugar.   TULA, a government and town of Russia. See TOOLA.
Many mules are exported, and the cattle are of good breeds.   TULA, a river of the Chinese Empire. See TOoLA.
The province contains mines of gold. silver, copper, and    TULA, too/ll, a town of the Mexican Confederation, the
lead; the other products are cocoa, cotton, indigo, honey, ancient capital of the Toltecs, state, and 40 miles N.N.W. of
wax, dyewoods, salt from mines and lakes, and a little wine. Mexico. It is upwards of 6000 feet above the sea on the
The principal manufactures are leather, cotton and woollen  banks of the Tula or Montezuma, a river which, after a
fabrics, and cheese. Principal towns, Tucuman and Pitos.  N.E. course of 200 miles past Valles and Panuco, joins the
TUCUMAN or SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMiAN, sin me- Tampico River near its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico.
ghll! di too-koo-minf, a town of the Argentine Republic,   TULANG-BAYANG, too-lingf b-ving/, a river and town
(La Plata,) capital of the above province, on a tributary of  of Sumatra. The river enters the Sea of Java after an E.
the Medinas, 94 miles N.W. of Santiago del Estero. Pop. course of 100 miles; the town is 70miles S.S.E. ofPalembang.
from 8000 to 12,000. It has a cathedral, several convents, a    TULARE, too-liaree or too-litrA, a large county in the
Jesuits' college, and a trade in oxen and mules sent into Bo- E.S.E. part of California, has an area estimated at above
livia. Here the independence of the Plata Provinces was  12,000 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Coast
first promulgated, and the first Congress of the republic  Range, and is drained by King's River and several smaller
was held in 1816.                                          streams flowing into Tule Lake, and by Kern River flowing
TUDE.  See Tuy.                                         into Kern Lake. The surface in the central part is broken
TUDIDENHAM, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk.   by the mountain range of the Sierra Nevada, but between
TUDDENHIAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk. this and the Coast Range lies the beautiful and fertile valley
TUDDENHAM, NoRnTH, a parish of England, co. of No'folk. of the San Joaquin. The soil of this valley is very producTUDELA, too-Dn/li, (anc. Tutella,) a city of Spain, province  tive, though but little attention has yet been paid to agriculof Navarre, on the right bank of the Ebro, here crossed by  ture. The county derived its name from the Tule Lake,
a stone bridge of 17 arches, 52 miles N.W. of Saragossa. which lies chiefly within its border. Countyseat notyet esPop. 6790. It is neat, but dull. It has remains of ancient tablished. Pop. in 1852, 8575, of whom 8400 were Indians.
fortificatlons. Its cathedral contains the tomb of Blanche    TULBAGIHI, a village of the Cape Colony, in South Africa,
of Castile, queen of Peter the Cruel; and it has many other division, and 37 miles N.N.W. of Worcester.
churches, convents, and hospitals, a work-house, prison,   TULDJA, a town of Turkey. See Too00LCA.
Latin and medical schools, manufactures of coarse woollens,   TULE, toollee or toorlh, (i.e. "a bulrush,") a lake in Calihair fabrics, soap, tiles, bricks, and earthenwares.  The  fornia, is included within the limits of Tulare co., about
celebrated rabbi Benjamin Ben Jonah (Benjamin of Tudela) midway between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada.
was born here in the twelfth century. On November 23, Length, from  60 to 40 miles; greatest breadth, about 22
1808, the French here gained a complete victory over the  miles. The outlet joins San Joaquin River. Kern Lake,
Spaniards.                                                perhaps 20 miles farther S., is sometimes called the Upper
TUDELA DE DUERO, too-n/liA di dwAlro, a town of or Smaller Bulrush Lake. The valley in which these two
Spain, province, and 6 miles E.S.E. of Valladolid.        lakes are situated is said to be one of the most fertile and
TUDELEY, toodflee, a parish of England, co. of Kent.    beautiful to be found on the globe.
TUDER. See TODL.                                           TULE LAKE, a small lake of Yolo co., towards the N.W.
TUDOR HALL, a post-office of Prince William co., Virginia. part of California, is about half a mile long and a quarter of
TUEDA. See TwrED.                                       a mile wide.
TUEJAR or TUEXAR, too-A-HAnr, a town of Spain, pro-   TULIJA or TULIXA, too-lee/HA, a river of the Mexican
vince, and 43 miles N.W. of Valencia, on a slope above the  Confederation, state of Tabasco, tributary to the Usumasinta.
Chelva. Pop. 1346.                                        At their junction it is about a quarter of a mile in breadth.
TUERTO, twin/to, a village in the interior of New Mexico,   TUILIP, a creek of Arkansas, enters the Washita River a
near the S. base of the Placer Mountain, 30 miles S.S.W. of few miles above Camden.
Santa PF6.                                                  TULIP, a post-township of Dallas co., Arkansas. Pop. 514.
TUFARA, too-fcri, a town of Naples, province of Molise,   TULIXA, a river, Mexican Confederation. See TuuioA.
E.S.E. of Campobasso, on the Fortore. Pop. 2360.            TULILA or TULLOH, ttl/loh, a market-town and parish
TUFFE], ttif'ft, a market-town of France, department of  of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare, 9A miles N.E. of Ennis.
Sarthe, 16 miles N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. in 1852, 1818.     Pop. 1000.
TUPINO, too-fee/no, a village of Naples, province of Terra    TULLA, tll/li, a town of Arabia, district of Yemen, 30
di Lavoro, N.E. of Nola, with a church and 2 chapels. Pop. miles W.N.W. of Sana.
1000.                                                       TULLAGH, tWillah, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co.
TUFITON, a parish of England, co. of Southampton.       of Cork, comprising the port of Baltimore and the island of
TUF/TONBOROUGH, a post-township of Carroll co., New  Innisherkin.
IHampshire, on the E. side of Lake Winnipiseogee, 45 miles    TULLAGHI ANBROGUE, tillah-an-br6g/, a parish of Irel.N.E. of Concord. Pop. 1305.                             land, in Leinster, co. of Kilkenny.
TU'GALOO', a river, one of the branches of the Savannah,   TULLAGHANOGE, till.a-n6gt, a parish of Ireland, co. of
rises near the S. frontier of North Carolina, and flowing first Meath.
S.W. and then S.E. along the boundary between South Caro-   TULLAGHLEASE, tfil'lan-leez1, or TULLILEASE, a palina and Georgia, unites with the Kiowee near Anderson- rash of Ireland, in lMunster, co. of Cork.
ville. The name of Chattooga is applied to the upper part   TULLAGHNISKEN, tttl-laH-nis/ken, a parish of Ireland,
of this river.                                            in Ulster, co. of Tyrone.
TUGALOO CREEK, Alabama. See SUCK.CERNOCHEE.               TULLAGHOBIGLY, t-il-laln-o-bigflee, or RYETULLAGHTUGIBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          OBIGLY, a maritime parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of
TUGIFORT, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            Donegal, 6 miles S.W. of Dunfanaghy, including several
TUGGUIRT. See TooGGoosT.                                islands.
1959




TUL                                                        TUN
TULLAGIIORITON, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co.   TULPEJIOCKEN, a post-township of Berks co., Pennsylof Tipperary.                                               vania, about 20 miles S. by W. of Pottsville.  Pop. 1803.
TULLAGHOUGHT, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co.   TULSK, tflsk, a borough and village of Ireland, in Conof Kilkenny.                                                naught, co. of Roscommon.
TUL'LAI-IO1MA, a post-village and important railroad sta-    TULTCIIA or TULDJA, European Turkey.  See TOOLeA.
tion of Coffee co.. Tennessee, on Rock Creek, 70 miles S.E. of    TULUMIBA, a large and populous town of the Punjab,
Nashville. The Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad here  near the Ravee, 50 miles N.E. of Mooltan, with the remains
intersects the McMinnville and Manchester Railroad, which  of a fort ruined by Timur.
will probably render it a place of much business. Laid out    TU-MACO, too-ma/ko, or GORGONILLA, goa-go-neellyl,
in 1851.                                                    an island of South America, off the W. coast of Ecuador, 88
TULLAMORE, ttil'la-mirI, an inland town of Ireland, in  miles N.E. of Esmeraldas.
Leinster, capital of King's co., on an affluent of the Clodagh,   TUMAT or MALEG, a river, Central Africa.  See TOOMAT.
and on the Grand Canal; in the centre of the Bog of Allen,    TUMBALA, toom-bltld, a village of the Mexican Confeder50 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 4630. It has  ation, state of Chiapas, 70 miles E.N.E. of Ciudad Reat, and
risen since 1790 from  a small village. It is the principal picturesquely seated on rocky precipices.
shipping station on the Grand Canal. Charleville Forest,   TUM'BELAN!  ISLANDS, a group of the Malay Arcl ipeladjacent, is the seat of Earl Charleville, who owns the town. ago, between Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.  Lat. of
TULLAROAN, ttlala-rin1, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, Great Island, 10 N., lon. 1070 34' E. Principal island, Turnco. of Kilkenny, 5 miles S.S.W. of Freshford.  Here are the  helan, 5 miles in length.
remains of Courtstown Castle.                                  TUMBEZ, toomtbhs or toomfb6th, a small town of South
TULLE, tiill, a town of France, capital of the department America, in Ecuador, department of Asuay, on the Peruof Corrbze, on the Corrbze, at its confluence with the Soulane, vian frontier, and on the Tumbez River, near the Pacific,
45 miles S.E. of Limoges. Pop. in 1852, 11,895. It has a  and 70 milesN.W. of Loja. Here the Spaniards first disemcommunal college, normal school, public library, prison. barked. in 1526.
barracks, and hospital; with manufactures of coarse woollen    TUMiBLING CREEK, in the W. central part of Tennessee,
cloths. hats, paper, wax-candles, and leather, and an exten- flows S.W., and enters Duck River on its right bank, in
siye national factory of fire-arms. Three miles N. are the  Humphreys county.
ruins of Tintignac.                                           TUMBLING CREEK, a post-office, Tazewell co., Virginia.
TUL'LIALILAN, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of    TUMBLING  SIIOALS, a post-office of Laurens district,
Perth, comprising the town of Kincardine.                   South Carolina.
TUL'LIBOD/Y, a village of Scotland, co. of Clackmannan,    TUM/BO ISLAND, one of the Isles de Los, West Africa.
2- miles N.W. of Alloa.                                       TUMILINSON, a township of Scott co., Arkansas. P. 350.
TULLINS, tiil'lNa/, a market-town of France, department    TUMILINSONVILLE, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas.
of Is~re, 13 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 4618.   TUM'LOOKI, a town of British India, presidency, and proengaged in steel and copper-works.                          vince of Bengal, district of Hoogly, on an affluent of the
TULLN, t6bln, a walled town of Lower Austria, 17 miles  Ganges, 35 miles S.W. of Calcutta.
N.W. of Vienna, on the right bank of the Danube, here    TUM/INA or TOEMOINIA, a parish of Ireland, in Conjoined by the Tulner. Pop. 1788. It has manufactures of  naught, co. of Roscommon.
woollens and tape. Here Sobieski collected his troops for    TUSIOREt, a parish of Ireland, co. of Sligo.
the defence of Vienna in 1683.                                TUNA, toofnA, a village and parish of Sweden, len, and
TULLOCH, tl/loK, a village of Scotland co., and 2 miles  13 miles S.S.W. of Falun, near the Dal-Elf, with a castle and
N. of Perth. Pop. about 300.                                cinnabar-works.
TU/LOW, a market-town and parish of Ireland, in Lein-    TUNA, New York. See TUNUONGWANT.
ster. co. of Dublin, on the Slaney, here crossed by an elegant    TUNAMA, a river of Brazil. See ITUNAMA.
stone bridge, 8 miles E.S.E. of Carlow. Pop. of town, 3097.    TUNAMAGUONT, too-nam'a-gwont (?) a thriving village
It has a castle of the twelfth century.                     of McKean co., Pennsylvania, on a creek of its own name,
TULL'S CREEK, a post-office of Currituck co., North  about 220 miles N.W. of HIarrisburg. It has an active trade,
Carolina.                                                   principally in lumber.
TULLUMI. See TovL.                                          TUN/BRIDGE or TONIBRIDGE, a market-town and parish
TULILY or TULLYFERNE/, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, of England, co. of Kent, on the Medway, and on the Southco. of Donegal, comprising a part of the town of Ramelton.   eastern Railway, on which it has a principal station, 27 miles
TULILY  or COG/LANSTOWN, a parish of Ireland, in  S.E. of London. Pop. in 1851, 16,548, of the town, 4539. It
Leinster, co. of Kildare.                                   is a quiet old town, with 5 stone bridges over so many arnms
TULILY, a parish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Dublin.    of the Medway, one of which arms is called the Tun.  PrinTUL/LY, a post-village and township of Onondaga co., cipal edifices, the grammar school, which has 16 exhibitions
New York, about 20 miles S. from  Syracuse. A plank-road  of 1001. each at the universities, 12 minor exhibitions, a
extends from the village to Syracuse. Pop. of the township,  scholarship and a fellowship at Oxford, the town hall, union
1559.                                                       work-house, market-house, church, chapels, &c., and fine
TULLY, a township of Marion co., Ohio. Pop. 736.          remains of a Norman castle and of a priory.  Tunbridge has
TULLY, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of  been long noted for a manufactory of toys and turned wares,
Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 242.                               and it has some exports of timber.
TULLY, a thriving post-village of Lewis co., Missouri, on    TUNBRIDGE, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont,
the Mississippi River, 192 miles above St. Louis.  A large  28 miles S. by E. of Mlontpelier, intersected by a branch of
quantity of pork and other produce is shipped at this point. White River. It contains 3 small villages, the principal of
It contains 2 churches, 6 stores, and 2 steam  mills. Laid  which is at the centre. The others are called the Upper and
out in 1833. Pop. about 600.                                Lower Villages. Pop. 1786.
TULI'YCORfBET, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of    TUNBRIDGE WELLS, a market-town and watering-place
Monaghan                                                    of England, cos. of Kent and Surrey, with a station on the
TUL'LYLISII, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Down. Hastings Branch of the South-eastern Railway, 5 miles
TULLYNES/SLE-AND-FORBES, a united parish of Scot- S.S.W. of Tunbridge.  Pop. in1851, 30,587. The springs are
land, co. of Aberdeen.                                      chalybeate. The pump-room and baths, public parade, ballTUL/LYTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsylvania,  rooms, libraries, theatre, and market-house, are in a small
on the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, 5 or 6 miles S.W.  valley, enclosed by sloping hills, Mounts Ephraim, Pleasant,
of Trenton. Pop. 234.                                       and Sion, on which are excellent hotels, and many elegant
TULILY VALtLEY, a post-village of Onondaga co., New  villas. It has a church and elegant chapel, numerous disYork, about 130 miles W. of Albany.                         senting chapels, an infirmary, dispensary, many schools, and
TULILYVILLE, a post-office of Monroe co.. Arkansas.      literary institutions.
TULMARO, tool-mid/ro, or TULMERO, tool-m~tro, a town    TUNCHA, tn'ch/, a town of China, province.of Nganof South America, in Venezuela, department, and 50 miles hoei, about 20 miles from loei-choo-foo, to which it forms
W.S.W. ofCaracas, near the Lake of Valencia.  Pop. 8000. It a kind of port. Lat. 290 48' N., ion. 1180 30' E.  It is a
has an active trade in tobacco, raised in its vicinity.     large, busy, and thriving place, and carries on a very exTULOLA, too-lo/l, a small island of Russia, in Finland,  tensive trade, especially in green tea, the greater part of
near the N. shore of-Lake Ladoga, at the mouth of the Las-  which is sent down the river, and thence onward to ShangIdla. which here forms a fine cascade. It is about 6 miles  hai, being shipped here. Pop. about 150,000.
in circumference, and contains fine granite quarries, the    TUNIDERGARTII, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.
stone of which is much used for building in the capital.     TUNETUiI or TUNETA.  See TuNIs.
TULOS or TOULOS, toollos, a lake of Russia, in the N.W.    TUNG, several cities of China. See TEscN.
of the government of Olonets, about 24 miles long from N.W.    TUNG. See TooNo.
to S.E., by 6 miles broad. Its banks are very steep, and it con-    TUNG-CHANG, toong'chbng/ or tiing'chlng/, a city of
tains several islands. It has no apparent outlet, though  China, province of Shan-toong, capital ofa department on the
several small lakes send their waters into it.             river Ta-tein, near the Grand Canal, 50 miles S.W. of Tsee-nan.
TULOUR ISLANDS, Malay Archipelago. See SAImAeBo.   It is large, populous, and has a flourishing trade. Among
TULPEIIOCKIEN, a creek, of Pennsylvania, rises in Le- its public edifices is an octagon tower of 8 stories, faced with
banon co., and flows into the Schuylkill River near Read- porcelain.-TuNo-C OINo, TuNG-CHAw, TUNG-YANG, &c., are the
log,  Its general course is E.S.E.                         names of Chinese cities and towns of minor importance.
1960




TUN                                                         TUN
TUNG-KTANG. a river of China. See TOONG-KIANG.            factured goods, spices, and gunpowder. Others from ConTUNGRI. See TONGRES.                                      stantinople bring wax, dried skins, cattle, and sheep, in
TVNGURAGUA, toong-goo-rAfgw'  or toon-goo-rAlfw, the  return for muslins and other woven fabrics, Tunis mantles,
river Amazon, in the upper part of its course in North  colonial produce, essences, &c.  The principal imporl;ts by
Peru, is called the Tungaragua or Lauricocha. See AMIAZON. sea are cochineal, raw silk, coffee, sugar, Spanish woollen
TUNGURAGUA, a volcano of South America, in Ecuador. cloths, wines, and coin.  The inhabitants, amounting to
Lat. 10 20' S., ion. 790 20' W. Height, 16,424 feet.        about 2,500,000, consist of a mixture of Moors, Arabs, Turks,
TUNGUSES. See TooN0oosES.                                 and Jews, the two first principally, with a fdw Christians;
TUNGUSKA, three rivers'of Siberia. See To0oNGOOSKA.    they rank as the most civilized in Barbary, though, as comTUNICA, a county in the N.W. part of Mississippi, bor- pared with the least advanced of European nations, they are
dering on the Mississippi River, which separates it from  lamentably deficient in every thing that constitutes true
Arkansas, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is  civilization.  The state religion is Mohammedanism. The
drained by Tunica and Coldwater Rivers. The surface is  government is exercised by an hereditary bey, nominally
fiat, and some parts subject to be overflowed. Capital, tributary to the Turkish Sultan, by whom he is confirmed
Austin. Pop. 1314, of whom 397 were free, and 917 slaves.  in his rule, and assisted by a divan of 37 members. IHis
TUNIS, tufniss or tootniss, one of the States of North Africa, revenue is estimated at $8,000,000 annually, but double this
and nominally dependent on Turkey, is situated between lat.  sum is yearly raised by taxation, customs, &c., the residue
310 and 370 N., and ion. 8~ and 110 E. It is bounded N. and  being retained by the collectors. The armed force amounts
N.E. by the Mediterranean, S.E. by Tripoli, S. and S.W. by  to about 50,000 men. The naval force consists of a corvette,
the Great Desert or Sahara, and W. by Algeria; greatest  some smaller vessels, and about 32 gun-boats. Besides Tunis
length, from N. to S., about 440 miles; mean breadth, mea- the capital, the chief towns are Soosa, Hammamet, Bizerta,
sured on the parallel of 350, 160 miles; area, estimated at  Sfix, Cabes, Monastir, Gafsa, Kairwan, Zeughwan, and Beja.
70,000 square miles. The coast-line is very irregular, and  (For adj. and inhab., see end of next article.)
much broken; it presents three remarkable indentations,    TUNIS, (ane. Thnetum or Tifnes; Gr. TovvLg or Toeztg,)
forming the Bay of Tunis on the N., and the bays of Ham-  a seaport town of North Africa, capital of the above state, at
mamert and Cabes, or the Lesser Syrtis, on the E. On the  the mouth of the Mejerdah, on the W. side of an oval lagoon
N.W., as far as,the Cape of Farina, it is bold and rocky, and  connected by a narrow strait with a bay of the same hame,
presents in Cape Blanco the most N. point of the African  and on a large and beautiful plain bounded in the distance
continent. The shores of the Bay of Tunis are low and  by lofty mountains, 400 miles E. by N. of Algiers. Lat. (Fongenerally swampy, but rise towards its extremity, and ter-  douc) 360 48' N., ion. 100 24' 15" E. It is surrounded by a
minate in Cape Bon. Beyond this cape, and S., the shore is  double wall-the exterior being about 5 miles in circuit, engenerally low, but is occasionally diversified by rocky head-  closing the suburbs, and pierced by four gates, and the inlands of moderate elevation.                                terior'still more lofty, enclosing the city proper, and pierced
The interior of Tunis is very imperfectly known. The  by six gates. It is also defended by a strong castle comN.W. portion, lying between' the frontiers of Algeria on the  pletely commanding the Goletta, or narrow strait already
W., and the valley of Mejerdah on the S. and E., is tra-  mentioned, and by several detached forts in other direcversed by a range of mountains which, entering from the W., tions. When approached, whether by land or sea, it bespread overthe whole district. Thesemountains areestimated  comes visible at a considerable distance, and rising in long
to have an elevation of from 4000 feet to 5000 feet; they are  ranges of buildings of dazzling whiteness, presents a very
covered with fine timber, and on their lower slopes have  striking and picturesque appearance. The impression thus
many fertile tracts, partly under culture and partly under made is not confirmed by a nearer inspection. The streets
olive-plantations. Among the mountains rich veins of lead  are narrow, uneven, unpaved, and filthy in the extreme;
are said to exist. Between these mountains and the Gulf  the houses are of stone or brick, generally of very mean
of Hammamet on the E., stretches the extensive plain or  appearance, consisting only of a single story without explateau of Kairwan, which is about 100 miles long, by 30  terior windows. The interior, however, in the form  of a
wide; and though elevated, is almost an unbroken fiat, court, with the apartments ranged round it, is often fitted
nearly destitute of trees, and, except in the vicinity of the  up with Oriental magnificence. Water is abundantly suptown of Kairwan, uncultivated.  Over this plain the 4rabs  plied, partly from cisterns placed on the fiat roof of each to
roam, pasturing their horses and camels. Little is known of  collect the rain, and partly by an aqueduct carried from a
the country to the S. Its fertility was celebrated by the  neighbouring spring. The public buildings include a great
ancients, but it is understood to be at present little better  number of mosques, several of them handsome, and one a
than a desert.                                              magnificent structure, adorned with columns and marbles
The only river of any consequence is the Mejerdab, (ane. brought at an immense expense from ruins in the interior
Bagradas,) already mentioned; both at its mouth, and con- of the country; the hey's palace, ahandsome modern building
siderably to the W. of it, near the Gulf of Biserta, are nu- in the Saracenic style, adorned with courts and galleries of
merous large lagoons abounding with several kinds of fish. marble; several large and well-arranged barracks, one of
The only other remarkable expanse of water is the great which is fitted to accommodate 4000 men; a Moorish college
lake of A1-Sibkah, situated far to the S., on the borders of the  for theology and jurisprudence, many other superior and
Sahara. It is about 70 miles long, by 25 broad; but with  elementary schools, several synagogues, a Roman Catholic
the exception of its S. part becomes d-y in summer, when a  and a Greek church, a Roman Catholic convent, a theatre,
layer of salt is found deposited on its bed. The climate is  several elegant public baths, and extensive and well-furone of the best in the Barbary States, the atmosphere being  nished bazaars.
generally pure and wholesome, and the excessive summer-   The principal manufactures are linen and woollen cloths,
heats moderated by sea breezes. In the town of Tunis, the  red woollen caps, in such extensive demand that 50,000
thermometer, on an average of three years, showed a mean  persons are said to have been at one time employed on them;
of 550.9 in winter, 710 in spring, 830~9 in summer, and 640'embroidery, ordinary and morocco leather, and various celein autumn-the mean of the whole year being 690~2. Rains  brated essences both of musk, rose, and jasmine. The trade
dell at intervals from November to April, but long-continued  is very extensive, and includes among its principal exports
and almost uninterrupted droughts prevail during the rest oil, beretti or Tunis caps, soap, grain and pulse, wool, hides,
of theyear. Mostpart of the surficeisofhighfertility, and  cattle, tunny-fish, sponges, senna, wax, gold-dust, elein ancient times it was one of the granaries of Rome; but phants'-teeth, &c.; among the principal imports, cotton,
owing to the extortions of the government, and the uncertain  linen, and woollen goods, tin, lead, and iron, raw and manntenure by which property is held, agriculture is very much  factured; coffee, sugar, spices, &c.  In carrying on this
neglected, and large tracts, capable of yielding produc- trade, notwithstanding the admirable situation of the town,
tive returns, remain in a state of nature. The principal considerable disadvantages are experienced. The depth of
crops are wheat, barley, and maize; olives also are exten- water within the lagoon is not more than 6 or 7 feet, and hence
sirely raised, and date-plantations are so numerous as to  even merchant vessels are obliged to lie outside the Goletta,
furnish the principal subsistence of the inhabitants. To- and can only load or unload by means oflighters. The place
bacco is largely cultivated, and cotton, indigo, saffron, and  of anchorage, however, formed by an inner bay off that of
opium arepartially, grown. Almostallthefruits ofSouthern  Tunis, has in its centre a depth of from 10 to 20 fathoms,
Europe abound, and in various quarters drugs and dyes form  and is so capacious, that the largest fleet may ride in it with
special objects of culture. Copper, lead, silver, and salt, from  perfect shelter from all winds except those from the N.E.
Sibkah, are amongst the mineral products, and near Porto-    Tunis is situated about 3 miles to the S.W. of the ruins of
Farina is a quicksilver-mine; but mining, like agriculture,  ancient Carthage, and it is itself a place of great antiquity,
is very backward. The principal domestic animals are mules, and has been the scene of many important historical eventsoxen, and camels; on several parts of the coast the fisheries,  During the Punic wars it was repeatedly taken and reincluding that of coral, are valuable.                      taken. In 439 it fell into the hands of the Vandals, but
The manufactures consist chiefly ofwoollen fabrics, more  having been wrested from them about a century thereafter
especially the beretti or red caps, known all over the Medi- by Belisarius, it continued to be subject to the Greek Empire
terranean; soap, both soft and hard, made on an extensive  till the end of the seventh century, when Northern Africa
scale at Soosa; dyed skins, and ordinary and morocco leather; was overrun by the victorious arms, and became a dependthe trade, both with the interior and with different parts of  ency of the caliphs of Bagdad. In 1206, Tunis became an
Europe, is of considerable extent. Caravans come annually  absolute sovereignty under Aboo-Ferez, (Abu-Ferez.) who
from Central Africa, bringing slaves, senna, ostrich-feathers,  soon added to it the greater part of Algiers and Tripoli.
gold dust, gum, and ivory, which are exchanged for mann- About this time it became notorious for its piracies, and in
1961




TUN                                                        TUR
1270, Louis IX. of France, in a chivalrous attempt to sup- is partly bounded on the S.W. by the Coast Range, on the
press them, lost both his army and his life. The last of the  N.E. by the Sierra Nevada, and partly on the N.W. by the
Tunisian kings, Muley-Hassem, having been deprived of  Stanislaus liver, and is drained by the San Joaquin and
his throne by the celebrated pirate chief called Barbarossa  Tuolumne Rivers, which afford some water-power. The surII., in 1531, had recourse to the Emperor Charles V., who  face in the E. and W. parts is rough and mountainous; the
restored him, but made his kingdom tributary to Spain. It middle section comprises the beautiful and fertile valley of
so continued till 1574, when it was subjugated by the  the San Joaquin. The amount of capital employed in placerTurks, who at first governed it by a Turkish pasha and  mining in 1852, was $76,085; in quartz-mining, $49,900;
divan, with a body of Janissaries sent from Constantinople, and in other mining operations, $1900. The San Joaquin
but were ultimately obliged to allow the Moors to elect River is navigable for moderate-sized steamboats through
their own bey, only reserving to themselves the power of the county. Named from the Tuolumne River, whose whole
confirming the election and exacting a tribute. The piracies  course lies within it. Capital, Sonora. Pop. 17,657.
of the Tunisians subjected them  to severe chastisement,   TUOLUMNE, a town of Tuolumne co., California, on the
first from the British under Admiral Blake, and afterwards right bank of the Tuolumne River, about 7 miles above its
from  France and Holland. In 1816, under threat of the  entrance into the San Joaquin.
same punishment which had just been inflicted by Lord Ex-   TUOSIST, KILMACALOGUE or KILMICHAELOGUE, a
mouth on the Algerines, they engaged forever to renounce parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry.
piracy and Christian slavery. Pop. variously estimated at   TUPARRO, too-pAi/URo, a river of South America, in New
from 130,000 to 200,000; of whom about 25,000 are Jews, and  Granada, joins the Orinoco after an E. course of 200 miles.
5000 Christians, the remainder being chiefly Moors, Arabs,   TUPISA or TUPIZA, too-peefse, a town of Bolivia. departand Negroes.-Adj. and inhab. TUNISIAN, too-neetshe-an, ment, and 140 miles S. of Chuquisaca, (Sucre.) Pop. 5000.
and TUNISINE, too-ne-seent.  These terms perhaps, more Near it are silver-mines.
properly applied to the city of Tunis, may also be extended    TUPOA  URRY or NEW  ALDEREY, an island of the
to the state or regency.                                   Pacific Ocean, Santa Cruz Archipelago.
TUNIS, GULF OF', an inlet of the Mediterranean, extends    TUPPER'S PLAINS, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio.
inland for 30 miles, between Capes Bun and Farina. Breadth    TUPSILEY, a township of England, co. of Hereford.
at entrance, 45 miles. It everywhere affords good anchor-   TUPTEE, a river of India. See TAPTEE.
age in from 4 to 10 fathoms of water, receives the river   TUPUNGATO, too-poong-g$to, one of the Chilian Andes,
Mejerdah, and has on its S.W. side the Goletta, or entrance  45 miles E. of Santiago. Lat. 330 10' S. IHeight. 15,000 feet.
to the lagoon of Tunis, and the ruins of Carthage.           TURA, too/r~h', a market-town of West Hungary, co. of
TUNIS, LAGOON OF, a shallow lake communicating on  Neutra, district of Freistadtl. Pop. 6488. It has a trade in
its E. side with the Gulf of Tunis by the Goletta, a short cheese with Vienna and Pesth.
and narrow strait. Length, 12 miles; breadth, 5 miles. In    TURA, a river of West Siberia. See TooRA.
it is a fortified island, opposite the city of Tunis, on its W.   TUR'ABOOI, one of the Society Islands in the Pacific
shore, and on its N.E. side are the ruins of Carthage, of Ocean. Estimated pop. 2000.
which city it was the port.                                  TURAN/GA or POVERTY BAY, an inlet on the E. coast
TUNJA, toong/u$, a town of South America, New Granada, of New Zealand, North Island. Lat. 380 471 S., lon. 1780 7f
capital of the department of Boyaca, on a high table-land, 70  E., extending inland for 10 miles, with a circular basin.
rmiles N.N.E. of Bogota. Pop. 7000. It has several convents, Breadth, at entrance, 8 miles.
a college,.a military hospital, manufactures of woven fabrics,   TURATE, too-rAt&, a village of Austrian Italy, province
and a large trade in tobacco. On its N.N.W. side are mineral of Como, 6 miles S. of Appiano. Pop. 2261.
springs, and near it, in 1819, was fought the battle of Boy-   TURBA. See TAsBEs.
aca, in which the Spaniards were routed by Bolivar.          TURBACO, toon-B/ko, an Indian village of South AmeTUNKAT. a town of Toorkistan. See TooNKAr.              rica, in New Grenada, department of Magdalena, province,
TUNKHAN/NOCK, a creek in the N.E. part of Pennsyl- and 12 miles S.E. ofCartagena. Here lumboldt resided in
vania, falls into the North Branch of the Susquehanna  1801.
River at Tunkhannock.                                       TURBENTHAL, tooR/ben-tl, a village and parish of
TUNKHANNOCK, a thriving post-borough, capital of  Switzerland, 16 miles E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Toce. Pop.
Wyoming co., P6nnsylvania, on the surveyed route of the  2250. Near it is the Castle of Landenberg.
North Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the North Branch of    TURBETT, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, inter,
the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Tunkhannock  sected by the Pennsylvania Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of MifflinCreek, 145 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. The North Branch Canal town.
passes through the place, by means of which lumber, grain,   TURBIGO, toorbe-go, a village of Austrian Italy, province
&c. are exported. It contains, besides the county build- of Milan, 5 miles from Cuggiono, on the Ticino. Pop. 1236.
ings, several churches, and mills of different kinds. Two    TURIBOT, a township of Northumberland co., Pennsylnewspapers are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 561.            vania, intersected by the Sunbury and Erie Railroad, about
TUNKHAN/NOCK MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, occupies  13 miles N. of Sunbury. Pop., including Milton, 2693.
the N.E. part of Wyoming county.                             TURIBOTVILLE, a post-office of Northumberland co.,
TUNKINSK, a town of Siberia. See TodKsINSa.             Pennsylvania,
TUNNELL, a post-office of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.      TURBUT, a town of Persia. See ToorBooT.
TUNNELL HILL, a post-office of Pickens district, South    TURCHIA and TURC. See ToURKEY.
Carolina.                                                   TURCKHEIM, tiilk'mnl, a town of France, department
TUNNELL HILL, a post-village of Whitfield co., Georgia. of Haut-Rhin, 3 miles W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 2879.
TUNNELL'S STORE, a post-office of Sussex co., Delaware. It has a trade in wine of superior quality. The ImpeTUNNELLTON, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.     rialists were here defeated by the French, under Turenne,
TUNSITALL, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, 3 miles in 1675.
S. of Kirkby-Lonsdale. It has an ancient church. Thur-    TURCO. See TuscaEY.
land Castle here is a moated residence.                     TURCOING, a town of France. See TocozOING.
TUNSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.               TURCOMANS. See ToosRK0oaNS.
TUNSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            TUREAUD, tu'r05, a post-office of Ascension parish, LouTUNSTALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          isiana.
TUNSTALL, a parish, England, co. of York, East Riding.   TUREGANO, too-rA-gltno, a town of Spain, in Old Castile,
TUNSTALL-COURT,     a market-town and bchapelry of Eng- province, and 18 miles N.N.E. of Segovia, in a valley watered
land, co. of Stafford, 4 miles N.N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. by the Valseco and Mulas. It has a palace which belonged
Pop. in 1851, 9566. The church is a handsome edifice, and  to the bishop of Segovia. Pop. 1140.
here is a neat court-house. In the vicinity are numerous    TURENNE, tiitr nnf, a town of France, department of
collieries, extensive potteries, large chemical works, and  Corrhze, 7 miles S.S.E. of Brive, with ruins of the ancient
productive veins of clay and iron ore.                    castle of the family of Turenne. Pop. 1800.
TUNSITEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           TURENUM. See TRANI.
TUNUNGWANT or TUNA, a post-village of Cattaraugus    TURETZ, a town of Ruassian Poland. See ToRETS.
co., New York, on the Alleghany River, and on the New    TURFAN, a town of Chinese Toorkistan. See TOORFAN.
York and Erie Railroad, 416 miles from New York City.       TURI, tooree, a town of Naples, province of Bari, 18 miles
TUNUYAN, too-noo-ygnt, a river of South America, in La  S.S.E. of Bari. Pop. 3600.
I'lata Confederation, department of Mendoza, after an E.   TURI, too-reet, a town of Brazil, province of Maranh!o, 40
course of 200 miles, is lost in a lake of the Llanos, a great miles N.N.W. of Guimaraens. Pop. of district, 5000.
plain. Lat. 340 S., Ion. 660 30' W.                         TURIA, a river of Spain. See GUADALAVIAR.
TUNtWORTI, a parish of England, co. of Hants.             TURIASO. See TARAZONA.
TUOLUMNE, twoltim-ne, a river of California, rises at   TURICUM. See ZoJcsn.
the foot of the Sierra Nevada, in the E. part of Tuolumne    TURIJA, too-ree'yA, (?) a river of Russia, rises in the
co., and flowing in a general W.S.W. course, falls into the  S.W. of government of Volhynia, flows N.N.E. through exSan Joaquin about 40 miles above Stockton. It is navi- tensive morasses, and joins the Pripets after a course of
gable for small steamboats to Empire City, near 30 miles  about 100 miles.
from its mouth.                                             TURIN, tutrin, (Fr. pron. tiir~ANt; It. Torino, to-reefno; anc.
TUOLUMNE, a county in the N. central part of Califor- Taunasia, afterwards Acgucssta Taurinotrum,) a large city,
nia, has an area estimated at above 3000 square miles. It capital of the Sardinian States, beautifully situated in an
1962




TUR                                                        TUR
extensive and fertile plain surrounded by the Alps, at the  societies-economical, literary, scientific, and artistic. The
confluence of the Dora-Susina with the Po, 79 miles W.S.W. charitable establishments include numerous rich endowof Milan. Mean temperature of the year, 530'1; winter, ments, of which the most interesting and important are the
320'1; summer, 710'5, Fahrenheit. Each river is here crossed  Retiro-delle-Rosine, a kind of religious community, in which
by a magnificent stone bridge. the former of five elliptic  400 girls are maintained, chiefly by their ownslabor; the
arches, and the latter of a single arch, with a span of 150  general hospital or infirmary, Spedal-Maggiore; the Ospiziofeet. The approach from the W. is by a noble avenue, one  di-Carita, which receives about 1500 inmates; the Realeof the longest in Europe; and the general appearance of the  Albergo-di-Virtu, a kind of industrial school; the Regiocity and its environs is scarcely surpassed in grandeur.  Manicomio, or lunatic asylum; the Spedale-di-San-Luigi, a
Turin was at one time surrounded by walls and bastions, large and well-managed establishment, supported chtefly by
and ranked as a place of considerable strength. Its large  voluntary contribution, and giving relief not only to numeand imposing citadel still remains, but all the other fortifi- rous inmates, but to an annual average of 120,000 outcations have been removed, and'the site occupied by tlhem   patients; and the Compagnia-di-San-Paolo, embracing a great
covered partly with finely-planted walks, and partly with  number of objects —education, marriage-portions, and relief
magnificent houses. The older quarters are closely built, to the poveri-vegogosi,   or bashful poor suffering in secret.
and the streets are somewhat narrow and irregular; but all   The manufactures of Turin consist chiefly of woollen,
the modern portions have been built on a uniform  plan, cotton, linen, and silk goods; wax, cloth, stained paper,
in wide streets which intersect each other at right angles, ironmongery, leather, glass, carriages, printing-types, philoand thus form a series of square blocks and piles of build- sophical and musical instruments; and there are numerous
ing, the effect of which would be unpleasing were not the  dye-works, and silk and other mills, distilleries, and a royal
monotony relieved by the loftiness of the houses, their gunpowder manufactory. The staple trade is in silk, which
endless variety of sculptured fronts and rich decorations,  has here its chief entrepOt, employs a vast number of hands,
and the fine bursts of scenery which are ever opening on  and forms the principal source of wealth. Other articles of
the view. Several of the principal streets are lined with  trade, in addition to the above articles of manufacture, are
arcades. The finest squares are the Piazza-del-Castello,  corn, wine, fruit, and liqueurs.
which is of great extent, and surrounded by splendid and    The foundation of Turin is generally attributed to a
lofty palaces; the Piazza-di-San-Carlo, almost entirely sur- colony of Transalpine origin, called Taurini or Taurisci.
rounded by arcades, and adorned With a fine statue of Em- Shortly after Hannibal crossed the Alps, he made himself
manuel Filiberto, by Marochetti; the Piazza-di-San-Giovanni, master of the territory in which it is situated; but after his
and the Piazza-dell'-Erbe.                                 expulsion from Italy, the Romans resumed possession, and
Few cities in Italy are so poor in ancient buildings and  converted Turin into a Roman colony, which took the name
historical recollections as Turin, but its modern edifices are  of Colonia Julia. This name was afterwards changed, in
numerous, and several of them  magnificent. The ecclesi- honor of Augustus, into that of Augusta Taurinorum. It
astical edifices most deserving of notice are the cathedral or was taken and sacked by the Goths under Alaric. To ward
dwosne, completed in the beginning of the sixteenth century, off similar disasters, it was shortly after surrounded by
of small dimensions, but having an interior which has  walls, but did not escape the ravages of the Longobards.
recently been richly and elaborately decorated with frescoes;  Charlemagne, into whose hands it subsequently passed, beit contains some good paintings, and a remarkable chapel of  stowed it as a feudal tenure on its bishops, several of whom
marble, called Santo Sudario, regarded as the masterpiece  ruled it with tyrannical sway. It was afterwards governed
of Guarini; the church of San Maurizio, surmounted by a  by the Marquises of Susa, with whom it remained till the
handsome dome; San Filippo Neri, one of the finest edifices  heiress of that family conveyed it by marriage to the Counts
of the city, though with an unfinished fagade; Santa Chris- of Savoy. In 1418 it was declared by Amadeo V. the capital
tina, with a facade considered to be one of the best produc- of the states of Savoy, and, following the fates of his fhmily,
tions of Juvara; Corpus Christi, remarkable for the richness  ultimately rose to be the capital of the whole Sardinian
of its marbles, gilding, and other decorations; La Consolata, States. The environs of Turin are very beautiful, and proefobrmed of a combination of three contiguous churches, and  sent many objects of interest, among which the church of
remarkable for the number, variety, and richness of its  Superga, on the top of the lofty Mount Collina, immediately
furnishings; Sant' Andrea, of an oval form, with numerous  overlooking the city, is conspicuous. The terrace in its
frescoes, sculptures in bronze and marble, and some fine  front commands one of the best views of the plains of Lonwood-carvings; San Rocco, in the form of an octagon, with  bardy. Under the French, Turin was the capital of the
a concave facade and a well-constructed dome; and La  department of the Po. Pop. in 1852, 143,157.-Adj. and
Gran-Madre-di-Dio, a new unfinished church, on which vast inhab., (It. ToRINESE, to-re-nUsA; Fr. TURINOIS, tii'ree'nwl.)
sums have been expended, erected in commemoration of the    TUIRIN, a post-village and township of the S. central part
restoration of the royal family, but merely a servile and  of Lewis co., New York. The township is intersected by
meagre imitation of the Pantheon. In addition to these, a  Black River. Pop. 1826.
remarkably handsome church, in the old Lombard style, for    TURINO, a town of Naples. See ToRINo.
the accommodation of the Waldenses, and forming one of    T-URINSK. See ToopINsSK.
the chief ornaments of Turin, was consecrated on December    TURIS, too-reece, or TURRIS, tooa-Reecel. a village of
15, 1853. The cathedral was formerly very wealthy in plate  Spain, province, and 20 miles W.S.W. of Valencia. Pop.
and jewels, which Napoleon sold, and applied the proceeds  3900. Marble and jasper are procured in its' vicinity.
to embank and build the bridge over the Po.                   TURISK, a town of Russian Poland. See.TooaISK.
Of the edifices not ecclesiastical. the most conspicuous is    TURIVICARY or TURAVACARA, a: fortified town of
the royal palace, built, like most of the other structures of  South India, in Mysore, 52 miles N. of Seringapatam.
Turin, Of brick, and remarkable only for its magnitude.   TURKA, tooR/lkA, a town of Austrian Galicia, 28 miles
Under the roof of the palace are the king's private library, S.S.W. of Sambor, with a trade in tobacco, which is largely
with some curious manuscripts and letters; and the royal grown in the district.
armory, a large and curious collection, considered one of the    TURK-DEAN, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
I-incipal sights in Turin. The old palace of the Dukes of Sa-   TURKESTAN  INDEPENDENt, a region in the centre of
voy, or Palace of Carignano, situatedin the square ofthe same  Asia. See TooRKISTAN, INDEPENDENT.
name, is a large and rather imposing structure, in an extra-    TURKESTAN, a town of Central Asia. See ToonaKrSTAN.
vatant style. It has recently been converted into govern-    TURKESTAN, CHINESE, a region of the Chinese Empire.
ment offices. Other conspicuous buildings are the register-  See TooRaISTeAN
office, or Palazzo-degli-Archivi-Reali, a vast edifice by    TUR-KEVI, tooR-k&vees, a village of Hungary, district of
Juvara;  and adjoining it the custom-house, or Palazzo- Great Kumania, on the Beretyo, 15 miles S.W. of Kardzag.
delle-Dogane; the town-house, or Palazzo-di-Citt', with a  Pop. 9400.
lofty but unfinished tower; the court-houses, or Palazzi-di-   TURKEY, (Turk. Osmanli Vilaieti. os-manlleea ve-l,-y~tf.
Guistizia; the university, or Universita-Reale, a large and  ee; L.Tcer'cicum lmp'?  cume; Fr.Turquie, tii'kee]; Ger. Tiirkei,
iaonificent building, by a Genoese architect; the large  tiirski; Dutch, Turkoije, tfls-kieh; It. Tsr-chia, toos-keelt;
library, now  attached to the university, and originally  Sp. and Port. Turquia, tooR-keii,) or THE OTITOMAN EMformed by the ancient Dukes of Savoy, containing 110,000  PIRE, comprehending all the countries in which Turkish
volumes; the picture-gallery, with an extensive and valu- supremacy is directly or indirectly recognised, includes some
able collection; the Palazzo-dell'-Academia-Reale, under the  of the fairest portions of the world, and several of its earliest
roof of which are several museums-an Egyptian, with  and most celebrated seats of civilization. It is not so much
many curious antiquities; a museum of natural history, a continuous dominion, as a mere aggregate of governments,
particularly rich in minerals; and a cabinet of 15,000 coins often widely separated both by position and interest, and
and medals; and several theatres, one of them  among the  only accidentally united by having been the subjects of a
largest and most splendid in Italy.                        common conquest.  Its vast territories, consisting partly
Among the educational establishments, in addition to the  of mainland, and partly of islands scattered over the bosom
university, which comprises five faculties, and in 1842 had  or along the shores of inland seas, are situated in three
42 professors, and was attended by 1120 students, are the  different quarters of the globe, viz., in the S.E. of Europe,
episcopal seminary, occupying an elegant structure, the  the W. of Asia, and the N.E. of Africa; they extend over 37
royal military academy, two colleges, and various superior  degrees of lat. (from 110 to 480 N.,) and 41 degrees of Ion.
and inferior schools. Turin, as the residence of the court (from 80 to 490 E.,) and, though scarcely admitting of being
and seat of government, concentrates all the principal offices geographically defined as a common whole, may be conof the state, is the see of an archbishop, and has numerous sidered as bounded, N. by the Black Sea, Russia. and Aus1963




TUR                                                         TUR
tria; W. by Austria, the Adriatic, the Mediterranean, Al- plateaus and of an extensive plain. The larger and more
geria, and the African Desert; S. by the desert, Soodan, elevated of these plateaus occupies the whole of its N. porAbyssinia, and the Gulf of Bab-el-Mandeb; E. by Indepen- tion, stretching across it from the shores of the Archipelago
dent Arabia, the Persian Gulf, and Persia; and N.E. by  to the frontiers of Persia and Transcaucasia, and comprising
Transcaucasian Russia. The total area of the empire is  within its limits the peninsula of Asia Minor, and the high
estimated at 1,895,194 square miles, and the population at lands of Armenia and Koordistan.  It has an average eleva35,360,000.                                                 tion of from 4000 to 5000 feet, and forms the base of two
As the leading divisions of the empire form the subjects  parallel mountain chains, the Taurus and the Anti-Taurus,
of separate articles, in which the more important details  which increase in height as they proceed towards the E.,
ere given, the sketch here introduced will be only of a gene- presenting many remarkable cones and peaks, several of
ral description. To prevent confusion, the territories of  which rise beyond the line of perpetual snow. The other
each continent are presented under the separate heads of  plateau, that of Syria and Palestine, is also traversed by two
Turkey in Africa, Turkey in Asia, and Turkey in Europe.   parallel ranges, which, breaking off nearly at right angles to
1. TURKEY IN AFRICA may be considered as an immense  the Taurus, proceed S. at no great distance from the shores
triangle, one side of which, facing the N., is formed by the  of the Mediterranean, and are continued almost without inS. shore of the Mediterranean, and another, facing the E., terruption across Arabia Petrsea and the peninsula of Sinai
by the WV. shore of the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez, to theRed Sea. This plateau is less remarkable for its height
while the base or third side is represented by an indefinite  than for the depression of one of its valleys, which, in the
line drawn across the desert in a S.E. direction, from the  line of the Jordan, is more than 1300 feet beneath the level
frontiers of Algeria to those of Abyssinia.  It originally in- of the sea.
cluded Algeria, which, though now a French colony, has    The extensive plain of Irak and Mesopotamia, forming
never been formally dissevered from it, and still includes  the lower basin of the Euphrates and Tigris, is bounded on
the three separate governments of Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt, the N. by the Armenian, and on the W. by the Syrian
the last comprising not only Egypt proper, but also Nubia  plateau, and, though now little better than a steppe, oftener
or Dongola, and:Senaar.  The aggregate area, estimated at  covered with sand than verdure, originally possessed at959,058 square miles, amounts to more than one-half, but tractions which marked it out for the cradle of the human
the population, only 3,810,000, falls short of one-ninth of  race, and made it the earliestseat of empire. The drainage
that of the whole empire. This great disproportion indi- of this vast territory, divided into numerous basins by
cates the nature of the territory, a large part of which is  the mountains which traverse it, is carried to four different
composed of sandy deserts in the partial occupation of wan-  seas, of which the Persian Gulf receives the largest share
dering Arabs, though there are not wanting other regions  by means of the Euphrates and Tigris already mentioned.
which strikingly contrast with the general barrenness. The Black Sea receives its portion chiefly by the Yeshil and
Tunis, belonging principally to the plateau of the Atlas, is.Kizil-Irmak, and the Sakareeyah, while the streams which
intersected by many fertile valleys, and, owing partly to its  flow into the Archipelago and the Mediterranean are, for the
natural resources and its maritime advantages, became the  most part, only mountain torrents. The only lake deservseat of an empire (the Carthaginian) which long contended  ing of notice for its magnitude is that of Van, in the E. of
for mastery with that of Rome; and Egypt, enriched by the  Koordistan, though, for other reasons, a far greater interest
periodical overfiowings of the Nile, continues, in spite of all attaches to those of Tiberias and the Dead Sea in Palestine.
that barbarism has done to mar its fertility, to be one of the  The principal islands Mitylene, Scio, Samos, Nica ria, Patmos,
principal granaries of the world.                           Cos, Rhodes, and Scarpanto, with Cyprus in the Mediter.
The remoteness from the seat of government, renders it ranean.
difficult for the Turkish authorities to maintain a firm hold    The soil and climate present many varieties: in the S. are
of their possessions in Africa, and at one period this portion  vast arid plains, but on the river banks and in the valleys
of the empire not only came near establishing its inde- of Lebanon, the soil is extremely fertile. The summits of
pendence, but it seemed as if the Ottoman rule, both in Asia  Taurus are clad with snow, and their flanks are covered
and Africa, were about to be transferred from  Constanti- with the vegetation of cold and temperate countries, while
nople to Cairo. More recently, however, the Po'te has un- the valleys have a temperature almost tropical, and produce
expectedly regained her ascendency. Tunis, indeed, is ruled  the fruits of South Asia. The climate of Anatolia is teasby a bey, who holds his appointment for life. and has even  perate, and the soil is capable of producing all kinds of
been expressly relieved from the payment of tribute; but  grain and fruit. The mountains contains all the useful
Tripoli, which had long possessed its own hereditary chief  metals.  The chief products are oil, dye-stuffs, medicinal
of the Caramanli family, has been compelled, by a violent plants, gums, wax, dried fruits, gall-nuts, cotton, silk, wool,
stretch of power, to accept of a pasha arbitrarily nominated  goats'-hair, leeches, and sponges. See ANATOLIA, ARINENIA,
by the sultan. and maintained in his position by Turkish  SYRIA, PALESTINE, BAGDAD, DoOBEKsIR, &c.
troops; and Egypt, after maintaining open and successful   3. TURKIEY IN isoaoPE, the remaining portion of the Turkwar against the Porte, has been made, by the direct inter-  ish Empire, is of very limited extent in comparison with
ference of the great European powers, so completely to suc- its African and Asiatic possessions; but, from  containing
cumb, that instead of being the most arrogant, it is now, at  the seat of government, and being more closely allied to
least in profession, the humblest and most submissive of  great European interests, is the most important of the
vassals. The hereditary sovereignty is in the family of the  whole. It occupies the far greater part (and before the
late Mohammed Alee, but the Porte claims the right, as each  kingdom of Greece was dissevered firom it, comprised nearly
vacancy occurs, of selecting the particular member of the  the whole) of the S.E. extremity of the continent, consisting
family who is to fill it, draws a fourth of the gross revenue  of an extensive peninsula in the form of an irregular triin the name of tribute, and has the uncontrolled nomina- angle, with Cape Matapan for its apex; the EI. shores of the
tion of all the higher offices of the government. The con- Ionian Sea and the Adriatic for one side; the WV. shores of the
nection of the Turkish Empire with Africa is, therefore, by  Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, and the Black Sea for the
no means so nominal as it is often represented to be. Its  other side; and the Save, the Danube, and the East Carpapossessions on this continent not only exceed all the others  thian Mountains for its base. The only part of European
in area, but in consequence of the almost universal preva- Turkey not contained within  this triangle is Moldavia,
lence of Mohammedanism, have a stronger bond of union  which forms an almost isolated projection, stretching N.
with the central government than many other territories, between the Austrian territories of Transylvania and Bukowhich, from their greater proximity, might seem to be more  wins, from which it is separated by the Carpathians on the
closely connected with it. See EGYPT, NUBIA, SENAAR, TUNIS, W., and the Russian government of Bessarabia on the E.
TaIPoLc, FEZZAN, and BARCA.                                 Thus defined, European Turkey lies between lat. 390 and
2. TURKa.   IN ASIA, taken in its widest sense, includes 480 N., and lon. 160 and 290 30' E.; it is washed by the
within its geographical limits the long belt of Arabia which  Adriatic and the Ionian Seas on the W., the Archipelago on
lines the E. shore of the Red Sea, and consisting of the two  the S.E., the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea on the i.,
provinces of Hejaz and Yemen, now forms the eyalet of  and borders N.W. and N. on Austria, N.E. on Russia, and
Jidda, which has an area of 194,400 square  miles. This  S. on Greece. Its greatest length, from E. to W., measured
eyalet, however, being politically attached to Egypt, is sel- nearly on the parallel of 450, is 670 miles; greatest breadth,
dom considered as forming part of Turkey in Asia, which is from N. to S., from the Pruth, on the Moldavian frontier, to
usually confined to that part of theAsiatic continent lying  the vicinity of Gallipoli, 540 miles; area, 2,036,281 square
between lat. 310 and 420 N., and lon. 260 and 480 E., and  miles. Pop. 15,500,000.
bounded N. by the Black Sea, the Bosporus or Straits of    Pace of the Country, Mountains, dc. —In respect to phyConstantinople, the Sea of Marmora, and the Hellespont or  sical configuration, European Turkey has been not inaptly
the Straits of the Dardanelles; W. by the Archipelago and  compared to a truncated triangular pyramid, which, rising
the Mediterranean; S. by Arabia, and E. by the Persian  with more or less rapidity fl-om a very extensive base, forms
Gulf, Persia, and Transcaucasian Russia.  The space de- at its termination the lofty plateau of Moesia. This central
fined by these boundaries has an area of 538,068, or in- plateau, forming a  kind of common nucleus for the high
cluding Jidda, 732,468 square miles, and a population of  lands of Bosnia, Servia,. Macedonia, and Albania, is of a
16,050,000. When viewed in regard either to its physical quadrilateral shape, and sends off several mountain ranges
features or to the wonderful events of which several of its  in different directions.  One of these, proceeding N.W. beregions have at different periods been the theatre, this por- tween Bosnia and  Ierzegovina, becomes linked with a
tion of the Turkish Empire possesses an almost unrivalled  branch of the Dinaric Alps, and thus connects the mouninterest. It may properly be described as consisting of two  tains of Turkey with the Alpine system. Another range,
1964




TUR                                                         TUR
branching off nearly due S., attains, near its commence- climate. Even in the more exposed districts the vintage
ment in Tchar Dagh, the culminating height of 10.000  becomes general before the end of July.  No part of the
feet, traverses the frontiers of Macedonia and Albania, and  world is better adapted to the production of theordinar,under the name of Pindus, is continued through Thessaly  cereals; and the grain at present raised clearly indicates
into Greece.  A third range proceeding E., forks on reach- the immense quantities which, under better circumstances,
lug the common junction of Macedonia, Bulgaria, and  might easily be produced. In the rocky districts of the inRoom-Elee, and forms two distinct branches, one of which, terilor, and in the maritime valleys of Albania, the summer
under the name of Balkan, llemus, or Emineh Dagh, ex- is insupportably hot. Devastating storms are frequent in
tends E.N.E. towards the Black Sea, while the other pro- the S. Albania is liable to be visited by destructive earthcoeds S.E., under the name of Rhodope or Despoto-Dagh.  quakes. The only exceptions to the general salubrity of
Besides these principal chains, which form the great water- the climate are produced by the miasma of some low, swampy
sheds, and furnish the sources of the most important rivers  tracts of no great extent, and by occasional visitations of the
of the country, there are numerous minor ramifications  plague. The latter, however, are attributable not so much
which often, maintaining a parallelism to the central axis, to the climate as to the complete neglect of sanitary arform  a series of descending terraces with intervening val- rangements.
leys, while in other directions the mountainous districts    Vegetation, Agriculture, &. —In  an empire where the
are succeeded first by hills, and then by wide and open  number of the inhabitants bears no proportion to the explains. Of these plains by far the largest is that of the lower  tent of the countries nominally occupied by them, the natubasin of the Danube, embracing the greater part of Walla-  ral products form, both in amount and value, no inconchia, and considerable portions of Moldavia and Bulgaria, siderable part of the returns yielded by the soil. The two
and finally sinking down in the latter into the lagoons and  great classes of artificial products are furnished by agripestilential swamps of the Dobrudja, the tract comprised  culture and manufactures.  Both of these, owing to the
within the last great bend of the LDanube, and stretching  insecurity of every kind of property, the natural indolence
S. from that river to Trajan's Wall, which strikes the shore  of the Orientals, their pertinacious adherence to antiquated
of the Black Sea at Kustendji. Other plains, fai- less exten- customs, the absence of means of communication, and
sive than the former, though equalling it in fertility, and  various other causes, are in a very neglected condition, and
surpassing it in beauty, occur in the S. of Macedonia, the  yield a mere fraction of the profitable returns which, under
$.E. of Thessaly, and the S.W. of Albania.                 more favorable circumstances, might easily he obtained
Geology andMsinserals.-The geology of the country has not  from them. In many districts, however, the natural capabeen fully or accurately explored. Primary fossiliferous  bilities of the soil, and the excellence of the climate. seem
strata occur only in isolated spots, and thatpart of the se- to surmount all obstacles, and cotton, tobacco, olives, sesame,
con'dary formation in which the coal measures are usually  rice, maize, wheat, and other crops are raised in immense
found, is believed to be altogether wanting. The upper part quantities. The vine, cultivated extensively, especially by
of the secondary formation, including the cretaceous system,  Christians, produces the finest wines; both the common
is very largely developed; the limestones, sandstones, and  and finer kinds of fruit are grown in almost every quarter;
other rocks belonging to it, compose almost the entire strati-  the poppy is raised on a large scale for the manufacture of
fication of extensive tracts, particularly in the WV. Tertiary  opium; immense numbers of silk-worms are reared on the
formations also prevail both in the E. and in the basin of the  leaves of the mulberry, and whole gardens are employed in
Danube, and along almost all the larger rivers, and at the  producing flowers for the preparation of the celebrated atar
mouths, alluvial deposits of more or less thickness are usually  of roses.
found. Crystalline schists, composed of gneiss and mica, and    A large portion of Turkey is covered with forests: the
chlorite slates are, if not the most largely, the most con- best oak grows in Servia and Lower Bosnia; the largest
spicuously developed of all the rocks, inasmuch as they form  forests of fir and pine occur in Bosnia and Upper Croatia.
the great bulk of the loftiest mountain chains. In connec-   Animals.-The principal wild animals are the brown
tion with the schists, granite also is of frequent occurrence,  bear, found in the wooded mountains between Albania and
and is sometimes seen piercing the gneiss at high elevations.  Macedonia, Bosnia, and the Lower Rhodope, but seldom in
No evidence of active volcanic agency anywhere appears, the Balkan; the wolf is common; the wild boar, chamois, and
but the important part which it must have performed in  stag, abound in the forests; the hare is numerous in Walagiving the country its final configuration is indicated, both  chia: these are mostly hunted for their skins. The domestic
by the existence of thermal springs, and by the masses of  animals comprise the dog, cat, and hog; sheep form the princitrachyte and other volcanic products, which cap some of the  pal riohes of the Walachian provinces, whence an immense
summits both of the Despots and the Tchar-Dagh. Many  quantity of wool is exported. Goats are more abundant in
of the veins which traverse the crystalline schists have been  Turkey than in any other country of Europe.  Cattle are
ascertained to be highly metalliferous; and lead, yielding a  extensivelyreared inWallachia, Servia, and Bosnia; and the
considerable percentage of silver, has at different periods  buffalo is common in Wallachia, Bulgaria, and Thrace. The
been actually worked. Iron also, of the best quality, is iTaorse of Turkey is small but active; the ass and mule are
veryabundant; but neither the government or people seem as  chiefly employed in Thrace.  Trout, &c. are plentiful in the
yet inclined to turn their mineral treasures to good account. rivers; and leeches, which abound in the marshes, form an
Rivers.-The number and irregularity of the greater and  important article of export.
minor mountain ranges render the system of drainage very    Xanufactuses-.-The manufactures are almost entirely
complicated, dividing it into four principal, together with a  domestic; the chief comprise saddles, copper and tin utengreat number of subordinate, basins. By far the most im-  sils, fire-arms, swords, coarse woollen cloths, linen and cotportent is that of the Black Sea, into which the Danube,  ton spinning. Silks are manufactured chiefly at Salonika,
augmented on the right by the Save, with its tributaries  Seres, and Larissa. Carpets wrought by hand, in the style
Unna, Verbas, and Drin; by the Morava, Timok, Isker, ~id, of the Gobelins tapestry, are extensively manufactured in
and Osma; and on the left by the Schyl, Aloota, (Aluta,) Ar- Bulgaria and in Servia. Cotton, at one time the staple
gish, Jalomnitza, Sereth, and Pruth, pours the accumulated  branch of industry, carried on to a greater or less extent
waters of more than half of the whole country. Next in  in almost every town, village, and hamlet, has nearly ceased
importance is the basin of the Archipelago, which receives  to exist, from  its inability to compete with the products
the Salembria from Thessaly, the Indje Kara-soo, Vardar,  of the power-looms of Great Britain, and shows symptoms
and Struma (Kara-soo) from Macedonia, and the Maritza from   of revival only at Beyroot, (in Asiatic Turkey,) where British
Room-Elee. The Adriatic and Ionian Seas, properly re- capital has been employed with some success in introducing
garded as only one basin, wash a large extent of the Turkish  the factory system. Of the red dye, formerly an important
coast, but owing to the proximity of the mountain chains, industrial branch, scarcely a vestige now remains. Embroireceive from it no rivers deserving of notice, except the com- dey is carried on by females in the S. provinces. Tanparatively insignificant Albanian Drin, Scombi. and Yogatza. neries are numerous; and distilleries of brandy from prunes
The fourth basin, the Sea of Marmora, receives only a few  are common throughout all the country. Printing is done
mountain torrents.  Considering the mountainous cha- only at Bucharest, Belgrade, Constantinople, Cettigne, and
racter of the country, and its numerous perennial streams  Montenegro; filigree work is made in the large tovwns, and
fed from  snowy heights, it is remarkable that Turkey in  there are powder mills near Constantinople.
Europe does not possess a single lake worthy of the name,   Having thus cursorily surveyed the different territories
with the exception of those of Ochrida in the E., and of  more or less subject to Turkish sway, on the three great
Scutari in the N.W. of Albania.                            continents of the Old World, each separately, the remaining
Ctimate.-The climate is mnore severe than might be sup- observations will be applicable to the empire considered as
posed from the geographical position of the country. The  a whole.
Danube regularly freezes, and in the recesses of the highest    Commerce, c-c.-In regard to commerce, the most enlightmountains snow lies during the greater part of the year. It  ened states have only recently began to furnish full and
is excessively cold in winter during N.E. winds, which are  correct statistics, and hence, in Turkey, as might be exthen prevalent, and in the plains of Walachia and Moldavia  pected, it is impossible to make even a distant approximathe sledge is used as in Russia. The olive will not grow in  tion to accuracy. It is evident, however, that a country
the latitudes which in Spain and Italy are found to be most possessed of so many valuable products, and, in consequence
congenial to it, and much hardier plants are often nipped  both of its position and the extent of its coasts and inland
by keen fiosts after the season has considerably advanced. seas, accessible at so many points either from the W. or E.,
On the other hand, a great portion of Albania, protected by  must, under any circumstances, command a very extensive
elevated mountains from the N.E. winds, enjoys a delicious  traffic, both direct and transit. The commerce of the country
1965




TUR                                                          TUR
is, however, very much cramped by the impolitic restriction  too transcedent to allow him to enter into the married rela
of the heavy duty of 12 per cent. rigidly exacted on all ex- tion, and he has, therefore, no propel' wives. Among the
ports, with the important exception of wheat, which by a  females of his harem, however, there is a gradation of rank.
firman, in 1837, was declared free; while the manufac- From four to seven, bearing the title of kcadin, take pretures have been annihilated by the unlimited admission  cedence of all the others; uhile a still higher place and inof all imports on the payment of a duty never exceeding 5  fluence are assigned both to the mother of the sultan and
per cent. The commercial emporiums, in which the home  to the mother of his presumptive heir.
and foreign trade is chiefly concentrated, are Constanti-    The public officers who conduct the administration under
nople, Adrianople, and Salonica, in Europe; Smyrna, Alep- the sultan, are divided into three classes. The first class is
po, Beyroot, Bassora, Trebizond, Samsoon, Bagdad, Brusa, that of law, which, being founded entirely on the Koran,
and Damascus in Asia; and Alexandria, Suez, Cairo, and  makes no distinction between religious and civil, and, acTunis in Africa. The exports of 1852, consisting chiefly of  cordingly, includes all persons who discharge either eccleolive-oil, atar of roses, silk and silk goods, cotton. sheeps' siastical or judicial functions. At their head is the sheikhand goats' wool, grain, tobacco, drugs, opium, leeches, &c., ul-Islam, usually called mufti; and subordinate to him are
were estimated at $52,868,000; and the imports, consisting  mollahs, cadis, imams, and ulemas.  The second class conchiefly of cotton, woollen. and silk goods, metals, iron, steel, sists of the officials of the pen, or the members of the adand glassware, colonial produce, coals, cordage, Indian and  ministration, properly so called.  At their head is tha
Chinese goods, fancy goods, &c., at $59,099,000. The follow- grand-vizier or sadr-azam, who is regarded as the centre of
ing table exhibits the share which Great Britain and other  all administrative functions, domestic and foreign. Subor
countries have in the trade of Turkey:-                        dinate to him are his vicegerent or deputy, (kaimakan,) the
reis effendi, or minister of foreign affairs, the president of
Foreigrn Trade in 1852.                     the council, the grand-master of artillery, the minister of
-      police, the minister of trade, agriculture, and public works,
Countries.              Imports.    Exports.    the muteschar of the grand-vizier, who acts as minister of
Great Britain, Malta, and the Ionian                         the home department, the superintendent of the civil list,
Great Britain, MNalta, and the Ionian
Islands............................   $12,615,000  6,525,000   the inspector of revenue, and the minister of pious endowTransit to Persia....................   10,8715,00    10,875,000   ments. The third class includes all the officials of the
France..............................    5,435,000    11,145,000   sword, or those who preside over the army and navy, the
Austria.............................    5,685,000  9,265,000   head of the former being the seraskier, or minister of war,
Russia...............................    4,862,000  3,710,000
Holland.............................    1,321,000  450,000   and of the latter, the capudan pasha, or high admiral and
Belgium.............................  232,000     103,000   minister of marine. The sheikh-ul-Islam  and the above
Sardinia............................  182,000     521,000   ministers of the second class, together with the seraskier
Greece..............................  87,000      935,000   and capudan pasha, constitutethe divan, or highest delibePersia. (direct trade).................    5,435,000  326,000
Switzerland, United States, &c......  4,590,000  2,975,000   rative council in the empire.
Egypt..............................  4,565,000  4,020,000     Army and Navy.-The regular army, composed entirely
wallachia-......-...... -.        1,890,000    1,260,000   of Mohammedan troops, organized on European principles,
lMoldavia............................  945,000    630,000   consists of six ordus or divisions, each equally divided into
Servia...............................   380,000   108,000   active or nizamie, and reserve or redif; and commanded by
Total........................    59,099,000    52,868,000   a field-marshal or mushir. The strength of the division is
from 25,000 to 30,000 men, apd accordingly, previous to the
The declared value of British and Irish produce and  commencement of the war with Russia in 1853, the regular
manufactures imported into Turkey from the United King-  active army amounted to 138,680, of whom 100,800 were indom  in 1831, was $4,440,000; in 1841, $8,235,000; in 1845, fantry, 17,280 cavalry, and 9100 field artillery. Adding the
$12,210,000; in 1848, $15,580,000; in 1849, $14,650,000, and  army of reserve, also 138,680, irregulars to the number of
in 1850, $15,565,000. The commerce with the United States  61,500, composed partly of Tartars of the Dobrudja, Cosin 1852, comprised imports amounting to $316,196, and ex-  sacks of Asia Minor, and soldiers employed as urban and
ports to $556,100; in 1853, imports to $287,339, and exports  rural police, but chiefly of 50,000 Mussulman volunteers
to $727,516; and, in 1854, imports to $325,198, and exports  the entire Ottoman force is increased to 448,860 men.  The
to $803,114.                                                  qualities of the troops thus variously composed, differ neIn regard to means of internal transport, Turkey is still  cessarily, according to the physical-and moral characteristics
in the rudest state possible, and only a few of the principal of the nations from  whom  they are raised, and the kind
roads are constructed so as to admit of wheel-carriages. The  and degree of discipline which they have received; but in
different races of the population are thus kept aloof from   regard to all those of Turkish origin, it may be affirmed
each other, cooped up within their natural barriers, and the  generally that they are distinguished by great natural
products of one district are often perishing from want of  courage, and manifest a remarkable degree of coolness in
consumers, while the inhabitants of another district may  the most trying circumstances.  This coolness, amounting
be suffering severely from inability to obtain them. Nothing  to a kind of stoical indifference, is chiefly the result of
seems better calculated to develope the internal resources  fatalistic views inculcated by the Koran, and instilled into
of Turkey, and even further the cause of good government, them from their earliest years, and has often enabled them,
by favoring the amalgamation of its hostile races, than the  especially when placed under any kind of shelter, however
establishment of a system of good roads. In travelling, the  indifferent, to defend themselves with the greatest obstidistance is commonly estimated by the hour.                    nsacy and heroism. The navy, previous to 1853, consisted
Government.-This bears throughout, the characteristic  of 16 ships of the line, 14 frigates, 6 steamers, 12 corvettes,
features of an Asiatic despotism, in which the arbitrary will 4 brigs, and about 20 smaller craft, carrying about 4000
of the sovereign has the absolute force of law. and is subject cannon, and manned by 25,000 sailors, chiefly Greeks, on
to no restraint, except that which may arise from  the pre-  whose fidelity little confidence can be placed. The only
cepts of the Koran, from ancient traditions and customs, naval arsenal is at Constantinople, and the principal dockand still more, perhaps, from actual national prejudices, yards are at Sinope and Erekli, in the Black Sea, and at the
which must be consulted in order to avert rebellion. In  islands of Mitylene and Rhodes.
such a government, the existence of a constitution, in the    Justice.-Justice is administered according to a code deusual sense of the term, is impossible, though something  rived chiefly from the Koran, but partly also from tradition
of the kind was attempted to be introduced in 1839, when,  and custom, by a series of courts which descend by regular
in the presence of the great officers of the empire and the  gradations from the arz odassi, or most supreme court, direpresentatives of the European powers, the sultan issued  vided into two presidencies, a European and an Asiatic,
the celebrated edict known by the name of the Hatti- to the mevleviets, or high courts, each with jurisdiction
scheriff of Gulhane. This edict appears to have been issued  over one or more eyalets; and numerous subordinate infein perfect good faith, but owing partly to the opposition of  rior courts, presided over by a mollah or kadi as proper
the more fanatical Turks, and partly to the corruption of  judge, or by a naib or deputy. In these courts the forms
the officials who ought to have carried it into effect, has re- of process are simple, and the decision is seldom long demained in a great measure a dead letter, though it is not layed; but the judges are notoriously venal, and perjmury is
to be denied that important improvements have taken  everywhere practised almost openly. As one means of obplace, and that the general tendency of the government is  taining redress, the people have the right of naming certain
towards more enlightened views and a higher civilization. officers, who, in cases of grievance, are authorized to call toThe monarch, usually designated by the titles of sultan or gether the principal inhabitants of a place, to make repregrand-segnior, khan, and padishah, is regarded by the  sentations to the higher powers, and even to the sultan.
Turks as the caliph or head of Islam. and is addressed by    Religion.-Islamism, professed by about 20,000,000, is in
European courts as majesty or highness.  His edicts bear  every sense the dominant religion, inasmuch as it is not
the name of Hatti-scheriff, and his government is genelrally  merely the only one established by the state, but affects to
designated as the Sublime Porte.  (See CoNSToANTINOPLE.)  regard all others with contempt. The leading sect is the
The sovereignty is hereditary in the family of Osman, the  Sunnite, which is adhered to by the Turks proper, Turcopresumptive heir being the eldest son who is boon to the  mans, Arabs, Africans proper, Albanians, and a considersultan after his accession to the throne. On a new succes- able number of Slaves in Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegosion, the sultan is not crowned, but is girded with the sword  vina. The Sheelte sect has its adherents chiefly among the
of Osman in the mosque of EVjub, at Constantinople, after  tribes E. of the Tigris; while different modifications of Moeswearing to defend Islam. His dignity is conceived to be  hammedanism  are professed by the Ishmaenltes,   Wahabis,
19160




TUR                                                              TUR
MPotunalis, and Ansarieh.  The Druses and Yezidis have    The personal appearance of the Tnrks is in general pre.
forms peculiar to themselves.  Christianity, under  the  possessing; they have dark eyes, an aquiline nose, limbs
Greek form, is professed by a large majority of the Greeks,  in general well proportioned, and set off to advantage by a
Wallachians, Bulgarians, and Serbs, and more partially by  dress which forms a medium  between the straight clothBosnians and Albanians.   The Roman Catholic Church  ing of Europe, and the flowing drapery of Asia.  Their gait
claims a considerable number of the last two, and also the  is slow and stately, and their mode of speaking, clear and
whole of the Maronites, part of the Armenians, and a few  deliberate.  The number of the Turks proper is nearly
Greeks. According to the usual estimate, the Christians  12.000,000, or about a third of the whole population.  To
exceed, in European Turkey, three-fourths, and in Asia a  the Turkish stock belong also the Toorcomans, who lead a
fifth, while in Africa they fall short of a fiftieth of the whole  nomadic life in Armenia and the centre of Asia Minor.
population.  Notwithstanding  the strong support and en-    Among the Semitic races the first place is due to the
couragement given by the government to Mohammedanism,  Arabs, who, not confined to their native Arabia, form  a
it is continually losing, while Christianity is adding to its  considerable element in the population of Syria, Palestine,
adherents.  One of the most hopeful signs in this respect is  and the lower basin of the Euphrates, and constitute a
exhibited in the fact that, within a comparatively recent  great majority in Egypt. More or less allied to them are the
period, 10 Protestant communities, counting nearly 2000  Maronites and Druses in Lebanon, and ithe Jebel-Haooran,
members, have been formed, chiefly by the labors of Ame-  (iauran,) the Motualis in Celo-Syria, the Ansarieh or Nosrican missionaries in Armenia.                                   sairi.in North Syria, the Nestorians or Chaldeans in the
Edlucation.-According to a system which had long been  highlands of Koordistan and Mesopotamia, and the Jews
established, the Turkish educational institutions, until re-  who are scattered over all parts of the empire, but have
cently, were only of two sorts, mekteb or elementary, and  their favorite seats in Syria and Palestine.
medresseh or high schools, the latter intended to prepare    To the Caucasian stock belong the Armenians, who, befor the higher ecclesiastical and judicial functions.  This  sides forming at least a third of the population in their
system was greatly improved in 1847, by the introduction  native Armenia, are diffused as traders throughout all the
of a class of schools intermediate between the mekteb and  larger towns; the Mohammedan Koords, apparently Perthe medresseh, and intended  chiefly for the commercial  sian, though their language bespeaks a very mixed origin;
classes. The present educational system, accordingly, now   the Yezidis, chiefly inhabiting the Sindjar Mountains, in
includes elementary schools, attendance at which is corm-  the N. of Mesopotamia; the Greeks, forming the bulk of the
pulsory on all Mohammedan children who have attained  population in Asia Minor, Thessaly, Macedonia, and the
their sixth year; middle schools, in which, among other  islands, and constituting, to a very considerable extent,
branches, geography, history, geometry, and composition  the mercantile and trading community of Turkey, more
are taught; and colleges, arranged under the different heads  especially in the seaports; the Arnauts in the S., and toof military, naval, medical, veterinary, agricultural, &c. wards the coasts of Albania; the Wallachians or Roumains,
Most of the medressehs and,colleges have libraries attached  computed at about 4,000,000. who not only occupy Wallachia
to them, containing a respectable list of works in various  and Moldavia,. but are found under different names in  sost
branches of literature.  Those in Turkish are, like the lan-  provinces of European Turkey; and lastly, the races of
guage itself, derived in a great measure from Arabian and  Slavonic origin, confined exclusively to the European part
Persian sources.                                                  of the empire, but so numerous as to form almost the entire
Bevenue. —The whole revenue is estimated at $36,540,000.  population of the territories between the Balkan and the
The sources from which it is derived, and the modes in which  Danube, amounting, under the name of Bulgarian Slaves,
it is expended, may be gathered from  the following table,  to about 4,000,000 in Bulgaria and the N. of Macedonia and
containing the budgo~ of 1852:-                                   Thrace, and under the name of Serbs, to  upwards of
aeome.                         Expenditure.           3,000,000, principally in Servia, but paetly also in MonteTithes............... $11,000,000  Civil list of the sultan $3,750,000  negro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the adjacent parts of AlLand taxes............. 10,000,000  Do. sultana-mother, &e.  420,000  bania.  To complete this long list of races, it is necessary to
Poll tax...............  2,000,000  Army, navy, and ord-          add the Gipsies, widely diffused. and especially numerous in
Customs...............   4,30        nce................ 18,30,000 ae. 18,70   Moldavia and Wallachia, where their condition is one of
Indirect taxes.........  7,500,000  Payof the functionaries 9,750,000!ribute of Egypt......  6,500,000  Foreign department....  500,000  complete slavery; the Berbers, abounding in Tripoli, Tunis,
of Wallachia..    95,000  Public works..........  500,000  and part of Nubia; and the negro tribes of IKordofan, Seeof Mloldavia...    50,000  Charitable institutions   600,000  near, and Darfoor. The following tables exhibit a summary
s of Servia......   95,000  Interest  of  treasury          of the population of the Ottoman Empire, classified  i th
bonds................   445,000tion of the Ottoman   mpire, classified in te
Life annuities......... 2,200,000  first according to religion, and in the second according to
race:Total....... $36,540,000        Total....... $36,535,000              Poepuelation according to Religions.
People.-These, consisting of various races accidentally                Creeds.          Europe.   Asia.    Africa.   Ttal
brought into juxtaposition or political relationship by im-               -          -.        - 
migration and conquest, present none of the kindred fe-  Mohammedan.......... 3,800,000 12,950,000  3,800,000 20,550,00
tures which combine to form a national character. First in          reks and Arenians.       0,000     0,000....       0,
Rsonan Catholics.....260,000   640,000.... 9-  00,000
order are the Osmanlee Turks, who, as the dominant race,  Jews.0,000   100,000    10,000   180,000
are diffused over the empire, though most numerously in 
Asia Minor, Armenia, and the S.E. of European Turkey.  _                                 15,500,00016,050,000  3,810,000 35,360,000
By right of conquest they are the proprietors of the greater
part of the soil, and fili all the civil and military offices.                     o
They live generally in towns, employed in various trades,                        Poulation accoreing to Races.
and are never found as agriculturists, except in districts
where they have settled in great numbers.  Accustomed to             Races or Tribes.     Europe.    Asia.   Africa.. Total.
obtain their wives and supply their harems from  other   Osmans................,00,000 10,i00,000....-  11,800,000
races, they now constitute a very heterogeneous mixture,  Slavonianss.............       7,200,000...       7,200,000
retaining few of the leading features of their ancient na-  Rumanians.............   4,000,000                          4,000,000
tional character, though the masses are still distinguished   Arnauts................  1,500,000                       1,500,000
and Asiatic indolence, as well as by   Greeks.................  1,000,000  1,000,000  2,000,000
by fanaticisu, ferocity,                                                                   400,and As,  0 indolence, as well as by   Armenians.............   400000  2,000,000  2,400,000
a certain degree of good-nature, frankness, and hospitality.  Jews................0,000    00,000              0,000   10,000
Their temper is essentially phlegmatic, and hence, except  Tartars........                200....... 00..         230,000 0,0
on very extraordinary occasions, they never give way to   Arabs.....................     900,000  3,800,000  4,700,000
violent bursts of passion.  Their highest enjoyment is to   Syrians and Chaldeuns.                   223,000'35,000
Druses.................             25,000              25,000
allow the time to pass indolently and luxuriously away,  Koords.................                    1,000,000.    1,000,000
and their great places of resort are baths and coffee-rooms.  Toorkomans............      90,000              90,000
The former, usually handsome, and often magnificent struc-                                                             ------
tures, are used universally by both sexes, and all classes;                               5500,000,050,000  30000 35,30,000
the latter, placed often in the vicinity of natural or artificial fountains, shaded by trees, and open to the sky, may    Divisions.-The administrative division is into eyalets or
be seen crowded at all times by visitors, in all forms of list-  governments, and sacljalcs or provinces, but these have been
less attitudes, apparently enjoying the highest happiness  so often arbitrarily and even capriciously changed, that it is
of which their nature seems capable firom  such simple in-  difficult to speak with certainty of those actually subsist.
dulgences as a cup of coffee, or a tobacco or opium  pipe. ing. In the subjoined table, extracted from Dieterici's Ali
The only striking contrast to such phlegmatic manifesta-  theilucogen des Statistisihen Buoreaus  in Berlin, (1853,) the
tions is presented by the general fondness for children, and  territories of which European Turkey consists are classified
the strong attachment of children to their parents, particu-  as iomioediate and mediate, the former term  denoting those
larly to their mothers. Both of these affections are exem- in which all the rights of sovelreignty are exercised directly
plified in numerous ways, but nowhere more affectingly  by the sultan, and the latter those in which the sovereign
than in the deep grief produced by family bereavements,  rights are not only modified and restricted by others legally
the care bestowed on their cemeteries, and the numerous  secured to the local governments, but are also shared to a
mourners who are constantly resorting to their cypress  large and not well-defined extent by Russia, under a name
shades to bewail their loss.                                     of a Protectorate.
1967




TUR                                                                TUR.yaoets and Sbnjaks of the Turkish Ezmpire                century, they found themselves strong enough to throw cff
the vassalage, and in 1289, headed by Othman, greatly exs
TURKEY IN EunoPE,                                           tended their possessions by brilliant successes against the
I. IMMEDIATs   POSSESSIONS.    II. AmENIca AND KOORDISTAN.    Greeks. Othcan was succeeded by Orchan, who in 1326 took
1. Eyalet of Room-lee:          0. Eyalet of Erzrom.              Brusa, which he made his capital; in 1327, Nicomedia; and
Sanjak of Sofia.              2.    " Kars.                      in 1330, Niewa, the strongest of the Byzantine frontier fortYaninsa.             3.          Van.                   resses, and was soon master of Asia Minor as far as the HIelles"    Salonica or Saloniki. 4.      Bayazeed.              pont,  He assumed the title of padishah, a term of Persian
is Trikhala.            5.    itM~ooh.
Sctari.                Total area o Armenia and  oor. origin, equivalent to king or prince, and called the gate of his
"   Scutari.        ~~Total area of ArmeNia and Keep.
Mlontenegro.             distan, 49095 sqoaro miles.    palace the " High or Sublime Porte," which has since beMontenegro.       ~distan, 49,095 square miles.                   1
Ochrida.                                               come a common name of the empire which he founded.  Iis
Avlona or Valona.             III. Svra   OR SRAMr.      son Soliman, in 1357, obtained a footing in Europe by crossGhiustendil.           1. Eyalet of Hatleb or Alppo.     ing over and fortifying Gallipoli and Sestos, thereby securing
Uskup.                 2.    "   Damascus. 
s Weeltscheterin (    3.    "   Acre, twith Hoyroot.)   he command of the Dardanelles.  Orchan died in 1359, and
"  Mon~~~~~~~~ astrre Vit o        ia. ~.Tripoli.
"    Monastir or Vitolia.  4.        Tripoli.              was succeeded by his younger son, Murad I., who, in 1362,
Perserin or Prisrend. 5.    "   Jerusalem.                 made Adrianople his capital, and, continuing his conquests,
Akhissar,  or.Croja 6. The territory-of the Druses and   was soon master of a large part of what now forms European
Ilbessan or Elbessap.      Maronites.                   Turkey. The great victy gained in 1389 over the united
Total area of the eyaletof Room.   Total area of Syria, 53,225in 1389 over the unite
Elee, 61,492 square miles.       square miles.                 Albanians and Slavonic nations of the Danube, confirmed
his dominion, but cost him his life, and he was succeeded
2. Eyalet of Bosnia:               IV. IRAc AND aESOPOTAMIA.       by his son Bayazeed, (Bajazet,) who, in 1396., strucka blow
Sanjak of BaNialuka.           1. Eyalet of Oorfa.              at Western Christenom, by the defat of Kng Sigismund
Travnik.               2.          n Diarbekir.                                       by                 ing Siismund
c    Zvornik.              3.         Bagdad and Shehri.  at Nicopolis, in Bulgaria, and reduced the Greek emperor to
c    Srebernik.                         zoor or Turcoma-  the degradation of paying him  tribute.  Shortly after, Bac    Herzegovina or tert-              nia.                 yazeed's career was suddenly stopped by Timur, who comsek.                4.    "   Bassora.               pletely defeated him at Angora, in 1402, and afterwards kept
Total area of the eyelet of Bos- 5.      MIosul.
nia, 27,042 square miles.     Total area of Irak and Mesopo.   himpisnerf re
tmiai, 065,749 square miles.    Timur divided the Osmanli territories among Bayazeed's
3. Eyalet of Silistria:                                           sons, but they again became united, in 1413, under MaSanjak of Widin.                         V. AlnsAc.             hommed I., who, after making the empire more extensive
" Nikseplis.                EyElet of Jidda, 194,400 square
cc iliotrits.            mile o  is. d    1941,400 sqacc    than in the prosperous days of Bayazeed, left it to his son,
" Silistria.               miles.
Tchi"inen.                                             Murad II., whose numerous conquests and exploits were
Kirthilisseh.               TuRtEy IN AcrICA.          crowned by the annihilation of the-Hungarian host in 1444.
Viza.                         TRIesTA r STcTES.          The most remarkable event in the reign of his successor,
Territory of Constantinople.             I.  vryPT.             Mohammed  II., was the taking of Constantinonle in 1453
Total area of Silistria, 36,625 1. Eyalet of Egypt, with the Oasis 
square miles.                  in the Lihyan nesert.        His grandson, Selim I., by driving back the Persians to the
2. Nubia or Dongola, with Seli-  Tigris, conquering Egypt, Syria, and Palestine, and making
4. Eyslet ofJezayr, (Dscaesair,)    nch, and other oases.        himself master of Mecca, gave still further extent and vigor
or the "Islands:"           3. SEyolet of Sensar, and Meree.   to the empire, which, under his son and successor, Soliman
Sanjak of Gallipoli.            Total area of Egypt, 5 e9,560
The islands  of Cai ndia, Go. o   cqaare ifile gy7.       5    II., surnamed the Magfnificent, who succeeded in 1519. atThe islands of CaNdlE, Gozzo      square miles.
Standie, and the other small                                  tained the summit of its prosperity. Even before his death,
islands in the vicinity.              II. TRIPOLI.            however, symptoms of decline becameapparent, and, under
Tho islands of Thooses.       1. Samoa.
The islands of Thasos.. Brca.                          a series of successors generally as deficient as his predecesdi     Samo thrakir.        Fezzan.
c      Imbro.                Total area of Tripoli, 300,394   so0s had been superior in talent, the downward progress
i Staisoni or Lem-      squaro mites.'         has been very rapid.  Unable to support its own weight,
nos.                                               torn by internal dissensions, and continually preyed upon
"    Strati.                      III. TNIS.             by formidable neighbors, it has lost province after province,
Total area of the eyalet of Je. Tunis has an area of 79,144 and is mainly indebted for it prolonged existence to the
zayr,13,10  squae mils.  sqare mles.and  is  mainly  indebted  for  its prolonged  existence to  the
zayr, 13,106 square miles.      square miles.
interference of foreign powers.  The first sultan.who, after
II. MiEDIATE POSSESSIONS.                                     a long series of disasters, endeavored to arrest the progress
D. Wallachi.a:                                                   of decline, was Solina III.  This prince introduced the EuLittle Wallahia.               -                               ropean system into, the army, and commenced many interTotal area of Wallachia, 28,378        SIM.            nal reforms, which. however, he was never able to complete.
Totl aeaof  alacha,28,78      SUMMARY.
square miles.                                                 Mohammed II., the last of the race of Osman, ascended the
I. TUeIKEY IN EHnOPE.       throne in 1808.  He possessed talents not unworthy of the
2. Servia:                      0. Immediatepossessions. 138e,26   earlier princes of his line, and endeavored to carry on the
Sanjak of Semendria.          2. lMediate possessions...  65,362
Novibazar.                                      _      work of reform; but, as if disease were too deeply seated to
Kruschovatz.               Total................  203,6    admit of cure, his reign ranks as one of the most unforPristina.                                               tunato in Turkish annals.  Ilis successor, Abdul Medjid,
Total area of Servia, 21,289        It. TuRecEY IN Asc.         who ascended the throne in 1839, in his sixteenth year, has
square miles.               1. Asia Minor..... 270,000   h
s2qa    l. Areia   and.270,000  hitherto only been  enabled to preserve his empire through
2. Airmenia and Keerdis3. iMoldavia, 15,694 square miles.  tan................ 49,095   aid derived from  foreign powers.  By their direct inter.
3. Syriaor Sham........  53,225  ference, the Pasha of Egypt, when on the eve of dismnemberTuIrsiy ri Asn.         4. Irak andh Mesopotamia.  165,748  ing theempire, was  driven from  his Syrian conquest, and
I. Asatoia.            5. Arabia................  19,,400  again reduced to vassalage; and at present (1855) the power
1. Eyalet of Anatolia.
2.     Karamania.               Total................   732,468   of Russia is kept at bay by the armed intervention of Eng3.    "   Itchelee or Adana.                                      land and'rance.-Adj. TURo IISH; (Fr. TURC, tunk; femi4.    "   Sivas.                    III. TURKEY IN AFRICA.        nine, TUnpQuo, tiink; It. Sp. and Port. Tunco, toor/k0; Ger.
c  Marash.               1. Egypt................. 579,560   TUIoISCH, tiink/ish.)  Inhab. TURK; (the same as the adjec6.       Trebizond.           2. Tripoli................ 300,394.
7.        Jezayr, or the islands 3. Tunis.................79,144  tire, in  French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese; Ger.
in the ogean Sea.                                    TUIKEn, tiik/eh.)
8.        Cyprus.                   Total................ 959,098   TURIKEY, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.
Total area of Asia Miinor, 270,000  Total area of the Tur-        TURSKEY COVE, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia.
sqaarcesmilos.                    hish Empire....2,095,094
square miles.      ish Empire....... 2,095,19   TURKEY  CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North
Carolina.
History.-The Turks appear, in the remotest periods, to             TURKEY CREEK, of South Carolina, flows through Cheshave been thinly scattered-over extensive Asiatic tracts,  ter district into Broad River.
from the desert of Gobi to the Mediterranean, and from the           TURKEY CREEK, of Louisiana, rises on the W. border
N. of Siberia to the Persian Gulf.  Among the most power-  of Madison parish, and flowing S.W., unites with  Boeuf
ful tribes were the Oghoozes, (Oghuzes,) supposed to have  Bayou at the S. extremity of Franklin parish.
been the parent race; the Seljooks, who, by their extensive          TURKEY  CREEK, of Henry co., Ohio, flows into Manconquests, long ranked as the dominant race; and the Os-  mee River.
manlees. (Osmanlis,) who, though at bne time threatened              TURKEY CREEK, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana.
with extinction, suddenly rose to importance, and became  Pop. 590.
the founders of the present Ottoman Empire. In 1224, when            TURKEY   CREEK, a post-office of Steuben co., Indiana.
Soliman Shah was obliged to flee before the Mongols, they           TURKEY CREEK, a post-village of Benton co., Missouri,
formed part of a body of 50,000 men, who quitted Khoras-  about 75 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City.
san, and emigrated westward.  After Soliman's death they            TURIKEYFOOT, a former township of Somerset co., Pennbecame again scattered; but about 400 families attached  sylvania, now  divided into UaPPit and LowER  TUl rEY-rOOT,
themselves to Ertoghral, Soliman's youngest son, who en-  which see.
telred the service of Aladdin, the Seljook sultan of Konioh.    TURKEYFOOT, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.
In reward for their services against the Mongols and the    TURKEYFPOOT, a post-village of Scott co., IKentucky, 22
Byzantine Greeks, a considerable tract of Phrygia, which   miles N. of Lexington.
had been wrested fiom the Byzantines.was distributedamong           TUTJI KEY GROVE, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.
them   as Seijook vassals.  Towards the end of the thirteenth       TURKtEY HILL, a village of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania,
1968




TUR                                                       TUS
TURKEY ISLANDS, in the Java Sea. See KAKo0No.             TURNPIKE CREEK, of Telfair co., Georgia, unites with
TURKEY LAKE, in the N.E. part of Kosciusko co., In- Sugar Creek, near its mouth.
diana, is about 12 miles in length.                         TURNS, a post-office of Monroe co., Pennsylvania.
TURiKEY RIYIER, of Iowa, is formed by two forks which    TURNWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
unite in Fayette county, and after a S.E. course, falls into    TURON, too-rhnf, (ane. Turobhriga,) a village of Spain,
the Mississippi in Clinton county. The two forks are called  province, and 54 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 2655.
the North and the Middle. Another stream, called the South    TURON, a town of Anam. See TooRoc.
Fork, enters the river from the W., 18 miles from its mouth.   TURONES. See ToURs.
TURKEYTOWN, a post-village of Cherokee co., Alabama,   TUROVO, a town of Russia. See Too1ovo.
near the Coosa River, 128 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa.         TURPPENTINE, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
TURIKEYTOWN CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Coosa about 1 mile E. of Mount Holly.
River from the right, in Cherokee county.                   TURQUIA, TURQUIE and TURQUE.  See TuuKEv.
TURKHIAL, ta town of Asia Minor. See ToonRIAL.            TURQUINO, toors-keelno, called also PICO TURQUINO,
TURKHEIM, t6k/hime, a mtarket-towrn of Bavaria, on  peepko tooa-keelno, the highest mountain summit of Cuba,
the Wertach, 25 miles S.S.W. of Augsburg, with a castle in the S.E. part of the island, 50 miles W. of Santiago de
and a Capuchin convent. Pop. 1494.                        Cuba. Elevation, about 8000 feet.
TURKHEIM, (OneR, ofber, and UNTEn, oonfter,) two con-   TURIRAH, a town of West Hindostan, in the Baroda domi.
tiguous villages of Wtirtemberg, 3 miles E. of Stuttgart, on  nions, 20 miles N. of Rahdunpoor, comprising 2500 houses.
the Neckar. United population, 3000.                        TURRE, tooriM,  a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province,
TURKIJE. See TURKEY.                                    and 37 miles N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 3300.
TURK ISLANDS or TURK'S ISLANDS, a group of small   TURRI, tooRfRee, a village of the island of Sardinia, dlviislands among the BiAHAIAS, the largest (called TURK'S Is- sion of Cagliari, province, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Isili.
LAND) about 110 miles N. of Hayti. Lat. 210 20' N., Ion. 710    TURRI, a village of Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra,
W. They are famous for the manufacture of salt.           near the Pescara, district, and 10 miles S.W. of Chieti.
TURKISTAN. See ToORKISTAN.                                TURIRIFF, a burgh of barony, town, and parish of ScotTURKOMANS. See TooRoKrANs.                              land, co. of Aberdeen, 8] miles S.S.E. of Banif. Pop. of the
TURK'S ISLAND.  See TuRK ISLANDS.                      town in 1851, 1693. It has manufactures of linens and
TURILOUGH, a parish of Ireland, in Connaught, co. of  thread, and a bleachfield.
Mayo, 3) miles N.E. of Castlebar. In the village are the re-   TURRITANO, toon-ne-tA/no. a river of the island of Sarmains of an abbey, and a very perfect pillar-tower.       dinia, division of Sassari, after a general N.N.W. course of
TURMAN, a township of Sullivan co., Indiana. Pop. 1396. about 35 miles, enters the Mediterranean on the N. coast
TURMAN'S CREEK, Indiana, flows through Sullivan  of the island, 11 miles N.N.W. of Sassari.
county into Wabash River, 6 miles above Merom.              TURSHIZ, a town of Persia.  See TooRsHEEZ.
TURMAN'S CREEK, a post-office of Sullivan co., Indiana.    TURSI, toot/see, an episcopal city of Naples, province of
TURMUZ, a town of Central Asia. See TiRMIEZ.            Basilicata, 39 miles E.N.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 3900.
TURNA, toor/nA, a fortified town of Wallachia, on the    TUR/TLE, a township of Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop. 966.
Danube, opposite Nicopolis.                                  TURTLE BAY, on the W. coast of Africa, Lower Guinea,
TURN/AGAIN, an island off Russian America, at the  in Benguela, N. of Little Fish Bay.
head of the more extensive part of Cook's Inlet; lat. 610 8'   TURTLE CREEK, of Pennsylvania, enters the Mononga.
N., lon. 1500 30' W. It is about 3- miles long, and scarcely  hela in Allegheny county.
half that in width. The branch in which the island lies    TURTLE CREEK, of Wisconsin, rises in Walworth county,
diverges in a N.E. direction from. the main inlet, and was  and flows into Rock River near Beloit, in Rock county.
called by Captain Cook Turnagain River, under the idea    TURTLE CREEK, a post-village of Alleghany co., Penn'
that it would prove to be a river. Its true character was sylvania, on a stream of its own name, and on the Pennsylascertained by Vancouver, who called it Turnagain Arm.    vania Raihroad, 12 miles E. by S. of Pittsburg. A plank
TUR/NASTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.       road extends from this place, through Braddock's Field, to
TURNAU, tbrlandw, TURNOW, t06R-nov, or TURNAWA, Pittsburg.
tooa-n'/*A, a walled town of Bohemia, on the Iser, 15 miles   TURTLE CREEK, a township of Shelby co., Ohio. P. 792,
N.N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 4500.                              TURTLE CREEK, a township of Warren co., Ohio. P. 3342.
TURN/BACK, a post-village and township of Dade co,,   TURTLE ISLAND, one of the Feejee group, in the Pacific.
Missouri, 140 miles S.W. of Jefferson. P. of township, 312.    TURTLE ISLANDS, in West Africa, W. of the island of
TURNIBULL, a post-village of Monroe co., Alabama, 80  Sherboro'.
miles S.W. of Montgomery.                                   TURTLE ISLANDS, a group of islets in the Sea of Banda.
TUR'NEFF/, a group of islets in the Caribbean Sea, near    TURTLE POINT, a headland of North Australia, on the
the coast of British Honduras; lat. 170 36' N., Ion. 870 46' WV. W. side of Port Essington.
TUR/NER, a post-village and township of Androscoggin    TURITLETOWN, post-office, Cherokee co., North Carolina.
co., Maine, on the W. side of the Androscoggin, which here    TUB/TON, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster, 4.
receives Twenty Mile River, and about 27 miles W.S.W. ofAu- miles N.N.E. of Great Bolton. A Roman road passed here.
gusta. The village is situated on Twenty Mile River, which    TURTUKAIT. toor'too-ki/, a town and fort of European
iere affords a fine water-power, improved for a saw mill, Turkey, in Bulgaria, pashalic, and 28 miles W.S.W. of Silisgrist mill, oil mill, chair factory, woollen factory, machinery  tria, on the Danube.
for making boxes, besides lath, shingle, and clapboard ma-   TURUKHANSK, a town, North Siberia. See TOOKHANSc.
chinery. It has also a church, 3 stores, a tannery, and nu-   TURUKHIX RIVER, ariver of Siberia. See TooRooxANsK.
merous boot and shoe factories. Besides the above, there    TUR/VEY, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
are in the township 6 saw mills, 3 griist mills, an iron    TURYILLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
foundry, machinery for carriages and sleighs; also for lath,    TURWESTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
shingles, and clapboards, for sawing sash, door, and banister    TURWICK, a parish of England. co. of Sussex.
stuff, turning wooden bowls, carding, &c. The Androscog-    TURYASSU, too-re-is-soo/, a river of Brazil, separates the
gin, in this part of its course, is crossed by two toll-bridges.  provinces of Maranhuo and Par&, and enters the Atlantic
Pop. in 1850, 2536.                                       at the Bay of Turyassu, after a N.W. course'of 350 miles.
TURNER CREEK, apost-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Its banks are richly wooded, On the bay are the towns of
TURINER'S, formerly CEN/TREVILLE, a post-village of  Tury and Arcos.
Orange co., New York, on the New York and Erie Railroad,    TUSA, too/se, a town of Sicily, near its N. coast, * miles
57 miles from New York City.                              W.N.W. of Mlistretta.  Pop. 4000.
TURNER'S PUDDLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.    TUSAPAN, a ruined city of the Mexican Confederation.
TURNER'S STORE, a post-office of Caroline co., Virginia.  See TUSPAN.
TURNER'S STORE, a post-office of Madison co., Alabama.   TUSCAHIIATCHEE. See TUCKAsAW.
TURN/ERSVILLE, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsyl-   TUS'CAHO/MA, a post-village of Choctaw co., Alabama.
vania.                                                      TUSCAIHOMA, a post-village of Tallahatchee co., MissisTURNERSVILLE, a post-village of Robertson co., Ten- sippi, on Yallobusha River, 105 miles N. by E. of Jackson.
nessee, 35 miles N.W. of Nashville.                         TUSCALAMEITA  CREEK, of Mississippi, enters Pearl
TURN/HAM GREEN, a hamlet of England, co. of Middle- River from the E., in Scott county.
sex, 8 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. It has a new    TUSCALOOSA, (RivEa.)  See BLACK WATRRIOR.
church, and many villas.                                    TUSICALOO/SA, a county in the N.W. central part of
TURNIOUT, tARnh6wgt, a town of Belgium, province, Alabama, has an area of 1620 square miles. It is interand 25 miles E. of Antwerp, in a wide heath. Pop. 13,250. sected by the Black Warrior River, dividing it into nearly
It has manufactures of sacking, carpets, linen cloths, cut- equal parts, and also by Sipsey or New River. The surface
lery, lace, paper, and oil, with bleaching, dyeing, brick, and  is hilly or uneven; the soil is remarkably fertile. In 1850
tile-works.                                               there were iraised 73,561 bales of cotton-the greatest quanTURNITZ, tSba.nits, or TWORDONICZE, tvot-do-neetlsi, tity produced in any county in the United States. Ex2
a market-town of Moravia, 35 miles S.S.E. of Briinn. Popl  tensive beds of iron ore, stone coal, and carboniferous lime1255.                                                      stone are found in it. Steamboats navigate the Black War.
TURNtIOUT, a station, Cattaraug-us co., New York, on the  rior River from its mouth to Tuscaloosa, the county seat.
New York and Erie Railroad, 444 miles from New York City. A plank-road extends to Montgomery. Pop. 18,056, of whom
TURNOW, a town of Bohemia. See TURNAU.                  10,579 were free, and 7477 slaves.
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TIJS                                                         TUS
TUSCALOOSA, a thriving town, capital of Tuscaloosa co., rieties of beautiful marble, among others that of Sienna,
Alabama, on the left bank of the Black Warrior River, at well known throughout Europe.
the head of steamboat navigation, 125 miles N.W. of Mont-   Rivers.-The whole surface belongs to the basin of the
gomery, and 818 miles from Washington. Lat. 330 12' N., Tyrrhene Sea, with the exception of the small corner on
ion. 870 42' W. It was formerly the capital of Alabama, the N.E. side of the Apennine chain, belonging to the
and is still one of the principal towns of the state, remark- Adriatic.  In the latter the streams are very numerous,
able for its literary institutions as well as its active trade. but so small as never to lose their character of mountain.
It is the seat of the University of Alabama, founded in  torrents within the Tuscan territory; they have all a N.E.
1831, having 9 instructors, 135 under-graduates, and a  direction; in the former, a secondary water-shed formed by
library of 8000 volumes. The buildings of the university, a ramification of the Apennines, which crosses the country
which are beautifully situated half a mile from the river, from E. to W., sends the waters on each side of it in oppocost not less than $150,000. The president's residence cost site directions. The N. side is almost wholly drained by
$35,000. The State Lunatic Asylum is established at Tus- the Arno, which, commencing its course very circuitously,
caloosa, which also contains a handsome court-house, a num- flows, though not without considerable deviations, nearly
her of churches,.a United States land-office, 3 or 4 news- W.; the waters on the other side are received by several
paper offices; and several academies or seminaries. The  independent streams, all of which, with the exceptioft of
manufacture of cotton and iron is carried on in the vicinity. the Cecina, whose course is nearly parallel to that of the
Large quantities of cotton are shipped here by steamboats  Arno, flow S. Of these latter streams, the most important
to Mobile. A plank-road connects this town with Mont- are the Tiber, (which, however, only commences its course
gomery, and a branch railroad is projected to the Mobile and  in Tuscany,) the Fiora and Albegno, which drain the S.;
Ohio Railroad. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 3500.             and the Ombrone, second only to the Arno; it rises near the
TUSCANIA. See TOSCANELLA.                                 centre, deriving its supplies from numerous tributaries.
TUSICANY, (It. Toscana, tos-klng; Fr. eoscane, tos'k3n/;    Climate.-The climate is on the whole one of the best in
anc. Etruaria or Tuscia,) a grand duchy in North Italy, lat. Italy. So far as the principal chain of the Apennines ex420 13, to 440 30' N., lon. 90 12' to 120 20' E. It is bounded  tends, the cold in winter is often severe, and in the low fiats
N. by the duchies of Parma and Modena, and the Papal along the shore and near it a worse evil is felt, where in
States; E. and S. by the Papal States; W. by that part of the  summner the air becomes charged with the pestilential vaMediterranean which takes the name of the Tyrrhene or pors of the Maremma; but with these exceptions, there are
Tyrrhenian Sea; and N.W. by isolated parts of Modena, and  few if any countries which can boast of a milder tempera.
the division of Genoa in the Sardinian States. In the  ture, and a more salubrious atmosphere. In January the
boundaries here described is included the duchy of Lucca,  thermometer marks 370, and in August 900 Fahrenheit.
situated in the N.W., and declared. October 11, 1847, to form  Cases of longevity are of frequent occurrence, and the anan/integral part of the grand duchy. Tuscany also pos- nual mortality, never so high as 1 In 36, often doesnot exsesses several islands, of which by far the most important  seed 1 in 40 of the population.
is Elba. In the S. the country terminates nearly in a point,    Vcgetation, Agri'culture, rfc. —In such circumstances, vegefrom which it gradually widens out both on the E. and W., tation has most of the advantages which climate is able to
till it attains its greatest breadth in the N., thus assuming  bestow. The lofty barriers of the Apennines  exclude the
a triangular form. Greatest length, from  N. to S., 130  keen blasts of the north, and when heat and drought become
miles; central breadth, 100 miles; estimated area, 8586  excessive, the numerous streams afford an easy means of
square miles.                                               compensating for any deficiency of natural moisture, by
Faceof the Country, Mountains, dc.-The coasthas alehngth  means of irrigation. To these advantages, Tuscany adds
of about 150 miles, and in the N. consists of a long and  that of a generally fertile soil. Some of the loftier summits,
nearly continuous sweep, terminating in one of its most indeed, have a bare and arid appearance, but in general all
conspicuous promontories, called Piombino. The S. part, the land, which, from  its elevation or ruggedness, cannot
continued from  Piombino to its termination in the still be brought under cultivation, is covered with forests or
more conspicuous promontory formed by Monte Argentaro.  natural pasture. These, nearly equal to each other in exis broken into a number of small bays, of which the largest tent, share between them  rather more than a half of the
are those of Piombino, Grossetto, Orbitello, and Porto-Ercole. whole surface.  Of the remainder, nearly one-half of the
The shore, though sometimes bold, is generally low, and  available land is arable, one-third in vineyards, and onelined by extensive swamps or Maremma. The interior of  sixth in olive-yards, orchards, gardens, and meadows. On
the country is finely diversified. The chain of the North  the arable land the favorite crops are maize and wheat. Of
Apennines forms a considerable part of its N. boundary, the latter, a peculiar species iscultivated solely for the straw.
and then turning S.S.E., traverses its N.E. portion. This  In the low flats a good deal of rice is grown. The principal
chain sends out numerous ramifications, which extend in  subsidiary crops are barley, rye, and pulse.
all directions over the country, and leave in the intervals    The grain produced falls considerably short of the conbetween them valleys of greater or less extent, distinguished  sumption, and is supplemented partly by chestnuts, which,
alike by their fertility and their beauty. The Arno, the  among the lower classes, are much used for food, and partly
largest and richest ofthese-valleys, occupies nearly a sixth  by importation, chiefly from the Black Sea. This deficiency
of the whole surface. None of the principal heights of the  of produce, where climate and soil are so favorable, is mailnly
Apennines are situated in Tuscany, which has its culmi- the result of the small proportion of the land under grainnating point of about 4200 feet in Bosco-Lungo, on the bor- crops, and of the vicious system  of agriculture carried on,
ders of Modena, S. of Mount Cimone. The other summits  keeping the produce greatly lower than it might otherwise
are generally so much lower, that the average height has  be. Each occupant has only a minute portion, seldom exbeen estimated not to exceed 1900 feet.                     ceeding a few acres. This he cultivates on what is called
Geology.-The far greater portion of the strata belong to  the metaye)- system, under which he gives little more than
the upper part of the secondary formation, and are usually  his labor, and shares the produce with his landlord. The
classed as cretaceous, being composed of limestones with  inevitable tendency of such a system is to perpetuate old
nummulites and hippurites, and of intervening sandstones  routine. Accordingly, in Tuscany, as in other countries
containing numerous fucoids. These cretaceous strata are  where the same system  is pursued, the implements are of
very largely developed both in the N. and S., but are sepa- the most imperfect description, the rotations generally prorated or rather partially overlain by a broad belt composed  ceed on the principle of deriving the largest amount of prechiefly of marlsa, travertine, and sandstone, belonging to the  sent produce, without reference to future productiveness, and
tertiary formation. An earlier tertiary appears to the S. the farmer, in regard to all his views, feelings, and habits,
and W. of Volterra, and is penetrated in numerous places  is merely a peasant. All that persevering industry can acby plutonic rocks, consisting for the most part of serpentine,  complish in farming is to be seen in every part of Tuscany,
and apparently forming the great mass or nucleus on  but the skill necessary to guide industry, and secureits most
which the other strata lie. The most remarkable develop- valuable results, is very seldom witnessed.
ment of volcanic rocks is in Mount Amiata, and a portion    The culture of the vine is the next in importance to that
of the country immediately surrounding it. Here trachyte, of grain, and displays the same combination of remarkable
basarlt, and volcanic tufas are common. The oldest forma- industryand defective skill. In many parts where the hills
tion which occurs is near the W. coast, between Grossetto  are naturally too steep, they have been laid out in artificial
and Castiglione, where a space nearly of an oval form is oc- terraces, on which the vines thrive admirably, and yield
cupied by silurian rocks; and the most recent formation is  abundant produce. Oil is also more plentiful than excelin the plains extending along the shore from  Leghorn to  lent, though that of Pisa and one or two other towns is well
Pisa, and to some distance inland; it consists of deep beds  known in commerce. The rearing of silk-worms occupies
of diluvial gravel and alluvium.                           fir less attention than it deserves, though the annual proMineras. —The minerals are more varied than valuable. duce of silk is estimated at not less than 250,000 pounds.
They include copper, cinnabar, argentiferous lead, generally  The grass-husbandry is not carried to much perfection in
in too small quantities to be worked to much advantage; Tuscany. Artificial meadows are not extensive, and the
iron of excellent quality, found partly on the mainland,  number of cattle kept is comparatively small.
but to a much larger extent in the Isle of Elba, where it   Aniunals. —Oxen and buffaloes are almost the only anihas been advantageously worked for ages; borat  obtained' mals used for draught, and horses are of a very inferior dein large quantities from a remarkable series of lagoons to  scription.  Asses, on the other hand, which are kept in
the S. of Volterra; salt, the produce chiefly of brine-springs  great numbers, are considered the best in Italy. Sheep and
in the same locality; sulphur, alum, nitre, and several va- goats are also numerous, the former very indifferent, with
1970




'TUS                                                        TUS
a coarse wool, fit only for inferior purposes; the latter supe- debtis not accurately known. The army amounts to 15,376
rior, and yielding a milk which is much usd. in making a  men.
highly-prized cheese. Large herds of swine roam  at will,   History. —Tuscany embraces the far greater part of anand feed on the mast of the forests. In the neighborhood  clent Etruria, and was inhabited by a people who had early
of Pisa an extensive establishment and breeding-stud of  made great advances in civilization.  They were' divided
camels is kept.                                            into 12 tribes, each headed by a king or Lucumon, (Lucuno,)
aicnufactures.-The manufactures employ few large esta- and all confederated together for mutual defence. The most
bllshments in which machinery is employed, but are for celebrated of these kings was Porsena,. who entered into -a
the most part the produce of manual labor, carried on by  league with the Tarquins, and in order to restore them laid
individuals in their own homes. They consist chiefly of  siege to Rome. Etruria at last shared the common fate of
silks, in which Tuscany maintains its celebrity; woollens, all the other Italian states, and-fell under the Romans about
which at one time employed 30,000 persons in Florence alone, 280 a. c. From  the Romans it passed first to the Goths,
but which are now confined to coarse cloths; paper of ex- next to the Lombards, and then to Charlemagne, who gocellent quality is extensively manufactured. The making  verned it by counts.  These, under Louis-le-Debonnaire,
of-straw-hats has greatly declined, although still important, took the name of marquis, and continued to govern as vasespecially in the vicinity of the capital, where large numbers  sals of the empire till 1160, when the last.of them, Guelf
of the peasantry are employed in preparing the straw. The  VI., sold his marquisate to the emperor:Frederick I. Ills
other branches of industry comprise the manufacture of  successors portioned it out into a number of small fiefs.
glass and crystal, articles in marble, alabaster, iron, brass, Meanwhile the cities of Florence, Pisa, and Sienna acquired
rorcelain, coral, wax, carpet-making, and typography.      importance, and became each the nucleus of a celebrated
T'rade.-The trade is almost wholly centered in Leghorn, republic. After numerous vicissitudes, the whole of Tusbut is also shared to a small extent by Piombino and Porto. cany became united, in 1557, under the M'Nedici family, the
Ferrajo. The export of-manufactured goods forms a chief  second of whom, Cosmo I., assumed the title of grand duke.
branch of the trade of Leghorn, whence 40 or 50 barges, with  Under the Medici, who greatly distinguished themselves
10 or 12 men each, are annually sent to the coral-fishery. by their patronage of literature and art, it rose to great coThe other principal exports are olive-oil, hides, straw-hats, lebrity, and possessed one of the most brilliant courts of
borax, rags, wool. hemp, potash, coral, marble, tallow, cork-  Europe. In 1737 the Medici became extinct, and the grand
building timber, and paper. The imports comprise British  duchy passed to the Duke of Lorraine, who by his marriage
manufactures, grain, colonial goods, French, Swiss, and Ger- with Maria Theresa, succeeded, in 1745, to the throneofAusman manufactures, and salt-fish. The commercial shipping  tria. His successors, among whom the Grand Duke Leopold
in 1853 comprised 126 square-rigged vessels, and 911 smaller  deserves special notice for the ability and wisdomwith which
craft., Of these more than one-half belonged to Leghorn, he governed, retained uninterrupted possession till 1501,
and above a third to Elba.                                 when Bonaparte, to compensate the Prince of Parma for
The divisions of Tuscany, with their areas, population, &c, territories of which he had deprived him, erected Tuscany in
are exhibited in the following table:-                     his favor, into the kingdom of Etruria, but shortly after inDivisions, Area, and Poplatisss of  lsctsse.      corporated it with his kingdom of Italy. In 1814 it returned,
DivisonsArea and.opulation of Tuscany.
with its old title of grand duchy, to the Archduke Ferdinand. a brother of the Emperor of Austria,-Adj. and inProvs. or Deps.    Area    Pop. 1852.    Chief towns.    hab. TuSfoAN; (It. TosCCAO, tos-kJno; FI. TOScANE, tos'kibn/.)
sq. m.
Fleoreon~cs.,, -.~ -. _ _   -   -TUSCARAWAS, tts-k.-rawlwUss, a small river of Ohio,
2,270   -1,0015    Florence.       rises in the N.E. part of the state, and uniting with the
Lucca.................  516    260,745   Lucca.
Piss.................,   s16    2627,719    Lca.       Walhonding River at Coshocton. forms the Muskingum.
Pisa...................  1,186  227,719   t Pisa.
Sienna...............   1,470    186,263    Sienna.        TUSCARAWAS, a county in the E. part of Ohio, contains
Arezzo................    1,278    218,283    Arezzo.    about 520 square miles. It is intersected by the Tuscairawas
Grossetto.............   1,728  77,891    Grossetto.     River, and also drained by Sugar and Stillwater Creeks.
Leghor rgsna..          4      85,834    Leghorn.        The surface is generally undulating, except some level land
of Gorgona.....                                                               -gerstrems.  he sil i excllen
Island of Elba andad-    9                                in the vicinity of the la-gerstreams.    The soil is excellent,
Ijacentdo isaanads.    98      21,211    Porto-Ferrjo.   and in many parts under high cultivation.: The county
Tacotisands                                                                        hiheeu/
~~~Total..... 8~,586  1  sen'B2                  contains deposits of stone coal and iron, which are thought
l............ 6   1,78,0-21         to be inexhaustible, but have not yet been worked to much
Governmeont. —The government is an absolute monarchy. extent. The coal is of good quality, and easily accessible by
It is divided into the five departments of the interior, jus-  means of the Ohie Canal. The streams furnish abundant
tice, foreign affairs, ecclesiastical affairs, public instruction,  water-power. The county is intelrsected by the Steubenville
and war, each presided over by a minister of state, who  and Indiana Railroad, and the Cleveland Medina and Tusowes his appointment, and is accountable only to the grand  carlwas Railroad, unfinished.,Capital, New Philadelphia.
duke. Justice is administered by 14 courts of first resort, Pop. 31,761.
who judge in all cases where the value exceeds $64, and    TUSCARAWAS, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio, interhave a power of reviewing all the decisions of inferior judges,  sected by the Muskingum River and Ohio Canal. Pop. 741.
who are competent only in cases of smaller amount. The    TUSCARAWAS, a township of Stalrk co., Ohio. Pop. 2041.
supreme court or Corte-Regia sits in Filorence, and has a    TUSCARAWAS, a post-village of Tuscarawas co,, Ohio,
general equitable jurisdiction over the whole grand duchy,  108 miles E. of Columbus.
as well as a direct power of review in all cases exceeding    TUSCAROMRA, a creek of Niagara co, New York, falls into
$800. It consists of a president, four vice-presidents, and  the VW. end of Lake Ontario.
16 councillors, and five of these, including a president or    TUSCARORA, at creek of Pennsylvania, enters the Juvice-president, are necessary to form a quorum. -Trial by  niata River a little below Mifflintown.
jury is unknown, and in penal sentences there is no ap-   TUSCARORA, a creek in the N.N.E. part of Virginia,
peal. Punishments, however, are generally mild, and crimes flows through Berkeley county, passes by Martinsburg, and
are neither numerous nor of an aggravated character.       falls into the Potomac, or into some small affluent of that
Religion. —Almost all the inhabitants are Roman Catbo- river. It affords fine water-power.
lies, who are governed by 3 archbishops and 17 bishops, and    TUSCARORA, a post-officeof Livingston co., New Yolrk.
form the established church; but the principles of ieli-    TUSCARORA, an Indian village of Niagara co., New York,
gious toleration are well understood; and till lately, (1852-4,) 2~ miles E. of Lewistown.
when the spirit of persecution appears to have regained its    TUSCARORA, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania.
ascendency, Tuscany had greatly honored herself, and added  Pop. 1175.
to her prosperity, by giving effect to them  in the case of    TUSCARORA, a post-village of Schuylkill co., PennsylvaJews and others, long before they were recoguised in other nia, on the Schuylkill River; 73 miles N.E. of Harrisburg,
countries.                                                 It is connected with Pottsville by a branch railroad, on
Education, cc.-Elementary schools are very generally  which coal is transported. Pop. in 1853, about 650.
established, but a large proportion of the population still   TUSCARORA, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, 70 miles S.
remain uneducated.  Superior schools exist in all the  of Iowa City.
larger towns, and both SiennN and Pisa have universities.    TUSCARORA MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, extends from
The latter, once celebrated over Europe, is still in high re- the Juniata  River S.W. along the NW. border of Perry
putation, though the number of students is under 600. county, and thence S., under the name of Cove Mountain,
There are numerous learned societies and literary esta- into Maryland.
blishments, whose labors are well known, and have pro-   TUSCIIKAU-OB-DER-MIES, td6shfkfw op dar mees, or
cured Tuscany an honorable place in the annals of litera- TAUSSKOW. t~wssqlov. a town of Bohemia, 6 miles W.N.W.
ture. The Italian spoken by the educated classes has long  of Pilsen, on the Mies or Missa. Pop. 1000.
been admitted to be the standard of purity, though Rome    TUSCIA. See TuscANY.
claims superiority in pronunciation. The people generally    TUSCOILA, a new county in the E. part of Michigan, has
have fine physical forms, and bear a high name for indus- an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the
try, sobriety, and honesty. The revenue, amounting in  N.W. by Saginaw Bay, and is intersected by Cass River,-an
1853 to'5,649,184, is derived chiefly from customs, and the  affluent of the Saginaw. Pop. 291.
monopolies of salt and tobacco. Nearly one-sixth is obtained    TUSCOLA, a post-village and township of Livingston co.,
by a land-tax, and the lottery furnishes a considerable item. Michigan; about 30 miles E. of Lansing. Pop. 544.
The expenditure exceeds the revenue, but the amount of    TUSCULUM.  See FRAscATI.:197~1




TUS                                                       TWE
TUSCULUM COLLEGE. See TABLE OF COLLEGES, Appendix.   TUZ-GUL, a lake of the Chinese Empire. See Tooz-GooL.
TUSCUMIBIA, a thriving  post-village of Franklin co., Ala-   TUZKURIMATY, a village of Turkish Toorkistan. See
bama, is situated 1 mile S. of the Tennessee River, and 111  TOOZK0oRMiATv.
miles N. of Tuscaloosa. Steamboats from  the Ohio River    TUZLA, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See TOOZLA.
can ascend to this place in the higher stages of water. Two    TVER or'TWER, tv6a or tvaiR, a government of Russia,
newspapers are published here. A railroad about 45 miles  between lat. 560 and 590 N., ion. 320 and 38~ 20' E., having
long extends E. to Decatur, and forms part of the route of  E. Yaroslav, S. Smolensk, Mgscow, and Vladimeer, W. Pskov,
the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, which is here inter-  and N. the government of Novgorod. Area, 26,176 square
sected by the New Orleans and Nashville Railroad, not yet miles. Pop. in 1851. 1,359,920. Surface more elevated than
finished.  At Tuscumbia, there is a spring issuing from a  in most parts of Russia, and here the Volga and its affluents,
huge fissure in the limestone rock. It is said to discharge  the Tvertsa, Mologa, and Medvleditsa, rise. The N. of the
20,000 cubic feet per minute, forming a large stream, which  government is hilly; elsewhere the surface is chiefly level,
joins Tennessee River between 2 and 3 miles below.          abounding in small lakes. The soil is generally poor; but
TUSCUMBIA, a post-village, capital of Miller co., Mis- sufficient corn is produced for home consumption.. Large
souri, on the right bank of the Osage River, 35 miles S.S.W. quantities of hemp, flax, and beans are raised. Forests ire
of Jefferson City.                                          extensive, particularly in the N. Cattle for consumption are
TUSKAR, toos'kaR1, or KURA, koohra, a river of Russia, mostly imported. The manufactures comprise bricks, glassjoins the Seim a little below Koorsk. Total course, 90 miles. ware, woollen cloths, leather, dyeing materials, and spirits.
TUSKErGEE, a flourishing  post-village, capital of Macon  Commerce active. Principal towns, Tver, the capital, Rshev,
co., Alabama, 40 miles E. by N. of Montgomery. It has seve- Torzhok, Ostashkov, and Vishnee-Volotchok.
ral flourishing seminaries, and 3 newspaper offices.          TVER or TWER, a city of Russia, capital of the above goTUSMIVORE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            vernment, is situated on the Volga, here crossed by a
TUSPAN,  toos-pinl, or TUSAPAN, too-s -p.nl, a small wooden bridge 550 feet in length, and joined by the Tvertsa,
maritime town of the Mexican Confederation, state, and  90 miles N.W. of Moscow. Pop. 24,000. Since its almost
145 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz, on a river, 5 miles from the  total destruction by fire, in 1763, it has been rebuilt with
Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 1000. It has some trade with Tam- much regularity.  It comprises the town-proper, several
pico and Campeachy.                                         suburbs, and a citadel; an imperial palace. a cathedral,
TUSQUITA, a post-office of Cherokee co., North Carolina. numerous other churches, and a seminary. Here are also
TUSSEKIAK, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virginia.    numerous government offices, barracks, inns, a theatre, a
TUSISEY'S MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, one of the smaller  college, and various schools. The trade is considerable, and
ridges of the Appalachian chain, traverses Bedford county  facilitated by canals, which establish a water communication
in its whole length from  S.W. to N.E., forms the greater between the Baltic and Caspian Seas. Tver being on the
part of the boundary between Blair and Huntingdon, anid  high road between Moscow and St. Petersburg, is an entremay be traced through Centre county towards the West pst for corn from the S. destined for. the capital, and for
Branch of the Susquehanna.                                  goods conveyed overland to and fiom Riga. It was founded
TUSTEN, a township of Sullivan co., New York, orman-  in 1182, and was capital of a principality from 1240 to 1490.
ized since 1850. Pop. in 1855, 900.                           TVEIRTSA, TVERTZA or TWERTZA, twittlsR, a river of
TUSTEREN, tooseter-en, an island off the W. coast of Nor- Russia. government of Tver, after a S.E. course of 110 miles,
way, E.ofChristiansund. Length, 12miles; breadth, 6miles.  joins the Volga on the left, at Tver. A canal joins the
TUTIBURY, a parish and village, formerly a market-town,  Tvertsa to the Msta, an affluent of Lake Ilmen, and thus
of England, co. of Stafford, on the Dove. 41 miles W.N.W. forms a communication between the Caspian Sea and the
of Burton-on-Trent, on a railway. Pop. 1798. The church, Baltic.
a large edifice, is a part of an ancient priory, erected in 1080.    TWAI/ITY  PLAINS, a post-office of Washington co.,
Wool-stapling was formerly the chief trade of the town; it  Oregon.
now has a cotton factory and glass-works, and large fairs    TWARDAGORA, a town of Prussia.  See FESTENIERO.
for cattle. In the ruined castle, once a seat of the Mercian    TWEED, (anc. Tuedcc,) a river of Scotland and England,
Ikings, and afterwards of the earls and dukes of Lancaster,  draining almost all the E. portion of the Scottish Lowlands.
Mary Queen of Scots was confined in 1569-70, and from 1584  It rises at Tweedshaws, S. extremity of Peebles-shire, 1500
to 1586.                                                    feet above the sea; flows N.E. and E. through the counties
TUTELA. See TUDELA.                                       ofPeebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh; and then between BerTUTIJILL, a small post-village in the S. part of Ulster  wickshire on the N., and the English counties of Northum:
co., New York.                                              berland and Durham on the S.; and finally enters the North
TUTICOB/IN, a maritime town of British India, presi- Sea at Berwick, after a course of 95 miles, in which it tradency of Madras, 65 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin, with a  verses a basin estimated at 1870 square miles, which is larger
share in the pearl fishery of the Gulf of Manaar.           than that of any other Scottish river, except the Tay. PrinTUTI/NEL-wmIT-COBILEY. a hamlet, England, co. Warwick. cipal affluents, the Yarrow, Ettrick, Teviot, and Till, f-om the
TUTOYA. too-tolyd, a town of Brazil, province, and 160  S.; Biggar, Gala, Leader, and Adder, from the N. Before reachmiles fronm  Maranhso, on the Tutoya, which forms the west- ing Peebles, it has completed 1000 feet of descent, and in the
ernmost branch of the Parnahiba. It contains an oldparish  remaining part of its course it has generally a veiy gentle
church, and is well situated for trade, having a harbor in  current. It is tidal to Norham Castle, 10 miles from  the
which small vessels are completely sheltered, lying on the  sea, but navigable only in its last 6 miles for boats of 30
deepest and most frequented of all the entrances to the  tons burden, and the traffic on its waters is mostly confined
Parnahiba.                                                  to Berwicl.  The Tweed and Clyde take their origin in the
TUTSCIAP, tootcshap, or TUCAP, a village of Bohemia,  same mountain range, and flow for a considerable way very
circle of Tabor, with a castle. Pop. 1123.                  near each other. The Biggar, an affluent of the Tweed, is
TUTSCHKOW, tootch-kovt, a modern town of South Rus- separated from  the Clyde only by a level boggy tract, 6
sin, Bessarabia, on the Danube, 3 miles Ii. of Ismail.      miles across; they could be easily connected by a canal.
TUT/TINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         The salmon fisheries of the Tweed were formerly of more
TUT/TLINGEN, a town of Wfertemberg,  circle of Black  value than at present.
Forest, on the Danube, 20 miles W.S.W. of Signmaringen.    TWEED, a river of Australia, New South Wales, co. of
Pop. 5160.  It has manufactures of woollen, linen, and  Rous, enters the Pacific near lat. 280 10' S., ion. 1530 30' E.
silken fabrics, and paper.                                    TWEED, a village of Canada WeSt, co. of IHIastings, 33
TUTUILA, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See MAOoNA.   miles fimom Belleville. Pop. about 100.
TUTZ, tiitz, or TUCZNO, t55ts/no, a town of Prussia,    TWEEDDALE, the popilai- name of PEEnLES-SHImE.
province of'West Prussia, government of Marienwerder, on    TWEEDIOUTIHI, a parish and village of England, co. of
three lakes, 26 miles S.S.E. of Dramburg.  Pop. 1278.       Durham, on the right bank of the Tweed, opposite Berwick,
TUTZIS, a village of Nubia. See GueRCuE.                  of which it firms a handsome suburb, connected with it by
TUX/FORD, a market-town and parish of England, co., a stone bridge, and on the Newcastle and Berwick Railway.
and 22 miles N.N.E. of Nottingham. Pop. in 1851, 1211. It  Pop. in 1851, 5714. It has a neat Gothic church, a largo
has a free grammar-school, and trade in hops, raised in the  iron foundry, and a thriving salmon fishery.
neighborhood.                                                 TWEEDSMUIR, tweedstmiirf, a parish of Scotland, co. of
TUXTLA, tooxt/lV, a town of the Mexican Confederation, Peebles, at its S.W. extremity. Here are the remains  of
state of Chiapas, near the Tabasco, 37 miles W. of Ciudad- several old baronial castles.
Real, with a trade in tobacco and cocoa. Pop. 5000.           TWELLO. a village of the Netherlands, province of GelTUY, twee, (anu. Tuldce or Tusdc ad Fifnes,) a walled firon-  derland, 3 miles W. of Deventer. Pop. 1000.
tier town of Spain, province, and 27 miles S.S.E. of Ponte-   TWELVE MILE, a post-office of Pickens district, South
vedra, on the Minho, opposite the Portuguese town of Va- Carolina.
lenga. Pop. 4212. It has a cathedral, and manufactures    TWELVE MILE, a post-office of Case co., Indiana.
of table linens, hats, leather, and liqueurs. The country    TWELVE MILE CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into
around it is of high fertility, but unhealthy from marshes.  Saluda River in Lexington district, 12 miles above Columbia.
TUY, twee, a river of South America, in Venezuela, flows    TWELVE MILE CREEK, of Pickens district, South Camo
E., and enters the Caribbean Sea 60 miles E. of Caracas. lina, flows into Kiowee River 12 miles S. of the court-house.
Total course, 90 miles.                                       TWELVE MILE PRAIRIE, a post-village of St. Clair co.,
TUZ-GIIHIEUL, GOL or GIOLI, a large salt-lake of Asia  Illinois, about 38 miles S.S.E. of Alton.
iinor. See ToOZ-GoiEm.                                       TWENTY-FOUR PERGUNTNAHS, a maritime district of
1972




TWE                                                       TYN
British India, presidency of Bengal, having S. the Bay of    TWYFORD, a chapelry, cos. of Berks and Wilts, with an
Bengal, and landward the districts of Nuddea, Jessore, Cal- important station on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles
cutta, Hoogly, and Midnapoor. The surface is a dead level, E.N.E. of Reading.
intersected by arms of the Ganges, and it comprises a part of    TWYIMAN'S STORE, a post-office of Spottsylvania co.,
the jungly tract termed the Sunderbunds.                   Virginia.
TWENTY-SIX IMILE CREEK, of Anderson district, South    TWYNIHIIM  or TWINE!HAM, a parish of Scotland,
Carolina, flows S.W. into Kiowee River.                    stewartry of Klrkcudbright.
TWER. See TVER.                                            TWYWELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
TWICKIENIHAM, a village and parish of England, co. of    TYBAIN, a town of Austria. See TYBEIN.
Middlesex, on the W. bank of the Thames, immediately op-   TYBEE! ISLAND, in TybeeBay, the S. side of the entrance
posite Richmond, with which itis connected by a handsome  to Savannah River, Georgia. At its N. end is a fixed light,
stone bridge, and on the railway between London and  80 feet high. Lat. 320 N., lon. 800 52' W.
Staines, 113 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in 1851, 6254.   TYBEIN or TYBAIN, te-binf, (It. Duino doo-eesno,) a seaThe village is antiquated and dull, but along the river are  port town of Austria, in Illyria, 2 miles from Triest, with
many beautiful villas and grounds. Here was the rese- a small harbor. It was once walled and otherwise fortified.
dence of Pope, the poet, also Strawberry Hill, the residence    TYBOHIINE. See TAUoGBOYNE.
of Horace Walpole. Twickenham Alt, or Eel-pie House, on    TYBRIS. See TIBE R.
an island in the Thames, is a favorite resort of holiday vlsi-   TYCOCKTOW  ISLAND, in the Canton River, China, 8
tors from the metropolis.                                 miles long, 6 miles broad, bounds the "inner" and ".outer
TWIGGS, a county in the S. central part of Georgia, has  waters" at the entrance of the Boca Tigris. Its forts were
an area of 400 square miles. The Ocmulgee River forms its  taken by the British in 1841.
W. boundary, and it is drained by Big Sandy, Turkey, and    TYDD, ST. GILES, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
other creeks. The surface in the upper or northern part is    TYDD, ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
broken. It contains extensive beds of limestone, and burr-   TYDWEILIOG, tid-wVle-og, a parish of North Wales, co.
stone is found. The Ocmulgee River is navigable by steam- of Carnarvon.
boats, and the Central Railroad passes along the northern    TYE RIVER, a small stream in the S.E. central part of
border. Organized in 1809, and named in honor of General  Virginia, rises at the base of the Blue Ridge, flows S.E.
John Twiggs. Capital, Marion. Pop. 8179, of whom 3559  through Nelson co., and enters James River. It furnishes
were free, and 4620 slaves..            motive-power for mills.
TWIGGSVILLE, a post-office of Twiggs co., Georgia.        TYE RIVER MILLS, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia,
TWIN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1400.         128 miles W. of Richmond.
TWIN, a township of Preble co., Ohio. Pop. 1950.          TYE RIVER WAREHOUSE, a post-office of Nelson co.,
TWIN, a township of Ross co., Ohio. Pop. 2230.           Virginia.
TWINEHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.              TYtGART'S CREEK, a post-office, Greenup co., Kentucky.
TWINING, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.           TY/GART'S VALILEY RIIVER, in the N.W. part of VirTWIN RIVERS, of Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin, are two  ginia, rises in Randolph county, among the Greenbrier Mounsmall streams which rise in the E. part of the state, and  tainus, passes through Barbour and Taylor counties, and
enter Lake Michigan at the same point.                     unites with the West Fork of the Monongahela 1 mile S. of
TWINSBURG, a post-village and township of Summit co., Fairmont, in Marion county. Its general direction is N.;
Ohio, 143 miles N.E. of Columbus.  The village has 4  its whole length is estimated at 150 miles. It is navigable by
churches, and a flourishing seminary, with 150 pupils. The  small boats in the lower part of its course.
township is intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg    TY-HO. See LANTAO.
Railroad. Pop. 1281.                                         TYKOCZYN, te-kotchlin, a frontier town of Poland, goTWINSTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            vernment of Augustow, on the Narew, 17 miles W.N.W.
TWISIEL, a township of England, co. (detached from) of Bialystok. Pop. 1000. It has an ancient castle, and a
Durhamn, 10 miles S.W. of Berwick-upon-Tweed.  The van- trade in corn. The Russians and Poles fought here in 1831.
guard of the English army crossed the river Till at this    TY/LER, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, is situated
place on their march to Flodden-field.                    on the Ohio River, some 50 miles below Wheeling. Area,
TWISS, a county of West Australia, having N. the'cos. of  390 square miles. The Ohio River forms its N.W. boundary,
Melbourne and Glenelg, E. Victoria, S. Perth, and W. the  separating it from the state of Ohio, and it is intersected by
Indian Ocean. It is intersected by the Moore and North- Middle Island Creek. The surface is hilly and broken, and
cote Rivers, and by affluents of the Swan River; it contains  partly covered with forests of good timber. The soil is exsome good soil, forest laud, and several fresh and salt lakes. cellent, well watered, and adapted to wool growing. The
TWITCHIEN, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           county contains abundance of stone-coal, iron-ore, and good
TWIVIERTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, on  building-stone; limestone is one of the principal rocks.
the Avon, here crossed by an iron bridge, and on the Great Large quantities of ore resembling zinc are found. Middle
Western Railway, 2 miles W. of Bath.                      Island Creek is a fine mill stream. The county is interTWOFOLD BAY, an inlet on the E. coast of Australia, co. sected by three good turnpike-roads. Organized in 1814,
of Auckland, 30 miles N. of Cape Howe.  Lat. of Point and named in honor of John Tyler, governor of Virginia in
Brierly, near the head of the bay. 370 6' 2"' S., lon. 1490 58' 1810. Capital, Middlebourn. Pop. 5t98, of whom 5460 were
2" E. It receives the Towamba River, affords good anchor- free, and 38 slaves.
age, is surrounded by much fertile land, and is conveniently    TYLER, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of
situated for commerce, about midway between Sydney and  about 1200 square miles.  The Neches River forms its
Melbourne, Launceston, and Hobart Town. On the N. side  boundary on the N. and E., and the Big Sandy Creek on
is the village of Eden, and on the S. shore the new and  the S. The surface has but little elevation. Capital, Woodthriving port of Boydtown; which has a good jetty, a light- ville. Pop. 1884, of whom 1476 were free, and 418 slaves.
house, Gothic church, hotel, and an active export trlade,    TYLER, a post-village, capital of Smith co., Texas, about
and is resorted to by numerous whaling vessels, steamers, 220 miles N. of Galveston.
and emigrant ships. It communicates with IManeroo  Plains    TYLER, a post-village of Winnebago co., Illinois, about
by a good road, 45 miles in length.                       65 miles E. of Galena.
TWO LICK CREEK, of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, flows    TYLER MOUNTAIN, a post-office, Kanawha co., Virginia.
into Yellow Creek.                                          TYLERSBURG, a post-office of Clarion co., Pennsylvania.
TWO MILE BRANCH, a post-office of Smyth co., Virginia.   TYLER'S MILLS, a post-office of Orangeburg district,
TWO MILE CREEK, a post-office of Davis co., Kentucky.  South Carolina.
TWO MILE PRAIRIE, a post-office ofPulaski co., Indiana.   TYLERSPORT, post-office, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania.
TWO MOUNITAINS, a county of Canada East, having the    TYLERSVILLE, a post-village of Clarion co., PennsylOttawa River for its S. boundary. Area, 1404 square miles. vania, about 85 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg.
It is watered by the North River, Rivilre du Chine, and    TYLERSVILLE, a village of Clinton co., Pennsylvania, 10
River Range, which flow into the Ottawa. Capital, St. miles S. by E. of Lock Haven.
Eustache. Pop. in 1852, 30,470.                             TYLERSVILLE, post-office, Laurens district, S. Carolina.
TWO RIVERS, a post-village of Pike co., Pennsylvania,   TYLOS. See BAaREIN.
near the junction of the Lackawaxen with the Delaware.      TYMIOCHIITE, a creek of Ohio, enters the Sandusky River
TWO RIVERS, a post-village of Mlanitoowoc co., Wiscon- in Wyandot county.
sin, on the shore  of Lake Michigan, 15 miles E. by N. of    TYMOCHTE, a post-village and township of Wyandot co.,
Mauitoowoc. This place has a large trade in lumber, fish, Ohio, on Tymochte Creek, 75 miles N. by W. of Columbus.
and leather. Pop. 927.                                    Pop. 1818.
TWORKAU, tfoRlkfw, a village of Prussia, province of    TYNAGH, tifnaH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway, 71
Silesia, government, and S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1071.     miles N.W. of Portumna, with the remains of 4 castles.
TWO SICILIES, KINGDOM OF. See NAPLES and SICILY.          TYINAN, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Armagh.
TWO TAVIERNS, a post-office of Adams co., Pennsylvania.   TYNDARIS. See TINoAaE.
TWYICROSS. a parish of England, co. of Leicester.         TYNE, tin, an important river of England, co. of NorthTWYFORD, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             umberland, the W. and S. parts of which it drains, is
TWYFORD, a parish of-England, co. of Hants.             formed by the junction of the North and South Tyne
TWYFORD, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.         near Hexham, from whick town it has mostly an E. course,
TWYFORD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           past Corbridge, Prudhoe. Newcastle, and Gateshead, to the
1973




TYN                                                        TYR
North Sea, separating the boroughs of North and South    TYRNAU, avillage of Moravia, circle, and N.W. of Olmutz.
Shields. Total course from Hexham, 35 miles, for the last   TYROL, thrlrol, (Ger. pron. te-r01t,)  and VORARLBERG,
18 mfies of which it forms the boundary between the counties  fbor-apl1blRG, (anc. Rhcttia, and a part of Toricum,) a province
of Northumberland and Durham; but from the head of the  of the Austrian dominions, on the S.W. frontiers of Ger
North Tyne, the length of its course is at least 80 miles. many. Lat. 450 40' to 470 41' N., ion. 90 30' to 120 30' E.,
Principal affluent, the Derwent, from the S. Its banks are  the W. portion, to the sources of the Staunz, forming Yosteep, and it is navigable from the sea to Newcastle for ves- rarlberg, and the E. portion Tyrol proper. It is bounded N.
eels of 300 to 400 tons burden, and for several miles farther  by Lake Constance and Bavaria, E. by Salzburg and Illyria,
by keel-boats. Spring tides rise at its mouth 18 feet, and at  S.E. and S. by Austrian Italy, and W. by Switzerlandand the
Newcastle 11' feet. It is of great commercial importance. principality of Lichtenstein; greatest length, from Lake Con.
Its salmon fisheries, formerly of consequence, have been  stance to the extremity of the Pusterthal, 165 miles; greatmostly destroyed by the erection of locks at Bywell.        est breadth, from S.W. to N.E., 157 miles; area, 11,084 square
TYNE, NORTn, rises on the border of Scotland, and runs  miles. It is mountainous throughout, and in regard to
S.E. and S. past Bellingham and Chellerford. It receives the  scenery is second only to Switzerland,  of which it may be
Reed, from the N.                                           regarded as a continuation. The Alps, entering it firom
TYNE, SouTr, rises in Cumberland, flows N. and E. past  Switzerland, stretch across it from W. to E. in three nearly
Aldstone and Haltwhistle, and with the Tyne is accompanied  parallel chains. The loftiest of these is the Rhetian Alps,
in its whole course by the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway.   which, occupying the centre, divide the country into a N.
TYNE, a small river of Scotland) rises in the parish of  and S. portion. In this chain are situated Mount irtler,
Borthwick, flows mostly N.E. through Haddingtonshire,  the culminating point of the Austrian Empire, 12,852 feet;
and enters the North Sea at Tynninghame, 21 miles N.W. and the Gross-Glockner, 12,560 feet. The second parallel
of Dunbar, after a course of 28 miles.                      chain, situated in the N., not far from  the frontier, forms
TYNEHAM, WEST, a parish of Eigland, co. of Dorset.     the Tyrolese or German Alps; and the third chain, to which
TYNEIMOUTH-wITH-NORTH  SHIELDS, a parliamentary  the name of the Trent Alps is sometimes given, bends round
borough, parish, and two contiguous towns of England, co. from the Lake of Garda, and continues E. till it becomes
of Northumberland, on the left bank of the Tyne, at its  linked withthe Carnic Alps. All these chains descend very
mouth in the North Sea, opposite South Shields, and on a  abruptly on the S. side, and form short lateral valleys, but
railway, 8 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle. Pop. in 1851,. 30,524; on their N. sides generally slope gradually by parallel terof parliamentary  borough, comprising  five towvnships,  races, the spaces between which are occupied by long longi29,170; of township of Tynemouth, 14,493; of township of  tudinal valleys.  Many of the summits are capped with
North Shields, 8882. Tynemouth, at the E. angle qf the  perpetual snow; and glaciers, to the number of 80, covering
borough, facing the sea, is well built, has many inns and  in all a space of about 170 square miles, descend into the
lodging-houses for visitors, who resort to it for bathing, and  valleys to the level of about 4000 feet. The most remarkable
a castle of the eleventh century, on a lofty rock, now used  of these glaciers are the Oesthal, Sulden, Floiten, and Dux.
for barracks and military magazines, and a light-house in  Notwithstanding the height of the chains, the Tyrol has
lat. 550 1' 3" N., ion. 10 25' W. North Shields, which has  several of the lowest passes in the Alps. The celebrated
risen up chiefly within the present century, is a fiouri-hing  Brenner Pass is little more than 4000 feet above sea-level.
and well-built seaport, having a spacious mnarket-place, gas The other principal passes are the Malserheide, Timbljoch,
and water-workS, a stone church, numerous chapels, a  Arlberg, Schlossberg, Achen Pass, and the pass near San
market-house, jail, theatre, mechanics' institution, master Pellegrino. The loftiest of all the passes is the Stilfser or
mariners' asylum, public libraries, a Lancastertan endowed  Wornmserjoch.
school, and other schools and charities. It is extending    The prevailing rock in these mountains is granite, which
itself rapidly into Chirton township, on the W. Its harbor, usually forms the crest of the chain. On the S. slopes pribordered with quays, is capable of containing 2000 vessels of  mitive schists and limestones overlie the granite; on the N.
500 tons burden. It belongs to the port of Newcastle and  slope the rocks are almost entirely calcareous. At lower
North Shields, and has a large share in the coal trade, ship- elevations a greater variety of rocks appears, and in some
building, manufactures of rope and naval stores, and chemi- localities, of which the Fassathal is the most remarkable excal products, hats, gloves, and tobacco. Tynemouth and in- ample, almost all the great formations of Europe may be
cludedtownships sends 1 member to the House of Commons.  seen in miniature. The principal chains mentioned above
TYNGSIBOROUGH, a post-village and township of Middle- form  three principal valleys-the Innthal, Etschthal or
sex co., Massachusetts, on Merrimack River, and the Nashua  Adige Valley, and Pusterthal. Into these a vast number of
and Lowell Railroad, 32 miles N.W. of Boston. The village  minor valleys open, and thus, though no proper plains occontains 1 or 2 churches, and an academy. Pop. of the  cur, large portions of the surface become flat enough to be
township, 799.                                              placed under regular culture.
TY/NISH, an islet off the W. coast of Ireland, in Con-   The drainage is divided between the basins of the Rhine,
naught, co. of Galway, 2 miles W. of Lettermore. Pop. 150, the Danube, and the Po. The first, forming part of the
mostly employed in fishing.                                 N.W. boundary, is confined to that locality, and receives
TYNRON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries.            only the waters of the Vorarlberg, in part directly, and
TYPINSAN, ti-pin-snl, the most E., and largest of the  in part by the Ill and the Bregenz; the latter, through the
Madjicosima Islands, in the China Sea. Lat. 240 43' N., medium  of the Lake of Constance. A much larger share
Ion. 1250 29' E. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth, 10 miles  of drainage is received by the Danube, whose important
at its W. end. A dangerous reef is on the N. side, on which  tributary the Inn, traversing  the celebrated valley of
the':Providence" was lost in 1797.                         that name, enclosed on the S. by the Rhetian, and on
TYRANA, te-r/nA, a city of European Turkey, in Albania, the N. by the Tyrolese  Alps, receives from both chains,
15 miles N. by E. of E1-Bassan. It is a wretched place, but but especially from  the former, numerous torrents and
is notedforitsbeautiful mosques and spacious market-places. streams fed by perpetual snow  and glaciers.  Another
TYRAS. See DNIESTER.                                      large supply sent to the Danube proceeds from the S. side
TYRE, a maritime city of antiquity. See Sooa.             of the Rhetian Alps, where the waters of the E. part of the
TYRE, tir, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity  Pusterthal, and of a number of lateral valleys, go to augment
of Seneca co., New York, on the Seneca River and the Erie  the Drave. The Adriatic receives its share chiefly through
Canal. Pop. 1356.                                           the Etsch or Adige. None of these livers, except the Inn,
TYREE or TYRY. See TIREE.'                               are of navigable importance; but their effect on the scenery
TYREE'S MILLS, a post-office of De Kalb co., Tennessee. may be estimated from the fact that they form above 150
TYREE SPRINGS, a post-office of Summer co., Tennessee. large waterfalls.
TYRIELL'S BAY, an inlet at the S. extremity of the    The largest lakes, the Idrio, Garda, and Constance, being
island of St. Vincent, in the British West Indies. On it is situated on the fi-ontiers, belong less to the Tyrol than to
the village of Calliaqua, 21 miles S.E. of Kingstown.       other countries. The others, though very numerous and
TYRIA, tirte-A, or TIREIH, teefrbh, a town of Asia Minor, picturesque, are small.
near the Little Mender River, (anc. Caysfter,) 44 miles S.E.   The climate is generally healthy, but differs much on the
of Smyrna, at the foot of Mount Tmolus. It has numerous opposite sides of the Alps. In the N., and more especially in
mosques.                                                    the lateral valleys, it is severe, but still not so much so as
TYRIE, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.             in the W., where the greatest degree of cold is felt; in the
TYRI-FIORD, ttiilre fe-ondl, a lake of Norway, stift, and 16  S. it becomes much milder, and almost Italian. At Innsmiles W. of Christianan  Length, 16 miles; breadth, 7 miles. pruck, 1700 feet above sea-level, the mean annual tempera)an the N. it receives the Beina-elf, and on the S. it gives  ture is 490; at Botzen, 690 feet above sea-level, it is 550 30'.
effiux to the Drammen River..                             The annual fall of rain is very nearly equal both in the N.
TYRINGHAM, a post-township of Berkshire co., Massa- and S., and averages about 26 inches.
cnusetts, 120 miles W. by S. of Boston. Pop. 821.             About one-third of the whole surface is unavailable for
TYRNAU, tZ55snow, (Hun. Nagy Szombath, nbdj somr- any economical purpose, being occupied by perpetual snows,
bot,) or TERNAVA, a town of West Hungary, co., and 27  glaciers, and inaccessible barren rocks. Rather more than
miles N.E. of Presburg, with which it is connected by rail- another third is covered with forests. The remaining portion
way. Pop. 5830. It has numerous fine churches, a Roman  includes large tracts of commons-mostly in a state of naCatholic college, military and other schools, a public library, ture, though capable of cultivation-meadows, gardens,
ind manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, a consider-  vineyards, and arable lands. The commons and meadows
able general trade, and 8 important annual fairs.           are employed in rearing cattle, which in all the higher dis,
1974




TYR                                                       TYT
tricts forms the principal occupation. The most numerous  Pennsylvania, ontheLittle JuniataRiver, and on the Central
stock are sheep and goats. In the gardens and orchards  Railroad, 117 milesW. byN. of Harrisburg. Thevillage, which
vast quantities of the finest fruits are grown. The vine also  was commenced in 1849, is an important dep6t on the railsucceeds well, particularly in the circles of Botzen, Trent, road, and is improving rapidly. The trade and travel of
and Roveredo, where it occupies a large extent of surface, Centre and Clearfield counties meet the railroad at this
and produces several wines of excellent quality. Other oh- point, from which a plank-road, about 30 miles long, has
jects of subsidiary culture are olives and mulberries; the  been laid to -the Bald Eagle Navigation. There is a largo
former to a very limited extent, but the latter so generally  iron forge in operation here.'Pop. of the township, 1068.
in the circle of Roveredo, as to form one of the most common    TYRONE, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 789.
and lucrative sources of employment. After deducting all   TYRONE, a township,Fayette co., Pennsylvania. P.1419.
the land appropriated as above described, there still remains    TYRONE, a township of Perry co, Pennsylvania. P. 1069.
nearly 500;000 acres under ordinary culture. From the    TYRONE, a village of Wilkes co, Georgia, 55 miles N.E.
minute subdivision of property, flarms are generally small, by N. of Milledgeville.
and the operations of husbandry are conducted with little    TYRONE, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.
skill; but the spirit of industry is untiring, and a large    TYRONE, a post-township, forming the N.E. extremity of
amount of produce is obtained, though it fails to meet the  Livingston co., Michigan. Pop. 867.
consumption. The principal crops are maize, rye, wheat,   TYRONE, a village of Canada West, co. of Durhtm, 7
barley, oats, and potatoes. Hemp, flax, tobacco, and sumach  miles from Bowmanville. Pop. about 80.
are also largely grown. The rearing of canary-birds is pur-   TYRONE MILLS, a post-office, Fayette co., Pennsylvania.
sued on a large scale in the valley of the Inn, and most   TYROS. See BAHREIN.
parts of Europe are supplied with singing birds from the    TYRREL, tir'erl, a county in the E. part of North CaroTyrol. Wolves, bears, wild boars, marmots, chamnois, &c. line, bordering on Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. Area
inhabit the mountain districts. The minerals, which once  estimated at 320 square miles. It is intersected by Alliformed the chief source of wealth, are less productive than  gator River. The surface is level, and the soil sandy. A
bformerly, but are still worked extensively. The most import- large part of it is covered with swamps, and forests of
ant are iron and salt; but both gold and silver are obtained  cypress, red-cedar, and pine. This county, one of the origiin small quantities, and also copper and lead.            nal precincts, was formed in 1729, and named in honor of
The manufactures of the Tyrol are more numerous than  Sir John Tyrrel, the proprietor of this part of the province.
important. The first place belongs to the spinning and  Capital, Columbia. Pop. 5133, of whom 3431 were free, and
weaving of silk, which has its principal localities in Revere- 1702 slaves.
do, Botzen, and Trent. The next in order is metal-ware,   TYRRELL, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
which is made in a variety of forms: the most deserving of   TYRIREL'S PASS, a market-town of Ireland, co. of Westnotice are the brass manufactures of Achenrain and Lientz, meath, 8- miles S.S.W. of Mullingar. Pop. 600. It was
largely exported; articles in copper, iron, shovels, wire, the scene of some bloody contests in the time of Elizabeth.
nails, and scythes. Another manufacture in which the    TYRIRHIIENE, tirlreen or tfr-reenu, or TYRRHIIINIAN
Tyrolese display considerable ingenuity, is that of articles in  SEA, (anc. Tyrrhehnum  lafse,) is a name given by the
wood, many of which are carried into other countries by  ancients, and retained by many modern geographers, to that
the makers or their children, and form a lucrative branch  part of the Mediterranean which extends between the coast
of traffic. Lace and embroidery and glove-making employ a  of Italy and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily.
great many persons regularly, and fill up the spare hours of    TYRIRINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
many others. The transit trade, owing to the many easy    TYRSILD, a river of Norway. See KLAn.
passes through the Alps which the Tyrol presents, is of con-   TYRUS. See Soon.
siderable importance.                                        TYRY. See TiRE.
There are few countries in which the devotional feeling is    TYSMIENICA, tis-myon-eet/sA, a town of Austrian Gaso strong; and though it may be often disfigured by super- licia, 6 miles E.S.E. of Stanislawow, between the Verona and
stition, it has doubtless mainly contributed to the forma-  Bistritza. Pop. 2900. It has Catholic,Greek United, and Artion of that simple, pure, manly, and independent charac- menian churches; and a trade in wax, leather, and cattle.
ter for which the Tyrolese are remarkably distinguished.   TYSNOSOE, tis'n3-s06h, an island of Norway, stift, and
Nearly all are Roman Catholics, under 10 bishops, suffra- 25 miles S. of Bergen, at the entrance of IHardanger-flord.
gans of the archbishop of Salzburg. Many of the inhabit-  Length, 11 miles; breadth, 7 miles.
ants emigrate annually as labourers into the neighbouring    TY/SOE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
countries. The Tyrol has its own national diet, composed    TYSON'S FURNACE, a post-office, Windsor co., Vermont.
of the nobility, clergy, deputies of the towns and of the    TY/SONVILLE, a village of Gibson co., Tennessee, 15
rural districts, who meet in one chamber. It is divided into  miles N. of Trenton.
the 7 circles of Roveredo, Trent, Etsch, Pusterthal and    TYSSA, tislsA, a village of Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz,
Eisach, Lower Inn and Wipperthal, Upper Inn and Vintsch- about 9 miles from Totstchen. Pop. 1456.
gan, and Vorarlberg, also named from  their chief towns;   TYSSOWICE, tis'so-veet/sA, a town ofPoland, government,
capital, Innspruck.                                       and 68 miles S.E. ofLublin. Pop. 2430.
Tyrol formed part of ancient Rhoetia, and, after a long and    TYTHBY, tith/bee, a parish of England, co. Nottingham.
noble struggle to maintain its independence, was converted    TYTHEGSITON, a parish of South Wales, co. Glamorgan.
into a Roman province. It suffered much from the inroads    TYTH/ERINGTON, a parish of England, no. of Gloucester.
of the northern barbarians, and at a laterperiod was govern-   TYTHERINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
ed by counts, who continued in possession till 1254, when    TYTHIERLY, EasrT, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
the line becoming extinct, the Count of Goritz succeeded.   TYTHERLY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Ilants, 61
His heirs governed till 1363, when the succession opened to  miles S.W. of Stockbridge. Here is the establishment of
a female, who ceded it to the Archduke of Austria. It has  "Harmony," founded on the social principles of Robert
since remained in the possession of that family, with the ex- Owen.
ception of a short period in the beginning of the present   TYTHIERTON-KELLIAWAYS, a Moravian  hamlet of
century, when Napoleon gave it to the Bavarians. Pop. in  England, co. of Wilts, 2- miles N.E. of Chippenham, on the
1850, 859,706.-Adj. and inhab. TYROLESE, tir'o-leezl.     Avon, and the Great Western Railway.
TYRONE, ti-ranl, an inland county of Ireland, in Ulster,   TYTHERTON-STANLEY, a chapelry, England, co. Wilts.
having N. the co. of Londonderry, E. Armagh, S. Monaghan,   TY-WAN-FOO, the capital of Formosa. See TAIWAN.
and W. Donegal. Area 1260 square miles; or 806,640 acres,   TYWARD/RETH, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
of which 450,286 are arable, 311,867 uncultivated, and 11,981    TZAGLAIK, tsAg-lik (?) a town of European Turkey, in
in plantations. Pop. 255,819. Surface hilly and ill wooded, Macedonia, sanjak, and 54 miles E. of Seres, on the Kararising into mountains in the N. and S. Principal rivers, soo, near its nouth in the 2Egean Sea.
the Blackwater and Foyle, with their tributaries. Lough    TZANA or ZANA, a lake of Abyssinia. See DEnMBEA,
Neagh forms part of the E. boundaty. Soil in the lower    TZAREVOKOKSHAISK.  See TSAREV0KOKSnAISI.:districts fertile, but agriculture generally very backward.   TZAREVOSANTCHURSK. See TSanEvosANTCnooRSg,
Principal crops, potatoes and oats, with a little barley, flax,   TZARITZIN, a town of Russia. See TSARITSIN.
and clover. A considerable quantity of good coal is raised.   TZATALZE, a town of Thessaly. See SATALGE.
The principal manufactures are those of linens, coarse wool-   TZEKINOVKA, Russian Poland. See TSEKINOVKA.
lens, blankets, whisky, beer, flour, meal, and coarse earthen-    TZERINA, a town of Cyprus. See CreRINA.
wares. The Enniskillen and Londonderry Railway inter-   TZIMOVA, tse-mo/vA, a large village of Greece, in the
sects the county; and the navigation of the Tyrone Canal Morea, district, on the E. shore of the Gulf of Koron, 20
is wholly within its E. district. Principal towns, Strabane, miles N.N.W. of Cape Matapan.
Dungannon, Cookstown, and Omagh. Tyrone sends two    TZINTZOUTZAN, tsint-soo-tsen/, a town  of Mexico,
members to the House ofCommons. The O'Neils werekings state of Michoacan, 20 miles S.W. of Valladolid, with
in Ireland antecedent to Christianity, and were chiefs of  some remains of ancient architecture, and originally capital
Tyrone when the memorable rebellion of 1597 broke out of the Indian kingdom of Michoacan. Pop. 2000.
under their auspices.                                      TZIPA, a river of Siberia. See TsYPA.
TYRONE, ti-ranf, a post-village and township of Steuben    TZIVILSK or TSIVILSK, a town of Russia, government,
co., New York, 18 miles E.N.E. of Bath. The village contains and 62 miles W. of Kazan.
several churches and stores. Pop. of the township, 1894.   TZNA, a river of Russia. See TSNA.
TYRONE, a thriving post-village and township of Blair co.,   TZURUKHAITU, Siberia. See Tsooaoo0HnAoO.
1975




UAN                                                         UFA
IU
TANAPU, oo-3-na-pool, or ANAPU, A-ng-poo, a river of   UDJDINGSTON, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, on
I_    Brazil, province of Pard, joins the Pard, S. of the  the right bank of the Clyde, with a station on the Caledo.
island of BIMarajo, after a N. course of 400 miles.         nian Railway, 7 miles E.S.E. of Glasgow.
UATUMA, oo-9:toolmA, a river of Brazil, province of Pard,    UDEM, a town of Rhenish Prussia. See UEDE.M.
joins the Amazon, 50 miles E.N.E. of Silves, after a S.S.E.   UDEN, ildee,- a village of the Netherlands, North Brabant,
course estimated at 350 miles.                              14 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1710.
UAUPES, w6wfpds, a river of South America, in Brazil,   UDENHOUT, iifden-hdwt', a village of the Netherlands,
joins the Rio Negro on the right, near the equator. Lon. province of North Brabant, 10 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Due.
670 40' W.                                                  Pop. 2084.
UBA, oo1b., a village and parish of Brazil, province of    UDEPOOR, a town of India. See 0oDEEPOOR.
Minas-Geraes, near an affluent of the'Parahiba do Sul.        UDIGE, a town of Italy. See UDINE.
UBA, oolb&; a post-office of Platt co., Illinois.           UIDIMORE. a parish, of England, co. of Sussex.
UBACI, oolbhK, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government   UDI/NA, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
and 12 miles N. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1316.                UDINE, ootde-nA, or UDIGE, (anc. Vedintuns; L. Utituum,)
UBAII, a river of Brazil. See IVAHI.                      a town of Austrian Italy, capital of the delegation of Friuli,
UBAHY, a lake and river of Bolivia. See MAoDALENA.    government and 60 miles N.E. of Venice, in an extensive
UBATUBA, oo-b'i-too/bA, a town of Brazil, province of San  plain on the Canal of La Roja, between the Torre and CorPaulo, 100 miles N.E. of Santos. Pop. with district, 6000.   mare. It forms a kind of double town-an outer, surrounded
UBAYE, iiWbtl, a river of France, department of Basses- by walls, and an inner, also surrounded by walls and ditches.
Alpes, after a W. course of 40 miles joins the Durance on  It was once defended by a castle occupying a commanding
the left.                                                   height near its centre, but now converted into a house of
UBBESTON,  /btston, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. correction. It is entered by six gates, and consists for the
IJBEDA, ooB3YD. a town of Spain, province and 26 miles  most part of narrow and crooked streets lined with arcades.
N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 13,809. It has remains of ancient walls, Its principal square is spacious, and adorned with a fine
a cathedral, formerly a mosque; manufactures of woollens pillar by Camolli, intended to commemorate the peace of
and earthenwares, and a trade in corn, fruits, oil, wine, and  Campo-Formio, a village in the neighborhood. Immediately
horses. It was taken from the Moors in 1212.                below the castle is a fine promenade, laid out in planted
UBES, SAINT, a city of Portugal. See SETUBAL.            alleys, and containing a large pond with an island; and in
UBERAVA,  oo-bAl-r'/vA, a town of Brazil, province of  the vicinity, approached by an avenue of stately plane trees,
Minas-Geraes. Pop. of the district, 6000.                  is the Campo-Santo, which, from the taste displayed in its
UBERSDORF, a village of Switzerland. See UEnESSDORF. arrangements, and the number and elegance of its monuUBERLINGEN, a town of Baden. See UEBERzINGEz.      ments, ranks as one of the finest cemeteries in Europe.
UBIGAU, oolbe-gdw, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the  The ecclesiastical edifices include twelve parish churches,
Elster, 13 miles E.N.E. of Torgau. Pop. 1250.               and numerous chapels, but the only one particularly deservUBILEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            ing of notice is the Cathedral, distinguished by its marble
UBOLDO, oo-bol/do, a village of Austrian Italy, province  pillars, carvings, and pictures. The other public buildings
of Milan, 3 miles from Saronno. Pop. 1778.                  and establishments are the Episcopal Palace, Theatre, CourtUBRIQUE, oo-Breelkd, a town of Spain, province and 46  house, the Guard-house, surmounted by a tower; the Lymiles E.N.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 5439. It has manufactures of  ceum, Gymnasium, and several elementary schools.  The
woollens.                                                   manufactures consist of linen, silk, and woollen goods, copUBSTADT, 6pltstitt, a village of Baden, circle of Middle  per and earthenware, hats, and paper; and there are several
Rhine, 3 miles N.E. of Bruchsal.  Pop. 1140.               liqueur-distilleries, and numerous flour-mills.  Udine is the
UCAYALE, oo-ki-hlA, UCAYALI, oo-kt-AYlee, or PARO, p&'- see of an archbishop, and the seat of a court of justice and
ro, a large river of Peru, E. of the Andes, and one of the prin- several important public offices. Pop. 26,700.
cipal head streams of the Amazon. It unites with the Tun-   UDINSK, a town of Siberia. See OODINSK.
guragua, after a N. course of 500(?) miles, near lat. 40 251' S.,   UDIPU, a town of Ilindostan.  See OODArEE.
lon. 720 30' E. to form the Amazon. It receives numerous and    UDINY, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen.
considerable affluents, the chief being the Apurimac. It is    UDVARIELY, ood'vAR/shd1, SZEKELY, s'k61O, (Ger. Obernavigable from the Amazon, for large vessels, to Sarayacu,  hellyen, ohber-h~l`yen,) a market-town of Transylvania, Szeklat. 70 S.                                                 ler-land, capital of a county, on the Great Kokel, 90 miles
UCCLE, ilk'l, a village of Belgium, province of South Bra- E.S.E. of Klausenburg.  Pop. 2999. It has Reformed and
bant, capital of a canton, 2 miles S. of Brussels.          Ronmian Catholic churches and colleges, and a monastery.
UCEDA, oo-thY/DA, a decayed city of Spain; province and    UEBERLINGEN or UBERLINGEN, iilber-ling'en, a town
25 miles W. of Soria. Pop. 750. In its castle Ximenes was  of Baden, on an arm  of the Lake of Constance, called the,
once confined. Near it a small Christian population lived  Ueberlingen-See, 8 miles N. of Constance. Pop. 2700. It has
independent and undisturbed throughout the Moorish do- manufactures of linen, hosiery, and tobacco.
minion.                                                       UEBERSDORF, iilbers-dosf', or UEBERSTORFF, ti/bersUCHAUD, iVsh5', a village of France, department of  tonf', a village of Switzerland, canton and 8 miles N.E: of
Gard, on the railway between Nimes and Montpellier. Freyburg. Pop. 1033.
Pop. 907.                                                     UEBERWASSER, illber-.'s'ser,   a village and parish of
UCHEE, a post-village of Russell co., Alabama, about 68  Prussia, lprovince of Westphalia, government and near
miles E. of Montgomery.                                     Miinster. Pop. 1612.
UICHEE  ANINA or EUICHEE ANINA, a post-village,    UECKERMUNDE, a town of Prussia. See UCKE RMUNDE.
capital of Walton co., Florida, about 120 miles W. of Tal-   UEDEM  or UDEM, filddm, a walled town of Rhenish
lahassee. It contains a court-house, and several stores.    Prussia, 39 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1700.
U'CHEE CREEK, of Columbia co., Georgia, flows into the    UEHLFELD, til/fflt, or UHLFELD, a market-town of
Savannah River.                                             Bavaria, 21 miles N.W. of Nuremberg.  Pop. 1012.
UCHIZY. if.shee'zeef, a village of France, department of    UELMEN, fillmen, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles
SaSne-et-Loire, arrondissement of Mdcon. Pop. 1500.         W.S.W. ofCoblentz, on alake called the Uelmen-See. P. 783.
UCII-KELEESEH, Armenia. See UTcH-KILISSA.                   UELZEN or ULZEN, tilt/sen, a town of Hanover, 20 miles
UCHTE, 6~6.Kteh, a village of North Germany, Hanover,  S.S.E. of Ltineburg, on the railway to Celle. Pop. 3081.
county of IHoya,'16 miles S.W. of Nienburg. Pop. 1200.        UERDINGEN, tinlding-en, or OERDINGEN, a town of
UCHTE, a river of Prussian Saxony, government of Mag- Rhenish Prussia, 11 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf, on the left
deburg, tributary to the Elbe.,bank of the Rhine. Pop. 3000.  It has manufactures:q~
UCKER, 66k/ker, a small river of Prussian Pomerania, silks and cottons.
flows into the Little Haff, at Uckermtinde, and formerly    UERSPRINGEN,'iRtspring-en, or URSPRINGEN, a viigave name to the district of Uckermark.                     lage of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, district of Remlingen.
UCKERMUNDE, (Uckermiinde,) 66klkgr-miinfdeh, a town  Pop. 1059.
of Prussia, Pomerania, 32 miles N.W. of Stettin, at the    UESSLINGEN, rissfling-on, a village and parish of Switzermouth of the Ucker in the Keleine-Haff. Pop. 2310.          land, canton of Thurgau, 4 miles N.W. of Frauenfeld, on the
UCKIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            Thur. Pop. 1198.
UCLES, oo-kleas, (ane. UVcesa?) a fortified town of Spain,   UETERSEN or UTERSEN, iilter-sen, a market-town of
province and 32 miles W. of Cuenca, at the foot of a height Denmark, Holstein, on the Pinnan, 16 miles N.W. of Hamcrowned by a famous monastery, founded in the 12th cen- burg. Pop. 3313. It has an asylum for noble ladies, sugar
tury, on the site of a Moorish castle. Pop. 1602. It was refineries, starch factories, and potteries.
taken by the French in 1809.                                  UETIKON, tiite-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton and
UDDEVALLA, ood'deh-v&l/lA, a town of South Sweden, 10 miles S-E. of Zurich. Pop. 1100.
len and 45 miles N. of Gothenburg, on a deep inlet of the    UETLIBERG, fitlle-bAGo', a summit of Mount Albis, W.
Cattegat. Pop. 3920. It has manufactures of cotton and  of the lake, 2844 feet in hbiight.
linen fabrics, snuff, sugar, and leather.                     UFA, a river of European Russia.  See 00FA.
i9'i6




UFF                                                       ULE
UFFCULME, Dff/Ikm, a parish of England, co. of Devon.  Gi nmesay, Illery, Ronay, and other adjacent islands, it forms
UFFEPNHEIM, 60fffen-hime', a walled town of Bavaria, a parish.  Pop. in 1851, 3988.
circle of Middle Franconia, on the Gollach, 23 miles N.W. of    UIST, SOUTH, a parish and the largest island of the Outer
Anspach. Pop. 1646. It has a castle, and manufactures of  Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, S. of Harris, separated
woollen cloth and leather.                                 from Benbecula on the N. by a rocky strait, 1 mile across..
UFFHOLTZ, o66f/holts, (Fr. pron. iifholtsf,) a village of  Length 22 miles, greatest breadth 8 miles. Estimated area,
France, department of Haut-Rhin. Pop. 1852.                110 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 4006. Like North Uist, its
UFFHOVEN, 66f-holven, a village of Prussian Saxony, 1  E. coast is indented by lochs, and it contains several lakes;
mile W. of Langensalza.  Pop. 1003.                        a band of fertile country borders its W. coast;. elsewhere
UF/IFINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks. Here is it is an alluvial plain of peat, interspersed with mountains,
the Vale of the White-horse, so called from a figure cut on  among which Mount Hecla rises to 2500 or 3000 feet above
the face of a chalk down.                                  the sea. With the islands of Benbecula, Eriskay, and Riona,
UFFTJPPINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on tle  it forms a parish, pop. in 1851, 6173; of whom about fiverailway, 21 miles E.N.E. of Stamford.  The church has a  sevenths are Roman Catholics.  The population of both
fine tower.                                                North and South Uist are in general miserably poor, and
UFFINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            chiefly engaged in fishing and rural labor. Many go annuUF/FINGTON, a post-office of Monongalia co., Virginia.    ally to Skye and other parts of West Scotland, and they
UPF/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.       have emigrated largely to America and Australia.
UFFORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.               UITENITAGE, oiteu-h&1clhgh, a division of the Cape
UFOI/KEE, a creek of Alabama, flows through Macon  Colony, South Africa, between lat. 330 and 340 S., and ion.
co. into Tallapoosa River, about 10 miles W. by N. of  230 30' and 260 30' E., having S. the ocean.  Area 8960
Tuskegee.                                                  squaremiles.  Pop. 11,000. It is watered by the Camtoos
UFITON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.               and Sunday Rivers.  Coal, iron, argentiferous lead, and
UPTON, a parish of England. co. of Warwick.              copper are procurable, and near the coast are valuable saltUGIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           pans. Principal towns, Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth.
UGEIN, a city of Central Hindostan.  See OoJEIN.           UITENHAGE, South Africa, Cape Colony, the capital of
UGENTO, oo-jlnlto, (ane. Uxen/tumn.) a small town of  the above district, is situated on the Zwartkops River, 18
Naples, province of Otranto, 14 miles S.E. of Gallipoli. miles N.W. of Port Elizabeth, with which, and with GraPop. 1500.                                                 ham's Town, Albany, it has an active trade. It has a ReUGGESIHALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         formed church, Wesleyan and Independent chapels, and a
UGGIANO-DELLA-CIIIESA, ood-jlno dfl/lT  ke-.TsA, a  free school.
town of Naples, province of Otranto, 23 miles S.E. of Lecce.    UITGEEST, oit-Eaistf, a village of the Netherlands, North
Pop. 1517.                                                 IHolland, S. of Alkmaar. Pop. 1200.
UGGIANO-MONTE-FUSCOLI, oo-ji/no mon/tA foos/ko-le, a    UITHUIZEN, oit-hoi/zen, a village of the Netherlands,
town of Naples, province of Otranto, E.S.E. of Taranto. province and 14 miles N.E. of Groningen.  Pop. 3238.
Pop. 500.                                                     UITHIJIZERMEEDEN, oit-hoi/zer-moi'den, or UITHUISUGIE, oo'ghee, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises TERMEEDEN, oit-hoister-mnidegn,'a vilidge of Holland, proat the village of Aberdour, 2l miles from the N. coast, flows  vince and 16 miles N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 2202.
S.E., and enters the North Sea,.2 miles N.W. of Peterhead,    UJ, oole, a Hungarian word signifying "new," prefixed to
after a course of 21 miles. Principal affluent, the Deer. It many places in Hungary; as Uz VAn, (i. e. "new fort,") &c.
is navigable for about 1" miles.                            For those not undermentioned, see additional name.
UGIJAR, UXIXAR or UJIJAR, oo-le-HaRl, a town of    UJEST, oo'ylst, a village of Prussian Silesia, 28 miles S.E.
Spain, Andalusia, province and 50 miles S.E. of Granada, of Oppeln, on the railway to Kosel. Pop. 433.
on the Ugijar.  It has a town-house, prison, college, a    UJIIELY-SATORIALJA, oo/e-hMl sito'r6l/y6h', a marketschool, academy, and a hospital. Pop. 3002.                 town of Hungary, co. and 9 miles W.S.W. of Zemplin, on
UGINE, oo/je-nA, a town of the Sardinian States, province  the Rougyva. Pop. 6548.
of Upper Savoy, on the Arley, 18 miles S.E. of Annecy. It    UJI-IELY ~AGH, oofe-hPl' vg, a market-town of Hungary,
has several interesting antiquities, the remains of an ancient co. of Neutra. Pop. 5417.
castle. Pop. 2944.                                            UJIJAR, a town of Spain. See UOIJAR.
UG/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.                  UJLAK, a town of Slavonia.  See ILLOX.
UGLIANO, ool-yt/no, or UGLIAN, ool-yln/, an island of    UJVAROS, oo'e-vd/rosh', a market-town of Hungary, co.
Dalmatia, Adriatic, opposite the city of Zara, from which it of Szabolcz, 15 miles N.W. of Debrseczin. Pop. 5719.
is separated by a channel 3 miles across. Length 14 miles,   UJ~IDEK, a town of Hungary. See NEusATz.
breadth 2 miles.                                              UKRAINE, u/krane or oo-krauet, (Polish Ukraine, oo-krlUGLITCHI, a town of Russia. See OOOLITCH.                 ee/na. "a fiontier,") an old subdivision of Russia and SouthUGOCS, oo'goch/, a county in the N.E. part of Hungary, East Poland, comprising the country now subdivided among
bounded N. and N.W. by the county of Beregh, S.W. and S. the governments of Kiev, Poltava, and Kharlkov, and traby Szathmar, and E. and N.E. by Marmaros. Area 479  versed by the rivers Dnieper and Donets, with their affiusquare miles. Nagy-Sz5l1s is the capital. Pop. 48,170.      ents. Its capital city was Kiev.
UGRA, a river of Russia.  See OOGRA.                        ULAI. See KARoON.
UGRINOVEZE, oo'gre-no-vlt/seh,(?) a village of Austria,    ULAIO, a post-office of Ozaukee co., Wisconsin.
Slavonia, 32 miles S.E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 1647.           ULASI, a village of Asia Minor. See OOLASH.
UHAREE or UWHARIE, yu-hlr/ree, a small river of North    ULCEBY, hlstbee, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 7
Carolina, which flows through Randolph and Montgomery  miles S.E. of Barton-on-Humber, with a station on the Lincounties, and enters the Yadkin a few miles below  the  coinshire Railway.
Narrows.                                                      ULCEBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 3& miles
UHLERSVILLE, u/lers-vil, a post-office of Northampton  S.W. of Alford. A lofty hill in this parish, called the Bull's
co.. Pennsylvania.                                          Head, serves as a landmark to navigators.
UHLERVILLE, a small village in the N. part of Bucks    UL'COFAUHACHIEE or AL'COPAUIIATCHIEE, a small
co., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River.                   river in the N. central part of Georgia, rises in Gwinnett
UIILFELD, a town of Bavaria. See URnLnELD.                co., flows southward, and enters the Ocmulgee River, on the
UHIRFAHR, oon/faR, a market-town of Austria, Tyrol, on  boundary between Butts and Jasper counties. It is somethe Drave, opposite to Lientz. Pop. 2589.                   times called the Alcovy.
UIRICKSVILLE, utriks-vil, a thriving post-village of    UL/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Mill township, Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on Stillwater Creek,   UL/DALE, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
about 100 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is at the head of slack-    ULEA, oo-lt/T, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles
water navigation, a few miles from the Ohio Canal. Pop. in  N.W. of Murcia, near the Segura. Pop. 1181.
1853, about 900.                                              ULEA, (Uled,) oolle-, or ULEO, a river of Russia, Finland,
UI, a river of West Siberia. See Om.                      issues from the N.W. extremity of a lake of same name, flows
UIG, tig, a district comprising the W. part of Lewis Island, N.W., and after a course of about 180 miles falls into the
HIebrides, Scotland, and, with the islands of Bernera, Vuia-  Gulf of Bothuia near Ulehborg. Before it reaches its mouth
yore, and Pabbay, forming a parish of the county of Ross. it divides into four branches and forms several cataracts.
Area 275 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 3209.                    ULEABORG, (Ulebborg,) oo/le-S-boRgg, a seaport town of
UIST, (wist or list,) NORTH, an island and parish of the  Finland, capital of a imn, on a peninsula at the mouth of
Outer Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, 21 miles N. of  the Uled in the Gulf of Bothnia, 72 miles S.S.E. of TorneA.
the island of Benbecula, and separated on the N.E. from   Pop. 5000. Mean temperature of year, 310.8; winter 80.4,
barris by the Sound of Harris. 8 miles across. Shape very  summer 550.4 Fahrenheit. Since its destruction by fire, in
irregular.  Length 17 miles, breadth from 3 to 12 miles. 1825, it has been rebuilt in a regular style, and it is, after
Pop. in 1851, 3302. Its E. part is a dreary, marshy moorland, Abo, the principal commercial town of Finland. Chief ex
indented by the ramifications of Lochs Maddy and Evort, ports, pitch, tar, fish, and salted provisions.'It was founded
and containing several inland lakes. Its W. part is hilly or in 1610, and belonged to Sweden till 1809. On an adjacent
mountainous, comprising some tracts of very fertile land, on  island is the Castle of Uleiborg, built in 1590.
which oats, barley. and potatoes are raised. It contains Ben-    ULEi-TRASK, oo/le-o trlsk, a lake of Finland, governCroghan: a mountain 1500 feet above the sea, and several bold  ment and 50 miles S.E. of Uledborg, of very irregular shape,
headlands, with some remarkable caves. With Balishare, 35 miles in length by 10 miles in average breadth. It re1977:




TIJLE                                                      UIMB
ceives several rivers from the E., and discharges its surplus  water. Pop. in 1841, 2,286,622, and in 1851, 2,011,786, the ma.
waters into the Gulf of Bothnia by the river Uled, 75 miles  jority being Protestants. Shores mostly bold and rocky, and
in length.                                                 on the N. and E. are remarkable basaltic cliffs, including the
ULEO, a river of Russia. See ULEA.                       Giant's Causeway. Principal headlands, iMalin, Teelin, and
ULEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.            Fair Heads, respectively the N.W. and N.E. extremities;
ULIA. See MONTEMAYOR.                                     and here are the large inlets, Donegal Bay on the W., Loughs
ULIARUS. See OLtRoN.                                      Swilly and Foyle on the N., Belfast Lough and Dundrum
ULIE (oo/lee) ISLANDS, a group of 13 islands in the Pa- Bay in the E. Surface very much diversified; mountainous
cific Ocean, forming a portion of the Carolines.            in the W., where several summits rise to upwards of 2000
ULITEA or ULIETA.  See RAIATEA.                          feet; the province is more free from  bogs and plains thax
ULLA, oollyl, a river of Spain, Galicia, enters the Bay of  the other parts of Ireland. It contains the large lakes
Arosa, after a S.W. course of 80 miles.                     called Loughs Neagh, Strangord, and Erne; principal rivers,
ULtLAH-BUND, a mound in Sinde, 20 miles N. of Luckput,  the Bann, Foyle, Erne, and some tributaries of the Shanthrown up by an earthquake, in 1819, across the Poorana, non. It is traversed by the Ulster Canal, 24 miles in length,
or E. branch of the Indus, which, however, in 1826, burst and connecting Loughs Neagh and Erne; and the Ulster
through it, forming a channel 35 yards wide, and 30 feet Railway, between Belfast, Armagh, and Dallymena.  This
deep.                                                       province is the head-quarters of the Irish linen manuULXLAPOOLt, a maritime village of Scotland, sounties of  facture, and of oth6r branches of manufacturing industry
Cromarty and Ross, on the WV. coast, N. of Loch Broom, 35  in Ireland, which have their chief seat at Belfast; the
miles N.W. of Dingwall. Pop. 790, mostly employed in  annual value of the linens made is estimated at 5,000,0001.,
fishing. The village was built in 1788, by the British Fish- and the manufactures employ 170,000 hands. The province
cry Society, but the failure of the herring fishery has re- is divided into the counties of Donegal, Londouderry, Anduced it to insignificance. Its harbor is good, and steamers  trim, Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, Fermanagh, and
ply to Portree and Stornoway.                               Tyrone.
UL'LARD, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Carlow, 21    ULSTER, 66l'ster, a river of Central Germany, rises in the
miles N.N.E. of Graigue. It has remains of a castle and  RhOngebirge, Bavaria, circle of Lower Franconia, flows N.
some ecclesiastical edifices.                              for 30 miles past Thann and Geysa, and joins the Werra,
ULLDECONA, ool-dA-ko'ni, a town of Spain, province of  2 miles WV. of Vach. It partly forms the frontier between
Tarragona, 15 miles S.S.W. of Tortosa. Pop. 4617.           Saxe-Weimar and Hesse-Cassel.
ULLERSDORF, GROSS, groce 661/1ers-dofP, a village of    ULISTER: a county in the E.S.E. part of New York, has
Austria, Moravia, circle of Olmutz, with a castle. Pop. 2114. an area of about 1150 square miles. It is bounded on the
ULLERSDORF, NEU, (not,) or LOSINA-NOWA, lo-zee'nt  E. by the Hudson River, and is drained by Rondout, Walnof'a, a village of Austria, Moravia, circle of Olniutz. P. 819. kill, Neversink, and Shawangunk Rivers, and by Esopus
ULLERSDORF, NIEDER, (needer,) a village of Bohemia, Creek, which supply motive power. The surface is genecircle of Kbniggrktz. Pop. 1067.                           rally uneven and mountainous, the Catskill and ShawanULLESKELFE, fils/kflf, a township of Englaqd, co. of gunk Ridges traversing the county.  The soil is usually
York, West Riding, with a station on the North Midland  productive where not too rugged for cultivation. Iron ore,
Railway, 9 miles S.W. of York.                              limestone, slate, and marl are abundant, and lead, plumULLESTIORPE, filsfthorp, a hamlet of England, co. of  bago, coal, and alum have been found. The Hudson River
Leicester, 3 miles N.WV. of Lutterworth.  Pop. in 1851, 592. is navigable for ships along its entire eastern border. The
It has a station on the Midland Counties Railway.           county is intersected by the Delaware and Hudson Canal.
ULLESWATER. See ULLSWATER.                               Named from Ulster, a province of Ireland.  Capital, KingsULILID, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kilkenny.   ton. Pop. 59,384.
ULILIN, a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, 20 miles    ULSTER, New York. See SaUnoGTIES.
from Cairo.                                                   ULSTER, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania,
ULILINGSWICK, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.   on the right bank of the North Branch of the Susquehanna
ULLOA, ool-yol', or ULUA, oo-lool, a river of Central River, and on the North Branch Canal. Pop. 1082.
AmSrica, Honduras, flows first N.W., then N., and after a    ULSTER, NEW, the N. Island of NEW ZEALAND, which see.
course of about 160 miles falls into the Gulf of Honduras.   ULISTERVILLE, a post-village of Ulster co., New York,
It is partly navigable by vessels of 200 tons.             about 90 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
ULLOA, SAN JUAN DE. See SAN JUAN DE ULU.A.                 ULTIMA THULE, fl/te-ma thullee, a post-office of Sevier
ULLSWATER or ULLESWATER, filztw.-ter, the largest co., Arkansas.
of the English lakes, next to Windermere, from which it is   ULITING, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
8 miles N., between the counties of Cumberland and West-    ULUA, a river of Central Amnerica.  See ULLOA.
moreland, 5 miles S.W. of Penrith. Length 9 miles; ave-   ULUBAD, oo-loo-bidf,(?) a village of Asia Minor, Anatolia,
rage breadth 1 mile; depth 210 feet. Near its S.W. extre- near the W. end of Abullionte, 32 miles W. of Brusa, with a
mity it is bordered by the mountain IHelvellyn; and its  large ruined Byzantine fortress.
scenery, though not equal to that of Windermere in pic-   ULULA-DEL-CAMPO, oo-loo/1[ dl1 kUmnpo, a town of
turesque beauty, far surpasses it in grandeur.              Spain, Andalusia, province and about 30 miles from AlmeULM, film, (Ger. pron. i61m,) a frontier town of Wiirtem- ria, on a gentle height. Pop. 1600.
berg, capital of the circle of Danube, 46 miles S.E. of Stutt-    ULIVA, an island of the Inner Hiebrides, Scotland, co. of
gart, on the left bank of the Danube, where it begins to be  Argyle, separated by narrow straits from  the W. coast of
naviFable, and a station on the Augsburg and Ulm Railway,  Mull, and the F. of Gometra Island. Length  5 miles;
566 miles from Augsburg. Pop. 13,468. Mean temperature  breadth 2 miles. Pop. 800. Surface mountainous and baof year 470; winter 290.3, summer 630.6, Fahrenheit. It is saltic, rising in terraces to 1400 feet in height.
antiquated and dull, hut has a fine Gothic cathedral, a town-    ULYVERSTONE, a market-town and parish of England,
hail, government and custom-house, acorn-hall, arsenal, co. and 16 miles N.W. of Lancaster, on the N.W. side of
gymnasium, hospitals, theatre; and manufactures of tobac- Morecambe Bay., Pop. of the town in 1851, 6433. The town
co, pipe-bowls, playing cards, leather, vinegar, and linen  has various churches, dissenting chapels, and minor schools,
fabrics; building docks, and an active transit trade. UIm  two libraries, assembly rooms, theatre, and savings bank.
was long an imperial free town, strongly fortified, and a mili- Besides the parish church, there are six other perpetual
tary post of much importance in the German wars. Here, curacies. Conishead Priory is 2 miles S. A canal, 1~ miles
on the 17th October, 1805, General Mack, with near 30,000  in length, connects the town with Morecambe Bay, navigaAustrian troops, capitulated to Napoleon, without firing a  ble for vessels of 200 tons. Manufactures of coarse cottons
shot. As a Germanic fortress it is garrisoned during peace  and linens, rope, hats, and woollen yarn are carried on,
by Wiirtemberg and Bavarian troops, and a body of Aus-  with some ship-building, and a coasting trade in iron ore,
trian artillery. In time of war one-third of the force is  pig and bar iron, limestone, slates, and corn. Port subordiAustrian.                                                   nate to that of Lancaster.
ULM', a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, 10 miles    ULYSSES, u-listsc, a township of Tompkins co., New
N.E. of Oftenburg. Pop. 588.                                York, on the W. side of Cayuga Lake, 9 miles N.W. of Ithaca.
ULM, NEU, (not,) a village of Bavaria, on the Danube, Pop. 3122.
opposite Ulmn, being a suburb of that town.                   ULYSSES, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania,
ULMBACIL, 661mnblaK, a village of HIesse-Cassel, province  about 15 miles N.E. by E. of Coudersport. Pop. 699.
of Hanau, near Salmiinster, on a stream  of same name.   ULYSSES CENTRE. a post-office, Potter co., Pennsylvania.
Pop. 1282.                                                    ULZEN, a town of Hanover. See UELZEN.
ULIRICEIIAMN, ool-ree/sA-h m, formerly BEGESUND,    UMAN, a town of Russia. See OonAN.
blghlh-soondl, a town of South Sweden, loan aind 54 miles    UM/BAGOG LAKE, of New England, is situated partly in
S.E. of Wenersborg, on Lake Asunda. Pop. 1645.             Oxford county, Maine, and partly in Coos county, New
UBLSTER, the most N. province of Ireland, between lat. 530  Hampshire. Its length is about 12 miles, and its breadth
46' and 550 26' N., andlon. 5024'1 and 8045'W., having S. Lein- varies from 1 to 5 miles. The outlet unites with the Marster, S.W. Connaught, W. and N. the Atlantic Ocean, E. the  gallaway River to form the Androscoggin.
Irish Sea and the North Channel, in one part separated only    UMBAL/LAII, a t6wn of IHindostan, and an important
by 13 miles from the Mull of Kintyre, Scotland. Area 8528  station of British subsidiary troops, capital of a small chiefsquare miles, or 5,457,820 acres; of which 3,407,539 are esti- ship, in the Sikh territory, province and 120 miles N.N.WV
mated to be arable, 1,764,370 uncultivated, and 214,856 under of Delhi, on the route to Lahore.
1978
i'   -                                     -'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



UMB                                                     UNI
UMIBER, a town of Hindostau, Nizam's dominions,35 UiNARE, oo-nurA, a river of South America, Venezuela,
miles S.E. of Aurungabad.                               enters the Caribbean Sea, 40 miles W. of Barcelona, after a
UMBRE or UMBREI-I, oomfbrA or oom/breh, a river of N. course of 120 miles. Near its source is the village of
Africa, an affluent of the Congo.                       Unare.
UMBRETE, oom-brAtA, a village of Spain, Andalusia, pro-   UNCASTILLO, oon-kls-teellyo, a town of Spain, province
vince and 9 miles S.W. of Seville, with a beautiful palace and 43 miles N.N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 2113. It has an
and garden belonging to the Archbishop of Seville. P. 1835. old castle, and remains of an ancient aqueduct.
UMBRIATICO, oom-bre-'te-ko, a market-town of Naples,   UNDERBliARROW, a chapelry of England, co. of Westprovince of Calabria Ultra I., 22 miles N.N.W. of Cotrone. moreland.
Pop. 1200.                                                UN/DERCLIFF, a maritime tract of the Isle of Wight,
UMBRO. See OMBRoNE.                                   extending along its S. coast from Niton, 5 miles eastward to
UMCOLICUS, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.     Bonchurch. It averages three-fourths of a mile in width,
UIMEA, (Umed,) oolme-5, a river of Sweden, rises on the  and has been formed by a landslip from a Yange of chalk
E. slope of the mountains which separate Norway from Swe- cliffs, which bound it on the land side, where they form an
den, in lat. 660 N., flows S.E., forming several lakes by its abrupt wall from 90 to 120 feet in height. It is highly pieexpansion, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia by a wide turesque.
embouchure, a little below the town of Umed, after a course   UN/CASVILLE, a post-village of Montville township, New
of above 250 miles. The water, which at its mouth is about London co., Connecticut, near the New London Willimantic
15 feet deep, is only 8 feet at Umed.                   and Palmer Railroad, about 6 miles N. of New London. It
UMEA, (Umed,), a seaport town of North Sweden, capital contains a cotton-mill, dyeing establishment, &c. Name deof a lean near the mouth of the UmeA River, in the Gulf rived from Uncas, a celebrated Indian chief.
of Bothnia, 95 miles N.E. of Hernbsand. Lat. 630 49' 50 N.,   UNIDERItIRILL, a post-township in Chittenden co., Verion. 200 18' E. Pop. 1410. It is mostly built of wood, and  mont, 23 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1599.
has been twice destroyed by fire by the Russians. It has   UNIJ/DERHILL CENTRE, a post-office of Chittenden co.,
two safe harbors.                                       Vermont.
UM'EERGHUR/ or AM'EERGIUIt, a considerable town    UNIDERMILLfBECK, a township of England, co. of Westof Hiudostan, Rajpootana, dominion and 128 miles S.E. of moreland.
Joodpoor, with several temples, and a manufactory of chintz.   UN'DEROOT! or ANDEROT, Indian Ocean, the largest of
Near it is a strong fort.                               the LAcCADIve ISLANDS, which see.
UMMENDORF, 566mmen-doaf', a village of Prussia, pro-   UNIDER-SKIDIDAW, a township of England, co. of Cumvince of Saxony, government and W. of Magdeburg. Pop. berland.
1015.                                                     UNDERWALDEN. See UNTERWALDEN.
UM{MERAPOOR A, Burmah. See AMeAaAPooaA.                 UNIDERWOOD, a post-office of Hopkins co., Kentucky.
UMM-ER-R'BIEIH, a river of Morocco. See MORnEYA.        UNDERWOODS, a post-office of Marion co., Ohio.
UMMERSTADT, 6m5memr-stitt', a town of Central Ger-   UNIDY, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
many, Saxe-Meiningen, principality and 12 miles S.E. of    UNGARN, a country of Europe. See IHunGAnRY.
Hildburghausen. Pop. 726.                                 UNGA'VA, hng-gahtva, or SOUTH BAY, a bay in the N.
UMPQUA, Omplquaw, a county in the W. part of Oregon, part of Labrador, extending southward from  Hudson's
has an area estimated at above 1500 square miles. It is Strait. It receives the Koksoak River,
bounded on the W. by the Pacific, and is drained by the    UNGHERIA. See IUNGARY.
Umpqua River, from which it derives its name. This county' UNGHVAR or UNGVAR, oong'vary, a market-town of
was formed since 1850.                                  North-East Hungary, capital of a county, on the Ungh, 80
UMPQUA CITY, a post-village of Umpqua co., Oregon, on  miles N.N.E. of Debreezin. Pop. 5000. It has Roman Cathothe Umpqua River, a short distance above its mouth, about lic and Greek United churches, and a trade in wines.
100 miles S.S.W. of Salem.                                UNGI, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See Tavoos.
UMRITSIR, a city of the Punjab. See AmRITsEEs.          UNGLIA. See HUNG.ca.
UMSTADT, 6i6m/stitt, a town of Germany, Hesse-Darm-   UNIE, oonGyA, an island in the Adriatic, 16 miles S.E. of
stadt, province of Starkenburg, capital of a district in the  Istria. Length 6 miles, breadth 2 miles. Pop. 300.
Odenwald, 13 miles E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2699.            UNIEH, a town of Asia Minor. See UNYEn.
UMZINYATI, tim-zin-y~ftee, or BUFFALO RIVER, a river   UNIEJOW, oon-yAyov, a town of Poland, on the Warta,
of South East Africa, forming the N.E. boundary of the 34 miles N.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 800.
British territory of Natal, rises in the Drakenburg Moun-   UNION, yoonlytin, a county in the E. central part of Penntains, flows E:S.E., and joins the Tugela, 50 miles from its sylvania, has an area of 550 square miles. The entire eastern
mouth in the Indian Ocean.                              boundary is formed by the Susquehanna River, together
UMZIMKULU, oom'zim-koo-loot, OM'ZIMKOLO  or UM- with its West Branch. Penn's Creek flows through the
ZIMKULWANA, oom-zim-kool-wtlni, a river of South-east middle of the county, which is drained also by Buffalo,
Africa, forming the S.W. fi-ontier of Natal.            White Deer, and Middle Creeks. The surface is diversified
UNA, oolng, a river of Brazil, province of Sbo Paulo, flows by minor ridges of the Alleghany Mountains, the names of
E. for 60 miles, and falls into the sea by a large mouth 40 which are Buffalo, Nittany, Shade, and Jack's Mountains.
miles N. of the mouth of the Iguape.                    The soil of the valleys, especially that of Buffalo Creek, is
UNA, a river of Brazil, forming the boundary between  extremely fertile. Iron and limestone are the most valuable
the provinces of Alagoas and Pernambuco, falls into the  minerals. The creek affords motive power for numerous
ocean about 12 miles N. of the Barra-Grand, after a course  mills and factories. The Susquehanna Canal passes along
of 150 miles. Its mouth is wide, and admits barges, which  the E. border. Formed in 1813. Capital, New Berlin.
ascend to the forests on its banks and those of the Jacuhipe, Pop. 26,083.
and take in cargoes of excellent timber.                  UNION, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, borUNA, a river of Brazil, province of Bahia, flows E., pass- dering on- South Carolina: area estimated at 350 square
ing the town of Olivenga, and about 4 miles below falls into  miles. It is drained by Richardson's and Warsaw Creeks.
the ocean.                                              The surface is undulating or hilly; a portion of the soil is
UNA, a small river of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, productive. Granite underlies a part of the surface, and
falls into the sea between Cape Buzios and the mouth of extensive beds of slate suitable for building are found in
the Sio Joao.                                           other parts. Several rich gold-mines are worked, and it is
UN'ADILILA, a small river near the centre of New York, stated that lumps have been found worth firom $2000 to
forms the boundary between Otsego county on the left, and  $3000 each. Hones or whetstones of fine quality are found
Meadison and Chenango counties on the right. It flows into  8 miles firom Monroe. According to some accounts, General
the East Branch of the Susquehanna River.               Andrew Jackson was born in this county, about a quarter
UNADILLA, a post-village and township at the S.W. ex- of a mile from the border of South Carolina. Formed in
tremity of Otsego co., New York, on the E. side of Unadilla the year 1842, from parts of Anson and Mecklenburg counRiver, about 100 miles W.S.W. of Albany. The village, on  ties. Capital, Monroe. Pop. 10,051; of whom 8069 were
the Susquehanna River, contains a bank, and several mills free, and 1982 slaves.
and stores. Pop. of the township, 2463.                   UNION, a district in the N. part of South Carolina, conUNADILLA, a post-village and township of Livingston  tains about 500 square miles. It is bounded Ah the E. by
co., Michigan, on Portage River, about 33 miles S.E. of Lan- the Broad River, on the S. by the Ennoree, and intersected
sing. Pop. 1027.                                        by the Pacolet and Tyger Rivers. The surface is hilly, the
UNADILLA CENTRE, a post-village of Otsego co., New  soil productive, and well watered. This district is remarkable
York, about 30 miles S.W. of Cooperstown.               for mineral wealth: one gold-mine is worked with profit;
UNADILLA FORKS, a post-village of Otsego co., New  iron ore of fuine quality is found in immense quantities; and
York, on the Unadilla River, at the junction of its branches, granite is one of the principal rocks. It is intersected by
about 85 miles W. by N. of Albany. It contains several the Spartanburg and Union Railroad. The streams furnish
mills and factories.                                    motive power for mills, &c. Capital, Unionville. Pop. 19,852;
UINAKA or U/NIKA MOUNTAINS, a name given to a  of whom 9460 were free, and 10,392 slaves.
portion of the Appalachian Mountains, dividing North Ca-   UNION, a county in the N. part of Georgia, bordering on
rolina from Tennessee, and situated S.W. from the Tennes- North Carolina, has an area of 630 square miles. It is drained
see River.                                              by the head streams of the Hiawassee, Notley, and Tocon
UNALASCHKA. See OO0ALASKA.                            Rivers, which flow north-westward to the Tennessee River.
1979




UNI                                                        UNI
The county is traversed by the Blue Ridge, several peaks of    UNION or CONNECTICUT FARMS, a post-village in the
which are distinguished by the names of Ivy Log, Cooper's, above township, about 50 miles N.E. of Trenton.
Track Rock, and Round Top Mountains. Pilot Mountain,    UNION, a township of Adams co., Pennsylvania. P. 952
situated in the N.E. part, is said to be very difficult of ascent;   UNION, a township of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. P. 1291.
the N.W. side, according to White's Statistics, is 400 yard s   UNION, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1665.
perpendicular. Union county abounds in valuable minerals,   UNION, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. P. 2621
particuIarly iron, granite, marble, and gold. Several mines   UNION, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1076,
of gold are worked, which are said to be rich; and a few    UNION, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, contains
diamonds have been found. Organized in 1832. Capital, the county seat. Pop. 5206.
Blairsville.  Pop. 7234; of whom  6956 were free, and 278    UNION, a township of Hu-lntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 8
slaves.                                                     miles S. from Iluntingdon.  Pop. 631.
UNION, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, bordering    UNION, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. P. 597.
on Arkansas, contains aboutO 1000 square miles. It is bounded    UNION, a township of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. P. 1590.
on the E. by Washita River, and intersected by its affluents,   UNION, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania. P. 1308.
the D'Arbonne and Lutre Bayous. The surface is diversified    UNION, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania. P. 1284.
by pine-clad hills of moderate height. The soil is sandy and    UNION, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, interfertile. Extensive forests of pine, oak, and hickory are found  sected by the Catawifsa Railroad. Pop. 1064.
here. The Washita is navigated by steamboats on the bor-   UNION, a township ofTioga co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 825.
der of the parish, and the D'Arbonne is navigable to Farmers-   UNION, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania, contains
viyle, the seat of justice. Pop. 8203; of whom 4778 were  New Berlin, the county seat. Pop. 1452.
free, and 3425 slaves.                                        UNION, a small village of Union co., Pennsylvania.
UNION, a county in the S. part of Arkansas, bordering    UNION, a village and township of Washington co., Pennon Louisiana: area about 1230 square miles. It is bounded  sylvania, about 15 miles S. of Pittsburg. Pop. 1192.
on the N.W. by Washita River, and drained by Sulphur    UNION, a post-6ffice of York co., Pennsylvania.
Creek and the North Fork of the Bayou D'Arbonne. The    UNION, a handsome post-village, capital of Monroe co.,
surface is moderately hilly; the soil is sandy and productive. Virginia., 208 miles W. of Richmond.  It contains 2 or 3
In 1850 it produced 7037 bales of cotton; 93,660 bushels of  churches. Pop. about 500.
sweet potatoes. The quantity of sweet potatoes was the    UNION, a thriving village of Randolph co., North Carogreatest produced in any county of the state; and the  lina, on Deep River, a few miles from Ashborough. It has
quantity of cotton greater than in any except Chicot county. a fine water-power and a cotton factory.
The Washita River is navigable by steamboats. In 1850,   UNION, a post-office of Washington co., North Carolina.
Union was the most populous county in the state. Capital,   UNION, a post-village of Greene co., Alabama, 33 miles
El Dorado. Pop. 10,298; of whom 5531 were free, and 4767  S.S.W. of Tuscaloosa.
slaves.                                                       UNION, a small village of Jefferson co., Mississippi.
UNION, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky, border-   UNION, a post-village of Newton co, Mississippi, 75 miles
ing on the Ohio River, which separates it from Indiana and  E. of Jackson.
Illinois, has an area estimated at 350 square miles. The    UNION, a township of Ashley co., Arkansas. Pop. 192.
Ohio River washes the whole western and part of the north-    UNION, a township of Conway co., Arkansas.  Pop. 319.
ern border: Tradewater Creek forms its boundary on the    UNION, a post-township of Fulton co., Arkansas.  P. 363.
S.W., and Highland Creek on the N.E. The surface is level,   UNION, a township of Greene co., Arkansas.  Pop. 473.
undulating, and hilly; the soil is good. Extensive beds of    UNION, a township of Independence co., Arkansas.
bituminous coal, and several sulphur and chalybeate springs  Pop. 256.
are found in it. Formed in 1811. Capital, Morganfield.    UNION, a township of Izard co., Arkansas.  Pop. 440.
Pop. 9012; of whom 6720 were free, and 2292 slaves.           UNION, a township of Lafayette co., Arkansas. Pop. 550.
UNION, a county in the W. central part of Ohio, contains    UNION, a township of Lawrence co., Arkansas. Pop. 530.
about 445 square miles. It is drained by Darby, Mill, Rush,   UNION, a township of Marion co., Arkansas. Pop. 543.
and Boques Creeks, affluents of the Scioto River. The sur-   UNION, a township of Newton co., Arkansas. Pop. 163.
face is generally level, and heavily timbered, except some    UNION, a township of Van Buren co., Arkansas. P. 258.
prairies of small extent: the soil is very fertile. Valuable    UNION, a township of White co., Arkansas. Pop. 244.
limestone quarries are worked in the eastern part. Three    UNION, a post-office of Boone co., Kentucky.
railroads traverse the county, the Springfield and Mansfield,   UNION, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1872.
(unfinished,) the Columbus and Urbanna, and the Marys-    UNION, a township of Brown co., Ohio, on the Ohio River.
ville and Bellefontaine. Capital, Marysville. Pop. 12,204.  Pop. 4379.
UNION, a county in the E. part of Indiana, bordering on    UNION, a township of Butler co., Ohio, intersected by the
Ohio, contains 168 square miles. It is drained by the East Cincinnati Hamilton and Dayton Railroad. It contains the
Fork of Whitewater River. The surface is level in the E., village of Ripley. Pop. 2173.
and undulating in the WV., and the soil is uniformly good.    UNION, a township of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop. 804.
The underlying rock is the blue or Trenton limestone.   UNION, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1646.
Union county is liberally supplied with water-power. It is    UNION, a township of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop. 1800.
intersected by 1 or 2 railroads leading to Cincinnati. Capi-   UNION, a township of Clinton co., Ohio, contains Wil.
tal, Liberty. Pop. 6944.                                    mington, the county seat. Pop. 3558.
UNION, a county near the S. extremity of Illinois, has    UNION, a township of Fayette co., Ohio, contains the
an area of about 320 square miles. The Mississippi River  county seat. Pop. 2392.
forms its western boundary, and the county is drained by    UNION, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop. 1150.
Clear Creek. The surface is diversified, and in some parts    UNION, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop. 1408.
hilly; the soil is fertile. This county is rich in minerals,   UNION, a township of Knox co., Ohio, partly intersected
among which are iron, lead, stone-coal, chalk, porcelain  by the WaIhonding and Vernon Rivers. Pop. 1192.
clay, alum, and copperas. Saltpetre caves are numerous.    UNION, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1318.
The lead-mines have not been much explored; the beds of    UNION. a township of Licking co., Ohio, partly intercoal and porcelain are extensive. The route of the Central sected by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 2368.
Railroad passes through the county. Capital, Jonesborough.    UNION, a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 804.
Pop. 7615.                                                    UNION, a township of Madison co., Ohio, intersected by
UNION, a county in the S.S.W. part of Iowa, has an area  the Columbus and Xenia Railroad. Pop. 2160.
of 432 square miles. It is drained by the Crooked Fork of    UNION, a township of Mercer co., Ohio, intersected by
Grand River, and several of its affluents. The soil is said  St. Mary's River. Pop. 746.
to be fertile, but is mostly uncultivated. The census gives    UNION, a township of Miami co., Ohio, intersected by
us no information respecting this county, which has but few  Miami River. Pop. 2227.
inhabitants.                                                  UNION, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop, 1930.
UNION, a post-township of Lincoln co., Maine, 28 miles   UNION, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ohio.
S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1974.                                   UNION, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1795.
UNION, a post-office of Carroll co., New Hampshire.         UNION, a township of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1559.
UNION, a post-township of Tolland co., Connecticut, 33    UNION, a township inPike co., Ohio. Pop. 564.
miles N.E. of Hartford. Pop. 729.                             UNION, a township in Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 515.
UNION, a small village of Providence co., Rhode Island,   UNION, a township in Ross co.; Ohio, intersected by the
about 15 mniles N. by W. of Providence.                     Ohio Canal. Pop. 2666.
UNION, a thriving post-village and township of Broome    UNION, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. -Pop. 605.
co., New York, in the valley of Nanticoke Creek, the village    UNION, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 944.
half a mile from the Union Station of the New York and    UNION, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 1205.
Erie Railroad, 233 miles from New York City. Settled in    UNION, a township in Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 84.
1789, by Judge Mersereau. Pop. of the village, about 1200;   UNION, a township in Warren co., Ohio, intersected by
of the township, 2143.                                      the Little Miami Railroad and the Miami Canal. Pop. 1394.
UNION, a township of Camden co., New Jersey.  Pop.   UNION or UNION VILLAGE, a Shaker village in ths
1095.                                                       above township, about 30 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. P. 548.
UNION, a post-township of Essex co., New Jersey, about   UNION, a township in Washington co., Ohio, intersected
46 miles N.E. of Trenton. Pop. 1662.                        by the Muskingum River. Pop. 1165.
1980




UNI                                                       UNI
UNION, a township in Branch co., Michigan. Pop. 1271.    UNION MILLS, a post-village of Fulton co., New York,
UNION, a post-village of Cass co., Michigan, 160 miles 40 miles N.N.W. of Albany.
W.S.W. of Detroit.                                          UNION MILLS, a post-village of Erie co., Pennsylvania1
UNION, a township in Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 412.    on French Creek. and on the Sunbury and Erie Railroad,
UNION, a township in Bartholomew co., Indiana. P. 588. 22 miles S.E. of Erie.
UNION, a township in Crawford co., Indiana. Pop. 622.    UNION MILLS, a post-village in Carroll cc., Maryland, 65
UNION, a township in De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop. 778.   miles N.N.W. of Annapolis.
UN ION, a township in Delaware co., Indiana. Pop. 1011.   UNION MILLS, a post-village of Fluvanna co., Virginia,
UNION, a township of Elkhart co., Indiana. Pop. 632.   on the Rivanna River, 75 miles N.W. of Richmond. The
UNION, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. 734.    river affords water-power, which is used in a cotton factory
UNION, a township in Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 544.      and several mills.
UNION, a township in Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 522.      UNION MILLS, a post-office of Heard co., Georgia.
UNION, a township in Johnson co., Indiana. Pop. 1227.    UNION MILLS, a flourishing post-village of La Porte co.,
UNION, a township in La Porte co., Indiana. Pop. 808.  Indiana, 11 miles S.S.W, of La Porte.
UNION, a township in Madison co., Indiana. Pop. 623.      UNION MILLS, a thriving post-village of Mahaska co.,
UNION, a township in Miami co., Indiana. Pop. 812.      Iowa, on the Des Moines River, about 10 miles W. of OskaUNION, a township in Montgomery co., Indiana. Pop. loosa.
5627.                                                       UNION PLAIN, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio.
UNION, a township in Parke co., Indiana. Pop. 1188.       UNION POINT, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, on
UNION, a township in Perry co., Indiana. Pop. 747.      the GeorgiaRailroad, atits junction with the Athens Branch,
UNION, a post-office of Pike co., Indiana.              48 miles N. by E. of Milledgeville.
UNION, a township in Porter co., Indiana. Pop. 487.       UNION POINT, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon.
UNION, a village and important railroad station of Ran-   UNION POINT, a post-office of Unioi co., Illinois, on the
dolph co., Indiana, on the eastern boundary of the state, 85  Ohio, about 80 miles W. by S. of Shawneetown.
miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. Six or seven railroads meet   UNION PRAIRIE, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.
at this point, viz. the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine and the    UNION RIVER, of Hancock co., Maine, falls into the
Bellefontaine and Indiana; the Columbus Piqua and In- Atlantic Ocean opposite Mount Desert Island.  It has
diana; the Greenville and Miami, the Marion and Missisin- numerous tributaries, and in some parts is rapid, affording
newa, and the Cincinnati Union and Fort Wayne. The  fine mill-seats.
post-office is Union City. Laid out in 1849.                UNION SETTLEMENT, a post-office of Oswego co., New
UNION, a township in Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1179.      York.
UNION, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. Pop. 608.   UNION SOCIETY, a post-office of Greene co., New York.
UNION, a township in Shelby co., Indiana. Pop. 1071.      UNION SPRINGS, a post-village in Springport township,
UNION, a township in Union co., Indiana. Pop. 1153.    Cayuga co., New York, is beautifully situated on the E. shore
UNION, a township in Vanderburg co., Indiana. P. 673.  of Cayuga Lake, 10 miles S.W. of Auburn. It contains 1
UNION, a township in Wells co., Indiana. Pop. 567.       Catholic and 5 Protestant churches, a newspaper office, a
UNION, a post-village of Champaign co., Illinois, 105 miles female seminary, 9 dry goods stores, 2 flouring-mills, 2 steam
E. by N. of Springfield.                                   saw and planing mills, 2 lumber-yards, 1 machine shop, I
UNION, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. Pop. 916.     foundry, and 1 manufactory of farming and other articles.
UNION, a village of MlcHenry co., Illinois, on the Galena  There are within the limits of the village several springs,
and Chicago Union Railroad, 62 miles N.W. of Chicago.      supplying motive power to 2 mills, the waters of which
UNION, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Missouri, never fail to any great extent in seasons of the greatest
on the Pacific Railroad, (unfinished,) 55 miles W. of St. drought; hence it has been supposed that they issue from
Louis. The Bourbense River, which passesnear the village, a subterraneous channel communicating with Owasco Lake,
affords fine water-power. Rich mines of copper, iron, and  10 miles distant, the surface of which is said to be some 200
lead are worked in the county. Union has one newspaper feet above the level of the springs. Quarries of limestone
office.                                                    and gypsum are worked at this place. Plank-roads connect
UNION, a township in Marion co., Missouri. Pop. 988.   it with Auburn and Levanna, and a steam ferry-boat plies
UNION, a township in Randolph co., Missouri. Pop. 504. across the lake. Pop. in 1853, about 1000.
UNION, a township in St. Genevieve co., Missouri. P. 898.   UNION SPRINGS, a post-village of Macon co., Alabama,
UNION, a township in Washington co., Missouri. P. 1761. on the Girard and Mobile Railroad, about 40 miles S.E. of
UNION, a post-office of Maury co., Tennessee.           Montgomery.
UNION, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.              UNION SPRINGS, a post-office of Union co., Arkansas.
UNION, a post-village and township at the N.W. extremity    UNION SQUARE, a post-village of Oswego co., New York,
of Rock co., Wisconsin, 22 miles S. by E. of Madison. P. 1050. on Salmon Creek, 12 miles E. of Oswego.
UNION, a post-office of Salt Lake co., Utah Territory.    UNION SQUARE, a post-village of Montgomery co., PennUNION, a seaport town of Central America, state and 70  sylvania, 92 miles E, of Harrisburg.
miles E.S.E. of St. Salvador, on the W. coast of Conchagua    UNION STAR, apost-office of Breckenridge co., Kentucky.
Gulf.                                                       UNION TIHEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. See Nrew YronK.
UNION BRIDGE, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.      UNION  THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.. See PRINcE  EDUNION BRIDGE, a post-office of Titus co., Texas.        WAID COUNTY, Virginia.
UNION CENTRE, a post-village of Broome co., New York.   UNIONTOWN, a flourishing post-borough of Union townUNION CITY, a post-village of Branch co., Michigan, on  ship, capital of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, is pleasantly
the St. Joseph's River, at the mouth of Coldwater River, at situated on the National Road, about 55 miles S. by E. oi
the head of navigation, 115 miles W. by S. of Detroit. It Pittsburg. It is compactly built, and contains a neat courtcontains an iron foundry and several mills.               house, 7 brick churches, 1 academy, 1 female seminary, and
UNION CITY, Randolph co., Indiana. See UNION..          Madison College. Three or four newspapers are published
UNION CHURCH, a post-office of Jefferson co., Mississippi. here. The surrounding count'y is fertile and populous.
UNION COLLEGE. See SCHENECTADY, New York.               The abundance of stone-coal in this vicinity renders it an
UNION COLLEGE. See MuormesnoESaouGo, Tennessee.   advantageous site for manufactories, of which there are
UNION CORNERS, a post-office, Livingston co., New York. several in operation. P. in 1850, 2333; in 1853, about 2700.
UNION CORNERS, a village in Van Buren co., Iowa, on    UNIONTOWN, a village of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania,
St. Fox River, 90 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City.              on the Susquehanna River, 12 miles S. of Williamsport. It
UNION CROSS ROADS, a small village of Gloucester co., contained in 1851, 4 stores, and near 200 inhabitants.
New Jersey, about 4 miles S.E. of Woodbury.                 UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryland, 40
UNION CROSS ROADS, a post-office in Union parish, miles N.W. of Baltimore. Pop. in 1850, 356.
Louisiana.                                                  UNIONTOWN, a post-village in Perry co., Alabama, on
UNIONDALE, post-office, Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania. the Alabama and Mississippi Railroad, 60 miles S. of TuscaUNION DEPOT, a village of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, loosa. Pop. estimated at 600.
about 30 miles N. of Hairisburg.                            UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Union co., Kentucky, on
UNION DISTRICT, a post-office, Washtenaw co., Michigan. the Ohio River, 244 miles below Louisville, has several stores.
UNION FALLS, a post-village of Clinton co., New York,   UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Belmont co., Ohio, 114
on Saranac River, about 160 miles N.-of Albany.           miles E. of Columbus. Pop. about 300.
UNION FURNACE, a post-office of Huntingdon cc., Penn-   UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Stark co., Ohio, 132 miles
sylvania.                                                 N.E. of Columbus. Pop. in 1850, 245.
UNION GROVE, a post-office of Prince George co., Virginia.   UNIONTOWN, Ohio. See FULTONHABI.
UNION GROVE, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois.   UNIONTOWN; a post-village of Wells co., Indiana, 112
UNION GROVE, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin.    miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
UNION HALL, a post-village of Franklin co. Virginia, 200    UNIONTOWN, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, on the
miles W.S.W. of Richmond.                                 Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, 26 miles W. of Peoria.
UNION ISLAND, Grenadines, British West Indies, 5    UNIONTOWN, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.
miles N. of Carriacou.                                      UNIONTOWN, a post-town of Trinity co., in the N.N.W.
UNION LEVEL, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Virginia. part of California, is situated on Humboldt Harbor and on
UNION MEETING I-IOUSE, a post-office of Baltimore co., the main road from Benicia to Klamath, 235 miles in a
M.aryland.                                                straight line N.N.W. of San Francisco.
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UNION VALE, a township of Dutchess co., New York, 12  theconquest of California and New Mexico in 1848, and by
miles E. of Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1552.                       the purchase of a portion of Northern Mexico in 1854. The
UNION VALLEY, a post-office of Cortland co., New York. whole forms an area, according to the estimate made by
UNION VILLAGE, a post-village in Orange co., Vermont, the Topographical Bureau, at Washington, of 2.936,16e 
46 miles S.E. of Montpelier.                                square miles, nearly equalling in extent that of the contiUNION VILLAGE, a post-village of Broome co., New York, nent of Europe. The same authority assigns 766,002 square
about 20 miles N. by W. of Binghamton.                      miles of this area to the Pacific slope, 1,217,562 to the -AisUNION VILLAGE, a post-village of Washington co., New  sissippi Valley, 514:416 to the Atlantic slope proper, 112,640
York, on the Battenkill River, about 35 miles N.N.E. of  to the northern lake region, and 325,537 to the Gull
Albany. It contains several churches, an academy, a bank, region.
and has manufactures of cotton, wool, iron, and other    Face of the Country. —In an extent of country reaching
articles.                                                   from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and through 240 of latiUNION VILLAGE, a post-village in Northumberland co., tude, we find, as might be expected, every variety of surface
Virginia, 88 miles E.N.E. of Richmond.                      -mountain, plain, and valley. Topographically considered,
UNION VILLAGE, Warren co., Ohio. See UNION.               the United States are divided by the Alleghany Mountains
UNIONVILLE, yoonlytn-vil, a post-village of Hartford  in the E., and the Rocky Mountains in the WV., into three
co., Connecticut, on the Collinsville branch of the New  grand sections: 1. The Atlantic or Alleghany Slope; 2. The
IHaven and Northampton Railroad, about 17 miles S.W. by  Pacific or Rocky Mountain Slope; and, 3. The Mississippi
W. of Hartford. It contains 1 church, and 2 stores.         Valley. The first, lying between the Alleghany Range and
UNIONVILLE, a post-village of Orange co., New York, the Atlantic Ocean, commences in the E. part of Maine, and
about 120 miles S.S.W. of Albany.                           extends (with a breadth varying from 80 to about 300 miles)
UNIONVILLE, formerly WRANGLEBOROUGH, a small  to Alabama. This region, near the sea, is generally border.
village of Atlantic eo., New Jersey, is situated on Nacote  ed by a belt of alluvial sand, and, where uncultivated, usuCreek, about 13 miles E.N.E. of May's Landing.              ally covered with a growth of pine and cedar. Farther inUNIONVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Centre co., land the country becomes hilly, and gradually merges into
Pennsylvania, is situated in Bald Eagle Valley, 6 miles W. the Appalachian chain of mountains. The rivers of this
of Bellefonte. A plank-road connects it with the Central section mostly run in a S. or S.E. direction, with lengths
Railroad at Tyrone. It contained in 1851, 3 stores, 1 flour- varying from 100 to 600.miles, and are ascended by the tide
mill, and 1 tannery. The name of the post-office is FLEMING. to the hilly country, a distance of from  50 to 150 miles,
UNIONVILLE, a handsome and thriving post-village of  to which points they are generally navigated by the smaller
Chester co., Pennsylvania, 35 miles VW. by S. of Philadelphia. ocean craft and steamboats. In some south-eastern States,
It is well built, and surrounded by a rich and highly culti- steamboats ascend above tide-water, when the rivers are
vated country. It contains 3 churches, 2 boarding-schools  full, in spring and fall. The second section includes all the
of respectable patronage, 5 stores, and about 300 inhabitants.  country lying W. of the Rocky Mountains, and between
UNIONVILLE, a small village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. them and the Pacific, occupying a tract varying from 600
9 miles from Allentown.                                     to 1000 miles in breadth, intersected by several mountain
UNIONVILLE, a post-village in Frederick co., Maryland, ranges of great elevation. The third and largest section,
67 miles N.W. of Annapolis.                                 called the Mississippi Valley, comprises that vast region lying
UNIONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Union district, between the Alleghany Mountains on the E., and the Rocky
South Carolina, 70 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. The sur- Mountains on the W., extending through 180 of latitude,
rounding country is hilly, and contains an abundance of  with a breadth of from about 800 to 1600 miles. A high
granite and iron ore. The Spartanburg and Union Railroad  table-land terminates this valley on the N. From its highpasses through it, connecting it with the Greenville and  est points, about 1900 feet, or an average of 1450 feet in eleColumbia Railroad.                                          vation, the streams descend towards every point of the
UNIONVILLE, a post-village in MIonroe co., Georgia, 55  compass, some seeking the ocean through Hudson's Bay and
miles W. by N. of Milledgeville.                            the great lakes, and others through the Missouri and BMisUNIONVILLE, a post-office of Cass co., Texas.            sissippi Rivers and the Gulf of Mexico. This plateau covers
UNIONVILLE, a post-village in Bedford co., Tennessee, Minnesota, and parts of Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Iowa.
46 miles S.S.E. of Nashville.                               The middle sections of the state of Ohio have an elevation
UNIONVILLE, a post-village of Lake co., Ohio, near the  of 1000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. Outlying ridges of
Cleveland and Erie Railroad, 184 miles N.E. of Columbus.  the Alleghany chain extend into Eastern Kentucky and TenIt is one of the largest villages in the county. Pop. esti- nessee. The western slope of the valley ascends by an almost
mated at 700.                                               imperceptible rise to the height of 7500 feet, forming the
UNIONVILLE, a small villagehof Morgan co., Ohio.         elevated base of the more rugged prominences of the Rocky
UNIONVILLE, a village of Ohio, on the Columbus Piqua  Mountains. A low range, or rather belt, called the Ozark
and Indiana Railroad, 23 miles from Columbus.               Mountains, traverses portions of the Indian Territory, ArUNIONVILLE, a post-village of Monroe co., Indiana, 8 or  kansas, and Missouri, and extends even into Wisconsin.
9 miles N.E. of Bloomington.                                Another low range, called the Black HIills, runs through the
UNIONVILLE, apost-village of Appanoose co., Iowa, about E. and S. parts of the Territory of Nebraska, forming the
120 miles S.W. of Iowa City.                                dividing ridge between the head-waters of the Missouri and
UNIONVILLEI, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York, its great tributary, the Yellowstone. The country adja19 miles N. of Toronto. Pop. about 300.                     cent to the shores of the Mississippi, below the mouth of
UNIONVILLE CENTRE, a post-village of Union co., Ohio, the Ohio, is mostly low and level, and a large portion of it
on Big Darby Creek, 25 miles N.W. of Columbus.             is overflowed on every great rise of that river. Immediately
UNIOPtOLIS, a post-office of Auglaize co., Ohio.          adjoining the Gulf of Mexico it is one great marsh.
UPNISON, a post-village of London co., Virginia, 16 miles    Msousntains.-The Rocky Mountains are the most extensive
S.W. of Leedsburg, contains 3 churches, and several stores. and important in the United States. They are, in reality,
UNISON, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.              a part of the great chain which extends from the Polar Sea,
UNITAIRIA, a post-office of Broome co., New York.         under various names, to the Straits of Magellan, in South
UNITED  STATES, THE, (Fr. Etats-U'nis, A'tgz/i/nee];  America. Commencing at the Pacific coast and journeying
Port. and Sp. Estados Vnidos, Is-tI/dos oomneeldos or 6s-t!- eastward, we come upon a chain of mountains stretching
Doce oo-neelDoce; It. Stati Uniti, stltee oo-neeftee; Ger. Fe- from the Straits of Juan de Fuca to about the 34th dereinigte Staaten -von NXbrd-Aserica, fer-i'niG-teh stAften fon  gree of N. latitude, where it joins the Sierra Nevada in
noat A-mlr/e-kA, less correctly Vereinigte Staaten simnply; the S. part of California. These mountains are in some
Dutch Isereenigde  Staaten, fer-AfniG-deh staten,) a federal places broken into scattered groups, some of which exrepublic in the Western Continent, occupying more than  tend at right angles to the coast, but as a range they run
half the territory of the temperate zone in North America, parallel to the Pacific. They do not generally rise to an
lies between 240 30' and 490 N. lat., and between 66 50,0 elevation of more than 2000 or 2500 feet. Mount Olympus,
and 1240 30, W. ion. It is bounded on the N. by British  however, in the N.W. part of Washington Territory, is said
America, from which it is partly separated by the Lakes to attain a height of 8197 feet; Mount St. John's 8000,
Superior, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, and by the  Mount Ripley 7500, and Mount Diabolo 3780 feet, all in
river St. Lawrence; E. and N.E. by the British province of  California. Proceeding east, we come upon a lofty chain,
New Brunswick and by the Atlantic Ocean; S. by the Gulf  bearing the name of Cascade Range, in Washington and
of Mexico and the Mexican uRepublic, from which it is partly  Oregon Territories, and Sierra Nevada in California. The
separated by the Rio Grande del Norte, and on the W. by  greatest ascertained heights in the United States are in this
the Pacific Ocean. The territory of the United States now  chain. Mount Shasta, Mount St. IIelen's, Mount Hood, and
forms nearly a parallelogram  of about 24.00 miles in mean  Mount Rainier, rear their snowy summits to heights varying
length from  E. to W., and about 1300 miles in average  from 12,000 to 14,000 feet, and some parts of the Sierra Nebreadth from N. to S. The extreme length. however, is vada are said to attain about the height of Mount Blanc, in
nearly 2700 miles. and its greatest breadth about 1600 miles,  Savoy, (15,500 feet.) This chain may be said to extend
the wvhole presenting a frontier line exceeding 10,000 miles. from Russian America to the southern extremity of Old
~he domain of the United States has been more than doubled  California, at an average distance from the sea of fimom 100 to
since the formation of the confederacy, by the acquisition,  150 miles, and to have a mean elevation of 5000 or 6000 feet.
in i1803, of the Territory of Louisiana; by the purchase of  As we extend our journey towards the Atlantic Coast, we
Florida, in 1819; by the annexation of Texas in 1846, by  pass irregular groups of mountains, some reaching the snow-.1982
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line, and having various appellations, such as Blue, Hum- county, North Carolina. There is reason to believe, howboldt, and Wahsatch Mountains, and occupying the great ever, that it will be found more abundantly in New Mexico
basin between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains. The latter than any other portion of the United States. Deposits of
rin  also parallel to the Pacific, at distances varying from  that metal exist near Donna (Dofia) Ana, in New Mexico,
450 to 850 miles, within the territory of the United States, and on the San Saba, in Texas. Silver is also reported to
and attain; in Fremont's Peak, (the highest known summit,)  exist abundantly near Fort Fillmore, and on the S. side of
an elevation of 13,570 feet. Having crossed this, (the divid- the Gila, towards its mouth. The native product of silver
ing ridge between tile waters flowing into the Pacific and  in 1854, amounted to only $352,000. Rich mines of quickthose flowing into the Gulf of Mexico,) we descend a long slope  silver are now worked at New Almaden, in California, and
of nearly 1000 miles, by an inclination of about 6000 feet products of these mines, to the value of $750,000, were exfrom South Pass, (on the great route to California and Ore- ported in 1854. Traces of platina have been discovered in
gon,) to the Mississippi River, the grand recipient of the  California, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and in North Carolina.
streams between the Alleghany and the Rocky Mountains.   Probably the richest and purest copper-mines in the world
The sources of the Missouri are at about 6000 feet elevation  are to be found in Michigan, on the shores of Lake Superior,
above the sea, those of the Platte at about 7500, of the Ar- where the native metal has been chiselled out in masses,
kansas about 8800, and the Rio Grande 11,150 feet. Ascend- weighing 150 tons of almost unadulterated copper. These
ing from the left bank of the Mississippi, we come first, in  mines are only in their infancy, and yet they have produced
Kentucky and Tennessee, upon outlying ridges of the great 2000 tons of copper in a single year. Mines of this metal,
Appalachian Range, which extends, with various interrup-  of great richness, are worked in the S.E. of Tennessee,
tions, from Maine to Alabama. This is not a high  range, on the H-iwassee River, in North Carolina, and Connecthough Mount Katahdin., in IMaine, Mount Washington, in  ticut, while it exists in  greater or less abundance in
New Hampshire, Mount Mansfield, in Vermont, and Mount New Mexico, Missouri, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey,
Tahawus or Mount Marcy, in New York, reach severally  Pennsylvania, Georgia, and various other parts of the
the heights of 5000, 6234, 4280, and 5460 feet. South of  United States. The product of copper, for 1854, was nearly
New York this chain and its outlying ridges are mostly  4,000,000 pounds.
within an elevation of 2000 feet, though the peaks of Otter    The great lead district, occupying the north-western
and White Top, in the S. part of Virginia, and Black Moun- portion of Illinois, and the adjoining counties in Wiscontain, (the highest land E. of the Mississippi,) range from  sin and Iowa, is for richness perhaps unsurpas.d on
4000 to 6476 feet, but in no case do the summits reach the  the globe. The shipments from this region in the twelve
line of perpetual snow. (For descriptions of the various  years preceding 1854, averaged more than 43,000.000 pounds
ridges, bearing different local names, see the several states, annually. Mines rich in the same mineral are worked also
also the articles under their respective heads.) The head  in Missouri, Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania.
waters of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee Rivers, But the existence of lead is not limited to the localities
which drain the western slope of the Alleghany range, are  named, being more or less abundant in other parts of the
at elevations of from 1600 to 2500 feet above the sea.      Union. The entire product of the different lead regions of
Misnerals.-The United States contains within its limits  the United States, in 1853, has been.estimated at 33,600,000
almost every variety of mineral wealth, from the gold of  pounds, but in 1845 the yield reached 59,360,000 pounds.
California to the coal of the Alleghany Mountains and the  It is estimated that the Galena mines are capable of yieldMississippi Valley. The gold deposits in California are  ing from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 pounds of lead annually.
among, the richest existing on the globe; the metal is found  Very rich mines of zinc are worked in New Jersey; the
in every form  and position, sometimes in large isolated  same mineral is also found largely mixed with the lead ore
masses, sometimes imbedded in the solid quartz rock, and  of the Galena district, in Arkansas, in Pennsylvania, and
sometimes diffused through the layers (placers) of allu- other states. The product of the zinc-mines of Pennsylvavial strata. (For further particulars see CALIFORNIA, page  nia and New Jersey, for 1854, is estimated at from  5000 to
337.)  Gold is also believed to exist in large quantities  6000 tons. Bismuth, antimony, nickel, and cobalt are all
in New Mexico, and mines are said to have been worlked  found in Connecticut; cobalt is abundant; it is-found also
there extensively by the Spaniards, but the natives guard  in Maryland. Tin has been discovered in small quantities
the secret of their locality with jealous silence. This pre- in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The only mines of
cious metal occurs in a narrow  belt of schistose rocks, quicksilver which are known to exist in the United States are
near the base of the Alleghany Range, extending from Ma- situated in Santa Clara county, California, about 12 miles
ryland to Alabama. Small quantities of the ore have even  from  San Jos6. The quicksilver is found in ferruginous
been found as far N. as New Hampshire and Maine, and  clay, forming part of a hill, which rises 1360 feet above the
even in Vermont; but the richest mines, and those which  sea. The deposit is large, and the mine is being systemahave been most extensively wrought, are in North and South  tically worked.
Carolina and Georgia. The total gold product of the United    Iron, the most important of all the American minerals,
States, from other sources than California, (i. e. mostly from  is the most widely diffnsed. Whitney estimates the entire
the region extending from Maryland to Alabama,) deposited  produce of the mines of the country, in 1854, at 1,000,000
at the different mints of the United States, between 1804  tons. In the census of 1850 it is stated at 563,755 tons.
and September 30, 1854, amounted to $9,015,116, according  Pennsylvania produces nearly one-half of the whole. Ohio,
to the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury to Congress, which holds the second rank, yields less than one-tenth.
December, 1854. The invention of the quartz-crusher seems  The states next in importance are Maryland, Tennessee,
likely to give additional value to the Alleghany mining  Kentucky, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia. Missouri,
region, by diminishing the expense of extracting the ore. from the rich deposits of Pilot and Iron Mountains, is, in
The gold deposited at the various mints, the product of the  all probability, capable of furnishing as much iron as any
United States since the discovery of that metal in California, other country in the world. Maryland, Virginia, and North
amounted (according to a tabular statement of Mr. Whitney)  Carolina possess inexhaustible supplies of ore, which are
to $896,675 in 1848, of which $45,301 was from California;  mostly the hydrous peroxides of iron. The iron-mines of
$7,079,144 in 1849. of which $6,151,360 was from California;  northern New York are of great extent and remarkable
$36,938,314 in 1850, of which $36,273,097 was from Califor-  richness. The Sandford Lake mine is between 600 and 700
nia; $56,540,612 in 1851, of which $55,938,232 was from Ca- feet thick, and one cubic yard of the ore weighs four tons.
lifornia; 54,506,963 in 1852, of which $53,794,700 was from   The iron mountains of Lake Superior, in the Upper PeninCalifornia; and $55,622,051 in 1853, of which $55,113,487  sula of Michigan, are equally rich as the mines of northern
was from California. Total product of gold from mines in  New York. The brown ores of East Tennessee and the hemathe United States between  1804 and 1853, (inclusive,) tites of Vermont are very extensive, especially the former.
$224,.392,334, of which $207,316,177 was from  California. The largest sections or formations destitute of iron ores are
iBut as considerable sums of gold were carried from Califor- the cretaceous and tertiary, skirting the Atlantic coast and
nia to foreign countries by passengers without being mani- forming our great basins andvalleys. So, also, the silurian
fested, the entire product is computed at.$260,000,000 from  and devonian systems are in a great measure destitute of
that state alone since 1847. The amount manifested at iron ores, with the exception of the argillaceous and oolitic
San Francisco in 1854, according to Hunt's Magazine, was ores of the Clinton group. The great centres of the iron
$51,282,595, but in addition to this $5,225,040 was deposited  interest are Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Baltimore,
at the mint in that city for coinage, and $1,208,357 for bars  and St. Louis. The total value of bar, pig, and scrap iron
and gold yet unrefined, making for the year $57,715,992, imported into the United States in 1854 was $18,517,000; in
and a total, since the discovery of gold in California, of  1821 the value of imported iron was only $1,213,000.
$298,243,538, including an estimate of $40,000,000 for un-    Of the other minerals, coal, the most useful, is also the
manifested gold in the hands of passengers. The product most abundant.  The great anthracite  bed in Eastern
of gold from  the Alleghany region amounts to about Pennsylvania already mines and sends to market more
$9,000,000, making a total from  the gold regions of the  than 5,000,000 tons annually, and is capable of increasing
United States, in the half century between 1804 and 1854, that amount to any conceivable demand. Small quantities
in round numbers, of $307,000,000.                          of this species of coal have been found in some of the New
Silver has not yet been extensively produced within the  England States and in New York, and a larger deposit in
limits of the United States, but it has been found in consi- North Carolina. A great bed of bituminous coal, commencderable quantities, in connexion with the copper, in the  ing on the western slope of the Alleghany Mountains, in
Lake Superior mines, and in the lead ore of Middletown, Pennsylvania, extends in a wide belt through the western
Connecticut, and of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and in Stanley  part of that state, through Ohio, Western Virginia, Ken.
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tucky, Tennessee, and into North Alabama. Insulated bitu- grandest rivers on the globe. Almost exactly through ita
minous coal-fields exist in the counties around and W. of  middle, from the summit of the great tablei-land of Minnesota,
Richmond, Virginia, and in some of the central counties of  runs the Mississippi for 3000 miles, like the trunk of a great
North Carolina. In the latter state the coal sometimes as- tree, with its roots in the Gulf of Mexico, and its brancheo
sumes.a semi-bituminous, and in others an anthracite cha- extending E. to the Alleghanies, and westward to the Rocky
racter. The great bituminous coal-field of the Western States  Mountains, receiving the tribute of perhaps 100 important
occupies a large portion of Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois, affluents, some of them, such as the Missouri, Arkansas, and
where it exists in inexaustible abundance.                 Red Rivers from the W., and the Ohio from the E., streams of
Professor Hitchcock is of opinion that a vast coal-field ex- the first class in point of magnitude, and the volume of water
tends from 28~ 45' to 430 N. lat., and between 940 30' and  rolled down their channels.; These rivers are severally, in
1030 W. ion. It is not meant by this, that the coal exists  the order named, about 2900, 2000, 2000, and 1000 miles in
everywhere, but, in the words of the professor, "that a  length; while many of the secondary tributaries have
large part of this vast region may be underlaid by coal. courses of from 300 to 1000 miles. The country drained by
The greater part may be, and undoubtedly is, covered by  the Mississippi reaches from Western New York and Pennnewer deposits, but, if coal does actually exist, it may be  sylvania on the E., to the summits of the Rocky Mountains
reached beneath the newer rocks, as it has been in like  on the W., and from the 49th parallel of latitude to the.
instances in Europe, although no trace of it exists at the  Gulf of Mexico. The rivers of the Alleghany slope of the
surface."  This mineral has also been found in extensive  most importance are, beginning in Maine, the Penobscot,
deposites, near Puget's Sound, in Washington Territory. Kennebec, Connecticut, IHudson, Delaware, Susquehanna,
and also in different parts of Oregon. The product of an- Potomac, Chowan, Roanoke, Pamlico (or Tar River,) Neuse,
thracite coal in East Pennsylvania, in 1854, was 5,847,369  Cape Fear, Great Pedee, Santee, Savannah, and Altamaha,
tons; of the Cumberland (bituminous) coal district in Mary- all rivers of at least 300, and some 600 miles in length, and
land, 721,871 tons; of the Pittsburg district, about 30,000,000  all more or less navigable, some for vessels of the largest
bushels bituminous coal; and of the state of Ohio, about class, 100 miles or more, and all emptying themselves directly
23,800,000 bushels. But owing to the abundant supply of  into the Atlantic, or into bays opening into that ocean.
wood in most parts of the United States, the coal trade is  The southern slope, tending to the Gulf of Mexico, has also
yet in its infancy. Mr. Taylor, in his excellent work on  several large rivers independent of the Mississippi, viz., the
the coal regions, estimates the coal areas of the United  Appalachicola, Mobile, and their large tributaries on the
States, at 44,000 square miles for Illinois; 21,195 for Virgi- E. of the Mississippi, and the Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, Colbnia; 15,437 for Pennsylvania; 13,500 for Kentuclky; 11,900  redo, and Rio Grande del Norte on the W. of that river.
for Ohio; 7700 for Indiana; 6000 for Missouri; 5000 for These streams vary in length, including their main affinMichigan; 4300 for Tennessee; 3400 for Alabama; 650 for  ents, from 300 to 1800 miles, and are navigable by steamMaryland; and 150 for Georgia-total, 133,132; exclusive of  boats to various points within 500 miles. The Rio Grande
the coal-fields of Iowa, Missouri, and the extensive region  forms the boundary between Texas and Mexico. The Pacific
referred to above.                                          slope has but one great river breaking through the Cascade
Copious salt springs abound in various localities in the  Mountains into the ocean. This is the Columbia, a stream
United States; in 1850 there were produced in New York,  of 1500 miles in length, and with several important afiluents
chiefly in Onondaga county, 4,500,000 bushels; 3,479,890 in  having courses of from 300 to 800 miles. If we except the
Virginia, about the waters of the Kiianahwa; 919,100 in  Straits of Juan de Fuca, there is but one other great opening
Pennsylvania, mostly in the region about the Kiskemi-  into the territory of the United States on the Pacific border.
netas; 550,350 in Ohio; 246,500 in Kentucky; and small viz., the Channel or Strait, from 1 to 2 miles in width, leadquantities in several other states; makting   a total product ing into the Bay of San Francisco, which receives the Sacin the United States, according to the census, of 9,763,840  ramento and San Joaquin Rivers, each about 300 miles in
bushels. Saline springs, or lakes, are abundant in Texas, length. The Colorado of the West, entering the Gulf of CallNew  Mexico, California, and Utah.  Medicinal mineral fornia, drains the E. and S.E. and S. portions of the great
springs exist in many places, but those of the greatest re- plateau between the Rocky and Sierra Nevhda Mountains.
pute are the Saratoga, Sharon, New Lebanon, and Avon    The whole of the United States N. of the 42d parallel
Springs, in New York; the Bedford Springs, in Pennsyl- of latitude is dotted over with beautifully transparent
vania; the different sulphur springs, in Virginia; and the  sheets of water of varying sizes, from a few miles in cir
Blue Lick Springs, in Kentucky. Extensive beds of gypsum   cult, to those majestic inland seas which separate British
are found in New York, Maine, Virginia, ald other states; but America from the United States, and which chiefly merit
the largest bed of this mineral in North America extends notice in a national point of view.  There are five of
from the Arkansas River. in the Indian Territory, to the  these, viz., Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, and Michi
Rio Grande, in Texas, through a space of 400 miles. Build- gan; the latter only being wholly within the limits of the
ing materials of an ornamental character are abundant, United States. These vast lakes are navigated by steamers
viz., marble, fine'granite, sandstone, and breccia, or conglo- of the highest tonnage, and by sailing vessels of large capamerates. Porphyry is found in the vicinity of Boston and  city, affording a continuous navigation of 1100 miles, and, by
on the St. Croix River, between Minnesota and Wisconsin. aid of the Welland Canal around the Falls of Niagara, and
Professor Owens says: -" I caused a piece of the St. Croix  that around the Sant St. Mary, (recently completed,) furpish
porphyry to be cut and polished; it cuts easily, and its  an inland ship navigation of 1600 miles. These lakes cover
colors show beautifully;" it differs, he says, but little from   areas of fiom 6300 to 32,000 square miles each, or a total of
the Norway porphyry, but that it polishes unequally. Pro- 90,000 square miles.
fessor Silliman informs us, that he found walls of porphyry    Climate.-A  region so vast as that of the United States
bounding a dyke of iron several yards wide, among the  must necessarily include almost every variety of climate,
Iron Mountains of Missouri, near a place called Arcadia.    from the long and frigid winters of the North, to the almost
Gulfs, Bays, Rivers, and Latkes.-In our articles on the  tropical regions of the South. It is a well-known fact that
states, we have so fully described the great waters of the  the temperature of Western Europe is about 10 degrees
United States, that we shall confine ourselves here to such  milder than in the samelatitudes in Eastern North America;
as have a national importance. Perhaps no portion of the  while California has a climate as mild as that of Italy, indeed
globe is more favored with navigable waters, both external partaking rather of the character of the tropical regions,
and internal, than the United States. Washed on the E. by  especially in the S., with its wet and dry seasons.  Again, on
the Atlantic, on the S. by the Gulf of Mexico, on the W. by  the plateaus of Utah and New Mexico, we find a climate
the Pacific, and on the N. by the great Lakes Superior, Michi- similar to that of the plains of Tartary.  The summers
gan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, it presents, according to the  of the northern part of the United States are as warm
report of the officers of the Coast Survey, and of the Topo- as those of Italy, while the winters are scarcely less
graphical Department, 12,609 miles of shore line, exclusive  frigid than those of Sweden and Norway. N. of 420 the
of bays, sounds, islands, and lakes; of which 6861 are on the  climate is especially suited to the winter grains; that of the
Atlantic; 2281 on the Pacific; 3467 on the Gulf; besides 3620  states between 360 and 420 favors the winter grains and
miles of shore line on the northern lakes, (including bays, Indian corn as staples; and that S. of 360 produces cotton,
sounds, and islands,) and 49,065 miles of river shore line, rice, sugar, Indian corn, and some of the tropical fruits.
(including  both banks,) to the head of navigation in the  The temperature of the North-Rastern States is rendered
interior, or to the head of tide in coast rivers; ocean line  disagreeable by the chilling winds from the Atlantic in the
in steps of ten miles, 5107 miles, of which 2059 are on the  spring months, causing pulmonary diseases, which swell
Atlantic, 1405 on the Pacific, and 1643 on the Gulf of  the bills of mortality in that region beyond those of any
Mexico.                                                    section of the Union except Louisiana. Being shielded by
The most important bays on'the Atlantic  coast are  no great chain of mountains towards the N., the great iceMassachusetts, Cape Cod, Buzzard, Raritan, Delaware, and  plains of British America pour upon the United States, upon
Chesapiake Bays; and on the Pacific, the Bay of San Fran- every considerable augmentation of heat in the regions S. of
cisco and the Straits of Juan de'nuca, leading into Puget's  them, their cold blasts, causing sudden variations to be the
Sound, and having one of the best harbors in the world, unpleasant characteristic of the climate of the Northern and
Long Island, Albemarle, and P'amlico Sounds, varying from   Central United States. Nor are the Southern States entirely
60 to 120 mile's in length, are all on the Atlantic coast, the  fi'ee from these sudden changes, when periods of unusually
first washing  the shores of Connecticut, and the last two  cold weather and unseasonable fi-osts not unfrequently
that of North Carolina.                                    destroy the orange-buds of Florida, and the cotton-blossoms
The intericor of the United States is veined by some of the  of the other Southern States. The Central States have fre1984




UNI                                                         UNI
quently in the same winter a mixture of the mildness of an    Maize orsTndian Crsn. —Among the objects of culture initalian with the frigidity of a Russian winter. The great the United States, maize or Indian corn takes precedence
reservoir of cold winds at the North acts particularly unfa-  in the scale of crops, as it is best adapted to the soil and
vorably on the fruits of the Middle and Western States, as, climate, and furnishes tle largest amount of nutritive
tempted by the early springs belonging to the latitude, they  food. When due regard is paid to the selection of varieties
put forth their blossoms in March or April, only too often  and its cultivation in a proper soil, it may be regarded an a
to have them  nipped by these ice-blasts that, in the same  sure crop in almost every portion of the habitable globe,
latitude of Europe, would be warded off by the great moun- between the 44th degree of north latitude, and a correstain barrier between them and the frigid regions.           pending parallel south.  The first successful attempt of the
There are local causes affecting the climate of particular  English to cultivate this grain in the present territory of
districts that must always be taken into consideration. The  the United States, was made in the valley of James River,
lakes, for example, mitigate to some degree the temperature  Virginia, in 1608. The mode adopted was that practised by.
of the regions bordering on them, while the elevated table-  the Indians; and this, with some modifications, has been
lands of New Mexico, Utah, and Eastern Oregon are rendered  preserved ever since. The yield at that time is represented
cooler and drier than the same parallels elsewhere. In con- to have been from 200 to more than 1000 fold. -The present
nexion with climate, it will be proper to speak of the dis- yield varies from 20 to 135 bushels to the acre.
eases incident to the different sections of the United States.    Wheat.-Wheat, when the soil and climate are adapted to
In the settling of all new countries, the breaking up of the  its growth, is preferred to all other grains, and next to maize
sod leads to miasmatic exhalations, producing agues and  is the most important crop in the United States, not only on
fevers that are not to be considered climatic, as they rapidly  account of its general use for bread, but for its safety and
diminish as the country becomes settled. The old Romans  convenience for exportation.
dreaded, it would appear, the agues of Spain as much as we    The wheat region of the United States E. of the Rocky
do those of the Western States:-" He had a fever when he  Mountains, lies chieflybetween the 30th and 50th parallels of
was in Spain, and I did mark how he did shake."  At pre- N. latitude. W. of that barrier it extends one or more degrees
sent we may say the prevailing diseases of the West are inter- further N. At the London Exhibition very little wheat was 
mittent and bilious fevers and dysenteries; of the South,  exhibited equal to that from the United States, especially
bilious fevers, with occasional desolating visitations of the  that from the Genesee country of New York-a soft white
yellow fever inthe Gulf States. The cholera has generally  variety —to the exhibitor of which, a prize medal was
been more fatal in the Mississippi Valley than in other parts  awarded by the Royal Commissioners. The wheat crop
of the Union. The most fatal diseases in the New England  of the United States, according to the census of 1850,
and some of the Northern and Middle States are consump- amounted to 100,503,899 bushels, against 84,823,272 bushels
tion and other affections of the lungs. The census tables  as returned by the census of 1840; although in some of the
show the greatest ratio of deaths in the year ending June 1, largest wheat growing states the crop of 1849 fell far below
1850, to have been in Louisiana, (about 23 to each 1000 per- the average. In the state of Ohio especially there was a
sons,) and the least in Wisconsin, (about 9 to each 1000 per- great deficiency, the crop of 1849 being at least 30 per cent.
sons.) In Vermont, Iowa, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Ten- below that of either the previous or succeeding years. The
nessee, North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina, Pennsyl- crop of New England, during the 10 years from 1840 to 1850,
vania, Indiana, Maine, Delaware, New Jersey, Virginia, New  decreased from  2,014,000 to 1,090,000 bushels, indicating
Hampshire, Illinois, and Arkansas, the ratio of deaths was  that the attention of farmers had been much withdrawn
the lowest, and in the order in which they are named, viz.  from its culture. The produce of the states lying between
from Vermont, about 10 to the 1000, to Arkansas, about 14- the Hudson and the Potomac, (including the District of
to 1000 persons. The ratio of deaths was highest in the  Columbia,) was 35,085,000 bushels in1849, against 29,936,000
order named,, in the following states, viz. Massachusetts, in 1839.  In Virginia there was an increase of 1,123,000
Missouri, Maryland, Connecticut, Kentucky, Rhode Island, bushels, and, in North Carolina of 170,000 bushels, but in
Ohio, Mississippi, Texas, and New York; being from about the Southern States generally there was a considerable
191 in Massachusetts, to about 14$ to the 1000 in New York. decrease. In 1839, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and WisconIt is proper to remark in regard to Florida, which is in winter  sin added to the general aggregate only 9,800,000 bushels;
a great resort for invalids from the North, the catalogue of  in 1849 these states produced upwards of 25,000,000 bushels,
deaths may not have fairly represented the character of the  being an increase of more than 15,200,000 bushels, while
state. It is estimated by competent judges to be equal in  the increase of the whole crop of the United States for the
healthfulness to any of the United States.                  same period, amounted to only 15,645,378 bushels.
Soil and Productions.-The diversity in respect to soil is,    The quantities of wheat and flour exported from  the
perhaps, even more striking than that of climate, the ex- United States at different periods since 1791, are shown in
treme on the one hand being found in the rich alluvions of the subjoined Table:the great Mississippi Valley, (where the mould is often many,
and sometimes 25 feet deep,) and on the other, in the barren                                       - _        _
plains of New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, and Indian Territories.        Years.             Wheat.              Flr.
The agricultural capabilities of the Mississippi Valley are be-                       bushels            barrels
lieved to be unequalled on the globe, if perhaps we except        -1791              1,018,339            619,681
the valley of the Amazon, in South America. A belt of land          1800                26,853   -        653,052
1810               325,92:            198,431
of tertiary formation coasts the Atlantic from Long Island          1820-1             25,821           106,119
1820-1         2~~~5,821       1,056,119
to the Gulf of Mexico, (inclusive of both,) which is about 60      1830-1              408.910          1,806,529
miles in width, and mostly covered with pine and cedar, not         1840-1             868,585          1,515,817
very productive in its natural state, but easily improved by        1816-7'         4,399,951          4,382,496
marl and other manures. The coasts of Massachusetts and             1850-1           1,026,725          2,202,335
Maine are rough and unproductive, and New England....
generally, and North-Eastern New York, are rough and    Bye. —The culture of this grain is principally restricted to
difficult of tillage, being better adapted to grazing than  the Eastern and Middle States, but it is giving place to more
culture. The slopes of the Alleghany and the hilly region  profitable crops. The yield varies from  10 to 30, or more,
at their feet are generally productive, especially in the bushels per acre, weighing from 48 to 56 pounds per bushel.
valleys; while the Pacific watershed has comparatively but    The production of rye in the United States, between the
a small portion of cultivable land; but in that portion W. years 1840 and 1850, decreased from 18,645,567 to 14,188,637
of the Cascade Mountains, as in the valleys of the Willamette,   ushels. though in New Yore   there was an increase of 40
of the Cascade                                  1~~~~~ushls though in New York there was an increase of 40
Sacramento, San Joaquin, and other smaller rivers near the per cent. Pennsylvania, which is the largest producer, fell
coast, the fertility is great; but the slopes of the Rocky  off from 6,613.373 to 4,805,160 bushels. The decrease is no
Mountains are generally a barren lava, through which the  doubt to be attributed, in a giat measure, to the decline in
rivers cut their way to great depths, without fertile valleys  the demand for distilling  purposes, to which a large part of
to border them. The census tables for 1850 report for the  the crop is applied. The quantity consumed in the United
whole United States 1,449,075 farms and plantations, with  States, during  the year ending June, 1850, in the manufac113,032,614 acres of improved land, and 180,528,000 acres of ture of malt and spirituous liquors, was about 2,144,000
unimproved land. By improved land is here meant only  bushels.
such as produces crops, or in some way adds to tile produc-   This grain has never entered largely into our foreign comtions of the farmer. The average quantity to each inhabit-  merce. The exports have been as follows:ant of the whole population is about 7$ acres. In New
England the average to each person is a little more than 4       Years.      flour,            Years.     Flour,
acres; in New York and Pennsylvania, 3.9 acres; in Virgl-                   barrels.  barrels.
nia about 7 acres; in South Carolina 6 acres; in Kentucky        1820-1. 23,523            1840-1. 44031'
12 acres; and in Tennessee 5 acres. The average number           183-1       19,100            1501 -. 44,152
of acres to each farm was 203; and the total value of farms,
$3,270,733,093, or about $600,000,000 less than the debt of Ba rlc. —In  the Atlantic States the growth of this product
Great Britain.                                             is confined to t0he tmct lying  between the 30th and 50th
Agriculture being the great interest of our country, it is  parallels of N. latitude; on the Pacific side its range is prindeemed proper, in this article, to speak of its great staples  cipally between the 20th and 62d degrees of N. latitude.
somewhat more fully than has been done under the heads
of the respective states.                                                   * Famine year in Ireland.
5Z                                                                            1985




UNI                                                                     UNI
The barley chiefly cultivated is the two-rowed kind, which   ing from  45 to 48 pounds, when cleaned.  Under favorable
is preferred for the fulness of its berry and its freedom  from   circumstances, as many as 90 bushels to an acre have been
smut.  The yield usually varies.from  30 to 50 bushels per  raised.  Another variety is cultivated to a limited extent,
acre, weighing from  45 to 55 pounds to the bushel.  The  called Cochin-China, or dry mountainSrice, from  its adaptaquantity raised in the United  States, as returned  by the  tion to a dry soil without irrigation.  It will grow  several
census of 1840, was 4,161,504 bushels; of 1850, 5,167,016  degrees farther N. than the South Carolina rice, but yields
bushels.  Barley has never been much exported  from  this  only 15 or 20 bushels to the acre. At the Industrial Exhibicountry, but it is largely used in the manufacture of malt  tion in London, the Carolina rice was awarded a-prize medal.
and spirituous liquors; the consumption for this purpose,  The total crop of the United States, according  to the census
in 1850, being 3,780,000 bushels.                                       of 1840, was 80,841,422 pounds; of 1850, 215,312,710 pounds.
Backwheat.-This grain appears not to have been much   The following shows the quantities of rice exported from
cultivated in this country prior to the last century.  It is  the United States at different periods:chiefly raised in the Middle and New England States. From
30 to 45 bushels per acre is considered an average yield in                    Years.       Tierces.               Years.       Tierces.
favorable seasons and on suitable soils, but 60 bushels are                    1, 11,05               10-1  1.,567
3151o.., 1381,341                1840-1..~ 101,61
not unfrequently  obtained.  The quantity  raised  in  the                        21.         88,2                     -         105
The clantity raisedin  te        1.820-1..88,221.                1850-1. 105,509
United States, according to the census of 1850, was 8,956,916
bushels, agAinst 7,291,743 bushels in 1840.  Hitherto  this                Potatoes.-The common English or Irish potato is regarded
grain has not entered into our foreign commerce.                        as of but little less importance in our national economy
Oats. —This grain may be regarded as constituting one of  than maize, wheat, or rice.  It has been found, in an indithe most important crops in the United  States.   It is so  genous state, in Chili, Paraguay, Equador, as well as in
hardy as to be suited to climates too hot and too cold either  Santa Fd de Bogota,and  more recently in Mexico, on the
for wheat or rye.  Its growth in this country is confined  banks of the Orizaba.  It was not until near the middle of
principally to the Northern, Middle, and  Western  States.  the seventeenth  century that it became  generally known
The yieldvaries from  40 to 90 bushels per acre, weighing   either in Britain or North America.  In the United States
from  25 to 50 pounds per bushel.  According to the cen-  it is chiefly confined to the Northern, Middle, and Western
sus of 1840, the  total produce of the United States was  States.  Its perfection, however, depends as much upon the
123,071,341 bushels; of 1850, 146,678,879 bushels.  The oat,  soil as the climate in which it grows: for in the red loam  on
like rye, has never entered largely into our foreign com-  the banks of Bayou Beut; in Louisiana, where the land is
merce.  The average of the annual exports for several years  new, it is stated that potatoes are produced as large, savory,
preceding  1817, was 70,000 bushels.  Its consumption for  and as free from  water, as any raised in  other parts of the
the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors does not  world.  The yield varies from  50 to 400 bushels per acre, but
exceed 60,000 bushels annually,                                         generally it is below 200 bushels.  This is one of the four
Peas and Beans.-The kidney bean is said to have been   crops which, in the census of 1850, appears smaller than in
extensively cultivated  by the Indians of New  York  and   that of 1840.'The decrease is, without doubt, owing to the
New England long before the whites established themselves  "rot," which, during  the last ten years, has prevailed to
here, and both beans andpeas of various hues were exten-  such an alarming extent, not only in our own country, but
sively cultivated by the natives of Virginia prior to the first  in Great Britain and Ireland, and  has been felt more or
landing of Captain John Smith.  The cultivation of the pea  less seriously in every quarter of the globe.  The quantity
as a field crop is chiefly confined to the Eastern, Middle, and   of potatoes exported from  the United States in 1820-1 was
Western States. The usual yield is from  25 to 40 bushels per  90,889 bushels;  in  1830-1, 112,875  bushels;  in  1840-1,
acre, weighing about 64 pounds to the bushel. The quantity   136;095 bushels; and in 1850-1, 106,342 bushels.
annually exported from  the United States, during 20 years                 Sweet Potatoes.-This vegetable, a native of the East Inpreceding 1817, amounted to about 90,000 bushels of beans,  dies and  of intertropical America, appears to  have  been
and from  30,000 to 40,000 bushels ofpeas.                              introduced into Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia soon after
Rice, —This grain, the chief food of perhaps one-third of  their settlement by Europeans, being mentioned  as one of
the human race, is cultivated throughout the torrid zone  the cultivated products of those colonies as early as 1648.
wherever there is a plentiful supply of water, and will mature   It grows in excessive abundance throughout the Southern
under favorable circumstances in the Eastern Continent as  States, and as far N. as New Jersey and South Michigan.
high as the forty-fifth parallel of N. latitude.  It was first  According to  the  census of 1840 the  potato  crop of the
introduced into Virginia by Sir William  Berkeley, in 1647,  United States, (including all sorts,) was 108,298,060 bushels;
and into the Carolinas in 1694.  Its culture in Louisiana was  of 1850, 104,055,989  bushels, of which 38P259,196 bushels
commenced in 1718 by the "Company of the West."   This  were sweet potatoes.
grain in the United States is chiefly confined to South Caro-    The subjoined Table exhibits the quantities of the foregolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and   ing objects of culture produced by each state in the Union,
Texas. The yield peracre varies from 20 to 60 bushels, weigh-  as returned in the census of 1850.
PRODUCTIONS of AGRCULTURE  ia t t71e UNITED STATES during tle YEAR ending JUNE 1, 1850. —SEVENTH  CENSUS, 1850..
Indian                                          Buck-                 Peas and                  Irish      Sweet
States and Terri-        rn       Wheat,  Rye, bush-    arey,    we               Oats,       eas           ice,    Potitoes,  Potatoes,
Corn                                           Tha,                   Riean,
tories.                    bushels of.   et ofof.  bushels of.            bushels        oe. pounds f
bushels of.                                    bushe ls of.           obushels  of. bushels             ofb
Maine.3..       1,750,056              296,259    102,918     151,731    104,523    2,181,031    205.541               3,426,040
New Hampshire.          1,573,67e     15,658    13,117        10,258     65,265      913,381     70,850               4,304,935
Vermont  - -.           2,032,39.    535,955    176,333       42,150    209,819    2,307,134   14,849.         4,951,014
Massachusetts.           2,345,490      31,211    481,021     112385    105,895    1,185,148      43,109               3,58,38 54
Rthode Island..           539,201         49      26,409      18,87       1,245      215,232      6,846                651,029........
Connecticut              1,935,043      41,762    600,893      19,099    229,297    1,258,738    19,090                2,68,725           80
New York..        17,858,40   13,121,498  4,148,102   3,58,059   3,183,955   26,552,814    741,636..........5i398,2          5,6
New Jersey..           8,759,704   1601,90  1,255,518        6,492    878,934    3,378,063     14,174.         3,207,238     58015
Pennsylvania.          19,835,214  15,367,691  4,805,160     165,584   2,193,692   21,528,156    55,231               5,980,732      52,172
Deiaware....           3,145,512    482,511      8,066          5       8,15       604,518      4,10                  240,542      6443
8,615     6458         4,120.2...........5.443
8arylan'.              11,104,631   4,494,680    226,014         745    103,671    2,242,151     12,816                 764,939     208 993
District of Columbia        65,238      17,370      5,509          75        378        8,134      7754                   2,292        3,97
Vir nia.'1 35,254,319  11,232,616    458.930   25,437    214,898   10,179,045    521,581       17,154  1,316,933   1,813,'71
Noetr   Carolina         27,941,051   2,130,102    229,563      2,735     16,784    4,052,078  1,584,252    1,45,88    620,318   5.095709
outh Carolina           16,211,454   1,066,277    43,790       4,583        283    2,222,155  1,026,900  159,930,613    136,494   4331,47f
Geoidgin                 32!
oci...               3 0,080,09   t 1,088,534   53,750     11,501         250    3,820,044  1,142,011   38,950,891    221,379   6,986,4'S
Florida.1,9.89                          1,027      1,152.55                      6,58     13.5,359    1,075,090     7;828     7571226
Alabama......28,754,848               294,044     17,361       3,958        348    2,965,697    892,701    2,311,252    246,001 { 5,475,204
iseouaseippi..  3322,440,552  127,808      9,606         229      1,121    1,503,88  1,072,757    2,719,856    261,482. 4,741,795
Louistuna....          10,266,373          417       475                      3       89637    16,732    4,425,349       95,632   1,428,45
Te..                    5,926,611      41,889      3,t08       4,178          9       78,893    179,332       87,9168    93,548   1,323,170
Arka1nsas....    8,893,939    399,839      8,047         177        175      656,183    285,738       63,179    193,832     788,149
~Tenosee.        52,276,223   1,619,381     89,163       2,733     19,427    7,3,088      309,331      258,854  1,087,844   2,77,716
Ob~~e. 59.878,895;. 14,487,1St    435,718  354,2      7        3,~I250 88,8841 13,473,142  68,18587,789          18781
Kentueky....        58,675,591   2,140,822    415,073      95,343     10,097    8,301,311    282,574       5,888  1,492,487      008 184
adiasa....          3 52,984,303!1  6,234,458  78,782      45,43     14,9748    1,55,014    35,773         8.  3,083,337        381,711
I;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
0lioe               57,646,9841  9,414,575    08,311       119.705    184,508   19,087,343     02,834               2,514,881     1 3'4408.issori        3. 3,14,5371  3,081,853             44,288      9,8:1      23,041    5,278,879    46,817                  939,800    3c 382
Iowa..87..                   9 1,66,7 52581    19,916      35,893     52,518    1,524,345      4,775    1     00    278,138       8.43
W5'isconsin....      1,988,9791  4,288,131     81,253     389,692     79,878    3,414,672     30,857.,482,877
Catiforsia   -,..          12,2361    37,328                   9,7.... 2.3,391......... 229                9,2932     3,800
Mintnesota Territory        16,7251      1,410        135       1,318        515       30,583     10,8012                 31,145         300
Oreon Territory            2,918,    211,492         308.85,148                                    6,568                  91,328 1
Utab Territory  - -          9 899  18107 702        210        1,7    5     3         1,9,89.,.         7      8
A0we1o.. tory -,                                                      16...  58108.....15,88,43..
Aggsregate     592,328,812 189,583,890  14,18,89               8,926,916  148,567,879  9,219,975  215,312,7t0 65,796,703  38,259,100
jil                                             I           I          I           I l S  3;~~~~~~~~~~~YB ~ ~ ~ ~   ~      ~      5.     1         4,,7             7    6     106'4




UNI                                                                      TNtI
Hay and Fodder.-The hay and fodder crops, including  bordering on the tropics.  On the Atlantic side of this conthe dried blades, shucks, and tops of Indian corn, as well  tinent it does not thrive beyond the 33d degree of N. latias of the succulent corn plants, chopped straw, the haulm   tude, and the 35th parallel S. In most parts of Louisiana the
of beans, peas, potatoes, &c., are among the most valuable  cane yields three crops from  one planting: the first season
in the United  States.  The culture of hay is principally  is denominated "plant cane," and each of the subsequent
confined to the Eastern, Middle, and Western States, from   growths "ratoons."  Within  the  tropics, as in  the West
which the southern  markets are mainly supplied, in the  Indies and elsewhere, the ratoons frequently continue to
form  of pressed packages or bales.  According to the census  yield abundantly from  the same roots for twelve, fifteen,
of 1840 the hay crop  of the United  States amounted to  and even  twenty-four years.  The quantity of sugar pro10,248,1084 tons; of 1850, 13,838,579 tons, being an increase  duced on  an acre varies from  500 to 3000 pounds, averagof 3,590,470 tons.                                                       ing perhaps from  800 to  1000 pounds.  In  1815 it was
The  amount of clover-seed  raised in  1850 was 468,979  estimated that the sugar made on the banks of the Missisbushels; and of other grass-seeds, 416,811 bushels.  Of the  sippi alone amounted to 10,000,000 pounds.  In 1818, the
clover-seed, Pennsylvania and Ohio produced nearly one-  entire crop of Louisiana was only 25,000,000 pounds.  In
half of the whole.                                                       1850 it had reached the enormous quantity of 226,001,000
Hops.-In the production  of these the  census of 1850  pounds, besides about 12,000,000 gallons of molasses.  Acshows a gain of nearly 200 per cent.  Almost the whole of  cording to the census of 1840, the amount of cane and mathe increment, however, was in the state of New  York,  pie sugar made in the United States was 155,101,809 pounds,
which, from  less than half a million pounds in 1840, yielded   of which 119,947,720 pounds were raisedin Louisiana.  The
in 1850 more than two and a half millions.  This exceeds  census of 1850 reports the cane sugar made in the country
five-sevenths of the whole crop of the United States.  New   at 247,581,000 pounds, besides 9,700,606 gallons of molasses;:
York also stood foremost in the production of ale, beer, and  maple sugar, 34,249,886 pounds, the whole amounting: to
porter, the quantity in 1850 being 645,000 barrels, or more  281,810,886 pounds, being an increase of 126,730,077 pounds
than a third returned for the whole Union.                              in ten years.
Tbbacco.-This plant is indigenous to Central America,                   Butter and Cheese.-New York is far in advance of any
and was cultivated by the aborigines in various parts of the  other state in the productiveness of its dairies, which yield
continent, previous to its discovery by Europeans.  Column-  one-fourth of all the butter, and nearly one-half of the
bus found it on the island of Cuba in 1492, when he was  cheese produced in the Union.  With regard to the latter
invited by a chief to take a cigar.  Sir Richard Greenville  article, Ohio is before all other competitors except New York.
found it in Virginia in 1585, when the English, for the first  Pennsylvania makes 40,000,000 pounds of butter, but protime, saw it smoked by the natives in pipes made of clay.  duces less cheese than  several smaller states.  The total
So early as 1616 it was extensively cultivated in Virginia.  quantity of butter produced in the United States, according
Previous to the war of Independence, nearly all Europe  to the census of 1850, was 313,266,962 pounds, andof cheese,
was supplied from  this country; but at present most of the  105,535,219 pounds. The following is the quantity exported
sovereigns of the Old World derive a considerable part of  at different periods since 1820-1:their revenues from  the cultivation of tobacco.  According
to the census of 1840 the entire crop in the United States                 Years    hueler.    Cheese.       Years I netter.    Cheese.
I~~~ ~ Yers    Bte.   Ces...ar.   Butte..    Ches
amounted  to  219,160,319  pounds;  of 1850, 199,752,646                             le1s.        lbs.              I   lbs.        lbs.
pounds, being  a decrease of 19,410,671.   The  following    1820-1   1,089,024    766,431                   1840-1  1 3,785,993    1,748,411
shows the quantity of tobacco and snuff exported at differ-                 3       1,28,212   1,13,8        18       3,94,542,361
ent periods.
The T'ine. —As yet this is one of the least prominent among
the different objects of culture in the United States.  The
Years.        Raw Tobacco. Manufactured.           Snuff.        census returns of 1850 give the entire produce of wine in
hhds.           lbs.            lbs.
hhds. i Ibs. Ibs. ~the United States at onlyv 221,240 gallons. The states pro1800               78,680          457,713         41,452        ducing the greatest amount are California, Ohio, Pennsyl.
1810               84,134         495,427          46,640       vania, Indiana, and North Carolina.  The annual consump1820-1             66;858        1,332,949         44,1552      tion of foreign wines in the United States averages only
0830-1             86,718          639,8,56        2,0967       about one-fourth of a gallon to each person.  This is almost
1840-1            147,828       7,503,644          68,553
1850-1             95,945       7,235,538          37,422       precisely the rate of consumption in Great Britain; but in
France, according to official returns, there is produced and
retained for consumption 900,000,000 gallons of wine, allow.
Sugar.-The introduction of the sugar cane into Florida,  ing, 25' gallons to each person.
Texas, and Louisiana is supposed to date back to their earli-    In  the subjoined Table is shown  the quantities of the
est settlement by the Spaniards or French. A perennialplant,  above commodities produced in the  United  States, as revery sensitive to cold, it is necessarily restricted to regions  turned in the census of 1850.
PRODUCTIONS of AGRICULTURE in the UNITED STATES during t7s YEAR elding JUNE I, 1850. —SEvErNTH CENSUS, 1850.
States and Tern-       Hay,        Hops,    Tobacco,    Maple  [Cane Sugar,  Molasses, Honey and                of pounds of. gallons of
Stones,         teas of.apseudo        psonds of.  SMe   Thane  100r61                 Hoeewan    Butter,    Cheese,    Wine,
Stats ad Teri-   Hay,        Hops,   Tobacco, Suahd.o  0                     oase    Bewx
tories.         tons of.  pounds of. pounds of. S ugar,  h hnd. eon00f gallons of.
pounds of    pounds.                pounds of
Maine....         55, 889    40,120....      3,542                    3,167     189,618   9,243,811   2,424,454      324
New Hampshire.            598,854    257,174          05  1.29,863                      9,811     117,140    6,977,056   3,196,563     344
Vermont                   866,153    288,823                6,240,357                   5,997     240,422   32,137,980  85720,834      659
SMassachusetts.      651,807    121,505      130,246    705,525                    41,63      59,508   8,071,370   7,088,142    4,688
Rhode Island..        74,818        277                      28                        4       6,347     995,670     316,508    1,013
Connecticut..          516,131        55.4   i,267,624     50,796                      665      93,304    6,498,119   5,363,277    4,269
New York... -    3,728,797  2,536,299           83,189 10,357,484                   56,529   1,756,190   79,766;094[  49,741,413   9,172
New Jersey..           435,950       2,133          10      2,197                      954     156,694   9,487'210,    365,756   1,811
Pennsylvania.     1,812,970     22,088      913,65   2,126,525                   10,652     839,509   39,878,418   2,505,04   29,590
Delaware....             30,159        348...             50      41,248   1,055,308       3,187      145
Maryland..         157,956      1,870   21,407,-197'    47,740                   1,430      74,802   3,806,160       3,975    1,431
District of Columbia        2,279         15        7,800..                                   550       14;872       1,500      863
Virginia.....       369,098     11,506   56,803,218  1,227,665......         40,322     880,767  11,089,359     436,295    5,408
North Carolina            145,662      9,246   11,981,786     27,932                      704     512,289    4,146,290     95,921   11,058
South Carolina.           20,925         26       74,285        200        671        15,904    216,281    2,981,850       4,970    5,880
Georgia...                 23,449        261      423,924         50      1,644       216,150     732,514    4,640,559     46,976      796
Florida.....               3 2,510       14      998,614                 2,752       352,893      18,071     371,498      18,015       10
Alabama....          32,685        276      164,990        643      8,2142       83,428     897,021    4,008,811     31,412      220
Mi,;sissippi....           12,505        473       49,960......         388        18,318     397,460   4,346;238      21,191      407
Louisiana.....           25,752        125       26,878        255    226,001    10,931,177      96,701     683,069       1,957       15
Texas.....            8,279          7       66;897                 7,351       441,638     380,532    2,326,556     94,610       99
Arkansas...             3,977        157      218,936      9,330......             1is    192,338    1,854,239     30,088       35
Tennessee'....            74,092      1,032   20,148,932    158,557        248         7,223   1,036,572    8,139,585    177,681       92
Kentucky...           113,747      4,309   55,501,196    437,405        284        30,079     158,019    9,887,523    213,954    8,093
Ohio.1,443,142                        63,731   10,544,449  4,588,209                 197,308     ~0i,275   34,449,379  20,819,542   483207
Michigan...       404,934      10,663       1,245  2,439,794                   19,823     359,232    7,065,878   1,011,492    1,654
Indian.......            403. 230     92,796    1,044,620  2,921,642                 180,325     935.329   12,881,535    624,564   14,055
Illinois...          601,962       3,551     841,394    248,904                    8,354     869,444   12,526,543   1,278;225    2,997
Missouri....         116,925       3,130   17,113,784    178,910                   5,636   1,128,972    7,834,359    203,572   10,563
Iowa....89,055             8,242       6,041     78,407                    3,162     321,711    2,171.188    209,840      420
Wisconsin...            275,662      15,930       1,268    610,976                    9,874     131,065    3,633,750    400,283      113
California.....           2,038......         1,000                                                         705         150   58055
Minnesota Territory         2,019                              2,950803                                         1,100
Oregon Territory              373          8          325..........                2......       211,464      36,9b0
Utah Territory              4,805         50           70...           58          10        3,309      309988
Aggregate.   13,838,579   396,029 8    199,752,646 34,249,886    247,58-1   12,705,606  1 -4,853,857  313,266;,962 15,535,21   221,248
1987




UNI                                                              UNI
Cotton.-This plant, which  administers  so bountifully  of 1850. 35,093 tons of hemp, and 7,715,961 pounds of flac.
to the wants of man, and to the wealth and economy of  The fibre of these plants has never been produced in this
conntries producing it, stands pre-eminent in the United  country in sufficient abundance to form an important article
States, both as regards its superior staple and the degree of  of foreign commerce, but flaxseed was formerly shipped to
perfection it has attained. One or more of its species is  Europe in large quantities.
found growing wild throughout the Torrid Zone, and in               Silk.-Silk appears to have been first known in Asia,
several countries adjacent to it. It has been an important  where it was called Serica, from  the name of the country
object of culture from time immemorial.  Columbus found  (probably China) in which its use is supposed to have been
it used by the American Indians of Cuba in 1.492; Cortez  discovered. The Chinese claim  to have manufactured it
by those of Mexico in 1519; Pizarro and Almagro by the  2700 years before the Christian era. The silk culture was
Incas of Peru in 1532; and Cabega de Vaca by the natives  agitated in the Virginia colony as early as 1622; introduced
of Texas and California in 1536.                                  into Louisiana in 1718; into Georgia in 1732; and into ConThe precise time of its introduction as an object of culture  necticut in 1760. Its introduction into the latter state was
by the American colonists is not known.  The seed of the  effected by Dr. Aspinwall of Mansfield, who succeeded in
Sea Island cotton was introduced from the Bahama Islands  forming extensive nurseries of the mulberry at New IIHaven,:about the year 1785. It was first cultivated on Skidaway  Long Island, Pennsylvania, and other places. Connecticut
Island, near Savannah, and subsequently on St. Simon's  is the only state in the Union that has continued the bust-,
Island, at the mouth of the Altamaha, and on Jekyl Island.  ness without interruption, and has probably produced more
Prevous to 1794-the year after the invention of Whitney's  silk than all the other states together. Mansfield is still
saw  in —the amount of cotton produced in North America  the chief seat of the silk interest.  In 1844 the amount
was,comparatively inconsiderable; but since that period, raised in Connecticut was 176,21.0 pounds, and in the United
there is probably nothing recorded in the history of industry  States 396,790 pounds. According to the census of 1840, the
(includi   g its manufacture in this country and Europe) that  amount of silk cocoons produced in the United States was
would compare with its subsequent increase.  The chief va-  61,552- pounds; of 1850,10,843 pounds, from which it would
rieties cultivated in the United States are the black seed, or  appear that the production of silk cocoons has decreased
Sea Island, (,Gossypium arbosreum —a tree cotton, indigenous  46,789 pounds since 1840, and 382,027 pounds since 1844.
to India,) known also by the name of "long staple," from            The quantities of each of the foregoing objects of culture,
its fine, white, silky appearance, and long fibres; the green  as returned by the census of 1850, are exhibited in the
seed, (GossyppiuE   hekrbaces e,) called " short staple," from its  subjoined Table:shorter, white staple, with green seeds, and commercially
known by the name of "upland cotton;" and two kinds of  PRO)UCTIONS Of AGRICULTURE in the UNITED STATES during tlSe YsAR
Nankin or yellow, (Gossy oiss barbadense;) the Mexican,
~T,7Ukn  gp  ~l~ow.  ~bssy~unL al~bndets~;)  he i~eicauending JUNr. 1, 1850. —SEV~.NTH CEr~SUS, 1850.
and Petit Gultf. The average yield is about 500 pounds to
the acre. Alabama now occupies the first place as a cotton-                              ~,          4                  
planting state, having doubled its production since 1840.                                                                   0 
In Virginia and.North Carolina the cotton crop is rapidly           States and Terri-        m       1       0          
c                                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tories.
diminishifg. -There has also been a heavy falling off in                                     o        a      N      In
Louisiana, and no appreciable increase in Mississippi. Ac-..   5 
cording to the census of 1840, the amount cultivated in the.___.
United States was 790,479,275 pounds; of 1850, 987,449,600          aine.......      1,34,034....   17,001   252
pounds, being an increase of 190,970,325 pounds.                  New IIampshire.......  1,108,476....    7,652   191
The following Table shows the quantities of cotton ex-  Veront.......3,400,717....   20,852   268
Massachusetts...        855,136....    1,162      7
p <rted at different periods since 1791:-                         Rhode Island.129,692....                            5
Connecticut.........    497,454....   17,928   328
Years.        pouado.          Years.        pounds.          New York........  10,071,301     4  940,577 1,774
1791...   189.,316         1820-1.. 124,893,405        New Jersey.........       375,396....  182,965    23
1795...  6,276,300         1830-1.. 276,979,874        Pennsylvania......  4,481,570    44  530,307   285
1800... 17,789,803         1840-1.  530,204,100       Delaware..........    57,768....   11,174....
181... 93,1t61,452         850-1.. 927,237,089        Maryland......    480,226          35,686    39
District of Colusbia                 521....
Virginia.....        3,    2,860,7165   11999,450 5      7
Wool.-Analgous in its ues to cotton, wool is destined,  viriCaroi na                   73,847  2,860,6 738  4   999 593,796   2297
undoubtedly, to become a scarcely less important object of   North Carelina                3;849    48,728 3   9   93,7      25
South Carolina.       300,901    487,233[....      312   111
national industry than that great staple. In no object of   Georgia..                499,091    990,019....    5,387   813
culture has there been a more decided improvement during   Florinda.....                 45,131     23,247....       50     6
the past ten years than in this; for while the number of   Alabaa....                   56,429    657,118....    3,921   167
Mississippi         [ 484,293    559,619     7      6650     2
sheep in the United States has imreased but 12 per cent.,   Leoesa..                   1,33 9,93.5
Louisiana....         173, 737    109,897                  2
the aggregate weight of their fleeces has augmented 46 per   Tes7,596    131,374....    1,48    22
111~~~~_, 11 ~~~~Texas......                                      57,5961  131,374       [...2,2
cent.  In 1840 the average weight of the fleece was 1.84   Arkansas....                  65,346    182,595    15   12,291    38
pounds; in 1850 it had risen to 2.43 pounds. The greatest   Tennessee...              194,133  1,364,378   097  368,131  1,923
attention  has been paid to sheep breeding in Vermont,  Ke.ncky                              78  2,297,483 17,788 2,107,261  1,281
Ohio....... 10,196,371   150  446,932  1,552
where especial efforts have been directed  towards obtaining   Michigan.........      2,043,283....    7,152   108
a breed combining the greatest weight and fineness of fleece.  Indiana.....               14  2,610,2871  129  584,609   387
Although the number of sheep in that state declined nearly   Illinois.......  2150,113   149  160,063    47
one-half in the period from the sixth to the seventh census,  Ioisso.i..1,527,104 16,038  027,160 30
the yield of wool remained nearly the same. The average   Wisconsin........    253,963       2   68,393    4
weight of the fleece in 1840 was 2.2 pounds; in 1850, 3.71   California...,530..,2
pounds, the gain being almost equal to 70 per cent. In   Alinnesota Territory....                   85........
Cl                        Oregon Territory......      2 18....         60.....
Massachusetts the weight of the fleece rose from  2.5 pounds   Oregon Territory..        9,....       6450.
to 3.1. The state of New York produced 220,000 pounds   New               i Tc Territory              9,222 950
more wool from 3,403,000 sheep in 1850 than from 5,118,000
sheep in 1840, showin- tlat the weight of the fleece had                 Aggregate.   2,468,634  02,789,174 35,093 7,710,961 30,843
increased from less than two to nearly three pounds.
The imports of wool into the United States from  1844 to
1851, inclusive, were as follows: —                                 Farming lsptleooents.-In no country of the world has
such an amount of ingenuity been exercised in the producYears.       Weol in lbs.      Years.       Wool in lis.     tion of labor-saving machinery as in the United States, and
3844...  14,808,009          1848 1...  l,341,429         nowhere has it been so succeosfully applied to the common1840        23,833,840        1849... 17,869022            t operations of 0"ricultre    According to the, census of
1846         16,558,347        1850... 18,669,790        e
1847          8,460,109       1831...  32,540,693          1850, $151,569,675'were invested in implemente and machines for aiding and abridging the weork of the hands in
The greater part of this imported woolcame from Buenos  cultivatisg  the earth, and in preparing its produce for
Ayres and the neighboring states on the Rio de ls Plati consumption.  Of this amount New  Yer-i  had  invested
and is of a coarse and chaap variety, costing only from 6 to  $22,084,926;  Pennsylvania, $14,722,541; Ohio, $12,750,58
8 cents per pound.                                               Louisiana,  11,576,938, (probably the greater part being in
Fla  and Hesp.-Buring the laot half century, great  machinery for crushing sugar cane;) Virginia, a7,021,772;
efforts have bean made in Europe, and to some erxtent of  Indiana, $6,704,444;  Illinois,   0,405,561; and     eorgia,
late in the United States, to increass and improve the pro- 95,894,150
duction and manufacture of flax and hemp. Formerly they    BoMElor ANIAosL.-For the sake of conveniente it may
were considered as indispensable crops among our plante.. be proper to treat of these under four principal henads.
and farmers; but their use has in a measure been super-    Horses, Asses, and  aitesd-In the tables of 1840, horses,
seded by the cotton of the South. Common flax is ar native  asses, and mules were given in one column; in those of ths
of Britain, where it has bean cultivated from  time imme- last census the number of horses is given in one column,
morial. Hemp is supposed to be a native of India.  Both   and asses and mules in another. The increase in the aggrethese products are mentioned as growing in New England  gale number of these three classes of animnals during the
prior to 1632. According to the census of 1840, there wrere  ten years was 559,053. It is presumed the greatest increase
raised in the United States 95,2511 tons of flax and hemp   has taken place in the nuber of mules. In tha enumera5
1988




UNI                                                                      UNI
tion of 1850, the horses in all the cities were omitted, a cir-  pers, and make the best teams.  The cows are fair milkers,
cumstance which accounts in a measure for the apparent  and their flesh very good  beef.  They also possess  great
small increase in their number; though it is no doubt owing  aptitude for taking on fat.  The number of horned  cattle
in part to the superseding of horse power, by the rapid ex- exported from  the United  States was, in 1820-1, 5018; in
tension of railroads.  In the state of New York, where there  1830-31, 5881; in 1840-1, 7861; and in 1850-1, 1350.
were less than 1i000 mules, there was a decrease in the num-    Sheep. —There was an  increase in the total number of
bar of horses and mules together of 26,000; in Pennsylvania,  sheep in  the United  States, during  the ten  years ending
of about 1300; and in New England, of 77,000, or more than  June 1, 1850, of 2,309,108.  In New England, however, and
25 per cent.  In Ohio and the new  states of the N.W., the  in the five Atlantic States-New  York, New Jersey, Pennincrease of horses kept pace with that of the population.  sylvania, Delaware, and Maryland-there was a remarkable
The number of asses and mules in the Union was 559,070, of  decline.   In  New  England  the  number decreased  from
which all but 30,000 were in the Southern States.  Tennes-  3,811,307 in 1840 to 2,164,456 in 1850, or about 45 per cent.,
see is the largest producer of mules, having 75,303; Ken-  and in the states named, from 7,402,851 to 5,641,391, or about
tucky, with 65,609, stands next.  In New Mexico, the num-  221 per cent.  In Pennsylvania, however, there was a gain
bar was 8654, being greater by nearly four-fifths, than horses  of 155,000 sheep. While, as it will be seen that the diminureturned for that territory.                                             tion in the above states was 3,408,000, there was an increase
The following Table shows the numbers of horses and  in those S. of Maryland and W. of New York, of 5,717,608.
mules exported at different periods since 1820-1.                        Ohio has gained the most largely, having returned, in 1840,
2,028,401, and in 1850, 3,9-52,929; an increase of 1,914,528,
Years.      Horses.   Mules.      Years.    IHorses.   Mules.    or nearly 100 per cent. The number of sheep returned from
so1820-1.83             95      18401         2930.   5418      New Mexico in 1850 was 377,271, or more than 6 to each in1830-1       2184.  1540        1850-1        136        2946      habitant, proving the soil and climate of that territory to
Horned  Cttla. —Under  the general term   "neat cattle'"  be well adapted to the raising of this kind of stock.  The
were embraced, in the census of 1840, the three descriptions  kinds of sheep most sought for are the pure-blooded Meriof animals designated in that of 1850 as milch cows, work-  noes, the Saxons, the Cotswolds, the Leicestershires, the
ing oxen, and other cattle.  The aggregate of the three  Oxfordshires, and the  South Downs.  The last-named  are
classes in 1840 was 14,971,586; in 1850, 18,355,287; showing   especially esteemed for their flesh, but their wool is consian increase between the two periods of 3,383,701, or about  dered inferior to the others m entioned.
20 per cent.  They appear to be distributed pretty equally                 The total number of sheep in the United States, according
over the Union. The states containing the greatest number  to the census of 1840, was 19,412,904; of 1850, 21,721,812
were (in the order named) New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,  The following were the numbers exported:Virginia, and Illinois.  Among the various racesof cattle,                    Years.          Sheep.              Years.          Sheep
a preference is given, when a strict regard is paid to breed-                 1820-1..    11,117. i             1840-1... 14,639
uing, to the  Durhams or short-horns, the  Herefords, the                     1830-1..,262              1850-1...   4,357
Ayrshires, and the Devons. The Du-rhain s, from  their rapid
growth and early maturity, are adapted only to the richest                  Swine.-The whole number of swine in the United States,
pastures of the Northern, Middle, and Western States.  The  as shown by the census of 1850, was 30,316,608.  Tennessee
cows, when judiciously crossed with other breeds, are re-  returned the largest number, after which came Kentucky,
garded as the best milkers.  The Herefords, on the contrary,  Indiana, Georgia, Ohio, Illinois, and Alabama.  The numare better adapted to poor or indifferent pastures, and ire-  bar of swine exported from  the United States in  1820-1
gions subject to continued drought; and for this reason  was 7885; in 1830-1, 14,690; in 1840-1, 7901; and in 1850-1,
they are well suited for California, New Mexico, Texas, and  1030.
other parts of the South.  The oxen are good in the yoke,    The annexed Table exhibits the number of acres of imand  the cows, when  properly fed, give an  abundance of  proved and unimproved land, also the number and value
milk, The Devons are beautifully formed, possess good tem- of the live stock in each state in the Union.
PRODUCTIONS Of AGRICULTURE in thss UNITED STATES during the YEAR ending ZUNE 1, 1850.-SEVENTa  CENSUS, 1850.
Acres of Land in                                       Live Stock.
tories.                                          -___-__                 __ _-Live Stock.
Imprved.   Unim-                   Asses and    Milch    Working        Other       Sheep.    Swine.
nim-rvd             oss                                                      Sheep. Sie
proved.      ars.      Mules.    Cows.         Oxen.       Cattle.
Maine                    2,039,596   2,515,797    41,321         55     133,556      83,893      125,890     451,577      54,598   $9,705,726
New Hampshire.           2,251,488   1,140,926    34,233 19               94,277     59,027      114,606     384,756      63,487    8,811,901
Vermont...        2,601,409   1,524,413    61,057        218     146,128      48,577      154,143   1,04,122       66,296   12,643,228
Massachusetts.       2,133,436   1,222,576    42,216         34     130,099      46,611       83,284     188,651      81,119    9,647,710
Rhode lsland..           356,487     197,451                    1      28,698        8,189,375      44,298      19,509    1,532,637
Connecticut              1,7e8,178     615,781    28,879         49      85,461      46,988       80,226     174,181      76,472    7,467,490
New York....    12,408,968   6,710,120   447,014              963     931,324      178,909     767,406   3,453,241   1,018,252   73,518,499
New Jersey.            1,761,991    984,955    63,955      4,089      118,736      12,070      80,455     168,068     258,370   10,679,291
Pennsylvania             8,628,619   6,294,728   350,398      2,259     530,224       61,521     562,195   1,822,357   1,040.366   41,500,053
Delaware...              580,862     375,282    13,852        791      19,248        9,797      24,166      27,503      56s261    1,849,281
MIaryland.        2,797,905   1,836,445    75,684      5,644      86,859      34,135       98,595     177,2       352,911    7,97,634
District of Columbia        16,267      11,187       824         57         83          1           123          15        1,635        1,643
Virginia.....~ ~ ~~ 82                                                                          57524  1813810413 150,65717,643
Virginia.....    10,360,135  15,792,176   272,403           21,480     317,619       89,513     669,137   1,310,004   1,830,743   33,656,659
North Carolina           5,453,917  15,543,010   148,693     25,259     221,799      37,309     434,402      595,249   1812,813   17,77,
South Carolina.        4,072,651  12,145,049    97,171     37,483     193,244      20,581     563,935     285,551   5,015,503   s5,06e,oi5
Georgia.....             6,378,479  16,442,900   151,331     57,379     334,223      73,286     690,019     560,435   2,168,617   25,728,416
Florida.....             349,049   1,236,240    10,848      5,002      72,876' 5,794     182,415      23,311     209,453    2,880,058
Alabama....         4,435,614   7,702,067   128,001     59,895     227,791      66,961      433,263     311,880   1,904,540   21,690,112
llississippi....     3,44,358   7,046,061   115,460      54,547     214,231      83,485     436,254     304,929   1,582,734   19,483,663
Louisiana....        1,590,025   3,939,018    89,514     44,849     105,576      54,968     414,798     110,333      597,301   11,152,275
Louisiana                                                                                             1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10,33359,38011,2,5
Texas....       639,107  14,454,669    75,419     12,364     214,758      49,982     636,805       99,098     683,514   1,6,88
Arkansas...            781,531   1,816,684    60,197     11,559      93,151      34,239     165,320       91,256     836,727    6,647,969
Tennessee....           5,175,173  13,808,849   270,636     75,303     250,456      86,255     414,051     811,591   3,14,800   29,978,016
Kentucky....    11,1368,270  10,972,478   315,682    65,609     247,475      62,074     412,763   1,02,121   2,861,183   29,591,387
Ohio.....    9,851,493   8,146,000   463,397       3,423     544,499      65,381     749,067   3,942,929   1,964,770   44,121,74i
Mlichigan...        1,929,110   2,454,780    58,506         70      99,676      55,350     119,471      746,435     205,847    8,008,734
Indiana.....             5,016,543   7,746,879   314,299      6,599     284,554      40,221     389,890   1,122,493   2,263,776   22,478,555
Illinois....     5,039,545   6,997,867   267,653     10,573     294,671      76,156     541,209      894,843   2,915,918   24,289,258
Mlissouri...          2,938,425   6,794,265   225.299    41,667     230,169     112,168     449,173      762,511   1,702,625   09,892,588
Iowa......                824,682   1,911,382    38,536        754      45,704      21,892       69,025     149,960     323,247    3,689,275
Wisconsin...       1,045,499   1,931,159    30,179        156      64,339      42,881       76,293     124,892     159,278    4,897,385
California -                63,324   2,831,571    21,719      1,666       4,280       4,780     253,599       17,574       2,776    3,351,058
Minnesota Territory          5,035      23,846       860          4         67          655         740          8           73        92,59
Oregon Terriltory.       132,857     299,951,8046       420       9,427       8,114      24,188       15,382      30,235    1,876,189
Utah Territery. -           18,333      38,516     2,429        325       4,861       5,266        2,489       3,262        914       546,968
New Mexico Territory       166,201     124,370     5,079      8,654      10,635       12,257      10,085     317,271       7,314    1,494,629
-Aggregate.   118,457,622 184,621,348 4,335,358    559,229   6,392,0-14   1,699,241  10,268,856  21,721,814  30,316,608 $543,969,420
Forest   -ees. —No country on the globe can boast of so  height of over 200 feet; the chestnut; the blaclk walnut; the
minany species of noble forest trees as are found within the   tulip tree or poplar, one of the noblest in the American forests,
territory of the United States.  East of the Rocky Mountains   not unfrequently attaining a height of fi.om 120 to 130 feet,
we meet with the various species of oak, including the white  with a diameter of from  5 to 7 or 8 feet; the different kinds
and biack oak, the chestnut oak, the live oak, and post oak;  of maple, among which is the sugar maple, from  the sap of
the white and yellow pine, the former sometimes attaining a   which is obtained, by boiling, a sugar of a peculiar charactea
1989




TlaN                                                              IJNI
and most delicious taste; the elm, one species of which, (the    The value of articles produced exceeds the raw materia1
I ulmcus Americana,) Michaux regarded as the most magnifi-  consumed by $458,681,425, being a profit of 82 per cent; but
cent tree of the American sylva; the magnolia, which, when  if we add to the cost of raw material the $225,736,377 paid'
in flower, gives to the forests of the South the appearance   to operatives, the clear profit will be $228,945,048, or 298 per
of a gigantic and magnificent flower garden; the red cedar,  cent. The states most extensively engaged in manufacturing
remarkable for its durability; the huge cypress, growing  are New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Conin the swampy and low lands of the Southern States.               necticut. Rhode Island, the smallest state in the Union, has
The forests of California and Oregon surpass those of every  the greatest number of persons employed in manufactures
other region in the prodigious magnitude of their trees. in proportion to its population; and Connecticut stands next.
The red-wood (a species of cypress) of California, is sometimes    The three great staple mnufactures are cottons, woollens,
found 40 and often 20 feet in diameter, and of a proportionate  and iron.  In the production of cotton goods this country
height.  The pine trees growing on the mountain slopes of  is only surpassed by Great Britain. These are manufactured
Oregon are said not unfrequently to attain a height of near  in 25 states, but have their chief seats in Massachusetts,
300 feet, with diameters varying from  8 to 20 feet. For a  New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Connecticut,
more particular enumeration  of the different trees, the  andNew York. Thecapitalinvestedin 1850 was$74,500,931;
reader isreferred to the articles on the several states.          number of establishments in operation, 1094; hands emI Wild Animals.-These comprise the moose and caribou or  ployed, 33,150 males and 59,136 females, who consumed raw
reindeer, (rare,) the black bear, panther or cougar, deer, wolf,  material (including 641,240 bales of cotton and 121,099 tons
and wildcat in the N.; grizzly bear, Rocky Mountain goat,  of coal) to the value of $34,835,058, producing 763,678,407
sheep, and antelope on the slopes of the Rocky Mountains;  yards of sheetings, &c,, and nearly 30,000,000 pounds of yarn
buffalo, (once general on the plains of the Mississippi Valley,  andbatting, the whole valued at$61,869,184. Ofthis amount,
now W. of the Mississippi,) prairie-dog, (a burrowing animal,)  $19,712;461, or nearly one-third, were produced -in Massafox, beaver, muskrat, marmot, squirrel, rabbit, weasel, skunk,  chusetts.  The value of cotton goods made in the United
opossum, racoon, and wolverine.  Among birds there are  States in 1840 was $46,350,000; the increase since having
turkey-buzzards, golden and bald eagle, black vulture, wild  been $15,519,000, or 33} per cent.
turkey, grouse, canvassback and other wild ducks. flamingoes,    With the exception of the products of the domestic loom,
-cranes, spoonbills, pheasants, par'tridges or quails, hawks,  woollen manufactures in the United States are of comparaowls, pelicans, &c. Amongreptiles, alligators, (in the South,)  tively recent origin, the first large factories having been estarattlesnakes and various other snakes, salamanders, tor-  blished only about 20 years ago. They have nearly doubled
toises, lizards, &c. Among fish, the shark, codfish, salmon,  their capital, and more than doubled their products since
salmon trout, whitefish, (the latter two in the great lakes,)  1840.  According to the census of 1850, woollen goods were
mackerel, shad, herring, halibut, sheepshead, trout, rock-  manufactured in 24 states, but to a considerable extent only
fish, bass, maskelonge, &c.; and among shell-fish, oysters,  in 6, viz., Massachusetts, (nearly one-third of the whole,)
clams, crabs, lobsters, terrapins, and turtles.  In the zoo-  New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and
logical department, of those peculiar to America, are, the  New  Hampshire.  The amount of capital invested Was
moose, grizzly bear, Rocky Mountain goat and sheep, bison,  $28,118,650;' number of establishments in operation, 1559;
prairie dog, wild turkey, canvassback  duck, rattlesnake,  hands employed, 22,678 males and 16,574 females, who consalmon trout, white-fish, shad, and terrapin.                     sumed raw  material (including 70,862,829 pounds of wool
Manefactures.-Manufactures, in this country, compared  and 46,370 tons of coal) valued at $25,755,991, in the producwith the other two great divisions of industrial employment,  tion of 82,206,652 yards of cloth, 4,294,336 pounds of yarn,
viz., agriculture and commerce, are fast taking the relative  besides blankets, hats, &c., the whole valued at $43,207,545.
stand they occupy in Europe.  Even the South now regu-    The iron manufactures, including pig, cast, and wrought
larly exports to the North coarse cotton stuffs and yarns. iron, next to those of cotton, are the most important in the
According to the census, there were in the United States,  United States. In 1850 they employed a capital of $51,796,140
in 1850,121,855 establishments, producing more than $500  and 60,177 hands, who consumed raw material to the value
each, engaged in manufactures, mining, and the mechanic  of $30,876,331, in the production of pig iron, bar iron, castarts, employing an aggregate capital of $527,209,193, and  ings, machinery, locomotives, steam-engines, &c., to the value
717,479 male and 225,512 female hands, consuming raw   of $60,486,153.  According to the late census returns, 21
material worth $554,655,03 8, and producing manufactured  states had furnaces for smelting iron, which absorbed a
articles valued at $1,013,336,463.                                capital of $17,346,425, and employed 20,448 operatives, who
In the subjoined Table are exhibited the number of esta- consumed 1,579,318 tons of iron ore, 645,242 tons of mineral
blishments producing goods to the value of $500 and up-  coal, and 54,165,236 bushels of charcoal, the whole valued
wards, number of hands employed, raw material consumed,  at $7,005,289, in the production of 563,755 tons of pig iron,
and the value of articles produced in each state and territory  valued at $12,748,727.  Of this amount, Pennsylvania proof the Union, as returned in the census of 1850.                  duced $6,071,513, or nearly one-half.
Castings are manufactured in all the states except ArkanPRODUcT  of I[ANUaAeTUREa, lI[INOG, a, tze MsEoCHANIC AsRS. —1850.    sas and Florida; and, in 1850, employed $17,416,361 capital,!Ids__ p loy'd.  a  A n       and 23,589 operatives; who consumed 345,553 tons of pig.1    Hands Enmpley'd.  wRaw       A a         iron, 11,416 tons of old metal. 9850 tons of iron ore, 190,891
States and  Terri-                       Material   Annual    tons of  mineral coal, and 2,413,750 bushels of charcoal, the
Usedin             whole valued at.$10,346,265; in the production of 322,745
[]   [ tories.,~ ~           ~- Used, mollars    Dollars.
ale. Female.  Dllr.                     tons of castings, worth $25,108,155.  The states most exten3,571r  1  --— I  -.~   Isively engaged in this branch of iron manufacture were New
{Maine....    3,9   21,856   6,222  13,655,806 12,66i,13         York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Massachusetts, which proNew Hampshire   3,211  14,103  12,989  12,745,466   23,164,503  duce nearly two-thirds of the whole.  Wrought iron is maVermont...    1,849   6,896   1,115   4,172,552    8,55 70,920                             but to a large extent only in Penn]assachusetts     8,259  96,261  69,677  85,856,771  151,137,145   nufactured in 19 states, but to a large extent only in PennRhode Island.      853  12 837   8,044  13,183,889 a 22093,258   sylvania, (nearly one-half of the whole,) Massachusetts, and
ConnecticUt.   3,482  31,287  16,483  23589,397   45;110,102   New York. In 1850 there were 552 establishments in operaNew York         23,553 1aa,037   51' 612 134,655,614  237,597,249  tion, employing a4capital of 17,033,279and 16,248 operatives,
New Jersey..   4,108  a8,549   8,762  21,9,18i   39,711,586   who consumed raw materil worth $13,524,777, producing
Pennsylvania.   21,605 124,688  22,078  87,206,377  155,044,910
Delaware.         531   3,237     650   2,86,607   4,644,296   manufactured articles to the value of $22,629,271.  The alMaryland..   3,708  22,641   7,483  17,326,734   32,477,702   most entire substitution of stoves, grates, and ranges for
Dist. of Columbia    395   1,678    498   1,339,146    2,493,008  the common fire-place, the unexampled extent to which
Virginia...    4,741  25,789' 3,32   18,1803,433   29,705,387  machinery is applied to the various operations of labor, its
{ {North Carolina    2,604  10,693:  1'751   4'805,463   9,111,245
N{Sorth Cadrolina  a,654  asl   1,591  4,805,463    9,111,145   substitution for horse-power in land-carriage, and for wind
Souti Carolina    1,411   5,915   1,0714   2,809,534    1,063.511
Georgia.         1,511   6,660   1,718   3,404,911   71,086,525  in river, lake, and ocedn navigation, have combined with
Florida...      103    876:   115    220,611        668,335   numerous other causes to render the iron manufacture of
Alabama..    1,026   4,3990    53    2,224,960   4,928,818  the United States more important than in any other country
Mississippi         8     3,065     108   1,290, 1271   2,912,038  in the world except England.  Besides supplying the home
*Louisiana        1,057   5,581     856   1,958,988    7,320,948
I Texas....       109,042       24     396,642   1,165,538   demand, locomotives, steam-engines, machinery, and numeArkansas..       172   3,964.          1,201,154   12,862,622  rous other articles are extensively exported. The principal
Tennessee..    2,861  11,154      878   4,900,952    9,728,438   seats of the iron manufacture are Philadelphia, Pittsburg,
I ]Kentucky..I3,609  22,4~45'  1,910  12,170,225   24,588,483
Kentucky h          o.    3,65 21,45   1,940  11,110,115   24,4988,481,  Cincinnati, New York, Boston, Baltimore, and St. Louis.
Ochigsn...   1,96   4,354   4,4350  6,105,56,1   10,976,259        There was invested, in 1850, in the manufacture of malt
Michigan.         1,aeaW  8,938  160   6,185,561   10,916894
Indiana...   4,288  13,677      665  10,214,337   18,9221651   and of spirituous liquors, in 25 states and 2 territories, but
Illinsis...    3,164  11,632   43    8,915,173   17,236,073   chiefly in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, a capital of
Missouri....,09  15,917     873  12,446,138   23,'749,265   $8,507,574, employing 6140 hands, and consuming 3,787,195
Iowa....       511   1,681      18   2,3me, 881    1,5511783
wisonasin..   1,262   5,798      291   5,414,931    9,2931068   bushels of barley, 11,067,761 of corn, 2,143,927 of rye, 56,517
Caliefornia..   1,003  3,964            1,201,154   12,862,522   of oats, 526,840 of apples, 61,675 hogsheads of molasses, and
{Mlinnesota Terr.    5      63              1....'24,000  57,500   1294 tons of hops, producing 1,175,495 barrels of ale, &c.,
New Mexico Terr.    23      81             110,220     249,010   41,364,224 gallons of whislkey and high wines, and 6,500,500
Utah Territory      14      51.......    337,381    291,220
Oregon Territory    52    285       32    809,560    2,236640   gallons of rum. There were also 6263 tanneries, employing
i  -_  -_   -_    -            _    - ~~~~~$18,900,557 capital, and 20,909 male and 102 female hands,
L   Aggregate  121,855 719,479  225,512 554,655,038 1,013,336,463   consuming raw material worth  19,613,237, and prbducing
L  -                             9.  12,557,940 sides ofleather, and 2,653,865 tanned skins, valued
1990




UNI                                                            UNI
at $32,861,796. There were also 340 salt works in 11 states,  of American books reprinted in England, in 1853, was 119;
employing a capital of $2,640,885 and 2740 hands, producing  and in 1854, 185. The three great seats of the publishing
9,763,840 bushels of salt, valued at $2,222,745. New York  business are Philadelphia, New  York, and Boston.  The
produced nearly one-half, and Virginia one-third of the whole. amount of printed matter annually issued in either one of
The above are all the manufactures of which the census  these cities probably equals, if it does not exceed, that pubfurnishes detailed statistics.  They include, however, but a  lished either in London or Paris.
small portion of the articles produced, of which, among    Internal Improvements-Raio ays, Canals, &c.-In a new
other things, may be specified boots and shoes, made in all and sparsely-peopled country the highways of communicathe states, but most extensively in Massachusetts; carriages,  tion are apt to be poor, and. the inhabitants, for a time,
manufactured extensively in New England and the Middle  settle on the great rivers, arid other navigable waters, exStates; cabinet ware, hollow  ware, and numerous other  tending their rough roads (often little more than paths)
articles in wood; farming implements to the value of  as occasion demands; and such is still the condition of the
$151,569,675; and family goods amounting to $27,493,644;  more recently and more thinly inhabited portions of the
paper, made extensively in the Middle and New England  United States.  The first great internal improvement in
States; silk, linen, mixed tissues, and carpets; hats and  this country was the Philadelphia and Pittsburg Turnpike,
caps, extensively manufactured in Connecticut and Massa-  completed near the close of the last century. Previous to
chusetts; andjewellery, at Providence, (Rhode Island,) New-  the introduction of railways or the anticipation of their
ark, (New Jersey,) Attleborough, (Massachusetts,) and in  introduction, Congress commenced a great National Road
numerous other localities; glass of every description, from. from Washington to St. Louis, which has been completed to
the smallest trinket to the most splendid chandelier, and  Springfield, Ohio, and partially undertaken in Indiana and
the finest plate glass 20 feet long by 10 feet wide, made at  Illinois; but, railways having superseded its necessity, this
Williamsburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, and elsewhere; great  great work will probably never be finished.  Washington
numbers of wooden and brass clocks, manufactured princi-  early urged the improvement of the navigation of the Potopally in Connecticut; saddles, harness, and trunks, produced  mac and the James Rivers, and had his plans been vigorously
most extensively in New England and the Middle States; seconded by his native state, possibly Norfolk would have
horn, ivory, and wooden combs, made chiefly in Massachu-  been the commercial emporium  of the United States, for
setts and Connecticut; India rubber goods, chemicals, dye-  which it has probably greater natural advantages than any
stuffs, &c., and the products of numerous oil-mills, potteries,  other city in the Union; but the genius of De Witt Clinton,
soap and candle works, sugar-houses and sugar-refineries,  by the opening of the Erie and HIudson Canal in 1824, has
rope-walks, brick works, powder-mills, &c. One of the most  secured that advantage for the metropolis of his native state.
important branches of industry in the United States is the  Pennsylvania and Maryland were little behind New York in
manufacture of flour, which has its principal seats at Ro- their zeal in the construction of canals, though not with
chester, Buffalo, Oswego, Lockport, Cincinnati, Baltimore,  equally favorable results. Ohio and Indiana led the way in
Richmond, St. Louis, and Chicago. A vast amount~of capital  the West, but the introduction of railways seems likely to
is also employed in the production of lumber, staves, shingles,  supersede canals as a means of transport, and few new en&c., and in procuring ship and other timber from the forest. terprises of that kind are, we believe, now undertaken. The
In the business of ship-building, the United States sur- total length of canals in the United States in 1854 was about
passes every other country on the globe, the tonnage built  4798 miles.
here in 1853 being more than double that constructed the    The first railroads constructed in the United States were
same year in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and  the Quincy Railroad, for the transportation of granite from
Ireland.  In the subjoined Table is exhibited the number  the quarries at Quincy to Neponset River, Massachusetts,
and class of vessels built in the United States at different  and the Mauch Chunk Railroad, extending from  the coalperiods, their tonnage, and the tonnage of vessels built in  mines to Lehigh River, in Pennsylvania; the former opened
the United Kingdom  the same years, as shown in the re- in 1826, and the latter in 1827. The wonderful rapidity
turns presented to Parliament in 1854.                         with which the system of internal improvements, thus commenced, has been extended, is perhaps the most striking
-  a;feature in the progress of the United States in power and
S 0 ~          ~         0      civilization.  The number of miles of railway completed,
PA                           d,,so  up to 1848, was stated at about 6000 miles, and, according to
[ d. d  I~  I'   "i;         Hunt's Magazine, there were 21,528 miles in operation, Januso1    PA    M   C     s             -               ary 1,1855, and 16,738 in course of construction; or, accord-.1  -3  -               -           ~           -      lu -?1.. 3ing to the American Railway Times, 21,310 miles in operation,
0815   136'224  601  127....  1114   154,624.......'
1820   21 [60  301 ]152....   510         474' -          and 16,975 in course of construction. Cost, according to the
2820   21   60  301   152   Fi~~~~~li   4;7,78~',......i...
1825   56   197  538  168   35   994   114,997              first authority just cited, $616,766,333, or, according to the
1830   25   56  403   116   37   637    58,094.........    last, $621,316,303.  That young and vigorous giant of the
1835c   25   50   301  100   30   507    46,239.........   West, Ohio, which had no political existence till about the
1840    97  109  378   224   64   872   118c309  211,289   commencement of the present century, now has the greatest
1845  124 ]  87   322  342  163  1038   146,018  123,230
1845   24   on 322   32   163 1038    46,01  1232 commencement of the present century, now has the greatest
1850   247i 117   547   290  159  1360   272,219  133,695   number (2927 miles) of completed railway of any of the 31
1851   211   65   522   326  233  1367   298,204  149,637   confederated states of North America; Illinois, a still more
1852   255:  79  584   267  259  1444   351,493  167,491   youthful member, ranks next, having 2667 miles in opera1013!269    5 5   681 [394 |271 |1210   425,0722  28317
1854  26934   112   61  e39   281  170   425,572  203,171   tion; then New York, with 2625; Pennsylvania, with 1992;
Indiana 1453, and Massachusetts 1293. If we consider area
only, Massachusetts has much the largest amount; or popuOf the 1774 vessels built in the United States in 1854, lation only, Illinois stands first, and then Indiana and
Maine constructed 348-tons 168,632; New York 300-tons  Michigan.
117,167;  and Massachusetts 180-tons 92,570, from  which    With the exception of a few miles in Virginia, there are conit will be perceived that these three states produce nearly  nected lines of railway from Waterville in Maine to Montgothree-fourths of the entire tonnage built in the Union. The  mery in Alabama, and roads are projected or in course of condecided superiority which Maine holds in respect to this  struction that will probably ere long continue the connexion
great branch of national industry, is chiefly owing to the  from Calais, on the E. frontier of the United States, to New
enterprise of her inhabitants, aided by the great number  Orleans, the southern commercial metropolis of the Union.
of deep and secure bays scattered along the coasts; for it is  Lines of completed railroad also now connect, more or less
not upon her forests that she mainly depends for her sup-  directly, the four great cities of the Atlantic seaboard,plies of building materials, but upon Virginia and North  Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore,-as well
Carolina, whither she sends, every autumn, vessels with  as the National Capital, with the large cities and towns of
men, oxen, provisions, and other things requisite for cutting  the upper portion of the Mississippi Valley-Detroit, Cleveand hauling timber, which they return with in the spring.  land, Chicago, Milwaukie, St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati,
Among the many other branches of mechanical industry  Pittsburg, and all important intermediate places. The towns
pursued in the United States, our limits will permit us to  mentioned all now hold uninterrupted intercourse by railmention only one, viz., book-publishing.  This business, way with six points on the Mississippi River, viz., at Galena,
though not yet a century and a half old, has already become, Rock Island, Burlington, Alton, St. Louis, and Cairo.
under our system  of free government and free schools,    Charleston and Savannah are now nearly connected by
more extensive in the United States than in the wealthiest  railway with the Mississippi at Memnphis; while they have
and most civilized countries of the Old World.  Including  extended another of these iron arms to Nashville, eagerly
type-founding, printing, and book-binding, it absorbs a vast  stretching to seize the trade of La Belle Rivilbre, (the Ohio;)
amount of capital, and furnishes employment to a great  and roads are projected and partly completed that will unite
number of persons. The number of books published in  the GulfoflVl Mexico withthe great lakes, and soon the inhabit1853 was about 730, of which 278 were reprints of Engiish  ants of the South may exchange their grateful and pleasant
works, 35 translations of foreign authors, and 417 of native  fruits for the pure and cooling ices of the lake streams of
production. Classified as follows: History 46; Fiction 59;  the North, and the people of New England pass in two days
Theology 97; Poetry 28; Travels 29; Juvenile 49; Educa-  from the middle of the temperate to the verge of the torrid
tional 24; Scientific 45; Law 14; Geography 6; Philology  zone. Prominent among these roads now in course of con5; Ethnology 5; and Miscellaneous 180. The number of  struction, are one from Mbbile to the mouth of the Ohio, and
publishing houses in the United States is about 375, some  one through Nashville to New Orleans, which will intersect
of which are among the largest in the world. The number  other roads leading to different points. From the share it
1991




UNI                                                              UNI
occupies in the minds of the leading men of the nation, it  steam  navigation; of the enrolled tonnage, 2,273,900 was
seems highly probable that the period is not distant when  engaged in the coasting trade, 102,194J in the cod, 35,041 in
the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific will be united by rail-  the mackerel fisheries, and 581,570 in steam navigation, showway. The prominent lines of communication between the  ing an increase in the total tonnage from 1842, when it was
Atlantic coast and the Mississippi Valley, now are first, by  2,092,390, to 1854, when it was 4,802,902, of 2,710,'512 tons,
the Hudson River and Central New York Railroads to Buf-  and considerably more than trebled since 1815, when it was
fatlo, through Canada West and South Michigan to Chicago  1,368,127 tons. In 1854 there entered from  foreign ports,
and Galena; 2, by the New York and Erie Railroad through  19,103 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 5,884,339 tons,
the S. counties of New York, and by the Lake Shore Rail- of which 2,132,224 was foreign; the whole manned by 236,170
roads —through Dunkirk, Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, and  men and 1938 boys; cleared in the same period, 19,073
Toledo-to the points named above, or to the more southern  vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 6,019,194, of which
towns; 3, by the Pennsylvania Central Railroad through  2,107,802 was foreign tonnage, manned by 239,0645 men and
Pittsburg, thence either to Cleveland, to Cincinnati, or  1993 boys.
Terre Saute, (and soon to St. Louis direct;) and, 4, by the    The tonnage entered from  foreign ports increased from
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, to Wheeling, and thence W.  973,681 in 1825, to 5,884,339 in 1854; and the tonnage
to Cincinnati, &c.  As an evidence of the comparative im-  cleared for foreign ports, from 1,055,446 to 6,019,194 between
portance of these four roads, we give below a Table of Re-  the  same  years.  The  tonnage  owned  increased  from
ceipts, for 1853 and 1854, of the following roads:-               1,298,958 in 1821, to 4,802,902 in 1854; and the tonnage of
vessels built between the same periods, from  55,856 to'________  -I         ~535,636 tons.  The tonnage (registered) employed in whale
Length   Receipts.  nReceipts.   fishing, from 26,070 to 181,901, (but the greatest amountRro.in miles. [_1853.   [ 1854.     193,858-belonged  to 1847;) the enrolled tonnage in the
w   -       or ndr..6|3,3,15$,       cod fisheries, from  51,351 to 102,914 tons, (but the greatest
New York Central              510      4,516,146    5,918,3534   — 109,227-belonged to 1853;) the tonnage engaged in the
Pennsylvania Central..    250   2,576,280    3,319,193   mackerel fisheries varied, between 1830 and  1854. from
Baltimore and Ohi...    330        1,941,822    3,645,609   11,321 to 73,853, (but the greatest belonged to 1849':) and
Total                  -            $9$12,865.34  -1,243094-  the tonnage engaged in the coasting trade increased from
Ttal..              $12,865,343  $18,24 09_   559,435 to 2,273,900 tons between 1821 and 1854.
The total value of imports for the fiscal years 1852-3-4, was
Showing an increase of 1854 over 1853, in these four rail-  respectively, $212,945,442; $267,978,647; and $304,562,384:
ways, of nearly $6,000,000. Tie greatest receipts for passen-  exports forthe same periods, $209,658.366; $230,976,157; and
gers, in 1854, was $3,151,513 on the New York Central Rail  $278,241,064: of the exports for 1854. 253,390,870 were doroad. The receipts for freight were the highest-and nearly  mestic products; of which $41,197,3         00 were gold and silver.
equal-on.the New York and Erie, and the Baltimore and               The annexed statement exhibits the value of the foreign
Ohio Railroads, viz., something more than $3,000,000 each. import and export trade of the United States with each
In the southern portion of the confederacy, are, 1, A   foreign country, during the year ending June 30, 1854:line through Richmond and Lynchburg to Knoxville, (where
it connects with other lines leading south and west,) in a
great state of forwardness, being already completed to near                     Countries.                  ren       Dmestic
Imports.    Exports.
Evansham, Virginia; and, 2, The rapidly approaching union
of Charleston  and Savannah with Memphis, by railroad    Russia.                                          $1,544,235     $335,521
through Tennessee and North Alabama.  Two roads, one    Prussia...........                                   41,773
across Iowa and the other across Missouri to the Missouri    Sweden and Norway.          915,178    1,.,0.2
Swedish and West Indies.                 22,590       12,741
River, have been commenced, and the latter is in operation    Denmark.........                             8,097.     87,870
for a portion of the distance, while three others are pro-    Danish West Indies.....e. 286,044                       928,924
jected across the same states. No great route has yet been    Bremen...........                        14.,643,927    8,386,017
decided upon for the Pacific Railroad; but United States    Hamburg...........                            2,322,971    2,255,519
Hoolland...........                   1,695,970    2,299,710
exploring parties are constantly out, surveying the passes    Dutch East Indies.......                     1,841,689      109,203
of the mountains, and the results of their labors thus far    Dutch West Indies.......                      534,978      371,380
indicate that the most eligible points to cross the Rocky    Dutch Guiana.........                          104,236      53,7145
Mountain Range would be, 1, for a northern railroad, start-    Belgium..........                         3,462,241    3,848,890
~    England...........   140,388,733   135,111,708
ing at some point on Lake Michigan, or Lake Superior, and              d...14 8,73   13,111,8
iIgSSperiodand         Sctland.9......      5,820,469    3,097,662
traversing the summit of the watershed between the Gulf    Ireland...........                              229,335    1,006,017
of Mexico and Hudson's Bay, across the mountains among    Gibraltar..........                                59,673      446,445
the sources of the Missouri, at an elevation of about 6000    Malta...                                       83,695      148,528
feet; 2, for a central route, starting from  St. Louis, and    British East Indies.           5,378,321.567,19
British West Indies......          1,126,417    4,756,398
traversing the plains between the Arkansas and Kanzas               British Honduras......                288,954      203.913
Rivers, over the Sangre de Christo Pass, in about 380 N.   British Guiana.........                           47,489      718,096
latitude, and 1050 W. longitude, and the Coochatope Pass, in    Cape of Good Hope......                  448,903      292,628
390 N. latitude, and 107' W. longitude, the former at an    British American Colonies...              2,206,021    4,692,771
-                                       Other British Colonies.......              4,344
elevation of 8800, and the latter of 11,158 feet; 3, the Albu-    Canada   s....               6,721,539 t:0,51.3
ds.~~~~~~....                6,721,539   18510,372
querque route; and, 4, the southern route, through the    Australia..........                               214,202    2,999,635
N. of Texas, crossing the mountains near El Paso, at an    France on the Atlantic.....    32,892,021   29,749,466
elevation of about 5000 feet, and thence through that por-    France on the MIediterranean...    2,889,372    1,218,786
te o.3                         French Guiana........                    29,618      100,148
tion of New Mexico  S. of the Gila.                                French West Indies......              161,085     951,525
telegraphs.-About the year 1832, Professor S. F. B. Morse    Spain on the Atlantic.....                 538,504    1,390,348
first conceived the idea of an electro-magnetic telegraph, and    Spain on the Medlterranean.              1,579,074    3,212,368
in 1844, he erected, betveen Washington and Baltimore, a dis-    Teneriffe and other Canaries..           39,598       19,613
1   he erected, between firWtaline (10blishedBain the  United  anilla and other Philippine Islands  2,265,282      27,852
tance of about 40 miles, the first line established in the United    Cuba............,14,339,2,116
Cuba                        ~~~~~~~~~17,124,339    8,228,116
States or in the world.  This line was extended northward    Other Spanish West Indies...            2,850,353     990,886
through Philadelphia and New York to Boston in 1845. The    Portugal...........                           243,592      127,150
telegraphic wires now in operation form a network over the    Madeira.                                        30,007      47,708
length and breadth of the land, front the Great Lakes to the    Payal and  ther Azores                        21,584      10..03
Ca~pe de Verdes                            8,985      30.037
Gulf of Mexico, and from  the Atlantic to the far west, and    Italy....                                91,718    1,58,3.7
far west, asad    Italy.~~~~~~971,718                   1,580,32~7
will doubtless soon be extended to the shores of the Pacific.    Sicily.                                    959,300      246,151
They also connect with the telegraph wires in the British    Sardinia...........                             85,676      188,305
Provinces, where they have received a remarkable develop-    Tssctandy... A              a                1,153,717      11,735
Trisate and ether Austrian psnts..     741,919*167,9
ment. and are now (July, 1855) being extended from Prince    Turke aLevAtranot, &c..803,114                              19,496
Edward's Island to St. John, in Newfoundland, the most               ayti............    2,357,252    1,809,187
eastern point of Amelrica.  It is also proposed to effect a    Mexico.                                    3,463,190    2,091,870
telegraphic communication, by means of a submarine cable    Central Republic of America...    2,360,422              259,539
~num     New Gran ada.........                 1,478,520      855,254
or otherwise, between this country and Europe.  The num-    Venezuela.1 3,0,649                                        1,131,604
her of miles of telegraphic wire in operation in the United    Brazil............    14,110,387    4,046,857
States in 1852 was stated at 23,381, of which about 18,769    Oriental Republic of Uruguay..               457,179      450,855
was upon Morse's plan, 2400 upon that of House, and 2012    Argentine Republic.1.....                     2,144,971     658,720
upon that of Bain. At the commencement of 1854, the num-    Chili.332,167    1,942,330
Pelru............        1,005,406      651,707
her of miles of telegraphic wire in operation amounted to    Ecuador.........3. 57,6534
41,392, erected at a cost of $6,671,800, or about $160 per mile.   China                                  10,506,329    1,293,925
Commerce.-The commercial progress of the United States    Asia generally....60,730...
has been scarcely less surprising than the increase of its    Afcrica generally...1,300,508                          1,716,934
ZSouth America generally...         235,693       47,241
population, and the growth of its hundred cities. The official    South Seas and Pacific Ocean.           10,13       886,119
reports for the year ending June 20, 1854, give the tonnage    Sandwich Islands.......                    119,130
of the United States at 2,333.819 registered, and 2,469,083    Atlantic Ocean and uncertain places              60
enrolledtonnage; total4,802,902. Of the reagistered tonnage,                   Tota       l30,494,94   5,1780
11  11          I  Total....... ~~~~~$301,49t,'094- $257~,147.806
18L9901  was engaged in thewhale fisheries, and 95,036 in
1992




UNI                                                              UNI
Ths above statement of exports only includes domestic    Coaches and other carriages.........   $762,559
merchandise shipped to the places designated. The value  Coal.                                                           443,50
Gold and silver coin and bullion........ 41,197,300
of foreign merchandise re-exported, during the year ending
June 30, 1854, was $23,748.514; making the total exports for    Tho exporte of cotton for the yoar ending August31, 1854,
the year $275,796,320. This includes the gold and silver
tcie yanelr 275,796,320.    This ncludes  the gold and ei ver  comprised 2,319,148 bales, of which 1,603,750 bales were sent
~~~~coin a~~nd bullion.. to Great Britain, 374,058 to France; 165,172 to the North of
Of the leading articles imported into the United Stattes in
Of the leading articles imported into the United States n  Europe, and 176,168 bales to other foreign ports; the total
the floral year 1854, were, free of duty:-             Vle        being 209,252 bales less than in 1853.  The growth of cotton
Gold and Silver Bullion............ $1,810,344   in the United States increased from 509,158 bales in 1823-4,
Gold and Silver Coin............   4,948,243   to 2,930,027 bales in 1853-4; but the crop a little exceeded
Teas.                                               6,715,726    3,000,000 bales in the two years preceding the last date.
Coffee.                       14,536,945    The quantity consumed by manufacturers N. of Virginia,
Copper, in'plates a'nd'or'e..,....1,410,0~q2
ShCopper, athing metal.nd ore......            increased from  103,488 bales in 1826-7, to 610,571 bales in
Sheathing~~~.....                          748, 201
Guano.............                              692,072    853-4, (it reached 671,009 in 1852-3.)  The quantity conArticles not specified, more than.2,000,000   sumed in the states S. and WV. of Virginia was estimated at
And paying duties:-                                               105,000 bales for 1854.
~Manur~actures or ~ Wool:~                        The value of cotton exported varied between the years
Cloths and cassimeres..........$13,159,583    1821 and 1854, from $20,157,484 to $112,315,317, (the highest
Worsted stuff goods...........  10,375,879   in 1852;) of tobacco, from  $4,855,566 to $12,576,703, (the
Blankets................  1,790,590   lowest having been in 1824, and the highest in 1841;) of
Mierino shawls or weol.3....,476,07
oseryino shawls of wool. fae.......  1,2728,02   rice, from $1,494,307 to $3,605,896, (the highest having been
Hosiery and articles on h'ames.... 1,272,857
Carpeting..  2,268,815   in 1847;) of flour, from $3,763,075 to $27,701,444, (the highCanufactures of Cotton,                             Value......2261    est having been in 1854;)* of pork, hogs, lard, &c., from
Printed, stained, or colored...$17,423,249   $1,291,232 to $11,061,016, (the least having been in 1823;)
White or uncolored...........2,191,217    of beef, cattle, tallow, hides, &c., from $371,646 to $2,757,022,
Taunboured or embroildered........4,005,476    (the least in 1839;) of butter and cheese, from  $96,176 to
Hosiery and articles made on frames.....  3,013,660174
Twist yarn and thretead.7076......  1076 987    $1,741,770, (the least in 1837, and the highest in 1847;) of
Twist yarn and thread.....1,076,987
Articles not specified above...6,000,000    skins and furs, from  $441,690 to $1,248,355, (the least in
Manufactures of Silk:                                           1827, and the greatest in 1845;) of fish, from  $453,010 to
Piece goods..............$25,296,519    $1,136,704, (the least in 1852, and the greatest in 1824;) and
Articles tamboured or embroidered.....  1,183,299    of lumber, from $1,307,070 to $5,246,797, (the least in 1822,
HosIery and articles made os frames.....1,001,299    and the greatest in 1852.)  Total domestic exports, from
Articles not specified, nearly........  9,000,000    $43,671,894 to $275,796,320.
Silk and morsted                   ~~~~~~1,594,038
uSilk and woersted........1,594,0308x        Great as is the foreign commerce, and rapidly as it is inLinens, bleached and unbleached..... $9,437,846    creasing, it is but a fraction of the internal trade, of which,
Not specified, nearly..........  1,500,000    however, unfortunately the statistics are imperfect, but still
Manufactures of hemp, more than......  $500,000    sufficient data are given to enable us to form  some idea of
Clothing ready made and articles of wear....  3,927,141   its immense amount.  Mr. Andrews, in his invaluable ReLaces, trimmings, braids, &e..........1,221,951    port on the Lake and Colonial Trade, estimates the net and
Manufactures of Iron, and Iron and Steel:                       gross value of merchandise moved in 1851 and 1852 on the
Pire-arms.$639,584   lakes, rivers, canals, railways, and between the seaports of
Cutlery of various kinds.  2,469,249   the several states along the coast as fllows:
Chain cables                                      429,958
Sheet iron.                                     1,e153662
Various articles of iron, more than...    6,000.000 
Bar iron............. 15,278,208                                          Net.                  Gross.
Pig and scrap iron...........    3,238,882
Steel...............           2,477,709          1811.
Copper and manufactures of copper......  2,020,560                                Tons.      Value.      Tons.      Value.
Brass and manufactures of brass..                  337,700      -
Tin and na.nufactures of tin......        4,822,736    Lake co.snerce   1,985,563  $157,236,129  3,971,126  $314,473,458
Lead and manufactures of lead.......  2,102,487                River commerce   2,033,963   169,751,372  4,066,800   339,502,744
llanufactures of gold, silver, jewelry, &E..9 9     91,763. 9- 7
Watches and parts of watches.........   4,256,843            Aggregate..  4,019,526  $326,988,101  8,037,920  $653,970,202
Clocks...............                                99,709.....
Glass and manufactures of glass........           2,193,452
Paper and manufactures of paper.......    757,829                   1852.
Printed books, magazines, &c.                        917,04
Leather and manufactures of leatier......   3,661,194          Coasting trade    20,397,490 $1,659,519,686 40,794,980 $3,319,039,372
China, porcelain, stone, and other ware....  4,632,873         Canal commerce  9,000,000   594,000,000 18,000,009  1,188,000,000
Furs and manufactures of fur.........  1,862,222                Railway comn.     5,407,500   540,750,000 10,815,000  1,081,500,000
Wood and manufactures of wood and cork....  2,882,106.          -..
Rawhid   and skid s............   7,620,272                    Aggregate.. 24,804,990 $2,794,269,686 69,609,980 $5,588,539,372
Wool..............   2,822,185
Wine, nearly.                                      3,500,000
Brandy and distilled spirits.                      2,990,272     Allowing 20 per cent. for the increase in the lake and river
Molasses.................  3.126,293    commerce during the year 1851, the internal trade of the
Linseed oil.775,058    untry in  52 would amount to. 6,373,310,814.
Sugar..13,706.502  country in 1
Fruits                                             1,524,531      Most of the railway reports show  a great increase of
Spicesa.................                       1,079,824   freight carried in the years 1853 and 1854, as do the returns
Saltpetre.........            1,037,630    of lake and river commerce, so far as we have them. The
Indigo..............  1,151,516    combined canal tonnage, and that of the three trunk rail.
Segars..........                                  3,384,036
Other.tobacco.......                                808,912    ways of New  York alone show  an increase in 1854 over
MIanilla and other hemp....  1,906,575    1853 of 234.461 tons. The tonnage carried both ways in the
Rags of all kinds.o.....             1,010,443    New York canals for 1854 amounted to 4,165,862 tons, 81,991
Salt...........1,310,935   less than in 1853. The value of merchandise left at tideWheat................    2, 164,091
Wheat flour...............  2,443,586    water in the years 1852,1853, and 1854, respectively, by the
Fish................. 1,061,207  Erie and Champlain Canals, was $66,893,102, $73,688,044,
The leading articles of export of domestic produce for the  and $73,797,064; and at New  Orleans, from  the interior,
same period were:-                                               $108,051,708, $134,233,785, and $115,336,798 in  the same
Products sf fisheries...........   $3,844,0301    years, but each terminating September 1,  At Cincinnati,
Products of the forest......... 11,646,571   for the same periods, the river imports were respectively
Produets sf Agriculture: l$41,265,199, $51,230,644, and $65,730,029; and the exports
Of animals.......$15,325,618    $33,234,890, $36,266,108, and $45,432,780. A writer in Hunt's
Wheat........                                12,420,172    Magazine estimates the carrying capacity of the steamers
Flour..........   27,701,444   regristered at the Custom-house at Pittsburg at 113,257 tons.
Indian corn..............  6,074,277 reieedat
Indian mesr. o...                  6,074,2797    The Board of Trade of that city estimate the average annual
Indian meal........, 1,003,976
Rice          -....                           2,634,127   number of arrivals at 8576, and the tonnage of merchandise
And other articles of vegetable food, making a total of 851,190,680    arriving at and departing from  Pittsburg.at 1,638,160 tons.
Cotton...................93,596.220    The arrivals and departures at Buffalo, in 1853, were 8298
Tobacco................    10,016,046    vessels, with an aggregate burthen of 3,252,978 tons; tonCotton manufactures..                              5,55,516  nage owned in the port, 72,967; value of lake imports.
Iron msansfactsres.........4,210,290 1 8 3
Iro  manufactures e4,f10,90   $38.881.,230; value of property cleared from  Buffalo by
Gold and silver leaf......                       1,311,513
Snuff and tobacco......            1,550,27   canal, $22,652,408; value of property left (going west) by
Spirits of turpentine.........  1,055,720    Erie Canal, $64,612,102; value of imports by lake, canal,
Leather, boots, and shoes..........                 893,723    and railroad, in 1854, summed up a total of $149,184,219;
Tallow candles Und soap.........  888,557
Spirits fromn molasses..........                  809,965
Refined sugar                                        370,4S8     0 Bread stuffs and provisions of all kinds, from $9,588,359 to
Ice..........202.118  $68,701,921-the highest in 1847, the lowest in 1837.
1993




UNI                                                            UNI
and of exports, $124,204,978; making a total trade for this  are by far the most important, and, in 1854, employed
frontier town, which had not a name at the beginning of  181,901, 102,194, and 35,041 tons of shipping respectively.
the present century, of more than $273,000,000, of which  The produce of the fisheries of Massachusetts, according to
nearly $120,000,000 was lake trade. The trade of Cleveland, the census returns, comprised 187,157 barrels of oil, 215,170
by lake, canal, and railroad, is given at $101,969,512 for 1853, quintals of codfish, 12,681 barrels of mackerel, and 29,685
and $200,639,066 in 1854; of the latter amount, $93,438,428  boxes of herrings; of Connecticut, 70,357 barrels of whale
was lake trade. The imports of Chicago, for 1854, amounted  oil, 324 of sperm oil, 271 tons of bone, 36,946;000 white fish,
to $30,000,000, and the exports to $24,703,191. The amount  (for manuring land,) 243,448 shad, and 825 barrels of other
of grain shipped from that port alone, in 1854, was 12,902,320  fish; of Maine, 215 barrels of oil, 173,094 quintals of codfish,
bushels, and the amount received, 15,011,540 bushels, ex- 12,681 of mackerel, and.29,685 boxes of herrings; and of
elusive of flour equivalent to 792,875 bushels, a trade in  Virginia, 177,930 bushels of oysters, and 75 barrels of fish.
grain exceeding that of any other port in the world. The    -Education-Colleges, Academies, Public Schools, &c. —The
shipments from the lake ports alone of Wisconsin, the same  general system of education in the United States may be
year, amounted to 6,930,150 bushels of grain. The trade  arr nged under three heads, as follows: 1. Elementary or
of Toledo, by canal, amounted (in tons) to 334,483 for 1853, Primary Education, taught in the public schools; 2. Acaand 514,565 in 1851; and the lake trade to 492,802 tons as- demic or Secondary Education, pursued in academies, high
rived, and 490,095 cleared in the latter year.  Property  schools, private seminaries, &c.; and 3. Collegiate or Supegoing westward, in 1852, from  tide-water on the IHudson,  rior Education, acquired in such institutions as embrace a
$118,896,444, and $38,874,782 up the Mississippi.              course of study usually made the condition of granting
Among the items of domestic trade, lumber and coal form  the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In addition to the above,
a large fraction. The great sources of the former article are  the IHon. Henry Barnard  extends the classification  as
the pineries about the head waters of the Mississippi River,  follows:in Maine, in Southern New York, in North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Oregon and Washington Ter-          Professional r Special Education.
0    na Wshingon Teri-  a.Theology. b. Law. c. Medicine. d. Engineering. e. Agritories. The lumber trade of Bangor, Albany, the lake ports,        a.Thurle.   b. L.eca ci. a ie.d.Engineering.  e. griculture. f. Mechbnics. g. Commerce. h. Teaching. i. Fine
and from the upper waters of the Mississippi and Susquehan-         Arts. j. Deaf-mutes. k. Blind. i. Idiots.
na Rivers, sums up an annual total exceeding 1,400,000,000    5. Supplenmentary Education.
feet. besides great quantities of staves, shingles, laths, &-c.   a. Evening Schools.  b. Lyceums.  c. isorses of Lectures.
a.    venng  chols.b. Lyceums.  e. Courses of L~ectures.
d. Libraries of Circulation.  S. Libraries of Reference.
The steam  marine of the United  States is immense,               f. Adult Sbchooles. g. Mechanic Societies.
amounting, in 1852, according to Andre6s' Report, to 1390    6. Reformatory Schools.
vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 417,226, of which 96    7. Orphan Houses.
(tonnage 91,478) were ocean steamers; 529 were coast steam-   8. Societies for the encouragement and advancement of science,
ers, (tonnage 121,025;) 765 were interior steamers, (tonnage  the arts, andeducation.
204,725;) of which 601 (tonnage 135,559) were on the rivers.   The geneal system  of public instruction in the United
The:mhoe seammarne  as  anne  by29,";7men Isys,  The general system  of public instruction in the ~3nited
The whole steam marine was manned by 29,377 men, boys,  Su
&c. tnd 39,204,1 pasenges wean sportyed,  bo   States originated with the pilgrim fathers of New England;
&rc.; aLnd 39,204,691 passeng~ers were transported, of whom              er
&C.;and39,24,61 pssenersweretraspotedof  homwhere, as early as 1628, provision was made for the educa32,418,107 were carried in ferry-boats, 6,786,584 in other    hre, as early as 1628, provision   s made for the education of" every child" in the settlements. In 1637, a school
steam vessels, and 190,993 were ocean mpassengers.            was ordered to be provided for every neighborhood of 50
The lake commerce employed, in 1854, 110 steamers, a    96 2 families, and another for a higher grade of instruction for
propellers, 33 barques, 103 brigs, 620 schooners, and 217
C,                    ~~~~~~every100families. A sumsufficienttomaintainthese schools
other craft, with an aggregate tonnage of 238,455. Total every 100 fmilies. A sum sufficitto maintain these schools
nuber of vessels, 1179;   hile in 1849 the numbe     was annually raised by a town tax. voluntarily imposed, asd
number of vessels, 1179; while in 1849 the -number was
only 914, tonnage 153,454. Of the tonnae of 1854151584  each school district drew its proportion of the whole sum for
belongede toport  on Lak  Ere 41,831  on LakeMichi  its own school or schools. Thus the property of the town
belonged to ports on Lake Erie; 41,831 on Lake Michigan;
was made liable for the education of the children.
57,563 on Lake Ontario; and on LkChmlain 7477.    The same system, with various modifications, has gradu
Some of the steamers were from 1400 to 2000 tons burthen.
Somve of the steamnlers were from 14100 to 2000 tons burtb     all     y ex ten ded itself to most of the states in the Union, and
In the same year 384 vessels met with accidents, involving  ally extended itself to most of the states in the Union, and
a loss of $2,186,921. Of these 60 were wrecked or sunk, 2 n part has been acted upon by the general government.
stranded, and 6 burnt.                                         Chancellor Kent says,':It has been uniformly a part of
Such is the outline of the commerce of the United States,  the land system of the United States to provide for public
which has elements of increase unknown in any  schools. The Articles of Confederation, 1787, the acts adwh~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mring ia lmnt of   thcee Unlinon, io, ndanaIlios Misouri
period, or in any other nation. A new country, a virgin  mitting into the Union, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri,
soil, the precious metals in unprecedented            v iabundance, c,  Louisiana, Florida, Arlkansas, &c., all provide for the approiron, copper, zinc, gypsum, lime, and most of the useful priation of lands in each township for the use of public
schools,"  The amount of lands thus appropriated by the
minerals in profusion, her coasts indented with bays, her
northern border washed by nearly 2000 miles of inland seas,   ederal Government, up to January 1, 1854, is exhibited in
navigable by vessels of any tonnage, her great interior tr-  the subjoned Table.
versed fi-om N. to S. by the Mississippi, receiving tributaries
from  1000 miles to the E. and to the W.; with nearly
5000 miles of canal, and soon to have 30,000 miles of rail-           States.        Acres.    and States          Acres.
and Territories.
way; with an emigration now approaching half a million
annually; with schools and a teeming press to spread intel-   Florida....   908,530   Missouri..... 1,199,139
ligence and quicken enterprise; with unbounded liberty of   Alabama....     902,774    Iowa.90..               5,1144
Mississippi...   837,584   Wisconsin.. ~:  958,648
action to stimulate exertion; with new regions opened daily   Lauisiana..     786,544   Califrnia              6,19,324
Louisiana... 786,044   California... 6,719,324
to market by iron roads, what is there to set a limit to the   Arkansas....   886,460   Minnesota..     5,089,224
extension of a commerce as far beyond present, as the pre-   Ohio.....1 704,488   Oregon...   12,140,907
sent has gone beyond past conception?  The acquisition of    iichigan....  1,067,397   New Mexico..              7,493,120
California. too, has opened a new field to commerce on the   Indiana                 650,311   Utah.6681,0
California  too,                     Illinois....   978,755
greatest ocean of the globe, on one of whose bays a city,                                          Total... 45,959,535
with twice the population of Philadelphia or New York at 
the era of the Revolution, has sprung into existence in the
short space of five years, and a place that, previous to 1848,    The general government has also appropriated 4,060,707
was known only as a refreshing station for ships, has be- acres of land, in the above states and territories, for the
come a commercial town of the first rank-holding regular  support of universities. Of this amount 3,553,824.acres are
intercourse with China, Australia, the different ports of  in Tennessee. In many of the states lands have been set
South America, of Europe, and the isles ofthe Pacific, and, apart for educational purposes by their respective legislaas we have elsewhere remarked, seems destined to become  tures.  A great portion of the states have also a permanent
a second Alexandria in the overland commerce of the East  school fund; derived from  the sale of public lands, donate Europe. By a recent treaty with the Argentine Republic, tions, &c.  In Connecticut this fund amounts to above
the Rio de la Plata has been opened to the commerce of the  $2,000,000, being larger in proportion to the number of
United States.                                                inhabitants than in any state in the Union, and nearly
There are in the United States 129 districts for the collec- sufficient to defray the expenses of her public schools. In
tion of the revenue on foreign merchandise; of which 78  Indiana, which ranks next, it amounts to $4,988,988; in
are on the Atlantic coast, 9 on the Pacific, 12 on the Gulf,  New York, to above $6,700,000; in Ohio, to $1,754,322, &c.
17 on the lake coast, and 19 in the Valley of the Mississippi. The chief dependency, however, for defraying the costs of
Fisheries. —The fisheries of the United States are of great  popular education in the United States, is on direct taxavalue, and, in 1850, employed a capital of $8,966,044. The  tion. The total expenditures for public school education
total number of fisheries was 1384, distributed among the  in the United  States, in 1850, was $9,529,542; of which
following states, (named in the order of their importance:)  $4,653,096 was derived from direct taxation, $2,552,402 from
Massachusetts, (considerably more than one-half of the  public funds, $182,594 from  endowments, and $2,141,4150
whole,) Connecticut, (about one-fifth,) Maine, New  York, from other sources.
North Carolina, Virginia, Michigan, Rhode Island, New           The following Table exhibits the number of public schools
Halmpshire, Ohio, Florida, and Wisconsin.  The number of  and academies, the average attendance of pupils, and the
hands employed was 21,133, and the estimated annual pro- yearly income in each state of the Union, as returned iW
duct $10,000,185. The whale, cod, and mackerel fisheries  the census of 1850:1994




UNI                                                                    UNT
SCHOOLs aned CoLLEGES  in the UNITED  STATES, 1850.
Public Schools.        Academies and Private         Colleges and Pressioal Schools.
Schools.
Schools. ~Colleges and Professional Schools.
Total Number
States and Terri-                                                                                                              of
tories.                                                                                                                  u'  opils
o  ~;                                   Pupils
4~~                 0'a~             and
0                            0             Id         Id  Z       Id         Id,      Students..                P-.              0            U          U           M
aaine......    4,042   192,815   315,436   131   6,648    51,187   2   241'             37   1    51......          199,792
New Hampshire.          2,381    75,643   166,944   107    5,321    43,202   1   237   3    99   2    45                       82,345
Vermont....    2,731    93,457   176,111   118    6,864    48,95   3   222.......   1   10                           100,64
Massachusetts            3,679   176,475 1,006,795   403   13,436    310,177   4   844.  3   14            7 2   230' 158    191,260
Rhode Island...        416    23,130   100,481    46    1,601     32,748   1   243                                           24,974
Connecticut...    1,656    71,269   231,220  202   6,996    145,967   3   631   2    55'1 35                1    38        79,024,New York....   11,580   675,221i1,472,657   887  49,328    810,332   8   834   7   266   4   692   1    50                 726,381
New Jersey..    1,473    77,930   216,672   225    9,844    237,588   3   428   2   178....         8        88,388
Pennsylvania...      9,061   413,706 1,348,249   524   23,751    467,843   9  1008    7   201    4  1189   1        9       439,868
1189      9    ~39~1,826
Delaware....            194      8, 970   43,861   65    2,011    47,832   I    45.................           11,026
Maryland.....   898    33,111   218,836   223   10,787    232,341   5   433.......   2   125...      44,456
District of Columbia       22     2,169   14,232    47    2,323     84,040   2   215.......   1    40...               4,747
Virginia..... 2,930    67,323   314,622   317    9,068    234,372  10  1197   3   119   3   186   2   216           78,039
North Carolina.      2,657 ]04,095   158,564   272    7,822    187,648   3   427...........       10       112,354
South Carolina..724    17,839   200,600   202    7,467    205,489   2   190   3    72   1   158......            25,725
Georgia.....          1,251    33,705   182,231   219    9,059    108,983   5   633   1       6   2   115...      42,518
Florida.....   69  1,878  22,386  34  1,251  47,832......                                                                   3,129
Alabama....    1,152    28,380   315,602   166    8,290    164,165   4   330'  1    1.                     (7)       37,013
Mississippi..           782    18,746   254,159   171    6,628.73,717   3   220..........                             25,594
Louisiana....         664    25,016  349,679   143    5,328    193,077   5   320....... 111   188   1    50             30,932
Texas.....      349     7,946    44,88    97    3,389      39,384.......................             11,335
Arkansas...             353     8,493    43,763    90    2,407     37,937...........   10,900
Tennessee....       2,680   104,117   198,518   264   9;928    155,902   8   570   1    24.    152   1    75            144,666
Kentucky...         2,234    71,429   211,852   330   12,712    252,617   8   161   1    18   1   188   2    50            85,168
Ohio......   11,661   484,153   743,074  206   15,052    149,392'11   665.7  105   4   518   2   (?)                      500,493
Miichigan...     2,714   110,455   167,806    37   1,619      24,947   2    94....... 95...      112,263
Indiana..    4,822   161,500   316,955   131   6,185      68,520   4  295   1    15   2   154   2    18             368,167
Illinois..    4,052   125,725   349,712    83    4,244:40,488   4   223    1    (?)    1    70......          130,162
lissouri...'  1,570    51,754   160,770   304    8,829   143,171  *6   548..2....   2   210                         61,331
Iowa.                    740    29,556    51,492    33    1,111      7,981.......                                            30,667
Wisconsin...          1,423    58,817   113,133    58    2,723    18,796   2    53                                            61,593
California...           2        49     3,600     6      170     14,276.......           219
Minuesota Territory..............                  1       12        140.....................  12
New Mexico Territory................   1       40............
Utah Territory..         13              11,512:13.......     2,051.....922
Oregon Territory.         3        80     3,927    29      842     20,888.......................           40
*     Aggregate-  80,978  3,354,011 9,529,542 6,085 263,096  4,644,214
Maine has I pupil at school to every 3.1 of the whole  more advanced pupils, without increaSing the aggregate cost
population; being a greater proportion than in any other  of tuition.
vtate or country.  In  the whole United States the propor-    The education bestowed in  many of the high  schools,
tion at school is 1 to 4.9, not including  slaves, or 1 to 5.6,  especially in the Free Academy of New York, and the PhiIncluding  slaves, either of which is greater than  in any  ladelphia  High  School, is, in  the  opinion  of competent
other country in the world except Denmark, where the pro-  judges, equal if not superior, in all that relates to the
portion is 1 to 4.6.  Massachusetts and Vermont have the  practical pursuits of life, to  that of'any other institution,
least number of persons of native birth unable to read or  of whatever class, in this or any other country.
write of any of the states, in proportion to the whole native    For further information  respecting public schools, the
population-the proportion being only 0.22 per cent.  Next  reader is referred to the new work of the lIon. Henry  Barfollows New  Hanlmpshire, 0.31 per cent.; Connecticut and  nard, LL. D., entitled "NNATIONAL EDUcATION IN THE UNITRD
Maine, 0.39 per cent.  The proportion in North Carolina, STATES; or Contributions to the History and Improvement
(not including slaves,) where it is the greatest, is 13.86 per  of Common or Public Schools, and other means of Popular
cent.; in Delaware, 11.64 per cent.; Arkansas, 10.53; and  Education in the United States."  It is to the efforts of Mr.
in the District of Columbia, 10.11 per cent.                          Barnard, and to those of the Hon. Horace Mann, that we are
In New England, so excellent is the system  of common  mainly indebted for the late improvement in our schools.
school education, that only 1 person over 20 years of age, in            For  information  respecting  colleges  and  professional
every 400 native white inhabitants, is incapable of reading  schools, see Table of Colleges in the APPENDIX to this work.
and writing.  In the Southern and South-Western  States,    Scientofic Institutions.-The  government of the United
the proportion is 1 in about 12.  The proportion of free  States. has in various ways shown a disposition to promote
colored, unable to read and write, is about 24 per cent. in  the cause of science.  The National Observatory at Washthe slave-holding states, and 16 per cent. in the non-slave-  ington  is advancing  not only the cause of astronomical
holding states.  In 1840 the proportion of pupils to the  knowledge, but its active head, Lieutenant Maury, is gainwhole population was 13.89; in 1850, 20.14; and yet, not-  ing a world-wide reputation by his study of the laws that
withstanding this large increase, the proportion of persons  govern the tides, currents, and winds of the different oceans
over 20 years of age, unable to read and write, rose from   and seas, on which subjects he from  time to time publishes
3.77 per cent. the former year, to 5.03 the latter.  This is  the results of his investigations.  An exploring expedition
chiefly to be accounted for from  the influx of foreign emi-  was fitted out by the general government under the adgrants. The proportion of the foreign illiterate inthe United  ministration  of Mr. Van Buren, which sailed in August,
States is about twice that of the native.                             1838, visiting  the coasts of South America, the coast of
A  greatly increased interest in the subject of popular  North America, the islands of the Pacific, and the coasts of
education has been manifested within the last ten years;  Asia and Africa, surveying harbors, determining latitudes
especially in the Northern and Western States. Public sen-  and longitudes, and the altitudes of mountains, making
timent has demanded a higher standard of qualification in  geological researches, collecting  specimens of natural his.
the teachers; and, as a consequence, normal schools, ex-  tory in every'department, &c.  The collections of natural
pressly designed for their instruction and training, have  history form  an extensive and valuable museum, which is
been established in several states; besides which, teachers  to be deposited in the Smithsoanian Institute.  The explormeet regularly in convention, to interchange views upon  ing expedition added a new continent to the geography of
the best methods of teaching; thus opening  a larger field  the world, by the discovery of an Antarctic mainland. An
of comparison, and stimulating through emulation to far  expedition, sent out by  the United  States government,
greater efforts for improvement.  These conventions, we  under Commodore Perry, entered  the bay of Yeddo, in
believe, are now held in every free state in the Union, and  Japan, in  the summer of 1853, was favorably  received,
in some states they assemble twice annually in each county;  and a treaty concluded in 1854, opening an entirely new
the sessions generally continuing a week. The classification  field to American commerce and enterprise.  The Smithof schools is also undergoing a thorough revision.  Union  sonian Institute, at Washington, (see WAsurINooN,) though
Schools, or what is termed the "graded  system," which  founded  by the  private munificence of a foreigner, is a
comprises  high, grammar,  intermediate, and  primary  national institution, "for the increase and  diffusion of
schools, are being established in  all the principal cities, knowledge among men," which is under the direction of the
towns, and villages.  By placing the classes in the interme-  government of the United States. The Library of Congress,
diate and primary schools, in charge of competent female  now  numbering 50,000 volumes, the Military Academy at
instructors, school committees are enabled to secure the ser- West Point, and the Naval Academy at Annapolis, are the
vices of male teachers of the highest qualifications for the  other principal institutions of this class that are of a national
1995




UNI                                                           UNI
character. For a notice of the last twoinstitutions the reader
is referred to the heads of their respective localities.  Coast                             Number  Accoms-   Value of
surveys on the shores of both the Atlantic and Pacific               Denominastions.           cf.    tio       Church
Oceans, and military, topographical, and geological surveys,
especially of the new territories, have been and are being   raptist.9,360    3,24.8,5.0   11,001,17
made under the direction of the competent heads of their   Christian..                       868     304.630     867,056 S
respective bureaux. The names of Professor A. D. Bache,   Congregational...                 1,706     801,35   7,970,195 
Dutch Reformed.....           330     180,636i  4,096,880
at the head of the coast survey, and of Colonel J. J. Abert,   Eisopl.Reor...       s       64O 8 545   34,010
Eniseopal.....541   5 44,598 [ 11.384,2101
of the topographical bureau, are well known to the scientific   Free.........                 389        115,480  263,605O
world; as are those also of Colonels Fremont, Johnston,   Friends.......                    728      287,073   1,713,767
Sitgreaves, Lieutenants Emory, Simpson. Marcy, Stansbury,   German Reformed..       344      159,338    975,080
Jewvish.....37  1,8        1,0
Herndon, Gibbon, and that of Captain Wilkes of the exploring    Jew ih.                                  2, 19,58   41500
-      Lutheran.....1.221! 535,180 [2,854,286I
expedition; all of whom have published valuable journals   Iteno ite.                        112      28,860      92 345
of their proceedings.  Professor David Dale Owens's report   Methodist......                13,338    4,354,101    14,826t148
on the geology of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, under the   Moravian......         331     109617      411,6671
11                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~Orthodox Congregational.  I0  3,100 ]   17,250
direction of the commissioner of the land-office, is also an in-   Presbyterian......    4,863    2,079,504  14,557,089 
valuable contribution to science. It accords with the genius   Romsan Catholic....   1,227   ea'6I5s,721 2    9,256,1O58
of the people of this great republic to rely rather on indi-   Swedenborgian.....               20       5,475     113,600
vidual enterprise, than on governmental action; and the re-   Tunker.........                  52      22,400      37,625
lianee has been justly placed, as scarcely a weelk passes but   Union.                          590      101,064    6.4,315
Unitarian                      242      136,41.7   3,173,822
its journals inform us of some wealthy individual endowing    Universalist......              532      214,5,,
a college or professorship, or founding a library; or, at least,   Minor Sects.           422      11,177   1,017,130
making liberal bequests for scientific and literary objects.
When it is considered that the United States have been a             Total.....    38,183   140270,139 $87,446,371
nation scarcely beyond the period of an ordinary life, and
have not yet finished cutting down their forests and clearing     Public Iezstitutions, Doclo-Yards, &c.-The United States
their lands, and that almost the entire energies of the people  government have a Naval Asylum  at Philadelphia, (which
have hitherto been directed to procuring a subsistence and  see,) and Marine Hospitals at Chelsea, near Boston, Brookerecting habitations; they surely have no cause to blush  lyn,(?) Norfolk, Ocracoke, Cleveland, Chicago, Pittsburg,
if their literature has not equalled that which has grown up  Louisville, Evansville, St. Louis, Natchez, New Orleans, Mo.
in Europe under the fostering care of a wealthy aristocracy,  bile, Key West, Napoleon, (Arkansas,) and San Francisco.
amid institutions which had been enriched with all the  Arrangements are either made with local hospitals, as at
choicest productions extant of ancient and modern learning,' New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, Charleslong, before the white man had fixed  his dwelling on any  ton, and Cincinnati; or invalids are placed at private board.
part of the vast domain of the United States. This country  ing.  Marine hospitals are about to be erected by governhas indeed just ground to glory, that in spite of all the dis-  mnent at Portland, Detroit, Burlington, (Iowa,) Cincinnati,
advantages alluded to, it has produced so many names illus-  St. Marks, Pensacola, Vicksburg, and Paducah.  There are
trious in science, literature, and art-names which posterity, navy yards at Kittery in Maine, (opposite Portsmouth, New
whether in the Old or NewWorld, will not willingly let die. Hampshire, of which it is a suburb,) at Boston, Newr York,
The Press.-Closely connected with the literary institu-  Philadelphia, Washington, Norfolk, Pensacola, and Benicia.
tions of the United States is the public press, the most effi- There is a mother Mint at Philadelphia, and branches at
cient instrument for the diffusion of general intelligence,  Charlotte, (in North Carolina,) Dahlonega, (in Georgia,) and
and the most powerful engine, whether to promote or under- San Francisco, and an assaying-house in New York City. The
mine the great interests of morality or religion. The fol- other principal erections are custom-houses, (many of them
lowing Table will show  the  number of daily, weekly, of great architectural merit,) forts, arsenals, armories, postmonthly, and other issues:-                                   offices, treasury and sub-treasury offices, lighthouses, &c.;
the offices of state, war, navy, treasury, general post-offic%,
patent office, and other national buildings, at Washington
Number IfCpe
Number. Number su Cypies  City, will be described under that head. There were, in
printed annually.  1854, 24 arsenals, besides national armories, at Springfield,
Dailies......                 254      235,119,966    Massachusetts, and Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and more
Tri-weeklies........              115      11,811,140     than 100 forts and barracks scattered over different parts
Semi-weeklies......              31       5,565,176     of the Union. The navy contained, in 184, 11 ships of
WVeekties.1,902.. 153,125,705   h ie on
Weekies a..........                1,952    153,120,408     the line, mounting from  84 to 120 guns each; 13 frigates,
Semi-monthlies.......        190       11.703.480
Sfonthlies.........                100        8,8s87,80sos  mounting from  50 to 56 guns each; 20 sloops of war,
Quarterlies.........              19         103,500     mounting from 16 to 22 guns each; 4 brigs, mounting from
4 to 6 guns each; 1 schooner, mounting 3 guns; 6 steam
Total......    2,526     426,409,978           frigates, mounting from  6 to 51 guns each; 4 first class
steamers, mounting from 1 to 10 guns each; 5 less than first
-Of these, 1630, with a circulation of 1,907,79t, were political;staemonigfmIto1gusac;5lsth frt
Of these, 160, with a circulation of 1,007,704, wore political; class steamers, 7 store-ships, and 2 permanent receiving yes191, with a circulation of 1,071,657, religious; 568,  with a  sels. The Mississippi steam frigate canies Paixhan guns.
circulation of 1,692,403, literary   and miscellaneous;  83,    The navy list contains 6 coumodore,  and 1 comusander,
The navy list contains 6 commodores, and I commander,
with a circulation of 303,702, neutral and independent; and  who commands squadrous; I commander to each of the
53, with a circulation of 207,041, scientific. The number  navy yards; a governor of the Naval Asylum  at Philadelof post-offices, December 1, 1854, was 23,925; aggregate  phia; a superintendentof the NavalAcademy,at Annapolis,
length of post-roads, 219,395 miles; annual transportation,  Maryland; 68 captains;  7 commanders;  2  lieutennts
11                                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~Maryland; 68 captains; 97 commanders; 327 lieutenants;
63,387,005 miles, at a cost of $4,630,676; of which 15,433,389  149 surgeons, of every grade; 64 pursers; 24 chaplains; 12
was by railroad, at a cost of $1,758,610; 20,890,5310 miles by  professors of mathematics; 31 masters; 194 past midship.
coach, at a cost of $1,290,095; 21,267,603 miles by modes not; 205 midshipmen, &c, &c. The captains' pay varies
specified, at a cost of $1,092,833; 5,795,483 by steamboats,  from  2100 to $4500;   the commanders' from $1800 to p  2a0;
at a cost of $489,138; total receipts, $6,955,586; and expen-  lieutenants'  om $1200  6 $500; surgeons' from t1000to
lieutenants' firom $1200 to $1500; surgeons' from $1000 to
ditures, $8,577,424 for the fiscal year 1854, leaving a defttures,,57,2    for the   cal year 185, leaving a d-  $2700; assistant surgeons' from $650 to $1200; pursers' from
cioncy of $1,621,817. During the three years ending June  $1500 to $3500; chaplains' from $1000 to $1500; professors
30, 1854, the department issued 166,126,417 postage stamps, of mathematics' 1500; midshipmn's from   300 to $750;
of mathematics' $1500; midshipmen's from $800 to $750;
and 25,076,656 stamped envelopes. The number of letters  eugineers' fr6m   400 to $2000; masters', boatswains', gunexchanged between the United States and Europe by ocean ners', &c., from 300 to $1100. The marine corps has its
hers', &c., from $300 to $1100. The marine corps has its
mail lines, was 5,500,956, of which 4,336,704 were with Great head-quarters at Washington, and is composed of 11 capBritain; and ofnewspapers, 2,536,548, of which 2,472,776were  tains, 40 lieutenants, and about 1100 uen, commissioned
with Great Britain. Of the letters, 2,327,651 (less than half)  officers and privates.   ccording to the Americn Almanac,
werecariedby  merian  teaers an  937996newpaprsofficers and privates. According to the American Almanac,
wre carried by American steamers, and 937,996 nespapers,  there are 758 general officers, 2407 general and staff officers,
By the West India and California steamers, 3,060,221 letters, 13,787 deld offcers, 49,337 company officers, and 2,054,740
and 3,540,666 newspapers.  The total cost of the ocean mail non-commissioned officers, privates, &e., in the militia force
was $2,023,010, of which the Collins line received $858,000;  of the United States. The regular army, on the 1st of Jan.
while the gross revenue from  all the foreign lines was but  uary, 1854, was composed of 912 commissioned officers and
$624,943; and fiom the American alone only $357,417; and de- 9377 non-commissioned officers, privates, &c., making a total
ducting commissions and inland postage, but,237,688. The  of 10,329 in the effective army of the United States.  The
total amount collected in the United States on British mails  whole directed (subject to the president) by a general-inwas $639,785;  and in Great Britain, $339,862; total, $979,648. chief-at presint LieutenantGeneral Scott, who resides in
Religious Denosminations-Trhere is no state religion in  New York, —whose head-quarters are generally at Washingthe United States, all denominations being regarded equally  ton. The pay for major-general is equivalent to $4512 per
by the government.  The ministers depend for subsistence
upon the voluntary contributions of their congregations, or       Ther is no dubt t    this
upon funds appropriated for this purpose.  The following         tJ ers o  t   athis much beloe   the actmal number
of the members of the Catholic churches,: as they mostly have
Table givee the number of churches, with the accommoda-  meie commsticants attending church on the days of public wortions- in 1850:-                                              ship than can be accommodated at any one time.
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annum; of a brigadier or quarterm aster-general $2958; of  States, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa;
a paymaster or surgeon-general $2500; of an adjutant, in-  California.
spector, or assistant quartermaster-e eneral, and of a conm-                 "There are points of agreement in the general charactermissary-general of subsistence, or a colonel, $2196, (but a  istics of the states combined in the foregoing groups, which
colonel of artillery and infantry receives only $1192;) the  warrant the mode of arrangement adopted.  Maryland  is
pay of the inferior officers varies from  $774 to $1924 per  classed, as heretofore, with the Middle States, because its
annum.                                                                     leading interests appear to connect it rather with the com.
Diviaions.-There  are in  the confederacy 31 states, and  mercial and manufacturing  section to which it is here as(including the District of Columbia) 9 organized territories.  signed, than with the purely agricultural states.  Ohio is
These have been hitherto grouped as follows:-6 New Eng-  placed in the same connexion for nearly similar reasons.
land  States, viz., Maine, New  Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-                    "The central range of states south of the line of the Potochusetts, lRhode Island, and Connecticut, containing 63,272  mac are obviously distinguished from that division to which
square miles; 5 Middle States, viz., New York, New Jersey,  we have given the appellation of the Coast Planting States.
Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, containing 111,796  In the latter, cotton, sugar, and rice, are the great staples,
square miles; 9 Southern States, viz., Virginia, North Caro-  the cultivation of which is so absorbing as to stamp its imlina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,  press on the character of the people.  The industry of the
Louisiana, and Texas, containingabout 629,750 square miles;  central states is more diversified,"   As a state, California
and 11 Western  States, viz., Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio,  stands by herself; by climate and position, she is associated
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Ar-  with the territories of the Pacific slope.
kansas, and  California, containing  493,117  square  miles.                 Population. —In no region of the globe, ancient or modern,
Besides these there are the 8 organized territories, viz., Min-  under one government, and  intermingling  among  each
nesota, Nebraska, Kanzas, Indian Territory, New  Mexico,  other in the daily offices of public and private life, was
Utah, Oregon, and Washington.  The last three lying west  there ever a population composed of such varied elements
of the Rocky Mountains, which intersect New Mexico. The  as in  the United States-English, Irish, German, Scotch,
District of Columbia is a small territory set apart as the   French, and Welsh, besides a small admixture from  every
seat of the national government.                                           other state in Europe, from  the West Indies and South AmeThe above is the usual, but not very philosophical classifi-  rica, from  Africa, Asia, and even from the isles of the Pacific.
cation  of the  states.  The following  arrangement, (being   Though  the  English  or Anglo-Saxon  is undoubtedly the
essentially the same as that suggested by Mr. Kennedy,)  stem, and that race founded the principal colonies, and
based on the climate and productions of the different states,  gives tone to the customs, manners, and laws of the country,
and on the habits and pursuits of their inhabitants, is. in   yet, so large is the infusion from  other stocks, (estimated at
our judgment, far preferable to the old  classification:-1.  5,000,000 by the honorable Edward Everett,) as to make the
The six New uEngland States; 2. Six Middle States, including   national characteristics, both of physiognomy and manners,
Maryland, Delaware, and  Ohio; 3. Seven Coast Planting   essentially distinct from  the English, though still bearing a
States, including South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,  strong resemblance to them.
Mississippi, Louisiana, and  Texas; 4. Six Central Slave                     The area of the several states and territories, and their
States, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mis-  population at different periods, are exhilited in the followsouri, and Arkansas; 5. Five North-Western Agricultural  ing Table:AxEA acnd POPULATION of thle several STATES sond TERRITORIES Of tle  aNITED STATES.
Population in 1850.
States and Terri-      Arean sn _         _                                         Pop. in      Pop. in     Pop in      Pop. in    Pop. in
tories.         sq. miles. -                                                   1840.        1830.       1820.       1810.       1800.
Whites.  FreeCol'd.  Slaves.    Total.
Maine.                   31,766      581,81        1,356..........  583,169      501,793      399,455     298,335     228,705    151,719
New Hampshire.              9,280      317,456         520..........    317,976     284,574      269,328     244,161     214,360    183,762
Vermont...                10,212      313,402         718..........    314,120     291,948      280,652     235,764     217,713    154,465
Massachusetts..         7,800     985,450        9,064                 994,514     737,699     610,408      523,287     472,040    423,2-45
Rhode lsland...          1,306     143,875        3,670.........    147,545      108,830      97,199       83,059      77,031      69,122
Connecticut..             4,674     369,099        7,693..........  370,792      309,978     297,675     275,202      262,042    251,002
New vYork....              47,000   3,048,325       49,069..........   3,097,394   2,428,921   1,918,608   1,1372,812    959,0419    586,756
New Jersey..             8,320     465,509       23,810        236     489,555      373,306     320,823      277,575     245,555    211,949
Pennsylvania.              46,000   2,258,160       53,626.......    2,311,786   1,724,033   1,348,233   1,049,458      810,091    602,365
Delaware..                2,120      71,169       18,073      2,290      91,532       78,085      76,748       72,149      72,674      64,273
Maryland..            11,124     417,943       74,723     90,368'.583,034     470,019     447,040     407,350      380,546    341,548
District of Columbia            60      37,941       10,059      3,687      51,687       43,712      39,834       33,039      24,023      14,093
Virginia.....              61,352     894,800       54,333    472,528   1,421,661   1,239,797   1,211,405   1,065,379       974,622    880,200
North Carolina              50,704     553,028       27,463    288,548     869,039      753,419     737,987      638,829  5 55,500    478,103
South Carolina.            29,385     274,563        8,960    384,984     668,507      594,398     581,185      502,741     415,115    345,59!1
Georgia...                 58,000     521,572        2,931    381,682     906,185      691,392     516,823      340,987     252,433    162,101
Florida                     59,268      47,203         932      39,310       87,445      54,477      34,730..........................
Alabama....          50,722    1426,514        2,265    342,844     771,623      590,756     309,527      127,901.................
Mississippi....         47,156     295,718         9230    309,878      606,526     375,651     136,621       75,448      40,352       8,850
Louisiana...      41,255     255,491       17,462    244,809      517,762     352,411     215,739      153,407      76,556
Texas.257,504   154,034                               397   58,161   212,592..
Arkansas....             52,098     1.62,189        608      47,100      209,897     97,574       30,388       14..'i':.:..1
Tennessee...          45,600     756,836        6,422    239,459   1,002,717      829,210     681,904      422;813     261,727    105,602
Kentucky.....            37,680     761,413       10,011    210,981     982,405      179,828     687,917      564,317     406,511    220,955
Ohio.....       39,964   1,955,050       25,279..........   1,980,329   1,519,467   937,903      581,433     230,760      45,365
Michigan...             56,243     395,071        2,583..........    397,654     212,267      31,639        8,896       4,762
Indiana....               33,809     977,154       11,262..........   988,416      685,866     343,031      147,178      24,520       4,875
Illinois....       55,405     846,034        5,436                851,470      476,183     157,445       55,211      12,282......
Missouri..            67,380     592,004        2,618     87,422     682,044      383,702     140,455       66,586      20,845.......
Iowa......                50,910      191,881         333..........    192,21-4      43,112...................................
Wisconsin...        53,924     304,756         635..........    305,3910      30,945...................................
California...     155,980      91,635         962..........     92,597............................................
Kansas Territory.        114,798.................
Nebraska Territory*  335,882..........
Miinnesota Territory       166,025 i     6,03            39..........     6,07....................
New Mlexico Territory    207,007        61,525          22........      61,547.....................
Utah Territory..        299,170      11,330           24         26       11,380.........
Oregon Territory           185,030      13,087         207..........     13,29...................
Washington    Territory    123,022.........................................................................
Total,..    2,936.166  19,553,068     434,495  3,204,313  23,191,876  17,096,453  12,866,020   9,638,131   7,239,814   5,305,925
The total population of the United States, in 1790, was                   The states and territories, at the present time, have about
3,929,827, of whom  697,897 were slaves.  The population of  an equal area.  The territory of Nebraska constitutes  onethe thirteen colonies, at the breaking  out of the Revolu-  tenth, Utah  one-eleventh, and  Texas  one-twelfth  of the
tionary  War in  1775, was  2,803,000, (including  500,000  whole; while Massachusetts forms only one one-hundredslaves;) in 1749, 1,046,000; and in 1701, 262,000.                        and-eightieth, and Rhode Island but one twenty-three-hunThe ratio of increase in the population is very remarkable  dredth part of the national domain.
for its uniformity, being an average of about 35 per cent.    The slave-holding states have an area of 851,508 square
for each of the  six decennial periods that have occurred  miles, with 9,664,656 inhabitants; and the non-slave-holding
since 1790.  For the first period, to 1800, it was 35.016 per  states an area of 612,597 square miles, with 13,434,922 inhacent.; and for the last, from  1840 to 1850, 35.867 per cent.  bitants.  The population of the same   territory in 1790 was
According to this last ratio, the population of the United  1,961,372 in  the former, and 1,968,419 in the latter.  The
States in 1855 is 27,350,000.                                            white population  of the  slave-holding   states rose from
1,271.488 in 1790, to 6,222,418 in 1850:  and of the non-slave* Organized in 1854.                             holding states, from  1,900,976 to 13,330,650.  The numbes
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of free colored persons in the slave-holding states increased    Cities and Towns. —The progress of the cities of the United
from 32,357 at the former period, to 238,187 at the latter; States, as a mass, has been without a parallel in the history
and in the non-slave-holding states, from 27,109 to 190,860. of the world. Some cities in the old world, favored by inMaryland and Virginia have the greatest number, and New  perial caprice and power, may have had, for a short period,
Hampshire and Arkansas the least. The number of slaves  a more rapid rise than those of the American Confederacy,
in the United States in 1790 was 697,897; in 1800, 893,041; but in the aggregate, we have no example of such an
in 1810, 1,191,364; in 1820, 1,538,038; in 1830, 2,009,043; in  amazing extension and growth of towns as this republc
1840, 2,487,455; and in 1850, 3,204,313. Of the last number, exhibits. At the first census, in 1790, there was but o:.1
2,957,657 wese black or of unmixed African descent, and  city (Philadelphia) numbering 40,000 inhabitants in the
246,656 mulatto. Virginia has the greatest number of slaves, Union.  St. Louis and New Orleans were mere villages,
and Delaware the least. In South Carolina and Mississippi Pittsburg was but a frontier fort; the site of Cincinnati
the slaves considerably outnumber the whites. The num- had merely been chosen, and the name of Buffalo did not
her of slave-holders in the United States is 347,525, of whom  exist. In 1850 there were considerably more than 100 cities
63,820 own only one slave; 105,683, 1 and under 5; 80,765, and towns with populations exceeding 5000 each, viz., New
5 and under 10; 54,595, 10 and under 20; 29,733, 20 and  York, 650,000, including its suburbs; Philadelphia, 410,000;
under 50; 6196, 50 and under 100; 1479, 100 and under 200; Boston, 212,000; Baltimore, 170,000; New Orleans, 130,000;
243, 200 and  under 500; 9, 500 and under 1000; and in  Cincinnati, 115,000; Pittsburg, 84,000; St. Louis, 78,000;
South Carolina two persons owned 1000 or more.              Albany, 51,000; Louisville, Charleston, Buffalo, Providence,
The population of the several geographical divisions, at and Washington, between 40,000 and 45,000; Newark, Rodifferent periods, is shown in the following Table:-        chester, Troy, and Lowell, between 30,000 and 40,000; Chicago, Richmond, San Francisco, Syracuse, Norfolk, (includPopuaio n  I   pa        nlug Portsmouth,) Detroit, Cleveland, (including Ohio City,)
Population Population Population   Portland, Salem, New haven, Milwaukee, and Mobile, be.
in 1790.5  in 1820.   in 1050.   tween 20,000 and 30,000; Columbus, (Ohio,) Utica, Worcester,
Pacific Slope..........  117__-,2- -   New Bedford, HIartford, Savannah, and Reading, between
Pacifsssip Salepe...           1170,281  15 00 and3 6  208,000;54
Mississippi Valley...    -2-o5,z2-0   2,4199,369   8,641,64   15,000 and 20,000; Bangor, Manchester, Poughkeepsie, PeAtlantic Slope....  3,708,116   7,013,15] 12,729,859   tersburg, Lynn, Wilmington, (Delaware,) Springfield, (MasGulf, East of the Mississippi   516431    201,586   1,414,598   sachusetts,) Oswego, Lockport, Lancaster, Newburg, Pater.
Gulf, WTest ef the Mlississippi..... 4,022    288,394   son, Wheeling, Dayton, Nashville, Kingston, (New York,)
Norwich, (Connecticut,) Fall River, Taunton, Smithfield,
The states, exclusive of the territories, have a population'New Brunswick, between 10,000 and 15,000; and Augusta,
of about 16 to the square mile. The Middle States are the  (Maine,) Bath, Gardiner, Portsmouth, (New  Hampshire,)
densest portion of the Union, being 57.79 to the square  Concord, (New  Hampshire,) Dover, (Nsw  Hampshire,
mile; next come the New England States, (41.94;) then the:Nashua, Burlington, (Vermont,) Newburyport, Andover,
North-Western, (16.13;) then the Southern, (15.27;) and  Gloucester, Lawrence, Marblehead, Danvers, Middleborough,
lastly the South-Western, (7 to the square mile.)  The non- Nantucket, Northampton, Fitchburg, Plymouth, Newport,
N (Rhode Island,) Pawtucket, New London, Bridgeport, Midslave-holding states (21.91 to the square mile) are nearly   Zde     (on      tict, P            Odnbrg,   hn(hdlet slandetiu,)Plawtbucke, OgewonsoBurigepr, Scidec
twice as densely populated as the slave-holding states, (11.35  dleton, (Connectiut,) Plttsbur,  Ogdensbug,  Schenecto the square mile.) The territories have only one inhabit- tady, Rome, Auburn, Geneva, Canandaigua, Ithaca, Owego,
ant to every 16 square miles.                               Hudson, Catskill, Fishkill, Johnstown, Whitestown, ElizaOf the white population in 1850, 17,737,578 were born in  bethtown, Rahway, Trenton, i(New Jersey,) Camden, (New
inJersey,) Easton, (Pennsylvania) Pottsville, Norristown,
the United States, and 2,210,839 in foreign countries, viz., Jersey,) Easton, (Pennylvan,)      ottville, Noriston,
961,719 in Ireland; 573,225 in Germany; 278,675 in England  IHarrisburg, York, Erie, Cumberland, Fredericktown, Lynch141,711 in British Amsrica; 70,550 in Scotland- 54069 in  burg, Wilmington, (North Carolina,) Columbia, (South Ca141711in   ritsh  merca;70550in  cotand 54069inrolina, Augusta, (Georgia,) Columbus, (Georgia,) MontgoFrance; 29,868 in Wales; 13,358 in Switzerland; 13,317 in     u, Austa, (Goria,) Colmbus, (ergia,)   ontolexico; 12,678 in Norway; 10,549 in Prussia, and 9848 in  mery, Sacramento City, Stockton, Racine, Quincy, Peoria,
IHolland. According to estimates given by Mr. Kennedy,
Hfolland. According to estimates given by~  Mr. Rennedy, New Albany, Indianapolis, Madison, Terre Haute, Sandusin his census reports, the total number of foreigners, and  ky, Zanesville, Chillicothe, Steubenville, Springfield, (Ohio,)
Z     Xenia, Covington, Newport., (Kentucky,) Lexington, (Kendescendants of foreigners, since 1790, (living in 1850,) was Xenia, Covington, Newport, (ientucky,) Lexingtoa,  (en4,304,416. De Bow, however, in his Compendium, thinks the  tucky, Memphis, and Georgetown, (District of Columbia,)
number overstated, and that: it did not, in 1853, exceed  between 5000 and 10,000. This relation is now considerably
3,200,000. Of the entire population 9803 were deaf and  altered, but as we have no official reports, and only partial
dumb, of whom 136 were free colored, and 531 slaves; 9794  and local census, we have taken the only one which could
blind, of whom 429 were free colored, and 1387 slaves; 15,610  give a just comparison as to the populousness and importinsane, 311 of whom were free colored, and 327 slaves; and  ance of the different towns.
15,787 idiotic, of whom 348 were free colored, and 1182 slaves.   Some twenty of the above towns might be named as
A remarkable coincidence will be observed between the  being distinguished even in this country for their amazing
number affected in the senses of hearing and seeing, and  progress, but our limits compel us to pass the' greater
those alfictcd in the intellect; the difference between the  part in silence. We will, however, cite three or four as
deaf and dumb and the blind be,, only 9, ud between the  striking examples of that rapid increase which, as we
insane and idiotic only 177, in the'whole United Statese The  have before observed, is without parallel in the history of
insane and idiotic only 177, in the wvvhole United States. The
number of births, in the year endin  June 1 185  s  the world. Cincinnati had, in 1840, 46,338 inhabitants; in
number3of birhing 2.h5 year endin Jun the0 whepouatin;o
548,837, being 2.75 per cent. of the whole population; of  1850, 115,438; and in 1853, 160,186-the population doubling
marriages 197,029, or.99 per cent., and of deaths 270,706, on  itself about every 7 or 8 years-a rate of increase which,
1.35 per cent. of the entire population. In June, 1850, the  if continued, would in about 30 years from the present time:
total number of convicts in the state prisons -was 56-6, of  give the city a population of above 2,000,000. St. Louis had
whom 1499 were of foreign birth, and 888 colored persons. in 1840, 16,469; in 1850, 77,850; and in 1853, about 100,000,
Of 134,972 paupersj who received public aid in the year  the population doubling itself about every 5 years; so that,
increasing in the same ratio, it would amount in 25 years
endin, June 1, 1850, more than half, viz., 68,538 were of  increasing in the same ratio, it would amount in 25 yea-s
0                                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~to above 3,000,000. Chicago had, in 1840, a population of
foreign birth. These were supported at an average expense  to  bove 3,000,000. Chicago had, in 1840, a population of
of nearly $22 for each pauper. In addition to the. civilizeda 
of nearly $22 for each pauper. In addition to the- civilized  4853; in 1850, 29,963; in 1853, 60,625, doubling itself about
population, about 400,000 Indians or aborigines wander over  every 4 years; at which ratio of increase it would have, in
the wilds ofthe West. Ofthese, (according to the Report of the  28 years, a population of more than 6,000,000. Although
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in November, 1853,) 18,000  there is butlittle probability that the same ratio of increase
yet linger east of the Mississippi; 110,000 are found along  will continue beyond a few years, we may observe, that in
the frontiers of the Western States; 63,000 on the plains the case of Cincinnati certainly, and probably of Chicago,
and the Rocky Mountains; 29,000 in Texas; 45,000 in New the ratio of increase was less between 1840 and 1850 than
Mexico; 100,000in California; 12,000 in  Utah, and.23,000 in  between 1850 and 1853; and no one would be justified in
Oregon and Washinton Territories, 100inthad300nasserting that the annual ratio of increase may not be greater
Oregon and Washington Territories.
Imigion-Th     numberof foreigners  rriving in the  for the next 10 than for the last 3 years. The progress of
1tarigrtio.-Th  nuberof freiner arrvin  intheCleveland and Detroit has been scarcely less rapid.
United States in 1820 was 5993; in 1830, 23,074; in 1840, Clevelnd and Detroit has been scarcely less rapid.
83,504; in 1850, 279,980; and in 1853, 368,643. In the fol-    federomnt.-The government of the United States is a
lowing Table is shown the different countries in which  confederation of independent sovereigties, deleting  a
passengers arriving in the United States in 1852 were born, portion of their power to a central government, whose
edicts and laws, so far as granted constitutionally, are
always paramount to state authority; but all powers not
Where Ba.   isle. Female. Sex not Total   expressly conceded by that constitution are tacitly reserved
statd.  to the states. The governmental power of the American
e  --   _ ___..... ~  Confederacy is divided into legislative, judicial, and execuUitd Sates.23,053   2,474......   2527  tive. The executive power is lodged in a president and
Ireland.s85,l1  11,808    25  165I548 
Great Britain and Ireland.   109.253  88,937......  98,290   vice-president, elected for four years by electors chosen by
ermany........  841205  6,624  2,600  143,429   popular vote in each s'ate; the electors being equal to the
Prussia,' Ausstria, Gcrmansy, S
sah AtaGmany    o5  5e8,242  2,600  147,537   number of senators and members of the House of RepreAll other countries....   15,434  8,704  2,953   27,294   sentatives for each state at the time of said election. For
example, Pennsylvania, having at the present time (1855)
13211d




UNI                                                         UNI
25 members in the national House of Representatives, and  assembling of every new Congress, (a Congress continues
each state having 2 senators, is entitled to 27 electoral votes two years, or the period for which the members of the House
for president and vice-president. A majority of the whole  of Representatives are elected,) a new speaker is elected.
number of electoral votes is necessary to a choice, and if no  The Senate is a high court for the trial of impeachments;
erson has a majority, then, from the three highest on the  on the trial of the President of the United States, the chief
list, the House of Representatives, voting by states, (each  justice of the supreme court shall preside, but its decisions
state having but one vote, and a majority of all the states only extend to removals from  office. The territories are
being necessary to an election,) shall proceed to choose a  ruled by a governor appointed by the president, but they
president; but if no candidate receives a majority before  elect their own legislature.
the 4th of March next following, then the vice-president   Judiciary.-The United States judiciary consists at present
shall act as president. If no candidate for vice-president of 1 supreme court, 9 circuit, and 47 district courts. The
has a majority of all the electoral votes, then from the two  supreme court is presided over by a chief and 8 associate
highest numbers on the list the Senate shall proceed to  justices, who hold their appointments during life or good
choose the vice-president; but a majority of the whole  behavior. The supreme court holds one session annually,
number shall be necessary to a choice. The president is  commencing on the first Monday in December. A circuit
commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United  court is held twice a year in each state, by one judge of the
States, and has power of reprieve and pardon for offences  supreme court, and the district judge of the state or district
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. in which the court is held. The district courts are held by
IIe has power (provided two-thirds of the Senate concur) special judges, mostly one for each district, but sometimes one
to make treaties, and to nominate the members of his cabi-  judge may have two or even three districts under his charge.
net, foreign ministers, and other officers of the United  In most cases each state constitutes a district, but New
States, to the Senate for its approval or disapproval. Of York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi,
some inferior officers he has the absolute appointment. The  Louisiana, Arkansas, and California. are divided into two,
president may also remove any officer subject to his appoint- and Alabama, Tennessee, and Iowa into three districts each.
ment, at his pleasure.                                      The United States Courts have jurisdiction in all cases of
The legislative power is exercised by a Congress composed  law and equity arising underthe constitution and laws of
of two branches, a Senate and House of Representatives.  the United States, and treaties made under their authority,
The Senate is composed of two members from each state, in all cases concerning foreign ministers and agents; in all
chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years, so that one- cases of marine jurisdiction; in all controversies in which
third shall retire at the close of every second year. The  the United States shall be a party; in controversies between
IHouse of Representatives is composed of members chosen  states, or between a state and citizen of another state;
every second year by the people of the several states, and  between citizens of different states; between citizens of the
the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requl-  same, claiming lands under grants of different states, and
site for the most numerous branch of the state legislature. between a state and citizens thereof, and foreign states,
A senator must be at least 30 years of age, and must have  citizens, or subjects.  A court of 3 judges to adjudicate
been 9 years a citizen of the United States, and a representa- claims against the United States was established in 1855.
tive be 25 years of age, have been 7 years a citizen of the  In each district of the United States courts there is a proseUnited States, and a resident of the state in which he shall cuting attorney and a marshal.
be chosen. Representatives and electoral votes for president   Salaries.-The President of the United States receives
are apportioned according to the whole number of free per- $25,000 a year, and has the use of the executive mansion
sons (except Indians) and three-fifths of all others. The  at Washington.  The vice-president receives $8000; the
population necessary to form a constituency for a member  judges of the supreme court $6000, except the chief justice,
of the House of Representatives, is determined by act of  who receives $6500; members of Congress $8 a day; the
Congress, and is usually increased after the taking of each  secretaries of state, treasury, war, navy, interior, the postcensus, being a little over 30,000 between 1790 and 1800; master-general and attorney-general, each $8000 per anbut had risen to 70,680 between 1840 and 1850, and is about num. The various grades of foreign envoys and ministers
90,000 under the 7th or last census. Those states, however, plenipotentiary receive from $6000 to $17,500 per annum.
that have fractions of population of more than half the  Of these the envoy to Great Britain receives $17,500; the
requisite number, send an additional member; but each  ministers to France and China $15,000 each; those to Spain,
state, whatever its population, must have at least 1 member. Russia, Austria, Prussia, Brazil, and Mexico $12,000 each;
The number of representatives in the 34th Congress is 234, the envoy to Peru $10,000; and to Turkey and Chili each
and of senators, 62; besides delegates from each territory  $9000. Ministers of the second grade receive $7500 per
to the House of Representatives, who speak, but do not annum; and secretaries of legation from  $1500 to $2500.
vote. The Senate represents the states in their sovereign  The commissioner to the Sandwich Islands receives $6000
capacity, and the House of Representatives (as its name  per annum.
implies) the people.                                          Revenue, Finances, &c.-The revenue of the United States
Congress has power to lay and collect taxes and imposts, has been mostly derived from imposts on foreign merchanto borrow money, to pay debts, to regulate commerce with  dise, and from  the sale of public lands, but direct taxes
foreign nations, and among the several states, and with  have occasionally been levied. The revenue has increased
the Indians, to coin money and regulate its value, to fix  (with occasional depressions) with considerable regularity,
a standard of weights and measures, to punish counter- from $3,652,014 in 1792, to $73,549,705 in 1855. Of the refelting, to establish post-offices and post-roads, to grant venue for the last year, $64,224,190 were derived from the
patents for inventions and copyrights for books, &c., to  customs, and $8,470,798 from the sale of public lands. The
punish piracies, &c., on the high seas, and offences against expenditures during the same period varied from $1,877,904
the laws of nations, to declare war, and to provide and main- to $75,354,630, of which last $4,649,384 was for the civil
tain an army and navy, to provide for calling forth the  list; $7,726,677 for foreign intercourse; $2,609,054 for the
militia to execute the laws of the Union, and to suppress  interior department; $11,733,629 for the war department;
invasions and rebellions, to exercise exclusive jurisdiction  $10,768,192 for the navy department; $24,336,380 for the
over the District of Columbia, and over all places where  redemption of public debt; and miscellaneous $13,531,310.
forts, arsenals, magazines, dock-yards, &c., have been legally  The smallest revenue was in 1792, and the largest in 1855;
established. All bills for raising  revenue and for taxation  the greatest expenditures (exclusive of the payment of the
must originate in the House of Representatives. A bill public debt) were in 1847 and, 1849, during, and at the close
must have received a majority of the votes necessary to form  of the Mexican war; and the least in 1793. The smallest
a quorum  in each house, and have received the signature  expenditure for the civil list, foreign intercourse, and miscelof the president before it can become a law; but if the  laneous was $472,450, in 1793, and the greatest. $28,516,427,
president objects to a bill, or part of its provisions, he must in 1854; the least expenditure for the military establishsend his objections in writing, to the house in which it ori- ment was $944,958, in 1803; the greatest, (in the Mexican
ginated, when that house proceeds to vote on it, and if two- war,) $41,281,606, in 1847; the least expenditure for the
thirds of both houses sustain the bill, it is a law, without navy was $53, in 1792, and the greatest, $10,891,639, in
the approbation of the president; or if the president does 1853. The public debt has varied from $75,463,476, in 1791,
not return it in ten days, exclusive of Sabbaths, it is a law  lo $41,878,831, January 1, 1855. The smallest debt was
in like manner, provided Congress remain in session so long  $37,513, in 1836; the greatest, $127,334,934, in 1816. Total
after the bill has been sent to the president. A census of individual debt of the states, (independent of the United
the people, products, &c., of the several states is taken by  States debt,) $221,804,503, of which $30,133,112 was continorder of Congress every tenth year; the seventh having  gent debt.
been taken in 1850. The vice-president is ex-officio president   The assessed value of the real and personal property
of the Senate, and, in case of the death or disability of the  of the United States, in 1850, was $5,983,149,407; true or
president, becomes president of the United States. In case estimated value, $7,068,157,779; estimated value in 1852,
of the death or disability of both, the speaker (pro tempore) $7,846,706,697.  The coinage of the United States Mint,
of the Senate, who is usually elected towards the close of  since its establishment in 1792 up to October 1, 1854,
each session, with reference to such a contingency, shall be  was: gold, $350,092,954.46; silver, $100,290,026.90; aggrethe president. In the event of the death, refusal to serve, gate, $450,382,981.36. Of the gold, $247,076,977.88 was door any other disability, of all the three named above, the  mestic product; $238,061,861.88 from California; $1,420.131
speaker of the House of Representatives shall be president. from Virginia; $4,366,611 from  North Carolina; $540.744
The last officer presides in the popular branch, and on the  from  South  Carolina; $2,412,628 from  Georgia; $38,287
1999




UNI                                                          UNI
from  Tennessee; $131,671 from  Alabama; 544,299 from   with 5790 men; Washington is repulsed by Howe, at GerNew Mexico; and $13,535 from Oregon. Total amount of  mantown, and soon after retires to winter-quarters, at Valooin and bullion imported between September 30, 1821, ley Forge, where the army suffer greatly from cold, hunger
and the same date in 1854, $285,438,702, and exported  want of clothing, and suitable barracks, and from  conse$334,355,370. According to the returns made to the Secre- quent disease. The successful defence, by the Americans,
tary of the Treasury, at different dates between April of Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, 6'miles below Philadelphia,
and December, 1854, there were in the United States 1163  and the opening of the navigation by the British, at Philabanks and 143 branches, with an aggregate capital of  delphia, closed the campaign of 1777. February 6, 1778.
$332,177,283; circulation, $186,952,223; coin, $53,944,546; France formed a treaty of alliance with the United States
and specie funds, $21,935,738.  The amount of gold and  the British army evacuates Philadelphia June 18, and is
silver in the United States (according to estimates accom- defeated at MIonmouth the 28th of the same month; Sullipanying the Secretary of the Treasury's Report for 1854) van besieges Newport August 15, but raises the siege on the
varied from $22,500,000, in 1816, to $241,000,000 in 1854. 28th, and has a skirmish with Pigot, whom he routs on the
According to estimates made by direction of the Secretary  following day; the massacre of Wyoming takes place in
of the Treasury, June 30, 1853, United States, state, rail- July; Savannah is taken by the British December 29; in
road, canal, bank, and other stocks were held by foreigners,  the same month Washington goes into winter-quarters at
amounting to $184,184,714, or, according to another esti- Middlebi-ook, and terminates the campaign of 1778; about
mate also furnished to the secretary, in June, 1853, to  one-fourth of Lincoln's army in the South destroyed by the
$222,225,315.                                               British, in March, 1779; in May, Charleston is invested by
Hflistory. —The earliest settled portion of the present terri- the British, who retire on the approach of Lincoln; skirtory of the United States was Florida, about the year 1565;. mish at Stono Ferry, June 20; Stony Point taken by the
but as this state was not acquired till 1819, and was, more- British, June 1, and retaken by Wayne, July 15; in the
over, not an English settlement, it is usual to date the com- same month Tryon invades Connecticut, burns the shipping
mencement of the settlement of the colonies which formed  at New Hiaven, and the villages of Fairfield and Norwalk;
the nucleus of the present confederation, from the settle- August 29, Sullivan defeats the tories and savages in New
ment of Jamestown, in Virginia, in 1607. The order of the  York; September 24, the French fleet and the American
settlement of the other original states (i. e. states of the Re- army invest Savannah, but are repulsed, October 9. Paul
volution) was, New York, by the Dutch, at Fort Orange, Jones gains, in the autumn of this year, a splendid naval
(now Albany,) in 1614; Massachusetts, at Plymouth, in  victory in the British seas. The army goes into winter-quar1620; New Hampshire and Maine, in 1623; New Jersey, ters at West Point and Morristown, and thus clo, s the
about 1624; Delaware, about, 1627; Connecticut, in 1633; campaign of 1779. Charleston besieged by Sir H. Clinton,
Maryland, in 1634-5; Rhode Island, in 1636; North Care- in April, 1780, surrenders May 12, and Clinton becomes
lina,'(permanently,) between 1640-50; South Carolina, about master of the greater part of the South; August 6, Sumter
1670; Pennsylvania, 1682, and Georgia, in 1733. These were  defeats the British at Hanging Rock; but the Americans
all English settlements, (though with admixtures from Ger- are defeated at Camden, August 16, and at Fishing Creek
many, Ireland, and Scotland,) except NewJersey and Dela- on the 18th; Arnold attempts to betray West Point Septemware; the former by Dutch, Swedes, and English, and the  ber 21, but is discovered, and flies; the British defeated at
latter by Swedes.                                           King's Mountain in South Carolina October 7, and CornFor an account of the wars with the Indians, and of sepa- wallis retreats. The campaign of 1781 is opened by the derate colonial matters, see histories of each state. The first feat of the British at Cowpens, January 17, and is followed
contest in which the colonies unitedly and generally took  by the rout of the Americans at Guilford Court-house in
part was the Old French and Indian War, as it was called. March, and at Hobkirk's Hill in April; Forts Marion and
which commenced so disastrously with the defeat of Generai  Lee surrender in May to the Americans, and Augusta in
Braddock, in 1755, near the present city of Pittsburg, and in  June; General Greene routs the British at Eutaw Springs;
which Washington, by his prudence and bravery, saved the  an indecisive engagement takes place between the British
army from utter destruction. But the contest raged most and French fleets off Cape Henry, in March; Forts Trumbull
severely in New York (which see) and in Canada. This war and Griswold taken, (the garrison of the latter slaughtered,)
was concluded by the Peace of Paris, in 1763; the interval and New London burned by Arnold in September; and
between which and the skirmish at Lexington, April 19, finally the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, October
1715, (the actual commencement of the Revolution,) was  19th, 1781, puts an end to the active operations of the war,
little else than a contest with the mother country concern-  and leads to an acknowledgment by Great Britain of the
ing disputed rights, in which the colonies contended for independence of the United States, in 1783. A political
representation in Parliament as the only terms on which  event of more importance perhaps never took place on our
they would consent to taxation by that body; while the  globe, or one more truly revolutionary in its effects upon
imperial government maintained the absolute right to im- systems of government throughout the world, or more pregpose taxes without consulting the colonies. A series of  nant with promises of future benefit to the human race.
events followed the skirmish mentioned above, in many of    The government that carried the nation through the trywhich the colonial chief was frequently broughlt almost to  ing scenes of the Revolution was a simple confederation of
the verge of despair. The battle of Lexington taught the  states, represented by members elected by the legislature of
British it was no mere sedition they had attempted to put each of the 13 separate sovereignties. This, but for the
down, but that they had to contend with men animated by  patriotism  and virtue of the people, would have been
a firm purpose, whom one defeat, or a series of defeats, was  wholly inefficient, and depended for its effectiveness on the
not likely to divert from a course not undertaken without a  willing obedience of the great mass of the population. This
full estimate of its difficulties. The taking of Ticonderoga  government endured from 1777 to 1787, when a convention
and Crown Point, by the Americans, in May; the battle of  of delegates, representing all the states, framed the present
Bunker Hill, near Boston, in June, in which the Americans  Constitution, which went into operation March 4, 1789, by
retreated for want of ammunition; the investment of Boston  the inauguration of Washington as President. An experiby Washington, and the unsuccessful expeditions of Arnold  ence of more than 60 years, under this Constitution, has
and Schuyler to Quebec, in the autumn, the former by way  more than realized the favorable predictions of its most
of the Kennebec River, and the latter by way of Lake Chami- zealous supporters. It has proved itself the best adapted to
plain-were the principal events of the opening campaign of  the ruling of an extensive region of any government ever
1775. That of 1776 commenced with the evacuation of Boston  framed, inasmuch as its action is confined to matters of
by the British troops in March, and was followed by their  general interest, while each region governs itself in local
repulse from Sullivan's Island, before Charleston, in June; affairs. Indeed, its wide extent has in some instances
by the Declaration of Independence, at Philadelphia, July  proved an especial safeguard, and prevented wars and rebel4; by the disastrous battle of Flatbush, on Long Island, in  lion from  sectional excitement. While different localities
August; by the skirmish at Whiteplains, north of New  have been several times agitated to the point of rebellion
York, in September; by the loss of Forts Washinfgton und  or warfare, the rest of the nation, remote from the disturbed
Lee, and of 2000 prisoners; by Washington's retreat across region, have remained calm and determined in the support
New Jersey, and by the successful passage of the Delaware, of the central authority.
and the surprise and capture of 900 Hessians, at Trenton,   The disturbed state of Europe, consequent upon the
on the morning of December 26. The latter event revived  breaking out of the French Revolution, acted favorably for
the drooping spirits of the Americans, and, following up  the development of the resources of the United St:etes, extheir success, Washington, in the early part of January, hausted by a long war, as it not only created a market for
opened the campaign in 177, by driving the British from  her agricultural products, but gave her a large portion of
Princeton, New Jersey; after which he took up his winter- the carrying trade of the world. The principal events folquarters at Morristown, in the same state. In April, Gov- lowing the establishment of the government of 1789, were
ernor Tryon took and burnt Danbury, in Connecticut; Bur- the treaty with the Creek Indians, in 1790; tihe admission
goyne invaded New York, from  Canada, and took Fort of Vermont into the Confederacy in 1791; and of Kentucky
Ticonderoga in July; Colonel Baum is defeated by General in 1792; the insurrection in Pennsylvania to resist the duty
Stark, near Bennington. in August; the Americans are de- on distilled spirits, and the defeat of the North-West In.
feated by Cornwallis, at Brandywine, September 11, and the  dians by General Wayne, in 1794; Tennessee admitted in
British take possession of Philadelphia; Gates defeats Bur- 1796; the death of Washington in 1799; the seat of governgoyne at the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga, September ment removed to the District of Columbia in 1800; Ohic
19 and October 7, and on the 16th, Burgoyne surrenders  admitted in 1802; Louisiana purchased in 1803; Tripoli boher
2000




UNI                                                       UPI
barded by Commodore Preble, and Hamilton shot by Burr, in    UNNA, Mnlnun&, a river of Turkish Croatia, after a tortuous
1804; Burr tried for conspiracy in 1807; Harrison defeats the  N. course of 110 miles, joins the Save 65 miles S.E. of Agraem.
Indians in Indiana in 1811; war declared against Great Bri- Its chief affluents are the Unnatz and Senan, on the former
tain in 1812, on account of violations of neutrality, and the  of which is the village of Unnatz.
search of our ships for British subjects; capitol at Washing-   UNRUHSTADT, 60fifroo-statt\, (Polish Karge,) a town of
ton burned by the British, 1814; peace concluded, February, Prussian Poland, 50 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1879.
1815; and war with Algiers the same year; Indiana admit-   UNSCIIA, a town and river of Russia. See OoNZ1eA.
ted in 1816; Seminole war in 1817; Illinois admitted in    UNST, tnst, the most N. of the Shetland Islands, Scct1818; Alabama admitted, and Florida ceded by Spain in  land, separated from Yell on the S.W. by Blumol Sound, 1
1819; Maine admitted in 1820, and Missouri in 1821; Gene- mile across. Length 11 miles, average breadth 3l  miles.
ral Lafayette visits America, and is received with great Area 36 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 2977. Its shores in the
marks of respect, in 1824; cholera breaks out, and Black  W. and N. are steep, but elsewhere are several low sandy
Hawk's war occurs, in 1832; Arkansas admitted, Wisconsin  bays. The population are chiefly employed in fishing and
becomes a territory, and great fire in New York, in 1835; agriculture. Unst has a village on Uyea Sound, at its S.
Texas achieves her independence of Mexico in 1836; Michi- side; it contains some country mansions, and is skirted all
gan admitted in 1837; Texas admitted, and war breaks out round by Scandinavian towers.
in consequence with Mexico, and Iowa admitted, in 1846;   UN/STONE, a township of England, co. of Derby.
peace with Mexico, acquisition of Upper California and New    UNSTRUT, 6ni/str66t, a river of Prussian Saxony, after
Mexico; and admission of Wisconsin, in 1848; admission of  an E. course of 110 miles, joins the Saxon Saale near NaumCalifornia, and creation of the territories of New Mexico  burg. Its principal affluents are the Wipper and Helme.
and Utah, in 1850; the reclamation by the United States   Uf.NTER, (a German word signifying "Lower," prefixed
of Martin Kosta-formerly an Austrian subject-from that to numerous names in Central Europe.) For those not
power, which had seized him at Smyrna; the repeal of the  undermentioned, see additional name.
Missouri compromise line, (which had restricted slavery    UNTER-BEUREN, 66nlter boi/ren, a village of Baden,
below 360 30' N. lat.;) and the destruction of San Juan de  circle of Middle Rhine, near Baden. Pop. 1148.
Nicaragua or Greytown by a United States naval force-    UNTER-GROMBACH, b6nlter gromlbAK, a village of Baden,
all in 1854.  Such is a brief chronicle of the principal circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Bruchsal. Pop. 1600.
events of a nation's history, now one of the first powers    UNTERJESSINGEN, 66n/ter-y~slsing-en, avillage of Wiiron the globe; whose friendship is sought, and enmity  temberg, circle of Schwarzwald, near the Ammer. Pop.
avoided, by the most potent rulers of Europe. The four- 1328.
teenth president now peaceably directs the national affairs    UNTERKOCHEN, 66nfter-ko'xcn, a village of Wiirtemof a confederacy of thirty-one states, reaching from  the  berg, circle of Jaxt, on the Kocher, with gunpowder, paper,
middle of the temperate to the torrid zone. and from the  and other mills, and extensive iron-works.
Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Our government has been    UNTERMIEMINGEN, 66nfter-meefming-en, a village of
tried under all circumstances, (but that of famine,) rebel- Austria, Tyrol, circle of Imst. Pop. 1607.
lion, pestilence, war, strong party dissensions, and jarring    UNTERMUNSTERTHI AL, (Untermiinsterthal,)  5nutersectional interests, and has come out stronger than ever miin/ster-tdl', a village and parish of Baden, circle of Lower
through them  all.  Presidents have died, and the legal Rhine, in a valley of the same name. Pop. 1920.
substitutes have succeeded to their power, without the    UNTERSACHSENSBERG, 66nltfr-sek/sen-bloR,      G a village
slightest breath of commotion. Disappointed aspirants have  of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, bailiwick of Voitsberg. P. 1078.
sometimes endeavored to create dissension, but have only    UNTER-SEE, iin/ter-sA', the W. and detached portion of
sunk themselves into contempt and neglect. The forests  the Lake of Constance, between Baden and Switzerland.
fall beneath the settler's axe, the bowels of the earth are  Length 10 miles.
searched for mineral wealth, railways are laid down, canals    UNTERSEEN, 60n/tfer-sA/n, a small town of Switzerland,
opened, rivers deepened, commerce extended, schools and  canton and 26 miles S.E. of Bern, in the Interlacken Valley,
colleges founded, books disseminated, cities built, popula- between the lakes Thun and Brienz. Pop. 1000.
tions, invited by our free institutions, swarm from other   UNTERTURKIIEIM, 00n/ter-ttiek/lhIme, a village of Wtirlands in sufficient numbers to form a state for each cycle  temberg, circle of Neckar, SE. of Cannstadt, with which it
of the earth, and thus expand and extend the area of  is connected by railway, on the Neckar. Pop. 2040.
freedom, truth, and light; and, with the blessing of Him     UN/TERWAL'DEN, (Ger. pron. W6n'ter-tl~l/den,) UPPER
without whom no increase is given, seem destined to revo- aND  LOWER, two contiguous cantons of Switzerland, in its
lutionize the world.                                       centre, having N. the Lake of Lucerne. United area 263
UNITIA, a post-office of Blount co., Tennessee.          square miles. Pop. of Unterwalden Upper in 1850,13,798;
UNITY, yoo/ne-te, a post-township in Waldo co., Maine, 33  of Unterwalden Lower, 11,337. It consists of 4 valleys, in
miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1557.                          which pasturage and dairy husbandry are the chief employUNITY, a post-township in Sullivan co., New Hampshire, ments. Corn is imported from Lucerne; cheese, timber, and
40 miles W. by N. of Concord. Pop. 961.                    fuel are the principal exports. It formed, with Uri and
UNITY, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.      Schwytz, early in the 13th century, the nucleus of the Swiss
UNITY, a township of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. Confederation, in which it holds the 6th place. After SarPop. 2527.                                                 nen, the principal villages are Engelberg and Stanz.
UNITY, a small post-village of Montgomery co., Maryland,   UNTERWIESENTHAL,  60n/t r-Wee/zg n-t~la town of
_;oeryco. Maylad, UNTERWTIESENTHAL, 55n ter-fvee/z~en-tal   ono
30 miles W. by S. of Baltimore.                            Saxony, circle of Zwickau, near Wiesenthal. Pop.'1778.
UNITY, a post-village and township of Columbiana co.,   UNVERRE, fisN'vainr, a village of France, department of
Ohio, 35 miles N. of Steubenville. The township is inter- Eure-et-Loir, 12 miles N.W. of Chteaudun. P. in 1852, 2442.
sected by the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 2095.    UNYEIH, UNIEH or EUNIE1, yoo/ne-eh or yoo-neefeh, a
UNITY, a post-village of Alexander co., Illinois, on Cash  maritime village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Seevas, on
River, 225 miles S. of Springfield.                       the Black Sea, 50 miles E.S.E. of Samsoon.  Near it are
UNIVERSITY AT LEWISBURG. See LwaissBUG, Penn-  some Greek remains, and the only iron-mines in Asia Minor.
sylvania.                                                    UPA, a town of Russia. See OOPA.
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA. See TuscALoosA, Alabama.   UP\ADRANG/, a town of Nepaul, North IHindostan, 35
UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA. See NEW ORLEANS.                miles S.W. of Khatmandoo.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. See ANN ARnoR, Michigan.   UP/ARAH, an important fishing village of Iindostan, on
UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI. See OXFORD, Mississippi. the Bay of Bengal, 16 miles N.E. of Vizagapatam.
UNIVERSITY OF NASHVILLE.  See NASHVILLE, Ten-   UNPATOI! CREEK, of Georgia, flows south-westward
nessee.                                                    and enters Chattahoochee River 9 miles S. of Columbus.
UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK. See NEw YonRK CITY.                UPATOI or UPATOIE, a post-village of Muscogee co.,
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. See CHAEL HIILL. Georgia, on the Muscogee Railroad, about 20 miles, E.N.E.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. See PHILADELHIEA. Of Columbus.
UNIVERSITY OF ST. LOUIS. See ST. LOUIS, Missouri.        UPA/VON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. See BURLINGTON, Vermont.   UP/CHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 5l miles
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, a post-6ffice of Albemarle  E. of Chatham. The church spire serves as a landmark.
co., Virginia. See CHARLOTTESVILLE.                          UPIDEGRAFF'S, (commonly pronounced fip/tfh-grAffs,) a
UNKEL, 66nk/el, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 24 miles post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio.
N.N.W. of Coblentz, on the' right bank of the Rthine.. P. 627.   UPERNAVIK, oo/pgr-n9'vik, the most northern Danish
UNKIAR-SKELESSI, (i.e. "landing:place of the Empe- settlement in Greenland, lat. 720 40 N., Ion. 560 W.
ror,") a village of Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 8 miles N.N.E.   UPHA, a town and river of Russia. See OOFA.
of Constantinople, with a large paper. factory, but chiefly    UP/HALL, a parish of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow.
known for the treaty signed here June 26, 1833, between    UPIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 2' miles
Russia and Turkey.                                         N.N.W. of Bishop's Waltham. It is the birth-place of Young,
UNLINGEN, 66ng/ling-en, a town of WFiirtemberg, circle  author of " Night Thoughts."
of Danube, bailiwick of Riedlingen. Pop. 1008.               UPIIAU/PEE, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.
UNNA, 66n/nA, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 19 miles    UP/HILL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
NW. of Arnsberg. Pop. 5300. It has manufactures of cot-   UP-IJOLILAND, a chapelry of England, co. of Lancaster,
tons, and extensive salt-works. It was formerly one of the  on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 4 miles W.S.W.
Hanse Towns.                                               of Whigan.
6A                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2001




UPL                                                      UPS
UP/LAND, a thriving village of Chester co., Pennsylvania,   UPPERMARK, 66pfper-mark', a village of Rhenish PrusB8 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia.                        sia, government of Dusseldorf, on the Dinkel. Pop. 1100.
UPLAND, a post-office of Mason co., Virginia.             UP/PER  MARLIBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of
UPLAND, a thriving post-village of Delaware co., Penn- Prince George co., Maryland, 17 miles E.S.E. of Washingtoe,
sylvania, on Chester Creek, about 92 miles E.S.E. of Harris- A newspaper is published here.
burg. It has several mills or factories moved by water-   UP/PER MIDIDLETOWN, a villag e, Middlesex co., Connecpower. Pop. 500.                                         ticut, on Connecticut River, immediately N. of Middletown.
UPLEA/DON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.        UPPER MIDDLETOWN, a post-village, Fayette co., Penn
UPLEATHIAM, a parish of England, co. of York, North  sylvania, on Redstone Creek, 40 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg.
Riding.                                                     UP/PER MILIFORD, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsyl
UPLOW/MAN, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          vania. Pop. 3259.
UP/LYME, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               UP/PER MOUNT BETH/EL, a township of Northampton
UPIMINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2855.
UPOLU, oo'po-looI, or O'AHTOOAK/, one of the Samoan    UP/PER NAZIARETIH, a township of Northampton co.,
Islands, Pacific Ocean, lat. 140 2' S., ion. 1710 21' W. Esti- Pennsylvania. Pop. 708.
mated area 60 square miles, and pop. 25,000.(?) It is a mis-   UP/PER OIKAW, a township in Coles co., Illinois. P. 657.
sionary station, and four-fifths of the population are Chris-   UP/PER OX/FORD, a township of Chester co., Pennsylva
tians. It affords a plentiful supply of fruits and vegetables, nia. Pop. 1021.
and is visited annually by English and American whalers.    UP/PER PAX/TON, a township of Dauphin co., PennsylUP-OTITERY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          vania. Pop. 1690.
UP/PER. For names of places not mentioned below, see   UPPER PENN'S NECK, New Jersey. See PENN'S NECK.
the additional names.                                       UP/PER PROVIIDENCE, a township of Delaware co.,
UPPER, a township of Cape May co., New Jersey. Pop. Pennsylvania. Pop. 778.
1341.                                                       UPPER PROVIDENCE, a township of Montgomery co.,
UPPER, a township of Crawford co., Arkansas. Pop. 524. Pennsylvania, intersected by the Philadelphia and Reading
UPPER, a township of Lawrence co. Ohio. Pop. 2494.    Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 2457.
UP/PER AL/LEN, a township of Cumberland co., Penn-   UPPER RED HOOK, a post-village of Dutchess co., New
sylvania. Pop. 1220.                                     York, about 15 miles S. of Catskill.
UP/PER AL/LOWAY'S CREEK, a post-township of Salem    UPPER ST. CLAIR, a post-township of Alleghany co,,
co., New Jersey, 72 miles S. by W. of Trenton. Pop. 2530.  Pennsylvania, about 9 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg. P. 1626.
UPPER ALPS. See HAUrss-ALpEs.                            UP/PER SAL/FORD, a township of Montgomery co., PennUP/PER AL'TON, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois, sylvania. Pop. 1440.
2k miles E. of Alton. It is the seat of Shurtleff College.  UP/PER SANDUS/KY, a flourishing post-village, capital of
UP/PER AQUEBOGUE, (ak/we-bog,) a post-village of Suf- Wyandot county, Ohio, on the left bank of Sandusky River,
folk co., New York, 75 miles E. by N. of New York City.    and on the Ohio and Indiana Railroad, 63 miles N. by W. of
UP/PER AUGUS/TA, a township of Northumberland co., Columbus. It was formerly the chief town of the Wyandot
Pennsylvania. Pop., including Sunbury the co. seat, 2080.  Indians, who ceded their land to the United States in 1843.
UPPER BERN, a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania, Three miles N. is the battle-ground, where Colonel Crawford
on the Philadelphia and Pottsville Railroad. Pop. 1747.   was defeated by the Indians in 1783. The village is beautiUPPER BLACK EDDY, a post-office of Bucks co., Penn- fully situated, and is rapidly improving. Pop. in 1850, 780.
sylvania.                                                   UP/PER SAU/CON, a township of Lehigh co., PennsylvaUPPER or NEW  CALIFORINIA, (Sp. Alta Caifornia,  nia. Pop. 2372.
l/ta kA-le-fob/ne-A, or Nueva (nwAvA) California,) the name    UP/PER STILL/WATER, a post-village in Penobscot co.,
formerly applied to the Spanish province or territory lying  Maine, on the Penobscot River, and on the Bangor and
immediately N. of Lower or Old California. From it has Piscataquis Railroad, 9 miles N. of Bangor.
been formed the whole of the present state of California.   UP/PER STRAS/BURG, a post-village in Franklin co.,
and portions of the territories of Utah and New Mexico.    Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N.N.W. of Chambersburg.
UP/PER CHICH/ESTER, a township of Delaware co.,   UP/PER SWATARA, (swb-tah/ra,) a township of Dauphin
Pennsylvania. Pop. 531.                                  co., Pennsylvania, intersected by the Pennsylvania Canal,
UPIPERCO, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.    and by the Lancaster and Harrisburg Railroad. Pop. 1239.
UPPER CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Harford co., Ma-   UPPER THREE CREEK, of Barnwell district, South Caryland.                                                  rolina, flows S.W. into the Savannah River.
UP/PER DAR/BY, a post-township of Delaware co., Penn-   UP/PER TOWAMEN/SING, a township of Carbon co.,
sylvania, about 9 miles WV. of Philadelphia. Pop. 2044.  Pennsylvania. Pop. 1628.
UP'PER DICK/INSON, a township of Cumberland co.,   UPPER TRACT, a post-office of Pendleton co., Virginia.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 2219.                                   UPPER TRAPPE, a post-office of Somerset co., Maryland.
UP/PER DUB/LIN, a post-township of Montgomery co.,   UP/PER TULPEHOCKIEN, a township of Berks co., PennPennsylvania, 15 miles N. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1330.    sylvania. Pop. 1983.
UP/PER EMBAR/RAS, a post-office of Coles co., Illinois.   UP/PER TURIKEYFOOT, a township of Somerset co.,
UPPER FALLS, a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont.    Pennsylvania. Pop. 952.
UPPER FALLS, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.    UP/PER TY/GART, a post-office of Carter co., Kentucky.
UPPER FALLS OF COAL, a post-office of Kanawha co.,   UPIPERVILLE, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia,'irginia.                                                situated at the foot of the Blue Ridge, 135 miles N. by W. of
UPPER FOURCHE, (foorsh,) a township of Yell co., Ar- Richmond. It is surrounded by a fine farming district, and
kansas. Pop. 530.                                        contains 3 churches, and about 700 inhabitants.
TUIP/PER FREE/HOLD, a township of MIonmouth co., New    UP/PER YAR/MOUTH, a village in Cumberland co., Maine,
Jersey. Pop. 2566.                                       35 miles S.WV. by S. of Augusta.
UP/PER GILIM/ NTON, a post-office of Belknap co., New    UP/PINGHAM, a market-town and parish of England, co.
Hampshire.                                               of Rutland, 12 miles W.S.WV. of Stamford. P. in 1851, 2068.
UPPER GLOUCESTER, (gloslter,) a post-office of Cumber-   UWP/PINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
land co., Maryland.                                         UPSAL, tplspal, or UPSALA, Uip-sIW, a len or province of
UP'PER HAM/BURG, a thriving post-village of Hardin  Sweden, having N.E. the Gulf of Bothnia, and S. the Lake
co., Tennessee, on the left bank of the Tennessee River, 130 of M.lar.  Area 2067 square miles. Pop. 89,323. It exmiles S.W. of Nashville. It has several warehouses.       tends from Lake Meelar in the S., to the Gulf of Bothnia, and
UP/PER HAN/OVER, a township of Montgomery co., its centre is traversed by the river Sala. It contains the
Pennsylvania. Pop. 1741.                                 iron-mines of Dannemora, and several important smeltingUP/PER HUNT/ING CREEK, a post-village of Caroline works. Principal towns, Upsal and Enkjiping,
co., Maryland, 57 miles E. of Annapolis.                    UPSAL, a city of Sweden, capital of a len, on the Sala,
UP/PER IIOWA, a small river which rises in the S.E. part 45 miles N.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 5000. It is one of the
of Minnesota, and passing into Iowa, flows first S.E., then  finest old-fashioned cities in Europe. Principal edifices,
N.E., and enters the Mississippi in Allomakee county.    governor's palace, new buildings of the university, and a
UPPER JAY, a post-office of Essex co., New York.        venerable cathedral, in which the Swedish kings used to be
UPPER KEECHI CREEK, Texas. See KEEc sI.                 crowned, and in which are many of their tombs, including
UPIPEIR LEA/COCK, a township of Lancaster co., Penn- those of Gustavus Vasa and of Linnaeus. The university,
sylvania. Pop. 1886.                                     founded in 1478, has a library of 100,000 volumes, and nuUPPER LISLE, a post-office of Broome co., New York.    merous ancient manuscripts, a botanic garden, observatory,
UPPER LOIRE. See HAvME-LoinE.                          and good museums; in 1843, it was attended by 1367 stuUPIPER MACUN/GIE, a township of Lehigh co., Penn- dents. Upsal has also an ecclesiastical school, cosmographic,
sylvania, about 10 miles W. by S. of Allentown. Pop. 2035. and otherlearned societies, manufactures of silk and tobacco,
UP/PER MATIANTAN/GO, a post-township forming the  and a small trade by the river, on which it has steam comW. extremity of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1654.   munication with Stockholm. It is the see of the archbishop.
UP/PER MAHIO/NOY, a township of Northumberland co., primate of Sweden.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 1268.                                   UPSALA, GAMLA, or OLD UPSALA, a town of Sweden,
UP/PER MAKHFIELD, a township of Bucks co., Penn- about 3 miles N. of the present Upsal. It is, next to Sigsylvania. intersected by the Delaware Canal. Pop. 1701.    tuna, the most ancient residence of the Swedish kings, but
2002




UPS                                                         URB
lh now reduced to a small village.  The church has been  ral of its branches, which were navigable a few years ago,
built out of the ruins of old heathen temples, and its tower are now dry and overgrown with reeds.
is understood to have formed part of the temple of Odin.   URAL or OURAL MOUNTAINS, a great mountain system
Among the tumuli in the vicinity are the graves of Odin, of the Russian Empire, forming a vast undulating region,
Freya, and Thor.                                            consisting of various round-backed, plateau-shaped masses
UPSHIRE, tiplshir, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex, of land, mostly of small elevation. Its central ridge is geneparish of Walthaml, 12 miles N.E. of London. Pop. 800.    rally considered as separating Europe from Asia, about ion.
UPSIHUR, a new county in the N.W. central part of Vir-  600 E.; it divides the governments of Vologda and Archanginia, on the VW. fork of the Monongahela River.            gel from Tobolsk, covering with its ramifications portions of
~UPSIIUR, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, contains the governments of Perm and Orenboorg, and separating
about 950 square miles. The Sabine River bounds it on the  the basins of the Volga and Obi in the middle and S. The
S.. and the Big Cyprus Bayou on the N. The soil is gene- Urals extend, in a limited sense, from the Arctic Ocean in
rally rich. Formed in 1846, from part of Harrison county. the N. to Orenboorg in the S., through 180 of latitude, but
An active immigration is directed to this section of Texas. considered as traversing the islands of Nova Zembla, and
Named in honor of Abel P. Upshur, secretary of state  terminating in the high grounds between the Aral and Casunder President Tyler.  Capital, Gilmer.  Pop. 3394; of  plan Seas, they cover an extent of 30 degrees of latitude.
whom 2712 were free, and 682 slaves.                        The Obdorsk Mountains leave the middle chain in latitude
UPSHUR, a thriving post-village of Preble co., Ohio, on  620, and trend N.N.W. 500 miles to the promontory of Kamen
the Western Turnpike, about 50 miles N. by VW. of Cincinnati.  Nos. The chief part of this chain is called the iniman MownUP/SON, a county in the W. central part of Georgia, con- tains, (first known in Europe only in 1843.) The highest
tains 384 square miles. The Flint River bounds it dn the  points are Konjakofski-Kamen, lat. 590 45' N., ion. 590 20' E.,
S.W., and it is drained by Potato Creek. The surface is di- 5397 feet; Obdorsk Mountain, lat. 670 N., 5286 feet; Taganal,
versified by hills, some of which rise about 800 feet above  lat. 550 20' N., 3592 feet; Iremel, lat. 540 30' N., 5075 feet.
the level of Flint River. The soil is mostly fertile, especially  In lat. 650 N., a contrefort stretches N.N.E. and joins the
near the river. The county is liberally supplied with water-  Obdorsk Mountains and the promontory which separates
power. Organized in 1824, and named in honor of Stephen  the gulfs of Obi and Kara. Highest point 5286 feet.
Upson, an eminent lawyer of Georgia. Capital, Thomaston.    The W. flank of the Ural chain is approached across a low
Pop. 9424; of whom 4720 were free, and 4704 slaves.         undulating region, occupied by that immense development
UP/SONVILLE, a post-village in Susquehannu  co., Penn- of the youngest rocks of the paleoozoic era to which Murchisylvania, 180 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg.                   son has given the name of the Permian system. Rising from.UP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.               beneath the Permian system, and hence geologically beneath,
UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.               though here locally above it, occur in descending series, carUPTON, a parish of England,.co. of Huntingdon.            boniferous, old red or Devonian, and silurian rocks, all ocUPTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.               casionally full of fossils. The crest of the chain consists
UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.               chiefly of chloritic, quartzose, and metamorphic palnozoic
UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.           rocks, which are immediately succeeded towards the E. by
UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.            rocks of igneous origin. In- these igneous rocks, and the
UPTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.              metamorphic strata in contact with them, occur all the
UPTON, a tything of England, co. of Gloucester.           richest mines of gold, platinum, copper, and magnetic iron,
UP/TON, a post-township of Worcester co., Massachusetts, for which the chain is renowned. On the E. flank the Per33 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. 2023.                       mian deposits are altogether wanting. Their place is occuUPTON, a post-village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 13  pied by low hills of older granite and other eruptive rocks,
miles S.W. of Chambersburg.                                 palvoozoic and metamorphic deposits, covered towards their
UPTON, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.              E. edges by tertiary accumulation, and detritus, in which
UP/TON, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Drummond, mammoth and rhinoceros bones are mixed up with the sand
43 miles N.E. of Montreal.                                  and shingle of the gold-washings.  The vegetable producUPTON BISHOP, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.    tion which may be regarded as the type of the whole chain
UPTON CRESSETT. a parish of England, co. of Salop.    is the _Pinus cembra, accompanied in the North Ural by firs
UPTON GRAY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.            and birch only, but in the S. by numerous trees and plants
UP/TON IHELIONS, a parish of England, co. of Devon.    of warmer latitudes. In the S. also are many broad valleys
UPTON  ST. LEONARD, a parish of England, co. of  of remarkable fertility, with occasional belts of deep black
Gloucester.                                                 loam, covered with splendid natural crops, and rank vegeUPTON LOVEL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.           tation. The Petchora, Kama, Oofa, Ural, and numerous
UP/TON MAG/NA, a parish of England, co. of Salop, on  other rivers rise in the chain, but it is nowhere crossed by
the railway, 4 miles E. of Shrewsbury.                      any stream, and the only good carriage-road across it is that
UPTON NOBLE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.   from Perm to Yekaterinboorg.
UPTON PYNE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.              URALSK VERKHNII, two towns of Russia. See OORALSK.
UPTON SCUDAMORE, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.   URAS, oo/ris, a village of Sardinia, division of Cagliari,
UPTON SNODSBURY, a parish of England, co. Worcester. near the centre of the island. Pop. 1847.
UP/TON-UPON-SEV/ERN, a market-town and parish of    URATEPE, a town of Toorkistan. See OORATEPE.
England, co. and 9 miles S. of Worcester, on a cliff beside    URBANA, fir-bah/na, a village of Monroe co., Iowa, 10
the Severn, here crossed by a six-arched stone bridge. Pop. miles S.E. of Albia, the county seat.
in 1851, 2693. The town has a harbor for river barges, and    URBANE, fir-bain/, a village of Jackson co., Illinois, about
an export trade in Herefordshise cider.                     50 miles S.S.E. of Kaskaskia.
UPTON WARREN, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.    URBANIA, ooR-blne-A, a town of Italy, Pontifical States,
UPTON WATERS, a parish of England, co. of Salop.          7 miles S.W. of Urbino, on the Metauro. Pop. 3716. It was
UP/WAY, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.               founded under the name of Castel-Durante, in the 13th cenUPWVELL, parish of England, cos. Norfolk and Cambridge. tury, near the site of the ancient Usrbinium Metaurense.
UP/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Hunts.               Bramante was born near it in 1444.
UR OF THE CHALDEES.  See OorFA.                             URBAN/NA, township, Steuben co., New York. P. 2079.
URACI, oor~K, a walled town of Wiirtemberg,'on the Ems    URBANNA, a post-village of Frederick co., Maryland, 76
and Elsach, 22 miles S.E. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 2058. It has a  miles N.W. of Annapolis.
castle and a theological seminary; it is a depat for linen    URBANNA, a post-village, capital of Middlesex co., Virgoods, and has also bleaching and dyeing establishments, ginia, on Urbanna Creek, 84 miles E. by N. of Richmond.
gunpowder and paper mills. Near it are the ruined monas-   URBANNA, a beautiful post-village and township, capital
tery of Giiterstein, and the decayed fortress of Hohen-Urach.  of Champaign county, Ohio, on the Mad River and Lake
URAGO-D'OGLIO, oo-rd/go  d6l/yo, a village of Austrian  Erie Railroad, 42 miles W. of Columbus. The new SweItaly, government of Milan, 20 miles W. of Brescia. P. 1560. denborgian College, situated at this place, has about 100
URAK, a river of Turkey. See VID.                         students. Urbanna also contains a union school, I bank,
URAL, yoo/ral, OURAL, oo-'rlP, YAIK or JAIK, ytk, (anc. 2 newspaper offices, 1 foundry, and 1 woollen factory. The
/hysnus?) a large river of Russia, rises in the Ural Mloun- Columbus and Piqua Railroad intersects the above-named
tains, in the N. of the government of Orenboorg, near let. 550  road at this point. The first house was built in 1806. Pop.
N.; flows S. past Verkhnee-Ooralsk to Orsk, then W. through  of, the township in 1850, 3414: of the village, 2020; in 1853,
an opening in the Ural chain to Orenboorg, where it turns  about 3000.
S.W., and then S., retaining the latter direction till it reaches    URBANNA, a post-village, capital of Champaign co., Illithe N. shore ofthe Caspian, which it enters by several mouths, nois, on the Salt Fork of Vermilion River, and on the
the largest passing close to Gooriev. Its whole length is esti- Chicago Branch of the Central Railroad, 92 miles E. by N.
mated at 1800 miles. Its principal affluents are, on the right, of Springfield, near the border of a large and fertile prairie.
the Kizil, Tanalik, and Sakmara; and on the left, the Sun-    URBANNA, a small post-village of Hickory co., Missouri,
duk, Or, Ilek, and Gratchi. In the upper part of its course  about 80 miles S.WV. of Jefferson City.
it flows along a channel bristling with steep and lofty rocks;    URBAU, ooRlbhw, or WRBOWEC, a village of Austria,
its lower portion is through extensive steppes and saline  Moravia, circle of Znaim.  Pop. 1069.
marshes.  It abounds with fish, particularly towards its    URBENTHAL, a town of Austria. See WViRDENTHAL.
mouth, where the Ural Cossacks have extensive fisheries.   URBERACH, ooRIber-aaK, a village of Hesse-Darmstadt
Its delta, already extensive, is rapidly increasing, and seve- province of Starkenbach, near Offenbach. Pop. 1213.
2003




URB                                                        URU
URBINO, ooa-beefno, (anc. Urbilnum Hortensse,) a city of  Ness, 13 miles S.W. of Inverness. Here are extensive reItaly, Pontifical States, capital of the delegation of Urbino  mains of a famous castle, and several Druidic antiquities.
and Pesaro, formerly capital of a duchy, 20 miles S.W. of    URQUIIART AND LOG/GIE-WESITER, a parish of ScotPesaro. Pop. 7000. It has an old ducal palace and a cathe- land, counties of Ross and Nain, on Cromarty Frith, 2 miles
dral, adorned with fine works of art, a college, diocesan  E.N.E. of Dingwall.
seminary, an extensive manufactory of pins, 4 annual fairs,   URR, a lake, river, village, and parish of Scotland; the
and the house of Raphael, who was born here in 1483. It is lake, between the counties of Dumfries and Kirkcudbrimht,
also the native place of Baroccio, Baldi, and Pope Clement XI. 4 miles S. of Minihive, and 2 miles in circuit. The river.
In the 15th century it was the seat of a splendid ducal court. or Urr-water, issues from it, and after a S.S.E. course of 26
URBINO-E-PESARO,  ooR-beeino A pAsg-ro, a delegation  miles, through the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, joins Solway
of the Pontifical, States, bounded on the N.E. by the Adri- Frith by an estuary, 2 miles across, 10 miles E. of Kirkcudatic.  Area 1477 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 241,612.      bright. It is navigable for 7 miles from the frith; and on
URBINUM HORTENSE. See URnINO.                            its E. banks, 4- miles W.N.W. of Castle-Douglas, is the vilURBS VETUS. See OnvIETo.                                 lage of Urr. Pop. of the village, 900.
URCHI/FONT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.             URRAY, a parish of Scotland, counties of Ross and InURCHILLA, an island ofthe Caribbean Sea. See 0RCcIL.A. verness, 6 miles S.W. of Urquhart. Here are the ruins of
URCOS, ooa/koce, a town of South America, Peru, depart- Fairburn Tower, and various mansions.
ment and 20 miles S.E. of Cuzco.                             URREA-DE-GAEN, oon-lAI dA gA-Pnl, a village of Spain,
URDA, oontdi', a town of Spain, province and 32 miles S.E. Aragon, province of Teruel, on the Martin, 60 miles from
of Toledo. Pop. 2676.                                      Saragossa. Pop. 1072.
URDENBACH, ooR/den-bhKl, a village of Rhenish Prussia,   URISA, a small post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 114
government of Dusseldorf, on the Rhine. Pop. 1077.         miles W. of Springfield.
URE, a river of England. See YORE.                         URSEL, f1nisel, a village of Belgium, province of East
URESINO, oo-rI-seelno, a town of Japan, island of Kios- Flanders, 11- miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2510.
Sloe, celebrated for its thermal medicinal springs, which are    URSEL, OBER, otber 06Rasel, a town of Germany, Nassau,
used both internally and as baths in cutaneous disorders, on the Ursel, 8 miles N.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. P. 1952.
gout, paralysis, rheumatism, &c. The waters are pellucid,   URSEREN- (ooRlse-ren) or URSERN-THAL, oonlsern-tdl,
have a slight taste of sulphur, contain sulphuric and mu- a valley of Switzerland, composing the S. part of the canton
riatic salts, and have a temperature of 2000 Fahrenheit. of Uri.
The environs bear striking, marks of violent volcanic action.   URSISHUM, a town of Russia. See Oonznoomz.
URFA, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See OoRFA.                URSPRINGEN,a village of Bavaria. See UnrnRIrNGEN.
URFAHR, ooR/fta, a market-town of Upper Austria, circle    URSWICK, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Lancasof Mtihl, on the Danube, opposite Lintz, with which it is con- ter, 3 miles S.S.W. of Ulverstone. Fox, the founder of the
nected by a bridge. Pop. 2589.                            society of Friends, resided at Swartmoor-hall, in this parish.
URGA, a city of Mongolia. See OoRGA.                      UK/TICK, a post-office of Whitesides co., Illinois.
URGANTZ. See OORGHENJ.                                    URUBAMBA, oo-roo-blmtbA, a town of South Peru, deURGEL, SEO DE, a city of Spain. See SEO DE URGCEL.      partment and 40 miles N.W. of Cuzco, on the river UruURGENJ, URGHENDJE, or URGHENZ. See OonaGHENJ.  bamba. Pop. 4000.
URGHUNDAUB, iir'giin-dawbt, written also IRGHEN-    URUBU, oo-roo-boof, or URUBU-DE-CIMA, oo-roo-boo! dl
DAB, and URGHUNDAB, a river of Afghanistan,'joins the  seeimP, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, on the right
lelmund, 80 miles W. of Candahar, after a S.W. course of  bank of the Slo Francisco, 120 miles N.W. of Rio de Contas.
about 230 miles.                                             URUBU, a river of Brazil, province of Pare, joins the AmaURGHUNDAUB, IRGHENDAB, or URGHUIMDAB, a vii- zon nearly opposite to the junction of the Madeira.
lage on the above river, 66 miles N.E. of Candahar.          URUBUCUARA or URUBUQUARA, oo-roo-boo-kwlfra, a
URGNANO, ooan-ylno, a village of Austrian Italy, go- river of Brazil, province of Para, rises in the Serra Yelha,
vernment of Milan, 9 miles S.S.W. of Bergano. Pop. 3563. flows S., and expands into a lake of its own name, and 20
URI, oolree, a village of the island of Sardinia, division  miles below joins the Amazon.
and 7 miles S.W. of Sassari. Pop. 1039.                     URUTJCAHI, oo-roo-kl-eef, a river of Birazil, province of
URI, u/ree, (Ger. pron. oofree,) a canton in the E. of Swit- Piauhi, rises in the Serra Gurguea, flows N., and joins the
zerland, consisting of the valley of the Reuss and its affiu- Parnahiba, nearly opposite to the junction of the Balcas.
ents, and having on its S. frontier Mount St. Gothard, and    URUCAIA, oo-roo-kil, a river of Brazil, joins the Silo Franwestward the Gallenstock, and Sustenhorn, principal heights  cisco 16 miles N. of S3o Romeo, after a course of 200 miles.
of the main chain of the Alps. Area 422 square miles.   URUCANGA, oo-roo-kang/gA, a river of Brazil, rises in
Pop. in 1850, 14,500, all Roman Catholics. Cattle rearing is the WIV. of the province of Santa Catharina, and flows E.
the chief branch of industry. Chief town, Altorf. Uri after passing a lake with which it communicates. It has a
united with Unterwalden and Schwytz, early in the 14th  depth of from 3 to 4 fathoms, but unfortunately its mouth
century, to form  the Swiss Confederation, in which it now  is almost blocked up with a sandbank, on which the waves
holds the 4th place. It was the theatre of war between the  break with such violence as to prevent the entrance of vessels.
French and the Austrians and Russians in 1799.               URUGUAY, oo-roo-gwif, a river of South America, rises in
URIA, a town of Naples.  See Onca.                       Brazil, on the W. slope of a cordillera, in the N. of the proURIAS SINUS. See MANFREDONIA, GULf Or.                   vince of Silo Pedro do Rio Grande, let. 280 S.; and flows
UIRIEVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Maryland.         N.W. for about 100 miles, entering the plains of Vicaria,
URI, LAKE OF, of Switzerland, is the S.E. extremity of  where it is joined on the right by the Pelotas, and on tlhe
the Lake of Lucerne. Its shores are precipitous and path- left by the Pepiri-Guaqu; het'e turning W. it receives on the
less; it receives the riher Reuss. See LUCEoNE LAKE.       left the Uruguay-Puita and the Albueni, and shortly after,
URITANA, a town of Naples. See ORIGA.                    on the right, the Repiri, which forms the N. boundary of the
URIUPINSKAIA, a town of Russia. See OORIOOPINSKAIA. state of Entre-Rios. It now proceeds S.S.W., and is augURJUM, a town of Russia. See GoZHuoom.                   mented by numerous streams, particularly by the Ibicui,
URKI, - k, a small island of the Netherlands, in the  and the Arapihi, which separates Brazil from  the Banda
Zuider-Zee, 13 miles S.S.E. of Enkhuysen. Pop. 1130.       Oriental. In its remaining course, almost due S. for about
UR/LINGFORD, a market-town and parish of Ireland, 400 miles, it forms the boundary between the Banda Oriental
Leinster, county and 15 miles W.N.W. of Kilkenny, on the  and Entre-Rios, receiving on the right, from the latter state,
road from Dublin to Cork. Pop. of the town in 1851, 1168.  the Aguapihi, Mirinai, Gualeguaichu, together with numURLOFFEN, ooa-lof/fen, avillage of Baden, circle of Middle berless small streams; and on the left, from  the former
Rhine, on the railway, 7 miles N. of Offenburg. - Pop. 1996.  state, the Daiman, and last of all, the most important of
URLUJAIH, a city of Asia Minor. See 00nRLOJAH.           its tributaries, the Negro. About  50 -miles below, in lat.
URMIAH, a town of Persia. See 00ROMEnYAH.                340 S., and ion. 610 40' W., it unites with the Parann in
URMS/TON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.    forming the Rio de la Plate. The whole course of the UruURMSTON HARBOR. See ToNaGao  BAY.                        guay is about 800 miles. It is navigated by sailing barks
URN. a post-office of Knox co., Illinois.                up to a great fall 40 miles below the Ibicui;,after the fall
URNASCREN, (Urnuschen,) ooR-nA/shen, a village of  is passed, large canoes ascend as far as the confluence of
Switzerland, canton and 6 miles W.S.W. of Appenze!l. the Pelotas, and small canoes almost to the sources both of
Pop. 2500.                                                this affluent and of the main stream. The banks of the
URNEN, ooafnen, (OBER and NnEDEa,) two villages of  Uruguay are fertile but ill cultivated. The principal proSwitzerland, canton and 6 miles N.N.W. of Glarus. The  ducts are cotton and matg, and considerable numbers of
former possesses much frequented baths. Pop. 1500.        cattle are reared. The articles exported by it are chiefly
URfNEY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Tyrone.     hides, tallow, and honey.
URNEY, a parish of Ireland, Ulster, county of Cavan.      URUGUAY  or BANDA  ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY,
URNIETA, soe-ne-tA,,   a town of Spain, province of Gui- blnfdl o-re-8n-tll! d~l oo-roo-gwi/, a republic of South Amepuzcoa, 9 miles S. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 1209.           rica, bounded N. and N.E. by Brazil; E. by the Atlantic;
UPRPETH, a township of England, co. of Durham.          S. by the Rio de la Plata; and W. by the Uruguay, separaURQUHART, firlk/hart, a parish of Scotland, co. of Elgin, ting it from the Argentine Republic. It is of a compact
on Moray Frith, with a village 4 miles E. of Elgin.       shape, somewhat in the form of a cone, with a convex and
URQUHART AND GLEN-MOB/RISTON, a parish of Scot- almost circular base in the S. and S.E.. and its apex in
land. co. of Inverness, with a village on the W. side of Loch  the N.W.; greatest length, measured from the centre of the
2004




URU                                                         UST
base near Maldonado, to the apex at the, mouth of the      USERAS, oo-sAlrds, a village of Spain, Valencia, province
Gunray, 350 miles; greatest breadth from S.W. to N.E., 320  and 17 miles N.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1900.
miles; area estimated at 75,000 square miles. Viewed as a    USH or USCIH, a river of Russia. See OozH.
whole, it may be regarded as a vast undulating plain,   USHAK, oo-shI kt, or HUSHAK, hoo-shbkt, a town of Asi.
generally flat towards the Uruguay, the Rio de la Plata, and  atic Turkey, 138 miles E. by N. of Smyrna, and 64 miles
the sea-coast, hut broken in the interior by several ridges of  S.W. of Kutaieh. It is built of sun-dried bricks, and is
moderate elevation, which are composed for the most part noted as the place where the largest and finest Turkey car.
of clay-slate, gneiss, and granite, and from the watersheds pets are made; the weaving, dyeing, &c., of which occupy
of the more important rivers; these are, the Negro, by far  the most of the inhabitants.
the largest, which, rising on the N.E. frontier, in the Sierra    USRANT, -tsh/ant, (Fr. Ouessast,wesws8Nsol; anc. Uxanltis,)
Tecla, flows S.W. to its junction with the Uruguay, and  the most W. of the islands off the coast of Brittany, France,
divides the itate into two nearly equal portions; the Gua- department of Finistlre, 26 miles W.N.W. of Brest. Length
ray on the N. frontier, the Arapey, Daiman, and Queguay, 41 miles. Lat. of lighthouse, 480 28' 5" N., Ion. 50 3' 2" W.
also tributaries of the Uruguay; the San Lucia, and San  Pop. in 1852, 2271. It has somevillages, and a small port,
Jos6, which unite their streams and fall into the Rio de la  with an active fishery of pilchards. Off its coast, in 1759,
Plata; the Sebollati, with its numerous affluents; and the  the French, under Admiral Confians, were totally defeated
Yaguaron, the two most important feeders of the large Lake  by the British fleet under Sir Edward Hawkes; and an inof Merin, which is situated in the N.E., partly in Brazil, and, decisive action took place 27th July, 1778, between the Engafter the rivers, forms the most important hydrographical lish fleet under Admiral Keppel, and the French under Count
feature of the country. The climate is generally humid but d'Orvilliers.
temperate and healthy; in the winter heavy rains and cold    USHIITZA or USICZA, oo-sheetfs, a town of Servia, on
winds are prevalent, but in the lowlands frost is said to be  an affluent of the Morava, 87 miles S.W. of Belgrade. Pop.
unknown. Natural pastures are very extensive and luxu-  4000, mostly Turks. Principal edifices, a rock fortress, severiant. The extensive plains, covered with rich turf, and  ral mosques, and a Greek church.
almost destitute of trees, seem admirably adapted to agricul-   USHITZA, a town of Russian Poland, government of Poture; but remain for the most part in a state of nature, and  dolia, on the Iniester, 25 miles E.SE. of lamieniec. P. 750.
are roamed over by immense herds of horses and cattle.   USHNEI, a town of Persia. See O0SaNE1.
These form the chief sources of wealth to the inhabitants,   USHRUFF, a town of Persia. See AsaRuFF.
supplying large exports of hides, skins, hair, horns, jerked    USICZA, a town of Servia. See USHITZA.
beef and tallow. Wheat, maize, beans, and melons, are pro-   USINGEN, ootziug-gn, a town of Nassau, on the Usbach,
duced, and the country is adapted to the culture of most of  17 miles N.N.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. Pop. 1953.
the fruits of temperate climates. Agricultural processes are    USK, a river of South Wales, enters the estuary of the
of the rudest kind, and at present no more produce is raised  Severn, 3. miles S. of Newport. Course 60 miles.
than is required for home consumption. Monte Video, the    USKE, fsk, a parish of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Kildare.
capital, on the Rio de la Plata, is the centre of all the foreign    USKEANE, is-kainf. a parish of Ireland, co. of Tipperary.
trade, the total value of exports thence in 1842, was estimated    USKUP, ooYktLp, or USKIUP, oos'ke-oopt, written also
at $6,500,000, and of imports at $8,000,000. In 1848 the  USKUB and USCUP; called also SKOPIA, skofpi-a. (anc.
value of exports amounted to  15,573,218, of which hides  Scupi,) a town of European Turkey, Macedonia, capital of a
stood for $4,124,203. The value of exports to the United  sanjak, on the Uskup River, an affluent of the Vardar, 100
States in 1854 is stated at $457,179, and the imports from this  miles N.W. of Salonica. Estimated population, 10,000. It has
country at $512,957.'                                      many handsome mosques, Greek churches, a citadel, with a
The constitution of the republic gives great facilities for  Turkish garrison, and important manufactures of leather.
u'turalization, and encourages foreign emigration. The    USLAR, 66sflar, a walled town of Hanover, 16 miles N.W.
principal towns, besides Montevideo, are Maldonado, La  of Glttingen, on the Able. Pop. 2118.
Colonia, Santa Lucia, San Jos6, and San Carlos; Camelones,   USMAN, a town of Russia. See 0os0rAN.
Soriana, and Cerro Largo.                                     USMASITON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
After years of struggle between Buenos Ayres and Brazil,   USMATE, oos-m[tA, a village of Austrian Italy, province
a treaty was concluded under the mediation of England, and 18 miles from Milan. Pop. 1045.
in 1825, by which the debatable territory was erected into an    USOP, a river of Siberia. See PAtA.
independent republic, termed Cisplatina, on account of its    USPALLATA, oos-pil-y ti, a table-land, with  silverlying this side of the La Plata, (with respect to Europe.)  mines, Plata Confederation, 40 miles N.W. of Mendoza.
The Spaniards called the country Bandsa Oriental, (i. e. E.   USPANAPAN, oos-p&-nA-pAnf, a river of the Mexican Conbank of the river, or E. frontier,) because it separated them  federation, state of Tabasco, tributary to the Coatzacoalco.
to the eastward from Brazil. Of late years it has had cease-   USQUEBAUGH, fssfkwe-baw', a post-office of Washington
lessly to contend against the intrigues and hostility of  co., Rhode Island.
Buenos Ayres, who, taking an ungenerous advantage of    USSAC, iis'sik/, a village of France, department of Corits possession of the mouth of the Rio'de la Plata. pro- rlze, 3 miles N.N.E. of Brives-la-Gaillarde.  Pop. 2100.
hibited all communication between the countries bordering    USSANA, oos-s4lnA, a village of the island of Sardinia,
on this river and the ocean. In 1852, however, its natviga- division and 12 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 1136.
tion was declared open to the commerce of the world, from     USSEAUX, tis's~f, avillage of the Sardinian States, division
which it is supposed the material prosperity of Uruguay  of Turin, province of Pinerolo, near Fenestrelle. Pop. 1468.
will be greatly increased.                                    USSEGLIO, oos-sil/yo, a village of the Sardinian States,
URUMIYAII. a town and lake of Persia. See 00ROOMEETAn.  division of Turin.  Pop. 2360.
URUMPTSI, a city of the Chinese Empire. See OoaooMsrSa.    USSEL, iis's~l/, a town of France, department of Corrlze,
URUP, one of the Koorile Islands. See Ooaoor.             on the Sarsonne, 32 miles N.E. of Tulle. Pop. in 1852, 4306.
URURAHI, oo-roo-ri-heel, or SANTA RITA, a village and  It is partly enclosed by ruined walls.
parish of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, on the river or    US/SELBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
channel of same name, forming the outlet of Lake Cima, 16    USSON, iis's6zaG, a village of France, department of Loire,
miles from Campos. Pop. 2000.                               16 miles S.S.W. of Montbrison. Pop. in 1852, 3736.
URVOLGY, a village of Hungary. See HERRENGRUND.             USSON, a village of France, department of Vienne, 22
URZEDOW, ooRtze-dov, a town of Poland, government  miles S.S.E. of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 2130.
and 20 miles S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 1900.                       USSON, a village of France, department of Puy-d-D&Ene,
USA, a river of Russia.  See Oost.                        5 miles W. of Issoire, with 840 inhabitants, and a ruined
USAGRE, oo-sAgrA, a town of Spain, Estremadura, pro- castle, the residence, during twenty years, of Margaret, the
vince and 50 miles S.E. of Badajos, with mines of quick- first queen of Henry IV. of France.
silver, three of which are worked. Pop. 1440.                 USS0RA, a river of Turkey in Europe, joins the Bosna,
USAN, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, parish  a little above Doboi, after a course of about 45 miles.
of Craig, 3 miles S.S.E. of Montrose. Pop. 150.               USTARITS, iis'tlireetsl, a market-town of France, departUSBEKISTAN or OOZBEKISTAN. See BoKuHAR.                   ment of Bashes-Pyrndees,  7 miles S. of Bayonne. Pop. in
USCII, a town of Toorkestan. See Oos..                  1852, 2259, who manufacture woollen cloths and leather.
USCIHIUTZ, (Uschiltz,) 66shfiits, a town of Prussian Po-   USTER, ooslter, a parish and village of Switzerland, canland, 54 miles W. of Bromberg, on the Netze. Pop. 1290.   ton and 9 miles S.E. of Zurich, with an, old castle. P. 4500.
USCIO, oo/sho, a village of the Sardinian States, division    USTICA, oos/te-ks, (anc. Euonimo and Osteosdes,) an island
of Genoa, near Recco. Pop. 1902.                            of the Mediterranean, belonging to Naples, off the N. coast
USCUP, a town of Turkey. See USKUP.                      of Sicily, 40 miles N.N.W. of Palermo. Length 3 miles,
USEDOM, ootzeh-dom', an isl;and of Prussian Pomerania,  breadth 2 miles. Soil volcanic, and highly fertile. The town
near the S. coast of the Baltic, between two outlets of the  of Santa Mlaria, on its S.W. side, has 1800 inhabitants, and a
Ilaff, 9 miles S.E. of the island of Riigen. Shape very irregu-  harbor defended by strong batteries.
lar. Length 30 miles, greatest breadth 14 miles. Surface'   USTIUG VILIKI, Russia.  See OorsIoo1G VEIeKe..
not very fertile. The population is chiefly occupied in cattle-   USTIUSCHNA, a town of Russia.  See osTroozHNX.
rearing and fishing.                                          USTON, iisitzo,. a town of France, department of Aridge,
USEDOM, a town on the S.W. shore of the above island, on the Aleth, 13 miles S.E. of St. Girons. Pop. 1135.
on the Kleine Itaff. Pop. 1415.  Remains of the ancient   USTROM, a village of Austrian Silesia. See OoSTRosz.
town of Vineta, built A. D. 778, are said to have been seen    UST-SYSOLSK, a town of Russia. See Oos0 S~S0iSz.
beneath the water on the N. coast.                           UST-UISKAIA, Asiatic Russia. See OosT-Ojs;tKAe.
2005




UST                                                        UTA
UST-VILIUSK, a town of Siberia. See VILIOOISK, OOST.   themselves into the interior lakes, or are absorbed by the
USUMASINTA, oo-soo-m-sinult d  or oo-soo-mi.seenfth, a  sands of the deserts. The largest of these streams is the
considerable river of Central America, rises in Guatemala, HIumboldt River, having its sources in the western declivi
department of Vera Paz, flows N.W. through Chiapas and ties of the mountain of that name, and flows S.W. about
Tabasco, and after a course of 400 miles, joins the Tabasco, 300 miles into the lake above described. One of the overland
near its mouth. It is also connected by a navigable channel routes to California is along this river, whose shores afford
with the Lake of Terminos.                                  a precarious pasturage for the animals of the caravans. The
USUNCHOBI, European Turkey. See UZUNDJA-OvA.              Nicollet River rises in the S. part of the territory, flows N.,
USURBIL, oo-sooa-beel/, a town of Spain, province of  and then W. for nearly the same distance as the IIumboldt,
Guipuzcoa, 5 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian.  Pop. 1203.       and empties itself into Nicollet Lake. In the N.E. part of
USURI, a river of Mantchooria.  See OosooaREE.            the basin Bear River enters the territory from Oregon, and
UStWORTI,   a township of England, co. of Durham.         is the principal tributary of Great Salt Lake. The Green
UTA, ootat, a village of the island of Sardinia, division  and Grand Rivers traverse the eastern basin or valley, and
and 12 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1214.                   thence flow S.W. into New Mexico. The Grand River, the
UTAH. yooftaw or yoo'tt, a territory of the United States of  most eastern branch, rising in the Rocky Mountains. flows
North America, originally apartofthe territory of Upper Cali- S.W. to meet Green River, which is the larger tributary,
fornia, ceded to the United States by the treaty with Mexico  and has its sources in the S.E. part of Oregon.  These
in 1848, was erected into a separate territory in 1850. It is streams and their afiluents drain the entire eastern divibounded on the N. by Oregon, E. by Indian Territory and  sion of Utah. The former has a course of about 300, and
New Mexico, S. by New Mexico, and on the W. by California. the latter of about 400 miles.
The Rocky Mountains separate it from Indian Territory, and    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Of these there is no scarcity
the Sierra Nevada partly from  California. It lies between  in this widely extended territory.  Among the most re370 and 420 N. lat., and between 1050 30' and 1200 W. ion., markable objects of this region is the Great Salt Lake. In
being about 700 miles in extreme length from E. to WV., and  the saltness of its waters, in the circumstance of its having
347 miles broad from N. to S., and including an area of  no outlet, and being fed from another smaller and flesh269,170 square miles, or 172,268,800 acres, of which only  water lake, (with which it is connected by a stream called
16,333 were improved in 1850.                               the "Jordan,") and in the rugged and repulsive character
Iace of the Country, Geology, &c.-This extensive region  of some portions of the surrounding region, it bears a reis generally an elevated and barren table-land, divided  markable resemblance to the Dead Sea of Palestine. Instead,
into unequal portions by the Sierra Madre Mountains, but however, of lying 1000 feet below, it is more than 4000 feet
having the larger to the W. of them. The western section, above the level of the sea; its waters, moreover, being an
known as the Great or Fremont Basin. is hemmed in by  almost pure solution of common salt, are free from  that
mountains on all sides, having the Blue Mountains of Ore- pungency and nauseous taste which characterize those of
gon on the N., the Wahsatch Mountains on the E., the Si- the Dead Sea. The Pyramid Lake, already referred to, emerra Nevada on the W., and transverse spurs of the Rocky  bosomed in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, with the singular
Mountains on the S. This basin has an extent of about 500  pyramidal mount rising from its transparent waters to the
miles from E. to W., by 350 miles from N. to S., and a gene- height of perhaps 600 feet, and walled in by almost perpenral elevation of from 4000 to 5000 feet above the level of the  dicular precipices, in some places 3000 feet high, has nosea, " with its own system of lakes and rivers, but having  thing, we believe, similar to it within the borders of the
no communication with the ocean."  The eastern portion  United States. The Boiling Springs, in about 1170 30' WV.
is covered with a white incrustation of saline and alkaline  Ion., and 390 N. lat., are described by Fremont as boiling up
matter, and the western with a mixture of salt, sand, and  at irregular intervals with much noise. The largest basin
clay, in which animals sink to their knees. Several de- he represents as being several hundred feet in circumfertached mountains traverse this basin, the principal of which  ence and having a circular space at one end 15 feet in diare the HIumboldt River Mountains, which run from N. to  ameter, entirely filled with boiling water. A pole 16 feet in
S. near the centre of the basin, having an elevation of from  length was entirely submerged on thrusting it down near
2000 to 5000 feet above the surrounding country. The Wah- the centre. The temperature of the water near the edge
satch Mountains rise from4000 to 7000 feet above the neigh- was 2060. The same authority describes an appearance
boring valleys, and some reach the height of perpetual snow. similar to the mirages of the great deserts of the Old World.
Some of the valleys in the southern part of the settled  In travelling over the salt deserts of the Fremont Basin,
country have an elevation of about 6000 feet above the level they saw their party reflected in the air, probably, as Freof the sea. A great valley, more sterile even than the  mont suggests, from  saline particles floating in the atmowestern section, occupies the region between the Wahsatch  sphere. Near Brown's Hole, in the neighborhood of Green
and the Rocky Mountains.                                   River, in about lat. 410 N., lon. 1090 W., are a number of
Of the geology of Utah as yet very little is known. It narrow caions or gorges, with nearly perpendicular walls
appears, however, that volcanic rocks are found in various  from  600 to 800, and even 1500 feet in height, presenting
parts. Basalt occurs on the slopes of the mountains in  scenes of great wildness and grandeur.
many places. "The Boiling Springs" referred to on the    Climate.-As elsewhere remarked, the climate of the great
next page, and the hot springs in the valley of Bear River, plateau between the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains
and in other sections, indicate the proximity of volcanic  seems to partake of the characteristics of the great Tartar
fires. See ROCKY MOUNTAINS.                                 plains of Asia. According to Orson Pratt, the midsummer
Lakes and Rivers.-Great Salt Lake is the prominent ob- is dry and hot, the heat ranging at midday from 900 to 1050,
ject to be considered in treating of the waters of Utah. but with cool mornings and evenings, refreshed with mounThis extensive and peculiar sheet of water, lying N.E. from   tain breezes. The winters are mild, snow seldom  falling
the centre of the territory, is about 70 miles long and 30  more than a few inches deep in the valleys, nor does it lie
miles wide, with no visible outlet. The water is so highly  long. Spring and autumn, though mild, are subject to sudsaline that no living thing can exist in it, and by the eva- den changes, and the wind is very variable, shifting, almost
poration in hot weather, leaves on its shores a thick incrus- every day, to every point of the compass. Rain seldom falls
tation of salt. According to Fremont's analysis of some of  between April and October; but when heavy showvers do
the salt of this lake, there were in 100 parts, 97.80 of chlo- come, they are generally accompanied by thunder andhail,
ride of sodium, or common salt; sulphate of lime, 1.12; and sometimes with strong winds. Dr. Bernhisel and Mr.
chloride of magnesium, 0.24; and sulphate of soda, 0.23. Snow say that the climate of Great Salt Lake City, in lat.
About 25 miles S. of this, and communicating with it by the  400 45' N., is milder and drier than the same parallel on the
river Jordan, is Utah Lake, a body of fresh water about 35  Atlantic coast, and the temperature more uniform, the
mil6s in length. It is stored with trout and other fish.  thermometer rarely descending  to zero. During  three
These lakes are elevated from 4200 to 4500 feet above the sea. years, according to observation, the highest point attained
Pyramid Lake, on the slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, by the thermometer was 100~ above, and the lowest 50 beis, according to Fremont, about 700 feet higher than Great low zero. The variation between the temperature of day
Salt Lake, and receives its name from  a pyiramidal rock  and night, in midsummer, is from  200 to 400. Frosts in
which rises from the midst of its waters. In the interior  Utah Valley fall as late as the last of May, and as early as
are several small lakes, which are the recipients of the  the first of September.
streams of the interior basin, and are often mere sinks or    Soil and Pmroductions.-A very small portion, comparasloughs. The most important of these known are Nicollet tively speaking, of Utah, can ever be made available in proLake, about the middle of the territory, and Lake Ashley,  ducing food for man or beast. The few fertile spots are found
perhaps 70 miles S. of it. Near the eastern base of the Si- in the valleys watered by the pure streams flowing from the
erra Nevada Mountains are also several lakes.which receive  neighboring mountains, and at the bases of most of the
the waters of the eastern slope of these mountains. The  mountains is a strip of fertile land. The line of Mormon
principal of these are Mud, Pyramid, Carson's, and Walker's  settlements occupy the valleys from N. to S., lying near the
Lakes. About 50 miles E. of Pyramid Lake is Humboldt's  western base of the Wahsatch Mountains. These are highly
Lake, formed by the waters of Humboldt River. These  fertile. Irrigation, however, is necessary even here to suclakes have evidently no outlet but by evaporation, which  cessful husbandry; but large portions of the valleys them.
in some instances, in hot weather, reduces them  to mere  selves are too remote from streams to profit by irrigation.
marshes or sinks.                                            Bear, Great Salt Lake, Utah, South, Sevier, antd Land
As before stated, the rivers of the Great Basin have no  Pitch Valleys, are the principal agricultural distric;s. Thie
&pparent connexion with the ocean, but all either discharge  upper portion of the valleys of the Green and Grand Rivers,
2006




UTA                                                         UTI
is repreiented as c( incapable of supporting any population  generally in caves or hushes, but sometimes in wigwams of
whatever. The Unitah and Green River Valleys, lying lower tents, and going nearly naked. Of the white population, in
down on the tdibutaries of the Colorado, are, however, not 1850, 1159 were born in the territory; 8117 in other parts
so sterile."                                                of the Union; 1056 in England; 106 in Ireland; 232 in
Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the gar- Scotland; 125 in Wales, and 471 in other countries.  In the
den vegetables of the Middle States, are the products of  year ending June Ist, 1850, there occurred 239 deaths, or
Utah. There is a fine bunch-grass, which, owing to the  more than 21 in every 1000 persons. Of the entire popula
dryness of the climate, does not decay, but furnishes fodder tion 2 were blind, 5 insane, and 1 idiotic.
for the cattle during winter, without being cured.  The    Government. —The government of Utah is similar to that
Indian corn and vines are liable to be blighted by early and  of other territories.  See MINNESOTA.
late frtosts. The experiments in rearing fruits do not appear    Iistory.-The materials for a history of Utah are very
yet to have been sufficiently tested to pronounce definitely  meagre. As has elsewhere been stated, it was a part of the
as to the congeniality of the climate with their healthful territory of Upper California, acquired from Mexico by the
production; peaches and other fruits have, however, been  treaty of 1848, after the conclusion of the late war with
raised. In 1850, there were in Utah 16,333 acres of improved  that country. Previous to 1847, when'the Mormons comland, divided into 926 farms, producing 107,702 bushels of  menced directing their steps thither, it had been in possession
wheat; 210 of rye; 9899 of Indian corn; 10,900 of oats;  of the miserable tribes that gained a most precarious living
289 of peas and beans; 43,968 of Irish potatoes; 60 of sweet from its churlish soil —undisturbed, except by the occasional
potatoes; 1799 of barley, and 332 of buckwheat; 70 pounds  visits of exploring parties or roashing trappers and hunters.
of tobacco; 9222 of wool; 83,309 of butter; and 30,998 of    UTAH, a county in the E. part of Utah territory, has an
cheese; live stock valued at $546,968; market produce at area estimated at above 6000 square. miles. It is drained
$23,868; slaughtered animals at $67,985; and 4805 tons of  by Grand and White Rivers, and by Green River, which
hay; besides small quantities of grass-seeds, hops, flax, mo- also intersects it. Utah Lake is situated in the WV. part.
lasses, beeswax, and honey.                                 The soil in the western portion is very fertile. Capital,
Forest lr-ees.-Timber is scarce throughout this territory, Provo City. Pop. 2026i of whom 2000 were free.
except on the mountains, and is principally composed of    UTAH, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio.
pine and fir trees. There are some groves of cottonwood    UTAH, a post-office of La Grange co., Indiana.
and box-elder in the bottoms of the principal streams, and a    UTAH, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois.
scrub cedar also in some of the valleys,  Wood, both for    UTAH or YOUTA (yooltt or yooltaw) INDIANS; often
building and fuel, is scarce. -written EUTAW, a numerous tribe of Indians dwelling in
Animals.-This region is scarcely more fruitful in animal Utah territory.
than vegetable life, but elk, deer, antelopes, grizzly bears,   UTAHII LAKE, in the N. central part of Utah territory, in
mountain sheep, foxes, and wolves are found. Water-fowl about lat. 400 20' N., Ion. 1120 W. It is the source of the
are abundant in the lakes, and trout and very fine salmon  Jordan River. Length about 30 miles, greatest breadth 10
in the mountain streams.                                    miles. The water is said to be fresh.
Afanufactures.-Much progress in manufactures is hardly    UTAWAS. See OTTAWA.
to be expected in so youthful a settlement; but Mr. Pratt    UTCH-KILISSA, 66tchke-lis/sa, (i.e. the "threechurches,")
represents them as starting up with vigor, particularly the  a ftjmous convent in Turkish Armenia, pashalic and 110
manufacture of flour, and the more necessary implements miles S.E. of Erzroom, on the Moorad-chal, or E. arm of the
of husbandry and housewifery, and the cheaper stuffs for Upper Euphrates. Here is a remarkable church, said to
clothing. The great distance from  supplies from  abroad, have stood nearly 1550 years, and greatly noted in Arme.
and the great cost of transport, must perforce encourage  nian church history.
home manufactures. The census of 1850 reports only 14    UTCH-KILISSA, a name of ECHMIEDZIN, which see.
establishments engaged  in  mining, manufactures, and    UTELLE, oo-til/il, a market-toWn of the Sardinian States,
the mechanic arts, producing each $500 and upwards province and 15 miles N. of Nice. Pop. 2136.
annually, employing $44,400 capital and 51 male hands,   UTERSEN, a village of Denmark.  See UETEnSEN.
consuming raw material worth $337,381, and yielding pro-   UTICA, yoo/te-ka, a handsome city of Oneida co., New
ducts valued at $291,225. Homemade manufactures were  York, on the Mohawk River, Erie Canal, and Central Railproduced in the same year to the value of $1391.            road, 95 miles W.N.W. of Albany, 56 E. of Syracuse, and
Conmmerce. —The trade of Utah is pretty much confined to  383 from Washington. Lat. 430 6' 49" N., lon. 750 13' W.
traffic with the overland emigrants to California. They find  It is pleasantly situated on the S. bank of the Mohawk, and
also a ready sale for their live stock in the same state. It is regularly laid out. The site is nearly level, with a gentle
is possible that a trade down the Colorado River with Call- declivity towards the N. The streets are wide, and the
fornia may be opened at some future day, as recent ex- houses mostly well built, of brick or stone. The greater
plorers report that river navigable for steamers of light draft part of the public buildings and mercantile houses are sitabove the Rio Virgen in New Mexico.                         uated on Genesee Street. Among the principal hotels are
leducation.-The American spirit seems to pervade the  Bagg's Hotel, the National, the Franklin, the Central, the
people of Utah on the all-important subject of education. Eagle, and the Broad-street hiouse. A new City Hall, of
According to Mr. Pratt, "Igreat attention is being paid to the  Milwaukee brick, has recently been erected on Genesee
erection of school-houses, and the education of youth. It is  Street. The city contains about 20 churches, of the various
in contemplation to erect a magnificent university, in which  denominations, 2 flourishing academies, with about 150
the higher departments of science will be extensively taught."  pupils each, 1 or 2 public libraries, and a mechanics' associReligion. —According to the census report, there were 9  ation. Several daily and 5 weekly newspapers are published
churches in Utah in 1850-it is presumed all Mormon, here, besides several monthly perodicals. There are 5
though they are reported under the heading of minor sects. banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,610,000, and several
Number of individuals to each church, 1264; value of church  insurance offices. The State Lunatic Asylum, situated 1
property, $51,000. One-tenth of their property is required  mile WV. of the centre of the city, consists of several large
by their canons to be given to the church. Measures have  and expensive buildings of stone. The number of patients
been taken for the erection of a vast temple at Salt Lake City. on January 1, 1851, was 449; of whom 226 were males, and
Counties.-Utah is divided into 13 counties, viz., Box- 223 females. The streets, stores, &c., are lighted with gas.
Elder, Carson, Davis, Green River, Iron, Juab, Millard, Og- The Erie Canal, here 70 feet wide, and the Central Railroad,
den, Salt Lake, San Pete, Tooele, Utah, and WVeber. Capital, pass through the centre of the city, connecting it with
Fillmore City.                                              Albany and Buffalo. The Chenango Canal, 97 miles long,
Cities and Towns.-The principal town is Great Salt Lake  extends from Utica to Binghamton, and a railroad has also
City, population about 10,000. The other principalplaces are  recently been completed between. the same places. PlankBrownsville, Ogden City, Provo City, Manti City, Fillmore  roads and turnpike-roads radiate towards all parts of the surCity, and Parovan. These towns are mostly built of adobes rounding country. Handsome bridges cross the canal at
or unburnt bricks, and are named (with the exception of  several points in the city. Utica is surrounded by a highly
Salt Lake City) in order, proceeding from N. to S., and scat- productive and populous country, and is a place of ex
tered over a space of nearly 300 miles, mostly near the base  tensive trade. The manufactures of the city are also im
of the WVahsatch Mountains. Buildings are being erected  portant and flourishing.  There are 2 cotton factories,
for the state capitol and state prison at Fillmore City.    several woollen factories, 1 rolling-mill, 1 large manufactory
Population.-The population is principally composed of  of locks, employing about 200 hands, several iron founMormons, who settled here in 1847, after their expulsion  dries and tanneries, and a manufactory of railway cars.
from  Missouri and Illinois. Continual accessions of this  In 1794 there were only 3 or 4 houses in the place. It
new sect are arriving firom all parts of the Union, and from   was built upon the site of old Fort Schuyler, was incor.
Europe. According to the national census of 1850, there  porated as a village in 1817, and as a city in 1830. Pop. in
were 11,380 inhabitants; of whom 6020 were white males; 1820, 2972; in 1830, 8323; in 1840, 12,782; in 1850, 17,565;
5310 white females; 14 colored males; 10 colored females,  and in 1855, 22.183.
and 26 slaves. This population was divided into 2322 f:mi-   UTICA, a thriving post-village of Vesango county,
lies, occupying the same number of dwellings.  According  Pennsylvania, on French Creek, and on the Franklin Cato an enumeration made in 1853, by the Mormons them-  nal, 75 miles N. of Pittsburg. It has manufactures of iron
selves, the total population was 18,206, exclusive of Indians, and wool.
of whom there are several tribes in a very degraded state,    UTICA, a post-village of Hinds co., Mississippi, 38 m ls I
subsisting mostly on roots, berries, fish, &c., and living  WV. of Jackson.
2007




UTI                                                        UZZ
UTICA, a thriving post-village of Licking co., Ohio, on the  remarkable churches, one resorted to by a grleat concourse
railroad between Sandusky and Newark, 12 miles N. of the  of devotees in September; various convents and hospitals
latter. It contains several churches and a union school. a town-hall, prison, cavalry barracks, some manufactures ot
Pop. about 1000.                                            soap, starch, and leather; and near it are productive salt
UTICA, a thriving post-village of Macomb co., Michigan, springs.
on Clinton River, 20 miles N. of Detroit. The river furnishes    UTTENWEILER, 66itten-Wi'ler. a village of Wiirtemberg,
excellent water-power for flouring and other mills. Utica is circle of Danube, Riedlingen, on the Reutibach.  Pop. 1116.
situated in a rich farming region, and has an active trade.   UTTERBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Pop. about 1000.                                              UT/TER'S CORNERS, a post-village of Walworth co., Wis.
UTICA, a pleasant post-village and township of Clarke co., concsin, 45 miles S.E. of Madison. It has a Methodist church,
Indiana, on the Ohio River, 7 miles above Louisville, in  I store, and a hotel.
Kentucky, and 114 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis.  P. 1538.   UTTOXETELR, 0xle-ter, a market-town and parish of EngUTICA, a small village of Fultdn co., Illinois, about 20 land, co. and 12 miles N.E. of Stafford, on the railway, and
miles S.W. of Peoria.                                       beside the Dove, across which it communicates with the
UTICA, a village of La Salle co., Illinois, on the Illinois  county of Derby by a bridge of six arches. Pop. in 1851,
River and Canal, 9 or 10 miles W. of Ottawa, and on the  4990. It stands on a hill, and has three well-built streets
Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 5 miles from  La Salle. meeting in a market-place, and has a church with an ancient
About $50,000 worth of produce was shipped here in 1852.  tower and spire, 179 feet in height. Roman Catholic and
UTICA, a post-village of Livingston co., Missouri, on the  other chapels, a free school, almshouses, numerous iron
right bank of Grand River, 70 miles N.E. of Independence.  forges and hardware factories, and a large trade in agriculUTICA, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.              tural produce, facilitated by a branch of the Trent and
UTICA, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.              Mersey navigation.
UTICA, a township of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. P. 630.   UTTRIGSHIAUSEN, 55fttriGs-hw'zefn, a village in the S.
UTICA MILLS, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.   part of Germany, IIesse-Cassel, province of Hanau. P. 1045.
UTIEL, oo-te-6l1, a town of Spain, province of Cuenca, 9    UTUS. See VID.
miles N.W. of Requena.  Pop. 5780, who manufacture    UTWEIL, ootfvil, a village of Switzerland, canton of
hempen, linen, and silken fabrics, leather, and soap.       Thurgau, on Lake Constance, 9 miles S.E. of Constance.
UTILLA, oo-teel/y/, or UTILLE, an island in the Carib-   UVALIDE, (Sp. pron. oo-vilfdA,) a county in the S.W.
bean Sea, Honduras Bay, lat. 160 5' N., ion. 860 50' W., about part of Texas, has an area of 1480 square miles. It is inter7 miles long, and 22 miles broad in the widest part.        sected by the Rio Frio, and bounded on the W. by the NueUTIS. See MONTONE.                                        ces River. This county is not included in the census of 1850.
UTVKINTON, a township of England, co. of Chester.           UVELKA, a river of Russia. See OOVELKA.
UTOE, ult/A, or Voo-t9'eh, an island of Sweden, in the Bal-   UWCHLAN, yookllan, a post-township of Chester co.,
tic, 25 miles S.E. of Stockholm. Lat. 580 55' N., ion. 180 12' E. Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N.N.W. of West Chester. P. 1528.
UTOE, an island of Finland, in the Baltic, with a light-    UWI{ARIE, a river of North Carolina. See UAa REE.
house, in lat. 590 46' 5" N., Ion. 210 22' E.                 UXANTIS. See UsHANT.
UTOY, a post-office of De Kalb co., Georgia.                UXIBRIDGE, a market-town of England, co. of Middlesex,
UTRECHT, yooltrtkt, (Dutch pron. i/trkSt; anc. U;trsdta- perish of Hillingdon, on the W. verge of the county, 17 
jcctum or Trajectuee  ad Rhensme,) an important town of Hol- miles W.N.W. of St. Paul's, London. Pop. in 1851, 3236. It
land, capital of a province of the same name, 33 miles S.E. is well built, and has a convenient market-place, Lancasof Amsterdam, with which it is connected by railway. It is terian and other schools, and the largest corn market-in
situated in a pleasant district, on the Old Rhine, where the  the kingdom. HIere are numerous flour-mills, malt-works,
Yecht branches off from it. It is traversed by two canals, and a brick-field.  It communicates with London by the
across which are 28 stone bridges. The old walls have been  Grand Junction Canal and branch.
levelled and planted, and now form pleasant walks; besides   UXIBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Worcester co.,
which, outside the walls, is the Maliebaan, a promenade  Massachusetts, on the Blackstone River, and on the Proviplanted with eight rows of lime trees, bordered with fine  deuce and Worcester Railroad, 18 miles S.S.E. of VWdrcester.
gardens, and having four foot and three carriage ways. It contains several woollen factories and a bank. Pop. 2457.
Utrecht is the seat of the provincial government, and of    UXBRIDGE, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York,
superior courts, civil and military; and possesses a govern- 42 miles N. of Toronto. Pop. about 125.
nient-house, court-house, prison, and house of correction, a    UXENTUM. See UGcNTO.
mint, a town-hall, a fine building, with a small library, a    UXIXAR or UJIJAR, oo-He-naR/, a market-town of Spain,
gallery of paintings chiefly by native artists, and a rich col- province of Granada, 24 miles N.W. of Almeria.
lection of drawings of old Utrecht houses; the buildings of    UXMAL, oox-m&l/, a ruined city of Yucatan, 45 miles
the society of art and science, several barracks, an arsenal,  S.S.W. of Merida, and presenting some of the most remarkand numerous remains of antiquity. Besides theCathedral,  able architectural remains in America.  These comprise
which has a tower 388 feet high, Utrecht has 11 Protestant  several large edifices, the largest building occupying a space
churches, and 8 Roman Catholic churches, of which 3 belong  of 640 feet in length by 410 feet in width, and all being
to the Jansenists, this being the head-quarters of that body; adorned with elaborate sculptures.
a synagogue, town hospital, several orphan hospitals, and    UXUE, oo-.HwA, a market-town of Spain, province and 27
numerous other benevolent institutions, besides many be- miles S.E. of Pamplona.
nevolent, religious, and literary and scientific societies, a    UXUE, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, on the Pyuniversity, with abotanical garden, anatomical hall, labora- renees, 27 miles S.E. of Pamplona. Pop. 1208.
tory, observatory, library of 50,000 volumes. and a museum    UYEA, oo-y4/,(?) one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland,
of natural history attached; a veterinary school, schools for parish of and immediately S. of Unst. It is a chief rendrawing and architecture, and numerous other educational  dezvous of shipping for the deep sea fishing.
establishments. The University in 1847 was attended by    UYEA, one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, 41 miles
340 students.                                              from the N. extremity of Shetland Mainland, and about 2
Utrecht is well situated for trade, which is chiefly in grain  miles in circumference.
and cattle; a considerable amount of shipping business is    UYTBERLGEN, oit/biaoen, avillage of Belgium, East Flan.done. The manufactures of the town include cotton and wool- ders, on the Scheldt, 10 miles E. of Ghent. Pop. 1073.
len spinning, cloth-dyeing, silk twisting and weaving, and the    UZBECKS, a people of Tartary.  See O0ZBEKS.
kind of plush called Utrecht velvet, carpets, and floor-cloth,   UZBECKISTAN.  See BOKHARnA.
meetal and bone buttons, metal castings, snuff and cigars;   UZEL, iitz6ll, a town of France, department of C~tes-dusoap, leather, ropes, salt, brandy, fluid coffee, boat-building, Nord, on the Oust, 9 miles N.N.W. of Loudlac.  Pop. in
&c. Utrecht is the brth-place of Adrian Floriszoon, tutor to  1852, 2090. It has 2 market-halls for linen cloths, in which
Charles V., Bishop of Utrecht, and afterwards Pope Adrian  it has a large trade.
VI.  In the audience-hall of the University, in 1579. was    UZEN, two rivers of European Russia. See OOZEN.
signed the act of confederation, declaring the seven United    UZERCIIE, izai'ishl, a town of France, department of
Provinces independent of Spain; and in the British -minis-  Corr5ze, 15 miles N.W. of Tulle. Pop. in 1852, 3428.
ter's house, now replaced by a barrack, the treaty of Utrecht   UZES, ii'zlce, a town of France, departument of Gard. on
was signed in 1713, which ended the war of the Spanish  the Auzon, 13 miles N.N.E. of Nimes. Pop. in 1852, 6984.
succession. Pop. in 1849, 49,176.                           It has a communal college, an old episcopal palace, and a
UTRECHT, a province of the Netherlands, bounded on the  turreted castle of its former dukes, with manufactures of
N. by the Zuyder-Zee. Area 532 square miles. Pop. in 1853, silk hosiery, common woollen cloths, and fine pasteboard,
155,324. The Leek or Rhine forms its S. boundary; its other  and a brisk trade in silk, corn, wine, and brandy.
rivers are the Vecht and Eem. The surface is less fiat and    UZNACI, oots/nAK, a petty town of Switzerland, canton
marshy than in the adjacent provinces.  Chief towns, and 24 miles S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. 1472.
Utrecht, Amersfoort, Montfoort, and Wyk-by-Durstede.         UZUNDJA-OVA, u-ztn/ja o'vA. written also USUNCIIO BI,
UTRELA, oo-tr'tri, (anc. Iliturge?) a town of Spain, pro- a town of European Turkey, Room-lele, near the Maritza,
ince and 16 miles S.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 12,712, mostly  56 miles W.N.W. of Adrianople, and having a large fair
agriculturists, who rear the most ferocious bulls in Anda- in October.
lusia. It stands around a fortified enclosure, has a Moorish    UZZANO, oot-selno, a town of Tuscany, province of Flocastle, and is important as a military post. Its streets ares rence, 1 mile from  Pescia, with a church, a castle, and a
wide, and kept clean by running streams; and here are some  school. Pop. 4064.
2008




VAA                                                        VAL
F
AAG, a river of Hungary. See WAAo.                        Karsky; greatest length, from N.W. to S.E., 60 miles; great.
V    VAAGEN, vI/ghen, (EAsT and WEST,) two of the  est breadth, 35 miles. The interior is said to be mountain.
Loffoden Islands, Norway, W. of Hindien, each about 30  ous, and the S. and S.E. shores present deep rocky cliffs not
miles in length by 15 miles across; the former having 1600  exceeding 200 feet in height. The cliffs are partly composed
knd the latter 2400 inhabitants.                            of clay-slate, which contains cubical crystals of pyrites, and
VAAGOE, one of the Faroe Islands. See FARnoE.             yielding very rapidly to the action of the frost, the air, and
VAAL, vil, a river of South Africa, after a W. course from   the water, crumbles down, and is soon worn by the sea into
the Quathlamba Mountains, joins the Orange River about  balls of an inch in diameter, which are known by the name
lat. 290 5' S., ion. 250 20' E., and forms the N. boundary of a  of oreshniki, or nut-stones. All the streams of the island
territory, partly occupied by Dutch farmers, and annexed  have bars across their mouths, formed by banks of these
in 1548 to the British colony of the Cape of Good Hope.    stones; which, in the case of a strong wind towards the
VAALS or VAELS, vals, a village of the Netherlands,  shore, sometimes accumulate so rapidly, as tochoke up the
province of Limburg, 16 miles E.S.E. of Maestricht. Pop. streams, and convert them  for a time into lakes. The in2897.                                                      habitants are chiefly Samoleds, by whom the island is called
VAAS, vas, a market-town of France, department of  Khayodeya.  Part of them, who own reindeer, remain
Sarthe, on the Cher, 18 miles E. of La Fliche. Pop. 1872.  throughout the year, but others, as well as Russians, only
It was formerly fortified.                                 go over in summer to fish and hunt.
VABRE, vlb'r, a village of France, department of Tarn,    VAIGES, vtzh or vkzh, a market-town of France, depart10 miles E. of Castres. Pop. in 1852, 2726.                ment of Mayenne, 14 miles E.S.E. of Laval. Pop. 1592.
VACAS/SAR, a small bay on the W. side of the peninsula    VAIHINGEN, vi/hing-en, a town of South Germany, Wtirof Florida, in Levy county..                          temberg, on the Enz, 15 miles N.W.  of Stuttgart. Pop. 3072.
VACCIELUCE, vak-kA-looschA, or BASILUZZO, bh-se-    VAIILA, one of the smaller Shetland Islands, Scotland,
loot/so, one of the smaller Lipari Islands, Mediterranean, 4  parish of Walls, in ~aila Sound, on the W. side of the mainmiles E. of Panaria.                                       land, 4 miles N.W. of Skeldaness. Pop. 29.
VACHIA, va/scA, a walled town of Germany, Saxe-Weimar,    VAILATE, vi-lattA, a village of Austrian Italy, 9 miles
principality and 16 miles S.W. of Eisenach, on the Werra.  from Lodi, with the ruins of an ancient castle. Pop. 2307.
Pop. 2239.                                                   VAILLY, vAh'yee/ or vAllyeel, a village of France, departVACItE (vAsh) ISLAND, in the West Indies, is off the S.  ment of Cher, on the Sandre, 12 miles N.W. of Sancerre.
coast of Hayti. 8 miles S.E. of Cayes, 10 miles in length by 3  Pop. in 1852, 720.
miles across. It has some good anchorages.                   VAILLY SUR AISNE, vAh'yee! siia An, a village of France,
VAC1IKA. See VAssKA.                                     department of Aisne, 9 miles E. of Soissons. Pop. 1700.
VACZ, a town of Central Hlungary. See WAITZEN.             VAIL'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Morrow co.. Ohio.
VADAGIIERY, v&-dd-ghlrlree, a town of South India,    VAIL'S MILLS, a post-office of Fulton co., New York.
presidency of Madras, district and 35 miles N.W. of Tin-    VAIMUGA, vI-moo/gg, a river of Russia, government of
nevelly.                                                   Archangel, after a course of about 70 miles joins the North
VADAGHERY, a town of SouthIndia, district of Malabar,  Dwina near the town of Emetzoe. Its banks are covered
on the coast, 25 miles N.W. of Calicut..                   with fine timber, large quantities of which are cut and
VADAVATE, va-dia-v/tA, a river of South HIindostan,  transported to Archangel.
rises in the West Ghauts, flows N.N.E., and after a course    VAIRANO, v-rA/no, a town of Naples, province of Lavoro,
of about 200 miles joins the Toombuddra.                   7 miles N.E. of Teano. Pop. 1766.
VADISCO, va-dislko, a small seaport of Naples, province    VAIRO, vi/ro, a village of Italy, duchy and 32 miles S.
of Otranto. It has often been used for shelter by the  of Parma. Pop. 3474.
Barbary corsairs.                                            VAISE, vAz or v8z, a town of France, department of RhOne,
VADKERT, vfd'kaiatt, a market-town of HIungary, co. of  forming a N.W. suburb of Lyons, on the Saane. Pop. 7277.
Neograd, 26 miles S.S.E. of Karpfen. It has mineral springs.  See LYONS.
Pop. 2484.                                                   VAISON, vAzsdc, (anc. Vafsio,) a village of France, deVADKERT, a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, about 16  partment of Vaucluse, 15 miles N.E. of Orange, on the
miles from Kalocsa. Pop. 3315.                             OuvSze. Pop. in 1852, 3059. Near it are the ruins of a fine
VADO, vrdo, a seaport town of the Sardinian States, on  quay, circus, and aqueduct, belonging to Vasio, the capital
the W. side of the Gulf of Genoa, 3 miles S.W. of Savona.  city of the ancient Vocontii. an important Roman colony.
Pop. 1468.                                                   VAISSAC, vls'sakl, a village of France, department of
VADSTENA, vad-st'nA, a town of Sweden, len and 28  Tarn-et-Garonne.
miles W.N.W. of Linklping, on a bay of Lake Wetter. Pop.    VAITURANI, a river of Ilindostan. See BYTUoNEY.
2188, with the ancient castle of Wettersborg.                VAJCA or VAJKA.  See VAsnHKA.
VADUZ or VADUTZ, v/dflfts, a town, capital of the    VAJDA-HUNYAD, v/lddh' hoon'yfdl, a market-town of
principality of Liechtenstein, in the valley of the Rhine, on  Transylvania, on the Czerna, 40 miles S.W. of Karlsburg.
the frontiers of the Swiss canton of Grisons, 21 miles S.S.E.  Pop. 2000. It has Roman Catholic, Reformed, and Greek
af St. Gall. It contains an old castle seated on a height  churches.  In its environs are the largest iron-mines in
which overhangs the town. Pop. 876.                        Transylvania.
YAELS, a village of the Netherlands. See VAALS.            VAKH, vAk, a river of Siberia, governments of Yenisei
VIitRDAL, vARodA'l, a parish and village of Norway, 45  and Tobolsk, joins the Obi, 100 miles E. of Soorgeot. Course
miles N.E. of Trondhjem, at the head of its fiord. Pop. 1900.  westward, estimated at 350 miles.
VAG. See WAAo.                                             VAL, an Italian word signifying "valley," and forming
VAGA or WAGA, vaga, a river of Russia, governments  the prefix to many names in Italy, Sicily, &c. VAL is also a
of Yologda and Archangel, joins the Dwina after a N. course  prefix to the names of old divisions of Sicily, as VAL DE.mors,
of 250 miles. Principal affluents, the Uste and Kokshenga  (vAl dA-mo/nA.) comprising the N.E. quarter, with Mount
from the E.                                                Etna; the VAL D0 MAZZARA, (vAl dee mAt-sA'rA,) in the W., and
VAGAI, vlghi, or WAGAI, a river in Siberia. government  the VAL 0r NOTO, (vAl dee no/to,) the S. parts of the island.
of Tobolsk, after a N. course of 150 miles, joins the Irtish, 34    VAL, LE, leh vAl, a village of France, department of Var,
miles S.E. of Tobolsk.                                     3 miles N. of Brignolles. Pop. 1734.
VAGH-BESZTERCZE, vAg b6s9tlat/sA/, a market-town of    VALACHIE. See WALLACHIA.
Hungary, co. and 22 miles'N.E. of Trentschin, onthe Waag,    VALAIS, vlIA, (Ger. ITailis, 9vgl/lis,) a canton of Switzerhere crossed by a bridge. It has a handsome church, a  land, in its S.E. part, consisting of the upper valley of the
synagogue, two castles, and extensive manufactures of  Rhone, shut off N. and S. by two primary Alpine chains
earthenware.  On the opposite side of the river stands the  from the canton of Bern and fiom Savoy. Area 1665 square
castle of Podhragy. Pop. 2145.                             miles. Pop. in 1850, 81,527, all Roman Catholics, two-thirds
VAGLIO, vAl/yo, a town of Naples, province of Basilicata,  of whom  speak French. It has been described as an im7 miles E. of Potenza. Pop. 3000.                          mense trough, 70 miles in length, 1I  miles in depth, and 2
VAGNEY, v~n'yA/, a market-town of France, department  miles wide at the bottom; the mountains on each side are
of Vosges. Pop. in 1852, 3419.                             among the highest in Europe, and it is exposed to furious
VAGOS, vA/gos, a market-town of Portugal, province of  torrents and destructive avalanches. Cattle rearing is the
Beira, 6 miles S.S.W. of Aveiro.                           chief branch of industry. Its transit trade is pretty active.
VAGOS, a town and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, Chief towns, Sion, the capital, Martigny, and Vispach. It
6 miles S. of Aveiro. Pop. 3390.                           holds the twentieth place in the Swiss Confederation. Under
VAIIALIS. See RuINE, page 1664.                          the French it formed the department of Simplon.-Adj
VAIGATS. WAIGATZ, or ~AIGATZ, vi-gfts!, or VAI-  and inhab. VALAISAN,* valYe-zsn'.
GATCH, vi'gAtch/, an island of Russia, Arctic Ocean, between
the N.E. coast of the government of Archangel, from which         * "There did she blossom till a VAL.AISAN,
it is separated by the Straits of Vaigats, and the Island of         A townsman of Martign, won her heafrt."
tloamss's Italy, part i. cai.to Y.
Nova Zembla, from which it is separated by the Straits of                             R         / p        c
Nova                                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2009




VAL                                                       VAL
VAL ALTA, vAl al1ta, a village of Austrian Italy, govern- largest of all the islands in the vicinity, and, along wifh
naent of Milan, 10 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1100.       Vancouver's, forms the continuation of the gulf, which i,
VALANGIN, a village of Switzerland. See VALLENOGIN.    also called DaSCoVERv PASSAGE. There is a village upon it,
VALAQUIE,VALAQUIA, VALA QUE.  See WALLACrIA.  seated on the summit of a steep, sandy cliff, about 100 feet
YALASZKA, v6hl6sslk6hx, or BELA, bAd116h', a village  high.
of Hungary, co. of Neutra, 12 miles from Baimocz. It has    VAL DE SANTO DOMINGO, vAl dA sAn/to do-mingdgo, a
several saw and flour mills. Pop. 3027.                    town of Spain, 13 miles N.N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1869.
VALATIE, valta-teex, a post-village of Columbia co., New    VALDEVERDEJA  or VALDEVERDEXA. See VALVERh
York, in Kinderhook township, at the junction of the Valatie DEJA.
and Kinderhook Creeks, about 20 miles S. by E. of Albany.   YALDIBLORA, vAl-de-blofr[, a village of the Sardinian
It contains manufactures of cotton goods, machinery, and  States, about 12 miles N. of Nice. It has a church and an
other articles.                                            old castle. Pop. 1179.
VALBENOITE, valPbh-nwltf, a village of France, depart-    VAL DI CHIANA, vAl dee ke-VnA, formerly a swampy
ment of Loire, 1 mile W. of St. Etienne, of which it forms  tract in the E. part of Tuscany, in the province of Arezzo.
an industrious suburb. Pop. in 1852, 6040.                 It has been drained and converted into one of the most proVALBONNAIS, vAl'bon'nl, a village of France, depart- ductive parts of Italy.
ment of Is~re, 20 miles S.S.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1327.       VALDIERI, vAl-de-Alree, written also VANDTER, a vilVAL-BREGAGLIA, v5l brA-gAllyy, a valley of Switzerland, lage of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, division and proGrisons, on the Italian side of the Alps, immediately S. and  vince of Cunco, on the Gesso, and on the railway from Turin
WV. of Mpunt Septimer, and traversed by one of the main  to Genoa, 17 miles from the latter. Pop. 2357.
roads from Italyinto Switzerland.                            VAL DI MAZZARA. See VAL.
VALCARES, ETANG DE, A't6NG! dph vgl'kaR/, a salt lagoon    VAL DI NOTO. See VAL.
of South France, in the island of Camargue, delta of the    VALDIVIA, vIl-deelve-A, a river of Chili, traversing a doe.
Rhone.                                                     partment of its own name, from the Andes to the Pacific
VALCARLOS, val-kaR'loce, a town of Spain, province of  Ocean, which it enters after a westward course of 120 miles.
Navarre, in a valley of the same name, 35 miles from Pam-   VALDIVIA, the most S. department of Chili, on the mainplona, with manufactures of iron. Pop. 962.                land of South America, about lat. 400 S., and lon. 730 W.,
VALCOUR  (val-koorl) ISLAND, New York, situated in  enclosed, except on the W., by Independent Araucania.
Lake Champlain, about 6 miles S. of Piattsburg.            Estimated area 740 square miles. Pop. 6800.
VALDAGNO, vAl-dinfyo, a market-town of Austrian Italy,    VALDIVIA, a seaport town or village of Chili, on the Valprovince and 14 miles N.W. of Vicenza, at the foot of Mount  divia or Calcutta River, 16 miles from its mouth. It was
Castello, on the Agno. Pop. 3100.                          ruined by an earthquake in 1837.
VALDAI or WALDAI, vAlldl, a walled town of Russia,    VALDIVIA, PORT, at the mouth of the river Valdivia,
government and 80 miles S.E. of Novgorod, on the small Chili, lat. 390 49' S., ion. 730 19' 35" W. It was formerly one
Lake Valdai, and on the road from St. Petersburg to Moscow. of the best and most strongly fortified harbors on the Pacific.
Pop. 3000.                                                   VALDOBBIADENE, vgl-dob-be-U-AdWnA, a village of AusVALDAI HILLS, in the government of Novgorod, consist trian Italy, province and 20 niles N.N.W. of Treviso. P. 2400.
of a series of plateaux which extend between the S. end of    VALDUGGIA, vAl-doodljg, a village of the Sardinian
Lake Peipus and the river DiBna, with an average height of  States, Piedmont, 22 miles N.N.W. of Novara. Pop. 3100.
about 1000 feet, forming a dome-shaped elevation in the    VALEENE, va-leent, a small post-village of Orange co.,
centre of Russia, and the watershed between rivers flowing  Indiana, 104 miles S. of Indianapolis.
to the Baltic and Caspian Seas.                              VALEGGIO, vA-l8d/jo, a village of Austrian Italy, 7 miles
VAL-D'AJOL, LE, leh vAl dAzholl, or LAITRE, lat'r, a  S. of Peschiera, on the Mincio, where it leaves the Lake of
village of France, department of Vosges, 15 mniles. from   Garda. Pop., including 4 adjoining hamlets, 4000. It has
Remi-remont. Pop. 1031.                                    a fortified bridge or causeway, upwards of 600 yards long,
VALDARACETE, vMl-d-,-r-thA/tA, a town of Spain, New  defended by several lofty towers.
Castile, province of Madrid, 21 miles from Ocafia. Pop. 1698.   VALE MILLS, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.
VAL D'ARNO, vil-daz/no, (" Vale of the Arno,") a valley    VALENqA, vA-ln/sc, a town of Brazil, province and 90
of Tuscany, greatly renowned for rural beauty. See ARNo. miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro. It is the seat of an electoral
VALDEALGORFA, vtl-da-Al-gonlfA, a town  of Spain,  college, and the head-quarters of a body of the National
Aragon, province of Teruel, 9 miles from Alca iz, near the  Guards. Pop. of the district, 5000.
Guadalupe. Pop. 1400.                                        VALENqA, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, capital1
VALDEBIMBRE, vYl-dA-beem/brA, a town of Spain, pro-  of a comarca, 10 miles N. of Cayru, on the right bank of
vince and 10 miles from Leon. Pop. 1314.                   the Una, near its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 1200.
VALDEFUENTES, vAl-dA-fwlnltls, a scattered village of    VALENqA or CATINGUINHIIA, kA-teen-gheen/y&, a town
Spain, Estremadura, province and 17 miles S.E. of Caceres.  of Brazil, province of Pianuhi, on the Catinguinha, 56 miles
It has many mills. Pop. 1917.                              N.E. of Oeiras. Pop. 3000.
VALDEGANGA, vAl-dA-glnggA, a town of Spain, Murcia,    VALENCA —DODOURO, vA-ln/sA do dO/ro, a town and
province and 18 miles from Albacete, on a lofty height above  parish of Portugal, province of Beira-Alta, 9 miles S.E. of
the Jucar. Pop. 1154.                                      Lamego. Pop. 635.
VALDELASCA, vdl-dA-lAs/kA, a village of Spain, Estre-    VALENGA-DO-MINHO, vA-lan/sA do meendyo, a fortified
madura, province and 70 miles from Caceres, near the Tagus.  frontier town of Portugal, province of Minho, capital of a
Pop. 1095.                                                 comarca, on the left bank of the Minho, immediately oppoVAL-DEMONE, val dA-mofnA, an ancient division in the  site Tuy. Pop. 1100.
E. of Sicily. Its capital was Messina. See VAL.              VALENqAY  v9lzca'sSA,  a town of France, department
VALDEMIOIILLO, vl-dA-mo-reel/yo, a town of Spain, of Indre, agreeably situated on the Nahon, 25 miles N. of
New Castile, province and 18 miles W.N.W. of Madrid. It  Chateauroux, and chiefly remarkable for a fine palace, with
has manufactures of superior stoneware. Pop. 1223.         gardens, where Napoleon retained Ferdinand VII. during
VALDEMORO, vAl-dA-molro, a town of Spain, province  his own usurpation in Spain. Pop. in 1852, 3627.
and 16 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1712.                      VALENCE, vA,'l8Nssl, (auc. Valenltia,) a town of France,
VALDENGO, vl-duln/go, a village of the Sardinian States, capital of the department of Drame, on the left bank of the
division of Turin, province of Biella. Pop. 1203.          Rhone, here crossed by a suspension bridge, and on the railVALDEOBISPO, v,~l-dA-o-beeslpo, a village of Spain, Estre- way from Lyons to Avignon, 57 miles S. of Lyons, lat. 440
madura, province and 45 miles from Caceres. Pop. 1205.    56' N.. lon. 40 53' E. Pop. in 1852,16,122. It is surrounded
VAL DE OLIVA, vAl dA o-leelvA, a town of Spain, pro- by orchards, vineyards, and woods. and enclosed by walls.
vince, and 24 riles N. ofCuenca. Pop. 2690.                Principal edifices, the cathedral, with the tomb of Pope Pius
VALDEPENAS, vAl-dA-painly.s, (i. e. " valley of rocks,") a  VI., barracks, citadel, court-house, prison, and theatre. It
town of Spain, province, and 30 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real. has a communal college, with a public library of 10,000 voon the Jabalon. Pop. 9870. The town has no object of inte- lumes. school of artillery, chamber of manufactures, school
rest, but is celebrated for its excellent wines,           of design, docks for building river craft, cotton printig
VAL DE PENAS, a town of Spain, province, and 15 miles and dyeing establishments, and manufactures of silk good.
S.S.W. of Jaen. Pop. 4209.                                   VALENCE, vA'llaNssl, a small town of France, department
VALDEPIELAGO, vAl-dA-pe-A/l-go, a town of Spain, pro- of Gers, on the Baise, 5 miles S. of Condom. Pop. in 1852,
vince, and about 22 miles N.N.E. of Leon. Pop. 1016.       1625.
VALDERADUEY, vAl-dA-rA-DwA/, a river of Spain, province    VALENCE D'AGEN, vA'lNcss!  dA'zh8NaG, a town of France,
of Leon, enters the Douro 2 miles E. of Zamora. Length, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 13 miles W. of Moissac.
about 100 miles.                                           Pop. in 1852, 3088.
VALDERAS, vAl-dA/rs, a town of Spain, province, and    VALENCIA, vA-lln/she-a, (Sp. pron. v-len/the-A,) an old
30 miles S.S.E. of Leon. It has four squares and several province or kingdom of Spain, on the E. coast, now forming
schools, a bull-ring, theatre, a substantially built hospital, the provinces of Valencia, Alicante, and Castellon-de-laand a Carmelite convent. Pop. 3433.                        Plana. United area 9512 square miles.  Pop. 1.110,960.
VALDERROBRES, vAl-da-anolBnrs, a village of Spain, Ara- The N.W. part of the region is covered with arid mountains,
gon, province, and 62 miles N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2276.     but the centre presents a fertile and well-watered plain, and
VALDES, v~l/dls, an island on the N.W. coast of America, around Lake Albufera are extensive rice grounds. The soil
In the Gulf of Georgia, lat. 500 N., ion. 1250 2' W. It is the  is well cultivated. The chief products comprise wine, figs,
2010




VAL                                                        VAL
almo.ids. (lives, and excellent oranges. The sugar-cane, bushels of corn; 8115 of peas and beans;.and 1973 gallons
hemp,  lint, and silk, yield valuable returns. The principal of wine. Capital, Valencia. Pop. 14,189.
mineral riches are salt, marble, and potters' clay. It was    VALENCIA, a village and capital of Valencia co., New
first colonized by the Phoenicians or Carthaginians, who had  Mexico, on the left bank of the Rio del Norte, 80 miles
established many flourishing settlements in it, when it was  S.S.W. of Santa Fe.
wrested from  them by the Romans. Under them it made    VALENCIA, vf-l1nfshe-a, (Sp. pron. v9-1lnlthe-A,) a city
great progress in civilization, and was one of the most tran- of South America, Venezuela, capital of a province, departquil provinces of the empire, when it fell a prey to the Goths. ment of Caracas, with which it communicates by a good
About the beginningof the 8th century, the Saracens became road. Let. 100 12' N., lon. 670 551' W. Estimated population,
its masters. In the 11th century it was erected into a sepa- 17,000. It is finely situated, covers a large surface, and has
rate Moorish kingdom, under the dynasty of the Ahmerides, an active commerce with Caracas and Puerto Cabello.
and retained its independence till 1238, when Don Jaim6 I.,   VALENCIA, a seaport town and island of Ireland. See
availing himself of its civil dissensions, completely subdued  VALENTIA.
it, and incorporated it with his kingdom  of Aragon.  It    VALENCIA DE ALCANTARA, va-ln/the-A dA ial-knltt-rA,
afterwards passed to the crown of Castile, and has since fol- a fortified town of Spain, on a height, near the frontier of
lowed its fortunes.-Adj. and inhab. VALENCIAN, vA-lnulf  Portugal, province of Caceres, 25 miles S.W. of Alcantara.
she-an, (Sp. Valenciano, v-l6n-the-/no.)                   Pop. 4700. It has a citadel, barracks, and manufactures of
VALENCIA, (ane. Valentia-Edetanorum; Fr. Valence, vPl- hats, linens, and leather, and is supposed to occupy the site
INssf; It. Valenza, vA-lu/zA,) a city of Spain, capital of the  of the ancient Contrasta.
ancient kingdom and modern province of the same name, in    VALENCIA DE DON JUAN, va-lMnathe-A dA don Hnoe-An,
a fine plain on the Turina, here crossed by 5 wide bridges, (anc. Cobiaca?) a town of Spain, province and 20 miles S.S.E.
about 2 miles from the sea, and 190 miles E.S.E. of Madrid; of Leon, on the left bank of the Elsa. Pop. 1698. Near it
let. 390 28' 45'" N., ion. 00 24' 23" W. It is the see bf an arch- are copper-mines and marble quarries.
bishop, the residence of a captain-general, and has a supreme    VALENCIA-DE-LAS-TORRES, vA-lunthe-A dA ls ton/eis,
court ofjustice. The city is of a circular shape, and enclosed  a town of Spain, Estremadura, province and about 40 miles
by walls, built in 1356 by Pedro IV. There are 8 gates, some  from Badajos. Pop. 1230.
of which, with their towers and machicolations, are very pic-   VALENCIA DEL VENTOSO, va-lkn/the-A dil v~n-tofso, or
turesque. The houses are lofty and gloomy-looking, and, with  VALENCIA  DEL BARRIAL, va-1n!the-A d~l bap-Rae-All, a
few exceptions, the streets are tortuous, and so narrow, that town of Spain, province and 43 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop.
when one looks down from the cathedral-tower, the openings 2960. It has manufactures of linens and sacking, and some
are scarcely to be seen, amid the irregular, close-packed roofs. Roman antiquities.
Of the public buildings and institutions the following may    VALENCIA  (vA-ln/she-a) LAKE  OF, or TACARIGUA
be mentioned: a new theatre, various hospitals, among them  tA-kA-ree/gwA, is near the Caribbean Sea, 2 miles E. of the
the General Hospital, which has baths; the Poorhouse, a  above city. Length 22 miles, average breadth 6 miles.
fine edifice; the Foundling Hospital, &c.; a University, Mean depth from 12 to 15 fathoms. Shores desert on the
founded in 1500, with chairs of jurisprudence, medicine, and  S., but on the N. well cultivated. It contains many islands,
philosophy, for which there are 70 professors; the library  and receives the river Aragua.
numbers 40,000 volumes, and the University was attended    VALENCIANA, vA-ln-se-ng,,   a famous silver-mine and
in 1841 by 1600 students; a museum  of natural history, small town of the Mexican Confederation, state and a few
chemistry, and physics; a botanic garden in the environs of  miles N. of Guanajuato. From 1771 to 1804 the mine yielded
the city, a theatre, and chapel; the seminsario-cosnciliar, where  an annual produce of 600,0001., but the works have been
theology, Greek, and Latin are taught; the College of Corpus subsequently destroyed.
Christi, founded in 1586, which contains many fine paintings    VALENCIENNES, vqA'l8Nse-Ann/, (ane. Valentianna,) a forby Ribalta; a national museum  in one of the suppressed  tified town of France, department of Nord, on tihe Scheldt,
convents, containing six or seven hundred pictures, and in  (Escaut,) and on the railway from Paris to Mons, 27 miles S.E,
which the great Valencian school may be studied to advan-  ofLille. Lat.50 21' N., lon. 30 31' E. Pop.in 1852,23,263. It
tage, especially Vicente Juanes, the Spanish Raphael, Ri- has a citadel on an island in the Scheldt; a fine town-hall and
balta, and Ribera, (Spagnoletto.)                           belfry; several churches, a general and two military hospi.
The Cathedral, built on the site of a temple of Diana. and  tals; asylums, barracks, an arsenal, a public library and mua Moorish mosque, was raised to metropolitan rankl in 1492; seum, and a theatre. Its industryis very various, comprising
it is uninteresting in point of architecture, but is rich in  manufactures of lace, linen and lawn, printed muslins, beet.
paintings by the great masters of the Valencian school. root sugar, gold and silver tissues, toys, earthenware, and
There are, besides 14 parish churches, numerous suppressed  leather, being the principal; and it has numerous bleaching
convents, the most remarkable of which was St. Dominic's; and dye works, with a brisk trade in timber, coal, and agri21 nunneries, a Magdalen asylum, 22 hermitages; a hand- cultural produce. It was taken in 1793 by the English and
some custom-house, a college for orphans of both sexes, a  Austrians after a siege of six weeks. The historian Frois.
normal school, an academy of fine arts, a school of com- sart was born here in 1337.
merce, a chair of agriculture, a college of advocates, a medi-   VALENS, v&1ldNG/, a village and parish of Switzerland,
cal institute, with various other educational establishments; canton and 32 miles S.S.E. of St. Gall.
an episcopal palace, containing a library of 11,000 volumes;   VALENSOLE, vAUl6Nssol/, (ane. Vallens Sola/rium?) a town
the silk-hall or chamber of commerce, a beautiful Gothic  of France, department of Basses-Alpes, 30 miles S.W. of
building; a noble Doric court-house, a bull-ring, a casino, a  Digne. Pop. in 1852, 3151.
hippodrome, fine paseos and gardens, good baths, prisons,  - VALENSOLLE, vA'llqNsoll/, a market-town of France,
and penitentiaries. There is only one fountain in the town, department of Basses-Alpes, 22 miles S.W. of Digne. Pop.
that in the great square. The citadel was built by Charles  in 1852, 3151.
V., to defend Valencia against Barbarossa. The Glorieta,   VALENTANO, vA-l8n-t/no, (ane. Verenllum,) a town f
with its fountains and statues, is a delicious promenade,  Italy, Pontifical States, 18 miles N.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 10i.
and frequented by the fashion and beauty of the place.   VALENTIA, France. See VALENCE.
The climate, though hot, is salubrious, and the city is    VALENTIA EDETANORUM. See VALENCIA.
resorted to by invalids.                                     YVALENTIA, VALENCIA, vA-ln/she-a, or KENMORE/, an
Valencia is celebrated for its manufactures, the most im- island off the W. coast of Ireland, Mlunster, co. of Kerry, 3
portant of which is spinning and weaving silk, in which  miles S.W. of Cahirciveen, and separated from the mainland
great numbers are employed; the rest comprise sackcloth-  by a strait 11 miles in breadth, and which forms the most
the exportation of rice alone requiring about 50,000 sacks  W. harbor in the British Islands; lat. 510 55' 8" N., ion.
annually-cordage, hats of wool, hair, silk, and straw; 100 19' W. Length of island 7 miles, breadth 2 miles. It
gloves, fans, glass, painted tiles, which are very celebrated; gives the title of Viscount to the Annesley family.
ordinary and fine woollens, soap, combs, and leather. There    VALENTIA or VALENCIA, a town or village at the S.E.
are also two foundries, a nail-work, and a tobacco-manufac-  extremity of the island of Valentia, Ireland, is beautifully
tory, which gives employment to more than 3000 women. enclosed among brown mountain slopes. Pop. of town and
The harbor of Valencia is very imperfect, and its foreign  parish, 2482. The harbor is deep, capacious, and comcommerce has greatly declined. The principal articles of  pletely land-locked, and being the most W. port of Europe,
import are linens, ironmongery, drugs, bar-iron, planks, has lately attracted considerable attention in consequence
and colonial produce; and the chief articles exported com- of a proposal to make it the W. terminus of railway comprise corn, rice, silk, saffron, almonds, and oranges.      munication, and a principal station for Atlantic steamers.
For its opposition to the French, in the war of succession,   VALENTIA, an island in the Red Sea. See DoSSEE.
it was despoiled of its liberties and wealth by Philip V. It    VALEN/TIA, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.
was taken in 1812 by the French under Suchet, who held it   VALENTIANA.  See VALIECIENNES.
till June 1813. Pop. 70,000; including the suburbs, above    VALENTINE, vA'l1N'teen/, a town of France, department
100,000.                                                   of H1aute-Garonne, 1 mile S.W. of St. Gaudens, on the
VALENCIA, vA-ln/she-a, a county in the S.E. part of New  Garonne. Pop. 1500, who manufacture woollens.
Mexico, bordering on Texas. It is bounded on the W. by the    VALENZA, vA-ln/zA, (ance. Fsulvii Fo!rum; F'a/cnt2'num?)
Rio Grande, and drained by several small affluents of that a town of the Sardinian States, Piedmont, 7 miles N. of
stream. Indian corn and wheat are the staples. In 1850, Alessandria, on the Po. Pop. 7477. It is enclosed by walls)
this county produced more corn, peas, beans, and wine than  entered by 4 gates, and has manufactures of woollen cloth,
any other in the territory. It yielded in that year 157,795  soap, and leather.
2011




VAL                                                       VAL
VALENZaN, va-lon-zcano, a town of Naples, province    VALGANA, vil-g Vn/, a village of Austrian Italy, province
%nd S. of Bari. Pop. 2486.                                  and about 22 miles N.W. of Como. Near it are quarries of
VALENZUELA, vi-l8n-thwa/la, a vil~age of Spain, New  alabaster, and red marble and iron-mines. Pop. 1010.
Castile, province and 10 miles from  Ciudad-Real.  Pop.   VALGORGE, v~l'goRzh/, a market-town of France, depart.
1240.                                                       ment of Ard~che, 9 miles W.N.W. of Largentibre.  Pop. 1400.
VALENZUELA, a town of Spain, province and 28 miles    VALGRANA, v l-grfn&,g a village of the Sardinian States)
E.S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2224.                               division and 8 miles W. of Con, near the Grana. Pop. 2181.
VALERA-DE-ABAJO, vd-l4/rU-dA-9-bYlo, a town of Spain,   VALGREGI-IENTINO, vAl-grA-ghhn-tee/no, a village of
New Castile, province and 20 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1090. Austrian Italy, province and 18 miles E.N.E. of Come, on
VALERA-DE-ARRIBA, vA-lari-da'-aR-ee/BA, a town of the Adda. Pop. 1040.
Spain, New Castile, province and S. of Cuenca. Pop. 1187.    VALGUARNERA, v~l-gwaa-nAr9, a town of Sicily, proVALESPIR, vilfs'peera, an ancient district of France, vince and 25 miles W.N.W. of Note. Pop. 5500.
which belonged to the former province of Roussillon, and is   VALK or WALK, vAlk, a town of Russia, government of
now included in the department of Pyrdn~es-Orientales.      Livonia, 90 miles N.E. of Riga. Pop. 1800.
VALETTA, vA-l6t/ti, or LA VALETTA, 1i vS-lIt/tt, a sea-   VALKENBURG, vtllken-bMWRGo, (Fr. _Fauquemont, fS\kehport city, capital of the island of Malta, on the N.E. coast, ms6Nt,) a town of Dutch Limburg, on the Geul, and on the
lat. (of palace.) 350 53' 48" N., ion. 140 31' 15" E. It is pic- railway to Aix-la-Chapelle, 7 miles E. of Maestricht. Pop. 717.
taresquely situated on a long, neck of land called Mount   VALKI or WALKI, vl/lkee, a town of Russia, government
Xiberras, which, with the mainland on either side of it, and 27 miles W.S.W. of Kharkov, on an affluent of the
forms two large and commodious harbors, one on the E., Donets. Pop. 8937. It has 5 large annual fairs.
called the Great Harbor, and the other on the W. called. VALL, vOll, a market-town of Hungary, co. of StuhlweisMarsa Musceit, or the Quarantine IHarbor. The view, on  senburg, aboot 16 miles from Martonvasar. Pop. 2197.
approaching it from the sea, is singularly magnificent. At-   VALLABREGUE S, vAl'lbraig/, a town of France, departtention is first attracted by the massiveness and strength of ment of Gard, on the Rhone, 13 miles E. of Nimes. P. 1600.
its fortifications. These consist principally of Forts St. Elmo    VALLADA, val-li/cl, a village of Spain, province and 40
and Ricasoli, guarding the grand harbor, the former an  miles S.W. of Valencia, on the Caiolas. Pop. 1973.
enormous work of granite, with barracks sunk in its lower   VALLADOLID, val1la-do-lidl, (Sp. pron. v~l-ySo-leecP,)
bastions for 2000 men; Fort St. Angelo, Forts Tigne and  (ane. Pin/tia,) a city of Spain, capital of a province, on the
Manuel, guarding the quarantine harbor, and the lines of  left bank of the Pisuerga, at the influx of the Esgueva, 27
Floriana; extending from harbor to harbor, across the isth- miles S.S.W. of Palencia; lat. 410 40' N., Ion. 40 42' W.
mus. The unevenness of the site makes it necessary to  It is enclosed by old walls, entered by 6 gates, and has
keep up the communication between the different streets by  many large and decayed dwellings, having been the resiflights of steps, forming one of the peculiar features of the  dence of the court, prior to its removal to Madrid, at the
place. The principal street, called Strada Reale, stretches  end of the 16th century. Valladolid is subdivided into 16
across the crest of the hill, and the other leading streets run  parishes; principal edifices, an unfinished and half-ruined
parallel to it at lower elevations. All these streets are wide, cathedral, and the Palace of Philip III.; hospitals, asyand well paved with lava. There are also spacious and hand- lums, barracks, a museum containing paintings, sculptures,
some squares in different parts of the town; and in the lower and a library of 14,000 volumes. The University, one of
part, or Marina, the splendid quays, with the elegant edifices the best in Spain, is chiefly celebrated for jurisprudence,
which line them, are especially deserving of notice. Besides and was attended in 1841 by 1300 students. It has manuthe town proper, Valetta comprises a number of suburbs, factures of silk, cotton, and woolien stuffs; jewellery, hats,
of which the most important are Floriana, immediately be- linen, and -cotton yarn; paper, perfumery, earthenwares,
yond the lines already mentioned; and Sanglea, Burmola, and leather; and the city has a trade in white wines, madder,
and Vittoriosa, on the E. side of the great harbor.         silk, and olives, raised in its vicinity. It is the residence of
The ecclesiastical edifices include 20 churches, of which  a captain-general, a military intendant, and other authorithe cathedral, built in 1580, is, though not externally at- ties, and is a see suffragan to that of Toledo. Belad Waleed,
tractive, by far the most interesting. Along its mosaic pave- (or Belad-Walid,) as it was called by the Moors, was wrested
ment are numerous tombs of the knights of Malta, repre- from them by OrdoFlo II., in 920. At the begining of the
sented in white marble, and in full costume; other more  15th century, when it became the residence of Juan II., it
gorgeous monuments stand around in marble and bronze; was already considered the finest town in Castile; under
and among other pictures, the "Beheading of St. John,"  Charles V. it was adorned with splendid edifices, and his son
regarded as one of the finest works of Caravagglo; in a  Philip II. favored his native place; he gave it the title of
chapel are deposited the keys of Jerusalem, Acre, and  City in 1596, having induced Clement VIII. to elevate it to
Rhodes. The other more remarkable buildings and estab- a bishopric in the preceding year. On the removal of the
lishments are the Palace of the Grand Master, now the go- court to Madrid, it began to decline. Columbus died here
vernor's residence, with a corridor hung with portraits of  in 1506, and IHernandes the great artist in 1636. Philip II.
the knights, and an armory, which, besides containing 10,000  was born here in 1527. Pop. 30,000.
muskets for actual service, is rich in trophies and ancient   VALLADOLID, a province of Spain, Old Castile; area 2984
armor; the Library and Museum adjoining the Palace, the  square miles. Pop. 210,000.
University, founded towards the close of the last century,   VAL'LADOLIDI, (Sp. pron. vAl-yS-Do-leeo/,) a city of the
and furnishing at a very moderate expense a regular edu- Mexican Confederation, capital (?) of the state of Michocation in divinity, law, medicine, and arts; the English Col- acan, in a fine valley, 115 miles W.N.W. of Mexico; lat.
legiate Church of St. Paul, founded by Queen Adelaide at a  190 42' N., lon. 1000 52' E. Estimated population 18,000.
cost of 15,0001.; the Exchange, theatre, the Military Hospi- It has a magnificent cathedral, and numerous other rich
tal, occupying a noble edifice erected by the knights; the  churches. It was the birth-place of Iturbide, the short-lived
Naval Hospital, two civil hospitals, one for males occu- Emperor of Mexico.
pying the old monastery of Maddalena, and another for    VALLADOLID, the second city of Yucatan, capital of a
females founded by a lady of Sienna; several auberges, or department of its own name, 90 miles E.S.E. of Merida. Its
separate knights' palaces, some of them remarkable for their  appearance from a distance is very pretty, each house having
magnificence,  and the beauty of their architecture; the  a little garden in front, filled with trees and flowers.' The
dockyard, capable of admitting the largest man-of-war,; the  streets are well laid out and clean, but grass grows in the
House  of Industry, the extensive barracks, the burial-  centre of the most frequented. The houses are principally
grounds, formed out of the bastions of the fortifications  of one story, with flat roofs, large doors, and barred windows,
around Yaletta; the great aqueduct, extending from Citta-  with court-yards and stone and mortar floors. It has some
Vecchia; and the Botanic Garden, in the suburb Floriana.   good public buildings; a fine square, a handsome stone
The only manufactures of any consequence are carried  church, a town-house, elegant aqueduct, which supplies the
on at the Creek of Sanglea, where many excellent merchant town with water; and a pretty large cotton factory, built of
vessels'are built, and fitted out at private building-yards; stone. The sellers in the market-place are principally Inthe trade is always important in time of war, when the  dians, squatted about upon the ground, with small pieces of
strong and central position of Malta makes it a great em- meat laid out in piles, and vegetables displayed in the same
porium for the traffic of the Mediterranean; when the more  manner upon benches beside them  in the public square.
natural channels are open, it becomes insignificant in time  Valladolid is noted throughout the peninsula for the saluof peace. Having scarcely any resources within itself, Va- brity of its climate, and is much resorted to on this account
letta depends on other countries for the chief necessaries  by invalids from other parts of the province. P. about 15,000.
of life, importing corn, oil, and wine from  Italy and Sicily,   VALLADOLID DE COMAYAGUA. See COMAYAoUA.
and cattle and horses, chiefly from  Barbary, and partly    VALLAMARTIN, v l-yS-man-teen', a town  of Spain,
also from Greece and Albania. The mail-steamers for Alex- Andalusia, province and 44 miles N.E. of Cadiz, at the conandria, Constantinople, &c., call here regularly. It was fluence of the Sarracin with the Guadalete. Pop. 3176.
founded by the Grand Master, Valette, in 1566, occupied by    VALLATA, vANl-lit, a town of Naples, province of Printhe French in 1798, and taken by the English in 1801. Pop. cipato Ultra, district and 13 miles S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 4400.
about 30,000.                                                 VALLAURIS, v~l'lo'rees/, (ane. Vaolhis Autea?) a village of
VALETTE, LA, 15 v'l/ttt, a village of France, department France, department of Var, 10 miles S.E. of Grasse. Near it
Df Var, 4 miles N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 1800.                 is a mine of manganese. Pop. 2282.
VALFENERA, v,1-fS-nS/rS, a village of the Sardinian    VAL/LAY, a small island of Scotland, Outer Hebrides, co,
States, province of Asti, near Villanuova. Pop. 1572.       of Inverness, parish and on the N.W. coast of North Uisti
2012




YAL                                                       VAL
from which it is separated by a narrow sound. Length 2    VALLEY HEAD, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama,
miles. Pop. 59.                                            about 200 miles N. by E. of Montgomery.
VALL-DE-UXO. a town of Spain. See VALLE-DE-UJ0.            VALLEY IHEAD, a post-office of Randolph co., Virginia.
VALLDORF, vallldotf', a village of Prussia, province of    VALLEY PLACE, a village of IHarris co., Georgia, 32 miles
Westphalia, government of Minden. Pop. 1113.               N.N.E. of Columbus.
VALLECIITO, a mining town of Calaveras co., California,   VALLEY POINT, a post-office of Preston co., Virginia.
about 5 miles N. of the Stanislaus River.  Pop. in 1853,   VALLEY PRAIRIE, a post-office of Barry co., Missouri.
about 1600.                                                  VAIJLEYTOWN, a post-office of Cherokee co., North CaVALLECORSA, vAl-l~-koaRs&, a town of Italy, Pontifical rolina.
States, delegation and 14 miles S.E. of Frosinone. Pop. 3230.   VALLIEVO or VALLJEVO, val-le-lvo, a town of Servia,
VALILE-CRUICIS, a ritined abbey of Wales, co. of Denbigh, 55 miles S.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 4500. It is reported to have
parish of Llangollen. It was founded by a prince of Powys numerous mosques and well frequented markets.
for Cistercian monks.                                        VALLIQUIERVILLE, vl'le'ke-aiR'velel/,   a town of France,
VALILE CRUICIS, a post-office of Watauga co., North  department of Seine-Inf6rieure, 3 miles W. of Yvetot.
Carolina.                                                  Pop. 1600.
VALLE DE ABDALAJIS, vAltyA dA Ab-dH-li-Heesa, a town    VALLO, IL, eel vilflo, a town of Naples, province of Prin-,
of Spain, province and 12 miles N.N.W. of Malaga. P. 3211. cipato Citra, 41 miles S.S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 2400.
VALLE-DE-GUERRA, vallyA dA ghlant, a village of    VALLOIRE, v&Pl'lwhr, a village of the Sardinian States,
the Canaries, island of Teneriffe. Pop. 1258.              division of Savoy, 9 miles S.S.E. of St. Jean-de-Maurienne.
VALLE-DE-SANTA-ANNA, v~l/yA dA shn/tt gnng, a vii- Pop. 1826.
lage  of Spain, Estremadura, province and about 40 miles    VALLON, vAPl'NGI, a market-town of France, department
from Badajos. Pop. 1406.                                   of Ardiche, 10 miles S.S.E. of Largentilre. Pop. in 1852,
VALLE-DE-UJO, (or -UXO,) v~l/yA dA oorno, or VALL-DE- 2756. Near it is a cataract of the Ard~che above a natural
UJO, vAlI dA otnHo, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles bridge.
S.W. of Castellon-de-la-Plana. Pop. 5847. It has potteries    VALLON, a town of France, department of Sarthe, 12 miles
and distilleries.                                          W.S.W. of Le Mans. Pop. 1600.
VALLE DI FIANONA. See FrANONA.                             VALLON, a town of France, department of Allier, 14 miles
VALLEDULMO, vdl-li-doollmo, or VAL-DELL'-OLMO, N. of Montluon. Pop. 1000.
v~l-dhl-91qmo, a town of Sicily, province and 40 miles S.E. of    VALLONGO, a village of Portugal. See VALONGO.
Palermo. Pop. 3800.                                          VALLOINIA, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, 74
VALLEGIO, vAl-hl/jo, a village of Austrian Italy, province  miles S. of Indianapolis. 
and 15 miles S.W. of Verona, near the Mincio. It has an    VALLONIA SPRINGS, a post-office of Broome co., New
old castle, with a lofty dungeon, and a remarkable bridge or York.
causeway, about 600 yards long, battlemented on either side,   VALLORBE, vIlqoRbt;   a village of Switzerland, canton
and defended by several lofty towers. Pop., including four of Vaud, near the French frontier, 8 miles W. of Orbe.
adjacent villages, 4000.                                   Pop. 1500.
VALLE-IHERMOSO, vAl/yA hn-mofso, a town of the Cana-   VALLOUISE, valloo-eezl, a village of France, department
ries, N. end of the island of Gomera. It consists of 500 houses, of Hautes-Alpes, 8 miles W.S.W. of Brianqon. Pop. 1200.
including several hamlets. Pop. 2857.                        VALLS, vAts, a town of Spain, province and 10 miles N.
VALLEJO, val-yAlHo or val-li/ho, the former capital of  of Tarragona, in a plain watered by the Francoli. Pop.
California, is situated on the N. side of the entrance of the  11,084, who spin cotton and woollen yarn, distil brandy, and
strait connecting San Pablo and Suisun Bays. Itwas named  manufacture leather and soap. The French under St. Cyr
in honor of General Vallejo, who agreed to give to the state  defeated the Spaniards here in 1809, but were in their turn
a quantity of land and a large sum of money towards the  defeated in 1811.
erection of the public buildings, on condition of its being    VALLY, vPleef, (anc. Ad VaTles?) a village of the Sardinian
made the capital. The steamboats running between San  States, division of Savoy, province of Chablais, near Thonon.
Francisco and Sacramento pass Vallejo on their route.      It has fine marble quarries. Pop. 1165.
VALLE-LAGARINA, vVl1,1 l9-gd-reelng, is a town of the    VALMACCA, vAl-mdk/kA,.   a village of the Sardinian States,
Tyrol, circle of Roveredo:  Pop. 2400.                     division of Alessandria, province of Casale,near Frassinetto.
VALLELONGA, vdl-lA-lonfgg, a town of Naples, province  Pop. 1309.
of Calabria Ultra II., E. of Monteleone. It is supposed to    VALMADRERA, v~l-mg-drAra, a village of Austrian Italy,
occupy the site of the ancient _Vicephora.                 province and about 15 miles from Como. Pop. 2848.
VALLELUNGA, vll-lA-loon/gA, a town of Sicily, intend-   VALMASEDA, vll-mg-sADn, a walled town of Spain, proency and 18 miles N.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 3500.         vince of Biscay, 22 miles W.S.W. of Bilbao, on the Salcedon.
VALLENDAR, vSlllen-daicR, a village of Rhenish Prussia, Pop. 1384. It has a custom-house, copper and iron works,
3 miles N.N.E. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2910. It has tanneries, and coal-mines.
an ancient castle.                                           VALMONT, vl]'m6NGl, a market-town of France, departVALLENGIN, vlllI8NG'zhANo/, or VALANGIN, vblaeO'-  ment of Seine-Inf~rieure, 13 miles N.W. of Yvet~t. P; 1100.
zh'N1, a small town of Switzerland, canton and 2 miles N.W.      VALMONTONE, vll-mon-to/nA, a village of Italy, Pontiof Neufchqtel, in the fertile Val de Ruz, with a castle and a  fical States, delegation of Frosinone, 25 miles S.E. of Rome.
Gothic church. Pop. 6300.                                    VALMOZZOLA. vll-moteso-lt, or PIE'VE-DI-VALMOZZOVAL/LENS, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio.             LA, pe-a/vlA dee vltl-mot/so-l1, a village of Italy, duchy and
VALLERAUGUE, vAl'leh-rag/, a town of France, depart- 30 miles S.W. of Parma, on the Mozzola. Pop. 1869.
ment of Gard, on the Il6rault, 39 miles N.W. of Nimes. Pop.   VALMY, v~llmee/, a village of France, department of
in 1852, 4190.                                             Marne, arrondissement of Ste. Menehould. here, in 1792,
VALLE-ROTONDA, vltS/lA ro-ton/dA, a market-town of  the Prussians were defeated by Kellerman.
Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro, district of Sora, 8 miles    VALOGNES, vltilofl, a town of France, department of
N.W. of Venafro. Pop. 2200.                                Manche, on the Merderet, 11 miles S.E. of Cherbourg. Pop.
VALLES, vtlyls, a town of Mexico, state and 135 miles in 1852, 6072. It has a communal college, and manufactures
E. by S. of San'Luis Potosi, on the Montezuma. Pop. 3500. of hats, lace, and gloves.
VALLET, vlP1Mi, a town of France, department of Loire-   VALOIS, vlSlwl, an old district of France, now comprised
Inffrieure, 13 miles E.S.E. of Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 6268.   in the departments of Oise and Aisne.
VAL/LEY, a township of Montour co., Pennsylvania. Pop.   VALONA, a town of Eutopean Turkey. See AvLONA.
760.                                                         VALONGO, vA-longlgo, or VALLONGO, a large village of
VALLEY, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia.         Portugal, province of Minho, 7 miles E.N.E. of Oporto, and
VALLEY, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas.               where most of the bread consumed in that city is made.
VALLEY, a post-office of Washington co., Iowa.          IHere are some productive antimony and other mines, known
VALLEY, a post-office of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.      and wrought during the Roman dominion.
VALLEY, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois.              VALONGO  or VALLONGO-DO-VOUGA, vAl-long/co  do
VALLEY FALLS, a manufacturing post-village in Smith- va/gA, a village of Portugal, province of Douro, on the Vouga,
field township, Providence co., Rhode Island, 7 miles N. by  about 10 miles from Aveiro. Pop. 2160.
E. of Providence. It contains 5 large cotton-mills, 3 of which    VALOR, vA-loRb, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province
are owned by I. & S. B. Chase. Pop. about 1000.           and about 55 miles from Granada, S. side of the Sierra
VALLEY FALLS, a post-office of Marion co., Virginia.     Nevada. Pop. 1644.
VALLEY FARM, a post-office of Jackson co., Indiana.       VALPARAISO, vil-pA-rIso, (i.e. Val de Paraiso,  "Vale of
VALLEY FORGE, a post-village on the line between Ches- Paradise"-so named from  its delightful situation.) the
ter and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania, on the right capital of a province of its own name, and the principal port
bank of the Schuylkill River, and on the Reading Railroad, of Chili, is situated on a large bay in the Pacific, 90 miles
6 miles above Norristown. It is situated at the mouth of  W.N.W. of Santiago; lat. 330 1' 56,, S., Ion. 710 41' 45" W.
Valley Creek, and contains a cotton factory. It is memo- The Bay of Valparaiso is of a semicircular form, and capable
rable for the sufferings of Washington's army, during the  of accommodating a very large fleet. It is well sheltered
winter of 1777-8.                                         on the E., S., and W., but is entirely open towards the
VALLEY FORGE, a post-office of Jasper co.. Missouri.    N.; and during the prevalence of winds from this quarter
VALLEY FORGE, a post-office of Pulaski co., Illinois.    in the winter season, accompanied as they always are by
VALLEY GROVE, a post-office of Monroe co., Arkansas.  a heavy rolling sea, the shipping is much exposed, anld
2013




VAL,                                                        VAN
serious accidents often take place. The town has a very pic- that country. A similar intercourse has sprung up latel$
turesque situation. The part properly called the Port is built with Australia in consequence of like discoveries there,
on the lower slopes of a range of lofty heights which encircle  That portion of the Argentine Provinces situated along thl
the bay, and on a narrow beach, widened here and there by  E. base of the Andes, is chiefly dependent on Palparaiso fog
deep cuttings into these steep acclivities. The Almendral, European fabrics and all articles not produced by its own
formerly a rural suburb, is gradually becoming the principal soil; this branch of trade has become more important since
part of the town. Here the base of the hills is farther the expulsion of Rosas from Bueuos-Ayres. This also is the
removed firom the sea than it is in the W. part or Port, and  head-quarters of the foreign ships-of-war stationed in the
the intervening space being quite level, forms excellent Pacific. During the Spanish domination, Valparaiso was a
building-ground.  Valparaiso cannot boast of fertile envi- place of very little note, and was scarcely known to the
rons; the hilly nature of the country, but especially the  world. In 1819 the population barely amounted to 5000
want of water, restrict agricultural operations to very narrow  souls; in 1847, 40,000; and in 1854 (estimated at) 50,000.
limits, consequently it is chiefly indebted to other parts of    VALPARAISO, a maritime province of Chili, formerly
the country for its supplies of provisions; thus Santiago  included in that of Santiago, but erected into a separate
furnishes cattle; Aconcagua and Quillota, fruit, vegetables, territorial division by the law of October 27th, 1842. Its
and brandy; flour is obtained from different points, princi- W. border is the Pacific Ocean. Pop. in 1847, 75,962.
pally from  the S. A fine carriage-road, the best in the    VALPARAISO, val'pp-rA/zo, a post-village, capital of Percountry, connects this place with the capital. But the rail- ter co., Indiana, on the Chicago and Fort Wayne Railroad,
way to Santiago, passing through the rich valleys of Quillota  and on Salt Creek, 50 miles S.E. of Chicago. It contains a
and Aconcagua, a work of great magnitude, cannot fail to  court-house, 2 or 3 churches, and a newspaper office.
be of the highest benefit in a country so mountainous and    VALPERGA, vgl-p6RlgA,  a town of the Sardinian States,
so deficient in good roads.                                 Piedmont, 13 miles W.S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 3500.
Valparaiso is ill paved; the houses have nothing remark-    VALPO, vll/po, a town of Slavonia, with a castle, near
able; few can be called handsome. Of the public buildings, the Drave, 16 miles W.N.W. of Eszek.
the Custom-house, situated near the landing-place, is the    YALREiAS, vAlrA'al, a town of France, department of
only one worthy of notice. It has an extended fa~ade, sur- Vaurluse, 19 miles N.E. of Orange. Pop. in 1852, 4713.
mounted by a tower of elegant design; the stores attached    VALS, vgl, a market-town of France, department of Arto it are extensive. The merchants have an exchange and  dlche, 12 miles W.S.W. of Privas. Pop. in 1852, 2875. Close
reading-room, where they meet to transact business, and  to it are 6 chalvbeate springs, much frequented by visitors.
read foreign journals, with which it is plentifully supplied.   VALSEQUILLO, v~l-sA-keel/yo, a town of the Canary
The theatre is one of the best in South America, and is gene- Islands, on the E. side of Grand Canary Island. Pop. 2788.
rally well attended.  Valparaiso has two parish churches,    VALSTAGNA, v l-sttn/ya, a village of Austrian Italy, 23
ILa-Matriz in the Port, and Los.Santos-Apostoles in the  miles N.E, of Vicenza, on the Brenta.  Pop. 2200. It has
Almendral, besides chapels in different parts of the town;  manufactures of Tyrolese hats, and trade in charcoal.
also several convents for males, and one of French nuns,   VALSUGANA, vtl-soo-gA/na, a market-town of Austria,
chiefly intended for the education of poor children. The  Tyrol, on the Brenta, and the road from Trent to the ~eneProtestants have two places of worship, one British Episco- tian frontiers. Pop. 2000.
palian and one Independent; they have also a cemetery of    VALTANAS, a town of Spain. See BAITANAS.
their own. There are in Valparaiso a British naval hospital,   VALTELLINA, v&l-t1l-leelng, or VALTELLINE, val-tltwo hospitals for other foreigners, and one for natives. Val- leen;, a circle of the Austrian dominions, consisting of the
paraiso possesses no public library or scientific institution; upper valley of the Adda, S.E. of the Grisons, and forming
the inhabitants generally are not much given to reading or  the Austro-Italian delegation of Sondrio, which, with Tirano,
study. There are, however, numerous schools for both sexes, Chiavenna, and Bormio, are its chief towns.
in most of which the English language is freely taught, this    VALTIERRA, vtl-te-WrsA, a town of Spain, province of
being considered by the Valparaisians to be an essential Navarre, on the Ebro, 42 miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 1181.
branch of education. Valparaiso has 3 printing-presses,    VALTOURNANCHE, vl'tooa'nINsh/, a village of the Sarand2daily papers. There are also 2 clubs, chiefly frequented  dinian States, division and 18 miles N.E. of Aosta. P. 1437,
by foreigners. IIotels and cafrs are numerous, and are    VALOOIKI, VALOUIKI or WALUIKI, v&-loo-eelkee, a
chiefly kept by Frenchmen. The foreigners in Valparaiso  town of Russia, government and 115 miles S.S.W. of Voro.
constitute no slight proportion of the population.  The  nezh, on the Oskol, here joined by the Valool. Pop. 3200.
English are the most numerous, then the Germans, French,   VALVA, LA, 1$ vPllv, a small town of Naples, province
and Americans; they live in perfect harmony with the  of Principato Citra, 10 miles N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 1300.
natives, who here more than anywhere else' in Chili have    VALVERDE, vAl-vknfdA, a town of Spain, province of
experienced the benefit, and appreciated the value of such  Badajos, near the Guadiana, 10 miles E. of Merida. Pop.
an element of civilization. Many of the artisans are Euro- 1500.
pean; so are the principal houses of business, together with    VALVERIDE, (Sp. pron. v l-v6afdA,) a village of New
their numerous retinues of clerks; and this gives to the  Mexico, on the left bank of the Rio del Norte.
foreign body a standing and influence it possesses in no    VALVERIDE, the capital town of the island of Ferro, Caother part of the country or the coast.                     naries. Pop. 4580.
From the moment that Chili attained the rank of an inde-   VALVERDE DE JUCAR. vil-vkrtdA d4 noo/kar, a town
pendent state, and'was left free to hold out the hand of  of Spain, province and 23 miles S. of Cuenca, near the
fellowship to the nations of the earth, Valparaiso began  Jucar, with a palace of its counts.
rapidly to advance in commercial importance; indeed, with    VALVERI E-DE-LA-VERA, v4l-vlstdA dA li vA/r, a town
the single exception of San Francisco in California, no place  of Spain, Estremadura, province of Caceres, 12 miles from
is to be fouhd on the W. side of the continent that can be  Jarandilla.  Pop. 1314.
compared with it in the rapidity of its growth. In 1845 the    VALVERDE DEL CAMINO, vAl-v8radA d~l kA-mee/no, a
value of the imports of the whole country (nine-tenths at town of Spain, province of Huelva, 38 miles W. of Seville.
least being through Valparaiso) was $9,100,000; that of the  Pop. 5239.
exports, $7,600,000. In 1851, after the gold discoveries in    VALVERDE  DE LEGANES, vAl-vRardA dA l-gAnue, a
California, the former rose to $15,830,000, and the latter to  town of Spain, province and 12 miles S.W. of Badajos.
$9,000,000; whereof $4,280,000, and $4,642,000 respectively    VALVERDE-DEL-FRESNO, vAl-vlrsdA ddl frts'no, a village
were from and to Great Britain. The above figures do not of Spain, Estremadura, 55 miles from Caceres, in a valley.
include the value of goods introduced in transitu, and which  Pop. 1008.
is of considerable magnitude. In 1845 the number of vessels    VALVERDE-DE-LLERENA, vAl-vlaIdA dA IA-rAing, a town
that entered the harbor was 859; in 1851 it increased to  of Spain, Estremadura, province of Badajos, 10 miles from
1561. In the first of these years the income derived from   Llerena. Pop. 1120.
customs in  Valparaiso  was $1,605,000; in  the second    VALVERDE-DEL-MIAJONA, vAl-viRadA d~l mA-nd/nA, a
$2,435,000. Valparaiso, as a seat of commerce, possesses  a town of Spain, New Castile, province and about 6 miles
advantages of no ordinary kind. It is the first port of any  from Segovia. Pop. 829.
note in the South Pacific. It lies opposite the Australian    VALVERDEJA or VALVERDEXA, vall-vla-dAhIn, a marcolonies, and stands on the direct route of vessels proceeding  ket-town of Spain, province and 50 miles W. of Toledo, near
to California and the other countries bordering on the Pacific. the Tagus. Pop. 2687.
It is, moreover, the port of the capital, and the natural    VAN, vAn, or WAN, w n, (anc. Artemita?) capital of a
outlet of large tracts of fertile land. Thus, independently  pashalic of its own name, is a fortified city, on the E. shore
of being the centre of a very extensive local trade, it is the  of the Lake of Van, 145 miles S.E. of Erzroom; lat. 380 30'
general rendezvous of ships entering the Pacific; besides  N., lou. 430 40' E. Pop, variously estimated at 12,000 and
being the emporium from  which Bolivia, the South Sea  40,000. It stands enclosed by a double line of ramparts, at
Islands, and a variety of other states draw their supplies  the S. face of an isolated rock, crowned by its citadel; it is
of foreign commodities, and the port which chiefly provides  ill-built, but has several large Armenian churches, mosques,
the maritime provinces of Peru with flour, wheat, and other  baths, caravanserais, &c.; bazaars abundantly supplied with
articles of subsistence. The discovery of the gold-fields in  produce raised in the vicinity, and some massive and remark.
California has added much to the importance of Valparaiso,  able antiquities, which have been attributed to Semiramis.
by giving rise to a large trade in cereals, carried on almost About 500 looms here are reported to be employed in manuexclusively through this place; to say nothing of the many  factoring fabrics from cotton imported from Persia, and these'tessels that call here for supplies on th,  way to and from   goods, with rural uroduce, constitute its chief exports.
2014




VAN                                                        VAN
VAN, or WAN, PAStAMLIO OF. (anc. Armenia?) a territory of    VAN BUREN, a township forming the N.E. extremity of
Turkish Armenia, between lat. 370 and 390 30' N., and ion. Putnam co., Ohio. Pop. 172.
410 and 440 30' E., having E. Persia, and on the other sides   VAN BUREN, a township in the N.W. part of Shelby co,
the pashalics of Kars, Erzroom, Diarbekir, and Mosui. It Ohio. Pop. 629.
consists chiefly of a lofty basin surrounded by steep moun-   VAN BUREN, a township, Wayne co., Michigan. P. 1470.
tains, and the centre of which is occupied by the Lake of    VAN BUREN, a township of Brown co., Indiana. P. 717.
Van, the estimated area of which is 2000 square miles. The    VAN BUREN, a post-township, Clay co., Indiana. P. 867.
corn raised is not sufficient for home consumption; fruits,   VAN BUREN, a township of Daviess co., Indiana. P. 653.
wine, flax, tobacco, cotton, timber, gall-nuts, manna, and    VAN BUREN, a township, Fountain co., Indiana. P. 1296.
honey are the chief products. Great numbers of live stock are    VAN BUREN, a township of Grant co., Indiana. Pop. 525.
reared. Pop. chiefly Armenian Christians in the N., else-   VAN BUREN, a township, Kosciusko co., Indiana. P. 822.
where Mohammedans; Turks occupying the centre, and    VAN BUREN, a township, Madison co., Indiana. P. 407.
Koord tribes the S. part of the pashalic.                    VAN BUREN, a township, Monroe co., Indiana. P. 1026.
VAN, LAKE, (ane. Arsissa?. or Thentis?) a salt lake of    VAN BUREN, a township, Pulaski co.; Indiana. Pop. 336.
Asiatic Turkey, intersected by the parallel 380 30' N. lat.,   VAN BUREN, a township in Shelby co., Indiana. P. 817.
and the 43d meridian of E. lon. Greatest length near 70    VAN BUREN, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois.
miles, greatest breadth about 50 miles. Area about 2000    VAN BUREN, a post-village, capital of Ripley i co., Missquare miles. It receives the waters of a few small streams, souri, on Current River, 140 miles S.E. by S. of Jefferson
but has no outlet. The town of Van is on its E. shore.     City.
VANA, VAN or the BRECK/NOCK-BEAICON, the loftiest   VAN BUREN CEN/TRE, a post-village of Onondaga co.,
mountain of South Wales, county and 5 miles S.W. of Bre- New York, about 150 miles W. by N. of Albany.
con. Height above the sea, 2862 feet.                        VAN BUREN FUR/NACE, a post-office of Shenandoah co.,
VAN BUREN, (blren,) a county in the N. central part Virginia.
of Arkansas, contains 1260 square miles. It is drained by    VAN BUREN HARBOR, a post-village of Chautauque co.,
Little Red River. The soil of the river bottoms is fertile, New York, on Lake Erie, 5 miles S.W. of Dunkirk.
and adapted to cotton, Indian corn, and wheat. Capital,   VAN BUIRENSBURG, a small post-village of Montgomery
Clinton. Pop. 2864; of whom 2761 were free, and 103 slaves. co., Illinois.
VAN BUREN, a county in the E. central part of Tennes-    VANCE. vJNss, a village of Belgium, province of Luxemsee: area estimated at 350 square miles. It is drained by  bourg, on the Semoy, 5 miles W. of Arlon. Pop. 1125.
the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. The surface is moun-   VANCE/BURG, a post-village of Lewis co., Kentucky, on
tainous. The county is well timbered, and contains stone- the Ohio River, 20 miles above Maysville, contains several
coal; A railroad is projected through the county. Capital, stores, and about 200 inhabitants. There is a quarry of
Spencer. Pop. 2674; of whom 2499 were free, and 175 slaves. slate and of limestone in the vicinity.
VAN BUREN, a county in the S.W. part of Michigan,   VANCEBURG, a post-village of Winnebago co., Illinois,
bordering on Lake Michigan, contains 633 square miles. near the Chicago and Galena Railroad, about 15 miles W.
It is traversed by the Pawpaw River and its branches, and  of Rockford.
also drained by Dowagiac River, and the South Branch of    VANCE'S FERRY, a post-village of Orangeburg district,
Black River. The surface is nearly level, and the soil fer- South Carolina.
tile. About half of the county is heavily timbered, and    VANCEIVILLE, a small post-village of Washington co.,
the remainder consists of plains, with a sparse growth of  Pennsylvania.
oaks. Water-power is abundant on the streams, and the    VAN CLEVESVILLE, a post-office, Berkeley co., Virginia,
Pawpaw is navigable from its mouth to the county seat. The    VANCOUVER'S, van-koofvers, or QUADRA (kwvdfra) ANI)
county is intersected by the Michigan Central Railroad. VANCOUVER'S, an island off the W. coast of British North
Capital, Pawpaw. Pop. 5800.                                America; lat. 480 19' to 500 53' N., lon. 1230 17' to 1250 28' W.;
VAN BUREN COUNTY, Missouri. See CAsS.                   length, from N.W. to S.E., 278 miles; breadth, varying from
VAN BUREN, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, border- 50 to 65 miles. On the E. and N.E. it is separated from the
ing on Missouri, has an area of 468 square miles. The Des mainland of British America by the Gulf of Georgia and
Moines~- River flows diagonally through the county in a  Queen Charlotte's Sound, and on the S. from that of the
south-east direction, dividing it into nearly equal parts. It United States by the Strait of Juan-de-Fuca, on the N. and
is also drained by Fox River, and by Indian, Chequest, and  W. it lies open to the North Pacific. The interior, of which
Lick Creeks. The surface is diversified by prairies and forests. scarcely anything is known, is said to be fertile, well-timThe soil is exceedingly rich and well watered. In 1850, bered, and finely diversified by intersecting mountain-ranges
Van Buren county produced a greater quantity of oats and  and extensive prairies; the shores, most of which have
wool than any other of the state. There were raised 166,608  been carefully explored, are generally high, steep, and
bushels of oats, and 40,858 pounds of wool. Valuable mines  rocky, nearly unbroken on the N.E., but presenting in
of stone-coal have been opened in the county. The streams other directions numerous indentations, many of which are
afford water-power. Public works are in progress for im- so completely land-locked, either by projecting promontories,
proving the navigation of the Des Moines. The county is or minor islands, stretching across their mouths, as to form
traversed by a plank-road leading to Keokuk. In respect excellent natural harbors. Among them maybe mentioned
to population, Van Buren is the third county in the state. Nootka Sound on the WV., and Camosack or Victoria tarbor
Capital, Keosauque. Pop. 12,270.                           in the S. The only navigable river at present known is
VAN BUREN, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.        that of Nimkis, in the N.E. In the same part of the coast,
VAN BUREN, a post-township of Onondaga co., New  and it is believed to a considerable extent inland, a field of
York, on the S. side of Seneca River, intersected by the  excellent coal exists, and lies so near the surface, that by
Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, about 140 miles W. by N. the aid of the natives, 60 tons were obtained at an average
of Albany. Pop. 3873.                                      cost of about $1 per ton; the seams, however, are only from
VAN BUREN, a post-office, Washington co., Pennsylvania. 10 inches to 18 inches thick. Fogs, remarkable both for denVAN BUREN, a post-village of De Kalb co., Alabama, 150  sity and duration, are of firequent occurrence. The winter is
miles N. of Montgomery.                                   very stormy, and heavy rains fall, particularly in November
VAN BUREN, a post-village of Itawamba co., Mississippi, and December. Frost occurs on the lowlands in January,
near Tombigbee River, about 200 miles N.E. of Jackson.    but seldom continues long, and can scarcely be said to inVAN BUREN, a flourishing post-village and township, interrupt agricultural operations. Vegetation begins to
capital of;Crawford co., Arkansas, 160 miles W.N.W. of Little  advance in February, makes rapid progress in March, and
Rock, and 5 miles E. of the Indian Territory. The village  continues to be fostered by alternating warm  showers and
is finely situated on the left (N.) bank of Arkansas River. sunshine in April and May. The summer heats of June
It is one of the most commercial places in the whole state  and July are excessive, and by the end of August, or begin-the annual sales amonnting to more than a million dol- ning of September, the long grass has become so thoroughly
lars. An extensive jobbing business is done here, in sup- parched as to be easily ignited.
plying the smaller places of the surrounding country. It   The agricultural capabilities of the island are unquestionhas a cotton factory in successful operatidh, with an engine  ably great, and the farming operations, carried on chiefly at
of' 65 horse-power, and a steam flouring-mill making 50  Victoria, near the harbor of that name, are said to have
barrels per day of the finest flour. The village contains 4  succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations.  The
churches, including 1 Methodist and 1 Presbyterian, both  principal products, in addition to those of the soil, are furs,
fine brick edifices.  Two newspapers are published here. obtained chiefly from the beaver, racoon, land otter, and
Stone-coal is found in the vicinity. Laid out about 1841. sea otter; and fish of the most valuable species abound on
Pop. in 1853, about 1600.                                 all parts of the coasts. The natives, belonging to twelve
VAN BUREN, a township, Newton co., Arkansas. P. 319. tribes, of. which the Kawitchin, Quaquidts, and Nootka are
VAN BUREN, a township, Union co., Arkansas. P. 1242. the most numerous, are estimated at 11,000. They appear
VAN BUREN, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tennessee, to be industrious and friendly, though much addicted to
172 miles from Nashville.                                 thieving. The property of the whole island was granted in
VAN BUREN, a post-office of Anderson co., Kentucky.    1849 to the Hudson's Bay Company, under the express con —
VAN BUREN, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 780.  dition of colonizing it. Attempts With this vie w have acVAN BUREN, a post-village and township of Hancock co., cordingly been made, but have not met with much success,
Ohio, about 100 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 536.       partly in consequence of the greater attractions offered'by
VAN BUREN, a township, Montgomery co., Ohio. P. 1345. the gold-fields of California and Australia.  Vancouver's
2015




VAN                                                         VAN
Island was supposed to form part of the mainland till 1789,   Face of the Country. —The  interior is remarkably rugged
when the captain of an American vessel sailed through the  and mountainous.  The main chain, commencing is the
E. channel which separates it. In 1792 it was visited by  N.E. at Cape Portland. where its continuity with the great
Vancouver, who gave it the name of Quadra and Vancouver; E. chain of Australia is made apparent by peaked islands
the formername, given in compliment to the Spanish com- extending across the strait, pursues a very irregular course,
masudant of Nootka Sound, is now generally dropped. The  first nearly due S., at no great distance from the E. coast,
agents of the Iudson's Bay Company had long been accus- till it reaches Oyster Bay, where it turns W.N.W., and contomed to visit it regularly for the furs and other commodi- tinues in that direction more than half-way through the
ties provided by the natives, but it attracted little attention  centre of the island. It then suddenly resumes its original
till recently, when the discussion of the Oregon question  direction, curving gradually round to the S.E., and finally
brought it prominently into view. By the boundary treaty,  terminating at South Cape. This tortuous range, forming
the entire possession of it has been formally fixed in Great the water-shed of the island, has a mean height of about
Britain, and there seems no reason to doubt that its pose- 3750 feet, and attains its culminating point of 5520 feet in the
tion, its agricultural capabilities, its excellent harbors, and  S.W., in Mount IIumboldt; lat. 430 25' S., ion. 1460 7' E. The
its coal, destine it ere long to occupy a prominent place  other most remarkable summits occur, not in the mainamong their colonial possessions.                           chain, but in two lofty branches which it throws off. The
VANCOUVER, FOtT, is the principal settlement of the  one of these. stretching between St. Patrick's Head on the E.,
Hudson's Bay Company, W. of the Rocky Mountains, in the  and Port Dairymple on the N. coast, presents in succession
United States, Washington Territory, on the N. side of Co- the remarkable summits of Ben Lomond, 5000 feet; Ben
lurbia River, here 1 mile across, 90 miles from the sea, and  Nevis, 3910 feet; and Mount Arthur, 3900 feet in height; the
at the head of its navigation for sea-going vessels. It con- other, breaking off at Mount Humboldt, proceeds E., and
sists of an oblong picketed enclosure, 600 feet in length by  terminates a little W. of Hobart-Town, in Mount Wellington,
200 feet in breadth, containing dwellings, workshops, and an  4195 feet high. A line drawn from the I-luon in the S., to
elementary school; here are granaries, an open village, large  Clarence Lake in the interior, and continued N.W. to Cape
farms, fine prairies, and woods belonging to the Company.   Grim, would divide the island into two nearly equal parts.
VANDALIA, van-dAle-., a post-village of Montgomery  The section to the E. and N. has been minutely surveyed,
co., Ohio. Pop. 228.                                        and comprises the inhabited portion of the island; that to
VANDALIA, a post-village of Cass co., Michigan, has  the W. and S. is not only uninhabited, but, from the impegrown up since 1850.                                        netrable nature of the vegetation, and the alpine character
VANDALIA, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.             of the region, which have baffled the most intrepid exploVANDALIA, a post-village, capital of Fayette co., Illinois, rers, but very little of it is known. From the highlinds in
and the former capital of the state, is situated on the lKas- the interior snow-capped peaks are seen in the summer,
kaskia River, where it is crossed by the National Road, 80  skirting the horizon to the westward, and it is conjectured
miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It was laid out in 1818, and re- that these mountain ranges are between 7000 feet and 8000
mained the seat of government till 1836, during which period  feet high.
it continued to flourish, and the population increased to    Geology.-In  all the mountain ranges, and generally
2000.  After the removal of the seat of government to  throughout the island, the prevailing rocks are crystalline.
Springfield, the prosperity of Vandalia declined, and the  consisting of basalt, granite, gneiss, quartz, &c., either pronumber of inhabitants was reduced to 500, or less. Within  duced directly by volcanic action, or changed and moulded
3 or 4 years, however, an improvement has taken place in  by it, and hence, as might be expected in such cireumthe condition and prospects of the village, and property has  stances, the scenery is often of the wildest description.
risen in value nearly 50 per cent. At this point the Central Enormous peaks, of the most fantastic shapes, tower into
Railroad intersects the Atlantic and Mississippi Railroad, the clouds, or overhang profound and tortuous abysses,
now in progress. A newspaper is published here. Pop. in  evidently formed by rending whole mountains asunder. In
1853, about 1000.                                          these the most frightful precipices occur, among others one
VANDALUSIA, Spain. See ANDALUSIA.                        in Ben Lomond, with a perpendicular depth of 3000 feet.
VANDELLOS, vin-dcltyoce, a town of Spain, Catalonia, Beyond the range of these convulsions, however, regular
province and about 24 miles from Tarragona.  Pop. 1175.    sedimentary strata, chiefly of sandstone and limestone, are
VANIDERBURG, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, largely developed, and form gentle hills or undulating valcontains 216 square miles. It is hounded on the S. by the  leys, equally remarkable for beauty and fertility, and usually
Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky. The surface  watered by copious streams.
is mostly undulating., except the river bottoms, which occupy.Miinerals.-Among minerals, freestone, limestone, roofingabout one-fifth of its area, and are highly productive. An  slate, and coal have already been turned to good account.
abundance of bituminous coal is found. The Wabash and  The coal occurs in two fields, one in the S.E., at Port ArE1rie Canal, 459 miles in length, terminates at Evansville,  thur, of an inferior quality, requiring to be burned along
and the county is traversed by the Evansville and Illinois  with wood to assist its combustion; and the other in the
Railroad, and the. Evansville Straight Line Railroad, (unfi- N.E., near the Douglas, of better quality; and, though
nishedl.)  Organized in 1818, and named in honor of H-lenry  much disturbed by irruptions of trap, contains seams of
Vandeiburg, who was a judge of the first court formed in  great aggregate thickness, and has been successfully worked
Indiana. Capital; Evansville. Pop. 11,414.                  by pits, one of which is 50 fathoms deep. Among metals
VANIDERGRIFF'S, a post-office of Knox co., Tennessee.   which may yet be made available, are mentioned both gold
VAN DEUSENVILLE, van d0!zen-vill, a post-village in  and silver; lead, of which a vein has been found in a mounBerklshire co., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River and  tain-limestone ridge; copper, believed to exist in the same
Railroad, 115 miles W. by S. of Boston. The Albany Branch  quarter; and iron, both excellent and abundant.: Silicified
Railroad terminates at this place.                          wvood is found here in great abundance, much of it of
VAN DIEMEN'S (van deelmenz) GULF, North-West Aus- opaline texture, and susceptible of a beautiful polish.
tralia, between Coburg Peninsula and Cape HIotham, and    Rivers and Laktes.-The river system. radiates from the
Melville Island. It is about 100 miles in length from E. central portions of the island towards the coast, and issues
to W., and 50 miles in breadth.                             from lakes and springs, at an average altitude of 2000 feet
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND or TASMANIA, taz-mlne-a, an  above the sea. Of these streams by far the largest is the
island about 100 miles off the S.E. extremity of Australia, Derwent, which, issuing from the beautiful mountain-lake
from which it is separated by Bass Strait; between lat. 400  of St. Clair, in lat. 420 S., flows S.E., augmented by the
45' and 430 35/ S., and ion. 1440 50' and 1480 20' E. It is of  Dee, Ouse, Clyde, Jordan, &c., and, after forming a broad
the shape of a heart, or an irregular triangle, with its base  estuary, pours its waters into two main channels, that of
stretching in a concave curve between Cape Grim in the  DEntrecasteaux on the W., and that of Storm Bay on the
N.W., and Cape Portland in the N.E., its sides tapering gra- E. side of Bruni Island. Another river of much shorter
dually from these points, the one in a S.S.E., and the other length, but, from the- width and depth of its channel, of
in a S.S.W. direction, till they meet in the apex at South  scarcely less navigable importance, is the Tamar, which,
Cape; greatest length, from  N. to S., measured on the me- formed by the junction of the N. and S. Esk Rivers at the
ridian of 1470, 186 miles; medium breadth, measured on the  town of Launceston, flows N.N.W. into Port Dairymple.
parallel of 420, 165 miles; estimated area 24,000 square miles. The other principal streams are the Huon in the S.; the
The shores are generally bold and rocky, particularly on the  Gordon, which has its mouth in Macquarie I-arbor, in the
~W., which present long ranges.of barren cliffs of columnar  W.; and the A.thur in the N.W.  The two last, flowing
basalt, with scarcely an opening in which a vessel can find  through districts of the most inhospitable character, are
shelter, except those of Macquarie Iarbor and Port Davey.  very little known.  Great or Clarence Lake, the largest in
The N.E. shores are almost equally bold and unprovided, the island, situated near its centre, about 90 miles N.W. of
but in the N., where several low sandy beaches occur, we  Hobart-Town. is 15 miles long, by 5 miles broad, but owing
have, among other harbors, the finue estuary of the Tamar,  to the numerous creeks and windings of its shores, meaand in the S.E. and S. an almost uninterrupted series of  sures nearly 100 miles in circuit.
anchorages, which, for shelter, bottom, and depth, are scarcely    Clismate.-The climate is colder and more humid than that
surpassed in any other part of the world. In particular  of Australia,, and in respect both of vegetative power and
D'Entrecasteaux Channel, which stretches-for about 30 miles  salubrity, is; on the whole, superior to it. The spring months,
between the S. coast and the Island of Bruni, with a breadth  those of September, October, and November, are usually
varying fieom 2 to 8 miles. is a-continuous line of land-locked  bright and clear, with occasional rain and-high winds; the
harbors in the midst of magnificent scenery.               summer heat, which averages about 700, sometines rices
2016




VAN                                                        VAN
Suddenly to 1000 or 1100, partly in consequence of a stifling    VANDIYKE'S MILL, a post-office of Spencer co., Kentucky.
and blighting N. or N.W. wind, but is almost always tern-   VANETITENVILLE, a post-village of Chemung co., New
pered by alleviating land and sea breezes; autumn, by far York, 15 miles E.N.E. of Elmira.
the picasantest season, comprehending March, April, and    VANGE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
May, is generally clear and bright, and free from clouds and    VAN HILL, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee.
mists; winter is never severe, except in high or exposed    VAN HISEIVILLE, a post-office of Mercer co., New Jersey.
situations, where frost is frequent, and snow often falls,   VAN HOOK'S STORE, a post-office of Person co., North
while in the lower grounds its moderate and genial showers  Carolina.
rather assist than obstruct the husbaudman's labors.          VAN HORNESVILLE, van hornz/vil, a post-office of HerZosology, Agriculture, &c.-The indigenous herbivorous  kimer co., New York.
animals are mostly of the pouched kind, common to Aus-   VANIAMBADDY, vs-ne-Am-badldee, a town of British
tralia, but exist in greater numbers than on the mainland; India, presidency and 105 miles W.S.W. of Madras. on an
so much so, that the kangaroo leather for boots and shoes, island in the Palaur. It has temples of Seeva acd Vishnu.
and opossum furs, constitute articles of export. Here also    VANIKORO, v -ne-kosro, VANICOLO, MANNICOLO  or
is found a unique animal of its kind, called the "native  PITT'S ISLAND, an island of the South Pacific, lat. (Mount
tiger" by the colonists, being the largest carnivorous ani- Kapogo) 110 36' 30" S., lon. 166~ 53' 24" E. It is 30 miles in
rnmal in Australasia, though not larger than a wolf. The  circuit, lofty, and covered with trees to the water's edge, and
principal natural productions are extensive native forests, remarkable as the scene of the disastrous shipwreck of La
chiefly of the eucalyptus pine and acacia, several of which  P6rouse, in 1788. Pop. 1500.
furnish timber for ship-building and cabinet work; and    VANKLEEKI HILL, a town of Canada West, co. of Preslarge tracts of rich and verdant pasture, well adapted for  cott, 60 miles from Montreal, with 2 churches and 3 schools.
cattle, but more especially for sheep, which form by far the  It has manufactures of pot and pearl ashes, iron, and cloth,
most important source of wealth.  The arable lands lie  and steam flour and saw mills. Pop. 750.
mostly in the valleys, in quality resembling the alluvial   VANLU, van-loot, a thriving post-village of Hancock co.,
lands of Scotland, and in about the same proportions to  Ohio, on the Findlay Branch Railroad, about 90 miles N.N.W.
unavailable land; 45 bushels to the acre is considered an  of Columbus. Pop. about 300.
average crop of wheat. In agriculture considerable pro-   VAN METER'S, a small village of White co., Arkansas.
gress has been made, and all the ordinary cereals are suc-    VANNES, vnn, formerly VENNES, v             (un,  (anc. Daricessfully cultivated. The wheat, in particular, is so supe- orfigum, afterwards Vrenleti,) a seaport town of France,
rior in quality, that when brought to the London market it capital of the department of Morbihan, near the lagoon
commanded a higher price than any other grain. In 1828, of Morbihan, on the S. coast of Brittany, 61 miles N.W. of
the whole acres under crop were only 34,033, but 20 years  Nantes; lat. 470 39' 26" N., ion. 20 45' W. Pop. in 1852,
later, in 1848, amounted to 171,540. Of these, 64,700 were  13,585. It has a massive cathedral. an ancient castle, now
under wheat, 14,042 under barley; 29,463 under oats, 3916  the prefecture, a theatre, and several other public edifices,
under potatoes, and 49,313 under hay. In live stock, par- formerly monastic institutions; 3 hospitals, and other chaticularly horses and sheep, the progress has been equally  rities; a school of navigation, communal college, public
rapid, the former having increased in the same period firom  library of 8000 volumes, manufactures of woollens, linens,
203-1 to 17,196, and the latter from 553,698 to 1,752,963. In  cottons, lace, and leather, some ship-building, and a brisk
1848 the exports, consisting chiefly of wool, wheat and flour, coasting trade, though its port is adapted only for vessels
oil, and timber, amounted to 490,2811.; the imports, of which  of small burden.  In the vicinity are traces of the ancient
spirits and tobacco seem unfortunately to form  the largest Dariori-uiy, which opposed an obstinate resistance to the
items, to 594,1541.                                         Romans.
Population, Government, &c.-The population of Van Die-   VANNOY'S MILL, a small post-village, Pike co., Missouri.
men's Land, in 1848, amounted to 74,741, of whom 28,459,   VANN'S VALILEY, apost-office of Floyd co., Georgia, about
considerably more than a third of the whole, were convicts. 15 miles S.W. of Rome.
This is unquestionably the worst feature in the social system  VANN'S VALLEY, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio.
of the island. Neither the religious nor educational institu-   VANOSC, vi'noskf, a village of France, department of
tions have been able to provide in any adequate degree for the  Ardlche, 16 miles N.W. of Tournon.  Pop. 1667.
evils which it entails, but a more effectual remedy will proba-    VAN RENSSELAER, (rens/sel-ler,) a township of Ottawa
bly be found in the recent enactments of the British Parlia- co., Ohio. Pop. 186.
ment abolishing transportation. To their labor, however, must   VANS, LES, 14 v6aNe, a market-town of France, department
be attributed the construction of the many excellent public  of Ard~che, 12 miles S.W. of Largentibre.  Pop. in 1852, 2875.
works throughout the island; especially the turnpike road    VANSIT/TART BAY, North-West Australia, is E. of Adfrom Hobart-Town to Launceston, a distance of 130 miles, miralty Gulf; lat. 140 S., ion. 1260 20' E.
which cost 5000/. per mile, without taxing the colonists for    VANSITTART HILLS, East Australia, are N. of Liver.
the outlay.  The aboriginal population, once sufficiently  pool Plains, near lat. 310 15' S., lon. 1490 50' E.
numerous and powerful to contest the superiority of the    VANSITTART ISLAND, British North America, is be
colonists, is now all but extinct. The government consists  tween Southampton Island and Melville Peninsula; lat. 650
of a governor and executive council, nominated by the  40' N., ion. 840 W.
Crown, and of a legislative council of at least 24 members,   VANUA-VALAVO, va-noo/! v4-llvo, or SIR CtARLES
of whom a third is nominated by the Crown, and two-thirds MIDDLETON'S ISLAND, an island in the South Pacific,
obtain their scats by election. Capital, Hobart-Town.       belonging to the Feejee group; lat. (N.W. point) 170 10' S.,
History. —Van Diemen's Land was discovered in 1642 by  179~ 2' 50  V W. It has on itseW. side a spacious harbor, with
the Dutch navigator Abel Janz Tasman, who, believing it a village at its head, and a large stream of water. Pop.
to be a part of the Australian continent, gave it the name  about 1000.
of the then Dutch governor of the East Indies. Its other    VANVES, v8ev, or VANVRES,  v5Nv'r, a village of
name of Tasmania has been given it in honor of the navi- France, department of Seine, with a detached fort for the
gator himself. Its next visitor was Captain Cook, who sailed  defence of Paris. and a lunaticasylum. Pop. in 1852, 3862.
along the coast in 1769. The fact of its sepacation from      VAN WERT, a county in the WV. part of Ohio. bordering
Australia was first made known in 1797, by Mr. Bass, a sur-  on Indiana, contains about 390 square miles. It is drained
geon of the British navy. The first settlement on it was  by the St. Mary's and Little Auglaize Rivers. The surface
made in 1803, by a guard of soldiers with a body of con- is level, and covered with a great variety of timber. The
victs. The natives, after having been reduced from a corn- soil is a fertile loam, with a substratum  of blue marl, imparatively dense population of several thousands to a mere  pervious to water.  The land requires draining in some
remnant, were removed first to Flinders Island, and then  parts. The Miami Canal passes along the eastern border of
to Maria Island on the S.E. coast. There, at the beginning  the county, which is intersected by the Ohio and Indiana
of 1849,12 men, 23 women, and one male child, were the  Railroad. Organized in 1820, and named in honor of Isaac
only survivors of the unmixed aboriginal race. They have  Van Wert, one of the militiamen who captured Major Andr6.
since been removed to comfortable dwellings near Hobart- Capital, Van Wert. Pop. 4813.
Town. They are now reduced (1854) to 28 individuals. The    VAN WERT, a post-village, capital of Pauldling co., Georconvict stati ns are now almost wholly confined to Maria  gia, on the Euharlee Creek, 150 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
Island and Tasman Peninsula.                                It has 1 church, 1 academy, and 2 or 3 stores.
VANDIER, a village of the Sardinian States. See VALDIXeI.   VAN WERT.   a post-village, capital of Van Wert co., Ohio,
VANDOLA, LA, 14 vgn-dof14, the most E. of the Admiralty  on the Ohio and Indiana Railroad, 136 miles N.W. of ColumIslands; lat. (centre) 20 14' S., ion. 1480 10' 16" E., under 3  bus. It is pleasantly situated on a sandy ridge extending
miles in circumference, densely inhabited.                  E. and W.  This ridge is raised about 20 feet above the
VANDSBURG, findslbO61a, a town of West Prussia, 13  plain, and forms an excellent road. Van Wert contains
miles S. of Cammin, bordering a lake, upon an island in  several stores and mills, and 2 newspaper offices. Laid out
which is a castle. Pop. 915.                                in 1837. Pop. estimated at 1000.
VAN-DYKE, van-dfk, (LITTLE,) an island of the British    VANZAGHELLO, vmn-zc-gh6l/lo, a village of Austrian
West Indies, Virgin Islands, near Tortola, of which it is a  Italy, province and about 22 miles N.W. of Milan. P. 1064.
dependency.                                                   VANZAGO, vgn-zcgo, or VENZAGO, v/n-zl/go, a village
VAN-DYKE, (JOST,) an island of the British West Indies, of Austrian Italy, province and 10 miles N.W. of Milan, on
Virgin Islands, 3 miles N.W. of Tortola, of which it is a de- the Olona. Pop. 1259.
pendency, is 3 miles in length by 1-4 miles in breadth.       VAN ZANDT, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas;
6 s                                                                       2017




YAP                                                      YAR
nas an area of about 620 square miles. It is drained by the  W.N.W. of Verdun. Pop. in 1852, 1607. tIere Louis XVI.
sources of the Neches, and bounded on the N.E. by the Sa- and his family were detected and seized in their attempted
bine River. Named in honor of Isaac Van Zandt, member  Right, 20th June, 1791.
of the Texan Congress. Capital, Jordan's. Pop. 1348, of    VARENNES-SA1N T-SAUVEUR, v/r~nnl saG sW'vuRa, a
whom 1308 were free and 40 slaves.                         town of France, department of Salne-et-Loire, on the Sevron,
VAPRIO, vilpre-o, a town of the Sardinian States, Pied- arrondissement of Lonhans. Pop. in 1852, 2287.
mont, province and 13 miles N.N.W. of Novara. Pop. 3000,   VARENNES-SOUS-DUN, vi'rinn! soo dtiN. a village of
partly engaged in paper-mills.                            France, department of Sadne-et-Loire, arrondissement of
VAPRILO, a town of Austrian Italy, delegation and 18 miles  Charolles. Pop. 1435.
E. of Milan. Pop. 2000..V ARENNES-SOUS-MONTSOREAU, v'rhnn! soo m6N%VAR, var, (It. Varo, v4tro; ane. Tatrus,) a frontier river  sonrO!, a town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, on
of France and Italy, rises in the Alps, flows S., then E. and  the Tours and Nantes Railway, arrondissement of Sanmur.
S., and after a Course of 60 miles enters the Mediterranean  Pop. in 1852, 2536.
at St. Laurent, 6 miles N.E. of Antibes. For the last 15   VARENNES-SUR-ALLIER, vtrlnn! sii AlI'le-4t', a town of
miles it forms the boundary between the French department France, department of Allier, 18 miles S. of Moulins. P. 2431.
of Var on the W., and the Sardinian division of Nice.       VARESE, vA-rdsA, a town of Austrian Italy, Lombardy,
VAR, the most S.E. department of France, bordering on  dleleg. and 13 miles W. of Come, E. of the Lake of Varese.
the Mediterrnean and the Sardinian States. Area 2773  Pop. 8360. It has thriving silk manufactures.
square miles. Pop. in 1852, 357,967. The surface is moun-   VARESE, a market-town of the Sardinian. dominions,
tainous. Chief rivers, the Var, Argens, and Verdon. Olive  division of Genoa, province and 14 miles N.E. of Chiavari,
oil, oranges, lemons, dried fruits, cork, and silk, are among  near the Apennines. Pop. of commune, 6600.
its principal exports; the corn raised is greatly below the    VARESE, LAKE OF, Austrian Italy, Lornmbardy, deleg.
quantity required for home consumption. The principal of Como, 4 miles E. of Lago Maggiore, into which it pours
manufactures are of perfumery, soap, paper, leather, coarse  its surplus waters. Length 5 miles, greatest breadth 2 miles.
woollens, earthenware, and marble goods. Var is divided    VARGULA, vastgoo-ld, (Geoss, groce, and KEIN, kline,)
into the four arrondissements of Draguignan, Toulon, Brig- two nearly contiguous villoges of Prussian Saxony, circle
nolles, and Grasse. Capital, Draguignan.                  of Langensalza. Pop. 1120.
VARADES, v.-ridf, a market-town of France, department   VARHELY, vaaRhdiI, (Wallack Gradistje, gra-dist/yA, a
of Leire-Inf6rieure, on the right bank of the Loire, and on  village of Transylvania, county of iunyad, 17 miles S.W.
the railway to Tours, 27 miles E.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. in  of Vajda-Hunyad, on the site of the ancient capital of Dacia,
1852, 3401.                                               afterwards occupied by the Romans, and named Ulpia TraVARAGES, vA'rdzh', a village of France, department of  Jana, of which some vestiges exist, consisting of defensive
Var, 13 miles N.W. of Brignolles. Pop. 1500.              works, &c. See UDVAnnELY.
VARAGGIO, a town of Italy. See VARAZZr.                   VARIA, a town of Eutopean Turkey.  See VERIA.
VARAITA, a river of the Sardinian States. See VRAITA.   VAIRICK, a post-township of Seneca co., New York, exVARALLO, v/-r/l/lo, a town of the Sardinian States, tending from Cayuga Lake on the E. to Seneca Lake on the
Piedmont, division and 30 miles N.W. of Novara, on the left W., about 165 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 1872.
bank of the Sesia. Pop. 2807. It has manufactures of iron    VARIIETY MILLS, a post-office of Nelson co., Virginia,
and copper wares, and adjoining it a remarkable hill, the  112 miles W. by N. of Richmond.
Scro  llMonte, on which are a handsome church, and about   VARIGNANA, v~-reen-yflng, a town of Italy, Pontifical
50 oratories.                                              States, 11 miles S.E. of Bologna. Pop. 3000.
VARANGER-FIORD, var~ng1ghfr fe-noRd, a deep inlet of~   VARILLES or VARILHES, vilreel!, a market-town of
the Arctic Ocean, between Russian Lapland and Norway, France, department of Ari6ge, 5 miles N. of Foix, on the
(Finmark,) lat. 700 N., and lon. 280 40' to 310 E. It receives Aridge. Pop. 1700.
the surplus waters of the Lake Enare.                       VARINAS, vT-reelnas, or BARINAS,  t&-reelnis, a town
VARANO, v-r&'no, (anc. Lealcus Usalscus?) a lagoon of  of Venezuela, capital of a province of its own name, on the
Naples, province of Capitanata, on the Adriatic shore, on  San Domingo, 80 miles S.E. of Merida; lat. about 70 40' N.,
the N. side of the Peninsula of Gargano. Length 5 miles, ion. 700 20' W. The river becomes navigable at Toruno,
breadth 4 miles. On its E. side is the village of Varano.    about 14 miles below the town; so that Toruno may be conVARANO, v&r&no', (Slavonian Vaasanov, v,-ra-nov/?) a  sidered the port of Varinas. Pop. estimated at 12,000.
village of North Hungary, co. of Zemplin, 12 miles S.E. of    VARIOU-BE, an island of Madagascar.  See Nos-BrEn.
Hanusfalva.                                                 VARKHAN, vae'k/al, a large village of Turkish Armenia,
VARAPODIO, a market-town of Naples, province of Cala- pashalic of Van, 22 miles W.S.W. of Bitlis, on route to Sert.
bria Ultra I., 10 miles S.E. of Gioja. Pop. 1200.           VARL, vaul, a village of Prussia, province of Westphalia,
VARANO-DE-MELEGARI, vi-r/tno df mA-la-glree, a vii- government of Minden, near Liibbecke. Pop. 1863.
lage of Italy, duchy and 16 miles S.W. of Parma, on the    VARIMINTOWN, a village of Mionmouth co., New Jersey,
Ceno. Pop. 1975.                                          15 miles S.E. of Trenton.
VARASDIN, a fortified town of Austria, in Croatia. See   VARNA or WARNA, vasnri, (ane. Odesisis?) a fortified
WARASDIo.                                                 seaport town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, on the S.W.
VARAZZE, vg-riltfs, or VARAGGIO, vi-rAdfjo, a market- shore of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Pravadi, 47
town of the Sardinian dominions, division and 18 miles miles E. of Shoomla. Lat. of the tower 430 12' 2" N., lon.
S.W. of Genoa, with a harbor on the Gulf of Genoa, and  270 56' E. It occupies a gentle height on the N.W. side
some ship-building. Pop. 7779..                            of a semicircular bay, formed by two rocky promontories;
VARBERG, vaeiblea, a seaport town of Sweden, Iron and  is surrounded by a stone wall, 10 feet high, which is loop37 miles N.N.W. of IHalmstad, on the Cattegat. Pop. 1690.  holed, and defended by several batterie and other outworks.
VARDAR, vtrtddrl, (auc..Axtits,) a river of European  It is wretchedly built, and the whole place has an appearTurkey, Macedonia, after a S. course of 170 miles, enters the  ance of decay; the only public buildings of any note are a
Gulf of Salonica, 12 miles W.S.W. of Salonica.            few mosques with tall minarets. There is no proper harbor,
VARDE or WARDE, vaeIldh, a town of Denmark, pro- but the bay, though open to the E. and S.E., affords good
vince of Jutland, amt and 23 miles N.N.W. of Ribe, on the  anchorage, it being sheltered on the N. and N.E., from which
Varde. Pop. 1400. It has manufactures of tobacco.          blow the most dangerous winds of the Black Sea. ImmeVARDOE (Vardie) or WARDOE (WardSbe,) vaRfdb'eh, an  diately W. of the town is the Lake Denna, formed by the
island of Norway, in the Arctic Ocean, off Finmark, with  Pravadi and other streams from the neighboring hills. It
VAR(EHouus, the most N. fort in Europe, lat. 700 20' 36" N., has been proposed to make a navigable cut connecting this
ion. 310 10' E.                                            lake with the bay. Were this effected, Varna would have
VAREDO, vg-rAtdo, or VARY, vg-rI!, a village of Austrian  one of the best harbors in the Black Sea, and might soon
Italy, about 8 miles N. of Milan, on the Seveso. Pop. 1648.  rival Odessa as a seaport. Even at present it has a considerVAREL, firrel, a market-town of North Germany, Olden- able trade. In 1847 its exports, chiefly of grain, poultry, and
burg, near the mouth of the Jahde, in the German Ocean, eggs, amounted to about $3,000,000. The Hungarian army of
35 miles N.W. of Bremen. Pop. 3164. It has a harbor de- Ladislaus and John IHunitades was totally defeated at Varna
fended by the fort Christiansburg.                        by the Turks under Amurath II., November 10, 1444. The
VARELA, vt-riAl, an islet in the Strait of Malacca, 60  town was taken by the Russians in 1828. A great fire,
miles E. of Delli. Sumatra.                               August 10, 1854, destroyed about one-fourth of the houses,
VARELLA, v&-r1lfl, or AVARELLA, a-vi-rlla, CAPE, and vast quantities of military stores prepared for the expeAnam, is the most E. headland of Cochin-China, 76 miles dition to the Crimea. There has recently been established
S.S.E. of Quinhone.-The False Cape Avarella is another a submarine telegraph from Varna to Baleclava, a distance
headland, 90 miles further S.                             of about 300 miles. Pop. about 14,000.
YARENNA, vi-rlntna, a village of Austrian Italy, delega-   VARINA, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York, on Fall
lion of Como, on the E. side of the Lake of Como. Pop. 2000. Creek, 5 miles E. of Ithaca. It contains several mills.
VARENNES, va-rlnzl, a post-villageof Anderson district,   VARNAVIN or WARNABIN, vae-nA-veent, a town of
South Carolina, about 100 miles N.W. by W. of Columbia.   Russia, government, and 165 miles E.S.E. of Kostroma, on
VARENNES, v&rdnnl, a village and parish of Canada East, the Vetlooga. Pop. 1600.
eo. of Verchhres, 15 miles from Montreal.                   VARINELL'S, a station on the East Tennessee and
VARENNES-EN-ARGONNE. v/irlnnl z~n an'gonnl, a vil- Georgia Railroad, 9 miles N. by E. of Dalton, Georgia.
lage of France, department of ieuse, on the Aire, 16 miles   VAR0: a river of France. See VAR.
2018




VARIt                                                        AU
VAO0TQUA, a post-village, capital of Badaxe co., Wiscon-  and has a spacious market square, two churches, one erected
sin, about 100 miles W.N.W. of Madison. It was chosen as on the ruins of a temple of Ceres, 8 convents, hospitals,
the county seat in 1852.                                   asylums, a handsome palace, and manufacturcs of wooller
YARS, vaR, a market-town of France, department of Cha- cloth, silks, and coarse earthenware, with an active fishery,
rente, 8 miles N. of Angoul~me, on the Charente. Pop. in  and a large annual fair.
1852, 2076.                                                  VASTO-GERAItDO, vAs/to jA-rastdo, a market-town of
VARSAND, FAZEKAS, fA)zlkrsh!  vl'shlndl, aviliage of  Naples, province of Molise, 14 miles N.N.E. of isernia, on
Hungary, co. of Arad, 3 miles from Simand. Pop. 4069.    the Trigno. Pop. 1800.
VARSI, a village of Italy. See VAnRZI.                     VATAN, VA't1NGI, a town of France, department of Indre,
VARSOVIE or VARSOVIA, a city of Poland. See WARsAW. 12 miles N.W. of Issoudun. Pop. in 1852, 3212.
YARTA. See WARTA.                                          VATERSA, vftler-sa, or WATERSA, wA/ter-sa, a little
VARUS.  See VAR.                                         island of the Outer H-ebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness,
VAIRYSBURG, a post-village of Wyoming co., New York, immediately S. of Barra, from which it is separated by a
on Tonewanda Creek, 30 miles  E. by S. of Buffalo. It con- narrow sound. Pop. 64.
tains 2 or 3 churches, and several mills.                    VATHI or BATIII, v /thee, the capital town of the Ionian
VARZI, vard/zee, or VARSI, vat/see, a village of Italy, island of Ithaca, on the S. side of its gulf or harbor. P. 2500.
duchy and 25 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. 1500.                 VATHI, a town, on the N.E. shore of the island of Samos,
VARZI or VARSI, a village of the Sardinian States, divi- with 2400 inhabitants.
sion of Genoa, on an affluent of the Po, 10 miles N.W. of    VATRENUS. See SANTERNO.
Bobbie. Pop. 2045.                                           VATU-LELE, vd/too IA!ls, one of the Feejee Islands, S. of
VARZO, vard/zo, a village of the Sardinian States, division  Yiti-Levu; lat. (N. point) 180 31' S., ion. 1770 35' WV. It is
of Novara, province of Pallanza. Pop. 2846.                surrounded by dangerous reefs.
VARZY, vastzee/, a market-town of France, department   VATZ, OBER, ohber vAts, a village of Switzerland, canton
of Nilvre, at the foot of a vine-clad hill, 27 miles N.N.E. of  of Grisons, in the valley of the Rhine, 11 miles S. of ChurNevers. Pop. in 1852, 3302.                                Loire. Pop. 872.
VASA or WASA, vA/sA, a seaport town of Finland, capital   VATZ, UNTER, 66nfter vets, a village of Switzerland, 5
of a lsen, on a small bay of the Baltic, 56 miles N.E. of  miles N. of Chur (Coire.) Pop. 1150.
Christianstadt. Lat. 630 4 3"  N., Ion n. 210 43' E. Pop. 3340.   VAUBECOURT, vbb'kooR/, a market-town of France, deIt was founded in 1611; by Charles XII. of Sweden. Its  partment of Meuse, on the Aisne, 10 miles N. of Bar-le-Duc.
port has become much obstructed by sand.                   Pop. 1100.
VASA-BARRIS, v/sl-baa-reest, or IRAPIRANG, ee-rA-pe-    VAUCLIN, LE, Ih vS'kl1Na/, a town of the French West
ring!, a river of Brazil, rises in the Serra Itiuba, province of  India island of Martinique, on its E. coast. Pop. 4878.
Bahia, flows E. and unites with the Sergipe. The united    VAUCLUSE, vS'kliiz1, (L. Va/lis Claulsa; It. Val Chiusa,
stream  continues its course 8 miles further, and falls into  vel ke-oo/sA,) a department in the S.E. of France, having S.
the Atlantic.                                              and W. the Durance and Rhone Rivers. Area 1328 square
VASARHELY, a town of Transylvania.  See MAROS VA- miles. Pop. in 1852, 264,618. Surface hilly in the E., where
SlARHELY.                                                  it is traversed by ranges of the Alps, highest point Mount
VASARHELY, HOLD-MEZO, hold-m/zo' vA/sh&R'h8I, a  Ventoux; and the soil is not generally fertile. Lees corn
large market-town of Hungary, co. of Csongrad, on Lake  is raised than is required for home consumption; principal
Hodos, 14 miles N.E. of Szegedin. Pop. 26,166, employed in  products wine, silk, almonds, and other fruits; madder,
raising wine and tobacco. It has several well-frequented  saffron, and aromatic seeds. Chief manufactures are of silk
fairs.                                                     stuffs at Avignon and Orange; woollen fabrics, perfumery,
VASARHELY, KEZDI, kIz'dee' vA/shtsthAhi, a large  confectionery, printing types, and glass wares. Vaucluse
market-town of Transylvania, Szeklerland, co. of Haromszek, is divided into the arrondissements of Apt, Avignon, Carpen-.34 miles N.E. of Kronstadt.                               tras, and Orange.  Capital, Avignon.  The name of VAUVASARHELY, SOMLYO, shom/to' vtlshAghel!, a large  CLUSE ("enclosed valley") is derived from the fountain of
market-town of Hungary, co. and 25 miles W. of Veszprim, Vaucluse, the source of the little river Sorgues, issuing from
on the Torna, and at the foot of the Somlyo Mountain. an immense cavern overhung and surrounded by rocks and
Pop. 25,000, who raise wine and tobacco.                  mountains. This fountain is celebrated for the loves of PeVASHIKA, VACI/KA, VASCHKA or BASHKA,* veshlkA, trarch and Laura.
written also VAJCA or VAJKA, vtAzhlkg. a river of Russia,   VAUCLUSE, FONTAINE  DE, f6Noten/ deh vo'kliiz!, a
rises in the government of Vologda, lat. 620 20' N., flows village and remarkable fountain of France, department of
N.N.W., and, after a course of above 200 amiles, joins the  Vaucluse, 15 miles E. of Avignon. Its scenery is most
Mezen.                                                    picturesque, but it derives its chief celebrity from having
VASILISIIKIorVASILICi/KIv-.se-lish/kee, town, Russian  been the residence of Petrarch. (See preceding article.)
Poland, government of Grodno, 20 miles W.S.W. of Lida.    VAUCLUSEI, a small village of Edgefield district, South
Pop. 1550.                                                 Carolina.
VASILKOV or WASILKOW, ve-sil-kov/, a town of Russia,    VAUCOULEURS, v6'koo`lUR/, a town of France, departgovernment and 18 miles S.S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 8000, among  ment of Meuse, and 11 miles S.S.E. of Commercy. Pop. in
whom are many Jews.                                        1852, 2655. It is the birth-place of the geographer Claude
VASIO. See VAIsoN.                                       de Lisle.
VASIOOGAN or VASIOUGAN, veise-oo-gen, written also    VAUD, v0, or PAYS-DE-VAUD, pA/e-deh-vO/, (Ger. Waadt,
WASIUGAN and WASSIOUGAN, a river of Asiatic Russia, */t,) a canton of West Switzerland, having S. the Lake of
rises in the E. of the government of Tobolsk, flows E.N.E., Geneva, W. France, and on the other sides Savoy and the
and joins the Obi on the left, about 30 miles below Narim, cantons of Valais, Bern, Freybourg, Neufchdtel, and Geneva.
after a course of about 170 miles.                         Area 1185 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 199,453, nearly all
VASKUT, veish/koot, a village of HIungary, co. of Bacs, 4  Protestants. The surface in the S.E. is covered by rammiles from Baja. Pop. 3388.                                parts of the Alps, and in the N.W. by those of the Jura;
VASSALBOROUGH, vas/sal-btr-rhh, a post-village and  elsewhere undulating. Principal rivers, the Upper Rhone,
township of Kennebec co., Maine, on the E. side of Kenne- Orbe, and Broye; it comprises the Lake Joux and part of
bec River, 14 miles N. by E. of Augusta. The village is the  the Lakes Neufch'Atel and Morat. The raising of corn and
centre of an active trade, and by means of a lock and a dam   wine, and the rearing of live stock, are the chief branches
across the Kennebec at Augusta, vessels are enabled to  of industry; and the best vineyards of Switzerland are in
ascend the river to this place. Leather and cotton goods are  this canton. Salt from the springs of Bex, marble, coal,
manufactured here. Pop. of the township, 3099.             sulphur, and a few metals are produced; manufactures
VAS/SAR, a post-office of Tuscola co., Michigan.        unimportant; transit trade into France and Germany active.
VASSOURAS, vhs-sOlras, a village of Brazil, province of The government is more aristocratic than in most of the
Rio de Janeiro. Pop. of the district, 4000.                Swiss cantons.  Chief towns, Lausanne the capital, Vevay,
VASSY, ves'see/, a town of France, department of Haute- Morges, Nyon, and Avenches. It holds the 19th place in
Marne, on the Blaise, 28 miles N.N.W. of Chaumont. Pop. the Swiss Confederation. Previously to 1798 it was subordiin 1852, 2867. It is celebrated in history for the massacre  nate to Bern, under the name of the Pays-de-Vaud.
of its Protestant inhabitants by order of the Duke de Guise    VAUD][ MONT, v6'dtm6.NG!1, a village of France, departin 1562.                                                   ment of Mourthe, 6 miles S. of Vdzelize, formerly fortified.
VASSY, a town of France, department of Calvados, 10  Pop. 400.
miles E. of Vire. Pop. in 1852, 3250.                       VAUDREUIL, (Fr. pron. vO'drvul,) a county of Canada
VAST, LE, leh vAst, a village of France, department of East, situated in the S.W. part of the province, bounded on
Manche, 11 miles E. of Cherbourg. Pop. in 1852, 1521.     the S.E. by the St. Lawrence River, and on the N. by the
VASTAN, ves'tuin.. a village and castle of Turkish Armenia, Lake of the Mountains. It is watered by the river De l'Isle,
pashalic of Van, at the S. extremity of the Lake of Van, on  and numerous other streams. Area 330 square miles. Capiwhich it has a small port.                                tal, Vaudreuil. Pop. 21,429.
VASTO, IL, eel ves'to, (anc. IstolsniUts?) a town of Naples,   VAUGIIANSVILLE, vawanztvill, a post-office of Newberry
province of Abruzzo Citra, 31 miles S.E. of Chieti, and 11 district, South Carolina.
miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 9000. It is enclosed by walls,   VAUGINSVILLE, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio.
VAU/GINE, a township in Jefferson co., Arkansas. P. 1122.
o See note to Sevastopol, page 1757.            VAUGIRARD, vb'zhee'rarJ, a commune of France, depart2019




~AU                                                       VEL
merint of Seine, forming a suburb of Paris on the S.W., and Arnhem Railway. Tn the spring of 1855, it suffered
within its fortifications. Pop. in 1852, 15,515.           greatly from an inundation of the Rhine. Pop. 2997.
VAULION, vo'le-.6c/, a village of Switzerland, canton of    VEFSEN, v~fsen, a river rising in Sweden, and traversing
Vaud, at the foot of Dent-de-Vaulion. Pop. 980.            Norway, enters the Atlantic. Length, 90 miles.
VAULION, DENT DE, d&aN deh v6'le-6NG1, a mountain of    VEERAN-SHEHR or VIRAN-SHEHR. ve-r[ntsh~h'r, a
Switzerland, Jura chain, canton of Vaud, 4898 feet above  ruined city of Asia Minor, 58 miles E. of Kaisareeyeh. It has
the sea.                                                   some remains, and excavations in the adjacent rocks.
VAUL1TERSHIOLME, a tything of England, co. of Devon.   VEGA, vA'gA, a village of Spain, province of Leon, 9 miles
VAUNKS, a river of Central America. See CAPE RIV R.  from Ponferrada. Pop. 1090.
VAUISIMI or BAU'SIM/, a town of India, Deccan, Nizam's    VEEi, vain, formerly KAMPVEER, kmrnplvair, a maridominions, 85 miles S.W. of Ellichpoor.                    time town ofthe Netherlands, province of Zeeland, on tihe
VAUVERT, v'vaiRt, a market-town of France, department N.E. coast of the island of Walcheren. Pop. 1082.
of Gard, 11 miles S.W. of Nimes. Pop. in 1852, 4187.         VEIGA, a post-office of H-enry co., Iowa.
VAUVILLERS, v0'vee'yA, a town of France, department   VEGA, LA, 1 vA'gA, a town of Hayti, 78 miles N.W. of
of Haute-SaSne, 20 miles N. of Vesoul. Pop. 1240.          St. Domingo, in an elevated region, on the site of a city of
VAUX, vr, a village of France, department of RhOne. same name, ruined by an earthquake in 1564.
Pop. in 1852, 2280.                                          VEGACERVERA, -vA-g-th8R-v]rA, a village of Spain,
VAUX, a village of France, department of Aisne, 22 miles province of Leon, on the Torio. Pop. 1458. 
W.N.W. of Vervins. Pop. 1000.                                VEGA-DEL-VALARCE, vAtgA dS1 v8-laRsthA, a village of
VAUXIIALLI, a suburb of the British metropolis, in  Spain, province and about 70 miles from Leon. Pop. OS1080.
Surrey, W. of Kennington, 21 miles S.S.W. of St. Paul's,   VEGA-DE-RIVADEO, vilgi dA re-vA-DAio, a village of
London, comprised in the borough of Lambeth, and con- Spain, Asturias, province and 60 miles W. of Oviedo, at the
nected with Westminsterby a bridge across the Thames, 950  confluence of the Suaron and Es. Pop. 1947.
feet in length. Here are Vauxhall Gardens, numerous dis-.  VEGA-DE-SANTA-BRIGIDA, v/gA dA sin/ti bre-HeefoD, a
tilleries, factories, and gas works, chiefly along the low  village of the Canary Islands, on the Grand Canary, in the
shore of the river. It has a station on the South Western  centre of the island. Pop. 3382.
Railway.                                                     VEGAS-DEL-CONDADO, v[/gds dl kon-diado, a town of
VAUXHALL, a suburb and gardens of Birmingham, Eng- Spain, province and 12 miles from Leon. Pop. 1071.
land, at its N.E. extremity.                                 VEGEN, vighen, an island of Norway, province of TromVAUXHIIALL, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 7 miles sibe, 15 miles off the coast, lat. 650 44' N., Ion. 120 E., about
W. of Newark.                                              30 miles in circumference.
VAUX-SOUS-CHIVRiEMONT, v5 soo shbv'rmizca, a vil-   VEGESACK, vA/gheh-sik', a market-town of. Germany,
lage of Belgium, province and 4 miles S.E. of Liege, on the  territory and 10 miles N.W. of Bremen, on the Weser. Pop.
Vesdre. Pop. 2386.                                         2000. It has ship-building docks.
VAVAO, vi-vf/o, or VAVAU, vA-v5wl, an island in the    VEGLIA, villyi or vil/yd, an island of the Adriatic, cornPacific Ocean, Friendly Islands; lat. 180 39' 2" S., Ion. 1740  prised in the Austrian kingdom of Illyria, government of
1' W. Length 10 miles. Estimated population 6000. It is Triest, in the Gulf of Quarnero, E. of Istria. separated firom
of coral rock, well wooded, fertile, and has a good harbor.   the HIungarian Littorale and Croatia by the Channel of MorVAVITOU, vA-ve-toof, one of the Society Islands, Pacific  lacca, and having S.W. the island of Cherso, 3 miles distant.
Ocean. Lat. 230 42' S., ion. 1470 50' W., discovered in 1791. Length 23 miles, greatest breadth 12 miles. Pop. 15,000.
Surface elevated.                                          Surface mountainous, sterile in the N. and E., fertile elseVAVRZENCZYCI. See WAWRZENCZYvcE.                         where. It produces timber, wine, silk, fruits, marble, salt,
VAY/NOR, a parish of South Wales, co. of Brecon.         and many live stock. Corn is imported from Croatia. The
VAYRAC, vdrikl, a village of France, department of Lot, fisheries are important.
21 miles N.E. of Gourdon. Pop. 1700.                         VEGLIA, the capital town of the, above, on its S.W. side,
VAYRES, vwa, a village of France, department of Gironde, has a small harbor, defended by a castle. Pop. 3600.
on the Dordogne. Pop. 1600.                                  VEGLIE, vil/yA, a town of Naples, province of Otranto,
VAZABARRIS, vAi-z-bia-neecef, a river of Brazil, enters  21 miles S.S.E. of Brindisi. Pop. 1350.
the Atlantic near lat. 110 S. Length, about 300 miles.       VEILE or WEILE, vi/leh,(?) a town of Denmark, Jutland,
VAZEERABAD, vAi-zee'ri-bid/, VAZIRABAD or WAZEE'- capital of an ant, on the Veile, at the head of the Veile
RABADI, a town of the Punjab, near the Chenaub, 64 miles fiord, 13 miles N.W. of Fredericia. Pop. 2000.
N.W. of Lahore.  It is one of the handsomest towns in    VEILEFIORD, villeh fe-oad/, is an inlet on the E. coast
India, having been rebuilt in European style, and possess- of Jutland, 15 miles in length and 4 miles in breadth at its
ing agood bazaar and a palace, erected by Runjeet-Singh.   entrance.
VEALTOWN, veel/ttwn, a small village of Somerset co.,   VEIGY-FONCENNEX, vi[zhee/ f6Nas'n'nA/, a village of
New Jersey, about 10 miles N. of Somerville.               the Sardinian States, division of Savoy, province of Faucigny,
VEASEY, vee/se,a township inDrew co., Arkansas. P. 576. near the Hermance. Pop. 1125.
VEAZIE, a post-township ofPenobscot co., Maine; incorpo-   VEITSIHIOCHEIM, (Veitshicheim,) vit~shb-xIrme', a village
rated March 26, 1853.                                      of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, on the right bank of the Main,
VECHELDE, fKa/l'deh, a village of Germany, duchy and  4 miles N.W. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1346.
6 miles W. of Brunswick, on the IHanover Railway.            VEJER, vi-naiaR, or BEJER DE LA FRONTERA, bt-nairY/
VECIIINGEN, vik/ing-en, or VECHIGEN, via/ig-en, a  di 1i fron-ti/ri, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles S.E.
village and parish of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the  of Cadiz, on the Barbate. Pop. 8360. It has manufactures
Worblen. Pop. 2597.                                        of woollens and sacking.
VECHIT, vikt, or WECHT, QtiKt, an arm of the Rhine,   VEKA SLATINA, a town of Hungary. See SZALATNA.
in the Netherlands, branches from the Old Rhine at Utrecht,    VELA, LA, 1I vi/li, a seaport town of Venezuela, in the
and after a northward and navigable course of 18 miles  Gulf of Core, let. 110 25' N., lon. 69~ 40' W.
enters the Zuyder-Zee at Muiden.                             VELAINE, veh-linl, a village of Belgium, province and 1
VECHT or WECHT, a river of Prussian Westphalia. Han- mile S. of Namur, on the Sambre. Pop. 1527.
over, and the Netherlands, enters the Zuyder-Zee at Gene-   VELAINES, veh-laint, a village of Belgium, province of
nmuiden, Overyssel, after a N.W. course of-90 miles.       Hainaut. 6 miles N.E. of Tournal. Pop. 2528.
VECHTA, via/ti, a walled town of North-West Germany,    VELAS/CO, (Sp. pron. vi-lds'ko,) a village of Brazoria co.,
duchy and 28 miles S. of Oldenburg, Pop. 1976. It has Texas, at the mouth of the Brazos River, about 45 miles S.W.
manufactures of linens.                                    of Galveston, and 30 miles by water S.E. of Brazoria. It has
VECIKENSTADT, fik/ken-stitt', a village of Prussia pro- a landing for steamboats, but is said to be not improving.
vince of Saxony, government of Magdeburg, S.S.E. of   VELATE, vi-li/ti, a village of Austrian Italyfprovince and
Osterwick, on the Ilse. Pop. 1052.                         16 miles N.E. of Milan. Pop. 1086.
VECKERKAGEN, fik/ker-ki'ghen, a market-town  of    VELAUR, ve.lawrl, a river of Hindostan, presidency of
Germany, Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-IIessen, on the  Madras, rises in let. 100 28' N., ion. 780 21' E., flows E.
Weser, 14 miles N.N.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1888. It has a castle. through Madurn and Tanjore, and falls into the Bay of BenVECTIS or VECTA. See ISLtE o W nIGHT.                    gal, at let. 100 6' N., lon. 790 17' E.
VEDANO, vi-di/no, a village of Austria, province and 12    VELAUR, a river of Hindostan, rises in the East Ghauts,
miles N. of Milan. Pop. 1192.                              in South Arcot, flows E. and falls into the Bay of Bengal,
VEDANO or VEDANO-D'OLONA, vi-di/no do-lo/ni, a vil- near Porto Novo; let. 110 29' N., Ion. 790 50' E.
lage of Austrian Italy, on a hill above the Olona. Pop. 1547.   VELAY, veh-li, an old province of France, now comprised'VEDE, a river of Turkey. See VODE.                      in the department of Haute-Loire. Its capital was Le Puy.
VEDINUM. See UDINE.                                        VELAZGHERD, v.l-i/z-gherdl, a town of Persia, province
VEDRIN, vi'drING/, a village of Belgium, province, and N. of Kirman, 55 miles N.E. of Gombroon.
of Namur, on a stream of its own name. Pop. 1355.            VNLBURG, fil/b6ao, a town of Bavaria, 24 miles NW. of
VEEN, vyn, a village of the Netherlands, North Brabant, Ratisbon. Pop. 944.
10 miles N.W. of Bois-le-Duc, on the Meuse. Pop. 871.        VELDEN, fillden, a town of Bavaria, 22 miles N.E. of
VEENDAM, vin/dim, a village of the Netherlands, pro- Nuremberg.
vince and 15 miles S.E. of Groningen.                        VELDEN; a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 12 miles
VEENENDAAL, vAnen-dIl', a village of the Netherlands, S.S.E. of Landshut.
province and 19 miles E.S.E. of Utrecht, on the Amsterdam    VELDEN, a village of Carinthia, 10 miles E. of Villach.
2020




VEL                                                        YEN
VELDWEZELT, v~ldl9i-zelt, a village of Belgium, pro- sidency of Madras, district and 15 miles W. of Arcot. The
vince of Limburg, 12 miles E.S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 1076.   fort is large, and contains spacious barracks, handsome
VELE, a river of France.  See VESLE.                      quarters, and a curious pagoda. The town, immediately
VELEIA.  See VELLETA.                                     southward, and oonnected to the fort by outworks, is also
VELESTINA, vA-ls-teelng, a town of European Turkey, large and populous. Vellore was the residence of Tippoe
Thessaly, 10 miles W. of Volo.                              Saib's family from 1799 to 1806, when a native revolt here
VELEZ, vyules or vAlltth, a town of New Granada, province  caused their removal to Calcutta.
and 60 miles N. of Tunja, lat. 60 10' N., lon. 730 50' W., on the    VELSEN, v~llsen, a village of HIolland, province of. North
Suarez. The waters are bad and unwholesome. Pop. 7546. Holland. 5 miles N. of HIaarlem.  Pop. 862.
VELEZ BLANCO, vIll~th blAn/ko, a town of Spain, pro-   VELSIQUE-RUDDERSHOVEN, vil/se-keh rood'ders-hobvince and 60 miles N.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 7546. It has  ven, a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 10~
oil-mills, tile-works, manufactures of woollens, linens, hats, miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 2661.
and soap, and a trade in excellent wool.                      VELSK, vhlsk, or VIATLSK, ve-gtlskl, a town of Russia,
VELEZ DE BENAUDALLA, vA/l6th dA bl-n6w-dhllyg, a  government and 130 miles N.E. of Vologda, on the Vega,
town of Spain, province and 30 miles S.E. of Granada. here joined by the Vel. Pop. 1800. It has a cathedral, and
Pop. 3150.                                                  trade in corn, tallow, and pitch.
VELEZ MALAGA, vAllith mA11-gg, (anc. Menoha,) a town    VELTHEM-BEYSSEM, v~lt1hem  baislsem, a village of
of Spain, province and 14 miles E.N.E. of Malaga, on the  Belgium, province of Brabant, 10 miles N.E. of Brussels.
river Velez, near its mouth in the Mediterranean. Pop. Pop. 1202.
16,000.. It is situated in a fertile valley, at the foot of steep    VELTSPURG, a town of Lower Austria. See FLDSBEsOG.
mountains, and its spires and convents are clustered around    VELUCHI, vA-loo/Kee, (anc. Tm y hses/tus,) the principal
a Moorish castle, now in ruins. It trade has greatly declined, summit of Mount (Eta, North Greece, N.E. of the village of
and its roadstead, defended by a castle, is indifferent.    Karpenisi, and 7657 feet in elevation.
VELEZ RUBIO, vA/l1th roo/be-o, a town of Spain, province    VELUWE, vA-loolvA, a district of Holland, forming the
and 54 miles N.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 12,342, who manufac-  N.WV. part of the province of Gelderland, and comprised beture woollen fabrics. It is clustered around a castle, and  tween the Zuider-Zee, the Yssel, and the Rhine.
near it are chalybeate springs.'VELZEN, vltfsen, a village of the Netherlands, province
VELHA, vkltyA, a lofty and extensive serra in Brazilian  of North Holland, on the ~, 13 miles N.W. of Amsterdam.
Guiana, between the Par'A and the Amazon.                   Pop. 2088.
VELHAS, RIO DAS, reelo dds v~llyds, or GUAICUHI,   VEMIENTRY, one of the small Shetland Islands, Scotgwl-koo-ee/, a river of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, land, 5i miles E. of Papa-Stour, on the S. side of St. Magnus
rises in the N. slope of the Serra Paraupeba, flows E., and  Bay. It has good pasture land.
joins the Sao Francisco on the left.                          VENACHOIR or VENNACHAR, LOCH, lox vyn-nA-Kart, of
VELIJ, a town of Russia.  See VELIZn.                     Scotland, co. of Perth, is an expansion of the Teith, 21 miles
VELIKAIA, vA-le-ki/9, a river of Russia, chiefly in the  S.W. of Callander, 3A miles in length by I mile in width,
government of Pskov, flows N. past Opotchna, Ostrov, and  and having wooded shores.
Pskov, and enters the Lake of Pskov at its S.E. extremity,   VENADO, vA-nAfDo, a town of the Mexican Confederation,
after a course of 160 miles. It is large and rapid.         department and 45 miles N. of San Luis Potosi. Pop. 8000.
VELIKEE   LOOKI or VELIKI-LOUKI, vAlleekee loo'lee,    VENAFRO, vA-nA/fro, (anc. Veenalfrum,) a town of Naples,
(" the Larqe  Meadow,") a town of Russia, government and  province of Terra di Lavoro, district of Piedimonte, 27 miles
132 miles S.E. of Pskov, on the Lovat. Pop. 4000. It has  N.W. of Capua. Pop. 2800. It has a cathedral.
7 churches, several schools, and upwards of 32 factories,   VENAISSIN, veh-nAses'tS/, an old county of France, on
chiefly for leather.                                        the E. bank of the Rhone, formerly belonging to the Pope,
VELIKI-NOVGOROD.  See NovGOROD.                           and now comprised in the department of Vaucluse.
VELIKI-USTIUG, a town of Russia. See 0osTiooG.              VENANGO, ve-nang/go, a county in the N.W. part of PennVELILLA DE EBRO, vA-leellyg dA Abro, a market-town  sylvania; area 850 square miles. Alleghany River flows
of Spain, province and 35 miles S.E. of Saragossa.          through the middle of the county in a S.W. direction; French
VELILLE, vA-lee/yA, a town of South Peru, department Creek (called by the Indians Venango Creek) enters that
and 70 miles S. of Cuzco.                                   river near the county seat; it is also drained by Oil, Teonista,
VELINO, vA-leefno, (ane. /elilnus,) a river of Italy, rising  and Racoon Creeks. The surface is broken; the streams
on the N. declivity of Monte Velino, flows N.N.W. past Rieti flow through narrow valleys, which are separated from the
to join the Nera, in the Pontifical States, 4 miles E. of Terni. uplands by steep and rugged hils. The soil of the uplands
Length 54 miles, in which it has some rapid descents. The  is moderately fertile, and adapted to pasturage.  Iron ore,
falls of the Velino, called the CASCATA DEL MAsneonR,(lkds-kiftl  stone-coal, and limestone are the most valuable mineral
dfl maalmo-rA,) near itsjunction with the Nera, are celebrated  products. The creeks furnish copious and permanent motive
as amongst the finest cascades in the world, and the more  power. Alleghany River is navigable for steamboats, and
curious as being artificial for drainage. They consist of 3  a branch of the State Canal extends from the county seat to
separated leaps. Total height 850 feet.                     Meadville. Organized in 1800, and named from  Venango
VELINO, MONTE, mon/tA vA-lee/no, a mountain of Cen- Creek. Capital, Franklin. Pop. 18,310.
tral Italy, Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra II., N.W. of    VENANGO, a village and township forming the N.E.
Lake Fucino, is 8174 feet high, and one of the principal extremity of Butler co., Pennsylva.nia.  Pop. 1473.
summits of the Apennines.                                     VENANGO, a post-township of Crawford co., Peni sylvania,
VELITR E. See VELLET.T.                                   intersected by French Creek, 12 miles N. by E. of Meadville.
VELIZII or VELIJ, vA-lizh/ or vA-leezhl, or VELISHI, (Pol. Pop. 1607.
tieliz, te-A/lish,)atown of Russian Poland, government and    VENANGO, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. P. 1019.
47 miles N.E. of Vitebsk, on the Dwina. Pop. 6800. It has a    VENANGO CREEK. of Pennsylvania. See FRENCH CREEK.
citadel, and considerable exports of corn, hemp. and linseed,   VENANS, veh-n6N0e, a village of the Sardinian States,
to Riga. It wasfounded by the Russians in 1536, and taken  Piedmont, division of Turin, 2 miles W.N.WV. of Susa.
by the Poles in 1580, but it reverted to Russia in 1722.    Pop. 1428.
VELLANO, v~l-l/no, a village of Tuscany, in the Val di   VENASCA, vA-nbstkA, a town of the Sardinian  States,
Nievole, 4 miles N.N.E. of Pescia. Pop. 2500.               Piedmont, division of Coni, 8 miles S.W. of Saluzzo, on the
VELLAUNODUNUM. See BEAUNE.                                Varaita. Pop. 2650.
VELLAUR, v~l-lawrl, a river of British India, presidency    VENASQUE, vA-nls/kA, a town of Spain, province and 54
of Madras, enters the Indian Ocean 30 miles S. of Pondi- miles N.E. of Hluesca, near the Pyrenees and the French
cherry, after an eastward course of 100 miles.              frontier. It has a fort, a custom-house, and medicinal
VELLEBITZ or VELLEBITH, a mountain range in the  springs.
Austrian Empire. See MORLACCA.                                VENASQUE, a marlket-town of France, department of
VELLEIA, v6l-lA/yA, or VELETA, vA-lA/ly, a buried city  Vaucluse, 6 miles S.E. of Carpentras. Pop. 980.
of antiquity, "the Pompeii of Northern Italy," duchy of    VENCATIGHERRY, vhn-kA-te-ghbr/ree, a town of British
Parma, on the Nura, 18 miles S. of Piacenza. It is supposed  India, presidency of Madras, district of South Arcot, on the
to have been submerged by the crumbling of an adjacent Mysore frontier, 43 miles W. of Vellore.
mountain about the end of the 3d century, and it remained    VENCE, vnss, (ance. Fin/cicm?) a town of France, departconcealed till the year 1760, when, and subsequently, an  ment of Var, 11 miles N.E. of Grasse. Pop. in 1852, 3612.
amphitheatre, temples, a forum, and many dwellings were  It has manufactures of woollen cloths.
discovered.                                                   VENDA, GRANDE, grln/dA vbnldA, a village on the coast
VELLETRI, vMl-Altree, (ane. Velitrce,) a walled town of  of Brazil province and 8 miles from Rio de Janeiro.
Italy, Pontifical States, comarca and 21 miles S.E. of Rome.   VENDiE  or LA VRND] E, 11 v SGdA/, a river of France,
Pop. 10,000, mostly agricultural. It stands on a height, giving name to a department, the S.E. part ot which it tracommannding fine views of the Campagna di Roma and Pon- verses, rises in the Forest of Chantemarle, department of
tine Marshes, and has a town-hall, constructed by Bramante.  Deux-Slvres, flows S.W. past Fontenay-le-Comnte, and, after a
The Borgian Museum, now in Naples, was originally formed  course of 46 miles, joins the SSvre-Niortaise, a little above
in the Borgian Palace here. Velitrce was an important city  Marans.
of the Volsci. and the original residence of the Octavian    VEND]fE  or LA VENDI]E, a maritime department in the
family. Augustus is believed to have been born here n. c. 63. W. of France, having N. the Atlantic. Area 2595 square miles,
VELLORE, v6llrI, a town and fort of British India, pre- Pop. in 1852, 383,734. The surface Is level in the N. and W.
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YEN                                                         YEN
portkus, and marshy toward thle coast, elsewhere undulating  of about 4090 feet.  Breaking off from  these mountains
and wooded. More corn and wine are raised than are required  near Trujillo, the coast-chain runs N.E. towards the Gulf
for home consumption; other products are hemp, flax, wool, of Tacarigua or Valencia, which, enclosed by mountains
fatted cattle for the Paris markets, coal, and a few metals. presents the most diversified and beautiful scenery; th.'The manufactures are paper, woven fabrics, leather, and  chain then continues onwards parallel to the sea-coast. Its
beet-root sugar, but unimportant. The department is divided  N. branch, known as the Sierra de Mariara. terminates at
into the arrondissements of Bourbon-Vend6e, Fontenay, and  Cape Codera. It rises in the Silla de Caracas to an elevation
Les Sables d'Olonne. Capital, Bourbon-Vende6. —Adj. and  of 8600 feet, forming a conspicuous object from  the sea.
inhab. VENDEAN, vlnudeelan.                                 The S. branch, known as the Mountains of Guacimo and
VENDEN or WENDEN, vln/dfn (Russ. Kess, kiss,) a town  Yusma, sends a winding chain, Sierra de Alta Gracia S. to
of Russia, government of Livonia, on the Aa, 50 miles N.E. the Orinoco; while towards the E. and S.E., it forms the
of Riga. Pop. 2000. It was founded in 1205, and once con- chains of the Bergantin and Cocollar. The valleys.and
tained the residence of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic  table-lands of these coast-chains, which have collectively a
order, now a ruin.                                          moderate elevation, are the chief seats of cultivation in VeVENDEUVRE, v6NaGduhv'r1, a town of France, department nezuela, and form together the most populous region of the
of Aube, at the source of the Barse, 13 miles W. of Bar-sur- torrid zone in the New World. In the southern part of the
Aube. Pop. in 1852, 1946.                                   state, on the frontiers of Guiana, rises an insulated group
VENDEUVRIE, a commune of France, department of  of mountains, between the rivers Orinoco and Amazon,
Vienne, arrondissement of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 2182.     divisible into several chains, extending for the most part E.
VENDOME, v6NG'damel, a town of France, department of  and W., and called collectively'the Mountains of Parina.
Loir-et-Cher, on the Loir, 39 miles W. of Orleans. Pop. in  This extensive mountain region still remains unexplored, a
1852, 9325.  It has a ruined, but once strongly fortified  wilderness overgrown with superb forests. It is known,
castle of the Dukes of Vendome; a communal college and  however, that the Mountains of Pariman nowhere attain the
public library, hospital, cavalry barracks, theatre, public  elevation of paramos, (12,000 feet,) so that their summits,
baths, and manufactures of leather gloves, coarse cotton  when cleared of trees, would be capable of yielding the grains
fabrics, cotton hosiery, and paper. It was formerly capital of Europe.
of a district called the Vend6mois, now comprised in the    Llanos.-From the Mountains of Parima to the coast-chain
departments of Loir-et-Cher and Sarthe.                     at Caracas. and from the mouths of the Orinoco to the foot
VENDOTENA, vin-do-ti/n:, (ane. Pandatalria,) an island  of the Andles, extends an immense plain, with an area of
of the Mediterranean, belonging to Naples, 23 miles W.N.W. above 150,000  square miles, having in some places on its
of Ischia. It is 8 miles in circumference; fertile, well culti- margin an elevation of 1300 feet, though a great portion of
vated, and having a small town and fishing port. Pop. 500. it is little above the level of the sea, and in the rainy season
It was used by the Romans as a place of banishment for state  it is flooded by the rivers to an extent equal to the surfaice
prisoners.                                                  of the British Isles. Such are the llanos, 1 noce, (" plains") of
VENDRELL, v~n-drli/, (anc. Palfuriana?) a town of Spain,  Venezuela. They are generally destitute of trees, which in
province and 17 miles N.E. of Tarragona, near the Mediter- the most favored spots occur only in small clusters. The
ranean, on which it has a small port. Pop. 3982.            soeriche (Mauritia) palmn is scattered thinly over the waste,
VENECIA. See VENicE.                                      which is often quite treeless. The change of level is rarely
VENEDIG, a city of Italy. See VENICE.                     discernible by the eye, though in some places, patches of
VENERIA, vA-ni-reelh, a town of Italy, Sardinian States, 6 rock, showing horizontal stratification, and occasionally
miles N.W. ofTuiin, with a royal palace and gardens. P.3000. some square miles in extent, rise a few feet above the surVENERIS PORTUS. See PoRTo VENERE.                         rounding plain. In the dry season, the greater part of the
VENETIA.  See VENIcE.                                    ilanos presents to the view a bare sunburnt desert, over
VENEV or WENEW, vA-nlv/, a town of Russia, govern- which the least agitation of the air whirls clouds of dust.
ment, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Toola, on the Venevka. Pop. The intense heat reverberated from the naked ground, the
3400. It has a cathedral, and woollen and linen manufactures. want of landmarks, with the frequency of extensive mirage,
VENEZIA, a city of Italy. See VENICE.                     and the difficultyof finding water, then render a journey
VENEZUELA, vn'lz-weella, (Sp. pron. vA-nlth-wAl'/ or  through the Ilanos a dangerous undertaking. But no sooner
v~n-6s-wA'l1,) a republic occupying the N.E. portion of  does the rain fall-and it pours down with the violence
South America, between lat. 10 8' and 120 16' N., and ion. peculiar to the tropics-than the scene changes totally;
530 15' and 730 17' W.  It is bounded on the N. by the  vegetation springs forth and spreads itself abroad with surCaribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, E. by British Guiana, S. prising iapidity, the arid waste becomes a rich garden, the
by Brazil, and WV. by New Granada.  The western bonn- moistened earth is seen to heave and open, and forth come
dary, according to the treaty between the two republics, the crocodile and the boa-constrictor, shaking off their
begins on the coast at Cape Chichibacoa, Ion. 720 24' W., lethargy, and releasing themselves from their temporary
runs to the sources of the Maimachi, an affluent of the Rio  imprisonment. The rivers, hitherto dry, are now quickly
Negro, and is determined throughout chiefly by the junc- filled, and their banks being low, the waters spread over
tions and courses of rivers, its whole length being 1100 miles. the Ilanos, forming great seas, which, towards the foot of
The S. and E. boundaries running through countries but the Andes, penetrate even into the majestic forests. The
little known, are imperfectly determined. The former of  plains above the level of the inundation feed cattle and
these, towards Brazil, from  the source of the Maimachi in  horses in great numbers.
the W., to the junction of the Rupununi and Essequibo in    civers.-The  great river of Venezuela is the Orinoco,
the E., follows the water-bounds or ridges separating the  which holds the third rank among the great rivers of South
basins of rivers which, in the present state of our geographi- America. The exuberantly fertile valley of this noble river,
cat knowledge, can only be represented hypothetically.  On  into which flow above 4090 other rivers reputed navigable,
the E. the republic assumes that its boundary extends from   watering a territory of 150,000 square miles, offers to adthe river Cuyuni to the mouth of the Moroco on the coast, vancing civilization all the natural conditions of an opuwhile the British government claims for Guiana a territory  lent and populous state. (See ORINoCO.) Within the limits
N. of this line, and all the coast between the Essequibo and  of the Venezuelan Republic, the rivers that have a course
Orinoco. The area of the republic is about 400,000 square  of at least 100 miles, are about 60 in number; the chief
miles, or double that of France.                            of these belong to the basin of the Orinoco; of the rePace of the Cozntry, Mozulntsains, &c.-In Venezuela, the  mainder, few call for especial notice. The Cuyuni runs E.
mountains hold a secondary importance, and occupy but a  from the Mountains of Parima, S. of the Orinoco, to join
third of the whole territory. The E. cordillera of the An- the Essequibo in British Guiana. Further.W. the Guainia
des divides into two branches before it leaves New Granada; or Rio Negro crosses the territory of Venezuela, on its way
The W. branch, which incloses the Lake of Maracaibo, bears from the foot of the Andes in New Granada, to the Amazon
in its different portions the names of Sierra de Ocafia, Sierra in Brazil. The rivers flowing into the Caribbean Sea are
de Perija, (in the middle,) and whereit reaches the coast at much inferior in magnitude to those already mentioned;
Cape Chichibacoa, Montes de Oca. It has but a moderate  the most important are the Zulia, Catatumba, and Motatan,
elevation, rarely exceeding 4000 feet, and is nowhere culti- falling into Lake Maracaybo; the Tocuyo, running N.E. bevated. The thick forests which cover it in its whole extent tween the provinces of Core and Carabobo; the Tuy, flowing
shelter the independent Indian tribes, the Cucinas and the  E. through the plains S. of Caracas; the Unare, 50 miles furGoejiras. The E. branch enters Venezuela much further ther E.; and the Guarapiche, which enters the Gulf of Pavia.
S., and stretches N.E. for about 300 miles, with a general   Lakes and Harbors. —Above 200 lakes or lagoons are enubreadth of about 60 miles. It is an immense pile of rocks, merated within the territory of Venezuela, but most of
forming ridges narrow at the summit, and rising to the  these are the results of inundation, being only marshes
limits of Alpine vegetation. The paramos, or summit-plains,  more or less permanently covered. Only two of the whole
have generally an elevation of 12,000 feet. The Nevado  number, namely, Lakes Maracaybo and Tacarigua, are dade Merida, the loftiest of the summits which rise above  serving of notice for their extent or beauty. The chief
them, is 15,300 feet in height, and always covered with  harbors are those of.Cumana, at the S. side of the Gulf
snow.  Where cultivation has obtained a footing on the  of Cariaco, and capacious enough to receive and shelter all
slopes of these mountains, it succeeds to a height of 8000  the fleets of Europe; and Puerto Cabello, which is also
or 9000 feet, the line which separates the cereal crops of  roomy and secure. La Guayra owes its importance chiefly
temperate climates, wheat, barley, &c., from tropical pro- to its vicinity to Caracas, and to the populousness of the
tuctions, maize, coffee, the yuca, &ic., being at an elevation  neighboring country.
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YEN                                                            VEN
MJinera7s.-The attention of the first Spanish settlers in  (cinchona,) sometimes forming great forests by themseives.
this country was forcibly attracted by the gold ornaments  This is the native zone of many flowering plants now introworn by the Indians, and their search for mines of the pro- duced into foreign conservatories.  Here also grow wild the
cious metals was not wholly~fruitless.  The towns of Bar- aromatic vanilla, the plantain, the strychnos or poison plant
quesimeto and Nirgua owed their origin to the discovery  of the Indians, and the niopo, an acacia, of the bruised
of gold-mines in the mountains lying between them. In  seeds of which the natives make snuff. Trees grow stunted
1560 were discovered the mines of Los Teques. In 1584 the  and rare at the elevation of 8000 feet, where all the grains
city of San Juan de la Paz was founded on the Tuy, anct for  of temperate regions attain perfection. Alpine plants show
tome years derived wealth  and prosperity from  the neigh- themselves at a height of 6500 feet, increasing upwards till
boring gold-mines of Apa and Carapa.  Several other mines  they approach their upper limit, between 13,000 and 14,000 
3njoyed a transient reputation. But owing to the rapid  feet.  Above 11,000 feet bushes cease, and only humble
exhaustion of the supposed treasures, and the ravages of  plants remain. At the height of 13,700 feet, phanerogamous
Alimate, these mines seem to have been all abandoned early  vegetation disappears altogether, and only lichens and hein the 17th century, and were soon forgotten. Silver-mines  paticas cover the rocks as far as the limits of perpetual
were also discovered at Guanita between Area and Nirgua;  snow, about 1300 feet higher up.
and in the present century, silver ores have been found in    Of the cultivated plants, subservient to the wants of the
the Mountains of Merida, S. of Lake Maracaybo, and Caras- country, or to the demands of commerce, the first rank is
suno, all of which are very rich, but have not as yet been  due to the cacao. Owing to the remissness of the colonists,
fully developed. But the copper of Aroa has proved more  however, the coasts of Venezuela, which are particularly
valuable than its silver. These copper-mines, situated in  adapted for its culture, were long unable to supply the dethe hills of San Felipe, about 70 miles W. of Puerto Cabello,  mend of the mother-country, and in the middle of the 17th
are extremely productive. The tin-mines of Barquesimeto  century, chocolate was even imported into Caracas from the
were worked for many years on account of the Crown, their  Dutch colony of Curagoa. It was about 1728 that the cacao
whole produce being used in casting brass guns; they were  of Caracas began to attract notice, and towards the end of
at length sold to a private speculator, who abandoned them, the century, the exportation of cocoa was very large. At
Coal is said to be excellent and abundant in many of the  present. it is supposed to attract less attention. Cotton,
coast-districts, but chiefly in Coro. Extensive deposits of  coffee, sugar, and indigo are extensively cultivated, and,
coal exist on the margin of the Barcelona River, and only 9  with cocoa, form the chief articles of export. The quantity
miles from  the port of the same name. It is bituminous  of coffee exported alone amounts to about 800,000 bags ancoal, and is said to be equal to the best English cannel. nually. The plantain* supplies the staple food of the great
Among the mineral resources of Venezuela, salt is not  majority of the population. The species are numerous, and
the least important. The salt-mines of Araya, facing the  some of them thrive at an elevation of 5000 feet; but lower
sea, on the peninsula N. of Cumana, were discovered by  down the tree is more prolific, and continues bearing for 80
the followers of Columbus in 1499, and as they offered an  years, loaded with fi-uit at all seasons. Maize, which at a
inexhaustible supply of the purest salt, they continued for  height of 6000 or 8000 feet ripens slowly, is gathered in four
some'years to attract adventurers of all nations.  Asphalte  months near the coast, and thus two crops of it are easily
and petroleum are abundant round Lake Maracaybo.  At taken in the year, each producing 240 fold. The yuca is
Lagunillas, in Merida, is a lagoon, which, in the dry season, cultivated chiefly by the Indians, who prepare from the root
yields alarge quantity of the sesqui-carbonate of soda, known  the farinaceous meal called manioca. The cocoa-nut is now
to druggists by the African name of trona.  The Indians  very generally cultivated along the coasts of Venezuela for
use it to mix with their tobacco. At the present time vessels the sake of its oil, and is found to be more remunerative, in
may be laden from the immense salt deposits in the.neigh-  suitable situations, than the cacao. In 1779 the estassco or
borhood of La Guayra at the smallest possible cost.           emporium of the royal monopoly of tobacco was established
Clineate.-The climate.of Venezuela exhibits in the high- in Venezuela. The privileges thus conferred were abolished,
est degree the equatorial character. The change of seasons however, in 1832, by the congress.  The tobacco of Varinas
is scarcely perceptible, and vegetation goes on perpetually. in Merida is much esteemed in Europe.
On the coast, the thermometer ranges from  800 to 900 Fah-   -Animals.-The forests of Venezuela are amply stocked
renheit the year round.  But, notwithstanding the continu-  with the feathered tribes and with monkeys. Of the speons heat that prevails along the coast, epidemic diseases are  cies peculiar to this country, it will be sufficient to menrare, and the climate is comparatively healthy. To those  tion the titi, a diminutive monkey only 6 inches in length,
unacclimated, however, a due amount of care is necessary, the most elegant varieties of which are found only on the
as a too great exposure and inattention to diet are often fol- banks of the Cassiquiare.  While the monkeys occupy in
lowed by violent fevers. The table-land bordering the coast families the upper region of the remote forest, the tapir,
has an almost uniform range of temperature throughout the  the largest of the American pachyderms, wanders below in
year, the thermometer varying only about ten degrees, from   solitude along the banks of the rivers. The vaquira, a kind
700 to 800. In the llanos, especially those portions subject of wild hog, though much smaller than the tapir, is more
to inundation, the climate is not very salubrious.'           formidable, and when in large herds, fearlessly attacks the
Botany.-Owing to the equatorial position of Venezuela,  bunter. The jaguar or American tiger, being hunted for
the variety of its surface, and its humid climate, the flora  the sake of its highly prized skin, is growing rare. The
of that country is one of the richest on the earth; but our  puma or lion, prefers the hills and mountain-sides to the
limited space will only permit us to cast a rapid glance at  deep forests. Immense herds of wild cattle roam over the
the several gradations of vegetable forms from  the sea-side  plains. They are slaughtered in vast numbers for their
to the snows of the Andes. From the level of the sea to the  hides and tallow. The chiguire is an amphibious animal reheight of 3300 feet, extends the region of palms. Only 3  sembling a large otter; it is often domesticated in ponds for
species flourish above these limits, one being the wax-palm, the sake of its flesh. Besides dolphins of great size which
which often attains an elevation of 9000 feet; another is  ascend the rivers, the manati, often weighing 800 pounds, is
the royal palm, remarkable for its great size and beauty.  found in the Orinoco and its affluents at the foot of the AnOf the palms in the lower plains, the most important is the  des, as well as in Lake Maracaybo.
moriche, (Cocus itauritia,) called by the missionaries the  dslands  &c. —Within  the jurisdiction'of Venezuela  are
bread of life, or the Indian sage. This tree thrives best on  numerous islands, of greater and less extent, on the northern
marshy ground; it is thinly scattered even over the Hlanos.  coast, in the Caribbean Sea. The chief of these is MargaEvery part of it is serviceable; its farinaceous pith, called  rita, which constitutes a province in itself.  The other
yurnuma, is made into bread. The berries, leaves, cortical islands are mostly uninhabited, and are the resort of innufibres of the root, and the wood itself, are all converted to  merable sea-fowl. Some of the uninhabited islands, among
use by the Caribs and Guaranis. The chiquichiqui yields  which are the Rocas, the Orchillas, the Monks, and the Isle
the fibrous tufts of which the natives make their strong  of Aves, (Birds Island,) in lat. 150 N., ion. 640 W., contain
and elastic ropes. The yaqui supplies the place of the olive; valuable deposits of guano.  The exclusive privilege of
two kinds of oil, one of them  extremely fine, being made  removing the guano has been granted by the government
from  its fruit. The chaguarama, a palm  of most elegant of Venezuela to a number of gentlemen in Philadelphia.
and majestic appearance, produces, in immense clusters, a  The guano is of excellent quality.
fruit equally palatable and nutritious. Mingled with the    Divisions, Government, &c.-The republic is divided into
palms are the cardones and cacti of candelabra forms, sensi-  the following 16 provinces, namely, Aragua, Guarico, Portutive mimose, pine-apple or bromelia; nor must we forget the  guesa, Caracas, Carabobo, Barquesimeto, Core, Maracaybo,
milk-tree, called also palo de vaca or cow-tree, which yields  Trujillo, Merida, Barinas, Apure, Barcelona, Cumana, Maron incision a nutritious fluid resembling milk.               garita, (the island,) and Ouayana.  The last nearly equals
Among the large timber trees may be mentioned the  in extent all the others. In Carabobo. Apure, Marglarita,
bauhinia, of colossal size, the Bombax Ceiba, and mahogany.  and Guayana. the capitals are respectively Valencia, AchaSarsaparilla, copaiba, dragon's-blood, and other drugs, be- guas, Asuncion, and Ciudad Bolivar. The other provinces
sides caucho or caoutchouc from  several trees of different  all bear the,names of their capitals. The constitution dekinds, are all produced in the region of palms. In the
forests thus richly stored with useful products, the plants       The pntain tree belngs to the same species as the banna.
* The plantain tree belongs to the sa~me species as the banana.
which chiefly engross the stranger's attention and admira- The fruit has a farinaceons fes, in color resembling tse finest
tion, are the arborescent grasses, (bombusa,) and tree-ferns, yellow butter. It sometimes attaines the weight of 60 and even
Beginning at an absolute elevation of 000 (generally of 2000) 8 ]soutnds. Some varieties have an exquisite flavor, surpassing
leet, and extending up to 9000 feet, are the febrifuge plants, it is said, that of the finest kinds of pear.
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YEN                                                        YEN
volved on Venezuela by the parent republic of Colombia is of Darien. It was not till near the middle of the 16th cena slightly modified copy of that of the United States. The  tury, that the interior was conqueraed by Benalcazar and
government is vested in a Senate and Itouse of Rtepresenta- Ximenes de Quesneda. The country continued subject to
tives; the executive power being in the hands of a president Spain till 1811, when it became independent. In 1819 New
and vice-president. The Roman Catholic religion is the  Granada and Venezuela, being united into one republic,
religion of the state, but other creeds are tolerated. The  adopted a constitution at the Congress of Rosario de Cficuta,
clergy are held to be strictly subordinate to the civil power. in 1821, and received into the union Quito and Panama, in
The papal sanction, when required, is transmitted through  1823. This union was dissolved in 1811, and the Republic
the government, which also administers the patronage of  of Colombia divided into the three republics of Venezuela,
the church. The revenue for 1852-3 amounted to about New Granada, and Quito or Ecuador.-Adj. and inhab.
$7.000.000, and the expenditures to $8,248,031. At the close  VeNEZUELAN, v n-ez-weellan,  (Sp. VENaZ0LteO,  vA-nA-thoof the revolution, the debt contracted by loans in England  llno.)
alone, amounted to $33,500,000.                               VENICARLO, a town of Spain. See BErNICARLO.
There are very few manufactures carried on in the repub-   VENICE, vlnfiss, (It. Venezia, va-nod/ze-A; Fr. Venise, vehliv. The land attracts all the industry; still, hardly a tenth  neez1; Ger. Yenedig, vA-nA/die; Sp. Veoccia, vA-nlthe-A; anc.
of the fertile territory has been reached by cultivation. The  Veneltia,) a fortified city of Austrian Italy, capital of the
commerce is mostly with France, Germany, the United States, government and delegation of its own name, and one of
Great Britain, and Spain. The total value of exports in  the two capitals of the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, is
1852 amounted to about $9,000,000. and the imports to  situated in,the lagoons of Venice, a sort of vast lake,
i 7,000,000.fi  Besides coffee, cocoa, sugar, indigo, and cotton, separated from  the Adriatic by a long belt of low land,
before mentioned, the exports comprise annually about and 2 miles from the continent. with which it is connected
750,000 hides, and large quantities of live stock, tallow, by a stupendous bridge of 222 arches, forming part of.
horns, &c.; sarsaparilla, dye-woods, and timber. The imports the railway to Padua; let. of St. Mark 450 25' 9" N., Ion.
comprise woven fabrics, chiefly cottons and linens, flour and  120 20' 2'" E.  Pop. 110,000, besides the garrison.  Mean
provisions, hardwares, wines, and specie. In this, as in  temperature of year, 550.3; winter 380; summer 730 Fahrenmost of the South American countries, the development of  heit. It is the see of a Roman Catholic primate, Greek and
the internal resources of the country is much hindered by  Armenian bishops, and the residence of the viceroy during
the want of good roads. A railway, however, has beefh sur- part of the winter; the centre of the maritime establishveyed, and is about being put under contract from Puerto  ments of Austria, and the residence of the commanderCabello to San Felipe, a distance of 50 miles. An American  general of the imperial marine.  This city, one of the
company, with exclusive privileges of navigating the Ori- finest in Europe, and formerly for many centuries the
noco, has 3 steamers plying regularly, carrying large quan- first maritime and commercial city in the world, is unique,
titles of produce from the interior. The Lake of Valencia  both as regards position and  construction, being built
(40 miles long) is likewise navigated by steam. Steamers  entirely on piles and occupying 82 small islands, sepa.
run along the coast, carrying the mail and produce from La  rated by 150 canals, which alre crossed by 360 bridges. On
Guayra to Maracaybo, touching at intermediate ports.        the land side it is defended by the water, and on the sea
Population, Race, &c.-The population of Venezuela, like  side it is defended by the land, the only approach to it being
that of the other Spanish American colonies, exhibits a sin-  through narrow openings, commanded by powerful batteries
gular mixture of the Spanish, Indian, and African races. crossing their fire with each other, and'making~a successful
More than one-third of the population are people of color, attack on the town impossible, till these formidable batteries
that is to say, Mestizoes, Mulattoes, Zambos, and othermixed  are silenced. Among the canals, the first that claims attenbreeds. The Creoles, or people of European descent, amount tion is the Canalazo or Grand Canal, which has a varying
a-t the utmost to a fourth. The domesticated Indians make  breadth of from 100 feet to 180 feet, and pursues a series of
about a sixth. The population, as shown by a census taken  serpentine windings through the heart of the city, dividing
in 1854, amounts to 1,419,289. Of the population, about it into two distinct and nearly equal portions. Both sides
50,000 are independent Indians, who add nothing to the  of this canal are lined by buildings, many of them marble
strength or resources of the state. These are divided into at palaces of great magnificence, and so close to the water's
least 100 different nations or tribes, some of them numbering  edge as to be entered from the gondolas or water-coaches
but 100 people, and speaking apparently different languages,  which are constantly plying in all directions. and give wonwhich are doubtless but dialects derived from a compara- drous animation to the scene. The only bridge across this
tively few tongues. Among the nations which may be re- canal is the Rialto, which spans it by a single arch. It is
garded as parent stems of this various and alienated progeny, built of white marble, and has no rival in Venice.  The
that of the Caribs holds the first rank. These are tall, strong, other canals branching off from the Canalazo and from each
courageous, and intelligent. It is not believed that can- other, are much narrower and shorter.  The. numerous
nibalism  was ever an established custom  with those on  bridges across them, to give a free passage to the gondolas,
the continent, though it certainly existed among their  have aconsiderable elevation, and having been erected long
brethren in the Antilles. The surviving remnants of their before horizontal bridges were known, are very steep, rising
nation in the present day inhabit a few villages in Guiana, rapidly from both extremities towards the centre. To make
on the rivers Caroni, Cuyuni, and Mazaruni, and about the  the ascent more easy or less dangerous, it has been formed
i   lower part of the Orinoco. The delta of this river and the  into steps, and hence, the person who attempts to thread
mouths of the rivers entering the sea from the Sierra Ima-  his way on foot, has no alternative but to submit to the
taca, are inhabited by the Guaranis, who are all boatmen  most fatiguing of all operations —a continued walk up and
trading with Trinidad, and subsisting chiefly on the moriche-  down stairs. Most of the houses, in addition to their main
palm. Some of them, quitting their woods and marshes, entrance by water, have a land side communicating with a
have settled in villages near Piacoa in Guiana. The Guaicas, calle or lane for foot-passengers. These streets or lanes are so
also in the neighborhood of Piacoa, are remarkable for their narrow and intricate as to render the city a vast labyrinth..hir complexion and diminutive stature. Their language  Most of them  are only 4 feet, and but a few as much as 6
resembles that of the Guaharibos, a savage tribe dwelling  feet in width. There are, however, two exceptions. The first
near the upper falls of the Orinoco.  The Maquiritares,  is the street called the Merceriea, (m1R-chA-reel/, ) situated
-another light-colored tribe, dwell on the banks of the Ven- near the centre of the city, lined with handsome shops, and
tuari and Cunucanuma, and trade with Demerara. The  so wide, that by careful driving two carriages meeting might
Ottomacs, (Ottomaques,) in the plains of the Apure, are a  manage to pass. The other is the Piazza of St. Mark, and
wretched tribe, remarkable for their extreme addiction to  the Piazzetta leading to it. These form two main branches
the savage habit of eating clay. The Guajiros, on the penin- at right angles to each other, and united by the Basilica of
sula W. of Lake Maracaybo, are still a considerable nation; St. Mark and the Ducal Palace. The Piazzetta, the shorter
they cultivate maize, yuca, and sugar-cane. and breed horses, of the two, opens upon the sea, where in front of it stand
mules, and goats. By a decree dated March 10, 1854, passed  two magnificent granite obelisks, each formed out of a sinby the Congress of Venezuela, and sanctioned by Josi Gre- gle block, and crowned with a bronze figure, the one the
gorio Monagas, the President of the Republic, slavery was  winged lion of St. Mark, and the other a statue of St. Theototally abolished; so that there does not exist a single slave  dore.
in the country.                                               Among its many squares, the most remarkable for extent,
History.-When Ojeda and Vespucci entered the Lake of  regularity, and beauty of situation, is the Piazza di San
Maracaybo, in 1499, they were surprised to find there an  MIarco, on the S. side of the city, at the entrance of the Grand
Indian village, constructed on piles over the water, the  Canal. It is about 200 feet long, by 100 feet broad, and is
banks of the lale being thought unhealthy. They called  by far the finest part of the city. It contains some of the
the insular village Venezuela (the diminutive of Venezia  most remarkable public buildings, and is lined by arcades
or Venice), a name subsequently given to the lake, and  with handsome shops and cafRs. Along with the Piazzetta,
ultimately to the surrounding country.  It was at first on its E. side, it is the centre of concourse, and at all times
included bythe Spanish conquerors under the general name  presents a very gay and animated scene. In some other
of Tierra Firma, which is applied at the present day only to  places, where the islands are large enough to admit of them,
the E. part of the coast of Venezuela.  The vice-royalty  there are a few small squares, and in similar localities sucincluded, besides' the territories of the present republic, cessive rows of narrow streets occur, where the houses have
and those of New Granada, the kingdom  of Quito, which  the disadvantage of not being accessible by the gondola.
now forms the Republic of Ecuador. The first sttlement  The ordinary houses are built of brick, and have generally
was made in 1510, at Santa Mearia Ia Antiqua, on the Gulf  3 or 4 stories. They are seldom lined by arcades, but are
2024
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YEN                                                        YEN
for the most part provided with balconies, and have a very  with many admirable works of art; the Palazzo Reale, orishowy appearance.  The larger are generally of a square  ginally the Procurazie Vechie, standing on 50 arches, and
form, with an interior court, in which a cistern for contain- occupying one entire side of the piazza of San Marco; the
ing rain-water is never wanting.  This water forms the  Orologio, a lofty tower with a very curious clock, and a
main supply of the city, and in addition to the private cis- number of gigantic figures in bronze; the Palazzo dei Canerterns is collected by 160 public cisterns.                  lenghi, close to the Rialto Bridge, and now converted into
Venice contains a vast number of magnificent churches  the Tribunale d'Appello; the Dogana or Custosn-house, a
and palaces, adorned with the paintings of Titian and the  massive structure of the early part of the 16th century,
frescoes of Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. The first which  with coupled arches and arched porticoes; the Arsenal, a
claims attention is the ancient palace of the doge, the Pa- vast range of buildings nearly two miles in circuit, surlazzo di San Marco, which dates from the 10th century, but rounded by battlemented walls and towers, and containing
was reconstructed in 1354 by the Doge Marino Faliero, and  an armory in which are many remarkable curiosities; the
has since received many important additions, among others  Palazzo Foscari, Casa d'Oro, Palazzo Grimani, now the postthe beautiful entrance called the Porte della Carte. The  office; Palazezo Pisani, Palazzo Trevisano, Palazzo Manfrini
style of its architecture is Gothic, of a kind to which the  with one of the best private collections of paintings in
name of Oriental or Venetian has been not improperly ap- Venice; various other palaces, the Convento della Caritk,
plied, but in many of the repairs and alterations there is a  now occupied by the Academy of Painting; and six theemixture of Italian, introduced in such a manner as not to  tres, the seventh and finest having been destroyed by the
impair the unity of the whole. It is in the form  of an  great fire of 1836. The old library of St. Mark occupies a
irregular square, two of its sides resting on double ranges  magnificent hall, and in the same building is the Zecca or
of arches, the columns and tracery of which, though neces- Mint, where, in 1284, the celebrated decat of Venice, the
sarily massive, have been so skilfully worked, as to have an  most ancient coin in Europe, was struck.
appearance of airy lightness, particularly around the capi-   The chief scientific and literary institutions of Venice,. are
tals, which are covered over with numerous groups and  the Lyceum, with a rich cabinet of natural history, and a
figures of an allegorical description. In the interior are a  botanic garden, 2 royal gynnasia, and the Seminary of the
number of beautiful halls, among which the most remarka- Salute, occupying the former convent of this name, with
ble are thte Sale delle Quatro Porte, so called from its four valuable scientific collections, and a rich library; Normal
symmetrical doors designed by Palladio; it has a richly  High School, Marine College, Academy and School of the
ornamented ceiling and walls covered with frescoes by Tin- Fine Arts, the oldest of its kind in existence. The Library
toretto, and paintings by distinguished masters, among  of St. Mark, comprising 90,000 volumes, with a fine cabinet
others Titian; the Sale del Collegio or presence-chamber,  of antiquities and medals, is one of the richest in Italy, and
where the doge held his court, adorned by national and his- among the largest in Europe. One of the most remarkable
torical allegories by Paul Veronese; the Sale del Consiglio- institutions in Venice, is that of the Archivio Generale,
dei Dieci, (s9l d~l kon-seel'yo dle de-Alchee —" hall of the  which contains an immense mass of documents relative to
Council of Ten") where the fearful tribunal of that name  the history of Venice. There are also various establishments
held its sittings; and the Salae del Maggior Consiglio, a vast of a charitable nature, under the name of Scuole, of which
apartment, 154 feet long by 74 feet broad, occupying the  the most deserving of notice, both for the elegance of their
greater part of the upper story, adorned with splendid  buildings, the beautiful paintings which adorn them, and
paintings, said to be the earliest specimens of oil painting  the rich endowments which they once possessed, are those
upon canvas, but much injured in its appearance and gene- of San Marco and San Rocco.
ral effect, from having been converted into a museum  and    In the middle ages, Venice had a monopoly of the manna library. The celebrated Ponte de' Sospiri (Bridge of Sighs) facture of glass, but this has greatly declined. The princiconnects the palace with the public prisons, a long and gloomy  pal at present produced are woollen cloth, serge, canvas,
range on the side of a narrow canal.                        cordage, cloth of gold and silver, velvet, silk hosiery, lace,
The edifice next entitled to notice is the church of San  pearls, counterfeit gems, mirrors, colored glass, jewelry, waxlMarco, originally the ducal chapel, and not raised to the dig- work, &c. The printing-presses of Venice, which in early
nity of a cathedral till 1817, but justly regarded as one of the  times became celebrated over Europe for the beautiful edigrandest and most interesting ecclesiastical structures in  tions of the classics which issued from them, are still active,
Christendom. Its style is mainly Byzantine, with an inter- and send out more works than any other town in Italy.
nmixture of Gothic and modern Italian, and its form that of a    During the middle ages, before the western nations of
Greek cross, the nave 245 feet, and the transept 201 feet. It Europe had devoted themselves to maritime enterprise,
is surmounted by five domes, the one in the centre 90 feet, Venice naturally became the great mart for the commerce
and each of the others 80 feet in height. The principal between the East and West.  The progress of discovery
front, 170 feet wide, has 500 splendid columns of black, having opened new channels, and other causes concurring,
white, and veined marble, bronze, alabaster, verd antique, the trade rapidly sutink. and has at last dwindled down
and serpentine, several of them  being covered with deeply  to a mere shadow. Even in its own neighborhood it is outcut Syrian inscriptions; it terminates in pointed arches sur- stripped by Triest, and the utmost which it can now claim
mounted by numerous crosses, statues, pinnacles, and  is a share in the tiade  of the neighboring seas, and particrnspires. Over the portal of this magnificent temple were  larlyinthe Levant. Its harbor is ample beyond all possible
replaced, in 1815, the four celebrated bronze horses which  requirement, being nearly co-extensive with its lagoons;
were founded at Corinth, and successively adorned Athens,  but the very deepest of the openings in the belt of land
Rome, Constantinople, Venice, and Paris. In the interior, which follows them does not exceed 16 feet at the highest
everything is gorgeous almost beyond description, resplend- rise; and at Malmocco, the most frequented  of them,
ent cupolas above, rich and variegated jasper and por- there is a bar outside on which the water is never more
phyry pavement below, gold-grounded mosaics spread over  than 10 feet.  The great vessels by which the foreign
roof and wall in such profusion as to make the whole look  commerce of modern times is principally carried on are
as if it were lined with gold. Among the multitude of pre- consequently excluded, and though it has been a free port
cious objects claiming attention is the celebrated Palla  since 1829, both the exports and imports are very insignifid'Oro, a species of mosaic in gold, silver, and enamel, made  cant. In 1853 there cleared 816 vessels, tonnage 129,811,
at Constantinople in the 10th century. In front of St. half of them  in ballast, besides 3694 coasters, tonnage
Mark are three bronze pedestals, with masts, now bearing  299,883; and there arrived 876 vessels, tonnage 134,444, bethe Austrian standards, and near it the Campanile Tower, sides 3908 coasters, tonnage 286,651. The imports include
where astronomical observations were made by Galileo.       colonial wares, dye-woods, wool, skins, grain, oil, liqueurs,
Among the many other edifices deserving of notice, either  tallow, coals, iron, salt fish, &c.; and the exports, timber,
for their architecture or the historical associations, is the  rice, linen, glass, coral, white-lead, &c.
church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, a lofty and venera-   The history of Venice extends over many centuries, and
ble Gothic structure, built in the 13th century, filled with  derives great interest from its intimate connexion with many
magnificent monuments, among which the plain slab which  of the most important events of which Europe has been the
marks the grave of Titian is not to be forgotten, and adorned  theatre, both in early and in more modern times. Its origin
with paintings by Titian and Tintoretto; the church of San  dates from the period of the invasion of Attila in 452, when
Giovanni e Paolo, a solemn and majestic structure, remark- a number of the inhabitants of Venetia, and other parts of
able for its fine painted glass, and the monuments of nu- Italy, taking refuge in the islands of the Adriatic, formed a
merous doges; the church of La Madonna dell' Orto, once  confederation to oppose the barbarians. In 697 they elected.
the richest in Venice, but in a dilapidated state; the church  as the head of their government, a doge or duke, (in Latin
of San Pietro di Castello, with a fine campanile, and some  duax, i. e. "leader or general.") A republic was established in
good paintings and mosaics; the church of San Francesco  809. In 997 the Venetians took possession of the town of Nadella Vigna, on a magnificent plan, but only partly finished;  renta, a nest of pirates, and thus commenced their maritime
tihe church of the Jesuits, in the theatrical and luxurious power; they afterwards subjugated all the towns of Dalmatia.
style not uncommon in churches of the order; the church  The crusades were a source of aggrandizement for the Veneof I Santissimo Redentore, built as a votive offering after  tians, giving lucrative employment to their shipping in the
the staying  of the plague in 1576, and regarded as the finest conveyance of troops and the munitions of war. At the end
of Palladio's structures; the church of Santa Maria della  of the 12th century, the Venetians made themselves masters
Salute, another votive offering. erected in 1632, after the  of part of the Morea, Corfu, Cephalonia, and Crete. During
cessetion of a still greater plague, particularly distinguished  two centuries they monopolized the commerce of India by
by the boldness of its principal cupola, and decorated within  the route of Egypt; but they lost this on the discovery of
2025




YEN                                                         YER
the passage by the Cape of Good Hope. About the middle  government of Venice, delegation and Lt miles N.N.W. of
of the 15th century was established the Council of Ten, who  Udine, on the Tagliamento. Pop. 3300.
were selected from the grand council, and subsequently, in    VEPRITT or WEPRIT, vA-pritf, a town of Russia, govern
1454, three state inquisitors were selected from the Council ment of Poltava, 10 miles E. of Gadjatsch. Pop. 1800. 
of Ten. These inquisitors, in whom all the powers of the    VERA, v~l/ra, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, on
state were absolutely vested, formed a court whose atro- the Bidassoa, 40 miles N. of Pamplona.  Pop. 1764.
cious proceedings have probably never been equalled by    VERA, a town of Spain, province and 39 miles N.E. of
those of any other tribunal. This rigid despotism had, how- Almeria, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 8470. It has a sumall
ever, the effect of giving a stern unity of purpose to the  harbor, manufactures of nitre, an active fishery, and some
proceedings of government, and doubtless contributed in  export and import trade. Near it are traces of the ancient
some degree to consolidate the various accessions of territory  Ur/ci.
which had been made into one whole. The state attained    VERA CRUZ, va/ri krooss, a maritime state of the Mexithe height of its prosperity in the 15th century. It began  can Confederation, consisting of a long and somewhat narto decline at the beginning of the 16th century, and its  row belt of territory, stretching along the S.W. 1art of the
overthrow was completed by the French in 1797. By the  Gulf of Mexico, and bounded N. and N.W. by tlhe states of
treaty of Presburg, in 1805, it was made over, with the pro- San Luis Potosi and Queretaro; W. by Mexico and Puebla;
vinces of the continent, to the kingdom  of Italy, and was  S. by Oajaca; and E. by Tabasco. It extends from lat. 17~
held by the French till 1814, when it reverted to Austria. 30' to 220 15' N., Ion. 940 30' and 990 W. Greatest lengtb,
In 1848, the Venetians revolted against the Austrians, and  from  N.N.WV. to S.S.E., nearly 500 miles; breadth only
held the city for several months. Pop. in 1846, 127,925.-  about 80 miles. Area 27,595 square miles. The coasts
Adj. and inhab. VENETIAN, ven-ee/shun; (It. VENEZIANO, VA-  are generally low, level, and sandy, and the streams which
nld/ze-1/no; Fr. V NITIEN, v~tnee'te -ING;  Ger. adj. VENEDISCo, fall into the Gulf are either obstructed by bars at their
vA-nd/dish, inhab. VENETIANER, vy-net-se-Iner.)             mouths, or else are navigable for only a short distance.
VENICE, vynliss, a post-township of Cayuga co., New  The most important are the Tampico, the San Juan or
York, intersected by the route of the projected Lake Ontario  Alvarado, and the I-Huasacualco, separating Vera Cruz from
Auburn and Ithaca Railroad. 16 miles S. ofAuburn. P. 2028. Oajaca and Tabasco. Another characteristic feature of
VENICE, a post-office of Walshington co., Pennsylvania.   the coast is the number of its lagoons. One of these,
VENICE, a post-village of Erie co., Ohio, on Sandusky  the Tamiagua, in the N., is about 55 miles long by 20 miles
Bay, and on the Junction Railroad, 2 miles Wi. of Sandusky  broad, and communicates with the Gulf by two mouths,
City. It has water-power and large flouiing-mills,          which here form the island of Tuspan.  Within the lagoon
VENICE, a township of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop. 1830.        are the two islands of Juan-Ramirez and El-Toro. The laVENICE, a township of Shiawassee co., Michigan. P.183.  goon next in size and still farther N. is Tampico, 12 miles
VENICE, a post-village of Madison co., Illinois, on the  long by 9 miles broad; the largest in the S. is that of AlvaMississippi River, 6 miles above St. Louis.                 redo, subdivided into eight smaller lagoons. The interior,
VENICE, GOVERNMENT OF, one of the two great divi- after the low sandy belt of sea-shore is passed, rises gradiusions of the LOManARDO-VENETIAN KIoNGDOM, (which see.)      ally, and becomes either clothed with magnificent forests, or
VENICE, GULF OF. See ADRIATIC.                            covered with verdant pasture, and cultivated fields of cane
VENISE, a city of Italy. See ~ENICE.                      and corn. Its most mountainous region is near the centre,
VENISSIEUX, veh-nees'se-uhl, a town of France, depart- to tihe W. of the capital, where the volcanic peak of Orizaba
ment of Isbre, 60 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 2040.        rises to the height of 17,374 feet. The climate is almost
VENLOO, vln-161, or VENLO, a fortified town of the  pestilential on the coast, where from  May to November
Netherlands, province of Limburg, on the Meuse, 15 miles yellow fever always more or less prevails, but becomes genial
N.N.E. of Roermond; let. 510 22' N., ion. 60 10' E. Pop. and healthy in the higher and more inland districts. The
7179, employed in brewing, tile-making, tanning, andin tin, products embrace numerous varieties both of the temperate
lead, tobacco, and vinegar factories.                       and torrid zone, including, among others, maize, barley, and
VENNES, a town of France. See VANNES.                     wheat, tobacco, coffee, sugar, cotton, sarsaparilla, vanilla,
VENOSA, v&-no/sI, (ane. Ven/usia,) a town of Naples, pro- pine-apples, oranges, bananas, and similar fruits, dye-woods,
vince of Basilicata, 23 miles N.N.E. of Potenza.  Pop. 6000. and many valuable species of cabinet-timber. The domestic
It has a noble cathedral, 5 parish churches, a market-hall, animals, consisting chiefly of horned cattle, and to some
and various Roman remains. It is the birth-place of the  extent also of horses and sheep, are so numerous that their
poet Horace.                                                value has been estimated at above $20,000,000.  Through
VEN-OT/TERY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           this state lies the main route to Mexico from the Atlantic.
VENRAY or VENRAIJ, vyn-ri, a village of IHolland, pro- Vera Crus is divided into 4 departments, Jalapa, Orizaba,
vince of Limburg, 22 miles N. of Roermond. Pop. 1695.    Acayucaim, and Vera Cruz, subdivided into 12 districts.
VENTABREN, v6cNatI'brass/, a village of France, depart- Capital, Vera Cruz. Pop. in 1854, composed of mixed races,
ment of Bouches-du-Rhbne, on a branch of the railway from   chiefly Creoles and Indians, with some Havanese, foreignAvignon to Marseilles. Pop. 1600.                           ers, negroes, and on the coasts a considerable number ot
VENTA DEL MORO, vyn/tI dfl mo/rn, a village of Spain, Zambos, 274,686.
New Castile, province and about 60 miles from Cuenca, on    VERA CRUZ or VILLA RICA DE LA VERA CRUZ, veel/the Cabriel. Pop. 1432.                                     yI ree/k dl i1 v'/rI krooss, (the" rich city of the true cross,")
VENTANA, SIERRA, se-tRaa vyn-tInI, a mountain of  a seaport town of Mexico, capital of the above state, in a
La Plata, province and 320 miles S.W. of Buenos Ayres; lat. sandy, marshy, and unhealthy plain on the S.W. shore of the
380 51 S. It is of quartz formation, bare and jagged, and  Gulf of Mexico, 185 miles E. of Mexico; lat. (San Juan do
attains a height of 3500 feet.                              Ulua light) 190 11 54" N., ion. 960 8' 36" W. It presents an
VENTAS CON PENA AGUILERA, vynltas  con pin/yy  imposing appearance from the sea, is defended by the strong
A-ghe-lrI, a village of Spain, New Castile, province and  castle of San Juan de Ulua, built upon an island about
18 miles S.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1200.                         half a mile from the shore; and consists of several squares
VENTIMIGLIA, a town of the Sardinian States. See  and regular streets, with houses of coral-limestone, someVINTIMoGLA.                                                times three stories high, fiat-roofed, and generally provided
VENTIPOOR, vln-te-poorl, a village of Cashmere, near  with wooden balconies. The principal buildings are 16
the Jhylum, 10 miles S.E. of Serinagur, and having some  churches, of which, however, only 6 are in use, though the
remarkable Hindoo remains.                                  cupolas of all still remain, and form  very conspicuous
VENT/NOR, a rapidly increasing town on the S. coast of  objects; the Government I-House, which is tolerably handthe Isle of Wight, between the villages of Benchurch and St. some, and some dilapidated monasteries.  The harbor, a
Laurence, and about 4 miles E. of Niton, with which and  mere roadstead between the town and the castle, is very
with  Newport, Cowes, and  Ryde, it communicates by  insecure, having neither good anchorage nor sufficient procoaches daily. It stands sheltered by high land on the N. tection from N. winds. It is provided, however, with a good
and E., and it has risen since 1830 from a mere hamlet into  stone mole, and onthe island of San Juan de Ulua there is
a fashionable watering-place. It has a chapel of ease, Inde- a lighthouse showing a brilliant revolving light, 89 feet
pendent and WVesleyan chapels, and  schools, handsome  above the sea. The tide ebbs and flows here only once in
terraces, and many detached villas.                         twenty-four hours; the highest rise observed is 24 feet.
VENTOUX, MONT, m1Ne  v6NG'too/, France, department The trade, though considerable, is rather declining, in conof Vaucluse, is near the frontier of the department of Dr~me. sequence both of the unhealthiness of the climate, the
Hteight 6263 feet.                                         scarcity of good water, and the superior attractions of the
VENITRY, a maritime parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of  rising port of Tampico. It ranks, however, as the fou'th
Kerry.  Pop. 2426. The harbor of Ventry, which affords port in the Confederation, being surpassed in the extent of
excellent anchorage, is divided from that of Dingle by a  its commerce only by Acapulco, Mazatlan, and San Bias.
narrow isthmus, on which are several, Danish intrench- The aggregate tonnage of the arrivals in 1852 (including 7
ments, said to have been the last Danish post in Ireland.    steamers) was 28,203; number of passengers arrived, 1429;
VENUSIA. See VENOsA.                                     number left, 1346. In 1845, 268 ships, aggregate burden
VE/NUS, POINT, the most N. point of the island of  30,416 tons, chiefly Mexican, United States, French, British,
Tahiti; lat. (flag-staff) 17 29' 12" S., ion. 1490 29' W. Upon  and Spanish, entered, with cargoes to the value of $2,341,000;
the situation of this point depend most of the geographical  and 271 vessels, burden 31,229 tons, cleared from the port
positions of islands in the South Sea.                     The exports consist principally of bullion, cochineal, sugar
VENZONE. vin-zolnl, a market-town of Austrian Italy, flour, indigo, provisions, drugs, vanilla, logwood and pimento
2026




VER                                                        VTER 
and imports woven fabrics, cocoa, paper, brandy, wines,   VERDE, RIO, an auriferous river of Brazil, province of
and metals. Yera Cruz was founded in the latter part of the  Minas-Geraes, rises in the marshes to the W. of Serra Grimo
16th century, near the spot where Cortez first landed, and  Mogor, flows N. then N.W. and then W., and joins the Silo
obtained the rank and privileges of a city in 1615. Its cas- Francisco on the right, nearly opposite to the mouths of
tie, which completely commands it, was taken by the French  the Japor6 and Carinbenha.
in 1829. Vera Cruz was bombarded and taken by the army    VERDE, RIO, a river of Brazil, province of Bahia, flows
of the United States under General Scott, in 1847. Pop., N., and joins the Sao Francisco, nearly opposite to the town
once about 20,000, in 1854 was only 8228.                   of Piluo Arcado.
VERA CRUZ, OLD, a village of the Mexican Confedera-   VERDE, RIO, a river of Brazil, province of Goyaz, rises in
tion, 15 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz. Here Cortez disembarked  the N. slope of the Serra dos Pirenneos, flows N., and joins
in 1518.                                                   the Maranhao.
VERA CRUZ, a post-office of Wells co., Indiana.             VERDE, RIO, a river of Brazil, province of Matto-Groeso.
VERAGUA, ve-rahlgwa, (Sp. pron. vA-rA/gwA.) or SANTI- It takes a northerly direction, and after a course nearly paAGO DE VERAGUA, san-te-Algo d6  vA-r gw4, a town of  rallel with that of the Guapore, joins that river about 100
Central America, but belonging, with its province, to the  miles from the town of Matto-Grosso.
republic of New Grenada, department of Istmo, 22 miles   VERDELLO, vTa-dilllo, or VERDELLO-MAGGIORE, vIaN. of Miontijo Bay, Pacific Ocean, and 125 miles W.S.W. of  dIlllo mld-jo/rA, a village of Austrian Italy, province and 9
Panama. Pop. 5000. It is well built, and has some trade  miles S. of Bergamo. Pop. 1760.
in gold-dust, copper, cotton, and dyes.                       VERfDEN, (Ger. pron. fRalden,) a town of Germany,
VERAGUA, the most western province of the state of  Hanover, capital of a duchy, on the right bank of the Aller,
New Grenada, between lat. 70 15' and 90 40' N., and Ion. 800  and on the railway to Hanover, 21 miles S.E. of Bremen.
20' and 820 50' W., extends from  the Pacific Ocean to the  Pop. 4670. It is enclosed by walls, and has an ancient catheCaribbean Sea, and has on its N. side the lagoon of Chiriqui, dral, manufactures of tobacco, breweries, distilleries, and
and W. the state of Costa Rica, in Central America. Most of  an export trade in corn and cattle.
the surface is covered with mountainsand forests. The rivers    VER/DIERVILLE, a post-office of Orange co., Virginia.
have short courses, but fi-equently inundate the country after    VERDON, vlxa'dSGP, a river of France, department of Basheavy rains. Veragua is its only town of importance.        ses-Alpes, rises near Colmar, flows S. to near Castellane, and
VERANO, vA-rmno, a village of Austrian Italy, province  thence W. between the departments of Basses-Alpes and Var,
and 16 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 1373.                        and joins the Durance after a course of 100 miles.
VERIA PAZ, (Sp. pron. vA/ra pAss or p th,) a province of    VER/DON, a post-village of Hanover co., Virginia, on Little
Central America, state of Guatemala, mostly between lat. River, 30 miles N. of Richmond.  It has a cotton factory.
160 and 180 N., and Ion. 890 30' and 910 40t W. Besides the    VERDU, vka-dool, a town of Spain, Catalonia, province
city of Coban, the principal places are Tactic, Salama, and  and 21 miles E. of Lerida. Pop. 1514.
Robinal.                                                      VERDUN, v6adfNol, (anc. Veroduenum,) a town of France,
VERAPOLI, vA-rlplo-le,(?) a town of HIindostan, Malabar  department of Meuse, 28 miles N. of Bar-le-Due, on the
Coast, 7 miles N.E. of Cochin.                              Meuse, which here becomes navigable. Lat. 490 9, 31" N.,
VERAWOW, vbr.a-wfwf, the principaltowninthedistrict  ion. 50 22k E. Pop. in 1852, 13,941. It is strongly fortified,
of Parkur, Sinde, on a fresh-water lake, 3 miles in circuit, and has a cathedral, a Protestant chapel, military and civil
lat. 240 33' N., lon. 700 46' E. It comprises 350 houses, and  hospitals, a bishop's palace, clerical seminary, communal
near it are extensive remains of the ruined city Pareenugger. college, and public library of 14,000 volumes; distilleries,
VElItBANK, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.       breweries, manufactures of wooden wares, nails, leather,
VIERBANUS.  See LAno  MAcaZoRE.                           woven fabrics, liqueurs, and confectionary. In 1792, it was
VERBAS, vlr-bbsl, or VERBITZA, v6a-bit/s[, a river of bombarded and taken by the Prussians, but restored to the
European Turkey, Bosnia, joins the Save 13 miles E. of Gra- French after the battle of Valmy.
diska, after a N. course of 100 miles.                        VERDUN-SUR-GARONNE, va'dfNGoI siiR gA'ronnf, a town
VERBENICO, v6a-bglne-ko, a village and seaport of Aus- of France, department of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the left bank
tria, Illyria, on the island of Veglia. Pop. 1290.          of the Garonune, 14 miles S.S.E. of Castel-Sarrasin.  Pop. in
VERBERIE, v6a'beh-reet. a market-town of France, de- 1852, 4140, who manufacture leather. It was formerly the
partment of Oise, 10 miles N.E. of Senlis, on the Oise. Pop. capital of the district of Verdunois.
in 1852,1450.                                                 VERDUN-SUR-SAONE, v6aWdftN Sa! sel   en, a town of
VERBICARO, v8l-be-klaro, a market-town of Naples, pro- France, department of Saene-et-Loire, on the Salne, at the
vince  of Calabria Citra, 28 miles N. of Paola, and 5 miles influx of the Doubs, 11 miles N.E. of Chalons. Pop. 2032.
from the Mediterranean.  Pop. 4000.                           VERDUNOIS, vradiifnwAt, an old district or division of
VERBICZ, vkabitsf, a market-town of Hungary, co. of Lip- France, now comprised in the departments of Tarn-ael
tau, on the Waag, 1 mile S.S.E. ofSzent Miklos. Pop. 2010. Garonne and Haute-Garonne. Its capital was Verdun.
VERBINUM. See VavnINs.                                      VERE, a town of the Netherlands. See VrEeR.
VERBITZA, a river of Turkey.  See VeRnas.                   VEREINIGTE STAATEN. See UcNITED STATES.
VERBOVSZKO, vta-bovs/sko, a market-town of Austria,   VERENTUM. See VALENTANO.
Croatia, on the Dobra, 23 miles W.S.W. of Carlstadt. P. 1000.   VEREYA, VEREIA or VEREJA, vA-r&1y9, a town of RusVERCANA, vta-ki/nd, a village of Italy, province and 27 sia, government, and 62 miles W.S.W. of Moscow, on both
miles N.E. of Como, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Como. sides of the Protva. Pop. 6000. It is enclosed by high
Pop. 1032.                                                  ramparts, and has a cathedral. Its inhabitants carry on
VIERCEL, vba's~ll, a market-town of France, department an active trade with the Don Cossacks.
of Doubs, 17 miles IE. of Besanlon.  Pop. 1200.               VERFEIL, vla'fAlt, a village of France, department of
VERCELLI, vba-chcAllee.  (anc. Vercelce,) a city of the Sar- Haute-Garonne, 12 miles E.N.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 2342.
dinian States, Piedmont, division of Novara, capital of a    VERGARA, vka-gh"/ir, a town of Spain, province of Guiprovince, on the right bank of the Sesia, here crossed by a  puscoa, 20 miles S.WV. of Tolosa. Pop. 3480. A convention
handsome bridge, 14 miles N. of Casale. Pop. 18,253. It  concluded here in 1839, put an end to the war in Biscny.
is enclosed by boulevards, replacing its old fortifications,    VERGENNES, ver-jknzl, a city of Addison co., Vermont, on
is well built, and has an appearance of prosperity.  Its  the Otter Creek, 7 miles from its entrance into Lake Chainmcathedral, one of the finest in Piedmont, contains the tomb  plain, and on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 22 miles
of St. Amadeus of Savoy, and a valuable library of old  S. of Burlington. The creek is here about 500 feet wide, and
manuscripts, including a copy of the laws of the Lon-  navigable for the largest vessels on the lake. Two islands
bards, and a manuscript of the gospels, written by St. Euse- opposite the city divide the stream  into three channels,
bius, the founder of the see, in the 4th century. It has a  which have three disfinct sets of falls, affording an hydraulic
large hospital, a royal palace, clerical seminary, manufac-  power equal to the best in the state. During the war and
tures of woollen and silk fabrics, and a large trade in rice, non-intercourse with Great Britain, extensive iron mannraised in its vicinity. A canal connects it with Ivrea.     factories were put in operation at these falls, and among
VERCELLI-BORGO, via-chblllee boa/go, a town of the Sar- other things produced was 177 tons of cannon-shot. In 1816
dinian States, division of Novarn, province and 4 miles N.E. most of the iron works were suspended, and have since only
of Vercelli, near the Sesia. It has a palace occupying the  in part been resumed. Vergennes enjoys admirable advansite of an old castle. Pop. 2588.                           tages for ship-building. The flotilla, commanded by ComVERCHIIERES, va'shlaiR/,  a town of Canada East, on the  modore McDonough, at the battle in which the British fleet
right bank of the St. Lawrence, 23 miles below Montreal, on Lake Champlain were captured, September 11, 1814, was
with a church, 2 schools, a grist and saw mill, and several fitted out at this place. The city is beautifully situated, and
tanneries. Pop. 1000.                                       contains 3 or 4 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and 18
VER-DACII!ELLUM, vlr-dA:chiltlfmm, a town of British  or 20 stores. A United States arsenal, the only military
India, presidency of Madras, 96 miles S. of Arcot, and for- establishment in the state belonging to the general governuierly the seat of the British courts for the S. division of its ment, was erected here in 1828. The principal edifice (of
collectorate.                                               stone) is 80 feet by 36, and 3 stories high, and with the others
VERD, CAPE, West Africa. See CAPE VERD.                   is enclosed by about 28 acrles of ground. Arms  and other
VERDE, RIO, reeto v6a/dA, a river of Brazil, province of  munitions of war to the value of about 185,000, belonging
Mlinas-Geraes, rises S.W. of the town of Ajuruoca, flows cir- to the United States, and of upwards of $30,000 to the state
cuiltouly first N. and then W., and after a course of about of Vermont, are constantly stored in the buildings. Settled
150 miles, joins the Sapucahi.                              in 1766, by Donald McIntosh, who was a native of Scot!and,
2027




VER                                                       VER
and had been in the battle of Culloden. Incorporated as a  A railroad is in. progress through the county, leading tV
city October 23, 1783. Pop. 1378.                          Springfield and Lafayette. Vermilion River affords value.
VERGENNES, a post-township in the E. part of Kent co., ble water-power. Stone-coal abounds on the banks of the
Michigan, intersected by Flat River. Pop. 876.             river. Capital, Danville. Pop. 11,492.
VERGENNES, a post-village ofJackson co.,..Illinois, about   VERMILION, a post-office of Oswego co., New York.
10 miles N~. of Murphysborough.                              VERMILION, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. P. 2018.
VERGEZE, v6a0zhaizt, a village of France, department of   VERMILION, a thriving post-village, township and shipGard, 8 miles S.W. of Nimes, on the railway to Montpellier. ping port of Erie co., Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of
Pop. 1300.                                                 Vermilion River, and on the Junction Railroad, 21 miles E.
VERGITERETO, v8a-gA-rito, a village of Florence, on a  ofSandusky City. The value of imports in 1851 was $150,000;
spur of the Apennines, 5 miles from Bagno. Pop. 2246.      of exports, $207,200; total, $357,200. Pop. 1516.
VERGINIUM  MARE. See ST. GEORGES CHANNEL.                  VERMILION, a township, Vermilion co., Indiana. P. 1351.
VERGILIA. See MUcsIA.                                      VERMILION BAY, in the S. part of Louisiana, commuVERIA, ve-reetl, or KARA VERIA. katrA ve-reelt, (anc. nieates through Cote Blanche Bay with the Gulf of Mexico.
Berawfa; Gr. Bepota, Beroia.) a town of European Turkey, Length about 20 miles.
Macedonia, 35 miles W. of Salonice. Pop. 8000, mostly    VERMILION RIVER, of Louisiana, rises near Opelousas,
Greeks, engaged in cotton weaving, dyeintg, and raising fruit. and flows southward through Lafayette and Vermilion paThe ancient town of Bere-a is alluded to in Acts xvii. 11.    rishes, into the bay of its own name. It is bordered by ferVERKBNAEEor VERKHNIIN-, verKtneeor v6RK/fiee, (mean- tile prairies, and plantations of sugar and cotton, and is
ing " Upper,") a prefixed name of many towns of Russia.    navigable by small steamboats for about 80 miles from its
VERKIINEE DNIEPROVSK, vha/nee  dne-A-provskl, a  mouth.
town of Russia, government and 34 miles W.N.W. of Yeka-   VERMILION RIVER, of Ohio, a small stream which flows
terinoslav, on the right bank of the Dnieper. Pop. 2800.   into Lake Erie, near the N.E. extremity of Erie county.
VERIKINEE KOLYMSK, VRaK/nee ko-limskf, a town of    VERMILION RIVER, in the N. central part of Illinois,
Russia, East Siberia, government of Yakootsk, on the left falls into the Illinois River, 3 or 4 miles above Peru.
bank of the Kolyma, 165 miles S.W. of Sredne-Kolymsk.        VERMILION RIVER, of Illinois and Indiana, is formed
VERKHNEE SALTOV or VERKHINII SALTOW, v8aK/nee  by three branches, the North, Middle, and South, which
sil-tovi, a market-town of European Russia, government of  unite near Danville, Illinois. It then flows south-eastward,
Kharkov, 20 miles S.S.W. of Voltchansk. Pop. 1500.         and enters the Wabash, about 8 miles below Perryville, in
VERKIINEE  VILIOOSK, v6aX/nee ve-le-ooskI, a town of  Indiana. It is navigable to Danville, a distance of 30 miles.
Russia, province of Yakootsk, on the Viliooi, 175 miles N. of  The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash, 4 or 5 miles
Olekminsk.                                                 below.
VERKINEE YANSK or VERKIINII JANSK, virKfnee                VERMILION RIVER, of Minnesota Territory, fills into
yinskl, a town of East Siberia, province of. Yakootsk, on  the Missouri, about 30 miles in a straight line N.W. of the
the Vans; lat. 660 45' N., Ion. 1330 10' E.                mouth of Sioux River.
VERKIHIOLENSK, vRa-Ko-lnskI, a town of East Siberia,    VERMILIIONVILLE, a post-village, capital of Lafayette
government and 140 miles N.N.E. of Irkootsk, on the Lena. parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Vermilion, about 60 miles W.
VERKHOTOORIE or VERKHOTURIE, vaR-Ko-toolre-4, a  by S. of Baton Rouge. The bayou is navigable by small
town of Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, capital of a  steamers. A newspaper is issued here.
circle, on the Toora, 85 miles N. of Alapaevsk. Pop. 2800.   VERMILIONVILLE, a township of Eaton co., Michigan.
It is enclosed by old walls, and has an exchange, and vast Pop. 324.
corn magazines.                                              VERMILIONVILLE, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
VERKIIOVASHIKOI, via-xo-v~sh-koif, a town of Russia,   VERMONTI,(named from the French, Monts Verts, or Verts
government of Vologda, on the Vaga, and on the road from Mronts, i. e., "Green Mountains," the principal mountain
Vologda to Archangel, 18 miles S. of Velsk. Pop. 1540.     range in the state,) one of the United States of North
VERLAINE, via'lainf, a village of Belgium, province and  America, the most north-western of the New  England
13 miles W.S.W. of Liege, on the Verne. Pop. 1291.         States. It lies between about 420 44' and 450 N. lat., and
VER/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Eseex.              710 25' and 730 26' WV. Ion., and is bounded N. by Canada
VERMAND, va'msN/l, a market-town of France, depart- East; E. by New Hampshire, from which it is separated by
mentof Aisne, 6 miles N.W. of St. Quentin. P. in 1852,1278. the Connecticut River; S. by Massachusetts, and W. by
VERMANDOIS, vam8NS'dwiI, (ane. Trs-romanfdui,) an old  New York and Lake Champlain.  Length from N. to S.,
subdivision of France, in Picardy.  Its capital was St. about 150 miles, and greatest breadth from E. to W. about
Quentin.                                                   85, or about 35 in its narrowest part at the south, including
VERMEJO,* via-mAlHo; called also RIO GRANDE, reelo  an area of about 10,212 square miles; or 6,535,680 acres, of
gritn/dA, a considerable river of the Plata Confederacy, South  which 2,601,409 were improved, in 1850.
America, rises on the Bolivian frontier, flows S.E. and joins   Face of the Country, Mountains, &c.-The Green Mountain
the Paraguay, 14 miles S.W. of Neembucu. Total course  Range traverses the whole extent of this state from N. to
estimated at 750 miles. Affluents, the Jujuy and Tarija.    S., dividing it into nearly equal portions. These mountains,
VERMELHO,*viR-m ilyoyo,   a river of Brazil, rises in the  which give name to the state, attain their greatest elevation
mountains S.E. of the town of Goyaz, and, after a N.W. (1359 feet) in Mount Mansfield, 20 miles N.W. of Montpelier.
course of about 240 miles, joins the Araguay.              South of the capital the range separates into two ridges, the
VERMENTON, vla'm8SN't6NG/, a town of France, depart- higher but more broken taking a nearly N. direction, and
ment of Yonne, 13 miles S.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 2171.        the other extending N.E., almost parallel with the ConVERMILION, ver-millyfrn, a parish in the S.W. part of  necticut, but at some distance from it. This ridge, though
Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, contains about lower and of easier ascent than the western, is continuous,
1850 square miles. It is drained by Vermilion and Mermen- while the western is broken by the passage of the Onion,
teau Rivers. The surface is flat, and partly occupied by  Lamoille, and Missisque Rivers. From the point of separaprairies and marshes. The soil is adapted to sugar and In- tion southward, the mountains are not divided by the passdian corn. The Verriilion is navigable by steamboats. Capi- age of any considerable stream. They approach the western
tal, Vermilion Court House. Pop. 3409; of whom 2342 were  boundary in this direction. Ascutney Mountain, (3320 feet,)
free, and 1067 slaves,                                     near the Connecticut River, in Windsor county, is famous
VERMILION, a county in the W. part of Indiana, bor- for its picturesque views. The other principal peaks are
dering on Illinois, contains about 290 square miles. It is Killington's, near Rutland. 3675 feet high; the Camel's
bounded on the E. by the Wabash, and drained by the Ver- Rump, 17 miles W. of Montpelier, 4188 feet, and the Nose
milion River. The surface is mostly'level: the soil varies  and Chin, (a few feet higher than the last,) in Mansfield
from sandy to clayey; and is very fertile. About one-third  Mountain, the highest peaks in the state, or in the Green
of its area is a beautiful prairie. Extensive mines of coal Mountain Range. The mountains are generally clothed
and iron ore are found. On the border of a prairie in IHelt  with the evergreen fir, spruce, and hemlock, and hence
township there is a conical mound, which is 60 feet high, their name. The southern part of the range divides the
and about 600 yards in circuit at the base. The county is rivers flowing into the Hudson firom those emptying into
intersected by the Indiana and Illinois Central Railroad. the Connecticut; a portion of the triangle bet'ween the
Capital, Newport. Pop. 8661.                              northern ridges is drained by Lake Memphremagog, and
VERtRILION, a county in the E. part of Illinois, border- the W. and N.W. portion by Lake Champlain.
ing on Indiana, has an area estimated at 1200 square miles.   Geology.-The greater portion of the state is of primary
It is drained by the Vermilion River (affluent of the Wa- formation, though the valleys of the rivers are mostly allubash) and by its branches the Salt Fork, Middle Fork, and  vion, and the shores of Lake Champlain transition formaNorth Fork, which unite near the middle of the county; tion. On the western side of the mountains the rocks are
the Little Vermilion River flows through the S. part. The principally old red sandstone, graywacke, limestone, calcife
surface is generally level; the soil is deep, fertile, and dura- rous sandstone, and granular quartz, containing iron ore
bIle. The county contains a large portion of prairie, with  and manganese; hornblende. mica slate, granite, and gneiss
plenty of timber distributed along the streams. A plank- form the body of the mountains; serpentine occurs both in
road connects Danville with the WVabash River and Canal. the southern and northern part of the state. Along the
Connecticut is a continuous bed of clay slate. A bed of
Vermelho in Portuguese, and Ver-mejo in Spanish, signify the  granite crosses the Connecticut at Bellows Falls, and also
Dame —" Vermilion."                                       forms Ascutney Mountain. There is an extensive deposit
2028




VER                                                           VER
of primitive limestone in Caledonia county. The eastern          Ci7mnate.-The climate of Vermont is severe, and the winslope of the mountains is composed mostly of hornblende  ters long; yet it is one of the healthiest states in the'Union
rock, gneiss, granite. and clay slate.                         The extremes of temperature ranged, in 1851, from 170 beloo
Misinerals.-Iron isfound in abundance —"bogore through-  zero to 920 above. The cold of winter is, however, more
out the state, but the best ores of the tertiary age are  steady than in the other New England States, and the springs
found along the western base of the Green Mountains."  are not chilled by the raw winds from the ocean, especially
A bed of brown coal, in connexion with iron, exists in  W. of the mountains. Frosts fall early in September, though
Brandon. Vast quantities of copperas are made from iron  the winters do not regularly begin till December; but
pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, in Strafford.  Of other metals  when they do set in, they generally continue to April withthere are found titanium, oxide of manganese, lead, mnag- out much thaw. According to observations made by J. 1B.
netic iron ore, plumbago, copper, and zinc. A lump of gold  Wheeler, at Montpelier, in 1851, there were 115 clear, 221
was discovered in Newfaue, in 1826, weighing 81 ounces: cloudy, 18 rainy, and 11 snowy days. During the year there
this precious ore also occurs in the towns of Bridgewater  fell 7.75 feet of snow. For two years, the most that fell in
and Stowe.  Granite suitable for building-stone in abun- any one month was 50 inches in December, 1850, and 30
dance, and vast beds of fine marble, are found. The marble  inches in November, 1851.. Mean  noon temperature  of
quarries at Middlebury are particularly celebrated. A black  January, 210; February, 240.2; March, 320.4; April. 410.3;
variety of this beautiful building material is extensively  May, 510.2; June, 57~.5; July, 630.4; August, 600.9; Sepquarried at Swanton, on Lake Champlain.  A fine oilstone  tembher, 570; October, 480.4; November, 300.3; and Decemis manufactured into hones, from  a small island in Lake  her, 170.9; mean for the year, 420.1; greatest average heat
Memphremagog.  Slate quarries are worked on the Con- in July, 730; least, 220.6, in December; lowest average at
necticut. Kaolin (porcelain clay) of excellent quality, lime-  sunrise in December, 11507; warmest noon, June 30 and
stone, steatite, (in great abundance in Grafton, where it is  September 10, 840; coldest noon, January 30, 8~.
largely quarried,) talc, and marl, all exist in this state. Feine    Soil and Productions.-Though a mountainous state, Verwhite marble is found all along the base of the Green Moun-  mont has a large portion of cultivable soil, and the valleys
tains, for 50 miles above and below Rutland, at which town  of the rivers have a rich, fertile, alluvial deposit. The
an extensive trade is carried on in this article. Manganese  rougher and mountainous portions afford excellent pasture
and slate are mined and quarried in the same vicinity.         for cattle, and especially for sheep, and Vermont productd
Rivers, Lakes, and islands.-The large and beautiful Lake  more wool, live stock, maple sugar, butter, cheese, hay, hops,
Champlain, so famous in the brief history of our country, and Irish potatoes, in 1850, (in proportion to population,)
from the naval events that have taken place on it, and the  than any state in the Union. It also produced large quanbattles on its shores, bounds the, state on the W. for 105  titles of Indian corn, oats, wheat, rye, peas, beans, fruits,
miles, (its entire length being about 115, and breadth from   grass-seeds, beeswax, and honey, besides considerable barley,
1 to 15 miles,) separating it for that distance from New York. market products, and wine, molasses, and silk cocoons.
Its shores are bold and picturesque, though inferior to Lake  According to the census of 1850, there were in Vermont
George, whose waters it receives. It is navigable for steam- 29,763 farms, tontaining 2,601,409 acres of improved land,
boats of the largest class, and is in the main line of travel or about 88 acres to each farm. On these were produced
from  Montreal to New York. Lake Memphremagog is the  535,955 bushels of wheat; 176,233 of rye; 2,032,396 of Indian
next in size on the N. boundary, but lies mostly in Canada; corn; 2,307,734 of oats; 104,649 of peas and beans; 4,951,014
it is about 30 miles in length, and 2 or 3 in width. There  of Irish potatoes; 42,150 of barley; 209,819 of buckwheat;
are several smaller lakes, and among them Dunmore, in the  15,696 of grass-seeds; 3,400,717 pounds of wool; 12,137,980
W., Austin and Bombazine in the S.W., and Long Pond in  of butter; 8,720,834 of cheese; 288,023 of hops; 6,349,357 of
the N.W. The latter is somewhat celebrated for an irruption  maple sugar; 249,422 of beeswax and honey; 866,153 tons
of its banks, in 1810, by which a large extent of country  of hay; value of slaughtered animals, $1,861,336; of live
was devastated, and trees and dwellings swept away. An  stock, $12,643,228; of market products, $18,853, and of
attempt had been made to tap the lake when this disaster  orchard products, $315,255.
occurred.  Vermont, though well watered, has no large    2'erest L'ees.-The principal forest trees on the mountains
rivers with their courses entirely within the state; the Con- are hemlock, fir, and spruce; on the lower tracts, oak, pine,
necticut, however, washes its eastern boundary for its whole  hickory, sugar maple, elm, butternut, beech, basswood, and
extent. The mountains dividing the state nearly through  birch; and in the swamps, cedar.
the middle, the Connecticut River receives the streams from      Mcansfactures.-Though Vermont is not so extensively
the eastern, and Lake Champlain and the Hudson those of  engaged in manufactures as most of the other New England
the western slope, after short and for the most part rapid  States, it has water-power enough to supply the Union. In
courses. The Otter Creek, Onion, Lamoille, and Mlissis-que,  1850 there were in the state 1849 establishments engaged in
(or -quoi,) all empty into Lake Champlain, after courses of  mining, manufactures, and the mechanic arts, producing
from 70 to 100 miles each, and are the largest rivers whose  each $500 and upwards annually, employing in the aggregate
courses are within the state. The rivers, abounding in falls  $5,001,377 capital, and 6894 male and 1551 female hands,
and rapids, are well adapted for mill sites; but are, on the  consuming raw  material worth $4,172,552, and yielding
same account, navigable for but short distances; even the  products valeed at $8,570,920.  Nine of these were cotton
Connecticut itself is only available for traffic by means of  factories, employing $202,500 capital, and 94 male and 147
canals and locks, by which boats ascend 250 miles above  female hands, consunming $114,415 worth of raw material,
Hartford. This river was once famous for its abundance of  and producing 1,651,000 yards of stuffs, 53,050 pounds of
salmon, but they have disappeared; shad are, however, still yarn, valued at $196,100; 72 woollen, employing $886,300
taken. The islands of North and South Hero, and Lamoille  capital, and 683 male and 710 female hands, consuming
Island, in Lake Champlain, with several smaller islands and,,830,684 worth of raw material, and producing 2,830,400
a small peninsula, constitute the county of Grand Island.   yards of stuffs, valued at $1,579,161; 39 forges, furnaces,
Objects of Interest to Tourists. —Vermont abounds in pic- &c., employing $430,420 capital, and  530 male hands,
turesque and sublime scenery, and will well reward the  consuming raw  material worth  $283,872, and producing
lover of nature for the toil and expense of perambulating  wrought, cast, and pig iron, valued  at.$656,717; $7000
its mountains and valleys.  Among the more striking ob-  were invested in the manufacture of malt liquors, conjects, in addition to the principal mountain sumcmits already  suming 2500 bushels of barley, and producing 800 barrels
referred to, are the Falls of the Clyde in Charleston, descent  of ale; and 152 tanneries, employing $346,256 capital, con100 feet in 40 rods; Falls of the Winooski, Falls of the Mis- suming raw material worth $357,946, and producing leather
si:que or Mislisco, in IIighgate; McConnell's Falls, in the  valued at $587,466.  St. Johnsbury is one of the most exLamoille RiVer, in Johnson; Falls of the Passumsic in  tensive manufactures of patent weighing-scales in the United
Lydon; the Great Falls also on the L amoille, in Milton,  States. Homemade manufactures of the value of $267,710,
descent 150 feet in 50 rods; Bellow's Falls in the Connecticut, and of family goods $674,548 were fabricated in 1850.
in the S.E. part of the state, is the grandest object of the    Commerce. —All the commerce connected with navigation
kind in Vermont; Black River Falls, in Springfield; the  in this state is carried on by way of Lake Chanmplain.  The
Falls of the Missisco, in Troy, 70 feet perpendicular, and the  foreign exports of Vermont for the fiscal year ending June
Falls of Otter Creek, in Vergennes, are all picturesque ob- 30, 1854, amounted in value to  $1,445,244, imports to
jects. We question if any city in the Union, at least E. of  $'337,279; tonnage entered, 44,748; cleared, 39,957; owned in
the Rocky Mountains, can present a grander or more beau-  the state, 7374; number of vessels built,4, tonnage 227. Actiful panorama than is to be witnessed from  the cupola of  cording to Andrews' invaluable report, the Canadian trade of
the Vermont University at Burlington. If you look towards  the Vermont district amounted, in 1851, to $1,033,989, erac
the W. you have beneath you the beautiful town of Bur- ploying 695 vessels, with a tonnage of 91,967. There were
lington, with the no less beautiful Lake Champlain, stretch- 3950 vessels entered in 1851 in both foreign and coasting
ing N. and S. as far as the eye can reach, and laving on the  trade.  The enrolled tonnage was 3240 tons of steam, ano
W. the blue Adirondack Mountains of New York, which  692 tons of sailing vessels. The aggregate value of the trade
stretch, ridge after ridge, beyond the reach of vision. Turn-  on both shores of the lake amounted to $26,390,895, and the
ing to the E., you have the Mansfield STountain (the highest  tonnage to 197,500. As the tonnage of the vessels entering
in Vermont) on the N.E., and Camel's Hump to the S.E., all on the New York side was 4208 to 3932 on the Vermont side,
in clear perspective, while the whole mountain range, of  the inference is, that the greater moiety of the trade was in
whlich theyform apart, shufs out theeastern horizon. Lake  the Champlain or New York district. The lumber trade
Willoughby, N. of St. Johnsbury, is becoming a fashionable  forms a large portion of the commerce with Canada, but this
resort for its picturesque scenery.                           probably passes mostly down to the Hudson River. The
2029




VER                                                        VER.
number of vessels belonging to Vermont on Lake Champlain  in agriculture; 1303 in commerce; 13.174 in manufactures;
in 1854, was 52, tonnage 6141.                              41 in navigating the ocean; 146 in internal navigation; and
Intersncl Inalprovements.-Vermont is crossed by two lines  1563 in the learned professions.
of railway from  Boston to Burlington; one, entering the    Counties.-The state is divided into 14 counties, viz., Addi
state at the mouth of the White River, and traversing  its  son, Bennington, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin
valley with that of the Onion, meets the more southern  Grand Isle, Lamoille, Orleans, Orange, Rutland, Washing
road, (which enters the state at Bellow's Falls, and coasts  ton, Wiudham, and Windsor. Montpelier is the capital.
the shores of Otter Creek River,) about 6 miles E. of Bur-    Cities and Towns. —Vermont has no very large towns; the
liugton, when the united roads pass on to Rouse's Point, at principal are Burlington, with 6110 population; Benningthe head of Lake Champlain, from whence other roads lead  ton, 3923; Brattleborough, 3816; Montpelier, 3757; Middleto Montreal and Ogdensburg. Branch roads connect Troy, bury, 3517; besides Rutland, St. Albans, St. Johnsbury,
Schenectady, Bennington, Saratoga, and Whitehall, with the  Vergennes, Windsor, Newbury, Norwich, and many others,
Rutland Road, at the village of Rutland; and the latter  with from 2000 to 3000 population.
point also is united to the towns in Western Massachusetts    Governoment, Finances, &c.-A  governor, lieutenant-goand Connecticut.  A railroad from Portland to Montreal vernor, senate, and house of representatives, are each
passes through the N.E. of Vermont for about 35 miles; elected annually by popular vote. The governor receives
which will soon be united to St. Johnsbury by a road now  a salary of $750 per annum, and the lieutenant-governor,
building. Other roads, coasting the Connecticut River be- who is ex-officio president of the senate, $4 per diem during
low the mouth of the Passumsic, connect St. Johnsbury and  the sessions of the legislature. There are 30 senators and
all the lower towns on the Connecticut with Hartford, New  230 representatives, who each receive $2 per diem during
Haven, and New York. In January, 1855, this state had  the sessions of the legislature, which meets annually on the
410 miles of completed railway, and 59 in course of construe- second Thursday in October. Vermont is entitled to 3 memtion. Two fine  railroad bridges cross the two arms at the  hers in the national House of Representatives, and to 5 elechead of Lake Champlain.                                     toral votes for President of the United States. Every male
Education.-According to the American Almanac, Ver- citizen of the United States, who shall have been a year
mont had in 1851, 90,110 pupils attending her public  next preceding, an election an inhabitant of the state, is
schools, at a cost of $217,402; of which $90,893 was firom   entitled to a vote-if of quiet and peaceable behavior. The
the public funds; the office of Public School Superintend- judiciary consists —i. Of a supreme court, composed of 3
ent laving been discontinued in consequence of the aboli- judges, which holds a session in each county annually; 2.
tion of the school fund in 1845, there have been no state  Of county courts, which are held in 4 circuits; and 3. Of a
returns since 1851. The census of 1850, however, gave 5  court of chancery, which holds two stated sessions annually
colleges. (including medical schools,) with 464 students, in each county. An appeal from the chancellor's court lies
and $21,558 income, of which $4700 was from endowments;  to the supreme court. The circuit judges are appointed by
2731 public schools, with 93,457 pupils, and $176,111 in- the legislature, but 2 associate judges in each county are
come, of which $6737 was from endowments, $91,984 from   elected by the people.  Salaries of judges, $1375.  The
taxation, and $56,693 from  public funds; 118 academies assessed value of real estate'in 1854 was $77,001,697; estiand other schools, with 6864 pupils, and $48,935 income, of  mated value, $92,205,049 in 1850, and $101,425,553 in 1852.
which $3727 was from endowments, $5865 from taxation, Public debt, none. Ordinary expenses, about $80,000. In
and $1989 from public funds; attending school, as returned  August, 1854, Vermont had 40 banks, with an aggregate capiby families, 92,242, of whom 3496 were of foreign birth; of  tel of $3,275,650; a circulation of $3,986,709, and $196,680
the adult population 6240 could not read and write, of whom  in specie.
5624 were of foreign birth.                                   Histosry.-Vermont was first settled by some emigrants
Public Institutions.-Among the benevolent institutions, from Massachusetts, at Fort Dummer, now Brattleborough,
stands conspicuous the Asylum for the Insane at Brattle- in 1724. The French erected a fort on the E. si(e of the
borough. Since the opening of the Asylum to August 1, southern extremity of Lake Champlain, in 1731, but soon
1854, there have been admitted 2229 patients, of whom 1048  deserted and destroyed it. Vermont was long claimed both
have recovered. The number of patients treated during the  by New York and New Hampshire, which, though decided
year, was 535; remaining in the institution at the end of  by the king as belonging to New York, created difficulties
the year, 389. The State Prison at Windsor had, Septem- and troubles for the settlers until the breaking out of the
her 1, 1854, 68 inmates. The services of the convicts are let IRevolution, which event gave Vermont an opportunity to
out to contractors, notwithstanding which, the expenditures  assume her place as an independent state, though even
exceed the income by $851. Vermont had, in 1850, 30 pub- then Congress had considerable difficulty in inducing New
lie libraries, with 21,061 volumes; 54 school and Sunday  York to relinquish her claims and acquiesce in the admisschool, with 19,720; 9 college, with 23,280; and 3 church  sion of Vermont into the confederacy as an independent
libraries, with 580 volumes. Vermont has a IHistorical So- state; this, however, was consummated March 4, 1791. In
ciety at Montpelier.                                       this state occurred the battle of Bennington, August 16,
R-eligious Denomnsations. —Of the 599 churchles in Ver- 1777. in which the British were defeated in two engagements.
mout in 1850, the Baptists owned 102, Christians 9, Congre- The soldiers of Vermont were known in the Revolution as the
gationalists 175, Episcopalians 26, Free Church 1, Friends 7, Green Mountain Boys. Vermont was the first new member
Methodists 140, Presbyterians 11, Roman Catholics 8, Union  of the American confederacy added to the original thirteen.
Church 76, Unitarians 2, Universalists 38, and minor sects 4,   VERMONT, a post-office of Chautauque co., New York.
giving 1 church to every 524 of the inhabitants. Value of    VERMONT, a post-village of Howard co., Indiana, on
church property, $1,216,125.                               Wildcat River, 6 miles E. of Kokomo.
Periodicals.-There  were published in Vermont in 1850, 2    VERMONT, a thriving post-village and township of Fulton
daily, 1 semi-weekly, 30 weekly, and 2 monthly newspapers co., Illinois, about 60 miles N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 1564.
and magazines, with an annual circulation of 2,567,662    VERMONT, a post-village of Cooper co., Missouri, about 40
copies.                                                    miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City.
Population.-The population, like that of the other New    VERMONT MEDICAL COLLEGE. See WOODSTocK.
England States, is mainly composed of the descendants of    VERMONT SETTLEMENT, a village of Will co., Illinois,
the English race. Though the figures do not show a very  36 miles S.W. of Chicago.
rapid increase in Vermont, her population has had a steady    VERMONT/VILLE, a post-village of Eaton co., Michigan,
growth; while, at the same time, it has contributed in a  on the Thornapple River, about 30 miles W.S.W. of Lansing.
large ratio to peopling other states with a portion of their    VERN, vaian, a village of France, department of Ille-etmost intelligent, virtuous, and enterprising citizens. In  Vilaine, 5 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 1700.
1790, Vermont had 85,416 inhabitants; 150,465 in 1800;   VERIN, a village of France, department of Maine-et-Loire,
217,713 in 1810; 235,764 in 1820; 280,652 in 1830; 291,948 in  15 miles N.W. of Angers. Pop. in 1852, 2079.
1840; 314,120 in 1850, of whom  159,658 were white males,   VERNAISON, v6a'nA'z6NG/, a village of France, department
153,744 white females; 375 colored males, and 343 colored  of Rh~ne, on the railway to St. Etienne. Pop. 1000.
females. This population was divided into 58,573 families,   VER/NAL, a post-village of Wyoming co., New York, 38
occupying 56,421 dwellings. Pop. to the square mile, 30.76. miles E. of Buffalo.
Of the entire population, 232,806 were born in the state;   VERINAL, a post-village of Greene co., Mississippi.
48.,80 in other states of the Union; 1546 in England; 15,377    VERNANTE, v6a-n~n/tA, a village of the Sardinian States,
in Ireland; 1102 in Scotland and Wales; 14,470 in British  division and 10 miles S. of Coni. Pop. 3171.
America; 218 in Germany; 40 in France; 78 in other coun-   VERNANTES, vl.'n8NtU, a market-town of France, departtries, and 323 whose places of birth were unknown-giving a  ment of Maine-et-Loire, 13 miles S.E. of Bang6. Pop. 2000.
ratio of about 10 per cent. of foreign birth, while Vermont It has the remains of a Cistercian abbey.
contributed about 63,000 inhabitants to other states. In the    VERNAZZA, vla-nit/sA, a village of the Sardinian States,
year ending June 1, 1850, there occurred in this state 3129  province of Levante, on the side of a ragged rock jutting
deaths, or less than 10 in every thousand persons-the small- into the sea. It has the ruins of an old castle. The antiest ratio in the United States. In the same period, 3654  quary Quirino Visconti was born here. Pop. 1078.
paupers received aid, of whom 1611 were foreigners1 at an    VERNE, flatneh, a village of Prussia, province of Westexpense of nearly $33 for each pauper. Of 148 deaf and  phalia, government of Minden, circle of Biiren. Pop. 1053.
dumb, 1 was colored; of 140 blind, 2 were colored; of 560    VEiNEUIL, vBznulV, a town of France. department of
insane. none were colored; and of 299 idiotic, 2 were colored. Eure, on the Avre, 22 miles S.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. in
Of the entire population 77 were engagedin mining; 73,150  1852, 3904.  It was formerly fortified, has a church will
2030




VER                                                        VER
a lofty tower, and  manufactures of druggets, flannels, 1320 E. It is traversed by the Apsley River, and the Macleay
merinos, and cotton hosiery.                                forms its N.E. boundary.
VERNEUIL, a village of France, department of Haute-   VERNON CENTR.E, a post-village in Vernon township,
Vienne. on the Vienne, 6 miles W.N.W. of Limoges. Pop. Oneida co., New York, 108 miles W. by N. of Albany. It
in 18512, 2216.                                             contains 2 churlhes. 8 stores, and a distillery. P. about 125.
VERN/I{AIVI-DEAN, a parish of England, co. of Hants.        VERNON DEPOT, a post-office of Tolland co., Connecticut.
VERNIO, vitfne-o, a village of Tuscany, about 24 miles    VERNON ISLES, three islands lying in the centre of the
from Florence, with an old castle. Pop. 3998.               W. entrance of Clarence Straits, N.W. of Australia; lat. 120
VERNON, v6Rni1Nlc, a town of France, department of  5I S., Ion. 1310 E.
Eure, on the left bank of the Seine, here crossed by a fine    VERNON RIVER, a small stream of Ohio, which rises in
bridge, and on the Paris and Havre Railway, 13 miles N.W. N. central part of the state, and flowing through Knox co.,
of Mantes. Pop. in 1852, 64163. It was formerly fortified, enters the Walhonding River in Coshocton co. It is also
has an antique church, a college founded by Henry IV., and  called OWL CREEx.
manufactures of cotton-cloth and velvet.  Near it is the    VERNOU, vkst'noof, a town of France, department of
forest of Vernon.                                           Indre-et-Loire, 9 miles E. of Tours. Pop. 1900.
VER'NON, a new county in the W. part of Missouri, bor-   VERNOUX, vh-'noo', a town of France, department of
dering on the Indian Territory. It is intersected by the  Ardlcbe, 11 miles N. of Privas. Pop. in 1852, 3251.
Osagse and South Grand Rivers, and also drained by the    VERNOUX-EN~-GiTINE, vhnnoo!  8Na  gkteenl, a comDeepwater and the Miami Creeks. This county is not in- mune of France, department of Deux-Savres, 12 miles W.
eluded in the census of 1850. The soil and productions are of Parthenay. Pop. 1400.
similar to those of Cass and Bates counties, out of which it   VEROCZ, vA'rotst, or VEROCZE, (VerUcze,) IvA'ritseh,
was formed.                                                 (Ger. Wsroeitz, vAfro-vits,) a town of the Austrian Emlpire,
VERNON, a post-township of Windham co., Vermont, on  Slavonia, capital of a county, near the boundary of Croatia,
the W. side of Connecticut River, 65 miles S. by WV. of Con- 65 miles W.N.W. of Eszek. Pop. 3200. It has a castle. Its
cord, intersected by the Connecticut River Railroad. P. 821. county comprises 1772 square miles. Pop. 2231500.
VERNON, a post-village and township of Tolland co., Con-   VERODUNUM. See VnDUN.
necticut, on the Hartford Providence and Fishkill Railroad,   VEROLA  NUOVA, viA-ro/lq  nwolvg, a market-town of
15 miles E. by N. of Hartford. The township is drained by  Italy, Lombardy, 16 miles S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 4200.
the Hockanum and the Sankerooson, which afford water-   VEROLA VECCHIA, vA-ro/ll vlk/ke-A, a market-town of
power, Besides the village at the centre, it contains the  Italy, 1 mile W. of'Verola-Nuova. Pop. 2000.
manufacturing village of Rockville, which employs an aggre-   VEROLENGO, vA-ro-ln/go, a market-town of the Sargate capital of $500,000, in the production of woollen and  dininn States, Piedmont, 17 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 4761.
cotton goods.                                                 VEROLI, v/r6.iee, (ane. Verfsluce,) a town and bishop's soe
VERNON, a post-village and township in the S.W. part of the Pontifical States, delegation and 5 miles N.E. of
of Oneida co., New York, 111 miles W. by N. of Albany. Frosinone. Pop. 3590.
The village contains 4 churches, a bank, an incorporated    VEROMANDUI. See VERMANDOIS.
academy, boys' boarding-school, newspaper office, 4 stores, a    VERONA, vA-rofnI, (Fr. VFone, v3[ronf, anc. Verosna,)
large tannery, and a fulling-mill. A plank-road connects  a fortified city of Austrian Italy, government of Venice,
it with Utica. In the township are also the villages of Ver- capital of a delegation, on the Adige, here crossed by 4
non Centre, and Oneida Castle. Between Oneida Castle and  bridges, and on the railway (in progress) from  Milan to
Vernon, are the remains of what was once a beautiful grove, Venice, 22 miles N.N.E. of Mantuna; lat. 450 26' N., lon.
known as Butternut Orchard. It was the Council Ground  110 1P E. Pop. 48,000. Situated near the gorges of the
of the Oneida Indians, whose settlements were in this town- Tyrol, and surrounded by the fortresses of Peschiera. Ianship. Only about 200 of the Indians are now left. Pop. of  tua, and Legnano, Verona has always been considered
the village, about 650; of the township, 3093.              an important position for the defence of Upper Italy. It is
VERNON, a post-village and township of Sussex co., New  enclosed by a series of turreted walls, and its fortifications
Jersey, 40 miles N.N.W. of Trenton; the village contains 2  have, since 1822, been much improved. From its fine situastores, 2 mills, and a church. Pop. of the township, 2619.   tion, rich historical remains, and literary institutions, it is
VERNON, a township of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. one of the most interesting cities in Italy. The principal
Pop. 570.                                                   public edifices are the church of St. Zeno, supposed to date
VERNON, a post-village of Kent co., Delaware, 32 miles from the 7th century; the cathedral, built in the 9th cenS.S.W. of Dover.                                            tury; the church of St. Anastasia, remarkable for its great
VERNON, a post-village of Troup co., Georgia, on the  size and its monuments; and that of St. George, for its fine
Chattahoochee River, 6 miles W. of La Grange.               paintings: two magnificent gates; the palace of the Grand
VERNON, a post-village, capital of Washington co., Flo- Guardia, a modern edifice; the palace of consigio, and the
rida, on Holmes' Creek, which flowe through a fertile valley  custom-house. It has many noble private palaces. Its
of the same name, 110 miles W. of Tallahassee.              Roman antiquities comprise the celebrated amphitheatre, a
VERNON, a village of Autanuga co., Alabama, on the Ala- building of imposing grandeur, the most perfect of its kind,
bama River. 25 miles W. of Montgomery.                      and the only one still used for public spectacles; traces of a
VERNON, a post-village of Madison co., Mississippi, on  Roman theatre and two Roman arches. The tombs of the
the Big Black River, 25 miles N.N.WV. of Jackson.           Scaligers, a curious monument of the Middle Ages, are a
VERNON, a post-office of Jackson parish, Louisiana.       series of Gothic pyramids surmounted by an equestrian
VERNON, a post-village of IIickman co., Tennessee, on  statue of each prince. The literary institutions of Verona
Piney Creek, 50 miles S.W. of Nashville. The creek affords  copnprise a lyceum with fine scientific collections, episcopal
extensive water-power.                                      seminary, the royal school for the education of ladies, 3
VERNON, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1468.    gymnasia, a school of painting and design, academy of
VERNON, a township of Crawford co., Ohio. Pop. 1276.  agriculture, commerce and arts, a botanic garden, a philharVERNON, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 1105.        monic academy, 2 valuable public libraries, and the museum
VERNON, a post-township in the N.E. part of Trumbull of the Iapidario, with remarkable Etruscan inscriptions.
co., Ohio. Pop. 828.                                        Verona is renowned for its dye-works. It has manufactures
VERNON, a post-township in the S.E..part of Shiawassee  of woollens and cottons; numerous silk-mills moved by
co., Michigan, partly intersected by the Shiawassee River. water-power, and an extensive trade in silk and rural proPop. 674.                                                   duce. It is the see of a bishop, and the seat of several
VERNON, a township in Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 908. superior courts and public offices. It is supposed to have
VERNON, a township in Jackson co., Indiana. Pop. 604. been founded in the 4th, and to have been subjected to the
VERNON, a post-village and township, capital of Jennings  Romans in the 2d century before the Christian era. It
co., Indiana, on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, afterwards rose to great importance, and was adorned with
where it is crossed by the Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad, numerous magnificent structures, of which the amphitheatre
66 miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis. The village is beautifully  still presents a distinguished specimen. On the decline of
situated on the Vernon Fork of the Muscatatuc River, by  the Roman Empire, it was taken by the Goths, and made
which it is almost entirely encircled. A newspaper is pub- by Theodoric the capital of his empire. In 774 it was taken
lished here. Pop. estimated at 1000; of the township, 3023. by Charlemagne, and so long as the power of the emperors
VERNON,a township, WVashington co.,Indiana. P.1792. in Italy lasted, took a lead among the Italian cities. It
VERNON, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, about 16  afterwards became an independent republic, lost its liberty
miles N. by WV. of Vincennes, in Indiana.                   under lords of its name who ruled it with despotic sway,
VERNON, a township of Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 959.       passed through the hands of various masters, and at length,
VERNON, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa.             weary of the vicissitudes to which it had been subjected,
VERNON, a post-village and township of Waukesha co., voluntagily ceded itself to Venice, under which it remained
Wisconsin, ahout 24 miles S.WV. of Mlilwaukee.  The village  till 1797. A cougreos was held here in 1822. It was the birthcontains 1 hotel andawagon shop. Pop. of the township, 889. place of Cornelius Nepos, Catullus, the elder Pliny, Paul
VERNON, a small town of Sutter co., California, is situated  Veronese, Bianchini, the Marquis Maffei, and many other
at the confluence of Sacramento and Feather Iivers, on the  distinguished men. Verona is celebrated for the beauty of
main road firom Sacramento city to Shasta, about 105 miles its environs. — Adj. and inhab. VERoNESE, vr'o0-neez/; (It.
N.N.E. of San Francisco.                                    VERONESE, vA-ro-nAtls.)
VEIRNON, a county of New South Wales; lat. 310 S., Ion.    VERONA, a post-village and township of Oneida co., New
2031




VER                                                         VES
York, on the Erie Canal, 13 miles W. by S. of Rome. Oneida  siderable trade, which is facilitated by a plankl-road leading
Lake bounds the township on the W., and the New York  from Madison to Greensburg. A weekly newspaper is.ubCentral Railroad passes along its southern border. P. 5570. lished here.
VEI-RONA, a post-village in Boone co., Kentucky, 53 miles    VERSAILLES, a post-village in Brown co., Illinois, f~
N. of Frankfort.                                            miles WV. by N. of Springfield.
VERONA, a village in Vanderburg co., Indiana. on the    VERSAILLES, a post-village, capital of Mforgan co., Misright bank of the Ohio, 165 miles S.W. by S. of Indianapolis. souri, 40 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. Laid out in 1836.
VERONA, a post-township in the N. part of Bane co., It is situated in a beautiful and fertile country, on one of
Wisconsin.  Pop. 364.                                       the proposed routes of the Pacific Railroad.
VERONA  DEPOT, a post-village in Verona township,   VERSCHITZ, a town of Hungary. See VeRsSECz.
Oneida co., New York, on the Central Railroad, 30 miles E.    VERSECZ, VERSETZ, WERSCI-IETZ, v6R/shets', or VERof Syracuse.                                                SCIIITZ, vYn/shits', a fortified town of the IIungarian Banat,
VERONA MILLS, a post-office of Oneida co., New York.   co. and 41 miles S. of Temesvar. Pop. 15,788. It is the see
VEROQUA, Wisconsin. See VAROQUA.                          of a Greek bishop, and has a college and cavalry barracks.
VER/PLANCK'S, a post-village and station of Westchester In its vicinity large quantities of wine, silk, and rice are
co., New York, on the Hudson River Railroad, about 40  raised.
miles from New York.                                          VERIS1IIRE, a post-township in Orange co., Vermont, 25
VERRES, vbsslRs, a town of the Sardinian States, Pied- miles S.E. by S. of Montpelier.  Pop. 1071.
mont, 19 miles E. of Aosta. Pop. 1122.                        VERSMOLD, fkRslmolt, a town of Prussia, Westphalia,
VERIRET  LAKE, Louisiana, situated  in Assumption  24 miles E.N.E. of Miinster. Pop. 1420.
parish, is connected by a short outlet with Grand River and    VERSOIX or VERSOY, v~scswd/, a village of Switzerland,
Lake Chetimaches. Length about 10 miles.                    canton and 6 miles N. of Geneva, on the W. shore of its
VERRIERES, vla'ae-aial, a village of France, department lake. Pop. 800. It belonged to France previous to 1815.
of Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement of Versailles.  Pop. 1100.   VERSOVAII, vpr-sova, a maritime town of British India,
VERRIEiRES, va-Re-ae-ia/, a village of Switzerland, canton  presidency and 14 miles N. of Bombay, on the W. coast of
of Neufchqtel, on the French frontier, 6 miles E. of Pontar- the island of Salsette.
lier. Pop. 3000.                                              VERSOY, a village of Switzerland. See VrisoIx.
VERRO or WERRO, vtfIho, a town of Russia, government    VERTAISON, vSRtAWsN1/, a market-town of France, deof Livonia, on the Verro and Tuda, and on Lake Tammula,  partment of Puy-de-DSme, 9 miles E. of Clermont-Ferrand.
44 miles S.S.E. of Dorpat. Pop. 1500. The Canal of Verro  Pop. in 1852, 2450.
unites the Gulfs of Finland and Livonia.                      VERTEILLAC, v8RatAl'yd k/ or v3R'tA'y kl, a marlket-town
VERRUA, vha/Roo-d, a formerly fortified, but now dis- of France, department of Dordogne, 7 miles N. of Rib6rac.
mantled, town of Piedmont, province and 23 miles E.N.E. Pop. 1100o:
of Turin, on the right bank of the Po, opposite Crescentino.    VERTEUIL, v~Rctvsl, a village of France, department of
Pop. 2603.                                                  Charente, at the foot of a castle-crowned height, on the left
VERRUCHIO, vin-aoo/ke-o, a village of the Pontifical  bank of the Charente, 4 miles S.E. of Ruffec.  Pop. 1400.
States, legation of Forli, 3 miles N.W. of San Miarino.       VERTEUIL, a market-town of France, department of
VERSAILLES, ver-sAlz/, (Fr. pron. vso'sAll, or v-dsstyg, Lot-et-Garonne, 12 miles E. of Marmande. Pop. 1200.
a city of France, capital of the department of Seine-et-Oise, 10    VERTEUIL, a village of France, department of Gironde,
miles S.W. of Paris, with which it communicates by two lines  arrondissement of Paullac. Pop. 1010.
of railway; lat. 480 48' N., ion. 20 8' E. Pop. in 1852, 35,367.   VERTOU, vba'tool, a village of France, department of
It is divided into the quarters of St. Louis and Notre Dame, Loire-Infrsieure, near the Slvre-Nantaise, 5 miles S.E. of
to which Montreuil is attached, and is remarkable for the  Nantes. Pop. in 1852, 5,949.
elegance and regularity of its construction. Versailles is    VERTOVA, vka-tofvd, a village of Austrian Italy, province
justly regarded as one of the handsomest towns in Europe. and 12 miles N.E. of Bergamno, on the Serio. Pop. 1748.
The Place Hoche has a statue of General Iloche, and from      VERTUS, LES8,la vsJtiU, a town of France, department of
the Place du Chsteaue diverge the three grand avenues of  Marne, 16 miles WI.S.W. of Chflons-sur-MIarne.  Pop. 2432.
Paris, St. Cloud, and Sceaux, finely planted with trees. The    VERUL. See VEROLs.
chief edifices are the Church of St. Louis, the Prefecture,    VERVICK or WERWICQ, vhlsvik, a frontier town of Beland the Chancery. The magnificent Palace of Versailles  glum, province of West Flanders, on the Lys, 9 miles S.S.E.
was restored during the reign of Louis-Philippe, and is now  of Ypres. Pop. 5657.
used as an historical museum: the immense galleries, freshly    VERVIERS, v6a've-A/, a town of Belgium, province and
decorated, contain a series of paintings and statues arranged  14 miles E. of Liege, on the railway to Cologne, and on the
in chronological order from Clovis downwards. Connected  Vesdre. Pop. 20,000. It has celebrated manufactories  of
with the palace are a superbly decorated chapel and theatre, woollen cloth and yarn, for which various steam and water.
an orangery, spacious flower-gardens, and a park, in which  mills are employed; it has also dyeing and soap works,
are numerous statues and splendid fountains, supplied  breweries, &c.
with water by the machine of Marly, and at the extremity of    VERVINS, vsacvase,  (ane. Versstum   or Ftrbiltsu,)  a
the Park the two palaces called the Great and Little Tria- town of France, department of Aisne, 22 miles N.N.E. of
non. Versailles is a bishop's see, and has a national college, Laon. Pop. in 1852, 2707. It has a tribunal of commerce,
a normal school, many scientific and literary societies, a  a communal college, and manufactures of hosiery and urnpublic library of 48,000 volumes, and a Chamber of Con- brellas. In 1598 a treaty of peace was concluded here bemerce. The Palace of Versailles, built by Louis XIV., was  tween HIenry IV. and Philip II. of Spain.
from 1672 to 1790 the residence of the Kings of France.   VER'WICK, aparish of South Wales, co. of Cardigan, hunMany treaties have been signed here, at one of which, in  dred of Troedyraur.
1783, England recognised the independence of the United    VERYAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
States of America; and here, on the 20th of June, 1789, the    VERZENAY, v~atzeh-nAf, a village of France, department
representatives of the communes of France constituted the  of Marne, S. of Reims.  Pop. 1300.
National Assembly, and took the famous oath of the Jezct-de-   VERZUOLO, vec-zwollo, a town of Piedmont, province
Pasnse. From 1790 to 1837, Versailles was nearly deserted, and 3 miles S. of Saluzzo. Pop. 3901.
but since the opening of the Museum in the latter year, it   VERZY, va'zeel, a markettown of France, department
has regained much of its former importance. It was the  of Marne, 8 miles S.S.E. of Reims.  Pop. in 1852, 1034.
birth-place of Philip V. of Spain; Louis XV., XVI., and    VESCOVANA, vls-ko-vkaonu, a village of Austrian Italy,
XVIII., and Charles X. of France; the Abb6 de l'Epe, delegation of Padua, 8 miles S.E.of Este. Pop.3300.
Bucis, and General HIoche.                                    VESCOVATO, v~s-ko-v~tto, a town of Austrian Italy, 8
VERSAILLES, vgr-sailzl, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., miles N.E. of Cremona. Pop. 2400.
New York.                                                     VESCOVATO, vis-ko-viito, a market-town of Corsica, 1
VERSAILLES, a township of Alleghany co., Pennsyl- miles S. of Bastia. Pop. 1025.
vania. Pop. 1659.                                             VESDRE, vlsd'r. a river of Rhenish Prussia and the BelVERSAILLES, a post-office of Rutherford co., Tennessee.  gian province of Liege, joins the Ourthe, 3 miles S.E. of
VERSAILLES, a beautiful post-village, capital of Wood-  Liege, after a W. course of 45 miles, past Limbourg and Vcrford co., Kentucky, on the turnpike from Franlkfort to Lex- viers. Its valley is highly picturesque.
ington, 13 miles S.E. of the former. It is surrounded by a    VESEGONSK, va'-s1-ghnsk', written also WESSJEGONSK,
rich and highly cultivated region, and contains a handsome  a town of Russia, government and 134 miles N.E. of Tver.
brick court-house, a bank, 4 churches, a large seminary, a  Pop. 2800. It has two annual fairs, attended by merchants
woollen factory, and several bagging factories. It is sup- from every part of the empire.
plied with pur-e water issuing from a cave or natural con-   VESIME, vA-see/mA, a village of the Sardinian States,
duit, whibh extends under the foundations of the houses.   province of Acqui, near Bobbio, on the Bormida. It has the
VERSAILLES, a village of Darke co., Ohio, on the Belle- remains of an ancient castle. Pop. 1156.
fontaine and Indiana Railroad, about 90 miles N. of Cincin-   VESINS, veh-zANG1, a village of France, department and
nati.                                                      14 miles N.W. of Aveyron. Pop. in 1852, 2040.
VERSAILLES, a thriving post-village, capital of Ripley    VESLE or VELE, vail or v81, a river of France, departco., Indiana, on Laughery Creek, and on the Cincinnati and  ments of Mlarne and Aisne, after a N.E. course of 65 miles
St. Louis Railroad, (in progress,) 70 miles S.E. of Indiana- past Rheims, joins the Aisne 6 miles E. of Soissons.
polls. It is situated in a rich farming region, and has con-    VESONTII. See BEAsAINoc.
2032




YES                                                        VIA
VESOUL, veh-zooll, a town of France, capital of the de-  eiue-Infdrieure, on the English Channel, 13 miles W.S.W.
partment of Haute-SaSne, at the foot of a vine-clad height, of Dieppe. Pop. 1500.
the Motte-de-Yesoul, near the Durgeon, an affluent of the    VEURIDRE, Lr, leh v  d'r, a town of France, department
SaSne, 27 miles N. of Besangon. Lat. 470 38' N., ionm 60 101 of Allier, 18 miles N.W. of Moulins. Pop. 1300.
E. Pop. in 1852, 6621. It has a communal college, a nor-   VEURNE, a town-of Belgium. See FURnNEs.
ral school, and manufactures of calicoS, caps, and lace.     VEVAY, ve-vA/or veh-vAf, (Ger. Vivis, veervis,) a small town
VESIPEI, a post-office of Onondaga co., New York.        of Switierland, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 11
YES/PERA, a small village, Tallahatchee co., Mississippi.  miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. Pop. of the commune, 4800. The
VESPOLATE, ves-po-lbttX, a market-town of the Sardinian  church of St. Martin contains the tombs of the regicides
States, Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.E. of Novara. Pop. 1840.     Ludlow and Broughton, who died here in exile. It has
VESPRIIM. See VESZcPaIn.                                 manufacturesof leather, woollens, andjewellery, and atrade
VESITAL, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity of in wine.
lroome co., New York, on the Susquehanna River, about   VEYAY/, a neat and thriving post-village, capital of
145 miles W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2054.                     Switzerland co., Indiana, is beautifully situated on the Ohio
VESTAL CENTRE, a post-village in the above township.  River, 70 miles below Cincinnati. It was settled in 1813 by
VESTAL FURNACE, a post-office, Broome co., New York. a company of Swiss emigrants, who formerly cultivated the
VESTERAS, a town of Sweden. See WEsrne.s.                grape extensively, but this branch of business is but little
VESTERVIK, a seaport town of Sweden. See WESTEcVIK. attended to at present. The navigation of the river and the
VESTIGNE, v~s'teenyYf, a village of the Sardinian States, fertility of the adjoining country render it a place of active
division of Turin, near Borgomasino. Pop. 1340.            business. Two newspapers are issued here. Pop. in 1853,
VESTONE, vis-toinA. a village of Austrian Italy, province, estimated at 1800.
and 20 miles N.E. of Brescia, with a runined castle, noted in   ~VEVAY, a township of Ingham co., Michigan. Pop. 781.
the early Italian wars, and extensive iron-works. Pop. 1272.   VEYLE, vAl, a river of France, rises in the department
VESUNNA. See PAssuExux.                                  of Ain, flows first N. and then W., and joins the SaSne, a
VESUVIUS, (MoUNT,) ve-su/vT-us, (It, Vesuvio, vA-sos/ve-o,) little below Macon, after a course of about 65 miles.
a celebrated mountain of South Italy, and the only active    VEYNES, vain, a village of France, department of Hautesvolcano of any consequence on the continent of Europe, on  Alpes, 13 miles WV. of Gap. Pop. 1900.
the E. side of the Bay of Naples. Laet. of crater 400 49' N.,   VEYRAC,vA.'rMk/, avillage ofFrance, departmentof Hauteion. 140 26' E. It rises out of a fertile and luxuriant plain  Vienne, arrondissement of Limoges. Pop. 1550.
to the height of 3948 feet above the sea; the diameter of the    VEYRE, vain, a village of France, department of Puy-decircular area occupied by it and Monte Somma being about DOme, 8 miles S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. in 1852, 2796.
8 miles. Its lower part is a sloping plain, covered with    VEZEER(orVEZIR)-KOPRI, vA-zeerl kolpree, or KEDIstones and scorie, 3 miles in length, and rising to 2000 feet, KALAH, k.dee klIA, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of
above which a cone of black stones extends to 3500 feet. It Seevas, 42 miles W.S.W. of Samsoon.  Pop. 1000 Mohamis flanked on the land side by Monte Somma, an abrupt cir- medan, 50 Armenian, and 20 Greek families. It is divided
cular precipice. The summit of its cone is 2000 feet in di- into quarters by intersecting walls, and has a tolerable bazaar.
ameter, and after the irruption of 1839, had in its centre a    VEZELAY, veh-zgh-IA/, a town of France, department of
crater 1500 feet in diameter, and 500 feet deep. Somma and  Yonne, 8 milesW.S.W. of Avallon. Pop. inl852,1139. Itvas
Vesuvius are very different in their geological formation; the  the birth-place of Theodorede Beza and Vauban. St. Bernard
former consists of leucite porphyry,-tufa, and rocks contain- preached the crusade to the parliament of Vezelay in 1145.
lug shells; Vesuvius is almost wholly composed of lava and    VAZELIZE, vA'zeh-leez/, a town of France, department of
scorie. Around it a larger number of simple minerals have  Meurthe, at the confluence of the Brenon and Uvry, 15 miles
been discovered than on any other area of like dimensions; S.S.WV. of Nancy. Pop. 1600.
and the vegetable products on its flanks comprise euphorbias    YIEZENOBRES, v4'zgh-nob'r/, a village of France, departand many other plants not found elsewhere in Italy. The  ment of Gard, 5 miles S.S.E. of Alais, on the railway to
famous wine, lagrima christi, is raised on its sides. The  Nimes. Pop. 1066.
earliest eruptions of Vesuvius are lost in remote antiquity,   V]SZhRE, vA'zair/, a river of France, departments of Corand no symptoms of its activity had been evinced within  rsze and Dordogne, joins the Dordogne, 20 miles E. of Berthe memory of man, till A. D. 63, when an earthiquake fi  gerae, after a SW. course of 100 miles.
maged many of the surrounding cities. In 79 iti  ain began    VeganZRE, HAUTE, hit vA'zeair, a river of Prance, doeortto show symptoms of activity, and immediately thereafter, ments of Corrbze and Dordogne, joins the Isle, 6 miles F.
sent forth the terrible irruption which buried the cities of of Pdrigueux, after a S.W. course of 50 miles.
Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabise. In this irruption the    VEZIN, vgh-zANa/, a village of Belgium, province and 9
elder Pliny perished. A graphical description of it is extant miles E.N.E. of Namur, on the Meuse. Pop. 1186.
in a letter by the younger Pliny to Tacitus. A succession    VEZIR-KOPRI. See VEZEEa-KOPne.
of eruptions followed, more especially in 203, 472, 512, and    VEZON, vgh-z6No/, a village of Belgium, province of Hain993, but were not attended with any flow of lava, the  ault, 24 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 1359.
ejected matter consisting apparently only of stones, ashes,   VEZOUZE, vgh-zooz/, a river of France, department of
or volcanic sand, and fragments of older lava. The first Meurthe, rises in the Vosges Mountains, flows W., and joins
recorded discharge of liquid lava took place in 1036. Since  the Mleurthe at Lun6ville. Total course 45 miles.
then various eruptions, some of them  extremely violent,   VEZZA, vht/sa, a village of Austrian Italy, province and
have occurred. Among others may be specified those of  66 miles N.E. of Bergarmo, on the Val-Grande. Pop. 1400.
1779,1793,1834,1838,1847, and 1850. Adj. VESUvWAN, ve-su/-   VEZZA, a village of the Sardinian States, division of Coni,
Ye-an.                                                     province of Alba. Pop. 2125.
VESUIVIUS FUIJ/NACE, a post-office of Lincoln co., North    VEZZANO, vat-s /no, a market-town of the Sardinian
Carolina.                                                  States, division of Genoa, 12 miles E. of Levante. Pop. 2838.
VESZPRIM, VESPRIM, vlsrprimx, or WESPRIM, st*-   VIADANA, ve-A-dAIna, a market-town of Austrian Italy,
rim', a town of West IHungary, capital of a county, on the  21 miles S.W. of Mantua, on the left bank of the Po.
Eed, 60 miles S.W. of Buda. Pop. 9079. It is the see of a    VIADEIROS, ve-A-dAle-roce, a mountain range of Brazil,
Roman Catholic bishop, and has a fine cathedral, an episco- province of Goyaz.
pal palace, Plarinst and Roman Catholic colleges, and a brisk    VIAGRANDE, ve-9-grgnt/dA, a town of Sicily, 7 miles N.E.
trade in salt, corn, wine, potash, and glass.              of Catania, on the E. slope of Mount Etna. Pop. 3100.
VESZPRIIMI or WESPRIM, a county in the S.W. part of    VIA-MALA, ve-A-mA/lA, (" bad or difficult way,") a deep
Hungary. It is occupied in the S. by part of Lake Balatony. defile of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, along tihe Upper
Pop. 185,167.                                              Rhine, between Chur (Coire) and the Splilgen, about 4 miles
VET/ERAN, a township of Chemung co., New York, 10 in length, and walled in by precipices, in some places 1600
miles N.E. by E. of Elmira, intersected by the Canandaigua feet in height.
and Elmira Railroad. Pop. 2698.                              VIAMAO, ve-AmlwoNG/,(l) a lake of Brazil, province of SaeVETKA or WVETKA, v6tkA, a village of Russia, govern- Pedro-do-Rio-Grande. It stretches from N. to S. over a large
ment of Moheelev, district and 15 miles N.E. of Novo- space between the mouth of the Jacuhi and the Lake of
Bielitza, on the Sozh. It was formerly a considerable town. Patos, and receives, besides the Jacuhi, a great number of'
VETLOOGA, VETLOUGA or VETLUGA, vlt-loo'gA, written  other streams.
also BETLUGA and WETLUGA, a river of Russia, chiefly in    VIAMAO, a village and parish of Brazil, province of Sio
the governments of Kostroma and Nizhnee-Novgorod, flows Pedro do Rio Grande, on the E. shore of the above lake,
S., past Vetlooga, and joins the Volga after a course of 300o  about 12 miles E.S.E. of Porto-Alegre. Pop. 2816.
miles.                                                       VIANA, ve-alnA, a fortified seaport town of Portugal, proVETLOOGA, VETLOUGA, VETLUGA  or BETLUGA, a vince of Minho, capital of a conarca, at the mouth of the
town of Russia, government of Kostroma, on the right bank  Lima, 40 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 8110. It is enclosed by
of the Vetlooga, 75 miles E. of Makariev. Pop. 1800.       turreted walls, and has a harbor defended by batteries; an
YE/TO, a post-office of Washington co., Ohio.            active coasting trade, fishery, and a large annual fair in
VETRALLA, vA-trAlltA, a town of Itly, Pontifial States, August. It surrendered to Admiral Sir C. Napier in the
delegation and 7 miles S.W: of Viterbo. Pop. 4460.         revolution which dethroned Don Miguel.
VETSCHAU, f~tfshow, a town of Prussia, province of    VIANA, ve-Alno, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, near
Brandenburg. 44 miles S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1700.       the Ebro,'45 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 3146. It has
VEULES, vul, a market-town of France, department of  manufactures of coarse woollens and hats.
6C                                                                    2033




VIA:                                                        VYO
VIANDEN, ve-&ntden, a town of the Nethierlands, pro-   VICALVARO, ve-k-l-vdtro, a village of Spain, New Castilo,
vince and 24 miles N. of Luxemburg. Pop. 800.               province and about 4 miles from Madrid, with tine alabastasw
VIANEN, ve-lnen, a town of the Netherlands, province  quarries. Pop. 1503.
of South Holland, on the Leek, 7 miles S.S.V. of Utrecht.    VICARELLO, ve-kA-ril.lo, (anc. W=icus  Aurellii?) a village
Pop. 2455.                                                  of Central Italy, near the N. side of the Lake of Bracciano,
VIA NNA, ve-fmnfn, a town and parish of Portugal, pro- with ruins of an imperial villa of the time of Trajan, and
vince of Alemtejo, 20 miles S.S.W. of Evora, near the  mineral waters, (the ancient Therfmae Aurellicc?)
Jarama.  Pop. 1360.                                           VICARI, ve-kfiree, a town ef Sicily, provipce and S.S.E.
VIANOS, ve-Afnoce, a town of Spain, New Castile, province  of Palermo. Pop. 4500.
and about 45 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1895.                  YICCIIIO-DEL-MIUGELLO, viklke-o dil moo-jlllo, a walled
IARt, ve-anf, a river of Spain, rises in the mountains of  town of Tuscany, about 18 miles from Florence.  Pop. 1197.
MIonasterio, near Montemolino, province of Badajos, flows    VIC DESSOS, veek d~s'sosf, a town of France, departmuent
about 50 miles S.E. and joins the Guadalquivir at Cantillana, of Ari6ge, 14 miles S.W. of Foix. Pop. 1142.
16 miles N.E. of Seville.                                     VIC EN BIGORRE, veek 8,Ne beefgoRI, a town of France,
VIAREGGIO, ve-l-rdljo, a seaport town of Central Italy, department of Hautes-Pyr6nies, 11 miles N. of Tarbes.
Tuscany, duchy and 13 miles W. of Lucca, on thes Mediter- Pop. in 1852, 3663.
ranean, with 5850 inhabitants, a harbor defended by a fort,   VICENZA, ve-sln/z.  or ve-chinfzY, (ans. Vicenliia,) a city
and export trade in statuary marble,                        of Austrian Italy, capital of a delegation, on the BacchiVIARIGGI, ve-a-ridfjee, a village of the Sardinian States, glione, 40 miles W. of Venice, with which it communicates
Piedmont, division of Alessandria, province and 13 miles by railway; lat. 450 32' N., Ion. 110 33' E.  Pop. 33,100. It
5S.SW. of Casale. Pop. 1779.                                is enclosed by dry moats and decaying walls, but it has
VIASMA. See VIAZMA.                                       many handsome edifices, built by Palladio, a native of the
VIATKA or WJATKA, ve-at/kA, a river of Russia, travers- city. Its public buildings comprise a cathedral and several
ing all the centre of thegovernment, to whichit gives name, other churches, episcopal and numerous other palaces, a
rises 17 N. of Glazov, flows N.W. and S., and joins the Kama  city-hall, Olympic theatre, built in imitation of the ancient
in the government of Kazan. after a course of 500 miles.    theatres; a triumphil arch leading to the Campo Marzo,
VIATKA or WJATKA, a large government of European  lyceum, clerical seminary, orphan asylum, and several hosRussia, in its E. part, between let. 550 30' and 600 N., and  pitals. It has a public library, two gymnasia, and a society
Ion. 460 and 540 E., having N. Vologda, E. Perm, W. Kos- of agriculture.  Manufactures of silk, woollen, and linen
troma, and S. Nizhnee-Novgorod, Kazan, and Orenboorg, from  fabrics, hosiery, hats, paper, porcelain, and earthenware,
which last it is separated by the Kama. Area 53,493 square  leather, gold, and silver articles, &c., with a brisk trade in
miles.  Pop. in 1851, 1,818,752, comprising many Tartar  its manufactures of timber, corn, and other agricultural
tribes, and about 50.000 Mohammedans. Its'. part is  produce.  Vicentia, after being pillaged successively by
covered with the extreme ramifications of the Ural Moun- Alaric, Attila, the Lombards, and the Emperor Frederic II.,
tains; surface elsewhere undulating or level. A surplus of  came early in the 15th century into the possession of the
corn over home consumption is raised. Principal crops, rye, Venetians, who held it till the downfall of their republic in
barley, and oats, with some wheat, and peas, lentils, flax, 1796.-Adj. and inhab. VICENTINE, vee'sin-teen/, (It. VicENand hemp. The climate is too severe for fruits to ripen, and  TrINo, ve-chlin-teelno.)
potatoes are grown only in gardens. Forests of fir, oak, elm,   VIC FEZENSAC, veek fPzoNssak/, a town of France, de.
and birch, are very extensive. Cattle rearing is of less in- partment of Gers, on the Losse, 16 miles N.W. of Auch.
portance than agriculture. Furs, tar, iron, and copper, are the  Pop. in 1852, 4157.
chief products. Manufactures are increasing; there lately    VICIL, vik, or VIQUE, veek, (ane. Ausonsa, afterwards
were about 60 woollen, linen, and other factories for woven  Vicus?) a city of Spain, province and 37 miles N.N.E. of
goods in the government. Paper, soap, potash, leather, and  Barcelona. Pop. 10,667. It has a cathedral, with some
copper-wares are made; firearns are manufactured at Sara- curious architecture, and which in the 10th century was the
pool, and, at Viatka, anchors, gun-carriages, and iron ma- metropolitan see of Catalonia; and manufactures of linen,
chinery on a large scale. The exports are corn, timber, and  hempen, printed cotton, and coarse woollen fabrics. It is
muanufactured goods. The imports comprise salt, tea, and  famous for its sausages.
other Asiatic produce.                                        VICHADA, ye-chiDlD,  a river of New Granada, flows E.
VIATKA or WJATKA, a city of European Russia, the  through the great N. plain of South America, and joins the
capital of the above government, is situated on the Viatka, Orinoco, after a course of 260 miles.
near the influx of the Tcheptsa, lat. 580 24' N., Ion. 500 E.   VICHERA, a river of Russia. See  ISernEA.
Pop. 6890. It has 2 convents, diocesan and high schools,   VICHTE, viK/tA, a river of Belgium, province of West
gymnasium, extensive distilleries, and iron works, and it is  Flanders, 22 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 1359.
the great centre of the commerce of the government.           VICHY, vee'sheel, or MOUTIERS-LES-BAINS, moolte-A 1A
VIATLSK, a town of Russia. See VYLSK.                     bANG, (ane. Al/cgre Callidce,) a town of France, department of
VIA-R, ye-6a, a river of. France, rises in the department Allier, 1 mile W. of Cusset, on the right bank of the Allier.'
of Aveyrbn, flows circuitously S.W., forms part of the  Pop. 1360. It has mineral springs, and well frequented
boundary between the departments of Tarn and Aveyron, baths, hotels, and lodging-houses. The baths were known
and joins the Aveyron after a course of about-60 nailes.    to the Romans.
VIAZMIA or VIASMA, ve-hz'mt, a town of Russia, govern-    VICKIERY'S CREEK, Georgia, enters the Chattahoochee
ment and 100 miles E.N.E. of Smolensk, on thfe Viazma, an  in the N.E. part of Cobb county.
affluent of the Dnieper. Pop. 12,000. It has 22 churches and    VICKERY'S CREEK, a post-village of Forsyth county,
convents, several schools, and a trade in linen, hemp, linseed, Georgia, 115 miles N.W. of Miilledgeville.
and hempseed. The French were defeated here, October 22,   VICKS/BURG, a city and port of entry, capital of Warren
1812. by the troops of Miloradovitch.                       county, Mississippi, is situated on the Mississippi River, 400
VIAZNIKI or WIASNIKI, vels-neelkee, a town of Rus- miles above New Orleans, and 50 miles W. of Jackson, with
sis, government and 78 miles E. of Vladimeer, on the  which it is connected by the Vicksburg and Brandon Rail-!Tliasma. Pop. 1900. It has manufactures of linens and  road. The situation is elevated, the ground uneven, and
leather.                                                   the city is not compactly built. It contains, besides the
VIBOLDONE, ve-bol-do/n?[, or VICOBOLDONE,' ve-ko-bol-  county buildings, 4 or 5 churches, and several academies for
do/nd.. a village of Austrian Italy. province and 8 miles from   both sexes. Three newspapers are published here. VicksMfilan, between the Lambro and the Olona. It figures much  burg is the most commercial place on the river between
in early Italian history, Pop. 1297.                        Nttchez and Memphis, and is an important mart for cotton;
YIBORG, WIBORG or WYBORG, veeaborg. VIBOIJRG, of which article about 100,000 bales are annually exported.
vee'boorg, written also WIBURG and VYBORG, (Finnish Wii- The greater part of this is received by railroad. Steamboats
p2Iri, vii-poofree,) a seaport town of Finland, capital of al rn. ply regularly between this place and New Orleans. The
on a deep inlet of the Gulf of Finland, 74 miles N.W. of St. Vicksburg and Brandon Railroad is to be extended eastPetersburg. Pop. 3500. It consists ofthe town proper, anid  ward to Selma, in Alabama.  Another railroad has been
the St. Petersburg and Viborg suburbs. The citadel is built surveyed from Vicksburg to Marshall, in Texas, via Shreve.
on the site of the original town, founded by the Swedes in  port. The tonnage of this port, June, 1852, was 215  tons
1293. Viborg has a college and a female school, and an  enrolled and licensed and employed in steam navigation.
active export trade. In its vicinity is the park Monrepos, The receipts of cotton by railroad for 3 years were as fola favorite holiday resort of the inhabitants.               lows: in 1850, 49,722 bales; in 1851, 62,134; and in 1852,
VIBORG or WIBORG, vee/bone, a town of Denmark, ca pi- 88,732. Pop. in 1840, 3104; in 1850, 3678.
tat of a stift and amt, on the small lake of Viborg, 36 miles   VICKSVILLE, a post-office of Southampton co., Virginia,
N.W. of Aarhuus. Pop. 5500. It has a cathedral, mann-   V1C-LE-COMTTE, veek leh k6Nt, a village of France, departfactures of woollen fabrics, cards, leather, and tobacco, and  ment of Puy-de-BOme, 12 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. in
a large fair in June.                                       1852, 3151.
VIBRAYNE, veebrY, a town of France, department of    VICO, veesko, a town of Naples, province of Terra di
Sarthe, 25 miles E. of Le Mans. Pop_ in 1852, 3005.        Lavoro, distict of Nola. Pop. 1130.
VIC, veek, a town of France, department of Meurthe, on    VICO, a village of the Sardinian States, division of Turin,
the Seille, 18 miles E.N.E. of Nancy. Pop. in 1852, 2884. province of Ivrea, in the valley of Brosso. Pop. 1068.
It has quarries of Paris plaster and rock salt, and a trade    VICO, a town of Italy, Pontifical States, delegation and 9
in corn and wine.' miles N. of Frosinone. Pop. 3000.
2034




vIe                                                         vIc
VICO, a town of Italy, Naples, province of Capitanata, on  bor of Port Albert, in Ion. 1470, to Cape IHov e, between
Monte Gargano, 14 miles W. of Viesti. Pop. 2580. It has  which latter points almost the only features which tend to
manufactures of woollens and wax candles, and a trade in  diversify its monotonous appearance are a series of lagoons
wine, olives, and saffron.                                  of which Lake King is the largest. From Wilson Promom
VICO, a town of Corsica, 17 miles N. of Ajaccio. Pop. 1569. tory to Cape Otway the coast becomes skirted with perpendi.
VICO DI MONDOVI, vee/ko dee mon/do-vee, a town of the  cular cliffs, rising from 500 feet to 1000 feet above the sea, and
Sardinian States, Piedmont, division of Coni, province and 2  indented by numerous bays. Of these the most remarkable
miles S.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 2584.                           is Port Phillip, which, scarcely 2 miles wide at its entrance,
VICO EQUENSE, veesko A-kwmnfsA, (anc. F/qua?) a town of  forms a kind of inland sea, stretching from N. to S. for about
Italy, province and 16 miles S.E. of Naples, on a rocky head- 35 miles, and expanding from E. to W., near its centre, to
land in the Bay of Naples. Pop. 9700. It is a bishop's see. 50 miles, though its average width may not exceed 18 miles.
VICO, LAKE OF, a lake of the Pontifical States, delega- Within this capacious basin, covering an area of 875 square
tion and 8 miles S. of Viterbo, immediately W. of Ronci- miles, the largest fleet that ever went to sea might ride in
glione, is 2. miles in length, and discharges its surplus waters perfect safety. Separated from Port Phillip by a low prointo the Tiber. It is surrounded by woods, and is apparently  montory, is the well-formed but shallow harbor of Western
the crater of an extinct volcano.                           Port, effectually protected by Phillip or Grant Island at its
VICOMARINO, vee/ko-mg-reelno, a village of Parma, mouth, and divided into an E. and a W. arm by French
duchy and 17 miles S.W. of Piacenza. Pop. 4508.             Island near its centre. Still farther E. the most remarkaVICONAGO, ve-ko-n/go, a village' of Austrian Italy, pro- ble feature of the coast is Wilson Promontory, connected
vince and 27 miles from Como, with mines of argentiferous  with the mainland "by a lowsandy isthmus; it consists of
lead, copper, and antimony. Pop. 1170.                      a lofty mass of granite, with summits rising to the height
VICO PISANO, vee/ko pe-selno, a town of Tuscany, pro- of 3000 feet, and usually enveloped in mist. On the N. of
vince and 9 miles E. of Pisa. Pop. 1200.                    this promontory is the last great indentation of the coast,
VI.OSA, ve-sols/, or COMETA, ko-mAlta, a town of Brazil, Corner Basin, protected S. and E. by several low  sandy
province and 140 miles W. of Ceara. in the Serra-Hibiapaba. islands, of which the largest is La Trobe. The entire seaThe greater part of the inhabitants are Indians. Pop. of  board faces the S., and has an extent of about 600 miles.
the district, 5000.                                           Face of tihe Country, Aounctains, &c.-The interior is finely
VICOVARO, ve-ko-va/ro, (ane. ar/rio',)  a small town of the  diversified, both by mountains and plains, but is chiefly
Pontifical States, 6 miles N.E. of Tivoli' with 1010 inhabit- characterized by the latter, which are often of great extent,
ants, and a fine old castle.                                and so sparingly wooded and free from other obstructions,
VICQ, reek, a village of France, the chief in the depart- that it has been said the plough could in some parts be
ment of Itaute-Vienne, arrondissement of St. Yrieix. P. 2200. drawn continuously for 100 miles across tracts well suited
VIC-SUR-AISNE, veek stilt 0nt, a village of France, depart-  to agricultural purposes. The mountains form two princiment of Aisne, 10 miles W. of Soissons. Pop. in 1852, 800. pal ranges near the opposite extremities of the colony. The
It has an active traffc by the river.                       E. range is a continuation of the long chain which stretches
VIC-SUR-CilRE, veek siia saiR, a village of France, de- from N. to S. through New South Wales, at no great distance
partnient of Cantal, on the C~re, 9 miles E.N.E. of Aurillac. from the coast, and nearly parallel to it. Shortly after atPop. in 1852, 1976.                                         taining its culminating point of 6500 feet in Mount KosciVICITOR, a post-village and township of Ontario co., New  usko or Wellington, this chain, under the name of the
York, on a branch of the Central Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of  Australian Alps, enters Victoria, and proceeds S.W., with a
Rochester. Pop. 2230.                                       bold outline but gradually diminishing height, to the coast
VICTOR, a post-township in the E. pa:t of Clinton co., at Wilson Promontory, from which it is continued almost
Michigan. Pop. 277.                                         visibly by the islands of Bass Strait to Portiand Cape, and
VICTORIA, vik-totre-a, a county in the S. part of Texas, thence circuitously to the S. extremity of Van Diemen's
has an area of about 775 square miles. It is intersected by  land. This range sends out numerous ramifications, chiefly
the Guadalupe River, bounded on the S.W. by Coleto Creek, N. and W., and covers an area estimated at 7000 square
and also drained by Garcitas Creek. The surface has but miles. The W. range, called the Grampians, commences in
little elevation above the sea; the soil is represented to be  Mount Zero, lat. 360 52' S., lon. 1420 20' E., and stretches S.
fertile. A portion of the county is prairie. Capital, Vic- for 54 miles, with a breadth of 20 miles, to its termination at
toria. Pop. 2019; of whom 1448 were free, and 571 slaves.  Mount Sturgeon, which rises abruptly 1070 feet above the
VICTORIA, a post-village in Bolivar co., Mississippi.    level of the plain, in slat. 370 385 S. It forms three distinct
VICTORIA, a post-village, capital of Victoria co., Texas, masses or ridges-a N., S., and-W., called respectively the
on the left bank of Guadalupe River, about 120 miles S.S.E. Grampians Proper, the Serra, and the Western or Victoria
of Austin. It contains 1 newspaper office, and several stores. Range —which have their common nucleus and culminating
VICTORIA, a post-village of Knox co., Illinois, about 45  point near the centre in Mount William, the height of which
miles N.W. of Peoria.                                       above sea-level is 4500 feet. The other loftiest summits
VICTORIA, a post-office of Daviess co., Missouri.         which occur in the N. are generally bare and rocky, but
VICTORIA, a county of Nova Scotia, island of Cape have some fine timber on their slopes; in the S. one of the
Breton. Capital, Bedeque. Pop. in 1051, 10,000.             most remarkable summits is Mount Abrupt, a few miles
VICTORIA, a heavily-timbered county in the N. part of NW. of Mount Sturgeon. It is 1700 feet in perpendicular
New Brunswick. Capital, Perth. Pop. in 1851, 5408.          height; contains a crater 446 feet in breadth, and 80 feet in
VICTOIRIA, CAM'OSACK/ or CAMiMUSAN/, a harbor at average depth.
the S.E. extremity of Vancouver's Island; lat. 480 24' 460 N.,   Geology.-The Grampians and the Australian Alps, notIon. 1230 23' W. The Hudson Bay Company's settlement withstanding their position at opposite extremities of the
Victoria, with the fort of that name, is in the vicinity.   colony, are visibly connected by these ramifications, so as to
VICTORIA, a town of the Mexican Confederation, capital form parts of the same mountain system, and thus constiof the state of Tamaulipas, 300 miles N. by E. of MIexico. tute a continuous water-shed, sending the whole drainage
Pop. 5500.                                                  of the colony either N.:to the Murray River or S. to the
VICTORIA, veek-to/re-/, or CONQUISTA, kon-keesitA, a  ocean. It may be considered as a vast region of primary
town of Btazil, province of Bahia, 80 miles S.E. of Uruba. and transition formations, extending E. to W. for about
It suffers from the aggression of the wild Indians, who live  300 miles, with breadths varying from  100 to 150 miles,
in the recesses of the forests.                             exhibiting numerous cones and extinct craters, apparently
VICTORIA, a maritime town of Brazil, capital of the pro. submarine, and composed chiefly of metamorphic rocks:of
vince of Espirito-Santo, in the Bay of Espirito-Santo, 270  granite, sionite, quartz, gneiss, &c., overlain on their slopes
miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro.  Pop. 5000. It stands on the W. by more recent secondary and tertiary formations. Within
side of an island about 15 miles in circuit, is neatly built in  this region lie all the gold-fields which have recently been
the old Portuguese style, and has a governor's residence, discovered in Victoria, and have added so suddenly and exand a harbor defended by several forts. Its vicinity produces  tensively bdth to its wealth and population, making it the
rice, manioc, sugar, and bananas, in which goods it has an  great centre of attraction for emigrants, not only from the
active coasting trade. Frigates can sail up to the town.    United Kingdom, but from various other quarters of the
VICTORIA, a town of the Argentine Republic, (La Plata,) world.
province of Entre Rios, on the right bank of the Uruguay.    Rivers and Lakes. —The rivers which descend from this
VICTO/RIA, formerly AUSTRA/LIA  /EILIX and PORT  water-shed are more numerous than important.  In the
PHIILILIP, a British colony in the S.E. of Australia; between  rainy season they fill their channels, overflow their banks,
lat. 340 and 390 S., and ion. 1410 and 1500 E.; bounded N.E. and have all the appearance of magnificent streams; but
and N. by New South Wales, from which it is separated in  as the summer advances they shrink rapidly in their dithe latter direction by the river Murray; W. by South  mensions, and ultimately, for the most part, become either
Australia; and S. by the ocean and Bass Strait, separating it altogether dry, or leave only a chain of large and deep, but
from Van Diemen's Land; length, from E. to WV., 500 miles; Often unconnected pools. By far the most important river
mean breadth, measured on the meridian of 1440, about 200  is the Murray, which, as already mentioned, forms the N.
miles; area about 90,000 square miles, nearly the Same as that frontier, and receives the whole of the drainage of the N.
of Great Britain.  The coast is generally low and unbroken  side of the water-shed. The magnitude of its volume is
in the W., from the mouth of the Gleneig to Cape Otway, be- small in proportion to its length. It was explored in 1851
tween which are situated the available harbors of Po-tland, by the governor of the colony as far as the junction of
Port Fairy, and Warnambool; and in the E., from the her- the river Darling, being the first exploration made since its
2035




VIC                                                            ~I0
discovery by Stuart, in 1830. Three steamers were con-  most celebrity are those of Ballarat, at the sources of the
structed in 1653 to ply on the waters of tlhis river, one with  Yarrowee or Lea, 45 miles.N.W. of Geelong, and those of
the view of reaching Swan Hill, a distance of 1300 miles, Mount Freeth, among the range of the Pyrenees, at the
and the other the village of Albury, in New South Wales,  sources of the Avoca; but there are doubtless many otheri
upwards of 1500 ni 0es from  the mouth of the Murray, in  of equal value only remaining to be brought to light.  In
Encounter Bay. Its chief feeders come from  New South  July, 1854, the number of gold-fields then being worked was
Wales, while Victoria sends it only a few small streams, as  10, extending over no less than 5 degrees of longitude. The
the Mitta-Mitta and Ovens towards the E., and the Goul- quantity of g6ld which passes by private hands, and of which
burn, CampaspS, and the Loddon or Yarrayne, towards the  no pubtic return can be made, makes it difficult to form even
centre. On the south side of the water-shed the principal an approximate estimate of the gross produce.  The total
rivers are, proceeding from the E., the Snowy River or Mar-  quantity of gold obtained within Victoria up to the end of
galong, the Tumbo, Nicholson, Mitchell, Avon, Macalister,  1852, has been estimated at 4,891,000 ounces, which, at 31.
and La Trobe, which contribute to form a chain of lagoons;  15s. per ounce, gives a value of 18,341,2501.  The quantity
the Yarra-Yarra, importaunt from having on its banks the  exported in the same year was 4,263,042 ounces, valued at
capital, Melbourne, to which it is navigable by vessels of  15,986,4071. In 1853 the ascertained and estimated quantity
200 tons; and along with it the MIarriburnong or Salt-  exported was 3,090,342 ounces, which, valued at 31. 1Os. 6d.
Water River, Werribee, and Little River, all falling into  per ounce, the current rate of the colony, gives 12,284,1101.,
Port Phillip; the Moorabool and Barwon, at the entrance  or upwards of 30,500,0001. as the produce of less than 2,
of Port Phillip; and the Glenelg, which forms part of the  ye.rs. The following Table gives a detailed account of the
W. boundary, its mouth being variously laid down on the  gold export on the customs list for that year, (1853):
maps by the colonial surveyors. The lakes are so numerous
as to form  one of the principal physical features of the interior. Few of them, however, are fed by perennial streams,             Exported.              Ounces.          Value.
and hence many, which at one season cover large areas,    To London......                       1,718,318     ~6,443,692
dwindle away at another, or become altogether dry. By far           Liverpool.....              453,258        1,699,717
the largest is Lake Corangamite, situated 50 miles W. of            Southampton....            e202,0i2         757,57
Geelong;. it is of very irregular and serpentine form, about        Glasgoiv...                     450           1,687
90 miles in circuit, and, though fed by several fresh-water         Sydney......                 25,033          93,873
Calcutta......                3,892          ] 4,595
streams, is perfectly salt. Lake Colac, about 8 miles E. of,Singapore....               44,758         167,842
this, though only 10 miles in circuit, is, however, the most        Ceylon......                 32,710          121,662
important, from  the fact of its being fresh, and affording         New York.....                10, 500         39,375
water to upwards of 200,000 sheep that feed in its vicinity.        Callao...es.          6,700          25,120'ty   Hare......                61              228
Climate.-The climate of Victoria, though liable to great           vre                            61             2
and sudden fluctuations, is on the whole temperate and                    Total....            2,497,722     ~;E9,365,448
eminently salubrious. Its worst feature is its hot winds,
which commence in November, and recur at intervals
throughout the summer till near the end of February. The         The immense addition thus suddenly made to the wealth
days, however, during which these winds prevail average  of the colony has necessarily produced a complete revoluannually not more than 20, and of these only a third are  tion in its circumstances.  The necessity of entering into
oppressively hot. At Port Phillip the maximum  and mini, detail on this subject is saved by the following Table, which
mum summer temperatures are respectively 900.6 and 480.8; exhibits a summary of the most remarkable changes:
the maximum and minimum winter temperatures, 690.8 and
390.6; the mean annual is 610.3, nearly that of Naples. The                   COMPARnTIVE  SUoanR, 1850-1853.
annual fall of rain at Melbourne is about 27 inches, but this
is very unequally divided over the year, about a fifth of the                               1850.    1851.   1852.   1853.
whole falling in July..Agriczllturse, Mines, &c.-The agricultural capabilities of   Revenue, general...    124,469  180,004 845,834 1,648,423
Revenue, territorial..    136.852 199,820 730,967 1,553,825
Victoria have been very partially tested, but there cannot   Total revenue.20. 261,31  379,824 1,576,01 3502249
be a doubt that though much of the soil is of light texture,   Imports......    744,925 1,056,437 4,043,896 15,842,637
it possesses great natural fertility, and is capable of raising   Exports                  1,041,796 1,023,909 7,451,549 11,061,543
cereals of the best quality, and in quantity sufficient to   Shipping Numiber...             555    669   1,657...
inwards I Tonnage..    108,030 126,411 408,216  -.
maintain a large if not dense population. The vine also    Bank deposits, 4th quarter..    822,254 4,334,241 6,239,27
thrives well, and both the ordinary and many of the finer   Circulation,        do.                 180,058 1,327,1u 1,919,0
fruits and vegetables of the N. temperate zone have already   Coin and gold   do.                   310,7243,034,530 4,335,089
become acclimatized and abundant. The number of  acres   Number o  anks...                    2      3 
under crop, with the produce in the year ending MIarch 31,   Population, 31st December        75,000  95,000 200,008  235,8
1853, was as follows:-Wheat, 16,823 acres, 498,704k bushels;
maize, 1 acre, 61 bushels; barley, 411~ acres, 9431 bushels;    It ought to be observed that gold is not the only source
oats, 2947~ acres, 96,980 bushels; potatoes, 19781 acres, 4512i  of mineral wealth possessed by Victoria. The copper found
bushels; sown grasses, 14,101~ acres; green food for cattle, so abundantly in South Australia, doubtless exists here
401$ acres; hay, 21,2861 tons.  Total, 36,663$ acres. The  also; limestone, granite, and sandstone are already worked
same year there were 107$ acres in vineyards, yielding 4500  in quarries  apparently inexhaustible; and an extensive
gallons of wine, and 500 gallons of brandy. In the year  field of coal has been traced along the coast, though no
ending December 31, 1852, the live stock numbered 34,021  mine has yet been opened in it. The want of proper means
horses, 431,380 horned cattle, and 6,551,006 sheep.            of communication has been much felt, but a railway was
This last item proves the vast progress which Victoria has  opened, extending from  Melbourne to the shipping in its
made in the production of what was, previous to the gold  harbor, in 1854, and others which will bring the principal
discoveries, its only great staple. It now furnishes one-half  diggings into connexion with Melbourne, Geelong, and Hob.
of the whole wool imported into Great Britain. Its first  son's Bay, are in course of construction. Efforts are also
export of wool took place in 1836, but the quantity, proba- being made to establish a system of telegraphs.
bly trifling, is unknown. The following year, (1837,) it    Government, Eoducations, &c. —For administrative purposes
amounted to 175,000 pounds, valued at 14,0001.; in 1844 to  the squatting districts of Gipps Land, Western Port, and
4,326,000 pounds; in 1848 to 10,525,000 pounds; and in 1853  Portland Bay are divided into 24 counties, of which that of
to 20,842,591 pounds, valued at 1,651,8711. These results, Bourke contains the capital, Melbourne. The government,
which might of themselves establish the pre-eminent claims  similar to that of the other Australian colonies, consists of
of Victoria as a field for enterprise, have recently been in a  a governor, an executive council, and a legislative assembly,
great measure eclipsed by her mineral treasures. The con- of which a third is nominated by the Crown, and two-thirds
formity of the geological structure of the mountain ranges  are chosen by qualified electors. The number of schools in
with that of the Urals, had led Murchison to predict, with  the colony, in 1853, was 115, attended by 7841 pupils, and supconfidence, that gold would be found among them, and its  ported at a cost of 13,4951., 77631. being derived from the govactual existence had repeatedly been rumored, on grounds  ernment, and 5732Z., the amount paid for school fees. The
more or less authentic. Its discovery, however, within the  number of churches was 49, of which 13 belonged to the
colony, dates only from 1851. Since then the number of  Church of England, 7 to the Presbyterians, 17 to the Wesits known localities have greatly increased, and multitudes  leyaus, 3 to the Independents, 2 to the Baptists, 6 to the
of diggers have been successfully at work, partly in the E. Roman Catholics, and 1 to the Jews. Whole number of acamong the Australian Alps, where, among other valuable  commodations or seats, 16,060.
diggings, notice is due to those on the banks of Lake Omeo,   Itistory. —Port Phillip was first discovered in 1802, and beat Meount Gibbon, near the sources of the Mitta-Mitta, and  came the general name of the whole colony, which, after it
on the banks of the Ovens; but chiefly in the W., amnong  had been partially settled by emigrants, chiefly from Van Diethe E. ramifications of the Grampians, from  50 to 100  men's Land, was formally recognised in 1835, when the first
miles N.W. of iMelbourne.  By far the largest continuous  sale of crown-lands took place. It formed the S. division of
field yet explored is that which has Mount Alexander for  New South Wales till 1851, when it was erected into a sepa
Its centre, and occupies an  extensive area between the  rate colony, and assumed its new name in honor of Queen
sources and along the banks of the Campasp6 and Loddon.  Victoria. The rapid progress of Victoria in its material
Besides"these, the diggings which have hitherto acquired  prosperity is unparalleled in the annals of British coloniza.
2032




VI                                                          V~IE
Hlon. Without government aid, and in spite of local jea, site Natchez, and about 150 miles above Baton Rouge
lousies, it has become by far the most flourishing shoot from  During the Spanish dominion it was called the Post o~Con.
the parent stem in the British colonial empire.             cordia. It contains 1 tavern, and 1 newspaper office.
VICTORIA, a county of West Australia, mostly between    VIDASOA, a river of Spain.  See BIDASSOA.
130 lat. and 310 30' S., and lon. 116U and 1170 E., having N.   VIDAUBAN, vee'd60b6Nl, (ane. Forlu'se Voconltii ) avillage
the county of Glenelg, E. Durham, S. York, and W. Twiss. of France, department of Var, 7 miles S.S.W. of Draguignan.
Principal settlements are Bejoordong and Toodyoy, on the  Pop. in 1852, 2150.
~Toodyoy River. Numerous heights and other localities in    VIDIGUEIRA, ve-de-gA'e-rg, a market-town of Portugal,
the Austrian colonies have this name.                       province of Alemtejo, 13 miles N.E. of Deja. Pop. 2500.
VICTORIA, a newly erected district of the Cape Colony,   VIDIGULFO, ve-de-goollfo, a village of Austrian Italy, proSouth Africa, composed of what was, before the late Kaffre  vince and 7 miles N. of Pavia, on the Lambro. Pop. 1491.
war, deemed neutral territory, on the E. frontier of the    VIDIN. See WIDIN.
colony, between the Great Fish and KeiskammaRivers, by    VIDOMBAK, veeldom'bok%, or WEIDENBACII. *i'denwhich later it is separated from British Kaffraria. In it are  bAKn, a village of Transylvania, 4 miles from Kronstadt, on
Alice Town, and Forts Peddle, Fitzroy, and Albert.          a stream of the same name. Pop. 1100.
VICTORIA, a town of the British colony of Ilong Kong,   VIDOURLE, vee'dooall. a river of France, departments of
stretching for 4 miles along its N. coast, and having Roman  Card and H6rault, enters the lagoon de Mangilo, 11 miles E.
Catholic and other chapels, Chinese schools, and numerous of Montpellier, after a S. and W. course of 40 miles.
storehouses and European dwellings.                           VIDZY or WIDZY, vid/zee, a town of Russian Poland, goVICTORIA, a fort in British India, presidency and 70 miles vernment and 72 miles N.E. of Vilna.  Pop. 4000.
S.S.E. of Bombay.                                             VIE, vee, a river of France, department of Vendfe, rises
VICTORIA, a Dutch fort on the island of Amboyna.          S. of Belleville, and flows N. into the Atlantic, which it
VICTORIA, the modern appellation of Mah6, the capital enters at St. Gilles, after a course of 30 miles.
town of the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean.                 VIE, a river of France, departments of Orne and CalveVICTORIA. of North Australia. See PoRT ESSINGTON.         dos, flows 30 miles N.W., and joins the Dives near Corbon.
VICTORIA,; a river of North-East Australia; discovered    VIECIITACII, feeRltAK, a market-town of Lower Bavaria,
in 1846 by Sir T. Mitchell, and found flowing westward in  44 miles N.W. of Passau.  Pop. 1469.
lat. 240 14' S., ion. 1440 34' E.                             VIEILLE-VIGNE, ve-Al veei, a village of France, departVICTORIA, a county in the N.W. part of Canada West, ment of Loire-Inf6rieure, 18 miles S.S.E. of Nantes, on the
near Lake Simcoe. Area 749 square miles. It contains left bankofthe Ognon. Pop.in 1852,5i22. Ithas 3 annual
severalsmalllakes. Capital, Metcalf. Pop.11,687.            fairs.
VICTORIA or LA VICTORIA, a town of Venezuela, pro-   VIELLA, ve-8ltyi, a town of Spain, province of Lerida,
vince and 35 miles S.W. of Caracas.                         in the Pyrenees, on the Garonne, near its source. Pop. 738.
VICTORIA (or ALEXANDRI'NA) LAKE, in South Austra-    VIELLA, ve-6114/, a village of France, department of Gers,
lia, is on the S.E. side of the settled partof that colony, between  26 miles N.W. of Mirande. Pop. 1811.
lat. 35~ 6' and 350 35f S., and ion. 1390 and 1390 45f E.. enclosed    VIELMUR, ve-6l1mttie, a village of France, department
by the counties of Hindmarsh, Sturt, and Russell, ail open- of Tarn, on the Agout. 7 miles W. of Castres. Pop. 1035.
lug sonth-westward by a short passage into Encounter Bay.   VIEL SALM, ve-11 satm, a market-town of Belgian LuxemLength and breadth about 30 miles each. On its N.W. side bourg, 12 miles N.N.E. of IHiouffalize.
it receives the Murray River, of which it is an expansion;    VIENNA, vS-enna, (Ger. Wien, (een; Fr. 1V'enne, yeit also receives the Bremer,  Angus, and Finnis   Rivers, is  nn/; Sp. Viena, ve-Atng; Dutch Weenen, Vv/nen; L. and It.
connected south-eastward with Lake Albert. by a strait 5 rYenna, ve-6n/nA; anc. Vindobofna,) a celebrated city of Eumiles in length, and contains Hindmarsh and some other rope, capital of the Austrian Empire, and of the archduchy
islands. Its N. and VW. banks are low, and skirted with  of Austria, is situated about 2 miles from the main stream
plains like those around Adelaide; E. and S. shores mostly  of the Danube, but traversed partly by an arm or branch,
undulating, interspersed with bold headlands. Its navioa- which bears the name of the Viennese Danube, serving the
tion is safe, but access from the sea is impeded by a sand-bar  purpose of a canal, and partly by an insignificant stream,
at the month of the strait.                                 called the Wien or Vienna, which empties itself into this
VICTORIA LAKE, a lake of Central Asia, in the table-  arm of the river, 390 miles W.N.W. of Milan, 137 miles N.W.
land of Pameer, 15,600 feet above the sea.                  of Pesth, 340 miles S.S.E. of Berlin, 380 miles E.S.E. of
VICTORIA LAND, the name given to the supposed Ant-  Frankfort-on-the-Main, and 650 miles E. by S. of Paris.
arctic Continent discovered by Sir James Ross in 1841. Its  The site is 480 feet above sea-level, lat. 480 12' 32" N., Ion.
shores were seen and partly explored from lat. 700 to 790 S. 160 23' E. Like Paris, Vienna stands near the centre of a
Near its N. extremity, in ion. 168~ 12' E., is Mount Erebus, tertiary basin rich in fossil shells, but of less extent, as the
an active volcano, elevation 12,400 feet; and Mount Terror,  secondary and transition rocks form conspicuous mountain
10,900 feet. The position of the S. magnetic pole was also  boundaries to the N.W., W., and S., at average distances of
ascertained by Ross to be in lat. 750 51 S.. ion. 1540 8' E.  10 and 12 miles. With the exception of two suburbs, the
VICTORIA LAND, an insular tract of British North Ame- whole of the buildings are on the right bank of this branch
rica, N. of lat. 680 N., and extending from about ion. 1030 to  of the Danube, rising from it in terraces, which give a con1100 W. It is separated from the North American continent  siderable declivity to many of the streets.
on the S. by Dease Strait, and from Boothia-Felix on the E.   Vienna consists of the town proper, or Innere-Stadt, and
by Victoria Strait. It was discovered and named by Simp- of upwards of 30 suburbs. Its whole circuit, about 16 miles,
son; and explored by Dr. Rae in 1851.                       is traced for the far greater part by walls, or, as they are
VICTORIA RIVER, of North Australia, joins the Indian  called, lines, 12 feet in height, provided with a ditch and 12
Ocean by the wide estuary Queen's Channel, East Cambridge  gates or barriers. The Innere-Stadt, the original nucleus of
Gulf, lat. 140 46' S., ion. 1290 21' E.; the estuary between  the town. forms a kind of circle near its centre, and except
Turtle and Pearce Points being 26 miles in width. It has  on the N.E. side, where it reaches the river, is surrounded
been traced inland to lat. 15~ 9' S., ion. 1300 52' E., where it by ramparts from 30 to 50 feet high, flanked with 11 regular
was found still flowing firom S.E. to N.W. Oppositeits mouth  bastions, and lined by a deep fosse; it is separated from
are several islands; its banks are bold and often steep; and  the suburbs, partly by the river, but to a much greater
50 miles inland it rushes rapidly between rocky ranges from  extent by a glacis or esplanade, about 600 yards wide, fur500 to 600 feet in height; but it is said to be navigable for nishing ample space for relaxation.  The Innere-Stadt does
vessels of large burden for at least 60 miles from its month. not cover a tenth of the whole area occupied by the city, but
Eighty miles from its mouth it traverses a valley 16 miles  being more compactly built than the suburbs, contains more
wide, and of alluvial soil. The country along its banks is than a seventh of the whole population. It is entered by 12
alternately fertile and barren.                             gates, is divided into 4 quarters, and consists of 127 streets,
VICTORIA STRAIT, abroad arm of the sea, Arctic regions, generally narrow, but well paved with granite, and kept
separating Victoria Land and Prince of Wales Land on the  clean by a very complete system of subterranean drainage.
V., from Boothia-Felix and North Somerset on the E. It It has 20 squares, the largest of which, called the Hof is
communicates N. by Oemnaney Inlet with Barrow's Strait 420 feet long, by 230 broad. The others most deserving
IV. of the entrance to Wellington Channel.                  of notice are the Iohemarkt, the Josephsplitz, the BurgVIC!TORY, a township of Essex co., Vermont, about 45  platz, the Neumarkt, and the Stephensplatz, all situated
miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 168.                         within the inner town, which is the court-end and centre of
VICTORY, a post-village and township of Cayuga co., New  gayety and fashion.  This marks the social aspect of Vienna
York, near the route of the Lake Ontario Auburn and Ithaca  from all the other great cities of Europe, where the nobility
Railroad, 22 miles N. by WV. of Auburn. Pop. 2298.          shun the confined, old-fashioned streets; but in Vienna,
VICTORY, a post-office of Wayne co., Tennessee.           althoughthere is no trottoir, ladies of the highest order, asnd
TVICTORY MILLS, a post-office of SSaratoga co., New York. princely nobles, may be seen at all times of the day walking
VICUS SPACORUM.  See VIGo.                                along the streets of the Innere-Stadt.  In the inner town
VID, veed, or URAK, oo-r0 k/,(?) (ane.  Tltus or Atus?) a  also, and nearly in the very heart of it, is the Graben, which
river of European Turkey, Bulegaria rises in the Balkan near is sometimes considered as a square, but is more properly a
the soueces of the Isker and Maritza, flows N.N.E. and joins  street, 540 feet long, by 160 feet broad, constituting the
the Danube, 8 miles W. of Nicopolis. Total course 130 miles. greatest thoroughfare, and containing some of the finest
VIDA/LIA.     a post-vill-ge, capital of Concordia parish,  shops. The other principal streets in the innertown  are the
Louisiana, On the right bank of the Mississippi River, oppo- I Herrengasse and Wallnergasse, where the finest mansion.
2037




VIE                                                         VIE
of the nobility are situated; the Kohlmarkt and the Bischoff- remarkable.  Among the finest are thLe equestrian anm
gasse, continued by the IKirnthnerstrasse on the S., and  colossal statue of Joseph 11., by Zauner, in the Josephsplatz
terminated by the Rothenthurmstrasse on the N. There  the handsome monument of the late emperor Francis I.. by
are also many elegant streets in the suburbs, particularlI in  Marchesi, in the Burgplatz; and above all the marble statue
those of Schottenfeld and Breitenfeld on the W., Mariabilf  of Theseus, executed by Canova, and set up in the temple
on the S.W., and Leopoldstadt and Jbigerzeil on the N.E. of Theseus in the Vollksgarten.
In the last in particular, the street of its own name is one    EducationaZ Estatblish'sensts and Libraries.-Among the
of the most showy and animated in Yienna.                   former, the first place is due to the University, founded in
The dwellings are usually from four to five stories high, 1237, but re-organized by Maria Theresa under the direction
and of very large dimensions, occupied by a number of  of Van Swieten. Its average attendance of students is the
families, who obtain access by a common stair. Some of  largest in Europe, being about 5250. It has about 85 pro.
the houses, built round courts, and hence designated by the  fessors, who are all paid by the government.  It is celebrated
name of Hofen, are of enormous extent. Among others  for its school of medicine, which has a most valuable anamay be specified the Schotten-:Iof or Scotch Court, so called  tomical museum, and botanic garden.  The University
from having been originally attached to the church of the  occupies a large isolated building in the form of a paralleloScotch Benedictines, who settled here in 1158; the Mlker- gram, with a faqade opening upon a public square. The
Hof, belonging to the monastery of M511k; and the Trattner- Josephinum, a medico-chirurgical academy for army surHof, situated in the Graben, tenanted by 400 persons. From   geous, has a very extensive series of anatomical preparations
its altitude and inland position, Vienna is one of the most in wax. The Polytechnic Institute, occupying a handsome
salubrious cities in Europe; the atmosphere is remarkably  structure facing  the glacis, instructs 500 pupils in the arts
pure and balmy, and the inhabitants enjoy robust health, and practical sciences, as well as trade and manufactures.
without being much attacked with colds or pulmonary affec- In the normal school, established by Maria Theresa. oritions, while epidemic diseases pass over the city lightly. ginated that most important class of institutions, which in
Few cities are better provided with the means of relaxation  Austria practically exemplified their utility almost half a
in the open air. The broad glacis encircling the inner town  century before they were thought of in Great Britain. Other
has been already mentioned, the Augarten in the N., and  important educational establishments are the Seminarium
the Belvedere gardens in the E., are equally commodious, or Roman Catholic Institute, in which the greater part of
but are all eclipsed by the Prater in the N.E., about 4 miles the best educated priests of the empire finish their education;
long by 2 miles broad, situated between two arms of the  a Hungarian theological institute or Pazmaerum, a similar
Danube, and so beautifully p]anted,.laid out, and otherwise  Protestant institute; the Theresianum, specially intended
decorated, that it is regarded as the finest public park in  for the education of young nobility; the Academy of Oriental
Europe.                                                     Languages, to qualify persons for diplomatic appointments in
dhurches.-The first in order is the Dom-Kirche or the  the East; the Military Geographical Institute, 3 gymnasia,
Cathedral of St. Stephen, a lofty, cruciform, Gothic structure, attended by 1560 scholars; 14 schools of design, an agricul350 feet long, 235 feet broad, and 90 feet high. It stands in  tural, a veterinary, and a riding school; 29 Yolks or common
the centre of Stephensplatz, and is built of large blocks of schools, 7 high, and 19 girls' schools, at which the average
hewn limestone. The W. fatade, 21.0 feet high, is adorned  attendance amounts in all to at least 30,000.
with rich tracery and sculpture, and flanked by 2 octagonal   The Imperial Library, occupying a handsome edifice which
towers. From the centre of the S. fagade rises a magnificent forms one side of Josephsplatz, and immediately adjoins the
tower, diminishing gradually from  its base in regularly  imperial palace, is one of the largest and most valuable in Euretreating arches and buttresses, till it terminates in a point rope, containing 306,000 printed volumes, and 16,000 mann465 feet in height, the loftiest in Euroie, with the exception  scripts, many of the latter being either unique or of extreme
perhaps of Strasbourg. Within it is a great bell of nearly  rarity.  Annexed to the library is an almost unrivalled
18 tons weight, cast of cannon taken from the Turks in 1711. collection of engravings, originally commenced by Prince
Besides the tower there is a dome covered with several re- Eugene, and now containing 300,000 of the finest prints.
markable statues, carvings, and sculptures. The interior, The University Library has 120,000 volumes, that of the
supported by 12 pillars, remarkable for their size, is some- Theresianum 30,000, and that of military arclhives 24,000.
what gloomy, but very imposing. It has 38 marble altars, Besides these are several valuable private libraries, to which
and various monuments, of which that of the Empergr Fre- access can easily be had, among others the enmperor's private
derick IV,., with a " Passion," by Sandrart, placed over it, is library, 50,000 volumes; that of the Archduke Charles,
the most gorgeous, and that of the celebrated Prince Eugene  2Q,000; of Prince Liechtenstein, 50,000; of Prince Schwarthe most interesting. Near the Josephsplata is the court zenburg, 40,000; of Prince Esterhazy, 36,000; and of Count
parish church (foflpfarr-Kirche) of the Augustines, a finely  Schlnborn-Bucheim, 20,000.
proportioned edifice, founded by Frederick the Fair in 1330,.Museums, Picture-Galleries, and other Collections.-The
in fulfilment of a vow made during his imprisonment in the  Museum  of Natural IHistory, adjoining the Imperial Licastle of Trausnitz; it contains a beautiful monument to  brary, has one of the largest herbariums in existence, and
the Archduchess Christina by Canova; in the chapel are  is particularly rich in ornithology. The Cabinet of Minepreserved the hearts of the imperial family. The Capuchin  rals consists of five divisions-mineralogy, geognosy, fossils,
church is remarkable only as containing the imperial bury- aeroliths, and pictures in mosaic-all excellent and some
ing-vault; and the Barnahite or St. Michael's Church, for unrivalled.  The Cabinet of Antiquities contains about
being the most ancient in the city; the Church of St. Peter  80,000 coins and medals, 12,000 Greek vases, several celeis built on a model of the Basilica of St. Peter at Rome. Of brated cameos and intaglios, and an enormous onyx, 28~
the numerous other churches, notice is due to the Castle- inches in diameter, which formed part of the dowry of Mary
Chapel, where the music of the greatest composers is re- of Burgundy, wife of the Emperor Maximilian. The Schatzgularly performed in the best style; and the University  kammer or treasury, contains the imperial jewels, and
Church, with 16 richly decorated marble columns. The  among other remarkable curiosities the regalia of CharleLutheran Church, in'the suppressed monastery of St. Domo- magne, taken out of his grave at Aix-la-Chapelle.  The
thea, has an excellent organ; and the Calvinists or members Cabinet of Egyptian Antiquities is particularly rich in
of the Itelvetic Confession, have a handsome church after  mummies, and the Collection of Ambras, so called from a
designs by Nigelli. The Jews have 3 synagogues, one of them   castle in the Tyrol where it was commenced, includes a rewith a magnificent interior.                                markable assemblage of ancient and modern armor, togePalaces and Government or Municifpal Edifices.-The  im- ther with a series of antique sculptures, and a museum of
perial palace, (Kaiserlichle-Bissg,) on the S.W. side of the  natural objects and works of art. Among the latter is the
inner towh, near the glacis, is an ancient and irregular  celebrated salt-cellar made by Benvenuto Cellini for Francis
structure of little merit, consisting of three courts or quad- I. The Imperial Picture Gallery, in the Upper Belvedere,
rangles, one in the centre called the Burgplatz, another on  contains above 1200 pictures, among which are excellent
the E. side called the Amalien-Hof, and a third on the W. specimens of almost all the different schools of painting.
side called the Schwetzer-llbf.  The apartments of the  The other principal galleries are those of Prince Esterhazy,
imperial family are in the last. Immediately adjoining, Prince Liechtenstein, Count Czernin, and Count Schlnbornand on the bastion, is the palace of the Archduke Charles, Bncheim. The Sculpture Gallery owes its chief attractions
a splendid structure by Fischer-dl'Erlach. The other prin- to modern artists, Canova, Thorwaldsen, &c.
cipal palaces are the Belvedere, consisting of two buildings,    Societies, &c.-The most important are the Vienna Acaone at the foot and another at the summit of a gentle emi- demy of Sciences, the Geological Institute of the Austrian
aence, with a fine garden between them; the palace was  Empire, the Imperial Geographical Society, the Polytechnic
built by Prince Eugene, who spent the latter years of his  Institute or Society of Arts, with a valuable collection of
life in it; the palace of the Priqce of Liechtenstein, con- implements, models, and designs; the Academy of the Fine
spicuous both by its architecture and its enormous extent;  Arts, including four schools —one for painters and sculpthe palaces of Count Schinborn, Prince Schwarzenburg,  tors, another for architecture, a third for engravers, and a
Prince Auersperg, Prince Esterhazy, &c.  The principal fourth for manufacturing designs; the Imperial Agriculgovernment buildings are the hotels of the ministry, the  tural Society, the Philharmonic Society of the Austrian Emmajestic structure in which the states of Lower Austria sit, pire, and Conservatory of Music, and various other musical
the Town-house, the National Bank, the Mint, the Imperial associations..nd the Civil Arsenal, both with collections of ancient    Sanatory, Correctional, and Charitable Establishnments.armor, and the former with 150,000 stand of arms.           These are very numerous, and include,.a general hospital,
Public l/l1onuments.-These are neither numerous nor very  (Allgemeine-Kraenkenhuaus ) an enormous pile composed of
2038                                                                                             30




VIE:VIE
seven quadrangles, containing 2000 beds, and annually  in 1676, and carried off 120,000 persons in 11 months. In
receiving 16,000 patients; connected with it is a general 1685 the Turks re-appeared, with a still more formidable
lying-in and foundling hospital, greatly needed in a city  host than belfre, headed by the grand-vizier lara-Mustapha.
in which, according to the statistics of 1849, above one-half  The defence was most valiantly conducted for two montha
of the births are illegitimate; a lunatic asylum, recently  by Count Rudiger, of Starhemberg, but hbtd become almost
completed on a new plan, and regarded as a model of its hopeless, when the celebrated John Sobieski suddenly apclass; a humane society for the recovery of persons only  peared with his Poles, and the Turkish host was almost
apparently dead by drowning or otherwise; a deaf and  annihilated.  A long period of rest and prosperity followed.
dumb institute, a Jewish and various other hospitals, par- The French took it in 1806 and in 1809.. The Congress of
ticularly those of the Brothers and Sisters of Charity; a  Vienna, whlich fixed the present limits of the countries of
large bridewell, a penitentiary and house of correction for  Europe, was held here from November, 1814, to June, 1815.
the province, and an imperialpenitentiary and workhouse;  The city was held by the revolutionary party for a short
a blind asylum, an orphan hospital, and various establish-  time in 1848; the barricades were raised on 6th October,
ments of a similar description; a savings' bank, a moct-de- but it surrendered to the imperial troops on 30th of same
pitd, a society for the relief of widows and orphans, and  month, having suffered severely from a bombardment. Pop.
numerous almshouses and charitable foundations, both pub- in 1846, 407,980.-Adj. and inhab. VIENNESE, veeSnl-neezl,
lic and private.                                            (Fr. VIENNAIS, ve-ln'=nI; It. VIE NNSE,, ve-6n-nAsA; Ger. adj.
Anusemsnts. —Of these the citizens of Vienna are extra- WiaENErascn, fveelner-ish; inhab. WIENERa,'eelner.)
vagantly fond, and the demand thus created has not failed    VIENNA, France. See VIENNE.s
to call forth a corresponding supply. In all quarters gar-    VIENNA, vi-en na, apost-township  inKennebec co., Maine,
dens, cafds, and similar establishments, are open, where  22 miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop;'851.
excellent music, much harmless and not a little vicious    VIENNA, a post-village and township in the N.W. part of
leasure, are easily obtained. The more systematic esta- Oneida co., New York, on Oneida Lake, 120 miles W. by S.
lishments for amusements are an opera-house, where  of Albany. Pop. 3393.
operas and ballets are performed in a style not surpassed    VIENNA, a thriving village of Phelps township, Ontario
elsewhere; and four theatres, one called the Hof or Burg  co., New York, on the Canandaigua  Outlet, at its junction
Theatre, attached to the palace, and appropriated to the re- with Flint Creek, and on a branch of the Central Railroad,
gular drama; another, the Vienna Theatre, the largest and  7 miles N.N.W. of Geneva. It is divided into East and West
handsomest in the city, and celebrated for melodramas and  Vienna, and has 3 or 4 churches, numerous stores, and
spectacles; the third, in the Josephstadt, of an intermediate  manufactures of fdour, iron, and other articles. Pop. estidescription; and the fourth, in the Leopoldstadt, which is mated at 1600.
the favorite resort of the middle and lower classes, and    VIENNA, a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey, on
furnishes, in the humor and rather coarse jokes of the  Pequest River, about 48 miles N. by W. of Trenton.
pieces performed, an accurate idea of the popular taste and    VIENNA, a post-village of Dorchester co., Maryland, on
character.                                                  Nanticokc River, 68 miles S.E. of Annapolis.
3ianufactures acnd Trade. —Vienna is unquestionably the    VIENNA, a village in Forsyth co., North Carolina, 115
drst manufacturing town in the empire. The most import- miles W.N.W. of Raleigh.
ant articles are cotton and silk goods, particularly sliawls,   VIENNA, a post-village, capital of Dooley co., Georgia,
saddlery, shoes, and other articles in leather; porcelain, 95 miles S.W. of Milledgeville, is situated in a level region,
made chiefly at the government factory, and distinguished  containing extensive pine forests. Pop. about 100.
equally by the fineness of the ware, the beauty of its de-   VIENNA, a post-village in Pickens co., Alabama, on Tomsigns, and the brilliancy of its colors; sword-cutlery, fire- bigbee River, near the mouth of Sipsey River, ],35 miles N.W.
arms, and cannon, the latter made chiefly at the govern- by W. of Montgomery.
naent foundry; tobacco, a government monopoly; mee-   VIENNA, a post-office of Jackson parish, Louisiana.
schawm-pipee, and musical and optical instruments, cutlery,    VIENNA, a post-village of Clarke co., Ohio, 34 miles W.
hardware, white-lead, bronze and other metallic goods; of Columbus. The post-office is called VENNA CROSS ROADS.
paper, liqueurs, chemical products, watches, and jewelry.   VIENNA, a post-township in the S.E. part of Trun.,uJi
In the arts of letter-press and lithographic printing, and in  co., Ohio. Pop. 1007.
the adaptation of the electrotype process to printing, the    VIENNA, a township in the N.W. part of Genesee co.,
imperial office has produced specimens not surpassed any- Michigan. Pop. 390.
where.                                                        VIENNA, a post-village in Macomb co., Michigan.
The trade, notwithstanding the disadvantage of an inland    VIENNA, a post-township in Scott co., Indiana. P. 1654.
position, is also very extensive, Vienna being a central depOt   VIENNA, a post-village of Scott co., Indiana, on the Jefnot only for its own provinces N. of the Alps, but for the  fersonville and Columbus Railroad, 8 miles W. of Lexington.
traffic between the E. and the W. of Europe. The number    VIENNA, a township in Grundy co., Illinois. Pop. 258.
of wealthy mercantile houses, many of theni in the hands    VIENNA, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., Illinois,
of Greeks, is great, and money transactions to a very large  190 miles S. by E. of Springfield.  Pop. in 1853, about 200.
amount are carried on. The National Bank, established    VIENNA, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. Pop. 253.
during the Seven Years' War, and well managed, has con-   VIENNA, a post-village in Spring Prairie township, Waltributed greatly to the commercial prosperity, and its shares worth co., Wisconsin, 55 miles S.E. of Madison.
bear a high premium.                                          VIENNA, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Middlesex,
Vienna is the centre of an extensive system of railways, 134 miles S.W. of Toronto. Pop. about 800.
connecting it with Triest on the Adriatic, Pesth in IIungary,   VIENNA CROSS ROADS, Ohio. See VIENNeA.
and in other directions with Breslau, Warsaw, Berlin, Paris,   VIENNE, ve-6nnt, (anc.;i'enina?) a river of France, rises
and the other principal cities of the continent.           in the N. part of the department of Corrbze, passes St. Leo-.Histotry.-Vienna appears to have been a Roman station  nard, Limoges, Confolens, Ch'tellerault, (where it becomes
in the 1st century, and to have borne thename of Fabiana. navigable,) Chinon, and joins the Loire on the left at CanIt was afterwards included in Upper Pannonia, and received  des, after a N. and N.W. course of 220 miles.
the name of Vindobona. On the decline of the Roman Em-    VIENNE, a department of France, in the N.W., formed of
pire it experienced the common fate, and was pillaged by  part of the old province of Poitou, surrounded by the
the Goths and HIuns. It afterwards formed part of the ena- departments of Indre, Haute-Vienne, Charenute, Deux-S&vres,
pire of Charlemagne, who erected it into a bishopric, and  Maine-t-Loire, and Loire. Area 2574 square miles. Pop. in
contributed much to its prosperity. Under him it became  1852, 317,305. The surface is generally flat; it is watered
the capital of a margraviate, and the surrounding territory  by the Vienne and its affluent the Clain, the Charente in
received the name of Austria, or Oester-reich, the Eastern  the S., tlhe Garttempe'and Creuse in the N.E., and the Dive
Kingdom. Its first margraves were princes of the Baben- in the N.V. Soil very unequal in fertility; chief crops, all
berg family, who afterwards changed their title to that of  kinds of cereals, chestnuts, lint, hemp, and maize of inferior
Dukes, and continued to rule till the 13th century, when  quality. Fine horses, mules, and sheep are reared. The
the line became extinct. Vienna then came into the posses- chief mineral products are iron and lithographic stones, and
sion of Ottokar of Bohemia. By him it was greatly increased  the principal manufacture is that of arms and cutlery at
in extent, and improved in appearance; but in consequence  Chhtellera'ult. The department is divided into the arronof his refusal to acknowledge the election of the Emperor  dissements of Poitiors, Chltellerault, Civray, Loudun, and
Rudolph, was subjected to a six weeks' siege. Not long  Montmorillon. Capital, Poitiers.
after it passed, with Austria itself, to the house of Haps-   VIENNE, (anc. VFienna,) a town of France, the capital of
burg. In 1484, Matthias, King of Hungary, gained posses- an arrondissement in the department of Isse, 45 miles
sion of it. and made it the seat of his court. Under the  IY.N.W. of Grenoble, on the left bank of the Rhone, and one
Emperor Maximilian I. it became the capital, and has ever the railway from Lyons to Avignon; let. 450 33' N., lon. 40
since been the habitual residence of the head of the Aus- 541 E. Pop. in' 1852, 20,753. The town is situated between
trian family. Under Ferdinand I. a host of Turks, muster- the Rhone and the mountains, and is traversed by the river
ing 120,000 men, and 300 pieces of cannon, appeared before  G~re. It has a Gothic cathedral and numerous ancient re.
the walls, burned the suburbs, and battered down a great mains, a communal college, a tribunal of commerce, and
part of the city; but the defence, though conducted by only  manufactures of Woollen cloths, linens, silk. and paper. In
16,000 regular troops, and 4000 citizens, was so valiant that its vicinity are lead and silver mines; and near it, at Amthe Turks were forced to retire. Before the disasters which  puis, the celebrated wine, called Cbte-Rotie, is made. Vieinn:x
ihey had caused were repaired,'lie plague visited the city  was the capital of the Ailobroges; it became afterwards the
2039




VIE                                                        VIL
metropolis of Viennois. A council was held here in 1311,   VIGNALE, veen-yflhl, a market-town of th, Sardinian
which abolished the order of the Templars.                  States, Piedmont, 10 miles S. of CQale. Pop. 2189.
VIENNOIS, ve-6n'nwi, an ancient district of France,    VIGNANELLO, veen-yA-n6l'lo, a town of the Papal States,
which belonged to the former province of Dauphin6, and  8miles EE.S.E. of Viterbo,near Lago Maggiore. Pop. 1060.
had Vienne for its capital. It is now included in the de-   VIGNEMALE, a mountain of France. See PYRENEES.
partments of Drgme  and Isbre.                                VIGNOLA, veen-yo/la, a town of Naples, province of
VIEQUE, ve-Aikit, BIEQUE, be-.lkA, or CRAB ISLAND, a Basilicata, 5 miles S.W. of Potenza.  Pop. 4200.
British West India island, 9 miles E. of Porto Rico, and S.   VIGNOLA, a village of the duchy of Modena, on the
of Culebra. Lat. of E. point, 180 7' N., Ion. 650 34' W. Panaro, 11 miles S.S.E. of Modena.  Pop. 2200.
Length from W. to E., 18 miles; breadth, 4 miles. On its S.   VIGNOLO, veen-yollo, a village of the Sardinian States,
side are several small harbors.                             division and 5 miles S.W. of Coni, with a parish, an oratory,
VIERLANDE, fee n/lln'deh, a small territory of North  and a charitable endowment. Pop. 1309.
Germany, between the Elbe and Bille. S.E. of Hamburg,    VIGNONE, veen-yofnA, a village of Tuscany, province of
which city shares its sovereignty with Lubeck. It comprises  Sienna, 5 miles S.W. of Pienza, with chalybeate and sulphur.the four villages of Altengam, Curslack, Kirchwiirder, and  ous baths.
Neuengam. United pop. 6445.                                   VIGO, veesgo, (anc. Vilcus Spacoesum,) a seaport town of
VERLINGSBEEK, v6r/lings-baWk, a village of the Nether- Spain, province and 13 miles S.S.W. of Pontevedra.  Pop.
lands, province of North Brabant, 30 miles E.S.E. of Bois- 4167. It is enclosed by walls and a trench, and has an
le-Duc, near the Meuse. Pop. 806.                           excellent harbor, with deep water, close in shore. It has a
VIERNHEIM, feerunhime', a village of Hesse-Darmstadt,  lazaretto, a fortress, and export trade in wine, bacon, and
8 miles S.S.W. of Heppenheim. Pop. 2483.                    maize; and an active pilchard fishery. It was much injured
FIERRADEN, feeRsI{sdedn, a town of Prussia, province  by the attacks of the English under Drake in 1585 and 1589,
of Brandenburg, 25 miles S.S.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1646.      and in 1719 under Lord Cobham.
VIERSEN, feeR/sen, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles    FI/GO, a county in the W. part of Indiana, bordering on
W. of Dusseldorf, on the Niers. Pop. 3700.                  Illinois, contains 400 square miles. It is drained by the
IERIWALDSTATTERSE.E.          See LUCERNE, LAKE OF.       Wabash River. The surface is level or gently undulating,
VIERZON, ve-rsz6NGc/, a town of France, department of  and is mostly occupied by majestic forests and beautiful
Cher, on the Yevre, near its junction with the Cher, on a  prairies. The land, with small exceptions, is highly fertile
railway, 19 miles N.W. of Bourges. Pop. in 1852, 6730. It and well cultivated. The county contains rich mines of
has blast-furnaces and forges, steel refineries, manufactures  coal, and quarries of limestone and freestone. It is interof porcelain and earthenware.                               sected by the Wabash and Erie Canal, the Terre Haute and
VIESLY, ve-s'lee/, a town of France, department of  Richmond Railroad, the Evansville and Illinois Railroad,
Nord, 10 miles N.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 2715.                  and Alton and Terre Haute Railroad, meet at the county
VIESTI, ve-8s/tee, (anc. A4penesta?) a town of Naples, pro- seat. Organized in 1818, and named in honor of Colonel
vince of Capitanata, on the Adriatic, at the E. foot of Mount Francis Figo, a native of Sardinia, and a citizen of FincenGargano, 23 miles N.E. of iManfredonia. Pop. 5900. It is  nes. Capital, Terre tIaute.  Pop. 15,289.
enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a cathedral, convents,   VIGO, BAY OF, Spain, in Galicia, S. of that of Ponteveand bishop's palace.                                        dra, is about 20 miles in length by 5 miles across at its
VIETRI, ve-A/tree, a market-town of Naples, Principato  mouth, and contains the islands of Bayona and Estelas.
Citra, 1I miles W. of Salerno. Pop. 2400.                     VIGO, (Yeel/go,) LAKE, Russia, government of Olonets, 45
VIETRI, a market-town of Naples; province of Basilicata, miles N. of Lake Onega. Length, from S. to N., 45 miles;
15 miles W.S.W. of Potenza.  Pop. 2800.                     greatest breadth 35 miles. It is traversed throughout by the
FIETITA, a post-office of Grundy co., Illinois.           river Fig, which carries its surplus waters northward into
FIETZ, feets, a village of Prussia, province of Branden-  the White sea.
burg, 26 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 1525.                FIGOLENO, ve-go-lA/no, a village of Italy, Parma, 22 miles
VIEUX-CONDE, ve-uh/ k6a \dA, a town of France, depart- S.E. of Piacenza. Pop. 4267.
ment of Nord, 9 miles N. of Valenciennes. Pop. 4386.    ~       IGOLZONE, ve-gol-zo'nA, a village of Italy, Parma, 10
FIEUX-GENAPPEorFIEUXGENAPP, ve-uh/zheh-nipp/, miles S. of Piacenza. Pop. 3038.
("; Old Genappe,'") a village of Belgium, province of Brabant,    FIGONE, ve-go/nA, a market-town of the Sardinian States,
on the Dyle, 17 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 1199.            Piedmont, province and 9 miles E.S.E. of Pinerolo. P. 6203.
FIF, veef, a market-town of France, department of Is8re,    FIGTEN, vig/ten, IND, ind, MIEL, m~l, and YT, lit, three
8 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 2435.                 parallel islands lying close to each other in a S.W. and N.E.
FIG, veeg, a river of Russia, rises in the N. of the govern- direction off the W. coast of Norway; lat. (WV. extremity)
ment of Olonets, expands into a lake of the same name, 640 46' N., lon. 100 24' E.
flows about 170 miles, and falls into the White Sea. Its    FIGUERA, ve-gA/cr, a town of Spain, Old Castile, province
current is broken by several cataracts.                     and 13 miles S. of Logroflo.  Pop. 1366.
VIGAN, ve-ginf, a seaport town of the Philippines, on the    FIGUZZOLO, ve-goot/so-lo, a village of the Sardinian
N.W. coast of the island of Luzon, capital of a province, at States, Piedmont, 3 miles N.E. of Tortona. Pop. 2105.
the mouth of an arm of the Abra, with an important trade    FIHAR, a principality of IHindostan.  See Coocl-BAstAR.
chiefly in the hands of the Chinese. Pop. 17,225.             FIHIERS, veese-SI, a market-town of France, department
FIGAN, a commune of France, department of Lot, on  of MIaine-et-Loire, 23 miles W.S.W. of Saumur. Pop. 1505.
the Bloue, 3 miles E. of Gourdon. Pop. 1700.                  VIJAPARA, a town of Cashmere.  See BaIJBAAR.
VIGAN, LaE, lh vee'g8reat, a town of France, department    FIJAYANAGARA, a city of Hindostan. See BIJANAIna.
of Gard, on the Arre, an affluent of the lI{rault, 40 miles    FIJAYAPOOR, ve-ji-A-poor!, a town of Nepaul, 132 miles
W.N.W. ofNltmes. Pop. in 1852,4993. Ithas a communal  S.E. of Khatmandoo.
college, and manufactures of silk and cotton hosiery, cotton    FIJAYAPURA. See BEJAPOOR.
yarn, leather, paper, and glass.                              VIKKUR, a town of Sinde. See BUNDERa VAKKAAR.
VIGATTO, ve-gttto, (anic. Ficatulo?) a village of Italy,    VILAFAFELA, ve-ldi —f/l-fAl, a town of Spain, Leon, produchy and 6 miles S. of Parma. Pop. 4488.                   vince and 18 miles N.N.E. of Zamora. Pop. 1158.
FIGEAN, La, leh vee'zhlas/f, a village of France, depart-   FILAFAMES, ve-IS-f /mSs, a town of Spain, province and
ment of Vienne, 18 miles S.W. of Montmorillon.  Pop. 1300.  7 miles N.N.E. of Castellon de la Plana.
VIGEOIS, vee'zhwl/, a market-town of France, depart-   FILAGOS, veeWl6gosh/, a town of S.E. Hungary, county
ment of Corrlze, near the FVzbre, 14 miles N.W. of Tulle. and 15 miles N.E. of Arad. Pop. 6186.
Pop. 2388.                                                    FILAINE, vee'lain/, (anc. Herius,'Ficinovia ) a river of
VIGEVANO, ve-jA/vA-no, a town of the Sardinian States, France, rises in the department of Mayenne, flows W., past
province of Lomellina, on the Mora, near the Ticino, 15 miles  Vitr6 to Rennes, where it receives the Ille from the N., and
S.S.E. of Novara. Pop. 15,221. Ithas a cathedral, abishop's thence has a S.S.WV. course, past Redon and La Roche Eerpalace, and manufactmures of silk-stuffs, hats, soap, and  nard, to the Atlantic at Penerf, department of Morbihan.
macaroni.                                                   Total course 130 miles, for the last 80 of which it is navigable.
FIOGGIANELLO, vid-j,{-nui/lo, a market-town of Naples, The tide rises in it as high as Redon, where it receives the
province of Basilicata, 20 miles S.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 4S80. Oust. Principal affluents, the Ille and Oust from  the N.
FIGGIANO, vid-jA/no, a market-town of Naples, province  and W.; the Cher, Don, and Isae from the E. With the
of Basilicata, 9 miles S.E. of Marsico-Nuovo.  Pop. 5800. It Ille, it gives name to the department in which its upper
has manufactures of woollens, soap, and wax candles.       course chiefly lies.
FIGGIU, vid-joeol, or FIGIU, vee-jool, a village of Austrian    VILALLONGA, ve-ll-yonl/gA, a village of Spain, Catalonia,
Italy, province and 21 miles W. of Como, with fine marble province and about 7 miles from Tarragona. Pop. 1121.
quarries. Pop. 2100.                                        5VILASECA, ve-lh-sAJkA, a town of Spain, province and 7
FIGIA, ve-zhee/A, or SAO-JORJE-DOS-ALAMOS, s6wNGa miles S.W. of Tarragona, near the Mediterranean.  P. 3364.
zhor/zhA dose 91l,-moce, a town of Brazil, province and 50    FILBEL, fillbel, a town of Germany, Ilesse-Darmstadt,
miles N. of ParS, on the estuary of the Pard River. Pop. of  province of Ober-Ilessen, on the Nidda, 5 miles N.E. of
the district, 10,000. It has an export trade in fine coffee, Frankfort-on-the-Main, with which it is connected by railgrown in its vicinity.                                     way. Pop. 2042.
VIGIPARA. See BIJBAna.  Fr ~ILCABAMBA. veel-kl-bh{m/bA, YUCA~, yoo-ki/, or QUIVIGNACOURT, veen'y.`koor/, a village of France, depart-  LABAMBA, ke-lA-hbAm/bA, a rivet- of Peru, flows N.E., and
lment of Somme, 11 miles from Amiens.  Pop. 3851.          joins the Apurimac to form the Ucayale.
2040




VIL                                                        VIL
VILCANOTA, veel-kan-yofti, a river of Peru, tributary to  sinftg mi-reelA dRl preenrse-pA, a considerable town of Cuba,
the Ucaya.e.                                               140 miles N.W. of Santiago de Cuba. Pop. 30,000?
VILCANOTA, a great mountain knot of the Andes, near    VILLA DEL RIO, veelly4 dil reefo, a town of Spain, prolat. 140 30' S., on which perpetual snow lies at the elevation  vince and 28 miles E.N.E. of Cordova. Pop. 3368.
of 15,800 feet.                                              VILLA DIEGO, veel/y` de-fgo, a town of Spain, province
VILCI-IES, veelchls, a town of Spain, province and 31  and 16 miles N.W. of Burgos. Pop. 896.
miles N.N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 1837. It has an ancient castle.   VILLA-DI-TIRANO, vil`l{ dee te-r;no, a village of AusThere are mines and quarries in its vicinity.              trian Italy, province and 12 miles N.E. of Sondrio, at the
VILEIKA, ve-lAk`, or VILEIKI, ve-llkee, a town of  confluence of the Poschiavino with the Adda, here crossed
Russia, government and 50 miles N.N.W. of.insk. on the by a handsome bridge. It has a parish church, and a conVilna. Pop. 1800, mostly Jews. In 1831, the Poles were siderable transit trade. Pop. 3468.
defeated here by the Russians.                               VILLA DI VILLA, vil/14 dee vil'lh, a village of Austrian
VILIA or WVILIA, veefle-`{, a river of Russian Poland, Italy, government of Venice, delegation of Padua, 4 miles
governments of Minsk and Vilna, flows W., and joins the  S.E. of Este. Pop. 2200.
Niemen at Kovno. Total course 250 miles.                     VILLA-DO-BISPO, veel/1l do bees/po, a town and parish
VILI00I, VILIOUI or VILIUI, ville-oole, written also  of Portugal, province of Douro, 20 miles from Oporto. P. 1380.
BILIUI, a river of Siberia, government of Yakootsk, flows    VILLA DO CONDE, veel/l9 do konidA, a maritime town
easterly, and falls into the Lena at Oost Viliooisk. Length  of Portugal, province of Minho, at the mouth of the Rio
about 700 miles.                                           d'Este, 15 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 3100. Many coasting
VILIOOISK, OosT, or OUST VILIOUISK, oost ve-le-oo'isk, a  and larger vessels are built here, and it has a fishing and
town of East Siberia, government and 180 miles N.N.WV. of  coasting trade.
Yakootsk, at the junction of the Viliool with the Lena; Sat.   VILLA DO FORTE, a town of Brazil. See FoRTALEZA.
630 251' N., lon. 1250 35' E.                                VILLA DO PRINCIPE, veelfl` do preentse-pA, now called
VILTIUI, a river of Siberia. See ViLiooI.                SERRO, sI/;o, a town of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes,
VILJEVO, vil-y.Avo, a village of Austrian Slavonia, co. capital of a comarca, 130 miles N.N.E. of Ouro Preto. P.4000.
of Verocze, about 16 miles from Siklos.                      VILLA DO PRINCIPE, a town of Brazil, province of Sao
VILKOMEER, VILKOMIIR, vil'ko-meerf, or WILKO-  Paulo, 60 miles S.W. of Curitiba.
MIERZ, *il-kom/e-aiRzh, a town of Russian Poland, govern-   VILLA DO RIO PARDO, veel/lA do reelo paR/do, a town
ment and 50 miles N.N.W. of Vilna, on the Svitsa. Pop. of Brazil, province of Sio Pedro do Sul, on the Jacuhy, at
5000. It has several churches and schools.                 the influx of the Pardo, 80 miles W. of Porto-Alegre. Pop.,
VILLA-ALBESE, vil/l` al-b,/sA, avillage of Austrian Italy, with district, 5000.
province and 6 miles S. of Como. Pop. 1489.                  VILLA DOSE, vil{ia do/sAt, a town of Northern Italy, 5
VILLA ALFONSINA, vilfla a1-fon-seetnA, a town of Naples, miles E. of Rovigo, on the Adigetto. Pop. 2000.
province of Abruzzo Citra, 8 miles N.W. of Il-Vasto.         VILLAESCUSA-DE-HARO, veel-yA,-s-koossA dA hA/ro, a
VILLA ALPANDO, veellyA Al-pan/do, a town of Spain, 31  town of Spain, New Castile, 35 miles from Cuenca. P. 1356.
miles N.E. of Zamora. Pop. 2460.                             VILLA FALETTO, vilfl fA-litlto, a town of the Sardinian
VILLA BANEZ, veel/yA bA-nlth;, a town of Spain, province  States, Piedmont, 10 miles N. of Coni, on the Maria. P. 3790.
and 8 miles E.N.E. of Valladolid.                            VILLAFAMIES, veel-ya-f/mls, a walled town of Spain,
VILLA BARTOLOMEA, villA baR-to-lo-mAIA, a town of  Valencia, province and 10 miles from Castellon de la Plana,
Austrian Italy, government of Venice, on the right bank of  on the Monleon. Pop. 1973.
the Adige, 32 miles S.E. of Legnago.  Pop. 2300, chiefly    VILLA FELICHE, veel/y, fA-lee/chA, a town of Spain, proengaged in the culture of rice.                            vince of Saragossa, 16 miles S.E. of Calatayud. It has mannuVILLA BASILICA, vil/lA bA-sil/e-ki, a village of Tuscany, factures of gunpowder and porcelain.
duchy of Lucca, about 4 miles from Pescia. Pop. 6851.        VILLA-FLOR, veel/l1  fi6R, a market-town of Portugal,
VILLA-BELLA, a town of Brazil. See MATro-G-osS.         province of Tras-os-Montes, 11 miles N.W. of Torre-de-MonVILLA-BELLA-DA-PRINCEZA, veel/l` b811/I dA preen-sA/- corvo. It is enclosed by walls, entered by four gates, and
za, (or PRINCESSA, preen-sasesa,) a town of Brazil, on the N. encircled by almond groves.
part of the island of Sao Sebastbo, province and 85 miles E.    VILLA-FLORE, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do
of Sbo Paulo, with a commodious and secure harbor. P. 3000. Norte, 30 miles S.E. of Natal. Pop. 2500.
VILLA-BIANCA, villAh be-An/kA, a town of Sicily, 13 miles   VILLAFRANCA.  See VILLEFRANOIE.
W.S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 2500.                                ViLLA-FRANCA, vil/la frnbu/A, or VILLA LEALE, villVILLA-BOA, a town of Brazil. See GoYAz.                  11 b1YlA, a town of Italy, duchy of Modena, in a plain near
VILLA-BOA-DE-RODA, veel/lA bolt dA ro/dA, a town and  the Magra, about 9 miles from Pontremoli.  Pop. 3212.
parish of Portugal, province of MlIinho, comarca of Gusi-   VILLAFRANCA, a town of Austrian Italy, 9 miles S.W.
marbes. Pop. 1108.                                         of Verona, on the left bank of the Tartaro. It has a fine
VILLA-CANAS, veel/y, kAn/yls, a town of Spain, province  castle of the 14th century.
and 43 miles S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 3745.                      VILLAFRANCA, a seaport town of the Sardinian States,
VILLA-CAPELLO, vil/lA kA-p8l/lo, a town of Naples, pro-  province and 2 miles E. of Nice, with a good harbor on the
vince of Abruzzo Citra, 2 miles S.W. af II-Vasto. Pop. 1500. Mediterranean. Pop. 2974. Its ports and dockyards are in
VILLA-CARILLO, veel/yA kBA-reel/yo, a town of Spain,  a good condition; and it has an active tunny fishery, and a
province and 42 miles N.E. of Jaen, between the rivers Gua-  trade in oranges, lemons, silk, wine, corn and hemp.
dalquivir and Guadalimar. Pop. 4660.                         VILLAFRANCA, a town of Sicily, 25 miles N.W. of
VILLA-CASTIN, veel/yA kls-teeut/, a town of Spain, pro- Girgenti. Pop. 2500.
vince and 21 miles W.S.W. of Segovia. Pop. 802.              VILLAFRANCA, vil-lA —frng/kA, a town of Spain, NaVILLACE, veel-yAtthi, a town of Spain, province and 5  varre, province and 36 miles S.W. of Pamplona, on the Ara,
miles from Leon. Pop. 1350.                                gon. Pop. 2762.
VILLACII, vil/lAXK, (Illyrian Bela/, bA/liAk,) a town of    VILLAFRANCA. a town of Spain, province of Teruel, on
Illyria, Carinthia, 52 miles N.W. of Laybach. on the Drave,  the Jiloca, 32 miles S. of I)Daroca.
near the influx of the Gail. Pop. 2487. It is defended by a    VILLAFRANCA, a market-town of Spain, province and
strong castle, and is the principal entreptt for the pro- 29 miles W. of Avila.
ducts of the Carinthian mining districts, and has numerous    VILLAFRANCA, a town of Spain, province of Guipuzcoa,
forges, marble quarries, copper and lead mines, and a brisk  20 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. It is walled, and entered by
transit trade between Germany and Italy.                   4 gates, and has a large annual fair.
VILLA-CIDRO, vil/IA chee/dro, a town of Sardinia, divi-   VILLA FRANCA, veel/lA fring/kA, a town on the S. coast
sion and 26 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 5944.             of the island of St. Michael, Azores, 14 miles E. of Ponta
VILLADA, veel-yAr/A, a market-town of Spain, province  Delgada. Pop. 3000.
and 27 miles N.W. of Palencia, on tlhe Sequilla. Pop. 2950.    VILLA FRANCA, veelliA frlng/kA, a town of Brazil, proVILLA-D'ADDA, villAt dfid/dA, a village of Austrian Italy, vince of Pard, near the Amazon, 20 miles S.W. of Santarem.
on the Adda, with a parish church and a trade in silk and  Pop. 4000.
wine. Pop. 2081.                                             VILLA-FRANCA, veel/yA frlng/kA, a small town of ParaVILLADEATI, vil-!i-dA-A/tee, a village of the Sardinian  guay, on the left bank of the Paraguay, 30 miles below AsStates, division of Alessandria, province and 12 miles W. of sumption.
Casale.  Pop. 2149.                                          VILLAFRANCA DE LA MARISMA, veellyA-frAng/kA dl I1
VILLADECANES, veel-yA-dA-kAn4s, a village of Spain, mt-rees/mA, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles S. of
province and 60 miles from Leon. Pop. 1071.                Seville. Pop. 3527.
VILLA-DE-FRADES, veel'l, dA fri/d~s, a town of Portugal,   VILLAFRANCA DE LAS ABUJAS, veel-yA-fir'ng'kA dA lAs
province of Algarve, 18 miles N.N.E. of Beja. Pop. 1340.    A-Boo;/ns, a town of Spain, province and 12 miles E.N.E. of
VILLA-DE-IGREJA, veelt/i de-grlzhab- a village of Portu- Cordova, on the Guadalquivir.  Pop. 3596.
gal, province of Beira Alta, 12 miles S.S.W. of Viseu. P. 1260.   VILLAFRANCA-DE-LA-SIERRA, veel-ya-frAng/kA d_  lA
VILLA DEL FUERTE, veellyA d~l fwl/ltl, a town of the  se-la/uA, a town of Spain, Old Castile, province and 22 miles
Mexican Confederation, state and 75 miles N. of Cinaloa, on  W. of Avila. Pop. 1119.
the Riodel Fuerte.   Pop. 5000. Though badlysituated, it is    VILLAFRANCA-DEL-CID, veel-yA-frlngfkA dl theem:  a
a commercial depOt for goods passing to and from Gunaymas,  town of Spain, Valencia, province and 38 miles N.W. of
and it is the seat of most of the chief authorities of the state. Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1189.
VILLA, veellyA, (or SANTA MARIA,) DEL PRINCIPE,    VILLA{FRANCA DE LOS BARIROS, veelly-fring/ka dl loce
2041




VIL                                                       VIL
ban/raoce, a town of Spain, province of Badajos, 20 miles   YILLALVA-DEL-ACOR, veel-yll/v  d1  [-koln, a village
S.W. of Merida. Pop. 5887.                                 of Spain, Andalusia, province and 25 miles E.N.E. of Iuelva,
VILLAFRANCA DE LOS CABALLEROS, veel-yA-fring/kit  with a Gothic parish church, which formerly belonged to
d& loce k'-nBl-yAl/roce, a townof Spain, province of Toledo, 8  the Templars, and was erected on the site of an ancient
miles N.W. of Alcazar de San Juan.                         temple of Juno. Pop. 2362.,
VILLAFRANCA DEL VIERZO, veel-y[-frlng/k& dil ve-In-   VILLALVA-IEL-REY, veel-yil/vA d~l ri, a town of Spain,
the, a town of Spain, province of Leon, 9 miles W.N.W. of  New Castile, province and 26 miles firom Cuenca. Pop. 1149.
Ponferrada, on the Burbia. Pop. 2996. It has a Franciscan    VILLA MAGNA, vil/l  mAnl/y, a town of Naples, province
convent, superior school, and a trade in wine.             of Abruzzo Citra, on a steep height, 3 miles S.E. of Chieti
VILLAFRANCA DE MONTES DE OCA, veel-y.-frinogki  Pop. 2000.
dl mon/tis dA o'ki, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles    VILLAMALEA, veel-yi-mna-l1li, a town of Spain. Murcia,
E. of Burgos, at the N.E. foot of the Sierra-Oca.          28 miles from Albacete, near the Cabriel. Pop. 1848.
VILLAFRANCA DE PANADES, veel-yi-fi'~ng/k  dl p[-   VILLAMANANAN,  veel-yi-min-yln/, a town of Spain, pro.
nD/Dos, a town of. Spain, province and 27 miles N.E. of  vince and 16 miles S. of Leon, near the Esla. Pop. 1951.
Tarragona, and W. of Barcelona. Pop. 5516. It is enclosed by    VILLAMANRIQUE, veel-yi-min-ree/k'l, a town of Spain,
walls, and has manufactures of cottons, leather, and brandy.  province and 18 miles S.W. of Seville. Pop. 2280.
VILLAFRANCA DE XIRA, veel-li-fring/ki dA shee/ri,'a    VILLAMANR IQiJE, a town of Spain, province of Ciudad
town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, on the right Real, 13 miles S. of Villanueva de los Infantes. Pop. 1100.
bank of the Tagus, 20 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 4900. It   VILLAMANRIQUE-DE-TAJ0,          veel-yi-min-ree/kl  dl t/lis the residence of a military governor, and has salt works, no, a town of Spain, province of Madrid, on the Tagus, 20
and an active general trade. It was founded and named  miles N.E. of Ocaila.
Cornualla (or Cornwall) by the English settlers in 1160.     VILLAMAR, a village of Sardinia. See MARA-ARBAREI.
VILLAFRANCA DI PIEMONTE, vil-li-fring/ki dee pe-'-   VILLA MARIA, veel/li mi-reefi, a small town of Brazil,
monult, a town of the Sardinian States, division and 20  province of Matto-Grosso, on the Paraguay, 100 miles W.S.W.
miles S.S.W. of Turin. Pop. 8572.                          of Cuyaba. Pop. 1000.
VILLAFRANCA-DO-IMPERADOR, Brazil. See FRANcA.              VILLA-MARTIN, veel/y. maa-teenl, a town of Spain, proVILLA FRATI, vil/li fri/tee, a town of Sicily, 16 miles vince and 43 miles S.E. of Seville, on the Guadalete. P. 2740.
S.S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 2000.                                VILLA MASSARGIA, vil/li mis-sanRlj,(?) a town on the
VILLAFRECIIOS, veel-yi-frl/choce, a town of Spain, Leon, island of Sardinia, division of Cagliari, 5 miles S.E. of Igleprovince and 33 miles N.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 1314.       sias. Pop. 1496.
VILLAGARCIA, veel-yi-gaR-thee/l, a market-town  of    VILLAMAYOR-DE-CAMPOS, veel-ya-mi-oa/ dl kimlpoce,
Spain, province of Badajos, 3 miles N. ofLierena. Pop. 2000. a town of Spain, Leon, province and about 40 miles N.W.
VILLAGARCIA, a market-town of Spain, province of  of Valladolid, near the Valderaduey. Pop. 1304.
Pontevedra, 20 miles N. of Vigo, on the S. coast of the bay    VILLAMAYOR DE SANTIAGO. veel-yi-mi-oa/ di s'in-te.
of Arosea, on which it has a small harbor. Pop. 1443.      i/go, a town of Spain, 46 miles W. of Cuenca. Pop. 2512.
VILLAGARCIA, a market-town of Spain, province of    VILLAMIAYOR-DICALATR AVA, veel-yi-mi-oa' dee lkCuenca, 7 miles E.N.E. of Tarazona.                        li-trt/vi, a town of Spain, New Castile, province and 12
VILLAGARCIA, a market-town of Spain, province and 30  miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Real.  Pop. 1115.
miles W.N.W. of Valladolid. Pop..1859.                       VILLAMEDIANA, veel-yi&-mt-ne-t/ni, a town of Spain,
VIL/LAGE, a township in Jackson co., Arkansas. P. 782. Leon, province and 9 miles S. of Palencia. Pop. 1219.
VILLAGE, a village in Wapello co., Iowa, 80 miles S.W.   VILLAMIIEL, veel-yii-me-il/, a town of Spain, Estremadura,
of Iowa City.                                              province and 55 miles f-om Caceres;
VILLAGE GREEN, a post-village of Delaware co., Penn-   VILLAMIONT/, a township of Arkansas co., Arkansas.
sylvania, 4 miles W.N.W. of Chester.                       Pop. 162.
VILLAGE SPRINGS. a post-office of Blount co., Alabama.   VILLAMOR-DE-LOS-ESCUDEROS, veel-yi-maR/ di loco
VILLAGONZALO, veel-yi-gon-thatlo, a town of Spain, Is-koo-Dl/roce, a town of Spain, leon, province and 21 miles
Estremadura, about 36 miles from Badajos, near the Guadi- S.E. of Zamora. Pop. 1008.
ana. Pop. 1120.                                              VILLANOVA, vil-l-nolvi. a village of Sardinia, division
VILLAGORI   A DE GABRIEL, veel-yi-gooldi di gg-sre-ll1, and 15 miles S.S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3676.
a town of Spain, province and 50 miles S.E. of Cuenca.       VIL'LANO/VA, a post-township of Chautauque co., New
VILLAGORDA BE JUCAR, veel-yi-gon/di dl Hoo-kanl, a  York, 15 miles E.S.E. of Bunkirk. Pop. 1536.
town of Spain, province of Albacete, on the Jucar, 5 miles   VILLA-NOVA, veel/li no/vi, or VILLA-VISTOSA-DAS.W. of Tarazona. Pop. 1422.                              MADRE-DE-DIOS, veel/l vees-to/si di mA/dr.1 dl deeloce, a
VILLAGRASA, veel-yi-gri'si, a town of Spain, province  town of Brazil, province and 200 miles W.N.W. of Part.
of Lerida, 7 miles WV. of Cervera.                           VILLANOVA, veel-li-no/vd, a village of Brazil, province
VILLAHERMOSA, veel-yi-a-mo/si, a town of Spain, of Santa Catherine, on the N. shore of La Laguna, (a lagoon
province and 48 miles E.S.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2600.    near 20 miles long,) 60 miles S. of Desterro. It has a harbor,
VILLAIIERMOSA, veel-y-ln-molsi, (i. e. " beautiful and is advantangeously situated for trade and manufactures
town,") a town of the Mexican Confederation, state of Ta- of linen, from flax extensively cultivated on a large scale in
basco, on the Grijalva, 50 miles N. of Chiapas.            the vicinity.
VILLAINE-LA-JUHEL, vee'yAn' II zhtil/, a market-town    VILLANOVA, a town of Brazil, province and 12 miles
of Prance, department of Mayenne, 29 miles N.E. of Leval. N.E. of Rio Janeiro, near the Macu. The inhabitants are
Pop. in 1852, 2623.                                        partly brancos (" whites") and partly Indians. Pop. 2000.
VILLAJOYOSA,. veel-yi-no-yofsi, a maritime town of    VILLANOVA DA CERVEIRA, voel-li-nolvi di sin-v/e-;t,
Spain, province and 20 miles N.E. of Alicante, on the Medi- a town of Portugal, p-ovince of Minho, 5 miles S.W. of Vaterranean, on which it has a harbor, and some docks for lenea. Pop. 1100. It ii a frontier fortress opposite Galicia.
building vessels. Pop. 8087.                                 VILLANOVA DA RAINHA, veel-li-no/v  di ra-eenr/yi, a
VILTLAJUAN, a town of Spain. See SosnBAN.               town of Portugal, province of Estremadura, near the Tagus,
VILLALBA, veel-yil/bh, numerous market-towns of Spain, 5 miles E. of Alemquer.
the principal being in the province and 35 miles S.E. of Ba-   VILLANOVA DA RAINHA, veel-li-no/vi di rg-eenlyi, a
dajos. Pop. 1630.                                         town of Brazil, in the interior of the province of Bahia, 120
VILLALBA, a town of Spain, Catalonia, province and 45  miles N. of Jacobine. Pop. 2000.
miles from Tarragona. Pop. 1323.                             VILLANOVA DA RAINIIA, a town of Brazil, province
VILLALBA, vil-llbi, a town of Sicily, and not far from  of Par&, at the confluence of the Manhe and Canoma with
Caltanisetta. Pop. 1400.                                  the Amazon, in a rich district.
VILLALON, veel-yi-ln/, a town of Spain, province and    VILLANOVA DA RAINHA, a town ofBrazil. See CAHETE.
32 miles N.W. of Valladolid, having 3 parish churches. Pop.   VILLA-NOVA-DE-FOZ-COA, veel/l no/vi dl foez koi, a
4674, partly employed as muleteers, or engaged in making  town and parish of Portugal, province of Beira Alta, near
cheeses, highly esteemed at Mladrid.                      the Coa, where it joins the Douro, 8 miles S.S.W. of TorreVILLALONGA, veel-yi-long/gi,, a town of Spain, Valencia, de-Moncorvo. Pop. 2700.
province and 40 miles N. of Alicante, on the Alcoy. P. 1598.   VILLANOVA DE IILFONTES, veel-li-no/vi dt meel-fonlVILLALPANDO, veel-yil-pinldo, a village of Spain, Old  tis, a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, on the Barra
Castile, province and 42 miles N.N.W. of Valladolid, on the  de Odemifa, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 32 miles WV. of
Valderaduey. Pop. 2500.                                   Ourique.
VILLALPANDOS, veel-yil-pin/doce, a town of Spain, pro-   VILLANOVA DE PORTIbIAO, veel-l-no/vi di pon-tew'nce and 30 miles N.E. of Zamora. Pop. 2460. It was m16wNcl, a town of Portugal, province of Algarve, with a
formerly en important city.                               harbour at the mouth of the Silves, 10 miles E.N.E. of Lagos..VILLALPAND OS, veel-yAl-pin/doce, a rich mine of Mex- Pop. 3500.
ice, adjacent to Guanajuato.                                VILLANOVA DE PORTO, veel-li-no/vi dA pot/to, a town
VILLALU ENGA-DE-LA-SAGRA, veel-yi-lwln'gi dlIi sti- of Portugal, province of Minho, on the Douro, opposite
gri, a town of Spain, New Castile, province and about 14  Oporto, of which it is a suburb. It has active ship-building-;
miles E. of Toledo. Pop. 1000.                            and Oporto wines, destined for England, are warehoused
VILLALUENGA-DEL-ROSARIO, veel-y,-lwln/gA dcl ro- here.
si're-o, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 60 miles    VILLANOVA DE SAN ANTONIO, veel-l1-nolvi di sIn
from Cadiz. Pop. 1622.                                    in-to/ne-o, a town of Brazil, province of Sergipe, on the righi
2042
-.




VIL                                                        VIL
bank of the San Francisco, 20 miles N. of the Atlantic.   VILLANUOVA, a town of the Sardinian States, division
Pop. 4000.                                                 of Genoa, province and 4 miles W. of Albenga. Pop. 1148.
VILLANOVA DE SAO LUIS, Brazil. See GUARATUBA.              VILLANUOVA D'ASTI, vil-la-noo-olvt dasltee, a town of
VILLANOVA DE SOUZA, veel-l&-uo/vA dA sd/z&, a town  Italy, Piedmont, province and 13 miles W.N.W. of Asti.
of Brazil, province and 280 miles W. of Parahiba. Pop. 5000. Pop. 3121.
VILLANOVA DO PRINCIPE, veel-la-nolv, do preentse-pA,   VILLANUOVA DI MIONDOVI, vil-1[-nwo/v/ dee mon-do.
a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, 50 miles W.S.W. of Rio  veer, a town of Italy, Piedmont, province and 5 miles S.W.
de Contas. Pop. 2000.                                      of Mondovi. Pop. 3623.
VILLANOVA DO PRINCIPE, a town of Brazil, province   VILLA PIEDIMONTE, LA, 1 viTllhi pe-A-dee-mon/tA, a town
of Rio Grande do Norte, on the Serido, 150 miles W.S.W. of  of Naples, province of Terra di Lavoro. Pop. 1360.
Natal. Pop. 3000.                                            VILLA PONCA DE AGUIAR, veel'l  ponlka dA A.ghe-aa?,
VILLANOVA SOLAIRO, vil-M1-nolvA so-lVro, a village of  a town and parish of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Mlontes.
the Sardinian States, division of Coni, province and 8 miles 33 miles E. by' N. of Braga. Pop. 1360.
N.N.E. of Saluzzo, on the Vraita. Pop. 1676.                 VILLA PUZZU, vil/IS poet-sooee, a market-town of the
VILILANOW. a post-office of Walker co., Georgia, 205 miles island of Sardinia, 30 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2151.
N.W. of Milledgeville.                                       VILLAR ALMESE, vil-laR!  l-mAtsA, a village of the SarVILLANTERIO, vil-.1n-tlfre-o, a market-town of Austrian  dinian States, division of Turin, province of Susa. P. 1261.
Italy, 10 miles E.N.E. of Pavia. Pop. 2000.                  VILLARAMIIL, veel-y4-r-me-6l1,    a market-town of Spain,
VILLANUEVA DE ALCOLEA, veel-yA-nwlvA di Al-Io- k province of Palencia, near the Sequillo, 27 miles N. of Val1A32, a town of Spain, Valencia, province and 17 miles from  ladolid.
Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1071.                            VILLARASA, veel-yg-ra'sA, a village of Spain, Andalusia,
VILLANUEVA DE ALGAIDAS, veel-yA-nwvA & 4 l1-ghpl-  province and 20 miles N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 2011.
Das, a village of Spain, Andalusia, 35 miles N. of Malaga.   VILLARBASSA, vil-laitblstsa, a village of the Sardinian
Pop. 2162.                                                 States, division of Turin, near Rivoli. Pop. 1116.
VILLANUEVA DE CARDENAS, veel-y9-nwAlv[ di kant-   VILLAR BOBBI0, vil-larl bobtbe-o, a village of the Sardidi-nAs, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 35 miles nian States, Piedmont, province and 11 miles S.W. of Pinerolo.
from Cordova. Pop. 1388.                                   Pop. 2393.
VILLANUEVA DE CORDOVA, veel-y[-nwltv[ dA koif-   VILLARD, veellyanr, a village of the Sardinian States,
do-vA, (or DE LA JARA, d- 1A n/lr,,) a town of Spain, pro- province of Upper Savoy, 3 miles W. of Beaufort. Pop. 1140.
vince and 40 miles N.N.E. of Cordova, on the S. slope of the    VILLAR DE CANAS, veel-yanl dA kI'nus, a town of Spain,
Sierra Morena. Pop. 6572, who trade in cattle and hogs.    New Castile, province and 24 miles from Cuenca, near the
VILLANUEVA DE GALLEGO, veel-yv-nw/vlvi di gpl-y41-    Zancara. Pop. 1439.
go, a town of Spain, province and 6 miles N. of Saragossa, on    VILLAR DE CIERVOS, veel-yan! dA the-[lavoce, a town
the Gallego. Servetus was horn here in 1509.               of Spain, Leon, province and N.W. of Zamora. Pop. 1020.
VILLANUEVA  DE LA FUENTE, veel-yA-nw1v4 di 14    VILLARD DE LANS, vee'yaa! dph 18NGI, a market-town of
fwnatA, a town of Spain, province and 56 miles E.S.E. of Prance, department of ISBre, near the Bourne, 11 miles
Ciudad-Real. Pop. 2070.                                    S.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 2597.
VILLANUEVA DE LA JARA, veel-y9-nw/lv[ di 14 O/rA,   VILLAR DEL ARZOBISPO, veel-yaz! dl An-tho-beestpo, or
a town of Spain, province and 42 miles S.S.E. of Cuenca. VILLAR DE BENADUF, veel-yarn di bi-ni-doofl, a village
Pop. 2502.                                                 of Spain, province and 24 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2191.
VILLANUEVA DE LA REINA, veel-yA-nwAtv[ dA 14 rA-   VILLAR DEL RIEY, veel-yan!  dpl rA, a market-town of
eetng, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles N.W. of Jaen. Spain, province and 21 miles N. of Badajos. Pop. 2000.
Pop. 1748. It has a trade in fruit and grain.                VILLAR DE SAN ANTONIO, veel-yan! dA skn 4n-tolne-o,
VILLANUEVA DEL ARISCAL, veel-yA-nwAvl dii 4-rees- a town of Spain, province of Algarve, 11 miles N.E. of Takal, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 7 miles from  vira, at the mouth of the Guadiana. It is fortified seaward,
Seville. Pop. 1370.                                        and has 1750 inhabitants.
VILLANUEVA DEL ARZOBISPO, veel-y-nwAvA d11 an-   VILLA REAL, veellya rA-Ilt, (i.e., "Royal Town,") a town
tho-beesspo, a town of Spain, province and 50 miles N.E. of  of Spain, province and 5 miles S.S.W. of Castellon de la
Jaen, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3624.                      Plana, on the Mijares, 4 miles from the Mediterranean. Pop.
VILLANUEVA  DE LA SERENA, veel-y9-nwA/vA dA 1l  8207. It is enclosed by ruined walls, entered by 4 gates,
sa-rAln4, a town of Spain, near the Guadiana, province and  and has manufactories of woollen fabrics and tape, and
58 miles E. of Badajos. Pop. 8980.                         brandy distilleries.
VILLANUEVA DE LA SIERRA, veel-yt-nw4/v  diA 1              VILLAREAL, veelll-r.4-ll, a town of Portugal, province
se-inIr, a town of Spain, province and 68 miles N.E. of of Tras-os-Montes, capital of a comarca, on the Corgo, 14
Caceres. Pop. 1500.                                        miles N. of Lamego. Pop. 4500.
VILLANUEVA DE LA VERA, veel-yA-nwAlv4 dA 14 vAlr4,   VILLA REAL DE CONCEPCION, veelly4 rI-,li dI kona town of Spain, province of Cdceres, 42 miles E. Of Pla- thWp-the-Ont, a town of South America, republic of Paraguay,
sencia. Pop. 1750.                                         on the river Paraguay, 130 miles N.N.E. of Assumption.
VILLANUEVA DEL CAMPO, veel-yA-nwlv4 dl1 klmlpo, Pop. 4000. It is the depot to which the yerba 9nati, or
a market-town of Spain, province and 8 miles W. of Leon, Paraguay tea, is brought from the forests eastward in transit
with a larae annual fair.                                  to Assumption.
VILLANUEVA DEL CARDETE, veel-y4-nwAltv  dl kan-   VILLAREGGIA, vil-la-rld!j4, a village of the Sardinian
dOttA, a town of Spain, province and 56 miles E.S.E. of  States, division of Turin, province and about 10 miles S.S.E.
Toledo. Pop. 2156.                                         of Ivrea. Pop. 1377.
VILLANUEVA DEL FRESNO, veel-y4-nwIvA d[l frlstno,   VILLAREJO DE FUENTES, veel-y4-rtno di fwivnltls, a
a town of Spain, near the frontier of Portugal, province and  town of Spain, province and 37 miles S.WV. of Cuenca. Pop.
30 miles S.S.W. of Badajos.  Pop. 2122.                    2600.
VILLANUEVA DE LOS CASTILLEJOS,veelky4-nw1Yv  dA    VILLAREJO DE SALVANES, veel-y-rAlrHo dA sel-v[ln~s,
loce kls-teel-yAlnoce, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles a town of Spain, province and 26 miles S.E. of Madrid, beN.W. of Huelva. P. 2996, engaged in a trade with Portugal. tween the Tagus and Tajuila. Pop. 2700, who manufacture
VILLANUEVA DE LOS INFANTES, veel-y4-nwAlwv  dA  rush wares, and trade in wines.
loce in-fAn/tts, a town of Spain, province and 51 miles E.S.E.   VILLARES, Los, loce veel-y/lrls, a village of Spain, AnofCindad-Real, near the Jabalon. Pop. 4975. It is agreeably  dalusia, province and 5 miles S. of Jaen. Near it are quarsituated. It has several fountains and an hospital; in the  ries of limestone and gypsum. Pop. 1968.
neighborhood are several springs and copper-mines.           VILLARES DE ORBIGO, veel-ya[ris di oR-beetgo, a vilVILLANUEVA DEL RIO. veel-yA-nwAtv4 dil reelo, a town  lage of Spain, province and 18 miles from Leon. Pop. 1075.
of Spain, province and 15 miles from Murcia, on the Segura.   VILLAR FkOCCHIARDO, vil-larn fok-ke-antdo, a village of
Pop. 1499.                                                 the Sardinian States, province and 9 miles E. of Susa, on the
VILLANUEVA DEL ROSARIO, veel ty-nwltvl d~l ro-sel- Dora-Ripaira. Pop. 2120.
re-o, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and about 20    VILLARGORDO, veel-yan-gonitdo, a village of Spain, promiles from Malaga. Pop. 1547.                              vince and 12 miles N.E. of Jaen, on the Guadalquivir.
VILLANUEVA  DE SAN JUAN, veel-y-nwAm/vA di son    VILLARGORDO  DE JUCAR, veel-yan-gonrdo dA Hoo-kant,
noo-Anl, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 55 miles a village of Spain, province of Cuenca, on the right bank
from Seville. Pop. 1320.                                   of the Jucar, 6 miles W.S.WV. of Tarazona.
VILLANUEVA Y LA GELTRU, veel-y,-nwilvA e 14 n[l-   VILILA RIVCA, a pleasant post-village of Carroll county,
trool, a town and seaport of Spain, province and 25 miles Georgia, 147 miles W.N.W of Milledgeville. It is a place of
S.W. ofBarcelona, on the Mediterranean. Pop. with Geltru, some importance, on account of its gold-mines, and has seve10,309. It has manufactures of hats, lace, paper, and soap, ral pounding-mills in operation. The amount of business
and brandy distilleries.                                   done here in a year exceeds $100,000.
VILLANUOVA, vil-lM-noo-olv4, a town of Italy, Naples,    VILLA RICA or VILLA REAL, a town of Brazil. See
province of Otranto, on the Adriatic, 4 miles N. of Ostuni.   OUno-PrETo.
VILLANUOVA, a village of Italy, duchy and 29 miles   VILLA RICA. See VERAn CRUZ.
N.W. of Parma, on the Arda. Pop. 2905.                       VILLARINO, veel-yA-reetno, a village of Spain, province
VILLANUOVA, a village of the Sardinian States, division  and 40 miles W.N.W. of Salamanca, at the confluence of the
of Alessandria, province and 3 miles N. of Casale. P. 2582. Tormes and Douro.                      2043
2043




VIL                                                        VIL
VILLAR LUENGO, veel-ya!  lwlntgo, a market-town of   VILLAVIEJA, veel-yt-ve-~Ali, a village of Spain, Valen
Spain, province and 35 miles N.E. of Teruel.               cia, province and 10 miles N.W. of Castellon de la Plana,
VILLARODONA, veel-y.4-ro-dolnA, a town of Spain, Cata- chiefly remarkable for its thermal springs. Pop. 1839.
lonia, province and about 16 miles N.E. of Tarragona, on the    VILLAVIEJA. veel-yA-ve-usid, a town of Central America,
Gaya. Pop. 1679.                                           state of Costa Rica, 7 miles W. of San Jos6.
VILLA ROSA, vilfl/ rolsd, a town of Sicily, intendancy    VILLA Y LOS PALACIOS, veeltyg e loce pa-lthe-oce, a
and 12 miles N.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 2800.              town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 12 miles S. of Sa
VILLAROYA DE'LA SIERRA, veel-yA-rolyA d't 1 se-RIR/A, ville. Pop. 3187.
a town of Spain, province and 53 miles WV. of Saragossa.   VILL], vee'yd, or WEILER, v'lainl, a market-town of
Pop. 1130, who manufacture woollens.                       France, department of Bas-Rhin, 26 miles S.W. of Stras.
VILLAROYA DE LOS PINARES, vbel-yA-ro/y' dA loce pe- bourg. Pop. in 1852, 1126.
n!rts, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles N.E. of Te-   VILLEBRUMIER, veelbriime-Y, a village of France, deruel. Pop. 1251.                                           partment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Tarn, 18 miles S.E. of
VILLAR PEROSA, vil-laRl pi-rols4, a town of Italy, pro- Montauban. Pop. 789.
vince and 5 miles N.W. of'Pinerolo. Pop. 1152.               VILLECOMTAL, veellroN'talf, a town of France, departVILLARROBLEDA, veel-yRn-Ro-blhtD,,    a town of Spain, ment of Aveyron, on the Dourdon, 9 miles W. of Espalion.
province and 65 miles E.N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2070. It Pop. 1758.
has manufactures of coarse woollens and earthenwares.        VILLEDIEU-LES-POELES, (Polles,) veallde-vuh 1. po'ail/,
VILLARRUBIA DE LOS OJOS DE GUADIANA, veel-yaR- a market-town of France, department of Manche, on the
Roo/be-A dA loce o/noce dA gwi-ie-1ng, a town of Spain, pro- Sienne, 12 miles N.E. of Avranches. Pop. 3848. It has iron,
vince and 20 miles E.N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 4710. It copper, and bell foundries, and manufactures of hardwares,
has a palace of the Dukes of Ixar, and a trade in wines of buttons, buckles, parchment, lace, and clocks.
fine quality.                                                VILLEFAGNAN, veel'fjn'ylN/, a small town of France,
VILLARRUBIA DE OCANA, veel-yaa-noo/be-g dA o-kdn/- department of Charente, 5 miles WV. of Ruffec, with 1604
yA, a town of Spain, province and 35 miles E.N.E. of To- inhabitants, and 12 annual fairs.
ledo. Pop. 2000.                                             VILLEFORT, veel'font, a small town of France, departVILLARUBIA DE SANTIAGO, veel-yA-rootbe- di san-te- ment of Lozlre, 23 miles E.S.E. of Mende. Pop. 1625. Near
4/go, a village of Spain, New Castile, province of Toledo, 32 it are argentiferous lead-mines.
miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1946.                             VILLEFRANCHIE-DE-BELV]tS, veel'fi'-sh! deh bll'v4,  a
VILLAR SAN COSTANZO, vil-lag/ sin ko-stan/zo, a town  village of France, department of Dordogne, 20 miles S.S.W.
of Italy, province and 11 miles N.W. of Coni. Pop. 2067.    of Sirlat. Pop. 1712.
VILLASABARIEGO, veel-y:-sA-b&-re-A/go, a village of   VILLEFRANCIRE-DE-CONFLENT, veel'fr5Nsh! dpeh k6NaaSpain, province and about 8 miles from Leon, on a height. fSlcX!, a fortified town of France, department of Pyr~n~esPop. 1377.                                                Orientales, 4 miles S.W. of Prades. Pop. 914.
VILLA SALTU, vilfl1 sil-tool, a village of the island of    VILLEFRANCIIE-DE-LAURAGAIS, veel'frNash!  deh 10'Sardinia, 32 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1537.           rA'gA/, a town of France, department of Ilaute-Garonne,
VILLASANDINO, veel-yA-s~n-dee/no, (anc. Desobriga?) a  near the Canal-du-Midi, 20 miles S.E. of Toulouse. P. 2769.
town of Spain, Old Castile, province and 21 miles W. of   VILLEFR'ANCHE-DE-ROUERGUE, veel'fr6Nsh/ deh roe'Burgos. Pop. 1050.                                         aicgl, a town of'rance, department of Aveyron, 26 miles
VILLA SAN GIOVANNI, vil/l s~n jo-v~nlnee, a village  W. of Rholdez, on the right bank of the Aveyron; lat. 440
of Naples, province of Calabria Ultra, 8 miles N. of Reggio, 231 N., lon. 20 2' E. Pop. in 1852, 9513. It has a communal
on the Strait of Messina, with manufactures of fine silks. college, public library, town-hall, museum, and club-rooms,
Pop. 1250.                                                 with numerous copper, iron, and brass works, and tanneries.
VILLA SANTA MARIA, vil/lA sant4 mn-reetl, a town of   VILLEFRANCIIE-IDU-QUEYRAN, veelfrlNsh/ dii kA'rlSN,
Naples, province of Abruzzo Citra, 20 miles S.S.W. of Lan- a village of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, 14 miles
ciane, on the Sangro. Pop. 1700.                          N.N.W. of Nlrac. Pop. 875.
VILLASARRACINO, veel-yA-s1R-nA-theelno, a town of    VILLEFRANCHE-SUR-SAONE, (Sa6ne,) veel'fr Nsh/ silt
Spain, Old Castile, province and about 30 miles from Palen- sen, a town of Franca, department of Rh~ne, on the right
cia. Pop. 1098.                                           bank of the Salne, and on the railway to Paris, 17 miles
VILLASAVARY, vee'y4si'v4reel, a  market-town  of N.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1852, 8019. It has a chamber of
France, department of Aude, on the Mezuran, 8 miles S.S.E. commerce, communal college, normal school, and manufacof Castelnaudary. Pop. 1800.                              tures of cotton and linen fabrics.
VILLASECA DE LA SAGRA, veel-yA-s4k9 d4 1l salgra, a    VILLEJUIF, veel'zhweef/, (i. e. " Jew-town,") a village of
town of Spain, New Castile, province and 12 miles N.E. of France, department of Seine, 4 miles S. of Paris. Pop. 1503.
Toledo. Pop. 1034.                                          VYILLEMiIUR, veePlmiiat, a town of France, department of
VILLASOR, vil-l-soa/, a village of the island of Sardinia, Haute-Garonne, on the right bank of the Tarn, 19 miles N.
division and 14 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1893.         of Toulouse. Pop. in 1852, 5314.
VILLASTELLONE, vil-14-stl-lofnA, a town of the Sardi-   VILLENA, veel-yA/n, (anuc. Turbula?) a town of Spain,
nian States, division of Turin, not far from Caramagnola, province and 32 miles N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 8224. It
on the Stellone. It was once walled. Pop. 2402.            stands near the foot of Mount St. Cristoval, which is
VILLATA,  vil-l/tA, a village of the Sardinian States, di- crowned with a castle now in ruins. It has an extensive
vision of Novara, province and near Vercelli. Pop. 1715.    modern suburb, town-hall, palace, hospital, barracks, soap
VILLATOBAS, veel-y4-tofBes, a town of Spain, province  factory, and brandy distilleries.
and 35 miles E.S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 2443.                    VILLENAUXE, veel'inxl or veel'leh-nbxf, a town of
VILLAVEJA, veel-ya-v4/H4, a town of Spain, Leon, pro- France, department of Aube, 7 miles N.N.E. of Nogent-survince of Salamanca, 18 miles N. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Pop. Seine. Pop. 2553.
1290.                                                       VILLENAVE, veel'ngv. a village of France, department
VILLAVELASCO,  veel-yA-v,-laslko, a village of Spain, of Gironde, 6 miles S.E. of Bordeaux.  Pop. 1535.
35 miles from Leon, on the Valderaduey. Pop. 1147.           VILLENEUVE, veelnuv!  or veel'leh-nuv!, a town of
VILLA VELHA, a town of Brazil.  See EsPIRaTO-SANeo.   France, department of Aveyron, 6 miles N. of Villefranche.
VILLAVERDE, veel-l1-v6a/dA, a town of Brazil, province  Pop. 3723.
of Bahia, on the Buranhon, 20 miles WV. of Porto Seguro.   VILLENEUVE, a town of France, department of Landes,
It exports timber and cotton.                              10 miles E. of MIont-de-Marsan, on the Midou. Pop. 1604.
VILLAVERDE, a market-town of Ferro, Canary Islands,   VILLENEUVE, veel'nuv/, (Get. Neustadt, noi/stitt, signon its N.E. coast.                                        fying, as well as the French name Villeneuve, "new town.")
VILLAVERDE DE LEGANES, veel-y4-v6r/d4 dA lA-g4lnls, a small walled town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, at the
a town of Spain, 16 miles S. of Badajos. Pop. 2040.       E. extremity of the Lake of Geneva, 17 miles ES.E. of LauVILLAVICIOSA, veel-y4-ve-the-o/se, a town of Spain, pro- sanne. Pop. 1096.
vince and 18 miles W.N.W. of Cordova. Pop. 1800.            VILLENEUVE D'AGEN. See VLLUMEUVE-SU-LOT.
VILLAVICIOSA, a village of Spain, Asturias, province    VILLENEUVE DE BERG, veel'nuv! deh bali, a town of
and 27 miles N.E. of Oviedo, on the Linares, with a custom- France, department of Ardtche, 14 miles S.S.W. of Privas.
house. Pop. 1341.                                         Pop. 2607.
VILLAVICIOSA DE ODON, voel-y4-ve-the-olsl dA4 o-Don/,   VILLENEUVE  L'ARCHEVEQUE, (Archevlque,) veelP
a town of Spain, province of Guadalajara, 53 miles N.E. of  nov1 laelsheh-vaik, a town of France, department of Vonne,
Madrid. Pop. 856. Here was fought in 1710 the battle  12 miles E. of Sens, on the Vannes. Pop. 1925.
which terminated the "I War of the Succession," and seated    VILLENEUVE-LE-ROI, veel'nuv/ leh rw4, a town of
Philip V. on the Spanish throne.                          France, department of Yonne, 7 miles N.N.W. of Joigny, on
VILLA VIqOSA, veel/l4 ve-sotsl, a town of Portugal, pro- the right bank of the Vonue. Pop. in 1852, 5206.
vince of Alemtejo, capital ofa coniarea, 15 miles S.WV. of Elves.   VILLENEUVE-LES-AVIGNON, veel'nuv/ lAz' veen'y6Nz!,
Pop. 3600. It is enclosed by a ditch, and defended by an  a town of France, department of Gard, on the right bank
old castle. It has a brisk trade in oil and wine. In the  of the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with manufactures of
neighborhood is a royal hunting palace, with a large park.  woollens and silks. Pop. 3723.
VILLA VIQOSA, veel'hi ve-so'sA, a town of Brazil, pro-   VILLENEUVE-SUR-LOT, veel'nuv/ siiR lo. or VILLE.
vinre and 150 mile W. of Ceara, amongst groves of cocoa  NEUVE DBAGEN, veel'nuv/ d,'zhcANC, (L. Villa Noolva.) a
palms. Pop. 500G.                                         town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, 15 miles N.
2044




VIL                                                        YIN
of Agen. on both sides of the Lot. Part of its old fortifica.- nia, is situatecd at the confluence of the Tileika and Vilia, 9f
tions still remain. It has courts of first resort and corn- miles N.E.of Grodno. Pop.52,286,ofwhom 20,000 are Jews,
mraerce, and the buildings of an old abbey, used as a house  It stands on hilly ground, enclosed by a wall, and is built
of correction for 11 departments, capable of receiving 1200  chiefly of timber, It has a cathedral of the 14th century,
convicts, and an extensive trade in prunes. Pop. in 1852, containing good paintings, and the marble bchapel and tomb
13,212.                                                     of St. Casimir; numlerous other Roman Catholic, and Greek,
VILLE PLATTE, veel plat, a post-office of St. Landry pa- Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, 2 synagogues, a mosque,
rish, Louisiana.                                            a fine town-hall, an arsenal, exchange, theatre, several hosVILLERS, veel'yA  or vee'yA/, a village of Belgium, pro- pitals, barracks, magazines, a governor's palace, and some
vince of Brabant, 21 miles S.S.E. of Brussels, with the mag- noble residences, which are handsome buildings, and renificent ruins of a Cistercian abbey founded in 1147.       mains of the royal castle of the Jagellons, kings of Poland.
VILLERS-BRETONNEUX, vee'yI breh-ton'nuh/,  a town  Vilna is the residence of civil and military governors, the
of France, department of Somme, 10 miles E. of Amiens, see of a Greco-Russilan archbishop, and a Roman Catholic
with manufactures of woollens and flannels.   Pop. 3284.    bishop, and the seat of a medico-chirurgical school, with a
VILLERS-COTTERETS, vee'yY  kot'teh-rI, a town of  botanic garden, an ecclesiastical seminary, several gymnasia,
France, department of Aisne, 14 miles S.W. of Soissons. and other high schools, and an academy, replacing its uniPop. in 1852, 3602. It has a castle built by Francis I., now  versity, which was suppressed in 1832, and the library and
a depOt of mendicity for the department of Seine, and mann- museums'of which were chiefly removed to Kiev. It has a
factures of wooden utensils.                                few manufactures and a considerable trade.  Vilna was
VILLERS GUILAIN, veseyal ghes'lANGc, a town of France, founded in the beginning of the 14th century. Many of
department of Nord, l%1 miles S.S.W. of Cambrai. Pop. 2073. the nobility still continue to reside in it. It repeatedly
VILLERS-OUTREAU, vee'yM oo'tr0l, a town of France,  suffered from fire in the last century.
department of Nord, 10 miles S.E. of Cambral. Pop. 2701.    VILS, fils, a river of Bavaria, circles of Upper and Lower
VILLETTE, LA, l veel'littf, a village of France, depart- Bavaria,joins the Danube at Vilshofen. afteran E.N.E. course
ment of Seine, arrondissement of St. Denis, included within  of 70 miles.
the fortifications of Paris on the N.E. Pop. in 1852, 18,651.   VILS, a river of Bavaria, circle of Lower Franconia, after
It contains the great terminal basins of the Canals de  a S. course of 50 miles, joins the Nab, 21 miles S. of Amberg.
l'Ourcq, St. Denis, and St. Martin. It has potteries, vinegar    VILS, a town of the Tyrol, on the Bavarian frontier, and on
works, soap-boiling houses, sugar-refineries, and numerous  the Vils, a small affluent of the Lech, 4 miles S.W. of Ftissen.
warehouses.                                                 Pop. 588.
VILLEURBANNE, veelulurlbnnP, a village of France, de-   VILSBIBURG, filslbe-b5R(ao, a walled town of Lower
partment of Is6re, 15 miles N. of Vienne. Pob. 4000?        Bavaria, capital of a district, on the Vils, 11 miles S.E. of
VILLEVEQUE, (Vill6v~que,) veel'hlvaikl, a village of  Landshut. Pop. 1246. It has nitre factories and breweries.
France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 9 miles N.E. of An-   VILSECK, fills~k, a small town of Lower Bavaria, circle
gers. Pop. 1743.                                            of Upper Palatine, on the Vils, 11 miles N.N.W. of Amberg.
VILLEVEYRAC, veel'vArckl,  a village of France, depart. Pop. 1218.
ment of H6rault, 17 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 2137.    VILSHOFEN, filslho'fen, a walled town of Lower Bavaria,
VILLIERS, villyers, a county in the British colony of Vic- capital of a district, on the Danube, here joined by the Vils,
toria, Australia. It contains several small lakes, and the  13 miles W.N.W. of Passan. Pop. 2150.
maritime inlet of Port-Fairy.                                 VILTERS, villters, a village and parish of Switzerland,
VILLIERS-LE-BEL, vee'yV leh bil, a village of France, canton and 28 miles S.S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1700.
department of Seine-et-Oise, 1 mile S.E. of Ecouen. P. 1883.   VILVESTRE, veel-vesttrA, several market-towns of Spain;
VILLIERSTOWN, villyers-tiwn, a chapelry and village  the principal 46 miles WV.N.W. of Salamanca, near the Portaof Ireland, co. of Waterford, 9'. miles N. of Youghal. P. 300. guese frontier. Pop. 1400.
VILLIMPENTA, vil-lim-pOnlta, or VILLIMIPINTA, vii-   VILVOORDEN, vil-v6nlden, (Fr. Vilvorde, veel'vocdl,) a
lim-pinltt, a village of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, town of Belgium,province of South Brabant, 6 miles N.N.E.
province and 6 miles S.E. of Mantun. In 1796, after a severe  of Brussels, on the railway to Antwerp. Pop. 5200. Its
contest, a body of French were here almost cut to pieces by  large old castle now serves for a penitentiary. Ilere Tindal,
the Austrians. Pop. 1400.                                   who first translated the Bible into English, suffered martyrVILLINGEN, fil/ling-un, a town of Baden, circle of Lake,  dom as a heretic in 1530.
capital of a district, in the Black Forest, 42 miles N.W. of    VIMEIRA, ve-m~/e-rA, a petty town of Portugal, province
Constance.  Pop. 3870. It was formerly strongly fortified.   of Estremadura, near the coast, 7 miles N. of Torres-Vedras,
VILLMAR, fillmaa, a market-town of Germany, Nassau, famous for the defeat of the French by the Duke of Wellingnear the Lahn, 8 miles S.W. of Weilburg. Pop. 1646.         ton, August 21, 1808.
VILLMERGEN, vill/m6o'ghen, formerly VILLMARIN-    VIMERCATE, ve-m3n-kAltA, (ano. Vilcus Marltiss?) a town
GEN, vill/maa-ing-.n, a village and parish of Switzerland, of Austrian Italy, delegation and 14 miles N.E. of Milan.
canton of Aargau. 9 miles E.S.E. of Aargau. Pop. 1372.    Pop. 2300.
VILLOQUILAMBRE, veel-yo-kee-ltmfbrA, a village of    VIMIEIRO, ve-me-le-re, a village of Portugal, province
Spain, province and 4 miles from Leon. Pop. 1201.           of Alenmtejo, 20 miles N. of Evora.
VILLOSLADA, veel-yo-sll/DA, a market-town of Spain,   VYIMIOSO, ve-me-olso, a fortified town of Portugal, proprovince and 29 miles S. of Logroilo. Pop. 1512, who manu- vinoe of Tras-os-Montes, near the Spanish frontier, 14 miles
facture woollens.                                           S.E. of Braganza. Pop. 1000.
VILLUILA, a small post-village of Russell co., Alabama.    VIMIOUTIER, vee'moo'te-A/, a market-town of France,
It contains 2 stores.                                       department of Orne, on the Vire, 17 miles N.E. of Argentan.
VILMANSTRAND or WILMANSTRAND, vil/mftn-strlnd',  Pop. in 1852, 4078. Linen fabrics are extensively made here
(Finlandish Lapperanda, l!p-pA-r~nlda,) a town of Finland, and in the vicinity.
ien and 30 miles N.W. of Viborg, capital of a district, on the    VINADI0, ve-nldc-o, a town of North Italy, Piedmont,
S. shore of Lake Saima. Pop. 308. The Russians defeated  21 miles W.S.W. of Coni, on the Stura. Pop. 3114.
the Swedes near it in 1741, when the town was taken by the    VI'NALIIAIVEN, a township of Waldo co., IMaine, comRussians, to whom it was ceded by the treaty of Abe.        prising the South Island and several smaller islands in
VILNA or WILNA, villnA, a government of Russian Po- Penobscot Bay, about 60 miles E.S.E. of Augusta.  The
land, mostly between lat. 530 40' and 560 20' N., and ion. inhabitants have 2000 tons of shipping employed in the
210 10, and 270 E., having on the S. the government of  fisheries. The island has about half its surface covered with
Grodno, E. Minsk, N. Courland, W. East Prussia, and on  granite. Pop. 1252.
the S.W. the kingdom of Poland, from which it is separated    VINALMONT, veeon~l'm6NG/, a village of Belgium, proby the river Niemen. Area 16,434 square miles. Pop. in  vince and 18 miles W.S.W. of Liege, on the Mehaigne.
1851, 787,609. The surface is a wide plain, interspersed  Pop. 1144.
with a few sand-hills, and numerous marshes and lakes.   VINAROZ, ve-n&-rothf, a town of Spain, province and 46
Principal rivers, the Villa, and other affluents of the Niemen  miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana, near the mouths of the
in the S., Windan and Alass in the N. Rather more corn  Ebro, and close to the Mediterranean.  Pop. 10,600. It is
(chiefly rye) is raised than is required for home consump- partly enclosed by ruined walls, ill built, but has a fine
tion. Large quantities of hemp and flax are produced; parish church, hospitIl, ship-building yard, a coasting trade,
hops and pulse to a less extent. The forests are very ex- and active fisheries.
tensive, and tar, potash, deals, &c., are important products,   VINAY, vee'nAl, a town of France, department of Is6re,
also honey, and skins of elks, bears, wolves, foxes, mar- 15 miles WV. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 3429.
tens, and squirrels.  The urns, or wild bull, is here met   VINqA, viN'OsA~, a town of France, department of Pyr6with. Manufactures have increased of late, but they are  n6es-Osientales, near the Tet, 19 miles W.S.W. of Perpignan.
not yet of much consequence. The raw produce is exported  Pop. 2021. It is enclosed by walls. In its vicinity are medidown the Duna to Riga, or overland to the Baltic by way  cinal springs.
of Prussia. The trade is mostly in the hands of Jews. This    VINCENNES, vin-s~nzt, (Fr. pron. vt~NGs8lnn!,) a town and
government retains many of its old privileges. It is divided  castle of France, department of Seine, 4 miles E. of the
into 11 circles. Principal towns, Vilna, the capital, Kovno, Barriere du Trone, Paris. Pop. in 1852, 8451. The castle,
Troki, Rossienna, and Kieydani.                             erected in 1339, in the midst of a forest, was used as a royal
VILNA or WILNA, a city of Russian Poland, capital of the  residence till the time of Louis XV. It was afterwards made
government of same name, and formerly capital of Lithun-  a state prison, and has a square turreted keep, is encloses
2045




YIN                                                          VIR
by dry ditches, and entered by two drawbridges.  The great picturesque situation on the Boszut, (bo/soot',) 20 miles S.F
CondS, Diderot, lMirabeau, and many other distinguished  of Eszek. Pop. 2200. It has Greek and Roman Catholic
persons have been confined in this fortress, outside of which  churches, a Roman Catholic college, a high school, and a Geo
the Duke D'Enghien was shot, March 21. 1804. It contains man normal school.
a fine armory, depat of artillery, and the tomb of the Duke    VINKOVITTS or WINKOWITZ, vink-o-vits/, a iaarkA
D'Enghien.  The wood of Vincennes is a favorite holiday  town of Russian Poland, government of Podolin, 28 miles
resort of the Parisians.                                    N. of Ooshitsa. Pop. 1500.
VINCENNES, vin-slnz/, a pleasant town, capital of Knox    VINTLAND, a post-village and township in the N. part of
co., Indiana, is situated on the left bank of the Wabash  Winnebago co., Wisconsin. Pop. 750.
River, 120 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, and 56 miles N. of    VINNINGEN, vinlning-en, a village of Bavaria, Palatinate,
Evansville. Lat. 380 43' N., ion. 870'5'I W. Vincennes is  district of Pirmasens.  Pop. 1076.
the oldest town in the state, and possesses more historical   VINNITSA, WINNITZA or WINNICA, vin-nitts! or vininterest than any other place in Indiana. It was settled by  neet/se, a town of Russian Poland, government of Podolia,
a colony of French emigrants from Canada, about the year capital of a circle, on the Bug, 80 miles N.E. of Kamieniec.
1735. For several generations they were the only tenants  Pop. 7500. It is enclosed by a deep ditch, and has a citadel,
of these vast solitudes, excepting the tribes of savages, with  Roman Catholic churches, a college, and a synagogue.
whom they lived on friendly terms. It was the seat of the    VINOVO, ve-nolvo, a village of North Italy, Piedmont,
territorial government until 1813, when it was removed to  province and 9 miles S. of Turin. Pop. 3007.
Corydon.  Many of the present.inhabitants are of French    VINSOBRES, vANGcsob'r/, a market-town of France, dedescent.  The situation is very pleasant, having a large  partment of DrOme, 5 miles S.E. of Yalreas.  Pop. 1576.
prairie in the vicinity, the soil of which is highly productive.    VINTIMIGLIA, vin-te-meel/yA, or VENTIMIGLIA, v~nThe river is navigable by steamboats in this part of its  te:meel/yA, (anc. Allbium Intelies/um,) a fortified town of
course. The Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad here inter-  the Sardinian dominions, 18 miles E.N.E. of Nice, on the
sects the Evansville and Illinois Railroad.  Vincennes isthe  Mediterranean, at the month of the Roya. Pop. 5000. It
seat of a Catholic bishopric, and has a large cathedral, and  has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, 2 convents, a clerical
6 or 8 Protestant churches. It contains 2 banks, and 2 or 3  seminary, hospital, and castle. The surrounding district
newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 2070.                      is productive in wine, oil, and fruit.
YIN/CENT, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.       VINITON, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area of
VINCENT, ST., an island. See SAINT VINCENT.               about 414 square miles.  It is intersected by Salt and
VINICENTTOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New  Racoon Creeks, which flow nearly southward.  The surfiace
Jersey, on the S. branch of Rancocus Creek, 5 miles S.S.E. is undulating and well timbered; the soil is highly producof Mount Holly. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 3 mills, several tive. Vinton county contains large deposits of iron and
stores, and about 100 dwellings, which are chiefly on a single  stone-coal, which have not been worked hitherto; but have
street.                                                     now become easily accessible by means of the Marietta and
VINCHIATURO, vin-ke-A-too/ro, a town of Naples, pro- Cincinnati Railroad, which passes through them, and is
vince of bolise, district and 6 miles.S.SW. of Campobasso. nearly completed.  Formed in 1850, by a division of five
Pop. 3000.                                                  adjoining counties. Capital, McArthurstown.  Pop. 9353.
VINCHIO, vin/ke-o, a village of the Sardinian States,   VINTON, a village of Lowndes co., Mississippi.
division of Alessandria, province of Asti. Pop. 1078.         VINTON, a post-village in Gallia co., Ohio, on a branch
VINCI, vin/chee, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, province and  of Racoon Creek, about 60 miles S.W. of Marietta.
17 miles W. of Florence. Pop. 5300.                           YINTON, a township of Vinton co., Ohio. Pop. 460.
VINDAU, WINDAU, vinl/dOw, or VINDAVA, vin-dO/va,    VINTON, a post-village, capital of Benton co., Iowa, about
a river of Russia, rises near Shavli, government of Vilna, 55 miles N.W. of Iowa City. Its origin is very recent.
flows N.N.W. past Goldingen, and enters the Baltic at Yin-   VIN UESA, ve-nwd/sA, (anc. Viscostium?) a town of Spain,
dan after a course of 160 miles.                            province and 15 miles N.W. of Soria, on the Vinuesa and
VINDAU, WINDAU or VINDAVA, a seaport town of  Lacrar, at the foot of the Sierra Ameros. Pop. 722. IIere
Russia, government of Courland, at the mouth of the Vin- are traces of a Roman highway.
dan, in the Baltic, 100 miles N.W. of Mitaun. Pop. 2000.   VINZAGLIO, vin-zAl/yo, a market-town of North Italy,
It has a considerable export trade in corn, timber, linseed, Piedmont, 4 miles E. of Vercelli. Pop, 1123.
flax, and salted Vrovisions.                                  VIOLA, ve-o/id, a village of the Sardinian States, about 10
VINDIIYA (vmudly,)or VINDTHYAN,(v'nd/ydn) MOUN- miles S.E. of Monadovi, on both sides of the Monza. P. 1365.
TAINS, a mountain range of Ilindostan, extending from E.   VIO/LA, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa.
to W. across the peninsula of India, from the basin of the    VI/OLET, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop. 1544.
Ganges to Guzerat. It forms the N. boundary of the valley    VIOILY, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama.
of the Nerbudda, unites the N. extremities of the East and    VIONE, ve-olnA, a village of Austrian Italy, province and
West Ghauts, and extends from lat. 220 to 250 N. It is of  68 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1163.
granitic formation, overlain with sandstone. All S. of this    VIQUE, a city of Spain. See VIcm.
range was called the Deccan under the Moguls, while all N.    VIRANCHIPOORA, VIRANCHIPURA, ve-rdn-he-bpoolrA,
of it was named IHindostan.'or BRINJEVERAM, brin-je-ve-rdml, a town of British india,
VINDICARI, vin-de-kree, (anc. XavTstatahmus?) a small presidency of Madras, district of North Arcot, near Vellore,
town and port of Sicily, 7 miles S.S.E. of Note.            and formerly important.
VINDO. lee WERTAdR.                                         VIRAN SHEIR, Asia Minor. See VEERAN SRHInE.
YINDOBONA. See VIENNA.                                      VIRAPELLY, ve-rd-p/ltee, a town of British India, terVINDONISSA. See WXNDISCc.                                 ritory and 9 miles N.E. of Cochin.
VIN/EGAR HILL, Iresand, Leinster, co. of WVexford, im-   TVIEIDEN, a post-village of Macoupin co., Illinois. on the
mediately E. of Enniscorthy, was in 1798 the head-quarters  Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 50 miles N.N.E. of Alton.
and scenes of many of the atrocities of the Irish insurgent   VIRE, veen, (auc. Vi-ria?) a river of France, departments
forces.                                                     of Manche and Calvados, after a N. course of 70 miles enters
VINEGAR HILL, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., Illinois.  the English Channel, 15 miles N. of St. L. It is navigable
VINE GROVE, a post-office of Washington co., Texas.       for its last 20 miles.
YINEYARD, Vermont. See LA MaOTTs.                             IRE, (anc. Jsreia?) a town of France, department of CalVINE/YARD, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia.           vados, on the right bank of the Yire, 34 miles S.W. of Caen.
VINEYARD, a township in Washington co., Arkansas. Lat. 480 51' N., ion. 00 55, W. Pop. in 1852, 7266. It has a
Pop. 711.                                                   handsome church, communal college, public library, chamVINEYARD MILLS, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Penn- her of manufactures, tribunal of commerce, and manufacsylvania.                                                   tures of woollen cloths and paper,'needles, and other steel
VINEYARD SOUND, Massachusetts, separates Martha's goods, horn work and leather; and in its vicinity are ironVineyard from the Elizabeth Islands; length about 20 miles, mines and forges.
average breadth from 4 to 5 miles.                            VIREY, vee'rmf, a village of France, department of Manche,
VIINEY GROVE, a post-office ofLincoln co., Tennessee.   9 miles S.W. of Mortaimn. Pop. 1485.
VINGA SOUND, Sweden. See WINcA.                             VIRGEN RIVER. See Rio VIRmEN.
VINGOR/LA, a town of British India, presidency of    VIR/GIL, a post-village and township of Cortland co., New
Bombay, district of South Concan, on the W. coast, 30 miles York, 40 miles S. of Syracuse.  Pop. of the township, 2410.
N.N.W. of Goa; lat. 150 50' N., ion. 690 35' E. It has a fort,   VIRGIL, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, about 50
and about 25 miles distant are the Vingorla Islands, in the  miles W. by S. of Peoria.
Indian Ocean.                                                 VIR/GIN  GORIDA, one of the Virgin Islands, British
VINH-ES, veen-yd/6Ns, a town of Portugal, province of  West Indies, in the WV. part of the group, lat. 180 30' N.,
Tras-os-Montes, 14 miles W. of Braganza.  It is walled, Ion. 640 14' W., is of a very irregular shape. Len:gth, from
entered by two gates, and has an old fort.                  N.E. to l.W., 9 miles; greatest breadth 4 miles.  It has
VINICZA or VINITZA, ve-nit/se, a town of Austrian  many inlets affording anchorage.  It suffered from  an
Croatia, co. and 6 miles N.W. of Warasdin, with a castle.    earthquake in 1830.
VINKEVEEN, vin'keh-vainl, a village of the Netherlands,    VIRGIL a township in Kane co., Illinois. Pop. 634.
province and 27 miles N.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 903.              VIRGINIA. ver-jin/e-a, a small market-town of Ireland,
VINKOVCZE, vin-kovt/seh, or VINKOIWITZ, a market- Ulster, co. and 15 miles S.E. of Cavan..own of Military Slavonia, capital of the co. of Broos, in a    VIRGINIA, (Fr. Virmgoiie, vee.'zheesneeQ,) one of the
2046




VIR                                                         VIR,
briginal states of the North American Confederacy, is metal was extracted from  about a ton of earth and rock.
bounded on the N. by Ohio, Pennsyltania, and Mary- The Marshall Mine, in Spottsylvania county, is said to have
land; E. by Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean; S. by  yielded $300,000. This gold is extracted from a portion of
North Carolina and Tennessee; and W. by Kentucky and  an auriferous region reaching from the Rappahannock River
Ohio. It is separated from Ohio by the river of the same  to the Coosa, in Alabama. According to the Report of the
name; from  Maryland by the Potomac River; and from   Secretary of the Treasury for 185i4, the gold received at the
Kentucky partly by the Cumberland Mountains and the  different mints of the United States. the product of VirgiBig Sandy River. Virginia is very irregular in outline, with  nia since 1792, was $1,420,131. The copper-mines of Virginia,
a narrow projection extending N. between the Ohio River in the same district. are also beginning to attract attention,
and the W. boundary of Pennsylvania. It lies between 360  and the ore of the Manassas Gap Mine. Fauquier county,
30' and 400 38' N. lat., and between 750 10' and 830 30' W. 70 miles from Alexandria, is said to yield 75 per cent. of
Ion., being about 425 miles in its greatest length from E. to  pure copper. Carroll and Floyd counties are also reported
W., (but a line through the middle would extend about 350  as abounding in this ore; but the greatest sources of
miles,) and 210 in breadth, exclusive of the projection men- wealth of Virginia, as well as elsewhere, are her homelier
tioned above, or 280 miles with it, including an area of  minerals, coal and iron, which  exist in inexhaustible
about 61,352 square miles, or 39,265,280 acres, only 10,360,135  quantities. In the valley of Virginia hematites occur in
of which were improved in 1850.                             abundance, and specular and magnetic ores throughout
Face of the Cozsntry and Mountains.-No state in the con- the South-West Mountains. Vast fields of bituminots coal
federacy presents a greater variety of surface than Virginia, abound aroand Richmond, on the North Potomac and W.
from the mountains of the interior, and the rugged hills E. of the A!legheny  Mountains.  Large beds of anthracite
and W. of them, to the rich alluvions of the rivers, and the  are found also beyond the Great Valley. An inexhaustible
sandy flats on the seacoast. This state has probably a  supply of coal exists on the Kanawha and its tributaries,
greater extent of mountainous country within its limits  and a vein of cannel coal has recently been discovered
than any one E. of the Rocky Mountains, though they do  near Charleston, of considerable extent. Taylor computes
not attain so great an elevation as in New Hampshire and' the area of the coal regions of Virginia at 21,195 square
North Carolina. White Top, in Grayson county, the highest miles, which is probably below the truth. A great variety
land in Virginia, is elevated about 6000 feet above the level of mineral springs, sulphur, warm  and chalybeate, are
of the sea. The state is usually divided into four sections. found in the Valley district, about the middle of the state.
1. The tide-water district, containing 37 counties, bordering  Copious salt-springs  abound in the Kanawha and in the
on the Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay, is generally level, not S.W. counties, and the completion of the Virginia and Tenmore than 60 feet above tide, even in its highest parts. 2. nessee Railroad must greatly enhance the value of these.
Passing W., we come to a more elevated tract, called by some  From 100 to 150 barrels of petroleum are annually collected
the Piedmont (foot of the mountain) district, containing 32  from a spring on Itew's River, 6 miles from its mouth, in
counties. This is more varied, as well as more elevated in  the Little Kanawha.  Extensive salt-mines occur in the
surface than the district we have just left. 3. The valley  same region, and are doubtless the source of the saline
district, containing 19 counties, is entered by ascending the  springs, spoken of above. A deposit of this valuable culiBlue Ridge, (the outlier of the great Alleghany chain on  nary mineral, situated near the source of the Hoiston River,
the E.,) which passes from  Maryland into Virginia, near is encased in a bed of gypsum, 220 feet beneath the surface.
Harper's Ferry, about 50 miles N.W. of Washington. This    Bays, Rivers, and islands.-There are no large lakes in
district is crossed by the different ridges of the great Appa- Virginia. Chesapeake Bay, which has its outlet in this state,
lachian chain, known by various local names, and including  though more than half its length is in Maryland, receives
extensive valleys of fertile land between them; and 4, The  the waters of most of the rivers on the Atlantic slope of
trans-Alleghany district, containing 49 counties, and (as its  Virginia, vie., the Potomac, navigable for the largest ships
name implies) lying W. of the mountains. This portion is to Alexandria, 100 miles from the Bay; the Rappahannock,
mostly hilly and broken, or occupied with outlying spurs  navigable to Fredericksburg for vessels of 140 tons;  the
of the Alleghanies.                                         York and its branches, navigable to Yorktown, 40 miles,
The mountains extend across the middle of the state, in  for large ships; the James and its principal affluent, the
a S.WV. and N.E. direction, and occupy a belt of perhaps  Appomattox, the former navigable to Richmond, and the
from 80 to 100 miles in width. As before stated, the Blue  latter to Petersburg, for vessels of 100 tons. The Chowan
Ridge forms the eastern barrier of the mountainous region, and Roanoke, with their numerous affluents, rise in the S.
and the Laurel, Greenbrier, and Great Flat Top MIountains  of the state, and find an outlet in Albemarle Sound, in
the western. Between these last and the Blue Ridge lie the  North Carolina. The Shenandoah, South and North Branch,
Great North, Short, Mill, Jackson's, Peters', Potts', Walker's, (affluents of the Potomac,) drain the northern portion of
Iron, North Branch, and Cheat Mountains. Next to White  the valleys of the Alleghanies, and the head waters of the
Top, the highest known summit is the Peaks of Otter, be- James, the central.  The Monongahelta, Little Kanawha,
tween Bedford and Botetourt counties, about4260 feet above  Great Kanawhba, navigable 65 miles, Guyandot, and Big
the level of the sea. The Cumberland Mountains are on  Sandy Rivers, navigable 50 miles, drain the N.W. slope of
the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia. The valley  the state, and empty into the Ohio. The Great Kanawha is
district is in fact a table-land, elevated from  1200 to 1500  navigable 60 miles for steamboats. The Holston and Clinch,
feet above tide-water.                                      with their smaller branches, have their sources in the S.W.
Geology.-A tract of the tertiary formation occupies the  of Virginia, and pass off into Tennessee, to join the river
S.E. part of Virginia, from the sea and bay coast to a line  of that name. There are a few small but unimportant
slightly diverging S.W. from the N.W. angle of Kin- George  islands off -the S.E. coast of Virginia.
county, on the Potomac, passing near Richmond, and leaving    Objects of Interest to Tourists.-Virginia abounds in objects
the state near the S.WV. angle of Brungwick county. This is of this class. Among the mountains of her central counsucceeded by a wide belt of primary formation, reaching to  ties, between the Blue Ridge on the E. and the Alleghany
the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Two narrow belts of  on the W., are found the noted medicinal springs of Virginew red sandstone, having the same S.W. trend, come to the  nia, -the most celebrated of which are Berkeley Springs, in
surface in several parts of this great primary bed. West of  Morgan county; Capon, in I-Hampshire; Shannondale, in
the Blue Ridge, a narrow rim of Potsdam sandstone crops out, Jefferson; White Sulphur, in Fauquier; Rawley's, in Rocksucceeded by a zone of Black River, Birdseye, and Trenton  ingham; Augusta, in Augusta; lIath, Alum, Warm, and
limestone, having near the middle of it the towns of Win- I-lot Springs, in Bath; Alum, in Rockbridge; Dibbrell's, in
chester, Staunton, and Lexington. This in turn is followed  Botetourt; White Sulphur and Blue Sulphur, in Greenby various groups, (extending in the same direction to the  brier; Red, Sweet, Salt Sulphur, and Red Sulphur, in Mlonwestern mountain ridge,) viz., of gray sandstone, Hamilton  roe, and White Sulphur Springs, in Grayson, county. The
Group, including Tully limestone, (this group contains  White Sulphur Spring, of Greenbrier county, the most
shales of various colors, greywacke, pyrites, producing rock  celebrated, is ~ strongly impregnated  with carbonic and
and limestone shales,) Helderberg limestone, Portage and  nitrogen gases, and with sulphates of lime and magnesia,
Chemung Groups, (flag-stones, shales, and thin bedded sand- and carbonate of lime; the principal ingredients of the Salt
stones,) Medina sandstone, (consisting of variegated sand- Sulphur Springs are sulphates of lime, soda, and magnesia.,
stones and marl, and giving origin to brine springs,) and the  and carbonates of lime and magnesia, and of gaseous matcarboniferous limestone. The great Pennsylvania and Ohio  ter, nitrogen, carbonic acid, and sulphuretted hydrogen; the
bituminous coalfield occupies the space between the western  Red Sweet Springs, sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda,
slope of the mountains and the Ohio River, and the state of  and carbonates of lime and magnesium, and of gaseous
Kentucky.                                                   matter, carbonic acid and nitrogen; and warm  sulphur,
M2inerals. —Virginia is rich in minerals of the more useful murinte of lime, sulnphates of lime and magnesia, and carsort, and some of the precious metals. Her list of mineral bonate of lime; of gaseous matter, nitrogen, carbonic acid,
treasures includes gold, copper, iron, lead, plumbago, coal, and sulphuretted hydrogen. Temperature about 1000; temsalt, gypsum, (in vast beds,) porcelain clay, fine granite, pemature of the hot springs, 1000 to 1070. In all cases we
slate, marble, soapstone, lime, water-lime, and fire-clay, only give the prominent ingredients. There are also to be
The most productive gold-mines are in Fluvanna, Orange, found in this region, commencing at the north, the farSpottsylvania, Goochland, and Buckingham  counties, and  famed passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, at
have proved rather expensive working hitherto, but recent I Harper's Ferry, so eulogized by Jefferson; Wyers' or Wier's
reports from that district say that by the aid of the'quartz- Cave, Madison Cave, and the Chimneys, in Augusta county;
crusher, at the Wyckoff Mine, 102$ pennyweights of fine Ithe celebrated Natural Bridge, in Rockbridge county; Peaks
2047




IR                                                          V IR
of Otter, in Bedford, and White Top Mountain, in Grayson  ginia had 77,013 farms, occupying 10,360,135 acres of im.
county; the Buffalo Knob, in Floyd county; the Natural  proved land, (about 130 to each farm,) producing 11,212,016
Tunnel, in Scott county, through which a stream passes bushels of wheat; 458,930 of rye;' 35,254,319 of Indian
under an arch of 70 feet in elevation, with twice that thick- corn; 10,179,144 of oats; 521,579 of peas and beans; 1,316,913
ness of superincumbent earth; Peak Knob and Glass Win- of Irish potatoes; 1,813,634 of sweet potatoes; 214,898 of
dows, (elevations of peculiar formation,)in Pulaski county;  buckwheat;  53,155 of grass-seeds; 52,318 of flaxseed,
the Hawk's Nest, on New Riiver, in Fayette county, and the  56,803,227 pounce of tobacco; 2,860,765 of wool; 11,089,359
Falls of the Potomac, a few miles above Georgetown, District of butter; 436,292 of cheese; 1,000,450 of flax; 1,227,665 of
of Columbia. When Virginia's railroads shall have been  maple sugar; 880,767 of beeswax and honey; 369,098 tons
sufficiently completed to make her springs, her mountains, of hay; live stock, valued at $33,656,659, (fourth in the
her caves, water-falls, natural bridges, &c., as accessible as Union;) slaughtered animals, $7,502,986; orchard products,
those of New York, she can scarcely fail to share largely  $177,137; and produce of market gardens, $183,047. Accordwith that state the prosperity that attends extensive travel ing to a state census in 1851, there were produced 14,516,950
of wealthy pleasure-seekers and valetudinarians.  Though  bushels of wheat; 35,538,582 of Indian corn; 53,333 of flaxVirginia has no Niagara: yet her springs are situated among  seed; 66,516,492 pounds of tobacco; 11,126,785 of butter;
mountains aboundilug in picturesque  scenery, and are good  2,850,909 of wool; 1,223,905 of maple sugar; 370,117 tons of
resting-places from whence to make excursions among the  hay; 4599 of hemp; and wood, oysters, fish, peas, beans,
mountains, or to visit the caves and other objects of interest. potatoes, garden vegetables, fruits, &-c., worth $5,000,000,
Wier's Cave, one of these objects, 17 miles N.E. of Staunton, making  a total value of $86,000,000.
extends about 2500 feet beneath the earth, and is hung with    _ianufactures.-As is generally the case in the Southern
sparkling stalactites. Madison, in the same neighborhood,  States, Virginia is less engaged in manufactures than in
and Blowing and Saltpetre Caves, 40 miles N.W. of them, agriculture, though the former branch of industry is yearly
are smaller, but interesting objects. But the great natural claiming more attention and enlisting more capital; and
lions of Virginia are the Hawk's Nest, 9 miles from White  Virginia, if true to herself in applying her vast natural
Sulphur Springs, on New River, where there is a perpen- resources of coal, iron, copper, and abundant water-power,
dicular cliff of 1000 feet above the river, declared by Miss must soon range herself among the manufacturing states.
Martineau to have produced a greater effect on her mind  There were in 1850, in this state, 4741 establishments prothan Niagara itself; and the world-renowned Natural Bridge, ducing each $500 and upwards annually, engaged in mining,
over Cedar Creek, in Rockbridge county, formed probably  manufactures, and the mechanic arts; employing an acgreeither by the action of water during the long course of ages gate capital of $18,109,993, and 25,789 male and 3320 female
on the subjacent rock, or by some convulsion of the earth. hands, consuming raw material valued at $18,103,433, and
The fissure is about 90 feet wide; the height of the under yielding products valued at $20,705,387. Of these 27 were
side of the arch 200, and of the upper side 240 feet above the  cotton factories, employing $1,908,900 capital, and 1275 male
water. High up, on this rock, carved by his own hand, the  and 1688 female hands, consuming raw material worth
loftier name of Washington stands engraved. Though less  $828,375, and producing stuffs of the value of $1,486,384;
noted, the Peaks of Otter are spoken of by Jefferson as afford- 121 woollen establishments, employing $392,640 capital, and
ing one of the grandest views in our country. Looking  478 male and 190 female hands, consuming $488,899 worth
from its summit (4260 feet) to the E. and S.E., you have be- of raw material, and producing stuffs valued at $841,013;
fore you the whole extent of the country to the shores of  122 furnaces, forges, &c., employing $1,732,771 capital, and
the Atlantic. In Alleghany county is the highest cataract 3056 male and 228 female hands, consuming raw material
in the state, but the body of water is not great. In Giles  worth $986,646, and producing castings, pig iron, &c., valued
county is a small lake, elevated 3700 feet, which is 600 feet at $2,294,592; $100,915 capital were invested in the manudeep. But we can only afford space to say, that of the nu-  facture of malt and spirituous liquors, employing 131 hands,
merous springs the White Sulphur, in Greenbrier county5  and producing 5500 barrels of ale, beer, &c., and 879,440
is the most in repute, and of course the most visited. The  gallons of whiskey, wine, &c. There were 341 tanneries,
waters of the different springs contain lime, sulphur, soda, employing  0676,983 capital, consuming raw material worth
magnesia, iron, iodine, and phosphorus.                     $498,926, and producing leather valued at $894,877; homeClimate.-There is necessarily, from its topography, great made manufactures were produced, valued at $2,156,312;
variety in the climate of Virginia. In the low country, near  and family goods at $2,441,672.
the coast, it is hot and unhealthy in summer, and bilious    snternal Improvements. —Though Virginia has not kept
and intermittent fevers prevail in autumn. It is mild, how- pace with the older and larger sister states in works of
ever, in winter, but liable to be visited by long droughts in  internal improvement, she has at length become fully imsummer. The central or mountain counties have a cool and  pressed with their importance, and railroads have been
salubrious temperature, with warm days, it is true, but the  projected in every direction. In January, 1855, she had
nights are cool and refreshing. West of the mountains, 845 miles of railroad completed, and 1104 in course of conthough some degrees cooler than on the coast in winter, struction, according to Hunt's Magazine; or 837 completed,
the summers in parts are very hot.                          and 1095 in progress, according to the American Railway
Soil ansd Psoductioesc.-Washi ngtonpronounced the central Times. Cost of construction, according to the first authocounties of Virginia to be the finest agricultural district in  rity, $16,666,250; or $16,466,250, according to the latter. The
the United States, (of course, as he knew it,) and Daniel Great Southern Line, passing from Aquia Creek, through
Webster declared, in a public speech in the Shenandoah  Fredericksburg, Richmond, and Petersburg, has about 150
Valley, that he had seen no finer farming land in his  miles of its track in this state. Roads are completed which
European travel, than in that valley. Virginia, with a better  unite Winchester to IHarper's Ferry; Alexandria to Strassystem of culture, has every element of industrial greatness; burg and Staunton; Petersburg to City Point, Lynchburg,
a climate equally removed from  the extremes of the north  and Newbern, Virginia; Richmond to Keesville, Gordonville,
and the south; a soil with every variety, from the light sands Charlottesville, Staunton, Danville, Lynchburg, and other
of the south-east, (favorable to the peach, sweet potato, points. Most of these form parts of one or other of the great
melon, and other fruits,) to the rich alluvions of the river  lines crossing the state, the principal of which are the Virbottoms and mountain valleys, favorable to wheat, Indian  ginia Central, intended to unite Richmond with some point
corn, tobacco, and even, in some parts, to cotton and rice; on the Ohio, at or near Guyandotte; the Virgieda and Tenmountain pastures, capable of supporting large flocks of sheep, nessee Railroad, to connect Lynchburg (and indirectly Richand herds of cattle and swine; the finest harbor on the  mend, Petersburg, and Norfolk) with Knoxville, in TenAtlantic coast; navigable rivers, abounding in shell and  nessee, and (by uniting with other lines) to Memphis and
fin fish, furrowing her plains and valleys on the east and on  intermediate points; and the Southside Railroad, to conthe west, and affording, besides, immense water-power; and  nect with Charlotte, North Carolina, and from thence with
with the most useful minerals in abundance, what needs Charleston, South Carolina. A line connects Norfolk with
she but for her people to will it, to make her the leading  the Great Southern Railroad, at Weldon, North Carolina.
state of the confederacy, and one of the most desirable to  The Baltimore and Ohio has a large portion of its track in
reside in? The emigration that has commenced from the  this state, not only after it leaves the Maryland boundary
North to the worn-out lands of Virginia, is a proof of her  on the N.W., but it often takes the Virginia side of the Poadvantages in agriculture. According to an address of E. tomac before reaching Cumberland.  It has its terminus at
Ruffin, Esq., of Virginia, the tide-water lands of that state  Wheeling, in this state; but another branch at Parkershave increased in value $17,000,000 in 12 years. In the cul- burg, much lower down on the Ohio, is in progress, and
ture of tobacco, Virginia has always surpassed every other a portion of it completed. Virginia was, we believe, among
state in the Union, and was also -the first state in which its  the very first to propose'opening a communication with
culture was practised by civilized men to any considerable  the.-est by canal, a project in which Washington took
extent. It was even used for a time as the currency of the  great interest, if he was not the projector.  In 1834 was
country. Virginia is the second state in the Union in the  commenced the James River and Kanawha Canal, designed
amount of flax produced. The other great staples are In- to connect Richmond with the navigable waters of the
dian corn, wheat, (in which it stands fourth in amount,)  Great Kanawha. This work is now completed from Rich
oats, live stock, and butter.  She also produces largely  mend through Lynchburg to Buchanan, a distance of 196]
rye, wool, peas, beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, buekwheat, miles, and is in progress to Covington, 30 miles farther west.
fruits, market products, cheese, hay, grass-seeds, flax, This canal has already cost $10,714,306.  Dismal Swamp
maple sugar, beeswax, and honey, besides some rice, cotton, Canal es partly in this state. The legislature had, in 1853,
oarley, wine, hops, hemp, silki, and molasses. In 1850, Vir- appropriated $4,000,000 and upwards for railroad purposes,
2048




VIR                             ~VIR.
and invested $9,4.10,159.48 in works of internal improve- an expense of nearly $30 for each pauper. Of 642 deaf and
ment not completed, and $1,409,986.94 in works which yield  dumb, 13 were free colored, and 89 slaves; of 881 blind, 85
no income.                                                  were free colored, and 299 slaves; of 970 insane, 47 were free
ulmmcerce.-Compared with her advantages, both as to  colored, and 59 slaves, and of 1182 idiotic, 90 were free
harbors and rivers, as well as to products, Virginia's direct colored, and 201 slaves. Of the entire population, 1995 were
foreign trade is small, her commerce being mainly carried  engaged in mining; 318,771 in agriculture; 6361 in cornon through the ports and the shipping of the North. Hler  merce; 54,147 in manufactures; 582 in navigating the
foreign  imports for the fiscal year 1854 amounted to  ocean; 2952 in internal navigation, and 3866 in the learned
$1,276,216, and her exports to $4,754,148; tonnage entered  professions.
for the same year was 96,743, and cleared 83,330; tonnage    Counties.-Virginia is divided into 140 counties, viz.
owned, 84,840, of which 22,385 was registered tonnage; Accomac, Alexandria, Albemarle, Allegheny, Amherst,
vessels built 19, aggregate tonnage 3227, of which 6 were  Amelia, Appomattox, Augusta, Barbour, Bath, Bedford,
steamers. In the years 1852-3 and'4 respectively, there  Berkeley, Boone, Botetourt, Braxton, Brooke, Brunswick,
were inspected, in Virginia, 51,806, 50,567, and 47,862 hogs- Buckingham, Cabell, Carroll, Campbell, Caroline, Charlotte,
heads of tobacco; and exported, 13,771, 10,081, and 14,420  Charles City, Chesterfield, Clarke, Craig, Culpepper, Cumberhogsheads; and of flour, from Richmond and Petersburg, land, Dinwiddie, Doddridge, Elizabeth City, Essex, Fauquier,
74,920, 114,766, and 167,331 barrels, in the years and in the  Fairfax, Fayette, Fluvanna, Floyd, Franklin, Frederic, Giles,
order named above. But the great trade of Virginia is the  Gilmer, Gloucester, Goochland, Grayson, Greenbrier, Greene,
coasting trade, which consists in the export of her tobacco, Greensville, Halifax, Hampshire, Hancock, Hanover, IHIardy,
Indian corn, wheat, coal, flour, wood, oysters, &c. In 1852  Harrison, Henry, Henrico, Highland, Isle of Wight, Jackson,
there were delivered at Richmond by the different public  James City, Jefferson, Kanawha, King George, King Wilworks, property valued at $10,660,422, of which more than  liam, King and Queen, Lancaster, Lee, Lewis, Logan, Lou$7,000,000 were transported by the James River and Ka- don, Louisa, Lunenburg, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason,
nawha Canal. There were inspected at Richmond 450,000  Matthews, Mecklenburg, Mercer, Middlesex, Monongalia,
barrels of flour in 1853, of which 114,766 were exported to  Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Nansemond, Nelson, New
foreign ports.                                              Kent, Nicholas, Northumberland, Northampton, Norfolk;
Elucation.-Virginia has no general free school system, Nottaway, Ohio, Orange, Page, Patrick, Pendleton, Pittylbut makes an appropriation for the instruction of the poor. vania, Pleasants, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Preston, Prince
The appropriation for primary schools in 1854 was $75,000, Edward, Princess Anne, Prince George, Prince William,
and the annuity to the University of Virginia is $15,000. Pulaski, Putnam, Raleigh, Randolph, Rappahannock, Rich
According to the census of 1850, Virginia had 12 colleges, mend, Ritchie, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Russell,
(including medical and theological, and all schools granting  Scott, Shenandoah, Smyth, Southampton, Spottsylvania,
degrees,) with 1343 students, arid $159,790 income, of which  Stafford, Surry, Sussex, Taylor, Tazewell, Tyler, Upshur,
$30,550 was from  endowments, and $90,000 from  public  Warren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland,
funds; 2930 public schools, with 67,353 pupils, and $314,625  Wetzel, WVirt, Wood, Wyoming, Wythe, York.  Capital,
income, of which $12,235 was from  endowments, $43,470  Richmond.
from  taxation, and $60,828 from public funds; 317 acade-    Cities and Towns.-The principal towns of Virginia are
mies and other schools, with 9068 pupils, and $234,372 in- Richmond, pop. 27,570, (32,338 in 1855;) Norfolk, 14,326,
come, of which $6740 was from  endowments.  Attending  (including Portsmouth and Gosport, more than 23,000;)
schools, as reported by families, 109,775. Of the free adult Petersburg, 14,010; Wheeling, 11,435; Alexandria, 8734;
population, 88,520 could not read and write, of whom 1137  Portsmouth, 8626; Lynchburg, 8071; and Fredericksburg,
were of foreign birth. Of the colleges, the most flourishing  4061.
and most numerously attended is the University, which    Government, Finances, &c.-The executive power is vested
had in 1854, more than 500 students. There were in Vir- in a governor, elected by the people for 4 years, and receivginia, in 1854, according to the American Almanac, 10 col- ing a salary of $5000 per annum. The governor cannot be
leges, with 1168 students; 3 theological schools, with 119; elected for two terms successively. A lieutenant-governor,
2 law schools, with 110; and 3 medical schools, two of  who is also president of the Senate, is elected in like manner
which had 211 students.                                     and for the same period, and receives $8 per day during the
Religious Denomninations.-Of the 2386 churches in Vir- sessions of the legislature.  The secretary of the commonginia in 1850, there belonged to the different sects of the  wealth, the treasurer, and auditor, are each elected for two
Baptists, 650; to the Christians, 16; to the Episcopalians, 173; years by the legislature on joint ballot. Three commissionto the Free Church, 108; to the Friends, 15; to the German  ers of public works, from as many districts, are elected for
Reformed, 9; to the Lutherans, 50; to the Methodists, 1025; 6 years, so that one shall go out every second year.  The
to the Presbyterians, 241; to the Roman Catholics, 17; and  Senate, apportioned on the basis of property and taxation
to the Union Church, 52. The rest were divided among the  combined, consists of 50 members, elected for 4 years, so
Jews, Mennonites, Moravians, New Church, Swedenborgian, that one-half shall go out every second year. The House of
Tunkers, Universalists, and minor sects-making 1 church  Representatives, apportioned on the basis of white populato every 596 inhabitants. Total value of church property, lation, consists of 152 members, chosen for two years. The
$2,860,876.                                                 sessions of the legislature are biennial, and meet on the
Periodicals.-In 1850, Virginia had 15 daily, 12 tri-weekly, second Monday in January. The legislature may not con55 weekly, and 3 semi-monthly newspapers, and 1 monthly  tinue in session more than 90 days without the consent of
and 1 quarterly review, with an aggregate annual circula-  three-fifths of the members, and then but for 30 days longer.
tion of 9,223,068 copies.                                   A re-apportionment must take place in 1865, and every 10
Public Institutiozs.-At Staunton are the Institution for  years thereafter. The judiciary consists-1. Of a supreme
the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, and the Western Insane Asylum, court of appeals, composed of 5 judges, elected by the voters
both state institutions; The Eastern Insane Asylum is au of each of the 5 sections into which the state is divided, for
Williamsburg, and the State Penitentiary at Richmond. The  15 years; 2. Of 10 district courts, composed of the judges
latter had 199 inmates in 1850, of whom 11 were of foreign  of the circuits for each section, and the judge of the supreme
birth, and 69 slaves. This state had in the same year, 21  court for that section; 3. Of 21 circuit courts, held twice a
public libraries, with 32,595 volumes; 17 school and Sunday  year, each presided over by a judge, elected by the people
school, with 4681; 14 college, with 50,856; and 2 church  of his particular circuit, for 8 years. Every white male
libraries witlh 330 volumes. The Virginia Historical Society, citizen, 21 years old, a resident of the state for 2 years. and
founded in 1832, had Chief Justice Marshall for its president of the county, city, or town in which he votes for 12 months
for some years.                                             next preceding an election, is a qualified voter, excepting
Population.-The white population of Virginia is mainly  paupers, criminals, insane persons, and officers of the United
of British origin, and until a recent period was very slightly  States government, temporarily stationed in the state. Viraffected by admixture from other sources. The Virginians  ginia is entitled to 13 members in the national Ilouse of
have always prided themselves on their purity of descent,. Representatives, and to 15 electoral votes for President.
and " one of the first families of Virginia," has become a  The state debt of Virginia was $22,389,477, October 1, 1854,
proverb. In 1790, this state numbered 748,308 inhabitants; besides $3,779,732 contingent debt, consisting of guarantees
880,200 in 1800; 974,622 in 1810; 1,065,379 in 1820; 1,211,405  to corporations for purposes of internal improvement; school
in 1830; 1,239.797 in 1840, and 1,421,661 in 1850; of whom  fund, $1,153,606; productive property, $8,011,668; unpro.
451,300 were white males; 443,500 white females; 26,002 free  ductive property, $5,899,958; ordinary expenses, exclusive
colored males, and  28,331 females; 240,562 male, and  of debt and school, $600,000; income for 1853-4, $1,397,047;
231,966 female slaves. Pop. to square mile, 23.17. This  assessed value of property in 1850, $381,376,660; true
population was divided into 167,530 families, occupying  valuation, $391,646,438; true or estimated value in 1852,
165,815 dwellings. Of the free population, 872,923 were  born  $473,771,190.  There were in Virginia, January 1, 1855, 20
in the state; 53,231 in other states; 2998 in England; 11,643  banks and 38 branches, with an aggregate  capital of
in Ireland; 1120 in Scotland and Wales; 235 in British Ame- $14,033,838; a circulation of $10,834,863; and $2,728,482 in
rica; 5511 in Germany; 321 in France; 566 in other countries, coin.
and 585 whose places of birth were unknown-giving about   History. —Virginia is the oldest of the permanent settle21 per cent. of foreign births of the whole white population. ments made by the English, and the oldest of the thirteen
In the year ending June 1, 1850, occurred 19,059 deaths, or  states that confederated at the Revolution. It was settled
about 13 persons in every 1000; and in the same period, by a party of English, led by the celebrated Captain John
5118 paupers received aid,' of whom 185 were foreigners, at Smith, in 1607, and had in its earlier areer great diffIiculties
6D                                                                        2o49




VIR                                                        VIS
to contend with, in the shape of famine, disease, and the  ment of Is~re, 13 miles N.N W. of St. Marcellin.  Pop
hostilities of the natives, often incited to depredations hy  2078.
worthless settlers. Bacon's rebellion, the most serious of    VIRLE, veeRtlA, a village of the Sardinian States, division
these disturbances, broke out in the autumn of 1676. A  of Turin, province of Pinerolo. Pop. 1747.
party who were discontented with Berkeley for refusing to    VIRLE or WIRLE, veer/leh, a market-town of Austria,
commission Bacon to lead them against the savages who  Croatia, about 10 miles from Kopreinitz, and near the Irave.
had invaded the white settlements, slaughtering and burn- It is the head-quarters of a frontier regiment. Pop. 3694.
ing, as was their custom, chose Bacon for their commander,   VIROFLAY, vee'ro'fiAI, a village of France, department
despite the governor, who, on Bacon's return from a suc- of Seine-et-Oise, arrondissement of Versailles. Pop. 1057.
cessful foray against the Indians, declared him a rebel. The    VIROQUA, a post-office of Bad Axe co., Wisconsin,
people rose again, put Bacon at their head, and commenced    VIRTON, veea't6NGI, the most S. town of Belgian Luxema civil war against the governor, in which Jamestown was bourg, 15 miles S.W. of Arlon. Pop. 2000.
burnt, and the total defeat of the governor's party was only    VIRTZERV (vbRat-z6Rv/) LAKE, or WURZSEE, (Wtirzprevented by the death of Bacon. Berkeley put to death  see,) *Visttslx, Russia, government of Livonia, between Dormany of the adherents of Bacon's party. In 1677, Virginia  pat and Fellin, is 26 miles in length, breadth 8 miles. It is
obtained a new charter, depriving her of some of her former an expansionof the Embach, which leaves its N.E. extreprivileges, as a punishment for the rebellion. It was, how- mity to enter Lake Peipus.
ever, soon after annulled by Charles II. on account of the    VIRY, vee'reel, a village of the Sardinian States, division
discontents of the people. In 1752, Washington, then a  of Savoy, province of Genevese, 3 miles S.W. of St. Julien,
young man, was sent by Governor Dinwiddie as an envoy  with a ruined castle. Pop. 1844.
to the French commander at Fort Du Quesne, (Pittsburg,)    VISAN, veez6SNGl, a town of France, department of Valand two years after, at the head of 400 men, defeated the  cluse, 16 miles N.E. of Orange. Pop. in 1852, 2136.
French party at the Great Meadows, but.was obliged to ca-   VISCARDO, CAPE. See CAPE VISCARDO.
pitulate shortly after to nearly.a quadruple force. In 1755.   VISCARI, a town of Sicily. See BIsciaI.
Washington served as a colonel in Braddock's army, and    VISCAYA. See BIscAY.
saved it from utter ruin. Virginia took an active part in    VISCHEI- vis/k, a village of the Sardinian States, division
the events leading to, and in the conduct of the war of the  of Turin, province and 10 miles S.S.E. of Ivrea, on the Dora
Revolution, and gave to the army and to the nation that Baltea. It has an old castle. Pop. 2154.
illustrious chief whose wisdom and firmness not only con-   VISCHEGRAD, vishehgrh-rld/, a village of Bosnia, on the
ducted us through the perils of a seven years' war, but also  Drin, 40 miles E.S.E. of Bosna Serai.
contributed so greatly to establish our government on a    VISCIIERA, a river of Russia. See VIsnrERnA.
firm basis. Besides Washington, several eminent statesmen    VISCHER'S (vishlerz) F'ERRY, a post-village of Saratoga
and officers were natives of Virginia; among them  werq co., New York, about 16 miles N. by W. of Albany.
Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the two Lees, Patrick Henry,   VISCHNII-VOLOTCHOK, a town of Russia. See VISursE
Chief Justice Marshall, Henry Clay, and a number of others.  VOLOTCHOK.
On her soil occurred several events of the Revolution; pro-   VISCIANO, ve-shbtno, a town of Naples, province of Terminent among them, the surrender at Yorktown in October, ra di Lavoro, district and E. of Nola. Pop. 1367.
1781, which in reality put an end to the war. WVashington    VISft, vee'zi, (Ger. Weset, fVtA/set,) a town of Belgium,
died December 14,1799. Alexandria capitulated to the Bri- province and 8 miles N.E. of Liege, on the right bank of the
tish, August 27, 1814. Nat Turner headed a negro insur- Meuse. Pop. 2076.
rection in 1831, in which a number of whites were massa-   VISEU, veelsA-oo, a city of Portugal, province of Beira,
cred. Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Tyler, capital of a comarca, 46 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 9160.
all presidents of the United States, were citizens of Virginia; It is ill built and dirty, but its cathedral contains some good
and President Harrison was also a native of this state, works of art, and it has a college, preparatory to the Unithough not a citizen at the period of his election. A con- versity of Coimbra, a large hospital, many Moorish and
stitution was formed in 1776, suited to the changed circumn- Gothic edifices, Roman antiquities, anfia large annual
stances of the state as a republic, which was remodelled in  fair.
1830, and again in 1851.                                     VISHERA, VISCHERA, VICIHERA or WISCIIERA, yeVIRGINIA, a township of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop. 1226. sh!rA or vish-A-r41, a river of Russia, government of Perm,
VIRGINIA, a post-village of Cass co., Illinois, 13 miles E. rises in the Ural Mountains, flows W. and S., and after re.
by S. of Beardstown.                                      ceiving some large affluents, joins the Kama, 24 miles N.W
VIRGINIA GROVE, a post-office of Louisa co., Iowa, about of Solikamsk.  Course 260 miles.  It is navigable, and
40 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City.                             traverses a densely wooded country.
VIRGINIA  MILITARY  INSTITUTE.  See LEXINGTON,   VISHNEE (or VISHNII) VOLOTCIIOK, vish/nee or vish!
VIRGINIA.                                                 nyee vo-lo-chokf, written also VISCHNII VOLOTCHIOK and
VIRGINIA MILLS, a post-office of Buckingham co., Vir- WISCIINEI WOLOTSCHOK, a town of Russia, government
ginia.                                                     and 70 miles N.W. of Tver, on the Tsna, atthecommencement
VIRGINIA MINES, a post-village of Franklin co., Mis- of the canal which unites it with the Tvertsa, and on the
souri, on the Maramec River, about 50 miles W.S.W. of St. great route between Moscow and St. Petersburg. Pop. 9115.
Louis.                                                     It has a cathedral, bazaar, and 3 annual fairs. The canal
VIRGINIA SETITLEMENT, a small village of Wayne co., between the Tsna and Tvertsa, constructed under Peter the
Missouri.                                                  Great, connects the navigation of the Baltic and Caspian
VIRGINIE. See VIRGaINIA.                                 Seas, and is frequented by upwards of 2000 vessels annually,
VIRGIN (vir/jin) ISLANDS, a group of about 100 small rendering the town a large entreplt for corn, malt, chiccory,
islands in the West Indies, between let. 180 5' and 180 50' seeds, butter, tallow, and soap.
N.. and ion. 640 10' and 650 40' W., occupying a space of    VISHNU PRAYAGA, vish/noo pr~-yl/gi, a place of IIindoo
about 100 miles long by 20 miles wide. Not above a fourth  pilgrimage, in North IHindostan, at the junction of two
are inhabited and cultivated. The chief exports are sugar, heads of the Ganges. Lat. 300 34' N., lon. 790 4' E.
molasses, rum, cotton, and salt, ginger, turmeric, tobacco,   VISIAPOUR. See BEJAPOOR.
pimento, and indigo. Vegetables and fruits are abundant.   VISINGSO, (Visingse,) veelsings-50, an island of Sweden, in
The climate is subject to much fluctuation, and slight the S. of Lake Wetter. It is a narrow strip little more than
shocks of earthquakes are occasionally felt. The islands are 1 mile wide, stretching about 6 miles N. to S., with the
exposed to a heavy swell, and the obstacles opposed to the  remains of two old castles of great historical interest.
tidal wave between them. produce some extraordinary phe-   VISIOOGAN or VISIUGAN, ve-se-oo-gitnt, a river of Sinomena; the waves sometimes, breaking against the shore  beria, rises in the E. of the government of Tobolsk, lat. 550
with great violence, without there being any indication of a  30' N., flows E.N.E., and after a course of about 170 miles
previous gale. The Virgin Islands are shared by Great joins the Obi, about 30 miles below Narym.
Britain, which has about 50, the principal of which are    VISO, EL, 31 veelso, a village of Spain, Andalusia, province
Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Joest van Dykes, Guano Isle, and 40 miles N. of Cordova. Pop. 2704.
Beef and Thatch Islands, Prickly Pear. Camanas, Cooper's,    VISO DEL ALCOR, vee/so dfl tl-koal, a town of Spain,
Salt, St. Peter's, and several smaller islands; Denmark, province and 14 miles EN.E. of Seville. Pop. 2991.
which has St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, and St. John, with a    VISO DEL MARQUES, veelso d6l maR/kis, a town of Spain,
considerable number of islets; and Spain, which has Cule- province and 28 miles S.E. of Ciudad Real, at the foot of the
bra, and several islets. Bieque or Crab Island forms a  Sierra Morena. Pop. 2010.
sort of joint possession of the three powers. The group    VISO DE LOS PEDROCIHIES, veelso di loce pA-DrolchIs, a
was discovered by Columbus on his second voyage, in 1494.  town of Spain, province and 35 miles N.N.W. of Cordova, at
VIR/GINSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         the foot of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 2596.
VIRIGINSVILLE, a post-village of Berks co., Pennsyl-   VISOKA, ve-solkg, a town of European Turkey, Bosnia,
vania, 68 miles E. of Harsisburg.                         on the Bosna, 17 miles N.W. of Bosna Seral. Pop. 2000..
VIRIEU, vee're-uhl, a market-town of France, department Near it are iron-mines and medicinal springs.
of Islre, 23 miles N.N.W, of Grenoble. Pop. 1285.           VISO, MONTE, monti. veelso, a principal summit of the
VIRIEUX-LE-GRAND, vee're-uh! 1h gr8Ne, a market- Alps, at the junction of their Maritime and Cottian divisions,
town of France, department of Ain, 6 miles N.N.W. of Bel- 40 miles S.W. of Turin, and 13,599 feet in elevation.
toy. Pop. 794.                                              VISONE, ve-solnl, a village of the Sardinian States, divi.
YVIRIVILLE, veearessveelf, a village of France, depart- sion of Alessandria, province and near Acqui. Pop. 1360.
2050




VIS                                                         VIV
~'ISP, visp, a village of Switzerland, canton of Valais, on  nufactures are unimportant; alum, vitriol, and sulphur
Itl-. Visp, 6 miles V.S.W. o4 BrieR.                        abound in its vicinity, in which are also many medicinal
VISSEGRAD, vish'Agrbdt, (Ger. Plintenburg, plin/tten- springs. This city was one of the principal in the Etruscan
b6hGC?,) a market-town of Hungary, county and 21 miles league; and it was, in the middle ages, the capital of the
N.N.W. of Pesth, on the right bank of the Danube. It has  Patrimony of St. Peter, bestowed in the 12th century upon
a ruined castle, formerly the residence of Matthias Corvinus. the papal see.
VIS/TA,  a post-village of Westchester co., New York,   VITHI, feet. a town of Rhenish Prussia, government and
about 120 miles S. by E. of Albany.                         30 miles S. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Our. Pop. 868.
VISTABELLA  DEL  MAESTRAZGO, vees-ta-bll/y   d~l    VITI or FIDJI ISLANDS. See FEEJEs ISLANDS.
mI-Ss-trtth'go, a town of Spain, Valencia, province and 27    VITIGUDINO, ve-te-goo-Deelno, a town of Spain, province
miles N.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1239.             and 36 miles S.W. of Salamanca. Pop. 928.
YISfTA RIDGE, a post-office of Carroll parish, Louisiana.    VITIM, vit/im' or ve-teem!, a river of East Siberia, rises
VISTORIO, vis-tolre-o, a village of the Sardinian States, in the Vitim-Steppe, S.E. of Lake Baikal, government of
division of Turin, province and about 10 miles W.N.W. of  Irkootsk, flows N.E. and N. for nearly 900 miles, forming
Ivrea, on the Chiusella. Pop. 1651.                         the boundary between that government and the province
VISTRE, veest'r, a river of France, department of Gard, of Yakootsk, and joins the Lena, opposite Vitimsk. It has
after a S.W. course of 30 miles joins the canal connecting  several large affluents.
Beadcaire with the Mediterranean, near Aigues-Mortes.         VITIMSK, ve-timskl, a village of East Siberia, with 300
VISTRITZ, vis/trits, or VISTRITZA, vis-trit/s, (anc. E./i- inhabitants, and a mine yielding the largest sheets of talc;
eon,) a river of European Turkey, Macedonia, after a N.E. lat. 590 15' N., lon. 1120 E.
and S.E. course of 80 miles, joins the Vardar near its mouth    VITORIA, ve-to/re-I, or VITTORIA, vit-to/re-A, a town of
in the Gulf of Salonica.                                    Spain, capital of the province of Alava, 29 miles S. of Bilbao,
VISTULA, visftu-la, (Ger. Weichsel, -(ik/sel; Polish, Wisla, on the road from Madrid to Bayonne. Pop. 10,266. It con*ees/ll; anc. Pis/tsla,) a river of Europe, rises in the Carpa- sists of an old and a new town, which contrast strongly with
thian Mountains, flows in Austrian Silesia, partly separates  each other; it has a spacious market-square, several churches,
Galicia from  Poland, traverses Poland and East Prussia, a town-hall, custom-house, orphan asylum, general hospital,
forming the main channel of trade in these countries, past public library, and museum  of antiquities.  The manufaoCracow, Warsaw, Plock, Thorn, Culm, Graudenz, and Dant- tures comprise brass and iron wares, earthenware, ebony
zic, and enters the Baltic by several mopths, of which the  wares, candles, table linen, and leather; and it is an importmost E., called the Nogat, enters the Frische-iaff, N.W. of  ant entrep6t between the interior of Spain, Navarre, and
Elbing. The W. branch again divides into 2 arms, one 6f  Bilbao, especially for crude and manufactured iron, chocowhich enters the Baltic near Dantzic, and the other by a  late, confectionery, woollen and silk fabrics, shoes, and hats.
new channel which it forced for itself in 1840. Total course, Vitoria is celebrated in the annals of the Peninsular War
including windings, 530 miles. Principal affluents, on the  as the scene of a signal victory gained by the English over
right, the Wisloka, San, Wieprz, and Bug; and on the left, the French, on the 21st of June, 1813.
the Pilica and Bzura.                                         VITRO, vee'trl/, a town of France, department of Ille-etVISTULA, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana.           Vilaine, on the Vilaine, 21 miles E. of Rennes. Pop. in 1852,
VISURGUS. See WEseRn.                                     8800. It has a communal college, manufactures of cotton
VITA, vee/ti, a town of Sicily, near the source of the  hosiery and leather, trade in wax, honey, and cantharides,
Birgi, S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 2800.                          and 22 annual fairs. One mile S. is the Chateau des Rochers,
VITA, an island on the east coast of Africa. See MOMBAS. (shltb/ dA ro'shl/,) celebrated as the residence of Madame
VITCHiEGDA, VYTCHEGDA, VYCHEGDA, ve-chlg/dI,  de Sevign6.  Nicholas Savary, the French traveller and auor WITSCHEGDA, a river of Russia, traverses the centre  thor, was born here, in 1750.
of the government of Vologda, chiefly in a W. direction, and    VITRY, vee'treel, a town of France, department of Pasjoins the ]vina, 12 miles W. of Solvitchegodsk. Total course  de-Calais, with a station on the North Railway, 10 miles
380 miles, mostly navigable. Affluents, the Yolva, Yarenga, E.N.E. of Arras. Pop. in 1852, 2437.
and Sysola.                                                   VITRY-LE-FRANqOIS, vee'tree/ leh fr8SNGswAl, a fortified
VITEBSK or WITEPSK, ve-tlbsk/, a government of Rus- town of France, department of Marne, on the Paris and
sian Poland, mostly betweenlat. 540 558 and 570 20' N., and  Strasbourg Railway, 19 miles S.S.E. of ChAlons, on the right
ion. 250 30' E.,surrounded by the governments of Moheelev, bank of the Marne. Pop. in 1852, 8253. It has a communal
Minsk, Courland, Livonia, Pskov, and Smolensk. Area  college, and. manufactures of hosiery, cotton yarn, and
17,336 square miles. Pop. in 1851,742,811. mostly Roman  leather, with a brisk trade in corn.
Catholics. Surface generally level; soil, though interspersed    VITRY-SUR-SEINE, veertree/ siia sAn, a town of France,
with sandy and marshy tracts, is pretty fertile, and more  department of Seine, arrondissement of Sceaux, 5 miles
corn is raised than is required for home consumption, as S.E. of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine.  Pop. 2559.
well as large quantities of hemp and flax, pease, beans, hops,   VITTEAUX, veet'ta/, a town of France, department of
and fruits. Principal river. the Dina, which traverses its  CGte-d'Or, on the Brenne, 24 miles W.N.W. of Dijon. P.1888.
S. part, and by which and the canals uniting it with the    VITTEFLEUR, vee'teh-fluR/, a village of France, departBerezina and Lovat, its trade is greatly facilitated. Forests ment of Seine-Infirieure, 15 miles N.N.W. of Yvetot, on the
and pasture-lands are extensive, and in the latter many  Dourdon.  Pop. 1255.
cattle and coarse-woolled sheep are reared. The manufac-    VITTEL, veet6tl/, a market-town of France, department
tures comprise those of woollen cloth, leather, glass, and  of Vosges, 23 miles W. of Epinal. Pop. 1426.
earthenwares. The exports are mostly confined to agricul-    VITTORIA, vit-tolre-a, a town of Canada West, co. of Nortural produce, timber and masts, hides, wool, tallow, honey, folk, 7 miles from  Simcoe, with three Protestant churches,
and wax. The government is divided into 12 circles. Princi-  two schools, several grist and saw mills, two distilleries, and
pal towns, Vitebsk, the capital, Velizh, Diinaburg, and Po- manufactures of cloth, iron, and leather. Pop. about 600.
lotzk.                                                        VITTORIA, vit-to/re-A, a town of Sicily, intendency of
VITEBSIK or WITEPSK, a town of Russian Poland, the  Syracuse, district and 14 miles W.N.W. of Modica.  Pop.
capital of a government of its own name, is situated on both  11,000, who trade in honey and silk.
sides of the Diina, here joined by the Viteba, 95 miles N. of'VITTORIA, a town of Spain. See VIToaRIA.
Moheelev. Pop. 29,832.  It is enclosed by old walls, and    VITTORIOSA, vit-to-re-o/si, a strongly fortified town and
built mostly of wood; but has numerous Greek-United  suburb bf Valetta, Mlalta, on the S.E. side of its great harbor.
and Roman Catholic churches, convents, and synagogues, See VALETrTA.
an old castle, a bazaar, college of nobles, a medical direc-   VITULANO, ve-too-l/no, a town of Naples, province of
tion, and several hospitals, with manufactures of woollen  Principato Ultra, district and 20 miles N.W. of Avelitno.
cloth and leather. It is the residence of a civil governor, Pop. 2500. It has manufactures of woollen fabrics, silks,
aid a military governor, with authority over the govern- and leather, and quarries of fine colored marbles.
ments of Vitebsk, Smolensk, and Moheelev. IHere the Grand    VIU, vee-oof, a village of North Italy, Piedmont, 20 miles
Duke Constantine of Russia died on the 27th of June, 1832. N.W. of Turin, on the Chiara. Pop. 3745.
VITERBO, ve-t~a/bo, a city of Central Italy, Pontifical    VIUZ-EN-SALLAZ, ve-iiz1 &Ice  sIPll/, a village of the
States, capital of a delegation, at the foot of, Monte Cimino,  Sardinian States, division of Savoy, province of Faucigny.
in the Campagna di Roma, 42 miles N.N.W. of Rome. It was nearly buried by a landslip in 1715. Pop. 2480.
Pop. 13,850. It is enclosed by turreted walls, chiefly con-   VIVARA, ve-v/rI, an islet of South Italy, between Procida
structed by Besiderius, the last Lombard king of Italy, and Ischia, at the entrance of the Bay of Naples.
is generally well built of volcanic tufi, and has many           VIVARAIS. See VVZAROIS.
handsome residences and public fountains.  In its ca-   VIVAROIS or VIVARAIS, veesvI'rI/, an old district of
thedral, which contains the tombs of four popes, Prince  France, in Languedoc, of which Viviers was the capital. It
Henry of England, nephew of Henry III., was assassinated  is now comprised in the departments of Ardiche and I-Hauteby Guy of Montfort; and it was in its public square that Loire.
the emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, humiliated himself be-. VIVEL, ve-vll/, a village of Spain, Valencia, province and
fore the English pope, Adrian IV. Several of the churches  27 miles W. ofCastellon de la Plana, onthe Palancia. P. 2087.
are rich in works of art, and in one is a masterpiece of Se-   VIVERO, ve-vA!ro, a town of Spain, province and 45 miles
bastian-del-Piombo.  The Bishop's Palace and City-hall are  N. of Lugo, at the mouth of the Landrova in the Bay of
fine buildings, and the latter, as well as the MIuseum of the  Biscay.  Pop. 4606. It has a seminary and a hospital, a
Academy, contains various Etruscan antiquities. The ma- government factory of arms, and manufactures of linens,
2051




v~~~~~v ~~~vol
VI'T                                                         WIO
quiltings, and bartheaware.  The port has a bar at its of a district, 27 miles S.S.W. of Kovel. Pop. 5500, mostly
mouth.                                                      Jews, who trade in silks and salt, and have 4 annual fiirs.
VIVEROLS, vee'veh-roll, a market-town of France, depart-   VLADSLOO, vl'Ad-slbf, a village of Belgium, West Flanders,
ment of Puy-de-DSme, 10 miles S.E. of Ambert. Pop. 1325. on the Zydelinlk-Vaert, 16 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2397.
VIVERONE, ve-vA-rofnA, a village of the Sardinian States,   VLAMIERTINGHE,  vlffmer-ting'seh, a village of Bel10 miles S. of Biella, on a lake of same name. Pop. 1826.   gium, province of West Flanders, 29 miles S.W. by S. of
VIVIERS, veesve-.A/, a town of France, department of  Bruges, on the Kemmelbeke. Pop. 2730.
Ardlche, on the Rhone, 17 miles S.S.E. of Privas. Pop. 2714.   VLASKIM, a town of Bohemia. See WL.SCHIM.
VIVONNE, vee'vonnf, a town of France, department of    VLEDENY, vlAM6dViI, or VLADEN, vl&d~n/, a village of
Vienne, at the confluence of the Clain and Vonue, 11 miles Austria, Transylvania, district of Kronstadt.  Pop. 1390.
S.S.W. of Poitiers. Pop. in 1852, 3488.                        VLESENBEEK, vlcfzen-bhk', a village of Belgium, proVIX, veex, a village of France, department of Vendse, 8  vince of Brabant, 6 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1178.
miles S.S.W. of Fontenay-le-Comte.  Pop. 2010.                 VLIE, -IET, hit vlee, or DE YLIESTROOM, deh vlees'VIZA, VISA or WISA, veeszg, (anc. Byzia?) a town of  tr6m, the name given to the current that flows from the
European Turkey, Room-Elee, capital of a sanjalk, 74 miles  North Sea towards the Zuyder-Zee, through the entrance
N.W. of Constantinople. on the route to Kirk-kilisseh. It is  between the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling.
enclosed by walls, and has a ruined fortress.                 VLIELAND, vleellant. an island of the Netherlands, proVIZAGAPATAM, ve-zitga-pa-tml/, a maritime  district of  vince of North I-Iolland, off the entrance to the Zuyder-Zee,
British India, presidency of Madras, having E. the Bay of  between the islands of Texel and Schelling. Length 10
Bengal, andlandward the districts of Rajahmundry, Ganjam, miles, greatest breadth 11 miles. Pop. 800.
and the Bengal, S. ceded districts. Area, 15,300 square miles.   VLIERMAEL, vleerImn l, a village of Belgium, province of
Pop. 1,254,272.                                             Limbourg, 7 miles N. of Tongres. Pop. 1922.
VIZAGAPATAM, a city of British India, capital of the    VLIERZELE.  vleeazX'I1h, a village of Belgium, province
above district, on the Coronandel coast, 57 miles E. of  of East Flanders, 12 miles S.E. of Ghent.  Pop. 1918.
Golcondah; lat. 170 42' N., ion. 830 24' E. It has a court-    YLISSINGEN, a town of the Netherlands. See FLUSHING.
house, barracks, and many good European buildings; but   VLOTHIO, feolto, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 9 miles
its unhealthiness has driven most of the British authorities  S.S.W. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 2200. It is enclosed
to reside in the adjacent village of Waltier.               with walls, and has manufactures of chiccory, colors, soap,
VIZCAYA, a province of Spain. See BiscAY.                 tobacco, and papk.
VIZELLA,  ve-z~ltld, a village of Portugal, province of    VLYMEN, vlltmen, a village of Holland, province of North
BMinho, 5 miles S.E. of Guimaraens, in a picturesque vale. Brabant, 8 miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2408.
It is greatly frequented for its warm sulphur baths, known    VOAK, vak, a post-office of Yates co., New York.
to the Romans, whose tesselated pavements, and bathing    VOBARNO, vo-baR/no, a village of Austrian Italy, pro.
sites, have been discovered here.                           vince and 20 miles N.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop.
VIZIANAGRUM, vee'ze-.a-na-grimf, a town of British  1800.
India, presidency of Madras, district and 25 miles N.E. of    VOCKLABRUCK, (VJcklabriick,) vtik'kl-briik', a town
Vizagapatam. Though large, it is meanly built. Principal of Upper Austria, circle of Hausruck, at the confluence of
edifice, a stone fort, with the rajah's palace. Near it are  the Agger and Viickla, 20-miles S.W. of Wels. Pop. 1500.
British military cantonments.                                 VOCKLAMARKT, viik/klA-maRkt`, a  market-town  of
VIZIADROOG, vee'ze-a-droogl, a seaport town of British  Upper Austria, 8 miles W. of Vicklabriick.
India, presidency and 165 miles S. of Bombay, with one of    VODE, voldA, or VEDE, vA/d&, a river of Turkey in Euthe best harbors on the Malabar coast.                      rope, rises in a mountainous district in Upper Wallachia,
VIZILLE, vee'zeell, a market-town of Frahce, department flows S.S.E., and after a course of about 120 miles joins the
of Isbre, on the Romanche, 8 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. Danube on the left, about 7 miles below Sistova.
in  1852, 2115. It has a castle, in which the states of    VODINA, vo-deefnt, or VODEINA, (anc..Edcessa,) a town of
Dauphin6 assembled in 1788.                                 European Turkey, Room-Elee, 46 miles N.W. of Salonica, on
VIZZINI, vit-seelnee, a town of Sicily, province and 29  the Vistritza. Pop. estimated at 12,000, who weave cdtton and
miles S.W. of Catania. Pop. 9000.                           woollen fabrics.
VLAANDEREN. See FLANDERS.                                   VODLA, vodlA, a lake and river of Russia, government of
VLAARDINGEN, vlta/ding-en, a town of the Nether- Olonets; the lake, 25 miles N.E. of Poodosh, 30 miles in length
lands, province of Souti Holland, capital of a district, with  by 12 miles in breadth, discharges its surplus waters by the
a port on the Meuse, (Maas,) 6 miles W.S.W. of Rotterdam. river, which enters Lake Onega, on its E. side, after a course
Pop. 7234, mostly employed in the herring fishery.          of 120 miles.
VLADI-KAVKAS, vlifdee k v-kts1, a town and fort of    VOIEL, LOCH, (lox,) a lake of Scotland, co. of Perth,
Circassia, N. of the Caucasus Range, on the great route  parish of Balquhidder, and the source of the Balvaig, prinsouthward into Georgia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Mozdok.          cipal affluent of the Teith. Length 3 nmiles, breadth 1 mile.
VLADIMEER or VLADIMIR, vlilde-meerf, written also    VOIGANSYILLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., PennWLADIMIR, a government of Russia, nearly in its centre, sylvania.
mostly between  lat. 550 and 570 N., and ion. 370 40'   VOGELBERG, v8gel-berg, (Ger. pron. fotghel-b6Rc',) a
and 430 20' E., surrounded by the governments of Mos- mountain range of Germany, lesse-Cassel and Darmstadt,
cow, Tver, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Tam- between the Main and Weser. Highest point, 2430 feet.
~ boy, and Riazan. Area 18,145 square miles. Pop. in 1851,   VOGESUS MONS. See VOSGES.
1,168,303. Surface level; the Kliasma River intersects its    VOGHERA, vo-gA/rA, a town of North Italy, Piedmont,
centre, and the Oka its S.E. part. Soil not fertile, and  division and 19 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria, capital of a prothe corn produced is insufficient for home consumption. vince on the Staffora; lat. 440 59' N., ion. 830 24' E. Pop.
Principal crops, rye, barley, oats, some wheat, hemp, 10,706. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of
flax, millet, pease, apples, cherries, hops, and cucumbers. woollen and silk fabrics.
Cattle rearing is of inferior importance. Forests are very    VOGOGNA, vo-gtn/ya, a market-town of North Italy,
extensive; in that of Murom are valuable iron-mines, and  Piedmont, division of Novara, province of Pallanza, on the
some of the most extensive iron works in Russia are at Tosa, 8 miles S. of Domo d'0ssola. Pop. 1656.
Vixa, on the Oka. The sterility of the soil has caused the. VOHBURG, vob6iaRG, a walled town of Upper Bavaria,
inhabitants to direct attention greatly to manufactures, district and 9 miles E, of Ingolstadt, on the Danube. Pop.
which from 1830 to 1840 had doubled in extent, and in the  1195. On a rock in the vicinity is the ruined castle of
latter year employed nearly 84,000 hands. Cotton goods are  Vohburg.
made at Shooya (Shuya) and Ivanova, woollens and linens    VOHEMAR, VOHEMARE, vo'he-mar/, or VOIIEMARO,
are next in importance; and several years ago 4000 persons vo-hb-mt/ro, a river and bay of Madagascar.
were employed in iron foundries, and 1300 in glass and crys-   VOHENSTRAUSS, fo/e9n-stalws', a market-town of Bavatal works, besides others in manufactures of leather, earthen- ral, Upper Palatinate, 26 miles E.N.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1355.
wares, &c. Exports of these products are mostly sent down    VOIIL, (Vbhl,) fil, a market-town of Germany, Hessethe Volga, or W. overland to Moscow. The principal imports Darmstadt, near the Eder, 29 miles N.N.E. of Marburg, with
are corn, cotton-twist, and flax, from the N. and N.E. The a castle. Pop. 520.
government is divided into 13 districts. Principal towns,  - YOHRENBACI, (Viihrenbach,) f'dren-bAt, a town of
Vladimeer,(the capital,) Murom, Shooya, Pereslavl, Suzdal, Germany, Baden, circle of Lake, 8 miles W. of Villingen.
and Viaznikov.   -                                         Pop. 940.         
VLADIMEER, VLADIMIR or WLADIMIR, a town of Rus-   VOHRINGEN, (Vflhringen,) fi/ring-.n, a town of South
sia, capital of the above government, on the Kliasma, 120  Germany, principality of Holhenzollern-Sigmaringen, with
miles E.N.E. of Moscow; lat. 560 10' N., ion. 400 20' E. The  the ruins of a castle, 7 miles N. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 700.
road to Moscow is through a succession of populous villa-es.   VOHRINGEN, a village of Germany, Wtirtemberg, circle
Pop. 7400, comprising many Jews. It has a cathedral with 5  of Black Forest, 2 miles S.E. of Sulz. Pop. 1567.
domes, an archbishop's palace, court-house, governor's resi-   VOID, vwA, a market-town of France, department of
dence, college, and other schools, manufactures of linens  Meuse, arrondissement of Commercy. Pop. 1561.
and leather, and a trade in fruit. It was capital of the    VOIGTLAND, foigt/ltnt, an old subdivision of the king
grand-duchy of Russia from 1157 to 1328.                   dom of Saxony, now comprised in tihe circle of Zwickau.
VLADISMEER or VLADIMIR, (Pol. IYlodzimierz, vlod-zee.-   VOIRON, vwAr6NG/, a town of France, department of
mac-saizh',) a town of Russia, governmentof Volhynia, capital Isr, 14 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. in 1852, 84180. It
2052




Vol                                                         VOL
has extensive manufactures of hempen cloth, (called toiles The chief towns  are Zhitomeer, the capital, Kremenets,
ie Voiron,) and of iron and steel goods, chip-hats, and paper. Rowno, Staro-Konstantinov, Dubno, Radzivilov, and Berdit.
VOISEY, vwgzY, a village of France, department of  chev, Which last is the seat of a large annual fair.
HIaute-IMarne, 21 miles E. of Langres. Pop. 1873.             VOLINIA, vo-lin/e-, a post-township of Cass co., MichiVYOITSBERG, voitsfbWaG, a town of Styria, 13 miles W. of  gan, 10 miles N. by E. of Cassopolis. Pop. 607.
Gritz.  Pop. 1000. Near it are coal-mines and metallic    VOLKACIH, follklK, a town of Bavaria, Lower Franconia,
works.                                                      on the Main. 15 miles N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1984.
VOKUTAN, vo'K9nf, or WACIAN, wa'aint, a town of Cen-   VOLKERIAK, vol/keh-rAkx, or VOLKRAK, vol/krlk, Nethtral Asia, in the Bolor-Tagh, on an affluent of the Budukh- erlands, the stream  coming out of IIollands Diep, between
shin River. Lat. 380 20' N., lon. 700 34' E.                the islands of Overfiakke and Schouwen, and separating the
VOLANO, vo-l/no, a market-town of Italy, Pontifical province of South Holland firom Zealand.
States, 8 miles N.N.E. of Commachio, on the Po-di-Volano,    VOLKERMARIIKT, (Vdlkermarkt,) fillker-markt', a town
at its mouth in the Adriatic.                               of Austria, Carinthia, government of Laybach, 15 miles
VOLCAN DE AGUA, vol-kAn! dAl Agwa, (i. e. "water vol- E.N.E. of Klagenfurth, on the Drave. It has large cattle
cano,") a remarkable volcano of Central America, state and  markets.
firom 25 to 30 miles S.W. of Guatemala. Old Guatemala,    YOLKER SHAUSEN, (Vblkershausen,) fllkgrs-hfw'zen, a
(Guatemala la Viega,) in 1541 was destroyed, it is said, by  village of Central Germany, Saxe-Weimar, principality of
the irruption of enormous masses of water from this volcano, Eisenach, 5 miles S.E. of Vacha. Pop. 552.
whence its name. There is also a fire volcano, (VOLCAN DE    VOLKILOV or WOLKHOW, vol-Kovy, a river of Russia,'Ureo, vol-klnl di fwAfgo,) in the vicinity.               governments of Novgorod and St. Petersburg, issues from
VOLCAINO, a post-village of Calaveras co., California, 50  Lake Ilmen, on its N. side, near Novgorod, which town it
miles E.N.E. of Stockton.                                   intersects, flows in a very direct course N.N.E. for 130 miles,
VOLCANO, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, off the  and enters Lake Ladoga at Novala-Ladoga on its S. side. It
N.E. coast of Papua, lat. 50 3' S., ion. 1450 30' E. It has the  is deep and navigable, but its navigation is impeded by its
form of a truncated cone, about 2500 feet high, with a dia- rapidity and by falls.
meter of 3700 feet at the base, and looks as if it had risen    VOLKMARSEN, folklmaa'sen, a walled town of Hessedirectly from the depths of the ocean. When discovered by  Cassel, province of Nieder-Hessen, capital of a district, 18
Dampier, March 4, 1700, it was in a state of activity, vent-  miles N.N.W.'of Cassel. Pop. 2818. It has manufactures
ing fire and smoke; but when passed by D'Urville, in  of woollen cloths and leather, and 4 annual fairs.
August, 1827, was extinct, and clothed with an agreeable    VOLKOVISK or WOLKOWISK, vol-ko-visk!, a town of
verdure on the E. face.                                     Russian Poland, government and 42 miles S.S.E. of Grodno,
VOLCANO, a group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean. on a small affluent of the Niemen. Pop. 3000.
The central one, Sulphur Island, lat. 240 48' N., ion. 1410    VOLLENHOVE, volflen-ho'veh, a town of the Netherlands,
13' E., is about 5 miles long, and evidently volcanic,      province of Overyssel, on the Zuyder-Zee, 13 miles N.N.W. of
VOLCANO, an island of the North Pacific Ocean, S.E. of  Zwolle. Pop. 1318.
Japan; lat. 340 5' N., Ion. 1390 355 E.                       VOLLEZEELE, volfleh-z~lleh, a village of Belgium, proVOLCANO, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, one of  vince of Brabant, 16 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1775.
the Japan Islands; lat. 300 43' N., lon. 1300 17' E.          VOLLORE, vollflI, a town of France, department of PuyVOLCANO or BARIREN ISLAND, an island in the Bay  de-DOme, 5 miles S.S.E. of Thiers. Pop. 3832. It had forof Bengal, one of the Andamans; lat. 120 16' N., lon. 930  merly a fortress of importance.
54' E.                                                        VOLMAR or WOLMAR, vol-maR/, a town of Russia, goVOLCANO, an island of the Mediterranean. See VULCANO. vernment of Livonia, on the As, 65 miles N.E. of Riga. Pop.
VOLCIANO, vol-chano, a village of Austrian Italy, pro- 1700, mostly of German descent.  It has a church, which
vince and 17 miles N.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 1000. was formerly fortified. In 1622 it was taken by Gustavus
VOLCONDA, vol-kontdA, a town of British India, presi-  Adolphus, who conferred it on his celebrated chancellor
dency of Madras, district and 36 miles N.E. of Trichinopoly. Oxenstiern.
VOLGA or WOLGA, vol'gA, (anc. Rha,) a river of the Rus-   VOLMIERDINGSEN, vollmgr-dings'en, a village of Prussia,
sian Empire, and the largest in Europe, rises in Lake Sell- province of Westphalia, government of Minden. Pop. 1258.
gher, on the plateau of Valdai, government of Tver, in lat.   VOLNAY, vollnbl, a market-town of France, department
570 N., ion. 330 10' E., at an elevation of 550 feet above the  of CSte-d'Or, 4 miles S.W. of Beaune. Pop. 605. Some of
sea, flows E.N.E., E.S.E., S.S.W., and S.E., past Kiev, Tver, the finest champagne wines are produced in this vicinity.
Yaroslav, Kostroma, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Kazan, Simbeersk,   VOLINEY, a township of Oswego co., New York, on Oswego
iSa'atov, and Astrakhan, near which it enters the Caspian  River, intersected by the Oswego Canal, 24 miles N.N.W. of
Sea by 60 or 70 mouths, 83 feet below the level of the ocean. Syracuse. Pop., exclusive of Fulton Village, 2966.
The extent of its basin is estimated at 400,000 square miles,   VOLNEY, a post-office of Logan co., Kentucky.
and including windings, its course is 2500 miles, during    VOLNEY, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.
which its entire fall is only 633 feet. The principal affluents    VOLO, vo'lo, a town of European Turkey, Thessaly, on
on the right are the Oka and the Soora; on the left, the  the N. side of its gulf, lat. 390 24' N., Ion. 220 56' 30" E.
Tvertza, Mologa, Sheksna, and Kama. Its affluents, which  Pop. 2000, comprising many Jews.
are connected by several canals with the Neva, establish a    VOLO, GULF OF, (anc. Sinusss  Pelaslgicus,) an inlet of the
communication between the Caspian and the Baltic, White,  AEgean Sea, forming a part of the boundary between Turkey
and Black Seas. It contains an abundance of fish; and  and Greece, bounded E. by the peninsula of Zagorda, and
salmon, sturgeon, &c., are extensively exported. The Volga  opening southward into the channel of Trikeri.  Length
forms the principal channel of commerce in Russia. It is  and breadth about 18 miles each. In it is the island of
navigable by barges of 1200 tons, but its navigation is fre- Trikeri.
quently interrupted by sand-banks and the changes of its    VOLOGDA or WOLOGDA, vo-log'dl, a vast government of
channel, and it is frozen over for 170 days in the year. In  European Russia, and its largest next to Archangel, immeits lower course small steamboats for goods attempted the  diately S. of which it lies, mostly between lat. 580 and 640 309
navigation in 1820. In 1846, a splendid iron steamer, called  N., and ion. 380 and 600 E., having WV. the governments of
the "Volga," 400 feet long, 31 feet broad, carrying 1250 tons, Olonets and Novgorod, S. Yaroslav, Kostroma, Viatka, and
and drawing 5 feet water, was launched on its stream, and  Perm. and E. the Ural Mountains, separating it from Siberia.
performed, in 16- days, the voyage from Rybinsk to Samara, Estimated area 148,674 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 864 268.
which formerly required from 3 to 4 months.                 Except in the E., where it is covered by ramifications of the
VOLIGA CITY, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa.         Ural Mountains, the surface is an undulating plain, watered
VOLGSK, a town of Rnussia.  See VOLSK.                    by the Dwina, and its affluents, the Sookhona, &c., by which
VOLIYNIA or WOLHYNIA, vol-hinfe-a, (Polish Wolynsk, it is almost wholly drained, and the Upper Petchora. Lakes
*o-leensk!,) government of Russian Poland, between lat. 490  numerous; the principal is that of Koobinsk in the W.
25' and 520 10' N., and ion. 230 30' and 29~ 12' E., having SE. In the S. and S.W. some of the soil is fertile; elsewhere it is
Galicia, W. the kingdom of Poland, and on other sides the  mostly sandy, marshy, or covered with pine, oak, and beech
governments of Grodno, Minsk, Kiev, and Podolia. Area  woods. Climate very severe; rye and barley are the only
27,742 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,469,442, mostly of the  grains raised, and scarcely in sufficient quantity for home
Greek United Church. The surface is undulating or flat, in  consumption. Other crops are hemp, flax, hops, and pulses.
the N. marshy. The Bug forms the W. boundary. The other  Horses and cattle are numerous; bears, wolves, and great
principal rivers are the Styr and Gorin. The soil is fertile, quantities of game afford an abundance of objects of chase.
and this is one of the most valuable agricultural provinces of Copper, iron, marble, granite, salt, and flint are the chief
Russia: a considerable surplus of corn over home consump- mineral products. The government has from 150 to 200 faction is usually produced, besides large quantities of hemp  tories of woollen and linen fabrics, soap, leather, candles,
and flax. The pastures are good, live stock numerous, and  glass, paper, rope, &c., with iron foundries, brick-kilns, disforests extensive. The fishing is of some importance. The  tilleries, and salt-works; and it sends furs, tallow, pitch,
mineral products comprise bog iron, millstones, potters' wooden-wares, timber, masts, turpentine, and other raw proclay, nitre, and flint. Leather, glass, earthenwares, paper, ducts into the governments of Archangel and Tobolsk.
potash, tar, and charcoal, are made in many places. The  Population mostly Russi'ns, with some Finns, and in the
~rincipal exports are corn, cattle, and hides. The trade is N. wandering Samoied tribes. Vologda is divided into ten
-hiefly in the hands of Jews, of whom there are about districts. Chief towns, Vologda, the capital, Totma, Kadine
4:,000.  The government is subdivided into 12 districts. kov, Solvitchegodsk, and Oostioog-Velikee.
2053




VOL                                                         YOR
VOLOGDA or WOLOGDA, a city of North Russia, capital   VOMANO, v0-ml'no, (aune. Vnmalnus,) a river of Central
af a government, near its W. extremity, on the Volog)da, an  Italy, Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra I., after an B.
affluent of the Sookhona, 110 miles N. of Yaroslav, lat. 590  course of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic Sea, 17 miles N.N.WV
13' N., ion. 400 10' E. Pop. 14,000. It was formerly enclosed  of Pescara.
by walls, and is chiefly built of stone; it has 2 cathedrals,    VOMO, volmo, the south-easternmost of the Asaua group
and is the residence of the archbishop and governor. It has  belonging to the Feejee Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean,
manufactures of candles, woollens, soap, potash, cordage, lat. 170 29' S., lon. 1770 13' E. It is 2 miles in circuit.
bells, ropes, leather, and spirits. Its trade is large, and fa-   VONITZA or VONIZZA, vo:nitsA, a town of Greece, go
cilitated by the Dwina, which connects it with the White vernment of Acarnania, on the BAY OF VoNITZA, an inlet of
Sea; it has also an active trade overland with Siberia, and  the Gulf of Arta, 8 miles S.E. of Prevesa. Pop. 2500.
a large annual fair in January and February. Near it is a    VOORBURG, v6R/bfsoR, a village of the Netherlands, profamous convent founded in the 14th century.                 vince of South Holland, 2 miles E.S.E. of the Hague, with
VOLOGESIA. See MusEsD HossiuN.                            2307 inhabitants.
VOLOKOLAMSK or WOLOKOLAMSK, vo-lo-ko-lmskf, a    VOORDE, vsrJdeh, a village of Belgium, province of East
town of Russia, government and 64 miles W.N.W. of Moscow, Flanders, 24 miles S.S.E. of Gheut. Pop. 1109.
capital of a circle, on the Lama, at the influx of the Gore-   V00RMEZEELE, v6o!meh-zA'lIh, a village of West Flandenka. Pop. 3000.  It has sustained many misfortunes,  ders, 27 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1105.
having been burned in 1177, ruined by the Tartars in 1237    VOORN, vafn, an island of South Holland, between the
and 1293, and taken by the Poles in 1613.                   Meuse, (Maas,) and Haring-vliet, in the North Sea. Length
VOLOTCHOK, Itussia. See VISnNEE VOLOTCHO.                13 miles, breadth 6 miles. On it are the towns of IHelvoetVOLPEDO, vol-pAldo, a town of the Sardinian States, dirt- sluis and Brielle.
sion of Alessandria, 6 miles E. of Tortona. Pop. 1070.        VOORSCHOTEN, v6rcsyo'ten, a village of the Netherlands,
VOLPIANO, vol-pe-lno, a town of the Sardinian States, province of South HIolland, on-the railway between Leyden
division and 11 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 3663.           and the H-ague, 3 miles S.S.W. of Leyden. Pop. 1432.
VOLSINIUM. See BOLSENA.                                     VOOTCHANG, VOUTCHIANG or VOUCIIANG, voo'chang/,
VOLSK  or WOLSK, volsk, written also WOLGSK  and  a city of China, province of Hoo-ps, capital of a department,
VOLGSK, a town of Russia, government and 70 miles N.E. on the Yang-tse-kiang, at the influx of the Han-Yang.
of Saratov, on the Volga. Pop. 3000. Previous to 1780, it    VOO-TCHING or VOU-TCHING, voo'chingl, acity of China,
was a mere village; it has now an exchange, 4 churches, province of Kiang-see.
tanneries, and brick-kilns.                                   VOO-TING or VOU-TING, voo'tingf, a city of China, proVOLTA, vol/ti, a town of Austrian Italy, delegation and  vince of Yun-nan.
12 miles N.N.W. of Mantua, near the Mincio. Pop. 4000.        VORARLBERG, for'anllfblor, a circle of the Austrian EmVOLTA, vol/t, ASWADA, As-wA/dA, or ADIRRI, A-deea/- pire, at the W. extremity of the Tyrol, in which it is officially
Ree, a river of Guinea, rises in the Kong Mountains, flows included. See TYROL.
S.E. and S. through the E. part of the Ashantee territory,   VORAU, vofriw, a market-town of Styria, 32 miles N.E.
and enters the ocean at Adda, in lat. 50 45' N., Ion. 00 40' of Griitz, with iron-mines.  Pop. 630.
E., after a course estimated at 360 miles.                    VORtCI-IEIM, a town of Bavaria.  See FoRcHHEIM.
VOLTAGGIO, vol-tld/jo, a village of the Sardinian States,   VOIRDATE, voo-di'/t, the northernmost island of the
division of Genoa, province and 24 miles S.S.E. of Novi, at Timor-Laut group, in the Malay Archipelago.
the foot of the Bocchetta. Pop. 2180.                         VORDbEN, voolden, a village of the Netherlands, province
VOLTAS, vol/tIs, a cape of South Africa, at the S. entrance  of Gelderland, 5 miles E.S.E. of Zutphen, on the Vorden, an
of the Gariep or Orange River, lat. 280 44' S., Ion. 160 32' E. afluent of the Yssel.
VOLTCHANSK, VOLTSCHANSK  or WOLTSCHANSK,    VORDEN, foalden, a market-town of Hanover, in a marshy
vol-chlnsk/, a town of Russia, government and 42 miles  tract, and 14 miles N.E. of Osnaburg. Pop. 762.
N.E. of Kharkov, capital of a circle, on the Voltcha. Pop.   VORDEN, a village of Prussia Westphalia, circle of Min7090. It has 2 annual fairs.                                den, 8 miles N.W. of Hoxter. Pop. 750.
VOLTERRA, vol-threcl, (anc. Volatersrce,) a town of Cen-   VORDERNBERG, vol/dern-bWaR', a market-town of Stytral Italy, Tuscany, province and 32 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. ria, 14 miles W.N.W. of Brtick, with iron-mines.
4500. It stands on a lofty rock of tertiary sandstone, is    VORDINGBORG or WORDINGBORG, voa/ding-bono', a
enclosed by walls of curious Etruscan architecture, and has  maritime town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island
2 ancient gates. Principal buildings, a citadel, divided into  of Seeland, opposite Falster. It has a ruined castle, and
an old and new portion, the former of which is now con- 1000 inhabitants.
verted into a criminal house of industry; a cathedral, and    VORIEPPE, vo'rlppt, a town of France, department of
several churches with fine paintings; a Plarist college, clas- Isre, 9 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 2907.
sical seminary, hospital, orphan asylum, and some hand-    VOREY, vo'rI/, a village of France, department of Hautesome private palaces. The chief interest of the town, how- Loire, 10 miles N. of Le Pny. Pop. 2115.
ever, is in its Etruscan antiquities, its curious necropolis,    VORIA or WORIA, volre-A, a river of Russia, rises near
warm  baths, amphitheatre, and Etruscan Museum in the  Gzhatsk, government of Smolensk, flows S.S.W. and joins
town-hall. Some alabaster manufactories are supplied from  the Oogra; total course 60 miles.
the quarries at Ulignano and St. Anastasio; there are cop-   VORMS or WORMS, vosms, an island in the Baltic, beper-mines at Monte Catini in the vicinity; on the banks of  longing to Russia, government of Revel, between the island
the Cecina are salt-works and brine springs.                of Dago and the mainland. Length 10 miles, breadth 5
VOLTORINO, vol-to-ree/no, a town of Naples, province of  miles. Population of Swedish descent.
Capitanata, district of Foggia. Pop. 1560.                    VORONA or WORONA, vo-roend, a river of Russia, goVOLTOVA, vol-tolyI, a river of Spain, rises in the S.W. vernments of Penza, Tamboy, and Voronezh, flows S.W., and
part of Old Castile, flows N.W., then N.E., and joins the Eres- after a course of 220 miles, joins the Khoper 6 miles S.S.E.
ma, 15 miles below Segovia, after a course of nearly 60 miles. of Novo-Khopersk.
VOLTRI, vol/tree, a town of North Italy, Sardinian domi-    VORONEZH or VORONEJ, vo-ro-nczh/, written also VORO.nions, 9 miles W. of Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 3000. NIEJ, VORONEJE, VORONETZ, WORONETZ   and WOROVOLTSCHANSK, -a town of Russia. See VOLTCEANSK.    NESCII, a government of South Russia, mostly between lat.
VOLTURARA, vol-too-rI/rI, a town of Naples, province  480 40' and 530 N., and ion. 370 40' and 430 E., surrounded
of Principato Ultra, district and14 miles W.S.W.of Sant' An- by the governments of Tamboy, Orel, Koorsk, Kharkov, and
gelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 1900.                ~ekaterinoslav, Saratov, and the Don-Cossack country. Area
VOLTURARA, a town of Naples, province of Capitanata, 25,878 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,629,741. Surface level
district and 25 miles W. of Foggia, in the Apennines. P. 2600. or undulating.  Principal rivers, the Don and its affluents,
VOLTURNO, vol-tooR/no, (anc. Vultur/nus,) a river of Na- which drain nearly thewhole; the Oskol in the W., and the
pies, rises in the province of Molise, flows mostly S.E., sepa- Donets, which forms the S. boundary. Soil fertile. Climate
rating that province from Terra di Lavoro, to its junction  comparatively mild, and most of the products of temperate
with the Calore, and afterwards W. past Capua, and enters  countries are raised, including large quantities of melons,
the Mediterranean 20 miles S.E. of Gaeta. Course 90 miles. which are sent to the markets of Moscow and St. PetersBy its chief affluent, the Calore, it drains almost all the pro- burg; tobacco, poppies, hemp, flax, cucumbers, onions,
vince of Principato Ultra.                                 pulses, &c. The vine is cultivated in some parts, and the surVOLIUNTOWN, a post-township of Windham co., Connec- plus produce of corn in good years, is estimated at 2,200,000
ticut, E.S.E. of Hartford. Pop. 1064.                      quarters. Honey, iron, limestone, and nitre, are important
VOLU/SIA, a post-village of Chautauque co., New York, products. The cattle are estimated at 550,000, sheep. upwards
about 340 miles W. by S. of Albany.                        of 1,000,000; and horses are numerous, and of good breeds,
VOLUSIA, a village of Marion co., Florida, on St. John's  hunting being a favorite pursuit. Manufactures of coarse
River, a little above Lake OGeorge, about 200 miles E.S.E. of woollens, soap, &c., have increased very rapidly. Principal
Tallahassee.                                               exports, corn, cattle, skins, honey, wax, fruits, and iron
VOLVERA, vol-vI/rI, a village of the Sardinian States, wares. The government is subdivided into 12 circles. Prin.
Division of Turin, province of Pinerolo, near None. P. 1939. cipal towns, Voronezh, (the capital,) Ostrogoisk, Pavlovsk,
VOLVIC, voPveekt, a market-town of France, department  Bogootchar, Korotaiak, and Novo-Khopersk.  The crown
of Puy-de-DSme, 4 miles W.S.W. of Riom. Pop. 3403. It has  revenue from this government amounts to about 15 milextensive quarries of lava, of which the town is built, and  lions of rubles annually.
which is sent in large quantities to Paris for flagging.     VORONEZIL or VORONEJ, written also VORONIEJ, VO
2054




VOR                                                     VYUK
RONEJE, VORONETZ, WORONETZ and WORONESCI, a  and unhealthy, but has a good harbor, and an active com,
city of South Russia, capital of the above government, situa- merce in currants and pine timber.
ted on the Vorona, near its confluence with the Don, 130 miles    VOSTOCHNII NOS, voes-toKflee nos, one of the Russian
E. of Koorsk. Lat. 510 40' N., Ion. 390 22' E. Pop. 43,800. It names of East Cape, at the E. extremity of Siberia. See
stands on a steep height, and is naturally strong. It con- CAPrE, EASy.
sists of an upper and lower town, and suburbs. The latter    VOTKA or WOTKA, votVkA, a town and important mannare black and gloomy; but the town has many spacious  facturing district of Russia, government of Yiatka, on the
thoroughfares, and its principal street is lined by noble edi- Izh, (Ij,) 12 miles from its influx into the Kama. Pop. 9000.
fices, including the governor's and vice-governor's residences, Here are extensive imperial iron-works, anchor forges, and
the tribunals, post-offi-, commissariat, academy, &c. In  musket factories; also an arsenal and hospital.
Moscow street are the,athedral and bishop's palace, and    VOTTEM, vot/tem, a town of Belgium, province, and 2
there are about 20 churches, several convents, a bazaar, and  miles N. of Liege, on an affluent of the Meuse. Pop. 1746.
many good shops, numerous superior schools, a hospital,    VOU-CHANG, a town of China. See YOO-TCHANG.
military orphan  asylum, manufactures of soap, tallow,   VOUCHING, a town of China. See VooTCHING.
leather, and vitriol. Peter the Great here founded a palace    VOUGA, vdlgA, a river of Portugal, province of Beira,
and large dockyards and arsenals, and here was built the  enters an inlet of the Atlantic 5 miles N. of Aveiro, after a
first vessel of his fleet for the Sea of Azof; but most of the  W.S.W. course of 60 miles.
naval establishments have been removed to Tavrov and    YOUILLP, voolysl or vool'yA, a market-town of France,
Rostov. Since his time, however, Voronezh has become one  department of Vienne. 10 miles W.N.W. of Poitiers. P. 1435.
of the chief commercial towns in South Russia. It exports    VOULTE, LA, 1H voolt, (anc. Poetao?) a market-town of
iron, corn, flour, oil, wine, rope, sail-cloth, woollens, lime, France, department of Ardbche, 10 miles E.N.E. of Privas,
&c., and carries on a considerable trade with the Black Sea, on the right bank of the Rhone. Pop. in 1852, 3153.
the Crimea, and Turkey; and some of its merchants travel   VOUNEUIL-SUR-VIENNE, voonvull siia ve-6nnl, a village
snnually to Tobolsk for furs, which they afterwards sell at of France, department of Vienne, 8 miles S. of Chatellerault.
the German fairs.                                          Pop. 1326.
VOROSPATAK, (Var;spatak,) vZ'r~sh'pah't\k!, a village    VOUTEZAC, voo'teh-zAk!, a market-town of France, departof Austria, Transylvania, on both sides of' the V~rds, 25 miles ment of Corrbze, 11 miles N.N.W. of Brives. Pop. 2537.
N.W. of Karlsburg. It consists of about 600 well-built   VOU-TING, a town of China. See Voo-TioG.
houses, and is famous for its gold-mines, which have been    VOUYRAY, voo'vrAl, a village of France, department of
wrought from very early times and are still valuable.      Indre-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Loire, and on the
VORSELAER, vor/seh-llae.  a village of Belgium, province  railway to Orleans, 7 miles E. of Tours. Pop. 2418.
of Antwerp, 2 miles W.S.W. of Turnhout. Pop. 1500.           VOUZIERS, voo'ze-Ai, a town of France, department of
VORSPELDE, foas/f8l-deh, a market-town of Germany, Ardennes, on the left bank of the Aisne, 25 miles S. of
duchy and 19 miles N.E. of Brunswick, capital of a circle, M6zibres. Pop. 2862.
on the Aller, with 1300 inhabitants, distilleries, tanneries,   VOUZON, vooz6cNGI, a market-town of France, department
and an active trade in tobacco, flax, and hops.            of Loir-et-Cher, 27 miles N.E. of Romorantin. Pop. 1213.
VORSKLA, vonsklli, a river of Russia, government of    VOVES, vov, a market-town of France, department of
Kharkov and Poltava, flows S.W. past Poltava and Kobiliaki, Eure-et-Loir, 12 miles S.S.E. of Chartres. Pop. 1256.
and after a course of 150 miles, joins the Dnieper, 40 miles    VOWICHURCII, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
N.W. of Yekaterinoslav.                                      VOYAVAD. See BoIABAD.
VORST, fotst, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government   VOYUSSA, vo-yoosfsA, (anc. Aofus,) a river of European
of Dusseldorf, 6 miles S.S.E. of Kempen. Pop. 1070.        Turkey, Albania, rises near Mezzovo, and, after a W. course
VORST, voEst, a village of Belgium, province and E. of  of 130 miles, enters the Adriatic Sea, 14 miles N. of Avlona.
Antwerp. Pop. 1894.                                        Its affluents are the Deropuli and Desvitza.
VOSGES, vizh, (anc. Tpogesus Mons; Ger. Vogeesen, fofgheh-   VOZII or VOJ, vozh, written also VOSCH and VOJE, a lake
zpen, or Wasgaougebir-ge,'vls-g6w-g5a-b55rigg,) a chain of moun- of Russia, at the N.E. extremity of the government of Noa
tains in the N.E. of France, the S'E. of Belgium, and the W. gored, 40 miles N.E. of Lake Bielo. Length 25 miles, breadth
of Germany. It commences in France, on the limits of the  10 miles. It receives the river Vozhda, and discharges its
departments of Haute-SaSne, Haut-Rhin, and Doubs, and  surplus waters northward by the Svid into Lake Latcha.
terminates in Germany on the left bank of the Rhine, near   VRACENE, vr fsA'neh, a village of Belgium, province of
MIentz. It is connected on the S.W. with the mountains of  East Flanders, 25 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 5300.
the Cate-d'Or, which are prolonged to the Clvennes; on the S.   VRACHORI, vrl-ko/ree, a town of Greece, capital of the
with the Jura Mountains, and in the N.W. with the Ardennes. government of Etolia, 25 miles N.W. of Lepanto. Five miles
The mountains often assume a rounded form, and are hence  S.E. is the Lake Vrachori, ancient _Prichonis, 6 miles in
called balloes; the culminating points are the Ballon d'Alsace, length, from E. to WV., by 4 miles in breadth.
4688 feet, and the Ballon de Gwebwiller, 4300 feet in eleva-   VRAITA, vrV/t, or VARAITA, vA-ri/t9, a river of the Sartion. Their summits are covered with vast forests, and they  dinian States, rises on the E. slope of the Maritime Alps,
contain silver, copper, lead, and coal; but the most valuable  and joins the Po, about 3 miles above the confluence of the
mineral product is rock-salt. The Vosges give rise to the  Maitra.
rivers Sadne, Moselle, Meuse, Marne, and Aube.               VRANA, vrlnA, a town of Turkey, formerly a dependency
VOSGES, a department in the N.E. of France, formed of  of Servia, 43 miles E. of Pristina. Pqp. 3,000. (?) Near it
the S. part of the old province of Lorraine. Area 2230 square  are some iron-mines.
miles. Pop. in 1852, 427,409. Surface generally mountain-   VRANA, a village and ruined fortress of Dalmatia, circle
ous, having the Vosges in the E., and the Faucille Mountains  and 20 miles S.E. of Zara, on the Lake of Vrana, which is 8
in the S. Chief rivers, the Meurthe, Mortagne, Moselle, miles in length and nearly the same in breadth. Here was
liadon, and Meuse. One-third of the surface is covered with  formerly a residence of the Grand Master of the Templars.
forests. The plain in the W. and N.W. is fertile in wheat,  VYRANA, a village and convent of Greece, government of
maize, hemp, and excellent flax; cherries are extensively  Attica, on the plain of Marathon, 20 miles N.E. of Athens.
grown for the manufacture of kirschenwasser, (k66ashten-   VRANDUK or VRANDOUK, vrdn'dook/, a town of Turkey,
y'ds'ser, i. e. "cherry-water.") Many cattle are reared, and  in Bosnia.;on the Bosna, 28 miles N.E. of Travnik.
butter and cheese are important products. The department   VRICOURT, vrdkooRl, a village of France. department of
is rich in mines of iron, copper, silver, and marble. It has  Vosges, 13 miles S. of Neufchhteau.  Pop. 931.
numerous mineral springs, the chief of which are those of    VREDEN, vr tden, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 35
Plombibres and Bains. It is divided into the arrondisse-  miles W.N.W. of Mtinster, on the Berkel.  Pop. 2600.
ments of Epinal, Mirecourt, Neufchiteau, Remiremont, and    YREESWYK or YREESWIJK, vraistwik%, a village of the
St. DiS. Capital, Epinal.                                  Netherlands, province and 6 miles S.W. of Utrecht, on the
VOSKRESENSK  or WOSKRESENSK, vos-krA-s~nskI, a  Leek. Pop. 1078.
town of Russia, government and 34 miles W.N.W. of Mos-   VRIES, vrees, a village of the Netherlands, province of
cow. Pop. 1500. Here is a famous monastery termed the  Drenthe, 5 miles N. of Assen, with 1697 inhabitants.
New Jerusalem.                                               VRIESEVEEN, vreelsgh-vain', a village of the NetherVOSMAERSBAAI, DE, deh vosfmass-bI', a bay of the  lands, province of Overyssel, 23 miles E.S.E. of Zwolle.
Malay Archipelago, on the E. coast of the Island of Celebes, Pop. 2893.
in the Gulf of Tamaiki or Tolo, with a small fort on its N.   VRIESLAND, a province of Holland. See FaRIEsLAND.
side.                                                        VRIGNE-AUX-BOIS, vreefi 0 bwA, a village of France, deVOSNESENSK or WOSNESENSK, vos-n.-selnsk!, a large partment of Ardennes, on the Vrigne, 4 miles N.W. of Sedan.
market-town, the chief of the military colonies of South  Pop. 1155, engaged in iron works.
Russia, government of Kherson, on the Bug, 85 miles N.W.   VUGHT or VUGT, viilt, a village of the Netherlands, proof Kherson.                                                vince of North Brabant, 2 miles S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1018.
VOSTANI, vos-talnee,'or WUSTANEE, whs-tafnee, some-   VUKOVAR, voo'ko-varl, a town of the Austrian Empire,
times called MIDDLE EGYPT, a region of Egypt, generally  Slavonia, capital of the county of Syrmia, on the right bank
understood to extend from the neighborhood of Cairo south- of the Danube, at the influx of the Vuko, which divides it
ward to near 270 30' N. lat.                              into an old and a new town, 24 miles S.E. of Eszek. Pop
VOSTIZZA, vos-tit/si, (auc..,lgium,) a maritime town of  5670. It is the see of a Greek protopapas, and has sveral
Greece, Mores, government of Achaia, on the Corinthian  Greek churches, a Franciscan monastery, and a Roman
Gulf, 18 miles E.S.E. of Patras. Pop. 2500. It is ill built Catholic high school.
2055




V U L                                                    WAD
VULCANIE INSULAE. See LIPARI ISLANDS.                   northward turn it enters Lake Ladoga at Kexholm, on it
VULCANO, vool-kl/no, or VOLCANO, vol-ktlno, (anc. Vid- W. side. Total course estimated at fronm 300 to 350 miles.
calnia,) the most S. of the Lipari Islands, in the M3editerra-   VUPABUqU, voo-pa-boo-sool, a lake of Brazil, province of
nean Sea, and 12 miles N. of the coast of Sicily; lat. 380 22' Minas-Geraes, near the frontiers of the province of Bahia,
N., Ion. 14i 55' 15" E. It is about 7 miles in length by 3  It was once celebrated for its gold and emeralds.
miles in breadth, mountainous, and has near its centre a    VUREN, voolren, a village of Holland, province of Gelder
crater about one-fourth of a mile in circumference and one- land. 24 miles W.S.W. of Tiel, on the Waal-dyke. Pop. 963
fourth of a mile deep, which constantly emits vapour charged    VUSITRIN, voo-se-trin/, written also VELTCHISTERN,
with sulphur, alum, vitriol, and ammonia. The island has a town of Turkey in Europe, in the S.W. part of Servia, on
two ports; its interior is almost wholly sterile, but the S. shore  the Ibar, 35 miles S.E. of Novi-Bazar.  Pop. 3000.
yields grapes, flax, fruit, and excellent corn. Off its N. coast   VYBORG. See VIBORG.
is the islet of VULCANELLO, vool-lk-ndl/lo, (" Little Vulcano,")   VYNCKT, vtnkt. a village of Belgium, province of East
joined to it by a low rock formed of its own lava, and in  Flanders, 12 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 2219.
which are two small craters, one frequently emitting smoke.   VYSERT. See BISERT.
VULSINII or VOLSINII. See BOLSENA.                         VYTCHEGDA, a river of Russia. See VITCHEGDA.
VULTERNUS. See VOLTERNO.                                   VYTEGRA or WYTEGRA, ve-tA/grd, a town of Russia,
VUNA, vooeln, one of the prinrcipal of the Feejee Islands, government of Olonets, capital of a circle, on the' V;ytegra,
South Pacific Ocean; lat. 170 2' S., Ion. 1790 56' E., 25 miles 12 miles from Lake Onega, and 73 miles S.E. of Petrozavodsk.
long and 5 miles broad. Pop. 7000.                         Pop. 2500. It has manufactures of linen and candles, with
VUOXEN, voo-ox/en, a river of Finland, flows S.S.W. ship-building docks; and is connected by its river with the
through numerous lakes, including Lake Saima, on emelrging  Lakes Onega and Ladoga. It carries on a large trade with
from which it forms the grand Cataract of Imatri; after a  St. Petersburg and Archangel.
AADT. See VAUD.                                      newspapers are published here. Settled in 1835. Pop. of
WAAG, wAg; or VAAG, a river of West Hungary, the township, 1196; of the village in 1853, about 1800.
rises in the Carpathian Mountains, and after a course of 200    WABASH, a township of Coles co., Illinois. Pop. 746.
miles joins the Danube at Comorn, in conjunction with the   WABASH, a township of Cumberland co., Illinois. P. 123.
Neutra. Course S.W. and S. Chief affluent, the Arva.        WABASH, a post-village of Wayne co., Illinois, on the
WAAGO or VAAGO, one of the Fi/roe Islands, which see. Little Wabash River, about 70 miles S.E. of Vandalia.
WAAL or WAHL, wAl, (anc. Vahalis,) a river of the Nether-   WABASHAW, waw/ba-shaw, a county in thQ S.E. part of
lands, being one of the principal arms of the Rhine. (See Minnesota, contains nearly a thousand square miles. It is
RHINE.)                                                   bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi, on the S.W. by the
WAALIIEM, a town of Belgium. See WAELHREO.               Miniski River, and drained by the Waxi Oju. The surface
WAALWYK. wFllfvik, a town of the Netherlands, pro- is undulating, and the soil fertile.  Capital, Wabashaw.
vince of North Brabant, 10 miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2750. Pop. 243.
WAARDE,TE, an island of the Netherlands. See JAN RE-   WABASHAW, a post-village, capital of Wabashaw co.,
BELLEN.                                                   Minnesota, on the right bank of the Mississippi, opposite
WAARMAARDE, a town of Belgium. See WAEuRMAERDE.  the mouth of the Chippewa River, 90 miles below St. Paul.
WAATZEN, a town of Central Hungary. See WAITZEN.    WABASH COLLEGE. See CRAWFORDSVILLE, Indiana.
WABASH, waw/bash, an important river of Indiana and    WABASH VALLEY, a post-village of Clark co., Illinois.
Illinois, rises in Mercer county, Ohio, near the W. boundary    WABERN, *Bilber-n, a village of Hesse-Cassel, province of
of the state. It flows north-westward to Huntington, in In- Niederhessen, on the railway from Frankfort to Cassel, 4
diana, then pursues a westerly course to Carroll county; miles E.S.E. of Fritzlar. Pop. 1035.
from this point it flows south-westward, passing by Lafayette    WA/BERTHWAIT, a parish of England, co. Cumberland.
and Attica, until it approaches within 8 or 10 miles from    WACAHOOI/TIE, a post-office of Marion co., Florida.
the W. border of Indiana; here it turns towards the south,   WAC/CAMAW, a river which rises in the S. part of North
and passing by Covington and Terre Haute. strikes the  Carolina, and flowing S.W. through Horry district, in South
boundary of Indiana and Illinois, a few miles below the  Carolina, unites with the Great Pedee at Georgetown. These
latter town. From this point its general direction is S.S.W., rivers here form an estuary called Winyaw Bay.
and it continues to form the boundary between the two    WACHAN, a town of Central Asia. See VOKRAN.
states until it enters the Ohio, about 140 miles above the    WACHBACH, lvKI/bAK, a village of Wtirtemburg, 3 miles
mouth of the latter, in lat. 370 50' N., and ion. 880 W. It S. of Mergentheim. Pop. 1201.
is the largest river which intersects the state of Indiana,   WACHENIHEIM, qHklen-hime', a market-town of Rheand the principal affluent of the Ohio from the N. The nish Bavaria, 14 miles N.W. of Speyer. Pop. 2920.
whole length is estimrated at 550 miles, for more than 300   WACHOKI O,  V —Kofko, a town of Poland, government
of which it is navigable by steamboats in high water. The and 24 miles S.S.W. of R}adom, on the Kamienna, an affluWabash and Erie Canal follows the course of this river from  ent of the Vistula.
Huntington to Terre Haute, a distance of 180 miles. Stone-   WACHSTEDT, *i{/stitt, a village of Prussian Saxony, 10
coal is found nearly everywhere along its banks, below La- miles N.W. of Miihlhausen. P. 1155.
fayette.                                                     WACI-ITENDONK, vAsK/ten-donk', a town of Rhenish
WABASH, a county towards the N.E. part of Indiana, Prussia, 25 miles N.W. of Diisseldorf, on the Neers. Pop.
contains 420 square miles. It is drained by the Wabash, 2000, employed in manufactures of velvet ribbons.
Salamonie, and Eel Rivers. The surface is pleasantly diver-   WACHTERSBACtI, WAIK/ters-bAcu, a town of IIesse-Cassel,
sified and the soil fertile. A large portion is covered with  province and E.N.E. of Hanau, on the Kinzig. Pop. 1363.
heavy timber. The county is intersected by the Wabash    WACHUSETT (waw-chu/set) MOUNTAIN, in Princeton
and Erie Canal, and by the Lake Erie Wabash and St. Louis township, Worcester co., Massachusetts, has an elevation of
Rtailroad, (unfinished.) The streams furnish an extensive  above 2000 feet. The view from its summit is extensive, and
water-power. Capital, Wabash. Pop. 12,138.                exceedingly picturesque.
WABASH, a county in the E.S.E. part of Illinois, bor-   WACIiUSETT VILLAGE, a post-village of Worcester co.,
dering on Indiana, is among the smallest counties of the  Massachusetts.
state: area 110 square miles. The Wabash River, from    WACKEN, i'vAklken, a village of Belgium, province of
which its name is derived, forms its boundary on the E. and  West Flande;rs, 20 miles S.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 2800.
S., and Bonpas Creek flows along the western border until   WA/CO, a post-village, capital of McLennan co., Texas, on
it enters that river. The county contains some prairie, and  the right bank of the Brazos River.
is partly covered with forests; the soil is good. The rapids   WACOO0CHEE, a post-village of Russell co., Alabama, 65
of Wabash River afford abundant water-power, near Mount miles E. by N. of Montgomery.
Carmel, the county seat. Pop. 4690.                         WACOUSTA, wa-koostAt, a post-village of Clinton co., MichWABASH, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 309.        igan, on the Looking-glass River, about 11 miles N.W. of
WABASH, a township of Adams co., Indiana. Pop. 410. Lansing. It has 2 mills and 2 stores.
WABASH, a township of Fountain co., Indiana. Pop. 1300.   WA/CO VILILAGE, a post-office of Milam co., Texas.
WABASI, a township of Gibson co., Indiana. Pop. 311.    WAC/TON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
WABASH, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana. P. 1196.   WAC/TON, MAG/NA AND PARIVA, a parish of England,
WABASH, a flourishing post-village and township, capital co. of Norfolk.
of Wabash county, Indiana, on the river of its own name,   WAD, an Arabic prefix. See WADY.
and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 90 miles N.N.E. of In-   WAD-AL-KEBIR. See GUADALQUIvIR.
dianapolis. The village is situated in a rich farming coun-   WADAY or WADY, wv'dil, (written in French, Osoaday,)
try, which is rapidly improving. The Lake Erie Wabash  a country in the interior of Africa, S. of the Great Desert,
and St. Louis Railroad will pass through it, and the Cincin- and E. of Darfoor. It is called Wadky in Fezzan, in Barba-'sati Western Railroad is extending in this direction. Two ry, and Morocco; but the natives themselves, though they
2056




WAD                                                        WAD
often use the name Waday, or Waddday, prefer that of Dar- with the river in front of the village, an hydraulic power
Saleyh; while their neighbors in Darfoor, Kordofan, and  has been obtained, of unlimited extent. There are in ope.
Bornoo, call it Bargft or Borgoo.                          ration here a large stone flouring-mill, a grist-mill, wool and
The country has not been yet visited by any European, carding machines, furnace and machine shop, trip-hammer,
and consequently very little is known of it with any degree  saw-mill, shingle, sash, and steam machines, paper-mills,
of certainty.                                              and other establishments. The manufacture of lime is carIt is said to be a larger territory than Darfoor, which it ried on to a limited extent. Previous to 1818 the village
excels also.in fertility and in abundance of water. The  bore the name of Hamilton;,in honor of General Alexander
hills which diversify its surface run chiefly in chains E. to  HaItmilton, who was associated in business with the Ogdens
W., thus forming two hollows, the more southerly of which  of the place. Pop. in 1855, 632.
is styled Batha-that is, the valley or lowland; the more    WADIDINGWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
northerly, Boteyha, the diminutive of Batha. Through these    WAIDEBRIDGE, a market-town of England, co. of Cornvalleys flow, from the highland on the E. confines of Wadlty, wall, on the navigable Alan, here crossed by a bridge of 17
two streams, so copious in the rainy season as to overflow  arches, 5 miles E.S.E. of Padstow. Pop. in 1851 800.
the adjoining plains, and in the dry season they are never   WAD-EL-IIABID or  UIJAD-EL-IABID, wad/ 51 h-beedf,
wholly exhausted. They unite, lower down, to form the  a river of Morocco, flows N.W., and, after a course of about
river (Bahr-el-Gazal) which periodically converts into a lake  100 miles, joins the Morbeya on the left.
the hollow plain of Fittre, about 200 miles W. of Wadgy.    WADELIMS, whdle-lims', a people of Africa, occupying
According to the Sheikh-el-Toonsy, another river, the Bahr- the W. part of the Great Desert.
Ire, far exceeding in magnitude those already mentioned,   WAIDENHOE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
flows N.W. through Wadiy from the mountains of Marrab,    WADENSCHWYL,  (Wgdenschywl,)  *Afden-shwill, or
S. of Darfoor.                                             WADENSWEIL, (Wgdensweil,)  A/dens-~il', a village of
The strip of desert on the E. side of Wadly, separating it Switzerland, canton and 12 miles S.S.E. of Zurich, on the S.
from Darfoor, is by no means utterlyinhospitable, but lying  side of the Lake of Zurich. It has a castle, and 5100 inhtbawithin the limits of occasional rains, it affords pasture, and  bitants.
has in many places trees; yet it is wholly uninhabited. On    WADER, a town of Afghanistan. See WADOR.
the N., Wadqy has the mountainous and rocky desert of the    WADE'S, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
Tibboos. The plains on the W., towards Fittre and Beghar-   WADESBOROUGH, waidslbfsr-rth, a flourishing postmi, with an extent of eight or ten days' journey, resemble  village, capital of Anson county, North Carolina, 120 miles
the desert, but are not quite arid. Towards the S., the  S.W. of Raleigh, and 14 miles W. of the Yadkin River. It
country improves continually in luxuriance of vegetation, is surrounded by a productive cotton region, and is the
and copiousness of water, till at last the forests of baobab  centre of an active trade. A company has been formed to
and ebony, and numerous communities of pagan negroes, construct a plank-road from this place to Cheraw, in South
mark the limits of the horse and camel-keeping Mohamme- Carolina, 21 miles distant. The Bank of Wadesborough was
dans of Wadiy.                                             chartered in 1850-1, capital $200,000. Two newspapers are
The country produces in abundance durra, dokhn, maize, published here. Incorporated in 1825. Pop. in 1853, about
and the other grains as well as the fruits of the torrid zone. 1500.
It is often visited by violent hurricanes during the rains.   WADESBOROUGH, a post-village of Callaway co., KenThe cold N. winds in the winter diminish the evaporation, tacky, about 250 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, was formerly
so that the rivers in general never wholly dry up. The the county seat.
banks of the Batha and Boteyha are lined with a broad    WADESBOROUGIH, a post-office of Livingston parish,
seam of trees, behind which spread well cultivated plains. Louisiana.
Cattle and horses are reared in great numbers, and the va-   WADESTOWN, waidsfttwn, a post-village of Monongalia
riois tribes and races inhabiting the country find each a  co., Virginia, 200 miles N.W. of Richmond.
suitable spot for its peculiar husbandry, whether pastoral or   WADESVILLE, a post-village of Clarke co., Virginia, on
agricultural.  There is little manufacturing industry in  the Winchester and Potomac Railroad, 9 miles from Win.Wadly. The people know how to spin and weave cotton, chester.
and can dye their webs; they can work iron, and can make    WADETZ, a town of Austria. See WADoWICE.
coarse implements for their own use; but the manufactured    WADGIER, one of the Arroo Islands. See WADJIER.
articles chiefly in demand, and most prized by them, are    WADIHAM'S MILLS, a post-village of Essex co., New
imported from Egypt or Barbary. In return they export York, on Boquet River, 9 or 10 miles E. of Elizabethtown.
gum, ivory, ostrich feathers, tamarinds, senna, skins to    WAD/IIURST, a parish and market-town of England, co.
make water-bags, and slaves.                               Sussex, 6 miles S.E. of Tunbridge-Wells. Pop. in 1851, 2802.
In manners, dress, and mode of life, the Mohammedan in-   WADI-ASH. See GUADIX.
habitants of Wadiy resemble those of Darfoor. Their houses,    WA/DING RIVER, a small stream  of Burlington co.,
however, are said to be superior, being often of good mason- New Jersey, flows southward into Little Egg Harbor River.
ry; whereas in Darfoor they are constructed wholly of straw.   WADING RIVER, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York,
It is said that the sultan's bodyguard, the Ozbdu, amounts  near Long Island Sound.
to 4000 men; and that 1000 of them, in cloaks and round    WADINOON, wglde-noont, (written in French GUADIiron helmets, and armed with clubs, keep watch every night NOUN or OUADY-NOUN,) a town of Soos, in Africa, near
round his palace in Wara, the population of which town:does  the river Noon, which is called by the Arabs and Moors
not exceed 40,000.                                         WAD~-NoOn.
Sultan  Abd-el-Kereem, surnamed Saboon, subdued the    WADJIER or WADGIER, wid'jeerf, one of the smaller
mountaineers of El Tamah, a rocky district N.E. of Wad'y, Arroo islands, with a village of the same name, on its WV.
and leading an army S.W. into Begharmi, he deposed the  side. The inhabitants are chiefly Christians, with a smaller
profigate sultan of that country in 1803. Sensible of the  number of Mohammedans.
disadvantages attending his secluded position, the road on    WADJOE, wgd'joof,(?) a native state near the middle of
one side being commanded by Darfoor, on the other by  the island of Celebes, Malay Archipelago, on the Bay or
Begharmi and Bornoo, or by the powerful tribes seated  Gulf of Bent.
round F'ittre, and Kanem. he resolved on exploring new    WVADILEY'S FALLS, a post-village of Strafford co., New
and more direct routes across the desert. With this view  Hampshire, 30 miles E. of Concord.
he sent an envoy to Mohammed Alee, the pasha of Egypt,   WAD-MEDINA or OUAD-MEDINA, wTd m-dee/ng, a
who met his wishes, and despatched in return a caravan to  town of the Egyptian dominions, in the S. of Nubia, on the
Wad'y. This, however, never reached its destination, being  left bank of the Blue River, (Nile,) about 80 miles S.S.E. of
seized and plundered by the Darfoorians. The experiment, Khartoom. It is of considerable importance, and was once
a:owever, has since been frequently repeated, with tolerable regarded as the capital of East Soodan, having for that
uccess.                                                  purpose been substituted for Sennear, though it was itself
WADIBOROUGH, a hamlet of England, co. of Worcester, afterwards supplanted by Khartoom. Pop., including the
vith a station on the Birmingham and Bristol Railway, 5 garrison, nearly 4000.
3iles S.E. of Worcester.                                   WADOR, wa'doal, a town of Afghanistan, 17 miles W. of
WAD/DAMi'S GROVE, a post-township in Stephenson co., Dera-Ghazee-Khan, on the'ote to Candahar.
Illinois.                                                   WADOWICE, v'5-do-~ee! sA, or WADETZ, (t'ddlts, a town
WAD/DELL'S STORE, a post-office 9f Charles City co., of of Austrian Poland, Galicia, on the Skawa, 23 miles W.S.W
Virginia.                                                 of Cracow. Pop. 3090.
WAD/DESON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.             WADSTWOR1TH, a township of England, co. of York, West
WADIDINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    Riding.
WADTDINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.         WADS/WORTH, a post-village and township of Medina
WADDINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West co., Ohio, 12 miles S.E. of Medina. Pop. 1622.
Riding.                                                     WADTWORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, West
WAD/DINGTON, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., New  Riding.
York, on the St. Lawrence River, about 18 miles E.N.E. of    ]VADY, widlee, or WAD, w/d, an Arabic word signifying
Ogdensburg. Opposite the village is Ogden's Island, sepa-  "valley" or "river," forming a part of many names in North
rated from the mainland by a channel, which has a fall of  Africa and Western Asia. This root furnishes also the preabout 11 feet in the distance of 3 miles. By the construction  fix in such Spanish names as Guadalquivir, Guadiana, and
of a dam across to the island, and a canal extending parallel Guadalete,
2057




WAD                                                      WAK
WADY-MOOSA or WADY-MOUSA, wmd/e moolse, a valley  part of Utah Territory, extending nearly N. and S., immeof Arabia Petraea, opening on the W. into El-Ghor, the great diately W. of Green River. The highest summits vary from
depression between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Akaba. 8000 to 11,000 feet in height.
At its S.E. extremity are the ruins of Petra.               WAHI-TA-WAH, a post-office of Adair co., Iowa.
WADY NOON. See WADINOON.                                   WAIlUNGEN, W/h66dng-pn, or WASUNGEN, waEs5ngWAELHEM or WAALHEMI, *9ltham, a village of Bel- en, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, 7 miles
gium, 12 miles S. of Antwerp, op the Nethe. Pop. 1075.     N.N.W. of Meiningen, on the Werra. Pop. 2400. It has
WAEPING, a town of China.  See WAIPING.                  manufactures of linen fabrics and cutlery, and a trade in
WAEREGHEM, wltreh-ghtm', a village of Belgium, pro- corn and cattle.
viyce of West Flanders, on the Brussels and Tournay Rail-   WAIA, wild, one of the Feejee Islands, South Pacific
way, 9 miles N.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 5000.                  Ocean, lat. (peak) 170 71 20" S., lon. 177~  4' 35/ E. Pop.
WAERMAERDE or WAARMAARDE, wARlmdad h,f  a vii- about 3000.
lage of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the Scheldt,   WAIBLINGEN, *11bling-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, cir28 miles S.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 1388.                      cle of Neckar, on the Rems, 7 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Po'.
WAERSCIIOOT, w!'s~sg6tf, a village of Belgium, province  3100. The emperors of the IIohenstauffen family received
of East Flanders, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1200.      their name of Ghibellines from this town, formerly called
WAERTEN, a town of Belgium. See WARNETON.                Wibelingen. (See page 747, note.)
WAERTOWN, New Jersey. See WARETOWN.                        WAIBSTADT,. 9ib/st-tt, a town of Baden, circle of Lower
WAESMUNSTER, wAslmtin'ster, a town of Belgium, Rhine, 24 miles S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1854.
province of East Flanders, 16 miles E. by N. of Ghent, on    WAIDHOFEN, wid/ho-fen, a town of Lower Austria, on
the Durme. Pop. 5393.                                      the Ips, 43 miles W.S.W. of St. P6lten. Pop. 3000. it is
WAES, PAYS-DE-, p4ee! deh v9?d, an ancient district of. the centre of the iron manufacture of Lower Austria.
Belgium, province of East Flanders. It is one of the most   WAIDHOFEN, BOILIMISCH (B3hmisch,) bhlmish, or BOfertile tracts in Europe, and was formerly called the "plea- HEMiIIAN,  bo-hee/me-an, a town of Lower Austria, on the
sure-garden of Flanders."                                  Thaya, 32 miles N.W. of Krems.  Pop. 1400.
WAETOUE, vd'A'toof, a market-town of Belgium, province   WAIGATS or WAIGATZ, an island of Russia. See VAIof West Flanders, 12 miles S. of Furnes  Pop. 2735.        GATS.
WAGENFELD, wIlghen-fdlt', a village of Hanover, S.E.   WAIGEOG, WAIGIOUT, WAYGEOU or WAYGIOU, wI'.
of Diepholz. Pop. 2794.                                    ghe-oo/, written also WAGEOO ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, N.
WAGENINGEN, -9Hghen'ing'fn, a town of the Nether- of New Guinea, forms part of the region called Papualand.
lands, province of Gelderland, on the Rhine, 11 miles WV. of Lat. of the Bay of Offak 00 1' 8" S., ion. 1300' 43' E. It is
Arnhem. Pop. 2000, who trade in corn and cattle.          mountainous in the centre, and covered with vast marshes
WAGEOO, an island of the Malay Archipelago.  See on the shores.
WAIGEO.                                                    WAI-HO  and WAIKAHOUROUNGA, a river and estuary
WAGER (wljer) RIVER, a large estuary or inlet of Bri- of New Zealand, New Ulster. See TuAMES.
fish North America, W. of Southampton Island, its centre    WAIKATO, wi-k!to, the principal river of New Zealand,
near lat. 660 N., lon. 900 W.                             North Island, (New Ulster,) rises in Lake Taupo, flows N.,
WA/GHIEN or WAWN, a parish of England, co. of York, and enters the ocean at Waikato Harbor, on the W. coast,
East Riding, with a village, 4 miles E.S.E. of Beverley. I-Iere  35 miles S. of Aukland. Total course estimated at 250 miles.
are remains of Melsa Abbey, founded in the 12th century.  Principal affluent, the Waipa.
WAGIONER'S REST, a post-office of Mobile co., Alabama.    WAILSPBOROUGH, a post-office, Bartholomew co., Indiana.
WAGONER'S RIPPLE, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.       WAIN/FLEET, a market-town of England, co. of Lincoln,
WAGIONTOWN, a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylva-  15 miles N.E. of Boston. Pop. in 1851, 2082.
nia, 62 miles E.SE. of Harrisburg.                          WAIN-GUNGA, a river of Hindostan. See PAYN-GANoA.
WAGRAM, wclgram or fv'dgr&m, a village of Lower Aus-   WAIPING or WAEPING, wI'pingf, a walled town of China,
tria, on the left bank of the Rossbach, 11 miles N.E. of Vi- province of Che-kiang, near the frontiers of Kiang-soo, S.W.
enna. It is famous for the victory of Napoleon over the  of Hang-Chow. Pop. about 150,000.
Austrians, 6th July, 1809, which was followed by the treaty    WAIRAU, witraw, a river of New Zealand, Middle Island,
of Schonbrunn.                                            enters Cloudy Bay. It is navigable to some distance above
WAG!RAM, a post-office of Accomack co., Virginia.       its month. A massacre of English settlers took place on its
WAGROWIEC, a town of Prussian Poland. See WoN- banks, in April, 1843.
6cRowITz.                                                   WAIROA, wi-rol, a river of New Zealand, North Island,
WVAGSTADT, *Agtstatt, a town of Austrian Silesia, 14  enters Kaipara Harbor, 55 miles N.W. of Auckland.
miles S.E. of Troppau, on the Waag. Pop. 433. It has a    WAIROA, a bay of New Zealand. See IIAWKE  BAY.
castle, and manufactures of linens and woollens.            WAIT, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.
WAHIAGIIBOUtJSY, a post-office of Mills co., Iowa.        WAITHE, wAth, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
WAHIAL. See VAAL.                                         WVAITRA, a town of Lower Austria. See WErTRA.
WAIIALtACK or WAHOLIOCK, a post-village of Kemper   WAITS/BURG, a village of Pulaski co., Kentucky, on the
co., Mississippi.                                          Cumberland River, at the head of steamboat navigation, 96
WAII-A-TOY-A or SPAN/ISIL PEAKS, a range of the  miles S. of Frankfort.
Rocky Mountains, in the eastern part of Utah Territory.   WYAITSFIELD, a post-township in Washington co., VerLat. about 370 25' N., Ion. 1050 10' W.                    mont, 12 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1021.
WAI'KIAC/UM or WAK'IACIUM, a county of Washing-    WAIT'S RIVER, a mill-stream  of Orange co., Vermont,
ton Territory, bounded on the S. by the Columbia River, and  falls into the Connecticut River.
separated from the Pacific Ocean by Pacific county. Area      VAITZEN, wt/seu, or WAATZEN, watlsen, (IIn. Vncz,
estimated at 250 square miles. Capital, Chenook City.     vats,) a town of Central Hunfgary, co. of Pesth, on the right
WAHIKON, a new county in the W. part of Iowa, has an  bank of the Danube, 20 miles N. of Pesth, with which it is
area of 760 square miles. Missouri River forms its bonn- conuectedby railway. Pop. 11,271. It is the see of a bishop,
dary on the W., and the Little Sioux River flows through  and has a fine cathedral, an episcopal palace, a town-hall,
the S.E. part. This county is not included in the census  Piarist college, a military school, seminary, a deaf and dumb
of 1850.                                                  asylum, paper-mills, large cattle fairs, and a trade in wine.
WAHLAHIGAS, a river in the N. part of Maine, has its  VWAJEREZY, a town of Prussia.  See HosYaSWEaoA.
origin in a chain of small lakes in Piscataquis county, and    WAJO, wdl-yo, a kingdom of Celebes on its W. arm, N. of
flowing in a general northerly course, falls into the Wal- the state of Boni, on the Gulf of Boni. Its capital is TEsonA,
loostook River, near its union with the St. Francois.     (ti-so/rA,) a large straggling town with extensive ruins. Pop.
WAHLEREN,  QIlI-ren, a village and parish of Switzer- now reduced to about 6000.
land, canton and 9 miles S.W. of Bern. Pop. 4975.            WAKASASISA, a post-office of Levy co., Florida.
WAHLERSHAUSEN, -'&alers-hUw'zun, a village of IHesse-   WAK'ATOM/ICA, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio, 65
Cassel, Niederhessen, circle of Cassel, with two castles, one miles N.E. of Columbus.
of them a fine old ruin. Pop. 1478.                          WYAKE, a county in the central part of North Carolina:
WAI-ILSTATT, *9l1statt, a village and monastery of  area estimated at 950 square miles. It is intersected by the
Prussian Silesia, 4 miles S.E. of Liegnitz. IHere, in 1241, Neuse and Little Rivers. The surface is hilly; the soil is
Henry of Liegnitz was defeated by the Mongols; and here, generally fertile. The rocks which underlie the surface are
26th August, 1813, the French were defeated by the Prus- primary, including granite and plumbago. The county is
sians under Bliicher, who thence derived his title of Prince intersected by the North Carolina Central Railroad, and in
of Wahlstadt.                                             part by the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad. Wake county is
WAITOLOCK. See WAHfALACK.                               the most populous in the state. It was formed in 1770, and
WAH001, a post-office of Madison co., Iowa.             derived its name from the maiden name of Governor Tryon's
WAHRENBRUCK, (Wahrenbriick,) *f1reln-briik', a small wife. Capital, Raleigh. Pop. 24,888; of whom 15,479 were
town of Prussian Saxony, on the Black Elster, 15 miles E. free, and 9409 slaves.
of Torgau. Pop. 574.                                        WAKE/FIELD, a parliamentary borough, town, parish,
WAHRING (Wilbring) or WARING, (Wiring,) wI/ring, a  and township of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the
village of Austria, adjoining Vienna on the W. Pop. 1300. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, 9 miles S. of Leeds.
It gives name to a circle of Lower Austria.               Pop. of parish, in 1851, 33,117; of parliamentary borough,
WAH'SATCH-I! MOUNTAINS, a range in the E. central comprising the township of Wakefield, with parts of some
2058




WAK                                                        WAL,thers, 22,057. The town is on the sloping N. bank of the    WALD, *alt, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government of
Calder, here crossed by a stone bridge of 8 arches. It is Dusseldorf, circle of Solingen. Pop. 5278.
weli built, and has several handsome churches, an elegant   WALD, a village of Switzerland, canton and 7 miles E.N.E.
chapel, projecting over the E. side of the bridge, supposed to  of Appenzell. Pop. 1489.
date from 1340, but to have been redecorated by Edward    WALD, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton and
IV., grammar and proprietary schools, library, and news 19 miles E.S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 4000, partly employed in
rooms, corn exchange and saloon, court-house, prison, dis- cotton spinning, and in iron works.
senting chapels, and a Doric market-cross. The grammar    WALDASCI AFF,  ald'Ishl'ff, a village of Bavaria, Lower
school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, has a large revenue, Franconia, at the source of the Aschaff. Pop. 1324.
and 6 exhibitions to the universities; in it Archbishop Pot-   WALDAU, W lldw, a village of Prussia, province of
ter, a native of Wakefield, Dr. Radcliffe, and Dr. Bentley, Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 2233.
were educated. Here are many charitable endowments, the    WALDBOCKELHEIM,  (Waldbhckelheim,)  -iltb~kf1e~
West Riding lunatic asylum, a fever hospital, masonic lodge  hime', a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, government of
for the West Riding, literary, philosophical and horticultu- Coblentz, 6 miles W. of Kreutznach. Pop. 1270.
ral societies, a mechanics' institution, and theatre. The    WALDCAPPEL, a town, Hesse-Cassel.  See WALDKAPPEL.
town was formerly celebrated for its manufactures of woollen    WALDEIBOROUGH, a post-office of Livingston parish,
cloth and yarn, but these have declined. The chief trade  Louisiana.
at present is in corn, wool, and cattle. It has also coal-   WALDECK, wolldek or irlldSk, a town of Germany, prinmines, and an active export of coal. The town is governed  cipality of Waldeck, on the Eder, 10 miles S.E. of Corbach.
by an officer popularly elected. It sends 1 member to the  Pop. 1000.
House of Commons.                                            WALDECK, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Upper
WAKEFIELD, a post-township in Carroll co., New Hamp- Franconia, 18 miles E.S.E. of Baireuth.
shire, 35 miles N.E. of Concord, intersected by the Great   WALDECK, a town of Lower Austria, 25 miles S.S.W. of
Falls and Conway Railroad, contains Lovwell's or Lovell's  Vienna.
Pond, celebrated in the early Indian wars. Pop. 1405.       WALDECK-PYRMONT, wlfdflk plrfmont, (Ger. pron.
WAKEFIELD, a post-village in Washington co., Rhode  il411dk p56clmont,) a principality of Germany, consisting
Island, 30 miles S. by W. of Providence, contains 1 or 2 of two detached portions; first, of Waldeck, lying between
churches, and 2 banks.                                    lat. 510 and 510 30' N., ion. 80 30' and 90 111 E., enclosed
WAKEFIELD, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. by Prussian Westphalia and IIesse-Cassel; secondly, of PyrWVAKEFIELD, a post-village in Carroll co., Miaryland, 68  mont, 30 miles northward, surrounded by the territories
miles N.N.W. of Annapolis.                                 of Hanover, Lippe-Detmold, and Brunswick. United area,
WAKEFIELD, a post-village in Wake co., North Carolina, 461 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 59,697, of whom  53,074
25 miles N.E. by E. of Raleigh.                            were in Waldeck. The inhabitants are mostly Lutherans.
WAKEFIELD, a post-office of Outagamie co., Wisconsin.  The surface is hilly. Both portions of territory are situated
WAKEIIIAN, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity  in the basin of the Weser, and are watered by its tributaof Huron co., Ohio, intersected by the Vermilion River, and  ries the Eder, Diemel, and Emmer.  Sufficient corn is
the Cleveland Norwalk and Toledo Railroad. Pop. 704.       raised for home consumption, with potatoes, fruits, and flax.
WAKERING, (wAklring,) GREAT, a parish of England, Cattle rearing, and the production of timber, are highly imco. of Essex, 7 miles S.E. of Rochford. It has a small bar- portant; nearly one-third of the surface is in forests. The
bor at the mouth of the Thames.                            mineral products comprise iron, salt, alabaster, marble, and
WAKERING, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex. slates, and a considerable portion of the prince's revenue is
WA/KERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  derived firom the export of the waters of Pyrmont, one of
WAKESHIMA, a post-township forming the S.E. extre- the chief spas of Germany. Manufactures of linenland woolmity of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Pop. 128.                len stuffs, paper, iron, leather, and cotten hosiery, are carWAKIACUM, a county of Washington Territory.  See ried on, but the principal articles of commerce are corn,
WAnHKACUM.                                                 cattle, fine wool, honey, iron, mineral waters, &c. The goWAKULILA, a small river of Florida, flowing into an arm  vernment is a limited monarchy, with a diet of representaof Appalachee Bay.                                         tives of the nobility, the towns, and the rural districts. The
WAKULLA, a county of Florida, bordering on Appalachee  territory is subdivided into 5 circles. The chief towns are
Bay, contains 576 square miles. The Ocklockonnee River Arolsen, (the capital,)in Waldeck; and Pyrmont. The pubforms its W. boundary, and it is drained by the Wakulla  sic revenue in 1854 was estimated at $266,813; public debt,
and St. Mark's Rivers, branches of the Appalachee. The $80,000.
surface is somewhat uneven, and partly covered with pine    WALDEGRAVE ISLAND, South Australia, on the S. side
timber. The county is traversed by a railroad connecting  of Anxious Bay, Eyre Land, and N.E. of Flinders Island; lat.
Tallahassee with St. Mark's, the county seat. Pop. 1955; of  330 351 S., ion. 1340 37' E.
whom 1165 were free, and 790 slaves.                         WAL/DEN, township of England, co. York, North Riding.
WALACHIA. See WALLACHIA.                                  WAL/DEN, a post-township of Caledonia co., Vermont, 22
WALADIA, EL, 1 wi-lalde-A, a maritime town of Morocco, miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 910.
with a harbor at the mouth of a river in the Atlantic, 100    WALDEN, a post-village of Orange co., New York, on Wallmiles N.W. of Marocco.                                    kill River, about 90 miles S. by W. of Albany. It contains
WALAIMiUTTE. See WItLAMETTE.                            several mills and stores.
WALAJANAGUR, wA-lA-jA-nu-gflr/, a considerable town    WALDEN, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. P. 1160.
of British India, presidency and 65 miles W.S.W. of Madras,   WALDENBACH, Q[ld/gn-bWK, a town of Wiirtemberg, 10
district of North Arcot, on the Palaur.                   miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1952.
WALBECK, *'l/blk, a village of Prussian Saxony, 28    WALDENBURG, Wvldl/n-b56Go, a town of Prussian Silemiles W.N.W. of Magdeburg, on the Aller. P. 1225.         sia, 43 miles S.W. of Breslau, on the Polsnitz. Pop. 2750. It
WALIBERSWICK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    has manufactures of linens and porcelain. Near it are extenWALIBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         sive coal-mines.
WAL/BRIDGEVILLE, a village of Bennington township,   WALDENBURG, a town of Saxony, on the LMuInlde, 14
Bennington co., Vermont, about 4 miles N.W. of Bennington  miles W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2253. It is enclosed by walls,
Centre, on the Walloomscoik River. Besides other manu- and has a fine castle.
factories, it has 2 or 3 extensive paper-mills.             WALDENBURG, a town of Wiirtemberg, 28 miles N.W.
WALCHEN-SEE, 9IlKefin se, a lake of Upper Bavaria, S. of Ellwangen. Pop. 1060.
of the Kochel-ose, near the Tyrol. Length 4 miles, breadth    WALDENBURG, a town of Switzerland, canton of Basel,
3 miles. It has a productive fishery.                     6' miles S. of Liesthal. Pop. 600.
WALCHEREN, *AlKaer-en, the most W. of the islands of    WALDEN SAFFRON. See SAFFRON WALDEN.
the Netherlands, province of Zealand, between the East and    WAL'DEN'S CREEK, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee.
West Scheldt, and having W. the North Sea. Length 11    WALDENSES, w5l-dn/seoz, a people inhabiting a sequesmiles, breadth 10 miles; lat. 510 30' N., lon. 30 30' E. Pop. tered district of Piedmont, called the Four Valleys. They
45,000. It is fertile, but below the level of the sea, against are remarkable for having been the first community in the
which it is protected by extensive dunes and dykes. Chief  West of Europe that separated from the Church of Rome,
town, Middelburg. The English, under the Earl of Chatham, and for the great persecutions and hardships which they
occupied it in 1809.                                      have suffered. They still exist as a distinct people, inhabitWAL/COT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           lug three of the Four Valleys, namely, Perousa, Lucerna,
WALCOT, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, partly  and St. Martin; Agrogna no longer belonging to them. The
included in the city of Bath. Pop. in 1851, 27,471.       district of the Waldenses is situated on the French frontier,
WALCOT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            about 30 miles W.N.W. of Saluzzo. Length about 20 miles,
WALCOT, a hamlet of England, co. of Lincoln. Pop. in  breadth 10 miles.
1851, 617.                                                  WALDEN'S RIDGE, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee.
WALICOTT, a post-office of Greene co., Arkansas.          WALDEN ST. PAUL'S, a parish of England, co. of Herts.
WALCOURT, *alIkooe/, a town of Belgium, province and    WAL/DENSYILLE, a post-village, Schoharie co., New York.
27 miles S.W. of Namur, on the Sambre and Meuse Railway.   WALIDERSHARE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Pop. 800. It has a church, with an image of the Virgin,   WALDIIEIM, *&lt/hime, a town of Saxony, 33 miles S.F.
which attracts numerous devotees.                         of Leipsic. Pop. 3872. It has manufactures of linen and
WALCZ, a town of Prussia. See DEUTSoCH-KRONE.           woollen stuffs.
2059




WAL                                                         WAL
WALDHEIM, a village of Bohemia, 41 miles W. of Pilsen.   WALDWIEMMTERSBACH-,   IS~lt-wimlmers-bk', a village of
WALDIINGFIELD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of  Baden, 8 miles S.E. of Heidelberg.  Pop. 621.
Suffolk.                                                      WALENI or VALENI, v4-lAnee, a small town of Walla.
WALDINGFIELD, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of  chia, 50 miles N. of Bucharest.  Near it are beds of salt.
Suffolk.                                                      WALES, wailz, (Welsh. ysnry, kimiree; Fr. Galles.. g,l], or
WALDITZ, wmlldits, (Gaoss, groce, and KLsIN, kline,) two Pays des Galles. pte d4 g11; Sp. Gales, g31lis; L. CEambria or
nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province of Silesia, go-  Iellia; anc. Britansnia Secunfda,) a principality in the S.W.
vernment of Liegnitz. Pop. 1397.                            part of Great Britain, giving the title of Prince of Wales to
WALDKAPPEL or WALDCAPPEL, -Hlt/kgp'pel,           a town  the heir apparent of the British crown: it is divided into
of Germany, IHesse-Cassel, 20 miles S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1304. North and South Wales, each comprising six counties. Those
WALDKIRCH, *9ltVk66RK, a walled town of Baden, on  of North Wales are Anglesey, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint,
the Eltz. 8 miles N.E. of Freiburg. Pop. 2576.              Merioneth, and Montgomery; of South Wales, Brecon, CarWALDKIRCIH, 94lt'k6i6s, a village and parish of Swit- digan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and Radnor.
zerlaud, canton and W. of St. Gall, on the Sitter. Pop. 2681. (See ENGLAND, page 634.) As part of the British Empire,
WALDKIRCHIEN, 94lt/k655RKen, a village of Saxony, 7 Wales has been generally described under that head, but its
miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1182.                          comparatively isolated position, and its very marked physical
WALDKIRCHEN, a village of Lower Bavaria, 13 miles N. features, demand for it a short additional notice.
of Passau.                                                    Wales is composed of a peninsula, with the island of
WALDMICIIELBACH,  fv*lt'miKtel-b~ka, a village  of  Anglesey situated at its N.W. extremity, and separated
Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, 23 miles S.S.E. from  it by the Menai Strait, now crossed by two very
of Darmstadt. Pop. 1694.                                    remarkable bridges, and with a number of smaller islands
WALDMOHR, *?dltmSR, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, on  chiefly at a short distance from  the S.W. coast. The
the Glan, 11 miles N. of Deux-Ponts.  Pop. 1191.            peninsula, washed N. and W. by the Irish Sea, and S. by
WALDMIUNCHEN, (Waldmiinchen,)  *Alt/miinxK'n, a  Bristol Channel, and bounded W. by the four English
town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Palatinate, on the Schwar-  counties, Cheshire, Shropshire, Hereford, and Monmouth,
zach, 38 miles N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 2132. It has mann- is 135 miles long; where widest 95 miles, and where narfactures of linens and glass, with a trade in flax and yarn.  rowest only 35 miles broad; and has an area of 7398
WALDNIEL, W*lt/neel, or BURGWALDNIEL, bORaG- square miles. It is very mountainous, particularly in North
1fltlneel, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government and  Wales, where Snowden, the culminating point of South BriW. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1175.                                tain, rises to the height of 3571 feet; it is intersected by
WALtDO, a county in the S. part of Maine, has an area  beautiful valleys, traversed by numerous streams, including
of about 812 square miles. The navigable river Penobscot, among others the Severn, which has its source within it;
and the bay of this name, form the greater part of its eastern  and is rich in minerals, particularly copper in the N., and
boundary, affording a great number of excellent harbors, coal and iron partially here also, but much more extensively
and invaluable advantages for navigation and for fisheries.  in the S. The Silurian formation, so called after the Silures,
The surface is generally undulating, and the soil moderately  the ancient inhabitants of the principality, covers more
fertile. In 1850 there were 47 cod and mackerel fisheries, than two-thirds of the whole surface, extending continuCapital, Belfast. Pop. 47,230.                              ously from the mouth of the Conway to the vicinity of St.
WALDO, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, 35 miles E. David's Head; but is succeeded in the S. by the old red
by N. of Augusta. Pop. 812.                                 sandstone, above which lies, first the mountain-limestone,
WALDO, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, on the Olen- and then the large and valuable coal-field already mentioned.
tangy River, 36 miles N. of Columbus.                         Besides the Severn, before alluded to, the principal rivers
WALDO, a post-village and township of Marion co., Ohio, are the Dee, which has part of its lower course in Cheshire;
36 miles N. by W. of Columbus. Pop. of the village, about the Clwyd, in Denbigh and Flint; the Conway, forming the
300; of the township, 773.                                  boundary between Denbigh and Carnarvon; the Dovey,
WALDO, a small post-village of Wright co., Missouri.      and the united Rheidiol and Ystwith, which have their
WALDOBOROUGH, wolfdo-btir-rfth, a post-town and port mouths near the centre of Cardigan Bay; the Teify, sepaof entry of Lincoln county, Maine, at the entrance of Mus- rating Cardigan on the N. from Carmarthen and Pembroke
congus River into Muscongus Bay, about 55 miles N.E. by  on the S.; the Cleddy and Cleddeu, remarkable chiefly from
E. of Portland. The shipping of this district, (which com- contributing, by their junction, to form the splendid estuary
prises several ports,) June 30,1854, amounted to 53,825 tons  of Milford Haven; the Towy and Bury, which both fall
registered; and the enrolled and licensed to 68,911 tons. Of  into Carmarthen Bay; the Ebry and Taf, which have a
the latter, 60,944 tons were employed in the coast trade; common estuary in Bristol Channel; the Romney, which
5045 in the cod fishery; 1094 in the mackerel fishery; and  forms part of the boundary between Wales and England;
399 in steam navigation. The ship-building of the district and the Usk and Wye, which, though rising in the princithe same year, both in regard to the number of vessels  pality, have only the earlier part of their course within it.
admeasured, and their aggregate burthen, with the excep- The lakes are numerous, but the largest, that of Bale, is
tion of New York, Boston, and Bath, exceeded that of every  only 4 miles long, and scarcely 1 mile broad. The climate is
other district in the United States. This branch of business on the whole moderate and equable, though somewhat keen
comprised 64 vessels, viz., 26 ships, 11 brigs, 22 schooners, in the loftier districts. In all the counties, but more espe2 sloops, and 1 steamer, with an aggregate burthen of 31,476 cially in the maritime, humidity is in excess, the average
tons. The town contains 3 or 4 churches, from 20 to 30  fall of rain in the principality being 34 inches, while that
stores, and 2 banks. Pop. of the township in 1830, 3115; in England is only 22. Hence both climate and surface
in 1840, 3661; in 1850, 4199; and in 1855, 4500.            concur in rendering Wales much better adapted to pasture
WALDIRINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.  than agriculture.  The soil seldom possesses great natural
WALVDRON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.             fertility, except in some of the vales, of which those of the
WALDRON, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas.            Clwyd in the N., and of Glamorgan in the S., are celebrated
WALDSASSEN, Wilftslsestn, a market-town of Bavaria, for productiveness. The latter, rather a plain than a vale,
circle of Upper Palatinate, on the Eger, 32 miles E.N.E. of  is of great extent, and produces excellent wheat. The sysBaireuth.  Pop. 1522.                                       ten  of agriculture, however, notwithstanding recent imWALDSEE,'vlt/seP, a village of Bavaria, Palatinate, cir- provements, continues in a very backward state.  The
cle of Speyer. Pop. 1179.                                   minerals, as already observed, are very valuable; the S.
WALDSEE, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, 32  portion of Wales contains some of the largest coal and iron
miles S.S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 1570. It has a church resorted  works in the kingdom, as well as the smelting-works of
to in pilgrimage, and a castle of the princes of Waldburg.    Swansea, probably the most extensive in the world. ManuWALDSIUT, *Ilts/hoot', a walled town of Baden, circle  factures of woollen fabrics, especially of flannel and hosiery,
of Upper Rhine, on the Rhine, 20 miles W.S.W. of Schaff- are very generally pursued in the cottages of the peasantry,
hansen. Pop. 1364.                                          particularly in North Wales, where Welshpool is the chief
WALDSTATT, f*Ilt'stitt, a village of Switzerland, canton  mart for these products. The cotton manufacture has exand 4 miles W.N.W. of Appenzell. Pop. 957.                  tended into some of the N. counties; and in 1847,1860 hands
WALDSTATTER, (Waldstditter,) DIE VsIER, dee feec. Wltf- were employed in woollen, cotton, flax, and silk factories. A
stlt'tgr, (" the four forest towns or cantons,") a name an- manufactory of slate articles exists at Bangor. The trade
biently and still sometimes given to the four Swiss cantons-  consists principally in the export of mineral produce, cattle,
Uri, Schwytz, Unterwalden, and Lucerne' —probably from   and woollen goods. The principal ports are Swansea, Newthe extensive forests with which they were once covered,    port, Cardiff, Carnarvon, and Beaumaris, besides which
WALDSTATTER-SEE. See LucsrueE, LAKE OF.                   Holyhead is a chief packet-station for communication with
WALDTHIURN, Wiltttoocn, a market-town of Bavaria, Ireland, and Milford is a naval port, and the seat of a gofircle  of Upper Palatinate, 27 miles N.E. of Amberg. vernment dock-yard. The roads through the principality are
Pop. 874..        now generally good; and in the S. are several short railWALDURN, (Waldtilrn,) W(ld/iiRn, a town of Baden, cir- ways, and a part of the Ellesmere Canal. Wales is in the
cle of Lower Rhine, 30 miles W.S.W. of Wtirzburg. Pop. ecclesiastical province of Canterbury, and divided into the
3136. It has a church, resorted to in pilgrimage, a castle, 4 bishoprics of Llandaff, St. David's, Bangor, and St. Asaph.
zonivent, and three annual fairs.                           It contains 13 boroughs, besides contributor: boroughs, each
WALD/WIC, a township forming the S.E. extremity of  of which sends 1 member to the House of Commons, as does
Iowa co., Wisconsin.                                        each of its counties.
2060




WAL                                                        WAL
Wales was entitled Britannia Secunda by the PRomans, square miles. It is drained by the sources of the Chicka.
who constructed many roads and stations in the country. mauga River, an affluent of the Tennessee, and by theThe inhabitants long struggled manfully, first against the  Chattooga River, an affluent of the Coosa; also by Peavine,
Romans, and afterwards against the Anglo-Saxons. They  Rocky,and other creeks. The surfaceistraversedby several
became tributary to England in the 10th century, and after mountain ridges, abounding in magnificent scenery. The
various vicissitudes, in which their attempts to throw off  most considerable of these are called Taylor's Ridge, Pigeon,
the yoke only riveted it more firmly, were finally and com- White-oak, and Lookout Mountains. The soil of the valleys
pletely incorporated with the English monarchy in the reign  is fertile.  It abounds in mineral springs and valuable
of Henry VIII.  Both in language and manners, however, minerals, including stone-coal, fine marble, limestone, gypthey continue to be a distinct people, and give undeniable  sumn, and lead. The Red Sulphur Springs and Gordon's
evidence of a Celtic origin. Their dialect bears a marked  Springs are watering-places of some celebrity,. The county
affinity to the Gaelic or Erse, but is much more closely allied  is intersected by the Western and Atlantic Railroad. It was
to the ancient Cornish dialect, and that which is still exclu- named in honor of Freeman Walker, United States senator
sively used by the peasantry in the W. of the French pro- from Georgia.  Capital, Lafayette.  Pop. 13,109, of whom
vince of Bretagne. There is strong reason to believe that 11,445 were free, and 1664 slave,.
the Welsh are the descendants of the ancient Cignbri, whence    WALKER, a county in the NV. part of Alabama, has an
Cymr-y, the name by which they call themselves at the pre- area estimated at 800 square miles. It is traversed by the
sent day. The Cimbri, though called aGermau  nation. ap- Mulberry Fork of Black Warrior River. The surface is
pear to have been of Celtic origin, and quite a distinct people mountainous, presenting many wild and picturesque gorges:
from the Teutones, with whom they invaded Italy, about the highlands afford excellent pasturage, and are separated
100 years B. c. It is supposed that after their great defeat by beautiful and fertile valleys. A large part of the county
by Marius, many fled into the mountains, and that from a  is covered with forests of pine, oak, and other timber. A
portion of these have sprung the Waldenses. Another rem- natural bridge has been found in this county, which is said
nant established themselves in Brittany, (Bretagne;)this will to rival that of Rockbridge, Virginia. Capital, Jasper. Pop.
account for the very close resemblance between the provincial 5124; of whom 4858 were free, and 266 slaves.
dialect of this part of France and the Welsh language.       WALKER, a county in the E. central part of Texas, conThe Welsh is one of the most ancient languages now  tains about 950 square miles. The Trinity River bounds it
spoken in Europe, and has also a literature, composed chiefly  on the N., and the San Jacinto rises within its limits. The
of the poetical effusions of bards, some of whom flourished  surface is an alluvial plain. Much of the soil is very fertile.
as early as the 6th century, but partly also of prose, of which  The Trinity River is navigable when the water is high, and
the translation of the Bible, completed in 1588, is considered  the produce of the county is exported by steamboats. Named
one of the best specimens. Among the peculiarities which  in honor of Robert J. Walker, secretary of the treasury uncharacterize the people, one of the most striking, at least der Presidcent Polk. Capital, Huntsville. Pop. 3964; of whom
to a stranger, is the female dress, consisting generally of a  2663 were free, and 1301 slaves.
plain or checked gown, a mantle,'a napkin of gay flaunting    WALKER, a post-township of Centre co., Penneylvania,
colors around the neck and shoulders, and a black beaver about 10 miles E. of Bellefonte. Pop. 1221.
hat, either cylindrical, like that worn elsewhere by men,   WALKER, a township of HIuntingdon co., Pennsylvania,
or broad-brimmed and tapering to the form  of a trun- on the right bank of the Juniata River, opposite Huntingcated cone. All classes are distinguished by civility and  don. Pop. 1108.
hospitality. Many curious superstitions, handed down by    WALKER, a township of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, on
immemorial custom, still retain their hold, and even the  the left bank of the Juniata River, intersected by the P'enngross imposture of Mormonism has found many followers, sylvania Central Railroad, and by the Pennsylvania Canal.
particularly in the mining districts; but in addition to the    WALKER, a township of MicKean co., Pennsylvania.
labors of the Established clergy, those of the Methodists    WALKER, a post-office of Wakulla co., Florida.
have been signally successful in diffusing a knowledge of    WALKER, a township in Kent co., Michigan, intersected
religion, and the great body of the people belonging to what by Grand River. Pop. 823.
are called the Calvinistic Methodists, find one of their prin-   WALKER, a township in Rush co., Indiana. Pop. 1030.
cipal sources of enjoyment either as teachers or taught in    WALKERINGIHAMI, waw/ker-ing-.m, a parish of Eng.
the primitive services of their church, or in the Sunday  land, co. of Nottingham.
school almostinvariably attached toit. Pop. in 1841, 911,705;   WALKERN, waw/kern,  a parish of England, co. Hertford.
in 1851, 1,005,721. —— Adj. WELSH; inhab. WLSHMAn N. (See    WALKIER'S, a post-office of Colleton. district, South
BRITAIN.)                                                  Carolina.
WALES, a parish of England, co. of York, East and West   WALKER'S, a post-office of Crittenden co., Kentucky.
Riding.                                                      WALKER'S BRANCH, a small village: of Lincoln co.,
WALES, a post-township in Kennebec co., Maine, 17 miles Georgia.
S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 612.                                   WALKER'S CHURCIH, a post-office of Appomattox co.,
WALES, a post-village and township in Hampden co., Virginia.
Massachusetts, 65 miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has woollen    WALKER'S CREEK, in the S.W. part of Virginia, rises
manufactures. Pop. of the township, 711.                   in Wythe co., flows north-eastward, and enters New River
WALES, a post-township of Erie co., New York, about 22  in Giles county.
miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 2124.                          WALKER'S FORD, a small village, Randolph co., Georgia.
WALES, a post-township in St. Clair co., Michigan. P. 189.   WALKER'S GROVE, a post-office of F'ulton co., Illinois.
WALES, a small post-village of Ogle co., Illinois.         WALKER'S IIRONWORKS, a small village of Wayne cc.,
WVALESBOROUGII, a village of Indiana, on the Jefferson- Tennessee.
ville Railroad, 46 miles from Indianapolis.                  WALKER'S LAKE, in the south-western part of Utah
WALESBY, wailztbe, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. Territory, in lat. about 380 45' N., ion. 1180 20' W., receives
WALESBY, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.         the waters of Walker's River, but has no outlet. Length,
WALES CENTRE, a post-office of Erie co., New York.       above 30 miles; greatest breadth, about 10 miles.
WALESIVILLE, a manufacturing post-village of Oneida    WALKER'S MILLS, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennco., New York.                                             sylvania.
WALET, wd'iSt/, atown of Central Africa, 260 miles W.S.W.   WALKER'S MILLS, a post-office of Coffee co., Tennessee.
of Timbuctoo.                                                WALKER'S NECK, a post-office of Brown co., Illinois,
WALtFORD, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.          about 75 miles W. by S. of Springfield.
WAL'GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    WALKER'S RIVER rises in Calaveras co., California, and
WVALHAIN-SAINT-PAUL-SARITLEZ-WALHAIN,   vdl'- flows first north-easterly, passing into Utah Territory, then
hNG!  sANO p01 saat'l1t vAl'hANGI, a village of Belgium, pro- taking a S.E. course, it falls into Walker's Lake.
vince  of Brabant, on the Nil, 22 miles S.E. of Brussels.   WALKERSVILLE, waw/kerz-vil, a thriving post-village
Pop. 1745.                                                 of Centre co., Pennsylvania, in Half-moon Valley, 100 miles
WALHAL'LA, post-office, Pickens district, South Carolina. N.W. of Harrisburg, contains 4 stores.
WALIHAMI  GREEN or ST. JOIIN'S, a chapelry of Eng-   WALKERSVILLE, a post-village in Frederick co., Maryland, co. of Middlesex, 5 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. land, 81 miles N.W. of Annapolis.
WALIONtIING, a river of Ohio, also called the MOHIC-   WALKERSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., North
CAN, and WHITE WOMAN RIVER, is formed by several Carolina, 194 miles S.W. of Raleigh.
forks, which unite near Loudonville. It then flows south-   WALKERSVILLE, a post-office of Shelby co., Missouri.
easterly, and joins the Tuscarawas at Coshocton to form the    WALKIERTON, a post-office of King and Queen co., YirMuskingum.                                                 ginia, on the Mattapony River, 30 miles N.E. of Richmond.
WALHONDING, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.          WALKtERTOWN, a small village of Chester co., PennsylWALINCOURT, vAlI NkooRs, a village of France, depart- vania, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad,. 29 miles
ment of Nord, 9 miles S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. in 1852, 2127. W. of Philadelphia.
WALIUKI, a town of Russia. See VALoo00KI.                  WALKERTOWN, a post-village of Forsyth co., North
WALKENRIED,,a llk/n-reetV, a market-town of Bruns- Carolina.
wick, district and 20 mniles S.W. of Blankenburg, on the    WALKIERVILLE, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn
W'ieda, with 570 inhabitants, and an ancient abbey.        sylvania.
WALKER, waw/ker, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia,   WALKHAMPITON, a parish of England, co. of Dev(n.
bordering on Tennessee and Alabama, has an area of 696   WVALKI, a town of Russia. See ~aLKI. 2




.WAL                                                       WAL
WALK;INGTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East  ning, and revenge. They belong generally to the Greets
Riding.                                                    church, which provides very imperfectly either for the reliWALKRINGEN, *lk/ring-en, a village and parish of  gious or moral education of its adherents. Wallachia, with
Switzerland, canton and 8 miles E.N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1859. the adjoining principality of Moldavia, is nominally a de.
WALILABOUT BAY, of King's co., Long Island. New  pendency of Turkey, to which it pays an annual tribute,
York, is a semicircular bay setting up from the East River, and till recently was under an undefined kind of Russian
on the E. side of Brooklyn. See BROOKLYN.                  protectorate. The prince or hospodar is elected for life by
WALILABY ISLANDS, two small islands of the Abrolhos, the boyards or nobles, who hold a kind of legislative diet,
off the S.W. coast of Australia.                           by which the sovereign power is modified. Administratively
WALLACE, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.         the principality is divided into 18 districts, 13 in Great and
WALtLACE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania.    5 in Little Wallachia.  The inhabitants speak a corrupt
WALLACE, a post-office of Harrison co., Virginia.        dialect of the Latin language. This country formed part of
WALLACE, a post-office of Chester district. South Carolina. Dacica in the Roman Empire. It was afterwards under the
WALLACE, a post-village in Jones co., Georgia, 20 miles  dominion of the Goths and Runs; it formed a separate
S.W. of Milledgeville.                                     kingdom in 1290; in 1479 it was conquered by Mohammed
WALLACE, a township in Independence co., Arkansas. II.; it regained its independence for a short time, and afterPop. 480.                                                  wards formed a province of the Ottoman Empire till 1829.
WALLACE, a post-village in Fountain co., Indiana.        By the treaty of Adrianople in 1830, it was placed under
WALLACE, a post-office of Iowa co., Wisconsin.           the protection of Russia.
WALLACE, a county of New South Wales, East Australia,   In 1853, Wallachia, as well as the other northern provinces
bordering Victoria Colony, and surrounded by the counties of European Turkey, was occupied by the armies of Russia,
of Wellesley, Beresford, Cowley, and Buccleugh. The sur- a circumstance constituting one of the principal causes
face is mountainous, covered by the Australian Alps, and  of the present war. After their unsuccessful siege of Sillswatered by head streams of the Murray.                     tria, in 1854, the Russians evacuated all the Turkish proWALILACEBURG, a town and port of entry of Canada  vinces. Pop. about 2,0001000.-Adj. and inhab. WALLAWest, on Big Bear Creek, 26 miles from Chatham. Pop. CHIAN, wdl-lAke-an, and WALLACH, W8lIIC, (Fr. VALAQUE,
about 800.                                                 vdllskt; Ger. adj. WALLACzHISCoo,'AlIl-Kish; inhab. WALLACO,
WAL'LACE CREEK, a post-office of Independence co., Wll/IK.)
Arkansas.                                                    WALLAJABAD, wll-l9-jL-b/df, a town of British India,
WALILACE'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Anderson  presidency of Madras, 14 miles N.W. of Chingleput, with
co., Tennessee.                                            some extensive military cantonments.
WALLACE'S FACTORY, a post-office of Spartanburg dis-.  WALLAMETTE, a river of Oregon. See WILLAMETTE.
trict, South Carolina.                                      WAL/LAMETTE. a post-office of Yam Hill co., Oregon.
WALLACE-TOWN, a modern and populous suburb of    WALLANCIIOON, wbl'lin-choon/, or WALLOONG, w81Ayr, Scotland, immediately W. of Newton, and separated  loong1, a large village of Eastern Nepaul, on the Wallanfrom the royal burgh by the river Ayr.                     choon or Tambur River, 10,385 feet above sea-level. It has
WALILACEVILLE, a post-office of Venango co., Pennsyl- some transit trade with Thibet through the Wallanchoon
vania.                                                     Pass, 16,756 feet high, and about two days' journey to the N.
WALLACEVILLE, a small village of Washington co.,   WALLAROB/BA, a village of New South Wales, Australia,
Pennsylvania.                                              co: of Durham, 12 miles N.W. of Clarence, in a fine grazing
WALLACHIA or WALACHIA, wA-l{kse-a, (Ger. Wa]lachei, district, between Paterson and William Rivers.
l-lb-Ki/; Fr. Valachie or Valaquie, v'lltkeel; Sp. Valaquia,    WALLA  WALLA, whila wBlla, a river which rises in the
vil-l-keeli; L. Vala/chia or Waltalchia,) a principality of Tur- N. part of Oregon, and, flowing in a W.N.W. direction, falls
key in Europe, between lat. 430 40' and 450 40' N., and ion. into the Columbia at Fort Walla Walla, in Washington Ter220 30' and 280 E., and bounded N. and N.W. by the Car- ritory. The emigrants' route to Oregon City follows this
pathians, separating it from Transylvania and the Banat of  river for nearly its whole course.
Hungary; W., S., and E. by the Danube, separating it in    WALLA WALLA, a county of Washington Territory, in
the first direction from Servia, and in the last two from  tersected by the Columbia River, which, with the Walla
Bulgaria; and N.E. by Moldavia, fiom which it is chiefly  Walla, forms the greater part of the southern boundary.
separated by the Sereth, and its tributary the Milkov. Aiea  The Yakima, flowing firom the N.W., and Snake River from
about 27,000 square miles. Its surface may be regarded as the E., join the Columbia in this county. Area estimated
a vast inclined plane, sloping fromi the Carpathians towards  at 9500 square miles. Capital. Walla Walla.
the Danube. Among the mountains of the N. and W. the    WALLA WALLA or FORT WALLA WALLA, the capital
elevation averages from  3000 to 4000 feet, but rises in  of Walla Walla county, Washington Territory, on the left
particular summits to 7000 feet, and in Mount Butschetesch, bank of Columbia River, near the junction of the Walla
N. of Kimpolung, exceeds 8000 feet; but this elevation is Walla River, 409 feet above the level of the sea, and about
soon succeeded by a region of hills and undulating plains, 280 miles E. by S. of Pacific City.
and finally sinks down into extensive flats, often swampy,   WAL/LAZEY, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
and fringed near the banks of the Danube by a chain of    WALL-BOTITLE, a township of England, co. of North.
shallow lakes. Many of the loftier summits are composed  umberland.
of gneiss and mica-schist; in the hilly region, though the    WALL/DITCH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
lower part of the secondary formation appears to be want-   WALLDORF, -fll/donf, a village of Germany, Saxe-Meining, the cretaceous system is largely developed, and is over- ingen, principality and 4 miles N. of Meiningen, on the
lain by tertiary conglomerates, clays, marls, and sandstones. Werra. Pop. 1500.
In the S. and E. diluvial gravels, and alluvial deposits of    WALLDURN, a town of Baden. See WALDiinRN.
great depth, form large and fertile plains. The most valua-   WAL/LED LAKE, a post-office of Oakland co., Michigan.
ble mineral of Wallachia is salt, the mines of which seem    WALLENDORF, WAl/len-doafR, (Hun. Olaszi, o'lstsee';)
almost inexhaustible. Petroleum and asphaltum are also  a town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Hernad, 12
abundant; sulphur is found in more limited quantities.  miles S.E. of Leutschau. Pop. 3000.
The only metal of consequence is copper, which has been    WALLENFELS. Wslen-f~lsf, a market-town of Bavaria,
worked to some extent; gold is washed from the sands of  circle of Upper Franconia, on the Rodach, 7 miles E.N.E. of
several streams. The drainage belongs to the basin of the  Kronach. Pop. 1121.
Danube, which receives it on its left bank, both directly and    xVLLLENPAIJPACK CREEK, in the N.E. part of Pennby numerous affluents, particularly the Schyl, Aluta, united  sylvania, enters the Lacklrawaxen a few miles below HlonesVede and Teliorman, Argisch or Ardjish, Jalomitza, and  dale.
Sereth.                                                      WALLENSTADT, Ql/len-stltt'. a lake and small town of
The climate, in the more mountainous districts, is severe, Switzerland, canton of St. Gall; the lake (in German WALLENand even on the plains the winter continues long. The STDnTER-SEE, 8l/len-stlt'ter-sA/,) is 11 miles in length, by 2
Danube and its tributaries are regularly frozen over for miles across, 9 miles S.E. of the Lake of Zurich, with
about six weeks. The soil is remarkable for its fertility, which it is connected by the Linth Canal. Height above
and with few exceptions the whole principality admits of  the sea, 1385 feet; average depth, 500 feet. Shores mounbeing cultivated like a garden. With very imperfect culture, tainous and grand, the precipices along its N. side varying
wheat, barley, and maize are everywhere raised in abun- from 2000 to 3000 feet in height. It receives the rivers Linth
dance. Tobacco, hops, and flax are also extensively grown; and Seez. The town Wallenstadt, at its E. extremity, poputhe vine thrives well, and there is a profusion of all the ordi- lation 1800, is a depht for the transit trade between Germany
nary fruits. Cattle, sheep, and goats are reared in vast and Italy.
numbers. The manufactures are insignificant; the trade is   WALLENSTADTER-SEE.  See preceding article.
principally in raw  produce, exchanged for coffee, sugar,   WWL/LER, a post-village of Ross co., Ohio, 6 miles from
pepper, foreign wines, furs, and various manufactures, prin- Chilicothe.
cipally from Germany, Russia, and Great Britain. The in-   WALLERFANGEN,;Allfer-ftng'en, a village of Rhenish
habitants, chiefly pure Wallachians, who are believed to  Prussia, government of Treves, on the Saar. Pop. 1051.
have descended without much intermixture from  the    WALLERN, *vlWlern, a town ofBohemia, circle ofPrachin,
ancient Dacians, have lost almost all their better qualities  30 miles S.S.W. of Pisek. Pop. 2069.
during long misgovernment, and have now few virtues to    WALLERS, vilqlaia, a village of France, department of
compensate for their prevailing indolence, sottishness, cnn- Nord, arrondissement of Valenciennes, on the railway from
2062




WAL                                                       WAL
Calais to Paris. I mile from Valenciennes. Pop. in 1852, two contiguous market-towns of Bavaria. circle of Lower
8301.                                                      Franconia, on the Main, 34 miles W.N.W. of Wtirzburg.
WALLERSTEIN, *A11lgr-stinex, a town of Bavaria, circle  Pop. of the former, 1317; of the latter, 1805.
of Swabia, 30 miles S.S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1950. It has    WALLSIVILLE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
a castle, the residence of the Princes Oettingen-Wallerstein.   WALL-TOWN, a township of England, co. of NorthumberWALLHAUSEN, *Al1hiw'zen, a town of Prussian Saxony, land, supposed to occupy the site of the Roman station Vin.
government of Merseburg, on the Helme, 4 miles W. of dolana.
Sangershausen.  Pop. 1055.                                   W.&LtLU M POND, a village in Burrillville township, ProWALtLINGFORD, a parliamentary and municipal bo- vidence co., Rhode Island, about 25 miles N.W. of Providence.
rough, town, and parish of England, chiefly in the county of  It contained 1 cotton-mill, with 33 looms.
Berks, on the right bank of the Thames, here crossed by a    WALIMER, a parish of England, co. of Kent,'on the E.
stone bridge of 19 arches, with 4 drawbridges, 12k miles coast, 1 mile S.S.W. of Deal, in the borough of which it is
N.W. of Reading. Pop. of municipal borough in 1851, 2819; comprised. The village of Upper Walmer adjoins Deal;
of parliamentary borough, comprising also some parishes in  and separated from it on the S.E. is Lower Walmer, on rising
the county of Oxford, 8004. The town has 3 churches, a  ground near the shore, containing the church, partly of
town-hall, market-house, small jail, various dissenting cha-  Norman architecture, some good residences, and marine vilpels, several schools, almshouses, and on its N. side are the  lages, resorted to for sea-bathing. Facing the sea, oppotraces of a castle demolished in 1653. It has some trade in  site the Downs, is Walmer Castle, built by Henry VIII., now
malt, corn, and flour, and communicates by canals with Bath, fitted up for the use of the Lord-Warden of the Cinqueports,
Bristol, and the central parts of England. The borough  and was the frequent residence of the Duke of Wellington
sends 1 member to the House of Commons: It confers the  in that official capacity.
title of Viscount on the Earl of Banbury. The Wallingford-   WAL'MERSLEY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
Road Station of the Great Western Railway, 3 miles from    WALMESGATE, wSlms/gate, a parish of England, co. of
the town, is 47} miles N.W. of London.                    Lincoln.
W_&LILINGFORD, a post-township in Rutland co., Ver-   WALMS/LEY, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou, on
mont, intersected by the Western Vermont Railroad, 62  Pictou Harbor, opening into Northumberland Strait, about
miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It contains 4 churches, 6 stores, 90 miles N.E. of Halifax.
and 11 mills and manufactories. Pop. 1688.                  WALINEY ISLAND, a chapelry of England, co. of LancasWALLINGFORD, a post-village and township of New  ter, between Morecambe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon.
Raven co., Connecticut, on the Ilartford and New Haven  Length of the island from N. to S., 9 miles, average breadth
Railroad, 11 miles N. by E. of New Haven. The village has 1 mile. At its S. extremity is a lighthouse, rising 70 feet
a beautiful situation on elevated ground, with broad and  above the sea, in lat. 540 2' 95 N., Ion. 30 10' 5" W.; and near
straight streets, finely shaded. It contains 4 churches, seve- this the "Pile of Fowdrey," a castle formerly of great
ral stores, and several flourishing schools. Manufactures  strength, erected in 1327 for the protection of the harbor.
have recently been introduced, and are now in a very thriv-   WLN/FORD, a post-office of Monmouth co., New Jersey.
ing condition. Pop. of the township, 2595.                   WAL'NUT, a post-office of Juniata co., Pennsylvania.
WALLINGFORD, a post-village of Will co., Illinois, about   WALNUT, a township in Phillips co., Arkansas. Pop. 541.
160 miles N.E. of Springfield.                               WALNUT, a township of Fairfield co., Ohio, intersected
WL/LITNG'S FERRY, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas.    by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 2130.
W5L'LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Ilerts.           WALNUT, a township of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop. 905. 
WALLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           WALNUT, a township in Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop. 1840
WALLINGTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Surrey.            WALNUT, a township in Montgomery co., Indiana. P. 1059
WALLIS, a canton of Switzerland. See VALAIS.              WALNUT, a post-village in Jefferson co., Iowa, 55 miles
WALLISCHBIRKEN, (Wllischbirken,)  Rllflish-bMRa- S.W. by W. of Iowa City.
kei, a town of Bohemia, circle of Prachin, about 60 miles   WALNUT BEND, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.
S.W. of Prague. Pop. 2142.                                  WALNUT BOT/TOM, a post-office of Cumberland co., PennWALILIS CREEK, of New South Wales, East Australia, sylvania.
co. of Northumberland, flows N., dividing the boroughs of    WALNUT BOTTOM, a post-office of Ienderson co., KenEast and West Maitland, and joins the river Hunter.       tucky.
WAL/LIS ISLAND, of New South Wales, East Australia,   WALNUT CAMP, a small post-village of Poinsett co.,
co. of Northumberland, in Port-IHunter, opposite Fullarton  Arkansas.
Cove, lat. 100 51/ S., ion. 1420 4' E.                      WALNUT COVE, a post-village, Stokes co., North Carolina.
WALLIS ISLAND, (native U'ea, oo-A/&,) the principal of a    W IVALNUT CREEK, of Georgia, flows southward from
group in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 130 24' S., ion. 1760 Jones co., and enters the Ocmulgee Rtiver at Macon.
10 WI.                                                      WALNUT CREEK, of Bastrop co., Texas, enters the ColoWALLIS LAKE, of New South Wales, co. of Gloucester, rado from the right, a few miles below the county seat.
bordering the coast near Cape Hawke. Length 10 miles,   WALNUT CREEK, a post-office of Buncombe co., North
breadth 5 miles.                                          Carolina.
WALLIKILL RIVER, rises in the northern part of New    WALNUT CREEK, a post-township in the E. part of
Jersey, flows in a N.N.E. course, and after receiving the  Holmes co., Ohio. Pop. 1077.
Shawangunk, falls into the Rondout, in the E. part of Ulster   WVALNUT CREEK, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.
co. The name Wallkill is sometimes applied to the main   WVALNUT CREEK, a post-office of Copiah co., Nebraska
stream below the junction with the Rondout.               Territory.
WVALLKILL, a township in the N.V. part of Orange co.,   WALNUT FIELD, a small village, Sullivan co., Tennessee.
New York, intersected by the New York and Erie Railroad.   WALNUT FLAT, a post-village of Lincoln co., Kentucky,
Pop. 4942.                                                has 1 church, and about 100 inhabitants.
WALLO/NIA, a post-village of Trig co., Kentucky, on   WVALNUT FORIEST, a post-village of Greene co., Missouri,
Muddy Creek, 8 miles N. of Cadiz.                         about 115 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City.
WALL00  M/SCOIK RIVER, rises in Bennington co., Ver-   WALNUT FORK, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa.
mont, and falls into the I-Ioosack River, in New York.      WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Morris co., New Jersey.
WALLOOSTOOK/ RIVER, Maine, is formed by two small   WVALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Kanawha co., Yirginia,
branches, called the  North-West and the  South-West 330 miles W. by N. of Richmond.
branches, in Somerset co., and, flowing in a general north-   VWALNUT GROVE, post-office, Orange co., North Carolina.
easterly course, unites with the St. Frangois to form the St.   WALNUT GROVE, a post-village of Spartanburg district,
John's River.                                              South Carolina.
WALtLOP, NETHER, a parish of England, co. of IHauts.   WIALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Walton co., Georgia.
WALLOP, OVER, a parish of England, co. of Hauts.           WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Blount co., Alabama.' IALLPACK CENTRE. See WALPACK CENTREa.                     WVALNUT GROVE, post-office, Independence co., Arkansas.
WALLS and FLOITA, a united parish of Scotland, co. of   WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Overton co., Tennessee.
Orkney, comprising the S. half of the island of Hoy, with    WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Caldwell co., Kentucky.
the islands of Flota, Fara, Cava, nd Gransay.                WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois, about
WALLS' and' SAND'NESS/, a united parish of Scotland, co. 45 miles N.W. of Peoria.
of Shetland, comprising the most VW. part of the Shetland    WALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Green co., Missouri.
Mainland, and the islands of Foula, Linga, Papa-Stour, and  IWVALNUT GROVE, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa.
Vaila.                                                       WALNUT GROVE MILLS, a post-office of Potawatamie
WALL/SEND, a parish and village of England, co. of  co., Iowa.
Northumberland, 4 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle, and inter-   WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia.
sected by the Newcastle and Shields Railway. Pop. in 1851,   WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Franklin co., Georgia.
5721, chiefly engaged in collieries, but partly in lime-kilns,   WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Rapides co., Louisiana.
manufactures of copperas and earthenwares, and in ship-   WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Panolda co., Texas.
building. The village is large and well-built. The Wall-   WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Lafayette co., Arkansas.
send coal is of very superior quality, and upwards of   WALNUT HILL, a post-office of Fayette co., Kentucky.
3,000.000 tons are annually imported into London.           WALNUT HILL, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ohio. It
WALL'S STORE, a post-office of Amite co.. Mississippi.   has a union school.
VALLSTADT, Wt-l/stdtt, (Gaoss, groce, and KtEIN, kline,.)   WALNUT HILL, a post-village of Marion co., Illinois, ou
2063




WAL                                                       WAL
the road from Salem to Chester, 12 miles from the former,   WALTERSDORF, Ql1ters-doafL, a village of Germany,
has about 200 inhabitants.                                 Saxony, circle of Bautzeu, on the Bohemian frontier, 7 miles
WALNUT HILL, a post-office'of Buchanan co., Missouri.  W. of Zittau. Pop. 1470.
WVALNUT LAKE, a post-office of Tunica co., Mississippi.    WALTERSDORF, a village of Germany, in Saxony, circle
WALNUT LANE, a post-village of Yacdkin co., North  of Zwickau, S. of Freiburg.
Carolina.                                                    WALTERSDOR F, a village of Prussian Silesia, 40 miles
WALNUT PEAK, a post-office, Tishemingo co., Mississippi.  S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1380.
WALNUT POST, a post-oi.ce of Lauderdale co., Tennessee.  WVALTERSDORF, a village of Prussia, province of Bran.
W~ALNUT RIDGE, apost-office of Washington co., Indiana. denburg, 38 miles S. of Berlin.
WALNUT SPRINGS, a post-office of Greene co., Wisconsin.   WALTERSDORF, a village of Germany, East Prussia,
WALNUT VALILEY, a post-office, VWarren co., New Jersey. government of Konigsberg.
WALNUT VALLEY, a post-office of Marion co., Tennessee.   WALTERSDORF, a village of Germany, grand-duchy of
WALNUT VALLEY, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky. Saxe-Weimar, 7 miles E.S.E. of Weida.
WVALIPACK,  township of Sussex co., New Jersey. P. 783.   WALTERSDORF, a village of Bohemia, about 30 miles
WALPACK CENTRE, a post-office of Sussex co., New  from Gitschin. Pop. 1037.
Jersey.                                                      WALTERSDORF, a village of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim,
WALIPOLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           on a small stream 10 miles from Landskron. Pop. 1569.
WALPOLE, a post-village and township in Cheshire co.,   WALTERSDORF, a village of Austria, Moravia, about 24
New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connecticut River, and  miles from Olmutz. Pop. 1400.
onl the Cheshire Railroad, 44 miles W.S.W. of Concord.   WALTERSDORF, (ALT, dlt,) a village of Prussian Silesia,
T'le river is here crossed by a bridge. There are also 2other  government of Breslau, circle of Halberschwerdt. Pop. 1042.
villages in this township. Pole. 2034.                       WALTERSDORF, (WusTE, viislteh,) a village of Prussian
WALPOLE, a post-village and township in Norfolk co., Silesia, government of Breslau, circle of Waldenburg.  Pop.
Massachusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad, 17 miles  1365.
S.W. by S. of Boston. The township is watered by Neponset   WALTERSDORF, a village of Prussia, government of
River. It contains 5 cotton and 3 woollen mills. Pop. 1929. Liegnitz. Pop. 1039.
WALPOLE, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana.           WALTERSHAUSEN, ll/tgrs-h~w'zen, a town of Central
WALPOLE EAST, a post-office, Norfolk co., Massachusetts. Germany, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  principality  and 7 miles
WALPOLE ISLAND, Pacific Ocean, E. of New Caledonia; W.S.W. of Gotha, on the Bodewasser. A railway conncts
lat. 220 40' S.. lon. 169O 2' E.                          it with Frottstedt. Pop. 3148.
WALPOLEJ ST. ANDREW, a parish of England, co. of    WALTERSIIOF, /llters-h~f', a market-town of Bavaria,
Norfolk.                                                  Upper Palatinate, 20 miles E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1200.
WALPOLE ST. PETER, a parish, England, co. of Norfolk.   WALITERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
WALSALL, a parliamentary and municipal borough,   WALTERSVILLE,  a post-office of Adair co., Missouri.
town, and parish of England, co. of Stafford, on an eminence    WALTIIAM, w5lltam, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln,
beside the Tame, and on a branch of the London and North- 4 miles S.S.W. of Great Grimsby, with a station on the East
Western Railway, 8 miles N.N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. of  Lincolnshire Railway.
parliamentary and municipal borough, 25,680; of the town,   WAL'THAM, a post-township in Hancock co., Maine, 25
8761. The town has a handsome new church in a command- miles S.E. of Bangor. Pop. 324.
lng situation; St. Paul's chapel; two Roman Catholic and    WALTHAM, a township in Addison co., Vermont, on the
various other chapels; an old town-hall and jail; a grammar E. side of Otter Creek, 33 miles W.S.W. of Montpelier. P. 270school, annual revenue 8001.; almshouses, national blue-coat   WAL!TITAM, a beautiful and flourishing post-village and
and other schools; subscription and news-rooms. Saddlers' township of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on Charles River,
and coachmakers' ironmongery and domestic iron utensils and on the Fitchburg Railroad, 10 miles W. by N. of Boston.
are the staple articles of trade; it has also several brass and  The village is built principally on one extended street,
iron foundries, extensive coal and lime works, and a consid- upwards of a mile in length, and contains several fine
erable trade in malt. The town was fortified by Ethelfleda, churches, a bank, a savings institution, and a gaslight com
daughter of Alfred, and was a royal demesne at the Con- pany, incorporated in 1853. Many of the inhabitants do
quest. It sends 1 member to the House of Commons..  business in Boston. Waltham has the first cotton establish
WALSALL FOREIGN, a township of England, co. of  mnent in Massachusetts. It was the great leader in this
Stafford. Pop. in 1851, 18,061.                           work; 500 hands are employed here in mills. Boots and
WALSCHEID, 9Itlshite, (Fr. pron. vAlseshl or vaPashbdf,) shoes are also manufactured  to a considerable extent.
a village of France, department of Meurthe, 7 miles S.E. of  Prospect Hill, nearly 500 feet in height, a short distance
Sarrebourg. Pop. 1783.                                    from the village, affords an extensive view of the surroundWALSCHIEIDT, 9Rllshite, a village of Rhenish Prussia, ing country, with Boston and its harbor seen in the distance.
government of Treves, 6 miles N. of Sarrebriick.           Pop. of the township in 1830, 1857; in 1840, 2504, and in
WALSCIHLAND. See WELSCtILAND.                            1850, 4464.
WALSCHLEBEN, *lshlhYbeu, a village of Prussia, pro-   WALTHAM, a post-office of La Salle co., Illinois.
vince of Saxony, government of Erfurt. Pop. 1230.            WALTIIIAIHI-ABB tEY or HOLY CROSS, a market-town
WALSIDEN, atownship of England, co. Lancaster, 10 miles and parish of England, co. of Essex, on the Lea, anmidst fine
E. of Haslingden, on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. pastures, 13 miles N.N.E. of London. Pop. of town in 1851,
WAL'SER'S MILL, a post-office of Davidson co., North  2329. The church, partly a portion of a famous abbey,
Carolina.                                                  founded in the time of Canute, and restored by Harold II.,
WALSHAM IN THE WILLOWS, a parish of England, co. is one of the earliest specimens of Norman architecture in
of Suffolk.                                                England. The Lea is here diverted into several channels,
WALSt/HAM, NORTH, a market-town and parish of Eng- turning 4 powder-mills belonging to the government. Walland, co. of Norfolk, near the river Ant, which is navigable  tham has also corn and silk mills, a pin factory, and malt
from Yarmouth to Walsham, 6 miles from the E. coast, and  kilns. At Enfield-lock, 2 miles S., the government has a fac14 miles N.N.E. of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 2911. The town  tory supplying annually about 10,000 percussion muskets.
has a grammar school, in which Lord Nelson received a part   WALTIIAM, BISHOP'S, a market-town and parish of
of his education, several minor charities, a theatre, &c. In  England, county and 10 miles E.N.E. of Southampton, on
the parish are extensive water-mills; and 1 mile S. of the  the road between Portsmouth and Winchester.  Pop. in
town is a stone cross erected to commemorate a victory of  1851, 2266. It is neatly built, and on its S. side are the reBishop Spencer and others over a band of rebels in 1381.    mains of a palace of the bishopsof Winchester.
WXLSHAM, SOUTH, a village and district of England,   WALTHAM, BRIGIHT, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
co. of Norfolk, 11 miles W.N.W. of Yarmouth.                WALTHIAM, COLD. See CoLD WALTIAM.
WAISINGHtAM, GREAT or OLD, a parish of England, co.   WALTHAM-CROSS, a hamlet of England, co. of Herts,
of Norfolk.                                               on the VW. side of the river Lea, 1- miles W.S.W. of WalWALISINGItAM, LITTLE or NEW, a market-town and  tham Abbey, and deriving its name from a cross erected
parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the Stiffkey, 5 miles here at one of the halting-places of the funeral procession
S.E. of Wells. Pop. in 1851, 1207.                        of Eleanor, queen of Edward I., on its way to London.
WALtSOKEN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 1 mile    WALTIHAMI, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
N.F. of Wisbeach, with a station on a branch of the East   WALTHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Esse%
Anglian Railway.                                          - WALTHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
WALSRODE, Vvalsfro'deh, a town of HIanover, 45 miles   WALTHAM  ON THE WOLDS, a parish of England, co.
S.W. of Liineburg, on the Bbhme. Pop. 2061.               of Leicester, with a village formerly a market-town.
WALSRODE, a village of Hanover, government and S.W.   WALTHAM  ST. LAURENCE, a parish of England, co.
of Liineburg, near the above. Pop. 1528.                  of Berks, 5 miles S.W. of Maidenhead. The Romans had a
VWALSTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lanark.          station on Castleacre in the neighborhood.
WALTENBERG, *Alttpn-bhRGa, a market-town of Tran syl-   WaLTIIIAMSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Essex, on
vania, co. of Szolnok, 39 miles N.W. of Klausenburg.  Pop. the Lea, which is here navigable. 7 miles N.N.E. of London.
8450, mostly agricultural.                                The village is chiefly inhabited by wealthy merchants of the
WALtTEIBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Colleton  meetropolis, and is pleasantly situated on the borders of Epdistrict, South Carolina, 99 miles S. by E. of Columbia. It ping Forest.
is situated in a level and fertile district.                WALTHAM  TEMI;PLE a parish of England, co. of Kent,
2064




WAL                                                       WAN
WALTHAM, UIP/PER, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.   WALTON, WEST, a parish of South Wales, co. of PemWALTHAM, WEST, a hamlet of England, co. of Essex. broke, on St.,Bride's Bay.
WALTHAM, WIHITE or ABBAS, a parish of England, co.   WALTON WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
of Berks.                                                    WALT'S HILLS, a postoffice of Westmoreland co., PennWALTHOURYILLE, wal-thoorlvil, a post-village of Liberty  sylvania.
co., Georgia, about 44 miles S.W. of Savannah, is the largest   WALTZ, a township of Wabash co., Indiana. Pop. 1856.
place in the county. It has 2 flourishing academies, 2    WALUIKI, a town of Russia. See YALUCKI.
churches, and 2 stores.                                      WALVISCH, wgllvish, (i. e. " Whale,") or WALFISCH
WALTIER, w lteerl, a maritime village of British India, (wvl/fish) BAY, a harbor of South Africa, extending along
presidency of Madras, 31 miles from Vizagapatam, and the its W. coast for 20 miles, terminated southward by Pelican
actual residence of the British authorities of that station.   Point, in lat. 220 52' 5' S., ion. 140 271 E., and firequented by
WAL1TON,,a parish of Englanuq, co. ofCumberland, 3 miles whaling vessels, (whence its name.)
N. of Brampton, and containing the townships of IIigh and    WAL/WORTH, a chapelry of England, co. of Surrey, a
Low Walton. The parish contains Castlesteads, or Cambeck-  suburb of the metropolis, 2. miles S. of St. Paul's, London.
fort, a ruin surrounded by a grove of oaks.                  WALIWORTH, a county in the S.S.E. part of Wisconsin,
WALTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk, on the  bordering on Illinois, has an area of 576 square miles. It
coast. Here was formerly a castle of Roman origin.         is drained by Honey, Sugar, and Geneva Creeks, affluents
WALTON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.               of Pishtaka River, and by Turtle and Whitewater Creeks,
WALTON, a parish of England, county and ainsty of York. affluents of Rock River. Lake Geneva, in the S. part of the
WALTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.              county, is 8 miles long, besides which there are 23 smaller
WALTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby.             lakes.  The surface is undulating  and diversified with
WALTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Leicester, 4 miles forests, prairies, and "oak openings."  There are no steep
N.E. of Lutterworth. Pop. 647.                             hills, and but little waste land in the county. The soil is
WALtTON, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has of limestone formation, highly productive, and well watered.
an area of 390 square miles. The Appalachee River flows By the census of 1850, Walworth county produced more
along its N.E. borderi it is intersected by the Alcovy, (U1- hay than any other county in the state, and more wheat,
cofauhachee,) a branch of the Ocmulgee, and also drained  corn, and butter than any other excepting Reck county,
by Cornish, Bay, and other creeks. The surface is elevated  and more barley than any county in the United States exand uneven; the soil is derived from primary rocks, and is cept Waukesha county, Wisconsin. There were raised in
moderately fertile, excepting the higher ridges. The county  that year 655,704 bushels of wheat; 215,242 of corn; 31,599
contains an abundance of granite and iron, and small quan- of barley; 27,193 tons of hay; and 333,012 pounds of butter.
titles of gold have been found in it. It is intersected in  It is intersected by the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad,
the southern part by the Georgia Railroad. Named in honor by the Racine and Janesville Railroad, and has plank-roads
of George Walton, who was governor of Georgia in 1780. leading to Milwaukee and Racine. Capital, Elkhorn. Pop
Capital, Monroe. Pop. 10,821, of whom 6912 were free, and  17,862.
3909 slaves.                                                 WALWORTH, a post-village and township of Wayne co.,
WALTON, a county in the N.W. part of Florida, bordering New York, 18 miles E. of Rochester. It contains an acaon Alabama and on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about demy. Pop. 1981.
1800 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Choctaw-   WALWORTH, a postavillage and township in the S.part of
hatchee River, and intersected by the Yellow-water; the Walworth co., Wisconsin, 53 miles S.E. of Madison. Pop. 987.
southern border is washed by Choctawhatchee Bay, navi-   WAL'WYN'S-CASTLE. a parish of Wales. co. of Pembroke.
gable by steamboats.  The surface is nearly level, and    WALZENIIAUSEN, wltlsfen-hhw'zen, a village and parish
partly covered with pine; the soil is generally poor. Capi- of Switzerland, canton of Appenzell, on a hill at the extretal, Uchee Anna. Pop. 1817, of whom 1481 were free, and  mity of the Rheinthal, with a church so commandingly
336 slaves.                                               situated that the Tyrolese mountains are seen, and 92
WALTON, a post-village and township of Delaware co., churches counted from it. Pop. 1604.
New York, on the Delaware River, about 90 miles W.S.W.   WAMBEEK, *Amfbhk', a village of Belgium, province of
of Albany. It contains an academy. Pop. 2271.             Brabant, 9 miles W. of Brussels. Pop. 1481.
WALTON, a post-office of Kanawha co., Virginia.            WAMBERG, I3mbMIao, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles
WALTON, a post-office, Newberry district. South Carolina. E.S.E. of Kiniggriitz. Pop. 1965.
XYALTON. a post-village of Boone co.. Kentucky, 20 miles    WAMBOOL, a river of East Australia. See MIACQUARIE.
S.W. of Covington. It contains 2 tobacco factories, and about   WAMBRECHIES, vGoz'breh-sheel, a  market-town  of
200 inhabitants.                                          France, department of Nord, 4 miles N. of Lille. Pop. in
WALTON, a post-township in the S.W. part of Eaton co., 1852, 3575.
Michigan. Pop. 464.                                         WAMIBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
WALtTON CAR/DIFF, a parish of England, co. of Glou-   WAMEL, *lAmel, a village of Holland, province of Gel
cester.                                                   derland, on the Waal, opposite Tiel. Pop. 1453.
WALTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        WAMPIHRAY, wamffri, a parish of Scotland, co. of DumWALTON, EAST, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pem- fries, on the Wamphray, an affluent of the Annan, with a
broke.                                                    station on the Caledonian Railway, 6 miles S.E. of Beattock.
WALITONHAM, a post-village of St. Louis co., Missouri,   WAMPS/VILLE, a post-village of Madison co., New York,
12 miles N.W. of St. Louis.                               on the Central Railroad, 23 miles E. of Syracuse.
VALTON, INFERIOR and SUPERIOR, two townships    WANAS, wminbs, a town of Sweden, lIen of Linklping,
of England, co. of Chester, on the Mersey and Irwell Canal. with an important fortress at the mouth of the Canal of
WALTON-IN-GORDAINO, a parish of England, co. of So- Gotha, in Lake Wettern.
merset.                                                     WANIBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
WALTON LE DALE, a chapelry of England, co. of Lan-    WANCHOW, wln-chfwt, or TUNGOW-CHING, ttin'goweaster, on a height beside the Derwent, near the Wyre and  chingt, written also WEN-TCHEOU-FOU, a large seaport
Preston Railway, 2 miles S.S.E. of Preston. Population  town of China, province of Che-kiang, 150 miles S. of Ningpo,
chiefly engaged in cotton manufactures.                   at the mouth of a river of its own name; hat. 280 N. Its
WALTON-ON-SOIKEN, a parish of England, co. of Essex, streets are intersected by canals, and exposed to frequent
on the coast, 12 miles S.E. of Manningti-ee. Pop. 721. The inundation, and it is esteemed very unhealthy for Eurovillage is resorted to as a watering-place, and has a hand- peans. It has manufactures of silk, shamso, and soy. Pop.
some terrace, hotel, and jetty. On the Naze is a brick tower, 200,000.
80 feet in height, forming a sea-mark. The ancient church    WANCON!DA, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.
was submerged in the sea.                                   WANDERSLEBEN, Q1nlders-lAben, a market-town of
WALTON-ON-THE-HILL, a parish of England, co. of Lan- Prussian Saxony, 10 miles S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 1025.
caster, 3 miles N.E. of Liverpool. Pop. 79,212, partly engaged    WANDIPOOR, w u'de-poorl, a town of Bootan, 18 miles
in cotton manufactures. It has several endowed schools E. of Tassisudon, on an isolated rock, and having many
and mansions, belonging to Liverpool merchants.            ecclesiastical establishments.
WALTON-ON-THE-WOLDS, a parish of England, co. of   WANDIWASH, whn'de-weshf, a town of British India,
Leicester.                                                 presidency and 58 miles S.W. of Madras. Here, in 1760, the
WALTON-ON-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Derby. French were defeated by the British.
WALTON S FORD, a post-office, Habersham co., Georgia.    WANDORF, 91nldopf, a town of Hungary, co. and about
WVALTON-UPON-THAMES, a parish of England, co. of  2 miles from Oedenburg. In the vicinity are the extensive
Surrey, on the Thames, here crossed by a bridge, with a  coal-mines of Brennberg.
station on the London and South-Western Railway, 17 miles    WANDRh, vaNrOdrA/, a village of Belgium, province and
W.S.W. of London. The church has some fine monuments; 4 miles E.N.E. of Liege. Pop. 2000.
and in the parish are many elegant villas and seats, includ-   WANDSBEIK, 9,ndslbk, a market-town of Denmark,
lug Apps-Court, on the site of a mansion of Cardinal Wol- duchy of Holstein, 3 miles N.E. of Hamburg, on the Wands.
sey; Pain's Hill, with fine grounds; Oatlands, the seat of Pop. 4200. It has a royal castle and park, and 4 well-frothe late Duke of York. At the village of HIerisham, Lilly  quented annual fairs. It is a favorite summer resort of the
the astrologer died in 1681,  On St. George's Hill are traces merchants of IHamburg.
of an ancient camp.                                          WANDSWORTH, wonztwtLrth, a parish and large village
WALTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    of England, co. of Surrey, on the Wandle, near its mouth
6E                                                                     2065




FWAN                                                      WAR
in the Thames, on the South-Western Railway, 5 miles S.W.    WANYANEE or WANYANI, wgn-yglnee, one of the prinof London. Pop. in 1851, 9611. The village, on and between  cipal arms or channels by which the waters of the Inldus
two low hills, has numerous manufactories for bolting cloths, enter the sea. Its length is near 20 miles. It is said not to
vinegar, white lead, and other chemical products, distilleries, be navigable.
calico printing, and iron works, linseed oil, flour and other   WANZLEBEN, *&nts'lA'bn, a walled town of Prussian
mills, wrought by water-power. A tram-road, formed be- Saxony, 10 miles S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 3010.
tween it and Croydon at the commencement of this cen-   WAPAHKONETTA, wopea-ko-n6t/ta, a post-village of
tury, at a cost of 60,0001., has long proved totally useless. Duchouquet township, capital of Auglaize county, Ohio, on
Around the village are many handsome detached mansions. the Auglaize River, and on the Dayton and Michigan RailWANFERCEE-BAULET, v8NGefSa'sI b6'IP, a village of  road, 95 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. The river is navigable
Belgium, province of IIainaut, 8 miles N.N.E. of Charleroi. for keel-boats as high as this point. The Society of Friends
Pop. 2538.                                                 had a mission here for many years, among the Shawnee InWANFRIED, *Antfreet, a walled town of Germany, Hes- dians. The village contains, besides the county buildings,
se-Cassel, provine6 of Nieder-Iessen, on the Werra, 5 miles  2 or 3 churches, and several stores.
E. of Eschwege. Pop. 2045.                                   WAPAN/SEE, a township of Grundy co., Illinois. P. 217.
WANGANUI, wln-gg-noolee, a river of New  Zealand,   WAPATOO, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon.
North Island, enters the ocean on its W. coast, 60 miles   WAPELILAH, of Illinois, a station on the Illinois Central
S.E. of New Plymouth. On it is the village of Petre.       Railroad, 78 miles from La Salle.
WANGARI, wtn-g&/ree, a bay of New Zealand, on the E.   WAPELILO, a county in the S.S.E. part of Iowa, has an
coast of the North Island, 65 miles N.N.W. of Auckland.    area of 432 square miles. The River des Moines flows diaWANGARURU, win-gt-orooroo, a bay of New Zealand, on  gonally through the middle of the county, in a S.E. directhe E. coast of the North Island, 110 miles N.N.W. of Auck- tion; it is also drained by Cedar and Avery's Creeks. The
land.                                                      surface is slightly undulating; the soil is highly productive.
WANGAROA, wgn-gd-roil, a bay of New Zealand, on the. Stone-coal is found along Des Moines River, and limestone
E. coast of North Island, 140 miles N.N.W. of Auckland.    underlies a part of the surface. The river affords valuable
WANGAROA, a harbor and river of New Zealand, North  water-power at the county seat. Orginized in 1842-3. CaIsland, 53 miles S. of Auckland.                           pital, Ottumwa. Pop. 8471.
WANGEN, *' ngfen,   a town of Wiirtemburg, circle of    WAPELLO, a post-village, capital of Louisa county, Iowa,
Danube, on the Ober-Argen, 50 miles S.W. of Ulm. P. 1456. on the right bank of the Iowa River, about 12 miles front
WANGEN, a town of Switzerland, capital of Bern, on the  its mouth, 42 miles S.S.E. of Iowa City, and 5 miles W. of
Aar, 5 miles W. of Aarwangen. Pop. 1710.                  the Mississippi River. The Iowa River is navigable for
WANGEN, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Neckar, steamboats during three months in the year, and affords
near Cannstadt, on the Neckar. Pop. 1339.                 motive power at this place to a large flouring-mill, saw-mill,
WANGEN, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton of  and carding machine.  A weekly newspaper is published
Schwytz, at the S. foot of the Buckberg. Pop. 1014.       here. Laid out in 1839. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 800.
WANGERIN, 9Qng-Qh-reenf, town of Prussian Pomerania,   WAPIENBURtY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
24 miles N.E. of Stargard. Pop. 1450.                       WAPILEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
WANGEROOG, *Ingler-og', or WANGEROGE,  nIngtr-   WAPPANOCICA, a township of Crittenden co., Arkansas.
o'ghfh, an island of North Germany, grand-duchy of Olden- Pop. 462.
burg, in the North Sea, off the estuary of the Jahde and    WAPIPENHAM, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Weser. Lat. of lighthouse 530 47f 06" N., lon. 70 51' 5" E.   WAPPING, wtp/ping, a parish of England, co. of MiddlePop. 250. It has extensive oyster beds.                    sex, 2 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London, and forming a
WANGFORD, two parishes of England, co. of Suffolk.       suburb of the metropolis. bordering the Thames, on which
WANGI1ITOWN, a post-office ofForsyth co.,North Carolina. are many large warehouses, and the entrances from  the
WANGI, (Wiingi,) *hnglghce, a village and parish of Swit- Thames to the London Docks. It is comprised in the metrozerland, canton of Thurgau, on the iurg, 5 miles S.E. of  politan borough of Tower-HIamlets.
Frauenfeld. Pop. 1586.                                      WAPIPINGER'S CREEK, of Dutchess co., in the E.S.E.
WANIKANEER', a town of India, Baroda dominions, part of New York, falls into the Hudson River, 8 miles
peninsula of Guzerat, 70 miles N.N.E. of Joonaghur.       below Poughkeepsie.
WANLIN, wFn'leent, written also OUANLIN and OOAN-   WAPPINGER'S FALLS, a post-office of Dutchess co., New
LIN,  a town of Mantchooria, on the Soongaree; lat. 47-0 N. York.
WANILIP, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.           WAP'SIPINrICON, a river of Iowa; rising near the N.
WAN/LOCK-IIEAD, a mining village of Scotland, co. of  boundary of the state, it flows south-eastward, and enters
Dumfries, at the head of the Wanlock Rivulet, 5. miles the Mississippi about 25 miles above Davenport. Length
E.N.E. of Sanquhar, and 1380 feet above the sea. Pop. in  estimated at 200 miles.
1851, 872, employed in mines belonging to the Duke of Buc-   WPI/WALLO'PEN, a creek of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania,
eleuch, which yields chiefly lead ore, but also small quanti- flows into the Susquehanna.
ties of copper, manganese, and gold. The neat village, on    WAPWALLOPEN, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsyla hill-side amidst fine mountain scenery, has a new church, vania.
and a miners' library of a superior character.               WA/QUJOIT, a post-office of Barnstable co., Massachusetts.
WANNEBECQ, wgntneh-baik', a village of Belgium, pro-   WARA, w,,Itr&, a town of Central Africa, state of Bergeo,
vince of IHainaut, on an affluent of the Dendre, 24 miles 250 miles W.S.W. of Kobbe.
N.N.E. of Mons. Pop. 1098.                                   WARADEIN. See Gnoss WAnoDE;.
WANNEGEM-LEDE, wln/neh-Ohlm' 1I/deh, a village of    WARWAJU/ RIVER, in the southern part of Minnesota
Belgium, 12 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1468.                Territory, falls into St. Peter's River, W. of Marrah  Tankah
WANSEN, frgnlsen, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles Lake. Length about 80 miles.
E.S.E. of Breslau, on the Ohlau. Pop. 1570.                  WARANGOL, wI-rn-g5l, or WARANGUL, w&-rln-gil/,
WANSIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, a city of India, Deccan, Nizam's dominions, 87 miles N.E,
with a station on the Peterborough branch of the London  of Ilyderabad.
and North-Western Railway, 7 miles W. of Peterborough.       WARASDIN or YARASDIN, v rbs-dinl, (IIun. Varasd,
WAN/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Essex, on the  v~h'rfshdl,) a fortified town of Austrian Croatia, capital of
Roding, 6 miles N.E. of London. It has an orphan asylum, the county, on the Drave, 28 miles N.N.E. of Agram. Pop.
founded in 1841.                                           9151. It has a Roman Catholic college, a high school, manuVVWANSTROW, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       factures of stonewares, silks, tobacco, and vinegar. In the
WANTTAGE, a parish and market-town of England, co. vicinity are sulphur baths, and extensive vineyards.
of Berks, in the vale of the White-horse, on a branch of the    WARBERG, ftn/bnoc, a seaport town of South Sweden,
Ock, and of the Wilts and Berks Canal, 3 miles S. of the  len and 36 miles N.W. of Halmstad, on the Cattegat. Pop.
Great Western Railway, 21 miles W.N.W. of Reading. Pop. 1691. Its harbor is safe and convenient. It is much freof the town, in 1851, 2951. It has a handsome cruciform  quented in summer for sea-bathing.
church, almshouses, and other charities, some manufactures    WARIBLETON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
of sacking, twine, and coarse cloths, and an active trade in    WAR/BLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Haunts, 7
malt and corn. Iere, in 849, Alfred the Great was born, and  miles S.E. of Havant. It has an ancient church, and pictua festival commemorating the 1000th year since his birth, resque ruins of a castle.
was held 25th October, 1849.                                WARBILOW, a village of St. Clair co., Missouri, about 90
WANTTAGE, a township of Sussex co., New Jersey, inter- miles S.E. of Independence.
sected by the Walkill River. Pop. 3934.                     WAR/BOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
WAN/TISDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          WAR/BOYS, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
Y:ANTOONG  or WANTUNG, wgn'toongrl, NoRn  and    WARB'STOW, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
SonTH,, two islets in the Canton River, China, between the   WARBURG, Rl/b5ORG5o, a walled town of Prussian Westislands of Anunghoy and Ty-cock-tow, the former strongly  phalia, 37 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Diemel. Pop. 3500.
fortified by the Chinese, and the latter temporarily by the  It has manufactures of linens and tobacco.
British in the late war.                                    WAR/BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
WANTZENAU, LA, lI vaNt'zeh-nS/, a village of France,    WAR/COP, a parish of England, co. of Westmoreland.
department of Bas-Rhin, near the Rhine, 6 miles N.N.E. of    WARD, a township in Yell co., Arkansas. Pop. 124.
Btrasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 2501.                             WARD, a township of IIocking co., Ohio. Pop. 823.
2066




WAR                                                     WAR
WARD, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop. 1399.    WAREII-OUSE POINT, a thriving manufacturing post.
WARDIBOROUGI-I, a post-office of Warren co., New York. village in East Windsor township, Hartford co., Connecticut,
WARDE, a town of Denmark. See VARDE.                    on the E. side of Connecticut River, and on the New Haven
WARDEIN, GROSS, a town of Hungary. See GRoss WAR- Hartford and Springfield Railroad, 14 miles N. by E. of
ErIN.                                                    IHartford.
WARDEIN, KLEIN, kline *aRtdine, (HIun. Kis Varad,   WAREMME, written also WAREM, vg'rmf, a small town
kish vAttriid,) a village of North Hungary, co. of Szabolcs, of Belgium, province and 13 miles WV. of Liege, on the rail15 miles N.E. of Batka.                                   way between Brussels and Cologne. Pop. 1500.
WARIDEN, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                WAREN, vAirgen, a town of North Germany, MecklenWARDEN, a parish of England. co. of Northumberland.  burg-Schwerin, duchy and 54 miles E.S.E. of Schwerin, on
WARDEN, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.       Lake Miiritz. Pop. 4861.
WARIDENSVILLE, a post-oflice of Hardy co., Virginia.      WARENDORF, vi/ren-dorf, a town of Prussian WestWARDIINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford.    phalia, 16 miles E. of Mtinster, on the Ems. Pop. 4250.
WARDILEWORTH, a township of England, co. of Lan-   WARE RIVER, rises near the centre of Massachusetts, in
cashire.                                                  Worcester co., and falls into the Connecticut River, in HampWARDILEY, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.          den co.
WVARDOE, (Wardle,) an island of Norway. See YARDiE.   WARESBOROUGH, wairslbUr-rtih, a post-village, capital
WARDSBOROUGH, a post-township in Windham  co., of Ware co., Georgia, 163 miles S.E. of Milledgeville, is situVermont, 93 miles S. by W. of Montpelier, drained by  ated on the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, and contains a
branches of West River. Pop. 1125.                        court-house, tavern, and a store.
WARD'S GROVE, a. post-village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois,   WARESILEY, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.
140 miles N.W. by W. of Chicago.                           WVAREITOWN or WAERITOWVN, a village of Stafford townWARDSIVILLE, a town of Canada West, co. of MIiddle-  ship, Ocean co., New Jersey, is situated on the shore of Barsex, 36 miles from London, with two Protestant churches, negat Bay, nearly opposite the inlet of that name, about 12
a Roman Catholic church, a public and two private schools, miles S. by E. of Tom's River. It has 2 churches, 3 stores,
and manufactures of cloth, iron, &c. Pop. about 750.      and several elegant dwellings. The inhabitants are largely
WARE, a market-town and parish of England, co. and 2-  engaged in navigation.
miles E.N.E. of Hertford, on the Enfield Branch of the East-   WARFFUM, waIf'foom, a village of Holland, province of
ern Counties Railway. Pop. of the town in 1851, 4882. The  Groningen, 14 miles W.N.W. of Appingedam. Pop. 1853.
town, on the left bank of the Lea, which here flows with    WAR/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
great rapidity, is well built, has a large cruciform church,   WKRIFIELDBURG, a post-village of Carroll co., Maryand an active trade in grain, sent to London down the Lea  land, 55 miles N.WV. of Annapolis.
in barges, which return with coals. In the town is preserved   WXIV/FORDSBURG, a post-village of Fulton co., Pennsylthe " great bed of Ware," 12 feet square, and of uncertain  vania, 85 miles S.W. of Harrisburg.
origin and use. The town was founded by Edward the   WAR GAP, a post-office of Iawkins co., Tennessee.
Elder, at the place of a wear or dock, previously formed by    WAR/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
the invading Danes, and here are some remains of an an-   WAR/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
cient priory, and the head springs of the New River, by    WARHEM, vapt'ml, a village of France, department of
which water is conveyed for the supply of the N. part of the  Nord, 7 miles S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. 2571.
metropolis.                                                 WARIN, 4A-reenl, a town of North Germany,  MecklenWARE (or WEAR)-GIEFORD, a parish of England, co. of burg-Schwerin, on a small lake, 12 miles S.E. of Wismar.
Devon.                                                    Pop. 1383.
WARE, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, bordering    WAR HILL, a post-office of Hall co., Georgia.
on Florida, contains about 1600 square miles. It is traversed    WVARI1NGSTOWN, a market-town of Ireland, Ulster, co.
in the northern part by Santilla River, and also drained by  of Down, 64 miles E. of Portadown. Pop. in 1851, 956, emthe Little Santilla River and IHurricane Creek. The surface  ployed in extensive cambric and linen manufactures.
is level or flat, and extensively occupied by swamps. The    WVARK, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
Okefonokee Swamp, in the S.E. part, is 30 miles long and 17   WARK/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
broad. The soil is sandy and light. Cotton, sugar-cane,   WARKITON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Indian corn, oranges, and figs flourish, and the palmetto is   WAIRKIWORTH, a parish and village of England, co. of
indigenous in this region.  Capital, Waresborough. Pop. Northumberland, on the Coquet, which nearly surrounds
3888; of whom 3600 were firee, and 288 slaves.           it, 1 mile from the North Sea, and here crossed by an anWARE, a flourishing post-village and township of Hamp- cient stone bridge, with a station on the Newcastle and Bershire co., Massachusetts, 80 miles W. by S. of Boston. The  wick Railway, 63 miles S.E. of Alnwick. Warkworth Castle,
township is drained by Ware River and branches, which  on the S. bank of the Coquet, is much dilapidated, but
afford good water-power. It contains 4 cotton and 2 woollen  commands a magnificent view. About I mile distant is
mills. The former are owned by the Otis Company, who  Warkworth Hermitage, on the richly-wooded bank of the
employ 650 hands, and run 20,000 spindles. About 240 per- Coquet.
sons are employed in the woollen mills, consuming annually    WARKWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
about 425,000 pounds of wool. There are two establishments   WVARLEGIGAN, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
for the manufacture of straw bonnets, employing from 400   WARILEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
to 500 persons. Considerable business is also done in work-   WARLEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
uing tin, copper, and sheet iron. The village is delightfully    WARLEY WIGORN, a township of England, co. of Worsituated in the midst of varied and picturesque scenery, and  cester.
contains a bank, 4 churches, a savings institution, a high    WVAR/INGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.
school, and a gaslight company, incorporated in 1853. Pop.   WARLOY-BAILLON, vaR'lw~! bah'yheG/, a village of
of the township in 1840, 1890; in 1850, 3785.            France, department of Somme, 13 miles N.E. of Amiens.
WAR EAGLE, a post-township in Madison co., Arkansas. Pop. in 1852, 2018.
Pop. 985.                                                  WARMBRUNN, ~'aRtm/broon', a town of Prussian Silesia,
WARE/HAM, a parliamentary and municipal borough and  31 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Zacken. Pop. 2506. It
town of England, co. of Doi-set, between the Frome and  has sulphur baths, and manufactures of linens.
Piddle, each here crossed by a bridge, about 1 mile from    WARM/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of York, West
their mouths in Poole Harbor, and with a station on the  Riding.
South-Western Railhay, 151 miles E.S.E. of Dorchester. Pop.   WARMIFORK, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri.
of the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 7218; of the muni-   WARMIA and WARMIE. See ERMELAND.
cipal borough, 3078. The town is laid out with great regu-   WARMIlNGH-AM, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
larity, and surrounded by an earth rampart, between which    WARM/INGHURST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
and the streets are many gardens for market produce, and    WARMIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
traces of ancient buildings. It has a church, a very old    WARMINGTON ARLESCOTE, a parish of England, co. of
structure, an independent free school, other endowed schools, Warwick.
almshouses, and -Various minor charities, and a union work-   WAR/IMINSTER, a market-town and parish of England,
house. Some manufactures of stockings, shirt-buttons, and  co. of Wilts, at the W. extremity of Salisbury Plain, on the
straet plait, are carried on. About.10,000 tons of pipe-clay  Willey, 21 miles W.N.W. of Salisbury. Pop. of the town in
are annually exported, and large quantities of garden pro- 1851, 4220. Its woollen manufacture, formerly important,
duce are sent to Poole; but its trade has declined with the  has declined; hair-cloth weaving and malting are the prinshallowing of its harbor, which is now only accessible by  cipal branches of industry, and it has an active trade in corn.
small craft. Its salmon fishery, formerly important, is at Near it many Roman antiquitieshave been discovered; and
present all but abandoned. With Corfe-Castle it sends one  a tesselated pavement, found at Pitmead, 2 miles E., is now
member to the House of Commons.                          deposited at Longleat, the magnificent seat of the Marquis
WAREHAM, a post-village and township in Plymouth  of Bath, lord of the manor, 41 miles distant, on the border
co., Massachusetts, on Buzzard's Bay and on the Cape Cod  of Somersetshire.
Branch Railroad, 40 miles S.E. by S. of Boston. It contains   WAR/MINSTER, a township of Bucks co., Pennsylvania.
a bank, a savings institution, and the Tremont Ironworks. Pop. 1007.
Pop. 3186.                                                 WARMINSTER, a post-village of Nelson co., Yirginia, on
WARE/HORNE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.          the James River, 100 miles\W. of Richmond.
2067




WAR                                                       WAR
WARM SPRINGS, called also BATH COURT HIOUSE, a  seph Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker IHIill.  Capi
post-village, capital of Bath county, Virginia, 170 miles tal, Caldwell. Pop. 17,199.
W.N.W. of Richmond, is situated in a narrow valley, be-   WARREN, a county in the N.W. part of New Jersey, has
tween two mountain ridges. The springs are much fre- an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the
quented during the summer season by invalids and others. W. by the Delaware, and on the S.E. by the Musconetcong
The temperature of the water at all seasons is 980, without River, and is drained by Paulinskill and Pequest Rivers,
the slightest change. The largest spring is 40 feet in diame- and Pohatcong Creek, affluents of the Delaware.  The
ter. Fine buildings have been erected for the accommoda- streams of this county afford valuable water-power. The
tion of visitors. These improvements, together with the  surface is uneven and mountainous, with Scott's Mountain
salubrity of the air, and the romantic character of the  and Jenny Jump Mountain in the S.E., andthe Blue Moun
scenery, render this one of the most attractive watering- tain in the N.W. The soil is various; that of the valley is
places in the state. The water contains muriate of lime, sul- fertilized by the decomposition of limestone rock, mingling
phate of lime, carbonate of lime, and sulphate of magnesia.  with sand, loam, and clay, washed from the mountains,
WARMII SPRINGS, a post-village of Buncombe co., North  and is usually highly productive. In 1850 this county proCarolina, on the French Broad River, about 290 miles WV. of  duced 198,760 bushels of wheat, the greatest quantity proRaleigh, and near the E. base of the Iron Mountain. This duced by any county in the state. Magnetic iron ore, brown
is a popular and delightful place of resort, and worthy the hematite, bog iron ore, zinc, manganese, marble, soapstone,
attention of the tourist. A turnpike extends from the vii- and roofing slate are abundant. The Delaware is navigable
lage toward Greenville, South Carolina, passing along the  for small boats along the W. border; The New Jersey Cenmargin of the river, which is enclosed by steep and lofty  tral Railroad and the Morris Canal intersect this county.
eminences.                                                 Organized in 1824, having been formed from part of Sussex
WARM SPRINGS, a post-village of Meriwether co., Geor- county. Capital, Belvidere. Pop. 22,358.
gia, 36 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. The spring at this place   WARREN, a county in the N.N.W. part of Pennsylvania,
is one of the greatest wonders in Georgia. It has a tem- bordering on New York, has an area of 800 square miles.
perature of 990, and discharges 1400 gallons per minute. It is intersected by the Alleghany River, and drained also
Fine bathing-houses have been erected here,                by the Conewango, Brokenstraw, Teonesta, and Kenjua
WARMSIWORTH, a parish of England, co. of York, West Creeks. The surface is hilly, and in some parts broken and
Riding.                                                    rocky; the soil is generally good in the N. part of the counWARM/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.          ty, and along the large streams. Lumber- is the chief article
WARNA. See VARNA.                                       of export. The creeks afford abundant motive power. Small
WARNABIN or WARNAVIN. See VARNAVIN.                     boats navigate the Alleghany River. The routes of the SunWARNBOROUGH, NORTH. See ODIJAMe.                        bury and Erie Railroad and the Alleghany Valley Railroad
WARNfBOROUGHI, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of  pass through the county. Organized in 1819.  Capital,
Hlants.                                                   Warren.  Pop. 13,671.
WARNIDON, a parish of England, co., of Worcester.         WARREN, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia, has an
WARNEMUNDEH, (Warnemiindeh,) 9aat.neh-miin'deh,  area of about.250 square miles. It is intersected by the Shea seaport town of North Germany, lMecklenburg-Schwerin,  nandoah River, and also drained by the N. fork of the sanme.
at the mouth of the Warnow, in the Baltic, 7 miles N.N.W. The county occupies part of the great valley bounded on the
of Rostock, of which it is the outport. Pop. 1150.         S.E. by the Blue Ridge. The surface is hilly; the soil mnostly
WAR/NER, a post-village and township in Merrimack co., good and well watered. Limestone, copper, iron, and manNew Hampshire, on the Warner River and the Connecticut ganese are abundant.  It is amply supplied with waterand Merrimack River Railroad, 16 miles W. by N. of Con- power. The wealth of the county has recently been incord. The village contains 5 or 6 stores, and a bank. Pop. creased by several public works, viz., the Manassa's Gap 
of the township, 2038.                                     Railroad, extending to Alexandria; a plank-road from the
WAR/NER'S LANDING, a post-office of Crawford co., Wis- county seat to Winchester, and two or three turnpikes.
consin.                                                    Organized in 1836. Capital, Front Royal. Pop. 6607; of
WAR/NERSVILLE, a small village of Columbia cc., Penn- whom 4859 were free, and 1748 slaves.
sylvania.                                                   WARREN, a county in the N. part of North Carolina,
WARNERSVILLE, a post-office, Berks co., Pennsylvania. bordering on Virginia, area estimated at 480 square miles.
WARINERVILLE, a post-village of Schoharie cc., New  Warren River forms its boundary on the N.W.; Roanoko
York.                                                      River flows through the N.E. part. It is also drained by
WARNERVILLE, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia. Fishing Creek. The surface is undulating, the soil fertile.
WARNERVILLE, a post-office, Livingston co., Michigan.  Tobacco is the chief article of export. It is intersected by
WARNETON, vaan't6(~a?, or WAERTEN, WAr/ten, a  the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, and the Roanoke Valley
frontier'own of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the  Railroad. The county contains valuable mineral springs.
Lys, 8 miles S.E. of Ypres. Pop. 5983, engaged in manufac-  Formed in 1779. Capital, WVarrenton.  Pop. 13,912; of
tures of chocolate and starch, breweries and salt refineries.   whom 5045 were free, and 8867 slaves.
WARN/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.              WARREN, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia,'WARNIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            has an area of 400 square miles. The Ogeechee River forms
WARINING, MOUNT, New South Wales, East Australia, its S.W. boundary, and it is also drained by Rocky Comfort
on the Tweed; slat. 280 24' S., ion. 1530 15' E.; 3300 feet in  Creek. The surface is uneven; the soil is moderately fertile.
elevation.                                                 Granite and soapstone are abundant. The Ogeechec furWARNOW, *aa/now or *a/tnov, a river of Germany, rises  nishes motive power for mills. The county is intersected by
S. df Sternberg, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, flows first W., the Georgia Railroad. Capital, Warrenton. Pop. 12,425;
then N.E., then N., and falls into the Baltic at Warnemtinde. of whom 6317 were free, and 6108 slaves.
Total course 70 miles.                                       WARREN, a county in the W. part of Mississippi, borderWARNSDORF, ALT, Alt *asonsfdoRf, a village of Bohemia, ing on Louisiana, has an area of about 725 square miles. It
4 miles S.E. of Rumburg. Pop. 3328.                        is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, on the S.E.
WARNSDORF or WERMIROWICE, fvla-me-ro-Weet/sA, a  by the Big Black, and intersected by the Yazoo River. The
village of Moravia, circle of Prerau. Pop. 1160.           surface is generally level and low, except in the vicinity of
WARNSFELD, fvauns/flIt, or WARNSVELD, walns/f6lt, Vicksburg, where the Walnut Hills rise several hundred
a village of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, 22  feet above the river. The soil is alluvial and very fertile.
miles S.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 1900.                           The county is intersected by the Vicksburg and Brandon
WARP, ALT, Alt wa p, a village of Prussia, province of  Railioad. Capital, Vicksburg. Pop. 18,120; of whom 6024
Pomerania, government and N.N.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1064. were free, and 12,096 slaves.
WARP, NEU, noi waRp, a walled town of Prussia, province    WARREN, a county in the S.E. part of Tennessee; area
of Pomerania, government and 25 miles N,N.W. of Stettin, estimated at 550 square miles. Collins River flows through
on a lake of its own name. Pop. 1821.                     the county into the Caney fork of Cumberland River, and
WAR/POLE, a post-office of Wyandott co., Ohio.           the Caney fork washes its N.E. border. The surface is hilly
WARPS/GROVE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         or mountainous. A railroad is in progress which will conWARREE, w~r/ree', a town of Guinea, in the delta of the  nect the county with the Nashville and Chattanooga RailNiger, 58 miles S. of Benin. Lat. 50 32' N., ion. 50 28' E.    road. Capital, McMinnville. Pop. 10,179; of whom  8469
WAR/REN, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.    were free, and 1710 slaves.
WARIREN, a county in the E.N.E. part of New York, has   WARREN, a county in the S.S.W. part of Kentucky, conan area of about 850 square miles. It is partly bounded on  tains 560 square miles. It is drained by Big Barren River,
the E. by Lake George, (the southern. portion of which ex- an affluent of Green River, which flows along the northern
tends into it,) intersected by the Hudson River, which forms border. The surface is undulating; the soil, resting on a
part of the southern boundary, and also drained by Schroon  substratum of clay and limestone, is well adapted to farmRiver. These streams furnish valuable water-power. The  uing. The river has lately been improved by the construcsurface is uneven, and in many parts mountainous, and  tion of dams and locks which render it navigable at all
usually covered with a heavy growth of timber. The soil times.  The limestone formation of this region presents
is generally of an inferior quality. The county abounds in  several extensive caverns; and the county contains numerexcellent iron ore; limestone, black-lead, and marl are also  ous monumental mounds. It is traversed by the Louisville
found. Organized in 1813, having previously formed part and Nashville Railroad. Capital,  Bowling Green. Pop,
af Washington county, and named in honor of General Jo- 15,123; of whom 10,806 were free, and 41317 slaves.
2068




WAR                                                     WAR
WARREN. a county in the S.W. part of Ohio. has an area power. It contains, besides the county buildings, an academy,
of 446 square miles. It is intersected by the Little Miami 2 newspaper offices, and numerous mills. The Allegheny
Iliver, and also drained by Cmsar's, Todd's, and Clear Creeks. Valley Railroad, when finished, will connect it with PittsThe Great Miami touches the N.W. extremity of the county. burg. Pop. in 1850, 1013.
The surface is rolling; the soil is of limestone formation,   WARREN, a post-village in Baltimore co., Maryland, 45
remarkably fertile, and highly cultivated. The rock which  miles N. of Annapolis.
underlies this part of the state is the blue limestone. The   WARREN, a post-village of Albemarle co., Virginia5 on
streams furnish extensive water-power. The county is in- James River, about 88 miles above Richmond.
tersected by the Cincinnati axd Dayton Railroad, by the    WARREN, a post-village of Fannin co., Texas, on Bed
Little Miami Railroad, and in part by the Zanesville and  River, about 12 miles N.W. of Bonham.
Wilmington Railroad. Capital, Lebanon. Pop. 25,561.        WARREN, a post-village and township, capital of Bradley
WARREN, a county in the W. part of Indiana, bordering co., Arkansas, 3 miles W. of Saline River, and about 100
on Illinois, contains about 364 square miles. The Wabash  miles S. by E. of Little Rock. Pop. 679.
River forms the S.E. boundary. The surface is mostly un-   WARREN, a township of Belmont co., Ohio, on the Ohio
dulating, and nearly half of the county is occupied by the  Central Railroad. Pop. 1917.
Grand Prairie, the soil of which is a sandy loam and highly    WARREN, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio, intersected
productive. The river is bordered by a strip of timber land  by the Wellsville and Wheeling Railroad. Pop. 1918.
about 6 miles wide, and by bluffs which vary from 60 to 200   WARREN, a handsome post-village and township, capital
feet in height. Public improvements-Lake Erie Wabash  of Trumbull co., Ohio. on the Mahoniug River, 160 miles
and St. Louis Railroad, and the Wabash and Erie Canal. miles N.E. of Columbus, and 60 miles from Cleveland. The
Oragnized in 1828. Capital, Williamsport. Pop. 7387.    Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal connects the village with Lake
WARREN, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an  Erie and the Ohio River. Iron ore and stone-coal are abundarea of 540 square miles. It is traversed by Henderson  ant in the vicinity, and immense quantities of cheese are
River, and also drained by Ellison's and Swan Creeks. The exported from the county. The village contained in 1851, 6
surface is nearly level; the soil highly productive. The churches, 1 bank, 3 newspaper offices, 20 stores, 2 foundries,
county contains extensive prairies, and is liberally supplied  2 machine shops, 1 oil-mill, 1 fulling-mill, and 2 fiouringwith timber. Stone-coal and limestone are the most valua- mills. Pop. of the township, in 1850, 2957; of the village,
ble minerals of the county. It is intersected by the Military  in 1853, about 3000.
Tract Railroad, and by the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad.   WARREN, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio. P. 1140.
Capital, Monmouth. Pop. 8176.                             WARREN, a township of Washington co., Ohio. P. 1461.
WARREN, a county in the E. part of Missouri, contains   WARREN, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity
about 400 square miles. The Missouri River forms the  of Macomb co., Michigan. Pop. 700.
boundary on the S.S.W., and the county is drained by Pe-   WARREN, a township in Clinton co., Indiana. Pop. 779.
ruque, Massles, Smith's, Charette, and Bear Creeks. A    WARREN, a thriving post-village of Huntingdon co.,
range of bluffs extends along the river, leaving a fertile  Indiana, on the Salamonie River, 85 miles N.E. of Indianabottom, from 1 to 5 miles in width. Limestone and sand- polls. Pop. in 1853, 300.
stone, suitable for building, are abundant. Capital, War-   WARREN, a township in Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 1610.
renton.  Pop. 5860; of whom  4925 were free, and 935   WARREN, a township in Putnam co., Indiana. Pop. 1084.
slaves.                                                   WARREN, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. P. 561.
WARREN, a new county in the S. central part of Iowa,   WARREN, atownship in Warren co., Indiana. Pop. 1553.
has an area of 432 square miles. It is traversed by South    WARREN, a thriving post-village of Henderson co., IlliRiver, an affluent of the Des Moines, and by the Prairie  nois, aboutl20 miles N.W. of Springfield. Itistheterminus
branch of Middle River, and also drained by Squaw, Otter, of a plank-road leading to Burlington, Iowa.
and other creeks. The surface is divided between prairies   WARREN, a post-village in Jo Daviess co., Illinois, 145
and woodlands; the soil is productive. Stone-coal is said  miles N.W. by W. of Chicago.
to be abundant. Capital, Indianola. Pop. 961.             WARREN, a township in Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 1007.
WARREN, a post-village and township, one of the capitals   WARREN, a post-village and township in Marion co.,
of Lincoln co., Maine, on the W. side of St. George's River, Missouri, 95 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City. Pop. 1720.
20 miles from its mouth, and about 40 miles S.E. by E. of    WARREN, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa.
Augusta. It is situated on a bed of limestone. The St.   WARREN, a small post-village of Rock co., Wisconsin.
George, which is navigable to the village for vessels of a   WARREN, a township in Waushara co., Wisconsin.
large class, has here a perpendicular fall of about 15 feet,   WARREN CENTRE, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennaffording a very valuable water-power. Warren contains an  sylvania.
academy, a public library, a bank, 1 woollen-mill, 2 tan-   WAR/RENHAM, a post-office, Bradford co., Pennsylvania.
neries, and several saw and grist mills. Three ships and    WARREN RIVER, a small stream, rises in Bristol co.,
4 or 5 brigs were built here in 1854. The inhabitants are Massachusetts, and falls into Narraganset Bay in Rhode
also largely engaged in navigation, and own considerable  Island.
shipping. Pop. of the township in 1850, 2428; in 1855,   WARIRENSBURG. a post-village and township of Warren
about 4500.                                             co., New York, about 65 miles N. of Albany.  The township
WARREN, a post-township in Grafton co., New Hampshire, is bounded on the W. by the IIudson River, and intersected
watered by the N. branch of Baker's River, and intersected  by Schroon River, on which the village is situated. Pop. of
by the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad. Pop. 872.   the township, 1874.
WARREN, a post-township in Washington co., Vermont,   WARRENSBURG, a post-village in Greene co., Tennessee,
16 miles SW. by S. of Montpelier, drained by Mud River. on Nolichucky River, 235 miles E. by S. of Nashville.
Pop. 962.                                                 WARRENSBURG, a post-village, capital of Johnson co.,
WARREN, a post-village and township of Worcester co., Missouri, on the Black River, near the mouth of Post Oak
Massachusetts, on Chicopee River, an&on the Western Rail- Creek, 98 miles W. by N. of Jefferson City. P. in 1850, 241.
road, 73 miles WV. by S. of Boston. Pop. 1776.            WAR'RENSPOINT/ or WAR'RENPOINT!, a market-town
* WARREN, a post-village and township in Bristol co., and parish of, Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down, at the mouth of
Rhode Island, on the E. side of Narraganset Bay, 10 miles the Newry in Lough Carlingford, 6 miles S.E. of Newry.
S. by E. of Providence. It has a good harbor, and contains  Pop. of the town, in 1851, 1769. It is well built, clean, and
several churches, 2 banks, an academy, and 1 newspaper resorted to for sea-bathing.
office. It has manufactures of oil, machinery, paper-hang-   WARREN'S RIVER, of North Carolina, a small stream
ings, and other articles. Pop. of the township, 3103.   which forms the boundary between Warren and Granville
WARREN, a pleasant post-village and township of Litch- counties, and enters the Roanoke River from the S., near
field co., Connecticut, 40 miles W. of Hartford. The village  the N. border of the state.
contains a church and a boarding-school for boys. The   WARIRENSVILLE, a post-office of Lycoming co., PennRanmang Pond, partly in this township, is a beautiful sheet sylvania.
of water, furnishing at and below its outlet a valuable   WARRENSVILLE, a post-village of Cuyahoga co., Ohio,
water-power. Pop. of the township, 831.                 154 miles N.N.E. of Columbus.
WARREN, a post-township in Ilerkimer co., New York,   WARRENSVILLE, a post-village in Du Page co., Illinois,
about 70 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1756.           30 miles W. by S. of Chicago.
WARREN, a township of Somerset co., New Jersey.   WARRENSVILLE, a post-village in slahaska co., Iowa, on
Pop. 2148.                                              Skunk River, 80 miles W. by S. of Iowa City.
WARREN, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity of   WARREN TAVERN, a post-office of Chester co., PeinsylBradford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1573.                  vania.
WARREN, a township, Franklin co., Pennsylvania. P. 616.   WAR'RENTON, a beautiful town, capital of Fauquier co.,
WARREN, a thriving post-borough of Warren co., Penn- Virginia, on the turnpike from Alexandria to Charlottesville,
sylvania, on the right bank of tihe Alleghany River, at the  100 miles N. by WV. of Richmond. It is surrounded by a
junction of the Conewango Creek, and on the Sunbury and  beautiful and productive country, and has an active busiErie Railroad, about 120 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg. It is ness. A branch railroad connects the town with the Orange
handsomely situated on a small plain 40 feet above the level and Alexandria Railroad, 10 miles distant. Warrenton conof the river. The streets are wide, straight, and rectangular, tains a handsome court-house, 3 or 4 churches, 2 academies,
and the houses are generally of wood. The streams above and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. about 1500.
named are navigable for boats, and afford extensive water-   WARRENTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Warren
2069




WAR                                                     WAR
* o., North Carolina, on the Gaston and Raleigh Railroad, 24   WARRIOR STAND, a post-office of Macon co., Alabama.
miles W.S.W. of Gaston, and 63 miles by railroad N.N.E. of   WARtSAW, (Polish Warszawa, vaa-shivJ or d.aR-shAtv4;
Raleigh. It is situated near the source of Fishing Creek, a Ger. T'lrschau, *aaRshow; Fr, Varsovie, vaa so'vee/; It. and
branch of Tar River. It has, besides the county buildings, Sp. Vdrsovia, var-solve-9; L. Warsovia,) the capital of the
2 or 3 churches, a newspaper office, and several stores. Kingdom of Poland, is on the left bank of the Vistula, across
Pop. in 1850, 1242.                                     which it communicates by a bridge of boats with its fortified
WVARRENTON, a post-village in Abbeville district, South  suburb of Praga. Lat. of observatory, 520 13' 5" N., ion. 21~
Carolina, 103 miles W. of Columbia.                     2' 9" E. Pop. in 1844, 154,078, of whom 35,000 were Jews.
WARRENTON, a pleasant and flourishing post-village, Pop. in 1851, 164,115. Mearn temperature of year, 440.1;
capital of Warren co., Georgia, on Goulden's Creek, 42 miles winter, 240.9; summer, 630.2 Fahrenheit. The city, surW. of Augusta, and 3 miles S. of the Georgia Railroad, with  rounded by ramparts and trenches, and several suburbs,
which it is connected by a branchrailroad. The court-house  has a fine appearance from  the N. and E., but interis built of brick, and the jai4 of granite. It contains 2 or 3  nally it presents striking contrasts of magnificence and
churches, 2 academies, and 5 dry-goods stores.          misery, its streets being ill-paved and lighted, and its
WARRENTON, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., Ala- stone buildings interspersed with hovels of timber. The
bama, a few miles S. of Tennessee River, and 135 miles N.E. principal edifices are the Zamnek, a vast palace of the former
of Tuscaloosa. It contains a court-house and several stores. kings of Poland, now an imperial residence, and containing
WARRENTON, a post-village of Warren co., Mississippi, the hall of the Polish diet, and archives of the kingdom;
on the Mississippi River, 8 miles below Vicksburg. It con- the Saxon Palace, having attached to it fine gardens open to
tains 4 stores. Pop. about 250.                         the public; the Government Palace, containing the Nbtional
WARRENTON, a post-village of Warren co., Kentucky, Theatre, custom-house, high tribunals, and government
on Barren River, about 150 miles S.W. of Frankfort. The  offices, and also having attached to it gardens, which are a
river has been rendered navigable to this point.        fashionable place of resort; the Casimir Palace, with a staWARRENTON, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, on  tue of Copernicus; modern palace of the minister of finance;
the Ohio River, about 11 miles below Steubenville.      new exchange, Briihl and Radzivil Palaces; many colossal
WARRENTON, a post-village of Gibson c., Indiana, 14 churches, including the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St.
miles S. of Princeton.                                  John, Church of the Holy Cross, Augustine, and Alexander
WARRENTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Warren  Churches, the Church of St. Borromeo, a Lutheran church,
co., Missouri, 75 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City, and 14 miles and the Citadel. The Marieville Bazaar is a large square,
N. of the Missouri River. It contains a steam flouring-mill surrounded by arcades. Warsaw has a Greek United catheand saw-mill, a manufactory of tobacco, and several stores. dral, Armenian and English chapels, many synagogues, 6
WARRENTON  SPRINGS, a post-office of Fauquier co., hospitals, 5 theatres, barracks, a-mint, school of artillery, 2
Virginia.                                               colleges replacing its university, (suppressed in 1834, and
WAl=RENTOWN, a village of Armstrong co., Pennsylva- its library of 150,000 volumes removed to St. Petersburg,)
nia, on the Kiskiminetas River and Pennsylvania Canal, a theological seminary, rabbinical college, observatory, bo47 miles by water E.N.E. of Pittsburg.                  tanic garden, musical conservatory, 2 gymnasia, schools of
WARRENTOWN, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.      arts, numerous Russian schools, libraries, and learned assoWAR1RENVILLE, a post-office, Somerset co., New Jersey. ciations. Its public places abound with statues; the princiWARRENVILLE, a post-township in Cuyahoga co., Ohio, pal of these are the bronze statue of Sigismund III., and
intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad. P. 1410. the equestrian group of Poniatowski. It is furnished with
WARtRICK, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, hbor- some of the finest promenades of any European city, and in
dering on the Ohio River, contains 336 square miles. It is the immediate vicinity is a villa, formerly the residence of
drained by Big Pigeon and Little Pigeon Creeks. The sur- Stanislaus Augustus, containing fine paintings, and surface is mostly undulating, and the soil productive. In the rounded by public grounds, in which is an equestrian statue
vicinity of the Ohio especially the land is very rich. Coal is of John Sobieski.
abundant, but not much used as yet. The county is tra-   Warsaw has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics,
versed by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Organized in 1813, hosiery, hats, gold and silver wares, saddlery, paper, and
and named in honor of Captain Jacob Warrick, who fell at tobacco, chemical and cotton-printing works, numerous
thebattle of Tippecanoe. Capital,Booneville. Pop. 8811.   breweries, &c. It is the centre of industry, commerce, and
WAR1RINGTON, a parliamentary and municipal borough, literary activity of the kingdom, and the great entrepat of
town, parish, and township of England, co. of Lancaster, 5 commerce in Poland; it is the seat of the national bank,
miles S. of Newton, on the Mersey, here crossed by a bridge, and has large fairs in May and September, frequented by
and equidistant between Liverpool and Stockport, with  merchants of both Europe and Asia. It communicates by
which towns, and with Manchester and Preston, it is con- railway S.W. past Czenstochau with Cracow and the Ausnected by the North-Western Railway and branches. Pop. trian lines of railway. A railway is also in course of conof the parliamentary borough, in 1851, 23,363. The princi- struction from Warsaw to St. Petersburg, a distance of 668
pal edifices are a massive church of Saxon origin, numerous miles. Warsaw succeeded Cracow as the capital of Poland
dissenting chapels, the Town-Hall, Sessions-IIouse, Market- in 1566. In 1807, it was made capital of the Grand Duchy
iHouse, with assembly rooms, several cloth halls, the The- of Warsaw. Since 1815, it has been capital of the Kingdom
atre, Infirmary, School for Orphan Daughters of the Clergy, of Poland, a dependency of Russia. In 1830, the Russians
several conspicuous ancient buildings around the market- were driven from it by the Poles, but they retook it in 1831.
place, besides the cotton and other mills and factories which    WAR'SAW. a post-village and township, capital of Wyoemploy most of the population. Its grammar school has an  ming co., New York, on Allen's Creek, and on the Buffalo
annual revenue of between 7001. and 8001., and is free to  and New York City Railroad, 48 miles E. by S. of Buffalo.
natives of Lancashire or Cheshire; the Bluecoat School has The public buildings in the village are neat and commodious.
an annual revenue of 4501.; and here in 1757 was founded  It contains 4 churches, a bank, 2 hotels, a large Union
the Academy out of which grew the Central Unitarian Col- school-house, a woollen factory, a carpet factory, and a flourlege, afterwards transferred to York, and now seated at uing-mill. Two newspapers are published here. Settled in
Manchester.  A subscription library was established in  1803. Pop. of the township, 2624.
1758; and here the first newspaper in Lancashire, and first   WARSAW, a township of Forest co., Pennsylvania.
stage coach in England, were started. The principal mann-   WARSAW, a post-township ofJefferson co., Pennsylvania,
factures are of fustians, twills, corduroys, and other cotton  about 7 miles N.E. of Brookville. Pop. 870.
goods, sail-cloth, sacking, glasswares, hardwares, files, and    WARSAW, a post-village, capital of Richmond co., Yirgiother tools of the finest quality, pens, soap, leather, and ale, nia, 70 miles N.E. of Richmond, and about 3 miles from the
for which last Warrington is famous. The Mersey is navi- Rappahannock River. It contains several stores, and about
gable up to the bridge for vessels of 100 tons burden. War- 30 dwellings.
rington sends 1 member to the House of Commons. The   WARSAW, a post-village of Duplin co., North Carolina,
town is of high antiquity. In the civil wars it was the place on the railroad from Weldon to Wilmington, 55 miles N. of
of many actions between the royal and parliamentary forces. the latter.
WAPJRINGTON, a post-township of Bucks co., Pennsyl-   WARSAW, a post-village of Forsyth co., Georgia, near
vania, 6 miles N.W. of Doylestown. Pop. 761.            Chattahoochee River, 90 miles N.W. of Milledgeville.
WARRINGTON, a township of York co., Pennsylvania.   WARSAW, a post-office of Sumter co., Alabama.
Pop. 1510.                                                WARSAW, a post-office of Franklin parish, Louisiana.
WARRINGTON, a post-office of Escambia co., Florida.     WARSAW, a pleasant post-village, capital of Gallatin co.,
WARRINGTON, a small post-village of Hancock co., In- Kentucky, on the Ohio River, 50 miles below Cincinnati.
diana, about 12 miles N.E. of Greenfield.               It has a large flouring-mill and several tobacco factories;
WAR/RIOR CREEK, a post-office of Wilkes co., North  also 2 or 3 churches, and 1 newspaper office. It was forCarolina.                                               merly called Fredericksburg. Pop. estimated at 1000.
WARRIOR'S BRIDGE, a small village of Choctaw co.,   WARSAW, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, on the
Alabama.                                                Walhonding River and Canal, 83 miles E.N.E. of Columbus.
WARRIOR'S LANDING, a small village of Lewis co.,   WARSAW, a thriving post-village, capital of Kosciusko
Kentucky.                                               co., Indiana, on Tippecanoe River, 110 miles N. by E. of InWARRIOR'S MARK, a post-village and township of Hunt- dianapolis. A plank-road extends to Fort Wayne. The vil.lngdon co., Pennsylvania, about 105 miles W.N.W. of Har- lage is also in the route of the Fort Wayne and Chicago Rail.
risburg. Pop. 1188.                                     road. Two newspapers are published here. P. in 1853, 5015
2070




WAR                                                        WAR
WARSAW, a f urishing river-port of Hancock county, arms, and others in great variety; Coventry for ribbons and
Illinois, is finely situated on the Mississippi River, at the  other silk goods, watches, and jewellery; fish-hooks and
foot of th', Lower Rapids, 115 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. needles are made at Alcester; hats at Atherstone; horn
The site of the town is high and beautiful, and its position  goods at Kenilworth. In 1847, 1300 hands were employed
is favorable for trade. The largest steamers ascend the river in silk, and 100 hands in cotton-mills.'Ihe county is
to the Lower Rapids. Warsaw does a large exporting and  intersected by numerous canals, and by the North-Western
importing business, and is rapidly increasing in population. Railway and branches of the Midland and Great Western
It is the W. terminus of tbhe Lafayette and Warsaw Railroad, Railways, also by the Roman  e Foss-way and Watling and
not yet finished. Plank-roads are being extended into va- Icknield Streets. Principal towns, Warwick, Birmingham,
rious parts of the country.  One newspaper is published  Coventry, Alcester, Nuneaton, Rugby, Leamington, and
here. Pop. in 1853, about 3000.                            Stratford-upon-Avon. Excluding its boroughs, it sends 4
WARSAW, a post-village, capital of Benton co., Missouri, members to the House of Commons.
on the left or N. bank of Osage River, 80 miles W.S.W. of    WARWICK, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and
Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, a number of town of England, capital of a county, near its centre, on the
stores, and 2 newspaper offices..                          right bank of the Avon, here crossed by a single-arched
WARSAW, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Peter- stone bridge, and on canals connecting it with Birmingham
boro, 14 miles from Peterboro. Pop. about 100.             and Napton, 21 miles W. of Leamington, and 20 miles S.E.
WARSAW  PRAIRIE, a post-office of Kaufman co., Texas. of Birmingham.  Pop. of borough in 1851, 10,973.  It is
WARSCHAU, a city of Poland. See WARSAW.                  regularly laid out, and well built. At either end of the
WAR/SOP, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.         town is a gateway, the western surmounted by a beautiful
WARSOVIA. See WARSAW.                                    ancient chapel. Warwick has 2 parish churches, one with a
WARSTEIN, 9aRtstine, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 13  tower 130 feet in height, places of worship for Independmiles E. of Arnsberg, on the Westerbach. Pop. 2100.        ents, Friends, Wesleyans, Unitarians, and Baptists; several
WARSZAWA, a city of Poland. See WARSAw.                  remarkable monuments; a court-house, county hall, jail
WARTA or WARTHA, 9naR/tt, (anc. ~ar/ta,) a river of  and bridewell, market-house, with the museum  of the
Poland and Germany, its basin lying between those of the  Warwickshire  natural history and archaeological society;
Oder and Vistula, rises 36 miles N.W. of Cracow, flows N. public library, a grammar school, with 2 exhibitions at Oxand W. through a level, and in many parts marshy country, ford University, and occasionally others at Cambridge;
in Russia and Prussian Poland, and joins the Oder at Kus- Leicester's Hospital for aged brethren, annual revenue
trin, province of Brandenburg, after a course of 450 miles. 20001.; almshouses and numerous other charities, aggregate
Chief affluent, the Netze, from the E., by a canal from which  revenue nearly 4500/. annually. Between the town and
it is connected with the Vistula; other tributaries are the  river, on a steep acclivity beside the Avon, is Warwick Castle,
Widawka and Ner from  the E., Obra and Prosna from the  seat of the Earl of Warwick, and perhaps the most perfect
S., which last forms the boundary between Poland and  and magnificent feudal fortress in England, still used as a
Prussian Silesia.                                          residence. It is supposed to have been founded by EthelWARTA, a town of Poland, province and 24 miles E. of  fieda, daughter of King Alfred,has some conspicuous portions
Kalisz, capital of a county, on the Warta. Pop. 2000.      named Guy's and Caesar's Towers, contains a fine collection
WARTA, a town of Prussian Silesia, 43 miles S.S.W. of  of pictures, and is surrounded on both sides of the river by
Breslau, on the Neisse. Pop. 1110. It has a church greatly  grounds, in a part of which is kept the noble Warwick vase,
resorted to in pilgrimage.                                 found in a lake near Tivoli. Around Warwick are many
WARTAU, -aRs/t~w, a village and parish of Switzerland, remains of monastic establishments. The town has several
canton and 23 miles S.S.E. of St. Gall, on the left bank of banks, a manufactory of hats, a worsted and silk mill, and
the Rhine. Pop. 1757.                                     iron foundry. It sends 2 members to the House of Commons.
WARTBERG, WaRt/bnoG, or SZEMPTZ, simpts, a market-   WARWICK, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
town of Hungary, co., and 12 miles from Presburg. Pop.   WIR/WICK, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, con1781.                                                      taining, about 50 square miles, is situated on a peninsula
WARTBURG, a castle of Germany. See EISENACH.             between Chesapeake Bay and the mouth of James River, the
WARTENBERG, OBER, o/ber Waanlttn-bAno,   a town of  latter of which washes its W. border. The suribce is slightly
Bohemia, 22 miles N.N.W. of Bunzlau. Pop. 1300.            diversified; the soil is alluvial. Oysters and firewood (oak
WARTENBERG, PotNIscH, pol/nish *airten-baRGo, a town  and pine) are important articles of export. Capital, Warof Prussian Silesia, 32 miles E.N.E. of Breslau.  Pop. in  wick. Pop. 1546, of whom 641 were free, and 905 slaves.
1852, 2542.                                                  WARWICK, a post-township in  Franklin  co., MassaWARTENBURG, *aRlten-b66a'G, a town of East Prussia, chusette, 72 miles W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 1021.
60 miles S. of Klnigsberg. Pop. 3100. It has a castle, 3    WARWICK, a large and populous post-township of Kent
Roman CathoIic churches, anda hospital. ALT-WARTENBURG  co., Rhode Island, bordering on Narraganset Bay, and
(Alt) is a village adjacent to the above, on the W.        intersected by the Stonington and Providence Railroad, 10
WVARTENBURG, a village of PrussiansSaxony, 8 miles  miles S. by W. of Providence. It contains several manuE.S.E. of Wittenberg, near the Elbe. Here, in 1813, Bliicher facturing villages, 2'banks, and a newspaper office. The
defeated the French.                                      flourishing village of Apponaug is situated at the head of
WARTENFELS, waR/ten-fls', a market-town of Bavaria, an arm of the Narraganset, which sets up nearly 5 miles
circle of Upper Franconia, 20 miles N. of Baireuth.        from the bay, and affords facilities for navigation. About a
Wf&R/TER, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. mile from  this village is a huge rock, so nicely balanced
WARTHA. See WARTA.                                       upon another, that a boy can set it in motion, producing a
WAR/TIEN'S STORE, a post-office of Washington co., noise heard sometimes to the distance of 6 and even 8 miles.
Georgia, 134 miles N.W. of Savannah.                       From the resemblance which the noise thus produced has to
WARTfHILL, a parish of England, co. of York, North and  a drum, the rock has been denominated "Drum  Rock."
East Ridings.                                              Pop. of the township in 1830, 5529; in 1840, 6720; and in
W.:RTILING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          1850, 7740.
WARTO/LA, a post-office of Union district, South Carolina.   WARWICK, a post-village of Warwick township, Orange
WARITON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.         co., New York, about 110 miles S. by WV. of Albany. It conWARTON, a township of England. co. of Lancaster.        talus 2 or 3 churches, the Warwick Institute, and about 500
WAR/TRACE DEPOT, a post-village of Bedford co., Ten- inhabitants..Pop. of the township, 4902.
nessee, on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 55 miles   WARWICK, a township, Bucks co., Pennsylvania. P. 1234.
S. by E. of Nashville..                       WVARWVICK, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania
WARTS'BURG, a small village of Morgan co., Tennessee. Pop. 1391.
WARUNGUL, wl-rhn-gfll, a town of Ilindostan, Nizam's   WVARWICK, a village and township of Lancaster co.,
dominions, 86 miles N.E. of IHyderabad, the ancient town  Pennsylvania, on Conestoga Creek, about 9 miles N. by E.
capital of Telingana, of which now little remains but four of Lancaster. Pop. 2252.
gateways of the temple of Seeva.                             WARWICK, a small post-village of Cecil co., Maryland, 73
WARWICK or WVARWVICKSHIRE, wlr/rik-shir. a county  miles N.E. of Annapolis.
in the centre of England, enclosed by the counties of Staf-   WARWICK, a handsome post- village, capital of Warwick
ford, Leicester, Northampton, Oxford, Gloucester, and WVor- co., Virginia, is situated near the mouth of James River,
cester. Area 881 square miles, or 574,080 acres, of which  about 80 miles E.N.E. of Richmond.
above 563,840 are arable, or in meadows and pastures. Pop.   WARWICK, a post-office of Dooly co., Georgia.
in 1851, 475,013. Surface elevated; its N. part was formerly    WARWICK, a township in Tuscarawas co., Ohio, interthe extensive forest of Arden, and is still interspersed with  sected by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 1195.
woods, heaths, and moors; in the S. part is much fertile    WARWICK, a village of Canada West, co. of Lambton..
soil, and the county generally is well cultivated. Principal   WARWICK NECK, a point of land projecting into Narrarivers, the Avon and its affluents in the S. and E.; the Tame  ganset Bay from Kent co., Rhode Island. Near its southern
in the N. The usual grain crops are raised. The county is  extremity, at the entrance to East- Greenwich Harbor, is a
noted for its grazing and dairy husbandry. Stock of sheep  lighthouse showing a fixed light. Lat. 410 34' 12" N., ion.
estimated at 350,000, and produce of wool between 8000 and  710 27' W.
9000 packs annually. Coal, stone, lime, and marl, are pro-   WARWICK NECK, a post-office of Kent co., Rhode Islasr.
cured.  Manufactures are important; Birmingham  is the    WARWICKSHIRE, a county of England. See WAnwiCK.
seat of hardware manufactures, and famous for those of    WARYE, w'rI/, a small protected state of Hindostan, in
2071




WAR                                                     WAS
the N.W. of the province of Guzerat. Pop. about 20,000, discharging its waters directly into the Pacific from this ter.
chiefly Juts. The town of its name is in lat. 230 47' N., ritory, except the Columbia. The Straits of Juan de Fuca,
ion. 710 29' E.                                         between Washington and Vancouver's Island, connect the
WASA, a town of Russia. See VASA.                      Pacific Ocean with Admiralty Inlet, Puget's Sound, and
WASCOPUM, a post-office of Clackemas co., Oregon ter- Hood's Canal, all arms of a great bay extending about 60 or
citory.                                                 70 miles in a S. direction from the Gulf of Georgia, and all
WASELONNE, a town of France. See WAssELoNNE.           navigable for the largest ships, which may moor to the very
WASGAU, the German name of the VosoGES MOUNTAINS.   banks, such is the precipitousness of its shores. Gray's
WASH. an estuary on the E. coast of England, between  Harbor, an expansion at the mouth of the Chekalis River,
the counties of Norfolk and Lincoln, 20 miles in length by  in about 470 N. lat., has capacity for only a small amount of
15 miles in breadth, and receiving the rivers Witham, Wel- shipping. The Columbia, though navigable for ocean craft
land, O(use, Nen, and Nar. Its shores are everywhere low  to the Cascades, is much obstructed near its mouth by sandand marshy, and it contains many shoals which are left dry  bars and shallows, which make the navigation difficult, and
at low water; measures for embanking and draining have  have caused the loss of many vessels. The rest of this, as
lately been put in force. Its two principal channels are well as other rivers in Washington, are only navigable by
called the "deeps" of Boston and Lynn.                  boats and canoes, being much obstructed by rapids and falls.
WASHorGWASH, ariverofEngland, chieflyin thecounty  The principal of these are Kettle Falls in the Columbia
of Rutland, joins the Welland near Stamford, after an E. River, just below the mouth of Clarke's River. Shoalwater
course of 23 miles.                                      Bay, S. of Gray's Harbor, opens into the Pacific by a narrow
WA.SH/A, a lake of Louisiana, about 12 miles S.W. of New  inlet. Bellingham Bay is an arm of the Gulf of Georgia
Orleans, is connected by several bayous with the Gulf of near the N.W. extremity of Washington. A large lake, surMexico. Length 12 miles.                                rounded by extensive prairies, is reported to have been found
WAS-HIBOURNE. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of some 10 or 20 miles back from the bay. Elliott Bay is on
Gloucester.                                             the E. side of Admiralty Inlet. There are several lakes in
WASHBOURNE, LITTLE, a hamlet of England, parish  Washington, mostly in the eastern portion, near the foot of
of Overbury.                                            the Rocky Mountains, among which is Flathead Lake, one
WSHIBOURNE PRAIRIE, a post-office of Barry co., Mis- of the sources of Clarke's River, and Lake Kullespelm, an
souri, about 185 miles S. by E. of Independence.        expansion of the same river. The rivers of Washington,
WASH/BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       particularly W. of the Cascade Mountains, having their
WkASHIBURN, a township of Scott co., Arkansas. Pop. sources in those snowy summits, are liable to sudden floods,
377.,which inundate the lowlands on their shores. The rapids
WASHBURN, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois.    and falls abound inr splendid sites for mill-seats. Cape FlatWASHIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Devon.        tery, the entrance of Juan de Fuca Straits, and Cape DisapWASIIFORD-PYNE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   pointment, within the entrance of the Columbia River, are
W.ASiH/INGBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. and 3 the principal capes. There are no large islands on this coast.
miles E.S.E. of Lincoln, with a station on the Lincolnshire  The most important is Destruction or Isle of Grief, about 40
Railway.                                                miles S. of Cape Flattery. In Admiralty Inlet is Whidby's
WkASIHINGLEY, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.  Island, about 40 miles long, covered with fertile prairies,
W"SHIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham, with  and noted for its deer. It has sufficient timber, but a
a station on the York and Berwick Railway, 5' miles S.S.E. scarcity of water. North-west of it are the Arroo Islands,
of Gateshead.                                           so valuable for their fisheries.
WASHINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.          Objects of interest to Tourists.-Washington shares with
WASHIINGTON, a territory occupying the extreme N.W. Oregon the grand scenery on the Columbia, the Cascades,
portion of the domain of the United States of North Ame- the Dalles, and other interesting points. Here the lofty sumrica. It is bounded on the N. by the Straits of Juan de  mits of Mount St. Helen's., Mount Adams, Mount Rainier,
Fuca (which separate it from Vancouver's Island) and Bri- and Mount Baker rear their snowy peaks from the Cascade
tish America, E. by the Rocky Mountains, S. by Oregon, Range, and Mount Olympus from the Coast Mountains.
(the Columbia River forming about half the boundary line,) According to Rev. G. Hines, "Mount St. Helen's, in the
and W. by the Pacific Ocean. It lies (with the exception of month of October, 1842, was observed to be covered with a
a small bend in the Columbia River) between 460 and 490 dense cloud of smoke, which continued to enlarge and move
N. lat., and between 1100 and 125n W. ion.; being about off to the eastward, filling the heavens in that direction,
600 miles in its greatest length from E. to W., and about and presenting an appearance like that occasioned by a
209 in width from N. to S., forming nearly a parallelogram, tremendous conflagration, viewed  at a vast distance.
with an area of perhaps 123,022 square miles.           When the first volumes of smoke had passed away, it could
Face of the sountry and  lountains.-The same general be distinctly seen from various parts of the country that
description of the surface as given in Ore-on will apply to  an eruption had taken place on the N. side of St. Helen's,
Washington, except that the Blue Mountain Range is more a little below the summit; and, from the smoke that conbroken and scattered N. of the Columbia River. The prin- tinned to issue from the chasm or crater, it was pronounced
cipal peaks of the Cascade Range in this division are Mount to be a volcano in active operation. When the explosion
St. Helen's, Mount Adams, Mount Rainier, and Mount took place, the wind was N.W., and on the same day, and
Baker. Mount Olympus, the highest peak of the Coast extending from 30 to 50 miles to the S.E., there fell showers
Range, has an elevation of 8197 feet. Most of these peaks of ashes or dust, which covered the ground in some pluces
are clothed with perpetual snow. Mount St. Helen's and  so as to admit of its being collected in quantities. This last
Moint Rainier have been respectively estimated at 13,300 phenomenon has been of frequent occurrence, and has led
and 12,000 feet elevation.                              many to suppose that volcanic eruptions are not uncommon
Miinerals. —There has been little opportunity as yet to  in this coputry."
develop the mineral resources of this new territory. Coal   Climate, Soil, and Productions.-The climate is very similar
has, however, been discovered on or near Bellingham Bay, to that of Oregon, with some variations caused by difference
accompanied by the new red sandstone, which furnishes of latitude and local peculiarities. The same may be said
a fine building material; 20 or 30 miles up the Cowlitz of the soil. The Cowlitz Valley is the most fertile portion
River, and in the region about Puget's Sound, in abundance. of this territory, in which agriculture has been attempted.
Fossil copal exists on the shores of the Pacific, N. of the  The Chekalis Valley on the W. is said to have 400,000 acres
Columbia River.                                         of excellent prairie and heavily timbered land. The country
Rivers, Bays, Sounds, and Islands. —The Columbia River immediately aroundc Puget's Sound is represented as sandy
enters the territory from  British America, and crosses it and unfertile, but producing large fir and cedar trees. On
first in a S.W., and then in a S. direction, till it arrives going, however, some distance back from the sound, you
a little below 460 N. lat., when it turns westwardly  come upon fine prairies and forests, and small lakes filled'nd forms the S. boundary from  the point just named  with fine fish and skirted with timber. Whidby's Island is
to its mouth in the Pacific Ocean.  This river divides  also very fertile, but deficient in water. There are reported
Washington Territory into two parts, having the larger per- to be rich valleys on the streams flowing into Bellingham
dion on the E. The Okanagan from British America is its Bay. The valley of the Duwamish River, which flows into
principal branch on the N., and Yakima in the southern  Elliott Bay, is very fertile, and is rapidly settling. The lowsaort of the territory: both of these rivers enter the Colum- lands bordering on the streams are very productive, and;ia from the W. On the E., proceeding in order south- covered densely with timber. Mr. T. Winthrop, of New
wardly, its tributaries are the Flathead or Clarke's, Spo- York, who left that region in September, 1853, speaks of the
kane, Saptin or Lewis, and Walla Walla Rivers. The Clarke's  country between Puget's Sound and the Cascade Mountains as
qnd Lewis are large rivers, having their sources in the Rocky  heavily timbered, chiefly with fir, with some scattered prairies
Mountains; all run in a N.W. direction. The Lewis and  and drybarrens, the latter covered with pebbles of trap-rock,:Valla Walla have the principal part of their courses in Ore- and sparsely wooded with oak. Across the mountains, the
pen. The Spokane drains the middle of the E. division; land is open prairie, well watered, with small and thinlyMcGillivray's or Flatbow drains the N.E. part of Washington, woeded valleys. The country to the N. of this, belonging to
end joins the Columbia in British America. The Cowlitz, the Flatheads, Mr. W. reports as more abundant in timber
the principal branch of the Columbia W. of the Cascade  and well adapted to settlements. The arable land in WashRange, has a course of perhaps 100 miles. Chekalis or Chicka- ington Territory. W. of the Columbiat River, is estimated at
lees, about 130 miles long, is the only river of importance  22,000 square miles. Its governor thus spoke of its resour.es
2072




WAS                                                         WAS
in January, 1854: —"You are unquestionably rightly in- Townsend, and New Dungeness on Puget's Sound and Ad
formed as to the maritime advantages of Puget Sound, in  miralty Inlet; Pacific City, Cathlamet, Monticello, Fort Yanaffording a series of harbors almost unequalled in the world  couver, and Cascade City on the Columbia River; Cowlitz
for capacity, safety, and facility of access; nor need you be  Farms and Wabassport, on or near the Cowlitz River, and
told of their neighborhood to what are now the best whaling  Pennscove on Whiddy's Island.
grounds of the Pacific. It is, however, only recently that    Government.-The government is in all respects similar to
the settlement of this part of our.country has commenced  that of Oregon, which see. Its history is also identical with
to develop its resources, or to show the advantage which  that of Oregon, from which it was separated and formed into
may be derived from its position, and it is these point- which  a distinct territory in 1853.
I desire to bring to your notice. That portion of Washington    WASHINGTON, a county forming the S.E. extremity of
Territory lying between the Cascade Mountains and the  Maine, has an area of about 2700 square miles. It is sepaocean, although equalling in richness of soil and ease of  rated from  New Brunswick on the E. and N.E. by the St.
transportation the best portion of Oregon, is heavily tim- Croix River, and bounded on the S. by the Atlantic. It is
bored, and time and labor are required for clearing its forests  drained by the Schoodic and East and West Machias Rivers,
and opening the earth to the production of its fruits. The  and contains numerous lakes, the most important of which
great body of the country on the other hand, stretching  are Schoodic and Bascankegun Lakes.  The sea-coast of
eastward from that range to the Rocky Mountains, while it about 50 miles extent abounds in bays and inlets, which
contains many fertile valleys and much good land suited to  afford excellent harbors. The surface is undulating, and
the farmer, is yet more especially a grazing country, one  the soil fertile, especially in the interior. The Calais and
which, as population increases, promises in its cattle, its  Barring and the Franklin Railroads are within the county;
horses, and above all its wool, to open a new and vast field  the St. Croix is navigable along its border to Calais, 28 miles
to American enterprise. But in the mean time the staple of  from the mouth of the river. Named in honor of General
the land must continue to be the one which nature herself  George Washington, "the father of his country."  Capital,
has planted, in the inexhaustible forests of fir, of spruce, Machias. Pop. 38,811.
and of cedar. Either in furnishing manufactured timber or    WASHINGTON, a county in the N. central part of Verspars of the first description for vessels, Washington Terri- mont, has an area of about 580 square miles. It is watered
tory is unsurpassed by any portion of the Pacific coast."    chiefly by Onion River and its branches, which furnish
Forest Trees.-s Washinoton abounds in fine timber. Here  abundant water-power. The surface is rough and uneven,
is the same species of gigantic fir tree which is found in  and in some parts mountainous. It lies chiefly between
Oregon and California, attaining a height of nearly 300 feet, the E. and W. ranges of the Green Mountains. The soil is
and from 8 to 12 feet in diameter. The hills and valleys in  generally fertile.  The railroad connecting Concord and
the E. part of the territory, immediately W. of the Rocky  Burlington passes through this county. Organized in 1810
Mountains, are stated to be covered with a heavy growth  under the name of Jefferson, which in 1814 was exchanged
of the finest timber. The forest trees aroundPuget's Sound  for that which it now bears.  Capital, Montpelier.  Pop.
are especially large, and comprise yellow fir, cedar, maple, 24,654.
oak, ash, spruce, hemlock, and alder. A recent correspond-    WASHINGTON, a county forming the S.E. extremity of
ent states that there are at least 12 sa.w-mills at work, and  Rhode Island, has an area of about 340 square miles. It
18 more in course of construction, and that there is lumber  is bounded on the E. by Narraganset Bay, and S. by the
enough ready to freight a dozen ships. The cedar tree of  Atlantic Ocean, and is drained chiefly by the Pawcatuck
this region is represented as differing in some respects from  River (forming part of its western border) and its branches,
either the red or white cedar of New England, though re- which furnish valuable water-power.  It has several good
sembling both.                                              harbors, which afford great facilities for navigation and the
Animals. —The forests abound in game and wild animals; fisheries. The surface is uneven, and in the W. part hilly.
among the latter are the elk, deer, bear, fox, otter, beaver, The soil is fertile, and well adapted to grazing. The railmuskrat, and rabbit; and among birds, swans, geese, brant,  road connecting Stonington and Boston traverses the county.
gulls, ducks, eagles, grouse, pheasants, partridges, woodcock,  Capital, South Kingston. Pop. 16,430.
hawks, ravens, and robins. Perhaps no region on the globe    WASHINGTON, a county in the E. part of New York,
more abounds in fish than Washington. This is especially  bordering on Lake Champlain, contains about 800 square
true of Puget's Sound and the adjoining waters. Cod., miles. It is partly bounded on the W. by the Hudson, and
mackerel, halibut, herring, and flounders; and of shell-fish, on the N.W. by Lake George. It is drained by the Hoosick,
the oyster, crab, clam, lobster, and many other species are  Pawlet, and Poultney Rivers, with Batten Kill and Wood
found. The salmon resort to the Columbia and its tributa-  Creek, which all afford valuable water-power.  The surface
ries in immense shoals.                                     in the N. part, around Lake George, is rough and mounInternal Improvements. —A road is now being opened from   tainous; in the southern portions, moderately uneven.
Puget's Sound to Wala Walla on the Columbia River, and  The soil in the more level parts is generally fertile; in the
from  thence by the Coeur d'Alene Mission to St. Mary's  N. well adapted to grazing. In 1850 this county produced
Valley. The emigrants, says Mr. Winthrop, partially suc- 457,053 pounds of wool, the greatest quantity produced in
ceeded in 1853 in cutting a road through the pass of the  any county of the state except Ontario. Iron ore. slate, marble,
Cascade Mountains N. of Mohnt Rainier.  The exploring  water limestone, marl, and some lead and copper, are among
party under Governor Stevens have recently found, near its mineral treasures. Lake Champlain is navigable along
the sources of Maria's River, a pass suitable for a railroad, part of its border. The county is intersected by the Chainestimated to be 2500 feet lower than the South Pass of Frc- plain Canal, by the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, and
mont. The same party state that they found on the W. the Rutland and Washington Railroad. Washington county
side of the Rocky Mountains, beautiful rivers, and valleys  received its present name in 1784, having previously been
of.extraordiniry fertility, covered with a luxuriant growth  called Charlotte.  Capitals, Salem  and Sandy Hill. Pop.
of magnificent forest trees. Captain McClelland has disco- 44,750.
vered two passes through the Cascade Range practicable for    WASHINGTON, a county in the W.S.W. part of Penna railroad.                                                 sylvania, bordering on Virginia, has an area of 850 square
Popu.lation.-Of its population we have no separate statis-  miles. The Monongahela forms its E. boundary; Chartier's
tics. There are several tribes of Indians, among which are  and Racoon Creeis rise in the county and flow into the Ohio
the Flatheads, Pend d'Oreilles, Coeur d'Alenes, Spokanes,  River; the S. part is drained also bybranches of Wheeling
and Nez Perces, most of whom  are friendly, and those on  and Tenmile Creeks. The surface is elevated and traversed
Puget's Sound partially civilized. They are in constant in-  by deep ravines, formed by the watercourses; the uplands
tercourse with the whites, farming and raising potatoes, are generally undulating.  The soil is well cultivated. Inwhich, with the salmon, constitute their food.              dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, wool, cattle, and pork are the
Cbmnties.-Washington is divided into 15 counties, which, staples. In 1850 this county produced 933,167 pounds of
with their county towns, are exhibited in the following  wool, the greatest quantity produced by any county of the
Table:-                                                   United States. Bituminous coal is abundant; limestone and
County.                    County Seat.           sandstone are the principal rocks. The county is liberally
1. Chehalis                 Brc.    rseeville.     suppliedisithwater-power. The Monongahelais navigable by
2. Clallam....Port Discovery.                 steamboats along the border. It is intersected by the Nat3. Clark         ~ ~.     Columbia City.          tional Road, and by the Hempfield Railroad. Organized in
4. Cwlits or Cwelit         Monticello.             1781. Capital, Washington. Pop. 44,939.
1. Island    I....  Pesscove.                   WASHINGTON, a county in the N. part of Maryland,
6. Jefferson.Port Townsend.
7. King.Seattle.                                   bordering oa Pennsylvania, has an area of about 480 square
8. Lewis                    Cowlits' Landing.       miles. The Potomac forms its S.W. boundary, and separates
9. Pacific       ~           Pacifeic City.         it from Virginia, and it is intersected by Antietam, Cone10. Piere....  Steilacoom.              cocheague, and Licking Creeks. The surface is broken by
1. Skaiaaniacd.                                        chege         LikCascades.
12. Thurston..  Olympia.                  hills of moderate height, the Blue Ridge, or South Meou
13. Wahkiacum.          Chenook.                tain, extending alorig the eastern borcser. The soils are of
14. Walla Walla      ~. ~      alla Walla.           limestone and' slate formation; the former is highly pro.
15. Whatcom.  Bellingham Bay.,         ductive. In 1850 the county produced 809,093 bushels of
Towns.-Olympia, the capital, is situated at the head of  wheat, a greater quantity than any other county in the state.
Puget's Sound. The other more important towns or settle- Limestone and iron are the most valuable minerals. The
ments are Nesqually, Steilacoom, New York, Seattle, Port river and creeks furnish abundant water-power, which is
2073




WAS                                                         WAS
used in several cotton factories, erected since 1850. The  miles. It is intersected by the Nolichucky River, and th
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes along the border, and the  Watauga River forms its N.E. boundary. The surface is
Franklin Railroad terminates at lHagerstown, the county  finely diversified by mountains and valleys; the soil of the
seat. Pop. 30,848; of whom 28,758 were free, and 2090 slaves. latter is highly productive, well watered, and much imWASHINGTON, a county, co-extensive with the District proved. Iron is exported from  the mines of the county,
of Columbia, which see.                                     which are very extensive. The streams furnish abundant
WASHINGTON, a county in the S.S.W. part of Virginia, water-power. It is traversed by the route of the East Tenbordering on Tennessee, has an area of 484 square miles. It nessee and Virginia Railroad. Washington county is among
is intersected by the North, Middle, and South Forks of  the oldest in the state, having been settled before the RevoHolston River, dividing it into three fertile valleys, branches  lution. Capital, Jonesborough. Pop. 13,881; of whom 12,931
of the great valley of Virginia. The Clinch Mountain forms  were free, and 930 slaves.
the N.WV. boundary, and the county is traversed by Walker's    WASHINGTON, a county near the centre of Kentucky,
Mountain. This county is remarkable for its valuable mine- has an area estimated at 550 square miles. Chaplain's Fork
rals, its fertile soil, and excellent pastures. Limestone, gyp- of Salt River flows through the N. part of the county, and
sum, iron, and stone-coal are abundant, and large quantities  also forms its boundary on the N.W. The surface is unduof salt are procured on the N.E. border. The Virginia and  lating and well timbered; the soil is calcareous and fertile.
Tennessee Railroad is now in progress through the county. The underlying rock is a fine limestone, valuable for buildCapital, Abingdon. Pop. 14,612; of whom 12,481 were free, ing. Organized in 1792. Capital, Springfield.  Pop. 12,194;
and 2131 slaves.                                            of whom 9149 were free, and 3045 slaves.
WASHINGTON, a county in the E. part of North Caro-   WASHINGTON, a county in the S.E. part of Ohio, borlina, at the mouth of Roanoke River: area estimated at 400  derinug on'Ohio River, which separates it from  Virginia,
square miles. Albemarle Sound washes its N. boider. The  contains about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the
surface is level, and much of it is covered by swamps, which  Muskingum and Little Muskingum Rivers. The surface is
produce cypress and red cedar. Formed from  Tyrrell in  finely diversified; the soil is productive. Bituminous coal
1799. Capital, Plymouth. Pop. 5664; of whom' 3449 were  is abundant, and iron ore is found. Several railroads will
free, and 2215 slaves.                                      intersect the county, or terminate in it, viz., the Cincinnati
WASHINGTON, a county in the E. central part of Geor- and Marietta, the Hillsborough and Belpre, and the Columgia, contains about 700 square miles. It is bouuded on the  bus and IHocking Valley Railroad. The streams afford motive
S.W. by the Oconee River; the Ogeechee washes its north- power, which is used extensively in manufactories.  This
eastern border, and it is drained by the Ohoopee River and  county has the distinction of being the oldest in the state:
Buffalo Creek. The surface in some parts is hilly, in others  it was settled in 1786, by natives of New England. Capital,
level. The soil is calcareous, and generally fertile. Exten- Marietta. Pop. 29,540.
sive caves occur near the county seat, containing the remains    WAShINGTON, a county in the S. part of Indiana, conof huge animals, and fossils in endless variety: opal, jasper,  tains 540 square miles. It is drained by the Blue River and
agate, and chalcedony have been found near this locality, Lost River, and bounded on the N. by the Muscakituck, and
and the county contains an abundance of limestone and  the E. fork of White River. A range of hills, called the
burrstone. It is intersected by the Central Railroad. Capi- "Knobs'" extend near the E. border. The other portions
tal, Saundersville. Pop. 11,766; of whom  6028 were free, of it are undulating, and have a fertile soil. Cavernous
and 5738 slaves,                                            limestone and sandstone underlie the surface. The Lost
WASHINGTON, a county in the W. part of Florida, bar- River of this county enters a.subterranean channel, and
dering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 1550 square  after flowing a considerable distance, returns to the surface.
miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Appalachicola River, In 1850 this county produced 215,595 bushels of oats, the
on the WV. by the Choctawhatchee, and intersected by the  greatest quantity produced by any county in the state. It
Chipola River, and by Holmes' Creek. The Bay of St. An- is intersected by the New Albany and Salem Railroad. Ordrew's, on the southern coast, forms a good harbor. The  ganized in 1813. Capital, Salem. Pop. 17,040.
surface is somewhat uneven; the soil not very productive.    WASHINGTON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an
Capital, Vernon. Pop. 1950; of whom 1446 were free, and  area of 525 square miles. The Kaskaskia River washes its
504 slaves.                                                 N.W. border, and the county is drained by Elk, Beaucoup,
WASHINGTON, a county in the W.S.W. part of Alabama, and Crooked Creeks. The surface is nearly level, and conbordering on the Mississippi, has an area of about 960 square  sists partly of prairie, and'partly of timber land. The soil
miles. The Tombigbee River forms its entire E. boundary. in some parts is productive. The route of the Central RailThe surface is uneven. The soil is sandy, and rather poor. roadpasses through thecounty. Capital, Nashville. P. 6953.
The Tombigbee is navigated by steamboats on the E. bor-   WASHINGTON, a county in the E.S.E. part of Missouri,
der, and the Mobile and Ohio Railroad passes near the WV. has an area of 1000 square miles. The Maramec River
border. Capital, Old Washington. Pop. 2713; of whom   washes its N.W.border. The Big River rises in the county,
1217 were free, and 1496 slaves,                            and forms part of the N.E. boundary; it is also drained by
WASHINGTON, a county in the W. part of Mississippi, the head streams of the Big Black River, and by Courtois
bordering on the Mississippi, which separates it from Arkan-  and Indian Creeks. The surface is generally hilly and
sas, has an area of about 1520 square miles. Sunflower broken, and covered with forests. The county is chiefly
River flows through the county.  The surface is a level remarkable for its mineral resources. Iron and lead are the
plain; the soil is alluvial and fertile, but a part of it is most abundant. The Iron Mountain, on the S.E. border, is
subject to inundation. Capital, Greensville. Pop. 8389; of  described as "literally a mountain of magnetic iron ore,"
whom 553 were free, and 7836 slaves.                        rising about 300 feet above the plain, and measuring a mile
WASHINGTON, a parish in the E. part of Louisiana, bor- and a half across the summit. Numerous lead-mines have
dering on Mississippi, contains about 850 square miles. It been opened near Potosi. Silver, copper, plumbago, copperas,
is bounded on the E. by Pearl River, and intersected by  chalk, and limestone are also found. A railroad is progreessBogue Chitto. The surface is nearly level, or undulating. ing from  St. Louis to the Iron Mountain. Capital, Potosi.
The soil is sandy, and produces the pine. Capital, Frank-  Pop. 8811; of whom 7736 were free, and 1075 slaves.
linton. Pop. 3408; of whom 2371 were free, and 1037 slaves.    WASHINGTON, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an
WASHINGTON, a county in the S.E.  central part of  area of 570 square miles. The Iowa River washes the N.E.
Texas, has an area of about 825 square miles. The Brazos  border, the Skunk River intersects the S.W. part, and the
River bounds it on the E. and the Yegua Creek on the N. English River flows through the northern part into the Iowa.
The surface is undulating; the soil is mostly a deep and fer- The surface is diversified by rolling prairies and groves of
tile loam. The live-oak and red cedar are abundant along the  timber, which are generally distributed along the large
Brazos River. Produce is exported by the river in steam-  streams; the soil is good and well watered. The streams of
boats, which ascend to Washington. This county is one of  this county afford motive power for mills. A railroad is
thle oldest and most thickly settled in Texas. The indepen- now nearly or quite completed through the county from
dence of the republic was declared here in 1836. Capital, Keokuk to Dubuque. Capital, Washington. Pop. 4957.
Brenham. P. 5973; of whom 3156 were free, and 2817 slaves.   WASHINGTON, a county in the E.S.E. part of Wisconsain,
WASHINGTON, a county in the N.W. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is intersected by
bordering on the territory of the Cherokee Nation, contains  Milwaukee River, and also drained by O.sin and Rubicon
about 900 square miles. It is drained by the branches or Rivers, small affluents of Rock River, and by Cedar and
head streams of the White River, and by the Illinois, an  Sank Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level;
affluent of the Arkansas. The surface is diversified by hills  the soil is based on limestone, and is very productive. The
and valleys. Many cattle and swine are exported. In 1850  limestone which underlies the surface is a good material
there were raised 557,757 bushels of corn; 34,472 of wheat; for building. A mine of iron ore has been opened in the
136,086 of oats, and 103,496 pounds of butter. The produce  township of Hartford.  The county is copiously supplied
of corn, oats, and wheat was greater than of any other with water-power. Public Works, Milwaukee and Fond du
county in the state, and that'of butter the greatest, with  Lac Railroad. Settled in 1836. In 1850 the population of
the exception of Pope county. An active emigration is di- the county was 19,485, but since that time the limits have
rected to this county, which is already among the most been reduced by the formation of Ozaukee county. Capital,
populous of the state. Capital, Fayetteville. Pop. 9849; of  West Bend.
whom 8650 were free, and 1199 slaves.                         WASHINGTON, a county in the E. part of Minnesota,
WASHINGTON, a county in the N.E. part of Tennessee, contains about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the S.
bordering on North Carolina; area estimated at 500 square  by the Mississippi River, and on the E. by the St. Croix,
2074




WAS                                                       WAS
which separates it from Wisconsin. The surface is some-   WASHINGTON, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania.
what diversified, and the soil fertile. In 1850 the county  Pop. 1238.
produced 11,830 bushels of corn; 23,262 of oats; 1196 of    WASHINGTON, a pleasant and flourishing town, capital
barley; 9340 of potatoes; and 755 tons of hay; the quanti- of Washington co., Pennsylvania, on the National Road, and
ties of corn, oats, barley, and potatoes being the greatest pro- on the Hempfield Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. The
duced by any one county in the territory. Capital, Still- Hempfield Railroad (not yet finished) extends from Wheeling
water. Pop. 1056.                                          to the Central Railroad at Greensburg.  The town is disWASIHIINGTON, the most southern county of Utah Terri- tinguished for its literary institutions, and the elegance of
tory, bordering on New Mexico, has an area estimated at its public buildings, among which are the court-house, a
above 10,000 square miles. It is intersected by the Rio Colo- number of well-built churches, a female seminary, a bank,
rado, and by the Rio San Juan and others of its tributaries, and the edifice of Washington College. The latter is a
This county was formed from part of Iron county since 1850, flourishing institution, founded in 1806. Three newspapers
and consequently the census gives us no information re- are published here. Incorporated in 1810. P. in 1850, 2662.
specting it.                                                 WASHINGTON, a township of Westmoreland co., PennWASHINGTON, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has sylvania. Pop. 2076.
an area estimated at above 1000 square miles. It is bounded    WASHINGTON, a township of Wyoming co., Pennsylvaon theE. by the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, and drained  nia. Pop. 1675.
by a small affluent of the latter. The soil is generally fer-   WASHINGTON, a township of York co., Pennsylvania.
tile. Pop. 2651.                          ~                Pop. 1339.
WASHINGTON, a post-township in Lincoln co., Maine, 22    WASHINGTON. a city, the political metropolis of the
miles E.S.E. of Augusta. Pop. 1756.                        United States, is finely located between the Potomac River
WASHINGTON, a post-township in Sullivan co., New  and a tributary called the East Branch. The Observatory
Ihampshire, 29 miles W. by S. of Concord, drained by Ashue- lies in 380 53' 39" N. lat., and 770 2' 48" W. lon. from Greenlot and Contoocook Rivers. Pop. 1054.                      wich; it is itself a meridian, and many of our maps reckon
WASHINGTON, a post-township in Orange co., Vermont, their longitude from this city. Its distances from the prin18 miles S.E. by S. of Montpelier. It has manufactures of  cipal cities of the United States are, on the N. and N.E., from
castings, machinery, and cotton and woollen goods. Pop. Baltimore, 38 miles; Philadelphia, 136; New York, 226;
1348.                                                      Albany, 376; Boston, 432; and Portland, 542 miles; on the
WASHINGTON, a post-village and township of Berkshire  N.W. and W., from Buffalo, 376; Detroit, 526; Milwaukee,
co., Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 138 miles W. 700; Chicago, 763; San Francisco, about 2000, (in an air
by N. of Boston. Pop. 953.                                 line;) St. Louis, 856; Louisville, 590; Cincinnati, 497; and
WASHINGTON, a post-village and township of Litchfield  Pittsburg, 223 miles; and on the S. and S.W., from Richco., Connecticut, 33 miles W. by S. of Hartford. Much of  mond, 122; Wilmington, (North Carolina,) 416; Charleston,
the scenery of this township is picturesque and beautiful. 544; Mobile, 1033; New Orleans, 1203; and Nashville, 714
The Shepang River passes through it, and furnishes water- miles.
power for a puddling forge at Woodville, and a woollen-mill,    General _Aspect.-Though not a seven-hilled city, Washfoundry, and machine shop near the centre. In the N.W. in-ton has, as well as Rome, its Capitoline Hill, commandcorner of the township is the romantic village of New Pres- ing views scarcely less striking than those of the Eternal
ton, on the outlet of Ranmang Pond. A blast-furnace and  City. It is situated on the left bank of the Potomac River,
several other manufacturing establishments are here located, between two small tributaries, the one on the E., called the
The principal business on this stream is the sawing into  East Branch, and the one on the W., called Rock Creek.
slabs of the pure white marble quarried from the neighbor- The latter separates it from Georgetown. The general altiing hills. Pop. of the township, 1802.                     tude of the city plot is 40 feet above the river, but this is
WASHINGTON, a post-township of Dutchess co., New  diversified by irregular elevations, which serve to give vaYork, about 70 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 2805.              riety and commanding sites for the public buildings. The
WASHINGTON, a township of Bergen co., New Jersey, plot is slightly amphitheatrical, the President's House on
bordering on the Passaic River. Pop. 1804.                 the WV. standing on one of the sides, and the Capitol on the
WASHINGTON, a township of Burlington co., New Jersey, other, while the space between, verges towards a point near
Pop. 2010.                                                 the river. The President's House and the Capitol stand
WASHINGTON, a township of Camden co., New Jersey. centrally with regard to the whole, though situated at the
Pop. 2114.                                                 distance of 1 mile from each other, the former 44 feet above
WASHINGTON, a village of Middlesex co., New Jersey, the Potomac, and the latter 72 feet. The summit of the hill
on the left bank of South River, 10 miles S.W. of Perth  on which the Capitol stands is the commencement of a
Anrboy, contains 4 stores, and about 50 dwellings. Steam- plain, stretching E., while that to the N. of the President's
boats ply between this place and New York during the  House tends westward. Perhaps no better commendation
summer.                                                    can be given to the locality of Washington than that of its
WASHINGTON, a township of Morris co., New Jersey. having been chosen by him whose name it bears. When
Pop. 2502.                                                 the streets shall have been lined with buildings, few cities
WASHINGTON, a post-village of Morris co., New Jersey. can ever have presented a grander view than that which
See GERMnAN VALLEY.                                        will be offered to the spectator from the western steps of
WASI-IINGTON, a post-village of Warren co., New Jersey, the Capitol, looking towards the President's House, with
about half a mile N. of the Morris Canal, contains 2 churches, Pennsylvania Avenue stretching before him for more than
several stores, and about 50 dwellings,                    a mile, with a breadth of 160 feet, the view terminated on
WASHINGTON, a township df Berks co., Pennsylvania. the west by the colonnade of the Treasury buildings and
Pop. 1154.                                                 the palatial residence of the nation's chief magistrate. On
WASIINGTON, a township of Butler co., Pennsylvania. his left, towards the river, (itself more than a mile in width,)
Pop. 1003.                                                is an extensive park, enclosing the Smithsonian Institute,
WASHINGTON, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania, with its picturesque towers, and the lofty column reared to
intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad, and by the Alle- the memory of Washington. On the right he will have
ghany Portage Railroad. Pop. 1691.                         beneath him the General Post-Office, the Patent-Office, the
WASHINGTON, a township of Clarion co., Pennsylvania. City Hall, and doubtless still more splendid public and
Pop. 1227.                                                 many sumptuous private dwellings, which may have been
WASHIINGTON, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. erected ere another generation passes away.  Nor would
Pop. 839.                                                  Washington lack commercial facilities, but for the still
WASHINGTON, a township of Erie co., Pennsylvania. greater advantages possessed by its older- sister cities. The
Pop. 1700.                                                 natural commercial advantages of Washington are probably
WASIHIINGTON, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. not surpassed by any capital in Europe; but our country
Pop. 1276.                                                 so abounds in fine localities for commercial towns that those
WASHINGTON, a township of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. of Washington are thrown into the background. The plan
Pop. 2477.                                                 of the city is unique, and everything is laid out on a scale
WASI-IINGTON, a village and township of Greene co., that shows an anticipation of a great metropolis; and though
Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. of Waynesburg. Pop. 914.  these anticipations have not yet been realized, they are enWASHIINGTON, a  township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. tirely within the probabilities of the future. The city plot,
Pop. 1111.                                                 which lies on the W. border of the 60 square miles which
WASHINGTON, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania, now constitute the District of Columbia, extends 41 miles
intersected by the route of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad. in a N.W. and S.E., and about 21 in a N.E. and S.W. direeWASHINGTON, a post-borough of Lancaster co., Penn- tion, covering an area of nearly 11 square miles. A very
sylvania, on the E. bank of the Susquehanna River, about small portion of this, however, is as yet built upon. The
3 miles below Columbia. It has 2 churches, and several whole site is traversed by streets running E. and W. and N.
stores. Incorporated in 1827. Pop. in 1850, 582.           and S., crossing each other at right angles. The streets
WAS[IINGTON, a township of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, that run N. and S. are numbered E. and WV. from North
on the left bank of the Lehigh River. Pop. 1493.           and South Capitol Street, (whose name will indicate its poWASHINGTON, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylva- sition,) and are called, for example, East and West Second
nia, intersected by the route of the Sunbury and Erie Rail- or Third Streets: while those running E. and W. are numroad. Pop. 2138.                                           bered from East Capitol Street, and are named alphabetically,
2075




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N. or S., A. B, or C Street, &c. The plot is again subdivided  nades, and to communicate on the fourth by corridors 44
by wide avenues, named from the 15 states existing when  feet long, and 50 wide, with the main building. The whole
the site of the capital was chosen. These avenues run in a  will be 751 feet long, and cover an area of 33 acres. The
S.E. and N.W., or in a S.W. and N.E. direction, often, but grounds around the Capitol embrace from 23 to 30 acres,
not always parallel to each other, and their points of section  forming an oblong on three sides, and a semicircle on the W.
forming large open spaces.  Four of these avenues and  About the centre of the grounds, on the eastern front, is a
North and South and East and West Capitol Streets, inter- colossal statue of Washington, by Greenough. The material
sect each other at the Capitol grounds, and 5 avenues and a  of the present Capitol is a porous stone, of a light yellow,
number of streets at the Patrk around the President's House. painted white; but the extensions are of pure white marble.
It will be readily seen, if this plan should be filled up, that,   On a beautiful lawn of 20 acres, gently sloping towards
combined with its undulating grounds, surrounding hills,  the Potomac, and elevated 44 feet above it, stands the Presi.
public buildings, park, monuments, &c., it will give a coup  dent's IHouse.  The grounds belonging to this residence
d'ceil unequalled for magnificence in modern times. Penn-  interrupt Pennsylvania Avenue at a distance of about 1
sylvania Avenue, between the Capitol and President's  mile N.W. of the Capitol. The President's Mansion has a
HIouse, is the only one that is densely built upon for any  front of 170 feet by 86 feet deep, is 2 stories high, and built
considerable extent. The streets are from 70 to 110 feet in  of freestone, painted white. The N. front has a portico orniawidth, and the avenues from 130 to 160 feet.                mented with 4 Ionic columns facing Pennsylvania Avenue,
Public Biuildings.-In this respect alone does Washington  and 3 at the Sides; under this, carriages drive to deposit
at present fulfil the ideas entertained of a great metropolis. their visitors. The Potomac front has a circular colonnade
The Capitol, President's Hiouse, Treasury Buildings, Patent- of 6 Ionic columns. In the centre of the N. lawn is a statue
Office, Post-Office, and Smithsonian Institute, are structures  of Jefferson, and across Pennsylvania Avenue, also on the
that would grace any city. First of these, in architectural N. side of the building, in the centre of Lafayette Square, is
merit and in point of interest, is the Capitol, containing the  a bronze equestrian statue to General Jackson, placed there
halls of the national legislature, supreme court room, &c. in January, 1853. In the same enclosure with the ExecuThis building is situated on an eminence (looking towards tive Mansion are the edifices appropriated to the State,
the W.) of 72 feet above tide-water, and consists at present Treasury, War, and Navy departments.  The State and
of a centre building and two wings, making a total length  Treasury buildings are directly E. of the President's House,
of 352 feet, and of 121 feet depth at the wings. The central  and those of War and Navy W. of it. The State Departbuilding contains a rotunda 96 feet in diameter, and the  ment is a plain brick structure, 160 feet long, 55 wide, and
same in height, crowned by a magnificent dome 145 feet 2 stories high, which contains a large library of books, maps,
from the ground. The wings are also surmounted by fiat charts, &c., and in the copyright bureau are deposited from
domes. The eastern front, including steps, projects 65 feet, 10,000 to 12,000 volumes of works copyrighted in the United
and is graced by a portico of 22 Corinthian columns, 30 feet States. Immediately S. of the State Department is the
in height, and forming a colonnade 160 feet in length, pre- Treasury Department, occupying an imposing edifice of
senting one of the most commanding fronts in the United  stone, 340 feet long, and 170 wide, and, when completed,
States. The western front projects 83 feet, including the  will be 457 in length. The E. front (on the N. bend of Pennsteps, and is embellished with a recessed portico of 10  sylvania Avenue, caused by the interruption from tae park
columns. This front, though not so imposing in itself as around the President's Hlouse) has a colonnade of Ionic
the eastern, commands the finest view anywhere to be had  columns, 300 feet long, and, when the N. and S. wings
in Washington, overlooking all the central and western  are added. will number 42 columns. The N. and S. ends
portion of the city, and all the principal public buildings.  of the building will also have projecting porticos. This
Near the western entrance to the Capitol stands a monu- edifice has about 150 apartments. The building of the War
ment, erected by the officers of the navy to the memory of  Department is precisely similar to that of the State, and is
their brother officers who fell in the war with Tripoli. It is the head-quarters of the army officers. The Navy Departof marble, rising out of a pool or basin of water, and is 40  ment is in the rear of the War Department, and contains the
feet high. On the steps of the E. front of the Capital, among  Indian bureau also. The Pension-Office is a very large but
other works of art, is a noble statue of Columbus, support- plain structure, immediately W. of the Navy Department.
uing a globe in his outstretched arm. The interior of the    About halfway between  the Capitol and President's
western projection contains the library of Congress, which  Ihouse, N. of Pennsylvania Avenue, fronting E Street, is the
in 1854 numbered 50,000 volumes. On entering the rotunda, structure occupied by the General Post-Office, one of the
the first objects that strike the attention are the paintings  finest edifices in Washington. It is of white marble. 204 feet
which adorn the walls. Of these, at present seven in num- long and 102 deep, and contains over 80 rooms. It is about
her, four are by Trumbull, the subjects of which are: 1. The  to be enlarged. Occupying the square between 8th, 9th,
Declaration of Independence. 2. The Surrender of General  and F and G Streets, is the building of the Department of
Burgoyne. 3. The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis. 4. Gene- the Interior, or Home Department, generally called (from
ral Washington resigning his commission at Annapolis. The  one of its bureaus) the Patent-Office.  This edifice is not
subjects of the remaining pictures are the Embarkation of  yet finished; but, when completed, it will form an entire
the Pilgrims from Leyden, by Weir; the Landing of Colum- square, and will not be surpassed by any structure in Washbus, by Vanderlyn, and the Baptism of Pocahontas, by Chap- ington for extent or elegance, if we except the Capitol. I-Here
man. Surrounding the rotunda are a number of chambers, are deposited models of every machine or invention that is
passages, committee rooms, rooms for the President, mem-  patented; here also are at present the cabinets of natural
hers of cabinet, &c. The Senate Chamber is on the second  history collected by the exploring expedition, relics of
floor of the N. wing, of which, however, it occupies less than  Washington and Franklin, presents from foreign potentates,
half the area, and is of a semicircular form, 75 feet long and  &c. Two sides of the square are completed, and the 3d
45 high.  A gallery for spectators, supported by iron or  nearly so. This building, which is partly of freestone and
bronze pillars, surrounds the semicircle, and flosting the  partly of marble, has a central portico of 8 Doric columnS.
president's chair, which stands in the middle of the chord  Two blocks E. of the Patent-Office is the City HTall, a stuccoed
of the semicircle. In the rear of the president's chair is a  building, 200 feet long, on Judiciary Square, devoted to city
loggia, under a gallery supported by Ionic columns of con- councils, mayor's office, courts, &c.
glomerate or Potomac marble. In this gallery sit the re-    South of Pennsylvania Avenue, and W. of the Capitol,
porters, in flout'of the senators, while the spectators' gal-  on a gently rising ground, in the midst of the new park
lery is at their backs. The Hall of Representatives is on  now being laid out, stands the Smithsonian Institute, one
the second floor of the S. wing, and is also semicircular, but of the noblest institutions and finest structures in Washingmuch larger than the Senate Chamber, being 96 feet long,  ton. The edifice is 450 feet long by 140 wide, is built of red
60 high, and surrounded by.24 Corinthian columns of Poto- sandstone, in the Romanesque or Norman style, embellished
mac marble, with capitals of Italian marble. The galleries  by 9 towers of from  75 to 150 feet in height, and when
are similar in their arrangement to those of the Senate Chain- viewed from  Capitol Hill, has an imposing effect. In the
her. Over the speaker's chair is placed a statue of Liberty, building is a lecture room, sufficiently capacious to seat fromn
supported by an eagle with spread wings. In front of the  1200 to 2000 persons, a museum. for objects of natural history
chair, and immediately above the main entrance, is a figure  200 feet long, one of the best supplied laboratories in the
representing history Recording the Events of the Nation. United States, a gallery for paintings and statuary 120 feet
The Supreme Court Room is under the Senate Chamber. long, and a room capable of containing a library of 100.000
The whole cost of the building, as it now stands, (1855,) was  volumes, and actually numbering 21,701, in 1853; of which
$1,800,000, but the extension will cost several millious more. 4539 were copyright works. This institution was endowed
The original structure was commenced in 1793, and had  by James Smithson, Esq., an Englishman, who left to the
not been completed, when, by an act of Vandalism, it was  United States $515,169, "to found at Washington an estaburnt in 1814, and was not entirely finished till 1828. The  blishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge
grounds around the Capitol are handsomely laid out, and  among men."  The structure, which was commenced in
planted with trees and shrubbery, presenting, during the  1846, has been built by the interest accumulating up to
spring and summer, a scene of exquisite beauty.             that time, and still leaves a surplus (in 1855) of $139,159.
The Capitol is now (1855) being enlarged to more than  The fund yields an annual income of more than $30,000.
double its original size, the foundation stone of the exten- Works on ethnology and antiquities have already been publion having been laid by President Filhnore, July 4, lished by the institution.  The cabinets collected by the
1851. The extensions comprehend two wings, 238 by 140  exploring expedition will be transferred thither.  The
eet, which are to be surrounded on three sides by colon- officers of the institution are the President and Vice-Presi2076




WAS                                                         WAS
dent of the United States, members of the cabinet, chief  6 Presbyterian, I Unitarian, and about 6 coloredchurches.
justice, commissioners of the Patent-Office, and the mayor  Among the finest of the churches is Trinity; which is of
of Washington, besides a board of regents, who elect a chan-  mixed Gothic and Eastern orders, -ith a front of red sandcellor, secretary, and executive committee.  The active  stone, situated on West Third Street.
literary and scientific duties of the institution fall upon the    Charitable I7nstitutions.-On the same grounds with the
secretary and his assistant secretaries. On the proposed  City Hall is the Hospital. A hospital for the insane has also
new park, about halfway between the President's House  lately been commenced.
and the Capitol, has also been commenced a colossal menu-    Public Squares and Parks.-We condense the following
ment to Washington, to be erected by voluntary contribu- from Miss Lynch's description of Washington: —The open
tions of the people. The plan contemplates, as a base, a  waste lying between the Capitol, the President's House, and
circular temple, 250 feet in diameter and 100 feet high;  the Potomac, is about to be converted into a national park,
from the centre of which is to rise a shaft 70 feet square, to  upon a plan proposed by the lamented A. J. Downing. The
the height of 600 feet above the ground, and to be cased in  area contains about 150 actes, and the principal entrance is
marble.  The temple at the base, intended to be the West- to be through a superb marble gateway, in the form of a
minster Abbey of the United States, to contain the statues  triumphal arch, which is to stand at the western side of
of the Revolutionary worthies, and the remains of Washing-  Pennsylvania Avenue. From this gateway a series of carton, will be entirely surrounded by a colonnade of 30  tinge drives, forty feet wide, crossing the canal by a suspenpillars in the Doric style, 45 feet high and 12 in diameter, sion. bridge, will lead in gracefully curved lines beneath
surmounted by an entablature of,20 feet, which is in turn  lofty shade-trees, forming a carriage drive between 5 and 6
to be surmounted by a balustrade of 15 feet in height. miles in circuit. The grounds will include the Smithsonian
Each state furnishes a block of native stone or other mate- Institute and Washington's monument. The parks round
rial, (MIichigan, copper,) with an inscription, which is in- the President's House and the Capitol have already been
serted in the interior. A triumphal car, with a statue of  mentioned. Lafayette Park, on the N. side of Pennsylvania
Washington, is to stand over the grand entrance. The  Avenue, in front of the executive mansion, is laid out and
column, in 1855, had not reached the height of 200 feet.    planted with shrubbery, &c., and contains, as we have elseThe National Observatory, one of the institutions most  where stated, a bronze equestrian statue of President Jackcreditable to the government, occupies a commanding site  son. To avoid. the unpleasant angularity, caused by the
on the banks of the Potomac, S.W. of the President's Ihouse, peculiar intersection of the streets, open spaces are to be left
and is under the direction of Lieutenant Maury, of the  at these points, which are to be laid out and planted with
navy.  Besides the astronomical observations constantly  trees, &c. There are extensive grounds around the City Hall,
made here, chronometers, for the use of the navy, are  called Judiciary Square.
thoroughly tested, researches made as to tides, currents,    Railroads, &c.-Washington communicates with the S.
&c., and longitudes determined with greater accuracy by the  and S.W. by steamboat to Acquia Creek, 55 miles below
aid of the electric telegraph. The largest telescope is a 14  Washington, and thence by the Fredericksburg Richmond
feet refractor; smaller telescopes are constantly employed  and Potomac Railroad. A branch road running N. to Balsearching the heavens for comets. Precisely at 12 o'clock  timore connects with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
mean time, each day, a black ball is let fall from the flag-    Objects of JIterest in the Vicinity.-Fifteen miles S. of
staff of the Observatory, by which the inhabitants of Wash- Washington, on the Potomac, is Mount Vernon, once the
ington may reguIate their time. The Arsenal, on Green- home, and now the tomb of Washington. Thirteen miles
leaf's Point, at the junction of the East Branch with the  above Georgetown are the Great Falls of the Potomac,
Potomac, is one of the principal arsenals of construction in  thought by many to.equal, in wildness and picturesque
the United States.                                          interest, any in the country. The Little Falls, which have in
About 1~ miles N.E. from  the arsenal, and the same dis- all a descent of 15 feet, are only 3 miles above Georgetown.
tance S.E. of the Capitol, on the East Branch, is the Navy- An aqueduct is now being constructed to supply Washington
Yard, which covers about 20 acres, enclosed by a wall. This with water from the Falls of the Potomac.
is one of the most extensive yards in the Union, and em-   Washington contains 6 banks, and about 14 newspaper
ploys more than 400 hands in the manufacture of anchors, offices, 5 or 6 of which issue dailies. For manufactures and
chain-cables, steam-engines and boilers, pyrotechnics, in  commerce, see DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
brass and iron foundries, &c., &c. The National Cemetery,    Population.-The resident population of Washington in
or Congressional burying-ground, is situated about 1 mile  1850, was 40,001; in 1855, about 55,000; and including
E. of the Capitol, on an elevation commanding fine views  Georgetown, 65,000. But this number is greatly increased
of the surrounding country, which is beautified with trees  during the sessions of Congress, by the accession not only
and shrubbery. Here have been deposited, for a short time  of the members and their families, but of visitors and perat least, the remains of some of the most distinguished men  sons spending the winter or a portion of it here, for the
in the nation, and here are erected cenotaphs to all mem- purpose of enjoying the society and gayety of the capital.
hers of Congress dying while in office.                     Though the growth of Washington has not been rapid, it
The buildings of the Coast Survey do not in themselves  has been steady, and the city has increased within the past
deserve any notice, but the operations carried on here under few years in a considerably greater ratio than heretofore.
the superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache, a name well   History.-The site for the capital was selected at the oriknown to science, are of the most important nature. IHere  ginal suggestion of President Washington, and by an act of
are transacted the computing, drawing, engraving, electso- Congress, July 16, 1790, the District of Columbia was formed.
typing, printing, instrument-making, &c., connected with  The corner-stone of the Capitol was laid by General Washthe coast surveys, and the construction of standard weights  ington himself, September 18, 1793, and in 1800 the seat of
and measures, &c.                                           government was removed hither from Philadelphia. The
Hotels.-In a city thronged as Washington is with visit- census of 1800 gave the population at 3210, which had inors and a floating population, hotels and boarding-houses  creased to 8208, in 1810. In 1814, the city was taken by the
must be numerous, and the inducements are to make them   British, when the Capitol, President's House, and the library
of the first class. The most prominent are Brown's, (which  of Congress were either wholly destroyed or greatly injured
is very capacious, being the largest in Washington, with a  by fire, and other public Works defaced. In 1820 the popufront of white marble,) the National, Willard's, Gadsby's, lation was 13,247; 18,827 in 1830, and 23,364 in 1840. In
the United States, Potomac, Irving, and Tyler's hotels, all 1846 was passed the act establishing the Smithsonian Instiof which are on Pennsylvania Avenue.                        tute; in 1850 the slave trade was abolished in the District
Libraries and EducationaZ Institutioms.-The National In- of Columbia; and in 1851 the foundations were laid for the
stitute holds its meetings at the Patent-Office, and has for extension of the Capitol.
its object the culture of science generally. It has a library    WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital. of Rappahannock
of 4000 volumes, which is open to the public, besides a cabi- co., Virginia, 120 miles N.W. of Richmond. It is beautifully
net of medals and coins. Peter Force, Esq., has a private  situated at the S.E. foot of the Blue Ridge, and on one of
library of 50,000 volumes: a rare, if not the only, instance  the branches of the Rappahannock River. It contains 1 or
of so large a private collection of books in our country. Mr. 2 churches, 1 academy, and several stores. Pop. about 400.
Corcoran, the wealthy banker, has a fine gallery of paint-   WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Beaufort co.,
ings, which is open to the public on Tuesdays and lFridays. North Carolina, on the left bank of Tar River, 127 miles
The National Medical College, established in 1823, is a flou- E. by S. of Raleigh, and about 40 miles from Pamlico Sound.
rishing institution, with a faculty of 7 professors. The  Vessels drawing 8 feet of water ascend to this village, and
Columbia College is located on high ground, just without  smaller boats to Tarborough.  It has 2 banks, capital
the city limits, and directly N. of the President's House, $300,000, several stores, and a newspaper office. Pop. esti-'
commanding a magnificent view of the city, the Potomac, mated at 1400.
and the surrounding country. This college was incorpo-    WASHINGTON, a handsome post-village, capital of Wilkes
rated in 1821, and had in 1850 for its faculty, besides tihe  co., Georgia, is situated on the dividing ridge between the
president, 12 professors and tutors, and 100 students on its  Broad and Little Rivers, 53 miles W.N.W. of Augusta.  I
lists. There were in Washington in 1850, 20 public schools, has an active business, and contains a court-house, 4
with 1989 pupils and $13,082 income; 35 academies, &c., churches, I bank, and a newspaper office. A branch railwith 1494 pupils and $41,620 income.                       road about 20 miles long extends southward to the Georgia
Churches-There were, in 1852, about 40 churches in  Railroad.
Washington, of which 4 were Baptist, 4 Catholic, 5 Episco-   WASHINGTON, a post-village in Autauga co., Alabam,
palinn. I Friends' meetiug-house, 2 Lutheran, 7 Methodist, on Alabama River, 12 miles W. by N. of Montgomery.
2077




WAS                                                      WAS
WASHINGTON, a post-village of Adams co., Missieipspi, sected by the Cleveland Norwalk and Toledo Railroad.
about 80 miles W.S.W. of Jackson. It contains 2 or 3 Pop. 1499.
churches, and several seminaries.                           WASHINGTON, a township of Scioto co., Ohio, intersected
WASHINGTON, a thriving post-village of St. Landry  by the Ohio Canal. Pop. 706.
parish, Louisiana, on the Courtableau Bayou, at the head of    WASHINGTON, a township of Shelby co., Ohio, intersected
steamboat navigation, and on the New Orleans Opelousas by the Miami Canal. Pop. 1261.
and Western Railroad, 7 miles N. of Opelousas.              WASHINGTON, a township of Stark co., Ohio, intersected
WASHINGTON, a flourishing post-village of Washington  by the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 2066.
co., Texas, on the right bank of the Brazos River, at the    WASHINGTON, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio.
mouth of the Navasoto, 65 miles N.W. of Houston, and 120  Pop. 1091.
miles E. of Austin City. The Independence of Texas was   WASHINGTON, a township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 333.
proclaimed in 1836, at this place, which was the capital of   WASHINGTON, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio, interthe republic at the time of annexation to the United States, sected by the Miami Canal. Pop. 355.
and for several years previous. It is favorably situated for   WASHINGTON, a toynship of Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 504.
trade, being at the head of steamboat navigation on the    WASHINGTON, a post-township in the N.W. part of MaBrazos. The river flows through a fertile planting region, comb co., Michigan. Pop. 1452.
in which cotton, maize, and rice are produced, and the live-   WASHINGTON, a township, Adams co., Indiana. P. 548.
oak and red cedar are abundant. It contained, in 1851, 1   WASHINGTON, a township, Allen co., Indiana. P. 1305.
academy, 2 female schools, 20 stores, and 3 newspaper offices.   WASHINGTON, a township of Blackford co., Indiana.
WASHINGTON, a township of Conway co., Arkansas. Pop. 470.
Pop. 325.                                                   WASHINGTON, a township, Brown co., Indiana. P. 1249.
WASIHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Hempstead co.,   WASIlNGTON, a township, Carroll co., Indiana. P. 1302.
Arkansas, 125 miles S.W. of Little Rock. It has a court-   WASHINGTON, a township of Cass co., Indiana. P. 799.
house, a jail, a United States land-office, a male and female    WASHINGTON, a township, Clarke co., Indiana. P. 1101.
seminary, and a newspaper office. Pop. in 1850, 469.        WASHINGTON, a township of Clay co., Indiana. P. 1426.
WASHINGTON, a township of Independence co., Arkan-    WASHINGTON, a township, Clinton co., Indiana. P. 770.
sas. Pop. 465.                                             WASHINGTON, a post-village and township, capital of
WASHIINGTON, a township of Lawrence co., Arkansas. Daviess co., Indiana, on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad,
Pop. 519.                                                106 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, and 3 miles E. of the WaWASHIINGTON, a township, Sevier co., Arkansas. P. 465. bash and Erie Canal. The village is the principal place of
WASHINGTON, a township of Washitaw cO., Arkansas. business in the county, and contains 3 or 4 churches, a newsPop. 469.                                                paper office, and a land office. Pop. in 1853, estimated at
WASHINGTON, a post-viIlage, capital of Rhea co., Ten- 1200; of the township in 1850, 2578.
nessee, on the right bank of the Tennessee River, 134 niiles    WASHIINGTON, a township of Decatur co., Indiana.
E.S.E. of Nashville.                                     Pop. 1994.
WASIINGTON, a post-village, capital of Mason co., Ken-   WASHINGTON, a township of Delaware co., Indiana.
tucky, on the railroad from Maysville to Lexington, 31 miles Pop. 757.
S.W. of the former. It is beautifully situated in a rich and    WASHINGTON, a township, Elkhart co., Indiana. P. 810.
well-improved country.  It contains 3 churches.  Pop.   WASIIINGTON, a township, Gibson co., Indiana. P. 754.
about 700.                                                 WASHINGTON, a township, Grant co., Indiana. P. 1007.
WASHINGTON, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. P. 688.   WASHINGTON, a township, Greene co., Indiana. P. 420.
WASHINGTON, a township in the S.E. part of Belmont   WASHINGTON, a township of Hamilton cc., Indiana.
co., Ohio, has I bank. Pop. 1532.                        Pop. 1840.
WASHINGTON, a township of Brown co., Ohio. Pop. 987.   WASHINGTON, a township of Hendricks co., Indiana.
WASHINGTON, a township of Carroll co,, Ohio, inter- Pop. 1438.
sected by the Carrollton Branch Railroad. Pop. 1020.       WASHINGTON, a township, Jackson co., Indiana. P. 856.
WASHINGTON, a township, Clermont co., Ohio. P. 2540.   WASHINGTON, a township of Jay co,, Indiana. Pop. 345.
WASHINGTON, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. P. 1216.   WASHINGTON, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana.
WASHINGTON, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio, Pop. 733.
intersected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad. P. 1201.   WASHINGTON, a township, Marion co., Indiana. P. 1830.
WASHINGTON, a township, Coshocton co., Ohio., P. 998.   WASHINGTON, a township, Miami co., Indiana. P. 966.
WASHINGTON, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1250.   WASHI-IINGTON, a township, Monroe co., Indiana. P. 740.
WASHINGTON, a township of Defiance co., Ohio. P. 428.   WASHINGTON, a township, Morgan co., Indiana. P. 2427.
WASHINGTON, a post-village, capital of Fayette co., Ohio,   WASHINGTON, a township, Noble co., Indiana. P. 645.
on Paint Creek, and on the Zanesville and Wilmington Rail-   WASHINGTON, a township of Owen co., Indiana. P. 1708.
road, 37 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has several churches, 1    WASHINGTON, a township, Parke co., Indiana. P. 1198.
academy, a newspaper office, 2 woollen factories, and several   WAShINGTON, a township of Pike co., Indiana.
mills. Laid out in 1811. Pop. 569.                         WASI-IINGTON, a township, Porter co., Indiana. P. 429.
WASHIINGTON,  a township, Franklin co., Ohio. P. 1270.   WASHINGTON, a township of Putnam  co., Indiana.
WASHINGTON, a post-village and township of Guernsey  Pop. 2129.
co., Ohio, on the National Road, 32 miles E. by N. of Zanes-   WASHINGTON, a township of Randolph co., Indiana.
ville. The village is situated in a fertile country, and has  Pop. 1558.
an active business. It contains 1 Catholic and 4 Protestant   WASHINGTON, a townslhip, Ripley co., Indiana. P. 1195.
churches, 1 bank, and a woollen factory. Pop. estimated    WASHINGTON, a township, Rush co., Indiana. P. 1075.
at 1200; of the township, 2216.                             WASI-HINGTON, a township, Shelby co., Indiana. P. 1148.
WASHINGTON, a township of Hancock co., Ohio. P. 1222.   WASHINGTON, a township, Starke co., Indiana. P. 88.
WASHINGTON, a township of IHardin co., Ohio. Pop. 391.   WASItNGTON, a township of Tippecanoe co., Indiana.
WASIINCGTON, a township, Harrison co., Ohio. P. 1255. Pop. 861.
WASHINGTON, a township of Henry co., Ohio. Pop. 532.   WASHINGTON, a township, Warren co., Indiana. P. 796.
WASHINGTON, a township, Hocking co., Ohio. P. 1640.   WASHINGTON, a township of Washington co., Indiana.
WASHINGTON, a township of Holmes co., Ohio. P. 1468. Pop. 2098.
WASIIINGTON, a township of Jackson co., Ohio. P. 756,   WASHINGTON, a thriving post-village and township of
WASHINGTON, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. P. 646. Wayne co., Indiana, on the railroad from Richmond to NewWASHINGTON, a township of Licking co., Ohio, inter-  castle, about 12 miles N.W. of the former. Pop. in 1850,
sected by the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 1783. 283; of the township, 1540.
WASHINGTON,  a township of Logan co., Ohio. Pop. 668.   WASHINGTON, a post-village of Tazewell co.; Illinois, 71
WASHINGTON, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 1161. miles N. of Springfield.
WASHINGTON, a township of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop. 456.   WASHINGTON. a village of Woodford co., Illinois, about
WASI-IINGTON, a township of Miami co., Ohio, inter- 10 miles E. by N. of Peoria.
sected by the Miami Canal It contains the village of Pique.   WASHINGTON, a township of Buchanan co., Missouri.
Pop. 4158.                                               Pop. 4301. 
WASHINGTON, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. P. 865.   WASHINGTON, a thriving post-village of Franklin co.,
WASHINGTON, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio. Missouri, is situated on the Missouri River, 60 miles by the
Pop. 1825.                                               road W. of St. Louis. It is the principal depot for the proWASHINGTON, a township of Morrow co., Ohio, inter- duce which is exported from the county.
sected by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Rail-   WASIHIINGTON, a township of Lawrence co., MissourL
road. Pop. 1137.                                         Pop. 1641.
WASHINGTON, a township of Muskingum  co., Ohio.   WASHINGTON, a township, Osage co.,Missouri. P, 1093.
Pop. 1380.                                                 WASHINGTON, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, 60 miles
WASHINGTON, a township of Paulding co., Ohio. P. 155. S. by W. of Iowa City.
WASHINGTON, a township, Pickaway co., Ohio. P. 1099.   WASHINGTON, a thriving post-village, capital of WashWASHINGTON, a township of Preble co., Ohio. P. 3060. ington co., Iowa. is situated on a prairie, about 30 miles
WASIHNGTON, a village and township of Richland co., S.S.W. of Iowa City, and 7 miles N. of Skunk River. The
)hio, on the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad. Pop. 2003. Dubuque and Keokuk railroad passes through the place. It
WASHINGTON, a township of SandUsky cc., Ohio, inter- contains a court-house, and several stores.
2078




WAS                                                       WAT
WrASHINGTON, township, Greene co., Wisconsin. P. 317.  YTWASMES, vqm, a village of Belgium, province of HIainauti
WASHINGTON, a town of Yolo co.. California.              0 miles W'. of Mons. Pop. 6064.
WASHINGTON, a region of land in the Arctic Ocean,   WASMES-ANIDEMETZ-BRIFF EIL.vi{m  Nd'mYsbreef'ful/
discovered in 1854 by the United States Expedition under  a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 7 miles E.S.E. of
Dr. Kane. It is connected to Greenland by an immense  Tournay. Pop. 1090.
glacier, which, issuing in 600 W. Ion., runs nearly due N., pre-   WA S'PERTON.  a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
senting a face 300 feet in perpendicular height. This gla-   WASPIK, wlslpik, a village and pa-ish of the Nethercier was followed along its base for a distance of 80 miles in  lands, province of North Brabant, 10 miles N.E. of Bireda.
one unbroken escarpment. It is supposed to be the largest Pop. 2418.
glacier ever discovered by any navigator, and the only oh-   WASISAIC, a post-village and station of Dutchess co.,
stacle to the insularity of Greenland.                     New York. on the IHarlem Railroad, 85 miles from New York.
WASHIINGTON, or UAHUGA, oo-A-hoo'ga, one of the    WASSAU. See WAUSAU.
Marquesas Islands, South Pacific Ocean; lat. 8~ 56' S., Ion.   WASSEIGES, vls'saizhf, a village of Belgium, province
1390 33' W. It is about 9 miles long and of striking appear- and 35 miles W. of Liege. Pop. 1020.
auce, forming in the middle a mountain 2430 feet high.       WASSELA, w'stse-8lP, or, more properly, WASSOOLO,
WASIHINGTON BUTTE, (brite,) a post-office of Linn co., (Wlssoolo,) written OUASSOULO in F'rench, a country of
Oregon.                                                    West Africa.
WASHINGTON COLLEGE. See CHESTERTOwN. Maryland.    WASSELONNE, vhs'seh-lonnt, a town of France, departW'ASHINGTON COLLEGE. See LexI;TOs,   Virginia.          ment of Bas-Rhin, 14 miles W.N.W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in
WASHINGTON COLLEGE, a post-office of Washington  1852, 4731, who manufacture woollen and cotton yarn and
co.. Tennessee.                                           hosiery.
WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a post-office of New York Co.,   WASSELY, a town Bf Austria. See WESSEL.
New York.                                                   WASSEMON RIVER, Wisconsin. See PEKATONICA.
WASHINGTON HOLtLOW, a post-village of Dutchess    WASSENAAR, wlsfssh-naiJ, a village of Holland, proco.. New York, 14 miles E.N.E. of Poughkeepsie.           vince  of South Holland, 5 miles W. of Leyden, and 2 miles
WASHINGTON LAKE. of Yolo county, towards the N.W. friom the North Sea. Pop. 1292.
part of California, is about 3 miles long by half a mile wide.   WASSERBURG, Qils'ser-b66tRG,  a town of Upper Bavaria,
WASHINGTON MILLS, post-office, Oneida co., New York. on the Inn, 31 miles E.S.E. of Munich. Pop. 2238.
WASHINGTON SOUTH YUBA, a post-office of Nevada    WASSERLEBEN, #Ystser-lstAben, a village of Prussia, proco., California.                                          vince of Saxony, government and 12 miles W.S.W. of MagWASHIINGTONVILLE, a village of Orange co., New  deburg, on the Ilse. Pop. 1150.
York, on the Newburg Branch Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of    WASSEROLS, a village of Prussia. See KnuMMSNoLS.
Newburg.                                                    WASSERTRUDINGEN, (Wassertriidingen,) *Aslser-tri'WASHINGTONVILLE, a village of Oswego co., New York. ding-en, a walled town of Bavaria, circle of Middle FrancoWASHINGTONVILLE, a post-village of Montour co., nia, and on the railway, 19 miles S. of Anspach. Pop. 2017.
Pennsylvania, about 75 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg.        WASSIGNY, 9vs'seen'yeef, a village of France, departWASIIINGTONVILLE, a post-office of Baltimore co., Ma- ment of Aisne, 31 miles N. of Laon. Pop. in 1852,1224.
ryland.                                                     WASISONVILLE, a post-village in the N. part of WashWASHINGTONVILLE, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio. ington co., Iowa, situated on or near the English River.
162 miles N.E. of Columbus.                                 WASSOOLO. See WASSELA.
WASHITA, formerly OUACHITA, woshbe-taw', a river   WASSOTAH, was-so/t4, a strong hill-fort of South India,
formed by three branches. the North, Middle, and South  20 miles W. of Sattarab, and taken by the British in 1818.
Forks, which unite in Montgomery county, in the WV. part   WAST/WATER, a lake of England, co. of Cumberland,
of Arkansas. It flows in a general southeasterly course parish of St. Bees. It is the deepest of the Cumberland
until it crosses the N. boundary of Louisiana. Below this lakes, being 45 fathoms in depth off the S. shore. its banks
its direction is nearly southward, and it falls into Red River are precipitous on that side, but elsewhere they present
by three channels, about 30 miles from its mouth. Its little variety.
length is estimated at above 500 miles. The portion of this    WASUNGEN, *' soong-en, a town of Saxe-Meiningen, on
river below the mouth of the Tenses is sometimes called  the Werra, 5 miles N.N.W. of Meiningen. Pop. 2497.
Black River. It is regularly navigated by large steamboats    WASUI NGEN, a town of Central Germany.  See WAto Camden, in Arkansas, about 300 miles from its mouth, HUNOEN
and smaller boats sometimes ascend as far as Rockport.   WATAB, wTItab, a post-village of Benton co., Minnesota,
The chief towns on its banks are Camden, on the right, and  on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 100 miles above St.
Monroe, on the left bank.                                 Anthony. It was laid out in 1850, and has some trade with
WASIIITA, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, contains the Indians.
735 square miles. It is intersected by Washita River, and    WATAUGA, (wh-taw/ga,) a river of North Carolina and
is drained by Bceuf and Bartholomew Bayous. The surface  Tennessee, rises at the base of the Blue Ridge, in Watauga
is diversified by pine-clad hills. The soil in some parts is co., North Carolina.  After passing through a mountain
fertile, especially along the river. The parish contains ex- range, which forms the W. boundary of that state, it flows
tensive forests of pine, oak, and hickory. All of the streams  in a WV.N.W. direction, and enters the Holston River in
above named are navigable by steamboats. A railroad is Tennessee, about 12 miles N. of Jonesborough. It is naviprojected through the parish from Vicksburg to Shreveport. gable by small boats from its mouth to Elizabethtown, and
Capital, Monroe. Pop. 5008; of whom 2300 were free, and  6 miles higher. The motive power which it affords is very
2708 slaves.                                               abundant, and is employed in the manufacture of iron.
WASHITA, a county in the S. central part of Arkansas,   WATAUGA, a county in the N.W. part of North Carolina,
is intersected by the Washita River, navigable by large bordering on Tennessee: area, estimated at 550 square miles.
steamboats. The surface is diversified by hills of moderate  It is drained by Watauga River, from which it derives its
height. The soil is mostly sandy and fertile. Washita county  name. The county is a mountainous region, having the
is among the most populous of the state, and is rapidly fill- Stone or Yellow Mountain on the N.W. border. Organized
ing up with emigrants. Capital, Camden. Pop. 9591; of  in 1849. Capital, Boone. Pop. 3400, of whom 3271 were
whom 6289 were free, and 3302 slaves.                     free, and 129 slaves.
WASHITA CITY. See OUACHITA CITY.                           WATAUGA BEND, a post-office of Washington co., TenWASHOUGAL, wil/shoo-gal', a post-office of Clark co., nessee.
Washington Territory.                                        WATCHIET, a maritime town of England, co. of Somerset,
WASHITENAW', a county in the S.E. part of Michigan, with a pier on a creek of the Bristol Channel, 5 miles E. of
has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by Iuron  Dunster. Pop. 960.
River, and by the North Branch of the Raisin; the East   WATCII  HILL POINT, the E. side of the entrance to
Branch of Grand River (called by the Indians Washtenong) Fisher's Island Sound, about 2 miles S.E. of Stonington,
rises in the county, which is also drained by the sources of Connecticut. On it is a revolving light 50 feet above the
Macon River, and by Saline and Stony Creeks. The surface  level of the sea. Lat. 410 18' 12/ N., lon. 710 52' W.
is agreeably diversified with prairies, oak-openings, (plains    WATEEIO, one of the Harvey Islands, Pacific Ocean. Lat.
producing a scattered growth of oaks free from underbrush,)  190 58' S., lon. 1580 6' W. Length 8 miles, breadth 5 miles.
and dense forests. The soil is a deep and fertile sandy loam. Surface hilly and fertile, and the inhabitants were partially
In 1850 it produced 528,042 bushels of wheat, 40,387 tons of  converted to Christianity by the missionary WVilliams in
hay, and 250,775 pounds of wool. The produce of wheat, 1823.
hay, and wool was greater than that of any other couhty    WkTIENSAW', a post-office of Monroe Co., Arkansas.
in the state excepting Oakland. The streams afford exten-  VWATERBEACH, wflter-beech, a parish of England, co.
sive water-power. The county is intersected by the Michi- and 5 miles N.N.E. of Cumbridge, with a station on the East
gan Central Railroad. Capital, Ann Arbor. P. 28,567.      Counties Railway.
WASIGNY, vPseensyee/, a market-town of France, de-   WATERBOROUGItI, wAhter-bfsr-rth,  a post-township in
partment of Ardennes, 8 miles N. of Rethel. Pop. 1000.    York co., Maine, 65 miles S.E. of Augusta. It is intersected
WAISING.  a parish of England, co. of Berks.            by the York and Cumberland Railroad, and drained by the
WVASIUGAN. See VAsIo0AN.                                head branches of the Monsum  and Little Ossipee Rivers.
WASLUI or VASLUI, vis-loolee, a town of Moldavia, on  Pop. 1989.
the Birlat, 40 miles S.S.E. of Yassy.                       WATERBOROUGH, a post-village  of Chautauque co.,
207')




WAT                                                        WAT
New York, on Conewango Creek, about 10 miles E.N.E. of    WATEREE, a creek of Fairfield district, South Carolina
Jamestown.                                                  enters the Wateree River from the right, near the S. extre
WATERBOROUGH  CENTRE. a post-office of York co., mirty of Lancaster district.
Maine.                                                        WATEREE, a postvillage of Richland district, South Ca,
WAiTERBURG, a post-office of Tompkins co., New York.  rolina, at the junction of the South Carolina Railroad with
WATERBURY. w~'ter-b~r-re, a thriving post-village and  the Columbia Branch Railroad, 9 miles from Kingsvillc.
township of Washington co., Vermont, near Onion River,   WA/ITERFALL, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. It
and on the Vermont Central Railroad, 12 miles W.N.W. of  is nearly surrounded by the river Hlamps, which here flows
Montpelier. A plank-road here intersects with the railroad, for 3 miles underground.
securing to the place the trade of the back country. The    WAITERFORD, a maritime county of Ireland, Mlunster
village contains 4 churches and 10 stores. Pop. of the town- on its S. coast, having E. Waterford Harbor, separating it
ship, 2352.                                                 from the county of Wexford, W. the county of Cork, and N
WATERBURY, a beautiful and flourishing city of New  the counties of Tipperary and Kilkenny, from  both of
Haven co., Connecticut, on the Naugatuck Railroad, and on  which it is separated by the Suir. Area 721 square miles, or
the route of the Hartford Providence and Fishkrill Railroad, 461,553 acres, of which 325,345 are arable, 23,048 in planabout 28 miles S.W. of Hartford, 21 miles N.W. by N. of New  tations, and 105,496 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851, 161,051.
HIaven, and 82 miles N.E. of New York. It is delightfully  The Knockmeledon and Cummeragh Mountains intersect
situated in the Naugatuck Valley, the site extending east- the county from W. to E., rising in some places to 2600 feet
ward from  the stream, up a graceful slope occupied with  above the sea; and most part of the surface is mountainous,
numerous tasteful residences. The dwellings generally are  though there is much undulating and fine level land along
remarkable for their neatness, and are usually adorned with  the Suir in the N. and E., the Blackwater and Bride in the
shade-trees, flower-gardens, and shrubbery. In the centre  Y., and skirting the coast, which is indented by Tramore,
is a beautiful public square. There are now 7 churches in  Dungarvon, and Youghal Harbors. This is the principal
the city, several of which are elegant structures. St. John's, dairy county of Ireland. Tillage is increasing, and agricul(Episcopal,) situated on the principal street, near the upper  ture improving on the larger properties. Bacon and butter
part of Centre square, is one of the most splendid church  are the principal exports. Lead, iron, and copper, are met
edifices in New England. It is built of granite, in the Nor- with, but few if any mines are now Wrought.  Limestone
man style, and was dedicated in 1848. A new Methodist and marble are the chief mineral products. The fisheries
Episcopal church erected in 1853, has two towers, and  are important.  Some glass wares are manufactured, and in
makes a very fine appearance. The Second Congregational 1847, 1223 persons were employed in cotton, and 135 in silk
Society also completed in the early part of 1854 is a  factories.  Waterford, Lismore, Dungarvon, Portlaw, Talsplendid brick edifice. Among the otherbuildings deserving  low, and Cappoquin, are the principal towns. The county
of notice, may be mentioned the Scovil I-House, a hotel of the  sends 2 members to the I-louse of Commons.
first class, fronting Centre square; Hotchkiss Block, an ele-   WATERFORD, a city and county, parlIiamentary borough,
gant brick row, in which are seven fine stores; and several and seaport of Ireland, capital of a county, on the right bank
of the factory buildings. There are 2 banks, the Waterbury  of the Suir, which. forms its harbor, and is lined by a fine
Bank, with a capital of over half a million,.and the City Bank, quay about 1 mile in length, and crossed by a wooden bridge
recently established, also a savings institution, and 2 build- of 39 arches, connecting it with its suburb Ferrybank, 9
ing associations. Great attention has of late been paid to  miles from the sea, 29 miles S.S.E. of Kilkenny, and 85 miles
the subject of education; and by a vote of the inhabitants,  S.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. of the city, in 1851, 25,297. It lhas
the public schools are now free. A commodious brick build- some handsome but many miserable streets; its quay and
ing has been erected for a high school, with arrangements to  harbor are the finest in Ireland.  The principal edifices are
accommodate over 200 pupils. The whole number of pupils  the Cathedral, Bishop's Palace, Deanery Itouse, several
in attendance upon the various schools of the city, is about parish churches, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, 5 other
1100. A flourishing institution, called the Young Men's  churches, and College of St. John; many dissenting chapels,
Institute, now numbers 400 members, and-is provided with  the Town-Hall, Chamber of Commerce, County and City
regular courses of lectures, and a library of 600 volumes. Prisons, and Court-IHouses; Artillery Barracks, CustomThere are also several benevolent and other societies in the  IIouse, St. Reginald's Tower on the quay, an ancient forplace. Two newspapers are published here, one of which, tress, now a police barrack; the Bluecoat Schools, several
the Waterbury American, is of 9 years' standing.            hospitals, the District Lunatic Asylum, Glynn's Poor-IHIouse,
Waterbury has long been distinguished for its varied and  and the Savings Bank. Here are several remains of ancient
extensive manufactures. The business of making gilt but-  fortifications and monasteries; also various endowed schools,
tons was commenced here as early as 1802, by Abel Porter, one with an income of 13001. a year; among the public
Daniel Clark, and others. It was not carried on to any con- establishments, are a house of industry, mendicity institusiderable extent, however, till after the war of 1812, when  tion, several orphan societies; the WYaterford Institution,
the proprietors, having procured suitable machinery from   with a library and museum; literary, scientific, agriculEngland, extended their operations-rolling brass and cop- tural, and horticultural societies. Waterford is the entreper, and making copper and brass wire, not only for their pOt for a large extent of country, the exports of which ars
own consumption but for the general market. The second  valued at 2 millions sterling annually, chiefly consisting
roiling-mill and button factory was erected in 1824. At of dairy produce, bacon, live stock, agricultural produce,
that time, the whole amount of capital employed in mann-   salmon, and cotton goods. Vessels of 800 tons can load and
factures in the town was less than $100,000. There are  unload at the quay.  In 1851 there entered 1052 sailing
now in operation 7 rolling-mills, each employing a capital vessels, tonnage 110,556; and cleared, 787 vessels, tonnage
of from  $100,000 to $300,000.  There are also about 40  80,232. The same year there entered 240 steamers, tonnage
joint-stock associations in the place, 8 of which have each  59,775; and cleared, 252, tonnage 68,818. Registered shipa capital of over $150,000, the others from $125,000 down to  ping in 1847, 204 vessels; aggregate burden, 27,386 tons.
$10.000, making in the aggregate a capital of $4,400,000.  Steamers afford the city continual communication with
The raw copper annually used in the mills for manufactur- Dublin, Liverpool,, and Bristol. Waterford has a yard for
ing riolled copper and brass, brass and copper wire, tubing, ship-building, and some manufactures of glass, starch, and
German silver, plate brass, &c., is estimated at 2300 tons, blue, with distilleries and breweries. The city sends 2
and a third of that amount of spelter. The number of per-  members to the i-louse of Commons. It gives the title of
sons employed in the factories is estimated at 3000. A vast Marquis to the head of the Beresford family, whose magniamount of metal is worked up into daguerreotype plates, ficent seat, Curraghmore, is in the vicinity, the demesne
brass butts, gilt and brass buttons, brass kettles, hooks and  comprising 4600 acres, traversed by the Clyde, and finely
eyes, pins, umbrella trimmings, rings, &c. The pin factory  wooded.
here is one of the most extensive in the country. There    WAITERFORD, a post-township in Oxford co., Maine, 54
are also manufactories of India-rubber suspenders and  miles W. by S. of Augusta. Crooked River flows through
webbing, Florentine or covered buttons, felt cloth, pocket- its N.E. border. Pop. 1448.
cutlery, porcelain ware, cotton gins, machinery, files, cast-   WATERFORD, a post-township in Caledonia co., Vermont,
ings, &c. The business prospects of Waterbury are very  hounded on the S.E. by Connecticut RIiver, and intersected
promising. Over 200 houses were erected in 1853. Pop. in  by the  Connecticut and Passumsic Rivers Railroad, 45
1830, 3071; in 1840, 3668; in 1850, 5137; in 1853, estimated  miles E.N.E. of Montpelier.  Pop. 1412.
at 7000.                                                      WATERFORD, a post-village and township in New Lon.
WAfTERDEN, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          don county, Connecticut, near the coast, and on the New
WAITERDOWN, a post-village of Canada West, co. of  Haven and New London Railroad, 44 miles E. by N. of New
HIalton, 7 miles N. of Hamilton.                           tHaveu. Pop. 2259.
WA'TEREE!, a river of South Carolina: rising in the W.    WATERFORD, a post-village and township of Saratoga
part of North Carolina, it flows first eastward and then  county, New York, is situated on the W. bank of the inudsouthward, under the name of Catawba, which it retains  son IRiver, a little above the mouth of the Mohawk, and 10
until it passes Rocky Mount, near the S.E. extremity of  miles above Albany. A bridge across the Hudson connects
Chester district, South Carolina; then flowing S.E. and  it with Lansingburg. The river is navigable by means of
S., it passes by Camden, and unites with the Congaree at lockage to this point. The Albany Northern Railroad and
the S.E. extremity of Rtichland district. The river formed  the Champlain Canal pass through it. Waterford contains -
is called the Santee. Steamboats can ascend to Camden, several churches, an academy, a bank, a newspaper offics,
more than 200 miles from the sea.                          numerous stores, several flouring-mills, and a variety of
2080




WAT                                                    WAAT
manufactures, including cotton goods, machinery, and other road, 20 miles W. of Auburn. It contains a beautiful courtarticles. Pop. of the township, 2683; of the village, about house, an academy, 1 Catholic and 5 Protestant churches,
~2000.                                                    a bank, a public hall, 1 newspaper office, about 30 stores, 9
WATERFORD, a township of Camden co., New Jersey. hotels, 3 foundries with machine shops, 6 flouring and grist
Pop. 1638.                                                mills, 1 steam cotton-mill, 2 large manufactories of shawls
WATERFORD, a flourishing post-borough and township  and woollen goods, 1 of morocco, and a dry-dock and boatof Erie county, Pennsylvania, on the Sunbury and Erie  yard. The outlet furnishes water-power, and is used as
Railroad, and on Le Bcoeuf Creek, 15 miles S.E. of Erie. It part of the Cayuga and Seneca Canal.  Incorporated in
is surrounded by a fine grazing country, and has considera- 1824. P. in 1853, about 3500; of the township in'1850, 3705.
ble trade in lumber and the products of the dairy. The   WATERLOO, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
creek furnishes water-power for several mills. A plank-   WATERLOO, a village of Franklin co., Pennsylvania, 58
road connects the town with Erie and Meadville. Pop. of miles S.W. of IHIarrisburg, has about 150 inhabitants.
the borough in 1850, 498; of the township, 1545.            WATERLOO, a post-village of Juniata co., Pennsylvania,
WATERFORD, a post-village in Juniata co., Pennsylva- 69. miles W. of Harrisburg.
nia, on Tuscarora Creek, 60 miles W. of Harrisburg.         WATERLOO, a small village of Venango co., Pennsylvania.
WATERFORD, a village of Westmoreland co., Pennsylva-     WATERLOO, a post-village of Fauquier co., Virginia, on
nia, 55 miles E. by S. of Pittsburg.                      the Rappahannock River, 63 miles W.S.W. of Washington.
WATERFORD, a thriving post-village of London co., Vir- It contains 2 stores and 1 mill.
ginia, on Kittoctan Creek, 156 miles N. of Richmond, con-   WATERLOO, a small village, Guilford co., North Carolina.
tains 2 churches and several mills. Pop. estimated at 500.    WATERLOO, a post-village in Granville co,, North CaroWATERFORD, a post-village of Marshall co., Mississippi, lina, 50 miles N. of Raleigh.
near the route ofthe Central Railroad, and 9 miles S. of    WATERLOO, a post-village in Laurens district, South
Holly Springs.                                            Carolina, 65 miles N.W. by W. of Columbia.
WATERFORD, a post-village in Gibson co. Tennessee, 121   WATERLOO, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Alabama,
miles W. by S. of Nashville.                              on the right bank of Tennessee River, 26 miles W. of FloWATERFORD, a post-office of Spencer co., Kentucky.     rence.
WATERFORD, a village of Knox co., Ohio, on a branch    WATERLOO, a post-village in Pointe Coup~e parish, Lou!of Vernon River, 12 miles N.W. of Mount Vernon. It has siana, on the W. bank of Mississippi River, 20 miles N.W. by
2 mills and 1 church.                                     W. of Baton Rouge.
WATERFORD, a post-township, forming the N.N.W. ex-   WATERLOO, a post-office ofPulaski co., Kentucky.
tremity of Washington co., Ohio, intersected by the Mus-   WATERLOO, a township in the W. part of Athens co.,
kingum River. Pop. 1690.                                 Ohio. Pop. 1016.
WATERFORD, a village of Berrien co., Michigan, on the    WATERLOO, a village of Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Ohio
Pawpaw River, 10 miles E. of Lake Michigan.               and Erie Canal, about 18 miles S.E. of Columbus.
WATERFORD, a post-township in the central part of Oak-   WATERLOO, a village of Fayette co., Ohio, on Deer Creek,
land co., Michigan. Pop. 1086                             100 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati.
WATERFORD, a thriving village of Elkhart co., Indiana,    WATERLOO, a post-office of Lawrence co., hio.
on the Elkhart River, 21 miles S. of Goshen. The water-   WATERLOO, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
power of the river is used in a flouring-mill, saw-mill, and  of Jackson co., Michigan. Pop. 1090.
carding machine.                                           WATERLOO, a post-village and township of Fayette io.,
WATERFORIq, a post-office of La Porte co., Indiana, 6 Indiana, on the W. fork of Whitewater River, 7 miles N.E.
miles S. by E. of Michigan City.                         of Connersville. Pop. 833.
WATERFORD, a post-village and township of Fulton co.,   WATERLOO, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., Illinois,
Illinois, on Spoon River, about 50 miles N.W. of Springfield. about 22 miles S. of St. Louis. It contains a court-house,
Pop. 265.                                                 and a newspaper office.
WATERFORD, a thriving post-village of Racine co., Wis-   WATERLOO, a post-village of Clark co., Missouri, about
consin, on the Pishtaka or Fox River, 25 miles S.W. of  12 miles N.W. of Alexandria, was formerly the capital of the
Milwaukee, with which it is connected by a plank-road. It county.
has valuable water-power, and contains 2 flouring-mills, 3    WATERLOO, a post-office of Black Hawk co., Iowa.
saw-mills, a woollen factory, 4 stores, and several hotels.   WATERLOO, a township in Grand co., Wisconsin.
Pop. in 1853. about 550.                                   WATERLOO, a post-village and township of Jefferson co.,
WATERF)ORD, wAltr-ford,  a post-village of Canada West, Wisconsin, 20 miles E. by N. of Madison, contains 1 church,
co. of Norfolk, 40 miles S.W. of Hamilton. Pop. about 500. 2 hotels, 4 stores, 1 manufactory of pumps, I of fanninWATERFORD, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Cum- mills, and 1 of ploughs. P. about 300; of the township, 831.
berland, at the head of Pugwash Bay, 80 miles N. of Halifax.   WATERLOO, a small village of Rock 6o., Wisconsin.
WATERFORD CENITRE, a post-office of Oakla'nd co.,   WkATERLO0O, a county of Canada West, situated in the
Michigan.                                                W. central part of the province. Area 513 square miles.
WATERFORD MILLS, post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana. It is drained by the Grand River. Pop. 26,537. Capital,
WATERFORDVILLE, a village of Camden co., New Jersey, Berlin.
about 5 miles E. of Camden, on Waterford Creek, contains a    WATERLOO, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Waterglass factory.                                           loo, 2 miles W. of Berlin.
WATERFORD WORKS, a post-office of Camden co., New    WATERLOO, a village and township of Canada East,
Jersey.                                                  district of Montreal, about 60 miles from the city of MonWA/TERGRASSN HILL, a market-town of Ireland, MIun- treal. Pop. 2500.
ster, co. and 10 miles N.E. of Cork. Pop. in 1851, 651.    WATERLOO or FORT ERIE, a thriving post-village of
WATERINGBURY, wa'ter-ing-bpr-e, a parish and formerly  Canada West, co. of Welland, situated on the Niagara River,
a market-town of Engand, co. of Kent, with a station on  and on the Buffalo Brentford and Gnderich Railroad, 3 miles
the South-Eastern Railway, 5 miles W.S.W. of Maidstone. N.W. of Buffalo. A wharf 2000 feet long, and a fine brick
It is surrounded by hop and fruit plantations, and its depot, have been constructed here for the accommodation
vicinity has been styled "the garden of Kent."           of the business on the'Railroad.
WATERINGEN, a village of Holland, province of South    WATERLOO, a village situated in the township of KingsHolland, 12 miles N.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1260.          ton, Canada West, 2 miles from-the city of Kingston. Pop.
WATERLAND, walter-lMnt', a district of the Netherlands, about 250.
province of North  Holland, between Amsterdam  and    WATERLOO, a town or township of West Australia, co.
Alkmaar, which suffered a destructive inundation in 1825.  of Wellington, on Collier River, S.E. of Australind.
WATERLAND,   a group of islets in. the Pacific Ocean,   WATERLOO MILLS, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylbetween the Solomon Archipelago and Australia.           vania.
WATERLOO, wA'ter-lool, (Dutch pron. *flter-lQ,) a vil-   WAfTERMELON, a post-office of Tatnail co., Georgia.
lage of Belgium, province of South Brabant, 9 miles S.S.E.   WA/TER-MILILOCK, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumof Brussels, famous for the victory of the allied armies, berland, 7 miles S.W. of Penrith. The scenery is very pictucommanded by the Duke of Wellington over the French  resque, and here is the cataract of Airy-Force.
commanded by Napoleon, June 18, 1815. On the field of   WAITER-O/VERTON or OR/TON, a chapelry of England,
battle, an artificial mound, 425 feet in diameter at its base, co. of Warwick, on the West Midland Railway, 7 miles N.E.
and about 150 feet high, and surmounted by a colossal Belgic of Birmingham.
lion of cast-iron, has been raised, from which the best view    WA/TERPERRY, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
of the scene of the action is obtained. On either side of the    WAT/ERPORT, a post-office of Orleans co., New York.
road to Genappe, and not far from the mound referred to, two    WAJTERPROOF, a flourishing post-village of Tensas  pa.
other monuments have been erected-one a pillar to the  aish, Louisiana, on the right or W. bank of the Mississippi
memory of Colonel Gordon, and the other an obelisk in  River, 17 miles S. of St. Joseph. It has a good landing.
honor of the Hanoverian officers of the German legion, who    WATERSA, an island of the ilebrides. See VATERsSA.
fell on the spot. Pop. 2756.                               WA/TERSIDE, a small town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of
WATERLO O/(,(w wtpr-loo/,) a post-villagenofaWterloo town- Londonderry, on the Foyle, opposite Londonderry  with
ship, and semi-capital of Seneca co., New York, is pleasantly  which it is connected by a bridge. Pop. 600.
situated on both sides of the outlet of Seneca Lake, and on    Wk/TERSTOCK, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
the Auburn and Canandaigua Branch of the Central Rail-   WATER STREET, a village of Y..~rfis to., New Jersey,
6F                                                                        2081




WAT                                                        WAT
on the Whippany River, about 45 miles N.N.E. of Tren- co., Vermont, about 40 miles N.W. by NT. of Montpelier. Tha
ton.                                                        village contains 1 church, 1 academy, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and
WATER STREET, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Penn- a number of shops. Pop. of the township, 753.
sylvania, on the Juniata River, 100 miles W.N.W. of Harris-   WATERVILLI, a thriving post-village of New Haven co.,
burg.                                                       Connecticut, on the Nangatuck River and Railroad, 28 miles
WAtTERTOWN, a post-township in MiddleSex co., Massa- N.N.W. of New Haven. It is chiefly noted for the manufacchusetts, intersected by the Fitchburg Railroad, 8 miles W. ture of pocket cutlery.
by N. of Boston. Charles River, which washes its southern    WATERVILLE, a post-village in Sangerfield township
border, affords water-power, and is navigable for vessels of  Oneida co., New York, on a branch of Oriskany Creek, 40
six feet draught. Watertown contains various manufacto- miles E.S.E. of Syracuse. It contains several churches, an
ries, a United States arsenal, and Mr. Cushing's beautiful academy, a bank, and manufactories of woollen goods, flour,
garden, comprising 60 acres. The arsenal is situated on the' machinery, and other articles.
N. bank of the river, near the village, and covers 40 acres of    WATERVILLE, a village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania,
ground. The village is very pleasant, and connected with  on Ridley Creek, about 4 miles S. by E. of Media.
the Fitchburg Railroad at West Cambridge by the Watertdwn    WATERVILLE, a post-office of Lycoming co., PennsylBranuch Railroad. Pop. in 1840, 1810; in 1850, 2837.        vania.
WATERTOWN, a post-village and township of Litchfield    WATERVILLE, a post-township in the S.W. part of
co., Connecticut, on the Naugatuck River and Railroad, 30  Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 953.
miles W.S.W. of lIartford. The manufactures of silk thread,   WATERVILLE, a post-village of Lucas co., Ohio, on the
umbrella trimmings, sewing machines, hooks and eyes, &c., left bank of the Maumee River, and on the Wabash and
are carried on to some extent. Pop. 1533.                   Erie Canal, 14 miles above Toledo.
WATERTOWN, a flourishing post-borough, capital of Jef-   WATERVILLE, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wisconferson county, New York, is situated in Watertown town- sin, 18 miles W. of Milwaukee.
ship, on the left or S. bank of*Black River, and on the Romne    WATERVLIET. w4ter-vleett, a village of Belgium, proand Watertown Railroad, about 160 miles W.N.W. of Albany, vince of East Flanders, on the frontiers of H-olland, 16 miles
and 86 miles by railroad N.N.W. of Utica. It is the southern  N. of Ghent. Pop. 1831.
terminus of the Potsdam and Watertown Railroad, 75 miles    WATERVLIET, wa'ter-vleetf, a township forming the
long, which connects with the Northern Railroad at Stock- N.E. extremity of Albany co., New York, on the W. side of
holm. It contains  stone court-house andjail, a state arse- the Hudson River, opposite Troy. It is intersected by the
nal of brick, 6 banks, with an aggregate capital of $600,000, Erie Canal, and by three railroads which terminate at Al9 or 10 churches, and several academies.  Several news-  bany or Troy. Pop., including West Troy, 12,446.
papers are published in the borough. The river, which is    WATERVLIET, a post-office of Berrien co., Michigan.
here 60 yards wide, is crossed by a bridge. There is a fall   WATERVLIET CENTRE, a post-village of Watervliet
of about 24 feet oIposite the town, and rapids for 3 or4 miles township, Albany co., New York.
below, from  which almost unlimited water-power may be    WVATFORD, a market-town and parish of England, co.
derived with facility. The manufactories of this place are  of HIerts, on the ancient Watling Street, close to a ford over
various and extensive, producing woollen and cotton goods, the Colne, (whence its name,) and with a station on the Northpaper, flour, machinery, iron-ware, farming implements, Western Railway, 15 miles N.W. of London. Pop. of the town,
leather, lumber, and other articles. Laid out in 1805. Pop. in 1851, 3800. The town has a spacious church, several
of he township in 1840, 5027; in 1850, 7201; in 1855, 7737.  chapels, free schools, almshouses, and other charities. The
WATERTOWN, a post-township in the W. part of Wash- manufactures of straw-plait and malting are important; and
ington co., Ohio. Pop. 1373.                                the town is a large mart for corn and live stock. The Grand
WATERTOWN, a township of Clinton co., Michigan. Junction. Canal runs on its W. side, and the railway here
Pop. 315.                                                   passes through a tunnel upwards of 1 mile in length.
WATERTOWN, a post-township in the N. part of Jeffer-   WATFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
son co., Wisconsin. Pop. 1850.                              In the vicinity are strong chalybeate springs. 5 miles N.N.
WATERTOWN, a city of Wisconsin, on the line between  E. of Daventry. It is intersected by the London and NorthDodge and Jefferson counties, on Rock River, and on the  Western Railway.
Fond-du-Lac and Rock River Railroad, 40 miles E. by N. of    WATII, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
Madison. It is finely situated on both sides of the river, at   WATH ON DEARNE, a parish of England, co. of York,
the Great Bend, where its course is changed from N.W. to  West Riding, on the railway, 5~ miles N. of Rotherham.
nearly due S. The rapids above the town have a fall of 24    WATKINS, New York. See JEFrERSON.
feet, from  which abundant water-power may be derived.   WATIKINSVILLE, a village of Goochland co., Virginia,
Watertown is the largest place in the county. It contains  36 miles W. of Richmond.
several churches, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, 1 bank, 2 select   WXTKINSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Clarke co.,
schools, 6 dry-good stores, about 20 other stores, and a  Georgia, 64 miles N. by W. of Milledgeville. It contains a
variety of manufactories, among which are 3 flouring-mills, court-house, 2 churches, 2 schools, and 2 stores.
4 saw-mills, I iron foundry with a machine shop, 1 -pottery,    WATKINSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., Ohio, 9
1 woollen factory, 4 manufactories of farming implements, miles from Marysville.
6 of wagons, and 5 of cabinet-ware. A plank-road extends   WAT/LING-STRE ET, a famous Roman highway extendto Milwaukee, and railroads are in progress to Milwaukee  ing across South Britain, in a direction from S.E. to N.W.
and Madison. Settled in 1836. Pop. in 1850,1451; in 1853, Commencing at Dover, it extends past Canterbury, Rochesabout 4000.                                                 ter, and Dartford, to the city of London, a street in which it
WATERVALE, a post-village of Onondaga co., New York, retains the name; thence it proceeds through the counties
about 13 miles S.E. of Syracuse.                            of Middlesex, HIerts, Bucks, Northampton, Warwick, StafWATER VALLEY, a post-office of Erie co., New York.    ford, to Chester, and W. through North Wales to Caer-Seiont,
WATER VALLEY, a post-office of Yallobusha co., Mis- in Carnarvonshire.  From Wroxeter, a branch proceeds N.
sissippi.                                                   to Manchester, Lancaster, Kendal, and Cockermouth, and
WATER VILLAGE, a post-village of Carroll co., New  thence into Scotland. It is supposed to have been named
Hampshire, 48 miles N.E. of Concord.                        in honor of Vitellius, the Via (or Strata) Vitellina, of which
WAITERVILLE, a flourishing post-village and township  the modern name is a Saxon corruption. It is in some parts
of Kennebec co., Maine, on the right bank of the Kennebec  still an important highway.
River, at the Ticonic Falls, (18 feet in height,) and at the    WATtLING'S ISLAND, one of the Bahamas, British West
northern terminus of the Androscoggin and Kennebec  Indies, 50 miles E.S.E. of San Salvador, lat. 230 56' 70 N.,
Railroad, 82 miles N.N.E. of Portland. The Kennebec and  Ion. 740 28' W., Length 18 miles.  Soil fertile; a lake occuPenobscot Railroad connect it with Bangor, and it is also  pies its centre.  It contests with San Salvador the distincthe terminus of the Kennebec and Portland Ratheilroad. The  tion of having been the first land in the New World seen
water-power afforded by the Ticonic Falls and others in the  by Columbus.
vicinity is very great, and might easily be made available    WATILINGTON, a market-town and parish of England,
to almost any extent; only a small part of it is at present co. of Oxford, between two roads from Oxford to London,
employed. There are here in operation numerous mills for and near the Roman Ikenild Street, 5 miles S. of Tetsworth.
grinding grain and plaster, sawing lumber, carding, &c. Pop. in 1851, 1884. The town has in its centre a curious
There are also various manufactories, principally Of machi- market cross.
nery, castings, and farming implements.  An important    WATLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
trade is carried on with the surrounding country and    WATIONWAN5 RIVER has its source in a small lake in
through the Kennebec River, which, by means of a dam  the S. part of Minnesota Territory, and running first N.E.
and locks at Augusta, is navigable to the foot of the falls and then easterly, empties itself into Blue Earth River,
opposite. The village contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 banks, 2  near 440 N. lat., and 940 12' WV. Ion. Length estimated at
newspaper offices, and about 30 stores. It is the seat of  80 miles.
Waterville College, a flourishing  institution, under the    WATOU, vitoot. a village of Belgium, province of Wes
direction of the Baptists. Pop. of the township in 1840, Flanders, 35 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2975.
2971; in 1850, 3965.                                         WATISON, a post-township in the E. part of Lewis co,
WATERVILLE, a township of Grafton co., New Hamp- New York. Pop. 1138.
shire, 54 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 42.                      WATSON, a township of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
WATERVILLE, a post-village and township of Lamoille  Pop. 270.
2082
L                                                                                                _______________~~~~~~~~~




WAY                                                      WAV
WATSON, a township of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. 313. small lakes, none of which exceed 4 miles in length. The
WATSON, a post-ffice of Marshall co., Mississippi.      surface is undulating; the soil is calcareous and highly proWATSON'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Moore co., North  ductive. The greater part of the county consists of prairies
"arolina.                                                 and oak openings. By the census of 1850. this county pro.
WATSON'S STATION, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.    duced 52,369 bushels of barley-the greatest quantity raised
WVATSONTOWN, a post-village of Northumberland co., in any county in the United States.  The rock which is
Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 18  found near the surface is the blue limestone, an excellent
miles above Sunbury.                                      building material. The county is traversed by the MilwtuWATSONYILLE, a post-office of Santa Cruz, co. of Cali- kee and Mississippi and the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railfornia.                                                   roads, and by numerous plank-roads. Capital, Waukesha.
WATTEN, vtAtMcN, a village of France, department of Pop. 19,258.
Nord, on the Aa, and on a railway, 6 miles N.N.W. of St.   WAIUKESIHA, formerly PRAIIRIEYILLE, a flourishing
Omer. Pop. 1106.                                          post-village and township, capital of Waukesha co., WisconWATITEN, a parish of Scotland, co. of Caithness, 9 miles sin, on the Pishtaka or Fox River, and on the Milwaukee
N.W. of Wick. In it are Toftingall and Watten Lochs, and  and Mississippi Railroad, 18 miles W. of Milwaukee, and
many Scandinavian antiquities.                            60 miles E. of Madison. Plank-roads have been laid in
WATTENHEI-IIM, itltn-hlme', a village of Bavaria, Pa- several directions from the village. These facilities for trade,
latinate, 9 miles S.S.E. of Griinstadt. Pop. 1215.        together with the water-power of the river, and the fertility
WATTENSCIIEIDT or WATTENSCHEID, lfgtften-shlte', of the adjacent land, render this a place of active business.
a town of Prussian Westphalia, 41 miles W.N.W. of Acns- It is situated at the extremity of a beautiful prairie. The
berg. Pop. 1150.                                          Court-house and Jail are built of Waukesha limestone, a
WATTENW E    IL,'v'atlttn-*ile1, a village and parish of superior article, quarried in the immediate vicinity. There
Switzerland, canton and 12 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 19-16. are 6 clhurches, an academy, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and
WATTESFIELD, wmtsffeeld, a parish of England, co. of  an institution styled Carroll College, incorporated in 1846.
Suffolk.                                                  The village contains 8 dry-goods stores, above 12 other stores,
WATTISHAMI, wmt/tis-am, a parish of England, co. of an iron foundry, a machine shop and car factory, 4 hotels,
Suffolk.                                                  a flouring-mill, a carding-mill, and 4 saddle and harness
WATTIGNIES, a village of France, department of Nord, shops. Incorporated in 1852.  Pop. in 1853, estimated at
3 miles S.W. of Lille. Pop. 2183. The French vanquished  4000; of the township in 1850, 2314.
the Austrians here in 1793.                                 WAUPACICA, a small river of Wisconsin, flows into
W.ATITON, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Wolf River in Waupacca county.
Norfolk, on the border of the open tract of Filand, 21 miles    WAUPACCA, a county in the N. central part of WisconW.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 1353. Near it is Wayland  sin, contains 720 square miles. It is drained by WaupacCa,
(or Wailing) Forest, the reputed scene of the tragic ballad  Wolf, and Embarras Rivers. The surface is uneven, and
of the "Babes in the Wood."                                partly occupied with forests. Organized in 1851, and thereWATTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, fore not included in the census of 1850. Capital, Mukwa.
5 miles S.S.W. of Great Driffield. It has spacious and im-   WAAUPACCA,  a post-township near the central part of
posing remains of an abbey and adjoining nunnery, founded  Waupacca co., Wisconsin.'
in 1148, rebuilt in the Tudor era, and still in part habitable.   WAUIPUN, a thriving post-village township, on the line
WATTON-AT-STONE. a parish of England, co. of Hertford. between Fond-du-Lac and Dodge counties, and on the FondWATTRELOS, vt't'rioo, a village of France, department du-Lac and Madison Railroad,) unfinished,) 74 miles N.E. of
of Nord, 9 miles N.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 9432. It has ex- Madison, is a place of importance, as the site of the State
tensive manufactures of cotton and oil-mills.             Prison. It haits 2 churches, 9 stores, and 2 mills. Pop. in
WATTS, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 460. 1853, about 500; of the township in 1850, 882.
WATTSiBOROUGHt, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virgi-   WAUREKAAURI, waw-re-kawtree, the largest of the Chat
nia, 97 miles S.W. of Richmond.                           ham Islands, Pacific Ocean, E. of New Zealand.
WATTSIBURG, a thriving post-borough of Erie co., Penn-   WAUtSAU.or WASISAU, formerly BIG BULL FALLS, a
sylvania, on French Creek, 18 miles S.E. of Erie. It has post-village, capital of Marathon co., Wisconsin, on the Wisseveral saw-mills and grist-mills. A plank-road connects it consin River, 175 miles N. of Madison. Large quantities
with Erie. Pop. 227.                                      of lumber are procured here annually, and sent down the
WATTS MILLS, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Penn- river by rafts. It contains 5 stores, 4 flour-mills, and 9 sawsylvania.                                                 mills. It has a migratory population, estimated at from
WATTS/V ILLE, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio.       300 to 600.
WATTWILLER, vittveel1 laiR!, a village of France, depart-   WAUSIIARIA, a county in the central part of Wisconsin,
ment of Haut-Rhin, 24 miles N.E. of Belfort. Pop. 1854.    contains about 650 square miles. It is drained by the NeeWATTWYL, 9itt/*il, a village and parish of Switzerland, nab, White, and Pine Rivers. Organized in 1852. Capital,
canton and 17 miles S.W. of St. Gall, on the Thur. Pop. of  Sacramento.
parish, 4541, employed in manufactures of muslins and calico.   WAUSHARA, a township of Waushara co., Wisconsin, on
WAU'BESEPIN/ICON or WXP'SEPIN/ECON, a village of  the Neenah River. It contains the county seat.
Scott co., Iowa, on Wapsipinicon River, 60 miles E. by N. of    WAUSHARA, a post-village of Dodge co., Wisconsin, 43
Iowa City.                                                miles N.N.E. of Madison, contains 2 churches, 3 hotels, 6
WAUCONIDA. a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.          stores, and 2 mills. Pop. 400.
WAUCOUST, w'-kooslta, a post-office of Fond-cldu-Lac co.,   WAUTIIER-BRAINE, vote-a' brAn, a village of Belgium,
Wisconsin.                                                province of Brabant, on the Haine, 12 miles S. of Brussels.
WAUIIATCHIEE, a post-village of Dade co., Georgia, 240  Pop. 1219.
miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                                WAUTOIMA, a post-township near the central part of
WAUKAUt, a post-village and township of Winnebago co., Waushara co., Wisconsin.
Wisconsin, on the outlet of Rush Lake, about 60 miles N.E.   WAU WATO/SA, a post-village and township of Milwaukee
of Madison. The village contains 3 hotels, 7 stores, and 5  co., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad,
mills. Pop. in 1853, 500.                                 5 miles W. of Milwaukee. The village contains 2 or 3
WAUH1001, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana.           churches, 2 hotels, 1 flour and 1 saw mill, and 4 stores.
WAJUKEEINAIH, a post-office of Jefferson co., Florida.  Pop. of the township 2500.
WAUKEtGAN, formerly LIT/TLEFORT, a flourishing    WAVE!LAND, a pleasant post-village of Montgomery co.,
post-viliage, capital of Lake county, Illinois, on the W. shore  Indiana, about 15 miles S.W. of Crawfordsville.  Pop.
of Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago and Milwaukee Rail- about 300.
road, 44 miles N. by W. of Chicago, and 50 miles S. of Mil-   WAY/ENDON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
waukee. The lake is about 80 miles wide opposite this place.   WAIVENEY, a river of England, rises near the source of
The principal part of the village is built on a bluff which  the Little Ouse, with which it forms nearly the whole
rises rather abruptly to the height of 50 feet, from which  boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk, flows E. and N.E.,
extensive views of water scenery maybe obtained. Between  past Diss, Harleston, Bungay, and Beccies, and joins the
the bluff and the shore there is a flat tract of ground about expansion of the Yare, 4 miles S.W. of Yarmouth, after a
400 yards wide, which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, course of 50 miles. It is navigable in the latter half of its
and warehouses. Waukegan is a place of active trade, and  course to Bungay, and by a short cut it is joined to the
is rapidly increasing in extent and business. Steamboats Lothing, 2 miles W. of Lowestoft.
make frequent and regular passages from this town to Chi-   WAIVERLEY, a chapelmy of England, co. of Surrey, parish
cago, and other ports on the lake. The number of steamboat of Farnham, with the remains of a famous Cistercian abbey,
arrivals in 1850 was 1095. Thie exports in 1851 were valued  founded in 1128.
at $283,107, and the imports at $69,081; total, $352,158. It   WAtVERLY, a thriving post-village of Tioga co., New
contained in that year 6 churches, 1 academy, 2 book store~, York, on the Chemung River, and on the New York and'
27 dry-goods stores, 2 newspaper offices, 2 steam flouring-  Erie Railroad, 17 miles E.S.E. of Elmira. It is an important
mills, and one bank. Pop. in 1850, 2949; in 1853 about 4500. railroad station, with several hotels and stores. The route
WAUKESIHA, wAkelh-shA', a county in the S.E. part of of the North Pennsylvania Railroad terminates here.
Wisconsin, contains 576 square miles. It is drained by the    WAVERLY, a small village of Bradford co., Pennsylvania.
Pishtaka or Fox River, and by the Bark River, both of which    WAVERLY, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania.
rise within its borders; and it is interspersed with numerous  See ABINGTON CENTRE.
2083




WAV                                                       WAY
WAVERLY, a small village of Troup co., Georgia.            WAYLAND'S SPRINGS, a thriving village of Lawrence
WVAVEIRLY, a post-office of Chambers co., Alabama.       co., Tennessee, 95 miles S.S.W. of Nashville. The medicinal
WAVERLY, a post-office of Lowndes co., Mississippi.      springs at this place have lately attracted public attentilon.
WVAVERLY, a post-village, capital of Humphreys co.,   WAY/MANSVILLE, a village of Upson co., Georgia, 68
Tennessee, 66 miles W. of Nashville. It has several stores, miles W. by S. of Milledgeville. It has 2 cotton factories,
and about 300 inhabitants.                                 which employ above 100 operatives.
WAVERLY, a thriving post-village of Peepee township,   WAY/MART, a post-borough of Wayne co., Pennsylvania,
Pike co., Ohio, on the Ohio Canal, and on the W. bank of  on the turnpike from Easton to Belmont, 9 or 10 miles W
the Scioto River, 61 miles S. of Columbus. P. in 1850, 643.  by N. of Ihonesdale. Incorporated in 1851. Pop. 300.
VWAVERLY, a post-township in the N.E. central part of   WAYNE, wtn, a county in the N.W. central part of New
Van Buren co., Michigan, intersected by the N. branch of  York, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded
Pawpaw River. Pop. 186.                                    on the N. by Lake Ontario, and is drained by Clyde River,
WAVERLY, a village of Morgan co, Indiana, on the West with its two principal branches, Canandaigua Outlet and
Pork of White River, 18 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis.      Mud Creek,. and by several smaller streams, which afford
WAVERLY, a post-village of Morgan so., Illinois, about valuable water-power. The surface is undulating, and the
30 miles S.W. of Springfield.                              soil very fertile. Iron ore, water limestone, and gypsum are
WAVERLY, a thriving village of Lafayette co., Missouri, found; also. sulphur and weak salt springs. It has a lake
on the right bank of the Missouri River, 23 miles below  coast of about 35 miles, and comprises Sodus, East, and Port
Lexington. Laid out in 18-43. Pop. in 1853, about 500.    Bays, which afford facilities for the lake trade. It is interWAVERLY, a post-office of Bremer co., Iowa.              sected by the Erie Canal, and by the Rochester and Syracuse
WAVERLY HALL, a post-office of Harris  co., Georgia, Direct Railroad, and the Sodus Point and Southern Railroad.
about 10 miles S.E. of IIamilton.                         Organized in 1823, having been formed out of portions of
WAVERLY STATION, a post-office, La Salle co., Illinois.  Ontario and Seneca counties, and named in honor of General
WAIVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.         Anthony Wayne. Capital, Lyons. Pop. 44.953.
WAVERTON, a township of England, co. of Cumberland..WAYNE, a county forming the N.E. extremity of PennWAIVERTREE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.  sylvania, bordering on New York, has an area of 700 square
WAVRE, viv'r, a town of Belgium, province of South  miles. The Delaware River forms its boundary on the E.
Brabant, on the Dyle, 15 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 5241, and N.E. It is also drained by Lackawaxen, Dyberry,
who manufacture hats, leather, beer, and cotton yarn. Here  Starucca, and Equinunk Creeks. The surface is elevated
the. French, under Grouchy, engaged the Prussians, June and hilly, having a high ridge, named Moosic Mountain,
18, 1815.                                                 near the W. border. Lumber is the chief article of export,
WAVRE-NOTRE-DAMIE, vgv'r not's dam, a village of Bel- a large part of the county being covered with forests. The
glum, province and 13 miles S.S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2172. surface rocks are sandstone and red shale.  The New York
WAVRE-SAINT-CATIIERINE, vav'r sANae kteh-reent, a  and Erie Railroad passes along the E. border. The canal
village of Belgium, province and 12 miles S.S.E. of Antwerp. and railroad of the Delaware and IHudson Canal Company
Pop. 3174.                                                traverse the county. Organized in 1798. Capital, IHionesWAVRIN, vAv'rAN0l, a village of France, department of  dale. Pop. 21,890.
Nord, 9 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. in 1852, 2818.            WAYNE, a county in the W. part of Virginia, has an area
WAIWARSING, a post-township in the S.W. part of Ulster  estimated at 500 square miles. The Ohio River forms its
co., New York, intersected by Rondout Creek, and by the  boundary on the N., separating it from Ohio, and the Sandy
Delaware and Hudson Canal. Pop. 6459.                     River separates it from Kentucky on the W.; it is also
WAWBINCK (waw/bink) RIVER, Wisconsin, rises near drained by Twelvepole Creek. The surface is broken by
the centre of Waupacea county, and flowing S.E. enters  numerous hills or ridges, and mostly covered with forests.
Wolf River.                                               The soil is productive. The highlands abound in stone-coal
WA'WEWAN/TET RIVER, a small stream of Plymouth  Ginseng is one of the articles of export. Formed in 1842, out
co., in the E. part of Massachusetts, flows into Buttermilk  of part of Cabell county. Capital, Wayne Court House.
Bay.                                                      Pop. 4760; of whom 4571 were free, and 189 slaves.
WAWKOW, a post-office of Allamakee co., Iowa.             WVAYNE, a county in the E. central part of North CaroWAW V-PE-CONG, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana.     lina: area estimated at 450 square miles. It is traversed by
WAWRZENCZYCE, f~vv'zhtn-cheetfseh, a market-town of the Neuse River, navigable for steamboats, and bounded on
Poland, province of Kielce, 18 miles E.N.E. of Cracow. the N.N.E. by the Contentny Creek. The surface is nearly
Pop. 2000.                                                level; the soil is generally sandy, and fertile near the river.
WAXAIIACHIIE, a creek of Texas, flows S.E. through the  It is intersected by the Weldon and Wilmington Railroad,
middle of Ellis co., and unites with Pecan Creek, in Navarro  and the North Carolina Central Railroad. Capital, Goldscounty.                                                   borough. Pop. 13,486; of whom 8466 were free, and 5020
WAXAHACHIE, a thriving post-village,' capital of Ellis  slaves.
so., Texas, about 20 miles W. of Trinity River, and 190SO  miles    WAYNE, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, has an area
N. by E. of Austin City. It contained, in 1851, a church, a  of 750 square miles.  It is bounded on the N.E. by the
flourishing school, a Masonic hall, and.2 dry-goods stores. Altamaha, navigable by steamboats, and intersected in the
Laid out in 1850.                                         southern part by Santilla River. The surface is nearly level,
WAXIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           and mostly covered with pine woods. The soil is sandy and
WAXIHTAW  CREEKI rises in North Carolina, and flows generally sterile. Capital, Waynesville. Pop. 1499; of whom
S.W. through Lancaster district of South Carolina, into  1093 were free, and 406 slaves.
Catawba River.                                              WAYNE, i county in the E.S.E. part of Mississippi,
WAXHAW or WAXISAW, a settlement in the S.W. part bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 870 square
df Union co., North Carolina, on a creek of its own name. miles. It is intersected by the Chickasawhay River. The
It is the oldest and most wealthy settlement in the county, surface is uneven; the soil is sandy, and is said to be rather
and is noted as the birth-place of General Andrew Jackson, inferior. The county contains forests of pine. It is interwho is said to have been born one-quarter of a mile from  sected by the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Capital, Winthe boundary between North and South Carolina.            chester. Pop. 2892; of whom 1499 were free, and 1393 slaves.
WAXHAW, post-office, Lancaster district, South Carolina.   WAYNE, a county in the S.S.W. part of Tennessee, borderWAXHOLM, Qix/holm, (improperly written VAXIIOLM,) ing on Alabama: area estimated at 750 square miles. The
a strongly fortified town of Sweden, ln and 15 miles E. of  Tennessee River washes the N.W. border; it is also drained
Stockholm, on the island of Waxb, (vlxSt,) in the Gulf of  by Cypress iand Reinses Creeks. The surface is hilly, and
Bothain. Pop. 1000..                                     the soil productive. The surplus produce of the county is
WAXfWAY, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the  exported by steamboats on the.Tennessee  River. The NashE. coast of Celebes; lat. 30 331 S., ion. 1230 17' B.     ville and South-Western Railroad is projected through the
VWAY, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana.             county. Iron ore is found. Capital, Waynesborough. Pop.
WAYIBOURNE, a parish bf England, co. of Norfolk.         8170; of whom 7240 were free, and 930 slaves.
WAY/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.           WAYNE, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, bordering
WAYGEOU  or WVAYGIOU. See WAV E0oo.                     on Tennessee: area estimated at 700 square miles. It is
WAY/LAND, a post-village and township in Middlesex co., drained by Beaver and Otter Creeks, and South Fork, affiuMassachusetts, 16 miles W. by N. of Boston. Cochituate  ents of Cumberland  River, which forms its northern
Lake, from which Boston is supplied with water, lies partly  boundary. The surface is diversified with hills and valleys;
on its southern boundary. Pop. 1115.                      the latter of which have a fertile soil, based on limestone.
WAYLAND, a township in Steuben co., New York, in- Extensive beds of coal and iron ore are found. The Cumtersected by the Buffalo and Corning Railroad. Pop. 2067.  berland River is navigable for about 8 months in the year,
WAYLAND, a post-office of Allegan co., Michigan.        and the county is liberally supplied with water-power
WVAYLAND, a post-office of Schuyler co., Illinois.      Organized in 1800.  Capital, Monticello. Pop. 8692; of
WAYLAND CENTRE, a post-office, Allegan co., Michigan. whom 7862 were free, and 830 slaves.
WAYLAND DEPOT, a post-village of Steuben co., New    WVAYNE, a county in the N.E. central part of Ohio, has
York.                                                     an area of 550 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S.
WAYILANDSBURG, a post-village of Culpepper co., Vir- by Killbuck Creek, and the Muddy PFork of the Walhonding
ginia, on Crooked Creek, 102 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. It River, and also drained by Chippewa River and Sugar Creek.
contains 2 mills.                                         The surface is generally rolling. The soil is a deep clayey
2084




WAY                                                     WAY
loam, remarkably  fertile, and under good cultivation.   WAYNE, a township of Clinton co., Ohio. Pop. 1435.
Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, wool, butter, and live stock    WAYNE, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop. 977.
are the staples. By the census of 1850 this county yield-   WAYNE, a township of Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 1162.
ed more oats than any other county in the state, and    WAYNE, a township of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop. 1243.
more wheat and butter than any other county excepting    WAYNE, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio, intersected
Stark. There were produced in that year 571,377 bushels of by the Steubensville and Indiana Railroad. Pop. 1801.
wheat; 427,319 of oats; and 1,027,923 pounds of butter.   WAYNE, a township of Knox co., Ohio. Pop. 1152.
Large mines of stone-coal have been operied in the eastern,   WAYNE, a township of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1177
and quarries of limestone in the; southern part of the    WAYNE, a township of Montgomery co., Ohio, intersected
county. It is intersected by the Pennsylvania and Ohio, by the Miami Canal. Pop. 1090.
the Cleveland and Zanesville, and the Cleveland Medina   WAYNE, a township of'Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop. 1440.
and Tuscarawas Railroads. Capital, Wooster. Pop. 32,981.   WAYNE, a township of Pickaway co., Ohio, on the W.
WAYNE, a county in the S.E. part of Michigan, bordering  side of the Scioto River, intersected by the Ohio Canal.
on Lakes Erie and St. Clair, and on Detroit River, which  Pop. 644.
separates it fronm Canada West: area about 600 square    WAYNE, a township of Scioto co., Ohio. Pop. 219.
miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by HIuron River, and    WAYNE, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected
also drained by Rouge River, and its North, Middle, and  by the Cleveland Medina and Tuscarawas Railroad. P. 2342.
South Branches, and by Campbell's and Brownstown Creeks.   WAYNE, a township of Warren co., Ohio, intersected by
The general surface islevel, exceptingthe westernpart, which  the Little Miami Railroad.  It contains the villages of
is rather undulating. The soil contains a large proportion  Waynesville and Corwin. Pop. 4081.
of clay, and is very productive. Nearly all the surface was   WAYNE, a township of Wayne co., Ohio, bBrdering on
originally covered with dense forests.  Limestone of fine  the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 2079.
quality is procured in the S.E. part, near Detroit River;   WAYNE, a township of Cass co., Michigan, intersected
sulphur springs are also found in the same vicinity. The by the Michigan Central Railroad. Pop. 682.
Rouge River and its branches furnish motive power for   WAYNE, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan.
mills: The county is intersected by the Central Railroad,   WAYNE, a township of Allen co., Indiana, intersected
by the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad, and by several plank- by several railroads. It contains'ort Wayne, the county
roads. Wayne county is the most populous and important seat. Pop. 5282.
in the state. Capital, Detroit. Pop. 42,756.              WAYNE, a township, Bartholomew co., Indiana. P. 789.
WAYNE, a county in the E. part of Indiana, bordering    WAYNE, a township of Fulton co., Indiana. Pop. 590,
on Ohio, contains 400 square miles. It is drained by the    WAYNE, a township of Hamilton co., Indiana. Pop. 955.
several forks of Whitewater River. The surface is agreeably    WAYNE, a township of Henry co., Indiana. Pop. 2075.
diversified by gentle undulations. The soil is mostly a rich    WAYNE, a township of Jay co., Indiana. Pop. 513.
loam based on clay and limestone, and is so highly culti-   WAYNE, a township of Kosciusko co., Indiana. Pop. 734.
vated that this is regarded the model county of the state.   WAYNE, a township of Marion co., Indiana. Pop. 2323.
Blue limestone underlies the surface. The county is abun-   WAYNE, a township, Montgomery co., Indiana. P. 1249.
dantly supplied with water-power, which is extensively    WAYNE, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 624.
used in manufactures.  The Whitewater Canal extends   WAYNE, a township of Owen co., Indiana. Pop. 1138.
from this county to the Ohio River. The other public im-.   WAYNE, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. P. 1136.
provemonts are the Indiana Central, the Richmond and    WAYNE, a township of Wayne co., Indiana, intersected
Newcastle, and the Hamilton Eaton and Richmond Rail- by the Central Railroad and others. It contains the village
roads, and the National Road. Wayne county is the most of Rtichmond. Pop. 4959.
populous and wealthy in the state. Capital, Richmond.   WAYNE CENTRE, a post-office of Dupage co., Illinois.
Pop. 25,320.                                              WAYNE, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois. Pop. 444.
WAYNE, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, has an    WAYNE, a township of Buchanan co., Missouri. Pop. 336.
area of 670 square miles. It is intersected in the E. part   WAYNE, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa.
by the Little Wabash River, in the S.W. part by the Skillett   WAYNE, township of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. Pop. 336.
Fork of that river, and also drained by Elm Creek. The   WAYNE, a township, Washington Co., Wisconsin. P. 714.
county is extensively covered with forests, and contains   WAYNE, a post-office of Dupage co., Illinois.
prairies of moderate size. The soil is productive. Capital,   WAYNE CITY, a village of Jackson co., Missouri, on the
Fairfield. Pop. 6825.                                   right bank of the Missouri River. It is the landing-place
WAYNE, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, has an  for Independence, from which it is 4 or 5 miles distant.
area of 750 square miles. It is traversed by the St. Francis,   WAYNE COURT HOUSE, capital of Wayne Co., Virginia,
Big Black, and Castor Rivers, all of which flow south-east- 275 miles in a direct line W. of Richmond. Laid out in 1842.
ward, and also drained by Beaver, Brushy, and Big- Creeks.   WAYNE FOUR CORNERS, a post-office of Steuben co.,
The soil in some parts is fertile. Capital, Greenville. Pop. New York.
4518; of whom 4158 were free, and 360 slaves.             WAYNESBOROUGH, winztbir-rtih, a pleasant post-boWAYNE, a county in the S. part of Iowa, bordering on  rough of Washington township, Franklin co., Pennsylvania,
Missouri, has an area of 500 square miles. It is drained by  on the turnpike leading from Mercersburg to Baltimore, 57'
the S. fork of Chariton River, and by the sources of Medi- miles S.W. of Harrisburg. It is one of the principal towns
cine and Locust Creeks, which flow southward. This county  of the county, containing a number of fine churches, and a
is said to be fertile and well watered, but deficient in tim- newspaper office. The houses are chiefly built of stone.
her. The S. fork of the Chariton affords motive power for The surrounding country is of limestone formation, fertile
mills. Organized about the year 1850. Capital, Springfield. and highly cultivated. Pop. in 1850,1019.
Pop. 340.                                                 WAYNESBOROUGH, a post-village of Augusta co., VirWAYNE, a post-township of Kennebec co., Maine, 12 miles ginia, on or near the Central Railroad, and on the South
W. of Augusta. Pop. 1367.                               River, at the W. base of the Blue Ridge, 108 miles W.N.W.
WAYNE, a post-village and township of Steuben co., New  of Richmond. The village contains 2 or 3 churches, and an
York, 12 miles N.E. of Bath.  The township borders on  academy. Pop. estimated at 600.
Crooked Lake. Pop. 1347.                                  WAYNESBOROUGIT, a village of Wayne co., North
WAYNE, a township of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. Carolina, on the left bank of the Neuse River, below the
Pop. 1348.                                              mouth of Little River, and on the North Carolina Railroad,
WAYNE, a township, Clinton co., Pennsylvania. P. 396. 51 miles S.E. of Raleigh, and about 1 mile W. of the Weldon
WAYNE, a township of Crawford co.. Pennsylvania, inter- and Wilmington Railroad. It was formerly the county seat.
sected by the Pennsylvania Canal. Pop. 882.             Two or three newspapers are issued here.
WAYNE, a post-township of Erie co., Pennsylvania, about   WAYNESBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of Burke
27 miles S.E. by S. of Erie. Pop. 1122.                 county, Georgia, 30 miles S. of Augusta. It contains, beWvAYNE, a township, Greene co., Pennsylvania. P. 1258. sides the county buildings, 2 churches, an academy, and
WVAYNE, a township of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania, several stores. A railroad extends from this village to the
intersected by the Beaver and Erie Canal, 14 miles N. of Central Railroad at Millen, and in the opposite direction to
Beaver. Pop. 756.                                       Augusta.
WAYNE, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, inter-   WAYNESBOROUGIH, a post-village, capital of Wayne
sected by the Pennsylvania Railroad, about 19 miles S.W. county, Tennessee, 90 miles S.W. of Nashville, is situated
of Lewistown. Pop. 1201.                                in a hilly and fertile country, and has several stores.
WAYNE, a township of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania.   WAYNESBURG, waiuzlhbfrg, a village of Chester co.,
Pop. 1968.                                              Pennsylvania, 48 miles W. by' N. of Philadelphia, with
WAYNE, a post-office of Phillips co., Arkansas.       which it ig connected by a turnpike.
WAYNE, a township of Adams co., Ohio. Pop. 1682.        WAYNESBURG, a thriving town of Franklin township.
WAYNE, a township 6f Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 899.   and capital of Greene county. Pennsylvania, 45 miles S. by
WAYNE, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop. 671.    W. of Pittsburg. It is situated in a pleasant valley, which
tWAYNE, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1918.    has a fertile soil. It contains a handsome court-house, 5 or
WAYNE, a township of Butler co., Ohio. Pop. 1502.     6 churches, 1 seminary, I bank, and a college under the
WAYNE, a township of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop. 1429. direction of the Cumberland Presbyterians.  Two newsWAYNE, a township of Clermont co., Ohio, intersected by  papers are published here. Pop. in 1850, 852; in 1853,
the Itillsborough and Cincinnati Railroad.  Pop. 1394.  about 1200.
20a5




WAY                                                        WEB
WVEB
WAYNESBURG, a small village, Mifflin co., Pennsylvania.   WEARMOUTIT, MONK, a parish of England, co. of Dur
WVAYNESBURG, a post-village of Lincoln co., Kentucky, ham, comprised in the borough of Snnderland. The monas64 miles S. of Frankfort, has 3 stores.                    tery formerly here, and from which the parish derives its
WAYNESBURG, a post-village of Sandy township, Stark  name, was long the residence of the venerable Bede.
co., Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 12 miles S.E. of    WEASEL, weelzel, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, on
Canton. It is surrounded by a rich country, from which  the right bank of the Passaic River, 60 miles N.E. of Trenton,
large quantities of wheat are exported. Pop. estimated  contains about 40 dwellings.
at 800.                                                      WEASENTIAM  (wee/zgn-am) ALL-SAINTS, a parish of
WAYNESBURG, a thriving village in Congress township, England, co. of Norfolk.
Wayne co.. Ohio, 18 miles N.W. of Wooster.                   WEASENIIAM  ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of
WAYNESBURG, a village of Decatur co., Indiana, 14 miles  Norfolk.
S.W. of Greenfield.                                          WEATIT/ERLY, a post-office of Carbon co., Pennsylvania.
WAYNESFIELD, wainzffeeld, a post-village of Auglaize    WEATII/ERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
so., Ohio.                                                   WEATHIERSPIELD, a post-township in Windsor co., VerWAYNESFIELD, a township of Lucas co., Ohio, inter- mont, 65 miles S. by E. of Montpelier, on Connecticut River,
sected by the Wabash and Erie Canal. It contains Maumee  intersected by the Black River, which affords water-power.
City, the county seat. Pop. 2371.                          It contains the manufacturing village of Perkinsville and 2
WAYNESVILLE,,wainz/vil, a post-village, capital of Hay- or 3 others. Ascutney Mountain is situated on its northern
wood county, North Carolina, on the Western Turnpike, 285  boundary. Pop. 1851.
miles of Raleigh. It is situated between the Blue Ridge    WEATIIERSFIELD, a township in Trumbull co., Ohio,
and Iron Mountain, in an elevated and hilly region.        intersected by the Mahoning  River. Pop. 1717.
WAYNESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Wayne county,   WEATHERSFIELD, a thriving village of Henry so., IlliGeorgia, 176 miles S.E. of Milledgeville. It has a church, nous, 55 miles N.N.W. of Peoria.
academy, and 1 store.                                        WEATHERSFIELD CENTRE, a post-office of Windsor co.,
WAYNESVILLE, a thriving post-village of Wayne town- Vermont.
ship, Warren co., Ohio, on the Little Miami River, and near   WEAUBLEU, w6-bloof, a post-office, St. Clair co., Missouri.
the railroad of that name, 37 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati.    WEAIVER orW EEIVER, a river of England, so. of Chester,
It is a place of active trade, and has a newspaper office, a joins the estuary of the Mersey at Winton, after a course
woollen factory, and several mills in operation. Laid out of 45 miles, for 20 of which it has been made navigable. Priuin 1802. Pop. in 1850, 756.                               cipal affluents. the Dane and Peover.
WAYNESYILLE, a post-village of De Witt co., Illinois,    WEAtVERIAM, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
near the Chicago and Mississippi Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of   WEAIVERSVILLE, a post-village of Northampton co.,
Clinton. It has 8 or 10 stores, and about 450 inhabitants.   Pennsylvania, 100 miles E.N.E. of Iarrisburg.
WAYNESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Pulaski county,   WEAVERSVILLE, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia,
Missouri, on a fork of the Gasconade River, 80 miles S. of  114 miles N. by W. of tichmond.
Jefferson City. It has an active trade in pine lumber.       WEAIVERTHIORPE, a parish of England, co. of York, East
WAYNETOWN, wainlttwn, a post-village of Montgomery  Riding.
co., Indiana, 10 miles W.N.W. of Crawfordsville.            WEAIVERVILLE or WEAVERSVILLE, a post-town of
WAYN/IANVILLE, a post-office of Upson co., Georgia.   Trinity co., California, near one of the branches of Trinity
WAY, PosLO, poo'lo wA, an island in the Gulf of Siam, River. Pop. in 1853, about 2500. The votes polled Septenalat. 90 58' N., ion. 1020 48' E.                           ber 7th of that year amounted to 545.
WAYIPORT, a village of MIonroe co., Indiana, 8 miles N.   WEBB, a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on the
of Bloomington.                                            Rio del Norte River, which separates it from Mexico, has an
WAZCIORZ, a town of Prussian Silesia. See IIERaNsTADT. area of about 3135 square miles. The Nueces River forms
WAZEERABAD, a town of the Punjab. See VAZEERABAD. its boundary on the N. The land is adapted to cotton,
WAZEMMES, v/zimml, a town of France, department sugar-cane, and corn, but its cultivation is hindered by freof Nord, and an important suburb of the city of Lille, on  quent inroads of the Indians. The chief business of the
the S.W. Pop. in 1852,13,086.                             inhabitants is the raising of horses and cattle. This county
WEA, weo, or WEATON, weelton, a village of Tippecanoe  is not included in the census of 1850. Named in honor of
co., Indiana, near the Wabash River, on the Wabash and  Judge James Webb, formerly of Florida. Capital, Laredo.
Erie Canal, 70 miles N.W. of Indianapolis.                  WEBBER'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Travis co., Texas, 18
WEA CREEK, of Indiana, enters the Wabash River from  miles E. by S. of Austin.
the S., 4 miles below Lafayette.                            WEBB'S FORD, a post-office of Rutherford co., North
WEAKILEY, a county in the N.N.W. part of Tennessee, Carolina.
bordering on Kentucky.  Area estimated at 000 square    WEBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.
miles. It is intersected by several forks of Obion River.   WEBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Chemung co., New York.
The surface is nearly level; the soil is fertile. The Nash-   WEBB'S MILLS, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.
ville and Mississippi Railroad will pass through the county,   WVEBB'S PRAIRIE, a post-office of Franklin co., Illinois.
and the Mobile and Ohio Railroad near the western border.   WEBBSIVILLE, a small village of Newton co., Georgia.
Capital, Dresden. Pop. 14,608; of whom 11,538 were free,   WEIBER, a county in the N.W. part of Utah Territory,
and 3170 slaves.                                           has an area estimated at about 12,000 square miles. It is
WEALD, weeld, a chapelry of England, co. of Kent.        bounded on the N. by Oregon, and on the W. by California,
WEALD, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         and is drained by Bear River, and other smaller streams.
WEALD, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         A large portion of the Great Salt Lake lies within its borWEALD, THE, of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey, comprises the  ders. Capital not yet established. Pop. 1186.
area formerly occupied by the Saxon Andredswald, (or An-   WEBER RIVER rises in Salt Lake co., Utah. and flowing
deride Sylvaunder of the Romans,) long a dense forest, be- first N.W. and then S.W., falls into the Great Salt Lake. It
tween the North and South Downs, from near Farnham  forms part of the boundary between Davis and Weber
and Petersfield, (IHants,) eastward to the sea at IIythe, Rye, counties.
and Eastbourne. It is still in a great part richly wooded    WEB/STER, a new county of Iowa, comprising the lets
with oak and beech, and is a highly fertile agricultural re- counties of Risley and Yell. It lies a little N. and W. of the
gion, interspersed only with a few small towns, the principal central part of the state, and is 48 miles long and 24 wide,
of which are Ilorsham, EastGrinstead, Cuckfield, Cranbrook, with an area of 1150 square miles. It is drained by the
and Tunbridge-Wells.                                      Des Moines River, and the Ligard and Boone branches of the
WEAR, weer, a river of England, co. of Durham, the  same stream. The centre of the county is about 145 miles
centre of which it traverses, rises at the W. extremity of  N.W. of Iowa City. The population is unknown, the county
the county; flows E.S.E., past Stanhope and Wolsingham  having been formed since the census of 1850.
to Bishop-Auckland, and thence mostly N.E. past Durham    WEBSTER, a post-township of Androscoggin co., Maine,
and Chester-le-Street to Sunderland, where it is crossed by  20 miles S.W. of Augusta. Pop. 1110.
a magnificent one-arched iron bridge: and enters the North    WEBSTER. a post-township in Worcester co., MassachuSea at Wearmouth, after a course of 67 miles.             setts, intersected by the Norwich and Worcester Railroad,
WEARIDALE-ST.-JOIIN, a market-town and chapelry of  55 miles W.S.W. of Boston.  The principal villages are
England, co. of Durham, parish and 6~ miles W. of Stanhope. Webster and North Webster, both on the railroad. The
Pop. chiefly employed in lead-mines, and included in the  streams afford excellent water-power, which is largely emparish.                                                   ployed in manufactures. Pop. of the township in 1840,
WEARE, wair, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      1043; in 1850, 2371.
WEARE, wair, a post-township in IHillsborough co., New    WEBSTER, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity
HIampshire, 14 miles S.W. of Concord, intersected by the  of Monroe co., New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2446.
Merrimack and Connecticut River Railroad. It contains the    WEBSTER, a post-village of Westmoreland  co., Pennsylvillages of East Ware and North Ware, both on the railroad, vania, on the Monongahela River, 20 miles S.W. of Greens.,fnd various manufactories. Pop. 2435.                    burg.
WEARE'S COVE, a post-office of Sevier co., Tennessee.     WEBSTER, a post-village of Jackson co., North Carolina,
WEAR-GIFFORD, England. See WARE-GIFFrroaD.              on a small branch of the Tennessee River.
WEARMOUTII,   (weerlmth,) BISHOP, a parish of Eng-   WEBSTEIR, a post-office of Winston co., Mississippi.
land, co. of Durham, included in the borough of Sunderland.   WEBSTER, a post-office of Breckenridge co., Kentucky.
2086




WEB                                                        WEI
WEBSTER, a small post-village of Darke co., Ohio.         WVEERDT, NEDER, nhlder 9vaiat, a village of Dutch
WEBSTER, a township in Wood co., Ohio. Pop. 237.         Limburg, 3 miles N.E. of the above.
WEBSTER, a post-township in the N. part of Washtenaw    WEERE, wAfreh, a town of the Netherlands, province of
co., Michigan, partly intersected by the HIuron River. P. 924. Zealand, on the N.E. coast of the island Walcheren. P. 1500.
WEBSTER, a village of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on Tippe-   WEERSELO, waie'seh-lof, a town of the Netherlands, procanoe River, about 120 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis.     vince of Overyssel, 7 miles E. of Almelo. Pop. 5135.
WEBSTER, a post-office of Wayne co., Indiana.              WEESP, waisp, a town of North Holland, 8 miles S.E. of
WEBSTER, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois.         Amsterdam. Pop. 2945.
WEBSTER, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri.            WEEISAW, a post-office of Berrien co., Michigan.
WEBSTER, a village of Washington co., Missouri, about   WEETHILEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
75 miles S.W. of St. Louis.                                  WEE/T1NG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
WVEBSTER, a small town of Sacramento co., California, on   VWEEITON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
the right bank of the Sacramento River, about 20 miles   WEEVER, a river of England. See WEnAvER.
below Sacramento City.                                       WEEWAKATIKEE CREEK, Alabama, flows south-westWEBSTER, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.            ward through Coosa county into Coosa River.
WEBSTER'S MILLS, a small post-village of Fulton c.,   WEEWA'KAVILLE, a post-village in Talladega co., AlaPennsylvania.                                              bama, 107 miles E. of Tuscaloosa.
WECIISELBURG, *8Ktsel-b55no', a town of Saxony, at   WEEZE, A/zeh, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, on
the confluence of the Zwickau with the Mulde, 13 miles the Neers, 10 miles N.N.W. of Gelders. Pop. 860.
N.N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1192.                               WEFERLINGEN, w,&fer-ling'en, a village of Prussian
WECHT. See  ECHTc.                                       Saxony, 28 miles W.N.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1935.
WECKELSDORF,  Iktk9els-dotf\,  (O0en, o'ber, and TUNTE,   WEGATCHIIE, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., New York.
i5nlter,) two nearly contiguous villages of Bohemia, circle of    WEGELEBEN, 9fvgheh-hlben, a walled town of Prussian
Kiiniggritz, on the Mettan. Pop. 1804.                     Saxony, 27 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop.
WECKERSDORF, WvSkikers-donfx, or SKRINICE, skre- 2470. It has manufactures of woollens.
neetlseh, a village of Bohemia, circle of KSniggrdtz, 4 miles   WEGGIS, ygfgOhis, a village of Switzerland, canton and
from Braunan. Pop. 1435.                                   on the Lake of Lucerne, at the foot of the Righi Mountain,
WEDDINGEN, VvWd/ding-en. three contiguous villages of  which is generally ascended from hence.
Prussian Saxony, 10 miles SS.W. of Magdeburg. United    WEGROW, wA-grovl, a town of Poland, province and 19
population 3080, mostly employed in glass-works, charcoal- miles N.W. of Siedlce. Pop. 3380. It has two monasteries,
burning, and stone-quarries.                               and an ecclesiastical seminary.
WEDIDINOTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.          WEGSCHEIID, WaiGshite, a market-town of Lower Bavaria,
WEDEL, WA/d1l, a village of Denmark, duchy of IHolstein, on the AustriaD: frontier, 15 miles E.N.E. of Passan.  P. 980.
on the Elbe, 12 miles W.N.W. of Hamburg. Pop. 1800.          WEGSTADT, WaiGfstAtt, or WEGSTADTEL, (Wegstgdtel,)
WEDIGE ISLANDS, South Australia, Spencer's Gulf. See  vgklstftt'el, a town of Bohemia, on the right bank of the
GAMrBIEn IsLAnDS.                                          Elbe, 27 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 1042.
WEDIMORE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.            WEHADIKEE, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
WEDNESBURY, w'nzlber-e, or WODENSBURY, (vul-   WEItDEN, WAlden, a village of Prussia, province of Westgarly called Wedgebury,) a market-town and parish of Eng- phalia, government and 21 miles N.N.W. of Minden. P. 1410.
land, co. of Stafford, near the source of the Tafne, on the    WEHE, *Yel5h, a village of Prussia, province of WestBirmingham  and Walsall Canal, and on the North-West phalia, government of Minden. Pop. 2057.
Railway, 7-n miles N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. of town in    WEILINGEN, WVAling-9n, a village of W-irtemberg, circle
1851, 11,914, employed in coal and iron mines, iron-rolling  of Schwarzwald, S.S.W. of Tiibingen. Pop. 1220.
mills, and manufactures of muskets, coach and saddlers'   WEIILAU or WELAU, WYA/l6w, a walled town of East
ironimongery, nails, tools, and grates. The church has Prussia, 28 miles E. of Kdnigsberg, at the confluence of the
curious monuments.                                         Alle and Pregel. Pop. 3580. It has numerous tanneries,
WEDNESFIELID, wlnztfeeld, a parish of England, co. of  steam-engine factories, and a copper foundry. The treaty
Stafford, 2 miles E.N.E. of Wolverhampton.  Edward the  by which Prussia was recognised as a kingdom, was conElder here obtained a decisive victory over the Danes in 910. eluded here in 1657.
WEEtDON-BECK  or WEEDON-ON-TIIE-STREET, (so    WEHLEN, *A1len, a town of Saxony, 15 miles S.E. of
called from its position on the ancient Watling Street,) Dresden, on -the right bank of the Elbe. Pop. 932.
a parish of England, co. of Northampton, on tihe Grand    WEII0/GA, a post-office of Benton co., Alabama.
Junction Canal, and with a principal station on the North    WEHR, Wain, a village of Prussia, province of WestWest Railway, 61 miles N.W. of Blisworth. here is the  phalia, government of Miinster. Pop. 1000.
central depot in England for military arms and stores, with    WEllR, a market-town of Baden, on the Wehr, an affluent
spacious barracks. Weedon was the royal residence of Wulf  of the Rhine, 26 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 1517.
here, king of Mercia.                                       WEHRAU, WAlrOw,  a village of Prussian Silesia, on the
WEEDON-LOYS or PINKNEY, a parish of England, co. Quelss, 11 miles N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 590. It has a
of Northampton.                                            castle, iron-forges, and paper-mills. The mineralogist Wer
WEEDOW/WEE, a post-village, capital of Randolph co., ner was born here.
Alabama, at the confluence of the Tallapoosa and Little Tal-   WEtHRHtEIM,  avai/hime, a market-town of Germany,
lapoosa Rivers, about 150 miles E. of Tuscaloosa. The county  Nassau, 3 miles S.S.E. of Usingen. Pop. 1429.
seat was located here quite recently.                        WEIRSDORF, Waies/douf, a village of Saxony, circle and
WEED'S CORNERS, a post-office, Walworth co., Wisconsin.  not far from Bautzen. Pop. 1519.
WEEISIPORT, a post-village in Brutus township, Cayuga    WEICHSEL, isKfsel, or WISLA, Wvisllg, a village of Ausco., New York, on the Erie Canal, and the Rochester and  trin Silesia, 11 miles S.E. of Teschen, on the Vistula. Pop.
Syracuse Direct Railroad, 24 miles W. of Syracuse. It con- 2600.
tains 2 or 3 churches, and a number of stores and warehouses.   WEICISEL, a river of Germany. See VISTULA.
WEE/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.           WEICHSELBURG, Wik!sel-b6OOeo, or WEIXELBURG,
WEEK. a parish of England, co. of Hants.                 Wik/sel-bisrg, a town of Illyria, Carniola, 25 miles W.N.W.
WEEK ST. LAWRENCE, a parish, England, co. Somerset. of Neustidtl. Pop. 4000. It has iron-forges, and manuWEEK ST. MARY, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.  factures of woollen stuffs. The ruined castle Weichselburg
WEEKtLEY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.   is on an adjacent height.
WEEKS' MILLS, a post-office of Kennebec co., Maine.        WEICHSELMUNDE, (Weichselmlinde,) vik/sel-miindeh,
WEELAUINEE, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. a fortress of West Prussia, at the mouth of the W. arm of
WEELDE, wlldeh, a village of Belgium, province and 30  the Vistula, in the Baltic.
miles N.E. of Antwerp, on the An. Pop. 1174.                WEICKERSIIEIM, Wiklkers-hime', a town of WlirtemWYEE/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Essex.            berg, circle of Jaxt, bailiwick of Mergentheim. Pop. 1923.
WEEM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Perth, consisting of   IWEIDA, Wi/dA, or WEYDA. I, i/d, a town of Central
several detached districts between Lochs Tummel and Earn. Germany, Saxe-WVeimar, 14 miles E. of Neustadt, on the
Near the church, in Strath-Tay, is Castle-Menzies.        Auma and WVeyda. Pop. 3765.
WEEN or WEENEN. See VIENNA.                               WEIDEN, W5tdgn, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper PaWEENDAM, a village of Netherlands. See VEENDAs.         latinate, 32 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 2280. It has a
WEENDE, wain/deh, a village of Hanover, government of  castle, and a trade in corn and cattle.
Hildesheim, near Glittingeu, on the Leine. Pop. 1110.       WEIDEN, (Hun. Vedeny, vWdAlI) a market-town of West
WEENER, W~/ner, a village of hlanover, 21 miles S.S.W.  Hungary, co. of Wieselburg, on the N.E. bank of Lake
of Aurich, on the Ems. Pop. 2600. It has a small harbor, Neusiedl.
and a trade in horses and cattle.                          VWEIDENAU, WI/d9h-niw1, a walled town of Austrian SiWEEPIING WILtLOW, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa.    lesia, 45 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 1802.
X~EERBERG, WairlbtaG, a village of Austria, Tyrol, near    WEIDENBACII, a village of Austria. See sDoo0siACH.
Schwatz. Pop. 1024.                                         WEIDENBERG, Wi/dden-bit&', a market-town of Bavaria,
WEERDT or WEERT, W9alat, a town of Dutch Limburg, circle of Upper Franconin, 7 miles E. of Baireuth, on the
on the Bree and the Canal of Weerdt, 13 miles W.N.W. of  Steinach, with 2 castles, and 1384 inhabitants.
Roermond. Pop. 6285. It is the birth-place of the Austrian   YWEIDENTHAL, Wi/den-tdll, a village of Bavaria, Palati
general John Von Weerdt.                                  nate, canton of Neustadt. Pop. 1028.
2087




WEt                                                         WEI
WEIGELSDORF, fvighels-doaf', several places of Prussia, 10 miles N.E. of Maunneiim. Pop. 5346. It is enclosed by
particularly a village, province of Silesia, government of  walls, and has manufactures of woollens.
Breslau, circle of Reichenbach. Pop. 1217.                   WEINSBERG, finslbkRG, a town of Wtirtemberg, on the
WEIGIITON (wfton) MARKET, a market-town and pa- Sulm, 3 miles E.N.E. of Ieilbronn.  Pop..185.
rish of England, co. and 19 miles on the railway, E.S.E. of    WEIIP'ERSDORF, fvlipers-doRfx, or WEIPERTSDORF, (lit.
York. East Riding, at the W. foot of the Wolds, and con- ports-doRft, a village of Bohemia, about 28 miles from Leit.
nected by a canal with the IIumber. Pop. of the parish, in  omischel. Pop. 1990.
1851, 2427. The town is small; it has in its centre a hand-   WEIPERT or WEYPERT, Alhfpprt, a town of Bohemia, 24
some church.'hmiles N.E. of biogten, near the frontier of Saxony. Pop
WEIKERSHEIM,  Vlrkers-himel, a town of Wiirtemberg, 2600, employed in manufactures of lace and fire-arms.
circle of Jaxt, on the Tauber, 38 miles N.N.W. of Ellwangen.    WEIR'S BRIDGE, a post-village and watering-place of
Pop. 2000. It has a residence of the Princes ofHohenlohe- Belknap co., New Hampshire, on Lake Winnipiseogee, on
Oehringen.                                                 the Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of
WEIL, lse, or SCILOSSWYL, shlosstrll, a village and  Concord.
parish of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles E.S.E. of Bern,   WEISCIHIENFELD, fvlshfen-flt', a village of Bavaria,
famous for its castle, which is seated on a height, and has a  circle of Upper Franconia, 12 miles S.W. of Baireuth. P. 700.
very ancient tower, supposed to be of Roman construction.   WEIISENBURG, a post-township of Lehigh co., Pennsyl.
Pop. 888.                                                  vania, about 12 miles WV. of Allentown. Pop. 1762.
WEIL, a village of Baden, circle of Rhine, bailiwick of    WEISENHEI3M-AM-SAND, 9v/zgn-hlme Am slnt, a village
Ltirrach, with a parish church. Pop. 1137.                 of Bavaria, Palatinate, canton of Dtirkheim. Pop. 1760.
WEIL-DIE-STADT, WiYle dee stiltt, a town of Wiirtemberg,   WEISESBURG, a post-village in Baltimore co., Maryland,
circle of Neckar, 13 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1775. 50 miles N. by WV. of Annapolis.
It has manufactures of woollens and tobacco, and is the    WEISSBACII,  Viss/biK a viilage of Bohemia, circle rf
birth-place of Kepler.                                     Buntzlau. Pop. 1550.
~VEILAR, (ilar, a village of Central Germany, Saxe-   WEISSBACI  or OBER-WEISSBACH, otber (lIsslbax, a
Weimar, S.E. of Lengsfeld. Pop. 1125.                      villa"e of Bohemia, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  bailiwick o&
WEILBACIH, vil/bnK, a watering-place of Nassau, E.S.E.  Rudolstadt. Pop. 1716.
of Wiesbaden, with a mineral spring, from  which about    WEISSBAD, VvIsslbit, a village and watering-place of
70,000 bottles of water are annually exported. Pop. 581.    Switzerland, canton and 2 miles S.E. of Appenzell. The
WEILBURG,'v(l/b5rlG, a town of Germany, Nassau, bathing establishment attracts numerous visitors.
on the Lahn, here crossed by an iron suspension bridge, 28    WEISSENBERG, *is/sen-b3nG', (Wendish Wospo?-k, 9oatmiles N.N.E. of WViesbaden. Pop. 2081. It has a castle, and  poink,) a town of Saxony, 10 miles E. of Bautzen. Pop. 990.
manufactures of paper.            W.EISSENBURG, (V/sen-bWcRGo, a fortified town of BavatWEILD, a parish of England, co. of Haunts.              ria, circle of Middle Franconia, on the Rezat, 27 miles S E.
WEILE, a town of Denmark. See VEsLE.                     of Anspach.  Pop. 4194. It is enclosed by walls, flanked
XVEILE-FIORD, an inlet near Funen. See VILE-FaIORD.    by towers, and was formerly a firee city of the Empire.
WEILERBACIH, -Pler-biK', a village of Bavaria, Palati-   WEISSENBURG, a town of France. See WISSEsBOURo.
nate, canton and near Kaiserslautern.  Pop. 1286.            WEISSENFELS, (is/sen-fMls', a walled town of Prussian
WEILHEIM, vl1hIme, a walled town of Upper Bavaria,  Saxony, 11 miles S. of Morseburg, oil the right bank of the
on the Amper, 29 miles S.W. of Munich. Pop.'1910. It  Saale, and on the railway from HIalle to Gotha. Pop. 8290.
has a castle, and manufactures of leather.                 It is well built, and has 4 suburbs, 2 churches, one conWEILHEIM-AN-DER-TECK, (IWhime in dir tik, a town  taining the remains of Gustavus Adolphus; 2 hospitals,
of South Germany, Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, on the  almshouses, a normal school, with manufactures of porceLindach, 26 miles N.WV. of Uli. Pop. 3450.                lain, merinoes, and other woollen fabrics,eleather, and gold
WEILMUNSTER, (Weilmilinster,) wil/min-ster, a villa'e  and silver articles. In the vicinity are the castle of Angusof Nassau, on the Weilbach, an affluent of the Lahn, 5  tusburg and numerou/ vineyards.
miles S.E. of Weilburg. Pop. 1124.                           WEISSENFELS, a market-town of Carniola, 52 miles
WEIL-IM-DORF, Cvli im donfl, a village of Wtirtemberg, W.N.WV. of Laybach.
8 miles from Leonberg. Pop. 1346.                            WEISSENHORN, (Cis/sen-honn, a town of Bavaria, on the
WEIL-IDM-SCHONBUCII, (Weil-im-Schbnbuch,)  iCle im- Roth, an affluent of the Danube, 10 miles S.E. ofUlm. P. 1605.
shhm.b66Kn,a village of Wtirtemberg, bailiwicik of Boblingen.   WEISSENSEE, vilssen-si,  a town of Prussian Saxony, 16
Pop. 2234.                                                 miles N. of Erfurt. Pop. 2634.
WEIMAR, (i/mar, the capital city of the grand-duchy of    WEISSENSTADT, vFs/sen-stitt', a walled town of Bavaria,
Saxe-Weimar, Central Germany, on the left bank of the  Upper Franconia, on the Eger, 17 miles N.E. of Baircuth.
lim, and on the railway from Gotha to Halle, 13 miles E. of  It has nail factories. Pop. 1468.
Erfurt; lat. 500 59' N., lon. 11i 21' E. Pop. 11,144. Mean    WEISSENSTEIN, (is/sen-stine' a town of Russia, governtemperature of year 510.1; winter 370.6; summer 660.3 Flah-  ment of Esthonia, 50 miles S.E. of Revel. Pop. 3000. It
renheit. It is surrounded by hills, and is handsomelythough  has a ruined castle and a district school.
irregularly built, and no city in Germany of its size has so    WEISSENSTEIN, a town of WIlrtemnberg, circle of Danube,
many good public buildings and excellent public establish- 23 miles N.N.W. of Ulm.
mento, Or is a more agreeable place of residence. The grand-    WEISSENSULZ,'v(s/sen-s66oIts, or BIELA, be-.i/lI, a vilducal palace is in a simple but elegant style, and has an  lage of Bohemia, circle of KTlattau.  Pop. 1449.
extensive park which forms the favorite public promenade.    WEISSES MEER. See WrITE SEA.
The principal church, with tombs of the grand-dukes, has    WEISSKIRCH, (hssqlanRK, or WEISSKIRCIJEN,,iss1a large organ, and an altar-piece by L. Cianach. The grand- k50S'uKen, a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau. P. 1203.
ducal library comprises 140,000 Volumes, minanuscripts, me-   WEISSKIRCHEN, (fesslkian-en, (Ihun. _Fehs'templo m,
dais, and coins, and is open to the public, who have the  fi.haiiatlm'plom/,) a town of the Austrian dominions, Hunprivilege of borrowing the books. The opera-house is fa-  garian Banat, co. of Temes, on the Nera, 53 miles S.S.E. of
ious; the theatre was once under the superintendence of  Temesvar. Pop. 5585. It has Roman Catholic and Greek
Goethe and Schilier, who are buried in the new cemetery, churches, manufactures of silk and leather, and extensive
and besides whom, IHerder and Wieland made Weimar their  vineyards in its vicinity.
residence. The Landes-lndustrie-o mptoir is an important   WEISSKIRCIEN, (Bohemian Hralnitze, hran-it/seh?) a
book-publishing establishment, known chiefly for its geo- town of the Austrian dominions, Moravia, on the railway
graphical and statistical works. The Geographical Institute  to KIsel, 22 miles E.S.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 5380. It has a
publishes excellent maps, and the Weimar Almanac has a  fine castle, and manufactures of woollen cloth.
great circulation.  Weimar has manufactures of metallic   WEISSMAIN,.'viss/min, a walled town of Bavaria, circle
goods, cards, gloveS, and woven fabrics, and a trade in corn  of Upper Franconia, 18 miles N.W. of Baireuth, with a castle.
and wool; but the chief resources of the inhabitants are  Pop. 1014, who manufacture leather and woollen cloths.
derived from the presence of the court and visitors. Kotze-   WEISSIPORT, a post-village of Carbon co., Pennsylvania,
bue was born here in 1761. About 2 miles S.E. is the Bel- on the Lehigh River, 3 or 4 miles below Manch Chunk.
redere, a summer residence of the grand-duke; and on the    WEISSSTEIN, (iss/stine, a village of Prussian Silesia, goroad thither is the village of Ober-Weimar, with 650 inha- verument of Breslau. Pop. 1143.
bitants. The circle of Weimar, comprising more than two-   WEISSWXASSER, "Iss(iosser, or NEJ-POZIG, nol pbt/sic,
thirds of the grand-duchy, has an area of 9793 square miles. (Bohemian Biela, be-ili&,) a ma'rket-town of Bohemia, 8 miles
Pop. 175,596.                                              N.N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1624. It has manufactures of
WEINFELDEN, iun/f8lIden, a village of Switzerland, can- woollen cloth and paper.
ton of Thurgau, on the Thui, 7 miles S.S.W. of Constance.   WEISSWASSER, a market-town of Austrian Silesia, 57
Pop. 2140.                                                 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 494.
WVEINGARTEN, (In/ganiten, a village of Badon, circle    WEISSWEIL, vl'ssl/i(le, a village of RBaden, circle of
of Middle Rhine,? miles E.N.E. of Carlsruhe, with which  Upper Rhine, near the right bank of the Rhine, 16 miles
it is connected by railway. Pop. 3097.                     N.WV. of Freiburg.  Pop. 1611.
WEINGUNGA. See WYNE GUNcA.                                 WVEISSWEILER. (Iss/(Iller. a village of Rhenish Prussia,
WIEINIEIM, (ine/hime, a town of Baden, circle of  government, and E.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Indec
Lower Rhine, on the Weschnitz, and on the Baden Railway,  Pop. 1058.
2088




WEI                                                      WEL
WEISTRITZ, -CIssftrits, a town and river of Prussian  Pennsylvania, on the plank-road from Cumberland to West
Silesia.                                                   Newton, 128 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg.  Pop. about 250.
WVEI-TCHIIOU, a city of China. See HoEI-csoo.              WELILERYILLE, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio.
WEITRA or WAITRA, i~FtrA, a town of Lower Austria,   WELLESBOURNE HASTINGS, wmllz/bLrn hasl/tingz, a
near the border of Bohemia, 7 miles S.W. of Krems. It has parish of England, co. of Warwick.
double massive walls. Pop. 1800.                             WELLESBOURNE MONTFORD, a hamlet of England, co.
WEIXELBURG, a town of Illyria. See WSEcnSELBUaG.   of WVarwick, 5 miles N.W. of Kingston. Pop. in 1851, 728.
WEIZ, fvits, a village of Styria, 13 miles N.E. of Griitz,    WELLESLEY, wtlsflee, a post-village of Canada West, co.
with 826 inhabitants, who manufacture arms.                of Waterloo, 92 miles W. of Toronto.
WELAKIA, a post-village of Putnam  co., Florida, on St.   WELLESLEY, wlestlee, a county of New South Wales,
John's River.                                              having S.W. the British colony of Victoria, and on other
WELAU, a town of Prussia. See WEHLAU.                    sides the counties of Auckland, Beresford, and Wallace.
WEL/BORN or WELIBOURN, a township in Conway co., The surface isnmountainous, and covered by ramifications
Arkansas. Pop. 544.                                        of the Australian Alps. Principal station, Bomballo.
WELtBORNE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            WELLESLEY ISLANDS, a group in the Gulf of CarpenWELtBOURNE, a parish: of England, co. of Lincoln.       taria, North Australia. Mornington Island, the most N.
WELtBURY, a parish, England, co. of York, North Riding.  and largest, is 40 miles in length by 15 in breadth; lat. of
WEL/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            N. point 160 241 S., Ion. 1390 37' E. The other islands are
WELCIVER'S MILL, a post-office of Roan co., Tennessee.  Bentinck, Sweers, Bountiful, and Pisonea.
WELCI'S MILLS, a post-office of Cabarrus co., North    WELLESLEY PROVINCE, British territory of the Malay
Carolina.                                                 Peninsula. See PROVINCEr WELLESLEY.
WELCHIVILLE, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine.          WELLIFLEET, a post-village and township of Barnstable
WEL/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           co., Massachusetts, on the northern part of the peninsula
WELD, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, about 44  of Cape Cod, about 70 miles by water and 106 by land S.E.
miles N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 995.                          fi-om Boston. The village is situated on the W. side of the
WELDEN, dQl/den, a village of Belgium, province of East peninsula, at the head Of Wellfleet Bay, which affords good
Flanders, os the right bank of the Scheldt, 15 miles S. of  anchorage for vessels, being protected from the sea by sevoGhent. Pop. 1613.                                          ralislands. The mackerel fishery is more extensively carried
WELtDON, a thriving post-village of Halifax co., North  on here than at any other port of Massachusetts, Gloucester
Carolina, on the right bank of Roanoke River, at the head  only excepted. In 1851, 79 vessels (tons 5411) and 852 men
of steamboat navigation, 95 miles N.E. of Raleigh. Four and boys were employed in the mackerel fishery alone; the
railroads meet here, viz., the Wilmington and Raleigh, the  inspections for the year amounted to 11,367- barrels. In
Seaboard and Roanoke, the Gaston and Raleigh, and the  1855 about 105 vessels were owned here, employing some
Petersburg Railroad. Two newspapers are published. A  1200 men and boys. During the year 1853, 5 vessels (tons
canal has been made around the falls, by which batteaux  1310) were built. Wellfleet has 4 churches, 22 stores, and
can ascend to Danville.                                    4 wharves where fish' are put up for market. Pop. of the
WEL/DON,  GREAT, a parish of England, co. of North- township, 2411.
ampton.                                                      WELLINGBOROUGH, wel/ling-btir-rth, a market town
WELDON, LITTLE, a hamlet of England, co. of North- and parish of England, co. and 101 miles E.N.E. of Northampton.                                                    ampton, on a branch of the North-Western Railway. The
WELtDON RIVER, rising in the S. part of Iowa, flows town has a central market-place, a handsome church, and
southward through Decatur co., into Missouri, and enters  an endowed free school. Pop. in 1851, 5061.
the Crooked Fork of Grand River, in Grundy co., near   WELtLINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Trenton.                                                     WEL/LINGORE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
WELD'S FERRY or WELD'S LANDING, a post-village    WEL'LINGTON, a market-town and parish of England,
of Dubuque co., Iowa, on the W. bank of Mississippi River, co. of Salop, on the Shrewsbury and Shropshire Canal, and
12 miles N. by W. of Dubuque.                              with a station on the Shrewsbury and Stafford Railway, 10
WELtFORD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.             miles E. of Shrewsbury.  Pop. of the towsi, in 1851, 4601.' WELFORD, a parish of England, counties of Gloucester'The town, near the ancient Watling Street, is well built,
and Warwick.                                               and has an elegant church, Roman Catholic and other
WELFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    chapels, free and national schools, a prison, almshouses, and
WELIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.          a union workhouse. Most of the inhabitants are engaged
WELKA,?vlllkd, a market-town of Austria, Moravia, 12  in coal and iron mines, limestone quarries, smelting furmiles S.S.E. of Hradisch. Pop. 1597.                       naces, nail and glassworks.  Some mealting and a timber
WELKERSDORF, 9  tl/kers-doafP, a village of Prussian Si- trade are careied on. Near the town are a chalybeate and
lesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1438.                  sulphureous springs, resorted to by visitors.
WELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, 2 miles S.S.W.    WELLINGTON, a market-town and parish  of England,
of Alford. There are three Celtic barrows in this parish, co. of Somerset, with a station on the Bristol and Exeter
and in the vicinity 600 Ronman coins were fobund, (1725.)  (Great Western) Railway, 7 miles W.S.W. of Taunton. Pop.
WELL, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.    of the town, in 1851, 3926. The town, built in modern style,
WELlLAND, a river of En-land. rises near the heads of  has a market-house in its centre, a handsome church, with
the Nen and Avon, flows N.E., separating Northampton- the magnificent tomb of Sir J. Popham, the founder of
shire from the counties of Leicester, Rutland, and Lincoln, almshouses here; an elegant chapel of ease, many dissentto near Croyland, where it turns N., and divides into two  ing chapels, an union workhouse, woollen mills, and a
arms, one of which branches E. to Wisbeach, and the other manufactory of earthenwares. This town successively gave
enters the Wash at Fossdyke. Total course 70 miles, for the titles of Viscount. Earl, Marquis, and Duke to Arthur
the latter half of which it has been made navigable by  Welleeley; and on a lofty hill, 3 miles S., is an obelisk 120
means of locks.                                           feet in height, commemorating his victory at Waterloo.
WELLAND, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.           WELLINGTON, a pariah of England, co. of Iereford.
WELLAND or CHIP/PEWAY, a river of Canada West,   WELLINGTON, a township of England, co. of Northumdistrict of Niagara, flows E. and joins the Niagara shortly  berland.
above its Falls, after a course of 60 miles, in progress of    WELtLINGTON, a post-township in Piscataquis co., Maine,
which it forms a part of the We!land Canal. It is deep, 50 miles N. by E. of Augusta. Pop. 600.
300 feet wide at its mouth, and fringed by fine woods. The    WELLINGTON, a post-village of Morgan co., Georgia,
WELLAcND CANAL, 35 miles long, connects the Lakes Erie and  about 110 miles WV. of Augusta.
Ontario. avoiding the Falls of the Niagara River.            WELLINGTON, a post-village and township of Lorain co.,
WELLAND, a county of Canada West, situated at the  Ohio, on the Cleveland and Columbus Railroad, 36 miles
E. end of Lake Erie, by which it is bounded on the S. It S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. 1556.
is drained by the Welland River. Area 356 square miles.   WELLINGTON, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois.
Pop. 20,141. Capital, Chippewa.                             WELLINGTON, a post-village of Lafayette co., Missouri,
WELLBtORN, a post-village, capital of Coffee county, on the S. bank of Missouri River, 115 miles N.W. of JefferAlabama, about 70 miles in a direct line S. by E. of Mont- son City.
gomery. It is a new place, and contains but few dwellings.   WEL/LINGTON, a county of Canada West, centrally
WELLBORN'S MILLS, a post-office, Houston co., Georgia.  situated in the western part of the province. Area 1237
WELLE, wTl/leh, a village of Belgium, province of East square miles. It is drained by the Grand River and its
Flannders, on the Dendre, 17 miles S.E. of Ghent.  Pop. branches. Pop. 26,796. Capital, Guelph.
1258.                                                       WELLINGTON, a post-village of Canada West, county of
WELLE, wmltleh, an island of the Pacific Ocean, S.E. of  Prince Edward, situated on West Lake, 10 miles from PicPapua; lat. 90 41' S., ion. 1500 58' E.                   ton. Pop. about 500.
WELLEN, ~5l/len, a village of Belgian Limbourg, 6 miles    WELILINGTON, a county of New South Wales, East AusS. of HIlasselt. Pop. 2044.                               tralia, bounded everywhere by affluents of the Macquarie
WELLENDINGEN, *l/lgen-ding'9n, a village of Wiirtem- River, which traverses its centre in a N.W. direction. Area
berg, circle of Schwarzwald, near Rottweil. Pop. 1367.    1656 square miles. Pop. in 1850, 2000.(?) Two mountain
WELILEB. a township of Richland co., Ohio. Pop. 1290.  ranges diversify the county, which has a fine dale called
WEIJLERSBURG, a thriving post-village of Somerset co., Wellington Valley, and soil well adapted for grazing. Prin2089




WEL                                                         WEL
cipal villages, Mudgee, the capital, Wellington, Carwell,   WELLS, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio, intersected by
Sumnmerhill, and Molong, where are valuable copper-mines  the Central Ohio, Marietta and Cincinnati, and several othe!
and smelting works. With the county of Roxburgh it re- railroads. Pop. 1822.
turns one member to the Legislative Assembly.                 WELLS, a township of Laporte co., Indiana. Pop. 638.
WELLINGTON, a county of West Australia, having W.   WELLSBOROUGII, welz'bir-rth, a post-borough, capital
the ocean. The Darling Mountains traverse it from N. to  of Tioga co., Pennsylvania, 145 miles N. by W. of HarrisS. Principal rivers, the Brunswick, Collier, Preston, and  \burg. It is neatly built, and contains a stone court-house,
Capel. A line of lagoons borders the coast, on which are  several churches, and an academy. Two or three newspaLeschenault Inlet and Koombanah Bay. Principal town-  pers are issued here. Laid out in 1806, and incorporated in
ships, Waterloo, Picton, Bunbury, and Australind.           1830. Pop. in 1850, 620.
WELLINGTON, a parish of Tasmania, (Van Diemen's    WELLS/BURG, a post-village of Chemung co., New York,
Land,) co. of Buckingham, on the Derwent.                  on the Chemung River, and on the New York and Eris
WELLINGTON, a settlement of New Zealand, Ulster or Railroad, 276 miles fiom New York City.
North Island, on Cook's Strait, and on the W. shore of    WELLSBURtG, a village of Erie co., Pennsylvania, 26
Port Nicholson. The houses are picturesquely situated in  miles S.W. of Erie.
tiers around and above the margin of the bay. The town    WELLSBURG, a thriving post-village, capital of Brooke
has Episcopal, Scotch, Wesleyan, and  Roman  Catholic  co., Virginia, is beautifully situated on the Ohio River, 16
churches, a mechanics' institute, savings bank, custom-  miles above Wheeling. It contains 5 churches, 2 academies,
house, exchange, barracks, jail, and hospital; a brewery,  1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 1 manufactory of cotton, 2 of
steam flour and sawing mills, &c. Pop. of township and sub-  glass, 1 of woollen goods, 2 of stoneware, 6 flour-mills, and
urbs, in 1848, 2649.                                        1 paper-mill. Rich mines of coal are worked in the vicinity.
WELLINGTON, an island of South America, the largest Pop. in 1853, about 3000.
of the chain which stretches along the WV. coast of Patagonia,  WELLSBURG, a post-village of St. Charles co., Missouri,
between lat. 470 30, and 500 20' S., and in lon. 750 W.; great- about 38 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis.
est length, measured along the coast from N.N.W. to S.S.E.,    WELLS' CORI/NERS, a post-office of Orange co., New York.
138 miles; medium breadth 35 miles. It is separated from      WELLS' CORNERS, a post-office of Erie co., Pennsylvania.
the mainland by Messier and Wide Channels, and from           WELLS/COTT, a post-office of Union co., Georgia.
Madre-de-Dios on the S. by the Gulf of Trinidad, and on the    WELLS' DEPOT, a post-office of York co., Maine, on the
N. forms the S. side of the Gulf of Penas. Its N. extremity  Portland Saco and Portsmouth Railroads, 28 miles S.WY. of
is Cape San Roman.                                          Portland.
WELLINGTON LAKE, Victoria, South-East Australia, co.   WELLS' MILLS, a thriving post-village of Appanoose co.,
of Bruce, in Gipps Land. Length 20 miles, breadth 6 miles. Iowa, on the Chariton River, several miles S.E. of CentreIt receives La Trobe, Maconochie, Barney, Dunlop, and  ville.
Perry Rivers.                                                 WELLS' RIVER, in the W. central part of Vermont, rises
WELLINGTON MIOUNT, Tasmania, co. of Buckingham, in Caledonia county, and falls into the Connecticut River
4 miles W. of Hobart-Town, and 4000 feet in height.         in Orange county. It affords some fine mill-seats.
WELLINGTON  STATION, South Australia, near the    WELLS' RIVER, a thriving post-village of Orange co.,
head of Lake Victoria, 45 miles S.E. of Adelaide.            Vermont, on the right bank of the Connecticut, at the
WELLINGTON SQUARE, a post-village of Canada West, mouth of Wells' River, and on the Connecticut and Pascounty of Hialton, situated on Lake Ontario, 35 miles S.W. sumpsic Rivers Railroad, 30 miles E. by S. of Montpelier.
of Toronto.                                                 The Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers Railroad will here
W:LILOW, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.          cross the Connecticut. It is a place of active tradse, and
WELLOW,    a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          contains a bank and various manufactories, for which Wells'
WELLOW, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Hants.          River affords good water-power.
WELLS, a city, parliamentary and municipal borough    WELLS/VILLE, a post-village of Scio township, Alleghany
of England, co. of Somerset, S. of the Mendip H-ills, and 19  co., New York, on the E, bank of the Genesee River, and on
miles S.W. of Bath. Pop. of the city, in 1851, 4736. The  the New York and Erie Railroad, 367 miles from New York
town is small but handsome, from  its numerous ecclesias- City. A plank-road connects it with Coudersport in Penntical buildings. On its E. side is a spacious market-place, sylvania.  The railroad station is called Genesee.  The
with the town-hall, city and county jail, and a conduit that inhabitants are extensively engaged in the lumber trade.
supplies the city with water, communicating through an  Pop. about 600.
ancient gateway, with the close, in which are the fine Cathe-    WVELLSVILLE, a post-office of York co., Pennsylvania.
dral and bishop's palace. The Cathedral, dating from the    WELLSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Yellow Creek
time of IHenry III., has a central tower 178 feet in height; its  township, Columbiana co., Ohio, on the Ohio River. 52 miles
interior is richly decorated, and has the tomb of Ina, King  below Pittsburg. It is at the terminus of the Pittsburg
of Wessex. Other principal edifices are the Episcopal Palace, and Cleveland Railroad, which is to be extended southward
chapter house, deanery, St. Cuthbert's parish, dissenters' to Wheeling. It has an active trade, and contains several
chapels, and almshouses. H/ere are a collegiate school, and  steam-mills. A newspaper is issued here. P. in 1850,1546.
many other schools. The trade is chiefly retail, the former    WELLIVILLE, a post-village of Nottorway co., Virginia,
silk and other manufactures have ceased, and the corn mar- on the Petersburg and Lynchburg Railroad, 31 miles from
ket has greatly declined, but the market for cheese is exten- Petersburg.
sive. It has quarter sessions, and a court of record, and is  WVELN ETIAI, GREAT, a parish of England, co. Suffolk.
the seat of county assizes, alternately with Taunton. Wells   WVELNETIAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Suffolk.
sends 2 members to the Ihouse of Commons. Its bishop's   WEL/NEY.  a chapelry of England, cos. of Norfolk and
see, erected in 905, and annexed to that of Bath at the end Cambridge.
of the next century, has been filled by Cardinal WYolsey    WELS,  vels, a town of Upper Austria, capital of the circle
and Archbishop Laud.                                        of Hausrtick,  on lhe Traun, and the Budweis and Gmunden
WELLS, a seaport town and parish of England, co. of Railnway, 16 miles S.W. of Lintz. Pop. 4300. It has Roman
Norfolk, on a creek, 1 mile from the North Sea, and 41 miles Catholic churches, a Lutheran chapel, a vast hospital. a
N.N.W. of XValsingham. Pop. of town in 1851, 3633. The  military, hirh, and other schools, cotton  manufactures,
town has a spacious church, built of flint, with a lofty  copper foundties, and an active transit trade. The Emperor
tower, a theatre, and subscription library. Vessels of 150  Maximilian I., and Charles V., Duke of Lorraine, died here.
tons reach the town. The principal trade is in the ship-'W'ELS(YHLAND or WJILSCHLANrD, *v6lshflmnt, a Germent of corn, malt, and oysters, and the import of coal and  man word originally signifying any foreign country, but
timber. About 3 miles distant is HIolkham, the seat of the  usually applied to Italy.
Earl of Leicester.                                            WELSH/FIELD, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio.
WELLS, a county in the E.N.E. part of Indiana, contains    WELSH1/P00    L or WELCH/POOL, a parliamentary and
380 square miles. It is intersected by she WVabash River. municipal borough, town, parish, and township of North
The surface is undulating or nearly level, and the soil is Wales, of which it is regarded as the capital, co. of Monbt.
fertile. There are a few small prairies in the county: the  gomery, immediately W. of the Ellesmere Canal and the
other parts produce the oak, hickory, beech, ash, and sugar- Severn, 18) miles W.S.W. ofShrewsbury.  Pop. of township
maple. It is traversed by the Fort Wayne and Muncie  in 1851, 24132. The town leads up, on the S., to Powys
Railroad, not yet finished. Capital, Bluffton. Pop. 6152.    Castle and Park, (seat of Earl Powvys and included in
XWELLS, a post-township of York co., Maine, bordering  on  the borough,) and consists of a long main street, having
the Atlantic Ocean, and intersected by the Portland Saco and  in its centre the County-hall. It is built with great reguPortsmouth Railroad, 28 miles WV.S.W. of Portland. The  larity, neat, and cheerful; it has a spacious modern Gothic
inhabitants are'engaged to a considerable extent in navi-  church, chapels of Independents, Wesleyans, Calvinists,
gation, ship-building, and manufactures. Pop. 2945.        Baptists, &c.; national and free schools, and almshouses.
WELLS, a post-township of Rutland co., Vermont, 68  Its flannel trade, formerly important, has declined; it has
miles S.S.WV. of Montpelier. Pop. 804.                     some woollen-mills, tanneries, and malt-houses. It unites
WELLS, a post-town ship of Hamilton co., New York, about  with Montgomery, Llanfyllin, Llanidloes, Machlynllethl. and
84 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Pop. 486.                       Newrtown, in sending 1 member to the H-ouse of Commons.
WELLS, a village and township in the N.E. extremity of    WELSI IRUN, a post-office of Franklin co. Pennsylvania.
Bradford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1113.                       WELSLEBEN, *8ls/l1'ben, a village of Prussian Saxony,
VWELLS, a township of Pulton co., Pennsylvania. P. 420. government of Magdeburg, circle of Wanzleben. Pop. 1291.
2090




WEL                                                       WEl
WELTEN, *6l1ten, a village of Dutch Limburg, 11 miles Gceta-elf, has been regularly laid out since its destruction
E.SE. of Maestricht. Pop. 330-.                           by fire in 1834, and is the seat of the principal government
WELITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            establishments for the province.  Pop. 2950. Near it are
YWELTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.        brick-kilns and large military magazines.
WELTON, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding.    WENEW, a town of Russia.  See YENEV.
WELTON, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa.               WiVENIFOE, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
WVELTON-IN-TIIE-MARSII, a parish of England, co. of    WENIJIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk,
Lincoln.                                                     WENHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
WELTON-LE-WOLD, a parish of England, co. of.Lincoln.   WENIIAMI, a thriving post-village and township of Essex
WELTONVILLE, a post-office of Tioga co., New York.       co., Massachusetts, on the Eastern Railroad, 20 miles N. by
WELWARN, vclltvarn, a walled town of Bohemia, circle E. of Boston. The manufacture of boots and shoes is an
of Rakonitz, on the Itothenbach, 19 miles N.W. of Prague. important brauchb of business, furnishing employment to
Pop. 1449.                                                 some 200 persons. Four ships are owned here and employed
WELTWICK, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. in foreign trade. In the township is a beautiful sheet of
WELtWYN, a parish of England, co. and 7 miles W.N.W. water called Wenham  Lake, from which about 30,000 tons
of Hertford. Theendowed school, revenue581., wasfounded  of ice are taken annually. The village contains a townby Dr. Young, author of " Night Thoughts," who was long  house, just completed, with accommodations for a high
rector of the parish, and is buried in the church.         school; a church, and 2 stores. Pop. about 500; of the townWVELZHIEIM, ilts/hfme, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle  ship in 1850, 977.
of Jaxt, on the Leine, 22 miles E.N.E. of Stuttgart.  P. 1674.   WENIIHASTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
W~EM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Salop,   WENILOCK, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
11 miles N.N.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of parish in 1851, town, and two parishes of England, co. of Salop, the borough 
3747. The town, near the Roden, has a handsome church, crossed by the Severn, and the town 12 miles S.E. of Shrewsgrammar school, manufactures of leather, and a malting  bury. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1851, 20,588, chiefly
trade. It gave the title of Baron to the notorious Judge  engaged in coal-mining and manufactures. Thetown, MuchJefferies.                                                 Wenlock, has a spacious church, a free school. and minor
WEMBIDON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          charities, and on its S. side are the remains of a famous
WEMtBURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             abbey founded in the 7th century. Wenlock, which received
WEMBIWORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.          its franchise from Edward IV., was the first borough that
WEMDING, *6m/ding, a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, acquired the right of representation by charter firom the
31 miles S.S.E. of Anspach. Pop. 2171. It has an ancient sovereign. It returns 2 members to the House of Commons.
castle and manufactures of fire-arms.                        WEN/LOCK, a township in Essex co., Vermont, on the
WEMELDINGE, a v'6mlel-ding'eh, a village of IHolland, pro- Grand Trunk Railroad, 55 miles N.E. of Montpelier.  P. 26.
vince of Zealand, 6 miles E. of Goes. Pop. 810.              WENNECONNE, win'ne-konn,(?l) a post-oflice of WinneWEMMIIEL, wmlmel, a village of Belgium, province of  bags co., Wisconsin.
Brabant, on the Molenbeek, 4 miles N.N.W. of Brussels.   WENNER.  See WE.NEn.
Pop. 1353.                                                   WENTNINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
WEMSEN, a town of Bohemia. See DlSENO.                     WENOINA STATION, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois.
WEIMYSS, a maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on    WENSILEY, a parish  and township of England, co. of
the Frith of Forth, N.E. of Dysart. On the rocky shore is York, North Riding. In Wensley-Dale, an extensive tract
Wemyss Castle, the proprietor of which is the 29th in lineal on the Ure, are Bolton-hall, and the remains of Bolton Castle,
descent from Macduff, the famous lord of Fife.             which for a time was the prison of MIary Queen of Scots.
WEN-CIIANG or WEN-TCHANG, the N.E. district of the    WENSLEY AND SNIT/TERTON, a township of England,
island of HIainan.                                         co. of Derby.
WENDEL, w~n/del, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles   WEN/SUM, a river of England, co. of Norfolk, rises near
S.E. of Treves, on the Blies. Pop. in 1852, 2436.          Fakenham, and after a SE. course of 45 miles, joins the Yare,
WENIDELBURY,  a parish of England, co. of Oxford.        2 miles below Norwich.
WEN/DELL, a post-township in Sullivan co., New Lamp-    WVEN-TCI-OO  or WEN-TCIHIOU, wln-chool, a maritime city
shire, 33 miles N.W. of Concord. Pop. 789.                 of China, province of Che-kiang, capital of a department,
WENDELL, a post-township of Franklin co., Massachu- 145 miles S. of Ningpo.
setts, intersected by the Vermont and Massachusetts  Rail-   WENT/NOR, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
road, about 40 miles N. by E. of Springfield. Pop. 920.      WENTtWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
WENDELL'S DEPOT, a post-village of Franklin co., Mas-    WENTWORTII,  a township and chapelry of England, co.
sachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, 40  of York, West Riding. The church contains monuments of
miles W. by N. of Fitchburg.                               the Fitzwilliam family, whose seat, Wentworth-hall, is in
WENDELSTEIN, wn/delI-stne', a market-town of Bavaria, the vicinity.
Middle Franconia, near the Ludwig Canal, S. of Nuremberg.    WENTIWORTIH,   a post-township in Grafton co., New
Pop. 1197.                                                 Hampshire, intersected by the Boston Concord and Ilontreal
WENDEN, a town of Russia. See VENDEN.                    Railroad, 50 miles N.N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1197.
WEN/DLING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the    WENTWORTH, a post-village, capital of Rockingham co.,
East Anulinn Railway, 4 miles W. of East Dereham.          North Carolina, 106 miles N.W. of Raleigh. Pop. about 300.
WEN/DON-LOFTS, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          WENTWORTII,     a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, on Des
WENEDONS-AMBO, a parish of England, co. of Essex.        Plaines River, 40 miles N.N.W. of Chicago.
WEN/DOVER, a market-town, parish, and disfranchised    WENTWOIRT-H, a county of Canada West, situated at the
borough of England, co. of Bucks, at the foot of the Chiltern  head of Lake Ontario, which forms its eastern boundary.
Shills, 21 miles S.E. of Buckingham. P. ofparish in 1851,1937. Area 426 square miles. It is drained by the head branches
The town is small, and near a reservoir of the Grand Junc- of Welland Itiver, and other small streams. Pop. 42,619.
tion Canal; lace making occupies part of its female popula- Capital, tiamilton.
tion. Hampden, in five successive parliaments, represented    WENTWORTIH'S LOCATION, a post-township of Coos co.,
the borough, which was disfranchised by the Reform Act.   New Hampshire. Pop. 55.
WEN/DY, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.             WEOBLEY or WEOBLY, woohblee, a market-town and
WENER, 9,/ner, or WENNER, 2Rnlner, a lake in the S.W. parish of England, co. and 11 miles N.W. of IHereford.  Pop.
part of Sweden, and the largest in Europe after those of La-  in 1851, 908. It has a free grammar school, and remains of
doga and Onega, between lat. 580 22' and 590 251 N., and Ion. a castle famous in the wars of Stephen and the Empress
120 20' and 140 12' E., enclosed by the luens of Wenersborg, Matilda. The borough was disfianchised by the Reform Act.
Mlariestad, and Carlstad. Length 94 miles, breadth from 15 to    WEGGLTTKA, a post-office of Coosa co., Alabama.
50 miles near its centre, where two peninsulas extend into it   WEPRIT, a town of Russia. See VEPaRITT.
from N. and S., and, with a group of islands, nearly separate    WE/QUIOC, a post-office of Jasper co., Louisiana.
it into Wener Lake N.E. and Dalbo Lake S.W. Estimated    WERBEN, -l'hben, a town of Prussian Saxony, 54 miles
area 2120 square miles; average height above the sea 147  N.N.E. of Magdeburg, at the confluence of the Ravel with
feet, but its level varies at different times as much as 10 feet. the Elbe. Pop. 1790.
Shores greatly indented; it receives about 30 rivers, the   IWERBACHI, fiaWb/t, a village of Baden, circle of Lower
principal of which is the Klar from the N.; and it discharges Rhine, on the Tauber, 3 miles N. of Bischofsheim. P. 1157.
its surplus waters by the Goeta-elf S.W. into the Cattegat.   WERCIITER, wkaKiter, a village of Belgium, province of
Though deep in some parts, it is in others too shallow for  Brabant, at the junction of the Demerwith the Dyle, 17 miles
navigation; it is connected by a canal with Lake Wetter on  N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1992.
the E., by which, and the Gotha Canal, Lake Roxen, &c., a    WERCKEN, fiaklk/kn, a village of Belgium, province of
continuous line of inland communication extends between  West Flanders, 18 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1576.
the Cattegat and the Baltic Sea.                            WERDAU, wktld6w, a town of Saxony, 5 miles W.N.W.
WEN/ERSBORG or ELFSBORG, lfse/bong, a len of Swe- of Zwickau, on the Pleisse, and on the Saxon Bavarian
den, has an area of 5036 square miles.  Pop. 246,136. Railway. Pop. 6218. It has manufactures of woollen and
Principal towns, Wenersborg,Allingsaes,Bor'e,Ulricehamn, cotton fabrics, cotton-printing works, and dyeing establish.
and Amal.                                                 ments.
WENERSBORG, a town of Sweden, capital of a hen, at   WERDEN, 9Io/den, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles
the S.W. extremity of Lake Wener, at the effiux of the  N.E.of Dusseldorf, on the-Ruhr. Pop. in 1852, 5605. It ha
2091




WER                                                        WES
manufactures of woollen and linen cloths, cotton yarn, an active trade on the rivers. Its port is convenient, and
cutlery, soap, machinery, and leather, with iron foundries packets ply between it and Amsterdam. The Romans had
and coal-mines in its vicinity.                            a fortified post here, and the town formerly belonged to
WERDENBERG, a5tden-bbahG, a town of East Switzer- the Hanseatic League.  Since 1815, its defences have been
land, canton of St. Gall, near the Rhine, 7 miles N.E. of  strengthened by the erection of Fort Blticher, on the W.
Wallenstadt, with a castle and 850 inhabitants.            bank of the Rhine.
WERDER, Wvkllder, a town of Prussia, province of Bran-   WESEL, oBEn, o'ber *Aszel, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 23
denburg, government and 5 miles Wv. of Potsdam, on the  miles S.S.E. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. in 1852, 2586.
Havel. Pop. in 1852, 2555.                                   WESELY, 9A-zIlee (l) a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.E.
WEREWHAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           of Budweis. Pop. 1198.
WEREJA, a town of Russia. See YEsEYA.                     WESELY, a town of Bohemia. See HooR-WESoLY.
WERKIIOTURIE, a town of Russia.  See VERaKROTooar.   WESEMVAEL, wilzeh-mcl', a village of Belgium, province
WVERL, ~?~al, a town of Prussian Westphalia, government of Brabant, 4 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1362.
of Arnsberg, 9 miles W.S.W. of Seest. Pop. in 1852, 4109.   WESEN, APtzen, a village of Switzerland, canton, and 24
It has a Capuchin convent, with a greatly venerated image  miles S.W. of St. Gall, at the W. extremity of the Lake of
of the Virgin, which attracts numerous pilgrims. Near it Wallenstadt. Pop. 598.
are important salt-works.                                    WESENBERG, vfvlzen-b8RGe,  a town of Mecklenburg-StreWERtMELSKIRCHEN, fvhalmels-k55aK'en, a village of litz, on Lake Woblitz, 8 miles S.W. of Neu-Strelitz. P. 1370.
Rhenish Prussia, government and E.S.E. of Dusseldorf.   WESENBERG, a town of Russia, in Esthonia, 60 miles
Pop. 1126.                                                 E. by S. of Revel. Pop. 1500.
WERMSDORF, 9lams/doaf, a village of Austria, Moravia,   WE/SER, (Ger. pron. W^ztzer;   anc. Visurtqis,) a river of
circle of Olmutz. Pop. 1206.                              Germany, its basin lying between that of the Elbe on the
WERMSDORF, VvRmsmt.do   f, a village of Saxony, 23 miles E., and those of the Ems, Rhine, and Main on the W. and
E.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1609.                              S., it is formed by the union of the Fulda and Werra at
WERNE, Hatrneh, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 20  Minden, (Hanover,) whence it has a N. course through
miles S. of Munster, on the right bank of the Lippe. Pop. Hanover, Iesse-Cassel, Brunswick, Bremen, and Oldenburg,
1850, mostly employed in linen weaving.                    and enters the North Sea in conjunction with the Jahde, by
WERNERSREUTH, -vR/ners-roit', a village of Bohemia, an estuary 24 miles across at its entrance.  It drains nearly
on the Elster, 3 miles from Asch. Pop. 1046.              all of the dominions above named, with the W. part of the
WER/NERSVILLE, a post-office, Berks co., Pennsylvania. Saxon duchies, its affluents comprising the Leine, with the
WER/NETHI, a township of England, co. of Chester. The Aller and Wumme from the E., the Aue and IHIunte from
inhabitants are mostly employed in coal-mines and freestone  the WV. Total course 250 miles. It is navigable for boats
quarries.                                                 nearly to its source, for vessels drawing 7 feet water to BreWERNIGERODE, 8a1'ne-ga-ro0deh, a walled town of Prus- men, and for these drawing from 13 to 14 feet from the sea
sian Saxony, 43 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, on the IHolzemme. to Vegesack, but ships of large size ascend ift no further
Pop. 5600. It consists of an old and a new town, and the  than Bremershafen near its mouth.
suburb Nbschenrode. It has a castle, the residence of the    WESET, a town of Belgium. See VIs4.
Counts Stolberg-Wernigerode, with  a library of 40,000    WESIJEGONSK, a town of Russia.  See VESEOONSK.
volumes; a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen    WVESILEY, a post-office of Washington co., Maine, 120
stuffs, &c.                                                miles E.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 329.
WERNITZ, W-afnits, or WORNITZ, fvtlnits, a river of    WESLEY, a post-village of Venango co., Pennsylvania,
Bavaria, circles of Middle Franconiae and Swabia, after a S. 60 miles N. of Pittsburg.
course of 60 miles joins the Danube at Donauwmrth. Its    WESLEY, a village of Haywood co., Tennessee, 190 miles
affluents are the Sulz and Eger.                           W.S.W. of Nashville.
WERNhSTADTIEL, (Wernstiidtel,) Qan/stft'tel, a town of    WESLEY, a small village of Tipton co., Tennessee.
Bohemia, 14 miles N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1453.             WESLEY, a post-village of Itickmah co., Kentucky.
WEROWITZ, a town of Slavonia. See VERaCZE.                WESLEY, a post-village and township of Washington co'
WERRA, wSaRaI, - river of Central Germany, rises in the  Ohio, 16 miles W. of Mlarietta.  Pop. 1560.
Thuringian Forest, 16 miles N. of Coburg, flows N.W. through    WESLEY, a village of Fulton co., Indiana, 107 miles N.
the territories of Hildbsurghausen, Meiningen, Weimar, of Indianapolis.
(Eisenach,) Hesse-oCassel- and Hanover, and at Mtinden joins   WESLEY, a post-office of Arkansas co., Arkansas.
the Fulda to form the Weser. Total course, 150 miles, for   WESLEYAN FEMALE COLLEGE.  See MAcoN, Georgia.
120 of which it is nanvigable.   Its affluents are the Schleuse,   WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.  See MIDDLETO WN, ConnecSchwvarze, and HiJrsel from  the E., the Ulster and Sontra  ticut.
from the S.                                                  WESLEY CITY, a post-village of Tazewell co., Illinois, on
WVERRE, wietaeh,  a river of Germany, after a N. and E. the left bank of the Illinois River, 4 miles below Peoria.
course of 35 miles, joins the WVeser, 6 miles S.W. of Minden. The produce shipped here in 1852, was estimated at $150,000.
WERI/RIBEE, a river of the British colony Victoria, Aus-   WES/LEYVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., Pennsylvania,
tralia, flows S.E. for 50 miles, between the counties of Grant on the Ridge Road, 5 miles E. of Erie, and 2 miles from the
and Bourke, and enters Port Phillip, 16 miles S.W. of Mel- lake. Pop. about 200.
bourne.                                                      WESLINGBUREN.  See AVEssELBURnEN.
WERRINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             WESOBULIGA, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
WERRINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of North-   WESPRIM, a town of Hungary. See VEszPRnI.
ampton.                                                      WESSELBUREN, S-6slsel-bti'ren, or WESLINGBiREN
WVERRO, Russia. See VERaaO.                               8sling-boo'ren, a village of Delmark, duchy of Holstein,
WVERSCIHIETZ, a town of IHungary. See VERSECZ.           in North Ditmarsch. It was anciently walled. Pop. 1300.
WERTACI, wdaRltK, a river of Bavaria, circle of Swabia,   WES/SEL ISLANDS, a group off North Australia, N.W.
rises on the frontier of the Tyrol, flows N.E. past Kaufbeuren  of the Gulf of Carpentaria, extending for 50 miles from
and Turkheim, and, after a course of 70 miles, joins the Lech, S.W. to N.E.; the principal and northernmost island being
immediately beyond Augsburg. Its affluents are the Gen- 30 miles in length, by 6 or 7 miles across. Lat. of Cape
nach and Singold from the S.E.                             Wessel, at its N. extremity, 100 59, S., ion. 1360 45' E.
WERTACIH, a village of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, on a    WESSELI or WESSELY, v6s-sAflee,(?) a town of Moravia,
river of the same name, near its source. Pop. 650.         8 miles S.W. of Hradisch, on an island formed by the March.
WERTEMBERG, P ennsylvania.  See WUVTEMIBErG.             Pop. 2543. It has a castle, and sturgeon fisheries.
WERTHEIM, *6atthinme, a walled town of Baden, circle    WESSEM,   ssEsem, a town of the Netherlands, province'of Lower Rhine, at the confluence of the Tauber with the  of Limburg, on the Meuse, (Maese,) 5. miles S.W. of RoerMain, 20 miles W. of Wiirzburg.  Pop. 3434. It has 3 cas- mend. Pop. 1050.
tles, 2 of which are residences of the Princes Lbwenstein-   WESISINGTON. a township of England, co. of Derby.
Wertheim; a church, which serves for both Roman Catholics    WESSJEGONSK, a town of ItRussia.  See VESEGONSK.
and Lutherans; a synagogue, gymnasium, and manufactures'VS1; for names with this prefix not below, see addiof linen and cotton fabrics.                               tional word.
WERTHER, v-atfter, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 26    WEST, a township of IIuntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 8
miles S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1915.                           miles N. of IHluntingdon, intersected by the Pennsylvania
WERTINGEN, wkr.ting-en, a town of Bavaria, circle of  or Central Railroad. Pop. 1464.
Swabia, 16 miles N.N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1590.             WEST, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio, intersected
WERTSVILLE, a post-office of Hunterdon co., New Jersey. by the Sandy and Beaver Canal, and the Cleveland and
WERWICQ, a town of Belgium. See VEavicI.                Pittsburg Railroad. Pop. 2110.
WEISAW, a township of Bertien co., Michigan.              WEST-AtCRE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 5 miles
WESICOSVILLE, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania.  N.N.W. of Swaffham. It has some remains of a priory,
WESEL, NIEDEn, neesder  iAz'1l, a frontier and strongly  founded in the reign of William Rufus.
fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, 32 miles N.N.W. of Dussel-   WEST ACITON, a post-village of Acton township, Middledorf, circle of Rees, on the rightbank of the Rhine, here joined  sex co., lMassachusetts, on the Boston and Fitchburg Railby the Lippe. Pop. in 1852, 12,289, besides the garrison, road, 27 miles N.W. of Boston,
mostly empnloyed in the manufacture of cotton and woollen    WEST ADIDISON, a post-village of Steuben co., New
stuffs, leather, ahd tobacco, in distilleries, breweries, and  York, about 230 miles W. by S. of Albany.
2092




WES                                                         WES
WEST ALIBANY, a village of Orleans co., Vermont, about    WEST BLOOMFIELD, a post-village of Essex co., New
35 miles N.E. by N. of MIontpelier.                         Jersey, about 6 miles N.W. of Newark.
WEST ALIBURG, a post-village of Grand Isle co., Ver-   WEST BL00OMIFIELD, a post-township in the S. central
mont, on Lake Champlain, opposite Rtouse's Point, and on  part of Oakland co., Mlichigan, intersected by the Michigan
the Verumont Central Railroad, 77 miles N.W. of Montpelier.  Central Railroadcl. Pop. 1086.
WEST ALEXAN/DER, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio,   WVEST BOL/TON, a post-office of Chittenden co., Vermont.
on the Dayton Turnpike, and on Twin Creek, 90 miles W.   WVESTIBOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
of Columbus. It has some water-power.                         WESTBOROUGHII, a post-township of Worcester co., MasWEST ALEXAN/DRIA, a post-village of Washington co., sachusetts, intersectedl by the Boston and Worcester RailPennsylvania, on the National Road, 17 miles W.S.W. of  road, 32 miles W. by S. of Boston. The village is pleasantly
Washington.                                                 situated on the railroad, and contains 3 churches and seveWEST/ALL POINT, South Australia, Eyre-Land. Lat. 320  ral stores. It is noted for the manufacture of sleighs; boots
52' S., ion. 1330 59' E. A mountain namedWestall, East Aus- and shoes are also manufactured to some extent. A State
tralia, near Shoal Bay, is an important landmark.           Reform School is located in the township, on the borders of
WEST AL/MOND, a post-township of Alleghany county, a beautiful sheet of water, about 2 miles W. of the village.
New York, about 78 miles S. by W. of Rochester. Pop. 976. The building of the institution is a spacious brick edifice,
WEST ALI [ON, a post-village of Belknap co., New RIamp-  standing in the midst of extensive and highly cultivated
shire, near the Cocheco Railroad, 25 miles N.E. by N. of  grounds.  The garden comprises the slope between the
Concord.                                                    building and the water's edge. During the year 1852, the
WEST AMBOYI,   a post-office of Oswego co., New York.    capacity of the institution was greatly increased by extenWEST AMESBURY, (aimzlber-e,) a post-village of Ames- sive additions made to the main building. (See MAssAcIUbury township, Essex co., Massachusetts, near the MIerri- sTTrrs.-Psblic Insti'tutions.)  A  capacious water-cure estamack River, 41 miles N.N.E. of Boston.                      blishment is at present being fitted up about half a mile E.
WEST AM/WELL,, a township of Hunterdon co., New  of the Reform School, between it and the village. A handJersey.                                                     some building for a high school is now in course of erection
WEST ANIDOVER, a post-village of Merrimack co., New  here. Pop. 2371.
Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 33 miles N.W. by N.   WESTBOROUGII, a post-village of Clinton co., Ohip, on the
of Concord.                                                 Cincinnati and I-Iillsborough Railroad.
WEST ANDOVER, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio.         WEST BOS/CAWEN, a post-office of Merrimack co., New
WEST AN/SON, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.        Hampshire.
WEST AR/LINGTON, a post-village of Bennington co.,   WEST BOX/FORD, a post-office of Essex co., Massachusetts.
Vermont, 100 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier.                      WVEST BOYLS/TON, a post-township in VWorcester co.,
WEST ASIt/FORD, a post-village of Windham  co., Con- Massachusetts, 40 miles W. by N. of Boston, intersected by
necticut, 30 miles E.N.E. of IHartford.                     the Fitchburg and Worcester Railroad. It has some manuWVEST AU/BURN, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Penn- factures of carriages and other articles. Pop. 1749.
sylvania.                                                     WEST BRAD/FORD, a township of Chester co., PennsylWEST AVION, a post-village of Hartford co., Connecticut. vania.  Pop. 1585.
WEST BAIN/BRIDGE, a post-office of Chenango co., New    WEST BRAIN/TREE, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont.
York.                                                         WEST BRANCII, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
WEST BALD/WIN, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine. on a branch of the Mohawk River, 10 or 11 miles N. of Rome.
WEST BALITIMORE, a post-village of Montgomery co.,   WEST BRANCHI, a township of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
Ohio.                                                       Pop. 92.
WEST BAR/NET, a post-office of Caledonia co., Vermont.    WEST BRAN/DYWINE, a township of Chester co., Pemn.
WEST BARN/STABLE, a post-village of Barnstable co., sylvania.
Massachusetts, 65 miles S.E. of Boston.                       WEST BRAT/TLEBOROUGH, a post-village in Windham
WEST BAR/RE, a post-office of Orleans co., New York.    co., Vermont, 115 miles S. of Montpelier.  It is the seat of
WEST BARRE, a post-office of  luntingdon co., Pennsyl- Brattleborough Academy and of Melrose Institute.
vania.                                                        WEST BREW/STER, a post-office of Barnstable co., Mas.
WEST BARRE, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio.            sachusetts.
WEST BATAIVIA, a post-village in Batavia township,   WEST BRIDGE'TON, a post-office, Cumberland co., Maine.
Genesee co. New York.                                        VWEST BRIDGE/WATER, a post-township in Plymouth
WEST BATI, a township of Sagadahock co., Maine.           co., Massachusetts, on the Fall River Railroad, 26 miles S.
WEST BATON ROUGE, (bat/pon roozh,) a parish in the  of'Boston. It has several foundries, and boot, shoe, and
S.E. central part of Louisiana, on the W. bank of the Missis- carriage factories. Pop. 1447.
sippi River: area about 240 square miles. The surface is a    WEST BRIGHTON, bri/ton, a post-office of Mlonroe co.,
level plain, which is partly subject to be overflowed. The  New York.
tarable land is mostly confined to the margin of tihe river,  VWESTIBROOK, a township in Cumberland co., Maine,
which is elevated a few feet above the general surface. intersected by the Presumpscot River, which affords extenPop. 6270; of whom 1920 were free, and 4350 slaves.         sive water-power, employed in manufacturing.  It contains
WEST BEAIVER, a village and township in the S.W. ex- several villages, the principal of which is Sacarappa, on the
tremity of Union co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1192.              York and Cumberland Railroad. 7 miles N. by W. of PortWEST BEAVER, a post-office'of Columbiana co., Ohio.    land. The township contains a bank and several cottonWEST BECI/ET, a post-village in Becket township, Beck- mills. Pop. 4852.
shire co., Massachusetts.                                     WESTBROOK, a post-village and township of Middlesex
WVEST BED/FORD, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, co., Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, and on the New
73 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It contains an academy.    IHIaven and New London Railroad, 28 miles E. of New Haven.
WEST BEDFORD, a post-village of White co., Indiana, 95 It contains 4 churches, 3 stores, and an academy. Pop. 1202.
miles N.W. by N. of Indianapolis.                             WVESTBR0OOK, a post-office of Delaware co., New York.
WEST BEND, a post-office of Polk co., Missouri.             WESTBROOK, a post-office of Bladen co., North Carolina.
WEST BEND, a thriving post-village and township, capi-   WEST BROOK/FIELD, a'post-township of Worcester co.,
tal of Washington county, Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee  Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 69 miles W. by S.
tiver, and on the Milwaukee and Fond-du-Lac Plank-road, of Boston. Pop. 1314.
about 20 miles W. from Lake Michigan, and 35 miles N.N.W.   WEST BROOKFIELD, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio.
from  Milwaukee City.. The river affords fine water-power.   WEST BROOK/VILLE, a post-officeof IHancock co., Maine,
The village is situated in a rich farming district, which is 52 miles E. of Augusta.
improving rapidly, and is on the Milwaukee and Fond-du-   WEST BROOKVILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New
Lae Railroad, (unfinished;) it contains 1 or 2 churches, 2  York, about 95 miles S.S.W. of Albany.
mills, and numerous stores. Pop. of the township, in 1850,   WEST BROWNS/VILLE, a post-village of Washington co.,
672; of the village, in 1853, about 600.                    Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela River, opposite BrownsWVESTIBERE, a parish of England, co. of Kent;.            ville. Pop. 477.
WEST BERtGEN, a post-village of Genesee co., New York,  IVEST BIUNSIWICK, a township in Schuylkill co., Pennon the Rochester and Buffalo Railroad, 22 miles W.S.V. of  sylvania, intersected by the Reading Railroad. Pop. 1693.
Rochester.                                                    WEST BUF/FALO, a post-village and township of Union
iVEST BERKISHIRE, a post-office, Franklin co., Vermont. co., Pennsylvania, about 24 miles S. by W. of Williamstpot.
WEST BERLIN/, a post-office of Rensselaer co., New York. Pop. 1007.
WEST BERLIN, a post-office of St. Clair co,, Michigan.      WEST BUFFALO, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa.
WEST BETHIANY, a post-office of Genesee co., New York.   WEST-BURDVWAN, British India. See BANcoORAL.
WEST BETHIIEL, a post-village of Oxford co., Maine, on    WEST BURKE, a post-office of Caledonia co., Vermont.
the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 74 miles N.W. by    WEST BUR/LINGTON, a post-office of Otsego co., New
N. of Portland.                                             York.
WEST BETH/LEHEM, a township of Washington co.,   WEST BURLINGTON, a small post-village of Bradford co.,
Pennsylvania, about 32 miles S. by WV. of Pittsburg. P. 2114. Pennsylvania.
WEST BLOOM/FIELD, a post-village and township of             VEST BURLINGTON, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.
Ontario co., New York, on the Canandaigua and Niagara    WESTBURY, w~st/ber-e, a parliamentary and' municipal
Falls Railroad, 16 miles WV. of Canandaigua. Pop. 1698.     borough, hundred, town, parish, and township of England
2093




WES                                                       WES
co. of Wilts, on the N.W. side of Salisbury Plain,with a station  - WESTCHIESTER, a post-village and township of WesA
on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 41 miles S.S.E. chester co., New York, 12 miles N.E. of the City Hall of New
of Trowbridge. Pop. of borough in 1851, 7029. The town  York. The township is bounded on the E. and S. by Long
is irregularly built; chief edifice, a handsome town-hall. Island Sound or East River, and sloops ascend Westchester
The church is an old cruciform structure. In the parish are  Creek to the yillage. Pop. 2492.
2 chapels of -ease, dissenting chapels, and a national school   WEST CHES/TER, a post-borough, capital of Chester co.,
endowed with 10001. Westbury returns 1 member to the  Pennsylvania, is finely situated on elevated ground, 223
House of Commons.                                          miles WV. of Philadelphia. This place is remarkable for the
WESTBUIRY, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.            beauty of its situation, the excellence of its sch6ols, and the
WESTBURY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.             elegance of its public buildings. The private houses are
WESTBURY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          nearly all built of brick, and much taste is displayed in the
WEST/BURY, a town and parish of Van Diemen's Land, embellishment of the adjoining grounds,  The court-house
co. of Westmoreland, 18 miles S.W. of Launceston.          is a beautiful and substantial edifice, recently erected, in the
WEST/BURY, a post-office of Wayne co., New York.         Corinthian style, with six noble columns in front. Opposite
WEST/BURY-ON-SEVIERN, a parish of England, co. of to this is the Chester County Bank, a Doric structure of
Gloucester.                                                white marble, which would be creditable to any city in the
WESTBURY-ON-TRIM, a parish of England, co. of Glou- Union. The town also contains several fine churches, a
cester.                                                    cabinet of natural sciences, and a horticultural hall. Some
WESTBUSII, a post-office of Fulton co., New York.        of these are built of a kind of stone found in the vicinity,
WEST BUT/LEt, a post-office of Wayne co., New York.   which has a greenish tint, and is admirably adapted to the
WEST BUX/TON, a post-office of York co., Maine.          Gothic style of architecture. The bank has a capital of
WEST/BY wITr  PLUMP/TONS, a township of England, co. $225,000. The educational institutions include an academy
of Lancaster.                                              and a number of boarding schools, which are generally well
WEST CAIVRO, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.           conducted and flourishing.  Bolmar's boarding-school for
WEST CALN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania. boys is a very large and' extensively patronized institution.
Pop. 1508.                                                 The buildings and other improvements probably cost $50,000.
WEST CAMIBRIDGE, a post-village and township of Mid- The town is supplied with good water from a spring in the
dlesex co., lMassachusetts, on the Fitchburg Railroad, from   vicinity, and is lighted with gas. Three newspapers are
which here diverges the Lexington and West Cambridge  published here. A branch railroad connects West Chester
Branch Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Boston. Pop. in 1840, with the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, and a more
1363, in 1850, 2202.                                      direct railroad with Philadelphia. Pop. in 1850, 3172; in
WEST CAMIDEN, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.        1853, about 4500.
WEST CAMDEN, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,   WEST CHIESTER, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 106
on the Watertownand Rome Railroad, 25 miles W.N.W. of  miles W.S.W. of Columbus.
Rome.                                                        WEST CHESTER, a township in Porter co., Indiana.
WEST CAM/ERON, a post-office of Steuben co., New York. Pop. 360.
WEST CAMP, a post-village of Ulster co.. New York, on    WEST CHES/TERFIELD, a post-office of Hampshire co.,
the W. bank of the Hudson River. 42 miles below Albany.   Massachusetts.
WEST CAMP/TON, a post-village of Grafton co., New    WEST CLAREIMONT, a post-office of Sullivan co., New
Hampshire, 45 miles N. by W. of Concord.                   Hampshire.
WEST CA/NAAN, a post-village of Grafton co., New    WEST CLARKS/VILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co.,
Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of  New York.
Concord.                                                     WEST-CLIFFE, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
WEST CANAAN, a post-village of Madison co., Ohio, 22    WEST CLIUMAX, a post-office of Kalamazoo co., Michigan.
miles W. by N. of Columbus.                                  WEST COLESVILLE, kOIrlz/vil, a post-village of Broome
WEST CANIADA CREEK, of Herkimer co., in the N.E. co., New York.
central part of New York, after forming a small part of the    WEST COLUMIBIA, a thriving post-village of Mason co.,
boundary between Oneida and Herkimer counties, falls into  Virginia, on the Ohio River, 160 miles below Wheeling. It
the Mohawk River at Ierkimer. The noted Trenton Falls owes its growth ard importance to the valuable salt springs
are on this stream.                                       recently found here: 5 or 6 wells have been sunk, and several
WEST CAN/DOR, a post-office of Tioga co., New York.     furnaces put in operation.  Laidout about 1850.
WESTCAPELLE, a village of Belgium. See West IA-    WEST CON/CORD, a post-village of Merrimack co., New
PELLE.                                                    Hampshire, on the Northern Railroad, with a station on the
WEST CAR'LISLE/, a post-village of Coshocton co., Ohio, Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers Railroad, 3 miles N.W.
about 64 miles E.N.E. from Columbus. It has several hun- of Concord. It contains manufactories of cottons, flannels,
dred inhabitants.                                          and other articles.
WEST CARL/TON, a post-village in the N. part of Orleans    WEST CONCORD, a post-village in Concord township,
co., New York.                                             Essex co., Vermont, on Moose Rtiver, about 37 miles N.E. by
WEST CAS/TLETON, a post-office of Rutland co., Vermont. E. of Montpelier, and 7 miles E. of the depat at St. JohnsWEST CAYUITA, a post-village of Chemung co., New  bury. The Moose River affords excellent water-power. This
York, 15 miles N.N.E. of Elmira.                           village has risen out of the woods within the last, 6 years,
WESTCHAR/LEMONT, apost-village of Charlemont town- and is now the largest and-most flourishing in the county.
Ship, Franklin co., Massachusetts. It contains 3 chu-ches.  It contains an iron foundry, an extensive machine shop, a
WEST CIHIARLES/TON, a post-village of Penobscot co., pail factory, shingle and clap-board machines, large grain
MIaine, 70 miles N.E. by N. of Augusta.                    and lumber mills, a church, and 2 stores.
WEST CHARLESTON, a post-village of Orleans co., Ver-   WEST CONEQUENESISING, a township of Butler co.,
mont, near Clyde River, 55 miles N.E. by N. of Montpelier.   Pennsylvania. Pop. 1376.
WEST CIHARLESTON, a post-village of Miami co., Ohio,   WEST CONE/SUS, a post-village of Livingston co., New
about 11 miles S. by E. of Troy.                           York.
WEST CHARLITON, a post-village of Saratoga co., New    WEST CONISTABLE, a post-office of Franklin co., New
York, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Albany.                     York.
WEST CIIA/ZY, a post-village of Champlain township,   WEST CORIN/NA, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
Clinton co., New York, on the Plattsburg and Montreal    WEST CORNtWALL, a post-office, Addison co., Vermont.
Railroad, 10 miles N. of Plattsburg.                         WEST CORNWALL, a thriving post-village in Cornwall
WEST CHELMS/FORD, a post-village of Middlesex co., township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the I-Iousatonic
Massachusetts, 25 miles N.W. of Boston.                    River and Railroad, about 37 miles W. by N. of Hartford.
WEST CHESI/IRE, a post-village of New Haven co., Con- It contains 1 or 2 churches, a blast furnace and a number
necticnt, about 17 miles N. of New Haven.                  of manufactories.
WESTCICHESTER. a county in the S.E. part of New York,   WEST/COTE. a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
bordering on Connecticut and Long Island Sound, has an    WEST CREEK, a post-office of Ocean co., New Jersey.
area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the W.   WEST CREEK, a post-township in Lake co., Indiana.
by the Hudson, and is drained by Croton. Bronx, and 1Iar- Pop. 411.
leto  Rivers, which turn numerous mills. The surface is   WEST CUM/BERLAND, a post-office of Cumberland co.,
hilly, and in the N.W. broken by the highlands. The soil Maine.
is generally very fertile. Large quantities of marble are    WEST DALE, a village of Delaware co., Pennsylvania, on
found in Mount Pleasant, and some copper has been disco- Crum Creek, and on the Philadelphia and West Chester
vered. The Hudson River is navigable for ships along the  Railroad, 10 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia.
entire border. The Hudson River Railroad, the Harlem    WEST DAN/BY, a post-village of Tompkins co., New York.
Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad, all   WEST DAN/VILLE, a post-village of Cumberland co.,
pass through this county, and the aqueduct which supplies Maine.
the city of New York with water from the Croton River,   WEST DAVIENPORT, a post-village of Delaware co., New
partly intersects it. Organized in 1788.  Seats of justice, York.
White Plains and Bedford. Pop. 58,263.                      WEST DAY, a post-village of Saratoga co., New York, on
WESTCHESTER, a post-village of New London co., Con- Sacondaga River, about 50 miles N. by WV. of Albany.
necticut, 25 miles S.E. of Hartford.                        WEST DEDIHAM, a post-village in Norfolk co., Massa
2094




WES                                                        WES
chusetts, on the Norfolk County Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of  Eskdale, N.W. of Langholm. Here are several Roman and
Boston.                                                     Druidic remains.
WEST DEER, a township of Allegheny co., Pennsylvania.    WESTERLEIGIH, wlster-le, a parish of England, co. of
Pop. 1716.                                                  Gloucester, 23 miles S.W. of Chipping-Sodbury.  It has a
WEST DENINIS, a post-village in Dennis township, Barn- handsome church. A railway 9 miles in length connects
stable co., Massachusetts, near the western shore of Cape  Coalpit Heath in this parish with Bristol.
Cod peninsula, about 75 miles S. by E. of Boston. The    WESTERLOO, wslttr-l1', a village of Belgium, province
inhabitants are extensively engaged in mackerel fisheries.   and 25 miles S.E. of Antwerp, on the Great Nethe. Pop.
WEST DER/BY, a post-village of Derby township, Orleans 2300.
co., Vermont, on the E. shore of Memphremagog Lake, and    WESTIERL00, a post-township of Albany co., New York,
Banks of Clyde River, about 55 miles N.E. by N. of Mont- about 20 miles S.W. of Albany. Pop. 2860.
pelier.                                                       WESTtERLY, a thriving post-village and township of
WEST DONEGAL, don-e-gawl!, a township of Lancaster  Washington co., Rhode Island, on the Pawcatuck River,
co., Pennsylvania, on the Lancaster and Harrisburg Rail- the boundary between Rhode Island and Connecticut, and
road. Pop. 1156.                                            on the Stonington and Providence Railroad, 45 miles S.W.
WESTDORPE, wist/don-peh, a village of the Netherlands, of Providence.  The inhabitants are extensively engaged
province of Zealand, 15 miles S. of Goes. - Pop. 1410.      in cotton and other manufactures. Ship-building and the
WEST DOtVER, a post-office of Piscataquis co., Maine.     coast trade is also carried on, for which the river affords
WEST DOVER. a postoffice of Windham co., Vermont.   facilities, being navigable for vessels of from 40 to 50 tons
WEST DRES/DEN, a post-office of Yates co., New York.   burden. The village contains 3 or 4 churches, 3 banks, and
WEST DRYIDEN, a post-village of Tompkins co., New  about 15 stores. Pop. of the township, in 1840, 1912; in
York, about 170 miles W. by N. of Albany.                   1850, 2763.
WEST DUBILIN, a small village of Fulton co., Pennsyl-   WESTIERMAN'S MILLS, a post-office of Baltimore co.,
vania.                                                      Maryland.
WEST DUM/MERSTON, a post-office of Windham  co.,   WESITERN. a township of Oneida co., New York, interVermont.                                                    sected by the Black River Canal. Pop. 2516.
WEST DURIHAM, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.   WESTtERN AUSTRAILIA, (formerly SWAN RIVER COWEST DUXIBURY, a post-village in Duxbury township, LONY,) a British colony occupying the S.W. angle of AusPlymouth co., Massachusetts, 40 miles S.E. of Boston.       tralia, between lat. 280 15' and 350 10' S., and ion. 1140 45'
WEST EARL, (trl,) a post-township of Lancaster co., Penn- and 1190 351 E.; length, from N. to S., about 485 miles,
sylvania, on the Conestoga Creek, about 11 miles N.E. of Lan- greatest breadth 240 miles; extent of coast-line 800 miles.
caster. Pop. 1672.                                          Its first appearance is not very inviting, the coast being
WEST EATON, (eelton,) a post-office of Madison co., New  bordered by dull green-looking downs.  The interior is
York.                                                       traversed from N. to S. by three parallel mountain ranges,
WEST EATON, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. which increase in height inland.  The elevation of TulWESITECUNK, a village of Ocean co., New Jersey, on  banop, the culminating point, is about 5000 feet. The'preLittle Egg Harbor Bay, 50 miles S.E. of Trenton, contains 2  vailingrocks are grantitic, with claystone and limestone.
stores.                                                     Columnar basalt is met with around Gaographe Bay, and
WEST EIDEN, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine.          other localities. A band of coal extends parallel with the
WEST EDIMESTON, a post-village of 0tsego co., New York, coast from G~ographe Bay northward to Shark Bay, a dis28 miles S. of Utica.                                      tance of above 600 miles. The other minerals include iron,
WEST ELIZ/ABETH, a post-village of Jefferson township, lead, copper, mercury, and zinc. A cargo of lead was proAlleghany co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Monon- cured from  the Geraldine mine, about 40 miles from Port
gahela River, 20 miles by water S. of Pittsburg, and opposite  Gregory, and sent to Singapore in 1853. This was the first
Elizabeth borough. Glass is manufactured here. Pop. in  lead exported to the East. Copper is also exported.
1851, about 500.                                              The principal stream is Swan River, which, like ill the
WVEST ELK/TON, a small post-village of Preble co., Ohio, other rivers of Australia, is subject to sudden floods, inunon Elk Creek.                                               dating a large extent of country. In the interior are seveWEST EL/LERY, a post-office of Chautauque co., New  ral salt lakes and pools, but in general the colony is not weill
York.                                                       watered. The climate is arid, but comparatively healthy;
WEST EILY, a post-village of Mlarion co., Missouri, about mean winter temperature 580, summer 760 Fahrenheit.
90 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City.                            The soil is lighlt and dry, both on the coast and in the
WEST EMBIDEN, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.    interior, but in general it is not remarkable for fertility. The
WEST END, a post-office of Bedford co., Pennsylvania.    land on which sheep have been folded yields on an average
WEST ENTFIELD, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.    about 20 bushels of wheat to the acre. Barley is extensively
WEST ENFIELD, a post-office of Grafton co., New IHamp- grown, but oats do not thrive, and the climate is unsuited
shire.                                                      to flax. The vine, fig, and olive, however, are cultivated
WVESTIENHAN'GER, a former parish of England, co. of  with success.  The extent of vineyards already planted
Kent, now included in the parish of Stouting, and having  exceeds 300 acres. Grapes and currants of every species also
a station on the South-East Railway, 31 miles N.W. of  thrive well. In 1849, the number of acres of land under
Hythe.                                                      cultivation was 6700. The year 1852 shows a large increase
WESTENHOLZ, 9~stten-hdlts&, a village of Prussia, pro- in the sale of land over 1851, during which the quantity of
vince of Westphalia, government of Minden, circle of Pader-  land sold was nearly double that of any previous year. Agriborn. Pop. 1693.                                            culture, however, receives but comparatively little attention,
WEST EINOSBURG, a post-office of Franklin co., Vermont. and is by no means prosperous. The governor's report for
WVESTERAS, (WVesterds,) wlstter-os', written also YES- 1852 contains the folowing observation: "It is somewhat
TERAS, a town of Sweden, capital of a Ichn, 60 miles W.N.W. difficult to assign any very satisfactory reason for this appaof Stockholm. Pop. 3345. It is the see of a bishop, and has a  rent supineness, in the midst of an increasing population and
fine cathedral, an ancient castle, and a town-hall. Its college, a certain market, where breadstuffs have reached a price
the most ancient in Sweden, has a library of 11,000 volumes, more than double that realized previous to this having been
and a botanic garden. It has also extensive ship-building  made a penal settlement."  The rearing of sheep has been
docks, and is an entrepat for iron, copper, brass, vitriol, &c., tolerably successful, and horses and cattle thrive well. The
sent to Stockholm. It has an important annual fair on 16th  total number of live stock in 1848 was 157,618, against
September. The i0en or ~province of Westerds has an area  87,938 in 1843. According to the report referred to, the live, of 2655 square miles. Pop. 92,494.                           stock in the colony had continued to increase up to 1852; 
WESTERBURG, *6s/ter-b6oRG\, a village of Germany,  "but," says the governor, "to look forward to any very large
Nassau, capital of a lordship of the Counts of Leiningen- addition to our present numbers in sheep or horned cattle,
Westerburg, 9 miles N.N.W. of Hadamar. Pop. 1367. It unless some new and extensive pastures be discovered, is, I
has a castle, several tanneries, and large coal-mines.      am aware, in the opinion of many, nearly hopeless."
WESTIERDALE, a parish of England, co. of York, North    The commerce of Western Australia is carried on chiefly
Riding.                                                     with Singapore and other places in the East, and with the
WEST/ERFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        mother country. The principal exports are wool, live stock,
WVEST/ERHAM,  a market-town and parish of England, especially horses, and the products of the whale fishery. Lead
co. of Kent, 19' miles W. of Maidstone, on the Darent.  and copper are also beginning to be exported. The export
Pop. of town, in 1851, 1247. The town has a handsome of sandal wood was recently important, (amounting in 1847.
church, in which is a monument to General Wolfe, who  to 370' tons,) but in 1852 had enti-ely ceased. The total
was born here, and whose victory at Quebec is commemo- value of exports rose from 7088/. in 1843, to 29.598/. in 1848.
rated by a pillar in this parish. Bishop Hoadley was born  Their value for 1852 is not given, but the governor states
here in 1676.                                               that there had been a falling off of 2688/. as compared with
WESTERHAUSEN, *6s/ter-h~w'zen, a village of Prussian  1851. The value of imports increased from 37,486/. in 1843,
Saxony, 4 miles N.N.iV. of Quedlinburg. Pop. 1630.          to 45,411/. in 1848; 56,598/. in 1851, and 97,303/. in 1852. Ton.
WESTERIIEIM, *6s/ter-htme\, a village of WViirtemberg, nage entered in 1852, 25,326; being an increase of 8786
circle of Danube, on the Rauhe-Alp Mountains, near Geis- over 1851. The colony has an available supply of ship-buildlingen. Pop. 879.                                           ing timber, which grows quite close to the sea: it is analo.
WEST/ERKIRK, a parish of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, in  gous to Honduras mahogany, is of great size, and possesses
2095




WES                                                        WES
the peculiar property of resisting sea-worms. It also forms   WEST FALMOUTII, a post-village of Bals nestable co., lMas
a very valuable material for house-building, being imper- sachusetts, 62 miles S.S.E. of Boston.
vious to the white ant. It is confidently expected that when    WEST FAR/MINGTON, a post-office of Ontario co., New
the value of this timber-the jsarrah of the inhabitants-  York.
becomes more widely known, it will materially promote the    WEST FARMS, a post-village and township of Westches.
prosperity of the colony. It is more easily worked than any  ter co., New York, 11 miles N.N.E. of New York City. The
other timber in Australia.                                township borders on the East River or Long Island Sound,
The colony of Western Australia is divided into about 30  and is intersected by the Harlem Railroad. The village is
counties,,nd ruled by a Governor and Legislative Council. situated on Bronx River, at the head of sloop navigation.
Liberal means are provided for the promotion of the reli- It contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, and numerous
gious instruction and intellectual culture both of the immi-  stores and factories. Pop. of the township, 4436.
grant and native population. School-houses capable of    WEST FAYETTEI, a post-office of Seneca co., New York.
accommodating 400 pupils were in course of erection in 1852    WEST FELICIANA. (fe-lis-e-ah/na,) a parish of Louisiana,
at Perth and Freemantle. The estimated cost of these houses bordering on Mississippi, and on the E. bank of Mississippi
was 14001. In Perth there are no less than 5 public schools River, contains 480 square miles. It is intersected by Bayou
receiving government aid; also several private ones. There Sarah. The siurface is gently undulating; the soil is fertile.
are also 2 public and several private schools in Freemantle. The parish is intersected by a railroad from Woodville to
In Guilford, the school is under the charge of a clergyman  the Mississippi River. Capital, St. Francisville. Pop, 13,245,
of the Church of England, receiving government aid. of whom 2579 were free, and 10,666 slaves.
There are also schools at York, Bunbury, and Albany, under    WEST/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
lay masters paid by government. The revenue of the colony    WESTFIELD, a parish of England, co, of Sussex.
in 1852 was 37,021/., and the expenditures 34,777/.          WEST/FIELD, a post-township of Orleans co,, Yermont,
The colony of Western Australia was founded in 1829 by  44 miles N. of Montpelier. Pop. 502.
Captain Stirling, who was appointed the first governor. The    WESTFIELD, a flourishing post-village and township of
European population in 1832 was 1540; in 1848, 4622; and  Itampden co., Massachusetts, on the Westfield River, and
in 1852, 8711; of whom 5645 were males, and 3066 females. on the Western Railroad, 10 miles WV.N.W. of Spriagfieltl.
Of the population 6574 were free, 1432 bond, and 705 mili- The village is delightfully situated in a plain bordered with
tary. The number of the aboriginal population is estimated  beautiful hills. In the centre is a fne public square, around
at 1700. The capital of the colony is Perth, situated on  which are situated the principal stores. The village conthe estuary of Swan River. The principal port is Freeman- tains several churches, a town-house, 2 banks, a savings
tie. British mail-steamers touch at Albany, at the S. extre-'institution, an insurance company, and 2 newspaper offices.
mity of the colony.                                        It is the seat of the Westfield Academy, incorporated in
WESTERN  BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION. 1793, and of one of the state normal schools. The inhabitSee CoviNGTo N, Kentucky.                                  ants are engaged in various kinds of manufactures, the
WESTERN COLLEGE OF HOMIEOPATHIC MEDICINE. principal of which are whips, for which there are here
See CLEVELAND, Ohio.                                       about 20 establishments. Pop. in 1840, 3526; in 1850, 4181.
WESTERN FORD, a post-office of Randolph co., Yirginia,   WESTFIELD, a post-village and township of Chautauque
240 miles N.WV. of Richmond.                               co., New York, on Chautauque Creek, and on the Buffalo
WESTE:RN ISLANDS, Scotland. See HEBRIDES.                and State Line Railroad, 57 miles W.S.W. of Buffalo. The
WESTERN ISLES, a name sometimes given to the Azores. township borders on Lake Erie.  The village contains
WESTERN  MILITARY  INSTITUTE.  See DBENNON  several churches, an academy, 2 banks, a newspaper office,
SPRINGS, Kentucky.                                         and several mills and factories.  Pop. of the township,
WESTER NORItLAND, a ksen of Sweden. See HEaRNOSAND.  3100.
WESTtERN-PORT, an inlet of the S. coast of Australia,   WESTFIELD, a township of Richmond co., New York,
Victoria, co. of Mornington, 12 miles S.E. of the inlet of  forms the S.W. extremity of Staten Island, and contains
Port Phillip, and separated from it by the peninsula of Ar- Richmond, the county seat. Pop. 2943.
thur's Seat. Length and breadth about 20 miles each, but   WESTFIELD, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
it is nearly filled up by French and Grant Islands, and only  about 22 miles S.W. of Trenton.
the entrance on their WV. side is adapted for large vessels.   WESTFIELD, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
It forms a secure harbor. Lat. of the N.E. point of Phillip  New Jersey, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, 36 miles
Island, 380 26' 42"' S., lon.'1450 18/ 15" E.              N.N.E. of Trenton. Pop. 1575.
WEST/ERNPORT, a post-village of Alleghany co., Mary-   WESTFIELD, a post-township of Tioga co., Pennsylvania,
land, on the Potomac River, 24 miles S.W. of Cumberland.  about 16 miles N.W. of Wellsborough. Pop. 1348.
WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE. See HUDsON, Ohio.                 WESTFIELD, a township in Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 1122.
WESTERN SARATO/GA, a post-village of Union co., Illi-   WESTFIELD, a post-township forming the S.W. extremity
nois, 142 miles S. of Springfield, owes its rise to a medicinal of Morrow co., Ohio, intersected by the E. branch of Whetspring, which attracts numerous visitors in the warm season. stone River, and by the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati
WESTIERENSTAR, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio, 122  Railroad. Pop. 1414.
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                      WESTFIELD, a post-village and township of Hamilton co.,
WESTERN  THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL. See MEADVLLaE, Indiana, 6 miles W. of Noblesville. Pop. 215.
Pennsylvania.                                                WESTFIELD, a small post-village of Clarke co., Ilinois.
WESITERNVILLE, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,   WESTFIELD, a post-township in the N.E. part of Maron the M7ohawk River, and on the Black River Canal, 8 or 9  quette co., Wisconsin.
miles N.N.E. of Rome.                                        WESTFIELD, a small village of Sank co., Wisconsin.
WESTERVIK, fW6sfter-vik', sometimes written VESTER-   WESTFIELD RIVER is formed by the junction of its
VIK, a town of South Sweden, ksen and 75 miles N. of Kal-  North, Middle, and West branches, which unite in Hampmar, on a deep inlet of the Baltic, here crossed by a bridge  den county, in the W. part of Massachusetts, and falls into
of boats. Pop. 3025. It has a fine church, safe and conve- the Connecticut near Springfield. The railroad from Springvient harbor, ship-building docks, manufactures of linen  field to Albany passes along this stream for about 20 miles.
fabrics, and a trade in iron, wooden wares, tar, and pitch.   Branches. —The North Branch rises in Hampshire county,
WESITERVILLE, a.post-village of Franklin co., Ohio, 14  as also does the Middle Branch, which flows into it; the
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                    West Branch rises in Berkshire; the North Branch, after
WESTERWALD, *6slteri-'v~lt', a hill-chain of West Ger- uniting with the Middle, joins the West Branch in Hampmany, forming the boundary between Westphalia and the  den county.
duchy of Nassau, stretches N.E. from Coblentz for about 70    WEST FINDILEY,  a post-township forming the S.W. exmiles. Its principal summit, the Salzburgerkopf, is 2847  tremity of Washington co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1213. 
feet in elevation. The mountains are well wooded.            WEST FITCH/BURG, a post-village of Worcester co.,
WEST EXIETER, a post-office of Otsego co., New York. lMassachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad,
WEST FAIR/FIELD, a, post-village of Westmoreland co., 43 miles W.N.W. of Boston.
Pennsylvania, 125 miles W. of I-Iarrisburg.                  WEST FLORIENCE, a post-village of Preble co., Ohio, on
WEST FAIR/LEE, a post-township of Orange co., Vermont, Four Mile Creek, 100 miles W. by S. of Columbus.
29 miles S.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 596.                       WEST/FORD, a post-township in Chittenden co., Vermont,
WEST FAIRIVIEW, a post-office of Cumberland co., Penn- 31 miles N.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 1458.
sylvania.                                                    WESTFORD, a post-village and township of Middlesex co.,
WEST/FALL, a post-township of Pike co., Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, on the Stony Brook Railroad, 27 miles N.W.
on the Delaware River, about 68 miles E. by N. of Wilkes- by WV. of Boston. The village contains several churches and
barre. Pop. 567.                                          an academy. Pop. of the township, 1473.
WEST FAL'LOWFIELD, a township of Chester co., Penn-   WESTFORD, a post-village in Windham  co., Connecticut,
sylvania. Pop. 2290.                                      on Mount Hope River, 30 miles N.E. by E. of Hartford.
WEST FALLOWFIELD, a township of Crawford co.,   WESTFORD, a post-township of Otsego co., New York, 8
Pennsylvania, intersected by the Beaver and Erie Canal. miles S.E. of Cooperstown. Pop. 1423.
Pop. 654.                                                    WEST FORK, a post-office of Overton co., Tennessee.
WEST FALLS, a post-office of Erie co., New York.           WVEST FORT ANN, a post-office of Washington co., New
WEST FALIMOUTH, a post-office of Cumberland co., York.
Maine.                                                       WEST FOWILER, a post-office, St. Lawrence co., New Yorl
2096




WES                                                       WES
WEST FOXIBOROUGIT, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mas-    WESTHAM, a parish of England. See HAM, WEST.
sachusetts, 25 miles S.S.W. of Boston.                      WEST HAMIILTON, a village of La Porte co., Indiana,
WEST FRANKFORT, a post-office of Herkimer co., New  on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 4 or 5 miles N.E. of La
York.                                                     Porte.
WEST FRANKILIN, a post-office of Bradford co., Penn-   WESTH-IAM LOOKS, a post-office of Henrico co., Virginia.
sylvania.                                                   WEST HAMP/DEN, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.
WEST FRANKLIN, a post-village in Posey co., Indiana,   WEST HAMP/NETT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
on the N. bank of Ohio River, 170 miles S.W. of Indianapolis.   WEST HAMP/TON, a post-township of Hampshire co.,
WEST FREEIDOM, a post-office of Waldo co., Maine.       Massachusetts, 95 miles W. of Boston. Pop. 602.
WEST FREEIMAN, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.      WEST HAN/OVER, a post-township of Dauphin co., PennWEST FRIESLAND, frees/lint, a former district of Hol- sylvania, about 11 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. Pop. 897.
land, province of North Holland, being the sea-board of the    WEST HAR/PETH, a post-office of Williamson co., TenZuyder-Zee, N. of Edam.  It comprehended the towns of nessee.
Enkhuyzen, Hoorn, and Medemblik.                            WEST HARPS/WELL, a post-office of Cumberland co.,
WEST FUL/TON, a post-office of Schoharie co., New York. Maine.
WEST FULTON, a post-village, Itawamba co., Mississippi.   WEST HART/FORD, a post-village of Windsor co., VerWEST FURNACE, a post-office of Floyd co., Virginia.     mont, on the White River, which affords water-power, and
WEST GAINES, a post-office of Orleans co., New York.    on the Vermont Central Railroad, 56 miles S.E. of MIontpeWEST GALIWAY, a post-office of Fulton co., New York.  lier. Manufacturing is carried on here to some extent.
WEST GARDINER, a township of Kennebec co., Maine,   WEST. HARTFORD, a post-village of Hartford co., Conincorporated August 8, 1850.                              necticut, 5 miles W. of Hartford. Pop. 4,411.
WEST GAI/LAND, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.    WEST IHART/LAND, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.
WESTIGATE, a township of England, co. of Northumber-   WEST HARTLAND, a post-village of Hartford co., Conland, parish and forming the N.W. suburb of the town of  necticut, 25 miles N.W. of HIartford.
Newcastle. Pop. in 1851, 16,477.                            WEST HAR/WICK, a post-village of Barnstable co., lMasWEST GENESEE/, a post-village of Alleghany co., New  sachusetts, 75 miles S.E. of Boston.
York, about 70 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo.                     WEST HAIVEN,la post-township of Rutland co., Vermont,
WEST GENESEE, a township in Genesee co., Michigan. on Lake Champlain, 60 miles S.W. by S. of Montpelier.
Pop. 232.                                                 Pop. 718.
WEST GEORGIA, jorlja, a post-office of Franklin co.,   WEST IIAVEN, a post-village of New Haven co., ConVermont.                                                  necticut, on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 5
WEST GILBO/A, a post-office of Schoharie co., New York. miles S.W. of New Haven. It contains a church and an
WEST GII/EAD, a village of Morrow co., Ohio, on the  academy.
railroad which connects Cleveland with Columbus, 42 miles   WEST HAV/ERFORD, a post-office of Delaware co., PennN. of the latter. It was laid out in 1851, and contains sylvania.
several warehouses.                                         WEST HAW/LEY, a post-village of Hawley township,
WEST GIRARD/, a village of Erie co., Penhsylvania, on  Franklin co., Massachusetts; contains a church and a store.
Elk Creek, 17 miles S.W. of Erie, and 2 miles from Lake Erie.   WEST HE/BRON, a post-village of Washington co., New
WEST GLENTBURN, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine. York, 22 miles S. of Whitehall.
WEST GLOUCESTER, (glosfter,) a post-office of Cumber-   WEST HEBRON, a post-village of McHenry co., Illinois.
land co., Maine.                                          70 miles N.W. by N. of Chicago.
WEST GLOUCESTER, a manufacturing post-village of   WEST IIEM/LOCK, a township of Montour co., PennsylGloucester township, Providence co., Rhode Island, on the  vania. Pop. 193.
route of the proposed Woonsocket Union Railroad, about 22    WEST HEMP/FIELD, a township of Lancaster co., Pennmiles N.W. of Providence.                                 sylvania, traversed by the Philadelphia and Columbia RailWEST GLOVER, (glitv/pr,) a recently sprung up village  road. Pop. 2724.
in Glover township, Orleans co., Vermont, about 35 miles   WEST HEN/NEPIN, a small village of Bureau co., IlliN.E. by N. of Montpelier. It contains a church, an unusu- nois, on the Illinois River, nearly opposite Hennepin.
ally fine school-house, and several mills.                  WEST HENRIETITA, a post-office of Monroe co., New
WEST GORHAM, (go/ram,) a post-office of Cumberland  York.
co., Maine.                                                WEST HILL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania.
WEST GOISHEN, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecti-   WEST HILLS, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York.
cut, about 35 miles W. by N. of lartford. It contains a    WEST HINSIDALE, a village of Cattaraugus co., New
Methodist church and several mills and factories.        York, about 50 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo.
WEST GO/SHEN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania,   WEST HO0BOKEN, a post-village of Hudson co., New
contains West Chester, the county seat. The Philadelphia  Jersey, 2 miles N. of Hoboken Landing.
and West Chester Railroad terminates in it. Pop. 4112.      WESTHOFEN, *esthon/fen, a market-town of West GerWEST GOULDSBOROUGII, west gooldslbtr-rah, a post- many, Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhenish Hessen, on the
village of Hancock co., Maine, 95 miles E. of Augusta.    Seebach, 20 miles S. of Mentz, (Mayntz.) Pop. 1838.
WEST GRAN/BY, a post-village of Hartford co., Connecti-   WESTHOFEN, a market-town of West Germany, Prussian
cut, 20 miles N.N.W. of Hartford.                         Westphalia, 7 miles S.S.E. of Dortmund, on the Ruhr. Pop.
WEST GRAN/VILLE, a post-village in Hampden co., IMas- 1025.
sachusetts, 110 miles W.S.W. of Boston.                     WESTHOFEN, vestto'fSNO/, a village of France, departWEST GREAT WORKS, a post-office of Penobscot co., ment of Bas-Rhin,  14 miles W. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852,
Maine.                                                    2054, engaged in woollen-weaving.
WEST GREECE, a post-office of Monroe co., New York.       WEST/HORPE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
WEST GREEN/FIELD, a post-village of Saratoga co., New    WEST HUR/LEY, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.
York, 36 miles N. by WV. of Albany.                         WEST  INDIES, whst inldhz, ANTILLES, dn'teel/, or
WEST GREENFIELD, a township in La Grange co., Indi- COLUM/BIAN ARCHIPEL/AGO, (L. Antilcw,In/dice occidenana. Pop. 457.                                            takles; Fr. Iles Antilles, eel 8aN'teel/; Sp. Antillas, An-teel/yys;
WEST GREEN/VILLE, sometimes called GREENVILLE, Ger. Antillen, An-tiltlen, West nndien, 5est in/tde-en; Dutch,
a thriving post-borough of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, on  West Indien, whst in/de-en,) an extensive system of islands in
Shenango Creek, on the Erie Extension Canal, and on the  the Atlantic Ocean, stretching from the N.W. of Cape Florida
Pittsburg and Erie Railroad, (unfinished,) 75 miles N. by  in North America, to the Gulf of Paria, on the N. coast of
W. of Pittsburg. It contains several churches and mann-  South America, and comprised between lat. 100 and 270 30'
factories, in which steam and water power are used. Pop. N., and ion. 590 and 850 W.; having N. and E. the Atlantic,
In 1850, 1036.                                           and S. the Caribbean Sea, which separates them fl-om Central
WEST GREENWICH, a township in Kent co., Rhode and South America. They are mostly disposed in three disIsland, 22 miles W.N.W. of Newport. The streams afford  tinct groups, called, respectively, the Lesser Antilles or Cawater-power, employed for cotton and other mills. Pop. 1'850. ribbean Islands, the Greater Antilles, and the Bahama or
WEST GREENWICH CENTRE, a post-village of Kent ~o., Lucayos Islands. The islands that compose the first-named
Rhode Island, situated in the abovi township.            division form the most southerly of these groups; they
WEST GREEN/WOOD, a post-office of Steuben co., Nw  are disposed in the form of a crescent, with the convex
York.                                                    side facing the E., and are divided into the WiVindwasrd
WEST GRO/TON, a post-village of Middlesex co., Massi- or Southern Caribbee Islands; and the Leewcard Islands;
chusetts, on the Peterborough and Shirley Railroad, 39 milks the latter terminating with the Virgin Islands.  The
W.N.W. of Boston.                                        Greater Aftilles comprise -the four largest and finest
WEST GROTON, a post-village of Tompkins co., Nem  islands in the Archipelago-Cuba, Hayti or San Domingo,
York, 55 miles W. of Albany.                             Porto Rico, and Jamaica, with the small islands along their
WEST GROVE, a post-office of Chester co., Pennsylvania. coastS. The Bahama Islands form the most N. portion of
WEST HADILEY, a post-office of Saratoga co., New York. the system, of which they are also the most numerous, but
WEST HAL/IFAX, a post-office of Windham co.,YVermont.  the least valuable and interesting. Besides the three great
WESTI/IALL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       groups named, there are several small islands dispersed
WESTHAIM, a parish of England. co. of Sussex, with asta- along the coast of South and Central America. The scurface
tion on the South Coast Railway, 41 miles S.E. of Hailsham. of all the Archipelago does not exceed 95,000 square miles;
6 G                                                                         2097




WES                                                           WES
and of this area the Greater Antilles occupy nearly 83,000    The climate in the Antilles is extremely hot, but the lengtE
square miles. In the following table is given a list of the  of the night, the sea-breezes, and, in many of them. the
principal islands, arranged in the groups to which they  elevation of the laud, tefd to modify the sun's influence.
respectively belong; the area and population are also shown, Hurricanes of great violence are of frequent occurrence, the
and the power under whose sway they are held:-                 West Indies being the focus of the most desolating on record.
These hurricanes commence near the Leeward Islands, travel
to the W.N.W., and then round the shores or across the Gulf
sq. m.   Pop.    Dominion.       of Mexico, and following the Gulf Stream, are lost in the
sq.mI.I.....____________    -Atlantic, between the Bermud as and Halifax.  They are
~GB~EeLTeR  ANTLLES~.                     ~most frequent between June and October.  Navigation
GRCATEabRac ANTILLES.                                    within these islands, from W. to E., is attended with great
Caymanbrack
Cayman (Little)                      20 British.            difficulty, on account of the opposition of the passage-winds
Cayman (Great) )                          50  "mti  hs  sadfo  W   oEi  teddwt   ra
Cayman (Great).         1,0         c      ps.             and the currents. From this cause, a voyage from  V. to E.
Cuba c.27...34,800  4,009,060  dSpanish.          requires almost as many weeks as days in an opposite
Hayti                    27,600   943,000  Independent.     drcin
Isle er Pines               60     1,400   Spanish.         direction.
Jasle o.......    4        1,256   377,43 3 en
Jamaica.         4,256    77,433 1 British.          The rich and varied productions of the West Indian Islands
Porto Rico                3,000   500,000   Spanish.        give them an important place in the commercial world.  The
LEssen ANTILLES.                                         principal of these are sugar and coffee, both introduced by
Windsward Islands, or South                                   man. The first West India sugar was produced in the island
saribbee Islands:-                                         of IHayti. As early as 1518, the Spaniards had here numerous
Barbades.166   122,008                                      sugar-presses in operation. From Hayti the manufacture
Grenada                    125    28,000   British.         subsequently spread to the other islands. Coffee found its
Grenadines.
GMrenadrtiniques380   121,478    rench.                     way to the West Indies from Ceylon and the Isle of Bourbon,
M~artinique         ~      ~~380   121,4718    rnh
St. Lucia....           270    24,318                   about the middle or towards the latter end of the 16th cenSt.Vincen~132.30,128 VBritish.                      tory. The other more inmportant productions are molasses,
vriaidad.         1 ~~2450    60,319   Biih
Trinidbagd                2,970    1,20319                  rum, pimento, tobacco, cotton, logwood, indigo, cochineal,......go.  J970    13,'L08mahogany, lignumvito, various dye-woods, copper, and an
Leeward Islands, or North                                     immense variety of tropical fruits. At the time Of their
Car-ibbee Islands:-                                       discovery, the S. islands of this Archipelago were inhabited
Anguilla.                 1350    16,40593                 by a fierce and warlilke race, called Caribs; the more N. by
Altigua.           75     1,600   Ba gentler race, the Arrowauks. Both, with the exception of
Deseada                                   French.           a few hundreds in Trinidad, are now extinct. San Salvador
Dominica...        215   22,250   British.          was the first land discovered in America, on which Columbus
Guadeleups.         9~,2'5 4   129,010   Prench.
Muareloue   6~534   19,050   Freach.                   landed in October, 1492. Under the erroneous impression
Guadeloue.. 1..6      0    12,749   French.
Marie Galante            0    1          e47 365        that the archipelago formed part of Asia, it was called West
Montserrat.....          47     7,6   British.                             C
Nevis..erra                       10.200..ri.s... 0        Indies.  (Particular descriptions are given under the heads
eaba i                             1,617   British.         of the various islands.)-Adj. and inhab. WEST IN/DIAN.
S5     1,800   Swedish.
St. Barthiolomew            60    22,02   British.            WEST ISLES, a group of islands belonging to New Bruns~       ~  23,133 B~ritish.
St.Christopher....              1,000   Pseach.          wick, Charlotte county, in the Atlantic Ocean, near Eastport,
SitesLs. Eustatius.    ~.,01,0   F c.
Sautes E Lesa)      19 0  1,903   British.           Maine. They are noted for their fisheries, which, in 1850,
St. Eusttie                 30     7,773   French & Dutch.  employed 691 men. The yield was 20,800 quintals of polSt.~~~~~~~ ~2,0 Baritish
Santa Csruz.....          110    25,600   British.         lock and halke; 3750 quintals of cod; 3500 barrels of herVirgin Islands: —                                             rings; 800 barrels of pickled cod and haddock; 450 barrels
Anegada..            13       0   Britaish.          of oil; and 5000 boxes of smoked herrings.
Culebra.10. 7..           42      500   Spanish.            WEST JAS/PER, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
42     i,60   Danish.
St. Jan.2he.a..sh.
St. Teans.                         1,     la.  h.            WEST JEF/FERSON, a post-village in Lincoln co., Maine,
St. Thomas.....          45    180 Daih
Tortola........0,200   British.              16 miles S.E. of Augusta.
sVieque (Biequte)..                  211   British.           WEST JEFFERSON, a thriving post-village of Madison
Vieqe (Bieqa.               20            Britisho.         county, Ohio, on the National Road, and on the Columbus
BAHaMA ISLANDS.                                          and Xenia Railroad, 15 miles W. of Columbus. It has I or
Abaco (Great and Little)                                    2 churches, and 1 academy. Pop. 436.
Andros                                                        WEST JER/SEY, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois.
Crooked Islands                   coJ
Creste  IslandWEST JU/NIUS, a post-offsce of Seneca co., New York.
Eleuthera               0~,!
xa  rtni)    ~      WEST KAPELLE, wvst-k-p~l/leh, or WEST KAPELLEN,
~Great Bahama     a.                                 wlst k8-p~llen, a village of the Netherlands, province of
*Inugue (Great and Little)   em B    r       l       tsh.   Zealand, 7 miles W.N.W. of Middelburg, on the most WV.
Key or~ Caycs. (Great)  p 0 a)point of the island of Walcheren.  Pop. 1800.
Lone Island.LoariguI~sl~ad  o'd 0 ~WEST KAPELLEN, wist kB-p5l/len, a market-town of
Mariguana,                  W, 
New Providence.                       Belgium, province of West Flanders, 8 miles N.E. of Bruges.
Providenciales           P                                  Pop. 1500,
St. Salvador                 iWEST KAPELLEN, a town of the Netherlands. See WEso.
Watling Islands                                             KAPELLE.
K~APELLE.
Seem  AMERICANc~  COA~ST.                     WEST  KEN/DALL, a post-village of Orleans co., New
Buen Ayre...        80     1,955   Dutch.           York, about 260 miles W. by N. of Albany.
~Co~che..-Venezu~esla.    ~ WESTKERKE, iCstlkRt-keh, a village of Belgium, pro.
Csudgu or Cubagus... Vnzea               -
Cuagua or a&'u~~~~~             Venezuela.'
Cas-aen. 15    10,04   Btch.      vince of West Flanders, on the canal of Bourgogne, 10 miles
Margarita......          540    15,000   Venezuela.       W. of Bruges.  Pop. 1228.
Oruba........                          Dutch.             WEST KILL, a post-village of Greene co., New York, about
Tor-tuga ~......BaDutch.            ~     60 miles S.W. of Albany. It contains several mills.
WEST KIL/LINGLY or DAN/IELSONVILLE, a flourishBesides the islands above named, there are a vast number  ing post-village in Killingly township, Windham  co., Conof barren rocky islets scattered over the surface of the  necticut, on the W. side of Quinebaug  River, and on the
archipelago, which it is unnecessary and impossible to  Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 32 miles N.E. by N. of
enumerate; the Bahama group alone amounting, altogether,  Norwich. It contains 2 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 bank,
to 500 in number, and the Virgin Islands to at least 50 more  with a capital of $100,000, 5 cotton-mills, 1 woollen-mill, 1
than those given in the table.                                 batting-mill, 1 iron-foundry, 1 planing-mill, 16 dry-goods
The Antilles are generally considered to be the remains and grocery stores, and 3 drug stores. Pop. about 2500.
of a mountain range, which, at some remote period, united    WEST KINIDERHOOK, a post-office, Tipton co., Indiana.
the continents of North and South America. Some of the    WEST LAC'KAWAN/NOCK, a township of Mercer co.,
Lesser Antilles are fiat, but the general character of the  Pennsylvania. Pop. 1123.
West Indian Islands is bold, with a single mountain or group    WEST LAFAYETTE, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.
of mountains in the centre, which slopes to the sea all round,    WEST LAN/CASTER, a post-village of Fayette co., Ohio,
more precipitously on the E. side, which is exposed to the  near Rattlesnake Creek, 12 miles N.W. of Washington, the
force of the Atlantic current. Volcanicaction is confined in  county seat.
this archipelago to the smaller islands, which, forming a    WEST/LAND, a post-village in Halifax co., North Carolina,
line in a meridional direction, extend from 120 to 180 N. lat.;  86 miles N.E: of Raleigh.
commencing with Grenada, and ceasing with St. Eustatius.   WESTLAND, a township in Guernsey co., Ohio.  Pop.
Most of the intervening islands, which rise to great eleva- 1126.
tions, possess craters recently extinct, that have vomited    WESTLAND, a post-office of Hancock co., Indiana.
ashes and lava within historical periods, while those which    WEST LAW/RENS, a post-village of Otsego co., New York,
c-re low, are composed of either calcareous or coral rocks. about 84 miles W. of Albany.
The most considerable eruptions in modern times have been    WEST LEBIANON, a post-office of York co., Maine.
those of St. Vincent; but more remotely, San Domingo and    WEST LEBANON, a post-village and important railway
Jamaica have been the scenes of some of the most tremen- station of Grafton co., New Hampshire, on the left bank of
Ious e-arthquakes on record.                                   the Connecticut, 69 miles N.W. of Concord. The Northern
2093




WES                                                        WES
Railroad connects at this point with the Vermont Central  School, established in 1851, and a newspaper office. In the
and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroads.       village and. vicinity are numerous manufactories, among
WEST LEBANON, a post-village of Indiana co., Pennsyl-  which may be mentioned a large establishment for making
vania, 35 miles in a direct line E. by N. of Pittsburg.    ivory combs, a foundry, and a machine shop. Tinware and
WEST LEBANON, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.          various kinds of hardware are extensively manufactured.
WEST LEBANON, a post-village in Warren co., Indiana, Pop. in 1853, about 1500.
80 miles N.W. by W. of Indianapolis.                          WEST/MESTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
WEST LE ROY, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan.       WEST MIDIDLEBOROUGH, a village of Plymouth co., ~
WEST/LETON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         Massachusetts, about 40 miles from South Boston.
WEST LEVANT/, a post-office of Penobscot co., Maine.       WEST MIDIDLEBURG, a post-village of Logan co., Ohio,
WEST LEXIINGTON, a post-village in the WV. part of 56 miles N.W. by N. of Columbus.
Greene co., New York.                                        WEST MIDIDLESEX, a post-office of Mercer co., PennsylWEST LEYIDEN, a post-village of Lewis co., New York, vania.
35 miles N. by W. of Utica.                                   WEST MID/DLETOWN, a post-borough of Washington
WESTLEY WAITERLESS, a parish of England, co. of  co., Pennsylvania, about 15 miles N.W. of Washington, the
Cambridge.                                                 county town. It contains several stores. Pop. in 1850, 326.
WEST LIBIERTY, a post-village in Ohio co., Virginia,    WEST MI/LAN, New HIampshire, a station on the Grand
about 10 miles N.E. of Wheeling.                           Trunk Railway, 40 miles from Island Pond.
WEST LIBERTY, a post-office of Liberty co., Texas.         WEST MIL/FORD, a post-township of Passaic co., New
WEST LIBERTY, a post-village, capital of Morgan co., Jersey, 40 miles N.W. of Jersey City. Polp. 2624.
Kentucky, on Licking River, 107 miles E. by S. of Frank-   WEST MILFORD, a post-office of IIarrison co., Virginia.
fort. It has a court-house, 2 churches, and several stores.    WEST/MILL, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.
WEST LIBERTY, a village of Crawford co., Ohio, 66 miles   WEST MILL/BUBU   RY, a post-office of Worcester co., MassaN. of Columbus.                                            chusetts, 40 miles W.S.W. of Boston.
WEST LIBERTY, a thriving post-village and station in    WEST MILL CREEK, a post-office, Erie co., Pennsylvania.
Liberty township, Logan co., Ohio, on the Mad River and    WEST MILL GROVE, a post-office of Wood co., Ohio.
Lake Erie Railroad, 48 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. It has a    WEST MILITON, a post-office of Strafford co., New Hampvaluable water-power furnished by Mad River, and contains shire.
a newspaper office. Pop. in 1851, 600.                       WEST MILTON, a post-village, Chittenden co., Vermont.
WEST LIBERTY, a post-office of Muscatine co.. Iowa.        WEST MILTON, a post-village of Saratoga co., New York,
WEST LIMIA, a township in La Grange co., Indiana. 31 miles N. of Albany.
Pop. 306.                                                    WEST IMILTON, a small village, Union co., Pennsylvania.
WEST LIT/TLETON, a post-office of Middlesex co., Mas-   WEST MILTON, a post-office of Miami co.. Ohio.
sachusetts.                                                  WEST MINOT, a post-village in Minot township, Cum-'WEST LOCUST, a post-office of Sullivan co., Missouri.    berland co., Maine.
WEST LOIDI, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio.             WEST/MINSTER. CITY AND LIBERTY oF, England, co. of
WVEST LOW/VILLE, a post-village of Lewis co., New York, Middlesex, is the WV. part of the British metropolis, havabout 140 miles N.W. of Albany.                            ing on the S. and WV. the parishes of Chelsea and KenWEST LU/BEC, a post-office of Washington co., Maine.    sington; N. the borough of Marylebone, from  which it is
WVESTILY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           separated by Oxford Street; E. the Thames separating it
WEST-LIN/TON, a township, England, co. of Cumberland. from the borough of Lambeth, (with which it communicates
}WEST MACEDON, mastse-don, a post-office of Wayne co., by Vauxhall, Westminster, IHungerford, and Waterloo
New York.                                                  bridges;) and on the E. also the Strand. Pop. in 1851,
WEST MADAWASIKA, a post-office, Aroostook co., Maine. 241,611. Its different parts present a great contrast.  In
WEST MAHIO/NING, a township of Indiana co., Penusyl- the vicinity of its Abbey is one of the worst parts of the
vania. Pop. 1030.                                          metropolis, but in the other parts of Westminster are the
WESTMALE, wast/mal-leh, a village of Belgium, pro- finest quarters of the capital, the principal government
vince and 13 miles E.N.E. of Antwerp, on the Tapelbeek or  offices, and by far the larger number of the town residences
Hanckbeek. Pop. 1064.                                      of the nobility. Principal structures, Westminster Abbey
WEST MAN/CHESTER, a post-office of Alleghany co., and Hall, the new and magnificent Houses of Parliament,
Pennsylvania. See MANenESTER.                              Privy Council Office, Treasury, and Board of Trade, in
WEST MANCHESTER, a township of York co., Pennsyl- Whitehall; St. James's, Buckingham, and Kensington Pavania. Pop. 1361.                                          laces; Some-set House, with King's College; Westminster,
WESTMAN/NA, a group of islands off the S. coast of  St. George's, and Charing-cross Hospitals.  Westminster
Iceland, a few of which are inhabited. Lat. of S. point 630  sends 2 members to the IHouse of Commons. See LONDON.
20' N., ]on. 200 23' W.                                      WEST/MINSTER, a post-township of Windham  co., VerWEST MARL/BOROUGH], a township of Chester co., Penn- mont, on the W. side of the Connecticut River, 82 miles S.
sylvania, about 11 miles S.W. of West Chester. Pop. 1130.  by E. of Montpelier. The principal village is delightfully
WEST MAR/]INSBURG, a post-village of Lewis co., New  situated on the right bank of the Connecticut, and on the
York, about 60 miles E.N.E. of Oswego.                     Vermont Valley Railroad, 4 miles S. of Bellows' Falls. The
WESTMEATH, west/meeTr,  an inland county of Ireland, main street, which is perfectly level, crosses a table-land
Leinster, surrounded by the counties of Longford, Meath, about a mile in diameter, considerably elevated above the
King's county, and Roscomrmon.  Area 709 square miles, or  river. In early times the courts of justice and several ses453,760 acres, of which 365,218 are arable, 8803 in planta-  signs of the legislature were held here. Pop. 1721.
tions, and 56,392 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851,111,409..Sur-   WESTMINSTER, a post-village of Worcester co., Massaface undulating, diversified with woods, lakes, and bogs, chusetts, on the Yermont and Massachusetts Railroad, 48
comprising, however, much fertile soil and agreeable scenery. miles WV. by N. of Boston. It contains 3 or 4 churches and
On the WV. it is bounded by Lough Ree and the Shannon;  several stores. Pop. of the township, 1914.
the Inny flows through its N. part and the Brosna through    WESTMINSTER, a post-village of Wiqdham  co., Connecits centre, and connected with these rivers here are lakes ticut, near Little River, 40 miles E. by S. of Hartford.
Dereveragh, Ennel, Owhel, Lane, Iron, Sheelin, &c. Grasz-   WESTMINSTER, a thriving post-village, capital of Carroll
ing and dairy-farming are the chief occupations, and cattle  co., Maryland, is situated near the source of Patapsco River,
and sheep are of superior breeds; agriculture is increasing. 58 miles N.N.W. of Annapolis.  It contains a court-house,
Principal crops, oats and potatoes, with some wheat; flour 2 newspaper offices, 2 churches, 2 banks, and a number
and meal are made in large quantities. The Royal Canal of stores. The Westminster Branch Railroad connects it
intersects the county, and a branch of the Grand Canal pro- with the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad.  Pop. in
ceeds to Kilbeggan. Principal towns, Mullingar the capital, 1850, 835.
Moate, and a part of Athlone. Excluding its boroughs, it  WVESTMINSTER, a poit-village of Guilford co., North Casends 2 members to the IIouse of Commons. It gives the  rolina, 98 miles WV. by N. of Raleigh.
title of Marquis to the Nugent family.                       WESTMINSTER, a post-village of Allen co., Ohio, 92
WEST MED/FORD, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mas- miles N.W. of Columbus. Pop. 300.
sachusetts, on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, 5 miles    WESTMINSTER, a post-office of Shelby co.. Illinois.
N.N.W. of Boston.                                            WESTMINSTELt WVEST, a post-village of Windham co.,
WEST MED'WAY, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mhassa- Vermont, 95 miles S. by E. of Montpelier.
chusetts, 28 miles W.S.W. of Boston.                         WVEST MONROE, a post-township of Oswego  co., New
WEST MEN/DON, a village of Monroe co., New York, on  York, on Oneida Lake, 20 miles N. by E. of Syracuse.
HIoneoye Creek, 15 miles S. of Rochester.                    WESTMORE, a township of Orleans co., Vermont, about
WEST MIER/EDITtI, a post-village of Delaware co., New  40 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 152.
York, about 75 miles WV. by S. of Albany.                    WEST/MORELAND, a county of England, in its N. part;
WEST  MER'IDEN, a flourishing post-village of New  bordering on Yorkshire. Area 758 square miles, or 480,420
HIaven co., Connecticut, on the Quinepiack River, and on  acres, of which only 40,000 are estimated to be in tillage,
the Hartford and New Ihaven Railroad. 17 miles N. by E. and 140,000 in pasturage. Pop. in 1851, 58.287. It is, as
of New HIaven, and half a mile W. of the old village. It its name implies, a country of mountains and moors, inter.
contains a large and neautilul church, a high school, with a  spersed with lakes and highly picturesque. Helvellyn, on
handsome building delightfully situated, the State Reform  the border of Cumberland, rises to 3313 feet above the Lea
2099




WES                                                      WES
other mountains are Rydal Mount, Bowfell, Crossfell, and    WEST NANT/MEAL, usually pronounced nantlmill, a
a mountain-range mostly separates it from Yorkshire. The township of Chester co., Pennsylvania.  Pop. 1803.
principal lakes are Windermere on its W., and Ulleswater   WEST NEEDIHAM, a post-village in Norfolk co., Massa.
on its N.W. border; its rivers are the Ken in the S., and  chusetts, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, 15 miles
Eden in the N., along which are the chief fertile lands. The  S.W. by W. of Boston.
wool produced is used in the manufactures of Kendal and    WEST NEW/ARK, a post.office of Tioga co., New York.
Broadford, (in Yorkshire,) or in hosiery manufactures at   WEST NEWtIVBURY, a post-township of Essex co., MassaKirby-Stephen, and Orton. Geese are reared in large num- chusetts, on the S. side of Merrimack River, about 34 miles
hers on the mountains for exportation. The lake fish are N. by E. of Boston. Pop. 1746.
extensively exported. Slate is quarried in large quantities;   WEST NEW/FIELD, a post-office of York co., Maine.
granite, marble, copper, lead, and coal, are procurable, and    WEST NEWtPORT, a post-office of Orleans co., Vermont.
near Dufton are copper-mines. The Lancaster and Kendal   WEST NEW/STEAD, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
Canal, and Kendal and Windermere Railway intersect the    WEST NEW/TON, a thriving post-village in Newton townS. part, and the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway traverse the  ship, Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Worcounty throughout from S. to N. Principal towns, Appleby  cester Railroad, 9 miles WV. of Boston. It contains 2 churches
the capital, Ambleside, Kendal, Kirkby, Shap, and Orton. It and the West Newton English and Classical School. Pop
sends 2 members to the House of Commons. Under the  1300.
Heptarchy it formed a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria.   WEST NEWTON, a thriving post-borough of WestmoreIt contains Roman and other ancient remains.              land co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Youghio.
WESTMOREILAND, a county in the S.W. part of Penn- gheny River, and on the Hempfield Railroad, about 25 miles
sylvania, contains about 1000 square miles. It is bounded  S.E. of Pittsburg. It is at the terminus of a plank-road
on the N.W. by the Alleghany River, and intersected by  leading to Cumberland, in Maryland.
the Youghiogheny River. The surface in the S.E. is moun-   WEST NEWTON, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio.
tainous, and in the other parts diversified by hills of   WEST NILES, a post-office of Cayuga co., New York.
moderate height. A high ridge called Laurel Hill, forms   WEST NOR/FOLK, a post-village of Litchfield co., Conthe S.E. boundary, and Chestnut Ridge extends across necticut, 35 miles N.W. by W. of Hartford.
the county in a N.E. and S.W. direction. Excepting these    WEST NORTH/FIELD, a post-office of Franklin co., Mas.
ridges, the soil is nearly all arable, fertile, and well watered, sachusetts.
producing wheat of superior quality.  Beds of stone-coal,   WEST NORTHFIELD, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
from 3 to 9 feet in thickness, extend over nearly the whole    WEST NORTI-ItWOOD, a post-office of Rockingham  co.,
area. Iron ore is procured in the S.E., and salt in the N. part. New hlampshire.
Limestone and slate are among the principal rocks. The    WEST NOT/TINGHAM, a township forming the S.W. exCentral Railroad passes through the county, and the Hemp- tremity of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 721.
field Railroad has its eastern terminus at the county seat.  IVWESITOE, a township and chapelry of England, co. of
The Pennsylvania Canal passes along the northern border. Durham, parish of Jarrow, forming a large suburb of South
Organized in 1773, and named from Westmoreland, a county  Shields. Pop. in 1851, 19,349.
of England. Capital, Greensburg. Pop. 51,726.              WEST OG/DEN, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan.
WESTMORELAND, a county in the E. part of Virginia,   WES/TON, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.
bordering on the Potomac River, which separates it from    WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Maryland, has an area of about 170 square miles. It occu-   WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
pies part of the Northern Neck, a peninsula formed by the   WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers, the former of which    WESTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
washes the county on the N.E., and the latter on the S.WV.   WESTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.
It is penetrated by inlets fi;om the Potomac, named Nomini   WESTON. a township of England, co. of Chester.
Bay, and Pope's and Monroe Creeks. The surface is some-   WES/TON, a post-township of Aroostook co, Maine, 135
what diversified by hills, and partly covered with forests of miles N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 293.
pine and cedar. The soil near the river is fertile. West-   WESTON, a post-office of Collin co., Texas.
moreland county is distinguished as the birth-place of two   WESTON, a post-village and township of Windsor co.,
presidents of the republic, Washington and Mlonroe, and Vermont. 68 miles S. of Montpelier. Pop. 950.
also of Richard Henry Lee. The spot on which Washington    WESTON, a post-village and township of Middlesex
was born, half a mile from the Potomac, is marked with a co., Massachusetts, on the Fitchbur  and the Boston and
stone bearing this inscription, "Here, on the 11th of Feb- Worcester Railroad, 13 miles WV. of Boston. The township
ruary, (0. S.,) 1732, George Washington was born."  Capi- is also intersected by the Boston and Worcester Railroad.
tal, Westmoreland Court House. Pop. 8080; of whom 4523 It has Stony Brook on the E., and Charles River on the S.E.
were free, and 3557 slaves.                              It contains 3 churches, a high school, 3 machine shops, and
WESTMORELAND, a post-township of Cheshire co., New  several factories. Pop. 1205.
Hampshire, on the E. side of the Connecticut River, with a   WESTON, a post-village and township of Fairfield co.,
station on the Cheshire Railroad, about 52 miles S.W. by W. Connecticut, 55 miles S.W. of Hartford. The village conof Concord. Pop. 1678.                                   tains several churches and an academy. Pop. 1056.
WVESTMORELAND, a post-township of Oneida co., New    WESTON, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
York, 12 miles W. of Utica. Pop. 3291.                     WESTON. a post-village of Somerset co., New Jersey, on
VWESTMORELAND, a maritime county in the E. part the left side of Millstone River, 22 miles N.N.E. of Trenton.
of New Brunswick, bordering on the Bay of Fundy and   WVESTON, a post-village, capital of Lewis co., Virginia, on
Northumberland Strait, and connected with Nova Scotia the W. fork of Monongahela River, 278 miles N.W. of Richby a narrow isthmus. It is drained by the Pettondiac moend. The hills in this vicinity abound in coal. The vilRiver, which is navigable for vessels of the largest class lge' has 1 bank. Pop. about 300.
for 25 miles from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy. The   WESTON, a post-township in the W. part of Wood co.,
surface of Westmoreland county is agreeably diversified  Ohio, on the W. side of Maumee River. Pop. 546.
with hills and valleys, and is heavily timbered. Shediac   WESTON, a post-village of Jo  Daviess co., Illinois, on
Harbor, onan iscot i  s  oeo heavl timbeed. i hewrusiack
Harbor, on its coatt, is one of the finest in New Brunswick, Apple Creek, 15 miles S.E. of Galena. It has lead-mines.
and a large amount of timber is shipped here annually for   WVESTON, a post-office of Nicholas co., Kentucky.
England. The railway from St. John to H-alifax will touch    WESTON, a post-office of Windsor co., Vermont.
the Bay of Shediac. Capital, Dorchester. Pop. in 1851,17,814.   WESTON, a flourishing city and river port of Platte co.,
WVEST/MORELAND, a county of New South WVales, East Missouri, picturesquely situated on the Missouri River, 200
Australia. Area, 1592 square miles. Pop. 1575. The Blue miles by the road W.N.W. of Jefferson City, and 5 miles
Mountains here rise to nearly 4000 feet in height. The WVol- above Fort Leavenworth. It is the most commercial town
londilly bounds the county on the S., and Cox's River on the on the Missouri River, or in the state, with the single exE.  Principal town, O'Connel.   V With the counties of ception of St. Louis. Its frontier position renders it a favorGeorgiana and King, it sends 1 member to the Legislative able starting-point for the emigrants to California, &c.; and
Council.                                                 the vast extent of this emigration, for a few years past, has
WESTMORELAND, a county of Van Diemen's Land, com- opened a ready market for cattle, provisions, &c., at excesprising the S. part of what were formerly Norfolk Plains. sively high prices. A constant and heavy trade is carried
The Mersey and West Rivers, South Esk and Lake Rivers, on with Salt Lake City and Valley. It also furnishes the
Shannon and Great Lake, form respectively its N.E. and S. private and governmental supplies to Fort Leavenworth. A
boundaries. Quambay's Bluff rises to 3500 feet. Lakes are railroad has been chartered, extending from Weston to the
numerous in the S. and E. Principal towns, Deloraine, Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad; and another from St.
Chudleigh, Carrick, Longford, and Westbury.              Joseph, via Weston and Parkville, to Kanzas, on the S. side
WVESTMORELAND COURT HOUSE, a village, capital of of the Missouri River. A company has also been formed to
Westmoreland co., Virginia, 65 miles N.E. of Richmond.   construct a railroad connecting Weston with St. Louis.
WESTMORELAND DEPOT, a post-office of Cheshire co., Several newspapers are published here. First settled in
New Hampshire.                                           1838. Pop. in 1855, about 3000.
WESTMOREILANDVILLE, a post-office of Lauderdale co.,   WES/TON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of York, 12
Alabama.                                                 miles N.W. of Toronto. Pop. about 500.
WVEST NANITICOKE, a post-office of Luzerne co., Penn-   WESTON BAMtIFLYDE, a parish of England, co. Somerset.
sylvania.                                                  WESTON BEGIGARD, a parish of England, co. of Ihereford,
2100




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WESTON BIRiT, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.   the German Empire, situated between the Rhine and the
WESTON COLD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.         Weser, Lower Saxony and the Netherlands, formed the nuWESTON COLIVILLE, a parish of England, co. Cambridge. cleus of the KINGDOnI OF WESTPHALIA, created by Napoleon for
WESTON COINEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    his brother Jerome, and dismembered in 1813. The DucHY
WESTON COYINEY, a township of England, co. Stafford. OF WESTPHALIA, of which Arnsberg was the capital, was a
WEST ONEON/TA, a post-office of Otsego co., New York.  small territory belonging successively to the Archbishops
WESTON FAIVELL, a parish, England, co, Northampton. of Cologne and Hesse-Darmstadt, and ceded to Prussia in
WESTON-IN-GORDAINO, a parish of England, co. Somerset. 1815.-Adj. and inhab., WESTPHALTAN, wlst-fAlle-an.
WESTON MAR/KET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    WESTPHAILIA,  a post-township in the W. part of ClinWESTON, OLD, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.  ton co., Michigan. Pop. 618.
WESTON-ON-AVION, a parish of England, counties of    WESTPHALIA, a post-village of Osage co., Missouri, on
Warwick and Gloucester.                                   Marais Creek, about 15 miles S.E. of Jefferson City.
WEST ONONDAIGA, a post-office of Onondaga co., New    WEST PHILADELIPHIA, a former post-borough or disYork.                                                     trict of Philadelphia co., Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of the
WEST/ONING, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.        Schuylkill, opposite Philadelphia, with which it is connected
WESTON-ON-THE-CLAY, a parish of England, co. of Not- by three bridges. The corporate limits included nearly two
tingham.                                                  miles of river front, and extended westward a mile or more.
WESTON-ON-THE-GREEN, a parish of England, co. of  It is now comprised within the chartered limits of PhilaOxford.                                                   delphia. The ground is high and undulating, and affords
WESTON-ON-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Derby.  good sites for buildings. Washington or Market Street
WESTON-ON-TRENT, a parish of England, co. of Stafford. extends E. and W. through the middle of the town, and
WVESITON-ON-WEL/LAND, a parish of England, co. of  meets the river at Market Street Bridge. About a quarter
Northampton.                                              of a mile from the river the Lancaster Turnpike and the
WES/TON PAT/RICK, a parish of England, co. of South- Darby Road diverge obliquely from  Market Street, the
ampton.                                                   former tending towards the W.N.W., and the latter towards
WESTON PRONG, a post-office of Bladen co., North Ca- the S.W. Parallel with Market Street on the S. are Chestrolina.                                                   nut or James Street, Walnut or Andrew Street, Locust,
WESTON IHEN, a township of England; co. of Salop.    Spruce, and Pine Streets. The new Town-hall on WashingWESTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.    ton Street is a five-storied brick building, with an iron front.
WESTON-SUB-EDGE, a parish of England, co. Gloucester. Numerous elegant residences have been erected within a.
WESTON-SU/PER-VMA/RE, a maritime town and parish of few years. The town is lighted with gas, and supplied with
England, co. of Somerset, on Uphill Bay, Bristol Channel, good water from the Schuylkill, raised by 2 steam-engines
with a station on the Bristol and Exeter (Great Western) to the top of an iron stand-pipe, situated on Blockley or
Railway, 8 miles N.W. of Axbridge. Pop. in 1851, 4034. Sixth Street, in the N. part of the district. The pipe is 5
From an insignificant village it has recently risen into a  feet in diameter, and 130 feet high, or 230 feet above the
favorite watering-place, of which it has all the appliances, level of the river, and is composed of thick boiler plates of
with good sands, bathing establishments, many new villa- wrought iron. The works are capable of supplying 1,000,000
residences, and a view of the opposite coast of Wales.    gallons daily, and can raise the water 100 feet above the
WESTON TUR/VILLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks. highest ground in the district, and more than 200 feet above
WESTON-UNDER-LIZIARD, a parish of England, co. of  the lowest. The tower is surrounded by a spiral stairway
Stafford.                                                 of iron, in order that the public may enjoy the delightful
WESTON-UNDER-PENIYARD, a parish of England, co. view which the summit commands. See PHILADELPHIA, page
of Hereford.                                              1475. The dep~t of the West Chester Railroad is established
WESTON-UNDER-WETH/ELE, a parish of England, co. here.  A variety of manufactures are produced in West
of Warwick.                                               Philadelphia, of which the following are the principal artiWESTON UN/DERWOOD, a parish of England, co. Bucks. dcles: locomotives, iron castings, white lead, chemicals, glass,
WESTON-WVITH-ALICONBURY, a parish of England, co. and cotton goods. Pop. in 1850, 5577.
of Huntingdon.                                              WEST PIERPONT, (peer/pont,) a post-office of Ashtabula
WESTON ZOY/LAND, a parish of England, co. Somerset. co., Ohio.
WEST OStSIPEE, a post-village of Carroll co., New Hemp-   WEST PIKE, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
shire, on the right bank of a small stream  falling into Os-   WEST PIKE/LAND, a township of Chester co., Pennsylsipee Lake, 42 miles N. by E. of Concord.                 vania. Pop. 881.
WEST OITIS, a post-village of Berkshire co., Massachu-   WEST PIKE RUN, a township of Washington co., Pennsetts, 110 miles W. by S. of Boston.                      sylvania. Pop. 1166.
WESTOUTRE, vSs'toot'r/, a village of Belgium, province    WEST PITTSIFIELD. a post-village of Berkshire co., Masof West Flanders, on the frontiers of France, 33 miles S.S.W. sachusetts, about 50 miles N.W. of Springfield.
of Bruges. Pop. 1228.                                       WEST PLAINS, a post-village of Oregon co., Missouri,
WES/TOW, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding. about 140 miles S. by E. of Jefferson City.
WEST PARIS, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.           WEST PLATTS/BURG, a post-office of Clinton co., New
WEST PAR/SONFIELD, a post-village of York co., Maine, York.
80 miles S.W. by W. of Augusta.                             WEST PLYMIOUTH, a post-village of Grafton co., New
WEST PAWTLET, a post-village of Rutland co., Vermont, Hampshire, 40 miles N. by W. of Concord.
about 30 miles S.W. of Rutland. It contains a Baptist and    WEST POINT, the site of the United States Military Acaan Episcopal church.                                      demy, is situated in Cornwall township, Orange co., New
WEST PENN, a post-township forming the S.E. extremity  York, on the right bank of the Hudson, 52 miles N. of the
of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2411.               city of New York. The natural strength of the place led
WEST PENNStBOROUGH, a township of Cumberland co.,; to its selection for a fortress in the Revolution, and Fort
Pennsylvania, intersected by the Cumberland Valley Rail- Putnam, erected at that period, crowns a hill of 598 feet
road. Pop. 2040.                                          elevation above the river, commanding a view probably
WEST PER/RYSBURG, a post-office of Cattaraugus  co., equal in picturesqueness to any in the highlands. The
New York.                                                 buildings of the academy occupy a plateau elevated 188 feet
WEST PERTH, a post-office of Fulton co., New York.      above the Hudson, and covering an area of about 1 mile in
WEST PERUI, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.         circuit, with ample room for the necessary structures, for
WESTPHALIA, wlst-fW/le-a, (Ger. B'estohales, *6st-fOlen; military evolutions, and the practice of gunnery. The apFr. TVestphalie, vlst'f&leel,) a province of Prussia, com- proach from the river on the E. is interrupted by a nearly
prising the N.W. portion of its territory, W. of the Weser, perpendicular bank or wall, while on the W. and S.W. the
S. of Hanover, E. of the Netherlands. and N. of Rhenish  place is defended by a rampart of high and rugged hills.
Prussia. Estimated area, 7848 square miles. Pop. in 1849, The same causes that render it so strong as a fortress make
1,464,921, comprising 817,240 Roman Catholics, 632,597  this place in point of scenery, second to none in the country.
Protestants.  The surface is hilly in the S.W. but level As the visitor sits in the piazza of the hotel which stands
in the centre and N.W. part of the province. Chief rivers, on the brow of the third terrace, he has before him towards
the Ems, Weser, Werra, and Lippe.  Climate healthy, the N. the finest known pass in any river in the world;
soil generally very fertile, but interspersed with  some  while the whole N.W. and S.W. horizon is shut out from
extensive marshes and heaths. Large quantities of corn, the view by highlands and mountains of from 600 to 1500
flax, tobacco, hops, and potatoes are raised. Horses, cat- feet in height. Towards the E. are beautiful promenades
tie, sheep, and hogs are numerous, and the last-named  on the summit of the rocks that overlook the river. The
furnish the celebrated Westphalian hams.  The mine- view from the ruins of old Fort Putnam  is perhaps unerals comprise coal, iron, lead, copper, rock-salt, and it has qualled in its peculiar beauties. The Catskill and other
nunmerous salt-springs.  The province has manufactures mountains may command more extensive prospects, but
of cottons, hardwares, paper, tobacco, and spirits. Flax- none have such g river as the Hudson immediately at their
spinning and weaving occupies many of the population, and  feet, or such a pass as that through the highlands within
cutlery is a chief article of manufacture. The province is sub- the scope of distinct vision. Fort Putnam is on a spur of
divided into 3 governments, and these again into 37 circles. the highlands, extending towards the S. or S.W., and sur.
Principal towns, Minster, (the capital,) Minden, Arnsberg, rounded on three sides by deep ravines and steep descentas
Paderborn, and Hamm. The OLD CIRcLE or WESTPHuALIA, in  On the plateau named above, were Fort Clinton and the
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WES                                                        WES
other works that constituted the fortress at the period of  and contains 2 or 3 churches, I bank, and about 15 stores.
the Revolution, defended by redoubts on the summits of  Pop. 2651.
the hills, of which Fort Putnam was the chief. Arnold was    WESTPORT, a post-village and township of Essex co.,
in command of this fortress when, in 1780, he entered into  New York, on the W. side of Lake Champlain, about 110
a base conspiracy with Major Andr6 to surrender it into the  miles N. by E. of Albany. It contains several churches,
hands of the British. Here, too; the patriot Kosciusko held  and 1 or 2 newspaper offices.  Pop. 2352.
a command, and a small plateau or ledge on the side of the    WESTPORT, a post-office of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
precipice leading down to the river is known as Kosciusko's    WESTPORT, a post-village of Oldham co., Kentucky, on
Garden. At the top of the stairs descending to this garden  the Ohio River, 43 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort, was formerly
is a cenotaph to his memory, (a conspicuous object ascend- the county seat.
ing the river,) erected by the cadets of 1828, at an expense    WESTPORT, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, 60 miles
of $5000. The Military Academy was established by Con- S.E. by S. of Indianapolis.
gress in 1802, and is wholly supported by the general go-   WESTPORT, a small village of Parke co., Indiana, on the
vernment.  The education given is gratuitous, so far as Wabash River and Canal, 75 miles W. of Indianapolis.
money is concerned; but each cadet must give 8 years' ser-   WESTPORT, a thriving city of Jackson co., Missouri,
vice to the government, unless sooner released. The corps touching the line of Kanzas Territory, 4 miles S. of the Misof cadets must not exceed 250 at any one time, and the  souri River, and 175 miles W. by N. of Jefferson City. It is
candidates for admission must not be under 16 or over 21  on the road from Independence to Santa F6 and California,
years of age. The corps must spend three months of each  12 miles W. of Independence, of which it is the rival.
year in encampment. The course of study, which is full Should its present rapid increase continue, it is thought
and thorough in the mathematics and all that pertains to  that this place will be made the terminus of the railroad
the military art, embraces 5 years. During the Itevolution, extending westward from St. Louis. Pop. about 1500.
a heavy chain was stretched across the river, which is here    WESTPORT, a township of Dane co., Wisconsin. Pop. 202.
very narrow, to prevent the passage of the enemy's ships.    WESTPORT POINT, post-office, Bristol co.. Massachusetts.
WEST POINT, a post-village of Orange co., North Ca-   WESTPORT RIVER, a small stream of Bristol co., in the
rolinn.                                                    S.S.E. part of Massachusetts, discharges its waters into the
WEST POINT, a thriving post-village of Troup co., Geor- Atlantic, a few miles E. of the Rhode Island boundary.
gia, on both sides of the Chattahobchee River, at the junc-   WEST POTSIDAM, post-office, St. Lawrence ep., New York.
tion of the La Grange Railroad with the Montgomery and    WEST POULTNEY, (plft/nee,) a thriving post-village of
West Point Railroad, 87 miles S.W. of Atlanta, and about Rutland co., Vermont, about 60 miles S.W. of Montpelieor.
40 miles above Columbus. It has an active business, and is It contains a'bank, 4 or 5 stores, and a flourishing institua depot for the cotton which is exported from the vicinity.  tion called the Troy Conference Academy, founded in 1834.
WEST POINT, a post-office of Lowndes co., Mississippi.   The buildings are of brick, 4 stories high, and arranged to
WEST POINT, a post-office of White co., Arkansas.        accommodate 200 pupils in the boarding department, and an
WEST POINT, a thriving post-village of Lawrence co., additional 200 in the department of instruction. The iustiTennessee, 95 miles S.W. of Nashville.                     tution enjoys a high reputation.  Cost of the buildings and
WEST POINT, a post-village of Hardin co., Kentucky, on  grounds, about $40,000.
the Ohio, at the mouth of the Salt River, 20 miles S.W. of    WEST POWINAL, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.
Louisville. It has an extensive boat-yard and several stores.   WEST PRAIlRIE, a post-village of Stoddard co., Missouri,
WEST POINT, a post-village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 158  about 28 miles W.N.W. of New Madrid.
miles N.E. of Columbus.                                      WEST PROVIIDENCE, a township of Bedford co., PennWEST POINT, a thriving post-village of Tippecanoe co., sylvani:a. Pop. 1410.
Indiana, 10 miles S.W. of Lafayette.  It is pleasantly situ-   WEST QUODIDY HEAD, Maine, a point at the W. entrance
ated on the border of Wea Prairie. Pop. estimated at 500. of Passamaquoddy 3Bay.
WEST POINT, a township of Stephenson co., Illinois, in-    WEST RAN/DOLPH, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont.
tersected by the Illinois Central Railroad. Pop. 250.        WES/TRAY, one of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, 9' miles
WEST POINT, a post-village in the above township, 135  N.N.E. of Pomona, from which it is separated by Westray
miles N.W. by WV. of Chicago.                              Frith. Length, 9 miles: breadth, 4 miles. Pop.in1851.2088.
WEST POINT, a post-village of Cass co., Missouri, about  The coast is rocky, but on the E. side is the secure harbor
24 miles S.W. of Harrisonville. It has some trade with the  Pierowell, nearwhich is the ruined Gothic castle of Northland.
Indians.                                                   With Papa Island it forms a parish. Pop. in 1851, 2459.
WEST POINT, a beautiful post-village of Lee co., Iowa,    WEST RED/DING, a post-office of Fairfield co.. Connecticut
on the Dubuque and Keokuk Railroad, 24 miles N. of    WEST RICHIMOND, a post-village of Ontario co., New
Keolkulk. It is pleasantly situated in a populous and fer- York, about 220 miles W. of Albany.
tile fitrming district, and contains an academy and 6 stores.   WVEST RICHMONDVILLE, a post-office of Schoharie co.,
Pop. about 1000.                                           New York.
WEST POINT, a township of Columbia co., Wisconsin.   WVEST RIP/LEV, a post-office of Somerset co., Maine.
Pop. 197.                                                    WEST R  IVIE  rises in Windsor co., in the S.S.E. part of
VWEST P0/LAND, a post-office of Cumberland co., Maine.  Vermont, and running in a S.E. course, falls into the ConWVESTIPORT, a seaport town of Ireland, Connaught, co. necticut River.
of Mayo, on a rivulet, near its mouth in Clew Bay, 10 miles    WEST RIVER, a small stream in New Haven co., in the
S.W. of Castlebar. Pop. in 1851, 4120. It is one of the  S. part of Connecticut, hfalls into Long Island Sound at New
neatest towns in Ireland, having been regularly laid out Haven.
by the first Marquis of Sligo. In its centre is a handsome    WEST RIVER, a post-office, Anne Arundel co., Maryland.
space termed the Mall, from  which the principal streets    WEST RIVER, a post-office of Jackson co., Michigan.
diverge at right angles.  It has a parish church, large    WEST RIVER, a township of Randolph co., Indiana. Pop.
Roman Catholic chapel, a linen hall, court and market  1102.
houses, barracks, a bridewell, and work-house. The linen    WEST ROCHIESTER, apost-office of Windsor co., Vermont.
trade, formerly more important, is still thriving, and it has   WESTROOSEBEKE, w\st-r0Szeh-b~'keh, a village of Delan active export trade in rural produce. It gives the title  gium, province of West Flanders, 21 miles S. of Bruges. In
of Viscount to the Marquis of Sligo, whose beautiful domain  1382, a great battle was fought here between the united
adjoins the town on the WV.; and besides which, the Reek, French and Fleminugs, under their Count Louis-de-Maele,
a mountain celebrated in the legendary history of Ireland,  and the revolted men of Ghent under Philip Van Artevelde,
is in its vicinity. WasTnorT QUAY, its port, 1 mile W., is at  when the latter lost their leader and above 20,000 men.
the S.E. extremity of Clew Bay, termed WVestport Bay. It  Pop. 1928.
has a fishery of some importance, and several coast-guard    WEST ROISENDALE, a post-office of Fond-du-Laet co.,
stations. Pop. 694.                                        Wisconsin.
WEST/PORT, a township of Lincoln co., Maine, occupying    WEST ItROX/BURY, a post-township in Norfolk co., l.Iasan island at the mouth of the Sheepscott River, 28 miles S. sachusetts, intersected by the Dedham  Branch Railroad, 6
by E. of Augusta. Pop. 761.                                miles S.WV. of Boston. It was taken from Roxbury in 1852,
WESTPORT, a post-village of Cheshire co., New Hamp- and contains the villages of West Roxbury and Jamaica
shire, on the Ashuelot Railroad, 50 miles S.W. by W. of  Plains.
Concord.                                                     WVEST RUM/NEY, a post-village of Grafton  co., New
WESTPORT, a post-township of Bristol co., Massachusetts, Hampshire, on the right bank of Baker's River, and on the
55 miles S. of Boston. The village is situated on both sides  Boston Concord and Montreal Railroad, 59 miles N.W. by
of the Acoasett River, nmar its entrance into the mouth of  W. of Concord.
Buzzard's Bay.  It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several   WEST RU/PERT, a post-village of Bennington co., Verstores.  The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the  mront, on the Rutland and Washington Railroad, 38 miles
whaling business. Pop. 2795.                               S.W. of Rutland.
VWESTPORT, a post-township of Fairfield co., Connecticut,    WEST RUSH, a post-village of Monroe co., New York, on
on Long Island Sound, intersected by the Connecticut River  the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, 31 miles E. of
New York and New SIaven Railroads, 28 miles S.WV. of New  Batavia.
Htaven. The village is situated on the railroad, and on both    WEST RUSIHVILLE, a post-village of Fairfield co., Ohio,
sides of the Saugatuck River, about 2- miles front its mouth.  on the Zanesville and Maysville Turnpike, about 148 miles
It is the seat of an active and rapidly increasing business, E.N.E. of Cincinnati.
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WES                                                          WES
EST/IUTHER, a parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick, with  the direction of the Society oJ Friends. The buildings are
a village, 7 miles E.N.E. of Lauder.                         surrounded by grounds in the highest state of improveWEST RUT/LAND, a thriving post-village in Rutland co., ment, and covering an area of about 600 acres. The view
Vermont, on Otter Creek, and on the Rutland and Washing-  from the summit of the principal building is remarkably
ton Railroad, 4 miles W.N.W. of Rutland. In the vicinity  beautiful and picturesque.  There are in the institution
are extensive marble quarries of the finest quality, the  accommodations for about  250 scholars. Pop. of the townworking of which affords employment to about 500 persons. ship, 789.
The annual product amounts in value to about $500,000.         WEST TOWNISEND, a post-village of Middlesex co., MasWEST RUTLAND, a post-village of Worcester co., Massa- sachusetts, on a branch of Nashua River, and on the Peterchusetts, about 50 miles W. of Boston.                       borough and Shirley Railroad, 47 miles N.W. of Boston. It
WEST SAILEM, a post-toweiship of Mercer co., Penn- is the seat of a flourishing female seminary.
sylvania, intersected by the Beaver and Erie Canal, about   WEST TOWNSEND, a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio.
15 miles N.W. of Mercer. Pop. 2571.                            WEST TOWNSHEND, a post-village of Windham co., VerWEST SALEM, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio.              mont, about 30 miles N.E. of Bennington.
WEST SALEM, a post-office of Morgan co., Indiana.            WEST TOWN/SHIP, a post-office of Albany co., New York.
WEST SALIISBURY, (sawlz/ber-e,) apost-office of Addison    WEST TRENTON, a post-village of Hancock co., Maine,
co., Vermont.                                               70 miles E. by N. of Augusta.
WEST SAND LAKE, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New    WEST TROUPS/BURG, a post-village of Steuben co., New
York, about 10 miles E. of Albany.                          York, 28 miles S.W. from Bath.
WEST  SAND/WICH, a post-village in Barnstable co.,'WEST TROY, a post-village of Albany co., New York.
Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, 55 miles  See Taoy.
S.E. of Boston.                                               WEST TU/RIN, a township of Lewis co., New York. Pop.
WEST SCHUYLER, skI/esr, a post-office of Herkimer co., 3793.
New York.                                                     WEST UINION, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
WEST SCITIUATE, a post-village in Plymouth co., Mas-   WEST UNION, a post-village, capital of Doddridge co.,
sachusetts, 22 miles S.E. of Boston.                        Virginia, on Middle Island Creek, and on the turnpike from
WEST SEDGEIWICK, a post-office,of Hancock co., Maine. Winchester to Parkersburg, 300 miles N.W. of Richmond,
WEST SENE/CA, a post-office of Erie co., New York.        Lumber is exported from  this vicinity by fiat-boats and
WEST SENECA CENTRE, a post-office, Erie co., New York. rafts.
WEST SHANDA/KEN, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.   WEST UNION, a village of Marshall co., Virginia, 12
WEST SHEF1FIELD, post-office, Warren co.,,Pennsylvania.  miles S.E. of Wheeling.
WEST SHON/GO, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York.   WEST UNION, a post-village, capital of Adams co., Ohio,
WEST SID/NEY, a post-village of Kennebec co., Maine, 7  on the Maysville and Zanesville Turnpike, 84 miles in a
miles N. by W. of Augusta.                                   direct line S.S.W. of Columbus. It is pleasantly situated
WEST'S MILLS, a post-office of Franklin co., Maine.       on a ridge, several hundred feet above the level of the Ohio.
WEST SOMWERS, a post-village of Westchester co., New  The court-house is a substantial stone edifice, built by
York, about 115 miles S. of Albany.                          ex-Governor Metcalf. of Kentucky, who bears the soubriquet
WEST SOMIERSET, a post-office of Niagara co., New York. of "Stone Hammer," from the occupation of his early life.
WEST SOUTHIOLD, a post-office of Suffolk co., New York. Two newspapers are published here. Laid out in 1804. Pop.
WEST SPRING CREEK, a post-office of Warren co., Penn- in 1850, 462.
sylvania.                                                     WEST UNION, a thriving post-village of Fayette co., InWEST SPRINGIFIELD, a thriving post-village of IIamp- diana, 65 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis.
den co., Massachusetts, on the Western Railroad, 100 miles   WEST UNION, a post-village of Knox co., Indiana, 110
W. by S. of Boston, and 100 miles S.E. of Albany. It is miles S.W. by W. of Indianapolis.
situated on the left bank of the Connecticut, opposite Spring-    WEST UNION, a small. village of Parke co., Indiana, on
field, with which it is connected by 2 bridges, (one for the  the Wabash and Erie Canal, 68 miles W. of Indianapolis.
Western Railroad,) and several steam-ferries. The streets   WEST UNION, a thriving post-village, capital of'ayette
are broad, and finely shaded with lofty elms. Westfield  co., Iowa, 60 miles N.W. of Dubuque, and 40 miles W. of
River, which enters the Connecticut a short distance below, Clayton, the nearest landing on the Mississippi.
affords water-power. Pop. of the township, 2979.              WEST U/NITY, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio.
~WEST SPRINGFIELD, a post-village of Erie co., Penn-   WEST VAN BU/REN, a post-office of Aroostook co., Maine.
sylvania, on the Conneaut Creek, 26 miles S.W. of Erie.:     WEST VAN BUREN, a township of La Grange co., IndiWEST SPRINGFIELD, apost-officeofShelby co., Missouri. ana. Pop. 434.
WEST STAF/FORD, a post-village of Stafford township,    WEST VIEN/NA, a post-village of Oneida co., New York,
Tolland co., Connecticut, about 25 miles N.E. of Hartford. 125 miles W.N.W. of Albany.
It has manufactures of shoe-thread, machinery, &c.            WEST VIEW, a post-village of Augusta co., Virginia, 6
WEST'S STORE, apost-office of Washington co., Tennessee. miles W. of Staunton. It has 2 stores.
WEST STEPHENTOWN, (stee/ven-t6wn,) a post-office of    WEST VIEW, a pest-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee.
Rensselaer co., New York.                                     WEST/VILLE, a thriving post-village of New Haven townWEST STER/LING, a post-office of Worcester co., Massa- ship and county, Connecticut, about 2' miles N. of the State
chusetts.                                                   I-louse. It is surrounded with varied and romantic scenery,
WEST STEW/ARTSTOWN, a post-office of Coos co., New  being situated at the southern base of West Rock. which
Hampshire.                                                  presents a steep and rugged precipice nearly 400 feet in height.
WEST STOCK/BRIDGE, a post-township of Berkshire co., The inhabitants are extensively engaged in manufactures
Massachusetts, bordering on New York, 160 miles by railroad  of various kinds, chiefly of hardware. Pop. in 1850, 871;
W. of Bostdn. Three railroads meet at the State-line Sta- in 1853, about 1100.
tion, viz., the West Stockbridge, the Western, and the Hud-    WESTVILLE, a township of Franklin. co., New York.
son and Berkshire Railroads. The principal village is on the  Pop. 1301.
Stockbridge Railroad; it contains 2 or 3 churches, and    WESTVILLE, a post-village of Otsego co.. New York,
about 1000 inhabitants. In the township are extensive  about65 miles W. of Albany. It has several mills and stores,
beds of iron ore and inexhaustible quarries of marble.   WESTVILLE, a post-village of Gloucester co., New Jersey.
Pop. 1713.                                                    WESTVILLE, a post-village, capital of Simpson co., MlisWEST STOCKIHOLM, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., sissippi, 40 miles S.S.E. of Jackson.
New York, about 30 miles E. of Ogdensburg.                    WESTVILLE, a post-village of Champaign co., Ohio, on
WEST SUP/FIELD, a post-office, Hartford co., Connecticut. the Columbus Piqua and Indiana Railroad, 51 miles W. by
WEST SUM/NER, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.         N.W. of Columbus.
WEST SUTITON, a post-village in Worcester co., Massa-   WESTVILLE,        a small village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 165
chusetts, 45 miles S.W. by W. of Boston; it contains 2 or 3  miles N.E. of Columbus.
churches, and several stores.                                 WESTVILLE, a thriving post-village of Preble co., Ohio,
WEST SWANIZEY, a post-office of Cheshire co., New  on the Western Turnpike, 104 miles W. by S. of Columbus.
Hampshire.                                                  The post-office is New Westville.
WEST TAGHKANIC, (ta-ganlik,) a post-office of Columbia    WESTVILLE, a post-village of Laporte co., Indiana, on
co., New York.                                              the New Albany and Salem Railroad, 18 miles S. of Michigan
WEST THERE/SA, a post-office of Jefferson co., New York. City.
WEST THORN/TON, a post-office of Grafton co., New    WEST VIN/CENT, a post-township of Chester co.. Penn.
Hampshire.                                                  sylvania, about 12 miles N. of West Chester. Pop. 1350.
WEST TIS/BURY, a post-village in Duke's co., Massachu-   WESTYLETEREN, wlst-vlAlteh-ren, a village of Belgium,
setts, 75 miles S.S.E. of Boston, contains several churches  province of West Flanders, on the Vleterbeke, 27 miles S.W.
and stores..                of Bruges.  Pop. 1472.
WEST TOPS/HAM, a post-office of Orange co., Vermont.    WEST WAL/WORTH, a post-office of Wayne co., New
WEST/TOWN, a post-village of Orange co., New York, York.
about 60 miles N.W. of New York.                              WESTIWARD, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
WESTTOWN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania,    WEST WARD$/BOROUGII, a post-office of Wiudham co.,
about 23 miles WV. of Philadelphia. It contains a large and  Vermont.
flourishing boarding-school for pupils of both sexes, under    WEST WARE/HAM, a post-village in Plymouth co., Mau.
2103




WVS                                                      WEV
sachusetts, on the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, near Buzzard's   WETHERSFIELD, a posft-township of Wyoming co., Nem
Bay, 45 milesS.S.E. of Boston;  In the village and vicinity  York, 8 miles S.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1489.
are numerous manufactories of ironware.                     WETHERSFIELD, a post-village of fenry co., Illinois,
WEST WABREN, a small village of Monongalia co., Vir- near the Central Military Tract Railroad, 110 miles N. by
ginia.                                                    W. of Springfield.
WEST WARREN, a post-office of Bradford co., Pennsyl-   WETHERSFIELD SPRINGS, a post-village of Wyoming
vania.                                                    co., New York, about 250 miles W. from Albany. It has
WEST WASH/INGTON, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine. several churches and stores.
WEST W.ITER~ILLE, a post-village in Kennebec co.,.WETTA, wlt/tt, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 30
Maine, on the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, 14 miles N. of Timer. Lat. of the town of Sau, on the S.E. side,
miles N. of Augusta.                                      80 51 SK, ion. 1260 12'E. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 60 miles,
WEST WEB/STER, a post-office of Monroe co., New York. breadth 30 miles.
WEST/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.              WETTER, Wvtlter, a river of Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt,
WESTWELL, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.           after a S.W. and S. course of 35 miles, joins the Nidda.
WEST WHEELIING, a village of Belmont co., Ohio, on the    WETTER, a town of Germany, Hesse-Cassel, on an affluent
Ohio River, opposite Wheeling. Several railroads meet at of the Ohm, 7 miles N.W. of Marburg. Pop. 1400.
this point. Pop. in 1850, 438.                              WET/TER, a lake of Sweden, is between lat. 570 50' and 58~
WEST WHEELING, a post-office of Rock co., Illinois.     55' N., and ion. 140 and 150 E., 25 miles S.E. of Lake Wener,
WEST WHITE/LAND, a. post-township of Chester co., and enclosed by the iens of Mariestad, Jinklping, LinkbpPennsylvania, intersected by the Philadelphia and Columbia  ing, and Orebro.  Length 80 miles, average breadth 10
Railroad, and by the Chester Valley tailroad, about 5 miles miles. Height above the sea, 295 feet. In some places it is
N. of West Chester. Pop. 1141.                            70 fathoms deep, and it is often agitated by storms and sudWEST/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         den variations in its level, but it is of high utility for interWEST WIL/LIAMSBURG or MORtRISBURG, a post-vil- nal traffic, being connected by a canal with Lake Wener, by
lage of Canada West, co. of Dundas, situated on the Williams- which and the Motala River, serving as an outlet for its surburg Canal, 23 miles N.E. of Prescott. Pop. about 200.    plus waters on the E., it completes the inland navigation
WEST WIL/LIAMSFIELD, a post-office of Ashtabula co., between the Baltic Sea and the Cattegat.
Ohio.                                                       WETTEREN, wlt/teh-ren, a market-town of Belgium, proWEST WILtINGTON, a post-office of Tolland co., Con-  vince of East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 8 miles E.S.E. of
necticut.                                                 Ghent, on the railway to Mechlin. Pop. 8302. It has manuWEST WIITON, a village of Franklin co., Maine, about factures of woollens and cottons.
30 miles N.W. of Augusta.                                   WETTERHORN, Wlt/ter-hoRn', (" peak Of tempests,") one
WEST WIN/CHIESTER, a manufacturing village of Che- of the Alpine Mountains of the Bernese Oberland, Switzershire co., New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot Railroad, near land, between the valleys of IHasli and Grindelwald, N. of
Ashuelot River, 50 miles S.W. of Concord.                the Schreckhorn. Heightf 12,162 feet. It was ascended to
WEST WIND/HAM, a post-office of Rockingham co., New  its summit for the first time in 1845.
Hampshire.                                                  WETTIN, Ivt-teen/, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the
WEST WINDHAM, a post-village of Bradford co., Penn- Saale, 10 miles N.W. of Halle. Pop. 3300. It has an ancient
sylvania, 152 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg.               castle, and manufactures of chiccory, tobacco, and oil.
WEST WIND/SOR, a post-village of Broome co., New York,   WETTINGEN, 9(t'ting-en, a village and parish of Switabout 130 miles W.S.W. of Albany.                         zerland, canton of Aargau, in a beautiful plain, 1 mile S.E.
WEST WINDSOR, a township of Mercer co., New Jersey. of Baden. Pop. 2112.
Pop. 1596.                                                  WETTOLSHEIM, 9v-tft]ls-hlmes, a village of France, dtWEST WINDSOR, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio, 67 partment of Haut-Rhin, 3 miles S.W. of Colmar. Pop. 1392.
miles N.N.E. of Columbus.                                   WET/TON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, 7' miles
WEST WINDSOR, a post-office of Eaton co., Michigan.    N.N.W. of Ashbourne, near the place where the rivers -lamp
WEST WIN/FIELD, a post-village of Herkimer co., New  and Manyfold become subterranean. Near it are lead and
York, about 15 miles S. by E. of Utica. It has an academy. copper mines, and excellent quarries of marble.
WEST WINSTEAD, Connecticut. See WINSTEAD.                 WETUMPIKA, a flourishing city and river-port of Coosa
WEST/WOOD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.           co., Alabama, is situated on the Coosa River, at the head of
WEST/WOOD, a small post-village of Woodford co., Illi- navigation, 14 miles N. of Montgomery, and about 10 miles
nois, about 33 miles E. of Peoria.                       from the Alabama River. The situation is advantageous
WEST WOOD/STOCK, a post-village in Woodstock town- both for trade and for manufactures. The Alabama is one
ship, Windham  co., Connecticut, about 44 miles N.E. by E. of the best streams in the Union for steamboat navigation;
of Hartford. It contains 1 church.                        it is never closed by ice like the northern rivers, nor obWEST WOODIVILLE, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, structed by snags and sawyers like those of the south-west.
89 miles S.W. of Columbus.                                The fall of the Coosa is sufficient to afford an abundant
WEST WORTHINGTON, a post-village of Iampshire co., water-power, which, however, has not been improved to
Massachusetts, about 100 miles W. of Boston.              much extent. Wetumpka is the principal market for the
WEST WRENT/IJAM, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mas- cotton produced in Coosa and several adjoining counsachusetts, about 30 miles S.W. by S. of Boston.          ties. About 30,000 bales were shipped here in 1851. The
WEST WYN/TON, a post-office of Calhoun co., Florida.    city has 4 or 5 churches, several flourishing seminaries, a
WEST YAR/MOUTH, a post-village in Barnstable co., Mas- newspaper office, and is the seat of the State Penitentiary.
sachusetts, 60 miles S.E. of Boston.                      A plank-road extends fi-om this place to the Tennessee River,
WEST YORK, a post-office of St. Joseph co., Indiana.    near Gunter's Landing, which is about 150 miles distant.
WEST YORKSHIRE, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., New  Pop. in 1853, about 3500.
York.                                                       WETUMPKA CREEK, of Alabama, enters the Euchee
WESTZAAN, wlst'z n, a village of the Netherlands, pro- Creek in Russell co.
vince of.North Holland, 9 miles N.E. of Haarlem, on the Y.   WET/WANG, a parish of England, co. York, East Riding.
Pop. 2252.                                                  WET/ZEL, a new county in the N.W. part of Virginia,
WEST ZANESVILLE. See ZANESVILLE.                        bordering on Pennsylvania, and on the Ohio River, which
WET GLAIZE, a post-office of Camden co., Missouri, about separates it from the state of Ohio: area about 250 square
*52 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson.                            miles. It is drained by Fishing Creek and branches. The
WETH/ERAL, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland, surface is exceedingly hilly; the soil of the river bottoms is
on the railway, 5 miles E.S.E. of Carlisle. The church is a  excellent, and of the uplands moderately fertile. The county
handsome edifice, built in the reign of Henry VIII.       contains stone-coal. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passes
WETH/ERBY, a market-town and chapelry of England, along the N.E. border. Formed a few years ago out of part
co. of York, West Riding, parish of Spofforth, on the Wharfe, of Tyler county. Capital, New Martinsville. Pop. 4284, of
with a station on the York and Harrogate Railway, 71 miles whom 4267 were free, and 17 slaves.
S.E. of Harrogate.  Pop. in 1851, 1494. The town has a    WETZLAR, Qts/lar, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia,
market-place, in which is the old court-house of the lord of 42 miles E.N.E. of Coblentz, on the Lahn. Pop. in 1852,
the manor; and an old church.                             5153. It has a gymnasium, and was formerly a free city of
WETHIERDEN, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.        the empire.
WETH/ERDVILLE, a post-office of Baltimore co., Mary-   WETZWALDE,'vltse/APdeh, a village of Bohemia, circle
L.tuec.                                                   of Buntzlau, 3 miles from Grafenstein. Pop. 1285.
WETH/ERINGSET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    WEVELGI-IEM wi/vel-gh~m', a village of Belgium, proWETIVIERSFIELD,'a post-township of Hartford co., Con- vince of West Flanders, 2 miles E.N.E. of Menin. Pop. 3709.
ieecticut, on the right bank of the Connecticut River, about   WEVELINGIOFEN, W4t/veh-ling-ho'fen, a village of Rhe3~ miles S. of Hartford. Large quantities of onions and  nish Prussia, 1.1 miles S.W. of Dusseldorf.  Pop. 1810.
some tobacco are raised here for exportation. The village    WE/VERTON, a flourishing post-village of Frederick co.,
stands in a beautiful plain bordering the river, and has Maryland, is situated on the Potomac River, and on the
t,road streets finely shaded with  elms.  It contains 3  Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 80 miles W. of Baltimore, and
churches, an academy, a female seminary, and a number  2 miles from  Harper's Ferry. It stands near the foot of
of handsome dwellings.  Wethersfield is the seat of the  the Blue Ridge, and is surrounded by highly picturesquq
fionuecticnt State Prison. See CONNC OICUT, page 491.    scenery. The -abundant water-power of the river is em
2104




WEX                                                      ~WHA
ployed in manufactories of cotton, wool, nails, and files.  land, co. of Dorset, comprising the town and chapelry of
The Chlesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through the place. Weymouth, and town and parish of Melcombe, the formes
It originated about 1848. Pop. in 1852, about 2500.        on the S., the latter on the N. side of the mouth of the Wey,
WEX/FORD, a maritime county of Ireland, in the S. part which forms the port, 3 miles N. of the isle of Portland, and
of Leinster, having on the E. and S. the Irish Sea and St. 8 miles S. of Dorchester. Lat. of Weymouth jetty-fort, 500
George's Channel. Area 901 square miles, or 576,640 acres, 36' 6" N., Ion. 20 26' W. Pop. of Weymouth in 1851, 2957;
of which 510,702 are estimated to be arable, 14,640 in plan- of Melcombe, 5273. Weymouth is old and indifferently
tation, and 45,500 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851, 179,790. The  built; Melcombe, on a low peninsula between the sea and
surface hilly or mountainous in the N.W., declines to a level a wide shallow backwater, formed by the Wey, is more
plain along the coast. The Slaney intersects the county in  regularly laid out, better built, and has facing the sea a
its centre. Several lagoons skirt the S. shores. Soil gene- fine terrace and esplanade, nearly 1 mile in length; a sparally fertile, and property in considerable estates. The land  cious assembly room, neat theatre, libraries, good hotels
is less subdivided, and the farmers in a better condition  and lodging-houses for visitors, and bathing establishments
than in most other Irish counties. The barony of Forth, in  on an excellent beach. The towns communicate by a stone
the S.W., is occupied by descendants of a Welsh colony, and  bridge of two arches, with a swing in the centre to admit
peculiarly well cultivated. Limestone is the chief mineral shipping; and Melcombe is connected by a branch with
product. The fisheries are of importance. The South-East,  the London and South-Western Railway. An equestrian
ern Railway is prolonged throughout the valley of the Sla- statue of George III. stands at the N. extremity of Mlelney, past Wexford and Enniscorthy, which, with New Ross, combe. About half a mile S.W. of Weymouth is the decayed,
Gorey, and Newtownbarry, are the principal towns. It sends but formerly important fortress, Sandsfoot Castle, erected by
2 members to the lHouse of Commons.                        Henry VIII., on a cliff facing the castle of Portland. The
WEXFORD, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and  harbor has about 14 feet of water at high tides; small vesseaport town of Ireland, capital of the above county, on  sels only can lie close to the quays, but there is good anchorthe right bank of the Slaney, where it expands into Wex- age in the bay in 7 or 8 fathoms water. Someship-building,
ford Harbor, and is crossed by a bridge 733 feet in length, and rope and sail-making are carried on. Portland stone,
12 miles S.S.E. of Enniscorthy, and 64 miles S.W. of Dublin. tiles, bricks, and Roman cement, are exported. Weymouth
Pop. of town in 1851, 12,819. Much of the town consists of  is the station of the mail packets for Guernsey, to which it is
narrow, crooked, and dirty lanes; but the quay, and one or the nearest English port, 70 miles distant. The markets are
two other streets, are lined with good houses. aIere are some  well supplied, and the climat6 is very suitable for invalids,
remains of ancient walls, of an abbey, and other ecclesias- being equable, and sufficiently mild for geraniums and
tical edifices; and outside of the town is a fine granite  myrtles to flourish in the open air. Registered shipping in
column, in memory of the exploits in Egypt by the army  1847, 6817 tons. Weymouth is the seat of a medico-chirurunder Abercrombie. Wexford has Protestant, diocesan, and  gical society. It has races and a regatta annually. The
other schools, a chamber of commerce, several banks, some  united boroughs send 2 members to the House of Commons.
malting establishments, ship-building docks, and an active    WEYMOUTII, witmirth, a post-township of Norfolk co.,
export trade in cattle, dairy, and agricultural produce, tim- Massachusetts, bordering on Boston harbor, and intersected
her, tallow, hides, cotton yarn and wool, tobacco, provisions, by the South Shore branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 12
British manufactures, and colonial goods. Registered ship- miles S.S.E. of Boston. Two estuaries or arms of Boston
ping in 1847, 113 vessels; aggregate burden, 9036 tons. harbor, called Fore and Back Rivers, afford facilities for
Wexford sends 1 member to the House of Commons.            navigation. There are several pleasant villages in the townWEX/FORD, a new unorganized county in the N.W. part ship, the principal of which are Weymouth Landing, or
of Michigan, contains about 576 square miles. It is inter- Washington Square, and South Weymouth. The former, at
sected by the Manistee River. The surface has but little  the head of Fore River, is a place of active trade, having
elevation above Lake Michigan. This county is not named  several hundred tons of shipping, and a bank with a capital
in the census of 1850.                                     of $100,000. The manufacture of boots and shoes is extenWEXFORD, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.  sively carried on. The township has a savings institution,
WEXFORD, a post-office of Allomakee co., Iowa.           an insurance company, and a loan and fund association
WEX/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.              Pop. in 1840, 3738; in 1850, 5369.
WEXIO, (Wexii,) wlk/she-ii, or VEXIO, (Vexii,) a town    WEYMOUTH, a post-township of Atlantic co., New Jersey,
of Sweden, capital of a Icen, on Lake Sodre, 60 miles about 55 miles S. of Trenton. Pop. 1032.
W.N.W. of Kalmar. Pop. 2200. It has a fine cathedral, a    WEYMOUTIH, a thriving post-village in Hamiltoni towncollege with a library of 15,000 volumes, and cabinets of  ship, Atlantic co., New Jersey, about 6 miles N.W. of May's
medals; manufactures of carpets, and several important Landing. It has a church, 2 mills, and about 40 houses.
annual fairs.-The ien or province of WaxIb has an area    WEYMiIOUTH, a post-office of Medina co., Ohio.
of 3787 square miles. Pop. 136,623.                          WEYMIOUTIH, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Digby,
WEY, wA, a river of England, counties of Hants and Sur- at the entrance of Sisseboo River into St. Mary's Bay, opporey, rises near Selborne, flows N.E. past Godalming, Guild-  site New Edenborough, W. of Halifax. The inhabitants,
ford, and Weybridge, and joins the Thames 2 miles S.E. of  mostly of F'rench origin, are principally engaged in the
Chertsey, after a course of 40 miles. It is navigable from  fisheries, for which the neighboring waters are celebrated.
Godalming, and from Guildford it forms part of the Wey    WEY/MOUTHII CAPE, of North East Australia, is in lat.
and Arun Navigation, or canal to Arundel and Chichester.  120 371 30" S., ion. 1430 27' 5" E. Height 360 feet.
WEY, a river of'England, co. of Dorset, after a S.E. course,   WEYPEIRT, a town of Bohemia. See WEIPERT.
enters the English Channel between Weymouth and MIel-   WEYlRE, wir or wAr, a fortified town of Hindostan, docombo-Regis.                                               minions and 25 miles S.W. of Bhurtpoor, having a large
WEYAUWEIGO, a township in the S. part of Waupacca  fort, some sculptures, and a Hindoo college.
co., Wisconsin, contains a post-village of the same name.    WEZENBEIRG, w&/tsen-bWrG, a town of Russia, governWEYBOURNE, wAbthrn, a parish, England, co. of Norfolk. ment of Esthonia, capital of a circle, 60 miles E.S.E. of Revel.
WEY/BREAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.          Pop. 1500.
WEY/BRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 11    WEZIKON, ~'ttse-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton
miles N.N.E. of Guildford. Oatlands, the seat of the late  and 12 miles ES.E. of Zurich. Pop. of parish, 3289, mostly
Duke of York, and the ancient mansion of Ham, are in this  weavers.
parish.                                                      WIIAD/DON, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
WEYBRIDGE, a hamlet of England, co. of Norfolk.            WIIADDON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
WEYIBRIDGE, a post-township of Addison co., Vermont,   WHADDON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
on the S. side of Otter Creek, about 35 miles S.W. by W. of    WHADDON, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Montpelier. Pop. 804.                                        WITADDON WIIAD/LEY, a township of England, co. of
WEYBRIDGE LOWER FALLS, a post-office of Addison  Chester.
co., Vermont.                                               WHALE'S BACK, a small island at the E. side of the
~WEYER, wifr or wire, a market-town of Upper Austria, entrance to Portsmouth harbor, New HIampshire.  On it is a
circle of Traun. Pop. 1230.                               lighthouse 68 feet high, containing two fixed lights, one 10
WEYER, a village of Austria, Styria, circle of Bruck. feet above the other. Lat. 430 2' 30" N., Ion. 700 42' 45" W.
Pop. 1200.                                                   WHA/LEYSVILLE, a thriving post-villlIage of Worcester
WEYER, (Onsa., ofbr,) a market-town of Lower Austria, co., Maryland, on the Pocomoke River, 115 miles S.E. by E.
circle of Traun, near the Ens. Pop. 1350.                 of Annapolis. It is a place of active business, and contains
WEYERSHEIM, wllers-hnme', (Fr. pron. vA/y8as'8m/,) a  3 stores.
village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 10 miles N. of    WHIALfLEY, an extensive parish of England, counties of
Strasbourg.  Pop. in 1852, 2190.                          Lancaster, Chester, and York, on the Manchester and ClitheWEYIIILL, a parish of England, N.W. extremity of the  roe Railway, contains the borough of Clitheroe and 3 marketcounty of Hants, 3 miles W.N.W. of Andover. Pop. in 1851, towns in the county of Lancaster. Pop. in 1$51, 134,196.
419. For six days, from October 9, annually, it is the place  The parish is 30 miles in length and 15 miles in breadth.
of the largest fair in South England for sheep, cattle, hops, It is intersected by the Liverpool and Leeds Canal. The
cheese, and leather, attended by dealers from all parts of  church, a spacious building, with fine internal decoration,
England.                                                  formerly belonged to an abbey, established here in 1296.
W'EYAOUTIL, wA/mntith, (WrITH MELC\OMBE-REIGIMS,) a    -WHALILONSBURG, a post-office of Essex co., New York
parliamentary and municipal borough, and seaport of EBng-    WHALISAY, one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, parish
2105




WHA                                                       WHI
of Nesting. Length from N.E. to S.W., 51 miles; breadth 2  N.W. of Richmond, and about 630 feet above the level 6f the
miles. Pop. 628. The shores are rocky and deeply indented. sea. Lat. 400 7' N., Ion. 800 42 WV. The site is a narrrow
The soil is among the most productive in Shetland.        alluvial tract, overlooked by precipitous hills, and extending
WHAL/TON, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland. about 2 miles along the river. Wheeling is the most importWIIAPILODE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        ant place on the Ohio River between Pittsburg and CincinVWHAPILODE DROVE, a chapelry of England, co. Lincoln. nati, and in respoct to trade, manufactures, and population,
WHARRAM-IN-THE-STRTEET, a parish of England, co. the most considerable town of Western Virginia. It con,
Jf York, East Riding.                                     tains a fine court-house, about 14 churches, 2 academies, 3
WI-HAR/tAM PERCY, a parish of England, co. of York, banks, aggregate capital above $1,400,000, and a savings
East Riding.                                              institution. Four or five newspapers are published here.
WHAR/TON, a township of England, co. of Chester.        The town is supplied with water raised from the river by
WHAR/TON, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, has an  machinery. The National Road crosses the river at Zane's
area of 1080 square miles. It is intersected by the Colorado Island, opposite the city, by a beautiful wire suspension
River, bounded on the N.E. by the San Bernard, and drained  bridge, the span of which is one of the longest in the wbrld,
by Mustang and Sandy Creeks.  Named in honor of the  measuring 1010 feet. The height of the towers is 153 feet
Wharton family of Texas. Capital, Wharton. Pop. 1752, above low-water mark, and 60 feet above the abutments.
of whom 510 were free, and 1242 slaves.                   The bridge is supported by 12 wire cables, each 1380 feet in
WHARTON, a township of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. length, and 4 inches in diameter. The cost of this structure
The National Road intersects the township. Pop. 1853.     is estimated at $210,000. Wheeling is the western terminus
WHARTON, a post-township of Potter co., Pennsylvania, of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 380 miles long, finished
about 40 miles N.W. of Lock Haven. Pop. 232.              in 1853, and of the Hempfield Railroad, which joins the
WHARTON, a post-village, capital of Wharton co., Texas, Pennsylvania Railroad at Greensburg, and the eastern
on the Colorado River, 50 miles N. of Matagorda.          terminus of the Central Ohio Railroad. The Cleveland and
WHARTON, a post-office of Noble co., Ohio.              Pittsburg Railroad is to be extended from Wellsville to this
WHI-IAR/TONSBURG, a post-village of Wyandott co., Ohio, city. In 1852, 38 steamboats were owned in this place, with
on the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, about 60 miles an aggregate tonnage of 6843 tons. During the same year,
S.W. of Sandusky.                                         10 steamboats and 2 other vessels were built, with a burthen
WHAT'COM, a to. forming the N.W. extremity of Wash- of 1746 tons. The hills which rise in the immediate vicinity
ington Territory, having N. British America, E. Mount contain inexhaustible beds of coal, which supply fuel at a
Baker, a peak of the Cascade Mountains, and W. the Gulf  small expense to the numerous manufactories of Wheeling.
of Georgia, in which are numerous islands comprised within  In 1850 it contained 4 iron foundries, 3 forges, 3 manufacthe county. Capital, Billingham Bay.                      tories of nails, 5 of glassware, 2 or 3 of cotton goods, 3 of
WHATICOTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.         paper, 1 of steam-engines, 1 of silk goods, and 2 of wire.
WHATEILY, a post-township in Franklin co., Massa- Flour, woollen goods, white-lead, and other articles are also
chusetts, on Connecticut River, and intersected by Con-  produced here. Wheeling became the capital of the county
necticut River Railroad, 88 miles W. by N. of Boston. P. 1101. in 1797. It 1802 it contained about 70 houses. Pop. in 1820,
WHAT/FIELD,  a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.       1567; in 1830, 5221; in 1840, 7885; and in 1850, 11,391, exWIIAT/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.        elusive of West Wheeling, which had 438 inhabitants.
WHIAT/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.        WHEELING, a post-village in Holmes co., Mississippi, near
WHATTON or WHATTON-ON-SMITE, a parish of Eng-  Big Black River, 75 miles N.N.E. of Jackson.
land, co. of Nottingham.                                    WHEELING, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1218.
WHATITON, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.   WHEELING, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1159.
VWHAYIPAW, a small river of Marathon cO., Wisconsin,   WHEELING, a post-village of Delaware co., Indiana, on
which flowrs into Wisconsin River, on its right bank.     the Mississinewa River, about 15 miles N.N.W. of Muncie.
WHEATACRE (hweet/'l-ker) ALL-SAINTS, a parish of    WHEELING. a post-village of Cook co., Illinois, on the
England, co. of Norfolk.                                  Des Plaines Rtiver, about 25 miles N.W. of Chicago.
WVHEAT/ENHURST, a parish of England, co. Gloucester.   WIIEELING, a post-office of Madison co., Iowa.
WtHEAT/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.         WHEELING CREEK rises by two branches, the North and
WHEAT/FIELD, a township of Niagara co., New York, South Forks, in Pennsylvania, and falls into the Ohio River
intersected by the Canandaigua and Niagara Palls Railroad, at Wheeling, Virginia.
and the Buffalo and Niagara Railroad, 12 miles N. of Buffalo.   WHEELING'S FORD, a village in Cass co., Iowa, on NishPop. 2659.                                                nabatona River, about 200 miles W. by S. of Iowa City.
WHEATFIELD, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania,   WIHIEELING VALILEY, a post-office of Marshall co., Vir.
on the Pennsylvania Canal. Pop. 2387.                     ginia.
WHEATFIELD, a township of Perry co., Pennsylvania,   WHIEEILOCIK, a township of England, co. of Chester.
intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad and Canal, 6 miles   WIHIEELOCK, a post-township in Caledonia co., Vermont,
E. of Bloomfield. Pop. 678.                               29 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 855.
WHEATFIELD, a post-township in the central part of - WHEELOCK, a post-office of Robertson co., Texas.
Ingham co., Michigan. Pop. 231.                             WIEIELOCK, a post-office of Choctaw Nation, Arkansas.
WI-IEATHAMP/STEAD, parish, England, co. of Ilertford.   WVHEELITON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
VWHEAT/HILL, a parish of England, co. of Salop.            VIIEL/DiAKE, a parish of England, co. of York, East
WIHEATHILL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.       Riding. 
WHVIEATLAND, a post-township of Monroe co., New York,    WIEIPINGTON-KIR, a parish of England, to. of North.
on the Genesee River, 15 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. It is unmberland.
traversed by the Genesee Canal. Pop. 2916.                  WHEN/BY, a parish of England, co. of York, North Riding.
WHEATLAND, a post-office of Loudon co., Virginia.         WHEPISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
WHEATLAND, a township of Hillsdale co., Michigan.   WHERE/STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Pop. 1358.    -WIJERfWELL, a parish of England, co. of Hants, 31 miles
WHIEATLAND, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan.       S.S.E. of Andover. A stone cross in this parish commemoVWHEATLAND, a post-township in the N.W. part of Will rates the death of Earl Athewold, slain by King Edgar.
co., Illinois, intersected by Des Plaines River and the Illinois  Queen Elfirida founded a nunnery here in which she died.
and Michigan Canal. Pop. 749.                               WHET/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
WVHEATLAND, a post-village and township of Kenosha   IWHETSTONE, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby.
co., Wisconsin, about 70 miles S.E. of Madison. Pop. 1193.    HI-IETSTONE, a chapelry of England, co. of Middlesex.
WHEATLAND CENTRE, a post-office of IHillsdale co.,   WHET/STONE, a post-village of Pickens district, South
Michigan.                                                 Carolina.
WHEAT/LEY, NORTHf, a parish of England, co. of Not-   WHETSTONE, a township in Crawford co., Ohio. P. 1657.
tingham.                                                   VWHETSTONE, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio.
WHEATLEY,  SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Not-   WHETSTONE RIVER, Ohio. See OLENTANGY RIVER.  -
tingham.                                                    WH-ICH!AM, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.
WHEATLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Oxford.           WHICHIBURY, a parish of England, counties of Wilts
WHEATLEY, a post-office of Fauquier co., Virginia.      and Hants.
WHEAITON, a post-village of Dupage co., Illinois, on the    WHICH'IFORD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
Galena and Chicago Railroad, 25 miles WV. of Chicago.       WHICKIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
VWHEAT RIDGE, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio.           WHIDAH, a town of West Africa. See WXIYDAI.
WHEATIVILLE, a post-office of Genesee co., New York.     WIIID/BY'S ISLAND or WHID/BEY ISLAND, a large
WHEATVILLE, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio.         island at the N.W. extremity of VWashington Territory, E.
VIHEEILER, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.     of Vancouver's Island. It is near 50 miles long, and from
WHIIEELERSBURG, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio, near 3 to 10 miles wide. It contains a number of extensive and
the Ohio River, 9 miles E. of Portsmouth. Pop. in 1853, fertile prairies, and is becoming settled rapidly. Whidby's
about 700.                                               Island is included in Island county, of which the seat of
WHEElLING, a city and port of entry of Virginia, and  justice is at Penn's Cove, a thriving settlement near the
capital of Ohio county, is finely situated on the E. bank of  middle of the island.
the Ohio River, and on both sides of Wheeling Creek, 92   WVHID!DY ISLAND, Ireland, Munster. co. of Cork, near
uiles below Pittsburg, 365 miles above Cincinnati, 350 miles the head of Bantry Bay, opposite Bantry, is 3 miles long2106




WilI                                                         WHI
and 1 mile broad. Pop. 400. On it are a coast-guard station, River, which forms the E. boundary of the county. Whits
and several forts for the defence of Bantry harbor.         River is navigated at all seasons, on the border of the
WHIGTVILLE, a post-office of Noble co., Ohio.             county, by steamboats, in which staves and other lumbes
WIIIGVILLE, a post-office of Lapeer co., Michigan.        are exported. Capital, Searcy. Pop. 2619, of whom 2311
WHILE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford, now united  were free, and 308 slaves.
with Puddleston.                                              WHITE, a county in the E. central part of Tennessee,
WHILTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    has an area estimated at 700 square miles. The Caney Fork
WHIMIPLE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.               of Cumberland River forms its boundary on the S. and W.,
WIIIN/BURG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          and it is also watered by Falling Water and other creeks
WHIP/PANY or WIIIPIPONONG, a manufacturingvillage  The streams furnish water-power for mills.  The Southof Morris co., New Jersey, on Whippany River, about 52  Western Railroad is in progress through the county. Capimiles N. by E. of Trenton. It contains 2 churches, 1 cloth- tal, Sparta. Pop. 11,444; of whom  10,230 were free, and
ing, 5 cotton, and 3 paper mills, and 3 stores. Pop. esti- 1214 slaves.
mated at 800.                                                  WHITE, a county in the N.W. part of Indiana, contains
WHIP/PINGIHAM, a parish of the Isle of Wight.             about 500 square miles. It is drained by the Tippecanoe
WHIIPIPY SWAMP, a post-village of Beaufort district, River, which affords abundant water-power. The surface
South Carolina.                                             is nearly level, and the soil highly productive. About twoWHIPSINADE,   a parish of England, co. of Bedford.        thirds of the area is occupied by prairies. It is intersected
WHIPS/TOWN, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio.             by the New Albany and Salem  Railroad. Organized in
WHIS/KEY RUN, a township of Crawford co., Indiana.  1834. Capital, Monticello. Pop. 4761.
Pop. 930.                                                     WHITE, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, bordering
WHIS/SENDINE, a parish of England, co. of Rutland, on  on Indiana, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is
a railway, 51- miles N.N.W. of Oakham.                      bounded on the E. by the Wabash River, intersected by
WIIIS/SONSETT, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       the Little Wabash, and also drained by the Skillet Fork of
WIIS/TON, a parish of England, co of Northampton.    the Little Wabash. The county is well timbered, and has
WHISTON, a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding. several small prairies.  The soil is excellent. The Wabash
WHISTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.         River is navigable by steamboats on the border. The Little
WIHIS/TONS, a tything of England, co., of Worcester, Wabash affords valuable water-power at Carmi. It is traforming a part of the city of Worcester.  Pop. in 1851, versed by the Wabash Valley Railroad, (unfinished.)  A
2998.                                                       plank-road extends from Graysville to Albion. Named in
WHIT/ACRE, NETIHER, a parish of England, co. of  honor of Colonel White, who formerly resided in this secWarwick.                                                    tion of the state.  Capital, Carmi. Pop. 8925.
WHITACRE, OVER, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.    WHITE, a township of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. P. 667.
WHIT/AKER'S  BLUF', a post-office of Wayne co., Ten-    WHITE, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.  It
nessee.                                                     contains Indiana, the county seat. Pop. 2251.
WI-ITIBECK, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland.         WHITE, a township of Ashley co., Arkansas. Pop. 648.
WHIIT/BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of IHereford.        WHITE, a township of Newton co., Arkansas. Pop. 242.
WHIIT/BURN, a parish of England, co. of Durham, on the    WHIIITE, a township ofPike co., Arkansas. Pop. 205.
coast, 3 miles N. of Sunderland.  Population employed in    WHITE, a township of Polk co., Arkansas., Pop. 326.
fisheries and coal and lime works. It is resorted to for    WHIITEASH, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania.
sea-bathing, and has several chalybeate springs in great   WIHITEBREAST RIVER, a small stream of Marion co.,
repute.                                                     Iowa, falls into the Des Moines River.
WHIT/BURN or WHITE/BURN, a parish of Scotland, co.   WHITEBREAST, a post-office of Clark co., Iowa.
of Linlithgow.                                                WIHITE CIIAP/EL, a parish of England, co. of MiddleWIIT/BY, a parliamentary borough, seaport town, parish,  sex, forming an E. suburb of the metropolis, and comprised
and township of England, co. of York, North Riding, on the  in the borough of Tower Hamlets. Pop. in 1851, 37,848.
Esk, here bordered by fine piers, and crossed by a swing    WHITE CHIMINEYS, a post-office of Caroline co,, Virginia.
iron bridge, 17 miles N.N.W. of Scarborough, at the termi-    WIITE/CIIHURCH, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of
nation of a railway from York., Lat. of lighthouse at the  Waterford.
head of the V. pier, 540 29' 7" N., ion. 00 361 7" E. Pop. of    WHITECHURCH, a parish, Ireland, Munster, co. of Cork.
parliamentary borough in 1851, 10.989; of township, 8040.   WHITECHURCII GLYNN, a parish of Ireland, Leinster,
The older parts of the town have narrow streets along the  co. of Wexford.
river banks; the newer parts extend up steep acclivities;    WII1TECHURCH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Wexford.
that on the E, is crowned by the church, and the remains of   WHITECIURCHI, a parish of Ireland, co. of Dublin.
an abbey, founded in the 7th century. The principal edifices    WIITECIIURCCH, a parish of Ireland, Munster, co. of
are baths, a public library, literary and philosophical society, Tipperary.
with museum; seamen's hospital, town-hall, custom-house,    WIIITECHURCII, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny.
and large warehouses. It has dry-docks and some ship-    WHITECI-IURCH, a parish of Ireland, co. of Kildare.
building, and manufactures of sail-cloth and cordage, an    WHITE/CLAY CREEK, a branch of Christiana Creek,
active export trade, especially in alum manufactured in the  rises in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and unites with the
vicinity; and imports of American, Baltic, and East India  other branches about 6 miles W. of Wilmington.
produce, and coal. Registered shipping 1015 vessels, aggre-    WHITE COLLEGE, a post-office of Harrison co., Indiana.
gate burden 54,590 tons. It returns 1 member to the Hlouse    WHITE COTTAGE, a post-office of Shelby co., Texas.
of Commons.                                                   WHIITE COTTAGE, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
WHITBY, a township of England, co. of Chester.              WHIITE COTTAGE, a post-office of Greene co., PennsylWHIT/CIURCH, a market-town and parish of England,  vania.
co. of Hants, on the Test, 12 miles N. of Winchester.  Pop.   WIHITE CREEK, of Missouri, flows southward into the
of parish in 1851,1911.  The inhabitants are partly engaged  river One Hundred and Two, near the S. border of Nodaway
in a silk manufactory, and a mill for the fabrication of most county.
of the bank-note paper used by the Bank of England.           WIHIITE CREEK, a post-village of Washington co., New
WHITCHURCIl or BLANC/MINSTER, a market-town and  York, situated in White Creek township, and on a creek of
parish of England, counties of Salop and Chester, 19 miles  that name, 33 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It contains 2 or 3
N.N.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of town in 1851, 3619. The  churches and several stores. Pop. of the township, 2994.
town stands on an eminence crowned by its church. Here    WHITE/CROSS, a post-office of Orange co., North Carolina.
are numerous dissenting chapels and schools, a public lend-    WHITE/DAY, a post-office of Monongalia co., Virginia.
iug library, some cotton manufactures, and a trade in corn    WHITEDAY GLADES, a post-office, Marion co., Virginia.
and malt.                                                     WHITE/DEER, a post-village of Lycoming co., PennsylWIIIITCHURCI, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.          vania, 78 miles N. of Harrisburg.
WHITCHIURCH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             WHITEDEER, a township of Union co., Pennsylvania.
WIIITCI-IURCH, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.      Pop. 15317.
WHITCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.             WHITIEDEER MILLS, a post-office of Union co., PennsylWHITCHU1CII, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    vania.
WIIITCItURCIHI, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.        WHITE EARTH RIVER. of Missouri territory, rises in
WHIITCIIURCH, -a parish, South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.  British America, and crossing the N. boundary of the United
WHITCHURCII, two parishes of South Wales, co. of Pem- States, joins the Missouri in about 1030 10' W. ion. Length
broke.                                                      about 200 miles.
WHITCHURCH CANONICOIRUM, a parish of England,   WHITE EYE PLAINS, a post-office, Coshocton co., Ohio.
co. of Dorset.                                                WHITE EYES, a township in the E. part of Coshocton
WHIIT/COMB, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana.       co., Ohio. Pop. 1132.
WHITICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.             WHITE/FIELD, a township of England, co. of Gloucester.
WHITCOMBE, MAG/NA, a parish of England, co. of Glon-.WHITE/FIELD, a township of Lincoln co., Maine, intes
cester.                                                     sected by Sheepscott River, which affords good water-power,
WHITE, a county situated in the N.E. central part of  12 miles S.E. of Augusta.  Pop. 2158.
Arkansas, contains 1050 square miles. It is intersected by    WHITEFIELD, a post-township in Coos co., New HampLittle  ied River and Bayou des Are, affluents of White  shire, 88 miles N. of Concord. Pop. 857.
2107




WHI                                                       WHI
WHIITEFIELD, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi.   WHITEHIAVEN, a harbgr of Nova Scotia, British North
WHITEFIELD, a post-office of Marshall co., Illinois.    America, 12 miles W.S.W. 6f Cape Canso.
WHITE/FORD, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint,   WHITE/IEAD, a small island lying S.W. of the W. en30  miles N.W. of HIolywell.  Lead, copper, coal, and cala- trance to Penobscot Bay. On it is a fixed light, 58 feet above
mine abound in this parish. Here are remains of a Roman  the level of the sea, having a bell attached to it weighing
lighthouse and stone cross of beautiful workmanship.      1000 pounds, which is struck in foggy weather. Lat. 430 52'
WHITEFORD, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio.            N., Ion. 690 2' W.
WHITEFORD, a township of Monroe co., Michigan, inter-   WHITEHEAD, a post-office of Kanzas territory.
sected by the Erie and Kalamazoo Railrord. Pop. 696.        WHITE HILL, a village of Burlington co., New Jersey,
WHITE/GATE, a parish of England, co. of Chester.        on the Delaware, contains 10 or 12 dwellings.
WHITEGATE, a large fishing village of Ireland, Munster,   WHITE HILL, a post-office of Union co., North Carolina.
co. of Cork, on Cork Harbor, 23 miles S.S.E. of Queenstown.   WHITE HILL, a post-office of Giles co., Tennessee.
Pop. in 1851, 1228. Carlisle Port is in its vicinity.       WHITE HILL, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.
WHITEGATE, a post-office of Giles co., Virginia.          WHITE/HILLS, a fishing-village of Scotland, co. of Banff,
WHITE GROVE, a post-office of Jasper co., Indiana.      4' miles E. of Portsoy. Pop. 650.
WHITEIHALL, a flourishing post-village of Washington    WHITEHORSEI, New Jersey, a station on the Camden
county, New York, is beautifully situated in Whitehall and Atlantic Railroad, 10 miles from Camden.
township, at the head or S. extremity of Lake Champlain,   WHITE HOUSE, a post-village of Hunterdon co., New
and on the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, 77 miles N. Jersey, on Rockaway Creek, and on the New Jersey Central
by E. of Albany. The Champlain Canal terminates here, Railroad, about 30 miles N. by E. of Trenton, contains a
connecting the village with Troy. Five steamboats ply  church, a mill, 2 stores, and an academy.
daily to the ports on the lake during the summer. Pawlet   WHITE IIOUSE, a post-office of Cumberland co., PennRiver and Wood Creek enter the lake at this place, and fur- sylvania. 
nish extensive water-power. It contains 4 or 5 churches,   WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of MIecklenburg co., Virginia.
an academy, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and has an exten-   WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of Randolph co., North Casiye trade with Canada. Machinery, woollen goods, flour, rolina.
lumber, and other articles are manufactured. A railroad is    WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia, 7
projected from this place to Plattsburg. Pop. of the town- miles N.E. of McDonough.
ship, 4726; of the village, about 4000.                     WHITE HOUSE, a post-office of Williamson co., Tennessee.
WIHIITEHALL, Pennsylvania, a station on the Philadel-   WHITE/HOUSE ABBEY, a village of Ireland, Ulster co.,
phia and Columbia Railroad, 10 miles W. of Philadelphia.   Antrim, on Belfast Lough, 3L miles N.E. of Belfast. Pop.
WHITEIHIALL, a post-office of Hunterdon co., New Jersey. in 1851, 852, mostly employed in a large cotton-mill.
WHITEHALL, a small village of Columbia co., Pennsyl-    WHITE ISLAND, off New Zealand, North Island, in the
vania.                                                    Bay of Plenty, is in lat. 370 331 S., ion. 1770 14' E. It conWHITEHALL. a small village of Lancaster co., Pennsyl-  sists of an active volcano, rising to between 1000 and 1500
vania.                                                   feet in height.
WHITEHALL, a post-office of MIontour co., Pennsylvania.   WHITE/KIRK AND TYN/NINGHIAME, a united maritime
WHITEHALL, a post-office and station of Baltimore co., parish of Scotland, co. of Berwick.
Maryland, on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, 26    WHITE-LADY-AS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Wormiles N. of Baltimore.                                    cester.
WHITEHALL, a small post-village, Frederick co., Virginia.   WIIITE LAKE, a post-office of Sullivan co., New York.
WHITEHALL, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., North    WHITE LAKE, a post-township in the W. central part of
Carolina, 166 miles W.S.W. of Raleigh.                    Oakland co., Michigan. Pop. 904.
WHITEHALL, a thriving village of Wayne co., North    WHITE/LETS, a village of Scotland, co. and 1 miles N.E.
Carolina, on the Neuse River. Turpentine is shipped here  of Ayr, on the road to Galston. Pop. in 1851, about 900,
in steamboats.                                          I mostly employed in raising coal, conveyed by a railway to
WHITEHALL, a post-office of Madison co., Kentucky.    Newton-upon-Ayr.
WIIITEIALL, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.           WHITEtLEY, a post-township of Greene co., PennsylvaWHITEHALL, a thriving post-village of Greene co., Illi- nia, about 7 miles S.E. of Waynesburg.
nois, is situated on a prairie of its own name, about 60 miles   WHITELEY, a small post-village, Greene co., Pennsylvania.
W.S.W. of Springfield.                                     WHITELEY'S, a post-office of Newton co., Arkansas.
WHITE/HALLVILLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pennsyl-   WHITE/LEYSBURG, a village of Kent co., Delaware, 16
vania.                                                   miles S.W. of Dover.
WHITE HARE, a post-village of Cedar co., Missouri,   WHITE/LICK CREEK, Indiana, rises in Boone co., and
about 110 miles S.S.E. of Independence.                  flowing southward, enters the W. fork of White River, 7
WHITEHA/VEN, a parliamentary borough, and seaport miles above hMartinsville.
town and township of England, co. of Cumberland, on    WHITEtMARSHI, a post-township of Montgomery co.,
the Irish Sea, near the entrance of Solway Frith, 3 miles Pennsylvania, intersected by the Philadelphia and NorrisN.E. of St. Bees' Head, and 36 miles S.W. of Carlisle, town Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Norristown. Pop. 2408.
with which it is connected by railway.  Lat. of light-   WIIITEMARSH, a post-office of Columbus co., North
house, 540 33' 11I N., Ion. 30 355 49't W. Pop. of the borough, Carolina.
including the township, and a part of Preston Quarter, in    WHITE MILLS, a post-office of Wayne co., Pennsylvania.
1851, 18,916. The town, on a creek at the mouth of the    WHITE MOUN/TAINS, the name of a group in the N.
Poebeck, is surrounded by heights which approach close to  central part of New Hampshire, being included chiefly
the buildings; the streets are spacious and regularly laid  within the limits of Coos and Grafton counties.  The
out. The public buildings comprise the churches of St. principal summit, Mount Washington, rises 6226 feet above
Nicholas, St. James, and Trinity, and many places of wor- the level of the sea. The other summits are, Mount Adams,
ship for dissenters, the West Cumberland Infirmary, Town- having an elevation of about 5759 feet; Mount Jefferson,
Hall, market-house, Custom-house, Library, News-room, 5657 feet; Mount Madison, 5415 feet; Mount Monroe,'5349
baths, a neat theatre, Mechanics' Institute, and a county  feet; Mount Franklin, 4850 feet; and Mount Lafayette, 5500
House of Correction. The town has good shops, a convenient feet. For a more particular description, see NEW HIAMPSHIRaE.
market-place, and beautiful environs. Immediately S.E. is   WHITENESS, a parish of Scotland. See TINGWALL.
the Castle, the seat of Viscount Lowther. The harbor is    WHITE OAK, a post-office of Ritchie co., Virginia.
formed by two piers, on each of which is a lighthouse, and    WHITE OAK, a small village of Polk co., North Carolin.
from it are exported great quantities of coal, raised from    WHITE OAK, a village of Fairfield district. South Carothe deepest known coal-mines, which extend a long way  lina, on the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, 46 miles
under the town and beneath the sea. Here are also iron- N. of Columbia.
smelting works, iron and brass foundries, extensive bonding    WHITE OAK, a post-village of Columbia co., Georgia, 28
warehouses, dry docks, and slips for building and repairing  miles W. of Augusta.
vessels; manufactures of sail cloth, cordage, soap, copperas,   WHITE OAK, a post-office of Hopkins co., Texas.
and tobacco pipes. The exports consist chiefly of coal and    WHITE OAK, a township in Franklin co., Arkansas.
iron ore; the imports, West Indian, American, and Baltic Pop. 1052.
produce; flax and linen from Ireland, and pig-iron from    WHITE OAK, a post-office of Humphreys co., Tennessee.
Wales. Steamers maintain continual communication be-   WHITE OAK, a small village of Bath co., Kentucky.
tween Whitehaven and Dublin, Dumfries, and the Isle of    WHITE OAK, a township of Highland co., Ohio. Pop.
ihan. Registered shipping, in 1847-8, 39,462 tons. It re- 1012.
turns 1 member to the House of Commons.                    WHITE OAK, a post-township in the E. part of Ingham
WHITE HA/VEN, a flourishing post-borough of Denison  co., Michigan. Pop. 508.
township, Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River,   WHITE OAK, a townshipin Jefferson co., Indiana. P.512.
25 miles above Mauch Chunk. A railroad 20 miles long    WHITE OAK, a post-office of Bladeu co., North Carolina.
connects it with Wilkesbarre. The town carries on an act-   WHITE OAK BAYOU, of Texas, flows eastward through
ive trade in coal and lumber. In 1850, 40,000,000 feet of  Titus co., and enters Sulphur Fork of Red River, at the
lumber were shipped at this place.             I         N.E. extremity of that county.
WHITE HAVEN, a post-village of Somerset co., Mary-   WHITE OAK CREEK, of Georgia, flows through Mlerlland, on the W/coric River, 70 miles S.E. of Annapolis.  wether county into Flint River.
2108




WII                                                      WIII
WI-IT!E OAK CREEK, in the N. part of Tennessee, enters called the East and West Fork, which unite at the S.W,
New River on the E. border of Fentress county.             extremity of Davies county, 5 miles N.E. of Petersburg.
WHITE OAK CREEK, of West Tennessee, flows eastward  After a south-westerly course of 40 or 50 miles, it falls into
and enters Tennessee River in Harden county.               the Wabash, 100 miles (by water) from its mouth, and nearly
WHITE OAK CREEK, of Ohio, rises in Highland county, opposite Mount Carmel, Illinois.
and enters the Ohio River about 8 miles below Ripley.        Branches.-The West Fork, which is the longest branch,
WHITE OAK GROVE, a post-office of Dubois co., Indiana. rises in Randolph county, near the E. border of the state,
WHITE OAK GROVE, a small post-village of Ogle co., and pursues a south-westward course of about 300 miles
Illinois.                                                  nearly through the middle of the state. The chief towns
WHITE OAK GROVE, a post-office of Greene co., Missouri, which it passes from its source downward are Muncie, Anderabout 128 miles S.S.W. of Jefferson City.                  son, Indianapolis, Martinsville, and Bloomfield. It flows
WHITE OAK HILL, a post-office of Fleming co., Kentucky. through a fertile farming region, the surface of which is
WHITE  OAK POINT, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa.   nearly level. In high water, boats of light draught ascend
WHIITE  OAK SPRINGS, a small village of Sullivan co., this branch to Martinsville, about 200 miles from the mouth
Tennessee.                                                 of White River. The East Fork, called also Driftwood Fork,
WHITE OAK SPRINGS, a small post-village of Brown  rises in Henry county, and flowing south-westward, passes
co., Illinois.                                             by Newcastle, Shelbyville, Columbus, and Rockford. Its
WHITE OAK SPRINGS, a post-village and township in  length is estimated at 250 miles. It is navigable by flatthe S. part of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, about 60 miles S.W. boats to Rockford during a few months of the year. This
of Madison. The village contains 1 hotel, 4 stores, and  stream is commonly called Blue River, until it passes the
about 300 inhabitants. Lead ore abounds in its vicinity, mouth of Sugar Creek, near Edinburg.
Pop. of the township, 482.                                   WhITE RIVER, of Utah, rises in San Pete co., and flowWHITE OAK VALLEY, a post-office of Brown co., Penn-  uing westerly, falls into Green River, in Utah county.
sylvania.                                                    WHITE RIVER, a township in Benton co., Arkansas.
WIIITEPAR/ISH, a parish of'England, co. of Wilts.        Pop. 385.
WHITE PAThI, a post-office of Gilmer co., Georgia.         WHITE RIVER, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas.
WHITE PIGEON, (pij/tfn,) a thriving post-village and    WHITE RIVER, a township in Independence co., Arkantownship of St. Joseph co., Michigan, on the creek of its own  sas. Pop. 1098.
name, and on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 120 miles E.   WHITE RIVER, a township, Izard co., Arkansas. P. 221.
of Chicago. It is surrounded by a productive farming re-   WIIITE RIVER, a town.ship in Marion co., Arkansas.
gion, and has an active business. Pop. in 1853, about 600.  Pop. 261.
WHITE PLAINS, a post-village, semi-capital of West-   WHITE RIVER, a township, Prairie co., Arkansas. P. 99.
chester co., New York, situated in White Plains township,   WHITE RIVER, a township in Washington co., Arkansas.
on the larlem Railroad, 26 miles N.N.E. of New York. It  Pop. 695.
contains, besides the county buildings, 5 or 6 churches and    WHITE RIVER, a township, Gibson co., Indiana. P. 7131.
several seminaries. A noted battle of the Revolution was   WHITE RIVER, a township in hamilton co., Indiana.
fought in the vicinity, October 28, 1776. Pop. of the town- Pop. 1492.
ship, 1414.                                                  WHITE RIVER, a township in Johnson co., Indiana.
WHITE PLAINS, a post-office of Brunswick co., Virginia. Pop. 1547.
WHITE PLAINS, a post-office of Cleveland co., North    WHITE RIVER, a post-office of Morgan co., Indiana.
Carolina.                                                    WHITE RIVER, a township in Randolph co., Indiana.
WHITE PLAINS, a small village of Anderson district, Pop. 2260.
South Carolina.                                             WHITE RIVER JUNC/TION, a post-village of Windsor
WHITE PLAINS, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, co., Vermont, on the right bank- of the Connecticut River,
about 30 miles N.N.E. of Mlilledgeville. It has a church and  at the junction of the VermontCentral, the Connecticut and
several stores.                                            Passumpsic, and the Northern New Hampshire Railroads;
WHITE PLAINS, a post-village of Benton co., Alabama, contains a large iron foundry, machine shop, &c.
it Chocolocco Valley, 7 miles E. by S. of Jacksonville.      WHITE ROAD, a post-office, Forsyth co., North Carolina.'
WHITE PLAINS, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.    WHITE ROCK, a post-office, Alamance co., North Carolina.
WHITE POND, a post-office of Barnwell district, South    WHITE ROCK, a post-office of Hill co., Texas.
Carolina.                                                   WHITE ROCK, a township in Franklin co., Arkansas.
WHITE POST, a post-village of Clarke co., Virginia, 12  Pop. 159.
miles S.E. of Winchester, is pleasantly situated a few miles    WHITE ROCK, a post-village in Ogle co., Illinois, 90 miles
from the Blue Ridge.                                      W. by N. of Chicago.
WHITE POST, a township in Pulaski co., Indiana. P. 168.   WHITE ROCK, a post-office of Bedford co., Virginia.
WHITE RIVER. See NILE.                                    WHIITE  ROCK CREEK, of Texas, rises in Houston co.,
WHITE RIVER rises in Addison co., Vermont, and flow- and flows into the Trinity River from the left in Trinity
ing in a winding course through Windsor county, falls into  county.
the Connecticut River. On the N. it receives three tributaries,   WHITE ROCK CREEK, of Dallas co., Texas, enters the
called the First, Second, and Third Branches, which afford  Trinity River from the left, a few miles below Dallas Court
some fine mill-seats.                                      House.
WHITE RIVER, of Arkansas and Missouri, is formed by    WHITES/BOROUGH, a handsome post-villae in Whitesthree small branches which rise among the Ozark Moun- town township, and semi-capital of Oneida co., NewVYork,
talins, and unite a few miles E. of Fayetteville, Arkansas. It on the Mohawk River, the Erie Canal, and on the Central
flows first north-easterly into Missouri, and after making a  Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Utica. It contains churches of 4
circuit of about 100 miles, returns into Arkansas, and  or 5 denominations, 1 or 2 academies, a bank, and several
pursues a south-easterly course to the mouth of Black River, factories. Incorporated in 1829. Pop. of the village estiwhich is its largest affluent. From this point its direction  mated at 2200; of the township, 6810.
is nearly southward, until it enters the Mississippi, 15 miles    WHITES/BURG, a post-village of Madison co., Alabama,
above the mouth of the Arkansas.  The whole length  on the right bank of the Tennessee River, 11 miles S. of
probably exceeds 800 miles. It is navigable by steamboats, Huntsville.
in all stages of water, to the mouth of Black River, 350 miles,   WHITESBURG, a post-village, capital of Letcher co., Ken.
and during a large portion of the year they can ascend to  tucky, on the N. fork of the Kentucky River, 150 miles S.E.
Batesville, about 50 miles higher. The navigation is not of Frankfort. It contains a court-house, and 2 churches.
obstructed by ice in ordinary seasons. Below Batesville the    WHITESBURG, a post-office of Lee co., Virginia.
channel is about 4 feet deep throughout the year. The   WHITE'S CORNERS, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
country through which it flows is generally fertile, and    WHITE'S CORNERS, post-office, Potter co., Pennsylvania.
adapted to Indian corn and cotton. Pine forests are found    WHITE'S CREEK, a post-office of Bladen co., North
on its banks above Batesville, and cypress swamps along the  Carolina.
lower part of its course.                           C       WHIITE SEA, (Russ. Bieloe More, be-Ylo-A mosrA; Fr. Me-r.
Branches.-James Fork rises near the E. border of Green  Blanche, mair blNsh;  Ger. Ifisses Meees, is/ses main,)
county, Missouri, and flowing south-westerly, enters the  called also the GULF  OF ARCHANGEL, a vast gulf
White River in Taney county. Big North Fork rises in the  of the Arctic Ocean, the entrance of which is formed by
S. part of Missouri, and flows southward through Fulton  Cape Sviatoi, lat. 680 10, N., lon. 390 47' E.; and Cape
county, Arkansas, into the main stream. Bryant's Fork  Kanin, hat. 680 39' 2" N., lon. 430 32' 55f E. It extends S.
enters the Big North Fork in Ozark county, Missouri. Little  and S.W. into European Russia, between Lapland and ArchNorth Fork rises in Ozark county, MIissouri, and enters angel, 380 miles; breadth from 30 to 150 miles. Area estiWhite River in Marion county, Arkansas. Buffalo Fork  mated at 45,000 square miles. On the N.W. it forms the
rises in Newton county, Arkansas, and enters White River Gulf of Kandalaska, and on the S. the Gulfs of Onega and
from the right at the S.E. extremity of aIarion county. All Archangel.  The chief affluents are, the Mezen, Uwince,
of these are more properly affluents than branches.       Onega, and Vigo. It is deep and navigable for large vessels,
WIITE RIVER, of Michigan, rises in Newaygo county, except at the mouth of the Dwina, where there are large
and flows south-westward through Oceana county into Lake  sandbanks; the greater portion is frozen over from October
Michiegan.                                                till Mlay. It contains the Solovetskoi Islands, and abounds
WHITE RIVER, of Indiana, is formned by two branches, in herrings and codfish.
2109




WII                                                        WHI
WIHITEISIDES, a county in the W.N.W. part of Illinois,    WHITE TOP, a post-office of Grayson co., Virginia.
has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on    WHITE TOP, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tennessee.,
the W. by the Mississippi River, which separates it from    WHITE TOP MOUNTAIN.  See IRON MOUNTAIN.
Iowa, intersected by Rock River, and also drained by Elk-   WHlITEVILLE. a small post-village of Fayette co., Teos
horn rid Rock Creeks.  The county contains extensive  nessee.
prairies, among which groves of timber are distributed. The    WHITE!WATER, a post-office of Fayette co., Georgia.
soil is very productive.  Rock River furnishes valuable    WHITEWAT/NII,  a post-office of Pike co., Alabama.
water-power.  The Mississippi and Rock River Junction    WHITEWATER, a township in the W. part of IIamiltorn'Railroad will pass through the county. Organized in 1839, co., Ohio, intersected by the Miami River and Whitewater
and named in honor of General Samuel Whitesides, who was Canal. Pop. 1567.
distinguished as a captain of rangers in the war of 1812.   WHITEWATER, a township in Franklin co., Indiana.
Capital, Stirling. Pop. 5361.                              Pop. 1512.
WIIITESIDE'S' COlNERIS, a post-office of Saratoga co..   WHITEWATER, a post-office of Wayne co., Indiana.
New York.                                                    WHIIITEWATER, a small post-village of Cape Girardeau
WHITE SPRINGS, a post-office of IHamilton co., Florida.  co., Missouri.
WHITE'S SALfINES, a post-office of White co., Tennessee.   WHIITEIWkxTER, a thriving post-village and township of
WHITE'S STORE, a post-office of Chenango co., New York. Walworth co., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi
WhIIITE'S STORE, a post-office of Anson co., North Caro- Railroad, where it is crossed by the Wisconsin Central Rail.
lina.                                                      road, 38 miles S.E. of Madison, and 50 miles W.S.W. of MilWHITE'S STORE, a small village of York district, South  waukee. An affluent of Rock River furnishes water-power
Carolina.                                                  here, which is employed in flouring and saw mills. The vilWIIITE-STAUNITON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset. lage is situated in a rich farming district, and has an active
WIIITEISTONE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.         business. It contains 5 churches, an iron foundry, and a
WHITE STONE, a post-office of Lancaster co., Virginia.   pottery. Laid out in 1840. Pop. of the township, in 1850,
WHITESTOWN, Oneida co., New York. Seec WHu'eS-  1252; of the village, in 1853, about 1200.
BORoucR.                                                     WHIITEWATER CREEK, of Georgia, flows southward
WHIITES'TOWN, a post-office of Butler co., Pennsylvania. and enters Flint River on the W. border of Pike co.
WHITESTOWN, a post-office of Boone co., Indiana.           WHITEWATER RIVER; of Indiana and Ohio, is formed
WHITE SULPIIURI, a post-office of Greene co., Tennessee. by two branches, the East Fork and the West Fork, which
WHITE SULPHUR, a post-office of Scott co., Kentucky.   rise in the E. part of Indiana, and flowing nearly S., unite
WHITE SULPIhUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Greenbrier  at Brookville. After a south-easterly course of a few miles
co., Virginia, on the route of the Covington and Ohio Rail- it enters Ohio, and falls into the Miami 6 miles from  its
road, (unfinished.) 205 miles W. of Richmond, and 9 miles mounth. The main stream is about 100 yards wide, and the
IE. of Lewisburg. This is the most celerated watering-place  whole length, including the longest branch, near 100 miles.
in Virginia, or perhaps in any of the Southern States. It is   WIIITEWATER RIVER, of Missouri and Arkansas, rises
situated in a valley 6 or 8 miles W. of the top of the Alle- in the N. part of Cape Girardeau co., Missouri, and flowing
ghany Mountains, and is surrounded by highlands and  first south-easterly and then southerly, divides itself into
charming scenery. The principal stream discharges about two arms, called East and West Whitewater; then mingling
18 gallons per minute, at a uniform temperature. Accord- its waters with those of Lake St. Mary, it receives the Castor
ing to the analysis of Professor Rogers, 100 cubic inches of  River, and after being joined by the outlet of Lake Pemisco,
water contains 65.54 grains of solid matter, composed of seve- it falls into Big Lake communicating with the St. Francis by
ral salts in the following proportions:-                   Little River. The entire length is estimated at above 250
miles. See CASTOR RIveR.
Sulphate of lime..............31.680                   M'HIT-LeWOMAN RIVER, Ohio. See WALHONDING.
Selphale er lime.8l.C55                    WHITEWOMAN RIVER, Ohio. See WALn0OqIcriN.
Sulphateo soda............m.8.241                   WHIT/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Sulpsate of soda............4.050
Carbonateoflime............   1.530                  WIITTFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
Carbonate of magnesia..........  0.50                   WIHIITFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Northumberland.
Chloride of magnesium..'.          0.071      WIITFIELD, a township of England, co. of Derby.
Chloride of calcium............  0.010
Chloride of colcium......      0..1....  WHIS.IT/FIELD or WHITEFIELD, a new county in the
Chloride of sodium..                          0.'26
Protoesulphate of iron...                  0.069    N.W. part of Georgia.  It is drained by the Connasauga
Sulphate ofalumine.5..........! 0.012              River, a branch of the Oostenaula.  The surface is mounEarthy phosphates, a trace.                            tainous. Formed about the year 1852, by a division of MurAzotized organic matter, blended with a large proportion or    ray and Walker counties and named in honor of the eele
sulphur, abset.............5 graisn. brated George Whitefield. It is intersected by the Western
The village contains several fine hotels and rows of cottages, and Atlantic Railroad, and in part by the East Tennessee
among which are Virginia Row, Baltimore Row, South Caro-  and Georgia Railroad. Capital, Dalton.
lina Row, Alabama Row, Louisiana Row, &c. The accom-   WHITFIELD, a post-village of Lincoln co., Maine.
modations are sufficient for 1200 or 1500 persons.           WHIITFIELD, a post-office of Kanzas Terrritory.
WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS, a post-village of Meri-   WIHIT/FORD, a toswnship forming the S.W. extremity of
wether co., Georgia, 118 miles W. by S. of Milledgeville.  Monroe co., Michigan, partly intersected by the Erie and
WIHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-office of Limestone  Kalamazoo  Railroad. Pop. 696.
co., Alabama.                                                WHIT/GIFT, a parish of England, co. York, West Riding.
WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a small village of Lauder-    WHIT/HORN, (Leuco/hibia, Ptolemy; Candrida  Casa,
dale co., Mississippi.                                     Bede,) a royal parliamentary and municipal borough, town,
WVIITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Catahoula  and maritime parish of Scotland, co. of Wigtown, on the
parish, Louisiana, about 200 miles N.W. of Baton Rouge. peninsula between Luce and Wigtown Bays, the town about
It is a place of resort for invalids, and contains 2 large  4 miles N. of Burrow-head, and 3 usiles N.WV. of its port at
boarding-houses, 1 church, and 2 stores. First settled in 1546. the Isle of Whithorn. Pop. of parliameutary borough, in
WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a small village of Bath co., 1851, 1652. The town has a-town-hall and jail surmounted
Kentucky.                                                  by a tower and spire with a set of bells, several churches,
WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a small village of Union  schools, a subscription library, branch banks, and remains
co., Kentucky.                                             of a priory, probably one of the earliest Christian churches
WHITES/VILLE, a post-village of Alleghany co., New  in North Britain. The borough, with Wigtown, Stransraer,
York, 25 miles S.S.E. of Angelica.                         and New Galloway, sends 1 member to the Ihouse of ConmWHITESVILLE, a post-office of Ialifax co., Virginia.     mons.  The ISLE OF WuHITvon, about 2 miles N.N.E. of
WHITESVILLE, a post-office of Racine co., Wisconsin.    Burrow-head, connected to the mainland by a causeway, has
WHIITESVILLE, a post-village, capital of Columbus co., an area of 30 or 40 acres; a small harbor and some shipNorth Carolina, 100 miles S. by W. of Raleigh. The Wil- building and trade, and a village with a population of 550.
mington and Manchester Railroad passes through it 44 miles   WHI/TING, a pest-township of Washington co., Maine, on
frome Wilmington..  Machias Bay, 130 miles E. by N. of Augusta. Pop. 470.
WHIITESVILLE, a small village of Effingham co., Georgia,   WHITING, a post-township of Addison co., Vernmont, on
on the Central Railroad, 30 miles N.W. of Savannah.        Otter Creek, and the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, 44
WHITESVILLE, a post-village of Harris co., Georgia, 27  miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop. 629.
miles N. of Columbus, has 150 inhabitants.                   WII/TINGIIAM, a post-township of Windham  co., VerWIIITESVILLE, a village in Duval co., Florida1 155 miles  mont, 112 miles S. by W. of Montpelier.  It contains a
R.S.E. of Tallahassee.                                     mineral spring discovered in 1822, and extensive beds of
WHITESVILLE, a village in Wilkinson co., Mississippi, limestune. the burning of which affords employment to a
125 miles S.W. by S. of Jackson.                           ilarge number of persons. Pop. 1380.
WHITESVILLE, a thriving post-village of hardeman co.,   WHITINGS. a post-office of Baldwin co., Georgia.
Oennessee, about 6 miles from Ihatchee River, and 12 miles    WIII/TINSVILLE, a post-village of Worcester co., Massa.
4l.W. of Bolivar.                                          chusetts, 40 miles W. of Boston.
WHITESVILLE, a post-village of Daviess co., Kentucky.    WHIT/KIRK, a parish of England, co. York, West Biding.
WHITESVILLE, a post-office of Montgomery co., Indiana.   WHIT/LEY, a hamlet of England, co. of Berks, 2 miles;.
WHIITESVILLE, a post-office of Andrew co., Missouri.    of R]eading. Pop. in 1851, 039.
WHITE SWAN, a post-office of Kent co., Miichigan.          WiiITLEY, a chapelry of Englande co. of Northumberland
2110




WHI                                                      WIC
WIHTILEY, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, bor-   WlIIT/TINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Derby, 3
dering on Tennessee. Area estimated at 560 square miles. miles N. of Chesterfield. It has a chalybeate spring, which
It is drained by the Cumberland River.  The surface is attracts a considerable number of visitors. The Chesterfield
hilly and broken. Indian corn is the staple, and pork the  races are annually held on Whittington Moor.
principal export. The county contains extensive beds of    WIHITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
coal and iron ore.  The falls of the Cumberland River in    WHITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
this county present one of the most remarkable objects in    WHITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop, 3
the state, having a perpendicular descent of 63 feet. The miles E.N.E. of Oswestry, with a station on the Shrewsbury
county is intersected by the Danville and Knoxville Rail- and Chester Railway. The village has remains of a castle
road. Capital, Williamsburg. Pop. 7447; of whom 7246 were of the Peverells, and is said to be the birth-place of ths
free, and 201 slaves.                                     celebrated Sir It. Whittington, three times lord mayor of
WHITLEY, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, con- London.
tains 326 square miles. It is drained by the Eel River. an    WHITTINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
affluent of the Wabash. The surface varies from level to   WVHITTINGTON, a chapelry of England: co. of Worcester.
undulating; the soil is mostly a fertile sandy loam. The    WIIITTINGTON, a post-village in Hot Springs co., Ar.
county contains several small prairies. It is traversed by  kansas, about 40 miles W. by S. of Little Rock.
the Fort Wayne and Chicago, and the Auburn and Eel   WHIT/TLE, a township of England, co. of Derby.
River Railroads. Organized in 1842. Capital, Columbia.   WHIT/TLEBURY, a parish, England, co. of Northampton.
Pop. 5190.                                                  WHITTLE LE WOODS, a township of England, co. of
WHITLEY COURT HOUSE, Kentucky. See WILLIAMSBnUG. Lancaster.
WHIIITLEY COURT HOUSE, Indiana. See CoLUnesA.             WH-IT/TLESEY or WIiIT/TLESEA, a village, formerly a
WHITLEY, LOWER, a township of England, co. of York, market-town of England, co. of Cambridge, Isle of Ely, on
West Riding.                                              the Eastern Counties Railway, 5 miles E.S.E. of PeterWIIITLEY'S POINT, a small village of Cumberland co., borough. Pop. of the town in 1851, 5472. The church is
Illinois.                                                 a handsome structure, and here are places of worship for
WHITLEY'S POINT, a post-office of Moultrie co., Illinois. Wesleyans, Independents, Baptists, and Calvinists.
WHITLEY, UPPER, a township of England, co. of York,   WHIITTLESEA MERE, a lake of England, co. of I-IHunWest Riding. Whitley-Hall, (Beaumont family,) and Denby- tingdon, 43 miles S. of Peterborough, 2' miles in length by
Grange, (Kaye family,) are in this township.              14 miles in breadth.
WHITLEYVILLE, a post-office of Jackson co., Tennessee.   WHIT/TLESEY, a post-village in Medina co., Ohio,. 100
WHITILINGITAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.   miles N.E. by N. of Columbus. It contains 1 steam flourWIITILOCKVILLE, a village of Westchester co., New  ing-mill, and several saw-mills. 
York, near the Croton River and Harlem Railroad, 44 miles   WHITTLESFORD. a parish of England, co. of Cambridge,
N.N.E. of New York. Pop. about 200.                       on the North and East Counties Railway, 6. miles S. of
WHIIT/MELL, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Virginia.   Cambridge.
WHITtMIRE'S, a post-office of Newberry district, South    WHITITLE'S MILLS, a post-office of Mecklenburg co.,
Carolina.                                                 Virginia.
WIIIT/MORE, a parish of-England, co. of Stafford, with a    WHITITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
station on the London and North West Railway, 10 miles   WHITTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
S.S.E. of Crewe.                                            WHITTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Radnor.
WHIT/NASH, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.           WHIT/TON'S FERRY, a.small village, Cole co., Missouri,
WIIIT/NEY, a parish of England, co. of IHereford.         WHIT/WELL, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
WIHIT/NEY'S CORNERS, a post-office of Jefferson co., New    WHITWELL, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
York.                                                       WVHITWELL, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
WHITNEY'S POINT, a post-office, Broome co., New York.   WHITWELL, a parish of England, Isle of Wight.
WHITNEY'S VALLEY, a post-village of Alleghany co.,   WVHIT/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
New York, on the Buffalo and New York City Railroad. 78   WHIT/WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
miles E.S.E. of (Buffalo.                                   WHIXIHALL, a chapelry of England, co. of Salop.
WHIT/NEYVILLE, a post-township of Washington co.,   WHIX/LEY, a parish, England, co. of York, West Riding.
Maine. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the lumber   WHIXIOE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
trade. Pop. 514.                                            WHORL/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
WHITNEYVILLE. a pleasant village of New Haven co., Riding. 
Connecticut, about 3 miles N. of New Haven. A. stream    WHYDAIH or WHIDAH, hwid/da, a district of Africa,
flowing through the village affords water-power, which is forming a province of Dahomey, on the Slave Coast of Guiextensively employed for the manufacture of rifles, and  nea, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, in lat. 60 30' N., ion. 20
other fire-arms for the United States government.        to 20 30' E. It is highly fertile, and the inhabitants manuWHITNEYVILLE, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan.    facture and dye good cloths, which, with gold-dust, palm-oil,
WHIIT/PAINE, a township of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- ivory, and slaves, they exchange to American and Porturania, 5 miles E.N.E. of Norristown. Pop. 1351.           guese traders for European manufactures and other produce.
WHIT/SOME AND HIL/TON, a united parish of Scotland,   WHYD/AH or WHID/AH, sometimes written JUDAH, a
co. of Berwick.                                           town of West Africa, in the above district, Dahomey, on the
WHIT/SONTOWN, a small village, Franklin co., Arkansas. Atlantic, 100 miles W. of Lagos; lat. of flagstaff, 60 18' 9" N.,
WHIT/STABLE, a maritime village and parish of England, Ion. 20 51 E. It was one of the largest on this part of the
county of Kent, at the entrance of the Swale into the estu- coast, but was burned down in 1852. In the ruins were
ary of the Thames, opposite the Isle of Sheppey, and 6 miles found the charred remains of 150 slaves, who had been
N.N.W. of Canterbury, with which it is connected by rail- chained together by the neck, ready for shipping, and had
way. Pop. of the town in 1851, 3086. The town and harbor been unable to escape. Palm-oil; ivory, and salt, the last of
are protected by substantial embankments from land-floods, which is made here, are the principal articles of trade. It is
and incursions of the sea. It has 2 churches, one forming  one of the most notorious slave-ports on the coast of Africa.
an important landmark. From  an insignificant fishing-   WHYBOO, hwib/oo, a large town of West Africa, on the
place, it is rapidly rising into some importance through the  route inland to Aboniey, about 50 miles N.N.W.'of Whydab.
repute of its oyster beds and its vicinity to Canterbury, of    WHY NOT, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Mississippi.
which it may be regarded as the port; about 90,000 tons   WIASMA, a town of Russia. See YIAzMA.
annually of coal from the N., and the principal heavy goods   WIASNIKI, a town of Russia. See VIAZNIKL.
from London, destined for Canterbury, &c., being landed    WIBLINGWERDE, vib/ling-hItn'deh, a village of Prussia,
here. The extensive oyster grounds are dredged by an in- province of Westphalia, government and 22 miles W.S.W.
corporated company of working fishermen, whose gross of Arnsberg. Pop. 1239.
returns are sometimes 40,0001. per annum. Coasting and    WIBORG, a town of Denmark. See VIBoaG.
fruit trade, and collecting cement-stone at low water, employ    WIBORG, a town of Russia. See VIBaORG.
others of the population. In the vicinity is Tankerton    WIBRIN, veehbrING1,a village of Belgium, province of LuxCastle. Whitstable was the principal scene of the exploits embourg, 35 miles N. of Arlon. Pop. 1194.
of the religious impostor Thom, shot in 1838; and here was   WIBISEY, a chapelry of England, co. York, West Riding.
first brought into operation the diving apparatus, invented   WVICHELEN, wiKleh-len, a village of Belgium, province
by Charles Deane.                                        of East Flanders, on the railway between Ghent and MechWIIIT/STON, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.      lin, 6 miles W.S.W. of Dendermonde. Pop. 3965.
WHIIITTSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall        WICH/ENFORD, a parish of England. co. of Worcester.
WHIT/SUNDAY ISLAND, South Pacific Ocean, is in lat.   WICHFORD, GREAT, England. See WWIsHORD.
190 24' S., lon. 1380 36' W.                                WICK, a royal parliamentary and municipal borough,
WIIIT/TERING, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. seaport town, and parish of Scotland, capital of the county
WHI-IIT/TINGHAMI, a parish of England, co. of Northum- of Caithness, on its E. coast, at the mouth of the Wick. in
berland.                                                  a deep bay. 16 miles S.W. of Duncansby-head.  Pop. -f paWIIITTINGItHAM, a township, England, co. of Lancaster. rish in 1851, 11,851. Wick-proper, on the N. bank of the
WHI-ITTINGHAM, a parish of Scotland, co. of Haddington, river, communicates N. with Louisburgh, and S. withl Pul5 miles E. of Haddington.  Near the village are Whitting-  teney Town, a new and well-bsuilt suburb. The principal edi.
ham Castle and Whittingham House.                         fices are, a Gothic parish church, town-hall, tanking ofiice,
2111




WIG                                                      WIE
school-house, and several churches. Here are a subscription  many salt lakes, and some fine grass lands. The Saddleback
library, reading rooms, a chamber of commerce, branch and  Mountain, 2500 feet in height, is near its N.W. extremity
savings banks, and 2 weekly newspapers. Two good lar- Principal villages, Bannister and Williamsburg.
bors have been formed; Wick having been for upwards of    WICKIMERE, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
half a century the head-quarters of the herring fishery of   WICK ST. LAWIRCENCE, a parish of England, co. of So.
Scotland. Above 800 boats, manned by about 5000 men  merset.
and boys, are employed in its herring fishery. Ship and    WICK/WAR, a market-town, nominal borough, and parish
boat building is actively carried on in Wick, and many of its of England, co. of Gloucester, on the Birmingham Railway,
female inhabitants are occupied in spinning and in making  13 miles N.E. of Bristol. Pop. of parish in 1851, 966.
nets; it has an export trade in corn, wool,-and cattle, and    WICOM/ICO, a small river which rises in Sussex co., Delaimports of coal, timber, and colonial produce. Registered  ware, and flows south-westward through Somerset county,
shipping in 1847, (sailing vessels,) 33 ships; aggregate bur- Maryland, into Fishing Bay, an arm of the Chesapeake. It
den, 1827 tons. Steamers ply to Leith, Aberdeen, Kirkwall, is navigable to Salisbury.
and Lerwick. The borough unites with Dingwall, Tain,   WICOMICO CHURCH, a post-office of Northumberland co.,
Cromarty, Kirkwall, and Dornoch, in sending 1 member to  Virginia, 98 miles N.E. of Richmond.
the House of Commons.                                       WICONIS/CO CREEK, of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, flows
WICK, a parish of South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.        into the Susquehanna River.
WICK, a post-office of Tyler co., Virginia.               WICONISCO, a post-village and township of Dauphin co.,
WICK/AHOE, a small village, Lenoir co., North Carolina. Pennsylvania, on Wiconisco Creek, about 33 miles N. of BarWICK/EN, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.         risburg. Large quantities of coal are taken from the Bear
WICKEN, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.        Mountain, near the village, and are transported by railroad
WICKEN BO/NANT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   to the Susquehanna Riven. Pop. 1316.
WICKIENBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln, on the    WIDAWKA, We-div/kt, or WIDAWA, *e-d/vd, a town
Lincoln and Hull Railway, 4 miles S.W. of Market-Raisin.   of Poland, province and 44 miles S.E. of Kalisz, on the WiWICKENRODE, *ik'ken-roldeh, a village of Hesse-Cassel, dawka.  Pop. 1510. It has manufactures of linens and
Nieder-Hessen, 10 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1076.     hosiery.
WICKERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West   WIDICOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
Riding.                                                    WIDDECOMBE-IN-THE-MOOR, a parish of England, co.
WICK/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.          of Devon.
WICK/FORD, a thrinying post-village of Washington co.,   WIDDERN, 9id'dern, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Jaxt,
Rhode Island, on an arm of Narraganset Bay, about 10 miles  8 miles N.N.W. of Oehringen.
firom the ocean, 20 miles S. by W. of Providence, and 3 miles   WID/DIAL, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.
E. of the Stonington and Providence Railroad. It has a good    WIDDIN, a town of Turkey. See WniDiN.
harbor, and considerable shipping is employed in the coast   WID/DINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
and West India trade. The village contains several churches,   WIDIDRINGTON or WID/RINGTON, a parochial chapelry
2 banks, and between 30 and 40 stores. It has manufactures  of England, co. of Northumberland, on the York and Berof muslin de laines, sash and blinds, &c.                wick Railway, 7- miles N.E. of Morpeth.
WICK/IHAM, a parish of England, co. of Hants.            WIDE-BAY, an inlet of East Australia, lat. 260 S. It
WICKHAM  BISHIOPS, a parish of England, co. of Essex. receives the Mary River, and has opposite to it Great Sandy
WICKHAM  BREAUX, brl, a parish of England, co. of Island.
Kent.                                                      WIDE!MAN'S, a post-office of Abbeville district, South
WICKHAM  BROOK, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. Carolina.
WVICKHAM, CHILDS, a parish of England, co. of Glou-   WIDFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
tester.                                                    WIDFORD, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
WICKHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.         WIDFORD, a parish of England, co. of Ilertford.
WICKHAM MARKET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.   WIDIN, WIDDIN, vidtdin', or VIDIIN, (L. Vilda,) a strongWICKHAM  ST. PAUL, a parish of England, co. of Essex. ly fortified town of European Turkey, Bulgaria, on the
WICKHAM  SKEYTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. Danube, near the Servian Frontier, 46 miles S. of Gladova.
WICKHAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge. Pop. 25,000. It is the residence of a pasha and a Greek archWICKHAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Kent.    bishop, has numerous mosques, and some trade in rock-salt,
WICK/HAMFORD, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. corn, and wine; but its only good building is the office of
WICK-IAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.  the Austrian Steam Navigation Company.
WICKILEWOOD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.        WID/LEY, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
WICK/LIFFE, a post-village of Lake co., Ohio, on the   WID/IMERE-POOLE, a parish of England, co. of NettingCleveland and Erie Railroad, 14 miles from Cleveland.    ham.
WICKLIFFE, a post-office of Crawford co., Indiana.        WIDNAU, fid/nlw, a village and parish of Switzerland,
WICKLIFFE, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa.          canton of St. Gall, near the Rhine. Pop. 2052.
WICKLOW, wik/lN, a co. of Ireland, Leinster, having    WID/NESS-WITI-I-AP/PLETON, a township of England,
E. the sea, N.W. and S. the counties of Dublin, Kildare, co. of Lancaster.
Carlow, and Wexford. Area 781, square miles or 499,840    WID/WORTHY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
acres, of which 280,393 are reported to be arable, 17,600 in    WIDZY, a town of Russian Poland. See VIDZn.
plantation, and 200,745 uncultivated. Pop. in 1851, 98,978.   WIEBELSHEIM, Vveelbels-hime', a village of Rhenish
The coast is mostly precipitous, dangerous owing to shoals, Prussia, government of Treves. Pop. 1277.
and presenting only the indifferent harbors ofWicklow and    WIED or WIED-NEW-WIED. See NEW-WIED.
Arklow; the centre of the county is a maze of mountains.   WIEDA, 9ee/dl, a village of Brunswick, circle of BlankPrincipal rivers, the Liffey and Slany in the W., the Ovoca  enburg, 4 miles N.N.W. of Walkenried. Pop. 1129.
and Vartrey in the E., all of which rise in the county. The    WIEDENBRUCK, (Wiedenbriick,) 9eelden-brtikx, a town
soil is fertile in the low lands; the county is in many parts of Prussian Westphalia, 40 miles S.W. of Minden, on the
well wooded and extremely picturesque. The estates are Ems. Pop. 2710.
generally large. Principal crops, oats and potatoes, with    WIEDIKON, 9eelde-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton
some wheat in the E.; in the mountains, grazing is the prin- and close to the Botanical Garden of Zurich. Pop. 1341.
cipal branch of husbandry. From 10,000 to 12,000 tons of    WIEGSTADTL, (Wiegstldtl,)  eeGtstltt'l, or WICIIcopper ore, and from 1400 to 3800 tons of leas  annually are  STADEL, (Wichstadel,) OiK/stA'l, a town of Austrian
produced; and large quantities of sulphuret of iron, and  Silesia, 12 miles S.S.W. of Troppau. Pop. 3195.
some gold, are met with. Principal towns, Wicklow, Arklow,   WIEGSTADTL, a market-town of Bohemia, 36 miles E.S.E.
and Bray. The county sends 2 members to the f-Loes of  of KHniggritz. Pop. 848.
Commons. At Glandalagh or Glandalough, formerly an    WIEHE, Oeeteh, or WECHE, felxeh, a town of Prussian
episcopal see in this county, is one of the finest collections Saxony, 27 miles W.S.W. of Merseburg, capital of the circle
of ruins in the United Kingdom, termed the "seven  of Eckartsberge. Pop. 1850.
churches."                                                 WIEKEVORST, weelkeh-voist', a village of Belgium,
WICKLOW, a seaport town of Ireland, capital of the province and 22 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp, on the Wimpe.
above co., at the mouth of the Vartrey, here crossed by a  Pop. 1030.
bridge of 8 arches, and at the head of a small bay, 27 miles    WIELBARK, a town of Prussia. See WILLENBERG.
S.E. of Dublin. Pop. in 1851, 3141. It is resorted to for   WIELD, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
sea-bathing, and has some import trade, and exports copper   WIELICITOW0, s-Alle-eolvo, a town of Prussian Poland,
ore and corn. The harbor admits only vessels drawing 9  32 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1070.
feet water at high tides. Races are held annually on the    WIELICZKA, We-litch/ka or vyA-litch/kA, a mining town
coast. It gives the titles of Earl and Viscount to the How- of Austrian Poland, Galicia, 18 miles W. of Bochnia. Pop.
ard family. WICKLOW HIEAD, about 2A miles E.S.E., is sur- 4500. It is celebrated for its salt-mine, probably the largest
mounted by two lighthouses, respectively 540 and 250 feet and most productive in the world, yielding annually up.
in height, in lat. 520 57' 9" N., ]on. 60 W.             wards of 700,000 cwts. of rock-salt. Within this mine are
WICKILOW, a county of West Australia, surrounded by  a fresh-water lake, a rivulet, and a chapel hewn out of rock
the counties of Wellington, Grantham, Peel, Goderich, and  salt.
Nelson. The William traverses its N. part; the other rivers   WIELIZ, a town of Russia  See VrmLzm.
are the Arthur, Buchanan, and Beaufort; and it contains    WIELSBIEKE, weelslbAkeh, a village of Belgium, pro
2112




WIE                                                       WIG
vince of West Flanders, on the Lys, 18 miles S. of Bruges. nal, and on the North-Western Railway, at the intersection of
Pop. 1954.                                                 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Line, 15. miles S. of Preston.
WIELUN, (e-Afloon, a town of Poland, province and 44 Pop. of borough in 1851, 31,941. The town, the centre of a
miles S.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 3000, many of whom are Jews. productive coal-field, is pretty well built and improving, but
It has manufactures of woollen cloths.                     it has a blackened appearance from numerous furnaces.
WIEN, the capital city of Austria. See VIENNA.           The church is a stately old edifice, containing.several fine
WIENER-NEUSTADT, a town of Lower Austria.  See monuments; and here are several dissenting chapels, a
NEusrADT.                                                  large town-hall, sessions-hall, commercial-hall for the sale
WIENERWALD, fCeetner-1 ltC, (the "Vienna Forest,") a  of manufiactures, a borough jail, subscription library, memountain-range of South Germany, a branch of the Noric chanics' institute, dispensary, barracks, grammar school,
Alps, extending from the Styrian frontier N.E. to the Dan- bluecoat school, and a school of industry for the education
ube, near Vienna, and separating Lower Austria into the  of domestic servants. Annual revenue of charities about
circles above and below the Wienerwald.                    20001. The population are extensively engaged in the manuWIEPRZ, 9vy~p zh or *e-6pnzhf, a river of Poland, go- facture of woollen and cotton goods and in iron works, and
vernment of Lublin, rises S. of Zamosz, flows N. and W., factories for edge tools, nails, brass wares, machinery, and
and after a course of 150 miles joins the Vistula.         agricultural implements.  Wigan returns 2 members to
WIERDE, weeatdeh, a village of Belgium, province and  the I-louse of Commons.  This town zealously supported
4 miles S.E. of Namur, on a stream of the same name. Pop. the royalists in the civil war; and at its N. end is a pillar,
l166.                                                      commemorating the death of Sir T. Tildesley, killed in an
WIERDEN, weenRden, a village of Holland, province of  action here, 25th August, 1650.
Overyssel, 18 miles N.E. of Deventer. Pop. 1704.             WIGIBOROUGTJ, GREAT, a parish of England, co. Essex.
WIERINGEN, 9ee/ring-en, an island of the Netherlands,   WIGBOROUGH, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. Essex.'
province of North IHolland, in'the Zuyder-Zee, 9 miles S.E.   WIG/GENHALL ST. GERMAN, a parish of England, co.
of the Helder. Length 6 miles, breadth II miles. P. 1500. of Norfolk.
WIERS, weeRs, a village of Belgium, province of IHainnut,   WIGGENHALL ST.  MARY, a parish of England, co. of
on the Canal of Anteing, 22 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 3340.  Norfolk.
WIERUSZOW, &e-A-roo-shovI, a town of Poland, province    WIGGENHALL ST. MARY MAGDALENE, a parish of
and 31 miles S. of Kalisz, on the Prosuna. Pop. 3400.      England, co. of Norfolk.
WIERZBOLOW, ve-ainzh-botlov, WIRBALLEN or WYR-    WIGGENIHALL ST. PETER, a parish of England, co. of
BALLEN, f1a-btAl/ln, a town of Poland, government of  Norfolk.
Augustowo, 8 miles W.S.W. of Wilkowiszki. Pop. 2060.         WVIGIGENHOLT, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
WIESBADEN, veeslbAlden, or WISBADEN, 9istbaden, a    WIGGHER, q.ik'ker,  a river of Switzerland, canton  of
town and one of the principal watering-places of Germany, Lucerne, flows N., and joins the Aar on the right at Aarcapital of the duchy of Nassau, on the Salzbach, an affluent burg. Length 21 miles.
of the Rhine, and at the S. foot of the Taunus Mountains, 5    WIG/GINTON, a parish of England, co. of Tlerts.
miles N.N.W. of Mentz.  Pop. 12,269, but from  June to    WIGGINTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
September often 25,000. The chief edifices are a cathedral,   WIGGINTON, a parish of England, co. of York, North
ducal residence, infantry and artillery barracks, mint, and  Riding.
theatre; the Keursaal, a large edifice, contains a vast   WIGGINTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford.
saloon and many fine apartments. It has many good inns    WIGIHILL, a parish of England, county and ainsty of
and lodging-houses, an old and new castle, Roman Catholic, York.
Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, a hospital, orphan asy-   WIGHT, ISLE OF. See ISLrE OF WIGHT.
lum, public library with 50,000 volumes, museum  of anti-    WIGIITON, wi/ton, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
quities, and gallery of paintings. Its springs, the ancient   WIG/IORE, a parish of England, co. of Ileit'ford.
Aquce-Mattic6i, are saline, containing silica, iron, and free    WIGRY, feelgree or veelgrih, a lake of Poland, gocarbonic acid; and the hottest, the Kochlbrunn, has a tem- vernuent of Augustowo, about 6 miles S.E. of Suwalki;
perature of 1500 Farenheit. It is connected by railway with  greatest length, from N. to S., 6 miles, mean breadth about 1
Frankfort and Biberich.                                    mile. On an island in the lake is an old monastery, now
WIESE, fvee/zeh, WIESEN, -eeszen, or WIESA, wee/lz, the residence of the Bishop of Lithuania.
a river of Germ.any, rises on the Feldberg, in the S. of Ba-   WIGISTON MAGNA, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
den, and flows about 45 miles, first S.W. then W.S.W., and    WIGSTON PAR/VA, a chapelry, England, co. of Leicester.
joins the Rhine on the right, about 2 miles below Basel.    WIG/TOFT, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
WIESE, fvee'zeh, or WIESA, Weelz/, a village of Saxony,   WIG/TON, a market-town, parish, and township of Eng15 miles S.S.E. of Chemnitz, with public baths, and 1200 land, co. of Cumberland, on the Carlisle and Whitehaven
inhabitants.                                               Railway, 11  miles S.W. of Carlisle. Pop. of town in 1851,
WIESE, GRAFLICHI, (Grhflich,) graf/lie Weefzeh, a village  4244. The town, pleasantly situated, has an endowed gramof Prussian Silesia, government of Oppeln, circle of Neu- mar school, a Friends' school for 60 boys, a hospital for
stadt. Pop. 1504.                                          widows of the clergy, several branch banks, manufactures
WIESELBURG, wee/zel-b90ao', (IHun. Mosony, mossholl,) of ginghams, muslins, fustians, and checks.  There is a
a town of West IIungary, capital of a county, on an arm of  large horse fair held here, February 20, and 5 other annual
the Danube, 21 miles S.S.E. of Prcsburg. Pop. 2960.       fairs. It is the birth-place of Sir R. Smirke, and of the CumWIESELBURG, a market-town of Lower Austria, at the  berland poet Ewan Clarke.  About 1 mile S. of the town is
confluehce of the Great and Little Erlaf, 23 miles W.S.W. of  Old Carlisle, anciently a Roman station.
St. P6lten.                                                  WIGTON, a township, England, co. of York, West Riding.
WIESEN, Wee/zen, a river of South-West Germany and    WIGITON, WIG/TOWN or WIGTONSHIRE, wig/ton-shir,
Switzerland, after a S.W. course of 40 miles, past Todtnau  or WEST GAL/LOWAY, the most S.W. county of Scotand SchlJnau, joins the Rhine, 2 miles N. of Basel. It for- land, having on the E. the stewartry of Kirkcudbright,
merly gave name to a circle of the grand-duchy of Badcn.   N. Ayrshire, W. the North Channel, and on the S. the Irish
WIESENBRONN,  Weelzen-brsnn', a village of Bavaria,  Sea. Area'451 square miles, or 288,640 acres, of which about
Lower Franconia, near Kitzingen. Pop. 1080.               100,000 acres are estimated to be arable; 100,000 acres unculWIESENSTEIG,  oeelzen-stG', a town of Wtirtemburg. cir- tivated, and the remainder waste. Pop. in 1851, 43,389. On
cle of Danube, on the Fils, 19 miles N.W. of Ulm. P. 1396.  the S. it is indented by Wigton and Luce Bays, and the latter,
WIESENTHAL,  oeelz n-tAl', OBER, o/ber, and UNTER,z  with Loch Ryan on the N.W., nearly shut off from the rest of
66nltes~, two towns of Su cony, circle of Zwickau, on the  the area, form the peninsula called the Rhinns of Galloway.
Bohemian frontier, 27 miles S. of Chemnitz. United pop. Surface undulating, rising towards the N. to 1500 feet above
3640, chiefly engaged in mining.                          the sea.  Principal rivers, the Cree, which forms the E.
WIESENTTHAL, a town of Bohemia, circle and 20 miles boundary, Bladenoch, Tarf, and Luce, all flowing S. About
N.E. of Elbogen, in the Erzgeberge. Pop. 1670, employed  one-third of the county consists of moorlands, interspersed
in silver copper, and tin mines.                          with small lakes, the principal of which are Dowalton and,
WIESENTIIAL, town of Germany, grand-duchy of Ba- Castle Kennedy Lochs; the rest of the surface is pretty
den, 3 miles E.S.E. of Philippsburg. Pop. 1450.           well tilled, or in excellent pastures, especially in the ma.WIESENTHEID, toeeozen-tite', a market-town of Bayr  chers, or " low country," between Wigton and Luce Bays,
ria, 20 miles E.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1091.             and in the Rhinns, where the land is highly fertile. PrinWIESLOCII, Vveesllos, a town of Baden, circle of Lower cipal crops, oats and barley, but considerable quantities of
Rhine, on the Leimbach, and on the Baden Railway, 8 miles wheat, potatoes, and turnips are raised. Breeds of cattle
S. of HIeidelberg. Pop. 2721.                             are very superior. Estates mostly large; farms of medium
WIESS BLUFF, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas.        size; and farm-houses and roads are mostly in excellent
WIESTETZ-KRALOWY.  See KSNIGSTADnL.                     order. Principal towns, Wigton, Stranraer, and Whithorn.1.
WIEWAL1TZ, a village of Prussia. See LANroENDORp.       The county sends 1 member to the House of Commons. It
WIEZE, weeozeh, a village of Belgium, province of East abounds with antiquities, chiefly those antecedent to the
Flanders, 18 miles E.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1603.            Roman dominion.
WIFLISBURG, a town of Switzerland. See AVENCHES.          WIGTON  or WIGTOWN, a royal parliamentary and
WIG/AN, a parliamentary and municipal borough, town, municipal borough, seaport town, and parish of Scotland,
parish, and township of England, co. of Lancaster, on the  capital of the above county, near the mouth of the Bladenoch
Douglas River, near its head, on the Leeds and Liverpool Ca- in Wigton Bay, 9 miles N. of Whithorn. Pop. of burgh in
6 I                                                                        2113




WIG                                                         WIL
1851, 2232. It is well built and clean, and has a towni-house,   WILtDON, a market-town of Austria, Styria, circle of
with a court and assembly rooms, a subscription library, Gritz, on the railway from Gritz to Marburg.  Pop. 2500.
and prison; custom-house, stamp-office, and an elegant   WILD RICE RIVER, a streamn of Minnesota, ris'og in
market cross. The harbor, about I of a mile distant, be- about 450 53' lat., and 970 7' W. ion., flows N.N.E. and falls
longs to the port of Dumfries. Steamers ply to Liverpool. into the Red.River of the North. Length near 100 miles.
The burgh unites with Stranraer, Whithorn, and New Gal-   WILDSCIHIUTZ, (Wildschtitz,) Milt/shUts, or WILTSCI,
loway, in sending 1 member to the IHouse of Commons.       Wiltsh, a village of Bohemia, 27 miles N.E. of Bidschow.
WIGTON BAY, an inlet of the Irish Sea, between Wig-  Pop. 1256.
tonshire and the stewartry of Rirkcudbright, is 15 miles in    WILDSCHUTZ or WILTSCI, a village of Moravia, circle
length, breadth at entrance 12 miles. At its head it receives  of Troppau, in the valley of Buchberg. Pop. 1341.
the Cree.                                                    WILDUNGEN, ALv, ilt WilfdO6ng-en, a town of Germany,
WIGTONSIIRE or WIGTOWN, Scotland.  See WiGToN.  7 miles S.S.E. of Waldeck, on the Wilde. Pop. 450.
WIIIERIES, vee'eh-reet, a village of Belgium, province    WILDUNGEN, NIErEa, nee/der villld0ng-qn, a town of
of Hainant, 2 miles S.W. of Mons. Pop. 1614.               Germany, S. of Alt Wildungen, has a lyceum, and mineral
WIJCIIEN, a village of the Netherlands. See WYCHEN.   springs. Pop. 1780.
WIJHE, a village of the Netherlands. See WYHE.             WILES, (wilz,) CAPE, South Australia, co. of Flinders,
WIJK, a village of the Netherlands. See WYK.             bounds Sleaford Bay on the W. Lat. 340 57/ S., Ion. 1350 38' E.
WIJK-BLIJ-DU URSTEDE. See WYK-BeI-DUUaSTEDE..         WIILEY'S COVE, g post-office of Searcy co., Arkansas.
WIJNKOOPSBAAI, DE. See WYNK0OPSBAAI.                       WIPLEYVILLE, a post-office of Desha co., Arkansas.
WIKE, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding.   WILtFORD, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
WILUBARSTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.    WILHIAMSTEAD, a parish of.England, co. of Bedford.
WILIBERFORCE, a town or village of New South Wales,   WILHELMSBURG, Wil/hflms-b66ao', a market-town of
Australia, co. of Cook, on IHawkesbury River, 30 miles N.WV. Lower Austria, on the Trasen, 6 miles S. of St. Polten.
of Sydney.                                                   WVLHELMSBURG, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of
WILUBERFOSS, a parish of England, co. of York, East Middle Franconia, 17 miles N.W. of Nuremberg.
Riding.                                                      WILIIELMSBURG, a parish of Hanover, N.E. of Ilarburg.
WVILBRAIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.        WILHIELMSDORF, 4il/helms-doaf, is the name of vilWILBRAHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Cam- laRes in Bavaria and Prussian Silesia.
bridge, contiguous to Wilbraham.                             WILHELMSTI-IAL,  vil/helms-tl', a town of Prussian SiWILfBRAIIAM, a post-village and township of Hampden  lesia, near the Austrian frontier, 19 miles S.S.E. of Glatz.
co., Massachusetts, about 10 miles E. of Springfield. TIhe  Pop. 560.
village is situated 2 miles from the WVestern Railroad, by    WILHERMSDORF, ~til/hanms-doafR, a market-town of
which the township is intersected, and contains 2 churches, Bavaria, W.N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1302.
3 stores, and the Wesleyan Academy, an institution of high    WILIA, a river of Russia. See VILcA.
repute, founded in 1824. Pop. of the township, 2127.         WILKES, wilks, a county in the N.W. part of North CaWIL'BURTON, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.   rolina: area estimated at 550 square miles. It is intersected
WIL/BY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.             by the Yadkin River. The surface is mountainous, espeWILBY, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.          cially towards the N.W. border, which extends near the
WILBY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.              summit of the Blue Ridge. The soil of the valleys is ferWILCHINGEN, Wil/King-en, a village of Switzerland, tile, and the land is mostly adapted to pasturage. The
canton of Schaffhausen. Pop. 1139.                         county contains extensive beds of iron ore. Organized in
WIL/COT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.              1777, and named in honor of John Wilkes, who, as a memWILtCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            ber of the British Parliament, opposed the oppressive nmeaWILICOX, a county in the S.W. central part of Alabama, sures of the government towards the American colonies.
has an area of 940 square miles. The Alabama River flows  Capital, WVilkesborough. Pop. 12,099; of whom 10,957 were
through the county, and it is also watered by Pine Barren  free, and 1142 slaves.
Creek.  The surface is uneven, and partly occupied by    WILKES, a county in the N.E. part of Georgia, contains
prairies and forests of pine. The soil is generally fertile, 390 square miles. It is drained by Broad and Little Rivers,
producing cotton and Indian corn. The Alabama River is and by Dry Fork and Fishing Creeks. The surface is undunavigable by large steamboats through the county during  lating, and the soil is various. The county contains some
the whole year. Capital, Camden. Pop. 17,352; of whom   wornoutland. In 1850 this county produced 133,21.3 bushels
5517 were free, and 11,835 slaves.                        of oats, the greatest quantity produced by any county in
WILCOX, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mississippi.      the state. Wilkes county contains iron ore, granite, quartz,
WILCOX'S STORE, a post-village of Casey co., Kentucky. and other minerals of the primary formation. A branch
WIL/COXVILLE, a post-village in Schuyler co., Illinois, railroad is in progress from the Georgia Railroad to the
near the Illinois River, 55 miles N.W. by VW. of Springfield.  county seat. Formed in 1777. Capital, Washington. Pop.
WILDBAD GASTEIN, a village of Austria. See GASTEIN. 12,107; of whom 3826 were free, and 8281 slaves.
WILDBAD, vilt/bit, a town of Wtiirtemberg, circle of   XWILKESBAR.RE, wilkslbAr-re, a thriving post-borough
Black Forest, on the Enuz, in a deep valley, 28 miles W.S.W. and township, capital of Luzerne  co., Pennsylvania, on the
of Stuttgart. Pop. 1735. It has warm baths, with a tem-  left bank of the North Branch of the Susquehanna, 110
perature from  940 to 100l   Fahrenheit, and is much fire- miles N.E. from Harrisburg. It is situated in the beautiful
quented by visitors in summer.                             and fertile valley of Wyoming, and commands a fine view
WVILDBERG, *ilt/baRG, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of  of river and mountain scenery.  The borough contains,
Black Forest, on the Nagold, 23 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart.  besides the county buildings, several churches and acadePop. 1787.                                                 mies, a bank, and 2 or 3 newspaper offices; also a large iron
WVILDBERG, a village of Upper Austria, circle of Mqhl, furnace, and other factories. A bridge across the river connear Kirchechlag, with a mountain fortress in which King  nects the borough with Kingston. The Lehigh and SufNenceslaus (Wenzel) of Bohemia, was kept prisoner.        quehanna Railroad extends southward 20 miles to White
WILD CAT, a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky.       hIaven. The North Pennsylvania Railroad, now in progress,
WILD CAT, a township in Tipton co., Indiana. Pop. 211. will connect Wilkesbarre directly with Philadelphia and
WILD CAT, a post-office of Carroll co., Indiana.         Western New York. Another railroad is projected to the
WILD CAT, post-office, Lancaster district, South Carolina. Delaware Water-Gap. The trade of the borough is faciliWILD/CAT CREEK, of Indiana, rises in Howard county, tated by the North Branch Canal, and by a plank-road
and flows westward into the Wabash, 4 miles above La- leading to Scranton. Large quantities of anthracite coal
fayette, after a course of about 75 miles.                 are procured from the beds which surround the town, and
WILDEMIANN, vil/deh-mhnn', a mining townof Germany, which are among the thickest in the state. An extensive
Hanover, in the Ilarz, 3 miles N.W. of Clausthal. Pop. 1000. rolling-mill was erected here about 1840, but its operation,
WILtDEN, a parish of England. co. of Bedford.            was suspended a few years since. Incorporated in 1806.
WILDENFELS, Wil/den-fVls', a town of Saxony, 18 miles Pop. in 1850, 2723; of the township, 5751.
S.W. of Chemnitz. with a noble residence. Pop. 2374.        WILKESBOROUGII, wilks/bfir-rrth, a post-village, capital
WVILDENSCI:WERT or WILDENSCIIWERD,  villden- of Wilkes co., North Carolina, on the Yadkiu River, near
shwkat', a town of Bohemia, 25 miles E. of Chrudim, on tihe  its source, 170 miles W. by N. of Raleigh. Pop. about 200.
Adler, and on the railway from Briinn to Prague. P. 2883.   WILKESBOROUGH, a post-village in McLean co., Illinois,
WVILDERNESS, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Virginia. 60 miles N.E. by N. of Springfield.
WVILDERNESS, a small post-village of Clark co., Alabama.   WILKESBURG, wilks/bitrg, a post-office of Covington co.,
WILDERVANK, willder-vinkx or wil/der-fl.nk'; a village  Mississippi.
of the Netherlands, province of Groningen, 9 miles S.W. of   WILKESVILLE, wilks/vill, a small village of Gallia co.,.Wi nschoten. Pop. 3820.                                  Ohio.
WILDESIHAUSEN, *illdes-h~w'zen, a town of Oldenburg,   WVILKESVILLE, a post-village and township of Vinton
on the Hunte, 20 miles S.W. of Bremen. Pop. 2008.         co., Ohio, about 75 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. The township
WILDIHAUS, *iltth6wss, a mountain village of Switzer- is intersected by the Cincinnati Hillsborough and Belpre
land, canton and 15 miles S. of St. Gall, with the house in  Railroad. Pop. 1037.
which the reformer Zwingli was born January 1, 1484.        WIL/KINS, a post-township of Alleghany co., PennsylWILD HAWS, a post-village of Izard co., Arkansas, about vania, about 9 miles E. of Pittsburg. Pop. 3019.
20 miles N.E. of Mount Olive.                               WILKINS, a post-office of Union co., Ohio.
2114




WIL                                                        WIL
WILIKINSBURG, a post-village of Wilkins township, erlands, province of North Brabant, on Hollands-Miep, 17
Alleghany co.. Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, miles N.W. of Breda. Pop. 1890.
7 miles E. of Pittsburg. It has a number of stores, and    WILLEMSTAD, the capital town of the island of Curacoa,
about 700 inhabitants.                                     on its S. coast. Lat. of Fort Amsterdam, 120 6' 3" N., Ion.
WILIKINSON, a county in the central part of Georgia, 680 54' W. Pop. 7000. It has a government house, and is
has an area of 435 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. the centre of the commerce of the Dutch West Indies.
by the Oconee River, intersected by Commissioner's and Big    WILILEN, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
Sandy Creeks, and also drained by Cedar and Turkey Creeks.   WILLENBERG,'vil/len-bhaRG, or W1ELBARK, weellbaRk,
The surface is somewhat undulating, and extensively covered  a town of East Prussia, 91 miles S.S.E. of Ktinigsberg. Pop.
with forests of pine. On the Oconee and several creeks the  1820.
land is productive, but the pine lands are not of the first   WIL!LENIIALL, a chapelry of England, co. of Stafford, 3
quality. The soil is described as a mixture of gray sandy  miles E. of Wolverhampton, on the North-Western Railway.
and "mulatto land."  The county is intersected by the    WILLER, vee'yA/, or WEILLER, va'yAl, a village of France,
Central Railroad. It contains one sulphur and chalybeate department of Haut-Rhin,23 miles N.N.E. of Belfort. P. 2426.
spring. Named in honor of General James Wilkinson, of    WIL/LERBY, a parish of England, co. of York, East
Maryland. Capital, Irwington. Pop. 8212; of whom 5467  Ridin.
were free, and 2745 slaves.                                  WII]LERICK, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.
WILKINSON, a county forming the S.W. extremity of   WILtLERSEY, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Mississippi, bordering on Louisiana, has an area of about    WILfLERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
700 square miles. The Mississippi RLiver forms its boundary    WILLESBOROUGH, willslbtLr-rtih, a parish of England,
on the W.. and the IIomochitto on the N. The surface is co. of Kent.
uneven; the soil is highly productive, and is mostly occu-   WILILESDEN, a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on
pied by plantations of cotton and Indian corn. The county  the London and N.W. Railway, 4 miles N.W. of Paddington.
is partly intersected by the West Feliciana Railroad. Capi-   WILlLESLEY, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
tal, Woodville. Pop. 16,914; of whom 3654 were free, and    WILtLET, post-township, Cortland co., New York. P. 923.
13,260 slaves.                                               WILLET, a post-office of Green co., Wisconsin.
WILKINSON, a township of Desha co., Arkansas. P. 265.   WILLET, a post-office of Indiana co., Pennsylvania.
WILKINSON'S LANDING, a small village of Perry co.,   WILILETTVILLE, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio.
Missouri.                                                    WILILEY, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
~ WILKINSONVILLE, a post-village in Worcester co., Mas-   WILLEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
sachusette, 39 miles W. of Boston.                           WILLIAM  AND MARY COLLEGE. See WILITAMSnBaG,
WILKINSONVILLE, a village in Chesterfield co., Virginia, Virginia.
32 miles S.W. of Richmond.                                   WILLIAMI HENRY, a town of Canada. See SOReL.
WILKINSVILLE, a post-village in Union district, South    WILILIAM ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, is between New
Carolina, 98 miles N.W. by N. of Columbia.                 Ireland and New Britain.
WILKINSVILLE, a post-office of Dyer co., Tennessee.        WILLIAM, MOUNT, the loftiest peak of Graham's Land,
WILKOMIERZ  or WILKOMIR, a town of Russian Po- Antarctic Ocean.
land. See VILKomEmc.                                         WILLIAM, MOUNT, the loftiest and most E. of the AusWILKOWISZKI, 9iil-ko-Nishlkee, a town of Poland, go- tralian Grampian Mountains, Victoria. Height 4500 feet.
vernment of Augustowo, 37 miles N. of Suwalki. Pop.   WILLIAM RIVER, co. of Wicklow, East Australia, flows
3511, of whom two-thirds are Jews.                         W. and joins Murray River, 15 miles N.W. of Williamsburgh.
WILKSBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.              WILLIAM RIVER, of New South Wales, after a S. course
WILL, a county in the E.N.E. part of Illinois, bordering  of 70 miles, between the counties of Durham and Gloucester,
on Indiana, has an area of 1236 square miles. It is inter-  joins the Hunter near Raymond-terrace. See FORa-WtILASAm.
sected by the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers, branches    WILILIAMS, a county forming the' N.W. extremity of
of the Illinois. The surface is generally level, and destitute  Ohio, bordering on Indiana and Michigan, has an area of
of timber, excepting small groves. The soil is very fertile, about 480 square miles. It is intersected by the St. Joseph's
and much of it is under cultivation. The soil of the pral- and Tiffin Rivers. The surfsce is level or undulating; the
ries is a deep, sandy loam, adapted to Indian corn and grass. soil is fertile. The western part consists of  "oak openings,"
Quarries of building-stone are worked neart the county seat. plains which produce a sparse growth of oaks. It is traversed
Tihe Des Plaines River furnishes water-power. The county  by the route of the Toledo and Chicago Railroad. Capital,
is intersected by the Illinois and Michigan Canal, by the  Bryan. Pop. 8018.
Chicago Branch of the Central Railroad, the Chicago and    WILLIAMS, a township of Northampton co., PennsylvaMississippi, and by the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. nia, at the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers,
Named in honor of Conrad Will, for many years a member immediately below Easton.  Pop. 2634.
of the Illinois legislature. Capital, Joliet. Pop. 16,703.   WILLIAMS, a post-office of Christian co., Kentucky, 15
WILLAMETTE, wil-lahlmet, written also WALLAMETTE  miles N. of Iopkinsville.
and WAHLAMUTTE RIVER, in the W. part of Ore-on terri-   WILLIAMSBOROUGIH, a post-village in Granville co.,
tory, rises in Lane county, near the foot of the Cascade Range, North Carolina, about 50 miles N. by E. of Raleigh.
and flowing first N.W., and then in a northerly direction for   WILLIAM'S BRIDGE, a post-office of Westchester co.,
about 150 miles, falls into the Columbia River about 8 miles  New York.
below Fort Vancouver. It is navigable for vessels of the    WILILIAMSBURG, a district in the S.E. part of South
largest class to Portland. 15 miles. Above the falls, which  Carolina, has an area of 1170 square miles. It is bounded
are 25 miles from its mouth, it is said to be navigable for on the S.W. by Santee River, on the N.E. by Lynch's Creek
small steamboats 60 miles. Commencing at the mouth of  and the Great Pedee, and intersected by the Black River.
this river, and proceeding upwards, we have on the W. side the  The surface is level, and partly overspread with pineforests;
Tuality, (tw51te-te,) Yam Hill, Rickreal, (rickfre-awl,) Lucki- the soil is generally sandy. The most fertile land is on the
miute, Mary's, and Long Tom Rivers, all rising in or at the  banks of the rivers. It is intersected by the North-Eastern
base of the Callapooya Mountains. Turning and descending  Railroad, (unfinished.)  The Santee River is navigable by
on the right bank, we pass McKenzie's, Sexton's, Coup6, steamboats along the border of the district. Capital, Kings,
Sandyam, Pudding, Clackanrus, and Milwaukee  Rivers,  tree. Pop. 12,447; of whom 3939 were free, and 8508 slaves
having their sources on the slopes of the Cascade Range.   WILLIAMSBURG, a post-township in Piscataquis co.,
The chief towns on its banks are Marysville, Salem, Oregon  Maine, 80 miles N.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. 124.
City, and Portland. The valley of the Willamette is exceed-   WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village and township  of iraml
ingly beautiful and fertile, and is regarded as the garden of shire co., Massachusetts, 95 miles miles W. by N. of Boston
Oregon. One of the most remarkable features of this valley  It has manufactures of iron castings, machinery, edged tools,
is the buttes, (pronounced bilts or bstes,) high, conical hills, carriages, woollen goods, and other articles. Pop. 1537.
which are generally insulated. Near the mouth of Coup6   WILLIAM1SBURG, a city of King's co., Long Island, on
River there are two buttes, called Pisgah and Sinai, which  the E. side of the East River, immediately opposite to New
are half a mile apart at their bases, and rise about 1000 feet York City, and now included in the recently consolidated
above the plain, with a level country all around them for  city of Brooklyn.  The site is elevated, with a surface
20 miles. From  one part of Willamette Valley, near the diversified with gentle undulations, and rising gradually as
Rickreal, seven peaks of the Cascade Range, crowned with  it recedes from the river. Like Brooklyn, which is iameeverlasting snow, may be seen at once. Length about 200  diately south, and with which it will doubtless soon be conmiles.                                                     pactly joined by the rapid extension of both cities, it owes its
WILLAMETTE FORKS, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon.  growth and prosperity to its proximity to New York, a large
WIL'LAND, a parish of England, co. of Devon.             portion of its residents doing business in that city during
WILLAUIMEZ:    a small island in the South Pacific, off the  the day. Four steam ferries connect it with the metropolis,
coast of New Britain, lat. 50 15' 3" S., Ion. 1490 58' 10" E.    two running from the foot of Grand Street, and two from
WILL'BAR, a post-office of Wilkes co., North Carolina.    the foot of South Seventh Street. Williamsburg is regularly
WILLEBADESSEN, Vvillleh-bv-d~s'sen, a town of Prussian  laid out. The streets extending parallel to the river, are
Westphalia, 46 miles S. of Alinden, on the Nethe. Pop. 1305. numbered from the water, First, Second, Third Street, &c
WILLEBISOEK, willleh-br61k', a market-town of Belgium, Those running E. and W. are named from Grand Street, the
province of Antwerp, 2 miles S. of Boom. Pop. 3000.       great dividing line of the city; for example, the first N. of
W1LEMISTAD, willlem-sttt' a fortified town of the Neth-  Grand Street is called North First Street, the first S. is named
211n




WIL                                                        WIL
South First Street, the second, South Second Street, and so    WILLIAMSBURG, a pleasant village of Johnson  co.,
on, as far as South Eleventh Street, next to which comes Indiana, on Nineveh Creek, 8 miles S. of Franklin.
Division Avenue, the dividing line between this city and    WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village of Wayne co., Indiana,
Brooklyn. Bushwick Creek separates the city from the  on a branch of Whitewater River, about 72 miles E. by N.
township of Green Point. Grand Street and South Seventh, of Indianapolis.  Pop. about 300.
already mentioned, are the principal thoroughfares.  First   WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village in De Kalb co., Illinois,
Street also is an active business street. The houses of  about 60 miles WV. by N. of Chicago.
WVilliamsburg are neatly and well built, though generally    WILLIAMSBURG, a small village of Shelby co., Illinois.
not more than two stories high. Many of the dwellings,   WVILLIAMSBURG, a post-village in Callaway co., Missouri,
however, especially in the newer portions of the town, are  40 miles N.E. of Jefferson City.
large and very handsome buildings.                           WVILLIAMSBURG, a small village of Macon co., Missouri.
Williamsburg contains above 25 churches, among which    WILtLIAMSBURG, a village of Canada West, co. of Ialten,
are 9 or 10 Methodist, 3 Presbyterian, 4 Episcopal, 2 Roman  35 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. about 200.
Catholic, 2 Baptist, 1 Universalist, 2 Congregational, 1 Dutch    WILLIAMSBURG, NORTII, a village of Canada West, co.
Reformed, and 1 German Lutheran. Of these, the most of Dundas, 115 miles S.W. of Montreal.
worthy of notice are-the First Baptist Church, at the corner   WILLIAMS CENTRE, a post-village of Williams co., Ohio,
of Fifth and South Fifth Street, a very handsome edifice of  171 miles N.W. of Columbus.
freestone, in a commanding situation, with the f-ont facing   WVILLIAMS COLLEGE. See WILLIAMSTaOWNc, Massachu.
East River; the Catholic church, a fine brick building, on  setts.
Second Street, between South Second and South Third    WILLIAMS COLLEGE GRANT, a township of Aroostook
Streets, and the First Presbyterian, a handsome brick edifice, co., Maine. Pop. 224.
with a steeple and clock; like the two preceding, it is a con-   WILLIAMS CROSS ROADS, a small post-village of Chocspicuous object from the river. The St. Mark's, (Episcopal,) taw co., Alabama.
at the corner of Fourth and South Fifth Streets, is a massive    WIL'LIAMSFIELD, a post-township forming the S.E. exand imposing structure, with a square tower, and enclosed  tremity of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop. 982.
by grounds which are highly improved. The city contains    WILILIAMSON, a county in the central part of Texas,
3 banks, 1 savings institution, and 6 newspaper offices, 3 of  has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is traversed fiom
which issue dailies. Among the institutions may be men- W. to E. by San Gabriel River, and also drained by Brushy
tioned a Bible society, organized in 1845, and a medical Creek. The surface is diversified by prairies and woodlands.
society, established in 1852. The city is lighted with gas, Named in honor of Judge Robert M. Williamson, member
and a company has recently been organized to supply it of Congress of the republic of Texas. Capital, Georgetown.
with water.                                                Pop. 1568; of whom 1413 were free, and 155 slaves.
Williamsburg contains a variety of m:anufactures, and    WILLIAMSON, a county in the central part of Tennessee.
several ship-yards. The buildings of the camphene manu- Area estimated at 650 square miles. It is drained by the head
factories along the river are conspicuous objects to one ap- branches of Harpeth River. The surface is uneven; the soil
preaching from  the water. At the American Plate Glass  highly productive and extensively cultivated. The county is
Manufactory, the buildings of which were commenced Feb- intersected by the Nashville and New Orleans Railroad. It
ruary 1, 1855, was cast, Slay 10, the first great plate ever is among the most populous counties of the state. Capital,
manufactured in America. The company have furnaces and  Franklin. Pop. 27,201; of whom 14,337 were free, and 12,864
other appurtenances for casting plates 20 feet long, 10 wide, slaves.
and from the fourth of an inch to two and a half inches    WILLIAMSON, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an
thick.                                                     area of 390 square miles. It is intersected by Big Muddy
Williamsburg was incorporated as a village in 1827, at River, and also drained by the S. fork of Saline River. The
which time there was but one ferry communicating with  county consists partly of prairie and partly of timbered
New York; in 1851 it was chartered as a city, and in 1855  land; the soil is productive. Stone-coal is abundant. Cawas included within the consolidated city of Brooklyn. pital, Marion. Pop. 7216.
Pop. in 1840, 5091; in 1845, 11,338; in 1850, 30,780; and in    WILLIAMSON, a post-village and township of Wayne co.,
1853, from 45,000 to 50,000.                               New York, 26 miles E. by N. of Rochester. The township
WILLIAMSBURG or PENN'S NECK, a village of Middle-' borders on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2380.
sex co., New Jersey, contains 2 churches.                    WILLIAMSON, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kentucky.
WILLIAMSBURG, New Jersey. See CEDAR CREEK.                 WILLIAMSON, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana.
WILLIAMSBURG, a flourishing post-borough of Blair co.,   WILLIAMSON'S MILLS, a post-village of Lexington disPennsylvania, on the Juniata River, and on the Pennsyl- trict, South Carolina.
vania Canal, 157 miles E. of Pittsburg. It contains 4 or 5    WILILIAMSONVILLE, a post-office of Macon co., Missouri.
churches, 1 woollen factory, 1 pottery, and several mills.   WILILIAMSPORT, a flourishing town, capital of LycomrWILLIAMSBURG, a small village of Northampton co., ing county, Pennsylvania, is beautifully situated on the
Pennsylvania, about 70 miles N. of Philadelp]lia.          left bank of the West Branch of Susquehanna River, and
WILLIAMSBURG. a city, capital of James City co., Vir- on the Sunbury and Erie Railroad, 90 miles N. of HIarrisginia, 60 miles E. of Richmond, and 68 miles N.W. of Nor- burg, and 179 miles N.W. of Philadelphia.  The Williamsfolk. It is situated on a level plain between James and  port and Elmira Railroad is open from this place to RalsYork Rivers, 6 miles from each. It is the oldest incorporated  ton, 25 miles. Williamsport is a favorite place of resort in
town in the state, and is interesting in historic associations.  summer, on account of its healthy situation, and the
It was the seat of the royal government previous to the beautiful scenery which surrounds it. It contains a fine
Revolution, and afterwards capital of the state until 1779. briclk court-house, a large academy of the same material, 5
William and Mary College, founded at this place in 1692, is churches, 1 bank, with a capital of $100,000, and many
the oldest literary institution in the Union, excepting Har- handsome dwellings. Two newspapers are published here.
yard University, and is at present in a flourishing condition. The West Branch Canal, which passes through the town,
The library contains about 5000 volumes, and the students  affords a ready access to the best markets, and large quanin attendance generally number from 100 to 150. Williams- titles of lumber and grain are shipped at this place. The
burg is the seat of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, which stands creeks in the vicinity furnish good water-power; the hills
deservedly high for its neatness, order, and comfortable  contain coal and iron ore.  Pop. in 1850, 1615; in 1853,
accommodations. It has about 200 patients, and a hand- about 2500.
some edifice, with all the modern improvements in arrange-  WILLIAMSPORT, Pennsylvania. See MIONONCAHELA CIvY.
ment. The town contains 3 churches, Episcopalian, Baptist,   WILLIAMSPORT, a post-village of Washington co., Maryand Methodist. First Settled in 1632. Pop. estimated at 1500. land, on the Potomac River, at the mouth of Conecocheague
WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village in Iredell co., North  Creek, 9 miles S.W. of IHagerstown.  The Chesapeake and
Carolina, 157 miles W. of Raleigh.                         Ohio Canal passes through the place. It contains a bank,
WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village, capital of Covington co., with a capital of $135,000, and numerous stores.
MIississippi, on an affluent of -Leaf River, 60 miles SE. of   WILLIAMSPORT, a post-village of Iardy co., Virginia,
Jackson.                                                   165 miles N.W. by N. of Richmond.
WILLIAMSBURG, a post-office, Henderson co., Tennessee.   WILLIAMISPORT or PRUNTYTOWN, capital of Taylor
WILLIAMSBURG, a small village of Owen co., Kentucky. co., Virginia, on the E. fork of the Monongahela, about 210
WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village, capital of Whitley co., miles N.W. of Richmond. It is the seat of Rector College,
Kentucky, on the Cumberland River, and on the route of founded in 1839, and contains 2 churches.
the Danville and Knoxville Railroad, 125 miles S.S.E. of    WILLIAMSPORT, a village of Wood co., Virginia, on the
Frankfort, has 1 church and several stores. Fourteen miles Ohio River, opposite Marietta, Ohio. Pop. about 250.
below, the river presents a perpendicular fall of 60 feet,   WILLIAMSPORT, a post-office of Pointe Coupde parish,
which is one of the most remarkable objects in the state.    Louisiana.
WILLIAMSBURG, a post-village and township of Cler-   WILLIAMSPORT, a post-village of Maury co.. Tennessee,
mont co., Ohio, on the E. fork of Little Miami River, 28  on Duck River, about 40 miles S.W. of Naslhville. Pop.
miles E. of Cincinnati, was formerly the county seat. P. 1884. about 250.
WILLIAMSBURG, a small village of Guernsey co., Ohio.    WILLIAMSPORT, a thriving village of Columbiana co.,
WILLIAMSBURG, a thriving,village of Noble co., Ohio, Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 163 miles N.E. of
near the Central Ohio Railroad, about 40 miles E. of Zanes-  Columbus.
villo,                                                       WILLIABMISPORT, a post-village of Pickaway co., Ohio, on
2116




WIL                                                       WIL
the Cincinnati Wilmington and Zanayville Railroad, 9 miles   WILLrIGTOWN, a small village of Greene co., Arkansas.
W. by S. of Circleville.                                    WILfLIMANSETT, a post-village in IHIampden co., Massa.
WILLIAMSPORT, a small village of Richland co., Ohio.  chusetts, on the left bank of Connecticut River, and on the
WILLIAMSPORT, a thriving post-village, capital of War- Connecticut River Railroad, 75 miles W. by S. of Boston.
ren co., Indiana, on the right bank of the Wabash River,   WILLIMAN/TIC, a fine mill-stream, rises in Tolland co.,
75 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. It has an active trade, Connecticut. and unites with Shetucket River, in Windham
which is facilitated by the Wabash and Erie Clanal. Th6 county.
railroad which is progressing from Toledo to Danville, in    WILLIMANTIC, a flourishing post-borough of Windham
Illinois, will pass through this place. A newspaper is pub- co., Connecticut, on the Willimantic River, where the Prolished here.                                              vidence Hartford and Fishkill Railroad intersects the New
WILLIAMS' RIVER, In the E.S.E. part of Vermont, rises London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad, 32 miles E. by S.
in Windsor co., and falls into the Connecticut about 3 miles of Hartford. It is also on the route of the Air-line Railroad
above Bellows Falls.                                      from New York to Boston, about 120 miles N.E. of the
WtILLIAMS'' STORE, a post-office of Hardeman sco., Ten- former, and 80 miles S.W. of the latter. The Willimantic  is
nessee.                                                   here a large stream, and has a fall of more than 100 feet in
WILfLIAMSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. Pembroke. the distance of a mile, affording an extensive hydraulic
WILtLIAMSTON, apost-village of Anderson district, South  power, about one-third of which is at present used. There
Carolina, on the Greenville and Columbia Railroad, 19 miles are now in operation at these falls 8 mills, most of which
from Greenville.                                          are for the manufacture of cotton goods. In addition to the
WILLIAMSTON, a village of Barbour co., Alabama, 65  other advantages of the place, is an abundance of building
miles S.E. by E. of Montgomery.                          stone of an excellent quality, found in the vicinity. The
WILLIAMSTON, a township in the cent-al part of Dodge borough contains 4 churches, a newspaper office, upwards
co., Wisconsin.                                          of 20 stores, and 5 or 6 refectories. Pop. in 1853, about 3500.
WILILIAMSTOWN, a seaport town or vilIage of the British    WILLIANG, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York.
colony of Victoria, Australia, on a headland in Port Phillip,   WILLINGALE DOE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
5 miles S.W. of Melbourne, and opposite which vessels of    WILLINGALE SPAIN, a parish of England, ce. of Essex,
large burden can anchor. Pop. 322.                       contiguous to the above.
WItLIAVAMSTOWN, a township of Orange co., Vermont,   WILILINGBOROUI GH, a township of Burlington co., New
11 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. 1452.              Jersey. Pop. 1596.
WILLIAMSTOWN, a pleasant post-village and township    WILILINGDON,  a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 120 miles W.N.W. of    WILfLINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
Boston. It is the seat of Williams College, a flourishing in-   WILLINGIlAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
stitution, founded in 1793. The institution comprises 4   WILLINGHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
brick buildings for the accommodation of the students, a   WILLINGHAM  CHERRY, a parish of England, co. of
library building, an astronomical and a magnetic observe- Lincoln.
tory, and a chemical laboratory. The three last have been    WILLINGHAM, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of
completed within a few years. Important additions have  Lincoln.
recently been made to the chemical and philosophical appa-   WILLINGHAIM, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of
ratus. The institution is endowed to the amount of about Lincoln.
$75,000. Williamstown has manufactures of woollens and    WILfLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
other fabrics, boots and shoes, carriages, cooperage, edge    WILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. and 6~ miles
tools, &c. Pop. 2626.                                    S.W. of Derby, on the Derby and Birmingham Railway.
WILLIAMSTOWN, a post-village and township of Oswego    WILLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
co., New York, on the Watertown and Rome Railroad, 28   WILLINGTON, Piscataquis co., Maine. See WELLINGTOrN.
miles N.W. of Rome. Pop. 1121.                              WILLINGTON, a post-village and township of Tollancd
WILLIAMSTOWN  or SQUANKUM, a post-village of  co., Connecticut, 24 miles E. by N. of Ilartford. The townCamden co., New Jersey, 11 miles S.E. of Woodbury, con- ship is intersected by the New London Willimantic and
tains 2 churches, 3 stores, and several glass-works.      Palmer Railroad. It contains several churches, a glass
WILLIAMSTOWN, a small village of Lancaster co., Penn- factory, and a number of silk and cotton mills. Pop. 1339.
sylvania.                                                  WILLINGTON, a post-village of Abbeville district, South
WILLIAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village, capital of  Carolina, near Savannah River, 90 miles W. by S. of CoMartin co., North Carolina, on the right bank of the Roanoke  lumbin.
River, 100 miles E. of Raleigh. The surrounding country    WILtLINK, a post-village of Erie co., New York, 16 miles
is partly occupied by cypress swamps,' which supply an  S.E. of Buffalo.
article of export.                                         WILLINK'S CREEK, of Niagara co., New York, falls into
WILLIAMSTOWN, a post-village, capital of Grant co.. the W. end of Lake Ontario.
Kentucky, on the turnpike from Covington to Lexington,   WILLISAU, villle-s6wl, a town of Switzerland, canton
37 miles S. of Cincinnati. It contains a brick court-house and 15 miles W.N.W. of Lucerne, on the river Wigger.
and 4 churches. Pop. about 450.                           Pop. 1160.
WILLIAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Hancock co.,   WILILISBURG, a post-office of Washington co., Kentucky.
Ohio, about 15 miles S. of Findlay.                        WIL!LISHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
WILLIAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village of Insham co.,   WILILIS RIVER, a small affluent of James River, VirMichigan, on Cedar River. about 20 miles E. of Lansing. It ginia, rises in Buckingham county. Flowing eastward and
contains several stores, fouring-mills, and saw-mills? Pop. north-eastward, it crosses Cumberlaud county, and falls
in 1853, about 600.                                      into James River near Cartersville. It is navigable by boats
WILLIAMSTOWN, a village of Clay co., Indiana, on the  from its mouth to Curdsville, above 30 miles.
National Road, 14 miles E.N.E. of Terre IHIaute.            WILLIS'S STORE, a post-village of Appling co., Georgia,
WILLIAMISTOWN, a post-village of Decatur co., Indiana, about 100 miles S.E. of Milledgeville.
45 miles S.E. of Indianapolis.                              WILILISTON, a post-village and township of Chittenden
WILfLIAMSTOWN, a village of Canada West, co. of Glen- co., Vermont, on the Vermont Central Railroad, 30 miles
gary, 70 miles S.W. of MIontreal. Pop. about 400.        W.N.W. of Montpelier. The village contains 2 or 3 churches,
WIL'LIAMSVILLE, a post-village in Wiudham  co., Ver- a town-house, and an academy. Pop. of the township, 1669.
mont, on the South Branch of West River, about 100 miles   WILLISTON, a post-office of Potter co., Pennsylvania.
S. by E. of Montpelier. The South Branch affords water-   WILLISTON, a post-village of Barnwell district, South
power.                                                    Carolina, on the South Carolina Railroad, 99 miles W.N.W.
WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-village of Erie co., New York, of Charleston.
on Ellicott's Creek, 8 miles N.E. of Buffalo. It contains 1   WILLISTON, a village of Callaway co., Kentucky, 255
Roman Catholic and 3 Protestant churches, 3 or 4 stores, miles S.W. by W. of Frankfort.
several flouring and saw mills, a carding machine, and a    WILILISTOWN, a township of Chester co., Pennsylvania.
large tannery. Pop. in 1853, about 1000.                 Pop. 1463.
WILLIAMSVILLE, a village of Essex co., New Jersey, 5    WILLOUGHBY, wilt19-be, a parish of England, co. of
miles N.W. of Newark.                                    Lincoln.
WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-office of Elk co., Pennsylvania.   WILLOUGHBY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
WILLIAISVILLE, a post-village of Kent co., Delaware,   WILLOUGHBY, a parish of New South Wales, co. of
22 miles S.W. of Dover.                                  Cumberland, on Port-Jackson.
WILLIAMS~VILLE, a post-office of Bath co., Virginia.     WILLOUGHBY, wil/lo-be, a pleasant post-village'and
WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-village of Person co., North  township of Lake co., Ohio, on Chagrin River, and on the
Carolina, on an affluent of Dan River, 65 miles N.N.W. of  Cleveland and Erie Railroad, 18 miles N.E. of Cleveland.
Raleigh.                                                 The village contains a medical. university, a flourishing
WILLIAMSVILLE, a post-office of Dickson co., Tennessee. female seminary, and several churches. The township borWILLIAMSVILLE, a post-village of Delaware co., Ohio, ders on Lake Erie. Pop. 2081.
14 miles N. of Columbus.'        WILLOUGHBY CAPE, the E. point of Kangaroo Island,
WILLIAMSVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of  South Australia, lat. 350 54f S., Ion. 1380 15' E.
Ialdimand, 35 miles S. of Hamilton. Pop. about 100.        WILLOUGHBY  LAKE, a post-village and fashionable
WILPLIAN, a parish of England, co. of Herns.           resort of Orledns c., Vermont, on a lake of the same name,
2117




WIL                                                         WIL
and on the great thoroughfare just opened from Boston viO, Baltimore Railroad passes through the place. The uipper
St. Johnsbury to Stanstead, in Canada East. Willoughby  part of the city is built on the southern slope of a hill, the
Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, nearly 5 miles in length, summit of which is about 110 feet above the tide level, and
celebrated for its romantic scenery, about 35 miles N.E. by  commands an extensive view of the Delaware River and of
N. of Montpelier.                                           the city itself. Wilmington is regularly planned, with wide
WILLOUGIHIBY-ON-TIE-WOLDS, a -parish of England, and straight streets, and is generally well built of brick.
so. of Nottingham.                                          The streets running parallel to the Christiana are numbered
WILLOUGHBY SCOTT, a parish of England, co. Lincoln. (commencing near the creek) First, Second, Third, &c., up
WILLOUGIIBY, SILK. See SILK WILLOUGHo Y.                 to Fifteenth Street. The principal thoroughfare of business
WILLOUGHBY  WATERLESS, a parish of England, co. is Market Street, which extends from the Christiana to the
of Leicester.                                               Brandywine, rather more than a nmile, intersecting the other
WILILOUGITON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    streets at right angles, and terminated by handsome bridges
WIL'LOW  CREEK, a post-office of Marion district, South  at each end. King's, French, Orange, Shipley, and other
Carolina.                                                   streets are parallel with Market Street. The city contains
WILLOW  CREEK, a post-village of Lee co., Illinois, about 19 churches, namely, 4 Methodist, 3 Episcopal, 2 Presby80 miles W. by S. of Chicago.                               terian, 2 Baptist, 2 Friends, 1 German Lutheran, 1 ItoWILLOW CREEK, a post-office, Marquette co., Wisconsin. man Catholic, and 4 African; also a town-hall, a large
WILLOW  DALE, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio.        hospital, situated on high ground in the N.W. part of
WILLOW GItOVE. a post-village of MontgoDmery county, the town, and a Catholic College, which is a handsome
Pennsylvania, on the turnpike leading from Philadelphia  brick building. A new custom-house is now in course of
to Easton, 13 miles N. of the former. It contains 3 good  construction, for which an appropriation of $250,000 was
hotels, 2 stores, and about 12 dwellings. The medicinal made at the last session of Congress. There are 4 banks,
springs at this place are much resorted to during the sum- with an aggregate capital of $846,000, a savings institution,
mer season.                                                 and several insurance companies; 4 or 5 newspapers are
WILLOW GROVE, a post-office of Sumter district, South  published here. Wilmington has long been distinguished
Carolina.                                                   for its boarding-schools, of which there are 5 in the city.
WILLOW GROVE, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia.       They are generally well conducted and liberally patronized.
WILLOW GROVE, a post-office of Sumner co., Tennessee. The streets, stores. &c., are lighted with gas, and the town
WILLOW  GROVE, a small village of Crittenden co., Ken- is supplied with good water from the Brandywine.
tucky.                                                        Wilmington is the most populous town in the state, and
WILLOW HILL, a post-office of Jasper co., Illinois.       is chiefly remarkable for its manufactures, of which the
WILLOW ISLAND, a post-office of Pleasant co., Virginia. following are the most important productions: steam-enWILLOW RIVER, Wisconsin. See IHuDsoN.                     gines, railway cars, railroad wheels, iron steamboats, locoWILLOW  RIVER, a small stream of St. Croix co., Wis- motive and car springs, mill machinery, galvanized roofinfrg,
cousin, flows south-westward, and enters St. Croix Lake at and other iron, cotton and woollen goods, powder, flour, carHLudson.                                                    riages, and farming implements. There are about 7 iron
WILLOW SPRING, a post-office of Russell co., Virginia.  foundries, 3 large machine shops, 2 cotton factories, several
WILLOW  SPRING, a post-village of Claiborue co., Mis- manufactories of woollen goods, 1 of farming implements,
sissippi.                                                   and I paper-mill. The powder-mills of Dupont & Co., about
WILLOW  SPRINGS, a post-village and township in the  2 miles from the town, have long been widely known.'There
N. part of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, near the Pekatonica  are 7 large flouring-mills on the Brandywine in this vicinity,
River. Pop. 615.                                            which annually grind about one million bushels of wheat.
WILLOW  STREET, a post-office of Lancaster co., Penn- In 1853, 218 persons were employed in the manufacturing
sylvania.                                                   of cotton; 215 in that of cast iron and brass; 675 in that of
WILLOW  TREE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania. wrought iron, steel, and machinery; 181 in the coach minauWILLS, a township of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 2216.    factories; 178 in those of patent-leather; and 168 in buildWILLSBOROUGH, wilzlbsr-rlth, a post-village and town-  nlug and repairing vessels of medium tonnage, for which the
slip of Essex co., New York, on Boquet River, about 140  creek is navigable. Five turnpike-roads extend into the
miles N. by E. of Albany. The township is on the W. side of interior of the state, and a railroad 5 miles long connects the
Lake Champlain. Iron is produced here to a considerable  town with New Castle. The shipping of the district, June
extent. Pop. 1932.                                          30, 1854, according to the custom-house returns, amounted
WILLS' CREEK, of Alabama, flows  south-westerly  to an aggregate of 845 tons registered, and 13,429 enrolled
through De Kalb co., then turns to the S.E., and enters  and licensed.  During the year, 34 vessels, (4 of them
Coosa River, near Gadsden.                                  steamers,) with an aggregate burthen of 3621 tons, were
WILLS' CREEK, of Ohio,. rises in the S.E. part of the  admeasured. Pop. in 1830, 6628; in 1840, 8367; in 1850,
state, flows north-westward through Guernsey co., and en- 13,979; and April 1, 1853, it amounted to 16,163; of whom
ters the Muskingum River about 10 miles S. of Coshocton.  13,976 were whites, and 2187 colored.
WILLS' CREEK, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio.         WILMINGTON, a post-village of Fluvanna co., Virginia,
WILLSHIRE, willlshir, a post-village and township of  on the Rivanna River, 55 miles WV. by N. of Richmond.
Van Wert co., Ohio, on the St. Mary's River, 133 miles    WILMINGTON, a city, port of entry, and capital of New
W.N.W. of Columbus, The village contains 1 church, 2  Hanover co., North Carolina, is situated on the left or E.
stores, and several mills. It was settled in 1822 by Captain  bank of Cape Fear River, just below the entrance of its N.E.
James Riley, with whose sufferings in Africa the public are  branch, 34 miles from the sea, 135 miles S.E. of Raleigh, 180
familiar. Pop. of the township, 1220.                       miles N.E. of Charleston, and 416 from Washington. Lat.
WILLS MOUNITAIN, a ridge extending from the S.W.  340 11' N., ion. 780 10' WV. It is the largest and most'compart of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, E. of WVills' Creek, into  mercial place in the state, the business and population hayAlleghany county, in Maryland.                              ing been greatly increased by the construction of the WilWILLPSON'S MILL, a village of Ienry co., Iowa, on Skunk  mington and Raleigh Railroad, which extends N. to Weldon,
tiver, 55 miles S. by W. of Iowa City.                      onthe Roanoke River, 162 miles, and forms part of the great
WILLS' POINT, a post-office of Benton co., Tennessee.    highway of travel, North and South. The city has about
WVILLSTEDT, willlstktt, a market-town of Baden, 5 miles  $500,000 invested in this work, which cost $2,500,000, and is
N.N.W. of Offenburg. Pop. 1500.                             now in excellent condition. Another railroad has recently
WILMANSTRAND,  a town of Finland. See VLtsaANSTaNRA. been opened from  Wilmington to Manchester, in South
WILIMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            Carolina, where it connects with the Camden Branch RailWILMINGTON, a parish. of England, co. of Sussex. It road. The length of this line is 156 miles, and the cost
gives the title of Baron to the Marquis of Northampton.     $1,800,000, of which $500,000 were subscribed by the citizens
WILIMINGTON, a post-township of Windham co., Ver- of Wilmington. A plank-road is extending from this city
nont, 110 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. One newspaper is towards Onslow county. The town contains 3 banks, -0ith
published here. Pop. 763.                                   an aggregate capital of $1,150,000. Five or six newspapers
WILMINGTON, a post-township of Middlesex co., Massa- are published here. More than 20 steam-engines are emchusetts, intersected by the Boston and Lowell, the Boston  ployed in the manufactories of this place, among which are
and Maine, the Salem and Lowvell Railroads, and a branch  7 steam  saw-mills and 2 planing-mills, with a capital of
railroad, 16 miles N.WV. by N. of Boston. Pop. 874.         $275,000, producing annually about thirty million feet of
WILMINGTON, a post-village and township of Essex co., lumber; 3 rice-mills; 10 turpentine distilleries, workinrs
New York, 30 miles S.W. of Plattsburg,. Pop. 1218.          about 25 stills, capital estimated at $100,000; and several
WILMINGTON or NEW  WILMINGTON, a township of machine shops.
Lawrence co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 1478.                        Four mail steamers keep up a daily communication with
WILMINGTON, a township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Charlestoe, and 9Osteamboats ind 20 tow-boats ply from this
Pop. 547.                                       -           port to Fayetteville. The whole number of steamboats on
WILMINGTON, a city and port of entry of New Castle  the river in 1852 was 19. It is expected that the extensive
co., Delaware, is situated on Christiana Creek, immediately  deposits of coal in Chatham  county will, by means of the
above its junction with the Brandywine, 2 miles from  the  Deep River improvement, now in progr-ess, find an outlet
Delaware River, 28 miles S.W. of Philadelphia, 70 miles  here, and open a new source of wealth. The shipping of
E.N.E. of Baltimore, and 108 from Washington. Lat. 390  the district, June 30, 1854, according to the custom-house
Il' N., lon. 750 28' W. The Philadelphia Wilmington and  returns, amounted to an aggregate of 10,684 tons registered,
2118
-.~~~~~~~~~3e~~~



WIL                                                            WIL
and 9271 tons enrolled and licensed. The foreign and coast-   WILRYK, willrik, a village of Belgium, province and 4
wise arrivals for 1852, exclusive of the Charleston steamers  miles S. of Antwerp.  Pop. 2275.
and NOrth Carolina coasters, were 753. During the year    WILSDiEN, a township of England, oo. of York, West
ending June 30, 1854, 4  schooners, with an aggregate  Riding. See WILLESDEON.
burthen of 209 tons, were admeasured.                            WILSDRUF, silstdr65f, a town of Saxony, 9 miles W. of
The followving  Table exhibits the principal articles exported, Dresden, on the Wilde-San.  Pop. 2135.'oastwise and foreign, in 1853 and 1854.                         WILSELE, wills.t-leh, a village of Belgium, province of
Brabant, on the Dyle and the canal from Louvain to the
1853.            1854.         Rupel, 15 miles E.N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1063.
WILISEYVILLE, a post-village of Tioga co., New York,
Articles.    CoastForeio Coast-                  onthe railroad between Ithaca and Owego, 14 miles N. of
Coast
ise.   Foreign wi        Foreign.  the latter.
_pirits of Turpentine, bbls. ]US1lO    5,457   119,358  -,      WILSIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Pp.rius of Turpentine, bbls..    113,717   1,457 1149308  16,301            2
Urude Turpentine, bbls.     51,820   21,454   65,102            WILSFORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Rossia, bils.              369,775   10,67    441,692   12,071    WILSIFORD DAUNTSIEY, a parish of England. co. Wilts.
Tar, bbls.....         21,60    4,521   32,919   11,603    WILSNACHI, filesniK, a town of Prussia, province of
Pitch, bbls........         5,81    1,904    4,624    1,188  Brandenburg, 60 miles N.W. of Potsdanm.  Pop. 1800.
Flour, bbts......           1,349      86   14,431    1,001      I
Timber,  feet...] 1,030,441   85,1541 1,350,263         630
Timber, root..... 1,030,441   81,154 1,3-50,26:4  63?   WILtSON, a county in the N. central part of Tennessee,
Lumber, feet....        25,6,92 12,511,150 20,003,958  206,915  has an area estimated at 550 square miles. The CumberShingles.......                  5,223,750        11,118,150  land River forms its entire N. boundary, and it is also
Staves......             154,782         5,128,259  drained by creeks which flow into that river. The surface
Ground Peas or Pea- 1us.. 69,624    87   91,807  133,819  is diversified by hills of moderate height.  The soil is exoats, has.       I                                                                                 n
Cotton, bales.             7,515            10,328       32  ceedingly fertile, and extensively cultivated. In 1850 this
Cotton, sheeting, bales..    2,320           1,689          county produced 51,813 pounds of wool, the greatest quanCotton, yarn, bales...    2,581             1,573
Cotton, waste, bales...    317               206           tity produced in any county of the state. The county is
Cotton, ware, boles...     122               381           intersected by a turnpike-road leading to Nashville. CumPaper, news, bundles.      2,120             2,805          berland liver is navigable by steamboats along the border.
Wool bales...502..           182               39            A large cotton factory is in successful operation at Lebanon,
Rico, clean, easko.s..     1,724    252k      401      164  the county town. Pop. 27,443; of whom  20,316 were free,
Rice, rough, bus.          102,917           137,672          and 7127 slaves.
L'                                         ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and 7127 slaves.
WILSON, a post-township in Piscataquis co., Maine, 70
The total value of coastwise exports in 1852 was $3,991,561, miles N. by E. of Augusta.
foreign, $549,107.                                               WILSON, a thriving post-village, shipping-port, and townIn 1819 a great fire occurred, which consumed about 200  ship of Niagara co., New York, is situated on Lake Ontario,
buildings, and property valued at $1,000,000. Pop. in 1830, at the mouth of Tuscarora Creek, 15 miles N.N.W. of Lockabout 3000; 1810, 4744; in 1850, 7264; and in 1853, about port. The village contains 3 churches, a large and flourish10.000.                                                        ing seminalry, 5 stores,'i steam flouring-mill, 2 steam lumnberWILMIINGTON, a post-village and township of Union co., mills, 2 hotels, 1 iron foundry, 1 cabinet shop, and numerous
Arkansas, on the Washita River, about 100 miles in a direct other mechanic shops. Wilson Collegiate Institute, situline S. of Little Rock. Pop. 866.                              ated in this place, employs 6 teachers, and has 375 pupils.
WILMINGTON, a village of McCracken co., Kentucky, The library, together with the philosophical apparatus, cost
255 miles S.W. by W. of Frankfort.                             $12,000. Here is a good harbor, which has been improved.
WILMINGTON, a flourishing post-village in Union town- Pop. of the township, 2955; of the village, in 1853, about 800.
ship, capital of Clinton county, Ohio, on Todd's Fork of    WILSON, a post-office of Edgecombe co., North Carolina.
Little Miami River, 72 miles S.W. of Columnbus. It is plea-   WILSON, a post-village, capital of Yadkin co., North Casantly situated on undulating ground, and is well built. rolina. It was laid out about the year 1851, when the county
It is one of the principal stations on the Cincinnati Wil- was formed.
mington and Zanesville Railroad.  Wilmington contains,    WILSON, a post-office of Anderson co., Tennessee.
besides the county buildings, 5 or 6 churches, and 2 news-   WILSON, a small post-village of Marion co., Ohio.
paper offices. Laid out in 1810. Pop. in 1850, 1238.             WILSON,  a township in Will co., Illinois. Pop. 269.
WILMINGTON, a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana, 6    WILSON, a township of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
miles S.W. of Lawrenceburg, was formerly the county seat.    WILSON'S CREEK, of South Carolina, flows into Saluda
It contains the county seminary. Pop. in 1850, 287.           River, near the N. extremity of Edgefield district.
WILMINGTON, a, township in De Kalb co., Indiana. Pop.   WILSON'S CREEK, a post-village of Abbeville district,
800.                                                          South Carolina.
WILMINGTON, a post-village and township of Will co.,   WILSON'S CREEK, a post-office of Graves co., Kentucky.
Illinois, on the Kankakee River, 152 miles N.E. of Spring-    WILSON'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Williamson co.,
field. The village contains a woollen factory and several Tennessee.
stores. Pop. of the township, 1346.                              WILSON'S DEPOT, (Depgt,) a post-office of Dinwiddie co.,
WILMINGTON ISLAND, of Chatham co., Georgia, at the  Virginia, on the South Side Railroad, 28 miles W. of Petersmouth of the Savannah River, enclosed on the N.E. and  burg.
N.W. by small outlets of the Savannah River. Length 5    WILSON'S INLET, West Australia, co. of Plantagenet, 30
miles; greatest breadth about 4 miles.                         miles W. of Albany.
WILMlORE, a post-officr  of Cambria co., Pennsylvania.         WILSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Oxford co., Maine.
WILMIOT, a post-township in Merrimack co., New Ilamp-    WILSON'S MILLS, a post-office of Venango co., Penunsylshire, 30 miles N.W. of Concord. Pop. 1272.                   vania.
WILMOT, a township, Bradford co., Pennsylvania. P. 550.   WILSON'S PEAK, in the Clarence River, district of New
WILMOT, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.                South Wales, on the principal dividing range of mountains.
WILMOT, a post-village of Boone co., Illinois, about 22    WIL'SON'S PROMIONTORY, a British colony of Victoria,
miles N.E. of Rockford.                                       forms the S. extremity of the Continent of Australia, in
WILMOT, a post-village of Kenosha co., Wisconsin, on  Bass' Strait; lat. 390 8' S., ion. 1460 23' E. It is 3000 feet
Pishtaka or Fox River, about 25 miles W. of Kenosha.          above the sea. Around it are many small islands, and on
WILM{OT, a town of Nova Scotia, co. of Annapolis, in the  its E. side are Corner Inlet and Waterloo  Bay.
beautiful and fertile valley of the Annapolis, on the right    WIL'SON'S STArTION, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio.
bank of the river, about 40 miles from  its entrance into    WILSON'S STORE, a post-office of Stokes co., North
Annapolis Bay, and 70 miles N.W. of Halifax.                  Carolina.
WILMOT FLAT, a post-office of Merrimack co., New    WILtSONVILLE, a post-village of Pike co., Pennsylvania,
Hampshire.                                                    on the Wallenpaupack Creek.
WILMIISLOW, a parish of Englind, co. of Chester, on the    WILSONVILLE, a post-village of Highland co., Virginia,
Manchester Branch of the North-Western Railway, 7- miles  135 miles N.W. by W. of Richmond.
S.S.W. of Stockport.                                            WILSONVILLE, a post-village of Shelby co., Alabama, 80
WILMURIT, a post-township of Herkimer co., New York, miles N.N.W. of Montgomery.
about 90 miles N.W. of Albany. Pop. 112.                        WILSONVILLE, a post-office of Cocke co., Tennessee.
WILNA, a government and town of Russia.  SOee VILNA.          WILSONVILLE, a post-village of Spencer co., Kentucky,
WILINA, a post-township of Jefferson co., New York, 35 miles S.W. by WV. of Frankfort.
about 150 miles N.W. of Albany. It is drained by Black    WILSTER, Willster, a town of Denmark, duchy of HolRiver, and contains the village of Carthage. Pop. 2993.       stein, on the Wilsteraue, 9 miles N.N.W. of Glilckstadt.
WILNA, a post-village of Iouston county, Georgia, 50  Pop. 2900. It has a considerable trade in corn.
miles S.W. by S. of Milledsgeville.                             WILTEN, *illten, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of
WILINECOTE, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, pa- Schwatz, near Imst. Pop. 1295.
oish and 3 miles S.S.E. of Tamworth, on the Birmingham          WILtTON, a parliamentary and municipal borough and
and Derby Railway. Pop. in 1851, 824.                         parish of England, co. of Wilts, 3$ miles W.N.W. of Salik.
WILNE. GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Derby.            bury. Pop. of town, in 1851, 1804. The town, in a valley
WILNIS, willunis, a village of the Netherlands, province  in the peninsula formed by the confluence of the Madder
and 15 miles N.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 1041.                      and the Wily, is neat; chief edifices, the church, town-hall,
2119




WIL                                                       WIN
dissenting chapels, and the hospital of St. John, the only  of woollen goods and stockings; its borough portion is
relic of many monastic establishments. It has an endowed  governed by two bailiffs, chosen annually, and the manor
school and other minor charities. Wilton has long been  of the deanery by a constable.
celebrated for a manufactory of carpets bearing its name,   WIMESBOTHAM, wimz/both-am, a parish of England, co.
but its woollen manufactures generally have declined. of Norfolk.
The borough returns I member to the House of Commons.   WIMESWOULD, wimz/wood, a parish of England, co. of
Wilton-House, the magnificent seat of the Earl of Pem- Leicester.
broke, and containing a fine gallery of paintings, stands on    WIMILLE, vesmeell, a village of France, department of
the site of a famous abbey founded by a sister of King  Pas-de-Calais, 2 miles N. of Boulogne. Pop. in 1852, 1859.
Egbert, A. D. 800.                                           WIMMEtRA. a river of the British colony Victoria, AusWILTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset, half a  tralia, in its W. part, flows W. into Lake iindmarsh.(?) It
mile S.W. of Taunton, of which it is a suburb. It has a  gives name to an extensive partially settled district, S. of
county house ofcorrection.                                 the river Murray.
W~VILTON, a chapelry of England, co. York, North Riding.   WIMIMERBY, a town of South Sweden, 72 miles N.N.W.
WILtTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh.          of Kalmar, 32 miles S.W. of Westervik. Pop. 1465,
WIL/TON, a post-township of Franklin co., Maine, on the    WIIMMIS, Wimfmis, a village of Switzerland, canton and
S. side of Sandy River, about 30 miles N.W. of Augusta. 21 miles S.E. of Bern, on the Simme. Pop. 1169.
Pop. 1909.                                                   WIMPFEN, vimpffen, a town of Germany, Hesse-DarmWILTON. a post-village and township of Iillsborough co., stadt, province of Starkenburg, capital of a detached district,
New Hampshire, at the terminus of the Wilton Railroad, between Baden and Wtirtemberg, at the confluence of the
and on the Petersborough and Shirly Railroad, 30 miles Jaxt and Neckar, 7 miles N.N.W. of H-eilbronn. Pop. 2187.
S.S.W. of Concord. The inhabitants are engaged to aecon- It is enclosed by walls, and was formerly a free city of the
siderable extent in manufactures. Pop. 1161.               empire. It has an extensive salt-work, and five annual
WILTON, a post-village and township of Fairfield co., fairs.
Connecticut, on the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad, about   WIM/POLE, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge, 6 miles
30 miles S.W. by W. of New Hnaven. The village contains  S.S.E. of Caxton. The noble seat of the Earl of Haridwicke
2 churches, an academy, and'several stores. Pop. of the  is in this parish.
township, 2066.                                              WIN'AMAC! or WINN'AMEC!,  a post-village, capital of
WILTON, a post-township of Saratoga co., New York, in- Pulaski co., Indiana, on Tippecanoe River, and on the protersected by the Saratoga and Washington RAilroad, about  jected Fort Wayne and Mississippi Railroad, 100 miles
38 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 1458.                          N.N.W. of Indianapolis.
WILTON, a village of Granville co., North Carolina, 34    WINANDERMERE LAKE. See WINDERMERE.
miles N. of Raleigh.                                         WI/NANSVILLE, a village of Greene co., New York, 30
WILTON, a post-office of Pike co., Arkansas.            miles S.S.W. of Albany.
WILTON, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Adding-   WIN/CANTON, a market-town and parish of England, co.
ton, 16 miles N.W. of Kingston. Pop. about 200.           of Somerset, on a declivity beside the Cale, 23 miles S. of
WILITON, a village of New South Wales, co. of Camden, Bath.' Pop. in 1851, 2488. The town has a spacious church
on the river Cordeaux.                                     with an embattled tower, manufactures of linens, bedWILTON'S UPPER MILLS, a village of Wilton township, ticking, and silk. It is an important mart for cheese, butter,
Franklin co., Maine, on Wilton River, about 28 miles N.W. corn, and cattle. In 1688, the Prince of Orange, soon after
of Augusta. at contains 2 taverns, 2 churches, 2 saw-mills, his landing at Torbay, here attacked and destroyed a body
1 large flour-mill, 2 starch manufactories, and a number of  of royal troops.
other establishments.                                        WINCE/BY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
WILTS or WILTSHIRE, wilt/shir, an inland county of    WINCHIAM, a township of England, co. of Chester.
England, in its S. part, enclosed by the counties of Hants,    WINCIIBURGH, a village of Scotland, co. and 6 miles
Dorset, Somerset, Gloucester, and Berks. Area 1352 s uare  E.S.E. of Linlithgow, on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railmiles. or 865,280 acres. Pop. in 1851, 254,221. Its centre is  way. Pop. 200.
occupied by the table-land of Salisbury Plain, in which rise    WINCIICOMBE, a market-town and parish of England,
its principal rivers, the Somerset and Hampshire Avon, the  co. of Gloucester, inthe vale of tlhe Islip, immediately N. of
Kennet, and some affluents of the Thames, which partly  the Cotswold Hills, 6 miles N.E. of Cheltenham. Pop. of
forms its N. border. In the N. and S. is some highly fertile  the town in 1851, 2052. It has a fine Gothic church with a
land. and here dairy husbandry is important. Agriculture  lofty tower, grammar school, large paper-mills, a silk-mill,
is generally well conducted; principal crops, wheat and  and some manufactures of stockings' and thread. During
barley, with green crops and potatoes. Sheep estimated at the Saxon dynasty, the town was a county of itself, and a
700,000, of which number nearly six-sevenths are pastured  place of importance.  In 798, Kenulph, King of Wessex,
on the Downs; annual produce of wool between 800 and  founded a famous abbey here, but of which few traces remain.
900 packs. Many hogs are reared, and Wiltshire is famous    WINCH, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on
for its bacon; its cheese and butter are also in repute. the East Anglian Railway, 5 miles E.S.E. of Lynn.
There are quarries of freestone on the border of Somerset;   WINCH, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
chalk is the other principal mineral. The principal mann-   WINCHELSEA, wintchel-se, a parliamentary borough,
factures are of woollen stuffs, and in 1847, 3265 persons  cinque-port, market-town, and parish of England, co. of
were employed in woollen, and 625 in silk and cotton mills. Sussex, near its E. extremity, 2 miles S.W. of Rye. Pop. in
Wilts is intersected by the Great Western and South-West- 1851, 778. The town, about 2 miles in circuit, extends into
ern Railways, and the Kennet and Avon, and Wilts and  three adjacent parishes.  Old Winchelsea, a place of imBerks Canals. After Salisbury, its capital, the chief towns  portance in the Roman period, stood at the mouth of the
are Wilton, Devizes, Warminster, Trowbridge, Chippenham, Rother, 2 miles distant, but was destroyed by an inundaMIalmsbury, Marlborough, Swindon, and Cricklade. With  tion of the sea in 1287, after which the inhabitants removed
its boroughs it sends 18 members to the House of Commons. and founded the present town, which has been ruined by a
Besides'Stonehenge  and Avebury, it contains numerous yes- precisely opposite cause, the sea having retired to 1 miles
tiges of antiquity, having been a frequent seat of warfare in  distant since the 16th century, leaving around it a salt
the middle ages.                                           marsh. The church, formerly an elegant structure, is partly
WILT'S SPUR, a post-office of Patrick co., Virginia.     in decay, but has several fine old monuments; two other
WILTZ or WILZ, wilts, a town of thle Netherlands, pro- churches have fallen into ruin, and Cumbre or Winchelsea
vince of Dutch Luxemburg, on the Wiltz, 10 miles N.W. of Castle, built by Henry VIII., is now useless for defence.
Diekirch. Pop. 2500.                                       Winchelsea returned 2 members to the House of Commons
WILY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.                 until the Reform Act included it in the borough of Rye. It
WILZ, a town of the Netherlands. See WILTz.              gives the title of Earl to the Finch family.
WIMIBISH, a parish of England, co. of Essex.               WINCII/ENDEN, NETuHERn, a parish, England, co. of Bucks.
WIMIBLEDON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 8i    WINCITENDEN, Uppse, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
miles S.W. of St. Paul's, London, with a station on the    WINCII/ENDON, a post-township of Worcester co., MassaSouth-Western Railway.                                     chusetts, intersected by the Cheshire Railroad, 54 miles
WIM/BLINGTON, a hamlet of England, co..of Cambridge, W.N.W. of Boston. It is drained by Miller's River, which
on the Eastern Counties Railway, 3~ miles S. of March. Pop. affords water-power.  Cotton and other manufactures are
in 1851,1158                                               produced to some extent. Pop. in 1840, 1754; in 1850, 2445.
WIM/BOR4E-ALL-SAINTS, a parish of England, co. of    WINtCHIESTER, (anc. Ven/ta Belgcdrsum,) a city and parDorset.                                                   liamentary and municipal borough of England, of which it
WIMBORNE-MIN/STER, a market-town, parish, and  was long the capital, now capital of the county of Hants,
nominalborough of England, co. of Dorset, between the Stqur nearly in its centre, on the right bank of the Itchin,.across
and Allen, and on the South-Western Railway, 7 miles N. which it communicates with a suburb by a good stone
of Poole.,Pop. of the town in 1851, 2295. The town has a  bridge, on the South-Western Railway, 12 miles N.N.E. of
noble minster or collegiate church, founded early in the 7th  Southampton, and 62 miles W.S.W. of London. Pop. in
century, but the present structure'dates from  about the  1851,13,704. The city is clean, well built, and pavedl; it has
time of the Conquest. Here are several endowed schools, a venerable appearance, consisting chiefly of a main street,
almshouses, and charities, having an aggregate income  of  crossed at right angles by many others, which have antique
nearly 10001. annually. Wimborne has small manufactures  edifices. The ancient city was enclosed by wal!s, of which
2120




WIN                                                        WIN
the site only is now traceable. Nearly all'the S.E. quarter  2 newspaper offices, and a lyceum. This place is the termiof the city is occupied by the Cathedral and its precincts. nus of the Winchester and Potomac Railroad, 30 miles long,
The Cathedral, supposed to have been originally founded in  which connects with the Baltimore and Ohio bailrcad at
the 2di century, is a vast structure; 545 feet in length ex-  Harper's Ferry; andl it has a number of turnpike roads
ternally, 208 feet in breadth at the transept, with a nave  radiating in every direction, which attract a large amount
351 feet, a choir 136 feet in length, and a ponderous central of trade and travel. Pop. in 1850, 4500.
tower, 150 feet in height. Except its beautiful W. front, its   WVINCHESTER, a small village of Lenoir county, North
exterior is heavy, but its interior in many respects equals  Carolina.
in magnificence and beauty that of York Minster. It con-   WINCHIESTER, a post-office of Union county, North
rains the tomb of William Rufus; and, in a series of carved  Carolina.
chests over the choir, the remains of many of the kings of    WINCHESTER, a post-office of Macon co., Ueorgia.
Wessex, and of the Saxon kings of England. Its altar-piece    WINCHESTER, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., Misis the celebrated "Raising of Lazarus," by West. The see sissippi, on Chickasawha River, 15 miles E.S.E. of Jackson.
of Winchester comprises the county of Hants, the greater   WINCHIESTER, a thriving post-village, capital of Frankpart of Surrey, and the Channel Islands, including 384  lin county, Tennessee, on a small branch of Elk River, and
parishes, and it is the richest in England after that of Dur- on the Winchester and Alabama Railroad, 2 miles S. of the
ham. At one period, Winchester is said to have had 90  Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and 814 miles S.E. of
churches, chapels, and monastic institutions, many of which  Nashville. A branch of the railroad first named connects
were swept away by the Reformation; at present it has 9  this place with Huntsville in Alabama.  Since the comparish churches, of which those of St. Lawrence, the Mother- mencement of these roads, the population of the village has
church, into which the bishop makes solemn entry on  rapidly increased. The tunnel which has been cut through
taking the see; St. Maurice, rebuilt in 1840; St. Michael's, a  Cumberland Mountain, in Franklin county, for the passage
handsome new edifice; and St. Swithin's, over a postern  of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, is one of the
gate, are most worthy of notice.                           most magnificent works of the kind in the world. It exWinchester College, founded by William of Wykeham in  tends 2200 feet through the solid rock, in which there is
1387, has fine buildings, and its instruction is preparatory  scarcely a break to be found. Winchester has 1 bank, and
to that of New College, Oxford, also founded by Wykeham;  2 flourishing female schools.
Sir T. Browne, Sir H. Wotton, and the poets Collins, Otway,   WINCHESTER, a post-village, capital of Clarke county,
Ilayley, Young, and the two Wartons, were educated at Kentucky, on the Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, now
this school. Near it are the remains ofan ancient episcopal  in progress, 45 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. It has an active
palace. Other principal structures are St. John's House, trade, and contains 3 churches, 2 academies, and 2 hemp
an elegant city cross, barracks for 2000 men, and the  factories.
Assize Hall, on the site of an ancient castle; the Guild-hall,   WINCHESTER, a township of Adams co., Ohio.  Pop.
county jail, county house of correction, county hospital, a  1693.
fine Roman Catholic, and other dissenting chapels, a Bene-   WINCHESTER,  a thriving post-village of Adams co., Ohio,
dictine nunnery, removed hither from Brussels; the market- 80 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. about 500.
house, theatre, and assembly rooms. Of 4 ancient gates,   WINCHESTER, a post-village of Guernsey co., Ohio, about
only'the WV. remains. In an apartment over it, are pre- 35 miles E.N.E. of Zanesville.
served the original Winchester bushel of King Edgar, and    WINCIIESTER, a village of Jackson co., Ohio, 83 miles
other Anglo-Saxon standards of measure. Near it is an  S.S.E. of Columbus.
obelisk to commemorate a destructive visitation of the    WINCHESTER, a thriving village of Preble co., Ohio, on
plague in 1669, and a public cemetery was laid out here in  Twin Creek, about 40 miles N. of Cincinnati.
1840. The hospital of St. Cross, 1 mile S. of the city, but   WINCHESTER, a flourishing post-village, capital of Rannow included within the borough, founded in the reign of  dolph county, Indiana, on White River, and on the railroad
Stephen, has still a kind of monastic body of brethren, and  from Bellefontaine to Indianapolis, 75 miles E.N.E. of the
affords entertainment to the poor and travellers. It has a  latter. It is surrounded by a rich farming district, and it
very remarkable ancient church, and other buildings. Win- is connected by plank-roads with Richmond and Fort Wayne.
chester has many almshouses and other charities; also a  This is a point on the Cincinnati and Fort Wayne Railroad,
mechanics' institution, public library, and savings bank. (unfinished,) and on the projected air-line from Indianapolis
It is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 councillors, to Union. Large flouring-mills and saw-mills have lately
is the seat of the county assizes, and has quarter and petty  been erectedhere.  The village contains several churches,
sessions, a recorder's court, and a cheney court of the bishop. and 1 newspaper office. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.
It sends 2 members to the House of Commons.                 WINCHESTER, a thriving post-village, capital of Scott
Under the name of Caer-Geenst, Winchester was one of the  county, Illinois, on Sandy Creek, 51 miles W. by S. of Springmost important cities of the ancient Britons; it became an  field. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in manufacimportant Roman station, and having been taken by Cerdic  tures, for which the creek affords motive power. Good
in 519, it remained the capital of the kingdom of Wessex, limestone, stonecoal, and potter's clay are found at this
and of England, throughout all the Saxon, Danish, and early  place. It contains a number of flour-mills, saw-mills, tanNorman dynasties. In the time of Henry I., it had reached  neries, and potteries. Pop. estimated at 1000.
its greatest eminence; but in the reign of Ienry VI., it   WINCHESTER, a post-village of Clark co., -Missouri, 10
had materially declined; it was however a principal residence  miles S.W. of Alexandria.
of the English sovereigns down to the accession of George I.   WVINCHESTER, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa,
Henry III. was horn here in 1207; and here also Henry  about 70 miles S. by W. of Iowa City.
VIII. entertained the Emperor Charles V.; and their off-   WINCHESTER, a post-township in the N. part of Winnespring, Mary and Philip, were married at Winchester in 1554. bago co., Wisconsin.
WINICHESTER, a thriving post-village and township of    WINCHESTER, a post-village of Umpqua co., Oregon, on
Cheshire co., New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot River and  the left bank of the Umpqua River, about 135 miles S. by
Railroad, about 55 miles S.W. of Concord.  It contains W. of Salem.
several churches, 1 bank, a number of mills and factories,   WINCHESTER CENTRE. See WINSTED.
chiefly woollen, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. of the town-   WINCHIPIELD, a parish of England co. of Hants.
ship in 1840, 2065; in 1850, 3296.                           WINCK!LEY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
WINCHE ESTER, anew post-village and township of Middle-   WINIDALE, a decayed parish of England, co. of Norfolk,
sex co., Massachusetts, 8 miles W.N.W. of Boston; taken from  2 miles N.W. of Beccles, now annexed to Gillingham.
Woburn, Medford, and West Cambridge, and incorporated    WINDAU, a town of Russia. See VINDAr.
in 1850. It forms a beautiful place of residence to persons   WIND CREEK, a small post-village of Tallapoosa co., Ala.
doing business in Boston. A gaslight company was incor- bama.
porated here in 1852. Pop.'1353. -                          WINDECKEN,'vintd~k'kpn, a town of Germany, HesseWINCHESTER, a post-township of Litchfield county, Con- Cassel, province and 7 miles N.N.W. of Hanau, on the left
necticut, about 30 miles N.W. of Hartford. It contains the  bank of the Nidder. Pop. 1535.
village of Winsted, the northern terminus of the Naugatuck    WIN/DERMERE, a parish of England, co. of WestmoreRailroad. Pop. 2179.                                      land, 81 miles N.W. of Kendal, with which it conmmuniWINCHESTER, a post-office of Wyoming county, Penn. cates by railway. The church, an ancient structure, consylvania.                                                 tains a curious window of stained glass. The islands of
WINCHESTER, a thriving town, capital of Frederick  Windermere Laike are in this parish.
county, Virginia, 150 miles N.N.W. of tichmond, and 71    WINDERMiERE or WINANDERMERE, LAKE, one of
miles W. by N. of Washington. It is pleasantly situated in  the finest of the Englsh lakes, partly between the counties
a beautiful and fertile country which forms part of the  of Westmoreland and Lancaster. but chiefly in the latter
great valley of Virginia. With the exception of Wheeling,  county, is 14 miles in length by 1 mile in width, and disit is the largest town in the state W. of the Blue Ridge, charges its surplus waters southward by the Leven  into
which is about 20 miles distant. It is quite regularly  Morecambe Bay. Shores mostly well wooded, especially on
planned; the houses are built in a compact and substantial its VW. side, where Furuess-fell, a steep height, is clothed with
manner, mostlyof brickr and stone, and are supplied with  a forest of lartch and fir. In its centre is a group of small
excellent water, which is brought in iron pipes fi-om  a  islands, the largest of which comprises 28 acres. Bowness
spring half a mile distant. Winchester contains about 12  is on its E. side, and Ambleside near its N. extremity.
churches, 1 academy, 2 banks, (aggregate capittl, $680,000,) Among the fish taken here is the char, peculiar to the
2121




WIN                                                         WIN
deep lakes in this region, and which, when potted, is a  streets. It is wdll built, and of late years many new and
highly esteemed delicacy.                                  handsome residences have been erected on its W. side.
WIND GAP, a post-village of Northampton co., Pennsyl-  Principal edifices, the Town-hall, standing out conspicuvania, 15 miles N.N.W. of Easton.  Here is an opening  ously in the High Street, and containing numerous portraits
through the Blue Mountain.                                 of royal and distinguished persons; a neat market-place,
WIN/DIiAM, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Ver- infantry barracks, a spacious parish church, with some fine
mont, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is bounded  carved work, monuments, and an altar-piece presented by
on the E. by the Connecticut River, and drained by the  George III.; various dissenting chapels, a neat theatre, and
Deerfield and West Rivers, and other smaller streams,  buildings of schools and charities. It has a public ground,
which afford abundant water-power. The surface is uneven, with an obelisk commemorative of the jubilee of 1820; and
and in the W. part mountainous. The soil along the Con- S. of the town aire handsome cavalry barracks. The Charity
necticut River is fertile, but in the western portions is  School founded by Queen Anne has an annual revenue of
better adapted to grazing than tillage. Large quantities  2501.; one was founded by Queen Charlotte; George III.
of fine-grained granite are found in this county. Along  established a hospital for invalid soldiers; and here are a
the eastern border the Connecticut is navigable for small parish hospital for 12 poor persons, a lying-in charity, royal
boats by means of canals around the different falls and  general dispensary, almshouses, minor chariities, with an
rapids that occur in this portion of the river. The railroad  aggregate annual revenue of about 8001. It has well-supconnecting Hartford and Burlington passes through the  plied markets, some trade in corn, and is famous for its iale;
county. Organized in 1789, under the name of Cumberland.  but the resources of'the inhalbitants are almost solely deCapital, Newfane. Pop. 29,062.                             rived from  the presence of the court, and the influx of
WINDIJVAM, a county forming the N.E. extremity of  visitors.
Connecticut, has an area of about 620 square miles. It is    WINDSOR. OLD, a parish of England, co. of Berks, 1l
drained by the Quinebaug, Shetucket, Willimantic, and  miles E.S.E. of New Windsor, crossed by a Roman road
Natchaug  Rivers, and other smaller streams, which supply  from Silchester. During the Saxon dynasty a palace existed
motive power to numerous mills.  The inhabitants are  here, but the royal residence was removed to the present
largely engaged in manufactures. The surface is uneven  locality by William the Conqueror.
and in some parts rough and rocky. The soil along the    WINDSOR, winfzer, a county in the S-.E. central part of
streams is very fertile, but in other portions of the county  Vermont, has an area of about 1040 square miles. It is
is often of an inferior quality. The county is intersected  bounded on the E. by the Connecticut, and is traversed by
by the railroads connecting Norwich with Worcester, and  the White River and other smaller streams, which furnish
New London with Palmer. Organized in 1726, having been  abundant water-power.  The surface is generally uneven,
formed out of portions of tIartford and New London coun- and in the W. part mountainous. The soil is fertile. In
ties. Capital, Brooklyn. Pop. 31,079.                      1850, the county produced 312,581 bushels of corn; 118,865
WINDHAMN, a post-township of Cumberland co., Maine, tons of hay, and 1,741,228 pounds of butter; the greatest
intersected by the Presumpscot River, which affords water- quantity of each  produced by any county in the state.
power, 48 miles S.W. of Augusta.  Pop. 2380.                Steatite and limestone are found here. The Connecticut
WINDHAM, a post-township of Rockingham  co., New  River is navigable, by means of canals round the falls, along
Hampshire, intersected by the MIanchester and Lawrence  the E. border. The county is intersected by the Rutland
ItRailroad, 38 miles S.S.E. of Concord. Pop. 818.           Railroad, and also by the railroad connecting Concord and
WINDIIAI,  a post-township of Windham  co., Vermont, Montpelier. Organized in 1781. Capital, Woodstock. Pop.
75 miles S. of Montpelier.  Pop. 763.                       38,320.
WINDIAMI, a post-village and township of Windham co.,   WINDSOR, a post-township in Kiennebec co., Maine, 9
Connecticut, on the New London Willimantic and Palmer  miles E. by S. of of Augusta. It contains a town-house, 4
Railroad, about 30 miles E. by S. of Hartford. The village  churches, 3 tanneries, and 1 cloth and wool-dyeing estabcontains 2 churches, 1 bank, and an academy. The inha- lishment. Pop. 1793.
bitants are engaged to some extent in manufactures, corn-   WINDSOR, a township in Hillsborough co., New Hampprising woollen and other goods, carriages, machinery, &c. shire, 23 miles S.W. of Concord. Pop. 172.
Pop. of the township, 4503.                                  WINDSOR, a beautiful post-village and township of WindWINDIHAI,  a township, Greene co., New York. P. 2048. sor co., Vermont, at the union of the Sullivan and the VerWINDIIAM. a post-township of Bradford co.. Pennsylva- mont Central Railroads, 77 miles S.S.E. of Montpelies. The
nia, about 14 miles N.N.E. of Towanda. Pop. 957.           scenery is exceedingly varied and picturesque, the view emWINDIHAM, a township of Wyoming  co., Pennsylvania.  bracing Ascutney Mountain, only 3 miles distant. Windsor
Pop. 549.                                                  is the seat of the Vermont State Prison, besides which it conVINDHAIM, a post-township in the E. part of Portage  tains a bank, 2 newspaper offices, a seminary, and several
Co., Ohio.  Pop. 808.                                       churches. It is in the centre of one of the finest agriculWINDIIAM  CENTRE, a post-village of Greens co., New  tural and wool-growing sections of the state. For the purYork, near Schoharie Creek, about 35 miles S.W. of Albany. pose of securing an available water-power, a dam, 360 feet
WIND HILL, a post-office of Montgomery co., North Ca- in length and 42 in height, was constructed across Millrolina.                                                     brook in 1835, about half a mile from its entrance into tihe
WINDISCH, q'infdish, (anc. Yihsdonistsa,) a village of  Connecticut. The entire fall is 60 feet in one-third. of a mile.
Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 9 miles N.E. of Aarau, near In 1814, Windsor and West Windsor were incorporated as
Brugg, on the Reuss. The ancient city was one of the most two distinct towns, reunited in 1815, and incorporated a
important settlements of the Romans in IHelvetia, and a  second time in 1848. Pop. 1928.
few traces of it still remain.                                WINDSOR, a post-village and township of Berkshire co.,
~1NDISCIIGARSTEN, *infdish-gaRs'ten, a market-town  Mlassachusetts, 110 miles W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 897.
of Upper Austria, 22 miles S.S.W. of Steyer. Pop. 1000.       WINDSOR, a post-township of IIartford co., Connecticut,
WINDISCIIGRATZ, (Windischgrttz,) win/dish-grhts', a  bounded on the E. by the Connecticut River, and intertown of Styria, 21 miles N.W. of Cilly, on the Mislingbach. sccted by the Farmiugton River, 6 miles N. of IIartford.
Pop. 750.                                                   The first English settlement in the statewas made here in
WVIND LAKE, a post-office of Racine co.. Wisconsin.       1633, by Captain William  Holmes and others, who came
WINIDLE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.         from the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. The townWIN/DLESIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.         ship contains three handsome and thriving villages, viz.,
WIND MILL, a post-office of Moniteau co., Miissouri.      Windsor, Windsor Locks, and Poquannock. Almost all the
WVINDMILL POINT, a post-office, Grand Isle co., Vermont. inhabitants of that portion of the township which was first
WVINIDRIDGE, a post-office of Greene co., Pennsylvania.  settled reside in Windsor Village. situated on the right bank
WIND RIYER MOUNTAINS, the name given to a portion  of the Connecticut, and on the New Ihaven Hartford and
of the Rocky Mountains on the E. border of Oregon Terri- Springfield Railroad.  It is built principally on a single
tory, near the sources of Green Rtiver. Fremont's Peak, one  street upwards of 2 miles in length, parallel with the river,
of the highest summits of the Rocky Mountains, is situated  and beautifully shaded. Windsor has been the birth-place
in this range.                                              of several eminent men, among whom  may be mentioned
WINDRUSII, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.        Roger Wolcott, Governor of Connecticut, and Oliver Blls.
WVINDSBACHI, *inds/bhr, a walled town of Bavasria, on  worth, for nearly four years Chief Justice of the Supreme
the Rezat, 19 miles S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1196.          Court of the United States. Pop. in 1840, 2283; in 1850, 3254.
WINDSIIEIM, wvnts/hime. a town of Bavaria, 16 miles   WINDSOR, apost-village and townvuship of Broomeco., New
N.N.W. of Anspach. Pop. 3345. It has manufactures of  York, on the Susquehanna River, about 120 miles W.S.W.
woollen cloth, needles, and of gold and silver articles.   of Albany. The village contains several churches and stores.
WV1NDSOIR, (win/zer,) Nlww, a parliamentary and municipal It has an academy. Pop. of the township, 2645.
borough, town, and parish of England, co. of Berks, on the    WINDSOR, a post-office of Mercer co., New Jersey.
right bank of the Thames, a cros s which it is connected with    WINDSOR., a township of Berks co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
Eton (Bucks) by a three-arched iron bridge, on granite piers, 1105.
2 miles S. of the Slough Station of the Great Western Rail-   WINDSOR or UPPER WINDSOR, a post-township of York
way, and 23 miles S.W. of London. Pop. of parliamentary  co., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles 5.1E. of York. Pop. 1711.
borough in 1851. 9596. The town consists chiefly of a main    WINDSOR, a post-village, capital of Bertie co., North
thoroughfsre, winding closne around lthe W. and S. sides of  Carolina, on the Cashie River, an affluent of the Roanoke,
Windsor Castle; two other principal, and sevay-  smaller  120 miles E. of Raleigh.  The river is navigable for sloops
2122




WIN                                                         WIN
as high as this village. Windsor contains 1 or 2 churches    WIN/FI:Ti-NEW/BURGII, a parish o0 England, co. of
and 5 stores.                                               Dorset.
WINDSOR, a post-village of Walton cs., Georgia, about 80    WING, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                                  WING, a parish of England, co. of Rutland.
WINDSOR, a thriving post-village and township of Ash-   WING, a township of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop. 261.
tabula co., Ohio, 186 miles N.E. of Columbus. The town-   WINIGATE, a chapelry of England, co. and 73 miles E.S.E.
ship is intersected by Grand River. Pop. 1033.              of Durham, on the Rartlepbol branch of the York and BerWINDSOR, a township of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop. 1001. wick Railway.
WINDSOR, a village and township in the S.E. part of    WINIGERWORTH, a partsh of England, co. of Derby.
Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1592.                                  WINGIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
WINiDSOR, a post-township in the E. part of Eaton co.,   WINGFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
Michigan, intersected by Grand River. Pop. 253.               WINOFIELD, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
WINDSOR, a post-village of Randolph co., Indiana, near   WINGFIELD, SourTH, a parish of England, co. of Derby,
White River, 60 miles N.E. by E. of Indianapolis.           2 miles W. of Alfreton, on the North Midland Railway.
WINDSOR, a village of Bureau co., Illinois, 110 miles N.   WINGIHAM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
by E. of Springfield.                                         WIN/GRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
WINDSOR, a post-office of IHenry co., Missouri.             WING'S STATON, a post-office of Dutchess co., New York.
WINDSOR, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa.                WINGIVILLE or MONT/FORT, a post-village and township
WINDSOR, a post-village and township of Dane co., Wis- of Grant co., Wisconsin, 18 miles N.E. of Lancaster. The
cousin, on Token Creek, 10 miles N.E. of Madison.           village contains 1 church, 2 stores, and about 80 dwellings.
WINDSOR, a village of Sierra co., California.  Pop. 210.  Pop. of the township, 1044.
WINDSOR, a village of Canada East, co. of Sherbrooke,   WINIHALL, a post-township in Bennington co., Vermont,
14 miles N. of Sherbrooke.                                  80 miles S. by W. of Montpelier. Pop. 762.
WINDSOR, a post-village of Canada West co. of Essex, 2    WINIKI, ve-neellkee, or WINNIKI, *in-nee/kee, a village
miles N.E. of Sandwich, on the Detroit River.               of Austrian Galicia, 16 miles N.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 2270.
WINDSOR, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of  It has an imperial manufactory of tobacco.
Hants county, on an arm  of Mines Bay, which sets up far   WINKIBOURNE, a parish of England, co of Nottingham.
into the interior of the peninsula, about 30 miles N.W. of    WINREL, viu/kel, a market-town of Nassau, on the
HIalifax.  It is rapidly becoming a place of commercial im- Rhine, 10 miles W. of Mentz, with a castle. Pop. 1600.
portance in consequence of the mines of coal, plaster, lime-    WINK/FIELD, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
stone, and other valuable minerals abounding in its vicinity.   WIN/TLATON. a parish of England, co. of Durham.
It is the seat of the principal college in the province.      WINN, a new parish in the N. central part of Louisiana,
WINDSOI, a town of Canada West, Home district, co. of  contains about 980 square miles. It is bounded on the W.
York, on the N. bank of Lake Ontario, 27 miles N.E. of  and S.W. by Saline Creek and Red River. and intersectet
Toronto.                                                    by the Dugdemona River. Organized in 1853.
WINDISOR, a borough of New South Wales, co. of Cumber-   WININALL, a parish of England, co. of iHants.
land, on the Rawkesbury River, at the confluence of South    WINNAMAC, Indiana.  See( WINABiAC.
Creek, 28 miles N.W. of Sydney. Pop. 1679. The Hawkes-   WINNEBAGO, win'ne-bA/go, a county in the N. part of
bury is navigable from  the sea to 4 miles above Windsor,  Illinois, bordering on Wisconsin, has an area of 500 square
and the town has an active trade by the river, and daily  miles. Rock River flows through the county from N. to S..
communication by coaches with Sydney. It is the capital receiving in its passage the Pekatonica from the W., and tht
of a hundred, pop. 3220; and with the other Cumberland  Kishwaukee from the E. The surface is undulating, and
boroughs, Rtichmond, Campbelltown, and Liverpool, it sends  presents a succession of beautiful prairies and woodlands;
one'member to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.  the prairies are highly productive, and mostly under cultiWINDSOR CASTLE, the principal residence of the sove-  vation. Limestone of good quality is abundant along the
reigns of Great Britain, is situated immediately E. of New  banks of Rtock River. The county is liberally supplied with
Windsor. This magnificent structure was originally built water-power, which is employed in mills and factories.  It
by Williqm  the Conqueror, and has been embellished by  is intersected by the Galena and Chicago Railroad, and by
most of the succeeding sovereigns. The great park of Wind-   a branch of that road leading to Beloit, Wisconsin.  Named
sor comprises about 3800 acres, well stocked with deer. W. fi'om the Winnebago tribe of Indians. Capital, Rockford.
of it is WeINDsoe FOREST, 56 miles in circumference.        Pop. 11,773.
WINDSOR LOCKS.   a post-village of Windsor township,    WINNEBAGO, a new county in the N. part of Iowa, borHartford co., Connecticut, on the right bank of the Connec- dering on Minnesota, has an area of about 430 square miles.
ticut River, where it is crossed by the New IIaven HIartford  It is drained by the head waters of the SIankato and Tewapa
and Springfield Railroad, 13 miles N. by E. of HIartford. A  Tankiyan Rivers, tributaries of St. Peter's River.  This
canal, navigable for boats of 85 tons burthen, has been cut county is not included in the census of 1850.
around the rapids in the Connecticut at this place, at a cost   WINNEBAGO, a county in the N.E. central part of Wisof about $300,000, furnishing an immense hydraulic power  cousin, contains about 430 square miles. Lake Winnebago,
for manufacturing purposes. This village has come into  from which the name is derived, bounds it on the E., and it
existence within the last 10 or 12 years, and contains exten-  is drained by the Neenab and Wolf Rivers, navigable by
sive paper-mills, iron and steel works, machine shops, cotton- steamboats. There are also several smaller lakes' in the
mill, foundry, &c. Pop. in 1853, about 1200.                county. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified by
WINDSORVILLE, a post-village of Hartford co., Con- prairies and tracts of timber; the soil is calcareous and very
necticut.                                                   fertile. The rock found near the surface is limestone. A
WINDWARD ISLANDS. See WEST INDIES.                        canal is in progress from the Neenah  River to the Wisconsin,
WINESBURG, winz/burg, a post-village of Holmes co., which will open steam navigation from  Green Bay to the
Ohio, about 54 miles N.N.E. of Zanesville.                  Mississippi. Several plank-roads pass through the county,
WINEISTEAD, a parish of England, co. of York, East and a railroad is projected from  Oshkosh to MIilwaukee.
Riding.                                                     Organized in 1842. Capital, Oshkosh.  Pop. 10,1067.
WIN/FARTIIING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         WINNEBAGO, a post-village of Bureau co., Illinois, on
WIN/FIELD, a post-village and township of tterkimer co., the Galena and Chicago Union  Railroad,? miles from
New York, 15 miles S. by E. of Utica. It is drained by the  Rockford.
head waters of the Unadilla River, which affords water-    WINNEBAGO, a township in Winnebago co., Wisconsin.
power. It contains 3 chucfches, 5 stores, a banki, an ace- Pop. 1627.
demy, 4 grist-mills, and 8 saw-mills.'The inhabitants are    WINNEBAGO LAKE, Wisconsin, the largest lake in the
largely engaged in making cheese, which is of a superior  state, is comprised within the limits of Winnebago, Calumet,
quality. Pop. 1481.                                         and Fond-du-Lac counties. The line of its greatest length.WINFIELD, a post-office of Union co., Pennsylvania.      runs nearly due N. and S., having an extent of about 28
WINFIELD, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.        miles; greatest breadth 10 or 11 miles; area about 212 square
WINFIELD, a post-village, capital of Putnam  co., Virgi- miles. The depth is unequal, but quite sufficient for purnia, on the Great Kanawha River, 31 miles from its mouth, poses of navigation. On the E. side the shore presents a
and 333 miles WV. by N. of Richmond. It has grown up  remarkable feature for an extent of 15 miles, consisting of a
since 1848.                                                 wall of rocks, laid together as if placed by the hand of art.
WINFIELD, a post-office of Columbia co., Georgia.         This wall generally rises about 5 feet above the surface of
WINFIELD, a post-office of Clarke co., Mississippi.      the water, and in some places extends hundreds of flet
WINFIELD, a post-village, capital of Scott co,, Arkansas, below. The surface of Lake Winnebago is estimated to be
about 120 miles W. of Little Rock.                          160 feet above that of Lake Michigan.  Five steamboats
WINFIELD, a post-office of Tuscar-awas co., Ohio.         were employed in its navigation in 1852. The Neenab or
WINFIELD, a post-township of Lake co., Indiana. Pop. Fox River enters the lake about midway between its extre245.                                                        mities, and flowing from the N. end, discharges its waters
WINFIELD, a post-office of Dupage co., Illinois.         into Green Bay of Lake Michigan.
WINFIELD, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa.                 WINNEBAGO MARSH, Wisconsin, on Rock River, near
WIN/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          its source, situated principally within the limits of Dodge
WINFORD EAGLE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.   county, is about 14 miles long, and above 5 miles wide.  It
WIN/FORTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         is perhaps the largest marsh in the state. The river, in
2123




WIN                                                       WIN
passing through it, is often divided into several channels, numerous manufactories have sprung up, to which the vil
which it is sometimes impossible to trace through the high, lage chiefly owes its importance.
rank grass.                                                  WINOOSKI, a post-office of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin.
WINNEBAGO RAPIDS, a small village of Winnebago co.,   WINOOSKI RIVER, Vermont.  See ONION RIVER.
Wisconsin.                                                   WINSCI-IOTEN, winfsxo'ten, a town of the Netherlands,
WINNEBAJI, win/ne-ba, a town of Africa, Gold Coast. province and 20 miles E.S.E. of Groningen, on the WinschoLat. 50 12s N., ion. 00 36t W. The English fort was abandoned  ten Canal. Pop. 3578. It has a Latin school.
in 1812, but the town has been rebuilt.                      WINS/COMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
WINNECON/NA, a post-village and township of Winne-   WINSEN, fvinfsen, a town of Hanover, 12 miles N.W. of
bago co., Wisconsin, on Fox River, near the mouth of Wolf  Liineburg, on the Lube. Pop. 1988.
River, 14 miles N.W. of Oshkosh, with which it is connected    WINSEN, a village of Hanover, landrostel and 44 miles
by a plank-road. Pop. 1948.                                SS.W. of Liineburg, on the Aller. Pop. 1000.
WIN/NEGANCE, a post-office of Lincoln co., Maine.          WINSIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
WINNENDEN,;intnen-den, a town of Wtirtemberg,   WINS/HAM, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
circle of Neckar, 12 miles N.E. of Stuttgart.  Pop. 3060, who    WINISHIP'S MILL, a post-office of Clinton co., Indiana.
carry on a trade in corn, wool, leather, and timber.         WINSILADE, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
WIN/NERSH, a liberty of England, co. of Berks.             WINSILEY, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby.
WIN/NESHIEK, a new county in the N.N.E. part of    WINSLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of Wilts.
Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area of about 600    WINSILOW, a market-town and parish of England, county
square miles. It is intersected by the Upper Iowa and the  and 6S miles S.E. of Buckingham. Pop. in 1851,1889, partly
North Fork of Turkey River, affluents of the Mississippi. employed in the lace manufacture. The town has an ancient
This county is represented' as well watered and well tim- Gothic church.
bered; the soil is particularly adapted to grazing. Named    WINSfLOW, a post-village and township of Kennebec co.,
from a chief of the Winnebago Indians. Capital, Decorab. Maine, on the E. side of the Kennebec River, 18 miles N.N.E.
WINNESHIEK, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa.    of Augusta. There are 5 saw-mills for cutting lumber, and
WINNICA, a town of Russian Poland. See VINNrITSA.    a number of machines for manufacturing shingles, laths,
WININICUT, a small river of Rockingham co., New Hamp- clapboards, &c.; 1 satinett factory; and 1 for turning wood.
shire, unites its waters with the Piscataqua River.       The village of Winslow has 3 stores and a Congregational
WINNIKI, a village of Austria. See WINIsr.              church. A bridge about 400 feet long, and covered, crosses
WINNINGEN, *in/ning-en, a market-town of Rhenish  the Sebasticook River, connecting different parts of the
Prussia, with mineral springs, 4 miles S.W. of Coblentz, on  township. Half a mile N. of this bridge, another bridge,
the Moselle. Pop. 1550.                                   900 feet long, crosses the Kennebec River, and connects
WINNIPAUK, a post-office of Fairfield co., Connecticut.   Winslow with Waterville.  The Somerset and Kennebec
WIN/NIPEG. a lake of British North America, is between'Railroad, in course of construction, will cross the abovelat. 50~ and 546 N.. and Ion. 960 and 990 W. Length 240  named rivers near the present bridges; the piers for which
miles, bieadth 55 miles; shape very irregular. The shores are  (April, 1854) are nearly completed. Extensive water-power
low, and its waters are muddy. On its S. side it receives the  is afforded by the Kennebec and Sebasticook Rivers. P. 1796.
Winnipeg, the Assiniboin.  and Red River; and from the    WINSLOW, a post-village of Camden co., New Jersey, on
W. it is joined by the Saskatchewan, besides which it re- a branch of Great Egg Harbor River, and on the Camden
ceives the surplus waters of Winnipegoos and Manitoba  and Atlantic Railroad, 46 miles S. by E. of Trenton, contains
Lakes from the W. It discharges its own surplus water a church, 3 glass factories, and 50 or 60 dwellings.
northward by the Nelson River, through several small lakes,   WINSLOW, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania.
into Iudson Bay. On its shores are several stations of the    WINSLOW, a post-village of Pike co., Indiana, 146 miles
Hudson Bay Company-The river Winnipeg, a noble but S.W. by S. of Indianapolis.
dangerous stream, has a N.W. course of 250 miles through    WINSLOW, a post-village and township of Stephenson
the Lake of the Woods, &c.                                co., Illinois, 135 miles W.N.W. of Chicago; Pop. 384.
WININIPEGOO0  S or WINNIPIGOOSE, a lake of British  - WINSOR AND BROWN'S MILL, a manufacturing village
North America, about 50 miles W. of Lake Winnipeg, is of West Gloucester township, Providence co., Rhode Island,
125 miles in length from N. to S., average breadth 25 miles. about 20 miles W. by N. of Providence.
WINNIPISEOGEE, pronounced and sometimes spelled    WIN/SPEAR, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
WIN'NIPESOCK/IEE, (written also WINNEPESOCKET,) a    WIN/STANLEY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
large and beautiful lake of New Hampshire, lying between    WIN/STED, the largest and most prosperous post-village
Carroll and Belknap counties. Its form is very irregular. of Litchfield co., Connecticut, is situated at the northern
The entire length is perhaps 23 miles; greatest breadth near terminus of the Naugatuck Railroad, 62 miles N. by E. of
10 miles. Its waters are remarkably pure, and very deep. Bridgeport. A lake, covering a surface of 1500 acres, has
It is said to be fed principally by springs at its bottom. It its outlet at the W. end of the village, through which the
contains a multitude of islands, which, with the romantic  stream pursues a winding' course for 2 miles, having a fall
beauty of its banks and the magnificence of the surround- in this distance of more than 200 feet. affording a succession
ing mountains, render the scenery of this lake in the high- of never-failing water-power. The village contains 2 forges
est degree beautiful and picturesque.  Lake Winnipiseogee  for making iron, an iron foundry, 3 extensive scythe facto-?.s 472 feet above the level of the sea. Its waters flow through  ries, 2 machine shops, 3 tanneries, a pin factory, cutlery
two small lakes into the Winnipiseogee River, which joins  establishment, flouring-mill, clock factory, and manufactothe Merrimack.                                             ries of fire-irons, joiners' tools, nuts, &c. It has also a
WINNIPISEOGEE RIVER, in the central part of New  bank, with a capital of over $100,000, 4 churches, and 10
HIampshire, foims the outlet of the lake of the same name, stores. Among the other edifices of the place may be menand running through Great Bay, in Belknap county, it tioned the "Beardsley Hotel" and "Camp's Building" as
unites with the Pemigewasset to form the Merrimack, after  worthy of notice for their size and elegance. There are two
constituting part of the boundary between Merrimack and  post-offices in the village, named" WzNcRESTEr" and "WrsT
Belknap counties. It affords some excellent mill-seats, hay- WINSTED."
ing a fall of about 232 feet from the lake to its junction    WIN/STER, a market-town and chapelry of England, co.
with the Pemigewasset River.                               of Derby, 4Q miles W. of Matlock. Pop. in 1851, 928.
WINNITZA, a town of Russia. See VINNITSA.                  WINISTER, a chapelry of England, co. of Westmoreland.
WINNStBOROUGII, a post-village, capital of Fairfield dis-   WIN/STON, a parish of England, co. of Durham.
trict, South Carolina, on the Charlotte and'South Carolina    WINSTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Railroad, 38 miles N. of Columbia. It is situated in a fertile    WINSTON, a parish of England, co., of Suffolk.
farming district. The railroad, which has lately been com-   WINSTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.
pleted, connects it with Columbia and with Catawba Ritver.   WIN/STON, a county in the E. central part of Mississippi,
The village has several churches and academies, 1 bank, and  has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by
is the seat of the Furman Theological Seminary, under the  the head streams of Pearl River. The surface is undulating
direction of the Baptists. Two periodicals are published  or nearly level; the soil is productive. Named in honor of
here.                                                      Colonel Fountain Winston. Capital, Louisville. Pop. 7956;
WINNSBOROUGIH, a post-village, capital of Franklin pa- of whom 5188 were free, and 2768 slaves.
rish, Louisiana, 200 miles N.W. of Baton Rouge.             WINSTON, a post-office of Alleghany co., Maryland.
WINNWEILER, Vvinnfdl~er, a town of Rhenish Bavaria,   WINSTON, a thriving post-village, capital of Forsyth co.,
10 miles N.E. of Kaiserslantern.  Pop. 1284.              North Carolina, 120 miles W. by N. of Raleigh, is separated
WINOINA, a post-office of Trimble co., Kentucky.        from Salem by a single street. It was laid out in 1850, when
WINONA, a post-office of Wabasha Co., Minnesota Ter- the county was organized.
ritory.                                                     WINSTON, a post-office of Randolph co., Alabama.
WINOOS/KI, a post-village of Chittenden co., Vermont,   WINSTON, a post-office of Weakley co., Tennessee.
on both sides of the Winooski River, 1 miles N.E. of Bur-   WINSTON, a post-office of Dent co., Missouri.
lington. The Winooski divides the townships Wi Burling-    WINISTONVILLE, a village of Winston co., Mississippi,
ton and Colchester, making the village of Winooski partly  16 miles S.E. of Louisville.
In each. The stream, which is crossed at this place by a    WINTERBERG, Winlter-bino', a town of Bohemia, circlt
substantial covered bridge, has a fall of about 20 feet. In  of Prachin, 27 miles S.Y. of Pisek. Pop. 1600, employed in
consequence of the extensive hydraulic power thus afforded, glass and paper factories.
2124




WIN                                                         WIS
WINTERBERG, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 25 miles    WINWICK, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster.
S.E. of Arnsberg, on the Orke. Pop. 1300.                     WINWICK, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
WIN/TEItBOURN, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.    WIN/tYAW  BAY, of South Carolina, is an estuary formed
WINTERBOURN ABIBAS, a parish of England, co. of  by the confluence of the Pedee, Black, and Waccamaw
Dorset.                                                     Rivers, (which unite a little above Georgetown,) and comWINTERBOURN BAStSET, a parish of England, co. of  municating with the Atlantic ahont lat. 330 10' N. Length'
WIlts.                                                      14 miles; mean breadth 2 miles. Large vessels can ascend
WINTERBOURN CAME, a parish, England, co. of Dorset. to Georgetown. 
WINTERlBOURN CLEN/STONE, a parish of England, co.   WINZELN, vinttseln, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of
of Dorset.                                                  Schwarzwald, bailiwick of Oberndorf. Pop. 1149.
WINTERBOURN DANT/SEY, a parish of England, co. of    WINZIG, Wvint/siG, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, 30
Wilts.                                                      miles N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2000.
WINTERBOURN EARLS, a parish, England, co. of Wilts.   WIOITA, a post-village of Lafayette co., Wisconsin, on 
WINTEFRBOURN GUNINER, a parish of England, co. of  Pekatonica River, and 37 miles E.N.E. of Galena. It has 4
Wilts.                                                      stores, and about 200 inhabitants.
WINTERBOURN KINGSITON, a parish of England, co.   WIPBACH, a town of Austria. See WIPPAcH.
of Dorset.                                                    WIPFELD, 9ipfl81t, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of
WINTERBOURN MONK/TON, a parish of England, co. Lower Franconia, on the left bank Of the Main, 15 miles
of Dorset.                                                  N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 742.
WINTERBOURN STEE/PLETON, a' parish of England,   WIPPACIH, *ip/pax, or WIPBACH, a market-town of
co. of Dorset.                                              Illyria, Carniola, with a castle, government and 30 miles
WINTERBOURN ST. MARlTIN, a parish of England, co. S.W. of Laybach. Pop. 1040.
of Dorset, 3 miles W.S.W. of Dorchester. Marden Castle,   WIPPER, *ip/pgr, or WUPPER, (Wiipper,) fviip/pgr, a
once an important Roman post, is in this parish.            river of Prussian Saxony and Schwarzenburg, after a S.E.
WINTERBOURN STOKE, a parish, England, co. of Wilts.  course of 50 miles, joins the Unstrut, 7 miles S.W. of Artern.
WINTERBOURN STRICK/LAND, a parish of England,   WIPPER, a river of Prussian Saxony and Anhalt-Bernco.of.Dorset.                                               burg, after a N.E. course of 40 miles, joins the Saale near
WINTERBOURN WHIT/ICHURCH, a parish of England, Bernburg.
co. of Dorset.                                                WIPPER, a river of Prussian Westphalia, after a course
WINTERBOURN ZEL/STONE, a parish of England, co. of 50 miles joins the Rhine on the E. bank, 8 miles N. of
of Dorset.                                                  Cologne.
WINPTERBURROUGH, a post-office of Talladega co., Ala-    WIPPERFURTH, ~iplpe-fpr4atR,  a walled town of Rhenish
bana..                          Prussia, 23 miles N.E. of Cologne, on the last-named Wipper.
WIN/TERHA.I, a post-office of Amelia co., Virginia.       Pop. 1875.
WIN/TER IHAR/BOR, a post-office of Hancock co., Maine.   WIPPRA, *vip/prA, a village of Prussian Saxony, on the
WINTER-HARBOR, British North America, is on the  Wipper, 23 miles S.S.E. of HIalberstadt. Pop. 1000.
S.E. coast of MlIelville Island, Arctic Ocean. Lat. 740 47' 2"    WIRBALLEN, a town of Poland. See WirRZBOLOW.
N., Ion. 1100 48' 2" W. Here Sir Edward Parry wintered in    WIREITOWN, a post-village of Ocean co., New Jersey, 51
1819-20.                                                    miles S.E. of Trenton.
WINITERINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.    WIIRINGTON, a hamlet of England, co. of Northampton,
WIN/TERPOCK, a post-office of Chesterfield co., Virginia. 3- miles N.N.W. of Peterborough. Pop. 629.
WIN/TERROWD, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana.          WIRKS/WORTII, a market-town and parish of England,
WIN/TERSEAT, a village of Abbeville district, South Ca- co. and 12 miles N.N.W. of Derby, on the Iigh Peak 1ailrolina.                                                     way and Cromford Canal. Pop. of the town in 1851, 2632.
WIN TERSET, a post-village, capital of Madison co., Iowa. The town consists principally of two streets at right angles.
on the road leading from Fort Des Moines to Council Bluffs;  The church is a spacious edifice, and here are places of wor150 miles W. by S. of Iowa City.                            ship for Wesleyans, Independents, and Baptists; a grammat
WIN/_ERSLOW, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.           school, having two scholarships and two fellowships in St
WIN/TERSVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ohio, John's College, Cambridge.'The lead-mines in the vicinity
140 miles E. by N. of Columbus.                             furnish employment to many of the inhabitants. ManufacWINTERSVILLE, a post-office of Decatur co., Indiana.    tures of cotton goods, hats, hosiery, and wool combing are
WINTERSWYK, win/ters-wik%, a village of the Nether- carried on. WirksWorth forms a part of the duchy of Lanlands, province of Gelderland, 35 miles B. of Arnhem, on  caster. The manor formerly belonged to Sir R. Arkwright.
the Prussian frontier. Pop., with vicinity, 5600, partly linen    WIRLE, a market-town of Austria. See VYRLE.
weavers.                                                      WIRS/WALL, a township of England, co. of Chester.
WINTERTHUR, %in/ter-toos7, a town of Switzerland,   WIRT, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, has an
canton and 12 miles N.E. of Zurich.  Pop. 4600.  It has  area estimated at 200 square miles. It is intersected by
manufactures of cotton yarn and fabrics, a college, public  the Little Kanawha River, and also drained by Hughcs'
library, and museums.                                       River and Reedy and Spring Creeks. The surface is hilly
WINTERTHUR, OBER, o/ber ~inlter-tooaP, (anc. Vitodci- and well timbered; the soil mostly fertile.  The North-'eum?) a village of Switzerland, 1 mile N.E. of the above  Western Virginia Railroad, when finished, will connect the
town, with 2000 inhabitants, and some Roman antiquities.   county with the Ohio Rtiver.  Formed a few years ago, and
WIN/TERTON. a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          named in honor of William Wirt, formerly attorney-general
WINTERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the  of the United States. Capital, Wirt Court House, or Elizacoast, 5~ miles N.N.W. of Caistor. The church steeple serves  bethtown. Pop. 3353, of whom 3321 were firee, and 32 slaves.
as a landmark. On Winterton-Ness is a lighthouse, 52 feet    WIRT, a post-township of Alleghany co., New York, about
In height, with a fixed light, lat. 520 43' N., ion. 10 41' E.    82 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. Pop. 1544.
WIN/THORPE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.            WIRT COURT-HOUSE or ELIZABETHTOWN, a post-vilWINTHORPE, a parish of England, co. of Notts.             lage, capital of Wirt co., Virginia, on the Little Kanawha
WINTIITROP, a post-township of Kennebec county. Maine, River, about 300 miles N.W. of Richmond.
intersected by the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad,   WIRTEMBERG, Germany.  See WoURTEMBERG.
about 12 miles WV. by N. of Augusta. The principal village    WIRTEMBERG, a small village of Perry co.. Missouri
is situated at the S. end of a large pond, the outlet of which    WISA. See VIzA.
affords water-power, and on the railroad, 53 miles N. by E.   WISBADEN, Germany. See WIESBADEN.
of Portland. It is a place of active business, and contains    WISBEACH, wis/beech, written also WISBECIHI, a muma bank. Pop. in 1840, 1915; in 1850, 2154.                  cipal borough, river-port, and town of England, co. of CamWINTHROP, a post-office of Middlesex co., Connecticut.   bridge, on the border of Norfolk, in the isle of Ely, on the
WINTHROP, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois.            Nen, here crossed by a one-arched bridge, 72 feet in span,
WINTHROP, a post-township of Suffolk co., Massachu-  11 miles from its mouth in the Wash, and at the junction
setts, taken from Chelsea in 1852.                          of the Eastern Counties and East Anglian Railway, 9 miles
WIN/TON, a contracted name of WsINccESTER.               N.N.E. of March. Pop. in 1851, 10,594. The town is well
WINTON, a post-village, capital of Hertford county, North  built. The principal edifices are St. Peter's Church, with
Carolina, on the right bank of the Chowan River, 115 miles  two naves and two aisles, and a fine tower; a chapel of ease,
N.E. of Raleigh. It contains a court-house, 2 stores, and 1  and many dissenting chapels, the Town-hall, Custom-hiouse,
steam saw-mill. The river is navigable for sloops, in which  Corn Exchange, assembly rooms, theatre, and spacious baths.
staves and tar are exported.                                The grammar school has 4 by-fellowships' in Peterhouse
WINTON, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio.                College, and 6 scholarships in Magdalen College, Cambridge.
WIN/TRINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East It has ropewalks, iron works, large malt-houses, an exRiding.                                                     tensive brewery, and several yards for building and repairWINTZENIIEIM, fvinfsen-hbme', (Fr. pron. vYNt'sN n'm/,)  ing small vessels. The chief exports are corn, timber, wool,
a market-town of France, department of Haut.-Rhin, 3 miles  and seeds.  The imports are Wine, deals, and coals. The
W. of Colmar. Pop. in 1852, 4014, employed in manufac- registered shipping in 1847, was 39,462 tons.
tures of printed cotton goods and coarse woollen cloths.      WIS/BOROUGH-GREEN, a parish of England, co. Sussex.
WINTWICK, a parish of England, counties of Northamp-   WISBY, wiz/bee or Wis/bii, a seaport town of Sweden,
ton and Huntingdon.                                         capital of the island of Gottland, on its W. coast, 115 miles
2125




WIS                                                          WIS
S.S.E. of Stockholm; lat.'70 39P N., ion. 180 26' E. It is the Mississippi, as far back as the falls of its tributaries, sand.
enclosed by walls, is the see of a bishop, and has a new  stone, between layers of limestone, is the prevailing rock, and
cathedral, a gymnasium, harbor, tanneries, tobacco factories, forms the cliffs on the Mississippi, below St. Anthony's Falls,
and a thriving trade. The island of Gottland forms the  for 35 miles. The rivers in this region are much obstructed
lIvn of Wisby.                                              by shifting beds of this sand. From  Lake Michigan westWISCASISETT, a post-town, port of entry, and one of the  ward to the other sections named, is a limestone region, in
capitals of Lincoln cs.. Maine, on the right bank of Sheeps- many parts well timbered, while in others a considerable
cott River. about 20 miles from the ocean, and 50 miles E.N.E. portion is prairie. Underlying the blue limestone is a brown
of Portland.  The inhabitants are engaged in commerce, sandstone, which crops out on the sides of the hills, but no
ship-building, and farming. About 40 vessels are owned; lead has ever been found in it. A section through Blue
4 or 5 of which are ships engaged in the freighting business, Mound would give the following result, descending verand the remainder in coasting. The river and harbor are  tically: —IIornstone, 410 feet; magnesian lime, or lead-bear-?among the best in the state, being accessible at all seasons ing rock, 109 feet; saccharoid sandstone, 40 feet; sandstone,
of the year. Four or five ships and several smaller vessels 3 feet; lower limestone, (at the level of the Wisconsin,) 190
were built here in 1853. The village contains, besides the  feet.  The elevations of different parts of the southern
county buildings, 3 churches, a bank, a high school, about section of the state are given by Chancellor Lathrop, at Blue
24 stores, and a steam saw-mill, at which lumber and segar  Mounds, 1170; head waters of the Rock River, 316; egress
boxes are manufactured.  The river is here crossed by a  of the same river from  the state, 128, and the portage
bridge about a mile in length. The shipping of the district, between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, at 2'23 feet above
June 30, 1854, amounted to an aggregate of 6064 tons  the level of Lake Michigan and the Wisconsin River.
registered, and 13,628 tons enrolled and licensed-total,    Following the map accompanying the geological work
19,692 tons.  Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 6441  of Professor Owen, on the states of Iowa and Wisconsin,
tons were employed in the coast trade, 6111 tons in the  and the territory of Minnesota, we should say that about
cod fishery, and 342 tons in the mackerel fisheries.  During  half the northern part of the state of Wisconsin, resting
the year, 5 ship, 3 brigs, and 2 schooners, with an aggregate  on Lake Superior, and having its apex near the 41th degree
burthen of 4745 tons, were admeasured. Pop. of the town- of N. latitude, and about the middle of the state, (taken
ship, 2343.                                                 in an E. and W. direction,) is covered by drift, overlying the
WISCIIAU, Yishf~w, or WISKOW, vistkov, a town of  Potsdam  sandstone of New York, and metamorphic strata,
Moravia, 19 miles E.N.E. of Brtinn, on the Hauna. P. 3264. with occasional protrusions of granite and other igneous
WISCHERA, a river of Russia.  See YIseERA.                rocks. Beyond this triangle, on the S.E. and S.W., the
WISOI[NEI WOLOTSCROK. See VISHINE VOLOTCHOIK.    sandstone comes to the surface in a broad belt, having
VVISCIINITZA, *ish-nit'sA, or WISNITZ. wistnits, a mar- between it and the Mississippi, (from the St. Croix to the
ket-toswn of Austrian Poland, Bukowina, 38 miles W.S.W.  Wisconsin River,) a second belt of lower magnesian limeof Tchernovitz, on the Czeem-mosz, opposite Kuty. P. 2650. stone, with the sandstone occasionally laid bare in the
WISCONISIN or WISKON/SIN, originally OUISCONSIN, valleys of the streams. This same formation is continued on
(Neekoosspara of the Indians,) an important river of Wis- the S., (following the Wisconsin River on both sides,) and
cousin, rising in a small lake called Vieux Desert, near on the E. coasting the sandstone belt to its full extent. The
the N. boundary of the state; it flows nearly southward  limestone is followed in turn by another zone of white sandto the Winnebago  Portage, in Columbia county. Below  stone, containing beds of shells. Next succeeds the leadthis point, which is 114 miles by land from its mouth, the  bearing group of upper magnesian limestone, extending into
river pursues a south-westerly course until it enters the  Illinois and Iowa on the S. and W., and on the E. running
Mississippi, 4 miles below  Prairie du  Chien.  The whole  up into the peninsula formed by Green Bay and Lake
length is estimated at 600 miles. It is 600 yards wide at Michigan, having a triangle of the Niagara limestone between
its mouth, and 400 yards at the portage. Shifting sandbars it and Lake Michigan on the S.E. On the shores of Lake
render the navigation rather difficult, but small steamers Superior are two beds of red clay and marl, separated by
ascend as high as to Portage City, (about 200 miles by the  ridges of drift f-om 300 to 600 feet high. East of this, and
course of the river,) and a canal is in course of construction  just where the northern boundary leaves the lake, parallel
from- that place to the Neenab or Fox River, which will groups of conglomerate red sandstone and slates, trap, and
open uninterrupted navigation from the Mississippi to Lake  metamorphic slates, with beds of magnetic iron ore, granite,
Maichigan, via Green Bay. The Neenah River approaches and quartzose rocks come to the surface.
within a mile and a half of the Wisconsin, at Winnebago         iisinerals.-Part of the great lead re-ion extending from
Portage. The Wisconsin is the largest river that intersects Illinois and Iowa is included in the S.W. part of Wisconsin
the state. In the upper part of its course it is bordered by  and occupies an area of nearly 2880 square miles, about
extensive forests of pine timber, of which large quantities  three-fourths of which is in the last-named state. This porare sent to market. The Little Wisconsin enters the main  tion is no less rich in the quantity and quality of its ore
stream from the right, near the centre of Marathon county. than in the other states where it lies. The lead is here inWISCONSIN or WISKONSIN, one of the recently settled  termingled with copper and zinc, the latter in large quantistates of the North American Confederacy, is bounded on the  ties, together with some silver. In Lapointe, Chippewa, St.
N. by Minnesota, Lake Superior, and the northern peninsula  Croix, and Iowa counties, copper is also found; in Dodge
of Michigan, (from which it is separated in part by the Meno- county, " at the so called Iron Rtidge, is the most promising
monee and Montreal Itivers,) on the E. by Lake Michigan, S. locality of iron ore in the state yet discovered;" but on the
by Illinois, and W. by Iowa and MIinnesota Territory, from  Black River and other branches of the Mississippi, good iron
the former of which it is separated by the Mississippi, and  ore occurs. The iron ores of the Lake Superior region exfrom the latter (in part) by the St. Croix River. It lies be- tend from Michigan into this state, in abundant deposits of
tween 420 30' and 460 55, N. l:t., (if we exclude some small the richest quality. The other metallic substances are
islands belonging to the state in Lake Superior,) and between  magnetic iron, iron pyrites, and graphite or plumbago. The
870 and 9'2~ 50, W. ion., being about 285 miles in extreme  non-metallic earths are agate, cornelians, (found on the
length from N. to S., and about 255 in its greatest breadth  shores of the small lakes,) bitumen, peat, (which being in a
from  E. to W., including an area of about 53,924 square  region poorly supplied with fuel, may hereafter become
miles, or 34,511,360 acres, of which 1,045,499 were improved  valuable as a substitute for coal;) marble of fine quality,
in 1850.                                                   lime, quartz, some gypsum, saltpetre, suiphates of barytes,
Face of the Country.-Wisconsin may be described gene-  porphyry, and coal in small quantities.  A vein of copper
rally as an elevated rolling prairie, fiom 600 to 1200 feet ore was discovered in 1848, near the Kickapoo  River, which
above the level of the sea.  The highest portion of this  yields about 20 per cent. of copper, but to what extent the
plateau is on the N., and forms the dividing ridge between  bed runs has not been ascertained. Mines were also worked
the waters flowing S.W. into the Mississippi, and those flow- at the falls of Black River, and in its vicinity, but they
ing N. into Lake Superior. The southern slope is again  have been abandoned. Facts do not justify any expectation
interrupted about the middle of the state by another ridge, of great deposits of copper in the N.W. part of the state. A
givingorigin to a second slope, drained by Rock Itiver and  great bed of magnetic iron ore lies S. of Lake Superior, near
its branches.  This state has no mountains, properly so  Tyler's Fork of tihe Bad River, in strata of metamnorphic
called. The descent towavrds Lake Superior is very abrupt, slate. In 1850, 569,921 pigs of lead were shipped from Duand the rivers full of rapids and falls, which interrupt buque and Mineral Point, but 778,460 in 1815. Beautiful
navigation, but afford valuable mill-sites. There is a third  varieties of marble have been recently discovered or made
ridge or elevation in the S.E., dividing the watercourses of  known to the public in the N. part of Wisconsin.  AccordLake MIichigan.fromn those of Green Bay. Just below the  ing to Messrs. Foster and Whitney's report, they are found
second ridge, a depression crosses the statte, forming the bed  on the Michigamig and Menomonee Rivers, and afford beau-.)f the Neenah or Fox Itiver and the Lower Wisconsin. tiful marbles, whose prevailing color is light pink, traversed
Whena the rivers are unusually full, these actually com- by veins or seams of deep red. Others are blue and dovemunicate, though running in opposite directions, the one colored, beautifully veined. These are susceptible of a fine
to the Mississippi, ammdl the other to Lake iichigan.       polish, and some on the Menomonee are within navigabsle
Geology.-Limnestone underlies most of the southern part distance from New York.,f the state-the cliff limestone in tihe mineral districts, and    Lakes and Rivers.-Besides the great Lakes Superior and
the blue elsewhere. The northern part seems to be composed  Michigan, which lave its northern and eastern shores, Wisof primitive rocks for the most part of granite, slate, and  consiu has a number of small lakes. The principal of these
sandstone. Commencinga little S. of theWisconsin, andalong  is Lake Winnebago, S.E. of the middle of the state. It is
2126




WIS                                                         WIS
about 28 miles long and 10 miles wide, and communicates in about 450 N. latitude, and are a series of small cascades
with Green Bay, (a N.W. arm of Lake Michigan,) through  or rapids, breaking through a ridge of 150 feet perpendicuthe Fox or Neenah River. These small lakes are most lar height, for the distance of one mile and a half. In this
abundant in the N.W., and are generally characterized by  vicinity are a number of chalybeate springs. On the same
clear water ant  gravelly bottoms, often with bold picturesque  river, near the 44th parallel of N. latitude, is Petenwell Peak,
shores, crowned with hemlock, spruce, and other trees. an oval mass of rock, 90rfeet long by 300 wide, and 200 in
They afford excellent fish. In the shallow waters on the  elevation above the neighboring country, of which it commargins of some of them  grows wild rice, an important mends an extensive view. About 70 feet of this, at the top,
article of food with the savages of this region. The rivers is composed of perpendicular rock, split into towers, turrets,
which traverse the interior flow generally in a S.W. direc- &c. A few miles below this is Fortification flock, which rises
tion, and discharge their waters into the Mississippi. The  to the height of 100 feet or more above the general level,
latter river runs along the S.W. border of Wisconsin for being perpendicular on one side, while on the other it demore than 200 miles. Commencing at the S., we have, in  scendseby a succession of terraces to the common level. At
the following order, Wisconsin, Bad Axe, Black, and Chip- the Dalles the Wisconsin is compressed for 5 or 6 miles bepewa Rivers. Of these the most important isthe Wiscdn-  tween red sandstone hills, from 25 feet to 120 feet high, and
sin, which has a course of probably 200 miles. almost directly  an average of 100 feet asunder.  Between the Dalles and
S., when it flows nearly W. for about 100 more. It is navi- the mouth of the river, the bluffs are of every variety of
gable for steamboats 180 miles. The Chippewa is about 200, height under 400 feet.
and the Black 150 miles long. The Rock, Des Plaines, and    Climate. —The climate, though severe, and the winters
Fox River (of Illinois) drain the S.E. slope of the state, and  long, is more regular and more free from those frequent
pass off into Illinois. The Fok or Neenab is the outlet of  and unhealthy changes that prevail farther south. The
Winnebago Lake, and connects it with Green Bay. The  lakes, too, exert a mitigating influence, the temperature
Wolf, from the N., is the main feeder of the same lake. The  being 6-0 degrees higher on the lake than on the MissisMenomonee, emptying into Green Bay, and the Montreal sippi side. The lake shore is also more moist, but the state
into Lake Superior, are rapid streams, which are valuable  generally is drier than in the same parallels farther east.
for mill-sites. They form part of the N.E. boundary. The  From records kept between 1835 and 1845, it appears the
Menomonee has a descent of 1049 feet. The St. Louis, (con- Milwaukee River was closed on an average from November
sidered as the primary source of the St. Lawrence,) coasts  22 to March 20; and steamboats arrived at Mineral Point
this state for 20 or 30 miles on the N.W., and is full of rapids from February 26 to April 16, closing from November 16 to
and falls in this part of its course. These rivers are not December 4. The diseases consequent upon clearing lands
generally favorable to navigation without artificial aid. are less frequent, it is said, in this than other new states,
The Wisconsin may be ascended by steamboats to the rapids, owing to the open nature of the country in the oakt openwhere it approaches a tributary of Lakle Winnebago, within  lugs. The number of deaths in 1850 were less than 10 in
a mile and a half, where a canal is being constructed, which, every thousand persons-while Massachusetts had about 20.
when completed, will open an entire inland navigation from    Soil and Prodluctions.-The country south of the middle
New York to the Upper Mississippi. The Rock River is is a fine agricultural region, particularly that back of Kesometimes at high water ascended by boats to within the  nosha. In the mineral district, W. of the Pekatonica, the
limits of Wisconsin. The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and  country is broken, but, what is unusual in mining tracts,
St. Croix are important channels for floating timber to mar- generally well adapted to farming, and especially grazing.
ket from the pine regions in the N.W. of the state. The  But probably the best agricultural section is that E. of the
rivers flowing into Lake Superior are small, and though  Pekatonica, which has more prairie land, though even here
unfavorable for commerce, their rapid courses make them  is a considerable portion of timbered laud on the rivers and
valuable for mill-sites.  Colonel Long estimates that the  streams. The agricultural capabilities of the northern part
Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rocek Rivers are respect- of the state, around the head waters of the Black and Chipively capable of a steamboat navigation of 70, 60, 180, and  pewa Rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into
250 miles, but at present they are a good deal obstructed by  Lake Superior, are small, the surface in part being covered
shifting sands and rapids.                                  with drift and boulders, and partly with ponds and marshes.
Objects qf lnterest to Tourists.-Wisconsin, though young  The agricultural staples of this state are wheat, Indian corn,
in political existence, is not behind her sister states in oh- oats, Irish potatoes, butter, and live stock, besides consider.
jects of interest, not merely for the utilitarian, but for the  able quantities of rye, wool, beans, peas, barley, buckwheat,
lover of the picturesque, and even the antiquary. Scattered  maple sugar, beeswax, honey, cheese, and hay, with some
over her undulating plains are found earth-works, modelled  sweet potatoes, tobacco, fruits, wine, grass-seeds, hops, flax,
after the forms of men and animals, that are evidently the  and hemp. There were, in 1850, 20,177 farms in Wisconsin,
work of a race different from those who possessed the coun- containing 1,045,499 acres of improved land, producing
try at the period of the arrival of the Europeans. At Azta- 4,286,131 bushels of wheat; 81,253 of rye; 3,414,672 of oats;
lan, in Jefferson county, is an ancient fortification, 550 yards  1,988,979 of Indian corn; 1,402,077 of Irish potatoes; 209,692
long, 275 wide, with walls 4 or 5 feet high, and more than  of barley; 79,878 of buckwheat; 20,657 peas and beans;
20 feet thick at the base. Another work, resembling a man  3,633,750 pounds of butter; 400,283 of cheese; 610,976 of
in a recumbent position, 120 feet long and 30 across the  maple sugar; 253,963 of wool; 68,393 of flax; 131,005 of
trunk, is to be seen near the Blue Mounds; and one resem- beeswax and honey; 272,622 tons of hay. Live stock, valued
bling a turtle, 56 feet in length, at Prairieville. These arti- at $4,897,385; slaughtered animals, at $920,178; orchard
ficial works are generally without order, but sometimes  products, at 84823, and products of market gardens, at
have a systematic arrangement, with fragments of pottery  $32,142.
often scattered around. Some are so defaced as to make it    Forest Trees.-There are vast forests of pine on the Upper
difficult to trace the animal resemblances referred to, while  Wisconsin, the Wolf River, and the tributaries of the Misothers are distinctly visible. One is said to have been dis-  issipi, N. of the Wisconsin. The other forest trees are
covered near Cassville, resembling the extinct mastodon. spruce, tamarac, cedar, oak of different species, birch, aspen,
Among the most striking natural objects are the Blue  basswood, hickory, elm, ash, hemlock, poplar, sycamore, and
Mounds, in Dane county, the highest of which has an ele- sugar-maple; but forests such as are seen in Pennsylvania
vation of 1170 feet above the Wisconsin, and is a prominent  and New York occur only in a small portion of the Rock
landmark in this country of prairies. Platte and other  River Valley, and in a narrow border on Lake Michigan.
mounds, in the S.W. of the state, have various elevations The oak openings already described form a pleasing feature
of from 60 to more than 100 feet. This state shares with  in the landscapes of Wisconsin.
Minnesota the beautiful Lakle Pepin, an expansion of the   Asnimals.-The wild animals are blaclk bears, prairie wolves,
Miississippi, mostly walled in by precipitous shores, which  gray wolves, foxes, woodchulcks,   and the gopher, which is
rise from 300 to 500 feet nearly perpendicular. These heights  found only on the W. side, near the Mississippi hiver. The
are merely given as examples, not as the only ones there  last-named animal is very destructive to the roots of fruit
are. Almost all the rivers of Wisconsin abound in rapids trees.
and falls. The most remarkable of these are a series of cas-    Ssanufactr'es.-This youthful state has not yet had time
cades or cataracts in the St. Louis River, which have a de- (nor is it yet her most profitable resource) to test her mannscent of 320 feet in 16 miles, terminating about 20 miles facturing capabilities. In 1850. there were 1262 establishfrom its mouth. Quinnessee Falls, in the Menomonee River, meits, each producing $500 and upwards annually, engaged
have one perpendicular pitch of 40 feet, and an entire descent in manufactures, mining, and the mechanic arts, employing
of 134 feet in one mile and a half, besides several other  an aggregate capital of $3,382,148, and 5798 male, and 291
rapids, where the river tosses and dashes through narrow  female hands; consuming raw material worth $5,414,931,
and tortuous defiles. Among the other falls' are St. Croix, and yielding products valued at $1.293,068; of which 16,
Chippewa, and Big Bull Falls in the Wisconsin. The river  with a capital of $131,350, and employing 288 male hands,
bluffs present grand and picturesque views in many places, were engaged in the manufacture of iron, consuming raw
particularly at Mount T,-empleau, on the Mississippi, in  material north $95,186, and producing 4343 tons of pig, iron
La Crosse county, where the rocks rise 500 feet perpendieu-  castings, &c., valued at.$243,195;  and 9 woollen manufaclarly above the river,-iu  Richland county, on the Wiscon- tories, employing $31,225 capital, and 25 male hanms, cousin, where the banks are from 150 to 200 feet high, —and in  sunming raw material worth $32,630, and producing 87,992
Sauk county, where it passes through a narrow gorge be- yards of stuff, and 74,350 pounds of yarn, worth a total
tween cliffs of from 400 to 500 feet elevation. Grandfather  value of $87,992; and $98,700 invested in manufacturibg
Bull Falls, the greatest rapids in thse Wisconsin River, are  malt and spirituous liquors, consuming 91,020 bushels of
2127




WIS                                                         WIS
barley, 29,900 of Indian corn, 9200 of rye, and 28 tons of  have been granted for the support of a state university,
hops, and producing 127,000 gallons of whiskey, &c., and  46,080 acres of land. There are also other colleges  and
31,320 barrels of ale, beer, &c.  Home-made manufac- academies supported by private subscriptions, which are
tures were produced worth  $43,624, and family  goods promising institutions.
valued at $12,567. The numerous rivers and streams    Religious Denomrniations.'Of 365 churches in WVisconsin
of Wisconsin, with their frequent rapids and falls, afford  in 1850, the Baptists owned 49, the Christians 4, the Congregreat facilities for mill-sites of every sort, and her forests  gationalists 37, the Dutch Reformed 2, the Episcopalians 19,
and iron for ship and steamboat building. Mr. Hunt, in  the Free Church 2, the Lutherans 20, the Methodists 110,
his Gazetteer, estimates the manufacture of pine lumber  the Presbyterians 40, the Roman Catholics 64, the Union
at 400,000,000 feet, besides which large quantities of oak and  church 1, the Universalists 6, and minor sects 11. Giving
basswood are sawed into scantling, plank, lath, &c. Ile  1 church to every 835 inhabitants. Value of church proalso gives the number of barrels of flour manufactured at perty, $353,900.
100,000, (independent of all kinds  of mill stuffs in abund-   Periodicals.-There were published in the state in 1850, 6
ance,) of paper, 300,000 pounds, and of shot, 100,000 pounds  daily, 4 triweekly, and 35 weekly newspapers, and 1 monthly
annually.                                                   magazine, with an aggregate annual circulation of 2,665,487
Ineternal Ieprovements.-A canal is being constructed from   copies.
the Wisconsin to the Fox River, with funds arising from the    Public Institultions. -The Wisconsin  Blind Asylum  at
sale of land appropriated by the national government, though  Janesville, founded in 1850, is supported by a tax of oneunder state supervision. This, when completed, will open  fifteenth of a mill on every dollar of taxable property, and
an uninterrupted inland navigation from  New Orleans to  had 13 inmates in January, 1854, educated at an expense
New York. According to Hunt's Magazine, there were 322  of $2421. The state appropriated $1500 dollars for its supmiles of completed railroad in this state in January 1855, port in 1853. The Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Delavan,
and 707 in course of construction; or, according to the Ame- established in 1852, had 14 inmates in January, 1854. The
rican Railway Times, 283 miles completed, and 746 in course  State Prison at Waupan, in Fond-du-Lac county, had 64
of construction; cost $5,600,000. Of these the Mlilwaukie  inmates in 1854.
and Mississippi is finished 103 miles, the Milwaukie and    Popsusaion. —This flourishing  scion of the West has had
Watertown 50, the Rock River 86, the Janesville and Madi- a growth unexampled even in that thriving region, having
son 35, Green Bay Milwaukie and Chicago 41, and La Crosse  increased from 30,945 in 1840, to a population of 305,391 in
18 miles. In' May, 1855, Milwaukie was connected by com- 1850; of whom 164,351 were white males; 140,405 white
pleted railroad more or less directly with Chicago, Madison, females; 365 free colored males; and 270 free colored females.
Janesville, Watertown, and intermediate points; while roads  The population was divided into 57,608 families, occupying
were in progress that will continue the connexion to Prairie  56,316 dwellings. Pop. to the square mile, 5.66. Of the
du Chien, La Crosse, Fond-du-Lac, Green Bay, and Beloit. The  entire population, 63,015 only were born in the state; 134,897
latter town is already united to Chicago. Roads are also in  in other states of the confederacy; 8277 in British America;
progress from Kenosha to Beloit, and from Mineral Point to  34,519 in Germany; 775 in France; 18,952 in England;
the Chicago and Galena Railroad. Plank and trunk-roads  21,043 in Ireland; 3527 in Scotland; 4319 in Wales; 4 in
are being laid from  the lake depots towards the interior. Spain; 4 in Portugal; 45 in Belgium; 1157 in Holland; 9
One of 60 miles extends from Kenosha to Fox River.          in Italy; 61 in Austria; 1244 in Switzerland; 71 in Russia;
Comerce.-Wisconsin enjoys great facilities for internal  8651 in Norway; 146 in Denmark; 88 in Swveden; 3545 in
trade with the lake and Eastern States, through those great  Prussia; 1 in Sardinia; 1 in Greece; 17 in Asia; 1 in Africa;
inland seas which bound her on the N. and E., and with  9 in Mexico; 11 in Central America; 6 in South America;
almost every part of the valley of the Mississippi, by means  20 in West Indies; 1 in Sandwich Islands; 191 in other
of the river of that name and its numerous tributaries, and  countries, and 784 whose places of birth were unknowneven with the Atlantic ports through the Gulf of Mexico. showing nearly 35 per cent. of foreign birth, and exhibiting
The foreign trade, however, of this state is insignificant, a greater variety than is usual even in the very diversified
amounting in 1854 to a value of only $49,174 in imports, population of the other parts of the Union.  It will be
and $30,464 in exports. There were built in the state in  observed that a new element, or at least in much greater
that year 26 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 2946  proportion than elsewhere, has been introduced by the
tons; tonnage owned in the state, 14,217. The aggregate  emigration of considerable bodies of Norwegians, being
of exports and imports of Milwaukee for 1854 have been  about two-thirds of the whole number of that nation born
loosely estimated at $18,000,000. The exports of grain from  in the United States. The emigration from  Germany and
the lake ports alone amounted to 6,930,150 bushels in the  Wales is also in greater proportion than in the other states.
same year. The exports of the state at large consist mainly  Of the entire population in 1850,794 were engaged in mining;
of wheat, Indian corn, oats, flour, lumber, pork, beef, lard, 7047 in agriculture; 479 in commerce; 1814 in manufactures;
butter, lead, bricks, &c. The exports of Racine amounted  14 in navigating the ocean; 209 in internal navigation; and
in value to $1,381,691; and of Green Bay, in lumber alone, 259 in the learned professions.
to $374,435. According to De Bow's Review, there were    Counties.-Wisconsin is divided into 49 counties, viz.,
exported in 1851-2, from the St, Croix, Chippewa, and Black  Adams, Bad Axe, Brown, Buffalo, Calumet, Chippewa,
Rivers, in the N.W. part of Wisconsin, 61,000,000 feet of  Columbia, Crawford, Dane, Dodge, Door, Douglass, Dunn,
lumber; 23,000,000 feet of logs; square timber, lath, shin- Fond-du-Lac, Grant, Green, Iowa, Jackson, Jefferson, Kegles, &c., valued at $30,000; and furs and peltries worth  nosha, Kewaunee, La Crosse, Lafayette, Lapointe, Manisto$200,000; making the value of exports for the western part woo, Marathon, Marquette, Milwaukee, Monroe, Oconto,
of the state, $1,170,000. The ports of Wisconsin in'the dis- Outagramie, Ozaukee, Pierce, Polk, Portage, Racine, Richtrict of Mackinac probably add at least a value of $5,000,000  land, Rock, St. Croix, Sank, Shawana, Sheboygan, Tremto the trade of Wisconsin. The total lumber trade of 1852  pealean, Walworth, Washington, Waukesha, Waupacca,
has been given at 211,000,000 feet, viz., from  Black River, Waushara, and Winnebago.  Capital, Madison.
15,000,000; Chippewa, 28,500,000; Green Bay, 28,000,000;    Cities and Towns. —Towns are springing up in Wisconsin
lManitoowoc, 24,500,000; St. Croix, 20,000,000; Wisconsin, as if by magic, and a region that but a few years ago was
70,000,000; and Wolf River, 25,000,000. The total valuation  mostly an Indian hunting-ground, is now dotted over with
of lead exported from Galena (nine-tenths of which, accord- them. The principal of these are Milwaukee, population
ing to Hunt's Gazetteer of Wisconsin, was from that state) 20,061; Racine, 5111; Kenosha, 3455; Janesville, 3451; Wauand the ports on Lake Michigan, was $3,459,075; besides kesha, 2313; Platteville, 2197; and Fond-dueLac, 2014.
considerable quantities shipped from points on the Missis- These in 1853, according, to De Bow's Compendium of the
sippi and Wisconsin Rivers.  The largest shipment of lead  Census, had, in the order named, (with the exception of
within the 12 years preceding and including 1853 was  Platteville, not given,) 25,000; 7500; 5000; 4000; and 4000
54,494,862 pounds; and the lowest, 28,603,960 pounds, most each, respectively. Besides these there are Beloit, Madison,
of which was from the mines of Wisconsin.                   Green Bay, Portage, Ozaukee, Mineral Point, Oshkosh, WaterEducation.-In 39 counties out of 45 reporting December, town, Sheboygan, and Manitoowoc, having populations of
31, 1853, there were 138,279 children between the ages of 4  from 2000 to 4000 each.
and 20 years, of whom 95,293 attended school; number of    Governmenet, Finances, BacnkTs, &c.-The governor is elected
school districts, 2072; school fund, $1,141,804, yielding an  by the people for 2 years, and receives $1250 per annum,
income o~-nearly $80,000; and a university fund of $93,732, Wisconsin has also a lieutenant-governor, elected for a like
the income of which is devoted to the state university. Ac- period, who is ex officio president of the Senate, and receives
cording to the census of 1850, Wisconsin had 2 colleges, with  $5 a day during the session of the legislature. The Senate
75 students and $4700 income, of which $400 was from en- consists of 18 members, and the House of Representatives
dowments; 1423 public schools, with 58,817 pupils and  of 54; both elected by the people for 2 years. The legislat're
$113,133 income, of which $86,391 was from taxation, and  meets on the first Monday in January. Every white male of
$21,993 from public funds; and 58 academies and other  21 years of age, who shall have resided in the state one year
schools, with 2723 pupils and $18,796 income. Attending  next preceding an election; white males offoreign birth, who
schools, as returned by families, 56,421. Adults who could  shall have declared their intentions of becoming citizens in
not read and write, 6453, of whom  4902 were of foreign  due form; and civilized Indians, or Indians who have been
birth. It is expected that ere long the lands appropriated  once declared by Congress citizens, shall be entitled to a vote.
for the support of schools will form a fund of from $3,000,000  The state has an emigrant officer resident in New York City.
to $5,000,000. Public instruction is under the charge of a  The judiciary consists-1. Of a supreme court, composed of
state superintendent, receiving $1000 per annum. There  3 judges; 2. Of circuit courts, which hold two sessions, at
2128




WIS                                                        WIT
least, a year in each county; and 3. Of county courts and  factures of tiles, bricks, soap, felt hats, paper hangings, and
justices of the peace. (Except to issue writs of mandamus, vinegar, and a trade in wax, cattle, cloths, iron, and agriquo warranto, ic., the supreme court is only an appeal court, cultural produce. In addition to its strong fortifications,
and hias no jury trials.) Alljudges are elected by the people, works, termed the "lines of W.issembourg," extend from it
the supreme and circuit judges for 6 years, and the county  along the Lauter to Lanterburg, 9 miles S.E. It was taken
judges for 4. The supreme judges receive salaries of $2000, by the Austrians in 1793.
and the circuit judges $1500 per annum each. The assessed    WISISET, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
value of property in Wisconsin in 1850 was $26,715,525; and    WISITANSTOW, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
$64,285,714 in 1854. State debt in 1854, $100,000. Annual   WISITASTON, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
expenses, exclusive of schools and debt, $40,000. There   WVISTERNITZ, fis/ter-nits', a market-town of Moravia, 4
were 23 banks in the state January 1, 1855, with a capital miles E. of Olmutz, with a castle. Pop. 1408.
of $1,400,000, a circulation of $740,764 and $334,383 in coin.   WISTITTEN or WYSZTYTTEN,'is-tit/ten, a town of
-History.-Wisconsin was visited at a very early period by  Poland, on the Prussian frontiers, 28 miles N.N.W. of Suthe French missionaries and discoverers, and a settlement  walki. Pop. 1579.
made by the French in the latter part of the seventeenth    WISITON, a borough, village, and parish of Wales, co. of
century. There was no considerable influx of emigration, Pembroke, 5 miles E.N.E. of Haverford-West. Pop. of bohowever, till quite recently; but it is likely to repay amply  rough and parish in 1851, 774. Chief' edifices, the Church,
for its tardiness, by the unexampled rapidity with which  and a ruined castle. It unites with Pembroke, Milford, and
emigration flows thither, invited by its rich soil, valuable  Tenby, in sending'l member to the House of Commons.
minerals, beautiful lakes, and rolling prairies. Wisconsin    WISTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
was formed into a territory in 1836, and admitted into the    WISTON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
Union as an independent state in 1848.                       WISTON ANd ROBERTON, a parish of Scotland, co. of
WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY. See MADISoN, Wisconsin.   Lanark, on the Clyde.
WISICOY, a post-office of Alleghany co., New York.         WIS/TOW, a parish of England, co. of Iluntingdon.
WISEIMAN, a post-village of Boone co., Missouri, about   WISTOW, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
16 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City.                           WISTOW, a parish of England, co. of York, East and West
WISENBURG, Pennsylvania. See WEISENnURo.                 Riding.
WItSIIAW, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.             WISWALL or WISWELL, a township of England, co. of
WISIIAW, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 5 miles Lancaster.
N.W. of Carluke, at the junction of a branch of the Cale-   WITCHIAM, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
donian with the Wishaw and Coltuess Railway, in one of the    WITCIPFORD, a parish of England, co. of Cambridge.
most extenders. coalfields.                                  WITCIINGHAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of
WISHIFORD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.  Norfolk.
WISINGSOE, Vveefsing-sb'eh, an island in the S. part of   WITCHINGHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of
Lake Wetter, Sweden, opposite Grenna. Length 10 miles, Norfolk.
breadth 1 mile.  On it are the village and harbor of    WITCHILING(, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
Wisingen.                                                    WITEPSK, government and town, Prussia. See VITEBSK.
WISKONSIN. See WIsorsIN.                                  WITHIAM, a river of England, co. of Lincoln, rises in
WISKOW, a town of Moravia. See WISCHAU.                  Rutlandshire, flows N. past Grantham and Long-BenningWISLA, a river of Europe. See VIsTULA.                  ton to Lincoln, and then S.W. past Tattershall and Boston
WISLA, a village of Austrian Silesia. See WEIcas EL.    to the Wash, which it enters N. of the mouth of Welland
WIStLEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.             River. Total length 80 miles, for the last 40 of which, to
WISLICA, Wis-leetfs/, a walled town of Poland, province  Lincoln, it is navigable for small steam and sailing vessels,
and 34 miles S. of Kielce, on the Nida. Pop. 2000.         and for 33 miles to Tattershall, for vessels of much larger
WISLOK, Vvisflok, a river of Austrian Galicia, rises in the  burden, it having been deepened and embanked in the
Carpathian Mountains, flows N. to Rzeszow, and thence E., lower part of its course. Its principal affluents, the Bain
and joins the San near Sienawa. Length 112 miles.          and Slea, have been made navigable to Iorncastle and
WISLOKA, Wis-lol;k, a river of Austrian Galicia, joins  Sleaford.
the Vistula'lO miles S.W. of Baranov. Length 100 miles.      WITHAM, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
WISMAR, Yisfmar, a fortified seaport town of North Ger- Essex, on the Malden Branch of the Eastern Counties Railmany, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, capital of a lordship, at the  way, 9 miles N.E. of Chelmsford. Pop. in 1851, 3303. Tlio
head of a deep bay of the Baltic, and the terminus of a  town, near the confluence of the Braine with the Blackwater,
branch railway to Hamburg and Rostok, 18 miles N.E. of has an endowed school, almshouses, and other charities. It
Schwerin. Lat. 530 53' 5,1 N., and ion. 110 271 751 E. Pop. is the supposed site of the Roman station Canoienium, and a
11,389. It has 6 churches, 3 hospitals, several schools, an  Danish camp is traceable in the vicinity.
orphan asylum, and manufactures of tobacco, playing-cards,   WITHI/AM-ON-THE-ILL, a parish of England, co. of
sail-cloth, and important breweries and distilleries. Its bar- Lincoln.
bor is commodious, and nearly land-locked by the islands   WITHAM, NORTII, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln;
of Peel and Walltisch. It has large ship-building clocks.   WITIHAM, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln. 
In 1849, 338 vessels, aggregate burden 16,473 tons, entered,   WITIIAM FRIARY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
and 343 vessels, burden 17,031 tons, cleared from its port.   WITIVAMSVILLE, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio,
It was founded in 1229, and for some time belonged to the  about 16 miles E. of Cincinnati.
Hanseatic League.                                           WITII-CALL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
WISNICZ,'vislnitch, or WISCHNITZ, fYishfnits, a town of    WITI-HCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
Austrian Galicia, circle of Bochnia, 26 miles S.E. of Cracow.   WITHIERIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
WISNITZ, a town of Austrian Poland. See WISCHNITZA.   WITHIERLEY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester, on
WISOWITZ, ~eefzo-4itsl, a town of Moravia, 20 miles N.E. the ancient Watling street.
of Hradisch. Pop. 2713, who manufacture coarse woollen    WITHIERNE-WITH-STAIR, a parish of England, co. of
cloths and paper.                                          Lincoln.
WISOWKA, a town of Bohemia. See HOCIHSTADT.                WITHIERNIWICK, a parish of England, co. of York, East
WISIPINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       Riding.
WISSAIHIICIKON or WISSAHICICON CREEK, of Mont-   WITII/ERSDALE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
gomery and Philadelphia counties, Pennsylvania, enters    WITHIERSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
the Schuylkill River about 5 miles above Fair Mount Water    WITHIERSTONE, a tything of England, co. of Dorset.
Works. The scenery along the banks of this stream is ex-   WITII/IEL, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall.
ceedingly wild and romantic. It is a favorite place of resort   WITHIIELL-FLOREY, a parish of England, co. Somerset.
of the citizens of Philadelphia, who wish to breath the pure    WITIIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
air and enjoy the beauties of the country.                   WITIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
WISSANT, veesgsaNol, a maritime village of France, de-   WITIIINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Salop. 
partment of Pas-de-Calais, 10 miles W.S.W. of Calais, and    WITHINGTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
conjectured to be the Portus Itius of the Romans. P. 1012.   WITIIHINGTON, LOWER, a township of England, co. of
WISSEHRAD, a village of Bohemia. See PRAOUE.            Chester.
WISSEK, 9is/s~k, a town of Prussia, province of Posen,   WITHLACOO/CHEE, a small river of Georgia and Florida,
government of Bromberg. Pop. 1145.                        rises in Irwin co., Georgia, and flowing southward into FloWISSEKERKE, *vissoh-k6a'k9oh,   a village of the Nether- rida, enters the Suwanee at the S.W. extremity of Ilamillands, province of Zealand, island of North Beveland, 9 miles ton co.
N.W. of Goes. Pop. 1871.                                    WITIILACOOCIEE, a small river in the peninsula of
WISSEMBOURG, vees's[labool/, (Ger. Weissenbu'g, fIsl-  Florida, forms the boundary between Marion and Levy
sen-bO5ao; L. Alba-Lelusiana or Lehtfsium,) a fortified town  counties on the right, and Benton county on the left, until
of France, department of Bas-Rhin, capital of an arrondisse- it flows into the Gulf of Mexico.
ment, on the right bank of the Lauter, and on the Bavarian    WITHINELL, a township of England, co. of Lancaster,
frontier, 34 miles N.N.E. of Strasbourg. Pop. in 1852, 5913.   WITHTYBROOK, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
It has a collegiate church of the 13th century, a Protestant   WITHIYCOMBE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
church containing a bust of Luther, a synagogue, town-hall,    WITIJYCOMBE RAWLEIGH, a parish of England, co. of
barracks, a large old tower, now forming a prison, mann- Devon.
6 1                                                                         2129




WIT                                                         WOD
WITIHY/ AM, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.            WITTON-LE-WEAR, a parish of England, co. of Durham,
WITIPYPOOLE, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    5 miles W.N.W. of Bishop-Auckland, on the Wear Valley
WITKOWITZ, Wit-kotWits, a village of Bohemia, circle of  Railway. Coal abounds in this parish.
Bidschow, in a mountain valley, about 35 miles from Gits-   WITTON, NETIIER, a parish of England, co. of North
chin. Pop.2000.                                            umber]and.
WITKOWO, fYit-ko/vo, a town of Prussian Poland, 10 miles   WITTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of York, North
S.E. of Gnesen. Pop. 2200. It has manufactures of woollen  Riding.
cloth, linens, and leather.                                  WITTON, a parochial chapelry of England, co. of Chester.
WITILEY, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.               WITTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
WITLEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Worcester.   WITTSIBURG, a post-office of St. Francis co., Arkansas.
WIT/LINGIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          WITTSTOCK,,ittlstok, a walled town of Prussia, proWITMARSUM, witfmar-sObmx, a village of the Nether- vince of Brandenburg, on the Dosse, 60 miles N.W. of Berlin.
lands, province of Friesland, district and 15 miles S.W. of  Pop. 6400. It has a large hospital for military invalids, and
Leeuwarden. Pop. 800.  It is the birth-place of Menno- manufactures of linuen and woollen fabrics.
Simon, founder of the sect of Mennonites.                    WITZENHAUSEN, -fit'sen-hw'zefn, a town of HesseWIT/NESIAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         Cassel, province of Nieder-Iessen, capital of a district, on the
WITINEY, a market-town and parish of England, co. and  Werra, 15 miles E. of Cassel. Pop. 3235. It is enclosed by
10 miles W.N.W. of Oxford, on the Windrush, an affluent walls, and has manufactures of linen fabrics, vinegar, and
of the Thames. Pop. of the town, in 1851, 3099. The town  leather.
has a town-hall, with an area serving for a market-place, a    WIVELISCOMBE, commonly pron. wils-kitm, a marketmarket-cross, and a handsome blanket-hall. The church is town and parish of England, co. of Somerset. 263 miles W.
a spacious cruciform structure. Here are places of worship  of Somerton. Pop. in 1851, 2861, partly engaged in woollen
for Independents, Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, and  manufactures. The town has a handsome church, and an
Friends; a grammar school, a free school for the sons of  infirmary for sick poor.
journeymen weavers of Witney and Halley, and endowed    WIV/ELSFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
almshouses. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the    WIVIENIIOE, a maritime town and parish of England,
manufacture of gloves, malt, and blankets, and various  co. of Essex, on the Colne, 4' miles S.E. of Colchester. Pop.
woollen goods, the celebrity of Witney for which is in part in 1851, 1672. Here is a custom-house, subordinate to Coldue to the detersive quality of the waters of the Windrush. chester, of which Wivenhoe is regarded as the port. Large
The average annual number of blanket-pieces, including  quantities of oysters are here shipped for the London and
pilo6t-cloths, manufactured, is about 10,000; average value  other markets.
90,000/.                                                     WIVETON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
WITSCHE, Iitfsheh, written also WICZE, a village of    WIX, a parish of England, co. of Essex.
Austria, in Moravia, circle of Prerau. Pop. 1350.            WIXIFORD, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
WITSCHEGDA. See YITCREGDA.                                 WIZNA, (-izcn9, a town of Poland, government and 50
WITSCHEIN, 9itlshlne, or SWITSCHINA, s*it-sheefna, a  miles S.S.W. of Augustowo, on the Narew. Pop. 2015.
village of Austria, Styria, circle of Marburg. Pop. 1632.    WJATKA, a city of Russia. See VarTKA.
WITTEN, fvit'ttn, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 32 miles   WKRA, qkrA, or WRA, 9rA, a river of Poland, rises in East
W.N.W.  of Arnsberg, on the Ruhr, and on the Elberfeld  Prussia, near Niedenburg, flows S.W. and then generally
and Dortmund Railway. Pop. 2335.                           S.E., through the government of Plock, and joins the Bug,
WITTENBACH, 9it/ton-bAKa  a village of Switzerland,  15 miles N.N.W. of Warsaw. Total course 120 miles.
canton of St. Gall. Pop. 1284.                               WLADIMIR, a town and government of Russia. See
WITTENBERG, witften-b.cR, a fortified town of Prussian  VLTAoMEer..
Saxony, capital of a circle, 46 miles N.N.E. of Merseburg,. WLADISLAWOW, *il,'dis-li'Wov, formerly NOVE-MIASon the right bank of the Elbe, and on the railway from   TO, no/vA, my's/to, (Ger. Rosterschiitz, ros/ter-shiits',) a town
Berlin to Leipsic; lat. 510 53' N., ion. 120 46' E. Pop. 8750, of Poland, government of Augustowo, 25 miles N.W. of
besides the garrison. Its University was united to that of  Mariampol, on the Szezuppe. Pop. 4506.
IIalle in 1817; it has a gymnasium, breweries, distilleries,   WLADISLAWOW, a town of Poland, province and 28
and manufactures of woollens. Here the Reformation com- miles N.E. of Kalisz, with Roman Catholic and Lutheran
menced in 1517, and the garrison church contains the graves  churches, and manufactures of linen fabrics.
o{ Luther and Melancthon, and their portraits by Lewis    WLASATICE, a town of Moravia. See WOSTrTZ.
Cranach. Luther's cell in the Augustine Convent, and Me-   WLASCHIM, vlshim, a town of Bohemia, 22 miles S.S.W.
lancthon's house, are still preserved. The town was taken  of Kaurzim. Pop. 2336. It has a castle, and manufactures
by assault by the Prussians in 1814.                       of woollen stuffs.
WITTENBERG COLLEGE. See SPRINGFiroLe, Ohio.               WLOCLAWEK, flIots-]&Qk, a town of Poland, governWITTENBERG, a post-office of Somerset co., Pennsylvania.  ment of Warsaw, on the Vistula, 30 miles N.W. of Plock.
WITTENBERGE, Witlten-bkIoeoh, a town of Prussia, pro- Pop. 4000. It has manufactures of chiccory, and a trade in
vince of'Brandenberg, 65 miles N.W. of Potsdam, at the  corn.
confluence of the Stepenitz with the Elbe, and on the Ham-   WLODAWA, Wlo-d&/1*, a town of Poland, government of
burg and Berlin Railway, 7 miles S.W. of Perleberg. Pop. Lublin, province and 72 miles S.E. of Siedlce, at the confluin 1852, 4676.                                             ence of the Wlodawka with the Bug. Pop. 3060.
WITITENBERG'S, a post-office of Alexander co., North    WLODZIMIERZ,  a town of Russia. See VLADIMEFat.
Carolina.                                                    WOAIIO0, one of the Sandwich Islands. See OAscu.
WITTENBURG, 9itteln-b66aco', a town of North Germany,    WOBBELIN, f*blbeh-leent, a village of Mecklenburggrand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the railway to  Schwerin, 18 miles S.S.E. of Schweriu. The poet Kjrner,
Berlin, 1 miles S.W. of Schwerin. Pop. 2705.              who fell at the battle of Rosenberg, is buried under a great
WIT/TENHAM, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of  oak in front of this village.
Perks.                                                       W01/BURN  or OLD WOBURN, a market-town and paWITTENHAM, LONG, a parish of England, co. of Perks. rish of England, county and 13 miles S.W. of Bedford, near
WIT/TENS, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio.            the branch between that town and the London and NorthWIT/TERING, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.  Western Railway. Pop. in 1851, 2049. The church is a spaWITTERING, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.  cious edifice, having a tower detached from its main body; and
WITTERING, WEST, a parish of England, on Chichester here are a handsome market-house, a free school, endowed
harbor, opposite Itayling Island.                          almshouses, and other minor charities. Population partly
WIT/TERSHAIM, a parish of England, co. of Kent.          employed in agriculture, and partly in the manufacture of
WITTGENSTEIN (witt/ghen-stine) ISLAND, Low Archi- straw-plait and thread-lace.- Woburn Abtbey, E. of the town,
pelago, Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 160 11' S., Ion. 1460 22' W.    is the principal seat of the Duke of Bedford, and derives its
WITTICIIENAU, *it/tiK-eh-n6w1, a town of Prussian  name from its being erected on the site of a Cistercian abSilesia, 88 miles W.N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Black (Schwarz)  bey, founded here in 1145.
Elster.  Pop. 2100. It has manufactures of linen and    WOBURN, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
hosiery.                                                     WOBURN, a post-township of Middlesex co., MassachuWITTINGAU, vit/tin-g6wl, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles  setts, intersected by the Boston and Lowell Railroad, 10
E.N.E. of Budweis. Pop. 3319.                              miles N.N.W. of Boston, and by the Middlesex Canal, which,
WITTINGEN, Pitfting-en, a town of Hanover, landdrostei  by means of locks, overcomes a rise in this part of its course
of Ltineburg, 19 miles S.S.E. of Uelzen. Pop. 1225.        of 45 feet. This, with the outlet of several ponds in the
WITTLICH, Pitthlia, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 20 miles  vicinity, affords an abundant and well-improved waterN.N.E. of Treves, on an affluent of the Moselle. Pop. P900. power. The inhabitants are largely engaged in the manuWITTMUND, *it/mOOnt, a village of Hanover, 14 miles facture of boots and shoes, leather, carriages, &c. The prinN.E. of Aurich. Pop. 1800.                                 cipal village, called Woburn Centre, is delightfully situated
WIT/TON, a parish of England, co. of Iluntingdon.        on elevated ground, and contains several churches, a bank,
WITTON,  a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.            and Warren Academy, a flourishing institution, founded in
WITTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of York, North  1828. A branch railroad communicates with the Boston and
Riding, 2 miles S.S.E. of Middleham. Here are the ruins of  Lowell Railroad, at Winchester, 2 miles distant. Pop. of
Jerveaux-abbey.                                           the township, in 1840, 2993; in 1850, 3956.
WITTON GIL/BERT, a parish of England, co. of Durham.    WODA, wo/dA, a village of Japan, island of Kioo-Sioo, pro
2130




WOD                                                        WOL
vince of Fizen, with a celebrated idol placed in a large cam- bordering the township on the S.W. The village is situatedl
phor tree at its entrance.                                 near the bridge, across the river, and contains a hotel. Pop.
WODNIAN, Vfod/ne- n,, a fortified town of Bohemia, on  of the township, 2038.
the Blanitz, 12 miles S. of Pisek. Pop. 2241.                WOLF CREEK, in the S.W. part of Virginia, rises in TazeWODZISLAW, *od-zisllav, a town of Poland, province well county, flows north-eastward, and forms the boundary
and 3' miles S.W. of Kielce, on the Wodzislawa. Pop. 2000. between Giles and Mercer counties, until it enters the Ka.
WOENSDRECHT, woonsldr5kt, a parish of the Nether- nawha or New River.
lands, province of North Brabant, 5 miles S. of Bergen-op.    WOLF CREEK, in the N. part of Tennessee, rises in FenZoom. Pop. 1300.                                           tress county, and enters Obed's River near the N. border of
WOENSEL, woontsel, a parish of the Netherlands, pro- Overton county. It furnishes valuable motive power.
vince of North Brabant, 2 miles N. of Eindhoven. Pop. 3100.   WOLF CREEK, of Montgomery co., Ohio, flows into the
WOERDEN, wooRsden, a walled town of the Netherlands,  Miami River, near Dayton.
province of South Holland, on the Old Rhine, 18 miles E.S.E.   WOLF CREEK, of Summit co., Ohio, is an affluent of
of Leyden. Pop. of district, 4117.                         Tuscarawas River.
WOERTH-SUR-SAUER, vo-aint/ suie sS'aint, (Ger. WTlith,   WOLF CREEK, of Missouri, rises in Sullivan county, and
V5artt,) a village of France, department of Bas-Rhin, 12  flowing southward falls into the Chariton River from the
miles S.W. of Wissembourg. Pop. in 1852, 1240.             right, a few miles S.E. of Keytesville.
WOESTEN, woos/ten, a village of Belgium, province of    WOLF CREEK, of Iowa, flows into the Cedar River from
West Flanders, on the Kemmelbeke, 28 miles S.W. of Bruges. the right, in Black Hawk county.
Pop. 1204.                                                   WOLF CREEK, a post-township forming the S.E. extreWOGNOMIESTETZ, *og-no-myis'tlts, a market-town of  mity of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2038.
Bohemia, 30 miles S.E. of Czaslau. Pop. 1084.                WOLF CREEK, a post-office, Pickens district, South CaroWOHILAU, tvofl~w, a walled town of Prussian Silesia, 23  lina.
miles N.W. of Breslau, surrounded by small lakes. Pop.   WOLF CREEK, a post-office of Choctaw co., Mlississippi.
3000. It has manufactures of woollens, linens, and hosiery.   WOLF CREEK, a post-office of Lenawee co., Michigan.
WOHLEN, 9vollen, a town and parish of Switzerland, can-   WOLF CREEK, a post-office of Monroe co., Virginia.
ton of Aargau, 11 miles E.S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 2124.          WOLFEGG, vol/fik, a village of Wfirtemberg, circle of
WOIILEN, a village and parish of Switzerland, 4 miles Danube, 9 miles S.S.E. of Waldsee. Pop. 1714.
W.N.W. of Bern, on the Aar. Pop. 2577.                       WOLFELSDORF,;~lffels-doaf', a village of Prussia, pro.
WOIRDEN,'vMsiden, a village of Denmark, duchy of  vince of Silesia, government and S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop.
Holstein, South Ditmarsch, about 20 miles W.S.W. of Rends- 1530.
burg. Pop. 800.                                              WOLFENBUTTEL, (Wolfenbtittel,) *ollfen-biit;tel, a town
WOKAN, wo-klnt, one of the Arroo Islands, with a village  of Germany, duchy and 8 miles S. of Brunswick, on the
of the same name,                                          railway to Hanover, and on the Ocker. Lat. 520 9' N., ion.
WOKEFIELD, wok/feeld, a tything, England, co. of Berks. 100 32' E. Pop. 9003. It consists of a citadel, town proper,
WOfKING, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the  and two suburbs, and has several fine churches, two old
Basingstoke Canal, and with a station on the South-Western  castles, an arsenal, a large workhouse, a hospital, orphan
Railway, 6 miles N.N.E. of Guildford.                      asylum, college, and various other schools, and a library
WO/KINGIIAM  or OAKIINGIHAM, a market-town of  containing nearly 150,000 volumes, with relics and manuEngland, counties of Berks and Wilts, on the border of  scripts of Luther. The town is the seat of the superior law
Windsor Forest, and on the Reading and Reigate Railway, 7  court for the states of Brunswick, Waldeck, and Lippe, and
miles S.E. of Reading. Pop. in 1851, 2272, who manufacture  has manufactures of lacquered wares, paper-hangings, leashoes, gauze, silks, malt, and flour. The town has a mar- ther and tobacco, a trade in corn and linen yarn, and five
ket-house and town-hall. The church is a fine old edifice.   annual fairs.
WOLBECK, *ol'b6k, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 6    WOLFENSCHIESS, *ollfen-sheess', a village and parish
miles S.E. of Miinster. Pop. 921.                          of Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, on the Aa, 7 miles
WOLICOTT, a post-village and township in Lamoille co., E.N.E. of Sarnen. Pop. 1118.
Vermont, on Lamoille River, about 25 miles N. by E. of Mont-   WOLIFERLOW, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.
pelier. The village contains 1 church, 1 tavern, 1 woollen    WOLFHAGEN, Wolflhd~Ghen, a town of Germany, Hessefactory, 1 grist-mill, and a number of other establishments. Cassel, 14 miles'W. of Cassel. Pop. 3187. It is enclosed by
Pop. of the township, 909.                                 walls, and has manufactures of woollens and linens.
WOLCOTT, a post-township in New Haven co., Connecti-   WOLFHALDEN, 9folflhil'den, a village and parish of
cut, 22 miles S.W. of Hartford, intersected by Mad River. Switzerland, canton of Appenzell, on the borders of the
Pop. 603.                                                  Rheinthal, 9 miles E.N.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 2124.
WOLCOTT, a post-township forming the N.E extremity of   WOL'FINGHAM, a parish of New South Wales, Australia,
Wayne co., New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2751.           co. of Durham, N. of the river Hunter.
WOLCOTT or WOLCOTT VILLAGE, a flourishing village   WOLF ISLANDS, a group of British North America. New
in the above township, about 160 miles NV. by N. of Albany, Brunswick, in Passamaquoddy Bay, N. of Grand Manan
on a small stream emptying into Lake Ontario. It contains  Island. The most northern is in lat. 440 595 N., ion. 6600
4 churches, 7 stores, 2 taverns, 2 saw-mills, 1 woollen factory, 41' W.
and 1 tannery.                                               WOLF ISLAND, a post-office of Mississippi co., Missouri.
WOLCOTT'S MILLS, a post-office, La Grange co., Indiana.   WOLF LAKE, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana.
WOLICOTTVILLE, a flourishing post-village of Litchfield    WOLF POND, a post-office of Union co., North Carolina.
county, Connecticut, on the Naugatuck River and Railroad,   WOLFRATSHAUSEN, *olifr~ts-hw'zern, a market-town
25 miles WV. of I-IHartford, and 110 miles N.N.E. of New York. of Upper Bavaria, on the Loisach, 17 miles S.S.W. of MIunich.
It contains a Congregational, an Episcopal, and a MIethodist Pop. 1200.
church, 7 stores, and numerous manufacturing establish-   WOLF RIVER, a small stream of Mississippi, flows through
ments, among which may be mentioned a brass foundry, Hancock and Harrison counties into the Gulf of Mexico.
rolling-mill and battery, a large woollen-mill, a knitting fac-   WOLF RIVER, a small stream of Mississippi and Tennestory, a papier-mache factory, 2 manufactories of musical see, rises in Tippab county of the former state, and enters
instruments, 1 of locks, and 1 of carriages. The mill of the  the Mississippi River at the city of Memphis. Its general
Union Manufacturing Company is a fine building, five stories course is V.N.WV. Length near 100 miles,
high. WVolcottville was founded about the year 1810, by    WVOLF RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in the N.E. part of the
thelate Honorable Frederick WVolcott. Its growth for the  state, and flowing nearly southward, forms the W. boundary
last few years has been very rapid. Pop. in 1853, about of Oconto county for about 100 miles, and enters Neenah or
1200.                                                      Fox River in Winnebago county. A little above its mouth
WOLCOTTYILLE, a thriving village of La Grange co., In- it expands into Pewaugan Lake, several miles in diameter.
diana, on the North Fork of Elkhart River.                 The Indian name of the river is Pewaugonee. This river is
WOLDEGK, volldlk, a walled town of North Germany, navigable by steamboats about 150 miles from its mouth.
Miecklenburg-Strelitz, on the Prussian frontier, 22 miles N.E.   WVOLF RIVER, a post-office of Fayette co., Tennessee.
of Strelitz. Pop. 2186.                                      WOLF RUN, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania.
WOLDENBERG, *oltde.n-blRc',    a walled town of Prussia,   WOLFSBERG, ftolfstb6a, a town of Illyria, Carinthia, 30
province of Brandenburg, on the railway from Stettin to  miles N.E. of Klagenfurth, with a castle. Pop. 1466.
Posen, 66 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 3000.                WVOLF'S NEW/TON, a parish of England, co. )ionmouth.
WOLDINGHAIIM, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.          WOLFSTEIN, folffstine, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on
WOLD-NEW/TON, a parish of England, co. of York, East the Lauter, 11 miles N.N.W. of Kaiserslautern, with mines
Riding.                                                    of coal and mercury. Pop. 918.
WOLF, a township, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania. P. 982.   WOLFSIVILLE, a post-office of Frederick co., Maryland.
WOLF, a post-office of Knox;co., Ohio.                    WVOLFSVILLE, a post-village of Union co., North Caro.
WOLFACI{, fvolffiK, a town of Baden, on the Kinzig, here  line, 178 miles S.WV. by WV. of Raleigh.
joined by the Wolfach, 33 miles S.S.W. of Badcen. Pop. 1653.   WOLGA, a river of Russia. See VODA.
WOLF BAYOU, a post-office, Independence co., Arkansas.   WOLGAST, *olfgfst, a seaport town of Prussia, PomeWOLF/BOROUGII, a post-township in Carroll co., New  rania, 33 miles S.E. of Stralsund, near the mouth of the
Hampshire, 30 miles N.E. by E. of Concord. It is inter- Peenes in the Baltic. Pop. 5200. It hai manufactures of
sectet by Smith's River, which falls into Winnipiseogee Lake, soap and tobacco.
8131




WOL                                                        W0O
WOLGSK, a town of Rnussia. See VoLSK.                    parliamentary borough of England, co. of Stafford, 12 miles
WVOLHOLILA, a small village of Pickens district, South  N.W. by W. of Birmingham. It is beautifully situated on
Oarolina.                                                  the summit of an eminence commanding a picturesque view;
WOL1tO0PE, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.         it is substantially but very irregularly built. During the
WOLIHYNIA, a government of Russia. See YoLnuIA.   last ten years, it has made extraordinary progress, and
WOLIN, 1voqlin, a market-town of Bohemia, 18 miles S.W. many public buildings have been erected, and works of
of Pisek, on the Wolinka. Pop. 1570.                       general utility carried on. The more important edifices and.
WOLKENSTEIN,  Yolflken-stne', a town of Saxony, with  objects of note are 8 churches, of which the principal is the
a castle, 14 miles S.S.E. of Chemnita. Pop. 1901.          collegiate church of St. Peter, a fine stately structure, with
WOLKERSDORF, *vollkers-doaf', a market-town of Lower lofty embattled tower, and many features of great interest;
Austria, 9 miles E.N.E. of Korneuburg. Pop. 1110.          several dissenting chapels, an exchange, a capacious marketWOLKHOW, a river of Russia. See VOLEnov.                 hall, a public subscription library of about 10,000 volumes,
WOLILAND, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.            a very elegant school of practical art, opened in 1854; a noble
WQOLLASTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. hospital, a town-hall, a large orphan asylum, mainly foundWOLILASTON-LAND, British  North  America, Arctic ed by Mr. JohnLees, an inhabitant and merchant; a theatre,
Ocean, W. of Victoria Land; the E. point is in lat. 680 451  a mechanics' institute, a free grammar school, in which Sir
N., Ion. 1130 531 WV., and separated from the mainland by  Wlilliam  Congreve and Abernethy were educated, a blueDolphin and Union Strait.                                  coat, ragged, national, and other schools, various charitable
WOLILATON, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.   institutions, a union poorhouse, a cemetery, race-course,
WVOLLERAU, Vvollleh-rbwl, a village and parish of Swit-  cattle-market, subscription baths, &c.
zerland, canton and 12 miles N.N.E. of Schwytz. Pop. 2397.   Situated in the heart of the great midland mining disWYOLLESCINITZ, rolllesh-nits', a village of Bohemia, trict, Wolverhampton derives its wealth from the extensive
circle of Buntzlau. Pop. 1263.                             beds of coal and ironstone which abound in its vicinity,
WVOLLEY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          and the working of which gives occupation to large nunmWVOLLHAUSEN-W tIGGERN, fvol/hbw'zen tiglghern, a vil- hers of its population. The smelting of iron ore and its
lage and parish of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles W. of  conversion into pig, railway, sheet, hoop, rod, and nail
Lucerne, on the Ensmen, here crossed by a bridge connecting  iron, boiler-plates, iron castings, &c., constitute its staple
it with WVollhausen-im-Markt. Pop. 1381.                   manufacture and trade; but it has from an early period obWOLLIN, Wol-leent, a small seaport town of Prussia, Po- tained a high name for the skill and ingenuity displayed
merania, 29 miles N. of Stettin, on the Divenow, and on an  by its artisans in the manufacture of locks and keys.
island formed by the latter, at its mouth in the Baltic, con- Almost every article produced from steel, brass, and tin is
nected by bridges with the mainland. Pop. in 1852, 4591. made here to a greater or less extent. Among other artiIt has manufactures of woollen cloth, and ship-building  cles may be enumerated hinges, latches, bolts, axes, spades,
docks.                                                    and garden-tools, vices, anvils, coffee and malt-mills. fireWOLLIN, an island of Prussia, one of those on the N. side  irons, grates, &c. Papie-mach6 and japanned and tin wares
of the Great Haff, between itand the Baltic, is of irregular are very extensively made, and notice is also due to the
shape, bounded E. by the Divenow, and WV. by the Ost- manufactures of tin-plates, enamelled culinary utensils,
Swine. Length 20 miles, breadth from 3 to 10 miles.       chemicals, varnishes, &c. All the goods thus produced are
WOLLISItO0FEN,  olllis-ho'fen, a village and parish of  justly celebrated for the beauty and sterling character of
Switzerland, canton and 2 miles S.S.WV. of Zurich, on the Wi. their workmanship. The facilities enjoyed in carrying on
bank of the lake. A fierce struggle took place here in 1799  this important trade are very ample. The advantage of
between the French and Prussians. Pop. 1047.               canal communication has long been possessed, and latterly
WOLLMIRISTADT, (Wolmirstlidt,) volllnir-stltt', a walled  the town has become the focus of the London and Northtown of Prussian Saxony, on the Ohre, and 8 miles N. of  Western, Shrewsbury and Birmingham, Oxford, Worcester,
Mlagdeburg, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. and Wolverhampton and other railways, for which two
in 1852, 3652. It has a castle, manufactures of linens and  handsome and commodious stations have been provided.
leather, and a trade in corn and cattle.                   An annual fair, granted by Henry III., in 1253, is still held
WVOLLOMBA, fvollomlbA, a river of New South Wales, during three days.
co. of Gloucester, flows S.E., and enters Wallis Lake.      Wolverhampton is of considerable antiquity, although
WOLLONDILLY, wol'lon-dilllee, a river of New South  little can be ascertained of its history till 996, when WulWales, flows N. through the centre of the county of Argyle, frune or Wulfiruna. sister of Ethelred II., and relict of Aland between the counties of Camden and Westmoreland, and  thelm, Duke of Northampton, founded and endowed here
joins the WYarragamba, after a course of 130 miles.       the church and college of St. Mary, afterwards re-dedicated
WOLLONGONG, wol'long-gongl, a maritime town of New  to St. Peter. Originally IIampton, afterwards Wolfrune's
South Wales, co. of Camden, 7 miles N. of Lake Illawarra. Hampton, it has long since been corrupted to its present
Pop. 515. It stands in a fine district, and is resorted to for name.
sea-bathing.                                                 The municipal borough was incorporated in 1847, and is
WOLLSTEIN, *oll/stine, a town of Prussian Poland, 37  divided into eight wards, bearing the names of its eight
miles S.W. of Posen, between two lalkes. Pop. 2650.        churches. The parliamentary borough, which includes BilWOLLSTEIN, a town of N.W. Germany, grand-duchy  ston, appoints 2 members to the House of Commons. Pop.
of Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-Hessen, capital of a  in 1851, 92,287; of the municipal borough, 49,985.
county on the Appelbach, 6 miles S.E.ofKreutznach. P. 1470.   WOLVERLEY, w661ver-le, a village and parish of EngWOLMAR, a town of Russia. See VOLMAR.                    land, co. of Worcester, pleasantly situated on the Stour, and
WVOLNZACI or WOLLNZACII, O5lnllZAK, a market-town  the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, 2 miles N.N.WV.
of Upper Bavaria, district and N.E. of Pfaffenhofen. Pop. of Kidderminster; with some curious houses cut out of the
1023.                                                     natural sandstone rock, a parish and a district church, a
WOLOGDA, a government of Russia. See VOLOGDA.           WVesleyan chapel, and one of the principal depOts of the
WOLOMIBI, a village and parish of New South Wales, engines and goods of the London and Birmingham Railway,
Australia, co. of Northumberland, capital of a district on  consisting of a quadrangular enclosure surrounded by sevrethe Wolumbi, an affluent of the Hunter, 25 miles S.W. of  ral streets of houses for the numerous workmen. P. 2445.
Maitland.                                                   WOLVERTHEI, wollver-t~m', a village of Belgium, proWFOLPHIAMCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.  vince of Brabant, 8 miles N.N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 3301.
WOLSDORF,  6l1s/doaf, or WELSDORF, *vls/donf, a vil-   WOLVERTON, woollver-t6n, or WOLYERSTON, a parish
lage of Bohemia, circle of Kbniggritz. Pop. 1118.         of England, co. of Bucks, 1 mile E.N.E. of Stony-Stratford,
N~OLISINGHAM' or WAL/SINGHASAM, a market-town and  on the London and North-Western Railway. Here is the
parish of England, co. and 131 miles W.S.W. of Durham, central station, dep~t, and factory of the railway company,
on the Wear Valley Railway. Pop. in 1851, 4585, employed  attached to which are a church, school, library, reading.
in manufactures of woollens, linens, and hardwares, in iron- room, market-place, and numerous small streets of dwellingc
blast furnaces, and in coal, lime, and lead-works.        for servants.
WOLSK, a town of Russia. See VOLSK.                       WOLVERTON or WOLFERTON, a parish of England, co.
WOLUSTAN, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.          of Norfolk, on the WYash.
WOLSTANITON, a parish of England, co. of Stafford, 14    WYOLVERTON or WOLIVERTON, a parish of England,
miles N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. It has a new Gothic  co. of Somerset.
church, and a union workhouse. The Grand Trunk Canal   NVOLVERTON or WOLfVERDING'TON, a parish of Enghere passes through a tunnel 1~ miles in length.          land, co. of Warwick.
WOLITERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           VOLITVEY, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
WOLTSCHIANSK. See VoLTCHANSK.                             WVOL'VISTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Durham.
WOLUWE-SAINT-LAMBERT, vo'liivl sANt  13Mvbaiat, a    WOLYNSK.  See VOLHYuNIA.
village of Belgium, province of Brabant, on the Woluwe, 4    WOMI/BOURNE, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.
miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1111.                            WVOMBIItIDGE, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
WOLUWE-SA1NT-PIERRE, voltivl sTNG pe-aibl, a village   YWOMB/WELL, a chapelry of England, co. of York, WVest
of Belgium, province of Brabant, near the above. Pop. 1164. Riding.
WOLVERCOTE, woollver-kot, a parish of England, co. of    WOMIELSDORF, a post-borough of Heidelberg township,
Oxford.                                                   Berks co., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Reading tc
WOLVERIIAMPITON, a market-town, municipal and  Lebanon, 14 miles IV. of the former. It is surrounded by
2r32




W0Om                                                       WOO
fertile and well-cultivated farms, and is one of the largest of coal, timber, and articles for domestic purposes. Regiz
towns of the county. It contains an academy and a num- tered shipping, 4172 tons.
ber of stores. Pop. in 1850, 947.                            WOODIBRIDGE, a township in New Haven co.. ConnectiWOMIENSWOLD, a parish of England, co. of Kent.           cut, 6 miles N.W. of New IHaven. Pop. 912.
WOM/ERSLEY, a parish of England, co. of York, West   WOODBRIDGE, a post-township of Middlesex co., New
Riding, 51 miles S.E. of Pontefract, on the railway between  Jersey, on Staten Island Sound, about 38 miles N.E, of
Wakefield and Goole.                                       Trenton. Pop.'5141.
WOMMELGHEM, wom1mel-Gh3m. a village of Belgium,   WOODBRIDGE, a village of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, 190
province and 6 miles E. of Antwerp, on the Grand Schyn, miles WV. by S. of Harrisburg.
and the Canal of Ilerrenthals. Pop. 1534.                    WOODBRIDGE, a township in Hillsdale co., Michigan.
ITONANSQUATOCK/ET RIVER, a mill-stream of Provi-  Pop. 404.
deuce co., Rhode Island, falls into Narraganset Bay.         WOODBRIDGE, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, near
WON/ASTOW, a parish of England, co. of Monmouth.    Cedar River, 16 miles N.E. of Iowa City.
WONCK, wmnk, a village of Belgium, province of Lim-   WOODIBURN, a post-village of Jefferson co., Georgia, about
bourg, on the Geer or Jaar, 16 miles S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 70 miles E.N.E. of Milledgeville.
1525.                                                       WOODBURN, a post-office of Warren co., Kentucky.
WONDA or OUJONDA, won/d,, a river of North Africa,   WOODBURN, a thriving post-village of Macoupin co.,
rises in the S.E. part of Senegambia, flows N.N.W., and joins  Illinois, on the road from Alton to Springfield, 15 miles from
the Kokoro, after a course of about 130 miles.             Alton.
WONDELGHEif, w1on/del-Gh~mx, a village of Belgium,   WOOD/BURY, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
province of East Flanders, on the Canal of Terneuzen, and    WOOD/BURY, a post-township in Washington co., Veron the Lieve, and the Caele, 2 miles N. of Gheut. P. 1172.  mont, 14 miles N.E. by N. of Montpelier. Pop. 1070.
WONE, wan, a ruined town of Hindostan, province of   WOODBURY, a post-township of Litchfield co., ConnectiCandeish, with 8 large and 4 small pagodas of hewn granite, cut, about 25 niles N.N.W. of New Iaven. It is drained by
and a pyramidical form, -%ith numerous carvings, decora- Pomperaug River and branches, which afford water-power.
tions, and colossal statues.                              The village in the centre is more than a mile in length,
WON/ERSIT, a parish of England, co. of Surrey. Iron- abounding in elegant residences, and surrounded with
stone abounds, and there is much fine scenery, 31 miles beautiful scenery. It has 3 or 4 churches, several stores,
S.S.E. of Guildford.  WoaRtsn     PARK is a seat of Earl and a bank recently established. I-Hardware. woollen, and
Grantley.                                                  India-rubber goods are manufactured in the township,
WONGROWITZ, *onlgro-gitsx, (Polish Wongr-owiec, evon- which also contains the village of IHIotchkissville. Pop. in
grolve-fts,) or written WAGROWIEC, a town of Prussian  1840, 1948; in 1850, 2150.
Poland, 32 mites N.E. of Posen, on the Welna, with a Cis-   WOODBURY, a post-village, capital of Gloucester co., New
tercian monastery.                                         Jersey, on Woodbury Creek, 9 miles S. of Philadelphia. It
WON/STON, a parish of England, co. of Hants.             contains 3 churches, 2 public libraries, a newspaper office,
WONTERGIHEM, wlnlter-ghlm, a village of Belgium, and an academy. The creek is navigable by small boats to
province of East Flanders, on an affluent of the Lys, 15 miles this place. A railroad formerly connected it with Camden,
W.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1075.                                but the track has been taken up. Pop. estimated at 1000.
WOOD, a county in the N.W. part of Virginia, bordering    WOODBURY, a former township of Bedford co., Pennsylon the Ohio River, which forms its boundary on the N. and  vania, now divided into South, Middle, and North Woodbury.
W., separating it from  the State of Ohio: area about 420    WOODBURY, a post-village, capital of Cannon co., Tensquare miles. It is intersected by the Little Kanawha, and  nessee, 50 miles E.S.E. of Nashville.
also drained by Hughes River and French and Lee's Creeks.   WOODBURY, a small village of Richland co., Ohio.
The surface is hilly and broken; the soil generally fertile.   WOODBURY, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio, 105 miles
Extensive beds of stone-coal are found. It is intersected by  N.W. of Columbus.
two turnpike-roads, and by the North-Western Virginia   WVOODBURY, a post-village of Hamilton co., Indiana, 22
Railroad, (not yet finished.) Capital, Parkersburg. Pop., miles N.E. of Indianapolis.
9450.; of whom 9077 were free, and 373 slaves.               WOODBURY, a post-township of Cumberland co., Illinois.
WVOOD, a new county in the N.E. part of Texas, has an  Pop. 656.
area of about 775 square miles. The Sabine River forms its   WOODBURY, a post-village of Cumberland co., Illinois, on
S.W. boundary, and it is intersected by the Lake Fork of  one of the head branches of Embarras River, and on the
that river.  The county contains a large proportion of  National Road, about 100 miles S.E. by E. of Springfield.
prairie. It is not included in the census of 1850. Named    WVOODBURY, a post-village of Wright co., Missouri, about
in honor of Colonel Wood, second governor of the state. 90 miles S.S.VW. of Jefferson City.
Capital, Quitman.                                            WOODCHES/TER,  a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
WOOD, a county in the N.N.W. part of Ohio, contains    WOODICHURCI-I, a parish of England, co. of Chester.
about 600 square miles. The Maumee River, navigable by    WOODCHURCH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
steamboats, forms its N.W. boundary; it is intersected by    WOODICOCK, a post-township in the N. central part of
Portage River, and also drained by Beaver and Toussaint Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Pop. 2288.
Creeks. The surface is nearly level, with a slight declivity    WOODCOCK, a post-borough in the above township, and
towards the N.E. The land when properly drained is very  8 miles N.E. of Meadville. Pop. in 1851, 300.
productive. The county is heavily timbered. It is inter-   WOOD/COTE, a parish of England, co. of IHants.
seeted by Dayton and Mlichigan Railroad, the Junction or   WOOD CREEK, of Oneida co., New York, empties itself
Lake Shore Railroad, and by several plank-roads which  into the E. end of Oneida Lake.
terminate at Perrysburg, the capital. The salubrity of this   WOOD CREEK, of WVashington co., New York, falls into
region has been improved by the clearing and cultivation of  the head of Lake Champlain, at WVhitehall.
the land. Pop. 9157.                                         WVOOD-DALLIYNG, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
WOOD, a township in Clarke co., Indiana. Pop. 1447.        WOOD-EA/TON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
WOOD-BAST/WICK, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.    WOOD/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.
WOOD/BERRY, a post-village of Bedford co., Pennsylvania,   WOODFORD, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, 2'
15 miles N.N.E. of Bedford, contains several stores.       miles S.W. of Thrapston. Ilere are several tumuli and
WOODBERRY, a township of Blair co., Pennsylvania. Roman remains.
Pop. 1450.                                                   WOODFORD, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, 5 miles
WOODBERRY, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia.    N.N.WV. of Salisbury. Charles II. was concealed here after
WOODBERRY,     a post-office of Butler co., Kentucky.    the battle of Worcester.
WOODRERRY, a post-office of Baltimore co., Maryland.       WOODFORD, a township of England, co. of Chester.
WOOD/BINE, a post-office of Carroll co., Maryland.        WVOOD/FORD, a county in the N. central part of Kentucky,
WOODBINE, a post-office of Whitley co., Kentucky.        has an area estiumated at 280 square miles. The Kentucky.
WOOD'BOROUGII, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham. River forms its entire boundary on the S.W., and the South
WOODBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.          Fork of Elkhoru washes its N.E. border. The surface is
WVOOD/BOROUGI, a post-office of Grayson co., Texas.      gently undulating; the soil is calcareous, deep, and exceedWOOD/BOURNE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York, ingly fertile. The Lexington and Frankfort Railroad passes
on Neversink River, about 100 miles S.S.W. of Albany.      through the county, and the Kentucky River is navigable
WOODBOURNE, a post-village in Knox co., Tennessee, 202 by steamboats on the border. The surface rock is Trenton
miles E. by S. of Nashville.                               limestone, a good material for building.  The county is
W00ODBRIDGE, a market-town, river port, and parish of  heavily timbered with hickory, ash, sugar-maple, and black
England, co. of Suffolk, on the Deben, 7l miles E.N.E. of  walnut, which here attain alarge size. Formed in 1788, and
Ipswich.  Pop. in 1851, 5161.  The town has a spacious  named in honor of General William Woodford, who was
church of black flint and freestone. hlere are various dis- taken prisoner at the siege of Charleston, in 1780. Capital,
senting chapels, many schools, almshouses, sessions and  Versailles. Pop. 12,423; of whom 6047 were free, and 6370
market-houses, a custom-house, bonding  warehouses, a  slaves.
theatre, and a house of correction. Ship-building is actively    WOODFORD, a county in, the N. central part of Illinois,
carried on.  The mouth of the river forms an excellent has an area of 500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. -
hlaven, and is navigable 8 miles up to the town, for vessels by tihe Peoria Lake, an expansion of Illinois River, and
of 120tons burden. Exports of corn, flour, and malt; imports  drained by Mackinaw and Crow Creeks. The surfaoe prss
2133




woo                                                       Woo
sentrs no great inequalities; the soil is fertile. The prairies   WOODSBOROUGII, a post-village of Montgomery co., ll1
are said to be more extensive than the forests. Stone-coal nois, 66 miles S. of Springfield.
is found. The Illinois River is navigable along the border.   WOOD'S CORNERS, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Michigan.
The Central Railroad passes through the county. Capital,   WOODiS CREEK, a small stream  of Tuolumne co., CaliMetamora.  Pop. 4416.                                      fornia, rises among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada,
WOODFORD. a post-township of Bennington co., Vermont, and flowing in a general south-west course, falls into the
about 115 miles S.W. by S. of Montpelier. It contains ex- Tuolumne River.
tensive deposits of iron ore and yellow paint or ochre. P. 423.   WOOD'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Gloucester co.,
WOODFORD, a village of Woodford co., Illinois, 80 miles Virginia.
N. by E. of Springfield.                                     WOODS/DALE, a post-office of Person co., North Carolina,
WOODFORD, a post-office of Clay co., Missouri.           62 miles N.N.W. of Raleigh.
WOOD/FORD, ST. MARY'S, a parish of England, co. of    WOODS/FIELD, a post-village of Centre township, and
Essex.                                                     capital of Monroe co., Ohio, 120 miles E. of Columbus. It
WOOD/GROVE, a small village of Rowan co., North Cars- is pleasantly situated on high ground, and is surrounded by
lina.                                                      a hilly region. It contains 1 academy and a printing-office.
WOODGROVE, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio.            On the border of the village is a natural circular mound, 60
WOOD/HALL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.          feet high. Pop. in 1853, about 600.
WOODIHAMI FERIRERS, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   WOODS/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
WOODHAM  MOI/TIMER, a parish of England, co. of   WOOD'S HILL, a post-office of Roane co., Tennessee.
Es x.                                                        WOOD'S HIOLE, a post-village in Barnstable co., MassachuWOODI-TAIAMI   WALITER, a parish of England, co. of Essex. setts, at the S.W. extremity of the peninsula of Cape Cod,
WOOD/HAY, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Ilants.   about 70 miles S. by E. of Boston. The harbor is well proWOODHAY, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Berks.    tected by islands, and is of sufficient depth for ships of the
WOOD/HEAD, a chapelry of England, co. of Chester, 16 largest class. It is much frequented by vessels in temmiles E. of Manchester, on the railway.                    pestuous weather. Wood's Hole, is a favorite place of resort
WOODIHORN, a parishofEngland, co. of Northumberland. to invalids and persons in quest of sea air. It contains a
WOOD/HOUSE, a township of England, co. of Leicester.  church and a good hotel.
WOOD/HOUSE, a post-office of Meriwether co., Georgia,   WOOD SHOP, a post-office of Dale co., Alabama.
102 miles W. of Milledgeville.                               WOOD/SIDE, a township of England, co. of Salop. Others
WOOD/HULL, a post-township of Steuben so., New York, are in the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland.
25 miles S.S.W. of Bath. Pop. 1769.                          WOOD/SONVILLE, a post-office of Hart co., Kentucky, on
WOODHULL, a post-township'forming the S.W. extremity  Green River, opposite Mumfordsville, the county seat. It
of Shiawassee co., Michigan. Pop. 259.                     has 1. church and several stores.
WOOD/HURST, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.    WOOD'S STA/TION, a post-village of Walker co., Georgia.
WOOD/INGTON, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio.             WOODISTOCK, a parliamentary and municipal borough,
WOOD ISLAND, at the entrance of Saco River, Maine. town, and chapelry of England, co. and 8 miles N.N.W. of
On the E. side is a revolving light, 45 feet above the level of  Oxford, on the Glynn, and on a branch of the Great Western
the sea, lat. 430 27/ N., Ion. 70 15' W.                   Railway. Pop. of town in 1851, 1262. It has a handsome
WOOD/LAND, a post-office of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. church, Wesleyan, Independent, and other chapels, a good
WOODLAND, a post-office of Barren co., Kentucky.         town-hall and market-place, two endowed schools, almsWOODLAND, a post-township forming the N.E. extremity  houses, charities, and a manufactory of doe-skin gloves. It
of Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 377.                          sends 1 member to the House of Commons. Adjoining the
WOODLAND, a post-office of Lawrence co., Indiana.       town, on the S., is Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of MarlWOODLAND, a post-office of East Feliciana parish, Lout- borough. See BNr.NHEIM.-OLD WOODSTOCR, a locality a little
siana.                                                     N. of the town. Under the Saxon and Norman dynasties,
WOODLAND, a post-office of Schuyler co.. Illinois.       Woodstock was a royal residence, and here King Alfred
WOODLAND, a post-office of Northampton co., North  resided while translating Boetins.
Carolina.                                                    WOOD/STOCK, a post-township in Oxford co., Maine,
WOODLAND, a post-office of Ulster co., New York.         intersected by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, 45
WOODLAND, a township of Carroll co., Illinois. P. 395.  miles W. of Augusta. A village is springing up on the railWOODLANDS, a tything of England, co. of Wilts.           road, which promises to be a place of considerable business.
WOODLANDS, a locality in England, co. of Dorset, parish  The first settlement in the township was made in 1815.
of Horton, near which the Duke of Monmouth was seized  Pop. 1012.
in 1685.                                                     WOODSTOCK, a post-village and township, capital of GrafWOODLANDS, a post-office of Marshall co., Virginia.      ton co., New Hampshire, 50 miles N. by W. of Concord.
WOOD/LAWN, a post-office of Appomattox co., Virginia.  Pop. 418.
WOODLAWN, a post-village of Gaston co., North Carolina,   WOODSTOCK, a post-village and township, capital of Wind173 miles S.W. by W. of Raleigh.                           sor co., Vermont, 55 miles S. by E. of Montpelier. The village
WOODLAWN, a post-village of Edgefield district, South  is situated on both sides of the Quechee or Otta Quechee River,
Carolina, 98 miles W. by S. of Columbia.                   near the junction of the North Branch with the main stream.
WOODLAWN, a post-village of Murray co., Georgia.         It is surrounded with one of the finest agricultural regions of
WOODLAWN, a post-office of Itawamba co., MIississippi.  the state, for which it is the chief centre of trade. Its manuWOODLAWN, a post-office of Dallas co., Alabama.          factures are also extensive and varied. By the construction
WOODLAWN, a post-village of Washita co., Arkansas, 15  of dams across the Quechee, the stream has been made to
miles W. of Camden.                                        furnish an extensive hydraulic power. The public buildings
WOODLAWN, a small village of Shelby co., Illinois.       are a court-house, adorned with a portico, and surmounted
WOODLAWN, a post-office of Monroe co., Missouri, about by a lofty tower, a jail, the Vermont Medical College, and
70 miles N. of Jefferson City.                             churches of 5 denominations. The Medical Institution was
WOOD/LEIGH, a parish of England, co. of Devon.           founded by Dr. Joseph A. Gallop, in 1827, under the name
WOO/DLE ISLAND, of Gilbert Archipelago, in the Pacific  of the " Clinical School of Medicine," but not incorporated
Ocean, is in lat 0~ 17' N., Ion. 1730 27' E.               until 1835, at which time it received the title it now bears.
WOOD/MANCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Iants.    In 1852, 90 students attended its lectures.  In the centre
WOODMANCOTE, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.         of the village is a beautiful park, around which are situated
WOODMANSEY, a township of England, co. of York, East the finest buildings. Two newspapers are published in
Riding.                                                    Woodstock, which also contains a bank and about 20 stores.
WOODIMANSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.   Pop. in 1853, about 1500; of the township, 3041.
WOOD/NESBOROUGH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.    WOODSTOCK, a post-township of Windham  co., ConnecWOOD/PORT, a post-office of Victoria co., Texas.         ticut, about 40 miles N.E. by E. of IHartford.  It is drained
WOOD/RIDGE'S STORE, a post-office of Christian co., by a branch of Quinnebaug River, called Muddy Brook,
Kentucky.                                                  which affords water-power, employed for cotton, woollen,
WOOD RI/SING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.       and other manufactures. There are 3 pleasant villages in
WOOD RIV/ER, a mill-stream  of Rihode Island, rises in  the township, viz., Old Woodstock, North Woodstockl, and
IKent county, and unites with Charles R iver, in Washington  West Woodstock. Old Woodstock has a handsome green in
county, to form the Pawcatuck River.                       the centre, and contains 1 or 2 churches, an academy, and
WOODRUFF'S, a post-office ofSpartanburg district, South  a bank. Pop. 3381.
Carolina.                                                    WOODSTOCK, a post-village and township of Ulster co.,
WOODRUFF'S CREEK, of Michigan, rises in Oakland co.. New York, 50 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Pop. 1650.
and flows south-westward into Portage Lake, the water of    WOODSTOCK, a post-office of Crawford co., Pennsylvania.
which is discharged through the Huron River.                 WOODSTOCK, a post-village of HIoward co., Maryland, 50
WOODS, a post-office of Panola co., Texas.               miles N.W. of Annapolis.
WOODS, a post-office of Perry co., Tennessee.              WOODSTOCK, a beautiful post-village, capital of ShenaisWOODSIBOROUGHI. a post-village of Frederick co., Mary- doah co., Virginia, is situated on the Valley Turnpike, one
land, 70 miles N.W. of Annapolis.                          mile from tihe North Fork of the Shenandoah River, and
WOODSBOROUGHI, a post-village of Shelby co., Alabama, 160 miles N.W. of Richmond. The surrounding country is
64 miles E. of Tuscaloosa.                                fertile, and finely diversified. The village contains 3 or 4
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woo                                                       woo
W           ~OO'WOO
churclkes, a no  spaper office, 1 academy, a Masonic hall, and    WOODYILLE, a post-village of Jackson co., Indiana, about
numerous stores.  Pop. about 1200.                         9 miles W.S.W. of Brownstown.
WOODSTOCK, a post-village of Cherokee co., Georgia, 115    WOODVILLE, a village of Lawrence co., Indiana, on the
miles N.W. of Milledgeville.                               New Albany and Salem Railroad, 10 miles S. of Bedford.
WOODSTOCK, a beautiful village of Oglethorpe co.,   WOOD VILLE, a post-village of Adams co., Illinois, 95 miles
Georgia, about 55 miles N.N.E. of Milledgeville. It contains W.N.W. of Springfield.
1 church, a high school, end a steam-mill.                   WOODVILLE, a small village of Fulton co., Illinois, about
WOODSTOCK, a post-'ffice of Pulaski co., Kentucky.       50 miles W. of Peoria.
WOODSTOCK,'a post-village of Champaign co., Ohio, on    WOODVILLE, a small village of'Jackson co., Illinois.
the Columbus Piqua and Indiana Railroad, 32 miles N.W.   WOODVILLE, a post-village of Macon co., Missouri, on
of Columbus. Pop. in 1853, 300.                            the South Fork of Salt River, 80 miles N. by W. of JeierWOODSTOCK, a post-township forming the N.W. extre- son City.
mity of Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop. 949.                     WOODVILLE, a post-office of Tulare co., California.
WOODSTOCK, a small village of Cass co., Illinois.          WOODVILLE DEPOT, (Dep~t,) a post-office of Albemarle
WOODSTOCK, a thriving post-village, capital of McHenry  co., Virginia.
co.. Illinois, on the railroad connecting Chicago with Janes-   WOOD/WARD, a post-office of Centre co., Pennsylvania.
ville and Fond-du-Lac, 68 miles N.W. of Chicago. It is the    WOODWARD, a township of Clearfield co., Pennsylvania.
largest village of the county. Pop. in 1851, about 600.    Pop. 390.
WOODSTOCK, a township of Schuyler co., Illinois. P. 696.   WOODWARD, a township of Clinton co., Pennsylvania.
WOODSTOCK, a thriving town, capital of Carleton co., Pop. 476.
New Brunswick, on the left bank of the river St. John,   WOODWARD, a post-office of Barnwell district, South
about 60 miles in a direct line N.W. of Fredericton. Ex- Carolina.
tensive deposits of red hsimatite iron ore are found a short   WOODWARD'S HIOLLOW, a post-office of Erie co., New
distance above the town, along the banks of the Meduxne- York.
keag, at its entrance into the St. John. The ore is of a very    WOODIWARDSVILLE, a post-village of Essex co., New
superior quality, and though so highly charged with man- York. about 100 miles N. of Albany.
ganese as to make white and brittle cast-iron resembling    WO0DWARDSVILLE, a village of Burlington co., New
antimony in its fractured surface, also furnishes the very  Jersey, contains 2 churches, 2 stores, 4 mills, and about 70
toughest bar-iron, suited to the manufacture of the finest dwellings.
cast-steel. It had been extensively wrought and exported    WOOD/WORTHI'S, a post-office of Granville co., North Cato England for many years previous to the glut of the Eu- rolina, 61 miles N. of Raleigh.
ropean market, but in 1850 the furnace fires at Woodstock.' WOOD/YARDS, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio.
ceased. It was thought, however, that from the probable    WOOK/EY, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
rise in the price of iron, they would soon go into blast again.   WOOL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset, on the SouthOres of manganese are also found in the vicinity of the town. Western Railway, 5 miles W.S.W. of Wareham.
A railroad about 80 miles in length is in course of construe-    WOOL/ASTON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
tion, connecting Woodstock with St. Andrews.                 WOOLAY/INGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.
WOODSTOCK, a town of Canada West, capital of the co. of    WOOLAVINGTON, EAST AND WEST, a parish of'EngOxford, is situated in the townships of Blandford and East land, co. of Sussex.
Oxford, on the Great WVestern Railroad, 98 miles from To-   WOOL/BEDDING, a parish of England, co. of Sussex.
ronto. It contains 2 banks, several churches, and numerous    WOOL/BOROUG:H, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
stores and mills. Pop. 2000.                                WOOL/DALE, a township of England, co. of York, WVest
WOODSTOCK MILLS, a village of Camden co., Georgia.   Riding.
WOODSTOCK MILLS, a post-office of Nassau co., Florida.   WOOL/ER, a market-town and parish of England, co. of
WOOD/STONE, a parish of England, co. of Huntingdon.    Northumberland, on a small affluent of the Till, 46 miles
WOODS/TOWN, a post-village of Salem    co., New Jersey, N.WV. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.    Pop. in 1851, 1911. The
on Salem Creek, 55 miles S.W. by S. of Trenton. It contains town is situated on the declivity of the Cheviot Hills. In
5 churches, 6 stores, 3 schools, and about 150 dwellings,    the vicinity are remains of ancient fortifications, and a
WOODSVILLE, Massachusetts.  See WOODVILLE.              stone pillar commemorative of the victory of the Percies
WOODS/VILLE, a post-village of Mercer co., New Jersey, over the Scots in the reign of Henry IV.
13 miles N. of Trenton.                                     WOOLEY, a parish of England, co. of Huntington.
WOODSVILLE, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.   WOOLFARD/ISWORTHY, two parishes of England, co. of
WOOD/TON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.          Devon.
WOODIVALE, a post-office of Fayette co., Pennsylvania.    WOOL/FORD, GREAT, a parish of England, co. Warwick.
WOOD/VIEW, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio.             WOOLFORI),, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of
WOOD/VILLE or WOODSVILLE, a post-village of Mid- Warwick.
dlesex co., Massachusetts, near the Boston and Worcester   WOOLHIAMP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Berks, on
Railroad, 30 miles W.S.W. of Boston.                      the Great Western Railway, 7 miles E. of Newbury.
WOODVILLE, a post-village of Litchfield co., Connecticut,   WOOLIMA, woolle-mb', written also VOULIMA, a river
40 miles W. of Hartford.                                   of West Africa, Mandingo country, falls into the Ba Fing or
WOODVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York, on  Senegal.
Sandy Creek, about 50 miles N. of Syracuse.                 WOO LING SHAN or WOU LING CHAN, a mountain o!
WOODVILLE, a thriving post-village of Butler co., Penn- China, province of Pe-chee-lee; lat. 400 431 N., ion. 1170 27.
sylvania, 20 miles N. of Pittsburg.                       E. It is covered with perpetual snow.
WOODVILLE, a post-village of Rappahannock co., Vir-   WOOL/LAIM, a post-office of Gasconade co., Missouri.
ginia, on the turnpike from Sperryville to Fairfax, 115 miles   WOOLL/YA, a native settlement of South America, TerraN.WV. of Richmond. Pop. in 1853, about 300.               del-Fuego, on the N.WV. shore of Navarin Island, lat. 550 S.,
WOODVILLE, a post-villageof Bertie co., North Carolina. Ion. 680 W. It is of pleasing appearance, rising gently from
WOODVILLE, a post-village of Perquimans co., North  the waterside into moderate hills, clothed with the finest
Carolina, 205 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh.                     timber in the country, is well watered, and has rich grass.
WOODVILLE, a small village of Abbeville district, South   WVOOL/PIT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Carolina.                                                    WOOLSTASITON, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
WOODVILLE, a post-village of Greene co., Georgia, on the    WOOLSITIHORP, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad, 45 miles N. by E. of    WOOLS/TON, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester.
Milledgeville.                             W~OOLSTON, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
WVOODVILLE, a village of Henry co., Alabama, on the    WOOLSTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.
Chattahoochee River. It has 2 stores. The post-office is   WOOLSTON, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
called "Osrw, POND."                                        WOOL/TON, LITTLE, a township of England, co. of LanWOODVILLE, a pest-village of Jackson co., Alabama, caster.
near Paint Rock River, about 160 miles N.E. of Tuscaloosa.    WOOLTON, MUCH, a chapelry, England, co, of Lancaster.
WVOODVILLE, a post-village, capital of Wilkinson county,   WOOL/VERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
Mississippi, 35 miles S. of Natchez, and 15 miles E. of the    WOOL/VERTON, a parish of England, co. of Huants.
MIississippi  River.  It is connected by railroad with St.  WVOOLWICH, w6i1/ich or w6611ij, a town, parish, and naval
Francisville, on the river, 29 miles S., and has considerable  port of England, county of Kent, 9 miles E.S.E. of London,
trade.  There is a cotton factory in successful operation  with which it is connected by railway. Pop. in 1851, 32,367,
here. WVoodville contains 3 churches, 2 academies, 1 bank, chiefly dependent on the government establishments. The
and 2 newspaper offices.                                   town, about one mile in length, is onan elevated site, sepaWOODVILLE, a post-village, capital of Tyler county, rated from the Thames by the dock-yard; it has a conspicuous
Texas, 108 miles in a direct line N. by E. of Galveston.   old church, a new church, and several chapels; a Scotch
WOODVILLE, a post-office of Haywood co., Tennessee.    church, dissenters' meeting-houses, numerous schools, and a
WOODVILLE, a post-village and township of Sandusky  small theatre. The dock-yard, the most ancient in the kingco., Ohio. on the Portage River, and on the Western Reserve  dom, has been enlarged of late years, and has some very fine
and Maumee Turnpike, 120 miles N. by W. of Columbus. It new docks. Here were built the Royal George, which was lost
contains 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1237.          at Spithead, the Nelson, Trafalgar, and other first-rate ships;
WOODVILLE, a post-office of Wayne co., Michigan.         but from the comparative shallowness of the water in the
2135




WOO                                                        WOR
river, such ships are mostly built at thle other naval ports, church is an ancient structure. Here are also a chapel to!
and this yard is chiefly employed for constructing steamers. Independents, and an endowed grammar school.
Woolwich has the largest arsenal in Britain, covering more    WOOTTON GLANVILLE, a parish, England, co. of Dorset.
than 100 acres, and containing nearly 24,000 pieces of ord-   WOOTTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
nance, besides other warlike materials for the army and    WOOTTON, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
navy, a royal laboratory, &c. It is the head-quarters of the    WOOTTON, NORTH, a parish of England. co. of Somerset.
royal horse and foot artillery, and royal sappersand miners,   WOOTTON RIVERS, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
for whom, and other corps, here are extensive barracks;   WOOTTON, SOUTH, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
on a fine parade ground, S. of the town, are a repository for   WOOTTON ST. LAWRENCE, a parish of England, Co. of
military models, and an observatory. It is the seat of a  IIHants.
royal military academy for engineering and artillery. Wool-   WOOTTON WAWEN, a parish of England, co. of Warwick,
wich joins with Deptford and Greenwich in returning 2  21 miles S. of ienley-in-Arden. It has a handsome church.
members to the House of Commons. Monthly petty sessions  Petty sessions are held here.
are held by the county nmagistrates.                          WORB,  eoRp, a village of Switzerland, canton and 5 miles
WOOLWICH, a post-township in Lincoln co., Maine, on  E.S.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish, 2900.
the E. side of Kennebec River, 25 miles S. of Augusta. Pop.   WORBIS, VoRtbis, a town of Prussian Saxony, 43 miles
1420.                                                       N.W. of Erfurt, on the Wipper. Pop. in 1852, 2044.
WOOLWICH, a township of Gloucester co., New Jersey.   WORBIS-BREITEN, fronlbis brtlten, a village of Prussian
Pop. 3265.                                                  Saxony, 4 miles E.S.E. of Worbis, on the Wipper.
WOONSOCKIET, a fiourishing post-village of Smithfield    WORCESTER, woosfter, WORCESTERSHIRE, woosfterand Cumberland townships, Providence county, Rhode  shir, an inland county of England, with a very irregular outIsland, on both sides of the Blackstone River, and on the  line, and many detatched portions, but mostly bounded
Providence and Worcester Railroad, at the north-eastern  by the counties of Warwick on the E., Gloucester on the
terminus of the proposed Woonsocket Union Railroad, 16  S., HIereford on the W., Salop and Stafford on the N. Area,
miles N. by W. of Providence. At present it comprises one 738 square miles, or 472,320 acres, of which about 400,000
principal and several smaller villages, viz., Woonsocket,  are estimated to be arable or in meadows and pastures.
Beron, Hamlet, Jencksville, Globe, and Union villages, all Pop. in 1851, 276,926.  It is fertile, well watered, and
included under the general name of Woonsocket. There  richly wooded.  Principal rivers, the Severn, and  its
were in operation at this point, in 1853. 19 cotton-mills, in  affluents the Avon and Teme, all having a S. course. The
which were 73.304 spindles, and 1641 looms, annually con- Malvern Hills in the S.W. separate it from  IIerefordshire.
sumin, 6185 bales of cotton, and 11,300 gallons of oil, pro- The Bredon Hills in the S.E. rise to 900 feet in height.
ducing 276,538 yards of cloth per week; also 5 woollen- Wheat is extensively raised; hops are an important crop in
mills, with 9770 spindles, 227 looms, and 22 sets of cards,' some parts; orchards are numerous, and a great deal of
turning out 33,000 yards of cloth per week, and consum- cider and perry is made. Cattle and sheep are fattened here.
ing annually 600,000 bales of wool, and 10,000 gallons of  Coal is found at Dudley; in a N. detached district at Droitoil; preparations were being made to increase the above to  wich are brine springs; building stone and clay are other
the extent of 288 looms, and 10,000 spindles; also S machine  chief minerals. Carpets are madeat Kidderminster, glass
shops, 2 iron foundries, 1 gas manufactory, sash, blind, and  and iron wares at Dudley and Stourbridge, gloves and porceplaning works, I spool-thread factory, 1 manufiactory of  lain at Worcester, needles and fish-hooks at Redditch and
sewing-silk and silk fringes, 1 of gold pencils and jewellery, Feckenhaim; and in 1847, 673 persons were employed in
1 of musical instruments, 4 of tin-plate and stoves, 3 of  woollen, and 500 in silk mills. Numerous canals, and the
scythe-stones, connected with an extensive quarry in the  Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, intersect the county.
immediate vicinity, and 2 marble-yards, besides numerous  Worcestershire is divided into 10 divisions, in the diocese of
other establishments.                                       Worcester, and Oxford circuit. After Worcester, the capital,
There are in Woonsocket 7 churches, 1 high school, I  the principal towns are the boroughs of Evesham, Droitwich,
newspaper office, 6 banks, I savings institution, 80 stores, 3  Kidderminster, Bewdley, and Dudley. The county with
hotels, and 6 livery stables, containing about 50 horses. boroughs sends 8 members to the House of Commons.
Annual amount of freight, 19,631 tons; value of goods ma-   WORCESTER, a city, parliamentary and municipal bonufactured and merchandise sold, $2,292,670. An eminence  rough of England, a county of itself, and capital of the
in the rear of Beron affords a beautiful view of the village, county of Worcester, on the left bank of the Severn, here
Many of the most elegant dwellings occupy, in groups, the  crossed by a five-arched bridge, 3$ miles N.W. of the
extensive swells of highland which extend in every direc- Spetchley station of the Birmingham  and Bristol Railway,
tion above the valley of the river. Patriot Buildings (print- 23 miles N. of Gloucester, and 25 miles S.W. of Birminghamn.
ing) is a fine specimen of architectural beautyr. Woonsocket Pop. in 1851, 27,528. It stands chiefly between the Severn
has telegraphic communication with Pawtucket and Provi- and the WVorcester or Birmingham  Canal, just above their
dence. Its position on the route of the New York and Bos- junction, and sheltered on the E. by a finely wooded hill.
ton Air-Line Railroad is favorable to a rapid increase of  It is one of the best built and handsomest cities in the
business, and before many years the village will, without kingdom. The streets are regular, wide, and well paved.
doubt, contain a large population.  Pop. in 1853, about In the tything of Whinstones, on its N., are many detached
6500.                                                       villa-residences. On the S. the cathedral anil college precincts
WOOSTER, a flourishing post-town, capital of Wayne  occupy an extensive area. The city was formerly enclosed
county, Ohio, situated on Killbuck Creek, and on the Ohio  by a wall, some vestiges of which remain; and the college
and Pennsylvania Railroad, 90 miles N.E. of Columbus, and  precincts were, in early Saxon times, surrounded by separate
52 miles S. by W. of Cleveland. It is well built, and sur- fortifications, of which the Edgar tower is the chief relic.
rounded by a beautiful and undulating country, of which    The Cathedral was founded in 680; the present edifice,
it commands an extensive view. Wooster is the centre of  with its appendages, dating from  the 14th century, is an
an active trade, and is improving rapidly since tie construc-  elegant plain Gothic building, with a fine central tower 200
tion of the railroad, which forms part of a continuous line  feet in height. Its interior is very tastefully decorated, and
from Philadelphia to Indiana, &c. It contains 8 churches, it contains the tomb and effigy of King John, monumental
1 bank, 1 female seminary, and 2 newspaper offices. Car- chapel of Arthur. son of IIenry VII., monuments to Judge
riane making is carried on here extensively. Laid out in  Littleton, Bishop Stillingfleet, &c. Adjoining it are the
1808. Pop. in 1840, 1913; in 1850, 2797; in 1853, about4000; cloisters, with residences of the cathedral dignitaries, the
of the township, in 1850, 4122.                             chapter house, with a valuable library, a large ancient hall,
WOOSTER, a flourishing village of Scott co., Indiana, now occupied by the King's  school, and the bishop's palace,
about 80 miles S. by E. of Indianapolis. Pop. in 1853, 300.  on a commanding site facing the Severn. The see of WorWOOSTER, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa.            cester now comprises the counties of Worcester and Warwick,
WOOSUNG, a small maritime town of China, province of  with portions of adjacent counties. The tower and octagonal
Riang-see, 80 miles N.W. of Chusan, and strongly fortified  spire of St. Andrewss Church, 2451 feet in height, form one
by the Chinese during the late war, but taken by the British  of the most conspicuous objects in the city. The churches
in 1843.                                                    of St. Clement and St. Nicholas are handsome buildings,
WOOTITON, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.            and there are chapels for Roman Catholics, Independents,
WOOTTON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.               Calvinists, Baptists, Wesleyans, Huntingdon and Friends'
WOOTTON, a parish of England, co. of Kent.                meeting-houses. Other principal public buildings are, the
WOOTTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             Guildhall, new county courts, county and city jails, marketWOOTTON, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.         house, house of industry, county infirmary, buildings of
WOOTTON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.              various schools and charity institutions, public subscription
WOOTTON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, 3 miles  library, and theatre; and here are several remains of moW.S.W. of Dorking. The church stands in a picturesque  uastic establishments, including a coummandery of the Ieosvalley, and here is the demesne of the Evelyn family       pital of St. John. The royal grammar school or "King's
WOOTTON, a parish of Englanid, Isle of Wight.             school," founded for 40 scholars by I-Henry VIII., affords the
WOOTTON. See WOTTON.                                     privilege of competition for 2 exhibitions at Baliol College,
WOOTITON-BASISET, a disfranchised borough, market-  Oxford. The free grammar school, founded by Queen Elizatown, and parish of England, co. of Wilts, on the Great beth, has 14 exhibitions of301. to the universities and scholaWestern Railway, 6 miles W. of Swindon. Pop. in 1851, ships at Worcester College, and Magdalen Ihal, Oxford; and
2123. The town has a market-house in its centre.  The  at this school Butler the author of "iHudibras," and the
2136




WOR                                                        WOOR
great Lord Somers, were educated. Here are national,    Among the institutions may be mentioned the American
tLancasterian, and several other endowed schools; St. Os- Antiquarian Society, founded in 1812, by the munificence
wald's Hospital for 28 old persons; Nash's Charity for aged  of the late Isaiah Thomas, LL.D., the editor of the first folio
citizens; Berkeley's Hospital; Worfield's Charity; Shew- Bible published in the United States. The hall consists of
ring's Hospital; Jarvis's Charity. There are also a female  a centre building, about 50 feet by 40, adorned with a neat
penitentiary, lying-in, ophthalmic, and other medical insti- Doric portico and two wings, each 28 feet long and 21 wide.
tutions, a dispensary, humane and other societies; and Woe- In it is deposited the society's library, of above 12,000
cester is the head-quarters of the Provincial Medical Asso-  volumes, an extensive cabinet of antiquities, and numerous
ciation of Great Britain, and, with Gloucester and Hereford, specimens of early printing. The State Lunatic Asylum,
the place of -a triennial musical festival, the proceeds of  established here in 1832, occupies an elevation E. of the city.
which are applied to the relief of widows and orphans of  It comprises several buildings, the principal of which is 76
the clergy.                                                 feet long, 40 wide, and 4 stories high, with two wings; each
The principal manufactures are china wares of the first 96 feet by 36i, and 3 stories high. Other wings are-joined to
quality, and gloves, of which latter about 250,000 pairs are  these, the whole forming a complete square, enclosed by
annually produced. Lace, spirits, leather, nails, and turned  spacious and beautifully ornamented grounds. This instituwares, are made; there are extensive iron works on the  tion is considered as one of the best in the country for the
canal and river banks; and the city is the centre of a large treatment of lunatics. Of the 2306 insane persons admitted
trade in corn and hops. Good warehouses and quays border  during 13 years, over 1000 were discharged cured.  The
the Severn, which is here navigable for large barges. Wor- number of inmates, November, 1851, was 466, of whom 208
cester is the entrepdt for a large and populous district. It were paupers.  The Roman Catholic College located here
has several banks, and 4 weekly newspapers.                 was partially destroyed by fire, July, 1852, but has since
The borough is divided into 6 wards, and governed by a  been restored.  On a commanding elevation, about threemayor, 11 aldermen, and 36 councillors. It sends 2 members  fourths of a mile from the centre of the town, stands the
to the House of Commons. Under the name of Caer Guee- Oread Institute, a seminary of a high character for young
rangon, it was one of the principal cities of the ancient Bri- ladies. The building, an elegant structure, is in a peculiar
tons, and in the early Saxon period became the second  and striking'style of architecture, and surrounded by debishoric in Mercia. The troops of Cromwell here obtained a  lightful rural scenery. The public schools of Worcester are
daecisive victory over those of Charles II., September 3,1651. usually referred to as the model schools of New England.
Lord Somers was born at Worcester in 1652.                  The citizens of this town were among the first to adopt what
WORCESTER, w05sfter, the largest county in lMassachu- is commonly known as the graded system, comprising high
setts, occupies the central part of the state, extending across  schools, grammar, intermediate, and primary schools. In
the entire breadth from N. to S., and has an area of about the high schools of Worcester, the pupils are instructed in
1500 square miles. It is drained by the head waters of Mii-  all the branches usually pursued in colleges. Three daily
ler's, Chickopee, Thames, Blackstone, Nashua, and other  and five weekly newspapers are published here.
smaller rivers, which afford motive power to a great   The manufactures of Worcester are various and extensive.
number of mills.  The surface is undulating, with some  Among the leading articles produced are cotton and woollen
hills. The soil is strong and productive. In 1850 this  goods, carpeting, hollow-ware, castings, pistols, wire, railcounty produced 476,107 bushels of corn; 733,261 of potatoes; road cars, agricultural implements. tin ware, sash and door
145,094 tons of hay; 1,881,823 pounds of butter; and 2,584,245  blinds, paper, saddles, harness, trunks, locks, sieves, card
of cheese. The quantity of hay was the greatest produced  presses, musical instruments, mechanics' tools, plated ware.
by any county in the United States, except Oneida dounty, One establishment for the manufacture of wire, turns out
New York, and that of corn, potatoes, butter, and cheese, about 500 tons of the various sizes, including card, reed,
was each the greatest produced by any county in the state. cotton-flyer, annealed, broom, buckle, and spring wire, also
The Blackstone Canal has been converted into the track  all kinds of round, flat, or oval, adapted to various machine
of the Worcester and Providence Railroad. The county is  purposes. The telegraph wire manufactured at this estatraversed by numerous railroads, among the principal of  blishment is made from foreign extra-refined iron, and is
which are the Western, the Providence and Worcester, the  of a very superior quality. At the extensive factory of
Norwich and Worcester, the Worcester and Nashua, and the  Messrs. Allen & Thurber, about 100 men are employed in
Fitchburg Railroads.  Organized in 1731, and named from  the manufacture of pistols, each of which goes through some
Worcester, a county in England. Capital, Worcester. Pop. 25 hands before it is finished.  About 15,000 pistols are
130,789.                                                    turned out annually.  The commercial facilities of Worcester
WORCESTER, a county forming the S.E. extremity of  have been immensely increased by the construction of the
Maryland, bordering on Delaware, and on the Atlantic  numerous railways conducting to it. Previous to the openOcean, has an area of about 700 square miles. It forms  ing of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, the cost of transpart of the peninsula extending into the sea, between  porting merchandise from the seaboard to Worcester was
Chesapeake and Delaware Bay. Sinepuxent Sound washes  $10 a ton, and the time required two days. Since that event,
the S.E. border of the county, which is drained by Pocomoke  freight has been reduced to $2 a ton, and the time to less
and St. Martin's Rivers. The surface is level. The soil is  than three hours.
moderately fertile. The Pocomoke is navigable by sloops to    Worcester has 5 banks, a savings institution, 5 insurance
the county seat and St. Martin's River for a distance of 12  companies, and a gas-light company. The assessed value of
miles. Organized in 1742. Capital, Snow Hill. Pop. 18,859; real and personal property in Worcester, since the year 1800,
of whom 15,415 were free, and 3444 slaves.                  has been as follows, viz. in 1800, $290,542; 1820, $2,015,750;
WORCESTER, a post-township in Washington co., Ver- 1840, $4,288,950; 1851, $11,925,055, and in 1852, $12,575,566,
mont, 11 miles N. of Montpelier. Pop. 702.                  Stephen Sailsbury paid the heaviest tax, which amounted
WORCESTER, a city and seat of justice of Worcester  to $3830, and his property was ass~ssed at $589,000. By the
county, Massachusetts, is delightfully situated in the centre  assessment of 1849, 91 persons in Worcester owned proof one of the richest and most productive agricultural re- perty, each to the value of $20,000 and upwards, and 99
gions of the state, 45 miles W.S.W. of Boston, 43 miles persons to the value of $10,000 and upwards. The amount
N.N.W. of Providence. 45 miles S.S.W. of Nashua, and 53  of appropriations'by the city for all purposes in 1851, was
miles E.N.E. of Springfield. Lat. 420 16' 17" N., lon. 710 48' $75,500, and in 1852, $85,700. Worcester was settled in 1713,
13" W. From this point diverge five important railroads,  and incorporated a city in 1848.  Its Indian name was
viz., the Western Railroad, which connects with the railway  Quinisigamond.  Pop. in 1800, 2411; 1820, 2962; 1830, 417.2;
system of the South and West; the Worcester and Nashua, 1840, 7492; 1850, 17,059, and by a local census in 1853, 20,771.
communicating through other railroads with the valley of    WORCESTER, a post-village of Otsego co., New York, in
the St. Lawrence; the Boston and Worcester Road, one of  Worcester township, about 55 miles W. by S. of Albany. It
the first constructed in the state, having been opened in  contains several stores and mills. P. of the township, 2047.
1835; the Providence and Worcester, and the Norwich and    WORCESTER, a post-township of Montgomery co., PennWorcester Railroads, both of which have steamboat com- sylvania, about 7 miles N. of Norristown.  Pop. 1453.
munication with New York. To this network of railroads    WORCESTER, a village in McDonough co., Illinois, 90
Worcester is chiefly indebted for her late rapid increase in  miles N.W. of Springfield.
vwealth and population. The city is situated partly in a    WORCESTERSHIRE.  See WocESTEa.
valley environed by beautiful hills, and partly on an eleva-   WORDINGBO'RG, a town of Denmark, See VORDINGORGo.
tion which rises suddenly towards the W., affording delight-    WORDL,  tad'l, a town of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, on
ful sites for residences.  It is handsomely laid out with  the Main. Pop. 1572.
streets of convenient breadth, usually intersecting each    WORDItWELL, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
other at right angles. Main Street, the principal thorough-   WOPIFIELD, a parish of England, co. of Salop.
fare and seat of business, is a broad straight avenue, nearly    WORRIINGTON, a seaport town, parish, and township of
two miles in length, and beautifully shaded. On it are  En land, co, of Cumberland, at the mouth of the  erwent, on
several of the churches, the banks, court-house, city hall, the railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of Whitehaven.  Pop. in 1851,
and the largest hotels. On the E. side of the southern part 7159. The lower part of the town is old, with narrow streets.
of this street is a spacious green, filonting which are two  but in the upper pert are many goodresidences, and a square,
handsome churches, and a third, the Old South Church, in which the corn market is held; it has a handsome church
stands within the enclosure. Th6 town is well built, prin- and chapel, several dissenting chapels, assembly and news
cipally of brick, and contains some of the finest residences  room, a small theatre, a harbor, with good quays and a brealk.in New England.                                             water, some ship-building, manufactures of sail-cloth and
2137




WOR                                                       WOR
cordage, a valuable salmon fishery, and coal-mines in the    WORSIBOROUGHI, a chapelry of England, co. ot York,
vicinity, which employ many of the population, large quan-  West Riding.
tities of coal being shipped to Ireland and the Isle of Man. It   WORSILEY, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 6
is a creek of the port of Whitehaven. Registered shipping in  miles S.S.E. of Great Bolton. Pop. in 1851, 10,189. It is
1848, 14,002 tons. At Workington Hall, the fine castellated  intersected by the Wigan and Leigh Canal, and has extenmansion of the Curwen family, on a wooded height above  siye coal-mines, with subterrdnean canals and tunnels, the
the town, was a refuge of Mary Queen of Scots after her total extent of which is estimated at 18 miles.
flight from Langside.                                        WOR!STEAD, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
WORKISOP, a market-town and parish of England, county    WORST/HORN, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
and 25 miles N. of Nottingham, on the Ryton, at the N.   WORTEGHEM, woR/te-Ghbm', a village of Belgium, proextremity of Sherwood Forest, and with a station on the  vince of East Flanders, 15 ailes S.W. of Ghent.
Sheffield and Lindcolnshire Railway.  Pop. in 1851, 7215.   WORTEL, (woe/tel,) a village of Belgium, province and 21
The church formed part of an ancient priory, and is one of  miles N.E. of Antwerp.
the most perfect specimens of the Auglo-Norman style in    WORTH, *i/at, a market-town of Bavaria, on the Main, 34
England. Worksop is celebrated for its malt. The town  miles WV. of Wiirzburg, with a castle.
may be regarded as the capital of the district, popularly    WORTH, a market-town of Bavaria, 14 miles E. of Ratis.
called the "dukery," from  comprising Worksop-Manor.  bon. Pop. 1115.
Clumber Park, and Welbeck-Abbey, respectively the seats    WORTIH, a village of Bavaria, on the Isar, 11 miles N.E.
of the Dukes of Norfolk, Newcastle, and Portland.          of Landehut.
WORKUM, wo/kftim, a town of the Netherlands, pro-   WORTH, a parish of England, co. of Kent.
vince of Friesland, near the Zuyder-Zee, 21 miles S.W. of    WORThI, a township of England, co. of Chester.
Leeuwarden. Pop. 3193.                                       WORTH, a new county in the N. part of Iowa, bordering
WORIKWAY, one of the Arroo Islands, containing the vil- on Minnesota, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is
lages of Nieuw-Affara, Oud-Affara, Goor, Longar, and Tree. drained by Lime and Shell Rock Creeks, branches of EngIt is noted for the productiveness of its trepang fisheries.   lish River, which rise in two small lakes in the northern
WOR/LABY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.           part of the county. It. is not included in the census of 1850.
WORLD/HAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of IHants.   WORTH, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. P. 326.
WORLDHAM, WEST, a parish of England, co. of HIants.   WORTH, a post-township of Mercer co., Pennsylvania.
WORLE, wftrl, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.      Pop. 1015.
WOR/LINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         WORTH, a post-office of De Kalb co., Alabama.
WOR/LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.         WORTH, a post-office of Marion co., Arkansas.
WORLINGTON, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Devon,   WORTII, a post-office of Perry co.. Ohio.
6 miles E. of Chumleigh. IHere are remains of an ancient   WORTH, a post-office of Tuscola co., Michigan.
cross.                                                       WORTH. a post-office of Dubois co., Indiana.
WORLINGTON, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Devon.   WORTH; a township of Hancock co., Indiana. Pop. 718.
WORTLINGWORTH, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.    WORTH, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois.
WORLITSCHKA, son-litchb/k, a village of Bohemia, cir-   WORTIhAM, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
cle of Chrudim, district of and near Landskron, on the Ad-   WORTH/EM, a parish of England, counties of Salop and
lerbach, at the foot of the Adlerberg and Buchberg. P. 1205. Montgomery, 8 miles N.E. of Montgomery. A line of stones
WORLITZ, *Ua/lits, a town of Germany, duchy of Anhalt- here is supposed to have marked the old boundary between
Dessau, capital of a district, near the Elbe, and on a small England and Wales; and lead-mines were wrought here
lake 9 miles E. of Dessau. Pop. 1867. It has a ducal sum- during the Roman dominion.
mer palace, with fine parks and gardens.                     WORTHIENBURY, a parish of North Wales, co. of Flint.
WORMATIA. See WonaIs.                                      WOIRTIIIN, a post-office of IIenry co., Indiana.
WORMIBRIDGE, a parish of England, co. of HIereford.        WORTHIING, a maritime town and chapelry of England,
WORMDITT, WoaIfsmdit, a town of East Prussia, 43 miles  co. of Sussex, parish of Broadwater, on the English Channel,
S.S.W. of Kbnigsberg, on the Drewenz. Pop. 3470. It has  with a station on the South Coast Railway, 10 miles WI. of
manufactures of woollen cloth and leather.                 Brighton. Pop. in 1851, 5370. Its rise from an insignifiWORMELDINGEN, lyorlmel-ding'en,      a village of the Neth- cant village into a favorite watering-place, was due to the
erlands, province and 12 miles E. of Luxemburg, on the  visits of George III.  Its climate is mild and salubrious,
Moselle. Pop. 1400.                                       and fine sands here extend along the sea for several miles
W1ORMENHALL, a parish of England, co. of Bucks.         on either side.
WORMER, woa/m9r, a village of the Netherlands, pro-   WORTHING, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
vince of North Holland, 18 miles S.W. of Hoorn. Pop. 1059.   WORTI-HINGTON, a chapelry of England, co. of Leicester,
WORMERVEER, wor'mer-vairJ, a village of the Nether- 41 miles N.E. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, with which it is conlands, province of North Holland, 12 miles N.WV. of Haarlem. nected by railway.
Pop. 2688.                                                   WORTIIINGTON, (wlr/tHing-ton,) a post-township  of
WORMIGAY, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.           Hampshire co., Massachusetts, 100 miles WV. of Boston.
WORMIIOUDT, voRamoo/, a village of France, department Pop. 1134. 
of Nord, 11 miles S.S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. in 1852, 3869.     WORTHINGTON, a post-village of Armstrong county,
WORM!INGFORD, a parish of England, co. of Essex.         Pennsylvania, 6 miles W. of Kittanning, is situated in an
WORMIINGTON, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of  iron region, and has 1 or 2 furnaces in the vicinity.
Gloucester.                                                 WVORTHINGTON, a post-village of Marion co., Virginia.
WORM/LEIGHTON, a parish of England, co. of Warwick. Pop. about 200.
WORMILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.            WORTH1NGTON, a post-village of Muhlenburg co., KenWORM/LEYSBURG, a post-village of Cumberland co., tucky, near Greene River, 155 miles S.W. by WIV. of Frankfort.
Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of Susquehanna River, about   WORTHINGTON, a neat post-village of Franklin co.,
1 mile S.W. of Harrisburg.                                 Ohio, on the Columbus and Worthington Plank-roaid, 9
WORMS, a town of Austrian Italy. See Boasmo.             miles N. of Columbus. It contains 3 churches, an academy,
WORMS, (anc. Borbetonfaguss; L. tVorematia,) a city of  and a seminary for girls. Pop. about 500.
West Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, province  of RIhein-    WORTHINGTON, a township of Itichland co., Ohio. Pop.
Hessen, 26 miles S.E. of Mentz, on the left bank of the  2003.
Rhine, here crossed by a flying bridge.  Pop. 9400. It   WORTHINGTON, a post-office of Greene co., Indiana.
was formerly an imperial city, and is very ancient, having    WORTHINGTON, a post-office of Jackson co., Illinois.
existed before the arrival of the Itomans.  It had a palace    WORTH MATRAVIERS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
in which Charlemagne often resided. In the 13th century      VORTHSI/VILLE, a post-village of Johnson co., Indiana,
its population is said to have amounted to 60,000. In 1689 on the railroad from Madison to Indianapolis, 12 miles S.S.E.
it was taken and burned by the French, the Cathedral and  of the latter.
a few houses only having escaped the flames. It has a gym-i WVORTHIIVILLE, a post-village of Jefferson co., New York.
nasium, manufactures of tobacco, and trade in agricultural    WORTHVILLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania.
produce, and in the fine winus of its vicinity. Among many    WORTHVILLE, a post-village of Butts co., Georgia.
diets held at Worms, the most celebrated was that of 1495,  WVORTIIVILLE, a post-office of-Carroll co., Kentucky.
convoked by Maximilian I.; and that of 1521, before which   IWORTHY, KINGS, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
Luther appeared.                                            WOR/THY MARITYR, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
WORIMSIIILL, a parish of England, co. of Kent.            WOlT/ING, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
WVORMSILEY, a parish of England, co. of IIereford.        WORT/LEY, a township of England, co. of York, West
WVORNITZ. a river of Bavaria. See WER.NITZ.             Riding, with a station on the Manchester and Sheffield
WORONEJ, WORONETZ or WORONESCII. See VORONEZH. Railway, 8 miles N.N.W. of Sheffield.  Pop. in 1851, 7896,
WORPPLESDON, a parish of England, co. of Surrey.        extensively employed in the manufacture of woollens.
WORRINGEN, *on/inug-en, (anc. Burusnu/csmse?)a nmarket-   WORTLEY, a chapelry of England, co. of York, West
town of Rthenish Prussia, 9 miles N.N.W. of Cologne, on the  Riding, 5i miles S.S.W. of Burnesley. Here are Wortleyleft bank of tle Rhine, formerly fortified. Pop. 1905.    Hall and Wharncliffe Lodge, (Lord Wharncliffe.)
WVORRSTADT, v6aRstltt, a market-town of Germany,   WORT/ON, NETH/ER, a parish of England, co. of Oxford
Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Rhein-HIessen, capital of a    WVORTON, OVER, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
county, 13 miles S.S.W. of Menta. Pop. 1630.                WORT/WELL, a hamlet of England, co. of Norfolk.
2138




WOS                                                          WRI
WOSCI-IITZ, JUN(A y66ng leofshits, a town of Bohemia,   WVRENITIAMS, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
11 miles N.E. of Tabor. Pop. 1820. Southward is the vii-   WRENTI-hAMI, a post-township in Norfolk co., Massachulage of Alt-Woschitz.                                       setts, intersected by the Norfolk County Railroad, 23 miles
WOSCHINIK, vosh/nik, written also WOISCIINIK  or  S.W. by S. of Boston. It is drained by branches of Charles
WOZNIK, a market-town of Prussia, government and 48  and Neponset Rivers, which afford excellent water-power.
miles E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1083.                               It has manufactures of straw  bonnets and cotton goods.
WOS/SINGEN, a market-town of Baden, 9 miles E. of  The principal villages are Eagle Factory village, SheppardsCarlsruhe.  Pop. 1597.                                       ville, one near the centre of the township, and another in
WOSTITZ, ttos'titt, or WLASATICE, a town of the Aus- the N. part. Pop. in 1840, 2915; in 1850, 3037.
trian Empire, Moravia, 19 miles S.S.W. of Brunn.  Pop.   WRESCI-IEN, vrishlen, or WIRYSCZYNA, vrish-in/I,
1100.                                                        (Polish t'resz)tio, vrlsh/ne-o,) a town of Prussian Poland, 40
WOTAWA, *o-tal%, a river of Bohemia, after a N.E. miles E.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 3040. It has manufactures of
course of 60 miles, joins the Moldau, 11 miles N.E. of Pisek. woollen cloth.
WOTITZ, No/tits, a market-town of Bohemia, 33 miles,   WRESSEL, r$s'el, a parish of England, co. of York, East
S.E. of Prague, with a castle and 1400 inhabitants.         Riding, on the D)erwent, across which the Hull and Selby
WOTITON, COURTNEY,  a parish of England, co. of So- Railway is here carried by an iron bridge, 31 miles N. of
merset.                                                      Howden. Here are the ruins of Wressel Castle, a baronial
WOTTON FITZ-PAINE, a parish of England, co. of Dorset. residence of the Earls of Northumberland, built in the
WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE, woot'gn And/rij, a market-town  reign of Richard II.
and parish of England, county and 17k miles S.S.W. of    WRESTLINGWORTII, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.
Gloucester. Pop. in 1851, 4224, chiefly employed in woollen    WRESZNIO.  See WREscIiEN.
mills and hand-loom weaving.                                   WRETIHAM, GREAT and WEST, two contiguous parishes
WOUBRUGGE, wmw-brhggsgh      h, a village of the Nether- of England, co. of Norfolk.
lands, province of South Holland, 8 miles N.E. of Leyden.    WRETITON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.
Pop. 932.                                                      WREXIIIAIM, a parliamentary borough, town, parish, and
WOUDENBERG, ww/dlden-bhRGx, a village of the Nether- two townships of North Wales, chiefly in the county of Denlands, province and 15 miles E. of Utrecht. Pop. 1723.      bigh, but the parish partly in the county of Flint, with a staWVOUDRICHIEM, wTwldriK-6m, or WORKUM, a strongly  tion on the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway, 12 miles S.W.
fortified town of the Netherlands, province of North Bra- of Chester. Pop. of parish in 1851,15,520; of borough, 6714.
bant, at the junction of the Mlaas and Waal, 16 miles N.W. The town, consisting of several spacious streets crossing each
of Bois-le-Duc.  Pop. 1220.                                 other at right angles, has some substantial houses. The
WOUGHTON (wO'ton) ON TIHE GREEN, a parish of Eng  church, formerly collegiate, is a fine edifice of the time of
land, co. of'Bucks.                                          Henry VII., 178 feet in length, 72 feet in width, with a
WOULDHAMI, w5ldfam, a parish of England, co. of Kent. highly decorated tower, 135 feet in height, a fine altarWVOU LING CIJAN. See WVoo LINC  SHAN.                     piece, and several good monuments, including two by RouWVOUMEN, w-w/mlen, a village of Belgium, province of  billiac.  IHIere are iron works, paper-mills, and an active
West Flanders, 20 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 3157.          trade in flannel, coal, and lead from adjacent mines. The
WOUW, wvw or w0w*, a parish and village of the Neth- borough, with Denbigh, Holt, and Ruthin, sends 1 member
erlands, province of North Brabant, 8 miles N.E. of Bergen- to the HIouse of Commons.
op-Zoom. Pop. 2500.                                          VWRIETZEN, vreet/sen,WRIEZEN or BRIETZEN, a walled
WOW, wow, a town of IHindostan,  province of Guzerat, town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on an arm  of
capital of a district E. of the Runn, and 157 miles WV. by S. the Oder, 33 miles E.N.E. of Berlin.  Pop. 5930. It has
of Odeypoor. It is fortified, but has suffered much by in- manufactures of woollen stuffs, hosiery, tobacco, and leather.
cessant ravages. Since 1820, when it was placed under Bri-   WRIGHT, a county in the S. part of Missouri, contains.ish protection, it has somewhat recovered.                 about 950 square miles. The Gasconade River and the Osage
WOYNELOW, Woi/neh-lov, a village of Austrian Galicia, fork of the same rise in the county and flow northward; it is
30 miles E.S.E. of Stry, on a small affluent of the Duiester.  also drained by the sources of the James, Bryant's, Finley,
WOYNITZ, fvoilnits, a town of Austrian Galicia, 41 miles  and North Forks of White River. The surface is uneven; a
E.S.E. of Cracow. Pop. 1116.                                portion of the soil is productive. The county is amply supWOYSLAWICE, voi-sl4-feet/s', a town of Poland, go- plied with water-power.  Lead, copper, and iron ore are
vernment and 50 miles E.S.E. of Lublin.  Pop. 2000.         said to be abundant in the vicinity of IHartsville, the county
WOZNIK, a tdwn of Prussia.  See WoscHNrK.                 seat. Pop. 3387; of whom 3305 were free, and 82 slaves.
WRA, a river of Poland. See WXRA.                           WRIGHT, a new county towards the N. part of Iowa, has
WRABNESS, rab-nissl, a parish of England, co. of Essex. an area of, 576 square miles. It is intersected in the E. by
WRAGBY, rag/bee, a market-town and parish of England, the Iowa River, and in the W. by Boone River. This county
co. and 12 miles E.N.E. of Lincoln. Pop. in 1851, 610, chiefly  is not included in the census of 1850. Named in honor of
agricultural. The village is neat, and in a fertile district.   Silas Wright, of New York.
WVRAGBY,   a parish of England, co. of York, West Riding.    WRIGHT, a township in Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop. 1030.
WVRAKLAWEK. See WROCLAWEK.                                  WRIGHT, a township of IHillsdale co., Michigan.  P. 574.
WRAMPLINGIIAM,  rampfling-am, a parish of England,   WRIGHI-IT, a post-township in the E. part of Ottawa co.,
co. of Norfolk.                                             Michigan.  Pop. 521.
WRANGEL, vring/le,  or VRANGEL, vrang/gel, (GREAT    WRIGIIT, a post-township, Greene co., Indiana. Pop. 793.
and LITTLE,) two small islands of Russia, government of    WRIGHIIT/INGTON, a township, England, co. of Lancaster.
Esthonia, in the Gulf of Finland, 20 miles N.E. of Revel.     WRIGIHTI'S BLUFF, a post-office of Sumter district, South
WRANGEL, an island of Russia, government of Esthonia, Carolina.
in the Gulf of Finland, 15 miles N.E. of Revel. Pop. 1100.   WRIGHTS/BOROUGH, a post-village of Columbia co.,
WRANGLE, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.             Georgia, on Town Creek, 40 miles W. of Augusta.
WRANGLEBOROUGH, a village of New  Jersey.  See    WRIGHT'S CORNERS, a post-village of Niagara co., New
UNIONVILLE.                                                 York, about 60 miles W. of Rochester.
WRATH, CAPE. See CAPE WRATH.                                WRIGHT'S CORNERS, a post-office, Dearborn co., Indiana.
WRATtTLING, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.   WRIGHTS/TOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., New
WRATTLING, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk. Jersey, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Trenton.
WRATTLING, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Cam-   WRIGHITSTOWN, a post-township in Bucks co., Pennbridge.                                                     sylvania, about 9 miles S.E. of Doylestown. Pop. 821.
WRAWIBY, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.               WRIGHTSTOWN, a post-township forming the S.E. exWRAXIALL, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.             tremity of Brown co., Wisconsin.
WRAXALL, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.              WRIGHTS/VILLE, a post-village of Clinton co., New York.
WRAXALL, NORTH, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.          WRIGHTSVILLE, a village of Monmouth co., New Jersey,
WRAYSBURY, a parish of England. See WYRARDIsBuav. about 5 miles from Allentown.
WRAY-WITIHI-BOT/TON, a township of England, co. of    WRIGHTSVILLE, a post-village of Warren co., PenosylLancaster.                                                  vania, on the Little Brokenstraw Creek, 225 miles N.W. of
WREAK or WREKIE, reek, a river of England, co. of Lei- IHarrisburg. Pop. about 400.
cester, rises in the N.E. part of the county, flows S.W. past   WRIGHTSVILLE, a flourishing post-borough of Hemtin
Melton-Mowbray, Rotherby, &c., and joins the Soar near  township, York county, Pennsylvania, on the right (W.)
Rothley, near which junction it is united with Leicester  bank of the Susquehanna, opposite Columbia, and 11 miles
Canal, and joined by its principal tributary streams from   E.N.E. of York. A branch railroad extends from this place
the S.E. Total course, 25 miles.                            to York.  A fine bridge, about 1 mile long, upon which thi
WRECKLESHAM, r~k/kel'z-am, a tything of England, co. railroad is laid, crosses the river at this point. A good
of Surrey,                                                  turnpike leads to York and Chambersburg; and the TideWRED)ENIIAGEN, vr/lden-hb'ghen, a village of North  water Canal extends from Wrightsville to thavre de Grace,
Germany, Mhecklenburg-Schwerin, 38 miles S.S.E. of Gust- Maryland. About 10,000,000 feet of lumber are annually
row, Pop. 538.                                              brought here and seasoned for the Philadelphia market, and
WRENBURY, a parish of England, co. of Chester.            for other towns along the railroad. Pop. in 1850, 1310.
WRENIINGIJAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of    WRIGIHTSVILLE, a post-office of Pontotoc co., Mississippi
Norfolk.                                                      WEIGHTSVILLE, a small village, Monroe co., Tennessee.
2139




WR1I                                                      WUR
WRIGIITSVILLE, a post-village of Roane co., Tennessee,   WUNZEN, woonzzen,(?) or WUNZENIDAKRE, woonfzen.
154 miles E. by S. of Nashville.                           d'kAt,(?) an active volcano of Japan, island of Kioo-Sioo. It
WRING/TON, a town and parish of England, co. of So- rises 4110 feet above sea-level, nearly in the centre of the
merset, 6 miles N.N.E. of Axbridge. Pop. in 1851,1620. The  peninsula of Sinsabara.  A terrible eruption from  this
philosopher Locke was born here in 1632.                  mountain took place in 1792, when the northern peak o!
WRITI-1LINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.  the mountain was blown into the air, and a stream of boilWRIT/TLE, a town and parish of England, co. of Essex, ing water issued from the gap and poured down to the sea,
21 miles W.S.W. of Chelmsford. Pop. 2520.                  which at the same time overflowed its banks. The whole
WRIKA, a river of Poland. See WslrA.                    face of the country was changed, and 50,000 persons are
WROCKWARDINE, rokfwar-din, a village and parish of  said to have perished.
England, co. of Salop, picturesquely situated, 2 miles W. by    WUPPER, three rivers of Germany. See WIPPEI.
N. of Wellington, with an ancient church of red stone. Pop.   WURBENTHAL, (Wtirbenthal,) viaiR/ben-tsil', or URBENin 1851, 3107.                                             THIAL, dOrfben-tlx, a town of Austrian Silesia, 27 miles
WROCLAWEK, vrots-l tlk, a town of Poland, govern- W.N.W. of Troppau, on the Oppa. Pop. 1159.
ment of Warsaw, on the left bank of the Vistula, 8 miles   WURIDAII or WURIDA, a river of India, flows tortuously
N.E. of Brzssc. Pop. 1400.                                 S.E. through the centre of the Deccan, and joins the CGodaWRONKE, vronlkeh, or WRONKI, vronklee, a town of  very, 12 miles E. of Chinnoor. Total course 100 miles,
Prussian Poland, 30 miles N.W. of Posen, on the Warta,  throughout nearly all which it separates the dominions of
and on the Stettin and Posen Railway. Pop. in 1852, 2338. Berar and Ityderabad, receiving from the former its affluent
It has woollen cloth factories.                           the Wyne-gunga, and from the latter on the W. the PaynWROOT, root, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.       gunga. Sirpoor is the only town of consequence on the
WROTIHAM, a village and parish of England, co. of  Wurdah.
Kent, 11 miles W.N.W. of Maidstone. It has two churches,   WURIELINGEN, (Wiirelingen,) gVtifrel-ling-en, a village
the one ancient and spacious, the remains of an archbishop's  and parish of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 6 miles N.W.
palace. Pop. in 1851, 1184.                                of Baden. Pop. 1003.
WROUGHTION, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.            WURIENLOS, (Wtirenlos,) Yti/ren-los', a village and parish
WROX/ETER, a parish of England, co. of Salop, 5m miles  of Switerland, canton of ra,  3 miles S.E. of Baden, on
S.E. of Shrewsbury. Here was the Roman station, Ui-icol- an impetuous torrent which joins the Limmat, and is here
niecns, many relics and traces of which remain.            crossed by a handsome bridge. Pop. 763.
WROX/HIALL, a parish of England, co. and 5~ miles    WURMLINGEN, (Wtirmlingen,) w65cm/ling-en, a village
N.N.W. of Warwick. Wroxhall Abbey is the seat of the  of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald, bailiwick and N.E.
descendants of Sir Christopher Wren.                      of Rtothenburg. On a neighboring height is a chapel visited
WROX/HAMI, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         by numerous pilgrims. Pop. 1061.
WROX'TON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.              WURMLINGEN, a village of Wtirtemberg, circle of
WRYSCZYNA. See WRESCHEN.                                 Schwarzwald, bailiwick of Tuttlingen, on the Elte. P. 1203.
WSCIHERAU, vsh.{h'-w, or SCIERAU, shf/r6w, a town    WURMI-SEIE, C.6mf sA', a lake of Upper Bavaria, 15 miles
of Bohemia, circle of Pilsen. Pop. 1104.                   S.S.W. of MUinich. Length from S. to N., 12 miles, breadth
WSCIJOWA, a town of Prussia. See FRAUSTADoT.             4 miles. It discharges its surplus waters N. into the AmWSETIN  or WSZETIN, vsa-teen!  or vsytin, a town of  mer, by the Wtirm, 20 miles in length.
Moravia, 33 miles N.E. of IHradisch. Pop. 3170.              WUR/NA, a river of Hindostan, presidency of Bombay,
WUIDD, tvtid, a small town of Beloochistan, province of  rises in the West Chants, lat. 170 18' N., lon. 730 46' E.,
Jhalawan, in the plain of Wudd, 110 miles $. of Ielat; lat. and falls into the Kistnah, total course 80 miles.
370 19' N., Ion. 660 31' E.                                  WUR/NO, a town of Central Africa, about 17 miles N.E.
WUD'WANT, a town and fort of British India, presidency  of Saccatoo, on the Rima. It is the residence of the Foolah
of Bombay, 54 miles W.S.W. of Ahmedabad; lat. 220 42' N., Emperor, and was founded by Bello in 1831. Pop. in 1853,
Ion. 710 47' E.                                            from 12,000 to 13,000.
WU/ERDALE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.       WURTEMBERG, (Wtirtemberg,) (Ger. pron. ViinattmWUKUMOTO, woo-ko-mo/to, a town of Japan, province  bhrG; Fr. TVWsrtembegy, vtin'tltacbain/; Sp. lVirtemberg, veeRof Fizen, island of Kioo-Sioo; let. 320 50' N., lon. 1300 E. tlm-biag/; It. Virtemberga, veer,-t~m-bhltg/,) a kingdom
At this place there is a coal-pit entered by an easy staircase  in the S.W. of Germany, ranking as the sixth state in the
of 120 steps, and containing seams of bituminous coal.     Germanic Confederation, and bounded, S.E., E., and N.
WULFLINGEN, (Wiilflingen,) wtilf/ling-en, a village and  by Bavaria; N.W., W., and S.W. by Baden; and S. by Baden,
parish of Switzerland, canton and 12 miles N.E. of Zurich. Hohenzollern, (which it nearly encloses,) and the Lake of
It is overhung by an old castle, and has a church with in- Constance, which separates it fi-om Switzerland; greatest
teresting tombs. Pop. 1950.                                length from N. to S., 140 miles; central breadth, 100 miles;
WULFRATH, (Wrilfrath,) *tilf/rit, a village of Rhenish  area, 7554 square miles.
Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, 6 miles W.N.W. of Elber-   Except a few level tracts in the S., the surface is throughfeld. Pop. in 1852, 1096.                                  out hilly and mountainous. In the W., the Schwarzwald,
WULLERSDORF, *06l1lers-donfi, a market-town of Lower or Black Forest, forms part of the boundary with some of
Austria, on the Schmieda, 22 miles N.W. of IKorneuburg. its loftiest ridges, and sends ramifications far into the inPop. 1700.                                                 terior. In Wtirtemberg, however, it is neither so high nor
WUL/UR or WUL/LER, a lake of Cashmere, formed by  so steep as on the side of Baden. Its ridges are generally
an expansion of the Jhylum, 18 miles N.W. of Serinagur;  clothed with forests. Much steeper and more inhospitable
greatest length from W. to E., 21 miles, breadth about 9 miles. are the mountains of the centre and the E., where the Alb
It produces singara or water-nuts so abundantly as to yield  or Rauhe Alp, forming part of the Franconian Jura, covers
a rent of 12,0001. to the government, and subsist a large  an extensive tract. This mountain mass, when at its greatest
part of the population. These nuts, the roots of the Tmrapa  height, spreads out into an  elevated desolate plateau.
bispinosa, are obtained by dredging between two boats, as Towards the N. its descent is rapid and abrupt, but towards
for oysters on our coasts. On a small island in the lake are  the S. it slopes very gradually;. Beyond the N. slope other
extensive ruins of a very old Boodhist temple.             heights begin to rise, and link at last with outliers of the
WULVERINGHEM, wtil/ver-ing-Gh~ml, a village of Bel- Odenwald.
glum, province of West Flanders, on the canals from Loo    The drainage is shared between the basins of the Danube
and Bergues to Furnes, 3 miles S. of Fumnes. Pop. 1077.    and the Rhine, and hence, part of the great watershed of
WUMME, (Wiimme,) itim/m eh, a river in the N.W. part of the European continent is found in Wtirtemberg; here it is
Germany, Hanover, after a westward course of upwards of 75  formed by the Alb and its plateau, the N. and W. sides of
miles, past Rothenburg and Ottersberg, joins the Weser 10  which give rise to several tributaries of the Rhine, while
miles N.W. of Bremen, the territory of which it bounds on  those of the E. and S.E. send a much smaller portion to the
the N. Chief affluents, the IIumme and Worpe from the  Danube, which in the latter direction is the only river of
N., and Lesum from the E.                                  importance. The Rhine carries off part of the S. drainage
WUNIGA, a small town of Sinde, on the E. branch of the  by the Lake of Constance, and receives that of the S.WV., W.,
Indus, 75 miles S.E. of Hyderabad.                         and N., by a number of important streams, more especially
WUNNENBERG, (Wtiinnenberg,.) *tin/nen-b8Rgx, a town  the Neckar and its tributaries, Lauter, Fils, Reins, Murr,
of Prussian Westphalia, 14 miles S. of Paderborn. P. 1300. Kocher, Jaxt, and Enz. Besides these, a small portion of
WUNNEWYL, (Wtinnewyl,)  tuinlnelh-iil', a village of the N. is drained by the Tanber, a tributary of the Main.
Switzerland, canton and 7 miles N.E. of Freyburg. P. 2000. The Lake of Constance, of which only a small portion belongs
WUNSCIHELBERG, (Wtinschelberg,) a town of Prussian  to Wtirtemberg, is the only lake worthy of the name.
Silesia. See HRADEK.                                        Notwithstanding the general ruggedness and elevation of
WUNSDORF, f66nl/doRf, or WUNSTORF,  166nsftoaf, a  the surface, the climate is decidedly temperate, though it
town of Itanover, principality of Kalenberg, on a railway, necessarily varies much with locality, and cannot be the
between Hanover and Minden, 13 miles W.N.W. of Han- same on the ridges of the Schwarzwsld and the plateau of
over. Pop. 1954.                                          the Alb as in the lower valley of the Neckar. The thermoWUNSIEDEL, 2is6n/seeo'dl, a walled town of Bavaria, on  meter ranges firom 770 to 860 Fahrenheit in summer, and
the ItlUssla, 20 miles E.N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 3900. It has  50 to 100 in winter.
manufactures of woollen yarn and woven fabrics, and a    In respect of vegetation, the country has been divided
m        2onument   to Jan Paul Richter, who was born here.  into three regions-from  the lowest level up to 1000 feet7
214t




WUR                                                         WUT
from 1000 feet to 2000 feet, and from 2000 feet upwards. All serve from the age of 25 to 31. The citadel of Hohenzollern
of these divisions produce grain, but the characteristic pro- is the only fortress. As a member of tile Germanic Confeducts are-in the third, forest timber; in the second, the  deration, Wtirtemberg holds the sixth place, and has four
hardier fruits; and in the first, the more delicate fruits and  votes in the plenum. Its contingent of men is 13,955. The
the vine. This last region is almost confined to the northern  revenue, obtained in nearly equal proportions by direct
circles of the Jaxt and the Neckar, where the fig and melon  and indirect taxation, was estimated in 1854, at $5,090,946;
ripen perfectly in the open air, and the vine, cultivated on  expenditures, $4,859,452; public debt, $19,369,487. Besides
an extensive scale, produces several first-class wines. Here  Stuttgart, the capital, the chief towns are Tiibingen, Hellthe soil is generally of great fertility, and both maize and  bronn, Ellwangen, and Rottweil.
wheat are raised in great abundance, hops and tobacco more    Wiirtemberg is composed of a number of separate territopartially, and fruit in such quantities as to'be extensively  ries, which once belonged to the Alemanni and Franks, and
employedin making  cider. In the second region, the largest afterwards formed various independencies.  The first inhaof the three, the soil is seldom alluvial, but generally con- bitants, said to have been Celtic, were gradually encroached
tains a considerable proportion of vegetable mould and dis- upon by the Germans, and finally fell with them under the
integrated trap and limestone. Occasionally, however, it Roman yoke. After the decline and fall of the Roman Emdegenerates into clays, sands, and gravels, which yield pro- pire, the country was incorporated with the kingdom of the
fitable returns only when managed with equal industry and  Franks, who governed it by dukes. The dukedom thus estaskill. In both these qualities the inhabitants of Wiirtem-  blished existed till the end of the 11th century, when it
berg are by no means deficient, and their agriculture, even  was broken up, and partitioned among counts, who declared
under untoward circumstances, equals that of any other part themselves independent. Among these was the Count of
of Germany. In ordinary seasons the grain produced leaves  Beutelsbaeh-Wiirtemberg, whose family gradually gained
a considerable surplus for export. Besides grain, potatoes  the ascendant. One of its members built a castle at Stuttare grown in almost every district, and hemp and flax on  gart, and another built the Castle of Wiirtemberg, which
the spots best suited for them. Potatoes were introduced  has given its name to the whole kingdom. In this family,
in 1710, and now form the principal food to one-fourth of  towards the end of the 15th century, the dukedom was rethe population. Artificial meadows yield luxuriant crops stored. During the French revolution Wiirtemberg became
of hay for feeding or dairy purposes, and considerable atten-  the theatre of war, and was overrun by the French armies.
tion is also paid to the rearing of stock. The third region, Ultimately, however, the duke gained the favor of Napthough under partial cultivation, derives its chief value  leon, and with it a great accession of territory, as well as
from its natural pastures and forests; the latter, both of  the title of King. In the subsequent arrangement of the
pine and hardwood, climbing the loftiest ridges of the  European states, the territorial accessions were confirmed,
Schwarzwald, and giving valuable returns, not only in their  and the kingly title formally recognised.-Adj. (Ger.) Witntimber, but the herds of swine which they feed. In bleak,  TEM.ERGISCn, wiialttm-b6nI'ish; inhab. WiiRTEmsRGoER,,
moorish districts, bees are often reared on an extensive scale.  wtii t6m-b8no'er.
The principal mineral products are iron and coal, which    WURtITEMB'ERG, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pennsylare abundant, and the working of which employs about 350  vania.
miners. Silver, copper, cobalt, and lead are found in small   WURTSIBOROUGH, a post-village of Sullivan co., New
luantities; and there are quarries of excellent building  York, on the Delaware and H-udson Canal, about 90 miles
stones and marble. Witirtemberg has a great many mineral  S.S.W. of Albany. It has several churches and stores.
springs; the best frequented baths are those of Wildbad,    WURTZBURG. See WURzBnuaG.
the only thermal springs in the territory. Salt is an im-   WURZACH, *6antfse&, a town of Wfirtemberg, 35 miles
portant product, and turf is very abundant.                 S. of Ulm. Pop. 1052.
Manufactures have made considerable progress in recent   WURZBACH, wi'atslbax, a village of Reuss-Schleitz, 4
years; they comprise linens, woollens, silks, carpets, hosiery, miles W. of Lobenstein. Pop. 1460.
leather, porcelain, iron and steel goods, and tobacco; brew-    WURZBURG, (Wiirzburg,) or WURTZBURG, fvi1Rtsteries and distilleries are numerous. The transit trade is b6oRG, a fortified town of Bavaria, capital of the circle of
considerable, chiefly by the navigation of the Neckar.  A  Lower Franconia, at the terminus of the railway to Bamrberg,
line of railway has been opened from Stuttgart N. to Hell- 140 miles N.W. of Munich, on the right bank of the Main,
bronn, and another S.E. to Geislingen; and thence S. by  across which it communicates by a fine bridge with its
Ulm, Biberach, and Ravensburg, to Friedrichshafen on the  citadel on the other side. Pop. 26,814, including 4563 miliLake of Constance, the latter portion of which is only in  tary. Among its many ancient edifices are a cathedral of'
progress.                                                   the 8th century, the Alarienkirche, and the Royal Palace,
For administrative purposes Wtirtemberg is divided Into  formerly residence of the bishops, built on the plan of the
four circles, of which the names, area, and population are  Palace of Versailles, with fine gardens. Its University,
given in the following Table:-                              founded 1403, has a library of 100,000 volumes, and had in
1847, 521 students. It has also a synagogue, gymnasium,
Area    Pop.   Pop. to   polytechnic school, school of music, and several hospitals.
Circles.           nrea    Pep.   Pep. tm   It has manufactures of woollen cloths, tobacco, leather,
insq. m. in 182. the sq. m.
_____-_ -__    _-  paper, surgical and mathematical instruments, boat-buildNeckar..........    1,289   501,034    388    ing, and an active river trade. Wtirzburg, one of the most
Schwarzwald, or Black Forest.   1,850   443,872    239    ancient cities of Germany, was formerly capital of FranDanube-.........              2,425   411,444    170    conia. Its prince-bishopric was secularized, and the town
Jaxt...........    1,990   374,913    180
Jt........... 1,90   374,913    55         with its territory ceded to the Archduke Ferdinand of TusITotal             7,554  1,733,263    226    cany in 1803. In 1815 it was united to Bavaria.
WURZEN, *6tinttfsn, a walled town of Saxony, 15 miles
E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde, and on the Leipsie and Dresden
The governmentis an hereditary constitutional monarchy. Railway.  Pop. 4145.  It has manufactures of linen and
The executive power is lodged in the sovereign; the legisla' hosiery, breweries, and bleaching establishments.
tive, jointly in the sovereign and a parlialnent, composed of    WURZSEE, (Wiirzsee,) a lake of Russia. See VrrTzEnv.
an upper and a lower chamber-the former hereditary, the    WUSHUITEE' or MUCH, a mountain range of Beloolatter representative, consisting of 94 members, mostly  chistan, province of Melkran, stretching from E. to W. about
elected every six years by the principal towns and rural lat. 280 N., and between ion. 620 and 640 E. Its name of
districts. Justice is administered by a supreme tribunal,  Much or "date" is owing to the great quantities &f excellent
which sits in Stuttgart, and has jurisdiction over the whole  dates produced in its valleys.
kingdom, and by inferior courts attached to each circle and    WUSTANEE.  See VosTANec.
district. There is no properly established religion, but the    WUSTEN, (Witsten,) oviisften, OnBER and NiFDEn, needer,
three great bodies of Lutherans, Calvinists, and Roman  two nearly contiguous villages of Lippe-Detmold. Pop. 2069.
Catholics, are recognised and partly paid by the state.       WUSTENSACHSEN, (Wiistensachsen,) vtlislten-s.kWsen, a
Wtirtemberg has long been favorably distinguished for market-town of Bavaria, near the N. extremity of the circle
the number and excellence of its educational establish- of Lower Franconia. Pop. 1160.
ments. Each commune and even hamlet has its primary    WUSTERIHAUSEN, 9Wsltert-h6w'z9n, a walled town of
school, attendance at which is obligatory on children be- Prussia, province of Brandenburg, on an island in the Dosse.
tween the ages of 6 and 14, and the number at school is in  14 miles W.S.W. of New Ruppin. Pop. 2800.
the proportion of 1 in 6 of the population. The University    WUSTERHAUSEN, a market-town of Prussia, on the
of Tiibingen is one of the most celebrated in Germany; Notte, 18 miles S.E. of Berlin, with a hunting seat built by
there are infant schools in the capital and several of the  Frederick William I. The articles of peace between Prussia
larger towns, and an institution for young ladies founded  and Austria were concluded here in 1726.
by Queen Catherine; normal schools, polytechnic and mill-   WUSTROW, ~tv0s#trov, a town of Germany, Hanover, on
tary schools. The population is almost exclusively German, the Jetze, 2. miles S.W. of Luchow. Pop. 763.
except a few Jews and some colonies of French Protestants;   WUSTROW,  a parish of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 22 miles
the majority belong to the evangelical church formed by  N.E. of Rostock. Pop. 154.
the union of the Lutherans and Reformers in 1823, and    WUSTWEZEL, whstwA/z9el, or WESTWEZEL, w~st'wLonly about one-third are Roman Catholics-all sects are  zel, a village of Belgium, province and 14 miles N.E. of Anttolerated. The army consists of 19,170 men in time of war, werp. Pop. 1700.
and 8020 in time of peace; every male subject is liable to    WUTACIHI,  oo/th:, a river of Baden, rises in the Feld2141




WYA                                                    WYN
berg; flows N.E. to Neustadt, then E.S.E., and joins the  forming part of the boundary between Queen Anne and
Rhine on the right, after a course of about 45 miles.    Talbot counties.
WYACEINA, a post-office of Columbia co., Wisconsin.      WYE MILLS, a post-office of Queen Anne co., Maryland.
WY'ACON1DA, a small river, which rises in the S. part of   WY/ERSDALE, NETHIER, a township of England, co. of
Iowa, and flowing S.E. through Scotland, Clark, and Lewis  Lancaster.
counties of Missouri, enteirs the Mississippi at La Grange.  WYERSDALE, OVER, a township of England, co. of LanWYACONDA, a post-office of Scotland co., Missouri.      caster.
WYACONDA CREEK, of Missouri, flows eastward through    WYFIORDBY, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
Carroll county, into the Missouri.                         WY/ttAM, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln..WYALU/SING, a creek of Pennsylvania, enters the North    WYHE, wi/h, or WIJIIE, wi'eh, a village of the Nether
Branch of the Susquehanna in Bradford co.                lands, province of Overyssel, 9 miles N. of Deventer, on the
WYALUSING, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsyl- Yssel. It has considerable manufactures of Bologna sauvania, about 10 miles S.W. of Towanda. Pop. 1275.         sages, and a good general trade. Pop. 11.840.(?)
WYALUSING, a post-village of Grant co., Wisconsin, on    WYK, WIJK, wik, or WIJK-BIJ-HEUSDEN, wmk hi hoie/the Mississippi River, about 100 miles W. of Madison, has den, a village of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant,
an excellent steamboat landing, and contains 1 hotel and 2 11 miles W.N.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1229.
stores.                                                    WYK, *ik, a seaport village of Denmark, duchy of SlesWY'ANDOT/, a county in the N.W. central part of Ohio, wick, on the S.E. coast of the island of F6hr, 16 miles N.W.
contains about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the  of Bredsted. Pop. 800.
Sandusky River, and also drained by the Tymochte and Bro-   WYK or WIJK, DE, a village of the Netherlands, province
kensword Creeks. The surface is level. About one-third  of Drenthe, 30 miles S.S.W. of Assen. Pop. 640.
of the county is prairie, and the remainder well timbered.   WYK BET DUURSTEDE, wik b iialstipdeh, a village of
The soil is uniformly productive, and adapted to corn or the Netherlands, province and 13 miles S.E. of Utrecht, on
grass. Many cattle and sheep are raised. It is intersected  the Rhine, where it gives off the Leek. Pop. 2413.
by the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and by the Ohio   WYKE/HAM, a parish of England, co. of York, North
and Indiana Railroad, the latter of which is not finished. Riding.
The Findlay Branch Railroad also terminates in this county.   WYKEHAM, EAST, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
This part of the state was possessed by the Wyandot In-   WYKEN, a parish of England, co. of Warwick.
dians, from whom the name is derived. Formed in 1845,   WYKE-REGIS, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
by a division of Hardin, Crawford, IHancock, and Marion    WYKERTOWN, a post-office of Sussex co., New Jersey.
counties. Capital, Upper Sandusky. Pop. 11,292.            WYKLA, 9ik/lg, a village and parish of Switzerland,
WYANDOT, an unorganized county in the N. part of  canton and 15 miles E.N.E. of Zurich. It contains a parish
Michigan, area estimated at 576 square miles. It is traversed church. Pop. 1161.
from S. to N. by Cheboygan River, an affluent of Lake Hu-   WYL, f11, or WEIL, s11e, a town of Switzerland, canton
ron, and contains Long and Crooked Lakes. The census of  and 15  miles W. of St. Gall, on the Thur, with 2126 inhabit.
1850 furnishes no returns for this county.               ants, mostly linen and cotton weavers.
WYANDOT, a. post-village of Wyandot co., Ohio, about 50    WY/LAM, a township of England, co. of Northumberland,
miles N. of Columbus.                                     parish of Avingham, on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway,
WYANDOT, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., Indiana.   8~  miles W. of Newcastle-on-Tyne,
WYANDOT, a post-office of Linn co., Missouri.             WY/LIESBURG, a post-village of Charlotte co., Virginia,
WY/ATT, a post-village of Lafayette county, Mississippi, 18 miles S. of Marysville.
on the Tallahatchie River, 14 miles N.N.W. of Oxford. Wy-   WY/MERING, a parish of England, co. of Hants.
att is the largest place in the county except Oxford, and has   WYMINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Bedbford.
an active business. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats   WY/MONDHAM or WYND/IHIAM, a market-town and paduring high water.                                        rish of England, co. of Norfolk, on the Eastern Counties
WYIBERTON, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.        Railway, at the divergence of the Fakenham  Branch; 10
WY/BUNBURY, a parish of England, co. of Chester.        miles W.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. in 1851, 5177, partly emWYCHEN or WIJCHEN, wiKgen, a village of the Nether- ployed in manufactures of bombazines and crapes for Norlands, Gelderland, 6 miles S.W. of Nymwegen. Pop. 936.   wich houses. The church formed part of an ancient abbey.
WYCLIFFE, wik/liff, a parish of England, co. of York, The grammar school has a considerable endowment, and two
North Riding, 51 miles E.S.E. of Barnard Castle. In the  exhibitions to Cambridge University. North of the town
rectory house is a fine portrait of Wycliffe, the reformer, is Kimberley Hall (Lord Wodhouse).
who is believed to have been born here in 1325.            WYMONDHAM, a parish of England, co. of Leicester.
WYC/OMBE, CHIPPING, or HIGH WYCOMBE, a parlia-   WY/MONDLEY, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of
mentary and municipal borough, market-town, and parish of IHertford.
England, county of Buckingharn, 30 miles W.N.W. of London.   WYMONDLEY, LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of HertPop. in 1851, 7179. The town consists principally of one street, ford, contiguous to the above.
extending 1 miles along an affluent of the Thames. The    WYNAAD, wl'nind, or PAN'AMBURT/-COT/TA, (Hindoo
church is a large, venerable, and handsome structure. The  Bynadu,) a small district of British India, presidency of
principal manufactures are of chairs and paper; that of Bombay, in lat. 110 30' N., lon. 760 20' E., comprised in the
lace has declined. Wycombe returns two members to the  collectorate of Malabar. It produces the best cardamoms in
hiouse of Commons. It gives the titles of Earl and Baron  India. The village of Wynaad is 50 miles S.W. of Mysore.
to the Marquis of Lansdowne; and immediately S.W. of the    WY/NANT, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio.
town is Wycombe Abbey, the seat of the Lord Carington.      WYNANT'S KILL, of Rensselaer co., New York, falls into
WYCOMBE, WEST, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, 2k the Hudson 2 miles below Troy.
miles N.W. of 1High Wycombe. Here are a handsome church    WY/NANTSKILL, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New
in the Grecian style, and ruins of Desborough Castle.    York, on a creek of the same name, 7 miles E.N.E. of Albany.
WYDDIALL, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.           WY/NANTSVILLE, a post-village of Rensselaer co., New
WYE, wi, a river of England and Wales, rises on the S. York.
side, of Plinlimmon, county of Montgomery, near the source    WYNCOOP (wine/koop) CREEK, a post-office of Chemung
of the Severn, flows mostly S.E., and after separating the  co., New York.
counties of Gloucester and Monmouth, enters the estuary    WYNDHAM. See WvMoNNHAM.
of the Severn, 2 miles S. of Chepstow. Principal affluents,   WYNEGHEM, d'ineh-Ghtml, a village of Belgium, pro.
the Luff and Ithon from the N., Caerwen and Irfon from  vince and 6 miles E. of Antwerp, on the Great and Little
the W. Total course 130 miles, for 70 of which, to Iereford, Schyn. Pop. 1015.
it is frequently navigable for vessels of 40 tons burthen,   WYNE-GUNGA, WAINGUNGA or WEINGUNGA, win'and to Hay, 100 miles from the Severn, for small craft; but gting-ga, a river of India, in the Deccan, in the S.E. district
its navigation is often interrupted by its shallowness or ra- of Bengal presidency and the Berar dominions, joins the
pidity. In the upper and lower parts of its course, its banks Wurdah 20 miles S. of Chamoory. Total course 230 miles.
are precipitous; in Herefordshire it has a very tortuous Principal affluent, the Khahaun from the N.W. It is in
course through a fertile country. It is renowned for pic- many places half a mile across, but generally fordable durturesque beautty beyond every other river in South Britain. uing the dry season.
It is connected with the Severn by a canal from Hereford to    WYNGENE, wIng/ns-neh, (Fr. pron vAxs'zhainf,) a viiGloucester, and has a valuable salmon fishery.            lage of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 8S miles S.S.E.
WYE, a small river of England, co. of Derby, after a S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 7086.
course joins the Derwent, 4 miles S.E. of Bakewell.        WYNIGEN, Vvee/ne-ghgn, a village and parish of SwitzerWYE, a river of Van Diemen's Land, tributary to the  land, canton of Bern, 4 miles N.E. of Berthoud, on the
Great Swan-port River, co. of Glamorgan.                 Oeschbach, in a narrow valley hemmed in by wooded hills.
WYE, a parish and village, formerly a market-town of  Pop. 2451.
England, co. of Kent, on the Canterbury Branch of the    WYNKEL, wtn/kel, a village of Belgium, province of East
South Eastern Railway, 4 miles N.E. of Ashford. Pop. in  Flanders, 9 miles N.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2059.
1851, 1724. The village has a bridge of five arches over the    WYNKEL-SANT-ELOI, wintken-s~nt-A-loi/, a village of
Etour.                                                   Belgium, province of WVest Flanders, 21 miles S. of Bruges.
WYE, Netherlands. See Y.                                Pop. 2930.
WYE, a river of Maryland, an inlet of Chesapeake Bay,   WYNKOOPSBAAI or WIJNKOOPSBAAI, DE, df  win2142




WYN                                                       XAN
kaps bit., a bay on the S. coast of the island of Java, oin the  county, extends 15 or 20 miles along the S.E. bank of the
W. side of the province of Preanger, between the mouth of  Susquehanna. Its height is somewhat above 1000 feet.
the Tjibarenok and Point Sodong-parat. Off it is an island    WYOTA, Wisconsin. See WIOTA.
of the same name.                                           WY'RAGIIURI, a town of India, in the Deccan, dominWYNN, a post-office of Franklin co., Indiana.           ions and 80 miles S.E. of Nagpoor, on an affluent of the
WYOCEINA, a post-village and township in the central Wyne-gunga. Pop. 2000.
part of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 30 miles N. of Madison.   WYRARJDISBURY or WRAYSBURY, rAzlber-e, a parish
Pop. 406.                                                 of England, co. of Bucks, on the Windsor branch of the
WYOMING, wi-ofming, (see Introduction, page 11, OBS., South-Western Railway, 2, miles S.E. of Datchet.
and accompanying note,) a county in the W. part of New    WYRBALLEN, a town of Poland. See WIERZBOLW.
York, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded    WYRE, a river of England, co. of Lancaster, formed by
on the S.E. by the Genesee River, and drained by the head  many small moorland streams, flows W. and N., expanding
waters of Allen's, Tonnewanda, Buffalo, and Cattaraugus  into a navigable estuary which joins the Irish Sea at FleetCreeks, which turn numerous grist and saw mills. The  wood-upon-Wyre, a new port connected with Preston southsurface is undulating; the soil is generally a moist sandy or east-ward by a railway 20 miles in length. See FLLEETWOOD.
gravelly loam, adapted to either grain or grass. It is inter-   WYREKA, a post-office of Putnam co., Missouri.
sected by the Genesee Valley Canal, and by the Buffalo and    WYRLEY, GREAT, a township of England, co. of Stafford.
New York City Railroad; and in part by the Batavia and    WY/SALL, a parish of England, co. of Nottingham.
Attica Branch of the Central and the Attica and Alleghany    WYSOKE-MEYTO, a town of Bohemia. See HOHENMAUTH.
Railroad. Organized in 1851, having been formed from part   WYISOX, a post-township of Bradford co., Pennsylvania,
of Genesee county. Capital, Warsaw. Pop. 31,981.          about 3 miles N.E. of Towanda. Pop. 1167.
WYOMING, a county in the N.E. part of Pennsylvania,   WYSOX, a township of Carroll co., Illintis. Pop. 636.
has an area of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the    WYSSEBROD, a market-town, Bohemia. See IlOuErNFURT.
North Branch of Susquehanna, and also drained by the    WYSTYTEN, a town of Poland. See WISTITTEN.
Mahoopeny, Bowman's, and Tunkhannock Creeks. The    WYSZKOW, 9vishlkov, a small town of Poland, governsurface is broken by spurs of the Alleghany Mountains, ment of Plock, on the Bug, S. of Pultusk. Pop. 2000.
forming bluffs along the river near 1000 feet in height. The    WYSZGOROD, *ish-gotrod, a town of Poland, 27 miles
most considerable ridges are called Mahoopeny, Bowman's, E.S.E. of Plock, on the right bank of the Vistula, with an
Tunkhannock, and Knob Mountains. The soil in general old convent. Pop. 1844.
is moderately fertile. It is traversed by the North Branch    WYSZTYNIE, *ish-tintyA, or WYZAYNY, *iz-ltnee, a
Canal, by the Lackawanna and Western Railroad, and by  town of Russia, government of Augustowo, county and 30
the route of the North Pennsylvania Railroad. Formed in  miles N.W. of Seyny, on the frontier of Prussia. Pop. 1600,
1842, out of part of Luzerne, and named from the Wyoming  mostly Jews.
Valley. Capital, Tunkhannock. Pop. 10,655.                  WYSZTYTTEN. See WISTITTEN.
WYOMING, a new county in the S.W. part of Virginia,   WYTEGRA, a town of Russia. See VYTEGRA.
has an area of 880 square miles. The Guyandotte River   WYTHAM, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
and the Tug Fork of Sandy River rise in the county, and    WYTHE, with, (rhyming with smith,) a county in the
flow westward, the latter forming its boundary on the S.W. S.S.W. part of Virginia, has an area estimated at 520 square
The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests. miles. It is intersected by the Kanawha or New River, and
A ridge, called the Great Flat-top Mountain, extends along  also drained by Reed, Cripple, and Walker's Creeks, and by
the south-eastern border. The soil is said to be good, and  the sources of Holston River.  The greater part of the
adapted to wool-growing. Wyoming was formed out of part county is an elevated valley or plateau between the Iron
of Logan county. Capital, Wyoming Court House. Pop. Mountain on the S. and Walker's Mountain on the N.W.
1645; of whom 1584 were free, and 61 slaves.             Walker's Mountain is a sublime feature in the scenery of
WYOMING, a post-village of Middlebury township, this region. The soil is good, wellwatered, and particularly
Wyoming co., New York, on Allen's Creek, 44 miles E. of adapted to grazing. The most abundant minerals are iron
Buffalo. It contains 3 churches, a flourishing academy, 4  ore, lead, stone-coal, limestone, and gypsum. Some silver
stores, a flouring-mill, a furnace, and a water-cure establish-  is found in connexion with the lead. The county is interment.                                                    sected by the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. Formed in
WYOMING, a thriving post-village of Luzerne co., Penn- 1790, and named in honor of George Wythe, one of the
sylvania, on the right bank of the Susquehanna River, 4  signers of the Declaration of Independence. Capital, Wythemiles above Wilkesbarre, is situated in the fertile valley of  ville. Pop. 12,024; of whom 9839 were free, and 2185 slaves.
its own name. Several new buildings have been erected    WYTHE, a post-office of I-Iancock co., Illinois.
within a few years.                                        WYTIIEVILLE, with/vil, formerly EVANSItAM, a neat
WYOMING, a post-village in Dinwiddie co., Virginia, near and thriving post-village, capital of Wythe co., Virginia, on
Nottaway River, 50 miles S. by W. of Richmond.           the main road from Baltimore to Nashville, 248 miles W.S.W.
WYOMING, a post-village of Bath co., Kentucky, on  of Richmond. It is situated in an elevated valley or plateau,
Licking River, at the mouth of Slate Creek, has 2 stores  among the Alleghany Mountains. It has considerable trade,
and 2 mills.                                             and contains 5 or 6 churches, 1 bank, with a capital of
WYOMING, a township of Kent co., Michigan. Pop. 543. $130,000, and 2 newspaper offices. The Virginia and TenWYOMING, a village of White co., Indiana, on Tippecanoe  nessee Railroad passes through the place. Pop. estimated
River, about 12 miles N. by E. of Monticello.             at 900.
WYOMING, a township in Lake co., Illinois. Pop. 808.     WYTIKON, *eette-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton
WYOnMING, a post-village in Stark co., Illinois, on Spoon  and 3 miles S.E. of Zurich. The French and Austrians
River, 95 miles N. by W. of Springfield.                 fought here in June, 1799.
WYOMING, a village in MIuscatine co., Iowa, on the Mis-   WYTOONEE, one of the Disappointment Islands, in the
sissippi River, 40 miles S.E. by E. of Iowa City.        Pacific Ocean; length 5 miles. Lat. of S.E. point, 14: 12' S.,
WYOMING, a post-township in the N. part of Iowa co., lon. 1410~ 12 W.
Wisconsin. Pop. 206.                                       WYTSCIIAETE, wlt'sKMateh, a village of Belgium, province
WYOMING COURT HOUSE, capital of Wyoming co., Vir- of West Flanders, 6 miles S. of Ypres. Pop. 3195.
ginia, about 250 miles W. of Richmond. It is a small place,   WYVELL, a parish of England, co. of Lincoln.
of recent origin.                                          WYVERSTONE, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
WYOMING  MOUNTAIN, Pennsylvania, in  Luzerne    WYZAYNY, a town of Poland. See WvzrTYNIE.
X
ABARY, a river of South America. See JABARY.             Oajaca, capital of a department of its own name, on the
XABEA, a town of Spain. See JABEA.                 Chicometepec. Pop. about 4000.
XABUGO, a town of Spain. See JABUGO.                     XANA, LA, a town of Spain. See JANA, LA.
XACA, a town of Spain. See JACA.                         XANTEN, ksantten, SAN/TEN or SANCITEN, a town of
XADRAQUE, a town of Spain. See JADRAQUE.                Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, 15 miles S.E.
XAEN, a city of Spain. See JAEN.                       of Cleves, near the Rhine. Pop. 30S0. It has manufactures
XAGUA, a river of Central America. See JAoUA.          of woollen cloth, cassimeres, velvets, and cotton; distilleries,
XAGUA, a bay of Cuba. See JAGUA.                       breweries, and vinegar factories. It occupies the site of the
XALACIO, a village of Yucatan. See JALACHO.            Roman Colonia Ficjaezna.
XALAME, a town of Spain. See JALMAIE.                    XANTHI, zanfthee or zunttee, a mountain of European
XALAPA, a city of Mexico. See JALAPA.                  Turkey, Room-Elee, N.W. of the Gulf of Lagos, 0Egean Sea,
XALISCO, a state of Mexico. See JALISco.               and rising to 3800 feet in elevation.
XALON, a river and village of Spain. See JALON.          XANTHUS, zantthfts, (Gr. arvOoc; Turkish, Etchen-chai,
XAMILENA, a town of Spain. See JAMILENA.              A'chln-chn-,) a small river of Asia Minor, rises in Mount
XAMILTEPEC or JAMILTEPEC, HA-meel-tA-pSkt, a town  Taurus, and falls into the Mediterraanean near Patara. It
of the AMexican Confederation, state and 70 miles S.S.W. of is navigable for a considerable part of its course.
2143




XAN                                                    YAI
XANTIHUS, a river of Asia Minor. See SCAMAN-DER.          XERTIGNY, zha'teen'yeef, a market-town of France, de.
XANTI1US, an ancient city of Asia Minor, the remains  partment of Vosges, 9 miles S. of Epinal.  Pop. in 1852,
of which, on the E. bank of a river of its own name, 20  3837, partly employed in forges and blast-furnaces.
mniles S.E. of Makree, (Makri,) lat. 360 211 N., ion. 290 23' E.,   XEXUI, a river of Paraguay. See JEJuY.
consist of temples and tombs, having elaborate bas-reliefs,   XILO-CASTRON, zee/lo-kas/tron or xe-lol-kis-trpn, (anc.
many of which have been recently deposited in the British   Xgyqra?) a maritime village of Greece, government and 24
Museum.                                                   miles W.N.W. of Corinth, at the mouth of the Xilo-Castron,.
XAPECO or CI-APC0O, sha-plqko, a river of Brazil, pro- in the Gulf of Corinth. It has an active trade in currants.
vince of S~ao Paulo, joins the Pelotas to form the Uruguay.   XILOCO, a river of Spain. See JILoco.
XARIAFUEL, a town of Spain. See JARAFUEL.                 XILON, a river of Spain. See JILONW
XARAICEJO, a town of Spain. See JARAICEJO.                XIMENA, a town of Spain. See JIMENA.
XARAMA or JARAMA, H&-rPmA, a river of Spain, pro-   XIMENA, a town of Spain. See JIMENA DE LA FRONTERA.
vince of Guadalajara, joins the lHenares 10 miles E.S.E. of    XIMERA DE LIVAR. See JlMERA DE LIVAR.
Madrid, after a S. course of 60 miles.                      XIMO, one of the Japanese Islands. See KIoo-SIoo.
XARAYES, shi-ril/s, (Sp. pron. ni-rit1s,) the name ori-   XINGU or CHINGU, shing-gool, a river of Brazil, proginally given to certain low tracts of Brazil, situated to the  vinces of Matto-Grosso and Pard, and one of the chief tribuS. of the town of Matto:Grosso or Villa Bella, and annually  taries of the Amazon, rises near lat. 150 S., Ion. 590 W., and
inundated for three months, over a space of about 240 miles. after a N. course of 1300 miles, joins the Amazon, 240 miles
Much of the water never retires, but forms extensive lakes, W. of Para.
abounding in fish, frequented by immense flights of water-   XIONZ, xeetonts, a town, Prussian Poland, 28 miles S.E.
fowl, and tenanted by the jacare, a species of crocodile, of  of Posen, with manufactures of linens and leather. Pop.
less size than that of Egypt. The grounds not reached by  1140.
the water are inhabited by the Parecis Indians, from whom    XIXIMANI, a suburb of the city of Cartagena, New
the plains and lakes sometimes receive the name of Parecis. Grenada. See CARTAGENA.
XATIVA or JATIVA. Spain. See SAN FELIPE DE JATIYA.    XIXONA, a town of Spain. See JIJONA.
XAUXA, a river and town of Peru. See JAUJA.               XIZ, sheez, or SHIZ, Arabian name of the fire-temple and
XAVALI, a village of Spain. See JAvALI NUEtvo.          city of Atropatenian Ecbatana, identified by Major RawlinXAVALQUINTO, a town of Spain. See JAVALQUINT0.          son with TUvHTI SULEIMAN.
XAVIER, an island of Pataonia. Sea SAINT XAvzE.           XOA, a state of Abyssinia.  See SINOA.
XENDAY, shin-dil, or SENDAY, sin-dl/, a maritime town    XOCHICALCO, no-che-kiltko, a ruined pyramid, 60 miles
of Japan, on a bay of its own name, E. coast of Niphon. Lat. S. by W. of the city of Mexico.
380 30' N.                                                  XOCHIMILCO, Ho-che-meelfko, a village of the confederacy
XENIA, zeelne-a, a handsome and flourishing town of and department of Mexico, on the Lake of Xochimilco, 8
Xenia township, capital of Greene co., Ohio, on the Little  miles S.S.E. of Mexico, and once an Aztec town of importMiami Railroad, 65 miles N.E. of Cincinnati, and 61 miles  ance.
W.S.W. of Columbus. The town is regularly planned and    XOCHITEPEC, Ho-che-tA-pikl, a village of the confederacy
well built, and contains many handsome residences.. The  and state of Mexico, nearly 60 miles S.W. of the city of
court-house is one of the finest buildings of its class in the  Mexico.
state. The surrounding country has an undulating surface,   XODAR, a town of Spain. See JODAR.
and a fertile soil, and is liberally supplied with water-power,   XORELLA ISLANDS. See XULLA.
and with excellent limestone. Xenia has an active trade,   XORQUERA, a town of Spain. See JonRQERA.
and the prosperity of the place has been much augmented    XORULLO or XURULLRO, a volcano of the Mexican Conby the construction of railroads in various dirlections. Besides  federation. See JoRULLo.
the line above named, the following railroads connect at this    XUANDAI, shoo-An-dl/, a fine harbor of Anam, Further
place:-the Columbus and Xenia; the Lebanon and Xenia; India, l)rovince and 20 miles N.E. of Phu-yen, on the Cochin
and the Delaware and Xenia; the last two being unfinished. Chinese coast. Lat. 130 22' N.
The Dayton Xenia and Belpre Railroad will connect it with    XUBERA, a town of Spain. See JUBErA.
Dayton and Chillicothe. It contains several churches, 1    XUBRIQUE LA NUEVA. See JUBRIQUE LA NUEVA.
bank, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. of the township in    XUCAR, a river of Spain. See JucAn.
1850, 7055; of the village in 1853, estimated at 3500.      XUCARAY, noo-ka-ril. a river of South America, Ecuador,
XENIA, a small post-village of Clay co., Illinois.      tributary to the Amazon.
NXENIL, a river of Spain. See GENIL.                      XUCItITAN, a town of Mexico. See JUCHIITAN.
XERES, a city of Spain. See JenREz D LA FRONTERA.         XULLA, zool1ld, ZULLA or ZOREL'LA ISLANDS, a group
XERES, a town of Spain. See JEREnz.                    in the Malay Archipelago, 70 miles E. of Celebes, and comXERES or JEREZ, nH-riso, a town of Central America, pl'ising Talyabo, Mangola, and Zulla-Bessey, which last is
state of Honduras, S. of Comayagua.                       about 35 miles in length.
XERES-DE-LOS-CABALLEROS. See JEREZ-DE-LOS-CABAL.   XUMILLA, a town of Spain. See JUMeILLA.
LERos.                                                      XYNARA, xinft-rA,(?) a village of the island of Tinos,
XEROS, GULF OF. See SAROS. GULF Or.                     Grecian Archipelago. It has a Roman Catholic seminary,
XERTE, a town and river of Spain. See JERTE.            and is the residence of a Roman Catholic bishop.
Y
(Dutch, Het'yp) a branch of the Zuyder-Zee, Nether-  feet deep. Gold-mines are worked in several places along
9 lands, extending inland 16 miles W. to Beverwyk; this river.
average breadth 2 miles. On its S. side is the city of Amster-    YADKIN, a county in the N.W. part of North Carolina:
dam, W. of which it communicates with the lIaarlem Lake  area estimated at 310 square miles. The Yadkin River, from
and the Leyden Canal.                                     which it derives its name, forms its northern boundary, and
YABLONEV, IABLONEV or JABLONEW, yA-blo-nevI, a  Deep Creek flows through it. The surface is diversified;
market-towin of Russia,'government of Poltava, on the  the soil produces Indian corn, oats, and pastures. Iron ore
Orzhitsa, 20 miles W.S.W. of Loobuy. Pop. 1000.           is found in the county.  Formed from Surry in 1850-51.
YABLONOI, IABLONOI or JABLONOI  (yg-blo-noi/)  Capital, Wilson.
MOUNTAINS, a chain in East Asia, forming a part of the    YADKINYILLE, a post-office, Yadkin co., North Carolina.
boundary line between Siberia and Masntchooria, continuous    YADRIN, IADRIN or JADRIN, yi-dreenl, a town of RusE. with the STANOvoI MOUNTAINS, which see.                sia, government and 110 miles W. of Kazan. Pop. 1750.
YACHIL IRMAK or YACIIIL ERMAK. See YESHILIRaAI.   YAFA or YAFFA, a town of Palestine. See JAFFA.
YADIKIN, a large river of North Carolina, rises at the    YAFA or YAFFA, ydif, a village of Palestine, pashalic of
foot of the Blue Ridge in Caldwell county. Its direction at Acre, 2 miles S.E. of Nazareth, probably the Japhia of
first is E.N.E. until it approaches the El. border of Surry  Scripture.
county, below which it flows in a south south-easterly course,   YAGOTIN, IAGOTIN or JAGOTIN, yg-go-teent, a large
and, entering the state of South Carolina about 10 miles  market-town of Russia, government and 138 miles W.N.W.
above Cheraw, takes the name of the Great Pedee, (which  of Poltava.
see.) The Yadkin is a beautiful and rapid stream, and rolls    YAGUA, ylgw&, a village of South America, New Gradown a large volume of water, but the current is obstructed  nada, department of Cundinamarca, province and 70 miles
by numerous shoals and rocky rapids. The Narrows of the  S. of Neyva.
Yadkin, near the mouth of Uharee River, is one of the most   YAGUACHE, yA-gwd chA, a village of South America,
remarkable natural objects in the state, and worthy of the  Ecuador, department and 18 miles N.E. of Guayaquil.
attention of tourists. The waters, which a little above were    YAGUANIQUE, yA-gwA-neelkA, a port of Cuba, on its N
spread over a channel from 400 to 600 yards wide, are here  coast, 40 miles N.E. of Baracoa.
compressed within a mountain gorge, which varies from 60    YAGUI. See YAQuI.
to 100 feet in width, and is about 1 mile long, and 40 or 50    YAIK, a river of Russia. See URAL.
2144




YAK                                                        YAN
YAKIVA, TAKIVA or JAKHWA, yiklva, a river of  which was ceded by the Indians to the state, and settled by
Siberia, rises in the government of Tobolsk, lat. 610 N., the whites about 1836. Capital, Coffeeville. Pop. 17,258:
Ion. 670 E., and, flowing nearly due S., joins the Konda at of whom 8661 were free, and 8597 slaves.
Markofni, after a course of about 130 miles.                 YALO, yAlo, a village of Palestine, pashalic of Gaza, on
YAKOONO SEEMA or YAKOUNO SIMA, yl-koolno seel- a hill 12 miles N.W. of Jerusalem, and supposed by Robin.
ml, also written JAKUNO SIMA, an island of Japan, 40  son to occupy the site of the ancient Ajalon.
miles S. of Kioo-Sioo. Lat. 300 23' N., lon. 1300 30'E. Length    YA-LONG-KIANG, yl long ke-lugl, a river of the Chinese
20 miles, breadth 8 miles. The surface is level and wooded. Empire, East Thibet and China, province of Se-chuen, after
YAKOOTSK, YAKOUTSK, IAKOUTSK  or YAKUTSK, a generally S. course of 600 miles joins the Yang-tse-kiang,
and JAKUTSK, y'kootskt, a vast province of Siberia, occu- near lat. 260 35' N., lon. 1020 E.
pying most of its E. half from lat. 540 N., and between ion.   YA-LONG-KIANG, a river of the Chinese Empire, Corea,
1050 and 1640 E., having W. the government of Yeniseisk, flows W. and enters the Yellow Sea. Course, 130 miles.
S. Irkootsk, and the Yablonoi Mountains separating it from    YALOO-KIANG or YA-LOU-KIANG, yl loo kie-lng, a river
Mautchooria,.E. the province of Okhotsk and the Tchook- of the Chinese Empire, flows S.W., separating Corea from the
tchee country, and N. the Arctic Ocean, in which it com- province of Leao-tong, and enters the Yellow Sea, after a
prises the islands of Kotelnol and New Siberia. Pop. esti- course estimated at 300 miles.
mated at 248,000 Yakoots, with 5000 Russians and Cossacks,   YALOOTROVOSK, IALOUTROVOSK or JALUTROWOSK,
half of whom reside in the capital town. The surface is yl-loo-tro-voskl, written also IALOUTOROVSK, JALUTOmountainous in the S., and watered by the Upper Lena and  ROWSK and JALUTOROVSK, a town of Siberia, government
its affluents the Aldan and Vitim, which latter forms the  and 120 miles S.S.W. of Tobolsk, at the junction of the Iset
frontier on the side of Irkootsk. In the N. it is an immense  and Tobol Rivers. Pop. 2000.
level, traversed by the Lena, Yana, Indighirka, and Kolyma    YALPOOKII, IALPOUKIH or JALPUCI, y8l-pooaK, a river
Rivers. In some parts, rye, barley, and small quantities of  of Russia, rises in the government of Bessarabia, flows S.,
other grains are raised, and large herds of cattle are reared  and after a course of 50 miles, expands into a lake of the
near Yakootsk; but in most of its extent this province is a  same name. Principal affluent, the Lunge.
bare desert, the soil of which is frozen to a great depth.   YALPOOKII, IALPOUKH or JALPUCH, a lake of Russia,
Next to cattle and game, salmon and other fish, iron, salt, formed by the expansion of the above river, in the S. of the,
and talc, are the chief products. Coal is stated to exist in  government of Bessarabia; about 36 miles long by 6 miles
some places on the Upper Lena. The principal trade is in  broad, and communicating with the Danube by several
furs and walrus teeth. The government revenue, which  mouths.
does not equal the expenditure, consists chiefly of $432,000    YALTA, IALTA or JALTA, y~lltl, a small seaport town
of yassackc, and $158,400 as duty on the sale of native spirits. of the Crimea, South Russia, circle of Simferopol. It was
After Yakootsk, the capital, the principal villages are  large and prosperous until destroyed by an earthquake in
Amginsk, Olekminsk, Viliooisk, and Jijansk.                the 15th century. The new town, rebuilt on the ruins, has
YAKOOTSK, YAKOUTSK, YAKUTSK or JAKUTSK, a  a custom-house, post-office, good harbor, and small quay.
town, and the great commercial emporium of East Siberia, It is a chief station for the Odessa steamers, and is improving.
capital of the above province, on the Lena. Lat. 620 N., ion.   YAMA, IAMA or JAMA, y/ml,,  a river of Siberia, rises
1290 44' E. Mean annual temperature 130.5; winter, 360.3; in the E. side of the Stanovol Mountains, government of
summer, 610.7 Fahrenheit. Estimated population 7000, half  Okhotsk, flows E.S.E. and falls into the Gulf of Yamsk,,
of whom are Russians, and the rest native Yakoots and  part of the Sea of Okhotsk.  Length 80 miles.
others. It stands on a plain surrounded by lofty heights.   YAMASKA, yA-m~sfkI, a county of Canada East, has an
The streets present a singular aspect, being composed of  area of 283 square miles. It is centrally situated, and
houses of European structure, standing apart, while the  drained by the Nicolet, St. Francis, and Yamaska Rivers,
intervening spaces are occupied by winter yoorts or huts of entering Lake St. Peter, which bounds it on the N.W. Pop.
the northern nomades, with earthen roofs, doors covered  14,748. Capital, Yamaska.
with hairy hides, and windows of ice. The principal build-   YAMASIKA, a post-village of Canada East, co. of Yamaska,
ings are a large stone cathedral, another church, a great on the Yamaska River, 56 miles N.E. of Montreal.  Pop.
stone market-place, and a wooden fort with four half-sunk  about 600.
towers. The trade is of great importance. Caravans with    YAMBIRI, a river of Peru. See PAUCARTAMB0.
Chinese and European goods brought from Irkootsk by the    YAMBO, a port of Arabia. See YEMB.o.
boats on the Lena, proceed every year over the mountains   YAMBOLI, IAMBOLI or JAMBOLI, ylmfbo-le, a town of
to Okhotsk, and also collect the produce of the whole line of European Turkey, Room-Elee, 56 miles N. of Adrianople,
coast on the Polar Sea between the parallels of 700 and 740, on the Tondja. It has several mosques, and manufactures
from the mouth of the Lenato the farthest point inhabited by  of woollen cloths.
the Tchooktchees. One of the principal articles of this latter   YAMBOORG, IAMBOURG or JAMBURG, ylmtbia6G, a
trade are the skins of the polar fox. The Yookajoos(Yukajus) town of Russia, government and 68 miles S.W. of St. Petersand Tchooktchees also dispose of the skins of the wild rein- burg, on the Looga. Pop. 1500.
deer which they kill in summer. Another important article    YAM HILL, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has an
is the fossil ivory, obtained from the numerous antediluvian  area estimated at above 750 square miles. It is bounded
animals which are found buried in the deep alluvium of the  on the E. by the Willamette River, and on the W. by the
Lena and its tributaries, and along the shores of the Arctic  Pacific Ocean. The soil in the E. part is fertile. In 1850
Ocean. Much of the trade is in the hands of the American  the county produced 33,101 pounds of wool; the greatest
Trade Company,.who have here one of their most important quantity produced by any county in the territory. P. 1513.
factories. Important fairs are held four times a year. In    YAMINA, yl-meelnl or ylme-nl, a town of Central Africa,
some years, furs to the value of $1,800,000 have been col- state of Bambarra, on the Joliba River. Lat. 120 40' N., ion.
lected at a single annual fair.                           60 50' W.
YAKOVA, IACOVA or JAKOVA, yl-kolvli a town of Eu-   YAMIMIE or YAMIMY, a town of Central Africa, Ashanteo
ropean Turkey, Albania, pashalic and 67 miles E.N.E. of  dominion, 70 miles N.W. of Coomassie.
Scutari, on the White Drin. Pop. 18,000.                    YAMPARAES, a town of Bolivia, department and 20 miles
YALDING, yawl~ding, a parish of England, co. of Kent, N.W. of Chuquisaca, capital of a province, on an affluent
on the Medway, and on a branch of the South-Eastern Rail- of the Pilcomayo.
way, 51 miles S.W. of Maidstone.                            YAMPOL, IAMPOL or JAMPOL, ylmtpol, a town of RusYALE COLLEGE. -See NEW HAVEN.                           sian Poland, government of Podolia, 75 miles E.S.E. of
YALE, a post-office of Jasper co., Illinois.            Kamieniec, on the Dniester. Pop. 2457.
YALI, y'lee, (ane. Istros ) a small island off the S.E. coast   YAMSK, IAMSK or JAMSK, ylmsk, a maritime town of
of Asia Minor, at the entrance of the Gulf of Kos, 7 miles  East Siberia, on the Gulf of Yamsk, an inlet of the Gulf
S. of Kos.                                                of Jijiginsk, 380 miles E. of Okhotsk.
YALLOBUSHA or YALABUSHA, yaPa-boolshg, a river in    YANA, IANA or JANA, yl/nA, a river of Siberia, which
the N. part of Mississippi, rising in Chickasaw county, flows rises in the government of Yakootsk, in the N. slope of the
first nearly westward and then south-westerly to Lefiore, on  Tukalan Mountains, near lat. 650 N., and after a course of
the W. border of Carroll county, where it unites with the Tal- nearly 600 miles, falls by several mouths into the Arctic
lahatchee River to form the Yazoo. During high:water, i.e., Ocean, in lat. 720 N., Ion. 1370 E. Its principal affluents are
in winter, it is navigable by steamboats to Grenada, a dis- the Adiga, Dulgalak, Shemanova, and Bootaktai, (Butaktai.)
uance of 90 miles.                                          YANAON, y'n'idAc!, a village, and one of the French
YALLOBUSIA, a county in the N. central part of Missis- colonial possessions in India, on its E. or Coromandel Coast,
sippi, has an area of about 940 square miles. It is inter- at the Delta of the Godavery River, and accessible from the
sected by the navigable river Yallobusha, from which it sea by vessels of 200 tons burden, 22 miles N.N.E. of Pondiderives its name, and also drained by its affluent the Loo- cherry. Its district, extending for 6 miles along the Godasascoona. The surface is nearly level; the soil is very fer- very, has an area of 8147 acres, about half being under
tile, especially in the swamp lands near the W. border. In  cultivation. Pop. 6829.
1850 this county produced 65,824 bushels of beans and peas,   YANBO. See YEiMno.
the greatest quantity produced by any county in the United    YANICEY, a county in the W. part of North Carolina,
States except Hinds county, Mississippi. It is intersected  bordering on Tennessee: area estimated at 380 square miles.
by the Mississippi Central Railroad, now in progress. This It is intersected by Nolachucky River. The county is a
county is a part of the tract called the Chickasaw Cession, mountainous region between the Blue Ridge on the E., and
6K                                                                         2145




YAN                                                         YAR
the Iron Mountain on the N.W. Mount Mitchell, near the    YANKEETOWN, a pest-office of Barke co., Ohio.
S.E. border, is ascertained to be 6470 feet above the sea. The    YANKEETOWN, a post-office of Warwick co., Indiana.
soil of the lower parts is fertile. Capital, Burnsville. Pop.   YANNEMAROO, YANNAMAROU   or YANNEMARIU,
8205; of whom 7859 were free, and 346 slaves.              ygn'n.e-m-rool, a town of Senegambia, West Africa, state
YANCEY'S MILLS, apost-office of Albemarle co., Virginia. of Yani, near the river Gambia; lat. 130 45' N., ion. 15~ W.
YAN/CEYVILLE, a thriving post-village, capital of Cas-   YANOOSIIPOL or YANOUCHPOL, yA-noosh-pol, written
well co., North Carolina, on County Line Creek, 75 miles also IANOUCHPOL, IANUTZPOL and JANUTZPOL. a town
N.W. of Raleigh. It contains, besides the county buildings, of Russia, government of Volhynia, district and 36 miles S.
a bank and several stores. Pop. in 1851, about 600.        of Zhitomeer. Pop. about 1600.
YANDABO or YANDABOO, y~n'da-bool, a town of Bur-   YANOPOL, IANOPOL or JANOPOL, ya-nolpol, a town of
mah, on the left bank of the Irrawaddy, 60 miles W.S.W. Russian Poland, government of Vilna, 148 miles N.E. oh
of Ava, and where the treaty of peace between the British  Vilna. Pop. 1500.
and Burmese was ratified, February 26, 1826.                 YANOV, IANOV, JANOW  or JANOV, yd/nov, several
YANGAIN-CIIAIN-YA, ying-ghin!  chin yA, a town of market-towns of Russian Poland, the principal in the govern
Pegu, on the Irrawaddy, 45 miles N.W. of Rangoon.          ment of Podolia, on the Bug, 14 miles N.E. of Litin. P. 1300.
YANGER0, a town of North-East Africa. See JANJERO.         YAN-PHING or YEN-PING, a city of China, province of
YANGESPAHO, a post-office of St. IHelena co., Arkansas.  Fo-kien, capital of a department, on the Min River, 90 miles
YANG-HO, ytng'hol, a river of China, province of Pe-chee- N.W. of Foo-choo, and stated to be one of the handsomest
lee, passes by the city of Sin-an-hoa, and unites with the  cities in the empire.
Sang-kan-ho, 25 miles S.E., to form  the IIoen-ho River,   YAN-TCHOO or YAN-TCHOU, yan'tchool, a city of China,
which traverses the province S.W. of Peking.               province of Shan-toong; capital of a department, 75 miles S.
YANG LING or IANG LING, yng oling, a mountain of  of Tsee-nan, (Tsi-nan.)
China, province of Koei-Choo; lat. 260 34' N., ion. 1050 37' E.   YAN-TCHOO or YAN-TCIIOU, a city of China, province
It is covered with perpetual snow.                         of Che-kiang, capital of a department, on the Tsien-tangYANG-TCIIOO or YANG-TCIIOU, ying'choot, written also  kiang River, 115 miles S.W. of Ning-po.
YANG-TCHEOU, a city of China, province of Kiang-soo,   YANTELES, ygn-tAl1s, a mountain peak of the Andes,
capital of a department, on the Imperial Canal, near the  in Patagonia, lat. 430 30' S. Height 8030 feet.
Yang-tse-kiang River, and 50 miles N.E. of Nanking. It   YAN/TIC, a river of New London co., Connecticut, unites
is stated to be 5 miles in circumference, and to have a  with the Shetucket at Norwich to form the Thames. It
large trade in salt. Near it is an imperial residence.     affords valuable water-power.
YANG-TSE-KIANG, y&ng' tse ke-Angl, or YANG-TSEU-   YANTIC, a flourishing manufacturing post-village of New
KIANG, (i. e. the  "Son of the great water," or the "Son  London co., Connecticut, on the Yantic River, at the falls,
of the sea,") more commonly called by the Chinese TA- and on the New London Willimantic and Palmer Railroad,
KIANG, td-ke-dngf, or "Great River," and sometimes writ- 16 miles N. of New London.
ten on old maps KIANG-KU  or KIAN-KU, a large river of   YAO-NAN, yA'o-nlnu, a city of China, province of YunChina, its course lying S. of that of another great river, the  nan, capital of a department, 95 miles W.N.W. of Yun-nan.
Hoang ho. It is formed by the junction of the Ya-long-kiang  It is stated to have a large trade in musk, and in salt proand Kin-sha-kiang Rivers, which have their sources in East duced from a lake in its vicinity.
Thibet, near those of the Mie-kong and Irrawaddy, and which    YAOORI, YAOURI or YAiURI, yhloo-ree or y6wlree, a large
unite on the boundary between the provinces of Se-chuen and  town of Central Africa, capital of a state, on the left bank
Yun-nan, near lat. 260 30, N., Ion. 1020 E. Thenceforth, the  of the Quorra, (Niger,) 65 miles N. of Boossa. It is enclosed
Ymng-tse-kiang has a very tortuous E.N.E. course, through  by a high and strong clay wall, and entered by eight gates.
the provinces of Se-chuen, Hoo-pe, Ngan-hoei, and Kiang-soo; Its inhabitants manufacture coarse gunpowder, saddlery,
and it joins the sea by an estuary 30 miles across, in let. 320  and clothing, raise indigo and tobacco, and rear large herds
N., Son. 1210 E. Total course estimated at from 2500 to 3000  of live stock. The state of Yaoori is reported to be extenmiles. Its principal branch, the KIN-SnA-KIANo, (or KIN-CHA- sive, flourishing, and enclosed by the dominions of Houssa,
KIANG, keen-shl-ke-Ing/, i. e. the "River of golden sands,") Borgoo, Cubbie, and Nuffie.
is estimated to have a length of near 1000 miles. The Yang-     YAO-TCHOO or YAO-TCHOU, y&o-choof, a city of China,
tse-kiang receives numerous large affluents, drains all the  province of Kiang-see, capital of a department, on a river
central provinces of China, and brings down great quantity  -near its mouth, in the Lake Po-yang.
of mud, which has formed several low islands at its mouth.   YAP, yip, OUAP, wlp, or GOUAP, one of the Caroline
It is crossed by the Imperial Canal, by which it communicates Islands, Pacific Ocean, its S. extremity in lat. 90 25' N., Ion.
with the IHoang-ho River, and with most parts of China pro- 1380 1' E. Length 9 miles.
per. The tide ascends it to the Lake of Po-yang, 450 miles   YAPHANKI, a post-village of Suffolk co., New York, on
from the sea, beyond which it is navigable for 250 miles, the Long Island Railroad, 60 miles E. of Brooklyn.
and it may be navigated to 200 miles from its mouth, by    YAPIPAR, a river of North Australia, flowing  into the
ships of the largest class. Coal is said to be plentiful in  S.E. angle of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in lon. 1400 45' E.
many places along its banks.                               W. of it is a tract of undulating and hilly forest land.
YANIIANINA, a post-office of Georgetown district, South    YAP/TON, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, on the
Carolina.                                                  Arundel and Chichester Canal, and on the South Coast RailYANI, yitnee, or NYANI, ne-,{fnee, a state of West Africa, way, 3l miles S.W. of Arundel.
Senegambia, on the N. bank of the Gambia River, between    YAPURA, a river of South America. See JAPORA.
lat. 130 and 140 N., and ion. 140 and 15~ W. The principal   YAQUE, ylkA, or YAQUI, yg-kee/, a mountain peak and
towns are Pisania, Yannemaroo, Kartabar, and Kontann.   two rivers of Hayti. The mountain belongs to the Cibao
YANIK, yA'neek', a fertile district of Asia Minor, pashalic  Chain, in the centre of the island. The Grand-Yaque River
of Trebizond, immediately around Samsoon. Leeches are ex- flows from it N.W. through the plain of Santiago, and enters
ported from it in large quantities to the markets of Europe. the Bays of Monte Christo and Manzanilla by several mouths,
YANINA, IANINA orJANNINA, yln/ne-nIg  (improperly  after a total course of 100 miles. The other Yaque River
Joamzina, probably the ancient Eurea,) a city of European  flows S. and joins the Neiva.
Turkey, capital of the province of Epirus, on the W. side of    YAQUESILA, yI-kA-seellA, or JAQUESILA, nI-kA-seeslh,
the Lake of Yanina, 44 miles N. of Arta; lat. 390 48' N.,'a river of New Mexico, falls into the Colorado from the left
Ion. 210 E. Pop. estimated at 36,000, of whom 20.000 are  near 360 N. lat.
Greeks, and from  6000 to 7000 Jews. It was much more    YAQUI, yg-kee/, or HUAQUI, hwg-keef, a river of the
populous before 1820, when it was burnt down by order of  Mexican Confederation, state of Sonora, rises N. of lat. 320
Ali Pasha. The town, on a peninsula stretching into the  N., flows S. and S.W., and enters the Gulf of California, 25
lake, is meanly built. Its principal edifice is the fortress, miles S.E. of Guaymas, after a course of 400 miles.
containing the palace of the pasha. Yanina is the residence    YAQUIMA or YAKIMA (y&/ke-mil) RIVER, in the W.
of the head collector of customs for Epirus, and of British  central part of Washington Territory, rises on the slope of
and other consuls. It had formerly a large trade with Alba- the Cascade Range, and falls into the Columbia River, about
nia, Room-Elee, &c.. and an important annual fair, to which  15 miles above the mouth of Lewis River.
Italian produce, with French and German manufactures,   YAQUIMA BAY, on the Pacific, in Polk co., Oregon.
were brought, but its commerce has greatly declined. The    YAR, a river of England, in the Isle of Wight, enters the
Lake of Yanina is 5 miles in length, by 3 miles in greatest Solent at Yarmouth, after a short N. course.
breadth. In it, opposite the city, is a small island, to which    YARACUY, yl-re-kwee/, a navigable river of South AmeAll Pasha retired from the sultan's troops, before being put rica, Venezuela, department of Caracas, after a N.W. course
to death in February, 1822.                                of 80 miles, enters the Gulf of Triste, 25 miles W. of PuertoYANK/EE GROVE, a post-office of Cedar co., Indiana.      Cabello. At its mouth is the village of Yaracuy.
YANKEE HILL, a post-office of Menard co., Illinois.        YARA-]ZANG-BO-TSOO. See YARoo-Dz)ZANo-io-TSo0.
YANKEE JIM'S, a post-village of Placer co., California.    YARANSK, JARANSK, yA-rlnskl, or YARENSK, ylYANKIEE SETITLEMENT, a post-village of Delaware co., rlnskt, a town of Russia, government and 110 miles S.S.W.
I owa, about 80 miles N. by E. of Iowa City.               of Viatka, on the Yaran. Pop. 4750. It is mostly built of
YANKEE SPRINGS. a post-township in the W. part of  wood, and has several churches, and a flourishing trade in
Barry co., Michigan. Pop. 292.                             furs, honey, wax, and hops.
YARAPASON, yA'rA-p&-sFjnt, a village of Asia Minor,
* "Unseen is YAsNINA, though not remote."            pashalic of Karamania, on the Kizil-Irmak, 40 miles N.W. of
C/ilds Harold, Canto II.  Mount Argzeus, and apparently the ancient Osiana.
2146




YAR                                                       YAR
~ARfB10:ClUGH, a parish of England, Co. of Lincoln.      sists chiefly of 4 parallel streets, and a.number of cross-lanes.
YARBORtOUGH, a post-office of Bossier parish, Louisiana. The quay, considered one of the finest in Britain, extends
YARCOMBE, yarlkfim, a village and parish of England, along the river for about 1 mileh and here are the best priso. of Devon, 5 miles W. of Chard.                        vate dwellings, with the Town-hall, Council Chamber, and
YARDILEY, a parish of England, co. of Hertford.          the Star Inn, once the residence of the regicide Bradshaw.
YARDLEY, a parish of England, co. of Worcester. Popu- The parish church of St. Nicholas, founded in the reign of
lation partly employed in extensive tile-works.            William Rufus, is one of the largest in the kingdom, and
YARDILEY GOIBIONS, a hamlet of England, co. of North- contains many monuments of distinguished families; St.
ampton, 3-1 miles N.N.W. of Stony Stratford. Pop. 689.     Peter's is a new church in the Tudor style; St. George's is
YARDfLEY-HAISTINGS, a village and parish of England, also a fine church. Some remains exist of convents, supco. and 8 miles E.S.E. of Northampton. It has a very ancient pressed at the Reformation; and here are chapels for WesNorman church, with a square tower. Pop. 1210.            leyans, Baptists, Friends, Unitarians, Roman Catholics, and
YARDILEYSYILLE, a post-village of Bucks co., Pennsyl- a Jews' synagogue. The borough jail, theatre, custom-house,
vania, on the Delaware River, 128 miles E. of Harrisburg. large warehouses, the Nelson Column, 144 feet in height, are
It contains several stores.'                               among the other principal structures. The charities conYARDIVILLE, a post-office of Mercer co., New Jersey.     prise a hospital for children, and grammar school, Warren's
YAtE, (anc. Garienis?) a river of England, co. of Norfolk, general relief fund, &c. On the coast are several batteries,
passes Norwich where it becomes navigable, and enters the  barracks for 1000 men, a pier, and Victoria Suburb, with
North Sea 21 miles S. of Great Yarmouth, alter having ex- several public gardens and promenade, and a suspension
panded into Bredonwater, which receives the rivers Bure  bridge has been constructed over the North Water. The
and Waveney.                                               harbor is in the Yare, and is accessible by vessels of about
YARENGA, IARENGA or JARENGA, y9-rhn/g, a river 200 tons. The exports are agricultural produce, malt, herof Russia, rises in the government of Yologda, flows S. past rings, and other fish, to the Mediterranean and West Inthe town of Yarensk, and, after a course of nearly 90 miles, dies. Yarmouth is the great seat of the English herring
joins the Vitchegda.                                      fishery, in which about 250 vessels, and 3000 hands belonging
YARENSK, a town of Russia.. See YARANsX.                to the port, are employed; many hands are likewise engaged
YARENSK, IARENSK, JARENSK, y4-rlnsk, or VA- in the deep-sea fishing, the produce of which is forwarded
RANSK, a town of Russia, government and 355 miles E.N.E. daily to London by railway. In 1851 there were registered
of Vologda. Pop. 1000.                                     at Yarmouth 320 sailing vessels under 50 tons burden,
YARKAND, yar'kind?, or YARKUNI), yar'kUndl, a flou- aggregate tonnage 9305; 325 vessels above 50 tons, aggrerishing city, and the present capital of Chinese Toorkistan, in  gate tonnage 35,605; and 13 steamers, tonnage 1920. The
a fertile plain, on the Yarkand River, 140 miles S.E. of  same year there entered 2642 coasters, tonnage 1.98,218; and
Kashgar, inlat.380 19' N.,lon. 7607145" E. Itisenclosedby  102 steamers, tonnage  28,091; and cleared 1017, tonnage
an earthen rampart, and entered by five gates, outside of 64,884, and 189 steamers, tonnage 27,677. In the colonial
which are some very straggling suburbs, and a stone citadel and foreign trade there entered 209 vessels, tonnage 24,977;
on the S. Another and much larger citadel within the walls and cleared 82, tonnage 8240. Yarmouth sends two memis now all but abandoned. Its houses are built of stone and  hers to Parliament. At a remote period, the ground on which
clay, and mostly of one story; its streets are intersected by  Yarmouth stands formed part of the bed of a great estuary,
canals and aqueducts.  It has two large bazaars, besides in- which extended as far as Norwich. It first became firm and
ferior ones, many caravansaries and mosques, and 10 or 12 habitable ground about the year 1008. The mouth of the
large Mohammedan colleges. It is said to be more extensive   Yare has been, within the last five centuries, diverted about
than Kashgar, and is now the chief emporium of the trade  4 miles to the S.  Immediately off Yarmouth, and parallel
between the Chinese Empire and the countries beyond its W. to the shore, is a great range of sandbanks, the shape of
frontier. The native merchants are not permitted to pass which varies slowly from year to year, and often suddenly
beyond its province, either toward Thibet or Independent after great storms. Ship-building is extensively carried on,
Toorkistan; and strict vigilance is maintained by the Chinese  and a manufactory of crapes and silk goods employs about
to preventEuropeans from entering the territory; but traders 500 persons. Yarmouth communicates by steam-packets
from Bokhara, Budukshan, Kokan, &c., pass the mountains with London, Hull, and many ports of less consequence on
to Yarkand with the produce of those countries, slaves, Kirg- the E. coast. Near it are the ruins of Caister Castle, and
heez horses, and European goods; these they exchange for the Roman station Gariasnonum. Pop. of the town, in 1851,
tea, silks, and other China produce, fruits, and shawl-wool, 30,879.-The YARMoOUTr  ROAns are between the coast and a
great quantities of which last are sent to the W. and S. line of outer sandbanks, marked by buoys and floating-lights.
The inhabitants are chiefly Turks or ozbeks, and Mohamme-   YARMOUTH, a maritime and market-town and parish of
dens; among them are, however, some Eimanks or Persians, England, Isle of Wight, on its N.W. coast, at the mouth of
Calmucks, Armenian Christians, and about 200 Chinese  the Yar, 9 miles W. of Newport, and opposite Lymington, to
traders; theMohammedans bear the character of being pecu- which it has a ferr'. Pop. 572. The town is well built, and
liarly tolerant. About 7000 Chinese troops, partly Mantchoss  has at its W. extremity a fort built by HIenry VIII. on the
and Mongols, under two commandants, garrison Yarkand, site of an ancient monastery. The trade is mostly confined
which is the principal military post of the Chinese on the  to the export of fine sand for glass-making, and the import
W.; they are located both in the citadel and in detached  of coals, timber, and provisions.
cantonments outside of the city; and are partially recruited    YARIMOUTII, a post-township of Cumberland co., Miaine,
from  the Tungani, a race of people in the vicinity, who  12 miles from Augusta. The Grand Trunk Railway is here
enter the service, while youths, for a period of 14 or 15 intersected by the Kennebec and Portland Railroad. P. 2144.
years. The civil government is vested in a Mlohammedan    YARM{OUTH, a post-township in Barnstable co., Massahakim-beg or cang, who is always a native Oozbek. Yar- chusetts, extends across Cape Cod, 70 miles S.S.E. of Boston.
kand is a great mart for horses, and horse-flesh is sold in  The inhabitants are largely engaged in the manufacture of
its markets at the same price as mutton. The vicinity is salt and in the fisheries. In 1851, 14 vessels and 169 men
thickly interspersed with villages and mulberry plantations, and boys were employed in the mackerel fishery. The quanand it feeds large flocks of fat-tailed sheep and Cashmere  tity of mackerel inspected during the year was 3235 barrels.
goats. The population of the city is probably about 100,000, Pop. 2595.
exclusive of troops.                                        YARMOUTH, a county at the western extremity of Nova
YARKAND RIVER or YARKIANG, yar'ke-lngf, a river Scotia, bordering on the Atlantic, and intersected by Tusket
which rises on the N. side of the Karakorum  Mlountains, River. The coasts are deeply indented, and the surface is
flows mostly N. E., and near lat. 400 N., lon. 800 30' E., unites extremely diversified with mountains, rivers, and lakes.
with the Kashgar, Aksoo, and Yu-rung-kash, to form the  Capital, Yarmouth. Pop. in 1851,13,142.
Tarim, which finally enters a lake of the desert of Gobi.   YARMOUTH, a seaport town near the S.W. extremity of
Total course 500 miles.                                   Nova Scotia, capital of the above county, on a small bay
YARKIHILL, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.        setting up from the Atlantic, about 130 miles S.W. of HaliYARKIANG. See YAnaAND RIVER.                            fax. The surrounding country is fertile, and well cultivated.
YAIRKUND, a town of Toorkistan. See YAunKANo.           On Cape Fourcher, a short distance to the W. of the entrance
YARLESIDE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.   to the harbor, is a lighthouse, containing a revolving light,
YARLINGTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.    135 feet above the sea.
YARt, a market-town and parish of England, co. of York,   YARMOUTH PORT, a post-village in Yarmouth township,
North Riding, on the Tees, 9 milus  E.S.E. of Darlington. Barnstable co., Massachusetts, situated on the N. shore of
Pop. in 1851, 572. Its commerce has declined with the rise  the peninsula. It contains several churches, a bank, and
of Stockton, but it exports salmon and other provisions to  a newspaper office.
London.                                                     YARNESCOMIBE, a parish of England, co. of Devon.
YARIMOUTIT,  GCEAT, a parliamentary and municipal   YARNITON, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.
borough, seaport town, and parish of England, co. of Nor-   YAROO-DZANG-BO-TSOO or YARU-DZANG-BO-TSU, y&folk, on itt E. coast, on the Norfolk Railway, 19 miles E. of roof dzgng bo tsoo, (" Clear River of the West,") the prinNorwich. Lat. of church, 520 36' 8,' N., lon. 10 43' 7" E. It cipal river of Thibet Proper, which it traverses in nearly
stands on a narrow slip of land between the sea and the its entire length from W. to E. It rises about Ion. 820 E.,
river Yare, across which it communicates by a drawbridge and between lat. 300 and 310 N., flows E., receiving in Farwith South-Town, or Little Yarmouth, and with Gorlestone. ther Thibet five considerable affluents fi-om  the N. and
The town was formerly enclosed by an ancient wall. It con- as many from the S., on the last of which, near its mouth
2147




YAR                                                         YAZ
in the San-poe, (Dzang-ho,) stands Teshoo Loomboo. Near well built and clean, but the older part is a collection of
the town of Sangri, in ion. 920 30' E., the San-poe begins ruins and huts, having been nearly destroyed by fire in 1822.
to trend to the S.E., and we soon afterwards lose all trace  It has several remarkable churches, a college, a superior
of it in Chinese maps, which are our only authorities for school, 3 printing establishments, a society of natural history
the E. part of its course. It has been supposed continuous and medicine, and an active commerce in agricultural prowith either the Irrawaddy or the Brahmapootra; on the duce. Its fortified palace was burned in 1827.
whole, the latter supposition is the more generally believed.   YATE, a parish of England, co. of Gloucester, 1 mile W.
The principal town on its banks is Jigagoungar or Shigat- of Chipping-Sodbury, and with a station on the Bristol and
zoungar, about 60 miles S.S.W. of Lassa.                    Birmingham Railway, 103 miles N.E. of Bristol.
YAROSLAV, IAROSLAV, y9-ro-sldv/, YAROSLAVL, JA-   YATE, a township of England, co. of Lancaster.
ROSLAW or JAROSLAVL, a government of European Rue-   YATELEY, a parish of England, co. of H-lnts.
sia, near its centre, mostly between let. 570 and 590 N., and    YATES, yaits, a county in the W. central part of New
ion. 380 and 410 30' E., enclosed by the governments of Nov- York, has an area of about 320 squi m    miles. It is bounded
gored, Vologda, Kostroma, Vladimeer, and Tver. Area 14,120  on the E. by Seneca Lake, and partly on the W. by Canansquare miles. Pop. in 1851, 943,426.  Surface level, and in  daigua and Crooked Lakes, the latter of which extends into
many parts marshy. It is traversed by the Volga, which  it, and is principally drained by the outlet of Crooked Lake
here receives the rivers Moloea and Sheksna, and in the S. is and Flint Creek, which afford valuable water-power. The
the Lake Nero, occupying upwards of 20 square miles. Soil surfitce is undulating or hilly. The soil is generally a fertile
not very fertile, and the annual produce of corn, estimated at sandy loam. It is traversed by the Canandaigua and Elmira
2 million quarters, is insufficient for the population. Rye, Railroad, and in part by the Crooked Lake Canal. Organized
wheat, barley, flax, hemp, and fruits are the principal crops, in 1823, having been formed from part of Ontario county,
Timber is scarce; live stock inferior. The fisheries in the  and named in honor of Governor Yates, of New York.
Volga are important. The government is chiefly noted for Capital, Penn Yan. Pop. 20,590.
manufacturing industry; linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics,   YATES, a post-township forming the N.W. extremity of
leather, silks, hardwares, and tobacco, are wrought in the  Orleans co., New York. Lake Ontario bounds it on the N.
towns, and the peasants are almost everywhere partially: Pop. 2242.
engaged in domestic manufactures. Principal towns, Yaro-    YATESIBURY, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
slav, Rostov, and Ooglitch.                                   YATESIVILLE, a post-village of Yates co., New York,
YAROSLAV, IAROSLAV, JAROSLAW, YAROSLAVL or about 190 miles W. of Albany.
JAROSLAVL, a city of Russia, capital of a government of    YATESVILLE, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Virginia.
its own name, on the Volga, at the influx of the Kotorost,   YATI-I KYED, yath kide, (a corruption of TIEYEH KYE,
160 miles N.E. of Moscow. Pop. 34,913. It is enclosed by a  thi/yeh or thi/e-yeh kI,(?) i. s. "white stone" lake,) a lake of
palisade, and pretty well built, though mostly of wood. It British America.
has some good stone houses, and numerous churches, which    YATION or YATtTON, a post-village in Washington co.,
give it, externally, an imposing appearance, several con- Iowa, near English River, 16 miles S. by W. of Iowa City.
vents, a citadel at the confluence of the rivers, the )emidoff    YATOVA, ya-to/vA, a village of Spain, province and about
Lyceum, founded in 1803, and ranking immediately after the  25 miles from Valencia, on the Juanes.  Pop. 1110.
universities of the empire, an ecclesiastical seminary, a large    YAT'TAYABIBEE CREEK, of Henry co., Alabama, flows
exchange,: various hospitals and asylums, manufactures of  into the Chattahoochee River.
cotton, silk, linens, leather, tobacco, &c., with iron, copper,   YAT/TENDON, a parish of England, co. of Berks.
and bell foundries, and two large annual fairs, at which,    YAT/TON, EAST and WEST, two parishes of England, co.
and at the fair of Makariev, large quantities of its mann- of Somerset. Here is the Clevedon junction station of the
factured goods are sold. It is the see of an archbishop, and  Great Western Railway, 12 miles W.S.W. of Bristol.
its foundation dates from the 11th century.                   YAT/TON KEY/NELL, a parish of England, co. of Wilts.
YARIPOLE, a parish of England, co. of Hlereford.            YAUCO, yfwlko, a small town of Porto Rico, near the S.
YAR/RA-YA/RIRA, a river of the British Australian colony  coast of the island. Pop. 2650.
Victcria, and the principal stream  entering Port Phillip,    YAUTEPEC, y-wv-tA-plk/, a village of the Mexican Confed.
which it reaches at Hobson's Bay, 7 or 8 miles (following the  ration, state and 40 miles S.S.E. of Mexico.
windings of the channel) below Melbourne. It is not navi-   YAVARI. a river of South America. See JABATtY.
gable above Melbourne on account of falls, and that city    YAVIERLAND, a parish of the Isle of.Wight, 8 miles E.S.E,
can usually be reached only by vessels of 60 tons burden, the  of Newport.
mouth of the river having a bar with only 9 feet of water at   YAXIIIAM, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk, 2- miles
high tide.  Vessels of large burden load and unload at  S.S.E. of East Bereham, with a station on a branch of the
Williamstown, near its mouth. At Melbourne it is com- East Counties Railway.
monly from 40 to 50 yards across, but greatly augmented    YAX/LEY, a village and parish of England, county and
by floods in winter and spring. Its total direct course nearly  13 miles N. of Huntingdon. Pop. 1445. A little E. of the
due E. is about 100 miles.                                  village is Whittlesea-mere, a sheet of water 6 miles long and
YAR/RIBA, a state of Central Africa, Guinea, near the  3 miles broad, abounding in fish.
Niger, (Quorra,) in let. 90 N., lon. 30 to 6~ E. Principal   YAXLEY, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.
towns, Katunga, or Eyeo, and Rakka. It has been little    YAZOO, yA-zool, a river of Mississippi, is formed by the
explored by Europeans.                                      Tallahatchie and Yallobusha Rivers, which unite at Leflore,
YARROW, yarlr6, a river of Scotland, co. of Selkirk, rises  in Carroll county. It then pursues a very serpentine course,
at Yarrow-cleugh, 1~ miles E. of Loch Skene, flows mostly  the general direction of which is S. by W., and empties it.
eastward, through Lochs Lowes and St. Mary, and joins the  self into the Mississippi, 12 miles above Vicksburg. The
Ettrick, 11 miles above Selkirk, after a course of 25 miles. length of the main stream is stated to be about 290 miles.
Its tributaries are at least 40, but are small. Along its  It is a deep, narrow, and sluggish stream, traversing an
banks are the ruined Newark Castle, the ducal seat of Bow- alluvial plain of extreme fertility, which is mostly occupied
hill, and many places celebrated in Scottish poetry.        by plantations of cotton. It is probably not surpassed in
YARROW, a parish of Scotland, co. of Selkirk, of which  navigable qualities by any river of equal size. Steamboats
county it comprises more than a third, containing Ettrick  navigate it from  its mouth to its origin in all stages of
Forest and several petty villages. Sir Walter Scott resided  water, and in all seasons of the year. The Tallahatchie,
in the Ettrick Forest for 10 years; and IIogg, "1 The Ettrick  the largest branch, is perhaps as long as the Yazoo itself,
Shepherd," lived and died in this parish.                   and is navigable by steamboats more than 100 miles.
YA-RU-DZANG-BO. See YARob DzANBo-Tsoo.                      YAZOO, a county in the W. central part of Mississippi,
YARWELL, a parish of England, co. of Northampton.         has an area of about 760 square miles. The B3ig Black
YASELIA, IASELDA, yd-sl/d, or JASOLDA, yg-sollda, River forms its boundary on the S.E., and the Yazoo River,
a river of Russia, rises in the government of Grodno, flows from which the name is derived, bounds it on the Al. and
E.S.E., expanding into Lake Sporovskee, and after a course  N.W. The surface is a level, alluvial plain, the soil of which
of about 130 miles, joins the Pripets, a little E. of Pinsk.    is exceedingly fertile. The Yazoo River is navigable by
YASI-KOI, ydlsee koi, a large village of Asia Minor, Ana- steamboats at all seasons, with few exceptions, through its
tolia, near Zafaran-Boli, and containing 300 houses of  whole extent. The Mississippi Central Railroad passes near
Mohammedans, and 75 houses of Greek Christians, which  the E. border. Capital, Yazoo  City. Pop. 14,418, of whom
latter people manufacture wine and opium. A good deal of  4069 were free, and 10,349 slaves.
"affron is raised in the vicinity.                            YAZOO CITY, a flourishing post-village, capital of Yazoo
YAISOR, a parish of England, co. of Hereford.             co., Mississippi, on the river of the same name, 50 miles
YASS, a town of New South Wales, East Australia, counties  N.N.W. of Jackson. It is situated in a rich cotton-growing
of King and Murray, capital of a district, on Yass River, an  region, and has considerable business. About 50,000 bales
affluent of the Murrumbidgee, 46 miles W.S.W. of Goulburn. of cotton are received here annually and shipped to New
Pop. 274. The YAss-PrLAINS, surrounded on every side by  Orleans by steamboats, which navigate the river in all stages
forests, are from 9 to 12 miles across.                    of water.  The village contains several churches and 2
YASSY or JASSY, ydsesee, written also JASCII, the  newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, about 2000.
capital town of Moldavia; is situated on an atffluent of the    YAZVA, IAZYA or JASWA, ygslvS, a river of Russia, rises
Pruth, in a plain surrounded by low hills, 200 miles N.N.E. on the W. side of the Ural Mountains, government of Pe'erm,
of Bucharest. Its houses cover a large space, being inter- flows generally W., and after a course of nearly 120 miles,
spersed with gardens. Pop. 20,000.(?) The modern part is  joins the Vishera about 15 miles E. of Tcherd3n.
2148




YBA                                                       YEL
YBA, eenB, a maritime village of the island of Luzon,   YEKATERINBOO-RGI, IEKATERINBOURG, JEKATEPhilippines, 80 miles N.W. of Manila.                      RINENBURG, y'.-k&-tA-re-n~ n-boogRg, or EKATERINBURG,
YBBS, a town and river of Lower Austria. See Ips.        (i.e. "Catherine's borough,") a town of Asiatic Russia,
YBBSITZ, a market-town of Austria. See IPsizz.           capital of the Ural mining district, on the E. side of the
YBERA, a lake of South America. See IBERA.               Ural Mountains, government and 170 miles S.E. of Perm;
YBERG, LBERG, eetbIRG, or IBRIG, eelbriG, a village of  lat. 560 50' 14"i N., ion. 600 34' 44"' E., on both banks of the
Switzerland, canton and 7 miles N.E. of Schwytz, with  Iset, at an elevation of about 860 feet above sea-level. The
medicinal springs. Pop. 1500.                              streets are long and straight but unpaved, having, howYBICUY, e-ue-kweef, a river of South America, Uruguay, ever, planks or logs laid on each side for foot-passengers.
rises on the Brazilian frontier, and joins the Paraguay River  The principal street runs parallel with the river, and
opposite Yapegu, after a W. course of 200 miles.           is crossed by numerous smaller streets, leading directly
YCA, a town and province of Peru. See IeA.               to the bank of the Iset. A number of the houses are of
YCACOS, e-kA/koce, CAPE, B headland on the N. coast of  wood, but there are also a great many of stone, built in a
Cuba, bounding the Bay of MIatanzas on the N.E. Lat. 230  handsome and substantial style, and possessing as much
9' N.. lon. 810 10' W.                                     internal comfort as exterior elegance. On the S.E. bank
YE, a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, for- of the river, the buildings are spread over an extensive
merly capital of a province, on the Tenasserim Coast, Fur-  plain, which is connected with the city by a handsome
ther India, on the river Ye, near its mouth, in the Indian  bridge; these buildings include the Government maegazines,
Ocean, 90 miles S.E. of Maulmain.                          mills, factories, &c., and enclose an extensive square or
YE, a river of British India, has a short course, but is market-place. On the opposite side the streets are spacious
navigable by boats for about 20 miles from the ocean.      and elegant, and the stone edifices, the habitations of merYEAMDON, a township, England, co. of York, West Riding. chants and mine proprietors, exceedingly handsome. The
YEALMPTON, yllmplttn, a village and parish of Eng- cutting, polishing, and engraving of precious stones, forms
land, co. of Devon, on the Yealm, here navigable and crossed  a principal branch of industry in Yekaterinboorg, and the
by a bridge. It has a ruin, said to have been a palace of  art is here brought to the greatest perfection. Parties of
the Saxon kIrings. Pop. 1155.                              exiles frequently pass through the town, amounting in
~ YEBENES, y./n-nns, a market-tbwn of Spain, province  number yearly, it is stated, to 5000. Pop. 15,000.
and 21 miles S. of Toledo. Pop. 3063.                        YEKATERININSKOI or JEKATERININSKOI, yA-kg-tAYI~BLERON, yA'bleh-r6NoG,   a village of France, depart- re-nin-skoi/, a market-town of Russia, government and N;E.
ment of Seine-Infdrieure, 8 miles N.W. of Yvetot. P. 1187. of Viatka.
YEBUAH, a small and lofty island in the Red Sea, off    YEI(ATERINODAR, IEKATERINODAR or JEKATERIthe Arabian coast, 15 miles N.W. of Moilah.'               NODAR, yl-ki-tA-re-no-daR1, written also EKATERINODAR,
YECLA, y4/kla, a town of Spain, province and 44 miles a town of Russia, capital of the country of the Black Sea or
N. of Murcia. Pop. 9333. It stands at the foot of a height Tschernomorski Cossacks, on the left'bank of the Kuban,
crowned by a ruined Moorish castle. It has many brandy  about 100 miles above its mouth, and 135 miles S. of Azof.
distilleries.                                              Yekaterinodar is the seat of the Cossack Hetman, and other
YEDIDINGHAM, a parish of England, co. of York, East authorities for the district. On every side is swamp and moRiding.                                                    r ass, forming a mud defence to the town, in which carriage,
YEDDO, YEDO or JEDDO, y~dldo, written also IEDO, a  horse, and traveller often stick fast for many hours. P. 5000.
city and the second capital of Japan, it being the residence    YEKATERINOGRAD, IEKATERINOGRAD orJEKATEof the,Sio-gun, or military emperor, on the Gulf of Yeddo, RINOGRAD, yA-kA-t1-re-no-gr&df, written also EKATERIS.E. coast of the island of Niphon. Lat. 350 40' N., Ion. 1390  NOGRAD, a town and fortress of Russia, government of
40' E. Pop. 1,500,000. It is stated to be enclosed by a  Caucasus, 20 miles W. of Mosdok, on the left bank of the
trench, and intersected by numerous canals and branches Terek, lat. 430 40' N., lon. 430 551 E. This is the most imof a river, navigable for vessels of moderate burden. It has  portant military post of the Cossacks of the line, and was
a fortified palace with very extensive grounds, many noble  founded in 1777 by Prince Potemkin, to whose memory a
residences ornamented externally with  sculptures and  stone triumphal arch was here erected by the Empress Capainting, some large temples and other public edifices, and  therine II. Pop. about 5000.
numerous conventual establishments; but its dwellings are    YEKATERINOIPOL, a market-town of Russia, governmostly of wood, and it suffers frequently from destructive  ment and 103 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 1000.
fires. The Imperial Library is said to contain 150,000 vo-   YEKATERINOSLAV, IEKATERINOSLAY  or JEKATElumnes. The Dutch have long had a commercial mission  RINOSLAV, yJ-klt-A-re-no-slavl, written also EKATERIhere, and both the Americans and British have recently  NOSLAV and EKATERINOSLAW, a government of South
concluded treaties, from which important results may be  Russia; lat. 470 to 490 20' N., ion. 330 30' to 390 40' E.;
expected. Outside of the city are two large suburbs.       having a separate portion in Don Cossacks, at the mouth
YEDDO, GULF OF, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the  of the Don; area 25,810 square miles. It is divided into
S.E. coast of the island of Niphon, Japan. Length, S. to  two sections by the Dnieper, about three-fourths lying E,
N., 70 miles, breadth at entrance 40 miles. At its N. extre- and one-fourth WV. of that river. The E. portion belongs
mity are the city of Yeddo and the mouths of several rivers, to the steppe country of South Russia, being fiat, monoYEE-TCIHIANG or YI-TCHIANG, a town of China, province  tonous, without trees, often without water, and with a
of Hoo-pe.                                                 lean saliferous soil. The WV. portion is more undulating,
YEE-TCHII00O or YI-TCIIOU, yee'choof, a town of China, and more fruitful. The minerals are granite, lime, chalk,
province of Shan-toong, capital of a department, on the Y-ho, salt, and garnets. Wheat, spelt, barley, and oats are raised
140 miles S.E. of Tsee-nan.                                in quantity sufficient for local consumption; and hemp,
YEFREMIOV, IEFREMIOV or JEFREMOW. ylflrA-movI, a  flax, poppies, peas, vegetables, and fruits are also cultivated.
town of Russia, government and 78 miles S.E. of Toola. The chief wealth of the government consists in its innuPop. 7366. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and has  inerable herds of horses, oxen, sheep, many of them merlseveral suburbs, numerous churches, and 4 annual fairs.    nos, goats, and swine. Bees yield a large return; and the
YEFTEREVSKAIA, IEFTEREVSKAIA or JEFTEREW-  silk culture is carried on by the Greeks at Mariopol, and
SKAJA, y~f-tA-rlv-skt',  a market-town of South Russia, in  the Armenians at Nakhchivan. Some cloth, leather, candles,
the Don Cossack country, on the Medvieditsa, 225 miles N.E. and beer are made, and some tallow-smelting carried on;
of Novo-Tcherkask. Pop. about 1000.                        and there are no less than 225 distilleries. The governYEGEN or YEXEN, yA-nSnf, a village of Spain, Andalusia, ment is divided into 7 districts. Capital, Yekaterinoslav.
province and about 45 miles from Granada, on the S. side Pop. 902,363.
of the Sierra Nevada. Pop. 1013.                             YEKATERINOSLAV, IEKATERINOSLAV, JEKATERIYEGORLYK or JEGORLYK, yA-gor-likt, a river of Russia, NOSLAV, EKATERINOSLAY  or EKATERINOSLAW, a
rises in a N. branch of the mountains of Caucasus, near fortified town of South Russia, capital of the government of
the frontiers of Circassia, and joins the Manitch about its own name, 820 miles S.S.E. of St. Petersburg, near the
30 miles WV. of Manitch or Lake Bol-Ilmen, after a course of  right bank of the Dnieper; lat. 480 27' 50" N., ion. 350 5,
about 190 miles.                                           53" E. Pop. 13,500. It is the see of an archbishop, and
YEGORYEVSK or JEGORJEVSK, yA-gor-ylvskl, or JEGO- has an ecclesiastical seminary and manufactures of clo'.hs
RIWEVSK, a town of Russia, government and 58 miles and silks. It was founded by the Empress Catherine II. in
N.W. of Riazan. Pop. 1106.                                 1784.
YEGUA (y8gtwa or yAlwa) CREEK, an affluent of the    YEKATERINSKAIA, IEKATERINSKAIA or JEKA'XEBrazos, is formed by three branches, the First, Second, and  RINSKAJA, yA-ki-tA-rin-skPI,   a market-town of Russia,
Third Yegua, which unite on the N. boundary of Washing- Don Cossack country, on the Donets, 56 miles N.N.E. of
ton county. It follows that boundary until it enters the  Novo-Tcherkask. Pop. 1000.
river, about 5 miles N.E. of Independence.                   YEKATERINSKAIA, a market-town of Russia, governYEIA, IEIA or JEIA, yA/yA, a river of Russia, rises in  ment of Koorsk, 20 miles N.W. of Novoi Oskol.
the W. of the government of Caucasus, near Dmitrievsk,   YEKATERINSTADT, JEKATRINSTADT, yAt-k-tA-reenflows first N.W. and then W., and falls into a bay on the  stltti, or YEKATERINOGRAD, a village of Russia, governN.E. side of the Sea of Azof, after a course of about 140  ment and 45 miles N.E. of Saratov, on the Volga.
miles.                                                       YELABOOGA, IELABOUGA or JELABUGA, yA-l-boolYEJUBBI, ye-jftbtbee, a large commercial town of South  gt,a town of Russia, government and 210 miles S.S.E. of
Abyssinia, Amhara, district of Gojam, N. of the Abai Itiver. Viatka, on the Kama, near a small lake. Near it are the
2149




YEL                                                       YEL
ruins of a Shaman temple, where there was long a cele-   YELLOW MOUNTAIN, a post-office of Yancey co., Noer.
brated oracle. Pop. 3500.                                  Carolina.
YELAGOOI, IELAGOUI or JELAGUI, yA-l&-goolee, or   YELLOW  RIVER, Georgia, a branch of the Ocmul-c,k
ELAGUI, A-l-goolee, a river of Siberia, rises in lat. 630 N. rises in Gwinnett co., and flowing southward, unites withl
and ion. 830 E., in the government of Yeniseisk, flows E., the other branch a few miles S. of Covington.
and dividing into several arms, joins the Yenisei on the    YELLOW  RIVER, of Wisconsin, rises in the N. part of
left, in lat. 630 N. and ion. 900 E., after a course of above  the state, and flowing south-westward, falls into Chippewa
200 miles.                                                 River, near the middle of Chippewa county.
YELATOM, IELATOM  or JELATOM, yA-l1-tomn: or JE-   YELLOW  RIVER,;a post-office of Gwinnett co., Georgia,
LATMA, a town of Russia, government and 158 miles N. 21 miles E.N.E. of Atlanta.
of Tambov, on the Oka. Pop. 5000. It has churches, ma-   YELLOW RIVER, a post-office of Marshall co.. Indiana.
nufactures of vitriol and copper wares, and a flourishing    YELLOW RIVER, a large river of China. See i1oANG-IHo.
export trade.                                                YELLOW RIVER. the name of several streams in Ireland,
YELDIIAM, GREAT, a parish of England, co. of Essex.   tributaries to the Moy and Boyne.
YELDHIAM. LITTLE, a parish of England, co. of Essex.    YELILOW  SEA, (Chinese Whang-hai, hwmng'hil,) an exYELETS, IELETS, JELETZ, yA-lts', a town of Russia,  tensive inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the N.E. coast of China;
government and 102 miles ES.E. of Orel, on the Sosna. It between lat. 330 and 410 N., ion. 1170 22' and 1270 10' E.;
is old, but regularly built; has paved streets, 12 stone and  having W. the Chinese provinces Kiangsoo, Shantung and
2 wooden churches, 3 poor-houses, and manufactures of soap, Pechelee, N. Leaotong, and E. the peninsula of Corea; length
leather, ironware, and jewelry; a bell foundry, numerous  about 620 miles; greatest breadth about 400 miles. N. and
locksmiths, and an extensive trade in corn. Iron abounds N.W. it terminates in the Gulfs of Leaotong and Pechelee,
in the vicinity. Pop. 16,500.                              into the latter of which flow numerous large and important
YELMFORD, a parish of England, co. of Oxford.            rivers. Two peninsulas project into the Yellow Sea, one in
YELISAVETGRAD, IELISABETGRAD or JELISABET- the province of Leaotong, terminating in the narrow point
GRAD, yA-le-sA-v~t'gr&d/, written also ELISABETGRAD and  called the  Regent's Sword;" the other in Shantung, teriiELISAVETGRAD, a fortified town of South Russia, govern- nating in the promontory of the same name. On the E.
ment and 130 miles N. of Kherson, on the Ingool, (Ingul.)  coast are numerous groups of islets, part of which are
Pop. 10,000. It it regularly built, has several suburbs, mill- included in the Corean Archipelago. The Yellow Sea is very
tary magazines, and a large hospital.                      shallow, and obtains its name from the muddy lemon-yellow
YELL, one of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, the second  color of its water near the land, arising from the nature of
of the group in size, and the most N. except Unst, is sepa- the bottom, which is often touched by vessels navigating
rated on the S. from  Mainland by Yell Sound. Length  the sea. The large quantity of alluvium continually brouieht
from N. to S. 17 miles, extreme breadth 7k miles. Area 94  into it by the rivers Hoang-ho and Yang-tse-kiang, causes it
square miles. Pop., including the island of Fetlar, in 1851, gradually to decrease in depth. No cities of importance
2596. The surface is mountainous, and agriculture almost are on its shores.
neglected, whale and other fishing being the chief employ-   YELLOW SPRING, a post-office of Blair co., Pennsylvania.
ment.                                                        YELLOW  SPRING, a post-office of Hampshire co., VirYELL, a county situated in the W. central part of Arkan- ginia.
sas, contains 970 square miles. It is intersected by the    YELLOW SPRING, a post-office of Johnson co., Indiana.
Fourche La Pave and Petit Jean Rivers, and the Arkansas    YELLOW SPRINGS, Pennsylvania. See CHESTER SPRINGS.
washes its N.E. border. The surface is diversified; the soil   YELLOW SPRINGS, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tennesmostly productive. Magazine Mountain, of this county, is  see, 233 miles from Nashville.
estimated at 2000 feet high. Capital, Danville. Pop. 3341,   YELLOW SPRIINGS, a flourishing post-village in Miami
of whom 2917 were free, and 424 slaves.                    township, Greene co., Ohio, on the Little Miami Railroad,
YELL, a county of Iowa. See WEBsrTE.                     about midway between Xenia and Springfield, being 9 miles
YEL/LING, a parish of England, co. of HIuntingdon.       from either, and 74 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati; lat. 390 45t
YELILOW  BRANChI, a post-office of Campbell co., Vir- N., ion. 840 15 W.V It is celebrated for tihe beauty of its
ginia.                                                     scenery, the healthfulness of its climate, and the medicinal
YELLOW BREECHES CREEK, in the S. part of Pennsyl- and restorative character of the waters from which it takes
vania, forms part of the boundary between York and Cum- its name. It contains 3 churches, viz. Methodist, Presbyberland counties, and enters the Susquehanna River about terian, and Christian; 10 stores, including 2 bookstores; 2
4 miles below Harrisburg.  It affords permanent motive hotels, 3 school-houses, and Antioch College, a flourishling
power.                                                     institution incorporated in 1852. In some particulars of its
YELLOW BUD, a post-office of Ross co., Ohio.             aim and scoie, this college differs from most of the higher
YELLOW BUSh, a post-office ofChickasaw co., Mississippi. literary institutions of the country. It recognises the claimns
YELLOW  CREEK, of Pennsylvania, unites with Black  of the female sex to equal opportunities of education with
Lick Creek, in Indiana county.                             the male, and these opportunities it designs to confer. Its
YELLOW  CREEK, of Alabama and Mississippi, flows  founders believe that labors and expenditures for the highdr
south-westward and enters Luxapatilla Creek, in Lowndes  education of men will tend indirectly to elevate the chaco., Mississippi.                                          racter of women; but they are certain that all wise efforts
YELLOW CREEK, in the E. part of Ohio, flows through  for the improved education of women will speed the elevaJefferson'county, and enters the Ohio River 2 or 3 miles tion of the whole human family. The president of the instibelow Wellsville.                                          tution is the Hon. Hiorace Mann, LL.D. It has 9 professors,
YELLOW CREEK, of Missouri, rises in Sullivan co., and  besides other instructors. During the first two terms of the
flowing southward enters Grand River from the left, on the  collegiate year 1854-5, it was attended by 397 students; of
W. border of Chariton county.                              whom 238 were males, and 141 females. The library numYELLOW CREEK, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Georgia.  hers 2000 volumes, and is constantly increasing.
YELLOW  CREEK, a post-office of Tishemingo co., Mis-   The college edifices consist of one main building, a larmge
sissippi.                                                  and handsome structure, and two dormitory buildings. The
YELLOW CREEK, a post-office of Knox co., Kentucky.    former is in the form of a cross, 170 feet long and 110 feet
YELLOW  CREEK, a township of Columbiana co., Ohio, wide, designed for chapel, library, lecture-room, laboratory,
on the W. side of the Ohio River, intersected by the Cleve- recitation-rooms, &c. The two dormitory buildings stand
land and Pittsburg Railroad.  Pop., including Wellsville,  back from the main building about 70 feet, one on the N.,
2359.                                                      the other on the S. side, the distance between. the two being
YELLOW CREEK, a post-office of Stephenson co., Illinois. about 350 feet. Their dimensions are 39 feet by 160 feet, and
YELLOW  CREEK, a village of Chariton co., Missouri, 4 stories high. They are situated in a beautiful enclosure,
about 85 miles N.W. of Jefferson City.                     20 acres in extent, and are surrounded by a street 75
YELLOW CREEK, of Allomakee co., Iowa, falls into the  feet in width. Adjoining the college plat on tihe E. is a
Mississippi River.                                         highly romantic and picturesque ravine, affording all the
YELLOW CREEK FURNACE, a post-office of Montgomery  scenic variety of overhanging cliffs, waterfalls, isolated rocks,
co., Tennessee.                                            numerous gushing springs, deeply embowered amid climbYELLOW HEAD GROVE, a small post-village of Will co., ing vines and clustering evergreens, threaded with varied
Illinois.                                                  walks, inviting the pedestrian by their cooling shade and
YELLOW JACKET CREEK, of Troup co., Georgia, enters graceful bowers.
the Chattahoochee River, several miles W. of La Grange.      Yellow Spring is situated about half a mile N.E. of Antioch
YELLOW-KNIFE, a river of British North America, enters  College. It discharges, from a crevice in a limestone rock,
the Great Slave Lake, after a southward course of at least above 100 gallons of water per minute. A large and well130 miles.                                                 regulated water-cure establishment has been opened fi-om
YELLOW  LAKE, of Alexandria township, Jefferson co., half to three-quarters of a mile southward of the spring.
New York, is about 3 miles long                            Valuable limestone quarries are worked in the vicinity. The
YELLOW  MEDICINE RIVER, of Minnesota Territory, population has doubled in the past 18 months, being in 1855
rises in about 440 30' N. lat., and 960 40' W. ion.; flowing  about 1500.
at first easterly, and afterwards north-easterly, it falls into    YELLOW SPRINGS, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa,
St. Peter's River, in about 440 441 N. lat., and 950 26' W. ion. 15 miles N. by W. of Burlington.
Length about 100 miles.                                      YELILOWSTONE RIVER, the largest, though not the
2150:




YEL                                                       YEN
longest, affluent of the Missouri, has its source in Sublette's natural causes of which must be sought in its great extent
Lake, in about 430 40' N. lat., and 1100 WV. ion. Flowing in  of elevated table-land, with temperate valleys and copious
a asneral north-easterly course, it falls into the MIissouri, springs, and in its position on the route of the caravans that
iv about 480 5' N. lat., and 1040 W. ion.  At its mouth it is conveyed the Indian merchandise from the shores of Hadraabout 800 yards wide. Length estimated at 1000 miles, for mdut to Phoenicia. Besides its numerous towns, which are?7uO or 800 of which it is said to be navigable.           large and well built, it is characterized by the great number
YELLOWSTONE, a post-office of Paulding on., Georgia.    of castles, many of them  strong and capacious, scattered
YELLOWSTONE, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tennessee. over its hills, and inl which petty chiefs with their families
YELLOWSTONE, a post-office of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. and retainers, like the barons of Europe in the middle ag'%,
YELLOW-WATER, a small river of Alabama and Florida, live in absolute independence. The dialects spoken by the
rise5 in Covington co., Alabama, and flows south-westward  mountaineers are very numerous, and the language of the
through Florida into Pensacola Bay.                        Tehlima is quite unintelligible on the highland.  Iamnyaritic
YELL'VILLE, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Arkan- inscriptions have been found at Dhofar, (the Saphara of
sas, about 125 miles N. by W. of Little Rock.              Ptolemy,) 12 miles S.E. of Yerim, and at HIisn-Ghorib, (the
YELNIA, IELNIA, JELNIA, yll1ne-4, or YELNA, y~llfni, site of the ancient Cane,) on the sea-coast, at Sana, and at
a town of Russia, government and 43 miles E.S.E. of Smo- lIareb. Yemen has two great schools or universities, one
lensk, on the Desna. Pop. 2016.                            at Zebeed for Sunnites, and another at ]amar for the ZeiYEULVERTOFT, a parish of England, co. of Northampton. dee, (Zeidi.) The latter is the prevailing sect in Yemen, as
YELIVERTON, a parish of England, co. of Norfolk.         well as among the mountains N., the Bedowin round Mecca,
YELIVINGTON, a post-village in Baviess co., Kentucky, and even the Sherif of Mecca himself, belonging to the here156 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort.                             tical Zeldee. Our knowledge of this extensive country is
YEMAMAI  or YEMAMEII, ynm-Nma, a district of too imperfect to justify any attempt at an estimate of its
Nedjed, with a valley (wady) of its own name, regarded as population.
the garden of Arabia. Lat. about 240 N., Ion. 470 30' E.     YEMTSA, IEMTSA, JEMTZA, ysmt'sg, or EMTZA, a river
YEMItBO or YAMBO, ylmibo, a maritime town of Arabia, of Russia, government of Archangel, joins the North Dwina
Hejaz, on a low, sandy, and bare tract, near the Red Sea, on the left, after a course of about 95 miles.
130 miles S.W. of Medina, of which city it is the port. It   YEN-CHOW-FOO,, yln-chlwfool, or YEN-TCHEOUJ-FOIT,
consists of about 1500 houses, exclosed by a wall. It has a  yln'ch.-oo'foot, a town of China, province of Che-kiang, at
sheltered harbor, and is garrisoned by Egyptian troops; but the confluence of the IHoei-choo or Green River with the
it is in decay. It is a place of transit for pilgrims from Egypt Tchen-tang-kiang, about 75 miles S.W. of Hang-chow, lat.
to the holy cities of Arabia.                              290 37' 12" N., Ion. 1190 32 47i" E. It has walls fully 4 miles
YEMEN, ymlemn, a principal division of Arabia, occupies in circuit, and is otherwise fortified after the Chinese manthe S.W. angle of the peninsula, adjacent to the Straits of  ner. It has masiufactures of rough lacquered ware, which
Bab-el-Mandeb. The name originally signified the country  is sold much cheaper than in places nearer the sea. A little
on the sight hand, but the same term was also used to con- below the town are 2 handsome pagodas, one of them called
vey the idea of good fortune, and hence, in the prosperous Ioo-lu1g-ta, situated on a curious conical hill. Pop. about
days of this country, the secondary sense of its name seems 200.000.
to have been that most generally accepted, and Yemen was   YENDOVICHTSKA, JENDOYICHTSKA, jln-do-veechtlknown to the Romans as Arabia Felix, the " Happy or For- sk, or ENDOVICIITCHA, a market-town of Russia, governtunate Arabia."  Yemen, in the widest sense, is bounded  ment and 8 miles W.N.W. of Yoronezh, near the Don.
W. by the Red Sea, S. by the Gulf of Aden, N. by Hejaz and  Pop. 1000.
Nejd, and E. by Hadramaut. A chain of mountains runs    YENDUA, yln-dooul, one of the Feejee Islands, South
along the W. side of the Arabian peninsula, and terminates  Pacific Ocean, W. of Sandalwood Bay; let. 160 50' S., Ion.
at the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, dividing the country into  1780 14' 41I WV. It is about 12 miles in circuit, and properly
two regions physically distant, namely, a Tehhma or lowland  forms two islands, with a narrow channel allowing a boat
between the mountains and sea-shore, and an elevated  to pass between them. On the S. of it is Porpoise Harbor.
mountainous tract to the eastward of the former. The    YENGAN, a town of China. See YENX-NGAN-FO.
Tehbma of Yemen varies in width from 10 miles to 30 miles,   YENGI-I-iISSAR, yhng/ee his'sar/, or YENGISIHAR, ylng'and is a barren desert wherever it is not irrigated by streams  is-harl, (" New Castle,") a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 85
from the mountains. These streams are perennial in the  miles W'.N.W. of Yarkand, on the route to Kashgar, and
highlands, but in the low country they flow only during the  famous for its dancing girls and musicians.
rains, and it sometimes happens that after a succession of    YEIVI, yin/ees, or YENG&, yinglee', a Turkish word signithree or four dry seasons, their beds become overgrown with  fying "-new," forming the prefix of various names; as
brushwood so as to be nearly obliterated. Banks of coral   YENI-BAZAR, y~nlee' bi-zarl, a market-town of Euroline the sea-shore, and wherever they leave an opening, pean Turkey, Bulgaria, 14 miles N.E. of Shoomla.
afford secure anchorage within.                              YIENI-BAZAlR. a town of Bosnia.  See NovI-BAzAR.
The mountains rise abruptly from the desert plain, enclos-   YENIIDGE YENIDJE, yAlnee-ja or yin/ij-6, or YENIDGEing valleys of great luxuriance. The table-land in the in- VARDAR, yitnee-j& vaa'darl, a town of European Turkey,
terior of Yemen has an estimated elevation of 4000 feet, and  in Macedonia. 25 miles W.N.W. of Salonica, withl numerous
some of its mountain groups, as S-ber, (sit/ber,) S. of Tans, mosques and schools. Near it are the ruins of the town of
is supposed to attain a height of 7000 or 8000 feet. Granite  Pella. the birth-place of Alexander the Great.
is probably the basis of all these mountains, but on the    YENIDGE or JENIDJE  LAKE, of European Turkey, is
road from Mocha by Zebeed to Sana, the rock which first  situated a few miles S. of Yenidie. Length, 8 miles.
occurs is porphyry, fractured so regularly into columns, that    YENIDGE- (or JENIDGE-) KIZTLAGHADJ, y/nee-jl kizfthe steep cliffs sometimes present the appearance of organ-  il-i-gHdj!, a town of European Turkey, in Room-Elee, on the
pipes; trap-rocks with basalt succeed, and at Sana the comn- Tondja, 32 miles N. by W. of Adrianople. Pop. 2300.
ajon building-stone is a lava. Mount Slber, likewise, is an    YENIDJE KARA-SO,, (SOU or SU,) yAlnee-ji kh/'- soo, a
immense mass of trachyte and other volcanic rocks. It is  town of European Turkey, in Boom-Elee, sanjak. and 98 miles
said by the Arabs to nourish on its slopes all the plants of  W.N.W. of Gallipoli, near the Gulf of Lagos. Pop. 2500.
the earth. It is clothed with superb forests to the summit.   YENIJAII, ylnfe-ji., a village of West Asia; Persia, proOn the almost inaccessible ledges of its rocky sides are perched  vince of Azerbaijan, 18 miles E. of Tukhti Suleiman.
numerous villages, the inhabitants of which enrich them-   YENIJAH, a town of Asia Minor, pashalie and 25 miles
selves by the cultivation of coffee and of kchat. Within the  N.E. of Seevas.
precincts of Slber are said to be 100 sheikhs or petty chief-   YENIKALE, IENIKALE or JENIKALE, yln'e-k.lJA, writtains, who are virtually independent. Kusumma, too. is a  ten also JANIKIUL, JENIKAL or ENIKALE, a fortified
high mountain covered to its summit with coffee planta- town of South Russia, government of Taurida, Crimea, on
tions. In all these mountainous districts there are nume- the N.W. point of the peninsula of Kertch, 65 miles E.S.E
rous ancient families, dwelling in their almost inaccessible  of Kaffa. Pop. 1700. It is defended by a strong citadel,
castles, and scarcely acknowledging a political superior.  and has remains of the ancient Orthmion.
The country has long ceased to be combined under one    YENIKALE, JENIKALE or ENIKALE, STRAIT  OF,
government. The frontier provinces have in several in- known to the ancients as the CIMME/RIAN BOS/PORUS,
stances become independent, and the Yemen proper of the  (CGime'rius Bos/porus,) the strait connecting the Sea of
present day, or the dominion of the Imam of Sana, does not Azof with the Black Sea. Length 20 miles, breadth 8 to
probably embrace above two-thirds of the territory formerly  10 miles. Where shallowest it is stated to be only 13 feet
included under the same general title,                    in depth. The town of Yenikale is on its W. side. See
The capital of Yemen is Sana. Aden, on the sea-shore to  BLACK SEA: AZOF.
the S., is now a British emporium. Shehr is a seaport on    YENISEI, IENISEI or JENISEI, y8n'e-sete or y8n'e-sayl,
the Red Sea, W. of Makallah; the seaport of Jisan or ENISEI, en-e-s-e, written also JENISEY, one of the great
Gasim, as it is sometimes called in Aboo-Arish, has a con- rivers of North Asia, Siberia, its basin lying between those
siderable trade in senna and coffee.  Mocha on the Red  of the Obi and Lena, and estimated to comprise an area of
Sea is also a place of considerable trade. The N. limit of  1,045,000 square miles. It rises in Mongolia, Chinese EnaYemen on this sea is generally assumed to be at Halee, pire, about lat. 510 N., lon. 980 E., flows at first W. to the
(H11i,) in 180 36' N.                                      Russian frontier, and afterwards holds a northward cour..
Yemen, taken collectively still bears unmiotakeable traces to its wide estuary in the Arctic Ocean, lat. 720 30' N., Son.
of its ancient superiority in wealth and civilization, the 1 850 E.) 200 miles E. of the mouth of the Obi  Total course
2151




YEN                                                        YEZ
estimated at 2500 miles. It traverses the centre of the  Marne and Seine-et-Oise, joins the Seine at Villeneuve, 10
government of Yeniseisk, nearly the whole of which is miles S.S.E. of Paris, after a W. course of 50 miles.
drained by it, as is the S. half of the government of    Y]RES, a river of France, department of Seine-Infdrieure,
Irkootsk by its principal tributary the Angara, which  enters the English Channel near Dieppe, after a N. course
brings into it the surplus waters of Lake Baikal. On its of 20 miles.
banks are the towns of Saiansk, Abakansk, Krasnoyarsk,.. YERES, a village of France, on a river of its own name,
Yeniseisk, Toorookhansk, and Kantaisk. It is of great in the department of Seine-et-Gise, arrondissement of Corbreadth, and from Toorookhansk to the ocean its depth has bell. Pop. 978.
been found to vary from  2 to 8 fathoms; but as it flows   YERIM, ydfrim', a small town of Arabia, district of Yemostly through a frozen desert, its navigation is of little  men, 75 miles S.E. of Sana. It has a strong hill-fort.
service.                                                     YER/MIA, (anc. Gerlma?) a market-town of Asia Minor,
YENISEI, BAY OF, the estuary formed by the river Ye- Anatolia, on an affluent of the Sakareeyah, (anc. Sangarius,)
nisei, at its junction with the Arctic Ocean, extends between  66 miles S.W. of Angora. It was anciently a Roman colony,
lat. 690 30' and 730 N., and ion. 850 and 890 E. Breadth at and it has numerous remains of antiquity, with some mineentrance 30 miles. It abounds with islands, and on its E. ral baths.
shore is the village of Kantaisk.                            YERMIALOFF, an island of the Pacific. See HOLT.
YENISEISK, IENISEISK or JENISEISK, yan'e-sAskl or   YEROSLAN, IEROSLAN  or JEROSLAN, yA-ro-slinf,
yen'e-sedisk, a vast government of Asiatic Russia, comprised  written also ERUSLAN and JERASLON, a river of Russia,
in East Siberia, between ion. 800 and 1070~E., and extending  rises in the government and about 70 miles E.N.E. of'Sarafrom lat. 510 northward, having W. the governments of toy, and after a course of nearly 180 miles, joins the Volga
Tomsk and Tobolsk, E. Irkootsk and the province of Yakootsk, 18 miles above Kamyshin. Its principal affluent is the
and S. the Khalkas country, (Chinese dominions,) from which  Torgun.
last it is separated by a lofty mountain chain connected with    YERVILLE, yla'veelf, a village of France, department of
the Altai. Its extent is nearly commensurate with the basin  Seine-Inf6rieure, arrondissement ofYvetat. P. in 1852,1869.
of the Yenisei, which traverses its centre; but besides which    YESHIIL-IRMAK or YECIHIL-IRMAK, yeshlil irfmik, or
it comprises the courses of several minor rivers. Population  ir'mdkt, written also JESCHIL-ERMAK  and JEKIL-IRhas been estimated at 210,000.(?) Surface mountainous in  MIAK, i. e. "Green River," (ane. Ir/is,) a river of Asia Minor,
the S., where are most of its towns and settled tracts, with  pashalic of Seevas, after a tortuous N. course of 200 miles
some extensive forests; it progressively declines northward  enters the Black Sea, 12 miles E. of Samsoon. On its banks
into a desert region, peopled only by scattered Toongooses, are the towns of Tokat, Amasia, and Charshumba. Chief
Ostinks, Yakoots, and Samoleds. According to Sir George affluent, the Kelki, (anc. Lylcus,) from the E., which has a
Simpson, it has the reputation of being the,,worst governed  longer course than the river to which it is tributary.
district in all Siberia; its principal wealth is in the precious   YESHIL-KOOL or YESCHIL-KUL, (the "Green Lake,") a
metals, the country between the Yenesei and Angara being  lake of Chinese Toorkistan, 20 miles N.E. of Kiria; lat. 360
the richest gold-washing tract in the E. part of Russian  10' N., ion. 830 50' E. Length, from E. to W.. 30 miles. It
Asia. Principal towns, Krasnoyarsk, the capital, Abakansk, receives several rivers, and disposes of its surplus waters by
Atchinsk, and Yeniseisk.                                   evaporation.
YENISEISK, IENISEISK or JENISIESK, a city of Asiatic    YESSO or JESSO, yas/so, written also IESO and YEZO; and
Russia, the capital of a district, on the Yenesei, in lat. 580  sometimes called MATSMAI, mnts-mil, one of the largest of
27' 17" N., ion. 920 16' 48" E. Pop. 6000. It is stated to be 3  the Japanese Islands, lat. 41 24' N., Ion. 1400 9k E.; separated
miles in circumference, and has several churches and con- on the S. from Niphon by the Strait of Sangar, and N. from
vents, a custom-house, and arsenal, with an active export the Island of Saghalien by La P6rouse Channel. Estimated
trade in furs, and in Chinese produce. It has an annual area 62,500 square miles. A rugged mountain chain trafair, attended by persons from the most distant quarters.   verses it from  N. to S., and it contains active and extinct
YENI-SHIEIIR, (" New City,") several villages of Asia  volcanoes, is well watered, and has coasts indented by nuMinor, two occupying the site of the ancient Antiochia and  merous bays and harbors, the best of which are Volcano
JLsgnesia ad Meandsrua. Also a name of L.tnissA, which see. Bay and Edermo. Its N. part is very fertile. The products
YENNE, ylnn, (ane. jesctnn?) a market-town of Savoy, comprise wheat, rice, hemp, tobacco, fruits, oak, elm, and
on the Rhone, 12 miles N.W. of Chamb6ry. Pop. 3227.        birch timber, and large quantities of dried salmon and
YEN-NGAN-FOO, yln.NgAn-foo!, or YEN'GANI, a town of  other fish, which are mostly exchanged with the Japanese
China, province of Shen-see, capital of a department.      for summer clothing. There are said to be some valuable
YEN-TCIEOU-FOU.  See Ye.N-CHow-Foo.                      mines of gold and silver.  Yesso is not considered an inYEO, a river of England. See IVEL.                      tegral part of Japan, but a dependency of which the JapaYEOMANDONG  or AN00-PIET00-M00  MOUNTAINS. nese took possession in consequence of the extension of the
See YOOMADONG.                                             Russian dominions into the Koorile Archipelago. Its inhaYEOO, YEOU or YEU, y,-oof, a considerable river of Cen- bitants preserve their own religion, laws, customs, and pubtral Afiica, flows N. by E. near 300 miles, and falls into the  lic offices, though the election to the last has to be confirmed
W. side of Lake Tchad. Where seen by Denham and Clap- in Japan. The principal city is Matsmai, near the, S. coast.
perton, it was above 50 yards wide, with nearly perpendicular The STRAIT or Ycsso, between this island and Koonasheer,
banks, a fine sandy bottom, and a strong current of 3 or 31 is 12 miles across.
miles per hour.                                              YESTE, y~sltA, a town of Spain, province and 50 miles
YEOO or YEOU, a walled town of Central Afsica, at the  S.W. of Albacete. Pop. 5900. It has remains of a castle and
mouth of the above river. It is of considerable size, and  fortifications, and manufactures of woollens. Near it are
neatly built of huts.                                      medicinal baths.
YEOO-LIU or YEOU-LIU, yA-oo lyoo, and YEOO-LUN or    YESTER, a village of Scotland. See GIFFORD.
YEOU-LUN. yA-oo! Rln, two islands between Kioo-Sioo and the    YETHAN, a river of Scotland. See YTnAN.
Loo-Choo Islands, respectively belong to China and Japan.    YETIlOLMI, yithlom, a parish of Scotland, in the N.E.
YEOVIL, y0tvil, a market and manufacturing town and  part of the co. of Rexburgh, with two contiguous villages,
parish of England, co. of Somerset, on the Yeo, an affluent  Kirk and Town-Yetholmn, connected by a bridge across the
of the Parret, here crossed by a bridge, near the borders of  Beaumont, near the border of England, 8 miles S.E. of Kelso.
Dorsetshire, 6 miles W. of Sherborne. Pop. of the town, in  Pop. in 1851, 1352, of whom about 1000 are in the villages,
1851, 5985. It has some good houses, a church with an an- many in Kirk-Yetholm being gipsies. Yetholm is governed
cient crypt, and a union workhouse. Before thread gloves by a baron-bailie, and has a good school-house, several benecame into extensive use, it was estimated that 20,000 per- volent societies, and 2 annual fairs for live stock.
sons in Yeovil and its vicinity were employed in the mann-   YETIHOLM, a parish of New South Wales, East Australia,
facture of leather gloves, of which 300,000 dozens were made  co. of Roxburgh, E. of Melrose.
annually. Leather-dressing and some small woollen mann-   YETMINSTER, a parish of England, co. of Dorset.
factures are also carried on.                                YEU, an island of France. See ILE D'YB U.
YEOIVILTON, a parish of England, co. of Somerset.          YEVST, IEVST, JEVST, JEWST, y~vst, or EVST, a river
YEPES, yAips, (ance. Ispilnum?) a town of Spain, province  of Russia, which rises in the E. of the government of Liveand 22 miles E. of Toledo. Pop. 3065. The wines of Yepes nia, flows S.S.W., and after a course of nearly 60 miles joins
are in much request. This is the site of the ancient HIippo, the right bank of the South Dwina. at the N.W. extremity
where the Celtiberians defeated the Roman prqetors C. Cal- of the government of Vitebsk.  Its chief affluent is the
purnius and L. Quintus, who had 5000 men slain.            Pedez.
YEPIFAN, JEPIFAN, ylp-e-fdn!, or JEPITAN, y~p-e-toVf,   YEWNDOUN, yfin'doont, a town of the Burmese domina town of Russia, government and 49 miles S.E. of Tools, ions, on the Irrawaddy, 16 miles N.N.W. of Prome.
on the Don. Pop. 1900.                                       YEWNGBENZA, a town of Burmah.  See YOUNG5ENZA.
YERABOLOOS or YERABOLUS, yr-.&bo-loos, a site in    YEZD, ylzd, a city of Persia, capital of a province, near
North Syria, pashalie and 60'miles N.E. of Aleppo, on the W. the E. foot of a mountain range in the Persian desert, lat.
bank of the Euphrates, where various ruins are scattered  32" 10' N., ion. 560 E. Its walls are, exclusive of a citadel,
over' a mound supposed to indicate the ancient Hierapoolis.  separately fortified, and surrounded by a deep trench. Its
YERBA-BUENA, yir/bA bwA/n/, or SAN FRANCISCO.  bazaars are spacious, and it has flourishing manufactures
See SAN'FRANCsco, Histosy, page 1596.                     of velvets and other silk fabrics, cotton and woollen goods,
YEIIBESTON, a parish of South Wales, co. of Pembroke.  arms, and loaf-sugar.  Provisions are dear, owing to the
YRERES, yai, a river of France, departments of Seine-et-  sterility of the country everywhere around it, and the corn
2152




YEZ                                                        YOR
consumed has mostly to be brought from Ispahin. Among    YOMIBER ISLAND, one of the Bissagos Islands, off the
the population are many Parsees or Ghebers, (fire-worship- W. coast of Africa, 30 miles S. of Bulama, and separated
pers,) this being nearly the only place in Persia which they  from the mainland by a dangerous channel, 15 miles across.
inhabit.                                                     YONCALPLA, a post-office of Umpqua co., Oregon.
YEZDABAD, ylz'dt-bldt, a small town of Persia, province    YONGE MILLS, a post-village of Canada West, county of
of Fars.                                                    Leeds, 10 miles S.W. of Brockville. Pop. about 175.
YEZDIDI, yez'de-deeF, a fort and village in Persian Ko-   YONG-TCHANG, a town of China. See YUNG-TCHANG.
histan.                                                      YONI, yotnee, a village of West Afirica, on Sherborough
VEZDIKI-IAST or YEZDIKAST, y~z'de-k[stf, written also  Island, 85 miles S.E. of Sierra-Leone, and where a treaty
J.ESDICHUAST or JESDIKAST, a town of Persia, province  between the British and some native chiefs was concluded
of Fars, on the border of Irak-Ajemee, 75 miles S.S.E. of  in 1825.
Ispaban. Pop. 2000. It stands on a rocky height, enclosed    YONIVERS, a thriving post-village and township of Westby a brick wall. A good deal of cotton and rice is raised in  chester co., New York, on the E. bank of HIudson River,
its neighborhood.                                           and on the Hudson River Railroad, 17 miles N. by E. of
YEZO, an island of Japan. See YEsso.                     New York. The village contains churches of 6 or 7 denoYFFINIAC, eef'fee'ne-Ak/, a village of France, department minations, several seminaries, a good hotel, and numerous
of Cbtes-du-Nord, 4milesE.S.E. ofSt. Brieuc. P.in1852,2263. stores. It has a landing for steamboats and vessels sailing
YGRANDE, ee'grdNdt, a market-town of France, depart- on the river. Many merchants and others engaged in Ne*
ment of Allier, 18 miles W. of Moulins. Pop. 1663.         York have fine country-seats in the village and vicinity.
YIC, a river of South America, Uruguay, flows W. and  Pop. in 1853, estimated at 4000; of the township, in 1850, 4160.
joins the Rio Negro after a course of 120 miles.             YORMA, a town of Saxe-Coburg. See GliUENTONNA.
YIELDEN, a parish of England, co. of Bedford.              YONNE, yonnf, (anc. Jcanna,?) a river of France, rises in
YIMMONG, a river of Australia. See PATERSON.             the E. of the department of Nilvre, flows N. past Clamecy,
YIN-LIN-KAN, yin'lin'klnt, a large bay on the S. side departmentofAuxerre, (where it becomes navigable,) Joigny,
of the island of Hainan, China Sea, and affording the best Yilleneuve-le-Roi, Sans, Pont-sur-Yonne, and joins the Seine
anchorage on the coast of that island.                     at Montereau. Length 155 miles. Chief affluent, the ArYKI, ik/ee, an island of Japan, in the strait of Corea, 15  manqon on the right. It is connected with the Seine by
miles N.W. of Kioo-Sioo. Length 15 miles, breadth 8 miles. the Canal of Burgundy, (Bourgogne,) and the Loire by that
YKIMA, ik'ee/mA, one of the Madjicosima Islands, China  of Nivernais.
Sea, 22 miles S. of Typinsan.-                               YONNE, a department in the N.E. of France, formed of
YLO  or ILO, ee/lo, a town of South Peru. department part of the old province of Burgundy, between the departof Arequipa, province and 35 miles W.S.W. of M]oquehua, at ments of Seine-et-Marne, Loiret, Niavre, COte-d'Or, and
the mouth of the Ylo in the Pacific Ocean.                 Aube. Area 2781 square miles. Pop. in 1852, 380,856. SurYLO or ILO, a small seaport town of Bolivia, at the mouth  face undulating, with rich pasture lands. Chief rivers, the
of a stream of its own name; lat. 170 37' S., lon. 710 23' 45/i Yonne, with its affluents, the Cure, Armanaon, and Vannes.
WV. It is a poor place, with but 300 inhabitants, but the  The soil is rich in grain, and produces excellent wine.
roadstead is the best on the coast. The trade is chiefly in  The chief mineral products are iron, lithographic stones,
guano. One of the peaks of the Andes behind Ylo is esti-  and ochre. The department is traversed by the railway
mated by Meyen at from 19,000 feet to 20,000 feet in height. firom  Paris to Lyons. The manufactures comprise woollen
YLOE or ILOE, e-lo-Al, one of the Calamianes Islands  and cotton cloths. and beet-root sugar. The principal exGroup, Malay Archipelago, N.E. of Palawan. Area 65 square  ports. are timber, corn, and wine. The department is divided
miles.                                                     into the arrondissements of Auxerre, Avallon, Joigny, Sens,
YLOPANGO, e-lo-pingtgo, a lake of Central America, state  and Tonnere. Capital, Auxerre.
and 6 miles E. of San Salvador, about 9 miles long from E.   YOODOMA, IOUDOMA or JUDOMA, yoo-dofml, a river of
to WV., by 3 miles broad. It is very steep and rugged on its  Siberia, rises in the Mountains of Okhotsk, in lat. 600 30' N.,
N. and S. sides, of great depth, and with all the appearance  and ion. 1400 E., flows S.S.W. and joins the Maia, after an
of an extinct crater. The water when at rest is of an azure  impetuous course of about 170 miles.
hue, but when agitated assumes a parrot-green color, and    YOOG, IOUG, JOUG or JUG, yoog, a river of Russia, after a
exhales a sulphurous odor.                                 N.N.E. course of about 220 miles, joins the Sookhona a little
YLOYLO, e-lofe-lo, a town on the S.E. coast of the Philip- below the town of Oostioog-Velikee.
pine Island of Panay, opposite the island of Guimaris; lat.   YOOGAN (IOUGAN or YUGAN) BOLSHOI, yoo-ghn! bol100 41' N., lon. 1220 36' E.                               shoit, a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the government of
YLST or IJLST, ilst, a town of the Netherlands, province Tobolsk, lat. 680 N., and Ion. 750 E., flows N.N.W., and joins
of Friesland, 1 miles W.S.W. of Sneek. Pop. 1250.         the Obi, 20 miles S.W. of Soorgoot. Length about 228 miles.
YNGAREN, iinglgg-ren, a lake of Sweden, Ieon of Nyklp-   YOOKIHNOV, IOUKHNOV or JUCINOW, yooa-novl, a
ing, 20 miles long by 5 miles broad. It discharges its sur- town of Russia, government of Smolensk, on the Oogra, 45
plus waters into the Baltic.                               miles S.E. of Viazma.  Pop. 1500.
YNIESTA, a town of Spain. See HINIESrA.                    YOOKIINO0KA, IOUKINOVKA or JUCHNOWKA, yooxYNOUSKI, a post-office of Kalamazoo co., Michigan.       novlktl, a town of Russia, government and N.E. of Minsk.
YNYS-CYNHAIARN, intis kin-hiarn, a parish of North    YOOLOONG-SHAN, a mountain of China. See SIUs S.AN.
Wales, co. of Carnarvon.                                     YOOM1ADUNG1, a mountain range of Further India,
YOCALLA, yo-killya, a small town of Bolivia, department stretching nearly due N. from  Cape Negrais, in lat. 160,
and 15 miles W.N.W. of Potosi.                             through British PeRgu, and between Aracan and Ava to lat.
YOCKNAPATALIFA, a creek of Mississippi, rising near  220 N. It is the S. continuation of a great mountain chain,
the E. border of Lafayette county, flows westward and en- which commences in the S. of Assam. Its highest summit
ters the Tallahatchie River, near the S. boundary of Panola  has an elevation of about 8000 feet.
county.                                                      YOONASKA or YOUNASKA, yoo-nisfkA. one of the AleuYOCOINY, a post-office of Itawamba co., Mississippi.     tian islands, let. 52 0401 N., ion. 1700 15' W., about 15 miles
YOICUM STATION, a post-office of Lee co., ~irginia.     long from N.E. to S.W., with a high mountain in the centre.
YO1CUMTOWN, a post-village of York co., Pennsylvania,   YOORBOORG, IOURBOURG, JURBURG or YURBURG,
21 miles S. of Harrisburg.                                 yooa'booagl, or GEORGENBOURG, gA-oRtghen-booag', a town
YODO, a town of Japan, island of Niphon, 5 miles S.W. of Russia, government and 110 miles W.N.W. of "ilna, on
of Miako.                                                  the Niemen.
YOIIOGANY. See YouGHIO0GHENY.                              YOORIEVETS POYOLSJOI or JURIEYETZ  POVOL
YOKAITZ, yo-kits!, a town of Japan, island of Niphon, SKOI, yoo-re-6v-6ts! po-vollskoi, written also JURJEYETZon Ovari Bay. Pop. 4000.                                   POWOLSKOI, a town of Russia, government, and 84 miles
YOLA, yoGl., a cityof Central Africa, capital of the kingdom  E.S.E. of Kostroma, on the Volga. Pop. 2500.
of Adamanua or Fumbina, 232 miles S. by WV. of Kooka, in    Y00RIE~-POLSKOI or JURIE~-POLSKOI, yoo-re-6v! polla swampy plain, inundated during tihe rainy season by an  skoi, written also JURJEV-POLSKIJ,):a town of Russia,
inlet of the Benu6 or Benuel. It covers a large area about government, and 25 miles N.W. of Vladimeer.  Pop. 2225.
2A miles from E. to W. by 1A miles from N. to S.           It was founded in 1155, and has a kremlin or citadel, and a
YO!LO, a county towards the N.W.part of California, has trade in furs.
an area estimated at above 1400 square miles. It is bounded    YOOT-SIMA, yoot-seelma. a small island of Japan, N.W.
on the E. by the Sacramento River, partly on the S.W. by  of Cape Noto, Niphon, in lat. 370 51' N., ion. 1360 40' E.
Puta River, and on the W. by the Coast Range Mountains.    YOOZGAT, YUZGAT, yooz'g~t/, YUZKAT, USCAT or
and is drained by Cache Creek, which flows into Clear  00S'CATI, a town of Asia Minor, pashalis of Seevas, in it
Lake. The surface in the E. part is generally level, or but narrnow valley, 55 miles S. of Tchorum. It is neat, clean,
slightly uneven, and in the W. rough and mountainous. and enclosed by walls. Under the patronage of the ChapanThe soil in the level portions, especially in the valley of  Ogloo family it rose into importance during the last centhe Sacramento, is very fertile. Gold is found in this county, tury, previous to which it had been only an insignificant
bet is not very abundant; it is principally embedded in  village. Principal edifices, the Citadel, and a mosque buill
quartz rock. The Sacramento River is navigable along the  i in imitation of St. Sophia's at Constantinople.
E. border. Capital. Fremont. Pop. 1307.                      YORE, yer, or URE, yoor, a river of England, rises:ainong
YOLOM/BG, a town of New Granada. department of Cun- the mountains, between the counties of Westmoreland and
dinamarca, N.N.W. of Bogota. Pop. 1000.                    York, flows S.E. through the latter county, forming p-rt ol
2153




YOR                                                          YOR
the boundary between its North and West Ridings, and at  named towns, Pontefract, Barnsley, Doncaster, Bawtrey,
Aldborougll unites with the Swale in forming the Ouse.      Thorne, Goole, Selby, Wetherby, Otley, Knaresborough,
YORGAN-LADIK.  See LAoex.                                 Ripley, Ripen, and Skepton, are in this Riding.
YORK or YORKSHIIRE, york/shir, the largest county of    YORK, (British, Caer.Efloc; L. Eborafccnu,) the second
England, is situated in its N. part, between lat. 530 18' and  city of England in point of rank, though not in size or corn540 40' N., and Ion. 00 10' E. and 20 37' W., having E. the  mercial importance, a parliamentary and municipal borough
North Sea, and landward the counties of Durham, West- and county of itself, capital of the county of York, neal
moreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Derby, Notts, and Lincoln,  the centre of which it stands, at the junction of the three
from which last it is mostly separated by the estuary of the  Ridings and Ainsty, on the Ouse, at the influx of the Foss,
Humber.  Area 5979 square miles, or 3,826,560 acres, of  and at the meeting of the railways from Berwick, London
which about 2,500,000 are estimated to be productive. Pop. and the central counties, 22 miles N.E. of Leeds; lat. 53'
in 1851, 1,797,995. The surface is very much diversified;  57' 45"t N., Ion. 10 4' 34" W. Pop. of the city in 1851
in theN.W. are some of the highest mountains in England;  36,303; of the borough, 40,359.  It consists of the city
elsewhere barren moors are alternated with some of the  proper, and of suburbs, situated chiefly across the Foss,
richest tracts in the kingdom.   In the W. are limestone  and communicating with it by several bridges. The city,
and coal strata, succeeded towards the E. by lihas, oolite, and  embracing a circuit of nearly 3 miles, is enclosed by ancient
chalk. The rivers, including the Don, Wharfe, Aire, Yore, walls, originally Roman, but restored by Edward I., and
Swale, Derwent, and Hlull, are all tributaries of the Ouse partly repaired in recent times, and is entered by four prinand I-lumber, except the Tees, forming the N. boundary, cipal gates of imposing structure; it is built for the most part
and the Ribble in the extreme W. Yorkshire is both an  in narrow irregular streets, often lined with houses of very
agricultural and grazing, and a manufacturing county of  antique appearance. The work of improvement, however,
the first rank. Large numbers of horses are bred; and the  has been rapidly carried on, and while many of the older
county supplies many of the cows used in the London  parts of the city have been modernized, many handsome
dairies. The sheep have been estimated at 1,200,000, and  ranges of buildings have risen up, both within it and the
the annual produce of wool at 2800 packs. Hogs are nume- suburbs. By far the finest quarter is near the centre, where
rous, and York is famous for its hams. The W. division of  a spacious thoroughfare, called Parliament Street, is termithe county is the chief seat of mining and manufacturing  nated at one extremity by Sampson Square, and at the
industry.                                                   other by the Pavement, in which the markets are held.
The following Table showvs the number of factories in    Among the public edifices, the great object of attraction
operation in the county of York, in 1850, with the number  is the Minster or Cathedral, which dates from  the 7th cenof spindles and power-looms they contained:-                tury, but did not begin to assume its present form till 1171,
and was not completed till 1472. It is built in the form of
across, with a square  massive tower rising from the interFactories.   Spindles.  Power-looms.  section to the height of 235 feet, and two other lofty towers
~Ce~tlton          --- - - _,_    ---- /             of graceful proportion, 196 feet, flanking a gorgeous and
WCottoln       22780     1,943,89247    38        richly decorated western front. This front is divided by
Woollen                 880       925,449       3,849
Wo'rsted.             415        146,281     10,856     panelled buttresses into three compartments, of which that
Flax..          60         82,768        991     in the centre is chiefly occupied by a beautiful window and
Silk                     16        125,808...     a splendid portal, forming the principal entrance. Measured
w ithout the walls, the whole length, from E. to WV., is 524 feet,
Teotal.  1601  3,827,2503'8       and the width across the transepts, from N. to. S., 222 feet;
length, from the WV. door to the choir, 264 feet; length of
The county is divided into North, East, and West Ridings,  choir, 162 feet; breadth of body and side-aisles, 109 feet. The
(a name said to be derived from a Saxon word signifying  impression produced by the exterior of the building is fully
thirds,) each of which sends 2 members to the House of  sustained by the interior, which consists chiefly of A lofty
Commons; and into the Ainsty of the city of York. It con- nave, separated from its aisles by long ranges of finely clustains one archiepiscopal city, in the see of which, and that tered columns, a still loftier choir, lighted by a magnificent
of Ripon, it is mostly comprised; it has 17 parliamentary  and beautifully-painted window, and a lady-chapel containboroughs and 59 market-towns. It sends with its boroughs  ing some beautiful monuments.  This noble ecclesiastical
39 members to the House of Commons.                         edifice, the largest and finest of which England can boast,
The AINsTY OF YORK, immediately S.W. of the city of York, recently sustained serious damage, and narrowly escaped
comprises an area of 86 square miles, or 55,040 acres. Pop. total destruction from fire, caused in 1829 by an incendiary
in 1851,'36,303. Except so far as the city is concerned, it is lunati6, and in 1840 by the negligence of a workman.  The
included in the West Riding.                                Chapter-house, entered from the N. transept of the catlheThe EsT RIDINGo; area 1201 square miles, or 768,640 acres; dral, is in the form of a richly decorated octagon, and near
pop. in 1851, 220,983; comprising the hilly district termed the  it is a fine old chapel, originally forming part of the old
Wolds, and much moorland. It is watered by the Derwent archiepiscopal palace, and now appropriated to the library.
and Hull Rivers, and is traversed along its S. extremity by  The see of York comprises the East and West Ridings of
the I-lull and Selby Railway. It contains the towns of Hull, the county and the archdeaconry of Cleveland; the authoBeverley, Great Driffield, Market-Weighton, Pocklington,  rity of the archbishop extends over the province of York,
and Bridlington.                                             the archbishopric consisting of the bishoprics of Durham,
The NoaT  RIDINcG; area 2109 square miles, or 1,349,760  Carlisle, Chester, Ripon, and Sodor and Man.
acres; pop. in 1851, 215,214; is chiefly famous as a grazing    Many of the other churches are handsome edifices; St.
country. It contains the rich agricultural districts of Cleve- Michael-le-Belfry and St. Martin's are built in the late
land and Ryedale, and has mines of alum  and lead, with  perpendicular style; All-Saints, St. Mary's, Castlegate, St.
freestone and marble quarries.  Principal rivers, the Yore, Denis, St. Lawrence, St. Margaret, and St. Mary Bishop-hill
Swale, and Tees; it is traversed by the Great North of Eng-  the Elder, are all fine structures; All-Saints is in part
land Railway, and the lines from York to Whitby and Scarbo- built of the ruins of the ancient Eboracoum.  The Mansionrough. Within it are the towns of Northallerton, (which  house, with an Ionic colonnade and a fine state-room; the
may be considered its capital,) Boroughbridge, Richmond,  Guild-hall, a noble Gothic structure of the 15th century;
Thirsk, Stokesley, Kirkby-Moorside, Pickering, Scarborough,  the Assembly-rooms, Concert-hall, Theatre, buildings of the
and Whitby.                                                 Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Museum, Subscription LiThe WaEST RIDING comprises all the S. and W. parts of  brary With 17,000 volumes, City Jail, Roman Catholic and
Yorkshire, and borders on six, other counties. Area, ex- several other dissenting chapels, and the chief railway staeluding Ainsty, 2583 square miles. Pop. in 1851, 1,325,495. tion, are among the numerous public buildings deserving
The surface is very irregular; it contains some of the best land  of notice. Outside of the city are the County Hospital; a
and most picturesque scenery in England. Principal rivers, lunatic asylum, independent of the Retreat, another and
the WVharfe, Calder, Aire, Don, and Ribble; it is intersected  famous institution for the insane, about 1 mile distant,
by numerous canals and by railways between all of its large  managed by the Society of Friends; the Cavalry Barracks,
towns. About 12,000 acres of common land have been en- and Bishopsthorpe Palace, the residence of the archbishop.
closed and rendered arable. The principal crop is wheat. A fine planted walk extends along the Ouse, and near it
Timber is plentiful, and a large part of the surface is in  are excellent baths. York has several Roman antiquities,
pasture; though less attention has been paid to cattle  the remains of an abbey founded by William  Rufus, and
breeding than in the other Ridings. The valuable coal- of a college founded by Henry VI. Charities are very nubeds around Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, and Wakefield, have  merous, and have an aggregate revenue of about 45001.
been a main source of the prosperity of those towns; iron, annually. The city was until lately the seat of the princistone, and lead, at Grassington and Pateley-bridge, are also  pal Unitarian college, now removed to Manchester. Courts
abundant.  In manufacturing industry, this Riding has  of assize for the city and county are held in it twice annaimportance equal to that of South Lancashire. Leeds, Brad- ally. It has quarter sessions, a court of pleas, and petty
ford, Huddersfield, Halifax, Wakefield, and Dewsbury, are  sessions twice a week. Several commercial corporations exthe great seats of the English woollen manufacture; flax- ist in the city; it has also 2 important banking companies.
spinning is extensively carried on at Lleds; Sheffield has  Glass and iron wares, carpets, white and red lead, linens,
manufactures of the best cutlery and hardwares; and Ro- woollens, paper hangings, and many articles of luxury are
therhal possesses large iron works. Cotton manufactures  manufactured. York has an active trade in the import of
have been established at Easingwold. Besides the above- coal, but its chief prosperity is due to its being resorted to
2154




YOR                                                        YOR
by the gentry of North England, as a kind of northern  of 250 tons burden. The shipping of the district, June 30,
met-opolis. It communicates by the Great North of Eng- 1854, amounted to an aggregate of'1835 tons enrolled and
land Rail way with Darlington, Durham, and Newcastle; by  licensed.  York was incorporated in 1653, and for many
the York and North Midland Railway with Sheffield and  years was the capital of the county. Pop. 2980.
Derby; a,d by other railways with Whitby, Hull, and Scar-   YORK, a post-township of Livingston co., New York, on
borough, &c. Races are held three times annually, about the Genesee River, 6 miles N.W. of Genesso. Pop. 2785.
1 mile south of the city.                                    YORK, a wealthy post-borough of York township, capital
The origin of York is so ancient as to be almost lost in  of York county, Pennsylvania, on Codorus Creek, 10 miles
fable. Under the Romans it was the residence of Hadrian,  S.W. of the Susquehanna River, 28 miles S.S.E. of HarrisSeverus, Constantius Chlorus, Constantine, and other empe- burg, 24 miles W. by S. of Lancaster, 48 miles N. of Baltirots, and the funeral obsequies of Severus, who died here  more, and 92 miles from Philadelphia, with all which towns
A. D. 212, are supposed to have been performed on Sivers it is connected by railways. Numerous turnpikes, extendHill, W. of the city. Under the Saxons it was successively  ing in various directions, connect this place with the princithe capital of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Deira. pal towns of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Baltimore
Edwin, King of Northumbria, decreed it an archiepiscopal  and Susquehanna Railroad joins here with the York and
see in 624. In the 8th century its diocesan school attracted  Cumberland and the York and Wrightsville Railroad. The
students not only from all parts of the kingdom, but from  town is neatly and substantially built, and contains many
France and Germany, and sent out scholars who afterwards fine residences and public buildings. The most remarkacquired a European fame. In after-times it makes a dis- able among the latter is the court-house, a large edifice
tinguished figure in almost all the great epochs and events of granite, resembling a Grecian temple; it cost $150,000.
of English history. It suffered greatly for opposing William   Several of the churches are adorned with lofty spires. It
the Conqueror. In the civil wars it sided actively with the  contains 2 banks, with an aggregate capital of $320,000.
king, but it was equally noted for its opposition to the arbi- Four newspapers are published here. York is surrounded
trary decrees of James II. As a borough it is governed by  by a populous and fertile farming region, which is well waa lord-mayor, 12 aldermen, and 36 councillors; and sends 2  tered and highly cultivated. The Codorus Creek has been
members to the House of Commons. Among its distin- made navigable from this place to its mbuth by a number
guished natives were Alcuin, the pupil of Bede, and tutor of dams and side-cuts. In 1777 the Continental Congress
to the family of Charlemagne; Dr. Porteous, Bishop of Lon- met at this place, while Philadelphia was occupied by the
don; Sir T. Herbert, the Oriental traveller; Flaxmnan, the British army. Laid out in 1741. Pop. of the borough in
sculptor; and William Etty, the painter.                   1850, 6863; of the township, exclusive of the borough, 1960.
YORK, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Maine,   YORK, a post-village in Fayette co., Georgia, 87 miles
has an area of about 820 square miles. It is bounded on  W.N.W. of Milledgeville.
the N. by the Saco and Ossipee Rivers, on the S.E. by the    YORK. a small post-village of Walker co., Alabama.
Atlantic Ocean, and the Salmon Falls River runs along its    YORK, a township of Athens co., Ohio. Pop. 1591.
S.W. border, separating it from New Hampshire. The sea-   YORK, a township of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. 1312.
coast has many good harbors, and ship-building, is exten-   YORK, a township in Darke co., Ohio. Pop. 499.
sively carried on. This county has several streams, which    YORK, a township of Medina co., Ohio. Pop. 1211.
afford valuable water-power.  The surface is rough and    YORK, a township of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop. 1207.
uneven, and the soil on the sea-coast rocky, but in some    YORK, a township forming the S.E. extremity of Sanportions of the interior it is more fertile. In 1850 the county  dusky co., Ohio, intersected by the Sandusky and Indiana
produced 511,773 bushels of potatoes, the greatest quantity  and the Cleveland Norwalk and Toledo Railroads. P. 1811.
produced in any county in the state. It is intersected by    YORK, a township of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop. 1303.
the Portland Saco and Portsmouth Railroad, and by the    YORK, a post-township of Union co., Ohio. Pop. 831.
route of the York and Cumberland Railroad, unfinished.    YORK, a township of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop. 375.
Named from York, a county in England. Capital, Alfred.   YORK, a post-township in the S.E. part of Washtenaw
Pop. 60,098.                                               co., Michigan. Pop. 1360.
YORK, a county in the S.S.E. part of Pennsylvania,    YORK, a post-office of Gibson co., Indiana.
bordering on MIaryland, has an area of 925 square miles.   YORK, a township of Noble co., Indiana. Pop. 565.
The Susquehanna River forms its entire boundary on the    YORK, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. Pop. 489.
N.E.; it is also intersected by Conewago and Codorus Creeks,   YORK, a township in Switzerland co., Indiana. Pop. 1523.
acld bounded on the N.W. by Yellow Breeches Creek. The    YORK, a small village of Clarke co., Illinois.
surface is diversified by minor mountain ridges, called South    YORK, a post-village of Crawford co., Illinois, on the Wa,
Mountain, Conewago, and Pigeon Hills. The soil is gene- bash River, 142 miles E.S.E. of Springfield.
rally good, and part of it is excellent, and highly cultivated.   YORK, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin.
In 1850 this county produced 418,555 pounds of tobacco, the    YORK, a county of Canada West, centrally situated, and
greatest quantity produced by any county of the state. The drained by the Humber, Rouge, and Don Rivers, flowing
creeks furnish extensive motive power. Quarries of lime- into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the S., and several
stone, slate, and sandstone, suitable for building, are worked. small streams entering Lake Simcoe, which forms part of
The Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad connects at York  its northern boundary. Area 808 square miles. Pop. in
with the York and Cumberland Railroad. The York and  1852, 79,719. Capital, Toronto.
Wrightsville and the Hanover Branch Railroads are included    YORK. an extensive county in the S.W. part of New Brunsin the county. Organized in 1749. Capital, York. Pop. wick, bordering on Matine. It is intersected by the St.
57,450.                                                    Johns, and is bounded on the W.S.W. by the St. Croix River
YORK, a county of Virginia, is situated in the S.E. part, and Grand Lake. There are also a great number of other
at the entrance of York River into Chesapeake.Bay, which  lakes in the county. Besides these sheets of water, the surtogether forms its N.E. boundary. The area is 70 square  face is agreeably diversified with mountains and valleys. The
miles. The surface is nearly level or undulating, and much  soil is fertile, and some advancement has been made in agriof the soil is fertile. Large quantities of oysters are taken  culture, although the county is chiefly occupied by immense
in York River, and exported to the Northern cities. Capital, forests.
Yorktown. Pop. 4460, of whom 2279 were free, and 2181    YORK, a post-village of Canada West, co. of Haldimand,
slaves.                                                    on the Grand River, 19 miles S. of IHamilton. P. about 250.
YOIRK, a district in the N. part of South Carolina, border-   YORK, the former name of TORONTO, Canada West.
ing on North Carolina, has an area of about 600 square   YORK, a fort of British North America, on the W. coast
miles. The Catawba forms its boundary on the E. and N.E., of Hudson Bay, at the mouth of Hayes River, lat. 570 N.,
the Broad River on the W., and it is drained by Buffalo, lon. 920 26' W.
Alison's, King's, and Fishing Creeks. The surface is hilly    YORK, a village of West Africa, on the coast of the
or mountainous. The most remarkable elevation is King's peninsula of Sierra Leone, 15 miles S. of Freetown.
Miountain, on the northern border, near which a victory was   YORK, a county of West Australia, having N. the county
gained by the American troops over the British in 1780. of Victoria, E. Howick, S, Grantham, and W. Perth. The
The soil in some parts is productive. The district contains river Avon traverses it from S. to N., and on its banks are
iron ore of fine quality and in great abundance; gold is the townships of Beverley, York, and Northam. The townfound in one or two localities; a rich deposit of manganese  ship of York is about 60 miles E. of Perth.
has recently been discovered at the foot of King's Mountain,   YORK, a -town of VaYen Diemen's Land, co. of Devon, on a
and limestone underlies a considerable part of the surface. creek of the Tamar, 8 miles S. of Port Dalrymple.
It is intersected by the Charlotte and South Carolina Rail-   YORK, a parish of Van Diemen's Land, co. of Monmouth,
road, and in part by the King's Mountain Railroad. Capital, W. of the river Jordan.
Yorkville. Pop. 19,533, of whom 11,426 were free, and 8007    YORKA, a post-office of Leake co., Mississippi.
slaves.                                                      YORK, CAPE, Australia. See CAPE YORK.
YORK, a post-village, township, and port of entry of York    YORK CENTRE, a post-office of Du Page co., Illinois.
county, Maine, on the N. or left bank of York River, about   YORKE PENINISULA, a tongue of land of South Austra.
45 miles S.W. of Portland, and 9 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. lie, between St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs., N.W. of Adelaide.
The village is regularly laid out with streets intersecting  Length 100 miles, greatest breadth 30 miles. Cape Spencer
each other at right angles, it has considerable commercial is its S. extremity.
advantages, the harbor being commodious, and the river   YORK HAVEN, a village of York co., Pennsylvania, on
navigable to this point, (11 miles from the ocean,) for vessels the Susquehanna River, about 16 miles below Harrisburg.
2155




YOR                                                        YOU
It is situated at the foot of the Conewago Falls or rapids, the town, in 1851, 7372. It stands at the foot of a sIteep
which afford somne water-power.                            height on the W., and was formerly enclosed by walls,
YORK MILLS, a village in the western part of Hunterdon  flanked with towers, parts of which remain, and outside of
co., New Jersey, about 10 miles W.N.W. of Flemington.      which some poor suburbs extend up the acclivity. The town
YORK, MOUNT, of Australia, New South Wales, -co. of  is antiquated; its main street is crossed near the centle by
Cook, 60 miles N.W. of Sydney. Estimated height 3300 feet. an old archway, besides which its chief structures are the
YORK NORTH RIDGE. a post-office of Sandusky co., Ohio. large Gothic parish church, containing the tomb of the great
YORK RIVER, the name given to an inlet or arm of the Earl of Cork, and near it the ruins of an abbey; a chapel of
sea, in York co., Maine. Length about 7 miles.             ease, Roman Catholic and other chapels, the town-house,
YORK RIVER, in the E. part of Virginia, is formed by  assembly rooms, court-house, custom-house, savings' ban,
the union of the Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers, at the  fever and lying-in hospitals, prison, several almshouses, the
S.E. extremity of King William  county, and, flowing in a  barracks, and the house of Sir Walter Raleigh, which is
south-easterly direction, falls into Chesapeake Bay nearly  preserved nearly entire. The harbor, a dependency of that of
opposite Cape Charles.  It is so broad through its whole  Cork, admits at highest tides vessels drawing 12 feet water.
course as to present rather the appearance of a bay than of  Youghal is the seat of an active export trade in corn,
a river. Its whole length is about 40 miles. and at its mouth -live stock, and other rural produce, and imports coal, timit is probably not less than 3 miles in width. This river ber, tallow, herrings, salt, and colonial produce. It has
divides New Kent, James City, and York counties on the  some potteries, brick-works, and a valuable salmon fishery.
right, from King and Queen and Gloucester counties on the  It sends I member to the House of Commons. Here it is beleft.                                                     lieved Sir Waiter Raleigh first introduced the culture of the
YORKSHIRE, an inland county of England. See YoRe. potato into Ireland.
YORKSHIRE, a post-village and township of Cattaraugus    YOUGHALARRA, ybhhbal-arlra, a parish of Ireland, co.
co., New York, on Cattaraugus Creek, about 35 miles S.S.E. of Tipperary, 5 miles W.N.W. of Nenah. It contains a hamof Buffalo. Pop. 2010.                                    let named Youghal, and several-remains of feudal and eccleYORK SOUND, an inlet of British North America, in  siastical edifices.
Frobisher Strait.'Lat. 630 N., ion. 700 W.                  YOUGHIOGHENY, y~hhho-g4/nee, a river which rises in
YORK SOUND, an inlet on the N.W. coast of Australia, Preston co.. Virginia, flows through Maryland into Pennbetween Montague Sound and Prince Regent River. Lat. sylvania, and enters the Monongahela 18 miles S.E. of Pitts150 S., Ion. 1250 E.                                       burg. It is made navigable by dams from its mouth to the
YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post-village of Adams co., Ohiopyle Fails, a distance of 60 miles. Here the river has
Pennsylvania, 23 miles S.W, of Harrisburg.  This is an  a perpendicular descent of 20 feet. Entire length about
agreeable summer retreat.                                 150 miles.
YORKITOWN, a post-township of Westchester co., New    YOUGHIIOGHENY, a post-office of Westmoreland  co.,
York, on Croton River, 45 miles N. by E. of New York. Pennsylvania.
Pop. 2273.                                                   YOULIGRAVE, a parish of England, co. of Derby.
YORKTOWN, a port of entry, capital of York co., Virginia,   YOUNASKA. See YOONASKA.
is situated on theright bank of York River, 11 miles from    YOUNG, ytsng, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania.
its mouth, and 70 miles E.S.E. of Rlichmond. It was settled  Pop. 1400.
in 1705, and was once flourishing. There are now about 40    YOUNG, a township of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. Pop.
houses. The shipping of the district, June 30,1854, amounted  1513.
to an aggregate of 5911 tons enrolled and licensed, and all   YOUNG, a post-office of McDonough co., Illinois.
employed in the coast trade. During the year, 2 vessels of    YOUNGBENZA or YEWNGBENZA, yoong-b~n/zA, a town
246 tons burden were built. This locality was the theatre  of the Burmese dominions, Pegu, on the main arm of the
of one of the most important events in American history-   Irrawaddy, in its delta, 20 miles S.S.E. of Henzadah.
the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington,   YOUNG CANE, a post-office of Union co., Georgia, 172 miles
which occurred on the 19th of October, 1781.               N. by W. of Milledgeville.
YORKTOWN, a post-office of De Witt co., Texas.            YOUNGER'S, a post-office of Boone co., Missouri.
YORKTOWN, a thriving post-village of Delaware co.,   YOUNG IHIICKIORY, a post-office of Steuben co., New York.
Indiana, at the junction of White River and Buck Creek,   YOUNG HICKORY, a post-office of Muskingum co., Ohio.
and on the Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroad, 52 miles   YOUNG HICKORY, a small post-village of Will co., IlliN.E. of Indianapolis. It contains 2 churches and several nois.
mills.                                                      YOUNG IHIICKORY, a post-office of Washington co., WisYORKTOWN, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois.        cousin.
YORKIVILLE, a flourishing post-village of New York co.,   YOUNGMANSTOWN, Pennsylvania. See MIFrLINSBURG.
New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 5 miles N. of the City    YOUNG'S CROSS ROADS, a post-office of Granville co.,
Hall, is a suburb of New York City.                        North Carolina, 68 miles from Raleigh.
YORKVILLE. a thriving post-village, capital of York dis-   YOUNG'S POINT, a post-office of Madison parish, Louitrict, South Carolina, 86 miles N. of Columbia. It is the  siana.
northern terminus of the King's Mountain Railroad, which    YOUNG'S SETTLEMENT, post-office of Bastrop co., Texas.
connects with the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad at   YOUNG'S STORE, a post-office of Lasurens district, South
Chesterville. The surrounding country abounds in valuable  Chrolina.
minerals. Yorkville contains a court-house, several churches,   YOUNGS/TOWN, a post-village in Porter township, Nia1 or 2 academies, and a newspaper office.                  gara county, New York, on Niagara River, near its mouth,
YORKVILLE, a post-village of Pickens co., Alabama, 186 about 30 miles N.W. by N. ofBuffalo. It contains 2 churches,
miles W.N.W. of Montgomery.                                5 stores, and 1 steam flouring-mill. It possesses the advanYORKVILLE, a thriving post-village of Gibson co., Ten- tages of a very fine natural harbor, (the mouth of Niagara
nessee, 145 miles W. of Nashville. It contains several stores. River,) which is open at all seasons of the year. The seveYORKVILLE, a post-office of Kalamazoo co., Michigan.   ral lines of steamboats on Lake Ontario touch here, and a
YORKVILLE.  a post-village of Dearborn co., Indiana, considerable foreign and coasting trade is carried on at this
about 84 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. in 1851, 300.    point. It is the northern terminus of the Lake Ontario
YORKVILLE, a village of Kendall co., Illinois, on Fox  and Niagara Falls Railroad. Pop. in 1853, 800.
River, opposite Bristol, and 52 miles S.W. of Chicago.      YOUNGSTOWN, a post-village of Westmoreland co., PennYORKVILLE, a post-village of Racine co., Wisconsin, on  sylvania, 11 miles E. of Greensburg. It has 2 churches.
the plank-road between Racine City and Elkhorn, 10 miles Pop. estimated at 500.
W. of the former.                                           YOUNGSTOWN, a village of Adams co., Ohio. on the
YORKVILLE, a village of Canada West, co. of York, plank-road from Locust Grove to Ripley, 21 miles from the
about 2 miles N. of Toronto, of which it may almost be con- latter.
sidered a suburb. It has many good brick houses, Episco-   YOUNGSTOWN, a flourishing post-village of Youngstown
palian, Wesleyan, Primitive and New Connexion Methodist township, Mahoning county, Ohio, is beautifully situated
churches, and several schools. Pop. about 1750.           on the Mahoning River, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio
YOSIDA, yo-see!d, a town of Japan: island of Niphon, 160  Canal, 175 miles N.E. of Columbus. It is the largest village
miles S.W. of Yeddo, and reported to contain 1400 houses.   in the county, having several churches and a bank. Coal
YOSYVARA, yo-se-vfrg, a small town of Japan, island of  and iron ore are abundant in the vicinity. There are 3 iron
Niphon, 60 miles S.W. of Yeddo.                           furnaces and 1 or 2 rolling-mills in operation here. The
YO-TCIIOU, Y00-TCH00, YOTCHEOO, yo'chool, or YO- Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad will pass through or near
ICHEOU, yo'che-ool, a city ofChina, province of lioo-nan, it. Pop. of the township, 2802.
capital of a department, on the Yang-tse-kiang where it   YOUNGS/VILLE, a post-village of Sullivan co., New York.
leaves the lake Tong-ting. Lat. 290 23' N., Ion. 1120 35' E.    YOUNGSVILLE, a thriving post-village of Warren county,
YOU-AN-TCHEOU. See YuaN-Tcoo.                          Pennsylvania, on the Brokenstraw Creek, and on the route
YOUGAN. See YooAN.                                      of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad, 10 miles W. of Warren.
YOUGIIAL or YOUGHALL, (pronounced yhh/hil or yawl,)   YOUNGSVILLE, a post-village in Tallapoosa co., Alabama,
a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town and  50 miles N.E. of Montgomery.
parish of Ireland, Munster: co. and 27 miles E. of Cork, on    YOUNGSVILLE, a post-village of Adams co., Ohio.
the W. side of the estuary of the Blackwater, which forms    YOUNGSVILLE, a post-office of Box Elder co.. Utah.
its harbor, and is here crossed by a wooden bridge. Pop. of    YOUNG-WILLIAM, an island group in the South Pacific,
2150




YOU'                                                       YUB
telonging to the Caroline Islands. See MORT'LOCK ISLES and    YSSCIE, TsK or str.eh, a village of Belgium, province of
LooGooNoR.                                                 South Brabant, 10 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 3800.
YOUNGWO/MlANSTOWN, a post-village of Clinton co.,   YSSEL, IJSSEL, itsel, or OVER YSSEL, (ane. Isalla,) a
Pennsylvania, oh the W. branch of Susquehanna River, 18  river of the Netherlands, formed at Doesburg by the union
miles N.W: of Lock IHaven, the county seat.                of the Old Yssel, which rises in Rhenish Prussia, and the
YOUNTSI 1LLEi a post-village of Montgomery co., Indi- New Yssel, a branch of the Rhine, which separates from it
ana, near Sugar Creek, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Indiana- near Arnhem.   It flows N. past Zutphen, Deventer, and
polls.                                                     Kampen, and enters the Zuyder-Zee after a course of 80
YOUN-ZERAY? yoon-ze-rA/, a town of Burmah, British  miles.
province of Pegu, on the Irrawaddy, 18 miles S. by W. of    YSSEL, NEDERa, nA'der 1Isel, a branch of the Leek, which
Prome.                                                     passes Ysselstein, Oudewater, and Gouda, and joins the
YOURI or YOURY, a town and state of Central Africa. Maias or Meuse opposite Ysselmonde. Length 30 miles.
See YAsoor.                                                  YSSELMONDE, ("Yssel Mouth,") or IJSSELNIONDE,
YOUTA. See UThA.                                          1spel-m(n/deh, an island and district of South Holland,
YOU-YEOU. See Yu-YEoo.                                   formed by two branches of the Maas or Meuse, opposite RotVOWRY. See YA0osL.                                       terdam  and the mouth of the Yssel. Length 15 miles,
YOX/FORD, a parish of England, co. of Suffolk.           breadth 5 miles.
YOXIIALLI, a parish of England, co. of Stafford.           YSSELMONDE or IJSSELMONDE, a town of the NetherYPANE-GUAZU, e-pdni gwA-zoof, a river of Paraguay, lands, province of South Holland, on the above island, and
South America, joins the Paraguay at Villa Real, after a  on the left bank of the Maas, opposite the mouth of the
westward course of more than 100 miles.                    Yssel, whence its name. Pop. 1291.
YPEREN or YPERN. See YPRaES.                               YSSELMUIDEN or IJSSELMUIDEN, I'sel-moiden, a vilYPERLEE, i'per-lA/, (Fr. pron. ee'plaWIA,) a river of Bel- lage of the Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 1 mile W. of
glum, province of West Flanders, rises at Zillebek, flows N. Kampen. Pop. 520.
past Ypres, (where it becomes navigable,) and enters the    YSSELSTE[N  or IJSSELSTEIN, i/sel-stin', a town of
North Sea at Nieuwport. Length 35 miles.                   the Netherlands, 6 miles S.W. of Utrecht, on the Yssel. It
YPRES, esp'r, (Flemish Yperen or Yoern, Y/pern,) a forti- is walled, surrounded by ditches, and traversed by a canal
fied town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, capital of  called the Haven. Pop. 2249.
an arrondissement, 30 miles S.S.W. of Bruges, on the Yper-   YSSINGEAUX, ees\s&NG'zhV, sometimes written VSSEN-N
1ie. It is well built, but the marshes around made it so  GEAUX, a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, capiunhealthy, that a "Ypres hue" became proverbial for sal- tal of a arrondissement, on a rocky height, 13 miles N.E. of
lowness. A great improvement in this respect has been  Le Puy. Pop. in 1852, 7628. It has manufactures of lace
effected by draining. Ypres was early one of the most im- and ribands, and a trade in cattle and timber.
portant manufacturing towns of Flaniders, and in the 14th    YSTAD, ist/td or dis'td, (L. Istadliumo,) a seaport town of
century had 200,000 inhabitants and employed 4000 looms. South Sweden, cen and 36 miles E.S.E. of MalmS, on the
Its name d'Ypres is said to be the origin of our word diaper. Baltic. Pop. 4118. It has manufactures of tobacco and
Its manufacturing prosperity has long departed, but a strik- snuff, chiccory, soap, woollen cloths, and leather, and some
ing monument of it remains in its cloth-hall, an immense  ship-building. Its new harbor is safe and spacious, and it
pile erected in the 13th century, in the public square, in  has a regular steam communication with Stralsund.
the form of an irregular trapezium, and surmounted by a    YSTRAD-DYFODWG, is/trad de-vo/doog, a parish of South
square tower or belfry, with a clock and chimes. One of Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
its wings is now used as the h/tel-de-ville, and other parts   YSTRADFELLTE, is/trad-vthllth, a parish of South
are occupied by different public establishments and concert- Wales, co. of Brecon.
rooms; other buildings of note are the Gothic church of    YSTRAD GYNLAIS, jstrad ghjin/lis, a parish of South
St. Martin, one of the most remarkable religious edifices  Wales, co. of Brecon.
in Belgium, with an altar of Carrara marble, a finely    YS/TRAD MER/IC, a parish of South Wales, co. of Carcarved pulpit, a painting by Van Eyck, and several inte- digan.
resting monuments; the churches of St. Peter, St. James,   YStTRAD O0WEN, a parish, South Wales, co. of Glamorgan.
and St. Nicolas, all elegant and well proportioned buildings;    VST/WITH, a river of Wales, co. of Cardigan, after a NV.
and the old Castle-ward, (Chdtellenie,) with a richly orna- course of 23 miles past Yspytty-Rhiw-Ystwith and Lianafan,
mented fagade; two colleges, a school of design and archi- enters Cardigan Bay at Aberystwith.
tecture, boarding and numerous other schools, several   YTAPUA, a town of Paraguay. See ITAPUA.
hospitals, fine infantry and cavalry barracks, &c.  The    YTH'AN, ITH/AN or YETHiAN, a river of Scotland, co,of
manufactures are lace, woollen, linen, and cotton goods, Aberdeen, flows tortuously E. past Fyvie, Methlick, Tarves,
ribbons, hats, leather, oil, soap, and tobacco. There are  and Ellen, and enters the North Sea at Newburgh, after a
also salt-works, dye-works, breweries, and distilleries. Ypres course of 20 miles. It has some salmon fisheries, and is naviin the 9th century, when only a strong castle, was destroyed  gable for river craft from the sea to Ellon, and for vessels
by the Normans. It was rebuilt in 901; and was first walled  of 100 tons burden to 1 mile from its mouth.
in 1388. On different occasions it has been dreadfully ra-   YTON, a river of France. See Iloe.
vaged by the plague. Louis XIV., in 1688, made it one of    YTU or HYTU, a town of Brazil. See ITU.
the strongest fortresses of the Low Countries. In the great   YUIAB or JUIAB, a new county in the WV. part of Utah
European wars it seldom escaped a siege or bombardment. Territory, has an area estimated at above 12,000 square
Jansen or Jansenins, whose work Augustinus originated the  miles. It is drained by the Carson and Nicollet Rivers,
controversy in which Pascal's Provincial Letters appeared, flowing into lakes of their own names, which are included
was Bishop of Ypres, and is buried in the church of St. within the county. The surface is broken by the Humboldt
Martin. Pop. 15,752.                                      River Mountains near the centre, and by the Wahsatch
YPSILANTI, ip-se-lanttee, a thriving post-village and  Mountains in the E. part. The census of 1850 gives us no
township of WVashtenaw county, Michigan, on the Huron  information respecting this county, which was formed since
River and the Central Railroad, 30 miles WV. by S. of Detroit.. that year. Capital, Nephi City.
The village is one of the largest in the county; it is situated    YUAN THEE SHAN or YUAN TIII CIHAN, yoo-int t'hee
in a rich and populous farming district, has extensive water- shln, a mountain of China, province of I-Ioope; lat. 300 15,
power, and contains several churches, 2 newspaper offices, N., ton. 1090 4' E. It is covered with perpetual snow.
the state normal school, and manufactories of wool, iron,   YU/BA, a river of Yuba co., towards the N. part of Callflour, &c. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2500; of the township, fornia, is formed by the union of three branches, viz. the
3051.                                                     North, Middle, and South Yuba, which rise among the hills
YPSILI, ip/se-le, an island of Greece, government of Argos, at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. It flows in a general S.W.
in the Gulf of Nauplia, 12 miles S.E. of Nauplia. Length, course nearly through the centre of the county, and falls
from W. to E., 2 miles, breadth 1 mile.                   into Feather River near Marysville. The principal mining
YRE/KA, a post-town of Siskiyou county, California, on  operations of the county are on this river.
an affluent of the Shasta River, about 300 miles N. of San    YUBA, a county towards the N. part of California, borFrancisco. Pop. in 1853 estimated at 2500.                dering on Utah Territory, has an area of about 600 square
YRONDE, ee'r6Nd/, a village of France, department of miles. It is bounded on the W. by Feather River, and
Puy-de-B)me, arrondissement of Clermont-Ferrand. P. 1301. partly on the S. by Bear River, and is drained by the Yuba
YSALCO, a town of Central America. See IZALCO.          River with its North Branch and several creeks, which
YSCEIFIOG, is-ki/fe-og, a parish of WVales, co. of Flint.    afford valuable water-power. The surface in the E. part is
YSER, ee'zaia/, a river of France and Belgium, rises in  mountainous, being crossed by the Sierra Nevada, but in
the department of Nord, E. of St. Omer, and joins the Yper- the W. portion it is level, or slightly uneven. The soil in
lie, 41 miles S.W. of Dixmude, after a N.E. course of 32 the more level portions, especially along the streams, is very
miles.                                                    fertile. Gold is abundant in this county. Quicksilver is
YSPYTTY CYNFYN, is-pjt.tee kjn/vin, a parish of Wales, also found, and about one ounce of the pure metal is ost.
co. of Cardigan.                                          tained from a pound of rock. This county derived its name
VSPYTTY (is-plt/tee) EYVAN, a parish of Wales, counties from the Yuhba River, whose whole course lies within it.
of Denbigh and Carnarvon.                                 Capital, Marysville. Pop. 22,005.
YSPYTTY RIIIW-YSTWYTII, is-pjt/tee h'reeloo jst/with,   YUBA, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois.
a parish of Wales, co. of Cardigan.                         YUBACITY, a post-town of Sutter co., California, is situ2157




YUC                                                        YUZ
ated on the W. bank of Feather River, nearly opposite the    YULO0NG SIHAN or YULOUNG CIJAN. See ScEu Surt
mouth of Yuba River, 140 miles N.N.E. of San Francisco.   YUMA, yoo'm/, or YUNA, a river of Hayti, rises in the
Its proximity to several mining localities renders it a depot mountains of Cibao; flovws N.N.E., then E.S.E., and falls into
for supplies.                                              the Atlantic by a broad estuary. Length. about 70 miles.
YUCATAN, yoo-kg-tan, sometimes called MERIDA, mirl-    YUM1IA, one of the Bahama Islands.  See LONG IsLAND.
e-dl, or CAMPEAICHIY, a state of the Mexican Confederation,   YUNGEE-KISH-LAK, a town of North Thibet, of uncerconsisting of a peninsula, washed E. by the Caribbean Sea; tain position, but stated to comprise 1000 houses.
N.E. by the Channel of Yucatan, about 65 miles wide, sepa-   YUNG-NING, yring'ningf, a city of China, province and
rating it from the W. extremity of Cuba; and N. and W. by  230 miles N.1.W. of Yun-nan.
the Gulf of Mexico; and bounded on the S. by British ion-   YUNG-PE, ying'pA/, a city of China, capital of a departduras and Guatemala, and S.W. by Tabasco, between lat. 18~  ment, 160 miles N.W. of Yun-nan.
and 210 40' N., and ion. 870 251' and 900 30' W. Length, from    YUNG-PING, y-ing'pingf, a city of China, province of PeN. to S., about 250 miles; mean breadth 200 miles. Estimated  chee-lee, capital of a department, on the Lan-ho, 130 miles
area 52,947 square miles. The coast is very little broken, B. of Peking.
except on the S.W., where it is indented by the extensive    YUNG-TCHANG or YONG-TCIIANG, ying'ch ng/, a city
Lagoon of Terminos; and on the SE., where the three hays  of China, province and 210 miles W. of Yun-nan, capital of
of Puerto-de-Calenturas, Bahia-del-Espiritu-Santo, and Bahia- a department, 130 miles N.E. of Bhamo in the Burmese terde-la-Ascension occur. It has in general a very bleak and  ritory.
arid appearance, being not only destitute of any important   YUNG-TCIIOO or YUNG-TCIHOU, ynmg~choof, a city of
river, but presenting long tracts where not a spring of fresh  China, province of Ioo-nan, capital of a department, in lat.
water can be found. Campeachy, the only harbor of im- 260 10' N.. ion. 1110 30' E.
portance, is both shallow and insecure. The interior, in its    YUN-HING, yfin'hingf, a city of China, province of IHocentral parts, is occupied by a lofty ridge, which has the  nan, capital of a department, lat. 330 N., ion. 1140 E.
character of a desert, and often, when the rain fails, leaving    YUN-LIANG, a river of China. See YU-HO.
the natives who inhabit it almost destitute of the means of    YUN-NAN, ytn'nnn, the most S.W. province of China,
subsistence, produces fearful mortality. Nearer the coast, mostly between lat. 220 and 280 N., and ion. 980 and 1060 E.,
and at some elevation above its sands, the appearance of  having on the N. and E. the provinces of Se-chuen, Koelthe country greatly improves, being interspersed with  choo, and Quang-si, and on other sides Thibet, and the Burlofty forests, and containing many hilly and gently undu- mese, Laos, and Anamese dominions. Area 107,969 square
lating tracts, on which maize, cotton, rice, tobacco, pepper, miles. Pop. 5,561,320.(?) The surface is broken with nuand sugar-cane are produced, and cattle raised in such hnum-  merous mountains, (several of which rise above the line
hers as to furnish a considerable export of hides and salted  of perpetual snow,) causing those abundant rains to which
inmet to Havana. After these the chief exports are salt-fish, the name Yunnan (" the Cloudy Region of the South")
dyewood, straw hats, wax and honey, cocoa-nuts and other appears to refer. This province contains the sources of
fruits, and a kind of hemp called jenequesn, obtained from  many important rivers, as the Salwin, Menam, the Hong.
the fibres of the agave, and much used in makling cordage, Kiang, and the Sang-koi; and furnishes important contribusacking, and hammocks.                                     tions to the Yang-tse-kiang and the Me-kong, by both of
About five-sixths of the inhabitants are of pure Indian  which it is traversed. It is one of the richest provinces of
race, who speak the Maya language, and appear to be  China in mineral products, yielding gold, copper, tin, rubies,
genuine descendants of the Tulteks. Their present civili- sapphires and other gems, besides a variety of gums, varzation is very imperfect, and has greatly degenerated from  nishes, ivory, musk, flax, and horses. It is divided into 20
what it must have been when the numerous towns and vil- departments.
lages, now scattered in ruins over different parts of the    There is in the province of Yunnan a remarkable iron
country, were built and occupied. These ruins have excited  chain suspension bridge, thrown across a frightful mounmuch antiquarian research. Many of them display great tain gorge, at a height (if we may credit the Chinese geoarchitectural skill, and exhibit in their ornaments a tolera- graphers) of not less than 3000 or 4000 feet. It was conbly advanced state of art.  The chief towns are Merida,  structed about the middle of the 1st century of the Christian
the capital, Campeachy, and Bacalar. After ceasing to be a  Era, and is probably the oldest structure of the kind in the
Spanish colony in 1821, Yucatan remained independent till world. Several other bridges of the same class are found
1824, when she joined the Mexican Confederation, to which  in different parts of China. They appear to have been ori- 
she continued to adhere more or less closely till 1840, when  ginally constructed, like the Simplon Road of our own time,
she proclaimed herself to be an independent republic. She  in order to furnish a short route for the passage of the imsuccessfully resisted the attempts of Mexico to coerde her; perial armies. (PAUTucEos Chine llodsse, pages 125-6.)
but. in 1843, again joined the Confederation, having secured    YUN-NAN, a city of China, capital of the above propeace on her own terms. In 1846 she declared herself inde- vince, situated on the N. side of a lake, lat. 250 10t N., and
pendent a second time, but five or six years afterwards she  lon. 1020 40' E. It is intersected by canals, and is reported
resumed her place in the Mexican Confederation. Pop. in  to have a flourishing trade in metals, with manufactures
1854, 668,623.                                             of silk fabrics, and of the finest carpets woven in China.
YUCATAN, BAY OF, a name sometimes given to the sea    YUNQUERA, yoong-k4lrl, a town of Spain, province and
immediately N. of the Bay of Honduras.                     33 miles W.N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 2726. It has manufacYUCATAN, CHANNEL OF, between Yucatanand Cuba, tures of woollen cloths, and brandy distilleries.
is 120 miles across.                                         YUN-YANG, yttn'yingf, a city of China, province of HooYUE FOONG SHAN or YUE FOUNG CHAN, a mountain  pe, capital of a department, on a tributary of the Hoang-ho.
of China, province of Hoo-nan, lat. 260 56' N., ion. 1090 32' Lat. 320 50' N., Ion. 1100 40' E.
E. It is covered with perpetual snow.                        YUPURA. See JAPurA.
YUEN-CHAN. See YUEN-SHAN.                                  YURBURG. See YOORnOOtG.
YUEN-CIHIOO.  See YUeoN-TcoO.                              YUIRUNG-KASH, yoo'rtng/ kash, a town of Chinese ToorYUEN-KIANG, yoo-ln! ke-ungt, a river of China, province  kistan, E. of Khoten, and stated to comprise 1000 houses.
of Hoo!nan, enters the Lake Tong-ting on its W. side, after    YURUNG-KASHI or KHOTEN (tKo'tn!) RIVER, Chinese
a N.E. course estimated at 400 miles.                      Toorkistan, after a northward course joins the Yarkand and
YUEN-SHAN or YUEN-CHAN, yoo-ln/ shin, a town of Aklsu Rivers, to form the Tarim, near lat. 400 N., ion. 800 30'
China, province of Kiang-see, in a valley 230 miles S.W. of  E. Khoten is the principal town on its banks, and the river
Ningpo. It is advantageously situated on the highway  on arriving here is said to separate into three arms, each
from the black tea country of Fokien.                      named after the color of the jasper (yu) found in its bed.
YUEN-TCHOO, YUEN-TCHOU, yoo-Wn-chooe, or YOU-AN- Total length estimated at 250 miles.
TCHI-IEOU, yoo'an! che-oon, a town of China, province of Hoo-   YUSTE, yoos/tA, a convent of Spain, province of Caceres,
nan, capital of a department, on the above river, lat. 270 near Placencia, and celebrated as the' place of retirement
24' N., ion. 1090 40' E.                                   chosen by the Emperor Charles V., who died here 21st SepYUEN-TCIOO or YOU-AN-TCHIEOUI, a town of China, tember, 1558.
province of Kiang-see, capital of a department, lat. 270 451    YUTIHIIA, yoolthee'A, the old capital of Siam, Further
N., Ion. 1140 10' E.                                       India, on the Mlenam, 40 miles N. of Bang-kok. It is large,
YUGYAKERTA, Java. See DioXJoXAaTA.                       wholly enclosed by the river, intersected by canals, and has
YU-HO, EU-HO, yooa-hot, or YUN-LIANG, yin le-Ang!, a  a vast royal palace with several temples, but it was mostly
large river of China, which rises in the south-eastern part ruined by the Burmese in 1767, when it ceased to be of imof the province of Shansee, from which it flows N.E., and  portance.
falls into the Gulf of Pe-chee-lee, in lat. 380 59' N., ion. 1170    YUT/TA, (the Juetah of Scripture,) a towin of Palestine, 4
22' E. Its whole course is about 140 miles.               miles S. of Hebron. "It has the appearance of a large MoYU-HO, the Grand Canal of China. See CHINA.             hammedan town, on a low eminence, with trees around it.'"
YUK-SHAN or YUK-CHAN, yfsk shln, a town of China, Reland supposes itto be the Juda alluded to in Luke i. 39,
province of Kiang-see, near the source of the Kin-kiang, as the birth-place of John the Baptist.
here crossed by a handsome stone bridge; lat. 280 40' N.,   YU-YEOO, YU-YEOU or YOU-YEOU, yoo'-ye-o0, a walled
lon. 118~ 40' E.  It has an important transit trade, the  town of China, province of Che-kiang, N.W. of Ningpo, on
merchandise of the Bohea Mountains, and of the countries  the river of that name. It encloses a large hill, crowne]
E. of Poyang Lake, being landed here to be carried across to  with many Boodhist temples.
Chang-shan  by coolies.                                     YUZGAT or YUZKAT. See YOOZGAT.
2158




YVE                                                          ZAF
YVERDUN. ee'vanot~1cO,  or YVERDON, (Ger. Y/forten, eel-   YVOIRE, eev'whit, a village of Savoy, on the S. bank of
fer-ten; ane. Ebrodufnum,);a town of Switzerland, canton  the Lake of Geneva, 7 miles W. of Thonon.
o'f Vaud, 18 miles N. of Lausanne, near the mouth of the    YVONAND. ee'vo'nSNGl, a village of Switzerland, canton
Orbe, (here called the Thiele,) in the Lake of Neufchqtel. of Vaud, 6 miles N.E. of Yverdun.
Pop. in 1850, 3619. It has an old castle, built by Conrad,    YVORNE, ee'voRnf, a village of Switzerland, canton of
Duke of Zihringen, in 1135, in which Pestalozzi established  Vaud, 1 mile N. of Aigle, with vineyards which yield a wine
his celebrated educational institute in 1805.              in high repute.
YVES-GOMEZ]iE, eev go'mhh-zA/, a village of Belgium,   YVRE-LE-POLIN, ee'vrA leh poslNc, a village of France,
province and 24 miles S.W. of Namur, on the Yves. Pop. department of Sarthe, 13 miles E.N.E. of La F16che. P. 1602.
1586.                                                        YVR1e-L'EVEQU E, ee'vrA! la'vaikI, a village of France,
YVETOT, eev'tot, (ane. Iyonis?) a town of France, depart.  department of Sarthe, 3 miles E. of Le Mans, on the right
mncut of Seine-Infdrieure, capital of an arrondissement, 20  bank of the HIuisne. Pop. in 1852, 2265.
miles N.W. of Rouen, on the railway to Havre. Pop. in    YZABAL, a village'of Central America. See IZABAL.
1852, 9922. It has a tribunal of commerce, and manufac-   YZALCO, a town and volcano of Central America. See
tures of linen, cotton, and mixed goods, printed cottons, IZALCO.
velvets, hosiery, and hats.                                  YZENDYKE, YZENY     or IJZENIJK,  zn-dik
YVIAS, ee~ve-t a village of France, department of CStes- ~. YZENDYKE, YZE:NDYK~ or I`JZENDIJK, Itzgn-di~k\,
YVIAS, ee've-, a village of Franc, department of COtes  a town of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the
du-Nord, 22 miles N.W. of St. Brieuc. Pop. 2400.           island of Cadsand, 10 miles E.N.E. of Sluis.  Pop. 2341.
YVIGNAC, eeWveen'ygkf, a village of Fiance, department    YZERNAY, ee'z6'nAln, a village of France, department
of CStes-du-Nord, 11 miles S.W. of Dinan. Pop. 1784.       of Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Beaupreau. Pop. 1601.
YVOIR, eev'wgaR, a village of Belgium, province and 9    YZEURES, ee'zue!, a village of France, department of
miles S. of Namur, on the right bank of the Meuse. Pop. Indre-et-Loire, on the right bank.of the Creuse, 24 miles
700.                                                       S.S.W. of Loches. Pop. in 1852, 2988.
Z
ZAAB, zwb, a district of Algeria, S. of the Great Atlas    ZACATAPEQUES, atown, Central America. See SACATEPEC.
J  Mountains, and watered by the Adjedi and Abiad    ZACATECAS, zgk-a-tAkas or sA-kA-tAtk~s, a state of the
livers, which flow into Lake Melgig.                       Mexican Confederation, mostly between lat. 210 30' and 240
ZAAB, two rivers of Koordistan. See ZAB.                 50' N., and ion. 1000 10' and 1030 40' W., surrounded by the
ZAAMSLAG, zamslloG, a village of the Netherlands, pro- states of Jalisco, Durango, Cohahuila, Nuevo Leon, and
vince of Zealand, 18 miles S.E. of Middelburg. Pop. 1780.  San Luis Potosi. Area 30,507 square miles. Pop. in 1854,
ZAANDAM, zan-dmtt, (written also ZAARDAM, ZAR-  305,551, who live mostly by mining and agriculture. It
DAMI and SAA1RDAM,) a town of the Netherlands, province  belongs to the central tableland of the confederacy, and is
of North IIolland, on the Zaan, an affluent of the Y, which  for the most part inhospitably arid, though it has a valuedivides it into East and West Zaandam, i1 miles N.W. of  ble agricultural tract in the district of Aguas-Calientes, and
Amsterdam. Pop. 11,139, chiefly engaged in ship-building  extensive pastures, on which vast herds of cattle are raised.
and seafaring occupations. In its vicinity are numerous  It is one of the richest mining provinces in America, haywind-mills. The house in which Peter the Great resided, ing 3 extensive veins of silver, upon all which nearly 3000
while he wrought as an artisan in the dock-yard, is still shafts have been opened, and it has been estimated that its
preserved.                                                 mines have produced silver to the value of 200 millions
ZAANDYK, a village on the Zaan, 8 miles N.W. of Am- sterling, Chief cities and towns, Zacatecas, Sombrerete,
sterdam. Pop. 2144.                                        and Fresnillo. N. and E. of Zacatecas, the country is divided
ZAANEN or ZANEN, (z/npn,) 00ST or EAST, a village  into large breeding estates, and is very thinly peopled.
of the Netherlands, province of North Holland, 5 miles N.   ZACATECAS, the principal mining city and capital of the
of Amsterdam.                                              state of Zacatecas, Mexico, is in a narrow valley, 150 miles
ZAANEN, WEST, a village of the Netherlands, province  N.N.W. of Guanajuato. Pop. in 1854,25,005. It is builtover
of North Holland, 7 miles N.E. of Haarlem, near the Y.     a vein of silver, has externally a noble appearance, and it
ZAARIAM, a town of the Netherlands. See ZAANDAsr.   contains some good residences, with various religious ediZAB or ZAAB, z~b, commonly called the GREATER ZAB, fices, a gunpowder-mill, and a mint, at which, in 1840,
(ane. Zabfatus and Lyfcus, Zaoba, or Zalbis,) a river of Turkish  4,066,310 dollars were coined.
Koordistan, a tributary to the Tigris, rises W. of Lake Ooroo-   ZACATLAN, s[-kit-ln.1, or XICOTLAN, He-ko-tlgn!, a
meeyah, near lat. 380 N., Ilon. 440 30' E., flows very tortu-  village of the Mexican Confederation, state and 40 miles
ously S.S.W. through a mountainous region, and after hay- N.N.E. of La Puebla.
ing entered the plain of the pashalic of Bagdad, joins the    ZACATULA, s-ka-toolli, a market-town, confederation
Tigris about 25 miles S: of Mlosul. The total course may be  and state of Mexico, on the'Bolsas (or Zacatula) River, near
estimated at 200 miles. It passes through many precipitous  its mouth, in the Pacific, 180 miles W.N.W. of Acapulco.
ravines; it is rapid, deeper than the Tigris, and when lowest    ZACIIAN, tsBft  n, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 11
is nearly as broad. Joolamerk is the principal town on its  miles E.S.E. of Stargard. Pop. 1060.
banks.                                                       ZACIIAIRY, a post-office of Marshall co., Alabama.
ZAB, the LESSER ZAB, or ASPFAL, s'fdlf, (anc. Cap-uss?)    ZACK/VILLE, a post-office of Wirt co., Virginia.
a river of Turkish Koordistan, tributary to the Tigris, has    ZACUALPAN, s&-kwtl-pin1, a village of the Mexican Conits course S.E. of the Great Zab, and joins the Tigris 78 miles  federation, state and 65 miles S.S.W. of Mexico, with some
S.E. of Mosul. The country between these rivers is undu-  silver-mines.
latinug; and near its centre is the town of Arbil, ancient   ZACUALTIPAN, sQ&kwml-te-pn!., a town of the Mexican
Arbela.                                                    Confederation, state and 100 miles N.E. of Mexico, on the
ZABAKANO, zA-bA-kiJno, a town of West Africa, lat. 110  route to Tampleo.
20' N., ion. 20 5' E., 250 miles N. by E. of Abomey, beauti-   ZACYNTHTJU. See ZANTE.
fully situated on a commanding height. It is clean and open.   ZADONSK, zS-donskl, a town of Russia, government and
Pop. about 9000.                                           53 miles N.N.W. of Voronezh, on the left bank of the Don.
ZABATUS. See ZAB.                                        Pop. 2000. It is mostly built of wood.
ZABBANAGO, zAb'ba-nalgo, a town of Burmah, on the    ZAFAR, a town of Arabia. See DUorAn.
WV. bank of the Irrawaddy, 55 miles N. of Amarapoora. Near    ZAFARAN-BOLI, zt-fl-rin! boflee, a town of Asia Minor,
it are some ruby-mines.                                    Anatolia, at the junction of two small affluents of the ChatiZABID, a town and river of Arabia. See Z BEED.          soo, (ane. Parthe/snius,) about 60 miles E.N.E. of Boll, and 90
ZABIS. See ZAI.                                         miles N. of Angora. Pop. 15,000,(?) mostly Mohammedans.
ZABLATOV or ZABLATOW, zAlblA-tov',(?) a market-town  It has a tolerable market, 4 handsome mosques, 2 large
of Austrian Galicia, 13 miles E.S.E. of Kolomea. Pop. 1500. khans, several public baths, a large trade in saffron, (whence
ZABLIAK or ZSABLIAK, a town of European Turkey. its name,) and some Byzantine antiquities, from which it is
See TCIaABLIAK.'                                         supposed to have been the Theodosropsolis adorned by the
ZABLOODOV, ZABLOUDOV or SABLUDOW, zg-bloo-dov/, Empress Theodora, the wife of Justinian.
a market-town of Russian Poland, province and 10 miles    ZAFFARANA, (dzef-fa-r n!,) CAPE, a headland on the N.
S.E. of Bialystok. Pop. 1700.                             coast of Sicily, 11 miles E. of Palermo, on the E. side of its
ZAIBOROWO, za-bo-rohbo, a town of Prussian Poland, 44  bay, E. point in lat. 380 6' 5" N., ion. 130 34' E.
miles S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 830.                             ZAFFARANO, dztf-fg-r lno, a market-town of Sicily, inZABRISKI a post-office of De Witt co., Illinois.        tendency and 12 miles N. of Catania, on the E. declivity of
ZACAPA, s'-kipA, a town of Central America, state and  Mount Etna.'0 miles N.E. of Guatemala, near the river Motagua. Es-   ZAFFARIN, ZAFARINE, za-fl-reen!, or ZAPIIRAN (zatimated pop. 5000. It is regularly built. The principal frn'l) ISLA.NDS, a group in the Mediterranean, belonging
edifices are a handsome church and a court-house.         to Spain, off the coast of Morocco, near the frontier of AlZACATA, sd-ksltd, a village of South Peru, department  geria, and opposite the mouth of the river Mahalsa, W. exof Cuzco, province and 30 miles S.W. of Chucuito.         tremity lat. 350 11' N., ion. 20 27' 7" W.
2159




ZAF                                                         ZAN
ZAPFFERABAD, zif'fer —bidf, a considerable town of Bri-   ZALAMEA, thb-][-m'A, (anc. I7ipca?) a town of Spain
fish, India, presidency of Bengal, Upper Provinces, district  province, and 74 miles E.S.E. of Iadajos. Pop. 3980. Near
and 14 miles N. of Juanpoor.                                it is a parish church, with a tower which is the most reZAFFRAN, zlf-fi-nf, or ZAFFERAN, zaf-fer-,n!   a mari- markable object in the place, having belonged originally to
time town of North Africa, dominions and 240 miles E.S.E. a monument erected in a.D. 103, in honor ofthe Emperor
of Tripoli, on the shore of the Gulf of Sidra. Lat. 310 12' Trajan. An ancient mine of argentiferous lead is in opera10" N., ion. 170 E.                                         tion; iron ore is also found in abundance, and heaps of
ZAFRA, thlfrA, (anc. Segeda? and Bcstitdta?) a town of  scorir, near old mines, are fiequnently met with. Zalamea
Spain, province and 37 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4894. was taken from  the Moors by Pedro Ya-iez, sixth grandIts manufactures, once important, are now confined to hats, master of Alcantara.
earthenware, and leather. It has some remains of its an-    ZALAMEA  LA REAL, thA-l1-m3l 11 RI-Al!, a town of
cient walls and an Arab citadel, in good preservation, in  Spain, province and 35 miles N.E. of Iluelva. Pop. 4180, who
the centre of which is the Alccazar, erected in 1437, and  manufacture woollens, leather, and cordage. Near it are
long inhabited by the Dukes of Feria. This town is full of  the famous copper-mines of Rio Tinto.
buildings, begun in better times, and on a grand scale, but    ZALATHNA, zedh'ltnOh, or ZLAKNA, (Ger. Kleinschlatthey have either remained unfinished, or were gutted and  ten, kl1n-shldt/ten,) a market-town of Transylvania, on an
destroyed by the French under Dronet, in 1811.              affluent of the Mares, 18 miles W. of Karlsburg. It has a
ZAGARISE, dzA-gA-reefse, a town of Naples, province of  mining tribunal, and rich mines of gold, silver, lead, and
Calabria Ultra, districtt and N.N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1100. mercury.
ZAGAROLO, dzl-gg-rollo, a small town of Italy, Pontifical   ZALDIVIA, th~l-dee/ve-A, a town of Spain, Biscay, proStates, comarca and 19 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 490. It vince of Guipuzcoa, on the side of Mount Aralar, about 13
is supposed to occupy the site of an ancient imperial villa; miles from Tolosa. Pop. 1102.
and it has a palace of Prince Rospigliosi.                    ZALESCZYKY or ZALESZCZYKY, z9-lsh-chiklee, a town
ZAGERN, a village of Austria. See ZAoaA.                  of Austrian Galicia, 26 miles S. of Czortkow, on the Dniester.
ZAGORA, zl-golrA, a market-town of Albania, on the  Pop. 5000.
boundary of Epirus, 15 miles S.E. of Piramiti.                ZAL'INAFI, a group of islets, Strait of Macassar, W. of
ZAGORA, a village of European Turkey, Thessaly, near Celebes. Lat. 50 309 S., ion. 1180 30' E. 
the coast, 9 miles N.E. of olo. —CAPE ZAGORA is a headland,    ZALOSZE, za-losh/I, or ZALOSCE, a market-town of Aus2 miles N.E. of this village; and MouNT ZAGORA is the modern  trian Galicia, on the Sered, 23 miles S.S.E. of Brody. It has
name of Mount Pelion, (immediately W.,) also of the ancient an ancient castle, a convent, and manufactures of fine woolMount Helicon. See HiELIco.                                 len cloths.
ZAGRA. z6g/rOh, or ZAGERN, tseIghern, a village of    ZALT-BOMMEL, a town of the Netherlands. See BO0MEL.
Austria, Transylvania, co. of Doboka, about 24 miles from     ZAMBALES, slm-bI1l1s, a province of the Philippines,
Bistrita. Pop. 1000.                                        on the W. of the island of Luzon, forming a long and narrow
ZAGRAB, a city of Austria. See AGRaA1.                    belt stretching about 90 miles, between the Bay of Lingayen
ZAGROS, MONS. See TAurus.                                 on the N. and that of Subie or Subs on the S. Capital, Iba.
ZAGROS, (zI'gros',) MOUNT, a mountain range of Asia, Pop. 37,035.
forming a part of the boundary between Persia and the    ZAMBERG, a town of Germany. See SENFTENBERG.
Turkish pashalic of Bagdad, lon. 460 E., and between lat.   ZAMBEZE or ZAMBEZI, zam-bhIzee, called also CUAMA,
330 and 350 N.                                              kwiflmi, a river of East Africa, enters the Indian Ocean by
ZAGYVA, z6h'gheefv6h1, a river of Central Hungary, flows  numerous mouths, between Luabo and Quilimane, lat. from
S. past Paszta, Ilatvan, and Jasz-Bereny, and joins the Theiss 180 to 19' S., ion. from 360 to 370 E., after an E. course of
at Szolnok, after a course of 90 miles.                     uncertain length. Only its principal branch, the Quilimane,
ZAIIARA (Great Desert).  See SAIARA.                      has been ascertained to be fit for navigation.
ZAHARA, thil-Pr1, a town of Spain, Andalusia,,province    ZAMORA, thA-mo/rd, (anc. Ocellod-urum?2) a city of Spain,
of Cadiz, on a lofty hill, crowned by an old castle. P. 1151. capital of the province of Zamora, on the Douro, 31 miles
ZAIlNA, tslnul, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Berlin  N.N.W. of Salanmanca. Pop. 8877. It is enclosed by decayed
and Leipsic Railway, 7 miles E.N.E. of Wittenberg. Pop. walls, and has a cathedral, hospitals, barracks, a court-house,
2140. It has manufactures of linen fabrics.                 public granary, bishop's palace, the remains of an ancient
ZAI-IOO or ZAHI-IU, zl-hool, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 64  castle in the suburbs, and manufactures of serge4, hats,
miles N.N.W. of Mosul, on the IKhaboor, an affluent of the  leather, liqueurs, and gunpowder. The town is entered by 7
Tigris.                                                     gates. In early history, Zamora was an important frontier
TAiRINGEN, (Zdhringen,) tsEtring-en, a village of Baden, town against Moorish invasions. It was recovered from the
2 miles N. of Freiburg, with the ruined castle of its former infidel in 748 by Alonzo El Catolico. In July, 939, it was
dukes.  Pop. 797.                                           besieged by Abdu-r-Rahman, when a desperate battle was
ZAHU, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See ZAnoo.                fought for its relief by Ramiro II., and the Moslems were
ZAI or SAT, zI, a river of Russia, rises in the N.W. of the  defeated. Zamora was then enclosed by 7 lines of walls, and
government of Orenboorg, flows N.N.W. and joins the Kama  the spaces between were defended* by moats; 40,000 Moors
on the left, near the junction of the governments of Oren-  are said to have been killed in these trenches. But in 985 it
boorg, Viatka, and Kazan, after a course of 120 miles.      was taken and destroyed by the great Al-Mansoor. It was
ZAIKANY, zi'klaf, a village of Transylvania. co. of Hun- rebuilt by Ferdinand I.
yad, 28 miles S.S.W. of Deva. Here Trajan gained his third    ZAMORA, a province of Spain, Leon, bounded W. by
victory over Decebalus, a part of whose treasure is believed  Portugal.  Area 3467 square miles. Pop. 180,000.
to have been discovered here in 1543.                         ZAMiORA, sI-mo/rl, a town of South America, Ecuador,
ZAINAH, ztnI', a town of Algeria, province and 70 miles  department of Asuay, province and 25 miles E. of Loja, on the
S.S.W. of Constantine, supposed to occupy the site of the  Zamora River, an affluent of the Amazon.
ancient Zaeea.                                                ZAMORA, sI-mo/rI, a market-town of the Mexican ConZAINSK, a town of Russia. See SAINSKR.                    federation, state of Michoacan, 75 miles W.N.W. of VYallaZAIRE or ZAHIR, a river of South Africa. See CoNGo.    dolid.
ZAISAN or ZAIZAN, zi-zAnI, written also DZAISANG,    ZAMORA, sA-mo/rI, or CALCA, kll/kI, a town of South
dzi-azng/, (Chinese Jong-e-ko-to,) a lake of Chinese Toor- Peru, department and 20 miles N. of Cuzco.
kistan, Soongaria, lat. 470 30' N., and between Ion. 830    ZAMORA, zl-mo/rI, or COMORA, a market-town of Portu.
15' and 840 40' E., near the frontier of the Russian govern- gal, Estremadura, 20 miles N.E. of Lisbon.
ment of Tomsk. Length from E. to W. SO miles, breadth    ZAMORA, zl-mo/rI or zI'mo'rI, (anc. Horlrea Cellia,) a
20 miles. It receives numerous rivers; the principal of  small town of Algeria, 105 miles S.E. of Algiers.
which, the Irtish, enters it at its E. extremity, and emerges   ZAMOSZ, zalmosh, or ZAMOSC, z/mosts, a strongly forfrom it on its N. side.                                     titled town of Poland, government and 45 miles S.E. of
ZAISENIAUSEN, tsez1en-h6w'zen, a market-town  of  Lublin, on the Wieprz. Pop., excluding garrison, 5000. It
Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Bretten. P. 1008. has an extensive arsenal, which has been fortified since 1807,
ZAIZAN, a lake of Chinese Toorkistan. See ZAISAN.         as a bulwark on the line of the Yistula.
ZAKALIA. See ZARA.                                          ZAMOSZ, STARI, stilree zemosh, a town of Poland, 13
ZAKLIKOV or ZAKLIKOW, za-klee/kov, a town ofPoland, miles N.N.W. of Zamosz, with a lyceum and 1000 inhabitants.
government and 39 miles S.W. of Lublin, on the Sanna.   ZAMOTA, zl-mo/tI, a market-town of Russia, government
Pop. 1600.                                                  of Minsk, 47 miles W. of Disna. Pop. 1550.
ZAKLUCZYN, zI-kloo/chin, a village of Austrian Galicia,   ZANA, a lake of Abyssinia. See DEsMBEA.
16 miles S.E. of Bochnia. On the opposite side of the river,   ZANCARA, thln-kgIrI, a river of Spain, joins the Guadi.on a rocky height, are the extensive ruins of the Castle of  ana. Total course, exclusive of windings, 114 miles.
Meistyn.                                                      ZANCLE. See MEssINa.
ZAKOPANA, za-ko-pI/nu, a village of Austrian Galicia,    ZANDOBBIO, dzcn-dob/be-o, a village of Austrian Italy,
in the Valley of the Bialka, about 7 miles S.E. of Neumark, province and 11 miles E. of Bergamo. Pop. 929.
on the fiontiers of Hungary. It has iron-mines, which are    ZANDVLIET, Zlnd'vleet], a fortified town of Belgium,
extensively worked.                                         province and 10 miles N.N.WV. of Antwerp, near the right
ZAKOTNAIA  or ZAKOTNAJA, zI-kot-ni/I, a market- bank of the Scheldt. Pop. 1200.
town of Russia, government of Voronezh, 15 miles N.N.E.    ZANEN. See ZAANEN.
ef Starobielsk. Pop. 1500.                                    ZANESFIELD, zains/feeld, a post-village of Logan county,
2160




ZAN ZAN
Ohio, on Mad River, and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania    ZANIEMYSCITiL, tsgnee-mish'l' or zsnl'y-mish'lI a town
Railroad, 50 miles N.W. of Columbus. It has good water- of Prussian Silesia, government and S.E. of Posen. P. 1520.
power;: Pop. in 1851, 300.                                    ZANNONE, the most N. of the Ponza Islands.
ZANESVILLE, zainztvil, a handsome and flourishing    ZANOW, zAlnov, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 7 miles
city of Ohio, and seat of justice of Muskingum county, is  E.N.E. of Clslin. Pop. 1540. It has breweries and distilleries.
situated on the National itoad, and on the Muskingum           ZANSHAUSEN, tsenslh6w'zpn, a village of Prussian PoRiver, 80 miles from its mouth, and opposite the mouth of  merania, province of Brandenburg, 9 miles N.E. of Landsthe Licking River. It is 54 miles E. of Columbus, and 179  berg, with iron works.
~miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. Lat. 390 57' N., Ion. 810 57' W.   ZAN'SIKARI, a river of Ladakh or MiddleThibet, rises near
It is situated on the left bank of the river, which is a fine  lat. 320 40' N., and lon. 780 E., flows N.W. then N.N.E. to
navigable stream, flowing through a beautiful, populous, and  its junction with the Indus, near lat. 340 10' N., and Ion.
highly productive valley. The plan of the town is regular, 770 25' E., after a total course of about 140 miles. Where
the streets are wide, adorned with many fine buildings, and  it joins the Indus the elevation above sea-level is about
lighted with gas. The position is naturally advantageous  12,000 feet.
fortrade, and in respect to improved means of communica-    ZANSKAR, an elevatedregionof Ladakh or Middle Thibet,
tion, Zanesville is not behind the progress of the age. between lat. 330 and 340 N., and lon. 760 20' and 770 30/ E.
Steamboats can ascend from  the Ohio to this point, and  It is traversed from S.E. to N.W., near its S. frontier, by a
several of them make regular passages between Zanesville  mountain chain, about 18,000 feet high, here forming the
and Cincinnati. The Central Ohio Railroad connects it watershed between the Chenaub and the Indus. Padum is
with Columbus on one hand and Wheeling on the other, considered the capital.
the western division being now in operation; the Zanesville    ZANTE, zhnte or zn/tA, or ZACYNTHUS, za-sin/thtfu
Wilmington and Cincinnati Railroad, about 130 miles long, (Gr. ZaicvvOos, Zakunthos,) one of the Ionian Islands, Medi.
terminates here, and connects with the Cleveland Zanesville  terranean, between 8 and 10 miles S. of Cephalonia, and 15
and Cincinnati Railroad, which is about 100 miles long, and  miles from the nearest point of the Morea. Lat. of N. point
is in course of construction. The second line is nearly or 370 56t 5"t N., lon. 200 41' 5" E. It is about 24 miles long,
quite finished. Since the commencement of these works, 12 miles broad, and 60 miles in circuit; has the form of an
the value of real estate has been much increased, and the  irregular oval, indented with a deep bay at its S.E. extremity.
city exhibits an aspect of new prosperity. The attention  The W. coast exhibits steep limestone cliffs. The E. coast
of capitalists is attracted to the advantages for manufac- has a harbor, within which is situated the town of Zante.
turing which are presented here in the abundant water- The greater part of the interior consists of an extensive
power of the river, and the rich coal-mines of the adjacent plain, which is extremely fertile, having the appearance of
hills. The water of the river is distributed through the  one continued vineyard, with a few patches under tillage
town from a reservoir, which contains nearly a million gal-  or pasture. The sides of the hills bounding the plain are
lens. The Central Ohio Railroad Company have erected an  finely diversified. The prevailing rocks are calcareous; gypiron bridge over the Muskingum.. It is 538 feet in length, seum  appears in various parts, but the most remarkable
and contains 67 tons of wrought, and 130 tons of cast iron. mineral feature of Zante is its pitch-wells, situated about 10
The city is connected by bridges with three suburbs on the  miles from the town, and celebrated since the time of HeroW. bank of the river, namely, Putnam, South Zanesville,  dotus. Earthquakes frequently occur. The most destructive
and West Zanesville. The former has a flourishing female  on record took place on the night of December 29,1820, when
seminary, an academy, and above 2000 inhabitants. Five or  several houses were destroyed, and many persons killed or
six newspapers and periodicals are published here. Zanes- wounded. The staple exports of Zanteare currants, to the culville contains 14 churches, and a number of well organized  ture of which 6440 acres are appropriated. The other chief
public schools. It has also a free school, supported by a  exports are oil, soap, and a little wine; pomegranates, melons,
fund of from $300,000 to $500,000-John McIntire, one of  peaches, citrons, and other fruits are grown; but the corn
the first settlers of the place, having bequeathed nearly all raised scarcely supplies three months' consumption. The
his estate for the education of the poorer children of Zanes- pasturage is trifling, and goats are the only live stock. Pop.
ville for ever. A suitable building has been erected, and the  in 1851, 39,103.
school is numerously attended.  The town contained, in    ZANTE, a town of the Ionian Islands, capital of the above
1851, 2 banks, capital, $200,000; 1 cotton factory, 2 woollen  island, on its E. side, at the head of a bay or harbor, on
factories, 1 nail factory, 2 glass works, 5 ilon foundries, 1  which it occupies a declivity sloping gently to the sea. It
paper-mill, 5 flouring-mills, 2 oil-mills, and 5 newspaper is built chiefly in the Italian style; the houses, which are
offices. Zanesville was laid out in 1799. The seat of the  white, and seldom more than one story high, have iron bars
state government was removed from Chilicothe to this place  and lattices of wooden framework attached to each window,
in 1810, and remained about two years, when Columbus was giving them  the appearance of prisons, but are somewhat
selected as the permanent capital. Pop. in 1850, 10,355.    enlivened by the gay green and vermilion painting of the
ZANESYILLE, a post-village of Montgomery co., Illinois, shutters. The principal street is broad and handsome, hav35 miles S. of Springfield.                                 ing a piazza on each side, with long ranges of shops, chiefly
ZANG, a town of Thibet. See JIeKAZE.                      of jewellers; all the other streets are narrow, but tolerably
ZANGEIA, zing-ge'yA, a town of Central Africa, ioussa, clean. The market-place is spacious, and serves both for an
50 miles S.E. of Kano, and formerly of much greater extent  exchange and a public promenade. The churches are numoand importance than at present.                             rous, generally substantial, and richly decorated within,
ZANGNOMANG, zang'no-m~ngf, a prosperous town of the  but not otherwise remarkable. A Lancasterian school is
Burmese dominions, province and on the river of Pegu, im- supported by voluntary contributions.  Zante has a monumediately opposite the city of Pegu. See PEGU.              ment to Sir T. Maitland; its port is protected by a wall, and
ZANGUEBAR, zanbgghA-barl, a name frequently given by  has a lighthouse. It is the see of a Greek protopapas and a
geographers to a long tract on the E. coast of Africa. The  Roman Catholic bishop. It was nearly destroyed by an
word Zanguebar, (properly Zangebar, with g hard,) is equi- earthquake on October 30, 1841. Pop. 20,000.
valent to the Arab expression Ber ez-Zing or Ziuj, the land    ZANIVILLE, a post-office of Daviess co., Indiana.
of the Zinj or Zing, being derived from  Zinj or Zing,    ZANZIBAR, ztn'ze-bbar, or ZANGUEBAR, z~ng'ghe-barl,
the  ancient Arabic name of the East African negro, (anc. fMenufthias Si/nus,) an island on the E. coast of Africa,
and the Persian or Indian word Bar, country." The name  belonging to the Sultan of Muscat. It is about 52 miles in
Zinguebar or Zanguebar belongs therefore to the ian- length, ftom Point Nanghl, lat. 50 431 S., to Ras-Kizimkdze,
guage of the foreign traders from India and the Persian  lat. 60 28' S.; and with a general breadth of 15 or 18 miles;
Gulf, and is still further modified by the Banyans of Bom- the chief town on the W. side, in lat. 60 10' S., and lon. 390 14'
bay, who pronounce it Zanzibar.  Zanguebar commences  E. The island is separated from  the mainland by a strait
where the indigenous black population takes the place of  about 25 miles wide, thinly beset with coral reefs and islets,
the swarthy Somali of Semitic race, that is, at the S. side of  and lies opposite to a wide bay, into which are discharged
the river Juba, near the equator; it originally extended S., the waters of the Ruvu, said to be a great river, the princidoubtless as far as those who used the appellation were ac- pal mouth of which is near the village of Kingani, (that is,
quainted with the coasts, probably to Sofala, or perhaps  "at the bar.")  The name Zanzibar has been learned by
Cape Correntes; but the Portuguese, drawing a distinction  Europeans from  the Banyans of Bombay, and is a modibetween Zanguebar and the coasts which they claimed or  fication of Zingebar, which, in the mercantile language of
occupied, fixed its S. limit at Cape Delgado, so that the Zan- Malabar and the Persian Gulf, means Negro-land, and was
guebar of European geographers had an extent of about 110  formerly applied to the coasts of the mainland. (See ZANfrom the equator S. The name is now obsolete, the Ber  GUEBAn.)  But at the present day the shores of the contiZing being known as Es-sawithil, or the coasts, and the  nent generally are called by the Arabic name Es-sawhil
semi-civilized natives, who have embraced MIohammedanism, or Es Sowily, (which means' the coasts,") and the modified
repel the appellation of Zenug, or negroes, and call them-  name Zanzibar is given only to the principal island adjacent
selves Saw'hili, (or as they pronounce it, so-wi'lee,) that is, to them, and is applied to it only by foreigners, for the ua"coast-people."  In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portu- tive name is Uguja, (the j very soft,) or, as it is vulgarly
guese had many settlements on the coast. See ZANZIBaR.    pronounced, Uguya.
ZANICA, dzA-ne/kA, a village of Austrian Italy, province    The island of Zanzibar, like all the islands on this coast,
and 5 miles S.S.W. of Beyrgamo. It has the remains of an  is of coral formation, and comparatively low. It has, how.
ancient tower which figured much during the factions of  ever, been raised above its original level, and in some places
the Guelfs and Ghibellines. Pop. 1853.                      attains a height of perhaps 250 feet. Its E. side presents a
6 L                                                                           2161




ZAN                                                         ZAT
continuous and tolerably uniform wall of coral rock, often  public promenade, and is strongly fortified.  The city is
30 feet or more above the sea, and overhanging the waves. ill-drained, and deficient in water. It has a cathedral and
Coral reefs to a distance of 1 or 2 miles protect the island. 6 other churches, the chief of which is that of St. Simeon;
The great swell of the N.E. monsoon breaks on them with a  many convents and monasteries; a naval and military
tremendous surf; a little beyond the reefs the sea is unfa- arsenal; a theatre; barracks occupying a Roman edifice;
thomable. On the WV. side the shores are much lower and  a lyceum; a gymnasium, and an episcopal seminary; a rnumuch more irregular, presenting many inlets and creeks, in  seum, and several handsome arches, columns, and other
which the mangrove grows luxuriantly, while the sheltered  Roman remains. Its harbor is small, but the inhabitants
sea in front is dotted with small islands. The surface of  own upwards of 240 vessels, employed in fisheries and coastZanzibar is undulating, and the soil extremely rich, a stra- ing trade. The principal manufactures are of maraschino
tum of guano probably lying between the coral rock and  and leather, and a few of silk and linen fabrics. Zara is the
the subsequent accumulations resulting from decomposed  see of an archbishop. Near it are remains of a fine aquevegetation. It presents therefore an agreeable scene, the  duct, built by Trajan. See ZARA-VEccHIA.
variety and luxuriance of the vegetation compensating for    ZARA, zlrdl,  a village of Asia Minor, pashalic and 40
the monotony of the ground. It is sufficiently watered, miles N.E. of Seevas. Pop. about 300 families. It has a large
though the rivulets are small.                              mosque and a neat Armenian church,
The greater part of this fine islandis still in a state of    ZARA, z'rd., (or ZERAH,) ZAKALIA, the most S. of the
nature, the mango, banana, papaw, plantain, and various Kerkenna Islands, off the E. coast of Tunis, North Africa.
Indian fruits, growing wild, with several species of palm and    ZARAGOZA, a town of Spain. See SARAGOSSA.
the stately bombax or cotton tree. The natives cultivate    ZARAISK, a town of Russia. See SAnAISK.
rice, millet, which grows to a height of 10 feet; manioc,   ZARANSK. See SARANSK.
batatas, &c., but the cultivated fields and gardens occupy    ZARAUZ, a town of Spain, Biscay, province of Guipuzcoa,
only a small area. The labor of the fields is left chiefly to  on the Bay of Biscay, 3 miles WV. of St. Sebastian. P. 1369.
the women, who also make the pottery, are the stone-masons'   ZARA-VECCHIA, zilrg (or dzatrA) vpktke-A, "Old Zara,"
laborers, and do all other drudgery. liut the rural industry  (Illyrian Stari Zadar or Biograd; anc. Blandelna or Altba
is destined to make rapid progress. Zanzibar is now become  uiaritfima,) a village of Dalmatia, 17 miles S.E. of Zara. It
a garden of the fine spices, the sultan's plantations contain- was once an important place, and the residence of the Croat
Ing not less perhaps at present than 500,000 clove trees, the  kings, but was ruined during the wars of the Venetians with
produce of which is excellent. i'He has also planted nutmeg  the kings of Rungary.  Pop. about 500.
and cinnamon trees, and has directed his attention to the    ZARIDAM, a town of the Netherlands.  See ZAANDAM.
manufacture of sugar, obtaining workmen from Mauritius    ZAREVOKOKSHIAISK or ZAREWOKOKSCIIAISK, zAand Bourbon.                                               rn/vo-ko-shiskI, a town of Russia, government and 70 miles
The animals of Zanzibar are few in number; wild hogs  N.W. of Kazan. Pop. 5000, mostly agricultural.
occupy unmolested the thickets in the middle of the island,   ZAREVOSANTSCHIURSK or ZAREWO-SANTSCIHURSK,
and a few civet-cats, escaped from captivity, lurk about the  z&-riAvo zan-chooRsk,! a town of Russia, government and
villages; wild birds also, with the exception of guinea-fowl, 145 miles S.W. of Viatka. Pop. 2000.
are few, as well as insects; fish and poultry abound. The    ZARGOON, ZARGOUN or ZARGUN,'zir'goonf, a small
cattle of the island are small, and of the hunched or Indian  town of Persia, province of Fars, 14 miles N.E. of Sheeraz.
breed; the ass, here the chief beast of burden, is strong and    ZARIA or ZARIYA, zdiree'yah, capital of Zeg-Zeg, a
handsome. Horses and camels are to be found in small country of Central Africa, near 120 N. lat., and 50 E. Ion.
number. The sultan prides himself on his stud, but his  Pop. estimated at 40,000.
horses, though well bred, are generally in bad condition,    ZARIASPA. See BALrr.
owing to the imperfect husbandry of. the island and the    ZARITZYN, a town of Russia. See TsRITSIrN.
want of good green food.                                      ZARIYA. See ZARIA.
The climate of Zanzibar has been always dreaded by    ZARIZYN, a town of Russia. See TSARITSIN.
Europeans, and not a few experienced seamen have de-   ZARKI, zaRakee, a town of Poland, government of Kielce,
nounced the water as loaded with the seeds of fever. This  26 miles N.N.W. of Olkusz. Pop. 1980.
accusation of insalubrity it shares with many coral islands.   ZAR/NAII, a ruined city of Persian Koordistan, in Mount
Being low and generally level, its drainage is imperfect, and, Zagros, 65 miles S.W. of Kermanshah, and conjectured by
as yet, art has done nothing to supply this natural defect. Major Rawlinson to have been the capital of Elymais, and
The causes which have conduced to the great fertility of the  the llara of the Captivity.
island-the decomposing animal matter within and upon    ZARNO, dzaR/no, a market-town of Austrian Galicia, 11
the coral, the extreme rankness of a vegetation thatfalls to  miles N.N.W. of Tarnow. Pop. 1500.
decay in heaps-are still in active operation, while'the care-   ZARNOW, zaRlnov, a town of Poland, province of Sandoless habits of the people all favor the generation of malaria. mier, 12 miles W.N.W. of Konskie.
The hyenas, which on the-mainland cleanse the villages of    ZARNOWICE, zaR-no-veetfsit, a town of Poland, governall offal, are here wanting, and it is not uncommon to see  mert and 44 miles S.W. of Kielce, with a ruined castle, near
the dead bodies of slaves or poor people lying unburied on  the Pilica. Pop. 1638.
the sea-side in front of the town. In short, pestilence is    ZARRENTIN, tsaa-ROn-teenf, a village of Mecklenburgeasily generated in such a place as Zanzibar, where no step  Schwerin, on the S.W. shore of Lake Schaal, 20 miles W.S.W.
whatever has been taken to prevent it. The principal towns  of Schwerin. Pop. 1067.
are Zanzibar and Uzi, otherwise called Uguja-ucit, (Great    ZAIISKOE-SELO. See TSARKOE-SaLO.
Uguja. In travelling through the country between these    ZARZA CAPILLA, thaR/thi kg-peel/yg, a town of Spain,
towns, the stranger is agreeably surprised at finding the  Estremadura, province and 80 miles from  Badajos, on the
narrow roads everywhere neatly fenced, like garden-walks, Sujar. Pop. 1329.
with hedges of palma-Christi, the croton shrub, or of a    ZARZA DE ALANGE, thaR/th  dfi a-lingnrt, a town of
creeper called nispira, which yields elastic gum. A consi- Spain, province of Badajos, on the Guadiana, 11 miles S.E.
derable trade is carried on with Arabia, and the ports in the  of Merida. Pop. 3127.
Red Sea.  The island is the metropolis of the Sultan of    ZARZA DliE GRANADILLA, thaitthi di gri-ni-Deelyit, a
Muscat's possessions on the E. coast of Africa. Pop. about town-of Spain, Estremadura, province of Caceres, on a low
150,000; consisting of Arabs, Sowily Africans, and negro  plain. Pop. 1252.
slaves.                                                       ZARZA DE MONTANCHES, than/thi dA mon-tgntchis, a
ZAPADNAIA-KOLIUSA.  See INDIGHIRKA.                       town of Spain, Estremadura, province and about 20 miles
ZAPARA, si-pitrn, an island and castle of South America, from Caceres. Pop. 1315.
Venezuela, 18 miles N.E. of Maracaybo, opposite the mouth    ZARZA LA MAYOR, thar/thi 1h mt-ouc, a town of Spain,
of Lake Maracaybo. Length of the island, 12 miles.          13 miles N.E. of Alcantara. This place is commonly callei[
ZAPATERA, s-pi-titri, one of the largest islands of Lake  ZARZA-QUE.IADA, thaatthg ki-mtnit, on account of its having
Nicaragua, Central America. It has a mountainous surface  been burned twice by the Portuguese at the end of the 15th
nearly 2000 feet high.                                      century, and again in 1705, when it remained uninhabited
ZAPATOSA or ZAPATOZA, (zc-pit-to/si or s-pi-tosit; Sp. till 1713. Pop. 2313.
pron. thi-pi-tolthi,) LAKE, of South America, New Granada,   ZARZISS, zaitzissl, a maritime town and castle of North
35 miles S.E. of Mompox, is an enlargement of the river  Afi-ica, Tunis, on the frontier of Tripoli, 16 miles S.E. of the
Sesar before it joins the Magdalena..  Length about 25 miles, island of Jerba.
breadth 22 miles.                                             ZASHIVERSK, zA-she-vaiRslk, a town or village of East
ZAPIHRAN, a group of islands in the Mediterranean. See  Siberia, province of Yakootsk, on the right bank of the
ZAFFArRIN.                                                 Indighirka, lat 660 30' N., lon. 1420 E.
ZARA, zit/r, (It. pron. dzflrA; anc. Jadera.) the capital   ZASLAY, ZASLAW, zcs-lvl, or IZIASLAV, a town of
city of Dalmatia, occupies an oval peninsula about 1' miles  Russian Poland, government of Volhynia, capital of a disin circuit, joined by a narrow neck to the mainland, opposite  trict, on the Gorin, 20 miles S.E. of Ostrog. Pop. 8200, comthe island of Ugliano, in the Adriatic, 73 miles N.W. of  prising many Jews. It has 6 large annual fairs.
Spalato, and 170 miles S.E. of Venice. Lat. (St. Simeon's    ZASMUK, tissm.lk or zistmook, a town of Bohemia, 4
Church) 440 0, 8,, N., lon. 150 14' E. Pop. 6850, mostly of  miles S.E. of Kaurzim, with two castles, a Franciscan conItalian descent; and the villages of its immediate vicinity  vent, and some breweries and distilleries. Pop. 1587.
have from 20,000 to 30,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded    ZATAS, zitts, or SORAYA, ss-rllit, a river of Portugal,
with walls of Venetian construction, which form its chief  formed by the junction of the rivers Sora and Erva, joins
2102




ZAT                                                         ZE!
ihe Tagus 26 miles N.E. of Lisbon, after having formed the  Teer, 34 miles N.N.W. of Jibbel-Zebayer, nearly of a circular
boundary between the provinces of Alemtejo and Portuguese  shape, about 1  miles in diameter, rising gradually from the
Estremadura.                                                shore, and terminating in a range of volcanic peaks. Saddle
ZATOR, tseftor, a town of Austrian Galicia, 9 miles  Island was in eruption on 14th August, 1846.
N.N.W. of Wadowice, on the Vistula, at its confluence with    ZEBEED or ZEBID, zeb'eedl or ze-beedf, (anc. Sabat,) a
the Skawa. Pop. 1466.                                       fortified town of Arabia, district of Yemen, on the river
ZAUDITZ, ts6wvldits, or SAUDICE, slw-deettst, written  Zebeed, 15 miles from its mouth in the Red Sea, and 110
also SUDZICE, a town of Prussian Silesia, government of  miles S.W. of Sana. Pop. 7000, excluding an Egyptian garOppeln, 7 miles S.W. of Ratibor. Pop. 1215.                 rison of about 700 men. It is enclosed by high walls flanked
ZAViTALILA, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas.           with numerous towers, and is of great antiquity. It has a
ZAYANASCO, dz&-v&-naslko, a village of Austrian Italy, handsome mosque, and was formerly a place of much comprovince and 9 miles N. of Pavia, on the Pavia Canal. mercial importance; but it has declined into comparative
Pop. 1186.                                                  insignificance, owing to accumulations of sand at the mouth
ZAVATARELLO, dz/-va-t-rllflo, a town of the Sardinian  of its river. The river, stated to be almost the only stream
States, division of Genoa, province and 10 miles N.W. of  in Arabia which continues to the coast, flows N. through a
Bobbie. Pop. 1729.                                          fertile valley for about 80 miles.
ZAVELSTEIN, tsIvel-stine', a town of WTiirtemburg, 21   ZEBENY, a town of Iungary.  See SEBEN.
miles S.W. of Calw.  Pop. 357.                                ZEBRAI, zhibfrk,   sometimes written SCHEBRAIK, or
ZAWILA. See ZUELA.                                        BETTLERN, bit'ldrn, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles S.W. of
ZAYI, zl/yee, a ruined city of Yucatan, 70 miles S. of Me. Beraun. Pop. 1278.
ride, finely situated amongst a range of hills, its remains    ZEBU, ze-bool, or CEBU, se-boo/, (Sp. pron. thA-boof,) an
comprising a vast building.                                 island of the Malay Archipelago, Philippine Isles, separated
ZBAIRASZ,  zbllrash, or ZBARAZ, zbhlrazh, a town of  on the WV. from the Isle of Negros by the Strait of Tafion, and
Austrian Galicia, 12 miles N.E. of Tarnopol, on the Ikva. having on the E. the dependent isles of Matan, and Bohol,
Pop. 5642. It has an ancient castle, Roman Catholic and  between lat. 90 20' and 110 N., and Ion. 1230 and 1240 E.
Greek churches, and Bernardine monastery.                   It forms a long and comparatively narrow  belt, with a
ZBOIRO', a town and two castles of North Hungary, co. sandy and somewhat stony soil, not so well adapted to culof Saros, 27 miles N.N.E. of Eperies.                       ture as most of the other Philippine Islands. It suffers much
ZBRAZLAWITZ, zhbriz-lAtifits, a market-town of Bohe- from want of water, as rain seldom falls, and when it does
mia, 13 miles S.W. of Czaslau. Pop. 1058.                   fall is quickly absorbed. It has, notwithstanding, many
ZDONICE, a town of Moravia.  See STEINITZ.                fertile valleys, which yield good crops of rice, sugar, cotton,
ZDUNY, (Zdiiny,) zhditlnee,(?) a town of Prussian Poland, tobacco, millet, and the best cocoa in the Philippines; and
57 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 3200.                        extensive pastures, on which great numbers of cattle, sheep,
ZEA or ZIA, zeeld, (anc. Celos; Gr. Keeo,) an island of the  and goats are fed. The climate is remarkably pleasant, the
Grecian Archipelago, belonging to the group of the North  excessive heat being tempered by an evening and morning
Cyclades, 13 miles E. of Cape Colonna; greatest length from   breeze. The Town, situated near the centre of the E. shore,
N.N.E. to S.S.W., 13 miles; central breadth 8 miles; let. opposite to the island of Matan, is divided by a stream into
(MIount St. Elias) 370 371 185 N., lon. 240 21' 45"l E. It is of a  two parts, and has a fine cathedral, a handsome episcopal
very compact and somewhat oval form. Beyond the coasts, palace, a leper's hospital, and an important trade, chiefly
which are generally low, the ground rises in fine terraces  with Manila. Pop., including pueblo, 8805. The capital
towards the centre, where it culminates in Mount St. Elias. town, Zebu, is on its E. side, and on the island of Matan
The prevailing rock is limestone. The climate is salubrious, opposite the town, Magellan (Mtagelhaens) was killed in a
and the soil fertile and well cultivated, producing in abun- skirmish in 1521. Pop. 8805.
dance barley, cotton, wine, and figs. The pastures also feed    ZEBU or CEBU, a province of the Philippines, which ingreat numbers of cattle, and much attention is paid to the  eludes, in addition to Zebu, the isles of Matan, Batayon,
rearing of silk wormns. Pop. 9000.                          Sicijon, Bohol, and Camotes, forms 41 pueblos. Pop. 256,803.
ZEA, a town of the Grecian Archipelago, capital of the    ZEBIULON, a pleasant post-village, capital of Pike county,
above island, occupies the site of the ancient Carthea, on a  Georgia, 50 miles N.W. of Macon, was selected as the seat of
small stream, about 3 miles from the N.W. shore. It is built  justice in 1825. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 churches,
on an eminence, in the form of terraces, the roofs of one  and 2 academies.
range of houses forming the street of the above range. It is    ZEBULON, a post-village of Pike co., Arkansas, about 90
entered by a narrow pass completely commanded by the  miles S.W. by WV. of Little Rock.
citadel. Many  of the houses are of massive structure, but    ZEDELGHEM, z2d1l-Ghohm', a village of Belgium, prothe streets are very dirty. The harbor, 3 miles distant from  vince of West Flanders, 6 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2050.
the town, admits the largest vessels, and is much frequented.    ZEDENICK or ZEHDENIK, tslJdeh-nik', a town of PrusZEALAND, zeelland, (Dutch Zeeland, zA/ldnt,) the most S. sin, province of Brandenburg, on the Hayel, 11 miles S.S.W.
province of the Netherlands, between lat. 510 14' and 510 45' of Templin.  Pop. 2870.
N., and Ion. 30 30' and 40 71 E., having E. the province of    ZEDIK, zed'eekf,(?) a town of Persia, province of Ghilan,
North Brabant, S. and S.W. the Belgian provinces of Antwerp  20 miles W. of Reshd. It consists of about 500 houses, built
and West Flanders, W. the North Sea, and N. the province  on a steep mountain side.
of North Holland. Area 664 square miles. Pop. in 1553,    ZEDLITZ, ALT, Alt tsld/lits, or ALT-CZETLICZE,  lt;
165,075. Zealand proper, comprises the islands of Walche- chlt-leetch,, a market-towii of Bohemia, 3 miles N.W. of
ren, Beveland, Tholen, Duiveland, and Schowen, between the  Hayd, with a castle, and a trade in cotton stuffs.
mouths of the Scheldt and lMaas, (or MoIeuse.) The surface is    ZEELAND, an island of Denmark. See SMLAND.
little above the level of the sea, and protected against its    ZEELAND, Netherlands.  See ZEALAND.
irruption by dams and dykes; besides the islands, the pro-   ZEGEDIN, a town of IHungary.  See SZEGeDIN.
vince comprises a portion of the continent S. of the Scheldt.    ZEGGERS CAPPEL, zcgtghers kiplppl, (Fr. pron. zclAhais!
The soil is fertile, and more corn is raised than is required  klp'pllf,) a village of France, department of Nord, 10 miles
for home consumption. The other principal products are  S. of Dunkerque. Pop. 1700.
cattle, reared in large numbers in thepolders, butter, madder,   ZEGHEN, zc-ghbn/,(?) or ZEGIIAN,(?) a town of Central
seeds, potatoes, hemp, and turnips, which compose the prin- Africa, Fezzan, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Moorzook, enclosed
cipal exports. Linen weaving, distilling, brewing, salt-re- by palm groves.
fining, tile-making, and ship-building, are the chief branches    ZEGOZIIEE, zg'so-zheel, (written also ZAGOSHI,) Guinea,
of mansfacturing industry. The principal towns are Mid- an island in the Niger (Quorra) River, opposite the town of
delburg, (the capital,)Flushing, Zierikzee, and St. Goes. Rabba.
Under the French it formed the department of Bouches-    ZEGWAARD, z6c'w&Rt1, a village of the Netherlands, prod'Escaut. It suffered severely from an inundation of the  vince of South Holland, 8 miles E. by S. of the Hague. Pop.
sea in 1825.                                                1232.
ZEALAND or ZEELAND, avillage of the Netherlands, pro-   ZEG-ZEG, zlg'czgl, a kingdom or country of Soodan, intervince of North Brabant, 17 miles E. of Bois-le-Duc. P. 1650. sected by the 12th parallel of N. latitude, and the 10th meZEALAND, an island of Denmark. See SEEL. ND.              ridian of E. longitude.
ZEALAND, NEW. See NEW ZeALAND.                              ZEIIOL, a palace of Peking. See ZHEHOL.
ZEAL-MIONACO'ItRUM, a perish of England, co. of Devon.    ZEHIDEN, tsgtden, a town of Prussia, province of BranZEALS, a tythiug of England, co. of Wilts.                denburg, 40 miles N. of Frankfort.  Pop. 1600.
ZEBAYER, ze-bI/er, a group of islands in the Red Sea;    ZEHDENIK, a town of Prussia.  See ZEDE.SNCK.
about lat. 150 N., and Ion. 420 E. It consists of Jibbel-Ze-    ZEHREE, zurees or zlu'rlee, a town of Beloochistan,
bayer, the most E. and largest, about 3 miles long, from N. to  capital of the province of Jhalawan, 35 miles S.E. of Kelat,
S., 8 miles in circuit, and 600 feet high, having three remarka- in a fertile district of its own name, and reported to be of
ble hills, one of them in the form of a cone; Saba, N.W. by  some importance. Lat. 28~ 22' N., ion. 660 34' E.
W. of the former, about half a mile in diameter, and nearly    ZEIDEN, ts!fden, or FEKETEHALON, fakA'tA'hAdlon', a
round, consisting of a sandy plain, with two remarkable hills, market-town of Transylvania, Saxon-land, at the feet of a
both of which have craters; Connected Island, a most extra-  mountain, county and 8 miles N.W. of Kronstadt. Po-). 3546,
ordinary high rugged-topped rock, joined to Saba by a reef;  many of whom are occupied in cotton weaving.
Saddle, Table Peak, Rugged, and IHaycock Islands, each    ZEIJST, a village of the Netherlands. See ZEIST.
about half a mile long, and of moderate height; and Jibbel-   ZEIL, tsile, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Frranconia,
2163




ZEI                                                        ZER
near the Main, 4 miles S.S.E. of HIassfurt. Pop. 1310. Tn  died in 888; and on the shores of the lake are the towns of
Its market-place is a monument to the Emperor Maxi- Radolfszell and Steckborn.
milian.                                                       ZELTINGEN, ts1ltling-en, a village of Rhenish Prussia,
ZEIL, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, S.E. of 22 miles N.E. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1450.
Wiirzach.                                                     ZELVA, zel/vlS, or ZELWIA, zRl/ve-&, a river of Russia,
ZEILA or ZEILEII, a maritime town of East Africa. See  government of Grodno, after a course of 70 miles joins the
ZEYLA.                                                      Niemen.
ZEISKAM, tsis/klm, a village of Bavaria, Palatinate, can-   ZELVA or ZELWIA, a town of Russia, government and
ton of Germersheim. Pop. 1703.                              52 miles S.E. of Grodno, on the above river.
ZEIST, ZEYST or ZEIJST, zdst, a parish and village of    ZELZAETE, zcl-zi/tA, a village of Belgium, province of
the Netherlands, province and 5 miles E. of Utrecht. Pop. East Flanders, 12 miles N. by E. of Ghent. Pop. 3194.
3047, with a colony of Moravian Christians, who manufac-   ZEMBIN, zSm-biu! or zlm-beent, a market-town of Russia,
ture lacquered wares. jewellery, gloves, and soap.          government of Minsk, 22 miles N.W. of Borisov.  Pop.
ZEITOON, ZEITOUN or ZEITUN, zAtoon/, a place of Asia  about 1500.
Minor, on the route from Arabgeer to Aleppo, with mines    ZEME, dzxlmA, a village of the Sardinian States, division
from which excellent iron ore is obtained.                  of Novara, province of Lomellina, about 6 miles from Mortara.
ZEITOON, ZEITOUN or ZEITUN, zA'toonf, a district of  It is an ancient place. Pop. 1821.
Persia, province of Fars, E. of Behbehan, and highly fertile    ZEMLIN, a town of Austria.  See SEsLIuN.
and populous. Its village, Zeitoon, or Chain, is in ruins.    ZEMPELBURG, tsWmlpel-b66ag', or ZEMPLEN, ts~mpflen,
ZEITOUN, GULF OF. See LAMIA, GULF OF.                     a town of West Prussia, 61 miles W.S.W. of Marienwerder.
ZEITOUN or ZEITUN, a town of Greece.  See LAMIA.    Pop. 3450. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches,
ZEITZ, tsits, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, govern- and manufactures of woollen cloth and linens.
ment of Merseburg, on the White Elster, 23 miles S.W. of    ZEM/PLIN, (Hun. pron. zlm'plin/ or zlm'pleen1,) a county
Leipsic. Pop. 12,296.  It has a cathedral, a Protestant of Hungary, Hither Theiss, bounded N. by Galicia; length,
gymnasium, two castles, one of which, formerly the resi- from N.N.E. to S.S.W., 100 miles, mean breadth 30 miles.
dence of its princes, now serves as a house of correction, and UTjhely is the capital. Pop. 277,494.
manufactures of cotton goods, earthenware, leather, and    ZEMPLIN, a market-town of North-East Hungary, on the
shoes, with breweries, distilleries, and several cotton-printing Bodrog, 8 miles E.N.E. of Ujhely-Satoralja.
establishments.                                               ZE/NAS, a post-village of Jennings co.j Indiana, 65 miles
ZEKANOVETS or ZEKANOVETZ, written also TSIE- S.E. of Indianapolis.
KHIANOVETS or CIECIIANOWICE, a market-town of Rus-   ZENASCO, dze-nuslko, a village of the Sardinian States,
sian Poland. See CrECANOWIEC.                               division of Novara, province of Lomellina, near Cava, and
ZEKINOVKA, a town of Russian Poland. See TSEKcINOVA. on the left bank of the Po, from whose inundations it often
ZELA. See EZILLH.                                        suffers. It consists of an old and a new quarter. Pop. 3367.
ZELADA, dzA-l/dS, a village of Austrian Italy, province    ZENDAROOD, ZENDARUD or ZENDAH-RUD, zunddand 8 miles N.W. of Pavia, on the Ticino. Pop. 1135.        rood!, (i.e. "living stream,") written also ZAYENDEH-ROOD,
ZELAN/DIA, (Dutch pron. zA-l~nude-d,) a fort of Dutch  a large river of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, rises in the
Guiana, and the residence of its governor, immediately N. Zardahkuh Mountains, near the sources of the Karoon,
of the town of Parimaribo, in lat. 60 47/ N., ion. 580 32' W.  flows E. past Ispahan, and is lost in the sands of the Persian
ZELANIA. See ZoELAeNIA.                                   Desert, about 150 miles E. of that city.
ZELANZ, a town of Illyria. See KLAGENFU~RT.                 ZENGG or ZENG, zlng or zlnk, written also SENY and
ZELAYA or CELAYA, s-l4/yg, a town of the Mexican  SZENY, (It. Segna, sln/yA; anc. Se&nica,) a fortified seaport
Confederation, state and 35 miles S.E. of Guanajuato, on the  town of Military Croatia, 48 miles S.W. of Carlstadt, on the
route to Queretaro and Mexico. Estimated population from   Adriatic, at the termination of the Josephine Road, and
10.000 to 11,000. It has a fine square, several convents opposite the island of Veglia. Pop. 5000. It is the see of a
rich in works of art, two possessing magnificent churches. Roman Catholic bishop, and has a Franciscan convent. Its
It is the seat of some cotton manufactures.                 harbor is unsafe, but it has a considerable export of corn from
ZELE, zA/leh, a market-town of Belgium, province of East Itungary.
Flanders, 4 miles N.W. of Dendermonde, (Termonde,) on the    ZENGI-IT, zlng/ghee, or ZENGUE, zlnglgbh, a river of
Scheldt and Durme. Pop. 10,484. It has a hospital, several Georgia, Russian Transcaucasia, province of Erivan, conveys
schools, and manufactures of cotton cloths.                the surplus waters of Lake Sevan into the Aras, after a S.
ZELECHOW, zs-Il/Kov, a town of Poland, province and  course of 60 miles.
30 miles S.W. of Siedlce. Pop. 2300.                          ZENGHIAN or ZENGAN, Persia. See ZENJAN.
ZELIIEM, z&l/h~m, a village of the Netherlands, province    ZENIT/ZA or SIENITZA, se-A-nit/sS, a town of European
of Gelderland. 20 miles E. of Arnhem. P. of the parish, 2600. Turkey, Bosnia, 30 miles N.W. of Novi-Bazar.  Pop. 2000.
ZELIENO/PLE, a pleasant post-village of Butler co., Penn-   ZENJAN, zln-jjn/, a river of Persia, joins the Kizil-Oozen,
sylvia, on Conequenessing Creek, 220 miles WV. by N. of  (Sefeed-Rood,) after a N.W. course of 90 miles.
Ilarrisburg.  It has several stores. Pop. about 500.          ZENJAN or ZENGAN, zln-gOnt, written also ZENGHIAN,
ZELL, a town of Hanover. See CELLE.                       a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, on the river
ZELL, tsll, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles  Zenjan, and the route from Tabreez to Hamadan, about 133
S.W. of Coblentz, on the Moselle. Pop. 2200.                miles N. of IIHamadan. Pop. 15,000.(?)  It is enclosed by
ZELL, a town of the grand-duchy of Baden, 25 miles E. walls, has a handsome palace, and is the seat of an active
of Offenburg. Pop. 880.                                     trade in carpets, woollen cloths, arms, lead, and gunpowder.
ZELL, a market-town of the grand-duchy of Baden, on    ZENKOV, a town of Russia. See SETeKOV.
the Wiesen, 20 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 1207.               ZEN/NOR, a parish of England, co. of Cornwall, 45 miles
ZELL, a village of Switzerland, canton and 18 miles N.W. W.S.W. of St. Ives. Population partly engaged in tin-mines.
of Lucerne. Pop. 1102.                                        ZE/NO, a post-office of York district, South Carolina.
ZELL, -a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles    ZEN/TA or SZENTA, sln/tih', a market-town of Hungary,
E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Toce. Pop. of the parish, 1300.    co. of Bacs, on the right bank of the Theiss, 24 miles S. of
ZELL-AM-I-IARMERSBACK, tslll am  haspe'mrs-bWKc, a  Szegedin. Pop. 13,653. It is celebrated for the victory of
town of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on the Kinzig, 10  Prince Eugene over the Turks in 1696.
miles S.E. of Offenburg. Pop. 880.                            ZEN/TA or ZET/TA, a river of Albania, Montenegrin ConZELLA ST. BLASIL.  See BLASIEN-ZELLE.                    federacy, flows through the Berda districts, and joins the
ZELLE, a town of Ilanover.  See CELLE.                    Moratsha at Spuss.
ZELLERFELD or CELLERFELD, tslller-flt', a town of    ZEPITA or SEPITA, sA-pee/tg, a town of Bolivia, departhIanover, district and opposite Klausthal, from which town  ment and 74 miles N.W. of La Paz, on a headland in the
it is separated by the Zellerbach. Pop. 4546. It has a gym- Lake of ~inamarca, a branch of the Lake Titicaca.
nasium and a mint.                                            ZEPPEREN, zp'ptpr-en, a village of Belgium, province
ZELL, GROSS, groce tsll, a village of Switzerland, canton  of Limbourg, 9 miles S.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 1332.
of Lucerne, 3 miles W.N.W. of Willisau. Pop. 1400.            ZER-AFSHAN or ZER-AFCIIAN, zlr Af-shanf, a river of
ZELLIN, tsl-leen/, a town of Prussia, province of Bran-  Independent Toorkistan, Bokhara, rises in the highlands E.
denburg, government and 23 miles N.N.W. of Frankfort, on  of Samarcand, flows westward past that city and Bokhara,
the Oder. Pop. 1820.                                        and enters Lake Denghiz, after a total course estimated at
ZELLINE, dzzl-lee/nA, or ZELLINA, dzl-leelnA, a river  400 miles. It supplies many canals, and is the great fertilizer
of Austrian Italy. rises in Mount Mauro, in the N. part of  of the country it traverses. See SOGsD.
the province of Friuli, flows S.E., and a little below the town    ZERAIN, a village of Asiatic Turkey. See ZEREEN.
of Monreale is lost in extensive swamps.                      ZERAMI, an island of the Malay Archipelago.  See CERAM.
ZELLINGEN, ts~l/ling-en, a village of Bavaria, on the    ZERBA, dzkfba, a village of the Sardinian States, division
Main, 9 miles N.N.W. of Wiirzburg.  Pop. 1985.              of Genoa, province of Bobbie, near Oltone, on the Trebbia.
ZELL, LAKE OF, between the Swiss canton of Thurgau  Pop. 1275.
and the S. part of the grand-duchy of Baden, is 12 miles in    ZERBA, an island of North Africa. See JERsA.
length, and 4 miles in breadth. It is traversed by the Rhine,   ZERBOLO, dzhR/bo-lo, a village of the Sardinian States,
which enters it from the Lake of Constance, 2 miles eastward. division of Novara, province of Lomellina, near the Ticino,
Shores undulating and fertile. In it is the island of Reiche- from the inundations of which it often suffers.  Pop. 1985.
nran, with a monastery, where the Emperor Charles the Fat    ZERBST, tskapst, a town of North Germany, principality
2164~




ZER                                                         ZIM
of Aehalt-Tessan, on an affluent of the Elbe, 22 miles S.E. meerf, or ZYTOMIERS, a town of Russian Poland, capital
of Ma-deburg. Pop. 8449. It is enclosed by walls, and has  of the government of Volhynia, on an affluent of the
an ancient castle; the fine church of St. Nicholas, a high  Duieper, 80 miles S.W. of lKiev, on the left bank of the
school, a public library, an orphan asylum, a house of cor- Tcherev. Pop. 28,000. It has Russo-Greek, Lutheran. and
rection, mannfactures of jewellery and earthenwares, and  Ronman Catholic churches, a gymnasium. thlological semibreweries. Catherine II. of Russia, born in 1729 at Stettin,  nary, government library, manufactures of hats and leather,
of which her father was governor, was a princess of Zerbst. and a flourishing trade in woollens, silk, and linen fabrics,
ZERIEEN or ZERIN, zereent, written also ZEIRAIN, (anc. salt, and agricultural produce.
J.ezreel,) a small village of Asiatic Turkey, Palestine, pasha-   ZHIZDRA or JIZDRA, zhisodrA, written also SCHISDRA,
lie of Damascus, about 52 miles N. of Jerusalem, on the road  a town of Russia, government and 80 miles S.W. of Kalooga,
to Nazareth.                                                capital of a circle, on the Zhizdra, an affluent of the Oka.
ZEREH or ZERREEH. See ZmRnAn.                             Pop. 8000. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, and glass
ZEItERE, zk-rA/rA, a small river of Brazil, province of  and iron works.
Matto-Grosso, rises in the Serra de Santa Barbara, flows   ZIA. See ZE.
N.E. and joins the Embotetiu or Mondego.                      ZIANDOWITZ, tsedintdo-*itsx, or ZANCHWITZ, tstnK/ZERI, dfzAlree, or CERRI, chalsRee, a village of Tuscany, wits, a village of Prussian Silesia, government and 24 miles
on a heig-lt about 7 miles from Pontremoli, with a ruined  from Oppeln. Pep. 1192.
castle. Pop. 4598.                                            ZIBIELLO, dze-blllo, or GIBELLO. je-bilo, a village of
ZERIN, a town of Palestine. See ZREEa.                  Italy, duchy and 27 miles N.W. of Parma, near the Po. Pop.
ZERKA, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See JABOX.             4035.
ZERKOWO, zka-kof/o, a town of Prussian Poland, 38    ZIBKOV or ZIBKOW, NOVO, nofvo zib-kovf, a town of
miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1435.                            IRussia, government and 77 miles N.N.E. of Tchernigov.
ZERMATT, tskR-mttlt or z6Rimat!, a hamlet of Switzer- Pop. 1500.
land, canton of Valais, in a remote situation at the head of    ZICAVO, dze-ka/vo, a market-town of Corsica, 19 miles E.
the Visp Valley, 9 miles N.E. of Mount Cervin, (Matterhorn,)  of Ajaccio. Pop. 1249.
of which it commands a magnificent view.                      ZIEGELHAU SEN, tseelghel-hiw'zen, a village of Baden,
ZERNAGORA, dz&R-na-gofra, (Turkish Kara-tagh, klr,- on the Neckar, 2 miles E.N.E. of Ileidelberg. Pop. 1471.
t,   "black mountains,") a mountain region of Turkey,    ZIEGENHAIN, tseelghenu-hin', a fortified town of Germachiefly in North Albania, between lat. 420 and 430 N., and  ny, Hesse-Cassel, province of Ober-Hessen,'on the Schwalm,
Ion. 190 and 190 30' E., and nearly commensurate with the  23 miles E.N.E. of Marburg. Pop. 1727. It has an ancient
independent territory of Montenegro.                        castle.
ZERNAGORA or CERNOGORA. See MONTENeGRO.                    ZIEGENHIALS, tsee/ghen-hls', a town of Prussian SileZERNETZ or ZERNEZ, a village of Switzerland. See  sis, 34 miles S.W. of Oppeln, on the Biela. Pop. 3500.
CERNETrZ.                                                    ZIEGENORT, tseeIghen-oat', (GRoss, groce, and KLEN,
ZERNILOW, ts3rfne-lovl, a village of Bohemia, about 4  klan,) two contiguous villages of Prussian Pomerania, 15
miles from Smiritz. Pop. 1314.                              miles N. of Stettin, at the mouth of the Oder, in the Great
ZERNITZ, DEUTSCH, doitch tsaRanits, a village of Prus- IHaff. Pop. 1140.
sian Silesia, government of Oppeln. Pop. 1032.                ZIECGENRUCK, (Ziegenriick,) tseefggn-riik,  a town of
ZEIRO, a post-office of Jasper co., Illinois.             Prussian Saxony, government of Erfurt, capital of a deZERO, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Mississippi.      tached circle, on the Saale, enclosed by the Saxon duchies, 7
ZERRAH. See ZURRAn.                                       miles W.N.W. of Schleitz. Pop. 950.
ZESKA, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See JAsno.                ZIELENZIG, tseell1n-tsio', a walled town of Prussia, proZETHAN, ts~t n, a village of Saxony, 25 miles S.S.W. of  vince of Brandenburg, 26 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort.  Pop.
Dresden. Pop. 1311.                                         4400. It has manufactures of linens, hosiery, leather, hats,
ZETLAND ISLANDS, Scotland. See SHETLAND.                 and gloves. There are coal-mines in its vicinity.
ZETRUD-LUMAY-AUTGAERDEN, zA/trtid lit-mi  6wt-   ZIEMETSHAUSEN, tseetmlts-hcw'zgn, a makret-town of
gaRtden,(?) a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, on the  Bavaria, 18 miles W.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 849.
Grande Genet, 30 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1488.         ZIERENBERG, tsee/ren-b5.', a walled town of Germany,
ZETTA, a river of Albania.. See ZENTA.                    Hesse-Cassel, province of Nieder-Ilessen, on the Warme, an
ZEULA, tsoilA, or MARKT-ZEULA, maRkt tsoill., a mar- affluent of the Diemel, 10 miles W.N.W. of Cassel.  P. 1601.
ket-town of Bavaria, on the Main, 4 miles E.N.E. of Lichten-    ZIERIKZEE, zeesrik-zP, a fortified town of the Netherfels. P. 1000.                                              lands, province of Zealand, on the island of Schouwen, near
ZEUZLENRODA, tsollen-rofda, or ZEULLPNRODE, tsoil'n- the East Scheldt. Lat. 510 38' 2' N., ion. 30 56' E. Pop.
rofdeh, a town of Germany, principality of Reuss-Greitz,  6890. It has salt refineries, and a large oyster fishery. It
lordship and 9 miles S.W. of Greitz. Pop. 4881. It is en- is the oldest town in Zealand, and formerly belonged to the
closed by walls, and has a cathedral, manufactures of wool- Hanseatic League. Its fine old cathedral was burnt down
len stuffs, hosiery, and watches.                           in October, 1832.
ZETJTERN, tsoi/tern, a village of Baden, 6 miles N.E. of    ZIESAR, tseelzar, a town of Prussian Saxony, 29 miles
Bruchsal. Pop. 1499.                                        E.N.E. ofMagdeburg. Pop. 2750. It has manufactures of
ZEVEN, tsbtven, a town of hanover, 24 miles S.W. of  woollen cloth, linens, and hosiery.
Stade, on an affluent of the Oste. Pop. 2098.                 ZIEZA, a town of Spain. See CIEZA.
ZEVENAAR, zAtven-_ra, a small town of the Netherlands,    ZIGET. a town of Hungary. See SizeTrm..
province of Geldsrland, capital of a canton, 8 miles S.E. of    ZIGNAGO, idzeen-ygo, a village of Northern Italy, SardiArnhem.                                                     nian States, division of Genoa, 10 miles N.E. of Levante.
ZEVENBERGEN, zdven-blRaGhen, a village of the Nether- Pop. 1287.
lands, province of North Brabant, 9 miles N.W. of Breda,   ZIHL, a river of Switzerland. See THIELE.
intersected by a canal of its own name. Pop. 2467.            ZIHILSCIILAC1T, tseellshlgt, a village of Switzerland,
ZEVENEEKEN, a village of Belgium. See SEVENEEmcyN. canton of Thurgau, near Bischofszell. Pop. 1,423.
ZEVENRUIZEN, zaven-hoilzen, a village of the Nether-    ZILAH. See WALTENBERG.
lands, province of South'Holland, 9 miles N.N.E. of Rotter-    ZILITEN, zile-tlnl, or ZLITOUN, zleestoon1i,a maritime
dam. Pop. 1693,                                             town of North Africa, on the Gulf of Sidra, 86 miles E.S.E.
ZEVIO, dzA/ve-o, a market-town of Austrian Italy, dele- of Tripoli.
gation and 7 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop. 2400.   ZILLEBEKE, zil/leh-bA'keh, a village of Belgium, proZEYLA, ZEYLAIT, ZEILA or ZEILEH, zYli or zalleh, a  vince of West Flanders, 30 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. P. 1494.
seaport town of Adel, North-East Africa, on the Sea of Bab-el-   ZILILEII, (anc. Ze/la or Ziela,) a town of Asia Minor, pashMandeb. near the frontier of Abyssinia. Lat. 110 17' N., Ion. alic of Seevas, 36 miles W.S.W. of Tokat. Pop. 2000 fatmi430 E. Pop. 500. It stands on a low sandy cape, bounding E. a  lies,Q) who manufacture coarse cotton cloths, &c. It has a
harbor which has 15 feet of water at low tide. It is enclosed  fortress on the site of an ancient temple, large khans, good
by ruined walls mounting a few guns, and is garrisoned  shops, and an annual fair. This fair lasts for fifteen or
and governed by a chief, subject to the Pasha of Egypt.    twenty days from the middle of November. and is often freZEYRING, OIlER, o/ber tsering, and ZEYRING PROB- quented by from 40,000 to 50,000 persons from all the corn.
STEI, tsa/ring proplstli, two nearly contiguous places of Aus- mercial towns of Asiatic Turkey.
tria, Styria, 9 miles N.W. of Judenburg. Pop. 3300.           ZILLERTHAL, tsil/ler-til', a valley of the Tyrol, on the
ZEYST, a village of the Netherlands. See ZFasv.          right bank of the Inn, which receives the Ziller, by which
ZEZIERE. za-zerA,, a river of Portugal, provinces of Beira  it is watered, about 2 miles below Innspruck. Pop. about
and Alemtejo, joins the Tagus at Punhete, after a S.W. 14.000.
course of 100 miles. Affluents, the Meimoa, Nabao, and         ZILWAUIKIE, a flourishing post-village of Saginaw co.,
Pera. from the E.                                           Michigan, on the Saginaw River. It has 4 steam saw-mills,
ZIAIE11OL, GEHOL, JEHOL or ZEITOL, zh4'holf, (written  one of which employs 60 saws. A plank-road, 35 miles long,
also JEI-HO or GEIIO, zhA'hof, a celebrated imperial palace  connects this place with Flint, in Genesee county. Pop. in
120 miles N.E. of Peking, China.                            1851, 500.
ZHIELANIA or JELANIA, zhA-lneu-a, or JEILANIT, zhA-   ZIMAPAN, se-ma-pAnt, a village of the Mexican Confede.
lGnuye, a cape forming the N. extremity of Nova Zembla, ration, state and 95 miles N. of Mexico.
near 1st 770 N., Ion. 706 40' E.                              ZIMATLAN, se-ml-tlAnt, a village of the Mexican ConZHITOMEER, JITOMIR, JYTOMIR, ZYTOMIR, zhit-o-  federation, state and 25 miles S. of 0ajaca.
2165




MMi~                                                       ZOB
ZIMBAO, zeem-bafo or zim-b6w1, or ZITBAOE, a town of  waters left the lake, and did not return till March, 1835; an
East Africa.                                               occurrence which, for the long cessation of the waters, is
ZIMBO,  zeemnbo,  a      promontory of Brazil, province of  said to be unprecedented.
Santa-Catharina, 40 miles N. of Desterre; breadth about 4    ZIRMIE, zir/meel or z6Wrmeel, a town of Central Africa,
miles. INigritia, Houssa, on a peninsula in the Quarrama, a tribuZIMiTE, se-meelft,  a town of South America, New Gra- tary of the Niger, 60 miles W. of Kashna.
nada, department of Magdalena, 90 miles S.S.E. of Mompox.   ZIRNDORF, ts66nindolf, a town of Bavaria, 4 /miles W.
ZIMI/MERMA N, a post-office of Greens co., Ohio.        of Nuremberg, with an old ruined castle. Wallenstein had
ZIMIMERMANSTOWN, a small village of Schuylkill co., here an intrenched camp, which Gustavus Adolphus in vain
Pennsylvania, about 16 miles W. of Pottsville.            attempted to force. Pop. 1689.
ZIMMERN, GROSS, groce tsimlmern, a market-town of    ZIRONA, dze-roinA, a small island of Dalmatia, in the
Germany, Hesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, 9 miles Adriatic, 14 miles S.W. of Spalato.
E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2930, mostly employed in linen    ZIRTZ or ZIRCZ, zS6itts, a small town of Hungary, co.
weaving.                                                  and It miles N. of Veszprim, with a Cistercian abbey, and
ZIMMERWALD, tsimlmor-lmlt%, a village and parish of  breeding stud.
Switzerland, canton and 5 miles S.S.E. of Bern, on the Lan-   ZISTERSDORF, tsisfters-dorf', or ZISTERDORF, tsisttergenberg. Pop. 1752.                                        doef', written also ZISSERSDORF, a town of Lower Austria,
ZIMONY, a town of Austria. See Sc  N.                   32 miles N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1605.
ZIN/DER, a town of Central Africa, Bornoo, capital of a    ZITTAU, tsitltiw, a town of Saxony, 26 miles S.E. of
province of its own name, called also Damagram, 300 miles Bautzen, on the left bank of the Mandau, at the head of a
W.N.W. of IKooka. Pop. about 10,000.                      branch railway to Dresden and Girlitz. Pop. in 1849,10,069.
ZINDER, a province of Central Africa, forming the N.W. It is the centre of the linen manufactures of Lusatia, and
frontier of the territory of Bornoo, is between lat. 130 20t and  has numerous churches, a gymnasium, a municipal library
140 N., and lon. 40 300 and 100 50' E.                    of 12,000 volumes, theatre, hospitals, and manufactures of
ZINGST, tsingst, an island of Prussian Pomerania, 10  cotton and woollen cloths, and piano-fortes. Nearit are the
miles N.W. of Stralsund, in the Baltic, immediately off the  mineral springs and baths of Augustusbad.
German coast. Length 14 miles; breadth 2 miles. On it is   ZITURET, ze-too-r6t, a village of Turkish Armenia,
the village of Zingst.                                    pashalic of Trebizond, on the Tchoruk, near the Artvin.
ZINJI, zinijee, a large village of Turkish Koordistan,    ZIZ, ziz or zeez, a river of Morocco, province of Tafilet,
pashalic and 40 miles E.N.E. of Mosul.                    rises S. of the Atlas Mountains, and after flowing S.E. past
ZINKOV or ZINKOW, zin-kovl, a town of Russia, govern- Tafilet, is lost in the sands of the Sahara. Course estimated
ment of Podolsk, 35 miles N.N.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 1790. at upwards of 200 miles.
ZINNA, tsintln, a town of Prussia, province of Branden-   ZIZELITZ, tsitsfeh-litse, a market-town of Bohemia, on
burg, 27 miles S. of Potsdam, on the railway from Berlin to  the Cydlina, 38 miles S.S.E. of New Bidschow. Pop. 1094.
Wittenberg. Pop. 1760.  It has manufactures of woollen    ZIZERS, tsitsfers, a market-town of Switzerland, canton
cloth, cotton stuffs, and leather.                        of Grisons, near the Upper Rhine, 7 miles N. of Chur. Pop.
ZINTEN, tsinlten, a town of East Prussia, 20 miles S.S.W. 1018.
of Klnigsberg,  Pop. 2500.                                   ZLABINGS, tsl bings, a town of Moravia, 29 miles S.S.W.
ZINTI, a town of Bolivia. See CINaI.                    of Iglau. Pop. 2176.
ZINWALD, tsin/*9lt, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N.W.    ZLAKNA, a town of Transylvania.  See ZALATHrNA.
of Leitmeritz, on the Red Weiseritz. Pop. 1149.             ZLATOOSK, ZLATOUSK, ZLATUSK or SLATOUSK, zalZION, a hill of Palestine. See SiouN.                   tooskf, written also SLATOUSTOFSK or KLIUTCIII, a village
ZION, a post-village of Centre co., Pennsylvania, in Nit- of Russia, government of Orenboorg, on the Ooi, among the
tany Valley, 5 miles N.E. of Bellefonte.                  Ural Mountains, 140 miles E. by N. of Oofa. It is the
ZION, a post-office of Cecil co., Maryland.             centre of the S. imperial mines, and has an extensive manuZION, a post-village of Iredell co., North Carolina, 155  factory of damasked scimetars and articles of inlaid and
miles W. of Raleigh.                                      embossed steel.
ZION, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana.                ZLEB, zhlb or tslbb, written also ZLEBY or SCIHLEB, a
ZION, a post-office of Morgan co., Illinois.            market-town of Bohemia, 4 miles E.N.E. of Czaslau. P. 1065.
ZION HILL, a post-office of Amite co., Mississippi.       ZILIN, zhlin,(?) a town of Moravia, 14 miles N.E. of HIraZION HILL, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tennessee.    disch, on the Drewniza. Pop. 2630.
ZION SEMINARY, a post-office of Covington co., Mis-   ZLITOUN, a town of North Africa. See ZILITEN.
sissippi.                                                    ZLOCZOW, zhlofchov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 45 miles
ZIVONSVILLE, a village of Indiana, on the Lafayette and  E. of Lemberg. Pop. 4000. It has an ancient castle.
Indianapolis Railroad, 15 miles from Indianapolis.           ZLOTOWO, a town of Prussia. See FLATOw.
ZIONSVILLE, a post-office of Boone co., Indiana.           ZMEINOGORSKOI, a town of Siberia. See SMEINOGORSK.
ZIONVILLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania,   ZMIEV or SMIEW, a town of Russia. See SIIIEV.
about 40 miles N.N.WV. of Philadelphia, contains 2 churches.   ZMIGROD, zhmeelgrod, a market-town ofAustrian Galicia,
ZIPAQUIRA, se-pA-kee/rA, a small town of South America, about 9 miles S. of Jaslo, on the Dembowka.
New Granada, department ofCundinamarca, 20 miles N.N.E.   ZNA, a river of Russia. See TSNA.
of Bogota.                                                   ZNAIM or ZNAYM, znlme or tsnime, a town of Moravia,
ZIPH, zif, a ruined town of Palestine, pashalic of Damns- on the left bank of the Thaya, 36 miles S.S.W. of Brann.
cus; its remains, 2 miles S.E. of Hebron, consist of walls  Pop. 5010. It has a gymnasium and a school for the educaand cisterns.                                             tion of the children of the military; its barracks were forZIPOWV, a village of Hungary. See ISZEP.                merly-the castle of the Margraves of Moravia. The vine is
ZIPPEZERBST or ZIPPERZORDIG, a town of Prussian  cultivated in its vicinity, and it has manufactures of woolSaxony. See ZonicG.                                       lens, tobacco, and mustard. A combat took place here, beZIPS, zipsh, a county of Iungary, Hither Tieiss, bounded  tween the French and Austrians, 14th June, 1809,
on the N. by Galicia; greatest length, from N.W. to S.E., 65    ZNIN, tsneen, a town of Prussian Poland, 23 miles S.S.W.
miles, mean breadth 24 miles. Capital, Leutschau. Pop. of Bromberg. Pop. 1351.
152,723.                                                     ZOAGLI, dzo-Allyee, a market-town of North Italy, SarZIPS, a village of Hungary, in the county to which it dinian States, on the Gulf of Genoa, province and 4 miles
gives name, near Kirchdorf. It has imposing ruins of the  W. of Chiavari. Pop. 3873.
ancient royal castle of Zips.                                ZOAN, a city of Egypt. See SAN.
ZIRANKA, ze-rln/kA, a river of East Siberia, rises in the    ZOAR, a post-office of Erie co., New York.
N. part of the government of Yakootsk, in lat. 650 N., flows   ZOAR, a post-office of Gonzales co., Texas.
BE., and joins the Kolyma at Verkhnee Kolymsk, after a    ZOAR, a thriving post-village of Tuscarawas county, Ohio,
course of about 170 miles.                                 on the Ohio Canal, and on the Cleveland and Pittsburg
ZIRCZ, a town of IIHungary. See ZIRTz.                   Railroad, 111 miles E.N.E. from Columbus, was settled in
ZIRKE, tsUOatkeh, a town of Prussian Poland, 38 miles 1818 by a community of Germans. They are noted for
W.N.W. of Posen, on the Warta. Pop. 2070.                  industry and morality, and have a community of property.
ZIRKNITZ or CZIRKNICZ, tseaktlnits, a market-town  The village, which is remarkable for simplicity and neatof Illyria, Carniola, 8 miles E. of Adelsberg, on the N. ness, contains a store; a woollen factory, 2 furnaces, and
side of its lake. Pop. 1300. The LAKE OF ZIRKNITZ, 6 miles several mills. They also own 9000 acres of land. The affairs
long, and 3 miles broad, is remarkable for the great varia- of the community are managed by an agent and 3 trustees,
tion in the height of its waters.  The bottom, which is  who are elected by popular vote.
formed of limestone rock, is full of clefts and fissures,   ZOAR BRIDGE, a post-village of New Haven co., Connecthrough which the water passes at about forty different ticut, on the lousatonic River, 18 miles N.W. by W. of New
openings, into subterraneous channels and caverns, and  Haven.
goes to supply the neighboring streams. It is frequently    ZOBEIR, zo'bArf, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic  of
dry in summer.  Sometimes, during the dry season, the  Bagdad, 8 miles S.W. of Bassorab.
nottom of the lake is covered with luxuriant herbage, which    ZOBLITZ, tsobqlitz, a town of Saxony, 19 miles S.E. of
is made into hay. Some parts are sown with millet and  Chemnitz. Pop. 1545.
buckwheat.  The depth of the Lake of Zirknitz, in the    Z013TEN, tsobfttn, a town of Prussian Silesia. 20 miles
deepest part, is only about 56 feet. In January, 1834, the  S.W. of Breslau, at the foot of the ZOBTEnERG1a Mountain,
2166




ZOE                                                         ZUL
which is surmounted by a chapel resorted to in pilgrimage.    ZSAMIBEK, s[m'blk1, a market-town of Hungary, co. and
Pop. 1620.                                                  15 miles W.N.W. of Pesth, with the remains of an old Gothic
ZOELEN, zootlgn, a village of Holland, province of Gel- church, and of several Turkish mosques, and baths. Pop.
derland, 2 miles N. of Tiel, with an old castle and a church. 3509.
Pop. 918.                                                     ZSCHOPPAU, tshoptplw, a river-of Saxony; riees in the N.
ZOERSEL, zooafs9l, a village of Belgium, province: and 15  slope of the Fichtelgebirge, on the frontier of Bohemia, flows
miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1025.                             circuitously N., and, after a course of nearly 60 miles, joins
ZOEST, a village of the Netherlands. See SoEST.          the Mulde, about 5 miles below Dibein.
ZOFINGEN or ZOFFINGEN, tsof/fing-en, (anc. Tobinium?)    ZSCIIOPPAU, a town of Saxony,, on the Zschoppau, 9
a town of Switzerland, canton and 9 miles S.S.W. of Aargau, miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 6169. It has manufactures
on the Wigger. Pop. in 1850, 3559. It has a public library, of woollen and cotton fabrics, fringe, and hosiery; printing
and manufactures of cotton, linen, and silk fabrics.        and bleaching establishments, breweries and potteries.
ZOGNO, dzdnlyo, a village of Austrian Italy, delegation    ZSCHO1ILAU, tshoa/16w, a village of Saxony, circle of
and 6 miles N. of Bergamo,:on the Bremnbo. Pop. 2000. The  Zwickau, to the S. of Schneeberg. Pop. 2065.
historian Tiraboschi, and the painter Giacomo Palma were    ZSOLNA, a town of North-West Hungary. See SZoLNA.
born here.                                                    ZUBIA, LA, 1I soot/e-&, a village of Spain, Andalusia,
ZOHAB,: zo'habl, a town of Persian Koordistan, capital of  province and 3 miles S. of Granada, on the skirts of the
a district, 66 miles W.N.W. of Kermanshah. It once con- Sierra Nevada. It has the ruins of a convent: founded by
sisted of 1000 houses enclosed by an earth rampart, but has Ferdinand and Isabella. Pop. 2939.
now, decayed.                                                 ZUBIENA, dzoo-be-A'nA, a town of North Italy, Piedmont,
ZOHREII or ZORETH, a river of Persia. See TAn.           6 miles S.S.W. of Biella. Pop. 2452.
ZOLDER, zol/der, a town of Belgium, province of Lim-   ZUCAPA, soo.k&/pA, a town of Central America, state of
burg, on the Maugelbeek, 6 miles N.N.W. of HIasselt. Pop. Guatemala, between the coast and Old Guatemala.
2455.                                                        ZUCARELLO, dzoo-kA-relllo, a town of North Italy, SardiZOLKIEW, zol/ke-Wvx, or ZOLKIEV, zolk/ylvx, a town of  nian States, 7 miles N.W. of Albenga. Pop. 912.
Austrian Galicia, capital of acircle, on an affluent of the    ZUCKMANTEL, ts66k/m~n'tel, a frontier town of AusBug, 16 miles N. of Lemberg. Pop. 3927. It has manufac- trian Silesia, 32 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 4181. It has
tures of coarse woollens, leather, and porcelain.          manufactures of cotton and linen fabrics, and rosoglio. It
ZOLILARSVILLE, a small post-village of Washington co., was at one time called Edelstadt.
Pennsylvania.                                                 ZUEELA, ZUJELA or ZOUILA, zoo-eehll, or ZAWILA,,zl
ZOLL-ENGERS, a villageof Prussia. See EGERas.             weefla, a town of Fezzan, Africa.
ZOLLVEREIN, tsolllfer-ine', or "CUSTOMS-UNIoN,"1 a com-   ZUEIRA, thw ~llr, a town of Spain, Aragon, province and
mercial league formed in Germany for the purpose of esta- 11 miles N.N.E. of Saragossa, on the Gallego, with a very
blishing a uniform, rate of customs. It includes Prussia, ancient church. Pop. 1350.
Bavaria, Baden, Wiirtemberg, Saxony, Hanover, and most   ZUEROS, thwA'roct, a town of Spain,: province and 28
of the smaller states. See GERMANY, page 747.               S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2024.
ZOLOTOI-OSTROV, zo-lo-toi! os-trov!, an island of Russia,    ZUFFENIIAUSEN, ts66f/fen-h3 w'zen, a village of Wiirin the N. part of the Caspian Sea, formed of alluvial deposits, temberg, 6 miles from Ludwigsburg, on the Friedrichshafen
by the two arms into which the Ural divides at its mouth.  Railway. Pop. 1568.
ZOLOTONOSHA  or ZOLOTONOCITA, zo-lo-to-notshb, a    ZUG, zoog or tsooo, a central canton of Switzerland, and
town of Russian Poland, government and 105 miles W. of  the smallest in the Confederation, surrounded by the canPoltava, capital of a district. It has two convents, and an  tons of Schwytz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Aargau, and Zurich.
active trade in cattle.                                    Length 15 miles, greatest breadth 9 miles. Area 85 square
ZOLOTOtPOL, a market-town of Russia, government of  miles. Pop. in 1850, 17,456; all but 125 are Roman CathoKiev, 42 miles S.E. of Svenigorodka. Pop. 1500.            lies, and speak German.  Surface mountainous in the
ZOLOTCIHEV or SOLOTSCIIEW, zo-lo-chlv/, written also  S. and S.E.; highest point, the Kaiserstock, 8258 feet i0 eleSOLOTCHEI, a town of Russia, government and 25 miles  vation; the principal portion lies in the basin of theReuss,
N.N.W. of Kharkov, on the Ooda, with remains of ancient and is watered by the Reuse and the SihI. The greater part
* fortifications, and 6 annual fairs. Pop. 5000.            of the Lake of Zug, and the whole of Lake Egeri is within
ZO)IDBOR or SOMBOR, (anc. Zomborinum?) a town of  the canton. Soil fertile; the wine is of inferior quality; butter
South IIungary, capital of the county of Bacs, 27 miles  and cheese are extensively made; cattle rearing and fishing
N,N.W. of Pesth. Pop. 22,000. It is situated near the Fran- are important. The other branches of industry comprise
cis Canal, by which it communicates with the Danube, paper making, tanning, silk and cotton spinning.  Zug
and has a normal school, manufactures of silks, and trade  joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352.
in grain. and cattle.                                         ZUG, (anc. Tegium.) the capital of the above canton, is
ZONHO/IVEN or SONHIIOVEFN, a village of Belgium) pro- situatedon the E. shore of the Lake of Zug, at the foot of the
vince of Limbourg, 4 miles N. of Hasselt. Pop. 2776.        Zugerberg, 52 miles E.N.E. of Bern. Pop. in 1850, 3302. It
ZONNEBEKE, zon/neh-b~keh, a village of Belgium, West has a gymnasium, a public library, tanneries, manufactures
Flanders, 25 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2412.             of paper, and commerce in cattle, kirschenwasser, cider, and
ZONOMA, a town of California. See. SoNOiA.               dried fruits.
ZONS, tsous, (anc. Soetinue?) a walled town of Rhenish    ZUGERSEE or LAKE OP ZUG, a lake. in the S.W. of the
Prussia, 8.~ miles S.S.E. of'Dusseldorf, near the left bank  canton of Zug, and bounded E. and S. by the Zugerberg and
of the Rhine, and the ancient Roman fort Genosia, which, Righi Mountains, which separate it from the cantons of
as is supposed, was its original site. Pop. 868.            Schwytz and Lucerne. It is 9 miles long, and 2 to. 3 miles
ZONZONATE, a department of Central America.  See  broad,and 1361 feetabove the sea. The chief affluent isthe
SoSONeA'E..                                               Lorze, from the Lake of Egeri, which enters it on the north.
ZOOGA,. a river of Africa. See NAMI.                       ZUHEROS, thoo-iJroce, a village of Spain, Andalusia, proZOPTAN, a village of Austria. See SOBoTJE.               vince and 28 miles S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2024.
ZOIRBIG. tsoRtbio, KLEINZERBST, klinttslnpst, ZIPPE-   ZUIDERZEE. See ZUvDERa-ZEE.
ZERBST, tsiplpeh-tsbapstl, orZIPPERZORDIG, tsiptper-tsoaW-   ZUIDHORN, zoidthorn, a village of the Netherlands, prodiG, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Strenkbach and  vince and 6 miles W.N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 948.
FLihne, 12 miles N.N.E. of Halle. Pop. 2360.                  ZUIDLAND, zoid/l nt, a village of the Netherlands, proZORGE, tsoaRoheh, a village of Brunswick, district and  vince of South Holland, 8 miles S.E. of Briel.  Pop. 1338.
18 miles S.W. of Blankenburg. Pop. 1454, partly engaged    ZUIDLAREN, zoid-lWren, a pleasant, prosperous village
in iron works.                                              of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 9 miles E.N.E. of
ZORITA, tho-reeftA, a village of Spain, Estremadura, pro- Assen. Pop. 960.
vince and 37 miles S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2903.                ZUIDZANDE, zoidtzand'eh, a village of the Netherlands,
ZORN, zoRn, (Ger. pron. tsoRn,) a river of France, depart- province of Zealand, 15 miles S.W. of Middelburg. P. 997.
ments of Meurthe and Bas-Rhin, rises in the Vosges Moun-   ZUJAR, thoo/nar, (anc. Hcetcera?) a town of Spain, province
tains, flows E., past Saverne and Brumath, and joins the  and 58 miles N.E. of Granada,: near the Barbata. Pop. 1655.
Moder on the right, 8 niles S.E. of Iaguenau. Course 45 It has mineral: springs and copper-mines.
miles.                                                        ZUJAR, a river of Spain. See SJuAR.
ZORN/DORF, (Ger. pron. tsonuldoacf,) a village of Prussia,   ZULIA, soolle-a, or SULIA, a river of South America,
province of Brandenburg, 5 miles N. of Kiistrin.            rises in the N. part of New Granada, flows N.N.W. into
ZOSSEN, tsos/sgn, a walled town of Prussia, province of  Venezuela, turns gradually N.E., and dividing into three
Brandenburg, 22 miles S. of Berlin. Pop. 1919. It is sur- branches falls into Lake Maracaybo; total course 180 miles.
rounded by small lakes, and has manufactures of linens.       ZULIA, a department of Venezuela, South America, beZOTES DEL PARAMO, tholtes dfl pirl,-mo, a village of  tween let. 80 and 120 N., and lon. 680 and 730 W., having
Spain, province and about 24 miles from Leon, on a plain. on the S. and W. the republic of New Granada, and on tlhe
Pop. 1368.                                                  N. the Caribbean, Sea. Pop. 154,000. It surrounds the Lake
ZOUBTZOV. See SooBTsov.                                   of Maracaybo, to which most of its rivers are tributary,
ZOUCKStVILLE, a post-office of Baltimore co., Mlaryland. including the Zulia, whence its name. It is subdivided
ZOUGA, a river of South Afiica. See NoAI.                into the provinces of Maracaybo, Coro, Merida, and Trujillo,
ZOUILA, a town of Fezzan. See ZUEELA.                     named after their chief cities, and of which the first-men
ZSABLIAK, a town of European Turkey. See TcnABLsAiK. tioned is the capital.
2161r




ZUL                                                         ZUZ
ZULLA, Malay Archipelago. See XUaLLA.                     public library of 45,000 volumes, cabinet of medals and
ZULLICHAU, (Ztillichau,) tsiil/le-ksw', a walled town of natural history, botanic garden, and many learned societies.
]Prussia, Brandenburg, 50 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. It has It has important manufactures of silks, cotton fabrics, and
a castle, a gymnasium with 7 professors, an orphan asylum, ribbons, dye-works, and tanneries. Zurich is the birthplace
and manufactures of woollens, linens, and leather. P. 4898. of Gessner, Zimmerman, Lavater, and Pestalozzi. Near it
ZULPICIH, (ZUilpich,) tstil/piK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, the Swiss defeated the Austrians, on the 22d of July, 14-13,
22 miles S.W. of Cologne. Pop. 1188. It is believed to be  and the French defeated the tussians and Austrians on the
the ancient Tolbiacum, near which Clovis defeated the Ger-  26th of August, 1799.
rmans in the year 496.                                        ZURICH, LAKE OF, (Ger. Zibi-cher-See, tsti/riK-er sk,) a
ZULTE, ztl/ith, a village of Belgium, province of EEast lake of Switzerland, and celebrated for its picturesque
Flanders, 16 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2042.                beauty, is mostly situated within the canton of Zurich, but
ZULZ, (Ztilz,) tstilts, BIALA, be-W.l&, or BIALO, be-3ilo, a  is enclosed atits E. end by the cantons of Schwytz and St.
town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S.S.W. of Oppeln, on the  Gall. Length 23 miles, breadth from half a mile to 2' miles,
Biala. Pop. 27139.                                          height of surface above the sea 1342 feet. Its chief affluent
ZUMALRRAGA, thoo-mla-Ralgg, or ZUMARAGA, atownof is the Linth, which it receives on the S.E. from  Lake
Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, 7 miles W.N.W. of Villafranca.  Wallenst'tilt.  It is divided into the upper lake, extending
Pop. 969.                                                   from Schmerikau to Rapperschwyl, and the lower lake, about
ZUMPANGO, soom-pingfgo, amarket-town of the Mexican  3 times its extent, from  Rapperschwyl to Zurich.  At its
Confederation, state and 30 miles N. of Mexico, on the bor- narrowest point it is crossed by a wooden blrdge, nearly
der of the small lake of Zumpango. Pop. 1500.               half a mile long. The upper lake is frozen over almost
ZUNDERT, GROOT, grot ztin/dert, a village of the Nether- every winter, but this is seldom the case with the lower lake.
lands, province of North Brabant, 10 miles S.W. of Breda. In summer its water is sometimes raised by the melting of
Pop. 1217.                                                  the snow to 18 feet above its ordinary level. The lake is
ZUNGOLI, dzoon-goflee, a town of Naples, province of  traversed by steamboats.
Principato Ultra, 6 miles S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 1800.          ZURMIE. zoorfnmee,(?) a town of Central Africa, Houssa,
ZURT, zoon-yeel or soon-yeel, a puebla, or Indian town of  on an affluent of the Niger, between Saccatoo and Kashna.
Socorro county, New Mexico, 120 miles W. of the Rio Grande,  Lat. 120 55' N., Ion. 70 38' E.
and 170 miles S.W. of Santa Fe, lat. 350 2' N.. ion. 1070 56'   ZURRAH, ztr/ra, or DURIRA, written also ZEREH and
W. It is on a small river of the same name, which flows  ZERREH, a large brackish lake of Afghanistan, province of
into the Chiquito Colorado, (i. e., "Little Colorado,") a tri- Seistan; lat. 320 N., Ion. 62~ E.; about 160 miles in circumbutary of the Colorado of the West. The houses are built ference, and containing an island on which is a stronghold
of stone, plastered with mud. They are terrace-shaped, each  called the Fort of Rustain or Rustan, in which the chiefs
story, of which there are generally three, being smaller late- of Seistan used to take refuge when their country was
rally, so that one answers in part for the platform of the one  invaded. The shores are overgrown to a considerable disabove. There are no doors or windoevs in thelower story: tance with rushes and reeds, interspersed with pools of
the ascent is on the outside by means of ladders, which may  standing water. The lake is nearly dried up.
be drawn up so as to cut off all communication from below.   ZURUMA, soo-roolmA, a river of Brazilian Guiana, Macusi
This is a common mode of building here, affording security  territory, after a south-eastward ccurse of 80 miles, joins the
against the attacks of enemies. The inhabitants, near 2000  Takutu, in lat. 30 22' N., ion. near 600 W. At their junction,
in number, cultivate the country in the vicinity to a consi- it has been found 290 yards across.
derable extent, and have large herds of sheep and droves    ZURUMA, soo-roolmA, a town of Ecuador, department of
of horses. Business transactions are carried on by barter,  Assuay, in a mining district, on the W. declivity of the
there being no money in use. There is in the town a Catho- Andes, 28 miles N.W. ofLoxa. Pop. 6000. Its gold and silver
lie church, built of adobes, 100 feet long and about 28 feet mines rendered it formerly very populous, but its importance
wide. The interior of the church is nearly destitute of fur- has greatly declined.
niture or ornament of any kind.                               ZURUMILLO, soo-roo-meel/yo, a village of Peru, province
ZUNI MOUNTAINS, a detached range in the central part and N.W. of Pataz, on the right bank of the Amazon.
vf New Mexico, in lat. about 350 N., Ion. 108~ 20' W.         ZURXENA. SeeZURGENA.
ZURGENA or ZURXENA, thooR-HYn1n, a town of Spain,   ZURZACHI, tsooattsKi, a small town of Switzerland, canton
province and 38 miles N.E. of Almeria, on the right bank  of Aargau, on the left bank of the Rhine, 16 miles N.N.E.
of the Almanzor. Pop. 12,336, who manufacture linens, of Aarau.  Pop. 904. It is the seat of a large fair.
woollens, and nitre. It has 10 flour, and 4 oil mills.        ZUSAM, tsoolsim, a river of Bavaria, after a course of 40
ZURI, dzoo/ree, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 12  miles, joins the Danube opposite to Donauwtirth.
miles S.W. of Sebenico. Length 7 miles. On it is a village of    ZUSCOJEN, ts0SshfIn, a town of Germany, principality of
the same name, and off its coast a coral fishery is carried on. Waldeck, 15 miles S.W. of Cassel, on the Elbe. Pop. 759.
ZURICH, zutrik, (Ger. Zihrich, tsti/riK,) a canton in the N.   ZUSMARSHAUSEN, ts6is/mars-hiw'zen, a market-town
part of Switzerland, bounded E. by the cantons of Thurgau  of Bavaria, Swabia, on the Zusam, an affluent of the Danube,
and St. Gall, S. by Schwytz and Zug, W. by Aargau, N. by  14 miles W.N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 851.
Schaffhausen and the grand-duchy of Baden. Area 687    ZUTKUERQUE, zit'kwhtk!, a village of France, departsquare miles. Pop. in 1850, 250,134, nearly all Protestants, ment of Pas-de-Calais, 10 miles N.W. of St. Omer. Pop.
and using the German language. Sumface undulating, moun- 1800.
tainous in the S.E., where the Schnebelhorn is 4298 feet,   ZUTPHEN, ztitlfen, (L. Zutphania,) a town and fortress of
and in the S.W. the Albis'Mountain, 4623 in elevation. It the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the Yssel, and
is watered by the Rhine, the Thur, Tiss, Glatt, Limmat,  on its affluent the Benkel, (which traverses the centre of
Sihl. and Iteuss. It possesses a great portion of the Lake  the town,) 17 miles N.N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. in 1851,12,229.
of Zurich, besides which it has the Griefensee and the Pfiffi- It has an ancient cathedral, a town-house, and manufactures
kersee, and several smaller lakes. The climate is mild, of cotton, paper and glue; and tanneries. It formerly bethough subject to sudden changes. The soil is not fertile, longed to the Hanseatic League. It was taken by Don Fredebut well cultivated. The corn raised is insufficient for home  rick of Toledo in 1572, by Prince Maurice in 1591, and by
consumption; potatoes and fruits are important crops; the  the French in 1672, when its fortificatious were dismantled.
best wine is grown on the E. shore of the Lake of Zurich.   ZUURBRAAK, ziir'brAkI, a village of South Africa, Cape
It has numerous mineral springs. Zurich is one of the most Colony, district of Zwellendam, 140 miles E. of Cape Town,
industrious cantons in Switzerland; the chief manufac-  on the Buffeljagts. It is a station of the London Missionary
tures are cotton, silk, and ribbons; most of the rural popu- Society, and has a mission-house, chapel, school-house. &c.
lation are employed in silk and cotton spinning. Schools   ZUVIA, thoolve-A, a town of Spain, province and 4 miles
are numerous, and attendance is compulsory on children  S.E. of CGranada, on the left bank of the Genil. Pop. 3095.
from 6 to 12 years of age. Zurich holds the first rank among    ZUYDER- (or ZUIDER-) ZEE, zi/der zee, (Dutch pron. zoi/.
the cantons of the Swiss Confederation. Contingent to the  der zA; anc. Fleevus Latcus,) a gulf of the German Ocean,
federal army is 6726 men, 451 horses, and 92,640 francs. It in the Netherlands, between the provinces of Over-Yssel
is a democratic representative republic, gpverned by the  and Friesland in the E., Utrecht and Gelderland in the
Constitution of 1837, and several subsequent decrees. The  S., and North Holland in the W. On the N. it is nearly
chief towns are Zurich, (the capital,) Eglisau, Wadenschwyl, enclosed by the islands of Texel, Vlieland, Ter-Schelling,
and Winterthur.                                             and Ameland. Length, from N. to S.. 45 miles, greatest
ZURICH or ZURICH, (ane. TuFricune; L. isgurium,) a city  breadth 35 miles. On the S.W. it forms the inlet called the
of Switzerland, capital of the above canton, is situated on the  Y, on which Amsterdam  is situated, and which comminuniLimmat, at its exit from the N.W. extremity of the Lake of cates with the Lake of Harlem. It contains 4 small islands.
Zurich, 60 miles N;E. of Bern. Pop. in 1850, 17,040, nearly all Chief affluents, the Zwarte Water and several branches of
Protestants. The Limmat divides it into two parts, which  the Rhine. Its fisheries are important. The Zuyder-Zee,
communicate by 3 fine bridges. It is surrounded by old walls, formerly a lake, was united to the German Ocean by an inand has an arsenal with a fine collection of armory. Chief pub- undation in 1282. Under the French, the provinces of North
lie buildings, the Cathedral, the church of St. Peter, of which  Holland and Utrecht formed the department of Zuyder-Zee.
Lavater was minister for 23 years; Town-house, Post-office,  Capital, Amsterdam.
Orphan Asylum, and the Towerof Waltenberg. Ithas a Uni-    ZUYDHORN, a town of the Netherlands. See ZoDHnoaR.
versity, established in 1832, attended by above 200 students,    ZUYDLAND, a town of the Netherlands.  See ZUIDLAND.
a cantonal school, and many other,polytechnic schools; a    ZUZ, tsoots, (anc. Ftiuns?) a market-town of Switzerland,
2168




ZUZ                                                      ZYW
tanton of Grisons, in the Upper Engadine, 29 miles S.E. of   ZWICKAU, tsf*ik/krw, a town of Saxony, on the left
Chur, (Coire.) Pop. 393.                                 bank of the Mulde, and on the Saxon and Bavarian RailZUZWEIL, tsootslille, a village and parish of Switzer- way, 60 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. in 1849, 12,708. It
land, canton and 11 miles W.N.W. of St. Gall, with the re- has a church, with a lofty tower, a gymnasium, with a
mains of an old castle. Pop. 1059.                       library of 30,000 volumes, and manufactures of woollen
ZVENIGOROD, a town of Russia. See SVENIGOROD.           cloths, cotton goods, and chemical products. In its vicinity
ZVENIGORODKA or ZWENIGORODKA, zvtn-e-go-rod/kA,  are extensive coal-mines.
a town of Russia, government and 98 miles S.S.E. of Kiev.    ZWICKAU, a town of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, 19
Pop. 1000.                                                miles W. of Reichenberg. Pop. 3835, mostly employed in
ZVERINGOLOVSK  or SWERINGOLOWSK, zv&-rin-go- manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics.
lovskl, a town of Siberia, government of Orenboorg, on    ZWIESEL, ts'veeftzl, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, on
the Ooi, an affluent of the Tobol, 130 miles E. of Troitsk.    the Regen, 32 miles N.N.W. of Passau. Pop. 1245.
ZVOR/NIK or ZWORNIK, (Turk. Iz'vornzik! or lz'vorseek!,)   ZWIJNDRECIIT, a village of the Netherlands. See ZwYNa fortified town of European Turkey, Bosnia, capital of a san- DRECHT.
jak, on the Drin, 30 miles from its mouth in the Save. Pop.   ZWIKK, a town of Bohemia. See ZWICKAU.
15,000.(?) It has two castles, several mosques, and Greek    ZWINGENBERG, ts~-inglen-bRG'., a town of Germany,
and Roman Catholic churches.                            IHesse-Darmstadt, province of Starkenburg, at the foot of
ZWART-BERG, zwgat bcRG, or the "Black Mountain,"  the BIelibocus Mountain, and on the Frankfort and Manntwo mountain ranges of South Africa, Cape Colony, districts  heim Railway, 10 miles S. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1445.
of Zwellendam and George, bounding the Little Karroo Plain    ZWITTAU, tseitltow. or ZWITTAWA, zwit-ti/v&, a river
and the upper valley of Olifant's River. The more N., or of Moravia, after a S. course of 55 miles joins the Schwarza
Great Zwart-Berg Range, is rugged, and in some places 4000  at Briinn.
feet in height.                                             ZWITTAU or ZWITTAWA, a walled town of Moravia,
ZWVART-DOORN, zw&at doRn, a river of South Africa, circle of Olmutz, near the Bohemian frontier, on the railCape Colony, district of Clanwilliam, enters the Atlantic in  way to Prague, 40 miles N. of Brfinn. Pop. 3699. It has
lat. 30]~ S., Ion. 170 40' E.                             manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, and an active
ZWARTESLUIS, a town of the Netherlands. See ZWART- trade in wool and flax.
BLURS.                                                      ZWITTAWKA, z~it-tav/kA, a market-town of Moravia,
ZWARTEWAL, zw&erteh-*lr, a village of the Nether- on the Zwittawa, 22 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 672.
lands, province of South Holland, 3 miles S. of Briel, on the    ZWOLLE, zwoltleh, a fortified town of the Netherlands,
Nienwe-Meuse. Pop. 1006.                                  capital of the province of Over-Yssel, 52 miles E.N.E. of AmZWARTKOPS, zwaRtlkops', a river of South Africa, Cape  sterdam, on the Zwarte-Water. Pop. 16,950, including 388
Colony, tributary to the Little Doom  River, which it joins  military. It was formerly a free imperial city, and belonged
after a W.S.W. course of 100 miles. The ZWARTLAND is a  to the IIanseatic League. It has a cathedral, town-hall, a
fertile tract of. the same colony, districts of Cape and Stel- tribunal of commerce, and manufactures of woollen and
lenbosch.                                                linen cloths, sugar and salt refineries, and an active trade
ZWARTSLUIS, zwARttsloisx, or ZWARTESLUIS, zwatfteh- with Germany. Near Zwolle there formerly stood an Auslois, a town of the Netherlands, province of Over-Yssel, on  gustine priory, the residence of Thomas-b-Kempis in the
the Zwarte-Water, an affluent of the Vecht, near its mouth  15th century.
in the Zuyder-Zee, 9 miles N. of Zwolle. Pop. 3650.         ZWOLLEN, zwolllgn, a town of Poland, government of
ZWEIBRUCKEN (Zweibriicken) or ZWEYBRUCKEN, Sandomier, 19 miles E.S.E. of Radom. Pop. 2026.
ts*i-briiktken. See DEux-PONrS.                            ZWOMITZ, (Zwbmitz,) ts9ibfmits, a town of Saxony, 15
ZWEISIMMEN, tsitlsim'men, a village and parish of miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz, on the Zwimitz. Pop. 2012. It
Switzerland, canton and 27 miles S.S.W. of Bern, agreeably  has manufactures of linens, cottons, and lace.
situated in a valley, at the junction of the Great and Little    ZWORNIK, a town of European Turkey. See ZVORNIK.
Simmen.; Pop. 1970.                                        ZWRATAUCH, a village of Bohemia. See SWRATAUCH.
ZWELLENDAM, zwelplen-dml, or SWEL'LENDAMI, the    ZWYNDRECHT or ZWIJNDRECIIT, zwln/dr6Kt, a vil.
most S. division of the Cape Colony, South Africa, termi- lage of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, 10
nating in Cape Agulhas, bounded on the S. by the ocean, E. miles S.E. of Rotterdam, on the Meuse, opposite Dordrecht.
by the district of George, N. by Worcester, and on the V. Large quantities of vegetables are sent over to Dordrecht
by Stellenbosch. Area 7616 square miles. Pop. 19,847. It and supplied to passing vessels. Pop. 2016.
is traversed on the N. by the Zwart-Berg Mountains, and    ZWYNDRECIIT, a market-town of Belgium, province of
watered by the Breede River. Chief products, corn, soap, East Flanders, 17 miles N.E. of Dendermonde, (Termonde,)
butter, tallow, brandy, and wine of inferior quality; good  on the Scheldt, on which it has a steamboat station. P. 2200.
horses are reared. Principal towns, Zwellendam, Caledon,   ZYDACZOW, zid.-tchfov or zidtI-chov', a town of Austrian
and Port-Beaufort.                                       Galicia, 16 miles N.E. of Stry, near the mouth of the Stry,
ZWELLENDAM, a town of South Africa, Cape Colony, in the Dniester. Pop. 2141.
capital of the division of same name, 110 miles E. of Cape    ZYDOWO, zid-oido, a town of Prussia, province of Posen,
Town, has a church, jail, and public reading-room. Pop. 6 miles S. of Gnesen. Pop. 530.
about 2000.                                                 ZYGIIUR, zigutrf, or JAYGIIUR, jl'gtrl, a town of HindosZWENIGORODKA, a town of Russia. See ZvEcIeGto0oDA. tan, province of Bejapoor, district of Concan, about 14 miles
ZWENKAU, tsdunklSw, a town of Saxony, 9 miles S.S.W. above the mouth of a river in the bay of its own name, 118
of Leipsic, on the Elster. Pop. 2612.                    miles S. by B. of Bombay. The river at its entrance, about
ZWESTEN, tsq*stlen, a village of Hesse-Cassel, Nieder-  three-fourths of a mile broad, is defended by a fort, and
hessen, circle of Fritzlar, on the Wetzelbach. Pop. 1156.   lined by straggling villages up to the town, which is a place
ZWETTEL, zwltlttl, (Ger. pron. tse ettt9l,) written also  of considerable size, and also defended by a fort. On the
ZWETL, a town of Lower Austria, on the Kamp, at the  bay there is a haven, inside of which vessels of large size
mouth of the Zwettel, 24 miles N.W. of Krems. Pop. 21.50. may lie completely sheltered at all seasons.
It has manufactures of woollen cloths, linens, and ribbons.   ZYORY, a town of Prussian Silesia. See SOnaRAU.
Near it is a Cistercian abbey with a rich library.         ZYTOMIR or ZYTOMIERS, a town of Russia. See ZHsZWICKAU, tseik/Ow, or ZWIKK, tsirik, a town of Bo- TOMEEt.
hemia, N.W. of Buntzlau, near Reichstadt. Pop, 3558.       ZYWTEO, a town of Austrian Galicia. See SaEBvusc.
2169




ETYMOLOGICAL YOCABULARY.
J    In the following Vocabulary, the names cited as examples, if printed in small capitals, will be found in the Gazetteer
under their own head; but if in Italic or R-oman, under the name which immediately follows. Thus, BAHIA IeON)A will
be found under its own head: while Boa Bahi/a is given under BOMBAY, (see Bahia in this Yocabulary.)
When the explanation of the name is printed in small capitals, the'reader is referred to the latter for a notice of the
place or object in question; as leqr Blanche, " WHITE SEA," (see B1an c;) Kactra Dessgis, "1 BLA'cK SEA," (see Dellgis,)
In these instances, as well as in those above cited, the description will be found under the name printed in small capitals.
A, 5, Sw  a "river."  It forms the affix to many names,    Alman~dern.  See 31tadien.
as TORNiE., LULE1., &c. See next article.                     Alamedat, -la-ma/ID, Sp. a "walk with rows of trees,"
Aa, Ai a contraction of the old German A/hea, and the  from Alamo11     a "' poplar-tree;" as ALABIEDA.
samne with Aach or Ach, signifying "flowing water."  It is    Alp or Alb, Celtic, a "hill" or "mountain;" as ALPS.
probably from the same root as the Latin Aqua, the Italian    Also,  l'shf/, Hun. "lower;" as ALSO KUBIN, "Lower
Acqua, the Spanish gAlua, the Portuguese Agoa, the French  Kubin."
Eau, the Swedish A, the Persian Ab, the Celtic Aber, &c.   Alt,lt,, er. " old;" as ALTDORF or ALTORF, " old village."
(AA, AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, &c.)                                    Alta,i dl-ti/, or Altana, dl-tAtn, Mongolian, "'gold;" as
Aach.  See preceding article.                            ALTAI or ALTA YEEN OOLA, the "golden mountain."
Aar or Ar,  An, Celtic, a "w matercourse" or " current."    Alto,* il/to, or Alta,* Mllta, It. and Sp. (L. Alitus,)
From this root is probably derived the name of the Swiss  "high!;" as ALTOMrONTE or ALTAMIONT, " high mountain;"
river AAR, (i. e. the " stream" or the " river;") and also -Arar, Alta calf ornia, the Spanish name of UPPErr CALIFORNIA.
the ancient name of the SAONE, Isara, (ISsRE,) Samara,    Altoon or- AltunB,  ill'toonl, Turk. "gold" or "golden;"
(SosAioE,) AvwE. &cc.                                      as ALTooN  KUPREE, "golden bridge."
Ab, lb, Perlsian, "water," l' river," &c.; as DOAB or A0 ngeles, ang/Ha-]fs. Sp. "angels;" as PUEBLO DE LOS
])ooAn, litelrally " two waters" or "two rivers," the space be- ANGELES, "town or city of the angels."
tween two rivers; PUNJAB or Penjab, the " five srivers."      Alngra, ang-gra, Port. "creek," "bay." or " station for
Abadlt  i-badl, Persian, "house," "abode," "residence;"  ships;" as ANGRA, DANxER.
as SaHAHABAD, the "king's abode" or "royal residence."        Anti, dinltee, Gr. "opposite to;" as ANTIPAROS, an island
Abbas, Albtbdsl, Persian, "father;" also a name, as  "opposite to Paros."
SHAH-ABBAS, "King Abbas;" ABBASAIDAD, the "abode" o                 a a  or Aqura, L. "water," "waters," or "springs."
"city of Abbas.",           See Ai gae and Aa.
Abbe, Ab'blA, Fr. " abbot," (L. Abbas, Abbatis;,Ger. Abt,)    Ar.  See Aar.
as ABEEVILLE, (L. Abbatisvilla,) "Abbotsville."               Aral, a-rnill, Kirgheez Tartar, "island;" as ARAL SEA,
Abler, Celtic, an " estuary" or " mouth of a river," a pre- " island sea."
fix to numerous towns, indicating their position, as ABER-   Arany, 6h'rafi/, Hun. "gold;" as ARANYOS, "golden"
YSTV'ITH, (i. e. a town on the " estuary of the Ystwith.")  river.
Abiad, Arab. "-white;" as BAHR-EL-ABIAD, the "white    A.rde, aR/deh, Dutch, "earth" or "land;" as OUDENARDE,
river," one of the main branches of the Nile; RAS-EL-ABIAD, " old land."'
"white cape" or " white promontory."                          Arl.  See Adler.
Aboo, Abou or Abu, Arab. " father," a title given to    Arroyo,.ie-aolyo, Sp. " brook" or " rivulet;" as ARRoYo
chiefs or princes, as ABoo ARIsH, ABoo GIRGEH.              DEL IJOLINO, " mill-brook."
Ac, a French affix derived from the Latin Aqusa, denotes    Atesh, &'tsh/, Turk.';fire;" as ATESH JAR, the "field
a position near some water; as BIBERAC, RIBERAC, &c.        of fire."
Ac, Saxon, "oak;" as ACTON, "Oaktown."                     Au, Gee-. "island" or "peninsula;" perhaps the same as
Ach. See Aa.                                             Ate,  which see.
Ac qua, il/Lkwi, It. "water;" as ACQUABEELLA, " beauti-    Atd e.  See Oude.
ful water;" AcqUANrEGRP, "black water."  See Aa.             Axae, Ow/feh, Ger.' land." " field," "meadow;" as Batau.
Adrel, d/del, Ger. "noble;" as ADELSDORF, " the village of  See Bat.'
the noble."                                                   A/ren  or  kv/on, Welsh, "'water"' or "stream;" as
Adler, ltdler, Ger. "eagle;" as ADLERSBERG or ARLBERG, A~:.s.-sBUR, "; townll mo. 3 stream."
"eagle mountain."                                             Ayocon.  See Ain.
Agalj, &a'gaj/, or Agatch, i'gtcht, Turk. "tree;" as    Azrek, alB'rkl, Arab. " blue;" as BA3MR-EL-AZEREK,; "blue
Agatch-Dengis, "sea of trees," (ANATOLIA,) the name of an  river."  See Balhr.
extenlsive forest in the central part of Asia Minor; KIZILAGADJ, " red tree," the Turkish name for the "alder."         Ba, in the language of Soodan, "water,"': stream," or
Agoa, algo-i, Port. "water" or " spring;" as AGoA- "river;" probably the same as the Persian AB; as JOLIBA,
QUEN Fe. "hot spring."                                      " great river;" BA IING, the "' river  ing," &c.
Agua,'gwAi, almost wldw, Sp. "vwater" or "spring;" as   RBoab, Arab. "gate;" as IB13A-EL-MlANDEB,  gate of tears."
AGUAs CALIENTES, "warm springs."  See Aa.                     Bach, bin, ol Pach, p iK, Ger. "brook;" as LAUTERAchi or Eichl 1i, Ger. "oak;" as Aichstedt or EICc- BACII.' clear brook -" AioSACIA, " on the brook."
STADT, "Oaktown."                                            Bad, bit, plural, Badten, bilden, Ger. " bath" or
Aigle, tg'l, Fr. " eagle;" as L'AIGL, (CAPE,)" eagle cape."  "batIhs;" as CARLSBAD, " Charles's Bath;" ]BADENWEILEP,
Aigue, Aiguess, /g, or Aix,.ix, old French, (L. Alqua  " bath villafe."
or Ajquece,) "water," "waters," or "springs;" as AIGUE-  B]fre, (Bare,) b'areh, or Bcaeren, "beal' or "bears;"
BELLE, "beautiful water;" AIGUES VIVES, (L. A/quae Vivcye,) whence probably BEtRN, the " country of bears."
"living waters," a town of France with a distillery of eauz   Bagn, bai, a French prefix from the Italian Bagno,
de-vie, (" water of life.")  See AIx-LA-CHAPELLE,.          sfiiifiinulg  "baths," forlms a part of various names; as
Ailn,  Arab. " fountain;" Ayoonl  "fountains;" as AIN- I/AGoNEBS, B3AGOLES.. &C.
MooSA, "Moses' fountain;" Ayoon-Moosa, the "fountains    Bagnao, bintyo, It. (L. Ballnezam,) plural, Bagni,
of Moses."                                                 binlyee, "bath," baths;" as BAGNI DELLA POrRETTA, BAGNI
Aird. See Arde.                                          DI LuccA.
Aix.  See Aigue.                                           Bar r, bil', or Bahlar, bthar, Arab. "great water,"
Ak, ik, Turk. or Tartar, "white;" as AK-SrHEHR, "white  "sea," or " river;" as BAER-EL-AZRENK, " river the blue" or
city;" AE-TAGH, "white mountain;" AAk-Dengis, "white  "blue river," the principal branch of the NILE, which see.
sea," the Turkish namse of the Mediterranean Sea, given in    Bah ia, bA-eetA, Sp. and Port. " bay;" as BHIAA, the "; Bay"
contradistinction to the Black Sea.                        or ":larb,r" 2pat excellensce; BAHIA HONDA, " deep bay;" Boa
Akaba,  Arab. a'" pass" or "passage."  AKABA is a vil- Ba7hia. (BOIMBAY.) "good harbor."
lage of Arabia, situated on the Red Sea. neatr a difficult   BakiLr lalIkeer, Turk. "copper;" as BAKIR CIAI, "copmountain pass, on the route of the pilgrims travelling  to  per river."
Mecca. It gives name to the Gulf of Alkaba.                  Ball or Bal'ly, Celtic, "town;" as BA.LLTNDOON, a
Al, the Ar-abic article. See El.  Al9 Iun. See Also. "town in the downrs:" B.LLYCONNELL, BALLYSHANNON, &C.
AlB. See Alp.                                              Banya, bdn/yih', Hu-n. ";mine;" as NAGY BANYA, the
Albo,* iltbo, Alsa,5* MIlbI, It. and Sp. (L. Allbus,)  "gsrLeat mines.'"
"white;" as VILLALBA, "white village" or' white town."      Bar, Sanscerit. "land;" as MALABAR.
Aldea, il-dlal, Sp. and Port. "village;" as ALDEA DEL    Barkr,  bar/rA, Hliuedoo, " great;" as BARnAMAHL, "great
REY, " lking's village;" ALDEA VELHA, "old village."       fortress."
Allah, dil8liHu, Arab. "God;" as ALLAH ABAD, the   city I  Bas, bhi Fr. "low;'" as PAYs-BAs, the "low countries."
of God."                                                  1  3agso, bis/so, It. " low;" as CAMPOIBAsso, the "low plain."' See noto on page 2174 of this Vocabultary.
2170
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EE TYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Bat, (Gr. BaOvg, bathus,) old German, "low," sme as the  der, Turk. and Persian, "port;" as Bunder Abassi, "port
French Bas and Italian Basso; as BATAVIA,, (Bataue,)  of Abbas," (GoaEROON.)
the "low plain."                                               Burg, hbnc, Gel. a "castle" or "fortified town." It is
Baumi bdwm, Ger. tree," &c.; as BAUMGARTEN, "tree- the root of the French Bouro, Italian BoaGo,'Scotch BURGH,
garden" or "'orchard."                                       and English Borsoucrr and BUNRY.
Bazaar, Persian and Turk. "market"  r "lfair."               Burgh.  See Burg.
Beau, Lo, or Bel, bhl, and Belle, btll, Fr. "beauti-    Burn, btirn, Saxon, "brook" or stream;" as BANNOCKful;" as B EAULIEU, "; beautiful place;" BELaMONT,"' beautiful BURN, the " stream of the Bannock."
mount;" BZLLEVILLE,   "beautiful town."  See Bello.            Bury.  See Burg.
Beck.  See Bac.                                           By, bti, or Bye, Dan. and Sw. "town" or " village;" as
Beer.  See Bir.                                            KAIEZBY, "Char.lestown;" hence also in English, Tnunsa~,
Beihl.  See ]en.                                           the "town of Thor;" and perhaps DALB', "Daletown;"
Beit, bhit or bit, Arab.:'house;" as BIT-EL-FAKIrt, the  AshnBY, " Ashtown or Ashton;" KRIRKBY, "church town," &c.
"house of the saint."
BelI or Belle.  See Beau.                                    Cabo.  See Capo.
Bela.  See Biela.                                            Cacer.  See Kasr.
]eled,  be-lidS, or'Belad, be-lidf, Arab. "country;" as    Caer, a " camp," "-castle,"' or "fortified town;" as CAFa
BELED-cL-J ER'nE, the "country of dates."                    L:oN, the " camp or station of the (Roman) legion."
Bello, bultlo, Bella, bil'lA, It. and Port., and Bello,    Coosar.  See raiser.
bVlyo, Bella, belly&, Sp. (from the Latin Bcllhts,) " beau-   Cafr or Caf're.  See Kafir.
tiful"' or "lfine;" as IsoLA BELLA, "beautiful island;"'ILLA    Calat. See Kalat.
BELLA, " beautiful town;" PUERTO BELLO, "fine harbor."        Cant, Celtic, a "corner;" perhaps the root of the Latin
Ben, bin, or Bein, Celtic, "hill" or "mountain;" as  Canttn,, (KmExT.)
BEN r,:MoRc, the "great mountain."                            Capo, kitpo, It.; CAons, kn/o. Sp. and Port. (from  the
Bel~]er.  See Bundern.                                     Latin Cap2t,) a "head," "headland," or "cape," (see RAS;)
Beaene or Be ii, bin-eel, Arab. "sons" or "children."  as CAPo D'lsTnIA, the "cape of Istria;" CABo Fe-o, "cold
The prefix forms a part of the designation of numerous  cape."
Arabian tribes, as BENrE ALOE, (BENi ALI,) the "children    Cartha.  See Cirta.
of Alee."                                                      Casa, ki'/si, It., Sp., ased Port., a "house;" as CASA MASBeresa, bh-raz9, or Bereza, Russian, "birch;" as  SUsA, (It.) the "great house;" CASAS GRANDES, (Sp.) the
BERESINA, "birch" river.                                     "great houses:" CASA BLANCA, (Port.) "white house," &c.
Berg, b6ng, Ger. 1"hill" or"mountain,""hill-fortress;"(?)    Casale, ki-sAIli, or'Casa], kl-sll, a "village;" as
as A]LERBERG, "eagle mountain;" KONIGSBERG, the "king's  CASAL MAGGIORE, the "large village."
hill-fortress."                                                Casar. See Kasr.
Berinejo.  See Vermejo.                                      Casas, ki[/ss Sp. "houses."  See Casa.
Beth, Hebrew, a "Ihouse;" the same as the Arabic BEIT.:   Castel, kis-tilS, It. (fi-om nthe Latin Castellvmsi,)a" castle;"
Bialy, be-ilee or byilee, "white;" the same as Btela,  as CASTEL NUOVO, " New Castle."
which see.                                                     Caster.  See Cester.
Bianco, be-Anlko, or Bianca, be-nltkA, It. "white;"    Castra or Castrum.  See Cester.
as lIANCA VILLA, "white villa or village."  See Blaieco.      Cazar.  See Kasr.
Bielo,  be-A/lo or by/lo, or Biela,  be-All, Russ.    Cerro, sn/rno, Sp. a "hill" or "mountain," (not a moun"white;" as BIELo-OZERO, "white lake."                       tain chain;) as Crsno nE PAsco, " mountain of Pasco."
Bir or Beer, Arab.  "well."                                  Ceerta.  See Cirta.
Bisehof, bish/of, Ger. "bishop;"  as BIscorFSHEIMa,    Ceslter, Ceaster, or Chester, Saxon, (L. Castra,)
"bishop's abode."                                            a "canmp" or "Istation;" as GLOUCESnER; (L. Glevi Castrd,) the
B]lanc, blNG, or Blanche, bl6Nsh, Fr. "white;" as  "station of Glevum;" DoncHESTEr, (Saxon, Doees  Ceaster,)
MONT-BLANC, " white mountain;".Mer-Blanche, "WHITE  (L. Durini Castrso.) the ": station of Durinum."
SEn."                                                          Chai or Te]hai, chi, Turk. and Persian, "river;" as
Blanco, blinglko, Sp. "white;" as RIo BLANCO, " white  BARbm-CoAI, "copper river."
river;" CAPE (CABO) BLANCO, "white cape."                      Chan.  See Shan.
Blei, bli, Ger. "lead;" as BLEIBERG, "lead mountain;"    Chateau, shi'tB', and Chatel, sh'tFll, Fr. "1 castle"
BLrIn.ocu, "lead brook."                                     or "palace;" 1ts CIITkEAU Roux, "red castle;" CHITEAU-DUBloem, bloom, Dutch, "flower"or "bloom;" as BLoEMENn-  LOIRE, "castle of the Loire;" NEUFCIH'TEL, " New-castle."
DAAL. "valley of flowers."  See Daal.                          Chaud,  sha, or Cihaude, sh~d, Fr. "warrm," (from
Boldex, borden, Ger. ":bottom;" as an adjective, " deep;"  the Latin Caih/ltds;) as CASDEs:s-AiGuEs, "warm  waters;"
as Boccss-see —the German name of LAKE CONSTANCE, " deep  CHAUD-]FNTAINE, "warm spring."
laike."                                                        Chauve, shbv, Fr. "bald;" as CHAUsONT, (L. Caiones
Boli.  See Polis.                                          Mons.) "bald mount.ain."  See rahil.
Bor, Polish, a " forest of fir-trees;" as MEDZIBOR.          Chehr.  See She hr.
Bor, bon, or',oros, bo/rosh', I-un. "wine;" as Bor-   Chester. See Cester.
berek. "wine mountain."                                        Chlptping, English,  (from  the Swedish Kji'ping or
Borg, boner, Sw. and Dan., the same as Burg,  Ktping, pronounced chilping,) a "market" or "mart;" as
which see.                                                   CurspiNoe-N' sroN.   See Koping.
Borgo, borJgo, It. " castle" or "town," (from the Ger-    Chaow.  See Thceoo.
man IBURi;) as BouoeFORTE, "strong castle."                    Cidadle, se-d/dA, Port. "city;" as CiMade do Recife, the
Boros.  See B]or.                                          "city of the reef." (RECIte.)
Borough,  English, originally a " fortified  city or    Cien,  se-n/, Sp. "hundred;" as CIEN-PoZUEL0S,   a "huntown;" the same as Burg.                                    died fountains or wells."
Bourg, booR, F'r.  castle;" the same as Burg,    Cir/ta, Cer/ta, or Car/tha, Phoenician, "town" or
which see.                                                   "city;" as Ciera, (CONSTANTINE;) Tigranocerta, the "city of
Brith, Gaelic, "parti-colored or painted;" as BRITToNS, Tigranes."  CARTHAtE appears to be derived from the same
the ".paintedpeople."  See Picts.                           root.
Brilva, ancient Gallic, "bridge;" as Saomarabrian, the    Citta. See Civita.
ancient name of AisIENS,  the "bridge of the Scaoara  or    Ciudad, the-oo-!DI or se-oo-dhIf, Sp. "city;" as CIuA)s
SoaME."                                                     BoIVAn,':"Bolivar city;" CIUAn hREAL, "royal city."
Brod, Polish, "ford;" as BRODY.                              Civita, chee!ve-ti, or Citta,  chit-tit, It. (from the
Broek, brOk, Dutch, "brook;" as GnoorEnnosR, " great Latin flvitas,) "town" or "city;" as CIvITA VEceHIA, " old
brook."                                                     town;" CITTA NUOVA, "' new town."
Broun.  See Brumnn..                                        Costa, kosltI, Sp. and Port. "coast" or "region;" as
Brilek  or Briicke, sometimes written Prui           k,  COSTA RICA, "rich coast."
"bridge;" as INN SPUCKc, the "-bridge of the Inn."            Cote, kSt, Fr. "coast" or "region;" as COTE-n'0n, "gold
Brugge, brfroloheh, Dutch, "bridge;" as Brugge, coast" or "region of gold."
(BnuEs.)'                        Croce, klrochA, It. "cross;" as SANTA CGRCE, "holy
Br]rutnn     or Brouni,   a "fountain;" as SCenBRsnUNN,  cross."  See Crnz.
" beautiful fountain;" IIEBnoOoNN, " fountain of health."    Csroix, krwi, Fr.  "cross;" as SAINTE CnOIX, " holy cross."
]Bude, booldeh, or aBud, Ger. "hut" or " dwelling;" as  See Cruz.
Buorwsxss,, "white dwelling.",                          Cruz, krooth or kroos, Sp. and Port. (from the Latin
Bueno, bwiluo, or Buena, bwlni, Sp. " good" or  -Cruex,) "cross;" as SANTA Ctuz, "holy cross;" VERA Cruz,
"fine;" as BUENOs AYvEs, " good or fine air;" BUENA VISTA, "true cross."
"fine view.'                                                   Cwm, koom, Welsh, "' valley," properly a "narrow val.
Buiuk,  boo-yook!, Turk.  "great."  It is a prefix to va- ley:" as CwanDU, the "-black valley."
rious unimportant names in Asiatic and Eu-opean Turkey.   Czerny.  See Tcherno.
Buk,  book, Slavonic, "beech;" as BUKowINA, "beech
country" or "country of beech-trees."                          Daal, Dutch, " valley" or " vale;" as BLOEdENDIAL,
Bunider, bULn/der, or Ben/der,  written also Ban-  " valley of flowers;"  "Bloomingdales."  See T'hal.
2171




ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Dagh, dig, Persian. (Turk. TAGH,) " mountain;" as    Field or Fielld, fy~ld, Dan. and Norw. a "mountain
DAGuESTAN, the "mountain country."                        range;" as DovERaIELD, the "Dovre mountain range."
Dair.  See Deir.                                        DOVRE or DAAVRE is a village situated on the side of the
Dal.  See Thai.                                         mountains, and gives name to the chain.
Dam, dam, Dutch, "dam;" as AlSTEsaRDAl, (AMSTvLTOAI5I,)     Fjord or F-iord, fyoad, Dan. and Norw. an "estuary,"
i.e. the "town situated at the dam of the Amstel;" SciE-   "inlet," or "bay;" as L~aYMaIORu, (Liimfiord,)  "clay inlet"
DAM. the " dam of the Schie."                              or " muddy inlet."
Dar, dar. Arab. "country;" as DAn FooR, (DAR  Fun,)    Font, fj-o, (L. fens,) a "fountain" or "spring;" as
the "country of Feoor," (or Fur,) or the "country of the  FONTCOUVERT, "covered fountain;" FONTIWAULT, (L. Pons
Foorians."                                                Ebraldi,) the "fountain of Ebrald."  Ebrald founded a
Darna, dilree'a, or Deria, dr/eeA, Tartar, "river;"  famous abbey at Fontevrault in 1117.
as Aeoo DAaRI.A, the "river Amoo."                          ]Fontaine, fdNG'tdn/  or f6N$'tAnl, Fr. "fountain;" as
Deev or Div.  See Dib.                                  FONTAINEBLEAU, (FoNTAINE BELLE EAU,) "fountain of beautiDeir or Damr, dAr or dir, Arab. "'house," "abode,"  ful water."
"monastery;" as DEIa-EL-KAaEar.                            Fontana,   fon-tAlnA, It. "fountain" or "spring;" as
Demir, d3mlteer', Turk. "iron;" as DEaIa-HIISSAn, "iron  FONTANA FREDDA, "cold spring."
castle."                                                    Foo or ]Fo, foe, Chinese, a "city of the first class;"
Dengis, Denglhiz, dengtiis or dngjiz', or Teng-  as IIANG-CHOW-FOO, the "great city of HIang-chow."
heez, Turk. or T'artar, "sea" or "lake;" as Kara Dengis,    Formnoso,  fon-moeso, Formtosa~a,  fon-mo'st, Port.
" BLACK SEA;" Aral Tengheez, "sea of islands," the Kirgheez (L. 2Poiam'sus,) "beautiful;" as ForenosA, (i.e. Illa ibrmosa,)
name of the ArAL SEA.                                      "beautiful island;" Rio Formoso, (BENAN RcVFR,) "beautiDeria.  See Darna.                                      ful river."
Desaguadero, dA-s1-gwAa-Dero, Sp. "outlet;"  as  qFor.t, fOR, or Forte, font, (from  the Latin forftis,)
DESAG UoADEtO.                                            "strong;" as ~IILEFORlr, " strong town;" RocuHEORT, "strong
Dsawala, d'h&-w&11 or dg-walla, Sanscrit, " white;"  rock" or "strong fortress."  Hence also the French and
as DuiwAALxoana, "white mountain."                        English wordfort, (i. e. lieu fort,) "strong place."
Dh,, G6aelic, "black."  See DIto                           Forte, foe/tA, It. "strong" or "fortified;" as BORno
Dib, Div or Deev, Malay, " island;" as  asrendib, (an  FoRTE, "fortified town."
old name of CEYLON,) IMALEDIVE, LACOcADIVE, &C.            F]os.  See Foo.
Djebel.  See Jebel.                                      F]ran, frhw, Ger. "woman" or "lady;" as FRAUBRUaN,
Doce, deist, Port. "sweet;" as Rio DOCE, "sweet river,"  the "fountain of [our blessed] Lady," or "1Vh-gin's founi.e. "river of sweet water."  See Dulee.                  tai."
Doas, Celtic, "deep" or "low."  From this root perhaps -Frei or Frrey, fri, Ger. "free;" as FRPEYSTADT and
the name of the DoN and DANUBE (Ger. Donau, from Don, FREvBUno, "free town."
"low," and Ass or Aue, "plain" or "meadow") are derived.   Freude, froildeh, Ger. "joy" or "pleasure;" as FaEuBoth streams are remarkable for the low, marshy country  DENTIIAL, the " valley of pleasure."
through which they flow, particularly in the latter part of    Frey.  See Frei.
their course.  DENMARK, (Danemark,) "low country," is    Friele, fireedeh, Ger. "peace;" as FRaIEDLAND, the "land
supposed to be derived from the same root.                of peace;" FaIEDEBURG, the "town or city of peace."
Dorado, do-rDno, Sp. "gilt," "covered with gold,"    Friedrich, freefdriK, Ger. "Frederick;" as FRIEDnICW"goldea;" as EL DnADOR, " the golden" country.           sTATr, "Frederickstown."
Dorf, Ger. "village;" as DUSSELDORF, "village on the    Frith, Scotch, (from  the Latin P'retum, a "strait"
Dissel."                                                  or "narrow  sea,") an  "estuary;" as the "FaRITH or
Du, dee, Welsh, "black;" as CwAnot, "black valley."    FonTil."
Dulce, doollthA or dooltsi, Sp. (from the Latin Dul/cis,)   uaente, fwnltt or foo-6ntA, Sp. "fountain;" as FUENTE
"Sweet;" as AGUA DULOE, " sweet water."                   LA PENA, " rock fountain;" FUENTES DE EBRO, "fountains of
Dun, Celtic, "castle;" as DUN EDIN, the "castle of [the] Ebro."  See Font.
Edina" or EDnNsunRG.                                        F-uerte, fwhclth or foo-Wrt[, Sp. " strong," also a "fort,"
(i.e. "strong place;") as VILLA DEL FUERTZE, "town of the
Ei or Dy, i, Dutch, an "egg:" plural, Eijeren or fort."  See Fort.
E yerensa, iter-en; as EIJErLAND, " egg land."               sirst, fiiast, Ger." prince;" as FUvrSTmEALE, "prince's
Disen, I'zen,  Ger. "iron;" as EsaNBERGo, "iron moun- forest."
taim;" ESNENRaZ, "Iron-ore," the name of a famous mining    Faurt or F]urth, fooRt, Ger."1 ford;" as Frankfurt,
towmn of Styria.                                          (FRANKrnonT,) the "ford of the Franks."
El, 81, or Al, i1, Arab. and Sp., the article "the;" as EL
Doameo, "the golden" country.                               Gamixal, gam/mil, or Gamala, gAmlA, Sw. "old;"
El,.l, Sw. " river;" as GOTHA. ELF, " Gotha River."    as GAaLA KARLEnY, "Old Charleston."
Esore, fn/trt, Sp. and Port. 6nttr-A, and Fr. ENTILE, art'r,    Glatt, gtt, Dutch, "hole," "passage," or "strait;" as
"between;" as ENvRs RIas, "between the rivers;" ENTcE  Horllgatt, (Hearlgate or HELLGATE,)  "whirlpool strait;" from
Douco e Maisao, " between the Douro and Minho," &c.       the same root, doubtless, is CATTEGAT, perhaps the " strait
ErdS, WnVd', and Erdely, WtndAif, Hun. "wood" or or sea of the Catti," (an ancient and numerous nation dwell"forest;" as Et-dly-Orszag, the "bforest country," the Hun-  ing in the S.W. part of Eu-ope.)
garian name of TIRAN.YLVAtNIA.                               Gass, g6iw, Ger. "country;" as AARGAU, the "country
Ermak. See Irmoak.                                      of the Aar."
ErZ, Bats, Ger. "sore;" as ERZGEBIIaGE,  "ore mountains."    Gebirge, ga-b~iSrgheh,  er. "mountains" or "nounEskee or Eski, 6stkees, Turk. "old;" as EsKEE-SuERn, tale range;" as ERZGEBnomo, "ore mountains.
"old city."                                                Giha-att or Ghshauts, Hindoo, a "landing-place" or
Etania, Basque, "abode" or "country;" as LUSITANIA, "flight of steps," a "mountain pass;" as GuAUTs, a mounthe "country of the Lusi."                                tail range of Hindostan named from its "passes;" BALADy, Scandinavian, "island;" as ANGLESEY, the "island  GHAUTS, "above or beyond the Ghauts."
of the Angles."                                             Ghfiri, ghee'ree, ghlr/ee, or ghirfree, Sanscrit, "'mounEy, Dutch. See E!.                                      tain;" as DHAwALaGrRa, "white mountain."
Gibel. See Jebel.
Falva, f6lvih', Hun. "village;" as MIHIALYFALVA,   Gobi or C obi, Mongolian, "desert."
"Michatel's village;" (in Getl-man, Miclelsdosaf.)          Gool, Guli  gool, Kool, Koal or Kul,  kooeel,
Feher, fA'haiR!, or Fejer, fA'yairl, Hun. "white;" as  Tartar, "lake;" as Tooz GOOL, "salt lake."
FE ERnvAn, "white fort."                                    Goomish,  Goumish or Gumish, goolmish', Turk.
Feld, flt, Ger. (Dutch, VELD,) "field;" as WEINFELDEN,:' silver;" as GoonasH KInANEH,  "place of silver."
"winehields" or "vineyards."                                Gora, go'rl, Slavonic, "mountain;" as Tzernogora or
F]ils, fils, Ger. "rock;" as DRACHENrELS, "dragon's  Tcheraszogora, (M1ONTENuOR0,) "black mountain"
rock."                                                      Gorod,  go-rod/, or Grad,  grid, Slavonic, "town" or
Fels~,  fl'shdt, IHun. "upper;" as FELSe BANYA, the  " city;" as N OVOGOROD and NovoGRuA, the "new city."
"upper mines."                                              Goumish.  See Goomish.
Fer, fn or fain, Fr. "iron."  See Ferro.                  Grad.  See Gorod.
Ferro, fint'no, (L. Prerisrus.) "iron;" as FErnno, the    Graf, grift  Ger. a "count;" as GRAFENHAUSEN, the
"iron" isle; called in Spanish Hie-rro, (" iron';") and in  " count's houses," or the "count's town."
Frenuch Ile de Petr, ('- isle of iron";) names which appear to    Gra-ad, griNG, or r'aa[de, gr8Nd, Fr.; GnAN, grin, or
havre been given to this island on account of its iront-bound  GRANDE, grandA,, It. and Sp. "great;" as GRacA   CAan'P,
coast, presenting, as it does, to the sea on all sides, a wall "great field;" GRAN CANARIA, " Great (or Grand) CANARY;
of bold -and craggy rocks.                                Rio GRANDE, "great river."
Fertd, fon/t-,1 Fr. "fortress," (apparently a corruption    GrSn or Groen,  grin, Dan. and Norw. "green;" as
of the Latin Firaitas, "- firmness" or "strength;") as FERTI-  G-Us'laued, "fin G,NLAND."
SAINT-AUBIN. &c.                                            Groote, grs-teh, or Groot, grat, Dutch, " great" or
ielhtel, fiKltel, Ger. (from  Ficlhte,) "pine;" as  "big;" as GRCooM. EYLAND, "Great Ishnd; GROeoTs BROEmr
iFcICTELGaanRcE, "pine mountains."                         " big brook."
2172




ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY..Gros, gro, or Grossea  gross, Fr. "thick" or "large;"    Isola, eesso-l', It. (from the Latin iooula,) "island;" as
as Uscos BLIDEm STOrF, "Great Btliderstoff."               ISOL.v BELLA, "beautiful island;" ISoLA GRossA, "great
Gross,  groce, Ger. "great;" as GRoss   GLOOAU, "great island."
Glogau."
Grosse.  See Gros.                                         Jar.  See Yar.
Gros/so, It. and Port. " great;" as MONTE GeSSO,   Jebel, "mountain;" as JEan-NimsooD, "mountain of
"great hill;" MATTO GRosso, "great forest" or " thick forest.". Nimrod."'
Grubea   groo'beh, or Grub, groop, Ger. "mine;" as    Jeni.  See Vent.
SALZGroUB, "salt mine."                                      Jezeerelh, Jezeera, Jezira, jez-eetrg, or JezeeGCaad, gw&D or wAn, or Gaxadt,  gwAIDe  or wl/De, Sp. ret, Arab. " island" or " peninsula;" as El-ezeera, "the
(from the Arabic WAID, wAd, or' WAnY, wa/dee,) " river;" as island," (MCerS0POTAMA.)
GOUAiALQUVi  (Arab. Wacld-al-Kebeer,) the "great river."     JiSkull or Jbkul, Icelandic, "mountain;" as GRAFA
GCal. See Gool.                                          JfKULL, SKAPTAR JsKULL.
Guma ish. See Goomish.                                     Julg.  See Yoog.
Gur or Gihur, gdr, lHindso, "hill fort;" as ZYaHua (or   Jung, y6fing, Ger. "'young" or "new;" as JuNG BUNTZJAcoIGU,) perhaps the "fortress of the Jains."  The Jains  LAu, "N ew Buntzlau;" JUNFcRAU, "young woman" or
are a small sect of Hindoo religionists; they are charged  " virgin."
with offering human sacrifices to their deities.
Kafir,  kdlflr  or kAtfer, written  also Caifre  and
Hafena     h fen, Ger. " haven;"  as FRIEDnICHSneArec, lKaffre, Arab. "infidel;" as KArnIsRAN, the "land of the
"Frederickslhaven."                                        infidels."
Hata or Hay, hi, sometimes written Hae,  Chinese,    Kahl, k&al, or Kahlen,  kAlpn, Ger. " bald;" as
sea;" as Toong-hai, " Eastern Sea,' (CiiciA. SEA;) WVhaug- KAnHLtsnecE, bald mountain."
hai," YELLoW SEA."                                           Kaiser, kicfzer, Ger. (firom the Latin Ccesar, Gr. Katrrap,)
iHam, (fiom the same root as " home,") English, "dwell- "Cs Car," ".emperor;" as KAISERSTUnL,   "Cresar's seat."
ing-house," " house," or "village;" as WALTHAMI, "Wood-   Kalah, Kale, Kelat, Kalat,  Calat, &c., Arab.
house" or "Woodville."                                     and Turk. a "castle."
H-amua, ham, Sw. "haven" or" port;" as CmuRISTIcERAMIN,   Kand  or Keasd, Sanscrit, a "fortress" or "king"Christina's Port."                                       dom;" as TASCdccEND, "stone fortress."
Hiard, haict, or Hiart Ger. a "mountain forest."          Krara, kA'radl, Turk. andTartar, "black;" as Iara Dengis;
H-aus, hiwss, or Hausen, hbwzfen, Ger. "house" or "tBLAicK Se-,A."
"dw-elling;" as GRAFENHAUSEN, "count's dwelling."            Kasr, kbIs'r, Arab.; CACEa, k,{seFr, Port.; CAZAn, kibthar,
lHavn, hfwn, Dan. "haven" or"port;" as jijUbenhavn,  Sp. "castle;" as AL-CAZAR, "the castle."
(COPrNNIAGEN,) "commercial port."                            Kebeer, (Kebtir,) ke-beeoi, Arab. "great;" as MREHay.  See Hal.                                           HALLET-EL-KEBEER, the "great place."
Hegy, hfdj, Hun. "Imountain."                             IKelat. See Kalah.
HeidLe, hitdgh, Ger. "heath;" as HEIDENFELD, "heath-   Kesad. See -Caatd.
field."                                                      Kerke, kkakleh, or K[erkl, kIck, Dutch, "church;"
H-eil,  bile, Ger. "health" or "safety;" as HEILsnRoxN, as OUrEosicKmo, "old church."
"fountain of health."                                        Keben or Kyeveo, Celtic, "mountain;" as CWVENNOS.
HIeilig, hillit, or Heiligen, hille-ghen, Ger. " holy;"    Keut, k~aoo-e, or ievtl, Turk. "village" or  "town;"
as ilIcLIGENSTADT, "holy town;" IELILGENcKREUTZ, the  as YENI iKEUI,, "ew village" or'" new town."
"holy cross."                                               Kho.  See Koh.
-1eim, hime, Ger. " home" or "abode;" as BiSCHoos-    Kiaag, ke-Ang1, Chinese, "river;" as T.A-sIANG, "great
aEIci, " bishop's abode."                                 river."
Hely, hi, HIun. " place;" as Uz-HvEL, "new place."         Kit or  Kill, Dutch, "channel" or "creek;" as
Hiea, he-An/, Chinese, a "town of the third class."     SCHUYLKILL, "hidden creek."
H1ierro, e-Wniao or yasno, Sp. "iron."  See Ferro.         Kill, Celtic, "cell" or "religious residence;" as ICOLI-i-ma5  heetmA', Sanscrit, "cold" or "snowy;" as KILL, the "island of (St.) Columba's cell."
HI.MALAYA, the "abode of snow."                             Khia, kinorkeen. Chinese,"  metal," "gold," or "1golden;"
Huetter, Ger. "back" or "behind;" as HINTEi RROIN, as KIN-SiiAx-KIANO, the "river of golden sands."
the " back Rhine," that branch of the Rhine farthest filom -s King or Kia, king, Chinese, "capital" or c' residence;"
Germany, andd from  the thickly  inhabited portions of  as NANKI: N or NANKIN, "southern capital."
Switzerland.                                                Kirahe, kIS0a/keh, Ger. "church;" as FuNcrI:nciHEc,
His'sar/g Turk. " castle;" as KAiA IlIssAR, " black  "five churches."
castle."                                                    Kirk, old English  and Scotch, (from  the German
Hlo, Chinese, "canal" or "river;" as HoANGe-no, " yellow  K/irche,) " church;" as KIR.sKBY, "church town."  See By.
river;" HO-NAN, "south of the river," (i.e. south of the    Kis, kish, HIun. "little" or "small;,  as Kis  ounnsag,
Hoang-ho.)                                                 " Litttle.CUIsANIA."
Hoang, ho-An]?, or Whang, hwhng, Chinese, "yel-    IOzail, kizil or kiz'el, Turk. "red;" as KIeZL-IrAsIAK, "red
low;" as lloANG-HO, "yellow river;" Tfhang-hai, " tYELLeW   river':"  KizrL-AGADJ, " red tree."  See Agadj.
SEA.."                                                      Kjiiping.  See Kitpang.
Hohot, hos, Ger. "high;" as HOCoHEIM, " high dwelling."    Kaleha, Mline, or Kihaeiesa, klinugn, Ger. "little;" as
HI1o~, hff, Ger. "court;" as Iob nens, the "abode of the  Ki,sc'uu'-r'o crF, "little village."
court."                                                     Kinoaek,  Celtic, " mountain" or "hill."
Hohle, holeh, or ioheln, hotgn, Ger. "higgh;" as   Koh, k5 or kfss, KToo or Knih, koe, Persian, " mounHIORENBURG, " high castle;" HOtE NFeLS, "high rock."      taim" or "hill;" as KoHISTAN, "country of mountains"
Holma or H-olme, Dan. and Sw. a "small island;" as Hindoo Koob, (isINDoo KoosH,) "lHindoo Mountain."
IOLMESTRAND, " island coast."                                Kontig, kflnig, Ger. "king;" as KNIGSWcALDE, "king's
Houldo, on/do, HIonda, on/dh, Sp. " deep;" as Rio  forest."
HONDO, "deep river;" BAIIA HoNDA, " deep bay."              Kintgin, kS'nig-in, Ger. "queen;" as KSiNINGINH or,
IHoo or H-oua, Chinese. "lake;" as I-Ior-e, "north of' queen's court."
the lake," (the name of a Chinese province.)                Koo.  See i1oh.
HIoog, has or hM, Dutch, "high;"  as HoOGEvEEN,   Kool, Koul or Kul, Tartar, "lake;" the same as
" high turf;" H0eKGERK, "high church."                    Gool, which see.
Hoa.  See Ieoo.                                            Koord, Koarl or  au rdI,  Persian, "strong" or
Hrad, hrad, Bohemian, (doubtless the same as GRAD,) a'" fierce;' as KOOcISTeAN, the "land of the strong or fierce."
"1town;"' as IIASnCscr or 1IRAOITZ, a "little town."        Kopf, kopf, Ger. "head," often applied to a mountain
H-]aaatS hoos, Dan. and Norw. "house" or "town;" as peak;;is SCINI;E'KOPF, "'-snow peak" or': snow mountain."
AARnuus, Aooesnuus.                                         K5pia.ng or   j'iiping, both pronounced chf'ping,
Sw. a' mart," "place of trade," "town," or " borough;" as
Ile or Isle, eel, Fr. "island" or'isle;" as ILE DEs NYKoPING, "new mart" or "New Town."
ROoeES, "Isle of Rocuks;" BELLEISLE, "beantiful island."   XKottaR, IHindoo, a "dwelling" or "town;" as Ptsa.ASee Isola.                                                co'rTTA.
Ilha,  eel/yA, Port. "island;" as ILIa GSANDE, "Great    Koul.  See Kool.
Island;" ILaA DO GOVERNwAOR, "Governor's Island."  See    Koaard; See KMoord.
Isle and Islae..KBrasnoe, kr's!'no-A, Hussian, "red" or "handsome;"
Inath intch, Celtic, " island;" as INci KENNET, the  as KltmscOSeLO, "handsome village."' island Kennet."'                                          Kreis, kris, Ger. "circle;" as Regirungs-kreis, "governnilmnts, Celtic, "island;" as INNISlEOo,  Little Island."   menit circle?."
Irmak, ir'mnikl, or Ermaak, Ar-mnkl, Turk. "stream"    K.reml, Tartar and Russian, a " fortress" or " citadel."
or "river;" as YESIL, IRSNITK, "green river."              aKromae,  kronneh,  Kron  or Cromn, krln, Ger.
Isla, ees/l1, Sp. "island;" as ISLA. MAYOR, "greater  "crown;" as Kr.oNSTADTr or CRONSTADT, a " town belonging
island;" Islt net PREY, "king's island."  See Isola.      to the crown."
isle. See lie.                                            KUal.o See Koli.
2173




ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
KIul.  See Kool.                                            EREY, "king's mountain" or "c royal mountain;" MoNTSERRAT,
KHupfer, k66pifer, Ger. "copper;"  as KUPFERBERG, "jagged mountain."  See Mont.' copper mountain."                                              3More,  mdr, Celtic, "great;"  as BEN  3MORE, "great
Kupree  or Kupri,  koolpree or ku'pree, Turk. mountain."
"bridge;" as ALTOON KUPREsE', "golden bridge."                   fboitiers,   moo'te-/,' Fr. "monastery;"   as NoIRe0ou
[Kurd. See Koord.                                           TIE.S, thee "black monastery."
K-iiren, ktiireu, Gei. "to choorel" or " to elect;'? KTurX     Msihl, miil, Ger. " mill;" as MULHAUSEN, "mill-honse'
kooa,   choice" or "election;" as Kur-Hessen, " Electoral  or "mill-town."
Hesse," (IHEssE-Css EL.)                                         Mootld,  m6ont;  plural,  lii:nde, miindeh, Ger.
"mouth" or "mouths;" as TRAVEMUNDE, "' Travemouth,"
LaIron, la-Dtorn,  Ladrones, l-Drolnn3s, Sp. (from   the "town at the mouth of the Trave."
the Latin latro,) " thief," "thieves;" as Isklts de los La-    31unster, mnii/nster, Ger. "monastery;" the same as
drones, "islands of the thieves," (LAIDRONES.)                 Minsiter, which see.
Lago, Ij/go,  It. and Sp." lake," (L. Loulcus;) as LAoo DE
LOS PATOS, " Duck Laike;e, LcGo NoRoo. "Black Lake."       l     Naes, (Nis,) nis, Norw. and Sw. (from Naese Or N7wise,
Laage, Iang  eh, or Langen, lauglen, Ger. "long;"  nD/s, a "1nose,") a "cape" or " promontory;" as LuNDESNrAs.
as LANGENBERG, long hill;," LANOENDORF, "long village."    See Tess.
Lauter, lw/teit, Ger. "clear" or "pure;" as LAUTER-    Naglur, nia-giir, INJagor or Nugigur,  Hindoo, a
BACHO, "clear brook;" LAUTERBRUNN, "clear fountain."          "fortified  town  or city;"  as BIJ:NAaGa, the "city  of
Lielht, liKt, or Lichte,  liKt/en, Ger. "light," "clear;"  triumph;" AnAmtDNucoun, the "town or fortress of Ahmed."
as LICLnTENWALD, "light forest."                              The same root occurs in CHANDERNAGO RE.
Liebe,  leelbeh, Ger. "love;" as LIEBETrHAL, the "vale    Nagy, nodj, Hun. " great;" as NAGY BANTA, the "great
of love."                                                      mines;:' NoaJy Kftusasg, "Great CUMATNA."
Lieu, le-uhb, Fr." place;" as BEAULIEU, "beautiful place."    Naliar, nisi'l, Arab. a "stream;"  as NAHR-EL-KEBEER,
Lilie, leeile-eh, Ger." lily;" as LLENFEoLD, "fieldoflilies."  the "large stream."
Lianan., le-mhdnf, Russian, (from  the Greek A turv,) a  l        n Na nn, nn   Chinese, "southern;"  as NANKING, the
"lagoon" or "harbor," mostly at the month of a river.          "southern capital," as distinguished  from  PEKIao, the
Ling, ling, Chinese, "mountain chain;" as NAN-LING, "northern capital.
the "southern chain;" PE-LINd. the "northern chain;" the    Nis.  See Naes and   ess.
names given by the Chinese to two great mountain chains    Naze, an English  corruption of the Scandinavian Noes,
or systems, situated respectively in the S. and N. of China.   a "cape" or  "pIromnontory."
Lla~n, thltan, Welsh, "enclosure" or " church;" as LLAN-    Neder, nA/de',  Dutch,'(Ger. NIEDEn,) "low," "lower,"
DAFF, "church on the Tat."                                    or "nether;" as NEDERIASSELT, "Lower iHasselt;" Neder.
L och, oK, Scotch, " lake" or "arm  of the sea;" as LOCH  landen, the " NETHERLANDS."
KArRINE, "Lake Catherine."                                      Nlegro,* nagro, Niegra,* n'ogr, It., Sp., and Port.
Long, 15Ng, or Longue, 16Ng, Fr. "long;" as LONGUE-  (fronm thie Latin Niqer,)  -black;" as MONTN'rEGRoO, "black
VILLE, "long town."                                           mountain;" Catbo Negro, (CXPE NEGRO,) "black cape;" Rio
Loong, Loung  or Lung, loong, Chinese, " dra-  NEoGO, "black river;" AcquA NrEoR, "black water."
gon;" as YULOONO-SHAN, the "mountain of the dragon of    Nerlneth, nd/mftl, Hun. "German;" as NEiETa  UT-T
Jasper."                                                      VAn, the " new  Gernman fort'  or " German new  town;"
Lough, l1a, Irish, "lake;" as LOUGH DERG, LonGH  NEA.  Nemtchehl   in Turkish, and iNentta in Slavonic, also
Liixve, 18i4!h, or L      ei- nentl  1/dven, Ger. a "lion;" as  signify "German."
L6wENoERG, "lion mountain."                                      Neos,'* Nea,:  (vEos, yea,) Gr. "new;" as NEOCASTRO,
Lung.  See Loonga.                                          "new  camp;" NEo0RAD, "new  town;"  zVetpolis, "new
Lungo, loonfgo, Lunga, loonlgd, It." long." SeeVal.  city," the ancient name of NAPLES.
Nero,* ni/ro, Nera,* nAiri, It. "black;" as RaINERl,
Mladen, mddgn, Arab. "metal," "mines;" hence AL-  "black rivulet."  See Negro.
AfADEN FEL AzoGUE, in Spain, the "mines of quicksilver;"    Ness, niss, Scotch, (from  the Norwegian and Swedish
ALMADEN DE LA PLATA, the'; mines of silver."                  ATis or Naes, nds or nis, originally the same as ATlise orl Taese,
iagyar, m6d'y6o, IHun. " belonging to the Magyars,"  a    "nose,") a " cape" or "promontory;" as FIFE-rNEss, the
(the principal race of IIungary,) " Hungarian;" as  logiayar  "promontory of Fife."
Orszag, "iHungarian country," (i.e. HUNuGARY.)                  NeuoT, no!, Get. "etew;" as NEUBURG, "New-castle."
MLahl or b3ahal, Hindoo, "fortress;" as RAJAMAHiAL,   lNex f* nuf, and Neuve,'* nuv, Fr-. (from the Latin Nos"prince's fortress."                                          VsW,) "new;" as NEUFCHITEAU, " new castle;"'ILLENEUVE,
3M[aloi, md/loy, or Maloe, mdllo-A, Russian, "little;"  "new town."
as MALoI AncAItANGELSK, "Little Archanugelsk."                   Nevado,* na-vdtdo, Nevada,* nuA-vtd/d, Sp. (fiom
Mare, mdlra, It. "sea;" as olate Grande, "great sea,"  Nevar, to "snow" or "matke white with snow,") literally
(TARANTO.)                                                     "snowed on" or "mmade white with snow," hence " covered
bark, mark, Sw. " field," " ground," or " territory;" as  or clad with snow;" as SirRA NEVADA, the "snow-clad
LAPPrMARK, the "territory ofthe Lapps."                        mountain chain."  NEVAvo, (i.ee.IMonte IVeyado,) the "snowblarrk, mank, Ger. "limit" or "boundary;" as MARK-  clad mountain," is a general name in Spanish for any
I)ORF,  "village on or near the boundary."                     mountain covered with perpetual snow.
31larkt, markt, Get. "market;" as NEU-MARKT, "New              Niedler, neelder. Ger. "low," "lower," or " nether;" as
Market."                                                      NIEDERHnSSEe, "Lower Ihesse;" NViedlerlande, the "NETrERo'edina or bledeena, me-deenha, Arab. "city;" as  LANDO."
MEDINA, the " City" par excellence; in other words, the" city"    Nieuvw, nyii, sometimes written N1ieu, Dutch, "new;"
of the prophet.                                               as ~ieuwe DirP, the " new ship canal;" NiouwNootT or NsouMleer, main, Dutch and Ger. "sea" or "lake;" as HAn-  POORT, "Newport."
MLEM'ER MoEEn, " Sea of Harlem."                                 Nije.  See limli.
Mfen, Chinese, "gate" or "haven;" as Hoo-men, " Tiger    Nijiai.  See Niz'iih ee.
Gate."                                                           Nischnei or Nili.chnil.  See Niztzh       nee.
bIer, main, Fr. "sea;" as Mer.-Noire, "BLACK SEA."            Nliz]a, NIiz or Nije, nizh or neezh, Rlussian, the same
besto, ms1to, or Mliesto, me-s'to, Slavonic, " place;"  as NIZH-,EE;  as NIZ1sOROD, another name for N.IZINEE
as NOVEoIESTo, NOVEMIESTO, "newv place" or " new town."       NOVGOROD.
M1idi, meedeetl, Fr. (from  the Latin voedius dies, " mid-   Nlizhltee or 01 jn1, nizhfnee, written also Niahaine,
day,") "midday" or "noon;" hence the " South," (i.e. the  NIzt ti, il'tshnei,   and Nlisclsnit, "lower;" as Nuznregion of " noon" or  "of the noonday sun;" in the same  NEE-NOVGOROD, "lower Novgorod."
manner as the East signifies the region ofthe " rising sun;")    Noir,0 Noire,*e nwIt, Ft. "black;" as CAPE (or CAP)
as CANAL DU MIDm, " Canal of the South."                      Nosa, "black cape;" Mer-NiTe,  "BLACK SEA."
MIiesto.  See  besto.                                        Nlor, nor, or N'oor, Tartar, "sea" or "lake;" as Ksoo
Minfalster, English, (from  the Latin Xonastefrism, a  Non, (or KOKE Non,) " blue sea."
"monastery,") originally the "church of a monastery;"
sometimes a "cathedral church;" as YORK MINsTER.                * It may be proper to observe, for the sase of those who are
bttcl,   Gor.    iddle;"  as MITTELWAL,    mlddhe  unacquainted witht foreign languages, that the adjective often
BIbrst"or "inthe  middleo   fst Mmiddlevaries to suit the supposed gender of the noun to whichi it is
forest"' or "Lin the middle of the forest."
Mo, Chinese, "sddea   ashe forest."sea ojoined; thus, Villa, "town," being  considered as feminine, we
31]o, Chinese,': sea;" as SHAMO, "sea of sand," (one of  must say VILLA NOVA, VILLA NUOVA or VILLA Nuova, (" newr
the names of the desert of GOBI.)                             town,") and not VYIna Novo, Nuovo  or Nuavo. On the other
onia~d, msnt, Dutch, " mouth;" as  OERMo NDio, "HRoer- hand, PORTO or PUERTO being smascitliiue, we mnst say PorcTo
mouth," the "town at the mouth of the Roer," (RuRn.)          Novo or Nuovo, or PUFRTO  NUEVO, ("'new port,") and not
b1oxtu, mi&NG, Ft. (fitom the Latin Mlens,) a " mountain;"  Po     Nov  or Pro',   c.   ece, lso,  e sy POo
Rs MONT BLANC, " wrhite mountain."                            VECCHIO and CIVITA VECCHIA, the former being masculine, the
oe,   mont,  i. "mountain;" as MONTENEO    nd   latter feminine. Thus, also, ii French we say Cua'rnAu NoUF
3][onte, men!tA, It. " mountain;" as MO0NTENEGOR and                    Ix~E  n
ONTENO, "black      MONTE VERE     gren(or NEJrCTioEAU) and VtLLtNEUVE, NOUVEAU 01,EXuou  and
0NTENEI,0, "Lblackr ~mountain;"  VONTE REDE, "green   NOUVELLE CALEDONTE, the former being considered masculine,
nountain."                                                    the latter feminine. In the above articles, the first word markod
M1ontte, montt', or Mlont,: Sp. "mountain;" as MoNT-  with an asterisk is masculine, the second feminine.
2174




ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Nord, non or nont, Fr. and Ger. "north;" as Depoart-    P enha, pin'yA or plnyA, Port. a  rock;" as PENJA.
ment-du-Nonu,  "department of the north;" NoRDHAUSEN, See Pefita and Pen..
" north town."                                               Penj, penj, or PulanJ, ponj, Persian, " five;" as Penjab
N~orr, non, Sw. and Norw. "north" or "northern;" as  or PUNJAI. "five rivers," i.e. the country watered by the
NOnraKJdPING, "northern mart" or" North Town."            five [great] rivers,  namely, the INDUS, the JnrYuei, the
Norte, nolf'2, Sp. and Port. "north;" as Rio del Norde, CHE-AUn, the RAvEE, and the SUTLEJ, (with the GhAnA or
(RIe GnanDE,) "river of the north;" Rio GRANDE DO N0oTE, lyph/asis.) See PUNJAB.
"Rio Grande of the north."                                  Pequeio,* pa-lIn/tyo, Pequefa,* p-AjKn/v, Sp.,
Nos, Russ. "cape;" as VOSTOnIINOI  (or VoesroCHII) Ns, and Paecqueno,* pt-kdno, Pequena*   p4-k/sn,  Port'
o, Peun, pkAn, Pot
"east cape."                                              "little:" as ANGRA PEQUENA, "little bay."
Noruveau,5 noo'v1,1 and Nouvelle,* noo'v8lll, P.    Petit, peh-tee/, or Petite, peh-teet/, Fr. "little;" as
"new;" as.eoveau-Mexiqge, "NEW MExlco;" N        1uveMle-Or PEr.T-ENrGHiEr, " Little Enghien;" PETITE-PIERlE, "little
1Ians, "NEw ORLEANS."  See Neufr.                         stone."
Novala, Russian. See Novoi.                               Piccolo,* pikfko-lo, Piola,* piktko-lA, It. "small;"
Nove or Nowe, no/vA, Slavonic, "new;" as NOVE- as Isola l'iccola, "little island."
MIIESTO or NowEaICESTO, " new town."                        Picti, L. "painted;" as Picts, the "painted" people.
Novo, It. See Nuovo.                                      Pollis, Pol, Poli or Boli, and pie or ble, "city;"
Novo,* norvo, Nova,* no/vI, Port. (from the Latin  a NICOPOLIS, the "city of victory;" SEVASTPOL, the "city
No/vws,) "new;" as VILLA NOvA, "new town."                o0 Augustus;" TarIOL  or Tin ooLI, (Triolis,) "three
Novoi or Nowoi, no-voit, NMo!vo and Novala,  cies;" GRENOBLE, (Gratianopolis,) the "city of Gratian."
no-vit/,  Russ. "new;"  as NovoI (or Nowoi) OSnOL, "New                    r.ont, pN%, Pr. (from the Latin Pons,) a "bridge;" as
Oskol;" Novo TCHERIKASs, " New Tcherkask;" Ncvaia Zeso- PO1a-LE-ROY, "king's bridge."
oiaNOvA Ze.BLA,) "new country."                            Inieta,  pontit, Port. "point;'" as PONTA DELOADA,
ha. ~ ~ ~ ~  ~    ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'y "ohinlt."  See Punta
Nowe. See Nove.                                      S'p islap point.a See Punta.
Nuevo,* nwA/vo or noo-.lvo, or Nueva, * nw&lvi, p.   Pute, pon/tA, It. and Port. "bbrdge;" as PONTE DI
"new;" as NUEvo SANTANDER,  "New  Santander;"  NUEVA  LEGN, " bridge of wood;" PONTE D0  SORO, "bridge of the
SE ovIA, "New Segovia."  See lNuovo.                      Soro; TRES-PONTES, "three bridges."
Nugger.  See Nagutr.                                      Palo, Pooulo or Pulo, poolo, MIalay, "island;" as
0Nuovo, noo-otvo,   lNova,'. noo4-ovo, or lNoTvo, It. POOLO!ATOO, "Datoo Island."
(from the Latin Nolvus,) "new;" as CASEELNU0vo, "New    Poa., Poo/ra or Pore, pfr, Ilindoo, "village" or
Castle;" VILLA NUOVO, "new town."                         "town; as AItMEDPOOR, the "town of Ahmed;" AMMERA.
Ny, noit, Dan. and Sw. "new;" as NYBORo, "new castle;"  POonA, ~'GPORE, &c.
NyKbNsoG, " new mart."                                       Poote,  Poutra or Putra,  Sanscrit, "son;" as
B]IAHMAP)TRA, the "son of Brahma."
0, 5, IHun. "old;" as 0 AnAD, "Old Arad';" 0 BnUDA,    Pore, See Poor.
"Old Buda."                                                 Porte poeato, It. and Port. (from the Latin Porteus,) a
0, 6, or Osc, Uteh; plural, o/er, Dan. and Norw. "port" or haven;" as PoRTo  ERCOLE, (L. Herculis Portus,)
"island;"  as ANoDE N or ANDUEN, "duck island;" SANDSE, " port of IHcules;" PORTO SEGURO, "secure haven."
"sand island."                                             Pou1oe  r PulB, poollo, modern Gr. "little" or, id, Sw. "island."  See preceding article.             "small;" ae' inoGo POULO, "little Amorgo."
O'ber, Ger.. upper;" as OsEn aSSEN, "Upper Hesse."       Pour or oura,. See Poor.
Oest.  See Ost.                                           Poutva. See Pootra.
Ola, o/l/, or Oola, Mongolian. "Imountain" or "moun-   Poza, po0,1, Sp. a     "paddle" or " pool;" as PozA DE LA
tains;" as ALTA YEEci OOLA, "golden mountains," one of the  SAL. "salt poe?
names of the ALTAs Mountains.                                Pozo, po/tl Sp. a "well" or " pit"' or Pozuelo, poOola, Oula or Ula, os/l/, Mantchoo, "river;" as thwsllo, a "we, or "little well:" as Pozoa Hono, "deep
SAGHALIEN OOLA, a town situated on the "river Saghalien,"  well;" POZUELe "L Rev, "king's well."
(or Aiooe.)                                                  Praya, Per,, shore" or "coast;" as Poaro  PnAYA,
OoraL, (UTral,) oo-rdl/, Russ. "girdle."  The Ural "port on the con,,
Mountains appear to have been so named from their belting    Putebla,  pw/]a or poo-Wb/], or Pueblo, pwdb/lo, a
or encircling the empire of Russia in the east.            " town" or " city;'as PUEILA DE LbS ANGELES, "city of the
Oost, 5st, or Ooster, Os/ter, Dutch, "east" or" eastern;"   ngaelso."
as  osTmoBoU, "east castle;" OosTanEHOUT, "eastern wqod."    Puente, pwinl  or poo-IntA, Sp. "bridge;" as Poecee
Oost, Oust or Ust, oost, Russ. (probably fiom the  DE GENIL, "bridge,the Genil;" PueNTe NAcIoNAL, "naLatin Os/tism or Os/tia, "mouth," mouths,") the "mouth  tional bridge."
of a river;" as 0osTIeoo, (00STYOOG,) "Yoogmouth," i.e.   Paerto,              r pwt oo-t, Sp. "port;" as Pert
-. }, ~(r poQt,,~l. ",,,-~,  aS.puerto
"town at the mouth of the Yoog."                           Rico, (POLnTO RIc,)'"h port;" PUERTO BELLO, "beautiful
Orszag, oRs._g/, Hun. "country" or "kingdom;" as  port."  See Porto.
MACGAR ORszAG, (the Hungarian name of IHUNGAL,) the    Pulo.  See Poni.
"country of the Magyars or IHungarians.                      Puanj. See Pens
Ort oat, Ger. "place;" as TiEFENOaRT, "deep place."        PTUntta, poon/ti, Itnd Sp. (from the Latin Pundtum,)
qsero.  SeeOzero                                         cpoint;  as PUNTA D1 "       "stony point;" PUrA.Di
Ost or Oest, 5st, Ger. "east" or "eastern;" as Oster-  STIL0, "point ofa style.'
reich, (AusTRiA,) the "eastern kingdom."  See OSTRiASIA.    PuLtr-a.  See Pootj,
Ostrog, os-trogt, Russ. a "palisaded fort." See OsTsoG.
Ostrov or Ostrowv, os-trovt, Russ. an "island." See    Quang, kw/n, Chits, extent," teritory," "proOSTROV.                                                   vince;" as QUANG-sEEE, " Ntern province;" QUAreNG-TON    or
Oude, dw/deh, or Ouden,.w/den, Dutch, "old;" as QuANG-TOONG, " eas tern prooce".                
Oide, MAAs, "Old Maas or Meuse;" OuDa SCHILD, "old    Quatre, kat'r, Pr. "t-;" as QUATRa BNAS, "four
shield;" OUDENBos rSC, "old grove."                      aims," (or four hands to Pt the way); QUATRe PFsneBs,
Oula.  See Oola.                                        " four brothers."
Oural.  See Ooral.                                        Quenute, kIn/tA, Port.'ruing"   or "hot;" as AGOA
Ous t.  See Oost.'                                     QUENTE, "hot sprling."
Ozero or Osero, 5Tzs-ro, Russ. "lake;" as BIELOOzEno, "white lake."                                         Rajah or laja,  rAf,, Siarit, "prince" or "royal;"
as RAJAcNAcGU, the  -"royal fortr; or city."
Pach.  See Bach.                                          Ras, ris, Arab. "head,"  Lla,'  d.c.,  o   "p
Paraiso, pd-ri/so, Sp. and Port. "paradise;" as VAL-  mnontory;" as RAs-EABIAs, "we promontory. a"
iaR.ISO, (i.e. Valle de Paraiso,) " vale of paradise." I    Real, rAl-alt Sp and Port.            Latn:,
paradise."            Real, i-l, Sp~'emore the Latin..e..a/s,)
Patain!   or Patnaml, Hindoo, a "fort" or "town;"  " royal;" as CIUDAD IREAL, " royalty;,, VILLA REAL,'  royal
as VIZAGAPAATAS, SERINGOPATAM or SERINGAPATNAN.           town."
Pe, plh or pa, Chinese, "northern;" asPEKING, "northern    Reale, rd-I/i, It. "royal;", MONTERE ALE,   royal
capital;" PELING, " northern mountain chain."            mountain" or "3Mount Royal."  Ss[eal.
Pei, pd or p:/e, Chinese, "white;" as P-ro-0. " white river."    Reich, ria, Ger. "kingdom;" Fcsankreieh, (FRANCE,)
Pen, p~n, Celtic, (probably the samne as BEN, a "hill" or the "Firank kingdom" or "-kingdom the Franks.
"mountain peak;")hence APENNINES   and PENNINE ALPS.   Reich, riK, or Reichen,   en, Ger. "rich;" as
The Spanish Pefia and Portuguese Penha are perhaps  REsCacENAU, "rich island" or "ricanh Gt. RICh;ENTHAL,
renm the same root.                                       "rich vallRey."'Pefia, pIn/y  or pln/yl, Sp. "rock;" as Gabo de Peas,    Rdeka, rdk, Rus. "river."
(CAPE PaAs,)' cape of rocks" or "rocky cape;" PERIScoLA,   Rico,* ree/ko, Rica,* ree/ki,.Sand Port. "rich;"
the "dweller on the rock."  The termiunation cola is from  as COSTA RICA, "9rich coast" or "rich re,-," PORTO Rico or
the Latin   cola, to  "till," to  einhPbit;" hence  the  Latin  P ueereto   Rico, " rich port."        "
words Agricola,  Coelicola, &c.  See Pen.                   -Rie se, reedzeh, Rie seia, rdelzen. Geggiant,",, giants;"
i See note on preceding Page.




ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
as RIESENGE BMGE,,giantmountains;" RIs.NBURO, "giants' island" or "golden  mountain;" Tcheoo-shan, (CHUsAs,)
castle."                                                       " island in the form of a ship."
Riio, reelo, Sp. and Port. "river;" as Rio  GRANDE,    Shen, SCo-enl  or Clleni, Chinese, "frontier;" as
"Igreat river."                                                SHEN-SEE,  western firontier."
Ri o, ree'o, It. "rivulet;" as RIONERO, " black rivulet."      Sidl, Arab., a title of respect, like "Mr." or " lord."
Riviere, ree've-aiRl, Fr. "river;"'as RIVssRE SALLE,           ierra, se-/slR, Sp.; SERRA,  s6/A. Port. and Latin,
"salt river;" Trois Rivijres, "TTHEE, RIVERS."                 oririnally a " saw." This term is often employed to denote a
Rocca, roklk&, It. (and Latin of the Middle Ages)  mauntain ridge, which, from  its notched appearance when
"rock" or':fortress;" as Rocca BIANCA, "white fortress;"  seon from a distance, has naturally suggested the* idea of a
Rocca NOVA, "new fortress."  From  the same root are de- sLIw: e.g.  SIERRA BLANCA, the  "white mountain ridge."
rived the English word rock, the French word r'oche, and the    Siene, Chinese, "snow;" as TA-SIEUE-SHAN, the'; great
French name RocROY, " king's fortress."                       mow mountain."
Roechetta, rok-kitlt/t, It. " little rock" or "little   Siever or Slevero.  See Sever.
fortress."  See Rocca.                                         Silber, sillber, Ger. "silver;" as SILBERBACH          c "silver
Roche, rosh, Fr. a "rock" or "fortress;" as RonHEFonR   brook;" SILBuRBnr,ne. "'silver nountasin.s
"C strong fortress."  See Rocca.                                Sjii, syb, or Sjin, syijn, Sw. "lake;" as STOR-eJiSN,
Rood, IRond or R]ud, Persian, "river;" as SErFEr  "great lake."
RooD, "white river."                                            sk, Skoe or Slaia, Russ., an adjective termination
Ros'so, It. "ired;" as CASTEL Rosso, "red castle."         generally denoting'"town," "village," or " settlement;" as
Roth, rit, oi Rothxen, rottgn, Ger. "red;" as Rcro-  TOnoLSK. the " town  on the Tobol;" LoOGANSKOE, the "town
iUHLE, "red mill;" ROTHENTHURM, "red tower.                   on the Loogan," &c.
IRoud.  See Rood.                                             Slav or Slaw, slAv or slaf, Slavonic, a termination deIRonx, ron, IRo-ge,  roozh, Fr. "red;" as CD~OAU- noting the habitation of Slaves or Slavonians, as YARosL.v.
ROUX, "red castle;" Met-Rouge, "RED SEA."                       Sloboda, slolbo-dO, Russ. a "village.
RIud.  See Rtood.                                            Slot, slot. Dutch, "castle;" as SsoTEN.
Rrulie, rooleh, or Ruhb_ ros, Ger. "rest;" as CASRUs,    Snaee, sni, Dan. and Norw. "snow;" as SNEEDATTXN,
"Charles's Rest."                                            "snow cap."
Siaeeunw, snilt, Dutch, "snow;" as SNEEU`WTBERGEN,
Sajo, sbhlhySl, and So, sh6, Hun. "salt;"    SAJO,  "snow mountains."
"Salt River."                                                  So.  See Sajo.
Salado, sa-II/Do, Sp. (from  the  Latin Sal,' salt,")    Soo, Soa or San, soo, Turk. and Tartar, "river;" as
" salted,"  " salt," or "impregnated with salt;"' RIO SA- AR Sos, " white rive-;" KARA SOO, "black river."
LADO, "salt river."                                            Sse.  See Se.
Sale  or Sal6e, sil', Fr. "salt;" as RrvitE SAI.M,           Stad, stud, Dan. and Sw. (Dutch, Stad, stit,) a "town;"
"salt river."                                                as CHRISTIANSTAD, "Christian's Town;" STAD Ai'T HARSINSalina, sa-leena, Sp. a "salt work," "sal mine," or  VLIET, the "town on the 1Haoingvlet."
"salt pool," any place where salt is procured; E ALINAS DE    Stadt, statt, Ger. "town;" as KARLSTAsT,  "CharlesANANA, the "salt works of Anana."                            town."
Salz, slts, or Saltz, Ger.  "salt;" as SABUROG' salt        Ctan, stun, Pelssian, "' country;" as HINDOSTANs, "Iiincastle;" SALZGRUn, "salt mine."                              dos country" or the "country of the Ilindoos;" BELooSamok, Ituss. "castle."                                    OIISTAN, the "country of the Reloochees."
S an, sin, (feminine, Santa,  sanjt[ It. and  Sp.    Stanitsa, sti-nittsi or st-i-neetlsA, Russ. a "village."
"saint:" as SAN JUAN, "St. John."  See pa, 1642.               Stara, st/ui, Staro, stiEero, or Starol,  stirol,
Sansct, siukt, Ger. "saint;" as SAN~'HUBERT, "St.  Slavonic. "old;" *as Staroi TCHnERKASK, "Old Tcherkask."
IHubert;" SANCT JOHANN, " St. John."                           Stark,   stdnk, or Starken,  stIRidde,  Ger. "strong;Santa.  See 5.an.                                         as STARKEN-BURG. "st-rong castle;" STA.RKSTADT, "strong
Sarai.  See Serat.                                        town," i.e. a "fortified town."
Scha.  See Sha.                                              Stavro, stav-rot, (from the Greek aoavpos, staursos,) a
S chan.  See Shanl.                                      "cross;" as STAVROPOL, the  "city of the cross."
Schen.  See Shena.                                           Steen, stain. Dutch, "stone;" as STEENKERKE, "stone
Schloss, shloss, Ger. "castle;" aszhlossberg,  "C.stle  church."  See Stein.
Hill."                                                         Stein, stine, Ger. " stone;" as STEINBACH and SrEINACH,
Schnee, shnu, Ger. "snow;" aCSOHNEEBER, C "snow   " stone brook" osr "stony brook."
mountain."                                         -           Strasse, strslseh, or Strass, striss, Ger. a "street"
Schiin, shn, Ger.'Ibeautiful'r "handsome;"  as  or "public  highway;" as Strassbourg,   (STASnOUuo,)   a
SCuHisesRGo, "beautiful hill" or "beaiful mountain."         "castle or town on the public highway."  This name apSchuylen, sKoi'len, Dutch, tohide;" as SCHUYLKaIL,  pears to owe its origin to the circumstance of the place
C' hidden creek."                                           being situated on an important road or highway used since
Schwarz or Schwartz, siRtts, Ger. "black;",'the time of the Romans.
SCHWARZoWALD, "black forest."                                  Strat, old English, (probably fiom  the Latin Stra/ta;
Se or Sse, s6 or si, Chinese four;" as SE-CHUEN (or  German Strasse,) "street;" as STRATFORD, "street ford."
SSE-TCHOUAN,) " four rivers," the.me of one of the Chinese  See Strasse.
provinces watered by four princ51 tributasies of the Yan-    S rath, strith, Celtic, "valley" or "vale;" as sTRATurtse-lkiang.                                                 EARN, the " vale of the Earn;" STArATMoRE,, "gireat valley."
Seco, sE/ko, Sp. (from the Tin Siclces,) "dry;" as Rio    Sn.o  See Soo.
SEco, "cdry river."                                            Sd.  Set  Sunr.
See or Si, see, Chinese, csst" or "western;" as SnAr-    Sv.Tieed, Stuffeld or Sufeid.  See Sefeed.
SEE, the "mountainous west,                                   Sas, sool, Port. "south;" as Rio GRANDE DO SUL, the
See, s,, Ger. " lake;" al',sea;" as TInrUNER SE, "Lake  " Rio Orande of the south]"
of Thun;"  SEELAND, (ZeeOtl7ealand,)  sea land," i.e. land    Sa nd, soont o- sooud, Ger., Dan., and Sw., a "sound"
surrounded by the sea. S5ee.                               or "strait;" as STRALSUND, the town on the "sound of
Sefeed  or Se.dd, s(,ed' written  also  Siifeed,  Strode," (DA-NDLSI.)
Suffeld  and.Sufeil.ersian,  " white;" as SEaEED    Si-r, sooa, or Said, sooD, Sp. "south;" as SAN JUAN
ROD, "..white,r,D  Kon, "white mountain."            DEL Sun, or SAN JUAN DEL SUD, "San Juan of the south."
Selo, al/is, Ruse.         -"lage"  as TsARSKOE SELO, (Ger.  See Sail.
Kuisersdolf,) "emperor' ill-e.'                               Siatoi or Swiatoi, sesia-toil, Russ.'"saint" or
S ~ean',lia n, simle~ a onuc, "land;" as Novaia Semlia,  "holy;" as SVIAToi Nos, "holy cape."
(NovA ZEumIBLA,) "new 1".i. e. land newly found.             Szasz, s, Hun. "Saxon;"  as SZAsZ YAROS, "' Saxon
Serai, ser-E! or erais  sa-rI, Turk. and Tartar, a  town."
" palace;"  as BosrN  S~I, the "Bosnian palace."               Szent, s~nt, Hun. "saint;" as SZENT MInAaY, "Saint
Serrag sehlr,    Pca "mountain chain;" the same as  Michael:" SZeNT JANOS, " Saint John."
Sierra, which see.                                            Sziget, see'ghit or sight', Hun. " island;" as SZIGorVAa,..ves-,  scsslusi!r Severo, sa-vulro, written  also  " island fort."
Slevero  or Si 5r,  syA-vIro, Russ. "north" or
"northern' " SEVEswOsTOCDNOT, "North-east" (Cape.)            Ta, ti, Chinese, "great;" as Ta-kiang, "great river,"
Sex, Eng2lish (m the German Sachs, "Saxon,") a ter-  (YANO-TSE-RKANG.)
mination equival; to'"Saxon kingdom  or territory;" as'agl, tip, (same as ~Dagh) Tartar, "mountain;" as
-)m or ~ ~  ~     ~     ~ ~ Tah tegr(same of thagx)Ttr Southaxons;"  a;sI
Sussex, the "kinMD   o- territory of the South ESaxons;" M/Instagh, "snow mountain." a mountain ridge of Central.seEx, the linm ofth  East Saxons," &c.                     Asia connected with Bolor Tagh.
Sha, Schatll Cha, shU, Chinese, "sand;" as KiN-    Tai, +t, Chinese, "great;" as TAT-PE-SnAN, the "great
1s1A-KIANO, "riaof golden sands;" SHAao, "sea of sand,"  white mountain;" Tai-hoo, "great lake," a considerable
(GouIi.)                                                   lake of China. in lat. 310 30' N., Ion 1190 30' E.
Shan, S5af  or Chan, shin, Chinese, "moun-    Taklt ou Takhti.  See Tnkht.
Taklht  or~ T~akhti.  See r~mukh*l.
tain;" also "uda," i.e. a mountain in the sea; as TusANr-    Tash or Tasch, tish, Turk. and Tartar. "stone;" as
8RAN, the  elestial mountains;"  KIN-SHAN,  "golden  TASuIKEND, "stone fortress;" TAS KUPIREE4 "stone bridge.':
217




ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Tchlai.  See Chai..         Verlmejo, vhn-mNTHo. or Bermejo, nr-mfnfo, "verTp h;to ng, ching, Chinese, "middle;" as TCHANG-TCHOO,  milion" or'- red;" as V~;sIuEJo (Rio,) " red river;" lar Ber"Middle-town."                                          sMe.jo, "BED SEA."
Tcheoo, Tcheou, ch[-oot, written also Tchloo,            Vermnelho, vlR-mlltyo, 1" vermilion" or " red;" as
Choo or Tleho-u, and Chow, a Chinese word, signify-  VERIrELIT (Rio), "red river."
ing properly a "town of the second class," but very fre-    Vero, viro, or Vera, v.rA, Sp.. Port., and It. (from
quently joined -with Foo, (a "city of the first class,") in  the Latin FVerts,) "true;" as VERA CRuZ, "hte cross;"
the same name, as ITANG-CHow-FOO.                        VERA PAZ, " true peace."
Teherno,  C(zerno,  cher/no, or  Tclherany,    Vetere, vltAr-r,. It. (from the Latin lretkls; in thne
(Czernay,) chntlnee, Slavonic, "black;" as Tehernomore,  genitive, Ve/teris,) " old;" as CASTEL VEtrTERE, "old castle."
"BLACIK SEA;" Tchernomorsky, " belonging to the Black    Viejo, ve-Afto, or Vieja, ve-AIHsA, Sp. "old;" as PUERTO
Sea."                                                   VIJo, " old port;" VILLA 7IEJA, "Old Town."
Tehilag, ching, Chinese, " wall" or "town;" as TcmNGC-    Tienlx, ve-uht, or Vieille, ve-Alt, Fr. " old;" as ViEUxKIASNG, " lriver town."                                  ConDf, "old Conde;" VIEILLE-V IGNE, "old vine."
Tehamna, te-hitm&, Arab. "low plain," (YEMEN.)           Villa, villiA or veelrli, It. and Port.; Sp. VILLA, veeltys,
Tell, Arab. "hill."                                   (from the Latin Villc, a "country seat" or ",village,") a
Terrab, taeR1/A, It. " land;" as TERRA DI LAVORO, literally  "town;" as VILLA NvovA, VILLA NovA, and VILLA NUEVA,
4" laud of labor or cultivation;" that is, " cultivated or culti-  "new town."
vable land."  See Tierra.                                  lVille, veel or vill, Fr. a "town;" as VILLENEUVE, "new
Thal, tal, Ger., and Dal, del, Sw. a "valley," "vale,"  town." See Villa.
or "dale;" as SIIMMENTHeAL, the "vale of the Simmen;" ELF-    Vliet, fleet, Dutch, a "brook" or "small river;" as
DAL,'" river valley."                                   HARINGVLIET, " Herringbrook."
Thurila tooRm, Ger. "tower;" as ROTHENTHURM, " red
tower."                                                    Wad, w/Ad, or Wadly  w/tldee, Arab. a "valley" or
Tierra, te-hRfna, Sp. (from the Latin Terra,) "earth"  "river;" as WADY MoosA, the "v'lley of Moses;" Wad-eL
or "land;" as Tierra  dfel Fsuego (TERRA DEL FUEGO,) " land  Keheer, (GUADALQUMIIR.) See Guad.
of fire."                                                  Wald,  iAlt, or Walde,  [Alldeh, Ger. "forest;" as
Tooaag, Tountg, Tung, toong, or Toalg, Chinese,  SCHwARZWALD, "Black Forest;" BiUIERaWAD,  "Bohemian
"'east" or "eastern;" as Tooesg-hai, " eastern sea," (CuINA  Forest."
SEA;) QUANG-TONG or QUANG-TOONG, the " eastern province,"    War, Hun. See Var.
as contradistinguished from QUANG-sEE, the "western pro-    War or Ward, Saxon, a -" fortress."
vince."                                                    Warm,  R&Rm, Ger. "warm;" as WARtMBRUNN, "warm
Tooz, Tonz or Tuz, tooz, "salt;" as Tooz GOOL, spring."
"salt lalke."                                              Wasser,   Wistser, Ger. "water;" as SCHWARZEASSER,
Tilr6k, Hun. "Turkish."                                " black water."
Torre, toR/RA, It., Sp., and Port., (from the Latin Turf-   Wehr, WAR, Ger. " defence" or "fortification;" as
r-is,) a "tower;" as TORRE MAGGIORE, the "great tower;"  WEHRSoORF, the "village of defence;" Landwehr, the
TORRE QUEMADA, " burnt tower;" TORRES NovAs, " new   "country's defence."
towers."                                                   Weide, vil/d9h, or Weiden,  *l1don, "willow;" as
Tras, trAs, Sp. and Port. "behind;" as TRAS S0 MONTEs,  WEIDENBACH, " willow brook."
"behind [or beyond] the mountains."                       rWeiler, W/ler, Ger. "hamlet" or " village;" as BMDENTreehit.  See Triclht.                                WEILER, "bath village."
Tres, tris or trls, Sp., Port., and L., "three;" as TRES    Wein, line, Ger. "vine" or "I' wine;" as WEINFELDEN,
MONTES, "three mountains;" TRES PONTES, " three bridges."  " vine fields' or "vineyards;" WEINSBERG, "wine mounTricht, triKt, or Trecht, triKt, Dutch, (from the  tain."
Latin Trajecltus,) passage;" as MA4ESTRIHT, (L. M.Iosce Tra-    Weiss, WIce, (Wiss,) or Weissent,  1tsen, Ger.
jectus,) the "passage of the Meuse;" UTRECHT, (L. Vltra Tra-  "white;" as WEISSSIRCH, "white church;" WEISSKIRCHEN,
jectum,)'beyond the passage" [of the Rhine.]            "w hite churches;" WEISSENsFELS, "white rock."
Tschernaoi.  See Tcherny.                                Weliki or Welikoi.  See Velikee.
Tsclheu or Tseheou. See Tcheoo.                          WerTelheilo  See Verlkhnlee.
Ttiakht, tIUKt, or Talkht, tait, Persian, a "throne;"    Wjhaig. See Hloalag.
as TuKaTI (or TAKHTI) SULEIIMAN, (see Introduction, XVI.,)    WIci  or WiGie, (fi'on the Latin Viczts,) a " village"
"throne of Solomon."                                     or " town;" as NoRiwncH, "north town."
TtruaSg. See,ee'ze h, Wiesen,  eelsen, Ger. "meadow"
Ti-tz or Touz. See Tooz.                               or " meadows:" as'VIESENTHAL, " meadow valley."
Wylk or Wijk, wik, Dutch, "district" or "quarter;"
Uj, oole, Hun. ":new;" as IJ ARAD, "new Arad."         hence, perhaps, " village" or "town."  See Wich.
IUla. See Oola.
Unter, 6dnlter, Ger. "lower," "under," and  also    Ya-ma, y'm[A, Japanese, "mountain;" as FoosI YAMIA,
"among;" as UNTERTUaRntEIM, "Lower Turkheim;" UNTER-  "1Mount Foosi."
WALDEN, perhaps "under the forests," or else "among the    Yaiag, yang, Chinese, "male" or "masculine;" hence
forests," from its position in the valleys under the shadow   "strong" or "influential;" as Yang-tseu-7ciang, (YANG-TSEof the forests.                                           IA4NG,) the "male child of the great water," (i. e. "son of
ITral. See Ooral.                                      the ocean.")
Ust. See Oost.                                           Yar or Jar,x Russ. " chasm" or " ravine;" and hence,
perhaps, " valley" Or "stream."
Val, v~l, or Valle,  viltlA, It. "valley" or "vale;" as    Yenii  yn/lee\' or Yengi, yhnglee, Turk. and Tarita,'
VAL D'ARNO, " valley of [the] Arno;" VALLELUNGA, "long  " new;" as YENI-aSERs 1, "new city."
valley."                                                   Yua, yo6, Chinese, "Jasper."  See Loong.
Valle, vAllyA, and Val, vAl, (from the Latin Vallis,)   Ytuea, Chinese, "country." (?)
Sp. "valley;" as VALLE HERMOSO, " beautiful valley;" VAL-   Yan, yfi, Chinese, " cloudy;" as YUN-NAN, "cloudy
VERDE, "green valley."                                   south" or "cloudy region of the south."
Var,  V&R, Hun. "fort"' or "fortified town;" as Ui VAR,
4"new fort."?                                             Zrlnd   zant, Dutch, " sand;' as ZANDVLIET, " sand
Varos, vlrosh', Hun. "town;" as UJ VAROS, "New  brook" or " sand creek."
Town."'           Zee, z, Dutch, "sea;" as Zeeland, (ZEALAND,) "sea
Vecehio,  vlklke-o, Veechlia, vklke-A, It. "old;"  land," i. e. land nearly or quite surrounded by the sea;
as PoRTo  VECCHIO, " old port;" CIVITA VECCem, " old  hence Zeeland is also the Dutch name of SEELAND, the printown."                                                  cipal islanod of Denmark.
Velho, vil/yo, Velha, v~lfyA, Port. "old;" as VInAA    Zemlia. See Seemlia
VELHA, "old town."                                         Zuydl, zoit, or Zuydser, zoidfer, Dutch, "south;" as
Velikee, Veliki or Weliki, vA/le-kee or velse-ke,  ZUYDER ZEE. " south sea," as contradistinguished from the
Russ. " great " as Velikee OOSTIOOG, the "great 0ostioog."    North Sea.
Verkhinee or Verllhnli, vaklnee or vaRK/fiee,    Zwarte, zwaifteh, or Z-avart, zwaRt, Dutch, "black;"
written also Verlkhn1Bei or Wevrchnlei, Russ. "upper;"  as ZWARTEWAL, "black wall;" ZWARTBERG, ";black mounas VERIKHNEE KOLYMSK, "Upper Kolymsk."                  tain."
6 D1                                                                      2177




COLLEG-ES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Name.                                Place.                                    Presidents.               Found- Sto   Stu-  in Libra-                   Commencement.
ed.   trdents.   ds
bT  1   Bowdoim...............Brunswick.........Maine...........Leonard Woode, Jr., ID.D.....1802    14        253    27,650   First Wednesday in August.
00  2   Waterville*.............Waterville...........do...........                obert Ed. Patterson,......1822      6      91    15,800   Second Wednesday in August.,
3   Dartmouth.............Hanover...........New Hampshire....Nathan Lord, DI.D1769    17                                              252    00,798   Last Thursday in July.
4 University of Vermont.....Burlington.........Vermont.Worth......tou1 Smith D.D.:::.1791           7     107    13,ooo   First Wednesday in August.
5   Middlebury.............Middlebury...........do..........Benjamin Labaree, D.B..............1800                             7      55     6,ooo   Third Wednesday in August.
6   Norwich University.......Norwich.............do..........Rev. Edward Bourns, LL.D...........1834                         4      60     1,400   Third Wedneoday and Thursday in August.
7   Harvard University.......Cambridge..........Massachusetts......James Walker, DID., LL.D............1636    45                       710    98,100   Third Wednesday in July
8   Williams...............Williamstown............do......Mark Hopkins, DID................1703                              9     231    17,643   First Wednesday in August.
9   Amherst...............Amherst................do......Rev. William A. Stearns, BDD.........1821    15                            218    20:000   Third Wednesday in July.
11   Brown University*........Providence.........Rhode Island......Rev. Barnas Sears, D.ID.1............                 764     9     252    32,000   First Wednesday in September.
12   Yale..................New Haven........Connecticut.......T. ID. Woolsey, DIDI LLD B...........  1700    39                        605    54,000   Last Thursday in July.
14   Wesloyan Uuiversity4...... Middletown......... d...Augustus W. Smith, LL.D............1831                             7     125    12,170   First Wednesday in August
15   Columbia t.............New York..........New York.........Charles King, LL.ID.................1754                           7     148    14,000   Last Wednesday in July.
16    nioUn..on....che....ectady.Schhdo.d.....pha...et..                               Nott,....B......1795et  o14 DD225...18,000.....ourth.%79                Wednes ay0ForthWinesa July.ly
17   Genesee College..........Lima................do.........Rev. Joseph Cummings, ID.ID..........1849                         5      82             Second Thursday in July.
19   Madison University*.......Hamilton.............do.........Stephen W. Taylor, LL.D............1820                         8      74    12,990   Third Wednesday in August.
21 Uiversity of New"York....New York.............do.........Isaac Ferris, DID., LL.B.............1831    16                      63     4,000   Wednesday preceding 4th of July.Z
22   Uiversity of Rochester*....Rochester.............do.........M. B. Anderson, LL.ID...............1850                      8     123     3,000   Second Wednesday in July.
2 Clle,-e of New Jersey......Princeton..........New Jersey........James Carnahan, DID...............17 47    13                      225    17,800   Last Wednesday In June.
25   Rutgers................New Brunswick.........do........Then. Frelinghuysen, LL.ID...........1770                            8      85    10,000   Fourth Wednesday in July.
26   Burlington t............Burlington............do........Geor-e WV. Doane, DID., LL.ID..........1846    29                       118     1,200   September 29th.
27   University of Pennsylvania.  Philadelphia........Pennsylvania......Prof. Vethake....................1755                    8     249      5,000   Second Thursday in July.
28  IDickinson.           arise                      oRev. Charles Collins, ID.D............1785                        8     123    515500   Second Thursday in July.
29   Jefferson...............Canonsburg,.............do.......A. B. Brown, I.ID..................1802                8     251    10,000   First Wednesday in August.
30   Washington.............Wa shing ton.............do.......James Clark~, D.ID..................1806                8     112     3,50   Last Wednesda y in September.
31   Alleghany ~~~~~~~~~. Meadville~~~~~~~do.        John Barker, D.ID.................   182    8             98      9,700   Lirst WednedyiJu.
33   Lafayette..............Easton..o.B..V..Mc.ean,......1.32..                                                                          53......Last Wednesday in July.
34:  Marshall...............MercersbUrg.............do.......John WV. Nevin, DID.................1835                6      58      0,000   Second Wednesday in September.
35   University at Lewisbur,,5...   Lewisburg..............do.......howard Malcom, D.D...............1849                  7     133     2,8     LatWdeayiJu.
36   Delaware...............Newark............Delaware.........Daniel Kirkwood, LL.ID...............1833                           7      85     7,500   First Wednesday in July.
37   St. John's..............Annapolis..........Maryland.........Hector Humphreys, D.ID..............1784                         6      72    38,292   First Wednesday in August.
39   Mhount-St. Mary's ~........ Rmmetsburg...........do.........John McCaffrey, A.M...............       1830    24     126     4,000   Last Wednesday in June.
40   St. James's j-............Washin,-ton co.........do.........John B. Kerfoot, ID.ID................1842    16                     84      6,800   Last Thursday in July.
41   Wahntn............Chestert~own....:....do.........Rev. F. Waters, D.D........             1782     8      70     1,200   About the middle of August....District of Columbia.  Bev. Bernard A. Maguire, S.J.            19       0     283    26,00 Aottemideo  uy
43 Columbian.............Washington...............do                       R5ev. J. G. Birney, D.D...............1821    14          77      6,000   Last Wednesday in June.
44    Villiam and Mary tf.......Williamsburg.......Virginia.........Benjamin S. Ewell.................1693                       6      64     5,000   July 4th.
45   Hampden Sidney.........Prince. Edward co.......do..........Lewis S. Green, D.ID.................1783                         6      25     8,000  WIednesday before 4th of July.
46   Was'hington.......            Lexington............do..........George Junkin).................        1708     5      62     6,105   Thursday before 4th of July.
47   University of Virginia......Charlottesville.........do..........S. Mlaupin, M.B., Chairman of Faculty..   1819    16             515    10,500   June 29th.
48   Randolph MaconuI.........Mecklenburu co........do.No.........               v. WV. A. Smith, D.ID...............1832,  10           135     8,000   First Thursday in June.




mory and Henry I............Washington co...........Virginia.............  Rev. Ephraim F. Wiley, Pres. of Trustees.  1838     7      215      8,470   First Wednesday in June.
50      ctiTal                                                                       Chrles Wheeler, AM.1839                                 3      50      2,500   Last Wednesday in September..50    Rec~~~~~~Tayor*~.......................do.......  Tyo  o...........   C a l s Welr.M...........do................189 5    0, 0 ILatWdeayiSpemr..
51   Bethany College.................  Bethany........................do...............  Alexander Campbell, A.M.........    1841    6       141      3,500   July 4th.
52   Richmond*........................  Richmond......................do.......  Rev. Robert Ryland..............................  1832  5   50      1,200   July 15th.
53   Yirginia Military Institute..  Lexington.....................do.........   Col. F. H. Smith, A.M., Superintendent....  1839    10        130      5,000   Jnly 4th.
54   University of North Carolina   Chapel Hill...............North Carolina.......  Hion. David L. Swain, LL.D....................  1789    16  324    13,700   First Thursday in June.
55   Davidson...........................  Mecklenburg co...................do.......  Samuel Williamson, D.D.1838                        4      81      5,000   Second Thursday in Aug.
56   Wake Forest.Wake Forest.......................do.......  Rev. W. M. Wingate..............................1838  6     11       500   Second Thursday in June.
57 Charleston..Charleston.                                   Sotth Carolina..William P. Finley, AM.1785   6    70  2,000 Tuesday after 4th Monday in March.
58   South Carolina.............     Columbia...........................do.......C. F. McCay, D.D..........................   1804      8     120    21,800   First Monday in December.
59   Franklin......  Athens.....................Georgia.............  Alonzo Church, D.D......................  1785    8     182    15,500   First Wednesday in August.
60   Oglethorpe........................  Millesgeville.................do...............  Samuel K. Talmage, D.D........................  1836  5  go  4,100   Wednesday after 3d 9oday in JuI/.
61   Emory T............................  Oxford.........................do...............  Rev. Alexander Means, D.D...................  1837  7  170  1,700   Wednesday after 3d Monday in July.
62   Mercer University0...........    Penfield.......................do...............  John L. Dagg, D.D................................  1838  7  106  3,400   Last Wednesday in July.
63   Wesleyan Female................  Macon.........................do...............  Rev. 0. L. Smith, A.M..........................  1837    10  171  800   Thursday after 2d Monday in July.
64   University of Alabama........  Tuscaloosa.................Alabama..............  Basil Manley, D.D.................................  1831  9  116  8,140   Thursday after 2d Monday in July.
65   La Grang.e.............La~Grange............do...........R. H. Rivere, D.D.......................1830                                5       80     4,000   Second Wednesday in July.
66   Spring Hill ~................   Spring Hill..................... do..............  Rev. F. Gantrelet, S.J...........................  1830    20  30  7,000   The 15th of October.
67   Howard*...........................H   Marion.......................... do................   S.S. Sherman, A.M1..............................  1841  6  88  2,200   Fourth Thursday in July.
68   Oakland............................  Claiborne co...............Mississippi...........  Rev. Robert L. Stanton.........................  1830  5  70  6,000   First Thursday in April.
69   University of Mississippi.....  Oxford.........................do..........  A. B. Longstreet, LL.D..........................  1844  6   134      2,450   Second Thursday in July.
70   Missip   olg.        lno            ~           o..N   re.81                                            3       1         00    Friday of 3d week in July.
I7issi0iCleg..                    Clinton............................do...............  J. N. Urner..........................................  1851  3  16  80  rdyo   dwe  nJl.
Mississippi College............iJuy
71   Cneay.           JcsnLusaa1839                                                                                         7      102      5,000 [Last Wednesday in July.
71 Centenary $........................  Jackson..................... Louisiana...............                                183       7.0.,0                   as    ensa
72   St. Charles ~.......................  Grand Coteau..................do................  Th. Seller, S.J.............................1.... 1838    21  103  4,000   July 15th.
73   Baton Rouge......................  Baton Rouge.............. do...............R. H. Raunny........................................  1838  4  45   300   December.
74   Franklin...........................  Opelousas.....................s.do................  Othon Boudet.....................................   1839  4  70......  First of November.
75   University of Louisiana......  New Orleans...................do..............  Hon. T. H. McCaleb..............................  1849  7
76   Tusculum.........................  Near Greenville...:......Tennessee............. S. W. Doak, D.D...................................  1843  2  36          Last Thursday in September.
77   Washington.....................    Washington co.................do................  E.T. Bard, A.M.....................................   1795  3  22  1,8000   Third Thursday in July.
78   University of Nashville......  Nashville........................do..............  Felix Robertson, President of Trustees....  1806  7      75    10,207   First Wednesday in October.
79   Franklin...........................  Near Nashville.................do..     Tolbert Fanning, A............................18       6      06      3,500   July 4th.
80   East Tennessee..................   Knoxville........................do..............  Rev. George Cooke, A.M........................  1792  5  82  4,500   First Wednesday in July.
81   Cumberland University......  Lebanon.........................do...........    Rev. T. C. Anderson, D.D.......................1844  6    164      5,000   Second Thursday in July.
82   Jackson............................   Columbia........................do..  B. F. Mitchell............................   1833      5       75     4,100   St. John's Day, (June 24th.)
83   Union*..................        Murfrees.r.'.               do..         J. H. Eaton, LL.D.................................  1848  7  241     1,300   July 4th.
84   Transylvania..................... Lexington.................Kentucky............  James B. Dodd, A.M., Dean of Faculty....  1798    18      50    14,000   Last Thursday in June.
85   St. Joseph's......................  Bardstown.......................do...............  Rev. F. Coosemans, S.J..........................  1820    18  259  6,600   Middle of July.
86   The Centre........................ Danville..........................do.............. John C. Young, D.D...........................  1819  7  220    5,500   Third Thursday in September.
87   Augusta T.........................  Agsa..............do................  J. Tomlinson, D.D................................  1825   4       5,0      hrdyatrItWdedyi   uut
87   Augusta ~~~~. Augusta ~ ~ do..     J. Tomlinson, D.D.1825                                 4      51 ~~~~~ 2,500[ Thursday after 1st Wednesdsiy in August.
88   Georgetown.....................   Georgetown....................do..............  Rev. II. R. Campbell, AM.1840                    7       83     6,600   Last Thursday in June.
89   Bacon...............................  H~arrodsburg.................... do................  Samuel Hatch, A.M..............................  1836  5 7,0  at  rdyi   ue
89 Bacon..arr.ds..rg.do.. Samuel.. Hchn, AM.18364                   5 7      5      1,2000   L      ast Friday   in June.
90   Western Military Institute..  Drennon Springs..............do..        Col. B. R. Johnson, Ssperintenent.            1847    1      12       1,000   Third Thursday in June.
91   Shelby..............................  Shelbyville...................... do................    A. Guentz, P.D....................................  1841  6  254 I  300 I June.
92   Ohio University..................   Athens.....................Ohio................  Rev. Solomon Howard, D.D....................  1802  7  177  5,000   August lst.
93   Miami University...............   Oxford.......................do................  William C. Anderson, D.D.....................  1809  8  119   8,000   Last Thursday in June.
94   Franklin...........................  New Athens.................do.......................  Rev. A.D.  Clarke..................................  1824  4  105  5,000   Last Wednesday in September.
95   Western Reserve................   Hudson.......................do................  Henry L. Hitchcock, D.D.......................  1826  6  82   8,000   Second Thursday in July.
96   Antioch College......           Yellow Springs.............do................  Horace Mann, LL.D.............................. 1852
97   Kenyon-............   Gambler......................do................  Lorin Andrews, A.M............................  1826  8  153  70      First Wednesday in Augst
98   Denison University*............   Granville......do.......................  Rev. J. Hall, D.D..................................  1832  5  110  7,000   Last Thursday in June.
99   Marietta............................  Marietta.....................do.......................  Israel W. Andrews...............................  1835  6  62    13,700   Last Thursday in July.
100   Oberlin College...................  Oberlin....................... do.......................  Rev. Charles G. Finney..........................  1834    23   1,188    fi-000   Fourth Wednesday~in A&ugust.
101   St. aver   e........................  Cincinnati...................do....................... J. re.                 18             1         500       uth
101   St. Xavier. Cincinnati~~~~~~~~~do..~    J. J. Bendreaux...................1825               9      105! 7,500 [July 4th.
102   Ohio Wesleyan University $..  Delaware.....................do................   Edward Thomson, M.D., D.D.................  1842  7      57      5,400   Second Wednesday in June.
103   Wittenberg........................  Springfield..................do.......................   Samu el Sprechen, D.D...........................  1845  7  37  4,500   Third Wednesday in August.
104   Urbanna University............  Urbanna.....................do................  Milo G. Williams A.M., Dean.................  1850  7    110      1,000   June 19th.
105   Indiana State University....  Bloomington..............Indiana.............   William M. Daily, D.D...........................  1830'    207     4,200   First Wednesday in August.




COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES-Continued.
Name.                                   Place.                                      Presidents.                 Found- stru-   Stu-  in Libra-                     Cmmencesent.
ed.   tors.  dents.   ries.
106   Hanover College.................  Hanover................... Indiana................. T. E. Thomas, D.D...........  1832     6      100      5;000   First Wednesday in August.
107   Wabash.............................  Crawfordville................. do.        Charles White, DD....  1834                            7       43      6,400   Thursday nearest 25th of July.
108   Indiana Asbury University4   Greencastle................... do...................  Daniel Curry, D.D................       1837      8      120      4,000   Third Wednesday in July.
109   Illinois..............................  Jacksonville.............. Illinois.................J. M. Sturtevans. D.D.......  1830     6       92      3,660   Last Thursday but one of June.
110   Shurtleff*.........................  Upper Alton................. do...................  Rev. S. Y. McMasters, LL.D........  1833  6     133      2,000   Fourth Thursday in June.
111   McKendree I.......  Lebanon....................... do...................  Rev. P. Akers, D.D...............................  1838  6  244  7.000   June 20th.
112   Knox................................  Galesburg..................... do...................  Jonathan Blanchard...........................   1837  7  56  3;300   Fourth Thursday in June.
113   St. Louis University~...........  St. Louis................... Missouri................  Rev. J. S. Verdin, S.J..........................   1832    16  263    15,000   About the 5th of July.
114   St. Vincent's......................  Cape Girardeau............... do.................   Rev. J. Masnou....................................  184  19  5,000    L ast Th ursday in June.
115   Masonic............................  Marion co....................... do.................  J. Worthington Smith..........................  1831  5  4'5    Last Thursday in September.
116   Missouri University...........   Columbia...................... do.................  Rev. James Shannon, A.M....................   1842  8  180      1,700   July 4th.
117   St. Charles T.......................  St. Charles...................... do................   J oh n W. R obinson...............................  1837  4  20  900   Second Thursday in August.
118   Fayette..............................  Fayette.......................... do.................  Archibald Peterson..............................  2  75
119   University of Michigan.......  Ann Arbor................M ichigan............  H. Tappan.........                         1837    17        64      6,400   Third Wednesday in July.
120   St. Phih p's.......................  Near Detrlt................... do.................  Mr. Bowens.........................................  1839  4  30  3,000   First Monday in October.
121   Wisconsin University..........  Madison.................... Wisconsin...............  John H. Lathrop, Chancellor..................  1848  5  23    1,200   Fourth Wednesday in July.
122   Deloit................................  Beloit, Rock co................ do................  Rev. Aaron L. Chapin, D.D.................  1847  7  115  2,500   Second Wednesday in July.                  K
The Colleges marked thus (*) are under the direction of the Baptists; thus (j) Episcopalians; thus (1,:)  ethodists; thus () Catholics. With respect to the Colleges which are unmarked, the prevailing religious influence of those that are in the New England States is Congregationalism; of most of the others, Presbjterianism.
ANNUAL COLLEGE EXPENSES.                                                                                                  LAW SCHOOLS.
Room-rent    Total                                   Wood,
Name.                   Instruction.  and other    College            Board.            Lights, and                      Place.                           Name.                   Prs.  deu.
Coll. Exps.  Charges.                               Washing.
Cambridge, Mass........ Harvard University........................    3    143
Bowdoin........................................   $24.00  $22.00  $46.00      39 weeks......... $58.50   $35.00               New Haven, Corn...... Yale College...................................    2  38
Dartmouth.....................................    27.00  13.24     40.24      38'......... 57.00       9.00               Albany, N. Y............. University of Albany...............    3  50
Harvard.........................................    75.00  15.00   90.00      40   "...... 70-90.00.......             Princeton, N. J.......... College of New Jersey..............    3  8
Williams........................................    30.00  9.00  39.00  39   "......... 65.00.......  Carlisle, Pa................ Dickinson Collee...........................    1  9
Amherst........................................    33.00  15.00    48.00     40   "...... 60.00          17.00                Williamsburg,'a.        William  and Mary College..      1.. 32
Brown...........................................    40.00  23.00   63.00     39   "......... 60.00                             Charlottesville, Va...... University of Virginia..............    2  78
Yale..............................................  39.00  21.00   60.00     40   ".....64-100.00         16-33                Chapel Hill, N. C........ North Carolina University...............        10
Wesleyan.......................................    36.00  11.25    47.25      39   "......... 58.50       20.00                Tuscaloosa, Ala.......... Alabama University........................  I...
Hamilton.......................................    26.00  14.00    40.00     38 or 39 weeks. 58.00.......             New Orleans, La......... University of Louisiana...................    3 
New Jersey....................................    50.00  28.14     78.14      40 weeks...... 80.00       28.00                Lexington, Ky........... Transylvania University..................   3    75
Dickinson......................................    33.00  14.00    47.00     43   "......... 75.25        22.75               Louisville, Ky............ University of Louisville................... 3  50
University of Virginia.....................    75.00   23.00       98.00     44   "......... 110.00      20.00                Lebanon, Tern........... Cumberland University.............    3  87
North Carolina University................    50.00     11.00       61.00     40   "......... 90.00        20.00               Nashville, Tenn......... University of Nashville...................    2
Transylvania..................................    40.00  12.00     52.00     40   "......... 100.00        25.00               Cincinnati, Ohio......... Cincinnati College........................... 3  25
Western Reserve.............................    30.00  11.00       41.00     42......... 50.00    12.00                Bloomington, Ind...... Indiana State University............    2        18
[Greencastle, Ind......... Indiana Asbury University..........1I..




THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS,
Name.                       Place                                                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Common-  No.  Volomes in
Name.                               Place.                                   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Denomination.  ced ope- Profeo- Students.  Library.
rationo.  oars.
Bangor Theological Seminary........Bangor................Maine.........                                                Congregational..................           1816       3       ST      7TOSS
sMethodiot General Biblical Institute.CocrdNw   apoie.ehoit.8.                                                                                                                          0      2,000
Gilmanton Theological Seminary..........................               Gilmanton...................do.                 Congre,,ational..................         1835       S       23       4,100
Theological Semi-nary...................................               Andover.............. Maosachuoetts..            Congregational.................T..         10         6       ST      21,259
Newton Theological Institution...........................              Newton Centre...............do....           Baptist.......................            1825       4       30       5,500
Theological    armen, YlDepartment,........Yale.....College.....Nwew           vn Have.......    Connecticutict.....  Congregational..........1822....4..                           ST2        9000
General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church..    New York..............Now York.......              Protestant Episcopal..............         81T       5       58       1.0063
AuburneoogiaTheological.........Seminary.Auburn...........do.       Presbyterian............1821 d.4..25...6,000800
Aunion Theological Seminary.New..........................              Abr Yr..................do.......                Presbyterian...................            1836       4      125      18,000
Rochester Theological Seminary...........................             Rochester.................do.......              Baptist.......................           1850       3       39        3,000
Jfartwick Seminary...................................                 Hartwick.................do.......             Lutheran......................             1810       2        5       1,250 
Theological Seminary, Associate Reformed Church..............          Newburg.................do.......              AssociatelReformed Church.........         1816       1       11       30 
Thieological Seminary, Dutch Reformed Church................           New Brunswick..........New Jersey..th..efrmd..84                                                      3        5,000      tt
TelgclSeminary,       Presbterin  Church.........Princ.................. Getonbg.do.       Pr........Penyvni... esbytericLtean.............. 18125  2   151      11,000      Z=
Seminary, Lutheran Church.G~~~~~~~~~                                  ~       ~~~~~~~~ettyrsburg. Pennsylvani.EvangelicalLutheran.182o2                            20..,000 
German Reformed....e.....cer...........urg.........do......German Reformed Church..........                                                                        1820       2       21       6,000      -
Western Theolo-ical Seminary............................               Alleghany Town.............do.Prsbtrin1883.O                                                                            6,0
Theological School....................................               Canon.sburg................do.                  Associate Church.1792.............                    2       33       2,000
Theological Semi-nary..................................               Pittsburg..................do....     Associate Reformed...............          1828      3       35        1,100
Meadville Theological School..............................             Meadville.doCnrgtoa Uiain1                                                                                      7       8,000
Theological Seminary..................................                 Philadelphia................do....IReformed Presbyterian...............       3       13...
Episcopal Theological School of Virginia.....................          Fairfax co..............Virginia.ProesantEpscoal182.4                                                        32       5,000
Union Theological Seminary.............................                Prince Edward co...........do........           Presbyterian...................           1824       3       28       4,000
Southern    eoogialSeihayo...............Seminary.......               Columbialmba.        South........CarolinahCarlia  Presbyterian...........1831........40 135,206529
Theological Seminary..................................                   Lxington..................do..      Lutheran.....................            1835       2       10       1,800
Furman Theological Seminary............................                 airfield district..............do..      Baptist.......................           1826       2       30       1,000
Mercer Theological Senninary............................               Penfield...............Georgia........          Baptist.......................            1844       2        6       2,200
H-oward Theological Institution...........................             Marion................Alabama.......            Baptist.......................            1845       1       13       1,000
Weseotern    it heBaptist Theoinlo............ca.....Institutiongtn.Covi.............tonucy..entuckyapist..B...ptist.....1840.....4...18 142,000200
Maryville College.....................................                 Maryville..............Tennessee......         Preobyterian..................            1821       3       51       6,000
Lane Semiciary......................................                  Cincinnati.............Ohio..........           Preobyterian...................           1829       3       36:10,500
Theological    armet,  enoeparllgeme...t........enyon.....Co..          Gabie....Gambler......do..                     Protestant....... Prt Episcopalpa.1828.........4...4 84,500450
Theooloa Deaiceal         estDepartmeColee.......Western....           Huso..e...................do ud.....n..do...    Presbyterian..........1830........1480                               7 7
Granville Theological Department,.........................              Granville................do...........          Baptist.......................           1832       2        8         500
Obri.TelgclDprmn......................... Oberlin Theological..Department.Oberlin                   do...........       Congregational..................          1835       3       23         300
Theological Seminary, Asoociate!Reformed Church..0............        Oford.................do...........             Associate Reformed...............         1830       1       12       1,500
Newv Albany Theological Seminary.........................              Hanover...............Indiana........             Presbyterian...................          1832       3       15       4,000
Allen Theological Seminary..............................               Upper Allen............Illinoiso.......          Baptist.......................           1835........




MEDICAL SCIIOOLS.
ba                               Name.                                                   Place.                      Founded. Frof~ss  Students. GIraduates.                 Lectures cornmence.
Malue Medical School.................................                   Brunswick................Maine.    1820               6        70         700     February 15th.
New Hampshire Medical School..........................                 Hanover..........Now Hampshire'    1798               6        45         810     First wveek in Au  est.
Casotleton Medical College..............................              Caotleton...............Vermont.    1818              7       104         6551    Fourth Thursday in August,
Vermont Medical College............................                   Woodstock................do....          1885       8        91        150      First Thursday in March.
Medical School of Harvard University.....................               Cambridge..........Massachusetts.    1782,            6       127         878     First Wednesday in November.
Medical Institute of Yule Colleg~e........................             New haven...........Connecticut.    1813              6        35        678      September.
College of Physicians and Surgeonos of New York.............           New York City..........New York.    1807              10       181        852      Third week in October.
Medical Institute of Geneva College......................              Geneva...................do....            1818       6        83        490,    Second Wednesday in September.
Medical Faculty of the University of New York...............            New York City.............do....          1841       7       303       1,397     Third Monday in October.
New York Medical College.............................                   New York City.............do........     7                  116      Third Monday in October.
Medocal Department of the University of Buffcalo.............           Buffalo...................do.......      7..31.                 Spring course, last Tuesday in February.
Medic sl Department of the University of Pennsylvania..........         Philadelphia..........Pennsylvania.    1765            7      426        5,116     Second Monday in October.
Jefferson Medical College..............................                 Philadelphia..............do....          1824       7      565        2,0136    Second Monday in October.
Medirol Department of Penn sylvania College................            Philadelphia...............do....          1840       7      135           73     Second Monday in October.
I hslodelphsa Colle~~~~~~~~~~e of Medicine.~~~~~Philadelphia.do.7....75..210..infer course, early in  October;- Spring                                  
Medical School of the University of Maryland................            Baltimore..............Maryland.    1807              6       100        909      October 31st.              [course, in March.           _
Nationatl Medical College..............................                Washington.....District of Columbia.       1821       6        40          81     Fourth Mlonday in October.
Medical School of the University of Virg-inia.................          Charlottesville............Virginia.        1819       4       121.....    October lot.
Medical Department of Hlampden-Sidney College..............             ichmoond................do....            1838       7        90          40     October 11th.
Msedscal College of the State of South Carolina...............         Charlestons..........South Carolina.        1833       8       158.        First Monday in Novembsr.
Medical  College of Georgia..............................               Augusta.................Georgia.    1810               7       115         14      Second Monday in November.
M edical Department of the University of Louisiana............          New Orleans............Louisiana.          1835       7       188.....    Third Mosiday in November.
Medical Department of the University of Nashville............           Nashville..............Tennessee.          1850       9       220        140      Third Monday in November.
Meuical Department of Transylvania University..............             Lexington..............Kenitucky.           1818       7       214       1,351     First Monday in November.
Medical Department of the University of Louisville...........          Louisville................do....          1837       7       376          53     First Monday in November.
Western Reserve Medical College........................               Clevelan d..................Ohio.           1844       6      202         411      First Wednesday in November.
Medcdical   e- oCollege......of...Ohio.C.......cinnat.......do...Cn                                              1819.....8..110....131...Third..  8Monday0 inThrdMo    Octobectoer
Miami Medical College of Cincinnati.....................               Cincinnati..................do...    1854             7        62          17     Third Monday in October.
Starling Mledical College...............................               Columbus..................do...    1847               8       124          53     First Monday in November.
Inndian   e Medical    e........College.Lap.........rt....                                           Indiana.7pore....104....19.........sIdiMonday.. 7  1      in irNovember.Noemer
Indiana Central Medical College.........................    Indianapolis................do....                      1849       8        50          28     Novenober lot.
nob Medical llge....College.Chicago.Illinois.................  hi1842....6..70...16...ir...t Monday182  6         in6 irNovember.Nvemer
University of Michigan....................A........nn Arbor.............Michigan.    1837                                     5        95...      First Wednesday in October.
Medical Department of St. Louis University............                 St, Louis................Missouri.    1836             9       138        141      November Iot.
M edical Department of Missouri University.................            Columbia.................do....            1846       7       103          13     First Mlonday in November.